PMID- 3174126 TI - [Low-dose intradermal vaccination in the prevention of hepatitis B]. PMID- 3174127 TI - [Chemical lumbar sympathectomy]. PMID- 3174128 TI - [Changes in sexual relations following the husband's participation in the delivery]. PMID- 3174129 TI - [Teratogenic and mutagenic effect of ionizing radiation]. PMID- 3174130 TI - [Phase I studies in clinical pharmacology]. PMID- 3174131 TI - [Cyclosporin A therapy of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3174132 TI - [Giant mediastinal pancreatic pseudocyst removed by thoracotomy]. PMID- 3174133 TI - [Possibility and reality, with or without responsibility. (The prevention of neural tube defects)]. PMID- 3174134 TI - [Pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie syndrome)]. PMID- 3174135 TI - [Non-invasive determination and follow up of circulatory parameters by means of impedance cardiography]. PMID- 3174136 TI - [Chronic atrophic acrodermatitis as a late manifestation of Lyme borreliosis]. PMID- 3174137 TI - [Arthroplasty of the elbow]. AB - Elbow arthroplasty is still one of the less frequently performed joint replacement procedures. It is technically demanding, and numerous complications are possible. It is therefore indicated mainly in severely handicapped patients in whom all other alternatives have been attempted. A review of the literature relating to arthroplasties monitored over follow-up periods of more than 5 years shows that the results are now quite acceptable. They are far better than those seen following most resection arthroplasties. The results achieved with our GSB III prosthesis are compared with those obtained with other prosthetic devices in current use. It appears that in a large proportion of cases our prosthesis allows a good range of painfree motion, which we attribute in part to the operative approach used. The complication rate appears to be relatively low. PMID- 3174138 TI - [Aseptic necroses and osteochondrosis dissecans of the elbow joint]. AB - In our opinion, complete (Panner's disease) and incomplete (osteochondrosis dissecans; OD) necrosis of the elbow epiphysis form a nosologic unit. A review of the localization, pathogenetic hypotheses, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of aseptic necrosis and OD of the elbow is presented with reference to the older and, especially, the current literature. In contrast to the procedures reported in the literature, we performed subchondral focus drilling in 10 patients over 10 years of age suffering from Panner's disease, with good functional results. Operative therapy was performed on 50 elbow affected by OD. Follow-up examinations were possible in 35, with an average observation period of 94.3 months. The results are categorized according to the stage of disease before treatment. It is desirable to perform surgical treatment at an early stage of the disease, since this can make it possible to avoid dissection. If dissecion is present, refixation early in the middle stage seems to be the treatment of choice. PMID- 3174139 TI - [Psychological aspects of families of former patients of a neonatal intensive care unit]. PMID- 3174140 TI - [Alkaline phosphatase and its isoenzyme activity of the blood in osteogenesis imperfecta before and during treatment with calcitonin]. PMID- 3174141 TI - [Circulating immune complex in chronic juvenile arthritis]. PMID- 3174142 TI - [Pneumococcal infection in childhood--meningitis. 1.: Report of 58 cases]. PMID- 3174143 TI - [Studies on development of serum concentrations of IgG, IgM, IgA in the first few years of life]. PMID- 3174144 TI - [Studies on serum immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM in nursery children with various degrees of susceptibility to infection]. PMID- 3174145 TI - [Anophthalmia-microphthalmia with dementia and epilepsy as well as osteopathia antieleptica]. PMID- 3174146 TI - [Oto-vertebral syndrome and defective mental development]. PMID- 3174147 TI - [Pseudo-Crouzon syndrome with defective mental development]. PMID- 3174148 TI - [Contribution to the differential diagnosis of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome]. PMID- 3174149 TI - Central dysesthesia syndrome in spinal cord injury patients. AB - We have described 13 spinal cord injury patients with a complaint of diffuse, ongoing dysesthesias below the level of the lesion, which are burning in quality, and usually functionally limiting. Quantitative sensory and neurophysiological testing revealed relative preservation of the dorsal column functions in comparison to absence of spinothalamic system mediated functions. On the basis of these findings, we are speculating that such an imbalance between the spinothalamic and dorsal column systems is the main underlying mechanism of dysesthesias as a central nervous system misinterpretation of residual peripheral input. PMID- 3174150 TI - Morphine and ibuprofen compared using the cold pressor test. AB - The analgesic efficacy of single doses of oral morphine sulphate solution (10 mg) and ibuprofen 600 mg was compared in 12 volunteers using a double-blind, double dummy, placebo-controlled design on the cold pressor experimental pain model. Measurement of pain intensity was made before medication and then at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min; blood samples were taken at these times for measurement of morphine and glucuronide metabolites by radioimmunoassay. Sessions were at least 5 days apart. Correlations were sought between analgesic effect and plasma concentrations of either morphine or morphine-6-glucuronide. Morphine produced significant reduction in both peak pain intensity and area under the pain intensity curve compared with placebo; the threshold time was significantly increased by morphine compared with placebo. Ibuprofen was statistically indistinguishable from placebo on all three measures of analgesia. Analgesic effect and plasma concentrations of morphine showed significant correlation (P = 0.053). The study confirmed reports of the opiate sensitivity of the cold pressor model, and the apparent insensitivity of the model to non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs. PMID- 3174151 TI - A double-blind comparison between epidural morphine and epidural clonidine in patients with chronic non-cancer pain. AB - In a randomised double-blind study of 20 patients with chronic pain, epidural morphine 5 mg in 5 ml of saline was compared with epidural clonidine 150 micrograms in 5 ml of saline. Thirteen patients had a clinical and radiological diagnosis of arachnoiditis, 6 had low back pain and 1 had post-operative scar pain. There were 18 females and 2 males with an average age of 52 years, range 22 76 years. There was no difference found between the 2 solutions in the resultant analgesia measured by the visual analogue scale for pain, pain relief or the pain word score during the 3 h period of the study. No difference was found in the patient's mood which was also measured with the visual analogue scale. Two patients had no analgesia from either injection, 2 patients did not obtain any relief from clonidine and another 2 obtained no relief from morphine. Six patients reported that clonidine was better than morphine, 5 reported that morphine and clonidine were the same and 3 reported that morphine was better than clonidine. The duration of analgesia from the clonidine varied from 6 h to 1 month; the duration of analgesia from morphine varied from 6 to 24 h. Clonidine was associated with sedation and a fall in blood pressure of greater than 20 mm Hg in all patients, 1 patient required ephedrine to treat hypotension. Twelve patients had pruritus, 7 nausea and 2 vomiting following the morphine. Statistically there was no difference found between morphine and clonidine for short-term (3 h) analgesia in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174152 TI - Post-herpetic neuralgia: post-mortem analysis of a case. AB - The morphological and biochemical substrates of the severe pain in post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) are unclear. This report is an autopsy study of a 67-year-old male with severe PHN during the last 5 years of his life over the right T7-8 dermatomes. The dorsal horn of the thoracic spinal cord of the affected side was atrophic from T4 to T8, with loss of both myelin and axons. Despite this, only the T8 ganglion was affected by fibrosis and cell loss and only the nerve roots at that level appeared affected. Markers of unmyelinated afferents (substance P), substantia gelatinosa neurons (opiate receptors), glial cells (glial fibrillary acidic protein), and descending spinal projections (dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and serotonin) were not different at affected versus non-affected spinal cord levels. The pain of PHN may result from the uninhibited activity of unmyelinated primary afferents as a result of the loss of myelinated afferent fibers and the possible presence of hypersensitive neurons in the dorsal horn. PMID- 3174153 TI - Candidate risk factors for temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome: psychosocial, health behavior, physical illness and injury. AB - The purpose of this paper is to identify potential risk factors for the temporomandibular pain and dysfunction syndrome (TMPDS). The investigation focuses on the relations of TMPDS to personal, social and recent experiential factors, especially health behaviors and physical illnesses and injuries, that contribute to life stress. The data come from a retrospective case-control study of 151 TMPDS patients and 139 healthy controls. Results show that cases and controls are similar on most measures of personality characteristics although cases are somewhat more external in locus of control expectancy and appear far more distressed than do controls. There are no case/control differences in reports of desirable and undesirable life events that do not involve physical illness and injury. The social situations of cases and controls differ in that cases have fewer sources of emotional support than controls. No differences were found in the proportion of cases and controls who reported that they ever ground or clenched their teeth, although cases were told they do so more frequently by dentists than were controls. Excluding never married women, cases were less likely than controls to have children. This could not be explained on the basis of birth control and may provide a clue to a biologic base for the much higher rates of women than men who are treated for TMPDS. Cases reported more past pain related illnesses, more life-threatening physical problems and more recent events involving injury and non-pain-related physical illnesses. There was no difference between cases and controls in reports of physical problems prior to age 13. TMPDS patients appear to be unusually distressed individuals who are beleaguered by physical illnesses and injuries as well as by pain, who tend to attribute their fate to external factors, and who have fewer sources of emotional support. PMID- 3174154 TI - Coping with the coping concept: a brief comment. PMID- 3174155 TI - Coping with persistent pain: a comparison of persistent pain sufferers in a specialty pain clinic and in a family practice clinic. AB - Coping has been defined as an effort to manage external and internal demands and conflicts that tax or exceed a person's resources. This paper examines the types of coping strategies used by two groups of persistent pain sufferers: one from a family practice clinic and the other from a specialty pain clinic. The relationship between the use of different types of coping strategies and adjustment was determined. The two study groups of persistent pain sufferers differed significantly from each other on many of the indices developed to tap adjustment but did not differ on any of the Billings and Moos original categories of coping strategies. When a factor analysis of coping items was performed, 5 valid clusters relevant to the chronic pain patient samples were determined. The factor the authors entitled 'adversarialness' with the qualities of dysphoric withdrawal, avoidant behavior and catastrophizing was found to explain adjustment defined by several indices. The authors conclude that it may be important to help persistent pain sufferers to alter their attitudes and behavior that tend toward catastrophizing, avoidance and withdrawal, rather than simply concentrate on trying to teach them techniques for 'coping with stress.' PMID- 3174156 TI - Differing correlations between pain measures in syndromes with or without explicable organic pathology. AB - We investigated the use of pain measures in chronic pain syndromes with and without explicable organic cause by correlating scores obtained from the Visual Analog Scale and from subscales of the McGill Pain Questionnaire in patients with either inflammatory arthritis or primary fibrositis. We confirmed the finding that patients with fibrositis, despite having significantly less demonstrable pathology, report more pain on a significant number of measures. In patients with arthritis, we observed large positive correlations between scores on different pain measures, supporting the hypothesis that these scores validly measure pain secondary to tissue injury. In the fibrositis group, however, significantly lower correlations, and one even strongly negative, were found between scores on different measures. We suggest that commonly used pain measures which have been shown to be valid to study patients with demonstrable pathology may be less valid for measurement of pain in patients with syndrome such as fibrositis, whose pain may be different or more complex than that of patients with explicable organic basis. PMID- 3174157 TI - Ethnographic methodologic assessment of pain perceptions by verbal description. AB - This study was designed to use known anthropologic methods to gather and analyze qualitative data about verbal descriptors of pain among 25 Chinese, and 60 Western subjects (25 Anglo-Americans and 35 Scandinavians). The sample consisted of 54 patients and 31 dentists. Key pain descriptors from each cultural context were selected for construction of pain assessment instruments which allowed multidimensional statistical techniques to translate these data into cross cultural quantitative indices. Results revealed dimensions of pain which were universal in all cultures examined. These included time, intensity, location, quality, cause and curability. More culture-specific dimensions included the Chinese concept suantong, a multidimensional concept of bone, muscle, joint, tooth and gingival pain. 'Real' and 'imagined' pains were contrasts described by Western subjects, especially dentists; 'imagined pain' being the conversion of fear or anxiety into perceived pain. These data indicate that the data gathering and data analytic methods were reliable and sensitive to cultural variables and that ethnicity played a stronger role in determining perceptions of pain description than professional socialization for this population sample of Chinese and Western subjects. PMID- 3174158 TI - Behavioral and thalamic nociceptive responses in rats following noxious ischaemia of the tail. AB - In rats anaesthetized with urethane, we have investigated the response of neurones in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus to noxious ischaemia of the tail, and to graded noxious thermal stimulation of the tail before and after ischaemia. In behavioural experiments conscious rats were exposed to the same experimental procedure. After ischaemia the threshold tail temperature required to elicit both a neuronal response and aversive behaviour in conscious rats, to thermal stimulation, was decreased significantly (P less than 0.01 paired t tests). Threshold temperatures for the neuronal response and the behavioural response were not significantly different, either before or after ischaemia. The time course of recovery to pre-ischaemic threshold temperatures was the same for both the behavioural and neuronal responses. Most thalamic neurones responding to noxious thermal stimulation of the tail also increased firing rate during ischaemia. The latency of response of the thalamic neurones to ischaemia was 12.1 +/- 1.8 min and the latency of the behavioural response to the same stimulus was 11.9 +/- 2.1 min. Ventrobasal thalamic neurones, therefore, which responded to noxious thermal stimulation of the tail also responded to noxious ischaemia, and exhibited a neuronal correlate of post-ischaemic hyperalgesia which paralleled behavioural responses closely. PMID- 3174159 TI - Congenital hypothyroidism due to a transfer of antithyroid antibodies from a mother with Hashimoto's disease. PMID- 3174160 TI - Acute pancreatitis associated with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. A case report. PMID- 3174161 TI - Legionella bozemanii infection associated with massive pericardial effusion. Case report. PMID- 3174162 TI - Copper levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and blood of talcosis patients. A case series. PMID- 3174163 TI - Pneumonia caused by hypersensitivity to pseudomonas. Presentation of a series. PMID- 3174164 TI - Placental alterations and fetal conditions in relation to the presence of anti human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in pregnant mothers. PMID- 3174165 TI - Halo-vest and radiotherapy. An alternative approach to cervical spine metastases. PMID- 3174166 TI - Effect of cortisone treatment on blood prostanoid levels. PMID- 3174167 TI - Role self-perceptions of state prison clergy counselors. PMID- 3174168 TI - Early mobilisation of patients with cervical cord injury using the halo brace device. AB - The halo brace device for cervical spine stabilisation has been in use predominantly in North America since 1959. It has not yet found widespread use for the management of the spinal cord injured in the UK. At the Yorkshire Regional Spinal Injuries Unit we have used the device over 2 years on 20 patients with complete and incomplete traumatic cervical spinal cord injuries, and compared our results with those for the previous 20 patients with similar injuries treated with skull calipers and bed rest. Patients using a halo brace device begin more active rehabilitation earlier as they are mobilised on average 5 weeks earlier than those whose traction is administered via skull calipers. Halo brace patients begin weekend leave usually within 7 weeks of their injury compared to 14 weeks post-injury for caliper treated patients and were discharged on average 2 months earlier than the comparison group. We believe that earlier mobilisation, weekend leave and discharge for halo brace patients in the absence of any neurological deterioration afford significant physical, psychological and management benefits. PMID- 3174169 TI - Age changes in the lumbar spinal and intervertebral canals. AB - A variety of measurements of the lumbar spinal canal (SC) and intervertebral foramina (IVF) are presented and compared in two adult age groups (48 individuals aged 20-35 and 48 individuals over 60 years) in both males and females. The dimensions measured in fresh post-mortem material include: mid-sagittal (AP) and transverse diameters (TD) of the SC; height, length and greater antero-posterior (AP) width of the IVF and ligamentum flavum (LF) thickness at the lumbo-sacral level. The data show a significant decline in the SC APD in both sexes, but the SC TD increases with ageing in males while it declines with ageing in females. The IVF height decreases with ageing but its AP width increases and its length increases. The LF shows a 50% increase in thickness with ageing. These ageing changes in a 'normal' population provide the neurovascular bundle in the IVF with less 'room for manoeuvre' and support the view that minor additional pathology is more likely to lead to entrapment syndromes in the elderly than in the young. PMID- 3174170 TI - The rehabilitation of patients with severe Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - Twenty four of more than 800 patients admitted to our centre presented with a severe Guillain-Barre Syndrome. The length of hospitalisation, duration of illness, treatment, and the rehabilitation course of these patients are discussed. Suggestions are made concerning the necessity to obtain maximal rehabilitation for these patients. PMID- 3174171 TI - Early prognostic factors for walking in spinal cord injuries. AB - The authors present a prospective analysis with 1 year follow-up of about 157 consecutive spinal cord injured patients admitted to the Bordeaux CHU, over a 3 year period (1982-1985). They present a method of analysing the walking status recovery in patients with spinal cord injuries from the early factors recorded on initial clinical examination. Twenty eight per cent of all patients are 'functional walkers', 1 year after injury. Three early factors were selected: age; the level of injury; and the initial Yale Scale Score. Only the age and the initial Yale Scale Score are independent predictive factors, according to the Cox model. The authors present a model of walking status recovery, 1 year after the injury, predicted from age and the initial Yale Scale Score. PMID- 3174172 TI - Hereford cattle immunized and protected against Boophilus microplus with soluble and membrane-associated antigens from the midgut of ticks. AB - Hereford cattle were immunized with membranes and soluble components extracted from the midgut of Boophilus microplus. Membrane vaccines protected cattle (91%) against challenge with 3 x 20,000 larval ticks administered at intervals of 7 days. Vaccines made from soluble antigens did not protect cattle. Antibody levels measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) related to the levels of protection induced by vaccination. PMID- 3174173 TI - Ultrastructural and morphometric analyses of eosinophils from the cerebrospinal fluid of the mouse and guinea-pig infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. AB - Guinea-pigs infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis developed pleocytosis and eosinophilia in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at day 12 post-infection (p.i.), showing a peak response at day 20 p.i., followed by a gradual reduction. Ultrastructural observations on CSF eosinophils from infected mice and guinea pigs revealed various signs of eosinophil degranulation after day 14 p.i., suggesting the exocytosis of lysosomal material. Morphometric analysis indicated that CSF eosinophils after day 22 p.i. contained fewer granules as well as smaller granules than those at days 14-20 p.i. These data suggest that CSF eosinophils release granule constituents into the outside of the cells and these secretion products could interact with the intracranial worms and are probably related to worm death. As degenerative atrophy or partial loss of Purkinje cells and the spongy vacuolation of the white matter were noted in the cerebellum of infected mice, it was suggested that CSF eosinophils could be a possible cause of neurological disorders in angiostrongyliasis cantonensis. PMID- 3174174 TI - Trichostrongylus colubriformis: analysis of monoclonal antibody and lectin binding to the larval cuticle. AB - A monoclonal antibody (VRI 86-1) raised against third stage Trichostrongylus colubriformis preferentially bound to the excretory pore of living exsheathed larvae, with little or no binding to other sites on the parasite surface. A similar binding pattern was observed with fluorescein-labelled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), although the anterior end of the parasite was also stained. To gain information at the molecular level regarding the parasite components at these sites, the residues recognized by WGA (i.e. N-acetylglucosamine and N acetylneuraminic acid) were radiolabelled on the surface of living larvae. After homogenization and detergent extraction of the larvae, four dominant bands and a number of minor bands were revealed by SDS-PAGE and fluorography. None of these bands was specifically immunoprecipitated or recognized on a Western blot by VRI 86-1, suggesting that the epitope recognized by this antibody either resides on a different molecule or is destroyed or changed during the radiolabelling procedures. These results provide further evidence that the nematode cuticle is not uniform at the molecular level, and that the excretory pore contains molecules and antigens that may be unique to that site. PMID- 3174175 TI - Proteinase phenotypes and fixation properties of rat mast cells in parasitic lesions caused by Mesocestoides corti: selective and site-specific recruitment of mast cell subsets. AB - The distribution, fixation properties, and protease phenotypes of mast cells populating lesions caused by the metacestode stage of the cestode Mesocestoides corti in the rat were characterized. Intraperitoneal infection with M. corti induced severe granulomatous types of reactions around the pancreas and further lesions in the liver. These sites were infiltrated with mast cells which contained either rat mast cell protease I or II derived respectively from connective tissue (CTMC) or mucosal mast cells (MMC). A proportion of cells in pancreatic granulomas had staining and fixation properties identical to those of intestinal mucosal mast cells; others were typical connective tissue mast cells. Subcutaneous inoculation of parasites was associated with nodular dermal reactions, and all of the infiltrating mast cells had the fixation and staining properties of CTMC and contained RMCPI uniquely. Increased numbers of RMCPII containing mast cells were present in the intestines of rats infected intraperitoneally. Significant quantities of RMCPII were present in homogenates of pancreatic granulomas and in livers of rats harbouring intraperitoneal infections but none was detected in skin. These findings suggest that mast cells of different phenotypes are selectively recruited to some, but not all, lesions. PMID- 3174176 TI - [Embryonic development of Taenia pisiformis and T. hydatigena (Cestoidea, Cyclophyllidea)]. AB - A description of the consecutive stages of ripening of ovary cells of early fission and gastrulation of T. pisiformis and T. hydatigena, peculiar to the common type of fission of Cyclophyllidea is given. The fission has signs of double spiral fission which takes place in primitive Turbellaria. The primitiveness of early embryogenesis is reflected in early determination of macromeres, in the absence of strict regulation in the location of blastomeres, in the formation of blastula and unipolar gastrulation with the absence of morphological differentiation of ectoderm and mesenchyme. PMID- 3174177 TI - [Ultrastructural characteristics of the simple eyes of the louse Pediculus humanus corporis]. AB - The simple eye of the human louse consists of two apparatuses: dioptric and light sensitive. The dioptric apparatus contains only a biconvex lens, which represents local thickening of the cuticle. The eye lacks the crystal cone (Semper cells) and special pigment cells. The light sensitive part of the eye contains about 130 photoreceptor cells. Each photoreceptor has rhabdomere which consists of numerous microvilli. The pigment granules are located only in the photoreceptor cells. PMID- 3174178 TI - [Swarming and mating of Aedes communis mosquitoes in nature]. AB - The date of the beginning of mating behaviour in males and females, the rate of insemination and the increasing of bloodsucking activity of females were studied in natural environments. Over 80% of females mated on the 3-4th day after emergence; after fertilization their behaviour changed from looking for males for coupling to looking for ones for a prey. The male swarming began on the 5th day after emergence and simultaneously the appearance of inseminated females was observed. The places of mating of males and females were investigated. It was established that coupling took place in swarms with swarming males and out of swarms with freely flying males. PMID- 3174179 TI - [Warble flies (Hypodermatidae, Oestridae) of marals and axis deer of the Gorno Altai]. AB - The paper considers diseases of marals and axis deer caused by warble flies as one of the factors affecting the deer-breeding productivity. Data on the infection rate of marals with larvae of Hypoderma diana and Pharynomyia picta and axis deer with H. diana are given. PMID- 3174180 TI - [Reserve nutrients of the trematode Fasciola hepatica at various stages in its ontogeny]. AB - A comparative histochemical study for the presence of reserve nutrients (glycogen, fat) in tissues, organs of parthenitae (sporocysts, rediae) and larvae (miracidia, cercariae, adolescariae) of Fasciola hepatica from liver of sheep and cattle was carried out. The glycogen amount prevails at all developmental stages of Fasciola from sheep as compared to those from cattle. Fat was found in tissues and organs of parthenitae and larvae of this trematode in equal amount. Its reserves are obviously smaller than those of glycogen. PMID- 3174181 TI - [Repeated catching of taiga ticks on their permanent routes]. AB - To determine seasonal dynamics of abundance of Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. by standard methods the ticks collected on flag were marked with a nonrepeated group mark and returned into the registration route. As a result it was established that during the season of ticks' activity in the biotope of shrub meadows 26%, in the biotope of overgrown and trashed glades 14.4% and in the biotope of young aspen forest 13.8% of marked ticks were repeatedly found. Of all considered factors affecting repeated occurrence of ixodid ticks on a registration route, their transfer by wild animals, which use this route in their movements, may play an important part. PMID- 3174182 TI - [Systematics of black flies of the genus Phoretodagmia Rubzov]. AB - A key for identification of species of the genus Phoretodagmia is given. Lectotype and paralectotypes of the species Ph. ephemerophila (Rubzov) are designated. The species name obicumbensis Rubzov is considered as a junior synonym of the species name ephemerophila (Rubzov). PMID- 3174183 TI - Information needs of parents of a child in a Pavlik harness. PMID- 3174184 TI - AIDS: scientific update, treatment, and nursing care (continuing education credit). PMID- 3174185 TI - Social aspects of AIDS. PMID- 3174186 TI - Meeting the challenge of AIDS: caring for the providers. PMID- 3174187 TI - Total hip revision using Moreland revision instrumentation. Case Study 4-88. PMID- 3174188 TI - Case managing community services for hip fractured elders. PMID- 3174189 TI - Patient information checklist. PMID- 3174190 TI - The use of x-rays in caring for fracture, dislocation of the elbow. PMID- 3174191 TI - Defining problems & formulating nursing research questions. PMID- 3174192 TI - Computer corner #18. A computer program suitable for routine hip replacement follow up and clinical research. AB - A computer program was developed to facilitate routine follow up examination of patients with total hip replacements and to allow detailed analysis of the collected data for clinical research purposes. Information on more than 800 low friction arthroplasties has now been entered into the computer program. The system is versatile and can be modified to suit particular needs. The method of entering and recalling data can be learned rapidly by those unfamiliar with computers, however, analysis of the data requires advanced computer expertise. Hardware and software requirements for the program are listed at the end of this article. PMID- 3174193 TI - Anesthesia update #21. Use of local anesthetic with the hip arthrogram as a diagnostic aid. AB - Intra-articular instillation of lidocaine into the hip joint is used as an adjunct in the diagnosis of some confusing hip problems. If the local anesthetic relieves the patient's symptoms, then arthroplasty--in its broadest meaning--is also likely to relieve the patient's symptoms. PMID- 3174194 TI - Potential complications of total knee replacement following tibial osteotomy. AB - Ligament balancing in total knee replacement allows the correction of virtually any intra-articular deformity and the use of a semi-constrained knee. The capacity for overcorrection to balance extra-articular deformities is, however, quite limited. The authors found this to be true in a case requiring tibial osteotomy after total knee replacement. Eventually, the patient required a long stem hinge prosthesis. After this case, the authors have preferred to correct extra-articular bony deformities of more than 15 degrees prior to total knee replacement. PMID- 3174195 TI - Shrinkage of centrifuged cement. AB - Two postulated mechanisms for the failure of prosthetic implants secured with bone cement are: failure of the cement itself, and loosening at the bone/cement interface. Failure rate with cement can be reduced by increasing the strength of the cement, and loosening can be reduced by minimizing cement shrinkage during polymerization. This paper shows that centrifuging cement to reduce porosity (and presumably increase strength) results in a substantial increase in cement shrinkage over uncentrifuged cement. A second set of experiments demonstrated that pressurization of cement to four atmospheres during polymerization resulted in tensile strengths comparable with those reported for centrifuged cement. Thus, the use of uncentrifuged bone cement, pressurized during polymerization, should minimize implant failure rates. PMID- 3174196 TI - Selected abstracts of the fourth annual meeting of the Southern Orthopaedic Association. Hamilton, Bermuda, May 20-24, 1987. PMID- 3174197 TI - The implications of orthopaedic recertification. PMID- 3174198 TI - Prophylactic use of a hip cast-brace following primary and revision total hip arthroplasty. AB - A hip cast-brace was routinely applied to 67 patients undergoing 37 revision and 30 primary total hip arthroplasties. In the revision group, 78% of the patients were discharged by the tenth postoperative day; the average period in the cast brace was 23 days. One patient developed deep venous thrombosis. Dislocation occurred in three patients who had undergone previous revision total hip arthroplasties. Of these three patients, one dislocated while wearing the cast brace. In the primary group, 72% of the patients were discharged by the eighth postoperative day and average time in the cast-brace was 15 days. One developed deep venous thrombosis; no dislocations occurred. PMID- 3174199 TI - Bone scintigraphic findings in recruits after short periods of nonweight-bearing ambulation. A report of two cases. AB - Two military recruits with suspected stress fractures underwent scintigraphy after brief periods of nonweight-bearing ambulation. Their scans showed a dramatic, diffuse increase of activity over the asymptomatic weight-bearing foot, with areas of increased focal activity. Our reported cases illustrate how gait changes can be reflected in scintigraphy and the difficulty in evaluating areas of increased focal scintigraphic activity in the feet. The physician should see the bone scan and not rely on a written report when evaluating a trainee for possible stress fracture. PMID- 3174200 TI - Hip surgery in aortofemoral bypass patients. AB - Hip surgery in the presence of an aortofemoral bypass graft is dangerous. The use of an anterior spike retractor and the position of the leg in extreme adduction and rotation pose a potential threat to the graft. If hip surgery is necessary, a large trochanteric osteotomy should be performed to avoid both of these dangers. PMID- 3174201 TI - Cervical radiculopathy revisited. PMID- 3174202 TI - Intraosseous hypertension in osteoarthritis of the hip and ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. AB - Intraosseous hypertension is noted both in osteoarthritis of the hip and ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. The mean intraosseous pressure in osteoarthritis cases was 30.0 +/- 4.2 mmHg. The incidence of abnormal intraosseous pressure and positive stress tests was 39% and 26.7%, respectively. In patients with ischemic necrosis of the femoral head, intraosseous pressure was 45.6 +/- 19.4 mmHg, 79% of patients had abnormal intraosseous pressure, and 56.1% had positive stress tests. Intraosseous pressure studies indicated a statistically significant difference between patients with osteoarthritis and those with ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. PMID- 3174203 TI - Martial arts: a perspective on their evolution, injuries, and training formats. AB - The martial arts are very popular today as both spectator and participant sports, and a large percentage of the participants are children. More injuries are sustained in tournament competition and many are preventable by using protective gear and by limiting contact. Medical screening and proper execution of technique are also important prophylactic modalities. PMID- 3174204 TI - Approaches to senior care. PMID- 3174205 TI - Functional considerations in partial foot amputations. AB - Recent developments in both surgical techniques and prosthetic management have improved the prognosis for foot amputations between the transmetatarsal and Syme's levels. Retention of active ankle motion is often permitted by partial foot amputations. Vocational and avocational requirements for active, voluntary ankle motions should be considered preoperatively in selected patients. Three case reports are used to illustrate this concept. Appropriate surgical techniques and prosthetic devices may improve the quality of life for some individuals requiring distal lower extremity amputations. PMID- 3174206 TI - Femoral head histology under THARIES surface replacement. AB - Because of widespread reports of unacceptable results, surface replacement arthroplasty is infrequently performed. In this study, femoral head and neck specimens from two surface replacement arthroplasties revealed fibrous tissue ingrowth and avascular necrosis. PMID- 3174207 TI - Patellar subluxation following plica resection. AB - In this paper, a case of patellar subluxation following the excision of a medial plica is presented. The biomechanical relationship between the medial plica and the patella is discussed and the need for a complete preoperative evaluation of the patient with a symptomatic plica is emphasized. PMID- 3174208 TI - Massive centrifugal multitrauma resulting in paralysis and limb loss. A report of 4 cases and discussion of the special problems in rehabilitation. AB - Four cases are described wherein massive centrifugal trauma caused a whirl whiplash type injury to the spinal cord resulting in paralysis. Two patients became paraplegics and two quadriplegics. In three cases, there was a loss of one or more limbs associated with other concomitant injuries. Attention is focused on the problems facing patients with a combination of plegias and amputation. PMID- 3174209 TI - Acute pseudogout mimicking septic arthritis following urologic manipulation. AB - An 80-year-old man presented with an acute, rapidly worsening synovitis with a hot effusion of the right knee approximately 48 hours following a urologic procedure. Initial aspirates failed to reveal crystals and suggested an acute infectious arthritis. Because his course continued to deteriorate despite adequate antibiotic treatment, the patient underwent arthroscopy in order to place tubes and to effect adequate irrigation and debridement. The preoperative diagnosis was septic arthritis. At the time of arthroscopy, there was gross evidence of crystals that were subsequently diagnosed as calcium pyrophosphate. This case illustrates the importance of an adequate differential diagnosis and the usefulness of the arthroscope in obtaining adequate tissue and aspirate under confusing circumstances. PMID- 3174210 TI - Works in progress #2. Threaded acetabular components. Design rationale and preliminary clinical experience. AB - Two design rationales for threaded acetabular components, the S-ROM Anderson cup and S-ROM SuperCup, are discussed. Components have been followed for at least six months, with a range of six to 24 months. The average follow up is nine months. One hundred components in 96 patients had sufficient follow up and full clinical and roentgenographic evaluations to be included in this study. The 100 hips were divided into four groups based on S-ROM Anderson cup versus S-ROM SuperCup and on primary versus revision. Each hip was evaluated on a clinical and radiologic basis. Based on clinical and roentgenographic evaluations of both the primary and revision situations of the S-ROM SuperCup, consistently good to excellent results were observed. To date, no case has undergone revision for clinical or roentgenographic failure. Dramatic pain relief was exhibited by 96% of patients. Although early results are very encouraging, longer follow ups are necessary. PMID- 3174211 TI - Approaches to senior care #1. Hip fracture, depression, and cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. AB - Hip fractures in the elderly are accompanied by depression and cognitive impairment--two factors that impact on morbidity, mortality, and rehabilitation. This follow-up study assesses 35 elderly patients at three and six months post hip fracture after earlier evaluations in the immediate post-fracture period. Mortality is increased in subjects with cognitive impairment at the time of fracture. Rehabilitation, as measured by activities of daily living, is slowed in subjects with combined depression and cognitive impairment. The study alerts physicians to the need for careful mental status evaluation at the time of trauma and surgery. PMID- 3174212 TI - Computer corner #19. The computer as an aid to the orthopaedic resident for record-keeping. AB - This paper delineates a simple method of assisting orthopaedic residents in computer-based record-keeping. A step-by-step example is used to show the ease with which this system can be employed and modified to fit individual needs. Record-keeping is important to verify case load to individual departments and to the Residency Review Committee. It also allows the use of the records for case reviews and research, as well as making the resident more computer-literate. PMID- 3174213 TI - Proximal tibial osteotomy. AB - The indications for proximal tibial osteotomy are disabling osteoarthritis that must be mostly unicompartmental, minimal bone loss, and good stability. In the 60s we saw the development of osteotomy and in the 70s we saw the development of total knee replacement. These days we're seeing the two operations being put in proper perspective. At the moment we do about 100 upper tibial osteotomies a year and close to 800 knee replacements, either unicompartmental or bicompartmental. We have had 30 years of experience with proximal tibial osteotomy, and we know it relieves pain while preserving bone stock and not involving any intra-articular foreign bodies. Only time and long-term follow-up will tell us whether our 1 to 8 ratio should change in the future. PMID- 3174214 TI - Some success rates of revision total knee arthroplasty. PMID- 3174215 TI - Biomechanics and gait analysis in total knee replacement. AB - A primary goal of total knee replacement has been the relief of pain. As new implant designs evolve and other improvements take place, we must broaden our goals to include increased longevity and an improvement in patient function, especially among younger patients. There is a relationship between the longevity of the implant and patient function, since function determines loads on the joint and the motion of the joint. In addition, ultimate breakdown of the prosthesis depends upon these same loads. This paper will first discuss the relationship between function and some of the intrinsic mechanics of the knee joint, and then the relationship between function and mechanics and the longevity of the implant. It is based on an analysis of patients with a variety of differently designed total knee replacements that replicate, to a greater or lesser degree, the anatomy of the knee joint. Some of the implants sacrifice both anterior and posterior cruciates, and some retain both. PMID- 3174216 TI - The posterior calcaneal tubercle impingement syndrome. AB - The syndrome of conditions resulting from impingement by a prominent posterior calcaneal tubercle has been described. Treatment must relieve impingement by nonsurgical or surgical means. PMID- 3174217 TI - Closed wound drainage systems: the Stryker Constavac versus the Snyder Hemovac. AB - Forty-five patients were supplied randomly with either the Stryker Constavac or the Snyder Hemovac closed wound drainage system following total hip or total knee replacement in order to assess their relative effectiveness. All operations were unilateral and each patient utilized only one of the drainage systems. When fluid accumulations were compared using analysis of variance techniques, the Constavac was shown to evacuate an average of 136 ml more than the Hemovac (p less than 0.025). This study demonstrated that the Stryker Constavac is an acceptable substitute for the Synder Hemovac and its performance is at least as effective. PMID- 3174218 TI - Roentgen rounds #94. Osteomyelitis of the left ilium--left iliacus muscle abscess. AB - A left iliac osteomyelitis and left iliacus muscle abscess occurred in a patient who underwent bipolar hemiarthroplasty of the left hip six months prior for avascular necrosis of the left femoral head, secondary to sickle-cell disease. This illness followed an upper respiratory tract infection, and her physical examination was suggestive of a septic process involving the left hip. An aspirate of the hip was not confirmative for septic arthritis. The plain roentgenograms demonstrated that the prosthesis was in an acceptable position, but had limited value in the remainder of the differential diagnosis. In this case, the bone scan contributed significant information distinguishing osteomyelitis from osteonecrosis. The CT scan allowed rapid localization of an occult abscess and destructive changes in the left ilium secondary to osteomyelitis and guided surgical treatment. PMID- 3174219 TI - Tips of the trade #1. A cost-efficient system for the irrigation of open fractures. AB - The debridement and copious irrigation necessary for the treatment of open fractures can present a technical challenge to the clinician. We have devised an irrigation system, using materials readily available in the operating room, that allows open fractures to be irrigated at pressures greater than gravity. PMID- 3174220 TI - Diagnostic arthrogram of a Salter I fracture of the proximal humerus in a newborn. AB - Proximal humeral fractures occurring during breech delivery are rare and are generally Salter-Harris Type I physeal fractures. The absence of a radiographically demonstrable metaphysis attached to the proximal fragment of these fractures often makes them exceedingly difficult to diagnose at first. A recent case demonstrates the usefulness of arthrography and videofluoroscopy as an adjunct to plain radiography in diagnosing such injuries. PMID- 3174221 TI - Bilateral fractures through "giant" patellar tendon ossicles: a late sequela of Osgood-Schlatter disease. AB - Osgood-Schlatter disease is a common condition which affects many adolescents. It is generally a self-limiting process with a finite clinical course and late sequelae are notably uncommon. In this paper we present a unique case of bilateral fractures through "giant" patellar tendon ossicles in an adult with a history of Osgood-Schlatter disease. PMID- 3174222 TI - Treatment of chronic refractory osteomyelitis with adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen. AB - Twenty-eight consecutive patients with chronic refractory osteomyelitis uncomplicated by persistent segmental bone defect, fracture nonunion, septic arthritis, total joint arthroplasty, or major systemic disease (immune deficiency, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, or renal or hepatic failure) were treated from January, 1980 through December, 1985 to evaluate the potential benefits of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Patients were classified by a staging system that took into account the bone involved; subchondral, periarticular bone involvement; extent of bone involvement; quality of soft tissue envelope and vascular supply; and general health status of the patient. Using this staging system, patients were assigned to either hyperbaric oxygen therapy or control status after their initial debridement. A regimen of hyperbaric oxygen therapy consisting of 100% oxygen, two atmospheres pressure, two hour duration, one dive per day, six dives per week was used in 14 of the 28 patients. Hyperbaric oxygen had no effect on length of hospitalization, rapidity of wound repair, initial clinical outcome, or recurrence of infection noted to date in this patient population. PMID- 3174223 TI - Simultaneous bilateral fractures of the femoral necks and the proximal humeral heads during convulsion. AB - Simultaneous bilateral fractures of either the femoral necks or the humeral heads are rare injuries. Four simultaneous fractures of both femoral necks and humeral heads have not been previously described. The case reported occurred after an epileptic convulsion in a woman with multiple metastases from breast cancer. PMID- 3174224 TI - Team physician #2. Peroneus brevis transfer for Achilles tendon rupture in athletes. AB - We feel peroneus brevis transfer is especially advantageous for patients interested in sports. We have used this technique in 55 athletes, and to date there have been no re-ruptures (Table 1). Two patients had mild superficial wound problems which did not affect the end result. This method has advantages in comparison with nonoperative treatment and other operative techniques. The danger of re-rupture is avoided and loss of strength minimized because the tendon transfer adds power to the injured triceps. In addition, the proximal retracted triceps is restored to length and securely repaired under physiological tension. Postoperative immobilization in a short leg cast at a right angle plus early weightbearing facilitate rehabilitation. A prolonged period of rehabilitation requiring many months of treatment has not been necessary. The extended rehabilitation and prolonged incapacity necessary to recover from immobilization in the plantarflexed position have been avoided. Early weightbearing helps prevent calf weakness and atrophy. Transferring the peroneal tendon has not resulted in any biomechanical functional imbalance to the foot. PMID- 3174225 TI - Total elbow replacement. AB - The historic development of prosthetic total elbow arthroplasty is traced and results of constrained, semiconstrained, and nonconstrained designs reported. The authors' personal experience with the semiconstrained total elbow replacement, surgical indications with an emphasis on careful patient selection, and highlights of operative technique are discussed. Pain, instability, ankylosis, and arthritic degeneration of the elbow have inspired many surgical attempts to improve function and relieve pain. The most sophisticated surgical options now include total elbow replacement. This paper reviews the development of total elbow arthroplasty and assesses the experience with semiconstrained total elbow replacements performed at the New York University Medical Center over the last eight years. PMID- 3174226 TI - Extensor digitorum brevis manus muscle. A clinical reminder. AB - The extensor digitorum brevis manus is an aberrant finger extensor occurring on the dorsum of the hand. This anomalous muscle is easily mistaken for other dorsal hand pathology. An awareness of its existence is the basis for clinical diagnosis and appropriate treatment. PMID- 3174227 TI - Neuropathic ankle joint in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease after triple arthrodesis of the foot. AB - Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease results in pes cavus or equinocavovarus deformity. An accepted surgical correction is triple arthrodesis of the foot. In a retrospective study of 45 Charcot-Marie-Tooth patients, two cases developed neuropathic ankle joint after triple arthrodesis. This procedure prevents mobility of the tarsal joint and consequently increases stress on the ankle joint. If coupled with decreased joint sensation, it may predispose the ankle to neuroarthropathy. This paper emphasizes joint position sense as an important consideration before triple arthrodesis or any other surgical procedure. PMID- 3174228 TI - Subungual squamous cell carcinoma of a nailbed. A case report. AB - Subungual squamous cell carcinoma of a nailbed secondary to chronic nail biting occurred in a 37-year-old man. This is a frequently misdiagnosed lesion. A case report is presented with a review of the literature. Malignancies of the nailbed are rare entities. Up to 1986, only 52 cases had been reported in the English literature, most of which were squamous cell carcinomas. Other reported malignancies are melanomas, subungual Bowen's disease, and basal cell carcinomas. Diagnostic confusion is common because many chronic problems of the nailbed may be clinically similar and therefore mask a squamous cell carcinoma. PMID- 3174229 TI - Plastic suction tip in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. AB - There are two technical aspects of ACL reconstructive surgery that always present some difficulty. One is determining how much notchplasty is sufficient prior to passage of the graft. The other is passing the suture leader of the graft through the tibial and femoral bone tunnels. We have used a plastic disposable Yankauer suction tip to facilitate both of these tasks. PMID- 3174230 TI - Surface antigens of Toxoplasma gondii. AB - Monoclonal antibodies reacting with pellicular antigens of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites have been selected among hybridomas produced against this organism by immunofluorescence assay. These antigens have been further characterized by immunofluorescence on living zoites, Western immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation of lactoperoxidase surface radio-iodinated tachyzoite lysates. The simultaneous characterization of 5 different surface antigens (P43, P35, P30, P23, P22) some of which have already been studied individually allowed a better definition of these antigens and the characterization of a yet undescribed surface molecule (P23). PMID- 3174231 TI - Predisposition of mice to Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nematoda). AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether predisposition to Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Aspiculuris tetraptera (Nematoda) exists within a naturally infected population of mice. A breeding mouse population was housed in a spacious arena in which endemic infections of H. polygyrus and A. tetraptera were present. H. polygyrus were over-dispersed in the mouse population. Prevalence reached 100% by the age of 3 weeks; intensity of infection increased to a peak in the 10 to 15-week-old mice, and remained high throughout life. A group of 73 mice was treated with pyrantel pamoate, and the expelled worms were counted. Mice were returned to the arena. Daily egg production was monitored 4, 8, 12 and 14 weeks after treatment. Mice were then killed and numbers of H. polygyrus and A. tetraptera were counted. Significant positive correlations were detected between numbers of H. polygyrus at first treatment and at necropsy, indicating the existence of predisposition. Similar results were obtained for A. tetraptera. Correlations improved when data were analysed by age class of mice. Analyses based on egg-count data during reinfection did not support the hypothesis of predisposition, however. A. tetraptera and H. polygyrus burdens were significantly correlated only in 3 to 4-week-old mice at the time of the treatment. PMID- 3174232 TI - Factors influencing development of free-living generations of Strongyloides stercoralis. AB - The effects of duration of infection and of temperature and nourishment in cultures on development of free-living generations of Strongyloides stercoralis were studied quantitatively. Rhabditiform larvae, 228-353 microns long, were collected from infected dogs with or without prednisolone treatment using the Baermann apparatus. Cultures were carried out by the filter paper test-tube method under the following condition: incubation temperature 15-40 degrees C and faecal dilution 1:0-1:16. Rhabditiform larvae developed predominantly to free living females at incubation temperatures of 15-30 degrees C and low faecal dilutions, but filariform larvae appeared mainly under extreme conditions such as high temperature. Recovery rates of filariform larvae were inversely related to those of females. It was remarkable that high temperature, but not low faecal dilution, affected development of filariform larvae. Although the appearance of free-living males was constant in various environmental conditions, the present study indicated an increase in free-living males with the duration of infection. Thus, it seems that free-living males are already fixed as male in the egg stage, and potential female rhabditiform larvae differentiate into free-living females or filariform larvae depending on environmental factors. There is no marked difference in the development of rhabditiform larvae into filariform larvae in either the immunosuppressed dog or the intact dog. PMID- 3174233 TI - Speciation of cestoda. Evidence for two sibling species in the complex Bothrimonus nylandicus (Schneider 1902) (Cestoda: Cyathocephalidea). AB - Using biochemical genetic methods, we have distinguished 2 sibling species in the complex Bothrimonus nylandicus (Schneider, 1902), which infest 2 congeneric species of sole (Solea lascaris and Solea impar) on European coasts (Atlantic and Mediterranean). Neither of the parasite species is specific for either of the sole species, but one of them is present all year round, whereas the other is absent in the autumn and winter and only appears in the spring, subsequently disappearing at the end of the summer. Only S. impar lives in the Mediterranean, and is equally infested by both cestodes, whereas both species occur in the Atlantic and each of them is preferentially infested by 1 species of cestode. The shortness of the adult stage of the parasite in the definitive host and the presence of 2 life-cycles associated with competition between the 2 hosts in the Atlantic could be responsible for the biological differences observed and for maintaining the sibling species in sympatry. PMID- 3174234 TI - Cysteine metabolism in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta. AB - The major pathways for cysteine catabolism in Hymenolepis diminuta have been investigated. The parasite has an active cystathionine-beta-synthase and, as in other tissues, this enzyme has a wide substrate specificity. However, the enzyme from H. diminuta differs significantly from the mammalian enzyme in showing a high serine sulphydrase activity and a high serine lyase activity. There was only low gamma-cystathionase activity in H. diminuta and again the enzyme showed a range of substrate specificities. Cysteine aminotransferase activity was readily demonstrated in the tapeworm, but there was no evidence for 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphotransferase activity. An oxidative pathway for cysteine catabolism in H. diminuta was shown by the presence of cysteine dioxygenase and cysteine sulphinate transaminase. The properties of the helminth cysteine dioxygenase were very similar to those of rat liver. H. diminuta was able to reduce cystine to cysteine via a glutathione-cysteine transhydrogenase system. PMID- 3174235 TI - A general model for the African trypanosomiases. AB - A general mathematical model of a vector-borne disease involving two vertebrate host species and one insect vector species is described. The model is easily extended to other situations involving more than two hosts and one vector species. The model, which was developed from the single-host model for malaria described by Aron & May (1982), is applied to the African trypanosomiases and allows for incubation and immune periods in the two host species and for variable efficiency of transmission of different trypanosome species from the vertebrates to the vectors and vice versa. Equations are derived for equilibrium disease prevalence in each of the species involved. Model predictions are examined by 3 dimensional phase-plane analysis, which is presented as a simple extension of the 2-dimensional phase-plane analysis of the malaria model. Parameter values appropriate for the African trypanosomiases are derived from the literature, and a typical West African village situation is considered, with 300 humans, 50 domestic animals and an average population of 5000 tsetse flies. The model predicts equilibrium prevalences of Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei of 47.0, 45.8 and 28.7% respectively in the animal hosts, 24.2, 3.4 and 0.15% in the tsetse vectors, and a 7.0% infection of humans with human-infective T. brucei. The contribution to the basic rate of reproduction of the human infective T. brucei is only 0.11 from the human hosts and 2.54 from the animal hosts, indicating that in the situation modelled human sleeping sickness cannot be maintained in the human hosts alone. The animal reservoir is therefore crucial in determining not only the continued occurrence of the disease in humans, but its prevalence in these hosts as well. The effect of changing average fly density on equilibrium disease prevalences is examined, together with the effect of seasonal changes in fly numbers on disease incidence. In a seasonal situation changes in fly mortality rates affect both future population size and infection rate. Peak disease incidence lags behind peak fly numbers, and that in the less favoured host lags behind that in the more favoured host. Near the threshold fly density for disease transmission disease incidence is more changeable than at higher fly densities and may even exceed equilibrium prevalence at the same average fly density (because most hosts are susceptible at the time that fly numbers begin their annual increase).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3174236 TI - Light microscope observations of granulomatous reactions against developing Porocephalus crotali (Pentastomida: Porocephalida) in mouse and rat. AB - The development of granulomatous reactions against moulting nymphal pentastomids (Porocephalus crotali) in the tissues of rat and mouse intermediate hosts is described. Adipose tissue and lungs are favoured sites for encystment accounting for 70% of larvae. Six moults separate the primary larva from the final infective stage which first appears about 80 days post-infection (p.i.) and is fully infective by day 120. Larvae, and particularly their cast cuticles, are the foci of granulomatous reactions characterized by an intense eosinophilia. During ecdysis, large numbers of eosinophils permeate the entire lesion but, significantly, degranulation is limited to the underside of cast cuticles where the resultant debris is endocytosed by macrophage/epithelioid cells. A pronounced asymmetry in the granulomatous lesion, evident even in the earliest cysts, results from the accumulation of individual epithelioid granulomas associated with cuticle fragments close to the ventral side of the developing parasite; each is circumscribed by fibrosis. External to this region are extensive tracts of tissue composed of mature plasma cells. Particularly in rats, large numbers of partially degranulated mast cells (= globule leucocytes) also surround cuticle granulomas, and mast cell granules can accumulate within macrophages and fibroblasts. Inflammation slowly subsides once the infective stage is attained. This 1 cm-long larva resides in a thin, fibrotic, C-shaped cyst and can remain viable for years: uniquely this instar retains its last moulted cuticle as a protective sheath. Nymphal instars II-VI feed predominantly upon eosinophils but we do not yet know whether this requirement is obligate. PMID- 3174237 TI - Schizotrypanum in British bats. AB - Two species of Schizotrypanum, T. (S.) dionisii and T. (S.) vespertilionis, were identified from British bats. Laboratory studies on stocks of isolated trypanosomes from 5 species of bat (Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Nyctalus leisleri, N. noctula, Eptesicus serotinus and Myotis brandti) indicated that the predominant species was T. d. dionisii. Collections and dissection of the bat bug Cimex pipistrelli from bat roosts revealed flagellate infection in a total of 12 out of 20 bugs; 7 of these bugs had metacyclic trypanosomes present. C. pipistrelli and the human bed bug, C. lectularius were reared in the laboratory and allowed to feed on wild-caught bats known to be infected with T. d. dionisii. Development occurred in both species of Cimex. Cimex spp. could be used to detect subpatent Schizotrypanum infections by xenodiagnosis. This technique was used to test the parasitological status of bats collected in the wild or reared in captivity. On a single occasion an apparent transmission of T. d. dionisii to an uninfected (by xenodiagnosis) laboratory reared bat was achieved. A stock of Schizotrypanum isolated from a wild-caught C. pipistrelli collected in a N. leisteri roost was identified by DNA buoyant density centrifugation as T. (S.) vespertilionis. A P. pipistrellus known to be infected with T. d. dionisii was found to have cyst-like structures in thoracic skeletal muscle containing amastigotes. The study provided the strongest evidence yet that C. pipistrelli is the vector of Schizotrypanum in British bats. PMID- 3174238 TI - Extravascular foci of Trypanosoma vivax in goats: the central nervous system and aqueous humor of the eye as potential sources of relapse infections after chemotherapy. AB - Relapse of parasitaemia after drug treatment of trypanosome infection is normally attributed to drug-resistance on the part of the parasite, under-dosage of the drug or reinfection of the host. In addition, inaccessibility of parasites to drug through sequestration in privileged extravascular sites has been shown in the past to occur with Trypanosoma brucei, and we have obtained evidence that extravascular foci of T. vivax can also serve as a source of relapsing infections. Infection of goats with a West African stock of T. vivax resulted in severe illness, which was fatal if untreated. During the terminal stage of an acute infection, clinical signs of central nervous system involvement were apparent. Histologically, the choroid plexus was swollen and oedematous, and in some cases meningitis or meningoencephalitis was seen. Trypanosomes could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid, and also extravascularly in the choroid plexus and meninges. In three cases they were present in the aqueous humor, associated with corneal cloudiness or opacity. Treatment of 2 goats with the trypanocidal drug diminazene aceturate eliminated parasitaemia, but infections in both relapsed about 6 weeks later, despite trypanosomes being undetectable in the bloodstream during the intervening period. We conclude that the relapse infections were caused by reemergence of trypanosomes from the CNS and/or the eye, where sequestered parasites may have been inaccessible to the trypanocide. PMID- 3174239 TI - Species-specific DNA probes for the identification of African trypanosomes in tsetse flies. AB - We have obtained 5 specific DNA probes for African trypanosomes of the subgenera Trypanozoon and Nannomonas. Each probe consists of one repeat unit of the major repetitive DNA (satellite DNA) of each species or intra-specific group. One probe hybridized with all members of subgenus Trypanozoon (except T. equiperdum which was not tested). In subgenus Nannomonas, one probe recognized T. simiae, but 3 probes were needed to identify all stocks of T. congolense available. Each of the 3 latter probes recognized trypanosomes from one of the 3 major groups of T. congolense previously defined by isoenzyme characterization, i.e. savannah, forest and Kenya coast types. As few as 100 trypanosomes could be unequivocally identified by dot blot hybridization and individual trypanosomes could be identified by in situ hybridization. We show how this simple methodology can be used in the field for the identification of immature and mature trypanosome infections in tsetse. PMID- 3174240 TI - DNA base composition of filarial nematodes. AB - We have determined the molar content of guanine + cytosine (GC content) of DNA of the filarial nematode (Brugia malayi, Brugia pahangi and Dirofilaria imitis) and of the free-living soil nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and have analysed the DNA for the presence of methylcytosine. Two independent methods, thermal denaturation and direct analysis of base content by HPLC following enzymatic hydrolysis, reveal that the GC content of filarial nematodes is 26-28%. We have been unable to find methylcytosine in the DNA of B. malayi. PMID- 3174241 TI - Primary and secondary infection of the domestic chicken with Trichostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda), a parasite of red grouse, with observations on the effect on the caecal mucosa. AB - The course of primary and secondary infections with Trichostrongylus tenuis in the domestic chicken was investigated. Primary infections were established after the administration of single and trickle doses of infective-stage larvae. The worm burden in the caeca was highest after a single dose of 500 infective-stage larvae; this gave a mean of 87 nematodes per bird on days 89 of infection, 20 nematodes on day 14 and 0 on day 28 of infection. Following trickle doses of 60, 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 infective-stage larvae, there was a rise and then a fall in nematode egg output in all groups. In chickens given a primary dose of 500 infective-stage larvae followed 30 days later by a single secondary dose of 500 infective-stage larvae, the mean worm burden during the secondary infection rose to 57 nematodes on day 9 of infection and then fell rapidly to 18 nematodes on day 15 and to 2 on day 30. Scanning electron microscopy showed changes in the caeca of infected birds, with the caecal surface being covered in a layer of mucus from 12 days after infection. Ball of blood-stained mucus containing nematodes were observed in the caecal droppings from day 9 of infection onwards. It is concluded that chickens rapidly expel an established infection of T. tenuis, unlike the normal host, the red grouse. PMID- 3174242 TI - [The role of polymodal associative structures in the recovery processes in the central nervous system after unilateral extirpation of the projection zones (somatosensory and visual)]. PMID- 3174243 TI - [Combined use of electroacupuncture and sodium oxybutyrate for anesthesia]. PMID- 3174244 TI - [Effect of an infra-low frequency magnetic field on nerve cell resistance to hypoxia]. PMID- 3174245 TI - [Qualitative and quantitative changes in the phospholipid composition in experimental brain edema and during treatment with antiedema preparations]. PMID- 3174246 TI - [Changes in the peripheral serotoninergic system of rats with hereditary arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3174247 TI - [Changes in the indices of hemodynamics and of the metabolism of bradykinin, angiotensin I and prostaglandin E1 in the lungs of rats with spontaneous hypertension exposed to a galvanic current on the chest cavity]. PMID- 3174248 TI - [Blood circulation in the lungs in prolonged occlusion of the main bronchi and following restoration of their patency in an experiment]. PMID- 3174249 TI - [Experimental and clinical research on the action of parlodel on body endocrine functions]. PMID- 3174250 TI - [Characteristics of the ultrastructural organization of the vascular wall in disordered neuromuscular interactions]. PMID- 3174251 TI - [Prediction of the course of the wound process by the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by blood serum in an experiment]. PMID- 3174252 TI - [Effect of the synthetic leu-enkephalin analog dalargin on liver metabolism and blood supply in acute blood loss in rats]. PMID- 3174253 TI - [Lipid metabolism and liver function in D-galactosamine poisoning in rats]. PMID- 3174254 TI - [Chemical nature and the functional activity of immunomodulating factors of the blood serum in toxic lesion of the liver]. PMID- 3174255 TI - [Changes in the volumoregulation in liver diseases]. PMID- 3174256 TI - [Modification of the stress model for large groups of rats]. PMID- 3174257 TI - [A method for measuring the temperature of the deeply situated tissues of a biological subject]. PMID- 3174258 TI - [General pathophysiology of the nervous system. I. The general etiology and pathogenesis of nervous disorders]. PMID- 3174259 TI - [Comparative study of the nociceptive reactions when bradykinin is administered in different receptor areas to waking animals]. PMID- 3174260 TI - Performance enhancement in a semi-autonomous confined microsociety. AB - Research in a continuously programmed human experimental laboratory has been directed toward identifying, defining, and expanding generalized knowledge concerning motivational factors within the structure of human behavioral repertoires that maintain and enhance performance. Participants (in groups of three) engaged in a series of repetitive work activities (e.g., word sorting and rug-hooking) for extended periods each day, while living continuously in a residential laboratory. Other parts of the day were spent either interacting socially with other participants or engaging in individual recreational activities. The percentage of time devoted to the various work tasks provided the basis for selecting one activity that occurred with high frequency and one with low frequency. Performance of the low-frequency activity was then required in order to gain access to the high-frequency activity. Under such contingencies, time devoted to the original low-frequency activity increased greatly, and the participants consistently did more than the required amount of the low-frequency work than was necessary to restore access to the restricted work activity. The theoretical significance of these findings resides in the clear demonstration that a time-based model of value applies as well to the enhancement of work-like performance as it does to voluntarily selected or preferred recreational activities. PMID- 3174261 TI - Development of sleep during monotonous stimulation as related to individual differences. AB - This study was designed to examine whether the sleep-promoting effect of monotonous stimulation depends on individual differences in strength of the nervous system, as was suggested by Pavlov. Sixty male subjects were divided into three groups, depending on their score on the "strength of excitation" scale of the Strelau Temperament Inventory. Within each group, subjects were randomly assigned to be exposed to either a) a sequence of tones or b) "no tones" (i.e., a quiet room). Dependent variables were latencies to Sleep Stage 1 (SOL 1) and Sleep Stage 2 (SOL 2). The main effects of stimulation and strength of the nervous system were not statistically significant. However, there was a significant interaction between stimulation and strength for both dependent variables. "Weak" subjects tended to fall asleep more rapidly during monotonous stimulation, whereas the reverse was true of "strong" subjects. The results suggest that individual differences might play an important role in the development of sleep during monotonous stimulation. PMID- 3174262 TI - Systemic responses in man exposed to different heating and cooling treatment in a sauna. AB - Finnish saunas are popular for alleviating psycho-emotional and physical stress. Regular visits to a sauna may promote three adaptive effects: a simulation of the training generally associated with sports activities, the building up of resistance to the effects of extreme exposures, and the regulation of autonomic functions. However, the effect that the sauna has on the physiological mechanisms of humans--particularly, the effect of contrast-cooling following thermal exposure--is still obscure. An example of contrast-cooling following thermal exposure is that caused by swimming after using a sauna; such contrast-cooling may be a risk factor for people with unstable blood pressure, and gradual cooling off after using a sauna may be preferable. In this series, various autonomic functions under different heating and cooling treatment in a sauna were studied. The authors have concluded that the mode of exposures to heating and cooling under control of Heart Rate (HR) changes has, to a certain extent, a relaxing effect, and thus can be recommended for alleviating psycho-emotional stress. PMID- 3174263 TI - Old problems and new approaches in neonatology. PMID- 3174264 TI - Neonatology in the NICU: three new techniques, three continuing problems. PMID- 3174265 TI - Recent advances in the diagnosis of hematuria in children. PMID- 3174266 TI - Urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux. PMID- 3174267 TI - Management of chronic renal failure. PMID- 3174268 TI - Glomerular permeability: new concepts. PMID- 3174270 TI - Pediatric allergic disease. PMID- 3174269 TI - Morbidity and mortality of asthma. AB - Morbidity and mortality of asthma has been on the upswing since the 1960s, as marked by increased hospitalizations with asthma since the early 1980s. This has not been explained adequately. The possibility of change in the natural history or increased exposure to environmental irritant chemicals or allergens has been suggested by some. There probably has been better recognition and diagnosis of asthma by distinguishing it from bronchitis, recurrent croup, and bronchiolitis in children. Despite evidence to suggest that this is the case, there are still some missing factors. The increase in asthma mortality is more understandable when one considers the fact the management of asthma has changed greatly in the past two decades. The use of corticosteroids orally, parenterally, and by inhalation has been a double-edged sword. There is no doubt that many asthmatics have a much improved sense of well-being and have lived more normal lives due to the use of corticosteroids. The inability of some patients, parents, or physicians to perceive impending respiratory difficulty, however, may result in underuse of drugs, including corticosteroids, leading to increased mortality. Other factors have led to increased mortality from asthma in recent years, and they include arrhythmias with combinations of theophylline, beta-agonists, and hypoxia. The psychological factors attendant to adolescence and psychological problems are probably quite important in the recent upsurge in asthma deaths in the 15- to 25-year age group. Many deaths are occurring outside of the hospital environment and may be largely preventable. There must be increased awareness by the patient, the family, and the physician. In view of the increased hospitalizations, the total number of deaths is not increasing at an alarming rate, yet it is necessary to make all of us who care for asthmatics aware and take corrective action as soon as we are aware of an asthmatic with respiratory problems. PMID- 3174271 TI - Infants with cystic fibrosis: pulmonary function at diagnosis. AB - Meconium ileus (MEC), failure to thrive (FTT), and a combination of FTT and pulmonary symptoms (COMB) are the most frequent symptoms of cystic fibrosis (CF) at the time of diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to compare to normal controls (NC) the pulmonary function of CF infants at the time of diagnosis, when grouped by these symptoms. The measurements of pulmonary function included oxygen saturation (SaO2), functional residual capacity (FRC), mixing index (MI), total respiratory system compliance (Crs), and maximal flow at FRC (VmaxFRC). Compared to NC (n = 33), the MEC group (n = 5) had a higher MI (54 vs. 42%) and no difference in SaO2, Crs or VmaxFRC. There were no significant differences between FTT (n = 8) and NC groups although there was a tendency for Crs to be lower in the FTT group (5.1 vs. 6.8 ml/cm H2O). When compared to all other groups, the COMB group (n = 11) had significantly lower SaO2, MI, Crs, and VmaxFRC. The normal lung function in the MEC group is consistent with the normal anatomy reported in CF infants dying secondary to meconium ileus. Longitudinal evaluation of the infants in this study, following initiation of care as patients with a diagnosis of CF, may allow us to determine whether symptoms at diagnosis remain an important determinant of lung function in infancy. PMID- 3174272 TI - Mechanics of the ventilatory system in sedated infants: forced oscillations versus single-breath method. AB - The real--Re(Z)--and imaginary--Im(Z)--parts of the ventilatory system impedance were measured between 6 and 30 Hz in 18 normal infants and in 19 with airway obstruction. The intercept (R0) and slope (S) of the Re(Z)-frequency function, as well as inertance (I) and compliance (C) estimated from Im(Z), were compared with ventilatory system resistance (Rrs) and compliance (Crs) (single-breath method). R0 correlated significantly with Rrs (r = 0.86), although the slope of the regression equation was significantly lower than 1 (P less than 0.01). Negative frequency dependence of Re(Z) was observed in all subjects and a significant correlation was found between S and Rrs (r = -0.80). "Inertance" was negative in 20 subjects and correlated negatively with Rrs (r = -0.61). C correlated with Crs (r = 0.64) and with 1/Rrs (r = 0.85). The ratio of C to Crs (mean +/- SD = 0.168 +/- 0.082) also correlated with 1/Rrs (r = 0.51). The main characteristics of the total impedance/frequency function could be simulated with a model featuring the upper airway wall (Zuaw) in parallel with the ventilatory system (Zrs). It is suggested that the differential change in Zuaw and Zrs with growth accounts for the marked frequency dependence of Re(Z) as well as the inaccurate estimation of both I and C in this population. PMID- 3174273 TI - Normal lung growth following antenatal dexamethasone treatment for respiratory distress syndrome. AB - Antenatal steroid therapy reduces the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants. However, animal studies showed a decrease in lung cell number and lower lung weights in fetal rabbits exposed to hydrocortisone. This prompted us to measure flows and lung volumes (by spirometry and helium dilution method) in children greater than 6 years who were part of a study by the Collaborative Group on Antenatal Steroid Therapy. The effect of antenatal steroids on subsequent pulmonary function had not previously been studied. Of the 158 children originally enrolled before birth, a total of 8 dexamethasone (DEX)- and 11 placebo-treated children were still local residents and fulfilled the criteria of the study (gestational age, 28-34 weeks; DEX/placebo treatment 1-7 days before delivery). Mean heights and weights were normal with no significant differences between the groups. Pulmonary function tests showed no differences in lung volumes or expiratory flows between the children whose mothers had received antenatal DEX and those who had received placebo. These results indicate no adverse effect of antenatal DEX on subsequent lung volumes and expiratory flows in childhood. PMID- 3174274 TI - Unusual ventilation-perfusion patterns in primary lung tuberculosis. AB - We report two cases of primary lung tuberculosis in children with unusual perfusion ventilation scintigraphic patterns. In the first case, a mismatch in the right upper lobe suggests an elective compression of the bronchi by the mediastinal lymph nodes; in the second case, the total absence of ventilation and perfusion of the left lobe at scintigraphy illustrates the discrepancy sometimes encountered between chest x-ray and lung scintigraphy. PMID- 3174275 TI - Tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia associated with Larsen syndrome. AB - Bronchomalacia has not previously been described in association with Larsen syndrome. In this article, three children with Larsen syndrome are reported. All three patients have tracheomalacia, and one of them has diffuse bronchomalacia diagnosed at flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The patients' symptoms of airway obstruction include stridor, cyanosis, apnea, and recurrent pneumonias. Recognition of these abnormalities may allow the institution of supportive therapy. PMID- 3174276 TI - On pulmonary functions in survivors of neonatal respiratory distress. PMID- 3174277 TI - Facial vascular malformations in children. Conventional and digital, diagnostic and therapeutic angiography. AB - The authors present their experience with conventional and digital angiography of vascular malformations of the head and neck in children. 22 hemangioendotheliomas, 8 venous angiomas, and 3 arteriovenous fistula were studied. 22 patients were embolised. DSA offers many advantages during the diagnostic as well during the therapeutic phase of angiography. Embolization appears to have a major role in treatment of such vascular malformations. PMID- 3174278 TI - Computed arthrography: its role in the screening of joint diseases in pediatric radiology. AB - The purpose of this study was to analyse the accuracy of combined arthrography and computed tomography in pediatric radiology. 23 patients were selected and the joints studied (n = 25) were: elbow (1), shoulder (2), knee (8) and hip (14). The contribution of computed arthrography varies according to the joint and the disease concerned. Osteochondritis dissecans of the knee appears to be the best indication. PMID- 3174279 TI - Cortical heterotopia in Aicardi's syndrome--CT findings. AB - A case of 5-month-old female infant with Aicardi's syndrome is presented. The main clinical features were severe developmental retardation and intractable epileptic seizures. Ophthalmoscopic examination revealed pathognomonic chorioretinopathy. Ultrasonic examination of the brain detected agenesis of the corpus callosum, whereas CT showed a coexisting malformation of the brain, i.e. cortical heterotopia of the gray matter. Agenesis of the corpus callosum is an entity well-recognized by sonography. However ultrasonography is an insufficient modality for the visualization of cortical heterotopia which is common to all cases of Aicardi's syndrome. Therefore, in cases of suspected Aicardi's syndrome CT is recommended, as it enables the diagnosis of cortical heterotopia. PMID- 3174280 TI - Intrauterine dwarfism, peculiar facies and thin bones with multiple fractures--a new syndrome. AB - Three newborns with thin ribs and thin long bones with multiple fractures are reported. Whereas one patient presents a syndromic association of bone dysplasia and intrauterine dwarfism two other patients cannot be appropriately evaluated due to lack of basic clinical and pathologic data. PMID- 3174281 TI - The osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome. Update and report on two affected siblings. AB - Two siblings (male, 29 years, and female, 13 years) with the rate autosomal recessive osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome are reported in detail. All essential signs and symptoms of the full clinical picture were present and are documented by impressive X-ray pictures. Some aspects of our patients are compared with relevant findings of previous reports. Collagen studies (skin biopsies) failed to reveal any significant disorder of the main collagen types composition. Striking similarities with established genetic disorders of collagen (like the osteogenesis imperfecta group and the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) suggest, however, that the OPS could be a primary collagen disorder. Genetic counselling and devoted socio-medical care for these handicapped children is presently the only help which can be offered. PMID- 3174282 TI - Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, ultrasonic appearances in a small baby. PMID- 3174283 TI - Atypical intrathoracic manifestations of Burkitt's lymphoma. AB - Analysis of the plain chest radiographs of 11 children with Burkitt's lymphoma showed that mediastinal adenopathy was the commonest abnormality present. One child showed a pulmonary infiltrative pattern which had previously been undescribed in this disease. Nigerian children with this lymphoma present more commonly with mediastinal glandular enlargement whereas pleural effusion is more frequently encountered in Caucasians. PMID- 3174284 TI - Vascular liver calcification in infants. A case report with some pathogenetic considerations. AB - A case of calcified portal vein thromboemboli in a neonate is described with special regard to the radiological and histological features. A possible pathogenetic mechanism involves a disseminated intravascular coagulation subsequent to placental release of thromboplastin. PMID- 3174285 TI - Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism with spinal cord compression. AB - We describe a patient with pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism who had an osseous tubercle on the anterolateral margin of the foramen magnum causing compression of the spinal cord. This patient had no evidence for any endocrinopathies and had no other spinal canal anomalies. We suggest that the morphologic phenotype found in patients with pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism, also known as Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, has an associated risk for spinal cord compression due to congenital vertebral anomalies. The poor recovery of neurologic function following spinal decompression mandates prompt recognition and therapy of this condition in patients with Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. PMID- 3174286 TI - An autosomal recessive disorder with retardation of growth, mental deficiency, ptosis, pectus excavatum and camptodactyly. AB - Two strikingly similar brothers issued from consanguineous parents in the second degree present the following patterns of anomalies: retardation of growth, mental deficiency, ocular abnormalities, pectus excavatum and camptodactyly. The ocular abnormalities include ptosis, microphthalmia and hypertelorism. No endocrine or metabolic aberrations were found. The authors conclude that the disorder has probably an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. PMID- 3174287 TI - The reserpine-treated rat as an experimental animal model for cystic fibrosis: abnormal Cl transport in pancreatic acinar cells. AB - Pancreatic acini of control and reserpine-treated rats were incubated with the isotopic tracer 36Cl to compare Cl accumulation in the absence and presence of secretagogues and transport inhibitors. Two phases of Cl accumulation were ascertained in resting control cells: an initial rate (0-5 min) and a steady state level (10-30 min) of accumulation. Both phases were enhanced by acetylcholine (1 microM) and caerulein (10 nM), but not by 10 nM vasointestinal peptide or 10 microM forskolin. Exposure to 1 mM DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2' stilbene disulfonic acid) inhibited both phases of Cl accumulation, whereas exposure to 1 mM amiloride had a delayed effect on the initial rate and reduced the steady state phase in both resting (unstimulated) or acetylcholine-stimulated cells. Furosemide (1 mM) had no effect on Cl accumulation when added to the cells just before tracer, but reduced it when added 10 min before. Neither the initial phase nor the steady state level of Cl accumulation were enhanced by acetylcholine in acini of reserpine-treated rats and the effect of DIDS on the initial phase was smaller than in control cells. Continued exposure to this inhibitor resulted, furthermore, in a significantly larger steady state Cl content. The inhibitory effects of amiloride and of a 10-min preincubation with furosemide were similar to those observed in control cells. These results suggest that Cl accumulates in rat pancreatic acini by way of DIDS-sensitive mechanisms that are activated by Ca2+-mediated, but not by cAMP-mediated, secretagogues. These mechanisms are altered in acini of reserpine-treated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174288 TI - Changes in red blood cell electrolytes and ATP in newborn shock. AB - Previous studies show an inability of the skeletal muscle cell and red blood cell to maintain sodium, potassium, and calcium homeostasis during hemorrhagic shock in adults. However, there is no information on the cellular effects of shock in the neonate. This study examined the effects of hemorrhagic shock on red cell membrane function in a newborn canine model. Changes in sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in red blood cells and plasma were correlated with changes in intracellular and plasma ATP levels. Newborn dogs (n = 36), 10 to 14 days of age and weighing 501 to 707 g, were studied. After baseline studies (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature), electrolyte and ATP concentrations in red blood cells and plasma were measured. The dogs were then bled 40% of their estimated blood volumes. All parameters were measured after 1 h of shock. This shock model produced hypotension, bradycardia, and acidosis. The red blood cell sodium, calcium, water, and ATP content increased in shock, whereas intracellular magnesium fell. Red blood cell potassium levels, plasma sodium, and calcium concentrations were not significantly altered in shock, although plasma potassium and magnesium levels rose. Our data show that shock in the newborn disrupts cell membrane integrity. Intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium occurred despite cellular ATP uptake, suggesting that high energy deficits are not the primary mechanism contributing to electrolyte imbalance in newborn shock. PMID- 3174289 TI - Effects of prenatal dexamethasone on development of ornithine decarboxylase activity in brain and peripheral tissues of rats. AB - The use of glucocorticoids in the management of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome may be associated with abnormalities of growth and neurologic development. In our study, pregnant rats received either 2 or 0.2 mg/kg of dexamethasone on gestational days 17, 18, and 19 and tissues of the offspring were examined for ornithine decarboxylase activity, a marker enzyme for perturbations of cellular maturation. Acutely, the higher dose of dexamethasone suppressed ornithine decarboxylase activity in all tissues except lung, where a short-term stimulation was obtained. Repeated administration of 2 mg/kg resulted in an ornithine decarboxylase pattern consistent with delayed cellular development in all tissues (suppressed activity followed by prolonged postnatal elevations), accompanied by impaired viability and general growth. Lowering the dose of dexamethasone to 0.2 mg/kg eliminated all the adverse effects on viability but still produced perturbations of tissue ornithine decarboxylase, most notably a prolonged suppression of activity across all brain regions. These data suggest that administration of glucocorticoids even at the threshold for effects on respiratory function, may compromise neural development. PMID- 3174290 TI - The inhibition of the postnatal rise of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in newborn lambs as a result of glucose perfusion. AB - Due to the abrupt increase in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentration in the newborn lamb, which begins soon after birth, this interval in development was considered an excellent period to test the hypothesis that glucose perfusions could inhibit 2,3-DPG synthesis. Ten newborn lambs were divided into two groups and perfused either with glucose (15 mg/kg/min) or physiologic saline (45% NaCl) for 10 days. Blood gases, electrolytes, glycemia, O2 pressure at 50% Hb saturation, and 2,3-DPG levels were compared in the two groups. Glucose levels remained significantly elevated during the first 3 days in the glucose perfused group. The O2 pressure at 50% Hb saturation increased in both groups but was significantly lower in the glucose perfused group when determined on day 5 and 8. The postnatal increase in 2,3-DPG was significantly diminished in the glucose infused lambs, which suggests that glucose perfusion has an inhibiting effect on erythrocyte 2,3-DPG synthesis. PMID- 3174291 TI - Characterization of intestinal collateral blood flow in the developing piglet. AB - Interest in the pathogenesis of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis has prompted study of the intestinal circulation in developing animals. It is conceivable that poorly developed collateral channels may predispose the neonatal intestine to ischemic insults. We therefore characterized intestinal collateral blood flow in anesthetized and ventilated 1-day and 1-month-old piglets. Intestinal blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres (15 micron diameter) before and after either 1) total occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) or 2) occlusion of a distal (jejunoileal) branch of the SMA. After total SMA occlusion in 1-day and 1-month-old piglets, perfusion of the intestine via collaterals from the celiac and inferior mesenteric arteries was not evident. Jejunal, ileal, and colonic (except rectal) blood flows fell to zero 30 min after ligation of the SMA. Ligation of a distal branch of the SMA in 1-month-old animals significantly reduced total wall (by 25%) and mucosal/submucosal (by 25%) blood flows in the occluded segment. Similar experiments in 1-day-old piglets produced significantly greater reduction in total (70%) and mucosa/submucosa (70%) blood flows. Muscle/serosa blood flows in both groups were not significantly different from control values. In conclusion, collateral perfusion of the intestine via the celiac and inferior mesenteric arteries is insignificant during acute SMA occlusion in the developing piglet. Although there is significant collateral blood flow within the SMA vascular network, perfusion between adjacent gut segments is less effective in preventing intestinal ischemia after occlusion of a branch of the SMA in neonates than in 1-month-old piglets. PMID- 3174292 TI - Effect of maturation on heart rate response to ocular compression test during rapid eye movement sleep in human infants. AB - Thirty-three premature and full-term infants (31.5-50 wk postconceptional age) free from neurologic and cardiopulmonary disease at time of testing, underwent a standardized ocular compression test during polygraphically controlled rapid eye movement sleep. RR intervals were measured on the ECG before and during ocular compression. RR interval changes during ocular compression were compared to the preceding 60-s mean RR interval in each infant. Results were analyzed relative to gestational age, postnatal age, and postconceptional age. Baseline heart rate during REM sleep decreased with postconceptional age. During ocular compression, there was a significant negative correlation between the longest RR interval or the "latency" variable with postconceptional age. Latency is defined as the time, in milliseconds, from beginning of eyelid pressure to the first measurable RR increase compared to mean control RR + 1 SD. Our results indicate that during rapid eye movement sleep, "baseline heart rate" decreases with maturation, an effect supposedly related to increased vagal activity, whereas the heart rate response on ocular pressure stimulus, a vagally mediated reflex, is significantly influenced and blunted with maturation. PMID- 3174293 TI - Intestinal uptake of retinol in suckling rats: characteristics and ontogeny. AB - Uptake of retinol in the developing intestine of suckling rats (14-15 day old) and its maturation in adult rats (90 day old) was examined using intestinal everted sacs. Uptake of retinol (0.06 microM) in the jejunum of suckling and adult rats was linear for 5 min incubation and occurred at a rate of 31.20 and 6.98 pmol/g tissue/min, respectively. In both age groups, uptake of retinol (0.06 microM) was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the jejunum than the ileum. Uptake of retinol was significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in suckling rats as compared to adult rats both in the jejunum and the ileum. In both suckling and adult rats, the uptake of retinol in the jejunum was 1) saturable with a Vmax value of 19.78 and 6.24 nmol/g tissue/5 min and an apparent Km value of 16.20 and 8.19 microM, respectively, 2) not affected by metabolic inhibitors, and 3) partially temperature dependent (Q10 = 2.51 and 1.92, respectively). The structural analogues retinal (50 microM) and retinoic acid (50 microM) did not affect the uptake of [3H] retinol (0.06 microM) whereas unlabeled retinol (50 microM) caused significant (p less than 0.01) inhibition. No difference in retinol metabolism by intestinal tissue was observed in the two age groups. These results demonstrate that retinol uptake in suckling rats is similar to that of adult rats in being a passive carrier-mediated process. The results also suggest that a decrease in the number and/or activity and an increase in the affinity of the uptake system of retinol occurs with maturation. PMID- 3174294 TI - Cord plasma vasopressin, erythropoietin, and hypoxanthine as indices of asphyxia at birth. AB - To assess the value of cord plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), erythropoietin (EP), and hypoxanthine (HX) as indices of asphyxia, we studied 62 infants of mothers with preeclampsia, 34 acutely asphyxiated infants, with 5-min Apgar score less than or equal to 6 and/or umbilical arterial pH less than or equal to 7.05, and 38 control infants. Umbilical arterial AVP in the asphyxia group (geometric mean; 95% confidence interval: 180; 92-350 pg/ml) was higher than in the control group (23; 8-66, p = 0.002) and correlated with umbilical arterial pH (r = 0.447, p = 0.028). AVP levels in the preeclampsia group did not differ from controls. Cord venous EP was higher in infants delivered by elective cesarean section from women with severe preeclampsia (115; 75-177 mU/ml, p less than 0.001) than in control infants (23; 18-27); in the whole group EP correlated with pH (r = -0.493, p less than 0.001). EP in the asphyxia group was similar (46; 35 65) to controls (40; 33-47) and did not correlate with pH. Cord arterial HX in the preeclampsia group was similar to controls (12.3; 9.5-16.0 mumol/liter), but elevated in the asphyxia group (23.7; 17.6-31.8, p = 0.001), in which HX correlated with pH (r = 0.558, p = 0.008) and AVP (r = 0.588, p = 0.005). EP did not correlate with AVP or HX in any group, nor did any of the variables correlate with the Apgar score. We conclude that cord plasma AVP and HX reflect acute asphyxia, whereas EP is elevated after more prolonged hypoxia. PMID- 3174295 TI - The release of leukotrienes in the respiratory tract during infection with respiratory syncytial virus: role in obstructive airway disease. AB - Samples of nasopharyngeal secretions from a group of 73 infants with bronchiolitis or upper respiratory illness alone during infection with respiratory syncytial virus were analyzed for leukotriene C4 (LTC4) content using a reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography assay with confirmation by radioimmunoassay. Titers of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-specific IgE in nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) specimens were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The highest concentrations of LTC4 were found in the first 3 to 8 days after the onset of illness, and LTC4 was detectable in progressively lower concentrations in samples obtained up to 28 days after the onset of illness. LTC4 was detected in samples of NPS obtained in the acute phase of illness from 67% of infants with bronchiolitis due to RSV and in 33% of samples of NPS obtained during the same interval from infants with upper respiratory illness alone (p less than 0.025). Concentrations of LTC4 in children with bronchiolitis were 5-fold higher (1271 pg/ml) than the mean concentration of LTC4 in children with upper respiratory illness (224 pg/ml, p less than 0.02). LTC4 was detected in 83% of the children developing an RSV-IgE response and in 24% of subjects not developing an RSV-IgE response (p less than 0.001). Quantities of LTC4 measured in NPS were directly correlated with the magnitude of the RSV-IgE response in secretions (r = 0.33, p less than 0.02). These studies lend support to previous investigations suggesting that severe bronchiolitis due to RSV results from IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to viral antigens, with release of chemical mediators of airway obstruction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174296 TI - European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. Abstracts for the 27th annual meeting. June 26-29, 1988, Copenhagen, Denmark. PMID- 3174297 TI - School and the child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: the role of the pediatrician. PMID- 3174298 TI - Ureaplasma urealyticum colonization and chronic lung disease in low birth weight infants. AB - Ureaplasma urealyticum is a common component of the vaginal flora during pregnancy. Transmission of U. urealyticum to the low birth weight infant may contribute to neonatal respiratory disease. We studied prospectively 111 infants with birth weights of 2 kg or less who were consecutively admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit during a 7-month period. The infants had eye, throat, vagina and/or rectum cultured for U. urealyticum on days 1, 3 and 7 and weekly thereafter until the time of discharge. Forty-six infants (41%) had at least one culture site positive for U. urealyticum (eye, 9%; throat, 35%; vagina, 34%; and rectum, 13%). Respiratory distress at birth was not associated with U. urealyticum colonization. However, colonization with U. urealyticum was significantly associated with the development of chronic lung disease. Of the infants colonized with U. urealyticum 30% developed chronic lung disease, whereas 8% of those not colonized developed chronic lung disease (P less than 0.05). Duration of positive pressure ventilation and oxygen therapy could not account for the higher incidence of chronic lung disease in the infants colonized with U. urealyticum. Stepwise logistic regression analysis using the profiles of birth weight, need for intubation and status of colonization with U. urealyticum correctly identified 79% of the infants who developed chronic lung disease. Additional studies serologic techniques are needed to confirm the association of U. urealyticum colonization and chronic lung disease in low birth weight infants. PMID- 3174299 TI - Role of Broviac catheters in infections in children with cancer. AB - In a 3-year period 157 single lumen Broviac catheters were inserted in 145 children with various neoplastic diseases. The overall duration of the catheter courses was 30,533 days (median, 171; range, 2 to 647). Sixty-five percent of the catheter courses (102 of 157) were complicated by at least 1 febrile episode, for a total of 157 episodes. According to European Organization for Research on Treatment of Cancer criteria, 79 febrile episodes (50%) were classified as microbiologically documented infections, 57 (36%) with and 22 (14%) without septicemia; 31 (20%) as clinically documented infections; and 47 (30%) as possible infections. Of the 79 microbiologically documented infections 21 were catheter-related infections (CRI), 32 were catheter-unrelated infections and 26 were infections of unknown source. Only 48% of CRI occurred during neutropenia (less than 1000 neutrophils/mm3), compared with 88% of catheter-unrelated infections and 96% of infections of unknown origin (P = 0.00007). Gram-positive microorganisms (56% staphylococci) accounted for 78% of all isolates in CRI, 47% in catheter-unrelated infections and 43% in infections of unknown origins (P = 0.03). Fungi represented 12% of all isolates. Clinical and microbiologic resolution without removal of the catheter was achieved in 12 of 21 CRI (57%) and no patient died from a CRI. This study indicates that over 3 of 4 of CRI are caused by Gram-positive bacteria, occur in neutropenic and non-neutropenic patients (approximately 50%) and can be successfully treated without removing the catheter. PMID- 3174300 TI - Which febrile infants younger than two weeks of age are likely to have sepsis? A pilot study. AB - During a 7-year period we prospectively studied 46 infants younger than 2 weeks of age with rectal temperatures of 100.6 degrees F or higher. Before performing a full laboratory evaluation for sepsis, house officers recorded their impressions of whether the infants were likely to have sepsis. Using the combination of impression of sepsis, white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, infants were assigned to one of two sepsis risk groups (high or low). All patients were hospitalized and treated with parenteral antibiotics. Sepsis or meningitis was diagnosed in 8.7% of the patients. Thirty-five of the 46 infants had sufficient data for risk group assignment. Sepsis or meningitis was diagnosed in 3 of 11 high risk infants vs. 0 of 24 low risk patients (P = 0.025). Of the 21 infants initially admitted without an identified bacterial source, 4 subsequently developed a bacterial complication, i.e. a bacterial focus that, although present at the time of admission, became apparent only after hospitalization. A bacterial complication was identified during the hospital course in 3 of 4 high risk infants vs. 1 of 17 low risk patients (P = 0.012). PMID- 3174301 TI - "Look back" program for blood product recipients: experience with the pediatric population in Houston, Texas. PMID- 3174302 TI - Septicemia caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus without associated urinary tract infection. PMID- 3174303 TI - Combined medical and surgical management of severe pseudomembranous colitis. PMID- 3174304 TI - Immunodeficiency associated with recurrent infections and an isolated in vivo inability to respond to bacterial polysaccharides: follow-up immunization with pneumococcal polysaccharides. PMID- 3174305 TI - Tick exposure and related infections. PMID- 3174306 TI - Differences in the epidemiology of childhood community-acquired bacterial meningitis between two ethnic populations cohabiting in one geographic area. AB - A comparison of the epidemiology of community-acquired bacterial meningitis between Jewish and Bedouin populations cohabiting one geographical area is reported here. During the years 1981 to 1985, 100 children younger than 13 years old with community-acquired bacterial meningitis were hospitalized. Seventy-one patients were younger than 12 months. The principal bacteria isolated were Haemophilus influenzae 42%; Streptococcus pneumoniae 29% and Neisseria meningitidis 20%. The case fatality rate was 12%. The chance of acquiring meningitis during the first 5 years of life was twice as common among Bedouins than among Jews (328/100,000 vs. 173/100,000, respectively; P less than 0.0001). The most common cause of meningitis during the first year of life was S. pneumoniae among Bedouins and H. influenzae among Jews. Meningitis caused by H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae was usually associated with respiratory morbidity during fall and winter among Jews, but with diarrheal morbidity during summer and fall among Bedouins. Since the most prevalent type of morbidity among Jews results from respiratory infections and among Bedouins from diarrhea, our findings suggest that community-acquired bacterial meningitis is associated with the type of morbidity most prevalent in the community at any given season rather than with a specific type of infection. PMID- 3174308 TI - Observations on the calibration of acoustic reflectometry. PMID- 3174307 TI - Neonatal melioidosis: a report of 5 cases. AB - Melioidosis, caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei, occurs in tropical areas and is diagnosed mostly in adults. In Khon Kaen, a province of northeast Thailand, five cases of infantile melioidosis were managed at Srinagarind Hospital. The patient's specimens were submitted to microbiologic and serologic examination for P. pseudomallei demonstrated by indirect hemagglutination. Possible modes of transmission such as environment, perinatal exposure and venereal transmission were investigated. PMID- 3174309 TI - Lack of association between Clostridium difficile toxin and diarrhea in infants. PMID- 3174310 TI - Meningitis caused by Bifidobacterium in an infant. PMID- 3174311 TI - Multiple organ system failure in an infant with Legionella infection. PMID- 3174312 TI - Vertical transmission of Citrobacter diversus from mother to infant. PMID- 3174313 TI - Abnormal pulmonary outcomes in premature infants: prediction from oxygen requirement in the neonatal period. AB - The follow-up records of 605 infants with birth weights of less than 1,500 g, with data available for 2 years after birth, were examined for evidence of abnormal pulmonary signs or symptoms. A total of 119 infants were identified and the neonatal oxygen requirements of these infants were compared with those of 486 infants who had normal pulmonary function. A requirement for oxygen at 28 days of life had a positive predictive value for abnormal pulmonary findings at the time of follow-up of only 38%, whereas 31% of those with normal pulmonary findings at the time of follow-up were still receiving oxygen at this age. The need for oxygen at 28 days was a good predictor of abnormal findings in infants of greater than or equal to 30 weeks' gestational age at birth but became increasingly less useful as gestational age decreased. It was found that, irrespective of gestational age at birth, the requirement for additional oxygen at 36 weeks' corrected postnatal gestational age was a better predictor of abnormal outcome, increasing the positive predictive value to 63%. The prediction of a normal outcome remained 90% for infants not receiving oxygen at this corrected gestational age. PMID- 3174315 TI - Ocular findings in infants treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support. AB - Eleven infants treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support were examined for ocular complications. Four patients were noted to have retinal and external ocular vascular changes on the left but not on the right. These unilateral findings are believed to be related to right common carotid and internal jugular occlusion. The proposed mechanism involves three factors: cerebral venous congestion, impairment of cerebral and possibly retinal arterial autoregulation, and higher cerebral arterial blood flow on the left compared with the right. PMID- 3174314 TI - Prophylactic indomethacin for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants. AB - The impact of early prophylactic use of intravenous indomethacin on the incidence and severity of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus in 199 oxygen-requiring premature infants (less than or equal to 1300 g birth weight) was prospectively investigated. The trial was controlled, the infants were randomized, and the investigators were unaware of the group assignments. Patients with minimal (grade I) or no periventricular intraventricular hemorrhage determined by prestudy echoencephalography were randomized within two birth weight subgroups (500 to 899 and 900 to 1300 g) to receive either prophylactic indomethacin (n = 99) or an equal volume of saline vehicle placebo (n = 100). The first dose (0.2 mg/kg) was given within 12 hours of delivery and two subsequent doses (0.1 mg/kg) were administered at 12 hourly intervals. Prophylactic indomethacin significantly reduced the incidence of grades II to IV periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. Intraventricular hemorrhage was half as common in infants given prophylactic indomethacin as in control infants (23% v 46%, P less than .002). The reduction was manifested in both birth weight subgroups. Results of this study also confirmed a lower incidence of clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus in infants who received prophylactic indomethacin in contrast to those who received placebo (11% v 42%, P less than .001). No significant differences were found between treatment and control groups in the duration of oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, or hospitalization or in the incidence of pneumothorax, chronic lung disease, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, or death. Early prophylactic indomethacin initiated within 12 hours of delivery is effective in reducing the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage as well as clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight premature infants. PMID- 3174316 TI - Decline in mortality among young Americans during the 20th century: prospects for reaching national mortality reduction goals for 1990. AB - A review of mortality data for persons younger than 25 years of age in the United States reveals striking declines in death rates since the turn of the century. Mortality among infants during their first year of life decreased from 1 in 6 in 1900 to 1 in 100 in 1986. Between 1900 and 1984 the annual death rate for children 1 through 4 years of age decreased from 1 in 50 to 1 in 2,000, for children 5 through 14 years of age, from 1 in 250 to 1 in 4,000, and for persons 15 through 24 years of age, from 1 in 165 to 1 in 1,000. Public health measures, advances in medical science, legislative initiatives, and the organization and delivery of health care have all contributed to these improvements in varying degrees during different decades. For the decade 1975 through 1984, the overall death rate decreased by 20%, with declines for all causes except suicide, cardiovascular diseases, and renal diseases. All of the surgeon general's mortality reduction goals for 1990 for America's youth should be reached except those for infant mortality and suicide. Improvement in these death rates will require better access to health care by those in need and reductions in environmental stress. PMID- 3174317 TI - Very low birth weight infants at 8 and 11 years of age: role of neonatal illness and family status. AB - The intellectual and educational status of 108 children with very low birth weight (less than or equal to 1,500 g), born from 1965 to 1978, was evaluated and tested on standard tests (eight children with severe handicaps were excluded) at 8 years of age. Fifty-seven were further evaluated at 11 years of age. Six categorical outcomes were defined a priori, based on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised IQ and discrepancies between Verbal and Performance scores and Bender Gestalt Test score. Proportions at 8 years of age were: 4.6% very low IQ (below 70), 13.9% low IQ (70 to 84), and, for those with IQ greater than 84, 12.0% language disability, 12.0% performance disability, 21.4% visual motor disability, and 36.1% normal. Learning disabilities, determined by discrepancies between IQ and Wide Range Achievement Test scores, included 16.7% of all children. Outcome proportions at 11 years of age were essentially comparable to those at 8 years of age; outcome constancy was present in 52.6%. Ratings of neonatal illness and parent education level strongly influenced the likelihood of outcome at 8 years of age. When ratings were dichotomized (ie, low v high neonatal illness and low v high parent education), the level of neonatal illness primarily influenced the likelihood of normal outcome, whereas the level of parent education influenced the degree of severity of the disability. PMID- 3174318 TI - Elevated levels of hypoxanthine in vitreous humor indicate prolonged cerebral hypoxia in victims of sudden infant death syndrome. AB - Hypoxanthine levels in vitreous humor from 32 infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were determined and compared with levels found in eight children who died of trauma, drowning, or hanging and with levels from seven neonates dying suddenly without long-standing antemortem hypoxia. Determination of hypoxanthine level was done with either a PO2 electrode method or high performance liquid chromatography. The results obtained by both methods were significantly correlated; therefore they were pooled. The median hypoxanthine level in victims of SIDS (380 mumol/L) was significantly higher (P less than .001) than in the children who died violently (118 mumol/L). Moreover, the levels from the SIDS victims were significantly higher (P less than .001) than those from the neonates who died without long-standing hypoxia (53 mumol/L). It is concluded that SIDS is probably not a sudden event but may be preceded by a relatively long period of respiratory failure and hypoxia. PMID- 3174319 TI - Preschool behavior problems and subsequent risk of injury. AB - The hospital records of 951 children from a previously established birth cohort for which behavioral and extensive background information was available were checked for 3 years following the fifth birthday of the youngest child. The aim was to determine whether children with certain specific behavior disorders had a higher rate of injury than those without. Although the predicted relationships between overactive behavior, decreased concentration, and injury rate were not found, the hypothesis of an increased risk of injury for boys and for children with discipline problems was confirmed. Also, the association between male sex and injury remained after controlling for the behavior variables related to injury. In general, some support was found for the suggestion of increased risk of injury among children who have specific behavior problems, although, contrary to widespread belief, this relationship accounts for only a small percentage of the injuries found in the cohort. Moreover, the relationship is modified by maternal characteristics and by the sex of the child. Unexpectedly, encopresis and marked fears were found to be risk factors for injury, although these effects were relatively small. PMID- 3174320 TI - Carbon monoxide poisoning due to automobile exposure: disparity between carboxyhemoglobin levels and symptoms of victims. PMID- 3174321 TI - Massive levothyroxine overdose: high anxiety--low toxicity. PMID- 3174322 TI - Prediction of abnormal pulmonary follow-up in premature infants. PMID- 3174323 TI - Mortality rates and health progress. PMID- 3174324 TI - Religion and child abuse. PMID- 3174325 TI - Dosage of acetylcysteine in acetaminophen poisoning. PMID- 3174326 TI - A catch in 'a catch in the Reye'. PMID- 3174327 TI - AIDS-associated lymphoma of the brain in a child. PMID- 3174328 TI - Amino acids in premature infants. PMID- 3174329 TI - [The prognostic significance of immunological indices in children with congenital and acquired nephropathies]. PMID- 3174330 TI - [The role of the hematosalivary barrier in the development of peptic ulcer in children]. PMID- 3174331 TI - [The role of psychological factors in obesity in children]. PMID- 3174332 TI - [Clinico-immunomorphological aspects of chronic cystitis in children]. PMID- 3174333 TI - [Effect of dimephosphon on the immune status of children with pyelonephritis]. PMID- 3174334 TI - [Characteristics of kidney involvement in vesico-renal reflux in children]. PMID- 3174335 TI - [Ontogenetic dynamics of kidneys of normal size and kidneys in different forms of chronic glomerulonephritis]. PMID- 3174336 TI - [Effect of water immersion on kidney function in children with the nephrotic syndrome]. PMID- 3174337 TI - [Function of the immune system and nonspecific protective factors in the ontogeny of children with acute respiratory diseases]. PMID- 3174338 TI - [Results of immunological and microbiological examinations in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children]. PMID- 3174339 TI - [Results and prospects of nephrological research within the framework of interinstitutional cooperation of pediatric clinics in a number of socialist countries]. PMID- 3174340 TI - [Absorption of protein antigens in the gastrointestinal tract in food allergy in children]. PMID- 3174341 TI - [Effect of the health status of parents and family life style on the occurrence of allergic dermatoses and the dermatorespiratory syndrome in children]. PMID- 3174342 TI - [Iridodiagnosis of pancreatic pathology in childhood]. PMID- 3174343 TI - [Clinico-functional characteristics of toxicosis in suppurative-inflammatory diseases of newborn infants]. PMID- 3174344 TI - [Intensive therapy of the aspiration syndrome in newborn infants]. PMID- 3174346 TI - [Work of a pediatric polyclinic with the family in raising a healthy child]. PMID- 3174345 TI - [The role of a fungus of the genus Paecilomyces in the etiology of enteritis]. PMID- 3174347 TI - [Staged rehabilitative observation and treatment of patients with chronic gastroduodenitis and peptic ulcer in adolescence and youth]. PMID- 3174348 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux as a cause of severe asphyxia]. PMID- 3174349 TI - [Rhabdomyoma of the heart in a 5-month-old child]. PMID- 3174350 TI - [Partial chromosome 9 trisomy in a child--the result of maternal translocation of chromosomes 3 and 9]. PMID- 3174351 TI - [Use of a carrot powder mixture in acute intestinal diseases in infants in the 1st year of life]. PMID- 3174352 TI - Illusions of time and extent when the Muller-Lyer figure moves in an aperture. PMID- 3174353 TI - Judged displacement in apparent vertical and horizontal motion. PMID- 3174354 TI - Haptic processing of spatially distributed information. PMID- 3174355 TI - The role of succession in temporal cognition: is the time-order error a recency effect of memory? PMID- 3174356 TI - Three-dimensionality and discriminability in the object-superiority effect. PMID- 3174357 TI - Temporal order identification for tone/noise stimuli with onset transitions. PMID- 3174358 TI - Lexical stress and lexical access: homographs versus nonhomographs. PMID- 3174359 TI - Exploration of a rod with crossed fingers. PMID- 3174361 TI - Cardiovascular diseases. PMID- 3174362 TI - Malformations of the cardiac infundibulum. PMID- 3174360 TI - Grouping and multidimensional organization of respiratory sensations. PMID- 3174363 TI - Double-chambered right ventricle. PMID- 3174364 TI - The syndrome of congenital absence of pulmonary valve. PMID- 3174365 TI - Quality control in therapeutic drug monitoring. AB - Quality control of routine drug assays, like most immunoassays, should mainly be the responsibility of each individual laboratory: intra-laboratory quality control. External quality assessment should direct its efforts in particular to non-routine methods and to new assays. However, it may sometimes also be very useful to have laboratory results of routine assays studied in external programmes, since vague requests or difficult interpretations of drug concentrations need discussion outside the individual laboratory. PMID- 3174366 TI - Quality control of hospital formularies. AB - This paper identifies various uses of the formulary concept, outlines factors that underlie the need for such an administrative device, and reviews four barriers to effective formulary control. It then examines selected components of the formulary system and specifies the need for supporting techniques, both internal and external. Twelve guidelines for developing a model drug formulary are presented. While administrative elements associated with implementation of a formulary are stressed, concerns about more intangible behavioural forces are introduced. PMID- 3174367 TI - Quality control and drug utilization review. AB - The impact of drug utilization review on quality control is outlined. Special attention is given to a drug utilization review at the individual patient level for which the methodology for implementation and maintenance are described, with special emphasis on the cyclic character of the process. PMID- 3174368 TI - Clinical education for hospital pharmacists in The Netherlands and the United States of America: some observations. AB - Three parameters for the quality of clinical education for hospital pharmacists are postulated: the number of pharmacists who can serve as preceptors, the depth and scope of clinical pharmacy services, and the structure of the training. Dutch hospital pharmacies exhibit consistently lower pharmacist staffing ratios than their American counterparts. For the scope of services provided in Dutch (as compared to American) hospitals, the emphasis is on pharmacokinetic consultation and handling of radiopharmaceuticals, services which require less patient involvement and are consequently less labour intensive than services, such as patient profile and drug interaction monitoring services, which are more prevalent in American hospital pharmacies. 17% of Dutch respondents were not exposed to patient profile monitoring during their training, 16% were not exposed to drug interactions monitoring, 9.8% were not exposed to pharmacokinetic services and 8.9% were not exposed to drug information services, although these services are provided at the current worksite. Dutch hospital pharmacists are often solo practitioners maintaining a high standard of practice by focusing on core tasks and activities. PMID- 3174370 TI - Clinical pharmacological meeting. Utrecht, (The Netherlands), 15 April 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3174369 TI - The suitability of some preservatives in chloroquine phosphate syrup. AB - In Third World countries chloroquine phosphate syrup is frequently prepared with chloroform as a preservative. Because of the toxic side effects of chloroform the suitability of a number of possible alternatives were investigated. If the chloroquine phosphate syrup is prepared as such, the combination of sorbic acid (1.5 g/l) and citric acid (2 g/l) is preferred. If, however, the chloroquine phosphate syrup is prepared from a stock solution of simple syrup, the relatively low pH may be undesirable, because it may negatively affect the stability or solubility of other medicinal compounds. For a stock solution of simple syrup the combination of methyl paraben (1.8 g/l) and propyl paraben (0.2 g/l) is preferred. Good care must be taken that a layer of condense water cannot be formed. PMID- 3174371 TI - Ionic requirement for regulatory cell volume decrease in renal straight proximal tubules. AB - The present study has been performed to test for the ionic requirement of regulatory cell volume decrease in isolated perfused straight proximal tubules of the mouse kidney. Reduction of peritubular osmolarity from 308 mosmol/l to 228 mosmol/l leads within 0.5 min to cell swelling by 16 +/- 1% (n = 26) of original cell volume (Vo). Within 2 min cell volume (V2) approaches 105 +/- 1% of Vo (n = 26) despite continued exposure to hypotonic bath perfusate. Reexposure of the tubules to isotonic bath perfusate shrinks the cells to 94 +/- 1% of Vo (n = 25). Within 2 min from omission of extracellular bicarbonate and CO2 regulatory cell volume decrease is impaired (V2 = 114 +/- 1% of Vo, n = 14). Similarly, regulatory volume decrease is blunted upon prior removal of extracellular sodium (V2 = 115 +/- 2% of Vo, n = 12). In contrast, regulatory volume decrease is not affected by prior removal of extracellular chloride (V2 = 104 +/- 2% of Vo, n = 9). Regulatory volume decrease is impaired in the presence of 1 mmol/l potassium channel blocker barium (V2 = 120 +/- 4% of Vo, n = 7) and of 1 mmol/l carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (V2 = 111 +/- 2% of Vo, n = 16) but is preserved in the presence of 1 mumol/l chloride channel blocker NPPB (V2 = 105 +/ 2% of Vo, n = 11). In conclusion, regulatory cell volume decrease apparently depends on potassium and bicarbonate, but does not depend on chloride. PMID- 3174372 TI - Changes in adenosine release and blood flow in the contracting dog gracilis muscle. AB - Ischaemic contraction of skeletal muscle increases the venous concentration of adenosine. The present investigation was undertaken to determine changes in blood flow and the release of adenosine into venous blood resulting from 5 min of free flow contractions of the isolated gracilis muscle in dogs anaesthetised with pentobarbitone sodium (42 mg.kg-1) and artificially ventilated. Arterial and venous concentrations of adenosine were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Five-minute-contractions (induced electrically, 6 V, 1.8 ms, 4 Hz) caused significant increases in blood flow (to 304 +/- 33% of control; mean +/- SEM, n = 9) and venous plasma adenosine concentration (from 126 +/- 18 nM to 293 +/- 76 nM, equivalent to an average increase in release of 7.28 +/- 1.89 nmol.min-1 100 g-1 wet weight of muscle). The venous oxygen tension decreased from 8.33 +/- 0.48 to 3.39 +/- 0.31 kPa (62.5 +/- 3.6 to 25.4 +/- 2.3 mm Hg). This small but significant increase in venous adenosine concentration within the vasoactive range, in the face of a concomitant increase in blood flow, suggests that an increase in the interstitial adenosine concentration during free-flow exercise may contribute to the total dilatation of the resistance vessels to increase blood flow and keep its own concentration low. A significant correlation between venous adenosine concentration and vascular conductance is therefore absent. The results suggest that adenosine may contribute to sustained active hyperaemia in skeletal muscle. PMID- 3174374 TI - Contra- and ipsilateral auditory stimuli produce different activation patterns at the human auditory cortex. A neuromagnetic study. AB - Auditory evoked magnetic fields were recorded over the right hemisphere of healthy humans. The stimuli were noise bursts presented either to the contra- (C) or ipsilateral (I) ear in different combinations. The largest deflection of the responses, N100m (magnetic counterpart of electric N100), showed a field pattern which suggests activation of the supratemporal auditory cortex. In an oddball paradigm, where the standards (90%) were 400-ms noise bursts presented to the contralateral ear, and the deviants (10%) similar stimuli to the ipsilateral ear, the deviants elicited on the average 130% stronger equivalent dipoles for N100m than standards. Contralateral standards did not substantially decrease the response amplitude of ipsilateral deviants as compared with the response amplitude to ipsilateral stimuli alone presented at the interstimulus interval of the deviants. When two 50 ms noise bursts, separated by 310 ms, were presented once every 2 s, N100m evoked by the second stimulus of the pair was smaller when the stimuli were presented monaurally (C-C or I-I) than to different ears (I-C or C-I). The results suggest that contra- and ipsilateral auditory stimuli are analyzed, at least in part, in different neural networks at the human auditory cortex. PMID- 3174373 TI - Cardiorespiratory reflex responses to static contraction of vascularly isolated hindleg muscles of the rat. AB - One hindleg of an anasthetized rat (n = 15) was isolated from systemic blood circulation. The preparation was connected to the body only by nerve and bone. A. and V. femorales were cannulated and perfused with normoxic (PO2 = 530 mm Hg) or hypoxic (PO2 = 60 mm Hg) Tyrode solutions. Static contractions of the muscle were elicited by electrical stimulation on the sciatic nerve (2 x motor threshold, 400 800 mV, 50 s-1). A 1 s stimulus was followed by a 2 s rest period. Total test time amounted to 40 min. It was proceeded and succeeded by 20 min periods of control perfusions without stimulation. Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (f) were measured and cross correlated with the following outflow parameters from V. femoralis of the experimental muscle: [K+], [Na+], PO2, PCO2, pH and [lactate]. During the test period HR and f increased significantly within 20 min of the start of stimulation: HR 5.8% (p less than 0.005) and f 24.3% (p less than 0.005) for hypoxic perfusion (n = 6) and HR 3.2% (p less than 0.005) and f (p less than 0.001, ANOVA) for normoxic perfusion (n = 3). The dynamic changes of several outflow parameters were nearly simultaneous with the cardiorespiratory responses. Cross correlation analyses revealed an excellent temporal relationship between HR and PO2 or [lactate] and between f and PO2 or [lactate]. In addition PCO2 and pH correlated well with HR as well as with f. Comparison of the threshold of the cardiorespiratory response revealed an optimal relationship to pH, a good one to PCO2 and lactate concentration but no correlation to PO2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174375 TI - Anaerobic chemical changes and mechanical output during isometric tetani of rat skeletal muscle in situ. AB - The time course was examined of the energy-rich phosphate usage and exerted isometric tetanic force in electrically stimulated rat quadriceps muscle. The maximal rate of energy-rich phosphate usage was calculated from the changes in the intramuscular concentrations of phosphocreatine, lactate, ATP and inosine monophosphate (IMP) and was somewhat higher than those calculated on the basis of exercise in vivo. The IMP concentration increased directly from the onset of the contraction until after about 11 s it remained constant. The increase in the IMP concentration coincided with a decrease in the ATP concentration. The relationship between mechanical output and energy usage was examined in two ways (i) by calculating the ratio time integral of the force (FTI) and the total energy-rich usage (Ptot) and (ii) by calculating the ratio Force (Ft) to the energy flux (dPtot/dt) at a certain time t. Whereas the ratio FTI/Ptot showed a hyperbolic relationship, the ratio Ft/(dPtot/dt) showed a parabolic relationship. From the latter finding and from the results described in the literature it is concluded that the ratio mechanical output/energy-rich phosphate usage depends on the conditions under which exercise is carried out. Recovery under aerobic conditions from a maximal tetanic isometric contraction sustained for 15 s was slow compared to results of experiments in vivo. PMID- 3174376 TI - The use of isometric exercise as a means of evaluating the parasympathetic contribution to the tachycardia induced by dynamic exercise in normal man. AB - Fourteen normal subjects were submitted to isometric exercise (IE), dynamic exercise (DE) and a combination of the two (IE + DE). The main purpose of the present study was to use IE as a means of evaluating the mechanism of the heart rate (HR) increase induced by DE. To this end, the magnitude of the IE (handgrip) was standardized so as to cause an elevation of HR almost exclusively by vagal withdrawal: IE was performed using a dynamometer strain-gauge system with a linear response at 75% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for 10 s, repeated at 1 min intervals. The change in HR evoked by IE under control conditions was compared with that evoked during DE, and during the corresponding recovery period. DE was performed by the legs, with the subject in the seated position for 4 min, at workloads of 55 and 105 watts, separated by a rest period. In the combined protocol, IE was performed at the beginning of DE, as well as at 1, 2 and 3 min during DE, and at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 5 min during recovery period. The following results were obtained: (1) IE associated with DE always induced smaller increase in heart rate than IE alone, and this effect was more marked at 105 than at 55 W; this finding suggested a workload-dependent vagal withdrawal at the very beginning of DE that was sustained until the end of effort.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174378 TI - Passive elastic properties of the rat abdominal vena cava. AB - The quasistatic passive venous elastic properties were studied in-vitro on 6 cylindrical segments of abdominal vena cava from Wistar rats. Using noncontact methods of deformation measurement, diameter and axial force of the segments were analyzed as a function of simultaneous axial stretch and internal pressure in the physiological range of 0-2.7 kPa. The elasticity of the wall tissue was investigated in terms of moduli of elasticity in the circumferential, axial and radial directions. Results show that the pressure-diameter relationship is highly nonlinear, indicating that veins are extremely compliant at lowest pressures and rather stiff beginning from some 0.7 kPa of pressure. The axial force decreases with pressure at small prestretches, increases at large, but remains constant for the in-vivo prestretch. The venous wall tissue is markedly anisotropic in the entire physiological range of deformations. PMID- 3174377 TI - Effects of environmental temperature on the development of a noradrenergic thermoregulatory mechanism in the rat. AB - Rats reared at 30 degrees C do not exhibit the same thermoregulatory competence during cold exposure as do rats reared at 20 degrees C. They are even more clearly distinguished by the absence of an hypothermic response to intrahypothalamic noradrenaline (IH-NA). In one series of experiments, different groups of rats all received 120 days 30 degrees C-exposure and 20 days 20 degrees C-exposure. The 20 degrees C-exposure occurred at different ages in different treatment groups. At 140 days of age, bilateral IH-NA injections (each 10 micrograms/1 microliter CSF) were administered in conscious rats and the body temperature response observed. An hypothermic response to IH-NA was observed in groups whose exposure to 20 degrees C terminated between 20 and 80 days of age. In a second series of experiments, duration of rearing at 20 degrees C varied but always started at 40 days of age. Responses to IH-NA in 140-day-old adults indicated that the exposure required to induce 50% of the hypothermic response of control (20 degrees C-reared) rats was approximately 17 days. These data suggest that there is an hypothalamic noradrenergic mechanism implicated in the control of body temperature whose development is affected by environmental temperature in a duration-dependent manner. The period during which this effect may be exerted extends into adulthood. PMID- 3174379 TI - Bile acids increase cellular free calcium in cultured kidney cells (LLC-PK). AB - Suspensions of LLC-PK1 cells were used to determine the effect of bile acids on the cellular homeostasis of inorganic ions. It is determined that bile acids alter cellular free calcium (Cai) levels in LLC-PK1 cells. A series of bile acids were compared and found to produce increases in Cai in the order: lithocholate sulfate (LCS) greater than deoxycholate greater than chenodeoxycholate greater than lithocholate glucuronide greater than cholate. LCS (300 microM) produces changes in Cai (measured using Fura-2) qualitatively similar to those produced by 1 microM ionomycin, except that only ionomycin is able to release calcium from intracellular stores. The effect on Cai is roughly proportional to LCS concentration between 50 and 300 microM. The presence of 40 mM Na in the extracellular medium reduces the LCS-induced rise in Cai to 20% of that observed in the absence of Na. This effect is specific for Na versus 150 mM extracellular K, Li, or TMA. The effect is not dependent on the Na gradient across the membrane. At concentrations of LCS which induce changes in Cai, no significant effect of LCS is observed on either cellular Na or K levels, or intracellular pH. PMID- 3174380 TI - Electrophysiology of rat distal colon after partial nephrectomy. Implications for K transport. AB - Previous in vivo studies in rat and man indicate that chronic renal insufficiency leads to an increase in the capacity of the large intestine for K secretion. The present studies were performed in isolated rat distal colon with conventional and K-sensitive microelectrodes to determine the cellular basis for enhanced colonic K secretion after 70% nephrectomy. The data revealed that in animals fed a regular diet, nephrectomy had no effect on the Na or K conductance of the apical membrane, or the kinetics of the basolateral membrane Na-K pump, but intracellular K activity decreased from 70 +/- 4 mmol/l to 58 +/- 4 mmol/l (P less than 0.005). In control (non-nephrectomised) animals, feeding a diet modestly (4-fold) enriched with K resulted in small but significant increases in the Na and K conductance of the apical membrane, no change in the kinetics of the basolateral membrane Na-K pump, and a rise in intracellular K activity from 70 +/ 4 mmol/l to 94 +/- 7 mmol/l (P less than 0.005). In contrast, in animals fed the K enriched diet, nephrectomy resulted in (i) large, amiloride-sensitive increases in transepithelial voltage and total tissue conductance (consistent with an appreciable degree of secondary hyperaldosteronism), (ii) marked increases in the Na and K conductance of the apical membrane, (iii) significant hyperpolarization of the basolateral membrane, (iv) a 100% increase (P less than 0.02) in the maximum activity of the basolateral membrane Na-K pump, and (v) a rise in intracellular K activity from 94 +/- 7 mmol/l to 129 +/- 7 mmol/l (P less than 0.0025). These data suggest that the combination of modest dietary K enrichment and 70% nephrectomy stimulated an active K secretory process which reflected an increase in the K excretory load applied to the colonic mucosa, and the effects of aldosterone. In this model of renal insufficiency, enhanced K secretion by the transcellular and paracellular (potential-dependent) pathways results in a marked rise in the K excretory capacity of the colon. PMID- 3174381 TI - Analysis of cold and warm receptor activity in vampire bats and mice. AB - The response characteristics of facial thermoreceptors of the common vampire bat and of the mouse have been quantitatively studied. Cold receptors were identified in bat and mouse; warm receptors were only established in the bat. Cold and warm receptor populations of the two species share most of their properties with facial thermoreceptor populations of various mammalian species investigated so far. The temporal pattern of activity of cold receptors of the mouse corresponded to that observed in cats, dogs and monkeys: impulse groups at lower, and beating activity at higher temperatures. At maintained temperature, no impulse groups were initiated in cold receptors of the bat. However, cooling steps from various initial temperatures induced a transient grouped discharge in both cold receptor populations. A discharge in regular groups of impulses was occasionally generated in warm receptors of the bat at maintained temperatures and following warming steps. The data indicate that the temperature dependence of periodic activity in warm receptors is not as uniform as it is in cold receptors. It is concluded that cyclic processes are involved in sensory transduction of both warm and cold receptors, and that this cyclic behavior seems to be a general property of thermoreceptors of presumably all vertebrate species. PMID- 3174382 TI - Heterogeneity in spontaneous and tetraethylammonium induced intracellular electrical activity in colonic circular muscle. AB - Marked differences were observed in the intracellular electrical activities (spontaneous and TEA-induced) comparing the submucosal and myenteric plexus surfaces of the circular muscle of the dog colon. Distinct characteristics of the cells at the myenteric plexus surface were: a less (10 mV) polarized membrane, a lower amplitude slow wave, and the occurrence of burst type spiking activity. However, slow waves with a high upstroke amplitude (approximately 2.5 times higher than the plateau) were observed in 40% of the preparations. This high upstroke amplitude was dependent on the occurrence of a regenerative membrane potential change (a spike) during the slow wave propagation into the myenteric plexus surface. Such a spike was mediated by Ca2+-influx and could be evoked or enhanced by electrical pulses or by blocking a TEA-sensitive potassium conductance. In the presence of TEA, spikes occurred in bursts. Both slow waves and spiking activities generated contraction. In conclusion, at least two types of cells exist in the circular muscle layer with marked differences in electrophysiological properties. Slow waves are generated at the submucosal surface, passively propagated to the outermost circular muscle where they induce regenerative membrane potential changes. PMID- 3174383 TI - Permeability to Ca2+ of the acetylcholine receptor channel of denervated mouse muscles in the presence of Na+ and of some other cations. AB - Calcium uptake caused by exposure to azelainylcholine and the additional membrane slope conductance caused by the same agonist were compared in partially depolarized mouse soleus muscles denervated for 3-5 days. Ca uptake was estimated from the amount of 45Ca retained after a 2 min exposure to the tracer (1 min in the presence of azelainylcholine) and a subsequent 17 min period of tracer washout. The amount taken up in the presence of Na+ was 0.152 m mole/kg fresh muscle. The uptake was by about 60% higher when Na+ was replaced by N-methyl-D glucamine. For 10 other monovalent cations Ca uptake was less than with Na. Ca uptake was not related to the molecular weight, size or structure of the cation. The slope conductance in the presence of 10 microM azelainylcholine was 4 microseconds and it was 21% of that value when Na+ was replaced by N-methyl-D glucamine, i.e. conductance was decreased when Ca uptake was increased. This discrepancy points to a major difference in the way cations such as Ca2+ and K+ pass the receptor channel. PMID- 3174384 TI - Measurement of neuronal Ca2+ transients using simultaneous microfluorimetry and electrophysiology. AB - Fluorescent indicator molecules, such as fura-2, are useful probes for studying the concentrations of ions in single cells. A key feature of these fluorescent dyes is the shift in their excitation spectra upon binding the ion, thus making alternate excitation from two wavelengths desirable. In this report we describe an inexpensive system for making simultaneous electrophysiological and dual excitation fluorescence measurements using equipment much of which is available in a typical biophysical laboratory. In order to synchronize the fluorescence signal with the appropriate excitation wavelength we devised a simple computer program which uses the output of photodiodes placed in the excitation beam to determine which wavelength is illuminating the cell. We also describe the use of a liquid light guide to transmit excitation illumination from the light source to the epifluorescence port of the microscope in order to isolate a perfusion chamber from light, electrical noise and vibration. A sensitive light detection system was assembled using a photomultiplier tube and discriminator that took advantage of sampling single unit events obtained with photon counting rather than the analog of anode current. However, rather than employing a sophisticated and expensive photon counting system, a filter was used to integrate the signal so that an analog output could be presented to a multichannel analog to digital converter commonly used for electrophysiological recordings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174385 TI - Evidence for Na/H exchange and Cl/HCO3 exchange in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells. AB - In the present study we used the pH sensitive absorbance of 5(and6)-carboxy-4',5' dimethylfluorescein to investigate intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells: (1) The steady state pHi in A10 cells averaged 7.01 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SEM, n = 26) at an extracellular pH of 7.4 (28 mM HCO3/5% CO2). (2) Removal of extracellular sodium led to an intracellular acidification of 0.36 +/- 0.07 pH-units (mean +/- SEM, n = 8). (3) pHi-Recovery after an acute intracellular acid load (by means of NH4Cl-prepulse) was reversibly blocked by 1 mM amiloride and was dependent on the presence of sodium. The velocity of pHi recovery increased with increasing sodium concentrations with an apparent Km for external sodium of about 30 mM and a Vmax of about 0.35 pH units/min. These findings are compatible with a Na/H exchanger being responsible for pHi recovery after an acid load. (4) Removal of extracellular chloride induced an intracellular alkalinization of 0.23 +/- 0.03 pH-units (mean +/- SEM, n = 10). The alkalinization was dependent on the presence of extracellular bicarbonate. (5) Removal of chloride during pHi recovery from an alkaline load (imposed by acetate prepulse) stopped and reversed pHi backregulation. Chloride removal had no effect in the absence of bicarbonate or in the presence of 10(-4) M DIDS, suggesting that the effects were mediated by a Cl/HCO3 exchanger. In conclusion we have demonstrated evidence for a Na/H exchanger and a Cl/HCO3 exchanger in A10 vascular smooth muscle cells. PMID- 3174386 TI - Adaptation of the rat kidney to altered water intake and urine concentration. AB - Previous experiments in Brattleboro rats with hereditary diabetes insipidus revealed that absence of ADH led to several alterations in kidney anatomy, which could be reversed by chronic ADH treatment. Present experiments were undertaken to determine if similar alterations were observable in normal Wistar rats when endogenous ADH level was varied by manipulating water intake or when exogenous ADH was infused. Water intake was increased by giving food with a high water content ad libitum and offering 5% glucose solution to drink (HWI rats), or decreased by reducing water intake to 1/3 of spontaneous intake (RWI rats). An additional group received chronic ADH infusion with Alzet osmotic minipumps (ADH rats). Results were compared to those obtained in control rats (CON) drinking ad libitum. RWI, CON, and ADH rats ate dry pellets ad libitum. After 6 weeks on these regimens kidneys were perfusion fixed and serial sections were cut for morphometric measurements by light microscopy. Results in the four groups showed that kidney weight relative to body weight was influenced by the operation of urinary concentrating mechanism, with HWI less than CON less than RWI less than ADH. The increase in kidney weight in rats with high urine concentration was not homogeneously distributed throughout the different kidney zones and the different nephron segments. The inner stripe of the outer medulla (IS) increased more in relative height and volume than other kidney zones and, within this zone, the volume of epithelium of thick ascending limb of Henle's loops (TAL) increased more than expected from the whole kidney weight increase. In outer stripe of outer medulla (OS) and in cortex (C), TAL hypertrophy was equal to or lower than expected from whole kidney weight increase. Collecting duct epithelium in C, OS, and IS increased in proportion to whole kidney weight. The MTAL hypertrophy in IS was due to an increase in size of preexisting cells, except in the ADH group where an increase in cell number was also observed. Internephron heterogeneity with regard to glomerular size was greater in RWI and ADH than in CON and HWI rats. The marked hypertrophy of the deep TAL in the IS of rats in which urine concentration was stimulated could be related to an increase in salt transport in this nephron segment, triggered both by a direct stimulation by ADH, and by an increased salt recycling. The elongation of the inner stripe provides a greater length for the operation of the countercurrent multiplier system responsible for building up of the osmotic pressure gradient in the medulla.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3174388 TI - Species-specific effects of chronic nerve stimulation upon tibialis anterior muscle in mouse, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. AB - Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of mouse, rat, guinea pig, and rabbit was indirectly stimulated for 10 h/day at 10 Hz up to 28 days. Changes in the activity levels of hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), citrate synthase (CS), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), 3 hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH), and beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH) were compared. Although the direction of changes in the enzyme activity pattern was in accordance with previous findings on rabbit TA, the magnitude of the responses varied markedly between the mammals under study. Mouse TA was almost unaffected. A major effect of chronic stimulation in rat, guinea pig and rabbit was an increase in enzyme activities of aerobic-oxidative metabolism. According to intrinsic differences of the muscles under study, the increases varied among the species and appeared to be inversely related to the basal levels of these enzymes in the unstimulated muscles. Conversely, glycolytic enzyme activities (PFK, GAPDH, LDH) markedly decreased in rat, guinea pig, and rabbit, and were only slightly reduced in mouse. Changes in HK and HBDH activities displayed the largest variations in the induced change between species. These results indicate species-specific patterns of metabolic adaptation to increased contractile activity. PMID- 3174387 TI - Kinetic properties of Na+/H+ exchange in cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. AB - Uptake studies with 22Na were performed in cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells, in order to characterize mechanisms of Na+ transport. A large part of Na+ uptake was sensitive to amiloride, quinidine and harmaline. Na+ uptake was stimulated by intracellular acidification (using the NH+4 prepulse technique), and was inhibited with increasing extracellular proton concentration. Decreasing extracellular pH from 7.5 to 7.0 increased the apparent KM for Na+ from 38 to 86 mM without considerable changes in Vmax. In the presence of 5 mM Na+ half maximal inhibition of amiloride sensitive Na+ uptake by extracellular protons was observed at a hydrogen concentration of 50 nM. In the presence of 50 mM Na+ the proton concentration necessary for 50% inhibition was 139 nM. Thus, the mode of inhibition of extracellular H+ seemed to be competitive with a Ki of 20-40 nM. 10 microM amiloride increased the apparent KM for Na+ from 33 mM to 107 mM, while Vmax remained nearly unchanged. IC50 for amiloride was 6 microM at 5 mM Na+ and 36 microM in the presence of 150 mM Na+. Thus, amiloride behaves as a competitive inhibitor with a Ki of about 5 microM. The affinities of Na+ to the transport site (KM approximately 16 mM), to the inhibitory site for protons (KM approximately 21 mM), and to the inhibitory site for amiloride (KM approximately 26 mM) were in the same order of magnitude. In summary, we have presented evidence for the presence of a Na+/H+ exchanger in cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174389 TI - Preferential distribution of leukocytes in rat mesentery microvessel networks. AB - Distribution of leukocytes in rat mesenteric microvessel networks was studied using intravital fluorescence video microscopy. A digital image analysis system was used to measure vessel diameters, flow velocities and leukocyte fluxes in 306 capillaries of 8 networks. Capillaries were defined as vessel segments connecting divergent to convergent branch points. Their topological position within the network was quantified by a generation number defined as the number of bifurcations between the capillary and the arteriole feeding the network. Proximal capillaries (generation numbers 4 and 5) were slightly but significantly smaller in diameter (8.9 +/- 0.4 micron, mean +/- SEM) than distal ones (generation numbers 20 and 21, 10.1 +/- 0.4 micron). Average capillary flow velocity decreased markedly from 2.0 +/- 1.0 mm.s-1 in proximal to 0.41 +/- 0.06 mm.s-1 in distal capillaries. Average leukocyte concentration was 3.4 +/- 0.5.10(9) 1(-1) and thus significantly below systemic values (6.0.10(9) 1(-1] in proximal capillaries, and above in distal ones (11.7 +/- 2.6.10(9) 1(-1). The analysis of flow and leukocyte flux partition at 138 bifurcations showed preferential distribution of leukocytes to the daughter capillary with higher flow rate. This suggests a tentative explanation for the observed leukocyte accumulation along the microvascular tree: due to their low fractional flow, proximal capillaries draw relatively leukocyte-poor blood from the arteriole feeding the network; this leads to an increased leukocyte concentration in distal capillaries. As a consequence of the concomitant increase of capillary diameter with increasing generation number, leukocytes are preferentially flowing through larger capillaries and are excluded from small ones. PMID- 3174390 TI - Coerulospinal influence on recurrent inhibition of spinal motonuclei innervating antagonistic hindleg muscles of the cat. AB - The locus coeruleus's (LC's) effect on recurrent inhibition of gastrocnemius soleus (GS) and common peroneal (CP) monosynaptic reflexes (MSRs) was demonstrated to exceed the concomitant facilitation, indicating the independency of LC's disinhibition and facilitation measures in this study. In contrast, the disinhibition effect correlated closely with the recurrently inhibited MSRs. The disinhibition phenomenon was also accompanied by progressive delay and diminution in the Renshaw cell field potential. Hence, the recovery of recurrently inhibited MSRs was probably due, in part at least, to the LC's inhibition of the related Renshaw cell activity. Furthermore, the site-specific, discordant changes in the disinhibition of GS, compared with CP MSRs, as revealed by tracking studies imply that representations of these antagonistic motonuclei may occupy different LC loci. Accordingly, the nonuniform disinhibition may be due to the activation of discrete aggregates of LC neurons which are responsible predominantly in controlling the recurrent inhibitory pathway belonging to one or the other of the antagonistic motonuclei. These findings support a differential LC inhibitory control of Renshaw cell activity, releasing the related motoneurones for the Ia synaptic transmission - a disinhibitory process that is crucial for the LC's independent control of the recurrent circuit of antagonistics extensor and flexor motoneurons. PMID- 3174391 TI - Changes in blood volume and vascular compliance during body heating in rats. AB - The effects of hyperthermia on blood volume and effective vascular compliance were studied in control and heat acclimated rats (three weeks at 32 degrees C and 50% R.H.). Experiments were performed on conscious rats whose abdominal aorta and both jugular veins were cannulated. Continuous changes in blood volume (BV) were monitored by measuring 51Cr tagged erythrocyte dilution, using an arterio-venous extracorporeal shunt passing through a gamma counter. Total vascular compliance was calculated from the relation between changes in BV and central venous pressure during 10 min of infusion of saline at a rate of 1.6% body wt/10 min. Hyperthermia induced a significant blood volume expansion. This expansion was more pronounced in non-acclimated rats. Effective vascular compliance was similar in the normothermic, both non-acclimated and acclimated rats. However, while hyperthermia did not affect the vascular compliance of non-acclimated rats, it was decreased significantly in the acclimated hyperthermic rats. The data suggest that changes in vascular compliance play a role when rapid blood volume changes take place, especially in acclimated hyperthermic animals. The relations between changes in vascular compliance and heat induced redistribution of cardiac output are discussed. PMID- 3174392 TI - NH4+ ion-selective microelectrode based on the antibiotics nonactin/monactin. AB - A liquid-membrane microelectrode (less than or equal to 1 micron tip diameter) using macrotetrolide antibiotics as ion-selective components is described. The electrode shows selectivities of NH4+ over K+, Na+ and H+ of 3.8, 100 and 150, respectively. The stability and reproducibility of the sensor signal and the response time are determined in solutions with a typical intracellular ion background. The microelectrode does not suffer from significant interference by inorganic and organic inhibitors and lipophilic cations, but high concentrations of lipophilic anions may interfere considerably. PMID- 3174393 TI - Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity along the rabbit nephron. AB - The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) upon adenylate cyclase (AC) activity has been determined in defined microdissected renal tubules isolated from collagenase-treated rabbit kidneys. In the presence of 10 microM GTP, 1 microM VIP gave marked stimulations of AC over basal values in the bright portion of the distal convoluted tubule (DCTb) (10.1-fold), and in the collecting tubule isolated from the inner stripe of the outer medulla (OMCTi, 7.8-fold). Less pronounced effects of VIP were found in the medullary collecting tubule isolated from the outer stripe (2.5-fold) and in the granular portion of the distal convoluted tubule (2.0-fold). VIP stimulation of AC activity in these segments amounted to 25 to 40% of the effect elicited by other agonists (arginine vasopressin, calcitonin or parathyroid hormone) in their respective target segments. A low response to VIP was observed in the cortical thick ascending limb (1.8-fold) which represented less than 5% of the calcitonin-stimulated AC activity. In the thin descending limb VIP produced a slight and variable stimulation of AC. VIP was without effect upon AC in the convoluted and straight portions of the proximal tubule, the medullary thick ascending limb and the cortical collecting tubule. Half-maximal stimulation of AC by VIP was observed at 26 +/- 10 nM (n = 3) in OMCTi and at 19 nM (n = 2) in DCTb. Related peptides glucagon, secretin and PHI gave lower stimulations of AC compared to VIP in OMCTi. Conversely for rat OMCTi, under identical conditions, glucagon was much more effective than VIP. PMID- 3174394 TI - Base induced hyperpolarization of the cell potential in HCO3- free perfused Necturus renal proximal tubules. AB - Short-term peritubular alkalinization from 7.5 to 8.5 hyperpolarized (-8.8 mV) the basolateral membrane potential (V1) in HCO3- free Herpes buffered Necturus renal proximal tubule cells. This sustained base induced hyperpolarization (BIH) was associated with an increase in the peritubular apparent transference number for potassium (tK+). The apparent transference number for potassium (tK+) was estimated at pH 7.5 and 8.5 by raising peritubular K+ from 2.5 to 10 mmol/l. tK+ increased linearly as V1 hyperpolarized, whereas tK+ measured in the presence of peritubular Ba2+ at pH 7.5 and 8.5 was nearly zero. However, the BIH persisted in the presence of barium at the peritubular, luminal or both sides of the epithelium. Moreover this BIH was also accompanied by a small hyperpolarization ( 0.4 mV) of the transepithelial membrane potential (V3) in the absence or presence of peritubular and/or luminal Ba2+. Therefore we conclude that BIH must originate from additional mechanisms other than an increase in peritubular or luminal potassium conductance. PMID- 3174395 TI - Ryanodine: its possible mechanism of action in the caffeine-sensitive calcium store of smooth muscle. AB - The caffeine-sensitive intracellular Ca store was characterized and the mechanism of action of ryanodine in the store was studied using K-depolarized guinea-pig taenia caecum. (1) After incubation of the preparation with CaCl2 (Ca loading), caffeine was applied in Ca-deprived medium, to produce a transient contraction and to monitor the amount of the stored Ca. As duration of Ca deprivation was prolonged, the amplitude of the caffeine-induced contraction was decreased. When ryanodine was applied during Ca deprivation, the rate of the decrease was remarkably accelerated. (2) The rate of rise of the contraction induced by external Ca [Ca)o) was slowed by preceding depletion of the stored Ca by caffeine, compared with that observed in the Ca loaded preparation. However, in the presence of ryanodine, even if stored Ca was depleted by caffeine, the rate of rise of the (Ca)o-induced contraction remained at a higher level. (3) These results suggest that ryanodine stimulates a leak of the stored Ca, and that the contraction induced by the transmembrane influxed Ca could be modulated by the amount of Ca in, or leakiness of, the caffeine-sensitive Ca store. PMID- 3174396 TI - Effects of training on blood glucose kinetics during glucose challenge in rats. AB - We hypothesized that endurance training would alter blood glucose kinetics in rats given an exogenous glucose challenge. Primed-continuous infusion of H14CO3- and [3-3H]glucose were given to fasted rats during an intravenous glucose load of approximately 150% of the normal endogenous appearance rate for 3 h. In all rats blood glucose concentrations increased with loading, but in trained animals glucose stabilized at significantly lower levels. Trained animals had lower blood glucose turnover rates than the controls (75 +/- 2.3 vs. 120 +/- 6.3 mumoles/kg x min, respectively). Glucose metabolic clearance rates in trained rats (11.5 +/- 1.7) were not different from those in controls (11.6 +/- 1.2 ml/kg x min). Gluconeogenic rates estimated from incorporation of 14C into blood glucose did not differ between trained and untrained groups. However, the rate of hepatic glucose release estimated from the difference between tracer measured and exogenous appearance rate was lower in the trained group. These findings support the concept that when resting trained animals are challenged with an exogenous load, more glucose is diverted to anabolic processes as opposed to increased turnover. PMID- 3174397 TI - The metabolic response to skin temperature. AB - Experiments were done to assess that fraction of the metabolic response to external cold exposure, which is attributable to skin temperature. In 5 conscious and closely clipped goats the metabolic rate was determined at various stable levels of skin temperature in the range from 13 to 41 degrees C, while core temperature was kept constant at 38.8 degrees C. Skin temperature was manipulated by a rapidly circulating shower bath, while core temperature was controlled by means of heat exchangers acting on arterial blood temperature in a chronic arteriovenous shunt. The metabolic response to skin temperature fell into two clearly discernible sections: a first zone with skin temperatures above 25-30 degrees C, within which the metabolic rate rose at a rate of -0.34 +/- 0.07 W/kg.degrees C with decreasing skin temperature, and a second zone with skin temperatures below 25-30 degrees C, within which the metabolic rate either plateaued or even grew smaller with further decreasing skin temperature. It is concluded that the relationship between skin temperature and metabolic rate does not directly reproduce the temperature-response curve of cutaneous cold receptors but also reflects a complex interaction of several factors, including an unspecific temperature effect on muscle metabolism. PMID- 3174398 TI - Feline left ventricular oxygen consumption is not affected by volume expansion, ejection or redevelopment of pressure during relaxation. AB - We studied the dependency of myocardial oxygen consumption on the mechanical events during left ventricular relaxation in isolated supported cat hearts. The volume of the left ventricle was controlled by means of a balloon connected to a membrane pump. Oxygen consumption (MVO2 in cm3.min-1.100 g-1) for three protocols (PROT) performed at peak isovolumic pressure, was studied: (1) rapid ejection to zero pressure, (2) partial rapid ejection followed by redevelopment of pressure, (3) volume expansion during relaxation, and compared with oxygen consumption of isovolumic (ISOV) beats. We found (mean +/- SD): (table; see text) In the protocols 1 and 3 the differences were not significant (paired Student's t-test, p greater than 0.05). In protocols 1 and 2 left ventricular volume was decreased up to 2.15 cm3 (i.e. stroke volume, SV) during the pressure release. We studied the specific effect of ejection (i.e., wall muscle shortening) in a fourth protocol in which the ventricle ejected up to 2.7 cm3 under nearly zero pressure load (isobaric contraction). There was a small amount of oxygen consumption associable with this unloaded ejection i.e. MVO2 = 3.38 (+/- 0.47) + 0.30 (+/- 0.16) SV, but it was too small to compensate for a decrease in MVO2 expected from the pressure release according to the tension time index. These findings suggest that oxygen consumption does not depend on the mechanical events during ventricular relaxation. PMID- 3174399 TI - Creatine kinase isoenzyme profiles after exercise in the rat: sex-linked differences in leakage of CK-MM. AB - Changes in creatine kinase (CK) activity and CK isoenzyme profiles in plasma after exercise were studied in rats in order to establish the source of the exercise-induced rise in CK activity. Male and female rats ran on a treadmill for 2 h and blood samples, taken before and after exercise, were assayed for total CK, CK isoenzymes and aminoaspartate transaminase (AST) activity. These enzymes were also assayed in homogenates of liver and several muscles. We found that the isoenzyme composition of liver, plasma and muscle did not differ between the sexes. However, the exercise-induced CK and AST responses did differ: CK and AST increased after exercise in males (101% and 15% resp.), but much less in females (47% and 1%). Although the isoenzyme profiles in rest did not differ, significant differences were observed after running: in males CK-MM increased with 678%, but females only showed a 114% increase. In contrast, CK-BB showed a small increase that was about the same for both sexes (males 41%, females 35%). We conclude that both males and females show a small and similar increase in CK-BB activity after exercise, and that a large release of CK-MM from skeletal muscle, observed only in males, accounts for sex-linked differences reported earlier. PMID- 3174400 TI - Potassium transport in epithelial cells isolated from small intestine of the chicken. AB - The transport of potassium has been studied in epithelial cells isolated from chicken small intestine using 86Rb as a tracer for K+. (i) The uptake studies revealed that about 60% of the total K+ net flux is inhibited by ouabain and therefore mediated by the Na+-K+-ATPase. About 20% of the ouabain-insensitive K+ net influx was inhibited by furosemide, bumetanide and by either Na+ or Cl- removal from the incubation solution, suggesting that a Na+/Cl-/K+ cotransport system might be present in chicken enterocytes. (ii) The efflux of K+ was measured from cells preloaded with 86Rb. K+ efflux was inhibited by Ba2+, quinine and verapamil; it was stimulated by A23187, and it was unaffected by 3,4 diaminopyridine. Apamin, that has no effect on basal rates of K+ efflux, abolished the effect of A23187. These findings suggest that K+ efflux appears to occur through Ca2+-activated K+ channels. PMID- 3174402 TI - Evidence of a previously undescribed form of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)- the physiological manifestation of "cardiac aliasing". AB - Within the fluctuations that occur in heart rate, there is a major component known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), which up to now has been defined as heart rate variability which is synchronous with respiratory movements. We have now discovered that RSA synchronous to respiratory movements is only one example of RSA. If a special relationship exists between mean heart rate (fHR) and mean frequency of breathing (fB) such that fB greater than 1/2 fHR, RSA can be observed in a frequency range which is lower than the frequency of breathing. The mathematical fundamentals of this physiological phenomenon are the same as those for the "aliasing"-effect in signal sampling. Therefore, we have called this phenomenon "cardiac aliasing". We have been able to experimentally demonstrate this, up to now unknown, phenomenon in adult rabbits and dogs as well as in human neonates. PMID- 3174401 TI - Effect of acute metabolic acidosis on transmembrane electrolyte gradients in individual renal tubule cells. AB - We studied the effect of acute metabolic acidosis on potassium, sodium and chloride gradients across the apical membrane of proximal and distal tubule cells by determining electrolyte concentrations in individual cells and in tubule fluid employing electron microprobe analysis. Cellular measurements were performed on freeze-dried cryosections of the renal cortex, analysis of tubule fluid electrolyte concentrations on freeze-dried microdroplets of micropuncture samples obtained from proximal and from early and late distal collection sites. Acidosis (NH4Cl i.v. and i.g.) induced a substantial rise in plasma potassium concentration without significant effects on cell potassium concentrations. Potassium concentrations along the surface distal tubule were also unaltered; thus the chemical driving force for potassium exit from cell to lumen was not affected by acidosis. In all but intercalated cells acidosis markedly increased cell phosphorus concentration and cell dry weight indicating cell shrinkage and thus diminution of cell potassium content. Because the increase in intracellular chloride concentration exceeded the increase in plasma chloride concentration, the chemical chloride gradient across the contraluminal membrane was markedly depressed by acidosis. PMID- 3174404 TI - A delayed all-or-none hyperpolarisation induced by a single Ca action potential in hamster eggs. AB - A transient change of membrane potential and resistance could be evoked after a long latency (ca. 9 s) by a single calcium action potential in some unfertilized hamster eggs. The estimated reversal potential for the delayed response was close to EK supporting the conclusion that K channels were opened indirectly by the Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated channels. A second action potential elicited after the first did not induce a similar response. A number of treatments (insertion of a Ca2+ pipette, application of Na+-free solution, La3+ or high external pH) likely to raise [Ca2+]i also induced similar large changes of potential and resistance after which a single action potential failed to evoke a large delayed response. The evidence indicates that a small rise in [Ca2+]i activates a slow process leading to a further large increase in [Ca2+]i. PMID- 3174403 TI - Angiotensin II increases Isi and blocks IK in single aortic cell of rabbit. AB - The whole-cell voltage clamp technique was used in order to study the effects of Angiotensin II (Ang II) on the slow inward current and the K+ outward current in single aortic cells of the rabbit. Angiotensin II (10(-8) M) increased the slow inward Ba ++ current, and the addition of an antagonist of Ang II, [( Leu8] Ang II, 10(-8)M) rapidly reversed the effect of Ang II on IBa. Angiotensin II (5 x 10(-8)M) greatly decreased K+ current and the Ang II antagonist reversed this effect. Thus, it is quite possible that the decrease of IK and the increase of Isi in aortic single cells by Ang II may explain a part of the vasoconstrictor effect of this hormone in vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 3174405 TI - Deutsche Physiologische Gesellschaft. Abstracts of the 66th meeting. 21-24 September 1988, Wurzburg. PMID- 3174406 TI - Multiaxial orthotic hip joint for squatting and cross-legged sitting with hip knee-ankle-foot-orthosis. AB - In view of the importance of squatting and cross-legged sitting in the activities of daily living in Asian and African countries, a multiaxial orthotic hip joint has been developed which when fitted to a Hip-Knee-Ankle-Foot-Orthosis (HKAFO) can permit the user to squat and sit cross-legged. The design consists of a modified ball and socket joint. PMID- 3174407 TI - A new in-built device for one-point stepless prosthetic alignment. AB - The authors have developed a new in-built device for alignment of below-knee prostheses. The device allows one-point, stepless adjustment of angle and slide, independently of each other and also after completed prosthetic manufacture. Principally, the device consists of a half-sphere for angle adjustment and a plate for both slide adjustment and socket application. If the socket has to be exchanged, the whole device can be re-used, apart from the plate, which forms part of the socket bottom. The device is light, compact, cosmetically easy to cover and cheap. The design incorporates a combination of the most important facilities for alignment as well as for exchange of socket, and by its simplicity seems to offer major advantages over other designs. PMID- 3174408 TI - Bilateral below-knee amputee 107 years old and still wearing artificial limbs. AB - It is not often that a person over 100 years old is able to walk on artificial limbs and maintain their mobility and independence after going through bilateral below-knee amputation. This case note is about a 107 year old lady with bilateral below-knee amputation, who is perhaps the oldest surviving bilateral below-knee amputee in the British Isles, if not in the World. There does not appear to be any reference in the literature to a bilateral below-knee amputee of 100 years old plus, who is still alive and wearing his or her artificial limbs. The nearest is of a 91 year old lady with bilateral below-knee amputation and wearing artificial limbs, reported by Gerhardt et al, 1986. PMID- 3174410 TI - Modern above-knee fitting practice (a report on the ISPO Workshop on Above-Knee Fitting and Alignment Techniques May 15-19, 1987, Miami, USA). PMID- 3174409 TI - Energy cost of walking with flat feet. AB - A comparative study has been conducted to assess the effects of arch support on oxygen consumption in 20 subjects with flat feet who were generally complaining about fatigue, and also to explore whether their feeling of weariness was objective or not. The resting, walking and final recovery heart rates, blood pressures, and walking oxygen consumption values of the patients with flat feet were measured and calculated and compared to a control group using treadmill and oxygen consumption devices. In stage one the patients did not wear any arch support. Then suitable arch supports were prepared for each patient and in stage two they wore these arch supports. The results did not show any significant difference between the resting heart rates, blood pressure and oxygen consumptions. However, differences in walking heart rate, systolic blood pressure, final recovery heart rate, oxygen consumption, and energy cost values were found to be significant between stage one and two of the test in the patient group. The difference in walking diastolic blood pressure values without and with arch support were found to be insignificant. It may therefore be deduced that oxygen consumption during walking is decreased when a suitable arch support is applied to patients with flat feet. PMID- 3174411 TI - The effectiveness of shock-absorbing insoles during normal walking. AB - This paper describes a study of the effectiveness of commercially available shock absorbing insoles when used in four different pairs of shoes during normal walking. The measurement method was based on the use of the Fourier Transform of the axial acceleration of the leg measured by an accelerometer mounted at the ankle. The magnitude of shock was measured by the "Shock Factor" which has been defined as the rms acceleration between 50 Hz and 150 Hz expressed as a proportion of that between 10 Hz and 150 Hz. Nine insoles were tested in each pair of shoes and the Shock factor for each combination was compared with the value obtained for the shoes alone. Statistically significant reductions of Shock Factor were noted in 58% of cases; the largest improvement (30% reduction in Shock Factor) was achieved by lightweight Sorbothane. The experimental technique has now been further developed to allow the measurement of Shock Factor by a portable Shock Meter. PMID- 3174412 TI - The choice of prosthetic and orthotic technique for less developed countries: analysis and perspectives in Colombia. AB - In their efforts to set up orthopaedic technical services, less developed countries such as Colombia have often relied on so called "turn key" technology transfers depending on the know-how and the infrastructures in industrial countries. The sophisticated industrial product stands thus in sharp contrast to the "single item" product which relies on traditional crafts and local materials. Both extreme forms of technology are currently employed in most less developed countries including Colombia. While the high-technology product is costly and requires a specialized base to produce and to service it, the "single item" product lacks generally the minimum requirements in terms of uniform quality, biomechanical function and cosmetic acceptability. Although the remarkably high standard of industrial products explain their worldwide demand and distribution, it should not be concluded that countries such as Colombia have no other choice than to adopt these technologies. In search of an intermediate alternative, the potential of a yet undervalued, appropriate technology is explored and an accurate account of its advantages is given. PMID- 3174413 TI - NJ nurses oppose AMA's RCTs. PMID- 3174414 TI - Trilogy of cases on withdrawal of treatment. PMID- 3174415 TI - Prenatal concerns for learning infant care studied. PMID- 3174416 TI - Curriculum revolution: mandate for change. PMID- 3174417 TI - A case study: curriculum in transition. PMID- 3174419 TI - Curriculum revolution: a bioethical mandate for change. PMID- 3174418 TI - Historical and economic perspectives on the nursing labor force. PMID- 3174420 TI - Curriculum revolution: a theoretical and philosophical mandate for change. PMID- 3174421 TI - Implications of clinical judgment research for teaching. PMID- 3174422 TI - Curriculum outcomes and cognitive development: new perspectives for nursing education. PMID- 3174423 TI - Curriculum revolution: the practice mandate. PMID- 3174424 TI - Curriculum revolution: a social mandate for change. PMID- 3174425 TI - Teaching research in the undergraduate curriculum. PMID- 3174427 TI - Curriculum revolution: an agenda for change. PMID- 3174426 TI - New directions for a new age. PMID- 3174428 TI - Phenomenology: a foundation for nursing curriculum. PMID- 3174429 TI - Innovations in clinical teaching. PMID- 3174430 TI - Educational outcomes: assessment of quality--a prototype for student outcome measurement in nursing programs. PMID- 3174431 TI - Educational outcomes: assessment of quality--a compendium of measurement tools for diploma nursing programs. PMID- 3174432 TI - Structure and sequence of the gene for the largest subunit of trypanosomal RNA polymerase III. AB - As the first step in the analysis of the transcription process in the African trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei, we have started to characterise the trypanosomal RNA polymerases. We have previously described the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II and found that two almost identical RNA polymerase II genes are encoded within the genome of T. brucei. Here we present the identification, cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase III. This gene contains a single open reading frame encoding a polypeptide with a Mr of 170 kD. In total, eight encoding a polypeptide with a Mr of 170 kD. In total, eight highly conserved regions with significant homology to those previously reported in other eukaryotic RNA polymerase largest subunits were identified. Some of these domains contain functional sites, which are conserved among all eukaryotic largest subunit genes analysed thus far. Since these domains make up a large part of each polypeptide, independent of the RNA polymerase class, these data strongly support the hypothesis that these domains provide a major part of the transcription machinery of the RNA polymerase complex. The additional domains which are uniquely present in the largest subunit of RNA polymerase I and II, respectively, two large hydrophylic insertions and a C-terminal extension, might be a determining factor in specific transcription of the gene classes. PMID- 3174433 TI - Human liver-type arginase gene: structure of the gene and analysis of the promoter region. AB - The gene for human liver-type arginase (EC 3.5.3.1), a urea cycle enzyme, was cloned and the structure was determined. This gene is 11.5 kilobases long and is split into 8 exons. The cap site was determined by nuclease S1 mapping and primer extension. A "TATA box"-like sequence is located 28 bases upstream from the cap site, and a sequence similar to the binding sites of the transcription factor CTF/NF1, a "CAAT box"-binding protein, is located 72 bases upstream. In the 5' end region, sequences resembling the glucocorticoid responsive elements, the cAMP responsive elements, and the enhancer core sequences are present. The immediately 5' flanking region of the human gene up to position -105 is 84% identical with the corresponding segment of the rat gene. In this region of the human gene, one DNase I-protected area and several hypersensitive cleavage sites were detected by footprint analysis, using nuclear extracts from the rat liver. The protected area contains the sequence similar to the binding sites of CTF/NF1 and also overlaps with the sequence resembling the glucocorticoid responsive elements. PMID- 3174434 TI - Oocyte and somatic 5S ribosomal RNA and 5S RNA encoding genes in Xenopus tropicalis. AB - We have investigated the structure of oocyte and somatic 5S ribosomal RNA and of 5S RNA encoding genes in Xenopus tropicalis. The sequences of the two 5S RNA families differ in four positions, but only one of these substitutions, a C to U transition in position 79 within the internal control region of the corresponding 5S RNA encoding genes, is a distinguishing characteristic of all Xenopus somatic and oocyte 5S RNAs characterized to date, including those from Xenopus laevis and Xenopus borealis. 5S RNA genes in Xenopus tropicalis are organized in clusters of multiple repeats of a 264 base pair unit; the structural and functional organization of the Xenopus tropicalis oocyte 5S gene is similar to the somatic but distinct from the oocyte 5S DNA in Xenopus laevis and Xenopus borealis. A comparative sequence analysis reveals the presence of a strictly conserved pentamer motif AAAGT in the 5'-flanking region of Xenopus 5S genes which we demonstrate in a separate communication to serve as a binding signal for an upstream stimulatory factor. PMID- 3174435 TI - Recombinant fragment assay for gene targetting based on the polymerase chain reaction. AB - The modification of chromosomal genes by homologous recombination between exogenous DNA and a target locus provides a powerful approach to the study of gene function. One of the current limitations of this gene targetting is the difficulty of identifying cells containing the correctly modified target locus when the modified gene is not amenable to either direct or indirect selection. We here describe a procedure for identifying correctly modified cells that depends on amplifying by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) predictable fragments of DNA present only in the desired recombinants. This recombinant fragment assay can detect targetted modification using only a few cells, either alone or mixed with tens of thousands of unmodified cells; it does not depend on the phenotype of the modified gene, or on its expression in the target cells. The PCR amplification needed for the procedure is carried out with a heat stable polymerase and a simple automatic temperature-shift apparatus which is described. PMID- 3174436 TI - Identification of a novel TA-rich DNA binding protein that recognizes a TATA sequence within the brain creatine kinase promoter. AB - The rat brain creatine kinase gene possesses a structurally complex promoter with multiple potential regulatory elements. Two CCAAT sequences, a TATAAATA sequence and a TTAA sequence are found within the first one hundred base pairs. We present evidence that favors the allocation of the downstream TTAA sequence as the potential TATA box. We show that the CCAAT sequences and the upstream TATAAATA sequence are binding sites for potential regulatory factors and that sequences in this region are capable of regulating expression from the downstream TTAA sequence. We suggest that the protein that binds to the upstream TATAAATA sequence is not a classical TFIID factor but rather may serve to block the binding of TFIID and/or to promote transcription from the downstream start site. We have been able to define conditions in vitro under which binding to this upstream TATAAATA sequence does not occur. Under these conditions we are able to detect transcription from both potential TATA sequences, a situation which we have been unable to detect in vivo. Our experiments suggest the existence in HeLa and brain nuclei of a protein that recognizes the concensus TATAAATA sequence, that is distinct from TFIID, and that may function in part to deny access of TFIID to this potential promoter element. PMID- 3174438 TI - Beta-globin mRNAs capped with m7G, m2.7(2)G or m2.2.7(3)G differ in intrinsic translation efficiency. AB - We examined the intramolecular effect of altered cap structures on translation efficiency of artificial beta-globin mRNAs. For these studies, synthetic dinucleotides of the form X(5')ppp(5')G [X = 7-methyl guanosine (m7G), 2,7 dimethyl guanosine (m2(2,7)G) or 2,2,7-trimethyl guanosine (m3(2,2,7)G)], were transcriptionally incorporated into mRNAs, containing rabbit beta-globin coding sequences, using T7 RNA polymerase and a beta-globin cDNA template. These synthetic mRNAs were assayed in reticulocyte lysate for activity relative to m7G capped mRNA. m2(2,7)G-Capped mRNA was found to be 1.5-fold more active than m7G capped mRNA. Messenger RNA capped with m3(2,2,7)G was less active with activity of 0.24 relative to its m7G-capped counterpart (activity = 1.0). These data suggest that m7G-capped mRNAs become more active as translation templates after addition of a single N2 methyl moiety, which is especially pertinent to gene expression in togaviridae. The latter are observed to synthesize m2(2,7)G and m3(2,2,7)G-capped mRNAs in addition to m7G-capped templates during the course of infection in animal cells. PMID- 3174437 TI - Evidence for structural deformation of the DNA helix by a psoralen diadduct but not by a monoadduct. AB - We have investigated the structural change in a double-stranded DNA helix caused by covalent addition of a psoralen. A synthetic double-stranded DNA was constructed to contain either a psoralen furan-side monoadduct or an interstrand diadduct at a specific site. When the unmodified and psoralen modified DNAs were examined by electron microscopy in the presence of distamycin, which stiffens the DNA helix, the DNA containing the psoralen interstrand diadduct appeared bent (or kinked), whereas the furan-side monoadducted DNA appeared similar to the unmodified DNA. RecA protein from E. coli has been shown to preferentially bind UV (ultra violet) irradiated DNA presumably due to alterations in the normal DNA helical structure. Using a nitrocellulose filter binding assay, we have found that the psoralen interstrand diadduct enhances the binding of recA protein to the double-stranded DNA, whereas a furan-side monoadduct has little effect. Thus both the recA protein binding and the electron microscopic data suggest that a psoralen diadduct causes deformation of a DNA helix, most likely by kinking the helix, and that a monoadduct has little effect on the DNA helix structure. PMID- 3174440 TI - Nucleotide sequence of porcine liver albumin. PMID- 3174439 TI - A molecular model for proflavine-DNA intercalation. AB - A molecular model has been derived for the intercalation of proflavine into the CpG site of the decamer duplex of d(GATACGATAC). The starting geometry of the intercalation site was taken from previous crystallographic studies on the d(CpG) proflavine complex, and molecular mechanics used to obtain a stereochemically acceptable structure. This has widened grooves compared to standard A- or B- double helices, as well as distinct conformational, roll, twist and tilt features. PMID- 3174441 TI - Cloning and sequencing of the ovine growth hormone gene. PMID- 3174442 TI - Sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding a PLA2 from the sea-snake Aipysurus laevis. PMID- 3174443 TI - Complete amino acid sequence of a PLA2 from the tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus as deduced from a complementary DNA. PMID- 3174444 TI - Cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding the two subunits of Crotoxin. PMID- 3174445 TI - Increased specificity of PCR-amplified products by size-fractionation of restriction enzyme-digested template genomic DNA. PMID- 3174446 TI - Expression analysis vectors for Aspergillus niger. PMID- 3174447 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the triosephosphate isomerase gene from Macaca mulatta. PMID- 3174448 TI - Three regions in the DNA of plasmid pLS1 show sequence-directed static bending. AB - Three regions showing abnormal electrophoretic mobility, which is an indication of the existence of bends in DNA, have been observed in the DNA of plasmid pLS1. These loci have been characterized by assays designed to detect sequence-directed bending in DNA (temperature-dependence migration and two dimensional electrophoresis). The first region (locus B-1) was located within a fragment that contains a proposed inhibitor countertranscribed RNA (RNAII). The second locus (B 2) contains the plasmid plus origin of replication and the third region (locus B 3) was located in the vicinity of a putative antisense RNA (RNAI) of unknown function. The centres of the first two bent DNA regions were located by circular permutation assays at nucleotides 882 (locus B-1) and 634 (locus B-2). The bend centre of locus B-1 was found to be upstream of the promoter for the putative antisense RNAII. The centre of curvature in locus B-2 was located in the vicinity of the putative promoter of the replication proteins RepA and RepB and of a sequence that has three 11-bp direct repeats. The DNA sequence at this region showed the existence of A.T tracts, with an internal repeat of 10 to 11 base pairs, for five helix turns. A complex curvature in the DNA of pLS1 at locus B-2 that may have a regulatory role in plasmid replication is postulated. PMID- 3174449 TI - Chemical synthesis of DNA oligomers containing cytosine arabinoside. AB - The solid phase phospite triester synthesis of oligodeoxynucleotides containing cytosine arabinoside (araC) is described. A protected araC phosphoramadite was prepared for the introduction of araC residues at 5'termini and internucleotide positions in DNA oligomers. These oligomers were utilized to demonstrate the formation of correct 3'-5' linkages, to test for alkaline lability at the araC site, and to study the stability of duplexes containing araC-G base pairs. For the introduction of araC residues at 3' terminal positions, a protected derivative of araC was coupled to functionalized silica. This material was used to prepare a test oligomer which was characterized enzymatically. PMID- 3174450 TI - Influence of flanking sequences on variability in expression levels of an introduced gene in transgenic tobacco plants. AB - The petunia rbcS gene SSU301 was introduced into tobacco using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The time at which rbcS expression was maximal after transfer of the tobacco plants to the greenhouse was determined. The expression level of the SSU301 gene varied up to 9 fold between individual tobacco plants which had been standardized physiologically as much as possible. The presence of adjacent pUC plasmid sequences did not affect the expression of the SSU301 gene. In an attempt to reduce the between-transformant variability in expression, the SSU301 gene was introduced into tobacco surrounded by 10kb of 5' and 13 kb of 3' DNA sequences which normally flank SSU301 in petunia. The longer flanking regions did not reduce the between-transformant variability of SSU301 gene expression. PMID- 3174451 TI - Studies on the t-butyldimethylsilyl group as 2'-O-protection in oligoribonucleotide synthesis via the H-phosphonate approach. AB - Two model compounds, 1 and 2, have been studied to test the stability of the t butyldimethylsilyl (t-BDMSi) group towards conditions used during chemical synthesis of RNA fragments by the H-phosphonate approach. When 1 was treated with anhydrous acid for 16 h both the H-phosphonate diester and the t-BDMSi group remained intact. Removal of the t-BDMSi group from 2 with 1.0 M tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF .3H2O) in THF was complete within 4 h and neither concomitant cleavage nor migration of the phosphodiester linkage could be detected even after 24 h. The dimer 2 was not completely stable towards concentrated aqueous ammonia and both loss of the t-BDMSi group and concomitant cleavage of the phosphodiester linkage occurred upon prolonged treatment. These reactions were substantialy suppressed in ethanol containing ammonia solutions, however to alleviate this problem during oligoribonucleotide synthesis, more labile protecting groups for heterocyclic bases would be desired. In conclusion, these studies indicate that 2'-O-t-BDMSi can be considered as a convenient and safe protecting group, which should secure synthesis of oligoribonucleotides with exclusively 3'-5' internucleotidic linkages. PMID- 3174452 TI - Structural studies of O6-methyldeoxyguanosine and related compounds: a promutagenic DNA lesion by methylating carcinogens. AB - O6-Methylation of guanine residues in DNA can induce mutations by formation of base mispairing due to the deprotonation of N(1). The electronic, geometric and conformational properties of three N(9)-Substituted O6-methylguanine derivatives, O6-methyldeoxyguanosine (O6mdGuo), O6-methylguanosine (O6mGuo) and O6, 9 dimethylguanine (O6mdGua), were investigated by X-ray and/or NMR studies. O6mdGuo crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1) with cell parameters a = 5.267(1), b = 19.109(2), c = 12.330(2) A, beta = 92.45(1) degrees, V = 1239.8(3) A3, z = 4 (two nucleosides per asymmetric unit), and O6mGua in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with cell parameters a = 10.729(2), b = 7.640(1) c = 10.216(1) A, beta = 92.17(2) degrees, V = 836.7(2) A3, z = 4. The geometry and conformation of O6-methylguanine moieties observed in both crystals and are very similar. Furthermore, the molecular dimensions of the O6methylguanine residue resemble more closely those of adenine than those of guanine. The methoxy group is coplanar with the purine ring, the methyl group being cis to N(1). The conformation of O6-methylguanine nucleosides is variable. The glycosidic conformation of O6mdGuo is anti for molecule (a) and high-anti for molecule (b) in the crystal, while that of O6mGuo is syn [Parthasarathy, R & Fridey, S. M. (1986) Carcinogenesis 7, 221-227]. The sugar ring pucker of O6mdGuo is C(2')-endo for molecule (a) and C(1')-exo for molecule (b). The C(4')-C(5') exocyclic bond conformation in O6mdGuo is gauche- for molecule (a) but trans for molecule (b), in contrast with gauche+ for O6mGuo. The hydrogen bonds exhibited by O6 methylguanine derivatives differ from those in guanine derivatives; the amino N(2) and ring N(3) and N(7) atoms of O6-methylguanine residues are involved in hydrogen bonding. 1H-NMR data for O6mdGuo and O6mdGuo reveal the predominance of a C(2')-endo type sugar puckering. In O6mdGuo, however, a contribution of a C(1') exo sugar puckering is significant. The NOE data also indicate that O6mdGuo molecules exist with nearly equal population for anti (including high anti) and syn glycosidic conformations. These observations and their biological implications are discussed. PMID- 3174453 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the xylose isomerase gene from Streptomyces violaceoniger. PMID- 3174454 TI - Chicken growth hormone cDNA sequence. PMID- 3174455 TI - DNA fingerprinting using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes specific for simple repeats. PMID- 3174456 TI - A vector for inducible production of retrovirus. PMID- 3174457 TI - Soybean nodulin 26 is homologous to the major intrinsic protein of the bovine lens fiber membrane. PMID- 3174458 TI - Homology of MIP26 to Nod26. PMID- 3174459 TI - The nucleotide sequences of two Lupinus luteus asparagine tRNAs. PMID- 3174460 TI - Nucleotide sequence of carp prolactin cDNA. PMID- 3174461 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the cDNA encoding the rat argininosuccinate synthetase. PMID- 3174462 TI - Identification of a novel DR beta cDNA clone. PMID- 3174463 TI - No place to lose a loved one. PMID- 3174464 TI - Cancer carer. Interview by Caroline Howie. PMID- 3174465 TI - One step forward. PMID- 3174466 TI - The reign in Spain. PMID- 3174467 TI - Human kinetics. On the move. PMID- 3174468 TI - Framework for care. PMID- 3174469 TI - Rating needs. PMID- 3174471 TI - Making sense of infusion pumps. PMID- 3174470 TI - Recruit and retain. Time to mature? PMID- 3174472 TI - Critical care. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children. PMID- 3174473 TI - Project 2000. Better get ready! PMID- 3174474 TI - Extending the good life. PMID- 3174475 TI - Mental Health: The Journal for Psychiatric Nursing. PMID- 3174476 TI - Mental health. Unhappy families. PMID- 3174477 TI - Mental health. Dangerous obsession. PMID- 3174478 TI - [Feeding sick neonates separated from their mothers with maternal milk]. AB - In the 3 years between 1983 and 1985, 70.5% of the 833 newborns hospitalized and discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Trento were successfully breast-fed (in the same period 83.4% of newborn babies discharged from the ten hospitals of the Province of Trento were breast-fed). All the pathological newborns were separated from their mothers: also Trento's delivery room is 3 km from the NICU. 436 were of very low birth weight and of these 76.2% were partly or totally breast-fed (261, or 60.0%, were born outside Trento. PMID- 3174479 TI - [Skin reactivity to hydrolyzed milk in protein intolerance to cow's milk]. AB - Thirty children with cow's milk protein intolerance were submitted to skin tests with either alpha-lactalbumin and casein commercial products or substitutes commonly used for infant feeding. This method showed helpful in choosing the proper milk substitute for affected children. PMID- 3174480 TI - [Revision of diagnostic and therapeutic activities in neonatal respiratory distress at a second-level intensive care center]. AB - From January 1980 till June 1987, 62 children with important respiratory problems were hospitalized in the neonatal pathology department. They were the 4.6% of the patients. Subjects suffering from heart-disease were no taken into consideration because they were transferred to a third level centre. The newborn infants who showed a respiratory distress cleared up with the only oxygen therapy were not studied. 39 newborn infants were treated with C.P.A.P., 12 of these ere cured with mechanical ventilation. 23 new-born infants immediately needed the use of the mechanical ventilation. The pathologies which caused the respiratory distress were in frequency order: hyaline membrane disease (41), pulmonary hypoatelectasis (16), serious dismaturity (2), connatal bronchopneumonia (1), post-asphyxial syndrome (1), endocranial haemorrhage (1). The global mortality was of the 32.2%. The mortality among the new-born infants who had been subjected to mechanical ventilation was of the 51.4%. The new-born infants who have suffered sequela that cause disability were 4: bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2), retrolental fibroplasia (1), spastic tetraparesis (1). PMID- 3174481 TI - [Dynamic monitoring of neonatal blood pressure using the oscillometric method]. AB - 160 newborns have been studied, some of them with APGAR index greater than 7 at a minute after birth and some others with a lower index, by continuous pressure monitoring for 60 minutes, with noninvasive automatic oscillometric technique. This continuous monitoring has pointed out systolic, mean and diastolic pressure values very useful for the knowledge of the pressure trend during the early days of life, so as for the suggestion of a considerable oscillation of blood pressure in the different times of day. Pressure changes, linked to the kind of delivery and/or to the APGAR index, appeared unsignificant. PMID- 3174482 TI - [The newborn infant of the drug-addicted mother. Experience relative to the period 1978-1986]. AB - Ninety-seven newborns of drug addicted mothers observed in the period 1978-1986 were compared with the same number of controls. Pregnancies are at risk and newborns suffer a higher incidence of tainted amniotic liquid, low birth weight and preterm gestation. The withdrawal syndrome is the most commonly encountered pathology of such newborns. PMID- 3174483 TI - [Long-term remission induced by measles infection and followed by immunosuppressive therapy in a case of refractory juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]. AB - A case of severe juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, polyarticular type, refractory to FANS and long acting therapy which showed a quick remission after measles is described. An immunosuppressive therapy to strengthen the immunosuppression induced by virus infection was performed for six months. The remission has been maintained for 4 years and appears up to now to be stable with no therapy. On the basis of this observation, the possibility of a vaccination therapy with measles virus, which equally gives immunosuppression, is discussed. PMID- 3174484 TI - [Determination of HbA2 by a microchromatographic method. Reliability and simplification of the use of prepared columns]. AB - A modified procedure for hemoglobin A2 determination by microchromatography was developed simplifying an easily commercially available column kit method. Blood samples were analyzed simultaneously by means of DE-52 microchromatography described by Huisman et al. (reference 12) to check the reliability of the new modified method. In the Pediatric Clinic of Cagliari University where the original Huisman method was used the values of HbA2 obtained were as follows: Normal subjects (35 cases) 2.470 +/- 0.351, beta-Thalassemia heterozygous subjects (38 cases) 5.142 +/- 0.342. The modified method gave respectively the following results: Normal subjects 2.578 +/- 0.303, beta-Thalassemia heterozygous subjects 5.465 +/- 0.400. No overlap was found between normal and beta thalassemia trait samples. It is suggested that the simplified method is very reliable and very simple to organize even in laboratories with few facilities and when needs for only few tests per week exist. PMID- 3174485 TI - [Cohen syndrome. Contribution to its clinical delineation]. AB - The authors report a case with features of the Cohen syndrome: characteristic cranio-facial appearance with prominent nasal bridge, short philtrum, prominent upper central incisors, micrognathia, truncal obesity of mid-childhood onset, muscle hypotonia, mental deficiency, limb anomalies associated with other clinical expressivity present among the previous reported cases. The reported case is of particular interest: the distal limbs anomalies are peculiar with marked shortening of metacarpals and metatarsals. A review of the other cases is also reported and discussed in order to stress the most frequent manifestations of the syndrome and delineate the major clinical characteristics. PMID- 3174486 TI - [Mixed connective tissue disease in childhood. Report of a case]. AB - The Authors report a case of MCTD in a 11 years old girl. Initially the disease presented the classical clinical picture of IDM. Successively its evolution was marked by the appearance of the typical clinical features of JRA, SS and of serum antibodies anti-RNP and by absence of antibodies anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm. These data are characteristic of MCTD. The occurrence of this disease in children is extremely rare and the prognosis is related to a possible renal and/or haemopoietic involvement. PMID- 3174487 TI - Evaluation of creatinine clearance estimation in an elderly male population. AB - Thirty-one medically stable, elderly males (age 75 +/- 8.3 yrs) participated in a prospective study evaluating the accuracy of 16 methods of estimating creatinine clearance. Serum creatinine values were determined on the mornings of days 1, 4, and 5 to assure stable renal function. On the morning of day 3, a 24-hour urine collection was initiated. A statistically significant correlation existed between the measured and estimated clearance values for all 16 formulas. The correlation (r less than 0.65) was lower than that in previously published studies, however. Five of the formulas (1A, 5A, 5B, 7A, 7B) demonstrated no statistical difference between mean measured and estimated values. In this population, formula 2B was the least biased and formula 9B the most accurate. For all 16 methods, the bias was minimal and the relative accuracy of the estimated methods was comparable. The results support using methods to estimate creatinine clearance only as a rough bedside prediction of renal function in elderly males. PMID- 3174488 TI - Affective disorders, light and melatonin. PMID- 3174489 TI - Corneocyte changes after acute UV irradiation and chronic solar exposure. AB - The effects of UV irradiation on the human stratum corneum (SC) were studied under both artificial and natural conditions. Artificial UV exposure was performed with a solar simulator. Single doses of radiation from 1 to 3 MED were delivered on the backs of volunteers and the measurements were recorded for a period of one month. Corneocytes were harvested from the skin surface by using a "turbine-machine". Their count and projected area were measured by image analysis. The evolution of corneocyte counts showed 3 steps: 1) a background level of desquamation until the 8th day; 2) a sharp increase from day 9 to day 11; and 3) a plateau until the 20th day. No evolution of the corneocyte size occurred at 1 MED, but a decrease was recorded at day 20 for 2 MED and earlier for 3 MED. Natural sun exposure was investigated in 2 different experiments: on a population living in a sunny coastline and on professional racing cyclists. In these natural conditions, the response of the SC to UV led to an increase in corneocyte count associated with a decreased size. Even though natural environment involves both weather and sun influences, results showed similar SC responses. In case of acute irradiation, the skin recovers its initial state one month later, but in the natural environment, it maintains altered features as long as the UV irradiation occurs. PMID- 3174490 TI - Concentration of trimethylpsoralen in blood and skin after oral administration. AB - Trimethylpsoralen (TMP) concentrations were determined in blood and skin of 21 patients given oral TMP therapy and were compared to data obtained from 5 patients treated with TMP baths. The quantitative determination was performed by gas chromatography with selected ion monitoring. Concentrations of up to 5.6 ng/ml were detected in whole blood from orally TMP treated patients, with about the same concentrations in patients given TMP baths. Whole skin biopsies from patients ingesting TMP showed concentrations in 14 patients that ranged from 30 to 1250 ng/g skin, median value 85 ng/g. Large interindividual variations were observed. Stripped skin from 5 patients after TMP baths showed a somewhat higher median value of 160 ng/g and their entire skin had fairly high concentrations, with a median value of 390 ng/g, probably mostly bound to stratum corneum. Different concentrations in different parts of the skin may explain the difference in phototoxic capacity when the drug is given locally. PMID- 3174491 TI - Local effects of UV radiation on immunization with contact sensitizers. I. Down regulation of contact hypersensitivity by application of TNCB to UV-irradiated skin. AB - Exposure of mouse skin to UV radiation in doses comparable to those commonly received by humans has been shown to diminish the capacity of irradiated skin to mediate the induction of contact hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). In other studies, contact sensitization reactions to the structurally related hapten, trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB), have been used to test the immunogenic properties of haptenated subpopulations of epidermal cells. To extend the applicability of TNCB to experiments that examine UVB modulation of immunization by epidermal cells, we examined the sensitivity of TNCB-induced contact hypersensitivity to low doses of UVB radiation. Abdominal skin of C3H mice was exposed to daily doses of 660 J/m2 broad-band UV radiation for 4 successive days. Immediately following the final exposure, 7% TNCB was applied to irradiated or non-irradiated skin of designated mice. After 5 days, mice were ear-challenged with 2% TNCB, and incremental ear-swelling responses were measured. Mice sensitized with TNCB through irradiated skin exhibited significantly diminished responses compared with UVB-treated mice sensitized through non-irradiated skin. We also found that mice initially sensitized with TNCB through irradiated skin but subsequently painted with oxazolone on normal skin developed full responses to ear-challenge with oxazolone. In contrast, mice sensitized initially with TNCB through irradiated skin failed to fully immunize even after TNCB was repainted on normal skin at a later date. We conclude that low-dose UVB radiation interrupts the induction of contact hypersensitivity to TNCB, leading to hapten-specific nonresponsiveness rather than hypersensitivity, and that this capacity to prevent successful immunization with TNCB is limited to the site of irradiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174492 TI - Action spectrum for UV erythema and reproduction of the skin lesions in hydroa vacciniforme. AB - Action spectra for UV erythema and reproduction of the skin lesions in 4 patients with hydroa vacciniforme (HV) were studied. Vesicles were successfully reproduced by repeated daily monochromatic irradiations of 330, 340, 350 and 360 nm for 5, 6 or 7 days. The daily doses were equivalent to global solar radiation for 70-190 min. The vesicles produced were identical to those of HV, macroscopically and histologically. Repeated daily exposures to a small dose of UVA produced vesicles, whereas a large but single exposure to UVA failed to do so. Daily exposures to UVB failed to produce the vesicles. The minimal erythema dose (MED) was lower than the minimum limits of the normal persons in the 290-310 nm range. PMID- 3174493 TI - PUVA therapy for erythropoietic protoporphyria. PMID- 3174495 TI - Antimicrobial prophylaxis for arthroplasty: a comparative study of cefonicid and cefazelin. PMID- 3174494 TI - Nonrandom involvement of chromosome 4 in the progression of rat prostatic cancer. AB - Owing to progression of the original spontaneous Dunning R-3327 rat prostatic cancer, a large series of transplantable prostatic tumors have been isolated that differ widely in their histological degree of differentiation, growth rate, androgen sensitivity, and metastatic ability. Using these parameters as criteria, the full spectrum of disease progression is represented within this Dunning system of rat prostatic cancers, ranging from slow-growing, well-differentiated, androgen-sensitive, nonmetastatic forms to fast-growing, anaplastic, androgen independent, highly metastatic forms. Cytogenetic analysis of the two least progressionally advanced Dunning cancers (i.e., histologically well differentiated, slow-growing, nonmetastatic variants) demonstrated no structural or numerical chromosomal aberration, suggesting that the initial development of prostatic cancer may not require detectable cytogenetic changes. In contrast, all 16 of the progressionally more advanced Dunning variants analyzed had a series of characteristic structural and/or numerical chromosomal aberrations that minimally involved chromosome 4. This nonrandom involvement of chromosome 4 was consistently observed regardless of whether the karyotype of the cancer was near diploid or hyperaneuploid, suggesting that chromosome 4 aberrations are specifically involved in the progression of rat prostatic cancer. In addition, all four variants that were highly metastatic had, besides aberration of chromosome 4, structural aberrations involving chromosomes 1, 2, and 11. Of the 14 variants that did not have a high metastatic ability, only two had a similar aberrations involving chromosomes 1, 2, 4, and 11, suggesting that these specific chromosomal aberrations may be necessary, albeit not sufficient, for a high metastatic ability of rat prostatic cancers. PMID- 3174496 TI - Knee braces. PMID- 3174497 TI - Controlling anterior tibial displacement under static load: a comparison of two braces. AB - This article presents data comparing the restraining effect of the Lenox Hill and the CTi brace to static loading using the KT-1000 Knee Ligament Arthrometer. Testing was performed at 25 degrees and 90 degrees in 15 patients with documented single ligament injuries involving the anterior cruciate. The opposite knee was determined to be normal by subjective and objective testing and was used as the control. Results showed that the anterior drawer tests, both the Lenox Hill and the CTi brace improved the ACL deficient knee significantly. With 15 lb of passive loading, both the Lenox Hill and the CTi brace improved the drawer to within normal limits. However, only the CTi brace was able to return the drawer to within the normal range at the 20 lb force level. Neither brace improved the drawer to normal when subjected to the higher loads created by an active drawer test. At 90 degrees, 15 lb of passive loading could not discriminate between the braced and the unbraced knee or between the normal and ACL deficient knee. When 20 lb of force was applied, only the CTi brace improved the drawer significantly, which placed the drawer into the normal range. Under static testing condition, the CTi brace proved to be better than the Lenox Hill in controlling the anterior drawer in flexion and at 20 lb of passive loads; however, when higher loading forces were used in the active anterior drawer test, neither brace was effective in controlling anterior tibial translation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174498 TI - Manipulation in the treatment of frozen shoulder. AB - The treatment of frozen shoulder has been an area of controversy in orthopedics for many years. The natural history of this condition would indicate that most patients recover painless range of motion of the shoulder by 2 years after the onset of symptoms. However, work and economic pressures often make it important to establish a treatment program that can enable these patients to return to a functional, painless range of motion as soon as possible. In this retrospective study, 17 frozen shoulders in 15 patients who did not respond to physical therapy were manipulated. Of those patients not able to work prior to their shoulder problems, 70% had returned to work within an average of 2.6 months of manipulation. All of the patients in this study had a significant improvement in shoulder flexion and abduction, returning to a functional range of shoulder motion. Manipulation allowed the patients studied to return to a normal lifestyle and to work much sooner than the reported natural history of this condition would indicate. PMID- 3174499 TI - A case report of malignant mesenchymoma with discussion of musculoskeletal tumor staging: the Enneking system. AB - A 54-year-old black man presented with a soft-tissue sarcoma of the left anterior thigh. Surgical staging studies and initial biopsy results identified the lesion as a grade IIB pleomorphic liposarcoma. After radical hip disarticulation, follow up pathologic studies of the disarticulated limb showed the tumor to be confined to the anterior compartment of the left thigh without extracompartmental extension. The post-excisional surgical pathology report identified at least four different malignant mesenchymal elements: liposarcoma, myosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and extraosseous osteogenic sarcoma. The sarcoma was therefore reclassified as a malignant mesenchymoma. The fact that the tumor was found to be intracompartmental at the time of surgery changed the staging of the tumor to stage IIA. A radical surgical margin, as recommended by Enneking, remained the treatment of choice. Three months postoperatively, the patient had chest pain and dyspnea. Chest films revealed multiple pulmonary nodules and the patient died of pneumonia 3 months later. PMID- 3174500 TI - Spontaneous fractures of the hip in the elderly. AB - The authors found 41 patients with 42 fractures of the hip who had no distinct history of trauma in the total of 1,449 hip fractures treated. They were all women ranging in age from 64 to 91 years. Most of the fractures were of intracapsular type. Three extracapsular fractures, however, were found. Fractures were randomly selected with clear history of trauma, which were matched to the patients with no trauma for age, sex, and type of fracture as a control group. The grades of osteoporosis of the femoral neck, estimated with the Singh index, and of the spine, estimated with the spinal score, were noted statistically significantly higher in the patients than those in the control group. Most of spontaneous fractures of the hip in the elderly are considered similar phenomena to the compression fractures of the dorsolumbar spine. PMID- 3174501 TI - Giant enlarging osteochondral mass in the popliteal fossa. A case report. PMID- 3174502 TI - Radiocarpal arthroscopy. PMID- 3174503 TI - Valgus deformity following fracture of the tibial metaphysis. PMID- 3174504 TI - Consultation corner. The application of decision theory to problem solving. PMID- 3174505 TI - Radiologic case study. Osteochondral fracture of the talus. PMID- 3174506 TI - Hypothesis and empiricism. PMID- 3174507 TI - The melanocytic differentiation pathway in congenital melanocytic nevi: theoretical considerations. AB - It is suggested that the melanocytic series is characterized by a differentiation pathway (MDP) that has four discrete stages during normal development and in postnatal tissue maintenance--nerve sheath precursor (nsp), dermal migratory, junctional migratory, and dendritic--and that congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) derive from cells in the nsp stage of the MDP. This concept accounts satisfactorily for morphologic variations and clinicopathologic correlations in CMN. It also permits a unified explication of both similarities and differences between congenital and acquired melanocytic nevi (AMN), which are thought to arise by transformation of nsp cells in the MDP during postnatal tissue maintenance. This perspective suggests that answers to many basic questions about CMN may require meticulous study of the interrelations of CMN with peripheral nerve elements. Such research may be necessary to resolve current controversies about optimal criteria for distinguishing small CMN from AMN, thereby permitting an accurate assessment of the risk of malignant melanoma in association with small CMN. PMID- 3174508 TI - Arrested rotation of the outflow tract may explain tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries. AB - In a previous study we investigated the rapidly changing spatial relationship of the junction of the outflow tract and great arteries in normal human embryos of Carnegie stages 15 through 19. The results suggested that the malformation complexes tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries could be accounted for as arrests in the progression of this process of rotation. To further study this question we reviewed hearts obtained at autopsy: 28 were normal, 16 had tetralogy of Fallot, and 27 had transposition of the great arteries. The angle of the aortic to pulmonary valve axis relative to the inferior surface of the heart, as viewed from apex to base, was measured from postmortem radiographs. For normal hearts the angle was 72 degrees +/- 3 SE, 48 degrees +/- 5 for tetralogy of Fallot, and 333 degrees +/- 3 for transposition of the great arteries. Although direct comparison of hearts and embryos is difficult because of the different methods of determining angles, the valve positions in normal hearts were most similar to stage 19 embryos. Likewise, hearts with tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries resembled stages 18 and 15, respectively. The results of the two studies are consistent with the hypothesis that tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries arise as a result of arrests in the normal rotation of the region of the junction of the outflow tract and the great arteries. PMID- 3174509 TI - Ovarian tumorlike structures, biovular follicles, and binucleated oocytes in children: their frequency and possible pathologic significance. AB - The occurrence of microscopic gonadoblastomalike and sex cord tumor with annular tubuleslike structures, biovular follicles, and binucleated oocytes was analyzed in 288 ovaries from 222 consecutive pediatric autopsies. Tumorlike structures were identified in 29% of the autopsies studied, biovular follicles were observed in 52%, and binucleated oocytes in 19%. These changes were not observed in 22 ovaries from adults. Sixteen cases with gonadoblastomalike structures were stained immunohistochemically for placental alkaline phosphatase and were nonreactive for this marker. These tumorlike structures and multiovular follicles are probably an expression of abnormal folliculogenesis that apparently disappears as the child matures and should not be confused with true neoplasms. Although these morphologic structures resemble the patterns of specific types of gonadal neoplasms, there is little evidence to suggest any potential for future neoplastic transformation. PMID- 3174510 TI - Astrocyte response to perinatal liver disease, hyperammonemia, and hyperbilirubinemia: an immunohistochemical study. AB - Astrocytic reaction to perinatal brain damage, which is caused by hyperammonemia, liver disease, hyperbilirubinemia, and a few other conditions, was studied using immunohistochemical methods for the demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). We found no increase in GFAP expression in those areas where Alzheimer II astrocytes usually proliferate. Diffuse astrocytic proliferation in the white matter and focal reaction in gray matter, which we ascribe to complicating factors, the foremost of which is anoxia, was found in many of the cases. PMID- 3174511 TI - Endothelial proliferation in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. AB - Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a disorder of stem cells that is associated with venous thrombosis in multiple organ sites. We present a patient with necrotizing pharyngitis and intestinal infarction who has classic laboratory findings for PNH: positive complement-mediated acid and sucrose hemolysis and absence of decay accelerating factor (DAF) in peripheral blood leukocytes. Histopathologic examination of tissue from tonsil and large bowel demonstrated not only venous thrombosis but unusual proliferation of endothelial cells (papillary endothelial hyperplasia). This has not been described previously. We speculate that the endothelial cell in PNH may share in the defective regulation of complement activity. Venous thrombosis could precipitate or be a consequence of these vascular changes. PMID- 3174513 TI - Chronic illness in young children. PMID- 3174512 TI - Benign cystic mesothelioma of the peritoneum: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features in a child. AB - Benign cystic mesothelioma of the peritoneum is a well-defined but rare entity. A total of 35 instances have been reported, almost all in adults, the majority females. Cystic mesotheliomas have, until recently, been labeled cystic lymphangiomas or lymphohemangiomas. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy who, despite only subtotal resection of his abdominal mass, is well and recurrence free 9 months after surgery. The role of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in diagnosis is emphasized. PMID- 3174514 TI - Pure gold in a pile of junk! PMID- 3174515 TI - Fiberoptic rhinolaryngoscopy in primary care. A new direction for expanding in office diagnostics. AB - Modern flexible fiberoptic ear, nose, and throat (ENT) endoscopes have made office rhinolaryngoscopy an easily learned and practical option for most primary care physicians. Adoption of this procedure not only increases the comprehensiveness and quality of care but is economically justifiable in the current reimbursement environment and reinforces the primary care physician's function as a cost-effective manager of the patient's health. Rhinolaryngoscopic examination using a flexible fiberoptic ENT endoscope is simple to learn, and the diagnostic yield is far superior to that obtained with traditional rigid right angle telescopic laryngoscopes. Rhinolaryngoscopy is an ideal area in which primary care physicians can extend their clinical expertise with maximum benefit to both their patients and themselves. PMID- 3174516 TI - Urinary incontinence in women. Evaluation in the primary-care office. AB - Urinary incontinence in women is common and can be a significant social problem. The most common type is stress incontinence, caused by displacement of the bladder neck and urethra and experienced during activities that increase intraabdominal pressure. Other types are urge, overflow, and mixed incontinence. Diagnosis of the type and cause can usually be made using simple, cost-effective office procedures. Nonsurgical treatment is often successful and may consist of pharmacologic management, intermittent self-catheterization, Kegel exercises, and use of a mechanical device. PMID- 3174517 TI - Voluntary dislocation of shoulder. AB - Voluntary dislocation of the shoulder is rarely seen by primary care physicians, but they must be able to recognize it and treat it correctly. Patients often use this ability to attract attention to themselves. Since the dislocations are painless and are performed at will, surgical intervention is not required. Proper treatment involves preventing repetition of the dislocations and providing emotional support for the patient. PMID- 3174518 TI - Cerebral cysticercosis. A disease to suspect in recent travelers or immigrants. AB - The initial assessment of the young adult patient with multiple intracerebral lesions is challenging. The etiologic factors must be categorized as neoplastic, infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and hematologic, among others. Unfortunately, these lesions are not easily accessible for sampling, and all other diagnostic methods must first be exhausted. This case report describes a patient who was brought to an emergency department in New Jersey after her first seizure. The diagnosis was cerebral cysticercosis, an intracerebral parasitic infection that is extremely rare in this area but very common in other areas of the world. As more and more people immigrate to the United States, researchers believe that cerebral cysticercosis will become more common. It is imperative, therefore, for primary care physicians to understand this disease and to consider it in the appropriate setting. PMID- 3174519 TI - Histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis. AB - Eleven cases of histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis were studied. Originally four were misdiagnosed as cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis. The characteristic symptoms and signs were local tenderness, fever, leucocytopenia and good prognosis. Antibody to Epstein-Barr virus was elevated in 2 of 3 cases. Biopsy of the affected lymph node was necessary when the differential diagnosis from lymph node tuberculosis or malignant lymphoma could not be made. The characteristic histological feature was focal necrosis without neutrophil infiltration in cortical or subcortical areas. Ultrastructurally, we found characteristic inclusions ('tubulo-reticular structures') in histiocytes and lymphocytes. PMID- 3174520 TI - Iron deficiency in pernicious anaemia: a neglected diagnosis. AB - In 114 patients (52 males and 62 females) with long-standing pernicious anaemia, hypoferritinaemia was found in 27 (23.7%) and hypochromic microcytic anaemia in 19 (16.6%). Our findings indicate that iron deficiency is a common yet neglected complication of long-standing pernicious anaemia and warrants greater diagnostic and therapeutic attention. PMID- 3174521 TI - Unusual presentation of culture positive brucellosis. AB - We have reviewed the clinical presentation of 100 consecutive culture positive cases of brucellosis which came under our care during the last two years. Of these, six had atypical presentations and but for the routine practice of sending blood for brucella culture, the diagnosis would have been missed. The unusual presentations included a 19 year old boy presenting as an acute abdomen ending in laparotomy, a 52 year old man presenting with a psoas abscess, a 29 year old woman presenting with a transient perinephric mass, a 75 year old man with an acute flare up of his osteoarthritis, a 65 year old diabetic man presenting in an insulin-resistant diabetic state and a 35 year old man presenting with a cauda equina syndrome. PMID- 3174522 TI - Ehlers Danlos syndrome--masquerading as primary muscle disease. AB - A 9 year old Libyan boy presented with a history of delayed walking and abnormal gait. The presence of marked muscle under-development with hypotonia led to the initial diagnosis of primary muscle disease; later, he was found to have hyperelastic, fragile skin and hypermobile joints-the cardinal features of Ehlers Danlos syndrome. In this instance the disease seems to have been inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. PMID- 3174523 TI - Hepatic epithelioid haemangioendothelioma: difficult name, difficult diagnosis? AB - Two patients with epithelioid haemangioendotheliomata of the liver are described. Both presented with abdominal pain and malaise, with hepatomegaly and a variable degree of hepatocellular dysfunction. Diagnosis was delayed in both cases, each patient undergoing a protracted series of investigations including repeated liver biopsies. The major obstacles to early diagnosis were a lack of clinical awareness of the condition and difficulties in interpretation of the liver histology: the widespread sclerosis in the tumour tissue is easily mistaken for a post-necrotic or cirrhotic process. The key to the diagnosis is the demonstration of cells containing Factor-VIII-related antigen confirming the endothelial origin of the tumour. One patient died within three months of presentation and the other after 18 months. The tumour may, therefore, be more aggressive than earlier reports seem to suggest. It seems likely that the tumour is being under-diagnosed and although no specific therapy has been shown to be of value, a greater awareness of the condition, resulting in a more prompt diagnosis, should save patients from undergoing unnecessary investigation. PMID- 3174524 TI - Osteitis pubis in a 78 year old female. AB - Osteitis pubis has been reported following pelvic surgery, childbirth and in athletes. We describe a case involving an elderly woman, in which none of the predisposing factors were present. Difficulties in diagnosis, with particular reference to the elderly, are highlighted. PMID- 3174525 TI - Pathognomonic pelvic cysts. PMID- 3174526 TI - Transient global amnesia and left frontal haemorrhage. AB - A patient developed spontaneous, acute, dominant frontal lobe haemorrhage neighbouring on a zone of pre-existing post-traumatic encephalomalacia manifesting clinically as transient global amnesia. Amnesia can be secondary to disease of the frontal lobe, affecting pathways interconnecting the basal forebrain and hippocampus of the temporal lobe. PMID- 3174527 TI - Melioidosis with brain abscess. AB - Central nervous system involvement in melioidosis is rare. We describe a 48 year old woman who developed septicaemia and a brain abscess due to Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Since there is a continuing practical problem in bacteriological confirmation of the aetiological agent, diagnosis of melioidosis has to be made on clinical suspicion. PMID- 3174528 TI - Left vocal cord paralysis caused by coalworkers' pneumoconiosis and progressive massive fibrosis. AB - We report a case of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy caused by coalworkers' pneumoconiosis with progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). This illustrates that PMF alone may be added to the list of lesions which can cause recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. However, efforts should always be made to exclude more common causes, in particular bronchogenic carcinoma, before attributing the palsy to PMF. PMID- 3174529 TI - Disseminated intravascular coagulation with Fusobacterium necrophorum septicaemia. AB - A 23 year old woman died within six hours of admission from acute disseminated intravascular coagulation. Fusobacterium necrophorum, a Gram negative anaerobic organism, was isolated as a single pathogen from the blood cultures. This association has not previously been reported. PMID- 3174530 TI - Heatstroke and rhabdomyolysis presenting as fulminant hepatic failure. AB - Heatstroke following vigorous exercise is reported in a young male. Severe hepatic and renal failure resulted but the patient completely recovered following treatment by active measures to reduce his core temperature. PMID- 3174531 TI - Calcified thoracic disc with herniation of the nucleus pulposus in a child. AB - A twelve year old boy presented with acute cervical and interscapular pain, torticollis and low grade fever. The neurological examination was normal. Roentgenograms showed calcification of the T3-T4 disc and posterior herniation of the nucleus pulposus was demonstrated by computed tomography. A rapid and dramatic amelioration of the symptoms was produced by treatment with a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Intervertebral disc calcification in childhood is an uncommon and usually benign condition. Its clinical and radiological features are discussed in the light of the relevant literature. PMID- 3174532 TI - Leptospirosis--can it be a sexually transmitted disease? AB - Person to person spread of leptospirosis has not been previously reported. We describe two cases occurring in a man and wife which tantalisingly raise this possibility. PMID- 3174533 TI - Spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder in association with transitional cell carcinoma. AB - A 79 year old woman presented with generalized peritonitis and was subsequently found to have a perforated bladder secondary to a tumour. This is a rare occurrence and a difficult diagnosis to make preoperatively. PMID- 3174534 TI - Cerebellar ataxia in patients with malaria treated with chloroquine. PMID- 3174535 TI - Sarcoidosis around the world. PMID- 3174536 TI - Left ventricular thrombosis in acute transmural myocardial infarction. AB - To determine the incidence and natural history of left ventricular thrombosis in acute transmural myocardial infarction we performed serial two-dimensional echocardiography in 51 patients. Seventeen patients had inferior infarcts. None of these developed left ventricular thrombosis. The remaining 34 patients had anterior infarcts. Ten of these developed left ventricular thrombus at an average of 4 +/- 2 days after admission. All patients with left ventricular thrombosis had apical akinesia or dyskinesia. Patients with anterior myocardial infarction and akinesia or dyskinesia of the apex are at high risk of developing left ventricular thrombosis. Peak aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity were of little value in identifying this high risk group. PMID- 3174537 TI - The swallowed foreign body: is it in the nasopharynx? AB - Children with a history of a suspected swallowed radio-opaque foreign body should undergo radiographic examination of the nasopharynx even in the absence of symptoms and signs. Failure to identify and remove an object at this site can result in potentially fatal consequences. PMID- 3174538 TI - Estimation of glomerular filtration rate from the serum creatinine concentration. AB - In patients with renal failure the dose of renally excreted drugs should be reduced in proportion with the degree of impairment of glomerular filtration: in this situation it is appropriate to measure the glomerular filtration rate in order to determine accurately the correct dose. However, as 24 hour urine based creatinine clearance measurements are time consuming and inaccurate, the parameter most often used to estimate renal function in clinical practice is the serum creatinine concentration. An isolated serum creatinine concentration is unsatisfactory for this purpose as it depends on creatinine production, which is related to muscle mass, as well as on renal elimination of creatinine. A variety of formulae and nomograms have been devised to assist clinicians in predicting the glomerular filtration rate from a stable serum creatinine concentration and the patient's sex, age and weight (or height). Although some of these formulae have been available for over 15 years, the majority of doctors cannot estimate accurately the glomerular filtration rate from these parameters. It is proposed in this paper that biochemistry results computers should employ one of these formulae to calculate the glomerular filtration rate/70 kg, using the age and sex information provided on the request form, each time a serum creatinine concentration is reported. These formulae are invalid in several well defined clinical situations which could be briefly outlined on the report. PMID- 3174539 TI - Neurological manifestation of carbon monoxide poisoning. AB - The clinical signs and post-mortem findings in a case of carbon monoxide poisoning are described, and correlated with the computer tomographic (CT) scan appearances. The value of serial CT scanning as a diagnostic tool is highlighted. PMID- 3174540 TI - Pseudotumour cerebri in a patient with Castleman's disease. AB - A patient with systemic Castleman's disease (angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia) including bone changes and peripheral neuropathy, is described. She also had pseudotumour cerebri, and, as this association has been reported previously, it is unlikely to be due to chance. PMID- 3174541 TI - Treatment of hypercalcaemia in thyrotoxicosis with aminohydroxypropylidene diphosphonate. AB - Two patients had symptomatic hypercalcaemia accompanying thyrotoxicosis, despite initial treatment with volume repletion, beta blockade and antithyroid drugs. They were further managed with intravenous infusions of aminohydroxypropylidene diphosphonate resulting in rapid normalization of the serum calcium, with relief of symptoms. Aminohydroxypropylidene diphosphonate effectively suppressed the increased bone resorption of thyrotoxicosis without any undesirable adverse effects. PMID- 3174542 TI - Lactic acidosis due to metformin therapy in a low risk patient. AB - A 55 year old diabetic women treated with chlorpropamide and metformin for three years presented with acute oliguric renal failure and lactic acidosis from which she died. The plasma metformin level was very high suggesting that the lactic acidosis was caused by the drug. There were no contraindications to metformin therapy and renal function was normal three months previously. This case demonstrates that lactic acidosis can occur as a result of metformin therapy in the absence of pre-existing risk factors. PMID- 3174543 TI - Survival of twenty-two months in a patient with primary plasma cell leukaemia treated with melphalan and prednisolone. AB - In the majority of cases plasma cell leukaemia is a rapidly fatal disease with a mean survival time of five months. There have been reports of increased survival using various regimens of chemotherapy although most cases eventually relapse. We describe a patient with primary plasma cell leukaemia who responded to a combination of oral melphalan and prednisolone with control of the disease in the bone marrow but relapsed with extramedullary disease in the central nervous system and testes, and died 22 months after diagnosis. Melphalan poorly penetrates the central nervous system and its testicular penetration is unknown. PMID- 3174544 TI - Failure of penicillin prophylaxis in laboratory acquired leptospirosis. AB - A laboratory technician developed leptospirosis following accidental inoculation, despite prompt administration of parenteral penicillin by an accepted regimen of post-exposure prophylaxis. Another technician was similarly exposed and was given doxycycline; no illness or serological conversion followed. The implications of these cases are discussed and recommendations made for post-exposure chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline. PMID- 3174545 TI - Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis--is serum alkaline phosphatase a marker of disease activity? AB - Two patients are presented in whom extensive investigations were carried out to determine the cause of a raised serum alkaline phosphatase. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis was diagnosed in both cases and the serum alkaline phosphatase returned to normal following treatment with corticosteroids and coincident with resolution of the patients' symptoms. PMID- 3174546 TI - Intra-vascular leiomyoma of the popliteal vein. AB - A large mass in the popliteal fossa was found to be a leiomyoma of the popliteal vein with portions of tumour both inside and outside the vein. This is only the second recorded case of a benign smooth muscle tumour of a peripheral vein. PMID- 3174547 TI - Testicular self-examination: is it still necessary. PMID- 3174548 TI - Painless weakness of the leg. PMID- 3174549 TI - Hyperbole. PMID- 3174550 TI - Reliability and validity testing of a home health patient classification system. PMID- 3174551 TI - The experience of home health care: perceptions of older adults. PMID- 3174553 TI - A paradigm for baccalaureate public health nursing education. PMID- 3174554 TI - A cross-clinical practicum for baccalaureate nursing students. PMID- 3174552 TI - Role supplementation as a nursing intervention for Alzheimer's disease: a case study. PMID- 3174555 TI - Urban adolescents: what are their health needs? PMID- 3174556 TI - Measuring occupational health nurses' counseling on health promotion. PMID- 3174557 TI - Should the American Nurses' Association (ANA) have the sole responsibility for establishing the standards of practice? Part II. PMID- 3174558 TI - [Alveolar proteinosis: histologic, cytologic or electron microscopy diagnosis?]. PMID- 3174559 TI - [Clinical use of measurement of oxygen partial pressure in the adult]. PMID- 3174560 TI - [Noninvasive methods for assessing the effect of nifedipine on cardiorespiratory function in a patient with cystic fibrosis]. PMID- 3174561 TI - [Multiple pulmonary coin lesions, disseminated adenofibroleiomyomatosis--a case report]. PMID- 3174562 TI - [Respiration and the environment. Congress on Pneumology in the Upper Rhine. 8th meeting of the Southern German Society of Pneumology jointly with the College of Respiratory Pathology, Strasbourg. Freiburg i.Br., 17-20 June 1987]. PMID- 3174563 TI - [Status of pneumology 1987 in Germany]. PMID- 3174564 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in pulmonary opportunistic infections in AIDS and chemotherapy]. PMID- 3174565 TI - [New and future drugs in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3174566 TI - [Late complications of lung and pleural tuberculosis]. PMID- 3174567 TI - [Methods and technic of bronchoalveolar lavage]. PMID- 3174568 TI - [Sarcoidosis: how to diagnose it, when to treat it?]. PMID- 3174569 TI - [Changes in lung function and cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during cortisone therapy of sarcoidosis in roentgenological stage II]. PMID- 3174571 TI - [Diagnostic predictability of CEA and TPA tumor markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid]. PMID- 3174570 TI - [Percentage of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage and conventional therapy decision making for patients with intrathoracic sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3174572 TI - [Variations of Goodpasture's syndrome?]. PMID- 3174573 TI - [Cardiopulmonary function disorders in collagenoses]. PMID- 3174574 TI - [How and when are we successful in weaning from cigarette smoking?]. PMID- 3174575 TI - [Transition of chronic bronchopulmonary diseases of childhood into adulthood; risk factors]. PMID- 3174576 TI - [Chemical-irritant pathogenesis of bronchial hyperreactivity due to passive smoking in infants--the main cause of today's higher asthma morbidity?]. PMID- 3174577 TI - [The effect of air pollutants on cultured lung cells]. PMID- 3174578 TI - [Lung injury caused by the inhalation of radioactive substances]. PMID- 3174579 TI - [Bronchial reactivity in children with recurrent croup during the smog of February 1986]. PMID- 3174580 TI - [Specific bronchial provocation tests]. PMID- 3174581 TI - [Inhalant propranolol provocation test: a new method for the differentiation between healthy and asthmatic subjects]. PMID- 3174582 TI - [Additive action of theophylline and ambroxol on bronchial clearance?]. PMID- 3174583 TI - [Anti-elastolytic inhibitory capacity and IgA deficiency--contribution to the etiopathogenesis of COPD]. PMID- 3174584 TI - [Aerosol therapy]. PMID- 3174585 TI - [Indications for lung studies using radioisotopes]. PMID- 3174586 TI - [Report of experience with the Pedersen expansion calibrator in the calibration of a pneumotachograph]. PMID- 3174587 TI - [Laser therapy in the respiratory tract]. PMID- 3174588 TI - [Endobronchial laser therapy--a life-saving emergency measure in stenosing tracheal tumors]. PMID- 3174589 TI - [Indications and results in the surgical treatment of bronchopulmonary cancers]. PMID- 3174590 TI - [Surgery of lung metastases of extrapulmonary tumors]. PMID- 3174591 TI - [Treatment of tracheobronchial tumors with endoluminal irradiation with iridium 192 (afterloading technic)]. PMID- 3174592 TI - [Immunohistochemical findings in primary and secondary adenocarcinoma of the lung]. PMID- 3174593 TI - [Interstitial brachytherapy using 125-iodine seeds in non-curatively resected bronchial carcinoma]. PMID- 3174595 TI - [Regulatory mechanisms in pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 3174594 TI - [Immunocytochemistry of pleural effusion in breast carcinoma using the adhesive slide assay]. PMID- 3174596 TI - [Pathophysiology and clinical aspects of nocturnal hypoxemia]. PMID- 3174597 TI - [Family self concepts]. PMID- 3174598 TI - [Preoperative assessment of breast nodules. Tru-cut, drill biopsy, fine needle aspiration cytology in comparison]. PMID- 3174599 TI - [Intrapericardial teratoma]. PMID- 3174600 TI - [Generalized retroperitoneal xanthofibrogranulomatosis with brain involvement]. PMID- 3174601 TI - [Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis testis]. PMID- 3174602 TI - Receptor-mediated endocytosis of 125I-labelled transferrin by human choriocarcinoma (JAR) cells. AB - The binding and subsequent internalization of 125I-labelled transferrin has been studied in the human choriocarcinoma cell line, JAR. At 4 degrees C, binding was time- and concentration-dependent and exhibited saturation kinetics. The results indicate 1.6 x 10(6) binding sites per cell surface with a Kd of 4.12 x 10(-9) M. Experiments with saponin-permeabilized cells revealed a large intracellular receptor pool constituting 72 per cent of the total cell receptor population. Evidence of ligand internalization at 37 degrees C was obtained by showing the progressive resistance of cell-associated radioactivity to acid treatment. Pulse chase experiments showed that after internalization, ligand resided within the cell for about 6 min before being released back to the medium in an intact form. Ligand release, but not internalization, was almost completely inhibited by exposure to monensin. Preincubation of cells at 37 degrees C in the presence of monensin and under transferrin-free conditions had no effect on the subsequent binding of 125I-transferrin. Pulse-chase experiments using 125I-labelled anti transferrin receptor antibody suggest that receptors are internalized in the absence of added transferrin with a rate coefficient of 0.036 min-1. In the presence of unlabelled transferrin, the initial rate of labelled antibody internalization was increased (rate coefficient was 0.23 min-1) but the maximal amount of antibody internalized remained virtually unchanged. Internalized antibody accumulated intracellularly with no evidence of release or degradation. PMID- 3174603 TI - Prostaglandin catabolism in the bovine placenta. AB - Catabolism of PGF2 alpha and 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity was measured in fetal and maternal placentae of nine dairy cows during spontaneous calving at term. Prostaglandin catabolism in the bovine placenta was much lower than that noted with the same methodology in the placenta of other species, such as man, sheep and guinea pig. Prostaglandin catabolism was located mainly in the maternal caruncle, with little catabolism and very low 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity being detected in the fetal cotyledon. There was no evidence for inhibition of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase in or by the fetal cotyledon. PMID- 3174604 TI - [Isolation of highly-purified NADP(H)-dependent enzymes from the rat liver using NADP-hydrazidoadipoyl oxypropyl sepharose]. AB - NADP-hydrazidoadipoyl oxypropyl sepharose was synthesized from epoxyactivated sepharose through a hydrazid derivative and used for isolation of NADP(H) dependent enzymes such as glutathione reductase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. The isolation technique involves fractionation with ammonium sulphate, affinity chromatography on NADP-hydrazidoadipoyl oxypropyl sepharose and chromatography on hydroxylapatite. The proposed technique enabled the authors to obtain malate dehydrogenase isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase preparations homogeneous according to SDS-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. PMID- 3174605 TI - [Effect of the structure of polymeric materials on the properties of immobilized enzymes]. AB - The relationship between the structure of triacetate cellulose fibres and films and properties of enzymes entrapped in these materials was investigated. Trypsin and penicillin amidase were entrapped in triacetate cellulose films and fibres during their formation. The effect of permeability of the films on the catalytic properties of entrapped trypsin was studied. The porous structure of triacetate cellulose fibres with entrapped penicillin amidase was studied, the fibres being produced by different methods. An increase of porosity and the specific surface of the fibre-biocatalyst reduced the Km value and the energy of activation of the hydrolytic decomposing of benzyl penicillin but increased the Vmax value. PMID- 3174606 TI - Temporary pseudochronic lesions during the recovery of acute necrohemorrhagic pancreatitis in rabbits. AB - Acute necrohemorrhagic pancreatitis was induced in rabbits by multiple interstitial trypsin injections in the body of the pancreas. The time course of regeneration was followed for 12 weeks. Chronic pancreatitis-like changes persisted for 4 weeks in all experimental animals, and the recovery was complete after 12 weeks. Reversible fibrosis and regressive acinar changes ("tubular complexes") were most severe in the region of the trypsin injections. Three dimensional reconstruction of the pancreas showed an anastomosing tubular arrangement in the areas of "pseudochronic pancreatitis" but not in the normal pancreas. PMID- 3174607 TI - Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits the growth of hamster pancreatic cancer but not human pancreatic cancer in vivo. AB - We have previously shown that hamster H2T pancreatic ductal cancer has a receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) which is not present on a cell line of human pancreatic ductal cancer (MIA). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of chronic administration of VIP on the growth of both H2T hamster pancreatic carcinoma and MIA human pancreatic carcinoma in vivo. The growth of H2T was studied in hamsters; a control group of six hamsters received 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in saline, and two treatment groups of six hamsters each received VIP (1 and 10 nmol/kg), all administered three times a day by i.p. injection for 35 days. Both doses of VIP inhibited the growth of H2T tumor (tumor area, weight, DNA, RNA, and protein content). The growth of MIA was studied in athymic Balb/c mice, one group of 10 received 0.1% BSA and the other 10 received VIP (1 nmol/kg), both three times a day by i.p. injection for 3 months. There was no difference in tumor growth rate between the two groups. Treatment with VIP did not have any effect on body weight or size of the normal pancreas in either the hamsters or the mice. We conclude that the differential response of hamster and human pancreatic cancer to VIP treatment may be due to the presence or absence of VIP receptors. PMID- 3174608 TI - Serum elastase 1 in clinical practice. AB - Using radioimmunoassay, we tested serum elastase 1 (E1), an enzyme secreted only from the pancreas, in 200 subjects as follows: 39 healthy subjects as controls, 56 patients with diseases of the digestive tract, 66 patients with hepatobiliary diseases, and 39 patients with pancreatic diseases. The serum E1 showed high specificity and proved very useful in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. However it was not useful in diagnosis of clinically silent chronic pancreatitis, nor in its functional evaluation. On the other hand, it was found to be a valuable guide in revealing a concomitant pancreatic pathology during hepatobiliary diseases. Further investigation is needed of the behavior of E1 in patients who have undergone a total pancreatectomy, where the enzyme remains measurable, and in those with an ileocolic disease in an acute phase where E1 is increased in many patients. PMID- 3174609 TI - The anti-CCK effect of glutaramic acid derivatives in anesthetized and conscious rats. AB - The effects of specific gastrin-cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor blockers (proglumide and a new, more potent product of Rotta Research Laboratorium, CR 1392) on pancreatic secretion were studied. Proglumide and CR-1392 caused a rightward and parallel shift, respectively, in the dose-response curve of CCK8 stimulated pancreatic protein secretion in anesthetized rats, demonstrating a competitive-like mechanism of inhibition. The mean PA2 values, demonstrating the 50% inhibitory dose of proglumide and CR-1392 were 3.7 and 5.7, respectively; i.e., CR-1392 proved to be about 100 times more potent than proglumide. In conscious rats, protein output and the volume of pancreatic juice were significantly decreased for about 2 h in response to 150 mg/kg of proglumide or 3 mg/kg of CR-1392 administered s.c. during diversion of pancreatic juice, demonstrating inhibition of endogenous CCK by glutaramic acid derivatives. Indeed, during reintroduction of precollected pancreatic juice into the duodenum, when the release of CCK is known to be almost totally eliminated, pancreatic secretion was not significantly modified by the same doses. PMID- 3174611 TI - Serial histologic study of the development, progression, and healing of acute pancreatitis in the rat. PMID- 3174610 TI - DU-PAN-2 levels in serum and pancreatic ductal fluids of patients with benign and malignant pancreatic disease. AB - Previous studies have shown that the DU-PAN-2 antigen is elevated in approximately 70% of serum samples obtained from pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients, and within the normal range (less than 400 U/ml) in 99% of normal subjects. In this study, the DU-PAN-2 antigen level of the serum and pancreatic ductal fluid in patients with malignant pancreatic disease were compared to antigen levels in patients with benign pancreatic diseases. Six percent of patients with chronic pancreatitis and 13% of patients with severe acute pancreatitis had elevated DU-PAN-2 antigen levels in their sera. Pancreatic ductal fluid DU-PAN-2 levels were elevated in 33% (11 of 33) of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas, whereas 16% (5 of 31) of patients with chronic pancreatitis and 38% (8 of 21) of control patients had elevated secretion levels. Unlike DU-PAN-2, the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carcinoma (CA) 19-9 were elevated in 90 and 100%, respectively, of secretions of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, CEA and CA 19-9 ductal fluid levels were also elevated in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CEA: 61%; CA 19-9: 85%), and therefore these markers are not helpful in distinguishing benign from malignant pancreatic disease. The physiologic implications of elevated DU-PAN-2 serum antigen levels in patients with normal ductal fluid DU-PAN-2 levels are discussed. PMID- 3174612 TI - Stimulation of prostaglandin production by endotoxin in macrophages and endothelial cells. PMID- 3174613 TI - Estimation and assessment of population doses from diagnostic X-ray procedures in Beijing. PMID- 3174614 TI - Studies on micromegakaryocytes in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). PMID- 3174615 TI - Long-term follow-up of left ventricular function with the nuclear stethoscope in patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 3174616 TI - Radioimmunoassay of thromboxane B2 and its preliminary applications. PMID- 3174617 TI - Radiological study on allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (report of 20 cases). PMID- 3174618 TI - Studies on blood and bone marrow findings of myelodysplastic syndromes: evaluation of proposals for classification of myelodysplastic syndromes. PMID- 3174619 TI - Human uroporphyrinogen III synthase: molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of a full-length cDNA. AB - Uroporphyrinogen III synthase [URO-synthase; hydroxymethylbilane hydro-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.2.1.75], the fourth enzyme in the heme biosynthetic pathway, is responsible for conversion of the linear tetrapyrrole, hydroxymethylbilane, to the cyclic tetrapyrrole, uroporphyrinogen III. The deficient activity of URO synthase is the enzymatic defect in the autosomal recessive disorder congenital erythropoietic porphyria. To facilitate the isolation of a full-length cDNA for human URO-synthase, the human erythrocyte enzyme was purified to homogeneity and 81 nonoverlapping amino acids were determined by microsequencing the N terminus and four tryptic peptides. Two synthetic oligonucleotide mixtures were used to screen 1.2 x 10(6) recombinants from a human adult liver cDNA library. Eight clones were positive with both oligonucleotide mixtures. Of these, dideoxy sequencing of the 1.3 kilobase insert from clone pUROS-2 revealed 5' and 3' untranslated sequences of 196 and 284 base pairs, respectively, and an open reading frame of 798 base pairs encoding a protein of 265 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 28,607 Da. The authenticity of this clone was established by colinearity of the predicted amino acid sequence with 81 microsequenced residues from the purified enzyme. In addition, high levels of enzymatic activity and immunoreactive protein were expressed when a blunt-ended 971-base-pair Ava II cDNA fragment containing the entire coding region was inserted into vectors for expression in Escherichia coli. The isolation and expression of this full-length cDNA for human URO-synthase should facilitate studies of the structure, organization, and chromosomal localization of this heme biosynthetic gene as well as the characterization of the molecular lesions causing congenital erythropoietic porphyria. PMID- 3174620 TI - Fidelity of a human cell DNA replication complex. AB - We have measured the fidelity of bidirectional, semiconservative DNA synthesis by a human DNA replication complex in vitro. Replication was performed by extracts of HeLa cells in the presence of simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen by using a double-stranded phage M13mp2 DNA template containing the SV40 origin of replication and either of two different target sequences for scoring mutations in the lacZ alpha-complementation gene, which encodes the alpha region (specifying the amino-terminal portion) of beta-galactosidase. Replicative synthesis was substantially more accurate than synthesis by the human DNA polymerase alpha-DNA primase complex purified from HeLa cell extracts by immunoaffinity chromatography, suggesting that additional factors or activities in the extract may increase fidelity during bidirectional replication. However, by using a sensitive opal codon reversion assay, single-base substitution errors were readily detected in the replication products at frequencies significantly higher than estimated spontaneous mutation rates in vivo. These data suggest that additional fidelity factors may be present during chromosomal replication in vivo and/or that the fidelity of replication alone does not account for the low spontaneous mutation rates in eukaryotes. PMID- 3174621 TI - Rhodobacter capsulatus puf operon encodes a regulatory protein (PufQ) for bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis. AB - Biosynthesis of the photochemical apparatus by purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacteria is known to be inhibited by molecular oxygen and high light intensity. Polypeptides that bind bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) to form the light-harvesting I (LH-I) and reaction-center (RC) complexes are encoded by a single transcriptional unit termed the puf operon. In this investigation we demonstrate that the first structural gene in the puf operon (pufQ) of Rhodobacter capsulatus encodes a protein that is required for BChl biosynthesis and that there exists a linear relationship between the amount of pufQ expression and the level of BChl synthesis. Protein sequence similarity exists between PufQ and the region of RC polypeptides that are known to bind BChl and quinone. These observations suggest that pufQ may regulate BChl biosynthesis by a "carrier polypeptide" mechanism as originally proposed by Lascelles. PMID- 3174622 TI - Oligodeoxynucleoside phosphoramidates and phosphorothioates as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus. AB - Modified oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to RNA of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) were tested for their ability to inhibit virally induced syncytium formation and expression of viral p24 protein. The modifications of oligomers include replacement of backbone phosphodiester groups with phosphorothioates and various phosphoramidates. All oligomers were found to be active. Oligomers with complete replacement of phosphodiesters with phosphoramidate or phosphorothioate groups were more active at the micromolar range than were unmodified oligomers of the same sequence. In addition, modified and unmodified homooligonucleotides also showed inhibition of HIV-1 replication. It is suggested that different classes of oligonucleotides may inhibit HIV replication by different mechanisms. PMID- 3174623 TI - Duck lens epsilon-crystallin and lactate dehydrogenase B4 are identical: a single copy gene product with two distinct functions. AB - To investigate whether or not duck lens epsilon-crystallin and duck heart lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) B4 are the product of the same gene, we have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones of duck epsilon-crystallin. By using these clones we demonstrate that there is a single-copy Ldh-B gene in duck and in chicken. In the duck lens this gene is overexpressed, and its product is subject to posttranslational modification. Reconstruction of the evolutionary history of the LDH protein family reveals that the mammalian Ldh-C gene most probably originated from an ancestral Ldh-A gene and that the amino acid replacement rate in LDH-C is approximately 4 times the rate in LDH-A. Molecular modeling of LDH-B sequences shows that the increased thermostability of the avian tetramer might be explained by mutations that increase the number of ion pairs. Furthermore, the replacement of bulky side chains by glycines on the corners of the duck protein suggests an adaptation to facilitate close packing in the lens. PMID- 3174624 TI - Transient administration of estradiol-17 beta establishes an autoregulatory loop permanently inducing estrogen receptor mRNA. AB - A single transient dose of estradiol-17 beta is sufficient to elicit the permanent induction of hepatic estrogen receptor mRNA, which is induced 18-fold (from 0.13 to 2.4 molecules per cell) and then remains fully induced for at least 125 days. In primary liver cultures, extremely low concentrations of estradiol-17 beta, which are below the Kd of the Xenopus laevis estrogen receptor, maintain persistent induction of estrogen receptor mRNA but not of estrogen-inducible vitellogenin mRNA. These data and the ability of the antiestrogen, hydroxytamoxifen, to reverse persistent induction of estrogen receptor mRNA, support a model in which transient doses of estradiol-17 beta induce the estrogen receptor and thereby establish an autoregulatory loop. The low levels of estradiol-17 beta normally circulating in male X. laevis and the elevated level of receptor provide sufficient hormone-receptor complex to permanently maintain the induced level of expression of the estrogen receptor gene. The permanent induction of the estrogen receptor may be the regulatory switch that results in the persistent expression of a recently identified class of proteins that exhibit long-term responses to estrogen. PMID- 3174625 TI - Two cis-acting elements responsible for posttranscriptional trans-regulation of gene expression of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. AB - The pX sequence of human T-cell leukemia virus type I codes for two nuclear proteins, p40tax and p27rex, and a cytoplasmic protein, p21x-III.p40tax activates transcription from the long terminal repeat (LTR), whereas p27rex modulates posttranscriptional processing to accumulate gag and env mRNAs that retain intron sequences. In this paper, we identify two cis-acting sequence elements needed for regulation by p27rex: a 5' splice signal and a specific sequence in the 3' LTR. These two sequence elements are sufficient for regulation by p27rex; expression of a cellular gene (metallothionein I) became sensitive to rex regulation when the LTR was inserted at the 3' end of this gene. The requirement for these two elements suggests an unusual regulatory mechanism of RNA processing in the nucleus. PMID- 3174626 TI - Nonenzymatic synthesis of 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleoside and recognition of its facile rearrangement. AB - 5-Amino-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylimidazole 5'-monophosphate (AIR, 1) is the ubiquitous precursor to the purine ribonucleotides in vivo, and it serves as the biochemical precursor to the pyrimidine portion of thiamin (vitamin B1) in certain prokaryotic organisms. The corresponding ribonucleoside (AIRs, 5b) was prepared via chemical (nonenzymatic) synthesis from 5-amino-1-beta-D ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide. The tri-O-acetylated derivative of AIRs (5a) was also prepared, and it was shown to undergo a facile ring transformation in aqueous pH 7 buffer to afford N-(imidazol-4-yl)-2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D ribofuranosylamine as a 1:2 mixture of alpha and beta anomers (6a). Under similar conditions, compound 5b affords the corresponding unprotected beta ribonucleosides 6b. This Dimroth-type ring transformation reaction of 5 to 6, which occurs primarily in neutral aqueous solution, may be responsible for the previously reported lability of AIRs and its derivatives. It may also have relevance to the postulated early biotic pathway to the 9- and 3-substituted purine nucleotide components of an all-purine biopolymer. PMID- 3174627 TI - Modeling of the bryostatins to the phorbol ester pharmacophore on protein kinase C. AB - The bryostatins are macrocyclic lactones that represent an additional structural class of potent activators of protein kinase C. These marine animal biosynthetic products are of unusual interest because they induce only a subset of the biological responses induced by the phorbol esters. We have now determined the binding affinities of naturally occurring and semisynthetic bryostatins for protein kinase C by competition analysis with [26-3H]bryostatin 4 as the radioactive ligand. Esterification of the hydroxyl group at C26 caused dramatic loss of activity as did inversion of the asymmetric center at this position. In contrast, neither of the ester groups at C7 and C20 had a major influence on activity. Computer modeling of the phorbol esters, related diterpenes, and indole alkaloids suggested that the C20, C9, and C4 oxygens of phorbol represented critical elements of the phorbol ester pharmacophore. The C26 oxygen of the bryostatins, together with the C1 and C19 oxygens, gave an excellent spatial correlation with this model, with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.16 A (compared to 0.10-0.35 A among phorbol-related diterpenes). The extension of the phorbol ester pharmacophore model to the bryostatins and its agreement with the structure-activity relations for the bryostatin class of compounds provide additional support for the validity of the model. PMID- 3174628 TI - Structural analysis of complementary DNA and amino acid sequences of human and rat androgen receptors. AB - Structural analysis of cDNAs for human and rat androgen receptors (ARs) indicates that the amino-terminal regions of ARs are rich in oligo- and poly(amino acid) motifs as in some homeotic genes. The human AR has a long stretch of repeated glycines, whereas rat AR has a long stretch of glutamines. There is a considerable sequence similarity among ARs and the receptors for glucocorticoids, progestins, and mineralocorticoids within the steroid-binding domains. The cysteine-rich DNA-binding domains are well conserved. Translation of mRNA transcribed from AR cDNAs yielded 94- and 76-kDa proteins and smaller forms that bind to DNA and have high affinity toward androgens. These rat or human ARs were recognized by human autoantibodies to natural ARs. Molecular hybridization studies, using AR cDNAs as probes, indicated that the ventral prostate and other male accessory organs are rich in AR mRNA and that the production of AR mRNA in the target organs may be autoregulated by androgens. PMID- 3174629 TI - Energetic coupling between DNA bending and base pair opening. AB - The pathway for base pair opening within a B-DNA duplex is investigated by theoretical molecular modeling. The results show that the disruption of a single base pair is energetically compatible with the deductions made from hydrogen exchange measurements. In addition, it is found that the opening process is greatly facilitated by DNA bending and that, conversely, once a base pair is disrupted, DNA can bend very easily. It appears that the energetic coupling between these two processes may play an important role in many biological reactions involving nucleic acid distortion. PMID- 3174630 TI - Two transcripts encode rat cytochrome b5 reductase. AB - A cDNA expression library in lambda gt11 was screened with affinity-purified polyclonal anti-rat cytochrome b5 reductase antibodies. One positive clone out of 450,000 clones was isolated and found to be incomplete. This clone was used to rescreen the library, and a second, overlapping clone that contained the entire coding sequence was isolated. RNA gel blots showed that the two overlapping clones contained approximately 90% of the reductase mRNA sequence. Sequencing data showed (i) that rat reductase has a 93% sequence similarity with bovine and human reductase and (ii) that reductase is not synthesized as a high molecular weight precursor. Results of Southern blot analysis were consistent with the hypothesis that a single gene codes for the soluble and membrane-bound (microsomal and mitochondrial) forms of the reductase, present in erythrocytes and liver, respectively. The cloned cDNA was used to study reductase transcripts in liver and reticulocytes. Two antisense RNA probes that together covered the entire coding region and part of the noncoding region of reductase mRNA were used in RNase A protection experiments. These probes detected only one transcript in liver, suggesting that endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial reductase are translated from the same mRNA. In contrast, two transcripts were detected in reticulocytes, one of which mismatched the liver probe approximately 30 nucleotides downstream from the initiation codon. Since the soluble and membrane form of the reductase are known to differ at the N terminus, we suggest that this second transcript encodes soluble reductase. PMID- 3174631 TI - Growth regulation of cancer metastases by their host organ. AB - We analyzed mechanisms responsible for organ-specific metastasis by using two melanoma sublines derived from the same mouse tumor, of which one colonizes the lungs (F10) and the other colonizes the liver (L8) after intravenous injection. Both lines were obtained by selective growth in lung or liver after injection of tumor cells into a tail vein or portal vein. Contrary to common concepts, the cells of the liver-colonizing melanoma line do not accumulate preferentially in the liver after intravenous administration in vivo. However, the selective survival and proliferation of these melanoma cells in the target organ (liver) may be explained by the unexpected observation that they can be specifically stimulated to proliferate in the presence of hepatocytes, whereas the cells of the lung-colonizing line cannot. Growth promotion under coculture conditions in vitro was monitored both by thymidine incorporation into DNA and by increase in cell numbers. The proliferative stimulus is not mediated by an easily diffusible factor but rather depends upon direct contact between liver cells and those tumor cells that metastasize to that particular organ. PMID- 3174632 TI - Phosphocreatine, an intracellular high-energy compound, is found in the extracellular fluid of the seminal vesicles in mice and rats. AB - High levels of phosphocreatine, a compound known to serve as an intracellular energy reserve, were found in the fluid contained in seminal vesicle glands. The concentrations of phosphocreatine in the extracellular fluid in the mouse and rat were found to be 5.6 +/- 1.6 and 2.2 +/- 0.8 mumol/g, respectively, which are higher than the intracellular levels reported for smooth muscles. The creatine concentrations in the seminal vesicular fluid from these two species were 22.8 +/ 3.1 and 13.0 +/- 5.3 mumol/g, respectively. These creatine levels are approximately 100 and 65 times higher than the creatine levels in mammalian blood. Smaller amounts of ATP (phosphocreatine/ATP ratio of 20-40) and traces of ADP were also found. Comparison of the pattern of distribution of macromolecules (proteins and DNA) with the distribution of phosphocreatine between the cells and the fluid of the seminal vesicle indicates that cell lysis did not account for the phosphocreatine in the seminal vesicle fluid. Rather, the available evidence strongly suggests that this high-energy compound is actively secreted. We found that in the testes, the sperm are exposed to the highest known creatine concentration in any mammalian tissue studied. Based on these results and other recent reports, we propose that the extracellular phosphocreatine, ATP, and creatine are involved in sperm metabolism. PMID- 3174633 TI - IST2: an insertion sequence from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. AB - The genome of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (strain ATCC 19859) contains at least two families of repeated sequences, termed family 1 and 2. The nucleotide sequence of a family 2 member was determined. It is 1408 base pairs long and has structural features similar to those of insertion sequences (IS elements). Terminal inverted repeats 25 base pairs in length are present. These inverted repeats are imperfect and adjacent to target-site duplications 9 base pairs in length. Several open reading frames were detected (the longest was 888 base pairs). We have named this IS element-like sequence IST2. The ends of a second example of IST2 were analyzed and compared to those of the first. The DNA sequences are identical and similarly sized target-site duplications are present. PMID- 3174634 TI - Hereditary differences in the expression of the human glutathione transferase active on trans-stilbene oxide are due to a gene deletion. AB - Glutathione transferase (GT; EC 2.5.1.18) mRNA levels were measured in human liver samples by using mouse and human cDNA clones that encode class-mu and class alpha GT. Although all the RNA samples examined contained class-alpha GT mRNA, class-mu GT mRNA was found only in individuals whose peripheral leukocytes expressed GT activity on the substrate trans-stilbene oxide. The mouse class-mu cDNA clone was used to identify a human class-mu GT cDNA clone, lambda GTH411. The amino acid sequence of the GT encoded by lambda GTH411 is identical with the 23 residues determined for the human liver GT-mu isoenzyme and shares 76-81% identity with mouse and rat class-mu GT isoenzymes. The mouse and human class-mu GT cDNA inserts hybridize with multiple BamHI and EcoRI restriction fragments in the human genome. One of these hybridizing fragments is missing in the DNA of individuals who lack GT activity on trans-stilbene oxide. Hybridizations with nonoverlapping subfragments of lambda GTH411 suggest that there are at least three class-mu genes in the human genome. One of these genes appears to be deleted in individuals lacking GT activity on trans-stilbene oxide. PMID- 3174635 TI - Primary structure of the human M2 mitochondrial autoantigen of primary biliary cirrhosis: dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase. AB - Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic, destructive autoimmune liver disease of humans. Patient sera are characterized by a high frequency (greater than 95%) of autoantibodies to a Mr 70,000 mitochondrial antigen, a component of the M2 antigen complex. We have identified a human cDNA clone encoding the complete amino acid sequence of this autoantigen. The predicted structure has significant similarity with the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.12) of the Escherichia coli pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. The human sequence preserves the Glu-Thr-Asp-Lys-Ala motif of the lipoyl-binding site and has two potential binding sites. Expressed fragments of the cDNA react strongly with sera from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis but not with sera from patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis or sera from healthy subjects. PMID- 3174636 TI - Characterization of the cDNA encoding a protein binding to the major histocompatibility complex class II Y box. AB - The expression of HLA class II genes is regulated by a series of cis-acting elements and trans-acting factors. Several cis-acting elements have been identified and have been termed the Z box, X box, Y box, octamer, and "TATA" box. The Y box contains an inverted CCAAT box. By probing a phage lambda gt11 library with double-stranded oligonucleotides, we have directly isolated a cDNA encoding a Y box-binding protein designated YB-1. YB-1 binding has an absolute requirement for the CCAAT box and relative specificity for the Y box. It has a Mr of 35,414, contains 18% basic residues, and contains putative nuclear localization signals. An inverse correlation of YB-1 and HLA-DR beta chain mRNA levels suggests that YB 1 is a negative regulatory factor. PMID- 3174637 TI - Isolation and characterization of human defensin cDNA clones. AB - Four clones that encode defensins, a group of microbicidal and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils, were isolated from an HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cDNA library. Analysis of these clones indicated that the defensins are made as precursor proteins, which must be cleaved to yield the mature peptides. Defensin mRNA was detected in normal bone marrow cells, but not in normal peripheral blood leukocytes. Defensin transcripts were also found in the peripheral leukocytes of some leukemia patients and in some lung and intestine tissues. Defensin mRNA content was augmented by treatment of HL-60 cells with dimethyl sulfoxide. These results define important aspects of the mechanism of synthesis and the tissue specific expression of a major group of neutrophil granule proteins. PMID- 3174638 TI - Erythrocyte replacement precedes leukocyte replacement during repopulation of W/Wv mice with limiting dilutions of +/+ donor marrow cells. AB - The severe macrocytic anemia of the stem-cell-deficient W/Wv mouse is alleviated by intravenous injection of normal marrow cells. Donor cells replace the host erythrocytes, but the fate of the more labile blood components, such as granulocytes and platelets, after transplantation into adult mice has not been established. In the present work, the rate of replacement of the various hemopoietic cells in W/Wv transplant recipients was examined by exploiting host donor differences in cellular markers (hemoglobin and glucose-phosphate isomerase). Limiting dilutions of +/+ parental cells were injected into F1-hybrid W/Wv anemic mice. A dose of 10(5) donor cells was necessary for the implantation of sufficient multipotent stem cells to alleviate the anemia. Erythrocyte parameters were not significantly different from normal values, and donor cells replaced at least 90% of the host erythrocytes by 20 weeks after injection. At this time, only 10% of the nucleated leukocytes and none of the platelets were donor-derived. The percentage of donor lymphocytes, granulocytes, and platelets increased slowly thereafter but did not completely replace the host elements by 41 weeks. The maintenance of host leukocytes during rapid donor-erythrocyte replacement indicates cell-specific amplification of committed progenitors. PMID- 3174639 TI - Radial arrangement of clonally related cells in the chicken optic tectum: lineage analysis with a recombinant retrovirus. AB - A recently described method for lineage analysis in rodents uses a recombinant retrovirus to insert a foreign gene into the genome of a precursor cell; the gene's product is later detected histochemically in the infected cell's progeny. We have adapted this method for use in chicken embryos and used it to study the disposition of clonally related cells in the optic tectum. We report that descendants of a single precursor form narrow, radially oriented columns that span the thickness of the developing tectum. Analysis of embryos injected with virus at different stages suggests a developmental scheme in which early-born progeny are displaced laterally, late-born progeny are displaced radially, and cell mixing is limited. Many clones remain radially arrayed as laminae form and contribute neurons of diverse types of several laminae. In light of previous studies showing physiological relationships among vertically arrayed neurons, our results suggest that neurons descended from a single precursor are richly interconnected and functionally related. PMID- 3174640 TI - Axon arbors of X and Y retinal ganglion cells are differentially affected by prenatal disruption of binocular inputs. AB - In the mammalian visual system, the terminal arbors of retinal ganglion cell axons from the two eyes are restricted to mutually exclusive territories within their thalamic target, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Here we have investigated some of the factors that determine the adult morphology of terminal arbors in the cat's retinogeniculate system. Removal of one eye during prenatal life at a time when retinogeniculate axons from the two eyes are extensively intermixed within the LGN perturbs the subsequent morphological development of some but not all axons from the remaining eye. The presence of terminal arbors qualitatively normal in size, shape, and location within the LGN suggests that for some retinal axons, ongoing binocular interactions throughout prenatal life are not needed for the development of normal arbor morphology. However, many of the axons form arbors of abnormal size or location, suggesting that such features of axon morphology are not intrinsically determined for these axons but may be susceptible to external influences. Electrophysiological studies reveal that the abnormal arbors all belong to the functionally distinct Y class of retinal ganglion cells, whereas the normal arbors all belong to X cells. The different responses of X and Y axons to prenatal enucleation demonstrate that during development subsets of a single neuronal population projecting to the same target in the central nervous system can be under different developmental controls for axon arbor differentiation. PMID- 3174641 TI - Developmental changes in estrogen-sensitive neurons in the forebrain of the zebra finch. AB - The brain areas for the control of song are sexually dimorphic in the zebra finch (Poephila guttata). Implantation of estrogen in young females within the first 40 days after hatching masculinizes their brain song areas. Monoclonal antibody (H222Sp gamma) against the estrogen receptor was used for the localization of estrogen-target cells in the brain. The nucleus hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale, was the only song control area that contained cells with estrogen receptor sites. The number of these cells varied during ontogeny and declined sharply after day 40. No other song areas contained estrogen-target cells despite their ability to undergo masculine differentiation under the influence of estrogen. Therefore, the action of estrogen on these nuclei must be indirect. PMID- 3174642 TI - Rheoreceptors in the carotid sinus of dog. AB - The arterial baroreceptors are known to be sensitive to changes in pressure but there are no known sensors in the cardiovascular system for changes in flow. We tested the hypothesis that changes in flow at constant pressure alter carotid sinus multi-unit nerve activity. In anesthetized dogs with vascularly isolated carotid sinuses, increases in flow at constant pressure resulted in increases in carotid sinus nerve activity in relation to the increase in flow. The increased activity during flow was not caused by an increase in strain of the sinus wall but was directly related to the increase in shear stress (36.6 +/- 11.7% increase in activity per dyne/cm2; 1 dyne = 0.1 MN). The pressure threshold of single baroreceptor units was determined during a slow pressure ramp with and without flow. Flow caused a significant decrease in pressure threshold from 81.1 +/- 6.1 mmHg (1 mmHg = 1.333 x 10(2) Pa) in the absence of flow to 69.3 +/- 5.7 mmHg with flow. We conclude that there are arterial "rheoreceptors" in the carotid sinus that respond to flow at constant pressure and strain. The results with single baroreceptor units indicate also that baroreceptors may be sensitized by increases in flow. Thus, changes in flow per se in addition to changes in arterial pressure may be important determinants of reflex circulatory adjustments. PMID- 3174643 TI - Extinction dynamics of age-structured populations in a fluctuating environment. AB - We model density-independent growth of an age- (or stage-) structured population, assuming that mortality and reproductive rates fluctuate as stationary time series. Analytical formulas are derived for the distribution of time to extinction and the cumulative probability of extinction before a certain time, which are determined by the initial age distribution, and by the infinitesimal mean and variance, mu and sigma 2, of a diffusion approximation for the logarithm of total population size. These parameters can be estimated from the average life history and the pattern of environmental fluctuations in the vital rates. We also show that the distribution of time to extinction (conditional on the event) depends on the magnitude but not the sign of mu. When the environmental fluctuations in vital rates are small or moderate, the diffusion approximation gives accurate estimates of cumulative extinction probabilities obtained from computer simulations. PMID- 3174644 TI - Receptor-like function of heparin in the binding and uptake of neutral lipids. AB - Molecular mechanisms regulating the binding, amphipathic stabilization, and metabolism of the major neutral lipids (e.g., cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, and fatty acids) are well studied, but the details of their movement from a binding compartment to a metabolic compartment deserve further attention. Since all neutral lipids must cross hydrophilic segments of plasma membranes during such movement, we postulate that a critical receptor-like site exists on the plasma membrane to mediate a step between binding and metabolism and that membrane-associated heparin is a key part of this mediator. For example, intestinal brush border membranes containing heparin bind homogeneous human pancreatic 125I-labeled cholesterol esterase (100 kDa) and 125I-labeled triglyceride lipase (52 kDa). This interaction is enzyme concentration-dependent, specific, and saturable and is reversed upon addition of soluble heparin. Scatchard analysis demonstrates a single class of receptors with a Kd of 100 nM and a Bmax of approximately 50-60 pmol per mg of vesicle protein. In contrast, enzymes associated with the hydrolysis of hydrophilic compounds such as amylase, phospholipase A2, and deoxyribonuclease do not bind to intestinal membranes in this manner. Human pancreatic cholesterol esterase also binds specifically and saturably to cultured intestinal epithelial cells (CaCo-2), and soluble heparin significantly diminishes the cellular uptake of the resultant hydrophobic reaction products (cholesterol and free fatty acids). We conclude that a physiological role for intestinal heparin is that of a mediator to bind neutral lipolytic enzymes at the brush border and thus promote absorption of the subsequent hydrolyzed nutrients in the intestine. This mechanism may be a generalizable pathway for transport of neutral lipids into endothelial and other cells. PMID- 3174645 TI - Orthorhombic crystals and three-dimensional structure of the potent toxin II from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector. AB - Orthorhombic crystals (space group P212121, a = 45.94 A, b = 40.68 A, c = 29.93 A) of the potent scorpion alpha-toxin II from Androctonus australis Hector were grown using sterile techniques. The structure was solved by a combination of heavy-atom and model phasing. Subsequently, it was refined at 1.8 A resolution by a fast-Fourier restrained least-squares procedure. The crystallographic R factor is 0.152 for data with 7.0 A greater than d greater than 1.8 A and F greater than 2.5 sigma (F) and 0.177 when all data are considered. Eighty-nine solvent molecules have been incorporated into the model. The dense core formed by the alpha-helical and antiparallel beta-sheet moieties and three of the four disulfide bridges is similar in variant 3, a toxin purified from the North American scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus, and in toxin II. However, the two molecules differ markedly in the orientation of loops protruding from the core. Toxin II seems to contain several highly ordered solvent molecules. Eight of them occupy a cavity consisting of the C-terminal region and a loop found only in scorpion alpha-toxins. The highly reactive and pharmacologically important Lys-58 is found at one of the extremes of this cavity, where it establishes a series of hydrogen bonds with protein and solvent atoms. The reactivities of the five lysine residues of toxin II are highly correlated with the formation of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and salt links. PMID- 3174646 TI - Inhibition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus by oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosphonates. AB - Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides containing internucleoside methylphosphonate linkages were examined for their ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced syncytium formation and virus expression. HIV inhibitory activity was found to be dependent on both chain length and the number of phosphonate residues. Introduction of 18 phosphonate groups in an oligomer of chain length 20 significantly increased HIV inhibitory activity relative to the parent oligonucleotide, whereas 5 such groups showed little or no increase in the HIV inhibition capacity. Methylphosphonate-linked oligomers are more stable to nuclease degradation and hence could be potentially useful in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3174647 TI - 7-Methylguanine adducts in DNA are normally present at high levels and increase on aging: analysis by HPLC with electrochemical detection. AB - The 7-methylguanine adduct in the DNA of rat liver is determined as an indicator of exposure to exogenous and endogenous methylating agents. A method for the analysis of 7-methylguanine adducts has been developed by combining the selectivity of separation of reversed-phase HPLC with the specificity and high sensitivity of electrochemical detection. The sensitivity of the method is about 10,000-fold that of optical methods and is sufficient to determine the endogenous background of DNA methylation. DNA from the liver of normal young rats (6 months old) contains 7-methylguanine at a level of 1 residue per 31,000 bases in mitochondrial DNA and 1 residue per 105,000 bases in nuclear DNA. These levels increase about 2.5-fold in old rats (24 months old). We attribute this strikingly high level of adducts to endogenous methylation, which could contribute to aging and cancer. PMID- 3174648 TI - Modifying preselected sites on proteins: the stretch of residues 633-642 of the myosin heavy chain is part of the actin-binding site. AB - We have designed an "antipeptide" capable of firmly and specifically interacting with a preselected stretch of myosin S-1 heavy chain. Covalent attachment of this antipeptide to its target stretch, residues 633-642, does not affect the intrinsic ATPase activities of the protein but significantly reduces the actin binding capabilities of the myosin head. PMID- 3174649 TI - Free creatine available to the creatine phosphate energy shuttle in isolated rat atria. AB - To measure the actual percentage of intracellular free creatine participating in the process of energy transport, the incorporation of [1-14C]creatine into the "free" creatine and phosphocreatine (PCr) pools in spontaneously beating isolated rat atria, under various conditions, was examined. The atria were subjected to three consecutive periods, control, anoxia, and postanoxic recovery, in medium containing tracers of [1-14C]creatine. The tissue content and specific activity of creatine and PCr were determined at the end of each period. The higher specific activity found for tissue PCr (1.87 times) than creatine, independent of the percentage of total intracellular creatine that was present as free creatine, provides evidence for the existence of two separate pools of free creatine. Analysis of the data shows that in the normal oxygenated state approximately equal to 9% of the total intracellular creatine is actually free to participate in the process of energy transport (shuttle pool). About 36% of the total creatine is bound to unknown intracellular components and the rest exists as PCr. The creatine that was taken up and the creatine that was released from the breakdown of PCr have much greater access to the site of phosphorylation than the rest of the intracellular creatine. A sharp increase in the specific activity of residual PCr on prolongation of anoxic time was also observed. This provides evidence for a nonhomogeneous pool of PCr, for the most recently formed (radioactive) PCr appeared to be hydrolyzed last. PMID- 3174650 TI - Synergistic action of glucocorticoid and estradiol responsive elements. AB - Modulation of gene expression by steroid hormones is mediated by receptor proteins that associate with regulatory elements of responsive genes upon binding the hormone ligand. The finding that two glucocorticoid responsive elements act cooperatively to stimulate transcription of the tyrosine aminotransferase gene prompted us to explore whether synergistic effects also occur when two different steroid hormone receptors are involved. A region of the chicken vitellogenin II gene that displays homologies to glucocorticoid and estradiol responsive elements was tested for its capability to confer estradiol and glucocorticoid inducibility to a heterologous promoter. When positioned immediately upstream of the thymidine kinase gene promoter, this element enhances expression by either steroid. Combination of both hormones results in a synergistic increase of transcription. Mutational analysis shows that sequences that show similarities of glucocorticoid and estradiol responsive elements are absolutely required for hormone induction. Analysis of the dose dependence of induction by both steroids demonstrates that half-maximal activity is observed at lower hormone concentrations when the other steroid is present in saturating amounts, which suggests that the synergistic induction observed with the combination of hormones is based on a functional interaction of the two hormone receptors. PMID- 3174651 TI - Platelet stimulation releases a cAMP-dependent protein kinase that specifically phosphorylates a plasma protein. AB - Rabbit serum is shown to contain a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (biochemically characterized as type II) that specifically phosphorylates a 135-kDa endogenous protein. This endogenous phosphorylation can be reproduced with platelet-rich plasma, after stimulation with thrombin, but not with plasma devoid of platelets. Stimulation of isolated platelets ("washed" by gel filtration) with either thrombin or ADP brings about a release of this kinase. The supernatant of these stimulated platelets, which contains the kinase, does not undergo a cAMP dependent endogenous phosphorylation because it does not contain the 135-kDa protein substrate. On the other hand, plasma devoid of platelets does not contain cAMP-dependent protein kinase. By combining the supernatant of the physiologically stimulated platelets with the plasma devoid of platelets, it is possible to reconstitute the system and to reproduce the specific endogenous phosphorylation of the 135-kDa target substrate. On the basis of the above evidence it is proposed that upon physiological stimulation of platelets, they release into the blood a cAMP-dependent protein kinase in addition to the well known release of MgATP. This kinase specifically phosphorylates the 135-kDa plasma protein. PMID- 3174652 TI - Derived protein sequence, oligosaccharides, and membrane insertion of the 120-kDa lysosomal membrane glycoprotein (lgp120): identification of a highly conserved family of lysosomal membrane glycoproteins. AB - The 120-kDa lysosomal membrane glycoprotein (lgp120) is an acidic, heavily glycosylated membrane protein enriched in the lysosomal membrane. To determine the basis for its selective transport to and stability in lysosomes, we have investigated the structure of lgp120. By using an oligonucleotide probe corresponding to the amino terminus of rat lgp120, we isolated and characterized cDNA clones containing the entire coding region. The deduced amino acid sequence demonstrates that lgp120 contains a putative signal peptide, 18 sites for N linked glycosylation, a single membrane-spanning segment, and a short (11 amino acid) cytosolic tail. The sequence suggests a distinct domain organization, with two luminal glycosylated regions separated by a nonglycosylated proline-rich region. Proteolysis in detergent showed that the protein was not intrinsically resistant to exogenous or endogenous proteases. The N-linked oligosaccharides on lgp120, tetraantennary structures with two lactosamine repeats on one of the branches, were not different from those of glycoproteins on the plasma membrane. lgp120 was similar in its domain organization and portions of its amino acid sequence to the avian 100-kDa lysosomal membrane protein LEP100 [Fambrough, D. M., Takeyasu, K., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Siegel, N. R. & Somerville, D. (1988) J. Cell Biol. 106, 61-67], and to a distinct 110-kDa lysosomal membrane protein (lgp110) that colocalizes with lgp120. The similarities between lysosomal membrane glycoproteins from diverse species, coupled with the fact that at least two distinct lysosomal membrane glycoproteins are expressed in a single species, indicate the existence of a conserved family of glycoproteins enriched in the lysosomal membrane. PMID- 3174653 TI - pH homeostasis in Leishmania donovani amastigotes and promastigotes. AB - Intracellular pH and pH gradients of Leishmania donovani amastigotes and promastigotes were determined over a broad range of extracellular pH values. Intracellular pH was determined by 31P NMR and by equilibrium distribution studies with 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione or methylamine. Promastigotes maintain intracellular pH values close to neutral between extracellular pH values of 5.0 and 7.4. Amastigote intracellular pH is maintained close to neutral at external pH values as low as 4.0. Both life stages maintain a positive pH gradient to an extracellular pH of 7.4, which is important for active transport of substrates. Treatment with ionophores, such as nigericin and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and the ATPase inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, reduced pH gradients in both stages. Maintenance of intracellular pH in the physiologic range is especially relevant for the survival of the amastigote in its acidic in vivo environment. PMID- 3174654 TI - An in vivo titration of regulatory factors required for expression of a fusion gene in transgenic sea urchin embryos. AB - We report that endogenous regulatory factors mediating expression of a lineage specific sea urchin embryo gene can be titrated in vivo by introduction of a sufficient molar excess of DNA-binding sites. Thus we obtain an estimate of the quantity of limiting factor(s) required for developmental activation and transcriptional expression, which can be compared with estimates of factor prevalence obtained by measurements in vitro carried out under equilibrium conditions. A fusion construct in which the bacterial gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT; acetyl-CoA:chloramphenicol O3-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.28) is controlled by cis-regulatory elements of the CyIIIa cytoskeletal actin gene (CyIIIa-CAT) was introduced in varying numbers of copies into sea urchin eggs. The activity of the CyIIIa-CAT fusion gene in 24-hr blastula-stage embryos was shown to saturate as the number of exogenous genes was increased. The mean number of CyIIIa-CAT fusion genes per nucleus at which half saturation was obtained was 105 +/- 40 (mean +/- SD). This result suggests that equilibrium parameters measured earlier in vitro may apply, at least approximately, within the embryo nuclei. PMID- 3174655 TI - Structure of the gene for the liver cell adhesion molecule, L-CAM. AB - The liver cell adhesion molecule, L-CAM, mediates calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion in early embryos and in nonneural epithelia in adult tissues. Earlier studies of cDNAs for chicken L-CAM established the amino acid sequence of the mature protein. The sequence has now been extended in the 5' direction through the precursor and signal sequences and past a consensus translation initiation site. The combined cDNAs were used to isolate genomic clones covering the entire L-CAM coding sequence. The structural gene for chicken L-CAM contains 16 exons ranging in size from 115 to over 1045 base pairs with an average size of 222 base pairs. Single exons do not correspond to known structural elements such as the signal sequence, precursor segment, internal repeats, or membrane-spanning region of L-CAM. Hybridization of restriction digests of chicken genomic DNA with cDNA and genomic probes indicated that there is a single L-CAM gene in the chicken. In contrast to genes for other cell-cell or cell-substrate adhesion molecules, there is no evidence for alternative splicing of exons in this gene. PMID- 3174656 TI - Rate constancy of globin gene evolution in placental mammals. AB - The molecular clock hypothesis is investigated by comparison of the rates of nucleotide substitution in globin genes of mice, cows and goats, humans, and rabbits, using the relative rate test. These comparisons are based on a branching order of genes and species established by cladistic analysis of nucleotide sequences. The species branching order is shown to be mouse, cow/goat, human, and rabbit. Relative rate tests involving paralogous and orthologous genes provide no evidence of heterogeneity, among species, in the rate of evolution of the genes. This result is discrepant with the conclusions of most other recent, similar studies. By comparison with previous studies, the present study is based on a sound phylogeny and involves a larger sample of species, genes, and genic regions. The result provides strong support for the neutral theory of molecular evolution and demonstrates that molecular evolutionary rate does not depend on generation time. PMID- 3174657 TI - Molecular systematics of higher primates: genealogical relations and classification. AB - We obtained 5' and 3' flanking sequences (5.4 kilobase pairs) from the psi eta globin gene region of the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and combined them with available nucleotide data. The completed sequence, representing 10.8 kilobase pairs of contiguous noncoding DNA, was compared to the same orthologous regions available for human (Homo sapiens, as represented by five different alleles), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). The nucleotide sequence for Macaca mulatta provided the outgroup perspective needed to evaluate better the relationships of humans and great apes. Pairwise comparisons and parsimony analysis of these orthologues clearly demonstrated (i) that humans and great apes share a high degree of genetic similarity and (ii) that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas form a natural monophyletic group. These conclusions strongly favor a genealogical classification for higher primates consisting of a single family (Hominidae) with two subfamilies (Homininae for Homo, Pan, and Gorilla and Ponginae for Pongo). PMID- 3174658 TI - Peroxisomal lignoceroyl-CoA ligase deficiency in childhood adrenoleukodystrophy and adrenomyeloneuropathy. AB - We previously reported that in childhood adrenoleukodystrophy (C-ALD) and adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN), the peroxisomal beta-oxidation system for very long chain (greater than C22) fatty acids is defective. To further define the defect in these two forms of X chromosome-linked ALD, we examined the oxidation of [1 14C]lignoceric acid (n-tetracosanoic acid, C24:0) and [1-14C]lignoceroyl-CoA (substrates for the first and second steps of beta-oxidation, respectively). The oxidation rates of lignoceric acid in C-ALD and AMN were 43% and 36% of control values, respectively, whereas the oxidation rate of lignoceroyl-CoA was 109% (C ALD) and 106% (AMN) of control values, respectively. On the other hand, the oxidation rates of palmitic acid (n-hexadecanoic acid) and palmitoyl-CoA in C-ALD and AMN were similar to the control values. These results suggest that lignoceroyl-CoA ligase activity may be impaired in C-ALD and AMN. To identify the specific enzymatic deficiency and its subcellular localization in C-ALD and AMN, we established a modified procedure for the subcellular fractionation of cultured skin fibroblasts. Determination of acyl-CoA ligase activities provided direct evidence that lignoceroyl-CoA ligase is deficient in peroxisomes while it is normal in mitochondrial and microsomes. Moreover, the normal oxidation of lignoceroyl-CoA as compared with the deficient oxidation of lignoceric acid in isolated peroxisomes also supports the conclusion that peroxisomal lignoceroyl CoA ligase is impaired in both C-ALD and AMN. Palmitoyl-Coa ligase activity was found to be normal in peroxisomes as well as in mitochondria and microsomes. This normal peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA ligase activity as compared with the deficient activity of lignoceroyl-CoA ligase in C-ALD and AMN suggests the presence of two separate acyl-CoA ligases for palmitic and lignoceric acids in peroxisomes. These data clearly demonstrate that the pathognomonic accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in C-ALD and AMN is due to a deficiency of peroxisomal very long chain (lignoceric acid) acyl-CoA ligase. PMID- 3174659 TI - Generation of single-stranded DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and its application to direct sequencing of the HLA-DQA locus. AB - Single-copy sequences can be enzymatically amplified from genomic DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. By using unequal molar amounts of the two amplification primers, it is possible in a single step to amplify a single-copy gene and produce an excess of single-stranded DNA of a chosen strand for direct sequencing or for use as a hybridization probe. Further, individual alleles in a heterozygote can be sequenced directly by using allele-specific oligonucleotides either in the amplification reaction or as sequencing primers. By using these methods, we have studied the allelic diversity at the HLA-DQA locus and its association with the serologically defined HLA-DR and -DQ types. This analysis has revealed a total of eight alleles and three additional haplotypes. This procedure has wide applications in screening for mutations in human genes and facilitates the linking of enzymatic amplification of genes to automated sequencing. PMID- 3174660 TI - A missense mutation in the human liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase gene causing a lethal form of hypophosphatasia. AB - Hypophosphatasia is an inherited disorder characterized by defective bone mineralization and a deficiency of serum and tissue liver/bone/kidney alkaline phosphatase (L/B/K ALP) activity. Clinical severity is variable, ranging from death in utero (due to severe rickets) to pathologic fractures first presenting in adult life. Affected siblings, however, are phenotypically similar. Severe forms of the disease are inherited in an autosomal recessive fashion; heterozygotes often show reduced serum ALP activity. The specific gene defects in hypophosphatasia are unknown but are thought to occur either at the L/B/K ALP locus or within another gene that regulates L/B/K ALP expression. We used the polymerase chain reaction to examine L/B/K ALP cDNA from a patient with a perinatal (lethal) form of the disease. We observed a guanine-to-adenine transition in nucleotide 711 of the cDNA that converts alanine-162 of the mature enzyme to threonine. The affected individual, whose parents are second cousins, is homozygous for the mutant allele. Introduction of this mutation into an otherwise normal cDNA by site-directed mutagenesis abolishes the expression of active enzyme, demonstrating that a defect in the L/B/K ALP gene results in hypophosphatasia and that the enzyme is, therefore, essential for normal skeletal mineralization. PMID- 3174662 TI - Hemagglutinin polymorphism as the basis for low- and high-yield phenotypes of swine influenza virus. AB - Single amino acid substitutions at the rim of the receptor binding site of the hemagglutinin molecule of swine influenza virus markedly influence the replicative capacity of the virus in chicken embryos, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK), and swine as well as its antigenic phenotype. Mutants of low-yield (L) phenotype replicate poorly in chicken embryos and produce small plaques in MDCK cells but are highly infective for swine. Such mutants have lysine at position 153 and glycine at position 155 of the hemagglutinin (residues 156 and 158 in the H3 model). High-yield (H) mutants have the converse replicative characteristics and can be antigenically distinguished from L mutants (and from each other) based on their differential reactivity with two monoclonal antibodies, 9C8 and Sa-13. H mutants differ from L mutants in that the H mutants express glutamic acid at either position 153 or 155. L and H mutants act in an allelic fashion in effecting predictable one-step adaptation to different hosts. Selection for replication (e.g., high-yielding) phenotype results in concordant pleiotropic change in antigenic phenotype and in genotype. Conversely, immunoselection leads to change in replicative phenotype. Although the mechanism by which these mutations affect viral replication has not yet been defined, they may reflect differences in the affinity of each mutant for different host receptors. PMID- 3174661 TI - Hypertension induces tissue-specific gene suppression of a fatty acid binding protein in rat aorta. AB - The effect of hypertension on the expression of a fatty acid binding protein localized in the rat aorta was studied. The presence of rat heart fatty acid binding protein (hFABP) was documented in aortic tissue by using a cDNA probe and polyclonal antibodies. Hypertension was induced in groups of rats by implantation of deoxycorticosterone acetate in conjunction with 1% salt in the drinking water (deoxycorticosterone/salt). By the third week of this treatment a marked reduction (by a factor of 20) in the expression of hFABP mRNA in aorta was found, concomitant with a reduction in immunologically detectable protein, suggesting transcriptional regulation. This effect was tissue specific, since no change in the normal amounts of hFABP mRNA in heart, skeletal muscle, or kidney was found. This reduction in aortic hFABP mRNA was also found in mildly hypertensive uninephrectomized rats given salt but no deoxycorticosterone and in normotensive rats given deoxycorticosterone but no excess salt intake. A marked decrease in aortic hFABP mRNA also was observed in the Goldblatt two kidney-one clip hypertensive model, and administration of angiotensin II for 6 days by osmotic minipump also caused a reduction. These findings suggest that hFABP is under complex regulation in aortic tissue and is suppressed by arterial hypertension. PMID- 3174663 TI - Convulsant-induced increase in transcription factor messenger RNAs in rat brain. AB - Administration of the convulsants pentylenetetrazole (Metrazole) or picrotoxin to rats caused a dramatic increase in mRNAs of four putative transcription factor genes, zif/268, c-jun, jun-B, and c-fos, in neurons of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus, as well as other areas of the cerebral cortex, including pyriform cortex and cingulate cortex. The increase in these mRNAs was rapid and transient: amounts peaked within 1 hr and returned to baseline within 2 hr. These results extend the observation made by Morgan et al. [Morgan, J. I., Cohen, D. R., Hempstead, J. L. & Curran, T. (1987) Science 237, 192-197] that c-fos mRNA and protein are induced in rat brain after seizures. We hypothesize that the increase of these putative transcription factor mRNAs in the brain is part of a programmed genomic response of neurons to intense stimulation, which is analogous to the genomic response of nonneuronal cells to growth factors. PMID- 3174664 TI - Prolonged RNA changes in the Hermissenda eye induced by classical conditioning. AB - The incorporation of 32P into mRNA and the total amount of mRNA were increased 3- to 4-fold in eyes isolated from Hermissenda crassicornis trained to associate light with rotation on a turntable compared with animals trained with equal numbers of light and rotation events presented randomly and with naive animals. Incorporation of 32P into poly(A)- RNA was reduced by as much as 60%. The RNA changes were strongly correlated with the degree of learning and could not be accounted for by changes in [32P]ATP content. The RNA changes were maximal at 24 hr and were still detectable after 4 days, indicating that associative conditioning produces a period of increased DNA transcription that could be an intermediate step in memory consolidation. The RNA changes may in part account for recently observed conditioning-specific changes in the synthesis rates of specific proteins. PMID- 3174667 TI - Membrane activation in immunologically relevant cells. PMID- 3174665 TI - Allelic variants of acetylcholinesterase: genetic evidence that all acetylcholinesterase forms in avian nerves and muscles are encoded by a single gene. AB - Two acetylcholinesterase (AcChoEase) polypeptide chains, alpha and beta, are expressed in avian nerves and muscles with apparent molecular masses of 110 and 100 kDa, respectively. We now show that individual quails express alpha, beta, or both AcChoEase polypeptide chains. By mating studies we show that the two AcChoEase polypeptides are autosomal and segregate as codominant alleles in classical Mendelian fashion. Biochemical studies of the two allelic AcChoEase polypeptides indicate that they have the same turnover number, have the same Km for acetylcholine, are immunoprecipitated to the same extent with a monoclonal anti-AcChoEase antibody, and can assemble with equal efficiency into multimeric forms. Thus there are no obvious functional differences between the two alleles. In heterozygotes, the rates of synthesis of the two polypeptides are identical, suggesting that there are no differences in expression of these two genes. Within an individual, nerves and muscles always express the same AcChoEase forms isolated from muscle indicates that all AcChoEase forms are comprised of the same allelic polypeptide chains. In contrast to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that appear to be encoded by complex multigene families, our studies on AcChoEase show that all forms of this important synaptic component in electrically excitable cells are encoded by a single gene. Thus differences in assembly and localization of the multiple synaptic forms of AcChoEase must arise through posttranscriptional events, posttranslational modifications of a similar AcChoEase polypeptide chain or both. PMID- 3174668 TI - Electrophysiology of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. Proceedings of a symposium. 60th annual scientific sessions of the American Heart Association. Anaheim, California, November 14, 1987. PMID- 3174669 TI - Effects of cardiac glycosides on AV nodal impulse formation and conduction. PMID- 3174666 TI - Insulin-like growth factor I stimulates erythropoiesis in hypophysectomized rats. AB - Stimulation of erythropoiesis during growth is necessary to ensure proportionality between erythrocyte mass and body mass. However, the way by which erythrocyte formation is adapted to body growth is still unknown. Growth arrest in hypophysectomized rats is accompanied by decreased erythropoiesis. We have, therefore, examined whether insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), the mediator of growth hormone effects on body growth, is able to restore erythropoiesis in these animals. Subcutaneous infusions of 120 micrograms of recombinant human IGF-I per day in hypophysectomized rats led to increases in body weight, 59Fe incorporation into erythrocytes, and the number of reticulocytes that were similar to increases caused by infusions of 28 milliunits of human growth hormone per day. Body weight gain and 59Fe incorporation were linearly correlated. Like growth hormone, IGF-I also caused a significant rise in serum erythropoietin concentrations. However, the stimulatory effect on erythropoiesis occurred before serum erythropoietin levels had risen. These results demonstrate that IGF-I mediates the stimulatory effect of growth hormone on erythropoiesis in vivo and thus further support the somatomedin concept. They also show that IGF-I can stimulate erythropoiesis in an endocrine manner, and they suggest two possible routes of action: a direct one and an indirect one by means of enhanced erythropoietin production. PMID- 3174670 TI - Vagal control of the atrioventricular node--in vitro observations. I. Electrophysiological mechanism underlying the effects of brief vagal discharges on atrioventricular nodal conduction. PMID- 3174671 TI - Vagal control of the atrioventricular node--in vitro observations. II. Differential postganglionic vagal influence on anterograde atrioventricular nodal conduction and junctional pacemaker activity. PMID- 3174673 TI - Prediction of response to cancer therapy. Proceedings of a symposium held at the XVth International Chemotherapy Congress. Istanbul, Turkey, July 19-24, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3174672 TI - Modulation of the effects of postganglionic vagal stimulation in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes by cardioactive agents and electrolytes. PMID- 3174674 TI - Purposes, benefits and techniques of cancer treatment predictive tests. PMID- 3174675 TI - Drug and radiation sensitivity testing of primary human tumor cells using the adhesive-tumor-cell culture system (ATCCS). AB - In summary, the ATCCS is an efficient culture system which grows clonogenic cells from greater than 80% of human cancers. The ATCCS supports the growth of malignant cells from human cancers. The ATCCS shows classical drug and radiation survival curves which routinely achieve over 1 log of kill. The ATCCS has high CFE and permits sensitivity testing from small samples. Clinical correlations for the chemosensitivity assay were satisfactory. Radiosensitivity in vitro correlates with tumor histology. PMID- 3174676 TI - Subrenal capsule assay (SRCA) in human tumors. PMID- 3174677 TI - The clinical usefulness of human xenografts in nude mice. PMID- 3174678 TI - The use of clinical data to predict response to therapy. AB - Clinical data are useful for predicting response to therapy and prognosis of patients with malignant disease. Multivariate statistical methods have proven to be useful for objectively evaluating those variables which are most useful for predicting outcome. Once variables have been identified, models can be created which predict for individuals the expectations for response and survival and such models with known clinical variables are useful for evaluating the contribution of newly developed information such as in vitro testing or a new laboratory test in terms of its contribution to the ability to predict response. The models are then useful for evaluation of treatment effects by comparing observed effects of new treatments to expectations for each patient. PMID- 3174679 TI - Biochemical and cytokinetic characterization of leukemic cells: prediction of treatment results and early diagnosis of relapse. AB - Selected key-steps in the biochemical pathways of DNA-synthesis and cytokinetic parameters were measured in human bone marrow cells: Thymidine kinase (TK), incorporation of nucleosides (thymidine = dTR and deoxyuridine = dUR), % cells in DNA-synthesis-phase of the cell division cycle (%S). 26 normal marrow and a total of 369 marrow specimens from patients with acute leukemia were assayed either at first diagnosis, during remission or at relapse. A significant 5-fold increase of TK was found in leukemic cells, thus, being a suitable marker for follow-up of these patients. The sensitivity to detect a high TK at primary diagnosis of acute leukemia is 83%. An increase of TK during remission can indicate an imminent relapse before an increase of blast cells can be detected in the bone marrow. The incorporation-rates of dTR and dUR were also significantly increased in leukemic cells. Patients who did not achieve complete remission after induction treatment had higher incorporation-rates. In contrast to the enhanced biochemical activity of DNA-metabolism, %S-phase-cells were significant lower in leukemic cell populations. %S-phase cells did not correlate with treatment results. An inhibition of DNA synthesis, estimated by the incorporation rates of dTR and dUR for more than 50% during the first 3-4 days after start of induction treatment corresponds with cytoreduction in the leukemic bone marrow which does not predict complete remission in all cases. PMID- 3174680 TI - The EORTC Clonogenic Assay Screening Study Group (CASSG) program. PMID- 3174681 TI - Cellular glutathione levels and sensitivity to radiation and antineoplastic agents in human ovarian cancer. PMID- 3174682 TI - Fundamental problems and future possibilities for treatment predictor systems. PMID- 3174683 TI - Glucocorticoid-induced lysis of human leukemia cells. PMID- 3174684 TI - Non-clonogenic, in vitro assays for predicting sensitivity to cancer chemotherapy. PMID- 3174685 TI - Inhibition of DNA synthesis in selection of anticancer therapy. PMID- 3174686 TI - Plant flavonoids in biology and medicine II. Biochemical, cellular, and medicinal properties. Proceedings. Strasbourg, France, August 31-September 3, 1987. PMID- 3174687 TI - Anthocyanins and tannins from wine: organoleptic properties. PMID- 3174688 TI - Modulation of hepatic-phase I and gut-microflora xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes by dietary flavonoids. PMID- 3174689 TI - Hydrolysis of flavonoids by human intestinal bacteria. PMID- 3174690 TI - Characterization of penta-O-ethylquercetin binding sites in rat brain membranes. PMID- 3174691 TI - Protective effects of hypolaetin-8-glucoside on the rat gastric mucosa. PMID- 3174692 TI - A study of the association of 14C-(+)-cyanidanol-3 with human erythrocytes in vitro. PMID- 3174693 TI - In vivo effects of (+)-catechin on iron-overloaded rats. PMID- 3174694 TI - Flavonoids inhibit malignant tumor invasion in vitro. PMID- 3174695 TI - Experimental anti-tumor effects of flavone acetic acid (LM975). PMID- 3174696 TI - Crystal and molecular structures of flavonoids. AB - Flavonoids are a broadly distributed class of plant pigments, universally present in vascular plants and responsible for much of the coloring in nature. Because of their widespread occurrence in edible plants, flavonoids are an integral part of the human diet. Therefore, the effects of these substances on human nutrition and well-being are of considerable importance, in particular in cultures where they constitute a major portion of the diet. To understand their mechanisms of action in various cellular and enzyme systems, it is important to have knowledge of their molecular properties. Structural studies have shown the three-dimensional conformations of these natural plant products, delineating their conformational preferences, showing the influence of substituents on conformation and physical properties. The results of these studies show that a single flavonoid may have more than one response, depending on enzyme site. Analysis of these flavonoid structure-activity relationships has offered insight into their mechanisms of action and will be instrumental in the design of new drugs based on these natural products. Thus, their diverse effects endow the flavonoids with an immense capacity to contribute important new therapeutic agents for the treatment of disease. PMID- 3174697 TI - Protective effect of plant flavonoids, analogs and vitamin E against lipid peroxidation of membranes. PMID- 3174698 TI - Enzymology and cell biology as related to actions of flavonoids in natural and artificial systems. PMID- 3174699 TI - Investigations of the structure-function relationships of flavonoid compounds with antigonadotropic activity. PMID- 3174700 TI - Isoflavones as spasmolytic principles of Piscidia erythrina. PMID- 3174701 TI - Specific binding of a flavonolignane derivative to an estradiol receptor. PMID- 3174702 TI - Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in rats is attenuated by silybin dihemisuccinate. PMID- 3174703 TI - Effects of Troxerutin on the hemorheological parameters of patients with moderate arterial hypertension. PMID- 3174704 TI - Flavonoids and traditional medicine. PMID- 3174705 TI - Investigation of the isoflavone content of a commercial variety of Lupinus luteus using thermospray liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (TSP-LC-MS). PMID- 3174706 TI - Antifungal flavonoids from the leaf surfaces of Helichrysum nitens and from the stem bark of Erythrina berteroana. PMID- 3174707 TI - Initiation and maintenance of callus tissue culture of Uncaria elliptica for flavonoid production. PMID- 3174708 TI - Flavonoids in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. PMID- 3174709 TI - Flavonoids and plant color. PMID- 3174710 TI - Ontogeny of host defense systems and congenital infections. AB - There are a number of factors which contribute to the large number of congenital infections which occur in domestic animals. The more important factors include: 1) The agammaglobulinemic fetus because of a lack of transplacental transfer of maternal immunoglobulins, 2) An immature immune and accessory immune system, and 3) Undifferentiated cells in a number of developing organ systems in the fetus. The immune and accessory immune systems and other organ systems develop in a sequential manner. The types of lesions associated with a microbial agent depends upon the status of the target organ, immune response and accessory immune response at the particular moment of the insult. Once immune competence is attained, the fetus clears infection. Immune tolerance occurs with certain pestiviruses which have a predilection for lymphoid cells. Infection must occur before immune competence to these viruses is attained. PMID- 3174711 TI - Human teratogens: delineating the phenotypic effects, the period of greatest sensitivity, the dose-response relationship and mechanisms of action. PMID- 3174712 TI - Developmental toxicity of synthetic retinoids in humans. PMID- 3174713 TI - Estimating fetal morbidity and mortality resulting from cigarette smoke exposure by measuring cotinine levels in maternal serum. PMID- 3174714 TI - Perinatal infections and immunity. AB - An increasing number of infectious agents are now recognized to be important causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Most of these agents produce asymptomatic or mild infections in the mother; however, some can cause severe or fatal disease in the fetus. In each case, the infectious agent is transmitted from the mother to the child, usually by the transplacental, hematogenous route. The time of maternal infection during gestation frequently influences the chance of fetal infection and severity of fetal disease. The pathogenesis of these infections involves direct infection of the developing fetal tissues. In some cases this infection can interfere with morphogenesis or cause severe tissue destruction. Very late effects are now recognized with some perinatal infection, thus it is important to conduct longitudinal studies of infected children. Fetal disease can be prevented or reduced if prior exposure of the mother has resulted in complete or partial immunity. Immune responses in the fetus, which become detectable at about 20 to 22 weeks gestation, can be used for diagnostic purposes. They also appear to provide some degree of protection of the fetus from severe or fatal disease with certain agents when infection occurs late in gestation. The prevention of fetal damage by perinatal infections can be accomplished by protection of the mother through the appropriate use of vaccines, avoidance of exposure, treatment with immunoglobulins or the use of chemotherapy. Treatment of the child also involves the use of immunoglobulins and chemotherapy. PMID- 3174715 TI - Clinical aspects, risk assessment, and management of transplacental hazards for the fetus: considerations for public policy. PMID- 3174716 TI - Congenital pestivirus disease (bovine virus diarrhea) of cattle. PMID- 3174717 TI - Hypomyelination in border disease: the roles of thyroid hormones, growth hormone, and virus infection of the CNS. PMID- 3174718 TI - Development of a vaginal gel containing 9-deoxo-16,16-dimethyl-9-methylene PGE2 for cervical dilatation and pregnancy termination. AB - A stable hydrophilic gel for vaginal administration containing 9-deoxo-16,16 dimethyl-9-methylene PGE2 (9-methylene PGE2) was developed and its clinical usefulness for preoperative cervical dilatation and for termination of first and second trimester pregnancy evaluated in 521 pregnant patients admitted to the hospital for therapeutic abortion. Following vaginal administration of 3 mg of 9 methylene PGE2 gel a peak plasma level of between 3.5 and 10 ng/ml was found 3 to 6 hours following treatment. The "bioavailability" of the drug was in the order of 25-30%. 9-methylene PGE2 was found to be equally effective as 1 mg Cervagem for preoperative cervical dilatation. With a pretreatment period of 3 hours side effects were rare with both compounds. If the pretreatment period was extended to 12 hours the degree of cervical dilatation, but also the frequency of side effects increased significantly. Repeated administration of 9-methylene PGE2 was found to be effective (96% complete abortion) in terminating very early pregnancy provided the total dose was 10 mg or more. During second trimester the minimum effective dose was 4.5 mg of the compound repeated every fourth hour. The results of the present study have shown that with the new gel formulation the amount of 9 methylene PGE2 needed to terminate first and second trimester pregnancy was approximately ten times less in comparison with the previously used lipid base suppositories. The treatment was also associated with a low frequency of side effects. PMID- 3174719 TI - Measurement of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane B2 levels in critically ill surgical patients. AB - Systemic arterial and mixed venous plasma concentrations of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TxB2 were measured by radioimmunoassay in 63 critically ill patients with major trauma (n = 20) or sepsis (n = 43). Patients undergoing elective catheterization procedures served as controls (n = 10). Arterial and mixed venous 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TxB2 levels were significantly elevated in patients with recent major trauma or active sepsis. The 6-keto-PGF1 alpha levels were found to be significantly elevated in the non-survivors and in patients with hepatic failure. The presence of severe pulmonary failure was not associated with increased levels of either 6-keto-PGF1 alpha or TxB2. Comparison of arterial and mixed plasma samples did not demonstrate increased pulmonary release of either compound. Increased eicosanoid production may account, in part, for the local vascular and humoral responses to tissue injury or infection. PMID- 3174720 TI - Impaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte 15-lipoxygenase activity in juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis. AB - 15-lipoxygenase activity was investigated in sonicated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) from patients with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis and adult periodontitis. The group with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis had 17 patients (6 male, 11 female, mean age 27.4 years), and the age matched control group had 18 normal individuals (11 male, 7 female, mean age 26.3 years). The group with adult periodontitis had 14 patients with 9 male, 5 female, mean age 45.2 years and the age-matched control group had 6 normal subjects with 5 male, 1 female, mean age 43.7 years. 15-hydroxyeicosa tetraenoic acid (15-HETE) synthesized in the group with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis was 0.219 +/- 0.102 ng/mg protein (mean +/- S.D.), while it was 0.410 +/- 0.138 ng/mg protein in the age-matched control group. There was a significant difference between the two groups. The group with adult periodontitis produced 0.358 +/- 0.124 ng/mg protein and the age matched control group produced 0.448 +/- 0.176 ng/mg protein (no significant difference). These results are relevant to reports that PMNLs of patients with juvenile and rapidly progressive periodontitis have abnormal functions, while those of patients with adult periodontitis are normal. PMID- 3174721 TI - The release of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 from separated cells of human endometrium and decidua. AB - The capacity of separated glandular and stromal cells from endometrium and first trimester decidua to release prostaglandins (PGs) was studied over 48 hours in culture. Glandular preparations released more PGs than stromal preparations in all tissues. Stromal release of PGs did not alter throughout the cycle or in early pregnancy but the capacity of glandular preparations to release PGs varied considerably. Proliferative glands released most PGF2 alpha and PGE2 followed by secretory glands and decidua. Histamine (10(-5)) stimulated PG release from endometrial and decidual glands but the response of proliferative glands was greatest. Actinomycin D stimulated release of PGF2 alpha and PGE2 from glandular cells of secretory endometrium and decidua. These results suggest that in vitro release of PGs is suppressed after ovulation and is in part due to inhibition of PG release by a protein or proteins synthesized in the glandular fraction of secretory endometrium or decidua. PMID- 3174722 TI - Diltiazem alters blood rheology. AB - A study was carried out to investigate whether diltiazem influence blood rheology, as has been reported for some other calcium channel blockers. Twenty patients with clinical, stable angina pectoris were treated with 2 x 90 mg diltiazem per day for 2 weeks. Blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, haematocrit, blood cell filterability and red cell aggregation were taken as in vitro measures quantifying the flow properties of blood. After 1-week's treatment, low and middle shear blood viscosity had declined significantly. This change was more pronounced after 2-weeks' medication. At this point, there was also an increase in blood cell filterability. All other variables did not show significant alterations. The results suggest a significant fluidification of blood during diltiazem treatment. This effect may reduce the viscous component of the total peripheral resistance, and therefore, it may contribute to an increase in perfusion and to the anti-anginal properties of the drug. PMID- 3174723 TI - Prevention of wound dehiscence in severely obese patients with jejuno-ileal by pass: the role of hyaluronic acid. AB - There is a high incidence of wound dehiscence, ranging from 6.9% to 22%, after surgery for severe obesity. Different surgical techniques to minimize this drawback of the operation have been proposed, but none have seemed to be really effective. A different approach to this problem has been tried using topical treatment with hyaluronic acid through the drains of the laparotomy suture. Twenty patients subjected to jejuno-ileal by-pass for severe obesity were randomized into two treatment groups: hyaluronic acid (80 mg/daily) or placebo (saline), for 5 days, starting at the operation. Granulation tissue was withdrawn from the wound through polyvinyl catheters 1, 3 and 5 days after the operation. It was processed for light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Ten days after the operation, the wounds were examined for dehiscence. Hyaluronic acid treatment reduced the incidence and degree of dehiscence macroscopically, increased the maturation of granulation tissue during the first post-operation days and stimulated fibroblasts to synthesize procollagen shortly after the operation. PMID- 3174724 TI - Effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate on heart rate, ventilation, oxygen consumption and endurance performance. AB - A controlled study was carried out in 12 healthy male volunteers to evaluate the effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) on cardiac and respiratory parameters and work capacity during maximal muscular exercise on a cycloergometer. Each subject was studied in 3 sessions, separated by at least 36 hours. Workload started at 50 watts with stepwise increases, consisting of 25 watts every 3 minutes, up to muscular exhaustion or until the predicted maximum heart rate was attained. The first session, with no treatment, served as the control test; in the other two sessions, each subject received, prior to exercising, a single intravenous dose of either 7.5 g dextrose or 15 g FDP, according to a within subject comparative study design. In resting conditions and during the exercise, heart rate, ventilation (VE), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were monitored. At the end of each session, the total work (TW) performed and the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) were computed. No difference was found between the values obtained in the control and dextrose treatment sessions. The increments in heart rate, VE and VO2 at each workload observed after FDP treatment were lower (p less than 0.01) than those in control and dextrose sessions. A 25% increase in TW associated with a 12% increase in VO2 max was observed after FDP (p less than 0.01). The data indicate that FDP is potentially capable of improving muscular performance, and several possible mechanisms of action for the observed effects are discussed. PMID- 3174725 TI - A new suspension form of smectite (Liquid 'Diasorb') for the treatment of acute diarrhoea: a randomized comparative study. AB - An open, multi-centre, general practice study was carried out in 80 patients with acute diarrhoea to compare the effectiveness and tolerability of treatment with a liquid formulation of smectite, a hydrated aluminium-magnesium silicate (Liquid 'Diasorb'), and loperamide. Patients were allocated at random to receive one or other treatment for a maximum of 48 hours. Thirty-three of the patients on the smectite preparation and 30 of those on loperamide had acute diarrhoea of at least 24 hours but no longer than 48 hours in duration. Patients received a daily dose of 6 to 9 g smectite or 8 to 12 mg loperamide, depending on the symptoms. Details of red and white cell counts, serum electrolyte concentrations and stool culture for pathogens and parasites were recorded on entry and after 1 week. The results, judged in terms of resolution of symptoms after 2 and 7 days, doctor and patient assessment of response to therapy, and incidence of side-effects, showed that both treatments were equally effective and well-tolerated. Two patients were withdrawn, 1 patient (Liquid 'Diasorb') because of lack of response and the other (loperamide) because of dryness of the mouth and nausea. Laboratory parameters remained unchanged apart from a slight decrease in leucocytes in both groups. PMID- 3174726 TI - Low molecular weight heparin prevention of post-operative deep vein thrombosis in vascular surgery. AB - Ninety-two patients undergoing vascular surgery took part in a controlled clinical trial to study the effectiveness of a new low molecular weight (LMW) heparin for prevention of post-operative deep vein thrombosis. Forty-six patients were treated daily, for 7 days after operation, with a single subcutaneous injection of 15,000 Anti X-activated Factor Units of the new LMW heparin; the remaining 46 patients were treated, for the same period, with 2 daily subcutaneous injections of 5,000 International Units of calcium heparin. Deep vein thrombosis detection was by the radioactive fibrinogen uptake test, performed each day during therapy in all patients. A very low incidence of sub clinical deep vein thrombosis was observed; in 3 (6.5%) patients in the LMW heparin group and in 4 (8.6%) patients of the calcium heparin group. The results of laboratory investigation showed that the antithrombotic activity (inhibition of Factor Xa) of the LMW preparation was significantly greater than that of calcium heparin, while activated partial thromboplastin time was greater in the calcium heparin group. The new preparation also showed better local tolerance, with less pain on subcutaneous injections. PMID- 3174727 TI - Successful management of paroxysms of dry cough by antidepressant chemotherapy and supportive psychotherapy: a case report. AB - A case report is given of a patient with a 3-year history of recurrent attacks of dry cough and dyspnoea associated with cyanosis but with no demonstrable organic cause. The patient's condition responded favourably to a combined regimen of antidepressant chemotherapy and supportive psychotherapy. The authors emphasise the importance of the recognition and proper treatment of psychological disorders associated with such forms of respiratory distress. PMID- 3174728 TI - Drug monitoring study of a product containing ferritin. AB - A drug monitoring study was carried out co-operatively by industry, a university department of clinical pharmacology and a randomly selected sample of general practitioners throughout Italy to collect case history and clinical data on over 10,000 patients with anaemia treated for 2 to 4 months with a preparation containing ferritin plus vitamin B12 co-enzyme and folinic acid. Analysis of the data generated, whilst confirming the effectiveness and tolerability of the study medication, highlighted the usefulness of the research methodology for describing the pattern of use of a drug widely prescribed in general medicine. PMID- 3174729 TI - The interactive effects of cocaine and imipramine on self-stimulation train duration thresholds. AB - The present experiment examined the ability of the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine to influence cocaine's effect on intracranial self-stimulation. Following a predrug, saline injection period, cocaine hydrochloride (10, 20 or 30 mg/kg) was injected (IP) in 19 rats implanted with ventral tegmental area electrodes. Cocaine treatment uniformly decreased self-stimulation train-duration thresholds. In the next phase, the subjects were divided into two groups. One group received cocaine (as in the previous phase) and the other received cocaine plus imipramine (10 mg/kg, IP). Imipramine doubled cocaine's effect on self stimulation train-duration thresholds. In addition, several other effects of cocaine (e.g., bradycardia, rear-limb dyskinesia) were potentiated by imipramine treatment. The results suggest that care must be exercised when treating cocaine abuse with tricyclic antidepressants since coadministration of these drugs intensifies cocaine's effects. PMID- 3174730 TI - The role of adrenal corticosterone in schedule-induced wheel running. AB - In 3 experiments, the role of adrenal corticosterone in schedule-induced wheel running was investigated. Data from the first experiment showed that bilateral adrenalectomy significantly suppressed schedule-induced wheel running, but did not influence non-scheduled wheel running. Results from a second experiment, where bilateral adrenalectomy with and without replacement of corticosterone was used, showed that the suppressant effect of adrenalectomy on schedule-induced wheel running was completely reversed by replacement of corticosterone. In Experiment 3, plasma corticosterone levels of all experimental rats were determined at the completion of the last test session. The results showed that a circulating level of corticosterone was necessary for the occurrence of schedule induced wheel running. These findings show that adrenal corticosterone is involved in the regulation of schedule-induced wheel running. PMID- 3174731 TI - Opposite effects induced by low and high doses of apomorphine on single-trial passive avoidance learning in mice. AB - The effects of apomorphine (0.0125-1 mg/kg, SC), a dopamine (DA) agonist, on passive avoidance learning were assessed in mice which received brief and long foot-shocks in a training test. At low doses, apomorphine stimulates DA autoreceptors. With a shock of brief duration, apomorphine at a low dose (0.05 mg/kg), enhanced the avoidance learning when it was administered 20 min before the training test or the retention test. At high doses, apomorphine stimulates postsynaptic DA receptors. With a shock of long duration, apomorphine at a high dose (1 mg/kg), impaired the avoidance learning when it was administered 20 min before the training test or the retention test. However, apomorphine (0.05 and 1 mg/kg) given immediately after the training test did not have any effect on the avoidance behavior with shocks of either brief or long durations. Apomorphine induced enhancement of passive avoidance learning was antagonized by sulpiride, but not by haloperidol. These results show that apomorphine induced the opposite effects on the passive avoidance learning depending on the dose or on the reinforcement intensity and suggest that the central DA system may play an important role in modulating memory processes. PMID- 3174732 TI - Nicotine impairs acquisition of radial maze performance in rats. AB - The effects of nicotine (NIC) and scopolamine (SCOP) on radial maze acquisition were examined using an 8-arm radial maze. In Experiment 1, food-deprived Sprague Dawley rats were trained to eat food pellets located at the ends of each arm of the radial maze without repeating arm choices. Both NIC (0.45 mg/kg, SC) and SCOP (0.25 mg/kg, IP) impaired acquisition when they were administered before, but not after the daily training sessions. Experiment 2 examined the effect of nicotine on working and reference memory in rats trained to a criterion of 3 correct choices out of the first 4 choices with only 4 of the 8 arms baited. NIC (0.1 0.45 mg/kg) had no effect on working memory (reentry into baited arms) or reference memory (entry into unbaited arms) errors. It is concluded that NIC impairs processes involved in the acquisition but not maintenance of radial maze performance. Neither NIC nor SCOP affects post-training consolidation processes. PMID- 3174734 TI - Anatomical analysis of frontal cortex sites at which carbachol induces motor seizures in the rat. AB - High amplitude spiking representative of seizures, accompanied by an unusual motor behavior pattern of rearing and forelimbic clonus resembling "boxing," was elicited by microinjection of the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, 4 micrograms, into the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. A rating scale devised to score the behavior revealed a motor pattern elicited by carbachol from the medial anterior cortex which was similar to that described by Racine for electrical stimulation of the amygdala. Topographical analysis of the areas surrounding the medial anterior cortex region revealed that the motor manifestations of seizures were elicited over a wide region of the anterior cortex, with scores significantly lower at carbachol microinjection sites greater than 1 mm rostral, 2 and 3 mm caudal, and 2 mm lateral to the standard medial prefrontal cortex site. Unilateral microinjection of carbachol yielded motor seizures primarily from the contralateral forepaw, suggesting involvement of a crossed pathway. Retrograde tracing with fast blue dye, combined with immunostaining for choline acetyltransferase and NADPH-diaphorase, found that the cholinergic neurons innervating the standard microinjection site were the dorsolateral tegmental cells, as previously reported, which have been shown to also contain substance P and corticotropin releasing factor. In addition, cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert region were found to innervate the standard microinjection site. These findings implicate cholinergic innervation of the rostral cortex in classical limbic seizures. PMID- 3174733 TI - Prenatal stress alters morphine- and stress-induced analgesia in male and female rats. AB - Prenatal stress affects the expression of many opioid-regulated behaviors in adulthood, e.g., aggressive, maternal, regulatory, and sexual. In the present report we examined two forms of analgesia, morphine-induced (opioid receptor mediated), and stress-induced [cold-water swim (CWS), nonopioid] analgesia in adult prenatally-stressed (P-S) male and female rats to determine whether and to what extent these analgesic responses might be altered. Timed-mated Sprague Dawley females were exposed to heat and restraint stress (three daily 1/2 hour sessions, 0830, 1230, and 1630 hr) from days 15-22 of gestation. Control animals remained undisturbed throughout pregnancy. Between 120-150 days of age, baseline pain sensitivities were determined using a tail-flick monitor. P-S and Control animals were then exposed to 3.5 min cold-water swims (2 degrees C) and pain thresholds were again determined at 30 min intervals for 120 min. P-S females exhibited significantly lower pain thresholds than Control females at the 30 and 60 min marks, whereas P-S and Control males did not differ. Six to eight days later, analgesia was measured for 180 min following morphine (5.0 mg/kg) administration. P-S females exhibited significantly greater analgesia at each time-point after morphine treatment than Controls. Conversely, P-S males were significantly less analgesic than Control males from 60 to 180 min. These data suggest that prenatal stress alters the status of endogenous opiate systems. Such prenatal stress-induced alterations in opiate function may help account for some of the behavioral effects reported in P-S animals. PMID- 3174735 TI - Behavior of monkeys during opiate withdrawal and locus coeruleus stimulation. AB - The noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) has been implicated in morphine withdrawal. The behavioral effects of opiate antagonist-precipitated morphine withdrawal in chair-restrained Macaca arctoides were therefore compared with LC electrical field stimulation. Both continuous LC stimulation and administration of low doses of naloxone to morphine pellet implanted monkeys produced a significant increase in the same group of behaviors reported previously to follow activation of the LC, without significant increases in general activity or distress behaviors. Signs of autonomic hyperactivity and distress were observed at high doses of naloxone, but not during LC stimulation. Monkeys which had not received morphine treatment did not specifically increased during low intensity LC stimulation is also selectively increased during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal. These data are consistent with and suggest a behavioral consequence of the interactions of opioids with the LC reported at the molecular, intracellular, and cellular level. PMID- 3174736 TI - Effects of cerebral depletion of norepinephrine on conditioned avoidance responding in Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats. AB - Block of conditioned avoidance responding (CAR) in the rat is a property of all antipsychotic agents. To determine whether cerebral norepinephrine (NE) is crucial for CAR, the effect of depletion of cerebral NE was examined both during acquisition and retention of a CAR task in Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 male rats. In examining acquisition of CAR, DSP-4 [N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2 bromobenzylamine] (50 mg/kg, IP) was given to naive rats from each strain. In one control group, desmethylimipramine (DMI, 20 mg/kg, IP -30 min), which inhibits the uptake of DSP-4 and its subsequent neurotoxic effect, was given prior to DSP 4. After DSP-4, all animals were tested for acquisition of CAR in a discrete trial paradigm in striatum, and brain stem were removed for NE and dopamine assay using HPLC. In examining retention of CAR, the effect of DSP-4 on the CAR of trained rats were observed. DSP-4 produced an almost total depletion of cortical NE and about 50% reduction of NE in the brain stem in both strains and in both tests. In the first experiment, DSP-4 failed to significantly diminish CAR acquisition in either strain, although there was a trend towards a DSP-4-induced deficit. Interestingly, DSP-4 caused no decrement in CAR in trained rats of either strain, but did significantly impair further acquisition of CAR in Sprague Dawley rats. The data demonstrate cerebral NE is not critical for retention of CAR, but suggest a possible role for NE in the acquisition of CAR. PMID- 3174737 TI - A classical genetic analysis of two apomorphine-induced behaviors in the mouse. AB - Apomorphine (3 mg/kg) produced in C57BL/6 (C57) mice a clear-cut increase in locomotor activity and climbing behavior in comparison with saline, while in DBA/2 (DBA) mice it produced a clear-cut decrease in locomotion and a small reduction in climbing behavior. Genetic analysis involving F1 and F2 hybrids and the backcross populations (F1 X C57; F1 X DBA) indicated that apomorphine-induced locomotion and climbing are inherited through different modes of inheritance. With regard to climbing behavior the mean analysis of apomorphine parameters showed that the additive-dominance model fitted adequately, while this single model did not fit the locomotor activity data for which the best fitting model involved epistatic parameter. Moreover, a zero correlation between the two behaviors in the F2 generation resulted, indicating that no relationship exists between these apomorphine-induced behaviors under our experimental conditions. These results suggest that the horizontal locomotion and climbing are distinct behaviors controlled, at least in part, by different genetic factors related to different dopaminergic mechanisms. PMID- 3174738 TI - Mecamylamine reduces some EEG effects of nicotine chewing gum in humans. AB - Spontaneous EEG was recorded in nine cigarette smokers who had been abstinent from tobacco for 12 hr. Subjects were treated with a capsule containing either centrally acting nicotine blocker, mecamylamine (10 mg), or placebo. At each of three 60-min intervals after the capsule was ingested, the subjects chewed two pieces of gum containing a total of 0, 4 or 8 mg of nicotine. Nicotine and mecamylamine dose combinations were randomized across subjects. Two three-minute periods of spontaneous EEG were recorded before the capsule and before and after gum chewing from bipolar electrode montages at the following positions: Cz-T5, Cz T6, Cz-F7 and Cz-F8. During one period the subjects relaxed with eyes closed, in the other period they performed a math task with eyes open. When the drugs were given individually, mecamylamine decreased beta power and nicotine gum (4 and 8 mg) increased alpha frequency. Mecamylamine pretreatment prevented the increase in alpha frequency caused by the 4 mg gum dose but not the 8 mg dose. Alpha power was increased by the 8 mg gum dose and that increase was prevented by mecamylamine. Self-reported ratings of the "strength" of the gum were significantly diminished by mecamylamine pretreatment. The data are consistent with the results of earlier studies which indicate that the effects of tobacco administration and withdrawal are mediated by central actions of nicotine. PMID- 3174739 TI - Mediation of acute ethanol-induced motor disturbances by cerebellar adenosine in rats. AB - The possible involvement of brain adenosine in acute ethanol-induced motor incoordination (MI) and inhibition of spontaneous motor activity (SMA) was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pretreatment with theophylline or 7-(2 chloroethyl)-theophylline, adenosine antagonists, markedly reduced ethanol induced MI and inhibition of SMA during a 60 min test period compared with saline + ethanol group. On the contrary, pretreatment with (-)-N6(R phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA), an adenosine agonist, or dilazep, an adenosine uptake blocker, markedly potentiated the ethanol-induced MI as well as inhibition of SMA in a 60 min test period compared with saline + ethanol group. No effect on motor coordination was seen when the drug pretreatment was not followed by ethanol. However, the adenosine agonists and antagonists did alter SMA when the pretreatment with these drugs was not followed by ethanol. Ethanol clearance was not altered by the drug pretreatment as blood ethanol levels were similar in all groups except for lower ethanol levels in the R-PIA-treated group. Adenosine A1 binding studies, using 3H-R-PIA as the radioligand and crude membrane preparation from cerebellar cortex, revealed an increase in Bmax with no significant change in Kd in ethanol-treated animals vs. saline control. Theophylline pretreatment prevented the increase in Bmax elicited by ethanol. Collectively, the data suggest that endogenous cerebellar adenosine may be a participating factor in ethanol-induced motor dysfunctions. PMID- 3174741 TI - Chronic stress increases the binding of the A1 adenosine receptor agonist, [3H]cyclohexyladenosine, to rat hypothalamus. AB - We previously reported an increase in the binding of [3H]cyclohexyladenosine ([3H]CHA) to brain membranes from the hypothalamus of rats sacrificed following three days of chronic stress in an around-the-clock intermittent footshock avoidance/escape paradigm ("sustained performance" stress). Here we report stress induced increases in [3H]CHA binding to hypothalamic membranes from rats stressed for 14 days in that escape/avoidance paradigm, in rats exposed to repeated restraint (3 hr/day for 10 days) and in rats exposed to four days of "activity stress." Data from saturation binding experiments indicate that this up regulation was due to an increase in the apparent number of [3H]CHA binding sites without change in affinity for [3H]CHA. Neither restraint for one three-hr period nor one 15-min exposure to intermittent footshock resulted in significant changes in [3H]CHA binding to hypothalamic membranes. Our present data demonstrate small but consistent increases in the number of [3H]CHA binding sites in hypothalamic membranes from rats stressed in several different chronic stress models but no change by acute stress. PMID- 3174740 TI - Dissociation of the opioid and nonopioid effects of cyclazocine. AB - Lower IV doses of (dl)- and (l)-cyclazocine (0.05 and 0.50 mg/kg) in the rat produced opioid EEG and behavioral effects that were antagonized by naltrexone pretreatment. Higher IV doses of (dl)- and (l)-cyclazocine (1.00 and 2.00 mg/kg) produced initial "psychotomimetic-like" behavioral effects that were naltrexone resistant, followed by the delayed emergence of opioid EEG and behavioral effects that were naltrexone-sensitive, (d)-Cyclazocine produced only "psychotomimetic like" behavioral effects that were naltrexone-resistant. (dl)-Cyclazocine antagonized morphine-induced EEG and behavioral effects in naive rats. (l) Cyclazocine precipitated withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent rats. In contrast, (d)-cyclazocine produced "psychotomimetic-like" effects, but no withdrawal symptoms. Thus, (dl)- and (l)-cyclazocine produced dose- and time related opioid and nonopioid "psychotomimetic-like" effects, while (d) cyclazocine produced only nonopioid "psychotomimetic-like" effects. PMID- 3174742 TI - Hippocampal rhythmic slow activity in rat lines selected for differences in ethanol-induced motor impairment. AB - Hippocampal rhythmic slow activity (RSA) was recorded during rotation and vibration stimulation after saline and ethanol (2 g/kg) administration in restrained alcohol-sensitive (ANT) and alcohol-insensitive (AT) rats implanted with chronic bipolar electrodes in the dorsal hippocampus. The saline-treated ANT rats had more high-frequency RSA than the AT rats, especially during the rotational stimulation of the optovestibular mechanisms. The difference was not found during ethanol sessions. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly higher in the AT than the ANT rats after the recording sessions. This first electrophysiological demonstration of an alcohol-sensitivity difference in the brain between these rat lines is discussed in relation to behavioral tilting plane test used in the development of the lines, to the different innate responses of the lines to acute stress, and to the plausible line differences in brain GABAergic and serotonergic mechanisms that are known to modulate hippocampal EEG in rodents. PMID- 3174743 TI - The reinforcing properties of the mixed agonist-antagonist buprenorphine as assessed by brain-stimulation reward. AB - The effect of buprenorphine on the threshold for rewarding brain stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle-lateral hypothalamus was determined in rats using a rate-independent psychophysical method. Increased sensitivity to rewarding brain stimulation (i.e., lowering of the reward threshold) was used as the measure of a drug's reinforcing action. Buprenorphine (SC) produced a significant dose dependent lowering of the reward threshold, with effective doses varying from 0.004-0.06 mg/kg. These results are consistent with buprenorphine's euphoria producing effects in humans and its ability to sustain self-administration in animals and suggest that buprenorphine may have abuse potential. PMID- 3174744 TI - A new device for monitoring early motor development: prenatal nicotine-induced changes. AB - A new type of activity meter has been designed especially for young rats. It consists of a warmed platform for the animal, a TV camera with monitor and a microprocessor. The TV camera detects the animal as a black figure on a light background. This picture is digitalized and stored in a Z80 microprocessor. Every 200 msec a new image is compared to the foregoing one. The total number of black points that are changing from black to white and vice versa provides a measure for motor activity of the animal. Prenatally nicotine-treated rat pups were tested on the activity meter. The developmental pattern of motor activity was different for male and female pups. Motor activity of nicotine-treated male pups differed significantly from controls at postnatal days 7 and 15 while this drug effect was not seen in females. PMID- 3174745 TI - Effects of Librium and shock controllability upon nociception and contextual fear. AB - Controllable shock is known to exert less deleterious effects than does the equivalent exposure to inescapable shock. Recent findings have encouraged speculation that some of these effects may result from differences in the severity of fear produced by the shock experiences. In particular, mediation by gamma-aminobutyric acid has been implicated. In the present experiment, we examined the possibility that chlordiazepoxide (CDP) would attenuate the impact of shock in a manner similar to that of providing control over shock. As shown by others, CDP administered prior to shock treatment blocked the long-term analgesic response, as did the provision of control during shock. Furthermore, whereas animals given controllable shock subsequently exhibited less fear of the shock context than did yoked animals, CDP treatment prior to uncontrollable shock did not appreciably reduce the contextual fear subsequently shown. These results suggest that under some conditions, controllability attenuates the impact of stress by mechanisms other than those shared by benzodiazepine treatment. PMID- 3174746 TI - Long-term effects of inescapable stress on daily running activity and antagonism by desipramine. AB - The behavioral consequences of exposure to stressors such as inescapable shock are usually transitory if testing is conducted in an environment different from that in which the stressor was administered. The behaviors tested have generally been motivated by discrete stimuli in the environment (e.g., activity in reaction to shock) or have been part of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms (e.g., eating). Here we investigated the effects of inescapable shock on a behavior that is not so tightly tied to motivating and reinforcing conditions, daily activity in a familiar home cage/running wheel environment. Rats lived in the wheel environment for 44-85 days before treatment. Inescapable shock produced only a transient reduction of water intake and body weight, but daily running was depressed for 14 42 days (the maximum period studied) depending on the conditions. This long-term effect on activity occurred despite the fact that shock was administered in an environment very different from the animal's home running wheel environment. The activity reduction was reversed by desipramine in a dose dependent fashion. Indeed, the activity of inescapably shocked animals treated with the optimum dose of desipramine exceeded that of control animals undergoing neither stress nor drug treatment. The maximum effect of desipramine required 7 days of treatment. Desipramine did not affect the activity of control subjects. PMID- 3174747 TI - Progress in understanding the relationship between the pharmacological effects of nicotine and human tobacco dependence. Proceedings of a symposium. Baltimore, MD, August 17-21, 1986. PMID- 3174748 TI - Characterization of central nicotinic receptors by studies on the nicotine cue and conditioned taste aversion in rats. AB - Some recent studies on the discriminative stimulus (cue) and conditioned taste aversion (CTA) effects of nicotine are reviewed. The characteristics of the nicotine cue correlate well with those of high affinity nicotine binding in studies comparing different nicotinic agonists. The dose of nicotine used for training a discrimination is an important variable determining patterns of generalization. The effects of antagonists on the nicotine cue are also compatible with ligand-binding studies although the lack of competitive antagonists generates unsolved problems for investigators. The CTA produced by nicotine has pharmacological characteristics like the nicotine cue. Both effects are produced at CNS sites that resemble to a certain extent the cholinoceptive sites in autonomic ganglia. The small differences in the degree of stereoselectivity of the two effects or in their sensitivity to antagonists do not constitute substantive evidence for mediation by different receptors. The major differences between the procedures lies in their general psychopharmacological characteristics rather than in any special qualities of the response to nicotine. For example, the nicotine cue is not produced by agents from other pharmacological classes whereas a wide range of different drugs can produce CTA. The concept of multiple types of CNS nicotinic receptors, as supported by certain biochemical studies, requires further evaluation in behavioural systems. PMID- 3174749 TI - Discriminative stimulus effects of intravenous nicotine in squirrel monkeys. AB - Three squirrel monkeys were trained to emit one response after IV administration of nicotine (0.1 or 0.18 mg/kg depending on the subject) and a different response after IV administration of saline. Subjects emitted nicotine-appropriate responses with substitutions of higher doses, but only emitted saline-appropriate responses after substitutions of lower doses. Discrimination performance was then maintained at 0.1 mg/kg of nicotine in all subjects. Neither morphine nor cocaine substituted for the effects of nicotine in any subjects across a range of doses up to those that suppressed responding. Ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate, an inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor, substituted or partially substituted for nicotine in both subjects in which it was studied. PMID- 3174750 TI - Recent studies of nicotine metabolism in humans. AB - Recent studies of quantitative and qualitative aspects of nicotine metabolism, and the use of metabolic data for estimating nicotine intake in humans are discussed. Previously reported methodology for determining nicotine bioavailability has been improved by using stable isotope-labeled nicotine administered intravenously. Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring has been used to simultaneously determine concentrations of isotopically-labeled nicotine and tobacco-derived nicotine in blood. Nicotine intake from cigarette smoking was estimated from clearance of labeled nicotine and blood concentrations of tobacco-derived nicotine. Progress in elucidating the metabolic profile of nicotine in humans, and the use of nicotine metabolites as markers of tobacco smoke consumption is summarized. PMID- 3174751 TI - The comparative binding characteristics of nicotinic ligands and their pharmacology. AB - Five drugs [(-)- and (+)-nicotine, (-)-lobeline, (-)-anabasine and (-)-cytisine] were infused IV into the urethane-pentobarbital anesthetized rat. Changes in heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, minute and tidal volume, which appeared to be largely centrally mediated, were studied. Each of these compounds produced different pharmacologic profiles. The nature of these dissimilarities is not readily explained on the basis of pharmacokinetic considerations suggesting that the drugs have different mechanisms of action. Binding data obtained with these compounds using the rat brain P2 preparation also show differences. (-) Lobeline and (-)-anabasine, like the nicotinic antagonists mecamylamine and hexamethonium, bind predominantly to low affinity sites with KDs in the micromolar range whereas (-)-cytisine binds only to a single high affinity site with a KD in the nanomolar range. Further, the binding patterns of these drugs are different from (-)- and (+)-nicotine which bind to both high and low affinity sites but differ from each other in binding characteristics. Thus the binding data are consistent with the pharmacologic data in suggesting that the drugs have different modes of action and support the concept that the low affinity site has an important role in the central nervous system action of these compounds. PMID- 3174752 TI - Genetic influences on acute responses to nicotine and nicotine tolerance in the mouse. AB - Nineteen inbred mouse strains were tested for their relative sensitivity to nicotine's effects on respiratory rate, acoustic startle response, heart rate, Y maze activity (crosses and rears) and body temperature. Separate animals were tested for their sensitivity to nicotine-induced seizures following IP injection or IV infusion. Dose-response curves were constructed for each measure. Large strain differences were obtained for all of these measures. Nicotine's effects on heart rate, Y-maze activity and body temperature segregated together into the various mouse strains whereas seizure sensitivity segregated independently which suggests that these responses are under separate genetic control. Evidence was obtained which suggests that nicotine-induced seizures are regulated, in part, by the number of hippocampal nicotinic receptors measured with alpha-bungarotoxin (BTX). Strain differences in the development of tolerance to nicotine were also observed. Four mouse strains were tested and one of these strains (C3H) did not exhibit tolerance to nicotine. The binding of (3H)nicotine and (125I)BTX increased in the brains of all four mouse strains. These changes may relate to tolerance in some mouse strains, but since C3H mice did not exhibit tolerance even though brain nicotinic receptors changed following chronic treatment, other explanations for the role of receptor changes in tolerance to nicotine must be sought. PMID- 3174753 TI - Parametric studies on phencyclidine enhancement of 3H quinuclidinyl benzilate accumulation in vivo. AB - The purpose of these experiments was to define the temporal parameters involved in the phencyclidine (PCP) enhancement of 3H quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) accumulation in mouse brain. PCP enhanced QNB accumulation in brain if given intraperitoneally (IP) 1 and 4, but not 16 hours before intravenous (IV) administration of QNB. This effect was found in hypothalamus, striatum, cortex and hippocampus, but not cerebellum. PCP given after QNB did not alter QNB accumulation. The PCP enhancement persisted for at least 72 hours after QNB administration. These results confirm previous studies demonstrating that PCP must be present prior to QNB administration to enhance the accumulation and show that the effect persists for an extended period of time. PMID- 3174754 TI - Gamma-butyrolactone's discriminability and effect on low rates of lever pressing by rats: alone and in combination with D-amphetamine and naloxone. AB - Three studies examined gamma-butyrolactone (Gbl) for benzodiazepine-like effects on low rates of food reinforced lever pressing by rats. A fourth study established Gbl's discriminative properties. Additionally, d-amphetamine or naloxone was administered with Gbl to test hypotheses of Gbl's neurochemical mechanisms of action. In Experiment 1, Gbl caused a dose-related decrease in lever pressing during a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule. Contrary to previous reports, neither d-amphetamine nor naloxone reversed the depressive effects of a high dose of Gbl on behavior. In Experiment 2, Gbl increased lever pressing which had been suppressed in the presence of a tone correlated with response-independent foot-shock (conditioned suppression). These results are consistent with, and extend, previous findings of benzodiazepine-like antipunishment effects of Gbl. However, in Experiment 3, when brief electric shocks were presented after each lever press, Gbl did not increase lever pressing. These results show the limited generality of Gbl's antipunishment effect compared to broad spectrum anxiolytics. Experiment 4, a drug discrimination study, showed rats readily discriminated 150 and 125 mg/kg Gbl from saline. However, neither d-amphetamine nor naloxone generalized to the Gbl lever. Amphetamine partially blocked the discriminative properties of 150 mg/kg Gbl, whereas naloxone had little effect on Gbl's discriminative properties. Thus, there is some support for a direct catecholaminergic role in Gbl-related seizures and little support for opioid receptor participation. The results of Experiments 1 and 4 indicate that Gbl's effects on behavior are complex, and are not accounted for by hypotheses involving only catecholamine and/or opioid mechanisms of action. PMID- 3174755 TI - The role of dopamine and serotonin receptors in the mediation of the ethanol interoceptive cue. AB - The drug discrimination paradigm was used to evaluate the contribution of dopamine or serotonin receptors in the mediation of the stimulus properties of ethanol. Briefly, rats were trained to discriminate between ethanol (600 mg/kg, IP) and water vehicle. Dose-response relationships were observed for ethanol and rats were tested with various dopamine and serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists. The specific dopamine receptor agonists SKF 38393 (DA1) and LY 171555 (DA2) failed to produce appreciable ethanol-like stimulus effects. Furthermore, the dopamine receptor antagonists SCH 23390 (DA1) and haloperidol (DA2) did not affect ethanol-appropriate responding when administered in combination with the training dose of ethanol. A number of specific serotonergic receptor ligands were also tested. Quipazine, 5-MeODMT, buspirone, 8-OH-DPAT elicited intermediate ethanol-like stimulus properties in rats. The serotonin receptor blockers pizotifen, pirenperone and (-)propranolol were ineffective in blocking the interoceptive cue produced by 600 mg/kg ethanol. However, TFMPP produced strong ethanol-like discriminative properties and completely substituted for the training dose of ethanol. These results indicate that the stimulus properties of TFMPP are similar to those of a low dose of ethanol. PMID- 3174756 TI - Effects of intrathecal antagonists on the antinociception, hypotension, and bradycardia produced by intravenous administration of [D-Ala2]-methionine enkephalinamide (DALA) in the rat. AB - DALA is a synthetic pentapeptide that produces inhibition of the tail-flick reflex evoked by radiant heat, as well as hypotension and bradycardia. Two experiments examined the effects of administration of various receptor antagonists into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar spinal cord on the antinociception produced by IV administration of DALA. Experiment 1 showed that intrathecal administration of 30 micrograms of phentolamine produced a significant reduction in the antinociceptive effect of DALA, while naloxone (30 micrograms), methysergide (30 micrograms), or vehicle control had no effect. Experiment 2 showed that intrathecal administration of combinations of either phentolamine and methysergide, or phentolamine and naloxone, were no more effective in reducing the antinociceptive effect of DALA than administration of phentolamine alone. These data demonstrate the involvement of descending noradrenergic systems in the production of antinociception by IV DALA. Further, they indicate that the antinociception produced by DALA is independent of a direct spinal action of the drug. PMID- 3174757 TI - Nitrous oxide and human state-dependent memory. AB - State-dependent effects of nitrous oxide on human memory were examined by administering serial and paired-associate learning tasks to subjects receiving 20 and 30% nitrous oxide or placebo. Nitrous oxide in 30% concentration impaired learning of both tasks. In addition, it produced an atypical form of asymmetric state-dependent memory; subjects who learned while receiving placebo and recalled while receiving nitrous oxide displayed the worst recall. PMID- 3174758 TI - Lipostatic and ischymetric mechanisms originate dexfenfluramine-induced anorexia. AB - Rats treated with physiological saline or dexfenfluramine (Isomeride, Laboratoires SERVIER, Neuilly, France) (dF), 1.75, 3.50, and 7.00 mg/kg, were studied in a computer-controlled open-circuit metabolic chamber, in which temperature was regulated at 24 degrees C. Total metabolic rate (TMR), respiratory quotient (RQ), locomotor activity (LA), energy cost of LA, and thus, locomotor free metabolic rate, were scanned at 10-second intervals throughout 22 hour uninterrupted recording sessions. The feeding pattern was also measured in relation to the dF-induced changes in the above parameters. It was found that dF induced a sustained decrease in TMR and RQ, while periodically enhancing the increase in TMR and RQ produced by the periods of LA. All phenomena occurred in a dose-dependent fashion. Anorexia was also increased as a function of the dF treatments and metabolic changes. It is concluded that dF-induced anorexia may be related to the enhanced release and utilisation of free fatty acids (lipostatic mechanism), and/or to the enhancement of metabolic rate during locomotor activity (ischymetric mechanism). In addition, it appeared that the increased prandial thermogenesis, previously reported from the measurement of changes in TMR, may be due to the dF-induced increase in the energy cost of LA, rather than to an effect of feeding per se. Indeed, in our experimental conditions, it was measured that the energetic cost of LA accounted for more than 60% of the periprandial increase in TMR. PMID- 3174759 TI - Scopolamine-induced suppression of paradoxical sleep is reversed by the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in rats. AB - The intraperitoneal administration of the octapeptide somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 produced a significant increase in paradoxical sleep (PS) in rats. The suppression of PS by the muscarinic receptor blocker scopolamine was reversed by SMS 201-995. These findings confirm previous results demonstrating a role of somatostatin in the generation of PS. In addition they suggest that the suppression of PS by scopolamine may be due to an inhibitory effect on somatostatin release, rather than to an alteration of cholinergic function alone. PMID- 3174760 TI - Chronic antidepressant drug regimes and food and water intake in rats. AB - Food and water consumption were measured in rats prior to and during a course of antidepressant drug administration. Desmethylimipramine (DMI, 10 mg/kg/day), clorgyline (1.0 mg/kg/day) or saline were injected IP for 30 days. Food and water intake in the DMI- and clorgyline-treated rats was initially and significantly decreased but progressively returned towards pretreatment levels over the course of the drug administration. The effects of these antidepressant drug treatments on food and water intake appeared to consist of two components: (a) a rapid suppressive effect, possibly associated with an acute central action of these drugs (and perhaps a slight initial stress effect related to the drug administration) and (b) an adaptive effect over the course of the treatment which may involve changes in monoaminergic neurotransmitters or receptor status in those brain regions associated with feeding behavior. The similarities of the results of these treatments and those seen with chronic stress are discussed. PMID- 3174761 TI - Opposite actions of CCK-8 on amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotypy following intracerebroventricular and intra-accumbens injections in rats. AB - Cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) has recently been found to coexist with dopamine (DA) in a subpopulation of midbrain DA neurons. The present study investigated the functional nature of this coexistence by testing the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intra-nucleus accumbens (NAS) applications of CCK-8 in two behavioral assays of DA function (i.e., stimulant-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotypy). Rats were injected with 1 or 3 mg/kg of d amphetamine sulfate (AMP) 15 minutes prior to ICV (2 micrograms) or intra-NAS (20 ng, 200 ng, or 2 micrograms) injections of CCK-8 or haloperidol (HAL; 5 micrograms). ICV administered CCK-8 was found to antagonize the locomotor stimulatory effects of the low AMP dose, while the same peptide treatment markedly potentiated the stereotypy produced by the high dose of AMP. Similar results were obtained when CCK-8 was microinjected directly into the NAS, with the strongest effects observed following the smallest (i.e., 20 micrograms) dose. These results suggest that both locomotor-antagonizing and stereotypy potentiating effects of central CCK application depend on CCK-DA interactions in the nucleus accumbens. PMID- 3174762 TI - Supraspinal cerebral areas involved in morphine's intestinal inhibition and analgesia. AB - To explore the neuroanatomical pathways involved in mediating the antipropulsive effect and analgesia of morphine (M) in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), we examined the influence of the vagus nerve and the role of serotonergic neurotransmission. M-induced inhibition of intestinal transit was unaffected by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. In contrast, electrolytic lesions in the raphe magnus nucleus (NRM) and pretreatment with a selective neurotoxin (5,6-DHT, 15 micrograms/rat) in the same region, both significantly reduced M-induced inhibition of intestinal transit. Analgesia was only slightly affected. p-CPA pretreatment (100 mg/kg IP) induced the same results. Finally some other central brain regions were found to be sensitive to M's intestinal inhibition and analgesia such as the mid-line thalamus, the dorsal and lateral hypothalamus, and the bulbar reticular formation. Negative results were obtained for frontal cortex, caudate and amygdala. Some considerations are put forward about the existence in the central nervous system of selective areas involved in intestinal modulation and their relation with those mediating pain transmission. PMID- 3174763 TI - Flight behavior induced by microinjection of GABA antagonists into periventricular structures in detelencephalated rats. AB - Behavioral effects of unilateral microinjections into periventricular structures of bicuculline, a classic GABA-A antagonist, and semicarbazide, a glutamic acid decarboxylase blocker, were studied in detelencephalated rats. These drugs produced a behavioral activation together with jumps. However, the characteristics of this behavioral activation differed as the injections were made in dorsal periaqueductal gray matter or medial hypothalamus. These data show close similarities to those observed with intact animals suggesting that GABA-A receptors are involved in the neural control of expression of flight behavior and functions in an intact manner and possibly independent of influences from forebrain structures. At variance with intact animals, these drugs produced contralateral turning behavior when locally injected into MH, pointing to some kind of inhibitory control exerted by telencephalic structures on the expression of circling behavior from diencephalic regions. PMID- 3174764 TI - Heightened blood pressure responsiveness to intracarotid infusion of angiotensins in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that intracarotid infusion of angiotensin via a brachial arterial catheter results in a heightened pressor response in the alert spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) as previously observed for intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of angiotensin. We infused angiotensin II and III since these ligands are equivalently potent with respect to peak pressor effect when delivered ICV. We measured somewhat greater pressor responsiveness to AII than to AIII in the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive control strain from a baselevel of 133.1 +/- 5.8 (mean +/- SEM) to 151.3 +/- 6.2 mmHg (+13.7%) at the 100 pmol/kg/min dose of AII, and from 132.5 +/- 5.8 to 146.0 +/- 6.1 mmHg (+10.2%) for AIII. The SHR revealed a heightened pressor sensitivity to AII, from a baselevel of 170.0 +/- 3.8 to 200.6 +/- 5.9 mmHg (+18%) while the response to AIII was less dramatic, from 171.3 +/- 2.1 to 189.8 +/- 2.4 mmHg (+10.8%). These findings suggest that a similar heightened pressor responsiveness occurs to peripheral infusion of angiotensin II in the SHR as previously observed to ICV injection. PMID- 3174765 TI - Circadian studies of 5HT2 receptors: effects of clorgyline administration. AB - This paper demonstrates the application of an assay design that is particularly valuable for estimating receptor number (Bmax values) and affinity (Kd values) in many small samples of tissue. It is illustrated by its application to a study of possible circadian rhythms in the numbers of 5HT2 receptors in the rat cerebral cortex. The assay design involves the use of only two radioligand concentrations, the lower one being close to Kd (estimated from pilot studies) and the upper one close to 4 times this concentration. The results show that chronic clorgyline (1 mg/kg/day/28 days) administration to rats results in an 18% decrease in the number of cortical 5HT2 receptors (as measured by specific [3H]ketanserin binding). There is no significant circadian rhythm in receptor number in either the control or the MAOI-treated group. There is however, evidence of co-variation between the pairs of control animals housed in the same cage, and interestingly, that this effect is abolished by treatment with the MAOI. PMID- 3174766 TI - Discriminative stimulus control by the anxiogenic beta-carboline FG 7142: generalization to a physiological stressor. AB - Drug discrimination was employed to investigate the similarities between FG 7142 induced anxiogenesis and the stress produced by exposure to either a novel environment or to footshock. Eight rats were trained to discriminate between the stimulus properties of the beta-carboline FG 7142 (5.0 mg/kg) and its vehicle in a two-lever, food motivated operant task. Once trained, decreasing doses of FG 7142 produced fewer FG 7142-appropriate responses and the dose-response relationship yielded an ED50 of 1.45 mg/kg. Rats were subsequently subjected to two physiological/environmental stressors, footshock and novelty, and then tested in the discriminative paradigm. Exposure to novelty resulted in partial FG 7142 appropriate responding, whereas footshock sessions produced responding predominately on the FG 7142-appropriate lever. This is the first report of stimulus control by FG 7142 and it is likely that the interoceptive cue state produced by this compound is anxiogenic in nature, as reported to occur in man. The anxiogenic nature of the FG 7142 discriminative stimulus is supported by the generalization of FG 7142 to the state produced following stressful environmental manipulation. PMID- 3174767 TI - Metabolism of methadone by chicken embryos prevents induction of chronic opioid type dependence after a single injection: use of osmotic pumps for continuous infusion. AB - Unlike N-desmethyl-1-alpha-acetylmethadol (NLAAM), a single injection of methadone (METH), near domestic chicken embryos early during development, cannot induce and sustain opioid-type dependence in the older embryo (i.e., days 14-17 of development). Injection of [3H]-METH near the 14-day-old embryo, followed by differential extraction, indicated that significant quantities of unmetabolized METH gained entrance to the brain, peaking at about 1 hr and declining with a half-life of about 2.8 hr. Thus, it is probably not practical to use a single injection of this shorter-acting opioid for studying biobehavioral effects of sustained dependence and withdrawal during development in this species. Chronic infusion of METH for 7 days via an externalized Alza osmotic mini-pump resulted in significant, dose-dependent brain concentrations of [3H]-METH on day 14. Even though the opioid antagonist naloxone (Nx) was unable to induce withdrawal, manifest as a significant increase in embryonic motility above that of controls, it partially reversed the depressed motility caused by the chronic infusion of [3H]-METH. Since 7-day-old embryos exposed to NLAAM, at doses which can be demonstrated to produce dependence by precipitating withdrawal on day 17 of development, were also unable to express withdrawal on day 14, it is possible that either 14-day-old chicken embryos cannot yet fully respond with an adaptive process (i.e., dependence) or its expression (i.e., withdrawal). PMID- 3174768 TI - Neonatal dopamine depletions spare lateral hypothalamic stimulation reward in adult rats. AB - Previous research has shown that adult rats sustaining near-total depletions of striatal dopamine (DA) as neonates exhibit few of the profound deficits in ingestion and sensory-motor behavior seen in comparably lesioned adults. This study extends these findings to another realm of DA-related behavior, reward function. In a rate-frequency curve-shift measurement paradigm, reward effectiveness of lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation was shown to be normal in adult rats depleted of brain DA as neonates. However, impairments were seen in rapid-initiation operant performance. Neonatally DA-depleted rats were also shown to be subsensitive to the DA receptor antagonist pimozide, suggesting that activity within undamaged DA neurons is not necessary for the elicitation of hypothalamic self-stimulation reward. PMID- 3174769 TI - Modification of phencyclidine intoxification and biodisposition by charcoal and other treatments. AB - Studies were conducted to determine whether single or combination treatments of charcoal, paraffin, cholestyramine, and/or ammonium chloride (NH4Cl), would alter the rotarod-measured motor dysfunction induced by 10 to 90 mg/kg of phencyclidine (PCP). Additionally, the effect of NH4Cl/charcoal treatment of the biodisposition of 50 mg/kg PCP was evaluated in order to assess whether amelioration of behavioral effects could be correlated to alterations in brain levels, plasma levels, and/or the renal clearance of PCP and metabolites. NH4Cl/charcoal treatment proved more effective at reducing intoxication than either treatment singly, though effectiveness was reduced by larger doses of PCP. NH4Cl/charcoal treatment reduced intoxification by 40, 16, and 21% at PCP doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg. However, the reduction in motor dysfunction observed at 25 and 50 mg/kg PCP was greater than the sum of the individual treatments. In contrast, the effect of combined NH4Cl and charcoal treatment on the biodisposition of 50 mg/kg PCP is not synergistic, but appears instead to be due simply to the additive effects of the individual treatments. Thus the amelioration of PCP intoxication cannot be fully explained by alterations in PCP biodisposition. PMID- 3174770 TI - Does chronic ethanol intake confer full cross-tolerance to chlordiazepoxide? AB - Four behavioral tests, namely, hypothermia, horizontal dowel, runway and head dipping, were used to assess tolerance to ethanol and cross-tolerance to chlordiazepoxide (CDP) in mice chronically treated with an ethanol diet for 15 days. Mice were tested on day 3 of ethanol withdrawal, with some being retested on day 8. In terms of hypothermia and the horizontal dowel test, ethanol tolerance conferred full cross-tolerance to CDP, but the conclusion based on results of the latter test may be equivocal. Partial cross-tolerance to CDP was observed in the runway test, while no cross-tolerance to CDP was detected in the head-dipping test. For these latter two tests ethanol tolerance was present in the mice. Thus, the degree of equivalence between tolerance to ethanol and cross tolerance to CDP in ethanol-dependent mice varied with the behavioral tests to assess tolerance. Possible mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 3174771 TI - Differential effects of intracerebral microinjection of morphine on approach and escape responses induced by lateral hypothalamic stimulation in the mouse. AB - BALB/c mice were implanted with a combined guide-cannula and bipolar stimulation electrode. The tip of the guide-cannula was positioned 1.0 mm above the electrode tip which was located in the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Mice were trained in a shuttle-box to initiate and terminate a continuous electrical stimulation of the LH. Following stabilization of the baseline response latencies two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, isotonic NaCl or morphine sulphate (0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 micrograms dissolved in NaCl) were injected into the LH (volume of the injection 0.5 mu 1). The lowest dose (0.5 microgram) of morphine rapidly decreased approach latency for LH stimulation over a period of two hours. The same result was observed with both 1.0 and 2.0 micrograms but with greater magnitude and a longer time course. In some animals, an increase in escape latency appeared but only at the dose of 1.0 microgram. In the second experiment, it was observed that intraperitoneal injection of naloxone (2.0 mg/kg) suppressed the shortening of latency of approach responses induced by the microinjection of 2.0 micrograms of morphine. These results suggest the involvement of opiate mechanisms in the regulation of LH self-stimulation. PMID- 3174772 TI - Structure-activity studies of carbamate and other esters: agonists and antagonists to nicotine. AB - A number of aromatic, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclic carbamic acid esters, thiocarbamic acid esters, and carboxylic acid esters of di- and trial kylaminoalkyl and heterocyclic amino alcohols have been synthesized and tested for their pharmacologic and receptor binding characteristics at the nicotine receptor. Receptor binding was measured in rat brain membranes using (-)-3H nicotine or 3H-methylcarbamylcholine as radioligands. The compounds were tested for their ability to produce seizures and prostration and to antagonize the nicotine-induced prostration and seizures as well as the hypertensive action of nicotine in rats. Among the potent agonists were the N-methylcarbamyl and N methylthiocarbamyl esters of choline (trimethylaminoethanol), with the tertiary amino derivatives between considerably less potent than the quaternary. Potent antagonists included trimethylaminoethyl benzoate, 3-quinuclidinyl benzoate, and trimethylaminoethyl esters of phenyl and phenylthiocarbamic acids. One of the most potent antagonists to nicotine was alpha-lobeline. PMID- 3174773 TI - Carbamazepine regulates feline aggression elicited from the midbrain periaqueductal gray. AB - Carbamazepine has been utilized both as an anticonvulsant and as a psychotropic drug for the treatment of complex partial seizures and various mood and other emotional disorders such as the episodic dyscontrol syndrome. In the present study, we sought to identify the role of carbamazepine in the regulation of two forms of aggressive behavior--affective defense and quiet biting attack behavior- elicited by electrical stimulation of the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter of the cat in the absence of convulsive activity. The experimental paradigm involved establishment of stable baseline thresholds for affective defense and quiet biting attack responses. Following establishment of a stable baseline, carbamazepine (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg) and propylene glycol (vehicle control) were administered peripherally (IP). The response thresholds were tested 5-30, 30-60, 60-90, 120-150, 1440-1470, and 2160-2190 minutes following drug administration. It was observed that carbamazepine administration at 5 and 10 mg/kg dose levels preferentially suppressed affective defense behavior but had no effect upon quiet biting attack, indicating that the selective effects of carbamazepine upon affective attack are not due to any possible sedative effects upon motor responses. The effects of carbamazepine upon affective defense were dose dependent and of long duration when administered at the highest dose level (10 mg/kg). PMID- 3174774 TI - Ketamine alters rat flash evoked potentials. AB - Discovering the neurotransmitters involved in the generation of flash evoked potentials (FEPs) would enhance the use of FEPs in screening for and assessment of neurological damage. Recent evidence suggests that the excitatory amino acids, glutamate and aspartate, may be transmitters in the visual system. Ketamine selectively antagonizes the actions of excitatory amino acids on n-methyl-d aspartate receptors and may be administered systemically. Two experiments were designed to test the effects of ketamine on rat FEPs. First, the effects of ketamine (37, 75, 150 mg/kg) on FEPs recorded in light and dark backgrounds were investigated at a single (10 min) posttreatment interval. Ketamine administration resulted in dose-dependent alterations in FEP peak amplitudes and latencies. Peak P1 amplitude increased by a factor of 4, in a dose-dependent manner. Peak N1 virtually disappeared at 150 mg/kg. Peak P2 amplitude increased by 50%, but only in the light background, and only at 150 mg/kg. Second, ketamine (150 mg/kg) effects on FEPs were investigated 5 min and 30 min following administration. The decrease in peak N1 amplitude was maximal 5 min after administration and the amplitude was recovering at 30 min. The effects on peak P1 and peak N3 amplitudes were maximal 5 min after ketamine administration, but were not recovering 30 min postinjection. The various peak latencies were also affected differently. The possible role of glutamate or aspartate in the generation of rat FEPs is discussed. PMID- 3174775 TI - Effects of LSD-25 on classical trace conditioning. AB - This study examined the effects of LSD-25 on the excitatory properties of auditory conditioned stimuli as a function of the interstimulus interval. The rabbit's eyeblink response was conditioned using a discriminative trace procedure by the pairing of a 500-msec auditory conditioned stimulus with a 100-msec shock unconditioned stimulus at intervals of 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 msec. Animals were able to acquire conditioned responses across all intervals. They then received doses of 35 or 85 micrograms/kg of LSD-25 prior to additional conditioning sessions. LSD-25 produced an increase in the magnitude of conditioned responses to both the positive and negative conditioned stimuli at all interstimulus intervals. It was concluded that LSD did not alter discriminative conditioning but rather enhanced the excitatory properties of both positive and negative conditioned stimuli. PMID- 3174776 TI - Effects of LSD on classical conditioning as a function of CS-UCS interval: relationship to reflex facilitation. AB - Classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response was accomplished by presenting a 100-msec tone CS at intervals 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 msec before the presentation of a 100-msec shock UCS. In addition, tone-alone trials were used to monitor CR acquisition and shock-alone trials to measure facilitation of the nictitating membrane reflex by the tone CS at the various CS UCS intervals. LSD at a dose of 13 micrograms/kg (30 nmol/kg) increased the excitatory effects of the shock UCS as measured by a greater frequency and amplitude of UCRs elicited across a wide range of UCS intensities and by the ability of a low intensity shock to produce reflex facilitation. Consequently, LSD produced a higher amplitude of UCRs on UCS-alone trials and on paired trials across all CS-UCS intervals during measurement of tone-induced reflex facilitation. LSD also enhanced CR acquisition across all CS-UCS intervals. Because LSD produced larger amplitude reference UCRs on the UCS-alone trials as compared with controls, calculations of reflex facilitation as a percentage change from these reference amplitudes led to an artifactually smaller effect for the LSD group as compared with controls. Nevertheless, both reflex facilitation as measured prior to CR acquisition on the first day of conditioning and CR acquisition across 10 conditioning sessions were a function of CS-UCS intervals and these two measures were highly correlated in the LSD (+0.94) and vehicle control (+0.85) groups. It was concluded that LSD enhances CR acquisition by enhancing the excitatory effects of both the CS and UCS and thus increasing their ability to enter into associative learning. PMID- 3174777 TI - Antagonist treatment in nucleus accumbens or periaqueductal grey affects heroin self-administration. AB - The role of opiate receptors in the periaqueductal grey and nucleus accumbens in maintenance of intravenous heroin self-administration was examined by means of intracranial microinjections of the quaternary opiate antagonist methyl naltrexone. Over a dose range of 0-3.0 micrograms, pre-session infusions of methyl naltrexone in either brain site produced dose-related increases in responding for heroin (0.06 mg/kg/infusion) on a CRF schedule, without causing significant changes in responding on a second activity control lever. Involvement of the periaqueductal grey was also examined in animals administering a lower heroin dose (0.03 mg/kg/infusion) in shorter sessions in order to minimize drug exposure prior to treatment. In this experiment, infusion of methyl naltrexone produced selective increases in responding for heroin, whereas treatment with the identical dose of methyl naltrexone had no effect on cocaine self-administration (1.0 mg/kg/infusion) in the same animals. With respect to the nucleus accumbens, these data confirm its involvement in opiate self-administration. Data for the periaqueductal grey provide the first evidence that opiate receptors in the vicinity of this brain region may play a role in intravenous opiate self administration. PMID- 3174778 TI - A behavioral and electrocorticographic comparison of diazepam and pentylenetetrazol in rat pups. AB - This experiment assessed the possibility suggested by previous research that benzodiazepines cause convulsions in infant rats. Seven-day-old Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive either diazepam (DZP) (0, 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg), the convulsogen pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) (50 mg/kg), or DZP followed 30 minutes later by PTZ. The amount of paddling and wall progression and head and body tremors was recorded for each group. Both DZP and PTZ elevated paddling and wall progression, but only PTZ elevated head and body tremor scores. DZP antagonized the PTZ induced increases in head and body tremors. In a second experiment, seven-day-old pups were implanted with cortical electrodes. The following day, baseline electrocorticograms (ECoGs) were taken for each animal. Each pup subsequently received either DZP vehicle, 0.5 mg/kg DZP, 50 mg/kg PTZ, or 0.5 mg/kg DZP followed 30 minutes later by 50 mg/kg PTZ. Neither the vehicle nor the DZP injections altered ECoG activity. In contrast, PTZ-treated pups showed continuous, high-amplitude, spiking activity. Pretreatment with DZP eliminated these PTZ-induced alterations in ECoG activity. We conclude that in infant rats, the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of DZP and PTZ are distinct from one another. Furthermore, both the behavioral and the electrocorticographic effects of PTZ are blocked by DZP. It is unlikely that DZP causes seizures in neonatal rats. PMID- 3174779 TI - Sex differences in physical dependence on methaqualone in the rat. AB - The establishment of, and sex differences in, physical dependence on methaqualone (MQ) in rats were studied by the drug-admixed food (DAF) method. Female and male rats were treated with MQ-admixed food on the same schedule of gradually increasing doses (0.5 and 1 to 6 mg of methaqualone/g of food). Only female rats showed hypothermia from MQ at 1 and 2 mg/g and motor incoordination from MQ at 4 and 6 mg/g of food. Moreover, after MQ withdrawal, severe withdrawal signs, including convulsions and death, were observed in female rats, but not in male rats. We also instituted a different schedule of graded increases in dose (1 and 2 to 10 and 12 mg/g of food) to develop physical dependence on MQ in male rats. Under this schedule male rats exhibited a hypothermia and severe motor incoordination from MQ 6 and 8 mg/g of food condition. After MQ withdrawal, various severe signs of MQ withdrawal occurred, including tremor, convulsions and death. These results demonstrate that severe physical dependence on MQ in both sexes can be established using the DAF method, and that there are marked sex differences in the physical dependence on MQ. PMID- 3174780 TI - Relationship between amphetamine-induced effects on EEG power spectra and motor activity in rats. AB - Amphetamine injection (2.5 mg/kg, SC) produced a significant quadratic trend in mean peak EEG frequencies in the theta band in one group of rats. Progressive increases in peak EEG frequencies occurred for approximately 30 min after amphetamine injection and were followed by progressive decreases through 100 min. These changes in peak EEG frequencies may have reflected pharmacokinetic properties of amphetamine. A significant and similar quadratic trend was seen in mean motor activity counts after amphetamine injection in a second group of rats. In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between amphetamine induced effects on peak EEG frequencies and mean motor activity counts. PMID- 3174781 TI - Oral self-administration of N-allylnormetazocine (SKF-10,047) stereoisomers in rhesus monkeys: substitution during phencyclidine self-administration and withdrawal. AB - Orally-delivered N-allylnormetazocine (NANM) and its isomers were tested for their ability to function as reinforcers by substituting them for phencyclidine (PCP). Two monkeys were trained to self-administer PCP (0.25 mg/ml) and water under concurrent fixed-ratio (FR) 16 schedules during 3-hr sessions. Liquid deliveries were contingent upon lip-contact responses on solenoid-operated drinking devices. When the dextro (+)-isomer of NANM (0.062-1 mg/ml) was substituted for PCP, response rates increased and then decreased in an inverted U shaped concentration-response function with peak response rates comparable to those maintained by PCP. Drug intake ranged from 2.8 to 25.7 mg/kg across the two monkeys and five concentrations. Water-maintained responding was considerably lower than drug-maintained behavior indicating that NANM was functioning as a reinforcer. As previously reported for PCP, almost all of the (+)-NANM was self administered during the first half of the session. Substitution of the levo (-) isomer of NANM resulted in an immediate decline to low response rates that were not distinguishable from those maintained by water. The racemic form (+/-) of NANM was also not self-administered in excess of concurrent water. In the second experiment concurrent PCP- and water-maintained responding were reestablished under FR 8 schedules during three 6.5-hr sessions daily. Food (6 g/pellet) was available under FR 64 and FR 80 schedules during three 1-hr sessions immediately preceding the liquid components. Water was then substituted for PCP for four days and PCP, (+)-, (-)- or (+/-)-NANM were reinstated in subsequent replications of the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174782 TI - Benzodiazepine-induced hyperphagia: a test of the hunger-mimetic model. AB - The 'hunger-mimetic' model is a prominent explanatory account of benzodiazepine induced hyperphagia. A salient feature of food deprivation (hunger) in laboratory animals is 'finicky' eating, or an enhanced reactivity to the palatability of food. If the hunger-mimetic model is correct, a similar finicky pattern of increased eating should be observed both in hungry (food-deprived) rats and in benzodiazepine-treated, hyperphagic rats. Two groups of rats were matched on measures of ad lib baseline intake of both a highly palatable food (sweetened condensed milk) and a food low in palatability (milk adulterated with 37.5 mg% quinine). Subsequently one group was placed on a moderate food deprivation schedule while the second group was maintained on ad lib food but was injected (IP) with 5 mg/kg chlordiazepoxide (CDP) 30 min prior to food presentation tests. Single-bottle tests indicated that while the food deprived animals exhibited a greater augmentation of eating when given the high-palatability food, the animals pretreated with CDP exhibited an indiscriminate elevation of eating across both foods. Similarly, on two-bottle choice tests the food-deprived rats exhibited an enhanced preference for the high-palatability food, whereas the CDP-treated animals did not change from baseline food preference. These results fail to support the hunger-mimetic model of benzodiazepine-induced hyperphagia. Alternative models based on a perseverative, disinhibitory action of benzodiazepines are discussed. PMID- 3174783 TI - The effect of pirenzepine on spatial learning in the Morris Water Maze. AB - The effects of the selective M1-muscarinic antagonist, pirenzepine, were studied on the Morris Water Maze, a test of spatial learning in the rat. Pirenzepine (0, 10 or 30 micrograms) was administered into lateral ventricle during acquisition of this task. Although 30 micrograms of pirenzepine impaired acquisition of the spatial aspects of the task, treated animals still appeared to be able to acquire a taxon strategy. A low dose of pirenzepine (10 micrograms) produced a slight deficit but this was only visible in a "spatial probe" trial. Although these results are consistent with the belief that muscarinic M1-receptors are involved in spatial learning, it cannot be excluded that the effects recorded were mediated by muscarinic M2-receptors, due to the low selectivity of pirenzepine. PMID- 3174784 TI - The dopamine D-2 agonist quinpirole produces environment-specific conditioned activity. AB - The stimulant effects of various dopamine agonists can become conditioned to the particular environment with which they are repeatedly paired. The present study assessed the ability of the selective dopamine D-2 agonist quinpirole (2.5 mg/kg) to similarly show environment-specific conditioning. Rats in Paired and Unpaired groups (both n = 12) received 12 pairings of a unique environment with quinpirole or saline, respectively. Horizontal and vertical activity were automatically measured during the 60-min sessions. Home cage injections were given after each session and involved administration of saline or quinpirole to rats, whichever they did not have during the session. Intermittent tests for conditioned activity were given wherein both groups received saline prior to being placed in the chambers for 60 min. Quinpirole enhanced horizontal activity. Stimulant effects on vertical activity were also observed although they appeared after an initial suppression of the response. Conditioned activity was observed on the saline tests as the Paired group was significantly more active than the Unpaired group on each measure. The present findings suggest that enhanced stimulation of the D 2 receptor can produce environment-specific conditioned activity. Consequently, researchers using quinpirole should take this factor into consideration, particularly if utilizing chronic drug treatment. PMID- 3174785 TI - Patterns of locomotor and stereotypic behavior during continuous amphetamine administration in rats. AB - The present study examined the behavioral effects of continuous subcutaneous infusion of amphetamine (AMPH) to rats. Saline and 3 AMPH doses were infused for 96 hr (0.2 mg/kg/hr, 0.55 mg/kg/hr, 0.9 mg/kg/hr; n = 12). Locomotor behavior, grooming, gnawing and licking, sniffing, and head-bobbing were recorded for each animal for 1 hr in the light cycle and 1 hr in the dark cycle. The low dose AMPH animals exhibited increased locomotor activity. The medium and high dose groups developed similar behavioral patterns consisting of increased grooming and sniffing and changes in circadian rhythms of activity. Although most behaviors exhibited were similar to those discussed in previous literature describing the effects of chronic amphetamine, the pattern of the behaviors was not. Furthermore, continuous administration of AMPH seems to reliably increase the frequency of behaviors which are rarely observed after acute or chronic amphetamine. This finding has important implications since administration of AMPH to rats has been suggested to be an animal model of schizophrenia. PMID- 3174786 TI - Effects of smoked marijuana on human social behavior in small groups. AB - Six adult male research volunteers, in two groups of three subjects each, lived continuously in a residential laboratory for seven consecutive days. Subjects' behaviors, including social interaction and coaction, were continuously recorded. During the first part of the day (0945-1700), subjects remained in their private rooms doing work activities. During the remainder of the day (1700-2345), they had the option to socialize with the other subjects. Four cigarettes containing active marijuana (2.7% delta 9-THC w/w) or placebo were smoked daily: two during the work period, and two during the social access period. Active marijuana had no effect on the total amount of time that subjects spent in the social area. However, active marijuana changed the distribution of activity within the social area by decreasing the amount of time subjects spent engaging in verbal exchanges, i.e., interaction, while simultaneously increasing the amount of time that subjects engaged in the same activity, but in the absence of verbal exchanges, i.e., coaction. PMID- 3174787 TI - Effects of naloxone on penile erection in cats. AB - Male cats were anesthetized with pentobarbital. A Foley catheter was placed in the urinary bladder and physiologic saline, under a head of pressure, was allowed to flow at a constant rate through the bladder. Naloxone, 0.2 mg, caused penile erection in 5 of 11 experiments. The onset of action was 0.5 to 4 minutes, and the duration of the erection was 5 to 36 minutes. In two of three experiments a second injection of naloxone caused a second erection. The erection caused by naloxone was not changed by pre- or posttreatment with morphine or by posttreatment with propranolol. It was suggested that the erection could be due either to altered levels of hormones released from the central nervous system or to removal of reflex inhibitory tone in the spinal cord or sacral parasympathetic ganglia. PMID- 3174788 TI - Sulfhydryl groups and peroxidase-like activity of albumin as scavenger of organic peroxides. AB - The concentration, the reactivity of sulfhydryl (SH) groups and the peroxidase like activity (PLA) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) have been determined in vitro after treatment with peroxides. Tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH), cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH), benzoyl hydroperoxide (BOOH) and hydrogen peroxide reacted with BSA, decreasing the titratable SH group concentration and increasing the value of the ratio between the reaction rate and the concentration of albumin SH groups in the sulfhydryl-disulfide exchange reaction. This value was defined as reaction constant (Kr). PLA of albumin was independent of the presence of the SH group, as SH depleted BSA maintained the same activity as the control. From our findings it derives that albumin may have two possibilities of scavenging peroxides: PLA and the SH group. The plasma SH concentration, Kr and PLA of albumin were also determined in carrageenan paw edema and in experimental adjuvant-arthritis in rats. A decrease in SH concentration, an increase in Kr and PLA of rat plasma albumin were observed in both inflammatory processes. PMID- 3174789 TI - High intensity light exposure increases blood-brain barrier transport in rats. AB - A quantitative technique utilizing 14C-alpha-aminoisobutyric acid as a tracer was used to study the blood-brain barrier permeability modifications induced by environmental stimuli, as the high intensity light exposure. The blood-to-brain transfer constant was significantly increased only in the occipital cortex following the treatment. The possibility that the blood-brain barrier is able to modify its local characteristics in response to cerebral activity changes was discussed. PMID- 3174790 TI - Antiepileptic effects of N6-L-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) on penicillin induced epileptogenic focus in rabbits. AB - In the present work the effects of a stable analog of adenosine (N-6-L phenylisopropyladenosine, L-PIA) have been investigated against the epileptic focus induced by intracortical injection of penicillin. The intracortical (i.c.) injection of penicillin (300 units) in rabbits elicits an epileptiform EEG and motor activity. Pretreatment with L-PIA (1.5 mg/kg i.v.) prevents the motor component of the epileptic phenomenon, while the EEG seizures are unaffected. The i.c. injection of L-PIA (20 nMoles in the left cortex), 10 minutes before penicillin (300 units in the right cortex) prevents the spreading of the epileptic activity from the right to the left hemisphere. These results suggest that adenosine might regulate the spreading of seizures. The possible role played by adenosine in the spontaneous arrest of epilepsy has also been discussed. PMID- 3174791 TI - Pharmacology of natural compounds. I. Smooth muscle relaxant activity induced by a Ginkgo biloba L. extract on guinea-pig trachea. AB - A standardized Ginkgo biloba L. extract containing flavonol glycosides induces a concentration-dependent relaxation of guinea-pig trachea in vitro and antagonizes in vivo bronchoconstriction induced by various agonists. The action of the extract appears to be mediated partially by an interaction with the eicosanoid system particularly through specific stimulation of the PGE2 biosynthesis and partially by beta-adrenoceptor activation. The relaxation of guinea-pig trachea induced by the extract is in fact antagonized by indomethacin (2 x 10(-8)M), ETYA (3.4 x 10(-8)M) and sotalol (4 x 10(-6)M). The concentration-response curves obtained with tracheal preparation from reserpinized guinea-pig and those performed in the presence of a glutathione depletor (CDNB 1 x 10(-5)M) are modified in a similar manner confirming that the extract can act on both the systems: adrenergic as well as prostaglandinergic. PMID- 3174792 TI - Anna Pavala Sindhooram, a novel hypolipidemic agent reduces phospholipid levels in atherosclerosis. AB - Anna Pavala Sindhooram (APS) was investigated in rabbits during atherosclerosis. Changes in the metabolism of plasma and aortic phospholipids were studied by fractionation into individual lipids by tlc and following the incorporation of radiolabel from 14C-acetate into phospholipids. In these studies APS was found to lower the levels of plasma lecithin and aortic sphingomyelin. The effect of APS on plasma lecithin could be partly attributed to its action on synthesis from acetate while synthesis does not account for the effect observed in aortic sphingomyelin levels. PMID- 3174793 TI - Expression of the messenger RNA encoding the glial fibrillary acidic protein in rat basal forebrain following fimbria-fornix lesion. PMID- 3174794 TI - Effects of lysozyme on spleen and lungs in mice with Lewis lung carcinoma. PMID- 3174795 TI - Monoclonal antibodies anti-murine interferon (IFN) beta neutralize the stimulation of erythroid differentiation induced by treatment of Friend cells with dimethylsulfoxide and murine fibroblast IFN. PMID- 3174796 TI - Molecular mechanism of amiloride action in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles. PMID- 3174797 TI - New methylxanthine thio-derivatives inducing marked tracheal relaxation without increasing cardiac inotropism or motor activity. PMID- 3174798 TI - Phenytoin-phenobarbital interaction: importance of free plasma phenytoin monitoring. PMID- 3174799 TI - Changes of Cu & Zn in carrageenan pleurisy and paw-oedema in rat. PMID- 3174800 TI - An algorithm for the classification of pharmacokinetic data. PMID- 3174801 TI - More about the misuse of Scatchard plots in binding studies. PMID- 3174802 TI - Influence of the intravenous administration of ACTH-(1-24) on the characteristics of brain, heart and spleen adrenoceptors of haemorrhage-shocked rats. AB - Urethane-anesthetized rats were bled to otherwise irreversible haemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure = 18-25 mmHg) and then i.v. treated with ACTH-(1-24) (160 micrograms/kg) or saline. In comparison with sham-operated, non-shocked controls, bled rats showed a significant reduction in Bmax for [3H]Dihydroalprenolol and [3H]Dihydroergocryptine in heart ventricles, and for [3H]Yohimbine in spleen capsule. Neither the Kd of heart and spleen adrenoceptors nor the Bmax or Kd of brain adrenoceptors were affected. Treatment with ACTH-(1-24) restored to normal the Bmax for [3H]Dihydroalprenolol in heart ventricles, and for [3H]Yohimbine in the spleen capsule. These data indicate that the anti-shock effect of ACTH-(1-24) in bled rats is associated with a restoration of heart and spleen responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli. PMID- 3174803 TI - Relationships between chemical structure and inhibition of choline acetyltransferase by 2-(alpha-naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium and related compounds. AB - A choline acetyltransferase (ChA) inhibitor with an optimum combination of properties of potency, stability and membrane permeability is required to study several functional aspects of acetylcholine in nervous and non-nervous tissues. Therefore, 2-(alpha-naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium iodide (alpha-NETA), 2-(beta naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium iodide (beta-NETA), 2-(9' anthroyl)ethyltrimethylammonium iodide (9'-AETA) and their corresponding tertiary dimethylamine hydrochloride analogs (alpha-NEDA, beta-NEDA, 9'-AEDA) were synthesized and tested for their ChA inhibitory activities. The quaternary ammonium compounds were more potent inhibitors (150 in microM: alpha-NETA, 9; beta-NETA, 76; 9'-AETA, 32) than the corresponding tertiary compounds (150 in microM: alpha-NEDA, 63; beta-NEDA, 1400; 9'-AEDA, 77). The alpha-naphthyl moiety was preferable to the beta-naphthyl- or 9'-anthryl moieties for alignment with the enzyme for inhibition. alpha-NETA and alpha-NEDA exhibited adequate ChA inhibitory potencies for further pharmacological studies and localization of membrane bound ChA. They exhibited fluorescent characteristics of the alpha naphthyl moiety. Their ChA inhibition was not reversible by dialysis. They were considerably more potent for inhibiting ChA than cholinesterases and carnitine acetyltransferase. PMID- 3174804 TI - Effect of the PAF antagonists, CV-3988 and L-652,731 on the pulmonary and hematological responses to guinea pig anaphylaxis. AB - To define the role of PAF in the acute phase of guinea pig anaphylaxis, we have measured the pulmonary (bronchoconstrictor) and hematological (thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hemoconcentration, plasma TxB2 increase) responses to PAF infusion and compared these responses to the effect of antigen exposure in actively and passively sensitized guinea pigs. We have also determined the effect of the structurally unrelated PAF antagonists, CV-3988 and L-652,731 on these responses. Intravenous administration of PAF (50-400 ng/kg) caused a dose-related bronchoconstriction, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hemoconcentration and increase in plasma TxB2. These PAF-induced responses were inhibited, to a variable degree, by pretreatment with CV-3988 (3 and 10 mg/kg, i.v.) and L-652,731 (3 mg/kg, i.v.). Intravenous administration of ovalbumin to actively or passively sensitized guinea pigs caused bronchoconstriction, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and hemoconcentration, but there was no increase in TxB2. Moreover, the anaphylactic bronchoconstriction, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia (actively sensitized) and hemoconcentration were not inhibited by CV-3988 (10 mg/kg, i.v.) and L-652,731 (3 mg/kg, i.v.). The different profile of changes produced by PAF and allergic anaphylaxis and the failure to alter the responses to allergic anaphylaxis with PAF antagonists suggest that PAF is not an important mediator of the acute phase of guinea pig anaphylaxis. PMID- 3174805 TI - Effect of prolonged co-dergocrine mesylate treatment on choline acetyltransferase levels in rat cerebral cortex after lesioning of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (of Meynert). AB - The effects of monolateral lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (of Meynert) and of 1 or 4 weeks of co-dergocrine mesylate treatment (0.1 or 0.6 mg/kg) on choline acetyltransferase activity in rat frontal, parietal and occipital cortex were studied. According to the literature, ibotenic acid-induced lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis cause a significant decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity in frontal and parietal cortex, but had no effect on enzyme activity in the occipital cortex or cortical areas controlateral to the lesion. Co-dergocrine administration caused, after 4 weeks of treatment, a dose related increase of choline acetyltransferase activity in the frontal and parietal cortex in the lesioned side. In contrast, it had no effect on the enzyme activity in the other cortical regions studied. The possible significance of the increased choline acetyltransferase activity elicited by co-dergocrine mesylate in cerebral cortex areas sensitive to nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions is discussed. PMID- 3174806 TI - Calcium antagonists: vinylogues and bivalent ligands related to nifedipine. AB - The synthesis and the pharmacological properties of some vinylogues and bivalent ligands related to nifedipine are described. PMID- 3174807 TI - [The stability of norepinephrine hydrogen tartrate, epinephrine hydrogen tartrate and isoprenaline sulfate. 29. The stability of drugs and preparations]. AB - Stability testing of derivatives of brenzcatechine [norepinephrine hydrogentartrate (1), epinephrine hydrogentartrate (2), isoprenaline sulfate (3)] was carried out by stress investigation storing them at different temperatures. Substances of different charges which had been stored under normal conditions were analyzed. After a period of induction all three substances had been decomposed with a higher velocity. The order of kinetic process could not be determined. The storage life time was calculated by the aid of nonlinear regression. Time limit for storage of 5 years for 1 and 2 were confirmed. We suggest to extend it for 3 to 10 years. PMID- 3174808 TI - Studies on cyclodextrin polymer. Part 1: The effect of CDP on indomethacin tablet formulation. AB - Cyclodextrin polymer (CDP), which is a cross-linked derivative of beta cyclodextrin, has been used as binder and disintegrating agent in tablet formulation. In this study different tablet formulations of indomethacin, which is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug were prepared by direct compression method. Corn starch, lactose and Esma-Spreng were used besides CDP as disintegrating agent. The hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution rate of the tablet were determined. The data were also evaluated kinetically. It was found that CDP is a good disintegrating agent and significantly increased the dissolution rate of the poorly soluble indomethacin. PMID- 3174809 TI - [Theophylline-retard preparations: relation between drug liberation in vitro and their behavior in the human body]. AB - Using theophylline retard preparations, the course of drug concentration in serum can be read from the speed of drug liberation estimated in vitro. For preparations with a strong retard effect we have to calculate a diminished bioavailability. The management of therapy in the therapeutical range and without side effects is possible with preparations with nearly complete bioavailability, nevertheless theophylline remains a problem drug. Firstly, the interindividual deviations are excessive great, with the usual standard dose caused by the different body mass and by the different biotransformation. Secondly, the "Food induced dose dumping" is appearing if taking drug and food is unsuitably coupled. Summarizing the present results, several steps for further optimization of therapy with theophylline retard preparations are proposed. PMID- 3174810 TI - [The biotransformation of STS 267 [16 alpha-azido-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-triene 17-one]. Epimerization of a 16 alpha-azido group--a new metabolic reaction in the rat liver]. AB - STS 267 [1; 16 alpha-azido-3-methoxy-estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one] was found to have lipid shifting and fertility inhibitory effects in rats. In preclinical studies the metabolic fate of 1 was investigated in the rat. Demethylation in 3 position, reduction of the 17-carbonyl to the 17 beta-hydroxyl group, and for the first time the epimerization of the 16 alpha-azido to the 16 beta-azido group were established following perfusion of STS 267 in the isolated rat liver. From the perfusion medium 16 alpha-azido-estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol-17-one (2), 16 alpha-azido-estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3,17 beta-diol (3), 16 beta-azido-3-methoxy estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3,17 beta-diol (4) and 16 beta-azido-estra-1,3,5(10)-trien 3,17 beta-diol (5) as the main metabolite were isolated by TLC and identified by comparison with authentic samples. The extent of the hepatic extraction of 1 in the rat liver was significant lower compared with mestranol. PMID- 3174811 TI - [Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of iron in pregnant and nonpregnant women after oral administration of Vitaferro]. AB - In this paper we represent results concerning pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of iron after the oral application of Vitaferro to women in the second half of pregnancy suffering or not from anaemia in comparison to nonpregnant women. The significance of different parameters used to proof an iron deficiency is discussed. In all pregnant probands the bioavailability of Vitaferro is about twice as high as in nonpregnant women. Also the parameters of elimination refer to an enhanced retention of iron during pregnancy. We conclude from our investigations that an iron deficiency may be diagnosed well by the determination of haemoglobin values, iron concentration in serum, binding capacity and resorption of iron. During pregnancy the preparation Vitaferro is well resorbed and does not cause incompatibilities. Thus it is suitable for the treatment of anaemia during pregnancy. PMID- 3174812 TI - Influence of adrenal demedullation on stress induced alterations within the general adaptation behaviour of August-rats. AB - Based on new theoretical aspects of functional participation of adrenal glands in adaptation process, resulting from supplement of Selye's stress concept by integration of peptidergic systems, stress related adaptation behaviour of sham operated and demedullated August-rats, characterized by a high stress sensitivity, were investigated. To characterize the stress related behaviour the following parameters were investigated: Number of rats surviving the exposure, alterations of body mass, occurrence of ulcers and hyperaemia in stomach, blood pressure behaviour, organ mass of adrenals, pituitaries and hypothalami in total, SPLIR in adrenals, pituitaries, hypothalami in total as well as in their special nuclei areas of N. ventromedialis and N. lateralis. The following conclusions can be drawn from experimental results: The important role of adrenal medulla in regulation of adaptive processes is given by the interaction between of its catecholamine system and its regulatory system of peptides (substance P, Opioids). Whereas demedullation itself makes visible alterations which are connected with the loss of adrenal-catecholamine system, additional stressor exposition makes visible alterations connected with the loss of adrenal regulatory system. Investigations show differences in the sensitivity of reaction against the influence of stressors between catecholamine system (more sensitive) and regulatory system of adrenal medulla of August-rats. Demedullation has a different influence on alterations induced by mild manipulation stress (activation of catecholamine system) and by immobilization (activation of regulatory system). The influence of manipulation stress is inhibited and the influence of immobilization is increased by demedullation. Results of this investigations refer to the existence of feedback relations between the adrenal medulla and pituitary as well as between adrenal medulla and hypothalamus. Furthermore there are indications, that the adrenal medulla takes part in the regulation of extraadrenal sympathetic activity. The experimental data give furthermore a hint for the existence of a high stress sensitivity of August-rats primary caused by the CNS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3174813 TI - Studies on contamination of vegetable drugs with halogen derivative pesticides. Part 2: Concentrations of halogen derivative pesticides in vegetable blends and herbal granulated products produced in Poland in 1980-1984. AB - Changes in concentration levels of halogen derivative pesticides (p,p'-DDT and its metabolites p,p'-DD and p,p'-DDE, as well as HCH, DMDT, aldrin, dieldrin) in vegetable blends and granulated products produced in Poland were studied in the period 1980-1984. By means of GLC and TLC methods it has been found, that as in the case of raw materials, contamination levels of these materials increased from 1980 up to the maximum values for vegetable blends in 1982 and in granulated products in 1983. Generally, concentration levels in vegetable blends and in raw material were similar over the same periods of time, whereas concentrations in granulated products were considerable lower. PMID- 3174814 TI - Spectrophotometric determination of some anthelmintics and antiamoebic agents with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride. PMID- 3174815 TI - Crystal and noncrystal forms of azlocillin sodium. PMID- 3174816 TI - Studies of the crystalline forms of amikacin disulphate. PMID- 3174817 TI - Copper(II) as titrant in direct potentiometric determination of L-cysteine. PMID- 3174818 TI - [Spray products of sparingly soluble drugs. 1. In vitro study of spray products of nitrazepam in a starch hydrolysis product]. PMID- 3174819 TI - [Spray products of sparingly soluble drugs. 1. In vitro study of spray products of griseofulvin in starch excipient products: starch acetate, cross-linked starch and starch gel]. PMID- 3174820 TI - A thrombin binding assay for 125I-hirudin. PMID- 3174821 TI - Against a total ban on smoking in our hospitals. PMID- 3174822 TI - The confrontation with death. PMID- 3174823 TI - Passengers and patients: some ruminations about quality of care. PMID- 3174824 TI - Malpractice: living with the threat. PMID- 3174825 TI - Screening for AIDS virus: what should we do? A panel discussion. PMID- 3174826 TI - Humor and healing: a creative process. PMID- 3174827 TI - The present danger--anti-research movements. PMID- 3174828 TI - Physician burnout. PMID- 3174829 TI - The physician at the movies. PMID- 3174830 TI - Past and present. PMID- 3174831 TI - Factors affecting Caltrac and Calcount accelerometer output. AB - This investigation determined the effects of different trunk levels and walking speeds on the output of two physical activity monitoring devices--the Caltrac and the Calcount. Twenty healthy subjects walked on a level motor-driven treadmill at two walking speeds (2 and 4 mph) with the accelerometer affixed to different trunk locations (waist belt and chest line). After each five-minute exercise bout, the accelerometer readings (in arbitrary units) were recorded and expressed in counts per minute. The analysis of variance for the Calcount accelerometer data revealed a significant main effect for location and speed. The Caltrac accelerometer data revealed a significant F ratio for the speed main effect and the location x speed interaction effect. Overall, the accelerometer reading when worn at the waist belt was higher (p less than .05) than when affixed to the chest line. For both accelerometers, the output increased with increased walking speed. The correlation between the Caltrac and Calcount accelerometer readings ranged from -.09 to .49, indicating that the output of the two accelerometers cannot be compared directly. PMID- 3174832 TI - Effect of therapeutic horseback riding on posture in children with cerebral palsy. AB - The purpose of this study was to measure postural changes in children with spastic cerebral palsy after participation in a therapeutic horseback riding program. Eleven children with moderate to severe spastic cerebral palsy, aged 2 years 4 months to 9 years 6 months, were selected for this study and underwent postural assessments according to a repeated-measures design. Assessment of posture was performed by a panel of three pediatric physical therapists, using a postural assessment scale designed by the author. A composite score for each test interval was calculated for each child, and a median score was calculated for the entire group at each test interval. Data were analyzed using a Friedman test, assuming an alpha level of .05. A statistically significant difference was found between the three test intervals with significant improvement occurring during the period of therapeutic riding. Clinical improvements were also noted in muscle tone and balance as evidenced by improved functional skills. These results constitute the first objective measure supporting the efficacy of therapeutic horseback riding on posture in children with cerebral palsy. PMID- 3174833 TI - Scoliosis screening of 3,000 college-aged women. The Utah Study--phase 2. AB - The purpose of this phase of the Utah study was to determine the prevalence of scoliosis in college-aged women over a three-year period. The subjects were 3,210 female college students (mean age = 19.7 +/- 2.1 years) from 34 states and 5 foreign countries. The majority (98.2%) of the students were Caucasian. Nearly 12% of the study sample (n = 380) demonstrated a visually assessed lateral deviation of the spine. This finding demonstrates a higher prevalence of scoliosis among an age group that has reached an age of growth cessation than the literature on scoliosis screening indicates. The college-aged students in this study demonstrated a higher prevalence of scoliosis than the national norm for a younger (10-15 years of age) group. This result suggests that scoliosis may develop later in life than has previously been reported and that physical therapists must become more proficient in conducting scoliosis screening programs. PMID- 3174834 TI - The work of accreditation on-site evaluators. Enhancing the development of a profession. AB - The purpose of this study was to explore the work of on-site evaluators in the physical therapy accreditation process. Specifically, this research investigated how the accreditation on-site visit may serve as a method for defining the dominant values of a developing profession. A set of criteria selected from the literature describing the process of professionalization served as an operational model of professional values for the study. The model served as the framework for analysis and categorization of the professional values that evaluators emphasized during the on-site visits. The qualitative data collection methods of interview, nonparticipant observation, and document analysis were used in constructing case studies of five physical therapy education program accreditation visits. Results of this research indicated that on-site evaluators represent an elite community within the field and share similar values about the profession. These shared values about the professionalization of physical therapy formed the basis for evaluators' interpretation of accreditation standards. Evaluators' emphasis on the professional values that focus on defining and validating the body of knowledge in physical therapy and faculty endorsement of the norms of the academic work place have implications for the continued professionalization of physical therapy. PMID- 3174835 TI - Comparison of selected pulse frequencies from two different electrical stimulators on blood flow in healthy subjects. AB - The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of selected frequencies from two different pulsed electrical stimulators on blood flow, blood pressure, and heart rate. Each of 30 healthy subjects attended 10 study sessions: 1 torque testing session, 1 control session consisting of no electrical stimulation (ES), and 8 sessions of ES. All subjects received ES at an intensity sufficient to produce torque equal to 15% of the predetermined maximal voluntary contraction of their right quadriceps femoris muscle. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance showed that changes in blood flow during and after ES were dependent on pulse frequency but independent of stimulator type. Further analysis showed significant increases in blood flow with ES using 10, 20, and 50 pulses per second compared with 1 pulse per second. Inconsistent changes in blood pressure and heart rate were produced by ES. Based on the results of this study, effective clinical use of ES for promoting arterial blood flow to muscle would involve pulsed frequencies of 10 to 50 pulses per second. PMID- 3174836 TI - Efficiency analysis of two written short-answer student evaluation formats. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of two written short answer student evaluation formats. Efficiency was defined in this study as reliability per unit of examination time. Twenty second-year physical therapy students enrolled in the soft tissue injuries portion of the orthopedic course completed a 12-item quiz consisting of two formats (diagnosis and response set) with six parallel content items per format. The outcome measures of interest were 1) students' score, 2) amount of time required to complete each item, and 3) amount of time required by the faculty members to grade each item. The results indicated that a greater reliability per unit of examination time was achieved for the diagnosis format than for the response set format and that the diagnosis format could be graded more rapidly and with a higher level of interrater agreement than the response set format. Students' grades on the diagnosis format items tended to be higher (although not statistically significant) than the grades on the response set format items, suggesting that when a criterion referenced system is used, the minimal acceptable baseline score should be raised when using the diagnosis format. Further study is required to evaluate the validity of the diagnosis format. PMID- 3174837 TI - Interpellet delay and meal patterns in the rat. AB - Rats typically eat in short discrete meal periods separated by long intermeal intervals. The present study measured meal patterns and total intake of food and water when the rate of access to food pellets within the meal was reduced by delaying the time between pellet deliveries. In contrast to studies that reduce the caloric density of food, simple interpellet delay produced a marked reduction in meal size at the shorter (32 sec or less) interpellet delays. However, longer delays (up to 128 sec) produced no further change in average meal size. The results suggest that meal size is determined (1) by a positive feedback component with a relatively short decay time probably based on gustatory stimulation from feeding, and (2) by a negative feedback component capable of integrating total intake across delays of up to 1 hour. Increasing the delay between pellets appeared to interfere with the positive feedback component, but not with the negative feedback component. PMID- 3174838 TI - Systemic naloxone does not affect pain-related behaviour in the formalin test in rat. AB - The effects of systemic naloxone on pain behaviour in rats were examined in modified formalin test. Dilute formalin was subcutaneously injected in the plantar surface of the hindpaw, after which pain was rated according to behavioural criteria. Fifteen minutes after formalin injection, naloxone in various doses (10 micrograms/kg, 100 micrograms/kg, 300 micrograms/kg, 600 micrograms/kg, 800 micrograms/kg, 2000 micrograms/kg) or saline was intraperitoneally injected. Pain behaviour in naloxone injected and saline injected rats was not different. The findings are discussed in relation to previous reports about naloxone effects on different types of pain. PMID- 3174839 TI - The propensity for schedule-induced polydipsia is related to differences in conditioned avoidance behaviour and in defense reactions in a defeat test. AB - In line with previous research showing that animals predisposed to develop schedule-induced polydipsia when submitted to intermittent distribution of food show differential behavioural and neurochemical characteristics, the present experiments investigated the nature of defense reactions to aversive situations in rats that do or do not develop schedule-induced polydipsia. It was found that rats that engage in excessive drinking during intermittent feeding display more rapid active avoidance learning in a 2-way shuttle-box and show less freezing when confronted with an aggressive resident male in a defeat test than those that do not develop schedule-induced polydipsia. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that individual differences in the propensity to exhibit oral consummatory activities in conditions of mild stress are related to the ability to shift behavioural programmes in response to external stimulation. PMID- 3174840 TI - Schedule-induced polydipsia experience decreases plasma corticosterone levels but increases plasma prolactin levels. AB - To determine the neuroendocrine pattern of response to excessive drinking induced by exposure of rats to an intermittent distribution of food (schedule-induced polydipsia, SIP), the present experiment investigated changes in plasma corticosterone, prolactin and catecholamines in chronically catheterized rats that had developed or not this form of adjunctive behaviour. It was found that rats that engage in excessive drinking displayed decreased plasma levels of corticosterone and increased levels of prolactin during the course of a SIP session. There was, however, no differences between groups in plasma catecholamine levels. The difference observed between SIP-pos and SIP-neg rats were entirely condition-specific, since they disappeared in the absence of access to water. PMID- 3174841 TI - Behavioural effects produced in mice infected with venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. AB - Pixuna, a strain of intermediate virulence of venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, was inoculated intracranially to 24-day-old mice. Signs of encephalitis were present in 60% of the animals between 6 and 9 days with a maximum at 7 days postinoculation. The rest of the infected mice did not show clinical signs of encephalitis. In order to study the functional state of serotonergic systems a series of tests susceptible to modifications by serotonin activity were carried out. Locomotor activity was measured in an open field test. Virus-inoculated animals presented a variety of changes in their locomotor behavior at various days postinoculation with respect to the sham-inoculated group, however, they were not significant. Central serotonergic function was examined by the production of the serotonergic syndrome with the receptor agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N dimethyltryptamine and the precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, both administered 4 days after the inoculation. The dose of the agonists was established by a prior drug-response analysis. Intensity of the syndrome was significantly higher in infected mice than in the sham-inoculated group only in 5-methoxy-N,N dimethyltryptamine-treated animals. The behaviour in the swim test was also measured. Duration of immobility was much shorter in infected than in control mice. The decrease in central serotonin turnover previously reported might be responsible for the modification in locomotor behaviour and for the supersensitivity of serotonin receptors observed in infected mice. PMID- 3174842 TI - The relationship between genetic deafness and fear-related behaviors in nervous pointer dogs. AB - Nervous pointer dogs have been extensively characterized as an animal model for some human pathological anxiety states. During our work with these animals suspicion developed that some of these dogs had a hearing deficit. We decided to systematically evaluate this observation and to study the relation between hearing status and fear-related behaviors in the nervous pointer dogs. Our results revealed that a majority of the nervous dogs in our colony (75%) suffer from bilateral deafness as demonstrated by complete absence of brain stem auditory evoked response. Furthermore, behavioral ratings revealed that hearing and deaf dogs do not differ in their pathological response to the characteristic fear-provoking stimuli (e.g., human interaction) and that both hearing and deaf nervous dogs markedly differ from normal dogs in that respect. The relation between these abnormalities and their implications for research involving breeding of animals for selected traits are further discussed in this report. PMID- 3174843 TI - Importance of noradrenergic mechanisms in the olfactory bulbs for the maternal behaviour of mice. AB - Both olfactory recognition and maternal experience are important determinants of successful maternal care. Lesions to the central noradrenergic projection to the olfactory bulbs prior to parturition results in cannibalism without producing a general anosmia or gross imparment of maternal behavior. Similar lesions made after parturition and maternal experience are completely without effect. We interpret these findings as providing further evidence for a noradrenergic influence on bulbar networks at parturition which are important for, and have long lasting consequences on, maternal recognition. PMID- 3174844 TI - High dosage testosterone propionate induces copulatory behavior in the obese male Zucker rat. AB - Genetically obese male Zucker rats sire few litters compared with lean males. High dosage testosterone propionate (TP) dramatically improves their litter production. Here we report the effect of high dosage TP on the copulatory behavior of obese males. Subjects were placed with ovariectomized, hormonally primed females 24 hr after receiving a subcutaneous injection of vehicle or 20 mg TP. Other obese males received three consecutive daily TP injections or TP once every three days for up to 30 days prior to being tested. While 90% of sham injected lean males became sexually active, only 18.2% of sham-injected obese males did so. In contrast 50% to 62.5% of TP-injected obese males became active depending on TP exposure. The proportion of obese males which ejaculated was high for sham-injected males which copulated, but varied with TP exposure for TP injected males. In other respects the copulatory performance of obese and lean males was similar. High dosage TP increases fertility by correcting a behavioral deficit. Three possible mechanisms of TP action are proposed. PMID- 3174845 TI - The sequential hypothesis on sleep function. I. Evidence that the structure of sleep depends on the nature of the previous waking experience. AB - The sequential hypothesis on sleep function assumes that the information gathered by brain during the waking period is processed during sleep in two main steps occurring during synchronized sleep (SS) and, eventually, during paradoxical sleep (PS). To verify the main consequences of the hypothesis, i.e., (1) that SS is involved in brain information processing; and (2) that the structure of sleep is dependent on the nature of the previous waking experience, an experiment was designed involving rats exposed to a training session (two-way active avoidance) but failing to learn (NL), and rats left in their home cages in the same training room (C). The structure of sleep, determined by EEG techniques in the postacquisition period (3 hr), was different in NL rats in comparison to C rats, chiefly because SS episodes were markedly longer in the former group. A more detailed analysis indicated that, in NL rats, SS episodes not followed by PS increased their duration first, while those followed by PS became longer in the second half of the sleep period. Comparable results were obtained in the comparison of NL and C subgroups deprived of PS at the end of the acquisition period by chlomipramine treatment. The data support the sequential hypothesis and provide evidence for a primary role of SS in brain information processing. PMID- 3174846 TI - The sequential hypothesis on sleep function. II. A correlative study between sleep variables and newly synthesized brain DNA. AB - The information acquired by brain during wakefulness (W) may be processed in two sequential steps occurring during synchronized sleep (SS) and paradoxical sleep (PS), respectively. On the assumption that brain molecules synthesized during the acquisition step undergo a comparable sleep processing, we have designed an experiment aimed at the verification of the sequential hypothesis. Groups of adult female Wistar rats received [3H-methyl] thymidine by intraventricular injection 30 min before being exposed to a 4 hr session of a two-way active avoidance training. Animals failing to achieve the learning criterion were further allowed a period of 3 hr during which they were left free to sleep, or were deprived of PS or of total sleep. Control rats were similarly treated, but were left in their home cages in the same training room during the period of acquisition. The results of correlative study among behavioral, sleep and biochemical variables demonstrate that the specific radioactivity of DNA in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and brainstem is correlated with several variables of postacquisition sleep, mostly SS parameters. The correlations depend on the previous waking experience of the rats. The data substantiate the two main consequences of the hypothesis, i.e., (1) the involvement of SS in brain information processing; and (2) the dependence of the operations performed by the sleeping brain on the nature of the previous waking experience. The results also provide some insight into the kind of processing which occurs in the sleeping brain. PMID- 3174847 TI - Effects of cholecystokinin on male copulatory behavior and lordosis behavior in male rats. AB - Because the distribution of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) within the hypothalamus and limbic system overlaps with steroid concentrating regions, and because these areas are involved in the regulation of reproductive behaviors, we examined the effects of exogenous CCK-8 on male copulatory behavior and lordosis behavior in the male rat. Peripheral administration of a dose of CCK-8 that altered lordosis behavior in females (3 micrograms/kg, intraperitoneal) was ineffective in altering male copulatory behavior in males, either before or after gonadectomy, and was also ineffective in altering lordosis behavior after estrogen priming. In a separate experiment, CCK-8 injected into the lateral ventricle also did not affect male copulatory behavior, but lordosis behavior was increased dramatically after gonadectomy and estrogen priming. Although these results do not answer the question whether CCK-8 is acting to inhibit a neural system that normally suppresses lordosis behavior or is acting to stimulate a facilitatory circuit, these results do indicate the existence of an estrogen sensitive neural substrate in males on which CCK can act to facilitate lordosis behavior. PMID- 3174848 TI - Individual odors of rats are discriminable independently of changes in gonadal hormone levels. AB - Male Long-Evans hooded rats were tested for their ability to discriminate between the urine odors from individual outbred Long-Evans rats using the habituation dishabituation method. There were discriminable differences between the urine odors of two individual intact males, castrated males, estrous/proestrous females, diestrous/metestrous females and ovariectomized females. Thus, individual outbred rats of both sexes can be discriminated on the basis of their urine odors using this technique and discrimination between individuals occurs despite changes in gonadal hormone levels. This suggests that individual recognition is independent of reproductive state and social status although these may influence the production of body odors used for individual discrimination in rats. Individual odors most likely reflect genetic differences between individuals within the outbred strain. PMID- 3174850 TI - Schedule-induced polydipsia: attenuating effects of decreased size of food granulations. AB - The effect of food texture on the development of schedule-induced polydipsia was examined in six groups of rats (n = 8), each receiving one of six grades of food granulation. A seventh group received pellets. By the end of 15 sessions of FT 60 sec food delivery, rats receiving pellets and the coarser granulations had developed polydipsia. The volume of water drunk at asymptote by the remaining groups declined with decreased coarseness of the food. Ethological analyses of the behavioral repertoire of the rats during the fifteenth session showed that the polydipsic groups sustained their drinking throughout the session, rather than turning from ingestive to exploratory behaviors near the end of the session, as was the case with animals receiving finer granulations. The enhanced drinking induced by the coarser food texture was reciprocally related to the amount of time the animal spent with its head in the feeder hole during the period of maximum drinking. The results support the conclusion that the schedule-induced polydipsia traditionally demonstrated with pellets as the reinforcer is critically dependent on the fact that pellets are coarse in texture. PMID- 3174849 TI - Food intake suppression in rats by a substance isolated from human feces. AB - A substance which suppresses food intake was isolated from human feces. This substance was extracted and partially purified using Sephacryl S-200 column chromatography and a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography. To assess the biological activity, rats were subjected to various applications. The intraperitoneal administration and the intracerebroventricular microinfusion of this substance suppresses short- and long-term food intake. The central infusion suppresses feeding with a potency over 1000 times that the peripheral administration. The central infusion of the heat-treated substance was without effect. These results suggest that a substance present in human feces (probably of a proteic nature) suppresses food intake in rats, at the level of the central nervous system. PMID- 3174851 TI - Liver phosphorylase activation during early phase of feeding behavior: a neurohumoral regulation. AB - The mechanisms of liver glycogen depletion during the early phase of spontaneous feeding were examined in adult rats. A 40% increase in the activity of phosphorylase a, the active form of a key glycogenolytic enzyme, was detected 5 min after the onset of feeding, with a concomitant decrease of glycogen in the liver after 5 and 15 min. Within 60 min after the onset of feeding, the enzyme activity returned to the basal level and the glycogen content was restored. These metabolic responses were impaired by hepatic sympathetic denervation or by bilateral adrenodemedullation. It was concluded that the onset of meals may evoke an arousal of the sympathoadrenal system including the hepatic innervation, and that activation of this system is important in stimulating liver phosphorylase activity and glycogenolysis during the early phase of spontaneous feeding. PMID- 3174852 TI - An optic-fiber photocell detector for measuring tongue protrusion in the rat: evaluation of recovery from localized cortical lesions. AB - A technique for measuring tongue protrusion during licking by rats is described. Liquid is automatically dispensed onto a shelf in front of the rats' cage. An array of 16 optic fibers spaced at 1 mm intervals act as photo detectors to measure tongue protrusion. The fibers activate relays connected to a microcomputer that counts individual beam breaks. The system permits the measurement of large numbers of consecutive tongue protrusions during training and testing of control and brain-damaged rats. It is shown that ventral frontal cortical lesions disrupt tongue protrusion more severely than posterior neocortex removal or dorsal frontal ablations. Complete frontal cortex lesions permit no sparing or recovery of tongue protrusion. PMID- 3174853 TI - Hypotensive constituents of marine algae; 1. Pharmacological studies of laminine. PMID- 3174854 TI - Effect of Eriobotrya japonica on blood glucose levels of normal and alloxan diabetic rabbits. PMID- 3174855 TI - Formation of forskolin by suspension cultures of Coleus forskohlii. PMID- 3174856 TI - On the podophyllotoxins of root cultures of Linum flavum. PMID- 3174857 TI - Relative configuration and cytotoxic activity of vincarubine: a novel bisindole alkaloid from Vinca minor. PMID- 3174858 TI - Chemistry and pharmacology of Gentiana lactea. PMID- 3174859 TI - Novel antihepatotoxic principles of Solanum incanum. PMID- 3174860 TI - Antihepatotoxic principles of Sambucus formosana. PMID- 3174861 TI - Molluscicidal saponins from Sesbania sesban. PMID- 3174862 TI - Isolation and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of isoflavonoids from the Pueraria root. PMID- 3174863 TI - Growth and digoxin content in Digitalis lanata in controlled conditions and natural environment. PMID- 3174864 TI - A cytotoxic triterpenoid and flavonoids from Crossopteryx febrifuga. PMID- 3174865 TI - Psychosocial outcome of craniofacial surgery in children. AB - Thirty-four children between the ages of 7 and 15 years with congenital craniofacial anomalies underwent psychosocial evaluation before and 12 to 18 months after surgery. Also evaluated were healthy children matched to the craniofacial subjects by sex, age, intelligence, and economic background. Preoperative assessment revealed the craniofacial group to have multiple but not severe psychosocial limitations. At follow-up, only a measure of social functioning still differentiated the groups, with the craniofacial subjects experiencing more negative social encounters. Comparison of initial and follow-up scores for the craniofacial group revealed a significant reduction in trait anxiety and trends toward reduction in parent-reported inhibited and hyperactive behavior. Scores on measures of extraversion and social functioning tended to be positively correlated with age for the comparison subjects only. Results suggest a modest improvement in psychological adjustment following surgery with a residual, possibly increasing, deficit in social functioning. PMID- 3174867 TI - The effectiveness of the superiorly based pharyngeal flap in relation to the type of palatal defect and timing of the operation. AB - A 10-year review of 39 patients who underwent a superiorly based pharyngeal flap for severe velopharyngeal insufficiency was performed. The effectiveness of the operation, as scored by standardized preoperative and postoperative evaluations, was related to age at operation, type of defect, and duration of velopharyngeal inadequacy. There was no statistical difference between those who were under the age of 6 years (100 percent were improved) at the time of the operation versus those 6 years and older (74 percent improved). Likewise, there was no difference between those patients who received an early flap (92 percent were improved) versus those who received a flap 2 or more years after initial palatorrhaphy (90 percent were improved). The type of palatal defect also was not a significant factor, and none of the patients exhibited a postoperative decrease in function (p less than or equal to 0.001). The operation offered reliable salvage of velopharyngeal competency regardless of the above-mentioned factors. PMID- 3174866 TI - The influence of lip repair with and without soft-tissue undermining on facial growth in beagles. AB - The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that undermining of the soft tissues on the surface of the maxilla at the time of lip repair in unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate results in more severe craniofacial growth aberrations than lip repair alone. Sixty-seven purebred beagles were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into four groups: two control groups (unoperated and unrepaired) and two experimental groups (lip repair without undermining and lip repair with undermining). Lip pressures were monitored in all groups. Significantly higher lip pressures were observed in animals with soft tissue undermining. Cephalometric measurements were analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques. The results of this study indicate that lip repair performed with soft-tissue undermining results in more severe craniofacial growth aberrations than lip repair performed alone. PMID- 3174868 TI - Eyelid pigment implantation: early and late histopathology. AB - Full-thickness sections of upper and lower eyelids were obtained from patients who had eyelid pigment implantation performed by one surgeon. These four patients represented eyelid pigment implantation at varying postoperative stages ranging from 6 months to 4 years. Light microscopic evaluation revealed pigment within dermis and superficial orbicularis muscle. Light and electron microscopic evaluation revealed the vast majority of the pigment to be located intracellularly, primarily within macrophages. No foreign-body reaction was seen around the implanted material. Electron probe analysis of the pigment showed only the presence of iron. Analysis of the unused pigment revealed small amounts of silica and magnesium. These substances could not be identified by electron probe analysis in the eyelid tissues. PMID- 3174869 TI - Mandibular reconstruction with vascularized iliac crest: a 10-year experience. AB - Since 1978, 35 patients have undergone mandibular reconstruction with vascularized iliac crest. During this time, the technique of raising and shaping the iliac crest has undergone a series of modifications. Initially, osteocutaneous segments based first on the superficial circumflex iliac system and later on the deep circumflex iliac system were used. More recently, only the inner table of the ilium has been employed, and where intraoral lining is required, an ulnar forearm free flap has been added. Thirty-two patients were reconstructed successfully. Of the three anastomotic failures, one bony segment was able to survive as a free graft. There were no donor-site complications. With continued experience, operative morbidity has been minimized, while the technique has been modified to tailor the reconstruction to the specific requirements of the patient. It is concluded that vascularized iliac crest provides the most appropriate mandibular reconstruction for a range of congenital and acquired defects. PMID- 3174870 TI - Mandibular reconstruction with the titanium hollow screw reconstruction plate (THORP) system: evaluation of 62 cases. AB - The titanium hollow screw reconstruction plate (THORP) system for reconstruction of lower jaw defects provides a functional stable fixation and is used as a long term or permanent implant in tumor surgery and in traumatology. The rigid fixation of the head of the screw to the plate, avoiding unphysiologic loads to the bone underneath the plate, and the titanium plasma-coated perforated hollow screws, enabling the development of direct bone-titanium contact as well as the ingrowth of bone into the lumen and perforations, are the major advantages of this system compared to conventional systems. The different surgical methods, such as preservation of the condylar process with only two screws, intraoperative freely adjustable condylar prosthesis, lingual application of the plate, and primary bone transplantation, are described. The evaluation of 62 patients reconstructed with the THORP system between 1981 and 1986 revealed no plate loosening, even in irradiated bone, and showed satisfactory aesthetic and functional results. PMID- 3174871 TI - Surface-area increase in tissue expansion. AB - In this paper, the subject of surface-area gain in tissue expansion is approached from three sides. With the help of a mathematical approach, the theoretical increase in surface area was calculated in relation to the specifications of the expanders. In an in vitro model, these mathematical data were confirmed to be reliable. To determine the real surface-area gain that takes place in vivo, measurements on pigs were performed. It appears that only about 35 percent of the mathematically expected increase in surface area takes place. Moreover, a clear difference was observed between the surface-area gain for the different shapes of tissue expanders. PMID- 3174873 TI - Experimental tissue molding for soft-tissue reconstruction: a preliminary report. AB - Molding of pig omentum to create external structures, such as the ear or penis, was performed using silicone rubber molds. The omentum was mobilized on its gastroepiploic pedicle and brought out through a fascial defect. The molds containing the omentum were placed beneath the skin and panniculus carnosus for 4 weeks. Split-thickness skin grafts were placed on both surfaces of the mold, and a series of synthetic materials was placed within the omentum to provide structural support. When an appropriate amount of tissue had been placed within the device, omentum took on the contour of the mold. Excessive pressure associated with swelling resulted in necrosis, while an inadequate amount of tissue gave poor contour. Omentum molded without any support material rapidly lost its contour once removed from the mold. Omentum molded in combination with a synthetic material maintained its shape up to 1 month after mold removal in a limited number of animals. This model was designed to create structures with the fine detail of a prosthesis using autologous tissue. This "prosthesis" made from living tissue could then be transferred secondarily to its recipient area by microvascular technique. PMID- 3174872 TI - Complications of controlled tissue expansion in the pediatric burn patient. AB - All patients at the Burn Institute reconstructed with tissue expanders between June of 1984 and June of 1987 were included in this review. There were 122 expanders used in 77 patients. Complications were defined as "absolute" (23 of 122 expanders, 20 percent) if they resulted in loss of expanders or additional surgery or none of preoperative plan was satisfied or "relative" (14 of 122 expanders, 11 percent) if they included spotty alopecia or alopecia greater than 50 percent or the operative plan only partially satisfied, reflecting poor judgment. The most common absolute complication was prosthetic exposure secondary to wound dehiscence occurring in the scalp area. Complications relative to specific anatomic areas were neck and face, 2 of 20 (10 percent); lower extremity, 1 of 4 (25 percent); trunk, 0 of 6 (0 percent); and scalp, 20 of 92 (22 percent). We feel that this high complication rate in the use of tissue expanders may be unique to the pediatric burn patient. Knowledge of indications for use and potential complications is essential to add this entity to the armamentarium of the burn reconstructive surgeon. PMID- 3174874 TI - Effect of corticosteroid administration in ischemia--ischemic injury. AB - In order to study the preservation of ischemic tissue, an in vivo end-artery model was designed using the rabbit ear. Ear surface-area necrosis and ear edema were quantitatively evaluated for 14 postoperative days in a total of 107 rabbits. The LD50 of ischemic injury was determined by effecting 8, 10, and 12 hours of circulatory arrest. Using a 12-hour ischemic interval in this model, methylprednisolone decreased edema formation (p less than 0.01) and dramatically halted the progression of ischemic injury to necrosis (p less than 0.05) when administered within 5 hours after the onset of ischemia and continued for 3 postoperative days. A single perioperative dose of methylprednisolone was ineffective in decreasing edema formation and preserving tissue. Administration of steroids greater than 5 hours after the onset of ischemia was similarly ineffective even when administered for 3 postoperative days. PMID- 3174875 TI - Fixation effects on membranous and endochondral onlay bone-graft resorption. AB - Difficulties arise in the prediction of maintenance of graft volume over time when bone grafts are used for facial contour reconstruction. We hypothesize that graft fixation will decrease movement and lead to decreased resorption. Fixed and nonfixed endochondral (rib) and membranous (skull) onlay bone grafts measuring 30 X 10 X 4 mm were grafted to the mandible bilaterally in 10 adult sheep. Fixation was achieved using the lag-screw technique. Volume measurements using caliper technique were made 20 weeks postoperatively. The volume of graft present at 20 weeks was significantly greater for the fixed bone grafts (p less than 0.001): fixed membranous, 85.9 percent; fixed endochondral, 76.2 percent; nonfixed membranous, 55 percent; and nonfixed endochondral, 16.6 percent. The results are explained using biomechanical theories related to the effects of strain. At present, it is suggested by this study that when onlay bone grafts are stabilized, improved results with respect to graft resorption can be expected. PMID- 3174877 TI - Same-day admission and omission. PMID- 3174876 TI - Malignant hyperthermia in plastic surgery. AB - Malignant hyperthermia is a seemingly rare genetic myopathy. Hypermetabolic crisis accompanied by a rise in body temperature to as high as 44 degrees C is its hallmark. Malignant hyperthermia is usually triggered by potent inhalated anesthetics and/or depolarizing muscle relaxants. Because of the extraordinary risk of death in patients who are at risk, plastic surgeons may be reluctant to operate on these patients. Five such patients were referred to the Plastic Surgery Service and the UCLA Malignant Hyperthermia Center for anesthetic and surgical management following plastic surgical procedures aborted for first episodes of malignant hyperthermia. They were anesthetized with nitrous oxide, barbiturates, opiates, tranquilizers, and nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. The patients were not treated prophylactically with dantrolene. Cardiac monitoring, end-tidal pCO2, and rectal temperatures were followed. After completion of their plastic surgical procedures, all five patients had a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy performed and subsequent caffeine/halothane contracture studies completed. The contracture study was positive in all patients studied. No anesthetic or surgical complications were encountered. This study demonstrates that patients at risk of developing malignant hyperthermia crisis can have plastic surgical procedures performed safely while undergoing appropriately selected general anesthesia. PMID- 3174878 TI - Management of advanced foot deformities in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. AB - Treatment for the characteristic hand deformities of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa has been well described in the literature. We present our first experience delineating the surgical treatment for advanced foot deformities in this disease. This case emphasizes the need for release of contractures, the use of split-thickness skin grafts, and the need for rigid fixation to maintain surgical correction until healing is complete. PMID- 3174879 TI - Free transplantation of venous network pattern skin flap. AB - We report a patient treated by transplantation of a venous network pattern skin flap containing two superficial cutaneous veins. Through one of the veins, arterial blood passed into the capillaries, restoring circulation and ensuring survival of the flap. PMID- 3174880 TI - Computerized suction lipectomy aspirator monitor for improved results in suction lipectomy. AB - A new computerized suction aspirator monitor is described. This device offers the benefits of instantaneous and concurrent scientifically accurate readout of aspirate contents in five separate bodily areas. Thus knowledge of amounts of blood versus fat can be immediately known without resorting to guess, estimate, or cumbersome lipocrit determination by centrifuging. Advantages of such a device include better accuracy in determination of fat removal from each area, with improvement of symmetrical fat removal. More exact determination of blood loss with improved hemodynamic replacement is also more easily and safely accomplished. In an area of mystique, experience, artistry, and aesthetic appreciation which has cloaked the initial enthusiasm for suction lipectomy, a new generation of scientific accuracy is now possible. Thus accurate determination of aspirate content vis-a-vis fat and blood can now transform this procedure into a more sophisticated and scientifically accurate operation which traditionally is desired by most practitioners of suction lipectomy. PMID- 3174881 TI - Liposuction for fat biopsy. AB - This is the first published report of the use of liposuction for removing fat while intentionally minimizing the resultant appearance change. Ten to 20 gm buttock fat were removed from 31 male volunteers for chemical analysis of dioxins. Unlike conventional techniques of fat biopsy, liposuction allows larger quantities to be removed for study without noticeable scarring or deformity. PMID- 3174883 TI - Informed consent. PMID- 3174882 TI - Focal dystonia (occupational cramp) masquerading as nerve entrapment or hysteria. PMID- 3174884 TI - Vascular surgery and pressure sores. PMID- 3174885 TI - Testing surgical success. PMID- 3174886 TI - Mammography of the augmented breast. PMID- 3174887 TI - Mystery of laser silicone flash. PMID- 3174888 TI - Error in thick gauging of brown dermatome and its correction. PMID- 3174889 TI - Keloid formation after cleft lip repair. PMID- 3174890 TI - [A neurophysiological study on CCU syndrome]. PMID- 3174891 TI - [Studies on patients with "wrist cutting syndrome"--an application of imagination theory to the three factors of the motivations of 23 wrist cutters]. PMID- 3174892 TI - [Comparison of the schizophrenic delusions between Japan and West Germany]. PMID- 3174893 TI - [Task to mental health by the local government]. PMID- 3174894 TI - [Mortality rate in schizophrenia with tardive dyskinesia]. PMID- 3174895 TI - [The 1st lipstick or the fear of femininity in the parents of adolescents]. AB - Adolescence of their daughter disturbs parent's psychical organization. For the father, more or less deep anal regression results from feminine and passive fantasies ("If she does not come back, I'll kill her"). Mother, in interaction with her husband's anxiety is getting depressed ("If she does not come back, I'll kill myself"). PMID- 3174896 TI - [West's syndrome and/or early autistic manifestations]. AB - The authors report observing three children showing symptoms both of West's syndrome and autism. For them, the relational aspect was highlighted during hospitalization on an out-patient basis in a child psychiatry center instead of taking medication (for one of the children, no medication for epilepsy was taken; for the other two, medication was stopped shortly after, during their stay in the hospital). The positive outcome for these children (after four years for one of them) leads to the following question: Mightn't hypsarrhythmia be an early sign of relational problems, a symptom seen in child autism? The authors try to show that this is possible, placing more importance on the sick person than on his symptoms, and concentrating more on listening both to the parents and their suffering child. PMID- 3174897 TI - [Narcissism vs narcissism. An attempt to analyze an institutional sequence]. AB - A institution has its own psychic apparatus, its own narcissism which it is important to recognize and try to analyse to the extent that they condition the therapeutic capabilities of the treatment team. Taking psychotics in at an institution allows them to re-live "crises", which can be revealing echoes of what is being played out on the level of family narcissism. In this article, this kind of session is suggested because analyzing it shows how the appearance and resolution of such crises can turn out to be beneficial to the progress of psychotic teenagers. PMID- 3174898 TI - [Restoration of the idea of contact. Psychopedagogic approach]. AB - Our psychopedagogical work with teenagers having serious problems in the school setting led us to set up a clinical approach giving back to thought the ability to link affects and their representations whereas the thought process had seemed exhausted by a never-ending fight to avoid being swallowed up by the primary processes or through representing unbearable phantasms. In our hypothesis, as long as the imaginary can't be represented, it blocks access to any idea of contact. Having contact with works of art, which can serve as models of metamorphosis that has succeeded, seemed, to us, in the concept of a shared dream, as the best way to allows patients to reconnect lost or avoided parts, but from afar. The metaphor takes the place of the nameless crudity and horror of a very real alienating agent. PMID- 3174899 TI - [The body, for the psychotic: a place for rediscovery]. AB - Through recreational activities of a body-expression group on an out-patient basis with a group of teenage psychotics, an attempt to elaborate the therapeutic effects, using the body, including certain dance techniques under defined and described conditions, is suggested. Where, at the outset, seems not to have been respected sexually, or on the other hand, to have been put into highly conflict- causing situations, when childhood has been marked by great bodily traumatism, when communication can no longer be carried out by words, this kind of physical approach can, by going beyond the psychotic defense mechanism, lead to a genuine narcissistic respect with all its positive effects concerning self-concept and in helping the person relate to others. PMID- 3174900 TI - [The narcissistic family]. AB - Based on the pathology of narcissism as displayed by a number of pre-psychotic and psychotic teenagers, this article deals with exploring the close dependence that is maintained between the patients and their nuclear families. Several of us, using a therapeutic approach in an institutional setting, are trying to bring defective narcissistic "givens" into play in order to give the teenager a chance at ex-istence... In this article, the author suggest pointing out the need for such a way of synchronizing particular concepts, pushing to the very limits of psychoanalysis. PMID- 3174901 TI - [Subjective transference]. AB - Based on very different clinical examples showing a same reversal in the way of understanding and handling counter-transference phenomena, as much individual as collective, and carried out in a therapeutic approach in a institution for psychotic teenagers, the author--placing the metapsychological implication firmly within these phenomena--, gives credence to the existence of primary narcissistic transfers that he suggests calling subjective in order to distinguish them from objective and transitional transfers. PMID- 3174902 TI - The dexamethasone suppression test in relation to symptomatology: preliminary findings controlling for serum dexamethasone concentrations. AB - A diagnostically heterogeneous sample of psychiatric inpatients (n = 52) was administered the 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) shortly after hospital admission. Each was also assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and selected items of the Present State Examination (PSE) representing psychomotor retardation and anxiety. A potent determinant of postdexamethasone serum cortisol concentrations was found to be the level of serum dexamethasone concentration achieved following the oral dose. No relationship was found between postdexamethasone cortisol concentration and the scores on either the HRSD or an anxiety scale derived from selected PSE items. However, symptoms of psychomotor retardation were significantly related to postdexamethasone serum cortisol concentration, particularly when the serum dexamethasone concentrations were taken into account. It may be that DST nonsuppression in psychiatric patients is in part a reflection of the presence of psychomotor retardation, a phenomenon that cuts across diagnostic categories. PMID- 3174903 TI - Seasonal variations in prolactin levels in schizophrenia. AB - As part of an ongoing longitudinal study of drug-free schizophrenic patients, we serially sampled resting early morning prolactin levels in 10 subjects. In a preliminary analysis, these levels were compared to those found in matched normal control subjects over a 4-year period. Both control and schizophrenic subjects showed a marked annual variation in prolactin levels. Six schizophrenic patients sampled in each quarter of the year showed a significant annual rhythm, with prolactin highest in the spring (March-May). In seven schizophrenic patients and nine controls sampled at two seasons in the year, prolactin was significantly higher in spring-summer (March-August) than in fall-winter (September-February), with no difference between patients and control subjects. PMID- 3174904 TI - Standardized magnetic resonance image intensity study in schizophrenia. AB - A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study of 12 chronic schizophrenic outpatients (4 females and 8 males) and 12 healthy volunteers, individually matched for age and sex, found a significantly larger ventricle-brain ratio and smaller corpus callosum area in schizophrenics than in controls. There were no statistically significant differences in the image intensity values between schizophrenic and healthy volunteer groups. However, there were more intragroup differences (left right) of the image intensity values in the SE-30 sequence than in the SE-120 sequence in schizophrenics than in normals. PMID- 3174905 TI - Effects of task difficulty on regional cerebral blood flow: relationships with anxiety and performance. PMID- 3174906 TI - The effect of body composition and gender on cardiac awareness. PMID- 3174908 TI - Abstracts: twenty-eighth annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research. San Francisco, California, October 19-23, 1988. PMID- 3174907 TI - Effects of cigarette smoking on bilateral electrodermal measures of the orienting reflex. PMID- 3174909 TI - In vitro motility of non-pregnant rat uterine horns. AB - The in vitro spontaneous mechanical and electrical activity of the non-pregnant rat uterine horn was investigated. An isometric isovolumic preparation was used to obtain records of intraluminal pressure, axial force, extracellular electrical activity and horn morphology. Mean intraluminal pressure was 28.6 cmH2O and mean force 2.5 g. Burst electrical activity was initiated at the ovarian end in 70% of the cases. Detailed analysis of electrical and mechanical events during a single contraction showed a preparatory phase involving the longitudinal muscle layer, followed by a stronger contractile event involving both longitudinal and circular layers. Moreover, the mechanical activity was modulated at the frequency of a component (0.16-0.20 Hz) of the slow electrical activity of the horn. Burst electrical activity appeared at five equidistant electrodes along the horn with variable delays: the highest delays (mean values 7.4 s for burst activity initiated at the ovarian end and 6.5 s at the vaginal end) were observed in the middle part of the horn. The spontaneous contraction of the segment appeared to be due to the activation of separate regions of the horn (i.e. an ovarian and a cervical region), more than to a propagated excitatory action. PMID- 3174910 TI - Thixotropic changes in human muscle stiffness and the effects of fatigue. AB - Two methods have been used to study the stiffness of the relaxed finger musculature after movement followed by various times at rest. The muscles stiffen considerably as the time at rest increases. The time course of this change has been plotted; it continues at a declining rate for at least 30 min. The increased stiffness after resting can be immediately reduced by active or passive movements but not by isometric efforts. These changes characterize a thixotropic system and suggest a long-term molecular rearrangement in relaxed muscle. Extensive eccentric exercise of the muscles under investigation reduces the overall stiffness and there is a concomitant increase in tremor on movement. PMID- 3174911 TI - The effects of physostigmine sulphate eyedrops on human visual function. AB - Instillation of 0.25% physostigmine sulphate eyedrops in twelve subjects caused a sustained miosis, a transient reduction in near-point and a transient increase in the amplitude of accommodation. The latter had a peak at 30 min and had recovered by 90 min, though its amplitude varied widely between subjects. Contrast sensitivity to stationary grating patterns of 3-30 cycles/deg and phase-reversed grating patterns of 0.5-3 cycles/deg was reduced transiently with a time course similar to that of the increase in accommodation. The peak reduction in contrast sensitivity was correlated significantly with the peak amplitude of accommodation. Contrast sensitivity to laser interference fringes, observed in Maxwellian view where the effects of defocus are bypassed, was also reduced, indicating that physostigmine also had a direct deleterious action on the visual system. PMID- 3174912 TI - An evaluation of the effectiveness of intramuscular atropine or homatropine eyedrops in preventing the effects of physostigmine eyedrops on human vision. AB - An intramuscular injection of 2 mg atropine sulphate was given at either 8 or 120 min prior to instillation of 0.25% physostigmine sulphate eyedrops. In this way, the maximum accommodative change and the concomitant reduction in contrast sensitivity caused by physostigmine coincided with, respectively, the peak plasma atropine concentration or the fully developed mydriasis and reduction of near point accommodation caused by atropine. Atropine at both times did not affect the miosis, the reduction in near-point, the increase in accommodation or the reduction in contrast sensitivity caused by physostigmine. Contrast sensitivity to a phase-reversed grating pattern was actually diminished by atropine, though this was not statistically significant. By contrast, 2% homatropine hydrobromide eyedrops did effectively antagonize physostigmine's actions. This indicates that the rate of delivery of atropine from the intramuscular injection was insufficient to compete against the ocular effects of physostigmine. PMID- 3174913 TI - The effects of two calcium antagonists (nifedipine and verapamil) on renal function in sheep. AB - The effects of the calcium antagonists, nifedipine and verapamil, were measured in five conscious Merino ewes at a dose rate of 0.5 microgram min-1 kg-1 for 60 min. Nifedipine caused a significant fall in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and central venous pressure (CVP) and an increase in heart rate (HR). There was no significant effect on renal vascular resistance (RVR) but, with the fall in MABP, renal plasma flow (RPF) decreased. There was a significant rise in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and a small rise in filtration fraction (FF). Solute excretion, urine osmolality and solute-free water reabsorption (Tc, H2O) increased and urine flow (V) decreased. Plasma potassium (PK) and osmolality (Posm) decreased. Verapamil produced a similar fall in MABP and also had similar effects on the other parameters, except that in this case RVR was significantly reduced and there were significant increases in RPF and GFR. The rise in GFR which occurred regardless of the change in RPF, can account for the increase in solute excretion, although an effect of the calcium antagonists on tubular function cannot be excluded. PMID- 3174914 TI - The roles of hepatic nerves in the reduction of food intake as a consequence of intraportal sodium propionate administration in sheep. AB - Like other mammals, ruminants can also control their food intake. One of the potential sites where feed-back signals arise is the liver. We have already shown in our previous study that intraportal administration of propionate depresses intake and that this action is dependent on an intact nerve supply to the liver because sectioning the hepatic plexus abolishes the effect of propionate. In the following work the relative importance and the possible roles of different hepatic nerves were investigated. Three-hour continuous infusions of sodium propionate or saline into the hepatic portal vein of sheep were carried out following applications of different surgical procedures and food intakes were measured. In experiment 1 bilateral splanchnotomies were sufficient to prevent the effect of propionate on food intake. The subsequent total hepatic denervations also resulted in the removal of the depressing effect of propionate. Experiment 2 was designed to compare the involvement of the splanchnic afferents from the liver and the hepatic vagal afferents. Intraportal propionate was demonstrated to depress feeding in the intact animal whereas splanchnic nerve blockade with local anaesthetic removed this effect. Paradoxically selective hepatic vagotomy also abolished this effect. It was concluded that there may be more than one pathway involved in transmitting information from the liver to the central nervous system. Possible implications of the results are discussed and attempts are made to explain the mechanism of action and compare different theories by other workers. PMID- 3174915 TI - Comparison of the effects of oxygen, 5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin and adrenaline in isolated human umbilical artery smooth muscle. AB - The actions of 5-HT, bradykinin and adrenaline on the isolated human umbilical artery (HUA) were examined in paired isometric and isotonic preparations and in paired isometric and perfused preparations at both low (approximately 20 mmHg) and high (approximately 120 mmHg) oxygen tensions. The response to each agonist was potentiated by the higher oxygen tension in all test systems. The relative potency of the three agonists studied was similar using each of the experimental techniques. The contractions to stepped increments in oxygen tension were compared in isometric and isotonic preparations. The thresholds were found to be 20 and 28 mmHg respectively. The maximum contraction occurred at 234 and 199 mmHg respectively. In the perfused (constant flow rate) preparations, oxygen did not evoke any increase in perfusion pressure unless the vessel was held under longitudinal tension, in which case the pressor responses were similarly concentration dependent as for isometric and isotonic preparations. Responses to 5-HT, bradykinin and adrenaline in the perfused preparation were similar with or without application of longitudinal tension. It is concluded that oxygen may contract only the longitudinal muscle whereas 5-HT, bradykinin and adrenaline act on both longitudinal and circular muscle. The possible roles which these agonists may play in the regulation of umbilical blood flow are discussed. PMID- 3174916 TI - Effects of synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone (1-34) and its analogues on 45Ca uptake and adenylate cyclase activation in bone and plasma calcium levels in the chick. AB - We have previously demonstrated that intravenous injection of synthetic bovine parathyroid hormone (1-34) (bPTH(1-34)), but not necessarily bPTH(1-84), into chicks rapidly (3 min) inhibits skeletal uptake of an acute 45Ca label. In the present study hydrogen peroxide oxidation of bPTH(1-34) abolished this response and reduced its ability to activate adenylate cyclase in bone and kidney. Oxidised bPTH(1-34) did, however, exhibit the full hypercalcaemic activity of untreated hormone. In contrast, the analogue [Nle8, Nle18, Tyr34]-bPTH(1-34)amide reduced chick bone 45Ca uptake but failed to raise plasma Ca levels. Cyclic AMP formation in response to this analogue was also slight. Another analogue, [Nle8, Nle18, Tyr34]-bPTH(3-34)amide, failed to inhibit 45Ca uptake or stimulate cyclic AMP formation in chick bone. It was also without hypercalcaemic activity. These data suggest that the hypercalcaemic response to bPTH(1-34) in chicks is not merely a reflection of its inhibitory effect on bone 45Ca uptake. They also question the relevance of cyclic AMP in the former action. A model is proposed by which PTH could rapidly inhibit bone net 45Ca uptake by stimulating release and turnover of intracellular calcium stores in bone lining cells, thereby creating a gradient for Ca out of bone. PMID- 3174917 TI - The transfer of zinc across the term dually perfused human placental lobule. AB - Net zinc transfer between fetal and maternal circulation has been described in the in vitro perfused lobule of the human term placenta. The transfer results in a 3 microM differential between fetal and maternal perfusates which is comparable to estimated values in vivo. Tissue zinc concentration is more than 10 times perfusate concentration and is correlated with zinc flux across the fetal borders of the lobule. Open-circuit studies on net transport of zinc, and upon flow of 65Zn relative to tritiated water (3H2O), indicate these fluxes depend upon the non-protein-bound (free) zinc gradient across the fetal-facing membranes. On the other hand movement across the maternal surface is not related to diffusion gradients of free zinc and is either independent of, or inversely related to, the level of tissue zinc. It is concluded that the uptake of zinc from the maternal perfusate may be coupled to metabolism, whereas its transfer to fetal circulation is linked to the level of free zinc in the tissue. PMID- 3174918 TI - Glucose uptake and iron absorption by an isolated, vascularly and luminally perfused preparation of rat small intestine. AB - Some characteristics of an isolated vascularly and luminally perfused rat intestinal preparation are described. Over 60 to 90 min perfusion, the vascular perfusion medium (VPM) 'arterial' pressure remained stable and between animals it varied between 22 and 47 mmHg while the VPM flow rate remained constant at 1.3 ml/min. Hypersecretion, as monitored by changes in the concentration of phenol red in the luminal perfusion medium (LPM), did not generally occur. Histological examination of the tissue post-perfusion showed that normal morphology was retained for at least 1 h. Total glucose uptake ranged between 85 and 155 mumol/(g dry wt. h) with greater uptake from the VPM than the LPM. Approximately 50% of the glucose taken up by the intestine appeared as lactate in the perfusion media, most of which was released to the VPM. The addition of phloridzin (5 x 10( 4) M) to the LPM significantly reduced the uptake of glucose from the LPM and its transfer to the VPM. Iron absorption was studied by adding FeCl2 (with 59Fe and ascorbate, 100 micrograms/ml) to the LPM to give a final concentration of 10-100 micrograms iron/ml. The appearance of iron in the VPM was investigated over a period of 1 h. At the two lowest concentrations (10 and 25 micrograms/ml) there was a lag of 20-40 min before iron appeared in the VPM. At the higher doses (50 and 100 micrograms/ml) the lag was 10 min. During the final 20 min the appearance of iron in the VPM plateaued to dose-dependent constant rates. The ratio of the specific radioactivity of 59Fe in the two perfusates (LPM:VPM) was unity when the initial iron concentration was 25 micrograms/ml or above. At the lowest dose (10 micrograms/ml) this ratio was 2.5 indicating that during transfer, iron taken up from the LPM had mixed with a small labile endogenous iron pool. Both amounts of iron retained by the intestinal tissue and transferred to the VPM increased exponentially with increasing luminal iron dose. The amount of iron retained by the tissue was always greater than that transferred to the VPM. PMID- 3174919 TI - Myosin light chains in regenerating rat skeletal muscle following chronic, low frequency, electrical stimulation. AB - Ten days of chronic, low-frequency, electrical stimulation of regenerating rat extensor digitorum longus muscle causes an increase in the percentage of slow, phosphorylatable myosin light chains with a complementary decrease in the total fast light chain content. This altered light chain expression is similar to that observed when electrical stimulation is applied to a developing muscle in vivo. PMID- 3174920 TI - The effect of hypoxia on plasma potassium concentration and the excitation of arterial chemoreceptors in the cat. AB - Intra-arterial recordings of potassium concentration ([K+]a) and arterial chemoreceptor discharge were made in six anaesthetized cats while tracheal PO2 was stepped every 2 min (end-tidal PO2 ca. 140, 60, 40 and 95 Torr) at constant PCO2 (33 Torr). [K+]a increased hyperbolically from 3.0 mM to 4.5 mM as arterial PO2 was lowered from 95 to 40 Torr. Because the discharge of arterial chemoreceptors is excited by hyperkalaemia as well as hypoxia, the hypoxic discharge of arterial chemoreceptors may have a component mediated by [K+]a. The mechanisms underlying the arterial K+ increase in hypoxia remain unknown. PMID- 3174921 TI - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in Saudi Arabia: analysis of 6386 procedures. AB - Fibreoptic endoscopy is now established in the investigation of upper gastrointestinal disease. We report our findings in a large series of endoscopic procedures (6386) mostly in Middle Eastern Arabs, and compare the results obtained in Western patients. We find fibreoptic endoscopy to be feasible, safe, acceptable and effective. PMID- 3174922 TI - Psychiatric and neurological manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - The frequency and type of psychiatric disease were investigated in 40 patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 27 control subjects with rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease. The psychiatric morbidity at the time of interview was the same in the two groups, but the patients with SLE had experienced more episodes of psychiatric illness in the past, and psychotic symptoms occurred only in this group. Half of the patients with SLE had previous or current evidence of neurological involvement; an association was found between neurological disease and psychotic symptoms in SLE, while anxiety and affective disturbances appeared to be closely related to environmental factors in both patients with SLE and controls. There was no correlation between psychiatric and neurological disease and clinical or laboratory indices of disease activity. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed in 15 patients with SLE. Abnormalities were more often present in those with neurological disease; no such correlation was found with psychiatric illness. PMID- 3174923 TI - A pathophysiological study of 10 cases of hypoxic cor pulmonale. AB - A pathophysiological study of the pulmonary vasculature in 10 patients with hypoxic cor pulmonale and severe airways obstruction (five treated and five untreated with long-term oxygen) is presented. The media of muscular pulmonary arteries was normal or atrophic but, in the intima, there was active deposition of longitudinal muscle, fibrosis and elastosis. In the arterioles a medical coat of circular smooth muscle bounded by a new internal elastic lamina had developed, while there was deposition of longitudinal muscle and fibrosis in the intima. In five cases the lumen was subdivided into parallel tubes, found by serial section to lead into alveolar capillaries. These features are distinctive of hypoxaemia and obstructive airways disease. Changes continued until death. The conspicuous longitudinal muscle may be attributable to stretching of vessels round distorted terminal airways; further exploration into mechanisms is required. The hypothesis that vascular changes follow hypoxic vasoconstriction is no longer tenable. No correlations were found between quantitative pathological findings and arterial blood gas tensions, pulmonary artery pressure or haematocrit. There were no differences between patients treated or not treated with oxygen which might suggest that it arrests pathological changes. Thus, once a patient is given oxygen, survival probably depends as much on progressive mechanical changes in the lung as on continuing hypoxaemia. PMID- 3174924 TI - Cryptococcal infection of the nervous system. AB - Eighteen patients with cryptococcal infection of the central nervous system seen during a 10-year period were reviewed. Eleven patients (61 per cent) were immunocompromised due to underlying disease and seven of these were on steroids, cyclophosphamide or both. Two-thirds of patients presented with the triad of fever, headache and neck rigidity suggesting meningitis; seizures and mental confusion were uncommon. A high index of suspicion was essential for diagnosis particularly in immunocompromised subjects, and the diagnosis was established by positive Indian-ink preparation, culture or raised antigen titre in the cerebrospinal fluid. CT scan was helpful for diagnosis and progress monitoring. Amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine were the mainstay of treatment, and imidazole derivatives and garlic may be helpful adjuncts. Mortality was 39 per cent, but full recovery was the usual outcome in those who survived. The prognosis was worse with immunocompromised patients, and of those who died, comma and/or convulsion on admission and marked cerebral oedema and hydrocephalus on CT were notable features. PMID- 3174925 TI - Pregnancy and lupus: prognostic indicators and response to treatment. AB - A cohort study was undertaken of 18 consecutive pregnancies in 16 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without significant renal impairment. Of these, eight each had at least two previously unexplained pregnancy failures, 10 had elevated anticardiolipin antibodies, nine had the lupus anticoagulant and five had antibodies to Ro. Twelve live births resulted but a Downs syndrome baby died in the perinatal period. Fetal morbidity was confined to four cases of fetal growth retardation, all in mothers positive for anticardiolipin antibodies, and fetal distress in another two. There were no cases of the neonatal lupus syndrome. There was one maternal death. An obstetric history of at least two previously unexplained pregnancy failures and the presence of maternal anticardiolipin or anti-Ro antibodies accurately predicted fetal loss in six of seven cases. No other serological risk factors for fetal loss were identified. We were unable to show that suppression of antibodies in those mothers with at least two previously unexplained pregnancy failures improved fetal outcome. PMID- 3174926 TI - Prognostic indices in stroke. AB - Two hundred and six patients with acute stroke admitted consecutively to District General Hospitals, were studied for a period of six months. Significance tests conducted singly detected 21 factors present during the first 48 h of stroke, which were related to outcome six months later in terms of both mortality and functional recovery. Among these significant factors were various measures of perceptual dysfunction, including Albert's Test. Multivariate statistical analysis which included discriminant analysis and linear logistic modelling, revealed six factors (Albert's Test Score, leg function, level of consciousness, arm power, weighted mental score and ECG changes) which were significantly and independently related to outcome. A statistical model based on these factors predicted functional outcome with an overall accuracy of 67 per cent and mortality with an accuracy of 83 per cent. This model provides a useful basis for stratification in future randomized controlled trial in stroke, and may have a role in the management of the individual stroke patient. PMID- 3174927 TI - Enhanced recovery from ionizing radiation damage in a lepidopteran insect cell line. AB - TN-368 lepidopteran insect cells display a pronounced resistance to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation and exhibit superior DNA repair capabilities. When a TN-368 cell population entering stationary growth phase is irradiated with 137Cs gamma rays and then incubated for several hours before cell dilution and plating for colony formation, the surviving fraction is increased several-fold over cells diluted and plated immediately after irradiation. Similarly, the survival of cells plated immediately following the second of two equivalent doses separated by several hours is greater than the survival of cells plated immediately following a single dose equal to the sum of the split doses. Both processes exhibit similar biphasic repair kinetics and reach maximal levels by 6 h. The phenomena appear initially to be analogous to confluent-holding and split dose recovery as described for mammalian cells. However, the survival levels obtained for doses of 61-306 Gy after allowing for these recovery processes to occur are quite high and greatly exceed survival levels for all but relatively low doses less than 50 Gy. For example, while the survival of cells irradiated with 150 Gy is near 0.15, the survival of cells receiving 306 Gy in two equivalent split doses is approximately 0.77. Even if damage induced by the first of the split doses was completely repaired, it might be expected that the survival would be near the level of the second dose alone, or near 0.15. Instead the survival is approximately five times greater, suggesting that the first split dose stimulated a repair system not present in unirradiated cells. The situation for confluent-holding recovery is similar to that for split-dose recovery. PMID- 3174928 TI - Ultrastructural study of mitochondrial damage in CHO cells exposed to hyperthermia. AB - A unique direct-view stereo electron microscope technique was used to visualize the structure and three-dimensional distributions of mitochondria in CHO cells in situ following hyperthermic treatments. Aberrations induced by various heating regimens were recorded. The protocol included a trypsin digestion that may have enhanced the expression of the initial heat damage. The developed damage was observed as increasing levels of mitochondrial distortion, swelling, and dissociation. Minimal damage was induced at 42 degrees C for exposures of up to 4 h, while significant damage was induced at 43 degrees C for exposures of more than 30 min and at 45 degrees C for exposures of more than 10 min. For moderate exposures, a partial recovery of mitochondrial integrity was observed when the heat treatment was followed by incubation at 37 degrees C for 24 h. Mitochondrial damage was related to the heat dose in that increasing treatment temperature resulted in greater damage, but when compared to cell survival the damage did not parallel cell killing under all time-temperature conditions. PMID- 3174929 TI - The effect of hyperthermia on radiation-induced carcinogenesis. AB - Ten groups of mice were exposed to either a single (30 Gy) or multiple (six fractions of 6 Gy) X-ray doses to the leg. Eight of these groups had the irradiated leg made hyperthermic for 45 min immediately following the X irradiation to temperatures of 37 to 43 degrees C. Eight control groups had their legs made hyperthermic with a single exposure or six exposures to heat as the only treatment. In mice exposed to radiation only, the postexposure subcutaneous temperature was 36.0 +/- 1.1 degrees C. Hyperthermia alone was not carcinogenic. At none of the hyperthermic temperatures was the incidence of tumors in the treated leg different from that induced by X rays alone. The incidence of tumors developing in anatomic sites other than the treated leg was decreased in mice where the leg was exposed to hyperthermia compared to mice where the leg was irradiated. A systemic effect of local hyperthermia is suggested to account for this observation. In mice given single X-ray doses and hyperthermia, temperatures of 37, 39, or 41 degrees C did not influence radiation damage as measured by the acute skin reactions. A hyperthermic temperature of 43 degrees C potentiated the acute radiation reaction (thermal enhancement factor 1.1). In the group subjected to hyperthermic temperatures of 37 or 39 degrees C and X rays given in six fractions, the skin reaction was no different from that of the group receiving X rays alone. Hyperthermic temperatures of 41 and 43 degrees C resulted in a thermal enhancement of 1.16 and 1.36 for the acute skin reactions. From Day 50 to Day 600 after treatment, the skin reactions showed regular fluctuations with a 150-day periodicity. Following a fractionated schedule of combined hyperthermia and X rays, late damage to the leg was less than that following X irradiation alone. Mice subjected to X rays and hyperthermic temperatures of 41 and 43 degrees C had a lower median survival time than the mice treated with hyperthermia alone. This effect was not associated with tumor incidence. PMID- 3174930 TI - Subcellular localization of glutathione and thermal sensitivity. AB - Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to various concentrations of diethylmaleate (DEM) during a 42 degrees C incubation to determine if glutathione (GSH) compartmentalization was a factor in modification of thermal sensitivity. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial GSH were isolated from CHO cells immediately after a hyperthermic treatment consisting of 2 h at 42 degrees C. Under these experimental conditions differential GSH depletion between the cytosol and mitochondrial compartments were observed. For example, 12 microM DEM was needed to deplete cytoplasmic GSH by 50% compared to 24 microM DEM needed to deplete mitochondrial GSH to the same level. Further, an ln-ln plot of the relative cytosolic GSH concentration vs the DEM concentration indicated a linear relationship (slope = -1.0). In contrast, the mitochondrial GSH plot exhibited a shoulder followed by a linear removal (slope = -0.90). Essentially the two linear curves were parallel. Analysis of thermal dose-response curves for cells exposed to between 10 and 100 microM DEM indicated that cell survival was unaffected by the addition of DEM until a critical concentration was surpassed. This threshold response was interpreted to mean that mitochondrial GSH depletion was the limiting factor. PMID- 3174931 TI - The effect of low dose rate on recovery of hemopoietic and stromal progenitor cells in gamma-irradiated mouse bone marrow. AB - Long-term recovery of mouse hemopoietic stem cells (CFU-S and CFU-S per colony), granulocyte-macrophage precursor cells (GM-CFC), and stromal colony-forming units (CFU-F) after doses up to 12.5 Gy was almost complete by 1 year when the dose rate was reduced to 0.0005 Gy/min compared to incomplete recovery after doses up to only 6.5 Gy given at greater than 0.7 Gy/min. This sparing effect of dose rate on long-term hemopoietic recovery is in contrast to the generally reported lack of dependence on dose rate for acute survival of hemopoietic progenitors after doses up to 5 Gy. The present results are compatible with the hypothesis that good recovery of the stroma should be reflected in the long-term recovery of hemopoiesis. PMID- 3174932 TI - One hundred percent tumor induction in mouse skin after repeated beta irradiation in a limited dose range. AB - Repeated beta irradiation of the backs of mice three times a week with radiation doses of 250 to 1180 cGy per exposure induced 100% incidence of tumors. The incidence of skin tumors appeared to be determined by the total number of repeated exposures in this dose range. An abrupt delay in tumor emergence was observed when the radiation dose was reduced from 250 to 150 cGy per exposure, indicating the existence of a critical threshold. Mouse skin resembles human skin rather than rat skin in its response to radiation. PMID- 3174933 TI - Effect of dimethyl fumarate on the radiation sensitivity of mammalian cells in vitro. AB - Dimethylfumarate (DMF) depletes intracellular glutathione (GSH) by covalent bond formation in a reaction which may be mediated by GSH-S-transferase. In Chinese hamster ovary cells this depletion is rapid; e.g., 0.5 mM DMF depletes GSH to less than 10% of control in 5 min at room temperature. DMF is a very effective hypoxic cell radiosensitizer, with an enhancement ratio (ER) of about 3 obtained by a 5-min exposure of cells at room temperature to 5 mM DMF, without significant toxicity. At this same concentration of drug, there is a small enhancement of aerobic cells (ER = 1.3), but the 5 mM DMF in hypoxia results in nearly a complete collapse of the hypoxic dose-response curve to the same level as seen in air with DMF. It has been suggested previously that DMF sensitizes cells via electron affinic mechanisms. However, this appears not to be the case in this study, as shown by the fact that cells pretreated with DMF and then washed free of the drug remained equally radiosensitive as cells irradiated in the presence of the drug. This large enhancement of radiation sensitivity appears to be related to the drug's ability to deplete thiols; i.e., thiols appear to be a major factor responsible for radioresistance of hypoxic cells. PMID- 3174934 TI - Environmental stress induced by the tumor bed effect leads to subpopulation exclusion within heterogeneous neoplasms: modeling studies. AB - Three nested mathematical models were used to describe the compositional stability of subpopulations within artificial heterogeneous neoplasms in a stressed environment. The first models a microecology in which each subpopulation grows independently and no competition for resources occurs. In the second model, subpopulations compete for common resources, while in the third, the subpopulations compete for resources, and an additional dynamic term describes the emergence of the second population from the first. Environmental stress is a consequence of ionizing radiation damage to the normal tissue in which the tumor grows (the tumor bed effect, TBE). Compositional data observed as a function of time from experimental assays of artificial heterogeneous colon adenocarcinoma xenografts were used for this theoretical analysis. The results show that in the stressed environment, tumor subpopulations do compete for common resources, and that the "weight of competition" (i.e., the rate at which competition can retard total growth) is significantly enhanced. In contrast to unperturbed artificial heterogeneous tumors which exhibit stable composition as a function of time, TBE stress leads to selection of the majority neoplastic population. PMID- 3174935 TI - Experimental radiation pneumonitis. Corticosteroids increase the replicative activity of alveolar type 2 cells. AB - Corticosteroid administration during radiation pneumonitis in mice markedly improves the physiologic abnormalities and decreases mortality, an effect that has been attributed to the stimulation of surfactant synthesis and secretion by type 2 alveolar epithelial cells. In the present experiments we explored the effects of corticosteroids on the replicative activity of type 2 cells of lethally irradiated lungs at the height of the radiation reaction. The labeling index of type 2 cells of irradiated mice was increased threefold above that of sham-irradiated controls. Corticosteroids given continuously from 10 weeks after thoracic irradiation further increased the type 2 cell labeling index another threefold above that of irradiated untreated mice. The enhanced reproductive activity of type 2 cells following thoracic irradiation is seen as a protective response that is augmented by corticosteroids, whose effect may be both to improve the physiology of the alveolar surface and to maintain the population of alveolar epithelial cells. The bearing of this result on the controversial role of the type 2 cell as a target in radiation pneumonitis is discussed. PMID- 3174936 TI - The relationship of DNA and chromosome damage to survival of synchronized X irradiated L5178Y cells. I. Initial damage. AB - We investigated the role of initial DNA and chromosome damage in determining the radiosensitivity difference between the variant murine leukemic lymphoblast cell lines L5178Y-S (sensitive) and L5178Y-R (resistant) and the difference in cell cycle-dependent variations in radiosensitivity of L5178Y-S cells. We measured initial DNA damage (by the neutral filter elution method) and chromosome damage (by the premature chromosome condensation method) and compared them with survival (measured by cloning) for both cell lines synchronized in G1 or G2 phase of the cell cycle (by centrifugal elutriation) and irradiated with low doses of X rays (up to 10 Gy). The initial yield of DNA and chromosome damage in G2 L5178Y-S cells was almost twice that in G1 L5178Y-S cells and G1 or G2 L5178Y-R cells. In all cases DNA damage expressed as relative elution corresponded with chromosome damage (breaks in G1 chromosomes, breaks and gaps in G2 chromosomes). Also we found that the initial DNA and chromosome damage did not determine cell age dependent radiosensitivity variations in L5178Y-S cells, as there was less initial damage in the more sensitive G1 phase than in the G2 phase. L5178Y-R cells showed only small changes in survival or initial yield of DNA and chromosome damage throughout the cell cycle. Because survival and initial damage in sensitive and resistant cells irradiated in G2 phase correlated, the difference in radiosensitivity between L5178Y-S and L5178Y-R cells might be determined by initial damage in G2 phase only. PMID- 3174937 TI - The relationship of DNA and chromosome damage to survival of synchronized X irradiated L5178Y cells. II. Repair. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of DNA and chromosome repair in determining the difference in radiosensitivity between a radiosensitive murine leukemic lymphoblastoid cell line, L5178Y-S, and its radioresistant counterpart, L5178Y-R. Populations of cells in the G1 or G2 phase of the cell cycle were obtained by centrifugal elutriation and irradiated with X-ray doses up to 10 Gy and allowed to repair at 37 degrees C for various periods. The kinetics of DNA double-strand break repair was estimated using the DNA neutral filter elution method, and the kinetics of chromosome repair was measured by premature chromosome condensation. L5178Y-S cells exhibited decreased repair rates and limited repair capacity at both the DNA and chromosome level in both G1 and G2 phases when compared to L5178Y-R cells. For the repair-competent L5178Y-R cells, the rate of DNA repair was similar in G1 and G2 cells and exhibited both fast and slow components. While the kinetics of chromosome break repair in G1 cells was similar to that of DNA repair, chromosome repair in G2 cells had a diminished fast component and lagged behind DNA repair in terms of fraction of damage repaired. Interestingly, concomitant with a diminished repair capacity in L5178Y S cells, the number of chromatid exchanges in G2 cells increased with time, whereas it remained constant with repair time in L5178Y-R cells. These results suggest that the basis for the exceptional radiosensitivity of L5178Y-S cells is a defect in the repair of both DNA double-strand breaks and chromosome damage. PMID- 3174938 TI - The role of low intracellular or extracellular pH in sensitization to hyperthermic radiosensitization. AB - Previous work showed that intracellular pH (pHi) and not extracellular pH (pHe) was the determinant in the low pH sensitization of hyperthermic killing. The present studies show that the same is true for heat-induced radiosensitization and loss of cellular DNA polymerase activities. Chinese hamster ovary cells after they had adapted to low pH (6.7) had an increase in pHi which rendered cells partially resistant to the low pH sensitization of heat-induced cell killing, radiosensitization, and loss of cellular DNA polymerase activities. These results were quantified by plotting versus pHe, both the thermal enhancement ratio (TER), defined as the ratio of the X-ray dose without heat to the X-ray dose with heat to give an isosurvival value of 0.01, and the thermal enhancement factor (TEF), defined as the ratio of the D0 of the radiation survival curve to the D0 of the radiation survival curve for heat plus radiation. Both the TER and TEF were higher for the unadapted cells than for the adapted cells, i.e., 1.3-1.4 fold higher at a pHe of 6.3. However, the TER or TEF plotted versus pHi was identical for the two cell types. Finally, heat-induced loss of cellular DNA polymerase activities correlated with pHi and not pHe. Therefore, we conclude that pHi and not pHe is responsible for the increase by acid in heat-induced radio sensitization and loss of cellular DNA polymerase activities. PMID- 3174939 TI - Blood flow changes following 137Cs irradiation in a rat glioma model. AB - Blood flow changes in response to 20 Gy 137Cs whole brain irradiation were measured with quantitative autoradiography of [14C]iodoantipyrine (IAP) in intracerebral grafts of the 36B-10 rat glioma, the brain around tumor (BAT), the contralateral corpus callosum, and the contralateral cerebral cortex. Irradiations were delivered on Day 14 post-transplantation, and measurements of flow (F) were performed with IAP on Day 15 or Day 16. Mean values of F were determined in individual tumors and in treatment groups. In 15- and 16-day-old unirradiated control tumors, the group mean F was 0.31 ml.g-1.min-1. In both 15- and 16-day-old tumor groups irradiated on Day 14 (Day 1 and 2 postirradiation tumors) the mean F for each day's group was 0.52 ml.g-1.min-1, 68% higher than the control (P less than 0.01). Flow in the BAT and the contralateral corpus callosum similarly was increased at these times (P less than 0.01). Flow in the contralateral cerebral cortex was 1.1, 1.5, and 1.3 ml.g-1.min-1 in the control, 1 day postirradiated, and 2 day postirradiated groups, respectively, but these increases were not significantly different from the control. These data indicate that flow increases in the intracerebral gliomas as well as in normal brain regions during the 2 days following 20 Gy irradiation. Changes such as these following radiotherapy may have important effects on the bioavailability of chemotherapeutic drugs. PMID- 3174940 TI - Prevention and treatment of the gastric symptoms of radiation sickness. AB - Currently available treatments for radiation-induced nausea and vomiting either are ineffective or reduce performance. The new antiemetic and gastrokinetic agent zacopride was tested in rhesus monkeys to assess its behavioral toxicity and its ability to inhibit radiation-induced emesis. Zacopride (intragastric, 0.3 mg/kg) or a placebo was given blindly and randomly in the basal state and 15 min before a whole-body 800 cGy 60Co gamma-radiation dose (except for the legs which were partially protected to permit survival of some bone marrow). We determined (1) gastric emptying rates; (2) the presence and frequency of retching and vomiting; and (3) the effect of zacopride on the performance of a visual discrimination task in nonirradiated subjects. No vomiting, retching, or decreased performance was observed after either placebo or zacopride in the control state. Following irradiation plus placebo, 70 emeses were observed in 5 of 6 monkeys, and 353 retches were observed in all 6 monkeys. In contrast, only 1 emesis was observed in 1 of 6 monkeys and 173 retches were seen in 4 of 6 monkeys after irradiation plus zacopride (P less than 0.01). Zacopride also significantly inhibited radiation-induced suppression of gastric emptying. When given after the first vomiting episode in a separate group of irradiated monkeys, zacopride completely prevented any subsequent vomiting. The present results demonstrate that intragastric administration of zacopride significantly inhibited radiation induced retching, vomiting, and suppression of gastric emptying in rhesus monkeys and did not cause detectable behavioral side effects when given to nonradiated monkeys. This observation has important implications in the treatment of radiation sickness. PMID- 3174941 TI - Repeated doses of gamma rays induce resistance to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine in Chinese hamster cells. AB - Chinese hamster V79 cells were preirradiated repeatedly with gamma rays and then exposed to ultraviolet (uv) light or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The cell killing and induction of mutation at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus were examined following these treatments. Cells preirradiated with multiple fractions of gamma rays exhibit the same sensitivity to uv light as the control cells with respect to cell survival and mutation induction. Following treatment with MNNG, resistance to cell killing was observed along with a decreased frequency of mutations induced. These results indicate that the progeny of cells irradiated with multiple fractions of gamma rays could display subsequent changes in sensitivity to lethal and mutagenic effects of additional treatment with DNA-damaging agents. PMID- 3174942 TI - Measurement of double-strand breaks in Chinese hamster cell DNA by neutral filter elution: calibration by 125I decay. AB - We labeled the DNA of Chinese hamster lung V79 cells with 125I in the form of iododeoxyuridine and subsequently measured the elution of the DNA through polycarbonate filters at pH 9.6 and pH 7.2. Since decay of incorporated 125I produces predominantly double-strand breaks (DSB) in DNA at a rate close to one DSB per 125I decay, this measurement provides an absolute calibration for the assay of DSBs by neutral filter elution. Neutral elution profiles are not first order with respect to elution time; thus we have examined the relationships between accumulated 125I decays and several functions of retention of DNA on the filter at various times during the elution process. At both pH 9.6 and pH 7.2 there were linear relationships between accumulated decays and certain retention functions. The retention function most closely correlated to 125I decays for both pH values was the logarithm of the ratio of the retention of control DNA to that of 125I-labeled DNA, both evaluated at the 9th fraction (13.5 h of elution). The linear relationship between this ratio and 125I decays allows DSB induction to be determined directly from retention values. The calibration was used to measure DSBs induced by X rays. PMID- 3174943 TI - The role of the CT scanner in RT planning. AB - Work has already been done showing the benefits and difficulties of CT planning. I have tried to discuss here the more practical aspects involved. Some 100 patients have now been planned using the CT scanner in conjunction with the planning computer. After a few initial problems (mainly concerning the transfer of data between the two computers), all the plans seem to fit well and set up on the treatment machines satisfactorily. Everything is verified using the simulator. In general, it takes only a little extra time on the CT scanner, and time is saved on the simulator. The benefits are:--1. More accurate dose distribution in the planning--tissue densities previously measured, for instance lung correction factors etc. 2. Bladder and prostate tumours--a cystogram can be avoided and also the possibilities of infection inherent in this invasive procedure. 3. Bladder tumours--a more realistic picture of the bladder as it will be when treated, that is, not fully drained (Figures 7a and 7b). 4. More accurate outline information over the whole length of the area to be treated. 5. More accurate information regarding the position of critical organs in relation to the tumour volume and the treatment volume. PMID- 3174945 TI - Studies of patient dose during x-ray diagnosis in Kenya. PMID- 3174944 TI - Concepts of health in diagnostic radiography. PMID- 3174946 TI - Prevention of radiogenic cancers through changes in procedure. PMID- 3174947 TI - Acute injury to the cervical spine. PMID- 3174948 TI - Case study of a disease of the urinary system. PMID- 3174949 TI - Dose to the lens of the eye when scanning internal auditory meati. PMID- 3174950 TI - A proposed scheme for a first degree in radiographic imaging science. Part 2. Content detail. PMID- 3174951 TI - Degree course for radiographers. PMID- 3174952 TI - Gonad protection for the paediatric patient. PMID- 3174953 TI - Arthritis and other arthropathies. PMID- 3174954 TI - [The place of arthrography of the knee joint today]. PMID- 3174955 TI - [CT arthrography of the knee joint. A report of experiences with 175 computed tomographic studies of the cruciate ligaments]. PMID- 3174956 TI - [CT arthrography and MR tomography--a study of the normal anatomy of the cruciate ligaments of the knee joint]. PMID- 3174957 TI - [Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia]. PMID- 3174958 TI - [Experimental studies on the number of x-rays required for a reliable gastroenterologic x-ray finding (rational operationable interval)]. PMID- 3174959 TI - [Radiation exposure and radiation risk of the patient in mammography]. PMID- 3174960 TI - [X-ray--morphologic comparisons in non-palpable breast carcinoma]. PMID- 3174961 TI - [Transient cerebral ischemic attacks before the age of 50: results of cerebral angiography]. PMID- 3174962 TI - [Lymphoscintigraphic studies in the mandibular, facial and neck region]. PMID- 3174963 TI - [Studies on the portasystemic shunt in pelvic vein thrombosis and the vena cava inferior syndrome]. PMID- 3174964 TI - Tomography of the posterior cervical spine fusion: a new concept. AB - The capabilities of linear-motion tomography are compared with those of complex motion tomography in the imaging of posteriorly wired cervical spine fusion. Evaluations on a tomographic phantom, on a Plexiglas head and neck phantom, and in patients with posteriorly wired cervical spine fusion reveal that in most cases better detail of the fusion site can be obtained with linear-motion tomography than with complex-motion tomography. PMID- 3174965 TI - Recent advances in x-ray tube design. AB - In recent years there have been no major changes in the design of diagnostic x ray tubes. However, two recent modifications include the metal center section x ray tube and the graphite backed anode. Both of the modifications are a result of the increased demand placed on tubes today and an effort to extend the tube life. These newer x-ray tube designs are detailed in this article. PMID- 3174966 TI - Computer-assisted quantitation of coronary artery stenosis. AB - With the incorporation of the computer and sophisticated software in medical imaging, the digitized cine radiograph is revealing more information than ever before. This article explains the use of such tools in the quantitation of coronary arteries using the many geometric characteristics that are sometimes overlooked on the diseased vessel. PMID- 3174967 TI - The case of the intermittent "film fog". PMID- 3174968 TI - Textbook selection for radiography programs: a checklist approach. PMID- 3174969 TI - "Just tell them what they need to know...". PMID- 3174970 TI - Inventory management. Economic order quantity--economic order period. PMID- 3174971 TI - Happiness is a healthy computer. PMID- 3174972 TI - Professionalism and the radiologic technologist. PMID- 3174973 TI - Radiographic examinations. PMID- 3174974 TI - The discontinuation of reciprocity agreements. AB - The ARRT discontinued reciprocity of certification with other credentialing bodies because it was the only way it could establish and maintain a single standard for credentialing of radiologic technologists in the United States. That single standard consists of requiring all new candidates for ARRT certification to pass the job-related examination of the ARRT. The ARRT was not the first of the four reciprocity partners to abrogate or discontinue its disagreement. For all practical purposes, the British, Australian, and South African partners had all discontinued true reciprocity of credentialing with the ARRT several years prior to the ARRT discontinuation. All foreign-trained technologists whose foreign training and credentialing would have qualified them for ARRT certification prior to January 1, 1986, are equally eligible in 1988. The only difference is that they now must pass the same job-related credentialing examination that American-trained technologists must pass in order to receive the ARRT certificate. PMID- 3174975 TI - [Magnetic resonance tomography of focal liver and spleen lesions. Experiences using ferrite, a new RES-specific MR contrast medium]. AB - Superparamagnetic iron oxide (ferrite), a novel, reticuloendothelial cell specific contrast agent used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was evaluated in the detection of liver and spleen tumors in animal models and in phase I and II clinical trials in 33 patients. The initial results obtained in experimental cancer models showed a dramatic improvement in tumor detection. Our first clinical trials confirmed the experimental results and showed that ferrite enhanced MRI significantly (p less than 0.05) increases the detection of individual lesions. Furthermore, the threshold of detectable tumor size decreased significantly, to 3 mm, when standard MR spin echo imaging techniques were used. PMID- 3174976 TI - [A cystic epigastric tumor? A differentiated urothelial carcinoma on the left with growth into a large pancreatic pseudocyst]. PMID- 3174977 TI - Experimental radiation injury: combined MR imaging and spectroscopy. AB - A model of radiation injury to the brain was developed in the cat. Definite radiation changes were demonstrated at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in four of six cats. These changes consisted of high-intensity abnormalities on images obtained with a long repetition time (TR) and a long echo time (TE), which were initially noted 208-285 days after irradiation. These changes were associated with gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) enhancement on short TR and inversion-recovery (IR) pulse sequences. Gd-DTPA enhancement and the high intensity on the long TR/TE images were identified at the same time and became more prominent throughout the study. Chemical-shift imaging and phosphorus spectroscopy demonstrated no notable changes despite clear-cut MR evidence of abnormalities. Sodium imaging was positive in one case. Correlation of MR and pathologic findings revealed areas of radiation necrosis and wallerian degeneration that corresponded to areas of Gd-DTPA enhancement on short TR and IR images and to areas of high intensity on long TR/TE images. Peripheral to the areas of Gd-DTPA enhancement were nonenhanced zones of high-signal-intensity abnormality on long TR/TE images, which represented regions of demyelination without necrosis. Gd-DTPA-enhanced proton imaging was the most sensitive method for detecting radiation damage in this animal model. PMID- 3174979 TI - Pulmonary sarcoidosis in the older patient: conventional radiographic features. AB - The clinical and radiographic findings in 29 patients presenting with pulmonary sarcoidosis after the age of 50 years were reviewed. Fifty-nine percent (17 patients) had atypical findings at presentation. The atypical patterns at radiography included mediastinal adenopathy alone or in combination with unilateral hilar adenopathy (n = 8), solitary or multiple pulmonary masses (n = 3), and atelectasis (n = 3). Five patients had extrathoracic tumors at the time that the diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis was made, which confused the diagnosis at radiography. An enhanced awareness of the atypical patterns of sarcoidosis in the older patient may facilitate the diagnostic process. PMID- 3174978 TI - Hepatic malignancies: improved treatment with intraarterial Y-90. AB - An improved treatment method for hepatic malignancies with yttrium-90 incorporated into the matrix of glass microspheres was evaluated prospectively. Fifteen patients with 12 metastatic colorectal cancers, one carcinoid, one islet cell tumor, and one hepatoma were treated with three dose levels: 5,000 cGy (5,000 rad), ten patients; 7,500 cGy (7,500 rad), three patients; and 10,000 cGy (10,000 rad), two patients. Mean follow-up was 7 months (range, 2-12 months). Stable disease in the liver was seen in ten patients, four of whom had concurrent progression of extrahepatic disease, which resulted in two deaths. Two additional deaths were not directly related to the malignant process. Progression of liver disease was found in five patients, with three deaths occurring at 7-8 months. No procedural, hematologic, or pulmonary complications occurred. Late gastroduodenal ulceration occurred at 6-8 weeks in three patients who had histories of chronic alcohol abuse. This method of therapy seems to be feasible and efficient. Caution is necessary with high doses or with patients with a history of or predisposition to gastroduodenal ulcers. PMID- 3174980 TI - Breast calcifications: analysis of imaging properties. AB - The imaging characteristics of microcalcifications in both benign and malignant breast conditions were analyzed in 48 digitized film mammograms. Each case included in this analysis had findings considered suggestive of malignancy by the radiologist, with the underlying histologic structure determined by excisional biopsy. Imaging properties of each microcalcification--such as pixel intensity, relative location, distribution, size, and local neighborhood intensities--were recorded. This information was statistically analyzed at the population level according to such selection criteria as histologic type, size of calcification, and cluster size. Distribution ranges were determined for these criteria. Statistical differences between data from benign and malignant cases show the average distance between calcifications in malignant conditions was greater than in benign conditions, and tissue region averages surrounding calcifications associated with malignant conditions were consistently higher than those for benign conditions. PMID- 3174981 TI - Algorithm for the detection of fine clustered calcifications on film mammograms. AB - An algorithmic process for the detection and marking of clustered calcifications in digitized film-screen mammograms has been applied to mammograms from 50 clinical cases sampled at two digitization levels, in both the craniocaudal and mediolateral views. In all but one case the detector accurately located suggestive clusters found by radiologists in normal screening. In five cases additional clusters were also found by the detector. The detector has a negligible false-positive rate for the detection of clustered calcifications, although it is sensitive to clusters of emulsion defects displayed as artifactual calcification densities in the original film. The detector is flexible in structure and is easily adapted to various calcification/cluster criteria. The detector shows considerable promise when applied to clinical examples but will require refinement before formal testing. PMID- 3174982 TI - Prostatic carcinoma: staging with MR imaging at 1.5 T. AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to stage prostatic carcinoma in 81 patients with a proved diagnosis. MR imaging findings were correlated with histologic findings regarding the local extent of disease (37 patieNts) and the presence of nodal metastases (51 patients). Tumor nodules were detected in the peripheral zone (PZ) in 34 of 37 patients and were of low signal intensity compared with the signal of the PZ. Hemorrhage in the PZ represented a problem in tumor detection and in tumor volume measurement. When multiple criteria for local tumor spread were combined, MR imaging had a sensitivity of 72%, a specificity of 84%, and an accuracy of 78% in the differentiation of stage A or B from Stage C or D disease. Assessment of seminal vesicle invasion was more accurate than assessment of direct extracapsular spread. In five patients, microscopic invasion of the capsule (stage C) was classified as stage B with MR imaging; from a clinical standpoint, this should not affect patient treatment and prognosis. The MR imaging sensitivity in the detection of lymph node metastases was 69%, with a specificity of 95% and an accuracy of 88%. In this study MR imaging proved reliable in the comprehensive evaluation and staging of prostatic carcinoma. PMID- 3174983 TI - In vivo and in vitro MR imaging of renal tumors: histopathologic correlation and pulse sequence optimization. AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has given mixed results in the detection of renal masses. To identify the reasons for this and to determine the optimal pulse sequences for evaluating renal tumors, the authors imaged 12 primary renal tumors in vivo and 17 in vitro at 0.35 T. Histopathologic findings for each specimen were closely correlated with the MR images. Four of seven solid tumors imaged in vivo were isointense with surrounding normal renal parenchyma at all pulse sequences. The other three tumors were hyperintense in vivo at T2-weighted sequences. At heavily T2-weighted sequences eight solid tumors were hyperintense in vitro and four were hypointense. There was no correlation between signal intensity and specific tissue type or histologic pattern for solid tumors. The five cystic tumors were well seen both in vivo and in vitro on T2-weighted images. However, the signal intensity of the cyst fluid was an unreliable indicator of benignancy. SE MR imaging at 0.35 T has significant limitations in the detection of solid renal masses. PMID- 3174984 TI - Vesical dome tumors: significance of extravesical extension on CT. AB - Thirteen cases of vesical dome tumors were diagnosed on the basis of computed tomographic (CT) findings. Six were urachal carcinomas, and seven were of vesical origin. All six urachal carcinomas were characterized by predominantly extravesical growth along the urachus; the seven vesical carcinomas did not demonstrate this finding. Calcification in the soft-tissue-density mass was detected in three of the six urachal carcinomas and in none of the vesical carcinomas. The CT finding of vesical dome tumor was an important factor in the choice of management. PMID- 3174985 TI - Abdominal and pelvic CT: use of oral metoclopramide to enhance bowel opacification. AB - The value of orally administered metoclopramide hydrochloride to enhance bowel opacification during abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) was analyzed prospectively in 202 patients in a control group and 334 patients in an experimental group who received 10 mg of metoclopramide with the first dose of oral contrast material. Five hundred milliliters of 2% sodium diatrizoate was given orally 45-60 minutes and 30 minutes before the study, and 250 mL was given 5-10 minutes before the study. Opacification of stomach, duodenum, and small and large bowels was graded from 0 to 3+, and the presence of pseudotumors or side effects from metoclopramide were noted. No significant difference was found in the opacification of stomach, duodenum, and jejunum between control and experimental studies. Opacification was significantly better in metoclopramide studies than control studies in the proximal ileum (P less than .05), distal ileum (P less than .05), right colon (P less than .05), and transverse colon (P less than .05). Pseudotumors were seen in 7% of control and 3% of experimental subjects. No side effects were encountered. Routine oral administration of metoclopramide before abdominal and pelvic CT examinations is recommended for rapid opacification of the ileum and proximal colon for all outpatients and for inpatients who must undergo CT on an emergency basis. PMID- 3174986 TI - Pancreas divisum: thin-section CT. AB - Twelve patients with known pancreas divisum underwent thin-section computed tomography (CT) to determine the capability of CT to depict this pancreatic anomaly. Focal pancreatic enlargement was present in five patients. Two distinct pancreatic moieties separated by a fat cleft were noted in three patients; a fourth patient had focal atrophy in the distribution of the dorsal pancreas. The two pancreatic moieties were identified at the same craniocaudal level in all four of these patients. The dorsal duct was depicted in all 12 patients, while the short ventral duct was seen in only five of the 12 patients. Failure of the ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts to fuse was identified in all five patients in whom both ducts were seen. CT may not enable specific diagnosis of pancreas divisum in the majority of patients. If, however, distinct pancreatic moieties or unfused ductal systems are evident, the diagnosis may be confidently suggested. PMID- 3174987 TI - Superparamagnetic iron oxide: enhanced detection of focal splenic tumors with MR imaging. AB - Superparamagnetic iron oxide (AMI-25), a reticuloendothelial cell-specific contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, was evaluated for its ability to permit detection of splenic metastases in 18 patients. Superparamagnetic iron oxide, at a dose of 30 mumol of iron per kilogram, decreased the signal intensity of spleen from 19.5 +/- 4.8 to 3.1 +/- 2.2 (spin-echo sequence, repetition time msec/echo time msec = 1,500/42; P less than .05), without changing the signal intensity of tumor. As a result, the tumor-spleen contrast-to-noise ratio increased from 0.2 (tumor isointense relative to spleen) to 18.0 (tumor hyperintense relative to spleen). As a consequence of increased contrast, splenic tumors were detected in four of 18 patients (45 individual lesions; P less than .05), whereas nonenhanced MR imaging permitted detection of splenic lesions in only two of 18 patients (four individual lesions). Maximum tumor-spleen contrast was achieved within 60 minutes after intravenous administration. These initial clinical results indicate that MR imaging with superparamagnetic iron oxide may offer improved accuracy in the diagnosis of splenic tumors. PMID- 3174988 TI - Distinction of hepatic cavernous hemangioma from hepatic metastases with MR imaging. AB - Twenty-four hepatic cavernous hemangiomas and 91 metastases from a variety of hypovascular and hypervascular primary neoplasms were prospectively studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In addition to qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis of signal intensity ratios of lesion to normal liver was performed with images obtained with 500/28-30 (repetition time msec/echo time msec) and 2,000/28-150 sequences. Quantitative data did not improve the ability to distinguish hemangiomas from metastases in our series compared with qualitative analysis. Hypovascular metastases, such as colon carcinoma, could be differentiated from hemangioma more frequently (97.5%) than hypervascular endocrine metastases, such as islet cell tumor, carcinoid, and pheochromocytoma (61%). These findings indicate that the utility of MR imaging in differentiating hemangiomas from metastases is dependent on the histologic type of the primary neoplasm. PMID- 3174989 TI - Duodenal obstruction after repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - Two cases are reported of obstruction of the transverse duodenum within the first 2 weeks after repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Abdominal radiography, upper gastrointestinal examination, and computed tomography all aid in the diagnosis. PMID- 3174990 TI - Fungal sinusitis: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging. AB - Of 293 patients who underwent computed tomography (CT), surgery, and pathologic examination for chronic sinusitis, 25 had a diagnosis of fungal sinusitis at pathologic examination. Of these, 22 had foci of increased attenuation at CT (in four patients the mean representative CT number [Hounsfied unit] was 122.2 HU [SD, 8.2 HU]), and three did not. Of the 22, 19 patients (76%) met the CT criterion of this study (there was a 12% false-positive and a 12% false-negative diagnostic rate). Six of the 19 patients and one additional patient underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and all demonstrated remarkably hypointense signal characteristics on T2-weighted images. The findings at MR imaging therefore appear more characteristic of fungal sinusitis than the findings at CT. Furnace atomic absorption spectrometry showed increased concentrations of iron and manganese in mycetoma compared with their concentrations in bacterially infected mucus. This finding and the presence of calcium in the fungal concretion may explain the hypointense T2-weighted signal on MR images. PMID- 3174991 TI - White matter disease in AIDS: findings at MR imaging. AB - A review of the magnetic resonance (MR) images of 365 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) revealed that 112 (31%) had signal abnormalities confined to the white matter. Four patterns were observed: (a) diffuse: widespread involvement of a large area; (b) patchy: localized involvement with ill-defined margins; (c) focal: well-defined areas of involvement; and (d) punctate: small foci less than 1 cm in diameter. Clinical or pathologic findings were available in 60 of the 112 patients and were correlated with the white matter patterns seen on MR images. The diffuse pattern correlated with AIDS dementia complex (ADC), which was the most common clinical diagnosis. Patchy or punctate lesions may be seen with ADC but are less common. Focal white matter lesions were not seen in patients with ADC but were seen in all six patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, in both patients with lymphoma, and in one patient with toxoplasmosis. The authors conclude that white matter lesions are are common in AIDS and are often secondary to direct infection of the brain with human immunodeficiency virus, which causes the ADC and usually produces a diffuse white matter pattern. Biopsy is probably not indicated in these patients. Focal white matter lesions suggest a focal infection or tumor, and biopsy may be warranted. PMID- 3174992 TI - Aqueductal stenosis: evaluation with gradient-echo rapid MR imaging. AB - To assess the utility of gradient echo (GRE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in documenting aqueductal patency, spin-echo (SE) and GRE axial images were obtained with a 1.5-T system in 26 patients with aqueductal or periaqueductal lesions and in 26 control subjects. All SE images with a long repetition time (TR) were obtained with first-order gradient moment nulling. GRE imaging was performed with the use of the sequential section acquisition technique called gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state (GRASS), with a TR of 150 msec, an echo time of 14-17 msec, and a flip angle of 50 degrees, so to depict stationary cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as low intensity and flowing CSF as high intensity. All patent aqueducts were seen as high intensity on GRE images. In 18 of 20 obstructed aqueducts, low intensity was seen within the aqueducts on GRE images. SE images obtained with gradient moment nulling did not allow confident distinction between patent and obstructed aqueducts. It appears that GRE imaging is useful in rapidly assessing aqueductal patency. PMID- 3174993 TI - Vascular intracranial lesions: applications of gradient-echo MR imaging. AB - To investigate the role of the gradient-echo (GRE) technique in clinical intracranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, 63 patients with a variety of vascular intracranial lesions were examined at 1.5 T with the use of spin-echo (SE) and GRE sequences. In all cases, the sequential section acquisition technique called gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state (GRASS) was employed; a repetition time of 150-200 msec, an echo time of 13-16 msec, and a flip angle of 50 degrees-60 degrees were used to optimize the depiction of blood flow as high intensity and the depiction of stationary fluid as low intensity. In 61 of 63 cases, gradient moment nulling was utilized to compensate for first order flow effects. Although GRE images rapidly demonstrated flow in vascular intracranial lesions as high intensity, the vascular nature of these lesions was also clearly evident on SE images in most cases. In some cases, GRE images can be used to clarify the vascular nature of a lesion or to characterize a neoplasm. Other applications include the detection of vascular thrombosis, occult vascular malformations, and hemorrhagic complications of vascular lesions. PMID- 3174994 TI - Use of MR imaging for quantitative evaluation of resection for temporal lobe epilepsy. AB - The postoperative magnetic resonance imaging studies of 40 patients who underwent surgery for medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy were reviewed. A method for quantifying the resection of four specific medial temporal lobe structures- amygdala, uncus, hippocampal formation, and parahippocampal gyrus--was used to correlate postoperative seizure control with the degree to which those structures had been resected. Satisfactory postoperative seizure control was found to be strongly dependent (P less than .01) on the performance of at least partial resection of all four medial temporal lobe structures. The total amount of tissue removed did not necessarily correlate with the clinical outcome in individual cases, however, as long as some portion of all four medial structures had been resected. Two complicating factors--the presence of posterior or bilateral independent electroencephalographic foci and a history of meningoencephalitis- each negatively influenced surgical outcome (P less than .01). In cases with a complicating factor and inadequate medial resection, the outcome was invariably poor. PMID- 3174995 TI - Acute stroke: detection of changes in cerebral perfusion with dynamic CT scanning. AB - Fifteen patients with acute cerebral infarct in the territory of the middle cerebral artery were examined with dynamic computed tomography (CT) to evaluate cerebral perfusion changes. Perfusion changes could be detected in 93% of the patients within a short period after the attack (the earliest instance was within 2 hours) and before any detectable morphologic change. The attenuation coefficient of the area of infarction showed a statistically significant difference in peak amplitude compared with that in the contralateral unaffected brain or with that in the control group (P less than .05). A delay in the time to peak in the affected side versus in the contralateral side was observed in six patients with stroke and ranged from 4.2 to 49.2 seconds with or without a change in peak amplitude. The clinical outcome in the patients correlated well with the initial perfusion change measured with dynamic CT scanning. The greater the difference in peak amplitude, the worse the residual neurologic defect. Patients with a prolonged time to peak (greater than 8 seconds) usually had poor clinical outcome. The whole dynamic study took 10-15 minutes more than a conventional CT study but provided more complete information as a basis for clinical treatment and an indication of clinical outcome. PMID- 3174996 TI - Effect of chymopapain on the meninges studied in an experimental model. AB - The effect of chymopapain and contrast media in the epidural space on meninges has not been studied conclusively. The authors injected chymopapain into the epidural space of monkeys and measured the degree of arachnoid fibrosis that resulted. Animals were given injections of 1.2 mL of diatrizoate (280 mg iodine per milliliter), chymopapain (100 IU/mL), kaolin (100 mg/mL) (as a positive control), or saline (0.9%) (as a negative control). Three months later the animals were killed; the dural sac was removed intact and was fixed, sectioned, stained, and examined with light microscopy. Kaolin-treated animals developed mild to marked fibrosis of the dura. The saline- and diatrizoate-treated animals developed little or no evidence of fibrosis. One of four chymopapain-treated animals developed degenerative changes in dorsal nerve roots and fibrosis in the adjacent arachnoid. The other chymopapain-treated animals had little or no evidence of fibrosis. The studies suggest that neither diatrizoate nor chymopapain causes arachnoid fibrosis. PMID- 3174997 TI - Complications of spinal cord arteriography: prospective assessment of risk for diagnostic procedures. AB - A prospective study was done of complications associated with 134 consecutive diagnostic spinal cord arteriograms in 96 patients (63 men and 33 women aged 17 78 years). Patients were examined for either arteriovenous malformation (n = 88) or tumor (n = 8), as indicated by myelography. Among the complications, 11 (8.2%) were local, five (3.7%) were systemic nonneurologic, and three (2.2%) were neurologic (two were associated with full recovery in less than 24 hours, and one was associated with full recovery in less than 1 week). No specific clinical or technical factors were significantly associated with the development of neurologic complications. Details of the clinical profile, angiographic technique, and pathologic findings for each patient were recorded and analyzed with respect to the potential risk for arteriographic complications. Diagnostic spinal cord arteriography had an acceptable risk within the range of other neuroangiographic diagnostic procedures. PMID- 3174998 TI - Epidural lipomatosis. AB - The authors report six new cases of epidural lipomatosis--a rarely described entity characterized by increased extradural fat within the spinal canal causing compression of the spinal cord and neurologic deficits. Five of the six patients had a history of chronic steroid use. Myelography of the thoracic spine, followed by computed tomography (CT), was performed in five patients, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was done in three. Myelographic findings were abnormal in three patients and normal in two, compared with those of postmyelography CT, which revealed increased accumulation of extradural fat in all five patients. In the three patients in whom it was performed, MR imaging also showed the increased spinal canal fat. Four patients underwent surgery, which revealed an increased amount of histologically normal, unencapsulated fat in all cases. The diagnosis of epidural lipomatosis should be based on a combination of clinical, imaging, surgical, and histologic findings. If the clinical suspicion is high, even if results of myelography are normal, further evaluation with post-myelography CT or MR imaging should be considered. PMID- 3174999 TI - Gallbladder and bile duct stones: percutaneous therapy with primary MTBE dissolution and mechanical methods. AB - The authors describe percutaneous treatment of gallbladder or bile duct stones in 18 patients who were poor surgical candidates or in whom conventional therapy failed. Dissolution was performed in most cases with methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) because of its potent dissolution properties; other solvents used included monooctanoin or chelating solutions. Gallbladder stones were eliminated in 11 of 13 patients (six of seven with dissolution alone, four of four with dissolution and basket extraction, one with basket removal alone). In five patients with stones in the common bile duct (n = 3), cystic duct remnant (n = 1), and intrahepatic bile ducts (n = 1), stones were eliminated with dissolution alone in two and with dissolution plus basket extraction in one. In two patients percutaneous therapy failed due to complications (vagal hypotension with bile peritonitis and transient respiratory arrest) that occurred during catheter placement. Preliminary results suggest that MTBE is effective for dissolution of many gallbladder stones and some bile duct stones. Noncholesterol solvents and adjuvant mechanical maneuvers are valuable adjuncts to achieve complete stone elimination. PMID- 3175000 TI - Congenital arteriovenous malformations: tailored embolotherapy. AB - Congenital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) involving the pelvis or an extremity were occluded in 16 symptomatic patients, who subsequently underwent tailored embolotherapy. An additional 11 patients did not undergo embolization due to unfavorable vascular anatomy or lack of significant symptoms. Permanent occlusive agents including isobutyl cyanoacrylate, particles of polyvinyl alcohol foam, and coils were used to embolize the multiple feeding vessels and, when possible, the nidus of the AVM. All patients experienced dramatic reduction in pain and resolution of ulceration and bleeding, with a mean follow-up period of 41 months. Symptoms recurred in four patients but again resolved with repeat embolization. The authors conclude that selective and repetitive embolization is highly effective in palliation of symptomatic congenital AVMs. PMID- 3175001 TI - Avascular necrosis of the femoral head: high-field-strength MR imaging with histologic correlation. AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) images, contact radiographs, and histologic sections of six femoral head specimens with avascular necrosis were correlated. A low-signal intensity band or ring represented the repair tissue interface surrounding a high signal-intensity necrotic marrow segment. Large segmental areas of low signal intensity were observed on T1-weighted images when the lesion consisted of necrotic bone with amorphous marrow debris and adjacent thickened trabecular bone with mesenchymal repair tissue infiltration. On intermediate-weighted images, however, mesenchymal repair tissue, which was located inferior to the necrotic zone, increased markedly in signal intensity, permitting distinction from low intensity necrotic bone with amorphous marrow debris. When trabecular thickening with collapse predominated, segmental areas of low signal intensity with both sequences were found. MR signal intensities used in combination with anatomic configuration and location may provide information of potential therapeutic importance regarding tissue composition and stage of disease. PMID- 3175002 TI - Cortical bone metastases. AB - The data on 26 patients with solitary metastatic lesions arising in cortical bone were studied. Nineteen patients were over 50 years of age. In 19 patients, the cortical metastasis was the first indication of the presence of a primary malignant condition. In seven cases, cortical metastases developed in patients with a known primary tumor. The primary tumors involved were eight renal cell carcinomas, six bronchogenic carcinomas, two carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, one osteosarcoma, one neuroblastoma, one melanoma, one hepatoma, one carcinoma of the breast, and one thyroid carcinoma. In four cases, the primary tumor remained unknown. A metastatic origin should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an osteolytic lesion arising in the cortex of a long bone, especially in older patients and in patients with a known primary malignant condition. The cortical bone metastases encountered in this study did not originate solely from bronchogenic carcinoma, as has been reported by other authors. Cortical metastases are probably less rare than has been hitherto assumed. PMID- 3175003 TI - Facial bone infarcts in sickle cell syndromes. AB - Bone infarction in the sickle cell syndromes (sickle cell anemia, sickle beta thalassemia, and sickle C disease) is common in the long bones, but the facial bones, particularly the orbits, are infrequently involved. In a review of the literature, only 13 cases of facial bone infarcts in sickle cell syndromes were found. Seven episodes of facial bone infarcts--four orbital, two mandibular, and one in the zygomatic arch--in six patients encountered at the authors' institution are reported. Five patients had hemoglobin SS, and one had hemoglobin SC. Bone marrow scans were positive for infarction in five of the six episodes during which they were obtained, which highlights the usefulness of this technique in the diagnosis of facial bone infarction. PMID- 3175004 TI - Potential hearing loss resulting from MR imaging. AB - To determine if the loud noise generated by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging equipment is capable of inducing hearing loss, the hearing of 24 patients was tested before and after MR imaging. Fourteen patients were imaged without ear protection, and six (43%) suffered a temporary, mild loss of hearing (less than or equal to 15 dB at at least one frequency). Ten patients were imaged with ear protection, and only one experienced any hearing loss. Therefore, the noise generated by MR imagers may cause temporary hearing loss, and earplugs can prevent this loss. All threshold changes had returned to within 10 dB of baseline by 15 minutes after completion of the second audiometric test. PMID- 3175005 TI - Radiology residency training programs: current status. PMID- 3175006 TI - Transcatheter biopsy of lesions obstructing the bile ducts. AB - A method was developed for biopsy sampling of masses obstructing the biliary system in patients with a biliary drainage catheter. The biopsy needle is inserted through the drainage catheter, with fluoroscopic guidance, to the site of the lesion. The technique has been used without complication in more than 30 patients with cancer of the pancreas and bile ducts. PMID- 3175007 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid-iophendylate contrast on gradient-echo MR images. AB - The effect on the signal intensities of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and iophendylate (Pantopaque) and on CSF-iophendylate contrast was studied in vitro with a small-nutation-angle (alpha) gradient refocused magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technique (GRASS) as alpha, repetition time (TR), and echo time (TE) were varied. CSF signal intensity was consistently greater than that of iophendylate. Therefore, retained intraspinal iophendylate may be considered in the differential diagnosis of focal areas of low signal intensity at the periphery of the spinal canal on GRASS images. At constant TE and TR, an increase in alpha from 6 degrees to 45 degrees increased the signal intensities of CSF and iophendylate but decreased CSF-iophendylate contrast. At constant alpha and TR, an increase in TE from 13 to 28 msec decreased the signal intensities of CSF and iophendylate but increased contrast. At constant alpha and TE, an increase in TR from 50 to 400 msec increased the signal intensities of CSF and iophendylate, as well as contrast. Clinical examples of the contrast behavior of retained intraspinal iophendylate on both spin-echo and GRASS images corroborate the experimental findings. Retained intraspinal iophendylate may mimic the appearance of intra-or extra-dural lesions, magnetic susceptibility artifact, and flow on gradient-echo MR images of the spine. PMID- 3175008 TI - Clinical MR imaging with a Helmholtz-type surface coil. AB - Limited-field-of-view radio-frequency receiver antennas provide improved near field sensitivity for magnetic resonance imaging by decreasing the antenna volume. The Helmholtz-type surface coil, consisting of two flat rings, is an organ-encompassing antenna that takes advantage of this principle to yield an improved signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). The coil was tested in a group of 50 patients and 16 healthy volunteers. Images obtained with the Helmholtz coil demonstrated quantitatively superior S/N of 2.2-fold or greater than that of comparison body coil images, as well as qualitatively superior anatomic resolution. PMID- 3175009 TI - Relationship between MR relaxation time and muscle fiber composition. AB - The relationship between magnetic resonance (MR) relaxation times and muscle fiber composition was investigated in 16 men, and a high positive correlation was found. Higher proportions of fast-twitch fiber were associated with longer relaxation times, indicating that fast-twitch fiber has a longer relaxation time than slow-twitch fiber. Multiple regression analysis, conducted to investigate the suitability of relaxation time as a model of estimating muscle fiber composition, revealed that T1 and T2 were significantly related to muscle fiber composition. These results indicate that MR relaxation time may be used to estimate muscle fiber composition. PMID- 3175010 TI - MR imaging in renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3175011 TI - When should GRASS be used? PMID- 3175012 TI - About articles of judgment. PMID- 3175013 TI - The abused "silhouette". PMID- 3175014 TI - Adhesive capsulitis. PMID- 3175015 TI - In-111-labeled white blood cell uptake in noninfected closed fracture. PMID- 3175016 TI - Voice recognition system. PMID- 3175017 TI - Breast tumor seeding along localization guide wire tracks. PMID- 3175018 TI - 74th scientific assembly and annual meeting: the Radiological Society of North America, including sessions in joint sponsorship with the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. November 27-December 2, 1988, Chicago. Abstracts. PMID- 3175019 TI - [Non-pigmented Serratia: utility of hydrolysis of Tween 80 in its identification]. AB - The ability of Serratia sp. to hydrolyze Tween 80 and the usefulness of this test for differentiating it from other Gram negative bacilli was studied, comparing it with the capacity of production of DNAsa by the same strains using the O Toluidine blue method. The total number of strains assayed was 88. The sensitivity obtained was 83.9% and specificity 91.3%, with a positive predictive value of 83.9% and a negative predictive value of 91.2%. Using this method to differentiate only non-pigmented Serratia from Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. the sensitivity and specificity obtained was 100%. Concerning the cost, this method proved to be 3.86 times cheaper than the DNAsa one. PMID- 3175020 TI - Identification of campylobacters from bovine and ovine faeces. AB - Campylobacters isolated in Scotland and the north of England from bovine (497 isolates) and ovine (51 isolates) faeces were studied in order to determine which simple methods would be useful for identification of groups and species. By means of the catalase test, growth and microscopic characteristics, coccal transformation and nalidixic acid (Nal) and cephalothin sensitivity, isolates were separated into 3 groups: C. jejuni - C. coli, C. hyointestinalis - C. fetus and C. fecalis - C. sputorum subsp. bubulus. Hippurate hydrolisis was used to differentiate C. jejuni (positive) from all the other Campylobacter spp (negative). The production of hydrogen sulphide in Triple Sugar Iron was used to separate C. hyointestinalis and the C. fecalis - C. sputorum subsp. bubulus group (positive) from C. fetus (negative). The production of hydrogen sulphide in iron bisulphite-pyruvate (FBP) medium was used to separate the C. fecalis - C. sputorum subsp. bubulus group (positive) from most C. hyointestinalis isolates (96.4% were negative). Additional characteristics useful for identification of the C. fecalis - C. sputorum subsp. bubulus group were: adherent sticky growth; inhibition of growth by FBP or ferrous sulphate and sodium metabisulphite; and inversion of Nal resistance on FBP agar. Catalase test was used to separate C. fecalis (positive) from C. sputorum subsp. bubulus (negative), although these two species should be regarded as a single species with a variable catalase test. Bovine C. hyointestinalis isolates were serologically classified as type 1 (related to the porcine C. hyointestinalis standard strain NCTC 11562) and type 2 (unrelated). Based on the above criteria, isolates in cattle were classified as: 229 C. jejuni, 66 C. coli, 112 C. hyointestinalis type 1, 53 C. hyointestinalis type 2 and 37 C. fetus. In sheep they were: 25 C. jejuni, 11 C. coli, 12 C. fecalis and 3 C. sputorum subsp. bubulus. PMID- 3175021 TI - [Spatial and temporal distribution of aerobic bacteria in the Bahia Blanca estuary, Argentina]. AB - In order to study the baseline of the present bacteriological state in Bahia Blanca estuary (4) (Fig. 1 ), 13 sampling-stations were established Water samples were drawn from subsuperficial and 3 m depth from June 1984 to October 1985, during ten cruises. The heterotrophic aerobic, marine (BM) and terrestrial (BT) bacteria counts were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), which were highly significant for both sampling stations and months of the year (Table 1). Scheffe's and Student-Newman-Keul's contrast tests were used to indicate which sampling stations and months of the year resulted in significant differences in number of bacteria (Tables 2, 3). Subsuperficial and 3 m counts were analysed by the signification F test. No significant differences were detected. Very good correlations were observed between BM and BT at each level (Table 4). Bacteria behaviour characteristics would be used to detect changes produced in the estuary due to human activities. PMID- 3175023 TI - The effect of leukotriene D4 on pulmonary and systemic circulation in conscious newborn piglets. AB - In a conscious newborn piglet model, exogenous leukotriene D4 was found to be a potent pulmonary and systemic vasoconstrictor with significant left ventricular depressant effect. The pulmonary pressor effect was seen only in the arterioles and not the veins. In hypoxia the pulmonary response was less. The findings were similar to that in lambs. The role of leukotrienes in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and the foetal pulmonary circulation needs further elucidation. PMID- 3175022 TI - Relaxant actions of viprostol and prostaglandin E2 on tracheal muscle and their effects on calcium influx. AB - The relaxant effect of viprostol was studied in monkey and guinea-pig tracheal muscle rings in vitro and compared to that of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), isoproterenol (ISO) and verapamil (guinea-pig trachea only). Viprostol, PGE2, ISO and verapamil produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of carbachol contracted tracheal preparations. The rank order of potency in monkey trachea was viprostol = ISO greater than PGE2, while in guinea-pig treachea it was ISO greater than viprostol greater than PGE2 greater than verapamil. The relaxant effect of viprostol or PGE2 was not antagonized by propranolol, suggesting that beta-adrenoceptors are not involved. Epithelium removal did not affect the bronchorelaxant effects of viprostol, PGE2 or ISO. In K+-rich, Ca++-free Krebs solution, preincubation with an IC30 of verapamil antagonized CaCl2-induced contractions while an IC30 of viprostol, PGE2 or ISO did not. Preincubation with an IC90 of viprostol, PGE2 or ISO produced 0.5, 0.5 and 1.0 log unit shifts to the right of the CaCl2 concentration response curves, respectively. At this concentration, viprostol did not reduce the maximum effect of CaCl2, but PGE2 and ISO reduced it approximately 20%. However, preincubation with an IC90 of verapamil completely abolished the CaCl2 contraction. In conclusion, viprostol is a potent bronchodilator whose effect does not depend on the epithelium, beta adrenoceptors or antagonism of Ca++ influx. Whether the bronchodilator effect of viprostol is via intracellular sequestration of calcium as that of PGE2 remains to be studied. PMID- 3175024 TI - Effects of the thromboxane receptor antagonist SK&F 88046 in the canine, monkey and human coronary vasculature. AB - U-46619, a stable "functional" thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor agonist, produced potent contractile responses in isolated canine, rhesus monkey and human left circumflex coronary arteries (EC50 = 9.11 x 10(-9)M, 1.98 x 10(-8)M and 3.50 x 10(-9)M, respectively). Canine intrapulmonary veins were also contracted potently by U-46619 (EC50 = 1.22 x 10(-9)M). SK&F 88046, a thromboxane A2 (TxA2) end-organ receptor antagonist, blocked the vasoconstrictor effects of U-46619 in the canine circumflex artery (KB = 1.33 x 10(-8)M), canine intrapulmonary vein (KB = 1.46 x 10(-9)M), monkey circumflex artery (KB = 8.47 x 10(-8)M), and human circumflex artery (KB = 8.49 x 10(-7)M). SK&F 88046 was 10-60 times more potent in the canine and rhesus monkey coronary vasculature than in the human coronary preparations. Intracoronary administration of U-46619 to anesthetized, open chest dogs produced a dose-related decrease in left circumflex coronary artery blood flow which resulted in decreases in left ventricular developed pressure, left ventricular positive and negative dP/dt, ascending aortic blood flow, and an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. The decrease in coronary blood flow and the hemodynamic changes were either attenuated or completely inhibited by i.v. administration of SK&F 88046 (2.5 mg/kg + 0.05 mg/kg/min or 5.0 mg/kg + 0.1 mg/kg/min). SK&F 88046 was compared to two other TxA2 receptor antagonists in canine isolated intrapulmonary veins. SQ 29,548 was approximately 2-times more potent than SK&F 88046 as an antagonist of U-44619 mediated contractions (KB = 7.0 x 10(-10)M). In contrast, BM 13.177 was 150-fold less potent (KB = 2.19 x 10(-7)M) than SK&F 88046. Thus, the present study demonstrates species variability in response to TxA2 agonists and antagonists and reconfirms the relative importance of species selection in studying these agents. PMID- 3175025 TI - Effect of exogenous progesterone on prostaglandin F2 alpha release and the interestrous interval in the bovine. AB - The present study was developed to determine if administration of progesterone, early in the estrous cycle of the cow, stimulated an advanced pulsatile release of PGF2 alpha from the uterine endometrium resulting in a decreased interestrous interval. Twenty-three cyclic beef cows were randomly assigned to receive either sesame oil or progesterone (100 mg) on Day 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the estrous cycle. Peripheral plasma concentrations of progesterone and the metabolite of prostaglandin F2 alpha, 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Administration of exogenous progesterone increased peripheral plasma concentration of progesterone in treated (3.67 ng/ml) compared to control (1.28 ng/ml) cows from Day 2 through 5 of the estrous cycle. Progesterone administration shortened the interestrous interval (16.7 d) compared to controls (21.6 d). The shortened interestrous intervals in treated cows resulted from an earlier decline in peripheral plasma progesterone. Decline of peripheral plasma progesterone concentrations is coincident with an increased pulsatile release of PGFM in both progesterone treated and control cows. Results indicate that administration of exogenous progesterone stimulates an earlier maturation of endometrial development, causing an advanced release of PGF2 alpha which shortens the interestrous interval of the cow. PMID- 3175026 TI - Modulation of fluid pumping in isolated bovine mesenteric lymphatics by a thromboxane/endoperoxide analogue. AB - A thromboxane/endoperoxide analogue (compound U46619) is known to stimulate phasic and tonic contractions in quiescent bovine lymphatic vessels and enhance contractile activity in spontaneously active vessels. In order to determine how these effects relate to changes in fluid propulsion by the lymphatics, we have assessed the effects of U46619 on the ability of isolated bovine mesenteric lymphatics to pump fluid in vitro. Bovine lymphatic segments (up to 8 cm in length with a minimum of 4 valves) were cannulated at both ends and fluid input provided from a reservoir. Flow through the vessels was regulated by intraluminal pressures. On average, changes in transmural pressures up to 8 cm H2O resulted in enhanced pumping; pressures above this level depressed flow. The dominant effect of U46619 (added to the reservoir) was to depress pumping; 10(-7) and 10(-9)M decreased flow at all transmural pressures tested; 10(-8)M had a dual effect, slightly inhibiting flow at low transmural pressures and enhancing flow at higher pressures. These results suggest that thromboxane may stimulate or inhibit lymphatic pumping depending on the concentration of the agent and the transmural pressure applied to the vessel. These effects may relate to its ability to induce variable changes in luminal diameter and frequency and force of contractions. PMID- 3175027 TI - [Inner and outer reality in psychoanalysis]. PMID- 3175029 TI - [The intercepted decline. Tristram Shandy's traumas]. PMID- 3175028 TI - [Negative transference: from splitting to integration]. PMID- 3175030 TI - [Psychoanalysis and social engagement]. PMID- 3175031 TI - [Anti-Semitism of the left?]. PMID- 3175032 TI - Movement and working memory: patterns and positions in space. PMID- 3175034 TI - Fractionated reaction time and the rate of force development. PMID- 3175033 TI - The role of colour in categorial judgements. PMID- 3175036 TI - Toxicosis affects instrumental behaviour in rats. PMID- 3175035 TI - Cross-domain semantic priming in normal subjects and a prosopagnosic patient. PMID- 3175037 TI - Interactions between conditioned stimuli for food and water in the rat. PMID- 3175038 TI - Caudate-putamen lesions in the rat may impair or potentiate maze learning depending upon availability of stimulus cues and relevance of response cues. PMID- 3175039 TI - Computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging of vanishing cerebral infarct. AB - A thalamic infarct in a 65-year-old woman was initially imaged as a discrete low density mass in the left side of her thalamus by CT. Abnormal MR signal was also noted in the thalamus and midbrain. Follow-up imaging showed nearly complete resolution of the low-density lesion on CT and the abnormal signal on MR. PMID- 3175040 TI - MRI of pulmonary sequestration with hemorrhage. AB - We present a case of hemorrhage into an intralobar pulmonary sequestration in which magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clearly demonstrated a mass of high signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images, indicative of hemorrhage. PMID- 3175041 TI - Fundamental studies of breast tumor detection with narrow beam laser scanning (report 1). AB - Fundamental studies were performed in which halogen parallel lights and narrow beam He-Ne laser scanning were applied to the image diagnosis of breast lesions. The breast tissue was simulated by fresh milk as an opaque material. With halogen parallel lights, objects close to the light could not be detected, objects in the center were slightly detectable, and those close to the detector were visualized distinctly. Narrow beam scanning with He-Ne laser produced contrasting results: the closer the object was to the light, the better its detectability. However, as the diameter of the object decreased, detectability worsened. The results of the experiments indicated that small lesions in the opaque breast tissue may be detected by He-Ne laser with narrow beam scanning. PMID- 3175042 TI - CT evidence of renal angiomyolipoma with subcapsular hemorrhage. AB - Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) composed of adipose tissue, smooth muscle, and vessels can be clearly visualized on computed tomography (CT). However, once hemorrhage occurs, it is difficult to distinguish this lesion from other solid tumors. While there are reviews of AML with hemorrhage, those with the subcapsular type are rare. We present a case of preoperatively diagnosed angiomyolipoma complicated with subcapsular hemorrhage, as evaluated on CT. PMID- 3175043 TI - Systematic irradiation of the vaginal vault in stage I endometrial carcinoma. AB - One hundred and twenty patients with clinical pathological stage I carcinoma of the endometrium were treated by total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo oophorectomy, and either pre- or postoperative intracavitary cesium insertion. External pelvic irradiation (45-50 Gy in 5 weeks) was given postoperatively in 36 cases, mainly for deep myometrial invasion. All the women have been followed for a minimum of 5 years. The overall 5-year survival rate is 86%. According to histological grading, the 5-year survival was 88, 83 and 57% for grades 1 (90 patients), 2 (23 patients) and 3 (7 patients) respectively. A total of 17 local and distant failures were observed: 10 patients had distant metastases, six patients had a pelvic failure and one had both. There was only one isolated vaginal recurrence. Depth of myometrial invasion was not a statistically significant indicator of outcome. Survival rates were comparable in pre- and postoperatively treated patients. PMID- 3175044 TI - Isolated local-regional recurrence following mastectomy for adenocarcinoma of the breast treated with radiation therapy alone or combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy. AB - The results of radiation therapy alone or combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy are reported for 47 patients who presented with local and/or regional recurrence without evidence of distant metastases following initial management of adenocarcinoma of the breast with radical or modified radical mastectomy (43) or simple mastectomy (4). Patients were treated between October 1964 and March 1983 at the University of Florida; all have a 2-year minimum follow-up and 42/47 (89%) have had follow-up for greater than or equal to 5 years. The overall actuarial local-regional control rates were 80% at 2 years, 68% at 5 years, and 61% at 10 years. The 5-year actuarial local-regional control rates by site and extent of disease were as follows: single chest wall nodule, 92%; multiple chest wall nodules, 49%; regional lymph nodes, 66%; and multiple sites, 64%. The 5- and 10-year actuarial determinate disease-free survival rates for all patients were 41 and 17%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year actuarial survival rates for all patients were 50 and 34%, respectively. PMID- 3175045 TI - Prognostic significance of estrogen receptor determination in primary breast cancer. AB - The authors report on 767 consecutive primary Stage I-II breast cancer cases followed-up from 3 to 8 years. The estrogen receptor (ER) content was determined in all cases and did not influence the treatment choice. A correlation was attempted between ER and menstrual or pathological nodal status (N) or the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS). ER was correlated with menopausal status ER+ cases being more frequent in postmenopausal patients, whereas no correlation was observed between ER and nodal status. In absence of nodal involvement (N-) the prognosis was not influenced by the ER status. A significantly better DFS was evident for ER+ respect to ER- patients in the N+ series but such a correlation is questionable as the adjuvant treatment (hormone or chemotherapy) given to such patients may have influenced the DFS according to the ER status. According to the present study, ER determination should not be used as a discriminant in the performance of adjuvant postoperative treatment based on a prognostic judgment. PMID- 3175046 TI - Three-dimensional volumetric assessment of response to treatment: stage I and II diffuse large cell lymphoma of the mediastinum. AB - From 1981 to 1986, 12 patients with Stage I and II diffuse large cell lymphoma of the mediastinum were treated with 4 or more cycles of multiagent chemotherapy and for nine patients this was followed by mediastinal irradiation. The response to treatment was assessed by three-dimensional volumetric analysis utilizing thoracic CT scans. The initial mean tumor volume of the five patients relapsing was 540 ml in contrast to an initial mean tumor volume of 360 ml for the seven patients remaining in remission. Of the eight patients in whom mediastinal lymphoma volumes could be assessed 1-2 months after chemotherapy prior to mediastinal irradiation, the three patients who have relapsed had volumes of 292, 92, and 50 ml (mean volume 145 ml) in contrast to five patients who have remained in remission with residual volume abnormalities of 4-87 ml (mean volume 32 ml). Four patients in prolonged remission with CT scans taken one year after treatment have been noted to have mediastinal tumor volumes of 0-28 ml with a mean value of 10 ml. This volumetric technique to assess the extent of mediastinal large cell lymphoma from thoracic CT scans appears to be a useful method to quantitate the amount of disease at presentation as well as objectively monitor response to treatment. PMID- 3175047 TI - The field integrated dose modification (FIDM): three typical clinical applications of a new irradiation technique. AB - In addition to an earlier developed "compensator integrated modification technique", a method is derived which uses as basic principle the "field integrated dose modification" (FIDM) without need for computer tomographic data. The method enables the radiotherapist to introduce one or more volumes within which doses can be delivered which are different from the one in the main irradiation volume. The steps of practical preparation and clinical application are described in detail. The radiobiological aspects of FIDM, especially those in case of acceleration and hyperfractionation, are elucidated by discussing three typical examples. PMID- 3175048 TI - Enhancement of radiation-induced tumor cell killing by the hypoxic cell toxin SR 4233. AB - SR 4233 (3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide) is the lead compound in a series of benzotriazine di-N-oxides which exhibit high selective killing of hypoxic mammalian cells in vitro. Drug concentrations to produce equivalent levels of cell killing of SCC VII murine carcinoma cells under hypoxia were nearly 200-fold lower than under aerobic conditions. Following a one hour hypoxic incubation with drug, 20 microM SR 4233 killed 99.9% of SCC VII cells. The hypoxia-specific cytotoxicity of SR 4233 is due to bioreductive metabolism. For in vivo studies, pharmacokinetic measurements showed that drug concentrations well in excess of 20 microM were achievable in SCC VII tumors in mice for approximately one hour after a single injection of SR 4233. Under these conditions, cell killing was considerably enhanced in SCC VII tumors when SR 4233 was combined with a single X-ray dose of 20 Gy. The enhancement was seen whether SR 4233 was given for up to 2 h before or for up to an hour after radiation, and was comparable to the enhanced cell killing achievable with a single large dose of the radiosensitizer misonidazole. While this finding is consistent with the selective killing of at least some subset of hypoxic tumor cells by SR 4233, other interactions between the drug and radiation damage may contribute to the overall effect observed. PMID- 3175049 TI - Radiation tolerance of the rat rectum to fractionated X-rays and pi-mesons. AB - A 2.5 cm segment of the rectum of female F344 rats was irradiated with up to 10 fractions of X-rays or pions. Transient signs of acute proctitis were followed by chronic rectal injury starting at about 2 months. Recto-vaginal fistulas were frequently observed in animals with severe chronic injury. Two patterns of chronic injury were observed, an early type consisting of deep ulcers and fistulas, and a late type characterized by vascular injury, fibrosis and mucosal cysts. In a 4-fraction X-ray experiment, the influence of a low-residue diet was compared with a regular diet, showing no significant differences in pathology or survival. Isoeffective doses were determined for the occurrence of severe rectal injury at 250 days. Fitting the data to an LQ-model yielded an alpha/beta ratio of 13 Gy for pions, and 6.5 Gy for X-rays. Increasing the overall treatment time from 9 days to one month gave a significant rise in isoeffective doses for chronic injury. This suggests that the more delayed types of injury did not develop independently from the acute mucosal changes. The RBE of pions for rectal injury at 250 days was 1.2 for single doses, increasing to about 1.4-1.5 at a dose per fraction of 4 Gy. These values are similar to those obtained in other acute and late responding tissues. PMID- 3175050 TI - Epilation in mice after single and multifractionated irradiation. AB - The response of the resting (fully formed) hair follicle to irradiation was studied using an arbitrary 6 unit scale of epilation as an endpoint. Dose response curves for single and multifractionated irradiations were analyzed in terms of the dose that gave a certain response in 50% of the mice (HRD50). HRD50 values increased with decrease in dose per fraction even when changing from 1.6 Gy to 1.15 Gy per fraction. The plots of the reciprocal of isoeffective doses versus dose per fraction are nonlinear suggesting either inappropriateness of the linear-quadratic model over the whole range of doses, or incompleteness of repair given as they were, at 3-h intervals. Allowing for incomplete repair, estimates for the alpha/beta ratio were 3.1 Gy and 1.7 Gy for the complete data set or for doses less than 7 Gy, respectively. The steep slope of the isoeffect curve plotting total dose versus dose per fraction was comparable to late responding normal tissues like lung, kidney and spinal cord. Such a response is consistent with slow proliferation of the matrix cells of resting follicles. The same animals were kept to assess the effect of dose fractionation on lethal injury to the lung. Since epilation occurs well before death from lung injury, the data for the two responses were correlated to determine whether epilation might help in predicting the probability of the later development of lung injury: no association was found. PMID- 3175051 TI - Dissertation topics. PMID- 3175052 TI - Attitudinal variables related to intention, frequency and proficiency of breast self-examination in women 35 and over. AB - A correlational study was conducted to identify attitudinal variables specified by the Health Belief Model that were related to intent, frequency, and proficiency of breast self-examination. The probability sample consisted of 380 women age 35 and over who were contacted via random digit dialing. Data were collected during in-home interviews. Results supported the combined ability of susceptibility, seriousness, barriers, health motivation, and control to predict intent to practice breast self-examination (R = .61, p. less than or equal to .001). In addition, frequency and total proficiency for breast self-examination were predicted by health motivations, susceptibility, and barriers using discriminant analysis. Results lend support to use of the Health Belief Model variables in predicting women's intention and actual behavior of breast self examination. PMID- 3175053 TI - Health care relationships: the chronic illness perspective. AB - Most explanations of the relationships between health care providers and health care recipients reflect perspectives and belief systems peculiar to health care professionals. In contrast, this study combined data from two separate qualitative investigations to yield an analysis of these relationships from the perspective of family members involved with chronic illness. Relationships between health care providers and health care recipients are viewed as evolving over time through a process which has identifiable stages. The utility of such a process orientation for nurses and other health care professionals is the insight it provides into the possibilities for negotiating satisfying care. PMID- 3175054 TI - The Child Care Activities Scale and Parental Role Preference Scale. AB - The Child Care Activities Scale (CCAS) and Parental Role Preference Scale (PRPS) were developed to measure parental involvement in four domains of child care: direct care, indirect care, amount of sole responsibility, and play. The CCAS measures level of involvement of each parent in 21 child care activities. The 12 item PRPS is intended to discriminate among how much parents ideally would like to participate, and how much they actually do participate in child care. The psychometric properties of both scales are presented using data from two studies. Recommendations for the future use of the scales are given. PMID- 3175055 TI - Cognitive disturbance in hospitalized and institutionalized elders. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between empirical findings and a theoretical model of cognitive disturbance among 94 hospitalized and 78 institutionalized elders. Path analysis was used to determine the magnitude of relationships between variables described in the model. Neural function was the only variable in both groups that was significantly associated with greater cognitive disturbance. In the hospitalized group, neural structural changes and physiologic alterations contributed indirectly to cognitive disturbance by their effects on neural function. Further, neural function indirectly affected cognitive disturbance through its effects on sensory deficits. In the institutionalized group, environmental deficits and neural functions were significantly related to greater cognitive disturbance. Except for the direct effects of neural function on activity limitations and physiologic alterations on mental health, all the relationships between the variables described by the model were significantly different between hospitalized and institutionalized elders. The results suggest that different interventions to reduce cognitive disturbances may be required for institutionalized and hospitalized elders. PMID- 3175056 TI - A nursing perspective on the assessment of function in persons with arthritis. AB - The psychometric properties of two self-administered measures of function were examined: the Disability Score of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and the Total Health Score of the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS). Data from 140 respondents were analyzed. Respondents had diagnoses of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or diabetes mellitus; resided in rural and urban areas; and were for the most part elderly, female, and white, with educational levels of high school or below. Reliabilities (test-retest and internal consistency) of both measures were high. The concurrent validity also was high. Content analysis suggested the HAQ represented the scope of nursing practice better than the AIMS. An exploratory principal components analysis confirmed that the HAQ is relevant to nursing practice. PMID- 3175057 TI - Nursing students' stereotypes of married and unmarried pregnant clients. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of information about a pregnant client's marital status on nursing students' initial perceptions of the client, attributions of group stereotypes to the client, predictions of client behavior, data sought, and verbal responses toward the client. Forty-three undergraduate nursing students from a large Midwestern university volunteered to participate. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups, the "married client" or "unmarried client." Subjects viewed a videotape of a nurse interviewing a pregnant client and were administered a series of questionnaires. Following this, they were asked to respond in writing to five statements made by the videotaped client. Videotapes were identical except that one group was told they were viewing an unmarried woman and the other group was told the client was married. Results indicated that students evaluated the married client more positively than the unmarried client. Students' perceptions were consistent with several cultural stereotypes. In addition, students predicted that, if hospitalized, the unmarried client would have greater difficulty than the married client. There were no differences between groups in the information they would seek from the client or in responses towards the client. PMID- 3175058 TI - Success in old and new licensure examinations: pre-admission factors and academic performance. AB - Relationships of student and academic variables with nursing licensure examination scores were examined. During the years 1978-1984, 164 graduates of an integrated baccalaureate program took the old State Board examination and 159 took the new examination. Among the pre-admission variables, gradepoint average and student age were most useful in predicting exam scores. Nursing lecture courses were better predictors of success than clinical courses. Students who received A-grades in lecture courses scored relatively higher and B-students scored lower on the new licensure examination compared to the old examinations. Compared with their classmates, students entering the program as LPNs did markedly better on the new licensure examination than they did on the old examinations. PMID- 3175059 TI - An amino-terminal fragment of cholecystokinin-58 is present in the gut: evidence for a similar processing site of procholecystokinin in canine gut and brain. AB - Radioimmunoassays using antibodies specific for the carboxyl terminus of cholecystokinin (CCK) and the midportion of CCK-58 (raised against synthetic canine CCK-33-(1-27] revealed the existence of a CCK fragment in canine gut and brain extracts which lacks the biologically active carboxyl terminal immunoreactivity. This material eluted on Sephadex G-50 gel permeation chromatography in the region of CCK-58, on high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) after CCK-39 and before CCK-58, and on cation-exchange FPLC it eluted after CCK-58. The immunoreactive pattern, the ratio of absorbance at 280-220 nm and the chromatographic elution positions suggest that this large CCK-like molecule represents an amino-terminal fragment of CCK-58. This fragment is present in canine gut and brain. Therefore, a similar processing site of procholecystokinin is suggested in both tissues. PMID- 3175060 TI - FMRFamide prevents habituation and potentiates the gill withdrawal reflex in the isolated gill preparation of Aplysia. AB - Perfusion of the endogenous neuropeptide, FMRFamide, through the isolated gill of Aplysia facilitated the amplitude of the gill withdrawal reflex (GWR) evoked by tactile stimulation of the gill. The GWR was facilitated in a dose-dependent manner. The facilitation of the GWR produced by FMRFamide perfusion was reversible. In addition to facilitating GWR amplitude, FMRFamide perfusion could also prevent habituation of the reflex. It is hypothesized that FMRFamide may play a role in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in the gill in the mediation of behavioral state and modulation of adaptive gill behaviors. PMID- 3175061 TI - Gastrin and the vagus interact in the trophic control of the rat oxyntic mucosa. AB - Gastrin is a trophic hormone for the stomach, and permanent reduction of circulating gastrin by antrectomy leads to atrophy of the oxyntic mucosa, including a reduced density of histamine-storing endocrine cells (so-called ECL cells). Recently, it was proposed that also the vagal nerve has a trophic influence on the stomach. The two vagal trunks innervate the anterior and posterior side of the gastric wall, respectively. This arrangement makes it possible to denervate one side of the stomach selectively. The objective of the present study was to examine the consequences of combined antrectomy and vagotomy (unilateral or bilateral). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral or bilateral subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy with or without antrectomy. Control rats were sham-operated. The rats were killed 8 weeks after the operation. Bilateral vagotomy raised the basal serum gastrin concentration (fasting level). The thickness of the oxyntic mucosa and the density of ECL cells were not significantly different from age-matched vagally intact controls. Unilateral vagotomy induced no change in the basal serum gastrin concentration, nor did it affect the mucosa on the intact side. On the denervated side, however, there was reduced mucosal thickness and a greatly reduced ECL cell density. With a combination of antrectomy and vagal denervation the decrease in ECL cell density was exaggerated compared to the effect of antrectomy or unilateral vagotomy alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3175062 TI - Neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in cerebral arteries of the rat: relationships between innervation pattern and mechanical response. AB - Possible relationships between the density of peptide innervation and the contractile response of rat cerebral arteries to exogenously applied neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were examined. The effects of NPY on membrane potential and reactivity of cerebral arteries to exogenous norepinephrine also were studied. In normally innervated arteries there was no apparent correlation between degree of innervation and response to NPY. Marked, prolonged tachyphylaxis to NPY and VIP was observed following brief exposure to these peptides. Surgical removal of the superior cervical ganglia or the sphenopalatine ganglia greatly reduced and, in some cases, eliminated NPY- or VIP immunoreactive perivascular nerves from cerebral arteries. However, responses of denervated middle cerebral arteries to exogenous NPY or VIP were not different from responses of innervated arteries. Doses of NPY that induced maximal contraction caused no change in membrane potential of the middle cerebral artery. NPY also did not alter the response of cerebral arteries to exogenous norepinephrine. Finally, electrical stimulation of normal or denervated arteries caused only minor constrictor or dilator responses. These results do not support a substantial role for peptidergic perivascular nerves in regulation of pial arterial contractility in the rat. PMID- 3175063 TI - Interaction of neurotensin with caerulein or secretin on digestive tract growth in rats. AB - Because neurotensin may potentiate exocrine pancreatic secretory responses to cholecystokinin and secretin, we examined interactions of neurotensin with caerulein or secretin on growth of pancreas, stomach, small intestine, and colon. Rats were injected with saline, neurotensin (100 micrograms/kg), caerulein (0.67 micrograms/kg), secretin (100 micrograms/kg), or neurotensin plus caerulein or secretin every 8 h for 5 days. Pancreas, stomach, small intestine, and colon were weighed and assayed for DNA, protein, and digestive enzymes. Although neurotensin increased pancreatic weight (P less than 0.01), DNA (P less than 0.01), and protein content (P less than 0.05) by 20-30%, it had less than additive effects on responses to caerulein and secretin. Neurotensin had no effects on pancreatic enzymes or on responses to caerulein or secretin. Neurotensin alone had no effects on growth of the oxyntic gland area or antrum but inhibited increases in antral weight, DNA, and protein caused by secretin. Neurotensin increased small intestine weight (9%, P less than 0.05) and protein content (23%, P less than 0.01). Secretin also increased weight (22%), DNA (29%), and protein content (48%) of the small intestine (all P less than 0.01), but neurotensin and secretin together had less than additive effects. Our results suggest that neurotensin inhibits rather than potentiates certain growth effects of caerulein or secretin on the pancreas and other organs. PMID- 3175064 TI - [Basic studies on an immunoradiometric assay system for human parathyrin (intact PTH1-84)]. AB - Two-site immunoradiometric assay for human parathyrin (PTH1-84) is specific for the intact, secreted, biologically active 84 amino peptide. This system incorporates two-different polyclonal antibodies to human intact PTH and has several technical advantages for use. This assay could detect a wide range of PTH in patients with hypo-, hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure and hypercalcemia with malignancy, especially distinguishing the level of human intact PTH in hypoparathyroidism from in normal. PMID- 3175065 TI - [Parathyroid hormone and bone mineral content in male and female patients receiving hemodialysis]. AB - Relative bone mineral content in the lumbar spine was measured by phantom B-MAs with the apparatus of computerized tomography in order to study the relationships between bone mineral content with age and parathyroid hormone in sera of randomized out- and in-patients and the hemodialysis patients. There exists a significant difference between male and female in the loss of bone mineral content of three groups. PMID- 3175066 TI - [Utilization of radiation in the treatment of raw water--a trial at OPRRI (Osaka Prefecture Radiation Research Institute)]. PMID- 3175067 TI - [Imaging diagnosis of ischemic cardiopathy. The role of magnetic resonance]. PMID- 3175068 TI - [Gadolinium DTPA in a MR study of expansive lesions of the cranial base]. AB - Twenty-five patients were investigated by MR imaging in order to evaluate the diagnostic value of Gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA in skull-base tumors. The patients were studied with standard acquisition techniques (T1, mixed and T2-weighted images) without contrast medium. The images obtained were then compared with the T1 weighted images obtained after intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA. The contrastographic results in the different types of acquisition were evaluated. Thanks to the extraordinary increase in contrast resolution it provides, Gd-DTPA allowed the precise evaluation of the lesion and of its perfect spatial definition in all cases. Our experience demonstrated that Gd-DTPA considerably increases the sensitivity of the technique in this anatomical region. On the contrary, as regards the nature of the lesion, the signal did not significantly vary after the iv injection of Gd-DTPA in the various kinds of lesion. In addition to the important diagnostic advantages of Gd-DTPA, its excellent tolerability and the absence of side-effects must be stressed. PMID- 3175069 TI - [High resolution computerized tomography in the study of traumatic pathology of the temporal bone]. AB - Thirty-five patients with temporal bone fractures were examined; the fractures were sometimes associated with dislocation of the ossicular chain caused by road fatalities. Computed Tomography (CT) was performed either because of the presence of clinical symptoms associated with trauma of the temporal bone, or because of a hemotympanum discovered during a CT scan of the brain. Thirty-three fractures were detected: 19 longitudinal, 6 transverse, and 8 complex. An incudostapedial dislocation was also detected, together with a displacement of a stapedial prosthesis from the lenticular process of incus, and 3 incus-malleus dislocations associated with fractures. High resolution CT allows the precise definition of the course of the fractures, of the associated dislocation of the ossicular chain, and of facial nerve lesion, thus allowing a more accurate surgical intervention. In the examination of the temporal bone, high resolution CT is preferable to pluridirectional tomography because it is easier and faster to perform. Moreover, high resolution CT helps reduce the radiation dose, and yields higher-quality images with more accurate diagnostic information. High resolution CT also allows the brain and the temporal bone to be studied at the same time. PMID- 3175070 TI - [Lacunae of the occipital bone. Radiological aspects of normal anatomical variants]. AB - Sixteen patients with lacunar alterations of the squamous occipital bone were studied in various radiographic projections; in many cases tomography and technetium 99m bone scan studies were also performed. In 7 cases lacunae in the cerebral fossa were observed, with an average diameter of 3 cm. These defects were due to a thinning of the inner table of the theca. In 9 cases smaller lacunae were demonstrated bilaterally, which were more radiolucent, isolated or confluent, located in the area corresponding to the internal occipital protuberance at the ridges of the cruciform eminence. The latter were representative of diploic venous lakes, as best demonstrated in lateral projection. This kind of lacunae are considered as anatomic variants, because no bone destruction is demonstrable, as confirmed by technetium scintigraphy. PMID- 3175071 TI - [Radiological study of the duodenum in celiac disease in adults]. AB - Celiac disease (CD) is the most common form of malabsorption in childhood when it presents with diarrhea and growth failure, a jejunal biopsy is considered the first diagnostic investigation by some authors. In adulthood, clinical symptoms of CD may mimic several different disease, such as peptic ulcer and IBS, and the first diagnostic investigation is an upper GI series. Radiological features of duodenum and small bowel were evaluated in twenty patients with adult onset celiac disease. Sign of duodenitis such as thickened folds, mucosal nodules, dilatation of duodenum and erosions were observed in 19 out of our 20 patients (95%); particularly, thickened folds in 17 (85%), nodularity in 16 (80%), duodenal dilatation in 12 (60%) and erosions in 4 (20%). In celiac disease the lesions are more severe in the upper part of small bowel, and duodenitis may be the unique sign of CD. Duodenitis may be part of a disease involving the entire small bowel; so, a duodenitis observed in the upper gastrointestinal tract requires the study of the entire small bowel--which seems to be very important in the case of celiac disease. PMID- 3175072 TI - [Radio-urodynamic evaluation of stress urinary incontinence in women]. AB - This work is aimed at demonstrating the validity of conventional radiological procedures, correlated with urodynamics, in the study of female urinary stress incontinence. In a study population of 110 patients with a clinical-urodynamic diagnosis of stress incontinence, radiological evaluation was performed by means of retrograde cystography, bead chain cystourethrography, and voiding cystourethrography. Radiographic findings were correlated with urodynamic data, and in particular with urethral pressure profile (functional length of the urethra, maximum closing pressure, maximum urethral pressure). In all patients the posterior urethro-vesical angle values were higher than 100 degrees; moreover, a correlation was proven to exist between an increase in the angle of front urethral inclination, the lowering and mobility of the urethrovesical junction, and the severity of urodynamic findings. Furthermore, in the different stages of urodynamic severity , urethral funneling was most frequent, and the flattening of the posterior vesical floor in voiding cystourethrography. The high reliability of the radiographic findings, although obtained by means of conventional techniques, and the variability of the morpho-dynamic results confirm the importance of a combined radiographic and urodynamic study in the evaluation of stress incontinence. PMID- 3175073 TI - [A new CT technic in the study of intracanalicular neurinoma of the acoustic nerve. Preliminary report]. AB - A preliminary report is presented on a new technique for the detection and the diagnosis of intracanalicular acoustic neuromas. The technique consists of preliminary CT scans on petrous bones, after iv administration of a bolus of contrast medium. The scans are performed at a predetermined level of the middle portion of the internal auditory canals. The early enhancement is then evaluated of the soft tissues contained into the auditory canal on the side with retrocochlear neurosensory hypoacusis. The images obtained are then processed by an image processing program, thus enhancing the contrast resolution and allowing an optimal depiction of the lesion. In the past 10 months, 67 patients with clinical suspicion of acoustic neuromas were studied. This technique allowed the diagnosis of 2 acoustic neuromas with a purely intracanalicular involvement. PMID- 3175074 TI - [Evaluation of the performance of 8 computerized tomographs in clinical use in Italy]. AB - In the past few years the use of CT scanners has widely spread in Italian health care institutions. This methodology has thus become an important part of our national health service--which creates the need for an accurate study of the various aspects of the phenomenon, e.g. technological, diagnostic and economic. In order to evaluate the quality of the CT scanners used in our country, we asked the majors suppliers of the Italian market to provide us with a unit from their production. Six out of 7 companies complied with our request. A standard protocol was used to evaluate the performance of 8 CT scanners, currently used in Italy. The following parameters were evaluated: spatial resolution, contrast resolution, noise, slice thickness, uniformity, linearity and radiation dose. Five currently used operating modalities were employed. The results allow an overall assessment of the performance of the 8 CT scanners. PMID- 3175075 TI - [A case of neurinoma of the hypoglossal nerve]. PMID- 3175076 TI - [Diagnostic value of CT in an unusual case of multiple myeloma]. PMID- 3175077 TI - [Ureteral and vesical malacoplakia. Description of 2 cases]. PMID- 3175078 TI - [Multiple calcifications of the intervertebral disks and other unusual anomalies in a neonatal case report of trisomy 13 syndrome (Patau's disease)]. PMID- 3175079 TI - CT demonstration of a complex anomaly of inferior vena cava. PMID- 3175080 TI - Crystalline deposition diseases. PMID- 3175081 TI - Fluoroscopic transcervical fallopian tube catheterization for diagnosis and treatment of female infertility caused by tubal obstruction. AB - The described technique simplifies the diagnosis of fallopian tube disease and has promising potential for nonsurgical treatment of female infertility caused by fallopian tube obstruction. PMID- 3175082 TI - Contrast examination of the soft palate with cross sectional correlation. AB - In this exceptionally well illustrated article, the author demonstrates both the normal anatomy and the radiologic appearance of inflammatory, neurologic and neoplastic lesions of the soft palate. PMID- 3175083 TI - Imaging of adult cervical spine trauma. PMID- 3175084 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee and correlation with normal anatomy. AB - Orthogonal sections usually suffice to demonstrate the soft tissues of the knees, but oblique MR sections may provide better images of the cruciate ligaments. The authors cite indications for oblique sections and discuss their production. PMID- 3175085 TI - Chest CT of unresectable lung cancer. AB - A major role of CT in lung cancer patients is to spare those with unresectable lesions unnecessary surgery. Here the CT findings of inoperable lesions (Stages IIIB and IV in the new International Staging System) are illustrated. PMID- 3175086 TI - Expansile bone lesions of the vertebra. AB - Vertebral expansion may be caused by both benign and malignant disease processes. Recognition of such lesions on radiographs facilitates accurate diagnosis in many cases. PMID- 3175087 TI - Dosimetric principles. PMID- 3175088 TI - General case of the day. Giant osteoarthritic subchondral cyst with a pathologic fracture. PMID- 3175089 TI - The technical quality of mammography in centers participating in a regional breast cancer awareness program. PMID- 3175090 TI - United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Drinking Water Health Advisories. PMID- 3175091 TI - Characteristics of frequently cited articles in mental retardation. AB - The purpose of this article was to identify and characterize prominent journal publications in the field of mental retardation from 1976 to 1985. Based on the frequency of citations in the Social Science Citation Index, 24 prominent articles were identified. Prominent (i.e., frequently cited) articles were compared with randomly selected articles on a number of characteristics (e.g., funding source, research, design, statistical method). Implications related to the characteristics and quality of articles that influence the mental retardation field were discussed. PMID- 3175092 TI - Social ecology of the workplace: employers' perceptions versus direct observation. AB - In this study, the social interactions of nonhandicapped employees in seven different competitive employment sites were observed directly using narrative recording procedures. The data were analyzed to determine if there was a correspondence between employers' expectations for social behaviors and those social behaviors directly observed. The results are discussed in relationship to the curriculum implications they have for transitioning youths and adults with handicaps into similar employment settings. PMID- 3175093 TI - Stimulus equalization: temporary reduction of stimulus complexity to facilitate discrimination learning. AB - Learners with limited behavioral repertoires often have difficulty discriminating complex, multidimensional stimuli. Procedures that use gradual stimulus change have been developed to facilitate such discrimination, but these procedures are often difficult to implement and costly in terms of teacher time and expertise. This study investigated the effectiveness of stimulus equalization, an error reduction procedure involving an abrupt but temporary reduction of dimensional complexity. A microcomputer was used for stimulus presentation, data collection, and response analyses. Preschool children's responding to groups of four stimuli differing along several dimensions was analyzed on four discrimination tasks under several conditions. On each task, one element from a different dimension was programmed as correct. When trial-and-error training failed to establish the discrimination, equalization training began in which differences in the irrelevant dimensions were eliminated. When correct responding developed, the differences were reinstated, and correct performance was maintained in all but one instance. In a repeated acquisition design, stimulus equalization was found to be generally effective and superior to the trial-and-error method. Implications for computer-assisted instruction are discussed. PMID- 3175095 TI - Teaching severely retarded persons to sign interactively through the use of a behavioral script. AB - The direct and generalized effects of a program for teaching severely mentally retarded individuals to sign interactively with one another in several social play situations was examined. As part of the teaching program, a behavioral script specifying the responses to be made was employed. The results indicated that participants showed an increase in their signing skills in a training play situation, generalized use of these skills in a second play situation, and maintained the trained skills over a two to four month period. Directions for future research are discussed. PMID- 3175094 TI - The psychopathology instrument for mentally retarded adults: psychometric characteristics, factor structure, and relationship to subject characteristics. AB - The self-report and a modified informant version of the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults (PIMRA) was used to assess 160 mentally retarded adults. Statistics relating to the instrument's internal consistency and test-retest reliability were calculated. The effects of demographic variables were analyzed and the factor structure of the instrument was examined. Of the psychometric statistics examined, only the item-total correlations were as robust as in the original reports. Significant relationships between PIMRA scores and age, sex, and level of mental retardation were found, but there was no significant effect due to residential setting (institution versus community). The factor structure for both versions of the PIMRA was similar to that in the initial reports. PMID- 3175096 TI - [Transplantation of the meniscus. Experimental study]. AB - An experimental study has been made of the possibility of meniscus grafting. This was carried out in 30 merino sheep, 15 of which received lyophilised homologous menisci and 15 others deep-frozen homologous menisci. Three sheep had to be excluded because of wound breakdown and sepsis. The other animals were examined and the transplants assessed clinically, microscopically, micro-angiographically and by scanning electron microscopy over a period of 48 weeks; finally they were submitted to biomechanical tests. Both techniques are suitable for transplantation but, over the period of observation, the lyophilised grafts remodelled completely. At the end, the mechanical resistance of the meniscus was identical in the two groups. PMID- 3175097 TI - [Os acromiale: significance--diagnosis--pathology. Apropos of 28 cases including 2 with fracture separation]. AB - In relation to two rare cases of fracture-separation of the os acromiale, 26 other cases of defective epiphysial fusion were studied. A review of the literature confirmed the rarity of this anomaly of the scapula which predisposes to subacromial impingement and rotator cuff rupture. The diagnosis is radiological. It requires both an antero-posterior and an axillary view which, together with a CT scan, precisely shows the os acromiale. It should be distinguished from a fracture of the acromion to avoid unnecessary immobilisation and post-traumatic effects. Degenerative changes provoke an impingement syndrome, the surgical treatment of which must include arthrodesis of this ossicle. PMID- 3175098 TI - [The treatment of old dislocations of the radial head in children by osteotomy of the upper end of the ulna. Apropos of 15 cases]. AB - Fifteen old dislocations of the radial head in children were treated by open reduction combined with a high osteotomy of the ulna and a reconstruction of the annular ligament. This method, described by the authors in 1978, was used in nine post-traumatic, three congenital, two paralytic and one dislocation associated with multiple exostoses. Twelve children were reviewed with a follow-up of two to 11 years. Nine radial heads remained stable and well reduced. The three congenital dislocations recurred. Eight elbows showed normal alignment and the other four were only improved. Ten elbows had normal movement or better movement than before the operation. Eleven children used their elbow normally or better than before. In all, 14 children were improved, and only one elbow had unaltered function. The results obtained in congenital dislocations should be able to be improved by a number of technical precautions. PMID- 3175099 TI - [Microvascular transfer of the heel pad to a thigh stump. Functional benefit of the distal support in prosthetic fitting of the amputated thigh]. AB - The emergency transfer of a composite microvascular graft comprising the calcaneum, heel-pad and plantar skin in a twelve-year-old child allowed the amputation level to be changed from the upper to the lower third of the thigh and full weight-bearing solely on the bottom of the prosthesis was achieved. This method has several functional and trophic advantages which justify its performance when the indications are appropriate. PMID- 3175100 TI - [Bilateral stenosing tenosynovitis of the long flexors of the great toe in a dancer. Apropos of a bilateral case]. AB - The aim of this article is to draw attention to an uncommon lesion associated with classical Spanish ballet dancing - an activity with both artistic and competitive sporting influences. The lesion is characterised by a clicking great toe and pain in the region posterior to the medial malleolus, together with inability to point the toes. An analysis is made of the literature and of the treatment used in a bilateral case. PMID- 3175101 TI - [Posterior circumflex artery: anatomical study. Technical inferences for circular capsolotomy in Sugioka's femoral osteotomy]. AB - A description of the medial femoral circumflex artery in its extra-capsular course has been made from cadaveric dissections and operative findings. A method of exposure of the joint capsule followed by circumferential capsulotomy required for rotation transtrochanteric osteotomy of the femoral neck (Sugioka's operation) is described. This method, which is guided by precise anatomical landmarks, limits the risk of injury to the medial femoral circumflex artery. This study is a preliminary step in the consideration of the technical problems posed by this osteotomy, particularly the identification of the plane of bone section and internal fixation. PMID- 3175102 TI - [Functional and mechanical anatomy of arm elevation]. AB - Experimental work on the functional anatomy of the shoulder has involved a study of the conditions involved in elevation of the arm. Movements of the upper limb are organised round a very special alignment of the scapulo-humeral joint whose geometric features and exact position have been determined. The ligaments of the joint play a major role in the controlling the attainment of this alignment. The value of this alignment in the physiology of the shoulder is demonstrated. A new terminology of shoulder movement is suggested. PMID- 3175103 TI - [Extent of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. Assessment using computerized tomography. Anatomo-radiologic correlation]. AB - The indications for treatment of idiopathic necrosis of the hip depend on the stage of development of the lesion, its extent and the site of the necrotic area. Digital computerised tomography with horizontal sections at five millimetre intervals from the upper to the lower pole of the femoral head is of value in the determination of these three features. For this purpose, fifteen femoral heads removed in the course of total hip arthroplasty were subjected to histological sections in parallel to those of the CT scan. This study showed that digital computerised tomography indicates the extent and topography of the necrosis and provides true histo-radiological sections. PMID- 3175104 TI - [Total hip arthroplasty in the presence of sepsis]. AB - Sixty-seven cases of total arthroplasty of the hip in the presence of sepsis performed between 1974 and 1986 were reviewed. These prostheses were inserted in 57 cases to replace septic prostheses. Forty-six were infected total hip prostheses and 11 were infected head and neck replacement femoral prostheses. In 10 cases arthroplasty was performed for subacute septic arthritis, usually secondary to trauma. In seven cases, a simple revision of the prosthesis by excision and lavage of infected tissues was performed. In 51 cases, a total hip replacement arthroplasty was performed in one stage. When one of the components was not loose it was preserved; in 17 cases the femoral cement was retained and in six the acetabular cup was retained. In eight cases, the prosthesis was removed, excision of the tissues was made and a total hip arthroplasty inserted after a minimum interval of six months. As regards infection, success was achieved in 69 per cent of cases rising to 85 per cent after secondary removal of the prosthesis. In relation to function, a good or fair result was achieved in 72 per cent of cases. The results were favourable in 81 per cent of cases with complete exchange of prostheses and in 75 per cent with preservation of the femoral cement. Preservation of the acetabular cup was only successful in 40 per cent of cases. Accessory factors in the prognosis were the addition of a bone graft, which became incorporated in 29 cases out of 30 and the nature of the organism which was of no significance, except that staphylococcus epidermidis and Koch's bacillus proved to be more easy to treat. PMID- 3175105 TI - [Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle. Treatment with tibial osteotomy or unicompartmental arthroplasty]. AB - Thirty-three patients, with a mean age of 72 years, were treated for idiopathic osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle by a valgus upper tibial osteotomy in 18 cases and by a unicompartmental arthroplasty in 15 cases. The site of the osteonecrosis was in the medial femoral condyle alone in 27 knees and in the medial femoral condyle and the medial tibial plateau in six knees. Pre operatively, the two groups were comparable with involvement localised to the medial compartment and with no changes in the lateral compartment or the patello femoral joint. The mean age of the unicompartmental arthroplasties was higher. At follow-up at the present time, which was nine years for the osteotomies and five years for the prostheses, no knee has had to have a further operation. All the knees were improved by the operation. The functional results were the same in both groups. The necrotic nature of the medial femoral condyle did not affect the cementing of the femoral component in the arthroplasties and no loosening occurred. After osteotomy, no further depression of the osteochondral fragment developed. When the knee did not show osteoarthritic change before operation, the valgus tibial osteotomy was not able to prevent narrowing of the medial compartment in this series unless the correction obtained exceeded two degrees of valgus. PMID- 3175106 TI - [The fate of fat grafts used in surgery of the lumbar spine]. AB - The fate of fat grafts thicker than 5 mm applied to prevent post-operative peridural fibrosis was followed by CT scanning between the second and fourth months and in later months in four patients treated for lumbar spinal stenosis. The CT scanning findings were verified in two patients who were operated on again. The fat grafts lost thickness and became more even. In one case, the graft had completely disappeared. PMID- 3175107 TI - [Results of Salter's innominate osteotomy in residual hip dysplasia in children. Apropos of 60 cases]. AB - Sixty Salter innominate osteotomies were analysed retrospectively with a mean post-operative follow-up of five years. The 53 children, suffering from congenital dislocation of the hip discovered at walking age, had initially been treated by Somerville-Petit conservative management. The results were assessed using the Severin classification and showed 80 per cent of good results (Severin groups Ia, Ib and IIa). The bad results were all due to errors of operative indications (failure to respect the Salter pre-requisites) or technical faults. Complications were uncommon. There were 11 pin extrusions, which led to the use of threaded pins to so as to gain sounder fixation of the osteotomy. An analysis of the characteristics of each hip allowed an assessment to be made of the effects of Salter osteotomy using several angular parameters, including Hilgenreiner's and Wiberg's angles. The description of a new parameter, the angle between the acetabulum and the epiphyseal line (acetabulo-epiphyseal line) and its normal values provides a new approach to the lower limit for the indications for operation on dysplastic hips. This parameter seems to be more discriminatory than Wiberg's angle in relation to dysplasia and makes it possible to determine a threshold of uncovering of the head that justifies surgical correction. PMID- 3175108 TI - [Extemporaneous lengthening of the femur in children and adolescents. Study of 25 cases]. AB - Twenty-five one-stage lengthenings of the femur have been made using a specific technique: an oblique osteotomy in the frontal plane with a mean length of 12 cm, with routine tenotomies and fascial divisions. The average lengthening was 37 mm, that is 9.4 per cent of the femoral length. Complications were uncommon: one infection, three non-unions and one fracture, none of which resulted in any loss of length or deleterious late effects. One-stage lengthening is ideally indicated in adolescents at the end of growth for inequalities of limb length of 40 to 50 mm mainly affecting the femur, whatever the cause. PMID- 3175109 TI - [Anterior dislocation of the elbow without associated fracture of the olecranon. Apropos of a recent case]. AB - A case is reported of anterior dislocation of the elbow without olecranon fracture. A study of the literature of this rare lesion has been made and the possible mechanisms, treatment and complications considered. PMID- 3175110 TI - [Cross replantation in a case of bilateral amputation of the legs]. AB - A case is reported of a patient aged 32 years who suffered bilateral traumatic amputation of the legs by a wagon. Neither of his two feet could be re-implanted to its original site. In spite of the severity of the lesions, reconstructive surgery was attempted by crossed re-implantation of the right foot onto the stump of the left leg. After bony shortening by 20 cm and internal fixation of the tibia, revascularisation was achieved by suture of the posterior tibial vascular pedicle. Primary repair of the posterior tibial nerve allowed protective sensibility to recover in the sole of the foot. Secondarily, a free musculo cutaneous graft from the latissimus dorsi improved skin cover. Bony union occurred after 10 months. Prolonged rehabilitation resulted in satisfactory walking and activities of daily living and a return to work 18 months after the accident. PMID- 3175111 TI - [Atelectasis in severe trauma]. PMID- 3175112 TI - [Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Epidemiology, evolution and prognosis in a series of 73 cases]. PMID- 3175113 TI - [Transmission of HIV in a health population at risk]. PMID- 3175115 TI - [Limited flexion of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints as the only manifestation of the limited articular motility syndrome in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3175114 TI - [Epidemiology and presenting form of 106 cases of acute pancreatitis studied prospectively]. PMID- 3175116 TI - [Eosinophilic gastroenteritis with ascites. 2 cases]. PMID- 3175117 TI - [A 46-year-old man with treated pulmonary tuberculosis and later subacute neurological deterioration]. PMID- 3175118 TI - [Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia]. PMID- 3175119 TI - [Glucose homeostasis in the cirrhotic liver. Diagnostic and prognostic value of the intravenous glucagon double test]. PMID- 3175120 TI - [Anterior mediastinal hematoma secondary to catheterization of the jugular vein]. PMID- 3175121 TI - [Theophylline poisoning: use of hemoperfusion with activated charcoal]. PMID- 3175122 TI - [Diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium and colonic neoplasia]. PMID- 3175123 TI - [Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the lower extremities and barbiturates]. PMID- 3175124 TI - [AIDS-vasculitis, a chance association?]. PMID- 3175125 TI - [Prognostic factors in myeloma]. PMID- 3175126 TI - [Horner syndrome originating from catheterization of the internal jugular vein]. PMID- 3175127 TI - [The myocardium at risk saved by fibrinolytic treatment]. PMID- 3175128 TI - [The natural history of parathyroid carcinoma. (Analysis of 5 cases)]. PMID- 3175129 TI - [Evaluation of cortical bone atrophy: its usefulness in the diagnosis of osteoporosis associated with liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 3175130 TI - [73-year-old man with mucous diarrhea and hypopotassemia]. PMID- 3175131 TI - [Survey on the smoking habits of a population of hospital doctors]. PMID- 3175132 TI - [Value of the determination of a monoclonal CEA (CEA MARIA) in the diagnosis of neoplastic serositis]. PMID- 3175133 TI - [Tracheal stenosis. Presentation of a case treated by laser]. PMID- 3175134 TI - [Primary pericardial mesothelioma. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3175135 TI - [Emphysematous cholecystitis. Contribution of computerized axial tomography to its diagnosis. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3175136 TI - [Naloxone and alcoholic intoxication]. PMID- 3175137 TI - [Peritonitis as a complication of mediastinitis secondary to a dental abscess]. PMID- 3175138 TI - [Spermatocytoma of the testis]. PMID- 3175139 TI - [Clinicopathological study of 23 pleural malignant mesotheliomas]. PMID- 3175140 TI - [Schistosoma intercalatum: the unknown one. Analysis of 7 imported cases]. PMID- 3175141 TI - [Osteochondroplastic tracheopathy and spontaneous chylothorax: report of a case]. PMID- 3175142 TI - [Radiology of paralytic ileus]. PMID- 3175143 TI - [33-year-old man with a diffuse alveolar pattern and progressive deterioration of lung and kidney functions]. PMID- 3175144 TI - [Alcoholic ketoacidosis: presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 3175145 TI - [Bronchiolitis and rheumatoid arthritis: presentation of a case associated with therapy with gold salts]. PMID- 3175146 TI - [Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis with granular deposits of immunoglobulins and pulmonary hemorrhage]. PMID- 3175147 TI - [Cardiomyopathy, alcoholism and cerebral embolism]. PMID- 3175148 TI - [Pulmonary metastases as the presenting form of a malignant hemangiopericytoma]. PMID- 3175149 TI - [Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus caused by chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3175150 TI - [Ampullar gangrenous pyoderma and leukemia]. PMID- 3175151 TI - [The hepatorenal system: its relation to the physiopathology of renal water and salt retention in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 3175152 TI - [Clinical study of the causes of cardiac insufficiency in 100 patients over 65 years of age]. PMID- 3175153 TI - [Pulmonary vascular pathology in intravenous heroin addicts. A gammagraphic function study]. PMID- 3175154 TI - [Importance of preclinical subjects in the training of a physician]. PMID- 3175156 TI - [Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]. PMID- 3175155 TI - [A case of eosinophilia fasciitis]. PMID- 3175157 TI - [Ecchymosis and hepatomegaly as the presenting form of an idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome]. PMID- 3175158 TI - [Gelastic crises. Apropos of a case associated with a frontal oligodendroglioma]. PMID- 3175159 TI - [Tuberculosis of the perianal orifice]. PMID- 3175160 TI - [Heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus]. PMID- 3175161 TI - [Regenerative nodular hyperplasia of the liver and gastric carcinoma]. PMID- 3175162 TI - [Multiple costal eosinophilic granuloma at an unusual age]. PMID- 3175163 TI - [Endocarditis caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Report of a new case]. PMID- 3175164 TI - [Interleukins]. PMID- 3175165 TI - [Immunoregulation in juvenile diabetes]. PMID- 3175166 TI - [Detection of the DNA of hepatitis B virus in liver biopsies of chronic carriers of HBsAg]. PMID- 3175167 TI - [The immunoglobulin profile in Paget's disease of bone]. PMID- 3175168 TI - [Attempted suicide as a reason for admittance to an intensive care unit]. PMID- 3175169 TI - [5 cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus]. PMID- 3175170 TI - [Cutaneous angiosarcomas]. PMID- 3175171 TI - [AIDS in Spain: prediction of new cases by the use of mathematical models]. PMID- 3175173 TI - [Woman of fertile age with pleural effusion and an interstitial lung pattern]. PMID- 3175172 TI - [56-year-old man with the clinical picture of intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 3175174 TI - [Pleural aspergillosis: apropos of a case]. PMID- 3175175 TI - [Osteosarcoma with metastasis to soft tissues]. PMID- 3175176 TI - [Complete heart block after radiotherapy. Case report]. PMID- 3175177 TI - [Paroxysmal auricular fibrillation after the ingestion of buprenorphine]. PMID- 3175178 TI - [Pulse oximetry: a revolution in anesthesiology]. PMID- 3175179 TI - [Arterial oxygen saturation during anesthetic induction and orotracheal intubation]. PMID- 3175180 TI - [Trans-sacral neurolytic block for the treatment of chronic perineal pain of oncologic origin]. PMID- 3175181 TI - [Evaluation of factors which prolong the stay in the recovery room in the postoperative period of supratentorial craniotomy]. PMID- 3175182 TI - [Erection of the penis: complication of transurethral surgery. Study of a case treated with methoxamine]. PMID- 3175184 TI - [Acute non-cardiogenic edema of the lung secondary to leukoagglutinins: apropos of a case]. PMID- 3175183 TI - [Treatment using an epidural blood patch for cerebrospinal fluid fistulas]. PMID- 3175185 TI - [Fistula of the thoracic duct: an infrequent complication in radical neck surgery]. PMID- 3175186 TI - [General anesthesia of a patient with tuberous sclerosis]. PMID- 3175187 TI - [Use of pulse oximetry during the performance of fibro-bronchoscopy]. PMID- 3175188 TI - [Anesthesia for surgery of long duration in a girl with osteogenesis imperfecta]. PMID- 3175189 TI - [Intravenous caffeine in the treatment of dural post-puncture headache]. PMID- 3175190 TI - [Anesthetists or anesthesiologists?]. PMID- 3175191 TI - [Halogenated agents in neuroanesthesia]. PMID- 3175192 TI - [Resistance to pancuronium caused by theophylline and forskolin]. PMID- 3175193 TI - [Noninvasive monitoring of aortic blood flow and other hemodynamic parameters during anesthesia with isoflurane and enflurane]. PMID- 3175194 TI - [Monitoring of respiratory mechanics during artificial ventilation. Functional analysis of the EXA 10 monitor]. PMID- 3175196 TI - [Cesarean section in a patient with Ebstein's anomaly and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. PMID- 3175195 TI - [Resuscitation in Wallenberg's syndrome]. PMID- 3175197 TI - [Acute myoglobinuric renal failure after embolectomy and fasciotomy]. PMID- 3175198 TI - [From first steps to balance]. PMID- 3175199 TI - [Hemodynamic changes and the time needed to cannulate the jugular vein in cardiovascular surgery]. PMID- 3175200 TI - [The field of the specialty cardiology: the point of view of the Spanish Society of Cardiology]. PMID- 3175201 TI - [Simultaneous tests of ventricular function and myocardial perfusion during exercise using a new agent labeled with TC-99m]. PMID- 3175202 TI - [Usefulness of bidimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of left ventricular aneurysm in acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3175203 TI - [Cardiological changes after a stay at a very high altitude. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3175204 TI - [Coronary recanalization under conditions of systole]. PMID- 3175205 TI - [Traumatic pericardial effusion in childhood. Follow-up study using bidimensional echocardiography]. PMID- 3175206 TI - [Cardiac myxoma in childhood: presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 3175207 TI - [Study of the Eustachian valve using two-dimensional echocardiography]. PMID- 3175208 TI - [Intracranial arteriovenous malformation in the neonatal period. Clinicopathological correlates]. PMID- 3175209 TI - [Retrograde conduction and atrial fibrillation in VVI pacemakers]. PMID- 3175210 TI - [Effect of carbonic anhydrase on gastric acid and alkaline secretions in the rat]. PMID- 3175211 TI - [Value of duodenal mucosal scrapings obtained by endoscopy in the diagnosis of giardiasis in adults]. PMID- 3175212 TI - [Results of irradiation alone in the treatment of esophageal cancer]. PMID- 3175213 TI - [Digestive complications of carcinoma of the colon and rectum and their relation to prognosis]. PMID- 3175214 TI - [Primary retroperitoneal tumors]. PMID- 3175216 TI - [Primary sclerosing cholangitis]. PMID- 3175217 TI - [Is transparietohepatic cholangiography an abandoned technic?]. PMID- 3175215 TI - [A frequent cause of biliary sepsis in the elderly: acute cholangitis]. PMID- 3175218 TI - [Ileocecal actinomycosis as a complication of Crohn disease. Clinicopathologic aspects]. PMID- 3175219 TI - [Intestinal invagination in the adult. Apropos of a case of spontaneous jejunojejunal invagination]. PMID- 3175220 TI - [Intestinal obstruction by a phytobezoar 19 years after vagotomy and pyloroplasty]. PMID- 3175221 TI - [Fulminant amebic proctocolitis]. PMID- 3175222 TI - [Gastric lymphoma-pseudolymphoma]. PMID- 3175223 TI - [Is there a typical endoscopic picture for giardiasis duodenitis?]. PMID- 3175224 TI - [Abdominal rectopexy with dura mater in the treatment of rectal prolapse, using a convenient technic]. PMID- 3175225 TI - [Anorectal melanoma. Report of a new case]. PMID- 3175226 TI - [Evaluation of hepatic encephalopathy using evoked potential technics]. PMID- 3175227 TI - [Bacterial endocarditis and liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 3175228 TI - [Traumatic hernias of the diaphragm. Our experience with the abdominal approach]. PMID- 3175229 TI - [Relation between non-ulcerous dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome]. PMID- 3175230 TI - [Curiosities of anti-reflux surgery]. PMID- 3175231 TI - [Ano-rectal melanoma: apropos of a case]. PMID- 3175232 TI - [Isolated obstruction of the splenic vein by a pancreatic pseudocyst]. PMID- 3175234 TI - [Carcinomas of the biliopancreatic juncture. Review of 58 cases]. PMID- 3175235 TI - [Biliodigestive fistulas]. PMID- 3175233 TI - [Surgery in chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3175236 TI - [Study of the diet and food habits of 2 groups of persons who live with patients who have and who don't have cholelithiasis]. PMID- 3175237 TI - [Stress and irritable colon]. PMID- 3175238 TI - [Ischemic colitis. Review of 20 cases]. PMID- 3175239 TI - [Colorectal cancer. Trends in its incidence and topographic distribution over 23 years (567 cases)]. PMID- 3175240 TI - [Perforated peptic ulcer, 237 cases]. PMID- 3175241 TI - [Cancer of the pancreas: mortality trend in Spain and descriptive study of the principal risk factors]. PMID- 3175242 TI - [Incidence of asymptomatic liver diseases in patients biopsied over a 3-year period, but not belonging to any risk group]. PMID- 3175243 TI - [Aneurysm of the left hepatic artery diagnosed preoperatively and treated surgically]. PMID- 3175244 TI - [Jaundice and mass in the right iliac fossa as clinical manifestations of spontaneous rupture of a splenic artery aneurysm]. PMID- 3175246 TI - [Pernicious anemia with intense partial atrophy of the intestinal villi]. PMID- 3175245 TI - [Primary melanoma of the esophagus, associated with melanosis. Report of a case]. PMID- 3175247 TI - [Villous adenoma with rectal prolapse (apropos of a case)]. PMID- 3175249 TI - [Rectal lesions caused by barium: baritoma]. PMID- 3175248 TI - [Colon neoplasm with fistulization to the upper digestive tract]. PMID- 3175250 TI - Effect of vagotomy on bile acid absorption by rat small intestine in vitro. PMID- 3175251 TI - Muscle protein synthesis of rats fed a kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) diet. PMID- 3175252 TI - [Effects of age and obesity on the conversion of androstenedione to estrone in postmenopausal women]. AB - The effects of aging as well as body weight on conversion of circulating Androstendione (A) to Estrone (E1) in 21 postmenopausal women of different ages and body weights have been studied. Serum concentration of A and E1 were measured by RIA. The E1/A ratio was correlated with total body weight, body mass index, excessive body weight, age and years after cessation of menstruation. The results show that the E1/A ratio was significantly correlated with total body weight, body mass index and excessive body weight. In contrast the E1/A ratio is not significantly correlated with age or years after cessation of menstruation. PMID- 3175253 TI - Disaccharidase activities after jejunoileal bypass in rat. AB - Digestive enzymatic activities (maltase, lactase and sucrase) have been determined in the intestinal mucosa of rats subjected to a jejunoileal bypass of 45 cm. The weight and protein content of the mucosa (mg/cm) were significantly decreased in the bypassed segment and significantly increased in the unbypassed segment, as compared to control rats. Maltase, lactase and sucrase specific (U/g protein) and total activity (U/cm intestine) were significantly decreased in the bypassed jejunum, compared to sham-operated rats. In the ileum, maltase specific and total activities increased in bypassed animals while the lactase and sucrase activities remained unchanged. PMID- 3175254 TI - [Nephrotoxicity of gentamicin and netilmicin in the rat. Quantification and qualification of glomeruli]. AB - The application via i.v. jugular, in rats, of two fluorochromes (rhodamine 6GO and phosphine 3R) with a 10 min interval, allows the direct observation of nephronal corpuscles using an epifluorescent microscopical technique, as well as their eventual quantification and qualification into normal or semifunctional corpuscles. In rats previously treated by i.p. injection of gentamicin or netilmycin a decrease of the active nephronal population as well as an increase of the percentage of semifunctionality has been noticed. PMID- 3175255 TI - The energy requirement for protein synthesis in rat brain mitochondria purified by phase partition. AB - Brain mitochondria purified by phase partition showed a higher rate of 14C leucine incorporation into proteins with an endogenous source of ATP than with an exogenous ATP-generating system. Under the former conditions the presence of atractyloside increased the 14C-leucine incorporation into proteins. The effects of different valinomycin concentrations plus attractyloside on intramitochondrial ATP levels and 14C-leucine incorporation into proteins have been studied. The results indicate that the protein synthesis in brain mitochondria is dependent on the intramitochondrial ATP concentration. PMID- 3175256 TI - [Body development and puberty in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. AB - The body growth and the onset of puberty in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in normotensive controls (WKY) have been studied. In female rats the onset of puberty was determined by both the age and the body weight at which the vaginal opening and first estrus appeared, as well as the ability of estradiol and progesterone to induce pituitary LH release. For this purpose females were injected with estradiol benzoate (0.1 mg/kg) and progesterone (1 mg/rat). Control animals received only oil vehicle. In male rats, puberty was assessed by studying the age and body weight at the time of balano-preputial separation. In another experiment, SH and WKY rats were decapitated on day 30 to determine FSH, LH, PRL, GH and testosterone plasma levels in males and FSH and LH in females. The results obtained show: a) A greater body weight, at all the ages studied (every 4 days between days 28 and 92) in SHR animals. b) A delay in vaginal opening and first estrus presentation in SHR females. c) Absence of spontaneous LH peaks in WKY females. d) Advancement in balano-preputial separation in SHR males and e) Higher plasma FSH levels in SHR males than in WKY males, without differences in other hormones. PMID- 3175257 TI - [Measurement of spontaneous motility in vitro of the cervical ring in sheep]. AB - Spontaneous motility has been observed within in vitro preparations by different annulars of the cervix, as well as the characteristics shown this structure. This motor activity is cyclic, amplitude and tone not changing from some annulars to others, working on two grammes tension, but frequency and rhythm show large changes, altering the frequency from 7.3 contractions to minute in the first annular to 4.05 in the fifth annular. However, there appears denticulate peaks, with an incidence of 11% in the first annular, growing to 100% in the fifth annular. PMID- 3175258 TI - The effects of daily exposure to UV-A light on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity during the growth of barley plants. AB - The activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) during the life cycle of barley plants (Hordeum distichon L.) exposed to UV-A radiation (355 nm) during 15, 30 and 60 min day-1 was studied. In comparison with the control plants, a stimulatory effect on PAL activity was observed. This effect was directly related to the exposure time to UV-A radiation. It was also noted that the amount of protein extracted, decreased significantly with age increase in all treatments. The studied enzyme showed its highest activity during early stages of growth. A sharp and progressive decline in PAL activity was observed in older plants. This decrease was more evident during the development of the ear. PMID- 3175260 TI - Endogenous triacylglycerol utilization by the isolated rat atria. AB - The isolated atria from 24 h fasted rats, either in the presence of glucose or in a substrate-free medium containing 2-deoxyglucose, mobilized the endogenous triacylglycerol (TG) to a greater extent than those from fed rats. The TG of the fasted atria had almost disappeared at the end of the 90 min incubation in the substrate-free plus 2-deoxyglucose medium, whereas in those from fed rats a mobilization-resistant portion of about 40% of the TG pool remained. This finding coincided with a lower decay of the contractile and pacemaker activities in the atria from fasted rats. Insulin abolished the TG mobilization in the atria from fed rats in the presence of glucose, but it was ineffective in the fasted atria. These data suggest that the endogenous-TG and glucose share in supporting the atrial functions, that insulin is involved in the control of TG consumption only in the fed state and that the greater TG mobilization in the fasted atria, at least partly, meets the energy requirements of the tissue. PMID- 3175259 TI - Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin or 5-methoxytryptamine on testicular LH and PRL receptors in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). AB - The pineal has been previously shown to be an important factor in the regulation of testicular function in photoperiodic mammals. The effects of lack or increase in pineal hormones on testicular hormonal receptors has, therefore, been examined. Pinealectomy decreased the concentration of testicular LH receptors in hamsters exposed to either a long or short photoperiod but had no effect on the concentration of testicular PRL receptors. In animals exposed to a short photoperiod, pinealectomy prevented testicular regression and the concomitant decreases in total LH and PRL receptor contents. Treatment for 12 weeks with either melatonin or 5-methoxytryptamine caused a decrease in testicular PRL receptor levels, whereas the only changes in LH receptor levels were due to melatonin-induced testicular regression. The present results indicate that some of the effects of pineal hormones on the testes are independent of the pineal induced changes in testes mass and are the consequence of long-term action. Furthermore, testicular function appears to be affected by both the lack or the increase in pineal hormones. PMID- 3175261 TI - Time course of the luteolytic action of LH in 4-day estrous cyclic rats. AB - In 4-day estrous cyclic rats the neutralization of postovulatory biological activity of LH (by means of a single 0.5 ml sc injection of an anti-LH serum) (LHAS) at any time between 12.00 h on estrus and 12.00 h on metestrus prolongs the estrous cycle corpus luteum (CL) progesterone secretion for almost 24 hours. Injection of LHAS later on during the estrous cycle has no effect on CL progesterone secretion. It is concluded that postovulatory LH secreted up to time of CL maximum capacity to produce progesterone (metestrus afternoon) accelerates the intrinsic luteolytic mechanism, and that once the intrinsic luteolytic process has been switched on (shortly after noon of metestrus), it will lead to the CL functional demise regardless of the luteolytic action of LH. PMID- 3175262 TI - [Is the forced oscillation method (resistance of the respiratory system) the method of choice for the evaluation of bronchial reactivity?]. PMID- 3175263 TI - [Frequency and severity of hypoxemia during sleep in COPD. Clinical and therapeutic impact]. AB - The occurrence of episodes of desaturation during sleep in patients suffering from chronic airflow obstruction is well known. The severity of nocturnal hypoxaemia depends, in part, on the level of the diurnal PaO2. Hypoventilation linked to sleep is the principle mechanism responsible for the decrease in PaO2 and the desaturation which results and depends on the level of oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SaO2) during wakefulness. However, it is not possible to predict the severity of nocturnal desaturation solely on the basis of diurnal oxyhaemoglobin saturation. Numerous factors may contribute to a worsening of nocturnal desaturation. In some patients it may be associated with hypoventilation and a worsening of the ventilation perfusion inequalities. A fall in the ventilatory response to hypoxaemia and hypercapnea contributes equally to the severity of desaturation. The awake response to hypoxia is variable according to the stage of their respiratory failure but may play a role in worsening nocturnal hypoxia. Snoring and obstructive apnoea are responsible for severe desaturation in chronic airflow obstruction presenting as hypoxaemia which may be moderated during the day. At present the value of systematic nocturnal polygraphic recordings in the "work-up" of chronic airflow obstruction has not been demonstrated. Its principle practical interest is in research into the associated sleep apnoea syndrome. It should be recognised in a patient with chronic airflow obstruction who snores and is somnolent with hypoxaemia and/or poorly explained hypercapnea. The therapeutic approach in respiratory failure should take account of nocturnal desaturation and the oxygen flow at night should be superior to the one to two litres which are required to correct the diurnal hypoxaemia. PMID- 3175264 TI - [Hypoxia and pulmonary circulation. The importance of hypoxia in pulmonary arterial hypertension of chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathies]. AB - In chronic airflow obstruction (CAO), there are grounds for distinguishing between the effects of acute alveolar hypoxia and those of chronic hypoxia. Acute hypoxia leads, in healthy subjects, to pulmonary vasoconstriction. In patients with CAO, there is however a great variability in the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. Chronic hypoxia leads in the long term to structural modifications in the pulmonary vessels (arteriolar muscularization, hypertrophy of the small arterial muscles, and intimal fibrosis), which are similar enough to those seen in residents at high altitude and which lead to an elevation of the pulmonary vascular resistance. These structural changes are potentially reversible but one does not know up to which point they are. This potential reversibility represents one of the justifications of long term oxygen therapy in these patients. The pulmonary arterial hypertension of CAO is generally moderated; it evolves slowly over years and years in the majority of cases; it certainly doesn't merit to be treated at any cost. Up to the present, pulmonary vasodilators have given rather disappointing results. Prolonged oxygen therapy (for greater than 16 hours in 24), which improves in other respects the expectation of life in patients is currently the most logical treatment for pulmonary hypertension in CAO. PMID- 3175265 TI - [Forced oscillation respiratory resistance and MEV in the evaluation of nonspecific bronchial reactivity]. AB - We have evaluated bronchial reactivity to histamine in 64 subjects with various degrees of bronchial obstruction, by the usual method of forced expired volume in one second FEV1 (VEMS) (CP20) and by the measurement of respiratory resistance (Rrs) using the forced oscillation technique. The characteristics of the relation of this histamine dose--spirometric response--Rrs was studied and compared with the usual CP20. We have found a significant linear correlation between the fall of VEMS and the rise in Rrs (R = 0.91, p less than 0.001) and the better concordance between CP20 spirometric and CP40 Rrs (r = 0.90, p less than 0.001). The measurement system for Rrs enables an evaluation of the degree of bronchial obstruction comparable to forced spirometry in bronchial provocation test to histamine and could be used to advantage in those subjects in whom collaboration might be doubtful or inadequate. PMID- 3175266 TI - [Risk factors of smoking in 11-to-16-year-old adolescents]. AB - The risk factors for smoking have been studied by a self administered questionnaire in 710 boys and 1,233 girls aged 11 to 16 amongst young French school children in the department of Yvelines. The percentage of smokers in this age group was estimated at 15.4%. Comparison of smokers (7.1 cigarettes per day on average) and non-smokers shows an association between smoking in boys and or/girls and the age of the subject, smoking habits of parents, brothers, sisters, members of the family or best friends, socioeconomic status of the parents, one parent families, attitudes and attention of the parents, religious observance, type and area of the school and authorization of smoking in the school yards. Assessed independently the only relationships to tobacco smoking actually were age, smoking habits of best friends, parents, brothers and sisters, and in girls only (for whom the sample size was larger) type and area of the school and one parent families. These results suggest that interventions that are aimed at decreasing smoking amongst the young, should take into account not just individuals, but the young as a group and the familial environment. PMID- 3175267 TI - [Interlobar pneumothorax]. PMID- 3175269 TI - [Operable bronchial cancer: can it be done better?]. PMID- 3175268 TI - [Bronchial fiber-optic endoscopy in Brazzaville. Apropos of 70 cases]. PMID- 3175270 TI - [An open letter to pneumologists]. PMID- 3175271 TI - [Acute idiopathic ulcerative rectocolitis in asymptomatic intestinal amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica. Diagnostic and therapeutic problems]. PMID- 3175272 TI - [Pleural effusion in lymphoma. Description of an unusual case]. PMID- 3175273 TI - [Campylobacter pylori and gastric mucosa. What method to use in the diagnosis?]. PMID- 3175274 TI - [The eye and systemic pathology]. PMID- 3175275 TI - [Effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate on blood concentration of alcohol in man]. PMID- 3175276 TI - Managing side-effects in radiotherapy with regard to the gastrointestinal tract. AB - Three different means of diminishing discomfort during radiation therapy of the gastrointestinal tract are demonstrated and discussed: 1. Use of the smallest possible treatment volumes in medically well developed regions with good possibilities for follow-up of all patients. 2. Regular consultations, with advice concerning food intake and dental hygiene 3. Use of the drug sucralfate, which may improve tolerance against the radiation-induced damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa. PMID- 3175277 TI - Surgical management of tumor-related limb fractures. AB - Tumor-related fractures require internal rigid fixation with adapted surgical techniques in accordance with the altered bone quality. Internal fixation results in relief of pain and restoration of function, i.e., in walking capacity in the case of leg fractures and manual action in the case of arm fractures. Restoration of pain-free function in the case of tumor-related fractures is therefore an important part of the treatment of tumor patients. PMID- 3175278 TI - Surgical management of tumor-related spinal instability. PMID- 3175279 TI - Unproven dietary methods of treatment of oncology patients. PMID- 3175280 TI - Liaison psychiatry on an oncology ward. PMID- 3175281 TI - Psychotherapy in patients cured of gynecological cancers. PMID- 3175282 TI - Psychosocial support of cancer patients: a training program for oncology staff. PMID- 3175283 TI - Psychological and social support of cancer patients: report on a program of the radiotherapy department, Erlangen. PMID- 3175284 TI - Quality of life for patients receiving chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. PMID- 3175285 TI - Public information and professional education about cancer. PMID- 3175286 TI - Preclinical hyperthermia. PMID- 3175288 TI - Preclinical hyperthermia in human tumors: introductory remarks. PMID- 3175287 TI - Thermal enhancement of drug cytotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 3175289 TI - Microcirculatory and pH alterations in isotransplanted rat and xenotransplanted human tumors associated with hyperthermia. PMID- 3175290 TI - Effects of heat treatment in vitro and in vivo on human melanoma xenografts. AB - The heat response in vitro and in vivo of five human melanoma xenografts grown in athymic nude mice was studied. The melanomas differed significantly in terms of heat sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo. At least two different mechanisms governed the overall heat response of the melanomas in vivo: the primary cell death, induced during treatment, was due to direct cytotoxic effects of the heat; the secondary cell death, induced after completion of treatment, was due to heat induced vascular damage. The activation energies for the melanomas were not significantly different in vitro and in vivo at temperatures above the inflection point of the Arrhenius curves. Below the inflection point, on the other hand, the activation energies were higher in vitro than in vivo, probably as a consequence of differences in the physiological conditions in vitro and in vivo. The heat responsiveness of the melanomas in vivo was not related to the radioresponsiveness, whether the heat treatment was given at a low or a high temperature. All melanomas developed thermotolerance after a priming heat treatment. The thermotolerance differed significantly in magnitude among the five melanomas. It was concluded from the thermotolerance data that clinical treatment protocols probably should not prescribe more than one hyperthermic treatment per week. PMID- 3175291 TI - Intrinsic thermosensitivity of various human tumors. PMID- 3175292 TI - Importance of thermotolerance for radiothermotherapy as assessed using two human melanoma cell lines. PMID- 3175293 TI - In vitro thermochemotherapy in ovarian cancer. PMID- 3175294 TI - Sulfhydryl compounds as thermosensitizers. PMID- 3175295 TI - Effect of hyperthermia at 40.5 degrees C and chemotherapy on various human tumors in vitro. PMID- 3175296 TI - Predicting the sensitivity of human cancers to combined chemotherapy and hyperthermia. AB - In order to estimate its ability to predict the thermochemosensitivity of human cancers, a rapid in vitro assay based on morphological changes in the nucleus was performed on eight different human tumors (four malignant melanomas, two lung tumors, one renal carcinoma, and leukemia K-562). Nude mice, implanted with tumors, supplied the tumor material, with the exception of leukemia. Nimustine, melphalan, mitomycin C, vincristine and vinblastine were tested. Tumor cells developed karyorrhectic changes after incubation for 4 h with each of the aforementioned five drugs. An increase in the karyorrhectic changes was observed with hyperthermia at 43 degrees C. The individual tumors showed different sensitivities to 43 degrees C. Five of the eight tumors were significantly sensitive to 43 degrees C. However, in two thermosensitive tumors no drug enhancement was recognized at 43 degrees C. In four tumors several drugs were synergistically enhanced by hyperthermia at 43 degrees C. This study suggests that this simple method may be of clinical use in predicting response to thermochemotherapy. PMID- 3175297 TI - Therapeutic benefit from combined heat and radiation. PMID- 3175298 TI - Correlation between polymerase beta activity and thermal radiosensitization in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - The enhancement of the radiosensitivity of CHO cells was determined for various single and multiple heat treatments followed by X-irradiation at 0 degrees C to prevent repair during exposure. Furthermore, the reduction in the activity of DNA polymerase beta was determined after the same heat treatments. The thermal enhancement ratios for cell killing, calculated on the 10% survival level for the various experimental conditions, showed a clear-cut correlation with the activity of DNA polymerase beta measured by the end of the various heat treatments. These results indicate that the thermal radiosensitization observed in many biological systems might be associated with the transient loss of polymerase beta activity. PMID- 3175299 TI - Effect of hyperthermia at 40.5 degrees C and cytostatic drugs on human bone marrow progenitor cells. PMID- 3175300 TI - Toxic effects of irradiation or doxorubicin in combination with moderate whole body hyperthermia on bone marrow in rats. PMID- 3175302 TI - Cancer clinical trials: a critical appraisal. Third Heidelberg Symposium. February 1987, Freiburg. Proceedings. PMID- 3175301 TI - Cardiotoxicity of moderate whole-body hyperthermia, doxorubicin, and combined treatment in rats. PMID- 3175303 TI - Randomization and follow-up care of patients in a breast cancer clinical trial: personal experience. PMID- 3175304 TI - Alternative treatments for small cancers of the breast: motives and preferences of patients having to choose. PMID- 3175305 TI - Subjective theories on etiology and treatment of cancer. PMID- 3175306 TI - Individual cases and the scientific method--a conflict? Legal aspects of cancer clinical trials in the Federal Republic of Germany. PMID- 3175307 TI - Statistical properties and use of sequential methods in randomized clinical trials when the response criterion is censored. PMID- 3175308 TI - Evaluation of psychosocial aspects in a breast preservation trial. AB - Our preliminary and exploratory data analysis of the current state of QOL assessment in the ongoing BMFT breast preservation trial indicates that our questionnaire meets criteria of validity, differentiability, and practicability in the context of a large multi-center trial. The results of treatment comparisons tend towards accordance with those of comparable studies, in that they do not show the often-postulated global superiority of breast-preserving therapy over mastectomy with respect to QOL. The special study concept of combining patients with and without treatment preference gives rise to a lot of methodological issues but is the only way to find out whether participation in the therapeutic decision-making process is beneficial to the patient or not. PMID- 3175309 TI - Statistical standards for protocols and protocol deviations. PMID- 3175310 TI - The design of cancer prevention trials. PMID- 3175311 TI - Strategies for subgroup analysis in clinical trials. PMID- 3175312 TI - Competing risks, interactions and crossing hazards. PMID- 3175313 TI - The use of data bases and historical controls in treatment comparisons. PMID- 3175314 TI - Limitations and advantages of meta-analysis in clinical trials. PMID- 3175315 TI - [Guidelines for counseling services for rehabilitation of the handicapped. Page 47: Counseling in alcoholism]. PMID- 3175316 TI - [Assessment of motivation for achievement in connection with rehabilitation measures]. AB - Reported are the results obtained in assessing young brain-injured patients of a rehabilitation hospital (N = 39, male subjects). "Vocational therapists" had evaluated the patients relative to achievement and achievement motivation variables, and results of routine performance testing had also been available. The KEMB (Konstanzer Erfolgs-Misserfolgs-Batterie--Constancy success-failure battery) was administered in addition. Vocational therapists' ratings and KEMB findings permit the conclusion that the less severely disabled patients tend to hold unrealistically high objectives. Whereas results were found to be consistent in this patient group even across the different methods used for evaluating achievement motivation variables, this did not apply to the more severely disabled subjects. For this latter group, the KEMB achievement motivation findings show hardly any relation with the achievement motivation ratings given, but, rather, with specific performance tests used in organic brain damage and with duration of the condition. It seems that achievement motivation can in the less severely disabled subjects be understood in its usual sense; those with more severe disability on the other hand seem to strongly orientate their motivation on the specific deficits associated with the organic brain damage, thus arriving at possibly more reality-adjusted objectives. KEMB and progress in general performance within the rehabilitation programme--especially in the more severely disabled patients--are found to correlate much closer then is the case for the various performance tests administered routinely for outcome prediction. PMID- 3175317 TI - [Long-term psychiatric patients in the workplace--a survey of employers]. AB - 23 employers, who had hired 26 psychiatric patients coming from the vocational rehabilitation workshop of the social-psychiatric university clinic in Bern (Switzerland), were questioned about the performance and behaviour of these patients. Secondly, they were asked about their experience in cooperating with the psychiatric caretaking service provided. The employers seemed to be very motivated in helping to reintegrate mentally ill patients. They have acquired an astonishing amount of knowledge in dealing with patients and with problems emerging at work. They expressed interest in more contact with psychiatrists and other caretakers, and in more information about mental illness. The authors conclude that employers should be contacted more often and that in particular the treating psychiatrist could support and further motivate employers, which would certainly be helpful for the employed patient. PMID- 3175318 TI - [Difficulties in the occupational incorporation of the mentally handicapped]. AB - Psychiatric clinics report great difficulties in motivating patients, on successful completion of medical rehabilitation and vocational therapy, to file an application for vocational rehabilitation. And if they do so, the mentally ill persons more frequently then other disabled persons break off the vocational rehabilitation measures taken. After a two year discussion process, a study group in Berlin (West), which consisted of representatives of different institutions involved in vocational rehabilitation, have published a memorandum stating the central obstacles for mentally ill persons to enter and remain in a "Workshop for Disabled." Proposals are made how to improve the situation. PMID- 3175319 TI - [The work therapy workshop as part of a psychiatric service system--its contribution to the integration of medical, occupational and social rehabilitation]. AB - The limitations faced by purely clinical facilities in providing comprehensive rehabilitation for long-term schizophrenic patients having been made increasingly clear by a changing labour market, the Department of Social Psychiatry's community mental health system had already in 1978 been extended to include a work therapy shop, i.e., a printing shop geared to general economic conditions. This effort of integrating various rehabilitative activities "under one roof" within the workshop while maintaining the continuity of medical treatment, is discussed by a synoptical presentation of findings from quantitative und qualitative analysis. It has been possible to show that a wide spectrum of graded rehabilitative activities can be implemented successfully in a well-defined, work life oriented setting. Given close linkages of the workshop with a structured, comprehensive care system, the advantages inherent in integrating medical, vocational, and psychosocial rehabilitation efforts obviously outweigh the disadvantages of insufficient specificity and diversification. PMID- 3175320 TI - [Understanding the personality changes following craniocerebral injuries, with special reference to premorbid personality and family structure]. AB - The personality changes frequently observed in the wake of craniocerebral trauma are a serious impediment to psychosocial rehabilitation of those concerned. Based on empirical research, the present contribution is intended as a pleading for adoption of a multidisciplinary and multidimensional approach to personality change post craniocerebral trauma, taking the dynamic complexities involved into consideration. The current, stereotyped characterizations of the changes of personality caused by organic brain damage have not been confirmed for the patient population investigated by us. Crucial to avoidance of a rigid, static view of the personality changes is direct inclusion of the familial and social environment in the process of diagnosis and rehabilitation of the person with craniocerebral trauma. As exemplified by a case analysis described, it is possible, above all, to trace the systemic-etiological forces active in determining the nature and contents of the personality changes, in stabilizing or reinforcing them. PMID- 3175321 TI - [Significance of the specialized treatment clinic for the rehabilitation of diabetic patients]. AB - Since January 1, 1986 all our diabetes mellitus patients have participated in a structured diabetes education programme of two weeks duration. A systematic review of 260 diabetic patients treated by us up to June 30, 1987, has shown that only 25 (9.6%) had been suitably informed about their disease. Necessary therapeutic consequences, such as strict dietetic measures, additional insulin therapy or intensified conventional insulin therapy, were more readily understood and accepted after the education course. The basic conditions present in a specialized rehabilitation clinic are more favourable in view of good longterm metabolic control than in the acute hospital or in general practice. PMID- 3175322 TI - Return migration of the elderly in the United States. Recent trends. PMID- 3175323 TI - Factorial and criterion validities of telephone-assessed cognitive ability measures. Age and gender comparisons in adult twins. PMID- 3175324 TI - The role of demographic factors in the institutionalization of the elderly. PMID- 3175325 TI - Senior center linkages with community organizations. PMID- 3175326 TI - A profile of Alaska's seniors. PMID- 3175327 TI - A note on elderly living arrangements in Japan and the United States. PMID- 3175328 TI - Beneficial mechanisms of action of a prostacyclin enhancing agent in splanchnic artery occlusion shock. AB - Defibrotide stimulates PGI2 production and exerts significant antithrombotic, fibrinolytic and plasminogen-activating activities. We studied its effects in splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock in rats. Anesthetized rats subjected to total occlusion of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries for 40 minutes developed a severe shock state following reperfusion usually resulting in death 90-120 minutes after releasing the clamps. Defibrotide 910 mg/kg +25 mg/kg/h) treated SAO shock rats maintained higher post-reperfusion mean arterial blood pressure compared to those receiving only the vehicle (0.9% NaCl). SAO shock rats treated with defibrotide exhibited lower plasma activities of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (p less than 0.05 from vehicle) and myocardial depressant factor (p less than 0.02 from vehicle) as well as the plasma accumulation of free amino-nitrogen compounds (p less than 0.05 from vehicle). All SAO shock rats treated with defibrotide survived the entire 120 post-release period compared with only a 42% survival rate for rats receiving only the vehicle (p less than 0.02). These results suggest a remarkable protective effect of defibrotide in SAO shock. PMID- 3175329 TI - Rat lung benzo(a)pyrene metabolism following three days continuous exposure to 0.6 ppm ozone. AB - Changes in the extent and pattern of benzo(a)pyrene metabolism were investigated in lungs isolated from rats following ozone exposures that are associated with the proliferation of alveolar and bronchiolar epithelia. Radiolabel incorporation into metabolic products were determined at the end of 60 min perfusions with 50 55 nmol of [6-3H] [7, 10-14C] benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), which in unexposed lungs resulted in a total BaP utilization of 0.77 +/- 0.05 nmol [14C] BaP/h/lung, recovered bound to tissue macromolecules (12%), as tissue and perfusate ethyl acetate-soluble products (59%), and as perfusate water-soluble conjugates (29%). Total metabolism at the sixth position of the BaP molecule was indicated by a 3H2O production of 0.07 +/- 0.01 nmol BaP/h per lung, that resulted in the formation of quinones (33%), acid-hydrolysable (40%) and acid-resistant (27%) water-soluble products, indicated by 14C- minus 3H-labelling. Ozone-exposed lungs demonstrated an increased total [14C] BaP utilization to 3.05 +/- 0.05 nmol/h/lung. Although BaP metabolism to all products was increased, the proportion of metabolism involving the 6th position was enhanced from 10% to 25% of total BaP utilization, which was accounted for by relative increases in tissue retained quinones and in perfusate acid-hydrolysable conjugates. These data demonstrated that quinone formation represents a major pathway of lung polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism that is greatly enhanced in lungs with proliferating epithelia associated with oxidant exposure. PMID- 3175330 TI - Inosine and adenosine formation in ischemic and non-ischemic contracting muscles of rats: difference between fast and slow muscles. AB - Inosine and adenosine formation was evaluated in different types of rat skeletal muscle during ischemic and non-ischemic contraction. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL, fast) and soleus (slow) muscles were stimulated electrically via the sciatic nerve (5 Hz, 10 min). Under non-ischemic condition, the concentrations of IMP, inosine, adenosine, and hypoxanthine increased in EDL muscles but not in soleus muscles during stimulation. Under ischemic condition, these metabolites increased in both EDL and soleus muscles, although the increases in IMP and inosine were greater in EDL muscles. The increase in inosine had a strong positive correlation with that in IMP in ischemic EDL and soleus muscles, but the ratio, delta inosine/delta IMP was smaller in EDL muscles. The increase in adenosine under ischemic condition was not significantly different between the two muscles. These findings suggest that ischemia enhances degradation of purine nucleotides in contracting fast and slow muscles, and that although the degradation of purine nucleotides to IMP is greater in fast muscles than in slow muscles, the relative degradation rate of IMP to inosine is rather smaller in fast muscles. PMID- 3175331 TI - Pathology and glutathione status in 3-methylindole-treated rodents. AB - Light and electron microscopic studies were performed to assess the pathology induced by 3-methylindole (3MI) in Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss-Webster mice. Rats have not been established as a susceptible species to 3MI-induced pulmonary damage, whereas mice are known to be a good model for this pneumotoxicity. Therefore, mice were used as a comparison species for pneumotoxicity studies in the rat. Rats were as susceptible to 3MI-mediated toxicity as mice. The loss of Clara cells in the bronchiolar epithelium was the major pulmonary lesion in both species. Alveolar cells in the lungs of either species were not damaged. The only other lesion in the rat was that the nasal epithelium was totally eroded in caudal areas of the sinuses. Glutathione was depleted by 3MI in pulmonary tissues of mice and rats. Maximal depletion (53% of control values) occurred in rat lung. This work demonstrates that both rodent species are susceptible to 3MI-induced pulmonary damage. PMID- 3175332 TI - Quantitative analysis of the contribution of hepatic, renal and portal circulation to the clearance of exogenous catecholamines. AB - The contribution of hepatic, renal and portal circulation to the clearance of exogenous catecholamines was analyzed quantitatively. During infusion of clinical doses of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine in dogs, the plasma level of catecholamine and the plasma flow were measured simultaneously. Percentage of contribution was calculated from the following equation; transorgan difference of plasma catecholamine (ng/ml) x plasma flow (ml/min) x 100/dose (ng/min). This value means the percentage of the amount of catecholamine cleared by an organ to the amount of catecholamine administered into the body. Significant transorgan gradients of plasma levels of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine were observed in each of hepatic, renal and portal circulation. The calculated contribution values indicate that hepatic circulation clears 15.9% of norepinephrine, 24.2% of epinephrine and 9.0% of dopamine administered exogenously. The corresponding figures for renal circulation are 8.7, 22.0 and 9%, and those for portal circulation are 11.5, 21.5 and 10.4%. PMID- 3175333 TI - Binding studies of three water-soluble polycationic porphyrins with human serum albumin. AB - The binding stoichiometry and equilibria of three polycationic water-soluble porphyrins with human serum albumin (HSA) have been determined by fluorescence quenching and filtration methods in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 at 25 degrees. For one porphyrin the binding equilibrium was also measured by measuring the lifetime of tryptophan and also by measuring the polarization of bound porphyrin. Energy transfer between the porphyrin and the tryptophan residue of HSA has been studied. PMID- 3175334 TI - The effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on glucose levels within the SMT-F mouse tumor. AB - Tumor glucose levels were assessed at various times following in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT) and compared to levels following induction of anoxia in mice bearing the SMT-F tumor. Uptake of 2-deoxy-D glucose by isolated tumor cells was not altered following in vivo PDT. Tumor glucose levels following PDT were found to decline in a similar albeit slower manner to those found under anoxic conditions for 40 minutes and thereafter they declined at a greater rate. These results suggest an ischemic mechanism of tumor destruction characterized by the progressive development of stasis followed by hemorrhage resulting in the rapid depletion of extracellular glucose. PMID- 3175335 TI - Inhibition of lactate-dehydrogenase by cisplatin and other platinum-compounds: enzyme leakage of LDH is not a suitable method to measure platinum-compound induced kidney cell damage in vitro. AB - The effects of three platinum-compounds on the activity of hog muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cytosolic LDH released from rat renal cortical slices and cytosolic LDH isolated from rat kidney cells were investigated. In vitro, cisplatin inhibited the activity of LDH in a concentration-dependent manner. At a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml, cisplatin, transplatin and cisplatin-hydrolysis products inhibited the activity of LDH time-dependently. These observations make it doubtful to use LDH-enzyme leakage experiments to demonstrate damage of kidney cells by platinum-compounds. The nonnephrotoxic compound transplatin had an enhanced inhibitory effect on the activity of LDH compared to the nephrotoxic compounds cisplatin or cisplatin-hydrolysis-products (transplatin greater than cisplatin greater than cisplatin-hydrolysis-products). Thus, LDH-enzyme inhibition seems not to be related to the nephrotoxicity of cisplatin. PMID- 3175336 TI - Protective effects of minaprine on the cerebrum of rodents. AB - The cerebral protective effects of minaprine were examined using the following methods, i.e., complete ischemia by decapitation in mice, histotoxic anoxia by potassium cyanide (KCN) in mice, hypobaric hypoxia in mice, asphyxic anoxia in normal rats and cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion (BCAO) in strokeprone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-SP). Minaprine showed positive effects on all the mouse models. Minaprine led to an improvement in the hypoxia-induced impaired electroencephalogram activity, in normal rats. All vehicle-treated SHR-SP died within 20 hr after BCAO, whereas pretreatment with minaprine (50 mg/kg x 5 days) decreased the mortality within 20 hr after BCAO. Beneficial effects of minaprine for treating cerebral hypoxia, anoxia and ischemia are discussed. PMID- 3175337 TI - Glutathione (GSH) content in livers from control and carbon tetrachloride poisoned rats treated with the calmodulin inhibitors thioridazine, imipramine or chlorpromazine. AB - Administration to rats of the calmodulin (CaM) inhibitors Thioridazine (TDZ) or Imipramine (IMP) (50 mg/kg ip) or Chlorpromazine (CPZ) at a dose of 25 mg/kg, ip 6 hr after olive oil or CCl4 (1 ml/kg, ip as a 20% olive oil solution) significantly increased the GSH content in liver of CCl4 poisoned animals but not in controls. The analysis of present observations and past results with Trifluoperazine, suggest that increases in GSH content in CCl4 poisoned animals treated with protective anticalmodulins are a consequence of prevention and not the cause of their preventive effects. PMID- 3175338 TI - Effect of renal mass reduction on kidney tissue concentration of gentamycin following a single dose. AB - Controversy exists concerning the effect of pre-existing renal disease on aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. Since nephrotoxicity appears to be related to gentamycin concentration in the renal tissue, we studied the effect of renal mass reduction on renal tissue gentamycin concentration. Four groups of male Sprague Dawley rats, who had undergone progressive renal mass reduction, were studied after injection with a single dose of gentamycin. As expected, serum gentamycin concentration was increased in nephrectomized animals and showed significant inverse correlation with the weight of the residual renal tissue. However, urinary gentamycin secretion rate was proportional with the weight of the residual renal tissue. Renal tissue gentamycin concentrations in the nephrectomized animals were significantly higher than that found in the sham operated controls. The data indicate that renal tissue gentamycin concentration attained after a single dose of the drug is higher in the presence of reduced renal mass. PMID- 3175339 TI - Immunoassay detection of drugs in racing horses. VI. Detection of furosemide (Lasix) in equine blood by a one step ELISA and PCFIA. AB - A one step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a particle concentration fluorescent immunoassay (PCFIA) test for furosemide were evaluated as part of a panel of pre- and post-race tests for illegal medication of racing horses. These tests are very sensitive to furosemide with an I-50 for furosemide of about 20 ng/ml. The test is also rapid; an average pre-race complement of 10 samples can be analyzed in 90 minutes or less. The ELISA test results can be read with an inexpensive spectrophotometer, or even by eye. Both the PCFIA test and the ELISA test readily detect the presence of furosemide in equine blood for up to five hours after administration of the recommended therapeutic dose of this agent. The principal utility of these tests lies in rapid screening of samples for compliance with regulations governing the use of furosemide. Thus these tests can be used pre-race to determine whether horsemen have treated their horses with furosemide, and post-race to perform an initial evaluation of whether certain blood concentrations of furosemide have been exceeded. Pilot trials with these systems in Kentucky and Illinois suggest that these tests are economical and effective, and can form part of an analytical approach to substitute for the detention barn system of monitoring furosemide administration. PMID- 3175341 TI - The effect of ketoconazole on steroidogenesis. II. Adrenocortical enzyme activity in vitro. AB - The activity of five adrenocortical steroidogenic enzymes, 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 beta-HSD), 17-hydroxylase (17-OHase) 17,20 desmolase (17,20D), 21-hydroxylase (21-OHase) and 11-hydroxylase (11-OHase), were measured in vitro in purified mitochondria or microsomes from rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata) and human adrenal tissue in the presence and absence of graded concentrations of ketoconazole. Rhesus 3 beta-HSD activity was unaffected by ketoconazole at concentrations up to 5000 microM. However, human adrenal 3 beta HSD was inhibited by approximately 40% (p less than .01) at concentrations of 500 microM and by 80% at 100 microM. 17-OHase and 17,20D were significantly inhibited in the human at 5 microM (p less than .001) and in the rhesus monkey at 50 microM (p less than .001). A similar inhibitory effect was found on microsomal 21-OHase, with significant inhibition at 5 microM ketoconazole in the human and rhesus monkey (p less than 0.001). Mitochondrial 11-OHase was also significantly inhibited by ketoconazole in both the human (p less than .005) and rhesus (p less than .001) at 2.0 microM. These results represent documentation of the specific adrenal steroidogenic steps affected by ketoconazole and confirm the observations that this imidazole derivative is a powerful inhibitor of enzymes in the glucocorticoid pathway. PMID- 3175340 TI - Apoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes in maternal plasma during labor and following delivery. AB - In eight normal mothers the effects of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) addition on the plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes (AST-s and AST-m) during labor and following delivery were investigated. The AST-s activities with and without reactivation by PLP appeared to increase immediately after delivery and they were even higher on the 4th day postpartum. On the other hand, there were significant elevations in both the AST-m activities immediately and at 2 h after delivery, but not on the 4th day postpartum. Of AST isoenzymes measured in the nonstress test, only the relative activation rate of AST-m by PLP added was significantly higher than the control value. The present study may come to the following conclusions: 1) The relative activation rate of plasma AST-m activity by PLP may be a reliable index of vitamin B6 nutritional status during pregnancy. 2) The increases in AST-m activity with and without PLP added during labor suggest a minimal damage of mitochondria in skeletal, cardiac and uterine muscle cells. 3) The AST-s isoenzyme determinations with and without PLP may be especially useful as sensitive indication of erythrocyte and/or liver damage after delivery. PMID- 3175342 TI - Covalent binding of platinum to renal protein from sensitive and resistant guinea pigs treated with cisplatin: possible role in nephrotoxicity. AB - Covalent binding of platinum from the anticancer drug cisplatin has been determined in subcellular organelles from kidney and liver of guinea pig strains sensitive and resistant to the systemic toxicity of cisplatin. Organ distribution of platinum was similar between the two strains, but the sensitive animals (pigmented) excreted only half as much platinum in 24 hr as did the resistent animals (albino). Subcellular distribution of platinum in mitochondria, microsomes, and cytosol was approximately equal for both strains, but the sensitive animals had twice as much platinum bound covalently to cytosolic acid insoluble protein as did the resistant animals. In the albino guinea pigs, concentrations of total platinum and of covalently bound platinum were greater in kidney subcellular organelles than in either liver or lung organelles, which may help explain the sensitivity of the kidney to the toxic effects of cisplatin. PMID- 3175343 TI - Effects of a cysteine precursor, L-2-oxothiazolidine-carboxylate, nutritional status, and sex on tissue glutathione and hepatic GSH-utilizing enzymes of CD-1 mice. AB - Objectives of this study were to compare the effects of sex, nutritional status and L-2-oxothiazolidine carboxylate (OTC) treatment on tissue constituents frequently involved in responses to chemical toxins. Four groups of adult CD-1 mice were studied: fed females, fed males, fasted males, and fasted males three hours after treatment with OTC (10 mmoles/kg, sc). Female fed mice were found to differ from male fed mice as follows: lower tissue GSH in liver and kidney but not lung; lower hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and cytosolic GSH transferase activities, particularly using CDNB as substrate; and higher hepatic GSH peroxidase but similar GSSG reductase activities. Overnight fasting was associated with a decrease in hepatic and renal GSH and hepatic cytochrome P-450. OTC treatment was only found to increase hepatic GSH and decrease renal GSH. Thus in fasted CD-1 male mice, the intracellular cysteine precursor, OTC, has an apparently selective effect on tissue GSH contents without confounding effects on hepatic GSH utilizing or restoring activities. PMID- 3175344 TI - Paradoxical effect of cobaltous chloride on carbon disulfide induced hepatotoxicity in rats. AB - A single acute dose of carbon disulfide (CS2, 5 mmol/kg ip) caused hepatic damage in rats pretreated with phenobarbital. Rats pretreated with phenobarbital and cobaltous chloride (CoCl2, 250 mumol/kg sc) were protected against CS2 induced hepatotoxicity. When single acute doses of CS2 and CoCl2 were given at the same time, however, rats developed a much more severe hepatic lesion than that seen following CS2 alone. Similar cotreatment of CoCl2 with bromobenzene, carbon tetrachloride or thioacetamide did not enhance the hepatotoxicity of these well studied hepatotoxins. Additionally, other divalent metal salts (CuSO4 and ZnCl2) did not enhance CS2 hepatotoxicity. Hence, the interaction between CS2 and CoCl2 (that results in enhanced CS2 induced hepatic damage) appears to be relatively specific for these two agents. CS2 caused an approximate 50% decrease in hepatic cytochrome P-450 when given alone, but an approximate 85% decrease when given with CoCl2. This observation supports the hypothesis that the breakdown products of cytochrome P-450 heme are responsible for CS2 induced hepatotoxicity. In addition, single doses of CS2 or CoCl2 caused increases of 30 to 60% in hepatic glutathione (GSH), but additive responses were not obtained when the two agents were given at the same time. GSH synthetase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity were inconsistently changed by these treatments, and did not provide a consistent explanation for the increases in GSH. The enhanced hepatotoxicity of CS2 + CoCl2 is not due to changes in hepatic glutathione metabolism. PMID- 3175345 TI - Changes in hepatic glutathione concentrations during carbon disulfide induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. AB - When administered acutely to male Sprague-Dawley rats, carbon disulfide (CS2, 5 mmole/kg ip) caused centrilobular hepatic hydropic degeneration or necrosis. Pretreatment with phenobarbital was a requirement for hepatotoxicity and treatment with SKF 525-A, an inhibitor of microsomal CS2 metabolism, reduced the extent of hepatotoxicity. These results support the hypothesis that the hepatotoxicity of CS2 requires metabolism by the cytochrome P-450 containing monooxygenase system. CS2-induced hepatotoxicity was not accompanied by a decrease in hepatic glutathione, but rather, an increase of approximately 50% which occurred 16 hours after CS2 administration. This increase occurred only when CS2 was given to phenobarbital pretreated rats and was prevented by prior treatment with SKF 525-A. Hence, the delayed increase in glutathione could be related to CS2-induced hepatotoxicity. Additionally, CS2-induced hepatotoxicity was not enhanced by depletion of hepatic glutathione with diethyl maleate (DEM). Many hepatotoxins that require metabolic activation cause decreases in glutathione, and the extent of hepatic damage is increased by agents that deplete hepatic glutathione. Therefore, while CS2-induced hepatotoxicity requires metabolic activation, the effects on hepatic glutathione suggests that the mechanism of CS2-induced hepatotoxicity may be distinct from other "metabolically activated" hepatotoxins. PMID- 3175346 TI - Airway responsiveness to exercise and ultrasonically nebulized distilled water in children: relationship to clinical and functional characteristics. AB - We studied the bronchial response to exercise and ultrasonically nebulized distilled water (UNDW) challenge in 19 normal controls (3 females and 16 males; age 6-13 years) and in 44 asthmatic children (12 females and 32 males; age 6-13 years) in order (1) to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the two challenges and (2) to evaluate the relationship between bronchial responses and clinical and functional characteristics. A 20% fall in FEV1 was regarded as a significant bronchial response. The specificity of both challenges was high (100%), whereas the sensitivity of exercise (77.3%) was twice that of UNDW (38.6%). The combination of the two challenges increased the sensitivity to 81.8%. There was no correlation between the magnitude of bronchial response to exercise and UNDW (rs = -0.03; p greater than 0.05). Exercise responders were not different from nonresponders in regard to gender, age, resting lung function, length of asthmatic history and treatment requirement to control symptoms. However, the UNDW responders were different from nonresponders in regard to age (p less than 0.05) and length of asthmatic history (p less than 0.001). Children younger than 9 years old are unlikely to show a bronchial response to UNDW inhalation, since only 9.5% of them developed a significant bronchoconstriction. We suggest that the two stimuli recognize some different pathways or subjects have basic biological differences. PMID- 3175347 TI - Consistency of repeated flow-volume parameters in airway challenge studies. AB - A maximal lung inflation is known to alter airway tone in man. Recent investigations, examining how this phenomenon relates to bronchial provocation testing, suggest that a deep inspiration will decrease airway resistance and underestimate the subsequent decrement in lung function following airway challenge. Because the recovery of baseline tone is rapid following a deep inspiration, we evaluated the consistency of three consecutive partial and maximal expiratory flow-volume maneuvers performed at approximately 45- to 60 second intervals. Functional parameters including the forced expiratory volume in 1 s and the maximal expiratory flow at 60% of the vital capacity below total lung capacity on the partial curve (MEF40%P) were constant at each measurement point following induced bronchoconstriction or bronchodilation in both healthy and asthmatic subjects. We suggest that with 45 s between maneuvers, repeatable parameters can be attained from three consecutive flow-volume curves. PMID- 3175348 TI - Acute hyperoxic lung edema is not reduced by granulocyte depletion in rats. PMID- 3175350 TI - Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease associated with severe reduction of single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. AB - A 49-year-old woman presented with pulmonary hypertension, profound arterial hypoxemia, and a single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) which was 17% of predicted. History, physical examination, and chest roentgenograms did not suggest the presence of parenchymal pulmonary disease. Spirometry and lung volume measurements were within normal limits. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease was diagnosed by lung biopsy. This case illustrates the severe reduction of DLCO which can be associated with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. PMID- 3175349 TI - Transthoracic fine-needle aspiration guided by fluoroscopy: validity and complications with 19 operators. AB - During a 3-year period, 19 physicians performed 271 transthoracic fine-needle aspirations (FNA) in 199 patients, using a 23-guage aspiration needle with an 18 guage guiding needle. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytological examination of the needle aspirates in 90 out of 122 patients with malignant tumors, giving a sensitivity of 74%. The specificity of the cytological diagnosis was 100%. Both cytological and histological material was available in 49 patients. The tumor typing from the FNA specimens and the biopsies was in agreement in all but 3 cases. Pneumothorax occurred in 27% of the patients, but only 3.5% required tube drainage. Small variations (p greater than 0.05) in number of diagnostic punctures and rate of complications were evident among the participating physicians and between two fluoroscopic equipments. PMID- 3175351 TI - In vivo and in vitro studies on cold-induced airway response in normal and sensitized rabbits. AB - We measured the changes in lung resistance (RL) induced by cool inspired air under dry air conditions in anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rabbits. We compared the airway response to cold air in non-sensitized (NS) animals with the response in rabbits sensitized (S) to bovine serum albumin. Using in vitro tracheal preparations from the same animals, we observed the effects of lowering the bath temperature on smooth muscle tension and also the response to acetylcholine (Ach). Dose-response curves to Ach were constructed and analyzed in terms of maximal contraction (delta Tmax) and pD2 coefficient (negative logarithm of the molar concentration of Ach producing 50% of maximum contraction). The magnitude of cold induced airway response tested in vivo was significantly greater in S (delta RL = +52% +/- 2) than in NS rabbits (+30% +/- 4; P less than 0.01). In vitro the decrease of temperature in the bathing medium induced a significant relaxation of tracheal spirals in both NS and S preparations (delta T = -2.42 +/- 0.34 g/mg wet tissue, -3.36 +/- 0.8 g/mg wet tissue, respectively). However, an adaptation of this response occurred after 8 min in NS rabbits whereas relaxation persisted in S rabbits. The tracheal contractile response to Ach was decreased by bath cooling in S ans NS animals (delta Tmax = 5.53 +/- 0.15 g/mg wet tissue and 5.03 +/- 0.27 g/mg wet tissue at 37 degrees C; 3.05 +/- 0.30 g/mg wet tissue and 1.93 +/- 0.35 g/mg wet tissue at 17 degrees C, respectively). Moreover, cooling also reduced the velocity of response. In all cases, S preparations displayed hyperresponsiveness to Ach and this was observed for maximal changes in tension as well as for pD2 values. Present observations show that cold induces different effects on airway smooth muscle with the production of a contractile response in in vivo preparations but relaxes isolated tracheal spirals. They also suggest that sensitization by foreign proteins may modify the intrinsic properties of tracheal smooth muscle. PMID- 3175352 TI - Energy metabolism in the whole animal revisited. AB - Dimensional analysis of animals with regard to those structures and functions which affect the rate of energy metabolism can be conducted on the basis of either geometric or elastic similarity. Predictions of the relationships between various structures and functions and body mass are dependent of the type of similarity assumed. Comparison of the relationships between numerous physiological variables and body mass reported in the literature and those predicted from geometric and elastic similarity indicates that the preponderance of predictions from elastic similarity are in better agreement with the observed values than are the predictions from geometric similarity. It appears that the components of the cardiovascular system are scaled in accordance with elastic similarity. For this reason, cardiac output is proportional to body mass raised to the 3/4 power. The biochemical basis for the relationship between cardiac output and the rate of energy metabolism is discussed. PMID- 3175353 TI - Bird lung models show that convective inertia effects inspiratory aerodynamic valving. AB - We assessed various aerodynamic factors which might influence inspiratory valve function in the avian lung. During inspiration, no flow enters the proximal segments of the ventrobronchi connecting the primary bronchus to cranial sacs. Instead, all flow in the primary bronchus continues through the mesobronchus. This pattern of flow past the ventrobronchi into the mesobronchus is called inspiratory aerodynamic valving. Introducing steady inspiratory flows into simplified plastic models of a bifurcation, we altered geometry, downstream resistance, flow rate and gas density while we measured the resulting flow partitioning between downstream branches. We found that these models did reproduce the inspiratory valving phenomenon. Gas flow rate, gas density and geometry upstream of the bifurcation played important roles in flow partitioning, but the geometry and branching angles of the ventrobronchi did not. These findings are consistent with the idea that convective inertia of the inspiratory gas stream promotes preferential axial flow (Butler et al., 1988) and may be the principal mechanism accounting for inspiratory aerodynamic valving in the avian lung. PMID- 3175354 TI - Frequency dependence of dead space during high-frequency ventilation in rhesus monkeys. AB - A rotary valve ventilator, designed to allow the direct measurement of expired gas volume and composition, was used to maintain gas exchange in anesthetized, paralyzed, rhesus monkey at ventilatory frequencies up to 20 Hz. A total of five studies were carried out on three animals. Determinations of the minute ventilation required to maintain a normal steady-state PCO2, together with the FECO2 and arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH, were made at a number of frequencies. The results so obtained were used to calculate the Bohr (physiological) dead space. Dead space remained approximately constant at close to the value determined during spontaneous ventilation for each individual animal in the range of ventilatory frequencies from below 1 to around 5 Hz, but decreased somewhat with increasing frequency above 5 Hz. The calculated physiological dead space at 15 Hz was about 70% of the value at normal respiratory frequencies. These findings in primates, obtained using a ventilator system which allows very accurate determinations of expired gas volume and content, when compared with those from our previous studies in rabbits and dogs, provide further evidence that the relationship between efficiency of gas exchange and ventilatory frequency during HFV is highly species-specific. PMID- 3175355 TI - Reversal of the relation between respiratory drive and airway tone in cats. AB - To examine the relationship between respiratory drive and airway tone in the exercise pressor reflex in the cat, we recorded tension in a tracheal segment and activity in the phrenic nerve, before and after injecting capsaicin in various doses (0.3-20 micrograms/kg) into the femoral artery. Injection of all doses of capsaicin relaxed the tracheal segment. However, high doses of capsaicin evoked neural apnea followed by increased phrenic nerve activity whereas low doses evoked only increased phrenic nerve activity. All responses were abolished by cutting hindleg nerves. We were certain that relaxation was due to decreases of parasympathetic bronchoconstrictor activity and not to increases in activity of other inhibitory pathways, because we found no change in capsaicin-evoked relaxation after beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol and no capsaicin evoked relaxation after muscarinic blockade with atropine and restoration of tone with 5-hydroxytryptamine. These results provide good evidence that injecting capsaicin into the femoral artery reverses the direct relation between respiratory drive and airway tone and does so by decreasing parasympathetic bronchoconstrictor activity. PMID- 3175356 TI - Vagal influences on respiratory mechanics, pressures, and control in rats. AB - In eight spontaneously breathing anesthetized rats airflow, volume, and tracheal pressure were measured. The passive and active mechanical properties of the respiratory system, the shape of the tracheal occlusion pressure wave (Potr), the decay of inspiratory muscle pressure during expiration, and parameters related to the control of breathing were computed both before and after bilateral cervical vagotomy. Pre- and post-vagotomy values of passive elastance, resistance, and time constant were similar. Active mechanics disclosed an increase of elastance and a decrease in resistance and in the time constant after vagotomy. The time course of Potr showed a downward concavity and was not modified by vagotomy in the range of control inspiratory times, whereas the shape of inspiratory muscle pressure decay during expiration was changed. The present data help to explain why after vagotomy the load-compensatory mechanisms are less effective. PMID- 3175357 TI - An inexpensive servo-respirator based upon regulation of a shunt resistance. AB - We have designed and built an inexpensive servo-respirator for use in investigations of respiratory control in small animals. The device uses a butterfly valve to alter the resistance of an outflow shunt from a manifold that connects the animal's tracheal cannula to a pressure source. Tracheal pressure is regulated in response to a command provided by a suitably processed neural signal, often the integrated phrenic neurogram. As the valve opens, tracheal pressure approaches atmospheric; as it closes, tracheal pressure approaches the source pressure. An electronic controller circuit was developed to permit experimental procedures that include withholding volume delivery while maintaining a desired level of positive end-expiratory pressure. The device is able to track the neural command signal satisfactorily, and its performance appears to be limited primarily by the constraints applied by the respiratory system mechanics. PMID- 3175358 TI - Estimating steady-state DLO2 with nonlinear dissociation curves and VA/Q inequality. AB - A DLO2 estimate which accounts for the nonlinearity of the oxygen dissociation curve using the Kelman blood gas routines is presented here. The simultaneous differential equations that describe O2 and CO2 diffusion between alveolar gas and pulmonary capillary blood in lung compartments with different VA/Q ratios were solved numerically with a Runge-Kutta algorithm. These integrated estimates were compared to DLO2 estimates that assume the oxygen dissociation curve is linear. In 140 gas exchange data sets from 18 healthy male subjects previously collected at rest and during exercise it was found that DLO2 estimates based on linear dissociation curves exceeded integrated DLO2 estimates by 14, 31, and 55 percent when the PIO2 was 80, 100, and 148 Torr, respectively. We conclude that the linear approximation is accurate when PIO2 is less than 100 Torr but that comparisons of DLO2 estimates at different levels of inspired oxygen must allow for the difference in curvature of the oxygen dissociation curve as a function of PIO2. PMID- 3175359 TI - Postnatal changes in lung phospholipids and alveolar macrophages in term newborn monkeys. AB - In order to better understand the postnatal sequence of surfactant secretion and establishment of the alveolar macrophage (AM) population in newborn primates, healthy Macaca nemestrina monkeys were sacrificed during fetal life at term gestation (n = 5), or at 2 days (n = 5) or 3-4 weeks (n = 5) after term vaginal delivery. Excised lung tissue and left lung lavage were analyzed for phospholipid (PL) content, surface active material (SAM) extract, PL components, surface activity, pressure-volume characteristics, and AM number. Compared to term fetal animals, 2 day old term newborn monkeys were found to have a several-fold increase in lavage PL and SAM, and this was associated with greater maximal lung volume and drier lungs, but not improved deflation stability. During the subsequent 3-4 weeks of life, a 42% reduction in lung tissue stores of PL and SAM, and an 87% reduction in lavage PL and SAM were noted. Despite these major changes in quantity, there were relatively minor changes in the composition of the PL synthesized and released. The reduced quantity of SAM in the 3-4 week old animals led to a small decline in deflation stability. The several-fold increase in lavage PL and SAM during the first 2 days of life was accompanied by a 33-fold increase in AM; there was an additional 4-fold increase in AM number by 3-4 weeks of age. The abundance of lavage surfactant at 2 days of age may play a role in the influx of AM. PMID- 3175360 TI - Reflex bradypnea elicited by cigarette smoke inhaled through an isolated larynx. AB - The respiratory reflex responses elicited by laryngeal exposure to cigarette smoke were studied in 23 chloralose anesthetized dogs. A balloon-in-box system was connected to the breathing circuit, which allowed smoke to be inhaled spontaneously through an isolated larynx while preserving its normal respiratory flow and pressure. Our results in this study showed the following. (1) Two tidal breaths of cigarette smoke inhaled through the larynx triggered a mild but consistent bradypnea: expiratory duration (TE) increased from a control of 3.13 +/- 0.18 sec (mean +/- SEM) to a peak of 4.07 +/- 0.24 sec during smoke inhalation. The slowing of respiration occurred only during the period of smoke inhalation and returned quickly toward control after resuming air breathing. (2) No concomitant cardiovascular response was detected in these animals. (3) There was no significant difference in the prolongation of TE between responses to low- and high-nicotine cigarette smoke. (4) The bradypneic response to smoke was completely abolished by application of topical anesthetic (lidocaine hydrochloride) to the mucosa of this airway segment. These results suggest that the smoke-induced reflex bradypnea is probably elicited by a stimulation of laryngeal afferents. PMID- 3175361 TI - Effect of fatiguing resistive loads on the level and pattern of respiratory activity in awake goats. AB - The effect of respiratory muscle fatigue on inspiratory muscle electrical activity (EMG), transdiaphragmatic pressure and ventilation during spontaneous breathing was examined in three awake goats. Studies were performed during progressive hypercapnia before and immediately after inspiratory muscle fatigue induced by flow resistive loading (IRL). IRL caused a decrease in the high-low ratio of the diaphragm and intercostal EMG and a decrease in Pdi during electrophrenic stimulation. After IRL, inspiratory time, the breathing duty cycle (inspiratory time/total breath cycle time), peak integrated activity of the diaphragm and external intercostal EMG per breath and per minute were all decreased at any given level of PCO2. Changes in the timing of respiratory motor activity and reduced muscle performance after IRL resulted in a decrease in transdiaphragmatic pressure and ventilation during hypercapnia. In conscious goats studied during spontaneous, chemically stimulated breathing, inspiratory muscle fatigue is associated with reductions in diaphragm and external intercostal muscle electrical activity and reductions in transdiaphragmatic pressure and ventilation. PMID- 3175362 TI - Responses in human intercostal and truncal muscles to motor cortical and spinal stimulation. AB - Percutaneous electrical stimulation of the human motor cortex (up to 750 V) has been used to study the cortical projections to intercostal and truncal muscles. The latencies of electromyographic (EMG) responses were measured to motor cortical stimuli and also to spinal stimulation of the appropriate nerve roots. Following single anodal stimuli at (or near) the vertex, short-latency responses were recorded in pectoralis major (mean 9.6 msec), latissimus dorsi (9.7 msec), paravertebral muscles (11.1 msec), 3rd/4th parasternal intercostals (11.1 msec), and 6th/7th intercostal muscles (12.3 msec). Responses in each muscle group were potentiated by background voluntary respiratory and truncal manoeuvres which activated the muscles. The mean estimated central conduction times from motor cortex to spinal segmental level were 4.8 msec for pectoralis major, 5.8 msec for parasternal intercostals and 6.2 msec for 6th/7th intercostal muscles. The central conduction times and properties of the cortically evoked responses are consistent with a rapidly conducting, oligosynaptic pathway from the human motor cortex to accessory respiratory muscles and to truncal muscles. PMID- 3175363 TI - Functional properties of hemoglobin in human red cells: II. Determination of the Bohr effect. AB - Parameters of the Bohr effect (delta log P50/delta pHi) for human normal red blood cell suspensions have been calculated between intracellular pH (pHi) 5.5 and 8.5, in order to test how these quantities compare with those measured in dilute human hemoglobin solution (Hb). For a precise comparison between red cell and Hb solutions data, the cells were fractionated to reduce cellular heterogeneity and depleted of their 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) content. The P50 values were related to pHi. From the value of the Donnan equilibrium factor rH+ and the cellular water content at each extracellular pH (pHe), the variations of the intracellular chloride concentration were calculated. This quantity exhibited a three fold change between pHi 5.5 and 8.5, with extracellular chloride concentration [Cl-]e fixed at 140 mM. In the absence of DPG, chloride is the main allosteric effector of Hb and increases the alkaline Bohr effect. When all these interacting factors are accounted for, the oxygen affinity and Bohr parameters for red cell suspensions become identical to those observed for dilute Hb solutions. These results indicate that the hydration of the Hb molecules in the highly concentrated red cell milieu is not much different from that of nearly ideal solutions. PMID- 3175364 TI - [Hematologic abnormalities in generalized lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 3175365 TI - [Effect of phototherapy on the chromosomes of jaundiced newborn infants]. PMID- 3175366 TI - [Intrathecal chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Prospective evaluation of toxicity using a combination employed in Mexico]. PMID- 3175368 TI - [Surgical treatment of non-amebic liver abscesses. 10 years' experience at the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Salvador Zubiran]. PMID- 3175367 TI - Amikacin nephrotoxicity. Incidence, clinical course and risk factors. A prospective study in a teaching hospital. PMID- 3175369 TI - [Myelodysplastic syndromes. A retrospective analysis of 72 cases. I. Clinical symptomatology and evolution]. PMID- 3175370 TI - [Non-tropical idiopathic splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Report of a case]. PMID- 3175372 TI - [Research as a learning tool]. PMID- 3175371 TI - [Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome associated with nasal, velo-pharyngeal and tracheal stenosis. Surgical management of a case including uvulo-palato pharyngoplasty]. PMID- 3175375 TI - Prostatic pathology. PMID- 3175373 TI - [52-year-old woman with chronic diarrhea, intermittent fever, abdominal pain and segmental bulging of the small intestine]. PMID- 3175374 TI - [Precision and accuracy of automatic micropipettes]. PMID- 3175377 TI - Management of pain in the traumatized animal. PMID- 3175376 TI - Emergency medicine and critical care. 1. PMID- 3175378 TI - A simple fluid therapy planning guide. PMID- 3175379 TI - [Natural infection with Anaplasma marginale in cattle of the Hereford, Criolla, and Nelore breeds in Tucuman, Argentina]. PMID- 3175380 TI - [Protection using somatic and metabolic antigens in experimental fascioliasis]. PMID- 3175381 TI - [Colorimetric determination of glucose oxidase in enzymatic preparations and cellular extracts]. PMID- 3175382 TI - [Production of glucose oxidase using Aspergillus niger NRRL3]. PMID- 3175383 TI - Topographic electroencephalographic studies in a hyperbaric environment--specific reference to high pressure nervous syndrome. AB - Hyperbaric chamber dives at various equivalent depths below sea level, i.e. 7, 14, 19 and 31 atmosphere absolute (ATA) with helium-oxygen or helium-nitrogen oxygen have been performed at the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center. A two-dimensional (topographic) display of the scalp EEG was used during simulated underwater experiments to determine; 1) Whether there are any characteristic EEG patterns in high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS), 2) the relationship between the EEG changes and the compression rate, and 3) the relationship between the EEG changes and the characteristic signs and symptoms of HPNS. A two-way analysis of variance and a distribution analysis technique revealed that the topographic brain patterns depended on the diving depth and indicated the most affected brain areas during compression and decompression. Significant correlations between the diving depth and the EEG potentials were observed at different brain locations. Alpha waves showed a diffuse cortical distribution. Theta wave activity was more localized in the frontal midline region. These waves developed paroxysmally in relatively brief bursts supplanting or intermixing with normal background EEG rhythms. In our subjects, frontal midline theta activity was associated mostly with some of the characteristic features of HPNS, such as a transient episode of laughter or euphoria at depths greater than 21 ATA. An intimate correlation between frontal midline theta wave and laughter was observed. Frontal midline theta waves may be related to emotional activities induced by helium under high pressure. There were significant individual variations in susceptibility and subjective signs and symptoms. The EEG is of great value in studying man's physiological reactions in an undersea environment and also very important in selecting divers who are relatively more tolerant of a severe hyperbaric environment. PMID- 3175384 TI - [Extra-anatomic bypass grafting for vascular occlusive disease in the upper and lower extremities]. AB - Twenty-four patients with poor risk factors underwent an extra-anatomic bypass operation for aortoiliac occlusive disease and subclavian steal syndrome. A femoro-femoral bypass was performed on 5 patients, an axillo-femoral bypass on 15, a subclavian-subclavian bypass on 2 and an ascending aorta-femoral bypass on 2. There was only one operative death and there were 2 late deaths (8.3%). The patients were 20 males and 4 females with a mean age of 69.3 years. Among risk factors, high age (70 year old) was present in half of the patients, ischemic heart disease in 9, and cerebral vascular disease in 8. Seventy-five percent of the patients were suffering from two or more dysfunctions. During the limited follow-up period from 8 to 94 months (mean 46.1 months) there was a 96% patency rate. We had good results using externally supported ring graft and by the administration of prostaglandin E1 and ticlopidine during the pre and postoperative period. PMID- 3175385 TI - [Inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by styrene and styrene oxide]. AB - Effects of styrene and styrene oxide on delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in rats were investigated, in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo study, rats were exposed to styrene or styrene oxide intraperitoneally for seven days. delta Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in the erythrocyte was inhibited by both styrene and styrene oxide. The inhibition by styrene oxide had a clear dose-response relationship, but that by styrene did not. In the liver, however, these substances did not inhibit delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. In the in vitro study, styrene oxide inhibited delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase both in the erythrocyte and in the liver, but styrene failed to inhibit it. These results suggest that styrene is metabolized to styrene oxide, and this metabolite inhibits delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. It is also thought that the discrepancy of inhibition between the erythrocyte and the liver is due to a difference of distribution and metabolism of the substances. PMID- 3175387 TI - [Cutaneous vibration and thermal-cooling threshold in control subjects]. AB - The cutaneous vibration and thermal-cooling thresholds were evaluated on the palmar side of the distal phalanx of the right index finger and on the plantar side of the distal phalanx of the right great toe in 70 control subjects without sensory symptoms and signs, aged from 13 to 83 years, by using a Vibration Sensitivity Tester and a Thermal Sensitivity Tester (Sensortek, N. J., USA). Both vibration and thermal-cooling thresholds of the index finger, and vibration threshold of the great toe were statistically significantly increased with age. Based on the data obtained from these subjects, the lower and upper limits of 95% confidence limit of the predicted value of each of the thresholds for each decade were calculated. These values are useful for the detection of the abnormal cutaneous vibration and thermal-cooling thresholds not only in general neurology, but also in occupational neurology. PMID- 3175386 TI - [Determination of the exposure concentration of propylene oxide to produce neuropathy in rats]. AB - Although propylene oxide, which is similar in chemical structure to ethylene oxide, is expected to produce neuropathy, there is no convincing evidence of the degeneration of the peripheral nervous system. To determine the exposure concentration of propylene oxide necessary to produce neuropathy in male Wistar rats, we subjected them to repeated exposures of propylene oxide at concentrations of 500, 750, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm. The test rats were subjected to a single 6 hour exposure of propylene oxide at a concentration of 1500 parts per million 5 times a week for 3 weeks. They developed a significant decrease in body weight, abnormal posture of the hindlegs and axonal degeneration of myelinated fibers in the peroneal and sural nerves, the nerves to the soleus muscle, and in the fasciculus gracilis of the spinal cord. Therefore, it was concluded that propylene oxide induces neuropathy in rats characterized by axonal degeneration, similar to that produced by ethylene oxide, and that the exposure to the higher concentration of propylene oxide is more necessary to produce neuropathy than in the case of ethylene oxide neuropathy in rats. PMID- 3175388 TI - [Susceptibility of gram-negative bacterial isolates to six beta-lactam and two aminoglycoside antibiotics at our university hospital]. AB - Susceptibilities of Gram-negative bacterial strains isolated at the University Hospital in 1987 to six beta-Lactam antibiotics (azthreonam cefmetazole, ceftizoxime, latamoxef, aminobenzyl-penicillin and piperacillin) and two aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin and amikacin) were examined by agar dilution and the agar diffusion method. Results obtained from both methods correlated well in most of the strains. Most of the strains belonging to Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were sensitive to the beta-lactam antibiotics except aminobenzyl-penicillin and piperacillin. They were also sensitive to aminoglycoside antibiotics. Most strains of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae and Serratia marcescens were sensitive to azthreonam, latamoxef and aminoglycosides, but were less sensitive to other beta-lactams. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was generally resistant to beta-lactams except ceftizoxime, but was sensitive to aminoglycosides. More than half of the strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were sensitive to azthreonam, piperacillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics and only latamoxef was active in Pseudomonas maltophilia. PMID- 3175389 TI - Effects of a hyperbaric environment on human brain stem function with specific reference to auditory brain stem responses. AB - Hyperbaric chamber dives at 31 ATA with helium-oxygen were performed at the Japan Marine Science and Technology Center in 1987. During simulated underwater experiments, auditory brain stem responses were recorded in 4 professional divers for assessment of brain stem function. All divers had no clinical symptoms at 150 m below sea level, and their ABRs also showed no significant changes. During the 150-250 m depth saturation dives, all divers complained of various symptoms such as euphoria, ataxia, joint pain, tremor and dyspnea, while, I-III and I-V interpeak latencies on their ABRs increased with a tendency of recovery. Furthermore, the changes of both interpeak latency were independent of each other. These results indicate that transient dysfunction clinically or subclinically occurred at the processes between 150-300 m below sea level. Moreover, independent changes of I-III and I-V interpeak latencies in this study may mean that the pathways reached to the generation sites of wave III and V were different. PMID- 3175391 TI - Methods for assessing whether change depends on initial value. AB - Statistical analysis of whether the change in a variable depends on its initial value, in clinical trials and other studies, is complicated by the phenomenon of regression to the mean. We review this problem and examine some approaches for handling it. MacGregor's log-log plot fails to correct for the regression effect, while Oldham's method of plotting the change against the average of initial and final values is shown to give misleading results when the effect of treatment varies between subjects, or when subjects are selected for study if their initial observations fall above or below a specified cut-off point. These results are illustrated by computer simulations. We prefer the use of Blomqvist's method of correcting the association between change and initial value to allow for the regression effect. PMID- 3175390 TI - [Pulmonary dirofilariasis found unexpectedly during thymectomy]. AB - A 56-year-old woman in Kitakyushu City was operated on after diagnosis of mediastinal tumor with myasthenia gravis. Besides the thymoma, a small nodule was palpated in the lower lobe of the left lung and biopsied. A segmented worm was found in sections of this granulomatous nodule. A cross section of the degenerated worm (400 X 310 micron) showed a 3-layered tegument and internal cuticular ridges with high lateral chords. The muscle layer consisted of high and polymyarian muscles. Based on these characteristics, this worm was identified as an immature dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. The recent sharp increase of dirofilariasis cases reported in Japan is discussed. PMID- 3175392 TI - Comparing incomplete paired binomial data under non-random mechanisms. AB - In many paired experiments designed to compare two treatments, various mechanisms can lead to the data being incomplete. Such mechanisms may be of a non-random nature and may depend on the treatment or the outcome. This paper considers several methods for testing the equality of two correlated binomial proportions when the incompleteness is caused by non-random mechanisms. Several simple procedures are justified in certain cases. The tests based on all available data are more efficient compared to those utilizing only portions of the data. McNemar's test based only on the complete paired observations and the likelihood test are the most robust, although no efficient test exists when the mechanisms are not independent. PMID- 3175394 TI - Prediction of outcome of anaesthesia in patients over 40 years: a multifactorial risk index. AB - The prediction of outcome of anaesthesia in patients over 40 years of age was assessed using a multifactorial index based on current preoperative factors recorded prospectively. The study was conducted using a representative sample of anaesthetizations (except for cardiac surgery) including 517 cases with major complication (occurring during or within 24 hours of anaesthesia) and a one in fifty random sample comprising 1538 cases without complication. A split sample approach was adopted and a logistic regression model was applied to two subsets of similar size. Four preoperative factors were significantly associated with the occurrence of complications: ASA physical status, age, surgical procedure (major/minor) and type (elective/emergency). Goodness-of-fit of the model was assessed using another sample of 332 cases with complication and a different subset of 987 cases without complication. The model fitted the data well (p = 0.15). PMID- 3175393 TI - Correcting for the bias caused by drop-outs in hypertension trials. AB - A major source of bias in hypertension trials can arise from patients who are withdrawn during the course of the trial because of inadequate blood pressure control. We develop a mechanism which allows for such withdrawals while preserving the potential to make an unbiased comparison of the treatment effects. The approach is illustrated using data from a large multicentre trial of two anti hypertensive agents in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. PMID- 3175395 TI - Exposure-response relationship for a dichotomized response when the continuous underlying variable is not measured. AB - Radiological assessment of pneumoconiosis is an example of a dichotomized variable, namely one that is analysed as a binary response but in fact has an underlying continuum, which in this case is not measurable. Estimates of exposure response relationships vary greatly for different observers of a dichotomized response variable because of random error of measurement and differences in the threshold implicitly chosen by each observer for categorizing cases. We present a method of using the biserial correlation coefficient and normal distribution theory to estimate exposure-response relationships at any required threshold for each observer. Exposure-response relationships can also be corrected for random observational error using the reliability coefficient, calculated as the tetrachoric correlation between repeat observations by readers. PMID- 3175396 TI - Two-process models for discrete-time serial categorical response. AB - This paper proposes a two-process log-linear model for analysis of polychotomous response data generated on study subjects assessed at successive discrete intervals. Response type at each discrete time may be either a transient response or a cause-specific failure. We view outcome of transient response as fundamentally different from outcome of failure, and, in a competing risk framework, we motivate a separate model for each: one to describe the process for transitions to transient response states and the other to describe the process for transitions to absorbing failure states. We maximize the likelihood for each model separately with use of existing software for iterative proportional fitting. PMID- 3175397 TI - Latent variable models for the analysis of medical data with repeated measures of binary variables. AB - Consideration of within-subject dependencies is a key issue in modelling binary repeated measures medical data. Borrowing from recent developments in sociology and psychology, we demonstrate the applicability of a latent variable approach to the analysis of such data. In particular we present the Rasch model as a basic model for representing the relationship of subject and treatment parameters. The latent variable approach is useful in providing a theoretical framework for specifying dependencies exactly and also as a base for considering more complicated relationships between repeated measures variables. PMID- 3175398 TI - Correspondence analysis and logistic modelling: complementary use in the analysis of a health survey among nurses. AB - Logistic or other modelling approaches are often appropriate for studying epidemiological data. However, health surveys may be more complex. With numerous variables, there is a need for exploratory analysis. Parsimonious description of the data is also a useful complement to modelling. Correspondence analysis may be useful in such exploratory phases. An example of the complementary use of the two approaches is presented in the context of a health survey among nurses, which focused on the relationship between shift and night work, and declared health problems. PMID- 3175399 TI - The relative efficiency of the sets and the cusum techniques in monitoring the occurrence of a rare event. PMID- 3175400 TI - [IgG index: its role in the diagnosis of neurologic disorders]. PMID- 3175401 TI - [Urinary and fecal incontinence in adults: neurophysiological aspects]. PMID- 3175402 TI - [Liposuction in dermatology. Evaluation of its long-term effects]. PMID- 3175403 TI - Longstanding groin pain in athletes. A multidisciplinary approach. AB - In 21 male athletes (age 20 to 40 years) with longstanding unexplained groin pain, a multidisciplinary investigation was performed in order to reveal the underlying cause. These examinations included general surgery for detection of inguinal hernia and neuralgia, orthopaedic surgery for detection of adductor tenoperiostitis and symphysitis, urology for detection of prostatitis, radiology for performing herniography and plain film of the pelvic bones, nuclear medicine for isotope studies of the pubic bone and symphysis. In 19 patients there was a positive diagnosis for 2 or more of the diseases (10 patients had 2 diseases, 6 patients had 3 diseases, 3 patients had 4 diseases). Two patients had only signs of symphysitis. Our results show the complexity of longstanding groin pain in athletes. It also explains why therapy for one specific disease entity may fail. We conclude that this clinical setting demands the recruitment of a team with experience of different aspects of groin pain. PMID- 3175404 TI - [Silent myocardial ischemia]. PMID- 3175406 TI - [Unethical actions within the framework of a therapeutic relationship]. PMID- 3175405 TI - [[Spontaneous cholecysto-cutaneous fistula formation--a forgotten disease entity?]. PMID- 3175407 TI - [A case from practice (107). Patient: L.E., 74-year-old female, retired]. PMID- 3175408 TI - [A comprehensive approach to falls in the elderly]. PMID- 3175409 TI - [Hypothyroidism in the aged subject]. PMID- 3175410 TI - [Arterial hypertension and psychological factors among personnel of international organizations residing in Geneva]. PMID- 3175411 TI - [Mechanisms of adaptation of families of patients with senile dementia]. PMID- 3175412 TI - [The psychological well-being of the patient at life's end. The importance of consensus between the patient and the caregiver]. PMID- 3175413 TI - [Determination of blood levels of psychotropic agents in clinical practice]. PMID- 3175414 TI - [Patella partita. Etiology, clinical aspects, therapy and differential diagnosis]. PMID- 3175415 TI - [PsychologicaL problems of patients with heart surgery]. PMID- 3175416 TI - [A case from practice (112). Patient: Mrs. O. Z., born 1955]. PMID- 3175417 TI - [Etiopathogenetic mechanisms of depression]. PMID- 3175418 TI - [Guidelines in the treatment of depression in clinical practice]. PMID- 3175419 TI - [Clinical impact of the standardization of Quick's time]. PMID- 3175420 TI - [Results of epidemiological studies of allergic diseases]. PMID- 3175421 TI - [A case from practice (113). Patient: Mrs. R. M., born 1950, animal caregiver]. PMID- 3175422 TI - [Aspirin and coronary heart disease]. PMID- 3175423 TI - [When are self-recorded blood pressures pathological?]. PMID- 3175424 TI - [Increasing incidence of childhood accidents with lamp oil]. PMID- 3175426 TI - [Dysphagia]. PMID- 3175425 TI - [Long-term effects of a low-dosage dietary administration of omega-3 fatty acids on dyslipoproteinemia and blood pressure in chronic hemodialysis patients]. PMID- 3175427 TI - [From medical technic to medical science]. PMID- 3175428 TI - [Exertional dyspnea, palpitations, atypical chest pains]. PMID- 3175429 TI - [A case from practice (115). Patient: Mr. M. B., born 7-12-1921, painter]. PMID- 3175430 TI - [Chronic cough: diagnosis in general practice]. PMID- 3175431 TI - [Chronic cough: clinical symptoms]. PMID- 3175432 TI - [Chronic cough and gastroesophageal reflux]. PMID- 3175433 TI - [Therapy of cough]. PMID- 3175434 TI - [The patient and drugs]. PMID- 3175435 TI - [What does the future hold for clinical pharmacology in Spain?]. PMID- 3175436 TI - [Practical value of determining the plasma levels of drugs]. PMID- 3175437 TI - [Drug surveillance and the safety of drugs: guidelines for legislative and total cultural action]. PMID- 3175438 TI - Amikacin-induced liver toxicity: correlations between biochemical indexes and ultrastructural features in an experimental model. AB - In previous studies, aminoglycosides (AG) as gentamicin (G), dibekacin (D), tobramycin (T), netilmicin (N) and Sysomicin (S) were proved to induce ultrastructural alterations in the liver of experimental animals. The aim of this studies is to investigate the effect of amikacin (AK) on rabbit liver which is commonly used in infections resistant to other AG; this was done studying both the common blood parameters and ultrastructural changes. The study was accomplished in 24 New-Zealand rabbits, twelve received 20 mg/kg AK every 12 hours for 2 weeks. Thereafter the animals were anesthesized and liver slices were obtained for transmission electron microscopy. As results obvious signs of primary and secondary microcholestasis associated to mitochondrial cristae detachment and phospholipid aggregations were noted; this last finding was less marked when compared to previous studies employing other AG. In the AK treated group, blood tests showed a significant increased in only Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and an insignificant rise in AST levels. Our findings are consistent with an AK induced liver toxicity albeit less evident with respect to the other AG. PMID- 3175440 TI - [Intestinal infections due to Yersinia enterocolitica on the territory of Moldavia in 1975-1985]. PMID- 3175439 TI - [Respiratory effects of nicotine and naloxone]. AB - The effect of an i.v. bolus injection of nicotine 50 micrograms/kg-1, was compared in 6 awake dogs with the effect of nicotine injection after naloxone, 400 micrograms/kg-1. Respiratory inhibition was produced immediately after beginning the nicotine injection, followed by hyperpnea. Naloxone produced a significant decrease of the respiratory inhibition followed by hyperpnea increase compared to the trial with only nicotine. PMID- 3175441 TI - [Anaerobic bacteria isolated in complicated abortion]. PMID- 3175442 TI - [The antibody function of secretory immunoglobulins in chronic obstructive bronchopneumonia. The effect of corticoid therapy]. PMID- 3175443 TI - [The value of medical laboratory examinations of subjects fron tropical countries]. PMID- 3175446 TI - New opportunities for physicians to provide smoking cessation interventions to their patients. PMID- 3175445 TI - [The implications of an infectious risk and epidemiological priorities]. PMID- 3175444 TI - [Modern immunochemical tests used in the diagnosis of allergies]. PMID- 3175447 TI - Early referral to ophthalmologist and close monitoring are key to preservation of eyesight for diabetics. PMID- 3175448 TI - AIDS legislation. PMID- 3175449 TI - Rhode Island Hospital. PMID- 3175450 TI - Mononuclear cells recovered from inflammatory synovial membrane using fine-needle biopsy. AB - A simple technique for fine-needle aspiration biopsy from the synovial membrane of arthritis knee joints preceded by lavage of the joint cavity is described. The procedure was atraumatic, well accepted, and could be performed on outpatients. Cells originating from the synovial membrane were obtained in 12 of 17 knees using a 1.2-mm cannula. The yield was 6.0 x 10(3) to 135 x 10(3) mononuclear cells. The cell populations could be expanded by stimulation with antigen and mitogen. The described fine-needle biopsy technique is of value when repeated sampling of synovial membrane cell populations is desired. PMID- 3175451 TI - Progressive joint damage during penicillamine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Progressive joint damage characterises rheumatoid arthritis despite treatment with slow-acting drugs such as penicillamine. We examined a cohort of 145 RA patients, treated with 250 or 500 mg penicillamine daily for 18 months to study progressive joint damage measured using Larsen's standard radiographs. Overall damage increased significantly over 18 months at both doses of penicillamine. Radiological changes between 6-18 months were studied in detail in 55 cases. They were divided into rapidly progressive (increases in Larsen score of more than 5) or slowly progressive (increases in Larsen score of 5 or less). Overall clinical response, visual analogue pain score, ESR, haemoglobin and platelet count were significantly lower in the slowly progressive patients; articular index and duration of morning stiffness were slightly lower; latex titre, RAHA titre, joint size and white cell count showed no differences between groups. There is an indirect relationship between progressive joint damage and some clinical and laboratory measures. The reasons underlying our failure to control progression in some cases need further definition. PMID- 3175452 TI - AA amyloidosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A 54-year-old female with a 23-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus was admitted because of loss of renal function and nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy showed deposition of AA amyloid as demonstrated by Congo red staining and reactivity with protein AA-specific antibodies. Immune deposits were present in the mesangium and the glomerular basement membrane, but histopathological changes consistent with lupus nephritis were not detected. The rare association of systemic lupus erythematosus and amyloidosis is discussed in view of the characteristics of the acute phase reaction in systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3175454 TI - Surgery for bilateral nasal valvular collapse. AB - The nasal valve is an important regulator of nasal airflow. Patients may suffer from nasal obstruction due to bilateral nasal valvular collapse combined with a drooping tip. A simple, effective technique of cartilage grafting to open the valve is forwarded. The advantages of this method include placing the graft in the submucosal plane which preserves mucosa and protects the graft from nasal secretions while healing. PMID- 3175453 TI - Complement-activating properties of immune complexes are suppressed by IgM rheumatoid factor and enhanced by IgG rheumatoid factor. AB - The effect of rheumatoid factor (RF) on complement-activating capacity of aggregated IgG was investigated. The degree of complement activation induced by the addition of specific amounts of aggregated IgG to patients' sera and normal sera was demonstrated by the inhibition of hemolytic activity (%IHA). The %IHA was significantly lower in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera and higher in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera, compared with normal sera. There was a negative correlation between %IHA and IgMRF/IgGRF ratio in RA and SLE sera, and RA synovial fluid. The %IHA and IgGRF were positively correlated in RA sera. The IgMRF/IgGRF ratio was significantly lower in SLE sera than in RA sera and systemic sclerosis sera, and was significantly lower in RA synovial fluid than in osteoarthritis synovial fluid. Isolated RF, consisting of mostly IgMRF class, inhibited complement-activating properties of aggregated IgG, depending on the concentration of RF. Isolated RF was further purified by the fractionation using high pressure liquid chromatography, and IgGRF and IgMRF were obtained. IgMRF significantly suppressed the complement-activating capacity of aggregated IgG, whereas IgGRF promoted it. These observations suggest that IgMRF acts protectively, while IgGRF induces inflammation. Thus, the expression of the biological activity of RF with special reference to immune complex interaction mainly depends on the IgMRF/IgGRF ratio. PMID- 3175455 TI - Deposition pattern of nasal sprays in man. AB - The intranasal distribution from an aqueous pump spray has been assessed in 13 normal subjects, using insoluble Teflon particles labelled with 99Tcm which were intended to simulate a suspension of drug particles. Three different combinations of metered volume and spray cone angle were compared. The main deposition of particles was in the anterior, non-ciliated, part of the nose, but some particles also penetrated more posteriorly into the main nasal passages and were cleared subsequently to the nasopharynx. No particles were detected in the lungs. With a single puff of 100 microliters volume, 46.5 +/- 4.4 (mean +/- SEM)% of the spray was retained in the anterior part of the nose after 30 minutes, but this was increased to 57.1 +/- 4.5% (P less than 0.05) with two puffs of 50 microliters. The latter were deposited over a significantly (P less than 0.05) smaller area in the nasal cavity. There was a trend towards lower particle retention and a greater area of deposition when the spray cone angle was decreased from 60 degrees to 35 degrees. These results indicate that the drug particles released from nasal pump sprays are distributed both to ciliated and non-ciliated zones, and that the choice of metered volume and possibly spray cone angle may play a role in determining the amount which penetrates to the main nasal passages. PMID- 3175457 TI - Do cholinergic neurons directly innervate nasal blood vessels? AB - The main aim of this work was to provide additional evidence that cholinergic neurons can induce nasal vasodilation by inhibiting norepinephrine release, not by a direct action on nasal blood vessels. We induced a degeneration of the nasal sympathetic neurons in order to observe the effects of electrical stimulation of the cholinergic neurons on nasal blood vessels. Electrical stimulation had no measurable effect. One interpretation of this result is that cholinergic fibers control vasomotor tone by inhibiting the output of the sympathetic neurons, i.e., they have a presynaptic influence. However, it should be stressed that the data were obtained from in vitro experiments, which may not reflect the true in vivo processes. Additional evidence was obtained to demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the in vitro nasal tissue causes contraction by the release of norepinephrine from remnants of sympathetic nerve fibers remaining in the tissue. Also, there is no evidence of transganglionic degeneration in the cervical sympathetic nerve. PMID- 3175456 TI - Injurious effect of eosinophil extract on the human nasal mucosa. AB - Eosinophils are frequently associated with the manifestation of nasal allergy in the nasal mucosa and nasal secretion. The role of eosinophils in hypersensitivity diseases, however, is still obscure, whether it protects or damages tissues and activates mast cells. The effects of two kinds of human eosinophil extract (biological and physical extracts) on human nasal mucosa by applying them in nasal provocation test and cilia beating test, and also in tracheal ring incubation and skin test in the guinea-pig were measured. The results of the study suggest that eosinophil major protein and other protein components may produce damage to the function of human nasal mucosa and tracheal mucosa of the guinea-pig. PMID- 3175458 TI - [Various cases of infantile hypotonia]. PMID- 3175459 TI - [Changes induced by carbamazepine in the action of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in neurologic patients]. AB - We report the result of a study performed in 27 patients taking carbamazepine because of epilepsy or neuralgia, in order to point out subclinical water abnormal retention. We tested serum sodium and potassium levels, plasma and urine osmolarity, free water clearance. The carbamazepine serum level is also reported. We didn't find abnormal values. So in our experience there is not any complication concerning water retention during oral carbamazepine treatment. PMID- 3175460 TI - [2 cases of mitochondrial encephalomyopathy]. AB - Two cases of mitochondrial myopathy are described. An electrophysiological study was also accomplished to investigate the concomitant involvement of the central nervous system (CNS), by means of evoked potentials (EP). The EPs in fact can reveal minimal signs of CNS lesions also when muscular damage is the only clinical evidence. PMID- 3175462 TI - Multiple pilomatrixomas and myotonic dystrophy: a case report. AB - Clinical and histopathological data of a patient affected by myotonic dystrophy (Steinert Disease) and multiple pilomatrixomas (calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) are reported. This association has been previously reported in other 16 cases. The prevalence of pilomatricoma in myotonic dystrophy results much greater than in general population. This association affects females as well as males. This tumour, when associated with myotonic dystrophy, is more frequently multiple than single. PMID- 3175461 TI - [Post-gastrectomy Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome: clinical study of 2 cases]. AB - The Authors present two cases of Wernicke-Korsakoff Disease following gastric surgery. This clinical occurrence hasn't been previously described in Literature. The pathogenetical role of nutritional factors deficiency is discussed. PMID- 3175463 TI - [Hereditary neuropathy with recurrent mononeuropathy (tomaculous neuropathy)]. AB - Clinical and neurophysiological studies were carried out in 15 members out of 5 families affected by recurrent peripheral nerve and brachial plexus palsies. Nerve biopsy showed typical "tomacula". While in 3 families a slight development of the symptomatology was observed in the other 2 families there was an evolution toward a severe symmetric neuropathy. Motor and sensory conduction velocity were, in some cases, slowed even in clinically unaffected nerves. Electrophysiological changes were more important at entrapment sites. Such abnormalities could be found also in unaffected family members. PMID- 3175464 TI - Forest and savanna onchocerciasis: comparative morphometric histopathology of skin lesions. AB - A comparative study was made of skin biopsies from onchocerciasis patients living in the forest and in the savanna of West Africa. The lesions and their pathogenesis were similar in the two series of patients. An inflammatory reaction around the extra-lymphatic microfilariae was observed. But the localization of the microfilariae was slightly different: the mean distances between the microfilariae and the border of the basement membrane of the epidermis was approximately 115 microns in the forest and 138 microns in the savanna. Statistical analysis showed that the forest microfilariae were in the superficial parts of the dermis when the densities were low and in deep parts of the dermis when the densities were high. In the savanna, the phenomenon, although less clearly defined was reverse. The two situations were inverted when the density of microfilariae reached approximately 51 microfilariae per calibrated snip, which was seldom the case. Therefore, the most cases, microfilariae appeared to have been more superficial in the forest than the savanna. PMID- 3175465 TI - Experimental ocular onchocerciasis in cynomolgus monkeys. III. Roles of IgG and IgE antibody and autoantibody and cell-mediated immunity in the chorioretinitis elicited by intravitreal Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae. AB - Intravitreal injection of small numbers (10-500) of microfilariae (Mf) of Onchocerca lienalis in eyes of cynomolgus monkeys induces posterior segment lesions which resemble those occurring in human onchocerciasis in some respects. In order to determine the potential roles of antibody and cell-mediated immune responses in the formation of these lesions, anti-Onchocerca and anti-retinal IgG and IgE antibody and peripheral lymphocyte blastogenic responses were followed in eight monkeys, for one week to five months after intravitreal injection of Mf. Significant ocular inflammation occurred well before any antibody or peripheral lymphocyte blastogenic responses could be detected. It may be that direct effects of Mf, e.g., by activation of complement via the alternative pathway fulfill important roles in the pathogenesis of the posterior segment lesions. PMID- 3175466 TI - The distribution and chromosome polymorphism of Simulium dieguerense (Diptera: Simuliidae). AB - Simulium dieguerense has been identified from Senegal, Mali and Guinea, in the Western Zone of the World Health Organization/Onchocerciasis Control Programme thus considerably extending its known distribution and indicating the need to reassess its possible importance as a vector of human onchocerciasis. A distribution map based on these identifications has been drawn. Examination of the larval polytene chromosomes revealed the presence of a hitherto unreported sex chromosome system. About 90% of males and 17% of females were found to be heterozygous for an altered segment of the centromere region on chromosome I. PMID- 3175467 TI - The cytotaxonomy of the Djodji form of Simulium sanctipauli (Diptera: Simuliidae). AB - The Djodji form is described as a new cytotype of Simulium sanctipauli, within the S. damnosum complex, from the Ghana/Togo border area on the basis of sex chromosome differentiation. PMID- 3175468 TI - Anthropophily, zoophily and roles in onchocerciasis transmission of the Djodji form of Simulium sanctipauli and S. squamosum in a forest zone of Togo. AB - Adult female Simulium damnosum s.l. were caught at human and cattle bait at Djodji in Togo. Two members of the Simulium damnosum complex, the Djodji form of S. sanctipauli (74.9% of the total catch) and S. squamosum (25.1%), were identified and both were mainly anthropophilic. Although each species was also recorded feeding on cattle or turkey baits, most flies which were caught at animal baits did not take blood from them. Flies caught unfed at the cattle bait tended to be larger and have higher parous rates than those caught on man. S. sanctipauli flies were on average larger than S. squamosum but the sizes of both species varied seasonally. Infections with Onchocerca volvulus were found in both species. The infection rates varied seasonally with the highest levels occurring in the wet season. The Djodji form of S. sanctipauli is potentially a much more efficient vector (162 L3/1000 biting flies) than both S. squamosum (48 L3/1000 biting flies) and the S. sanctipauli s.l. found in the Cote d'Ivoire. PMID- 3175469 TI - Sero-epidemiological survey for toxoplasmosis in Burundi. AB - The first sero-epidemiological survey for toxoplasmosis in Burundi was conducted in 1985. The global prevalence among 622 subjects tested in ELISA and IFI was 44.1% with a higher rate in men (49.6%) than in women (39.2%, p less than 0.01). The highest prevalences were observed in rural areas with intensive farming activities: the crest (57.9%), the plain (53.3%). The central platform, where people and farming activities are widespread, had a lower prevalence (29.3%, p less than 0.001). The risk of infection is much lower in urban people with high levels of hygiene (22.4%) specially in women (13%), than in those of poor condition (45%, p less than 0.001). These data suggest that toxoplasmic infection is mainly due to oocysts ingestion associated with low levels of hygiene and to a lesser extent to meat consumption in men. PMID- 3175471 TI - Comparative study of sandfly trapping techniques. AB - Three test oils (Castor oil, Groundnut oil and Engine oil) were used in sticky traps with the view of evaluating their relative efficiency in forming adhesive surfaces for collecting phlebotomine sandflies. Although engine oil exhibited maximum efficiency, the performance of all the three oil types compared favourably with one another both quantitatively and qualitatively. The engine oil had additional advantages over the other oils in being less expensive and not attractive to vertebrates (rodents, lizards) which interfere with the performance of sticky traps. Termite hills and rock crevices provided important sources for collecting sandflies in the study area. The specimens collected consisted of 2 Phlebotomus and 8 Sergentomyia species identified as Phlebotomus duboscqi, P. rodhaini, Sergentomyia antennata, S. bedfordi, S. schwetzi, S. ingrami, S. christophersi, S. affinis, S. clycdei and S. africana. PMID- 3175470 TI - Effects of Flumethrin Pour-on against Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera, Glossinidae). AB - 1920 males and females of Glossina palpalis gambiensis were fed 3 times on a Zebu treated with Flumethrin Pour-on. This resulted in a significant increase of the mortality and abortion rate of the flies. The fly-specific effects of Flumethrin Pour-on were time-dependent: Clear effects on the performance of the flies were observed during the first 20 days after treatment of the Zebu; an initial 90% "knock down" effect decreased to 40% during the first 15 days. PMID- 3175473 TI - [Has the new x-ray legislation come into operation too early?]. AB - The new legislation governing the handling of x-rays and radiation has come into effect from 1 January 1988. Many hold the opinion that this was a too early date for its enforcement, because the system of accompanying guidelines and standards is still incomplete. The present article deals with these problems and offers a survey of the present status of guidelines and standards, especially with regard to quality assurance and control. PMID- 3175472 TI - Histological examination of onchocercomata after therapy with ivermectin. AB - During chemotherapy trials in hyperendemic onchocerciasis areas in West Africa 15 adult nodule carriers in Liberia and 24 patients in Mali received single doses of ivermectin (150 or 200 micrograms/kg). Nodules were extirpated two, six and ten months after therapy and examined histologically. No macrofilaricidal effect of ivermectin was observed. Two months after therapy, in 93% of all female worms with intrauterine stretched microfilariae nearly all microfilariae were degenerated. The percentage was lower after ten months but still significantly higher than in untreated control groups. Ivermectin did not cause degeneration of the intrauterine coiled microfilariae. But the percentage of the female worms with coiled microfilariae was significantly lower two and ten months after therapy than that in the placebo or untreated control groups. Correspondingly, the percentage of nodules with intact microfilariae in the nodule tissue was also significantly lower throughout the examination period than that of the untreated control groups. There was not observed any effect on the spermatogenesis and spermatozoa were found frequently in the uteri of female worms. Using the method of histology, the long lasting inhibitory effect of a single dose of ivermectin on the intrauterine production of microfilariae could clearly be demonstrated. This proves the value of histology for the assessment of drug effects on adult O. volvulus. PMID- 3175474 TI - [Digital radiography in tomography of the facial bones]. AB - In 14 patients the x-ray findings of dental, mandibular and maxillary roentgen diagnosis were compared with conventional tomography and tomography by digital radiography. All details important for diagnosis were shown by both techniques. Tomography by digital radiography offered a more convenient approach and pictures easier to be interpreted than pictures by conventional tomography. PMID- 3175475 TI - [Aneurysm of the proper hepatic artery as a cause of abdominal angina]. AB - The aetiology of a. hepatica aneurysm can be manifold. Among all the complications, rupture of the vessel is the most dangerous one. We report on a case which was noticed clinically due to an angina abdominalis. In this paper we outline the symptoms, all diagnostic steps and the therapeutic approach. PMID- 3175476 TI - [Accidental finding of a giant retroperitoneal lipoma in a traumatic rupture of the renal parenchyma]. AB - With a rate of 0.1-3% of all tumour cases primary retroperitoneal neoplasms are very rare. Malignant tumours predominate. Preoperative radiological clarification as regards tumour status is very unsafe unless there are indications of infiltrating growth and metastases. In some cases, computed tomography can supply pointers to the kind of the tumour. PMID- 3175477 TI - [Interpretation of the cause of transverse line shadows above the vertebral body base plate]. AB - Attention is drawn to line shadows occurring occasionally in the x-ray image above the base plates of the vertebral bodies. These line shadows can be interpreted correctly only in the tomogram. This shows that there are indentations in the area of the base plates or that these indentations, if already present, are deeper than was to be expected on studying the x-ray. The tomographically detected or particularly deep indentations are due to excess strain being exerted on the presently still unstable juvenile vertebral column. PMID- 3175478 TI - [Early hemodynamic cardiovascular reactions to nonionic low-osmolar contrast media in coronary angiography]. AB - During the last 20 years there was an essential improvement in the tolerance of intravasal contrast media, leading to the nonionic low osmotic contrast media. In 26 consecutive patients with different stages of coronary heart disease the nonionic low osmolar contrast media iopamidol (Solutrast) and iopromide (Ultravist) were tested during coronary artery and left ventricular angiography. In both contrast media there were practically identically only slight early haemodynamic reactions with a decrease of heart rate, systolic pressure in the left ventricle, pressure in the aorta and an increase in pressure in the pulmonary artery and partly in cardiac output. These reactions are probably due to higher osmolality in comparison with blood. Therefore, further development of isotonic contrast media would be necessary. PMID- 3175479 TI - [Acute renal failure in a prominent aneurysm of the iliac artery]. AB - This is a report on a patient of 64 years of age who was admitted to hospital as an inpatient thirteen years after obliteration of the iliac artery with an extension plasty. He complained of irregular stools and occasional abdominal pain. Imaging methods were employed on account of a drop in the haemoglobin count, progressive renal insufficiency and a palpable tumor in the lower abdomen. These methods supplied evidence of a false aneurysm originating from the iliac endarterectomy, combined with compression of the ureter and small intestine. Based on the present case report, the general complex of problems in diagnosing aneurysms of the iliac artery is discussed. PMID- 3175481 TI - [The epidemiology of malaria in France]. PMID- 3175480 TI - [Malaria. Introduction. The situation throughout the world]. PMID- 3175482 TI - [Malaria. For the practice...]. PMID- 3175483 TI - [Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis]. PMID- 3175484 TI - [Secondary prevention of cerebral embolism during non-valvular atrial fibrillation]. PMID- 3175485 TI - [Colo-anal anastomoses. Extreme limits of sphincter preservation after ablation of cancer of the rectum]. PMID- 3175486 TI - [DDAVP (desmopressin or Minirin)]. PMID- 3175487 TI - [Cost control for the at-risk patient]. PMID- 3175489 TI - [Screening for human immunodeficiency virus infection]. PMID- 3175488 TI - [Various new approaches for cost control with regard to the elderly]. PMID- 3175490 TI - [Putting patients "up for bid"?]. PMID- 3175491 TI - [Chronic myeloid leukemia. Diagnosis, development and prognosis]. PMID- 3175492 TI - [Systemic lupus erythematosus. Physiopathology, diagnosis, development and prognosis]. PMID- 3175494 TI - [Meningitis. Physiopathology, diagnosis, development and prognosis, treatment]. PMID- 3175493 TI - [Acute pancreatitis. Etiology, diagnosis, development and prognosis, principles of drug therapy and surgery]. PMID- 3175495 TI - [Vaginal bleeding. Diagnostic indications and management]. PMID- 3175496 TI - [Cardiology. Introduction]. PMID- 3175498 TI - [Cardiology. For the practice...]. PMID- 3175497 TI - [Prevention of coronary disease: general policy of the European Atherosclerosis Society]. PMID- 3175499 TI - [The ISIS-2 study (International Study of Infarction Survival)]. PMID- 3175500 TI - [Homeopathy in a test of randomized therapeutic trials]. PMID- 3175501 TI - [Nosocomial infection in resuscitation]. PMID- 3175502 TI - [Acute hemorrhagic anemia. Etiology, physiopathology, diagnosis, development and prognosis, treatment]. PMID- 3175503 TI - [Complications of biliary lithiasis. Etiology, diagnosis, principles of drug therapy and surgery]. PMID- 3175504 TI - [Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (for general administration). Drugs one must know to prescribe (pneumology)]. PMID- 3175505 TI - [Epidemiology of diseases discovered in migrants and their families. Pathology of importation, acquisition and adaptation]. PMID- 3175507 TI - [Primary hyperparathyroidism. 10th French seminar on rheumatology. Paris, 17-18 March 1987]. PMID- 3175506 TI - [Cancer of the tongue. Cancer of the mouth floor, cheek, lips, palatal vault and gingiva. Etiology, diagnosis, development and prognosis, principles of treatment]. PMID- 3175508 TI - [Osteomalacia symptoms in primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 3175509 TI - [Cancer of the parathyroid glands. Apropos of 12 cases]. PMID- 3175510 TI - [Primary hyperparathyroidism is not associated with HLA-A, B or DR antigens]. PMID- 3175511 TI - [Primary hyperparathyroidism and secondary polycythemia]. PMID- 3175512 TI - [Arterial calcification in Paget's disease. A study of etiologic factors]. PMID- 3175513 TI - [Fc gamma receptors of polymorphonuclear neutrophils. A study of the clinical and biological correlations in patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis]. PMID- 3175514 TI - [Histomorphometric study of human intervertebral disks]. PMID- 3175515 TI - [Debeyre's unicondylar osteotomy. Results in the treatment of lax arthritic genu valgum]. AB - 64 unicondylar varus osteotomies carried out on lax knees with advanced degenerative arthritis were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 9 years (5 to 18 years). 9 knees had to be reoperated early (during the 1st and 2nd post-operative year) because of complications occurring when this type of osteotomy was first performed. Among the 55 others, 44 knees are still markedly improved by the osteotomy: the knees are painless or almost painless, and restoration of the tension of the lateral ligaments at the time of osteotomy makes the laxity disappear quite lastingly. Modification of the articular relationships in the lateral femoro-tibial compartment reduces the sub-luxation and, post-operatively a lateral femoro-tibial interspace, which has not deteriorated in time, reappear. Femoro-tibial degenerations occurred after the 5th year and are related in 7 cases to a degeneration of the lateral femoro-tibial compartment and in 4 cases to a degeneration of the medial femoro-tibial compartment. In these 11 knees, the functional discomfort caused by the degeneration imposed, in the current follow up, a re-operation for 5 of them (2 valgus tibial osteotomies in 2 medial femoro tibial degenerations and 3 total knee prostheses in lateral femoro-tibial degenerations. Persistence of a valgus exceeding 4 degrees results in recurrence of the deformity; a definite hyper-correction resulted only exceptionally (2 cases) in a degeneration of the medial femoro-tibial compartment. Thus, unicondylar osteotomy seems able to improve lateral knee arthritis at an already quite advanced stage; but it requires a precise technique in order to avoid the early failures observed at the beginning of our experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3175516 TI - [The swollen disk. An etiology of the description of the stiff man]. PMID- 3175517 TI - [Cushing's syndrome due to primary micronodular adenomatosis of the adrenal cortex. An unusual cause of severe childhood or juvenile, reversible osteoporosis]. PMID- 3175518 TI - [Polyarthritis associated with hydatid cyst of the liver]. PMID- 3175519 TI - [Scapular-humeral retractile capsulitis during dermato- and sclero dermatopolymyositis]. PMID- 3175520 TI - [Measurement of limb extension. Value in senile osteopenia]. PMID- 3175521 TI - [Secondary amylosis in Still's disease in an adult. Value of biopsy of the subcutaneous abdominal fatty tissue]. PMID- 3175522 TI - [Raynaud's phenomena in stiff man syndrome]. PMID- 3175523 TI - [Use of a tooth graft in mentoplasty. Apropos of a case]. AB - The author reports the case of a young female patient who consulted for mentoplasty, during which a dental fragment, derived from the germ of a wisdom tooth, was used as an interposed graft. The result at 8 months revealed perfect tolerance and a tendency to osteo-integration of the tooth and demonstrates the simplicity of the procedure. PMID- 3175524 TI - [Parotidectomy in children. Apropos of a homogeneous series of 15 cases]. AB - The authors review a uniform series of 15 cases of parotidectomized children aged below 10 years. From an etiological viewpoint, there were 6 different types of interventions, as 4 children had lymphangiomas, 2 had angiomas, 3 had tuberculous lymphadenopathy, 2 presented wounds in the area of the parotid, 1 had a pleomorphic adenoma, and there was 1 Ewing's sarcoma and 1 complex malformation of the hemiface. The analysis of such diverse cases provides an opportunity for precision in the indications, the technical procedures, and the outcome of parotidectomy performed in the child. PMID- 3175525 TI - [Management by transcutaneous intravascular treatment of angioma of the mandible and adjacent soft tissues]. AB - Intra-mandibular arteriovenous malformations are very serious conditions, the treatment of which up to now has been extremely mutilating. This report concerns the first case, to the best of the author's knowledge, of conservative treatment involving elective polymerizing embolisation after prior dental devitalization, which even itself may not be necessary. PMID- 3175526 TI - [The ascending mandibular ramus and other bone sectors. A prenatal study]. AB - A comparative study was made in 17 prenatal human jaw bones, and ossifications of other sectors, including forming pieces of different animals. Characteristics of ramus were exposed showing differences in its disposition. Emphasis was put on the presence of vascularized connective with mesenchymal characters, reaching the condyle from the meniscus, was located under the external layer; giving invaginations, went through the cartilage under the form of columns which overturned into the narrow bone. Just like that has not been mentioned in the ossification of others bones, in this work, the studies of the Ranvier's notch with its projections, permitted the finding of significative resemblance on this and the mentioned condylar tissue, emphasizing in both, its histophysiological importance. PMID- 3175527 TI - [The YAG laser in children's conservative dentistry. Preliminary report]. AB - The authors give a preliminary report of the use of a high-power (60 W) pulsed Yag laser in conservative odontology. A purely experimental phase involving laser shots to 164 freshly extracted teeth preceded the clinical evaluation. Sterilization was obtained in all cases. Histopathological sections showed that there was destruction of caries with carbonization, and melting of the superficial layer despite complete preservation of the pulp. The clinical study which followed involved 28 milk teeth. In 9 cases local anesthesia was of no value. In all cases there was vaporization of the pathological dentition and vitrification of the superficial dentin layer. Pulp vitality tested before and sometime after the procedure was preserved in all cases. These are the results reported here with a review of the probable future possibilities of the Yag laser. PMID- 3175528 TI - [The Temporomandibular Joint Diseases Unit of the Villeneuve-Saint-Georges Hospital Center]. AB - A disease as complex as that of temporomandibular joint dysfunction can only be managed by a multidisciplinary team. The authors describe the temporomandibular joint diseases unit of the Centre Hospitalier de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges which consists of Stomatologists, Radiologists, Psychiatrists and Psychologists and a Rehabilitation Medicine doctor specialised in electrodiagnosis. The hospital's Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery (Doctor Pierre Scheffer) coordinates this unit which holds committee meetings one a month to evaluate each case. The therapeutic decisions reflect the multiplicity of the aetiologies, none of which are mutually exclusive, which explains the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach. PMID- 3175529 TI - Gastric emptying after truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. AB - We have studied the gastric (fundic and antral) emptying of solids and liquids by a radionuclide method in 20 patients after truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TVP) and in 10 control subjects. Gastric emptying of solids in TVP patients was similar to that of the control group (NS), but fundic emptying did not show a lag phase and was significantly faster. A significantly higher percentage of the solid fraction of the test meal filled the antrum (32 +/- 16% versus 20 +/- 9%; p less than 0.05), and this quantity was constant during the study period. Gastric emptying of liquids was greatly hastened after surgery. In 22 min 50 +/- 16% had left the stomach (versus 40 +/- 14% in controls; p less than 0.001). At 90 min the amount of liquid remaining in the stomach was similar to that in the control subjects. TVP accelerates fundic emptying of solids, which are transferred to an overfilled, paretic antrum. Liquids are emptied by a bimodal pattern with a precipitous initial emptying followed by a second slower phase. PMID- 3175530 TI - Alkaline intra-oesophageal pH and gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with peptic oesophagitis. AB - Simultaneous 22-h measurements of intra-oesophageal and intragastric pH were made in 22 patients with symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux (7 with peptic oesophagitis, 8 with peptic oesophageal stricture, and 7 with peptic oesophagitis and previous partial gastrectomy) to determine whether alkaline intra-oesophageal pH is a consequence of alkaline gastro-oesophageal reflux. In the three groups of patients intra-oesophageal pH was greater than 7 for 16.9 +/- 4.8%, 27.5 +/- 7.6%, and 21.0 +/- 7.7%, respectively, of total recording time (p = NS). Intragastric pH greater than 7 was recorded only in the patients with partial gastrectomy (10.3 +/- 5.3% of recording time; p less than 0.01 in comparison with the other groups). Elevations of intra-oesophageal pH to greater than 7 never occurred during episodes of alkalinization of intragastric pH. These results suggest that refluxed fluids are unlikely to be the cause of alkaline intra oesophageal pH in patients with peptic oesophagitis. PMID- 3175531 TI - Na+/H+ ion-exchange property of postmortem human gastric mucus. AB - The Na+/H+ ion-exchange property of human gastric mucus and its relationship to age has been studied. Mucus was collected from 40 postmortem human stomachs (age range, 21-83 years) within 24 h of traumatic death. Twenty-one stomachs (age range, 21-76 years) were free of Campylobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis. Mucus from these stomachs was consistently a cation exchanger at pH 6 in an in vitro system. The cation-exchange capacity of mucus from seven stomachs within the age range 55-70 years was 50% less than the cation-exchange capacity of mucus from eight stomachs within the age range 20-35 years. This study shows that human gastric mucus at pH 6 is a cation exchanger and that the ion-exchange capacity decreases with age. PMID- 3175532 TI - Experimental study of vagotomy for prevention of stress ulcer after hepatectomy of cirrhotic livers. Its influence on hepatic regeneration. AB - We experimentally studied the influence of vagotomy on hepatic regeneration in rats after hepatectomy of cirrhotic livers. In animals that underwent hepatectomy plus vagotomy the reduction in gastric pH was suppressed, but gastric mucosal blood flow was less than that in control animals that received hepatectomy alone. The suppression of 3H-thymidine uptake percentage and thymidine kinase activity after hepatectomy was more marked in animals treated with hepatectomy plus vagotomy than in controls treated with hepatectomy alone. Hepatic DNA level tended to be lower in animals treated with hepatectomy plus vagotomy than in controls. In animals treated with hepatectomy plus vagotomy, the peak level of the mitotic index was lower and the hepatic regeneration rate was evidently suppressed. These results suggest that it is not appropriate to apply vagotomy, during hepatectomy of cirrhotic livers, for the prevention of postoperative stress ulcer because it causes a marked reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow and suppresses hepatic regeneration. PMID- 3175533 TI - Bile salts in the esophagus of patients with esophagitis. AB - It is controversial whether bile salts are important in the pathogenesis of esophagitis. By sampling esophageal contents during ambulatory 24-h pH-monitoring we found that in a group of 18 patients with esophagitis all but 1 had detectable concentrations of bile salts in their esophagus. The concentrations of bile salts were low, however, and similar to those found in the gastric juice of 10 normal controls. It is concluded that bile salts are present in the esophagus of patients with esophagitis and that their presence results from duodenogastric reflux. The role of these refluxed bile salts in the pathogenesis of esophagitis is, however, unclear. PMID- 3175534 TI - Comparison of three methods of intraesophageal pH recordings in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux. AB - Three different periods of intraesophageal pH-recording (24 h, 12 h, and 10 h postprandially) have been compared in 20 healthy subjects and in 20 outpatients with symptoms and endoscopic signs of peptic esophagitis, to assess their relative values of sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux. No false-positive results were obtained during any of the periods, thus yielding a 100% specificity. However, the sensitivity shown by the 24-h period of esophageal pH-recording was 81%, whereas that for the 12-h period was 50% and that for 10 h postprandially 70%. Also, no significant differences were observed in terms of the patients' tolerability for the test during any of the three periods. We therefore conclude that 24-h esophageal pH recording is the method of choice in ambulatory diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 3175535 TI - Urinary excretion of iohexol administered enterally in rats with intestinal ischaemia. A transmural and transperitoneal route of transport. AB - Serum and urinary levels of iohexol (Omnipaque) were evaluated in 20 rats with 1.5 ml of contrast medium injected into closed segments of ischaemic small bowel. Ten rats had the small intestine situated inside, and 10 rats outside, the peritoneal cavity. Radiographs were taken every hour, and blood and urine were sampled for testing at the end of the 4-h observation period. A marked increase in opacity of the urinary bladder was seen on radiographs during the observation period in the rats with the bowel laid inside the peritoneal cavity. Correspondingly high concentrations of iodine in the urine and serum were measured by the X-ray fluorescence technique. In comparison, the animals with the bowel placed outside the peritoneal cavity had only traces of contrast medium in serum and urine. These differences between the two groups of rats were highly significant (p less than 0.001). The chief route of transport of contrast medium (greater than 90% of the total absorption) was transmurally and transperitoneally from the lumen of ischaemic bowel to blood before subsequent excretion via the kidneys. PMID- 3175536 TI - The effect of starch malabsorption on fecal short-chain fatty acid excretion in man. AB - To study the impact of starch malabsorption on fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, 11 healthy volunteers consumed a controlled diet rich in starch for 2 4-week periods. They received the glucosidase inhibitor acarbose (Bay g 5421) in one of the study periods and placebo in the other. Stool wet weight increased by 68% and stool dry weight by 57% with acarbose. The fecal concentration (mumol/g wet weight) of n-butyrate (+58%) rose significantly when acarbose was added to the diet. The fecal excretion (mmol/day) of total short chain fatty acids (+95%) and of their constituents acetate (+97%) and n-butyrate (+182%) was significantly higher when starch malabsorption was induced by acarbose. PMID- 3175538 TI - [Threshold limits and risk considerations in environmental health]. PMID- 3175537 TI - Campylobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. II. Endoscopic findings and cultivation of C. pylori. AB - Specimens from 153 consecutive patients were cultivated for C. pylori, and findings were correlated to the endoscopic findings. C. pylori was cultivated more frequently from males than from females. Culture-positive males had a high frequency of prepyloric abnormalities. No correlation between age or pH in gastric juice and cultivation of C. pylori was found. C. pylori was found significantly more often in patients with peptic ulcer and/or duodenitis than in patients with normal endoscopic findings. No differences could be detected between patients with gastritis or esophagitis and patients with normal endoscopic findings. C. pylori was found most frequently in the antral part of the stomach. It was cultivated significantly more often from patients with duodenal abnormalities than from patients with normal endoscopic findings. In less than half of the culture-positive patients with duodenal abnormalities we cultivated C. pylori from duodenal specimens. This study also showed C. pylori in esophageal specimens, which has not been previously described. Our results suggest that cultivation of C. pylori from duodenal specimens or gastric fluid samples gives no additional information beyond that obtained from the cultivation of antral biopsy specimens. It is our opinion that C. pylori, at least in some cases, may be a secondary infection. PMID- 3175539 TI - [Air quality guidelines of the World Health Organization]. PMID- 3175540 TI - [Principle concerns in environmental regulations]. PMID- 3175541 TI - [Emission and immission limit values in water protection]. PMID- 3175542 TI - [Evaluation of soil and ground water contamination]. PMID- 3175544 TI - Future trends in the differential use of NSAIDs. Proceedings of a satellite symposium to the XIth European Congress of Rheumatology. Athens, Greece, 28 June 4 July 1987. PMID- 3175543 TI - [Air quality and respiratory tract diseases in children]. PMID- 3175546 TI - Comparison of packages for suppositories by patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Ninety-four patients with rheumatoid arthritis were asked via a questionnaire about the convenience of packages containing tablets, capsules, or suppositories for home use. Almost half of the patients stated that they had difficulty in opening packages containing capsules or tablets, and two-thirds had difficulty with the packages used for suppositories. The characteristics of six packages used for suppositories were also compared. Patients were given the packages in random order and were asked to open them and remove a suppository. Many of them were unable to open three of the packages with their hands. The evaluation of the six packages by the patients differed widely. PMID- 3175545 TI - Diuretics and hyperuricemia in the elderly. AB - Serum uric acid (SUA) was studied in a rural population of 420 males and 592 females aged 65 years or more. The mean SUA concentration was 0.313 mmol/l in males and 0.316 mmol/l in females. In males, 47 (11.2%) and in females 60 (10.1%) had a SUA level of 0.42 mmol/l or more. Both the mean serum values and the frequency of hyperuricemia were higher than 11 years earlier in another, similar study. The SUA concentration was 0.361 mmol/l in the 435 individuals using diuretics and 0.281 mmol/l in the remaining 578. Of the 107 hyperuricemic individuals, 82% used diuretics, and only 2 out of those 20 where the SUA level was 0.50 mmol/l or more did not use diuretics. Apart from diuretics, only the serum creatinine concentration, the Body Mass Index, body weight and the hematocrit level were significantly associated with hyperuricemia in both sexes. PMID- 3175547 TI - Individually adapted lightweight walking aids with moulded handles for patients with severely deforming chronic arthritis. AB - Patients with severely deforming rheumatoid arthritis and impaired function of the upper extremity are often unable to use conventional walking aids. This report describes 42 such patients who were equipped with altogether 75 individually manufactured, lightweight walking aids (12 crutches, 12 forearm crutches, 39 crutch-sticks and 12 sticks). A plaster cast of the patient's grip as well as analysis of the integrated function of the shoulder-elbow-wrist was used when preparing the walking aid. It was thereby possible to produce suitable walking aids for all but one patient. At follow-up after 12-18 months, of use, most patients belonging to functional classes II and III were satisfied with their walking aid(s) and 22 considered it/them indispensable. However, in 4 patients, progressive disease with increased disease activity/deteriorating hand function and in 3 patients increasing shoulder pain reduced their usability. Lack of motivation was one reason for low use intensity. Follow-up demonstrated that most patients were able to use these walking aids without detectable negative effects on the upper extremity. The durability of the walking aid was satisfactory. Thus an individually moulded handle on an adapted lightweight walking aid is important helping patients with severely deforming arthritis to maintain independent ambulation, and should be made more widely obtainable. PMID- 3175548 TI - Interaction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with cartilage in vitro. Catabolic effects of serine proteases and oxygen radicals. AB - The ability of purified PMN serine proteases as well as oxygen-derived free radicals (ODFR) generated by activated phagocytes to damage cartilage matrix has been thoroughly investigated in vitro. The question in the present study was the extent to which enzymatic and ODFR-mediated mechanisms can contribute to the degradation of bovine cartilage slices by zymosan-stimulated PMN. Tissue destruction as assessed by mechanical parameters of stability as well as by liberation of uronic acids from matrix proteoglycans was not inhibitable by the radical scavengers superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while serine protease inhibitors led to a significant reduction of matrix degradation. Thus an enzymatic mechanism may play a major part in PMN-induced cartilage damage. Besides this predominant role of especially serine proteases a direct, non zymosan-dependent stimulatory effect of cartilage matrix on PMN to release elastase into the incubation medium was detected. Hence an as-yet unknown mechanism of PMN activation is indicated, while unspecific effects by bacterial contamination, complement factors, or endotoxin could be excluded as an explanation for the observed phenomenon. PMID- 3175549 TI - The Souter total elbow replacement in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3175550 TI - A radiographic survey of hip involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3175551 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis in a family. A short report. PMID- 3175552 TI - Coxa saltans in patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, type III. PMID- 3175553 TI - Mortality of cadmium-exposed workers. A five-year update. AB - A cohort mortality study of cadmium-exposed workers initially followed to the end of 1979 has been updated for a further five years. The update has confirmed the findings of the original study with a significant excess risk from bronchitis related to intensity of exposure, although over the five-year period the excess mortality was no longer significant, a finding suggesting that the risk from bronchitis may now be declining in this cohort. In contrast, there is now a stronger indication of a excess risk from lung cancer related to intensity of exposure, significant for both the total and the five-year periods. There was again no increased risk from prostatic cancer, and from this and other studies it appears unlikely that cadmium, in the concentrations encountered in this and other recent studies, acts as a prostatic carcinogen. As in the initial study, there was no significant excess risk from hypertensive disease, nor any suggestion of an increased risk from cerebrovascular or renal disease. PMID- 3175554 TI - A case-referent study of soft-tissue sarcoma and Hodgkin's disease. Farming and insecticide use. AB - A population-based case-referent study in Kansas examined the relationship between exposure to insecticides and the development of soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) and Hodgkin's disease (HD). Data from telephone interviews for 133 STS cases, 121 HD cases, and 948 referents indicated that STS was associated with use of insecticides on animals, but not on crops. HD was not significantly associated with either use. STS risk was higher among the farmers who themselves mixed or applied insecticides to animals than among farmers who did not. Farmers who failed to use any protective equipment to reduce insecticide exposure were at a significantly elevated risk of STS. Risk rose with early calendar year of first use. The excess risk appeared to be primarily among fibrous and myomatous sarcomas with little association seen for lipomatous or other STS neoplasms. Myomatous sarcomas increased significantly with duration and time since first use of insecticides on animals. If the reported association between STS and insecticides is causal, the data suggest that exposure to the agent(s) responsible may have been reduced in the mid-1950s or the agent(s) have an average latency period for STS of at least 20 years. PMID- 3175555 TI - Impact of work-related and psychosocial factors on the development of ischemic heart disease among urban bus drivers in Denmark. AB - From 1978 to 1985, 2,465 male bus drivers in the three major cities in Denmark were followed with regard to hospital admission due to myocardial infarction (MI) and death due to ischemic heart disease (IHD). In all 2,045 (83%) of these men responded in 1978 to a questionnaire on psychosocial well-being and work conditions. The respondents did not differ from the nonrespondents regarding hospital admissions and death in the follow-up period (1978-1984). Sixty-two cases of MI were registered among the 2,045 bus drivers in 1978-1984. On this basis relative risk for MI was calculated with a multiple regression model for independent variables regarding psychosocial well-being and work conditions. High work load (driving in heavy traffic) was significantly associated with the occurrence of MI. Of the psychosocial factors "no social contact with colleagues" and "increased work pace" were also significantly associated with the occurrence of MI. Smoking habits tended to be associated with the occurrence of MI, while stress symptoms and job dissatisfaction did not. The mental burden on bus drivers working in heavy traffic seems a possible explanation for the findings. PMID- 3175556 TI - The role of personal beliefs and social influences as determinants of respirator use among construction painters. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify and rank potential determinants of respirator use among painters in the construction industry. As part of a health survey of union painters, 169 male spray painters were questioned about their own beliefs concerning the consequences of wearing cartridge respirators, as well as about the perceived attitudes of others in the workplace toward respirators. Intended respirator use was more strongly associated with beliefs than was past use. The most important beliefs concerned discomfort or inconvenience. Other determinants that were associated with respirator use were respirator availability, cigarette smoking, and social influences. It was concluded that the most effective intervention strategy to increase respirator use would be multidimensional and that efforts to change only a worker's beliefs may have limited success. PMID- 3175557 TI - Risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men occupationally exposed to organic solvents. AB - An occupational history of exposure to organic solvents, defined as daily occupational exposure for at least one year, was more common among 167 men with newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma than among 130 healthy referents from the general population (38 versus 14%). Categorization in five-year age groups gave 3.3 as a Mantel-Haenszel estimate of the odds ratio (95% CI 1.9-5.8). The odds ratio was 6.5 (95% CI 3.2-13.3) for localized supradiaphragmatic tumors and 2.3 (95% CI 1.3-4.3) for other lymphoma presentations. In a logistic model including age and organic solvent, phenoxy acid, and chlorophenol exposure, it could be shown that solvent exposure was an independent risk factor and that no important interaction occurred between the risk factors. With increasing duration of exposure there was a significantly increased risk of lymphoma, a finding implying a dose-response relationship. There was no significant difference in tumor histology between the exposed and unexposed patients. These findings support the concept that occupational exposure to organic solvents is a risk factor for non Hodgkin's lymphoma. The results also confirm a strong association between such exposure and an initial supradiaphragmatic location of the lymphomas. PMID- 3175558 TI - Malignant pleural mesothelioma among Swiss furniture workers. A new high-risk group. AB - Within the framework of a research project concerning occupational mortality, attention was drawn to a highly significant standardized mortality ratio for mesothelioma among furniture workers. From information drawn from the mortality records for the years 1979-1985 and from the 1980 national census, the number of pleural mesotheliomas among this occupational group was examined. The expected number of deaths from pleural mesothelioma among Swiss furniture workers for this period was 4.4; the observed number was 12. This finding indicates a 2.7-fold relative risk (P = 0.004) for death due to these cancers among Swiss furniture workers. PMID- 3175559 TI - Work conditions and urinary excretion of catecholamines--a study of prison staff in Sweden. AB - The hypothesis to be tested was whether characteristics of work situations affect the physiology of people when the effects of individual differences in medical/behavioral factors are minimized. Four prisons with different objective work conditions were chosen. The psychosocial work situation was recorded in a self-administered questionnaire. Morning plasma cortisol, blood pressure, and urinary excretion of catecholamines were measured. Analyses of variance showed that the four prisons differed significantly as to mean levels of decision latitude and skill discretion. Analyses of variance also showed significant differences between the prisons with regard to mean levels of noradrenaline at night during leisure time and a tendency towards differences in work time. The rank order of mean levels of noradrenaline in the four prisons was the same as the inverted rank order of mean levels in self-reported work conditions. Thus it seems that when collective data are used and when adjusted for other variables which might have an association with the dependent variables, differences in self reported work conditions are reflected in the urinary excretion of noradrenaline. Of the three physiological variables used as dependent variables, urinary excretion of noradrenaline reflected arousal as an effect of work conditions more accurately than the other variables. PMID- 3175560 TI - Impulse noise and hand-arm vibration in relation to sensory neural hearing loss. AB - The present study was carried out to determine whether impulse noise and simultaneous exposure to noise and vibration can aggravate sensory neural hearing loss (SNHL) among forest (N = 199) and shipyard (N = 171) workers. The average level of exposure to noise outside the used earmuffs and the average exposure over time were nearly equal for the two groups. The impulsiveness of the noise and the average exposure level inside the earmuffs were measured with a miniature microphone. The hearing threshold of the workers was measured at 4 kHz and then estimated according to Robinson's model to compare the observed and expected hearing loss. The impulsiveness of the noise was greater both outside and inside the earmuffs in shipyard work than in forest work. The average SNHL was higher than predicted for the shipyard workers and about the same as predicted for the forest workers. The total exposure level inside the earmuffs was influenced by the total wearing time. The low frequencies of the chain-saw noise were not attenuated sufficiently by the earmuffs to protect the workers' hearing. The present study suggests that exposure to impulse noise increases the risk of SNHL, but that simultaneous exposure to hand-arm vibration and noise does not. PMID- 3175561 TI - [Therapy of erectile dysfunction using papaverine--2 1/2 years' experience]. AB - The physiological basis of erectile function is described and the possibilities and limits of therapy with intracavernous papaverine are discussed. It is of extreme importance that, whenever possible, patients should perform self injections at home. Thus, 20% of our patients regained potency after a few self injections. Another 40% practiced self-injections as long-term treatment. PMID- 3175562 TI - [Differential diagnosis of superior orbital fissure syndrome]. AB - Paresis of cranial nerves III, IV, VI and the ophthalmic nerve is termed fissura orbitalis-superior syndrome. It is caused by affections of the surrounding bones, vascular lesions in the region of the cavernous sinus, tumours of sella and sphenoid bones and diseases of the orbital cavity. Cranial computed tomography (with and without contrast enhancement) is a reliable diagnostic method which may be supported by angiography of NMR in individual cases. PMID- 3175563 TI - [Pregnancy and delivery in a mother with Ebstein's anomaly]. AB - Ebstein's anomaly is characterized by abnormalities both in the basal and in the free attachments of the leaflets of the tricuspid valve. Fairly frequently the developmental defect is associated with a WPW syndrome (Type B). The main obstetric problems arise from tachyarrhythmias. Since tachycardias in these patients are due to physical stress, correct planning of delivery calls for lightening of the hemodynamic burden of labor, careful analysis of the cardiac status, meticulous preparation for optimum antiarrhythmic therapy and correct timing for induction of labor. The case of a young primipara with Ebstein's anomaly is presented to typify the need for cooperation of subspecialities. PMID- 3175564 TI - [Lidocaine treatment of poisoning with yew needles (Taxus baccata L.)]. AB - A 40-year-old patient attempted suicide by drinking an extract made from 120 g of yew needles. Shortly after severe ventricular arrhythmia occurred characterized by extremely prolonged QRS-intervals. Recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia were successfully treated with high doses of lidocaine. In most cases intoxication by yew needles ends fatally. Lidocaine may be the drug of choice to treat life-threatening tachyarrhythmia in such cases. PMID- 3175565 TI - [Soft-tissue cervicofacial emphysema and pneumomediastinum caused by self injury]. AB - A prison inmate was referred to us for diagnostic procedures and therapy due to a combination of pneumomediastinum with emphysema of neck and face. External injuries were absent and pathogenesis remained uncertain until thorough examination of the patient revealed two intraoral wounds, presumably from a needle, reaching into the maxillary sinus. This large subcutaneous emphysema of the face, neck and mediastinum was the result of an exaggerated Valsalva maneuver. With this self-inflicted injury, unknown to us, the prisoner achieved the desired immediate admission to hospital. PMID- 3175566 TI - [Thrombolysis in acute massive lung embolism]. AB - Thrombolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism reduces total pulmonary resistance more rapidly than heparin alone. In massive pulmonary embolism this hemodynamic benefit usually outweighs the moderately increased bleeding risk if contra indications are strictly observed. Practical dosage regimens for streptokinase and urokinase are proposed. PMID- 3175568 TI - [Pulmonary tests in the office of the internist/general practitioner]. AB - The x-ray and pulmonary function equipment of most Swiss private practitioners should be sufficient to diagnose and treat most ambulatory pulmonary diseases. More knowledge about chest x-ray technique and a well performed forced vital capacity manoeuvre will improve both of their interpretation. Furthermore, a Mantoux test correctly done and interpreted, a simple pleural punction and a quick method of the usual Gram stain of purulent expectorations complete the choice of possible investigations in the ambulatory medicine. PMID- 3175567 TI - [Wegener's granulomatosis and autoantibodies against cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils]. AB - According to the literature, autoantibodies against extranuclear components of polynuclear granulocytes (ACPA) are almost exclusively present in sera of patients with Wegener's granulomatosis and their serum concentrations reflect disease activity. When measurement of these autoantibodies was introduced in our routine laboratory, 12 out of the first 70 samples gave positive results by enzyme immunoassay and by indirect immunofluorescence on alcohol-fixed granulocytes. The 12 patients with ACPA proved to have Wegener's granulomatosis. The titers were distinctly higher in patients without therapy than in those under an immunosuppressive regimen. As a control, 250 sera were tested of patients with various disorders such as SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, acute and chronic hepatitis etc. ACPA were detected in 4 individuals (1 patient with acute non A/non B hepatitis, 2 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis and 1 hemodialysis patient with unclear glomerulonephritis). These results further confirm the diagnostic value of ACPA in Wegener's granulomatosis. PMID- 3175569 TI - [Contribution to the study of the treatment of osteoporosis using fluoride. Long term sequelae following discontinuation of fluoride]. AB - Eight idiopathic or postmenopausal osteoporotic patients were studied prospectively over a 4- to 6-year period of treatment with fluoride, calcium, phosphate and vitamin D. After fluoride and phosphate were discontinued they were followed up for a further 6-year period. PMID- 3175571 TI - [Sclerosing mesenteritis]. AB - A patient with an inflammatory fibrous tumor of the mesenteric fat tissue is reported. Clinical signs were epigastric pain, weight loss and palpable abdominal mass. diagnosis was by abdominal CT and surgical biopsy. The histological feature was diffuse fibrosis. Isolated mesenteric fibrosis is a rare variety of systemic idiopathic fibrosis, a disease entity including fibrosis of the retroperitoneum and other sites. Among possible etiological factors an autoimmune origin, drugs (methysergide) and lymphatic obstruction are discussed. Our patient had congenital hypoplasia of the lymphatic drainage system of the legs. She recovered rapidly and spontaneously and the tumor regressed on CT. Fatal courses are exceptional and medical therapy usually is not required. PMID- 3175570 TI - [Infectious pneumopathies in immunodepressed patients. Value of the study of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid]. AB - During a period of 16 months 26 fluid specimens obtained by broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) in 24 immunocompromised patients were examined. This material included 13 HIV positive patients and 11 patients presenting malignant hemopathies (MH), of whom 7 had had a blood marrow transplantation. The BAL fluid was divided into two equal parts, one of which was sent to the Institute of Pathology and the other to the Laboratory of Bacteriology of Geneva University Hospital. In some cases a transbronchial biopsy was also studied. Eight out of 13 HIV positive patients presented a Pneumocystis carinii infection and one a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (associated with atypical mycobacteria infection). In another case streptococcal pneumonia was observed. In 3 patients, analysis of the BAL fluid failed to yield a diagnosis. In the 11 patients with MH, 2 cases of CMV, 2 infections with Candida albicans and one with Aspergillus fumigatus were found. In 2 patients the pneumopathy was due to bacterial infection. Four BAL fluids failed to yield a diagnosis; however, in one of these transbronchial biopsy revealed interstitial pneumonia of unknown origin. On the basis of our material and comparison with clinica, radiological and serological data, it appears that BAL fluid analysis is a helpful and rapid diagnostic aid in infectious pneumopathies of immunocompromised patients. This is especially true of AIDS patients in whom the most common pulmonary complication is Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. However, success of the analysis requires close cooperation between clinician, bacteriologist and pathologist. PMID- 3175572 TI - [Serotonin antagonists for the treatment of hypertension]. PMID- 3175573 TI - [Low-dose oral methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid polyarthritis]. AB - 28 patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis were treated with pulse weekly oral methotrexate over a mean follow-up of 24 months (6-36 months). Within one month the patients improved significantly by all clinical standards of efficacy and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Maximum improvement tended to occur after 6 months' therapy and was maintained for up to 36 months in most patients. 11 patients discontinued treatment because of adverse effects. It is concluded that this trial confirms the efficacy of methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Careful baseline and follow-up monitoring is recommended due to frequent adverse reactions. PMID- 3175574 TI - [Reconstruction surgery of the tibial artery in extremities at risk of amputation]. AB - The crural arteries are involved in the occlusive process in almost all patients with limb threatening ischemia. Due to significant improvements over the last decade in the material used, crural surgical revascularization has become widespread despite the fact that all common surgical techniques have been well known since the beginning of the century. The feasibility of such reconstructions depends to a large extent on the use of microsurgical techniques and the availability of recent therapeutic concepts more appropriate for severely ill patients and especially those with multifocal atherosclerosis. In patients facing the danger of mutilating amputation, limb salvage should always be attempted by a crural revascularization procedure whenever the occlusion morphology seems suitable. PMID- 3175575 TI - [Pressure determination in tachycardia. Improved approximation using a stage-by stage technic]. AB - In heart arrhythmia, and especially tachyarrhythmia, blood pressure measurements are known to be approximate. The current recommendations proved to be unsatisfactory in a group of 23 patients in whom they were tested systematically. A simple atraumatic bedside method, developed from the standard method of measuring blood pressure by sphygmomanometer and called the "stage by stage" measurement method, is presented. PMID- 3175577 TI - [Course and prognosis of chronic obstructive lung disease over 5 and 10 years]. AB - 453 patients aged over 40 hospitalized with severe COPD, a mean age of 66 years and mean FEV1 of 1.24 litres (49% predicted) were prospectively followed up for 5 years (341) and 10 years (195) respectively. 5-year survival was 47%, while 10 year survival was severely limited despite uniform therapy (23%). Average survival was only 4.4 years. Of the 15 prognostic factors considered, initial FEV1, body-weight, smoking behavior, diagnosis of bronchial asthma or emphysema, finding of p pulmonale and reversibility of bronchodilation had a significant influence on survival. The average decrease in FEV1 per year was only 28 ml in the surviving patients. It was lowest in those with FEV1 reversibility of more than 105 ml after bronchodilation. A maximum increase of FEV1 of more than 485 ml during the initial hospitalization, together with stopping smoking, were the next two important factors in FEV1 decrease. Mean annual NO2 concentration at home did not correlate significantly with survival and FEV1 decrease. PMID- 3175576 TI - [Humidifier disease. Role of endotoxins and precipitating antibodies]. AB - A case of an acute form of humidifier disease secondary to the inhalation of endotoxins (humidifier fever) is reported. The respective roles of endotoxins and precipitating antibodies in the diagnosis of the two forms of humidifier disease are discussed. This appears to be an important epidemiological problem in Switzerland, since the authors see approximately one case a month. With respect to treatment, preventive measures are necessary and usually sufficient. PMID- 3175578 TI - [Mortality in 709 patients with acute myocardial infarct treated in the intensive care unit]. AB - To control the quality of our care and to define the potential for lifesaving early intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction, we analyzed the course of 709 patients (66.4 +/- 10.8 yrs) admitted to the coronary care unit for acute myocardial infarction over a period of 36 months. 77 patients (70.2 +/- 9.3 yrs) died in the coronary care unit, and thus early mortality was 10.9%. Only 8% died from disturbances of cardiac rhythm and 19% from rupture of a ventricle. 73% died in cardiogenic shock, of whom 21 were below 70 years old and represent a potential group for early intervention. In 13 patients of this subgroup possibilities of better management in the pre-hospital phase were found retrospectively. In 5/77 patients the optimal treatment was not achieved during clinical course. Cardiogenic shock is the major cause of death in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction. A further substantial reduction of mortality will be achieved only by reaching more risk patients in the pre-infarction phase and by shortening the pre-hospital phase. PMID- 3175579 TI - [Wound infection following appendectomy. Metronidazole vs ornidazole as single dose prophylaxis in non-perforated appendix]. AB - In an open prospective randomized study, the postoperative wound infection rate following removal of an unperforated appendix was evaluated in 187 patients who received either metronidazole (1 g suppositories) or ornidazole (500 mg iv or 500 mg suppositories) in a single dose preoperatively. The overall postoperative infection rate was 2.1%. Metronidazole and ornidazole suppositories are a cheap method of preventing postoperative infection in cases of unperforated appendix. PMID- 3175580 TI - [Paraplegia following pneumonectomy. An anesthesiological or a surgical complication?]. AB - A case of postoperative paraplegia after pneumonectomy of the left lung is presented. The patient received thoracic epidural anaesthesia for postoperative pain relief. The etiological role of epidural blockade in paraplegia is discussed. After consideration of differential diagnosis, postpneumonectomy paraplegia was diagnosed. The neurological sequelae were caused when the arterial blood supply to the spinal cord was compromised during surgery. However, to rule out epidural hematoma in such patients, a CAT scan of the spine must be performed immediately. PMID- 3175581 TI - [Gerodontology--rethinking is needed]. PMID- 3175582 TI - Technical note on the statistical analysis of one longitudinal periodontal study. PMID- 3175583 TI - Microscopic evaluation of bacterial colonization of interdental subgingival sites prior to and during experimental gingivitis in man. PMID- 3175584 TI - [Surgical extension of the clinical crown]. PMID- 3175585 TI - [The work volume with elderly patients is enormous]. PMID- 3175586 TI - [Control of the reliability of a biological radicular treatment method]. PMID- 3175587 TI - [Axis-related orthopantomography as a method for quantitative procedure evaluation]. PMID- 3175589 TI - [Craniofacial surgery. Advantages of subcranial procedures in craniofacial surgery]. PMID- 3175590 TI - [Implants in total prosthetics. Anchorage of a total prosthesis in the edentulous lower jaw using 2 implants with a single attachment]. PMID- 3175591 TI - [Interview with Dr. David E. Barmes, WHO Director of Oral Health in Geneva]. PMID- 3175588 TI - [24-hour urinary fluoride excretion following introduction of table salt fluoridation with 250 mg F/kg. 1. Adults]. PMID- 3175592 TI - [We introduce: the newly established Foundation for School Dental Care assistants. Interview by K. Venner]. PMID- 3175593 TI - Sex switch. PMID- 3175594 TI - Setting the pace. PMID- 3175595 TI - Optrodes. PMID- 3175596 TI - Malaria vaccines. PMID- 3175597 TI - Bethesda brain drain. PMID- 3175598 TI - Nature, nurture and death. PMID- 3175599 TI - Rx: art. PMID- 3175600 TI - Photochemistry of hypocrellin A (IV)--Hypocrellin A-sensitized photooxidation of diphenylamine. AB - The photooxidation of diphenylamine is acetonitrile and methanol using Hypocrellin A as sensitizer will be reported in this paper. The products in the two solvents were isolated and identified. The reaction mechanisms were investigated. In acetonitrile, diphenylamine was oxidized by singlet oxygen to form N-phenyl-p-benzoquinonimine. In methanol, N-phenyl-p-benzoquinonimine was produced predominantly through a mechanism irrelevant to singlet oxygen. A small amount of diphenylamine reacted with methanol and singlet oxygen to give a novel product: N-phenyl-2-methoxy-p-benzoquinonimine. PMID- 3175601 TI - Whose problem is the diabetic who does not attend a hospital clinic? PMID- 3175602 TI - What should we tell patients with cancer? PMID- 3175603 TI - The influence of cardiac staffing resources on permanent cardiac pacemaker implantation rates. AB - In Tayside region, from 1976 to 1986, the number of permanent pacemakers implanted per year more than doubled, with the increase particularly marked over the latter five years. In order to determine the factor(s) which had caused this increase in implantation rates, a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing pacemaker implantation during the period 1981-1986 was undertaken. No change in the number of elderly in the population, age of patients, mode of referral, waiting time before insertion or clinical indications for pacing was observed to account for this change. The advent of ambulatory ECG monitoring may have contributed to this increase, but the appointment of an extra cardiologist in Tayside in 1982 was believed to have been more important. These results suggest that the number of pacemakers implanted in a region is highly dependent on the number of cardiological staff in that region available for their insertion. PMID- 3175604 TI - Colorectal carcinoma: presentation and management in a general hospital. AB - Over a five year period (1981-1986), 44 consecutive patients who presented with colorectal carcinoma were studied prospectively. Forty one (93%) patients underwent surgery, 11 as an emergency. The operative mortality was 7.3% and the wound infection rate was 12.2%. Of the original 44 patients only 18 (41%) are still alive at the end of the study period. The presentation, treatment and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer in a general hospital are discussed. PMID- 3175605 TI - Phenytoin monitoring: clinical or scientific? AB - Phenytoin is an established therapy for post-herpetic neuralgia. In order to maintain serum phenytoin levels in the normal therapeutic range, serum phenytoin monitoring is required. This range may, however, be misleading in certain clinical conditions. We report here a patient with hypoalbuminaemia who developed marked clinical phenytoin toxicity despite maintenance of the serum total phenytoin concentration within the therapeutic range. PMID- 3175606 TI - A case of coagulated haemothorax treated by intrapleural varidase. AB - Haemothorax can occur as a result of thoracic trauma or following diagnostic or therapeutic pleural aspiration. Early removal of blood from the thoracic cavity is essential to prevent coagulation and fibrin deposition within the pleural cavity. The case described is one in which a large coagulated haemothorax was drained via a standard pleural drain following liquefaction by the use of a proprietary fibrinolytic agent more commonly used in the desloughing of wounds. PMID- 3175608 TI - Aldosterone deficiency in infancy. AB - Two infants with a chronic salt wasting state secondary to a rare defect in mineralocorticoid synthesis are described. Management difficulties are illustrated highlighting the need for early definitive diagnosis based on measurement and correct interpretation of plasma renin, plasma aldosterone and urinary steroid metabolite concentrations. PMID- 3175607 TI - Hypomagnesaemia in elderly digitalised patients. AB - Hypomagnesaemia and hypokalaemia are known to predispose to digoxin toxicity. Elderly patients receiving diuretics may be at special risk. A 12-month survey of all patients receiving digoxin at the time of admission to our Geriatric Assessment Unit revealed 16% were hypomagnesaemic, whereas no patient was hypokalaemic. There is a need for greater awareness of the risk of magnesium depletion in elderly patients receiving concurrent diuretic and digoxin therapy. PMID- 3175609 TI - Acute torsion of the gallbladder. AB - Acute torsion of the gallbladder is an acute surgical emergency which may be encountered more frequently in the presence of an ageing population. We report a 98-year-old patient in whom the diagnosis was made at exploratory laparotomy performed for unexplained peritonism. Emergency cholecystectomy was followed by an uncomplicated post-operative recovery. PMID- 3175611 TI - Fetal tissue in research. PMID- 3175610 TI - Survival after massive overdose of slow-release potassium. AB - Self-poisoning with potassium salts is uncommon but the consequences are often fatal. Previous reports describe death after ingestion of between 40 and 50 tablets of slow-release potassium but we report a patient who survived after taking approximately 100 tablets. PMID- 3175612 TI - Cataract removal. PMID- 3175613 TI - Scientists confront misconduct. PMID- 3175614 TI - Academic search for NCI head. PMID- 3175615 TI - Watson will head NIH Genome Office. PMID- 3175617 TI - Open season on USDA. PMID- 3175616 TI - Experts ponder simian well-being. PMID- 3175618 TI - DNA clock conflict continues. PMID- 3175619 TI - X-ray standing waves: a molecular yardstick for biological membranes. AB - Structural information on an atomic scale has been obtained for a Langmuir Blodgett (LB) trilayer system by means of long-period x-ray standing waves. The LB trilayer of zinc and cadmium arachidate was deposited on a layered synthetic microstructure (LSM) consisting of 200 tungsten/silicon layer pairs with a 25 A period. A 30 A thermally induced inward collapse of the zinc atom layer that was initially located in the LB trilayer at 53 A above the LSM surface has been observed. The mean position and width of the zinc atom layer was determined with a precision of +/- 0.3 A. PMID- 3175620 TI - Single strands, triple strands, and kinks in H-DNA. AB - A naturally occurring (dT-dC)18:(dA-dG)18 repeat in the H conformation of DNA was shown to contain single-stranded nucleotides in the center of the TC18 repeat and on one half of the AG18 repeat. These results support the model that H-DNA is a structure containing both triple-stranded and single-stranded regions. The stability of this structure was affected by both pH and the degree of negative supercoiling: at pH 7.6 to 7.7, a high level of supercoiling was needed to keep about half of the molecules in the H conformation; at pH 6 and pH 5, normal levels of supercoiling supported H-DNA; and at pH 4, no supercoiling was required. At mildly alkaline pH, the TC/AG18 repeat assumed a novel conformation called J-DNA that differed from both the B and H forms. A three-dimensional model for the structure of H-DNA is proposed that accounts both for the single strandedness of the nucleotides and for the influence of supercoiling on H-DNA formation. This model predicts and evidence is presented that H-DNA introduces a sharp kink in the DNA. Moreover, the angle of this kink appears not to be fixed, so that H-DNA is also a hinged-DNA. PMID- 3175621 TI - Identification of germline and somatic mutations affecting the retinoblastoma gene. AB - Retinoblastoma (RB) is a malignant tumor of developing retina that arises when abnormalities resulting in loss of function affect both alleles of the gene at the retinoblastoma locus (RB1) on chromosome 13q. The majority of RB tumors do not show gross alterations in a 4.7-kb fragment (4.7R), which is a candidate RB1 gene. To search for more subtle mutations, the ribonuclease protection method was used to analyze 4.7R messenger RNA from RB tumors. Five of 11 RB tumors, which exhibit normal 4.7R DNA and normal-sized RNA transcripts, showed abnormal ribonuclease cleavage patterns. Three of the five mutations affected the same region of the messenger RNA, consistent with an effect on splicing involving an as yet unidentified 5' exon. The high frequency of mutations in 4.7R supports the identification of 4.7R as the RB1 gene. However, the unusual nature of some of the abnormalities of 4.7 R alleles indicates that the accepted sequence of genetic events involved in the genesis of RB may require reevaluation. PMID- 3175622 TI - Overexpression of metallothionein confers resistance to anticancer drugs. AB - Resistance to antineoplastic agents is the major obstacle to curative therapy of cancer. Tumor cell lines with acquired resistance to the antineoplastic agent cis diamminedichloroplatinum(II) overexpressed metallothionein and demonstrated cross resistance to alkylating agents such as chlorambucil and melphalan. Human carcinoma cells that maintained high levels of metallothionein because of chronic exposure to heavy metals were resistant to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), melphalan, and chlorambucil. Furthermore, cells transfected with bovine papilloma virus expression vectors containing DNA encoding human metallothionein-IIA were resistant to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II), melphalan, and chlorambucil but not to 5-fluorouracil or vincristine. Thus, overexpression of metallothionein represents one mechanism of resistance to a subset of clinically important anticancer drugs. PMID- 3175623 TI - Hyperthermia protects against light damage in the rat retina. AB - An increase in the synthesis of heat shock proteins that is induced in cells in vitro by hyperthermia or other types of metabolic stress correlates with enhanced cell survival upon further stress. To determine if a similar increase in stress tolerance could be elicited in vivo, rats were made hyperthermic, and then their retinas were tested for sensitivity to light damage. This treatment resulted in a marked decrease in photoreceptor degeneration after exposure to bright light as compared to normothermic animals. Concomitant with such protection was an increase in retinal synthesis of three heat shock proteins. Thus, a physiological rise in body temperature enhances the stress tolerance of nerve tissue, perhaps by increasing heat shock protein production. PMID- 3175624 TI - Developmental expression of PDGF, TGF-alpha, and TGF-beta genes in preimplantation mouse embryos. AB - Control of growth and differentiation during mammalian embryogenesis may be regulated by growth factors from embryonic or maternal sources. With the use of single-cell messenger RNA phenotyping, the simultaneous expression of growth factor transcripts in single or small numbers of preimplantation mouse embryos was examined. Transcripts for platelet-derived growth factor A chain (PDGF-A), transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha, and TGF-beta 1, but not for four other growth factors, were found in whole blastocysts. TGF-alpha, TGF-beta 1, and PDGF antigens were detected in blastocysts by immunocytochemistry. Both PDGF-A and TGF alpha were detected as maternal transcripts in the unfertilized ovulated oocyte, and again in blastocysts. TGF-beta 1 transcripts appeared only after fertilization. The expression of a subset of growth factors in mouse blastocysts suggests a role for these factors in the growth and differentiation of early mammalian embryos. PMID- 3175626 TI - Why AAAS doesn't lobby. Much. PMID- 3175625 TI - Influences of dietary sodium on functional taste receptor development: a sensitive period. AB - Restriction of maternal dietary sodium on or before embryonic day 8 reduced taste responses of the chorda tympani nerve to sodium chloride in the offspring. The response attenuation was substantial; responses to sodium chloride in the offspring of deprived rats were approximately 40 percent of those in control animals. Instituting the low sodium diet at embryonic day 10 or later did not produce functional changes. Thus, a sensitive period for the gustatory system exists, and the abrupt transition from maximal environmental susceptibility to no susceptibility occurs during a 2-day prenatal period. Moreover, events important in determining the developmental fate of taste membrane components occur before the initial formation of taste buds. PMID- 3175627 TI - Ecological physiology. PMID- 3175628 TI - Sex survey. PMID- 3175630 TI - Gene therapy OK'd. PMID- 3175629 TI - American parallel for Oxford research. PMID- 3175631 TI - A new way to slice the doctors' pie. PMID- 3175632 TI - Congress passes reforms in pesticide law. PMID- 3175633 TI - Breuning pleads guilty. PMID- 3175634 TI - Gene-watcher's feast served up in Toronto. PMID- 3175635 TI - Perceived risk, real risk: social science and the art of probabilistic risk assessment. AB - Risk assessment is commonly seen as the domain of physical and biological sciences, with social scientists focusing instead on risk management and communication. This division is unnecessary, and it may lead to errors in risk assessments. Social science input is needed for more accurate calculations of risk consequences and probabilities and for identifying potential biases created by certain risk assessment procedures, as well as in analyzing and explaining public responses to risk. Findings, moreover, suggest that the dichotomy between "real" and "perceived" risk is less "real" than is often assumed, particularly in cases involving controversial technologies. PMID- 3175636 TI - Prenatal tetrodotoxin infusion blocks segregation of retinogeniculate afferents. AB - In the adult mammalian visual system, ganglion cell axons from the two eyes are segregated from each other into separate layers within their principal target, the lateral geniculate nucleus. The involvement of spontaneously generated action potential activity in the process of segregation was investigated during the fetal period in which segregation normally occurs in the cat, between embryonic day 45 (E45) and birth (E65). Tetrodotoxin, which blocks the voltage-sensitive sodium channel, was used to prevent action potentials. Fetuses received continuous intracranial infusions of tetrodotoxin from osmotic minipumps implanted in utero on E42. After a 2-week infusion, intraocular injections of anterograde tracers revealed that tetrodotoxin prevented segregation. The contralateral projection filled the lateral geniculate nucleus uniformly, and the ipsilateral projection expanded to occupy most of what would normally be contralaterally innervated layer A. Thus, in the fetus, long before the onset of vision, spontaneous action potential activity is likely to be present in the visual system and to contribute to the segregation of the retinogeniculate pathway. PMID- 3175637 TI - Spontaneous impulse activity of rat retinal ganglion cells in prenatal life. AB - The existence of spontaneous neural activity in mammalian retinal ganglion cells during prenatal life has long been suspected. This activity could play a key role in the refinement of retinal projections during development. Recordings in vivo from the retinas of rat fetuses between embryonic day 17 and 21 found action potentials in spontaneously active ganglion cells at all the ages studied. PMID- 3175638 TI - Endothelial adhesiveness for blood neutrophils is inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta. AB - Adhesion of blood cells to endothelial cells is an essential component of all inflammatory responses. The capacity of the endothelium to support adhesion of neutrophils is increased by cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, and endotoxin. Another cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), was a strong inhibitor of basalneutrophil adhesion and also decreased the adhesive response of endothelial cells to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha). The ability of cells to respond to TGF-beta was related to the duration of culture of endothelial cells after explantation from umbilical veins. TGF-beta is likely to serve an anti-inflammatory role at sites of blood vessel injury undergoing active endothelial regeneration. PMID- 3175639 TI - Battle over error. PMID- 3175641 TI - Revival of the Ethics Advisory Board. PMID- 3175640 TI - Research at USAMRIID. PMID- 3175642 TI - Science policy. PMID- 3175643 TI - The drug of champions. PMID- 3175644 TI - Academy explores use of laboratory animals. PMID- 3175645 TI - Much work but slow going on alternatives to Draize test. PMID- 3175646 TI - Bill would set fraud guidelines for scientific publications. PMID- 3175647 TI - Harvard's blumenthal advises Dukakis. PMID- 3175648 TI - Health problems of the homeless. PMID- 3175649 TI - Gene transfer is coming on target. PMID- 3175650 TI - Joint Soviet-U.S. attack on heart muscle dogma. PMID- 3175651 TI - Structural rearrangement of the retinoblastoma gene in human breast carcinoma. AB - Structural changes of the human retinoblastoma gene have been demonstrated previously in retinoblastoma and some clinically related tumors including osteosarcoma. Structural aberrations of the retinoblastoma locus (RB1) were observed in 25% of breast tumor cell lines studied and 7% of the primary tumors. These changes include homozygous internal deletions and total deletion of RB1; a duplication of an exon was observed in one of the cell lines. In all cases, structural changes either resulted in the absence or truncation of the RB1 transcript. No obvious defect in RB1 was detected by DNA blot analysis in primary tumors or cell lines from Wilms' tumor, cervical carcinoma, or hepatoma. These results further support the concept that the human RB1 gene has pleiotropic effects on specific types of cancer. PMID- 3175652 TI - Acetaldehyde production and transfer by the perfused human placental cotyledon. AB - Fetal injury associated with maternal ethanol ingestion is a major cause of congenital anomalies and mental retardation. Studies with animals suggest that acetaldehyde, the primary hepatic oxidative metabolite of ethanol, may contribute to fetal damage. It is not known, however, whether acetaldehyde reaches the human fetus, either by placental production or transfer. Studies utilizing the perfused human placental cotyledon show that the human placenta oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde, releasing it into the fetal perfusate. Moreover, when acetaldehyde is present in the maternal perfusate, it is transferred to the fetal side, reaching approximately 50 percent of the maternal level. These findings suggest that the human placenta may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of ethanol associated fetal injury. PMID- 3175653 TI - Expression of a calcium-mobilizing parathyroid hormone-like peptide in lactating mammary tissue. AB - A survey of rat tissues by RNA analysis, aimed at uncovering the physiological function of the parathyroid hormone-like peptide (PTH-LP) associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy, revealed the presence of a 1.5-kilobase messenger RNA encoding this peptide in lactating mammary glands. PTH-LP messenger RNA is expressed in mammary tissue only during lactation; it appears and disappears rapidly (2 to 4 hours) as a function of the sucking stimulus. The identity of this messenger RNA was confirmed by cloning the rat PTH-LP complementary DNA, which predicts a peptide with strong similarity to the human homolog. Moreover, extracts from lactating mammary tissue stimulated parathyroid hormone-dependent adenylate cyclase. These findings suggest that PTH-LP plays a physiological role in lactation, possibly as a hormone for the mobilization or transfer (or both) of calcium to the milk. PMID- 3175654 TI - Crystallographic citations. PMID- 3175655 TI - Relman on Maddox. PMID- 3175656 TI - EPA sets new policy on pesticide cancer risks. PMID- 3175657 TI - Congress passes first AIDS bill. PMID- 3175658 TI - USDA fights to repel African bees' invasion. PMID- 3175659 TI - Family planning: a growing gap. PMID- 3175660 TI - HTLV-I: to test or not to test. PMID- 3175661 TI - New clues about Kaposi's sarcoma. PMID- 3175662 TI - MyoD1: a nuclear phosphoprotein requiring a Myc homology region to convert fibroblasts to myoblasts. AB - Expression of a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the mouse MyoD1 protein in a variety of fibroblast and adipoblast cell lines converts them to myogenic cells. Polyclonal antisera to fusion proteins containing the MyoD1 sequence show that MyoD1 is a phosphoprotein present in the nuclei of proliferating myoblasts and differentiated myotubes but not expressed in 10T1/2 fibroblasts or other nonmuscle cell types. Functional domains of the MyoD1 protein were analyzed by site-directed deletional mutagenesis of the MyoD1 cDNA. Deletion of a highly basic region (residues 102 to 135) interferes with both nuclear localization and induction of myogenesis. Deletion of a short region (residues 143 to 162) that is similar to a conserved region in the c-Myc family of proteins eliminates the ability of the MyoD1 protein to initiate myogenesis but does not alter nuclear localization. Deletions of regions spanning the remainder of MyoD1 did not affect nuclear localization and did not inhibit myogenesis. Furthermore, expression of only 68 amino acids of MyoD1, containing the basic and the Myc similarity domains, is sufficient to activate myogenesis in stably transfected 10T1/2 cells. Genetic analysis maps the MyoD1 gene to mouse chromosome 7 and human chromosome 11. PMID- 3175663 TI - Constraint of the translational diffusion of a membrane glycoprotein by its external domains. AB - The translational diffusion of wild-type and underglycosylated molecules of a membrane-integral glycoprotein the Ld class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen has been measured. The Ld mutant molecules, which lack one or more glycosylation sites, had larger translational diffusion coefficients, D, than did wild-type Ld molecules glycosylated at three sites. The increase in D is linear with loss of glycosylation. The highest value of D approaches that for translational diffusion of molecules constrained only by viscosity of the membrane lipid bilayer. These results indicate that the external portions of cell surface glycoproteins interact significantly with other nearby molecules. PMID- 3175664 TI - A graph-dynamic model of the power law of practice and the problem-solving fan effect. AB - Numerous human learning phenomena have been observed and captured by individual laws, but no unified theory of learning has succeeded in accounting for these observations. A theory and model are proposed that account for two of these phenomena: the power law of practice and the problem-solving fan-effect. The power law of practice states that the speed of performance of a task will improve as a power of the number of times that the task is performed. The power law resulting from two sorts of problem-solving changes, addition of operators to the problem-space graph and alterations in the decision procedure used to decide which operator to apply at a particular state, is empirically demonstrated. The model provides an analytic account for both of these sources of the power law. The model also predicts a problem-solving fan-effect, slowdown during practice caused by an increase in the difficulty of making useful decisions between possible paths, which is also found empirically. PMID- 3175665 TI - Heat shock is lethal to fibroblasts microinjected with antibodies against hsp70. AB - Synthesis of a small group of highly conserved proteins in response to elevated temperature and other agents that induce stress is a universal feature of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Although correlative evidence suggests that these proteins play a role in enhancing survival during and after stress, there is no direct evidence to support this in mammalian cells. To assess the role of the most highly conserved heat shock protein (hsp) family during heat shock, affinity-purified monoclonal antibodies to hsp70 were introduced into fibroblasts by needle microinjection. In addition to impairing the heat-induced translocation of hsp70 proteins into the nucleus after mild heat shock treatment, injected cells were unable to survive a brief incubation at 45 degrees C. Cells injected with control antibodies survived a similar heat shock. These results indicate that functional hsp70 is required for survival of these cells during and after thermal stress. PMID- 3175666 TI - Parallel integration of vision modules. AB - Computer algorithms have been developed for several early vision processes, such as edge detection, stereopsis, motion, texture, and color, that give separate cues to the distance from the viewer of three-dimensional surfaces, their shape, and their material properties. Not surprisingly, biological vision systems still greatly outperform computer vision programs. One of the keys to the reliability, flexibility, and robustness of biological vision systems is their ability to integrate several visual cues. A computational technique for integrating different visual cues has now been developed and implemented with encouraging results on a parallel supercomputer. PMID- 3175667 TI - Preparing the ground for biotech tests. PMID- 3175668 TI - Is Soviet psychiatry changing its ways? PMID- 3175670 TI - Living in the fast track makes for small brains. PMID- 3175669 TI - France failing to build on early AIDS research? PMID- 3175671 TI - Trees from genes and tongues. PMID- 3175672 TI - Evolutionary social psychology and family homicide. AB - Homicide is an extreme manifestation of interpersonal conflict with minimal reporting bias and can thus be used as a conflict "assay." Evolutionary models of social motives predict that genetic relationship will be associated with mitigation of conflict, and various analyses of homicide data support this prediction. Most "family" homicides are spousal homicides, fueled by male sexual proprietariness. In the case of parent-offspring conflict, an evolutionary model predicts variations in the risk of violence as a function of the ages, sexes, and other characteristics of protagonists, and these predictions are upheld in tests with data on infanticides, parricides, and filicides. PMID- 3175674 TI - Hypertriglyceridemia, arteriosclerosis, and thrombosis: II. September 21-23, 1987, Washington, D.C. Proceedings. PMID- 3175673 TI - Xeroderma pigmentosum group E cells lack a nuclear factor that binds to damaged DNA. AB - The disease xeroderma pigmentosum is characterized by deficient repair of damaged DNA. Fusions of cells from different patients have defined nine genetic complementation groups (A through I), implying that DNA repair in humans involves multiple gene products. In this report, an extension of the gel electrophoresis binding assay was used to identify at least one nuclear factor that (i) bound to DNA damaged by ultraviolet radiation or the antitumor drug cisplatin, but (ii) was notably absent in cells from complementation group E. Therefore, the factor appears to participate in a versatile DNA repair pathway at the stage of binding and recognition. PMID- 3175675 TI - Nursing unites to resolve the nursing shortage. PMID- 3175676 TI - The role of the gerontological nurse practitioner. PMID- 3175677 TI - Nurses oppose AMA proposal for minimally trained technologists. PMID- 3175678 TI - Statewide project for nursing and nursing education. PMID- 3175679 TI - Transplant evaluation. PMID- 3175680 TI - Transplantation: the realization of a dream. PMID- 3175681 TI - The role of nuclear medicine in three permanent total artificial heart recipients. AB - A total of 13 nuclear medicine studies were performed on three permanent total artificial heart (TAH) recipients at Humana Hospital-Audubon. Preoperative radionuclide studies were performed to evaluate left ventricular function for all three patients. Contrast studies were contraindicated because of impaired renal function. Two of the patients had renograms to assess renal function. The two patients who had strokes received 111In Oxine-labeled platelet scans to determine the presence of thrombi in the atria or TAH. No thrombi were evidenced. At autopsy, several septic thrombi were found, none of which contained a detectable amount of platelets. PMID- 3175682 TI - Radionuclide angiography in the evaluation of arterial and venous grafts. AB - Isotope angiography has proven to be a safe, rapid, accurate, economical, and essentially painless minimally invasive technique for the evaluation of the integrity of native and transplanted vessels. It may be used as a screening procedure for preoperative evaluation of the major vascular tree and for periodic reevaluation of the continuing patency of native and transplanted vessels. PMID- 3175683 TI - Flip-flop phenomenon seen in 131I Hippuran renal scintigraphy. PMID- 3175684 TI - Issues in clinical research. PMID- 3175686 TI - Recent advances in the management of hematologic malignancies. PMID- 3175685 TI - Guidelines for the reporting of clinical trials. PMID- 3175687 TI - From research to approved treatment: overcoming the obstacles. AB - The translation of promising early clinical results into approved therapy for cancer patients is often very difficult. To gain Food and Drug Administration approval, a new agent must be shown to be safe and effective, but the accepted endpoints for demonstrating efficacy, such as improved patient survival, are frequently inappropriate to clinical trials in oncological research. An examination of recent bases for granting FDA approval suggests that changes in research strategies that would allow, eg, the inclusion of improved quality of life and quantified and possibly descriptive data from phase II trials as demonstrations of an agent's efficacy would facilitate the licensing procedure. Additionally, the approaches used by insurance companies to control costs increasingly result in denial of coverage for patients in clinical trials. This problem may stem in part from a general lack of understanding of the nature of investigative therapy and the importance of clinical trials in delivering state of-the-art care to cancer patients. It is up to all oncologists to promote a better understanding of the procedures and benefits of clinical research, particularly in regard to reimbursement policies. PMID- 3175688 TI - Pathobiology of bilirubin and jaundice. PMID- 3175689 TI - Cervical spine annulus vacuum. AB - Thirty-eight annulus vacuums in 27 patients were analyzed with regard to location, configuration, and associated vertebral abnormalities such as degenerative changes, absent and compressed anterosuperior vertebral body corners, and annulus calcification. It is concluded that most annulus vacuums are a degenerative phenomenon at the attachment of the annulus to bone. These vacuums may be associated with other degenerative changes such as osteophytes and annulus calcification. Vacuums have a strong association with compressed anterosuperior corners. These deformed corners are thought to be early osteophytes and may be related to previous trauma, a vertebra with an absent corner, and/or normal motion. Small annulus vacuums adjacent to vertebral corners with a normal appearance are more likely to result from acute trauma. PMID- 3175690 TI - Conventional radiographic examination in the evaluation of sequelae after tibial plateau fractures. AB - Seventy patients with 72 conservatively treated tibial plateau fractures were re examined after an average of 5 3/4 years. Among 55 fractured knees with a primary articular depression of 1-20 mm, the depression was still present radiographically in 47 knees. No correlation existed between the persistent radiographic depression and function of the knee. Moderate to severe osteoarthrosis was found in 10 knees; in five of these the osteoarthrosis was of clinical importance. More than 10 degrees of valgus/varus deformity was present in two knees. In two patients osteotomy had been performed to correct deformity. It is concluded that a persistent radiographic articular depression is of no clinical importance in tibial plateau fractures treated by conservative methods, which include early movement of the knee. The radiographic examination, however is, useful in the evaluation of valgus/varus deformity and osteoarthrosis. PMID- 3175691 TI - Computed tomography of desmoid tumors of bone: desmoplastic fibroma. AB - Desmoplastic fibroma of bone is a rare benign tumor, first described by Jaffe in 1958. Since then approximately 80 cases have been reported in the long bones, although the tumor also involves the jaw bones, particularly the mandible. The plain film features consist of a lytic, expansile lesion, usually in the metaphysis of bone, sometimes extending into the soft tissues. We present two cases involving the long bones in which the correct diagnosis was suggested by computed tomography (CT). The CT appearance of the lesions is described. PMID- 3175692 TI - A cross-sectional study of age-related loss of mineral content of phalangeal bone in men and women. AB - The bone mineral content of the second phalanx of the second digit was studied by quantitative microdensitometry. It is concluded that age-dependent loss of bone is a generalised phenomenon in men and women that occurs at different rates at different ages. In women, an accelerated rate of bone loss is observed between 50 and 57 years of age; in men such an acceleration is observed after 68 years of age. It appears that in a selected "ideal" population (with no disease or medication that may influence bone metabolism) the rate of bone mineral loss in women of 50-57 years of age is greater than in an unselected normal population. Furthermore, especially in the 50-57 years age group, the rate of loss at the mid shaft of the phalanx in women is higher than at a site 25% from the proximal end. In men the rate of bone mineral loss at the 25% site exceeds that at midshaft, especially in the 68-75 year age group. PMID- 3175694 TI - Avascular bone necrosis in an untreated case of chronic myelogenous leukemia. AB - Hip pain due to aseptic necrosis of the femoral head was the first clinical manifestation of chronic myelogenous leukemia in a 9-year-old white female. An erroneous diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was first entertained. Physical examination showed splenomegaly, complete blood count revealed leucocytosis of 359,000. The initial radiograph of the involved hip was negative. Biopsy revealed aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) was diagnosed on the basis of the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow biopsy. Two months later, radiograph, radionuclide bone scan, and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) of the involved hip were positive for aseptic necrosis of the femoral head. PMID- 3175693 TI - Circumscribed lytic lesions of the thalassaemic skull. AB - Solitary or multiple circumscribed osteolytic areas are described in seven patients, selected from 250 patients with homozygous beta-thalassaemia (Cooley's anaemia). On X-ray examinations, these areas appear as purely osteolytic lesions with well-defined margins not associated with sclerosis. The possible mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 3175696 TI - Case report 490: Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the pubis. PMID- 3175695 TI - Case report 481: Benign intraosseous fibroma (desmoplastic fibroma) associated with Paget disease of the iliac bone. PMID- 3175697 TI - Case report 491: Stress fracture of the right sacrum. PMID- 3175698 TI - Case report 492: Chondrosarcoma of right ischium developing in a patient with Maffucci syndrome. PMID- 3175699 TI - Case report 493: Neuroblastoma of the left ilium with disseminated bony metastasis. PMID- 3175700 TI - Case report 495: Osteochondroma-like femoral lesions due to chronic professional stress in a Swiss cheese-maker. PMID- 3175701 TI - Marriage and the psychological consequences of a heart attack: a longitudinal study of adaptation to chronic illness after 3 years. AB - As part of a larger study on recovery from myocardial infarction in a national sample of male cardiac patients, data was collected on slightly under 400 men and their wives over a 5-year period. This longitudinal data set was used to investigate the role of patient health cognitions and marital factors on long term psychological response to the illness. Negative appraisals of threat and loss due to cardiac impairment/disability were found to be the best predictor of anxiety and depression at 3-4 years after hospitalisation. Patient cognitions appeared to be a chief mediator of medically-defined illness. Supportive marital environments were defined by scales measuring intimate attachment and spouse conflict. The latter was found associated with negative health cognitions and elevated anxiety. High intimacy marriages appeared to provide adequate social support, and the level of intimacy between the spouses was inversely related to the level of depressed mood. These findings were suggestive of a buffering effect of the patient's social support system. Other predictors, including the type A pattern, 'vital exhaustion', and social class were investigated as components of a multifactorial model for clinical screening purposes. PMID- 3175702 TI - The single parent family and the child's mental health. AB - The prevalence of psychiatric and psychosomatic disorders in a 1 year birth cohort from northern Finland followed up until 19 years was examined on the basis of hospital records and national registers for subsidies for chronically sick children. Psychiatric disorders were found to occur with higher frequency in children of single parent families, especially those lacking a father during the child's whole life. Childhood enuresis was most frequent in the children who had experienced the divorce of their parents. Discriminant function analysis was used to establish the explanatory value of the family constellation for both psychiatric disorders and enuresis. The other significant explanatory variables for psychiatric disorders were school performance, place of residence and the child's height at 1 year of age, with poor school performance, high population density and short stature increasing the risk. The other significant variables increasing the risk of enuresis were psychiatric disorders, poor school performance, juvenile smoking and small size of dwelling. Disabled children had psychiatric disorders 9 times as frequently as non-disabled ones. PMID- 3175703 TI - Psychiatric disorders and selected variables among medical students in Belgrade (Yugoslavia). AB - The mental health of a group of 523 medical freshmen (97% of the respective population) was assessed 1 month after enrollment. Students with psychiatric impairment (84 or 16.1%) were compared with those assessed to be mentally healthy in respect of a number of variables. Cluster, correlation, and principal component analyses revealed that psychiatric disorders were related to the result of the screening test, in a lesser degree to the test anxiety, and not at all to any of the other tested variables (separation from parents, family completeness, education of parents, number of siblings, number of employees in the family, grade point average in high school, and smoking). PMID- 3175704 TI - The jungle and the aroma of meats: an ecological theme in Hindu medicine. AB - In classical Ayurvedic medicine, the jungle is the dry land of the Punjab and the Delhi Doab, an open vegetation of thorny shrubs. The polarity of dry lands and wet lands framed not only the whole Ayurvedic materia medica, but also the more general conception of a cosmic physiology governed by Agni (the sun) and Soma (the dispenser of the rain). Clearing the land and draining the body were two aspects of one and the same art of managing the transactions of all sorts of vital fluids, saps, juices, savors and humors. Medicine in the context of thought and practice associated with the jungle was, and still is in modern India, a kind of agriculture. PMID- 3175705 TI - Confrontation and politeness strategies in physician-patient interactions. AB - The therapeutic success of physician-patient interactions depends in large part on how physicians interpret and respond to patients' implicit and explicit messages. Using a hypothetical vignette, in which a patient refuses to comply with a recommended therapeutic regimen, we found that first-year medical students with no classroom training in medical interviewing implicitly recognized that the situation called for face preserving or polite linguistic behavior. Ninety percent of them used culturally sanctioned politeness forms to repair the conversational breakdown depicted in the vignette. They responded to this clinical scenario, however, with linguistic behaviors borrowed from their everyday interactions, some of which were culturally appropriate, but not necessarily therapeutic. We suggest that students can learn to adapt their culturally appropriate behaviors and engage in therapeutic communication as physicians if they are given the necessary conceptual tools. We discuss how Brown and Levinson's theories of politeness and strategic language usage can (1) provide a framework for interpreting communication in general and physician patient interaction in particular, (2) illuminate some of the problems inherent in doctor-patient encounters, and (3) be used prescriptively for teaching students and health professionals how to avoid some communication difficulties. PMID- 3175706 TI - Unemployment and psychiatric distress: social resources and coping. AB - Unemployment is viewed as one of the more stressful of life events that an adult can experience. Job loss leads to decreased social status, disrupts family and social roles, produces financial strain, and loss of self esteem, all of which have detrimental consequences for mental health. We studied psychiatric symptoms in 269 unemployed adults with dependent children in Baltimore; one-half of the sample had returned to work 1 year following unemployment. A comparison group of 92 community residents who were continuously employed were also interviewed. Using a stressful life events perspective, we examined three models of how life events relate to psychiatric distress suggested by Dohrenwend and Dohrenwend [1. Social Status and Psychological Disorder: A Causal Inquiry. Wiley, New York, 1969. 2. Am. J. commun. Psychol. 9, 128, 1981]. Our results support an 'additive burden' model of the stress process, which also shows recovery in mental health functioning upon subsequent reemployment. We suggest that the models tested did not take into account the meaning of the life event in terms of failure and that this meaning may influence its impact on psychological distress. PMID- 3175707 TI - Unintended pregnancies that lead to babies. AB - Among a random sample of women giving birth to a live baby in 1984 in England, just over a quarter described the pregnancy as unintended. This, together with the ratio of legal terminations to live or still births, suggests that about two fifths of conceptions are unintended. Data from the study suggest that babies resulting from unintended pregnancies are somewhat disadvantaged physically as well as socially, while maternity services may contribute to the disadvantages. PMID- 3175708 TI - Predicting the effect of hospital closure on hospital utilization patterns. AB - Geographic patterns of hospital utilization were analyzed before and after the closure of Sydenham hospital in New York City. The purpose was to determine the accuracy with which hospital utilization patterns after closure could be predicted using standard spatial interaction modeling procedures. Gravity models were calibrated to represent travel to hospitals before and after closure for patients residing in Sydenham's primary service area. Using three variables, hospital size, distance and type, the models accurately described utilization patterns in each year. The distance parameter, however, changed substantially between the 2 years. In addition large errors were observed when the model calibrated before closure was used to predict utilization patterns afterward. The geographic distribution and likely causes of errors were analyzed, along with their implications for spatial modeling efforts. PMID- 3175709 TI - Psychotropic drug use in a Swedish community--patterns of individual use during 2 years. AB - Psychotropic drug use in a Swedish community with a general population of about 20,000 was studied using data from a research registry on prescriptions. Patterns of individual psychotropic drug use during 2 years, 1980 and 1981, were analyzed. Use during the second year was studied in relation to use during the first year, and individuals with continued and new use were identified. About two thirds of those who obtained psychotropics during the first year continued using such drugs during the following year. Among those with no use during the first year, 6% obtained psychotropic drugs during the second year. Both continued and new use increased with age. Psychotropic drug use was nearly twice as common among women as compared to men among new users, whereas practically no sex difference was observed in continued use among previous users of psychotropics. Despite the finding that male psychotropic drug users were almost as likely as females to continue using these drugs, the overall proportion of continuous users in the population remained considerably higher among women as compared to men. The results from this study suggest that the greater use of psychotropics among women can be explained by a greater extent of occasional use as well as continuous use among women as compared to men. PMID- 3175710 TI - A comparison of two survey measures of health status. AB - Health service planning requires information on levels of health and illness in the population. Surveys, such as the British General Household Survey (GHS) rely on self-reports of health, illness and restriction, but interpretation of results is problematic. Multi-item measures such as the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) tap different aspects of health and allow respondents less freedom to define health and illness. In a survey of 1862 adults, health questions from the GHS and the NHP were used, and the results compared. Responses to GHS questions were associated with NHP scores, but the strength of the associations between the four GHS questions and the six NHP items varied considerably. Reporting a recent restriction was only weakly associated with NHP scores. Associations between GHS questions and NHP scores were weakest for the NHP items measuring emotional reactions, sleep and feelings of social isolation. Reporting good health or no illness in response to GHS questions was no guarantee that respondents experienced no health problems. Those who use health data from the GHS, NHP or similar surveys should look closely at whether such data provide appropriate information for their purposes. PMID- 3175711 TI - A psychosocial perspective in the explanation of patients' drug-taking behavior. AB - The goal of this study was to examine the applicability of the Health Belief (HBM) and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) models in predicting drug-taking compliance behavior among female patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Thirty-eight percent of the respondents were compliant, 25% finished all of their medication, but missed one or more doses during the course of therapy, and 37% did not finish all of their medication as directed. Two HBM and three TRA variables had a statistically significant relationship with compliance: barriers and benefits (HBM) and belief strength, outcome evaluation, and behavioral intention (TRA). HBM variables explained 10% of the variance in the compliance variable. Adding the TRA variables to the model explained an additional 19% of the variance. Social influence variables (normative expectations, motivation to comply, and subjective norms) had a significant influence in the prediction of behavioral intention, but not in the prediction of compliance behavior. Suggestions for improving compliance based on these findings include: simplification of drug therapy by customizing and simplifying the regimen, continued patient reminders of the therapy's value, and benchmarks for patients to evaluate the success or failure of therapy. A frank and open discussion from the start of therapy about its complexity, the medication's side effects, time and fiscal constraints, and other factors which may modify patients' perception of the likelihood of compliance is an important key to improving patients' compliance behavior. PMID- 3175712 TI - Self-medication among primary care patients in Farazdak Clinic in Riyadh. AB - Four hundred and thirty new adult patients were interviewed using a questionnaire for their attitudes and practices regarding self-medication. 69% of the patients were males and 40% were Saudis. 58% of the patients attempted self-medication due to the triviality of their symptoms or to save time and money. They used mostly analgesics, vitamins, tonics and oral antibiotics. 41.6% of the patients did not practise self-medication because of lack of information about the drugs or for fear of complications. Self-medication was associated with literacy and morbidity. Literate patients self-medicated significantly more than illiterates. Patients who perceived their symptoms as minor self-medicated significantly more than those who perceived them as major. No association was found between self medication and age, sex or occupation. PMID- 3175713 TI - Inequalities? Social class differentials in health in British youth. AB - In the British context, there is a widespread assumption that inequalities in health between social classes are a persistent feature of the life-course, an assumption appearing most plausible by reference to the more accessible published statistics on the issue. However, the age-bands typically employed are in fact so broad as to obscure important life-stages altogether. One such stage is youth which on the evidence of the major indicators of mortality, chronic illness and self-rated health is characterised more by the absence than presence of class gradients. That social class differentials re-emerge quite dramatically after this relative equalisation in youth has implications for the broader debate about the explanation of inequalities in health. PMID- 3175714 TI - AIDS and the human community. AB - This paper examines ethical behavior in the face of the threat posed by the AIDS epidemic from the vantage point of: (1) different ways of looking at communal structure; (2) notions of justice and of 'rights' which develop from different ways of looking at community; and (3) views of the 'natural lottery' and of self causation linked to attitudes towards community, justice and 'rights'. Possibilities of resolution are then examined briefly addressing problems of: (1) nonvoluntary testing of persons, and of reporting and restricting those believed to be infected; (2) professional responsibility towards the infected; and (3) communal responsibilities to those infected with AIDS. Communities which hold freedom (and its corollary autonomy) to be an absolute and which see beneficence as a 'nice' but nonmoral quality, will refrain from nonvoluntary testing, reporting and restricting. Professionals in such communities will view themselves as bureaucrats of health, their obligations restricted by explicit contract. Such communities will hold the 'natural lottery' (strengthened by notions of self causation) to be at fault for all illness. It, therefore, would perceive no obligation to aid patients afflicted by AIDS or other misfortune. Communities of this sort, it is argued, when they feel sufficiently threatened by epidemics may (when they finally abrogate their principles or redefine the problem by excluding patients as members of the community) resort to extreme and no longer limited measures. The paper concludes that most look at community as constituted by more than the minimal obligations of refraining from harm to one another and include beneficence among the moral obligations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3175715 TI - The expectation of life without disability in England and Wales. AB - This paper calculates the Expectation of Life Without Disability (ELWD) for England and Wales, following the method of Robine et al. (Population 6, 1025 1042, 1986), using a question about limiting long-standing illness from the General Household Survey. Trends over the last decade are estimated. At present ELWD from birth is about 59 years for men, 62 for women. The trend is upward, but by no more and possibly less than the rate of increase in expectation of life. Men live a greater proportion of their lives without disability than do women. The improvement in ELWD is most marked in the highest age-groups, but the evidence is that the health of the elderly in relation to that of the population as a whole has been poorer in England and Wales than in two other countries for which similar evidence is available. PMID- 3175717 TI - Traditional medicine and the stakes of legitimation in Senegal. AB - Traditional medicine has been recently confronted by a new phenomenon in Senegal: the quest for new sources of legitimation. The cases presented here--an association of traditional practitioners, an encyclopedia of traditional knowledge and a controversy on a traditional leprosy center--illustrate the three following points: healers who are the most inclined to search for official recognition are also those who have the weakest traditional legitimacy; actors who claim for official recognition of healers reinforce at the same time their own legitimacy; and these new principles of legitimacy necessitate authorities for legitimation situated outside the scientific world. This Weberian analysis seems more accurate than usual descriptions of traditional medicines to explain the work of redefinition of social boundaries in the medical field. Far from being limited to Senegal, these stakes of legitimation can also be observed in other African countries and even in industrial ones with the question of parallel medicines. PMID- 3175716 TI - Origins and stability of children's health beliefs relative to medicine use. AB - Two hundred and seventy urban school children and their primary caretakers (93% mothers) were interviewed in Washington, D.C., about their health beliefs and behaviors relative to medicine use and expected medicine use for common health problems to test hypotheses about the development of children's health beliefs and behaviors. Results indicated that mothers have a stronger influence on health related orientations of children than previously indicated and that these orientations are relatively stable by school age. Strong similarities were observed between primary caretakers and their children in a health belief based model to predict expected medicine use, and significant correlations between primary caretakers and children were observed for almost three-fourths of the variables in the model; correlations were not higher between mothers and older children than between mothers and younger children, nor were means of variables closer to those of mothers for older than for younger children. Most model variables were stable for children over a 3 year period, and measurement in the earlier period predicted medicine use and expected medicine use 3 years later. Only weak developmental effects were suggested, primarily by perceived vulnerability to illness, a powerful predictor in adult representations of the Health Belief Model, but relatively weak in children's representations. PMID- 3175718 TI - Health surveys in developing countries: the objectives and design of an international programme. AB - There have been calls recently for a major international effort to collect epidemiological information in developing countries. One approach to a World Health Survey is considered, namely single-round retrospective interview surveys. Surveys can contribute to the improvement of national health information systems by providing person-based, rather than episode-based, measures related to health that apply to the entire population. A programme of health interview surveys could be used to ascertain patterns of morbidity and mortality, to measure access to and use of health services and to develop and disseminate methodologies for collecting and analysing health related data. Single-round surveys could not be used to evaluate the impact of investments on health and would be of limited use for improving our understanding of the determinants of ill health. Attention is drawn to a number of conceptual, technical and logistic issues to be considered in the design of a World Health Survey. PMID- 3175719 TI - Immediate effectiveness of brief psychological training for health professionals dealing with terminally ill cancer patients: a controlled study. AB - The usefulness of a psychological training for health professionals dealing with terminally ill cancer patients is beginning to be widely recognized, but little has been done to elaborate its content and form. The study of the effectiveness of brief psychological training groups is of special interest for the quality of treatment to be achieved. The principal aim of the training group, assessed here, was to develop a better understanding of death and dying issues and ways to cope with them. Subjects (n = 122) who attended the training groups were compared to a control group (n = 43). Attitudes about oneself, toward illness and death, occupation, personal growth, and professional relationship were assessed with a semantic differential questionnaire before and after training. Results show a significant change in attitudes for the trained subjects. Subjects reporting more negative attitudes at the beginning of the training were those which benefit the most. The attitude change is a first step aimed at assessing the effectiveness of psychological training; it will be completed by the assessment of long term attitudes and behavior modifications of the health care professionals trained. PMID- 3175720 TI - Artificial insemination using donor semen and the issue of secrecy: the views of donors and recipient couples. AB - The issue of secrecy and artificial insemination using donor semen has psychosocial, moral and legal implications. These implications are explored within the context of New Zealand AID practice, and particularly, recent legislation aimed at clarifying the status of the child. The results of two studies, one covering 37 donors involved in six AID programmes and the other covering 55 couples who had been accepted into one of the same six programmes, insomuch as they relate to issues of secrecy, are reported. Recipient couples and donors, while thinking that secrecy is important, have told other people-a not dissimilar situation to what occurred in the adoption field 25 years ago. Forty one per cent of recipient couples and donors do not believe children should be told of their origins. A high 46% of couples had not yet decided if they would tell their child. Donors are almost equally divided over the child's right to non identifying information about them. Donors are more likely than recipient couples to believe that the child who knows s/he has been conceived via AID will want information about them. Only 11% of donors and 5% of couples believe a child would want to know the identity of the donor, although for three quarters of both groups the issue is far from clear. Donors were not as opposed to the possibility of tracing occurring as some doctors suggest. Response to questions concerning the legal position suggests there is considerable confusion amongst both groups. The overwhelming majority of couples were intending to place the husband's name on the birth certificate, regarding him as the father.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3175721 TI - Social support and recovery after surgery for breast cancer: frequency and correlates of supportive behaviours by family, friends and surgeon. AB - In a longitudinal study of recovery after surgery for breast cancer, subjects reported the frequency of, and their satisfaction with, various supportive behaviours on the part of family members, close friends and medical professionals. The reliability of the Multi-Dimensional Support Scale (MDSS) devised for this purpose is described. Measures of psychological, social and physical adjustment approached normality by 3 months post-operation. Frequency of support from all sources decreased as time from surgery passed, whilst satisfaction with support varied with the type of support given and the source from which it was received. Quite different patterns emerged in support needs from professional and non-professional sources, with empathic support being required from all sources, whilst informational support was desired from surgeons, rather than from family and friends. Further, subjects were more discriminating in the amounts of support required from family and friends, such that it was more likely for these sources to give unwanted support than it was for professional sources, from whom many subjects reported inadequate support. Satisfaction with social support was matched with measures of adjustment, and it was found that those satisfied with support from family members were significantly less anxious and depressed in hospital than were those who were not satisfied with support from this source. However, at 1 month post-operation, anxiety and depression levels were significantly related to satisfaction with support from surgeons; and at 3 months post-operation, anxiety and depression measures were significantly related to satisfaction with support from both family members and surgeons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3175722 TI - Comparison of infants dying from the sudden infant death syndrome with matched live controls. AB - Development, medical history and social background of 79 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and 79 age matched controls were compared. SIDS was associated with a high proportion of S.G.A. infants, more hospital admissions and increased reporting of symptoms, particularly irritability, by parents. Social factors did not play a significant role with no evidence of marked social deprivation or lack of caring in either group. When this background data from both groups was compared there was no evidence of reliable predictors of sudden infant death. PMID- 3175724 TI - Down to the wire. PMID- 3175723 TI - Social relationships and psychological well-being in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - This study examines the social relationships of a sample of 158 patients attending a hospital rheumatology clinic with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Scores of the sample were compared with those of other samples on the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). In addition the effects of severity of disease activity and of disability upon social relationships were examined. Diffuse social relationships such as with friends and acquaintances, rather than more intimate ones appear to be more affected in individuals with RA. Psychological well-being was assessed by means of two measures. The more favourably patients scored for social relationships, the more favourable were their scores for psychological well-being using both scores. More diffuse social relationships were more strongly correlated with psychological well-being than were the scores for more intimate relationships. Despite the strong effects of social relationships upon well-being, no buffering action on the effects of disability upon well-being were found. PMID- 3175725 TI - Feelings. PMID- 3175726 TI - Marijuana as a potential respiratory tract carcinogen: a retrospective analysis of a community hospital population. AB - Surgical pathology reports for the last four years were scanned for patients under the age of 40 with the diagnosis of respiratory tract carcinoma. A total of ten patients were identified and subsequently investigated for a history of marijuana use. Among these, seven revealed a history for significant exposure; five were categorized as heavy users and at least two as regular users. In view of these findings and a recent literature sampling, regular marijuana use appears to be an additional significant risk factor for the development of respiratory tract carcinoma. PMID- 3175727 TI - Disruption of the posterior pelvic ring caused by vertical shear. AB - Disruption of the posterior pelvic ring caused by vertical shearing forces is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We reviewed the intermediate results in 18 patients who had 20 disruptions of the posterior pelvic ring. Depending on the location of the injury, patients were treated by either skeletal traction or open reduction and internal fixation. Patients who had open reduction and internal fixation had a significantly shorter hospitalization, a shorter confinement to bed, a shorter time to full weight-bearing, and fewer early complications. In addition, on intermediate follow-up, these patients had less back and leg pain and fewer gait disturbances, and were more likely to be able to do heavy work. Further study is needed to determine whether these results will be preserved on long-term follow-up. PMID- 3175728 TI - Percutaneous fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis and management of mediastinal cysts in adults. AB - Management of asymptomatic mediastinal cysts in adults is controversial. In the past, these cysts were excised primarily to establish a diagnosis. Presently, computerized tomography (CT) of the chest can diagnose the majority of mediastinal cysts, based on their smooth contour and low density; however, CT diagnosis of a mediastinal cyst based on density can be erroneous. In six patients, we established the diagnosis of mediastinal cyst by percutaneous needle biopsy (PNB) without complication. In four of the patients, PNB was done as an outpatient procedure. Follow-up in five patients ranged from three months to three years, with no increase in the size of the cyst; in the sixth patient, surgical excision showed a hygroma. Thus, diagnosis of a mediastinal cyst can be safely confirmed by PNB. We suggest that these asymptomatic patients can be followed up without the need for surgical excision. PMID- 3175729 TI - Abnormalities of urine urobilinogen and urine bilirubin assays and their relation to abnormal results of serum liver function tests. AB - A prospective observational study of 324 cases was conducted in a busy ambulatory care setting to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and accuracy of spot urine urobilinogen and urine bilirubin assays as screening tests for serum liver function test (LFT) abnormalities. High positive predictive values (88% for at least one abnormal LFT) make the evaluation of positive urine screens detected during routine health care maintenance examinations imperative. Because extraneous factors may influence both urine and serum test results, however, urine assays obtained as a screening parameter in clinical presentations (abdominal pain, jaundice, constitutional symptoms, etc) have only limited clinical utility. The high proportion of false-negative results for both urine assays renders their statistical properties unacceptable as screens in these clinical situations. PMID- 3175730 TI - Cecal volvulus: review of 12 cases. AB - We reviewed the records of patients with cecal volvulus at three affiliated hospitals of Eastern Virginia Medical School to elucidate its incidence, patterns of presentation, and current methods of surgical management. We identified 109 patients in whom a discharge diagnosis of intestinal obstruction due to volvulus was made from 1966 to 1985. In 12 patients (11%) laparotomy showed the volvulus at the terminal ileum and cecum. The presenting symptoms in this group were distention in ten (83%), pain in seven (58%), obstipation or constipation in two (17%), and diarrhea in one (8%). Diagnosis was achieved by plain abdominal films in five (45%); barium enema was obtained in six patients and was diagnostic in five (83%). Two patients had delay in diagnosis with subsequent gangrene of cecum; one of them died. No deaths occurred in the group with viable bowel. Treatment was by simple detorsion without fixation in two (17%), detorsion with cecopexy in two (17%), tube cecostomy in three (25%), and ileocolectomy in three (25%). Simple detorsion was not followed by recurrence of the volvulus in any case in this series. Cecopexy for viable colon and ileocolectomy for gangrenous colon appeared to have the lowest rates of complications. PMID- 3175731 TI - Penetrating trauma to the buttock. AB - Penetrating trauma to the buttock is an injury with potential impact on multiple body systems. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with penetrating trauma to the buttock, to establish the frequency of system injury and related morbidity and mortality, and to make recommendations for the evaluation and management of these injuries. Among the 56 system injuries, soft tissue injuries predominated. Of the 25 operative procedures done, eight were for wound care and debridement and seven for rectal injuries; three were orthopedic, two vascular, three genitourinary, and one neurosurgical. One patient had examination under anesthesia, and one had laparotomy for missile trajectory. There were no deaths in this series. Morbidity consisted of nerve injury/defect in three patients, stroke in one patient, and impotence in one. An understanding of the systems at risk in penetrating buttock trauma is necessary for prompt multisystem work-up. PMID- 3175732 TI - Postoperative ketamine analgesia in children: efficacy and safety after halothane anesthesia. AB - This study was done to investigate the effectiveness and safety of ketamine analgesia after halothane anesthesia for surgery in children. After completion of a surgical procedure, ten children had ketamine (1 mg/kg) injected intravenously during maintenance of anesthesia with 1% halothane in a 60:40 nitrous oxide oxygen mixture. Cardiovascular parameters measured with noninvasive oscillometry and transthoracic impedance plethysmography remained unchanged after administration of ketamine. Excellent analgesia and a calm anesthetic recovery were produced, without detectable cardiovascular depression. When ketamine and halothane are administered in combination, careful restriction of dosages of these agents is recommended. Interaction of higher doses of ketamine and halothane has been reported to produce hypotension and bradycardia, which can be avoided with use of subdissociative, analgesic doses of ketamine during light halothane maintenance before emergence. After halothane anesthesia in healthy children, ketamine may be considered a suitable alternative to narcotics for postoperative analgesia. PMID- 3175733 TI - Evaluation and management of self-mutilation. AB - Instances of deliberate self-injury are observed in both psychotic and nonpsychotic individuals. Patients with command hallucinations, religious preoccupations, substance abuse, and social isolation are the most vulnerable. Persons who request unnecessary surgical procedures for bizarre reasons also are at high risk. Such behavior constitutes a medical, surgical, and psychiatric emergency. A thorough psychiatric evaluation is mandated in every case. Vigorous psychiatric treatment and follow-up care involving the full range of pharmacologic, somatic, and psychologic interventions are indicated. PMID- 3175734 TI - The right to privacy and the duty to protect. PMID- 3175735 TI - There oughtta be a law. PMID- 3175736 TI - Complex interaction of rifampin and warfarin. AB - Rifampin is known to lower plasma warfarin concentrations by increasing the rate of warfarin clearance. We have described a patient in whom an additional potentiating influence on warfarin effect was observed during treatment with rifampin and isoniazid. After cessation of rifampin and isoniazid, prothrombin time was maintained within the same range by a 50% reduction of warfarin doses, despite a twofold rise in the plasma warfarin concentration. This rise in warfarin concentrations can be explained by the known mechanism by which rifampin increases warfarin clearance. After cessation of rifampin, warfarin fractional clearance decreased from 15.2 to 4.2 ml/min; however, the unchanged prothrombin time in the face of the increased warfarin concentration can be explained only by the removal of a potentiating effect that had been present during the coadministration of rifampin and isoniazid. It is likely that rifampin is responsible for this additional potentiating interaction, probably not through a change in warfarin binding, but through a differential effect on warfarin stereoisomer metabolism or through an altered dynamic effect. The role of isoniazid in this interaction cannot be completely ruled out. PMID- 3175737 TI - Ventral hernia in a massively obese patient: diagnosis by computerized tomography. AB - Although ventral hernias can usually be diagnosed by palpation, this method is imprecise in massively obese patients. In the case we have described, computerized tomography was used to confirm the presence of a ventral hernia in a morbidly obese woman. We recommend the use of this technique when a suspected ventral hernia cannot be diagnosed by routine methods. PMID- 3175738 TI - Secondary mania from cerebral embolization with nonfocal neurologic findings. AB - We have reported a unique example of an organic affective syndrome in a patient who had focal brain lesions, but whose initial neurologic examination was nonfocal. In retrospect, the only clue to an organic disorder was hyperreflexia in this patient with a history of alcohol abuse and clinical signs of a distal sensory neuropathy. This case emphasizes the importance of pursuing a neurologic work-up (including CT scan) in older patients with sudden mood changes, even in the absence of focal neurologic findings. PMID- 3175739 TI - Abdominal pain and sicklemia in a patient with sickle cell trait. AB - We have presented a case of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura initially misdiagnosed as sickle cell crisis. Based on the "history" of hemoglobin S disease, anemia, and the presence of apparent sickled cells on the peripheral blood smear, the diagnosis of sickle cell crisis seemed reasonable. The patient is described because of unusual features of the case, to emphasize again a hazard of sickle cell screening and the value of reviewing the peripheral blood smear in cases of anemia. PMID- 3175740 TI - Large fluid-filled thoracic mass in a young man. AB - As this case illustrates, lung cancer should be included in the differential diagnosis in a young person with fever, purulent sputum, and a large cystic mass on chest roentgenogram. An aggressive diagnostic approach including biopsy is recommended if symptoms do not respond to early treatment. PMID- 3175741 TI - Hydroxychloroquine sulfate and retinopathy. PMID- 3175742 TI - Binswanger's disease: a cause of dementia in the elderly. AB - Evaluation of dementia has expanded as our attention to the aged and their maladies has increased. Alzheimer's disease continues to occupy the number one position as a cause of dementia, but vascular dementia also assumes great importance as one of the preventable causes of mental deterioration. Binswanger's disease, a type of vascular or multi-infarct dementia, will be seen more as our diagnostic technologies improve. An appropriate clinical picture combined with normal laboratory values and a CT brain scan with white matter lucencies and frequent basal ganglia infarcts confirm the diagnosis of Binswanger's. Treatment is symptomatic, with prevention of further infarcts. PMID- 3175743 TI - Plasmacytic neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract in a patient with long standing monoclonal gammopathy. AB - We have reported the 21-year follow-up of a patient with progressive monoclonal IgG lambda gammopathy and recurrent pneumococcal infections who had diarrhea and weight loss. The serum IgG had risen from 2,850 mg/dl in 1966 to 6,120 mg/dl in 1986, but repeated evaluations had shown no evidence of myeloma or lymphoma. Evaluation revealed infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract by a plasmacytic malignancy with a surface heavy and light chain identical to her serum monoclonal band. PMID- 3175744 TI - "I swear by Apollo". PMID- 3175745 TI - Upper airway obstruction associated with large bore nasogastric tubes. PMID- 3175746 TI - On death and dying. PMID- 3175747 TI - Myasthenia gravis and Graves' disease. PMID- 3175748 TI - Fractures of the atlas vertebra. The two-part burst fracture of Jefferson. AB - Burst fractures of the atlas are usually diagnosed and treated as four-part fractures as described by Jefferson in 1920. Review of the literature, roentgenogram, computed axial tomography (CAT) scans, and laboratory studies, indicates that the burst fracture is usually, if not always, a two-part fracture. These findings are contrary to the accepted concept of burst fractures, and indicate that routine roentgenograms are not adequate for proper diagnosis. Also, with disclosure of the true nature of these injuries, there is indication for further consideration and study relating to treatment of these injuries. PMID- 3175749 TI - Treatment in fractures of the odontoid process. AB - Fifty-eight cases of odontoid fractures treated at Keio University Hospital and affiliate hospitals from 1965 through 1985 were reviewed. Six patients under age 7 years (group A), were characterized as having epiphysiolysis. Among 52 patients over 8 years of age (group B), there were two Type I, 31 Type II and 19 Type III fractures. All cases in group A were treated conservatively by a plaster cast or a neck brace, and achieved bony union in 6 to 27 weeks. Five of 24 fractures in group B, treated conservatively, failed to unite. Nineteen cases of Type II and six cases of Type III were treated surgically. Transoral fusion was performed in six cases, internal fixation using a compression screw in ten, bone peg fixation in one, posterior fusion in eight, and posterior decompression in one. Two cases treated with transoral fusion and two with screw fixation failed to unite. We recommend conservative treatment of group A patients, Type I, and acute cases of Type III with minimal displacement in group B. Surgery should be performed in acute cases of Type II, Type III with significant displacement, and nonunion cases in Type II and Type III. PMID- 3175750 TI - The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain. AB - Diagnostic cervical medial branch blocks and zygapophysial joint blocks were used to test the hypothesis that the cervical zygapophyseal joints can be the source of pain in patients with idiopathic neck pain. Complete temporary relief of all symptoms was obtained in 17 out of 24 consecutive patients. Two major groups of patients were those with neck pain and headache stemming from the C2-3 joints, and those with neck pain and shoulder pain stemming from the C5-6 joints. Internal-control observations in nine of the 17 patients established the diagnostic validity of the blocks used. The high yield of positive responders in this study probably reflects the propensity of patients with zygapophysial joint syndromes to gravitate to a pain clinic when this condition is not recognised in conventional clinical practice. PMID- 3175752 TI - TLSO treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. An analysis of the Wilmington jacket. AB - A retrospective study of one hundred female patients treated for idiopathic scoliosis using an underarm plastic thoracolumbar-sacral orthosis (TLSO) jacket was undertaken. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the Wilmington jacket, to search for clinical variables which could statistically predict success, and to evaluate preliminary results of parttime bracing in 25 patients. The following parameters were statistically evaluated by multiple regression analysis: age, sex, curve location, number of vertebrae in curve, Cobb angle, maturity (Risser sign, menarche), curve flexibility, and hours in the jacket. The overall success rate was 81%, and onset of menarche and Risser sign were statistically significant prognostic variables. Ten patients (10%) underwent posterior spinal fusion for curve progression. Bracing with an underarm scoliosis jacket is a successful method of treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in the immature spine. We do not recommend brace treatment for postmenarchal patients or patients with a Risser sign of Grade 1 or greater until curve progression has been observed. Furthermore, the Wilmington jacket appears to give similar results for part-time brace wearers. PMID- 3175751 TI - Cervical spondylotic myelopathy in the aged patient. A radiographic evaluation of the aging changes in the cervical spine and etiologic factors of myelopathy. AB - Cervical spondylotic myelopathy among older individuals was investigated radiographically in 42 patients over age 60 years, and compared with those of younger patients. The cervical spine in the aged patients displayed dynamic canal stenosis in addition to static canal stenosis based on the aging process. Myelography and computed tomography-myelography showed multisegmental lesions (average: 3.0 lesions), that contributed to the various clinical features of myelopathy. The upper disc levels of C3-4 and C4-5 had a tendency to be involved in the aged patients, and the spinal cords were extensively compressed as compared with the younger patients. Disc protrusion, posterior osteophyte, and retrolisthesis, in addition to ligamentous entrapments were the primary etiologic factors of myelopathy. Morphologically, the high prevalence of cord atrophy was seen on computed tomography-myelography in the aged patients. This indicated severe pathologic changes in the cervical spinal cord, and its prognosis was considered to be poor. PMID- 3175753 TI - Bilateral facet dislocations in the thoracolumbar spine. AB - Bilateral facet dislocation represents approximately 11% of all thoracolumbar spine injuries requiring surgical stabilization. The injury can be caused by either flexion distraction (29/30 cases) or by pure distraction (1/30). Recognition of the injury is possible on plain radiographs, and confirmed by the empty facet sign on the computed tomography (CT) scan. In contradistinction to other major spine injuries, the majority of patients present with complete neurologic lesions (21/30). Recovery of patients with incomplete lesions is frequent (5/6); however, recovery from complete lesions did not occur. Compression instrumentation is recommended for patients with complete lesions because it is stable and requires no external immobilization. Distraction instrumentation that imparts significant extension is advised for patients with incomplete lesions. It is safe and reliable, and eliminates the posterior bulging of the injured disc that can occur with compression. For low lumbar injuries where compression is desirable in order to achieve the shortest possible instrumentation, a discectomy is recommended. PMID- 3175754 TI - The neurological outcome following surgery for spinal fractures. AB - Sixty consecutive patients with spinal injuries and encroachment upon the spinal canal of greater than 20% were assessed for neurological outcome. The patients were divided into two groups, those undergoing posterior surgery alone, and those undergoing anterior surgery for formal decompression with or without anterior or posterior instrumentation. In those patients undergoing posterior surgery, an improvement rate in the neurological function of 83% was noted in patients with incomplete lesions, whereas an 88% improvement rate was found in those undergoing the anterior procedure. There was no statistical difference in outcome between these two groups. Positive correlations were found between the level of injury and Frankel grades. The cord lesions tended to demonstrate more severe neurological deficit, whereas the cauda equina lesions were associated with a lesser severity of neurologic deficit. A component of dislocation to the injury also resulted in a more severe neurological deficit. There was no apparent difference between the degree of bony encroachment of the spinal canal and the initial Frankel grade, nor was there a clear difference between those patients undergoing anterior versus posterior surgery. PMID- 3175756 TI - Histopathology of the intervertebral disc of progressive ankylosis mice. AB - The intervertebral disks of progressive ankylosis mice were examined at successive periods in order to describe the pathologic lesions involved and to explore possible relationships with any known human disorder. The techniques employed in this study showed the presence of necrotic foci of calcification that ultimately obliterated the anulus fibrosus. Following the appearance of these lesions, peripheral proliferation of hyaline cartilage appeared that eventually bridged adjacent vertebral bodies, calcified, and was replaced with bone. The results of this study support the hypothesis that the progressive ankylosis mouse has a disorder affecting mineralization. Although it does not exactly resemble any known human disorder, it should be an important model for studying both crystal deposition and abnormal mineralization of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage since many vertebral ankylosis disorders, as well as the normal aging process, involve increased mineralization. PMID- 3175755 TI - Spondyloarthropathy in progressive ankylosis (ank/ank) mice: morphological features. AB - Progressive ankylosis mice rapidly develop an ankylosing spondyloarthropathy that rapidly affects all of the articulations of the vertebral column. The disorder symmetrically affects the nonsynovial synchondroses and symphyses of the intervertebral spaces, the diarthrodial synovial apophyseal and costovertebral joints, and the sacroiliac joint. These joints present a clear progression from syndesmophyte formation through joint bridging to total fusion. The similarities and differences of the disorder identified in this mouse and human spondyloarthropathies are discussed. PMID- 3175757 TI - Networks of internal trunk-loading activities under controlled trunk-motion conditions. AB - Many attempts have been made to describe the activity of the internal trunk loading components (muscles and intra-abdominal pressure) in response to external forces acting on the trunk, as is often the case in the workplace. Most models that describe the activity of these internal components are static and do not consider the time series of events that occurs during performance of a task under dynamic conditions. This research has investigated the time sequence activity of ten trunk muscles and intra-abdominal pressure in ten males as they produced sagittally symmetric maximum trunk extension motions (lifting motions) at different velocities. These exertions include an isometric exertion and isokinetic exertions equal to 25, 50, 75 and 100% of a subject's maximum extension velocity. Several event times were noted for each internal trunk loading component, and hypothesis tests were performed to determine which of these event times were statistically different from each other under the various motion conditions. This information was used to construct networks of internal trunk-loading activities under the various motion conditions. Time-series events that occur under all conditions, as well as those that changed as a function of velocity, have been identified. This information will be useful for the construction of dynamic internal trunk models, and will facilitate the assessment of dynamic loading of the lumbar spine in the workplace. PMID- 3175758 TI - Congenital absence of lumbar articular facets with computerized axial tomography documentation. AB - The purpose of this report is to add five cases of congenitally absent lumbosacral facets with specific computerized axial tomography (CAT) documentation to the literature. This finding is not as uncommon as the literature suggests, and increased awareness of this entity will decrease its misinterpretation as a destructive lesion. PMID- 3175759 TI - Results of L4-L5 disc excision alone versus disc excision and fusion. AB - We evaluated the results of 85 patients having L4-L5 disc excision (52 having disc excision alone, and 33 having disc excision and fusion) using the Smiley Webster scale at an average follow-up of 7.3 years. Both groups (fusion and nonfusion) were comparable except that the nonfusion group had a significantly higher percentage of patients with a history of chronic back pain and degenerative changes on their initial radiographs. The fusion group had significantly better results compared with the nonfusion group (85% satisfactory results versus 39% satisfactory results). The most common cause of unsatisfactory results in the fusion group was pseudarthrosis (two) while progressive degenerative disc disease (18) and recurrent disc prolapse (eight) were the most common cause of unsatisfactory results in the nonfusion group. The overall reoperation rate was 9.4% (13.5% in the nonfusion group, and 3% in the fusion group. PMID- 3175760 TI - New uses and refinements of the paraspinal approach to the lumbar spine. AB - The paraspinal approach was described by our group in 1968. It differs from the approach described by Melvin Watkins in 1953 in that it is a longitudinal separation of the sacrospinalis group between the multifidus and longissimus, and not between the lateral border of the entire sacrospinalis group and quadratus lumborum. Also, Watkins removed a flake of the iliac crest with muscles attached, which he swung cranially and medially. This article also describes several refinements not mentioned in the original article and gives several new uses for the approach. Specifically, its use for removing a far lateral disc, decompressing a far out syndrome, inserting pedicle screws, and for decompressing the opposite side from inside the vertebral canal is described. PMID- 3175761 TI - Spondylolisthesis with unilateral pars interarticularis defect and contralateral facet joint degeneration. A case report. PMID- 3175762 TI - The name of the ring. The spelling of anulus fibrosus. PMID- 3175763 TI - Cloning and chromosomal location of human genes inducible by type I interferon. AB - When cells are treated with interferon several new proteins are induced. We have isolated by differential screening two cDNA clones corresponding to human genes inducible by IFN-alpha, termed IFI-4 and IFI-54K. The accumulation of the corresponding mRNA was followed as a function of either IFN dose or of time. The IFI-4 and IFI-54K genes, as well as two previously isolated IFN-inducible genes, namely the IFI-56K and low-molecular-weight 2-5A synthetase, were localized on the human chromosomes. Using cloned probes on Southern blots of DNA from a panel of rodent-human somatic cell hybrids, we have assigned the IFI-4 gene to chromosome 1 and the gene coding for the low-molecular-weight 2-5A synthetase to chromosome 12. We also showed that the IFI-54K and IFI-56K genes, unlike most of the IFN-inducible genes, are syntenic. They are both located on chromosome 10. In addition, evidence is given for the presence of a pseudogene homologous to IFI 56K on chromosome 13. PMID- 3175764 TI - DNA binding factors for the CpG-rich island containing the promoter of the human X-linked PGK gene. AB - The gene coding for the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) is X linked in mammals and has a G+C-rich 5' region characteristic of several constitutive genes. Despite the fact that PGK-1 is constitutively expressed, it is transcriptionally regulated in female cells by X chromosome inactivation. To study the expression and regulation of the PGK-1 gene, we have analyzed the binding of trans-acting factors to the 5' region of the PGK-1 gene. We detect at least three distinct binding activities that interact in a sequence-specific manner in vitro with at least six different sites in the 5' region. Two of these binding activities generate DNase I-protected footprints centered approximately 360 bp and 130 bp upstream of the transcription start point. We have examined the promoter specificity of the three binding activities in gel mobility-shift assays by competition with cloned promoter fragments of other genes. None of the binding activities interacts exclusively with X-linked promoters. However, one activity binds preferentially to G+C-rich promoters, and another activity appears to bind preferentially to only two of the promoters tested. Previous studies have demonstrated that one HpaII/MspI site, which is included within a footprinted region observed in this study, is fully methylated in the inactive X chromosome and totally unmethylated on the active X chromosome. Competition studies using synthetic oligonucleotides containing 5-methylcytosine at all CpG sites in this region demonstrate that DNA methylation does not significantly alter the affinity between the corresponding binding activity and this binding site. PMID- 3175766 TI - Three new complementation groups of temperature-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants defective in the endocytic pathway. AB - We describe here the results of complementation studies with six mutant Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing temperature-sensitive lesions affecting the endocytic pathway. The mutants were crossed with representatives of the End1 and End2 complementation groups identified previously by Robbins et al. (J. Cell Biol. 99:1296-1308, 1984). Two mutants, G.8.1 and 31.1, were members of the End1 complementation group. One mutant, 25.2, was a member of the End2 complementation group. The other three mutants each defined new complementation groups, which we have designated End3 (mutant G.7.1), End4 (mutant V.24.1), and End5 (mutant 42.2). Previous work on mutants of the End1, End2, and End3 classes had shown that these mutants were defective in endosomal acidification. We prepared postnuclear supernatants from mutants harvested at the nonpermissive temperature and compared their acidification activities, assessed by ATP-stimulated quenching of acridine orange. Members of the End1, End2, and End2 groups had reduced acidification activity, correlating with the acidification defects known to be expressed by these mutants. Strain V.24.1 (End4) also expressed a 40% reduction in acidification activity, while strain 42.2 (End5) had no reduction of acidification activity. PMID- 3175765 TI - Two pathways of transferrin recycling evident in a variant of mouse LMTK- cells. AB - We describe here the properties of a variant cell line, termed AF192, selected by exposing mouse LMTK- cells to a cytotoxic form of transferrin prepared by conjugating transferrin to diphtheria toxin. AF192 cells were mildly resistant to the transferrin-diphtheria toxin conjugate and were cross-resistant to the protein toxins modeccin, abrin, ricin, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. AF192 cells had an aberrant transferrin cycle characterized by an approximately 50% reduction in the rate of iron uptake from diferric transferrin, an approximately 25% reduction in the number of surface transferrin receptors, and a time course for transferrin recycling that resolved into two apparent first-order rate processes. The aberrant transferrin cycle was not the result of a failure of endocytosed transferrin to discharge iron; rather, part, but not all, of the transferrin taken up by AF192 cells was diverted to an intracellular site from which it was recycled very slowly. PMID- 3175767 TI - Assignment of gene for coagulation factor V to chromosome 1 in man and to chromosome 13 in rat. AB - Two different factor V cDNA fragments were used as hydridization probes in the chromosomal assignment of the human and rat factor V genes. A 1.6-kb EcoRI fragment was used as a hybridization probe to analyze a panel of human-rodent somatic cell hybrids. Cosegregation of factor V specific DNA restriction fragments with human chromosome 1 was observed. In addition, a panel of rat-mouse somatic cell hybrids was analyzed with another human factor V cDNA probe to localize the gene for rat coagulation factor V. In the rat, the gene for coagulation factor V was found to be located in chromosome 13. This is the first gene in the rat to be localized to chromosome 13. PMID- 3175768 TI - Assignment of human gene encoding testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase C to chromosome 11, region p14.3-p15.5. AB - The human gene coding for lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC), a testis-specific isozyme, has been assigned to a refined region of chromosome 11, p14.3-p15.5, in which the lactate dehydrogenase A gene (LDHA) also resides, by using somatic cell hybrids and in situ chromosome hybridization. This assignment clearly indicates the close physical proximity of the LDHC and LDHA genes and supports the evolutionary closeness of these two isozymes. PMID- 3175769 TI - [Sensitivity and dosage requirements of film-screen combinations]. PMID- 3175771 TI - [Quality control in thoracic diagnosis]. PMID- 3175770 TI - [Quality assurance in skeletal diagnosis]. PMID- 3175772 TI - [Quality assurance in computed tomography]. PMID- 3175773 TI - [Quality assurance in x-ray diagnosis. Concluding remarks and clarifications]. PMID- 3175774 TI - [Cases of infringement of principles of compulsory confidentiality by health personnel]. PMID- 3175775 TI - [Risk factors in fatal pulmonary embolism in patients who died in the surgical department]. PMID- 3175776 TI - [Adjuvant chemotherapy and mastectomy]. PMID- 3175777 TI - [Malignant gastric lymphomas]. PMID- 3175778 TI - [Congenital choledochal cysts]. PMID- 3175779 TI - [Prognosis of malignant colorectal tumors in people under 40 years of age]. PMID- 3175780 TI - [Preoperative preparation of the large intestine. Review of methods and possibilities]. PMID- 3175781 TI - [Long-term experience with rectal administration of metronidazole in the treatment of perforated appendicitis]. PMID- 3175782 TI - [Rare complications of nonspecific intestinal inflammations]. PMID- 3175783 TI - [Percutaneous puncture and drainage of abdominal abscesses using computerized tomography]. PMID- 3175785 TI - [Corrective surgery for protruding ears]. PMID- 3175784 TI - [How the surgeon can contribute to the treatment of extensive leg ulcers]. PMID- 3175788 TI - [Treatment of premature ejaculation with an alpha-blocker (phenoxybenzamine)]. PMID- 3175786 TI - [Risks of extensive bladder surgery in subjects with chronic obliterative arteriopathy of the legs]. PMID- 3175787 TI - [Use of artificial sphincters in the treatment of urinary incontinence]. PMID- 3175789 TI - [Clinical and bacteriologic study of aztreonam]. PMID- 3175790 TI - [A case of metastasis of a melanocarcinoma of unknown primary origin to the kidney pelvis]. PMID- 3175791 TI - [A new case of simultaneous bilateral seminoma of the testicle]. PMID- 3175792 TI - [Juvenile hypertension. Epidemiologic study in high schools of Ferrara]. PMID- 3175793 TI - [Prospectives of paired filtration dialysis]. PMID- 3175794 TI - [AIDS, narcotics, drugs: increasing impact on nephrology characterizing in the United States renal pathology signaling at an early stage the presence of the AIDS virus]. PMID- 3175795 TI - [Fibrous polyp of the ureter. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations on 6 cases]. PMID- 3175797 TI - [Total traumatic urethrovaginal detachment. Functional evaluation some time after repair]. PMID- 3175796 TI - [Bilateral renal adenocarcinoma. A case treated by right tumor excision and left nephrectomy]. PMID- 3175798 TI - [Local peptichemio prophylaxis in surface tumors of the bladder (Ta-T1 stage)]. PMID- 3175799 TI - [The computer in urodynamics]. PMID- 3175800 TI - [Evaluation indicators of the prophylactic medical examination of the population]. PMID- 3175801 TI - [Current problems of the prophylactic medical examination of miners who work in coal mines and the evaluation of its efficacy]. PMID- 3175803 TI - Relevance of medical school curricula to the needs of primary health care. PMID- 3175802 TI - [Evaluation of occupational risk factors in the occurrence of ischemic cardiopathy among workers in a large mechanical engineering factory]. PMID- 3175804 TI - Electroradiography and prospects of its scientific development. PMID- 3175805 TI - [The combined blood index--a new means of general clinical diagnosis]. PMID- 3175806 TI - [Temporary work incapacity due to essential arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3175808 TI - Childhood mortality in Cuba, 1959-1984. PMID- 3175807 TI - Some characteristics of the morbidity indices of the population of Budapest. PMID- 3175809 TI - [Inpatient morbidity and mortality of 15- to under-20-year-olds]. PMID- 3175810 TI - A comprehensive study of the way of life and health of the aged population. PMID- 3175811 TI - Utilization of the cytologic examination of sputum as a screening test in appraising the asbestosis risk. PMID- 3175812 TI - [Cytogenetic study of exudates secondary to hematologic processes]. PMID- 3175813 TI - [Toxicity and hematopoietic regeneration produced by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with neoplasia of the breast]. PMID- 3175814 TI - [Granulopoiesis and cytogenetic studies in chronic myeloid leukemia: their correlation with the clinical stage of the disease]. PMID- 3175815 TI - [Reference values of basic hematologic parameters. An adult population]. PMID- 3175817 TI - [Stereologic study of the fat cells in human bone marrow]. PMID- 3175816 TI - [Advanced abdominal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the child. Features and response to treatment]. PMID- 3175819 TI - [Association of alpha thalassemia and Hb G Philadelphia in a Spanish family]. PMID- 3175818 TI - [Isolation and initial characterization of a monoclonal antibody against blood group M]. PMID- 3175820 TI - [Megakaryoblastic leukemia (acute myelofibrosis): complete remission of a case with low-dose cytosine arabinoside]. PMID- 3175821 TI - [Incidence of mononuclear bone-marrow megakaryocytes in various hemopathies]. PMID- 3175822 TI - [Neuromeningeal involvement in myelodysplastic syndromes. 1st referred case]. PMID- 3175823 TI - Urologic surgery. PMID- 3175824 TI - Simple calculation of the unpaired t test. AB - Statistical evaluation of published research data is frequently difficult. A simple calculating equation, amenable to a pocket calculator, is presented, which allows statistical comparison of two groups of data when mean and standard error of the mean are known for each group. This equation is valid in all circumstances in which a t test can be applied, even if sample sizes or variances are unequal. Comparison with the standard published equations demonstrated identical results in all instances. This equation provides a simple method of calculating statistical significance when reading papers or attending meetings. PMID- 3175826 TI - The role of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and treatment of adult choledochal cyst. AB - Five patients with adult choledochal cyst were diagnosed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Four patients had type I and one patient had type III choledochal cyst with abnormal pancreaticobiliary duct anatomy. One patient had a tubular adenoma of the distal common bile duct. All patients were treated surgically (excision of cyst with biliary and enteric reconstruction in two patients; cystojejunostomy, two, and transduodenal sphincterotomy, one patient). The follow-up period ranged from two to nine years, with a mean of four years. One patient had recurrent cholangitis develop and was treated successfully by nasobiliary tube flushing. ERCP should be used when choledochal cyst is suspected by ultrasonography, aiming at demonstrating both biliary and pancreatic duct anatomy and enabling the planning of the surgical procedure. Nasobiliary tube flushing provides an alternative therapeutic modality in patients in whom surgical treatment is contraindicated. PMID- 3175827 TI - A safe technique for the placement of implantable vascular access devices in patients with thrombocytopenia. AB - This further modification of the Seldinger technique is offered as a safe and effective means of central venous access for placement of implantable infusion devices. It is especially useful in patients with severe thrombocytopenia, even when the cephalic vein is not large enough to accept the catheter directly. PMID- 3175825 TI - Surveillance for postoperative myocardial infarction after noncardiac operations. AB - Patients with postoperative myocardial infarction are frequently asymptomatic. Several follow-up strategies have been used to detect infarction or ischemia in asymptomatic patients. Different investigators have used quite different criteria to define patients at high risk. This study was done to evaluate these different approaches to selecting patients who should be monitored with electrocardiograms (ECG) or enzymes, or both, postoperatively, as well as different strategies for the timing of follow-up evaluation. A total of 232 patients, mostly hypertensive or diabetic, were evaluated before undergoing elective operations and were observed serially from the day of the operation until discharge or the sixth postoperative day with daily clinical evaluations, ECG and creatine kinase isoenzymes. Several follow-up strategies used in recent studies were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity in identifying the patient who had postoperative infarctions or ischemia. The most sensitive strategies would obtain ECG in asymptomatic patients on the day of the operation and the first two postoperative days. Several criteria for defining a high risk population were evaluated, including type of operation, age, history of cardiac disease, Goldman's cardiac risk classification and the results of the preoperative ECG. Monitoring of patients with an abnormal preoperative ECG would have identified 88 per cent of the patients with postoperative myocardial infarction and 63 per cent of the patients with definite ischemia. Goldman's risk class identified patients with a normal ECG who were at higher risk for postoperative ischemia. PMID- 3175828 TI - Side-branch uses in venous interposition grafting. AB - Vein graft side-branches may facilitate arterial reconstruction by a variety of methods. A short length of a large branch vein should be preserved during vein harvesting. It can later be used to the advantage of the surgeon or subsequently ligated. PMID- 3175829 TI - Technique and guidelines for needle localization biopsy of nonpalpable lesions of the breast. AB - The advances made in mammography, including its accuracy, safety and publicity, will lead to an increasing number of biopsies of the breast after needle localization. The surgeon must carefully evaluate the mammograms and orient the location of the tip of the wire with respect to the mammographic abnormality and the exact location within the breast. The technique described has been used in more than 600 instances. It has led to the detection of cancer in 20 per cent of nonpalpable suspicious mammographic findings. It is well tolerated, readily accomplished, cost effective and accurate. PMID- 3175830 TI - Simple instrument occlusion of the anterior visceral branches of the aorta during en bloc renal allograft procurement. PMID- 3175831 TI - Training program for transanal endoscopic microsurgery. AB - Televised endoscopy and the concept of the "assisted" endoscopic operation is of great help in teaching surgical endoscopic techniques. The use of training dummies provides a new method of training manual dexterity and surgical skills in special courses or in surgical skill laboratories. We have developed a training system for transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Operations with our technique were performed on 116 patients. Like other microsurgical techniques, our method requires a special introduction and intensive training. This paper presents our multistage, video-supported training course for teaching transanal endoscopic microsurgery. The one-day training session is divided into four steps: (1) becoming acquainted with the technology; (2) training on cloth phantom; (3) training on opened bowel; (4) training on closed bovine bowel distended by gas insufflation. Each step is introduced by a short videotape didactically demonstrating the particular aspects of the method. PMID- 3175833 TI - Endoscopic subfascial discission of perforating veins. AB - The insufficiency of perforating veins is thought to be crucial in the pathogenesis of varicose and postphlebitic ulcers as well as postoperative varicose vein recurrence. Their eradication is a valid and effective therapeutic concept. No presently available technique has yielded satisfactory results, hence our efforts to develop a new method: the endoscopic subfascial discission of perforating veins (ESDP). It involves performing a small incision in an area remote from the point of trophic disturbance and allows the operator to accurately and atraumatically perform a subfascial discission of the perforating veins where they join the deep veins under direct endoscopic control. Our initial experience with the technique showed promising results: 78%-93% good and very good results depending on the clinical parameters applied. These are the results of a follow-up period of up to 14 months. During that time, none of our patients developed a complication or recurrence. Our technique has many advantages over traditional techniques of perforator vein eradication: (1) more accurate localization; (2) improved wound healing, (3) dependable occlusion; (4) immediate postoperative mobilization of the patient. We feel that ESDP represents a major advance in the development of better methods of subfascial perforator vein eradication. Greater experience and a longer follow-up period will, however, be required to confirm this initial observation. PMID- 3175832 TI - Intra-articular knee injuries in racquet sports. A review of 128 arthroscopies. AB - Within the last decade, there has been a significant increase in racquet sport participation. The authors report that in a 5-year period, 17% of the injuries seen in a busy sports injuries clinic were associated with racquet sports, and over half of these were injuries to the knee. The findings are reported of those patients requiring knee arthroscopy, and the patterns of injury sustained are identified. Injuries to the knee in racquet sports are largely unavoidable and are inherent to the nature of the game. PMID- 3175834 TI - Syndrome of intradiscal lumbar herniation. Clinical presentation and management. AB - A syndrome of intradiscal lumbar herniation not associated with nerve root compression is described. The patients have a history similar to that seen in classic disk herniation, except the paresthesias and pain are "referred" roughly in a dermatomal distribution. On examination, limitation of range of motion of the back secondary to muscle spasm is noted; however, a positive straight leg raising test result is not. Objective neurological findings are much less obvious than with radiculopathy. These patients may have "weakness" from lack of effort on their part during the examination. There is noted asymmetry in appropriate reflexes and also in the sensory examination. Standard imaging examinations are equivocal. If explored surgically, the findings are relatively unimpressive. These patients, if correctly identified, may be candidates for percutaneous nuclectomy. PMID- 3175835 TI - Preservation of craniotomy bone flaps under the scalp. AB - Bone flaps are occasionally not replaced because of brain swelling or for other reasons. Various methods for preserving the free bone flaps have been described. Reimplantation of a free bone flap after a period of preservation outside the body, however, may be complicated by infection, and facilities for proper preservation under sterile conditions may not be available. We present a new technique for preserving the bone flap under the scalp until brain swelling has resolved. The bone flap is reimplanted 12-48 days later. No serious complications related to this technique have been encountered in the 37 patients in which it was used. PMID- 3175836 TI - Head trauma and nonsurvival--a sample survey. AB - A retrospective survivor study of 42 patients with severe brain and multisystem injury is presented. All patients were treated with vigorous trauma/neurosurgical techniques. Thirty-seven patients in this series had a Glasgow Coma Score of 3 at the initial examination, and none survived. Since all 37 patients at initial emergency room evaluation showed persistent apnea at 40-60 minutes after injury, a diagnosis of dead on arrival (DOA) might have been appropriate. Cost analysis shows that the direct cost for the 37 cases was $27,000 per patient, or $990,000 for the 37 patients with no survivors. A diagnosis of DOA would have been $200 per patient. Many implications can be derived from these figures. PMID- 3175838 TI - Incidence of seizures in patients with myelomeningocele: a multifactorial analysis. AB - To determine the role of ventricular shunts as a cause of seizures in children with hydrocephalus, 190 patients with myelomeningoceles were studied. There was a low incidence of seizures (2%) in the nonshunted patients in spite of a high incidence of ventriculomegaly, whereas the overall frequency of seizures in shunted patients was 22%. Further analysis indicated factors accountable for the increase. Only 9% of patients with shunts that had never required subsequent modification had seizures; however, 22% of the patients had seizures if they had required at least one modification for malfunction alone. Patients with a history of a shunt infection had a further increase in their likelihood of developing seizures to 47%. Information concerning the incidence of seizures by location of the shunt indicated no statistical difference between frontal and parietal entry points, with a frequency of 20% and 26%, respectively; however, there was a higher incidence of seizures in a small group of patients with shunts aberrantly placed in the posterior frontal lobe. PMID- 3175837 TI - Prognostic criteria for experimental protocols in pediatric brainstem gliomas. AB - Prognostic criteria were developed to select children with high-risk brainstem gliomas for experimental treatment with hyperfractionated radiation. Patients were required to have (a) tumors confined primarily to the brainstem; (b) positive findings in two of three groups of neurologic signs (cranial nerve deficits and long-tract and cerebellar signs), and (c) symptom duration of less than 6 months. The 18-month survival of only 1 of 33 evaluable patients suggests that these criteria did in fact select tumors of poor prognosis. Such noninvasive predictors provide a valuable means of selecting for experimental treatment those children who would not be expected to benefit from standard therapies for malignant brainstem tumors. These criteria do not require routine biopsy for prognostic purposes, and avoid exposing the children to unnecessary risk. PMID- 3175839 TI - Metastatic carcinoma to pituitary adenoma. Report of two cases. AB - The authors present two patients with symptomatic carcinomas which have metastasized to pituitary adenomas. Despite the advanced age of these patients, the preoperative clinical and radiologic evaluations were consistent with pituitary adenoma. There was no previous history of malignancy in either patient, and the symptomatic pituitary metastases were responsible for the initial presentations. A review of the literature is presented with emphasis on the incidence and possible factors responsible for tumors metastasizing to distant neoplasms. PMID- 3175840 TI - Radial artery graft for an extracranial-intracranial bypass in cases of internal carotid aneurysms. Report of two cases. AB - Two cases of internal carotid aneurysms, trapped and bypassed, by means of radial artery grafts are discussed. Neither case has permanent neurological deficit possibly because of an adequate blood supply via the radial artery graft bypass. Although the radial artery graft has been in common use among cardiac surgeons, it is still rare in the neurosurgical field. The advantage of the radial artery is discussed with comparison to other graft materials such as the saphenous vein and the superficial temporal artery. In properly selected cases, the radial artery graft is useful in preventing the ischemic damage caused by an aneurysm being trapped at the main arterial trunk. PMID- 3175841 TI - Symptomatic neuroepithelial cysts in the posterior cranial fossa. Immunohistochemical and electron-microscopic studies. AB - A 2-year-old boy had increased intracranial pressure and convulsions because of two extraventricular cysts in the posterior cranial fossa. Releasing the watery cyst contents resulted in disappearance of such clinical manifestations. Immunohistochemically, the epithelial cytoplasm of the cyst was strongly positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein. Electron-microscopically, the cells that lined the cysts had microvilli which were coated with finely granular material to represent "fuzzy" coat, intercellular junctions linking the plasma membranes of adjacent cells, and numerous cytoplasmic glial filaments. The strong positivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein, then, is well correlated with an abundance of the latter. Cilia were also identified. Thus, the cysts were unequivocally neuroepithelial (ependymal) cysts. Only nine cases of neuroepithelial cysts in the posterior cranial fossa, including the current one, have been reported. Three patients were children; six were adults. The age of the patients ranged from 7 months to 60 years. The average age was 21.7 years The sex was known in eight patients with a male to female ratio of 3:5. The pathogenesis of these neuroepithelial cysts was proposed as related to developmental anomalies. PMID- 3175842 TI - Traumatic giant aneurysms of the intracranial carotid artery presenting long after head injury. AB - Three patients presented with giant aneurysms of the intracranial internal carotid artery that became symptomatic with expanding mass effects 4-10 years after severe head trauma accompanied by skull base injuries at the site of aneurysm formation. These aneurysms are therefore considered to be late manifestations of traumatic vessel disruption. Posttraumatic aneurysm growth was documented in one case of a supraclinoidal aneurysm. One intracavernous aneurysm was combined with a traumatic carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. Although the origin of intracranial aneurysms is usually considered to be traumatic only within a period of weeks or months after head injuries, giant aneurysms of the intracranial internal carotid may represent late complications of trauma in a number of cases. PMID- 3175843 TI - Transnasal hypophysectomy--an unusual sporting injury. AB - A case is presented of a traumatic penetrating nasal injury, resulting in panhypopituitarism and memory loss. Certain aspects of the diagnosis and treatment are discussed, and in conclusion some principles of management are suggested. The patient was last seen 8 months after the injury and had not required any desmopressin for 6 weeks. PMID- 3175844 TI - Rupture of a previously documented asymptomatic aneurysm enhances the argument for prophylactic surgical intervention. AB - A case is presented of an incidentally discovered 6-mm aneurysm that was left untreated and subsequently produced a subarachnoid hemorrhage. The patient had no previous history of intracranial hemorrhage from any other source. A case of this type has not been previously documented in the literature. This experience points out the potential for catastrophe in small unruptured aneurysms found in patients without previous subarachnoid hemorrhage. The extremely low operative morbidity for repair of these types of lesions in otherwise healthy individuals would argue strongly for prophylactic surgery in properly selected patients. PMID- 3175845 TI - The changes in neurosurgery over the next 10 years. PMID- 3175846 TI - Acute and subacute subdural hematomas of arterial origin. PMID- 3175847 TI - Acute SDH following probable minor head trauma. PMID- 3175848 TI - [Postoperative irradiation of carcinoma of the corpus uteri using the iridium afterloading technic]. AB - From 1981 to 1986 a prospective study was conducted of University of Vienna, 1st gynecology department, for 708 patients with operated and postoperatively irradiated endometrial cancer. These patients were treated by total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and postoperative vaginal irradiation with high dose-afterloading (iridium 192). A percutaneous irradiation (cobalt 60) was done in stage I cases only when myometrial infiltration was deep. Highly differentiated tumors with infiltration of the first and second third of the myometrium were treated by vaginal irradiation alone. Poorly differentiated tumors (G2, G3) with infiltration of the second and third third of the myometrium were treated by vaginal and percutaneous irradiation. A group of 125 cases with good prognosis (infiltration 1/3, G1) and with postoperative vaginal irradiation alone had the same five-year-survival of 83% as a group of 152 cases with bad prognosis (infiltration 2/3 and 3/3, G2 or G3) treated by vaginal and percutaneous irradiation. This result shows clearly the importance of additional irradiation of the pelvis in cases with bad prognosis factors. The incidence of radiation side effect in all 708 cases was: cystitis 4.6%, proctitis 5.2%, vaginal or rectal ulcers 1.4% and fistulas 0.2%. Cases with vaginal irradiation alone and with the optimal intravaginal fraction dose of 700 cGy (twice) had the lowest level of side effects: cystitis 3.8%, proctitis 2.1%, vaginal necrosis 0.7%, no further severe complications. None of the patients with postoperative vaginal irradiation alone had a vaginal recurrence. The incidence of recurrences in 708 patients was 1.6%. All recurrence cases in stage I (0.7%) had bad prognosis factors and were treated with vaginal and percutaneous irradiation. It is concluded that primary surgery of endometrial cancer should be followed by postoperative vaginal radiation. It appears that the remote afterloading treatment for vaginal radiation produces minimally complications and gives complete protection from radiation exposure to the medical staff. With additional external radiation in high-risk cases the same good result can be achieved as in cases with low-risk and vaginal radiation alone. PMID- 3175849 TI - [Treatment of inoperable endometrial carcinoma with intracavitary high-dose rate iridium irradiation]. AB - Surgery should be an integral part of the management of the patient with endometrial cancer. Only patients with severe medical conditions should be treated with radiation therapy alone. Although radiation therapy alone often can cure endometrial cancer, five-year-survival figures are poorer than for operation. At the University of Vienna, I. Department of Gynecology, 198 patients with endometrial cancer were treated by radiation therapy alone. Using the afterloading-iridium-192-technique, the three-year-survival-rate was 76%, five year-survival 60%. A comparable group of 185 cases treated by intracavitary radium-226 had five-year-survival of only 40% (p less than 0.001). With afterloading high-dose irradiation younger patients had five-year-survival of 75%, older patients (70 years and more) 51%; when tumor grading was one survival figures reached 76%, with tumor grading 2 and 3 only 41%. Severe radiation side effects did not occur with the optimal intrauterine single dose of 850 cGy (four times) and 700 cGy intravaginal (once), nor could any severe complications be observed when the total rectal dose did not exceed 500 cGy. In only 8% of the cases the treatment was combined with external irradiation (Cobalt-60). Intrauterine and intravaginal applications were performed without anaesthesia and the hospitalisation time was very short. PMID- 3175850 TI - [Radiation-induced vaginal necrosis]. AB - A report is given on three cases of total vaginal necrosis observed between 1980 and 1983 in 156 evaluable patients submitted to primary or postoperative irradiation. Characteristic signs of this disease are the incidence of sudden pains (increased in sitting position), necrosis and ulceration of the complete vaginal area, and a tendency to spontaneous recovery. All patients had been treated by hysterectomy or Wertheim operation, suffered from associated cardiovascular troubles, and had been exposed to a large surface irradiation of the vagina with 75 to 90 Gy. The disease was reversible in two cases, one patient presented a rectovaginal fistula after a latency of three years. Further risk factors for this complication communicated in literature as well as the differential diagnosis of recurrent carcinoma are discussed. PMID- 3175851 TI - [A rare complication of interstitial therapy with iodine-125 seeds: embolization of a seed into the lung]. AB - A case report is given on the embolization of an iodine-125 seed following to interstitial therapy of an anal carcinoma. The problems involved are discussed and possible consequences are indicated. PMID- 3175852 TI - [Effects of electron radiation on lung tissue in the postoperative irradiation of breast carcinoma]. AB - The changes in lung tissue density arrived during the postoperative irradiation of 21 patients between February, 1984 and March, 1985 were investigated by means of a computer tomograph type Medicor-Pfizer 0100. It was shown that the influence of ionizing radiation produced an increased density of the pulmonary tissue even in case of the most precise radiophysical plan and the optimum energy. In all cases the density measured by CT after the irradiation was higher than before radiotherapy. This might be a very early sign of radiogenic late effects. An adequate modification of the irradiation plan has therefore to be carried out in the manner of a feedback. PMID- 3175853 TI - Biological dosimetry: radiation-induced mitotic delay can lead to an underestimate of the part of the body exposed after non-uniform irradiation. PMID- 3175855 TI - On the problem of the characterization of late effects by a linear-quadratic survival function. II. Some clinical applications. AB - On the basis of a previous publication, where radiobiological data of acute and late tissue responses have been analyzed by a linear-quadratic survival function SLQ, clinical observations referring preferably to the postoperative irradiation of mamma carcinoma are presented. Thus the qualitative behavior of radiobiological isoeffect slopes being steeper for late tissue responses than for acute effects can be confirmed by this analysis. However, a statistical analysis of the clinical observations will indicate that late effects and, in particular, the average latency period of their clinical manifestation is mainly dependent on the volume factor. PMID- 3175854 TI - [Histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the anti-edema and radiation protective effects of 0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides in the rat brain after single-dose irradiation. 1. Electron microscopy study of terminal blood circulation]. AB - The changes in the terminal blood stream appeared with and without protection by 0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) were studied in irradiated rat brains by means of the electron and light microscope. Thirty minutes before irradiating the animals with doses of 1, 5, 10, and 20 Gy, they were given simultaneous i.p. and s.c. doses of 250 mg each of HR per kg of body weight or, as a control, of physiologic NaCl solution. 2, 6, 9, and 14 days after the irradiation, small tissue specimens from the parasagittal parietal cortex were examined according to the following criteria: 1. number of widely open, i.e. well perfused capillaries and small vessels, 2. number and size of perivascular, optically unstructured "light haloes" which are signs of intracellular oedemas of the perivascular astrocyte processes, 3. incidence of hyperchromic, partly shrunken neurons. The control animals not pretreated with HR showed a collapse of most capillaries and an increase in number and size of "light haloes" around capillaries, arterioles and venules. In the electron microscope, these haloes corresponded to the strongly swollen parts of the perivascular neuropile consisting mainly of oedematous astrocyte processes. These severe perivascular cell alterations were prevented for all dose ranges by the pretreatment with HR. Thus our findings do not only demonstrate a clear antiedematous effect of HR on the radiogenic cell oedema of the perivascular neuropile, they support moreover the working hypotheses with regard to the mode of action of this substance as a "membrane protector". PMID- 3175857 TI - Congenital esotropia: search for etiology. PMID- 3175856 TI - Double vision, visual loss, and an enhancing orbital apex. AB - A 70-year-old man presented with mild retrobulbar discomfort and diplopia with a marked left abduction deficit. Three days later the patient noted a sudden decrease of vision in his left eye. A CT scan revealed enhancement of structures of the left orbital apex. A discussion of the differential diagnosis, appropriate testing procedures, and suggested treatment is included. The patient responded to corticosteroid therapy with complete resolution of the problem. PMID- 3175858 TI - Presidential address: outsiders in surgical education--are the voluntary faculty worth more than they are paid? PMID- 3175859 TI - Electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) fragmentation of retained common duct stones. AB - Retained or recurrent stones in the common bile duct remain a clinical problem in 2% to 5% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Nonoperative extraction via the T tube tract or endoscopic sphincterotomy is successful in 85% to 95% of patients; however, the remainder require reoperation. This study evaluates the efficacy of electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy therapy of common duct stones too large to be extracted endoscopically or by T tube. Six patients were entered into the study. Ages ranged from 62 to 93 years. All patients either had severe preexisting systemic disorders or were of an advanced age. Stones ranged in size from 10 to 41 mm, with a mean largest dimension of 22 mm. In all patients either extraction by traditional nonoperative means failed or there was a stone that was considered to be too large to be extracted successfully. Patients were treated with 1200 to 2400 shocks at 16 to 20 kV. Five of six patients were treated with local anesthesia and sedation. Stones were successfully fragmented in all but one patient. Five patients required extraction of the remaining fragments either through the T tube tract (one patient) or via endoscopic sphincterotomy. All patients were free of stones at discharge, with the exception of one patient with severe cirrhosis who had an intrahepatic stone behind a right hepatic duct stricture. This stone had been successfully fragmented but an endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatogram revealed some residual fragments despite normal alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin values. There were no hospital deaths, although the patient with the intrahepatic stone died of bleeding varices several months later. Electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy seems to be an effective adjuvant treatment in clearing the bile duct of stones that would otherwise require reoperation. PMID- 3175860 TI - Gallstone pancreatitis: a prospective randomized trial of the timing of surgery. AB - The correct timing of surgery in cases of gallstone pancreatitis is debatable. To delineate more clearly the influence of the timing of surgery in the treatment of the disease, a prospective randomized clinical study of early surgery (less than 48 hours after admission) and delayed surgery (more than 48 hours after admission) was conducted in 165 patients. Ranson's prognostic signs of severity of disease were used to classify the patients into two risk groups: mild pancreatitis (three or fewer positive signs) and severe pancreatitis (more than three positive signs). In patients with three or fewer positive Ranson's signs, the time of surgery appeared to have little effect on the outcome, whereas in patients with more than three positive signs, early surgery resulted in a significant increase in rates of morbidity and mortality. Controlled randomization showed that in patients with gallstone pancreatitis, edematous or hemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis can develop, with or without impacted stones, early or late in the progression of the disease, during early or delayed surgery. These findings suggest that (1) although a gallstone initiates a bout of pancreatitis, it does not cause the progression of the disease; (2) the fate of the progression of pancreatitis is decided early by the amount of digestive enzymes being activated; (3) early removal of an impacted stone does not ameliorate the progression of pancreatitis; and (4) surgery should be performed during the initial hospital admission after the pancreatitis has subsided. PMID- 3175861 TI - Stage II breast cancer is not simply a late stage I. AB - Conventional wisdom holds that stage II breast cancer (with positive axillary nodes) is a late stage I (with negative axillary nodes). The use of direct (e.g., 5-year) survival analysis, has led to the concept that these stages reflect a "delay" in diagnosis. Controlled clinical trials and demographic cancer registries, in which life table analysis of survival is used, provide data that require that this concept be reconsidered and perhaps discarded. Survival data published by NSABP B04 and the Connecticut Tumor Registry show that deaths in both stages start shortly after diagnosis but show different annual rates of dying. The anticipated "delay" (lead time bias) is not seen. These rates are permanently and consistently different. The local recurrence rates occurring in the two stages are different. The clinical response to tamoxifen citrate in postmenopausal women and chemotherapy in premenopausal women has been shown to be different between the two stages. Histopathologic examination of the primary tumor shows the two stages to be different with respect to size of tumor at time of diagnosis and the presence of lymphatic and vascular invasion. The conclusion must be reached that the two stages represent variants of breast cancer disease; stage II is not simply a late diagnosis of stage I. PMID- 3175862 TI - Are routine preoperative laboratory screening tests necessary to evaluate ambulatory surgical patients? AB - Two hundred twelve consecutive adult patients undergoing a variety of ambulatory surgical procedures were studied prospectively to investigate whether routine preoperative urinalyses, complete blood counts (CBCs), and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were useful in determining the outcomes of their treatments. Urinalyses (U/As) were abnormal in 83 patients (39%); CBCs were abnormal in 19 patients (9%), and ECGs were abnormal in 140 patients (66%). The mean age of the patients was 64 plus or minus 12 years. The majority of patients with abnormalities determined by laboratory tests could have been predicted to have abnormalities on the basis of their histories and physical examinations. In this study, abnormalities indicated by laboratory tests did not influence preoperative cancellations, intraoperative or postoperative complications, or admissions to the hospital from the ambulatory unit after the surgical procedures. We conclude that routine preoperative screening laboratory tests have only a limited value in ambulatory surgical patients and recommend that they be either eliminated or replaced with less costly studies; for example, dipstick urinalyses for urinalyses, spun hematocrits for CBCs, and ECGs should be performed only if indicated by history and physical examination findings or if requested by an anesthesiologist. PMID- 3175863 TI - Surgical procedures in patients during the tenth decade of life. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of major surgical procedures in patients 90 years of age or older. The records of 46 patients in this age group who underwent surgical procedures were reviewed to determine the outcome and the postoperative quality of life. Overall, the perioperative mortality was 20%. Mortality was not influenced by such risk factors as diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal failure, quantity of blood loss, duration of procedure, or total number of hospital days. However, patients with heart disease had a significantly higher mortality rate (78%). Overall, 39% of the patients experienced a subjective deterioration in their mental status after surgery. Of those patients who were ambulatory before surgery, 73% were ambulatory after surgery. Although this study indicates that the perioperative mortality is high and mental status changes frequent in this very elderly age group, the quality of life and longevity of the majority of these patients are good, and vigorous surgical intervention appears warranted. PMID- 3175864 TI - Limb-threatening ischemia in the medically compromised patient: amputation or revascularization? AB - The clinical courses of 362 patients with threatened limbs, seen over a 25-year period, were reviewed. Below-knee amputation was elected in 158 patients and infrainguinal revascularization in 204 patients. Patients were excluded from the study if amputation was chosen on the basis of arteriographic findings, diffuse infection, or extensive tissue loss. In an effort to compare the two treatment modalities in a minimally biased fashion, patients were stratified into three classes on the basis of the Goldman Multifactorial Index of Cardiac Risk and the American Society of Anesthesiology classification. Within each class, patients treated with amputation and with bypass were comparable with respect to age, sex, severity of ischemia, and anesthetic technique. Patients who underwent revascularization had a lower perioperative mortality rate (p less than 0.05), a shorter length of hospital stay (p less than 0.05), and an increased long-term survival rate (p less than 0.05) than the medically matched subgroup of patients who underwent amputation. Patients in the revascularization group were more successful in regaining ambulatory abilities than patients in the amputation group (p less than 0.01). These differences were most significant as the degree of medical compromise increased. Although medically compromised patients have frequently been denied revascularization on the basis of presumed increases in surgical risk and decreased long-term survival, the data appear to suggest that it is precisely the patients of this group who appear to benefit the most from attempts at limb salvage. PMID- 3175865 TI - Management of carotid artery trauma. AB - We have treated 45 patients with carotid artery injuries--33 caused by penetrating wounds and 12 secondary to blunt trauma. Preoperative angiography is useful in stable patients to rule out associated vascular injuries, and it is crucial for operative planning in cases of blunt trauma. Not unexpectedly, the results of carotid artery repair in neurologically stable patients have been excellent, as have been the results of revascularization in patients with equivocal or less-severe neurologic deficits. This has led us to be aggressive in repair of carotid artery injuries in patients with questionable neurologic deficits. In the eight patients with severe preoperative deficits, one death each followed both ligation and repair, but neurologic improvement was noted in several patients. Distal internal carotid injuries at the base of the skull that were not amenable to direct repair were observed with serial angiograms in four patients with either stabilization or improvement in the intimal injury. PMID- 3175866 TI - Complications from permanent hemodialysis vascular access. AB - From 1981 to 1986 a total of 499 operations were performed for permanent hemodialysis vascular access in 230 patients. At least 1 year's follow-up was achieved in all cases. This series is divided into 326 primary procedures and 173 secondary procedures. Of the primary procedures, there were 160 autogenous fistulas and 166 expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fistulas. The 156 secondary procedures consisted of 124 thrombectomies, 20 repairs of pseudoaneurysm, 12 fistula ligations, and 17 fistula excisions. The infectious complication rate (29/482) was 6%. Mean length of patency was 3.1 years for autogenous wrist fistula, 2.6 years for elbow fistula, 1.9 years for forearm loop PTFE, 2.1 years for straight forearm PTFE, 1.6 years for femoral popliteal PTFE, and 1.4 years for femoral arteriovenous loop PTFE. A vascular steal syndrome occurred in 8% of patients with autogenous elbow fistulas (4/48), compared with 1.7% (2/112) of patients with wrist fistulas and 1.8% (3/166) of those with PTFE fistulas. All infected fistulas required excision, and all fistulas associated with the steal syndrome required ligation. Use of PTFE to construct permanent hemodialysis vascular access has a significantly higher incidence of thrombosis, infection, pseudoaneurysm formation, and limb loss (p less than 0.01 for all complications) and a significantly lower mean length of patency (p less than 0.0001) when compared with autogenous fistulas. Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and the use of perioperative antibiotics were not found to be related significantly to access complications. PMID- 3175867 TI - Twelve-year clinical experience with the Greenfield vena caval filter. AB - Optimal protection from pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) by a mechanical device requires long-term freedom from complications as well as from recurrent PE. From 1974 to 1986 the Greenfield filter was implanted surgically in 469 patients, most commonly when anticoagulation was contraindicated (38%) or failed to prevent recurrent PE (27%). The jugular vein was used for access in 83% and the femoral vein in 16%; in the remainder the filter was inserted via the right atrium or the left axillary vein. Technical complications included air embolism in 4 patients (0.9%) and misplacement in 19 (4%), with no sequelae. There were 7 deaths from PE within 48 hours postoperatively, primarily in patients with pulmonary hypertension. An additional 9 later deaths were attributed to PE, 5 confirmed by autopsy, but in only 1 of these was there trapped thrombus in the filter. An additional 9 patients had nonfatal PE, suspected and confirmed in 2 by angiogram, for an overall recurrent PE rate of 4% over 12 years. During this follow-up there were 133 deaths, and 146 patients were followed up for an average of 43 months (190 were lost to follow-up). Ten patients had thrombosed inferior venae cavae at the time of insertion of the Greenfield filter, and 3 were recanalized late to a caval patency rate of 96%. Three initially patent filters occluded, for a long term filter patency rate of 98%, which was independent of anticoagulation. Clinically silent embolism into the Greenfield filter was seen in 18 patients, half of whom had dissolution on subsequent cavogram. Venous stasis sequelae developed in 44% of the patients, compared with 52% with preoperative edema, and ulceration was seen in 3%. Of 32 patients who had suprarenal filters, 11 died and 12 returned for follow-up study, which showed that all were patent. Favorable results with suprarenal filter placement have made this an appropriate choice in pregnant women and in young women anticipating pregnancy. PMID- 3175868 TI - Angina-like chest pain associated with high-amplitude peristaltic contractions of the esophagus. AB - We reviewed 123 consecutive patients who underwent esophageal function testing to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of the syndrome of high amplitude peristaltic contractions (HAPC). Twenty-eight patients (23%) were found to have HAPC, including 16 males and 12 females with a median age of 54 years. Barium esophograms yielded no evidence of motility disorders, while 35% of those tested had pathologic gastroesophageal acid reflux. Twenty (71%) were initially referred for evaluation of angina-like chest pain, and 8 were referred with other symptoms. Of those with chest pain, 19 initially underwent extensive evaluation for coronary artery disease before the diagnosis of HAPC. Symptoms of heartburn, regurgitation, and dysphagia were absent or minimal in most patients. Lower esophageal sphincter pressure was normal in 27 patients, and lower esophageal sphincter relaxation was normal in all patients. Mean distal esophageal peak peristaltic pressure was 147.8 mm Hg, while the highest peak peristaltic pressure for each patient averaged 193.2 mm Hg. Seven patients had mean peristaltic wave durations of more than 7 seconds. Patients with atypical chest pain or those with typical angina in whom coronary artery disease is eliminated as a possible cause should be evaluated for HAPC with esophageal manometry. Patients with symptoms are usually successfully treated with smooth muscle relaxants, and surgical intervention is rarely necessary. PMID- 3175869 TI - Aggressive treatment of chylothorax complicating transhiatal esophagectomy without thoracotomy. AB - Chylothorax is an unusual complication after transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) and in the past 10 years has occurred in 11 of 320 patients (3%) undergoing this operation for diseases of the intrathoracic esophagus. Four patients had benign esophageal disease: scleroderma reflux esophagitis (1), caustic stricture (1), and achalasia (2), and each had undergone at least one previous esophageal operation. Seven patients had intrathoracic esophageal carcinoma--two upper third, two middle-third, and three distal-third lesions. Excessive chest tube drainage more than 72 hours after THE was the standard presentation, and the diagnosis of chylothorax was confirmed by the administration of cream through the jejunostomy feeding tube placed routinely at operation. The character of the chest tube drainage changed from serous to opalescent. Aggressive treatment of this complication was the rule, and every patient underwent a thoracotomy between 2 to 14 days (average, 6 days) after the diagnosis was established. Cream was administered through the jejunostomy tube before operation, and in each case the thoracic duct injury was readily identified and controlled with suture ligatures. There were no deaths in this group, and there was one recurrence of the fistula that required reoperation; all patients were discharged from the hospital within 3 to 29 days (average, 10 days) after thoracic duct ligation. It is concluded that early recognition of a chylothorax after transhiatal esophagectomy with prompt transthoracic ligation of the injured duct results in a shorter overall hospitalization and lower morbidity and mortality from this complication. The traditional conservative management of chylothorax with intravenous hyperalimentation and no or low-residue enteral feedings has little place in this nutritionally depleted patient population. PMID- 3175870 TI - Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma in adults. AB - Although well accepted in pediatric patients, nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma in adults remains controversial. From January 1981 through May 1987, 66 adults were identified with blunt hepatic trauma that had been confirmed by abdominal exploration or abdominal computed tomography (CT): 46 underwent immediate operation, and 20 were initially managed nonoperatively. Patients were considered for nonoperative management only if they were hemodynamically stable and had no significant peritoneal irritation. CT criteria for nonoperative management included contained subcapsular or intrahepatic hematoma, unilobar fracture, absence of devitalized liver, minimal intraperitoneal blood, and absence of other significant intra-abdominal organ injuries. The predominant CT pattern in the 17 patients successfully managed nonoperatively included unilobar right-lobe fracture or intrahepatic hematoma. A small amount of blood in either gutter or in the pelvis did not portend failure of nonoperative management. No delayed complications were noted during an average follow-up of 27 months. Nonoperative management of blunt hepatic injury based on abdominal CT findings is a useful alternative in a select group of hemodynamically stable patients. PMID- 3175871 TI - Proximal gastric vagotomy with drainage for obstructing duodenal ulcer. AB - The optimal treatment for obstructing duodenal ulcer is controversial because of questions about the efficacy of proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) in controlling the primary ulcer diathesis. Impressed with the theoretic advantages of PGV with drainage as a primary treatment for this problem, we have treated 37 suitable patients by this approach. All patients underwent endoscopic examination and barium meal study that proved the diagnosis. PGV, including division of the gastroepiploic nerves as indicated by intraoperative testing, was followed by Jaboulay gastroduodenostomy (18), Finney pyloroplasty (12), Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty (3), anterior hemipylorectomy (2), duodenoplasty (1), and gastroenterostomy (1). No recurrent ulcers were seen during a mean follow-up of 4.6 years. Three patients had mild early dumping at infrequent intervals. Bilious vomiting, alkaline gastritis, and other postgastrectomy complaints were recorded infrequently. PGV with drainage is a good treatment for the obstructing ulcer and does not have as many morbid risks as alternative operative procedures. PMID- 3175872 TI - Management of gastric emptying disorders following the Roux-en-Y procedure. AB - In 46 patients with gastric resection and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy, gastric emptying was studied with the gamma camera. Seventeen patients were free of symptoms, 11 vomited occasionally (less than 5 times weekly), and 18 were severely incapacitated with daily vomiting, weight loss, and bezoar formation. Patients with occasional vomiting had early rapid emptying similar to that seen in the patients who were without symptoms and responded satisfactorily to nonsurgical therapy. The 18 patients with severe vomiting showed a marked delay in the emptying of the solid meal (p less than 0.01) but normal emptying of the liquid. There was no difference between those with and those without stomal ulceration or stomal stenosis. The stasis occurred in the stomach and not in the Roux limb. All 18 patients had a further extensive gastric resection, leaving a 50 to 75 ml upper gastric remnant drained by Roux-en-Y gastroenterostomy. Fifteen of these patients showed improvement and gained weight, and the gastric emptying of both the solid and liquid test meals is now faster than in any of the other groups (p less than 0.03). We conclude that extensive gastric resection is an effective means to reduce symptoms and improve gastric emptying in selected patients with severe gastric stasis of solid food after the Roux-en-Y procedure. PMID- 3175873 TI - Postoperative intussusception: experience with 36 cases in children. AB - Intestinal obstruction is a common postoperative complication and is usually related to peritoneal adhesion formation. A less well-recognized cause is postoperative intussusception (POI). Thirty-six instances of POI in children (aged 1 month to 18 years) were treated between 1970 and 1987. POI followed Nissen fundoplication in 9 patients, neuroblastoma resection in 5, small-bowel procedures in 4, inguinal herniorrhaphy in 3, pull-through procedures in 3, ureterostomy in 2, thoracic procedures in 2, ventral hernia in 1, nephrectomy in 1, hepatic resection in 1, Heller myotomy in 1, ventriculo-atrial shunt in 1, and gastrocystoplasty in 1. Initial symptoms included bilious vomiting or increased nasogastric drainage (after initial return of gut function) in 26 patients, abdominal distension in 24, irritability in 10, intermittent pain in 7, palpable abdominal mass in 2, rectal bleeding in 2, and lethargy in 1. The symptoms occurred 1 to 24 days (mean, 8 days) after the initial surgery. Plain abdominal radiographs revealed multiple air-fluid levels in 31 and an "adynamic ileus" in five patients. Barium contrast techniques could successfully reduce two ileocolic and one distal ileo-ileal lesions. The remainder necessitated operative management. Manual reduction was possible in 29 cases, and four children with diagnostic delay required bowel resection and an anastomosis for intestinal necrosis. The site of intussusception was ileo-ileal in 23 patients, jejunojejunal in 6, ileocolic in 5, and jejuno-ileal in 2. The diagnosis of POI should be considered in children with signs of bowel dysfunction in the early postoperative period. Contrast studies are of limited value, since most cases are confined to the small bowel. A high index of suspicion and prompt laparotomy will usually allow manual reduction of the lesion. Diagnostic delay may result in bowel necrosis. PMID- 3175874 TI - Indomethacin decreases carrageenan-induced peritoneal adhesions. AB - For evaluation of a rat intra-abdominal adhesion model, 48 study rats were each given an intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml of 1.5% carrageenan solution and 48 control rats were each given 1 ml of sterile saline solution. Thereafter, 6 control and 6 study rats were killed on days 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, and 21 for assessment of the temporal nature of adhesion formation. No peritoneal reaction or adhesions occurred from saline solution. Carrageenan induced a generalized peritonitis between days 2 and 7. The frequency of adhesions from day 5 onward was 66%. The effects of celiotomy and of systemic indomethacin on carrageenan induced adhesion formation were then examined. Rats underwent a standardized celiotomy and, on closure of the abdomen, received either an intraperitoneal injection of saline solution (n = 72) or an intraperitoneal injection of carrageenan solution (n = 96). Both groups were then randomized to receive either no indomethacin (IND-0), a single preoperative dose of indomethacin (IND-1), or four perioperative doses of indomethacin (IND-4). Then, 2, 5, 14, and 21 days later, rats from each group were killed, the extent of intraperitoneal adhesions was assessed, and the nature of any adhesions was histologically examined. Celiotomy plus intraperitoneal saline solution produced no adhesions. Celiotomy plus intraperitoneal carrageenan solution (IND-0) significantly increased adhesions to 83%. Preoperatively and perioperatively administered indomethacin significantly decreased the adhesion formation rate to 49%. PMID- 3175876 TI - [Inaccessible records]. PMID- 3175875 TI - Low plasma lipid levels and increased cholesterol synthesis after partial ileal bypass plus lovastatin in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. AB - Partial ileal bypass (PIB) lowers the plasma total cholesterol (C) level, thereby increasing hepatic C synthesis to replenish bile acid and C stores. Lovastatin, a C synthesis inhibitor, may act as a potential adjuvant to PIB for lipid lowering. In this study, the effects of PIB and lovastatin, alone and in combination, were examined in plasma and tissue. For 14 weeks, 32 New Zealand White rabbits received a C-free, alfalfa-free, natural-ingredients diet previously shown to induce hypercholesterolemia. The rabbits were divided into control, lovastatin, PIB, and PIB plus lovastatin groups. Lovastatin was administered at a dose of 0.35 mg/kg twice daily. Compared with the control group, PIB alone decreased the plasma total C level by 75% (p less than 0.005), the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-C level by 79% (p less than 0.025), and hepatic C content by 50% (p less than 0.05), while increasing hepatic C synthesis by 176% (p less than 0.05). Compared with the control group, lovastatin alone decreased the plasma total C value by 36% (p = NS), the LDL-C level by 35% (p = NS), hepatic C content by 29% (p = NS), and hepatic C synthesis by 52% (p = NS). Compared with the control group, the combination of PIB and lovastatin decreased the plasma total C level by 78% (p less than 0.005), the LDL-C level by 74% (p less than 0.025), and hepatic C content by 58% (p less than 0.05); however, the hepatic C synthesis increased by 490% (p less than 0.005) compared with the control group and by 110% (p less than 0.05) compared with PIB alone. This is the first demonstration of a metabolic reversal of the cholesterol synthesis inhibition engendered by lovastatin. We conclude that both PIB and lovastatin lower plasma total C and lipoprotein C fractions. Their combination has an additive C-lowering effect in plasma and decreases tissue C content by increasing cellular C demand. This latter effect overcomes the inhibitory effect of lovastatin on hepatic C synthesis, resulting in an augmented compensatory increase in hepatic C synthesis. PMID- 3175877 TI - [Nursing shortage. Nurses' supply and health services for the aged]. PMID- 3175878 TI - [Education in Scandinavia. Scandinavian Health Occupations College--a cross professional education center]. PMID- 3175879 TI - [Violence at home. Elder abuse--a hidden problem]. PMID- 3175880 TI - [Nurses and technology. Responsibility relations in the use of medical technological equipment]. PMID- 3175881 TI - [Worth a try]. PMID- 3175882 TI - [Emergency aid. There's been an accident--call the emergency center!]. PMID- 3175883 TI - [Patient information. Who uses patients' records?]. PMID- 3175884 TI - [A duty to help]. PMID- 3175885 TI - [Use of resources in open health care]. PMID- 3175886 TI - [Professional/ethical council. Self-determined abortion--after sex]. PMID- 3175887 TI - [Racism--we and "the others"]. PMID- 3175888 TI - [Urinary incontinence--a common patient problem]. PMID- 3175889 TI - [AIDS. HIV testing of pregnant women and abortion applicants]. PMID- 3175890 TI - [Nurse in the Army]. PMID- 3175892 TI - [Norwegian Nurses' Association's international activities. Norwegian Nurses' Association in occupied territory]. PMID- 3175893 TI - [Work environment. New announcements concerning BST (occupational health services)]. PMID- 3175891 TI - [Scandinavian spotlight on AIDS]. PMID- 3175894 TI - [Work environment. What is heavy lifting?]. PMID- 3175895 TI - [Work environment. The "heavy lifting" campaign made us think down to earth and practical]. PMID- 3175896 TI - [Psychological work environment in the child psychiatry department]. PMID- 3175897 TI - [Work environment. AIDS--get measures against it]. PMID- 3175898 TI - [Work environment. No AIDS hysteria in the Danish prisons]. PMID- 3175899 TI - [Work environment. AIDS--what is my risk in emergency and outpatient clinics?]. PMID- 3175900 TI - [Work environment. Safety activities are in poor shape]. PMID- 3175901 TI - [Work environment. Safety groups have problems to solve]. PMID- 3175902 TI - [Work environment. Strategy requirements]. PMID- 3175903 TI - [Work environment. Patients are the biggest source of both enjoyment and stress]. PMID- 3175904 TI - [Work environment. BST (occupational health services)--it needs hair on its chest. Interview by Mette-Marie Davidsen]. PMID- 3175905 TI - [Executive Board. Ombudsmen in times of transition and cost containment]. PMID- 3175906 TI - [Executive Board. Heated discussion about reactions to cost containment list]. PMID- 3175907 TI - [Prehospital treatment. Nurse in an ambulance helicopter. Interview by Peter Skeel Hjorth]. PMID- 3175908 TI - [Soviet Union. Work is payment in itself]. PMID- 3175909 TI - [Loose syringes are mixed in with the waste]. PMID- 3175910 TI - [Executive Board. Government's saving plan: reality or political rhetoric?]. PMID- 3175911 TI - [Diabetes, affection and environment. Anna is 12 years old]. PMID- 3175912 TI - [Nurses lose professional dispute]. PMID- 3175913 TI - [Prehospital treatment. Denmark's first ambulance nurse]. PMID- 3175914 TI - [Democracy in the hospital system has disintegrated]. PMID- 3175915 TI - [3 days in a Thailand jungle]. PMID- 3175916 TI - [Community health nursing background. 3 generations of babies]. PMID- 3175918 TI - Entry into practice. PMID- 3175917 TI - ANA House of Delegates addresses the AMA proposal for registered care technologist. PMID- 3175919 TI - North Carolina Nurses Association Position Statement: response to AMA proposal for registered care technologists. PMID- 3175920 TI - [13 years' experience with the combined treatment of lymphogranulomatosis]. AB - The paper is concerned with the results of 13-year experience of combined therapy of Hodgkin's disease. The following therapeutic methods were employed: staging splenectomy, polychemotherapy (COPP, MOPP, ABVP and alternation of COPP and MOPP, COPP and CHOPP, COPP and DPP) and total irradiation of the lymph nodes. Altogether 328 patients with stage I-IV of disease were followed-up. Complete remissions were observed in 68.8%. A 10-year recurrence-free period was noted in 60% of the patients (stage I--100%, stage II--85%, stage III--68.6%, stage IV- 48%). PMID- 3175921 TI - [Intensive therapy of critical states in the hematology clinic]. AB - An attempt was made to outline a program of intensive care on the basis of experience with 396 patients with hematologic diseases admitted in a critical condition (shock of various genesis, mainly bacterial, acute liver and renal insufficiency, spontaneous hemorrhage, etc.) taking into account the characteristic signs of such patients. The percentage of patients transferred to the hematology department rose from 36.2 to 47.9% as a result of 14-year experience. A conclusion was made of the appropriateness of such a department in each major inpatient hematologic clinic. PMID- 3175922 TI - [Plasmapheresis in clinical practice]. AB - The authors presented their experience of the use of intermittent plasmapheresis in 220 children with bacterial-inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases characterized by extreme severity and refractoriness to common therapeutic methods. Its use against a background of adequate etiological and pathogenetic therapy was shown to improve therapeutic results. In virus hepatitis with liver insufficiency, bullous erythema and hemorrhagic vasculitis plasmapheresis can be used as an independent method. Differentiated programs of the use of plasmapheresis were proposed, its safety was shown. PMID- 3175923 TI - [Arterial hypertension developing as a result of specific aortic involvement in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. PMID- 3175924 TI - [Granulocytopoiesis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children]. AB - The number, proliferative potential and differentiation potentialities of bone marrow granulocytic-macrophagal precursors were investigated in 130 ALL patients (77 children in the acute period of disease, 53 children in remission) and in the bone marrow of 65 controls without hematologic pathology. A decrease in the number of clonogenic precursors was observed in all stages of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the decrease being particularly marked in the acute period of disease characterized by substantial bone marrow infiltration by leukemic cells. A decrease in the number of precursors and their proliferative potential was shown to be associated with the influence of leukemic blasts. In remission the numerical reduction of the precursor pool was determined by a cytostatic therapeutic effect. The ability to differentiation of granulocytic and macrophagal clonogenic precursors in ALL children was unchanged. PMID- 3175925 TI - [The polymorphism of myeloproliferative tumor processes]. PMID- 3175926 TI - [The importance of studying the acid phosphatase of the blood serum and bone marrow lymphoblasts and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the prognosis of the course of acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. AB - The activity of serum acid phosphatase (AP), bone marrow lymphoblasts and polymorphonuclear neutrophils was studied in 45 ALL patients. Cytochemical coefficients (CCC) and the percentage of positively reacting bone marrow cells were determined. All the patients received programmed polychemotherapy. They were investigated before the start of therapy, during recurrence and at different time of remission (from 1 to 60 mos) during each reinduction cycle. At the climax of ALL the activity of serum AP was increased 2.8-fold, a CCC value for lymphoblastic AP--10-fold, for polymorphonuclear neutrophils--3-fold as compared with normal values. A tendency toward the reduction of indices was noted at different time of remission, the approximation to normal values was noted on the 40th-46th months of remission only. In recurrence development the level of the serum and cellular enzyme as well as the percentage of positively reacting cells significantly exceeded normal values and were close to indices at the climax of disease. The above tendency permitted the use of these tests to evaluate the completeness of remission and to predict recurrences during a follow-up of ALL patients. PMID- 3175927 TI - [Cytosar in the treatment of hematosarcomas]. PMID- 3175928 TI - [The secretion of monoclonal immunoglobulins in chronic lymphoproliferative diseases]. AB - Altogether 74 patients (57 with CLL; 12 with lymphocytomas including 7 with generalization of disease; 5 with hairy cell leukemia) were examined to detect the secretion of serum monoclonal immunoglobulins (Ig) and Bence Jones (BJ) protein. Electrophoresis of the serum in agarose gel, radial immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis as well as isotachophoresis with immune development for identification of minimal amounts of BJ protein in urine were employed. Monoclonal Ig in the serum and urine (IgG lambda + BJ lambda and IgA kappa + BJ kappa) were found in 2 CLL patients. BJ protein only was revealed in 40.5% of the examinees (kappa:lambda = 4.5:1). Direct correlation between the level of BJ protein secretion and tumor mass was shown. Effective therapy caused the reduction (but not disappearance) of BJ protein in urine. During a 2-year study BJ protein secretion was undetectable in the group of nonsecreting patients with a large tumor mass. Prospects of the use of the results obtained are under discussion. PMID- 3175929 TI - [Leukemization of hematosarcomas with primary involvement of the skin]. AB - Clinicomorphological investigation of 81 patients with different types of skin hematosarcomas was conducted. Stage IV of disease was diagnosed in 53 patients, leukemic involvement developed in 18 of them (34%). Leukemic bone involvement was shown to be the main cause of death in myelosarcomas and lymphoblastic lymphomas. There were no significant differences in the frequency of leukemic bone marrow involvement with relation to the site and nature of primary skin involvement. A clinical course of disease was determined by a skin tumor histological type. Some morphological features of bone marrow lymphoblasts in leukemic bone marrow involvement in skin hematosarcomas (irregular cell shape, a moderate nuclear cytoplasmic ratio, azurophilic granulation, fine-grained patterns of PAS-positive substance) distinguished them from lymphoblasts in leukemic bone marrow involvement in hematosarcomas with a primary focus of another site. PMID- 3175930 TI - [Radiodiagnosis of recurrences of lymphogranulomatosis]. AB - The authors discuss the role and place of chest x-ray tomography, scintigraphy with 67Ga-citrate, ultrasonic investigation, angiography, angioscintigraphy, computed tomography, scintigraphy of the liver and bones in the diagnosis of recurrences of Hodgkin's disease and in control of a progress of disease. Indications for a successive use of one or the other method have been defined. PMID- 3175932 TI - [Hemoglobinopathies: their geographical distribution, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment and prevention principles]. PMID- 3175931 TI - [Postradiation hypothyroidism in patients with lymphogranulomatosis]. AB - A total of 93 patients with Hodgkin's disease were investigated at different times after radiation therapy. The hypothyroid status was found in 21.7% of the patients. The influence of the patients' age at the time of irradiation, administration of iodine-containing contrast drugs, polychemotherapy, and a summary focal dose of thyroid irradiation on the frequency of development of postradiation hypothyrosis was discussed. Criteria for substitution therapy with thyroid hormones were defined. PMID- 3175933 TI - [Correction of blood rheological disorders in patients with chronic kidney failure using heparin and antiaggregants]. AB - The state of microcirculation and blood rheology was studied in 32 patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Improved microcirculation and the reduction of clinico-laboratory indices of the DIC-syndrome were noted against a background of heparin and antiaggregant therapy in patients on programmed hemodialysis as well as in patients receiving systemic conservative therapy. In both groups of patients blood pressure decreased in parallel with a decrease in the level of creatinine and urea; a tendency toward improved renal function was noted. PMID- 3175934 TI - [Bicarbonate hemodialysis in the therapy of chronic kidney failure]. AB - A method of random sampling was applied to 10 CRI patients to analyze the results of 24 hemodialyses with acetate solution for dialysis (35 mmol/l) and 34 hemodialyses with bicarbonate solution for dialysis (35 mmol/l). Significant reduction of complications like headache, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, dyspnea, extrasystole was observed in bicarbonate dialysis. The concentration of mean molecular uremic toxins was decreased from 5.75 +/- 0.84 mmol/l in acetate dialysis up to 2.63 +/- 0.21 mmol/l in bicarbonate dialysis. The content of intracellular potassium returned to normal. The concentration of serum cholesterol was decreased from 5.6 +/- 0.4 up to 4.8 +/- 0.2 mmol/l. These data indicated a favorable effect of bicarbonate dialysis on intracellular metabolism. Preliminary data did not confirm the normalizing effect of bicarbonate dialysis on the development of uremic osteopathy. PMID- 3175935 TI - [Clinical and hemodynamic evaluation of the effectiveness of plasmapheresis in high arterial hypertension refractory to drug treatment agents]. AB - Indices of central hemodynamics based on tetrapolar rheography results with subsequent calculation of left ventricular post-load characteristics were studied in parallel with the assessment of clinical efficacy of plasmapheresis in 36 patients with therapy-resistant severe arterial hypertension. Plasmapheresis in severe arterial hypertension resulted not only in BP reduction and overcoming of refractoriness to medical therapy but also produced a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system improving left ventricular post-load characteristics. PMID- 3175936 TI - [Effectiveness of different methods of blood separation in performing plasma- and cytapheresis]. AB - Obtaining of a therapeutic dose of platelets from donors, necessary to stop spontaneous hemorrhage and sufficient enough to correct hemostasis in surgical interventions in patients with amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, therapeutic plasmapheresis with the removal of 1.5-2.01 of plasma, effective erythrocytapheresis can be done with the help of refrigerator centrifuges and plastic containers. This method can be also employed for effective leukocytapheresis in patients with the leukocyte level exceeding 100.10(9)/l. It is simple, economical, reliable; several donors (patients) can be involved in the procedure at a time. Blood cell separators can be most effectively used for therapeutic lymphocytoplasmapheresis, massive plasmapheresis with the removal of over 2.51 of plasma, for obtaining a large number of platelets and granulocytes. The CS-3000 blood cell separator ensures automatic control over blood separation and possible complications during a procedure; a constant temperature regimen of blood separation; one-time use of equipment in direct contact with patient's (donor's) blood; a high efficacy and safety of the procedure. PMID- 3175937 TI - [An intermittent method for drainage of the thoracic lymphatic duct in chronic lympholeukemia]. AB - The authors presented the results of treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia complicated by cytolysis with the help of an intermittent method of external thoracic lymphatic duct drainage (ETLDD). The method was as follows. A temporary external lymphovenous shunt was created between a siliconized catheter placed surgically in the terminal part of the thoracic lymphatic duct and a subclavicular catheter using a sterile rubber adapter from a drop glass. The use of the method in 7 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia has shown that this therapeutic approach results in a considerable decrease in the level of peripheral blood leukocytes and substantial improvement of the production of red blood cells and platelets. PMID- 3175938 TI - Neuron development in the superior colliculus of the fetal mouse following maternal alcohol exposure. AB - Pregnant Swiss Webster mice were given a liquid diet with ethanol (EtOH) or isocaloric amounts of maltose dextrin on gestation day (GD) 0 through 18. On GD 18, maternal blood samples were obtained. Fetuses were then removed and fetal brains were prepared for light microscopy. Fetal weight was reduced in the EtOH exposed group. The ratio of midbrain cross sectional area to cerebral aqueduct was reduced in the ethanol group, while the density of neuronal nuclear population in both the dense outer layer (DS) and sparse inner layer (SS) of the developing superior colliculus was increased. Mean nuclear volume was decreased in the SS. PMID- 3175939 TI - Case control study of hypospadias, based on registry information. AB - With the aid of data in the Swedish Medical Birth Registry for infants with hypospadias and controls, a number of variables were compared. Records of infants born in 1982-1983 (188 cases and 376 matched controls) contained information on involuntary infertility, previous spontaneous and induced abortions, use of oral contraceptives or a remaining IUD at conception, smoking in early pregnancy, occupation in early pregnancy, family situation, and diagnoses given during pregnancy and at delivery, including information on caesarean section and vacuum extraction. Among all variables studied, only one group of statistically significant differences appeared: women whose sons had hypospadias more often than controls had a diagnosis of weak contractions, a higher rate of induced deliveries, and also a higher rate of caesarean sections. The finding of a higher caesarean section rate in infants with hypospadias was verified in a separate study of 1,736 hypospadic infants delivered in 1973-1981 and compared with all births in Sweden during that period. No difference in the rate of vacuum extractions was seen. This finding is interpreted as a result of an abnormality of the fetal-placental-maternal organism interaction, perhaps also disturbing the early pregnancy and increasing the risk for hypospadias. PMID- 3175940 TI - Magnetic resonance microscopy of chick embryos in ovo. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the live 11-day chick embryo with special radiofrequency coils and 3-D imaging methods has produced contiguous 1.25-mm thick slices with 200-microns pixel resolution, permitting definition of cardiac chambers, cerebral ventricles, spinal cord, liver, and lungs. It was the objective of this study to image younger chick embryos in ovo with higher spatial resolution through the application of implanted radiofrequency coils. Fertilized Arbor Acre eggs were windowed at 9, 6, and 4 days. Circular coils 18 mm in diameter tuned to 85.5 MHz were suspended around the developing embryo. The eggs were sealed with tape and maintained at 37 degrees C during the imaging procedure. MRI was performed in a 2.0-Tesla GE system utilizing a 3-D Fourier transform acquisition in sagittal and axial planes with a partial saturation sequence (TR = 400 ms, TE = 27 ms). Approximately 1 hour of imaging time was required to obtain 16 contiguous 600-microns-thick slices with 50-microns pixel resolution. Embryos remained viable through the imaging procedure. Embryos were photographed, fixed, and cleared for correlative anatomical study. Vitelline vessels, dorsal aorta, aortic arches, cardinal veins, and cardiac chambers were identified as areas of decreased signal intensity. Cerebral ventricles and the vitreous portion of the eye have signal intensities that are less than adjacent neural, scleral, and lens tissue. Further refinements in MR instrumentation and imaging sequences promise improvements in resolution and offer the potential for sequential observations of the intact embryo. PMID- 3175941 TI - The position effect in mice on day 19. AB - This investigation on the position effect in mice on day 19 was based on a total of 610 fetuses from 51 litters of NMRI mice. The relative position of each fetus was determined by setting the distance from the center of each placenta to the cervix in relation to the total length of the uterine horn. After cessation of shrinkage due to fixation, the umbilical-cord and remaining membranes were removed and the fetuses were weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg. The variance for the weighing procedures was estimated at 4 mg. The fetuses were uniformly distributed on a segment beginning about 7% beyond the cervical end and proceeding to about 10% short of the ovarian end. A mixed model analysis of variance was applied to estimate the position effect: the deviation of the individual weights from the mean for each uterine horn were modeled as a second degree polynomial of the relative position. A position effect was found; the fetuses on the cervical end were lighter, those in the middle were roughly the same, and those of the ovarian end were heavier than the average. PMID- 3175942 TI - Developmental toxicity of bropirimine in rats after oral administration. AB - Timed-pregnant Upj:TUC(SD)spf (Sprague-Dawley) rats were orally (gastric intubation) dosed with bropirimine (an immunomodulator and inducer of interferon with antiviral and antitumor activities against experimental models) at 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg/day (first experiment), or at 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg/day (second experiment), on days 7-15 of gestation. In the first experiment, maternal toxicity occurred in all bropirimine-treated groups as evidenced primarily by significant decreases in weight gain, as compared to the vehicle control group. Embryotoxicity also occurred as evidenced by a dose-related increase in the number of dams with early implantation sites only. This pronounced effect on early embryonic development led to an insufficient number of offspring to access the developmental toxicity of bropirimine. This effect and the fact that all three doses were toxic to the dams dictated that a second experiment be carried out at lower doses. Significant effects on maternal weight gain also were observed in the second experiment, at least in the first 4 days of dosing, although only one dam in the 100 mg/kg/day group had early implantation sites only, in contrast to 11 such dams at this dosage in the first experiment. However, the fact that there were significant dose-related increases in the incidence of several variations in fetuses in this group indicated that there also was embryotoxicity at 100 mg/kg/day in the second experiment. Thus, although no biologically significant increases in the incidence of any malformation or major variation were found in this study, the results did indicate that bropirimine was embryotoxic at dosages which also produced significant maternal toxicity. PMID- 3175943 TI - A method to increase the survival rate of early chick embryos in experiments involving surgical intervention. AB - A method is presented by which the survival rate of early chick embryos following surgical procedure can be greatly improved. It was discovered that the embryos were dying at the stage of the operating procedure at which ink was being introduced under the embryo. Ink was used to visualize the embryonic features more easily. The use of a contrast medium in which the ink has been previously mixed with yolk in the ratio of 1:30 solved the problem. PMID- 3175944 TI - Somatomedin inhibitors from human serum produce abnormalities in mouse embryos in culture. AB - Two human serum fractions, one from normal individuals (Mr 1,150-1,310 daltons) and the other (Mr 800-1,100 daltons) from patients suffering with uremia (renal failure, azotemia), were added to the medium used to grow embryos in whole-embryo culture (WEC) beginning at the 3-5 (day 9) or 18-21 (day 10) somite stage. Both of these fractions possessed somatomedin (insulin-like growth factor) inhibitory activity. Day 9 embryos exposed to either of the serum fractions for 24 hr exhibited incomplete rotation and neural tube closure defects and were smaller than control embryos (decreased total protein content). Developmental abnormalities induced in day 10 embryos following 24 hr in culture included a marked decrease in expansion of the brain regions, hypoplasia of the first two branchial arches, and decreased amounts of total protein compared to controls. The visceral yolk sacs (VYSs) of somatomedin inhibitor (SI)-exposed conceptuses were opaque, and those from day 10 conceptuses contained significantly more protein than controls. Morphologically, the VYS endoderm cells from SI-exposed embryos contained a much higher density of "vacuoles" than controls. These results mimic those produced by exposure of conceptuses to an SI of Mr800-1,100 obtained from the serum of diabetic rats and suggest that similar substances and mechanisms are involved. PMID- 3175945 TI - Teratogenic effects of trichloroacetonitrile in the Long-Evans rat. AB - Trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) is among a number of contaminants found in drinking water produced by reactions of chlorine with background organic material. Long Evans rats were intubated with TCAN (0, 1, 7.5, 15, 35, 55 mg/kg) in a tricaprylin vehicle on gestation days 6-18. The highest dose tested (55 mg/kg) was lethal in 21% of the dams and produced 100% resorptions in two-thirds of the survivors. Only one maternal death was seen at the next-lower dose; however, fetal weight and viability were decreased in a dose-related manner. The percentage of embryolethality was 13.9% at the lowest dose and 78.4% at the high dose, with resorption of entire litters seen at 7.5 mg/kg and above. At all doses, cardiovascular (interventricular septal defect, levocardia, common carotid, and right-sided aortic arch and ductus arteriosus) and urogenital (hypoplastic, missing, misplaced and fused kidneys, and hypoplastic uterine horns) malformations were seen in the offspring. Frequency of these malformations was dose related, ranging from 8% to 35% at the 1.0- and 35-mg/kg doses, respectively. The incidence of total soft tissue malformations was statistically significant at 15 and 35 mg/kg. There were no significant treatment-related changes in the incidence of skeletal malformations. The no-effect dose was established by statistical analysis to be 1.0 mg/kg/day. PMID- 3175947 TI - Medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy in early pregnancy has no apparent fetal effects. AB - Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; Provera) was given orally to 449 women from the 5th to 7th week of pregnancy until at least the 18th week. Data are recorded from two treatment groups (recurrent abortion and threatened abortion) and are compared to a matched series. A total of 1,016 pregnancies are included in the study, and all patients were recruited from a subfertile population conceiving from a range of infertility treatments. Early pregnancy wastage was high throughout the groups and was significantly elevated (43%; P less than .001) in those women who had vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy. The study focuses on the question of potential teratogenicity of progestagens administered in the first trimester. There were 15/366 (4.1%) infants with congenital abnormalities in the MPA-treated group and 15/428 in the untreated group (3.5%). The difference was not significant, and MPA is considered to have no embryopathic risk, nor is it likely to retain an abnormal fetus that might otherwise abort. It appears that MPA is a safe drug to use in pregnancy although the question of efficacy has not been addressed in this report. Considering other recent negative epidemiologic studies with regard to teratogenicity, we add to the conclusion that MPA cannot be demonstrated to have a measurable teratogenic risk and certainly does not present a risk for congenital heart disease and limb reduction defects. PMID- 3175946 TI - Effects of perinatal exposure to a synthetic estrogen and progestin on mammary tumorigenesis in mice. AB - The effects of perinatal exposure to synthetic estrogens and progestins on mammary tumorigenesis were studied in female C3H/HeN/MTV + mice. Mice were treated neonatally with 0.001 microgram/day diethylstilbestrol (DES), with 15 micrograms/day 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (HPC), or with oil on days 1 5 of life (birth = day 1). As adults, neonatally hormone-treated mice received long-term treatment with a synthetic estrogen and progestin combination or vehicle. Animals were palpated weekly for mammary gland tumors. The effect of treatment on the probability of tumor development was examined. Neonatal treatment with a low dose of DES increased the probability of mammary-gland tumor formation, whereas neonatal treatment with HPC had a slightly protective effect on tumorigenesis. Subsequent treatment of adult mice with synthetic steroids did not affect mammary gland tumorigenesis in neonatally DES-treated or oil-treated animals. There was a significant interaction between the effect of neonatal HPC treatment and subsequent steroid treatment on mammary tumorigenesis but examination of the data indicated that this interaction was due to the protective effect of HPC in the absence of subsequent exposure to synthetic steroids and the probability of tumor appearance in mice treated with both HPC and synthetic steroids as adults did not differ from that of neonatally oil-treated controls. PMID- 3175949 TI - Digit development and embryonic weight in mice: analysis of sex-related time difference and mating period-related interlitter variability. AB - The embryonic growth and digit formation in limb buds were more advanced in male embryos than in female embryos at a specific time (day 12.0) of midgestation. Furthermore, when the number of digits was compared between the sexes according to their body weight, male embryos were found to be more advanced than females in the differentiation of the digit in limb buds. This is the first demonstration of the presence of a time difference in digit development between the sexes of mouse embryos. In the short-period, morning-mating group, embryonic weights at day 12.0 were lower than those in the overnight-mating group. However, the digit development was not very much delayed in proportion to the difference in body weights, and some "catch-up" phenomena were observed in this group. Interlitter and intralitter variability in body weights of mouse embryos at day 12.0 was greater in the overnight-mating group than in the short-period-mating group. These findings suggest that, in embryonic stage-related teratological experiments in mice, a short-period-mating schedule is advised and that the incidence of developmental anomalies should be analyzed separately for male and female fetuses. PMID- 3175948 TI - Distribution of mercury 203 in pregnant rats and their fetuses following systemic infusions with thiol-containing amino acids and glutathione during late gestation. AB - To investigate the effect of amino acids and the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) on tissue uptake of methylmercury (MeHg) in the developing rat fetus in utero, pregnant rats were continuously infused into the external jugular vein with 0.1 mM L-cysteine, 0.1 mM L-leucine, 0.1 mM GSH or saline commencing on day 17 of gestation. This was followed at 24, 48, and 72 hours by external jugular infusion of 50 microM [203Hg]-MeHgCl administered in 1 ml over 1 hour. Pups were surgically removed from the uterus on gestational day 21. Whole body, brain, kidney, liver, and placental 203Hg radioactivity was measured by means of gamma spectrometry. Brain 203Hg concentration in pups exposed in utero to L-cysteine was significantly higher compared with pups exposed to saline (P less than 0.05). Brain 203Hg concentration in pups exposed in utero to L-leucine and GSH was significantly depressed compared with pups exposed to saline (P less than 0.05). Kidney 203Hg concentration was not significantly changed in all treatment groups compared with controls. Liver 203Hg concentration was significantly depressed in L-leucine- and GSH-treated pups compared with controls (P less than 0.05). Placental 203Hg concentration was not affected by any treatment compared with controls. These effects occurred despite no difference in total 203Hg body burden among pups, irrespective of the treatment. In addition, infusion with L-cysteine resulted in a significant increase in 203Hg brain concentration in dams compared with controls, and 203Hg brain concentration in L-leucine- and GSH-treated dams was significantly depressed compared with controls. Thus 203Hg distribution in both adult and developing animals is altered by chronic amino acid or GSH infusions and suggests that MeHg uptake may be mediated through the formation of a cysteine-MeHg complex which is transported across the blood-brain barrier by the neutral amino acid carrier transport system. PMID- 3175951 TI - Strain difference in galactokinase level and susceptibility to the teratogenic effect of dietary galactose in mice: I. Teratogenic and embryopathic effect. AB - Congenital cataracts have been noted to occur in infants when either the mother or the mother and infant have reduced activity of the enzymes galactokinase (GK) or galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT). Studies were undertaken to elucidate the possible genetic and dietary fetomaternal interactions leading to the presumptive galactose teratogenesis noted in two inbred strains of mice differing in GK activity. Pregnant A/J (high erythrocyte GK activity 134.18 +/- 17.89 mU/gm Hb) and C57BL/6J (low erythrocyte GK activity 55.05 +/- 11.39 mU/gm Hb) mice were treated with a diet containing either 25% or 50% galactose throughout gestation. A significantly higher percentage of C57BL offspring (92.3%) were observed to have lens opacities when their mothers were fed a high galactose diet, whereas no increase in lens pathology was observed in the offspring of similarly treated A/J mothers. Additionally, reciprocal matings were carried out so that all offspring were genetically equivalent in terms of GK activity. However, when the mother had low GK activity, a significant incidence of lens opacities was present in their offspring; this was not found when the mother had high GK activity. After weaning, no difference in the incidence of lens opacities was observed when the 25% galactose diet was introduced to the offspring of these reciprocal crosses, providing additional support for a maternal dietary influence on the development of lens opacities. PMID- 3175950 TI - Interaction between the splotch mutation and retinoic acid in mouse neural tube defects in vitro. AB - The interaction between the splotch gene (Sp) and all-trans retinoic acid (RA) was investigated using cytogenetically marked Sp/+ and +/+ mouse embryos cultured in the presence of RA. Retinoic acid retarded the development of and had a teratogenic effect on mouse embryos in culture. In particular, RA had seemingly opposite effects on the posterior neural tube, inducing abnormally early fusion in some embryos and causing a dose-dependent delay in others. When the effects of RA on identified Sp/+ and +/+ embryos were compared, the only observed difference in their responses was in the degree of the delay in posterior neuropore (PNP) closure. At the end of the culture period, among the untreated control embryos, the Sp heterozygotes showed retardation of PNP closure compared to +/+ embryos. In addition, the RA treatment was found to have induced a greater delay in posterior neural tube closure in Sp/+ than in +/+ embryos. The basis for this difference in response to RA is presumed to be the retardation of PNP closure that is caused by the Sp gene in heterozygous form. The effects of the gene and the teratogen are additive and the gene carriers thus have greater mean PNP lengths at the end of culture. Since the length of the PNP is an indication of an embryo's likelihood of developing spina bifida, this provides an explanation for the observation that Sp/+ embryos are more sensitive to the spina bifida-causing effects of RA than are +/+ embryos. PMID- 3175952 TI - Application of Y chromosomal repetitive sequences to sexing mouse embryos. AB - Identification of sex is often necessary to evaluate genetic or teratogenetic effects on embryonic development. A simple molecular technique to identify the sex of mouse embryos was studied using a Y chromosomal repetitive sequence (designated 145SC5). Since this technique does not require purification of DNA, it is particularly suitable for processing many embryos. Furthermore, 145SC5 detects 1% contamination of male DNA in a male-female DNA mixture. These results suggest that 145SC5 is a powerful molecular tool in a variety of studies on mouse development. PMID- 3175954 TI - "Neuroschisis" in human embryos. PMID- 3175953 TI - More on the use of the terms kill and sacrifice in animal research. PMID- 3175955 TI - Challenges of our success: a national perspective on geriatric health care. PMID- 3175956 TI - Releases and arbitration agreements between patients and physicians. PMID- 3175958 TI - Recognizing alcoholism and confronting the alcoholic patient. PMID- 3175957 TI - Brief supportive psychotherapy by the primary care physician. PMID- 3175959 TI - Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: new diagnosis, old problem. PMID- 3175960 TI - Crack and cocaine--current medical issues. PMID- 3175961 TI - Progress in mental health. PMID- 3175962 TI - Challenges of mental health service. PMID- 3175963 TI - Eating disorders: role of the primary care physician. PMID- 3175964 TI - Physicians and the future of health care. PMID- 3175965 TI - Gastric stapling and sleep apnea. PMID- 3175966 TI - Continuing nursing education: whose responsibility is it? Victim or champion of cost containment? Will administration support it? PMID- 3175967 TI - [Rehabilitation in coronary disease]. PMID- 3175968 TI - [Several aspects of rehabilitation of the hemiplegic patient]. PMID- 3175969 TI - [Rapid chemical methods in the physician's office]. PMID- 3175970 TI - [Angiologic diagnosis in the physician's office]. PMID- 3175971 TI - Management and outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis in adults notified in England and Wales in 1983. Medical Research Council Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit. AB - The management and outcome of treatment were studied, two years or more after notification, in previously untreated adult patients of white and Indian subcontinent (Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi) ethnic origin with pulmonary tuberculosis notified in England and Wales in the first six months of 1983. Of the 1068 patients, 10% had died, 3% defaulted, and 1% left the UK before completing chemotherapy. Of the 917 patients who completed chemotherapy, 90% were prescribed rifampicin and isoniazid throughout, most having ethambutol in addition either in the initial phase only (72%) or throughout (3%); 18% had pyrazinamide. The outcome of chemotherapy at the time the patient was last seen was reported by the clinician. Of those completing treatment, most were classified as cured after the primary course of chemotherapy (86%) or after modification of chemotherapy because of toxicity (10%) or therapeutic failure (2%). Altogether, 28 patients were classified as therapeutic failures because of a slow response, deterioration, or failure during chemotherapy or relapse after stopping chemotherapy. A further 151 patients, however, failed to complete chemotherapy, some for reasons attributable to a failure of the routine clinical services. This should prompt continued efforts to maximise the efficiency of the services for tuberculosis. The main differences between the findings of this survey and those of the previous Medical Research Council survey (of patients starting chemotherapy in 1978-9) were an increased use of pyrazinamide and a reduction in the duration of the chemotherapy prescribed. PMID- 3175972 TI - Changes in bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine over four years in middle aged male smokers and ex-smokers. AB - Bronchial hyperresponsiveness to inhaled histamine in smokers is associated with an accelerated annual decline in FEV1 and low baseline FEV1 values. The evolution of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and whether it precedes or follows the accelerated decline in FEV1 and reduction in FEV1 is unknown. Measurements of the provocative concentration of inhaled histamine required to reduce FEV1 by 20% (PC20) were repeated after a four year interval in 27 male smokers (mean age 59 years, smoking on average 27 cigarettes a day in 1986) and 16 men who were ex smokers in 1982 and who remained non-smokers until 1986 (mean age 53 years in 1986). These men were originally recruited to a prospective study in 1974 and had their first PC20 measurement in 1982. PC20 was positively related to baseline FEV1 in both smokers and ex-smokers in both 1982 and 1986 (r ranging from 0.56 to 0.76, p less than 0.01). In smokers mean FEV1 fell from 83% to 77% predicted (p less than 0.001) and geometric mean PC20 from 7.11 to 3.27 mg/ml (p less than 0.001) between 1982 and 1986. The change in PC20 in individual smokers over the four years was related to change in FEV1 (p = 0.012). In ex-smokers mean FEV1 was 93% predicted both in 1982 and in 1986 and there was no significant difference in geometric mean PC20 between 1982 (6.68 mg/ml) and 1986 (5.98 mg/ml). Thus in smokers there was an accelerated annual decline in FEV1 and an increase in bronchial hyperresponsiveness as FEV1 fell. The ex-smokers had comparable levels of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in 1982. Mean PC20 values were unchanged in 1986 in these men, who showed a normal age related decline in FEV1. These longitudinal results emphasise the importance of baseline airway geometry in influencing bronchial hyperresponsiveness to histamine in middle aged smokers and ex-smokers. PMID- 3175973 TI - Spirometry in healthy elderly Chinese. AB - Forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were measured in healthy subjects (129 men, 210 women) aged 60 years and above who were leading an independent and active life in the community. Women but not men showed an age related decline in FEV1 and FVC. Correlations of FEV1 and FVC with height were weaker than those reported for all age groups. Male ex smokers had lower FEV1 values than current smokers and non-smokers. Regression equations are derived for men and women for predicting values appropriate to Chinese elderly people. These values are slightly lower than those for white people, but the difference is not as great as in values derived from surveys of all age groups. PMID- 3175974 TI - Does right ventricular function predict survival in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease? AB - Non-invasive measurements of the right ventricular ejection fraction by radionuclide ventriculography were made in 115 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Survival was assessed over a mean period of 918 days. The right ventricular ejection fraction was reasonably normal in most patients (mean 0.42, range 0.10-0.66) but was lower in those with peripheral oedema, indicating cor pulmonale (mean 0.31 (SD 0.07); p less than 0.0001). Right ventricular ejection fraction was related to survival, but the relationship was weak (p = 0.03) by comparison with the association between the arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions and survival (both p less than 0.0001). It is concluded that, although right ventricular function is predictive of survival in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, it is probably a reflection of severity of disease and does not directly affect the prognosis. PMID- 3175975 TI - Chickenpox pneumonia: experience with antiviral treatment. AB - Of 13 patients with chickenpox pneumonia (12 of them adults) treated during 1979 87, 10 received antiviral drugs--nine acyclovir and one vidarabine. Three died despite intensive treatment. Serious secondary infections occurred in six cases. There were no clear indications that antiviral treatment altered the natural history of the condition. Acyclovir may at present be used too late in the course of chickenpox pneumonia to alter its outcome. PMID- 3175976 TI - Early and late results of pericardiectomy in 118 cases of constrictive pericarditis. AB - The medical records of 118 patients (86 male, 32 female, age 10-50 (mean 27) years) who underwent pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis at the Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, from 1954 to 1985 were reviewed. All had appreciable pericardial constriction. Preoperatively 97 of the 118 were in class III or IV of the New York Heart Association classification and 100 had peripheral oedema or ascites. Tuberculosis was proved as the cause in 72 patients. Pericardiectomy was accomplished through a standard anterolateral thoracotomy (107 cases), median sternotomy (3 cases), or bilateral thoracotomy (8 cases). Postoperatively an apparent low cardiac output state was seen in 34 patients, 12 of whom died. Hospital mortality in the last 12 years was 11%. Mortality was higher in NYHA class III and IV patients. The improved surgical results recently may be related to increased use of inotropic support and prolonged ventilation. At follow up there were 72 patients in whom functional capacity could be assessed; 63 were in class I or II. The poor results of pericardiectomy in some patients are likely to be related to advanced preoperative disability and early pericardiectomy is therefore recommended. PMID- 3175977 TI - Instrumental perforations of the oesophagus and their management. AB - The records of 39 patients who had developed a perforation of the oesophagus after instrumentation were reviewed. Ten (group A) had cervical and 29 (group B) thoracic oesophageal perforation. Twenty three perforations occurred during dilatation of an oesophageal stricture, 10 during oesophagoscopic removal of a foreign body, and six during diagnostic oesophagoscopy. Of the 21 patients treated within 36 hours (early treatment group), four (19%) died; of the 18 treated more than 36 hours after the perforation (late treatment group), nine (50%) died. None of the 10 patients in group A had strictures and only two presented late. After drainage of the neck and mediastinum the outcome was successful in all patients. Thirteen of the 29 in group B were treated early and four of these died; nine of the 16 treated late died, the total mortality for thoracic perforation being 48%. An oesophageal stricture was present in 23 patients. Twelve of these underwent various forms of conservative surgery and there were 10 deaths. This contrasts with the 11 who received radical treatment with resection and reconstruction, only two of whom died. The six patients with no pre-existing stricture were treated with conservative forms of surgery, with one death. PMID- 3175978 TI - Early neutrophil alveolitis after rechallenge in drug induced alveolitis. AB - A patient with drug induced alveolitis due to an antidepressant drug, nomifensine, is described. After an inadvertent rechallenge by the patient sequential bronchoalveolar lavage was carried out. Twenty four hours after the rechallenge the lavage fluid contained a high cell count with neutrophils predominating. Seven days after challenge the cells were predominantly lymphocytes. PMID- 3175979 TI - Benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis. AB - A 37 year old woman underwent a lobectomy for a lesion with a tumour like appearance on the chest radiograph. This was shown microscopically to be benign lymphocytic angiitis and granulomatosis, a rare condition that responds well to cytotoxic drugs and has a good prognosis. PMID- 3175980 TI - Scimitar sign with normal pulmonary venous drainage and anomalous inferior vena cava. AB - A case of the scimitar sign due to an anomaly of the right sided pulmonary vein with normal drainage into the left atrium was associated with an azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava. Digital subtraction angiography allows the identification of these rare congenital vascular malformations. PMID- 3175982 TI - Predicted values: how should we use them? PMID- 3175981 TI - Relation of armspan to height and the prediction of lung function. AB - Height and armspan were measured in healthy 8-18 year old boys and girls to assess the appropriate correction factor to be applied when height cannot be measured easily. No correction factor was found necessary, height being directly estimated from armspan. PMID- 3175984 TI - Free N-terminal fibronectin 30-kD-domain mediates binding of soluble fibrin to gelfiltered unstimulated thrombocytes. AB - Gelfiltered unstimulated human platelets neither bound 125-I-fibrinogen nor 125-I fibrin. Fibrin-binding was, however, stimulated by N-terminal fibronectin 30 kD and 70 kD-fragments while fibronectin was ineffective. The 30 kD-fragment also stimulated some platelet preparations to bind fibrinogen which, however, was suppressed by minute amounts of the thrombin inhibitor PPACK. PPACK hardly influenced fibrin-binding. Fragment-promoted fibrinogen-binding was also inhibited by a monoclonal antibody recognizing the membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex known to act as fibrinogen receptor. This antibody failed to influence fragment-stimulated fibrin-binding giving evidence that fibrinogen and fibrin were retained by different receptors. In contrast to 125-I-fibrin its plasmin derived and 125-I-labelled fragment X was not recognized by the platelets in presence of the fibronectin 30 kD-fragment. Fragment-stimulated binding of 125-I fibrin showed a lag phase and was completely inhibited by 0.25 mM putrescine as well as by 1 mM EDTA or 0.1 mM N-ethylmaleinimide. Evidently, a cell-attached transamidase was involved in fibrin-binding possibly by forming a ternary complex with fibrin and the fibronectin fragment. PMID- 3175983 TI - Fibrinogen Baltimore III: congenital dysfibrinogenemia with a shortened gamma subunit. AB - An abnormal fibrinogen has been found in an asymptomatic Negro female. Clinical laboratory findings were normal, except for a prolonged thrombin time which was corrected by addition of calcium. Fibrinopeptide release by thrombin and crosslinking by factor XIII also occurred normally, but fibrin monomer polymerization was delayed. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis disclosed that 50% of the gamma-subunits migrated with an apparent Mr of 45,500, approximately 1,500 Da smaller than normal. The evidence suggests that an internal sequence of 10-15 residues is missing from the gamma subunit of the abnormal fibrinogen. PMID- 3175985 TI - Changes in plasma fibrin degradation products as a marker of thrombus evolution in patients with deep vein thrombosis. AB - The level of fibrin degradation products (fdp) as a marker of fibrin clot dissolution was studied prospectively in 51 patients with phlebographically identified deep vein thrombosis (DVT). For this purpose a highly sensitive fdp assay using an anti D neo monoclonal antibody (McAb) was used. At the onset of the hospitalization, in 47 (92%) of the 51 patients tested, the plasma fdp level performed was high, but does not reflect the size of the thrombus, demonstrating that spontaneous thrombus lysis varies from one patient to another. During 10 days of standard heparin or low molecular weight heparin treatment, two different patterns of fdp evolution could be identified in these patients, independent of the type of heparin used. The first was characterized by a gradual decrease in fdp level and a corresponding reduction in the thrombus size. The second pattern showed a persistence of high levels of fdp after 10 days of therapy although the phlebographic score reveals a poor or partial response indicating that fibrinolysis or the balance of thrombus formation/fibrinolysis did not insure total thrombus dissolution. The 4 patients whose initial plasma fdp levels were only slightly increased during the 10 days, seem to have poor thrombolysis, as was shown by the unmodified phlebographic score after 10 days of treatment. Consequently, we conclude that the investigation of plasma fdp levels with a highly sensitive assay should contribute to the evaluation of thrombus evolution in DVT. PMID- 3175986 TI - Relationship of fibrinogen-bound sialic acid and liver disease in patients with lymphoma. PMID- 3175987 TI - Treatment of serious heparin-induced thrombocytopenia by plasma exchange: report on 4 cases. PMID- 3175988 TI - Antiaggregatory effect of selenium incorporated into algae with no effect on the microsomal enzymes in rats. PMID- 3175989 TI - Material thrombelastography: an assessment of phosphorylcholine compounds as models for biomaterials. AB - The use of phosphorylcholine (PC) containing compounds as possible biomaterials has been evaluated by material thrombelastography (MTEG). The detailed analysis of the MTEG technique is discussed. A remarkable reduction of thrombogenicity by compounds containing the PC group is demonstrated. The results observed with a polymerised PC-lipid indicate potential use of such substances as biomaterials with minimal thrombogenicity. PMID- 3175990 TI - RS-5186, a novel thromboxane synthetase inhibitor with a potent and extended duration of action. AB - RS-5186, sodium 6-[2-[1-(1H)-imidazolyl]methyl-4,5-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene]- carboxylate, inhibited platelet thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthetase with IC50 values of 6 nM and 13 nM for human and rabbit microsomes, respectively. It had a selectivity for TXA2 synthetase 10(5)-fold greater than that for cyclooxygenase, PGI2 synthetase, 5-lipoxygenase and phospholipase A2. When administered orally or intravenously to dogs at 1 mg/kg, RS-5186 suppressed serum TXB2 levels almost completely with sustained duration of action: the suppression during 0.5 hr to 8 hr after dosing was more than 90%, and was 70-80% at 24 hr. Similar suppression of serum TXB2 levels was observed in rats and rabbits. Such suppression by RS 5186 was more potent than that by OKY-046 and CV-4151. Serial administration of RS-5186 (0.1 mg/kg/day p.o.) to dogs for 7 days decreased the serum TXB2 levels constantly during the medication, and no rebound phenomenon was observed after the medication was stopped. In a thrombotic model induced by sodium arachidonate injection in rabbits, RS-5186 at 1 mg/kg p.o. completely protected against sudden death (ED50 = 0.12 mg/kg, 1 hr after dosing) and this protective effect extended over 8 hr. All these results show that RS-5186 is a potent and highly selective TXA2 synthetase inhibitor with a long duration of action, and suggest that the compound could be useful in diseases where TXA2 is involved. PMID- 3175991 TI - Radioimmunoassay of thromboxane B2 in plasma: methodological modifications. AB - Thromboxane B2 (TxB2) determination is usually performed by using commercial 3H RIA kits. However, the low amounts of TxB2 present in plasma are not detectable without previous extraction. The aim of this study is the evaluation of 1) plasma protein interferences on the binding and separation steps of bound from free analyte and 2) charcoal efficacy in different experimental conditions. Our results indicate that plasma proteins do not influence the antibody binding, but significantly reduce the efficacy of precipitation of kit dextran-charcoal, so that the supernate radioactivity rises with the protein amount increase (r = 0.99 p less than 0.001). Such greater number of counts in the samples determines a lower estimation of TxB2 concentration in plasma when the calibration curve is set up in buffer. Our findings suggest that, in order to measure low amounts of plasma TxB2 without extraction, it is useful: 1) to refer to a calibration curve set up in buffer-diluted plasma, 2) to use the uncoated charcoal concentration allowing the lowest stripping and 3) to perform all steps at 4 degrees C. PMID- 3175992 TI - Increased thromboplastin activity in circulating monocytes and reduced in vitro sensitivity to stimuli of blood monocytes from selenium-deficient rats. PMID- 3175993 TI - Recent advances in the clinical management of thromboembolic diseases. October 20 22, 1988, Dusseldorf, F.R.G. Abstracts of the international symposium. PMID- 3175994 TI - [The prevalence of heart worm (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs of Curacao]. AB - In view of its distribution in (sub)tropical areas, heartworm in dogs is of increasing importance as an import disease, also in the Netherlands. The present study is particularly concerned with the prevalence of the asymptomatic forms of this disease in Curacao. In this study 631 blood samples were tested. Sixty-six dogs (10 per cent) were found to be infected with Dirofilaria. Haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were determined. Breed, age, sex and major symptoms were recorded. The prevalence of the worm in males (12.8 per cent) was significantly higher than it was in females (7.2 per cent). Of the infected animals, 39 per cent were asymptomatic carriers of the disease, two of them being about to be shipped to the Netherlands. Heartworm disease therefore is a real possibility in imported dogs in the Netherlands and this diagnosis should be considered in animals showing pulmonary and circulatory problems. The life cycle, therapy and prevention of Dirofilaria immitis are discussed. PMID- 3175995 TI - [Inadequate milk production in cattle caused by an incorrect diet; an example from practice]. AB - The milk production per cow on a dairy farm did not increase to any appreciable extent during the past few years. Moreover, when a number of cattle were found not to be pregnant, this suggested mineral deficiency to the livestock owner. The diet of the animals was therefore examined at his request and some advice was offered on this basis. These recommendations resulted in an increase of the production per cow in a standard herd, averaging 3.2 units, during the following year. The production of milk fat and milk protein showed an average daily increase of 146 g per animal. Mineral deficiency as a causative factor was considered to be unlikely. PMID- 3175996 TI - [Early diagnosis of liver fluke infection in sheep]. AB - The sera and livers of slaughtered lambs were studied in October 1987 in order to achieve a suitable interpretation of the indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) in the diagnosis of fascioliasis in flocks. In view of these studies, it is concluded that the IHA is useful in the early diagnosis of liver fluke infection in lambs. It is recommended to take samples from at least five lambs in each flock. An interpretation model is provided. PMID- 3175997 TI - [The effect of subclinical and clinical mastitis on milk production in cattle]. AB - Subclinical mastitis may cause a decrease in production in the infected quarters, particularly in heifers. Investigations on monozygotic twins in New Zealand showed that this decrease in production of the infected quarter is compensated by an increased production of the normal parallel quarters in secundiparous and older cows. It can be concluded from these findings that a decrease in milk production should be calculated on the basis of cow production rather than on that of quarter production. From the point of view of loss of milk production, particular attention should be paid to heifers in the prevention of mastitis. PMID- 3175998 TI - [Contribution of epidemiology to the promotion of health and productivity of dairy animals]. PMID- 3175999 TI - [When you work you make mistakes, but make as few as possible]. PMID- 3176000 TI - [Considerations on the sense and nonsense of sensitivity determinations for veterinary practice]. AB - The parameter most frequently used as a basis for antibiotic therapy is the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). This is a valid, standardised and comparative parameter for evaluating the effectiveness of a drug under laboratory conditions. The results of this test are considerably affected by changes in the standard laboratory conditions, which differ widely from the varying in vivo situations. The most common methods used in sensitivity testing, which are based on MIC values and pharmacokinetic data are discussed. The minimum antibiotic concentration (MAC) is much less affected by laboratory manipulations than is the MIC. The MAC is the lowest concentration having a barely measurable effect on the bacterium, whatever method is used. Although the MAC has not yet been standardised, it is a very informative test. The MAC is usually much lower than the MIC and it clearly shows that the MIC is an underestimation of antibacterial activity, particularly in animals with a reasonably functioning natural resistance. However, antimicrobial therapy should not be evaluated by microbiological and pharmacological methods alone, but also by clinical parameters, as the clinical response to antibacterial treatment may be influenced by many factors, which cannot be calculated as yet. Until he or she initiates treatment, particularly in life-threatening situations, a veterinary practitioner cannot wait for laboratory results. However, by carefully evaluating the clinical symptoms, and as a result of training and experience, he or she should be able to determine the causative organism in the majority of cases. Making and evaluating Gram-stained smears may be extremely helpful. The species of the suspected causative organism will suggest the antibiotic treatment of choice. Prospective sensitivity testing and resistance monitoring of pathogenic bacterial species, which may readily become resistant, at regular intervals is likely to be more effective, than culturing and testing alone in the event of failure of therapy. PMID- 3176001 TI - [A case of common salt poisoning in slaughtering pigs]. AB - Poisoning with common salt is one of the most frequent forms of poisoning in finishing pigs. As a rule, this is due to too much salt in the feed, in combination with a limited supply of drinking water. When a diagnosis of common salt poisoning is established, the animals will have to be rehydrated by degrees. Animals showing clinical symptoms have a bad prognosis. A case of sodium chloride poisoning is reported in the following paper. PMID- 3176002 TI - [Who itches? sometimes it is not the dog but his master who has skin problems]. PMID- 3176003 TI - [Poisoning caused by the pyrethroid compound deltamethrin in Gould's amadines (Chloebia gouldiae). Description of a case]. AB - Within approximately ten minutes after Gould's amadines had been returned to an aviary which had been treated with the pyrethroid compound deltamethrin, the birds showed restlessness and sat pecking between their feathers, making abrupt movements. The birds ate less and declined perceptibly. Experimental exposure gave rise to identical symptoms and there were marked differences in sensitivity between species of bird. PMID- 3176005 TI - ["Vomiting" in psittacines]. PMID- 3176004 TI - [An outbreak of distemper among seals (I)]. AB - The cause of a recent outbreak of a serious disease of seals in the North and Baltic Seas, in which so far, over 9000 of the population of 16,000 animals have died, was investigated. Three viruses have been considered as the possible causative agents: a herpesvirus, a picornavirus and canine distemper virus. It was concluded mainly on the basis of serological data that canine distemper virus was the primary cause of the outbreak. The role of other factors on the extent and the severity of the outbreak needs to be investigated. PMID- 3176006 TI - [Animal experiments--alternatives, welfare and ethics]. PMID- 3176008 TI - [The Veterinary Service Board. Animal drug legislation. Packaging and labelling of animal drugs]. PMID- 3176007 TI - [Electronic flea control]. PMID- 3176009 TI - [Analysis of losses due to subclinical small intestinal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria maxima under field conditions]. AB - Subclinical coccidiosis of broiler chickens caused by Eimeria (E.) acervulina and E. maxima results in a negative effect on feed conversion and retardation of growth. In the present report investigations in 80 broiler flocks are described in which the relationship between age of infection and economic effects were analysed under field conditions. Under these conditions, infections with E. acervulina and E. maxima were found to have a negative effect on growth and feed conversion, that this negative effect persists and accumulates for approximately three weeks following infection, and is subsequently completely or partly compensated for by increased growth rates. In the present study it was established that the losses due to subclinical coccidiosis of the small intestine in the 80 flocks investigated amounted to 6.4 cents per chicken under conditions occurring in the Netherlands. Ionophorous coccidiostats did not prevent infection with E. acervulina and E. maxima but did prevent infections with E. brunetti, E. necatrix and E. tenella. PMID- 3176010 TI - [Surgical treatment of a case of chronic endometritis in cattle]. AB - An adhesion localised between the uterus and bladder was removed by surgery in a four-year-old cow with chronic endometritis. This adhesion was found to contain a fistula, through which urine could enter the uterus. PMID- 3176011 TI - [An outbreak of dog distemper among seals (2)]. AB - Serological findings which had showed that the primary cause of the recent outbreak of serious disease of seals in the seas of North-Western Europe, is infection with canine distemper virus, were confirmed by in vivo and in vitro isolation of the virus from seals which had died at different locations during the outbreak. The virus which proved to be pathogenic for dogs, was characterised as canine distemper virus on the basis of immunofluorescence, virus neutralisation and electron microscopical studies. PMID- 3176012 TI - [Ethical evaluation of veterinary research]. AB - From the point of view of ethics, experimental studies occupy a particular position in veterinary research, as the animals benefit directly by the results. An ethical evaluation of this form of research would therefore seem te be less difficult than that of other experimental studies, which frequently are the object of much criticism. The present paper contains a number of critical notes on this matter. The first part consists of a systematic analysis of the basic moral positions, from which the moral admissibility of veterinary actions in general may be assessed. These may be differentiated into two categories, anthropocentric ethics in which human interests prevail and biocentric ethics in which efforts are made to weigh the interests of man and animals more equitably. Starting from the intrinsic value of animals, the authors grant particular rights to (experimental) animals in the second part. This starting-point is decisive in evaluating the moral admissibility of veterinary procedures. The 'moral right principle' is compared with the well-known utilitarianism and 'the worst-off principle'. When the moral status of the animal is determined and the standards of evaluation are fixed, is will be possible in principle to assess the ethical permissibility of veterinary experiments and other veterinary actions. The authors explain and justify their personal choice. PMID- 3176013 TI - [Veterinary Chief Inspection for Public Health. The Panamanian freighter 'Reefer Rio' loaded with 'radioactive' meat]. PMID- 3176014 TI - [A case of Munchausen syndrome by proxy]. AB - In this paper the case is described of a one-year-old girl who was diagnosed as to have the Munchhausen syndrome by proxy. There had been a single-sided, chronic parotitis, followed by a single-sided orbita-cellulitis. In the pathological anatomical matter derived from the parotid a substance was found that does not belong to the human body (most likely to be alum), and which contained aluminium, silica, and iron. Based on pediatric, psychological, and child psychiatric diagnoses, the conclusion was that in all probability the matter was injected by the patient's grandmother, who acted as foster-mother. The grand-mother herself appeared to be a patient with the Munchhausen syndrome. After the girl was separated from her grand-parents, she soon recovered. Following after a total stay of 18 months in three different hospitals, the girl could be placed in a therapeutic foster home. PMID- 3176015 TI - [An adolescent with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]. AB - Prompted by the case history of a 17 year old girl with anaemia, mononucleosis infectiosa and abdominal pain, paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is described. After a mononucleosis infectiosa infection she developed many complications of which the most prominent were hemolysis and thrombosis. Severe abdominal pain and episodic bowel obstruction occurred as a result of micro infarction of the mesentery; bone marrow aplasia and lysis of platelets resulted in progressive thrombopenia. Pathogenesis and therapeutical possibilities are discussed. Coexistence of a necrotising enterocolitis with rectovaginal fistula, a heart infarction and the striking weight loss and hyponatremia during exacerbations, as seen in our patient, have not previously been described in PNH. PMID- 3176016 TI - [Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in a 2-year-old girl]. AB - The history of a two year old girl with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva is presented. Symptoms, prognosis and therapeutic problems are discussed. PMID- 3176017 TI - [Sickle cell test: for all ethnic minorities?]. AB - Sickle cell disease not only occurs in the black but also in the non-negroid population. The sickle cell gene has already been detected in members of the Turkish population living in the Netherlands. It may not be excluded that sickle cell anemia or trait also can occur in members of other ethnic minority groups. Therefore it is desired to extend pre-operative screening of HBS on all immigrant children, including the non-negroid ones. PMID- 3176018 TI - Gentamicin dosing and pharmacokinetics in low birth weight infants. AB - Monitoring of serum gentamicin concentrations and one-compartment pharmacokinetic analysis were performed in 41 preterm low birth weight infants (20 with birth weight of less than 1,500 g and 21 with birth weight of greater than or equal to 1,500 g) in the first week of life. Our dosing regimens, which were 2.0 mg/kg every 24 hr for the less than 1,500 g group and 2.0 mg/kg every 12 hr for the greater than or equal to 1,500 g group, successfully achieved the desired peak (4 8 micrograms/ml; 87.8%) and trough (less than or equal to 3 micrograms/ml; 97.5%) concentrations on the 4th day of treatment. In a one-compartment pharmacokinetic analysis, a large intersubject variability of pharmacokinetic parameters were observed on the 1st day of treatment. When we compared the parameters of the 1st day with those of the 4th day, apparent decreases in Vd and TBC were observed. The mean values for TBC and T1/2 or Kd of the two birth weight groups were significantly different from each other on the 4th day of treatment, suggesting a less maturity of renal functions in the less than 1,500 g group. The modified method of Sawchuk and Zaske was proven impractical in predicting steady-state serum concentrations because of an underestimation probably caused by the dramatic alteration of Vd due to a diuresis soon after birth. Based on these results, we recommend the above-described dosing regimen and emphasize the importance of a close monitoring of serum gentamicin concentrations and toxicities, instead of the individualized dosing approach in low birth weight infants in the first week of life. PMID- 3176019 TI - Time course of tension development of knee extensor muscle on twitch, tetanic, and fast voluntary contraction in normal subjects. AB - Tension lag time (TLT), a latency from the onset of electromyographic activities of prime mover muscle to the rise of tension, of knee extensor muscle was measured at twitch, tetanic, and fast voluntary contraction in three normal subjects. Twitch and tetanic contractions were evoked by four different strengths of electrical stimuli, and the peak tensions attained at fast voluntary contraction were within the range of tensions evoked by electrical stimulation. In each mode of contraction, the relationship between TLT and peak tension (Fmax) was approximated by a hyperbolic function of Fmax (TLT-a) = b. TLT was influenced by three factors: (1) Fmax, the greater Fmax, the shorter TLT; (2) force detection level to point out timing of the rise of tension, the higher the level, the longer TLT was; and (3) the mode of contraction, shortest at the twitch, longest at the voluntary, and intermediate in the tetanic contraction. PMID- 3176020 TI - Improvement of mouse embryo development in vitro by prolactin. AB - Prolactin in the amniotic fluid is known to have an osmoregulatory function in the fetus, but little is known of the effects prolactin in the exudate from the endometrium acting directly on the early embryo. ICR female mice were stimulated with 6 IU of PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin) and 8 IU of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and mated with ICR males. Two-cell embryos through blastocysts were obtained for in vitro culture, to which prolactin was added at doses of 0, 10, 30, 100, 300 or 1000 ng/ml. The effects of different doses of prolactin were compared for the rates of blastocyst formation and hatching, and for the development of the embryo with regards to the stage of embryo from which the culture was launched. The results show that prolactin promotes development of the two-cell embryo at concentrations of 300 ng/ml and above, improving the rate of formation of the blastocyst and hatching stages. It also has positive effects on post-hatching blastocyst cultures, in terms of acceleration in development. PMID- 3176021 TI - An evaluation of serum high density lipoproteins-phospholipids. AB - Phospholipids in high density lipoproteins (HDL) is being used as a negative risk indicator of atherosclerosis. Phospholipids in HDL may not demonstrate the actual level of HDL-phospholipids when determined by the precipitation or ultracentrifugal methods, because HDL fractions contain very high density lipoproteins (VHDL) and albumin. In the present study, the true level of phospholipids in HDL was estimated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and it was compared with the level of phospholipids in HDL determined by the precipitation method. Sera from 18 healthy subjects were used as materials. In the HPLC method, the HDL fraction was extracted making sure that it contained no free albumin, which is albumin not bound to phospholipids. The HDL fraction was separated into subfractions. It was found that phospholipids in the VHDL fraction make a 20.2 +/- 7.3% (mean +/- S.D.) part of the total HDL phospholipids. A large part of the VHDL fraction was constituted of albumin-bound phospholipids. A significant correlation was observed between HDL-phospholipids determined by the precipitation method, which contain albumin, and the actual HDL fraction phospholipids determined by HPLC, which do not contain VHDL (r = 0.903, p less than 0.01). These results suggest that HDL-phospholipids values determined by the precipitation method give useful clinical data. PMID- 3176022 TI - Solvent constituents in paint, glue and thinner for plastic miniature hobby. AB - Solvent-containing products (8 paint, 29 glue and 4 thinner preparations) for plastic miniature hobby were analyzed for solvent constituents by capillary gas chromatography. Acetone and methyl isobutyl ketone were two most extensively used solvents both in terms of frequency and concentration. Other popular solvents included ethyl alcohol and two esters of ethyl acetate and butyl acetate. In contrast, aromatics, chlorinated hydrocarbons and ethylene glycol derivatives were seldomly detected. The present findings were discussed in comparison with the observation on the materials abused for sniffing in the past, as well as constituents in the products for industrial application. PMID- 3176023 TI - The absence of correlation between Na in diet duplicates and stomach cancer mortality in Japan. AB - The 24-hr diet duplicates were collected from 488 nonsmoking and nondrinking women at the ages of 30-59 years in 33 regions in Japan in winters, 1977-1981. The daily intake of Na, K, Cl and Na/K ratio for each individual were obtained by the chemical analysis of the duplicates, from which the regional means were calculated and subjected to regression analysis with 1969-1978 regional mortality for stomach cancer (SC), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and liver cirrhosis for the middle-aged, 1969-1978 regional standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for cancers of 9 sites and 9 other diseases (including SC and CVD), and 1978-1982 regional SMRs for SC, uterine cancer and CVD. No significant correlation was observed between intake of Na, K, Cl or Na/K and SC mortality or SMR, in contrast to a significant correlation of CVD mortality and SMR with Na intake (and to a lesser extent with K and Cl intake). Correlation of other cancers with Na was generally insignificant except for pancreatic cancer and possibly breast cancer. Thus, it was concluded that the correlation of daily Na intake with stomach cancer mortality is weaker, if present, than that with cerebrovascular disease mortality. PMID- 3176024 TI - New closed system using a sterile connection device and preconnected PRP pack for extended storage of apheresis platelet products. AB - In order to prevent bacterial contamination during the procedure of plateletapheresis, preconnected platelet-rich plasma (PRP) packs were prepared which include the apheresis bowl of a plasma collecting system (Haemonetics) with a 16G needle and a 0.6- and 1-liter double-bag system. The anticoagulant line of the PRP pack and that from the bag containing acid-citrate-dextrose formula A solution were welded by a sterile connection device (SCD model 312, DuPont). No additional care was needed to perform plateletapheresis with the present closed system. Platelet concentrates (PCs) stored in 1-liter bags made of polyvinyl chloride plastics with a plasticizer of either di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or tri (2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate were demonstrated to be sterile. The pH of PCs was maintained over 6.8 after 5-day storage. Preliminary studies suggest that the present closed system using the preconnected PRP pack and sterile connection device will be useful for reducing the risk of bacterial contamination in platelet products during single-donor plateletapheresis. PMID- 3176025 TI - Cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation and decrease of gluconeogenesis in rat kidney cortex: different effects of antioxidants and radical scavengers. AB - The present in vitro study was performed to investigate the effect of the nephrotoxic anticancer agent cisplatin (CP) on lipid peroxidation, on pyruvate stimulated gluconeogenesis and on p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation in rat renal cortical slices. In addition, the inhibitory effects of the antioxidants and radical scavengers N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD), (+)-cyanidanol-3 or alpha-tocopherol on CP-induced lipid peroxidation and CP-induced decrease of gluconeogenesis and the inhibitory effect of DPPD on CP-induced decrease of PAH accumulation were evaluated. Slices were incubated in a CP-containing medium for different periods of time (7.5-300 min) and at different concentrations (0.025 1.5 mg/ml). Lipid peroxidation was monitored by measuring the production of malondialdehyde (MDA). Accumulation of PAH was expressed as slice to medium concentration ratio. Pyruvate-stimulated gluconeogenesis, measured as glucose production, was determined after a subsequent 60- or 15-min incubation in a pyruvate-containing, CP-free medium. CP led to a time- and concentration dependent increase in MDA production, a time- and concentration-dependent decrease of pyruvate-stimulated gluconeogenesis and a time-dependent decrease of PAH accumulation in renal cortical slices. Decrease of gluconeogenesis preceded MDA production and decrease of PAH accumulation. Antioxidants reduced CP-induced MDA production and CP-induced decrease of accumulation of PAH, but did not reverse CP-induced decrease of gluconeogenesis. This might indicate, that the generation of free radicals and subsequent lipid peroxidation may play a role, at least in part, in inducing CP nephrotoxicity. There could be more than one mechanism of CP-induced nephrotoxicity, since decrease of gluconeogenesis preceded MDA production and decrease of PAH accumulation and could not be inhibited by antioxidants and radical scavengers. PMID- 3176027 TI - Modification of lethal, hypothermic and hyperphagic effects of sodium selenite by reduced glutathione in mice. AB - The effects of co-administration of reduced glutathione (GSH) on the lethality of sodium selenite (SS) and on SS-induced hypothermia and hyperphagia were examined in adult male ICR mice. Tissue GSH levels after s.c. injection were also determined. In the plasma, GSH concentration was significantly elevated up to 2 h after injection of 2 mmol/kg of GSH. Little change was observed in liver, and erythrocyte levels, the lethality of SS was enhanced by a similar dose of GSH. This enhancement, however, was observed only when SS was injected during the period when plasma GSH was elevated. These results suggest that the interaction between GSH and SS in plasma was the major contributor to the enhancement of SS toxicity. Hypothermia induced by SS was also enhanced by a 60-fold dose of GSH but not by a 6-fold dose of GSH. With respect to hyperphagia, GSH suppressed the effect of SS, probably because of depressing effect of co-administration of SS an GSH. PMID- 3176026 TI - Carcinogenicity study of tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram) in F344 rats. AB - The carcinogenic potential of tetramethylthiuram disulfide (thiram) was examined in F344 rats. Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were given thiram in their diet at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.05% for 104 weeks. Similar numbers of male and female rats received the basal diet throughout the experiment. All surviving rats were sacrificed at week 112. The rats given the chemical at 0.1% showed reduced body weight gain, especially in females, and liver dysfunction in biochemical examination of blood in males. Histopathologically, however, no significant lesions or tumor induction attributable to the treatment were observed in any tissue except for dose-dependent reduction of spontaneous leukemia in both sexes and slightly reduced incidences of pituitary and thyroid adenomas in females. Under the present experimental conditions, thiram was not carcinogenic in F344 rats. PMID- 3176028 TI - Uterine abnormalities in rats exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol, ethynylestradiol, or clomiphene citrate. AB - The toxicity of the synthetic estrogens diethylstilbestrol (DES), and ethynylestradiol (EE), and the antiestrogen clomiphene citrate (CC) was evaluated by assessing postnatal uterine growth and development prior to the onset of puberty in the rat. Both DES and EE, administered during the neonatal period (postnatal days 1-5), initially increased uterine weight and luminal epithelium hypertrophy. However, uterine weight declined in both DES- and EE-treated animals and fell below controls beyond day 11. Luminal epithelium stimulation generally paralleled uterine weight changes. Precocious development of uterine glands occurred after estrogenization (compared to untreated controls), but subsequently gland numbers were approximately 60% of control levels. Neonatal CC exposure induced only slight uterine weight gain but caused prolonged luminal epithelium hypertrophy and inhibited uterine gland genesis. Luminal epithelium hypertrophy appears to be a useful measure of antiestrogen activity. These data demonstrate the toxicity of DES and EE as assessed by altered prepubertal uterine gland development. Additionally, the inhibition of uterine gland genesis after neonatal CC exposure occurs in conjunction with prolonged luminal epithelium hypertrophy. PMID- 3176029 TI - Comparative acute systemic toxicity of sodium arsenite and dichloro(2 chlorovinyl)arsine in rabbits. AB - The acute intravenous toxicity of sodium arsenite and dichloro(2 chlorovinyl)arsine (lewisite) has been compared in rabbits to provide a quantitative and qualitative model for future assessment of treatments of lewisite poisoning. The LD50 of sodium arsenite was 7.6 mg.kg-1; that for lewisite was 1.8 mg.kg-1. On the basis of arsenic content the former was 6.5 times less toxic than the latter. Significant differences in tissue arsenic content and pathology were found between the 2 materials. Histologically, changes were observed in the lungs and gall bladder after lewisite injection but not after sodium arsenite. It was concluded that use of sodium arsenite is not a suitable substitute model for lewisite poisoning. PMID- 3176031 TI - Formation of methemoglobin by photoactivation of nitrofurantoin or of 5 nitrofurfural in rats exposed to UV-A light. AB - The antibacterial drug nitrofurantoin (NFT) is notorious for causing hemolytic anemia, which may be related to the methemoglobinemia, another side-effect of NFT. As NFT is photolabile, and nitrite, well known as a MetHb generator, is an important photoproduct of NFT, it seems not unlikely that light is a cause of NFT induced MetHb formation. When rats were irradiated with UV-A immediately after oral NFT administration, the amount of MetHb significantly increased: 0.97 +/- 0.37% n = 36 (P less than 0.001 Student's t-test, control value: 0.5%). An increase in MetHb was also observed with rats simultaneously exposed to UV-A and the major photodecomposition product of NFT, viz. 5-nitrofurfural. In addition in vitro experiments proved the formation of MetHb as a result of photoactivation of NFT. Nitrite, photochemically formed from nitrofurfural and from the metabolite nitrofuroic acid, plays an important role. A dark reaction of the other photoproduct, nitrofurfural, with hemoglobin also appeared to cause a considerable amount of MetHb in vitro. However, because of rapid deactivation of nitrofurfural by either photodecomposition or metabolism, this dark reaction is not expected to contribute to the in vivo MetHb formation. PMID- 3176030 TI - Acute toxicity of methyl isocyanate, administered subcutaneously in rabbits: changes in physiological, clinico-chemical and histological parameters. AB - Subcutaneous administration of methyl isocyanate (MIC) in 0.5 LD50 and 1 LD50 doses in female rabbits resulted in significant changes in physiological, clinico chemical and histological parameters. There was a fall in arterial blood pressure and cardioacceleration in both the 0.5 LD50 and 1 LD50 groups, while the respiration showed a differential response in these groups with the former showing hyperpnoea and the latter showing respiratory inhibition. A significant increase in the arterial blood lactic acid, lactate/pyruvate ratio and 2,3 diphosphoglycerate levels, and the significant changes in acid-base status of both arterial and venous blood indicated tissue hypoxia of a stagnant type. Histopathological observations revealed a mild to moderate degree of congestion, focal lymphocytic infiltrations and necrosis in all visceral organs examined. These findings suggest that acute toxicity of MIC in vivo may be mediated by its effects on vascular beds. PMID- 3176032 TI - Organ distribution and pharmacokinetics of titanium after treatment with titanocene dichloride. AB - The pharmacokinetics and organ distribution of titanium (Ti) were analyzed at various intervals up to 96 h after a single i.p. injection of a therapeutic dose of the antitumor agent titanocene dichloride (TDC, 60 mg/kg) by use of flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy in dried organ specimens. Highest organ concentrations were found in the liver and the intestine where 80-90 mg Ti/kg dry weight were accumulated at 24 and 48 h, corresponding to liver/blood and intestine/blood ratios of 8-9. However, at no time point after the TDC application, the Ti concentrations in brain tissue exceeded those of control animals. In solid tumors growing subcutaneously in mice, increasing amounts of Ti were found during the course of the experiment, reaching concentrations between 10 and 15 mg Ti/kg at 24 and 96 h after single i.p. application of TDC. These results confirm a typical pattern of organ distribution of Ti-containing metabolites of TDC, which clearly differs from that observed for vanadium after application of vanadocene dichloride or for platinum after treatment with cisplatin. PMID- 3176033 TI - Benzo[a]pyrene- and formaldehyde-induced DNA damage and repair in rat tracheal epithelial cells. AB - The single and combined effects of 2 environmental carcinogens, benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) and formaldehyde (HCHO), on cell growth and DNA damage were assessed in a rat tracheal epithelial cell line, C18. Treatment of C18 cells with HCHO for 90 min reduced the calculated growth index at the highest concentration tested, 400 microM, while no growth effects were observed with BAP treatments. Combination treatments reduced the growth index to 75% of control values. Alkaline elution analysis of C18 cell DNA detected both DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) and single strand breaks (SSB) as a result of HCHO treatment, while BAP caused only SSB. HCHO-induced SSB were repaired within 2 h, whereas BAP-induced SSB persisted for at least 48 h. Combination treatment of cells with BAP followed by HCHO enhanced the number of SSB, but reduced DPC. The results are discussed in reference to earlier work which demonstrated the interaction in vivo between BAP and HCHO with respect to their carcinogenicity in rat tracheal implants. PMID- 3176034 TI - Changes in epilithic communities due to individual and combined treatments of zinc and snail grazing in stream mesocosms. AB - Effects of 0.5 mg/liter zinc (Zn) and snail grazing (400 snails/m2) on density of dominant algal and protozoan taxa, epilithic glucose respiration, and ash-free dry weight (AFDW) were examined using established (12-day colonization) periphyton communities in flow-through stream mesocosms with four treatments (Zn, snails, Zn and snails, control) for 30 days. Grazing and Zn similarly reduced the abundance of 5 of 10 dominant algal taxa and AFDW during the first 10 days of treatment. Abundance of these taxa and AFDW in grazed (ambient Zn) treatments approached control levels after 10 days as the effect due to snails decreased. Decreasing temperatures may have reduced snail activity. Snails, Zn, and the combination of these treatments contributed to higher rates of glucose respiration per unit AFDW. Protozoan species abundance was reduced to less than half by Zn but was unaffected by snails. Although Zn and snails individually altered structural and functional aspects of this microbial community, the effects when both treatments were combined could not always be inferred from the individual effects. Testing individual and combined variables that affect periphyton with a corresponding assessment of population dynamics, biomass, and community functional attributes will enhance understanding of the overall effects of pollutants on periphyton communities. PMID- 3176035 TI - Toxicokinetics and bioavailability of paraquat in rats following different routes of administration. AB - The toxicokinetics and bioavailability of [14C]paraquat were examined in rats which had received a single dose (11.6 micrograms/kg) of the herbicide by the iv, intragastric, dermal or pulmonary route. In the pulmonary route studies, rats were exposed to an aqueous solution or liquid aerosols of [14C]paraquat through a tracheal cannula or [14C]paraquat aerosols in a nose-only inhalation chamber. After intratracheal, intragastric, and dermal administration of [14C]paraquat to the rat, the average bioavailabilities were 0.45 +/- 0.22, 0.12 +/- 0.03, and 0.038 +/- 0.027, which corresponded to 20.3 nmol, 5.4 nmol and 1.7 nmol of [14C]paraquat, respectively. Since the dose administered to the rat in the [14C]paraquat aerosol studies was unknown, the bioavailability for this exposure route could not be determined. However, about 27.5 nmol of [14C]paraquat was observed into the systemic circulation of the rat after inhaling [14C]paraquat aerosols through a tracheal cannula. [14C]paraquat administered to the rat iv was eliminated from the blood with a half-life of about 68 min. Urine and feces were the major excretion routes. The radioactivity absorbed into the systemic circulation of the rat was approximately equal to that excreted in the urine; about 23.8 nmol, 8.5 nmol and 1.5 nmol of [14C]paraquat were recovered from the urine of the rat after inhalation of [14C]paraquat aerosols in a nose-only exposure chamber, intragastric injection and dermal absorption of [14C]paraquat, respectively. Tissue distribution studies showed that the bulk of the [14C]paraquat administered to the rat by the inhalation and dermal routes remained at the sites of administration. PMID- 3176036 TI - The statistical analysis of a carcinogen mixture experiment. II. Carcinogens with different target organs, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, dipentylnitrosamine, and nitrilotriacetic acid. AB - This paper describes factorial experiments designed to determine whether two carcinogens that act on different organ systems act synergistically to produce cancers in Fischer 344 rats. Four carcinogens, N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), N-butanol-N-butylnitrosamine (NBBN), nitilotriacetic acid (NTA), and dipentylnitrosamine (DPN) were studied in pairwise combinations. Each of the six possible pairs was studied by means of a 4 X 4 factorial experiment, each agent being fed at zero and at three non-zero doses. Methods of analysis designed explicitly for this study were derived to study interaction. These methods were supplemented by standard statistical methods appropriate for single agent studies. Antagonism was demonstrated in some chemical mixtures containing NTA. Other chemical mixtures did not interact. Findings for male and female animals were generally, but not always, in agreement. PMID- 3176037 TI - Detection of chemically induced aneuploidy by the Vicia faba root tip assay. AB - Six chemicals selected for their ability to induce aneuploidy in short-term bioassays were tested for their aneuploidy-inducing potential in the Vicia faba root assay system. Para-fluorophenylalanine, griseofulvin, maleic hydrazide, lithium chloride, and cyclophosphamide all induced significant levels of hyperdiploidy in V. faba root tip cells. Lithium chloride and sodium azide were negative for hyperdiploidy induction. In addition to the numerical loss or gain in chromosome number, the chemicals induced other specific chromosomal effects, possibly indicating different mechanisms by which these chemicals bring about genomic imbalance. Judging from the lowest effective aneuploidy-inducing dose of each chemical, the V. faba root tip assay system appears to be a sensitive and promising tool for evaluating the potential of chemicals to induce aneuploidy. PMID- 3176038 TI - Recent developments in pesticide toxicology and registration. Proceedings of a symposium. PMID- 3176039 TI - Review of the Office of Pesticide Program's current toxicology guidelines for the testing of pesticides. PMID- 3176040 TI - Regulation of pesticides in Canada. AB - Pesticides are registered in Canada under the authority of the Pest Control Products Act (PCP), administered by the Department of Agriculture. The Department of Agriculture calls upon various federal departments, including Health & Welfare Canada, to provide expert advice on hazards which may be associated with the use of the product. The Department of Health and Welfare requires and reviews a range of toxicological studies to assess potential health hazards which may be associated with exposure to the chemical. Studies required include acute, sub acute, chronic, reproduction, teratology and metabolism. In addition, exposure studies are also required to provide estimates of anticipated human exposure during typical field use of the chemical. In summary, the various steps involved in the registration of pesticides will be discussed and the relationship between the predictive toxicology as determined through animal testing and exposure estimates for estimating hazard will be shown. PMID- 3176042 TI - Biochemical and morphological validation of a rodent model of organophosphorus induced delayed neuropathy. AB - Exposure to certain organophosphates (OPs) produces a delayed degeneration of the longest and largest nerve fibers (OPIDN). Until recently, investigators have used the chicken as the primary experimental model of OPIDN. Although the chicken is extremely sensitive to the ataxia associated with this neuropathy, it lacks an extensive biochemical, electrophysiological and pathological data-base. Because of this we set out to develop a rodent model of OPIDN with morphological and biochemical correlates similar to those seen in the chicken. Historically the rat had been labeled insensitive to OPIDN because of its lack of demonstrable ataxia in response to the neuropathic OPs. This paper describes the validation of a rodent model with biochemical and morphological endpoints similar to those described in the clinical and experimental literature for other models of OPIDN. PMID- 3176041 TI - Behavior as an early indicator of pesticide toxicity. AB - Adverse behavioral effects are now a recognized outcome of exposure to many industrial and environmental chemicals. Pesticides occupy a special role, however, because so many of them, particularly insecticides, are designed specifically to act on neural tissue. The evaluation of behavioral toxicity is a new kind of challenge to pesticide toxicology because of the enormous structural and chemical heterogeneity of the nervous system and the even greater complexity of behavior. Determining that a particular agent is neurotoxic is not an overwhelming problem; even elementary screens are capable of detecting nervous system activity. The greater challenge is to evaluate toxicity in the context of risk assessment, which requires techniques and experimental protocols capable of detecting the subtle manifestations that tend to appear early in the course of a toxic process. A combination of advanced behavioral methods, coupled with an emphasis on tracing the responses of individual organisms, is often optimal for achieving such a goal. PMID- 3176043 TI - Evaluation of pesticide immunotoxicity. AB - Immunotoxicologic effects have been reported for a number of pesticides. Since pesticides represent a large range of chemical classes, different types of chemicals may affect the complex immune system by a variety of mechanisms. A preliminary evaluation of pesticides for immunotoxicologic potential can best be incorporated in general subacute and chronic toxicity testing, with additional groups assigned for initial host-sensitivity assays. For chemicals that are possible candidates for immunotoxicity in preliminary assays, a comprehensive immunotoxicity screening has been suggested. Finally, emphasis should be given to mechanistic investigations to objectively assess the immunotoxicity of a new chemical and possible extrapolation to man. Animal models need to be developed for detecting the autoimmunologic potential of pesticides. This paper provides a brief listing of various approaches currently employed in the evaluation of immunotoxicity. PMID- 3176044 TI - Potential future requirements for immunotoxicology testing of pesticides. AB - The thoughts presented above comprise a possible approach for revising Subdivision F guidelines with respect to testing of chemical pesticides as immunotoxicants. The main points of this report can be summarized as follows: 1. The tier system approach to Subdivision M guidelines allows for an effective screen (Tier I), and for in-depth (Tier II) evaluation of biochemical pesticides as immunotoxic agents. 2. Subchronic and chronic studies in Subdivision F guidelines can be modified to provide a more effective screen for evaluating the immunotoxic potential of chemical pesticides. 3. Addition to Subdivision F of studies to measure certain specific and non-specific cell-mediated immune responses might be considered appropriate for an immunotoxicity screen and, if included, would render Subdivision F data requirements analogous to those of Subdivision M. 4. When considered necessary, further studies can be done with chemical pesticides to provide sufficient data for an in-depth immunotoxicological risk evaluation. These studies would not necessarily be performed routinely (i.e., would not be included as data requirements in Subdivision F), but rather would be reserved for pesticides for which the immune system is shown to be a sensitive target of toxicity. PMID- 3176045 TI - Comments on the report of envenomation by the colubrid snake Stenorrhina freminvillei. PMID- 3176046 TI - Mild toxic effects resulting from the bites of Jan's desert racer, Coluber rhodorachis, and Moila's snake, Malpolon moilensis (Ophidia: Colubridae) PMID- 3176047 TI - A novel cardiotoxic polypeptide from the venom of Atractaspis engaddensis (burrowing asp): cardiac effects in mice and isolated rat and human heart preparations. AB - A new cardiotoxic polypeptide isolated from the venom of the snake Atractaspis engaddensis has an LD50 of 15 micrograms/kg body weight in white mice. Intravenous administration in mice of lethal doses of the toxin causes, within seconds, marked changes in the ECG, consisting primarily of a transient slope elevation of the S-T segment, a temporary diminution of the S-wave and an increase in the amplitudes of the R- and T-waves. Concomitantly, and apparently unrelated to these changes, a severe A-V block develops and leads to complete cardiac arrest within a few min. Studies with rat and human isolated heart preparations showed that the toxin exerts a powerful coronary vasoconstriction (rats), and positive inotropic effects (rats and humans). PMID- 3176048 TI - Sarafotoxins S6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis (burrowing asp) venom that affect the heart. AB - Three isotoxins, named sarafotoxins S6a1, S6b and S6c, with strong cardiotoxic activity were isolated from the venom of a snake, Atractaspis engaddensis. All three sarafotoxins are homologous peptides (four or less than four residue replacements) consisting of 21 amino acid residues. Their structure and activity are novel among snake venom components. PMID- 3176049 TI - Cytotoxic effect of T-2 mycotoxin on cells in culture as determined by a rapid colorimetric bioassay. AB - We developed a colorimetric assay for determining metabolic activity (viability) of cells exposed to toxic agents. This system is based on the ability of mitochondrial enzymes in viable cells to modify a tetrazolium salt into a blue formazan product that can be detected spectrophotometrically at 570 nm. The assay works equally well for mammalian and insect cell lines and at 48 hr color formation is linear over a cell input range of 1.56-50 X 10(4) cells/ml. The inhibitory effects of T-2 mycotoxin on tetrazolium cleavage in L929 cells is comparable to that observed for protein and DNA synthesis (50% inhibition = 6-8 ng/ml). Using this system to analyze the lethal effect of T-2 toxin on cells from various animal species, it was found that bovine cells were the most sensitive (50% inhibition at 2.2 ng/ml) while hamster cells were the most resistant (50% inhibition at 26.2 ng/ml). Murine cells exhibited intermediate sensitivity (50% inhibition at 10.9 ng/ml). Variable toxin susceptibility was also observed among different cell types. Lymphocytes were 3-fold more sensitive to the T-2 inhibitory effects than comparable tissue culture cell lines. These data indicate that the colorimetric assay system could have broad applications in toxicological studies. Further, the observed differences in species sensitivity may provide insight into the primary mechanism of the T-2 toxin-cell interaction that ultimately leads to cell death. PMID- 3176050 TI - 5-Hydroxytryptamine in the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.): variation with season and with insect age. AB - We used liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to show that 5-HT is present in the venom of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). Immunohistochemical demonstration of 5-HT-like immunoreactivity within the venom reservoir supports this finding. Measurements were made on bees of known age at various times during the summer season. The amount of 5-HT in the venom system varies with the age of the bee and with the time of year at which the bees reached a specific age. 5-HT is shown to be a component of pure venom, rather than simply present in venom gland and reservoir tissues, by its presence in venom collected by electrical 'milking' of worker bees. PMID- 3176051 TI - Fractionation of Bothrops jararacussu snake venom: partial chemical characterization and biological activity of bothropstoxin. AB - A myotoxin, bothropstoxin (BthTX), showing no detectable phospholipase A2 activity, was purified to homogeneity from the venom of the Brazilian snake Bothrops jararacussu by a combination of gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex C-25. Four phospholipases (Sm-SP1 to Sm SPIV) were also isolated, the latter showing, similarly to BthTX (Sm-SPv) myonecrotic activity. Approximate mol. wts, as determined by SDS-PAGE, and pI of Sm-SPI to Sm-SPIV are: 22,400-4.2; 15,500-4.8; 13,800-6.9; and 13,200-7.7, respectively. BthTX is a single chain protein, approximate mol. wt 13,000, with 16 half-cystine residues, pI = 8.2 and LD50 = 7.5 mg/kg (i.p.) and 4.8 mg/kg (i.v.) for 20 g mice. The ten first N-terminal amino acid residues show a significant homology to other toxins with phospholipase structure. BthTX is specifically myotoxic, contrary to crude B. jararacussu venom which, although also myotoxic, affects intramuscular arteries and veins leading to thrombosis. BthTX and Sm-SPIV also differ from toxins isolated from the venom of other Brazilian snakes which are strongly hemorrhagic. PMID- 3176052 TI - The hyaluronidase activities of some Southeast Asian snake venoms. AB - The hyaluronidase activities of venoms of snakes indigenous to Southeast Asia were investigated. With the exception of the venom of the Malayan krait Bungarus candidus, the elapid venoms had either little or no hyaluronidase activities, whereas the viperid venoms possessed considerable activity. A component of Russell's viper venom with hyaluronidase activities had a mol. wt of approximately 14,000. Neither MP4, a monoclonal antibody raised against the purified Russell's viper venom hyaluronidase toxin, nor a monospecific polyclonal antivenom neutralized the hyaluronidase activities of this purified hyaluronidase component of crude Russell's viper venom. The Russell's viper venom hyaluronidase activities was labile on heating and storage. The significance of these observations to envenomation and antivenom production is discussed. PMID- 3176053 TI - Distribution and chemical composition of the toxic skin secretions from trunkfish (family Ostraciidae). AB - The components of the mucus skin secretions from eight species of trunkfish found in the coastal waters of Australia were analyzed by combined chemical ionization gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The species investigated were Anoplacapros lenticularis, Aracana aurita, Aracana ornata, Lactoria fornasini, Ostracion cubicus, Rhinesomas reipublicae, Strophiurichthys inermis and Strophiurichthys robustus. The beta-substituted choline chloride esters (mainly acetoxy, but with some species having butyryloxy, valeryloxy and one species with caproyloxy) of palmitic acid were the predominant components in almost all cases. High concentrations of monounsaturated palmitic acid were present in S. inermis and S. robustus. Trace quantities of C14, C17 and C18 choline chloride esters were also detected as were compounds where the choline moiety was modified by addition of one extra carbon. PMID- 3176054 TI - Effect of sodium lauryl sulphate and nickel alone and in combination on the skin of guinea pigs. AB - Guinea pig skin was treated with 50 mg/kg sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and nickel (Ni) alone and in combination (50 mg/kg SLS and 50 mg/kg Ni) for 7 and 14 days. Release of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, beta-glucuronidase, lactic dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase was observed, following treatment with SLS and Ni alone or in combination. Similarly, the skin contents of amino nitrogen and sulphydryl groups also increased significantly. These alterations were slightly more marked when the skin was treated simultaneously with the combination of SLS and Ni. The present study suggests that industrial workers or populations exposed simultaneously to SLS and Ni are more prone to dermal irritation or inflammation. PMID- 3176055 TI - Occupational phosphine exposure in Indian workers. AB - To evaluate the health effects of occupational phosphine exposure, 22 workers engaged in fumigation of stored grains were subjected to a clinical and environmental study. These workers were used to placing aluminum phosphide tablets on the stacks of grains and covering it with a gas-proof plastic cover. The mean age of the workers was 48 years (range 24-60) and mean duration of exposure 11.1 years (range 0.5-29). After fumigation they reported minor symptoms, which included cough (18.2%), dyspnoea (31.8%), tightness around the chest (27.3%), headache (31.8%), giddiness, numbness and lethargy (13.6% each), anorexia and epigastric pain (18.2% each). The abnormal physical signs included bilateral diffuse rhonchi and absent ankle reflex each occurring in one worker. Motor nerve conduction velocity of median and peroneal nerves, and sensory conduction velocity of median and sural nerves were normal. Phosphine concentration in the work environment ranged from 0.17 to 2.11 ppm. Occupational phosphine exposure in the workers was associated with mild to moderate symptoms, which were transient. However, to assess the chronic effects, long-term follow-up is recommended. PMID- 3176056 TI - Selective depletion and measurement of glutathione in periportal and pericentral regions in the perfused rat liver. AB - A method was developed to selectively deplete and measure glutathione (GSH) in periportal and pericentral regions of the liver lobule based on the formation of chlorodinitrobenzene-glutathione (CDNB-GSH) adducts. Using microlight guides, we demonstrated that small pulses of CDNB caused reflected light at 366 nm to decline only in upstream regions of the liver lobule. This indicates that GSH was only depleted in upstream periportal or pericentral regions following perfusions in the anterograde or retrograde direction, respectively. Infusion of repeated pulses of CDNB in alternating directions of perfusion (up to eight) allowed selective and complete depletion of GSH in specific sublobular regions. Summation of local rates of adduct formation indicated that GSH content averaged 3.6 +/- 0.8 mumol/g in periportal regions and was 3.3 +/- 0.8 mumol/g in pericentral areas. Total values for GSH calculated from GSH-CDNB adduct formation were nearly identical to levels of GSH measured chemically. This new method may be useful in evaluating the mechanism of toxic chemicals which interact with GSH in discrete regions of the liver lobule. PMID- 3176057 TI - Inhibition of intratesticular testosterone synthesis by inorganic lead. AB - The alterations in testicular testosterone synthesis produced by exposure to inorganic lead were investigated in BALB/c+ mice. Lead concentration in blood and testes and the levels of testosterone and delta 4-androgen biosynthesis pathway precursors (4-androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and progesterone) were measured in animals which were exposed to lead acetate in the drinking water (366 mg/l, 0.97 +/- 0.12 mg lead/animal/day) during 6 months. The results showed a significant reduction of the intratesticular testosterone levels after 30 days of exposure and of the androstenedione levels after 150 days. Intratesticular progesterone and hydroxyprogesterone levels showed no changes during the assay. PMID- 3176058 TI - Role of central biogenic amines on the protection afforded by clonidine against the toxicity of soman, an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor. AB - Studies in our laboratory have demonstrated that alpha 2-adrenergic agonists such as clonidine offer protection against the toxicity caused by cholinesterase inhibitors such as soman. Experiments were designed to determine whether central catecholaminergic systems are implicated in the toxic and lethal manifestations of soman toxicity and whether the protection afforded by clonidine involves such pathways. Clonidine pretreatment resulted in a significant degree of protection from the lethal effects of soman in the mouse. Depletion of brain catecholamines did not alter soman-induced lethality or behavioral toxicity. Furthermore, catecholamine depletion was not effective in blocking clonidine-induced protection against soman toxicity. In contrast, elevation of brain catecholamines using the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, pargyline, resulted in significant protection against soman toxicity which was additive with that of clonidine. PMID- 3176059 TI - Biochemical toxicology of argemone alkaloids. III. Effect on lipid peroxidation in different subcellular fractions of the liver. AB - Consumption of edible oils contaminated with Argemone mexicana seed oil causes various toxic manifestations. In this investigation the in vivo effect of argemone oil on NADPH-dependent enzymatic and Fe2+-, Fe2+/ADP- or ascorbic acid dependent non-enzymatic hepato-subcellular lipid peroxidation was studied. Parenteral administration of argemone oil (5 ml/kg body weight) daily for 3 days produced a significant increase in both non-enzymatic and NADPH-supported enzymatic lipid peroxidation in whole homogenate, mitochondria, and microsomes. Lipid peroxidation aided by various pro-oxidants, namely Fe2+, Fe2+/ADP and ascorbic acid also revealed a significant enhancement in the whole homogenate, mitochondria and microsomes of argemone oil-treated rats. Further, when compared with whole homogenate, the hepatic mitochondria and microsomes of either control or argemone oil-treated rats showed a 4- and 6-fold increase in non-enzymatic, and a 5- and 18-fold increase in NADPH-dependent enzymatic lipid peroxidation, respectively. Similarly, both mitochondrial and microsomal fractions showed a 5- and 7-fold increase in Fe2+-, and a 12- and 15-fold increase in either Fe2+/ADP- or ascorbic acid-aided lipid peroxidation, respectively. These results suggest that the hepatic microsomal as well as the mitochondrial membrane is vulnerable to the peroxidative attack of argemone oil and may be instrumental in leading to the hepatotoxicity symptoms noted in argemone poisoning victims. PMID- 3176061 TI - 17th Conference on Toxicology. Quantitative toxicology. November 3-5, 1987, Dayton, Ohio. Proceedings. PMID- 3176060 TI - Effect of paraquat on lung calcium transport. AB - The effect of paraquat on lung subcellular calcium transport was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. With a high dose of 30 mg/kg given i.p., a significant decrease in the lung mitochondrial and microsomal calcium uptake at 24, 48, and 72 h after paraquat was observed. Trend of recovery was evident at 96 h in the surviving rats. The lung water content and thymidine incorporation into the lung DNA increased significantly after 72 h and 48 h of paraquat administration, respectively. Groups of animals also received a lower dose of paraquat at 10 mg/kg i.p. and were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 days. Continuous decrease in the mitochondrial and the microsomal calcium uptake until 4 days followed by a trend of recovery were observed. Thymidine incorporation into the lung DNA increased significantly at all the time periods after day 3 but no significant increases were observed in the lung water content at this dose. The results indicate that paraquat significantly disrupts the lung intracellular calcium uptake even at the doses which do not show any significant increase in the lung water content. PMID- 3176062 TI - Biologically motivated two-stage model for cancer risk assessment. AB - A model for carcinogenesis is presented that incorporates two features: (1) transition of target stem cells into cancer cells via an intermediate stage in two irreversible steps, and (2) growth and differentiation of normal target and intermediate cells. Implications of the model for initiation-promotion and environmental carcinogenesis are considered. PMID- 3176064 TI - Pharmacokinetics, biochemical mechanism and mutation accumulation: a comprehensive model of chemical carcinogenesis. AB - Chemical carcinogenesis is a process beginning with carcinogen absorption and ending with development of a malignant tumor. Individual elements of this process have been studied intensively but no comprehensive model has been developed. This report describes a comprehensive model which incorporates carcinogen pharmacokinetics, biochemical mechanism of action, and the resultant mutation of normal cells to malignancy. Model parameters correspond to specific physiological and biochemical structures and processes. The model was encoded in a simulation language and used to examined biochemical and cellular effects of exposure to an initiator and a promoter. With laboratory validation, the model should be useful for interpretation and design of studies on carcinogenic mechanisms and for risk assessment. PMID- 3176063 TI - A pharmacodynamic model for soman in the rat. AB - A pharmacodynamic model for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by soman was developed to describe the intertissue differences in AChE inhibition, the dose response of AChE to inhibition by soman, and the effect of differences in xenobiotic metabolism on soman toxicity. Based on the principles of physiological pharmacokinetics, this pharmacodynamic model consisted of a set of mass balance equations that included parameters for blood flow, tissue volumes, soman metabolism, tissue/plasma partition coefficients, initial AChE levels, and the rate constant for AChE inhibition. Sensitivity analysis of the model revealed that variation of the soman metabolism parameter in plasma was the most important determinant of variation in the inhibition of brain AChE by soman. PMID- 3176065 TI - Flow cytometric analysis of the cellular toxicity of tributyltin. AB - Flow cytometric and light/fluorescence microscopic analyses indicate that tributyltin (TBT) alters the plasma membrane/cytoplasm complex of the murine erythroleukemic cell (MELC) in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. The flow cytometric parameter axial light loss, a measure of cell volume, decreases in cells exposed to 5 microM TBT relative to control cells or cells exposed to 50 microM TBT. The flow cytometric parameter 90 degrees light scatter, a function of refractive index and a measure of protein content, increases as a function of TBT concentration above 0.5 microM. Following exposure to TBT concentrations greater than 0.5 microM, but less than 50 microM, DNA distribution across the cell cycle cannot be resolved adequately by flow cytometry. Also, the cells become resistant to solubilization of the cell membrane/cytoplasm complex by nonionic detergents. Relative to logarithmically growing cells, MELC in the stationary phase of the growth cycle and butyric acid-differentiated cells exhibit decreased plasma membrane permeability resulting in increased carboxyfluorescein (CF) retention derived from the intracellular hydrolysis of carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA). Similarly, cells exposed to TBT concentrations below 50 microM exhibit increased cellular CF retention. Viability in terms of CFDA hydrolysis/CF retention and propidium iodide (PI) exclusion is not decreased by exposure to TBT concentrations below 1 microM. At doses between 5 and 50 microM, however, cells exhibit both CF and PI fluorescence simultaneously and are programmed for death. At TBT concentrations greater than 1.0 microM, MELC plasma membrane potential, measured with the cyanine dye, 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6) decreases at the same time that the uptake of PI is observed. In conjunction with other data, the concentration-dependent increase in CF fluorescence, resistance to detergent-mediated solubilization of the plasma membrane/cytoplasm complex, and increase in 90 degrees light scatter suggest fixation (protein denaturation, cross-linking, etc.) as a mechanism of the toxic action of TBT. PMID- 3176066 TI - Flow cytometry techniques in radiation biology. AB - Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are present in the marrow at a concentration of approximately 2-3 HSC per 1000 nucleated marrow cells. In the past, only clonogenic assays requiring 8-13 days and ten irradiated recipient rodents were available for assaying HSC. Because of the importance of HSC in the postirradiation syndrome, we have developed a new rapid method based on flow cytometry not only to assay but also to purify and characterize HSC. This new method makes extensive use of monoclonal antibodies conjugated to fluorescent phycobiliproteins through the sulfhydryls of the hinge region of the IgG molecule. An optical bench arrangement with a dye laser and an argon laser was used for dual excitation of the phycobiliprotein-monoclonal antibody conjugates and various cellular and DNA probes. Using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride (DAPI) exclusion to identify viable cells, it was possible to follow regeneration of postirradiated rat marrow HSC. PMID- 3176067 TI - An inhalation distribution model for the lactating mother and nursing child. AB - A rule-of-thumb methodology is presented to assist in assessing risk to a nursing child due to the mother's occupational inhalation exposure. The method represents an example of the use of physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling using state-of-the-art computational techniques. A computer model is developed to describe distribution of non-metabolized, inhaled contaminants into a mother/child system as a function of the contaminant's blood:air and octanol:water partition coefficients. Risk is assessed in terms of the area under the blood concentration vs. time curve of the exposure chemical. Since low partition values yield low risk for the nursing child and high values yield high risk, the model is exercised over a range of intermediate values (blood:air = [2,25]; octanol:water = [100, 1500]). Results are thus applicable to chemicals for which the mother's dose is a strong factor in estimating the child's risk. The most notable observation is that, for the range of partition values used, this model never predicts a risk for the child greater than 25% of that of the mother. An equation is provided (based on model results) that expresses the child's risk as a fraction of the mother's risk. PMID- 3176069 TI - QSAR approaches to predicting toxicity. AB - Due to the demands of time and the high cost of testing compounds for toxicity in test animals, it would be an advantage to be able to estimate the toxic response of chemical agents using theoretical approaches. Predicting whether a compound will be toxic or nontoxic is a classification problem and the methods of studying quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) can be used for this purpose [Hansch, C. (1969) Accounts Chem. Res., 2, 232]. It should be recognized, however, that formulating the QSAR problem as one of active vs. inactive makes it different from classical QSAR problems. This requires that methods be applied that can predict the category of a compound to be used, i.e., so-called methods of pattern recognition (Varmuza, K. (1983) J. Chem. Info. Comp. Sci. 23, 6) being required. There are several methods of pattern recognition that can be used with some being more suitable than others. The nature of this unique QSAR problem, the appropriate methods to apply, and some of the pitfalls of applying QSAR techniques to predicting toxicity are discussed. PMID- 3176068 TI - Modeling the tissue solubilities and metabolic rate constant (Vmax) of halogenated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes. AB - Experimental solvent:air and tissue:air partition coefficients for 25 halogenated methanes, ethanes, and ethylenes in saline solution; olive oil; and rat blood, muscle, liver, and fat tissues have been examined using theoretical molecular modeling techniques. The metabolic rate constant, Vmax, was also investigated by these techniques for 19 chlorinated compounds in this group. Two graph theoretical approaches (the distance method of Wiener and the connectivity index method of Randic, Kier, and Hall) and an approach utilizing ad hoc molecular descriptors were employed. Satisfactory regression models for solubility were obtained with both the Randic-Kier-Hall approach and the ad hoc descriptors approach. Fluorine substituents decrease tissue solubilities, whereas both clorine and bromine substituents increase tissue solubilities, with the relative influence being Cl less than Br. Tissue solubilities can also be represented conveniently in terms of contributions from oil and saline solubilities, a procedure reinforced by factor analysis of the data. Equations derived by these methods adequately estimated the solubilities for eight additional compounds. No approach could successfully model Vmax for all 19 compounds, but a subset of 16 compounds was modeled using the connectivity indices. The equation is limited in its use but indicated future modeling directions for Vmax. PMID- 3176070 TI - Quantitative perspectives on behavioral toxicology. AB - Behavioral endpoints offer special challenges to toxicology. One arises from the sometimes conflicting ways in which adverse effects may be expressed. For example, both increases and decreases in response rates of schedule-controlled performance may be produced by a specific agent, depending on the specific schedule. Interpretations of such an outcome depend upon a close analysis of the experimental circumstances and the behavioral findings. Another arises from the many disparate variables that can influence a particular outcome. Accurate measures of sensory thresholds, for instance, depend upon precise means for delivering stimuli and upon appropriate psychophysical procedures. Such examples emphasize that quantification in behavioral toxicology is more than a matter of attaching numbers to some arbitrarily selected measure. Instead, meaningful quantification first requires that the investigator understand in principle the sources of the measures to which the numbers are being attached. This is especially critical when the measures are being used not for the relatively straightforward purpose of hazard identification, but for the more subtle aim of risk assessment and dose-response (effect) extrapolation. For these aims, behavioral microanalyses, based on the coordination of multiple measures in individual subjects, usually provide the most robust guides. PMID- 3176071 TI - Effects of short duration exposures to acetone and methyl ethyl ketone. AB - Workers are commonly exposed to mixtures or combinations of chemical agents, and these mixtures often consist of solvents. One group of solvents that has been extensively studied for its neurotoxic properties has been the ketones. However, previous research has focused on neuropathies produced by extended exposures and not on the simple pharmacokinetics or the reversible central nervous system (CNS) effects from short-duration exposures. In this research, 137 volunteers were recruited and tested for neurobehavioral performance changes and biochemical indicators during and after a short-duration (4-h) exposure to either acetone at 250 ppm, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 200 ppm, acetone at 125 ppm with MEK at 100 ppm, or a chemical-placebo. Ethanol (95%, 0.84 ml/kg) was used as a positive control. Testing took place in an environmental chamber with four test stations. The computer-controlled test regimen took 10 h, and several measures were collected: (1) biochemical measurements of venous blood and alveolar breath; (2) psychomotor tests of choice reaction time, visual vigilance, dual task (auditory tone discrimination and tracking), and memory scanning; (3) one sensorimotor (postural sway) test; and (4) one psychological (Profile of Mood States [POMS]) test. Blood and breath concentrations during and after exposure did not demonstrate any interaction between the two solvents, nor were statistically significant sex differences present during uptake or elimination. The 250-ppm acetone exposure produced small but statistically significant differences from controls in two measures of the auditory tone discrimination task, and on the anger-hostility scale (males only) of the POMS test. The other chemical exposure conditions, MEK at 200 ppm and combination MEK with acetone, produced no consistent statistically significant results, which suggests there was no potentiation of the acetone effects with the co-exposure to MEK or vice versa under these test conditions. Ethanol at 0.07-0.08% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) caused significant decrements on both the auditory tone and tracking tests in the dual task. PMID- 3176072 TI - Planning and using PB-PK models: an integrated inhalation and distribution model for nickel. AB - A general method is presented for the use of mathematical modeling in the design, execution, and interpretation of toxicology experiments. To illustrate the use of mathematical modeling toxicology, a case study is presented of how a dosimetry model for inhaled nickel was developed for use in cancer risk estimation. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) dosimetry model is used to plan animal experiments and to extrapolate nickel kinetics from animals to humans. These data are then used to estimate human lung cancer risks from human exposure to nickel aerosols. To achieve this goal, a PB-PK dosimetry model for the lung was integrated with a PB-PK dosimetry model for the internal organs. Nickel removal from the lung was found to be saturable and to follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The PB-PK lung dosimetry model was used to design both short-term (single exposures) and long-term (multiple intermittent exposures) needed to validate the parameters (Km and Vmax) of the lung dosimetry model. A constant infusion experiment was planned using the PB-PK modeling approach to measure the distribution and elimination of intravenously administered nickel. The two PB-PK models were integrated to estimate the fate of nickel after inhalation and are being used to plan experiments for other routes of exposure such as ingestion of drinking water and dermal contact. The integrated model has been used to calculate a human cancer risk estimate in combination with short-term genotoxic experiments. Using PB-PK models in toxicology, as illustrated here, conserves experimental animals, aids in understanding new physiological phenomena (such as saturable clearance from the lung), incorporates in vitro tests with in vivo experiments, and provides a means of extrapolation to human health risks from multiple routes of exposure. Introducing the concepts of mathematical modeling into toxicity experiments at the beginning of the experiment improves the usefulness of the experiments in risk estimation. PB-PK models are suggested as a new basis for experimental design in toxicology. PMID- 3176074 TI - Immunohistochemical conditions for staining choline acetyltransferase-containing axon terminals in the rat. AB - Immunohistochemical conditions for staining cholinergic axon terminals using a commercially available anticholine acetyltransferase (anti-ChAT) monoclonal antibody were determined in the rat. A number of variations of procedures including fixative composition, fixation time, and incubation time and temperature in the anti-ChAT antibody solution were tested. Optimal procedures for minimizing the chance of negative staining of ChAT-containing axon terminals consisted of perfusion with a mixture of 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde for 3 min followed by a fixative containing only 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, and reaction with the anti-ChAT antibody for 2 days at 37 C. The distribution patterns of axon terminals stained in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampal formation were comparable to those reported by other investigators using different monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 3176073 TI - Incorporation of in vitro enzyme data into the physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) model for methylene chloride: implications for risk assessment. AB - Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) models provide a mechanism for reducing the uncertainty inherent in extrapolating the results of animal toxicity tests to man. This paper discusses a technique for incorporating data from in vitro studies of xenobiotic metabolism into in vivo PB-PK models. Methylene chloride is used as an example, and carcinogenic risk estimates incorporating PB PK principles are presented. PMID- 3176075 TI - A simple, fast and reliable method for obtaining dopamine histofluorescence from mesencephalic cultures. AB - A modified glyoxylic acid technique for obtaining dopamine histofluorescence from cultured mesencephalic cells is described. This method requires only two solutions: one contains glyoxylic acid, sucrose and monobasic potassium phosphate and is used at room temperature, the other is a Hepes buffered solution used at 37 C. Relatively high concentrations of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and dopamine are added to the cultures to load dopaminergic neurons; the cell bodies and their processes take up and hold dopamine quickly and evenly. The cultures are dipped in a glyoxylic acid solution, dried in air, heated for 5 min and coverslipped with mineral oil. Since the cultures remain in their culture dishes, the entire procedure takes less than 2 hr. The green histofluorescence characteristic of dopamine is seen when the cultures are viewed by standard fluorescence microscopy. Various cell body types and sizes can be distinguished, as well as the complete extent of their processes and varicosities. PMID- 3176076 TI - A quick preparative method for electron microscopy observations of delicate objects using alginate embedding medium. AB - A quick, safe method has been devised for embedding small or fragile specimens and keeping delicate structures intact. Cells or organisms to be embedded are placed in a viscous sodium alginate solution (1-2%), which is then polymerized in 100 mM calcium chloride. The resulting gel is easily dehydrated, embedded in resin and sectioned for electron microscopy. This method, the alginate gel portion of which was originally developed for the immobilization of Euglena, allows direct observation of each element of the specimens in micrographs. If desired, the alginate can be removed after sectioning by sequestration of calcium in a 20 mM solution of sodium citrate or a 10 mM solution of EGTA. Cells and organelles in the sections respond normally to standard staining procedures. PMID- 3176077 TI - Plant protoplasts immobilized in calcium alginate: a simple method of preparing fragile cells for transmission electron microscopy. AB - A simple method for electron microscopic preparation of plant protoplasts is described. The main problems in preparing these fragile protoplasts for electron microscopy have been cell collapse due to steep gradients between protoplasts and fixatives and unacceptable loss of material during the many steps of the procedure. These problems may be solved by immobilization of the protoplasts in calcium alginate beads. The free diffusion properties of this gel prevent steep gradients. The beads also simplify handling and prevent loss of material. Protoplasts isolated from hypocotyls of rape, Brassica napus (var. Niklas), have been used as a model system. Transmission electron microscopy of the immobilized protoplasts osmotically stabilized with glucose demonstrated adequate structural and ultrastructural preservation. PMID- 3176078 TI - Modifications of a method for preparing retinal wholemounts for sectioning. AB - A method for embedding and sectioning retinal wholemounts is described. It employs a hydrophilic embedding agent, LR White, and coverslips inert to standard embedding resins. This simple technique, which has worked successfully on both enzymatically and autoradiographically labelled material, provides a means by which retinal wholemounts can be cut nearly parallel to the plane of the retinal layers. Previously prepared retinal wholemounts can also be successfully embedded and sectioned more than a year later by the method described. PMID- 3176079 TI - The common carotid circulation in patients with essential hypertension. AB - We review carotid artery hemodynamics in hypertensive men, with particular reference to common carotid artery diameter and blood flow, and emphasize the changes in artery diameter and compliance implied by antihypertensive therapy. PMID- 3176080 TI - Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy improves outcome in patients with acute vertebrobasilar occlusive disease. AB - In this retrospective analysis we report our treatment experience in 65 consecutive patients with clinical signs of severe brainstem ischemia with angiographically demonstrated thrombotic vertebrobasilar artery occlusions who received either local intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy (urokinase or streptokinase) (43 patients) or conventional therapy (antiplatelet agents or anticoagulants) (22 patients). We analyzed the data with respect to cerebral artery occlusion patterns, posttreatment arterial recanalization, and the clinical categories of favorable/unfavorable outcome and survival/death. In subgroup analyses, recanalization in patients who received thrombolytic therapy correlated significantly with clinical outcome; in 19 of 43 patients, recanalization was demonstrated angiographically, while in 24 patients the occlusion persisted. All patients without recanalization died, but 14 of the 19 patients displaying recanalization survived (p = 0.000007), 10 with a favorable clinical outcome. Only three of the 22 patients who received conventional therapy survived, all with a moderate clinical deficit. When we compared the treatment groups, highly significant differences in both outcome quality (p = 0.017) and survival (p = 0.0005) were found to depend on establishing recanalization. Our data support the concept that technically successful thrombolysis of vertebrobasilar artery occlusions is associated with beneficial clinical outcome. PMID- 3176081 TI - Transient ischemic attacks and normal cerebral angiograms: a follow-up study. AB - To determine the outcome of patients with carotid transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) and normal cerebral angiograms, we assessed 68 patients (40 men, 28 women) aged 24-72 (mean 53.5) years for recurrent TIAs and strokes and for the development of cardiac disease over 2-6 (mean 4.4) years. All but one patient had a follow-up interview in early 1987; that patient had died of an unrelated cause (lung cancer) 18 months after the presenting TIA. The diagnosis was changed at the follow-up interview in three patients (multiple sclerosis, meningioma, migraine). Among the 64 remaining patients, at admission cranial computed tomography had shown cerebral infarction in 11 of 64, two-dimensional echocardiography had been abnormal in nine of 61, Holter monitoring had been abnormal in eight of 45, and twelve-lead electrocardiography had been abnormal in three of 64. Two patients had abnormalities on both echocardiography and Holter monitoring. At the follow-up interview of the 64 remaining patients, TIAs had recurred in nine and three had developed a completed stroke; cardiac disease (angina in seven, myocardial infarction in four) was noted in 11 patients. Findings from cardiac investigations on admission in the nine patients with recurrent TIAs had been abnormal in six and normal in three; all three patients who developed a stroke had had abnormal cardiac findings. Overall, further neurologic or cardiac events occurred in 12 of 46 patients (26%) with normal and in 10 of 18 patients (55.5%) with abnormal findings on admission (p less than 0.01). In the presence of normal angiograms, extensive cardiac investigations may help predict the outcome of patients with TIAs. PMID- 3176082 TI - Baseline and activated platelet cytoplasmic ionized calcium in acute ischemic stroke. Effect of aspirin. AB - We measured cytoplasmic ionized calcium concentrations [( Cai2+]) in aequorin loaded gel-filtered platelets from 38 patients with acute occlusive stroke (12 treated with aspirin, 26 untreated) and 25 healthy controls. Compared with controls, baseline [Cai2+] was higher in untreated patients (p less than 0.002), maximal 36-72 hours after the onset of neurologic dysfunction (p less than 0.0001), in those patients with as well as those without major stroke risk factors. The increase in [Cai2+] after stimulation with 0.5 and 1.0 unit/ml thrombin (p less than 0.05), 2 and 4 micrograms/ml collagen (p less than 0.02), and 0.5 and 1.0 mM platelet activating factor (p less than 0.05) were also greater in untreated patients, but the profiles of these changes were parallel to those in controls. Even though the platelets of stroke patients are more sensitive to activation, they are functionally similar to those of controls. Aspirin treatment reduced baseline [Cai2+] as well as thrombin- and collagen induced [Cai2+] changes. Platelet activating factor-induced increase in [Cai2+] was not altered by aspirin treatment. Our results suggest that the usefulness of aspirin in stroke is limited because aspirin does not suppress platelet responsiveness to all in vivo thrombogenic stimuli. Specific platelet activating factor antagonists may prove to be useful therapeutic agents in stroke. PMID- 3176083 TI - The relation of retinal artery occlusion and carotid artery stenosis. AB - We retrospectively studied 46 patients with symptomatic retinal artery occlusion and assessed the pattern and extent of carotid artery disease ipsilateral to the retinal artery occlusion. Ipsilateral internal carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions were virtually limited to the cervical arterial segment; 50% of such lesions were plaques or stenoses of less than or equal to 60%, whereas 15% of the angiograms were normal. No clinical features were significantly associated with a flow-limiting carotid stenosis of greater than 60%. Contrary to previous reports, the type of retinal artery occlusion, whether branch or central artery occlusion, was not predictive of severe underlying carotid stenosis or occlusion. Likely mechanisms of retinal artery occlusion include in situ thrombosis and emboli from carotid, and possibly cardiac, sources. Extension of thrombus from an occluded carotid artery into the ophthalmic artery did not appear to be a mechanism of retinal artery occlusion. PMID- 3176084 TI - Family intervention after stroke: does counseling or education help? AB - Two interventions for improving stroke caregiver knowledge, stabilizing family function, promoting patient adjustment, and enlisting the use of social resources after stroke were compared with routine medical and nursing care of stroke patients (n = 61) at a 440-bed Veterans Administration Medical Center. The education intervention (n = 64) consisted of classroom instruction for caregivers about basic stroke care principles. The counseling condition (n = 63) consisted of education plus seven follow-up problem-solving sessions with a social worker (for the caregiver). Six months and 1 year after the stroke, both interventions significantly improved caregiver knowledge and stabilized some aspects of family function better than routine care. Counseling was consistently more effective than education alone and resulted in better patient adjustment at 1 year. Neither intervention influenced the use of social resources. PMID- 3176085 TI - Prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia, rebleeding, and outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - Using logistic regression, we analyzed the predictive value of a number of entry variables with respect to the outcome variables delayed cerebral ischemia, rebleeding, and poor outcome (death or severe disability) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. The entry variables were clinical condition on admission (grades on the Glasgow Coma Scale, Hunt and Hess system), the amount of subarachnoid and intraventricular blood and the presence of hydrocephalus on the admission computed tomogram, and antifibrinolytic treatment with tranexamic acid. We used data from a prospectively studied population of 176 patients admitted within 72 hours after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The risk of delayed cerebral ischemia was best predicted by the amount of subarachnoid blood, intraventricular blood, and antifibrinolytic treatment irrespective of clinical condition and hydrocephalus. The site of delayed cerebral ischemia was not related to the location of the subarachnoid hemorrhage. Antifibrinolytic treatment was the only entry variable (negatively) predicting the risk of rebleeding. Death or severe disability after 3 months was best predicted by the amount of subarachnoid blood and the initial clinical condition reflected by the grade on the Glasgow Coma Scale. PMID- 3176086 TI - A new model for inducing transient cerebral ischemia and subsequent reperfusion in rabbits without craniectomy. AB - An artificial ball removable by an attached fiber was injected into the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of 16 rabbits, allowing the study of transient (5, 10, 15, or 30 minutes) cerebral ischemia without craniectomy. Measurements of available oxygen (aO2) in the ischemic core (the ventral part of the temporal area) followed by histologic examination verified the embolization. Electroencephalographic power spectra and steady (direct current) potentials were recorded bilaterally on the convexity remote from the actual lesion but still supplied by the MCA. Local cerebral blood flow and aO2 in the border zone between the anterior cerebral artery and the occluded MCA were measured. Embolization caused typical ischemic changes ipsilaterally and alterations characteristic of diaschisis contralaterally. Extreme border zone hyperemia developed without significant aO2 changes in the same region. Restoration of circulation via the circle of Willis induced gradual normalization. Our model for controlled embolization and recirculation proved suitable for detailed studies of the complex changes in brain function caused by transient ischemia. PMID- 3176088 TI - Leukocyte response in patients suffering from acute stroke. AB - The oxidation of adrenaline to adrenochrome has been shown to reflect the activation of leukocytes in vivo. We tested the in vivo activation of leukocytes by measuring plasma oxidation of adrenaline to adrenochrome in patients suffering from cerebral ischemia, cerebral hemorrhage, and transient ischemic attacks and in healthy subjects. Patients with cerebral ischemia and cerebral hemorrhage had significantly higher values than healthy subjects, while patients with transient ischemic attacks had values similar to those of healthy subjects. In some patients with cerebral ischemia, the test was repeated 4 and 15 days after the acute event, but the follow-up data did not differ from baseline values. Our study shows that leukocyte activation occurs in cerebral ischemia and cerebral hemorrhage. PMID- 3176087 TI - Effect of aminophylline on postischemic edema and brain damage in cats. AB - We attempted to ameliorate postischemic edema and brain tissue injury in cats by administering aminophylline to reduce the reactive hyperemia that supposedly aggravates both these sequelae. Forty-one cats were subjected to 1 hour of middle cerebral artery occlusion and were killed after 3 hours, 3 days, or 14 days of recirculation; one half of the cats received 0.916 ml/kg of a 25 mg/ml solution of aminophylline by infusion at a constant rate via the femoral vein starting 10 minutes before release of the occlusion and continuing for 5 minutes after initiation of recirculation; the other half received saline. Regional cerebral blood flow was monitored by the hydrogen clearance method and water content was evaluated by specific gravity measurements after 3 hours of recirculation; the status of the blood-brain barrier was assessed with Evans blue tracer. Morphologic observations were carried out in cats killed after 3 or 14 days of recirculation. Aminophylline-treated cats killed after 3 hours of recirculation showed significantly reduced hyperemia and edema and no leakage of Evans blue, which was present in all untreated cats killed after 3 hours or 3 days of recirculation. Morphologic observations revealed conspicuously more severe ischemic brain tissue damage in the untreated than in the aminophylline-treated cats after 3 and 14 days of recirculation. Our studies indicate the beneficial effect of administration of aminophylline in the amelioration of postischemic edema and brain tissue injury, which is presumably achieved by reduction of reactive hyperemia. PMID- 3176089 TI - Dramatic changes in the performance of endarterectomy for diseases of the extracranial arteries of the head. AB - Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey have been reviewed each year to estimate the number of endarterectomies of extracranial vessels of head and neck performed in nonfederal hospitals in the United States. The number dramatically increased from 15,000 in 1971 to 107,000 in 1985. Regression estimates using data from 1971-1985 indicate that 127,000 procedures were expected for 1986, but the observed estimate indicated a dramatic drop to 83,000. Data reviewed suggest that on balance this reduction may have a favorable effect on stroke mortality and morbidity. PMID- 3176090 TI - Management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 3176091 TI - Migrainous stroke. PMID- 3176092 TI - Studies of pial vascular permeability. PMID- 3176093 TI - Pontine hemorrhage. PMID- 3176094 TI - Physicians' views of periodic abstinence methods: a study in four countries. AB - A study of the knowledge, perceptions, and behavioral intentions of physicians regarding periodic abstinence (PA) methods was undertaken in Mauritius, Peru, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. Most respondents considered PA to be useful, although even the PA providers prescribed mainly non-PA methods. Detailed knowledge of PA methods was not evident, but most physicians were willing to initiate general discussion about PA with patients. Physicians favored methods perceived as "scientific" and "modern," which primarily prevent pregnancy and secondarily avoid other health risks. When carefully presented as "scientific" and "modern," methods presented to medical audiences may find acceptance and be more likely to result in referral. PMID- 3176095 TI - Contraceptive discontinuation among married women in the United States. AB - Using data from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), this analysis reports differentials in contraceptive discontinuation among married women aged 15-44 years in the United States. The total discontinuation rate is broken down into change to no method (termination) or to a different method (a method switch), and rates are obtained for specific methods. In addition, sociodemographic differences in risks associated with each type of discontinuation are shown. Discontinuation rates are compared to use-failure rates to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the implications of discontinuation for contraceptive efficacy. PMID- 3176096 TI - Attitudes of urban Sudanese men toward family planning. AB - Using data from the Male Attitude Survey of 1985, this paper shows that Sudanese men play a major role in family planning decision-making. Attitudes regarding family planning issues are presented for 1,500 men aged 18 years and over, living in urban areas of Khartoum, the capital of Sudan. The decision not to practice family planning is found to be male-dominated, and husbands are responsible for providing contraceptives when family planning is practiced. Widespread misconceptions about vasectomy, along with a very low acceptance rate, exist among the men in the sample. It is concluded that the involvement of men in family planning programs will give these programs a better chance of success in the future. PMID- 3176097 TI - Medical termination of pregnancy and concurrent contraceptive adoption in rural India. AB - This study reports on 2,755 women seeking medical termination of pregnancy (MTP), and concurrent contraceptive acceptance, at a clinic in rural India from 1976 to 1987. The level of contraceptive acceptance among married women seeking MTP between 1976 and 1987 was 88.2 percent. Among married women seeking MTP in their first trimester of pregnancy, 43.4 percent accepted the IUD as a method of contraception and 41.8 percent accepted sterilization. By contrast, only 11.5 percent of women in their second trimester accepted the IUD, but 70.2 percent accepted sterilization. Seventy-two percent of the unmarried women and 43 percent of the married women seeking MTP were in their second trimester. Recommendations are made to: (1) combine contraceptive services and counseling with MTP whenever possible, (2) examine the consequences of policies that exclude unmarried women from contraceptive services, (3) investigate the reasons why so many women in this study sought MTP so late in pregnancy, and (4) obtain information on the determinants of contraceptive acceptance among women who seek MTP. PMID- 3176098 TI - Liberia 1986: results from the Demographic and Health Survey. PMID- 3176099 TI - Detection of populations at risk and problem drugs during drug development and in pharmacotherapy. AB - Rational drug therapy requires knowledge about the ratio of risk (adverse drug reaction) to benefit (therapeutic efficacy) for all drugs to be used in humans. However, with newly marketed drugs, the risk/benefit ratio is usually not sufficiently known. Safety is often less well defined than efficacy. This is the result of the present mode of drug development. Premarketing studies are conducted in comparatively small, homogenous populations over relatively short time intervals and under standardized conditions. Only after marketing are larger, more diversified populations exposed over prolonged times, often under uncontrolled conditions. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the result of either overdosage, or allergic or idiosyncratic reactions. They can be life-threatening or mild. Some of the ADRs are common (greater than 1:10); others are very rare (less than 1:1000). The overall rate of ADR occurrence in ambulatory and hospitalized patients is high enough to have significant socioeconomic consequences. Some of the risk populations can be suspected a priori: elderly, multimorbid patients and patients with compromised drug elimination who may be overdosed if the regimens are not appropriately modified. Some problem drugs may be recognized if they display one or more of the following characteristics: narrow therapeutic index, steep dose-effect relationship, nonlinear kinetics, variable bioavailability, and pharmacogenetically determined kinetics. Other individuals at risk, however, may not be readily identifiable. They develop allergic and idiosyncratic reactions after drug exposure without exhibiting easily recognizable predisposing factors. In order to determine the number of individuals so affected, and the associated drugs as quickly as possible during the developmental process, specific ADR surveillance measures are taken.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176100 TI - Lack of correlation between lithium pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from plasma and saliva. AB - One tablet containing 755 mg of lithium tryptophanate (10.8 mEq of lithium) was administered to eight healthy volunteers. The main pharmacokinetic parameters for the group of subjects were estimated. Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean +/- SD) from plasma and saliva were respectively: half life (t1/2) 17 +/- 6 vs. 21.8 +/- 14 h; mean residence time 23.7 +/- 7.4 vs. 24.4 +/- 15.3 h; total clearance 30.6 +/- 9.3 vs. 28.6 +/- 6.2 ml/h/kg; and apparent volume of distribution 0.71 +/- 0.20 vs. 0.84 +/- 0.37 L/kg. Although the mean pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma and saliva were similar, there was no significant correlation between the calculated parameters in the individual subject (p greater than 0.05). The usefulness of monitoring salivary levels of lithium is questionable. PMID- 3176101 TI - Comparison of three lithium dosing methods in 950 "subjects" by computer simulation. AB - This study compared the accuracy of the one-point method (OPM) of Cooper et al., the repeated one-point method (ROPM) using a 12 h initial dosage interval (ROPM 12), and the ROPM using a 24 h initial dosage interval (ROPM-24) for predicting lithium steady-state concentrations after lithium carbonate 600 mg every 12 h. Pharmacokinetic values for elimination rate constant (k), volume of distribution (V), and absorption rate constant (ka) were generated randomly for 950 subjects to produce normally distributed values of the parameters with target means and standard deviations in accordance with values reported in the literature. Errors with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of +/- 5% (SD5%) and +/- 10% (SD10%) were added to the calculated lithium concentrations used in the prediction methods to simulate assay and timing errors. The mean (+/- SD) values generated for k, ka, and V were 0.035 +/- 0.008 (h-1), 0.897 +/- 0.059 (h-1), and 40.97 +/- 5.27 (L), respectively. Prediction errors were smallest with the OPM (SD5%, SD10%) and ROPM-24 (SD5%). There was a significant correlation between k and the prediction error for the OPM (SD5%, SD10%) and the ROPM-24 (SD5%). The OPM was the most accurate of the methods studied; however, it tended to underpredict actual concentrations in subjects with long half-lives. PMID- 3176102 TI - Italian collaborative study on the utilization of therapeutic drug monitoring in hospital departments. Italian Collaborative Group on Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. AB - A population base of 6,367 in-patients from 28 general hospital wards was included in a nation-wide project aimed at documenting the extension and criteria of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). On randomly selected index days over a 3 month period details of age, clinical status, renal and liver function, diseases, drug therapies, and drug monitoring of all in-patients of eight different clinical specialties were recorded and analyzed. A total of 648 requests for 387 patients (16.3% of the population given drugs for which TDM was available in the hospital) was traced. Digoxin was the most frequently monitored drug (481 requests for 289 patients), accounting for 74% of the overall requests. This finding is consistent with the yearly activity of the laboratories of the same hospitals, which documented that 63% of the whole in-hospital analytical work (29,396 out of 46,692 requests) concerned digoxin. From a more qualitative point of view, data are provided that document a largely inappropriate use of TDM, which was employed only for 20% of patients who might have benefited from it. PMID- 3176103 TI - Use of aminoglycosides in critically ill patients: individualization of dosage using Bayesian statistics and pharmacokinetic principles. AB - Dosage prediction methods for optimization of aminoglycoside therapy were evaluated in 19 critically ill patients. Two different three-point methods and a novel Bayesian method were used. The predictive accuracy and precision of all tested methods were clinically satisfactory. The time needed for the necessary calculations was 10-15 min. After administration of predicted dosages, approximately 90% of the observed peak and trough aminoglycoside serum concentrations fell within the therapeutic range. Without systematic use of these prediction methods, only approximately 40% of tobramycin peak serum concentrations and 80% of trough serum concentrations were within the therapeutic range. Daily dosage adjustments particularly in patients with rapid changes of aminoglycoside clearance are greatly facilitated by use of these prediction methods. These findings suggest that all of the dosage prediction methods tested are well suited for optimization of aminoglycoside dosage regimens. PMID- 3176104 TI - Comparison of a Bayesian program with three microcomputer programs for predicting gentamicin concentrations. AB - A recently developed Bayesian regression program was compared with three other aminoglycoside pharmacokinetic dosing programs available for clinical use. From 30 adult patients, 152 measured serum gentamicin concentrations (SGC) were evaluated retrospectively (78 peak and 74 trough). Predictive performance was compared for each method by using the first peak and trough SGC pair to predict subsequent serum concentrations, making a total of 92 predictions (48 peak and 44 trough). The two Bayesian programs (Brater and Koup) were further evaluated using only one initial peak or trough SGC to make the same predictions. Mean predicted error (ME), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean squared error (RMSE) were calculated for each method. Prediction bias and precision were compared statistically, between each method, by calculating the 95% confidence intervals for the delta ME and delta MAE, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found in the MAEs among any of the methods for predicting peak SGCs, with the exception of the Brater program, using a single trough SGC, which was statistically less precise (less than 0.05). There were few statistically significant differences in the MAEs for trough SGCs; however, Koup's Bayesian program using a single trough concentration yielded statistically more precise predictions than the other methods. The ME was found to differ significantly (p less than 0.05) among estimates for peak and trough SGCs provided by some of the predictive methods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176106 TI - An estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters for each dosing at unequal doses and dosing intervals. AB - The calculations of pharmacokinetic parameters for each dosing at unequal doses and dosing intervals were proposed. Systemic clearance of a drug following one compartment open model can be determined by the product of the apparent first order elimination rate constant and the apparent volume of distribution. The determination of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the time required for the Cmax at each dosing were also presented here. These theoretical considerations are applicable to multicompartment open model. PMID- 3176105 TI - Quantitative and qualitative assessment of serum concentration monitoring and dosage adjustment of aminoglycosides. AB - A prospective study was carried out in 50 adult patients to determine the extent and quality of aminoglycoside serum concentration monitoring and dosage adjustment in a U.K. teaching hospital. Data were collected concerning prescription details, assay results, and subsequent dosage adjustment, methods of dosage determination, and timing of samples. Thirty-three patients received aminoglycosides without a positive culture. The mean +/- SD initial doses were 1.75 +/- 0.45 mg/kg for gentamicin and 2.33 +/- 0.55 mg/kg for netilmicin. Doses were derived from physicians' personal experience for 35 patients and using nomograms for 11 patients. Prescribed and actual administration times were observed on 218 occasions. The difference between these times were significantly different (p less than 0.005). Fifty-six trough, 61 peak, and 61 random assays were carried out, of which 48% of troughs and 56% of peaks were in the therapeutic range. Dosage regimens were calculated based on actual serum concentration assay results using the Sawchuk-Zaske method. These calculated doses were compared to actual prescribed doses for each patient. The calculated doses were greater than 120% of the prescribed doses in 78% of patients. There was a significant tendency to underdose (p = 0.001). It is concluded that the service might benefit from an individualised approach to dosage determination. PMID- 3176107 TI - The accuracy and stability of Bayesian theophylline predictions. AB - Pharmacokinetic parameters for theophylline were determined in 33 patients (3 women), mean age 61.2 years and weight 74.6 kg using the following three methods: (a) standard one-compartmental model calculations, assuming 100% bioavailability, after a single dose of theophylline syrup (mean dose 413 mg); (b) drug nomogram; and (c) Bayesian analysis. Patients entered a randomised study of three two monthly dosage regimens using low, medium, and high theophylline twice daily doses. These doses produced mean (+/- SE) steady-state serum theophylline concentrations of 6.3 (+/- 0.4), 12.1 (+/- 0.3) and 18.3 (+/- 0.5) mg/L, respectively. A fourth period of placebo (2-month duration) was also included. At the end of each treatment period the measured serum theophylline concentration of each patient was compared with those predicted by each of the above three methods. The revised estimates derived from Bayesian analysis produced the least biased [mean prediction error (ME)] and most precise (mean squared prediction error) predictions for all three dosage periods. Statistical analysis of relative performance demonstrated that the difference in precision between the revised estimates and those of the other two methods was significant (p less than 0.05) with the magnitude of the difference increasing with dose. The revised estimates were also found to be less biased (p less than 0.05) than those of the nomogram. The ME (+/- SE) of the revised estimates for the low, medium, and high dosage periods was 0.34 (+/- 0.30), -0.02 (+/- 0.22) and -0.48 (+/- 0.31) mg/L, respectively. PMID- 3176108 TI - Separation of cyclosporine metabolites: evaluation of high pressure liquid chromatographic column performance. AB - Cyclosporine has numerous metabolites that may contribute to its immunosuppressive or toxicological properties. An adequate chromatographic separation of these metabolites must be achieved in order to determine their concentrations in biological fluids or to collect sufficient pure compound to test for pharmacologic or toxicologic activity. We evaluated six high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns for their ability to separate bile-derived cyclosporine metabolites using the critical separation of metabolite 17 from metabolite 1, and metabolite 1 from metabolite 18 as criteria for performance. Two octadecylsilane columns, the LC-18 by Supelco and the Resolve C-18 by Waters, provided adequate metabolite separation in less than 50 min using an HPLC gradient system. PMID- 3176109 TI - Comparative evaluation of microultrafiltration devices for determination of protein binding. AB - The free fraction of drugs was determined comparatively with new microultrafiltration devices, Molcut II (Catalogue No. SJGC type) (MLII) and (Catalogue No. PLGC type) (NML; a device derived by changing the membrane component of MLII), which were developed by Nihon Millipore Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. The results obtained with the device are compared with those of MPS-1 (MPS), which is commercially available from Amicon Co., Danvers, MA, U.S.A. Drugs tested are phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, theophylline, phenobarbital, and gliclazide. In five of six drugs the free fraction by MLII shows lower values, although that by NML is in good agreement with MPS. The lower values of free fraction of drugs obtained with MLII may be caused by adsorption to the device. The adsorption increase is relatively correlated to increasing lipophilicity of drugs. The results suggest that physicochemical properties of each drug, especially hydrophobicity, should be taken into account, when a new device is used to examine protein binding of drugs. The NML, which is less expensive and is convenient because no special instrument is needed, is a reliable and satisfactory device for routine therapeutic free drug monitoring. PMID- 3176110 TI - Evaluation of cross-reactivity of urinary digoxin-like substance in different radioimmunoassays. AB - For the accuracy of routine monitoring of digoxin and digitoxin it seems important to get information on the cross-reactivity of endogenous digitalis-like substances (EDLS). To obtain EDLS, urine was passed on Sep-Pak columns and eluted in fractions by increasing concentrations of acetonitrile. Dilution series of two fractions were subjected to radioimmunoassay (RIA) with respect to digoxin- and digitoxin-like activity, using commercial kits from New England Nuclear, Farmos Diagnostica, and Diagnostic Products Corporation. Cross-reactivity and the degree of parallelism between dilution curves and standard curves varied markedly between the procedures. Recovery studies showed that the presence of EDLS, even at concentrations below the limit of determination of the respective assay, can influence the recovery of digoxin and digitoxin. When higher concentrations of EDLS were present, the combined effects of EDLS and drugs were not always additive. This again stresses the need for any RIA to be carefully characterized to minimize important sources of errors. Required prerequisites are detailed and highly specific information on specificity and the influence of endogenous interfering substances is given. To warrant reliable measurements of digoxin, it is important to identify the cross-reactive material known as EDLS. PMID- 3176111 TI - Development of separation fluoroimmunoassays for bendazac and 5-hydroxy bendazac. AB - Two distinct separation fluoroimmunoassays were developed to determine serum levels of bendazac and its main metabolite 5-hydroxy bendazac for use in early pharmacokinetic studies and for long-term therapeutic drug monitoring should this prove necessary. In both assays fluorescein-labeled analyte was used as tracer and the antibodies were coupled to magnetizable particles. The use of a magnetizable solid phase enabled a simple and rapid separation step and thus a high sample throughput. There was no crossreactivity between the drug and its metabolite in either assay, indicating that highly specific antibodies had been produced. The results from both assays correlated well with serum levels determined by a high performance liquid chromatography method. PMID- 3176112 TI - Design and development of a single-reagent polarization fluoroimmunoassay for methamphetamine. AB - The design and development of reagents suitable for use in single-reagent polarization fluoroimmunoassay of methamphetamine is described. The single reagent method requires that a substantial fraction of antibodies exhibit fast dissociation of bound tracer. Antiserum obtained early in the course of immunization of a sheep with a methamphetamine immunogen had suitable dissociation characteristics. Tracers with bridges of different length between methamphetamine and the fluorescein label group were prepared and evaluated. A single-reagent assay with sensitivity and specificity suitable for urine screening application was demonstrated. PMID- 3176113 TI - A simple high-performance liquid chromatography method for measuring serum cloxacillin in eight Asian patients. AB - A simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method using probenecid as internal standard was used for the quantitation of serum cloxacillin in eight Asian patients. The method does not require the extraction of the antibiotic from serum and the percentage recovery of cloxacillin was 96 103%. The presence of ampicillin, fusidic acid, benzylpenicillin, and gentamicin in serum appeared not to interfere with the method. The day-to-day coefficient of variation of the method over 6 months for 4-120 micrograms/ml ranged between 6.2 and 11.5%. In the eight patients in whom cloxacillin was administered intravenously or orally, there was great interindividual and intra-individual variation in the serum concentrations attained. The highest concentration of 85 micrograms/ml was obtained in a sample taken 1.5 h after an intravenous dose of 1 g. The lowest concentration of less than 1 microgram/ml was from a sample taken 6 h after an oral dose of 500 mg. PMID- 3176114 TI - Effect of blood sample tubes on amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentrations. AB - We have investigated the change in amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentrations in blood sampled from three different Vacutainer tubes: (a) sodium heparin, (b) gel separator (SST), and (c) no additive (plain tube). Amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentrations were determined by a reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography technique in samples from 12 subjects on chronic amiodarone therapy. Amiodarone concentrations were significantly lower in plasma compared with serum from either gel separator (11.5%, p = 0.05) or no additive (13.5%, p = 0.01) tubes. Desethylamiodarone concentrations were significantly lower in plasma compared with serum from gel separator tubes (8.5%, p = 0.04) and were slightly lower compared with no additive tubes (4.4%, p = 0.41). Serum amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentrations from either no additive or gel separator tubes yielded similar results. We conclude that significant amiodarone and desethylamiodarone concentration differences occur between serum and plasma, and that no binding of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone to the separator gel occurs. PMID- 3176115 TI - Stability of drug concentrations in plasma stored in serum separator blood collection tubes. AB - The stability of therapeutic concentrations of 11 drugs (amikacin, carbamazepine, digoxin, gentamicin, lithium, methotrexate, phenobarbital, phenytoin, quinidine, theophylline, tobramycin) and two trace elements (copper and zinc) in plasma stored in serum separator ("Corvac" brand) blood collection tubes was investigated over a 1 week period of storage in the refrigerator. No significant change in concentration was noted for any analyte during the study period. Concentrations were also not significantly different from those observed during concurrent storage of the same plasma samples in nonserum separator ("Vacutainer" brand) blood collection tubes. PMID- 3176116 TI - Evaluation of a new Seralyzer assay for carbamazepine. AB - The performance of a new dry-phase, strip immunoassay technique for the analysis of serum carbamazepine concentrations (Seralyzer), was compared to a standard high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. One hundred blood samples were collected from 87 patients and analysed using both techniques. There was no significant difference between the concentrations measured by either technique, and the results were highly correlated (r = 0.97). The Seralyzer is a rapid and accurate method for use in carbamazepine therapeutic drug monitoring. PMID- 3176117 TI - Theophylline toxicity following coadministration of viloxazine. PMID- 3176119 TI - Trimethoprim analysis. PMID- 3176118 TI - Importance of control materials in quality assessment of cyclosporine determination. AB - The importance of control materials in intralaboratory quality assessment of cyclosporine A determination was analyzed. Two types of control materials and a human pool serum were evaluated. The first material was a two-level lyophilized cyclosporine human whole blood control (TLCC); the other was a tri-level therapeutic drug monitoring control (TDMC). The drug was determined in all specimens by both tritiated and iodinated radioimmunoassay. The coefficients of variation obtained in TLCC samples were significantly lower in comparison with the TDMC samples and similar to that of the human pool. PMID- 3176120 TI - Expression of NK-cell associated antigen on human fetal liver cells. PMID- 3176121 TI - On the nature of the content in the PAS-positive macrophages of the rodent thymus. PMID- 3176122 TI - Immunological reconstitution of immunodeficient rats: mechanisms versus effects. PMID- 3176123 TI - What actually are the thymic stromal cells? PMID- 3176124 TI - [Social gerontological research as an occupation]. AB - This contribution describes the social gerontological and especially the psychogerontologic research, done during the last 30 years in Nijmegen. During the last ten years this activity was carried out within the Section of Social Gerontology at the University of Nijmegen. From the beginning, the basic attitude was a phenomenological one, which required a theoretical open mindedness, a relative absence of theoretical preconceptions. During the second period we have stressed research of important life events. During the third period the emphasis was on intervention-gerontology; this emphasis will continue in the near future. We are not only aiming for purposeful interventions in the lives of elderly themselves but we will also attempt to demonstrate older persons' unused cognitive and other possibilities. In the end we put the research-contributions of the department of Social Gerontology in this context. PMID- 3176125 TI - [The GIP. 14 observation scales for psychogeriatric behavior problems]. AB - Compared with other methods of psychological assessment, the observation of behaviour shows some advantages, especially when standardised rating scales are used. Such a scale is developed for use in psychogeriatric nursing homes, geriatric wards of psychiatric hospitals and daycare units: the Gedragsobservatieschaal voor de Intramurale Psychogeriatrie (GIP). Scales that already existed were too limited or tested insufficiently. Rasch analyses are used to develop fourteen separate subscales of the GIP. PMID- 3176126 TI - [Do the fittest survive? Psychosocial and demographic determinants of longevity from a 12-year longitudinal study on relocation of the aged]. AB - In this article attention is paid to longevity and some predictors of longevity in 455 respondents in a 12-year longitudinal research that started in 1974 on relocation of older people. Participants in this research project stemmed from five groups, which can be distinguished by the degree of diminished autonomy of (desired) housing facility. The more autonomous the housing facility, the lower the mortality rate appeared to be. In this article a new measure for the respondents' longevity is presented, the 'overlevingsscore' (OS; 'survival score'). The people living autonomously in 1974 appeared to become a little older than indicated by their life expectancy in 1974. Those who lived in an institution at that time, however, lived shorter. Next, we tried to predict individual OSs by means of some demographic and psychosocial variables. A positive subjective health and an engaged attitude towards life in old age appear to indicate a long life. Frequency of relocation after 1974 did not influence the OS. PMID- 3176127 TI - [Measurement of important life events by support groups for the aged]. AB - Research on important or stressful life events mainly refers to the causes and presence of somatic or psychiatric pathology. In most research checklists or questionnaires are used. Each item of the questionnaire corresponds with a life event. The subject has to indicate which life events had occurred in a restricted period before the onset of the illness, disorder, or behavioural changes. This method has some disadvantages, especially in use with the elderly. Other methods seem to be better for these subjects, e.g. the semi-structured interview. This method is based on the personal meaning and judgement of the subject. He or she can report important life events and the personal experience of feelings and cognitions. In our research with participants of support-groups of the elderly we used the interview-method. We asked the subjects which life events were important for them at that moment and in what way they experienced them (positively, negatively, or neutrally). This was asked before the start of the support-group and in two observations after the end of the group. The results show a change in the experience in a positive direction. PMID- 3176128 TI - [The development of an intake questionnaire for ambulatory care for the aged]. AB - This article shortly presents current research on the development of two assessment questionnaires (a client questionnaire and an informers' questionnaire) developed for the RIAGG (Regional Institute of Community Mental Health Care)-Elderly Department. Background and purpose of the study are described and basic criteria of the content and form of the questionnaire are discussed. Finally the pilot-study is presented and the design of the main study. PMID- 3176129 TI - [Adaptation to loss of partner in older widows. Typology]. AB - In a study of fifty older widows living independently we examined whether or not these women had managed to fulfill their needs and desires in relationships several years after the husband's death. The ways in which the widows had achieved congruity on their relational needs (or standards) was also analyzed. A typology of four styles of adaptation has been developed based on two dimensions: 1) the amount of activity undertaken to maintain, intensify or initiate relationships, and 2) the amount of congruity experienced in reference to needs for intimacy. The four types have been described, as well as the variations in life satisfaction within each type. The most successful type of adaptation involves both an active stance in maintaining relationships and cognitive restructuring of ideals concerning intimacy. PMID- 3176130 TI - [Attitude of the elderly concerning informal home care and policy for the aged]. AB - Recent policy for the elderly focuses on keeping them in their own homes as long as possible, mainly in order to lower the costs of institutional care. This means an increase of care given by family and other informal caregivers. Which kind of care do the elderly prefer? Two viewpoints are presented which question the frequently presumed preference of informal care by the elderly. Two studies, one in an urban and one in a rural area show the ambivalence of the elderly towards informal care. About 50% would personally prefer informal care over professional care, while only 21% appears to think it is better for the elderly to be cared for by one's children than by professionals. About 25% indicates not to know whom to prefer. There is a correlation with age and degree of urbanisation. The preference of informal care is greater the older one is in the rural area. The same applies to people with children, with children living near by and with children who visit their parents frequently. Future expectations of an increasing number of older people living alone, and without children, will counteract the recent policy directions mentioned above. PMID- 3176131 TI - [The significance of the family as primary caregiver for the aged in need of assistance]. AB - This study focuses on the experiences of the primary care-giver of somatically impaired older people and intends to get a better understanding of the social conditions, difficulties and limitations of family care. Data come from qualitative in depth interviews with 52 primary care-givers: 24 spouses, 21 children (mostly daughters) and seven other women. In this article special attention is given to the importance of other people (mostly members of the family) to the primary care-giver. Fifty % of the primary care-givers experienced their situation as not so burdensome, 25% as rather and also 25% as very burdensome. Support turns out to be very important for the primary care-giver but lots of support does not always prevent a situation from becoming very burdensome. Three kinds of stress have been distinguished: care-stress, relation stress and network-stress. Particularly network-stress turns out to be indicative for very burdensome situations. Pre-eminently one is experiencing this kind of stress if one is also experiencing care- and relation-stress. In spite of much stress and feelings of burden however, people tend to continue with caring. A strong sense of duty plays a mayor part here. Finally, the current political trend to effect a shift to more informal care, is critically evaluated in the light of the results of the research. PMID- 3176132 TI - [Social day care for the elderly. A new link in the chain of provisions in Arnhem?]. AB - In the Netherlands semi-mural provisions for the elderly have a relatively short history. Best developed are day-hospitals and day-revalidation centres, managed by nursing homes. Recently, attempts have been made to introduce more differentiation in semi-mural care facilities, primarily used by the elderly. There is a growing number of daycare projects, meant for the frail elderly. This paper discusses some provisional results, gained by an evaluation of two daycare centres in Arnhem. In this study daycare visitors are compared to elderly, who live independently at home and chronic attendants of geriatric and psychogeriatric day-hospitals, who were considered to have similar problems. It appears that the daycare centres are visited by aged persons with a depressive mood, who are socially handicapped and lacking in initiatives. One important finding is, that - unlike our presuppositions - the characteristics of the daycare visitors do not overlap with those of the 'home group' and the chronic attendants of the day-hospitals. The clinical picture of the psychogeriatric day hospital group is dominated primarily by dementia. The geriatric day-hospital group and the 'home group' are characterised by fewer behavioral deviations and a less depressive mood. One of the conclusions is, that the daycare centres in Arnhem attract a new client group and contribute to a more differentiated care for the elderly. PMID- 3176133 TI - [Homes for the aged: a source of increasing concern (3). The effect of organizational changes]. AB - The decline of residents of the old people's home we published about in this journal in 1983 and 1985 appears to be able to slow down both by adaptation of the organisation (scaling down the wards and simultaneously increasing the number of them) and the working methods of the staff (oriented towards the residents). The measures we suggested were meant to give the residents more hold of their own lives and to stimulate social contacts. After some changes in the organisation there was no further increase of physical and psychosocial problems of the residents. The newly admitted people benefitted most of the changes. Those who were admitted after these changes did function on a better level than those who were admitted before. Furthermore there was no question of a decline during the first year of stay at the former group, unlike the latter. Even in the group that participated from the start in this research there was an improvement of the physical and psychosocial functioning. Those who died or those who were relocated to a nursing home did not show any change in physical and psychosocial functioning after the measures that were taken in the organisation. But in the last period less people were relocated to nursing homes. Our conclusion is that merely by adaptation of organisation and working methods positive effects can be reached. The next question is whether we can achieve more by giving extra individual stimulation of the people. PMID- 3176134 TI - [A course of memory training for the elderly. Preliminary description of design, organization and possible effects]. AB - The Department of Social Gerontology at the University of Nijmegen has over the last two years developed and experimentally applied a course of memory training for elderly people. It was assumed that elderly easily overestimate their forgetfulness. During ten sessions the elderly are offered an opportunity to learn memory supportive techniques and strategies and to use them with their day to-day forget fullness. Interest in the course was great. During the experimental stage over 1000 elderly in Nijmegen, Arnhem, Apeldoorn and Ede participated. The participants usually reported an increased self-confidence. Furthermore they seem to change or use their personal techniques more efficiently due to the course. It was also striking to see that the course activated the elderly socially and intellectually. Thirty to fourty percent of the participants would participate in further activities if they had been offered. A memory training course may therefore also direct elderly people to other educational facilities. PMID- 3176135 TI - First assisting in cataract surgery. PMID- 3176136 TI - A model for professionalism in nursing. PMID- 3176137 TI - Computers and nursing: the report card. PMID- 3176138 TI - Managerial success: sex-role behavior and nursing leadership. PMID- 3176139 TI - Substance abuse: choice and consequence. PMID- 3176140 TI - Altered uptake of metronidazole in vitro by stocks of Giardia intestinalis with different drug sensitivities. AB - Growth of Giardia intestinalis in TYI-S-33 medium containing a sub-lethal concentration of metronidazole over a period of 66 weeks selected a line of organisms that was over 8 times less sensitive to the drug. This resistance was unstable and the organisms reverted to their original sensitivity within 22 weeks of growth in the absence of drug. A comparison of the uptake of [14C]metronidazole by the original and selected lines showed a highly significant reduction in drug uptake by the resistant line, indicating either a defective transport mechanism across the cell membrane or decreased reduction of metronidazole to the active metabolite within the cell. There was no significant difference in the uptake of metronidazole by 9 recent isolates of G. intestinalis maintained in axenic culture. PMID- 3176141 TI - Onchocerciasis in the Blue Nile Valley of western Ethiopia. AB - In a survey among 477 inhabitants of the Blue Nile Valley of western Ethiopia 182 (38%) were positive by skin snip investigation for microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus. Of these only 23% had typical clinical signs and symptoms of onchocerciasis. The highest prevalence rate of microfilariae (84%) was found among Nilotics in the lowlands, where 50% of the children above 10 years, and 90% of adults above 30 years of age, were infected. The mean microfilarial density per skin snip was significantly higher in the high prevalence areas (14) than in the low prevalence areas (3). Positive skin snips from both hip and shoulder were found in 24% of the population, whereas 3% had microfilariae only in the shoulder and 11% only in the hip region. The mean microfilarial density in the hips (16) was double that in the shoulders (8). Ophthalmological evaluation, including slit lamp examination, was possible in 77 of the 182 cases with positive skin snips. Severe eye damage due to onchocerciasis was not observed. However, one 35 year old female had live microfilariae in the anterior chambers of both eyes. PMID- 3176142 TI - The effects of thiabendazole, mebendazole and cambendazole in normal and immunosuppressed dogs infected with a human strain of Strongyloides stercoralis. AB - The effects of three benzimidazole anthelmintics in dogs infected with a human strain of Strongyloides stercoralis were investigated. Cambendazole, but not thiabendazole or mebendazole, abrogated the subsequent development of a patent infection when administered at the same time as infection to immunocompetent dogs. None of the drugs eradicated infection when given after the onset of patency in immunosuppressed animals, although worm burdens were greatly reduced in dogs treated with cambendazole. The implications of these findings for the treatment of patients with strongyloidiasis, particularly those with disseminated infections, are discussed. PMID- 3176143 TI - Albendazole treatment of multiple cerebral hydatid cysts: case report. AB - A patient with primary multiple cerebral hydatid cysts was treated with albendazole. The daily dose was 10 mg/kg, taken 3 times a day with main meals, in 4 one-month courses separated by intervals of 15 days. Computerized tomography did not reveal any cerebral cysts at the end of therapy; complete calcification was observed at the sites of previous cysts 12 months later. Albendazole was very well tolerated. The results of therapy suggest that albendazole is a valuable contribution to the treatment of cerebral hydatid cysts. PMID- 3176144 TI - Hand washing intervention to reduce ascariasis in children. PMID- 3176145 TI - Small intestinal perforation by Ascaris lumbricoides. PMID- 3176146 TI - Empyema thoracis in childhood in the tropics. AB - The management of 25 children with empyema thoracis in Zimbabwe is discussed. The method adopted in 21 of these children using simple drainage and continuous irrigation with 0.1% solution of povidone iodine compared well with more aggressive methods. The method can be carried out easily in a rural environment. 2 of these 21 children died, one because of aspiration. The results among the survivors were good - excellent in 14 of the 21 children and fair in 2. There were no side effects attributable to the povidone iodine. The method failed in 3 patients who had to be dealt with surgically. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest organism responsible for empyema. PMID- 3176147 TI - Campylobacter-like organisms and gastritis in Africa. PMID- 3176148 TI - Blastocystis hominis: clinical and therapeutic aspects. PMID- 3176149 TI - Eosinophilia in south-east Asia. PMID- 3176150 TI - HIV antibodies in Danish Volunteer Service personnel in Kenya, Tanzania and Zambia. PMID- 3176151 TI - Long-term in vitro maintenance of Leishmania tropica. PMID- 3176152 TI - Malaria in Afghan refugees in Pakistan. AB - Prevalence of malaria in Afghan refugees in Pakistan is higher than in the local population. Malaria control officials in Pakistan hypothesized that Afghan refugees have brought a heavy load of malaria infections with them from Afghanistan, causing a serious setback to the malaria control programme in Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to test this hypothesis, because it is important regarding the selection of appropriate strategy for malaria control. The proposed hypothesis is rejected because of the following evidence against it: (i) a comparison of age-specific parasite rates of malaria in Afghan refugees and a nearby local population at Karachi indicated that Afghan refugees were susceptible to malaria even in later age-groups, while infections in the local population were limited to younger age-groups; (ii) a comparison of epidemiological trends of malaria in Afghan refugees and the local population in the North-West Frontier Province from 1979 to 1986 demonstrated that the rate of increase in the prevalence of malaria over the years was much higher in Afghan refugees than in the local population, a manifestation of low herd immunity in Afghan refugees. The most plausible alternate hypothesis is that Afghan refugees, being more susceptible, were at high risk of malaria infection in Pakistan rather than that they brought a high infection load with them from Afghanistan. Therefore, malaria control in Afghan refugee camps in Pakistan should be primarily based on preventive, rather than curative, measures. PMID- 3176154 TI - Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis isolated from Akodon arviculoides captured in Caratinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil. PMID- 3176153 TI - Visceral leishmaniasis in the Sudan: comparative parasitological methods of diagnosis. AB - Patients with suspected kala-azar had aspirations of spleen, lymph node and bone marrow performed to compare the relative merit of each procedure. Splenic aspiration remains the method most likely to provide microscopic proof of leishmanial infection (18 of 19 samples) and was the only site positive in 5 patients. Lymph node aspirates contained parasites in 20 of 29 patients, whereas bone marrow aspirates provided the diagnosis in 18 of 28. Therefore, lymph node aspiration, with its minimal morbidity, is indicated as the primary diagnostic method in patients in the Sudan with suspected kala-azar. If negative, splenic aspiration should be performed. PMID- 3176155 TI - Evidence for the presence of an innate trypanosomicidal factor in the serum of a non-immune African waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). PMID- 3176156 TI - Cholestatic effect of cyclosporine in the rat. An inhibition of bile acid secretion. AB - Cyclosporine administration in patients with organ transplants may cause cholestasis. In the rat, intraperitoneal administration of cyclosporine, 10 mg/kg, for three weeks did not cause liver function test abnormalities or hepatic histological lesions. However a significant reduction of bile flow and bile acid secretion rates was observed. The fact that reduction of bile flow was related to a decrease of the bile acid-independent flow suggests that cyclosporine-induced cholestasis results from an inhibition of bile acid secretion. Whether this inhibition is caused by the parental molecule or by cyclosporine metabolites needs to be clarified. PMID- 3176157 TI - An analysis of the components in UW solution using the isolated perfused rabbit liver. AB - The isolated perfused rabbit liver model has been used to determine the essential components of the UW solution for hepatic preservation by simple cold storage. Livers were stored on ice for 48 hr after initial flushing with the solution being tested, and then reperfused at 38 degrees C in an isolated perfusion circuit; bile flow and enzyme (SGOT, SGPT, and LDH) release during a 2-hr period were recorded. All solutions tested contained phosphate (25 mM) as a buffer and magnesium sulfate (5 mM). Sodium can be substituted for potassium without adverse effects. Lactobionate, raffinose and glutathione cannot be omitted; all other components can be eliminated without altering the effectiveness of the solution in this model. PMID- 3176158 TI - Preservation of hepatocyte suspensions at 4 degrees C. AB - Suspensions of rat hepatocytes are resistant to hypoxia for at least 24 hr at 4 degrees C. After storage for 24 hr with xylitol, sorbitol, or glycerol, their subsequent capacity for glucogenesis from these substrates is increased. Even storage under N2/CO2 as the gas phase has little deleterious effect. PMID- 3176160 TI - A new bioabsorbable material for rat venous anastomosis. PMID- 3176159 TI - Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and cyclosporine. A potentially serious adverse interaction. PMID- 3176161 TI - Does cyclosporine A really produce progressive deterioration of renal function? PMID- 3176163 TI - How to stimulate basic medical research in developing countries. PMID- 3176164 TI - Crisis in academic medicine. PMID- 3176162 TI - Acute rejection in the cyclosporine era. PMID- 3176165 TI - HBs antigenemia in chronic liver disorders in infancy and childhood. PMID- 3176166 TI - Pathogenesis of gallstones in India. PMID- 3176167 TI - Endoscopic polypectomy. PMID- 3176168 TI - [Changes in the ultrastructure and morphometric parameters of the cortical axospinal synapses as affected by a calcium-free medium]. AB - Slice preparations of the white mouse sensorimotor cortex were examined for the morphometry of axospinal synapses in the material obtained under a standard experimental procedure and in sections perfused in calcium-free medium. The calcium-free medium in slice preparations was shown to reduce considerably the spine length and to increase the amount of spines with a negative curvature of the spine head in the contact area. Besides, it is noticed that the postsynaptic thickening grows, the active zone length decreases, the number of perforated contacts drops and the spine apparatus moves to the dendritic zone. It is supposed that the spine apparatus transfer is probably due to the reorganization of spine cytoskeleton, i.e., it is determined by both the motor activity of dendritic microtubules and the polymerization level of spine microfilaments. PMID- 3176169 TI - [Disordered mitoses and extranuclear chromatin in the cells of normally developing embryos of Brachydanio rerio]. AB - In the cells of normal embryos of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio, the Feulgen positive particles were found in the cytoplasm, in addition to the following abnormalities of mitoses: retardation and loss of chromosomes, disorganization of mitotic figures similar to those seen with C-mitosis, condensation and pycnotic transformation of chromatin preceding the cellular death. The dynamics of these phenomena was traced in the course of development starting from the 8 cell stage to the late blastula stage. The high frequency of the above findings, as well as a certain extent of the topological correspondence of abnormal mitoses enable the author to propose that the normal development of bony fishes is accompanied by degradation of the hereditary material in some cells of the embryo. This may constitute a step of differentiation for at least provisional structures of the embryos. PMID- 3176170 TI - [Effect of the segregation and accumulation of chloroquine and daunorubicin by L cells (LSM subline) on the activity of lysosomal hydrolases]. AB - Kinetics of chloroquine and daunorubicin (DNR) uptake by cultured L cells (subline LSM) has been studied. With their constant concentrations in the medium the uptake of both chloroquine and DNR was characterized as a two phase process. Within 1.5-2 hours, these cells accumulated as much as 90 per cent of the total chloroquine and DNR amounts taken up during the whole incubation period. The segregation and accumulation of these substances took place in lysosomes. Chloroquine and DNR concentrations within lysosomes exceed those in the medium by 1100 and 5000 times, respectively. The chloroquine and DNR accumulation in lysosomes inhibited activities of some lysosomal hydrolases tested: cathepsins B and D, N-acetyl-beta, D-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase. Unlike, the activity of acid lipase was not affected by chloroquine, and was sufficiently stimulated (by 55%) by DNR. The mechanism of inhibition of lysosomal enzymes by chloroquine and DNR is not yet known, although some suggestions are made. Possible consequences of lysosomal activity inhibition for cell metabolism are discussed in addition to a possible role of lysosomotropic agents as regulators of lysosomal functional activity. PMID- 3176171 TI - [Changes in the content of potassium, sodium and potassium influx in human peripheral blood lymphocytes during long-term cultivation with phytohemagglutinin]. AB - Intracellular potassium, sodium and potassium influx were examined in PHA activated human lymphocytes within 6 days of cultivation. DNA flow cytometry was used to estimate the percentage of cells in G1, S and G2 + M phases. Potassium influx and content per g protein were found to be increased, whereas sodium content decreased with the progression of cells from G1 to S phases, being maximum on the 3rd day. Later on the percentage of cells in S phase was seen diminished, and the potassium content decreased just as sodium content increased. It is concluded that ionic changes may correlate with the entering of cells into S phase. PMID- 3176172 TI - [Karyotypic characteristics of a number of clonal lines of an interspecific mouse mink hybridoma]. AB - Using G-banding method, a study was made of the karyotypes of mouse myeloma cell line P3-X63-Ag8.653 and some cell hybrid lines originated from a fusion of mink immunized spleen cells and this myeloma. Normal chromosomes 6, 12 and X were not detected in either examined cell of the parental myeloma. The mink chromosomes are preferentially lost from cells of the hybrid lines. These lines varied significantly from cell to cell and from each other in the retention of some mink chromosomes. The karyological study of the hybrid lines revealed some cytogenetical specificities of mouse chromosome composition that were general for cells of hybrid lines, but atypical for myeloma parental cells. This data suggest the cells of myeloma parental line to take part in the processes of somatic hybridization and/or selection for mink immunoglobulin production nonrandomly. PMID- 3176173 TI - [Dynamic changes in the pH and potassium concentration in a suspension of ascitic tumor cells under glucose load]. AB - A single addition of glucose to 10% (6 v/v) suspension of the Ehrlich ascite tumor cells results in biphasic changes of pH and potassium ion concentration in the extracellular medium during 120 minutes. Phases of pH and potassium changing do not coincide. Increasing glucose amount from 100 to 400 mumol/10 ml suspension causes no marked modification of ion dynamics. Possible mechanisms of the above phenomena and their relation to cell power are discussed. PMID- 3176174 TI - [Structural-functional characteristics of the surface of the blood mononucleocytes in children suffering from chronic dermatoses. I. The correction of the glycocalyx structure by UV irradiation of the blood and in the course of treatment with an autotransfusion of UV-irradiated blood]. AB - In children suffering from chronic dermatoses (psoriasis and neurodermatitis), the glycocalix of blood mononuclears displays an Alcian blue dye sorption by 23 25% less than that in healthy children. The UV irradiation of their blood (254 nm), in addition to a course of UV-irradiated blood autotransfusion, resulted in an elevated sorption capacity of the mononuclear glycocalix up to the normal. A possible involvement of these changes in immunocompetent cell glycocalix in the pathogenesis of chronic dermatoses is discussed, as well as the significance of glycocalix normalization in the medicinal effect of UV-irradiated blood autotransfusion. PMID- 3176175 TI - [Functional changes in the relief of the apical surface of epithelial endometrial cells in the rat]. AB - The surface topography of the uterine born epithelial lining was studied in adult rats using scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic changes in the apical surface relief were observed that involved the formation of numerous microvilli with the increase in blood estrogen content. with the decrease in estrogen content and with the increase in that of progesterone the microvilli reduced in number and the epithelium folding diminished. Similar changes were seen in ovariectomised rats following the injection of corresponding hormones. In neonatal androgenized animals hypersecretion of estrogens and deficit of progesterone provided the persistence of microvilli and caused an intense migration of lymphoid system cells to the uterine born cavity. PMID- 3176176 TI - [Binding of alcian blue by the outer perimembrane layers of cells in the liver, thymus and transplantable tumors]. AB - Dye sorption did not change the electrophoretic mobility of cells obtained from the liver, thymus and solid tumors, but reduced such a mobility in ascite tumor cells. The reduction of the electrical charge of ascite tumor cells was conditioned by the binding of dye with hyaluronic and sialic acids. PMID- 3176178 TI - [Cytofluorimetric study of glycogen fractions of the liver cells of patients with chronic viral and alcoholic hepatitis]. AB - A cytofluorometric study was made of total glycogen and two glycogen fractions- the one easily soluble (ES) and the other hard soluble (HS) in isolated liver cells (needle aspiration biopsy) of patients in the norm and with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and chronic alcoholic hepatitis (CAH). The amount of LS in hepatocytes of patients with CAH was lower than that in patients with the norm or with CVH. This distinction was shown already at the beginning of chronic disease, and then, in spite of a considerable increase in the total glycogen content in hepatocytes, with progression of the disease did not change. The quantitative analysis of glycogen fraction contents in liver cells may be an additional differential diagnostic marker for the etiological distinction of chronic hepatitis. PMID- 3176177 TI - [Highly permeable contacts and electrical characteristics of the tissue of the normal liver and hepatomas. III. Absence of an effect of the tumor promoter phenobarbital on intercellular contacts in the mouse liver]. AB - The effect of phenobarbital--a specific promoter of hepatocarcinogenesis--on electrical parameters of mouse liver cells in vitro has been investigated using the conventional microelectrode technique. No alterations were found in cell membrane potentials, input resistances and electrical coupling coefficients measured either immediately after a short-term incubation of isolated livers in the presence of phenobarbital, or after a long-term treatment of the animals per os with the promoter for several weeks. PMID- 3176179 TI - [Correlation between the proliferative activity and protein kinase C activities in ethidium bromide-sensitive and -resistant cells]. AB - The protein kinase C (PK C) activity was determined in the cytosolic and membrane fractions of L- and CHO-K1-cells, both sensitive and resistant to ethidium bromide (EB). In the resistant cells (Lebr-25 and Cebr) a decreased enzyme activity was found in addition to alteration of the enzyme elution profile in the membrane preparations purified by DE-52 cellulose column chromatography. Methyltestosterone treated cells had a decreased enzyme activity in nonpurified membrane preparations in Lebr-25 cells, whereas the enzyme quantity in purified preparations remained the same. The decreased PK C activity on membranes correlates with the rapid proliferation of the resistant cells. The differences found between Lebr-25 and Cebr-cell lines in proliferation response to methyltestosterone correspond to the change of PK C developed due to hormone treatment. PMID- 3176180 TI - [Karyological characteristics of cell sublines of the kidney of the kangaroo rat and of skin fibroblasts of the Indian muntjac]. AB - A study was made of the karyotypic structure of sublines derived from the kangaroo rat's kidney (NBL-3) and skin fibroblasts of the Indian muntjac, available in the cell culture bank of the Institute of Cytology Acad. Sci. USSR. A comparative karyologic analysis was made of subline NBL-3 both contaminated with mycoplasma (NBLK) and decontaminated with antibiotics (NBLD). Authentic differences in cell distribution according to chromosome number in NBLK and NBLD variants were shown. Modal numbers of chromosomes are 11 and 17, respectively. The modal number for the Indian muntjac cell subline (MT) is 9. 60-80% of the cells had an identical karyotype (the main structural variant of the karyotype is MSVK). Using the G-banding technique, all the MSVK variants were shown to display constant karyotypes. In NBLK there are 5 pairs of homologous chromosomes and one metacentric. In NBLD, the number of homologous chromosomes increased in all the groups (hypotriploid karyotype). In subline MT 3 homologous chromosomes were found in groups I and IV, 2 in group III in addition to one X-chromosome. A comparison with the Indian muntjac karyotype showed the absence of marker chromosomes in MT. The analysis of additional SVK shows that the deviations from MSVK are caused mostly by changes in the number of homologous chromosomes within the groups. A study of the frequency of deviations in chromosome numbers observed in the groups from MSVK showed that different chromosomes were involved in karyotypic changes in the same way in the "low-chromosome" variants of NBLK and MT, and in different ways in NBLD. A comparison of the "premycoplasmic" variants of line NBL-3 with NBLK shows no differences in the parameters studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176181 TI - [A new variant of chromosome 1 in the house mouse]. AB - In wild mouse populations of Siberia, animals with a new variant of chromosome 1 were found. The total length of this chromosome was 1.3 times as great as the normal homologue. The G-banding technique revealed two additional insertions Is(HSR; 1C5)1Icg and Is(HSR; 1E3)2Icg located between bands 1C5 and 1D, and 1E3 and 1E4, resp. The C-banding of both the insertions was positive and lighter than that of the centromeric heterochromatin. The size of each insertion was approximately 15% of new variant of chromosome 1. No meiotic disturbances were found in heterozygous male mice. Chromosome 1 with insertions has been introduced into the laboratory mouse stock. PMID- 3176182 TI - Post-surgical outcome of 57 patients with Mycobacterium xenopi pulmonary infection. AB - The outcome of 57 surgically treated cases with pulmonary infection due to Mycobacterium xenopi was studied. Success without any complications was observed in 21 patients while complications were observed in the other 36, during the 1st year (early complications) after surgery in 26 patients and after the 1st year (late complications) in 10. Early complications included two deaths, four relapses, two treatment failures, six cases of respiratory impairment, four cancers and 21 immediate post-operative complications which required 19 supplementary operations. Early complications were more frequent (p less than 0.05) in patients with pleural and/or emphysematous lesions. Late complications included 10 deaths, eight relapses, four pulmonary infections and five cancers. They were more frequent (p less than 0.05) in patients with the following risk factors: under nutrition, smoking/alcohol abuse, gastric ulcers with or without gastrectomy, associated serious illness, respiratory impairment and extensive pre surgical radiographic lesions. In no case was infection due to M. xenopi directly responsible for lack of improvement. PMID- 3176183 TI - Extension of pulmonary tuberculosis after fibreoptic bronchoscopy. AB - Two cases are described in which the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was suspected on both clinical and radiological grounds. Sputum smear and culture were negative for acid fast bacilli. Consequently a bronchoscopy and bronchial washings from the affected lobe were undertaken. While this procedure achieved a positive diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, it also resulted in a significant extension of the disease. PMID- 3176184 TI - AIDS and tuberculosis. PMID- 3176185 TI - Increased sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to high intensity pulsed ultrasound. AB - This study comprised two repeat experiments in which Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed to nominal peak intensity Im = 2500 W/cm2, 2.5 MHz, pulsed ultrasound. Cells contained in a 0.53 cm diameter chamber in 0.48 cm thick Plexiglas were exposed to 10 microseconds pulses at 200 Hz prf in 9 sites for 3 min per site for a total duration of 27 min. The -3 dB focal beamwidth was 0.115 cm at an axial distance of 4.8 cm. Analysis of the pooled data from each series of experiments showed a statistically significant increase in the mean frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in exposed compared to control cells. The results show a high degree of variability in the controls and insonated samples, which suggests that large numbers of insonations may be required in studies with SCE to reduce the high probability of missing an effect. The results of this series of experiments provide the first confirmation of an increase in SCEs following exposure to pulsed ultrasound. PMID- 3176186 TI - [Damaging temperature during the machining of bone]. AB - Yet one of the major problems with tools of bone machining is the possible thermal damage to the bone caused by the cutting action. Thermal damage to bone is the combined result of the temperature and the period of time that the bone tissue is at the elevated temperature. The effect of heat on bone tissue can result in the denaturation of the enzymic and membrane proteins and cellular death. That results in disorder capability of regeneration of bone tissue and in advantage of resorption. This paper described the research to study the thermal response of drilling of bone. Results are judging with temperature, cutting time as a normed comparison time and damaging temperature, which is the combined result of temperature and the period of time. Decrease of cutting time and temperature can avoid thermal damage, that be achieved with optimal drill bit geometry and conditions for drilling. A helix angle of 12 to 14 degrees, a point angle of 70 degrees and a clerance angle of 18 to 24 degrees are very appropriate for an optimized geometry. The borings should be executed by a medium cutting speed of 9 to 16 m/min (n = 600 to 1100 rpm at d = 4.5 mm). Concerning the thrust, one should not drill timidly but also avoid excessive forces. Thrust should be in the range of about 10 N/mmd. After 20 to 30 borings executed the drill bit must be repointed. PMID- 3176187 TI - [Treatment of unreduced anterior shoulder dislocation]. AB - We evaluated the results of treatment in six patients with unreduced chronic anterior dislocations of the shoulder. In three patients the dislocations had not been recognized by the initial treating physician. In the remaining three patients the dislocations initially had been diagnosed but reduction had failed and the dislocations had remained unreduced. In one of the six shoulders the dislocation was left unreduced. The dislocation existed for 3.5 years and there was absence of disabling functional impairment, pain or neurovascular disturbance. In five of six shoulders the function was severely impaired. One of five shoulders with an anterior dislocation of three weeks duration could be reduced by closed manipulation. Four shoulders underwent open reduction. In all patients the humeral head could be preserved. Associated osseous lesions of the glenoid or the humeral head (Hill-Sachs lesions, fractures) were treated by rotation osteotomies according to Weber and the Eden-Lange-Hybinette procedure. Preoperatively all shoulders were graded as poor. Postoperatively the results in one was graded as excellent, in three as good and in one (algodystrophy of the left arm) as fair. PMID- 3176188 TI - [Clinical experiences in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures with the Sarmiento brace]. AB - 13 humeral shaft fractures were treated by Sarmiento-brace. Fracture-bracing is a special conservative traumatological management, that permits early remedial gymnastics. Light weight, optimal cosmetic results and quickly rehabilitation of the injured arm are favorable. Cooperation in gymnastics and controls within short times by the doctor are necessary. All our patients of ages under 45 years achieved nearly normal articular function, that increases 95% in comparison to the opposite arm. External rotation and abduction of the shoulder decreased in elder persons. Loss of function could not be avoided completely in critical cases (upper and lower part of the humeral shaft). Side effects were swelling, angulation deficiencies up to 16 degrees and skin lesions. The rate of pseudarthrosis seems very small. In advanced cases of malignomas pathologic fractures were treated by bracing palliatively. Open fractures, vascular damage, nerve palsy, fractures that cannot be controlled by non operative means and multiple injured patients should be treated by operation. PMID- 3176189 TI - [Surgical management of injuries to the dorsal pelvic ring by elastic stabilization]. AB - A new method of operative stabilization of injuries of the dorsal ring of the pelvis is demonstrated. The necessity of conservation of the elasticity of the pelvic ring is discussed. Only an elastic stabilization can preserve the mobility of the sacroiliac joint. This method is simple and involves little risk. Special instruments and implants are not necessary. PMID- 3176190 TI - [The diagnostic certainty of various methods of evaluating recent trauma to knee ligaments]. AB - The prognosis of knee ligament injury is mainly dependent on early diagnosis. In a prospective trial comprising 108 patients with fresh injury of the knee ligaments, the prognostic value of clinical non-invasive examination were assessed in awake and anesthetized patients. As a result the merely clinical examination without anesthesia gave only in 48% a diagnosis reliably enough for operation indication. Examination under anesthesia detected more than 83% of injuries with need for operation and 90% of ruptures of the anterior cruciate ligament. Lachman-test proved to be very reliable (more than 90%) and lateral pivot-shift-phenomenon almost provable (more than 86%) for ligament rupture. Arthroscopy in our hands is playing only a minor role at the event of fresh injury of the knee ligaments. In only 10% it was the decisive tool for operation. In our opinion the indication for narcosis examination should be put widely due to its high sensitivity. Since in approximately 90% on additional arthroscopy can be resigned, the entire ischemia time during pneumatic blood circulation blockage (110 to 120 min) is available for operative reconstruction of the knee joint. PMID- 3176191 TI - [Indications for surgical management of lower leg fractures]. AB - A follow-up series of 324 lower leg fractures treated between 1980 and 1985 in a regional hospital showed overall good results. Besides a non-union-rate of 0% there were also low values for infection (3.7%), re-fracture (2.16%), delayed healing (4.63%) and thrombosis (3.42%). Many reasons are dealing with that. First of all, most of our patients were young, active people, who sustained their injuries during ski-accidents with a high amount of torsional-type lesions (A1, B1, C1; Johner/Wruhs-scheme). The second important point was, to use a simple, quick and safe method with the possibility of a short hospital stay and good final outcome, managing the high frequency of victims, admitting the trauma unit in the late afternoon after closure of ski-lifts. Finally, one has to realize, that most of our patients had been treated by one surgeon, who has a lot of experience with the aforementioned methods. We can state finally, that percutaneous cerclage-wires (Gotzes method) will be used for spiral fractures, occurring in the second to fourthfifth, in future, too. Bending-type fractures with one or more butterfly-fragments (B2, B3) and segmental fractures (C2), should be treated by interlocking nailing. Only fractures with severe closed soft tissue injuries or open fractures (grade II-III-Tscherne), will be managed by an external frame. Compression plates should only be used for fractures in the first or fifth fifth with articular lesions. PMID- 3176192 TI - [Perspectives on surgery and anesthesiology in Sri Lanka. A report on the experiences of a surgical team at the Justus Liebig University]. PMID- 3176193 TI - [The effect of postoperative cold therapy in joint surgery using a new cooling device]. AB - The effect of continuous cold therapy with a new cooling device in post-operative treatment after knee surgery has been proved. Ten patients with different operations of the knee joint participated in this study. Eight out of ten patients reported no or poor pain, whereas in the control group especially after arthrotomy considerable or violent pain was reported. After arthroscopic operations we found more an decrease of swelling and effusion, after arthrotomy more pain reduction. The subjective feeling of all patients was very good and they were generally very receptive to it. PMID- 3176195 TI - [Nutrition: are the physicians interested?]. PMID- 3176194 TI - [Periodic recycling of the central nervous system by dreaming during paradoxical sleep]. PMID- 3176196 TI - [Periodic medical examination. 2. Unwanted pregnancy in adolescents. Cancer of the endometrium]. PMID- 3176197 TI - [The beta-thalassemia gene in French Canada: reappearance in Portneuf County]. PMID- 3176198 TI - Increased mast cells in the limiting membrane of seminiferous tubules in testes of patients with idiopathic infertility. AB - In the course of our histological studies on the testes of idiopathically infertile men, we found an increased number of mast cells in the limiting membrane of the seminiferous tubule. In 16 patients with idiopathic infertility, quantification of mast cells within the limiting membrane of the seminiferous tubule was performed. There apparently was a tendency to increased numbers of mast cells in the seminiferous tubule wall with decreased sperm count and an average Johnsen score for each tubule. These findings suggest that quantification of mast cells in the seminiferous tubule wall may be a useful marker in the histopathological evaluation of testis biopsies in patients with idiopathic infertility. PMID- 3176199 TI - Bladder wall relaxation and its dependency on transmural pressure and infusion rate during cystometry--in vivo studies in the rat. AB - Cystometry at different infusion rates was performed in 7 rats in vivo. The bladders were furthermore allowed to relax from different transmural pressures. When distension of the bladder was moderate, relative relaxation was small and almost independent of transmural pressure and infusion rate. When distended to large volumes, however, there was a marked increase in bladder wall relaxation and the relaxation increased with increasing infusion rates. These findings indicate the importance of standardization of the cystometric procedure. PMID- 3176200 TI - Combination therapy with microwave coagulation and intracavitary irradiation for bladder cancer. Technique and preliminary clinical results. AB - Twenty-five patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder have been treated with combined therapy consisting of microwave regional coagulation and intracavitary irradiation. A remote-controlled after-loading system was utilized for the radiation therapy. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 19 months with an average of 11.4 months. Tumor stages were Tis (n = 2), Ta or T1 (n = 17), T2 (n = 2), T3 (n = 3) and T4 (n = 1), and grades were G1 (n = 10), G2 (n = 11) and G3 (n = 4). In 23 patients (92%), there was no endoscopic or histologic evidence of tumor after the initial treatment. Heterotopic recurrences were found after 2 or 3 months in 3 patients who received microwave regional coagulation or intracavitary regional irradiation. Additional intracavitary whole bladder mucosal irradiation was performed for 10 patients with multiple tumors and frequent recurrent tumors. Nine patients had no recurrence (average follow-up 11 months). Our preliminary findings indicate that combination therapy of microwave coagulation and intracavitary irradiation is a useful treatment for bladder cancer. PMID- 3176201 TI - 2,8-Dihydroxyadeninuria: laboratory diagnosis and therapy control. AB - This report is concerned with the experience gained with two 2,8-dihydroxyadenine (2,8-DHA) stone patients. When adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency is suspected, the risk of stone formation can be detected at an early stage from the crystalline urinary sediment. Infrared spectroscopic analysis of the crystals or of a urinary stone, if present, will confirm the diagnosis. Determination of the APRT activity will facilitate quantification of the enzyme deficiency and elucidation of the hereditary history. 2,8-DHA excretion in the 24 hour urine and its circadian rhythm were determined at 3-hour intervals using a new method of high performance liquid chromatography determination. This method also provides a means of monitoring the effectiveness of allopurinol therapy. PMID- 3176202 TI - An ultrastructural analysis of vascular leiomyoma of the bladder. AB - We report a case of vascular leiomyoma of the bladder in a 62-year-old man. To our knowledge, this is the first ultrastructural study published on vascular leiomyoma of the bladder. The tumoral cells reproduced the smooth muscle cells. The vascular structures corresponded to capillaries and arterioles. We consider that the vascular component is not tumoral and its origin is related to mast cells. PMID- 3176203 TI - Comparison of long-term and short-term stretch on rat urinary bladder in vitro. AB - Distension of the human urinary bladder often causes prolonged impairment of its function. To investigate the effects of the duration of stretch on bladder smooth muscle the active length-tension relation, electrically evoked, was described in rat detrusor strips during a short-term and a long-term stretch. The amplitude of active tension increased at first and then decreased abruptly at greater stretch lengths, the maximum being at muscle lengths 230-250% (100% = resting length) in both types of stretches. When the strips had been at maximum length (300%) for three hours the amplitude was significantly decreased during release as compared to the amplitude found during stretch to the maximum length at comparable lengths. If the strips were released immediately from the maximum length the amplitude responded in an opposite manner. Therefore we conclude that the duration of stretching of bladder smooth muscle significantly affects its mechanical activity. PMID- 3176204 TI - The influence of pyeloureteral peristalsis on pelvic pressure during increase in flow rate. AB - Thirty-nine normal pig pyeloureters were perfused with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 20 ml/min during continuous measurement of the pelvic pressure. A phasic pressure response was identified with the highest pressure increase between 2 and 4 ml/min. Two groups were analyzed. One consisting of the 10 pyeloureters with the highest pressure increase and the other of the 10 pyeloureters with the lowest pressure increase to a perfusion rate of 4 ml/min. The peristaltic frequency was significantly higher (about 6/min) in the high pressure group than in the low pressure group (about 3.5/min). It is concluded that a high peristaltic frequency is at least partly responsible for the high pressure response to increasing flow because the peristaltic contraction ring opposes the filling flow through ureter. PMID- 3176205 TI - The applications of the BrdUrd-technique for the estimation of cycling S-phase cells in human renal cell carcinoma. AB - After testing the BrdUrd technique on experimental tumour cell lines, we applied the technique to human renal cell carcinoma in vitro. We compared the results with the data acquired after FCM analysis and 3H-thymidine treatment. In contrast to BrdUrd the 3H-thymidine uptake seemed to be limited in suspended cells. FCM data represented the DNA distribution of cells. BrdUrd labelling on the other hand detected DNA synthesizing cells. Only both methods in parallel were able to discriminate between proliferating cells and resting cells with an S-phase equivalent DNA content. PMID- 3176206 TI - Absorption of L-phenylalanine in human ileal reservoirs exposed to urine. AB - The mucosa of ileal reservoirs exposed to urine undergoes successive structural changes, indicating a loss of absorptive capacity. In patients with urinary diversion via a continent ileal reservoir, the active absorption of L phenylalanine from the reservoir was studied at different postoperative time intervals. A test solution containing L-phenylalanine was instilled into the reservoir and samples were taken at intervals during a period of one hour for determination of phenylalanine. In one group of patients, urine from the kidneys by-passed the reservoir via a catheter inserted into the afferent segment. Within three months after construction of the ileal reservoir, the uptake was significantly slower than that in ileostomy reservoirs and the absorption decreased even more with longer observation times. Mixing of urine with the reservoir contents did not influence the uptake of L-phenylalanine to any significant degree. The reduced absorption of L-phenylalanine indicates that the uptake of other substances from this type of ileal reservoirs might be decreased also. PMID- 3176207 TI - Organ distribution of Adriamycin after intravesical instillation with or without Tween 80 in the rat. AB - The absorption of Adriamycin (ADM) into the systemic circulation and into different organs including the urinary bladder was investigated in the rat after intravesical instillation of ADM with or without a surface active detergent, Tween 80. The postinstillation plasma concentration of ADM increased significantly with increasing dose of the drug. Even though the leakage of ADM into the systemic circulation and into extravesical organs in general was slight a significant increase was observed after addition of Tween 80. The uptake of ADM into the urinary bladder wall was also significantly enhanced by Tween 80 thus the role of this agent in conjunction with intravesical chemotherapy should be further investigated. PMID- 3176209 TI - [Causes, prevention and therapy of complications of lymphadenectomy following tumor nephrectomy]. AB - In our series of 295 patients who had to undergo a radical nephrectomy. 34% had postoperative wound drainage for longer than 6 days. In 7 patients (2.4%) lymphocele developed, which was cured by percutaneous puncture and drainage in most cases. PMID- 3176208 TI - Intravesical chemotherapy: combination with dimethyl sulfoxide does not enhance cytotoxicity in vitro. AB - There is evidence that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) can increase the anticancer activity of chemotherapeutic drugs. As DMSO is instilled into the bladder for interstitial cystitis, it could be readily adopted in clinical practice if it was found to enhance the effectiveness of the drugs used for intravesical chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate, using a human bladder cancer cell line, the hypothesis that DMSO enhances the activity of these agents. However, the addition of 4% DMSO to the four drugs most frequently used for intravesical chemotherapy (adriamycin, epodyl, mitomycin-c, thiotepa) did not increase tumour cell kill in vitro. PMID- 3176210 TI - [Ureteral calculus--change in therapy at the Urology Department of the Vienna General Polyclinic (1982-1986)]. AB - In this paper 151 patients treated for ureteric stones in our department (January 1982 to July 1986) are reviewed. Open ureterotomy was almost completely discontinued during this time. The success rates for the different methods are: ureterotomy: 100%, ESWL (78% in combination with endourology): 100%, endourology: 91%, "Zeiss-loop": 62%. In our department endourological procedures are still the most economical method of ureteric stone removal. PMID- 3176211 TI - [Involvement of the urogenital system in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (primary and secondary involvement)]. AB - According to the literature the non-Hodgkin-lymphoma is involving the kidney and its capsule, the hilus of the kidney and the retroperitoneal space in some instances. Today one assumes that the disease is originating unifocally therefore one can achieve a healing or complete remission by radical surgery when one or both kidneys or a testicle are involved. Prior to this generalised disease must be ruled out. Two cases are reported where one or both kidneys were involved showing long survival time or cure. The prognosis, however, is very poor when the urogenital system is included in systemic forms of non-Hodgkin-lymphoma. PMID- 3176212 TI - [Arterial blood supply of horseshoe kidneys with special reference to percutaneous lithotripsy]. AB - The arterial blood supply of six horseshoe kidneys has been examined in respect to percutaneous lithotripsy, i.e. puncture of the renal pelvis in its dorsolateral aspect including nephroscopic extraction of renal calculi. The blood supply of horseshoe kidneys is presupposed by evolution. Besides the definitive renal arteries there are accessory arteries which may be regarded as persistent mesonephric arteries. We distinguish between proper accessory arteries entering the horseshoe kidney at its hilum and aberrant accessory arteries which reach either the upper extremities or the zone of fusion. The latter derive form the abdominal aorta or the bifurcation respectively, the common iliac arteries, the left renal artery, the inferior mesenteric artery or the median sacral artery. Despite the variability of the renal arteries we didn't find any larger vessels in the area of puncture. The anatomical investigations showed that there is no increased risk of hemorrhage performing percutaneous lithotripsy on horseshoe kidneys. During the last two years 8 patients with horseshoe kidneys have been operated because of relapsing calculi using this method, showing no intra- or postoperative complications. PMID- 3176213 TI - [Complete duplication of the lower urinary tract and external genitalia: a case report]. AB - Duplication of the urinary bladder is rare and in most cases other abnormalities are present. Frequently duplication of the lower gastrointestinal tract and genital organs has been described. We are reporting on a 45 year old women with complete duplication of the lower urinary tract and duplication of various portions of the genital organs. PMID- 3176214 TI - [Obstructive nephropathy; kidney function and renal excretion of prostaglandin (E)2 and Thromboxane B(2) following percutaneous decompression nephropyelostomy]. AB - In patients with chronic urinary obstruction the excretion of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE2) and thromboxane B(2) (TXB2) was measured. During obstruction signs of an increased vasoconstrictor (TXB2)- and a decreased vasodilator (PGE2) activity were found. After percutaneous nephropyelostomy a reverse pattern with decrease of the initially high (TXB2) excretion and increase of the PGE(2)excretion was observed. It is suggested that these changes of the arachidonic acid metabolism previously found in animals also take part in the pathophysiological changes in humans after relief of urinary obstruction having significant effect of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate and tubular function in obstructive nephropathy in humans. PMID- 3176215 TI - [Surgical treatment possibilities of severe urinary incontinence in women]. AB - Severe female urinary incontinence type 3 is a most difficult challenge to a urologic surgeon. In 40 of more than 800 patients evaluated for stress incontinence, type 3 urinary incontinence was diagnosed by clinical, urodynamic, and radiographic examination. The etiology was neurogenic or non-neurogenic. The first step of treatment in all patients was a modified pubovaginal sling to increase urethral resistance; this procedure was successful in 65%. Severely damaged periurethral tissues resulting from earlier multiple pelvic surgery (111 operations in 28 patients with non-neurogenic etiology), radiation, or prior local infections were responsible for failures. Patients whose incontinence was not corrected by this initial treatment required further surgical procedures, such as suburothelial Teflon injection, urethral reconstruction, and continent urinary diversion. This additional surgery resulted in an overall 92% success rate after a minimum follow-up of 18 months. In view of the severe nature of the incontinence of these individually problematic patients, this is a satisfactory results. PMID- 3176217 TI - Ketoconazole in initial management and treatment of metastatic prostate cancer to spine. AB - Ketoconazole in high doses causes castrate levels of testosterone within twenty four to forty-eight hours; therefore it is extremely useful in the initial medical treatment of patients with metastatic prostate cancer who need a prompt therapeutic response. Review of 17 patients who presented with severe radicular pain or acute paraparesis/paraplegia showed that there was frequent delay in urologic consultation, pathologic confirmation, and initiation of efficacious therapy. In fact, 5 of 12 patients (42%) who received radiation therapy prior to effective hormonal therapy suffered significant morbidity and mortality. The case is made for the use of ketoconazole for initial empirical therapy for these patients. PMID- 3176216 TI - [Nonsurgical treatment of a massive macrohematuria following kidney biopsy]. AB - In the treatment of massive hematuria after renal biopsy, selective percutaneous vaso-occlusion with detachable balloons is an effective alternative to urological surgery, as demonstrated in the case of a 39-year-old man. A review of the literature, which records success rate of more than 90% in nonmalignant renal hemorrhage, confirms the therapeutic value of the various parenchyma-sparing embolization techniques. PMID- 3176218 TI - Role of urethral reconstruction and artificial sphincter in complicated salvage radical prostatectomy. AB - Patients undergoing radical prostatectomy following failed definitive radiation therapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate run a substantial risk of refractory bladder neck contractures and urinary incontinence developing. A combined reconstructive technique utilizing a urethral pull-through procedure and implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter to treat these complications is described. When a patient can truly be cured by radical prostatectomy, this relatively straightforward reconstruction can salvage what otherwise would be considered a surgical failure. PMID- 3176219 TI - Clinical evaluation of inflatable penile prosthesis with combined pump-reservoir. AB - Sixteen impotent men were implanted with the Mentor inflatable penile cylinders which were attached to a combination pump-reservoir. The prosthesis is working satisfactorily in 14 patients six months post-implant. A pre-assembly technique accommodated insertion of the prosthesis as a unit. The combination of pump reservoir appears to adequately replace a separate reservoir and pumping device when attached to inflatable penile cylinders. PMID- 3176220 TI - Testicular germ cell tumors in HLA-genotype non-twin brothers. AB - The diagnosis of metastatic testicular carcinoma in a thirty-three-year-old man and his nineteen-year-old brother is reported. Histologically, the tumor of the older brother consisted predominantly of embryonal carcinoma with minor components of seminoma and adult teratoma; the tumor of the younger brother consisted entirely of embryonal carcinoma. Since previous reports suggest the possibility that the HLA genotype may be a factor in the etiology of testicular cancer, we typed the parents and four children of this family. The two affected brothers shared a paternal HLA-A3, Cw-,B7,DR2 haplotype that had not been transmitted to the two other living siblings. Analysis of the distribution of HLA haplotypes of the affected non-twin brothers of this family and those of three other non-twin pairs of brothers that have been reported showed that the affected pairs in each family shared one HLA haplotype. The differences between the expected and the observed distribution of HLA haplotypes in the four sibling pairs is not statistically significant, perhaps because of the small number of patients typed. Two of the four pairs shared a common haplotype. Additional family studies are required to establish a genetic origin of testicular tumors and to determine whether or not a "testicular carcinoma disease" gene is linked to the HLA complex. A large number of multicase families will be required for linkage analysis. PMID- 3176221 TI - Giant hydronephrosis in ectopic kidney in a child. AB - A rare case of giant hydronephrosis in an ectopic kidney is presented, and the literature is reviewed. PMID- 3176222 TI - Rigid ureteroscopy: pitfalls and remedies. AB - One hundred fifty patients underwent rigid ureteroscopy for stone extraction. With adequate experience and awareness of the potential pitfalls and possible remedies, success rates of over 90 per cent can be achieved. PMID- 3176223 TI - Bladder detrusor endometriosis mimicking interstitial cystitis. AB - Endometriosis involving the muscular wall of the bladder may cause symptoms similar to those of interstitial cystitis. Vesical endometriosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of interstitial cystitis, especially in patients with a history of prior gynecologic or pelvic surgery. PMID- 3176224 TI - Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of prostate. AB - Since 1877, 42 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the prostate have been reported in the medical literature, whereby the occurrence of a primary process could only be assumed in a very few of these. We report a case of primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the prostate, including a review of literature, and point out the difficulties involved in diagnosing such cases. PMID- 3176225 TI - Suprapubic cystotomy: a new device. PMID- 3176226 TI - Simple technique for testicular fixation in management of torsion. PMID- 3176227 TI - Chronic vasculitis causing unilateral ureteral stenosis. AB - We report a case of chronic vasculitis causing unilateral ureteral stenosis as an isolated phenomenon in an otherwise healthy forty-three-year-old man. Other causes of chronic vasculitis and ureteral stenosis are reviewed. PMID- 3176228 TI - Metastatic tumors involving testis. AB - Two cases of metastatic tumors involving the testis are reported: one from an adenocarcinoma of the prostate and the other from an adenocarcinoma of the colon. The first was found incidentally in the orchiectomy specimen done for prostatic cancer while the other was noted clinically as a part of a widely disseminated disease. Although there are numerous pathways through which tumors may metastasize to the testis, the occurrence of testicular metastasis is extremely rare. The reason for this rarity remains unknown. PMID- 3176230 TI - Use of lymphoscintigraphy in chyluria. AB - The roentgenographic procedure of choice in delineating lymphatic channels has been lymphangiography. Recently, radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy has been used to outline lymphatics in patients with various lymphatic disorders. We present and compare the results of lymphangiography and lymphoscintigraphy in 2 patients with chyluria. Since the results of lymphoscintigraphy correlated with lymphangiography, the application of this less invasive technique in the diagnosis and management of chyluria may be warranted. PMID- 3176229 TI - Intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia of prostatic urethra secondary to stricture. AB - We report a case of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia (villous adenoma) of the prostatic urethra secondary to stricture of the prostatic portion of the urethra and chronic inflammation. This sequence of events has previously been recognized in the urothelium of the bladder as a precursor of adenocarcinoma of intestinal type. Premalignant dysplasia of glandular type is rare in the urethra, as is adenocarcinoma, and this case suggests that the pathway to some adenocarcinomas of the urethra may be through intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia similar to the process recognized in the stomach, nose, and urinary bladder. PMID- 3176231 TI - Surface electrodes in perineal electromyography. AB - In 40 elderly male patients undergoing multiple urodynamic evaluations, surface electrodes were used for recording electromyographic (EMG) activity of pelvic sphincter muscles; placement site was the external anal sphincter. The measured wave form was displayed as an analog plot. Different types of surface electrodes were evaluated in selected patients. The EMG wave form measurements varied with the type of surface electrode used and placement of the electrode. Surface electrodes for external anal sphincter EMG resulting in optimum signal response require a small metallic recording surface with an adhesive that will secure the electrode to the skin, proper anatomic placement of the electrode, appropriate preparation of the skin surface at the site of application of the electrode, and capabilities for oscilloscope monitoring of the sphincter EMG signal wave form. If properly used, surface electrodes result in a signal amplitude and frequency that approach the quality of concentric needle electrodes. PMID- 3176232 TI - Primary vs delayed repair of bladder neck injuries in children. PMID- 3176233 TI - Bladder irrigation with chlorhexidine. PMID- 3176235 TI - Balloon dilatation of urethral strictures. PMID- 3176234 TI - Bilateral testicular tumors. PMID- 3176236 TI - [Effectiveness of laser trabeculoplasty in primary open-angle and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma]. PMID- 3176237 TI - [Biomicroscopic characterization of the eye drainage zone at a distant period after laser goniopuncture]. PMID- 3176238 TI - [Ultrastructural and histochemical characteristics of the sclera in glaucoma associated with nearsightedness]. PMID- 3176239 TI - [Changes in intraocular pressure after anterior capsulotomy using YAG laser]. PMID- 3176240 TI - [Methods of mechanical dilatation of the pupil in the surgery of soft and membranous cataracts]. PMID- 3176241 TI - [Intracapsular implantation of monolithic intraocular lenses]. PMID- 3176242 TI - [Effectiveness of intraocular correction in medico-social and vocational rehabilitation of patients with cataract]. PMID- 3176243 TI - [The care of children's vision--a matter of utmost importance]. PMID- 3176244 TI - [Experimental study of the pattern and severity of corneal deformity]. PMID- 3176246 TI - [Neurophysiological mechanisms of amblyopia in various forms of congenital bilateral cataract]. PMID- 3176245 TI - [Effects of various aqueous substitutes on the state of the posterior epithelium of the cornea in animal experiments]. PMID- 3176247 TI - [Nonsurgical treatment of cicatricial deformities of the eyelids]. PMID- 3176248 TI - [Morphological changes in the retina after argon laser coagulation of choroid tumors]. PMID- 3176250 TI - [Detachment of the pigment epithelium]. PMID- 3176249 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of drugs influencing the microrheological properties of the blood in the treatment of retinal vein thrombosis]. PMID- 3176251 TI - [Immediate and long-term results of modified trabeculectomy]. PMID- 3176253 TI - Contagious equine metritis and fluorescence. PMID- 3176252 TI - Anti-chlamydial immunity in ewes conferred by vaccination with a combination of three live chlamydia, brucella and salmonella vaccines. AB - Live attenuated vaccines against Chlamydia psittaci var ovis, Brucella melitensis and Salmonella abortus ovis have previously been shown to be compatible in mice by subcutaneous administration. Immunity against challenge with virulent chlamydia was, however, slightly decreased in associations including the B melitensis Rev 1 vaccine. The chlamydia strain 1B vaccine was administered to four- to five-month-old female lambs, either alone or in combination with the B melitensis Rev1 and the S abortus ovis Rv6 vaccines. Clinical, serological and bacteriological observations demonstrated the compatibility of the three vaccines. Control, singly and triply vaccinated ewes were challenged with a virulent strain of chlamydia during their second pregnancy, 15 months after vaccination. Five of the 12 control ewes lambed normally and 10 of them were infected, as shown by the excretion of the challenge chlamydia in genital secretions. Sixteen of the 17 ewes in the triple vaccine group lambed normally and none was infected. All 12 in the single vaccine group lambed normally and three of the 12 were infected. In spite of this unusually poor protection by the single vaccine, antichlamydial immunity was clearly not decreased by the association with the two other vaccines. PMID- 3176254 TI - Effects of age on breeding performance. PMID- 3176255 TI - Progressive neuronopathy in the cairn terrier. PMID- 3176256 TI - 'Logomach' and English grammar. PMID- 3176258 TI - Medicines and veterinary practice: a review. PMID- 3176257 TI - Oil-seed rape. PMID- 3176259 TI - Diagnostic value of exfoliative cytology of body fluids in dogs and cats. AB - A method for collecting body fluids for cytological examination and their subsequent preparation and staining is described. The results of the cytological examination of 80 dogs and 26 cats over a period of three years are reported, indicating the number and types of condition which can be diagnosed, together with the clinicopathological correlations. PMID- 3176260 TI - A baiting system suitable for the delivery of oral rabies vaccine to dog populations in Zimbabwe. AB - A baiting system suitable for the delivery of oral rabies vaccine to dog populations in developing countries was studied in Zimbabwe. In a field trial, 369 sponge baits containing a placebo liquid, rhodamine B as a biomarker and a pungent attractant were distributed over an area of 60 sq km in a communal land in Manicaland with a dog population of over 500. Twenty-four hours later 21 per cent of the baits were recovered and 79 per cent of these had been significantly bitten or chewed. Twenty-five per cent of the dogs examined showed evidence of superficial staining by rhodamine B indicating that they had chewed baits or ingested their contents. It was concluded that the system would deliver an oral vaccine to dog populations more efficiently than had been the case in comparable studies in wildlife populations, but that the number of baits per unit area should in future studies be increased. PMID- 3176261 TI - Calcinosis circumscripta of the aorta in a Holstein cow. PMID- 3176262 TI - What the BVA told Riley. PMID- 3176263 TI - New regulations for medicated feedingstuffs. PMID- 3176264 TI - Sulphadimidine residues. PMID- 3176265 TI - Bandaging and wounds. PMID- 3176266 TI - State accountability and the EC. PMID- 3176269 TI - Veterinary expeditions. PMID- 3176268 TI - Two spleens. PMID- 3176270 TI - Breeding controls rein in scrapie in Yorkshire. PMID- 3176267 TI - Advertising for a new vaccine. PMID- 3176271 TI - Pre-chemotactic and chemotactic properties of uterine fluid from mares with experimentally induced endometritis. AB - Streptococcal endometritis was induced experimentally in pony mares during oestrus. Uterine fluid was collected 30, 60, 120 or 240 minutes later and tested for its effect on the in vitro morphology and chemotaxis of equine neutrophils by two independent methods. The maximal response occurred between 30 and 60 minutes after infection and persisted until 240 minutes. The chemo-attractant contained both heat labile and heat stable components and the latter appeared to be active at low concentrations. PMID- 3176272 TI - Small intestinal obstruction associated with wood chewing in two horses. AB - Although wood chewing by horses is recognised as a common vice, there are few reports of specific disease associated with the habit. Two cases of acute obstruction of the small intestine by solid aggregations of wood splinters are described in horses which were both habitual wood chewers. Details are presented of the clinical findings in these cases, including the surgical treatment of acute colic. Both horses returned to full working fitness. The authors review the syndrome of enterolithiasis in horses, and discuss the causes and significance of wood chewing as a stable vice. PMID- 3176273 TI - Stress in cattle assessed after handling, after transport and after slaughter. AB - Blood samples were collected from unstressed cattle and from cattle undergoing handling stress, transport stress and slaughter. The blood was analysed for ACTH, cortisol, thyroxine stimulating hormone, tri-iodothyronine (T3) and catecholamine concentrations, and for haematocrit, total plasma protein, plasma lipid, lactate and glucose concentrations. Compared to control values handling significantly increased T3, cortisol, lipid and lactate concentrations. Compared to handling, transport stress was associated with increased catecholamines and lactate concentrations, a decreased cortisol concentration and similar concentrations of T3, lipid and glucose. Compared to transport, slaughter resulted in high catecholamines, lactate and glucose, and low T3, cortisol and lipid levels. It is concluded that the response to stress has two phases, a hypothalamic-adrenal cortex phase which is associated with perceived environmental stress such as noise, and a sympathetic-adrenal-medulla phase which is associated with neurogenic stress such as transport or specifically the massive sympathetic discharge caused by stunning. Combinations of stresses produce a mixed response. PMID- 3176274 TI - The influence of pleural lesions in the pig at slaughter on the duration of the fattening period: an on-farm study. PMID- 3176275 TI - The right to prescribe. PMID- 3176276 TI - Dearth of veterinarians. PMID- 3176277 TI - Asymmetrical udder syndrome in dairy cows. PMID- 3176279 TI - Establishing an economic database. PMID- 3176278 TI - Veterinary expeditions. PMID- 3176280 TI - Professional remuneration: is it adequate? PMID- 3176281 TI - Control of selenium and cobalt deficiency in lambs by supplementation of oral anthelmintics. AB - The benefits of the inclusion of cobalt and selenium supplements in anthelmintic preparations were demonstrated in a 10 week trial with cobalt- and selenium deficient blackface wethers. The anthelmintics were based on oxfendazole and on levamisole plus oxyclozanide; three doses provided, in total, 38 mg cobalt and 7.2 or 11.3 mg selenium. Administration of the supplements prevented the weight loss and reduction in food intake observed in unsupplemented animals. Blood glutathione peroxidase activities were restored to normal and increases in serum vitamin B12 levels were observed which were consistent with the prevention of both cobalt and selenium deficiencies. PMID- 3176283 TI - Patterns and determinants of rectal prolapse in a herd of pigs. AB - A prospective cohort study was designed to describe the patterns and to determine the factors associated with the risk of rectal prolapse in a commercial swine herd in California, USA. Thirty (1.0 per cent) of 2862 pigs prolapsed between 12 and 28 weeks of age with the peak incidence occurring in 14- to 16-week-old pigs. The overall prolapse rate was 9.1 cases per 100,000 days at risk. Prolapse rates were highest during the winter and autumn months. Other factors associated with an increased risk of prolapse were maleness (relative risk 2.3) birthweight less than 1000 g (relative risk 3.4) Yorkshire boar A (relative risk 2.8) and dams of litter number 1 (relative risk 14.9), 2 (relative risk 8.2) and 3 (relative risk 9.8). No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that diarrhoea and coughing are factors associated with a risk of prolapse. PMID- 3176282 TI - Experimental chemotherapy in horses infected with benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles. AB - The presence of benzimidazole-resistant strains of equine small strongyles was confirmed in horses at two properties in north west England by a series of faecal egg counts and larval cultures after treatment with mebendazole. A trail formulation of mebendazole in combination with piperazine citrate gave greater reductions in faecal egg counts than mebendazole alone but was much less effective than pyrantel embonate or dichlorvos. PMID- 3176284 TI - Resistance of field strains of Haemonchus contortus to ivermectin, closantel, rafoxanide and the benzimidazoles in South Africa. AB - After a first description in 1975 of a strain of Haemonchus contortus resistant to the benzimidazole anthelmintics in South Africa, further strains of the same species developed resistance to rafoxanide and closantel, and a strain of Ostertagia species became resistant to the benzimidazoles. Recently five further strains of H contortus have been found which show resistance to these anthelmintics. Of these, four showed varying degrees of resistance to ivermectin and one was resistant to three anthelmintic groups. One of the strains became resistant to ivermectin very rapidly despite effective rotation of this anthelmintic with chemically unrelated anthelmintic compounds. PMID- 3176285 TI - Clinical nematodiriasis in calves due to Nematodirus battus infection. PMID- 3176286 TI - Hepatic cirrhosis in two young dogs. PMID- 3176287 TI - For whom the bell tolls. PMID- 3176289 TI - Fur labelling. PMID- 3176288 TI - Sow welfare indicators. PMID- 3176290 TI - Inappropriate dress. PMID- 3176291 TI - Jurisprudent obstetrics. PMID- 3176292 TI - A longitudinal study of starvation in piglets and the introduction of a modified liver biopsy technique. AB - The effect of starvation on blood glucose, muscle glycogen and liver glycogen concentration was measured in a group of newborn piglets. Liver biopsies were obtained by using a modified version of the Menghini technique. No difference in length of survival time was observed between piglets that received water and those that did not. Piglets with higher birth weight survived longer. No relationship was found between initial liver glycogen content and survival time. Moreover, we concluded that plasma glucose levels are not reliable indicators of length of survival time. The interrelated changes in liver glycogen, muscle glycogen, and plasmaglucose concentrations found in this study correspond with those reported elsewhere. Moreover, the number of experimental animals needed for the study was markedly reduced. We conclude that the liver biopsy technique is valuable in longitudinal hypoglycaemia studies of piglets. PMID- 3176293 TI - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in a cat. AB - Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome in a 12-year old castrated male European Shorthair cat is described. The clinical symptoms were vomiting, weight loss, listlessness and alternating diarrhoea and obstipation. An endocrine tumour near the pancreatic duct had metastasised to the liver. Many duodenal ulcers were present. Immunohistochemistry revealed cells positive for gastrin and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) scattered throughout the tumour. PMID- 3176294 TI - Pharmacokinetics, renal clearance and metabolism of ciprofloxacin following intravenous and oral administration to calves and pigs. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin, a quinoline derivative with marked bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacteria, was studied in calves and pigs following intravenous and oral administration. Ciprofloxacin was rapidly and well distributed in the body, exhibited a short elimination half-life of 2.5 h in both species, and was rapidly absorbed after oral administration (Tmax:2 to 3 h). The oral bioavailability in calves was 53 +/- 14% and for 1 pig 37.3%. The renal clearance of the unbound ciprofloxacin for both species was of the same order, indicated a predominantly tubular secretion pattern, and accounted for about 46% of the total drug elimination. No complete drug mass balance could be demonstrated. Small amounts of two metabolites were detected in the urine of calves, but not in pig urine. PMID- 3176295 TI - Villus atrophy in ruminal drinking calves and mucosal restoration after reconditioning. AB - The effect of reconditioning therapy on 7 chronic ruminal drinking veal calves is described. Two calves that were persistent ruminal drinkers were used as controls. In addition to clinical parameters, the morphological features of proximal jejunum biopsies were used to monitor the effect of therapy. Ruminal drinking calves showed various degrees of hyperplastic villus atrophy. When the reticular groove reflex was restored, clinical recovery was observed within 10 days; the length of villi increased as well as the villus/crypt ratio at the end of the reconditioning period. Crypt depth, however, did not alter, and the mitosis index significantly decreased. Villus atrophy in the controls gradually worsened. While the calves gained weight after recovery, retarded growth from the ruminal drinking period was not compensated. PMID- 3176296 TI - Swine brucellosis in Indonesia. AB - Brucella suis biotype 1 was isolated from 13.1% of the pigs slaughtered in Kapuk Jakarta, West Java and from 15.09% of the pigs slaughtered in Surabaya, East Java. The prevalence of B. suis by means of the Rose Bengal Plate Test, was 22.3% for West Java and 14.9% for East Java. The Rose Bengal Plate Test detected more B. suis infected animals (73% of the infected animals) than did the Complement Fixation Test (41%) and the Serum Agglutination Test (54.5%). The high infection rate is a potential health danger for the abattoir workers. PMID- 3176297 TI - Pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in carp, African catfish and rainbow trout. AB - The plasma disposition of ciprofloxacin was studied in carp, African catfish and trout after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration at a dose rate of 15 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic analysis of IV data showed that ciprofloxacin was well distributed (distribution volume Vd(area): 3.08-5.59 litre/kg) and exhibited a similar elimination half-life of about 14 h in these 3 fish species. After IM administration to carp and trout a rapid absorption was noticed; the maximum ciprofloxacin plasma concentrations (mean: 3.49 and 2.37 micrograms/ml, respectively), were achieved within 1 h after injection. At the dose level applied, ciprofloxacin has potential therapeutic value for 2-5 days especially against gram-negative bacterial fish pathogens. PMID- 3176298 TI - A sensitive ELISA technique for the diagnosis of Anaplasma marginale infections. AB - A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique using a horse radish peroxidase conjugate is described for measuring Anaplasma marginale antibodies in bovine serum. This technique utilizes two antigen preparations, a 'negative' antigen derived from an animal prior to infection and a 'positive' antigen derived from A. marginale-infected red cells from the same animal following infection. This markedly reduces cross-reactions which are a result of isoantigens. Absorbance values obtained using the 'negative' antigen are subtracted from those obtained using the 'positive' antigen to give a net figure. Of 100 A. marginale-positive sera tested no false negative results were obtained. All 11 animals maintained tick-free after initial diagnosis of naturally transmitted anaplasmosis were positive 3 years later, 15 A. marginale-infected animals maintained with ticks were positive 27 months after initial infection and a further 26 animals infected with A. marginale by blood inoculation were positive 3 months later. Three per cent of negative sera, 2% of B. bovis and 4% of B. bigemina-positive sera gave positive reactions. PMID- 3176299 TI - Control of gastrointestinal parasitism with an oxfendazole pulse-release anthelmintic device. AB - The efficacy of a pulse-release oxfendazole bolus (OPRB) against gastrointestinal nematodes was evaluated under field conditions and compared with a sustained release morantel bolus (MSRB). Three groups of 10 calves were grazed from May to September on adjacent, similarly contaminated 3-acre paddocks. One group was dosed at turnout with the OPRB, the second group with the MSRB and the third group left as nontreated controls. Pasture larval counts peaked at greater than 60,000 larvae/kg dry weight of herbage in September on the control paddock, associated with a mean egg count of 1040 eggs/g faeces and clinical symptoms. A low rise in larval counts occurred on the MSRB plot, and also low helminth egg counts. On the OPRB plot, pasture larvae and faecal egg counts were recorded only intermittently; the September egg counts were only 3.5% of those of the controls; serum pepsinogen data showed a similar picture. At the end of the experiment, the OPRB calves had a mean weight advantage of 40 kg over the controls, and 12 kg over the MSRB group. Feed intakes were highest in the OPRB group in July and September. PMID- 3176300 TI - A climate-based model for the development of the ixodid tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus in East Coast fever zones. AB - East Coast fever (Theileria parva infection) is an important parasitic disease of cattle in East and Central Africa. Past experimental studies have provided a great deal of information on the dynamics of the life cycle of the tick vector, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. This paper describes a mathematical model based on field observations to explain the close relationship between the tick life cycle and climate. The model provides a basis for the future study of different ECF control programmes using computer experiments. PMID- 3176301 TI - Control of horn flies on cattle with insecticide pellets fired from a CO2 operated pistol. AB - A method is needed to control pyrethroid-resistant horn flies (Haematobia irritans) which would involve the intermittent application of insecticides to cattle without their confinement for treatment. Our objective was to test a CO2 gas-operated pistol, designed to shoot marking pellets, to determine the number of pellet applications required to obtain season-long control. Also, since horn fly resistance to pyrethroid insecticides is widespread, we tested ten other insecticides as concentrates in pellets. Six pellet pistol applications of 38% permethrin provided 84% control of horn flies for 15 weeks. Single pellet applications of ten non-pyrethroid insecticides indicated that none of these insecticides, at the concentrations tested, were as effective as permethrin for control of pyrethroid-resistant horn flies. Our field evaluation of the pellet pistol method indicates that it has sufficient merit to justify further testing for horn fly control. PMID- 3176302 TI - Prevalence and pathology of helminth parasites in domestic ducks of Bangladesh. AB - Parasitism in waterfowl is a very common phenomenon. Two detailed check lists of helminth parasites of waterfowl are available (Lapage, 1961; McDonald, 1969) and many of these parasites are reported to occur in domestic ducks. However, the pathological significance of most of them is unclear. In a preliminary study, Qadir (1979) recorded 13 species of helminths from domestic ducks of Bangladesh. The present paper reports on the prevalence and pathological effects of helminth infections in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) of Bangladesh under natural conditions and on their incidence in two age and sex groups of ducks. PMID- 3176303 TI - The use of amphotericin B in prevention of Trypanosoma theileri growth in bovine cell culture. AB - Trypanosoma theileri is an ubiquitous blood parasite of cattle. This parasite grows easily in RPMI medium and perturbs lymphocyte tests based on [3H]thymidine uptake. This paper reports that 0.5 microgram ml-1 amphotericin B in the medium is adequate to get Trypanosoma growth inhibition without alteration of either mitogenic or allogenic stimulation of bovine lymphoid cells in vitro. PMID- 3176304 TI - The toxicity of Indian Calotropis procera RBr latex in the black rat, Rattus rattus Linn. AB - Toxicity studies with latex of Calotropis procera RBr were conducted in the black rat, Rattus rattus. The latex was fed through bait prepared from wheat flour, ground nut oil and sugar at concentrations of 5, 7.5 or 10% (W/W). The bait was fed up to mortality and for a maximum of 10 days. The signs produced were passivity, sluggishness, sedation, dyspnea, weakness, reduction in weight, anorexia, diarhhea, hematuria, bleeding from nose, eyes and anus, eye lens opacity, mild tetanic convulsions, collapse and death. The observed mortalities were 56.25, 68.75 and 87.5% with the respective doses. Histopathological studies showed: cloudy swelling of hepatocytes, inflammatory changes, Kupffer cell hyperlasia, cytoplasmic granulation, hepatocytolysis, compactness of lobular architecture, and occasional hemorrhage in the liver; cloudy swelling of convoluted tubular epithelium, inflammatory changes and hemorrhage in the kidney; erosion, increased mucus secretion, congestion and infiltration of lymphocytes in portions of the alimentary canal. PMID- 3176305 TI - Evaluation of Cassia obtusifolia (sicklepod) seed consumption in Holstein calves. AB - Fifteen Holstein bull calves weighing 135-160 kg (300-350 lb) were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 5 animals each. Each calf was individually fed free choice Bermuda grass hay and 3.63 kg (8 lb) of a commercial 14% crude protein ration/day. Group 1 (control) received no Cassia obtusifolia seed, group 2 (low exposure) received 0.45 kg (1 lb) of C obtusifolia seed (12.5% of ration and approximately 0.27% of body weight) and group 3 (high exposure) received 1.81 kg (4 lb) C obtusifolia seed (50% of ration and approximately 1.19% of body weight) from day 0-9, and then received 1.36 kg (3 lb) (37.5% of ration and 0.89% of body weight) from day 10-24. The effects of low and high C obtusifolia seed contamination were intermittent feed refusal, diarrhea, and decreased weight gain. Average daily weight gains (ADG) for the control, low exposure and high exposure groups, were 0.76, 0.53, 0.31 kg/day, respectively. The ADG of the control calves was significantly greater than the ADG of the high exposure calves (p less than 0.0001) and the low exposure calves (p less than 0.0059). The ADG of the low exposure calves was significantly greater than the ADG of the high exposure calves (p less than 0.0209). No change was observed in serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase activity, and histologic examination showed no evidence of muscle necrosis. PMID- 3176306 TI - The relationship of Oxytropis sericea (green and dry) and Astragalus lentiginosus with high mountain disease in cattle. AB - All calves fed locoweed (green and dry Oxytropis sericea Nutt and dry Astragalus lentiginosus Dougl) at high elevation developed clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions of congestive right heart failure. Clinical signs and microscopic lesions of locoweed intoxication were also evident. Control calves did not develop the clinical signs, gross or microscopic lesions demonstrated in the locoweed fed calves. PMID- 3176307 TI - Acetaminophen toxicosis: a potential model for acute liver failure in swine. PMID- 3176309 TI - Fatalities associated with an acute overdose of glutethimide (Doriden) and codeine. AB - Abuse of the oral combination of glutethimide (DORIDEN) and codeine, commonly referred to as "sets", in the northwest Pennsylvania area is reviewed. Nine fatalities have been reported in the Erie area from 1985-87 due to acute toxicity with this combination. The glutethimide/codeine combination reportedly produces a euphoric effect comparable to intravenous heroin but is longer lasting. Age of the victims ranged from 18 to 37 years. In all cases there was a history of chronic intentional "sets" abuse by the victims prior to death. The 9 fatalities due to this combination of prescription drugs is unusually high for this area considering the population and rural nature of the Erie community. Although the use of "sets" has been reported occasionally in other localized areas of the country, no other significant use has been reported in Pennsylvania. PMID- 3176308 TI - Brain cholinesterase activity in animals and birds. AB - Normal cholinesterase activity in brain tissue was measured in various mammalian and avain species. The cholinesterase activity in the cerebrum of cattle, swine, sheep and horses was approximately 2-3 umoles/min/g of tissue in each instance. The whole brain cholinesterase activity of small feral mammals was approximately 2 to 5 fold greater than the domestic animals. Considerable interspecies variability was present in the feral mammals. Similar variability was also observed in the avian brain cholinesterase determinations. The avian whole brain cholinesterase activities ranged from 9.78 to 21.35 umoles/min/g of tissue. The substantial species variability associated with normal brain cholinesterase emphasizes the need for baseline values for each animal or avian species. Routine diagnosis or monitoring of exposure to anticholinesterase agents is extremely limited unless these baseline or normal values are known. PMID- 3176310 TI - Acute weakness and death in a cat. PMID- 3176311 TI - Mechanism of protection induced in mice against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection by treatment with porcine antiserum to the culture filtrate of an attenuated strain. AB - The mechanism of protection induced in mice against challenge with a virulent strain of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by porcine antiserum to the culture filtrate (CF) of an attenuated strain was investigated. Death and bacterial growth in the spleens of mice challenged with the virulent strain were completely prevented by treatment with the antiserum. The protective effect of the serum was markedly decreased in mice in which polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) were depleted by cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment but not in mice in which macrophages were blocked selectively by carrageenan (CG). The phagocytic rate of PMN and the number of bacteria ingested by PMN were significantly higher in mice treated with the antiserum than in mice treated with normal serum. These results indicate that anti-CF serum exerts its protective effect by opsonic activity and that opsonized E. rhusiopathiae are eliminated mainly by PMN. PMID- 3176313 TI - Isolation of anaerobic mollicutes from the intestine of swine. AB - Anaerobic mollicutes were isolated from the intestinal content and the epithelium of the caecum and colon of 4 of 8 swine. All of the isolates belonged to the same species. This species was resistant to digitonin and polyanethol sulfonate and was able to ferment glucose, hemolyse erythrocytes and lyse horse serum. For testing the cholesterol requirement the strain 4 A 11 was selected which was independent of cholesterol. The agent was different in the immunofluorescence test from the mollicutes reported previously in swine and quite different in its nutritional requirements from cholesterol-independent mollicutes isolated from the rumen of cattle and sheep. Thus the isolated mollicutes seem to represent a new species. PMID- 3176312 TI - Prevalence of neutralising antibodies to Akabane virus in the Arabian peninsula. AB - Serum-neutralising antibodies to Akabane virus were found in a wide range of domestic animals in all countries of the Arabian Peninsula but the virus does not seem to be endemic there. Sentinel herds in Oman and N. Yemen did not detect any Akabane activity between August 1984-November 1986 and May 1983-November 1984, respectively. However, there is strong evidence to suggest that Akabane virus incursions have recently taken place in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain as neutralising antibodies were detected in 1-year-old cattle bled during 1986 in each of these countries. The possibility of windborne infected vectors, from virus-endemic areas, initiating these incursions into the Arabian Peninsula is discussed. PMID- 3176314 TI - Isolation of Streptococcus suis from diseased pigs in Canada. AB - A total of 260 isolates of streptococci collected over a 9-year period from diseased pigs submitted for necropsy were studied. Seventy-seven percent of isolates were identified as S. suis and 32% of S. suis isolates were retrieved in pure culture. S. suis was found more frequently in lungs and was often isolated in conjunction with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Escherichia coli and other microorganisms. A total of 151 (76%) of S. suis isolates could be serotyped within the 9 recognized serotypes. Serotype 2 was the most prevalent with 33%, followed by serotypes 3, 5 and 7. All isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, penicillin, cephradine, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to streptomycin, neomycin and tetracycline appeared to be very high. PMID- 3176315 TI - [Computed tomography of the lungs in patients with spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 3176316 TI - [Computed tomography in the diagnosis of bullous diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 3176317 TI - [Functional state of the bronchi in normal conditions and in disease based on data from bronchokymography]. PMID- 3176318 TI - [Stereobronchography in the diagnosis of lesions of the segmental and subsegmental bronchi in tuberculosis of the lungs]. PMID- 3176319 TI - [Variants of clinico-roentgenologic manifestations of sarcoidosis of the organs of respiration]. PMID- 3176320 TI - [X-ray variants of the roots of the lungs in silicosis]. PMID- 3176321 TI - [An x-ray probe using glucocorticosteroids in the diagnosis of autoimmune lesions of the lungs]. PMID- 3176322 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of anomalous drainage of pulmonary and systemic veins]. PMID- 3176324 TI - [Angiographic diagnosis and roentgeno-endovascular surgery of disorders of the bronchial-pulmonary blood circulation in chronic nonspecific diseases of the lung]. PMID- 3176323 TI - [Transthoracic aspiration biopsy using fine and superfine needles in the diagnosis of spherical formations in the lungs]. PMID- 3176325 TI - [Densitometric analysis of chest x-rays and their division into the classes "normal" and "pathology"]. PMID- 3176326 TI - [Interpretation of the pulmonary picture]. PMID- 3176327 TI - [Tomography in an oblique projection in lesions of segmental and lobar bronchi]. PMID- 3176328 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of disorders of development of the organs of respiration (lecture)]. PMID- 3176329 TI - [Differential diagnosis of hamartochondromas]. PMID- 3176331 TI - [2 cases of tracheobronchomegaly in combination with cancer of the lungs]. PMID- 3176332 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the morphologic and x-ray changes in the lungs of coal miners]. PMID- 3176330 TI - [Relaxation of the diaphragm simulating a tumor of the mediastinum]. PMID- 3176333 TI - Immunological studies with liposome-bound corynetoxins. AB - Attempts were made to raise antibodies against corynetoxins, a family of toxins responsible for annual ryegrass toxicity. The glycolipid nature of corynetoxins made them ideally suited for incorporation into the structure of small unilamellar liposomes. Sheep were injected with corynetoxin liposomes with and without adjuvants such as lipid A and muramyl dipeptide, and the sera tested for anti-corynetoxin antibody. Similarly, rabbits were injected with hydrolysed corynetoxin coupled to human IgG and keyhole limpet haemocyanin and with corynetoxin coupled to bovine serum albumin. These preparations were administered with complete Freund's adjuvant. The failure of any of these preparations to elicit an anti-corynetoxin antibody response in either sheep or rabbits is discussed. PMID- 3176334 TI - Isolation and characterization of lymphocytes from bovine intestinal epithelium and lamina propria. AB - The lymphocyte populations of the bovine gut lamina proprial (LP) and epithelial tissues were isolated and characterized with respect to cells bearing surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Ig). Functional characteristics of cells from the two tissues, including responsiveness to Concanavalin A (Con A), anti-bovine immunoglobulin (anti-Ig), Con A supernatants of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (bConA sup) and recombinant human IL-2 (rhIL-2), were also assessed. Less than 1% of the mononuclear cells in the epithelial tissue (IEL) stained for cytoplasmic Ig, and 9% stained positively for surface Ig. IEL did not proliferate in response to anti-Ig, although cells of this population did respond to Con A, bConA sup, and rhIL-2. Twenty-seven percent of bovine gut LP lymphocytes stained for surface Ig, while 39% of these cells were positive for cytoplasmic Ig. LP lymphocytes proliferated in response to all four stimulants used, Con A, anti-Ig, bConA sup and rhIL-2. PMID- 3176335 TI - Immunologic aspects of German shepherd dog pyoderma (GSP). AB - In 21 dogs with clinical features of German Shepherd dog Pyoderma (GSP) parameters of the specific and aspecific immune system have been examined. Chemotaxis and killing capacities of neutrophilic leucocytes were undisturbed, whereas in skin biopsies no specific immunoglobulin or complement deposits were found with immunofluorescence. With double immunodiffusion, antibodies against Gram-positive bacteria were found. In a laser nephelometric assay significantly elevated levels of IgG, IgGab, IgGd, IgM and bacterial components, associated and non-associated with circulating immune complexes, were detected. However, no relation was found with the disease state. It is concluded that dogs with GSP are immunologically normal reactors. A bacterial hypersensitivity reaction is hypothesized as a possible initiating factor in the pathogenesis of GSP. PMID- 3176336 TI - The detection of conventional class I and class II I-E homologue major histocompatibility complex molecules on feline cells. AB - The presence on feline cells of class I and class II I-E type major histocompatibility complex (MHC) homologues was demonstrated using cross-reacting monoclonal antibodies (mAb). The feline class I antigen homologues were detected with both immunofluorescent and biochemical techniques, using the anti-human class I mAb W6/32. The class I antigens were detected on in vitro cultured feline fibroblasts and lymphoid cells, but not on fresh lymphoid cells, apparently as a result of the association of bovine beta-2 microglobulin with feline class I heavy chains which generated the determinant(s) recognized by mAb W6/32. Class II I-E-like molecules could be detected with immunofluorescent techniques using the species cross-reactive anti-mouse I-E antibody 40D only when peripheral blood mononuclear cells were activated, for example, with the mitogens staphylococcus enterotoxin A or lipopolysaccharide. The predominant expression of I-A-like molecules by resting class II-positive feline cells could explain some of the functional difference we have seen in comparison with those of most other mammalian species. PMID- 3176338 TI - Pharmacokinetics and distribution of sulphadimidine in plasma, milk and uterine fluid of female buffaloes. AB - The pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine after a single dose (200 mg/kg i.v.) was studied in five healthy lactating buffaloes. The study revealed that the drug attained its peak concentration of 314.0 +/- 13.0, 242.4 +/- 3.0 and 100.2 +/- 2.5 micrograms/ml at 15 min, 30 min and 12 h in plasma, milk and uterine fluid, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by a 2-compartment open model gave values for t1/2 alpha, t1/2 beta and vdarea of 2.10 +/- 0.36 h, 12.36 +/- 0.57 h and 1.23 +/- 0.07 L/Kg, respectively. A high vdarea as well as a value of 0.74 +/- 0.08 for K12:K21-beta (tissue approximately equal to Plasma) indicates better penetration of the drug into the different body fluids and tissues, which is further supported by a high concentration obtained in milk and uterine fluid. The therapeutic concentration (greater than or equal to 50 micrograms/ml) was maintained for around 24 h in plasma and milk and 12 h in uterine fluid. The results suggest that, apart from its use in systemic infections, the drug can be effectively used by the i.v. route in uterine and mammary gland infections. The dosages for maintaining concentration of 50 micrograms/ml, 100 micrograms/ml and 150 micrograms/ml at convenient dosage intervals of 12 and 24 h were also determined. PMID- 3176337 TI - A critical assessment of pulmonary function testing in exercising ponies. AB - Pulmonary function measurements during exercise were tested for accuracy and reproducibility in 5 saddle ponies weighing 267 +/- 9 Kg. Airflow (V) and tidal volume (VT) were measured with a Fleisch pneumotachograph mounted on a face mask. The linearity of the response and the symmetry of this device were carefully checked. Pleural pressure changes were measured by pleural puncture (Ppl) and with an esophageal balloon catheter (Pes). The elastance of the esophageal wall and the effect of the position of the esophageal catheter tip on Pes were also investigated. Airflow, VT, Ppl, Pes, mask pressure, an electrocardiogram and limb movements were simultaneously recorded before, during and after exercise. These recordings were used to assess the validity of some pulmonary function measurements and to evaluate the influence of the breathing apparatus on the respiratory pattern. Maximal intrathoracic pressure changes and total pulmonary resistance values did not differ significantly when calculated on the basis of the Ppl and the Pes curves respectively. Although the absolute Ppl values were significantly different from the absolute Pes values, both pressures recorded at different workloads were closely correlated (R = 0.99). The mean specific elastance of the esophagus was 1.56 +/- 0.24 kPa.cm.ml.-1. Changes in the position of the esophageal catheter tip induced significant differences in the recorded Pes values. The pressure/flow relationship of the pneumotachograph pressure transducer system was linear within the range of the V measured during exercise. The mask had a significant influence on respiratory frequency and maximum difference in Pes, but did not modify the exercise-induced changes in these parameters. It was concluded that the technique and methods used in this study can allow accurate pulmonary function measurements in exercising ponies. PMID- 3176339 TI - Influence of inertance on measurements of the mechanical properties of the bovine respiratory system. AB - The observation that dynamic compliance (Cdyn) tended to rise with respiratory frequency (f) in adult cattle led us to reassess the importance of inertial pressures in measuring Cdyn in large animals. Five healthy Friesian cows were selected for their ability to show an increase of f without significant change in tidal volume (VT). Dynamic compliance was measured three times, both at the resting f (21 +/- 1 cpm), and at higher f (49 +/- 3 cpm), obtained by an artificial increase in the dead space of the breathing mask. Frequency-response characteristics of the measuring instruments were matched up to 12 Hz. The inertia of the lungs and gas stream (In) was calculated as the ratio of the accelerative pressure change to the simultaneous change in volume acceleration. Inertance was also estimated from the dimensions of the bovine airways and from the relative linear flow velocities reported by Rohrer (1915). Dynamic compliance measured during rapid breathing was significantly higher (p less than or equal to 0.01) than base-line values. Dynamic compliance was strongly correlated with f (r = +0.96). Measured and estimated In were 0.002 and 0.003 kPa.sec2.L-1 respectively. Dynamic compliance did not differ significantly from base-line values when it was corrected for the estimated inertance effect. PMID- 3176341 TI - Canine host range and a specific epitope map along with variant sequences in the capsid protein gene of canine parvovirus and related feline, mink, and raccoon parvoviruses. AB - Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a recently recognized pathogen of dogs that is similar to the long-recognized feline, mink, and raccoon parvoviruses. Relationships between the viruses determined from DNA sequences of the capsid protein genes of 10 virus isolates showed the CPV isolates to be closely related to the other viruses, although comprising a distinct group. No immediate ancestor of CPV was observed amongst the mink, cat, or raccoon viruses examined. Three different directly repeated sequences were present within the noncoding region downstream from the capsid protein genes. Analysis of recombinants between CPV and feline panleukopenia virus at restriction sites within the capsid protein genes mapped a CPV-specific neutralization epitope on the virus capsid, differences in the pH dependence of hemagglutination, and part of the determinant of canine host range between 59 and 64 genome map units (m.u.). Those differences were therefore the result of up to three nucleotide or predicted amino acid sequence differences in that region. A second region between 64 and 73 m.u., which may affect the viability of certain recombinant viruses, contained four nucleotide differences, one of which was a coding change. PMID- 3176340 TI - Haematology and serum biochemistry in the racing greyhound following intraperitoneal povidone-iodine. AB - Povidone-iodine caused peritonitis with neutrophilic leukocytosis and a minimal left shift at the dosage rate of 3.5 ml/kg body weight. A dosage rate of 2 ml/kg only caused slight neutrophilic leukocytosis. There was a significant increase in the levels of creatinine (p = 0.049) and BUN (p = 0.020) in dogs that received the higher dose rate. Two dogs died from povidone-iodine toxicity with a marked increase in ALT, AP, SDH and conjugated bilirubin. It is concluded that povidone iodine is unsafe for use in the peritoneal cavity of dogs. PMID- 3176342 TI - The duck hepatitis B virus P-gene codes for protein strongly associated with the 5'-end of the viral DNA minus strand. AB - A number of antisera, elicited against different segments of the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) P-gene translation product, were used to immunoprecipitate the protein that is covalently bound to the 5'-end of the DHBV DNA minus strand. For monitoring purposes, a small DNA minus-strand fragment, carrying this protein, was radioactively labeled. All of the P-specific antisera specifically immunoprecipitated this DNA fragment demonstrating that the protein species attached to the immunoprecipitated DNA fragment were products of the DHBV P-gene. The electrophoretic behavior, in SDS gels, of the DNA minus-strand fragment protein complex indicated that it was present mostly in the form of aggregates. However, a small fraction consisted of DNA minus-strand fragments carrying P-gene proteins, encoded solely within the 5'-region of the P-gene. This indicated that different P-gene proteins, presumably covalently bound at a common region and subsequently processed, were bound to the 5'-end of the DHBV DNA minus strand. The DHBV P-gene presumably codes for the virus-associated reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase activities. Using the P-gene-specific antisera, it was not possible to detect putative P-gene-coded polymerase proteins in a free form, i.e., not bound to viral DNA. This may be due to insufficient sensitivity or to the polymerase protein(s) being heterogeneous and/or aggregated. In addition, it is possible that the genome-bound protein itself may have polymerase activity. PMID- 3176343 TI - Characterization of cucumber mosaic virus. I. Molecular heterogeneity mapping of RNA 3 in eight CMV strains. AB - RNAs from 13 strains of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) were divided into two groups on the basis of their ability to hybridize to cDNA of either Fny-CMV RNA or WL CMV RNA. The extent of the cross-hybridization within one of these groups was analyzed by an RNA protection assay. A cDNA clone of RNA 3 of the Fny strain of CMV was placed in a transcription vector between bacterial promoters T3 and T7. Labeled, minus-sense RNA transcripts prepared from all or part of the cDNA to RNA 3 of Fny-CMV were annealed to the genomic RNA of each of a number of cucumoviruses and digested with RNases. The patterns of RNA fragments protected from digestion were specific for each CMV strain and revealed the extent and location of heterogeneity among the viruses as well as within the Fny-CMV natural population. This approach will allow the differences in host range and disease processes to be correlated with variations in genomic RNAs. PMID- 3176344 TI - Resistance to TMV in transgenic plants results from interference with an early event in infection. AB - Constitutive expression of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) gene in transgenic tobacco plants results in inhibition of disease symptom development following inoculation with TMV. Evidence is presented here that this protection is also observed in leaf mesophyll protoplasts isolated from these plants. Protoplasts were resistant to infection by TMV at concentrations of 10 microgram/ml to 1 mg/ml when introduced by either electroporation or polyethylene glycol-mediated inoculation. There was little protection against infection by TMV RNA and the protection was lost as the concentration of TMV RNA in the inoculum increased. When virus was incubated briefly at pH 8.0 prior to inoculation, protection broke down in a manner similar to that observed following RNA inoculation. Analogous results were obtained in experiments with whole plants. Because virus treated in this manner has presumably lost little or no CP, these results suggest that expression of the TMV CP gene in transgenic plant cells prevents TMV from uncoating. A model is presented for the mechanism of this blockage which relates these results to early events in TMV infection. PMID- 3176345 TI - The role of bone marrow and thymic elements in the initiation and spread of virus production in the AKR thymus. AB - Passive anti-viral immunotherapy greatly suppresses the incidence of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice, rendering the thymus of successfully treated animals devoid of infectious ecotropic retrovirus. Reconstitution assays have determined that the thymic and splenic homing cells of the AKR bone marrow become ecotropic virus producers subsequent to their seeding of these hematopoietic organs and that in vitro depletion of gp71 expressing bone marrow cells reduces stem cell numbers without affecting prothymocyte content. In the thymus, a population of radioresistant cells, which phenotypically resemble cortical thymocytes, but are unique in their expression of high levels of H-2Kk antigen, have been found to produce high levels of both ecotropic and MCF virus and have been implicated as a putative therapeutic target cell population of anti-viral treatment. In addition, the failure of treated animals to reconstitute following lethal irradiation suggests that an immunotherapy-induced alteration occurs in the bone marrow of AKR mice. PMID- 3176346 TI - Characterization of the phage-specific transfer RNA molecules coded by cholera phage phi 149. AB - Aminoacylation of tRNA isolated from choleraphage phi 149-infected cells with individual 3H-labeled L-amino acids followed by hybridization with phage DNA revealed that the phage encodes tRNAs specific for arginine, proline, glycine, isoleucine, serine, valine, tyrosine, histidine, lysine, leucine, tryptophan, and aspartic acid. Aminoacylation of phage-coded tRNAs isolated from phage DNA-RNA hybrids also confirmed this observation except for tryptophan. PMID- 3176348 TI - Office visits to psychiatrists. PMID- 3176347 TI - Breaking and rejoining of disulfide bonds in external glycoproteins of influenza virus. AB - The treatment of influenza virus with increasing concentrations of mercaptoethanol led to a progressive inhibition of hemagglutinating activity and infectivity and to gradual changes of electrophoretic behavior of virus glycoproteins under nonreducing conditions. These phenomena are most likely the result of consecutive destruction of disulfide bonds in the proteins. So, different disulfide bonds in glycoproteins of native viral particles differ in their sensitivity to the reductant. It has been found that broken disulfide bonds may re-form and the restoration seems to be most rapid in those disulfide bonds that are the least sensitive to the reductant under the native condition. PMID- 3176349 TI - Detailed diagnoses and procedures for patients discharged from short-stay hospitals. PMID- 3176350 TI - [Risks of atherosclerosis in old age]. PMID- 3176352 TI - [The effect of obesity on glomerular hyperfiltration as a sign of incipient diabetic nephropathy]. PMID- 3176351 TI - [Non-atherosclerotic heart disorders in diabetics]. PMID- 3176353 TI - [The electrocardiogram and surface electrocardiographic mapping in the Wolff Parkinson-White picture]. PMID- 3176354 TI - [Changes in the depolarized part of the ventricular electrocardiogram in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3176355 TI - [The effect of smoking on the metabolic vitality of cardiomyocytes]. PMID- 3176356 TI - [The risk profile of patients with myocardial infarct at a young age]. PMID- 3176357 TI - [Echocardiographic findings in patients on a long-term dialysis regimen]. PMID- 3176359 TI - [Bone marrow chromosomes in 172 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia]. PMID- 3176358 TI - [Changes in the renal excretion of phosphates in aging]. PMID- 3176360 TI - [The favorable effect of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lithogenicity of bile in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia]. PMID- 3176361 TI - [Infections of the urinary tract in outflow nephrolithiasis]. PMID- 3176362 TI - [Possibilities in the use of muscle biopsies for metabolic research]. PMID- 3176363 TI - [Prognostic significance of radioimmunologic determination of myoglobin in acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3176364 TI - [Evaluation of infarct size using myocardial contrast echocardiography]. PMID- 3176366 TI - [Treatment of hypertension during acute myocardial infarct and unstable angina]. PMID- 3176365 TI - [The importance of long-term physical training in patients after reconstructive surgery of the coronary vessels]. PMID- 3176367 TI - [Hemodynamic effects of isosorbide dinitrate (Isomack Retard capsules) in chronic heart failure]. PMID- 3176368 TI - [Clinical experience with Glurenorm in type 2 diabetics with renal insufficiency]. PMID- 3176369 TI - [Hypothyroidism as a risk factor in ischemic heart disease. Is hospital screening for thyropathies in adults effective as a part of a cardiovascular program?]. PMID- 3176370 TI - [Sex hormones in men under occupational stress]. PMID- 3176371 TI - [Hypertension and arrhythmia]. PMID- 3176372 TI - [Public health on the pathway of perestroika (facts and figures)]. PMID- 3176373 TI - [Medicine and modern mysticism]. PMID- 3176374 TI - [The development of medical triage markings]. PMID- 3176375 TI - [The psychological aspects of patient management in the preoperative period]. PMID- 3176376 TI - [Problems in raising the quality of dental care for servicemen]. PMID- 3176377 TI - [New developments in the treatment of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3176378 TI - [Chronobiological changes in patients with perforated gastric and duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3176379 TI - [Let us raise the prevention of infectious diseases to a new level of quality]. PMID- 3176380 TI - [Current aspects of the clinical course, epidemiology and prevention of opisthorchiasis]. PMID- 3176381 TI - [Means of preserving the work capacity of persons working in individual protective garments]. PMID- 3176382 TI - [Perestroika of research in the field of aviation medicine in the practical interests of the troops]. PMID- 3176383 TI - [Effect of microclimate on the adaptation of sailors during a cruise at low latitudes]. PMID- 3176384 TI - [Effect of the conditions in storing drugs on the duration of their effectiveness]. PMID- 3176385 TI - [Experience in treating patients with myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3176386 TI - [Cryosurgical treatment of chronic tonsillitis and vasomotor and hypertrophic rhinitis in a troop unit]. PMID- 3176387 TI - [Reconstruction of arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis using bioprostheses]. PMID- 3176388 TI - [Medicosocial aspects of drug abuse and addiction]. PMID- 3176389 TI - [The Spasatel' AN-26 M resuscitation-surgical aircraft]. PMID- 3176390 TI - [At the center of attention: an increase in the quality of diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3176391 TI - [Improvement in the military medical training of students (we discuss the problems of teaching military field surgery and military field therapy in the medical institute)]. PMID- 3176392 TI - [Organization of the work of specialist physicians in a district military hospital in a troop unit]. PMID- 3176393 TI - [Let us raise the efficacy of health inspection]. PMID- 3176394 TI - [Treatment of wounded patients with gun-shot diaphyseal fractures of the bones of the forearm]. PMID- 3176395 TI - [Diagnosis of liver diseases]. PMID- 3176396 TI - [The effectiveness of rapid iridodiagnosis in mass examinations in a polyclinic]. PMID- 3176397 TI - [Hygienic analysis of the irradiation dosages in the practical health inspection of the provision of radiation safety in radiology facilities]. PMID- 3176398 TI - [Increase in the effectiveness of shaping flight habits with the use of a G-load simulation system in the trainer]. PMID- 3176400 TI - [International legal aspects of rendering medical care at sea]. PMID- 3176399 TI - [Prevention of acute neurovascular disorders of the syncope type in flight personnel]. PMID- 3176401 TI - [Experience in organizing emergency medical care at a remote garrison]. PMID- 3176402 TI - [Principles of using an automated system of data collection and processing in the work of an x-ray department]. PMID- 3176403 TI - [Organizational problems of preventing hospital infection in a department of suppurative surgery]. PMID- 3176404 TI - [External transosseous osteosynthesis in fractures and pseudarthroses of the bones of the forearm]. PMID- 3176405 TI - [Removal of foreign bodies from the upper sections of the gastrointestinal tract and tracheobronchial tree]. PMID- 3176406 TI - [Epidemic and clinical sequelae of the belated detection and treatment of infectious patients]. PMID- 3176407 TI - [An elevator scalpel for the submucosal resection of the nasal septum]. PMID- 3176408 TI - [Extrafocal transosseous osteosynthesis of the mandible with a new repositioning compression-distraction apparatus and headpiece for inserting pins into the bone fragments]. PMID- 3176410 TI - [An intubation tube holder for the forehead]. PMID- 3176409 TI - [An improved vestibulometric chair]. PMID- 3176411 TI - [A method for research on the tonus and contractile capacity of the anal sphincter]. PMID- 3176412 TI - [The higher military medical school on the pathway of perestroika]. PMID- 3176413 TI - [Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with epilepsy caused by cerebral cysticercosis]. PMID- 3176414 TI - [The effect of the weight of equipment and weapons on physiologic indicators during the movement of soldiers belonging to mortar units]. PMID- 3176415 TI - [Stress (march) fractures]. PMID- 3176416 TI - [Lyme disease in the area of Belgrade. 1st reported cases]. PMID- 3176417 TI - [Carcinoembryonic antigen in pleural effusion. Diagnostic value]. PMID- 3176418 TI - [Wild and cultivated carrot greens as a potential nutritional and medicinal resource]. PMID- 3176419 TI - [Methodologic problems in the evaluation of the psychological capabilities of military recruits]. PMID- 3176421 TI - [Food in the etiology of colonic cancer]. PMID- 3176422 TI - [Rhabdomyosarcoma of the maxillofacial region]. PMID- 3176420 TI - [Use of calcium antagonists in neurology]. PMID- 3176424 TI - [Psychoneurotic disorders in soldiers. Experience in military ambulatory care]. PMID- 3176423 TI - [Angiosarcoma of the bone. Case report]. PMID- 3176425 TI - [Design of a recombinant strain of the vaccinia virus containing an expressible gene for influenza A virus hemagglutinin]. AB - A recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) strain containing a cloned gene of influenza A/Udorn/307/72 (H3N2) hemagglutinin (HA) gene has been produced. HA expression in CV-1 cells infected with the recombinant virus was determined by enzyme immunoassay. The influenza virus HA titer was 1:64-1:128. When rabbits were inoculated intravenously with the recombinant VaV, antibody titres were 1:5120. The recombinant VaV preparation may be used for generation of monospecific antibody to influenza virus. PMID- 3176426 TI - [Effect of a new antiviral compound 1-morpholinomethyltetrahydro-2(1H) pyrimidinone on the interaction of influenza virus proteins with flat lipid membranes]. AB - The antiviral preparation 1-morpholinomethyltetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (abbreviation DD-13) inhibiting reproduction of certain enveloped viruses belonging to groups of orthomyxoviruses and alphaviruses, influenza type A viruses among them, inhibited adsorption and insertion of influenza virus M protein into model bilayer lipid membranes. The preparation did not interact directly with lipid bilayers but, after pretreatment of M protein with it, inhibited M protein interaction with the membranes: adsorption and insertion into the bilayer DD-13 did not affect the interaction of influenza virus surface glycoproteins with the model lipid membranes. It is concluded that the DD-13 preparation, not interacting with the membranes directly, in native systems may modify the protein-lipid interactions at the stages of virus penetration into the cell, penetration of M protein-coated nucleocapsid into the cell nucleus through the nuclear membrane, as well as at the stage of virus particle assembly on the plasma membrane of the infected cell. PMID- 3176427 TI - [Humoral immune response to the influenza virus: the fractionation of sera from immune animals]. AB - The studies demonstrated that antibody synthesis under conditions of the investigated fatal influenza infection differs in certain parameters from that in non-fatal infection. The mouse-pathogenic A/PR8/34 strain of influenza virus actively induced synthesis of antibodies detectable both by HI and NT. The less pathogenic A/Krasnodar/101/59 strain induced synthesis of antibodies detectable by NT sufficiently well but was a poor inducer of antibodies inhibiting virus hemagglutination of chick erythrocytes. Antibodies detectable by HI and NT appear to represent different molecules of immunoglobulins which differ in their immunochemical properties. These antibodies could be separated by means of affinity chromatography on an immunosorbent. The results of the above studies confirm that the protective and virus-neutralizing activity of an immune preparation in passive immunization is determined by the qualitative and quantitative composition of antibodies in a given preparation. The ratio of virus induced antibodies may possibly determine the severity of the course and outcome of primary influenza infection. PMID- 3176429 TI - [Natural killer activity in influenza patients]. AB - The activity of natural killers (NK) for K-562 target cells (human myeloleukemia cells) was determined in 20 patients with influenza complicated with pneumonia and in 11 patients with uncomplicated influenza. The influence of the autologous blood serum and recombinant alpha 2-interferon (reaferon) on NK activity was studied in vitro. In uncomplicated influenza, the activity of natural killers in the acute period of the disease was higher, and in patients with influenza complicated by pneumonia lower than in normal subjects. In the convalescent period, the activity of natural killers increased or approached the norm in complicated cases, and the average values showed no significant difference from those in normal subjects. The stimulating effect of the autologous blood serum and reaferon on the activity of natural killers in patients with complicated influenza was demonstrated in vitro. PMID- 3176428 TI - [Isolation of influenza virus hemagglutinin and its separation into subunits by a stage-by-stage scheme for viral protein fractionation]. AB - The virus envelope protein, hemagglutinin, recovered by DTAB extraction of influenza virions, was purified to a high degree by the gel filtration high performance liquid chromatography (GF HPLC). Then hemagglutinin was reduced and alkylated with iodoacetamide and the subunits were resolved by GF HPLC on the columns Spherogel TSK G 2000 SW and 3000 SW (600 X 7.5 mm ID). PMID- 3176430 TI - [Immunoradiometric analysis and the prevention of posttransfusion hepatitis B]. AB - Planned blood donors of the town of Zaporozhye were examined for the presence of HBsAg using national radioimmune kits "IRMA-HBsAg". On the basis of the results of this analysis, a bank of blood and its preparations containing no HBsAg was created and used for blood transfusions in children under 14. The incidence of posttransfusion hepatitis B among the children in 1985 was reduced 2.2-fold. In adults exposed to transfusions of the blood tested by counter-current immuno electrophoresis alone the incidence of posttransfusion hepatitis B increased 1.7 fold as compared with the average figures for 1982-1984. It is concluded that the incidence of posttransfusion hepatitis B may be reduced by using the blood tested with national radioimmune kits "IRMA-HBsAg". PMID- 3176431 TI - [Index of the proliferative activity of a cell culture in assessing the cytotoxicity of antiviral chemical preparations]. AB - The influence of cytotoxicity of a number of antiviral compounds on the cell culture functional activity was studied by evaluating the changes in the kinetic cell growth parameters. Significant differences between the values of cytotoxicity were found with ribamide in cell lines of different origins. The differences in the measured values of cytotoxicity of the four antiviral compounds under study were demonstrated using the proposed proliferation cytotoxicity criterion (PCT). PMID- 3176432 TI - [Analysis of the possible mechanisms for the persistence of the vaccinal strain of the measles virus in a human cell culture]. AB - The mechanisms (factors) of the measles virus vaccine L-16 strain persistence in HEp-2 cell culture were analysed. Among the known mechanisms, most likely is the reduction of the cell-destroying properties of the persisting virus due to mutations in nucleoprotein gene manifested by changes of the isoelectric point of NP protein and temperature sensitivity of its synthesis. PMID- 3176433 TI - [Comparative clinico-morphological research on measles and mumps infections in an experiment on guinea pigs]. AB - The pathological process typical of measles and mumps infections was reproduced clinically and morphologically in 250 experimental guinea pigs infected into the anterior eye chamber with different strains of measles and mumps viruses. The intraocular inoculation of measles virus induced in guinea pigs the signs of iridocyclitis and follicular conjunctivitis, whereas inoculation of mumps virus induced dacryoadenitis as well as iridocyclitis and follicular conjunctivitis. The severity of the reproduced process and its dynamics correlated with the pathogenicity of measles and mumps virus strains used in the experiment. The specificity of pathological changes observed in the eye structures was verified virologically by the isolation of virus from the eye membranes and the presence of virus-neutralizing antibodies in the blood sera of the animals. PMID- 3176434 TI - [Biological properties of the Tahyna virus isolated in the Arctic]. AB - The results are presented of comparative studies over the course of experimental Tahyna infection of viremia in the blood and organs, localization and patterns of lesions in the same organs after different routes of inoculation of white mice and hamsters with a new strain LEIV 9843 Mur of Tahyna virus. The results of these experiments are compared with similar studies in monkeys with asymptomatic infection, including humoral antibody detection. The pattern of lesions in the organs of animals infected with Tahyna virus (LEIV 9843 Mur strain), the mode of virus spread, tissue tropism of the virus were established. The virus thermostability and sensitivity to different pH values of the medium were determined. PMID- 3176435 TI - [Use of solid-phase fluorescent immunological analysis for demonstrating the influenza A virus]. PMID- 3176437 TI - [Toxic action of viruses]. PMID- 3176436 TI - [Use of Soviet-made amino acids and vitamins for preparing nutrient media for cell cultures]. PMID- 3176438 TI - Rare case of solitary rib metastasis nine years after radiotherapy for stage I cervical carcinoma. PMID- 3176440 TI - Is there a Harley Street in your future? PMID- 3176439 TI - Toxic shock syndrome. PMID- 3176441 TI - Sudden death in patients with colloid cysts. PMID- 3176442 TI - Approach to the patient with severe rattlesnake envenomation. PMID- 3176443 TI - Nicotine addiction? PMID- 3176444 TI - Environmental lithium and major cardiovascular disease: hypothesis testing of an issue. PMID- 3176445 TI - Methotrexate may help arthritis. PMID- 3176446 TI - Nursing strategies to resolve the shortage. PMID- 3176447 TI - Sleep patterns in Alzheimer, depressed, and healthy elderly. PMID- 3176448 TI - Changes in the exercise of self-care agency. PMID- 3176449 TI - Maternal role competence. PMID- 3176450 TI - Nurses' perceptions of individualized care in nursing practice. PMID- 3176451 TI - Type A behavior pattern and catecholamine excretion during cardiac catheterization. PMID- 3176452 TI - Person-centered communication and social perspective taking. PMID- 3176453 TI - Work-related stress in baccalaureate nurse educators. PMID- 3176454 TI - Nursing careers working with the elderly. PMID- 3176455 TI - Development of a vignette--a data collection instrument about patient assault. PMID- 3176456 TI - A call for an international code of ethics for nursing research. PMID- 3176457 TI - Experience of a Wyoming county streptococcal control project. AB - Figures from Natrona County, Wyoming, during the period 1957-1959 and from the Papago Indian Health Service in Arizona during the years 1970-1982 indicate that a vigorous control program targeted to school children that used throat culturing to detect group A streptococci and to recommend adequate treatment effectively lowered the incidence of first attacks of rheumatic fever. Statistics from the Wyoming Department of Public Health for the years 1972-1983 recorded a consistently lower rate of rheumatic fever in Natrona County, where such a control program was maintained, than for the rest of the state, although the national decline in rheumatic fever incidence makes these figures more difficult to assess. Experience gained in these programs may be valuable for third world countries where rheumatic heart disease is still a major cause of death and disability. PMID- 3176458 TI - Post-lumbar puncture headache. Etiology and management. AB - Headache following a lumbar puncture is a common and often debilitating syndrome. Continued leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from a puncture site decreases intracranial pressure, which leads to traction on pain-sensitive intracranial structures. The headache is characteristically postural, often associated with nausea and optic, vestibular, or otic symptoms. Although usually self-limited after a few days, severe postural pain can incapacitate the patient. Management is mainly symptomatic, but definitive treatment with the epidural blood patching technique is safe and effective when done by an expert operator. PMID- 3176459 TI - 'Ruling out' myocardial infarction in the coronary care unit. AB - This discussion was selected from the weekly Grand Rounds in the Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque. Taken from a transcription, it has been edited by Ralph C. Williams, Jr, MD, Professor and Chair of the Department of Medicine. PMID- 3176461 TI - Can any good come from AIDS? PMID- 3176460 TI - Pheochromocytoma--recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. AB - These discussions are selected from the weekly staff conferences in the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Taken from transcriptions, they are prepared by Drs Homer A. Boushey, Professor of Medicine, and David G. Warnock, Associate Professor of Medicine, under the direction of Dr Lloyd H. Smith, Jr, Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean in the School of Medicine. Requests for reprints should be sent to the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143. PMID- 3176462 TI - Ruling out myocardial infarction--updating a good idea. PMID- 3176463 TI - Intensive control measures for streptococcal infections--is there a need? PMID- 3176464 TI - Acute myocardial infarction following a gila monster (Heloderma suspectum cinctum) bite. PMID- 3176465 TI - Toxic shock syndrome and sinusitis--a hidden site of infection. PMID- 3176467 TI - AIDS, autopsies, and fear. PMID- 3176469 TI - Medicine in the USSR. PMID- 3176468 TI - Gas gangrene or anaerobic cellulitis? PMID- 3176466 TI - Lymphoma and chylous ascites. PMID- 3176470 TI - Guidelines for the control of human immunodeficiency virus infection in adolescents. AB - Although adolescents account for only 0.4% of reported cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States, they are sexually active and, therefore, at risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To address issues of HIV control in adolescents, we developed guidelines that emphasize education and medical care and deemphasize antibody testing. For adolescents known to be infected with HIV, we recommend no restrictions on access to educational or treatment programs except when their health providers recommend such restrictions to protect them from exposure to opportunistic infections. For adolescents of unknown antibody status with a possible previous exposure to HIV, we recommend that as long as the incidence of HIV infection and clinical AIDS remains low, there should be no restrictions on residential placements and no routine antibody testing. PMID- 3176471 TI - Ibuprofen overdose--a prospective study. AB - Of 61 cases of ibuprofen overdosage reported consecutively to the Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center from September 1985 through April 1986, 16 were excluded because of incomplete follow-up or concurrent medication ingestion. A toxic reaction developed in 7 (16%) of the remaining 45 patients. Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, mild central nervous system depression, coma, tachycardia, apnea, metabolic acidosis with or without respiratory alkalosis, hematemesis, and oliguric renal failure were noted. Two of six adults had a toxic reaction, and one died. Among pediatric patients, 5/39 (13%) had a toxic reaction. Of patients whose ibuprofen ingestion was less than 104 mg per kg, none became ill. All patients in whom the time of ingestion was known (six of seven) and who had a toxic reaction did so within four hours of ingestion. An ibuprofen overdose, although usually benign, can occasionally produce serious toxicity. PMID- 3176472 TI - Posttraumatic syringomyelia. AB - Posttraumatic syringomyelia is becoming increasingly recognized as a sequel to major and minor spinal cord injury, paralleling the development and widespread availability of magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic modality for evaluating possible spinal pathologic lesions. Delayed, subacute, or progressive neurologic deterioration in victims of traumatic spinal injury with "fixed deficits" should raise the suspicion of posttraumatic syringomyelia. Alternatively, it may present as sensory or motor complaints occurring on a delayed basis after minor spinal trauma causing no initial neurologic impairment. At our institution, we have treated six of eight patients with this condition by shunting fluid from the intramedullary cyst to the peritoneal cavity by means of a simple valveless shunt, resulting in sustained neurologic improvement in five patients. PMID- 3176474 TI - Physicians as 'double agents. PMID- 3176475 TI - What do stroke and brain trauma have in common? PMID- 3176476 TI - Uncompensated care. PMID- 3176473 TI - Coronary artery vasospasm complicating acute myocarditis. A rare association. AB - A 17-year-old boy had a 2-day prodrome of fever and mild sore throat followed by 2 episodes of severe anginal chest discomfort and substantial transient ST segment elevations in the anterior leads of the electrocardiogram. A subsequent evaluation showed the 2 episodes were most likely coronary vasospasm complicating acute viral myocarditis. PMID- 3176477 TI - Suction-assisted lipectomy--caveat emptor. PMID- 3176478 TI - Mesenteric panniculitis. PMID- 3176479 TI - Kaposi's sarcoma in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyositis treated with corticosteroids. PMID- 3176481 TI - Killing the golden goose. PMID- 3176480 TI - Closed compartment ischemia and snakebite. PMID- 3176482 TI - EPOH-ESLAF? PMID- 3176483 TI - Fluoride contamination. PMID- 3176484 TI - Carpal tunnel syndrome. PMID- 3176485 TI - Uncompensated care--the threat and the challenge. PMID- 3176486 TI - Health issues of homeless persons. PMID- 3176487 TI - Humid air increases airway resistance in asthmatic subjects. AB - Eight persons with asthma were exposed to seven air conditions varying in temperature (37 degrees C to 49 degrees C [98.6 degrees F to 120.2 degrees F]) and water content (44 mg H2O per liter to 79 mg H2Oper liter) . Normocapnic hyperventilation for three minutes at 40% maximal voluntary ventilation was carried out for each condition. A constant-volume body plethysmograph measured the functional residual capacity and specific airway conductance (SGaw), followed by two forced expiratory manuevers. Measurements were taken before and 1, 5, 10, and 20 minutes after each challenge. Air conditions with 100% relative humidity caused a fall in the SGaw that was maximal in 1 minute. Air conditions at 100% relative humidity caused a greater fall in both the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (P<.05) and the SGaw (P<.005) than did conditions of the same temperature but less water content. At 44 degrees C and 100% relative humidity, the mean percent change in FEV1 and SGaw was -2% and -40%, respectively, at 1 minute after challenge. Of the conditions examined, the optimal temperature was 44 degrees C, and we speculate that the optimal water content is less than 44 mg H2O per liter. Inhaled water concentrations exceeding 44 mg H2O per liter should probably not be used in patients with asthma. PMID- 3176488 TI - Causalgic form of postphlebitic syndrome. A variety of reflex sympathetic dystrophy caused by acute deep thrombophlebitis. AB - The causalgic form of the postphlebitic syndrome or reflex sympathetic dystrophy resulting from acute deep thrombophlebitis is a relatively uncommon and, unfortunately, frequently unrecognized form of the postphlebitic syndrome. The usual signs of venous insufficiency are minimal, but severe burning pain is characteristic, usually increased by dependency. The diagnosis is confirmed by phlebography and the response to a lumbar sympathetic block. A lumbar sympathectomy produces permanent pain relief. PMID- 3176490 TI - Physician-subsidized health care. PMID- 3176489 TI - Clinical evaluation and use of urine screening for drug abuse. AB - Urine drug screening is indicated to evaluate patients who show mental status or behavioral changes and to monitor the abstinence of drug abusers. The appropriate timing for collecting urine specimens may vary depending on the suspected drug of abuse and on laboratory factors. Laboratories use a variety of techniques to do urine screens, and these must be understood by clinicians ordering the screens to interpret results correctly. In treating drug-abusing patients, clinicians must apply structured reinforcement in conjunction with urine screen results to aid patients in achieving abstinence. PMID- 3176491 TI - Further comments on chronic arsenic poisoning. PMID- 3176492 TI - Severe hypokalemia associated with pseudohypoxemia in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. PMID- 3176493 TI - Echocardiographically silent Aspergillus mural endocarditis. PMID- 3176494 TI - Alopecia universalis as a feature of polyglandular autoimmunity type I. PMID- 3176496 TI - Group G streptococcal bacteremia with presumed endocarditis in a patient with AIDS. PMID- 3176495 TI - Reversal of severe osteopenia in a patient with hyperprolactinemia treated with bromocriptine. PMID- 3176497 TI - Emergency physicians and preventive medicine. PMID- 3176498 TI - Suction-assisted lipectomy. PMID- 3176499 TI - Gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 3176500 TI - An unusual complication of diabetes. PMID- 3176502 TI - Uncompensated and undercompensated care provided by San Francisco Medical Society physicians. AB - Practicing physician members of the San Francisco Medical Society were surveyed regarding reimbursement rates for medical care provided to underinsured and uninsured patients. Of 394 respondents, about $51,000 per physician practice was written off as uncompensated care or services not billed for in 1985. An average of 7% of each physician's patients was estimated to be "no-pay" or charity patients, accounting for $19,000 of this total. Almost $32,000 was reported as being uncompensated care, or that which is billed but not paid. In addition to these amounts, an average of $32,000 was reported as being discounted from the usual fee levels by government insurance programs. Extrapolating these results to the physician membership of the local medical society indicates that physicians in San Francisco may be providing as much as $81 million in uncompensated or charity care annually. These results emphasize that private practitioners are providing a significant amount of medical care at reduced or charity rates, an amount that can be expected to increase given present trends. Substantial changes are needed if the burden of providing medical care to poor and uninsured Americans is not to fall disproportionately on private providers. PMID- 3176501 TI - The use of antibiotics in acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. PMID- 3176503 TI - [High dosage and intermediate dosage cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of secondary leukemias]. AB - Patients with secondary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) following treatment with alkylating agents and/or radiation show a poor response to standard induction therapy. Between 1983-1987 8 consecutive patients were treated with high-dose cytosine arabinoside (HD-ARA C; 3 g/sqm twice daily for 6 days) or intermediate dose cytosine arabinoside (ID-ARA C; 0.5 g/sqm twice daily for 6 days). Complete remission was achieved in 3 patients (HD-ARA C: 2/3l; ID-ARA C: 1/5) and partial remission in 3 patients (ID-ARA C: 3/5). One patient (HD-ARA C) died during prolonged aplasia, one patient (ID-ARA C) proved refractory to treatment. The respective duration of remission in the 3 responsive patients was 3, 7 and 8 months. The probability of survival of the whole group was 50% after 12 months and 25% after 24 months. Our results confirm the efficacy of monotherapy with ARA C in the treatment of secondary AML. Consolidation therapy with ID-ARA C for 4 days seems to prolong remission. PMID- 3176504 TI - [Biomechanical principles of endosseous screw implants]. AB - The present paper uses the finite element (FE) method to examine the influence exerted by the cortex layer thickness, the implant material, the implant dimensions and the thread form on the tensions developing within the bone around the implant. In the construction of an appropriate screw special attention must be paid to high rigidity of the implant, rather than to thread design, so that any kind of pointed ends are avoided. Firm incorporation of the screw by way of osseointegration should exist only in the spongiosa area and continuously decrease towards the bone surface. PMID- 3176505 TI - [After care in colorectal cancer]. AB - The poor results of nonsurgical cancer therapy in locally recurring colorectal carcinoma and its metastases urge for an early diagnosis of these complications. Serial CEA-levels are the most promising tool to detect even preclinical tumour growth. Because the incidence of tumor recurrence or metastases is highest in the first and second year after surgery the follow-up of the patients should be as close as possible during this time. PMID- 3176506 TI - [Classification of colorectal cancers: current results from the catchment area of the Graz Institute of Pathology]. AB - In comparison with the results of Dukes the percentage of stage Dukes A of colorectal carcinomas could be increased from 15% to about 27%, whereas the percentage of stage Dukes C decreased from 51 to 40% in some international medical centers during the seventies of this century. Our results in Styria are comparable. However, there was no further progress in the early diagnosis of colorectal carcinomas in Styria from 1984 to 1986 (42% of Dukes C stage cases) as compared with 1974 to 1979 (41% of Dukes C stage cases). The percentage of endoscopically removed tumors increased from 3% (1974 bis 1979) to 9% (1984 to 1986) of all curatively treated carcinomas. Because of the fact that the endoscopically removed tumors (stage pT1pNx) could not be classified according to Dukes, the percentage of Dukes stage A decreased from 30% (1974 to 1979) to 24% (1984 to 1986). But the small numbers of endoscopically removed tumors did not significantly influence the percentage of Dukes C stages. There was only partial success in the predominantly rural areas in which the percentage of Dukes C stages decreased from 47% (1974 to 1979) to 39% (1984 to 1986). 39% Dukes stage C in rural areas correspond to the percentage of the predominantly municipal areas (40%). This progress can be explained by the availability of colonoscopy to all hospitals in 1984 to 1986, which was not the case previously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176507 TI - [Tumor markers--serologic parameters for monitoring and therapeutic control of cancer patients]. AB - For the clinical chemistry tumor markers can be used under the following aspects: diagnosis of primary cancers, surveillance of patients in face of postprimary treatment, detection and localisation of metastasis and recurrences and control of therapy. PMID- 3176508 TI - [News on the surgical pathology of colorectal cancer]. AB - The incidence of regional lymph node metastases in colorectal carcinoma is influenced primarily by depth of invasion, but also by histological grade of malignancy and histologically demonstrable invasion of lymphatics. With regard to the indication for limited treatment of colorectal carcinoma, a differentiation between high risk and low risk tumors is recommended. In 6% of tumors with regional lymph node metastases only micrometastases are observed whose prognostic significance is not yet established. In most cases, lymphatic spread occurs regularly, in conformity with the anatomical situation, skipping of lymph nodes in less than 2% of cases with lymph node metastasis can be observed. The incidence and topography of lymph node metastases are important for the choice of surgical procedures. Because of the observed behaviour in lymphatic spread extended hemicolectomies are recommended for tumors of the transverse colon and the colonic flexures. The surgical treatment of rectal carcinoma should include the systematic node dissection along the inferior mesenteric artery. PMID- 3176509 TI - [Change in impulse formation and impulse transmission of the heart in relation to high magnesium concentration]. AB - The effects of magnesium ions on the cardiac conduction velocity and on the refractory periods of the single parts of Langendorff perfused guinea pig hearts were studied using a high amplifying ECG recording and a special stimulation technique. Concentrations of 2.3 mM or 3.45 mM Mg++ had only little inhibitory effects on the cardiac conduction velocity and on the sinus node activity. The elevation of the magnesium ion concentration to 4.6 mM caused a reduction of the spontaneous sinus rate and a prolongation of the AV nodal and His bundle conduction time. During stimulation with stepwise increasing pacing rate, a marked prolongation of the refractoriness of the His bundle conduction and of the ventricular myocardium was detectable. This frequency dependent inhibitory influence on the His bundle and the ventricular myocardium could be an explanation for the antiarrhythmic efficacy of magnesium ions during ventricular tachyarrhythmias. PMID- 3176510 TI - A new approach to impaired physicians. PMID- 3176512 TI - RBRVS: ensuring fairness requires a united front. PMID- 3176511 TI - Peer review and the Patrick case. PMID- 3176513 TI - The rescuer. PMID- 3176514 TI - The use of anthropometry to assess nutritional status. AB - Anthropometry (the use of body measurements to assess nutritional status) is a practical and immediately applicable technique for assessing children's development patterns during the first years of life. An evaluation of their growth also provides useful insights into the nutrition and health situation of entire population groups. Anthropometric indicators are less accurate than clinical and biochemical techniques when it comes to assessing individual nutritional status. In many field situations where resources are severely limited, however, anthropometry can be used as a screening device to identify individuals at risk of undernutrition, followed by a more elaborate investigation using other techniques. Similarly, growth monitoring permits the detection of individuals with faltering growth, who can then be appropriately referred to specialized care. Thanks to the standardization that has taken place in recent years, changes in trends over time with respect to the nutritional situation can be evaluated in countries where national food and nutrition surveillance systems have been developed, or where nationally representative cross-sectional surveys have been conducted some years apart using identical, or nearly identical, methodologies. Although data that can be used to evaluate trends are limited, some insight can be gained into the nutritional situation and changes occurring over time in a number of countries. Prevalence figures for underweight (low weight-for-age) have been prepared using standard methods of data collection, analysis and presentation, for several countries in Africa, the Americas and Asia. As such, they fail to differentiate between wasting and stunting, or to evaluate differences between age groups. Also, they do not necessarily reflect trends in other countries in the same or other regions. Still, it is interesting, if not statistically significant, that there has been a general improvement in the nutritional status of preschool children. Intercountry trend comparisons are difficult for two main reasons. Firstly, the time between surveys is occasionally different and, secondly, despite efforts to standardize data analysis and presentation, different cut-off points have been used to calculate prevalence figures and estimate the extent of undernutrition. However, the use of identical cut-off points is not essential for making intercountry trend analyses since it is the general trends in growth deficit and nutritional status over time which are being evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3176515 TI - Expanded programme on immunization. AB - The Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) was established in 1974 to develop and expand immunization programmes throughout the world. In 1977, the goal was set to make immunization against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles and tuberculosis available to every child in the world by 1990. Problems encountered by the Programme have included: lack of public and governmental awareness of the scope and seriousness of the target diseases; ineffective programme management; inadequate equipment and skills for vaccine storage and handling; and insufficient means for monitoring programme impact as reflected by increasing immunization coverage levels and decreasing incidence of the target diseases. When the EPI was initiated in 1974, fewer than 5% of children in developing countries were receiving a third dose of DPT and poliomyelitis vaccines in their first year of life. These coverage levels have now surpassed 50% in developing countries, and millions of cases of the target disease have been prevented. Over 700,000 measles deaths were prevented by immunization in developing countries in 1987, and an increasing number of neonatal tetanus deaths is now being prevented by maternal immunization and improved childbirth conditions. Poliomyelitis immunization efforts have been so successful that the Pan American Health Organization is leading a drive to eradicate poliomyelitis from the Americas by 1990. The successes of the Programme represent a major public health achievement, but much remains to be done.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176516 TI - Control of diarrhoeal diseases. AB - During its early years, WHO was primarily concerned with epidemic control, standardization and quality control of vaccines, and administration of the International Sanitary Regulations. Among the acute enteric infections, cholera received the greatest attention because of its propensity for rapid epidemic spread. When the seventh pandemic of cholera began in 1961, WHO responded with a greatly expanded programme of activities which included cooperation with countries in training and control efforts, and research on treatment and prevention, especially vaccine development. At the same time, numerous training courses were held on enteric infections and a series of controlled field trials established the degree of protection conferred by existing typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines. In 1970, when the cholera pandemic spread to Africa, the emergency assistance programme was reactivated, with increasing attention to the provision of appropriate treatment, especially oral rehydration therapy, rather than the supply of ineffective vaccines. The requirement of cholera vaccination for international travel in the International Health Regulations was abolished in 1973 by the World Health Assembly. Another public health problem of importance during the 1970s was the increase in antibiotic resistance of enteric bacteria, especially Shigella dysenteriae 1 and Salmonella typhi, first in Central America and Mexico and later in Asia. There was a notable acceleration in research on diarrhoeal disease and especially on cholera during this period, with the discovery of several new viral and bacterial agents of diarrhoea, advances in knowledge of intestinal immunity indicating that better protection might be achieved with oral vaccines, and the demonstration of the effectiveness of a single formulation of oral rehydration salts (ORS) in the treatment of all diarrhoeas including cholera.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176518 TI - Pre-systemic metabolism of viprostol in the monkey following oral and topical administration. AB - 1. 14C-Viprostol, (I), a synthetic PGE2 analogue, was administered to 6 monkeys, orally, topically and intravenously in a three way crossover study. Total radioactivity and the pharmacologically active acid formed by rapid hydrolysis of viprostol in vivo, (II), were measured in plasma to determine absorption and absolute bioavailability. 2. After oral dosing approx. 31% of drug-related radioactivity was absorbed. Systemic bioavailability of unchanged active acid was only 7.3%. This indicates significant first-pass metabolism after oral administration, since only 23% of the absorbed radioactivity was available as 'unchanged' active drug (II). 3. After topical dosing, transdermal absorption of total radioactivity by 48 h averaged only 5% of dose. Absolute bioavailability of II averaged 3.8% of dose. This indicates that after transdermal absorption 74% of the absorbed radioactivity was available systemically as the active acid II, with the remainder being subject to pre-systemic metabolism. PMID- 3176517 TI - Effects of induction on the metabolism and cytochrome P-450 binding of harman and other beta-carbolines. AB - 1. The metabolism of harman by liver microsomes from non-induced, phenobarbitone (PB)-induced and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced mice was investigated. Initial reaction rates for harman disappearance were measured and showed a 4-fold induction by PB and a 10.6-fold induction by MC. 2. The major metabolite formed with each microsomal preparation was identified as 6-hydroxyharman. 3. Microsomal cytochrome P-450 binding was measured for harman and other beta-carbolines and both Type I and Type II binding spectra were observed, being dependent upon the mode of induction. PMID- 3176519 TI - Metabolism of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene in mice: in vivo and in vitro evidence for activation by glutathione conjugation. AB - 1. The metabolism of 14C-hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) was studied in mice and in subcellular fractions from mouse liver and kidney. 2. In the presence of glutathione (GSH), liver microsomes and cytosol transformed HCBD to S (pentachlorobutadienyl)glutathione (PCBG). PCBG formation in subcellular fractions from mouse kidney was very limited. Oxidative metabolism of HCBD by cytochrome P-450 could not be demonstrated. 3. Cysteine conjugate beta-lyase was present in mitochondria and cytosol from mouse liver and kidney. 4. After an oral dose of 30 mg/kg 14C-HCBD, mice eliminated 67.5-76.7% of dose in faeces; urinary elimination accounted for 6.6-7.6%. 5. Metabolites of HCBD identified are: S (pentachlorobutadienyl)glutathione in faeces; S-(pentachlorobutadienyl)-L cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(pentachlorobutadienyl)-L-cysteine and 1,1,2,3 tetrachlorobutenoic acid in urine. 6. The results suggest that conjugation of HCBD with GSH in liver, followed by renal processing of the glutathione S conjugates and beta-lyase-catalysed formation of reactive intermediates, accounts for the organ specific toxicity of HCBD in mice. PMID- 3176520 TI - Metabolism of 2,6-dichlorobenzamide in rats and mice. AB - 1. Oral doses of 2,6-dichlorobenzamide (DCB) were excreted by rats as DCB, two monohydroxy-DCBs, 2-chloro-5-hydroxy-6-(methylthio)benzamide and 2-chloro-5 hydroxy-6-[S-(N-acetyl)cysteinyl]benzamide (mercapturic acid). 2. Biliary excretion (33% of the dose), enterohepatic circulation and intestinal micro floral metabolism were involved in formation of 2-chloro-5-hydroxy-6 (methylthio)benzamide, and the mercapturic acid served as a precursor. 3. Whole body autoradiography and microautoradiography showed the accumulation of non extractable residues from DCB in the nasal mucosa and contents of the large intestines of rats and mice dosed with 14C-labelled DCB. PMID- 3176521 TI - Comparative biotransformation of molinate (Ordram) in the white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). AB - 1. Juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were exposed to 100 micrograms/l [ring-14C]molinate in a flow-through metabolism system. Exposure was in three phases: acclimation (2 h), uptake (24 h), and depuration (24 h). 2. Excreted metabolites were collected on a macroreticular resin, and retained metabolites were extracted from homogenized fish tissue. Identification and quantification was by h.p.l.c. cochromatography (gradient conditions) and determination of 14C, and confirmation was by t.l.c. 3. 14C depuration (elimination) by common carp (77.8%) was significantly slower than that by white sturgeon (96.0%, P less than 0.01) or that previously reported for striped bass (90.5%, P less than 0.01). Differences in bioconcentration were not significant (P less than 0.05). 4. Common carp and white sturgeon oxidized molinate to form several products and hydrolysed, or conjugated with glutathione (GSH), the sulphoxide or sulphone; both fish also formed a D-glucuronic acid conjugate. 5. Common carp were significantly less capable of molinate sulphoxidation and GSH conjugation than either white sturgeon (P less than 0.01) or striped bass (P less than 0.05). 6. The higher toxicity of molinate in common carp may be due to greater bioconcentration, slower depuration, and less efficient metabolic deactivation. PMID- 3176522 TI - Pharmacokinetics of cysteine ethyl ester in rat. AB - 1. The pharmacokinetics of the mucolytic compound 35S-cysteine ethyl ester in rat show that it is completely absorbed after oral administration, with a bioavailability of 0.59. 2. By autoradiography, tissue distribution of 35S cysteine ethyl ester showed a high affinity for the lung, different to that observed with 35S-cysteine. 3. Unchanged cysteine ethyl ester, cysteine and inorganic sulphates were present in the lung. 4. After oral or i.v. administration of 35S-cysteine ethyl ester the total radioactivity excreted in the urine amounted to 16% dose and 40% was excreted in the faeces, following biliary excretion. It was metabolized to inorganic sulphate, cysteine and taurine, which were excreted in the urine. PMID- 3176523 TI - The disposition of feprazone and its hydroxylated metabolite in human volunteers. AB - 1. 14C-Feprazone administered as a single oral dose (17 mg/subject) to each of 3 human volunteers on the 6th day of repeated dosage with unlabelled feprazone (200 mg/subject, twice daily) was excreted slowly, with only 19-38% of the dose excreted in the urine in 8 days, with a further 27-49% of the dose in the faeces. 2. 14C-Feprazone had a half-life of 30-33 h, similar to that after single dosage of unlabelled feprazone (22-33 h). The half-life for total 14C was not significantly different from that for unchanged feprazone, indicating that no metabolite with a very long half-life was formed. 3. Only feprazone and 4' hydroxyfeprazone were detected in the plasma of subjects dosed orally with feprazone, the metabolite being characterized by mass spectrometry. The time of peak plasma concentration of feprazone was 4-5 h after dosage, and of 4' hydroxyfeprazone was approx. 25 h. The urine contained feprazone plus its C glucuronide, and 4'-hydroxyfeprazone plus its conjugate (glucuronide), in the ratio of approx. 5:1. 4. When 4'-hydroxyfeprazone was administered as a single oral dose to a human volunteer the plasma elimination half-life of the metabolite was 18 h, but after administration of feprazone the half-life of 4' hydroxyfeprazone was 45 +/- 29 h (10 subjects), indicating the slow hydroxylation of feprazone and the slow excretion of 4'-hydroxyfeprazone. The clearance of feprazone was 5.2 and of 4'-hydroxyfeprazone was 5.5 ml/kg/h. 5. These studies have shown that even though enterohepatic recirculation of the drug in man is indicated, the plasma half-life of feprazone is unchanged on repeated dosage, and accumulation of the drug at a daily dosage of 2 x 200 mg, does not occur. PMID- 3176525 TI - Sixth annual meeting of the American College of Epidemiology. New Orleans, Louisiana, October 1-2, 1987. PMID- 3176524 TI - The in vivo metabolism of methapyrilene, a hepatocarcinogen, in the rat. AB - 1. The metabolism of methapyrilene (I), was examined in vivo by g.l.c. and g.l.c. mass spectrometric analysis of rat urinary extracts. 2. Dosing the animals with tetradeuterium-labelled I helped identify 7 different metabolites of I in the urine, including (5-hydroxylpyridyl)-methapyrilene, which was identified by comparison with a synthetic reference standard. 3. After 4 weeks of treatment with I, rats also excrete detectable amounts of the 3- and (6-hydroxylpyridyl) methapyrilene metabolites suggesting that pretreatment with I alters the metabolism of the pyridine ring. 4. Metabolic removal of the 2-thienylmethylene moiety is also facile, as large amounts of N'-(2-pyridyl)-N,N dimethylethylenediamine and its metabolite N'-[2(5-hydroxylpyridyl)]-N,N dimethylethylenediamine are excreted under all dosing regimens. 5. Urinary concn of both I and metabolites decline with time, despite continuous dosing, indicating a change in absorption, metabolism, and/or excretion of I on repeated dosing. PMID- 3176526 TI - Exposure to chemotherapeutic agents and the risk of a second breast cancer: preliminary findings. AB - Chemotherapeutic treatment for cancer has been successful in prolonging survival but may also lead to the development of second cancers. Two case-control studies presented here suggest, however, that breast cancer patients who receive chemotherapy are at significantly lower risk of a contralateral breast cancer than those who do not. Approximately 300 incident cases of contralateral breast cancer and 300 randomly chosen surviving controls with unilateral breast cancer were identified through the Connecticut Tumor Registry for inclusion in each study. The initial study was based on review of medical records at eight hospitals and indicated that the overall association with chemotherapy was modified by body build. The second study obtained information from in-person interviews, hospital records, and outpatient chemotherapy records from across the state. The preliminary results of this second study confirm the previous findings. Both cytotoxic and hormonal drugs were associated with a reduction in the risk of second breast cancers (OR = 0.5, 95 percent CI: 0.3-1.0; OR = 0.5, 95 percent CI: 0.2-1.2, respectively). Significant interaction with body build was observed for hormonal treatment (ratio of ORs = 5.8, 95 percent CI: 1.0-34.3 for a five-unit change in Quetelet's index), with a nonsignificant but detrimental effect suggested for overweight women (OR = 2.3, 95 percent CI: 0.4-13.9 for a Quetelet's score of 35). PMID- 3176528 TI - [Fluoride content of the body and aortic sclerosis--are there correlations?]. AB - In comparison with a group of persons with and one without chronic exposition to fluorides we stated the incidence of aortic calcifications on X-ray screen photos. As well in female as in male we found in the group with exposition to fluorides a significantly lower percentage of aortic calcifications as in the group without fluoride exposition. PMID- 3176527 TI - Drinking in different social contexts among white, black, and Hispanic men. AB - This paper describes alcohol use by White, Black, and Hispanic men in eight different social settings. Data were obtained from a multi-stage probability sample of the household population of White, Black, and Hispanic adults aged 18 years and over, residing in the 48 contiguous United States. The response rate was 73 percent for Whites, 76 percent for Blacks, and 72 percent for Hispanics. Results show that Whites go more frequently and drink more frequently than Blacks and Hispanics at restaurants, in clubs or organizational meetings, and in bars. Blacks go more frequently than Whites and Hispanics to public settings such as parks, streets, and parking lots; however, the mean number of drinks consumed in these public places and the proportion of men drinking five or more drinks is higher for Hispanics than for Whites and Blacks. Other places where heavier drinking is common in all three ethnic groups are bars, taverns and cocktail lounges, and parties. In all three ethnic groups, men who are younger and those who are single go more frequently than other men to bars or public places such as streets, parks, and parking lots. Men who are younger and those who are single also have a higher rate of heavy drinking and of drunkenness than other men. PMID- 3176529 TI - Health status and medical consumption of the elderly in urban and rural areas in The Netherlands; a secondary analysis of CBS-data. AB - Data of the life situation survey of the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) of 1982 have been analysed. This secondary analysis has been carried out to study differences in health and medical consumption between urban and rural elderly. Two contrasting groups of elderly have been used: urban and rural elderly. It has been found that there are no differences in the prevalence of chronic disorders. More mental complaints have been found among male urban elderly compared to male rural elderly. The same relationship, although not significant, exists for women. For women it has been found that urban elderly feel less healthy than rural elderly. Male urban elderly aged 55-74 year pay more visits to the general practitioner than rural elderly of the same age. The same holds for women aged 75 year and over who also pay more visits to the physician. PMID- 3176530 TI - [Experiences in the management of citizens of retirement age in the South Magdeburg city district]. AB - They were reported about experiences of the providing old-age pensioners. They were listed on the step by step extension of material-technical base and the qualitative improvement of providing old-age pensioners. PMID- 3176532 TI - [Acute thrombosis of deep pelvic and leg veins--a report of surgical experiences]. PMID- 3176531 TI - [The role of grandparents from the viewpoint of children and adolescents and on selected factors of influence on the development of intergenerational relations]. AB - An interview was carried out on pupils of the 4th, 6th and 9th class of secondary schools in Leipzig on their communication with grandparents. Behaviour towards the elderly ist supposed to be influenced by information on ageing. Under this aspect the textbooks have been analyzed. PMID- 3176533 TI - [Permanent patella dislocation ]. PMID- 3176534 TI - [Treatment of Monteggia fractures in the adult]. PMID- 3176535 TI - [The diagnostic value of anamnesis in cerebrovascular disorders]. PMID- 3176536 TI - [Quantitative-kinetic aspects of granulocytic resistance to infection in hematologic systemic diseases with reference to antineoplastic chemotherapy]. PMID- 3176538 TI - [Tuberculosis in immigrants from tropical countries in East Germany]. PMID- 3176537 TI - [Urodynamic studies in childhood]. PMID- 3176539 TI - [Issues and responsibilities in traffic medicine]. PMID- 3176540 TI - [Theoretical and practical aspects of traffic medicine fitness evaluation]. PMID- 3176541 TI - [Evaluation of cardiovascular diseases for automobile driving fitness]. PMID- 3176542 TI - [Effects of cerebrovascular insufficiency on automobile driving fitness]. PMID- 3176543 TI - [Assessment of automobile driving fitness in epilepsy]. PMID- 3176546 TI - [Assuring health care for our deep sea fishermen as a public health goal for all areas of the health service]. PMID- 3176545 TI - [Assessment of automobile driving fitness in drug therapy]. PMID- 3176544 TI - [Which examination methods of visual capacity are to be used in assessing automobile driving fitness?]. PMID- 3176547 TI - [Assessment of fitness for airplane and ship travel]. PMID- 3176548 TI - [Alcohol problems in the area of forensic medicine boundary questions]. PMID- 3176549 TI - [Clinical aspects, diagnosis and therapy of lung embolism]. PMID- 3176550 TI - [Experiences with ultra-high dosage local short-term fibrinolysis in massive lung embolism]. PMID- 3176551 TI - [Acute arthritis]. PMID- 3176552 TI - [Changed manifestation of fluorosis as an occupational disease within the past 15 years]. PMID- 3176553 TI - [Register for work sites and workers exposed to asbestos dust pollution- organization and initial results]. PMID- 3176554 TI - [Tolerance of soft contact lenses in relation to occupation and work site]. PMID- 3176555 TI - [Stress caused by shift work in relation to automated production]. PMID- 3176556 TI - [Occupational health aspects of professional integration of special education graduates]. PMID- 3176557 TI - [Reaction of the cardiovascular system, temporary threshold shift 2 and attitude in local dynamic muscle work with noise]. PMID- 3176558 TI - [Social health contribution to the assessment of health status of workers within the scope of industrial mass screening]. PMID- 3176559 TI - [Braille script--mastered and used? Analysis of a survey of blind patients of empoyable age in a large town]. PMID- 3176560 TI - [Occupational rehabilitation of patients with ankylosing spondylitis]. PMID- 3176561 TI - [Factor analysis of psychoneuronal disorders in pedagogues-- professional communication. Studies of the causes of psychoneuronal disorders in pedagogues--a factor analytic consideration of assessments of the supervisor and pedagogic activity]. PMID- 3176562 TI - [Relations between age, health status and occupational health measures in exposed workers]. PMID- 3176563 TI - [Life expectancy in Europe--facts, trends, goals]. PMID- 3176564 TI - [Concurrent diseases in cause of death statistics]. PMID- 3176565 TI - [Some problems with sex differences in mortality]. PMID- 3176566 TI - [Management of survivors. Aspects of patient and therapist behavior]. PMID- 3176568 TI - [Some current problems of medical house calls]. PMID- 3176567 TI - [An analysis of the status of stomatologic services in East Germany]. PMID- 3176569 TI - [Socio-cultural life status of the female and rate of underweight live-born infants]. PMID- 3176570 TI - [The concept of quality assessment and quality assurance in nursing care]. PMID- 3176571 TI - [Aspects of the further development of ambulatory primary medical care based on a territorial analysis. l. Management groups and management morbidity]. PMID- 3176572 TI - [Aspects of the further development of ambulatory primary medical care based on a territorial analysis. 2. Characteristics of the ambulatory management process]. PMID- 3176573 TI - [Expansion and improvement of waste water treatment in rural districts]. PMID- 3176574 TI - [Effect of the outdoor climate on microclimatic conditions of work sites in buildings]. PMID- 3176575 TI - [Effect of the composition of dust and dust exposure on the sensitizing effect of poultry dust]. PMID- 3176577 TI - [The dynamics of orthostatic cardiovascular immediate and late regulation in healthy adolescents in relation to changed position]. AB - In 16 subjects without any cardiovascular disease the early and the late orthostatic response was tested using the non-invasive continuous blood pressure measurement according to the Penaz principle. The beat to beat analysis of blood pressure revealed an instantaneous blood pressure decrease with standing up from sitting and from squatting; the initial heart rate maximum was markedly delayed against the minimum of mean and pulse pressure. The minimum mean pressure in the finger at the level of diaphragm was 57.8 +/- 14.4 mm Hg, a new steady state pressure after the change of posture was achieved after about 15 s. The power spectra obtained from 5-minutes samples showed that the respiratory components of cardiac intervals, systolic and pulse pressure decreased markedly in standing. Compared to the control a significant increase of the so-called 10-second-rhythm could be detected. PMID- 3176576 TI - [Indications for hip joint replacement. Early and late results]. AB - Marked advances have been made in the application of hip joint endoprostheses since their extensive dissemination in the early 70's. Implantation material, surface structure, design of the prosthesis and surgical techniques have been better adapted to the biological and biomechanical conditions. Nevertheless, the long-term prognosis remains uncertain, and joint-saving interventions continue to take priority. The possibilities for the application of endoprostheses in cases of degenerative, posttraumatic and congenital changes and tumourous destructions have been improved by extended prostheses and additional measures. Whereas the indication for a prosthesis to save the mobility of the patient is established more frequently for older patients suffering from basic diseases with a limited life expectancy, osteolysis due to bone tumours or metastases, hip-joint replacement in younger patients should always be performed as a last resort, even if the prognosis is better. PMID- 3176578 TI - [Scintigram after TSH in blocked thyroid gland]. AB - The wellknown principle of the overcoming of an iodination blockade of the thyroid gland by TSH-stimulation is diagnostically effective in the thyroid gland blocked by iodine or medicaments. The up to now not suitable method gains importance in an increasing number of blocked scintigrams within the framework of the prophylaxis of struma with iodide/iodate. Exact indications are shown. As secondary findings the investigation shows an increase of the cases of hyperthyroidism in temporary connection with the iodine prophylaxis. PMID- 3176580 TI - [The clinical picture of postpartum hypopituitarism]. AB - Hypopituitarism depends on the history of the obstetric cause, on the subsequent amenorrhoea and the usual absence of lactation, on the biochemical abnormalities found later, and on the effect of therapy. Nevertheless, an initial clinical inspection of the untreated patient gives important clues to the diagnosis. Cachexia does not occur in true hypopituitarism, unless there is some intercurrent factor which causes emaciation, such as carcinoma, tuberculosis, ulceration in the alimentary tract etc. PMID- 3176579 TI - [Rare complications of pulmonary artery aneurysm]. AB - Report on an 80-year-old male with a sacculated, hazelnutsized, intrapulmonary arrosion aneurysm of the right pulmonary artery in the environment of an anthracotically indurated lymphatic node. Communication of the sacculation with the right bronchus of the lower lobe as well as with the oesophagus in final rupture of the aneurysm and fatal haemorrhage. Discussion of etiology and pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, diagnostics and therapy of aneurysms of the pulmonary artery. PMID- 3176581 TI - [Body height in children with growth hormone deficiency: results following 5-l5 years of treatment]. AB - The final results of long-term continuous treatment with human GH in patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) are described. Untreated patients with isolated idiopathic GHD average about -6 SD height at maturity; our patients averaged about -2 SD. The statistics appear to show that what is important is starting treatment before the child has fallen much below the normal centiles for height and this usually means before age two or three in idiopathic cases. Ascertainment through an effective system of primary care is more important than an elaboration treatment schedules. PMID- 3176582 TI - [Increased secretion of vasopressin and edema formation in high dosage methotrexate therapy]. AB - During high-dose methotrexate therapy we recognized a significant increase in AVP secretion as it has previously been reported for other cytostatics. We observed an excessive augmentation of AVP excretion in 24 h urine in 9 patients receiving high-dose methotrexate combined with a considerable water retention. The pathomechanism is so far unknown. From experimental data it may be assumed that methotrexate alters directly the neurosecretory areas of the cerebrum as well as effects the distribution of body fluid volumes. The considerable risk of a water intoxication seems to be of highly clinical importance. PMID- 3176583 TI - [Hann syndrome: remission of diabetes insipidus by functional failure of the anterior pituitary gland]. AB - We know that the symptoms of diabetes insipidus develop only in a state of functional capacity of the neurohypophysis. The symptomatology of diabetes insipidus disappears, when the pars anterior of the hypophysis is destructed, whereas the two lobes have antagonistic effects in respect of water metabolism. Describing two cases the authors remember to F. v. Hann as the first describer of this syndroms' complex and postulate the corresponding nomination. PMID- 3176584 TI - [Forms of the compression syndrome in nodular and retrosternal struma in advanced age]. AB - 65 cases with a partially retrosternally localized nodular goitre and with compression syndrome (CS) are discussed. The most often (45 patients) registered complaints are breathing difficulties because of tracheal compression, in 8 further patients bad deglutination prevailed over dyspnoe, 3 patients with a compression of the jugular veins showed oedematous face, cyanosis and other signs testifying for stasis of the superior vena cava. Compression of the cervical truncus sympathicus was the cause of Horner's syndrome in 5 patients, in one person thyroid malignancy led to a coarse voice via infiltration of the recurrent nerve. In an additional group were 10 persons with a partially retrosternally localized recurrent nodular goitre, they were subjected to reoperation. In conclusion, 1. the therapy of choice of a CS is strumectomy 2. a consequent postoperative therapy with thyroid preparations is postulated. PMID- 3176585 TI - [Diabetes diagnosis following intravenous and oral glucose load: animal experiment principles]. AB - Aiming at highest possible reduction of causes of individual variability, at determination of diagnostic value of different intravenous and oral (intragastric, per sondam) glucose loads and at comparison of diagnostic value of ivGTT and oGTT after the same load, author first performed ivGTT with 1 g glucose per kg body mass and oGTT with 1, 2, 4 g/kg in normal (non anaesthesized) adult (F 6-7) inbred rats and mice and than repeated these tests with the same loads and the same rats and mice with different extent of B-Cell lesion after i.v. alloxan injection. Results show that for unmasking of latent ("chemical") diabetes a higher load (4 g/kg orally) was necessary, that the assimilation constant of ivGTT was diabetic earlier than the criteria of oGTT after equal oral load (1 g/kg) and that for the diagnosis of early stages of diabetes not only absolute values of GTT curves but also their form are important. PMID- 3176587 TI - [Remarks on the problem of the daily medical practice]. AB - Functional alterations sometimes base on outside factors which are not exactly diagnosed resp. are classified as bagatells. Changed individual behaviour for instance may be the result of chronic burden by noise. In this complex of troubles sideropenia and sideropenic anaemia and its symptoms are base sufferings, where a delayed diagnosis causes the diffusity of complaints. PMID- 3176586 TI - [The incisor of the rat--not only an indicator for disorders of homeostasis]. AB - In experimental endocrinology and for studies of disturbed homeostasis caused by alterations of mineral metabolism rat incisors are known test model. Recently they will be relevant to interpret effects of xenobiotics. In our experiments we found remarkable correlations between specific organ toxicity (affinity) and histotropic effects in the incisors (enamel or dentine), further variations of the reaction in relation to the time of application. PMID- 3176588 TI - A technique to prevent aneurysm formation in microvascular anastomoses. AB - The occurrence of true aneurysm formation in microarterial anastomoses is well known. In up to 50% of microanastomoses this complication is found. In a microsurgical training group a new technique was taught, which did not give cause to any aneurysm formation at all. This technique allows only suturing with relative thin and many stitches, suturing of small edges of the vessel wall and short stripping of adventitia. Though operative skill perhaps is more demanding in this new technique, the merits are clear. PMID- 3176589 TI - [Production of immobilized urease adsorbed on polystyrene granules]. AB - We prepared adsorption immobilized Urease (E.C. 3.5.1.5) with a special method of polymer coating of polystyrene granulate as a matrix, and by subsequent adsorption of two different urease products (AWD Dresden, DDR, 3 U/mg, and Serva, Heidelberg, BRD, 41 U/mg). We obtained the strongest activity (4.0 mumol.g-1.min 1) with immobilisates on polystyrene in comparison with polyvinylchloride, and polyurethane layers, if we used AWD urease (PS, PVC, PUR). By using Serva urease we obtained products with a manyfold of activity (12.8 mumol.g.min-1). This high activity enables us to utilize adsorption immobilized urease for the detoxification of biological fluids. PMID- 3176590 TI - [Quantitative and qualitative investigations on human pericardial fluid]. AB - The quantity and the quality of the pericardial fluid (PF) were investigated in patients after cardiosurgery and thoracic surgery. The quantity of the pericardial fluid was described independent of the disease and dependent on the age of the patient. The behaviour of the concentration of the immunoglobulins was verified as independent of the illness. A passive distribution mechanism of the observed parameters in the pericardial fluid was discussed. PMID- 3176591 TI - [Oxygen partial pressure after rectal oxygen insufflation-- experimental animal studies]. AB - An oxygen diffusion through the mucosa of the colon into the vessels of the submucous coat was provable after rectal insufflation of an oxygen-gas mixture by animal experimental investigations in rabbits. Significantly higher pO2 values in the blood of the mesocolon veins, the portal vein, in the arterial and venous mixed blood of the liver parenchyma, and in the arterial vessels of the mesocolon are measurable after rectal application of oxygen during a time of 40 minutes. The oxygen therapy after rectal oxygen insufflation is established by animal experiments. PMID- 3176592 TI - [Direct biophysical effects of ultrasonic stimulation on the living rabbit lower limb]. AB - Ultrasonic applications of low up to high intensity during 2 minutes led to biophysically provable changes (behaviour of bioimpedance, pO2, and temperature) in vital tissues (musculature, periosteum, and bone marrow). The most effective application was noticed by static ultrasonic therapy of 0.2 W/cm2. Repeated ultrasonic therapies of low intensity effected involved, for instance, an adaptation of the temperature and an increase of the electrophysical stimulation (bioimpedance). PMID- 3176593 TI - [Myocardial creatinine kinase liberation and left ventricular function in myocardial infarct with and without collateral blood supply]. AB - In 24 patients (aged 52 years) with angiographically proven acute first myocardial infarction and isolated occlusion of the infarct-related vessel, serial measurements of creatine kinase (CK) activity were performed. Peak CK levels (CKmax), time-to-peak activity (tmax), infarct size, and cumulative CK were calculated from the serum curve by a computer program. No reperfusion interventions were performed. In accordance with the angiographic results 3-5 weeks after infarction, patients were divided into two groups: 11 patients demonstrated a proximal occlusion of one major coronary artery with retrograde contrast filling by non-compromised collaterals; in 14 patients no collateral filling of the distal vessel segment was visible. The contralateral coronary arteries and corresponding LV wall segments were normal. Localization of the infarction and infarct related vessel were not significantly different between both groups. In patients with collaterals, ejection fraction was significantly higher (63.1 vs. 45.5%; p less than 0.0005) and LV-enddiastolic volume (109.9 vs. 130.1 ml/m2) and enddiastolic pressure (10.0 vs. 14.1 mm Hg, p = n.s.) were lower. CKmax, tmax, infarct size, and cumulative CK activity were significantly reduced in patients with collaterals compared to non-collateralized occlusions. Four patients with, but none without collaterals reached tmax within 12 h. In ten patients without and four with collaterals, tmax was reached after 14 h. The initial slope of the normalized serum CK curves was significantly different among both groups. A significant (p less than 0.005) linear correlation between ejection fraction and tmax, infarct size, CKmax, and cumulative CK was found for all patients (r = 0.76-0.53).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176595 TI - [Observations of the clinical characteristics of patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias--l978 to l985]. AB - To get some insight into the clinical profile of patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias and to elucidate potential time-dependent changes, data from 421 patients with documented tachyarrhythmias referred for electrophysiologic studies, were analyzed. The observation period is extended from 1978 to 1986. Patient's data were analyzed in 2-year subperiods. There were no major changes with regard to underlying heart disease, or within the interval between myocardial infarction and electrophysiologic study, or with regard to the indication for electrophysiologic study and the results of right ventricular stimulation during the analyzed subperiods. The interval between the first episode of documented tachyarrhythmia and the study, as well as the number of previous episodes of documented arrhythmias, decreased significantly between the first observation period (1978/79) and all the following periods. Before 1982, about 2% of patients were on amiodarone therapy at the time of referral, whereas from 1982 a higher proportion of cases was referred on amiodarone (21%, 12%, resp.). Over the whole observation period, an increasing number of patients finally underwent antitachycardia surgery. PMID- 3176594 TI - [Behavior of heart rate, blood pressure, lactate, glucose, noradrenaline and adrenaline level in coronary heart disease patients in the course of light swimming stress]. AB - In previous investigations, we have been able to demonstrate that healthy individuals and CHD patients with normal exercise capacity experience changes in cardiovascular parameters, metabolism and sympathetic activity during light swimming exercise, changes which are not observed in seated bicycle ergometry at an exercise level of less than 2 W/kg-1. We have now examined 12 post-infarction patients (54.3 +/- 6 years) with limited exercise capacity (1.2 +/- 0.3 W/kg-1), who have been participating in physical therapy for 29 months (median time) under continuous medication. The examination comprised incremental seated bicycle ergometry and, approximately 60 min later, light swimming (2 to 3 x 2 min; speed v = 0.33 +/- 0.02 m.s-1; T = 28 degrees C). The changes in heart rate, blood pressure, lactate, glucose, adrenaline and noradrenaline levels during the swimming exercise were equivalent in mean value to ergometry at the 100 W level. Three patients had to discontinue swimming before the scheduled time, due to considerable arrhythmias. Three other patients stopped swimming because of subjective overexertion. The exercise reaction was less favorable among those unaccustomed to swimming than among regular swimmers. PMID- 3176597 TI - [A catheter for imaging the persistent ductus arteriosus]. AB - Nonsurgical techniques for patent ductus closure require precise knowledge of ductus diameter, length and shape. Angiographic visualization, especially in adults, may be difficult, due to the high flow and overlap of the aorta or the pulmonary artery. We have developed a new catheter for visualizing a patent ductus without intraarterial injection of contrast dye. A smooth latex balloon is mounted near the tip of this catheter and when it is filled with dye, the balloon fits the contours of the ductus. Ductus diameter may be established by measuring the diameter of the balloon. Furthermore, the hemodynamic consequences of ductus closure may be observed with the balloon occluding the ductus. PMID- 3176596 TI - [Electrophysiologic effects of betaxolol on conduction properties of the antegrade and retrograde pathway in patients with typical atrioventricular node reentry tachycardia following intravenous and oral administration]. AB - The electrophysiologic effects of the beta-1 selective beta adrenergic blocking drug Betaxolol were investigated after intravenous (0.15 mg/kg body weight) and oral (20 mg/day) administration in 11 patients with atrioventricular-nodal reentrant tachycardia. Betaxolol significantly (p less than 0.01) prolonged cycle length, sinus node recovery time, AH-interval, as well as the antegrade functional refractory period of the slow and fast AV-nodal pathway. The effective refractory period of the fast AV-nodal pathway was also markedly increased (p less than 0.05). In only six patients could the effective refractory period of the slow AV-nodal pathway be determined; in the other patients, it was shorter than the effective refractory period of the atrium. The effective refractory period of the atrium and the ventricle was not significantly altered by Betaxolol. Intravenous administration of Betaxolol suppressed induction of tachycardia in eight patients, whereas after oral Betaxolol, tachycardia was not inducible in ten patients. Betaxolol prevented induction of tachycardia in two patients by prolonging antegrade conduction over the slow AV-nodal pathway. The retrograde fast AV-nodal pathway was blocked in eight patients. Presumably the increased effectiveness of oral Betaxolol can be attributed to higher Betaxolol plasma concentrations, reached after oral treatment (58 +/- 38 ng/ml), as compared to intravenous administration (40 +/- 40 ng/ml). There were no false positive results after intravenous testing of Betaxolol. PMID- 3176598 TI - [Quality assurance in Riva-Rocci blood pressure measurement: simultaneous sphygmomanometry with open and covered pressure display]. AB - The indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure according to Riva-Rocci is one of the most frequently performed medical diagnostic procedures. When properly performed, this method yields accurate readings compared with intraarterial measurements. However, measurements by means of conventional sphygmomanometers are subject to observer error and variability. Therefore, to eliminate important sources of bias (terminal digit preference of the observer, rate of inflation and deflation of the cuff), and to quantify interobserver variability, a new sphygmomanometer has been developed. The new instrument makes possible "simultaneous-blind" blood pressure readings by two observers, according to the Riva-Rocci method. Simultaneous-blind blood pressure readings were made by four observers with experience in blood pressure determination. In 448 measurements made under resting conditions, values obtained by different observers with the new device were very consistent with each other: there were no differences in 50% of systolic and 43% of diastolic measurements. Differences of more than 5 mmHg were observed only in 9% of the systolic and 11% of the diastolic measurements. In 165 measurements made during exercise, the differences between blood pressure readings by different observers were larger (more than 5 mmHg in 40% of systolic and 35% of diastolic values). This variability among observers may be substantial in blood pressure readings made in therapeutic and epidemiologic studies, even when the observers are carefully selected and trained. Compared with the conventional open measurements, blind measurements (n = 100) gave mean values 2 mmHg lower, depending on heart rate and cuff deflation rate. The new sphygmomanometer allows quantification and control of the variability among observers during both open and blind measurements. PMID- 3176599 TI - [Life planning--consequences of a steadily growing life span 1650-2000. Considering the longer life span, do we need a life plan?]. AB - Recent social historical studies on the development of life expectancy over the last 300-400 years have shown that the increasing certainty that the great majority of us will be able to live relatively healthy lives until the end is more decisive for most people than the lengthening of the life span itself. A premature death is no longer--as in previous generations--the rule. Today it is the exception. In an historical and worldwide context, we are the first who will- or could--be able to live our lives from the perspective of a relatively calculable, distant end. In order to do this to a greater degree and, above all, more consciously, a "life design" or "life plan" seems to be necessary. This means developing, as early in life as possible, the types of interests that will last a whole life long and will provide fulfillment, particularly in the "Fourth Age". The period of maturity (and waning activity) should not then be one of insufferable emptiness. "Maturity of life" can mean a chance and a goal for most of us today, provided that we structure this life appropriately ourselves. Contributions to discussions in this context in the USA and in two research related seminars at the Free University of Berlin are presented. PMID- 3176600 TI - [Educational concepts, attitude to learning ability and learning concept in elderly adults--results of an empirical comparison of the aged]. AB - This article analyzes the attitude of old people to education and learning in old age. The different factors influencing attitude systems are investigated. Moreover, this study investigates the types of association elderly people make with the terms "education" and "learning". The analysis revealed that old people regard learning as an important component of life. "Learning" not only comprises acquisition of knowledge, but is also seen as an increase in the ability to judge and criticize. PMID- 3176602 TI - [Attitude patterns of the elderly to technical innovation]. AB - This article investigates how older adults react to new technology. The concepts of "social integration", "control", "learning new material", and "mediation" concepts are shown. One-hundred-sixty-four subjects from 58 to 88 years old judged 83 items dealing with computers. The statistical analysis (factor analysis) revealed a complex structure of perception and judgement. Three independent dimensions were found: 1) "danger", 2) "positive aspects", and 3) "motivation". Whereas the first two factors are of very general dimensions, "motivation" is specifically influenced by educational level in interaction with previous experience. The importance of computers for life-long learning is discussed. Possibilities for computer-based training are demonstrated. PMID- 3176601 TI - [Education of the aged in a residential setting--motivation for participation of "educational novices" within the scope of a "bring" structure]. AB - Every inhabitant aged 60 years and over in a working class district in Kassel (N = 568) was visited and invited to discussion groups (topics were "growing old", "health", "care" and others) and to excursion activities. 10% of the people were interested; 7% actually took part. In comparison with a control group of participants from other districts, it was shown that it is possible to mobilize some of those people who have had low-level schooling and only a little experience of further education. PMID- 3176603 TI - [Cases from an edema consultation]. PMID- 3176604 TI - [Lymphography in prostatic cancer]. PMID- 3176605 TI - [Unilateral secondary postmastectomy arm lymphedema. Study of inpatient physical therapy]. PMID- 3176606 TI - [Cyclic changes in lymph vessels in the pig uterus. Studies of the endometrium]. AB - By means of the orthograde application of Patent Blue Violet and Japanese ink, it was possible to demonstrate the cyclical changes in the uterine lymphatics of the pig. It was found that the lymphatic vessels in the endometrium were markedly dilated during oestrus. In the following phases of the cycle the lymphatics showed a reticulate pattern, which in the stage of preoestrus resembles that seen in oestrus. The transport of the dye into the lymphatics takes place extremely rapidly through the wall of the uterus and then into the mesometrium (serosa), where the lymphatics have a typically beaded appearance. PMID- 3176607 TI - [Staging in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas]. AB - In the period from 1970 to 1986, 46 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were laparotomized and splenectomized at the Surgery Division, University of Gottingen. The operation was frequently carried out in advanced or generalized stages with a therapeutic indication and served for purely diagnostic purposes in only a proportion of the cases. The Kiel classification was chosen for the histology. Accordingly, hairy-cell leukemia (14 cases) and chronic lymphatic leukemia (12 cases) were the most frequent diagnoses, followed by LP immunocytoma and centroblastic-centrocytic lymphoma (seven cases each). In four out of the 20 clinical pictures which were not already generalized by definition, i.e. in 20% of the cases, exploratory laparotomy resulted in a change of stage (comprising two improvements and two deteriorations). The spleen was affected in 41 out of the 46 patients; in addition, lymphomatous infiltrations were found in six of the 12 liver biopsies taken and in 15 out of 17 lymph node preparations taken. The average spleen weight in the NHL patients (1,623 g) was markedly higher than in a reference group of Hodgkin patients (317 g). With critical establishment of the indication, exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy in histologically verified NHL and lymphography in the clinical staging are the most precise methods of investigation in graduated diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. PMID- 3176608 TI - [Spontaneous necrosis of the upper femoral epiphysis in prepuberty (puberty "Perthes")]. AB - The author differentiates between prepubertal necrosis of the upper femoral epiphysis and Perthes' disease in children. A number of clinical and roentgenological factors are decisive in distinguishing between the two conditions. Prepubertal epiphysial necrosis is always quickly followed by severe hip deformity which, in contrast to Perthes' disease, cannot be corrected by any therapeutical means. Early osteoarthritis must be expected in all cases. The author discusses several therapeutic possibilities which have not yet been tested and which, in case which are diagnosed early, could have a positive effect. PMID- 3176609 TI - [Secondary flattening of the acetabular roof in children]. AB - The primary "idiopathic" shallow acetabuli within the classical complex of CDH are confronted with the rare secondary "symptomatic" dysplasias of the acetabular roof. They are encountered mainly in connection with neuromuscular diseases and bad static conditions about the hip-joint. Nine cases with secondary flattening of the acetabular roof of unknown aetiology are presented, probably partially due to CDH, in connection with slight cerebral disturbances, mental and physical retardation, hypotonia of the muscles, with general constitutional laxity of joints as well as with acquired local loosening of the joint capsule due to treatment, and with insufficiency of the hip-abductors. As with the classical CDH one may observe in those cases a lateralization of the femoral head in the absence of an interposition in the joint; increasing subluxations due to joint instability with increasing shallow acetabuli may start from infancy, many years prior to puberty. If conservative treatment--not prolonged--fails and the findings are deteriorating acetabuloplasty is indicated prior to intertrochanteric adduction osteotomy during the growth-period. PMID- 3176610 TI - [Radiologic changes of the bones following cement-free implantation of hip joint prosthesis in inflammatory rheumatic diseases]. AB - The postoperative x-rays of 34 patients with rheumatoid arthritis or spondylitis who had received a cement-free fixed total hip endoprosthesis were examined. The postoperative period ranged from 3 months to four years. In the region of the acetabular component an increasing rate of osseous integration in relation to the postoperative time was observed. Adaptive modeling changes in the area of the femoral stem were found as radiolucent lines parallel to the implant. Also a densification of cancellous bone and cortical hypertrophy as well as cortical rarefaction was noticeable. The bone in rheumatoid arthritis or spondylitis reacts to the implantation of a cementless fixed total hip prosthesis similar as the bone in osteoarthritis. PMID- 3176612 TI - [Is the implantation of hinged knee joint prostheses still justifiable today? 15 years' experience using the Blauth knee joint prosthesis]. AB - In objection to knee hinge prostheses there is often mentioned a higher complication rate. An increased load impact on the bone-cement interface results from the close connection of tibial and femoral components. This is assumed to cause bad results, as reported from early artificial knee joint replacements, characterised by weight bearing axes and direct contact metal to metal. These are contrasted to long term results of the Blauth hinge prosthesis. The Blauth prosthesis is constructed according to the low friction principle without a weightbearing axis. A prospective multicentric long term follow-up study reports on 556 prostheses. 463 (83%) were controlled between 1 and 15 years after operation (average: 43 months). Aseptic loosenings had to be confirmed in 1.3% of the patients, deep infections in 2.6%. The survival analysis did not show an erratic deterioration in dependence of the observation period. After 10 years there is still a probability of 89% that a prosthesis does not show a deep infection or loosening. The efficiency of artificial knee joint replacement by hinge joints should therefore not be judged on the results of the first generation of these models. PMID- 3176611 TI - [Partial femur replacement: implanted without cement]. AB - The following indications are well accepted for subtotal femur replacement: 1. Malignoma of the hip region. 2. Pertrochanteric fractures. 3. Loosening of hip prosthesis in case of large bony defects. The common devices are implanted by use of bone cement,--we report on three cases, treated by cementless subtotal femoral replacements with bony ingrowth surface. The surface design imitates the structure of spongious bone. The mean observation time of our three patients is more than two years, no complaints are to be observed. By intensive permeation of bone in the surface structure we achieve a more advantageous biomechanical situation. PMID- 3176613 TI - [Comparative studies on cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead accumulation in coxarthrosis and idiopathic femur head necrosis]. AB - Possible heavy-metal toxicity due to cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead in coxarthrosis and idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur is reported on for the first time. Studies are made in the diseased head of the femur by means of ICP emission spectroscopy and atom absorption spectrophotometry. Whereas the blood and bone analyses in the own control group and in the coxarthrosis patients show normal values, a statistically significantly elevated element concentration in the head of the femur in the case of idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur could be demonstrated with regard to the heavy-metal toxicity due to cadmium, nickel and lead. The analysis of the necrotic zone itself also shows considerable accumulations both for chromium and for nickel and lead. Since the analysed trace elements are strongly toxic in high concentrations, further clarification of a possible causal relationship between toxic trace element concentration and idiopathic necrosis of the head of the femur appears necessary. PMID- 3176614 TI - [Correction of the pes equinus component in congenital clubfoot by freeing the triceps surae muscles and by tibiocalcaneal distraction]. AB - 20 children, average age 9 months, were treated of 27 inborn deformed feet by a new method. It consists in a wide release of m. triceps surae and its tendon, posterior lateral and posterior medial release and lengthening of the muscle with the help of a personal distraction apparatus, leaving the tendon untouched. Control examinations from 9 months to 4.7 years after operation showed correction of the equinus component by an average of 49 degrees and correction of the profile of the talocalcaneal angle by an average of 34 degrees. PMID- 3176615 TI - [Lateral ligament replacement of the ankle joint--cialit graft or tendon graft? A comparative clinical study from the Balgrist Orthopedic University Hospital, Zurich]. AB - Of a total of 268 patients who were operated because of ankle instability, 125 who were treated with cialit skin graft and 101 who received a peroneal tendon graft were interrogated. 36 were clinically and radiologically examined. Apart from some very minor disturbances, neither during the period immediately after surgery nor later, were the subjective or objective results significantly different. This observation demands that no surgical technique should be employed that could interfere with the function of proprioceptive or constraining structures. PMID- 3176616 TI - [The Akin-New method for surgery of hallux valgus. 1-year results of a covered surgical method]. AB - A new technique of operation on hallux valgus according to the method of Akin (1925) was introduced to us by Dr. Theodore O. New in 1983. From small skin incisions the removal of the bunion and a corrective osteotomy of the phalanx are accomplished. The results of the operation in 72 out of a total of 77 operated feet one year after operation are reviewed. By the patients 40 (55%) of the results were judged as excellent (A), 23 (32%) as good (B) and 9 (13%) as not satisfying (C). The results of objective assessment were less favorable. 11 (15%) excellent (A) and 34 (48%) good (B) were opposed by 27 (37%) non satisfying results. These are attributed to the stringent rules of judgment and the lack of experience in suitable indications. Saving the metatarsophalangeal joint, minimal postoperative pain and early rehabilitation are advantages of this technique. PMID- 3176617 TI - [Cefotaxime levels in synovial fluid following intravenous administration]. AB - The corresponding levels of cefotaxime in serum and synovial fluid were investigated in patients undergoing surgery under perioperative antibiotic medication. By investigating 32 samples a concentration band over 4 hours could be established. Clinically relevant levels of the drug could be found from 10 minutes after start of the intravenous dose with an increase up to 30 minutes. Between 30 and 90 minutes the average concentration was about 40 micrograms/ml. After 90 minutes a decrease of the concentration was found and the median lines for synovial and serum concentrations crossed at about 105 minutes. Even after 4 hours we found synovial titers of 10 to 20 micrograms/ml having therapeutical relevance. From the results we can conclude, that cefotaxime infusion of 2 g produced over hours therapeutical synovial levels being significantly over the break point of 16 micrograms/ml for bacteria susceptible to this antibiotic agent. On the other hand we strongly recommend not to wait too long with surgical intervention when a joint infection does not improve significantly in 48 hours under systemic antibiotic treatment. PMID- 3176618 TI - [High-grade direct roentgen magnification--a new possibility in skeletal diagnosis?]. AB - High-grade direct X-ray magnification represents a new technique. Its possibilities are demonstrated taking as example a comparison between histological and directly X-ray magnified images of bone tumour specimens. With its method, which has previously not been introduced, it is possible to obtain images of anatomical structures the display of which was previously the preserve of histological techniques. The still high local radiation exposure currently limits use in the main to basic research. PMID- 3176619 TI - [Skeletal changes in thalassemia]. AB - Display of this hereditary blood disease (haemoglobinopathy) which is endemic in the Mediterranean area and rarely appearing in our area, characterized by early blood cell destruction and increasing transfusion siderosis of internal and endocrine organs, secondary osteoporosis, epiphyseal growth disturbances and spontaneous fractures by means of two typical cases. PMID- 3176620 TI - [Orthopedic diagnostics using acoustic phenomena]. AB - The clinical analysis of joint noises has practical significance in orthopedics. It has been attempted from time to time in the past 100 years to amplify, analyse and record joint noises. Despite the increased effort from decade to decade, the method of phonoarthrography has not been able to establish itself, since the measurements are complex and poorly reproducible. Artifacts can easily be confused with pathological findings. Finally, because of the different physical properties of light, the sense of vision has essential advantages compared with the sense of hearing, which can localize a sound source only insufficiently accurately. PMID- 3176621 TI - From a physician in Alaska, a correction in terminology. PMID- 3176623 TI - Whose interest should have priority? PMID- 3176624 TI - Typhoidal tularemia presenting as enteritis with leukopenia. PMID- 3176625 TI - The physician recumbent. PMID- 3176622 TI - Is health care a right or a privilege? PMID- 3176626 TI - Directions. PMID- 3176627 TI - [Sections in Harnosand conducted a survey: we stick ourselves, get bitten and get blood on the skin]. PMID- 3176628 TI - [Anna is satisfied: local budget is alright. Interview by Jan Thomasson]. PMID- 3176629 TI - [Lillebror is dissatisfied: for a small raise. Interview by Jan Thomasson]. PMID- 3176630 TI - [Margot Odman, SHSTF: chance for an equitable wage. Interview by Jan Thomasson]. PMID- 3176631 TI - [Help in clearing up pain. Interview by Monika Trozell]. PMID- 3176632 TI - [In worn oil-cloth books await your rich history]. PMID- 3176633 TI - [Ingela wrote a book about caring for a little child. Interview by Viveka Holmertz]. PMID- 3176634 TI - [Support problems about HIV infected in the profession]. PMID- 3176635 TI - [Counselors are instructors in the nursing office. They have opened our eyes!. Interview by Goran Nilsson]. PMID- 3176636 TI - [Average wages in KTK (Municipal Employee Cartel) higher by at least 1100 kronas]. PMID- 3176637 TI - [Vardfacket's survey on 'mobbing'--many suffer in silence]. PMID- 3176638 TI - [Staff and patients hand in hand towards Are's mountain tops]. PMID- 3176639 TI - Chronic venous incompetence and transcutaneous oxygen pressure: a controlled study. PMID- 3176640 TI - A study of ankle and toe pressure prediction following aortofemoral bypass. PMID- 3176641 TI - The hemorheological role of cellular factors in peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 3176642 TI - [Thrombogenicity of vascular prostheses in the short-term carotid artery test. A modified in vitro evaluation model]. PMID- 3176643 TI - [Long-term course following amputation of the lower extremity for arterial occlusive disease from the viewpoint of rehabilitation]. PMID- 3176646 TI - Acroosteolysis and Raynaud's phenomenon after vinyl chloride exposure. PMID- 3176644 TI - Determination of prognosis after femoropopliteal bypass. Skin temperature, ankle systolic pressure index and other determinants. PMID- 3176645 TI - Coumarin associated skin necrosis. PMID- 3176647 TI - [Aneurysm of the brachial artery--a rare complication of Behcet disease. Case report]. PMID- 3176648 TI - [Immunological mechanisms having relevance in the occurrence of the autoimmune process]. PMID- 3176649 TI - [Experimental specific immunotherapy of acute poisoning by dinitrophenol compounds]. PMID- 3176651 TI - [Metabolism and selective toxicity of organophosphate pesticides]. PMID- 3176650 TI - [Immunological indices of patients with radiation-induced edema of the upper extremities following combined treatment of breast cancer]. PMID- 3176652 TI - [Prognosis of the acute hypertensive syndrome following resection of aortic coarctation]. PMID- 3176653 TI - [The effectiveness of measured bicycle training in the combined treatment of myocardiodystrophy in children]. PMID- 3176654 TI - [Enhancement of the body's capacity to resist various extreme factors by using normobaric hypoxic stimulation]. PMID- 3176655 TI - [Clinico-immunological indices in treatment with the helium-neon laser in surface vasculitis of the skin]. PMID- 3176657 TI - [Rosette-forming properties of the eosinophils and their use for the diagnosis and prognosis of atopic dermatitis in children]. PMID- 3176656 TI - [The role of cellular immune reactions in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris]. PMID- 3176658 TI - [Changes in the activity of nonspecific alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of psoriasis patients]. PMID- 3176659 TI - [Unresolved problems and the developmental outlook of pediatric dermatology]. PMID- 3176660 TI - [The social psychological and moral-ethical characteristics of patients with venereal diseases and of healthy persons from one of the risk groups]. PMID- 3176661 TI - [Systemic mastocytosis with typical skin involvement]. PMID- 3176662 TI - [A case of malignant midline granuloma]. PMID- 3176663 TI - [A case of Jessner-Kanof lymphocytic infiltration of the skin]. PMID- 3176665 TI - [Function of the immune system in patients with alopecia areata]. PMID- 3176666 TI - [Experience with nizoral treatment of patients with rubromycosis and candidiasis]. PMID- 3176664 TI - [Therapy and prevention of secondary infection in patients with atopic dermatitis]. PMID- 3176667 TI - [Prevention of congenital syphilis]. PMID- 3176668 TI - [Syphilitic ecthyma on the soles of a patient with malignant syphilis]. PMID- 3176669 TI - [Bone and air conduction in syphilis]. PMID- 3176670 TI - [A case of tabes dorsalis]. PMID- 3176671 TI - [The kallikrein-kinin system in chronic urticaria and Quincke's edema]. PMID- 3176672 TI - [Adhesion of fungi of the genus Candida to the mucosal epithelium in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3176674 TI - [A case of Favre-Racouchot disease associated with Gilbert's syndrome and essential hyperlipidemia]. PMID- 3176673 TI - [Granulocyte migration activity in the dynamics of experimental systemic candidiasis]. PMID- 3176675 TI - [Idiopathic lenticular pigmentation of the buccal mucosa (Laugier's disease)]. PMID- 3176676 TI - [The clinical picture and immune status of patients with psoriatic arthritis combined with opisthorchiasis]. PMID- 3176677 TI - [Lyell's syndrome from the repeat treatment of psoriasis with methotrexate]. PMID- 3176678 TI - [Sorption methods of detoxication in the combined therapy of patients with skin lymphomas]. PMID- 3176679 TI - [A case of metastatic cancer en cuirasse of the skin in stomach carcinoma]. PMID- 3176680 TI - [New data on the problem of vascular changes in psoriasis]. PMID- 3176681 TI - [A rare combination of linear scleroderma with cavernous hemangioma of the glans penis]. PMID- 3176682 TI - [Oleogranuloma of the genitalia]. PMID- 3176683 TI - [Means of enhancing treatment effectiveness in syphilis patients]. PMID- 3176684 TI - [Late results in treating syphilis patients by reserve methods]. PMID- 3176685 TI - [Methods for monitoring instruction in dermatology and venereology]. PMID- 3176686 TI - [The immune status of ichthyosis patients during photochemotherapy with aevit]. PMID- 3176687 TI - Further characterization of the virus-specific RNAs in feline calicivirus infected cells. AB - The virus-specific RNAs in feline calicivirus (FCV) infected cells were examined to determine the number and forms of RNAs that are synthesized during the infection process. Northern blots of poly(A)+ RNA from 5-h infected cells probed with a cDNA clone derived from the 3' end of the FCV genome (pCV3) revealed four FCV-specific RNAs that were approximately 8.2 (genomic RNA), 4.8, 4.2 and 2.4 kb in length. Northern blots of poly(A)+ RNA purified from infected cells hourly after infection and probed with pCV3 demonstrated that transcription of all FCV specific RNAs are detectable at 2 to 3 h post-infection (PI) and that these RNAs reached steady state levels at approximately 4 h PI. The levels of the FCV RNAs then remained relatively constant through 7 h PI, the last time tested, with the exception of the 4.8 and 4.2 kb transcripts which showed a marked increase between 6 and 7 hours PI. Northern blots of dsRNA which had been LiCl fractionated from pooled total cellular RNA isolated from 5-h and 7-h FCV infected cells, showed two double-stranded RNAs corresponding to the 8.2 kb genomic RNA and the 2.4 kb subgenomic RNA. Preliminary mapping by Northern blotting using cDNA probes derived from varying locations within the FCV genome was done to determine the approximate regions from which the subgenomic RNAs are derived. This analysis indicates that the viral RNAs are nested, co-terminal transcripts with common 3' ends. PMID- 3176688 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the M segment of Germiston virus: comparison of the M gene product of several bunyaviruses. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of the M RNA segment of Germiston bunyavirus was determined from plasmids containing overlapping M cDNA inserts. The M segment is 4534 nucleotides long and contains a 50-base-long inverted terminal repeat which can form a stable hydrogen-bonded secondary structure with a delta G of -45.8 kcal/mol. The RNA molecule complementary to viral RNA contains a single large open reading frame that encodes a 1437 amino acid-long protein with hydrophobic amino and carboxy terminal regions, which could represent signal and anchor sequences, respectively. It is presumed that this gene product is the polyprotein precursor to glycoproteins G1 and G2 and to the nonstructural polypeptide NSM. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the M RNA of Bunyamwera virus (prototype of the serogroup) and snowshow hare and La Crosse viruses (California serogroup) (Lees et al., 1986; Eshita and Bishop, 1984; Grady et al., 1987) were compared to those of Germiston virus. An overall amino acid sequence homology of 44% was found between Germiston and snowshoe hare viruses and of 61% between Germiston and Bunyamwera viruses. Most of the cysteines, three out of seven of the potential glycosylation sites, as well as the N and C terminal hydrophobic domains, are conserved between the four viruses. PMID- 3176689 TI - [Development of manipulative activity in vertebrate phylogeny]. PMID- 3176690 TI - [Convergent origin of the repetitions in genes coding for globular proteins. An analysis of the factors determining the presence of direct repetitions]. PMID- 3176691 TI - [DNA and protein synthesis in the cells of the rat cerebral cortex after hypoxia and the transplantation of embryonic nerve tissue]. PMID- 3176692 TI - [Radioautographic study of the postnatal cellular proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium in Hunter rats with hereditary retinal dystrophy]. PMID- 3176694 TI - Food prices in Papua New Guinea--a guide to the changing urban diet. PMID- 3176693 TI - Foodways in Papua New Guinea: philosophy and practice. PMID- 3176695 TI - Anaemia in children. PMID- 3176696 TI - Nutritional status of young children--the 1982/83 National Nutrition Survey. PMID- 3176697 TI - [Experience with the surgical therapy of thyroid diseases in childhood]. AB - 56 children of the age of 1 month to 16 years were treated between 1970 and 1987 for pathological changes of the thyroid gland. In 29 patients the disease presented as a nodular goitre, in 13 as hypothyrosis and cysts, and in 5 as carcinoma. Subtotal resection was performed in a total of 18 cases; rectolateral resection was performed 13 times. In 7 children the left thyroid lobe was resected subtotally and enucleation was performed 13 times. The surgical procedure during the individual disease patterns is discussed. PMID- 3176698 TI - [Surgical therapy of primary hyperparathyroidism in newborn infants]. AB - This is a report on a neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHPT) treated by total parathyroidectomy and autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue into the forearm musculature. Histologically, the glands were composed of a "chief cell hyperplasia" of the parathyroid tissue. Clinical manifestation in neonates and differential diagnosis of HPT are discussed. Indication for operation and surgical procedure are described. PMID- 3176699 TI - [Surgical intervention on the thymus in children and adolescents]. AB - Our group of 17 thymus operated patients--aged between 2 months and 18 years- consisted of 4 girls and 13 boys. All 5 patients whose operations were connected with a treatment for myasthenia gravis showed clinical improvement. In 3 children with malignant tumours the extent of surgery determined their subsequent prognosis. In 9 patients thoracotomy was performed because of space-occupying growth, or for the purpose of ensuring diagnostic safety. PMID- 3176700 TI - [Diagnostic localization and postoperative results of hormone-producing tumors of the adrenal cortex--review of 51 cases]. AB - 51 surgically treated cases with hormone-producing tumours of the adrenal cortex are evaluated for the reliability of preoperative localisation of diagnostic measures and postoperative results. 6 patients were children. The group contains 14 cases of Conn's syndrome, 32 cases of hypercortisolism, including 3 children, and 5 cases of AGS, 3 of which were children. The recommended work-up procedure is initiated by ultrasonography and followed by CT, possibly in combination with adrenal scintigraphy. This combination of a morphological and functional investigation established the correct diagnosis in all 51 cases. Laboratory values returned to normal levels in all cases, phenotypical aspects normalised in most cases. Deaths and complications occurred only in hypercortisolism and AGS. PMID- 3176701 TI - The management of islet cell dysregulation syndromes in infancy and childhood. AB - An analysis of 33 cases of children suffering from hyper-insulinism as a result of islet cell dysregulation is presented. Twenty-two children presented in the first 3 days after birth with the classical symptoms of hypoglycaemia. A second peak appeared between the ages of 4 months and 2 years after birth, hyperinsulinism becoming increasingly uncommon with advancing age. A logical approach to the diagnosis is presented based on an understanding of the metabolic effects of hyperinsulinism in causing hypoketonaemic hypo-fattyacidaemic hypoglycaemia. An analysis of the management of these cases is also presented It is concluded that the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism in infancy and childhood is relatively easy to make, and that a careful and logical plan of management should prevent the high incidence of neurological damage which has been reported previously in survivors. PMID- 3176703 TI - [Surgery of the female gonads]. AB - 37 girls, 2 to 16 years of age, with 38 ovarian tumours or ovarian cysts were treated between 1971 and 1986. 14 patients had teratomas, 8 cystadenomas, 11 follicular cysts and 5 cysts of parovarian origin. 2 of the teratomas were malignant. Abdominal pain was the leading symptom in 32 patients, an abdominal mass was found by palpation in 18 patients. Most of the teratomas were found in prepubertal girls. With one exception all children with follicular cysts and cystadenomas were between 11 and 16 years of age. The patients with teratomas and cystadenomas were treated by ovariectomy, in the 2 patients with malignant teratomas followed by chemotherapy. The girls with ovarian or parovarian cysts were treated by cystectomy. All patients are doing well 1 to 15 years after operation. PMID- 3176702 TI - [7/8th pancreas resection in nesidioblastosis?]. AB - The extent of pancreatectomy for the treatment of nesidioblastosis is open to dispute. Recurrent hypoglycaemia, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or exocrine insufficiency may result. CASE REPORTS: 1) A female twin presented with hypoglycaemia, insulin response inappropriate for glucose levels, marked leucine sensitivity, low ketones, underwent 7/8 pancreatectomy for multifocal adenomatosis at the age of 13 months. 2) A boy of 7 months of age had a 95% resection including the uncinate process. Focal adenomatosis combined with diffuse nesidioblastosis proved by immunohistological examination. OUTCOME: Both remained asymptomatic and normoglycaemic. DISCUSSION: The prognosis seems to depend on the primary extent of resection. PMID- 3176704 TI - [Quantitative polarization microscopy demonstration of collagen type I and type III in histologic paraffin sections]. AB - The industrial dye Solophenyl Red 3 BL (Ciba-Geigy) dissolved in a saturated aquaeous solution of picric acid has proved suitable for differentiating between collagen types I and III in histological sections. When examined under polarization microscopy, type I fibers are radiant orange while type III fibers are green. Using 5 micron paraffin sections, an optimal staining procedure was determined: sections were first stained with Resorcin Fuchsin for elastic fibers and with Celestin Blue/Mayer's Hematoxylin for nuclear structures. The staining was then completed with 0.1 g Solophenyl Red/100 ml saturated aqueous solution of picric acid for 60 min at a pH value of 1.25. It was shown that the dye stained collagen selectively. With the aid of a photomultiplier, the spectral distribution of a series of lung sections adequately stained according to the optimized procedure was carried out using a monochromator and an interference filter, respectively. Both methods yielded identical peaks at 590 nm for the orange colored light of collagen type I and 490 nm for the green light of collagen type III. Application of appropriate filters permitted the intensity of the orange and green light at 590 nm and 490 nm to be measured. Long postmortem intervals did not affect the measured values. Quantitative inferences on the ratio of collagen I to collagen III could then be deduced from the ratio of the intensity of orange to green light. This index I/III is often applied in the diagnosis of discrete fibrotic changes in various organs. PMID- 3176705 TI - [Incidence and forensic value of liver cell hydrops in external asphyxia and sudden infant death]. AB - A histological examination was carried out in 108 cases of asphyxia, 28 cases of SIDS, and 33 cases with other causes of death to assess the occurrence of liver cell hydrops. In almost all cases of violent suffocation of newborns and children up to 10 years of age hydrops of the hepatocytes were found, whereas these results could be verified only exceptionally after violent suffocation of adults. Eighteen cases or 64.3% of SIDS showed a diffuse distribution of liver-cell hydrops over each liver lobule. Liver-cell hydrops seems to represent a frequent morphological equivalent of acute oxygen deficiency in asphyxia in childhood and is a common finding in SIDS. PMID- 3176706 TI - DIA3 phenotyping in human tissues, dental pulps, and hair roots by isoelectric focusing. AB - The polymorphism of DIA3 was investigated in tissues of various human organs, dental pulps, and hair roots by isoelectric focusing. DIA3 types were demonstrated from tissues of brain, prostate, testis, ovary, and uterus, but not from tissues of spleen, pancreas, heart, liver, muscle, lung, skin, and kidney. Determination was possible from dental pulps stored at room temperature for up to 2 weeks and from fresh hair roots. The results show that the DIA3 typing by isoelectric focusing is useful for medicolegal individualization of brain, reproductive organs, teeth, and hairs. PMID- 3176707 TI - [ABO blood group expression in female genital organs. An immunohistochemical study]. AB - The accumulation of false-negative results in the immunocytochemical investigation of vaginal swabs of nonsecretors was our reason for checking ABH blood-group labeling in female genitalia in situ (11 sections each from 51 different autopsies). The epithelia and endothelia showed positive staining in the blood group concerned. The epithelia of the secretors were strongly marked in the fallopian tube, vagina, urinary bladder, and urethra, whereas in the other sections the staining was irregular. The superficial layers of the vaginal epithelium of nonsecretors were not marked, which explains the poor results in the immunocytochemical investigation of vaginal swabs. Blood group A subtyping seems possible because after anti-H incubation, nearly complete labeling of the endothelia of the A2 cases took place; this is not the case for AB cases. PMID- 3176709 TI - [Mechanism of action of forearm strangulation technics]. AB - Two cases of death caused by the use of choke holds are reported; four different types of choke holds used in combative sports were investigated. In experiments on corpses it was found that even relatively little expenditure of strength can impede the passage of fluid not only through the internal carotid artery but also through the vertebral artery, depending on the respective choke hold. Fractures of the larynx cannot be expected as often as after typical throttling. However, a quick loss in defense capacity was found experimentally, and this always occurred within 15 s. Pulse frequency and blood pressure were recorded. Injuries to the neck are minor and may not be typical. PMID- 3176710 TI - [Short and long-term survival in fatal street traffic accidents]. AB - Only persons who die within 30 days after an accident are primarily considered accident fatalities. This arbitrary deadline has considerable legal consequences, especially for health insurance companies. Advances in the immediate and optimal treatment for persons injured in traffic accidents at the site of the accident, as well as improvement in surgical techniques, have increased the number of fatalities, with the injured surviving for more than 30 days after the accident. An analysis of reports showed that about 5%-16% of deaths by accident survived the fatal accident for more than 30 days, so the arbitrary deadline of 30 days clearly needs to be revised. PMID- 3176708 TI - [Enzyme activities of leukocytes in skin cut wounds with various wound ages]. AB - A study was carried out on leukocyte enzyme activity from prints of skin cut wounds of guinea pigs at various time intervals after the injury. The following enzymes were examined: alkaline and acid phosphatase, succinate, lactate, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. Cytochemical analysis revealed a rapid increase in enzyme activity in the 4th h after the wound occurred, which can be explained by the alteration in leukocyte metabolism induced by the damaging agent, i.e., the skin trauma inflicted. The rise in lactate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity is the most characteristic feature. In accordance with these changes in enzyme activity, some conclusions can be made about certain intracellular alterations. There is a close relationship between the course and the degree of these cellular changes and the time interval between the injury and examination of the enzyme activity. These changes make it possible to draw conclusions concerning the vital character and the interval after inflicting as well. PMID- 3176712 TI - The problem of determining the manner of death as suicide or accident in borderline cases. AB - The purpose of this study was to check the reliability of the classification of death in cases regarded primarily as accidents or undetermined. The material used for the analysis consisted of the documents of autopsies performed at our department in 1981. There were altogether 283 cases of suicides, accidents or undetermined deaths, accounting for 8.4% of total mortality, and of these 180 cases were of the two last categories. In 125 cases primarily regarded as non suicides (accidents or undetermined) there were some features of suicide leading to reclassification as probable suicide in 24 cases. Fifteen of these were primarily poisoning "accidents", mainly alcohol intoxications. The result indicates that the suicide rate would be 3.7% instead of 3.0% of the total mortality. It may thus be concluded that the official figure for suicides could be as much as 18.9% smaller than the "actual" figure. PMID- 3176713 TI - [Sources of error in the determination of transferrin in frozen blood samples and blood stains]. AB - Frozen or stored blood samples often show bands in the D-area of transferrin. These alterations can be misinterpreted as D-variants. The alterations do not appear in separated serum. Isoelectric focusing of dried blood traces shows changes in the Tf-subtype system that may lead to misinterpretations. PMID- 3176714 TI - Simultaneous quantitative analysis of methamphetamine and 4 hydroxymethamphetamine in body fluids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. AB - Pentodeuterated 4-hydroxymethamphetamine (HMAMP-d5), 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2 (methyl-d3-amino)-propane-1,2-d2 of high quality was prepared and proved to be a most useful internal standard for quantitative analyses of 4 hydroxymethamphetamine (HMAMP), a main metabolite of methamphetamine (MAMP). Highly reliable results were obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Simultaneously we determined also MAMP, amphetamine (AMP), 4-hydroxyamphetamine (HAMP), and HMAMP in body fluids, using two internal standards, HMAMP-d5 for HMAMP and HAMP and pentodeuterated methamphetamine, 1-phenyl-2-(methyl-d3-amino) propane-1,2-d2, for MAMP and AMP. PMID- 3176711 TI - [Fatal outcome of poisoning with ethylene glycol]. AB - After an act of violence, a delinquent swallowed about 250 ml ethylene glycol (EG) - probably to commit suicide before being arrested. During an interrogation by the police he appeared to be inebriated. A blood sample taken at this time did not contain ethanol but 5.1 g/l EG, as revealed by the analytical results. Only after a second examination was he taken to an intensive care unit in a hospital in spite of signs of pronounced intoxication after 12 h at the first examination. The patient died 30 h after taking EG without being effectively treated. The correct diagnosis, initiated by information from the poison control center, was made too late. At autopsy, findings were indicative of stage II of EG poisoning with a body burden of still 40-60 g EG. The mean rate of degradation in the blood was approximately 0.15 g/l per hour. PMID- 3176715 TI - [Biostatistical evaluation of HLA-A, B findings in cases with suspected recombination]. AB - In a given case with two or more siblings the bloodgroup findings may yield a high plausibility of paternity for the alleged father of the children whilst the HLA-A,B characteristics may exhibit an exclusion of fatherhood of one or other of the siblings. But this "exclusion" may disappear assuming an HLA-A,B recombination of a father's (or mother's) gamete. In such cases simple calculations (i.e., by hand) can provide the serostatistical characteristic L = Y/X (after Essen-Moller) for the given HLA-A,B constellation. In two-child cases with HLA-A,B findings for the putative father, the two pedigrees for the counterhypothesis Y are Yg1 and Yg2. The one holds for the case where the putative father is the father of child 1 and the other for the case where he is the father of child 2; in each case an unknown man is the father of the other child. The likelihood ratio is calculated as follows: L = Y/X = 1/r.p(3,3).p(3,4).[p(4,4) + p(4,3)]/[p(3,3).p(4,4) + p(3,4).p(4,3)], where p(3,3) and p(4,4) are the frequencies of the putative father's HLA-A,B haplotypes in the pedigree YH1, p(3,4) and p(4,3) those in pedigree YH2, and where r is the recombination rate. In three-child cases and others in which the putative father is deceased and HLA results from legitimate children or siblings are available, and in which fatherhood is only possible if a recombinant haplotype interferes, only one counter-hypothesis exists. In these cases, the likelihood ratio is represented by L = Y/X = 2/r.p(HR).2I, where p(HR) means the frequency of the recombinant HLA-A,B haplotype, r the recombination rate and I(0, 1 or 2) the "difference in determined types." PMID- 3176716 TI - A delayed drowning death with histological findings of shock. AB - A delayed drowning death case with histological findings of shock was described. The person was sustained by continuous positive-pressure respiration and died 2 days after resuscitation from drowning. The histological findings were intravascular microthrombi, hyaline bodies and fibrin thrombi in the brain, multiple megakaryocytes in the pulmonary capillaries, hyaline membranes of the lung, multiple small hyaline bodies in the liver sinusoids, and erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach as well as histological findings of shock kidney. Drowning and systemic hypotension during resuscitation seemed to cause irreversible oxygen debt of the organs and the tissues to lead to shock. PMID- 3176718 TI - [Behavior of prolactin secretion and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol level in patients with active kidney calculi]. AB - In 76 patients with urolithiasis the behaviour of the level of 25-OH-D and prolactin, respectively, and the metabolism of calcium and phosphate were investigated after an intravenous calcium load. In these patients a significant lower 25-OH-D level and a significant lower increase of the serum phosphate level after calcium load was observed in comparison with healthy adults. However, in contrast to healthy probands, the prolactin level was suppressed significantly. A participation of these endocrine changes in the pathogenesis of pathogenesis of urolithiasis could be suggested. PMID- 3176717 TI - [Fatal diltiazem poisoning]. AB - The diagnosis at postmortem examination and the results of the chemical analysis in a case of a diltiazem intoxication are presented. Two metabolites were identified as desacetyldiltiazem and N-desmethyldiltiazem. PMID- 3176719 TI - [Indications for the Scribner shunt in hemodialysis]. AB - The indication to a Scribner shunt as vascular access for hemodialysis has been reduced significantly by the use of central-venous catheters and creation of subcutaneous access methods. In 13 patients suffering from septic complications of the central-venous vascular access catheters a Scribner shunt was created for continuation of hemodialysis. After removal of infected catheters and specific antibiotic therapy the sepsis could be controlled in 12 patients within 4-18 days. PMID- 3176720 TI - [Heparin-free hemodialysis in chronic patients for temporary management of conditions with a high risk of bleeding]. AB - It was reported on 30 heparin-free hemodialyses in 7 chronic patients by means of the capillary dialyzer MLW Typ II. The procedure is described in detail. It is used in the case of threatening bleeding complications along with absence of bed sided coagulation tests. The additional expense is justifiable, the procedure is effective and well-tolerable. PMID- 3176721 TI - [Determination of clearance for urea-controlled hemodialysis]. AB - Through a simple variant of the urea model the qualitative influence of the dialyzer-clearance on the individual dialysis guidance is elucidated. Realization of the respective Kdtd/V-value require an exact knowledge of the in-vivo-urea clearance of all available dialyzer types and their manipulation with the aid of blood flow. The theoretical connections are explained and possible parameters affecting the in-vivo-clearance are discussed. The results concerning the dependence of urea-clearance on the blood flow are presented in an urea-guided dialysis patient pool for all in the GDR customary in the trade or temporary available dialyzers. It is shown, that in MLW-dialyzers an influence on the urea clearance about the blood flow is small because of their relatively thick-walled membrane. Therefore, the development of dialysis membranes with superior diffusible permeability is necessary. PMID- 3176722 TI - [Scanning electron microscopy study of the peritoneum as a dialysis membrane--a morphological study on the etiology of sclerosing peritonitis]. AB - Scanning electron microscopy investigations of the surface of rat peritoneum were performed after application of isotonic saline solution and peritoneal dialysis solutions with osmolalities of 375, 528, and 680 mosmol x kg-1 and intraabdominal stay periods of 15, 30, and 45 minutes. Severe morphological changes of the peritoneal surface were shown as clotting and atrophy of microvilli, detachment of surface cells from the basement layer, destruction of the basal lamina and appearance of rough-fibrous submembranous connective tissue, which was observed even after application of isotonic saline solution into the abdominal cavity. In conclusion, sclerosing peritonitis is caused by a fruitless inflammation reaction of the organism against the unphysiological function of the peritoneum as dialysis membrane forced upon peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3176724 TI - [Utriculus cysts--report of a rare manifestation]. AB - It is reported on a rare partial intravesical utriculus cyst in a 72-year-old man. The particularities of the topography and the histological structure of the wall are presented and the diagnostical delimination compared with cysts of other pathogenesis are discussed. Cysts of the Mullerian Duct are deliminated from the utriculus cysts. In the present case of an intramural utriculus cyst a conservative approach (cyst punction) is indicated. A radical removal is impossible, in contrast to the extravesical utriculus cysts. The collapse of the cyst, the absence of subjective trouble, the non-inflammatory altered cyst wall, and the age of the deceased man indicate a favourable prognosis of the utriculus cysts. PMID- 3176725 TI - [Percutaneous catheter dilatation of benign ureteral stenoses: indications, technic, results]. AB - From June 1984 to December 1986 twenty-one benign ureteral stenoses were treated. After percutaneous nephropyelostomy an antegrade dilatation was performed by means of balloon catheters or increasing size of angiographic catheters. Subsequently an ureteral splinting with a F-12-catheter and a glucocorticoid therapy was followed. 13 strictures (61.9%) were treated successfully and in 3 cases (14.3%) an improvement of the obstruction and kidney function was obtained. In 5 patients (23.8%) the dilatation failed, in 2 of whom a nephrectomy was done. The failures occurred in cases with actinic and scarred-fibrotic strictures. The technical procedure, advantages and disadvantages of both dilatation methods were described. Treatment was complicated in 2 patients by the development of nephrolithiasis due to infection and in 2 further patients by acute pyelonephritis. Auxiliary measures of the dilatation therapy are a sufficient diuresis and an effective antibiotic therapy. In conclusion, the results are more dependent on the cause of stricture, than on the duration of disease and the used dilatation technique. PMID- 3176723 TI - [Dose uncertainties in irradiation of bladder cancer with the Nd: YAG laser beam]. AB - By in vitro investigations with the laser set medilas 2 YAG (MBB) possible dosage insecurities were demonstrated in the radiation of urinary bladder cancers using Nd-YAG-laser light. While the endoscopic distance of e.g. 3 +/- 1 mm is accompanied by a relatively low dosage uncertainty of +/- 23%, the thermic formation of gas bubbles on the endoscopic end area, which is immersed in flush fluid, may be cause a dosage uncertainty of 80%. Help is possible by slipp off the endoscope area on the bladder wall. Uncertainties because of different tissue absorption of radiation are not taken into account. PMID- 3176727 TI - [Bladder calculus in a child caused by encrusted foreign body]. AB - It is reported on a large bladder calculus in an 11-years-old girl. Functional disorders of the bladder caused by a valve mechanism of the calculus be in the foreground. The clinical observations are described. PMID- 3176726 TI - [Subclavian Scribner shunt for hemodialysis]. AB - In two dialysis patients with absolute indication to a temporary Scribner shunt and lacking typical access possibilities (limb, leg) an effective vascular access has been created between the Arteria and Vena acromio-clavicularis. Because of the short trunk of the A. acromio-clavicularis a lengthening by a vein transplant was necessary. PMID- 3176728 TI - [Topics in the surgical treatment of acute calculous cholecystitis]. AB - A point is made in this paper in favour of early surgical action on cases of acute calculous cholecystitis, following an analysis of 140 patients who had undergone such operations through the past 13 years. Immediate surgery is a way to remove an obstructed inflammatory gallbladder even before severe complications can develop. Early cholecystectomy (within four days) was possible in 113 cases. Twenty-seven patients who had been admitted to hospital in the subacute phase of inflammation received conservative treatment. Yet, even here the operation, originally postponed, eventually had to be performed for progression of inflammation. Morphological changes to the gallbladders of those patients were much more severe, and technical conditions of their operations were more difficult than those experienced in early surgery. No-complication postoperative healing was recorded from 80.5 per cent of patients who had undergone early surgery and from eleven per cent of those whose operations had been postponed in the first place. The advantages of early surgery, within the first four days, were reflected also in the mortality rates which were 1.8 per cent in early surgery and 11.1 per cent for delayed operations. PMID- 3176729 TI - [Gallstone ileus--results and problems of surgical therapy]. AB - Reported in this paper are 15 patients with gall-stone ileus, between 1976 and 1986. The authors' results are summarised, with reference being made to problems of diagnosis and therapy. In preoperative ileus diagnosis, attention should be given to calculi outside the gallbladder and bile ducts, and the diagnosis should be secured by aerobilia. Opening of the intestine aboral from the occlusion, removal of calculi, and relief of intestinal distension is considered to be a preferential surgical approach. Synchronised surgical treatment of the bile system cannot be recommended. PMID- 3176730 TI - [Gastrotomy in drug poisoning with suicidal intent--a case report]. PMID- 3176731 TI - [Current information from the editors. Experiences in the development of surgical care in the "Karl Marx" Hospital in Managua, Nicaragua]. PMID- 3176732 TI - [Results of early operation of acute cholecystitis]. AB - Acute cholecystitis is a frequent complication of cholelithiasis. Patients in advanced age are more often affected than others. Early operation has been widely accepted for treatment of acute cholecystitis, as it has proved to be effective as prophylaxis against perforation, sepsis, recurrent inflammation, and long-term sequels, such as enterocolic fistulae and abscesses. It should be acceptable to everyone, provided short-time individual preparation. Patients in advanced age are likely to draw particular benefit from no-delay surgery, since soon removal of the source of inflammation as well as short-time immobilisation and hospitalisation are good prerequisites for soon, definite healing. Operations for acute cholecystitis were performed von 257 patients, between 1977 and 1987. They accounted for 8.4 per cent of 3,059 gall surgery patients during the period under review. The lethality rate associated with early operations amounted to 1.6 per cent and was thus slightly below overall gall surgery lethality of 1.9 per cent during that period. PMID- 3176733 TI - [Chloramine T solution for intraoperative peritoneal lavage. A statistical analysis]. AB - An analysis and statistical evaluation of 1,157 cases of wound healing produced evidence to the effect that the rate of wound healing disorders could be substantially reduced by prophylactic peritoneal lavage, using 0.1 per cent chloramine-T solution. That reduction was from nine to 2.6 per cent in the author's cases. - In the context of perforations (n = 186), therapeutic peritoneal lavage, using chloramine-T, proved clearly superior to washing with physiological salt solution in coping with wound healing disorders. Here, the rate of such disorders was reduced from 22.4 to 8.3 per cent, and it dropped further to 4.5 per cent in those cases of perforation in which additional lavage was applied to the surgical wound proper. PMID- 3176734 TI - [Effect of age on the incidence of postoperative wound infections]. AB - The incidence of postoperative wound infections was found to grow in dependence on age, because of higher incidence in advanced age of accompanying disorders. Follow-up checks were made on 661 patients without such accompanying disorders, and evidence was produced to the effect that physiological ageing alone had no impact on postoperative wound infection rates. Age-related physiological changes are discussed in some detail. PMID- 3176735 TI - [Placental protein 5 and pregnancy zone protein in ovarian cysts and benign cystic ovarian tumors]. AB - Placental protein 5 (PP 5), a serine protease inhibitor, was measured by radioimmunoassay in benign ovarian cyst fluids, especially in follicular and luteal fluids. PP 5 was detectable in 12 out of 29 cystic fluids; the levels ranging from greater than 1.0 to less than 100 micrograms/l. PP 5 was not detectable in the corresponding serum samples. Protein of the "pregnancy zone" (PZ) was found in 3 out of 11 follicular fluids (9-38 mg/l). Local production of PP 5 and PZ in cystic epithelia of the ovary was taken into consideration. PMID- 3176737 TI - [A rare case of cervix pregnancy]. AB - A case of 11 week old cervical pregnancy is reported. Aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of this rare case of ectopic pregnancy is discussed. PMID- 3176736 TI - [Effect of sulprostone on prolactin, HPL, HCG, progesterone and estradiol serum level in abortion induction in the first trimester in primigravidae]. AB - The influence of the i.m. application of Sulproston for induction of abortion was examined on the serum levels of PRL, HCG, HPL, estradiol and progesterone in 8 primigravidae during the first trimenon. The hormones were determined by RIA. There was a drop of HCG, HPL, estradiol and progesterone beginning 4 to 16 hours after the first application of Sulproston. PRL was not influenced. PMID- 3176738 TI - [Inquiries to the editor. When is preventive removal of the adnexa indicated?]. PMID- 3176739 TI - [Results of invasive and pharmacosonographic studies in pregnancy (II: Amniofetography)]. AB - Prenatal diagnosis of fetal diseases and malformations, using invasive techniques is outlined in this paper. The value of amniofetography under present conditions is discussed together with the use of drugs both isolated and in conjunction with fill-up of the amniotic cavity. Indications for puncture of fluid-filled body cavities, with reference being made to patients looked after at the Humboldt University Berlin, School of Medicine (Charite), Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, from 1985 up to 1987, are reported, too. PMID- 3176740 TI - [Quantitative detection of spermatogenesis cells and qualitative assessment of meiosis stages in the ejaculate of normo- and oligozoospermia]. AB - Meiosis examinations in semen have been aspired in 106 patients of an andrologic outpatient clinic. Diakinesis and metaphase could be represented in 15 per cent. No meiosis analysis was possible in 12 per cent of the males. The increase of the immature spermatozoa count from 8 per cent in case of normozoospermia to 55 per cent in oligozoospermia III. degree was highly significant. Better quality of meiosis representation correlated to the increasing number of spermatogenesis cells. PMID- 3176741 TI - [Possibilities and limits of contact hysteroscopic assessment of the causes of postmenopausal bleeding ]. AB - In this study, the contact-hysteroscopic findings are compared with the histopathological diagnosis of 168 patients who were treated for post-menopausal bleedings. The good diagnostic agreement between contact-hysteroscopy and histopathology in mostly benign alterations like atrophic endometrium (94.7%), polyposis (87.5%), mucosal polyps (88%) and myomas (100%) is not achieved in precancerous (77%) and cancerous (75%) lesions. Being an optical method, contact hysteroscopy necessarily fails in the evaluation of origin, dignity and degree of differentiation of malign lesions, and is no substitute for a histopathological diagnosis. Therefore, contact hysteroscopy may only provide additional information to dilatation and curettage and thus optimize results and diagnostic security. PMID- 3176742 TI - [Long-term results of Grossmann vaginoplasty]. AB - 17 patients with the Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Syndrome who had been operated 1972 1978 using the Grossmann vaginoplasty are reviewed. 14 patients were examined 9 13 years after the operation. The results were rather similar: the vaginal opening seemed to be normal, but the vagina was only 6-7 cm long. 13 patients were completely satisfied and refused the proposal of lengthening the vagina.- Grossmanns vaginoplasty is a safe, rather simple method. Satisfying long-term results can be obtained by this operation. PMID- 3176743 TI - [Evaluation from various viewpoints of the Lippes Loop, Multiload Cu 250 and Nova T]. AB - In the present study, our experience at the family planning unit Ankara Military Hospital with intrauterine devices Lippes Loop, multiload Cu 250 and Nova T are presented. 595 women were included in the study between march 31, 1984 with a follow up of 12 months. Out of 595 women 547 (92%) reported no complaints at all. From the remaining 48 women 8 wished to have the device removed, 8 had spontaneous expulsions and in 31 IUD was removed for medical purposes. PMID- 3176744 TI - [Safety of separation of maternal and fetal tissue in chorionic biopsy material as a prerequisite of prenatal gene diagnosis]. AB - 198 tissue samples from over all 336 chorionic biopsies obtained by different techniques had been examined histologically. Decidual residues could be found in 37 per cent of the specimens in spite of a twofold estimation of vitality. In correlation our increasing experience the frequency of decidual contamination decreased from 60 to 17 per cent. At the end of our examinations in only 5 per cent of 1,998 microscopic visual fields decidua could be found. This decidual contamination may be reason for misinterpretation of results. This error of the method has to be taken into consideration in all prenatal diagnostic statements especially in DNA- and enzymatic diagnostics. PMID- 3176745 TI - [Pregnancy determination by the detection of early pregnancy associated protein]. AB - First results of the immunoelectrophoretic detection of an early pregnancy associated protein (EPAP) are reported. For this a rabbit antiserum was produced against a serum fraction, which had early pregnancy factor activity, and used for rocket immunoelectrophoresis. By this method 95.3 per cent of 64 sera from patients with intact pregnancies were classified to be pregnant. There was found a positive correlation (r = 0.05; p less than 0.01) between the concentration of EPAP and the period of gestation (4th to 14th gestational week). However, the EPAP antiserum also reacted with serum proteins from probands using hormonal contraception. Further characterization and purification of the EPAP will help to produce an antiserum with higher specificity and therefore it will be possible to make a more reproducible early pregnancy test. PMID- 3176747 TI - [Prevention of meconium aspiration]. AB - The aim of the study was to determine the risk of meconium aspiration by perinatal and obstetric characteristics and to give directions for prophylactic management. 67 infants with meconium-stained amniotic fluid received intrapartum pharyngeal suctioning and postpartum direct laryngoscopy and suctioning of the trachea. The risk for the presence of meconium in airways is increased if meconium is visible at the vocal cords (p less than 0.01), amniotic fluid showing thick meconium staining (p less than 0.001) Fischer-score being below 7 points (p less than 0.05) or Apgar-score being below 8 points(p less than 0.05). Immediately after delivery inspection of the vocal cords is necessary by direct laryngoscopy. Suctioning of the trachea under direct vision after delivery should be done if meconium is visualized at the vocal cords. Meticulous care of the fetus exposed to a meconium containing amniotic fluid environment and the avoidance of acute fetal stress may decrease the incidence of meconium aspiration. PMID- 3176746 TI - [Psychometric studies in pregnant women (comparative study of women with and without pregnancy complications)]. AB - Under psychosomatic aspects pregnancy complications are the result of an insufficient adaptation of a women with regard to an occurred pregnancy. This paper investigates, if there are existing differences between women with an uncomplicated course of pregnancy (n = 91) and those whose pregnancy resulted in complications and a higher risk for the delivery with regard to their personality profile, variables of their partnership and their adjustment, anxieties concerning the delivery and anamnestic datas. The results of this investigation show, that the reasons for disturbances of the adaptation processes of pregnancy are primarily based on the personality structure of the pregnant women. PMID- 3176748 TI - [The use of a double balloon catheter in the topical extra-amniotic administration of prostaglandin F2alpha gel in indicated labor induction and cervix incompetence]. AB - Using a self-made double-balloon-catheter the instillation of 2.5 mg Prostaglandin F2 alpha into the extraovular chorio-decidual space was down 46 times in 42 late pregnant women. The indication was the unripe cervix uteri in case of urgent parturition. This method is more effective than the pericervical and endocervical application, respectively. Under continuous supervision using external CTG there were neither complications in fetus nor in the mother. PMID- 3176749 TI - [Prognostic factors in the indication for labor induction after previous delivery by cesarean section]. AB - The relative importance of prognostic factors in the management of delivery after caesarean section was investigated retrospectively in 300 patients who gave birth between January 1984 and April 1986. Important factors included the parity of the patient (p less than 0.0001), the number of previous caesareans (p less than 0.001), the Bishop's Score on admission (p less than 0.005) and the indication for the previous caesarean section (p less than 0.05). On our series gestational age (p = 0.042) and estimated birthweight (n.s.) were only marginally statistically significant. PMID- 3176750 TI - A new species of fish-pathogenic bacterium antigenically related to classical Brucellae. AB - A bacterial epizootic in trout (Salmo gairneri, Richardson) characterized by haemorrhagic diathesis is described in its acute and subacute form. The disease could be reproduced with the isolated new bacterial species. Two basic features characterize this bacterium: I. growth at 41 degrees C (water bath) on cultivation in solid and liquid media and 2. antigenic relationship to the classical brucellae. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis revealed a common antigenic determinant in the LPS of the isolated fish-pathogenic bacterium and that of classical brucellae (S form). PMID- 3176751 TI - Abstracts: 41st meeting of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Hygiene und Mikrobiologie. Heidelberg, October 7-10, 1987. Section Virology. PMID- 3176752 TI - Presence of a variety of antigenic variants belonging to at least 4 different serovars in a population of Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis. AB - The presence of antigenic variants belonging to at least 4 different serovars, jules, kremastos and 2 new serovars, was demonstrated in a population of cloned Leptospira interrogans serovar hebdomadis. Thirteen antigenic variants were isolated from the clone of serovar hebdomadis by culturing in the presence of 13 monoclonal antibodies against 5 serovars, hebdomadis, worsfoldi, kambale, jules and kremastos Kyoto, respectively. These variants were divided into 4 groups, based on the reactivity with the above monoclonal antibodies. Four antigenic variants, one each from the 4 groups, were identified as jules, kremastos and 2 different new serovars. The variation frequency of the 13 antigenic variants ranged from 10(-5.48) to 10(-7.70) except for one, whose frequency was as high as 10(-1.31). PMID- 3176753 TI - An electron microscopy study of Legionella pneumophila after in vitro and in vivo culture. AB - The ultrastructure of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Philadelphia Strain) was studied by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) following in vitro and in vivo culture. The results obtained were identical for all the samples tested; the structure belonged to the prokaryotic type, with features consistent with the known structure of Gram-negative rods. A characteristic feature is the loose undulated outer membrane, a peptidoglycan layer which was difficult to visualize and was better seen in lysed bacteria. The outermost layer was stained by ruthenium red for polysaccharides. In guinea-pig lung tissue and in chick embryo yolk sac membranes, the bacteria were more often intracellular in intracytoplasmic ribosome-studded vacuoles. PMID- 3176754 TI - Prognosis of intraventricular hemorrhage due to hypertensive hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease. AB - The prognosis of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) due to hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease has been regarded as unfavorable. The authors studied factors affecting the prognosis in 55 patients with IVH due to hypertensive thalamic and putaminal hemorrhages. The mortality rate in this study was 38%, a poorer rate than that in patients without IVH (18%). As for morbidity, 50% of the survivors (31% of all patients) with IVH had nor or moderate disability, but the other 50% had severe disability or were in a persistent vegetative state. On the other hand, there was no or moderate disability in 55%, and severe disability or a persistent vegetative state in 27% of the patients without IVH. Patients with intracerebral or intraventricular hematoma volumes greater than 25 ml, Glasgow Coma Scales of less than nine, intracranial pressures above 30 mm Hg, and ventriculocranial ratios over 0.22 had poor prognoses. These results suggest that greater volumes of intracerebral or intraventricular hematoma and the presence of acute hydrocephalus are of great significance when considering the outcomes of IVH cases. PMID- 3176755 TI - Idiopathic muscular torticollis complicated with vertebral artery compression and brachial plexus neuropathy. AB - Surgery of the longstanding untreated muscular torticollis in adults is limited to some complex cases because of its poor results. In this article, we are reporting a case of an idiopathic torticollis complicated with both vertebral artery compression and brachial plexus neuropathy due to fibrous bands of underlying muscles. PMID- 3176756 TI - [The relative importance of the brain stem acoustic evoked potential (BAEP) in patients with brain stem tumors]. AB - The brain stem acoustic evoked potential is a non-invasive procedure at the disposal of neurological diagnostics that permits to obtain information about the functional condition of the brain stem. As regards the question of the topodiagnostic possibilities of this examination method in patients with brain stem tumours the BAEP parameters were compared with the clinical symptoms existing at the time of the examination as well as with computer tomographic findings. There is a good agreement of the severity of the clinical symptoms and the distinction of the BAEP changes. In case of unilateral BAEP changes or BAEP changes with a pronounced accentuation on one side indications with respect to the lateral localisation of the brain stem tumour in connection with the clinical findings can be derived. An exact topodiagnosis of brain stem tumours is exclusively possible by the correlation of clinical symptoms, results of picture yielding examination methods and BAEP examination. PMID- 3176757 TI - Calcified chronic subdural hematoma. Case report. AB - A case of calcified chronic subdural hematoma was presented. This patient was a 51-year-old man, who had a dizzy spell with headache and vomiting. He was examined by MR study as well as CT scan. The operation was performed and the calcified subdural hematoma was removed safely. MR study is very useful for the preoperative evaluation. PMID- 3176759 TI - [Pituitary adenoma combined with aneurysm of the circle of willis: A report of 2 cases]. AB - Two patients are presented in whom the lateral carotis angiography following the computer tomography besides demonstrating a hypophyseal adenoma accidentally showed an aneurysm. The combined occurrence of the two findings necessarily leads to the respective conclusions regarding the necessity and the form of the cerebral angiography. PMID- 3176758 TI - A case of multicentric glioma of cerebellum and brain. AB - A case of true multicentric glioma which occurred in a 52-year-old female is presented. Two lesions one occurring six months after the other were localized below and above the tentorium, respectively. Histological examination showed the same pattern of anaplastic astrocytoma in both foci. The possibility of cerebellar tumor metastasizing to cerebral hemisphere is discussed and deemed as unlike in this particular case. PMID- 3176760 TI - The neurofibromatosis Recklinghausen and its central manifestation. AB - 12 Patients with central manifestation of neurofibromatosis Recklinghausen are reported. The multiplicity of central and peripheral manifestations in association with other diseases is stressed. PMID- 3176761 TI - Two dimensional echoencephalography during the neurosurgical operations. AB - The authors describe the use of two dimensional ultrasonic image in time of neurosurgical operations. After craniotomy it is possible by means of B-scan to localise the brain pathology, to measure its depth from the brain surface as well as to plan the surgical strategy. The safety of this examination, its simplicity and immediate working results are stressed. This examination is recommended for all operations in intracranial space, because it enables the best possible orientation of the surgeon. PMID- 3176762 TI - [The occurrence of Aeromonas hydrophila in birds]. PMID- 3176763 TI - [Early recognition of a 27 kDa membrane protein (MP27) in Coxiella burnetii infected and vaccinated guinea pigs]. PMID- 3176764 TI - Glucose oxidase (GOD) as a source of hydrogen peroxide for the lactoperoxidase (LPO) system in milk: antibacterial effect of the GOD-LPO system against mastitis pathogens. PMID- 3176765 TI - Endotoxin-induced mastitis. Inhibition of casein synthesis and activation of the caseinolytic system. PMID- 3176766 TI - An outbreak of Mycoplasma anatis infection associated with nervous symptoms in large-scale duck flocks. PMID- 3176767 TI - [Comparative pathology of higher nervous activity]. AB - In experiments with defensive behaviour, using multiparametric recording of indices, studies have been made on the origin and development of pathological disturbances in the higher nervous activity of insectivores, carnivores and primates during presentation of difficult conditioned reflex problems or extreme stimulation. It was found that elaboration of absolute differentiation retarded conditioned reactions with a delay of 25 s in insectivores is a difficult task which results in pathological changes in the higher nervous activity. In hedgehogs, neurotic changes are immediate, all the investigated indices being affected. In carnivores, especially in primates, the onset of evident pathological changes is preceded by a long preneurotic period, i.e. a stage of self-regulation. In pathological process, more corticalized forms of the nervous activity are initially involved. Common features and differences in the development of pathological changes in the higher nervous activity among mammals are discussed. PMID- 3176768 TI - [Evolution of the neocortex. The principle of a double afferent supply in mammalian evolution]. AB - Comparative electrophysiological data are presented on the role of thalamic, hypothalamic and hippocampal structures in organization and activity of different neocortical formations at various steps of evolution. It was shown that higher mammals have double afferent supply of associative zones of the new cortex from the thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, exhibiting significant increase in the degree of their convergence pattern. PMID- 3176769 TI - [Maturation of the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells and the lift reaction]. AB - In experiments on guinea pigs (from newborn to adults), studies have been made on the extensor, support and lift reactions, as well as on the activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in the same animals. First signs of immature lift, extensor and support reactions were observed already 12th after birth. At this period, mean discharge frequency in Purkinje cells was significantly lower than in the adult animals, reaching 11.5 +/- 1.2 imp/s for simple spikes and 0.45 +/- 0.05 imp/s for complex ones. Complete maturation of lift, extensor and support reactions takes place to the beginning of the 2nd week (8-9 days) of postnatal life. Within this period, significant changes in the activity of Purkinje cells were observed: mean discharge frequency of simple and complex spikes increased correspondingly up to 17.9 +/- 2.3 and 1.48 +/- 0.25 imp/s. At the same time, the mean discharge frequency in Purkinje cells, the average duration of inhibition pause, and the response latency became more stable. PMID- 3176770 TI - [Evoked potentials in the rat neostriatum during local cooling of the cortex in the zone of primary response to the applied stimulus]. AB - The effect of local cooling of the surface of the somatosensory cortex was studied while recording primary response (PR) in the center of a cooled area and evoked potentials (EP) in the striatum to the forepaw stimulation. The cooling which served to arise the amplitude of the PR, served also to arise the amplitude of the EP in the striatum. EP to the stimulus, the sensory representation of which in the cortex was cooled, were facilitated only. Facilitation of the striatal EP was more intense than facilitation of the cortical PR in the cooled area. The level of facilitation of the EP was the same in the region of the striatum which receives corticofugal fibers from the cooled area of the cortex and in other regions of the striatum, receiving the corticofugal fibers from other parts of the cortex. The data show a possibility for the interactions in the striatum of the corticofugal signals from different cortical areas with each other and with the ascending afferent signals. PMID- 3176771 TI - [Patterns in the ontogenetic development of certain forms of higher nervous activity in rhesus macaques]. AB - Studies have been made on ontogenetic development of simple and complex behavioural forms, realization of certain sequence of motor feeding conditioned reflexes, visual differentiation of signals, short-term memory and probability prediction in rhesus monkeys. Evolutionary features of ontogenetic development of some of the forms of the higher nervous activity were revealed. Both similarities and differences were noted in animals from three age groups. In ontogenesis of lower monkeys, the development of the main nervous processes of the higher nervous activity (learning, memory, etc.) takes place gradually depending on the age of a baby and the level of integrative activity of the brain. PMID- 3176773 TI - [Gonadal and adrenal endocrine functions in female minks of 2 genotypes in postnatal ontogeny]. AB - Radioimmune assay has been made of the content of estradiol and progesterone in the blood (from July to March including the 7th day after mating), as well as on the level of estradiol and progesterone production in young females of the standard and mutant sapphire minks in November. It was shown that within certain periods, estradiol and progesterone content of the blood was significantly higher in the standard animals. Gonadal production of estradiol, as well as progesterone production both by the gonads and adrenals in November, were similar in females of both genotypes. It is suggested that sapphire minks have another pattern of correlation between estradiol content of the blood and gonadal production of estradiol as compared to that in standard animals. PMID- 3176772 TI - [Brain cholesterol in representatives of different vertebrate classes]. AB - Studies have been made on the cholesterol content of the brain in 73 species of vertebrates. Cholesterol content increases in both aquatic and terrestrial animals in evolutionary row. Significant variations in cholesterol content were noted within the same class. Comparative studies revealed correlation between changes in phospholipids and cholesterol on one hand and various glycolipids on the other. It is suggested that cholesterol content of the brain in vertebrates depends on ecological factors rather than on taxonomic position of animals. PMID- 3176775 TI - [Theoretical and practical aspects of new epidemiological concepts]. PMID- 3176774 TI - [Behavioral reactions of the clawed toad Xenopus laevis to L- and D-isomers of amino acids]. AB - Studies on the action of L- and D-isomers of amino acids upon motor activity in the clawed toad revealed that most effective among them are basic amino acids (all of them being essential) and hydrophobic amino acids (mainly essential ones). Positive correlation was found between the effectiveness of hydrophobic amino acids on the motor activity of animals and their effectiveness with respect to taste receptors. The data obtained indicate the role of the olfactory receptors in realization of the behavioural reactions of the clawed toads to amino acids. PMID- 3176776 TI - [Antibacterial protection and the microbiological status of the oral cavity in Sjogren's disease]. AB - The microflora of the oral cavity was studied with a view to the evaluation of the microbiological status and the content of lysozyme in mixed saliva samples from 14 patients with Sjogren's syndrome and the control group of 19 persons. Disturbances in the biocenosis of the oral cavity of the patients, characterized by the increased occurrence of rod-shaped forms of lactobacilli, yeast-like fungi of the genus Candida and cariogenic streptococci (S. mutans) in the cultures obtained by the inoculation of oral smears, was detected. This "cariogenic situation" was confirmed by clinical data on the stomatological status. In patients with Sjogren's syndrome the intensity of caries, determined by the ratio of carious, filled and extracted teeth, was high and reached 27.4 +/- 1.0 in comparison with 15.3 +/- 0.7 in the control group (P less than 0.05). A decrease in the level of mixed saliva secretion and in the content of lysozyme in secreted saliva was noted in the patients in comparison with the control group (P less than 0.05). The results thus obtained indicate that in Sjogren's syndrome the use of the preparations of eubiotic microorganisms with a view to the correction of the microflora of the oral cavity, as well as the application of 0.1% lysozyme solution to the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, may be recommended among other therapeutic measures. PMID- 3176777 TI - [Catalog of the monoclonal antibodies available in the institutions of the member countries of Comecon]. PMID- 3176780 TI - [Epidemiological analysis of hepatitis A morbidity]. AB - A retrospective epidemiological analysis of hepatitis A morbidity for many years among the population of two neighboring towns in the temperate climatic zone of the USSR has revealed the cyclic character of the epidemic process without a perceptible decrease in its extensiveness and has determined the high-risk groups, as well as the beginning of the seasonal rise of morbidity in these groups. The results of the study indicate that different levels of hepatitis A morbidity and risk groups can be observed in these two neighboring towns. At periods of a lower morbidity level the high-risk group embraces schoolchildren, and when morbidity is at a higher level the risk group includes schoolchildren and preschool children in organized groups. Among the latter the morbidity level is influenced by factors acting all the year round and among school children, by seasonal factors. The beginning of the seasonal rise of morbidity falls on August, while in organized groups of children of preschool age the seasonal rise of hepatitis A morbidity begins 1-1.5 months later. All prophylactic measures for controlling hepatitis A should be carried out with due regard to these features of the epidemic process. PMID- 3176778 TI - [Population characteristics and biological properties of micrococci colonizing the skin of the breasts]. AB - As shown in this investigation, the population characteristics of micrococci inhabiting the skin of the mammary glands make it possible to regard these microorganisms as the permanent members of microbiocenosis. Their proportion among all isolated strains was, respectively, 27.2% and 27.7% for nulliparous and pregnant women and their occurrence, 96.7% and 92.1%. The largest population of micrococci was registered at the nipple area of both left (934-1,956 colony forming units per sq. cm) and right (1,092-2,134 colony-forming units per sq. cm) breasts. A decrease in the number of micrococci was observed at the above mentioned areas during pregnancy, which was accompanied by changes in the specific and antagonistic profiles of the association. This occurred supposedly under the necessity of preserving its dynamic stability. PMID- 3176781 TI - [Structural dynamics of strains of a hepatitis B virus population in the Ukraine and its etiological prognosis]. AB - Changes in the population structure of influenza B virus in the Ukraine since 1980 has been studied. New strains of the virus have been identified and the epidemic potentials of different strains have been compared. The data on the drift mechanism of the origin of the intermediate strains of influenza B virus have been observed. A suggestion on the etiological prognostication of the epidemic process has been made. PMID- 3176782 TI - [Effect of anabol on the functional activity indices of mononuclear phagocytes]. AB - In this investigation the influence of anabol, a biopolymer preparation incorporated into a complex of extracted components obtained from the surface layer of Lactobacillus bulgaricus cell wall, on some functional activity characteristics of mononuclear phagocytes has been studied. The injection of the preparation in a dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight 24 hours prior to the experiment leads to a decrease in the time necessary for the elimination of one-half of the total amount of ink from the blood stream and to an increase in the content of fibronectin in the blood plasma of rats. The activation of the metabolic activity of resident and induced macrophages, evaluated by the nitro blue tetrazolium reduction test, is observed. On the next day after the injection of anabol the sharp increase of the pool of granulocyte and microphage precursors is observed; the stimulating effect may be retained as long as 3 days. The results thus obtained indicate that anabol acts on different elements of the system of mononuclear phagocytes and can be effective in the complex therapy aimed at the increase of the body resistance to any toxic substances and bacterial infection. PMID- 3176783 TI - [Characteristics of the immunocyte cooperation in 2 strains of mice opposite in their sensitivity to dermaphytoses during the immune response to antigens of the causative agent]. AB - C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, opposite in their sensitivity to dermatophytic infections, show similar activity of phagocytes as regards their capacity for the destruction of injected conidia of dermatophytes, but differ in the changes of this activity after immunization with dermatophytic antigenic complexes (DAC). Shortly after the injection of the antigens, the lymphocyte-mediated suppression of the fungicidal activity of macrophages, caused by the interaction of DAC with intact T-lymphocytes, was detected in the animals of both strains. Later in C57BL/6 mice resistant to mycosis the formation of cell-mediated immunity to DAC occurs, with the simultaneous production of factor stimulating the fungicidal activity of macrophages. In BALB/c mice sensitive to mycosis the injection of DAC induces active antibody production, but not the formation of delayed hypersensitivity with the resulting stimulation of the fungicidal activity of phagocytes. The injection of DAC into mice of the above-mentioned strains induces changes, peculiar to each strain, in the mitogen-induced proliferation of spleen cells and in the character of immune response to sheep red blood cells. Differences in the influence of DAC on the induction of immune response in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice are realized by cells belonging to the population of T lymphocytes. PMID- 3176779 TI - [Laboratory-confirmed case of human infection with ratpox (cowpox)]. AB - The present work describes a case of human disease resulting from the bite of a white rat and caused by a biological variant of cowpox virus. The isolates obtained from the sick man and the white rats which had been the source of this infection proved to be identical and did not differ from the biological variants of cowpox virus, isolated earlier from white rats and carnivorous animals of the family Felidae. Thus, the possibility of ratpox (cowpox) transmission from sick rodents to man was established. PMID- 3176784 TI - [Information value of the indices of the nonspecific resistance of the body]. AB - A number of nonspecific resistance characteristics in mice, such as the total number of peritoneal exudate cells, the percentage and absolute number of macrophages, their cytochemical activity in the spontaneous tetrazolium test and cytochemical capacity, have been studied by comparison with the resistance of the animals to tularemia infection induced by Francisella tularensis, Gaiskii's vaccinal strain 15. Of these characteristics, the cytochemical capacity of peritoneal exudate macrophages, i.e. the total cytochemical activity of macrophages contained in a unit of volume, has been the most informative as regards the level of nonspecific resistance to this infection. Other characteristics under study cannot serve as criteria for the evaluation of the nonspecific resistance of the body to F. tularensis. PMID- 3176785 TI - Two forms of AMP deaminase in bovine heart. AB - Two forms of bovine heart AMP deaminase were separated by phosphocellulose column chromatography. Form A with lesser affinity to phosphocellulose exhibited a hyperbolic type of substrate curve and was relatively insensitive to ATP. Form B was strongly activated by 1 mM ATP and its substrate saturation kinetics (without ATP) indicated a cooperative effect. The alteration of adenylate energy charge affected forms A and B differently but within the physiological range, the activity of both forms decreased with the increase in energy charge. The Mr of the two forms was identical as estimated by gel filtration. These activities are compared to those of AMP deaminases from the hearts of other species. PMID- 3176786 TI - Isolation and characterization of root nodule proteins from lupin. AB - A group of root nodule-specific plant proteins (nodulins) has been isolated from yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) by immunoaffinity chromatography. The cytoplasmic nodule protein extract was initially enriched in nodulins on a column with immobilized IgG fraction. It was then purified by chromatography on Sepharose 4B bound IgG against uninfected root proteins and finally on Sepharose 4B - bound IgG against Rhizobium lupini proteins. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis showed that the nodulin preparation did not react with antibodies against root or bacterial proteins. SDS gel electrophoresis of lupin nodulins revealed at least 23 polypeptides ranging in Mr, from 7,000 to 70,000, probably representing protein subunits. PMID- 3176787 TI - The effect of truncal vagotomy on the bicarbonate-ion secretion of the stomach in rat. AB - The effect of truncal vagotomy on the gastric bicarbonate-ion, H-ion and chloride ion secretions of the rat was studied experimentally. In the first half hour after truncal vagotomy, besides the known decrease of the H-ion, also the bicarbonate-ion and chloride-ion secretions were found reduced. The decrease in bicarbonate ion secretion was smaller as compared to the H-ion secretion. After two hours, there was no difference in bicarbonate-ion and chloride-ion secretions as compared to the controls and to the vagotomized groups. According to their results, following truncal vagotomy applied in the surgical management of ulcer, the bicarbonate-ion secretion of the stomach decreases immediately after operation. This decrease is, however, only transitory the bicarbonate-ion secretion becoming normal within a short time. PMID- 3176788 TI - Thigh muscle atrophy and postoperative osteoarthrosis after knee ligament tears. AB - The aim of the study was to clarify if atrophy of the thigh muscles was related to the radiological and clinical long-term healing results of primary knee ligament surgery. At the Tampere University Central Hospital a radiological and clinical reexamination was performed in 61 patients on an average 40 months after primary operation of acute knee ligament injury. The study group consisted of 26 patients having clear quadriceps muscle atrophy in the injured knee at the follow up. Thirty-four patients with equal circumference of the thighs, served as controls. One patient was excluded. The groups did not differ significantly from each other in respect to age, sex, physical activity, type of ligament injury, meniscectomy, and follow-up time. In radiological evaluation the previously developed knee scoring scale was used taking into account only changes caused by the studied injury. The mean score of the study group was 93.7 +/- 6.2 (range 73 100) and the controls 96.2 +/- 4.0 (87-100); p less than 0.05. In both the most common changes of post-traumatic osteoarthrosis were osteophytes, ligament calcification and joint space narrowing. In clinical examination the patients of the study group were placed significantly more often in the groups of fair or poor healing in subjective, objective, overall (in each p less than 0.001) and functional (p less than 0.05) evaluation. According to this study, it seems that thigh muscle atrophy plays an important role as a poor prognostic factor of knee ligament injuries being thus a good target for efforts to stop the continuous deterioration of the injured knee. Obviously the post-traumatic osteoarthrotic process is a vicious circle: thigh atrophy increases dynamic knee instability, which in turn not only starts or accelerates the arthrotic process but also increases--by discomfort and disuse of the knee--the atrophy itself. PMID- 3176789 TI - The devitalization of the stomach by a devascularization technique. AB - Different parts of the stomach in healthy animals (pigs) were devitalized (devascularized) by eliminating the blood supply and left in situ. In model experiments, parts of the stomach were chosen for the devitalization with respect to most frequent location of carcinomas. The operation technique consisted of a complete ligature of perigastric vessels, bling enclosure of the cranial part of the duodenum with two ligatures with a possible application of a seromuscular suture and transverse cutting of the oral part of the stomach and its enclosing by a suture with a partial invagination of the wall. The passage was renewed by a gastroenteroanastomosis, some of the used modifications of the operation technique according to Billroth II (Schlater-Polya). A method was mostly proposed with an interposition of the jejunal loop, which bridged the site of the devitalized part of the stomach. In 10 to 20 weeks the stomach tissue was stepwise degraded and it was replaced by fibrous tissue. The operation technique is simple; it could be applicable as a palliative or possibly therapeutic intervention in the case of inoperable tumours in human practice. PMID- 3176790 TI - Bilateral renal tumours with reference to the reoperation of a solitary kidney resected for tumour. AB - A case of bilateral renal tumour is reviewed, where the disease was detected by sonography performed for screening. On one side, nephrectomy, while on the other, partial resection of the kidney were performed in two sessions. Due to occlusion and a resultant renal fistula produced by scar tissue following the second operation as well as to progressive azotaemia, reoperation of the solitary kidney resected for tumour became necessary. As a result of the failure of both cytostatic and radiotherapy, the authors believe that, in similar cases, every surgical method possible should be used for prolonging the patient's life. In the available literature no reference has been found on the reoperation of solitary kidney resected for malignant tumour. PMID- 3176791 TI - [Construction of a jejunal pouch using stapling technics in total gastrectomy]. AB - During the last four years we performed 16 total gastrectomies with construction of a jejunal pouch. The idea was that patients with a pouch should be able to eat larger meals. This was affirmed by the patients, also there were no complaints of regurgitation. Cachexia was not observed in the disease-free patients. Nevertheless the life expectancy stays poor. A description of the technique is given. PMID- 3176793 TI - [Jejunal perforation indicating the metastatic extension of a bronchial neoplasm]. AB - After curative pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma, the first sign of generalization was a peritonitis secondary to the perforation of a jejunal metastasis. The authors review the frequency and etiology of this type of intestinal metastasis as well as the mechanism of perforation. PMID- 3176792 TI - [Liposarcoma of the ischiorectal fossa, an unusual tumoral site]. AB - The main locations of the liposarcoma, the most common of the soft tissue sarcomas, are the lower limbs and the retroperitoneal space. We report the case of a 58 year-old male patient presenting with a huge and painless mass of the left fossa ischiorectalis. Preoperative tests and CT-scan of the pelvis evoked the diagnosis of liposarcoma, laminating and lifting the rectum and bladder. Visceral walls were respected. The patient underwent a en-bloc excision of the tumour by a combined perineal and abdominal route. Pathological examination of the mass (1.7 kg) confirmed the diagnosis of well differentiated liposarcoma. No further treatment was initiated, but, because of the high risk of local recurrence, the patient has been placed under a close follow-up schedule. PMID- 3176794 TI - [Aseptic pseudarthrosis of the tibial shaft: cause and treatment]. AB - A consecutive series of 23 aseptic pseudarthroses of the tibial shaft is proposed. The aetiology of a pseudarthrosis of the tibia depends on the original fracture form, the associated soft tissue injury, the treatment technique and the surgical procedure. Twelve times the pseudarthrosis developed after a primary treatment with an external fixation device, 6 times after plaster cast immobilization, and 5 times after plate osteosynthesis. Fifteen times, the pseudarthrosis was hypertrophic, and 8 times hypotrophic. Sixteen pseudarthroses were treated with a plate osteosynthesis, 8 times in combination with a decortication and a cancellous bone grafting. Seven times, a closed intramedullary nailing was performed. Healing was achieved after an average time of 5.1 month. After plaster cast immobilization and external fixation treatment, the non-union is caused by a lack of stability in the fracture region; after plate osteosynthesis by a too extensive decortication, resulting in fragment necrosis. Stability and vitality in the fracture site are the principles in the treatment of the pseudarthrosis. PMID- 3176795 TI - [Surgical treatment of acromioclavicular luxation]. PMID- 3176796 TI - [Polydactyly]. PMID- 3176798 TI - [Osteogenesis imperfecta. II. Differential diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 3176797 TI - [Osteogenesis imperfecta. I. Clinico-genetic characteristics]. PMID- 3176799 TI - [A sliding compressive screw for synthesis of the femur neck]. PMID- 3176800 TI - [Legg-Calve-Perthes disease--therapeutic approach based on an analysis of long term and short-term results]. PMID- 3176801 TI - [Fractures of the clavicle--to operate or not?]. PMID- 3176803 TI - Symposium on Venous Leg Ulcers. Helsingborg, Sweden, October 7-8, 1985. Proceedings. PMID- 3176802 TI - [Present possibilities of therapy in infected pseudoarthroses and chronic osteomyelitis--new concepts]. PMID- 3176804 TI - The aetiology of venous ulceration. PMID- 3176805 TI - Flow and pressure studies in venous insufficiency. PMID- 3176806 TI - Radiological aspects of venous insufficiency. PMID- 3176807 TI - Compression treatment of venous insufficiency and its sequels. PMID- 3176808 TI - Reconstructive venous surgery. PMID- 3176809 TI - Compression sclerotherapy in venous insufficiency. PMID- 3176810 TI - Varicose veins (VV) and chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). Medical and socio economic aspects, Basle study. PMID- 3176811 TI - Some indolic compounds as markers of the melanocyte activity. AB - The melanocyte activity was studied by analysis of the urinary excretion of indolic and cysteinyldopa compounds. One eumelanin marker, 5,6-dihydroxy-indole-2 carboxylic acid was identified and quantified in normal urine. However, its low concentration and sensitivity to oxidation made it less suitable for clinical studies. A methylated derivative of this substance, 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2 carboxylic acid (6H5MI-2-C), was also demonstrated in normal urine. A quantitative method was worked out and the normal urinary concentration of this substance was as high as the concentration of 5-S-cysteinyldopa. The concentrations of the eumelanic marker 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid and the pheomelanic marker 5-S-cysteinyldopa were determined in the urine of psoriasis patients during PUVA treatment and also in the urine of subjects with different skin colour. The melanocyte activity in albinotic patients and in albinotic mice was studied by the same technique. Some in vitro experiments were performed to show that 5-S-glutathionyldopa has the molecular properties of forming a mercapto-substituted indole derivative. The following main conclusions were drawn: 1. 5,6-Dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid and 6-hydroxy-5 methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid are both present in measurable amounts in normal urine. 2. The urinary concentration of 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid increased during PUVA treatment in a similar way as for 5-S-cysteinyldopa. 3. The eumelanic marker 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid was excreted in larger quantities by people with genetically dark skin, whereas the pheomelanic marker 5-S-cysteinyldopa was not related to pigment type. 4. In the urine of one albino patient and in the urine of albinotic mice a total absence of 6-hydroxy-5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid was found. The urinary concentrations of 5-S-cysteinyldopa in these subjects were measurable but lower than in pigmented subjects. Thus, 6-hydroxy-5-methoxy-indole-2-carboxylic acid seems to be a more specific melanocyte marker than the cysteinyldopas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3176812 TI - Activated interstitial and intraepithelial thyroid lymphocytes in autoimmune thyroid disease. AB - This study has further characterised the thyroid lymphocytic infiltrate in Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Two population of lymphocytes were identified. The interstitial population occurred as a diffuse and a focal infiltrate; most cells were CD3-positive (T cells) and in 4 of 6 glands CD8 (suppressor-cytotoxic)-positive T cells predominated. The intraepithelial population was CD3-negative, CD8-positive. Both populations also contained a few NK (Leu 11b positive cells) in some glands. Many of the lymphocytes in both populations stained with UCHL1 and RFT2 suggesting that these are primed and activated cells, borne out by staining for transferrin receptor expression. Although thyroid follicular cells were Ia-positive, macrophages and dendritic cells were found in all cases, so that a role for antigen-presentation by all three potential candidates in autoimmune thyroiditis is possible. PMID- 3176813 TI - 3,3',5'-Triiodothyronine inhibits ontogenetic development of iodothyronine-5' deiodinase in the liver of the neonatal mouse. AB - To elucidate the effect of rT3 on iodothyronine-5'-deiodinating activity (I-5' DA) in the liver of neonatal mice, rT3 was injected sc on the 5-8th day after birth and I-5'-DA in the liver was determined. A single injection of rT3 (0.01-1 microgram/g) inhibited the ontogenetically developing I-5'-DA in a dose- and time dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was reversible and specific for I-5'-DA. Lineweaver-Burk analysis revealed that the time- and dose-dependent decrease in the enzyme activity was due to a decrease in Vmax with no alteration in Km values (5 x 10(-8) mol/l). The maximal inhibitory effect was observed at a dose of 1 microgram rT3/g, whereas the inhibitory effect was diminished at greater doses (4 10 micrograms/g), probably owing to a contamination with T4 of the rT3 preparation administered. Furthermore, consistent with our previous in vitro findings, rT3 inhibited the I-5'-DA induced by T3 in the liver of neonatal mice. These findings suggest that rT3 inhibited I-5'-DA in the liver of neonatal mice by decreasing the amount of enzyme available to the substrate and that rT3 also elicited an antagonistic effect against T3 in the induction of I-5'-DA in vivo. PMID- 3176814 TI - Prolactin stimulates creatine kinase activity and DNA synthesis in explants of human amnion. AB - To characterize the action of hPRL and human placental lactogen on the amnion, decidua and placenta, we examined the effects of these hormones on the brain type isozyme of creatine kinase in cultured explants of these tissues from normal deliveries. In the amnion, hPRL (1 mg/l) caused a 1.8-fold increase in creatine kinase specific activity in 24 h, whereas hGH (1 mg/l) or human placental lactogen (1 mg/l) had no effect; oPRL (1 mg/l) also caused a 2.5-fold increase in creatine kinase activity. Neither hPRL, human placental lactogen nor hGH had a significant effect on creatine kinase activity in the placenta or decidua. [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA increased in parallel to the stimulation of creatine kinase activity. The predominant isozyme of creatine kinase in both the unstimulated and stimulated explants was the brain type isozyme. Creatine kinase activity in the amniotic tissue increased significantly 2 h after hPRL treatment and reached its highest value at 4 h. The enzyme activity in the amnion rose with increasing hPRL dose and showed a significant increase at physiologic concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/l. This study, therefore, provides evidence for biological action of prolactin in amniotic tissue, suggesting that the amnion is physiologically responsive to prolactin. PMID- 3176815 TI - Characterization of the insulin resistance of glucose utilization in adipocytes from patients with hyper- and hypothyroidism. AB - Insulin action on glucose utilization was characterized in adipocytes from 10 thyrotoxic patients, 6 hypothyroid patients and 10 age- and sex-matched control subjects. In thyrotoxic patients insulin binding at low insulin concentrations was reduced (P less than 0.05) and accompanied by impaired insulin sensitivity of glucose transport (P less than 0.02), glucose oxidation (P less than 0.05) and lipogenesis (P less than 0.05). Glucose transport and glucose oxidation rates also exhibited depressed maximal insulin responsiveness (P less than 0.05). In hypothyroid patients insulin binding was reduced, too, (P less than 0.05) and associated with impaired sensitivity to insulin of glucose transport (P less than 0.05). Both glucose transport and lipogenesis rates showed decreased maximal insulin responsiveness (P less than 0.05). IN CONCLUSION: In man, both hyper- and hypothyroidism are characterized by insulin resistance of adipocyte glucose utilization localized to insulin binding as well as to insulin-stimulated glucose transport and metabolism. PMID- 3176817 TI - Hormonal control of thyrotropin and growth hormone secretion in a human thyrotrope pituitary adenoma studied in vitro. AB - Pituitary thyrotrope tumours are a rare cause of hyperthyroidism. Prior in vitro studies of these tumours have revealed various patterns of differentiation and secretory activity. We have characterized the histological, biochemical, molecular and physiological features of a thyrotrope adenoma in order to define its origin and autonomy. Histochemical and electron micrograph findings confirmed the diagnosis of a thyrotrope cell adenoma. Immunostaining was positive for TSH and GH in the cytoplasm of the adenoma cells. Tissue extracts contained TSH-IR which co-eluted with authentic hTSH when analysed by gel filtration. Tumour fragments studied in a tissue culture system secreted TSH, alpha-subunit and GH. TRH (30 nmol/l) stimulated TSH and GH secretion. T3 (1.5 nmol/l) inhibited GH release and had no effect on TSH secretion. GnRH (50 nmol/l), dexamethasone (10( 4) mol/l), SRIH (1 mumol/l) and TRH-glycine, a tetrapeptide precursor of TRH, stimulated TSH release. Dexamethasone inhibited GH and alpha-subunit secretion. Stable transcripts for alpha- and beta-subunits of TSH and GH messenger RNAs were detected by molecular hybridization in cytosolic fractions. Immunohistochemistry, in vitro secretory function, and mRNA analysis suggest multidirectional differentiation of the tumour cells. TRH-glycine may have a direct stimulatory effect upon pituitary thyrotropes. PMID- 3176816 TI - The circadian rhythm of melatonin in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. AB - In order to determine the influence of thyroid function on the pineal gland in humans, the circadian rhythm of the serum melatonin concentration was estimated in 16 women with thyroid disorders: 8 with hypothyroidism and 8 with hyperthyroidism, as well as in 5 healthy controls. A significant melatonin circadian rhythm was observed in all the three groups studied. The melatonin rhythm parameters derived from cosinor analysis: mesor (controls: 0.163 +/- 0.03 nmol/l (+/- SEM), hypothyroid patients: 0.176 +/- 0.22 nmol/l, and hyperthyroid patients: 0.167 +/- 0.04 nmol), amplitude (0.155, 0.145 and 0.138 nmol/l, respectively), acrophase (1:38, 2:22 and 1:51 h, respectively) did not differ significantly in the three groups studied. Integrated 24-h melatonin secretion was also similar in patients and controls. The melatonin concentrations were positively correlated with TSH levels in hypothyroidism, and negatively correlated with T3 in hyperthyroidism. IN CONCLUSION: in patients with hypo- and hyperthyroidism the circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion is not altered. PMID- 3176818 TI - 2nd Thyroid Symposium. Peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism. April 28-30, 1988, Graz, Austria. Proceedings. PMID- 3176820 TI - [Alteration of T4 deiodination in vitro in the brain of rats with nonthyroidal diseases]. PMID- 3176819 TI - [Thyroxine analog and thyroxine immune extraction in serum dilution with an FT4 analog one step RIA (Amerlex): model for the maintenance of "equilibrium" between the serum-binding and antibody-binding potentials]. PMID- 3176821 TI - [Reverse T3 values]. PMID- 3176822 TI - [Elevated biliary excretion of T4--however, not of T3--in rats with nonthyroidal diseases (NTI)]. PMID- 3176823 TI - Thyroid function in "nonthyroidal-illness". Longitudinal study in patients with hematological diseases. PMID- 3176824 TI - Influence of dopamine on the thyroid hormones and thyrotropin in acute respiratory distress syndrome. PMID- 3176825 TI - [Effect of R- versus S-propranolol on the peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism of hyperthyroid patients]. PMID- 3176826 TI - [The microcirculation as a parameter of peripheral thyroid hormone action]. PMID- 3176828 TI - Nurses and the concept of wellness. PMID- 3176827 TI - Maternal-fetal thyroid hormone relationships and the fetal brain. AB - Thyroid hormones are transferred from the mother to the fetus. Thus, despite the deiodinating enzymes of the placenta (26), some T4 and T3 is transferred, both before and after onset of fetal thyroid function, at least in those cases where fetal thyroid function is impaired. It is also possible that transfer occurs under normal conditions. Maternal to fetal transfer of T3 and T4 is partially limited. But it might be enough to mitigate severe fetal T4 and T3 deficiencies. However, the mitigating effects of both hormones are not equivalent for all fetal tissues. 1) Maternal T4 mitigates T4 and T3 deficiency of most fetal tissues, the brain included. 2) Maternal T3 mitigates T3 deficiency only in some fetal tissues, the brain being excluded. It does not mitigate cerebral T3 deficiency even at doses which are toxic for the mother, and it does not depress fetal plasma TSH. 3) Normal maternal thyroid function is important for fetal development. Maternal hypothyroxinemia is damaging to the developing fetal brain early in gestation. It might also later have adverse effects in gestation, if the fetal thyroid is impaired. Normal maternal T3 levels might avoid overt hypothyroidism of some fetal tissues, but is of no benefit to the brain. PMID- 3176829 TI - Distance education for nursing at the University of Calgary. PMID- 3176830 TI - The nursing image is our problem. PMID- 3176831 TI - Athabasca University: distance education in nursing. PMID- 3176832 TI - Will the specialty of occupational health nursing survive into the 21st Century in Alberta? PMID- 3176834 TI - Prolonged elimination of midazolam after i.m. administration. AB - The elimination pharmacokinetics of midazolam after i.m. administration was compared with combined i.m. and i.v. administration in a randomized study of 55 gynaecological patients in outpatient general anaesthesia. Group 1 (n = 40) received midazolam 0.1 mg/kg i.m. as premedication 45 min before induction of general anaesthesia with midazolam 0.3 mg/kg i.v. Group 2 (n = 15) received midazolam 0.1 mg/kg i.m. as premedication 45 min before induction of general anaesthesia with thiopentone 4 mg/kg. Serum midazolam concentration measurements were performed regularly post-induction for 7 h in each patient. The elimination half-life of midazolam after i.m. administration (Group 2) was 6.6 +/- 1.2 h (mean +/- s.e. mean), which was significantly longer (P less than 0.05) than the 3.9 +/- 0.3 h observed after the combined i.m. and i.v. administration of midazolam (Group 1), and significantly longer than 2.9 h obtained from a calculated i.v. administration curve. We postulate a slow i.m. depot release of midazolam, representing the rate-limiting step in the elimination of midazolam after i.m. administration. PMID- 3176833 TI - Effects of dopamine on the portal circulation after therapeutic hepatic artery ligation. AB - The effects of exogenous dopamine (2, 4 and 6 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 i.v.) on the portal circulation were studied in six patients following therapeutic hepatic artery ligation. Portal blood flow (PBF) was measured by the continuous thermodilution technique. Portal venous pressure (PVP, n = 3) was monitored through the thermodilution catheter to allow derivation of preportal vascular resistance (PVR). Blood samples were taken through the portal venous catheter for measurement of dopamine. A significant increase in PBF and a decrease in PVR were observed during graded i.v. dopamine infusion. Thus, PBF was 961 +/- 119 ml.min-1 during control conditions and increased to 1446 +/- 221 ml.min-1 during the dopamine infusion at 6 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. No significant changes in mean arterial pressure or PVP were observed during dopamine administration. The pharmacokinetics of dopamine did not differ from that previously reported in patients with an intact arterial supply. In conclusion, our data indicate that exogenous dopamine consistently increases PBF by preportal vasodilation, also in patients with a surgically restricted hepatic arterial blood supply. PMID- 3176835 TI - Subarachnoid versus epidural bupivacaine 0.5% for caesarean section. AB - In order to compare subarachnoid (spinal) and epidural block for caesarean section, 40 women were randomly allocated to spinal or epidural analgesia with bupivacaine. The median dose of bupivacaine was 13 mg in the spinal group versus 155 mg in the epidural group. The mean time from induction to delivery was 32 min shorter in the spinal group (P less than 0.001). In the spinal group one woman was excluded because of spontaneous labour. Three patients in the spinal and one in the epidural group failed to develop adequate analgesia to initiate surgery. For the remaining patients both techniques provided good analgesia during operation. Postoperatively, epidural block provided better pain relief. The patients in the epidural group had a lower pain score during the first 4 h after the operation (P less than 0.01). In spite of similar haemodynamic changes in the two groups, the mean base deficit in umbilical cord blood at delivery was higher in the spinal group (P less than 0.05). PMID- 3176836 TI - Comparison of rectal to intramuscular administration of midazolam and atropine for premedication of children. AB - The effectiveness of midazolam and atropine as anaesthetic premedication was investigated, comparing rectal to intramuscular administration. A total of 202 children varying in age from 10 months to 9 years, who had been admitted to the Day Surgery Department for short ENT procedures, were assigned to one of two groups on a random basis. The first group (n = 102) was given 0.5 mg/kg midazolam and 0.05 mg/kg atropine as a rectal solution 30 to 75 min prior to induction, while the second group (n = 100) was given 0.15 mg/kg midazolam and 0.02 mg/kg atropine as an intramuscular injection 20 to 60 min prior to induction. The levels of sedation and salivation were compared, as was the degree of tolerance to intravenous induction. The parents of children older than 3 years of age were given a questionnaire designed to determine the degree of amnesia. We found this combination of drugs to be effective in the relief of anxiety, the inhibition of salivary secretion and the promotion of memory loss, regardless of the route of administration. We feel that rectal administration is preferable because it is not associated with pain or anxiety. PMID- 3176838 TI - The anaesthetic management of an infant with frontometaphyseal dysplasia (Gorlin Cohen syndrome). AB - We describe an infant with frontometaphyseal dysplasia, who presented to us twice for anaesthesia for orthopaedic surgery. These patients have facial asymmetry, mandibular hypoplasia, bradycardia, restrictive lung disease, primary pulmonary hypertension, skeletal abnormalities and difficult endotracheal intubation. The patient also showed laryngeal stridor because of laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis and subglottic stenosis. Light premedication along with atropine, ECG and blood pressure monitoring, gradual inhalational induction and intubation of the spontaneously breathing patient, careful positioning and postoperative CPAP are recommended. PMID- 3176837 TI - Buprenorphine antagonism of ventilatory depression following fentanyl anaesthesia. AB - In order to compare the effect of buprenorphine and naloxone on respiratory depression after fentanyl anaesthesia (25 micrograms/kg), 32 women scheduled for elective abdominal hysterectomy participated in a double-blind randomized investigation. At termination of anaesthesia, after antagonizing residual neuromuscular blockade, 20 normocapnic patients with a respiratory rate of 4 breaths/min or less entered the study, receiving either buprenorphine (0.6 mg in 20 ml NaCl) or naloxone (0.4 mg in 20 ml NaCl) 2 ml/min until 20 ml was given or until the respiratory rate exceeded 8 breaths/min. Respiratory rate, PaCO2, sedation score, and pain intensity were evaluated during a 3-h study period. Fifteen min after beginning the treatment, all the patients in both groups had their ventilatory depression antagonized. There were no statistically significant differences in respiratory rates between groups except at 15 min. On no occasion did either PaCO2 or a sedation score differ statistically significantly between the groups. At 15 min all patients in the buprenorphine group had no or mild pain, compared to the patients in the naloxone group, of whom 50% had moderate to severe pain (P less than 0.05). It seems as if buprenorphine is as effective as naloxone in antagonizing respiratory rate depression following fentanyl anaesthesia. PMID- 3176840 TI - Proceedings of the Postgraduate Course and the 5th International Congress of the Belgian Society of Anesthesia and Reanimation. Brussels, September 14-17, 1988. PMID- 3176839 TI - Are diabetic patients difficult to intubate? PMID- 3176841 TI - Epidemiologic evaluation of reports on survival after CPR. PMID- 3176843 TI - The estimation of cost for intensive care to patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. PMID- 3176842 TI - Prediction of prognosis following cardiac arrest. PMID- 3176844 TI - Fluid resuscitation in shock. PMID- 3176845 TI - Changes in myocardial contractility during shock. PMID- 3176846 TI - Toxicity of local anesthetic agents. AB - The toxicity of local anesthetic agents can be divided into two categories: (1) systemic toxic reactions due usually to an accidental intravascular injection and (2) local tissue toxicity. The systemic toxicity of local anesthetic agents is primarily characterized by CNS excitation and convulsive activity. The cardiovascular system is more resistant to the toxic actions of local anesthetics. However, local anesthetics can exert a negative chronotropic and inotropic action and cause profound peripheral vasodilation. The combination of cardiac depression and peripheral vascular dilation results in irreversible circulatory collapse. The more potent agents such as bupivacaine appear to be more cardiotoxic and may precipitate ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation. Local tissue toxicity is rare following the administration of local anesthetics. However, large doses of chloroprocaine solutions administered intrathecally have been associated with prolonged sensory-motor deficits in a few patients due probably to the low pH and presence of sodium bisulfite in the chloroprocaine solutions. In general, local anesthetic agents are relatively safe if administered properly. However, as with any pharmacological agents, local anesthetics may cause severe toxic reactions due to the improper use of these drugs. PMID- 3176848 TI - Safety rules for Bier's block. PMID- 3176847 TI - Sudden complications in regional anesthesia. AB - In regional anesthesia sudden and severe complications occur from time to time and may rapidly turn into life threatening situations. Their rarity might well be their most vicious characteristic. Therefore, awareness of the possible complications, careful preparation to cope with them, vigilance enabling prompt recognition of their occurrence and quick administration of the appropriate treatment are all essential for a safe practice of regional anesthesia. The routine use of pulse oximetry is now strongly recommended. PMID- 3176849 TI - Paresthesias or no paresthesias? Nerve complications after neural blockades. PMID- 3176850 TI - Regional anesthesia: how safe? A review of 20,590 cases. PMID- 3176851 TI - Fundamentals of modern inhalation anesthesia. PMID- 3176852 TI - Low flow anesthesia. Modern methods, monitoring and equipment. PMID- 3176854 TI - Regional anesthesia in myopathic children. PMID- 3176853 TI - Complications of obstetric epidural anesthesia. PMID- 3176855 TI - Is sedation possible in children? PMID- 3176856 TI - So you are about to buy a computer for your department. What not to do? PMID- 3176857 TI - Pharmacokinetical modelling: clinical applications. PMID- 3176858 TI - Indications for paralysis in ventilated patients. PMID- 3176859 TI - Clinical use of peripheral nerve stimulators. PMID- 3176861 TI - Ambulatory laboratory investigations for malignant hyperthermia susceptible patients. PMID- 3176860 TI - Paralysis reversal: why, when, how much anticholinesterase? PMID- 3176862 TI - Optimal treatment for malignant hyperthermia today. PMID- 3176863 TI - Fluid management in patients with intracranial pathology. PMID- 3176865 TI - Carotid endarterectomy: anesthesia and monitoring. PMID- 3176864 TI - Evoked potentials in anesthesia: physiological considerations. PMID- 3176866 TI - Cardiovascular effects of isoflurane in man. PMID- 3176867 TI - Anatomical introduction to analgesia: correlation of activity of neurons of the superficial dorsal horn with pain and analgesia. PMID- 3176868 TI - Regional blockade vs analgesic therapy against postoperative pain. PMID- 3176869 TI - What the brain tells to the spinal cord? Electrophysiological and behavioural approaches. PMID- 3176870 TI - Recent evolution of the pain clinic concept and the role of the anesthesiologist. PMID- 3176871 TI - Intranasal administration of ketamine: possible applications. PMID- 3176873 TI - Isolated sixth nerve palsy due to intracavernous carotid aneurysm in a young woman. AB - A large intracavernous carotid aneurysm was angiographically demonstrated in a 29 years old woman suffering from a persistent isolated abducens nerve palsy. CT brain scan failed to reveal the lesion. The usefulness of performing angiography in the cases of isolated abducens palsy of undetermined nature, is stressed. PMID- 3176872 TI - [Wegener's disease. Unusual initial symptomatology: acute pain in the lower limbs]. AB - The authors report a case of Wegener's granulomatosis unusual for its initial signs. The first evidence of disease consisted in pains in the lower limbs, probably caused by inflammatory processes involving the fascia. Biochemical, radiological and histological examinations allowed the diagnosis to be made. PMID- 3176875 TI - EEG in demented and non-demented parkinsonian patients. AB - The electroencephalograms (EEG) of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were evaluated in relation to age, mental status and motor disability. Abnormalities, particularly mild slowing, were observed in 34% of 128 patients and more frequently in the elderly. While a slowing in occipital background activity was more frequent in demented patients, a statistically significant association was also observed between the degree of motor disability and the frequency of slowing in occipital background activity in mentally intact patients. This correlation may suggest that subcortical structures (involved in motor control) influence occipital background activity. PMID- 3176874 TI - Methanol intoxication. Parkinsonism and decreased Met-enkephalin levels due to putaminal necrosis. AB - Due to methanol intoxication, a 38-year-old male developed permanent parkinsonism with visual impairment. Brain computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed cystic resorption of the putamen. An alteration of the central noradrenergic activity and the opioid system can be assumed because of increased dopamine beta-hydroxylase (D beta H) activity and decreased methionine enkephalin (Met-Enk) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). PMID- 3176876 TI - Course and prognosis of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Results of an epidemiological study. AB - In studies on the natural course of multiple sclerosis (MS), several forms of the disease are distinguished. The most important are the relapsing remitting and the chronic progressive forms. The relationship between these remains unclear. In a prospective epidemiological survey we studied the course of MS using the year in which the chronic-progressive phase started as a landmark. The reliability of this "year of progression" was examined in an observer agreement study. Data were acquired from 342 patients. Progression of the handicap was most rapid in case of a secondary progressive course, female sex, high relapse rate in the preceding remitting phase and "year of progression" at a higher age. Survival after the "year of progression" was lowest in the secondary progressive group. Determining the "year of progression" seems to be significant for the prognosis. PMID- 3176877 TI - Effect of pregnancy on the electroencephalogram of epileptic women. AB - The electroencephalograms (EEGs) of epileptic women in late pregnancy were compared with their EEGs outside pregnancy and the puerperium. The number of epileptic interictal discharges was not modified by pregnancy. Visual scoring and frequency analysis demonstrated a slight increase in the alpha band during pregnancy. No correlations were found between the EEG findings and changes in seizure frequency. PMID- 3176878 TI - The value of CT and very low field MRI in the etiological diagnosis of dizziness. AB - A total of 79 dizziness patients were examined by either computed tomography (CT), or very low field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or both. In most cases, the patients were selected for the neuroimaging because preliminary clinical examination had suggested central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Abnormal CT or MRI findings with probable clinical relevance to the etiology of dizziness were obtained in 34%. The most common abnormalities were atrophy, infarction, and demyelination.; 29% of the CT scans and 40% of the MRI showed relevant abnormalities. The present results emphasize the diagnostic usefulness of head CT and MRI when dizziness of CNS etiology is suspected. PMID- 3176879 TI - The nosologic panorama of progressive ataxia in Swedish children. AB - Described are 76 children with a picture of progressive encephalopathy and ataxia as the principal or joint principal leading signs. The series was hospital-based in Gothenburg between 1973 and 1983, and not representative for epidemiologic analyses. The children were divided in groups by using a combined pathogenetic and clinical grouping system: lysosomal disorders (6 children), non-lysosomal lipid disorders (10), intermediary metabolic disorders (3), heredoataxias (22), phacomatoses including Louis-Bar (5), dysimmune encephalopathies (6), other defined disorders (19) and undefined or incompletely defined conditions (5). Different groups are discussed and, according to this material, a diagnostic pathway is drawn up. PMID- 3176880 TI - A clinico-pathoanatomical study of multiple sclerosis diagnosis. AB - The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is clinical and verifiable at post mortem. Neuropathological examination of 518 consecutive patients with clinically definite MS revealed a correct diagnosis in 485 cases (94%). Clinical diagnosis had been established by a neurologist in all cases. Erroneous diagnosis included a variety of other neurological disorders. Also investigated was a randomly selected series of 33 patients with a clinical diagnosis of probable MS: post mortem confirmation of MS was obtained in circa 66%, for the remainder the error pattern was similar to the above. Clinical diagnosis of definite MS was correct in 94% cases. Laboratory tests and examinations have not radically improved diagnosis. Neuropathological examination may occasionally fail to demonstrate MS plaques if the optic nerves are not investigated. PMID- 3176881 TI - Nerve conduction studies in upper limbs of patients with cervical spondylosis and motor neurone disease. AB - Proximal conduction studies by F-wave technique, with conventional distal motor and sensory conduction were performed along the ulnar nerves of 20 patients each with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy and/or myelopathy and with classical motor neurone disease (MND). Such F-wave parameters as shortest F-latency, F conduction velocity, conduction time and F-ratio were calculated. Twenty-five age and sex-matched healthy volunteers acted as controls. Proximal slowing associated with sensory conduction abnormalities and normal distal motor conduction favored cervical spondylosis (CS). Distal slowing with a normal proximal motor and sensory conduction was associated with motor neurone disease. PMID- 3176882 TI - Cognitive changes as early signs of HIV infection. AB - Neuropsychological examination was performed on 13 patients and 10 matched controls to assess the brain involvement of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. HIV-infected patients showed a significant decline in visuomotor, visuoconstructive and practical abilities as well as in motor-free visuospatial performance and repeating a long sentence. These findings could not be explained by the concomitant mental depression of these patients. Neither were they associated with any particular stage of HIV infection. The results suggest that mild cognitive changes may be detected even in the early stages of HIV infection, when examined by appropriate neuropsychological methods. PMID- 3176884 TI - Correlation of lactic acid level, cell count and cytology in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with bacterial and non-bacterial meningitis. AB - The relation between lactate concentration and cell count was determined in 394 CSF samples from unselected patients. In addition, a similar analysis was performed in 156 CSF samples from patients with bacterial and non-bacterial meningitis. The correlation between cell type and lactate level was also examined. The analysis demonstrated a significant linear increase in lactate showing high lactate levels at cell counts above 350 cells per microliter. Since the lactic acid concentration in bacterial meningitis increases linearly with the number of lactate-producing cells, it may be concluded that the increased lactate concentration results from CSF pleocytosis. If lactate levels are higher than the normal distribution, additional sources of lactate production such as cerebral hypoxia must be assumed. PMID- 3176885 TI - Binswanger's disease after prednisolone and azathioprine therapy. PMID- 3176883 TI - Lymphocytes subclasses and function in patients with optic neuritis in childhood with special reference to multiple sclerosis. AB - Ten patients with childhood optic neuritis (5 with a single attack of ON and 5 with later MS) were studied at various stages of the disease. Lymphocyte count and function were analysed in the peripheral blood of all patients, 3 repeatedly, and in one they were also analysed in the CSF. T-lymphocytes counts were normal in all but 2 MS cases who had high counts. In acute stages the T4/T8 ratio were high in 1/3 determinations, in recovery low in 2/2 determinations, and in stable stages normal in 6/8 determinations. Lymphocyte function, measured by PHA, ConA and PWM stimulation, was normal in all but one. One patient showed significantly higher T-cell percentages and a high number of stimulated lymphocytes in CSF but a lower count of suppressor cells than in the blood. We found no abnormalities specific to MS nor to childhood MS or to disease activity stage. Rather than peripheral blood, it would seem more worthwhile to study CSF to clarify the pathogenesis of ON and MS. PMID- 3176886 TI - Acute monocular disturbances mimicking optic neuritis in pituitary apoplexy. AB - Three patients with acute monocular central scotoma and headache had the initial diagnosis of optic neuritis. Computed tomography showed large pituitary adenomas with necrosis and cyst formation consistent with the clinical symptoms of a previous pituitary apoplexy. After transsphenoidal adenomectomy the visual disturbances disappeared. PMID- 3176887 TI - Changes in cerebral blood flow pattern after carotid endarterectomy. AB - A comparison was made between pre- and postoperative cerebral blood flow measurements in 20 patients who underwent endarterectomy. Most patients showed no difference between both studies. However in 4 of the series an increase in blood flow was observed while in another 4 patients a decrease occurred. Especially patients with a low preoperative flow seemed to have profited from the endarterectomy. PMID- 3176889 TI - MS and the group-specific component. AB - Sera from 95 MS patients and 227 control persons were examined by IEF to determine the Gc genotype. There was no correlation between MS and the distribution of Gc genotype (0.70 less than P less than 0.80) nor Gc alleles (0.80 less than P less than 0.90) although such a correlation is generally accepted on the basis of a smaller material. Furthermore, Gc correlated with neither disease course nor with the age of disease onset. PMID- 3176890 TI - Temporal arteritis: a decision-analytic approach to temporal artery biopsy. AB - The clinical indications for temporal artery biopsy were explored using clinical decision analysis. The analysis indicated that biopsy is most useful in patients with a high likelihood of steroid side effects. It is nearly always useful when the pre-biopsy likelihood of temporal arteritis is low, but loses its value when temporal arteritis is likely on clinical grounds, except when there is a very high probability of steroid side effects. With the low biopsy sensitivity likely to exist in most institutions, the value of biopsy falls off particularly steeply with rising clinical likelihood of temporal arteritis. PMID- 3176888 TI - Plasma lipids and their fatty acid composition in multiple sclerosis. AB - We report an extensive study of the plasma lipid profile and fatty acid composition in 61 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients compared with 61 normal subjects. The main abnormality in the MS was a reduction in the proportion of linoleic and arachidonic acids mostly evident in the HDL and in the cholesteryl esters fraction, with a compensatory increase in saturated acids. The fatty acid abnormalities correlated with the duration of the disease and the degree of disability. Thus, in the MS patients studied there was a deficiency in essential fatty acids, although this metabolic abnormality does not seem specific to MS. PMID- 3176891 TI - Surgical treatment of epilepsy. Proceedings from a workshop. Denmark, May 17-19, 1987. PMID- 3176892 TI - Risk and benefit in the surgery of epilepsy: complications and positive results on seizures tendency and intellectual function. AB - A review of complications in a series of 560 consecutive craniotomies for surgery of epilepsy shows the mortality to be nil and the morbidity very low. Results on the seizure tendency for temporal resections are presented with emphasis on extent and modalities of removal. In this series the success/failure ratio was in the order of 80/20%. Patients with-right sided removal tend to do better than those with left-sided operations. Removal of the hippocampal formation appears to significantly improve the results. Patients studied with intracerebral electrodes tend as a group to do better than those operated without depth electrodes. Anterior temporal resection is usually followed by a significant increase in intellectual function when measured one year after surgery. PMID- 3176893 TI - Surgical treatment of epilepsy. Organization (localization, staff, referral procedures). AB - Small countries like Norway (4.2 mill. people), should centralize surgical treatment for epilepsy around a permanent team from one comprehensive epilepsy service center and the cooperating university regional hospital. The first phase of the selection procedures should be done at all regional university hospitals and at the epilepsy center. The second phase with WADA-test and ictal EEG recordings and video-observations, and the third phase with EEG-recordings from intracranial electrodes, should be carried out by the permanent team. After implantation of electrodes at the regional hospital the intensive observation and recordings should be performed at the epilepsy center. The per-operative diagnostic procedures, with corticography, depth recordings, and localization procedures, should be carried out by the permanent team. After the operation, the patient should be referred to the epilepsy center for establishment of proper medical and psychosocial follow-up and rehabilitation. Preferably, the post operative assessments over several years should be carried out by the permanent team. PMID- 3176894 TI - Epilepsy in Sweden as revealed by mortality, disability pensions, and drug consumption, 1971-1984. PMID- 3176895 TI - Selection of adult patients for surgical treatment of epilepsy. AB - The ideal treatment for epilepsy would produce complete control without toxicity and without side effects. The physician would like to have surgical therapy as an option for those patients who are not completely free of seizures and for those who are free of seizures but suffer toxic side effects. Surgery for epilepsy has now become an option that should be considered along with various medical treatment options. The success rates have increased and the complication rates decreased dramatically at those centers performing surgery on a substantial number of cases a year. Patients with complex partial seizures with a clear-cut unilateral temporal lobe focus and highly stereotyped seizures are by far the best candidates for surgery. In the hands of several major epilepsy programs significant improvement in seizure frequency is achieved in greater than 90 per cent of patients. Patients with sudden drop attacks or uncontrolled generalized tonic-clonic seizures can benefit from section of the corpus callosum. Good results are seen in 85 per cent of the cases. PMID- 3176896 TI - Surgical treatment of epilepsy. Clinical aspects in children. AB - Neurosurgery, mainly temporal lobectomy, has given substantial relief of serious seizure problems in two-thirds of children with intractable epilepsy. Since the prognoses of children with an intractable epilepsy is poor, surgery should be considered. To prevent sequela of a long standing seizure disorder and side effects of antiepileptic medication as well as the development of mirror foci, surgery should be considered at an early age. The age at which surgery should be undertaken depends upon several factors, for instance: the seizure problem, the EEG findings--are they persistently focal and do they fit with the seizures? Is there a malignant development of the epilepsy and little or no chance of remission? And especially, if there is brain pathology in concordance with the clinical findings and EEG signs, neurosurgery should not be postponed. It is of great advantage for children with an intractable epilepsy to be evaluated at an epilepsy center. Both the children and their parents will profit from the evaluation and information gained as well as education by a multiprofessional team. This will optimise the difficult decision process which may lead to neurosurgery. PMID- 3176897 TI - Pre-operative extracranial and intracranial EEG investigation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: trends, results and review of pathophysiologic mechanisms. PMID- 3176898 TI - Pre-operative EEG evaluation in frontal lobe epilepsy. PMID- 3176899 TI - Preoperative investigation of cerebral hemisphere speech and memory with the bilateral intracarotid Amytal test. PMID- 3176900 TI - Herpes-simplex-related antigen in human demyelinative disease and encephalitis. AB - Using immunohistochemical methods optimized to detect herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) antigen, paraffin sections from human central nervous system tissues from 31 cases pathologically diagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS), 34 cases of other neurological diseases, 4 adult cases of HSV encephalitis, and mouse brains infected with various HSV strains were examined. Two distinct patterns of immunoreactivity with HSV antisera were seen. In typical acute human and experimental encephalitis, antigen was readily detected using high dilutions of antisera to both HSV types -1 and -2, and was found nonselectively in both neurons and glia. Lesions were destructive, with necrosis of all neural cell types, and inflammation was a mixture of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells. By contrast, immunoreactivity in lesions in each of three MS cases and in one case of brain stem encephalitis was found only with HSV-2 antisera, and relatively high antiserum concentrations were required to detect it. Reactivity appeared to be largely restricted to glial cell nuclei within and near lesions that were selectively demyelinated. Only mononuclear inflammation was present. These experiments suggest that HSV-related antigen may be found in a broader spectrum of human CNS lesions than has previously been recognized, and that HSV or a related agent may be associated with a selective infection of glial cells and with CNS demyelination. PMID- 3176901 TI - Lectin histochemistry of gangliosidosis. II. Neurovisceral tissues from patients with Sandhoff's disease. AB - Lectin histochemical studies were performed on selected formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissues of patients affected with the O variant of GM2-gangliosidosis (i.e., Sandhoff's disease). The purpose was to identify specific sugar residues of undegraded "stored" substances in cytoplasm of affected cells. We studied neural tissues from 13 patients, visceral tissues from four patients, and placentae from three affected fetuses. Neurons in all 13 cases studied stained with Concanavalia ensiformis agglutinin (Con A) and with Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I (UEA-I). Succinylated wheat germ agglutinin (S-WGA) stained affected visceral cells and astrocytes and macrophages in the central nervous system. These results demonstrate that alpha-D-mannosyl and alpha-L-fucosyl residues, which bind Con A and UEA-I, respectively, are present in affected neurons. Furthermore, they revealed the affected non-neuronal cells and astrocytes contain complex carbohydrates with nonreducing terminal beta-N-acetylglucosamine, which binds S-WGA. PMID- 3176902 TI - Shaking rat Kawasaki (SRK): a new neurological mutant rat in the Wistar strain. AB - Shaking rat Kawasaki (SRK), a newly discovered neurological mutant rat in the Wistar strain, is described. The abnormalities of SRK rats are transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. The neurological signs are shaking of the body and an ataxic-paretic gait from day 10 postnatal. The affected rats survive for about 1 month. Macroscopically, the cerebellum is small and frequently the vermis and paraflocculus lacking. The most conspicuous histological finding in the central nervous system is malposition of the neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum. Myelination and synapse formation are intact. Abnormal myelinated fibers are present in the molecular layer of the cerebral cortex and in the central gray matter of the spinal cord. These morphological abnormalities resemble those reported in the reeler mutant mouse. SRK rats are another good animal model of human congenital malformations with neuronal migration disorders. PMID- 3176903 TI - Microglia in the giant cell encephalitis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: proliferation, infection and fusion. AB - The autopsied brains of three homosexual men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), progressive encephalopathy and widespread multinucleated giant cell encephalitis were investigated by lectin and immunohistochemical methods to ascertain the cellular distribution of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) core protein, p25. Abundant viral antigen was present in all brains, limited to perivascular macrophages, microglial and multinucleated cells, some bearing elongated cytoplasmic processes. The multinucleated cells were consistently labelled by the lectin Ricinus communis agglutinin-1, a marker for microglia, which demonstrated process-bearing variants of these cells. The prominent staining of microglia for viral antigen and the morphological suggestion that they fuse with other microglia and/or macrophages to form the multinucleated cells characteristic of HIV encephalitis indicate that microglia are probably direct targets of HIV infection and serve to propagate and amplify this retroviral encephalitis. PMID- 3176904 TI - Relationship between putrescine content and density of ischemic cell damage in the brain of mongolian gerbils: effect of nimodipine and barbiturate. AB - Twenty mongolian gerbils were anesthetized (1.5% halothane) and severe forebrain ischemia was produced in 15 animals by occluding both common carotid arteries. After 5 min ischemia brains were recirculated spontaneously. Immediately after ischemia nimodipine (1.5 mg/kg) or pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into five animals. Four days later animals were reanesthetized (1.5% halothane); the brains were frozen with liquid nitrogen and cut in a cryostat. Ten-micrometer-thick coronal cryostat sections were stained with cresyl violet to assess the extent of ischemic cell damage in the lateral striatum, the CA1-layer of the hippocampus, and the thalamus. In addition, tissue samples (about 4 mg each) were taken from the lateral striatum, CA1 layer of the hippocampus and the thalamus. Putrescine levels were measured in these samples using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection. Reversible cerebral ischemia produced a significant increase in putrescine in the lateral striatum (from 11.15 +/- 0.79 to 44.83 +/- 11.76 nmol/g, P less than or equal to 0.05), the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus (from 11.27 +/- 0.64 to 41.80 +/- 3.62 nmol/g, P less than or equal to 0.05) and less so in the thalamus (from 11.28 +/- 0.70 to 16.50 +/- 1.71 nmol/g).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176907 TI - Involvement of choroid plexus in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MELAS) PMID- 3176906 TI - Leakage of blood-retinal barrier due to damaging effect of protamine sulfate on the endothelium. AB - The effect of the polycations, protamine sulfate and poly-L-lysine, on the blood retinal barrier of rat retinal vessels were studied by retrograde perfusion through the aorta or by intracarotid perfusion of the polycation followed by the protein tracer, hemoglobin. Protamine sulfate induced swelling of cytoplasmic organelles and diffuse staining of many endothelial cells by tracer molecules which subsequently entered the subendothelial and perivascular areas. Polylysine caused some diffuse staining but no leakage of tracer through the endothelial cell. Occasionally, tracer was found in the interendothelial junction after protamine perfusion. The results indicate that surface charge is important for maintaining membrane integrity of the endothelial cells and that breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier may be due to the cytotoxic effect of protamine on the endothelial cell. PMID- 3176905 TI - Freeze-fracture studies of reactive myelinated nerve fibres after diffuse axonal injury. AB - We have studied the axonal and myelin sheath response in diffuse axonal injury after angular acceleration using the freeze-fracture and thin section techniques. It was found that the glial-axonal junction was intact until 1 h after injury. But upon loss of the nodal axolemma specialisations, after 3 to 4 h, the dimeric particles of the glial-axonal junction (GAJ) were lost and, by 6 h, the myelin lamellae became separated from the axonal remnant. There was a correlated loss of glial membrane specialisations of the GAJ during this separation. In the internodal region a suggestion of membrane damage occurred after 20 min but discrete myelin dislocations (particle-free areas) were not found until 1-h survival and were extensive by 6 h. Areas of loosely organised myelin occurred between intact axons at 7-28 days after injury. No evidence for growth cone formation was obtained. PMID- 3176909 TI - Effect of exercise on maternal hemodynamics and placental blood flow in healthy women. AB - Intervillous placental blood flow responses to standardized exercise during late pregnancy were studied using a Xenon technique in 25 healthy women. Thirteen of them were studied twice between the 32nd and 38th weeks of pregnancy, with mean 32 (range 22 to 40) days between the studies. At the end of a 6-min exercise, mean maternal heart rate had risen from 77 +/- 10 (SD) to 154 +/- 11 beats/min, amounting to 63% of maximal oxygen uptake. Stroke volume rose by 9%, cardiac output by 65% and cardiac index by 71% as a consequence of exercise, but peripheral vascular resistance declined by 41%. The placental blood flow was at a similar level after the exercise as before the exercise, being 95 +/- 19 (mean +/ SD) ml/min/100 ml of intervillous space before, 98 +/- 24 one min after, and 93 +/- 16 30 min after the cessation of exercise. No change was found in the level of placental blood flow between the 32-34th and 37-38th weeks of pregnancy. The placental blood flow had a positive correlation with maternal weight, mean arterial blood pressure and with diastolic blood pressure. Maternal heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, placental weight and the birth weight of the infant was not correlated with placental blood flow. It is concluded that in normal pregnancy a short submaximal exercise has little effect on placental blood flow measured after exercise. PMID- 3176908 TI - Effect of exercise on placental blood flow in pregnancies complicated by hypertension, diabetes or intrahepatic cholestasis. AB - The effects of a standardized exercise test on intervillous placental blood flow were studied in 13 hypertensive, 10 diabetic and 8 cholestatic pregnant women in late pregnancy, and the results were compared with those of a normal control group. Analysis of variance for repeated measures revealed that in all the pathologic groups, placental blood flow was lower than in the controls. In all groups placental blood flow rose slightly 1 min after the cessation of exercise. The diabetics showed a decreased placental blood flow 30 min after the cessation of the exercise test (p less than 0.02). In diabetics, a fall was found in stroke volume, from 63 +/- 12 ml (mean +/- SD) before the exercise to 53 +/- 11 ml 30 min after the cessation of exercise (p less than 0.05), and a rise in peripheral vascular resistance, from 1540 +/- 200 (mean +/- SD) dynes/cm5 before exercise to 1750 +/- 390 dynes/cm5 30 min after the cessation of exercise (p less than 0.05). Pre-eclamptic patients had a higher peripheral vascular resistance than had normal controls. Pre-eclamptic, diabetic and cholestatic patients had lower cardiac index values than the normal subjects. The difference was significant in the pre-eclamptic and diabetic patients at 30 min after the cessation of exercise. Maternal heart rate, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures rose significantly from values at rest to values at the end of exercise in all groups. One of the pre-eclamptic patients showed a 74% decline in placental blood flow 1 min after the cessation of exercise coincident with fetal bradycardia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176910 TI - The oral contraceptive user. AB - The use of oral contraceptives (OC) has been correlated to several diseases, primarily thromboembolic conditions. Whether these correlations represent a causal relationship or a mere statistical correlation based on other variables, depends on whether users of OC differ in other respects from women in fertile age not using OC. We interviewed 519 Danish women, 15-45 years old and selected at random, concerning present and past use of OC, age, occupation, years of schooling, marital status, income, smoking habits, urbanization, and their opinion on the postulated thrombotic risk among users of OC. The data were analysed by methods for multivariate contingency tables. Opinions on the thrombotic risk, age, smoking habits and, to a lesser degree, regarding income, were directly correlated to the oral contraceptive use. There was no direct interaction between the use of OC and the other variables. Users of OC were younger and smoked more than the non-users and were of the opinion that the use of OC implied only minor thrombotic risk, or none at all. PMID- 3176912 TI - The negative association between a history of recurrent herpes labialis and cervical neoplasia. AB - We considered the possibility that herpetic recurrences and herpes virus associated neoplasia are mutually exclusive disorders because they are expressions of different herpes virus-host relationships. We assumed that the human body copes with orofacial and genital herpes infections in the same manner. In our retrospective study, the relative risk of a history of fever blisters for cervical neoplasia was estimated to be 0.49, with 0.34 and 0.69 as the limits of the 95% confidence interval. It is suggested that recurrent herpes labialis is presumably a determinant of an effective immune response in general. PMID- 3176911 TI - Herpes simplex virus IgA in pregnancy. AB - From 170 pregnant women, cervico-vaginal secretion, serum and amnion fluid were collected to determine concentrations of herpes simplex virus (HSV) IgA in different risk groups. We found a higher concentration of HSV IgA in cervicovaginal secretions in women with positive cultures, compared with women with negative cultures. Women with a prior history of genital HSV infections also had higher levels of HSV-IgA in cervico-vaginal secretions, compared with those with no HSV history, but the differences were not statistically significant. The concentrations of HSV IgA in cervico-vaginal secretions were not correlated to any other risk group defined in the study. An asymptomatic mother with no previous history of genital HSV infection, but belonging to the risk groups gave birth to an infant who developed neonatal herpes on the 4th day of life. Women at risk for viral shedding during gestation and at the time of delivery cannot be identified solely on the basis of grouping into risk groups and/or on concentration of HSV IgA in cervico-vaginal secretion. PMID- 3176913 TI - Parental attitudes to prenatal information about the sex of the fetus. AB - Women undergoing prenatal diagnosis (n = 198) with amniocentesis or chorionic villous biopsy participated in a study of attitudes to information about the sex of the fetus. The women completed two questionnaires on different occasions and about one fourth of them were also interviewed. Furthermore, 20 of the women's consorts were interviewed. The possibility of obtaining information about the sex of the fetus was reported as unimportant for most of the women (78%). Nevertheless, 58% of them wanted to have the information. In the questionnaires, most of the women (84%) rejected the idea of having a legal abortion because of the fetus's sex. In a discussion during the interview, only 33% of the men and women dismissed the probability that in some situations, parents-to-be might wish to choose the sex of their child and to do so by means of prenatal diagnosis. At the same time, 57% of the participants deprecated this use of the diagnostic technique. Thus the participants' answers were contradictory, indicating split attitudes to this problem. The results suggest that it is possible that people may wish to use PND to select the sex of their child. At the same time the way of answering indicates that there is a moral dilemma. PMID- 3176915 TI - CA 125 in the follow-up of patients with ovarian cancer. AB - The value of CA 125 measurement in the diagnosis and follow-up of ovarian cancer was studied in 102 patients. The CA 125 levels were elevated in 88% (322/365) of samples from 82 patients with clinical evidence of disease and in 14% (56/403) of samples from 58 patients without clinical evidence. Preoperative levels were elevated in 84% (44/52) of the patients, and in 100% of those with stage III and IV disease. In patients with non-mucinous tumors the preoperative levels were elevated in 95% of cases (38/40). CA 125 levels were significantly correlated with the course of disease in 88% (36/41) of patients whose tumor regressed, and in 87% (20/23) of those whose tumor progressed. Before second-look surgery of 48 patients, the sensitivity of the CA 125 test was 35% and the specificity was 86%. The results suggest that, although far from infallible, CA 125 is a useful marker for ovarian cancer. It is useful for monitoring the course of chemotherapy, but normal levels do not rule out the possibility of persistent or recurrent disease. PMID- 3176914 TI - Some fetal and pregnancy parameters in Nepal. AB - In Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, 4600 single live births were analysed concerning birth weight in relation to gestational age. At term, the median birth weight of females was 2900 g and of males 3010 g. Compared with Norwegian newborns, the birthweights of Nepali babies were lower for all corresponding gestational lengths. The differences increased with gestational age. Fundal height was lower in Nepali than in Norwegian pregnant women for all periods of pregnancy. An increase in the differences between Norwegian and Nepali women was also noted. Hematocrit values of Nepali women who did not take supplementary iron, correspond well to findings in Norwegian women without iron supplementation. Only a slight degree of hemoconcentration was noted towards term. For Norwegian women with iron supplementation the hematocrit values were much higher, with a tendency towards hemoconcentration near term. In Nepal the average woman probably has small iron stores, and without iron supplementation the hematocrit values will remain low throughout the pregnancy. The high altitude does not seem to cause hemoconcentration in pregnancy to a greater extent than at lower altitude. Hemoconcentration is therefore not a major causative factor of the lower birth weights. PMID- 3176916 TI - Breech delivery. An obstetrical analysis. AB - Fivehundred and eighty consecutive breech births during the period 1972-79 were analvsed for factors associated with neonatal mortality. The overall neonatal mortality in breech deliveries in this series of cases was 4.1%. Multivariate analyses (logistic regression) selected only 4 of 56 variables tested as significant (p less than 0.05) risk factors for neonatal death. The overall most important risk factor was low birth weight (p less than 0.0001). In addition, diabetes in the mother, malformations, and Apgar score 5 min less than 7 increased the risk of neonatal death. Cesarean section was carried out in 8.1% during the period 1972-75, but increased to 32.6% from 1976-79 without any reduction in neonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality figures were not significantly improved for infant delivered by cesarean section compared with those born vaginally. PMID- 3176917 TI - Twin pregnancy and the effects of prophylactic leave of absence on pregnancy duration and birth weight. AB - The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of taking prophylactic leave of absence from work during a twin pregnancy. Pregnancy outcome for 78 women who were prescribed prophylactic leave of absence from work to prevent preterm delivery was compared with a group of 78 twin-pregnant controls who did not take prophylactic leave. Gestational duration and birth weight did not differ between the two groups. The results indicate that prophylactic leave of absence from work did not improve the outcome of a twin pregnancy. PMID- 3176918 TI - Hickman catheter used in a pregnant patient for prolonged plasmapheresis treatment. PMID- 3176919 TI - Solitary metastatic endometrial carcinoma of the spleen. AB - Carcinomatous metastatic involvement of the spleen usually indicates widespread malignant disease. Solitary metastatic lesions in this organ are exceedingly rare and the literature reveals fewer than 15 cases. We have observed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the body of the uterus (adenoacanthoma) with an unusual route of metastasis in a 59-year-old patient. Only one case with the same pattern of spread from an endometrial carcinoma has been reported earlier. PMID- 3176920 TI - Fallopian tube papilloma in a patient with primary sterility. AB - Tumors of the fallopian tube are extremely rare. A case of a papilloma occluding the right fallopian tube of a woman with primary sterility is reported. PMID- 3176921 TI - Fetal cardiac function in response to long-term maternal terbutalin treatment. AB - To evaluate whether long-term human fetal exposure to beta 2-adrenergic receptor agonists elicit alterations in the human fetal heart, a fetal echocardiographic examination was performed in 9 fetuses between the 24th and 35th week of gestation (median 28 weeks) and 9 age-matched controls. Examinations were performed during long-term tocolytic terbutalin treatment. Drug dosages varied between 7.5 and 20.0 mg/day (median 10.0 mg/day) and treatment durations prior to examination varied between 14 and 60 days (median 25 days). No significant differences were noted between the exposed fetuses and their controls as regards FHR, left ventricular dimensions, interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular contractility (fractional shortening) and the derived left ventricular stroke volume. Despite the limited number of subjects it is believed that long-term terbutalin exposure does not have any untoward major fetal left ventricular consequences. PMID- 3176922 TI - Evaluation of three simple physiologic tests as predictors of pregnancy-induced hypertension. A pilot study. AB - In order to try to find a method for predicting pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), the roll-over test, isometric handgrip test and cold pressor test were performed on 40 healthy pregnant women in their 29th to 31st week of pregnancy. All these three tests proved positive (rise in diastolic pressure of at least 20 mmHg) in more than 50% of the subjects. None of the women in the study developed PIH (blood pressure 140/90 or more on at least two consecutive occasions). These results indicate that none of these simple physiologic tests is of use as a predictor of PIH. PMID- 3176923 TI - Outcome of pregnancy after infertility. AB - Pregnancy following a period of infertility was considered to be an increased risk for the fetus. During a period of 3 years (1983-85), 748 couples were seen at this infertility clinic; 515 women (68.9%) conceived, and were followed up and studied prospectively. Fifteen of these women moved out of the area. We analysed the results of pregnancies for the remaining 500, (Group 1) and compared them with the outcome for the total obstetric population (Group 2) during the same period. Mean age at conception in the infertility group (Group 1) was 31.8 (+/- 2.7, 2 SD) years, as compared with 23.7 (+/- 2.9, 2 SD) in the total hospital obstetric population (Group 2) (p less than 0.05). The incidences of spontaneous abortion for the two groups (8 and 6.2%) did not differ (p greater than 0.05). However, the incidence of ectopic pregnancy was higher (3.0%) in Group 1 than in Group 2 (1.5%) (p less than 0.01). The incidence of pre-existing hypertensive vascular disease (7.7%) complicating pregnancy and multiple pregnancy (4.1%) was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (1.5% and 1.4% respectively), (p less than 0.01). The incidences of induction of labor (29.5%) and elective operative delivery (10.6%) were higher in Group 1 (p less than 0.01). The incidences of infants with birth weight below the tenth centile (12.9%), of fetal distress in labor (14.6%) and a low Apgar score (0-5) (9.5%), were higher in Group 1, but there was no difference in the perinatal mortality rate between the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176924 TI - Duration of labor. An analysis of influencing factors. AB - 9703 labors at Akershus Central Hospital during the period January 1979 to January 1984 were analysed to see which factors influenced the duration of labor. Median duration was 8.2 h for nulliparas, 5.3 h for multiparas. Parity greater than one had no influence on duration. Induced labors were 1.9 h (nulliparas) and 1.4 h (multiparas) shorter than those with spontaneous onset. Stepwise linear regression showed that duration of labor was positively correlated with the weight of the infant, duration of pregnancy, weight gain and prepregnant weight. It was negatively correlated with mother's height. Mother's age did not influence duration of labor. Occiput posterior presentation and extensions of the head prolonged labor in nulliparas, but not in multiparas, while breech presentation had no influence. PMID- 3176925 TI - Surgical management of life-threatening obstetric and gynecologic hemorrhage. AB - Life-threatening obstetric or gynecologic hemorrhage can often be controlled by ligation of the uterine arteries or the internal iliac arteries. Following a description of the pelvic blood supply, the distribution and capacity of the collateral system and the hemodynamic changes after ligation, attention is called to these procedures of treatment and the consequent results, as described in the literature. There is no reason to fear tissue necrosis after ligation and knowledge of the above mentioned possibilities of ligation may contribute to the avoidance of unnecessary emergency hysterectomy. PMID- 3176926 TI - Measurements of fetal head compression pressure during bearing down and their relationship to the condition of the newborn. AB - Fetal head compression pressure (FHCP) and its clinical importance has been investigated in a group of 46 spontaneous births. Measurement of FHCP was facilitated using a compression transducer positioned between the fetal head and the wall of the birth canal. This method not only constitutes a means of quantitating the forces acting directly on the fetal head, but also provides information about the intracranial pressure generated during delivery. The latter extrapolation is based on the principle of applanation. The technique provides an objective and reliable estimate of intracranial strain and therefore a means of comparing the forces generated under different delivery modes. The condition of the same neonates at birth was assessed using umbilical artery pH, Apgar score, neurobehavioral testing and fundoscopic examination. The mean amplitude of FHCP in the different deliveries ranged from 38 to 390 mmHg (5-52 kPa) with an overall mean of 157.9 mmHg (21.1 kPa). The study indicated that the appearance of retinal hemorrhages in the newborn cannot be explained by exposure of the fetal head to abnormally high compression during birth. Other explanations must be sought for infants with a neurobehavioral deficit, reduced Apgar score, or umbilical artery acidosis at birth. It is concluded that a relatively short period of high FHCP has no obvious consequences for fetal well-being, at least within the limits described in the present report. PMID- 3176927 TI - Hysteroscopy in an IVF-ER program. Clinical experience with 360 infertile patients. AB - Three hundred and sixty patients underwent hysteroscopy before entering the IVF program. The procedure was successful in 332 patients; obstructive tubal disease was present in 247 (70%); 148 showed uterine abnormalities (44.5%) such as endometrial polyps, adhesions, hypoplasia, malformations, or severe cervical stenosis; 114 patients had normal hysterographic findings, in whom hysteroscopy revealed a false-negative rate of 36.8%. In 281 patients (84.6%) hysteroscopy was carried out under general anesthesia, in most cases associated with laparoscopy. There were no anesthetic complications, uterine perforations or other significant problems. In an IVF program, hysteroscopic evaluation can reduce the failure rate due to intra-uterine abnormalities. Hysteroscopy, which permits one to optimize an IVF attempt, becomes an essential procedure before introducing a patient into an IVF program. PMID- 3176928 TI - Abortion risk and pregnancy interval. AB - In a group of 187 women, the result of the next pregnancy following a spontaneous first-trimester abortion was studied, in relation to the interval between the two pregnancies. Conception within 3 months of the abortion gave no greater risk for another abortion than did conception after a longer interval (9/56 = 16% vs. 24/131 = 18%). PMID- 3176929 TI - Micturition symptoms and urinary incontinence after non-radical hysterectomy. AB - The effects of 554 non-radical vaginal and abdominal hysterectomies on micturition symptoms and urinary incontinence were studied. From the urological point of view, two groups of women may be distinguished prior to hysterectomy: one without urological symptoms and the second with urological complaints (present in no less than 57% of all women and differing significantly from the distribution of urological symptoms in the normal population). In the first group, frequency developed significantly more often than nocturia, dysuria, stress incontinence and nocturnal and diurnal urge incontinence. The type of hysterectomy was not related to this development, except that urgency more often followed vaginal hysterectomy. In the second group, highly significant improvement and disappearance of symptoms was observed. Age, parity, menopausal status, the presence of myomas, height, weight and body mass index had no influence. PMID- 3176930 TI - Mothering problems and child morbidity amongst "mothers with emotional disturbances". AB - In a study of 1,955 primigravidae who gave birth to a live singleton baby, 227 (11.6%) scored 'positive' (7+) in an antenatal Health Questionnaire enquiring into pre-pregnancy emotional disturbances. This group of mothers had more frequent depression, and this was of longer duration after their delivery compared with those scoring less than 7 (less than or equal to 6). Those scoring 7+ were less likely to breast-feed and the infants were more often ill during the first year of life. There were also differences in 'minor obstetric complications' between the two survey groups. This suggests that the application of this Health Questionnaire antenatally can identify emotionally vulnerable women, who could benefit from support and education during the antenatal period. PMID- 3176931 TI - The combination of pregnancy and acute salpingitis in a case of uterus didelphys. AB - A pregnant woman, with a uterus didelphys, developed abdominal pain. Laparotomy disclosed a severe infection of the tube of the non-pregnant horn. The diagnosis of acute salpingitis should be considered when a patient with a uterus didelphys develops unilateral abdominal pain. The present case seems to prove the blocking effect of an intrauterine pregnancy on an ascending infection. PMID- 3176932 TI - Cystic juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. AB - Sex cord-stromal tumors comprise approximately 5% of ovarian neoplasms and among these the granulosa cell tumor is the one most commonly seen (1). Two histopathologically well defined patterns of granulosa cell tumor are known: the common adult granulosa cell tumor (AGCT), and the less frequent juvenile granulosa cell tumor (JGCT) (1, 2, 3, 4). In addition to morphological variation, the two tumor types differ in prognosis and clinical course (4, 5, 6, 7, 8). PMID- 3176933 TI - Allergic reaction to an amide local anesthetic in segmental epidural analgesia. AB - A very serious case of anaphylactoid reaction to bupivacaine occurred during epidural analgesia. A rise in complement 3 activation products and a decrease in immunoglobulin E were observed, while bupivacaine toxicity was ruled out by normal serum concentration. Severe maternal hypotension, and a sudden decrease in the fetal heart rate were detected clinically. By a cesarean section, a baby girl was delivered, who at the age of 1 year appears normal. PMID- 3176934 TI - Endometriosis with ascites. AB - Endometriosis associated with ascites is a rare entity. Since 1954 only 12 cases have been reported. We report here another case, seen at Songklanagarind Hospital. Clinical course, line of investigation and operative findings are described, and the management is presented. The point of diagnosis, appropriate management and possible etiologic mechanisms are discussed. Ascites in the female patient draws clinical awareness to possible genital malignancy if cardiac, hepatic, and renal disease and tuberculosis can be ruled out. However, some other benign condition can cause ascites, although it is an unusual entity. One such condition is endometriosis. PMID- 3176935 TI - C-reactive protein (CRP) as a marker for infection. PMID- 3176936 TI - Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy in the treatment of advanced gynecologic malignancy. AB - Adjuvant to cancer therapy, 35 percutaneous ultrasound-guided nephrostomies have been applied in 21 patients with ureteral occlusions or lesions secondary to advanced gynecologic malignancies. Application of the catheters was uncomplicated. Dislodgement of the catheters was the major problem with this technique, occurring in 9 cases. There were no serious complications. In 14 patients, normal ureteral function was restored after the cancer therapy, 2 had to be nephrectomized, and in 5 patients the nephrostomies had to remain permanently. It is concluded that nephrostomy is a useful tool in the management of advanced gynecologic malignancies in patients who have a prospect of cure or a period of meaningful tumor regression. PMID- 3176937 TI - Epidural analgesia vs. general anesthesia for cesarean section. AB - A prospective study based upon interviews included 92 women who had undergone cesarean section, 38% with epidural analgesia and 62% under general anesthesia. The two groups were compared with respect to anesthesiological complications, postoperative morbidity and birth experience. The puerperal period was less complicated after epidural analgesia than after general anesthesia. There was a quicker re-establishment of the gastrointestinal function after epidural analgesia and the patients were more quickly mobilized and less tired. The overall morbidity after cesarean section, 16%, was lower than in other studies. Nearly half of the patients in the epidural experienced slight peroperative pain. In the case of repeated cesarean section, 86% of women who had epidural analgesia wanted the same anesthesia again. On the basis of this study, epidural analgesia is recommended for cesarean section. PMID- 3176938 TI - Effect of epidural vs. general anesthesia on breastfeeding. AB - In a prospective interview study, two groups each consisting of 28 sectio caesarea patients were compared concerning the course of breastfeeding. The women in the two groups were delivered under either epidural analgesia or general anesthesia. The two groups were identical with respect to age, parity, participation in antenatal preparatory courses and former breastfeeding. A significantly higher breastfeeding frequency and longer breastfeeding periods were were found after epidural analgesia than after general anesthesia. PMID- 3176939 TI - Peroral lynestrenol and arterial disease in mentally retarded women. A case control study based on autopsy findings. AB - Autopsy findings from 170 non-smoking and mentally retarded women aged 12-51 years were analysed for any epidemiological association between the use of peroral lynestrenol for inducing therapeutic amenorrhea (TA) and arterial disease. Eighty-six women had received lynestrenol continuously for an average of 81 months (range 2-220 months) and the other 84 had not. After exclusion of 6 cases with known risk factors (diabetes, hypertension) predisposing to arterial disease, pathological arterial changes were found in 16 patients, 10 of them belonging to the TA group and 5 to the non-lynestrenol group. The incidence of arterial disease at autopsy at the age of 35 or more was 8/19 in TA patients and 1/15 in non-lynestrenol patients (p = 0.078). The benefits of prolonged TA induced by lynestrenol in this group of patients must be weighed very carefully against the possible risks involved. PMID- 3176940 TI - Pregnancy outcome after metroplasty in women with mullerian anomalies. AB - Pregnancy outcomes in 22 consecutively operated women with Mullerian anomalies are described. In 16 women the indication for metroplasty was two or more spontaneous abortions and/or premature deliveries. The frequency of successful pregnancies increased from 5% before to 76% after operation. In 6 women metroplasty was performed on account of infertility. It is argued that infertility rarely constitutes an indication for metroplasty, and only when concurrent causes of infertility have been excluded. Several of the postoperative pregnancies and deliveries presented serious complications. Cesarean section is therefore recommended in some deliveries after metroplasty. PMID- 3176941 TI - Microsurgical reversal of female sterilization. AB - Between 1979 and 1985, 25 consecutive, unselected women (age 28-40 years, median 34) underwent microsurgical tubo-tubal anastomosis for reversal of sterilization. The overall pregnancy rate was 44%. The incidence of pregnancy was correlated to the tubal length after reversal. Of 12 women with tubal lengths exceeding 5.5 cm, 8 (67%) became pregnant. Of the 13 women with tubal lengths under 5.5 cm only 3 (23%) conceived (p less than 0.04). There was no significant correlation between pregnancy rate and age, interval since sterilization, or the sterilization procedure itself. PMID- 3176942 TI - Domiciliary fetal monitoring via telephone. A preliminary report. AB - A cardiotocograph with autocorrelation system, a simple telephone amplifier, a telephone handset with adjustable speaker volume and an adapted portable ultrasonic fetal heart detector can form a simple but effective system for long distance telemetry of the fetal heart rate from patients' homes using public telephone network. Especially the combination of supervision and direct communication with the patient during registration reduces the loss of signal to a minimum (4%), resulting in a high percentage of correctly transmitted fetal cardiograms. PMID- 3176943 TI - Perinatal progesterone in maternal-fetoplacental system during mature and premature deliveries. AB - The role of the maternal-fetoplacental hormonal system in the maintenance of pregnancy and in the onset of labor was studied by measuring the serum progesterone level in the maternal vein, the umbilical vein and artery at term (n = 34) and in the case of premature births (n = 74). Our results show: 1) During the 28th-40th weeks the serum progesterone concentration in the umbilical vein is greater than in the maternal vein (p less than 0.01) and in the umbilical artery (p less than 0.01), and greater in the umbilical artery then in the maternal vein (p less than 0.01). 2) No correlation was found between the serum progesterone concentration in the maternal and fetal vessels, whereas a close correlation was found between the serum concentration in the umbilical vein and artery. 3) The progesterone concentration of the maternal serum increased during the 28th-40th weeks, but increased only during 28th-36th week in the umbilical vein and artery and fell significantly by the 40th week. From this it appears that the maternal and the fetal progesterone concentrations are interdependent. The progesterone concentration of the umbilical vessels falls before term but it is not an essential factor in the onset of labor. PMID- 3176944 TI - Metabolism of estrone sulfate in postmenopausal vaginal mucosa. PMID- 3176945 TI - Longitudinal changes in blood viscosity are correlated with fetal outcome. AB - The importance of longitudinal changes in maternal Whole Blood Viscosity (WBV) for fetal well-being was investigated. Consecutive WBV data were available, obtained from 44 pregnancies before 36 0/7 weeks. An increase in WBV was found to be associated with an unfavorable fetal outcome. This result might be considered as clinical evidence supporting the hypothesis that maternal WBV contains information on the efficacy of placental perfusion. PMID- 3176946 TI - Traumatic injury in large-for-date infants. AB - The risk of traumatic injury and low Apgar score was studied in 473 infants with a birth weight of 4500 g or more at term (LFD) and 473 infants with normal weight (NFD, birth weight +/- 1 SD of mean for the respective gestational age). The LFD group comprised 3.2% of all infants delivered during a 5-year period. Traumatic injuries were observed in 8.0% of the LFD versus 0.6% of the NFD group. The injuries in the LFD group were 28 fractured clavicles, four fractured humerus and 12 brachial plexus injuries. Six of the LFD infants had multiple injuries. The injuries in the NFD group were three fractured clavicles. All infants with traumatic injuries were delivered vaginally. Contributory obstetrical factors for traumatic injury were forceps, post-term pregnancy and vacuum extraction. High birth weight was correlated to a low Apgar score at one minute, as also was post term pregnancy. PMID- 3176947 TI - Relation between steroid receptor levels and prolactin level in the endometrial stromal cells. AB - The levels of estrogen receptors (ERs), progesterone receptors (PRs), androgen receptors (ARs) and prolactin (PRL) in the stromal cells were determined during the secretory phase of the endometrium. The total levels of cellular ER during the early and mid-secretory phases and those in cellular PR during the mid secretory phase were significantly higher than those during the late secretory phase. No changes were seen in stromal AR level during these phases. The total ER levels was always significantly higher than those of other receptors in any phase of endometrium. The total AR level was significantly higher than the PR level in any phase of endometrium except that in late secretory phase. Cytosol PRL levels were low in 42% of the subjects in whom PRL was detected. The cytosol PRL level in these subjects was inversely correlated only to cellular ER levels. PMID- 3176948 TI - Heterotopic pregnancy. AB - Three cases of heterotopic pregnancy, i.e. combined intra-uterine and extra uterine pregnancy are reported. The complexities of diagnosis and management are presented. PMID- 3176949 TI - Bilateral tubal pregnancy. AB - A case of simultaneous bilateral tubal pregnancy in a 29-year-old patient is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by pathologic examination, showing chorionic villi in both locations. The possibility of this rare diagnosis should always be kept in mind and careful examination of both adnexa should be performed in cases of ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 3176950 TI - Premature rupture of fetal membranes changes in collagen type. AB - Collagen from the chorioamnion units from premature and term pregnancies was solubilized by limited pepsin digestion and subjected to SDS-PAG electrophoresis. Collagen types were quantitated by densitometry. It was found that collagen type III decreases and collagen type V tends to increase as gestational age advances. Investigating the relative abundance of collagen types at various membrane sites from term pregnancies revealed that type V decreases in the amnion as the rupture site is approached. It is concluded that since type V collagen is more resistant to collagenases, its decrease may predispose that particular site to rupture. PMID- 3176951 TI - Correlation of cerebral function monitoring with non-reactive non-stress test. AB - The cerebral function monitor, a system which records integrated electroencephalograms, was used to assess neurological status of newborns who had a non-reactive non-stress test prior to delivery. Babies born within 24 h of a non-reactive tracing had a significant lack of sleep cycling and persistence of immature patterns when compared with controls matched for gestational age. PMID- 3176952 TI - Perineal rupture following vaginal delivery. Long-term consequences. AB - Twenty-five women with complete perineal rupture were compared with a control group of 25 women, with regard to risk factors and possible long-term sequelae as a consequence of perineal damage. Following an average period of 78 months (52 123), all women received a questionnaire and were invited to a clinical follow up, which included perineal inspection and measurement of the anal pressure profile. Vacuum extraction was more frequent in the rupture group than among controls (p less than 0.002). Eighty percent of the women in the rupture group were primiparae, compared with an overall rate of 40% (p less than 0.02). Forty two percent of the women in the rupture group reported anal incontinence, compared with none in the control group (p less than 0.01). Most of these women reported stress-provoked incontinence regarding flatus and loose stools. Measurement of the anal pressure profile showed markedly reduced sphincter pressure, with maximum squeeze in the rupture group, but no differences were found regarding maximum anal pressure at rest. Sphincter length was reduced both at rest and with maximal squeeze in the rupture group. It is concluded that complete perineal rupture is a condition with possible long-term consequences such as reduced sphincter strength and partial anal incontinence. PMID- 3176953 TI - Contraceptive use in a sample of young Danish females. AB - During the period April 1984-February 1985, 4 test samples of totally 380 young Danish women aged 16-20 years old were invited to interview about contraception and sexual behaviour. The response rate was 75.3%. There were 208 (74.0%) who had had sexual debut. Median age was estimated to 16.8 years. At first intercourse 168 (80.8%) used contraception, 36.5% used condom and 36.1% oral contraception (OC). Among teenage-girls with sexual debut before 15 years old 32.5% were unprotected against pregnancy. At the time of the interview 64.4% did use contraception. The most frequently used contraceptive device was OC (46.6%). Teenage-girls changed the contraceptive method from condom to OC after sexual debut. A small proportion of sexually active girls (8%) did not use contraception neither at first intercourse nor at the moment. PMID- 3176954 TI - Reduced incidence of postoperative endometritis by the use of Laminaria tents in connection with first trimester abortion. AB - A Laminaria tent was inserted in the cervical canal of 115 primigravidae prior to vacuum aspiration in the first trimester. A mean dilatation of 9.7 mm was thereby achieved. Only 2 of these patients were treated by antibiotics due to 'mild' endometritis, as compared with 10 of 130 control patients due to endometritis and 7 patients due to 'mild' endometritis. Three non-treated control patients had to undergo laparoscopy due to perforation of the uterus during dilatation of the cervical canal. It is concluded that pre-treatment with the Laminaria tent prior to vacuum aspiration reduces the incidence of per- and post-operative complications. PMID- 3176956 TI - Cytological diagnosis of endometrial cancer and preinvasive endometrial lesions. A comparison of the Endo-Pap sampler with fractional curettage. AB - The value of the Endo-Pap endometrial cell sampling device in the cytological assessment of the endometrium was compared with fractional curettage. 318 symptomatic women were studied consecutively, among whom were 42 with malignant tumors of the uterus. Satisfactory material for cytological diagnosis of the endometrial state was obtained in 96%, whereas only 91% of the histopathological material was suitable for interpretation. 35 of 36 women with primary cancers of the corpus uteri had atypical endometrial cytology (sensitivity 0.97). Of 42 uterine cancers, including one metastatic ovarian carcinoma, two adenocarcinomas and three squamous carcinomas of the cervix, 40 were detected by endometrial cytology (sensitivity 0.95). All 5 cases of high grade cytological atypia in endometrial polyps or endometrial hyperplasia could be diagnosed by abnormal endometrial cytology and 4 of 5 patients with adenomatous endometrial hyperplasia were diagnosed correctly. Endometrial cytology obtained with the Endo-Pap sampler is a simple and cheap diagnostic method with which to detect endometrial cancer. It is also effective for diagnosis of preinvasive endometrial lesions with highgrade cytological atypia. Clinicians should recognize that out-patient investigation of the endometrial state by endometrial cell sampling with the Endo Pap is reliable and can usually replace fractional curettage. PMID- 3176955 TI - Antenatal health questionnaire to identify "mothers with emotional disturbances" as a potential risk group. AB - An important task in antenatal care is to identify mothers at risk during pregnancy, with the aim of minimizing morbidity and mortality. This paper describes the outcome of a health questionnaire distributed antenatally to 2086 primigravidae during the Tayside Infant Morbidity and Mortality Study 1980-81. The aim of this study was to test a health questionnaire, known to identify mothers with emotional disturbances, and investigate the outcome of their pregnancies. Two hundred and thirty-eight mothers (11.4%) had a 'positive' score in this study. This rather small group of women had a significantly higher incidence of psycho-social risk factors. The questionnaire return rate was high, more than 99%, suggesting that such a questionnaire could be used as a screening instrument to identify 'risk mothers'. PMID- 3176957 TI - Benefits of continuous infusion epidural analgesia throughout vaginal delivery. AB - Two groups of nulliparous women with fetuses in singleton vertex presentation received continuous infusion epidural analgesia (EDA) with bupivacaine: group A (90 parturients) without infusion analgesia in the second stage of labor and group B (90 parturients) with infusion analgesia throughout delivery. The groups were compared regarding pain relief, duration of the second stage, persistent malrotation of the fetal head, and rate of instrumental vaginal delivery. The continuous infusion EDA gave satisfactory pain relief in 93.3% of the parturients in group A and 97.8% in group B. The duration of second stage was the same in both groups. There were more persistent malrotations of the fetal head in group A, but the malrotation did not affect the mode of delivery. The rate of instrumental vaginal delivery was 25.5% in both groups. The main cause of operative intervention was delay in the second stage. When the continuous infusion technique is used, it seems unreasonable to discontinue the EDA and thereby deprive the parturient of analgesia during the second stage. PMID- 3176958 TI - Congenital absence of vagina and uterus. AB - Agenesia of the Mullerian system is a congenital syndrome seldom seen in siblings. This report concerns two sisters with the syndrome. In one of them, the vagina was successfully reconstructed, and the other is awaiting the same operation. PMID- 3176960 TI - Pregnancy in a 50-year-old. AB - A 50-year-old women was admitted on suspicion of abdominal tumor. Clinical examination and ultrasonography revealed a living fetus of 24.2 weeks' gestational age. Amniocentesis revealed trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome). At 34 weeks the fetus died spontaneously, and by cesarean section a stillborn boy of 770 g was delivered. The risk of pregnancy in women after the age of 45 is emphasized. PMID- 3176959 TI - An unusually aggressive verrucose carcinoma of the uterine cervix. AB - An unusual case of Verrucose Carcinoma of the uterine cervix is described. The tumor characteristics, as well as its aggressively malignant potential nature are presented. The unique response to irradiation therapy is discussed, hence the great difficulty in treating the tumor and the importance of early diagnosis to achieve a good prognosis. The literature regarding this unique tumor is reviewed. PMID- 3176961 TI - Is cesarean section justified for delivery of the second twin? AB - During the last 7-year period, the second twin was delivered by cesarean section in three of 161 twin pregnancies in our Department. The main reasons for this procedure were fetal distress caused by malpresentation or cord prolapse in 2 cases and in the third case placental separation. Cesarean section for delivery of the second twin is justified only in selected cases. PMID- 3176963 TI - Experimental paralysis of tensor veli palatini muscle. AB - In an effort to study the effects of experimental paralysis of tensor veli palatini (TVP) muscle on Eustachian tube (ET) function and middle-ear (ME) status, botulinum toxin A (Oculinum) was injected into the TVP muscles of 8 Rhesus monkeys. Tubal function was tested longitudinally in 2 animals with tympanostomy tubes using the forced-response test, while in the remaining 6 animals; ME condition was documented daily using tympanometry. The postinjection tubal function was characterized by abolished active muscular function and decreased closing pressure. Activity associated with tubal dilations gradually reappeared by the fifth week. The lack of lumen constrictions following injection suggested that the TVP muscle is the cause of constriction as well as normal dilation. In 6 animals with intact tympanic membranes, 10 of the 12 ears developed flat tympanograms associated with otitis media with effusion (OME) within 8-30 days of injection and serous effusions were recovered by tympanocentesis in seven ears. These results show that a non-traumatic reversible functional obstruction of the ET was created by injecting botulinum toxin A into the TVP muscle. This functional obstruction was associated with the development of high negative ME pressure and serous effusion. PMID- 3176962 TI - Short-term effects of iontophoresis on the structure of the guinea pig tympanic membrane. AB - Guinea pig tympanic membrane was anesthetized iontophoretically. The animals were sacrificed between 2 h and 4 days after the anesthesia and the tympanic membrane was studied histologically by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Edema in the subepidermal connective tissue layer and detachment of the basement membrane from the basal cell layer were observed 2 h after iontophoresis. Eight and 12 h later, the epidermal layer between the handle of the malleus and the bony annulus peeled and retracted towards the bony annulus, leaving only hornified outer epidermis on the fibrous layer. Four days after iontophoresis, the retracted margin of the epidermal layer became greatly thickened and evidence of hyperplasia and migration was observed. This study has demonstrated that iontophoresis of the tympanic membrane produces remarkable histological changes. However, no perforation was observed. PMID- 3176964 TI - Analysis of class II antigen expressing cells in cholesteatoma epithelium. AB - The present morphological study was designed to evaluate the significance of Langerhans cells in the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma. Biopsies of middle ear cholesteatomas were examined for Langerhans' cells expressing HLA-DR and anti-Leu 6 antigens by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies. No apparent difference in number of cells was observed when epithelium of cholesteatoma was compared with epithelium of healthy ear canals. Expression of HLA-DR antigens was detected on keratinocytes in Aspergillus flavus infected epidermis, used as a control tissue. This finding indicated an increased immunosurveillance of this tissue. However, no such expression of HLA-DR antigens was detected on epidermal cells of cholesteatomas. The results of the present study did not support the hypothesis of Langerhans' cells as having a primary role in the development of cholesteatoma. PMID- 3176965 TI - Development of apical-surface structures of mouse otic placode. AB - In 8.0 gestation-day embryos, a central cilium and microvilli were present on the apical surface of the cells of the presumptive otic placode and other ectoderm regions as well. The cilium at this stage lacked a central pair of fibres and was regarded as a primitive cilium with 9+0 composition. The microvilli gained in length and density of distribution as soon as the otic placode began to invaginate in 8.5-d. embryos. With further development in 9.5-11.0-d. embryos, they took on a regular distribution pattern. Narrowing and concomitant bulging out appeared in the cells along the neck of the otic invagination in 8.5-d. embryos. Marked regional differences also occurred in the apical-surface structures of the cells, particularly in the relatively more advanced form of the embryos. Kinocilia of the adult vestibular sensory cells were found to lack a continuous central pair of fibres, resembling the apical cilia of the otic placode. This finding seems to suggest that a vestibular kinocilium represents a direct descendant from the primordial cilium, which generally emerges from the primordial ectodermal cells and is entirely lost from the keratinizing ectoderm in the later development. PMID- 3176966 TI - Aberrant elemental composition of otoconia in the dancer mouse mutant with a semidominant gene causing a morphogenetic type of inner ear defect. AB - The elemental composition of otoconia from Jerker and Dancer mouse mutants was analysed in both maculae. A normal elemental content was found in otoconia from Jerker mutants, whereas in the Dancer mutant a large number of otoconia from both maculae contained very high concentrations of phosphorus. In these otoconia, the phosphorus calcium ratio was approximately 1:8, in Jerker (and normal) otoconia approximately 1:150-200. However, otoconia from Dancer mutants occurred with also a normal elemental composition. The increasing content of phosphorus in otoconia may possibly indicate an early onset of aging, i.e. corresponding to a phosphatization process as described in aging human otoconia. PMID- 3176967 TI - Intracellular changes in the endolymphatic sac after labyrinthectomy. AB - Intracellular changes within the lining epithelium of the murine endolymphatic sac were investigated following surgical labyrinthectomy. The light and the dark epithelial cells reacted differently. Some light cells showed altered morphology after labyrinthectomy. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum formed a tubular network in the apical cytoplasm which was contiguous with the extremely well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum. These light cells also contained numerous granules. Such cell modifications indicated a secretory potential in this type of light cells. The dark cells showed signs of increased activity, with an augmentation of endoplasmic reticulum and an increased electron density of the cytoplasm. The dark cells increased their luminal surface to such an extent that they frequently covered the luminal surface of neighbouring light cells. Our hypothesis is that the dark cells may, in some way, control the function of the light cells and in this way also the absorptive mechanisms of the endolymphatic sac. PMID- 3176968 TI - A frequency-specific auditory brainstem response technique exemplified in the determination of age-related auditory thresholds. AB - Using gated sinusoidal stimuli (tone bursts), frequency-specific auditory brainstem responses (ABR) have been recorded in mice. The gating function represents a filter with a constant narrow bandwidth in the investigated frequency range 2-31.5 kHz. The ABR thresholds found in the CBA/CBA mouse using this technique were in close agreement with those previously reported in the literature concerning mice. The ABR thresholds were analysed in 2-18-month-old animals showing a slight impairment of ABR thresholds with increasing age. The individual variations in ABR thresholds were small. PMID- 3176969 TI - The reproducibility of caloric tests of vestibular function in young and old subjects. AB - The test-retest repeatability of the hot caloric response alone and of the hot and cold caloric responses combined, was evaluated in 29 subjects, over a 6-month period. The subjects were from two different age groups, 20-30 years (15 subjects) and 65-75 years (14 subjects). Intersubject variability was statistically significant in both age groups, though of greater magnitude in the older subjects. Once a vestibular caloric response baseline was established, for any given subject, there was reasonably reliable test-retest repeatability over time, in both age groups, with coefficients of reliability greater than 0.90. PMID- 3176970 TI - Discriminant analysis in predicting prognosis of Bell's palsy. AB - A prospective study was carried out to objectively quantificate the most important predictive factors in idiopathic facial paralysis (Bell's palsy). Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to data prospectively obtained from 570 patients with Bell's palsy treated at the ENT Department of La Paz Hospital between January 1983 and January 1986. Due to statistical requirements the final number of patients included for discriminant analysis was 140. In all, 37 variables were studied in each patient. With data obtained from these variables a linear discriminant function was obtained, with an overall accuracy of 95%. The rate of correct prediction is 95.8% for patients with an expected complete facial recovery, and 90.9% for the group of patients with an expected recovery of less than 100%. The 8 predictor variables selected are: ENoG amplitude, stapedius reflex, familial incidence, Hilger test, maximum degree of the palsy, recurrent facial paralysis, facial pain, and hyperacusis. The discriminant function obtained is an easily adaptable method for routine practice in order to objectively assess the prognosis of patients with Bell's palsy. PMID- 3176971 TI - Circadian changes in the secretory activity of nasal mucosa. AB - In this experiment the authors examined the nasal secretum of 36 normal subjects. Samples were taken at 10 a.m., 1 p.m., 4 p.m., 7 p.m., 10 p.m., 1 a.m., 4 a.m., for 3 days and 2 weeks later. SIgA, albumin and urea were measured in the secretum. The values obtained showed an increase in the three substances, when correlated to a different transudation during the 24 h, but the greater increase in SIgA must be attributed to an accentuated local production. Undoubtedly there exists a circadian modification in the production of SIgA, with higher values during the night than during the day. PMID- 3176972 TI - A comparative distribution study of two procedures for administration of nose drops. AB - The intranasal distribution of nose drops has been studied in 12 healthy subjects, comparing an administration followed by two rapid inhalations through the nose, with an administration followed by turning the head to five positions. Insoluble particles of human serum albumin labelled with 99Tcm were suspended in the liquid before administration. A significantly larger area (p less than 0.05) in the nasal cavity was covered by the labelled nose drops when the subjects used the turning-the-head procedure. It appears that this procedure gave a larger passive distribution of the particles. The differences were about 10 to 15% between 3 and 45 min after administration. Some particles were rapidly transported into the pharynx. The retention of the particles at the initial site of deposition did not differ significantly between the two procedures and about 50% of the particles seemed to have penetrated to the ciliated region in the main nasal passages and were cleared. The results indicate that the procedure for administration of the nose drops influences the distribution in the nasal cavity, but the clinical relevance should be studied with respect to the efficacy of the active drug in patients. PMID- 3176974 TI - The histopathology of the human temporal bone and auditory central nervous system following cochlear implantation in a patient. Correlation with psychophysics and speech perception results. PMID- 3176973 TI - Blood flow in the rabbit maxillary sinus mucosa during experimentally induced acute sinusitis. AB - The blood flow in the maxillary sinus mucosa was studied in 35 New Zealand White rabbits. The blood flow measurements were made by two methods, one with use of Rb86Cl and the other with 15 microns Sn113-labelled microspheres. With the Rb86Cl method the blood flow of the infected sinus mucosa was about 0.8 ml x min-1 x g-1 when correction was made for radioactivity in the secretion. The radioactivity found in the secretion probably reflects an increase both in vascular and mucosal permeability and in blood flow. When microspheres labelled with Sn113 were used, the mean mucosal blood flow in the presence of sinusitis was found to be 0.83 +/- 0.56 ml x min-1 x g-1. This blood flow was significantly higher than on the control side. In a control series, mere blocking of the ostium did not significantly alter the blood flow in the sinus mucosa. PMID- 3176976 TI - [A study on absorption, distribution and excretion of 3H-shikonin in mice]. PMID- 3176975 TI - [Effects of neferine on physiologic properties and dose-effect response of isoprenaline and Ca2+ in guinea pig atria]. PMID- 3176978 TI - [Solid-phase peptide synthesis of a cardioexcitatory peptide and its analog]. PMID- 3176979 TI - [Kumujansine and kumujantine, two new dimeric beta-carboline alkaloids from Picrasma quassioides (D. Don.) Benn]. PMID- 3176977 TI - [The effect of retinoids on the capacity for colony formation by malignant cells]. PMID- 3176980 TI - [A new diterpenoid quinone dehydromiltirone]. PMID- 3176981 TI - [Studies on constituents of the Chinese traditional drug baishouwu (Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight)]. PMID- 3176983 TI - [Application of 13CNMR INEPT technic to structure determination of 5 alpha chlorine-16-methylene-3 beta, 6 beta, 17 alpha-trihydroxypregnan-20-one-3, 17 diacetate]. PMID- 3176982 TI - [Amphoteric doxycycline-sensitive electrodes and their selectivities]. PMID- 3176984 TI - [Reversed phase HPLC determination of three components in Salvia miltiorrhiza injections]. PMID- 3176985 TI - [Phosphorimetric method for the determination of dihydroetorphine and its application]. PMID- 3176987 TI - [The Belgian Law of Social Defense: its drawbacks and a viewpoint of possible realization]. AB - The belgian law of social defense of 1930 has presented several drawbacks which have led to the present revision of July 1964. Among these drawbacks were the limited duration of the confinement, which became unlimited, and the obligation to discharge the insane criminal, which has become a possibility instead of an obligation. The most obvious drawback remains the evaluation of the degree of "severe mental disorder", which explains divergences between experts, especially at the level of the therapeutic possibilities. The Special Hospital of Paifve for he french-speaking belgian insane criminals represents a prototype where the patient is constantly in interaction with a highly qualified personnel. PMID- 3176986 TI - [Synthesis of the marine cyclopeptide thiazole amino acid component (D-Val)Thz]. PMID- 3176989 TI - Use of the MMPI in the prediction of dangerous behavior. AB - The prediction of violent behavior can be an important aspect in the diagnostic work-up of a patient. Can the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) be of any help in predicting dangerous behavior? DSM-III disorders in which violent behavior has a high probability to occur, and the corresponding MMPI profiles are discussed. PMID- 3176988 TI - [Personality tests in forensic psychiatry]. AB - The application of several personality tests to 191 forensic subjects indicates that these tests contribute little to the evaluation of penal responsibility but do contribute to the social and criminal prognosis. Moreover, specific scales have been more useful in this study than comprehensive inventories. PMID- 3176990 TI - [The criminal responsibility of the mental patient]. AB - The authors analyze the issue of the penal responsibility raised by the psychiatrists as expert witnesses. According to the A.P.A. Commission on this issue, they stress the incompatibility between the judicial and the psychiatric concepts. The issue does not belong to the psychiatric domain as such but resides within the boundaries of philosophy and ethics. The enduring ambiguity pervades more the psychiatrist than the legal profession. The authors agree with the A.P.A. Commission in maintaining the issue of responsibility, failing which there would be a serious ethical drawback. However, this should be the judge exclusive power. The psychiatrist is limited to staying within a therapeutic point of view, this includes a psychiatric diagnosis, the potential therapy, if any, and a prognosis as well. Owing to the sociological and criminological aspects, the expert report should be done by a multidisciplinary team. The authors wish an official attitude on these matters from the concerned professional associations in Belgium, up to their American colleagues. PMID- 3176992 TI - Clonazepam-haloperidol therapy in schizophrenia. PMID- 3176991 TI - The Rutter Parent Scale A2 and Teacher Scale B2 in Chinese. II. Clinical validity among Chinese children. AB - This is the second of two papers about the Rutter Scales A2 and B2 among Chinese children in Hong Kong. A consecutive series of patients (n = 124) suffering from emotional and conduct disorders is compared with two control groups. Similarities and differences were found when compared with Rutter's original work. In particular, not all the items could differentiate between patients and controls. But with total scores constructed according to local standards the combined sensitivity of both Scales was highly satisfactory (96% for boys and 93% for girls). No combined specificity was available owing to the design of the study, but the respective value for individual Scales was satisfactory (using optimal cut-off points the lowest specificity was 74% for Scale A2 in boys). Their discriminative power for conduct and emotional disorders was good except in the case of A2 with emotionally disordered girls where only 13% of the cases were correctly identified. Again except A2 in girls the compositions of the anti social and neurotic subscores of both Scales among Chinese children were similar to that for English children. It appears that these two simple Scales do have important potentials among Chinese children. PMID- 3176993 TI - Locus of control, life events and treatment outcome in alcohol dependent patients. AB - We investigated the relationship of locus of control and life events to outcome of treatment at 6 months in 67 patients with alcohol dependence. Outcome was less favourable in patients with pre-treatment scores indicating external locus of control than in those with internal locus of control. Furthermore, patients with relapse in the follow-up period experienced more independent life events with moderate to severe objective negative impact than those with more favourable outcome. These results suggest that locus of control may be of clinical use in formulating treatment and prognosis, and that the occurrence of life events may influence outcome. The results are discussed in relation to strategies for treatment and prevention of relapse. PMID- 3176995 TI - Mental health in young people in relation to child welfare and institutional care in childhood. AB - This study shows that children with experience of child welfare and institutional care are clearly more disturbed than their peers who lived without external intervention and with their original families. The results indicate that child welfare intervention has only been of limited help to disadvantaged children especially for children with psychiatric and educational problems. Preventive measures have to be extended and psychotherapeutic interventions intensified before child welfare can compensate the handicaps and drawbacks of seriously disadvantaged children and secure the quality of life for them. PMID- 3176994 TI - Characteristic changes in psychiatric symptoms, cortisol and melatonin but not prolactin in primary hyperparathyroidism. AB - Psychiatric symptoms in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are usually characterized as depressive. In this study 13 patients with PHPT and six control patients with atoxic nodular goiter underwent psychiatric ratings with the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale (CPRS) the day before surgery. The 21 items in this scale were grouped into clusters. The ratings were repeated after successful removal of a parathyroid adenoma. Diurnal serum concentrations of cortisol, melatonin and prolactin were studied pre- and postoperatively in eight of the patients. Patients with PHPT had significantly higher CPRS total scores, 8.5 +/- 1.3, compared with goiter controls, 1.9 +/- 0.8, and showed a significant improvement of psychiatric symptoms after excision of the parathyroid adenoma, to 3.3 +/- 0.9. The preoperative diurnal and peak levels of cortisol and melatonin were higher (P less than 0.05) than after surgery. Serum melatonin fell to levels lower than those in healthy controls. Correlations were found between some clusters or items and cortisol or melatonin. Serum prolactin levels were normal and unaltered by parathyroid surgery. It is concluded that patients with PHPT show well defined psychiatric symptoms many of which are correlated to alterations in serum cortisol and melatonin accompanying PHPT. The improvement of symptoms seen after successful surgery further suggests that PHPT is associated with a specific psychiatric disorder similar to but distinguishable from major depressive disorder. PMID- 3176996 TI - An 11-year follow-up study of 110 depressed patients. AB - In 1972 the World Health Organization organized a cross-cultural five-centre study of depressive disorders. This report is concerned with data collected, after an 11-year follow-up period, in the sample of 110 depressed patients in Montreal, Canada. Eighty-five percent were traced and 59% were interviewed. Of 93 patients, 20 were dead at the follow-up date, 11 by suicide. Fifty-two percent of patients were receiving psychiatric treatment at follow-up, but there was no relation between psychiatric morbidity and treatment-seeking. Moderate or severe impairment of social functioning was present in 32%; in women, a trend linking the presence of social impairment and the time spent in episodes was observed. Of the episodes of psychiatric illness recorded after the index episode, 86% were diagnosed as depressive, 14% as unspecified affective disorder. The mean durations of the index and four subsequent episodes were 10, 11, 7, 11, and 2 months respectively. At least one recurrence after the index episode was reported by 78%, at least four recurrences by 19%. Episodes lasted at least one year in 5%, 4%, 6%, and 6% in the first, second, third and fourth episodes respectively. Sixteen percent were depressed for at least one year and 31% for at least 2 years. There was a marked trend from inpatient to outpatient treatment and from ECT to drug therapy over time. Twenty-two percent reported either moderate or severe problems with alcohol or substance abuse. There was a statistically significant association between the amount of time patients spent in depressive episodes and the number of life events they reported.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3176997 TI - Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: antecedents of anxious attachment to the mother at one year of age. AB - Mother-infant interaction characteristics at six ages during the first year of life were studied in relationship to the development of the infant's anxious vs. secure attachment to the mother at 1 year of age. The same antecedent maternal characteristics, notably less harmony during feeding and less consideration for the child's needs in play, were associated with anxious attachment in both index and control groups. In contrast, control infants' behaviors were totally unrelated to the development of anxious attachment, while index infants developing anxious attachment evidenced reduced social contact toward the mother and increased crying prior to 1 year, suggesting either vulnerability to negative maternal influence or initial deviations in these index offspring. PMID- 3176998 TI - Crime and the schizophrenia spectrum: a diathesis-stress model. AB - Previous studies support a relationship between schizophrenia and antisocial behavior. In the present study, offspring of schizophrenics showed a greater degree of antisocial behavior than did offspring of parents without psychopathology. The present study clarifies the interplay between risk for schizophrenia and developmental factors in determining antisocial behavior. Those variables which distinguished high-risk criminal behavior from high-risk non criminal behavior were irritability and shortened attention span in infancy, paternal absence during ages 15 to 17, lower WAIS Verbal IQ, impoverished neighborhood, family discord and negative attitude towards father. In a multiple regression analysis, paternal absence in adolescence, shortness of attention span, and low Verbal IQ each contributed a unique portion of the variance in antisocial behavior. A block of interaction terms (Stressor X Risk) did not contribute a significant portion of the variance in antisocial behavior, suggesting that those factors which predict antisocial behavior in the high-risk group are the same factors which predict antisocial behavior in the low-risk group. In addition, a significant portion of the variance in phenotypic outcome (criminal vs. schizophrenic) was accounted for by passivity in infancy (predictive of schizophrenia) and low Verbal IQ (more common in high-risk criminals). Shortened attention spans in infancy were found to precede both criminal behavior and schizophrenia in this sample. This feature may therefore indicate a genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. PMID- 3176999 TI - Vitamin B12 and folic acid serum levels in obsessive compulsive disorder. AB - Vitamin B12 and folate serum levels were studied in 30 patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and in two control groups comprised of 30 chronic schizophrenics and 30 normal healthy subjects. Six patients (20%) of the OCD group had abnormal low levels of vitamin B12. This prevalence was significantly higher than that of the control groups. No clinical neurological or haematological abnormalities accompanied the reduced vitamin B12 levels. Possible implication of this finding for the pathophysiology of OCD in a subgroup of patients and the possibility that the B12 deficiency could be the consequence rather than the cause of OCD are suggested. PMID- 3177000 TI - Sleep in the premenstrual phase: a self-report study of PMS patients and normal controls. AB - Sleep disturbances commonly occur in the premenstruum in both Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) patients and in women from the general population. Reports on the Post-Sleep Inventory were obtained from a clinic sample of PMS patients and samples from the general population dichotomized into a non-clinic group with and without premenstrual disturbance on the basis of their scores on the Premenstrual Tension Syndrome Self Rating Scale. The patients reported degrees of disturbance that were consistently higher than either or both the other two groups. PMS patients reported unpleasant dreams, awakenings, failure to wake at the expected time and tiredness in the morning, and heightened mental activity during the night and upon awakening. The three groups could be reliably discriminated on this basis with an overall accuracy of 82%. Sleep disturbances form an important component of premenstrual disturbance and merit specific clinical intervention and more detailed investigation. PMID- 3177001 TI - Psychopathology and personality characteristics of epileptic patients: epilepsy, psychopathology and personality. AB - The psychiatric investigation of a sample of 101 epileptic patients (65 temporal lobe epileptics (TLE) and 36 non-TLE) through various methods of evaluation, showed that only a minority of TLE with DSM-III diagnoses of Organic Brain Syndromes had severe psychopathology and manifested some personality traits. Thus, these patients seem to be differentiated from the rest of epileptics, TLE and non-TLE, who had quite "benign" psychological problems, if at all. It is quite probable that this sub-group of TLE could be the main instigators and perpetrators of the "bad image" of epileptics. The findings are discussed in relation to the pertinent literature and some hypotheses are offered for their explanation. PMID- 3177002 TI - Use of the Child Behavior Checklist in an Israeli adolescent psychiatric unit. AB - This article deals with the Hebrew version of an instrument for the diagnosis of psychopathology in young adolescents: the Child Behavior Checklist and the associated Child Behavior Profile developed by Achenbach (1978). We report on a study of the reliability and validity of the checklist and its suitability for use with severely disturbed adolescents in Israel. Parents of 130 adolescents, 89 healthy and 41 sick, participated in the research. The scales were found to be valid in that two-thirds of the items were correctly assigned by clinicians in Israel to their respective scales; it is internally consistent as measured by the Cronbach coefficient; and it is reliable in distinguishing between patient and control groups. Scores for control adolescents in Israel were found to be very similar to norms in the United States, the Netherlands and Chile. This finding may have important implications for cross-cultural research. PMID- 3177004 TI - Fluorescence and electron microscopic studies of the cytoskeletal organization of normal, established and transformed chick embryo cells. AB - The cytoskeletons of two established chick embryo cell (CEC) lines were examined by fluorescence and electron microscopy and compared with those of control cells and cells transformed by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). In normal CEC, many stress fibers were observed. On the other hand, stress fibers were disorganized in nontransformed spontaneously established CEC, non-tumorigenic CEC partially transformed with a chemical carcinogen, and tumorigenic RSV-transformed CEC. In the normal CEC, actin filaments formed several bundles along the processes of the cell. Stereo-images of the peripheral region revealed bundles of filaments which were located along the attached side to the substrate. A fine well preserved network of filaments was also observed. On the other hand, in spontaneously established, partially transformed and RSV-transformed CEC, a fine network of filaments, but no actin cables, was found. These results support previous evidence that the cytoskeletal changes themselves are not directly related to the transformation or tumorigenicity of cells. PMID- 3177003 TI - Direct determination of the blood concentration of halogenated anesthetic agents by gas chromatography. AB - The direct determination by gas chromatography of blood levels of anesthetic agents has been difficult because of the water content of blood. In the present study, the method of Yokota et al. (1967) was modified by improving the packing materials of the column, the blood sample vaporizer and the flow-path during analysis. As a result, accurate and reproducible determination of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane dissolved in blood was achieved. With this system, blood in which halothane, enflurane and isoflurane had been dissolved could be analyzed without changing the column between samples. Moreover, each sample was prepared in less than 10 min, and more than 100 consecutive determinations could be made with excellent reproducibility. The coefficient of variation was less than 3.8%. PMID- 3177005 TI - Exocytotic features of rat specific atrial granules. AB - To clarify the mode of secretion of specific atrial granules, rat atrial muscle cells were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Atrial granule formation and exocytotic features of granules were clearly seen. Abrupt breaks in the unit membrane structure of mature granules were observed in thin sections, but these breaks were not detected in freeze-fracture replicas. These findings support the concept that the granule contents are released to the extracellular space by exocytosis. PMID- 3177006 TI - Phalloidin-induced alterations of bile canaliculi. AB - Phalloidin, a toxin from the plant Amanita phalloides, irreversibly polymerizes actin filaments and causes cholestasis. Three-dimensional structural changes induced by phalloidin in the bile canaliculi and the intra-acinar localization of these changes were studied in the rat liver by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. After 3 days of treatment, canalicular changes appeared mainly in zones 2 and 3 of Rappaport's acinus, but after 7 days of treatment changes occurred in bile canaliculi of the whole acinus. The changes in the bile canaliculi included tortuosity, saccular dilatation, loss of microvilli, bleb formation and elongation of canalicular side branches. Some side branches extended near to Disse's space, leaving only a thin cytoplasmic rim between the canalicular lumen and Disse's space. Kupffer cells were occasionally situated near such extended bile canaliculi and protruded their processes into the hepatic cord. These results suggest that bile canaliculi in zone 3 are more susceptible to phalloidin toxicity than those in zone 1 and that biliary constituents may leak from such altered bile canaliculi. PMID- 3177007 TI - Homology of the adductor pollicis and contrahentes muscles: a study of monkey hands. AB - The deep palmar muscles in monkey hands were studied. The contrahentes muscles mainly arose from the capitate bone, descended palmar to the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve and the palmar metacarpophalangeal nerves, and attached to the proximal phalanges or wing tendons of the second, fourth and fifth fingers. In relation to the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve and the palmar metacarpophalangeal nerves, the contrahentes muscles are homologous with the adductor pollicis and flexor indicis radialis muscles. The contrahentes muscles occasionally gave off some accessory slips which blended with the interosseous muscles. These findings suggest that the human adductor pollicis muscle is a well developed remnant of a contrahens muscle, and that the human interosseous muscles contain some remnant of the contrahentes muscle. In fact, a well-developed remnant of a contrahens muscle was found in the fourth finger of a human hand. It is further considered that the human adductor pollicis muscle contains an element of the interosseous muscle of the thumb. PMID- 3177009 TI - Season of birth of breast cancer patients and its relation to patients' reproductive history in Tokyo, Japan. AB - Seasonal distribution of the birth dates of 405 pre-menopausal and 285 post menopausal breast cancer patients was investigated in order to determine whether or not the season of their birth was related to various reproductive risk factors of breast cancer, including nulliparity, late age at first birth, early age at menarche, late age at menopause, and a history of benign breast diseases. The seasonal distributions of births were compared between groups of patients categorized according to whether they possessed each risk factor or not, separately for pre- and post-menopausal patients. Patients with the same menopausal status generally had the same seasonal distribution of births, irrespective of whether or not they possessed a risk factor. Moreover, low-risk patients exhibited more deviation in the seasonal distribution of birth from general births than the high-risk patients. These results suggest that the distinctive seasonal distribution of birth observed in breast cancer patients is basically a phenomenon independent from the effect of the reproductive history on the occurrence of breast cancer, and that specific seasonal factors are involved at the fetal or neonatal stage in the etiology of breast cancer. PMID- 3177008 TI - Eosinophilic leucocytes and arylsulfatase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with bronchial asthma. AB - The arylsulfatase activity and histamine concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were examined in patients with bronchial asthma in relation to the eosinophil count and asthma type (atopic and non-atopic). The BALF arylsulfatase activity and histamine concentration were significantly higher in atopic asthmatics than in non-atopic asthmatics. In atopic asthmatics, the activity of arylsulfatase was significantly increased in patients with a higher eosinophil count (10% or more). However, the BALF histamine concentration did not correlate with the eosinophil count. In non-atopic asthmatics, there was no significant correlation between arylsulfatase activity and the eosinophil count. The results show that arylsulfatase participates in IgE-mediated allergic reactions. PMID- 3177011 TI - First congress of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology. Abstracts. Crans Montana, March 6th-12th, 1988. PMID- 3177010 TI - Effect of bromocriptine on neurophysin secretion in pregnant women in labour. AB - In order to determine whether dopamine plays a role in the control of neuropituitary function in pregnant women during labour, blood levels of nicotine (NSN)- and estrogen (ESN)-stimulated neurophysins were measured in 119 women treated orally with placebo (n = 59, control group) or 5 mg bromocriptine, a potent dopaminergic receptor agonist (n = 60, experimental group). Serum samples were taken before drug ingestion (basal sample) and at delivery. The serum basal concentrations of NSN and ESN were similar in both groups of pregnant women in labour. At delivery, serum ESN levels were similar in all women regardless of the treatment, whereas NSN concentrations were significantly lower in the bromocriptine-treated women than in those who were given placebo. In additional experiments the effect of 5 mg bromocriptine on the serum concentrations of NSN and ESN was tested for 6 hours after drug ingestion in 10 healthy, non-pregnant women and in 8 women in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Bromocriptine did not modify the circulating levels of NSN and ESN in either of these 2 groups of women. Since NSN and ESN are thought to be associated with vasopressin and oxytocin, respectively, these results indicate that in non-pregnant women and in pregnant women during late pregnancy dopaminergic stimulation with a dopaminergic receptor agonist does not inhibit the release of either vasopressin or oxytocin during rest. In contrast, dopaminergic receptor stimulation appears to play an inhibitory role in the regulation of vasopressin, but not oxytocin secretion in pregnant women in labour. PMID- 3177012 TI - Empiricism in family practice. PMID- 3177013 TI - Influence of site of obstetric care and delivery on pregnancy management and outcome. AB - A retrospective cohort study of 863 pregnancies cared for by family physicians at three sites--rural-rural (RR), rural-urban (RU), and urban-urban (UU)--was designed to test the hypothesis that ready on-site access to perinatal subspecialists would improve pregnancy outcome. No differences in delivery type, length of gestation, birth weight, or nursery care were found. An Apgar score of less than 7 at 1 minute or less than 8 at 5 minutes was 2.17 and 2.31 times more likely at RU and 2.48 and 2.60 times more likely at UU, respectively, than at RR. The overall Cesarean section rate was 9.6 percent, forceps rate was 7.2 percent, and nonroutine nursery care rate was 7.9 percent. Neonatal and perinatal mortality rates were 3.5 and 4.6 per 1,000 live births. There is no evidence that on-site perinatal subspecialists improve perinatal outcome when care is provided by board-certified family physicians. Small obstetric centers provide quality perinatal care with outcome dependent on physician's skill rather than on technology. PMID- 3177014 TI - Outpatient consultations from a family practice residency program: nine years' experience. AB - Previous reports of consultation rates from family practice physicians have included small sample sizes and have suggested higher rates in residency training programs. This report summarizes 9 years of data involving 161 family practice physicians in a residency training program and shows an overall rate of 1.4 percent for outpatient consultations. Otolaryngology, orthopedics, obstetrics/gynecology, and general surgery were the most frequent disciplines consulted. These data are helpful in designing health care systems that include family practice residency programs. PMID- 3177015 TI - The influence of work on the outcome of low-risk pregnancies. AB - In this study, the relation of white-collar work on the outcomes of low-risk pregnancies was investigated. The medical records of 300 primiparous women whose pregnancy outcomes were known were selected sequentially from prenatal care log books over a 6-month period in three private, group obstetric practices in a university community. The majority of these women worked outside the home and included 220 white-collar workers (73 percent) and 28 blue-collar workers (9 percent). Thirty-four women (11 percent) were homemakers. Within this sample, 197 women (66 percent) met the selection criteria for low-risk pregnancies based on known sociodemographic, medical, and health risk factors. Although the sample numbers were small, comparison of low-risk white-collar workers (n = 141) with low-risk homemakers (n = 24) showed significant differences for rates of Cesarean section for failure to progress (16 percent versus 0 percent, P less than 0.05) and a summary index of poor delivery and/or infant outcome (21 percent versus 4 percent, P less than 0.05). No other adverse outcomes were significantly associated with occupation. This study suggests that increased pregnancy risks may be associated with white-collar work in otherwise low-risk women. PMID- 3177016 TI - Flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy: its use in family medicine. AB - Flexible fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy (FFS) can be both learned and taught by family physicians. The patient benefits because unnecessary referral is reduced. The physician benefits by offering more comprehensive services to the patient and by demonstrating expertise in the procedure. In a collaborative study involving family physicians performing more than 1,500 FFS examinations, both the 35-cm scope and the 65-cm scope were effective instruments, but most physicians who had experience with both scopes preferred the longer one. In addition, the results of this study support a significant advantage in pathology detection for the 65-cm scope compared with the 35-cm scope. PMID- 3177018 TI - Medical care among strangers. PMID- 3177017 TI - Nuchal cord: an unusual manifestation. AB - This case report describes an unusual manifestation of nuchal cord--significant fetal neck compression without compromised cord blood flow. The physical signs and clinical outcome of this infant are reported. PMID- 3177019 TI - Nonsteroidals in elderly. PMID- 3177020 TI - Gestational diabetes. PMID- 3177021 TI - Adoption. PMID- 3177022 TI - Consultation/referral patterns. PMID- 3177023 TI - Retinoic acid or methionine enhance interferon's inhibition of the transformed phenotype with no effect on tumorigenicity. AB - Retinoic acid (RA) and methionine were studied for their relative effectiveness in enhancing the ability of interferons (IFNs) to reverse the phenotype of murine methylcholanthrene (MCA)-transformed cells and human osteosarcoma (OHA) cells. Treatment with RA (1 microM) and methionine (25mM) alone had minimal or no effect on the proliferation of MCA and OHA cells or on the ability to form tumors in animals. Combination of these two agents with IFNs however, potentiated the inhibitory effects of IFNs on proliferation and colony formation of MCA transformed cells but not on their tumorigenicity. Similarly in human tumor OHA cells, only the combination of IFN and RA was more effective than IFN alone on proliferation and colony formation but not on tumorigenicity. Thus, the enhanced effects of combined treatments on cell proliferation in vitro could be distinguished from the inhibitory effects of IFNs on tumorigenicity in both murine transformed cells and human tumor cells. PMID- 3177024 TI - Lateral percutaneous spinothalamic tractotomy. AB - The main elements of the percutaneous spinothalamic tractotomy technique by the lateral approach are presented and the results obtained in 163 consecutive patients are communicated. We emphasize the importance of its early use in cases of intractable pain avoiding drug addiction. The simplicity of the method permits a less strict selection of the patients compared with the classic open cordotomy. PMID- 3177025 TI - First Hungarian neurosurgical experiences with "Fixateur Interne" in the treatment of thoraco-lumbar spine injuries. Technical note. AB - The Fixateur Interne (F.I.) is a new device for internal fixation of the thoraco lumbar spine developed by Dick and Magerl. It is based on a new principle since it does not act as a four-point bending system like long rod instrumentations but it is a two-point fixation system and it is stable in flection by itself. Because the system seems not well known among neurosurgeons, its use and advantages are described and two cases reported. PMID- 3177026 TI - S-100 protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage: a potential marker of brain damage. AB - Concentrations of S-100 protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured by a recently developed radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 45 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), 44 with verified ruptured aneurysm. In each of 43 patients 2 15 serial CSF samples were analysed, and in the remainder 1 sample was examined. The concentrations of S-100 protein proved to be related to the brain damage caused by the SAH, indexed as outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale). The S-100 concentrations were related to the severity of the haemorrhage and to the development of delayed ischaemic deterioration. Delayed ischaemic deterioration (vasospasm) was usually accompanied by an increase in CSF S-100 concentration after 4 days. Patients in whom no S-100 value exceeded 20 ng S-100 per ml during the course of the disease had a favourable outcome, whereas patients in whom one or several CSF samples contained more than 100 ng/ml became severely disabled or vegetative or died. The present study suggests that CSF S-100 analysis may be used as an objective and early measure of the degree of brain damage sustained by the SAH patient. PMID- 3177027 TI - Effects of vasospasm in the middle cerebral artery territory on flow velocity and volume flow. A computersimulation. AB - Recently blood flow velocity in large cerebral arteries became measurable non invasively by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). The present study tries to quantify the relation between flow velocity and the more important volume flow in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) by means of computersimulation. A mathematical model of the MCA territory was developed. The model is able to take into account the non-Newtonian behaviour of blood viscosity and is also able to handle turbulant and laminar flow. Autoregulation is simulated by increasing or decreasing diameter of arteries as an answer to intraluminal pressure changes. Two processes are simulated: Vasospasm in the stem of the MCA, and vasospasm in the entire MCA territory. Results show that the relation between flow velocity and volume flow is rather complicated. Vasospasm in the MCA stem first leads to an increase of flow velocity at a constant level of volume flow. At higher grades of vessel constriction volume flow and flow velocity start to fall. PMID- 3177028 TI - Intrahemispheric gradients of brain tissue pressure in patients with brain tumours. AB - The authors report on 14 patients in whom cerebral tissue pressure was recorded after operation for brain tumours. Cerebral tissue pressure was recorded by a 5 French catheter with two microtransducers. The transducers were placed intraoperatively in the wall of the tumour cavity and in a distance of approximately 2.5 cm. Differences between both pressures from 4 to 28 mmHg were observed. They were higher in patients with glioblastomas and meningiomas than in patients with intracranial metastases. In 7 patients proximal tissue pressure was higher than distal. In 4 patients the contrary was observed. Discussing the literature the authors think intrahemispheric changes of brain water content, blood flow, and brain tissue elastance to be responsible for this phenomenon. PMID- 3177029 TI - Elevated intracranial pressure associated with hypermetabolism in isolated head trauma. AB - Both metabolic rate and protein catabolism are known to increase following severe head trauma, but the etiology of this hypermetabolism is unknown. To further investigate the problem, we studied the metabolism of 17 patients with indirect calorimetry who had severe craniocerebral trauma only and who required ICP monitoring for management. Patients were studied daily and immediately after ICP spikes greater than 20 mm Hg, prior to treatment with hyperventilation, osmotic diuretics, or barbiturates. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was correlated with ICP. Two groups of patients were identified. Group I patients were treated with hyperventilation and osmotic diuretics while Group II patients additionally received cerebral metabolic depressants. Group I had a significant correlation coefficient between VO2 and ICP. Significant hypercatabolism early in the post trauma period was demonstrated by increased urine urea nitrogen. Our observations suggest that in patients with craniocerebral trauma, elevated ICP is associated with increased oxygen consumption, protein catabolism and systemic hypermetabolism. Cerebral metabolic depressants blunted increases in VO2 which were seen with elevated ICP. PMID- 3177030 TI - Erythropoiesis in chronic subdural haematomas. AB - In 41 out of 130 encapsulated chronic subdural haematomas erythroblasts were found. As there were no skull fractures and no erythroblasts were found in peripheral blood smears, it is concluded, that these colonies of erythroblasts originate from the granulation tissue during the formation of membranes. The actual output of mature erythrocytes is not known. The influence of erythroblasts on the clinical course of chronic subdural haematomas is uncertain. PMID- 3177031 TI - Analysis of intracranial pressure waveform during infusion test. AB - An analysis of intracranial pressure (ICP), based on an examination of the temporary correlation between the changes in amplitude of the pulse wave and the mean ICP level, is presented. The paper contains a discussion of the preliminary results of the method when applied to the analysis of ICP as monitored during infusion tests in a group of 24 children. Infusion of a certain volume of CSF is a good example of an uncompensated volume process, introduced externally into the intracranial space. Results allow an interpretation of the short term correlation coefficient RAP (correlation coefficient between ICP and variations of the amplitude of fundamental component of the pulse wave AMP), as a steady state index. According to this interpretation, the presented analysis enables the observation of a loss of equilibrium during the test. Other phenomena can also be observed, for instance a recovery to equilibrium after the test, nonlinearities of amplitude-pressure relationship, vasomotor reflexes etc. PMID- 3177032 TI - Extensive spinal necrosis with spinal leptomeningeal dissemination of cerebral astrocytoma. Case report. AB - A 58-year-old male with malignant astrocytoma in the right parietal lobe developed ascending spinal dysfunction 15 months after subtotal resection of the primary lesion. He was treated by postoperative radiation and combined chemotherapy. Autopsy revealed extensive spinal necrosis affecting the level below the lower cervical region. Microscopic examination demonstrated diffuse leptomeningeal metastasis of glioma cells to the whole spine. There was no previous report in the literature of massive myelomalacia attributable to leptomeningeal dissemination an astrocytic supratentorial tumour. Clinical and neuropathological findings suggested that disturbance of venous drainage of the spinal cord might be responsible for myelomalacia in this case. PMID- 3177034 TI - Combined contralateral pterional and interhemispheric approach to a subchiasmal carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm. AB - A subchiasmal carotid-ophthalmic aneurysm was clipped through a combined contralateral pterional and interhemispheric approach. This combined approach seems very useful for some particular aneurysms of this portion because of no dead angle around the aneurysm and the minimum retraction required for the brain and optic nerve. Surgical approaches to subchiasmal carotidophthalmic aneurysms are discussed. PMID- 3177033 TI - Lhermitte-Duclos disease (dysplastic gangliocytoma): a case report with CT and MRI. AB - A 31 year old female was admitted with a one month history of left foot drop and diplopia. CT of the posterior fossa revealed gross displacement of the 4th ventricle by a large non-enhancing cerebellar mass but gave no indication of its nature. MRI sequences showed two masses within the left cerebellar hemisphere extending into the vermis and demonstrated a very unusual septation within the lesion. In addition both cerebellar tonsils were displaced below the foramen magnum and there was a syrinx extending from C2 to the conus. At operation a demarcated lesion was excised from the apparently normal surrounding cerebellar tissue and proved histologically to be Lhermitte-Duclos disease. We believe that these are the first diagnostic magnetic resonance images of this condition. PMID- 3177036 TI - Brain cysticercosis treated with praziquantel. Report of six cases. AB - Cysticercosis is the most common parasitosis affecting the central nervous system and it is endemic in many countries. Although cysticercosis is nowadays a rare disease in Spain, three of such cases have been treated with Praziquantel at the Hospital "Princesa Sofia" of Leon and another three at the Hospital General de Galicia of Santiago, and the six of them are reported together. The six patients presented at CT scans cysts located at different levels in the brain parenchyma, subarachnoid space and ventricular system. Praziquantel was administrated at daily dosage of 50 mg per kilogram of body weight, by oral route, distributed in three doses during 15 days. Moderate hepatotoxic effect were detected in two cases. No significant neurological disfunction was observed in any case during the treatment. The therapeutic effect on the brain cysts was evaluated in the CT scans obtained after treatment. In four cases a positive effect on the cysts was observed, but no apparent effect was noticed in the other two. PMID- 3177035 TI - Rebleeding, ischaemia and hydrocephalus following anti-fibrinolytic treatment for ruptured cerebral aneurysms: a retrospective clinical study. AB - 350 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage from aneurysmal rupture--admitted in the years 1966-1983--were selected for a retrospective controlled study on the efficacy of antifibrinolytic therapy (AFT). Patients treated with antifibrinolytics were divided into two groups, according to the day of hospital admission and onset of therapy, respectively between 0 and 3 days (SG 1) and between 4 and 7 days from SAH (SG 2); treated patients (260 cases) received i.v. tranexamic acid (6 gr/day) for at least two weeks. Patients admitted before 1974, not receiving antifibrinolytics (90 cases), were selected as controls and divided into two groups (CG 1 and CG 2), according to the day of admission. In the first study group (admission 0-3 days) the rebleeding rate within 2 weeks was 9% versus 23% in controls (p less than 0.01). The incidence of rebleeding within 3 and 4 weeks was also significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than in controls. No significant difference was observed in the rebleeding rate in treated and untreated patients with late admission (4-7 days). Mortality from rebleeding was 16% in the first study group versus 17% in controls; in the second study group the figure was 6% versus 8% in controls. Seventy-five cases of ischaemic disorders (29%) were registered in treated patients versus 13 cases in controls (14%; p less than 0.01). Thirty-seven patients receiving AFT (14%) developed significant ventricular dilatation requiring shunt insertion, versus one patient in the control groups (1%; p less than 0.001). Final outcome was similar in the 4 groups. In conclusion--according to our data--AFT modifies the behaviour of rebleeding and the patients' course, although it does not modify the outcome after SAH. Clinical use of antifibrinolytic therapy appears still justified in those patients who cannot be operated on in the acute stage after SAH, provided that an associated anti-ischaemic therapy is undertaken. PMID- 3177037 TI - Fatal brain abscesses caused by Ramichloridium obovoideum: report of three cases. AB - Three cases of brain abscesses caused by Ramichloridium obovoideum are reported. Inspite of adequate antifungal chemotherapy and multiple surgical procedures, all the three patients died of the rupture of a recurrant abscess into the ventricles. Ramichloridium obovoideum was identified as the causative fungus of these brain abscesses. Clinical, histological and mycological features of these cases are described. To our knowledge this is the first time that this fungus is isolated from a brain abscess in Saudi Arabia. The possibility that this life threatening cerebral mycosis may be endemic in this part of the world is considered. PMID- 3177038 TI - Foramen magnum decompression versus terminal ventriculostomy for the treatment of syringomyelia. AB - The A.A review 30 consecutive cases of syringomyelia operated on during the last seven years. Six terminal ventriculostomies (TV) and twenty-seven procedures for foramen magnum decompression (FMD) were performed. All patients of TV group had CT-myelography (CTM) and/or NMR controls at different times after surgery. Clinical results are as follows: 1) of the 6 patients who had TV, only one showed an improvement while five continued to deteriorate and three of them needed a FMD, one a cysto-peritoneal shunt and the last one died from lung cancer. 2) of the 27 patients who had FMD, twenty improved, four were unchanged and three worsened. 3) no surgical deaths occurred in this series. Postoperative NMR monitoring represents an effective non-invasive neuroradiological procedure that allows follow-up of syrinx evolution over the years. PMID- 3177039 TI - Subspecialization in neurosurgery. AB - The main aim of neurosurgery is to provide the patient with the best possible care. However, high priority should also be given to active contributions to the advancement of neuroscience, of which neurosurgery is a part. Clinical neurosurgery is continuously expanding and the trend is towards increased neurosurgical manpower which in turn leads to an unavoidable dilution of surgical experience. Progress in neuroscience is impressive. It appears unlikely that a neurosurgeon will be able to master all aspects of clinical neurosurgery and actively participate in research. Subspecialization permits optimum qualification in any one area of neurosurgery with regard to surgical skill and research. Thus the above difficulties would be overcome and the demands of neurosurgery fully satisfied. Subspecialization should be regarded as an inherent part of the neurosurgical field rather than an independent biomedical discipline. All specialists should receive a solid, general neurosurgical training and, with only few exceptions, should practice within an organized clinical framework. PMID- 3177040 TI - Corpus callosotomy in the treatment of secondary generalizing intractable epilepsy. AB - Over the past 5 years 9 patients underwent partial or complete corpus callosotomy for treatment of medically intractable epileptic seizures. A beneficial effect of the procedure was observed in 8 patients. Criteria for performance of the procedure included CT evidence of unilateral cerebral damage and non-localized epileptic foci in that hemisphere with secondary spread to the uninvolved side. The best results were obtained in atonic seizures. Long-term side effects were minor. The procedure is recommended in those patients with medically uncontrolled atonic or secondary generalized motor seizures in whom the corpus callosum is thought to mediate the spread of epileptic activity from a damaged cerebral hemisphere. Side effects are minimized by staging of the callosal section. If a partial callosotomy was beneficial, complete section can then be avoided. PMID- 3177041 TI - Neuropsychological changes after callosotomy in drug-resistant epilepsy: a study of the short-term evolution. AB - With the increasing interest in callosotomy as treatment for intractable epilepsy, it seems to be important to define the neuropsychological consequences of the related surgical operation. 8 patients suffering from drug-resistant seizures underwent section of the corpus callosum, 6 in the anterior part only and 2 undergoing complete two-stage commissurotomy including the posterior part. Before the callosotomy the patients were studied using a cognitive, affective and behavioural battery which was repeated 15 and 90-100 days after the operation. The patients with sufficient I.Q. were described in more detail using the cognitive parameters; the social and motor behaviour of Lennox-Gastaut subjects are accurately reported. No disconnection syndrome was ever observed after the partial commissurotomy while it occurred in one of the two complete callosotomies. The patients showed longer reaction times and a mild impairment of linguistic, praxic, memory and motor functions in the former evaluation (15 days), but there was consistent improvement in the latter check up. At the 90-100 day follow-up the Lennox-Gastaut patients responded more readily to the environmental stimulations and their postural, motor and behavioural functions were unchanged or improved, with respect to presurgical performances. The social and emotional behaviour of all the patients had always improved by the time the long-term evaluation (90 days) was performed. Finally, by limiting the callosotomy to the anterior part only, the neurological and psychological consequences seem to be limited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177042 TI - A review of 102 consecutive patients with intracranial aneurysms in a community hospital in Japan. AB - One hundred and two consecutive non selected patients with intracranial aneurysms were reviewed. The incidence of ruptured aneurysm was 17.5 per population of 100,000 per year. The patients were divided into two groups, according to a change of policy that reversed the timing of operations from delayed to early surgery. The overall mortality and occurrence rate of neurological deficits due to vasospasm in patients in Hunt and Kosnik grades I through III were found to be lower during the period with a policy of early surgery. Elderly patients over 70 years old constituted 19% of the cases and those in poor condition (grade IV and V) 31%. These figures in this study are high, which may reflect the fact that these are common problems inherent in the treatment of ruptured aneurysms without patient selection at most community hospitals in the forefront of primary medical care. PMID- 3177044 TI - Bilateral angiographic vasoconstriction of the middle cerebral and internal carotid arteries after subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with and without aneurysms. A retrospective study. AB - A retrospective study of cerebral angiographies from 173 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) were investigated and divided into three groups. The diameters of the middle cerebral artery and the internal carotid artery were measured and correlated with time elapsing between the onset of SAH and the angiographic study. A significant (p less than 0.001) reduction in vascular diameter was found at all levels of intra- as well as extradural parts of the internal carotid artery in patients with aneurysms (group I). Also, bilateral angiographic investigation from 70 patients showed a significant (p less than 0.001) reduction at all levels on both sides, regardless of whether aneurysms were present (group II) or not (group III). Moreover, the reduction in vascular diameter was more pronounced in patients with than in patients without aneurysms. The most pronounced reduction in vascular diameter was found in one of the extradural parts of the internal carotid artery in both group II and III. However, reduction in vascular diameter did not correlate significantly with the cerebral circulation time despite a tendency towards it. On the other hand, layering of the contrast medium along the posterior wall of the internal carotid artery was more often found in patients with prolongation in cerebral circulation time suggesting a reduced cerebral blood flow in these patients. It is suggested that the significant reduction in vascular diameter of intra- as well as extradural parts of the internal carotid artery, might reflect an adaptation to altered cerebral metabolism after SAH. PMID- 3177043 TI - Results of treatment for cerebral saccular aneurysms in a small neurosurgical unit--evaluation of early operation and nimodipine treatment. AB - 91 patients in Hunt and Hess grade I to III directly after aneurysm rupture in the anterior circulation were treated by earliest possible surgery in conjunction with parenteral Nimodipine. 96% of the cases were seen in this centre within 24 hours from bleeding and surgery was commenced in 78% within 48 hours post haemorrhage. 8% suffered from "ultra early" rebleds six of which proved fatal. 12% of the cases had medical and surgical complications whereas only 3% had permanent late ischaemic sequelae. This low incidence of ischaemia may suggest a beneficial effect from Nimodipine treatment. The need for an aggressive surgical approach to aneurysms in order to minimize the omnious impact of rebleedings is stressed, although the importance of complications and technical misadventures must also be taken into consideration. PMID- 3177045 TI - Brain tumours in children. A plea for an interdisciplinary working group. AB - A considerable number of high risk brain tumours require an interdisciplinary approach with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy rather than one single therapeutic regimen. Children with a medulloblastoma must be subdivided into four different risk groups depending on the size of the tumour, on the age of the child and on cerebral spinal fluid cytology findings. The treatment protocol for ependymomas depends on the location of the tumour and on histological grading. Pineal region tumours can be successfully removed; further therapy depends on the type of the tumour. Children with hemispheric high grade astrocytomas gain substantially from local radiation therapy. The GPO (Gesellschaft fur Padiatrische Onkologie) has most recently taken the initiative to found a pediatric neuro-oncology working group in order to establish and to evaluate different treatment modalities. PMID- 3177046 TI - An adoptive immunotherapy of patients with medulloblastoma by lymphokine activated killer cells (LAK). AB - An adoptive immunotherapy of 6 patients with medulloblastoma by lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells is described. They were from 2 to 9 years in age and had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination of the tumours. All patients underwent the whole-neuraxis irradiation and chemotherapy. After the usual treatments, they were submitted to an adoptive transfer of one-haplotype identical LAK cells. The LAK cells were induced from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of their relatives with human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). 3 - 15 x 10(9) LAK cells were transferred intrathecally in 2-3 months. In 3 of 6 patients, neurological signs were improved and malignant cells had never been detected on CSF cytology after the adoptive immunotherapy. One among these 3 patients showed complete response in 20 months. Thus, this is an attractive approach for the treatment of medulloblastoma with CSF dissemination of the tumour which current therapeutic intervention can not cure. PMID- 3177047 TI - Non-traumatic brain abscess. Epidemiology, clinical symptoms and therapeutic results. AB - Two groups of patients with non-traumatic focal intracranial suppurative diseases were studied retrospectively to illustrate epidemiology, clinical symptoms and therapeutic results. The first group consists of 87 patients treated for brain abscess in the Department of Neurosurgery in Lund. During the 36-year period investigated (1947-1982) marked epidemiological changes occurred. Thus otogenic abscesses, constituting 33% of the cases below the age of 30 during the first 12 years of the study, virtually disappeared. During the third 12-year period of this study a marked increase in the number of abscesses was noted. The increase was caused particularly by the number of cryptogenic abscesses amounting to 51% of the material during 1971-1982. The second group of patients consists of all patients with pre- or post-mortem diagnosed brain abscess in the city of Malmo during 1960-1981. Since during this period 85% of all persons who died in this city were subjected to post-mortem examination this material offers a unique possibility of epidemiological studies. The combined study of these two groups of patients lends no support to the view that a real increase in the number of brain abscesses has occurred. We conclude that in patients with cryptogenic brain abscess the clinical symptoms do not usually indicate the presence of an infectious disease. In the majority of these patients a correct diagnosis has presumably not been obtained until the last decade. Furthermore, the investigation confirms the view that a mortality below 10% is nowadays feasible in unselected cases of brain abscess. PMID- 3177048 TI - Transsphenoidal surgery with the additional use of the Nd-Yag-laser. AB - 100 Patients with pituitary adenomas were operated upon by the transsphenoidal route with additional use of the Nd-Yag-Laser. For this purpose, a suitable microsurgical handpiece has been developed. The energy output used in these operations was 30 W with a coagulation time not exceeding two seconds. Both the selectivity and radicality of the surgical procedure was documented by endocrinological investigation as well as by ophthalmological testing and radiological follow-up using high resolution CT and, more recently, Magnetic Resonance Imaging. When compared with the series of other authors, the selectivity as reflected by testing the anterior lobe functions pre- and postoperatively was not altered by the additional use of the Laser. The Nd-Yag Laser seems to be a useful device in transsphenoidal surgery due to its potent coagulation effect and comfortable handling. If applied in a correct manner, there is no risk of additional damage to normal pituitary tissue and the surrounding structures. The possibility of coagulating tumour remnants, which cannot be removed by curettage, may increase also the radicality of the procedure. PMID- 3177049 TI - Priorities in the management of polytraumatised patients with head injury: partially resolved problems. AB - The results of a retrospective analysis of a series of 73 polytraumatised patients with severe head injuries are presented. The neurological outcome has been less favourable in cases with early osteosynthesis of peripheral fractures compared to cases in which such operations had been delayed. Therefore it seems advisable to postpone the non-vital operative treatment of osteoarticular lesions until stabilisation of the cerebral and vegetative situation. PMID- 3177050 TI - The in-vivo-nerve response to direct low-energy-laser irradiation. AB - To study the in-vivo effects of direct Low-Energy Laser Irradiation (LELI) on the Peripheral Nervous System, the sciatic nerve in rats was surgically exposed, crushed and then subjected to the direct irradiation of either of two continuous wave HeNe lasers--0.3 mW or 17 mW. We found that the 0.3 mW laser significantly boosts the electrical activity in both the injured and non-injured nerves. The temperature changes of the nerve were measured during irradiation, and no thermal effect was detected. These findings could have direct therapeutic applications in various surgical situations. PMID- 3177052 TI - [The brain between the immune system and drugs. Bari, 27 February 1988]. PMID- 3177051 TI - Ventricle puncture for external CSF drainage and pressure measurement using a modified puncture needle. AB - A modified needle for external ventricular drainage is presented. Contrary to conventional spinal needles with this instrument the sharp guide can be withdrawn after penetration of the dura, thus, no sharp instrument affects the brain, nor remains within the ventricles in cases of continuous drainage. Furthermore, depth of penetration can be determined preoperatively by means of a set screw also facilitating fixation of the needle. To date, we have used this modified needle in 50 patients for short or long term CSF drainage and for CSF pressure measurements. Trephination was performed with a hand or battery-driven drill. Except for an infection in one case we found no serious complications in our patients. In our opinion, ventricle puncture for external drainage and pressure measurement with this device is a simple and safe method and can be performed on the ward under local anaesthesia. PMID- 3177053 TI - Spinal and central sensory conduction times in subjects aged between 20 and 60 years. PMID- 3177055 TI - [Multivariant statistics in urologic research (II)]. PMID- 3177054 TI - Three rare cases of arachnoid cysts. PMID- 3177056 TI - [Whatever became of trigonitis]. PMID- 3177057 TI - [Physiopathology of micropenis and review of its treatment. Personal report]. PMID- 3177058 TI - [In situ treatment of distal ureteral calculi using extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy]. PMID- 3177060 TI - [Incidence and characteristics of hypocitraturic calcium oxalate lithiasis]. PMID- 3177059 TI - [Determination of surface ABO(H) isoantigens in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Clinicopathological study. (Part 1)]. PMID- 3177061 TI - [Rectal obstruction by prostatic carcinoma]. PMID- 3177063 TI - [Renal cell carcinoma with appearance of a multilocular cystic mass: rarity and diagnostic difficulty of the case]. PMID- 3177062 TI - [Decompressive laminectomy in prostatic cancer: emergency treatment]. PMID- 3177064 TI - [Supernumerary kidney: report of a new case]. PMID- 3177065 TI - [Vesical pheochromocytoma. Report of a new case]. PMID- 3177066 TI - [Epididymal melanosis: presentation of a case associated with ureteral ectopy in the seminal vesicle]. PMID- 3177067 TI - Behavioral and biochemical effects of gradual reductions in cigarette yields in pregnant and nonpregnant smokers. AB - Smoking-related risks have been well-documented for both the smoker and the pregnant smoker's unborn child, but the risks associated with low tar/nicotine cigarette smoking are still controversial. The present study examined some of the behavioral and biochemical effects of gradual reductions in tar and nicotine yields in six pregnant and six nonpregnant smokers. Over four sessions spanning a 6-week period, smokers switched to cigarette brands progressively lower in tar and nicotine. Examination of the topographical variables assessed both during (cigarette frequency, puff frequency, and cigarette duration) and between sessions (daily cigarette rate and nicotine intake) revealed significant decreases in both pregnant and nonpregnant smokers' cigarette duration and nicotine intake. Also observed were significantly lower and less variable carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels among the pregnant smokers when they smoked the lowest tar and nicotine brands. However, even the pregnant smokers' lower mean COHb levels did not drop below the 3% minimal cardiovascular risk level. The pregnant smokers also tended to have lower and less variable salivary thiocyanate (SCN) levels, but these differences were nonsignificant. The results were discussed in terms of implications for controlled smoking treatment programs for pregnant smokers. PMID- 3177068 TI - Bulimia with and without a family history of drug abuse. AB - Patients evaluated in an eating disorders clinic and found to meet DSM-III criteria for bulimia were classified as to the presence or absence of a family history of drug abuse in at least one first-degree relative. Patients with a positive family history of drug abuse (N = 102, 37.1%) did not differ significantly from patients without this history (N = 173, 62.9%) on the variables of age at evaluation and age of onset of eating disorder, or as to their pattern or severity of bulimic behaviors, including binge-eating, self induced vomiting, and laxative abuse. However, the patients with a family history of drug abuse were more likely to have experienced drug abuse problems themselves, to have been treated for chemical dependency prior to being evaluated for their eating disorder and to have a history of having been overweight. Those in the positive family history group also reported more family disruption. PMID- 3177069 TI - Risk factors for late relapse in male and female ex-smokers. AB - Three hundred twenty-nine ex-smokers (149 males and 180 females) who had maintained abstinence for at least 3 months prior to intake were followed for a period of 1 year to ascertain individual characteristics from cognitive, behavioral, environmental, and health domains that were predictive of later relapse. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between relapse, family history, and stress variables in males and between relapse, family history, stress, pre- and postcessation smoking characteristics, work-related variables, and physical activity in females. Within the predictor sets, both risk and protective factors were identified. The male and female models are discussed separately, compared, and related to previous research. Implications for further model development are specified; most notably, the utility of conceptualizing relapse independent of gender is questioned. Future research efforts could focus on the role played by family smoking history in adult relapse behavior. Smoking cessation interventions may need to tailor their efforts specifically to men and to women. Along with techniques to manage stress both during and after cessation, women may benefit especially from interventions that provide nicotine replacement and counseling for work-related difficulties. PMID- 3177070 TI - Forbidden Food Survey: measure of bulimic's anticipated emotional reactions to specific foods. AB - The Forbidden Food Survey is an instrument that was designed for use with eating disordered individuals. The first experiment in this study includes a description of the Forbidden Food Survey and the reliability and internal consistency of its scales. The second investigation examined the discriminant validity of the Forbidden Food Survey by comparing the responses of three groups: bulimic binge purgers, bulimic binge-eaters, and normals. The Forbidden Food Survey was found to differentiate the two bulimic groups on two scales, high caloric foods, medium calorie foods, and milk. As predicted from the anxiety model of bulimia, binge purgers consistently reported stronger negative emotional responses to these foods than did the other groups. In the third experiment, bulimic binge-purgers were compared on Forbidden Food Survey responses to obese and normal subjects. Again, binge purgers were found to respond with stronger negative responses than obese and normals. These studies support the reliability and discriminant validity of the Forbidden Food Survey with eating disordered individuals. PMID- 3177071 TI - Neurobehavioral functioning in children exposed to narcotics in utero. AB - The neuropsychological and behavioral status of children exposed to narcotics in utero was investigated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Revised, the Bender-Gestalt, the Quick Neurological Screening Test, and the Burks Behavior Rating Scales. The narcotic-exposed children scored significantly lower than control children on Performance and Full-Scale IQs and most of the performance subtests. They scored significantly in the more pathological direction on Hand Skill, Figure Recognition and Reproduction, and Behavioral Irregularities. The narcotic-exposed children were significantly lower on the neurological indicators of the Bender-Gestalt. They scored significantly in the more pathological direction on almost all of the behavioral variables. The children exposed to methadone in utero scored in the more pathological direction than those exposed to heroin so as to raise questions directed toward the societal and ethical implications of methadone treatment. PMID- 3177072 TI - Interference of expectancy and attention demanding tasks on alcohol intoxication. AB - Seventy-nine undergraduate social drinkers were the subjects in two studies. Both studies had two experimental sessions and followed a blind design. The subjects in experiment I (expectancy manipulation) were informed they would certainly receive an alcoholic beverage in one session, while in the other one they were told the beverage possibly contained alcohol. Thus, the different expectancy on the beverage content was evaluated. The volunteers in experiment II (attention demanding tasks) were submitted to attention tests in one session and in another one they were not. Thus, the assumption that tasks would motivate the subjects to stay more sober and rate themselves as less intoxicated was studied. Each subject received one of three alcohol doses (0.0; 0.4 or 0.6 g/kg): the same dose in both sessions of each experiment. Blood alcohol level (BAL), reaction time, and self rating intoxication scores were recorded. The variables studied did not alter either BAL or reaction time values. The expectancy manipulation changed the self rated intoxication with the lower alcohol dose (0.4 g/kg). So when doubt had been raised the subjects rated themselves as less intoxicated. However, this change was only found with a verbal scale. The attention demanding tasks manipulation did not change the self-rating evaluations. It is suggested that the tasks performed were not appropriate to motivate the subjects to stay sober. The differential sensitivity of the self-rating intoxication scales utilized, and the role of alcohol dose in the study of nonpharmacological variables are discussed. PMID- 3177074 TI - The role of postcessation factors in tobacco abstinence: stressful events and coping responses. AB - Postcessation factors of stressful events and coping responses used when tempted to smoke, were examined to determine their contribution to relapse among ex smokers. Subjects from smoking cessation clinics (N = 150) were contacted at three months after quitting. Questionnaires that measured: (a) current smoking behavior, (b) stressful events that occurred since quitting, and (c) coping responses used when tempted to smoke, were administered. Results indicated that abstinent subjects reported fewer work-related stressful events than both partially or totally relapsed subjects. Abstinent subjects used more problem focused coping responses and fewer emotion-focused coping responses than partially and totally relapsed subjects. It was concluded that work-related stressful events, as well as the use of problem-focused coping responses when tempted to smoke, play important roles in determining smoking behavior during the immediate postcessation period. PMID- 3177073 TI - Smoking patterns during cognitive performance. AB - Studies on the effects of smoking and performance in learning and memory tasks have followed one of two strategies: (a) either subjects are required to smoke at fixed intervals and/or rates, or (b) subjects are permitted to smoke freely in the absence of any monitoring or observation of smoking acts. The present studies allowed free smoking within a structured context, while exposed to intelligence test items for 30 seconds. Subjects were observed to vary their smoking acts (puffing, tapping) as a function of the temporal characteristics of the task. Subjects followed the same pattern across two independent studies. Such findings have clear implications for smoking studies since they indicate that how and why subjects smoke may (a) vary with context, and (b) affect different task inputs. PMID- 3177075 TI - An investigation of the construct validity of the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale. AB - In the present investigation, the scores of 50 men and 50 women on the Restraint, Dutch Restrained Eating and Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability scales were compared in an effort to determine the convergent and discriminant validity of the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale. The obtained results suggest that, although both restraint scales are independent of body weight and social desirability, the convergent validity of the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale with the Restraint Scale is questionable, particularly with female subjects. The implications of these psychometric findings are discussed. PMID- 3177076 TI - Trying too hard: a correlate of eating related difficulties. AB - Effort expended dieting and effort expended maintaining existing body weight were compared to three types of eating related difficulties (binge eating, general symptoms of anorexia nervosa, and more specific obsessions about food and weight). Significant correlations occurred between all measures of effort and all three measures of eating related difficulties in this sample of college students. Significant correlations also occurred between being female and scoring higher on these measures of eating related difficulties. When the two most consistent correlates, of eating related difficulties, past effort dieting and current effort maintaining existing body weight, were controlled, significant sex differences in such difficulties were eliminated. PMID- 3177077 TI - The molecular immunology of complex carbohydrates. Proceedings of a international symposium. September 13-15, 1985, College Station, Texas. PMID- 3177078 TI - Membrane glycoproteins and plant and animal proteins with lectin or lectin-like properties. AB - The fat cell, chiefly from porcine greater omentum, was treated with hypertonic sodium chloride and membranes left over from exuded fat were extracted with Triton X-100 and the extract subjected to gel electrophoresis. Of the 20 or more bands which showed on the gel, at least five were periodate-Schiff positive. By the treatment of the glycoproteins with Con A, followed by DEAE-cellulose, one with an apparent molecular weight of 74 kDA was obtained pure. The other components are not yet purified. However, two glycoproteins of apparent molecular weights of 89 and 112 kDa were obtained from the fat cell membrane by affinity chromatography. These were apparently lectins, since they possessed hemagglutinating activity and specificity towards maltose and caused adhesion among cells (erythrocytes) and aggregation of fat cells. The properties of lectins from various sources have also been studied: rice germ lectin, Allium sativum lectin, a lectin from a species of silkworm and one from loquat leaves. A crystalline protein called pinellin was isolated from Pinella ternata. Since it has been shown to exhibit cell aggregation and mitogenic activity, it is also a lectin, showing species as well as cell type specificity. Preliminary studies have also been made of the binding of pinellin to its receptor on fat cells. The protein has also been shown to possess an anti-implantation effect in rabbits. Studies have been made of membrane proteins on ram spermatozoa and Con A receptors on squamous epithelial cancer cells. PMID- 3177079 TI - The use of enzymes for structural determination of complex carbohydrates. PMID- 3177080 TI - Mass spectrometry of hexosamine containing oligosaccharides as permethylated N trifluoroacetyl derivatives. AB - Permethylated N-trifluoroacetyl hexosamine containing oligosaccharide alditols are favorable for analysis by mass spectrometry. Electron impact and fast atom bombardment mass spectra of these derivatives are characterized by strong primary and secondary fragments in which a positive charge is localized on the N trifluoroacetyl hexosamine residue. From the mass spectra the monosaccharide sequence and the position(s) of substitution of a N-trifluoroacetyl hexosamine can be determined. PMID- 3177081 TI - Gerontology and geography. PMID- 3177082 TI - A prospective trial of serial gait speed as a measure of rehabilitation in the elderly. AB - Walking speed was measured on admission and then weekly during treatment of 125 subjects admitted to a geriatric rehabilitation ward. Walking speed was strongly related to the ability to stand up from a chair without help. Placement decisions at discharge were made without knowledge of gait speed data so that they could be used as a standard against which to compare walking speed as a valid and practical measure of mobility. It was found that a discharge walking speed of 0.15 m/s best separated immobile subjects who required long-term hospital care from those sufficiently mobile to be discharged home alone or to a rest home (54% versus 0% below cut-off, respectively). Relative walking speed (speed/height) was no better at predicting placement or mortality than walking speed. Uncorrected walking speed therefore remains the preferred clinical measure of velocity. A serial record showing improvement in walking speed proved useful in predicting eventual independent mobility of poorly mobile subjects. Thus walking speed is an objective yet inexpensive method of monitoring gait rehabilitation. PMID- 3177083 TI - The effects of caffeine on the postprandial fall of blood pressure in the elderly. AB - In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, we examined the effect of caffeine pretreatment on the haemodynamic and humoral changes after a standardized breakfast in 15 healthy elderly subjects (mean age 75.4 +/- 6.6 years). After placebo, the preprandial blood pressure did not change and the postprandial blood pressure declined by a maximum of 6.1%. After oral ingestion of 250 mg caffeine, 60 min before breakfast, the preprandial blood pressure increased by 12.5%. Although the decrease of the postprandial blood pressure was not altered, blood pressure remained above its basal value. The increase in plasma noradrenaline after the meal was similar in the placebo and the caffeine tests. Plasma adrenaline decreased after placebo (-19%) but did not change after caffeine. Thus, despite the unchanged decrease of the postprandial blood pressure, the preprandial pressor effect of caffeine prevented the decline of the postprandial blood pressure below its baseline value. The clinical relevance of this finding has still to be determined. PMID- 3177084 TI - Hypothesis: posture is one of the determinants of the circadian rhythm of urine flow and electrolyte excretion in elderly female patients. AB - In view of recent investigations suggesting that the circadian rhythm of urine output is reversed in the elderly, the present study was designed to see if increased urine flow at night may be related to change in posture. Urine flow, urea and electrolyte excretion were measured 4-hourly for 6 consecutive days and nights in four catheterized female patients, mean age 83 years. Two were nursed in chairs for 8 h daily for 3 days, followed by total bed-rest for 3 days, and the other two in reverse order. None of the patients showed the morning rise of water and electrolyte excretion which has been described in young people. On full bed-rest, there was no significant day-night difference in water, sodium, potassium, urea or creatinine excretion. Chair nursing produced a negative mean day-night difference in water excretion (-321 ml: P less than 0.001) and in sodium (-11.7 mmol: P less than 0.002), urea (-26.6 mmol: P = 0.005) and creatinine excretion (-0.6 mmol: P = 0.008), but had no significant effect on potassium excretion. These results suggest that sitting upright may have important effects on water and electrolyte balance in elderly patients and may contribute to nocturia and nocturnal incontinence. PMID- 3177085 TI - Age-related changes in the stomach of the laboratory mouse: a quantitative morphological study. AB - This report is of a quantitative morphological investigation of the gastric wall in the aged laboratory mouse. Male mice of 6, 9, 18, 28 and 34 months of age were killed and the mid-greater curvature of the stomach examined qualitatively and quantitatively for age-related changes. There was no evidence of superficial or atrophic gastritis in any of the mice investigated. There were significant decreases in the relative volumes of parietal and chief cell components with age, and a significant increase in other components in the lamina propria. The relative volume of the mucous cell compartment did not change with age. In all cases where a significant change was observed it took place in the 34-month-old age group when compared with 6-, 9- or 18-month-old animals. There was a progressive change in the components after 18 months of age but this only achieved significance at 34 months. It was concluded that alterations in the gastric wall take place later in the life-span and appear to be a physiological, rather than a pathological change. PMID- 3177086 TI - Measuring everyday memory in elderly people: a preliminary study. AB - The effectiveness of a short test of everyday memory in discriminating memory ability of independently living and of partially dependent elderly people has been investigated. Results indicate that overall test performance is significantly different in the two groups but that not all individual items discriminate equally well. The test as a whole correlates well with a standard cognitive screening test but it also contains items for abilities not measured in the general test, notably visuo-spatial memory. In addition, it appears to provide a more sensitive measure of memory function when general cognitive decline is minimal. PMID- 3177087 TI - Attitudes to hospital care among a community sample of people aged 75 and older. AB - A random sample of elderly people aged 75 and over living in their own homes were questioned about their experiences, knowledge and beliefs about three hospital in patient facilities: general medical and geriatric wards, and geriatric hospitals. Attitudes towards geriatric wards and hospitals were consistently less positive than those towards general medical wards. PMID- 3177088 TI - Inhaler technique in the elderly. PMID- 3177090 TI - First-degree atrioventricular block in a young duodenal ulcer patient treated with a standard oral dose of ranitidine. AB - A 20-year-old male patient on oral treatment with ranitidine 300 mg/day in a single bedtime dose was admitted to hospital for a brief episode of syncope which had occurred 20 min earlier. All clinical, laboratory and instrumental examinations yielded negative findings, except for electrocardiographic evidence of first-degree atrioventricular block. Administration of atropine produced transient disappearance of the block, which disappeared altogether after discontinuing ranitidine treatment. Two separate rechallenges with ranitidine each produced recurrence of (asymptomatic) first-degree atrioventricular block at electrocardiographic examination, but oral treatment with cimetidine (400-800 mg/day) and famotidine (40-80 mg/day) induced no electrocardiographic abnormalities. The hypothesis that this patient may be abnormally susceptible to the cholinergic or cholinergic-like effect of ranitidine, a side effect unrelated to the drug's primary H2-blocking action, would appear to be consistent with evidence of an increased vagal tone of the atrioventricular node as revealed by atrial pacing. However, the ability of ranitidine to release histamine in man and the potential dysrhythmia-inducing effect of histamine should also be taken into consideration. PMID- 3177089 TI - Indirect evidence for a role of phosphatidylinositol turnover in the cardiac response to H1-receptor stimulation. AB - The influence of lithium on the positive inotropic effect of the H1-agonist 2 pyridyl-ethylamine (PEA) and of the H2-receptor agonist 4-methylhistamine was studied in isolated guinea-pig ventricular strips electrically stimulated at 1 Hz. Lithium (1-10 mM) was devoid of any effect on cardiac contraction; the positive inotropic effect of 4-methylhistamine was unaffected in the presence of 10 mM lithium. On the other hand, lithium (1-10 mM) dose-dependently shifted the dose-inotropic effect curve for PEA to the right; an antagonistic effect, qualitatively similar to that of lithium, was induced by the myoinositol antagonist 2-2'-anhydro-2-C-hydroxymethyl-myoinositol, at a concentration of 100 microM. Moreover the antagonistic effect of the higher lithium concentration (10 mM) was almost completely prevented in preparations superfused with 10 mM myoinositol. Since it is known that lithium is able to reduce the cellular availability of myoinositol by an interference with the phosphatidylinositol (PI) cycle, these results suggest that the H1-receptor-mediated increase in contractility may be linked to an increased turnover of PI, while the H2-receptor mediated one is not. PMID- 3177091 TI - Enhancement by cimetidine of chemotactic peptide-stimulated ATP release and chemiluminescence in human neutrophils. AB - As determined by luciferase-luciferin, we recently found that the H2-blocker CIM considerably increased the ATP release from fMLP-stimulated PMN. This observation correlates well with our previous [1] regarding the enhancement of superoxide output (chemiluminescence) in in human neutrophils. by CIM plus fMLP. In order to compare the ATP release from PMN of different donors, a standard procedure has been developed consisting of the determination of the ATP present initially in the cell suspension (without stimulation), ATP release after stimulation with fMLP, and ATP release in the presence of CIM plus fMLP. The whole ATP content per neutrophil was determined after ultrasonication of the cells as well. The mean value of the initially present ATP was 0.45 x 10(-17) mol/cell in the suspension. Stimulation with fMLP plus CIM yielded within 5-10 minutes considerably higher ATP amounts than fMLP alone. The corresponding and statistically significantly different mean values were 2.46 x 10(-17) mol/PMN (s.d. = 1.047) and 1.38 x 10( 17) mol/PMN (s.d. = 0.55), respectively. The whole ATP per neutrophil was found to be 1.22 x 10(-15) mol (mean; s.d. = 0.60) and thus, the stimulation with CIM plus fMLP released about 2.0 per cent, with fMLP alone about 1.0 per cent of the whole ATP. CIM without fMLP did not enhanced the ATP release during the reaction time applied. On the other hand, fMLP-stimulated, lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence determinations were carried out in the presence of CIM as well; contrarily to our previous method, CIM was dissolved in PBS without DMSO, because DMSO inhibited the chemiluminescence slightly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177092 TI - Effect of ambroxol of neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. AB - Ambroxol hydrochloride has been shown to protect the lung from damage by polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN). In view of this observation we have studied the effect of Ambroxol on PMN chemotaxis using a variety of chemoattractants. The PMN response was inhibited 50-80% by preincubating the cells with concentrations of 10(-4) M Ambroxol. There was no evidence of PMN killing by the drug at concentration of 10(-3) M. The results suggest that Ambroxol my have a role in the management of patients whose chronic lung damage is due to excess PMN recruitment. PMID- 3177093 TI - Effect of tunicamycin C2 on the induction of crystal induced chemotactic factor in human neutrophils. AB - We have investigated the effect of tunicamycin-C2, which specifically inhibits glycosylation of proteins but not their synthesis, in the induction of crystal induced chemotactic factor (CCF) in human neutrophils by monosodium urate crystals. Tunicamycin C2 appears to impair transport of the CCF to the lysosomal fraction of the cell and its subsequent secretion into the extracellular fluid, resulting in accumulation of nonglycosylated chemotactic proteins in the cytosol. Based on the results of affinity chromatography studies with various lectins, the carbohydrate moiety(ies) of the glycosylated chemotactic peptide contain mannose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, galactose, and fucose. PMID- 3177094 TI - Extracellular phospholipase A2: causative agent in circulatory collapse of septic shock? PMID- 3177095 TI - The effects of indomethacin and verapamil on the shape changes of vascular endothelial cells resulting from exposure to various inflammatory agents. AB - Histamine (300 microM), bradykinin (2 microM), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (30 microM), or the leukotrienes (LT) C4 and E4 (1 microM) but not D4 (1 microM) applied in vitro have been shown to change the shape of endothelial cells lining the guinea pig isolated thoracic inferior vena cava. All caused the formation of inter-endothelial cell gaps. Pre-treatment with either indomethacin (100 microM) or verapamil (20 microM) reduced the effects of these compounds. It is suggested that indomethacin and verapamil act by reducing the amount of intracellular calcium available for the shortening of contractile protein filaments within endothelial cells. PMID- 3177096 TI - Copper and zinc status in rats with acute inflammation: focus on the inflamed area. AB - Status of copper and zinc in plasma, blood cells, liver and hind paws (sectioned at the tibio-tarsal joint) were evaluated in rats with carrageenan-induced paw oedema; moreover, concentrations of copper and zinc in the supernatant and cell fractions obtained from exudates pooled from rats with carrageenan-induced pleurisy were also determined. The evaluation of copper and zinc status in the blood and in the liver of rats with carrageenan-induced paw oedema, showed that only minor variations differentiated this experimental pathology from the previously studied carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rat. In inflammatory exudates withdrawn from pleural cavity, copper concentrations were found to be higher than the basal values measured in the whole paw, whereas zinc concentrations were found to be dramatically lower. Thus, the induction of the carrageenan paw-oedema determined an increase in copper and a decrease in zinc concentrations in the inflamed paw; however, in the inflamed paw, the total amounts of both copper and zinc were found to be significantly increased. PMID- 3177097 TI - Copper and zinc status in adjuvant-arthritic rat: studies on blood, liver, kidneys, spleen and inflamed paws. AB - The status of copper and zinc in plasma, blood cells, kidneys, spleen and hind paws was evaluated in tail-injected adjuvant-arthritic rats, during both the asymptomatic (3 and 7 days after the inoculum) and symptomatic (14, 21 and 30 days after the inoculum) phases of the experimental disease. During the symptomatic phase, inflamed rats were studied divided into two groups on the basis of their arthritic scores (low-score L.S. and high-score H.S. arthritic rats). Copper (both in concentration and total amount) was found significantly increased in plasma, blood cells, liver, spleen and arthritic paws, whereas, in the kidneys, it was found to be lower than normal. Zinc was found to be remarkably increased in the liver. In blood, zinc was found to be decreased in plasma, but almost unchanged in the cellular fraction. Zinc total amount (but not concentration) was increased in the spleen, most likely because of a significant increase in spleen weight. As previously described in the case of acute inflammation, zinc concentration was found to be significantly decreased in arthritic paws, whereas the total amount of the metal present in these inflamed tissues was higher than normal. The status of copper and zinc may well differentiate L.S. from H.S. arthritic rats, especially during the latest phase of the experimental disease, and particularly because of a normalization of the considered parameters in the low-score group. Many of the changes observed in the status of both metals were seen prior the appearance of arthritis. The overall accumulation of copper and zinc which is induced in rat by the development of adjuvant arthritis, is suggested to further sustain the hypothesis of increased body requirements for both metals during inflammation. PMID- 3177098 TI - Electroretinography in rats. AB - Basic mechanisms of the rat ERG were reinvestigated with contemporary methods of recording and photic stimulation via an optic fiber system connected with a contact lens. Flash stimulation and background illuminance were performed with photometrically defined light stimuli. ERGs recorded in darkness, from dark adapted rats, were similar with those observed in earlier work in which light flashes of much longer duration had been used. Flash stimulation carried out under stepwise increased background illuminance gave new information on the characteristics of oscillatory potentials of the ERG. In general the present observations agreed with the notion that the rods of the rat retina are as sensitive as in man, whereas the cones are functionally less efficient with respect to light sensitivity and temporal resolution. Differences in function of the cones from rat to man have to be kept in mind when using the rat ERG as a model for risk assessment in safety studies. PMID- 3177099 TI - [The current role of surgery in the treatment of urinary lithiasis]. PMID- 3177100 TI - [Development of the treatment of urinary calculi in Belgium from 1978 to 1986]. PMID- 3177102 TI - [Percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Analysis of 100 cases]. PMID- 3177101 TI - [Percutaneous nephrolithotomy]. PMID- 3177103 TI - [The value of a guidewire without an end in endoscopic interventions of the upper urinary tract]. PMID- 3177105 TI - [Percutaneous and endoscopic treatment of pyonephrosis due to lithiasic obstruction of the upper urinary tract]. PMID- 3177104 TI - [The value of antibiotic prophylaxis in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Retrospective study of 81 patients]. PMID- 3177106 TI - [The role of ureterorenoscopy in the treatment of lithiasis in 1988]. PMID- 3177107 TI - [Treatment of urinary lithiasis using extracorporeal shock waves. Experience with the "Lithostar" electromagnetic lithotripser]. PMID- 3177108 TI - Painless ESWL on the Dornier HM4. Preliminary results. PMID- 3177109 TI - [Treatment of coralliform calculi using shock wave monotherapy]. PMID- 3177110 TI - [Comparative study of the treatment of lower caliceal lithiasis using percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and extracorporeal lithotripsy]. PMID- 3177111 TI - Nephrocutaneous fistula following extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. PMID- 3177112 TI - [Study of the central and peripheral motor pathways of the periurethral striated muscles using motor evoked potentials]. PMID- 3177113 TI - [Association of angiolipoma and renal adenocarcinoma in a patient with Bourneville's tuberous sclerosis]. PMID- 3177114 TI - Conservative surgery in solitary and bilateral renal tumors. PMID- 3177115 TI - Qualitative study of proteinuria in renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3177117 TI - Tuberculosis of the penis. PMID- 3177116 TI - Inverted papilloma of the ureter. PMID- 3177118 TI - [Clinical study of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy]. AB - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was performed on 81 patients with urolithiasis (35 patients with ureteral stones, 25 patients with renal stones less than 2 cm in diameter, and 21 patients with renal stones more than 2 cm in diameter) at Kanbara Hospital from August to October, 1986. A 4 Fr catheter was placed transurethrally in the ureter up to the stone to identify the stone position and the degree of fragmented stones. In four patients with staghorn calculi, a double-J catheter was placed in the ureter to prevent stone street formation. More than 50% of the patients with renal stones less than 2 cm in maximum diameter and ureteral stones had satisfactorily excreted fragments or sand of crushed stones not later than 2 weeks after the operation. However, in patients with renal stones more than 2 cm in maximum diameter, it took much more time to discharge the crushed stones compared with the foregoing two groups and some patients needed further management to remove the remnants. Combined treatment, ureteral catheterization or endoscopic operation with ESWL is recommended for treatment of renal stones larger than 2 cm in diameter. PMID- 3177120 TI - [Electrohydraulic lithotripsy of upper urinary tract calculi]. AB - Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) was employed for the treatment of 35 patients with upper urinary tract calculi. The stones in 14 patients with renal and upper ureteral calculi were disintegrated by a 9Fr probe and the rigid nephroscope. Twelve patients with upper or middle ureteral calculi were treated using a 5Fr probe and the fiberscope. The stones in 9 patients with lower ureteral calculi were removed by a 5Fr probe and the rigid ureteroscope. Although small residual stones were observed in 15 patients (43%), all the stones were fragmented satisfactorily except in two patients. The complications due to EHL were observed in eight patients (23%). The most frequent complication was the ureteral injury which was observed in 6 patients. In 2 of these patients the stone migrated out from the ureter. However, all the cases of ureteral injury were healed by the conservative therapy such as by indwelling the stent catheter without ureteral stricture. PMID- 3177119 TI - [Clinical experiences of renal and ureteral stones by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL). IV: 3-year clinical experience of cases treated with ESWL]. AB - We report our 3-year experience with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) since we first used it for upper urinary tract stones on September 1st, 1984. A total of 1,225 patients (1,320 cases) underwent 1,647 sessions with ESWL; They consisted of 855 males (70%) and 370 females (30%). Treated stone locations were 593 renal stones, which contained 112 complete staghorn calculi, 504 ureteral stones, 110 renoureteral stones, and 1 bladder stone. ESWL monotherapy was performed on 90% of cases with renal and ureteral stones, and 46% of cases with complete staghorn calculi. In all the cases so far observed for more than 12 weeks after ESWL, 84.9% of the former showed complete discharge of the stones, and 0.7% showed no change. Only 48.9% of the later showed the complete discharge of the stones, 43.3% of which had residual stones, and 7.8% had fragments of the size of small beans. Complications, which were fever and pain, were noticed in 33.6% of the cases with renal and ureteral stones, and 64.3% of the cases with complete staghorn calculi. After ESWL, hematuria was noticed in almost cases, but the average volume of hemorrhage was 28 +/- 33 ml/day. The only contraindication of ESWL was severe obesity, and in the cases in which spontaneous stone discharge can be expected. PMID- 3177121 TI - [Clinical evaluation of vesicoureteroneostomy. I. Efficacy of surgery in 65 cases (100 ureters) of primary vesicoureteral reflux]. AB - We have experienced 72 patients with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) during the past 16 years. Sixty-five of them (100 ureters) were treated surgically to prevent reflux. Among the surgical methods employed, the Politano-Leadbetter method was the most frequent, being used in 56 patients (87 ureters). Other methods were the combined method in 2 patients (three ureters), the Glenn Anderson method in 1 (2 ureters), the Cohen method in 1 (1 ureter) and the Lich Gregoir method in 5 patients (7 ureters). As postoperative complications in the early stage (within 1 month after surgery), remaining VUR in 1 ureter in 1 of the patients who underwent surgery by the Politano-Leadbetter method and occurrence of VUR on the contralateral side in 3 patients with unilateral VUR were encountered. These conditions disappeared during the follow-up period. On the other hand, in the late postoperative stage, ureteral stenosis requiring further surgery occurred in 1 ureter in the transitional region to the urinary bladder in 1 patient 2 months after surgery by the Lich-Gregoir method. The rate of success was all 87 ureters (100%) for the Politano-Leadbetter method and 6 out of 7 ureters (85.7%) for the Lich-Gregoir method. The success rates for the other procedures were also good, resulting in an overall rate of 99 out of 100 ureters (99.0%). Ninety-nine percent of the patients had been treated at least once preoperatively for pyelonephritis or fever of unknown etiology. Among these patients, those who had had 5 or more such episodes accounted for 39%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177122 TI - [Clinical evaluation of vesicoureteroneostomy. II. Efficacy of surgery by Boari's method in eight and the psoas-hitch method in eight cases]. AB - Vesicoureteroneostomy was performed by Boari's method on 8 patients and the psoas hitch method on 8 patients during the 16 years from 1969 to 1986. Although Boari's method without the formation of a submucosal tunnel was employed for the initial 4 patients, the formation of this type of tunnel was a general principle for all patients thereafter. In choosing the surgical method, the psoas-hitch method was assigned to patients in whom it was possible to extend the urinary bladder to the upper part of the common iliac vessel and in whom the ureter allowed the formation of a submucosal tunnel, and Boari's method was assigned to those in whom it is was not possible to reach the ureter or to form a submucosal tunnel or in whom the ureter would be tensed. The mean length of the resected section of ureter was 75 mm for Boari's method and 43.2 mm for the psoas-hitch method. Follow-up observations revealed the presence of VUR in 2 patients who underwent surgery by the initial form of Boari's method and in 1 patient who underwent surgery by the psoas-hitch method. There was no ureteral stenosis or renal hypofunction in any of the patients. PMID- 3177124 TI - [The surgical treatment of hypospadias and related problems]. AB - Of 33 patients with hypospadias operated on consecutively by a single surgeon between 1977 and 1986, 27 had undergone a 2-stage Belt-Fuqua procedure and 6 were repaired using several types of a one-stage method. The over-all success rate was 64%. Meanwhile, a fistula developed in 6 patients, meatal stenosis in 3; the over all complication rate was 36%. A comparative review of late complications is presented. Efforts should be made to achieve excellent functional as well as cosmetic results. PMID- 3177123 TI - [Clinical investigation of prostate carcinoma in the Third Teaching Hospital of Norman Bethune University of Medical Sciences]. AB - Clinical and statistical investigations were performed on 157 patients with prostate carcinoma in the Third Teaching Hospital, Normal Bethune University experienced between January, 1950 and June, 1986. The number of patients with prostate carcinoma among other hospitalized patients showed a recent gradual increase. The patient's age at the time the disease was first diagnosed was most frequently between 60 and 69 years old with an average age of 63.3 years. Dysuria was the most prominent symptom, followed by frequency, retention and macroscopic hematuria. Duration between initial symptom and diagnosis was one to two years in most patients. The prostatic abnormality could be detected by rectal examination in all patients. Elevation of serum acid phosphatase was found in 24.4%. Such elevation was evident in 52.2% of the patients with metastatic lesions, compared to 14.4% of those without metastasis. Fourteen patients had metastasis to bone (8.9%), 13 to lymph nodes, 2 to lung and one to liver. According to the staging diagnosis, 19 patients (12.1%) had stage A, 78 patients (49.7%) had stage B, 20 patients (12.7%) had stage C and 40 patients (25.5%) had stage D carcinoma. Histological findings in 57 patients indicated adenocarcinomas; 39 cases (68.4%) were poorly differentiated, 12 cases (21.2%) were moderately differentiated and 6 cases (10.5%) were well differentiated. Modality of treatment was total prostatectomy in 2 cases (1.3%), antiandrogen therapy (orchiectomy and/or Stilbestrol) in 122 cases (77.7%), subcapsular prostatectomy in 7 cases (4.5%), symptomatic treatment in 5 cases and no treatment in 23 cases (14.6%). PMID- 3177125 TI - [Comparison between nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) and artificial full erection]. AB - Recording of nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) is useful for the objective diagnosis of impotence. However, criteria for evaluating obtained results have not been firmly established. Since the increase in the penile circumference varies among individuals, differential diagnosis based on only certain changes in the circumference during NPT is difficult. Therefore, we infused heparinized saline into the corpora cavernosa to induce artificial full erection (AFE), and the increase in the penile circumference was compared with that during NPT. In all controls with normal ability to attain erection, the percentage of the increase in the penile circumference during NPT to that with AFE (NPT/AFE) was 80% or more. In 27 patients with impotence, an NPT/AFE of 80% or more was observed in 14 patients, 11 of whom had no particular organic factors for impotence. Eleven patients had an NPT/AFE of less than 60%, 9 of them had apparent organic factors and the remaining 2 had abnormal PBPI. Patients showing less than a 10 mm increase in the penile circumference during NPT could be diagnosed with organic impotence. However, in those with an increase of 10 mm or more during NPT, a differential diagnosis was difficult to make, and the comparison with AFE seemed to be a useful method. Therefore, AFE which requires no special equipment and is a simple and safe procedure, can be a valuable adjunctive examination in assessing NPT. PMID- 3177127 TI - [Treatment in male infertile clinic of Kaizuka Municipal Hospital]. AB - The results of treatment of 68 idiopathic male infertile cases are reported. The follow up period was 3 years and 8 months from the time the Department of Urology, Kaizuka Municipal Hospital had opened. The main treatments were human mammary gonadotropin-human chorionic gonadotropin (HMG-HCG) therapy and high ligation of left testicular vein in the cases accompanied with varicocele. Adjuvant therapy was administration of vitamin B12, herb medicine and antibiotic agents for prostatovesiculitis. Some cases were administered clomiphene citrate. The results in 43 cases at over 10 weeks after treatment was followed. Mean sperm count and mean sperm activity rate in 11 cases accompanied with no varicocele and whose sperm count was 2 approximately 45 x 10(6)/ml were raised from 11.0 +/- 8.0 SD x 10(6)/ml and 19.1 +/- 11.4 SD% to 22.7 +/- 16.8 SD x 10(6)/ml and 26.9 +/- 18.5 SD%, respectively after 20 weeks of HMG-HCG therapy. Efficacy was 7 out of 11 (63.6%) in sperm count and 6 out of 11 (54.5%) in sperm activity rate. Pregnancy was obtained in 3 cases. Effect of HMG-HCG therapy was not observed in 8 cases accompanied with varicocele and whose sperm count was 2 approximately 45 x 10(6)/ml. High ligation of left testicular vein was effective in all of the 4 cases accompanied with varicocele and whose sperm count was 2 approximately 45 x 10(6)/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177126 TI - [A case-control study of testicular cancer]. AB - A study on the possible association of maternal factors with testicular cancer was undertaken. Information was obtained from the mothers of testicular cancer cases (N = 37) and the mothers of men without the disease (N = 37). Comparisons were made between the two groups. The cases were collected from the records of nine hospitals, and the controls were selected from five Public Health Centers by individually matching the sex and the year of birth with the testicular cancer cases. The mothers of the cases had significantly fewer live births than the mothers of the controls (the adjusted odds ratio per live birth = 0.4, p = 0.02), when the five following variables had been simultaneously adjusted by the logistic regression analysis. Those five variables included the Quetelet's Index of mothers before pregnancy, the age at an index birth, the duration of breastfeeding for an index child, the birth order of an index child, and the number of induced abortions. The endogenous hormonal milieu of a mother may be associated with the occurrence of testicular cancer in her child. PMID- 3177128 TI - [Postoperative hydrocele testis as a complication of high ligation of internal spermatic vein]. AB - We reviewed 785 patients with varicocele testis who underwent high ligation of internal spermatic vein at Kasukabe City Hospital between 1969 and 1985, and found only 3 patients suffering from postoperative hydrocele testis. Analysis of the hydrocele content in one case revealed a high protein level, which suggested that the etiology of the hydrocele after high ligation is of lymphatic origin, so that it is important to preserve the lymphatics of spermatic cord in order to prevent postoperative hydrocele. PMID- 3177129 TI - [A case of secondary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder]. AB - A case of secondary malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder is presented. Clinical diagnosis was metastatic small cell carcinoma in urinary bladder. Pathological diagnosis after autopsy, however, revealed vesical involvement of malignant lymphoma. The primary focus was considered to be the lung, the biopsy specimen of which was initially diagnosed as small cell carcinoma, because clinical manifestation first occurred in the lung and the metastasis to subcutaneous tissue, bladder and other abdominal organs was found subsequently. In a study of secondary involvement of genitourinary organs as seen in the present case, we reviewed 303 patients who had died of malignant lymphoma at our institute between 1960 and 1985. PMID- 3177130 TI - [Obstructive azoospermia treated by epididymovasostomy following vasovasostomy: a case report]. AB - A case of secondary epididymal obstruction caused by vasal obstruction due to bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy is reported. A 28-year-old patient, who had undergone right inguinal herniorrhaphy at the age of 3 and bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy at the age of 25, was diagnosed as having obstructive azoospermia because testicular biopsy disclosed normal spermatogenesis. Vasography revealed bilateral vasal obstruction at the level of the inguinal canal. Bilateral microscopic vasovasostomy was performed but postoperative semen analysis showed azoospermia. At the operation only one sperm was found in the left vasal fluid while no sperm was found in the right. Postoperative vasography showed that the left vasovasostomy was accurate while the right vas was reobstructed. Microscopic epididymovasostomy using Silber's specific tubule technique was performed on the left side. The left epididymis was transected at its tail and numerous normal sperms were found in the epididymal fluid. Four months after the second operation, semen analysis showed normal sperm density of 34 x 10(6)/ml. PMID- 3177131 TI - [Metastatic tumor of the spermatic cord from gastric cancer]. AB - A 70-year-old male who had undergone gastrectomy due to gastric cancer 6 years previously visited our department complaining of perineal and bilateral scrotal mass. Biopsy specimen of the perineal mass showed well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. The spermatic cords were resected en bloc with the entire scrotal content, penis and perineal skin. Histological examination of the spermatic cord, epididymis and perineal subcutaneous tissue revealed well differentiated adenocarcinoma similar to that of the lesion resected from the stomach 6 years earlier. The patient was followed for 2 years with no evidence of recurrence. Metastatic tumors of the spermatic cord and epididymis resulting from gastric cancer are rare and 31 cases previously reported in the Japanese literature are reviewed. PMID- 3177132 TI - [Operations during a 5-year period (1982-1986) at our department]. AB - The statistics of urological operations performed at our department between Jan., 1, 1982 and Dec., 31, 1986 were reviewed. During the 5 year period, 2331 patients were admitted to our hospital and 2192 urological operations were performed on 1834 patients. These statistics were compared with earlier statistics for two periods (1972-1976 and 1977-1981) and the recent trend of urological operations was investigated. With regard to operated organ, operations on the kidney were the most frequent followed by those on the urinary bladder. Operations on the ureter decreased during the recent 5 year period and they were the fourth most frequent following those on the scrotum, scrotal contents and penis. Operations on the adrenal gland, retroperitoneal space and parathyroid gland have gradually increased. As in the former report, transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR Bt) was the most frequent and nephrectomy, TUR of prostate (TUR-P) and renal allotransplantation have followed. TUR-Bt and TUR-P have increased more and more and due to the introduction of percutaneous nephrolithotripsy and transureteral lithotripsy, open surgery for urolithiasis has greatly decreased. Endourological operations will still be on the increase. PMID- 3177133 TI - [Clinical and fundamental studies on ceftriaxone (CTRX) against urinary tract infections]. AB - Clinical efficacy of ceftriaxone (CTRX) against complicated urinary tract infections in 20 patients was examined, and the serum CTRX level was also measured in the patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). CTRX was administered at a dose of 1.0 g once a day for 5 to 10 days. The overall clinical efficacy was rated excellent in 4 cases (20%), moderate in 13 cases (65%) and poor in 3 cases (15%) with a total efficacy of 85%. Seventeen out of 27 strains (62.8%) isolated were eradicated after CTRX administration. In the patients with CRF, serum levels were very high and showed a plateau 4 hours after the injection. Furthermore, CTRX may not be removed by usual hemodialysis treatment. There were no severe side effects due to CTRX in these patients. PMID- 3177134 TI - [Evaluation of Candida HA titer in patients with urinary tract infections]. AB - The serum candida antibody (HA titer) was measured by means of indirect hemagglutination test in 28 patients with complicated urinary tract infections (UTI) and 11 control subjects. The peripheral lymphocytes subsets (OKT-3,4,8 and 4/8 ratio) were also examined in same patients. The 17 UTI patients who had Candida species in their urine had a higher HA titer than the other UTI patients without Candida or control subjects, but elderly UTI patients (over 71 years old) did not show higher HA titer. A positive correlation was seen between HA titer and OKT-3,4 or 4/8 ratio. On the other hand, HA titer and OKT-8 showed a negative relationship. Therefore, the ability to produce the candida antibody might be closely related to the host cellular immune responsiveness. PMID- 3177135 TI - [Dissolution therapy of struvite calculi with solution G]. AB - In 6 patients (9 kidneys) irrigation with Solution G in the renal pelvis was performed for the dissolution of their infectious stones. Staghorn calculi larger than 30 mm in diameter were observed in all patients. In two kidneys all stones were dissolved and the rest were dissolved into small fragments that constituted no problem in those kidneys. Irrigation was done with no major side effects or complications. The dissolution of infectious stones with Solution G is another possible treatment that could be first chosen among percutaneous nephrolithotripsy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and other treatments. PMID- 3177136 TI - [A clinical study of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis with special emphasis on the differential preoperative diagnosis between xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and renal cell carcinoma]. AB - An accurate preoperative diagnosis of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is difficult because of its clinical and radiological similarities to renal cell carcinoma. We report two cases of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Furthermore, in an attempt to clarify the clinical distinction between this entity and renal cell carcinoma, we summarize the clinical characteristics of 143 cases with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in the literature and 126 cases with renal cell carcinoma experienced in our clinic. According to the clinical reviews, several characteristics of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis were revealed. 1) Presence of history of pyelonephritis. 2) gamma-globulinemia in blood chemistry. 3) Non-visualizing kidney on the excretory urogram. 4) Hypovascular or avascular features and dilatation of renal capsular arteries on angiogram. 5) Heterogenous renal mass and thickness of Gerota's fascia on computed tomogram. 6) Positive uptake of renal mass in Ga-scintigram. When some of these features are found in the renal mass, the case could be of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and therefore a kidney preserving operation should be considered. PMID- 3177137 TI - [A clinical study on renal pelvic and ureteral tumors]. AB - Thirty-seven cases of renal pelvic and ureteral tumors treated at our hospitals between January, 1975 and December, 1985 were reviewed. There were 15 renal pelvic tumors, 19 primary ureteral tumors and 3 ureteropelvic tumors. There were 26 males and 11 females and their average age was 62.5 years old ranging from 37 to 82. The most frequent chief complaint was macroscopic hematuria, which was seen in 89% of the patients (33/37). It was 35% of the patients (13/37) who visited our hospitals more than one month but less than three months after the appearance of symptoms. The positive rate of urine cytology was 69%. Total nephroureterectomy was performed on 22 patients and the other surgical treatments were done on 13 patients. Histological examination revealed transitional cell carcinoma in all cases. The overall actual postoperative survival rate at 1, 3 and 5 years was 83.9%, 68.0% and 68.0%, respectively, as measured by the Kaplan Meier's method. None of the patients who survived more than 3 years after surgery died. The actual 3 and 5 year survival rates in cases of ureteropelvic tumors were slightly lower than those in the case of bladder tumors. There was no evidence in this series to show the usefulness of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. PMID- 3177140 TI - Can an intracavernous papaverine injection be used to diagnose arteriogenic impotence? AB - We injected papaverine into the corpus cavernosum of 93 patients with impotence, and compared the results with findings from nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring, psychogenic erection monitoring after sexual stimulation, penile brachial indexes, and dynamic cavernosography. There was a significant correlation between the findings from papaverine injection and dynamic cavernosography, but there was no correlation between the papaverine findings and other tests including the penile-brachial index. We conclude that we can disregard the possibility of venous abnormality in those who respond to papaverine injection, but we cannot disregard the possibility of arteriogenic abnormality. We proved that papaverine injection cannot diagnose arteriogenic abnormality. PMID- 3177138 TI - [Bladder deformity in traumatic spinal cord injury patients]. AB - Fifty-nine patients with traumatic spinal cord injury were subjected for the analysis of bladder deformity. Bladder deformity means bladder trabeculation and deformity of bladder shape such as pine tree shape. We classified bladder deformity into grade 0 (none), grade I (mild), grade II (moderate) and grade III (severe). Upper urinary tract deterioration was found in 0% of grade 0 (16 pts.), 32% of grade I (22 pts.), 80% of grade II (10 pts.) and 82% of grade III (11 pts.). We suggested that bladder deformity was one of the risk factors of upper urinary tract deterioration. High grade (greater than grade II) bladder deformity was found more frequently in complete injury than in incomplete injury. There was no differentiation between overactive bladder-overactive sphincter and underactive bladder-overactive sphincter. All patients with low compliance bladder had a high grade bladder deformity. There was a significant relationship between severity of urinary tract infection and severity of bladder deformity. Intermittent catheterization program was effective for preventing bladder deformity. PMID- 3177139 TI - [Urinary diversion with Kock pouch: clinical results in 75 cases focusing on late complications]. AB - Internal urinary reservoir type urinary diversions have been getting popularity since Kock reported a continent ileal reservoir in 1982. From November 1984 through October 1987, we performed Kock pouch operation in 75 patients (male 64, female 11; from 24 to 82 years old, mean age 56 years old). The underlined diseases were mostly bladder cancer patients; bladder cancer 70, rectal cancer 2, prostatic sarcoma 1, vesical exstrophy 1 and neurogenic bladder 1 case. The end results for 71 evaluable cases, followed up more than 3 months, were excellent in 49 (69%), good 14 (20%), fair 6 (8.5%) and poor 2 (2.8%), with success rate 89%. The most common complication was the nipple malfunction; prolapse, including intermittent prolapse, in 7 patients, slippage or sliding in 1, and eversion in one patient. Stone formation occurred in 6 patients, mild acidosis in 2 and a entero-pouch fistula in a patient who was re-diverted from a ileal conduit. There were 2 deaths postoperatively. Late complications were prominently decreased due to several important modifications of the operative technique, such as usage of Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator (CUSA) for defatting the mesentery, and fixing the nipple to the pouch. In conclusion, Kock pouch can be a safe and sound operative modality for patients who need urinary bladder replacement. PMID- 3177141 TI - [Treatment of hydrocele testis by injection of tetracycline solution]. AB - Eleven cases of hydrocele testis were treated with injection of a 1% or 2% dedoxycycline hydrochloride or minocycline hydrochloride, and a cure was obtained in 9 cases (81.8%). Of these 9 cases, 7 cases were cured after one injection, and 2 cases after 2 injection. Both of the latter 2 cases in which physiological salt solution was used as the dissolving solution experienced scrotal pain immediately after injection. Among the cases in which 1% lidocaine was used as the dissolving solution only 1 injection (11.1%) was associated with slight pain out of 9 injections. This treating method is highly effective and little or no pain is experienced if lidocaine is used. In conclusion, we recommend this method as a treatment for hydrocele testis. PMID- 3177142 TI - [Adult neuroblastoma of the adrenal with intraatrial tumor thrombus: report of a case]. AB - A case of adult neuroblastoma of the right adrenal with tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium is reported. Because of right heart failure, the tumor thrombus in the right atrium was removed under the cardiopulmonary bypass. The histopathological examination of the tumor thrombus revealed neuroblastoma. Fourteen days after the first operation, the adrenal tumor, right kidney and tumor thrombus remaining in the vena cava were removed to prevent the recurrence of right heart failure. Two courses of chemotherapy and radiation were given postoperatively and the patient was doing well. Eight months after the second operation, however, the patient died of multiple metastases of the bone and liver. PMID- 3177143 TI - [Spontaneous peripelvic extravasation: a case report]. AB - A case of spontaneous peripelvic extravasation is reported and discussed. A 41 year-old woman visited our hospital with the chief complaint of right flank pain. There was tenderness on the right side of the abdomen. Enhanced computed tomographic scan of the kidney showed peripelvic extravasation of right kidney. Single J ureteral catheter was inserted for 7 days. The excretory urogram obtained after its removal showed no extravasation. PMID- 3177145 TI - [True hermaphroditism with 46, XX karyotype: report of a case]. AB - A case of true hermaphroditism, in a 4-year-old, legally female, is reported. The external genitalia showed clitorism and labial agglutinate, and her karyotype from peripheral lymphocytoculture was 46,XX. She received gonadectomy at both sides, clitorectomy and plasty of vaginal orifice. Histopathological examination showed that both gonads were ovotestis. PMID- 3177144 TI - [Two cases of urachal carcinoma]. AB - Two cases urachal carcinoma are presented. Both of them had complaints of macrohematuria. One patient received partial cystectomy, and the other patient had radical cystectomy, peritoneo-umbiliectomy, and ureterosigmoidstomy after CDDP and ADM intraarterial injection. The former patient was found to have distant metastasis 7 months after operation. The latter patient has been disease free for 4 months. The most important point to cure urachal carcinoma is accurate staging and sufficient first treatment, especially pre-operative intraarterial chemotherapy. PMID- 3177146 TI - Metastasis to the spermatic cord as the first sign of bladder carcinoma. PMID- 3177147 TI - [Experience of Elcitonin treatment in metastatic bony pain of urological tumors]. AB - Fourteen cases of urogenital tumors (9 prostatic carcinomas, 4 renal cell carcinomas and 1 bladder carcinoma) which had bone metastases were treated with eel-calcitonin, Elcitonin injections for relief of bony pain. Forty mgs. of Elcitonin was injected intramuscularly, 2 to 3 times a week, to out-patients. Forty to 80 mgs. of Elcitonin was injected intramuscularly, daily to hospitalized patients. Relief of the pain was obtained in 71.4% of all patients (71.4% of out patients and 71.4% of hospitalized patients) and especially in 88.9% of prostatic carcinoma patients. Hypercalcemia was seen in only one patient of renal cell carcinoma. It is considered that Elcitonin treatment is useful for relief of bony pain in the patients with bone metastases, with or without hypercalcemia. PMID- 3177148 TI - [Clinical study of ofloxacin in complicated urinary tract infection]. AB - Ofloxacin (OFLX) was administered at a dose of 200 mg, three times daily (600 mg) for 14 days, to 15 patients suffering from complicated urinary tract infection. According to the criteria for clinical evaluation by the UTI committee, excellent and moderate responses were seen in 54% at 5 days evaluation, and in 91% at 14 days evaluation. No serious side effects were recognized and no changes in laboratory examination data were observed. We conclude that OFLX was useful in treatment of urinary tract infection. PMID- 3177149 TI - Aspirin-induced asthma in children. AB - Since Cooke first described bronchospasm induced by acetyl salicylic acid in asthmatic patients in 1919, numerous studies have been done with the objective of understanding the pathology, treatment and incidence of aspirin-induced asthma. The incidence is difficult to establish but according to two recent studies, the percentage in the infantile asthmatic population was estimated at 13% and 28%. This prevalence is greater than that suspected at first and reveals the necessity of reviewing this problem. In this study we present 4 pediatric patients, 2 atopics and 2 non-atopics affected with aspirin-induced asthma. A detailed clinical history, oral provocation test to acetyl salicylic acid, other non steroid anti-inflammatory analgesics and additives was performed. The oral provocation test with acetyl salicylic acid was positive in all 4 cases. The oral provocation with non-steroid anti-inflammatory analgesics and other additives was negative in 2 patients. In the remaining 2 patients, one demonstrated sensitivity only to tartrazine and the other to tartrazine, red coccine, mefenamic acid and benorylate. In conclusion, aspirin-induced asthma is not infrequent in infancy. Therefore, it is important to bear it always in mind and to diagnose it through oral provocation besides looking for possible cross reactions. PMID- 3177150 TI - Effect of ketotifen on adenyl cyclase activity in asthmatic patients. AB - Employing peripheral blood leucocytes as the model of the study, we proved how ketotifen blocks the inhibiting effect that the antigen induces over the adenyl cyclase activity in asthmatic individuals with sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. The strength of the Ketotifen effect is comparable to that produced on beta-receptor stimulation by isoproterenol. On the other hand, we found that within the same age range, the activity of adenyl cyclase in asthmatic individuals is comparable to healthy individuals, although the response is not the same to isoporoterenol which is greater in the control group. This is probably due to the diminished number of beta-receptors in asthmatic individuals as compared to healthy ones. PMID- 3177152 TI - Influence of bilateral subnodular vagotomy and section of retrotracheal plexus on allergic bronchial constriction in guinea pigs. AB - A bilateral subnodular vagotomy and a tracheal dissection with immediate readaptation (n = 18) or one of both (n = 8) was performed on ovalbumin sensitized guinea pigs. Control animals got a shame operation (n = 13). About one week later the animals were narcotized by ethylurethane 1.3 g per kg b.w. intraperitoneally and received a tracheotomy with insertion of a tracheal cannula and an additional insertion of a flexible catheter into the right jugular vein. Then the animals were artificially ventilated in a tank respirator by rhythmical exposure to a negative chest wall pressure, the ventilator settings were f = 20 per min, I: E = 1: 1, and rectangular pressure = -2 kPa. Breathing parameters were measured pneumotachographically. Flow, tidal volume, ECG and ventilation pressure were recorded with a 12-channel UV-light recorder. After the recording of initial parameters an intratracheal bolus-instillation of 0.5 mg/kg b.w. ovalbumin was given and 5 min later, a second ovalbumin bolus i.v. of 1 mg/kg b.w. Mean minimal tidal volumes reached after i.t. OA-provocation were: 17.6 +/- 19 in controls, 39.7 +/- 30 after vagotomy and tracheotomy, 40.5 +/- 20 after vagotomy alone, and 27.6 +/- 18 after tracheotomy alone. We found a significant inhibition of allergic bronchial constriction by bilateral vagotomy. The dissection of the retrotracheal plexus by tracheotomy was without significant effect on the allergic response. The investigation could demonstrate the significance of vagotomy on asthmatic reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177151 TI - Evaluation of secretory IgA childhood respiratory diseases. AB - Secretory IgA salivary concentration was studied, in order to investigate its influence as a possible causative role in groups of children affected by different respiratory diseases. Allergic bronchial asthma (n = 37), recurrent pneumonias (n = 11), recurrent upper airway infectious (n = 12) and a control group of healthy children (n = 25) were included. The sIgA mean concentration plus S.D. were: 26.0 +/- 11.5, 15.5 +/- 16.7, 21.2 +/- 15.6, 16.2 +/- 12.7 and 30.8 +/- 10.1, respectively. A statistically significant association between decreased or absent levels of sIgA and disease was found, but no correlation between alterations in sIgA concentrations and any class of serum immunoglobulin levels, or with any other analyzed variables could be established. Among the group of diseases studied, a statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01) was found between infectious asthma and controls, recurrent upper airway infections and controls, and between allergic and infectious asthma. These findings support the conclusion that a decrease or absence of sIgA is an important factor to be considered in infectious asthma, as well as in recurrent upper airway infectious diseases affecting children. PMID- 3177153 TI - In vitro granulocyte migration from bone marrow, tissues and blood vessels in atopic patients. AB - An examination of the migration ability of pool tissue and vascular granulocytes was performed in 60 patients and in 9 patients, the migration ability of bone marrow granulocytes. The test for granulocyte migration by Clausen, Bendixen and Soborg was performed with each granulocyte pool separately. It was proved that in patients with atopic asthma there is a significant statistical reduction in bone marrow and peripheral blood granulocyte migration during the asymptomatic period. During dyspnea, a decrease in migration of granulocytes from tissue and peripheral blood is seen. PMID- 3177154 TI - Specific bronchial challenge in cockroach asthma. AB - Clinical characteristics of allergic asthma due to inhalation of cockroach antigens have been reported sporadically in the literature. To assess the patterns of bronchial response in cockroach asthma we performed bronchial provocation tests (BPT) with cockroach extract in 25 asthmatic patients who had positive skin test with this extract. Of 25 patients, 23 had cockroach-specific IgE-antibodies. Seventeen subjects presented only immediate asthmatic reaction, five patients had dual response (immediate + late), and one patient developed only late asthmatic response. BPT were negative in two patients who did not have cockroach-specific-IgE-antibodies. These results indicate that BPT with cockroach antigen is a very specific test for cockroach asthma. It shows immediate, dual and late responses, and correlates well with the presence of specific IgE antibodies against this allergen. PMID- 3177155 TI - Variations of airborne winter pollen in southern Spain. AB - This work deals with the variation in the atmosphere of the airborne pollen produced by winter blooming plants and is aimed to establish correlations between the concentration of pollen grains in the atmosphere of Cordoba and meteorological parameters such as the temperature, humidity, rainfall, pressure, hours of sunlight and wind speed and direction. The work was conducted for two consecutive years (1981-82 and 1982-83). The sampling was carried out in Cordoba (Spain) with a BURKARD sporetrap. The data obtained in the aeropalinological study are correlated to the above-mentioned meterological parameters. Along the period investigated grains were found from Ulmus minor, Fraxinus sp., Populus sp., Alnus glutinosa and Cupressaceae, and less frequently, Artemisia sp., Pinaceae, Urticaceae, type Helianthus and Gramineae. Pollen grains from Cupressaceae were found at the highest absolute and relative concentrations in the atmosphere of Cordoba during the winter, where they occurred almost throughout. The correlation analysis applied showed that the parameters most markedly influencing the grain concentration of most taxa were the temperature and humidity. Alnus glutinosa was the least affected species, probably because of the scarcity of its pollen grains. PMID- 3177156 TI - The role of alveolar macrophages in asthma. AB - The broncho alveolar lavage technique has made it possible to study the role alveolar macrophages in different pathological conditions. In asthmatic patients the alveolar macrophages take part in the genesis and sustained continuaction of the illness. The therapeutic impact of such an observation is worthy of attention. PMID- 3177157 TI - Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Three cases involving each of the anatomo-clinical variants. AB - Three patients suffering from eosinophilic gastroenteritis belonging to each of the three anatomo-clinical forms are involved in this study. The disease has a high blood eosinophilia and in the anatomo-pathological studies it is established that there is an eosinophilic infiltration in some portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The localization of this infiltration in the mucous, muscular or serous layers of the digestive canal allows the three varieties to be distinguished, each one having an individual clinical pattern. In the patient with the mucous form, analytical and clinical evidence of atopy is observed, as well as certain types of food which trigger off the symptoms. The exclusion diet and the membrane-stabilizing drugs, disodium cromoglycate and ketotifen produce clear therapeutic effects. Conversely, in those patients where the eosinophilic infiltration is in the muscular or serous layers, no food inductors are found and a therapy based on diet with subsequent administration of the above-mentioned drugs proves to be ineffective. The course of the disease in these cases is unpredictable and steroid drugs must be used frequently. The clinical, anatomo pathological and analytical characteristics, together with the therapeutic results and subsequent development, lead us to assume a reaginic immunological mechanism in the mucous membrane, but, in the other forms there is no clear pathogenic mechanism to explain the anatomo-pathological findings and the clinical symptoms. PMID- 3177158 TI - Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and aspergilloma. Histopathological evidence. AB - We report a case in which clinical, biological, and pathological findings show the association of a fungus ball and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Moreover, the usefulness of studying in vitro IgE production is suggested. PMID- 3177159 TI - A new reality. PMID- 3177160 TI - A different methodologic approach to "ideal weight". A study of body mass index (BMI). PMID- 3177161 TI - Camp Rap-A-Hope: meeting a challenge side by side. PMID- 3177162 TI - Response of ventricular arrhythmias to propranolol in mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 3177164 TI - Why the Hippocratic tradition? PMID- 3177163 TI - Evaluation of pituitary gonadal axis in erectile impotence. PMID- 3177165 TI - A fecund peril. PMID- 3177166 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing. PMID- 3177167 TI - Emphysematous cholecystitis. PMID- 3177169 TI - VBAC delivery. PMID- 3177168 TI - Preventing and anticipating neurologic injuries in sports. AB - Transient and permanent neurologic injuries from sports accidents may involve the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine, the brain, or peripheral nerves or plexi. Preventing these often devastating injuries is of paramount importance. Serious secondary complications, such as worsening neurologic status, respiratory compromise and hemodynamic instability, may be prevented by careful and meticulous pre-injury triage drills. PMID- 3177171 TI - The 'other' drug problem. PMID- 3177170 TI - Treatment of conjunctival lesions. PMID- 3177172 TI - Universal hepatitis B screening in pregnancy. PMID- 3177173 TI - Preclinical evaluation of the abdominal aortic counterpulsation device. AB - A valveless, single-orifice abdominal aortic counterpulsation device (AACD) was implanted retroperitoneally on the abdominal aorta and was pumped continuously, providing aortic diastolic augmentation for 45 +/- 4.9 days in four calves (group A). The hematocrit, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were obtained before implantation and weekly thereafter. Biocompatibility data were compared to those obtained from 11 calves (group B) that received a total artificial heart (TAH) and were electively terminated 50.0 +/- 19.5 days after implantation. The hematocrit values in the first week were 20.9 +/- 11.5% and 39.8 +/- 11.5% below control values for group A and group B, respectively (p less than 0.02); in the sixth week they were 5.1 +/- 14.6% above control values (group A) and 22.6 +/- 9.0% below control values (group B) (p less than 0.05). LDH did not change in group A, while in group B it was constantly about 100% above control values. Autopsy revealed one to three infarcts 1 to 3 mm in diameter in 63% of the kidneys in group A, while in all of group B kidneys there were multiple infarcts of more than 10 mm. After the induction of left ventricular (LV) failure, the AACD decreased the LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) by 21.2% (p less than 0.005) and the aortic (AO) EDP by 18% (p less than 0.005). It increased the endocardial viability ratio by 300% (p less than 0.0005), and the cardiac index by 66.9% (p less than 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177174 TI - CI-930, a new cardiotonic and vasodilating agent: hemodynamic comparison to dobutamine and long-term clinical effects. AB - The hemodynamic and clinical effects of parenteral and oral CI-930, a new phosphodiesterase type III inhibitor with combined vasodilator and inotropic properties, were studied in 12 patients with severe congestive heart failure refractory to therapy including captopril. The maximum response to dobutamine was also determined. Intravenous CI-930 increased cardiac index from 1.73 +/- 0.48 to 2.38 +/- 0.55 L/min/m2, and reduced pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from 19.2 +/- 7.9 to 12.5 +/- 6.4 mm Hg, mean right atrial pressure from 7.5 +/- 6.3 to 3.6 +/- 4.0 mm Hg, and systemic vascular resistance from 2288 +/- 860 to 1711 +/- 611 dynes . sec . cm-5 (p less than 0.001 for all). Heart rate and mean systemic arterial pressure were unchanged. The increment in cardiac index produced by dobutamine was higher than for CI-930, 2.68 +/- 0.55 vs 2.38 +/- 0.55 L/min/m2, p less than 0.001. However, reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure tended to be less with dobutamine, 15.7 +/- 7.9 vs 12.5 +/- 6.4 mm Hg (NS). Hemodynamic benefits of oral CI-930 were equivalent to that of the parenteral drug. Duration of action was 9 to 12 hours. Chronic therapy resulted in subjective improvement in approximately 50% of patients. Exercise capacity, assessed by maximum oxygen consumption, was unchanged, 8.4 +/- 3.3 vs 9.8 +/- 3.4 ml/kg/min (NS). No overt laboratory manifestations of toxicity were observed. PMID- 3177175 TI - Determination of left ventricular filling parameters by pulsed Doppler echocardiography: a noninvasive method to predict high filling pressures in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - This study investigated the influence of left ventricular end-diastolic filling pressure (LVEDP) on instantaneous transmitral inflow velocities as assessed by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. The study was performed in 87 consecutive patients with coronary artery disease (12 women, 65 men, mean age 58 +/- 8 years, range 37 to 78 years) in whom Doppler tracings of mitral inflow velocities were recorded 24 hours before diagnostic cardiac catheterization. The ratio of early to-late diastolic velocity integrals was significantly correlated with LVEDP (r = 0.35, SD = 0.77, p less than 0.001). In addition, in a comparison patients with LVEDP greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg to those with LVEDP less than 20 mm Hg, peak early filling velocity (R) was significantly higher, peak late filling velocity (A) was lower, and hence R/A and area under the early filling curve/area under the late diastolic filling curve (E/L) ratios were significantly higher in patients with markedly elevated filling pressures (LVEDP 20 mm Hg: R = 41 +/- 12, A = 56 +/- 16, R/A = 0.75 +/- 0.23, E/L = 1.0 +/- 0.4, n = 54, and LVEDP greater than or equal to 20 mm Hg: R = 49 +/- 18, A = 46 +/- 12, R/A = 1.23 +/- 0.9, E/L = 1.94 +/- 1.2, n = 34. An E/L ratio greater than or equal to 1.4 showed a sensitivity of 59%, a specificity of 83%, a positive predictive accuracy of 69%, and a negative predicting accuracy of 76% in detecting patients with markedly elevated LVEDP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177176 TI - Noninvasive evaluation of the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow in ventricular septal defect by means of Doppler two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - Left ventricular inflow volume (LVIV) and outflow volume (LVOV) were determined by pulsed Doppler echocardiography, and the ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow (Qp/Qs) was estimated as a ratio of LVIV to LVOV (LVIV/LVOV). Seventy-seven patients were studied, 47 control subjects and 30 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD). LVOV was calculated from the left ventricular ejection flow velocity and left ventricular outflow tract diameter; LVIV was calculated from the transmitral flow velocity and mitral valve motion as traced by M-mode echocardiography. Cardiac input (COin) and cardiac output (COout) were calculated as the product of LVIV or LVOV and heart rate. Cardiac output was also determined by the dye dilution method (COdye) in control subjects. A close correlation was observed between COdye and COin (y = 1.18x - 243, r = 0.85, p less than 0.005, SEE = 1026 ml/min) and COdye and COout (y = 1.16x - 323, r = 0.90, p less than 0.005, SEE = 639 ml/min). LVIV and LVOV were highly correlated in control subjects (y = 0.95x + 5.3, r = 0.94, p less than 0.005, SEE = 6.6 ml). LVIV/LVOV was 0.97 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SD) in control subjects, whereas LVIV/LVOV (1.87 +/- 0.88) was significantly higher in patients with VSD (p less than 0.01). In patients with VSD, LVIV/LVOV correlated with Qp/Qs determined invasively (y = 0.97, SEE = 0.23, n = 16). Thus with our method LVIV and COin can be accurately determined, and we suggest that Doppler-determined LVIV/LVOV is clinically useful for evaluating the shunt flow magnitude in VSD. PMID- 3177178 TI - The clinical and pathophysiologic implications of pain, ST abnormalities, and scintigraphic changes induced during dipyridamole infusion: their relationships to the peripheral hemodynamic response. AB - In order to determine their significance during dipyridamole perfusion scintigraphy, symptomatic, ECG, and scintigraphic findings were related to each other, to the hemodynamic response, and to angiographic findings in 73 consecutive patients having coronary angiography within 3 months of scintigraphy. The group having induced "cardiac" pain differed from the group without induced pain only in their higher incidence of induced ischemic ST changes, the "marked" hemodynamic response, and their lower incidence of an "absent" hemodynamic response (all p less than 0.01). Induced ST depression was found only in patients with coronary disease. In this population, dipyridamole-induced pain was a moderately specific marker and induced ST abnormalities a more highly specific marker for coronary disease. However, both were insensitive for coronary disease diagnosis. If induced pain or ST abnormalities in the presence of significant coronary disease were accepted as indicators of ischemia, then scintigraphic abnormalities appeared to be produced by dipyridamole in roughly equal incidence by ischemic and nonischemic mechanisms. Induced ischemia related frequently to an exaggerated hypotensive response with no change in double product, suggesting its cause to be an induced increase in myocardial oxygen demand. Dipyridamole-induced image defects were noted even in the absence of a peripheral hemodynamic response. This indicates that the peripheral response does not always correlate with its central coronary effect and an absent peripheral hemodynamic response does not necessarily invalidate scintigraphic results. PMID- 3177177 TI - Echo Doppler detection of external compression of the vertical vein causing obstruction in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. AB - External obstruction of the pulmonary venous return was detected by two dimensional (2-D) and pulsed Doppler echocardiography and was confirmed by angiography and at surgery in two infants with isolated supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) to the left vertical vein. In both infants, the left vertical vein ascended behind the left pulmonary artery and anterior to the left main stem bronchus. This arrangement produces mechanical obstruction to both vertical vein flow and pulmonary venous drainage. Early detection and surgical correction of obstructed pulmonary venous return are necessary to prevent severe right-sided heart failure and death. Doppler echocardiography is recommended when evaluating infants with TAPVC for possible anatomic or mechanical obstruction to pulmonary venous return. PMID- 3177179 TI - Balloon catheter closure of patent foramen ovale complicating right ventricular infarction: improvement of hypoxia and intracardiac venous shunting. PMID- 3177180 TI - Electrotonic inhibition of an idioventricular escape focus by nonconducted sinus impulses. PMID- 3177181 TI - Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with 46,XY pure gonadal dysgenesis. PMID- 3177182 TI - Fatal cardiac tamponade in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with epicardial Kaposi's sarcoma. PMID- 3177183 TI - Myocardial ischemia in constrictive pericarditis. PMID- 3177184 TI - Rapid development of biventricular heart failure in corrected transposition of the great arteries during pregnancy. PMID- 3177185 TI - Streptococcus bovis endocarditis associated with villous adenoma following colonoscopy. PMID- 3177186 TI - Clinical application of automated whole-day blood pressure monitoring. Proceedings of a satellite symposium to the 60th annual scientific sessions of the American Heart Association. November 15, 1987, Anaheim, California. PMID- 3177187 TI - Evaluating the diagnosis and prognosis of hypertension by automated blood pressure monitoring: outline of a symposium. AB - The technique of automated whole-day blood pressure monitoring by noninvasive, lightweight portable devices has recently become available for clinical use. This article, together with the six that follow it, comprise the proceedings of a symposium on the diagnostic and prognostic use of this new approach. There is a growing belief that standard clinical methods may overdiagnose hypertension (the phenomenon of "white coat" or "office" hypertension), subjecting some patients to unnecessary long-term treatment. The automated blood pressure monitoring procedure may be especially helpful in evaluating patients whose office-diagnosed hypertension is not associated with confirmatory clinical findings or history. Data derived from whole-day blood pressure measurements appear to be more reproducible than conventional blood pressure values and correlate more closely with evidence for cardiovascular changes. This symposium has addressed some of the issues associated with the monitoring techniques, including the accuracy of values obtained with noninvasive equipment, interpretation of the data, and costs of the procedure. The evidence and arguments presented by these papers suggest that automated blood pressure monitoring is becoming a justified and desirable procedure in selected patients with a preliminary clinical diagnosis of mild to moderate hypertension. PMID- 3177188 TI - Experience with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in hypertension. AB - Traditional sphygmomanometric blood pressure measurements may lead to errors in the diagnosis of arterial hypertension due to a number of factors, among which are the alerting reaction and pressor response induced in patients by the doctor's visit. This phenomenon, as quantified in our laboratory by continuous intraarterial recordings, is responsible for an average rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of 27/15 mm Hg, a rise that does not seem to be reduced by simply desensitizing the patient by means of more frequent physician visits. Twenty-four hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may theoretically improve the diagnostic approach to hypertensive patients by overcoming some limitations of isolated cuff measurements. In recording intraarterial blood pressure in 108 ambulant hypertensive subjects, we have found that 24-hour blood pressure values are able to discriminate among patients with different degrees of target organ damage better than isolated sphygmomanometric readings. Moreover, these studies have indicated that 24-hour blood pressure variability may be as important as blood pressure mean values in the assessment of cardiovascular complications. In clinical practice, however, intraarterial blood pressure monitoring is not feasible, and only noninvasive recorders can be used. Use of these devices does not induce any alerting reaction in the patients and does not interfere with day night blood pressure changes. Although it is characterized by intermittent readings, this approach is not incompatible with a precise estimate of 24-hour blood pressure mean values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177189 TI - The influence of daily activity on ambulatory blood pressure. AB - Studies of ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure have found that blood pressure shows large variations over a 24-hour period and that in many subjects clinic pressures are a poor guide to the level of pressure at other times. Many of the variations in blood pressure that are observed during a normal day are predictable and can be attributed to factors such as physical activity, the sleep wakefulness cycle, eating and drinking, and mental stress. In general, hypertensive persons show patterns of change similar to those of normotensive persons, but their diurnal profiles of pressure are reset at a higher level. PMID- 3177190 TI - Effect of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring on the diagnosis and cost of treatment for mild hypertension. AB - Detection of mild hypertension by a small number of casual blood pressures may be inaccurate for the determination of average blood pressure. Nonetheless, casual pressures remain the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertensive patients. We compared casual and noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a consecutive series of 60 subjects evaluated for possible mild hypertension on the basis of casual pressures. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed on days of usual activity. Correlations between casual systolic and average ambulatory systolic pressures or casual diastolic and average ambulatory diastolic pressures were not significant. Nearly half of the subjects had average ambulatory systolic pressures less than 130 mm Hg. Sixty percent had average ambulatory diastolic pressures less than 85 mm Hg. Nearly 40% had both systolic and diastolic pressures less than those limits. A preliminary analysis of the effects of these results on the short-term cost of antihypertensive treatment was made, assuming that treatment could be withheld from those with average ambulatory pressures less than 130/85 mm Hg. This approach suggests that ambulatory blood pressure monitoring need not increase overall cost, if the results of this evaluation are used in the decision to treat. PMID- 3177192 TI - First myocardial infarction: age and ejection fraction identify a low-risk group. AB - This study examines patients with a first myocardial infarction (MI) (about 70% of the population, n = 2089), and identifies factors associated with 1-year cardiac mortality in patients discharged alive. With the use of multivarate analysis of variables observed at hospital discharge in patients with a first MI, age was the most important predictor, followed by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (determined in 56%) and other variables. Based on this finding, age subsets (less than or equal to 50, 51 to 70, greater than 70 years) were related to LVEF groups (less than or equal to 0.40, 0.41 to 0.50, greater than 0.50). Patients with a first MI who were less than 50 years of age with LVEF greater than 0.40 and patients between 51 and 70 years of age with LVEF greater than 0.50 had a very low risk for 1-year cardiac death, 1.2 +/- 1.1% (95% confidence interval). Such patients comprised 47% of individuals with a first MI having an LVEF determination. Mortality in the remaining patients less than 70 years was 7.4 +/- 3.5%. Mortality for patients greater than 70 years was high, 22.2 +/- 6.6%. Thus with LVEF as the only predischarge test, a sizable low risk group can be identified among patients with a first MI. PMID- 3177191 TI - Validation of portable noninvasive blood pressure monitoring devices: comparisons with intra-arterial and sphygmomanometer measurements. AB - We have evaluated the accuracy of measurements provided by different types of portable automatic blood pressure monitoring devices by comparing them with intra arterial and mercury sphygmomanometer measurements in 25 hospitalized patients. Systolic blood pressure values with portable devices that use auscultatory or oscillometric methods of measurement correlated significantly with intra-arterial values (r = 0.74 and 0.89; p less than 0.001 for both); similarly, diastolic values correlated significantly (r = 0.86 and 0.81; p less than 0.001 for both). Compared with intra-arterial measurements, there was a slight tendency for the portable devices to underestimate systolic blood pressure and overestimate diastolic blood pressure. Correlations between auscultatory or oscillometric measurements and sphygmomanometer measurements in these patients were also significant; moreover, the absolute blood pressure values obtained with the portable devices were almost identical to those with the sphymomanometer. In a further group of 12 volunteers, auscultatory and oscillometric values correlated very closely with simultaneously measured sphygmomanometer values for both systolic (r = 0.99 and 0.98) and diastolic (r = 0.96 and 0.94) blood pressures. An auscultatory device that uses continuous ECG R wave gating for Korotkoff sounds was also found to be highly accurate. Thus we have found that automated portable devices that use either auscultatory or oscillometric methods of measurement provide reliable blood pressure values. PMID- 3177193 TI - Unstable angina: ST segment depression with positive versus negative T wave deflections--clinical course, ECG evolution, and angiographic correlation. AB - Thirty-two consecutive patients who initially had horizontal or downward-sloping ST segment depression confined to the precordial leads were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: group A included 21 patients with horizontal or downward-sloping ST depression with peaked positive T waves, and group B comprised 11 patients with peaked negative T waves and downward or horizontal ST depression. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was similar (group A 38.1% vs group B 36.4%; p greater than 0.05). In-hospital mortality was much more significant in group B (p = 0.03). Coronary arteriography was performed in 31 patients. Of the 10 patients in group B who were catheterized, seven (70%) had left main occlusion. Of the 21 patients in group A, none had a significant left main lesion (p = 0.001), although eight (38.1%) had single-vessel disease (p = 0.05). Thus the ECG pattern of horizontal or downward-sloping ST depression passing into a peaked negative T wave identifies a subgroup of high-risk patients in whom the prognosis is poor once AMI occurs. Early catheterization is recommended when this ischemic pattern is apparent on the ECG. PMID- 3177194 TI - Effect of afterload alterations on the functional border zone measured with two dimensional echocardiography during acute coronary occlusion. AB - In the setting of acute myocardial infarction, pharmacologic intervention resulting in afterload changes are common but the effect of these changes on regional left ventricular function, and specifically the functional border zone, has not been fully investigated. Accordingly, we studied the effects of afterload manipulation on circumferential flow-function relationships and the functional border zone in 16 open-chest, anesthetized dogs. During left circumflex coronary artery occlusion, eight animals were infused with phenylephrine to increase afterload; eight others received nitroprusside for afterload reduction. Following coronary artery occlusion, subendocardial blood flow and wall thickening decreased in the ischemic zone (p less than 0.001). The circumferential extent of hypoperfusion did not differ when coronary artery occlusion alone was compared to occlusion in combination with phenylephrine or nitroprusside, but in both groups the circumferential extent of the wall thickening abnormality was consistently greater than the extent of hypoperfusion. When blood pressure was decreased by 33%, the extent of the functional border zone did not change relative to that during coronary artery occlusion (22 +/- 11 degrees vs 36 +/- 16 degrees, p = ns). Similarly, when blood pressure was increased by 47%, the extent of the functional border zone did not change (32 +/- 10 degrees vs 37 +/- 10 degrees). Therefore circumferential flow-function relations and the spatial extent of the functional border zone are not altered by changing afterload during acute left circumflex coronary artery occlusion in this model. PMID- 3177195 TI - The effect of regional myocardial ischemia on Doppler echocardiographic indexes of left ventricular performance: influence of heart rate, aortic blood pressure, and the size of the ischemic zone. AB - Doppler echocardiographic indexes of ascending aortic blood flow velocity have been found to be an effective method of assessing changes in left ventricular performance induced by myocardial ischemia in both experimental animal preparations and in patients. In eight opened-chest anesthetized dogs, we investigated the influence of heart rate, aortic blood pressure, and size of the ischemic zone on Doppler indexes during regional myocardial ischemia. With control of mean aortic blood pressure and heart rate, transient coronary artery occlusion resulted in a statistically significant decline in peak velocity and mean velocity when as little as 24% of left ventricular myocardium was rendered ischemic. However, when heart rate and mean aortic blood pressure were not controlled, significant declines in peak velocity and mean velocity occurred only with simultaneous two-vessel occlusions involving greater than 47% of left ventricular myocardium. Although transient coronary artery occlusions generally produced no significant change in heart rate in the absence of atrial pacing, significant declines in aortic blood pressure were observed. We conclude that Doppler indexes of left ventricular performance obtained during myocardial ischemia are influenced not only by the extent of myocardium rendered ischemic, but also by changes in mean aortic blood pressure. PMID- 3177196 TI - Randomized double-blind comparison of metoprolol, nifedipine, and their combination in chronic stable angina: effects on total ischemic activity and heart rate at onset of ischemia. AB - In a randomized double-blind study, treatment with either metoprolol, nifedipine, or their combination was compared for effects on ischemic variables and heart rate obtained during ambulatory monitoring in 42 patients with chronic stable angina. All patients had severe chronic stable angina of at least 6 months' duration despite medical treatment, and exhibited coronary artery stenosis of 75% in one or more coronary arteries. Metoprolol reduced the frequency of total (p less than 0.01) and asymptomatic ischemic episodes (p less than 0.05), the duration of ischemia (p less than 0.05), and the ischemic burden (p less than 0.05), which contrasted to the lack of any similar significant effect during nifedipine monotherapy. During combination therapy, there was a tendency to further improvement, which did not reach statistical significance compared with metoprolol monotherapy. Heart rate at the onset of ischemia was reduced by metoprolol therapy (p less than 0.01), indicating that metoprolol acts by reducing myocardial oxygen demand even during ischemic episodes observed in daily life, where impairments of myocardial oxygen supply are suspected. No change in heart rate at the onset of ischemia could be detected during nifedipine monotherapy. It is concluded that metoprolol monotherapy, as well as its combination with nifedipine, effectively reduces total ischemic activity compared with placebo and nifedipine monotherapy. Control of ischemic activity in chronic stable angina may have prognostic implications. PMID- 3177198 TI - Carotid sinus hypersensitivity in patients with unexplained syncope: clinical, electrophysiologic, and long-term follow-up observations. AB - To assess the incidence and clinical characteristics of carotid sinus hypersensitivity and the relationship to electrophysiologic findings, 76 patients with unexplained syncope underwent carotid sinus massage during electrophysiologic studies for syncope evaluation. Twenty-one patients (28%) were found to have carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Of these 21 patients, 11 (52%) had coronary artery disease, two (10%) had hypertensive heart disease, and eight (38%) had no organic heart disease. During electrophysiologic studies, abnormal sinus node function was found in three patients (14%), abnormal atrioventricular (AV) node function was noted in four (19%), and combined abnormal sinus node and AV node functions were seen in three (14%). Eleven patients (53%) had a normal electrophysiologic study. During carotid sinus massage, sinus arrest alone was observed in 12 patients (57%), and combined sinus arrest and AV nodal block was seen in nine (43%). Thirteen patients were treated with a permanent pacemaker, in whom either carotid sinus massage reproduced the symptom or concomitant sinus node or AV node abnormality, or organic heart disease was present. With a mean follow-up of 42 +/- 19 months, none of these 13 patients had recurrent syncope. However, one of eight patients (13%) who did not receive a pacemaker had recurrence of syncope. Subsequently, this patient has done well after implantation of a pacemaker. These observations suggest that there is a significant incidence of carotid sinus hypersensitivity in patients with unexplained syncope. Permanent pacing appears to be beneficial in selected patients based on clinical and electrophysiologic findings. PMID- 3177197 TI - Cardiac imaging and myocardial kinetics of technetium-tertiary butyl-isonitrile during dipyridamole-induced hyperemia. AB - To determine the myocardial kinetics of technetium-tertiary-butyl-isonitrile (Tc TBI) during dipyridamole-induced hyperemia, the circumflex coronary arteries (LCX) of 15 dogs were partially occluded. Dipyridamole was then infused intravenously over 4 minutes, creating hyperemic flows in the anterior descending (LAD) coronary system. Tc-TBI was administered, then LAD and LCX regional myocardial Tc-TBI activities were continuously monitored with miniature detectors and gamma camera imaging over 3 hours. Microsphere-determined regional myocardial blood flows demonstrated an LCX/LAD flow ratio of 0.81 +/- 0.21 at rest and 0.45 +/- 0.24 (SD) during dipyridamole infusion. Three-hour fractional Tc-TBI clearance rates were minimal and were equal in the LAD (0.14 +/- 0.11) and LCX (0.13 +/- 0.12) zones (p = ns). Excellent gamma camera images, demonstrating the LCX defect, were obtained in all dogs. The correlation coefficient was 0.98 for regional myocardial blood flow vs initial Tc-TBI distribution. IN CONCLUSION: (1) Dipyridamole vasodilation unmasked coronary stenoses despite no flow disparities at rest. (2) The initial distribution of Tc-TBI is proportional to regional myocardial blood flow. (3) There is minimal washout and no redistribution into the initial defect over time, and thus image quality is stable over time. (4) Tc TBI myocardial kinetics may be applicable to closely related agents currently being developed. PMID- 3177200 TI - Best AIDS prevention: choosing partner carefully. PMID- 3177199 TI - Exercise testing in patients with life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias: results and correlation with clinical and arrhythmia factors. AB - The results of exercise treadmill stress testing were analyzed in 64 consecutive patients presenting with either ventricular fibrillation (42%) or hemodynamically significant ventricular tachycardia (58%). Underlying diseases included coronary artery disease (55%), dilated cardiomyopathy (16%), and miscellaneous disorders (29%). Patients were additionally studied with ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring and programmed stimulation. During exercise testing, 22 patients (34%) had nonsustained and five (8%) had sustained ventricular tachycardia. No patient experienced ventricular fibrillation or a major complication during exercise testing. Patients with a history of ventricular fibrillation were significantly less likely to have exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia than those with a history of ventricular tachycardia. Other clinical factors were not associated with the results of exercise testing. The results of programmed stimulation did not correlate with the results of exercise testing. Ventricular tachycardia was commonly documented during ambulatory monitoring (72%), but this was not predictive of ventricular tachycardia during exercise. However, patients who did not have ventricular tachycardia during ambulatory monitoring were predictably unlikely to have it during exercise testing (p less than 0.002). Thus exercise testing is safe and can provoke ventricular tachycardia in a significant proportion of patients with life-threatening arrhythmias. PMID- 3177201 TI - Safety of self-donated blood for elective surgery touted. PMID- 3177202 TI - Rheumatic fever outbreaks puzzle health officials. PMID- 3177203 TI - Funding of project to map human genes sparks debate. PMID- 3177204 TI - Pharmacists and immunizations: advocating preventive medicine. PMID- 3177206 TI - Apple program serves future of the profession. PMID- 3177205 TI - Prostate cancer: detection, prevention, and therapeutics. PMID- 3177207 TI - Spurring pharmacists to industry. PMID- 3177208 TI - A restoration completed: APhA headquarters. PMID- 3177209 TI - Documenting prescribing errors and pharmacist interventions in community pharmacy practice. PMID- 3177210 TI - Glaucoma therapy: the pharmacist's role in compliance. PMID- 3177212 TI - Discriminatory pricing and packaging. PMID- 3177211 TI - Why pharmacists join/don't join state professional pharmacy organizations. PMID- 3177213 TI - On 'AIDS in context'. PMID- 3177214 TI - Mobile boot wash for hazardous waste sites. PMID- 3177215 TI - Assessment of inhalation exposure potential from vapors in the workplace. AB - Quantitative knowledge of human exposure to a chemical represents half of the required input for the health risk assessment process by which occupational health professionals seek to integrate exposure and inherent hazard in clinically meaningful terms. This work reviews and presents explicit methodologies and approaches to the estimation of inhalation exposure to chemicals. Special attention is given to estimating vapor exposures and the critical elements of an indoor air pollution model that assumes conservation of contaminant mass in a specified box of workroom air. PMID- 3177216 TI - Evaluation of glove material resistance to ethylene glycol dimethyl ether permeation. AB - Some glycol ethers have been reported to cause adverse reproductive effects in exposed male and female workers, and skin absorption has been determined to be an important route of entry of this class of chemicals. Because ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGDME) is a possible component of lithium-based primary battery electrolyte systems, a study was undertaken to determine the resistance of various commercially available gloves to permeation of this liquid. The gloves were tested by the ASTM Method F-739-81, and butyl rubber was found to be the most effective barrier to permeation. Further studies determined that the butyl gloves could be reused if they were reconditioned overnight in a vacuum oven at 50 degrees C. When a mixture of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (30% v/v) and propylene carbonate (70% v/v) was tested, the results indicated that the propylene carbonate retards the permeation of the glycol ether by a factor of 10. This is believed to be caused by the propylene carbonate coating the surface of the butyl membrane to reduce the sorption of EGDME. PMID- 3177217 TI - Psychrometric limits to prolonged work in protective clothing ensembles. AB - When work is performed by workers in protective clothing, sweat evaporation is limited and body temperature rises. In an attempt to quantify the limits such ensembles place on safe work, 6 acclimated men and women walked at 30% VO2max (150-200 W/m2) in 2 protocols involving environmental transients. In one, ambient water vapor pressure (Pw) was fixed at 10 torr, and after rectal temperature (Tre) plateaued, ambient dry-bulb temperature (Tdb) was raised 2 degrees C every 10 min. In the second, Tdb was constant and Pw was increased 2 torr every 10 min. Critical temperature (Tcrit) and pressure (Pcrit) were defined as the Tdb or Pw at which thermal balance could no longer be maintained and Tre rose sharply. Each test was performed in various clothing ensembles ranging from light cotton work clothes to "impermeable" suits. Lines connecting mean Tcrit and mean Pcrit define a limit for safe prolonged exposure/exercise for approximately 50% of the population in each ensemble. Similar lines, drawn to represent values 2 standard deviations below the mean, should provide critical environmental limits for 95% of the population. PMID- 3177218 TI - The use of inductive plethysmography in the study of the ventilatory effects of respirator wear. AB - The authors recently developed an ambulatory system, in which a self-contained respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP) was used, to measure noninvasively the volume and time components of breathing. Since it does not use nasal or oral devices, such a system is particularly suitable for use in studying the effects of respiratory protective masks on respiratory parameters. In order to validate this portable system, 22 healthy subjects were exercised on a treadmill; RIP and pneumotachographic minute ventilation measurements were compared. A short, graded submaximal exercise protocol was run 3 times by each subject under each of the following conditions: no oral mouthpiece; oral mouthpiece with pneumotachograph; and wearing an industrial protective mask (half facepiece, twin cartridge). Chest and abdominal RIP signals, a time signal and either a pneumotachograph or heart rate signal were recorded on a small cassette recorder worn at the belt. The data tapes were later edited and analyzed by computer. Data from 5 subjects were excluded because of equipment malfunction. The average error in RIP-measured ventilation compared to values simultaneously measured by a pneumotachograph in the 17 remaining subjects over all exercise levels was -3.16%. Marked variability (SD = 11.26%), however, was found in individuals at different exercise levels and especially between subjects. Use of a respirator was associated with a decreased respiratory frequency, an increased tidal volume and minute ventilation, and an unchanged heart rate. At present, the portable RIP system has substantial variability that limits its ability to measure ventilation accurately. PMID- 3177220 TI - Hepatic cholesterol metabolism as a function of carbon disulfide concentration and treatment with phenobarbital. AB - Male F344 rats were exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2) at 0, 30, 75, 150, 300, or 600 ppm for 6 hr by inhalation in the presence or absence of 0.1% phenobarbital (PB) in the drinking water starting 5 days before exposure to CS2. Exposure to 600 ppm CS2 only resulted in a decrease in hepatic cholesterol synthesis and an increase in the liver-to-body-weight ratio (relative liver weight); however, it caused no histopathological damage and had little or no consistent effect on the concentration of hepatic cholesterol or on hepatic water content. Treatment with PB alone resulted in increases in the concentration of hepatic cholesterol and relative liver weight. Exposure to 300 ppm CS2 + PB or to 600 ppm CS2 + PB resulted in a decrease in hepatic cholesterol synthesis and increases in the concentration of hepatic cholesterol, relative liver weight, hepatic water content, and histopathological damage. A concentration-response relationship was demonstrated between exposure to CS2 only and decreased hepatic cholesterol synthesis. A concentration-response relationship also was demonstrated between exposure to CS2 in rats that had been treated with PB and decreased hepatic cholesterol synthesis, increased hepatic cholesterol concentration, increased relative liver weight, increased hepatic water content, and histopathological damage. Treatment with PB lowered the concentration of CS2 required to alter hepatic cholesterol metabolism. The reported observations are consistent with the theory that oxidative metabolism is involved in the expression of CS2-mediated alterations of hepatic cholesterol metabolism. PMID- 3177219 TI - Occupational and residential 60-Hz electromagnetic fields and high-frequency electric transients: exposure assessment using a new dosimeter. AB - One problem that has limited past epidemiologic studies of cancer and exposure to extremely low-frequency (0-100 Hz) electric and magnetic fields has been the lack of adequate methods for assessing personal exposure to these fields. A new 60-Hz electromagnetic field dosimeter was tested to assess occupational and residential exposures of a group of electrical utility workers and a comparison background group over a 7-day period. Comparing work periods only, utility workers' exposures were significantly higher than background levels by a factor of about 10 for electric (E) and magnetic (B) fields and by a factor of 171 for high frequency transient electric (HFTE) fields. When overall weekly time-weighted averages combining work and nonwork exposures were compared, ratios of the exposed to background groups were lower. B and HFTE exposure ratios remained statistically significant, with values of 3.5 and 58, respectively, whereas the electric field exposure ratio was no longer significant, with a value of 1.7. E field exposures of the background group were the highest during the nonwork period, probably reflecting the use of electrical appliances at home. Residential E- and B-field exposures were in the same range as published results from other surveys, whereas occupational E-field exposures tended to be lower than exposures reported in other studies. The high variability associated with occupational exposures probably accounts for the latter discrepancy. Worker acceptance of wearing the dosimeter was good: 95% of participants found it to be of little or no inconvenience while at work. At home, 37% found the device to be inconvenient in its present form but would not object to wearing a slightly smaller and lighter dosimeter. PMID- 3177221 TI - Acute effect upon pulmonary function of low level exposure to phenol-formaldehyde resin-coated wood. AB - In order to determine whether phenol-formaldehyde-resin-coated wood particles would cause an acute decline in pulmonary function, 176 workers in 2 oriented strandboard production plants were given respiratory questionnaires and pulmonary function tests before and during their work shifts. Measurements of dust and adsorbed formaldehyde were made on the same day as the pulmonary function tests. Measured formaldehyde levels were low, and measured dust levels were low to moderate. There was no evidence of an acute effect upon pulmonary function. PMID- 3177222 TI - Correlation of fluorescent tracer measurements of dermal exposure and urinary metabolite excretion during occupational exposure to malathion. AB - Nineteen workers conducting mixing and high-volume airblast applications of the organophosphorus pesticide malathion were monitored simultaneously by biological monitoring and fluorescent tracer evaluation of dermal exposure. Complete 72-hr urine samples were collected and analyzed for dimethylthiophosphate and dimethyldithiophosphate metabolites. Dermal exposure was measured through the addition of a fluorescent tracer to the tank mix, subsequent examination of the skin surface under long-wave ultraviolet light, and fluorescence quantification with a video imaging system. Dermal exposure to applicators was correlated highly with total metabolite excretion (r = 0.91). Mixer exposure was not correlated significantly (r = 0.73) because of wide scatter in the data and the small number of workers monitored. Applicator exposures were more than 3 times higher than mixer exposures, reflecting the high exposure potential inherent in airblast spraying. Exposure to regions protected by gloves or clothing was more than 75% of total exposure for both mixers and applicators. These results provide evidence that the fluorescent tracer technique is a valid methodology for measuring relative levels of dermal exposure during agricultural work activities. The technique also holds promise as a quantitative procedure for evaluating the effectiveness of engineering control strategies and protective clothing performance. PMID- 3177223 TI - Application of pharmacokinetics to derive biological exposure indexes from threshold limit values. AB - The importance of incorporating the fundamental concepts of pharmacokinetics into biological monitoring program that involve the collection of various body fluid and tissue specimens is discussed. The application of these principles to establish biological exposures indexes bioequivalent to airborne exposure limits is described. Specific illustrative examples involving acetone, aniline, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, dieldrin, ethylbenzene, hexane, lead, methylene chloride, pentachlorophenol, phenol, styrene, toluene and xylene are presented. PMID- 3177224 TI - Penetration of respirator filters by an asbestos aerosol. AB - Five models of respirator filters were challenged with a chrysotile aerosol, and the asbestos fiber penetration of the media was measured in five experimental series simulating different environmental conditions. Penetration of the facial seal was not evaluated. The penetration of each filter was determined from the ratio of the downstream to upstream concentrations of airborne asbestos fibers as measured by the standard National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) asbestos fiber counting method P&CAM 239. Penetrations measured in this project and presented are indicative of penetrations of filters used a) fresh from the package, b) after exposure to an organic oil mist, c) after storage at high humidity at room and elevated temperatures, and d) after preexposure to water mist. Penetrations varied between less than 0.1% and 2.7% for filters tested fresh from the package and up to 18% after exposure to simulated field/environmental conditions. The data indicate that each of the filter models tested, except for the high efficiency filter, was affected adversely to some degree by one or more of the simulated field/environmental conditions. PMID- 3177225 TI - Effects of adsorbed water vapor on the adsorption rate constant and the kinetic adsorption capacity of the Wheeler kinetic model. AB - A recent trend in occupational safety and health has focused on the use of respiratory protective equipment to supplant engineering controls as the primary means of protecting workers from toxic substances. Respirator adsorbent cartridges have been demonstrated to have a finite capacity to adsorb toxic vapors. The knowledge of when this limit is approached or has been exceeded is crucial to the user. The Wheeler kinetic breakthrough model has been shown to describe accurately organic vapor penetration through beds of activated carbon. The model, however, does not account for competitive adsorption of water vapor or other organic vapors. The investigations reported here demonstrate the effect of adsorbed water vapor on the kinetic adsorption parameters (kinetic rate constant and kinetic saturation capacity) of the Wheeler equation. Adsorbent beds were equilibrated at varying concentrations of water vapor and then challenged with carbon tetrachloride vapor-laden air. Dry carbon had an initial rate constant of 62.5 s-1 and a kinetic adsorption capacity of 0.36 g of adsorbed CCl4/gram (g/g) of adsorbent. These parameters decreased in proportion to the amount of water vapor adsorbed, with the minimum predicted values occurring at 100% relative humidity. The minimum experimental value for the kinetic rate constant was 17.6 s 1, a decrease of 73% from the dry carbon values. The minimum predicted value for the kinetic adsorption capacity was 0.16 g/g, a decrease of 45%. PMID- 3177227 TI - A symposium: Calcium, the cardiovascular system and the kidney. April 7-9, 1988, Maui, Hawaii. Proceedings. PMID- 3177226 TI - An explosion of technology. PMID- 3177228 TI - Diltiazem in hypertensive patients with type II diabetes mellitus. AB - Twenty-three patients with essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus type II were treated with the calcium antagonist diltiazem (120 to 180 mg twice daily). The mean dose was 307 mg/day. The study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. All measurements were performed 12 to 14 hours after drug intake. Blood pressure, heart rate and forearm blood flow were measured noninvasively. Platelet function was studied by measuring adenosine diphosphate induced platelet aggregation and the platelet specific proteins, beta thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4. Thromboxane B2 formation in serum and the plasma concentration of diltiazem and its metabolites N-demethyldiltiazem, deacetyldiltiazem and N-demethyldeacetyldiltiazem were measured both during placebo and diltiazem treatment. Diabetic control was evaluated by following HbA1C, fasting blood glucose and urinary glucose. Diltiazem reduced both systolic and diastolic (supine and standing) blood pressure significantly. Forearm blood flow was significantly increased by 32%, p less than 0.05. Supine heart rate decreased significantly, while no such change was seen in the standing position. No significant changes were observed in platelet function during diltiazem treatment. There was no relation between the observed blood pressure reduction and the plasma concentration of diltiazem or its metabolites. A positive correlation between the change in heart rate and the metabolite N demethyldeacetyldiltiazem was observed (r = 0.647, p = 0.005). Three patients were excluded during diltiazem treatment (skin exanthema, headache and atrial fibrillation) and 1 during placebo treatment (angina pectoris). No negative effect on diabetes control was observed. Thus, diltiazem could be used for treatment of hypertension in diabetic patients. PMID- 3177229 TI - Cardioprotective effects of diltiazem when given before, during or delayed after infusion of norepinephrine in anesthetized dogs. AB - Catecholamine excess has been shown to produce 2 distinct forms of irreversible myocardial necrosis termed contraction band lesions. Calcium channel blocking agents provided a variable protective effect from these contraction band lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine the temporal responses of the most effective of these blocking agents, diltiazem, when given before, simultaneous with or after an initial exposure to a necrogenic infusion of norepinephrine (NE). Forty-one adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (32 mg/kg) and infused with saline solution or NE (4 micrograms/kg/min) for 60 minutes or diltiazem at a rate of 20 micrograms/kg/min for the first 5 minutes and 10 micrograms/kg/min for the remaining 70 minutes. Diltiazem was infused as pretreatment 15 minutes before continued infusion with NE for 60 minutes, simultaneously infused with NE for 60 minutes or delayed 30 minutes after the start of NE infusion. Diltiazem alone exhibited no significant effect on hemodynamics, but pretreatment with diltiazem was able to moderate the rapid NE induced increases in heart rate. NE infusion produced significant numbers of the 2 forms of contraction band lesions: (1) paradiscal contraction band lesions involving a small portion of the cell adjacent to the disc, and (2) holocytic contraction band lesions involving the entire cell. Diltiazem reduced the number of contraction band lesions, particularly the holocytic contraction band lesions, provided diltiazem was available before the insult and massive influx of calcium with a pharmacologic dose of NE. Although the exact mechanism of diltiazem's cardioprotective properties is not known, the timing of drug administration does appear to affect the degree of protection. PMID- 3177231 TI - A symposium: Clinical evaluation of response to antiarrhythmic therapy. March 26, 1988, Atlanta, Georgia. Proceedings. PMID- 3177230 TI - Hemodynamic comparison of diltiazem and TA-3090 in spontaneously hypertensive and normal Wistar-Kyoto rats. AB - Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of 2 benzothiazepine derivatives, diltiazem and its congener TA-3090, were studied both acutely and chronically in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. All hemodynamic data were obtained in the conscious state using the reference sample radiomicrosphere method. Mean arterial pressure was reduced significantly with both immediate and more long-term treatment with both drugs in the SHR. The hypotensive action of TA-3090 was about 3 times as potent as diltiazem. The pressure reduction with both drugs was associated with a decrease in total peripheral resistance. TA-3090 seemed to have lesser effect on heart rate than diltiazem, although its net effect on cardiac output was similar, remaining unchanged in each study group. After intravenous injection, both diltiazem and TA 3090 significantly reduced vascular resistances of the major target organs of hypertension: heart, brain and kidneys in SHR. However, with prolonged treatment, organ vascular resistances seemed to be nonuniformly distributed. Intrarenal hemodynamics revealed significant differences between SHR and WKY rats after intravenous diltiazem and prolonged treatment with TA-3090. Thus, efferent as well as afferent arteriolar resistance decreased and therefore calculated glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure decreased in SHR; however, efferent resistance and glomerular pressure remained unchanged in WKY rats. In contrast, intravenous TA-3090 evoked no such differences. Thus, diltiazem as well as TA 3090 dilated efferent as well as afferent arterioles in the SHR but not in the WKY rats. This effect was associated with a reduction in glomerular capillary pressure, preventing glomerular hyperfiltration through efferent arteriolar dilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177232 TI - Do different doses of intravenous streptokinase alter the frequency of coronary reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction? AB - This study assessed the relative efficacy of 3 doses of intravenous streptokinase in causing hypofibrinogenemia and coronary reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Accordingly, 56 patients (50 men and 6 women, ages 58 +/- 10 years [mean +/- standard deviation]) with evolving acute myocardial infarction and chest pain less than or equal to 5 hours in duration were assigned to receive varying doses of streptokinase. Twenty were administered 500,000 units during 145 minutes, 18 were given 750,000 units during 30 minutes and 18 received 1.5 million units in 60 minutes of streptokinase. Serum creatine kinase was measured on admission and 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours after the initiation of streptokinase. The time intervals from onset of pain to peak creatine kinase and from streptokinase administration to peak creatine kinase were used to determine the occurrence of reperfusion. The plasma fibrinogen concentration was measured 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after the initiation of streptokinase. For the 3 groups, the time from onset of pain to peak creatine kinase was less than 17 hours and the time from streptokinase to peak creatine kinase was 6 or 12 hours in 15 (75%), 16 (89%) and 12 patients (67%), respectively (differences not significant). The plasma fibrinogen concentration decreased to 45 +/- 34 mg/dl, 19 +/- 14 mg/dl and 29 +/- 43 mg/dl, respectively, during the 2 hours after streptokinase was begun (p less than 0.05 for the first versus the second and third values).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177234 TI - Comparison of Doppler echocardiographic and hemodynamic indexes of left ventricular diastolic properties in coronary artery disease. AB - Transmitral flow velocity was measured by Doppler echocardiography in 15 patients with coronary artery disease simultaneously with high-fidelity recording of left ventricular pressure. Doppler echocardiographic recordings were also performed in 14 age- and heart rate-matched normal subjects. Statistically significant differences (p less than 0.05) in acceleration half-time (55.3 +/- 8.2 vs 70.4 +/ 14.9 ms), deceleration half-time (83.1 +/- 17.9 vs 109.5 +/- 18.1 ms), deceleration rate (4.9 +/- 0.9 vs 3.1 +/- 0.9 m/s2), peak velocity of early diastolic left ventricular inflow (E wave) (0.78 +/- 0.13 vs 0.61 +/- 0.13 m/s) and A/E ratio (0.74 +/- 0.20 vs 0.98 +/- 0.31) between normal subjects and patients were noted. There was no significant difference in peak velocity of atrial systolic flow (A wave) between normal subjects and patients. Correlation between transmitral flow indexes and hemodynamic indexes of left ventricular diastolic properties were poor, with r values ranging from 0.02 to 0.65. Significant correlations between deceleration rate versus maximal isovolumic left ventricular pressure decrease (maximum -dP/dt) and A wave versus maximum -dP/dt (p less than 0.05) were found (0.53 and 0.65, respectively). Deceleration rate was the most sensitive index of isovolumic relaxation assessed by hemodynamic methods, whereas the A/E ratio was a poor indicator of hemodynamic measurements of isovolumic relaxation. An abnormal deceleration rate had 100% specificity for detecting abnormal maximum -dP/dt, while abnormal acceleration half-time, deceleration half-time and A/E ratio had 80% specificity for detecting abnormal time constant. The deceleration rate, acceleration half-time, deceleration half time and A/E ratio had a predictive value of 60 to 100% for the detection of abnormal maximum -dP/dt and time constant. PMID- 3177235 TI - Effects of intracoronary injection of acetylcholine on coronary arterial hemodynamics and diameter. AB - To examine the effects of intracoronary injection of acetylcholine on coronary blood flow and on coronary arterial diameter in humans, acetylcholine was injected into the left coronary artery in 32 adult patients (21 men and 11 women with a mean age of 54 years, range 37 to 65) with normal or almost normal coronary arteriographic findings. Patients with angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and severe cardiac diseases were excluded. Temporary right ventricular pacing was set at a rate of 60 beats/min to prevent transient bradyarrhythmias during intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. Measurements of coronary sinus blood flow and coronary vascular resistance and quantification of coronary arterial diameters using a computer-assisted technique were performed before and after each injection of 20, 50 and 100 micrograms of acetylcholine. Significant increase in coronary sinus blood flow and significant decrease in coronary vascular resistance occurred after intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. In contrast, mean diameter of normal epicardial coronary artery tended to decrease and that of irregular epicardial coronary artery decreased significantly after intracoronary injection of acetylcholine. Intracoronary injection of acetylcholine increases coronary blood flow, suggesting vasodilation in the coronary arteriolar bed, while it induces vasoconstriction in most of epicardial coronary arteries in adult humans. PMID- 3177233 TI - Factors leading to shorter survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients ages 65 to 75 years compared with younger patients. AB - Although the number of elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has steadily increased and these patients are known to have a higher early subsequent mortality than younger patients, the reasons for this adverse prognosis are poorly understood. We compared the clinical courses of 217 patients, ages 65 to 75 years, with 631 patients younger than 65 years of age enrolled in the Multicenter Investigation of the Limitation of Infarct Size (MILIS). The older group had a higher prevalence of adverse baseline risk factors, including history of congestive heart failure (14 vs 7%, p less than 0.001), previous AMI (28 vs 22%, p less than 0.05), angina pectoris (42 vs 34%, p less than 0.05), systemic hypertension (64 vs 52%, p less than 0.01), diabetes mellitus (24 vs 17%, p less than 0.05) and female gender (37 vs 24%, p less than 0.001). Despite having a smaller infarct size index than younger patients (15 +/- 1 vs 18 +/- 1 CK-MB g-Eq/m2, p less than 0.002), the elderly patients had a lower admission left ventricular ejection fraction (43 +/- 1 vs 47 +/- 1%, p less than 0.01) and a higher frequency of clinical congestive heart failure (44 vs 28%, p less than 0.001) and in-hospital death (14 vs 7%, p less than 0.01). The 1-year mortality for elderly hospital survivors was also markedly greater (19 vs 5%, p less than 0.001) as was the 4-year mortality (35 vs 13%, p less than 0.001). Adjustment for 7 adverse baseline characteristics in the elderly could account for their increased in-hospital mortality. However, these and 12 additional in hospital characteristics did not account for the increased 1- and 4-year mortalities of the elderly hospital survivors, which are presumably affected by variables not included in the present age-associated study. PMID- 3177236 TI - Survival with painless strongly positive exercise electrocardiogram. AB - To determine the prognosis of patients with painless strongly positive exercise electrocardiogram, the 6-year cumulative survival rate was computed for 298 medically treated patients who terminated their exercise test with or without angina. All had horizontal or downsloping ST depression greater than or equal to 2 mm during a treadmill exercise test according to the standardized multistage Bruce protocol. Of the 298 patients, 119 terminated the exercise test because of dyspnea or fatigue and 179 stopped because of angina. Among the 119 patients without angina, there were 18 deaths, 16 from coronary artery disease (CAD), of which 8 occurred suddenly. Among the 179 patients with exercise-induced angina, 36 died, 33 from CAD, of which 13 were sudden deaths. The overall 6-year survival rate was 85 +/- 3% for patients without angina and 80 +/- 3% in those with angina (p less than 0.05). However, patients without angina achieved a significantly longer duration of exercise and had higher maximal heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise. In both groups, survival decreased with decreasing duration of exercise. In patients without angina, the 6-year survival rate was 97 +/- 3% in those achieving stage IV (greater than or equal to 541 s), 87 +/- 4% in stage III (361 to 540 s), 64 +/- 13% in stage II (181 to 360 s) and 60 +/- 15% in stage I (less than or equal to 180 s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177237 TI - Comparative accuracy of clinical tests for diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. AB - The discriminant accuracy of 14 variables derived from clinical evaluation, cardiac fluoroscopy, exercise electrocardiography, thallium scintigraphy and radionuclide angiography was assessed with respect to the diagnosis of angiographic coronary artery disease (CAD) among 607 patients undergoing coronary angiography, and with respect to the prognosis of subsequent cardiac death or nonfatal infarction among 4,104 patients followed for 1 year after testing. Discriminant accuracy (quantified in terms of the area under a receiver-operating characteristic curve for each variable) ranged from 50 to 73% for diagnosis, and from 54 to 77% for prognosis. Although there was a great deal of variability from test to test, variables representing direct or indirect manifestations of myocardial ischemia tended to correlate better with prognosis. Thus, variables derived from radionuclide angiography and thallium scintigraphy tended to have more prognostic accuracy than diagnostic accuracy, while fluoroscopy tended to have more diagnostic accuracy than prognostic accuracy. The pattern associated with clinical evaluation and exercise electrocardiography was less discernable. Accordingly, the accuracy of noninvasive tests with respect to diagnosis and prognosis of CAD should be separately determined based on individual empiric observation. PMID- 3177238 TI - Usefulness of transcutaneous triggering of conventional implanted pulse generators by an activity-sensing pacemaker for predicting effectiveness of rate response pacing. AB - A noninvasive procedure has been developed to assess effectiveness of activity sensing rate response ventricular (VVIR) pacing systems in patients with implanted conventional fixed-rate ventricular (VVI) pacemakers capable of triggered mode operation (VVT). A VVIR pacemaker (activity threshold medium or low, rate response 6 to 10, upper rate 125 or 150 beats/min) was strapped to the chest wall (prepectoral area) of patients with previously implanted fixed-rate VVI pacemakers. In 17 of the 18 patients included in the study, the implanted pacemaker was capable of triggered mode operation (VVT). Triggering of the conventional pacemaker was achieved by reprogramming it to the VVT mode (high sensitivity, short refractory) and connecting the output of the "strapped-on" VVIR pacemaker (5 volts, 1.5-ms pulse width) to 2 standard cutaneous electrodes positioned so as to be in proximity to the implanted intracardiac electrode system. Patients underwent symptom-limited treadmill exercise tests during both VVI and VVIR pacing. Triggering conventional VVI pulse generators by a "strapped on" VVIR pacing system proved feasible in 16 of 17 cases and improved overall heart rate response (fixed rate 86 +/- 22 vs VVIR 118 +/- 7 beats/min) and exercise duration (fixed rate 6.6 +/- 4.9 vs VVIR 10.1 +/- 4.8 minutes) (mean values for all patients studied during exercise testing). Triggering of a previously implanted permanent pacemaker by a strapped-on activity-triggered device may be useful to assess rate response pacing before implantation of a VVIR device in patients in whom elective pulse generator replacement is planned. PMID- 3177240 TI - Doppler echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac performance in infants on prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. AB - Cardiac performance was evaluated by Doppler echocardiography in 19 infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension before, during and after prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Systemic arterial pressure was normal before ECMO (67 +/- 12 mm Hg), increased during ECMO (78 +/- 13 mm Hg) and decreased to baseline after ECMO (p less than or equal to 0.01). Heart rate was normal before ECMO and did not change during or after ECMO. The left ventricular shortening fraction was normal before ECMO (37 +/- 11%), decreased after beginning ECMO (25 +/- 11%) and returned to baseline 72 hours after beginning ECMO (p less than or equal to 0.01). Pulmonary arterial and aortic blood flow velocities were normal before ECMO, decreased 30 to 50% during ECMO and increased to baseline 72 hours after beginning ECMO (p less than or equal to 0.01). Stroke volume had an identical trend (p less than or equal to 0.01). Left ventricular velocity of circumferential shortening--an index of contractility--decreased after beginning ECMO (p less than or equal to 0.05). Left ventricular systolic wall stress--an index of systemic afterload--increased after beginning ECMO (p less than or equal to 0.01). A patent ductus arteriosus was present in 13 of 19 infants before ECMO, 16 of 19 infants during ECMO and in none of 19 infants after ECMO. Pulmonary arterial systolic pressure was high before ECMO (72 +/- 25 mm Hg), began to decrease after 48 hours on ECMO (59 +/- 24 mm Hg) and was normal after ECMO (38 +/- 18 mm Hg), p less than or equal to 0.05.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177239 TI - Role of left ventricular function and Doppler-derived variables in predicting hemodynamic benefits of rate-responsive pacing. AB - Cardiac hemodynamics were studied in 22 patients (mean age 55 +/- 2 years, range 22 to 73) with rate-responsive pacemakers using the continuous-wave Doppler method to assess ascending aortic blood flow. Compared with constant rate ventricular (VVI) pacing, rate-responsive pacing conferred improvements in exercise capacity (39 +/- 9%, p less than 0.001) and cardiac output (41 +/- 8%, p less than 0.001). Cardiac output increased by 141 +/- 21% over the resting value and 56% of this increase was mediated by the ability of these pacemakers to increase their pacing rate. Doppler-derived peak aortic flow velocity, acceleration and stroke distance were lower during maximal exercise in the rate responsive mode and there was a trend toward a higher systolic blood pressure response. Neither age nor echocardiographic and Doppler-derived variables (at rest and during peak exercise in the VVI mode) could predict the hemodynamic and functional benefits conferred by rate-responsive pacing during exercise, although left ventricular function had a weak correlation. It was concluded that rate responsive pacing significantly benefits patients with bradycardia, although the extent of the benefit is not predictable, and that advanced age alone should not be a barrier to the use of a rate-responsive pacemaker. PMID- 3177241 TI - Usefulness of dipyridamole-thallium-201 perfusion scanning for distinguishing ischemic from nonischemic cardiomyopathy. AB - To determine noninvasively the etiology of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, 22 patients with a diagnosis of cardiomyopathy determined via cardiac catheterization and 5 normal control subjects underwent radionuclide ventriculography and intravenous dipyridamole-thallium-201 perfusion scanning. Both ischemically and nonischemically induced LV dysfunction had comparable global LV ejection fractions (24 +/- 6 vs 23 +/- 8%, respectively) and extent of segmental wall motion abnormalities. Right ventricular ejection fraction was significantly better in the group with an ischemic etiology of LV dysfunction (41 +/- 26 vs 13 +/- 10%, p less than 0.005) but significant group overlap was present. However, computer-assisted analysis of dipyridamole-thallium-201 myocardial perfusion scanning demonstrated more homogeneous myocardial perfusion in idiopathic cardiomyopathy (mean perfusion defect 25 +/- 11 vs 6 +/- 6%, p less than 0.001) and successfully predicted the correct etiology of LV dysfunction in 20 of 22 (91%) patients. PMID- 3177242 TI - New method for the assessment of drug-induced arrhythmia aggravation. PMID- 3177244 TI - Alcohol use and supraventricular arrhythmia. PMID- 3177245 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of prosthetic cardiac valves in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 3177243 TI - Influence of left atrial systolic emptying on left ventricular early filling dynamics by Doppler in patients with sequential atrioventricular pacemakers. PMID- 3177247 TI - Causes of restenosis after balloon valvuloplasty for valvular pulmonary stenosis. PMID- 3177246 TI - Regression of infundibular hypertrophy after pulmonary valvuloplasty for pulmonic stenosis. PMID- 3177248 TI - Development of severe stenosis in a previously purely regurgitant, congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. PMID- 3177250 TI - Brazil and Brazilian cardiology. PMID- 3177249 TI - Anomalous venous connection of the superior vena cava to the left atrium. PMID- 3177251 TI - Five and ten year estimated survival and disease-free rates after intraperitoneal chromic phosphate; stage I ovarian adenocarcinoma. AB - From 1975 to 1982, 25 evaluable patients with FIGO Stage I ovarian cancer were treated with intraperitoneal chromic phosphate (32P). All patients underwent total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with (28%) or without (72%) omentectomy, with no other surgical staging procedures prior to referral. Patients were restaged by laparoscopy (inspection of diaphragms, abdomen, and pelvis), biopsy of suspicious lesions, and peritoneal cytologic washings prior to intraperitoneal chromic phosphate therapy. For the 25 patients, the estimated 5- and 10-year recurrence-free rates and the 5- and 10-year survival rates are 84% and 75%, respectively. Excellent 10-year recurrence-free rates were achieved for Stages IA and IC, nonruptured cysts, and Grade I and II tumors. In contrast, very low 10-year survival rates were achieved for patients with Stage IB, ruptured cysts, or Grade III tumors. PMID- 3177253 TI - A phase II evaluation of combination chemotherapy plus aminoglutethimide in women with metastatic or recurrent breast carcinoma. An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Pilot Study. AB - The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) conducted a pilot study of combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil plus aminoglutethimide (250 mg three times daily with hydrocortisone supplementation of 40 mg daily) as primary therapy for estrogen receptor-positive or unknown advanced breast carcinoma to assess whether these agents can be safely combined and to provide a preliminary estimate of response rate. A total of 47 patients, 45 with metastatic breast cancer and two with stage IV disease who were rendered clinically disease free following surgical resection of chest wall recurrence, were treated. Leukopenia and mucositis were the most frequent toxicities requiring dose reduction, but only five patients (10.6%; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-18.4%) experienced life-threatening leukopenia (less than 1000/mm3) at some point during their therapy. Neurologic side effects attributed to aminoglutethimide, predominantly lethargy, were reported in less than one-third of patients, and rarely required dose reduction. One elderly patient developed clinical hypothyroidism during the first 3 months on therapy and experienced a cardiac arrest at home while receiving supplemental thyroid hormones. The overall complete plus partial response rate in 45 patients was 55.5% (95% confidence interval, 41-70%). Among 16 patients with measurable disease, the complete plus partial response rate was 75% (95% confidence interval, 54-96%). The complete plus partial response rate in 29 patients with nonmeasurable but evaluable disease was 45% (95% confidence interval, 27-63%) and an additional 14% had improvement in bone pain. Eight patients electively discontinued chemotherapy after 7-24 months of therapy, but continued aminoglutethimide. The median time to disease progression is 462 days (15.4 months); 25% of patients died by 552 days (18.4 months), and the median duration of survival is predicted to be 889 days (29.6 months). We conclude that aminoglutethimide can be combined with this doxorubicin-based regimen with acceptable toxicity and an overall response rate which is similar to that observed on prior ECOG trials with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5 fluorouracil. PMID- 3177252 TI - The effect of surgical debulking on the response of patients with ovarian carcinoma to chemotherapy. AB - The role of debulking surgery as an adjuvant to chemotherapy in advanced ovarian carcinoma was examined. Debulking surgery did not alter the overall response rate to chemotherapy. Surgical resection, though, was associated with an increased percentage of complete pathological remissions, particularly in patients receiving efficacious chemotherapy. Whether debulking surgery is causal or a prognostic factor remains conjectural. PMID- 3177254 TI - Pilot study of adriamycin and amsacrine (m-AMSA) in patients with advanced breast cancer. AB - Twelve patients with recurrent and metastatic breast cancer were treated with a combination of adriamycin and amsacrine (m-AMSA) to evaluate its efficacy and toxicity. Adriamycin was given at 40 mg/m2 i.v. and m-AMSA at 50 mg/m2 i.v. every 3 weeks. No response was observed. One patient received an escalated m-AMSA dose at 70 mg/m2 and the same dose of adriamycin. She died of treatment-related leukopenia and infection. We conclude that the combination of adriamycin and amsacrine at the dose and schedule used in our trial has little antitumor effect in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. PMID- 3177256 TI - Reirradiation of recurrent tumors in the head and neck. AB - From 1971 to 1980, 55 patients were reirradiated in the Dr. Daniel den Hoed Kliniek for a recurrent cancer in the head and neck. For all patients considered, the primary treatment consisted of full course radiation therapy (RT) only; the recurrent tumors were irradiated with external and/or interstitial radiation therapy. In some of these patients, the reirradiation was combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy. A poor overall survival was found, i.e., after 5 years only 20% of the patients are still alive. Although the patients with a recurrent tumor of the nasopharynx seem to fare slightly better, no statistically significant difference was found for the different sites in the head and neck. A trend towards a somewhat better survival was observed for subsets of patients for whom either the reirradiation was combined with surgery or for whom the time period elapsed between the primary treatment and the initiation of the second irradiation was more than 12 months. Moreover, best local control was seen in recurrent tumors reirradiated by high doses of RT; i.e., with 50 Gy or more, a local control rate of 48% was obtained. Future treatment strategies towards a better local control and survival are discussed. PMID- 3177255 TI - Alternating cisplatin-5-fluorouracil and radiotherapy in head and neck cancer. AB - Thirty-four patients with advanced (stage IV) or relapsing squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCC-HN) were treated alternately with chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT). Patients' characteristics were as follows: male: female ratio, 27:7; median age, 55 (34-76), median P.S., 1 (ECOG scale) (range 0-2). Patients studied had no renal, hepatic, or cardiac impairments, a life expectancy of greater than or equal to 3 months, and no previous treatment with RT or CT. Seventeen patients were previously untreated, and 17 had a relapse after radical surgery. The CT regimen consisted of 20 mg/m2 cisplatin, with 2 h forced diuresis, from day 1 to 5, and 200 mg/m2 i.v., from day 1 to 5, every 3 weeks, administered four times. The RT was performed after the first, second, and third CT course, and consisted of three courses of 20 Gy each, 2 Gy daily, 5 days per week. Weekend intervals were planned between CT and RT treatments. The 17 previously untreated patients showed an overall response rate of 88.2% [eight complete response (CR), seven partial response (PR), one stable disease (SD), one progression disease (PD)]; the 17 patients treated at relapse after radical surgery reached an overall response rate of 64.7% (six CR, five PR, six PD). Actuarial median survival is 47 weeks: 51 weeks in untreated patients, and 42 weeks in previously treated patients. Toxicity was mild, and only 10 patients suffered from grade III (WHO scale) gastrointestinal (2 patients), hematological (5 patients), mucosal (2 patients), and neurological (1 patient) toxicity. Neither grade IV toxicity nor treatment-related deaths have been observed. In our study, cisplatin and 5-FU alternating with RT has shown an interesting antitumor activity and moderate side effects. PMID- 3177258 TI - Evaluation of high-dose cisplatin and 5-FU infusion as initial therapy in advanced head and neck cancer. AB - The combination of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusion in head and neck cancer patients produces an overall response rate of 90% for advanced disease and 70% for recurrent disease. Whether or not escalating the platinum dose in combination with other agents, as has been done with refractory ovarian and testicular patients, would improve the response rates in patients with advanced head and neck cancer has not been evaluated. We undertook a study to determine the most efficacious dose of cisplatin that could be administered with 5-FU infusion in head and neck cancer patients. Eleven patients entered the study. Initial dose of cisplatin was 40 mg/m2 (in hypertonic saline) on days 1-5 plus 5 FU 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1-5 as a continuous infusion. Subsequent cisplatin doses were adjusted for the main toxicity, which was myelosuppression. The safest tolerable dose was 30 mg/m2 for 5 days. Overall response was 90% [45% complete response (CR) (5/11) plus 45% (5/11) partial response (PR)] which is comparable to that seen with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 and 5-FU in a 120-h infusion. Although patient numbers are small, there was no appreciable difference in response rate with higher dose cisplatin and there was a significant increase in serious toxicity. PMID- 3177259 TI - A phase II trial of oral 4'demethoxydaunorubicin in advanced colorectal carcinoma. AB - 4'Demethoxydaunorubicin (DMDR), an orally active daunorubicin analogue, was administered to 22 patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. Patients were stratified into good- and poor-risk categories and received doses of 45 mg/m2 and 40 mg/m2, respectively, at 28-day intervals. Twenty-one patients were evaluable for response. No tumour responses occurred, although six patients had stable disease. Therapy was well tolerated. Mild gastrointestinal toxicity occurred in 45% of patients. Marrow toxicity was common and usually mild. DMDR appears to have no useful activity in colorectal carcinoma. PMID- 3177257 TI - Phase II trial of high-dose cytosine arabinoside and cisplatin in recurrent squamous carcinoma of the head and neck. A Piedmont Oncology Association Study. AB - Fifteen patients with recurrent squamous carcinoma of the head and neck received high-dose cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) (3 g/m2) and cisplatin (100 mg/m2) every 3 weeks in an attempt to explore the dose-dependent synergy between these two agents. A partial response was attained in one patient; there were no complete responses. The major toxicity was myelosuppression. With the current schedule, high-dose ara-C failed to improve the response rate achieved with cisplatin alone. PMID- 3177260 TI - Medical adrenalectomy for advanced prostatic cancer: clinical and hormonal effects. AB - We examined the effect of medical adrenalectomy on the clinical and hormonal responses in 50 men with disseminated prostatic carcinoma. Patients refractory to initial hormonal therapy were treated with aminoglutethimide and hydrocortisone (AG-HC) and evaluated by the criteria of the National Prostatic Cancer Project. Eight patients showed a partial response (PR), and 17 remained stable while receiving these medications. Survival times for these two groups averaged 87.8 and 38 weeks, respectively. In contrast, 17 men were unresponsive to this therapy, exhibiting progressive disease with a mean survival time of 18 weeks. Eight patients could not tolerate the drug regimen or were lost to follow-up. Serum and urinary hormone profiles determined serially during AG-HC therapy revealed that all measured serum androgens and estrogens were significantly lowered by AG-HC treatment; however, specific hormones, including free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, and estradiol were suppressed to a greater degree in responders (R) as compared with nonresponders (NR). Urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids did not change during AG-HC therapy, but specific androgen metabolites, including testosterone glucuronide and androstanediol glucuronide, were suppressed by 50% during AG-HC therapy. We showed modest clinical benefit of AG-HC therapy in advanced prostatic cancer. That greater hormonal suppression was associated with greater responsiveness to this therapy raises the hope that further manipulations directed against suppression of extratesticular androgens may be a useful approach as second-line treatment of advanced prostatic cancer. PMID- 3177261 TI - Evaluation of cis-platinum and DTIC combination chemotherapy in disseminated melanoma. A Southwest Oncology Group Study. AB - The development of disseminated melanoma is associated with an extremely poor prognosis. Use of a variety of chemotherapy agents alone and in combination has yielded response rates of only 10-30%. Surgery and radiation therapy play a useful role in palliative treatment, but have little or no value in the treatment of disseminated disease. In order to evaluate the response of disseminated malignant melanoma to combination chemotherapy with cis-platinum and 5-(3,3 dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC), a phase II pilot study was developed and conducted at Oregon Health Sciences University. Thirty patients were treated from January 1983 to October 1986 and evaluated. There were two complete responses (7%) and nine partial responses (30%) for a total response rate of 37%. The median duration of response was 31 weeks. This response rate is higher than has been previously achieved with DTIC and cis-platinum, or with other drugs alone or in combination. Severe (grade 3) renal, neurologic, and hematologic toxicity was seen in four of 30, three of 30, and ten of 30 patients, respectively. PMID- 3177263 TI - Granulocyte versus WBC monitoring. PMID- 3177262 TI - A double-blind trial comparing antiemetic efficacy and toxicity of metoclopramide versus methylprednisolone versus domperidone in patients receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy alone or in combination with other antiblastic agents. AB - Nausea and vomiting are reported in approximately 60% of neoplastic patients treated with doxorubicin used alone at doses greater than or equal to 50 mg/m2 or in combination with other noncisplatin antiblastic agents. In a double-blind study we compared the efficacy and tolerability of metoclopramide (MTC) versus Domperidone (DMP) versus methylprednisolone (MP) administered intravenously (i.v.) to inpatients. Forty-four patients entered the trial. The three antiemetic regimens were found equally effective. A complete protection from vomiting/nausea was obtained in 14/11 (93.3%/73.3%) of patients treated with MTC, in 15/14 (100%/93%) of those treated with MP and in 11/11 (78.6%/78.6%) of those treated with DMP. Side effects were slight and not significantly different among the three regimens. In conclusion, i.v. MTC and MP (DMP is no longer available in i.v. formulation) as single agents are an adequate treatment for prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by doxorubicin alone or in combination with other noncisplatin antiblastic agents. PMID- 3177264 TI - Platelet parameters and aggregation in essential and reactive thrombocytosis. AB - Platelet characteristics were assessed in 15 patients with essential thrombocytosis (ET), 89 patients with reactive thrombocytosis (RT), and 23 normal controls. A platelet volume distribution width (PDW) greater than or equal to 10.5 was found in 50%, 21%, and 14% of the three groups, respectively (P = 0.01 between patients with ET and patients with RT; P = 0.02 between patients with RT and controls), reflecting an excess of extreme values at both ends of the distribution. Compared with controls, the increase in platelet number in patients with RT was about twofold throughout the platelet volume range, whereas ET was characterized by a fivefold increase in small platelets less than 7.5 fL and threefold increase in larger size platelets. Mean platelet volume (MPV) was significantly lower in patients with ET versus patients with RT and in patients with RT versus controls (mean +/- SD 7.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 8.8 +/- 0.1 and 10.2 +/- 1.8 fL, respectively, P less than 0.01). Rate of in vitro platelet aggregation greater than or equal to 50% was significantly lower in patients with ET versus patients with RT and in patients with RT versus controls (0%, 23%, and 45%, respectively, P less than 0.01). Aggregation rate was positively correlated with MPV (r = 0.54; P less than 0.0001). Aggregation rate in patients with ET was significantly lower (P = 0.01) than expected from their reduced MPV alone. Despite these group differences, the overlap of individual platelet characteristics between the three groups precludes their usefulness for diagnostic purposes. PMID- 3177265 TI - Pepsinogens and other serum markers in pernicious anemia. AB - Pepsinogen (PG) I and PG II levels were determined in sera from 147 patients with pernicious anemia. Race, sex, age, gastrin level, and antibody status did not influence pepsinogen levels. PG I values less than 30 micrograms/L were found in 92% of cases and PG I to PG II ratios less than 3.0 in 82% of cases. At least one of these two results was abnormal in 97% of all patients with pernicious anemia. In comparison, results of other blood tests used in the investigation of pernicious anemia were less often abnormal. Serum gastrin level exceeded 200 ng/L in 90% of patients with pernicious anemia and was second to pepsinogen abnormality in diagnostic sensitivity. Results for anti-intrinsic factor antibody were positive in 73% of cases and anti-parietal cell antibody in only 52%. Although its specificity is limited, the presence of low PG I level and/or low PG I-PG II ratio is currently the most sensitive serum indicator for pernicious anemia, and absence of both can be taken as a strong argument against the diagnosis. This highly sensitive test can be combined further with the highly specific serum anti-intrinsic factor antibody test for the presumptive diagnosis of pernicious anemia when definitive tests (the Schilling test or gastric analysis for intrinsic factor) cannot be done or results are inconclusive. PMID- 3177267 TI - Special report--National Manpower Survey of 1987. Manpower needs in community hospital and private laboratory practice of pathology. AB - A new survey of manpower requirements in the community hospital and private laboratory practice of pathology has been completed and analyzed. The survey used a new instrument, the National Pathology Manpower Database, which will be useful in conducting longitudinal surveys. This instrument will permit organized pathology to monitor changes in pathology manpower needs in the years ahead, which are likely to be fraught with change. The results of this survey foretell a significant deficit of pathologists in community hospital and private laboratory practice within the next five years. PMID- 3177268 TI - Author guidelines for computer reports: a need for new considerations? PMID- 3177266 TI - The total serum homocysteine as an indicator of vitamin B12 and folate status. AB - Presented is a modification of an assay for total serum homocysteine (Hcy) in which the Hcy plus radioactive adenosine is converted enzymatically to labeled S adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). The modifications included a commerical source for the AdoHcy hydrolase, adenosine labeled with either 14C or 3H, and separation of the AdoHcy by thin layer chromatography. The assay was sensitive to 25 pmol. Hcy levels in sera from 18 controls ranged from 6.9 to 12.1 mumol/L with a mean of 9.1 and a SD of 1.5 mumol/L. The total serum Hcy was increased in vitamin B12 and folate deficiency. The level was high in congenital defects of vitamin B12 metabolism, blocking the methylation of Hcy regardless of the serum vitamin B12 levels, but was normal in the absence of tissue deficiency even if the serum vitamin B12 levels were low. The procedure has been found practical in two years of use and requires only 0.1 mL of serum. PMID- 3177269 TI - Abstracts: fall meeting of the American Society of Clinical Pathologists and the College of American Pathologists. October 22-28, 1988, Las Vegas, Nevada. PMID- 3177270 TI - The question of oversupply in pathology. PMID- 3177271 TI - Diagnostic value of acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase ratio in Hirschsprung's disease. PMID- 3177272 TI - Blue nevus and melanosis of the prostate. Electron-microscopic and immunohistochemical studies. AB - Two cases of blue nevus and one case of melanosis of the prostate were studied with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical methods. All patients complained of urinary obstruction, and the clinical impression in all was benign prostatic hyperplasia. Melanin was present in the stroma of the prostate in all cases. In one, pigment was also demonstrated both in benign and malignant epithelial cells. Electron microscopically, melanosomes in different stages were present in the two white patients, but only mature stage IV melanosomes were demonstrated in the black patient. The melanin in epithelial cells consisted only of mature melanosomes. Immunohistochemically, the stromal cells that contained melanin stained with S-100 protein. The evidence suggests that the pigmented cells in the prostatic stroma are melanocytes and the melanin in the glandular epithelium is a result of the transfer of pigment from the stromal melanocytes. PMID- 3177273 TI - Calcium oxalate in sarcoid granulomas. With particular reference to the small ovoid body and a note on the finding of dolomite. AB - The nature, prevalence, and specificity of birefringent calcific particles in granulomas of sarcoidosis have been examined, including histochemical reactions, single particle, and microchemical analyses. Particular attention was paid to small ovoid forms of which most were calcium oxalate monohydrate. Larger crystals, those within giant cells, and the birefringent component of a Schaumann complex were also calcium oxalate. Small ovoids appeared to originate in macrophages and to be precursors of other forms; they were found in 86% of lymph nodes and 73% of surgical lung specimens. They were not specific for sarcoidosis. Organisms could not be certainly identified in them. Their origin is discussed in relation to activated macrophages, calcium, and oxalate metabolism, and the role of calcium oxalate in granulomas is considered. Four particles from two cases were dolomite and two were a calcium-sulphur compound. The biologic origin of dolomite is reviewed. PMID- 3177274 TI - Juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia. A malignancy of S-100 protein-positive histiocytes. AB - Three cases of juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia (JCML) are reported. The patients were aged 3-4.5 years and presented with generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, elevated white blood cell count with monocytosis, and high fetal hemoglobin level. Philadelphia chromosome was absent in two cases studied. The bone marrow showed myeloid hyperplasia with increased monocytoid cells and blasts. Biopsy or postmortem material available in two cases revealed malignant infiltration of lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, intestines, and skin. The neoplastic cells ranged from cells with irregular nuclei possessing nuclear grooves to large blastic cells with round to lobulated nuclei and prominent nucleoli. They showed weak staining for acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase and exhibited the immunophenotype EBM11+KiM1+KiM6+KiM8+CD4+HLADR+ S-100 protein+. The neoplastic cells of JCML therefore share features of dendritic cells and mononuclear phagocytes. The authors' findings show that JCML is a unique histiocytic malignancy in which S 100 protein is a useful marker. PMID- 3177275 TI - A solid phase enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for the detection and quantitation of anticardiolipin antibody. AB - A solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) is described for the detection and quantitation of anticardiolipin antibodies (ACAs) IgG and IgM in sera. In these assays, non-specific binding was controlled by using antigen negative wells for all serum dilutions tested. Quadruplicate 100-microliters serum samples diluted 1:20 for ACA-IgG and 1:40 for ACA-IgM were incubated for two hours, after which alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antihuman IgG or IgM was added. A standard serum was used on each plate to provide reproducibility of the assay. Upper limits of normal for ACA-IgG and IgM were established by testing 161 sera from normal persons. Sixty-one selected patients with SLE were tested; and, from these results, categories of positivity were defined from negative to 4+. All screen-positive sera (greater than or equal to 1+) were assayed in a quantitative ELISA assay for ACAs, using multiple dilutions of the unknowns. These data were fit on a standard curve generated with dilutions of a reference serum on each plate using a computerized data reduction system based on the 2 Plus 2 model. The standard curves were compared with the international standards for IgG and IgM anticardiolipin. The ability to quantitate ACA concentrations allows better definition of positive sera, as well as the opportunity to accurately evaluate and follow this antibody in a variety of patient groups. PMID- 3177276 TI - Evaluation of a protocol for lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes. AB - Two divergent laboratory approaches to the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes (LDIs) were evaluated. Abnormal values for total creatine kinase (CK), CK-MB, total LD, and LDIs were greater than 250 U/L, greater than or equal to 5% total CK, greater than 180 U/L, and LD1/LD2 ratio greater than 1.0, respectively. The first approach, measuring LDI on all requests regardless of total LD activity, showed the following results: 161 LDI specimens, 63 CK-MB + (LD1 greater than LD2, 6; LD1/LD2 normal, 57); 98 CK-MB - (LD1 greater than LD2, 5, LD1/LD2 normal, 93). Medical chart review of the 98 CK-MB negative specimens, representing 44 patients, showed that in seven patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), none would have been missed clinically even if LDIs had not been done, and in only one case did LDIs play a confirmatory role in a patient who persistently had CK-MB-negative results but who had a strong clinical suspicion of MI. None of the 42 patient specimens with normal total LD activity had an LD1 greater than LD2. The second approach, measuring LDIs only if requested, only if total CK was abnormal, only if results for CK-MB were negative, and only if total LD was abnormal, showed the following results: 71 LDI specimens were not done (46 with normal total LD, 25 CK-MB + specimens). Medical chart review of the 71 LDIs not determined, representing 38 patients, showed that none of the 14 patients with the final diagnosis of MI would have been clinically missed, even if LDI had not been done, and in only one instance did LDIs confirm the clinical suspicion of MI in a patient with previously negative results for CK-MB. The LDI protocol represented by the second approach has been shown to be an effective means of identifying those occasional patients who require this confirmatory test, in whom the CK-MB results are negative but in whom there is a strong clinical suspicion of MI. PMID- 3177277 TI - Unilateral microscopic gonadoblastoma in a prepubertal Turner mosaic with Y chromosome material identified by restriction fragment analysis. AB - A high incidence of gonadal tumors has been demonstrated in patients with gonadal dysgenesis in the presence of Y chromosome material. A unilateral, microscopic gonadoblastoma was found in the dysgenetic gonad of a ten-year-old, phenotypic female, with Turner stigmata and chromosome mosaicisms of three cell populations 45,X/46,X,+mar,/47,X,+mar,+mar. It is often impossible to determine by cytogenetic analysis if the marker chromosome has derived from the X or Y chromosome. The origin of these marker chromosomes was elucidated by the use of DNA probe (pDP34) for male-specific sequences of the Y chromosome. The presence of Y-specific fragments in the patient's DNA led to surgical exploration and the detection of a gonadoblastoma. PMID- 3177279 TI - More on sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. PMID- 3177278 TI - Plasma cell granuloma (inflammatory pseudotumor) of the breast. AB - The first case of plasma cell granuloma (PCG) of the breast is presented. The lesion was seen as a circumscribed firm mass in the right breast of a 29-year-old woman. Histologically, a prominent plasma cell infiltrate was seen in a fibrous hyalinized stroma that contained spindle- and large stellate-shaped stromal cells with bizarre nuclei. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated the polyclonal nature of the plasma cells and characterized the stromal cells as myofibroblasts. The nature of these cells was confirmed ultrastructurally. PCG of the breast should be considered analogous to inflammatory pseudotumors of the lung and extrapulmonary sites. PMID- 3177280 TI - Class II, Division 1 vertical pattern. AB - The treatment of a skeletal Class II, Division 1 malocclusion in the early permanent dentition is described. The patient had a vertical facial pattern and lower arch crowding; four premolars were extracted. Although some anchorage was lost in the maxillary arch and the face developed in a predominantly vertical direction, the final result demonstrated a well-balanced and pleasing profile. PMID- 3177281 TI - The local use of vitamin D to increase the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine if the rate and amount of orthodontic tooth movement in a sample of cats could be enhanced by the injection of a vitamin D metabolite 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25D) into the periodontal ligament. After 21 days of canine retraction with a light-wire retraction spring, the teeth that had received weekly intraligamentous injections of a solution of 1,25D in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) had moved 60% further than matched control teeth (P less than 0.05). At the histologic level, increased numbers of mononuclear osteoclasts were recruited and activated, resulting in greater amounts of alveolar bone resorption on the pressure side of the periodontal ligament. No obvious clinical, microscopic, or biochemical side effects were noted. PMID- 3177282 TI - Osseointegrated titanium implants for maxillofacial protraction in monkeys. AB - Titanium implants were placed surgically into the maxillary, zygomatic, frontal, and occipital bones of four pigtail monkeys. After a 4-month healing period, the implants were exposed and abutments were placed. Extraoral traction appliances were then attached to the abutments. The cranial implants were used to support the framework of the traction appliance; those in the facial bones were used to attach springs that delivered a protraction force. The application of force varied among animals. In animal A, the force was applied to the maxilla. In animal B, the force was applied to the zygomatic bones. Animals C and D had force applied to both the maxillary and zygomatic bones. A tensile force of 600 gm per side was maintained until approximately 8 mm of maxillary anterior displacement had occurred. This amount of movement required 12 weeks of force application in animals A and B, and 18 weeks in animals C and D. Cephalometric and dry skull analyses showed that the amount of skeletal protraction was significant. The findings also demonstrated that it was possible to control the direction of maxillary protraction. The facial implants remained immobile throughout the experiment. PMID- 3177283 TI - Suitability of the panoramic radiograph for assessment of mesiodistal angulation of teeth in the buccal segments of the mandible. AB - A mandibular phantom was used to investigate the suitability of the panoramic radiograph for assessment of the mesiodistal angulation of teeth in the buccal segments of the mandible. This Plexiglas model, housing steel pins at known angulation, was radiographed with both panoramic and plane-film techniques. Results indicated that plane-film techniques were more accurate than the panoramic technique for assessing mesiodistal root angulation. PMID- 3177284 TI - Growth changes in the nasal profile from 7 to 18 years of age. AB - Lateral head cephalograms of 17 male and 23 female subjects, aged 7 to 18 years, were evaluated for age changes in morphology and position of the nose with reference to the pterygomaxillary vertical plane. The study was confined to persons with normal facial profiles, normal overjets, and Class I molar relationships. Four linear and two angular dimensions were measured. Statistical analysis included the calculation of medians, Q ranges, proportion of growth completed at each age expressed as a percentage of the size of the variable at 18 years, and a pairwise correlation matrix. The results indicated that (1) increments in nose height, depth, and inclination are essentially complete in girls by 16 years of age, while continuing to increase in males up to and beyond 18 years; (2) the ratio of upper to lower nose heights remains at approximately 3:1 from 7 to 18 years in both sexes; (3) the ratio of nose depth to sagittal depth of the underlying skeleton changed from 1:2 at 7 years in both sexes to 1:1.5 in male subjects and 1:1.6 in female subjects at 18 years; (4) although upper nose inclination was similar for the two sexes, lower nose inclination was slightly larger in female subjects, especially after the age of 10 years; (5) persons with greater increments in nose depth than in nose height, or in nose depth than in the sagittal depth of the underlying skeleton, develop larger upper nose inclinations. The impact of nasal growth changes on orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning was emphasized. PMID- 3177286 TI - Search for orthodontic assistant personality profile. AB - A study of 124 orthodontists and 476 auxiliaries was undertaken to learn whether successful chairside assistants had a special personality as shown by the Cattell 16 PF test. The successful and unsuccessful orthodontic assistants differed significantly in only one respect. The successful assistants generally displayed more conscientiousness than the nonsuccessful assistants. This study suggests that most orthodontic assistants come from a group of women that differs little from the mean of the general population. PMID- 3177285 TI - The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application. AB - The Broadbent-Bolton cephalostat produces intrinsically three-dimensional information about cranial form. Yet in the clinical setting, this information has been used primarily two dimensions at a time in the separate study of lateral or posteroanterior cephalograms. In this article we demonstrate an expedient use of existing cephalostat-based data sets to derive certain analyses of three dimensional form. The technique is essentially the same as that of the Broadbent Bolton "Orientator," an exploitation of the geometry of the cephalostat to simulate stereophotogrammetry. The three-dimensional method supports the usual biometrics of landmark locations, and takes advantage of a normative data base that is suited for semiautomatic analysis of syndromic data. The principal drawback of the method is its inability to represent curving form in three dimensions. However, in comparison with computed tomography (CT), it involves low radiation dose, is simpler to obtain, has an available normative data base, and is more practical for quantitative or long-term serial analysis. PMID- 3177287 TI - A paradigm of the marketplace. PMID- 3177288 TI - Michigan jury awards +850,000 in ortho case: a tempest in a teapot. PMID- 3177289 TI - Acute appendicitis in diabetic children. PMID- 3177290 TI - Diphenhydramine toxicity from combined oral and topical use. PMID- 3177291 TI - Perspectives on the relative resurgence of mumps in the United States. PMID- 3177292 TI - Cases of mumps following previous vaccinations. PMID- 3177293 TI - Calcification of the laryngeal, tracheal, and bronchial cartilages in children. PMID- 3177294 TI - Arm support for blood pressure measurement. PMID- 3177295 TI - Unexpected death in infants monitored at home. PMID- 3177296 TI - The single patient report. PMID- 3177297 TI - Sudden infant death and home monitors. AB - During a two-year period, ten infants died suddenly and unexpectedly with a home cardiorespiratory monitor available. We investigated the compliance with appropriate monitoring technique as well as the medical and demographic factors associated with these deaths (90% were due to sudden infant death syndrome). At least six and probably eight of these ten families were noncompliant with appropriate monitoring technique. The main comparison group consisted of 211 patients for whom care with home cardiorespiratory monitors was initiated and continued. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and severe, apparent life-threatening events were significantly increased in the subjects, as were the following characteristics: black race; lack of private medical insurance; unmarried mother; maternal age of less than 25 years; cigarette smoking by mother during pregnancy; and low Apgar scores. These diagnostic and demographic factors may be useful in predicting the infant at highest risk for sudden and unexpected death when a home monitor is prescribed. Noncompliance with proper monitoring technique patients; methods of educating parents of infants at high risk of sudden infant death syndrome with the necessity for compliance need to be developed. PMID- 3177298 TI - Respiratory failure from asthma. A marker for children with high morbidity and mortality. AB - During a seven-year interval, 78 children had documented episodes of respiratory failure from asthma, defined as arterial hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or use of mechanical ventilatory support or intravenous isoproterenol hydrochloride. During 407 patient-years of follow-up (5.2 years per patient), these 78 children had 227 episodes of respiratory failure (2.9 episodes per patient). Fifty-three patients (68%) have had two or more of such episodes. Second episodes usually followed the initial episodes within two years, but some were delayed for over six years. Seven of the 78 children died, and two others have incurred hypoxic brain damage, compared with two deaths among 2892 children with asthma--seen at this hospital during that interval--but without a documented previous episode of respiratory failure. We conclude that children whose asthma has caused even one episode of respiratory failure constitute a special group of asthmatic patients, members of which are at high risk for repeated episodes of respiratory failure and its catastrophic complications. This recognition allows special attention to be focused on them in designing both clinical and research strategies. PMID- 3177299 TI - Clinical predictors of severe head trauma in children. AB - We reviewed the medical records of 55 patients who underwent a cranial computed tomographic (CT) scan for acute head trauma. The severity of head trauma was classified according to objective clinical findings as severe in 44 patients, moderate in three, and mild in eight. Thirty-seven patients (84%) with severe head trauma had a brain injury identified on CT scan. Six patients with severe head trauma had a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 12 or greater and an abnormal CT scan. All patients with mild or moderate head trauma had normal CT scans. Severe head trauma, as defined in this study, accurately identified all patients with abnormal CT scan findings. We conclude that a classification based on objective clinical findings accurately identifies the severity of head trauma. This is particularly important in evaluating patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 12 or greater. A prospective study including larger numbers of patients is needed to further evaluate such a classification. PMID- 3177300 TI - Adolescents with closed head injuries. A report of initial cognitive deficits. AB - Accidents represent the leading cause of morbidity in the adolescent age group. Closed head injuries (CHI) sustained in such accidents are frequently associated with cognitive deficits. The intent of this study was to explore the neuropsychological functioning of adolescents with CHI. Thirty-three teenagers who had sustained CHI as the result of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle/pedestrian accident were compared with orthopedically injured (n = 13) and matched, noninjured (n = 35) control groups. Results indicated that immediately after injury, patients with CHI performed poorer than their counterparts on measures of intelligence, cognitive flexibility, memory (particularly verbal recall), and verbal fluency. Thus, the findings indicate that adolescents who sustain CHI experience pervasive cognitive deficits immediately after injury that potentially interfere with reentry into their home, school, and peer activities. PMID- 3177301 TI - Risk factors for injury in a 3-year-old birth cohort. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with injuries in the first three years of life and to assess their predictive utility. The parents of 918 children (82% of an eligible birth cohort) completed a telephone interview to document injury histories. The occurrence of injury was then linked to previously obtained information characterizing early childhood. Several determinant associations were found for injuries seen by a physician and for those requiring treatment. Maternal factors (single, unemployed, smoking) were dominant in both instances. From these factors, logistic regression models were developed from which adjusted relative risk estimates were derived. The presence of all three maternal factors, as well as the absence of a younger sibling, increases the probability of an injury from 20% to over 60%. These findings may be used to assist in the development of preventive programs by targeting children at increased risk. They also provide a basis for further studies that will permit a better understanding of the causal mechanisms linking maternal factors to preschool injury. PMID- 3177302 TI - Recurrence risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in siblings. AB - The recurrence of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NHB) in full siblings was studied in 3301 live infants born between 1966 and 1986 to 1669 male US Army veterans who were part of a nationwide health study. The study population included 580 sibships with one infant, 679 with two, and 410 with three or more. Hospital of birth medical records were abstracted on these children. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was defined as present if the recorded peak bilirubin level was greater than 205 mumol/L in the absence of hemolytic disease of the newborn. The risk of NHB in newborns who have one or more prior sibs with NHB was 3.1 times higher than that of newborns who have prior sibs without NHB (10.3% vs 3.6%). Simultaneous adjustment for risk factors for NHB, such as feeding patterns, year of birth, maternal obstetric events, and infant health variables, did not explain the excess risk of NHB in sibs. Moreover, the risk of severe NHB (peak bilirubin level, greater than 257 mumol/L) in newborns who have one or more prior sibs with severe NHB was 12.5 times higher than that of newborns who have prior sibs without severe NHB (10.5% vs 0.9%). Separate analyses in sibships where all sibs were breast-fed and in sibships where all sibs were bottle-fed gave similar results. These data clearly suggest the familial nature of NHB. The higher risk of recurrence of NHB in sibs does not seem to be due to known environmental risk factors for NHB. PMID- 3177303 TI - Radiological case of the month. Suprasellar arachnoid cyst. PMID- 3177304 TI - Picture of the month. Tuberous sclerosis. PMID- 3177305 TI - Outcome of neonatal strokes. AB - We examined the clinical outcome of 17 children, 1 to 11 years of age, who experienced major cerebral artery infarctions (strokes) as neonates. Nine of the 17 children had left middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarctions, five had right MCA infarctions, two had bilateral MCA infarctions, and one had a left posterior cerebral artery infarction. Fourteen of the 17 children developed seizures as neonates. Most of these children who developed seizures were neurologically abnormal as neonates, became seizure free and neurologically normal early in the first year of life, and their anticonvulsant therapies were discontinued. After a seizure-free period of one to eight years, three of the 14 patients again required anticonvulsant therapy for seizure control. Two of the 16 surviving children continue to be severely handicapped while 11 of the 16 are making apparently normal developmental progress. One of the two children presently attending school has cognitive deficits appropriate to the site affected by the original infarction. Most children with neonatally diagnosed strokes appear to have a good short-term outcome, but later onset of seizures and subsequent recognition of cognitive deficits may not be uncommon. PMID- 3177306 TI - Necrotizing tracheobronchitis. An ischemic lesion. AB - Neonates with necrotizing tracheobronchitis present a diverse clinical spectrum from asymptomatic disease to severe airway obstruction. A retrospective clinicopathologic study of 206 neonatal autopsy reports spanning a three-year period yielded 122 cases of necrotizing tracheobronchitis with an incidence of 59%. All study patients received treatment prior to the development of high frequency ventilator jet, oscillator, or interruption. The site and submucosal depth of airway involvement was variable. The most commonly affected anatomic site was the middle or thoracic trachea (56%). The common cause identified was severe ischemia to the airway mucosa and submucosa, occurring with profound birth asphyxia and/or shock. The presence of ischemia supports the concept that decreased tracheoperfusion may be an important factor in the development of tracheobronchial abnormalities. PMID- 3177307 TI - The effects of a mandatory child restraint law on injuries requiring hospitalization. AB - Using data on all inpatients in 16 Michigan hospitals from 1980 through 1985, the clinical effects of a mandatory child restraint law were examined. Time-series analytic techniques revealed a 36% decline in hospitalization for all injuries, with a 25% decline for head injuries, and a 20% decline for extremity injuries for children younger than 4 years. In addition, length of stay declined for children hospitalized secondary to motor vehicle crashes. This study confirms the effectiveness of the child restraint law in Michigan, previously demonstrated by analyses of police records. Current hospital databases may be able to serve as one component for the implementation of comprehensive injury surveillance systems. PMID- 3177309 TI - Rehospitalization of very-low-birth-weight infants. AB - Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants are at high risk of mortality, morbidity, and rehospitalization in the first years of life, but little information is available to predict which VLBW infants are likely to require rehospitalization. This study describes a sample of 79 VLBW infants cared for in a charity hospital. The sample was predominantly black, and the majority of the mothers were young and unmarried. Some of the infants were followed up by a multidisciplinary High Risk Follow-up Clinic, and all were tracked until their second birthdays to determine the rate of rehospitalization. Using multiple regression, we present herein a model that accounts for 51% of the variance in rehospitalization; the model includes mother's age, education, and marital status; infant birth weight and gestational age; the use of prenatal care and the High-Risk Follow-up Clinic; and three quadratic terms. Although the significance of the quadratic factors in the model makes explanation of these results difficult, results suggest that the model can be used to predict whether infants will require rehospitalization in the first two years of life. PMID- 3177308 TI - Demographic features and attitudes of program directors of combined internal medicine and pediatrics residencies. AB - Combined residency training in internal medicine and pediatrics has proliferated greatly in the last ten years. This survey of program directors (N = 55) of such residency programs reports their personal and professional demographic characteristics as well as their perceptions about aspects of combined training. The directors were more often affiliated with Internal medicine (33 directors [60%]), 47 (85%) were men, their mean age was 44 years, they had been out of medical school for a mean of 19 years, the mean time served as program director was 2.6 years, and 32 (58%) had completed a fellowship. The programs had existed for an average of 4.2 years, the mean entering class size was 2.8 persons, and the mean number of graduates per program was 4.2. We report directors' perceptions of why students choose combined training, why the programs have proliferated, and how these residents differ from family medicine residents. We comment on curriculum design and the goals of combined internal medicine pediatrics residency training programs. PMID- 3177311 TI - Kawasaki disease with an exanthem limited to the diaper area. PMID- 3177310 TI - Body image and eating behavior in adolescent girls. AB - To determine attitudes toward body weight and shape and eating and weight control practices among adolescent girls, an anonymous questionnaire was administered to 854 adolescent girls and young women aged 12 through 23 years who were seen in a military adolescent outpatient clinic. Overall, 67% were dissatisfied with their weight, and 54% were dissatisfied with their body shape. Dissatisfaction with weight and shape varied positively with increasing body weight but not with increasing age. Binge eating had occurred in 30.4%, and weight control behavior, such as dieting, fasting, vomiting, and stimulant, laxative, and diuretic use, had occurred in 38.2%, 30.7%, 8.5%, 9.5%, 3.3%, and 6.2%, respectively, varying positively with increasing weight. Thirty-six percent of those adolescent girls who saw themselves as overweight desired an inappropriate weight loss, and 61% of these, who desired an excessive loss, exhibited an increased prevalence of weight control behaviors and were less likely to believe that they had an eating problem. Dissatisfaction with body weight and shape, and eating behaviors, such as dieting, binge eating, fasting, and vomiting, are common in adolescent girls, many of whom are attempting weight control without an accurate perception of what is normal. PMID- 3177312 TI - French screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism. PMID- 3177314 TI - The role of imaging in neonatal hypothyroidism. PMID- 3177315 TI - Invalid equation for conversion of indirect hemagglutination titers to international units. PMID- 3177313 TI - Decreasing frequency of diabetic nephropathy. PMID- 3177316 TI - Parent-child minimal change nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 3177317 TI - Removing cactus spines. PMID- 3177318 TI - Late effects of childhood cancer. PMID- 3177319 TI - Campylobacter pylori--associated gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in children. AB - Specimens obtained at gastric biopsies performed for suspected acid peptic disease in patients 5 through 17 years of age were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of Campylobacter pylori (CP), a gram-negative bacillus associated with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in adults. Of 98 patients who underwent antral biopsy (the most reliably colonized site in the stomach), 40 had chronic gastritis histologically. Of those 40 patients, 22 (55%) had CP present on the gastric surface. None of the 58 patients without gastritis present in biopsy specimens had CP. The gastritis in children with CP was more severe than in those without the organism: 86% of those with moderate gastritis and 92% of those with severe gastritis had CP. Eight patients with duodenal ulcers and one patient with a gastric ulcer had CP on biopsy. Among those patients without CP, only one had a duodenal ulcer and eight had gastric ulcers. An additional nine patients found to have CP on gastric fundic biopsy were identified, for a total of 31 patients with CP identified by either antral (22) or fundic (nine) biopsy. Initial resolution of symptoms with standard acid-antagonist therapy was noted in the 25 of 31 CP(+) patients so treated, but a high relapse rate was noted within one to two years in the patients who also had gastritis and duodenal ulcer. These findings support a strong association between CP colonization of the stomach and the presence of chronic gastritis and duodenal ulcer disease in children. PMID- 3177320 TI - Screening for psychosocial disorders in pediatric practice. AB - Pediatricians have traditionally placed a high value on screening procedures. Screening tests are a routine part of health maintenance visits and serve the dual function of prevention and early recognition. However, despite the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, there is no psychosocial screening procedure available. We present the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), a one-page, 35-item, parent-completed questionnaire that screens school-age children for psychosocial dysfunction. The PSC is administered in the waiting room and can be completed and scored in under five minutes. The PSC is not diagnostic of specific psychiatric disorders but is designed to help the pediatrician select which children may benefit from further clinical evaluation. PMID- 3177321 TI - Polymicrobial bacteremia in children. An 11-year experience. AB - The clinical records of all patients with blood cultures positive for a bacterial pathogen were retrospectively examined during an 11-year period to determine the rate of and clinical features associated with polymicrobial bacteremia. During this period, bacteria were isolated in 6302 blood cultures. Of these cultures, 38 instances (0.6%) of polymicrobial bacteremia occurred in 38 patients. In 37 patients (97%), an underlying condition was identified that was considered a predisposing factor for polymicrobial bacteremia--18 patients (42%) had lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, 13 patients (34%) had an indwelling central venous catheter, nine patients (24%) had a malignant neoplasm or were receiving chemotherapy, and nine patients (24%) had neutropenia. A total of 98 pathogenic organisms were isolated; 52 were gram-negative and 46 were gram-positive, and 18 patients (47%) had more than two organisms isolated. Polymicrobial bacteremia was usually clinically indistinguishable from monomicrobial septicemia. Overall mortality was 32%. Polymicrobial bacteremia continues to be a rare, but serious, infectious disease that usually affects children with underlying medical problems and is associated with a high rate of mortality. PMID- 3177322 TI - Neonatal neutropenia. Clinical manifestations, cause, and outcome. AB - Neutropenia, defined as an absolute neutrophil count that falls below 2.0 x 10(9)/L, is being identified more frequently in the newborn intensive care unit and significantly influences clinical decisions regarding therapy. We prospectively identified 119 episodes of neutropenia in 87 infants (6% of admissions). Less than half of the episodes could be attributed to infections. The majority of noninfectious neutropenia episodes were related to specific perinatal events or were of unknown cause. Infants weighing less than 2500 g were more likely to have neutropenia than term infants (13% vs 3%, respectively) and less likely to have neutropenia related to bacterial infections. Short-term survival (89% vs 95%) and long-term survival (74% vs 77%) were not different in infants with infectious diseases compared with those with noninfectious diseases. Mortality was highly correlated with the need for assisted ventilation (20%) or with an absolute neutrophil count of 0.5 x 10(9)/L (24%). We conclude that the cause of neutropenia and the clinical condition must be carefully evaluated before instituting aggressive therapy for infection. PMID- 3177323 TI - Chronic osteomyelitislike disease with negative bacterial cultures. AB - During a seven-year period we observed 14 children who had chronic osteomyelitislike disease. The bacterial cultures from the bone lesions were negative. In eight patients the findings were compatible with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), in four the findings were compatible with chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis of Garre, and two had osteomyelitis of the clavicle. In patients with CRMO, lymphocyte subpopulations, the responses to mitogens, and the chemotactic and chemokinetic responses showed no consistent abnormalities. After a mean follow-up of 4.5 years (range, one to ten years), all four patients with osteomyelitis of Garre were symptomatic, and two had complications. Only two of the eight patients with CRMO had active disease. The course had been complicated by growth disturbances in one patient and by thoracic outlet syndrome in another. Wegener's granulomatosis later developed in a patient with CRMO. PMID- 3177324 TI - Kawasaki disease and perineal rash. AB - During the past several years, we treated seven children with Kawasaki disease who developed a distinctive but rarely described perineal rash. This rash began three to four days from onset of the illness and desquamated in all instances by days 5 to 7. The presence of this rash may facilitate early diagnosis of Kawasaki disease and, hence, may influence the initiation of early treatment. PMID- 3177325 TI - Taurine and osmoregulation. II. Administration of taurine analogues affords cerebral osmoprotection during chronic hypernatremic dehydration. AB - We have previously shown that in the cat, taurine is an osmoprotective molecule that lessens mortality, neurological morbidity, and brain-cell dehydration during chronic hypernatremic dehydration. We examined the ability of two taurine analogues to afford cerebral osmoprotection in rats. Pretreatment with guanidinoethane sulfonate, a competitive antagonist for beta-amino acid transport, as a 1% drinking solution for ten days led to a significant reduction in brain-cell dehydration. Thus, total brain-cell water was higher in experimental vs control animals (544.3 +/- 36.8 vs 478.2 +/- 12.7 mL/100 g of fat free dry solids [FFDS]) and the difference was almost exclusively derived from the intracellular water compartment (452.7 +/- 27.3 vs 371.4 +/- 7.7 mL/100 g of FFDS). Pretreatment with taltrimide, a lipophilic taurine derivative (intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg for four days), led to similar results. Total brain-tissue water was significantly higher in experimental vs control rats (507.6 +/- 18.8 vs 363.2 +/- 9.5 mL/100 g of FFDS), with the difference primarily derived from the intracellular water space (372.8 +/- 18.1 vs 221.3 +/- 13.1 mL/100 g of FFDS). These results suggest that the cerebral response to chronic hypertonic stress includes accelerated transmembrane flux of osmoprotective solutes in addition to mobilization from sequestered intracellular storage sites in an attempt to increase the cytosolic pool of osmotically active molecules. PMID- 3177327 TI - Hysterical conversion reactions mimicking neurological disease. AB - Seven children with illnesses diagnosed as hysterical conversion reactions (HCRs) were treated at our institution over a period of nine months. They all had neurological symptoms that included one or more of the following: paralysis, headache, seizures, and episodic blindness. All patients but one were misdiagnosed as having an organic disease prior to our final diagnosis. Five children were treated with medications for presumed organic illnesses. In all of these children a diagnosis of HCR was made on the basis of their history and neurological examination findings. They all recovered or began recovery within a few days of having HCR diagnosed, and none of them had had a relapse three to 11 months after the diagnosis of HCR was made. We believe, and there is ample evidence in the literature, that a positive diagnosis of HCR in childhood can be made when neurological manifestations cannot be explained on an anatomic and physiological basis. Although absence of an obvious organic cause is a helpful clue, exhaustive exclusion of all possible organic causes is not necessary for the diagnosis of HCR. PMID- 3177328 TI - The future of subspecialty training in pediatrics. PMID- 3177326 TI - Differential effects of 18- and 24-Gy cranial irradiation on growth rate and growth hormone release in children with prolonged survival after acute lymphocytic leukemia. AB - To evaluate the effects of two different doses of cranial irradiation on growth and growth hormone (GH) release, we studied 61 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia who had survived at least five years in continuous complete remission. Forty-three children received 24 Gy (group 1) and 18 children received 18 Gy (group 2). Height was evaluated at diagnosis, at the end of treatment, and 6, 12, and 24 months later. Growth hormone release was evaluated by arginine and levodopa tests after the end of treatment. After diagnosis, the height SD score decreased significantly in both groups; two years after the end of treatment, only group 1 showed an SD score for height that was still significantly lower than at diagnosis. Group 1 showed impaired GH responses to the tests and, compared with controls, group 1 in fact included a percentage of subjects with a normal response to levodopa (ie, greater than 8 micrograms/L) that was significantly lower (56.4% vs 83.3%) and a percentage of nonresponders to both tests that was significantly higher (21.6% vs 0%). These data indicate that only patients treated with lower cranial irradiation dosage (18 Gy) had complete growth recovery and normal GH responses to pharmacologic tests. PMID- 3177329 TI - Sample size. AB - Before undertaking a research comparison, investigators may wish to estimate the sample sizes needed to assure that the research is feasible and is worth the effort and expense. Such calculations require several decisions by the researchers: (1) the acceptable level of the type I error (P value), (2) the desired power of the test, (3) the difference between the samples that is considered to be important, and (4) the variability expected among the values to be studied. Some recipes for estimating approximate sample sizes are suggested. PMID- 3177330 TI - Institutional screening for the fragile X syndrome. AB - Cytogenetic screening of mentally retarded patients for the fragile X (fra[X]) chromosome is helpful in identifying individuals who could benefit from genetic counseling and treatment. Previous studies have demonstrated a prevalence of the fra(X) syndrome as high as 6% in institutionalized retarded males. The physical and behavioral predictors of positive findings from cytogenetic testing have not been clarified, since many features of the fra(X) syndrome are found in other retarded populations. We performed physical and cytogenetic examinations on 440 patients at the Wheat Ridge (Colo) Regional Center. Twenty-eight (6.3%) demonstrated abnormal karyotypes. Seventeen of these were autosomal abnormalities or sex chromosome aneuploidies and 11 demonstrated the fra(X) chromosome (seven males, four females). In males, the physical features that were predictive of the fra(X) syndrome included the combination of ear lengths of 7.0 cm or greater, macroorchidism of 30 mL or greater, and the presence of hand calluses or lesions secondary to hand biting. The fra(X) chromosome was not seen in spastic quadriplegic patients. All seven males with the fra(X) syndrome were detected among the 141 ambulatory males who resided in the highest functioning units at this institution. PMID- 3177331 TI - Reduced platelet count as a risk factor for intraventricular hemorrhage. AB - The role of thrombocytopenia as a risk factor for intraventricular hemorrhage in infants of very low birth weight is unclear. This study investigates the relationship between the lowest platelet count and the occurrence of intraventricular hemorrhage in 302 consecutively admitted infants with birth weights under 1500 g. Intraventricular hemorrhage, which occurred in 90 infants (29.8%), was correlated with the lowest platelet count obtained during the first 4 days of life. In 27 infants with intraventricular hemorrhage, the lowest platelet count was less than 100 X 10(9)/L. Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated that reduced platelet count was not associated significantly with intraventricular hemorrhage. Similarly, the severity of intraventricular hemorrhage did not correlate with the lowest platelet count. These data suggest that a reduced platelet count does not play a major role in the pathogenesis of intraventricular hemorrhage in infants of very low birth weight. PMID- 3177332 TI - Safety and efficacy of flexible endoscopy in children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. AB - Because concern has been raised about the efficacy and safety of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) in pediatric patients with chronic cardiopulmonary disorders, we reviewed the results of 129 flexible endoscopies performed on 47 children with a history of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at our institution over a 44-month period. Indications for FFB; weight and age of the patient; and procedure format, including medication usage, findings, specimen results, and complications, were analyzed. Evaluation of previously diagnosed subglottic stenosis and airway abnormalities were the two most common indications (33% and 32%, respectively). Persistent or recurrent infiltrates or atelectasis, need for cultures, stridor, failure to extubate, hoarseness, and persistent wheeze were also cited. Endoscopic diagnoses included adenoidal hypertrophy, laryngomalacia, vocal cord abnormalities, interarytenoid membrane, subglottic stenosis, granulomas, tracheobronchomalacia, stenosis, obstruction, generalized inflammation/edema, polyps, tracheal bronchi, and anomalous bronchial anatomy. Cytomegalovirus, pneumococcus, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas, or mixed gram-negative flora were isolated from some patients without tracheostomy. Minor complications (transient bradycardia, mild nasopharyngeal bleeding, and mild worsening of upper airway obstruction) occurred in 3.1% of procedures, but no severe complications occurred. Management was directly affected by procedure results in 41% of procedures. We concluded that the FFB can be a safe, useful procedure in the management of children with BPD. PMID- 3177333 TI - Radiological case of the month. Dominant X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata. PMID- 3177334 TI - Radiological case of the month. Poststrangulation cerebral sinovenous thrombosis. PMID- 3177335 TI - Effect of calcitonin replacement therapy in idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis. AB - An 8-year-old boy with idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis and multiple fractures had three abnormalities of bone mineral metabolism: calcitonin deficiency, elevated serum calcitriol concentrations, and hypercalciuria. Calcitonin deficiency was documented by two attempts to stimulate calcitonin secretion with intravenous calcium and pentagastrin. Treatment for 11 months with daily subcutaneous injections of human calcitonin and oral administration of calcitriol failed to reduce the excessive bone resorption observed on bone biopsy, and the fracture rate did not decrease. Treatment was discontinued for two months, then resumed with calcitonin injections and oral calcium supplementation. The fracture rate decreased but bone biopsy continued to show excessive resorption. Therapy was discontinued. After the onset of puberty, endogenous calcitonin was detectable. Exogenous calcitonin therapy may have failed to control bone resorption for several reasons: insufficient dose, reduction of bone receptors from long-term calcitonin exposure, secondary hyperparathyroidism, or lack of association between calcitonin deficiency and the bone disease. PMID- 3177337 TI - American Psychiatric Committee on Drug Abuse and Alcoholism. American Psychiatric Association annual meeting. May, 1987, Chicago, Illinois. PMID- 3177336 TI - Propranolol treatment for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder, acute type. A pilot study. AB - We report 11 cases of posttraumatic stress disorder. Each child had been physically abused or sexually abused or both and presented in an agitated, hyperaroused state. Using a B-A-B (off-on-off) medication design in a clinical setting, the children were treated with the beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol. Scores on an inventory of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder indicated that patients exhibited significantly fewer symptoms while receiving medication than either before or after they received medication. PMID- 3177338 TI - The primary care therapist and patient needs in substance abuse treatment. AB - The author advocates that a clinician play the role of a primary care therapist (PCT) for substance abusers to assure that appropriate treatment interventions are provided to meet patient needs. In treating substance abusers, the PCT must be concerned about patients' needs for control, containment, contact, and comfort, especially initially, but also in an ongoing way. The PCT functions in direct, coordinating, and monitoring roles in order to optimally provide and combine psychotherapeutic and self-help elements. PMID- 3177339 TI - Guidelines for the successful psychotherapy of substance abusers. PMID- 3177340 TI - Patterns of substance use on a college campus: a 14-year comparison study. AB - In 1972, a drug incidence survey was conducted at a private southern university. Pooled results of this random survey of 1,032 students revealed that on at least one occasion, 90% of the students had tried alcohol, 70% had used tobacco, and 61% had experimented with marijuana. Use of amphetamines (38%), hallucinogens (28%), barbiturates (19%), and cocaine (10%) was much lower. To evaluate the apparent change in trends of drug usage, a follow-up study was undertaken in 1986 at the same school. The results showed a decline in amphetamine and barbiturate use. The greatest differences were seen in the nearly fourfold increase in one time use of cocaine between 1972 and 1986 and the sixteenfold increase in students who used cocaine more than 10 times. It was noteworthy that one-third of the students who used marijuana had done so by the 9th grade. Similar early experimentation was noted with a majority of the other drugs. PMID- 3177342 TI - Reliability and validity of the quantitative inventory of alcohol disorders (QIAD) and the veracity of self-report by alcoholics. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate a recently developed instrument for alcoholism severity: The Quantitative Inventory of Alcohol Disorders (QIAD). The primary intention was to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the QIAD as a diagnostic tool within the field of alcoholism. A secondary intention was to examine the veracity of alcoholics self-report on the QIAD and other alcohol related instruments. The subjects for the experimental group were 25 inpatient alcoholics and their spouses. The control group consisted of 21 nonalcoholics and their spouses. All subjects were administered the QIAD, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), and the Alcohol Severity Rating Scale (ASRS). The alcoholics and partners were given the same tests 5 to 8 days after initial testing. The primary therapists for the alcoholics were asked to rate alcoholism severity for each subject using the ASRS. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were used for the test-retest reliability procedure. Alcoholics scores on the QIAD, MAST, and ASRS were compared with their spouses scores using a test-retest procedure. Nonalcoholics scores on these instruments were also compared with their spouses' scores. Construct and concurrent validity for the QIAD were tested through comparison of QIAD scores of the alcoholics with their corresponding scores on the MAST and ASRS. t-Tests were used to determine differences between alcoholics and nonalcoholics on all three scales. The results of this investigation supported the position that the QIAD is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring alcoholism severity. The QIAD correlated highly for both the alcoholics and their spouses. The test-retest procedure revealed a high level of correlation. A significant difference was found between the QIAD scores of the alcoholics and nonalcoholics. Construct validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between the alcoholics QIAD and MAST scores, both measuring the extent of alcoholism. The QIAD demonstrated concurrent validity by significantly correlating with alcoholics ASRS ratings. High correlations between alcoholic and spouse scores on the QIAD supported the hypothesis that inpatient alcoholics can produce valid responses to self-report questionnaires. PMID- 3177341 TI - The relationship between sex of the alcoholic and patterns of interaction in the home. AB - The paper explores the relationship between sex of the identified alcoholic and patterns of interaction in the home. Twenty-three families with a male alcoholic member were compared to eight families with a female alcoholic member along a series of factors representing basic dimensions of interactional behavior. These dependent measures were derived via direct observation of families in their homes, using the Home Observation Assessment Method (HOAM). Previous analyses of this same HOAM database had demonstrated statistically significant associations between HOAM factor scores and the current drinking status of the alcoholic family member. In contrast to reports in the literature which have made claims to having demonstrated global differences between the behavior of male and female alcoholics, our data indicated that overall patterns of family home behavior were remarkably similar when sex of the alcoholic member was the only variable used to distinguish comparison groups. Thus no direct impact of sex of the alcoholic family member on family behavior could be demonstrated in this naturalistic observation study. PMID- 3177343 TI - The forensic or medicolegal autopsy. Friend or foe? AB - The major issue in questioning the performance of general pathologists doing medicolegal or forensic autopsies is that they are very often without a firm basis for performing this task. With minimal training in medical school and minimal exposure during their residency, practicing general pathologists, although expected or even forced to do these cases, may face criticism after their performance in a case. The necessity for teaching forensic medicine and pathology in medical schools is obvious, and the necessity of there being more forensic pathology exposure in residency training programs in the United States and overseas is also obvious. Medical educators are responsible for all phases of medicine being taught to medical undergraduates and graduates and must be pressured to support the practice of all kinds of medicine in American communities, including legal or forensic medicine, in those cases in which questions arise that lead to the performance of postmortem examination. PMID- 3177344 TI - Investigation of cremations and severely burned bodies. AB - Among the most difficult cases for law enforcement and medicolegal investigators to investigate are those in which victims have been deliberately burned to cover up a crime, or those in which cremation has resulted from an accident or suicide. This difficulty arises from the fact that the bodies may be destroyed or fragmented. The major objective in these investigations are twofold: The first task is to identify the body using every means available, including the aid of such experts as forensic pathologists, forensic anthropologists, dentists, toxicologists, and serologists as well as fire investigators, who can contribute to the investigation by providing information about the course of the fire. PMID- 3177345 TI - Minocycline-related black thyroid. AB - Black pigmentation of the thyroid gland has been observed in patients chronically taking minocycline antibiotics. Pigment changes of the skin, blood vessels, and bone have also been reported. Some of these changes may be caused by traumatic or toxic etiologies, therefore persons conducting forensic death investigations need be aware of minocycline-related changes. This article reviews pigment changes of the thyroid gland and discusses the potential forensic import of such findings. PMID- 3177346 TI - The use of mental status in death certification of suicide. AB - A 5-year study (1982-1986) illustrates the use of mental status in death certification of suicide in 182 consecutive cases from Marion County, Oregon, U.S.A. The presence of specific mental illness was documented in Part II of the filed death certificate whenever sufficient data supported such a diagnosis. This study represents, so far as we are aware, the first use of mental illness in the routine death certification of suicide. The study subjects were described in terms of sex; age group; the presence or absence of a suicide note; the anatomical cause of death (Part I of the death certificate); and the presence of mental illness, severe physical illness, or alcohol abuse (Part II of the death certificate) as contributive to the death. About half (97 of 182 = 53.30%) of the study group was diagnosed as suffering from a major affective disorder. Another portion (18 of 182 = 9.89%) was classified as schizophrenic. A subgroup of 18 men, all of whom were residents of state mental or correctional institutions at the time of death, was also briefly described. PMID- 3177347 TI - Deaths in custody. Atlanta City Jail and Fulton County Jail, 1974-1985. AB - A total of 53 in-custody deaths that occurred in Atlanta-Fulton County, Georgia, between 1974 and 1985 are reviewed. Custody deaths showed characteristics similar to those described in other geographical areas. The majority of deaths were due to natural causes, about one-fourth were suicides, and homicides were rare. For jails that housed a daily population of about 1,000 prisoners, an average of 4.4 deaths were observed annually. Men predominated, and racial makeup paralleled the general prison population. Seizures, alcohol-related illness, and cardiovascular disease caused over half of the natural deaths. All suicides were accomplished by hanging. Over two-thirds of the incidents that led to death occurred in the prisoner's cell, and about one-half of the victims were found dead in their cells. Two-thirds of those who died in custody had been arrested for crimes in which persons were not harmed, while nearly two-thirds of those committing suicide had been arrested for crimes against persons. Deaths in custody are expected events, and familiarity with the circumstances under which they occur should be helpful in enabling prison managers to establish policies and procedures to minimize their occurrence. PMID- 3177348 TI - Single gunshots with multiple entrances. AB - Single gunshots can cause multiple entrance wounds, almost always after the bullets have first struck intermediate targets. The phenomenon is commonly seen with relatively high-velocity jacketed ammunition and consequent separation of jacket and core. We herein present two representative cases with a discussion of the mechanism of injury. PMID- 3177349 TI - Survival time in gunshot and stab wound victims. AB - Forensic pathologists are often asked to estimate postinjury survival time and to render an opinion on the probable extent of physical activity following fatal injury. To study this question, the case files of the Dade County Medical Examiner's Office were reviewed. The year 1983 was chosen arbitrarily for this study and all the autopsy reports of gunshot or stab wound victims whose survival period satisfied criteria established for this study were reviewed. The data were compared to those from a similar study done in 1961. In addition, this study noted the presence and influence of drugs or alcohol on the cause of death and the postinjury survival time. PMID- 3177350 TI - Ordnance gelatin for ballistic studies. Detrimental effect of excess heat used in gelatin preparation. AB - Most users of ordnance gelatin for ballistics studies are apparently unaware of the detrimental effects on this tissue simulant's properties caused by excess heating in reconstitution of the gelatin powder. Material published by the Gelatin Manufacturers Institute of America states that heating gelatin above 40 degrees C can be detrimental to its properties. The manufacturer of type 250 A Ordnance Gelatin does not include directions for preparation with the gelatin powder. Directions that can be obtained by contacting the manufacturer fail to give any recommendations on the amount of heat applied during gelatin preparation and do not mention the detrimental effects of excess heat. These oversights are corrected in the revised set of directions included in this article. PMID- 3177351 TI - Estimation of postmortem interval by arthropod succession. Three case studies from the Hawaiian Islands. AB - Three instances of estimation of postmortem interval using computer-assisted entomological techniques on the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands are presented. While postmortem intervals were similar for all cases (4-5 1/2 days), recovery of the remains in differing habitats (xerophytic, mesophytic, and swamp) on the island resulted in significant differences in gross appearance of the remains, which could have resulted in the determination of different postmortem intervals in the absence of entomological techniques. PMID- 3177353 TI - Deaths resulting from police pursuit. AB - This study concerns deaths that result from police pursuit i.e., high-speed police chases. The case files from the Office of the Medical Examiner of Metropolitan Dade County in Miami, Florida, during the years 1980-1986, were examined. Presented in some detail are 18 cases, along with a discussion of the "patterns" or types of cases involved. Recommendations for future work are then noted. PMID- 3177352 TI - Copper sulfate. Not a harmless chemical. AB - We report a case of fatal copper sulfate poisoning of a 30-year-old woman following treatment by an iNyanga ("witch-doctor"). The patient died 2 days later, having lapsed into a coma. Postmortem examination revealed that the patient had died of aspiration pneumonia. PMID- 3177354 TI - Embolism of massive hepatic tissue in inferior vena cava and right atrium after closed liver injury. AB - Embolism from liver tissue in a major vessel in coincidence with a severe injury to the liver is a rare phenomenon. We report a case of a 4-year-old boy who was involved in a traffic accident and died shortly after the accident. An autopsy revealed that an intrahepatic inferior vena caval injury was accompanied by a severe closed injury to the liver; the crushed liver fragment was driven through the lacerated wall into the inferior vena cava and almost completely occluded its lumen. The crushed liver flap further extended over into the right atrial cavity. Careful microscopic examination of the lungs showed no emboli of hepatic tissue. PMID- 3177356 TI - Vacuum cleaner use in autoerotic death. AB - A case of a fatal cardiac episode resulting from an unusual autoerotic practice involving the use of a vacuum cleaner, is presented. Scene investigation and autopsy findings are discussed. PMID- 3177355 TI - Splenic rupture as a cause of sudden death in undiagnosed chronic myelogenous leukemia. AB - A 35-year-old man died suddenly in a clinic waiting area after repeated visits for flu-like symptoms. At autopsy, hemoperitoneum, splenic capsular rupture, and splenomegaly were found. Microscopic examination, special stains, and immunoperoxidase studies revealed findings consistent with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Spontaneous splenic rupture is an unusual presenting feature of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The symptoms of leukemia may mimic those of other "benign" disorders and misdiagnosis may lead to catastrophic consequences in some instances. PMID- 3177358 TI - Autoerotic death in females. An underdiagnosed syndrome? AB - Deaths of young women due to autoerotic asphyxia have been rarely reported. The case of a 19-year-old woman is described in which several of the characteristic death-scene features found in cases of male autoerotic asphyxial deaths were absent. An awareness that this syndrome may occur among women with a less obvious presentation than in men is essential so that death will not be incorrectly attributed to nonaccidental causes. This syndrome may be more common than the number of reported cases would suggest. PMID- 3177357 TI - Ligature strangulation of a woman during sadomasochistic sexual activity. AB - Sadomasochistic sexual behavior can sometimes lead to the death of one of the participants. A case of death by strangulation, occurring during sadomasochistic sexual activity, is presented. PMID- 3177359 TI - Processing of skeletal remains. A medical examiner's perspective. AB - A multidisciplinary approach to the investigation of skeletal remains is presented. Guidelines for recovery, documentation, examination, processing, storage, and release of skeletal material are offered and discussed. PMID- 3177361 TI - An alternative diagnosis. PMID- 3177360 TI - Cure for the AA battery blues. Six-volt battery pack from previously discarded Polaroid batteries. AB - The Polaroid Polapulse batteries obtained from exhausted Polaroid 600 or Polaroid SX-70 film cassettes can be used to power a 6-V camera flash. A method for attaching these previously discarded batteries is described. PMID- 3177362 TI - Rapid hemorrhagic death due to basal skull fracture. PMID- 3177363 TI - National Safety Council Committee on Alcohol and Other Drugs, October 1986. Duplicate breath-alcohol testing. PMID- 3177364 TI - Orbital hematoma. PMID- 3177365 TI - Hemoglobin constant spring defined by specific oligonucleotide hybridization and hemoglobin D Punjab (beta 121----Gln) in a Batak Indonesian family. AB - A Batak Indonesian from North Sumatra with hemoglobin (Hb) D Punjab (alpha 2 beta 2 121----Gln) and hemoglobin Constant Spring (Hb CoSp) is described. The 24-year old man did not have clinical symptoms, and his hematological indices were normal. However, he had a persistent slight elevation of fetal hemoglobin level. His mother and his brother were heterozygous for Hb D Punjab; his father had Hb CoSp trait. A sister did not have any abnormal hemoglobin. To show the exact molecular defect leading to the synthesis of Hb CoSp in this family, genomic DNA from the father was analyzed by hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotides. Genomic DNA was digested with Sst I and Hind III producing a 1.05-kb fragment from the 3' end segment of the alpha 2-globin gene, including the termination codon. Two nonadecamers were synthesized to serve as probes: one, entirely homologous to the normal 3' end of alpha 2A-globin gene sequence, including the termination codon TAA, the other different from it by a replacement of the T in the termination codon TAA with C, changing it to CAA, the codon for the amino acid glutamine. DNA from normal controls gave a positive signal with the normal alpha 2TAA oligonucleotide probe but negative with the alpha 2 CAA probe. The father of propositus who had Hb CoSp trait gave a positive signal with the normal alpha 2TAA oligonucleotide probe as well as with the alpha 2CAA oligonucleotide probe, showing him to be heterozygous for the alpha 2CAA-globin gene. This result shows that the Hb CoSp in the Batak family is indeed due to a replacement of T by C in the TAA termination codon of the alpha 2-globin gene changing it to CAA the condon for glutamine. This explains the resulting readthrough of the untranslated sequence of the mRNA. PMID- 3177366 TI - Effect of ferrous and ferric chelators on transferrin-iron-macrophage interactions. AB - A study was done to evaluate the effect of ferrous and ferric chelators on the interaction between transferrin-iron and cultured human blood monocytes. This interaction has been previously shown to involve a specific receptor and vesicle protonation. Transferrin-iron uptake was significantly inhibited by the hydrophobic ferrous chelator 2,2' bipyridine, and the inhibition was shown not to be a consequence of the mobilisation of intracellular iron by the chelator. Chase experiments and prolonged incubation studies suggested that the chelator prevented the iron released from transferrin from negotiating the unit membrane. The iron and transferrin then appeared to be returned independently to the incubation medium. In contrast, a hydrophilic ferrin chelator, desferrioxamine, had only a very modest effect on the interaction. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that transferrin-iron is reduced to the ferrous state during its uptake by the culture human blood monocyte. PMID- 3177367 TI - Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a patient with longstanding polycythemia vera: cytogenetic analysis reveals two distinct abnormal clones. AB - A 68-year-old female patient is described in whom acute lymphoblastic leukemia followed a long course of polycythemia vera. Chromosomal analysis of a peripheral blood specimen at the time of blastic transformation revealed two distinct clones: one characterized by a chromosomal abnormality frequently noted in polycythemia vera and the other by a rearrangement characteristically observed in lymphoid malignancies. These findings suggest the existence of two independent hematologic diseases: this phenomenon would not support the speculation from previous reports that lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with polycythemia vera arise from clonal evolution. PMID- 3177368 TI - IgD multiple myeloma: a cure at 21 years. AB - A 52-year-old man with a plasmacytoma of the body of T-10 in February 1965 returned 6 months later with multiple myeloma characterized by bone pain, osteolytic lesions, and IgD lambda monoclonal protein in the serum, 6.1 g of Bence Jones protein in the urine, and 21% plasma cells in the bone marrow. The M protein and bone pain disappeared within 6 weeks after therapy with melphalan and prednisone was started. Therapy was discontinued in December 1974. Immunoelectrophoreses and immunofixations of the serum and urine over the years revealed no monoclonal protein. A mediastinal tumor developed, and the patient died of respiratory insufficiency on October 23, 1986. Autopsy revealed a large bronchogenic carcinoma of the right lung extending to the mediastinum, trachea, and esophagus. There was no evidence of multiple myeloma. This patient had responded rapidly to chemotherapy and had no recurrence of myeloma during a 21 year follow-up. PMID- 3177369 TI - Antifibrinolytic therapy in the management of the Kasabach Merritt syndrome. AB - The Kasabach Merritt syndrome consists of thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and a localized consumption coagulopathy that develops within the abnormal vascular channels of a hemangioma. In general, these patients demonstrate only mild abnormalities of screening clotting tests, but they can potentially develop life-threatening complications. We present a patient who developed a severe anemia that was refractory to erythrocyte transfusions. Treatment with epsilon-aminocaproic acid to inhibit fibrinolysis and cryoprecipitate to replenish his deficient circulating fibrinogen interrupted the cycle of his systemic coagulopathy and enabled us to transfuse him to a normal hematocrit. PMID- 3177370 TI - Atypical haplotypes linked to the beta S gene in Africa are likely to be the product of recombination. AB - We report here the haplotypes of 10 MstII-defined SS patients and a S/beta o thalassemia from the Central African Republic, exhibiting 7 different atypical haplotypes that are different from the typical Bantu haplotype that characterize over 93% of the beta s bearing chromosomes in that region of Africa. Of the seven atypical haplotypes, six can be easily interpreted as the result of recombination around the "hot spot" 5' of the beta gene, between a typical Bantu haplotype and other haplotypes available in the normal population. Except for one case that requires further study, this result demonstrates that the main mutational event leading to sickle hemoglobin in Bantu-speaking Africa was the mutation of the beta gene in a Bantu haplotype background. PMID- 3177371 TI - Relationship of dialysis modality and other factors to cognitive function in chronic dialysis patients. AB - To determine if dialysis modality may be an independent factor in the level of cognitive function in chronic dialysis patients, cognitive function was studied in 17 pairs of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and center hemodialysis (CHD) subjects matched for sex, age, diabetic status, and interval since dialysis onset. Data on current metabolic, medical, psychological, and vocational function status were obtained. Neuropsychological (NP) measures included the Number Cancellation Protocol (NCP), Trailmaking test forms A and B (TMT A, TMT B), Symbol Digit Modalities (SDM), and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). The CAPD subject group had consistently more efficient cognitive function than the CHD subject group. Regardless of modality, the groups of subjects under age 51 and those who were vocationally active had significantly better NP performance. No cognitive function differences were found in groups categorized by sex or duration of dialysis. Creatinine levels were more highly correlated with NP scores than were BUN levels, with higher creatinine levels associated with better cognitive function. Serum calcium, CO2, total protein, albumin, and SGOT levels also were correlated with NP scores. CAPD may be more effective than HD in reversing uremic encephalopathy by mechanisms mostly unrelated to serum creatinine and BUN levels. Longitudinal studies will be needed to determine if dialysis modality is an independent factor in the degree of reversal of uremic encephalopathy. PMID- 3177372 TI - Infants of azotemic mothers: a report of three live births. AB - Women with severe renal failure rarely conceive, and when they do become pregnant these women often deliver prematurely. The clinical course of mothers with renal failure has been described, but little attention has been given to the offspring. In this report, we provide data on three infants born prematurely to mothers either on dialysis or with severe renal failure. The infants were the appropriate size for gestational age and demonstrated no obvious physical abnormalities. Laboratory data, including renal function, was also within normal limits. Renal size in the two infants studied by ultrasound was near or above the 95th percentile when corrected for gestational age. The premature birth appeared to be a function of maternal complications rather than a primary in utero growth disturbance. PMID- 3177373 TI - Intraperitoneal (IP) vancomycin therapy for CAPD peritonitis--a prospective, randomized comparison of intermittent v continuous therapy. AB - The use of intraperitoneal (IP) vancomycin as initial, single agent therapy for gram positive and "no organism" continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis is described, comparing continuous and intermittent administration schedules. "Continuous" therapy consisted of an IP 1-g loading dose of vancomycin followed by 30 mg/L dialysate effluent. "Intermittent" therapy consisted of 2 IP doses of 30 mg vancomycin/kg body weight--the initial dose delivered at diagnosis and the second dose 1 week later. All patients presenting with peritonitis (n = 90) were randomized to receive either continuous or intermittent vancomycin therapy. Patients in whom gram negative organisms and fungi were identified by microscopy and culture were transferred to therapy with a more appropriate antibiotic (n = 39). In the remainder (n = 51), CAPD peritonitis was treated solely with vancomycin (continuous, n = 21; intermittent, n = 30). Clinical resolution was seen in all patients, requiring a mean of 3.2 days for macroscopic clearing of dialysate effluent. Recurrence of peritonitis within 1 month of cessation of therapy was unusual and did not vary between treatment protocols (4/21 v 3/30; P = NS). There were no differences in observed side effects. Thus, IP vancomycin proved to be a useful single agent therapy for gram positive and no organism CAPD peritonitis. Therapy with two IP doses was effective and as safe as continuous IP vancomycin therapy, and therefore should replace other vancomycin administration schedules in the treatment of CAPD peritonitis. PMID- 3177374 TI - Caffeine poisoning treated by hemoperfusion. AB - A case of acute caffeine poisoning with resultant ventricular fibrillation and coma was treated by emergency hemoperfusion. Clinical symptomatology improved dramatically with resolution of arrhythmias and return to normal consciousness over a five-hour period. PMID- 3177375 TI - Urinary Charcot-Leyden crystals in the hypereosinophilic syndrome with acute renal failure. AB - A 48-year-old man with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHS) developed blast crisis along with a fulminant autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hemoglobinuria and anuric acute renal failure (ARF) ensued. Urinalysis revealed countless Charcot-Leyden crysals (CLC). This is the only known report of Charcot-Leyden crystalluria. The CLC protein (lysophospholipase) should normally undergo glomerular filtration and catabolism by the tubules during reabsorption. Its abundant presence in the urine of our patient may reflect impairment of tubular reabsorption, saturation of the tubular reabsorptive process by excessive CLC load through residual functioning glomeruli, or a combination thereof. The extreme degree of hypereosinophilia suggests a massive load of CLC protein and acute tubular necrosis implies impaired tubular function, so both mechanisms should have been operative. At the autopsy, no eosinophilic infiltrates were present in the kidneys, which points against a local spillage of CLC protein into the tubules. PMID- 3177377 TI - Looking upon the water. When you work, work with industry! PMID- 3177376 TI - Idiopathic membranous glomerulopathy complicated by crescentic glomerulonephritis and renal vein thrombosis. PMID- 3177378 TI - Program and abstracts volume: 39th annual meeting, The American Society of Human Genetics. New Orleans, Louisiana, October 12-15, 1988. PMID- 3177380 TI - A resolution of the ascertainment sampling problem. II. Generalizations and numerical results. AB - The ascertainment problem arises when families are sampled by a nonrandom process and some assumption about this sampling process must be made in order to estimate genetic parameters. Under classical ascertainment assumptions, estimation of genetic parameters cannot be separated from estimation of the parameters of the ascertainment process, so that any misspecification of the ascertainment process causes biases in estimation of the genetic parameters. Ewens and Shute proposed a resolution to this problem, involving conditioning the likelihood of the sample on the part of the data which is "relevant to ascertainment." The usefulness of this approach can only be assessed by examining the properties (in particular, bias and standard error) of the estimates which arise by using it for a wide range of parameter values and family size distributions and then comparing these biases and standard errors with those arising under classical ascertainment procedures. These comparisons are carried out in the present paper, and we also compare the proposed method with procedures which condition on, or ignore, parts of the data. PMID- 3177379 TI - Conditioning on subsets of the data: applications to ascertainment and other genetic problems. AB - I here consider the question of when to formulate a likelihood over the whole data set, as opposed to conditioning the likelihood on subsets of the data (i.e., joint vs. conditional likelihoods). I show that when certain conditions are met, these two likelihoods are guaranteed to be equivalent, and thus that it is generally preferable to condition on subsets, since that likelihood is mathematically and computationally simpler. However, I show that when these conditions are not met, conditioning on subsets of the data is equivalent to introducing additional df into our genetic model, df that we may not have been aware of. I discuss the implications of these facts for ascertainment corrections and other genetic problems. PMID- 3177381 TI - A resolution of the ascertainment sampling problem. III. Pedigrees. AB - When nuclear families are sampled by an ascertainment procedure whose properties are not known, biased estimates of genetic parameters will arise if an incorrect specification of the ascertainment procedure is made. Elsewhere we have put forward a resolution of this problem by introducing an ascertainment-assumption free (AAF) method, for nuclear family data, which gives asymptotically unbiased estimators no matter what the true nature of the ascertainment process. In the present paper we extend this method to cover pedigree data. Problems that arise with pedigrees but not with families--for example, the question of which families in a pedigree are "ascertainable"--are also considered. Comparisons of numerical results for pedigrees and nuclear families are also made. PMID- 3177382 TI - The appropriate threshold for declaring linkage when allowing sex-specific recombination rates. AB - In human genetics, two loci are declared to be linked when the lod score at the maximum likelihood recombination fraction theta exceeds the threshold of 3.0. Since recombination rates differ between the sexes, one can alternatively detect linkage by estimating separate recombination rates, theta m and theta f, for male and female meiosis and examining the corresponding sex-specific lod scores. The question arises: In order to maintain the same chance of falsely declaring linkage, what is the correct threshold for declaring linkage when sex-specific lod scores are used? We show here that the appropriate threshold is about 3.5. If the restriction that theta f greater than theta m is added, the appropriate threshold falls to about 3.25. We also discuss the relative efficiency of detecting linkage by using sex-specific and sex-averaged lod scores. PMID- 3177383 TI - Pedigree analysis of HDL cholesterol concentration in baboons on two diets. AB - Using complex segregation analysis, we examined the effects of genetic factors and diet on serum concentrations of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in baboons. In analyses of 710 baboons in 23 sire families, we found evidence for a major gene as well as a polygenic contribution to HDL-C concentration in baboons fed a basal (chow) diet and also in the same animals after challenge with a high-cholesterol, saturated-fat diet. There was evidence for a polygenic contribution to the change in HDL-C concentration in response to the dietary challenge, but there was no evidence for a major gene effect. PMID- 3177384 TI - Intermediate homocysteinemia: a thermolabile variant of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. AB - A "newly detected" variant of methylenetetrahydrofolate (MTHF) reductase (E.C.1.1.1.68) deficiency associated with an 8-15-fold increase in plasma total homocysteine was discovered in two unrelated patients who had subnormal serum folate. However, the homocysteinemia was corrected by oral folic acid supplement. When MTHF reductase activities in lymphocyte extracts before and after heat treatment at 46 C for 5 min were compared, there was a consistent difference in heat stability between the enzyme from the controls and that from the patients. The mean residual activities after heat treatment were 37.0% (34.1%-42.6%) in the controls and 15.2% and 15.1% in the two patients, respectively. Two obligate heterozygotes for severe MTHF reductase deficiency had residual activities of 39.6% and 37.7%. A similar difference in thermostability was demonstrated in cultured skin fibroblasts and lymphoblasts. Studies with a mixture of lymphoblast extracts from a control and a patient and with partially purified enzyme suggested that the thermostability was an independent characteristic of MTHF reductase. These observations provided evidence of a hitherto undescribed mutant MTHF reductase in our two patients with intermediate homocysteinemia. Unlike previously reported patients with MTHF reductase deficiency, there was no apparent clinical problem related to the abnormal folate or homocysteine metabolism during infancy or childhood in these two subjects, but one of them had vascular disorders in adulthood. The observations in these two subjects suggested that a moderate deficiency of MTHF reductase might be associated with vascular disorders in adult life. PMID- 3177385 TI - Imbalance of blood group A subtypes and the existence of superactive B gene in Japanese in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. AB - Blood type A can be classified into subgroups A1, A2, and A1-A2 intermediate on the basis of serological criteria. An excess of A2B over A2, noted in some black populations and among the Japanese, though not in caucasoids, is inconsistent with the classical Mendelian mode of inheritance of the allelic A1 and A2 genes. Characterization of the enzymatic properties of the blood group A and B enzymes in the serum has shown that serological A2B blood of some blacks contains A1 enzyme and a superactive B* enzyme. An excess of A2B found in a study of over 15,000 residents of Hiroshima and Nagasaki prompted investigation of the characteristics of the A and B enzymes in 60 blood samples, 37 from individuals in 13 unrelated families and 23 from other unrelated individuals in the two cities. Among 27 unrelated individuals whose blood types were unequivocally classified serologically as A2B, 15 were confirmed as A2B enzymatically; eight contained A1 and B* enzymes, not A2 or B enzymes, thus being A1B*; two contained Aint and B* enzymes, thus being AintB; and results for the remaining two were ambiguous. Hiroshima differs from Nagasaki in the frequency of the A2B serological type and also in the occurrence of the B* enzyme, Nagasaki having a higher proportion of both. If one considers those cases in which family study was possible, the transmission of the B* enzyme appears to be compatible with the Mendelian mode of inheritance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177386 TI - Fanconi anemia mutation causes cellular susceptibility to ambient oxygen. AB - The gene defect causing the Fanconi anemia (FA) phenotype appears to be expressed at the cellular level, since FA fibroblasts show a protracted course of explant outgrowth, a diminished in vitro life span, and very poor cloning. We show that exposure of FA fibroblasts to hypoxic (5% v/v oxygen) culture conditions restores their growth in vitro to near normal. Exposure to elevated oxygen tension (35% v/v) causes accumulations of FA cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle that are in significant excess of those seen in heterozygote and control strains. In the absence of evidence for defective cytoplasmatic radical scavenging systems, these observations suggest increased nuclear susceptibility to ambient oxygen as cause of the FA cellular phenotype. PMID- 3177387 TI - Molecular analysis of male-viable deletions and duplications allows ordering of 52 DNA probes on proximal Xq. AB - While performing a systematic search for chromosomal microdeletions in patients with clinically complex X-linked syndromes, we have observed that large male viable deletions and duplications are clustered in heterochromatic regions of the X chromosome. Apart from the Xp21 band, where numerous deletions have been found that encompass the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene, an increasing number of deletions and duplications have been observed that span (part of) the Xq21 segment. To refine the molecular and genetic map of this region, we have employed 52 cloned single-copy DNA sequences from the Xcen-q22 segment to characterize two partly overlapping tandem duplications and two interstitial deletions on the proximal long arm of the human X chromosome. Together with a panel of somatic cell hybrids that had been described earlier, these four rearrangements enabled us to order the 52 probes into nine different groups and to narrow the regional assignment of several genes, including those for tapetochoroidal dystrophy and anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. PMID- 3177388 TI - Linkage relationships and gene order around the locus for X-linked retinoschisis. AB - X-linked recessive retinoschisis (RS) is a hereditary disorder with variable clinical features. The main symptoms are poor sight; radial, cystic macula degeneration; and peripheral superficial retinal detachment. The disease is quite common in Finland, where at least 300 hemizygous males have been diagnosed. We used nine polymorphic DNA markers to study the localization of RS on the short arm of the X chromosome in 31 families comprising 88 affected persons. Two-point linkage results confirmed close linkage of the RS gene to the marker loci DXS43, DXS16, DXS207, and DXS41 and also revealed close linkage to the marker loci DXS197 and DXS9. Only one recombination was observed between DXS43 and RS in 59 informative meioses, giving a maximum lod score of 13.87 at the recombination fraction .02. No recombinations were observed between the RS locus and DXS9 and DXS197 (lods between 3 and 4), but at neither locus was the number of informative meioses sufficient to provide reliable estimates of recombination fractions. The most likely gene order on the basis of multilocus analysis was Xpter-DXS85 (DXS207,DXS43)-RS-DXS41-DXS 164-Xcen. Because multilocus linkage analysis indicated that the most probable location of RS is proximal to DXS207 and DXS43 and distal to DXS41, these three flanking markers are the closest and most informative markers currently available for carrier detection. PMID- 3177389 TI - Gm3;5,13,14 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an association in American Indians with genetic admixture. AB - In a sample of 4,920 Native Americans of the Pima and Papago tribes, there is a very strong negative association between the Gm haplotype Gm3;5,13,14 and type 2- or non-insulin-dependent--diabetes mellitus (prevalence ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval 0.18-0.40). One might conclude from this observation that the absence of this haplotype--or the presence of a closely linked gene--is a causal risk factor for the disease. It is shown that Gm3;5,13,14 is a marker for Caucasian admixture, and it is most likely the presence of Caucasian alleles and the concomitant decrease of Indian alleles that lowers the risk for diabetes, rather than the direct action of the haplotype or of a closely linked locus. This study demonstrates both the potential confounding effect of admixture on the interpretation of disease association studies and the importance of considering genetic admixture (or excluding individuals with genetic admixture) in studies of genetic markers of disease. The relationship between this admixture marker and the prevalence of diabetes also suggests a strong genetic component in the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in Pima and Papago Indians. PMID- 3177391 TI - Innovations in human genetics education. Genetic applications for health professionals: an outreach continuing-education model program. AB - A system for extending continuing education in genetics to nurses and other practicing health professionals was developed in an eight-state area. Coordinators from state agencies received special training at the University of Colorado to administer the course in local communities. A combination of classroom instruction, independent study, computer-assisted instruction, and case study methods for course delivery was included. More than 300 health professionals have completed the course, and 14 coordinators from seven states have been prepared to administer future courses. The model has demonstrated high potential for replication in other regions. PMID- 3177390 TI - Education of nurses in genetics. AB - The need for education of nurses in genetics was articulated more than 25 years ago. This article reviews the knowledge of practicing nurses about genetics as well as the content of genetics in nursing curricula. Implementation of federal legislation that mandated increased availability of genetic services and genetics education provided support for the examination of genetics content in curricula for health professionals, including nurses, and for the development of model programs to expand this content. Recent efforts to begin to develop a pool of nurse faculty who are well prepared in genetics will be described, as well as programs to provide the necessary content through continuing-education efforts. These efforts are expected to substantially improve the capability of nurses to contribute more effectively in the delivery of genetic services. PMID- 3177392 TI - Advances in alcoholism and chemical dependence. PMID- 3177393 TI - Prevalence and recognition of alcohol abuse in a primary care population. AB - PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence, physician recognition, and treatment of alcohol abuse among patients of 19 senior medical residents practicing in a hospital-based, primary care setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Interviews of 242 outpatients were conducted, and alcohol abuse and dependence, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition (DSM-III), were determined using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS: Twenty percent of the patients studied had abused or were dependent on alcohol at some time in their lives and 5 percent reported abuse or dependence within the last year. Of the techniques studied, a short screening questionnaire (Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test [SMAST]) was the most accurate way of identifying patients who abused alcohol, and physician assessments were more accurate than laboratory tests. Although the physicians were aware of serious alcohol problems among 77 percent of their patients who met DSM-III criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence in the previous year, they identified only 36 percent of their patients with less serious problems or past alcohol abuse. They had only discussed alcohol abuse with 67 percent of the patients they identified as alcohol abusers. CONCLUSION: We conclude that a short screening questionnaire (SMAST) is an accurate means of identifying alcohol abuse. Despite the recognition of serious alcohol problems by the physicians, the problem is not addressed routinely even among patients that are recognized as alcoholic. PMID- 3177395 TI - Gangrenous cellulitis associated with gram-negative bacilli in pancytopenic patients: dilemma with respect to effective therapy. AB - INTRODUCTION: Gangrenous (necrotizing) cellulitis is a progressive bacterial infection of skin and soft tissue; the infection can spread into subcutaneous tissue with involvement of superficial and deep fascia (necrotizing fasciitis). We describe two pancytopenic patients with polymicrobial gram-negative bacteremia and fulminating gangrenous cellulitis. CASE REPORTS: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from a localized hemorrhagic area of the face in one patient. The chronology of infection in these two patients is documented in a series of dramatic color photographs. Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy, the infections progressed relentlessly and both patients died. COMMENTS: We discuss the dilemma of establishing the correct diagnosis prior to the appearance of the characteristic cutaneous manifestations of hemorrhagic necrosis and gangrene. Once the diagnosis is established, surgical excision is universally recommended. Unfortunately, bleeding diatheses in pancytopenic patients with co-existing coagulation deficiencies pose logistic obstacles in urgent, real-life situations. The timing and conditions for surgery need to be elucidated in these patients. An approach to this infection is proposed. The utility of frozen-section biopsy of the involved tissue and computed tomographic scans of the involved area remains to be evaluated. PMID- 3177394 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men. AB - PURPOSE: Because of past multiple exposures to contaminated coagulation factor concentrates, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among adult hemophilic men in the United States is reported to range from 75 to 90 percent. The risk of HIV transmission through a long-term monogamous heterosexual contact can be estimated by studying the spouses of hemophilic subjects since these couples generally do not abuse intravenous drugs, usually maintain stable monogamous relationships, and are usually free of other risk factors. Our purpose was to gather data on the risk of heterosexual transmission of HIV infection in the context of long-term monogamous relations according to the duration of HIV antibody seropositivity and of HIV antigenemia in HIV infected hemophilic men, and their sexual habits. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Infection with HIV was studied in 14 sexually active spouses of infected hemophilic men who had been HIV antibody reactive for a mean of 46 +/- 23 (SD) months. One half of the hemophilic men studied had overt HIV antigenemia for a mean duration of 27 +/ 23 (SD) months; six of the men studied fulfilled clinical criteria for the diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). All 14 couples were sexually active in a strictly monogamous fashion, in marriages of 13.5 +/- 10.5 (SD) years with an average reported frequency of four sexual encounters per month (range: one to 12). Plasma samples of the hemophilic husbands were retrospectively analyzed for HIV and hepatitis B virus markers. Blood samples were obtained from female spouses on at least two occasions, six months apart. Comprehensive questionnaires regarding sexual habits and other risk factors were filled out by each couple; during this interview, the couple was counseled about safe sexual practices. None of the couples studied used condoms prior to January 1986. RESULTS: Antibodies to HIV developed in only one of the 14 wives. At the time when this seroconversion was detected, her husband, in whom AIDS developed, had been reactive for HIV antibody for 49 months, and showed positive findings for HIV antigen for 26 months. No additional risk factors were identified for this couple. The infected female spouse, however, has a 14-year history of multiple sclerosis, and had been treated with immunosuppressant intermittently. Despite a significantly reduced number of CD4 lymphocytes, she has remained clinically asymptomatic for 17 months since seroconversion. HIV antibodies did not develop in any of the 13 remaining wives, despite the frequent practice of oral sex by six couples and reports of occasional anal intercourse by another couple.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3177396 TI - Prospective study of infections in indwelling central venous catheters using quantitative blood cultures. AB - PURPOSE: Surgically implanted central venous catheters are widely used in cancer patients in whom there is a need for prolonged venous access for chemotherapy, parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, and blood sampling. This study evaluated catheter infectious complications, including catheter-related sepsis, exit site infection, and tunnel infection. Specifically, an evaluation of the incidence, type, and response to treatment of indwelling catheter infections was performed, and conditions under which the catheter should be removed were delineated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the year of this study, 488 central venous catheters were implanted. Records were maintained on demographic variables, date of catheter implantation, surgeon, white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, and underlying diagnosis. Blood for both aerobic and anaerobic culture was collected from each patient. For patients in whom infection developed, clinical features, white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, and microbiologic data were noted, as were the clinical course and response to treatment. RESULTS: A total of 142 episodes of infectious complications were documented. There were 88 episodes of catheter-related sepsis, and 33 of 54 evaluable episodes (61 percent) were successfully treated with antibiotics. There were 34 episodes of exit site infection, and 20 of the 29 evaluable episodes (69 percent) were successfully treated with antibiotics and local care. Of the 20 tunnel infections, only five (25 percent) were successfully treated with antibiotics, and the other 15 required catheter removal for cure. Twelve of the 15 cases requiring catheter removal were caused by Pseudomonas species. CONCLUSION: On the basis of these results, compulsory removal of the catheter is not required in cases of catheter-related sepsis. Similarly, exit site infections can often be cured by means of antibiotics and local care. However, catheter removal is required to achieve cure in most tunnel infections, particularly if Pseudomonas species are cultured from the exit sites of patients with tunnel infection. PMID- 3177397 TI - Diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in intubated patients undergoing ventilation: comparison of the usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage and the protected specimen brush. AB - PURPOSE: To compare the usefulness of specimens recovered using a protected specimen brush and those recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia occurring in intubated patients undergoing ventilation, we performed both procedures in patients suspected of having pneumonia because of the presence of a new pulmonary infiltrate and purulent tracheal secretions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients (16 men and five women) with an average age of 57 +/- 12 years were studied. They had been receiving mechanical ventilation for 8 +/- 6 days before inclusion in the trial. The clinical suspicion for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia was high in these patients. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in each patient. Bronchoscopy specimens were obtained by a protected specimen brush and by bronchoalveolar lavage, and were then processed for quantitative bacterial and fungal culture using standard methods. Total cell counts were performed on an aliquot of resuspended original lavage fluid. Differential cell counts were made on at least 500 cells. In addition, 300 cells were examined at high-power magnification and the percentage of cells containing intracellular microorganisms and the average number of extracellular organisms per oil-immersion field were determined. RESULTS: Quantitative culture of specimens recovered using the protected specimen brush were positive (more than 10(3) colony-forming units [cfu]/ml) in five of five patients with subsequently confirmed pneumonia, and negative (less than 10(3) cfu/ml) in 13 of 13 patients without bacterial pneumonia, but results were not available until 24 to 48 hours after the procedure. Quantification of intracellular organisms in cells recovered by lavage was also useful in distinguishing patients with pneumonia (more than 25 percent of cells with intracellular organisms in five of five patients) from those without pneumonia (less than 15 percent of cells with intracellular organisms in all cases), and results were available immediately. In contrast, quantitative culture of lavage fluid and differential cell counts were of little value in identifying infected patients. CONCLUSION: The protected specimen brush and microscopic identification of intracellular organisms in cells recovered by lavage yield useful and complementary information, and together permit rapid and specific treatment of most patients with nosocomial pneumonia. PMID- 3177398 TI - Serum complement activation in central nervous system disease in Sjogren's syndrome. AB - PURPOSE: Central nervous system disease and vasculitis are extraglandular manifestations of Sjogren's syndrome. In our experience, central nervous system disease develops in approximately 70 percent of patients with Sjogren's syndrome and biopsy documented peripheral vasculitis. In order to further investigate the pathogenesis of central nervous system disease and its relationship to peripheral vasculitis in Sjogren's syndrome, we examined sera of patients with Sjogren's syndrome with and without focal central nervous system involvement for evidence of terminal complement pathway activation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were classified as having active focal central nervous system involvement only when they had focal neurologic deficits on physical examination, plus at least one abnormal neurodiagnostic test result. Two thirds of these patients also had cognitive or psychiatric dysfunction. Patients were classified as having peripheral vasculitis if they had clinical and histopathologic documentation of vascular inflammation. Serum SC5b-9 was measured by a sensitive enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Total hemolytic complement assay, measurement of serum C3 and C4 by radial immunodiffusion, and determination of immune complexes were performed. RESULTS: Fluid-phase terminal complement complexes (SC5b-9) were detected in the sera of 25 of 30 (83 percent) patients with focal central nervous system involvement, but in only seven of 21 (33 percent) patients with Sjogren's syndrome without focal central nervous system disease (p = 0.00084 by Yates' chi square analysis). Four of these seven patients without focal central nervous system disease, but who had serum SC5b-9, had psychiatric or cognitive dysfunction. SC5b-9 was also detected in sera from 14 of 15 (93 percent) patients with active biopsy-documented peripheral vasculitis in contrast to 18 of 36 (50 percent) patients without clinical evidence of peripheral vasculitis (p = 0.0094). Serum SC5b-9 was a more sensitive indicator of complement activation than circulating immune complex or complement assays. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that terminal complement activation may participate in the pathophysiology of both central nervous system and peripheral vasculitis in Sjogren's syndrome. Serum SC5b-9 appears to be a useful diagnostic indicator of vascular inflammation in Sjogren's syndrome and appears to identify those patients at risk for central nervous system complications. PMID- 3177399 TI - Induction of theophylline toxicity and inhibition of clearance rates by ranitidine. AB - PURPOSE: Theophylline is metabolized by the hepatic microsomal oxidase system, as is ranitidine, although the latter has a much lower affinity for the system. The incidence of theophylline toxicity is rare when the two drugs are administered simultaneously. We observed the development of clinical and chemical toxicity in three elderly patients receiving oral theophylline therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after the administration of ranitidine therapy for peptic ulcer disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had been receiving theophylline for prolonged periods of time were studied. Two patients presented with complaints of epigastric pain, which was attributed to acid-peptic disease; the other patient presented with hematemesis, which was shown to be due to gastric and duodenal ulcers. Ranitidine was administered for treatment of acid-peptic disease. Theophylline clearance rates were determined before, during, and after ranitidine treatment. When symptoms of theophylline toxicity developed, the dose of theophylline was either stopped or reduced. Subsequently, patients were readministered their usual dose of theophylline. RESULTS: The effect of simultaneous administration of both drugs resulted in similar reductions in theophylline clearance rates. Serum theophylline levels returned to pretreatment values after cessation of ranitidine treatment. In one patient, rechallenge with ranitidine during steady-state theophylline treatment resulted in recurrence of clinical and chemical theophylline toxicity. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest that treatment with ranitidine may cause clinically apparent interactions with theophylline since both drugs are metabolized by the same cytochrome P-450 isozymes. PMID- 3177400 TI - Assessing the value of identifying the presence of malignant disease in human plasma by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AB - PURPOSE: This study was performed to assess the ability of the average linewidths of the methyl and methylene resonances from the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of human plasma to distinguish reliably between a normal, apparently healthy population and untreated patients with cancer as was suggested by a recent report (Fossel et al, N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1369-1376). In that report, the absence of overlap between the two populations suggested that the technique had great diagnostic potential. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Blood samples were collected from healthy hospital personnel and patients with biopsy proven cancer who had not yet undergone chemotherapy or radiotherapy. NMR measurements were obtained on decanted plasma samples. In addition, to determine whether the distributions obtained were sensitive to experimental conditions, we varied a number of experimental parameters. These were storage temperature, observation temperature, NMR observation technique, and magnetic field inhomogeneity. RESULTS: In our hands, the distributions substantially overlapped, although the means of the average linewidths of the normal (35.0 +/- 5.3 Hz, range = 24 to 48 Hz) and patient (31.6 +/- 5.7 Hz, range 20 to 44 Hz) populations were significantly different, delta = 3.4 Hz, p = 0.023. The degree of overlap corresponded to 74 percent sensitivity and 59 percent specificity. The distributions were independent of the experimental conditions except for observation temperature. In this case, there was insufficient difference between our experimental conditions and those of Fossel et al (25 degrees C versus 22 degrees C) to explain the difference in results. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that wide variations exist among normal, apparently healthy persons and emphasize the need for carefully matched control subjects. We conclude that this measurement is, as of now, unsuitable as a method for identifying malignant disease. PMID- 3177401 TI - Renal excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine in primary gout. AB - PURPOSE: The renal excretion of uric acid is usually diminished in primary gout with respect to increased serum urate levels. To determine whether the renal excretion of uric acid precursors, hypoxanthine and xanthine, is also abnormal in primary gout, the concentrations of these purines were measured in plasma and 24 hour urine samples in normal subjects, in patients with primary gout and uric acid underexcretion, and in patients with enzyme deficiencies that are known to result in over-production of uric acid. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Three groups of subjects were studied: Group I consisted of 10 ambulatory healthy normal men; Group II consisted of 15 patients in whom primary gout was diagnosed; and Group III consisted of 10 patients with various enzyme defects known to produce an excessive synthesis of uric acid. In each subject, plasma and 24-hour urinary uric acid, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and creatinine concentrations were measured and the mean of three consecutive determinations was used. The fractional excretion of purine compounds was calculated from a formula. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, and hemoglobin were also measured in each subject. RESULTS: Plasma hypoxanthine and xanthine were increased in the two groups of patients compared with the control subjects. Urinary hypoxanthine and xanthine levels were reduced in gouty patients compared with control subjects, whereas levels were increased in patients with uric acid overproduction. A positive correlation was found between the renal clearances of uric acid, hypoxanthine, and xanthine. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the renal excretion of hypoxanthine and xanthine is severely impaired in most patients with primary gout. PMID- 3177402 TI - Thrombophlebitis and disturbed hemostasis following administration of intravenous hematin in normal volunteers. AB - PURPOSE: Acute porphyria episodes are routinely treated with hematin, but side effects, including disturbances of hemostasis and peripheral thrombophlebitis, are associated with the compound's use. Thrombophlebitis is particularly troublesome in patients who require repeated administration of hematin, and may eventually lead to the placement of central venous lines or implantation of indwelling venous access ports. We undertook this study to determine whether only patients with porphyria experienced peripheral thrombophlebitis and disturbed hemostasis following administration of hematin, or if this was a general phenomenon that could also be observed in normal volunteers. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Hematin was administered intravenously in the doses customarily used in therapy of acute porphyria crises (4 mg/kg body weight) to nine normal male volunteers, who were screened by history, physical examination, routine blood cell counts, urinalysis, biochemical screening profile, and coagulation tests. Hemostasis tests were performed in each subject, and hematin concentrations were determined. RESULTS: Within the first 24 hours, the activated partial thromboplastin time was prolonged in all subjects (mean of 25 percent), the prothrombin time was increased in eight subjects (mean of 20 percent), and the thrombin time in five subjects rose (mean of 15 percent), whereas the concentration of circulating platelets decreased in three subjects (mean of 20 percent). In four subjects (45 percent), thrombophlebitis developed following hematin infusion. CONCLUSION: Although hematin is frequently effective in the treatment of acute porphyria crises, it is often associated with abnormalities in coagulation and these effects also occur in normal volunteers. PMID- 3177403 TI - Mike's treatment. PMID- 3177404 TI - Diarrhea, respiratory distress, and death in a 60-year-old man. PMID- 3177405 TI - Recombinant alpha 2 interferon-related cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3177406 TI - Temporal arteritis revealed by a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. PMID- 3177408 TI - Recurrent toxic shock syndrome in a man: possible role of IgA deficiency. PMID- 3177407 TI - Acyclovir-responsive herpetic tracheobronchitis. PMID- 3177409 TI - Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a patient with sickle cell anemia. PMID- 3177410 TI - Chloride-resistant metabolic alkalosis in an adult with congenital chloride diarrhea. PMID- 3177411 TI - Tuberculous adenitis of the thyroid mimicking subacute thyroiditis. PMID- 3177412 TI - Behcet's disease: a rare case of simultaneous pulmonary and cerebral involvement. PMID- 3177413 TI - Rhabdomyolysis after intravenous cocaine. PMID- 3177414 TI - Reversible renal failure due to specific infiltration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PMID- 3177416 TI - Decreased oxygen utilization in epidemic typhus infection: case report with sequential hemodynamic studies. PMID- 3177415 TI - Cyclosporin for central nervous system sarcoidosis. PMID- 3177417 TI - Mitral regurgitation secondary to mitral valve involvement in cardiac amyloidosis. PMID- 3177418 TI - Markedly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hyperfibrinogenemia, and peripheral vascular disease in diabetic patients: association with clinical implications. PMID- 3177419 TI - Massive hypertriglyceridemia associated with atenolol. PMID- 3177420 TI - Characteristic cytology in rheumatoid pleural effusion. PMID- 3177421 TI - Extramedullary disease in myelodysplastic syndromes. PMID- 3177422 TI - The HELLP syndrome: a serious complication of pregnancy with hemolysis, elevated levels of liver enzymes, and low platelet count. PMID- 3177423 TI - Cryptococcal meningitis: seven years of maintenance amphotericin therapy without progressive renal failure. PMID- 3177425 TI - Bone densitometry: appendicular versus axial sites. PMID- 3177424 TI - Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a patient with cystic fibrosis. PMID- 3177426 TI - Chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective. PMID- 3177427 TI - Pharmaceutical company-sponsored symposia and medical ethics. PMID- 3177428 TI - Update in rheumatology: Focus on hydroxychloroquine. Proceedings of a symposium. Dorado, Puerto Rico, December 10 and 11, 1987. PMID- 3177430 TI - Antimalarial drugs and pregnancy. AB - The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy is controversial. These 4-aminoquinoline drugs cross the placenta and have been reported to cause fetal abnormalities, including loss of vision, ototoxicity, and cochleovestibular dysfunction. However, other reports suggest that 4-aminoquinoline drugs can be taken safely during pregnancy, even in dosages used to control systemic connective tissue diseases. We retrospectively studied eight patients who took antimalarial drugs continuously throughout pregnancy. There was a total of 14 pregnancies in women receiving these drugs; three occurred during periods of disease activity and all of these resulted in failure to complete pregnancy successfully. Of the remaining 11 pregnancies exposed to antimalarial drugs, one resulted in stillbirth; four resulted in spontaneous abortion; and six had normal full-term standard deliveries. None of the live births demonstrated any congenital abnormalities. Hence, it is possible for women to produce normal live babies despite taking large doses of these drugs. If patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are already taking antimalarial drugs when they become pregnant, it is believed that the risk of disease flare and loss of pregnancy from discontinuing therapy outweighs any risks to fetuses from continuing the medication. PMID- 3177429 TI - Ocular effects and safety of antimalarial agents. AB - The clinical experiences with 1,500 patients receiving chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine over a 15-year period are reviewed. Forty-six patients with confirmed irreversible, bilateral, early chloroquine retinopathy have been followed prospectively since 1980. Patients presenting with normal color vision and relative paracentral scotomas appear not to progress over short-term follow up of five years. Retinopathy in patients presenting with less than 20/20 vision, abnormal color vision, and positive fluorescein angiography may progress even if treatment with the medication is discontinued. The Amsler grid is an effective method of screening patients taking antimalarial agents for early relative paracentral scotomas. Color vision testing and fluorescein angiography are useful in elderly patients with age-related macular disease when visual field testing is unreliable. PMID- 3177431 TI - Efficacy of antimalarials in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - No recent study has been published on the efficacy of antimalarial drugs in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, antimalarial drug therapy was reported in several early studies to control SLE more effectively than corticosteroids alone and to permit lower doses of steroids to be used. To confirm these findings, we conducted a retrospective study of 43 SLE patients who had been taking antimalarials but in whom such therapy had been discontinued after two to 13 years due to the development of macular changes. Each patient served as his own control by the matching of each year during which antimalarial drugs were taken with one year without antimalarial medication. There was a total of 76 matched years for the 43 patients. Overall, no significant correlation was shown between antimalarial drug therapy and the presence or absence of general symptoms (fever, fatigue, weight loss); skin, cardiac, pulmonary, or central nervous system manifestations, arthritis, or other symptoms or signs that were measured. Although antimalarials reduced the required dosage of corticosteroids significantly (p less than 0.05), the amount of reduction was not considered clinically meaningful. Treatment with antimalarial drugs significantly reduced the number of disease flare-ups (p less than 0.05). There were also significant differences between the years with and without chloroquine therapy 500 mg per day (the only regimen for which adequate data were available for analysis) in terms of general symptoms and skin manifestations (p less than 0.05). A prospective, double-blind study of large numbers of patients would be important to confirm the findings of this retrospective study--and the observations of many rheumatologists that antimalarials are helpful in the treatment of SLE. PMID- 3177432 TI - Treatment of primary Sjogren's syndrome with hydroxychloroquine. AB - Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary/lacrimal glands, autoantibody production, and polyclonal hyperglobulinemia. In view of the efficacy and relative safety of hydroxychloroquine in other autoimmune disorders, the potential benefit of hydroxychloroquine (200 mg per day for 12 months) in 10 patients with Sjogren's syndrome was evaluated. Changes in levels of total immunoglobulin, antibody against Sjogren's syndrome-associated antigen B, rheumatoid factor, and in vitro production of immunoglobulin in the serum were evaluated. For comparison, 10 patients matched according to age and sex, who did not receive hydroxychloroquine were studied. In the hydroxychloroquine-treated group, the following observations were made: (1) significantly decreased total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA levels with little change in IgM levels; (2) significant decrease in IgA rheumatoid factor with a smaller decrease in IgM-rheumatoid factor; (3) decreased IgG anti-Sjogren's syndrome-associated antigen B autoantibody; and (4) decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and increased hemoglobin level. Further, a specific idiotype present on their rheumatoid factor (defined by monoclonal antibody 17-109) was significantly decreased, with disappearance of detectable circulating paraprotein in two hydroxychloroquine-treated patients. Finally, rheumatoid factor production in vitro by lymphocytes from hydroxychloroquine treated patients using a T cell-dependent mitogen was significantly decreased. These results suggest that hydroxychloroquine modulates lymphoproliferation in patients with Sjogren's syndrome and may prevent progression to extraglandular sites of neoplastic transformation. PMID- 3177433 TI - Treatment of the anemia of predialysis patients with recombinant human erythropoietin: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. AB - Recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) was administered in two phases to 12 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (creatinine clearances of 0.17-0.51 ml/second [10-30 ml/minute]) and uremic anemia. In addition to the routine tests done as part of a multicenter clinical trial, our patients had serial red cell mass measurements, quantitation of bone marrow stem cells, and marrow cytogenetic analysis. During the first eight weeks (acute phase), an equal number of patients was randomized to placebo or one of three doses of r-HuEPO (50, 100 or 150 unit/kg intravenously three times weekly). All three patients receiving 150 unit/kg responded by increasing their packed cell volume (PCV) to the normal range within eight weeks. There were lesser responses in PCV at the two lower doses of r-HuEPO and no response in the placebo group. The 51Cr red cell mass also increased significantly in a dose-related manner in patients receiving r HuEPO but did not change in the placebo group. Marrow studies revealed increases in erythroid, megakaryocyte, and granulocyte-monocyte progenitor cells in those patients on r-HuEPO, but no mutagenic effects were seen. Subsequently, ten patients received open label r-HuEPO. During this maintenance phase, all ten achieved or maintained a normal PCV. Several adverse events occurred, but none were definitely linked to r-HuEPO. Recombinant human erythropoietin is an effective and potent treatment of anemia caused by renal failure. PMID- 3177434 TI - Inhibition of human adult and fetal heme oxygenase by new synthetic heme analogues. AB - Heme oxygenase (HO) is the rate-limiting enzyme for heme degradation, and elevated levels of HO may be associated with a variety of pathologic disturbances. A limited number of HO inhibitors such as the metalloporphyrins have been proposed as possible chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. We undertook the study of various natural newly synthesized heme analogues as possible inhibitors of HO in human adult and fetal liver microsomes. We investigated two compounds with substitutions at the 2 and 4 position of the porphyrin ring, iron deuteroporphyrin 2,4 disulfonic (1a) and iron deuteroporphyrin 2,4 bis glycol (1b), and two compounds with substitutions of aromatic groups on the methene bridges of the porphyrin molecule, meso-tetra-4 carboxyphenyl-porphine (2a) and meso-tetra-4-sulfonatophenyl-porphine (2b). When these heme analogues were incubated in the reaction media in the presence of heme, two of the analogues (1a) and (1b) inhibited the conversion of heme to bilirubin. This inhibition was 97% and 65% respectively for (1a) and (1b) when both were present in 30 microM concentrations. Both of these compounds exhibited competitive type inhibition. The kI for the more potent inhibitor, (1b), was determined to be 0.30 microM. Porphyrins with aromatic substitutions at the methene bridges (2a, 2b) did not inhibit the conversion of heme to bilirubin, even at relatively high concentrations. Furthermore, the specific activity of HO was significantly greater (5X) in fetal microsomes as contrasted with adult microsomes as contrasted with adult microsomes. Even though fetal microsomes had greater HO activity, 5 microM of compound (1b) caused a similar degree of inhibition in both adult and fetal preparations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177435 TI - Association of Guillain-Barre syndrome and Henoch-Schonlein purpura: is immunoglobulin a responsible for the neurologic syndrome? AB - Guillain-Barre syndrome and Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) appeared simultaneously in a 35-year-old woman. During the course of the Guillain-Barre syndrome, the presence of IgA aggregates and a decrease in complement components were noted in the cerebrospinal fluid. These abnormalities disappeared when the neurologic syndrome remitted. This suggests the responsibility of IgA immune complexes, characteristic of HSP, in the occurrence of the associated Guillain Barre syndrome. PMID- 3177436 TI - X-linked mental retardation 3. Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Fragile X and X-linked Mental Retardation. Troina, Italy, September 13-16, 1987. PMID- 3177437 TI - The concurrence of Klinefelter syndrome and fragile X syndrome. AB - In this paper we report on a third patient with Klinefelter syndrome and fragile X. In the Leuven experience the simultaneous occurrence of both conditions is 1:155 (3 fra(X) positive Klinefelter patients in a total number of 465 fra(X) positive males), a concurrence much higher than expected by chance considering the frequency of both conditions. PMID- 3177438 TI - Fragile X syndrome: growth, development, and intellectual function. AB - We collected data on growth, psychomotor development, speech and language development, and intellectual function on a cohort of 100 males with the fragile X chromosome and 95 carrier females. The data include information on prenatal growth (33 males), growth during the preadult years (32 males), psychomotor development during the first 2 years (25 males), speech and language development (15 males and 5 females), and intellectual function (93 males, 33 females, and 10 obligate carriers who were cytogenetically normal). Birth measurements appeared normal when plotted on the Usher/McLean curves of newborn infants (mean head circumference - OFC - at 40th centile, length at 60th centile and weight at 55th centile). Following birth, OFC rose above the 50th percentile and continued above average throughout the preadult years, whereas average length was above average for the first 5 years only and weight did not deviate from the normal mean. Psychomotor development lagged behind the norm from birth with affected males requiring nearly twice as long as expected to sit alone, walk unassisted, and say first words clearly. All males and females studied had significant language delay; all except one male had abnormalities of articulation. All on whom a clear voice sample was obtained had low voice pitch, and 80% had a hoarse or harsh quality of voice. Five males had word repetitions or perseverative speech during the preadult years. The mean IQ of the 93 males studied was 33 and regression analysis demonstrated a decrease in intellectual performance with age. Four fifths of the female carriers who expressed the fra(X) had intellectual performance in the mentally retarded range and showed similar decrease in performance with age. Obligate female carriers who did not express the fra(X) site had normal IQs (IQ 102 +/- 13.3). PMID- 3177439 TI - Growth pattern in boys with fragile X. AB - The impression that a proportion of boys with fra(X) may show overgrowth in early infancy was investigated in a small series of 7 boys born after 1970. The fra(X) positive boys had been referred for mental retardation, or were identified in investigations of familial mental retardation. The mean birth weight was increased, and average linear growth was consistently above the mean for Danish boys with the greatest increase in the second year of life. In contrast, the weight measurements were on average below the mean until age 2 years. It is suggested that in fra(X) patients there is a disturbance of early infantile growth. PMID- 3177440 TI - Anthropometry in Martin-Bell syndrome. AB - Thirty anthropometric measurements were analyzed in 147 adults with Martin-Bell syndrome (MBS) (56 men and 91 women) and in a random sample of 108 normal women and 111 men. Results of the univariate comparison of the age, height, or weight adjusted variables between MBS and normal individuals of either sex indicated that a decrease in stature, in upper limb length, and in upper face height, and an increase in jaw length, chest circumference, and waist width occurred in both affected men and in heterozygous women. While the increase in ear height and breadth and in hypermobility of finger joints and decrease in palm width and bigonial diameter occurred only in affected men, increased bispinal and bitrochanteric diameters, upper arm circumference, and palm and wrist widths were characteristic deviations in heterozygous women. Multivariate analysis in the form of principal components showed some differences in the pattern of interrelationships in individual measures between MBS and normal individuals. In particular, and in contrast with both normal groups, height and weight tended to load on separate components (as did head and midfacial measures) in MBS individuals. A discriminant function based on all body measurements included in this study resulted in almost complete separation of discriminant scores of normal from those of MBS men and in good separation of the scores from normal and heterozygous women. Classification rates based on these functions were from 95% in men to 85% in women. These already high classification rates may be further improved mainly by enlarging the samples and including some other category of traits such as dermatoglyphic measurements. PMID- 3177441 TI - Photoanthropometric analysis of individuals with the fragile X syndrome. AB - A photoanthropometric method, which enables an objective description of facial structures, was used to examine 31 boys with the fragile X or Martin-Bell syndrome below the age of 12 years. The age range was 1.5 to 12 years with an average age of 6.5 years. Facial parameters were measured from strict frontal and profile photographs of fra(X) syndrome boys and compared with other facial measurements from the same face (e.g. mouth width vs. bizygomatic diameter). We studied 18 photoanthropometric facial parameters following the protocol established by Stengel-Rutkowski et al [1984]. Fourteen indices were calculated and compared with photoanthropometric index standards for age, established from normal children between 0 and 12 years [Stengel-Rutkowski et al, 1984]. Two of the fourteen craniofacial indices, broad palpebral fissures and decreased inner canthal distance, were significantly abnormal. PMID- 3177442 TI - The predictive value of dermatoglyphic anomalies in the diagnosis of fra(X) positive Martin-Bell syndrome (MBS) AB - In a representative group of 160 institutionalized mentally retarded males without Down syndrome, prospective dermatoglyphic-cytogenetic studies were performed in order to assess the utility of the dermatoglyphic index system of Rodewald [1986] for an efficient ascertainment of patients with Martin-Bell syndrome (MBS). A negative (abnormal) score was found in 32 men (20 +/- 3%), 14 of whom (predictive value: 44 +/- 9%) were fra(X)-positive. This prevalence of 14/160 = 9 +/- 2% patients with fra(X)-positive MBS indicates that in our study most, if not all, MBS patients have been detected by the simple pre-screening of dermatoglyphics. In the MBS patients, there was no correlation between the dermatoglyphic scores and percentage of fra(X)-positive cells. PMID- 3177443 TI - A dermatoglyphic study of a group of Sicilian children with fragile-X syndrome. AB - In a dermatoglyphic study of 14 fra(X) boys (compared with a control group of 191 normal schoolboys), we observed the following statistically significant (p less than 0.01) differences: 1) lower frequency of ulnar loops on the fingertips, particularly on the 2nd and 3rd fingers, with a corresponding increase of whorls; 2) transverse course of main line A; 3) increased frequency of abnormal palmar creases. The log score index of Simpson et al [1984] identified 71.4% of our patients and that of Rodewald et al [1986] 64.2%. The different values of these indexes can probably be attributed to ethnic differences. We think that by combining the results of dermatoglyphic analysis from several centers a more discriminatory log score index can be obtained. PMID- 3177445 TI - Fragile X syndrome: neuropathology center. AB - There is an acute need for additional neuropathological information in the fra(X) or Martin-Bell syndrome. We propose a centralized fra(X) neuropathological research center to promote research and understanding of the underlying neuropathologic changes. Brain specimens can be sent to our center for neuropathological analysis. Reports will be sent to the contributing health professionals. Clinicians and relatives are encouraged to request autopsies and to contact the Center regarding brain donations for purposes of research and understanding. PMID- 3177444 TI - Cognitive profiles of boys with the fragile X syndrome. AB - Testing 20 boys with the fragile X (or Martin-Bell) syndrome with the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) showed a consistent pattern of strengths and weaknesses that may be useful in predicting a fragile X positive result from cytogenetic testing. This K-ABC pattern included 1) Sequential Scale score less than the Simultaneous Scale score; 2) Mental Processing Composite less than the Achievement Scale score; 3) Spatial Memory subtest score less than the Matrix Analogies subtest score; and 4) Arithmetic subtest score less than the mean of the Achievement subtest scores. A comparison group of 20 boys did not demonstrate such a pattern. Testing with the K-ABC should be considered for boys who present as learning disabled, hyperactive with attentional problems, or mildly retarded. Boys with three or four of the four features of the K-ABC fragile X pattern should be considered for medical evaluation and cytogenetic testing. PMID- 3177446 TI - Prevalence of a novel epileptogenic EEG pattern in the Martin-Bell syndrome. AB - In this paper, we describe a study aiming at establishing the prevalence, specificity, and the sensitivity of a characteristic sleep EEG pattern in patients with Martin-Bell syndrome, in comparison with a sample of etiologically different mentally retarded patients. The estimation of the prevalence (11% among the total sample), the specificity, and the sensitivity, allows us to propose this pattern as an important "marker", useful in the diagnosis of the Martin-Bell syndrome. PMID- 3177447 TI - Variable expression of the fragile X syndrome in heterozygous females of normal intelligence. AB - The cognitive, linguistic and memory functions of non-retarded fragile X heterozygotes and matched controls were examined by a detailed protocol of neuropsychological measures in order to determine the incidence of specific learning disabilities in this subgroup, and to compare their performance profiles with those of control subjects (mothers of Down syndrome sons). There were no group differences in psychometric intelligence, but the heterozygotes scored significantly lower than controls on most academic achievement tests, as well as on language-based neuropsychological measures. By neuropsychological criteria, 8 of the 15 heterozygotes, but only one of the controls, exhibited performance profiles consistent with a diagnosis of specific learning disability, and similar to cognitive profiles commonly seen in individuals from the general population with developmental dyslexia. PMID- 3177448 TI - The fragile X syndrome: variability of expression in carrier females. AB - The fra(X) expression in heterozygotes varies considerably from family to family. In family D23, 5 carriers express the fra(X) regardless of age. DNA studies using 3 markers were inconclusive as to whether cytogenetic testing is more reliable in this family than in others. III-2 and III-5 are the critical individuals in the pedigree; further study with closer probes should resolve this question. PMID- 3177449 TI - Fragile X syndrome and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. AB - We describe a man with the fra(X) syndrome and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The disease loci for both conditions are in the region Xq27.3-q28. This is the first report of the fra(X) syndrome associated with another X-linked disorder. Analysis of DNA markers suggested that the association in this man was coincidental. PMID- 3177450 TI - Autism and the fragile X syndrome. PMID- 3177453 TI - X-linked mental retardation associated with psoriasis: a new syndrome? AB - Four males, the sons of 2 sisters, apparently have a new syndrome of mental retardation, seizures and psoriasis. Due to the relationship between the affected males we propose the inheritance to be X-linked recessive although cosegregation of two separate disorders may be occurring. Psoriasis has never been reported as a monogenic disorder. Results of cytogenetic studies, including fra (X) and high resolution prometaphase analysis, were negative. Steroid sulfatase activities of cultured fibroblasts from 2 surviving affected males were normal. The results of HLA typing of all available relatives did not indicate a strong association between the skin disorder and certain HLA antigens. A healthy sister, who may be heterozygous carrier of the mutant X chromosome, decided on termination of 3 successive pregnancies after prenatal male sex determinations. Her fourth pregnancy with a female fetus is ongoing. PMID- 3177451 TI - A new syndrome with mental retardation, short stature and an Xq duplication. AB - We describe a new X-linked syndrome of marked short stature, severe intellectual handicap and an unusual facial appearance. High resolution prometaphase banding showed affected males to have an X chromosome tandem duplication; their karyotypes were designated 46,dup(X) (q13.1-q21.1)Y. In carrier females the abnormal X chromosome was late replicating. To verify the duplication, gene dosage studies were performed using an enzyme assay and DNA techniques. Prenatal diagnosis is available for carrier females using chromosome analysis of amniocytes or chorionic villi. PMID- 3177454 TI - A new X-linked dysplasia gigantism syndrome: follow up in the first family and report on a second Austrian family. AB - We report on a new X-linked recessive syndrome in 2 unrelated families, consisting of pre- and postnatal growth excess, typical facial phenotype allowing diagnosis at birth, and usually normal physical and intellectual development. The minor anomalies seen at birth include a "coarse" face with wide nasal bridge, short nose with upturned nasal tip, wide open mouth, thick lips, midline depression of the lower lip, enlarged tongue, highly arched palate, large maxilla and jaw, and a short broad neck. Voice is hoarse and affected individuals have a plump, stocky body with pectus excavatum, thoracic scoliosis, hepatosplenomegaly, umbilical and/or inguinal hernias, broad short hands and feet, and in some cases preauricular dimples, abnormal ears, postaxial hexadactyly, hypoplastic index finger nails, and abnormal dermatoglyphics. Early postnatal death is frequent and pathogenetically unexplained. During infancy and childhood the leading manifestations are the overgrowth (greater than 97th centile), striking facial appearance, hypodontia and/or malposition of teeth, genua valga, hypoplastic calf muscles, and clumsiness. Adolescent and adult patients have well proportioned "gigantism" of athletic build (192-210 cm), large "coarse" face, and a deep voice. General intellectual and motor development are either normal or mildly delayed. Results of routine laboratory tests are normal, as are growth hormone and IGF I levels and chromosomes. Pathogenesis remains unknown. Heterozygotes may show some of the characteristic facial changes. PMID- 3177452 TI - X-linked mental retardation with dystonic movements of the hands. AB - We describe a family with a syndrome of mental retardation, dystonic movements of the hands and dysarthria inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. DNA marker studies gave a maximum lod score of 2.11 at theta of 0.00 for DXS41 with a likely localization of the gene to Xpter----Xp21. PMID- 3177456 TI - Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome: follow-up of the Michigan family. AB - Here we report a follow-up on a boy born in 1983 into a family with presumed Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome and first reported as patient 3 by Opitz [1984] under the designation "Golabi-Rosen" syndrome. The patient died at 25 months without having attained any measure of psychomotor development or maturation and with a neurologic picture of irritability, increased muscle tone, seizures, deafness and possible cortical blindness. He had a striking facial appearance similar to that of severely affected individuals in the family reported by Golabi and Rosen [1984], with mild hepatosplenomegaly, unusual skin, normal growth, decelerating OFC, and on autopsy a spongiform degeneration of brain stem and cerebrum. Results of all biochemical studies, including those pertaining to GM3 gangliosidosis, were normal. PMID- 3177455 TI - Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome: an X-linked encephalo-tropho-schisis syndrome. AB - We report on another family with the so-called "gigantism-dysplasia syndrome", an X-linked condition characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth, characteristic face with apparent coarseness, dysplastic changes in several tissues, and mild intellectual impairment. This condition has been called the Golabi-Rosen syndrome; however, we agree that is the same entity as that described, in a milder form, by Simpson et al in 1975 and by Behmel et al in 1984. Therefore, we suggest that this entity be designated the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. The manifestations in affected individuals suggest that this condition represents an X-linked encephalo-tropho-schisis syndrome. PMID- 3177457 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of the fragile X--the Australasian experience. AB - Identification of increasing numbers of females heterozygous for fragile X linked mental retardation together with improved genetic counselling is creating a growing demand for prenatal diagnosis of fra(X). However, present cytogenetic techniques are somewhat unreliable and our collaborative approach has endeavoured to improve quality of cell culture systems and the sensitivity of fra(X) detection. Since 1985 we have exchanged cell cultures between our laboratories for verification of diagnostic results and comparison of induction techniques and have benefitted from larger numbers of cells scored for fra(X). Our 50 cases represent almost all of such studies undertaken in Australasia (Australia and New Zealand). Ten cases were unequivocally fra(X) positive; there was discrepancy between laboratories in 4 cases and one false-negative case. We propose a protocol to enhance fra(X) detection and conclude that, provided care is exercised, couples at risk of a fra(X) pregnancy can benefit from prenatal cytogenetic diagnosis. PMID- 3177458 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of fragile X syndrome by placental (chorionic villi) biopsy culture. AB - Second trimester ultrasound-guided fetal blood sampling and placental biopsy were performed on 10 pregnancies at risk for fra(X)-linked mental retardation (Martin Bell syndrome). Three cases were diagnosed as affected after cytogenetic analysis of fetal blood and placental cultures. The fra(X)(q27.3) and common fragile sites were shown to be expressed at a lower level in placenta than in fetal blood. Induction methods included methotrexate, 5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine, and excess thymidine. Excess thymidine may give the best expression of fra(X)(q27.3). Enhancement of fra(X)(q27.3) expression was not shown with caffeine or 5 methoxybenzamide. PMID- 3177459 TI - Fragile X expression in normal and mentally retarded subjects: effect of treatment with an antifolic agent. AB - Expression of the fragile site fra(X) (q27.3) in peripheral lymphocytes was evaluated in mentally retarded patients and in normal control individuals before and after administration of the antifolic agent trimethoprim for 7 days. This treatment was effective in converting the status of some individuals from fra(X) negative to fra(X)-positive. However, the induced level of fra(X) expression was very low and not significantly different in patients and in control subjects and did not increase in those individuals where it was already present before treatment. These data support the contention that fra(X)(q27.3) is a common fragile site and that treatment in vivo with an antifolic agent is not effective in enhancing its degree of expression in vitro. Therefore, such treatment seems to be of no diagnostic value in those cases where the fra(X) syndrome is suspected clinically, but where there is no or very low cytogenetic expression of the fra(X). PMID- 3177460 TI - Inactivation pattern of the fragile X in heterozygous carriers. AB - In this report we present new data on BrdU-inactivation studies in lymphocytes of five heterozygotes. The present data confirm our previous findings that the prediction of the mental status of female heterozygote carriers cannot be based on the X-inactivation pattern. The general tendency to carry the fragile site on the active X is confirmed and the results of previous studies and hypotheses are reviewed. PMID- 3177461 TI - Fra(X) frequency on the active X-chromosome and phenotype in heterozygous carriers of the fra(X) form of mental retardation. AB - Female heterozygotes of the fra(X) form of mental retardation show variable degrees of mental impairment and phenotype expression of the disorder. This might be an effect of inactivation of the X-chromosome which carries the fra(X)(q). Prior replication studies in heterozygous carriers gave contradictory results with respect to possible genotype-phenotype correlation. In the interpretation of these studies it is important to understand the effect of BrdU on the fra(X)(q) expression. In a group of 13 hemizygous patients with fra(X)(q) and 7 heterozygous carriers we studied the effect of BrdU on fra(X) expression. In the heterozygous carriers the use of BrdU resulted in a significant suppression of the fra(X)(q), while in hemizygous patients no difference in fra(X)(q) frequency with or without BrdU could be observed. It can be concluded that BrdU suppresses the fra(X)(q) preferentially on the inactive X-chromosome. Thus the fra(X)(q) frequency on the active X-chromosome is of primary importance in phenotype correlation studies among heterozygous carriers. In our group of heterozygous carriers we observed a negative correlation between (IQ) phenotype and fra(X)(q) expression on the active X-chromosome. This suggests that the gene for the fra(X)(q) form of mental retardation is on the X-chromosome and undergoes inactivation. PMID- 3177462 TI - Screening for the fragile X: how many cells should we analyse? AB - Since nationwide screening for the fragile X would involve the analysis of thousands of individuals within a short period of time, the number of cells, N, which should be analysed is of fundamental importance. When selecting N, the crucial parameter should be the degree of expression of the fragile site in the affected individuals in the population to be screened. However, this degree of expression is not known, and for routine diagnostic purposes, N = 100 has been accepted by many centers. By taking data from two large series of affected males/females with a known degree of expression (one series from New South Wales, one from Belgium), we have estimated the fraction of affected males/females which would have been missed if the two series were rescreened with the analysis of less than 100 cells. Assuming that the degree of expression within these two series is similar to the degree of expression in all affected individuals within the two populations, the results indicate that a reduction of N in a screening program, say from 100 to 50 cells, would reduce the detection rate between 1 and 5%. The reduction would be greater in females than in males, and greater in the Belgian than in the Australian population. PMID- 3177463 TI - Fragile (X) expression, age and the degree of intellectual handicap in the male. AB - The proportion of cells expressing the fra(X) was compared to the guardian's opinion of who was the "brighter" in 31 sibships of 2 or more affected males. Six fra(X) positive males in the normal workforce were compared in a similar way to other affected relatives. A correlation was found between lower values of expression and "brightness" by the Wilcoxson signed rank test (less than 0.01, 2 tail). A decline in fra(X) expression occurs with age. Some apparently normal non expressing transmitting males may be accounted for by these findings. PMID- 3177464 TI - Fragile X testing in mothers of transmitting males. PMID- 3177465 TI - Linkage analysis suggests at least two loci for X-linked non-specific mental retardation. AB - Epidemiological studies have suggested that non-specific X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) might be at least as frequent as the fragile X syndrome. The identification of all mutations causing XLMR would thus appear of prime importance. In the absence of other clinical signs the problem of genetic heterogeneity is acute. This can be partly overcome by the analysis of large families. We have been able to perform linkage analysis in 3 such families. The condition in family 1 was described as clinically resembling the fra (X) syndrome by Proops et al [1983]: the kindred includes 7 affected males in 3 sibships. Family 2 from Denmark has affected males in 4 generations; however, several affected relatives in this extended pedigree are deceased. Family 3 from France counts 6 affected males in two sibships. The families were analysed with about 25 X-linked markers. Linkage with markers in Xp22.2-p22.3 was found in family 1: z(theta) = 2.62 at theta = 0.06 for DXS85 (probe 782). Suggestion of linkage was found in family 2 with both the Duchenne muscular dystrophy region (DXS164 in Xp21.2) and with DXS1 (Xq11-q12). In family 3, DXS159 (Xq12-q13) gave a lod score of 2.53 at theta = 0; results were compatible with localisation of the putative XLMR locus in this family proximal to DXYS1 (Xq21). These data suggest that at least two non-specific XLMR loci could exist, one in Xp22 and the other in the q12-q13 region. PMID- 3177466 TI - A non-syndromal form of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) is linked to DXS14. AB - An analysis of the linkage of a non-syndromal form of X-linked mental retardation (MRX1) with a number of markers on the X chromosome was performed in a large pedigree. The affected males had moderate mental retardation; in all other clinical respects and cytogenetically they were normal. No recombinants were observed between the MRX1 gene and the marker DXS14 (p58.1) located at Xp11-cen (Z (max.) = 2.12 at theta = 0.00). Recombination was observed between the MRX1 gene and the markers DXS7 and DXYS1 which flank DXS14. This form of XLMR maps to the centromeric portion of the X-chromosome. PMID- 3177468 TI - A family with the Coffin Lowry syndrome revisited: localization of CLS to Xp21 pter. AB - We revisited a family with the Coffin-Lowry syndrome (CLS) first reported by Procopis and Turner in 1972. Twelve affected members are now known in 3 generations of which 9 were seen personally. DNA marker studies supported X linkage with localization of CLS to Xp near DXS43 at p22.2-22.1 (theta = 0.001 Z = 2.71). Such linkage is reinforced by positive lod scores for DXS28 (theta = 0.00, Z = 0.90) and for DXS84 (theta = 0.09, Z = 1.56). Recombination with DXS84 and DXS164 places CLS distal to DMD in Xp21-pter. PMID- 3177467 TI - Linkage studies with the gene for an X-linked syndrome of mental retardation, microcephaly and spastic diplegia (MRX2) AB - A family in which a gene (MRX2) is segregating for an X-linked syndrome of mental retardation, short stature, microcephaly, brachycephaly, spastic diplegia, small testes and possible intra-uterine growth retardation is described. There are 7 clearly affected males and one possibly affected infant in the family. The obligate carriers are normal. Linkage studies show a suggestion of linkage to loci near the centromere. The maximum lod score was 2.10 at theta = 0.11 for DXYS1, assuming the possibly affected male carried the MRX2 gene. There were lower lod scores suggestive of linkage with DXS7 (theta = 0.14; z = 1.29) and DXS94 (theta = 0.11; z = 1.22). PMID- 3177469 TI - Probable localisation of the Coffin-Lowry locus in Xp22.2-p22.1 by multipoint linkage analysis. AB - The Coffin-Lowry syndrome (McKusick No. 30360) is a rare genetically transmitted disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, "coarse" facial appearance, thick soft skin, tapering fingers, and progressive skeletal abnormalities. X linked inheritance is implied since the males are severely affected with variably mild manifestations in carrier women. We have performed a linkage analysis with many X-linked RFLP markers in 4 families. Positive two-point lod scores were obtained with DXS28 (z(theta) = 2.00 at theta = 0.05) and DXS41 (z(theta) = 1.26 at theta = 0.10). We performed a 5-point linkage analysis using the LINKMAP program assuming that DXS16 and DXS43 are a single locus and using the following fixed map (distances in centimorgans): DXS85 - 18cM - (DXS16, DXS43) - 13cM - DXS41 - 5cM -DXS28. This gave a multipoint lod score of 3.41 for a localisation in Xp22.2-p22.1, between DXS43 and DXS41. PMID- 3177471 TI - Pulsed-field gel mapping studies in the vicinity of the fragile site at Xq27.3. AB - Physical mapping strategies are being employed for an analysis of the fragile X site region. Deletion breakpoints which may be close to the fragile site appear to be at a distance of at least several hundred kb from the nearest DNA probes. Further evidence is found for physical linkage between St14 (DXS52), DX13 (DXS15) and MN12 (DXS33). The data indicate differences in CG content and/or methylation levels between the distal and proximal sides of the fragile site. PMID- 3177470 TI - Fragile X syndrome: linkage analysis in black and white populations. AB - Eleven white families and 10 black families have been studied to detect racial differences in the linkage of DNA markers flanking the fragile X site (FRAXA). The differences in the recombination fractions for F9-FRAXA and DX13-FRAXA were not significant. The pair St14-FRAXA exhibited no difference between the two groups. Although the sample size was small, it would appear that these DNA markers can be used in black persons for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling. A larger group of families would be necessary to determine if 4D8 and cX55.7 will be equally useful since these appear to have lower heterozygote frequencies in the black population. PMID- 3177472 TI - Early manifestations of the Martin-Bell syndrome based on a series of both sexes from infancy. AB - A small series of male and female fra(X) positive children is reviewed retrospectively clinically and photographically to identify a profile of age related manifestations and behavioral traits of predictive value. This method involves a crossmatch with the cases and trait lists in the POSSUM Data Base. The plan then is to test the sensitivity and specificity in a prospective series. If this proves reliable, a request for a fra(X) cytogenetic analysis could be limited to the clinically screened matching cases, rather than the present costly exercise of testing all undiagnosed intellectually handicapped children. PMID- 3177473 TI - Strategy for molecular cloning of the fragile X site DNA. AB - Fragile X syndrome is a common form of mental retardation associated with a fragile site on the human X chromosome. We have recently demonstrated that the fragile X chromosome, when isolated within a somatic cell hybrid, often participates in translocations involving rodent chromosome arms. Cytogenetic and molecular evidence strongly suggests that the human breakpoint of these translocations is within the fragile X sequence. Hence, the joining of heterologous DNA (i.e. from two species) may permit the molecular cloning of the fragile X site. We describe here the cloning approach employed to enhance the isolation of interspecific chromosome translocation junctions. The human portion of the translocation junction should be derived from the fragile X site sequence. PMID- 3177475 TI - Investigation of the segregation of the fragile X mutation in daughters of obligate carrier women. AB - Two reports have suggested that over 50% of the offspring of obligate carrier women receive the mutation for the fra(X) or the Martin-Bell syndrome [Webb et al, 1986; Fryns, 1984]. Such a segregation distortion is difficult to assess for the fra(X) syndrome because of incomplete penetrance, variable expression and probable ascertainment biases. We have attempted to evaluate this possible segregation distortion in daughters of obligate carriers in a large sample of sibships ascertained in a survey of New South Wales, Australia. We used two definitions of expression: 1) presence of fra(X) positive cells if daughters were tested cytogenetically, and 2) mental impairment if daughters were not tested cytogenetically. The segregation frequency was estimated in different types of sibships of obligate carriers based on the way they were ascertained. This was done in order to have an internal check on possible ascertainment biases. Among the 189 cytogenetically tested daughters, 81 were fra(X) positive. Among the 97 untested daughters, 24 were mentally impaired in some way. Therefore, the segregation frequency as defined by fra(X) expression and/or mental impairment was 37%. Thus, no evidence was detected for segregation distortion. These data were significantly different than those collected by Webb et al [1986] and scored by the same method as the present data set. PMID- 3177474 TI - Investigation of the twinning rate in families with the fragile X syndrome. AB - An excess of twins in families with the Martin-Bell or fra(X) syndrome was noted previously in one family study [Fryns, 1986]. We tried to confirm this observation in a second large sample of families from a different population. We calculated the number of twin births among the total number of live births of known obligate carriers found in fra(X) families ascertained in New South Wales, Australia. We only included births of known sex and excluded triplets. There were 5 male pairs, 3 female pairs and 9 unlike sex pairs of twins born among 752 live births. Thus the twining rate was 1/44 per live birth. We compared this rate to that found in two different types of individuals: 1) the rate of 1/96 which was obtained from the 1985 vital statistics for New South Wales, and 2) the rate 1/75 obtained from a sample of live births of obligate carriers with hemophilia A. The increase in twinning among heterozygotes with the fra(X) was highly significant when compared to the census data (p less than 0.001). However, it was not significantly different from that in the hemophilia data (p less than 0.05) which were collected in the same way as in the fra(X) families. PMID- 3177476 TI - Fragile X syndrome: incidence, clinical and cytogenetic findings in the black and white populations of South Carolina. AB - Individuals in South Carolina with the Fragile X [fra(X)] or Martin-Bell syndrome have been ascertained by referral for evaluation of facial abnormalities, macroorchidism or mental deficit; by screening patients in residential and day programs for the mentally retarded; and by family follow up after an index case has been identified. Between 1982 and 1987, 100 positive fra(X) males were diagnosed. Of these, 35 were residents of residential facilities for the mentally retarded representing 2.5% of the population of institutionalized males. Another 23 were found in community day programs for the mentally retarded. Of these 58 cases, 28 (48%) were ascertained by screening for the craniofacial characteristics of the Martin-Bell syndrome, namely long face, midface hypoplasia, prominent forehead, large mandible and large simple pinnae. Although this screening procedure proved to be productive, it was found that the craniofacial traits of long face, midface hypoplasia, large jaw and simple pinnae were found less frequently in black fra(X) positive males and in prepubertal boys of both races. PMID- 3177477 TI - The fragile X in Sicily: an epidemiological survey. AB - We have studied a group of 349 institutionalized propositi with mental retardation, and found 12 fra(X)-positive cases among 155 males (7.7%) and 8 fra(X)-positive cases among 194 females (4.1%). The males had characteristic manifestations of the Martin-Bell syndrome. Another 7 males, who were initially considered "borderline", having expression of fra(X) less than 4% and a non characteristic phenotype, were eventually considered negative. Among 5,624 patients (2,764 males and 2,860 females) that were admitted to the Pediatric Department of the University of Catania during the period July 1986 - June 1987, 210 (120 males and 90 females) had mental retardation. Of these, 75 were analyzed for the presence of fra(X) (q27.3); 5 males (0.18% of all males) and 2 females (0.07% of all females) were fra(X)-positive. The males had the Martin Bell syndrome phenotype. The presence of fra(X) (q27) was confirmed in another 4 male propositi that were referred to our outpatient services with a clinical diagnosis of Martin-Bell syndrome. PMID- 3177478 TI - Fragile X syndrome: a hypothesis regarding the molecular mechanism of the phenotype. AB - Among all the human chromosomal fragile sites currently recognized, the fragile site mapping to Xq27.3 is the only one associated with an abnormal phenotype. This phenotype, referred to as the Martin-Bell or fragile X syndrome, has mental retardation as its most important manifestation. We propose that this site is associated with an abnormal phenotype due its location on the X chromosome, particularly it's proximity to the q telomere. Thus, if an in vivo break should occur with loss of Xq28 in the fra(X) male, the cell would be nullisomic for the genes distal to the fragile site. Similarly, a female cell would be functionally nullisomic if the break occurred on the active X. Breakage and loss of genetic material at other fragile sites either would have no impact due to complementation by homologous genes or would be lethal if X-linked with a significant deletion (i.e. fra(Xq22]. This leads to the proposal that the fragile X syndrome is due to mosaic nullisomy of distal genes. We describe below the implications of this model and a means to test this hypothesis. PMID- 3177479 TI - Fragile-X mutation proposed to block complete reactivation in females of an inactive X chromosome. AB - I discuss two aspects of my proposal that fra(X) chromosomes exist in two states, imprinted and non-imprinted: why do males not imprint the fra(X); does the "Sherman paradox" rule out my proposal? PMID- 3177480 TI - Fragile X expression in Martin-Bell syndrome, intellectually normal individuals, and neoplasia, interpreted by a viral hypothesis. AB - We present data on fragile X expression in lymphocytes obtained from the following patients: a university student, an infertile couple, 6 of 22 prostatic cancer patients, a meningioma patient, and members of families with meningioma and familial gliomas. All patients were of normal intelligence. In addition, we report 3 cases of central nervous system (CNS) tumors in more typical fragile X families. We suggest that the fragile X expression as well as the clinical findings may be caused by a viral (or similar) infection. The virus may require a receptor protein coded by one allele of a gene on the X chromosome. PMID- 3177481 TI - Suggestively increased rate of infant death in children of fra(X) positive mothers. AB - A review of the Leuven data on the fragile X syndrome indicates that sudden infant death is frequently observed in the progeny of obligate female carriers. This observation may be another indication of a central nervous dysfunction in infants with this type of X-linked mental retardation. PMID- 3177483 TI - Unsinkable nurses. PMID- 3177482 TI - Fragile-X mutation and Klinefelter syndrome: a reappraisal. AB - To date the concurrent presence of the fragile-X and the Klinefelter syndromes in the same individual has been found at least 8 times either in the course of screening for the fra(X) condition in mentally retarded males or among the relatives of fra(X) propositi. Given the high frequency of both events in the general population and the heterogeneous approaches with which the above cases were ascertained, it has not been possible to determine unequivocally so far whether the finding is purely coincidental or the expression of some underlying biological relationship. To evaluate the issue, we have screened a large population of institutionalized mentally retarded males for microorchidism, and submitted to a full karyotype analysis and fra(X) testing the patients that were found to have marked bilateral microorchidism. Thus, in a total of 32 microorchidism patients identified among 1115 mentally retarded males, we found 6 to have a 47,XXY chromosome complement in all (or in most) of their cells, with one of them having also the fra(X) marker in 9% of the metaphases examined. In addition, another bearer of the fra(X) marker (but only in 4% of his metaphases) was found among 26 47,XXY mentally normal males ascertained throughout routine cytogenetic analysis of males with microorchidism referred to our genetic counseling unit during the last 10 years. In our laboratory the fra(X) marker has never been observed with such a frequency in a total of several hundred normal XY males and XX females studied as control cases in the course of previously reported family and population studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177485 TI - A quick-fix solution. PMID- 3177486 TI - Are you a lark or an owl on the night shift? PMID- 3177484 TI - Nurses as barometers for women's health. PMID- 3177487 TI - More from the night owls. PMID- 3177488 TI - The new RYB color code. PMID- 3177489 TI - Support after sudden infant death. PMID- 3177490 TI - SIDS research that causes pain. PMID- 3177491 TI - At risk for suicide.... PMID- 3177493 TI - Midwest job focus heart in the heartland. PMID- 3177492 TI - Rating the toxicities of cancer drugs. PMID- 3177495 TI - Hospitals seek support for thinning RN ranks; primary nursing under pressure, say recruiters. PMID- 3177494 TI - How are we teaching home health nursing? PMID- 3177496 TI - HHS honors RNs as "unsung heroes" in AIDS fight. PMID- 3177498 TI - Why now? PMID- 3177497 TI - California RNs set the pace in education for AIDS care. PMID- 3177499 TI - Accepting or rejecting an assignment. Part I: Are you abandoning your patients? PMID- 3177500 TI - Nursing gets no support in fighting unsafe practices. PMID- 3177501 TI - My Florence Nightingale code of ethics. PMID- 3177502 TI - How to send quit-smoking signals. PMID- 3177503 TI - High-tech maps of the brain. PMID- 3177504 TI - Approaching an adolescent about a pelvic exam. PMID- 3177505 TI - Reading, writing, and reasons for health. PMID- 3177506 TI - The anti-depressants. PMID- 3177507 TI - Southwest jobfocus. Southwest style. PMID- 3177508 TI - Narcotics plus methylphenidate (Ritalin) for advanced cancer pain. PMID- 3177509 TI - Managing ICU-induced stress. PMID- 3177511 TI - Recovering from alcoholism--one shift at a time. PMID- 3177510 TI - Legal briefs: new AIDS, harassment charges. PMID- 3177512 TI - Placental transfer of cefoperazone and sulbactam in the isolated in vitro perfused human placenta. AB - The transfer of cefoperazone and sulbactam across the human placenta was studied qualitatively and quantitatively with the isolated in vitro bidirectionally perfused human placental lobule. Clearance indexes for both cefoperazone and sulbactam were derived. The absence of active transport and facilitated diffusion were documented, implying simple diffusion as the mechanism of placental transfer for both drugs. Placental tissue levels were also studied. PMID- 3177513 TI - Estrogen enhances attachment of Chlamydia trachomatis to human endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. AB - Ultraviolet light-inactivated elementary bodies of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar E were fluorescently tagged with rhodamine isothiocyanate (5 micrograms/ml) and added to primary cultures of human endometrial gland epithelial cells. The elementary bodies, at a multiplicity of infection of 600:1, were allowed to adsorb to the cell monolayers for 1 hour at 35 degrees C in an atmosphere of 5% carbon dioxide. The monolayers were disaggregated by trypsinization and the individual cells were processed in the fluorescent activated cell sorter for chlamydial attachment. This method of analysis revealed attachment of C. trachomatis to approximately 50% of human endometrial gland epithelial cells. Addition of estrogen (10(-10) mol/L) to the culture medium enhanced chlamydial attachment to human endometrial gland epithelial cells to approximately 80% (p less than or equal to 0.005), and progesterone in combination with estrogen reduced chlamydial attachment in a dose-dependent fashion: 1 ng/ml progesterone, approximately 50%; 5 ng/ml, about 30%; 10 ng/ml, about 18%, respectively (p less than or equal to 0.025). PMID- 3177515 TI - Possible deleterious effects of sound or vibratory fetal stimuli. PMID- 3177516 TI - Labial agglutination and herpes simplex type I infection. PMID- 3177514 TI - Thromboxane synthetase inhibition in pregnancy-induced hypertension. PMID- 3177518 TI - Endocrine aspects of human uterine sarcoma. PMID- 3177519 TI - Pulmonary artery catheterization in cases of preeclampsia. PMID- 3177517 TI - Blood pressure during first and second trimesters as predictor of preeclampsia. PMID- 3177520 TI - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes in gastric aspirate of neonate. PMID- 3177521 TI - Discoloration of amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis. PMID- 3177522 TI - Some thoughts from the other side of the ether screen. PMID- 3177523 TI - The value of endometrial histology in ectopic pregnancy. PMID- 3177524 TI - The case for routinely offering prenatal testing for human immunodeficiency virus. AB - Infections with human immunodeficiency virus are becoming increasingly common among women of reproductive age. The consequences of these infections on maternal and child health are substantial. Evidence has been published that suggests that testing only those women recognized as being at risk through physician-elicited, patient-volunteered testing programs will fail to identify substantial numbers of infected patients. This article develops the arguments that informing infected women of their serologic status is of critical importance and that in clinical practice identification of women with sexually transmitted diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus can only be accomplished with routine testing (with consent, confidentiality, and counseling). PMID- 3177525 TI - Obstetric inertia: an obstacle to the prevention of prematurity. AB - Traditional obstetric beliefs regarding diagnoses leading to premature birth constitute a significant barrier to successful clinical application of current knowledge about the pathophysiology of preterm delivery. Progress in reducing prematurity will be limited unless obstetricians assume a leadership role in changing attitudes about preterm birth among patients, providers, and society in general. PMID- 3177526 TI - Association of HLA-linked factor B with gestational diabetes mellitus in black women. AB - The factor B BfF allele was found significantly less frequently in nonobese black women with gestational diabetes mellitus than in the control group. The BfS allele was found more frequently, although not significantly so. These data suggest similar genetic associations among nonobese black women with gestational diabetes mellitus and those with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3177527 TI - Unknown uterine scar and trial of labor. AB - A review of 393 patients undergoing trial of labor after one or more previous cesarean sections was performed. Three hundred patients had an unknown uterine scar, 88 patients had a documented low cervical transverse incision, and five patients had a prior low vertical incision. The rate of vaginal delivery and maternal and fetal morbidity was no different in those patients with an unknown prior uterine incision compared with those having a known prior low cervical transverse incision. In 66 of the patients with a documented low cervical transverse incision, the original operative record was reviewed in regard to single-layer closure of the uterine incision versus double-layer closure or imbricating technique. No patient with a double-layer uterine closure had a subsequent dehiscence, whereas three patients with a prior single-layer closure exhibited scar separation. These data suggest that neither an unknown scar nor a single-layer uterine closure places the mother or fetus at greater risk. PMID- 3177528 TI - Nylon brush improves collection of cervical cytologic specimens. AB - A prospective, randomized study was performed to compare the efficacy of a combined endocervical and ectocervical nylon brush with the cotton-tipped swab and wooden spatula for obtaining cervical cytologic specimens. Strict objective criteria were used to determine the adequacy of Papanicolaou smears on the basis of the number of cells present. The two methods were equally effective in collecting ectocervical smears. However, 96% of endocervical smears obtained with the nylon brush contained greater than 50 cells, compared with 58% of swab and spatula smears. Only 1.4% of brush samples contained no endocervical cells, versus 19% of swab and spatula smears. The presence of endocervical cells confirms adequate sampling of the transitional zone. Use of the cytologic Papanicolaou brush may result in fewer false negative and inadequate Papanicolaou smears. PMID- 3177529 TI - Diagnosis of a tumor with an unusual presentation in the pelvis. AB - A 47-year-old multiparous woman was first seen with signs and symptoms of sudden, copious vaginal bleeding. The pelvic examination revealed a classic-appearing aborting leiomyoma. Subsequent operation and histologic examination, however, revealed a rare pelvic tumor. The diagnostic evidence and management are outlined. PMID- 3177530 TI - Immunoglobulin levels in fetal anatomic compartments. AB - Immunoglobulins G, M, and A were found in varying concentrations in four different human fetal anatomic compartments of 17 fetuses in the absence of apparent infection. The highest levels were noted in the thoracic cavity. PMID- 3177531 TI - Dantrolene in pregnancy: lack of adverse effects on the fetus and newborn infant. AB - Twenty malignant hyperthermia-susceptible pregnant patients were given dantrolene sodium orally for 5 days before delivery and 3 days after delivery. When cesarean section was necessary, triggering agents were avoided. No patient had a malignant hyperthermia reaction. No adverse effect of dantrolene sodium was detected by extensive testing of the fetus and neonate. The maternal predelivery dantrolene level was correlated with the noenatal cord blood dantrolene level (r = 0.837). The mean maternal predelivery dantrolene level was 0.99 +/- 0.5 microgram/ml, and the mean neonatal cord blood dantrolene level 0.68 +/- 0.3 microgram/ml. The time from the last dose of dantrolene to delivery was correlated with both the maternal dantrolene level and the neonatal cord blood level (r = 0.65). The half life of dantrolene in the neonatal circulation was 20 hours. The controversy of oral dantrolene prophylaxis and the implications of this study with regard to further investigation are discussed. PMID- 3177532 TI - Fetal responses to vibratory acoustic stimulation: influence of basal heart rate. AB - Forty-three healthy pregnant women between 26 and 40 weeks' gestation were studied to determine the influence of prestimulation basal heart rate on the maximum amplitude of the first fetal heart rate acceleration after external vibratory acoustic stimulation. A significant negative correlation was found between the maximum amplitude of the first fetal heart rate acceleration and the prestimulation basal fetal heart rate from 30 weeks to term. In the presence of fetal tachycardia (basal fetal heart rate greater than 160 beats/min), more than 50% of fetal heart rate accelerations after stimulus were less than 15 beats/min amplitude. There was also a significant maturational process in the immediate fetal heart rate response to vibratory acoustic stimulation that occurred between 26 to 28 and 30 to 32 weeks characterized by a prolonged increase in basal fetal heart rate and an increase in the maximum amplitude of the first acceleration after stimulation. PMID- 3177534 TI - Synergistic cytotoxicity between dimethyl sulfoxide and antineoplastic agents against ovarian cancer in vitro. AB - Dimethyl sulfoxide is a well-known differentiating agent that has been shown to inhibit tumor growth in vitro. We hypothesized that antineoplastic agents might show synergistic cytotoxicity when combined with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. Twenty four malignant ovarian tumors were removed and used in tests to determine the cytotoxicities of 10% dimethyl sulfoxide alone, each of six antineoplastic agents alone, and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide plus each antineoplastic agent. Cytotoxicity results for 10% dimethyl sulfoxide alone and each antineoplastic agent alone were used to evaluate each combination of dimethyl sulfoxide and an antineoplastic agent for synergy. There were 14 synergistic responses that were statistically significant at the p less than 0.01 confidence level between 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and an antineoplastic agent against the ovarian tumors. Seven of these responses were significant at the p less than 0.0003 level. This is strong evidence that true synergistic cytotoxicity occurs when an antineoplastic agent is combined with 10% dimethyl sulfoxide. We conclude that intraperitoneal delivery of antineoplastic agents in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide may be useful in the treatment of certain ovarian cancers. PMID- 3177533 TI - Distribution and pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled monoclonal antibody OC 125 after intravenous and intraperitoneal administration in gynecologic tumors. AB - Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies may be useful for radioimmunotherapy of gynecologic tumors. Iodine 131-labeled F(ab')2 fragments of a monoclonal antibody, OC 125, with specificity for ovarian carcinoma, were used to study the distribution and pharmacokinetics of this antibody in patients with gynecologic tumors. The radiolabeled antibody was injected intravenously or intraperitoneally into 10 patients suspected of having ovarian cancer. Blood and urine samples were used for pharmacokinetic studies, and biopsy specimens were examined for the uptake of antibody. The serum half-life of the labeled antibody was 30 hours after intravenous administration, with 20% of the injected dose per liter detected at 24 hours. After intraperitoneal injection, the appearance of antibody in serum was slow, with a maximum level of 1.4% of the injected dose per liter at 24 hours. Urinary excretion of the radiolabeled antibody was similar for intravenous and intraperitoneal administration, with approximately 50% of the injected dose excreted after 48 hours. Intraperitoneal administration of the radiolabeled antibody resulted in a higher uptake of antibody in the tumor and a lower uptake of antibody in normal tissues. On the basis of this limited study, intraperitoneal administration of radiolabeled antibody is preferred over intravenous administration for radioimmunotherapy of ovarian cancer. PMID- 3177535 TI - Giant cervical polyp. AB - A giant cervical polyp occurring in a 56-year-old multiparous woman is described. Although the polyp was benign, total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy were carried out because of incidental cystic and adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium. PMID- 3177536 TI - Fetal heart rate patterns during labor: neurologic and cognitive development at six to nine years of age. AB - The development of 50 children relative to the fetal heart rate patterns they demonstrated during labor and delivery was prospectively studied. Normal deceleration patterns were recorded for 12 of the children, while 16 were recorded as moderately severe and 22 as severe variable or late deceleration patterns. The parity and socioeconomic status of the mothers and the sexes of the infants were similar among the groups. A statistically significant developmental difference in favor of children with normal fetal heart rate patterns was seen in the first year of life. However, at 6 to 9 years of age the difference in neurologic and cognitive development was no longer evident. These data do not support the hypothesis that brief abnormal fetal heart rate patterns recorded during labor are indicative of irreversible central nervous system injury. PMID- 3177537 TI - Postnatal respiratory function after chronic drainage of fetal pulmonary cyst. AB - Respiratory function was assessed serially in the first 16 months of life in an infant who was treated antenatally by thoracoamniotic shunting. Both compliance of the respiratory system and functional residual capacity were within the reference range constructed from healthy controls. PMID- 3177538 TI - Reversion by vagal reflex of a fetal paroxysmal atrial tachycardia detected by echocardiography. AB - We report the reversion of fetal paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with 2:1 atrioventricular block obtained by vagal maneuvers during week 35 of gestation in a 31-year-old woman. All events were documented by fetal echocardiography. PMID- 3177539 TI - Effect of varying degrees of "normal" glucose metabolism on maternal and perinatal outcome. AB - Prior studies concerning effects of varying degrees of normal glucose metabolism on pregnancy have reported an increase in the incidence of a variety of pregnancy complications in women with normal oral glucose tolerance test results as the glucose concentration after a standardized meal rose. However, these investigations have neglected to include a control group of women with gestational diabetes for comparison. We theorized that if the adverse outcomes noted were indeed a reflection of glucose concentration, women with gestational diabetes should have an even higher incidence of these complications. Mother and infant charts of 312 consecutive women undergoing an oral glucose tolerance test were reviewed. A glucose challenge test preceded the oral glucose tolerance test in 310. The glucose challenge test value was less than 140 mg/dl in 64 and greater than or equal to 140 mg/dl in 246. There were 63 abnormal oral glucose tolerance test results (2.7% of the population studied). Among all patients, the relationship between glucose challenge test and oral glucose tolerance test values followed a gradient with a progressive rise in mean oral glucose tolerance test values when the glucose challenge test result was greater than or equal to 160 mg/dl. However, the incidence of an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test result did not rise significantly until the glucose challenge test result exceeded 180 mg/dl. A wide variety of outcome parameters were studied; none were related to the glucose challenge test value. Similar analysis of the 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test value revealed an increase in the incidence of nonelective operative deliveries and a decrease in the percentage of infants discharged home with their mother where values were greater than 180 mg/dl. However, when women with gestational diabetes were excluded from analysis, neither the glucose challenge test nor the 2-hour glucose tolerance test measurements were related to adverse outcome. When analysis was limited to women with gestational diabetes, there was no clinically significant relationship between either glucose challenge test or 2-hour glucose tolerance test and the outcome parameters. Finally, when analysis was repeated according to diagnosis, women with gestational diabetes had a significantly higher risk of having nonelective operative delivery, premature delivery, growth-retarded neonate, 1-minute Apgar score less than 7, and neonatal hypoglycemia than women with normal oral glucose tolerance test results.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3177541 TI - Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase alpha activity in the endometrium of the human uterus during the menstrual cycle. AB - Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase alpha (a replicative enzyme of cellular deoxyribonucleic acid) activity in the endometrium of the human uterus changed in parallel (p less than 0.001) with the concentration of estrogen in serum during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. This suggests that estrogen stimulates cell proliferation via regulation of the enzyme activity. PMID- 3177540 TI - Pratt dilators: resistance at 9 mm is an instrumentation artifact. AB - A previous study reported frequent resistance of the cervix at 9 mm during dilation and interpreted the resistance as the beginning of a tear of the internal os. A more recent identical study did not indicate such tears. Measurement of the dilators revealed that the set used in the previous study had uneven increments in diameter with a wide variation between size 25 and size 27 dilators. Increments of newer dilators are more even, and newer dilators reveal a more even progression of cervical resistance with increasing diameter. PMID- 3177542 TI - Uterus didelphys with an obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis in teenagers: report of three cases. AB - Gynecologic and urinary congenital malformations are often associated and mostly diagnosed in teenagers. To update a 116-case international case registry, three cases of uterus didelphys with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis, detected in young girls, are reported. Diagnostic procedures and surgical treatment are discussed. PMID- 3177543 TI - Suppression of newborn natural killer cell activity by prostaglandin E2. AB - The effect of prostaglandin E2 on natural killer cell activity of cord blood was examined. Natural killer cell activity, determined by chromium 51 release, was significantly reduced after prostaglandin E2 (1 microgram/ml) treatment. Prostaglandin E2 has been found to enhance the cellular spread of herpesvirus. Thus prostaglandins may enhance viral infections indirectly by suppressing natural killer cell activity. PMID- 3177544 TI - Multiple pregnancy-induced remissions of psoriatic arthritis: case report. AB - A patient experienced remission of the pain and inflammation of psoriatic arthritis during her first and second pregnancies. She achieved full remission during her third pregnancy and remained asymptomatic 15 months post partum. Patients with autoimmune arthritis who become pregnant provide an in vivo model in which the role of sex hormones on immune responses can be studied. PMID- 3177545 TI - Diagnosis of a small ovarian tumor (androgen secreting) by magnetic resonance: a new noninvasive procedure. AB - Virilizing ovarian tumors are rare and establishing their exact location before operation is difficult. We report a case in which a small left ovarian tumor was seen with magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3177546 TI - Preeclampsia is associated with a serum factor cytotoxic to human endothelial cells. AB - Preeclampsia occurs in 7% to 10% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of morbidity for mothers and their infants. Intensive investigation has failed to reveal the cause of the multiple organ dysfunction characteristic of this disorder, which abates completely with delivery. However, several observations suggest that endothelial cell dysfunction is a central pathophysiologic event. We report that serum from preeclamptic women is cytotoxic to endothelial cells in vitro. Consistent with the reversal of the clinical condition after delivery, cytotoxic activity in serum of preeclamptic women is reduced after 24 to 48 hours post partum. In contrast, cytotoxic activity of serum from normal pregnant women increases after delivery. PMID- 3177547 TI - Head computed tomographic scans in women with eclampsia. AB - From 1980 to 1986, head computed tomographic scans were performed in 49 women with eclampsia managed according to the standardized regimen used at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Abnormal radiographic findings were seen in 14 (29%). Although this incidence may have been affected by the temporal relationship of the scan to the seizure, it was greatly impacted by technical resolution obtained with succeeding improved equipment. In the last 3 years of the study more than a third of these scans showed some abnormality, and in 1986, using "fourth-generation" equipment, half were abnormal. These areas of radiographic hypodensity correspond to those with petechial hemorrhages and local edema that have been described at autopsy in women who died after eclamptic episodes. All women recovered fully despite ominous findings in some. We conclude that the clinical utility of tomography in women with otherwise "uncomplicated eclampsia" is limited because these findings seldom alter management. PMID- 3177548 TI - Management of isoimmunized pregnancy by use of intravascular techniques. AB - Twenty-two patients who had 23 pregnancies complicated by isoimmunization were managed by the use of intravascular methods on an outpatient basis. Nine patients underwent 30 percutaneous fetal blood sampling procedures to determine fetal blood type or hematocrit, without complication. Thirteen patients underwent 45 intrauterine fetal transfusions via the umbilical vessels and 16 intraperitoneal fetal transfusions. The overall survival rate in this series was 85.7%. Survival among fetuses that were hydropic at initial evaluation was 83.3%. The procedure related perinatal mortality rate for intravascular intrauterine transfusions was 2.2%. Knowledge of fetal blood type and hematocrit allowed treatment individualized to the specific needs of each patient. In particular, the ability to transfuse blood directly into the vascular system of the hydropic fetus proved to be lifesaving in those patients. PMID- 3177549 TI - Histopathologic study of ampullary and isthmic tubal ectopic pregnancy. AB - A histopathologic study of 84 ampullary and seven isthmic tubal ectopic pregnancies was conducted. In 52.2% of ampullary pregnancies, the gestations were found intraluminally, and in most of these cases (85.1%), the muscularis was preserved. In isthmic pregnancies, the gestations were usually found extraluminally or both intraluminally and extraluminally. The disruption of the tubal wall was more extensive in isthmic pregnancy. This study suggests that in isthmic pregnancy, the trophoblast penetrates the tubal wall relatively early. It appears that linear salpingostomy could be done for ampullary pregnancy without jeopardizing luminal integrity. Its use for isthmic pregnancy is still unclear. PMID- 3177550 TI - Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and risk for tubal pregnancy. AB - We performed a case-control study of the effect of exposure to Chlamydia trachomatis on the risk for tubal pregnancy. Sixty women with tubal pregnancies and 60 matched control women with normal second-trimester intrauterine pregnancies were studied. Cases were more likely than controls to have detectable antichlamydial IgG antibodies (82% versus 58%, p less than 0.01) and their mean titers were higher. The prevalence of IgM antibody seropositivity was not different between cases and controls (20% versus 12%, not significant). Compared with women with IgG antibody titers of less than or equal to 1:8 the relative risk for tubal pregnancy for women with titers greater than or equal to 1:128 was 6.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.0 to 21.6). Among women with tubal pregnancies, antichlamydial antibody titers of greater than or equal to 1:128 were significantly associated with pelvic adhesions and inflammatory tubal mucosal damage. Only 17.6% of women with detectable antichlamydial antibody or inflammatory tubal damage reported a history of pelvic inflammatory disease or gonorrhea. PMID- 3177551 TI - Anxiety reduction after chorionic villus sampling and genetic amniocentesis. AB - This study compares anxiety levels in women undergoing prenatal testing by means of chorionic villus sampling versus genetic amniocentesis. Chorionic villus sampling can be performed earlier in a pregnancy (8 to 12 weeks' gestation) but has a higher risk of miscarriage. Randomized to undergo chorionic villus sampling or genetic amniocentesis as part of a trial examining the safety and accuracy of these procedures, the women were studied at four time periods: time 1, before prenatal testing (9 to 12 weeks' gestation); time 2, after the chorionic villus sampling results were received (13 weeks); time 3, before the genetic amniocentesis results were known (18 weeks), and time 4, after all results were known (22 weeks). Although they were still at risk for miscarriage, members of the chorionic villus sampling group showed a sharp drop in anxiety levels immediately after receiving their results. The genetic amniocentesis group remained anxious until the last test time. In summary, prenatal testing by means of chorionic villus sampling resulted in earlier and sustained anxiety reduction. PMID- 3177552 TI - Effects of pregnancy and hormone treatments on pressor response to angiotensin II in conscious rats. AB - Pressor responses to graded doses of angiotensin II in conscious rats were significantly reduced on days 13 and 19 of pregnancy compared with those in nonpregnant rats. To study the hormonal regulation of this altered pressor response to angiotensin II during pregnancy, we administered estradiol, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin to nonpregnant rats. In ovariectomized rats no effect of estradiol on the pressor response to angiotensin II was found, but injections of progesterone with or without estradiol pretreatment significantly reduced the pressor response to angiotensin II. In intact rats human chorionic gonadotropin induced elevation of endogenous progesterone levels, followed by a significant decrease in the pressor response to angiotensin II. Injection of estradiol after human chorionic gonadotropin pretreatment produced a significant elevation in the pressor response to angiotensin II. These findings indicate that the decrease in angiotensin pressor response in pregnant rats is mediated mainly by progesterone rather than by estrogen. PMID- 3177553 TI - Intraocular pressure increase associated with epsilon-aminocaproic acid therapy for traumatic hyphema. AB - We treated five patients receiving epsilon-aminocaproic acid who demonstrated sudden and accelerated clot dissolution with accompanying increases in intraocular pressure 24 to 96 hours after discontinuing treatment. All of these patients required additional ocular hypotensive medications and one patient required anterior chamber washout for persistently increased intraocular pressure. These findings suggest that certain patients with hyphema may be at risk for significant intraocular pressure increases following cessation of epsilon-aminocaproic acid therapy. PMID- 3177554 TI - Ab interno sclerostomy with a high-powered argon endolaser. AB - We used a high-energy argon blue-green laser (15-W maximum power output) to create full-thickness sclerostomies from the region of the anterior chamber angle to the subconjunctival space in pigmented rabbits using an ab interno approach. One to four laser pulses delivered through a 300-micron noncontact fiberoptic probe produced patent sclerostomies in all 20 eyes treated using 0.1-second pulse duration and 5 to 14 W of power. No intraoperative complications were encountered. Intraocular pressure, measured in 12 animals, decreased an average of 12 mm Hg in the treated eye relative to the fellow eye on the first postoperative day. The drop in intraocular pressure was associated with formation of a functioning filtration bleb. Intraocular pressure returned to preoperative levels in ten of 12 (83%) of the animals by the fourth postoperative day, and there was an associated flattening of the filtration bleb. Histologic and radioautographic analysis indicated that the effect of the laser was focal. Tissue damage and cellular proliferative response were limited to within approximately 200 micron of the wound margin. PMID- 3177555 TI - Correlation between color vision and highest intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients. AB - We examined 75 glaucoma patients to determine the relationship between losses in color vision and their highest intraocular pressure. The losses of blue chromatic (P less than .0001) and achromatic (P = .0006) sensitivity were strongly related to highest intraocular pressure. The dysfunction of blue chromatic and achromatic pathways may therefore indicate damage from increased intraocular pressure. PMID- 3177556 TI - Success and complications of pneumatic retinopexy. AB - Fifty-eight consecutive patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were treated by pneumatic retinopexy using intravitreal perfluoropropane gas. Reattachment was achieved in 29 of 35 eyes (83%) having single retinal breaks (up to 45 degrees in extent), including dialyses (up to 60 degrees), and groups of breaks within one clock hour. The cumulative reattachment rate was 37 of 58 eyes (64%), including eyes with detachments with multiple breaks 30 to 120 degrees apart and vitreous hemorrhage as well as aphakic and pseudophakic eyes. Pneumatic retinopexy was successful in 18 of 22 (82%) myopic eyes (-3 to -11 diopters). Virtually all complications developed in the inferior retinal quadrants, and included preretinal vitreous condensations or membranes in 27 of 58 eyes (47%), new retinal breaks in seven eyes (12%), and rhegmatogenous or tractional detachments in previously attached areas in 14 eyes (24%). Postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy occurred in six eyes (10%) and macular pucker in two (3%). PMID- 3177557 TI - Retinal ultrastructural findings in cone degeneration. AB - We studied an eye from a 73-year-old man with a sporadic type of retinal cone degeneration and choroidal melanoma. Histologic and ultrastructural studies of the nasal retina unaffected by the choroidal melanoma showed alterations at the outer retina predominantly involving the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. A wide spectrum of pathologic changes were observed, ranging from near normal retina showing only photoreceptor outer segment disease (distortion and kinking) to grossly pathologic regions where photoreceptor cell bodies were sparse and their outer segments absent. The retinal pigment epithelium in minimally affected regions of the retina showed an increased proportion of the melanin complement of the cell within complex granules. In severe disease, many cells showed only giant complex granules with no free melanin. Retinal pigment epithelial cell migration and relocation around blood vessels was also noted in severe disease. PMID- 3177559 TI - Retinal folds in the shaken baby syndrome. AB - We examined two children with presumed shaken baby syndrome. Both children suffered severe, indirect closed head trauma with intracranial hemorrhage, sharply increased intracranial pressure, and extensive neurologic damage. In addition to extensive retinal and preretinal hemorrhages, bilateral symmetric white ring-shaped retinal folds were seen encircling the macula outside the vascular arcades. These retinal folds may be a hallmark of shaking injuries in child abuse victims. PMID- 3177558 TI - Intracameral thrombin and the corneal endothelium. AB - We perfused the endothelia of isolated human corneas mounted in the specular microscope with BSS Plus containing 1,000-U/ml or 100-U/ml dilutions of two commercially available topical thrombin preparations. Corneas perfused with thrombin at 1,000 U/ml showed intracellular and intercellular vacuole formation and altered junctional complexes. As listed on the package inserts, the thrombin preparations contained preservatives and other additives that present a significant osmotic load in 1,000-U/ml preparations. Corneas perfused with 100 U/ml thrombin solutions showed a significant attenuation in their deswelling rate but no ultrastructural alterations. One available thrombin preparation when diluted to 100 U/ml had a glycine concentration associated with previous retinal electroretinography changes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of one manufacturer's thrombin solution showed multiple high and low molecular weight constituents. Analysis of particulate contamination showed one 100-U/ml thrombin preparation to have a large quantity of particulates. Although thrombin may be useful when applied topically as an aid in surgical hemostasis, its use intraocularly presents substantial concern regarding the preparation's purity, additives, contaminants, and adverse effects on ocular tissues. PMID- 3177561 TI - Electrophysiologic studies in birdshot chorioretinopathy. AB - We investigated retinal function in 16 patients with birdshot chorioretinopathy. Consistent abnormalities of dark adaptation, color vision, visual field, electro oculography, electroretinography, and visual-evoked cortical potentials were found. They included raised thresholds of dark adaptation, acquired dyschromatopsia, mainly of the blue-yellow type, an electroretinogram with reduced amplitude, increased latency of the b-wave and absent oscillatory potentials, an abnormal electro-oculogram, and in many a marked disturbance in the pattern reversal visual-evoked cortical potential. The a-wave of the electroretinogram, the fast oscillations of the standing potential, and the flash visual-evoked cortical potential were well preserved. The nature of the abnormalities suggests that dysfunction was caused by inner retinal disease. Little evidence indicated outer retinal dysfunction resulting from choroidal inflammation. PMID- 3177562 TI - Brainstem ocular motility defects and AIDS. AB - Ocular motility manifestations of focal brainstem dysfunction were the initial clinical features in three patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These included conjugate gaze palsy with ipsilateral facial paresis, bilateral abducens palsy and a gaze paresis, and homolateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and abducens nerve paresis. Two patients had focal brainstem lesions as evidenced on neuroimaging. The third showed concurrent infection with Treponema pallidum. PMID- 3177563 TI - Progressive and recurrent nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. AB - We examined ten patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in whom the visual deficit progressed over a number of weeks or who suffered a recurrence in the same eye. The visual deficits progressed over a month or more in five patients, four patients suffered a recurrence in the same eye after a long interval, and one patient had bilateral progression and a recurrence. PMID- 3177560 TI - Vitrectomy for retinal detachment associated with acute retinal necrosis. AB - Six patients with retinal detachment associated with the acute retinal necrosis syndrome were treated by the combination of vitrectomy, gas injection, and laser photocoagulation. The retinas were successfully reattached in each patient with one operation. Five of the patients achieved a visual acuity of 20/200 or better, and three had a visual acuity of 20/40 or better. PMID- 3177564 TI - The management of optic nerve sheath meningiomas. AB - Thirty-eight patients (39 eyes) with optic nerve sheath meningiomas were entered into a treatment plan and were followed up for at least three years. Eighteen eyes were simply observed because they had minimal functional deficit or the eye was blind. Radiation was used on six eyes with documented progressive visual loss that still had useful vision. Surgery was initially used in an attempt to remove optic nerve sheath meningiomas but was abandoned except in exceptional cases. Total surgical removal of the tumor was carried out in ten eyes with loss of vision and in which the meningioma was growing. Surgery for subtotal or complete removal of the tumor followed by radiation was carried out in five eyes exhibiting aggressive growth of the tumor. This treatment plan has helped us to treat patients with optic nerve sheath meningiomas in an orderly way. PMID- 3177565 TI - Source of the conjunctival bacterial flora at birth and implications for ophthalmia neonatorum prophylaxis. AB - To understand better the source of conjunctival bacteria in neonates, we studied 106 infants immediately after birth before any eyedrops were applied. The 50 infants delivered by cesarean section had significantly fewer species (0.50 +/- 0.85 vs 1.84 +/- 1.33) and colony forming units (272 +/- 1,019 vs 1,790 +/- 3,779) cultured per subject than the 56 infants delivered vaginally. In infants delivered by cesarean section within three hours of membrane rupture, 24 of 30 (80%) of the conjunctival cultures were sterile, while the rest bore a few cutaneous bacteria (0.23 +/- 0.50 species and 2 +/- 9 colony forming units per subject). The conjunctivae of infants delivered vaginally bore significantly more bacteria characteristic of vaginal flora: microaerophilic as Lactobacillus or truly anaerobic as Bifidobacterium. Neonates delivered by cesarean section more than three hours after membrane rupture showed a bacteriologic flora mixture quantitatively and qualitatively midway between those two groups. Infants delivered by cesarean section within three hours of membrane rupture may not need prophylactic eyedrops because of the type and scarcity of conjunctival bacteria. PMID- 3177566 TI - Course and outcome of ocular sarcoidosis. AB - In a series of 281 patients with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis, 79 initially had ophthalmic sarcoid manifestations. Of 22 patients with uveitis, 21 were seen regularly as long as the inflammation was active, and 71 of the 79 patients (90%) underwent a follow-up study five to 16 years (mean, nine years) later and using the same protocol. In the 21 patients with uveitis, the disease exhibited either a monophasic course (eight patients) with favorable visual outcome or a relapsing course (13 patients) with severe visual loss in five eyes. Thirty-three patients showed chronic ophthalmic changes at the follow-up examination, including conjunctival granulomas (13 patients), lacrimal gland involvement (22 patients), uveitis (four patients), and involvement of lacrimal passages (three patients). In 15 of these 33 patients, the general physical examination and the chest x-ray showed no evidence of systemic sarcoidosis. However, the serum angiotensin converting enzyme level was increased in a significantly greater proportion of these 15 patients than in the patients assessed as totally recovered from sarcoidosis. PMID- 3177567 TI - Treatment of scleritis with combined oral prednisone and indomethacin therapy. AB - Six patients with diffuse or nodular scleritis that did not respond satisfactorily to oral indomethacin or prednisone used alone required a combination of these two drugs to achieve a complete clinical response. In our patients, the total daily doses of prednisone when used alone ranged from 40 to 100 mg, and the total daily doses of indomethacin when used alone ranged from 100 to 200 mg. Use of combination therapy with prednisone in total daily doses ranging from 10 to 60 mg as well as indomethacin in total daily doses ranging from 50 to 150 mg resulted in a complete clinical response. The corticosteroid saving effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents allowed the use of lower doses of corticosteroids, thereby decreasing the risk of serious systemic side effects. PMID- 3177568 TI - Quantifying visual field damage caused by cataract. AB - We studied the influence of cataracts on visual fields in 36 eyes of 36 patients before and after cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation. Lens opacity was quantified with a slit-lamp system. The influence of cataracts on the visual fields was slightly but statistically significantly larger in the central than in the midperipheral region. Lens opacity had a high correlation with the visual field changes and moderate but still significant correlation with changes in visual acuity. Measurement of stray light back scattered from the cataractous lens allowed prediction of the influence of cataract on the visual field. PMID- 3177569 TI - Balancing the benefits and risks of intracameral thrombin. PMID- 3177570 TI - Aqueous flare and cell meter in iridocyclitis. PMID- 3177571 TI - The effect of bromocriptine on anterior uveitis. PMID- 3177572 TI - Unusual chorioretinal degeneration associated with sarcoidosis. PMID- 3177573 TI - Zonular encroachment on the anterior capsular zonular-free zone. PMID- 3177575 TI - Visual loss caused by subretinal hemorrhage and rupture of Bruch's membrane after digital ocular massage. PMID- 3177574 TI - Goniosynechialysis for secondary angle-closure glaucoma after previously failed filtering procedures. PMID- 3177577 TI - A new instrument for monitored posterior transscleral drainage. PMID- 3177576 TI - The effect of fluorescein on various light-dependent blood glucose analyzers. PMID- 3177578 TI - Administration of eyedrops in facial palsy. PMID- 3177579 TI - A simple test for detection of monocular functional visual impairment. PMID- 3177580 TI - Three-dimensional computed tomography in orbital osteoma. PMID- 3177582 TI - Clinical findings and common symptoms in retinitis pigmentosa. PMID- 3177581 TI - Superotemporal coloboma of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. PMID- 3177583 TI - Management of anterior chamber depth after trabeculectomy. PMID- 3177584 TI - Lens-induced fixation disparity curves. AB - Change in fixation disparity was measured as lens sphere power was changed at distance and near on a young adult population. The results were graphed to yield a lens-induced fixation disparity curve. The lens curves found were grouped into four basic types (A through D). Two types (A and B) had increasing eso fixation disparity with increasing minus lens power. Type C had little change in fixation disparity with any change in lens power, whereas type D had an initial increase and then no further change with increasing minus power. In addition, approximately 74% of the 38-subject sample had different curve types at distance and near. Possible clinical uses of the lens-induced fixation disparity curve include the prescribing of near additions for pre-presbyopes based on measures of the binocular vergence response to various lens sphere combinations. PMID- 3177586 TI - Stereopsis in presbyopes wearing monovision and simultaneous vision bifocal contact lenses. AB - One of the advantages suggested for contact lens bifocals over monovision treatment of presbyopia is that there may be less impairment of binocular function. We evaluated nearpoint stereoposis on the Titmus stereotest for 10 presbyopic patients. Testing was done under five conditions; monovision and binocular correction with each of four marketed simultaneous bifocal contact lenses. Simultaneous vision bifocals tested produced at least as much reduction in stereopsis as monovision compared to baseline spectacle correction. Repeat testing of bifocal stereopsis with best near over-refraction suggested that a substantial portion of the stereo reduction could be attributed to insufficient effective adds with the bifocal contacts. PMID- 3177585 TI - Edge shape and comfort of rigid lenses. AB - One of the main factors determining the comfort of a rigid contact lens is the shape of the edge. The comfort of four different contact lens edge shapes was assessed with four unadapted subjects in a randomized masked trial. Lenses with well rounded anterior edge profiles were found to be significantly more comfortable than lenses with square anterior edges. There was no significant difference in subjective comfort between a rounded and square posterior edge profile. The results suggest that the interaction of the edge with the eyelid is more important in determining comfort than edge effects on the cornea, when lenses are fitted according to a corneal alignment philosophy. PMID- 3177588 TI - Stereoacuity testing: an illusion of tilt when viewing two parallel vertical rods or lines. AB - When stereoacuity was measured, some subjects (but not all) saw the two vertical rods of the test to be tilted. The perceived tilt indicated that the top of a rod was nearer to or farther from the observer than the bottom. Sometimes one rod appeared tilted and sometimes both. It was rare for both to appear tilted in the same direction. There are 9 possible tilt combinations including both rods vertical. All were observed but only 1 of the 3 subjects observed them all. In some instances, the frequency with which a particular tilt combination was seen was influenced by which rod was nearer and by the binocular disparity presented by the rods. During a stereoacuity test, tilt can confuse the identification of the nearer rod. Uncertainty is avoided by regarding the middle of the rods. Lines drawn on paper were also seen to tilt by some subjects. PMID- 3177587 TI - Tear pH, air pollution, and contact lenses. AB - We analyzed the tear pH of a random sample of 100 subjects, divided into 3 groups according to the stability of their precorneal tear film (normal eyes, borderline; and dry eyes). The average pH value obtained was 7.52. The pH for borderline and dry eyes was higher than for normal eyes. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of air pollution, specifically sulfur dioxide (SO2), on the tear pH. We found that air pollution affected the lacrimal pH, which decreased when the atmospheric SO2 increased. Finally, we studied the effect of soft contact lens wear on tear pH after 7 days of contact lens adaptation by assessing the tear pH decrease. We took into account the influence of the sex and age of subjects on the results obtained. PMID- 3177589 TI - Effect of reinforcement on infants' performance in a preferential looking acuity task. AB - Two experiments examined the effect of reinforcement on infants' performance in a preferential looking acuity task. In experiment 1, performance of 3- and 5-month old infants was assessed under three conditions. In one condition, reinforcement was contingent upon performance. In another, no reinforcement was provided. In the last condition, reinforcement was provided, but it was not contingent upon performance. Similar performance was observed in all three conditions. In experiment 2, 7-month-olds were tested in the first and second conditions. No differences in performance were observed between these two groups. Thus, the reinforcement used in preferential looking measurements does not appear to improve performance significantly for 3- to 7-month-old infants. Several interpretations of these results are presented. The most plausible is that performance under nonreinforced conditions is already nearly optimal, so the addition of reinforcement has little impact. General implications for estimates of infant visual sensitivity in the laboratory and clinic are discussed. PMID- 3177590 TI - Laser-induced chromatic adaptation. AB - Detecting a target in a visually noisy back-ground depends on the ability of the observer to discriminate the target from the surrounding terrain. Visible laser irradiation at less than damage levels may act as a masking source by reducing the observer's ability to resolve differences in the visual scene. The experiment reported here specifically investigates the comparability of shuttered CW and Q switched visible lasers to alter/degrade color discrimination. Visual evoked potentials (VEP's) were used to examine the short time course effects in monkeys of luminance-matched flashes from a 694 nm ruby Q-switched laser and 100 ms shuttered krypton CW laser (676, 568, and 531 nm lines). The test stimulus was a shifting pattern of alternating luminance-matched 510 and 550 nm green bars. With flashes equated to 4.8 log T-s, similar flash effect curves were seen, demonstrating 1.5-s changes in response magnitude. This level of flash did not extinguish the response to the stimulus. The flash effects curve was "W"-shaped, with an intermediate signal peak occurring at approximately 500 ms after the flash and whose level exceeded the baseline magnitude. The hypothesized mechanism for this result is an induced luminance imbalance caused by a transient shift in the peak color responsiveness of the visual system, which recovers with two different time constants. It is concluded that red and green colored laser flashes shift the color balance transiently in the visual system (yellow flashes to a lesser extent); thus, targets may change both hue and brightness after an observer receives colored flashes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177591 TI - Elasticity of the bovine sclera measured with real-time holographic interferometry. AB - Real-time holographic interferometry was used to evaluate the elasticity of the posterior scleral hemisphere of fresh and preserved enucleated bovine eyes. Absolute amplitude values of radial distension were determined for specific locations across the sclera as the tissue was subjected to minute increases in intraocular pressure (IOP). Results indicate that different locations on the globe possess different coefficients of elasticity. Specifically, the supralateral aspect of the posterior globe distended relatively more than the inframedial and medial portions of the globe. Elastic moduli were derived by an areal method in which strain was measured as a change in surface area of the globe, and stress was measured as a change in IOP. Coefficients of elasticity in the range of 3.9 to 9.0 megapascals (MPa) were determined for locations across the posterior scleral hemisphere of the fresh eye used in this study. PMID- 3177592 TI - Matrix methods for the evaluation of lens systems with radial gradient-index elements. AB - Matrix methods have been used to examine the paraxial performance of homogeneous systems. This method has been extended to include the presence of gradient lens elements in the optical array. To accomplish this, an inhomogeneous rotation translation matrix is developed to describe the path of a ray through the lens elements with quadratic radial index gradients. The system matrix elements are then used to predict the paraxial properties of the array. Three examples are examined: the Wood lens, two thin lenses coupled to a radial gradient index rod, and a model of the human eye which contains a radial gradient index crystalline lens. PMID- 3177593 TI - Women optometry students: how qualified? AB - This study compares the academic and personal qualifications of women and men entering the University of Houston College of Optometry (UHCO) over a 6-year period, as well as the performance of these women and men throughout 4 years of optometry school. As predicted, women, as a group, presented somewhat higher grade point averages (GPA's) upon application to optometry, whereas men presented higher scores on science, especially physics, and math sections of the Optometry College Admission Test (OCAT). Women also scored significantly higher on an inventory of positive personality traits generally associated with achievement in higher education. Despite these differences, women and men performed at essentially equivalent levels throughout optometry school, both in the classroom and in the clinic. Women were under-represented as dropouts and over-represented as summa cum laude graduates; men received more clinical performance awards. In terms of personality traits, women were more similar to their male peers and female medical students than to college women in general. Strong motivation to achieve, independence, self-confidence, interpersonal skillfulness, and a sensitivity to others--traits generally associated with leadership--typified optometry students, especially women. These findings suggest that the increasing numbers of women graduates will bring to the profession young optometrists who are well qualified, not only to practice optometry, but also to fill positions of leadership in the profession. PMID- 3177594 TI - Calculating refractive index. PMID- 3177595 TI - RGP lens binding. PMID- 3177596 TI - Relation between horizontal and vertical phorias. PMID- 3177597 TI - Immunohistochemical study of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. II. Enhancement of immunostaining using formic acid pretreatment of tissue sections. AB - Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a biochemically heterogeneous entity most commonly associated with stroke syndromes, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down's syndrome, and miscellaneous neurologic conditions. The authors have applied and extended (using formic acid pretreatment of histologic sections) an immunocytochemical technique that used antibody to a synthetic 28-amino acid peptide representing a segment of the AD amyloid precursor, to study CAA and related parenchymal amyloid deposits in brain tissues originally derived from: 1) patients with CAA with or without typical clinicopathologic features of AD, cerebral hemorrhage, and infarcts; 2) a young boy with angiocentric brain amyloid; 3) patients with familial (Icelandic, Dutch) forms of cerebral hemorrhage caused by CAA; and 4) Japanese patients with nonfamilial CAA-related brain hemorrhage, sometimes associated with histopathology characteristic of AD. Formic acid pretreatment of sections resulted in markedly enhanced staining of senile plaque core and microvascular, especially capillary, amyloid, and some apparent staining of the neuritic component of senile plaques. Perivascular halos of immunoreactive material were observed frequently. Neurofibrillary tangles were not immunolabeled, nor were blood vessels or any parenchymal components within cerebral white matter. CAA in Japanese patients with nonfamilial encephalic hemorrhages appeared immunocytochemically identical to AD-related CAA. Arterioles in brains that had severe CAA frequently showed significant stenosis of their lumina by nonamyloid hyaline or cellular material. PMID- 3177598 TI - Evaluation of the contribution of tannin to the acute pulmonary inflammatory response against inhaled cotton mill dust. AB - Anesthetized, intubated, and mechanically ventilated rabbits were exposed to aerosolized saline, cotton dust extract (CDE), or tannin for 5 minutes and lavaged 4 hours after exposure. Cell numbers and types present in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined and the concentrations of thromboxane A2 (TxA2) and prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha) in the BALF were also analyzed. The saline control animals had increased numbers and percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the BALF as well as increased levels of TxB2 and PGF2-alpha compared with unexposed animals. Exposure to CDE further increased the number and percentage of PMN and the level of PGF2-alpha but had no effect on TxA2 levels when compared with control animals. Tannin exposure increased PGF2-alpha levels to the same extent as CDE exposure. PMN also increased but to a lesser extent than with CDE. These results indicate that the inflammatory response to CDE is only partially due to the tannin present in CDE. PMID- 3177600 TI - The subarachnoid shunt for Meniere's disease: sixteen years' experience. AB - One hundred forty patients have been treated at the Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee for Meniere's disease over a 16-year period, using an endolymphatic sac-subarachnoid shunt. Emphasis was placed on surgical methods, including compression of the sigmoid sinus with bone wax during surgery, facial nerve identification, and coverage of the sac with vein tissue. Satisfactory follow-up was accomplished in 66% of patients. Results were reported according to the criteria of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology (1972). Control of attacks was accomplished in 83% of cases; median pure tone average (PTA) was 49 dB preoperatively and 54 dB postoperatively. Speech discrimination was 78% preoperatively and 69% postoperatively. Sixty-eight patients (51%) were graded as class A or B. Sixty-six (49%) were class C or D. Twenty-three patients (17%) were A+. Absence of nasal allergy and the presence of fluctuation of hearing appeared to indicate a more favorable outcome. PMID- 3177599 TI - Calcium-acidic phospholipid-phosphate complexes in human hydroxyapatite containing pathologic deposits. AB - The deposition of calcium-containing crystals in tissues is due to a combination of factors: elevation in the concentrations of precipitating ions, formation of specific nucleators, and removal of macromolecules that inhibit crystal deposition. This study tested the hypothesis that calcium acidic phospholipid phosphate complexes, which promote hydroxyapatite deposition both in vitro and in vivo, are associated only with hydroxyapatite deposits, and furthermore, that the presence of these complexes is associated with all such hydroxyapatite deposits. Lipid analysis of 76 surgical specimens containing evidence of pathologic calcification (35 hydroxyapatite, 35 calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate, and 6 containing other crystalline materials) had mean complexed acidic phospholipid contents of 8.7, 1, and 0.012, (microgram/mg demineralized dry weight) respectively. Tissues that contained larger, more perfect hydroxyapatite crystals based on x-ray diffraction analyses, had a higher complexed acidic phospholipid content (7.5 +/- 4 micrograms/mg demineralized dry weight, N = 16) than tissues with poorly crystallized hydroxyapatite (3.9 +/- 2 micrograms/mg, N = 11). Histologically, tissues containing larger crystals were characterized by cell or tissue necrosis. Poorly crystalline deposits were found in tissues showing little or no evidence of cell necrosis or tissue degeneration. PMID- 3177601 TI - Perilymphatic fistula: a New Hampshire experience. AB - Thirty-five patients with perilymphatic fistulas (PLFs) are presented. Of this group of 35 patients (39 ears), 4 patients did not have fistulas that could be observed with certainty but were presumed to have fistulas by virtue of their excellent response to surgical repair. Our case reports provide examples of the great variety and possible classifications of presentations and symptom complexes that lead one to suspect the diagnosis of perilymphatic fistula. Comments on diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and on postoperative care and counseling are included. The age range of patients in our series is 3 to 67 years. Four patients are under age 20, and an additional three patients probably developed their symptoms prior to age 20 but presented later. Twenty-three (79%) of 29 patients with spontaneous PLFs began having symptoms closely related to some event involving physical or mechanical stress, and a high percentage (76%) had symptoms aggravated by physical stress. Six are believed to have fistulas of congenital origin. There is a sibling pair and a mother and son in the series; these four people had bilateral fistulas. PMID- 3177603 TI - Conservative treatment of tinnitus in Meniere's disease. AB - Meniere's disease is a three-symptom malady. Vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus, in order of their importance, are the three symptoms. Tinnitus in active Meniere's disease is not of major importance to the patient. Tinnitus in "burnt out" Meniere's disease often becomes the primary complaint. In most cases, the tinnitus of burnt-out Meniere's disease can be relieved easily by the masking afforded through the use of hearing aids. PMID- 3177602 TI - Prostaglandins in human cholesteatoma and granulation tissue. AB - Bone resorption is a common finding in chronic otitis media with or without cholesteatoma. The etiology of bone resorption in chronic otitis media is still not clear. Bone-resorbing activity of prostaglandins (PGs) has been well known. PGE-like material has been detected in granulation tissue. However, there have been no reports on the comprehensive study of PGs in cholesteatomas or granulation tissue. The purpose of this study is to show that PGs are synthesized in the middle ear tissue and to report concentrations of PGs in cholesteatomas and granulation tissue. Samples of cholesteatoma and granulation tissues were obtained at the time of tympanomastoidectomies. Prostaglandin synthesizing activity was determined by incubating tissue with labeled arachidonic acid (precursor of PGs) and radiochromatography. Levels of PGs were determined by radioimmunoassay. Arachidonic acid metabolites produced in cholesteatoma and granulation tissue included PGE2; 6-keto-PGF1 alpha; PGF2 alpha; PGD2; and 5-, 12 , and 15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (HETE). Levels of PGE2 were 2.6 times higher in cholesteatoma (106.8 +/- 46 ng/g) than in granulation tissue (41.0 +/- 14.3 ng/g). Levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha were two times higher in granulation tissue (89.0 +/- 27.0 ng/g) than in cholesteatoma. Levels of thromboxane B2 were two times higher in cholesteatoma than in granulation tissue. The results of this study demonstrate that cholesteatoma and granulation tissues actively synthesize PGs and contain high concentrations of them. Since PGs are locally active hormones, the presence of PGs indicates an active role for PGs in the pathogenesis of chronic otitis media with bone resorption. PMID- 3177604 TI - Unanswered questions concerning the indication for cochlear implant. AB - In a discussion of the function of cochlear implant (CI), the following criteria should be mentioned: (1) If possible, all deaf persons (including the prelingually deaf and children) should benefit from CI. (2) Since the number of patients with late deafness is doubtlessly decreasing with better prevention and medical care (elimination of ototoxic damage, decrease of iatrogenic deafness), the percentage distribution of the deaf will be displaced in favor of the prelingually deaf. At present, the ratio of cases of late deafness to those of prelingual deafness among our CI candidates is 1:3. (3) The objective of CI must be to provide the advantage of the procedure to children as early as possible. This means that under certain circumstances a technique that is as low in risks as possible and with a handy implement should already have been used in patients at the age of 3 to 4 years. PMID- 3177606 TI - Cholesteatoma surgery: open vs closed tympanoplasty. AB - The purpose of this report is to compare closed tympanoplasty (canal wall up) and open tympanoplasty (canal wall down) performed in ears with extensive cholesteatoma operated on and followed up during the past 11 years. The study has demonstrated that there are no significant differences between open and closed tympanoplasties in terms of both postoperative subjective problems and auditory results. The only definite difference relates to recurring cholesteatoma: canal wall-up operations are complicated by recurrence of cholesteatoma in a not insignificant number of ears and require a planned two-stage procedure in all the cases. By contrast, the postoperative clinical course of open tympanoplasties has been only rarely affected by cholesteatomatous complications. It is concluded that reduction of cholesteatoma recurrence to the greatest degree possible necessitates removal of the canal wall. Open tympanoplasty is an effective alternative for closed tympanoplasty in all cases in which there is a contraindication to preserving the canal wall and in all patients whose medical or social conditions prevent scheduling an operation in more stages. PMID- 3177605 TI - Histologic findings in two very small intracanalicular solitary schwannomas of the eighth nerve: II. "Onion bulbs". AB - An "onion bulb" is a descriptive histologic term referring to concentric layers of Schwann cell processes about a myelinated nerve fiber. Between the layers of Schwann cells are increased amounts of longitudinally oriented collagen fibers. It is thought that onion bulbs form as a result of sequential segmental demyelination and remyelination attempts. This process can become so severe that the myelinated fiber loses its myelin and ultimately degenerates; however, many fibers remain viable and thinly myelinated. The physiologic effect of "onion bulbs" is to markedly decrease conduction velocity in the fiber affected. In the auditory system, incompletely myelinated cochlear nerve fibers in the infant and in patients with multiple sclerosis show delays of the auditory evoked potential latencies and psychoacoustic retrocochlear patterns. No anatomic substrate has been identified for these auditory tests patterns in the acoustic tumor (solitary schwannoma of the eighth nerve). Two very small intracanalicular acoustic tumors were resected en bloc with the nerve of origin, serially sectioned, stained for neural tissue, and studied by light microscopy. In both tumors, histologic findings consistent with onion bulb formation were discovered about some of the myelinated nerve fibers found deeply incorporated in the tumor mass. These findings suggest that demyelination, perhaps with the formation of onion bulbs, may be a histopathologic correlate for retrocochlear dysfunction seen in acoustic tumors. PMID- 3177607 TI - An otologic informed consent. PMID- 3177608 TI - Management of recurrent facial paralysis. PMID- 3177609 TI - Routine intraoperative facial nerve monitoring during otologic surgery. AB - We have used intraoperative monitoring and stimulation of facial nerve function routinely in 301 consecutive otologic and neurotologic cases. The device has been safe, simple to use, and practical. Facial contraction is detected by a strain gauge sensor in the corner of the mouth and is signalled audibly to the surgeon. Electrical stimulation of the facial nerve can be delivered through a sterile probe, which produces a constant-current-square-wave impulse. The device has several advantages: it signals unintentional mechanical stimulation of the facial nerve during surgery; it allows mapping of the nerve through soft tissue, tumor, and bone; it predicts dehiscences in the bony covering of the nerve; and it allows confirmation of the electrical integrity of the nerve before and after surgery. In this paper we present a technical description of the device, relevant intraoperative electrical measurements, and illustrative case examples. Although the device does not replace anatomic knowledge and surgical ability, it provides a margin of security during ear surgery. This system for intraoperative facial monitoring is practical, and the authors encourage its routine use. PMID- 3177610 TI - Delayed endolymphatic hydrops syndrome after heavy exposure to impulse noise. AB - This study reports otoneurologic findings in 18 senior army officers with noise induced hearing loss, balance disturbance, and history of long exposure to impulse noise from firearms. Most of the patients had symptoms resembling those of Meniere's disease. The risk of Meniere-type symptoms appears to be significantly higher among impulse-noise-exposed professional soldiers than in the normal population. The possibility of endolymphatic hydrops as the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism is discussed in light of recent observations. PMID- 3177611 TI - Closed versus obliteration technique in cholesteatoma surgery. AB - In 533 surgical procedures for cholesteatoma, a closed technique was used in 60%, an obliteration technique with Palva flap was used in 35%, and an open technique was used in 5%. The closed technique has been done in stages in the authors' institution since 1973. The obliteration technique was only staged if the mesotympanum was dissected. In some cases, the Palva flap was partially lifted from the bone to check posterior cavities. A closed technique in one stage provided intact tympanic membrane in 97% of cases, but retraction pocket occurred in 25%; ABG was within 20 dB in 68% of ears if the stapes was intact and in 40% if crura were missing. Obliteration technique in one stage (if the mesotympanum was normal) provided intact tympanic membrane in 100% of cases, but one late residual cholesteatoma under the flap eroded the semicircular canal after 5 years. ABG within 20 dB was achieved in 68% of the ears if the stapes was intact and in 40% if crura were missing. Closed technique in two stages with Silastic sheeting achieved intact tympanic membrane in 97% of the ears. Residual cholesteatoma was removed at the second stage in 24% of the ears. ABG within 20 dB was achieved in 57% of the ears if stapes was intact and in 52% if crura were missing. Ten percent of the ears underwent an obliteration transformation at the second stage because of large mesotympanum cholesteatoma or retraction pocket. Late retraction pockets were observed in 10% of cases. Obliteration technique in two stages provided an intact tympanic membrane in 96.8% of the ears.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177612 TI - Acute acoustic trauma: dynamics of hearing loss following cessation of exposure. AB - The natural history of individuals with acute acoustic trauma who ceased to be exposed to impact noise was examined. Retrospective follow-up was carried out for 4 years on patients who were qualified as disabled following acoustic trauma with permanent threshold shift. Eight hundred forty-one individuals (1682 ears) were examined, of which 1514 ears with acoustic trauma were included in the study group; 150 individuals (300 ears) who continued to be exposed to impact noise even after discovery of acoustic trauma comprised the control group. In the latter, as long as exposure to gunfire continued, the severity of acoustic trauma increased. In the study group, during the first year after injury, changes were observed in hearing, whether improvement or deterioration; after this period, hearing loss appeared to be final. We suggest that, after 1 year following acute acoustic trauma, the associated hearing loss be considered as final, provided there is no further exposure to noise. This finding holds great importance from the medicolegal standpoint, an aspect that is unclear in the literature. It clarifies that beyond the period of 1 year after initial exposure, the pathologic process ceases (as long as there is no additional exposure to noise or gunfire). Further hearing deterioration beyond this period is not related to the initial acoustic trauma but rather to other factors. PMID- 3177613 TI - Incidence of otosclerosis. AB - On the basis of data obtained from different sources, the incidence of clinical otosclerosis in Sweden in the year 1981 was estimated to be 6.1 cases per 100,000 population. This figure is lower than others reported previously. The annual incidence of stapedectomies is 8.3 per 100,000 population. PMID- 3177614 TI - Psychologic evolution of patients with Meniere's disease in relation to therapy. AB - The state of anxiety experienced by menieric patients indicates the importance of the psychologic component in this disease. Uncertainties as to the type of treatment that is actually curative for this disease have put doubts on the favorable outcome for patients referred for endolymphatic shunt procedures; some clinicians claim that in such cases surgery simply had a psychologic support function. To evaluate the effectiveness of such a statement, the authors have studied three groups of patients: patients who underwent surgery; patients who underwent medical treatment; and nonmenieric, otosclerotic subjects prior to surgery as a control group. The first group was further divided into subjects with and without improvement after surgery. The following personality tests were used: Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory, reduced version; Adjective Check List; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; and Symptom Check List. The results relative to the whole menieric group show a tendency toward a state of dysphoria and more striking somatizations than in the otosclerotic group. In regard to the distinction between operated and nonoperated patients, the former group showed a personality with a strong neurotic trait associated with dysphoria and a state of free anxiety tending toward hypochondria. The outcome of the operation (improvement of the vertigo) does not seem to influence the personality of the subjects, even though there are signs of higher anxiety levels than in subjects without improvement. PMID- 3177615 TI - Use of disposable ear canal electrodes in auditory brainstem response testing. AB - In this study a disposable ear canal electrode and stimulus delivery system (the Enhancer l) was evaluated for its clinical utility and the observed enhancement of the auditory brainstem response Wave I with its use. Data were collected from normally and abnormally hearing subjects, with both the conventional forehead-to mastoid electrode array and the forehead-to-ear canal electrode arrangement provided by the Enhancer I ear canal electrode setup. For the normally hearing group, simultaneous acquisition of forehead-to-ipsilateral ear canal and forehead to-ipsilateral mastoid electrode linkages was obtained. For the abnormally hearing subjects, a comparison was made between the Enhancer I system and the conventional forehead-to-mastoid electrode configuration used with a TDH-49 transducer for click delivery. Our findings indicate that Wave I was enhanced substantially when using the disposable ear canal electrode compared with the more conventional forehead-to-mastoid electrode configuration for both normally and abnormally hearing subjects. The Enhancer I electrode evaluated in this study proved to be painless for the subjects and extremely easy to use, requiring no more time in subject preparation than the more common surface recording electrode application. PMID- 3177616 TI - Otorrhea during transtympanal ventilation. AB - The authors followed 1685 transtympanal ventilation tubes during at least 6 months. In 10.4% of the cases, otorrhea was noticed; it formed a serious problem in 3.1% of the ears. It was more frequent in younger children: 20.8% under 2 years vs 7% above 6 years. It was more frequent (25%) in patients with a history of recurrent acute otitis media, especially if they had associated otorrhea. PMID- 3177617 TI - Tympanoplasty: a 5-year review of results using the a la demanda (AAD) technique. AB - The effectiveness of different surgical procedures to eradicate cholesteatoma in the middle ear was studied. The author reviewed 1405 cases conducted during 10 years (1974 to 1984) and found that the most important causes of failure are pocket cholesteatoma and residual cholesteatoma. With the goal of diminishing these factors, a la demanda (AAD) technique has been used for the past 5 years, with optimistic results--only 2.4% failures during this period. Other causes of failures have also been studied. The evolution of the surgical technique has had two orientations: to improve the results and to eliminate the failures. In the author's clinic there has been a percentage of failures, which has motivated an orientation toward more resolutive and destructive instead of conservative, techniques. PMID- 3177619 TI - A medical management for Meniere's disease. PMID- 3177618 TI - Audiometric configuration as a reflection of diabetes. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not a rising, progressively improving (RPI) sensorineural hearing loss from lower toward higher frequencies might be related to or serve as an indicator or predictor of diabetes. Forty-five subjects between the ages of 21 and 79, demonstrating a RPI audiometric pattern, were considered for a 5-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Based on the National Diabetes Data Group standard, results showed that diabetes mellitus appeared in seven subjects; five subjects had impaired glucose tolerance; and nine subjects had mild but nondiagnostic glucose intolerance. Relatively normal glucose values were demonstrated by 53% of subjects. There may be some value in an RPI audiometric pattern as an indicator or early detection sign for diabetes, but further research is necessary before such conclusions can be drawn. PMID- 3177620 TI - Management of incomplete recovery following facial nerve repair. PMID- 3177621 TI - Dependence of stress on length, Ca2+, and myosin phosphorylation in skinned smooth muscle. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of developed stress and tissue length (and presumably filament overlap) on stress hysteresis in skinned vascular smooth muscle. Stress hysteresis is defined as the level of "extra" stress maintained with reduced myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation after decreasing the [Ca2+] from a higher to a lower concentration and was postulated to reflect the formation of dephosphorylated, attached, slowly cycling latch bridges in smooth muscle. Detergent skinned tissues of swine carotid media were used for measurement of isometric force and MLC phosphorylation levels. The tissues were either contracted with various [Ca2+] or were first contracted with 7-10 microM Ca2+ and then exposed to a lower [Ca2+]. These two protocols were used at three tissue lengths; 0.7, 1.0, and 1.4 times the optimum length for force development (Lo). The following results were obtained: 1) the order of developed stress was 1.0 greater than 1.4 greater than 0.7 Lo; 2) the Ca2+ sensitivity of developed stress was similar at 0.7 and 1.0 Lo and decreased at 1.4 Lo; 3) the Ca2+ sensitivity and relative magnitude of stress hysteresis were similar at 0.7 and 1.0 Lo with no evidence of stress hysteresis at 1.4 Lo; and 4) the relationship between stress and MLC phosphorylation was affected by tissue length, but the Ca2+ sensitivity of MLC phosphorylation was not. These results suggest that stress maintenance by dephosphorylated crossbridges may be abolished at 1.4 Lo and that the active stress-MLC phosphorylation relationship is altered at long tissue lengths. PMID- 3177622 TI - Ouabain uptake by endocytosis in isolated guinea pig atria. AB - Mammalian cells specifically internalize some molecular species through receptor mediated endocytosis (RME). We have used four different experimental protocols to investigate whether ouabain enters cardiac cells of guinea pig atrium through this pathway. First, by electron microscope morphometry we found that ouabain increased endocytic vesicles in atrial cells. Second, by scintillation counting we found that [3H]ouabain uptake by the tissue is decreased by three treatments that decrease RME, i.e., NH4Cl, trifluoperazine, and 16 mM [K+]0. Third, by radioautography at the electron microscope level, we checked that in preceding experiments [3H]ouabain was washed out of plasma membrane after 60-min rinse and interiorized into the cardiac cells. Fourth, isometric tension recordings showed that the positive inotropic effect of ouabain was diminished in the presence of inhibitors, whereas that of a hydrophobic analogue, ouabagenin, was not affected. These results suggest that ouabain enters cardiac cells through RME and also that an intracellular site may, at least in part, be responsible for its inotropic effect. PMID- 3177623 TI - Na+-coupled sugar transport: membrane potential-dependent Km and Ki for Na+. AB - Kinetic analysis of the characteristics of phlorizin binding and of the Na+, sugar, and potential dependence of alpha-methylglucoside (alpha-MG) influx into isolated avian intestinal cells has pointed toward two alternative models for the transport mechanism (D. Restrepo and G. A. Kimmich, J. Membr. Biol. 89: 269-280, 1986). One of these models envisions a potential-dependent Na+ binding event (Na+ well concept) as a part of the molecular mechanism. The data reported here show that the apparent Km for Na+ for sugar transport is sharply dependent on the magnitude of the membrane potential. When intracellular Na+ is absent, the maximal velocity (Vmax) achieved for sugar influx is the same with or without a potential, although Vmax is obtained at a lower Na+ concentration when a potential is imposed (interior negative). Intracellular Na+ severely inhibits the influx of sugar in the absence of a potential, but this effect is largely overcome when a potential is present. The Vmax obtained when intracellular Na+ is present is a function of the potential. These results are consistent with a transport model in which Na+ binding to the Na+-dependent sugar carrier at the extracellular surface of the membrane and debinding at the inner surface of the membrane are both potential-dependent events. PMID- 3177624 TI - K+ transport and membrane potentials in isolated rat parotid acini. AB - 42K+ transport properties of isolated rat parotid acini were characterized concomitant with measurements of membrane potentials (Em) by means of the fluorescent dye diSC3-(5). In unstimulated acini suspended in a 5 mM K+ buffer, Em was governed by the K+ and Cl- gradients and amounted to about -59 mV, a value that remained unaffected on cholinergic stimulation. In unstimulated acini, 42K+ influx was largely mediated by the Na+-K+ pump, and the residual influxes were mediated by a bumetanide-sensitive component (cotransport system) and by K+ channels. Efflux of 42K+ was largely mediated by a bumetanide-sensitive component and by K+ channels. In the unstimulated state, the cotransport system was mediating K+-K+ exchange without contributing to the net uptake of K+. Within 10 s after stimulation, a approximately 10-fold increase in the acinar K+ conductance (gK) occurred, resulting in a rapid net efflux of K+ that amounted to approximately 3.8 mmol.l cells-1.s-1. Measurements of 42K+ fluxes as a function of the external K+ concentration revealed that in the stimulated state gK increases when external K+ is raised from 0.7 to 10 mM, consistent with an activation of acinar gK by the binding of external K+ to the channel. 42K+ flux ratios as well as the effect of the K+ channel inhibitor from scorpion venom (LQV) suggest that approximately 90% of K+ transport in the stimulated state is mediated by "maxi" K+ channels. PMID- 3177626 TI - Cell cycle dependence of inositol phosphate levels in neuroblastoma cells. AB - To investigate the timing of inositol lipid turnover in relation to the cell cycle, inositol phosphates and lipids were measured in neuroblastoma (Neuro-2A) cells that were prelabeled with [3H]inositol and synchronized by a mitotic shakeoff technique. Distinct early and late phases of inositol phosphate production were identified. The early peak occurs between the 2nd and 4th hour after mitosis near the G1/S transition. A later peak occurs around the peak of S phase (DNA synthesis) at 7-8 h after mitosis. These findings suggest that activation of phosphatidylinositol turnover generates signals that play a role in cell cycle progression. PMID- 3177627 TI - Heat production of rat anococcygeus muscle during isometric contraction. AB - Heat production, unloaded shortening velocity (Vus), and load-bearing capacity (LBC) were studied in the isolated rat anococcygeus muscle during isometric contractions at 27 degrees C. The relation between the total suprabasal heat produced and the stress-time integral for isometric contractions of various durations was curvilinear, demonstrating a decreasing slope as contractile duration increased. The rate of heat production at 600 s was approximately 68% of the peak value of 6.55 mW/g that occurred at 10 s. At the same time, force rose from a mean of 92 mN/mm2 at 10 s to a value of 140 mN/mm2 at 600 s. This produced a nearly threefold increase in the economy of force maintenance. The decline in the rate of heat production was accompanied by a decline in Vus from 0.56 Lo/s at 10 s to 0.28 Lo/s at 600 s, where Lo is the length for optimal force development. This suggests the fall in the rate of heat production was caused, at least in part, by a slowing of cross-bridge kinetics. The ratio of LBC to developed tension at 10 s was not significantly different from the ratio at 600 s, suggesting that the increase in tension was due to an increased number of attached cross bridges. The decline in heat production, therefore, appears contradictory, since an increased number of attached cross bridges would predict an increased rate of energy expenditure. The observations can be reconciled if either 1) the increase in force is caused by a progressive increase in the attachment time of a constant number of cross bridges that cycle at a lower frequency or 2) the decline in energy expenditure caused by the slowing of cross bridge cycling is sufficient to mask the increase caused by the recruitment of additional cross bridges. PMID- 3177625 TI - Hemin increases aerobic capacity of cultured regenerating skeletal myotubes. AB - Regeneration of damaged, mature muscle occurs by differentiation of satellite cells. In culture, satellite cell myoblasts proliferate, align, and fuse to form cross-striated, contracting myotubes. The biochemical changes and the factors that regulate differentiation in satellite cells have not been investigated previously. We report here that no significant differences in glucose uptake rate or glucose oxidation rate were observed between regenerating myoblasts and myotubes, whereas the aerobic oxidation of palmitic acid increased 7.3-fold between these differentiation states. Specific activities of enzymes of critical importance in aerobic metabolism or in production of ATP were increased 2- to 3.5 fold during fusion. Addition of 20 microM hemin to regenerating muscle cultures potentiated the aerobic capacity as evidenced by a 23.6% increase in palmitate oxidation rate. Hemin also increased the specific activities of all nonheme enzymes investigated with the exception of phosphofructokinase. This augmentation of aerobic metabolism together with the time frame of active muscle differentiation suggests a complex role for hemin in myogenesis. PMID- 3177628 TI - Chronic stimulation of mammalian muscle: changes in metabolite concentrations in individual fibers. AB - Single fibers were analyzed from rabbit fast-twitch tibialis anterior muscles freeze-clamped during continuous stimulation at 10 Hz for up to 8 wk. ATP declined after 1 wk to a stable level approximately 30% below controls. Phosphocreatine decreased earlier and to a greater extent (approximately 50%). Glycogen varied considerably among stimulated fibers and decreased on average approximately 75% by 8 wk. Glucose, lactate, citrate, and malate had changed little in the first 30 h and then increased four-, two-, four-, and sevenfold, respectively, over the next 5 wk. Glucose 6-phosphate showed the most unexpected behavior: with an overall upward trend, it descended to extremely low values (10% of control) after approximately 1 wk of stimulation. As long as high- and low oxidative fibers were present, the former showed slightly higher levels of ATP, lactate, and malate; other metabolites did not differ in a consistent way. These unexpected observations, which differ strikingly from data for acute stimulation, shed light on adaptations that enable a chronically stimulated muscle to sustain a continuous high level of ATP utilization. PMID- 3177629 TI - Platelet activating factor induces dopamine release in PC-12 cell line. AB - The ability of platelet activating factor (PAF) to stimulate dopamine release and modify calcium homeostasis in PC-12 cell line was studied. PAF-induced dopamine release is related to its molecular form, with only the R-form steric configuration [(R)PAF], but not its S-form or its 2-lyso derivative, effective at being active. In addition, PAF acts at very low concentrations in a dose dependent manner (0.1-30 nM). Preincubation with PAF receptor antagonists (CV 3988 and BN52021) as well as the specific desensitization of PC-12 cells to (R)PAF abolish the (R)PAF-induced dopamine release. Several lines of evidence suggest that dopamine release is dependent on a (R)PAF-induced calcium influx and efflux modulation. Dopamine release by PC-12 cells challenged with (R)PAF is associated with a rapid 45Ca influx and efflux and a rise in cytoplasmic calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) evaluated by using the calcium indicators fura-2 and quin2. At 30 nM (R)PAF, the absence of extracellular calcium inhibits the dopamine release but not the rise of [Ca2+]i from the internal stores, suggesting the importance of calcium influx in (R)PAF-induced dopamine release. PAF, which has been reported to be synthesized by stimulated neuronal cells (J. Biol. Chem. 261: 16502-16508, 1986) may thus have a physiological modulatory role on cells with neurosecretory properties. PMID- 3177630 TI - Simultaneous Nomarski and fluorescence imaging during video microscopy of cells. AB - A video microscope designed to allow low light level fluorescence imaging of cells during simultaneous high-resolution differential interference contrast (DIC) imaging, without the fluorescence light losses of 60-90% normally associated with this contrast-enhancement technique, is described. Transmitted light for DIC imaging, filtered at greater than 620 nm, passes through standard DIC optical components, (1/4 lambda-plate, polarizer, and Wollaston prism) before illuminating the cells. Transmitted light and fluorescence emission pass through a second Wollaston prism but not through the analyzer, which is repositioned more distally in the optical path. Prisms designed to reflect light out a side port of the microscope to a video camera have been replaced with a dichroic mirror. This mirror reflects fluorescence emission out the side port to a low light-sensitive video camera. The spectrally distinct transmitted light continues through the dichroic mirror to an overhead camera through a polarizer (analyzer), which completes the DIC optical path. The fluorescence and DIC images can be viewed simultaneously on side-by-side video monitors, examined sequentially by an image processing computer, or examined simultaneously using a video splitter/inserter. The ability to image cells with high resolution simultaneously with low light level fluorescence imaging should find wide applicability whenever it is necessary or desirable to correlate fluorescence intensity or distribution with specific cell structure or function. PMID- 3177631 TI - Effect of thyroidectomy on rat T-kininogen. AB - The thyroid state affects the inflammatory reaction; in general, thyroid hormones increase and hypothyroidism decreases the inflammatory response. T-kininogen is an acute phase protein that inhibits cysteine proteases. The influence of thyroidectomy and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3)-treatment of thyroidectomized animals was examined on rat plasma T-kininogen concentration. Thyroidectomy increased the T-kininogen level three- to fourfold. A single administration of 10 micrograms T3/100 g body wt in 7-wk postthyroidectomy rats decreased it by approximately 50%. Daily treatment with 0.5 micrograms T3/100 g body wt prevented the increases in T-kininogen. The modifications in plasma T-kininogen concentration were confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the plasma kinins released by trypsin. They demonstrated that T-kinin was greatly and bradykinin slightly increased after thyroidectomy and that T-kinin concentration in T3-treated thyroidectomized animals was almost restored to the control level. The ability of thyroidectomized animals to produce a higher plasma T-kininogen compared with euthyroid animals was further documented when T kininogen production was stimulated by laparotomy. This procedure resulted in a fourfold increase in T-kininogen in thyroidectomized animals compared with controls. The increase of plasma T-kininogen level after thyroidectomy results from a more active synthesis of the protein, since liver slices from thyroidectomized rats synthesized T-kininogen at a rate about two times higher than normal rats. These data may account at least in part for the diminution of the inflammatory response observed after thyroidectomy. PMID- 3177632 TI - Effect of sex steroids on peak bone density of growing rabbits. AB - To determine the effect of sex hormones on bone density (BD) during growth, longitudinal quantitative computed tomography (QCT) measurements were obtained in growing, castrated New Zealand White rabbits following administration of normal saline, testosterone, or estrogen from 6 wk of age until the time of skeletal maturity. Vertebral QCT densities increased during growth, were highest at the time of epiphyseal closure, and were significantly greater (P less than 0.001) in hormone-treated animals. In vivo QCT measurements in 12 vertebraes correlated strongly (r = 0.92) with percentage of calcium per weight assessed in vitro by neutron activation analysis. PMID- 3177634 TI - Regulation of valine and alpha-ketoisocaproate metabolism in rat kidney mitochondria. AB - Activities of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) aminotransferase (BCAT) and alpha keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) were assayed in mitochondria isolated from kidneys of rats. Rates of transamination of valine and oxidation of keto acids alpha ketoisocaproate (KIC) or alpha-ketoisovalerate (KIV) were estimated using radioactive tracers of the appropriate substrate from amounts of 14C-labeled products formed (14CO2 or [1-14C]-keto acid). Because of the high mitochondrial BCAT activity, an amino acceptor for BCAT, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) or KIC, was added to the assay medium when valine was the substrate. Rates of valine transamination and subsequent oxidation of the KIV formed were determined with 0.5 mM alpha-KG as the amino acceptor; these rates were 5- to 50-fold those without added alpha-KG. Rates of CO2 evolution from valine also increased when KIC (0.01-0.10 mM) was present; however, with KIC concentrations above 0.2 mM, rates of CO2 evolution from valine declined although rates of transamination continued to rise. When 0.05 mM KIC was added to the assay medium, oxidation of KIC was suppressed by inclusion of valine or glutamate in the medium. When valine was present KIC was not oxidized preferentially, presumably because it was also serving as an amino acceptor for BCAT. These results indicate that as the supply of amino acceptor, alpha-KG or KIC, is increased in mitochondria not only is the rate of valine transamination stimulated but also the rate of oxidation of the KIV formed from valine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177633 TI - Effect of prior immobilization on muscular glucose clearance in resting and running rats. AB - In vitro studies have shown that prior disuse impairs the glucose clearance of red skeletal muscle because of a developed insensitivity to insulin. We studied whether an impaired glucose clearance is present in vivo in 42-h immobilized muscles of resting rats and, furthermore, whether the exercise-induced increase in glucose clearance of red muscles is affected by prior immobilization. The 2 [3H]deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) bolus injection method was used to determine glucose clearance of individual muscles. At rest, glucose clearance was markedly impaired in rats with previously immobilized red muscles compared with nonimmobilized control rats (red gastrocnemius 0.46 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.99 +/- 0.08 and soleus 1.10 +/- 0.30 vs. 3.97 +/- 0.54 ml.min-1.100 g-1, P less than 0.005). During running (18 m/min), glucose clearance did not differ between muscles in previously immobilized and control rats. Insulin levels were always similar in the two groups and decreased during exercise. Intracellular nonphosphorylated 2DG was present in tissues with high glucose clearances. In conclusions, 42 h of immobilization markedly impairs glucose clearance of resting red muscle fibers in vivo. Apparently, physical inactivity in particular affects steps involved in insulin-mediated action that are not part of contraction-induced glucose uptake and metabolism. Presence of intracellular 2DG shows that separate determination of phosphorylated 2DG is necessary for accurate estimates of glucose metabolism and that accumulation of phosphorylated 2DG does not accurately reflect glucose transport. PMID- 3177635 TI - Calcium response of single adrenal glomerulosa cells to external potassium. AB - The cytosolic calcium (Cai2+) response to external potassium (K+) was examined in single rat zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells by monitoring fura-2-fluorescence with microspectrofluorometry and digital imaging microscopy. The majority (68%) of morphologically identified ZG cells demonstrated an increase in Cai2+ during K+ stimulation. Cai2+ rose monotonically from a mean basal level of 232 +/- 15 to 285 +/- 37 nM at 5 mM and 680 +/- 60 nM at 10 mM K+ for responsive ZG cells. The Cai2+ response was largely (greater than 90%) inhibited by nominal zero calcium or 1 mM cadmium and substantially modified in the presence of 10(-5) M nifedipine. The response kinetics were characterized by a rising phase that depended on the size of the Cai2+ change, with larger increases associated with a faster onset. Cai2+ approached a plateau level that was sustained for the duration of K+ stimulation from 1 to 5 min. Cai2+ appeared to be more uniformly distributed across the cell under resting conditions than during stimulation. Assessment of the Cai2+ response in single ZG cells documents 1) a majority, but not all, of ZG cells respond to K+, 2) simple kinetics consisting of a rapid onset and sustained plateau Cai2+ level, 3) a dose-dependent Cai2+ increase in the physiological range of K+, and 4) inhibition by calcium channel blockers and sensitivity to small increases in K+ consistent with activation of low-threshold calcium channels. PMID- 3177636 TI - Cold exposure rapidly induces virtual saturation of brown adipose tissue nuclear T3 receptors. AB - Cold exposure induces a rapid increase in uncoupling protein (UCP) concentration in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of euthyroid, but not hypothyroid, rats. To normalize this response with exogenous 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), it is necessary to cause systemic hyperthyroidism. In contrast, the same result can be obtained with just replacement doses of thyroxine (T4) and, in euthyroid rats, the normal response of UCP to cold occurs without hyperthyroid plasma T3 levels. Consequently, we explored the possibility that the cold-induced activation of the type II 5'-deiodinase resulted in high levels of nuclear T3 receptor occupancy in euthyroid rats. Studies were performed with pulse injections of tracer T3 or T4 in rats exposed to 4 degrees C for different lengths of time (1 h-3 wk). Within 4 h of cold exposure, we observed a significant increase in the nuclear [125I]T3 derived from the tracer [125I]T4 injections (T3[T4]) and a significant reduction in the nuclear [125I]T3 derived from [125I]T3 injections (T3[T3]). The number of BAT nuclear T3 receptors did not increase for up to 3 wk of observation at 4 degrees C. The mass of nuclear-bound T3 was calculated from the nuclear tracer [125I]T3[T3] and [125I]T3[T4] at equilibrium and the specific activity of serum T3 and T4, respectively. By 4 h after the initiation of the cold exposure, the receptors were greater than 95% occupied and remained so for the 3 weeks of observation. This effect of cold was hindered by prazosin, a drug that prevents the cold-induced activation of 5'-deiodinase. We conclude that the simultaneous activation of the deiodinase with adrenergic BAT stimulation serves the purpose of nearly saturating the nuclear T3 receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177637 TI - Induction of mRNA for IGF-I and -II during growth hormone-stimulated muscle hypertrophy. AB - The expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) genes during skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy was examined using skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy was examined using adult 5-mo-old female Wistar-Furth rats implanted with growth hormone-secreting GH3 cells. Control and treated animals were killed at 40, 60, and 80 days after initiation of the experiment. From the time of injection to day 80, body, heart, skeletal muscle, and liver weights increased 112, 93, 55, and 314%, respectively. RNA was extracted and steady-state levels of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNAs were quantitated using a solution-hybridization nuclease protection assay. Low levels of mRNA for both growth factors were detected in control tissues. By day 80 IGF-I mRNA had increased eightfold and IGF-II mRNA sixfold in skeletal muscle from treated rats. In cardiac muscle the levels of mRNA for both growth factors rose three- to fourfold. Although growth hormone induced an increase in hepatic IGF-I mRNA, IGF-II mRNA remained nearly undetectable. This study shows that during growth hormone-stimulated muscle growth mRNAs for both IGF-I and IGF-II accumulate, supporting other observations implicating the IGFs as paracrine or autocrine factors involved in skeletal muscle growth. PMID- 3177638 TI - Metallothionein response to stress in rats: role in free radical scavenging. AB - The possibility that liver metallothionein (MT) can function as an antioxidant in vivo has been studied in the rat. It was found that the stress of food and water deprivation with or without physical immobilization consistently increased liver lipid peroxidation (LLP), suggesting that liver MT induction by stress might be related to the stress-induced LLP. This was supported by results with the lipid peroxidation promoter dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the natural antioxidant vitamin E. Whereas DMSO administration increased LLP levels in basal and stress situations, vitamin E decreased them. Liver MT levels were increased by DMSO in basal and stress situations, whereas they were decreased by vitamin E during stress. These in vivo results are consistent with an antioxidant role of liver MT suggested by previous in vitro results. However, liver MT preinduction by Zn treatment did not result in a lower MT response to stress. Instead a positive synergistic effect between Zn and stress appeared to be present. This result indicates that the mechanism of action of MT as antioxidant remains unclear. PMID- 3177639 TI - Measurement of forearm oxygen consumption: role of heating the contralateral hand. AB - The classical forearm technique widely used for studies of skeletal muscle metabolism requires arterial cannulation. To avoid arterial puncture it is becoming more common to arterialize blood from a contralateral hand vein by local heating. This modification and the classical method have produced contradictory results regarding the contribution of skeletal muscle to glucose-induced thermogenesis. The effect on forearm circulation and the metabolism of heating the contralateral hand was examined before and after an oral glucose load. The results suggest that contralateral heating increases subcutaneous blood flow and decreases skeletal muscle blood flow. This facilitates mixing of superficial blood with deep venous blood. Contralateral heating increased deep venous oxygen saturation and abolished the pronounced glucose-induced increase in oxygen consumption observed in the control experiments after glucose. Heating increased rectal temperature by 0.6 degrees C, and plasma norepinephrine levels were increased compared with the control experiments. The present study explains the conflicting reports on glucose-induced thermogenesis in skeletal muscle and warns against heating the contralateral hand when using the forearm technique. PMID- 3177640 TI - Effect of membrane potential and cellular ATP on glutathione efflux from isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - total glutathione (GSH) efflux was studied in isolated rat hepatocyte suspensions at repleted GSH content (45-55 nmol/10(6) cells). The increase in concentrations of medium K+ in place of Na+ caused a parallel fall in membrane potential and total GSH efflux. Ouabain (1 mM) and replacement of Na+ with choline caused a gradual fall in membrane potential and GSH efflux. Hyperpolarization of hepatocytes with lipophilic anions, thiocyanate, and nitrate was associated with significantly increased efflux. Total GSH efflux was inhibited by increasing concentrations of fructose, antimycin A, and carbonyl cyanide p trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, and there was a direct relationship between the rate of efflux and cellular ATP. Changes in total GSH efflux were paralleled by changes in GSH determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Vanadate markedly inhibited efflux but caused only a modest decrease in cellular ATP. Fructose, antimycin A, and vanadate did not affect membrane potential or cell volume under the conditions at which efflux was inhibited. These results suggest independent requirements for both membrane potential and ATP in the transport of GSH. PMID- 3177641 TI - Canine gallbladder cyclic motor activity. AB - We investigated whether the gallbladder has cyclic motor activity similar to that of the stomach, lower esophageal sphincter, and sphincter of Oddi in the fasted state. We found that the canine gallbladder infundibulum exhibited a cyclic burst of short duration (69 +/- 3 s) contractions that were closely associated with phase III activity of the antrum. The cyclic motor activity was sometimes less prominent or absent in the body and the fundus of the gallbladder. The mean period of gallbladder cyclic motor activity was not significantly different from the mean period of phase III activity in the stomach and the duodenum. The cyclic bursts of gallbladder contractions lasted for 21 +/- 2 min. The gallbladder cyclic motor activity started at about the same time as the antral phase III activity, and both of these activities started approximately 12 min earlier than the duodenal phase III activity. In addition to the aforementioned cyclic bursts of contractions, the gallbladder sometimes exhibited long duration (6.4 +/- 0.6 min) contractions that occurred irregularly and unpredictably during the duodenal migrating motor complex cycle. We conclude that during fasting the canine gallbladder has a cyclic motor activity that is temporally related to phase III activity of the stomach and the duodenum. The role of short duration phasic contractions during cyclic motor activity may be to periodically stir gallbladder contents, whereas the long duration contractions may partially empty the gallbladder in the fasted state. PMID- 3177642 TI - Ethanol-induced increase in portal blood flow: role of acetate and A1- and A2 adenosine receptors. AB - The increase in portal blood flow induced by ethanol appears to be adenosine mediated. Acetate, which is released by the liver during ethanol metabolism, is known to increase adenosine levels in tissues and in blood. The effects of acetate on portal blood flow were investigated in rats using the microsphere technique. The intravenous infusion of acetate (7-250 mumol.kg-1.min-1) resulted in vasodilation of the preportal vasculature and in a dose-dependent increase in portal blood flow [control, 39.1 +/- 2.6 ml.kg-1.min-1; acetate (250 mumol.kg-1. min-1), 68.7 +/- 4.0 ml.kg-1.min-1]. This acetate-induced increase in portal blood flow was suppressed by the adenosine receptor blocker, 8 phenyltheophylline. Using the A1-adenosine receptor agonist N-6-cyclohexyl adenosine and the A2-agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine, we demonstrate that the effect of adenosine on the preportal vasculature is mediated by the A2 subtype of adenosine receptors. In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that the increase in portal blood flow after ethanol administration results from a preportal vasodilatory effect of adenosine formed from acetate metabolism in extrahepatic tissues. PMID- 3177643 TI - Characteristics of canine lower esophageal sphincter: a new electrophysiological tool. AB - The canine lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was evaluated as a model for investigation of the electrophysiology of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmission. The LES contained a dense collection of gap junctions and a moderate number of nerves located at the periphery of muscle bundles, which are often associated with interstitial cells of Cajal. These cells make gap junctions with one another and with smooth muscle cells. The nerve varicosities contained many large dense cored vesicles. In vitro the LES produced spontaneous active tone and relaxed to field stimulation that was blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX). Increase of stimulus duration or frequency produced a partially TTX-insensitive sphincter relaxation. Basal tone and nerve-mediated relaxation were unaffected by cholinergic, histaminergic, or adrenergic antagonists. Acetylcholine, carbachol, or histamine caused TTX-insensitive contractions mediated by M2- and H1 receptors, respectively. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (10(-6) M) and isoproterenol (10(-6) M) relaxed the LES to the same extent as field stimulation. In the double sucrose gap this tissue regularly produced inhibitory junction potentials when field stimulated. The canine LES has appropriate morphological and pharmacological properties for the electrophysiological study of nonadrenergic noncholinergic neural responses, their mechanisms, and mediators. PMID- 3177644 TI - [3H]saxitoxin as a marker for canine deep muscular plexus neurons. AB - The objectives of this study are 1) to examine the potential of [3H]saxitoxin binding as a marker for the neuronal membranes in canine small intestinal muscle membrane preparations, 2) to develop a synaptosomal preparation from deep muscular plexus, and 3) to partially characterize [3H]saxitoxin binding to this fraction. A purified synaptosomal fraction, relatively low in the smooth muscle plasma membrane marker enzyme 5'-nucleotidase but enriched in [3H]saxitoxin binding (2,592 fmol/mg), was obtained on sucrose density gradient. Vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity was also highest (51.82 pmol/mg protein) in this fraction. The binding was rapid at 20 degrees C with quick and complete dissociation after the addition of excess unlabeled tetrodotoxin (TTX). Scatchard analysis of the saturation binding data revealed a single population of binding sites (Bmax = 5,705 fmol/mg protein). The affinity constants calculated from the kinetic and saturation data were in close agreement (Kd = 0.26 and 0.69 nM, respectively). TTX competed for the binding (Ki = 2.1 nM), whereas veratridine and guanidinium hydrochloride did not. Monovalent and divalent cations had differential effects on the binding. PMID- 3177645 TI - Basal and PGE2-stimulated duodenal bicarbonate secretion in the rat in vivo. AB - We studied basal and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-stimulated duodenal HCO3- transport in the rat in vivo both in the presence and absence of a concentration gradient for HCO3- from blood to lumen. Basal HCO3- transport was not reduced when the luminal solution was changed from one containing 0 mM HCO3- to one containing 22 mM HCO3- either at pH 9.0 or 7.5. Thus basal duodenal HCO3- transport in rats is independent of a blood-to-lumen HCO3- concentration gradient, which indicates an energy-dependent process with little passive flux of HCO3-. Luminal or intravenous administration of PGE2 significantly (P less than 0.01) increased HCO3- secretion into a HCO3(-)-free luminal solution but had no effect on HCO3- secretion into luminal solutions containing 22 mM HCO3-, either at pH 9.0 or 7.5. Therefore prostaglandins may act by increasing passive flux of HCO3- rather than by stimulating energy-dependent duodenal HCO3- transport. PMID- 3177646 TI - Cholecystokinin in the regulation of intestinal motility and pancreatic secretion in dogs. AB - Peptidal (CR-1409) and nonpeptidal (L-364,718) cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists were used to determine the possible involvement of CCK in the fasted and fed intestinal motility patterns and the related alterations in pancreatic secretion. Dogs were implanted with electrodes along the small bowel and with chronic pancreatic fistulas. In fasted dogs, the typical migrating motor complex (MMC) cycles and accompanying fluctuations in pancreatic secretion were recorded. Neither of the CCK antagonists affected these motor and secretory components of the MMC. Feeding interrupted the MMC and increased spike activity at all levels of the small bowel, and this was accompanied by a significant increase in pancreatic secretion and in plasma hormone [gastrin, CCK, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)] levels. Both CCK antagonists significantly reduced the postprandial spike activity but failed to restore the fasted pattern. Exogenous gastrin and CCK, as well as bombesin, induced fedlike motility patterns accompanied by marked pancreatic protein secretion. These effects were completely reversed to the fasted patterns during intravenous infusion of CCK antagonists. In contrast, cholinergic stimulation (bethanechol) induced a fedlike pattern that was more resistant to CCK antagonists. We conclude that CCK does not play a major role in the fasted motility pattern and related fluctuations in pancreatic secretion but may be partly involved (by itself and by released PP) in the induction of the fed motility pattern and the postprandial stimulation of the exocrine pancreas. PMID- 3177647 TI - Motility effects of intestinal anaphylaxis in the rat. AB - Intestinal motility was examined in an animal model of intestinal anaphylaxis. Hooded-Lister rats were sensitized (S) by intraperitoneal injection of 10 micrograms egg albumin (Ag) and compared with sham-sensitized controls (C). Seven days later three bipolar jejunal electrodes and a jejunostomy tube for motility recording and Ag administration were implanted. On day 14 intestinal myoelectric and motor activity were measured in fasted animals before and after intraluminal administration of either 10 mg egg albumin in 0.5 ml saline, 10 mg bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 0.5 ml saline, or placebo (P) challenge with 0.5 ml saline. Specific immunoglobulin E serum titers were greater than or equal to 1:64 in S animals, whereas C animals showed no response. None of the C animals challenged with P or Ag and none of the S animals challenged with P or BSA defecated after challenge, but all the S animals challenged with Ag developed diarrhea (P less than 0.001). In S animals challenged with Ag, the fasting motility pattern was disrupted, the migrating motor complex was abolished (P = 0.002), and the frequency of aborally propagating clustered contractions was increased (P less than 0.01). In this animal model an immune-mediated reaction to food protein was associated with diarrhea and altered intestinal myoelectric and motor activity. PMID- 3177648 TI - Cholecystokinin receptors on gallbladder muscle and pancreatic acinar cells: a comparative study. AB - To compare receptors for cholecystokinin (CCK) in pancreas and gallbladder, we measured binding of 125I-Bolton-Hunter-labeled CCK-8 (125I-BH-CCK-8) to tissue sections from guinea pig gallbladder and pancreas under identical conditions. In both tissues, binding had similar time-, temperature-, and pH dependence, was reversible, saturable and inhibited only by CCK related peptides or CCK receptor antagonists. Autoradiography localized 125I-BH-CCK-8 binding to the smooth muscle layer in the gallbladder. Binding of 125I-BH-CCK-8 to gallbladder sections was inhibited by various agonists with the following potencies (IC50):CCK-8 (0.4 nM) greater than des(SO3)CCK-8 (0.07 microM) greater than gastrin-17-I (1.7 +/- 0.3 microM) and by various receptor antagonists with the following potencies: L364,718 (1.5 nM) greater than CR 1409 (0.19 microM) greater than asperlicin = CBZ-CCK-(27-32)-NH2 (1 microM) greater than Bt2cGMP (120 microM). Similar potencies were found for the agonists and antagonists for pancreas sections. Inhibition of binding of 125I-BH-CCK-8 by 11 different analogues of proglumide gave similar potencies for both pancreas and gallbladder. The potencies of agonists in stimulating and antagonists in inhibiting CCK-stimulated contraction or amylase release correlated closely with their abilities to inhibit 125I-BH-CCK 8 binding to gallbladder or pancreas sections or acini, respectively. The present results demonstrate and characterize a method that can be used to compare the CCK receptors in guinea pig gallbladder and pancreas under identical conditions. Moreover, this study demonstrates that gallbladder and pancreatic CCK receptors have similar affinities for the various agonists and antagonists tested and, therefore, provides no evidence that they represent different subtypes of CCK receptors that can be distinguished pharmacologically. PMID- 3177649 TI - Quantitative measurement of feline colonic transit. AB - Colonic transit scintigraphy, a method for quantitatively evaluating the movement of the fecal stream in vivo, was employed to evaluate colonic transit in the cat. Scintigraphy was performed in duplicate in five cats and repeated four times in one cat. After instillation of an 111In marker into the cecum through a surgically implanted silicone cecostomy tube, colonic movement of the instillate was quantitated for 24 h using gamma scintigraphy. Antegrade and retrograde motion of radionuclide was observed. The cecum and ascending colon emptied rapidly, with a half-emptying time of 1.68 +/- 0.56 h (mean +/- SE). After 24 h, 25.1 +/- 5.2% of the activity remained in the transverse colon. The progression of the geometric center was initially rapid, followed later by a delayed phase. Geometric center reproducibility was found to be high when analyzed using simple linear regression (slope = 0.92; r = 0.73; P less than 0.01). Atropine (0.1 mg/kg im) was found to delay cecum and ascending colon emptying and delay progression of the geometric center. These results demonstrate both 1) the ability of colonic transit scintigraphy to detect changes in transit induced by pharmacological manipulation and 2) the fact that muscarinic blockade inhibits antegrade transit of the fecal stream. We conclude that feline colonic transit may be studied in a quantitative and reproducible manner with colonic transit scintigraphy. PMID- 3177650 TI - NMR studies of renal phosphate metabolites in vivo: effects of hydration and dehydration. AB - The present study characterizes the 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of rabbit kidneys in vivo and evaluates the effect of hydration on phosphorous metabolites including the organic solute glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC). Cortical phosphorylethanolamine is the predominant component of the phosphomonoester region of the 31P spectrum. The contribution of blood to the spectrum is mainly from 2,3 diphosphoglycerate, which comprises approximately 30% of the inorganic phosphate region. Acute infusion of 0.9% saline decreases the sodium content of the inner medulla by greater than 50% in 15 min as shown by 23Na imaging. Despite this medullary Na dilution, no change in renal GPC content was observed for greater than 1 h even with the addition of furosemide (2.5 mg/kg) or furosemide and antidiuretic hormone (0.125 U/kg). However, 20 h of chronic hydration with 0.45% saline did result in a 30% decrease in renal GPC content when compared with dehydrated animals. These findings are consistent with GPC not playing a role in the short-term regulation of the medullary intracellular milieu in response to acute reductions in medullary Na content. PMID- 3177651 TI - Coupled transport of p-aminohippurate by rat kidney basolateral membrane vesicles. AB - p-Aminohippuric acid (PAH) transport by basolateral membrane (BLM) vesicles isolated from rat renal cortex was stimulated very little by a Na+ gradient (out greater than in). However, when micromolar concentrations of glutaric acid or alpha-ketoglutaric acid were added in the presence of a out greater than in Na+ gradient, PAH uptake was accelerated greater than 20-fold and an overshoot of greater than fivefold was produced. Other anions, e.g., fumarate, stimulated PAH uptake very modestly under these conditions (approximately 2-fold), and that stimulation was totally prevented by short circuiting, i.e., with K+ (in = out) and valinomycin. Glutarate-stimulated uptake was inhibited by 4-acetamido-4' isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) and probenecid and was slightly stimulated by the imposition of an inside-negative membrane potential. Furthermore, even in the absence of a Na+ gradient, glutarate-loaded vesicles exhibited a marked acceleration of PAH uptake (5-fold) and a modest overshoot (2.5-fold). These results suggest an indirect coupling of BLM PAH uptake to the Na+ gradient by a cyclic accumulation (Na+-dependent) of glutarate followed by its efflux from the vesicle in exchange for PAH. This coupled system was absent in apical membranes. Thus net secretory transport of PAH may entail Na+ dependent, glutarate-driven PAH uptake at the BLM, followed by the exit of PAH into the lumen down its electrochemical gradient, probably in exchange for other anions, e.g., Cl-, HCO3-, or OH-. PMID- 3177652 TI - Accumulation of major organic osmolytes in rat renal inner medulla in dehydration. AB - Osmotically active organic solutes, osmolytes, exist at high concentrations in the renal inner medulla; however, their modulation during antidiuresis remains largely undefined. Renal osmolyte levels were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biochemical assays in perchloric acid extracts from normal and dehydrated (3 days) rats. Dehydration increased urine osmolality from 1,503 to 3,748 mosmol/kg and inner medullary urea content from 2,036 to 4,405 nmol/mg protein. In addition, inner medullary trimethylamines [glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) and betaine] and polyhydric alcohols (inositol and sorbitol) significantly increased by 95 and 78%, respectively. Ninhydrin positive substances (amino acids), although abundant, were unchanged. Renal cortex also contained GPC, betaine, and inositol but only inositol increased with dehydration. Analysis of correlations among inner medullary osmolytes showed that only GPC was consistently elevated by dehydration and was not directly correlated with the other osmolytes. In contrast, betaine and inositol contents were linearly related to each other and both tended to rise only when sorbitol content was unchanged. In conclusion, the major osmolytes in the rat renal inner medulla can increase during antidiuresis but they are regulated in a complex manner. PMID- 3177653 TI - Effects of histidine on vasopressin action: role of decreased prostaglandin production. AB - Addition of histidine to the serosal bath of the toad bladder increases the hydrosmotic response of vasopressin in this tissue. Because this represents primarily the effect of the imidazole ring of histidine, which is a known inhibitor of the production of prostaglandins, we evaluated whether histidine increases the response to vasopressin through decreased prostaglandin production. Histidine increases the response to vasopressin much more than 10(-5) M naproxen, even though the latter was equipotent to histidine in reducing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. Furthermore, histidine was additive to naproxen in increasing the hydrosmotic effect of vasopressin, without causing a further decrease in PGE2 production. These findings suggest that histidine has an effect over and above that due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Our results suggest that histidine enhances the permeability of the tissue beneath the luminal membrane, an effect not found with naproxen. We propose that histidine increases the hydrosmotic response to vasopressin through at least two distinct mechanisms: 1) it decreases prostaglandin synthesis and thus increases luminal permeability; 2) it decreases the resistance to water movement of the tissues beneath the luminal membrane. PMID- 3177654 TI - Secretion of endolymph by semicircular canals of the shark. AB - The semicircular canals of the vestibular labyrinth of the dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias, may serve as a simple in vitro system for the study of the ionic transport mechanisms involved in endolymph formation. Electron microscopy showed that the epithelium was made up of at least three distinct cell types divided into separate regions running the length of the canals. Secretion of endolymph was studied in isolated canals by the split droplet method; when the lumens of the canals were filled with shark Ringer a potassium-rich fluid was secreted into the lumen at a rate of 0.34 microliter.cm-2.min-1. The K concentration of the secreted fluid averaged 112 mM; the calculated rate of K secretion was 2.3 mumol.cm-2.h-1, comparable to recent measurements in mammalian utricle. Fluid secretion was dependent on active transport and was inhibited by ouabain, bumetanide, or methazolamide in the external bathing solution. Fluid secretion was unaffected by the K channel blocker, Ba, in the luminal droplet or by the adenylate cyclase stimulator, forskolin, in the external bathing solution. For electrophysiological analysis, isolated canals were perfused in a chamber designed for voltage/current clamping; an axial wire was inserted into the canal lumen and constant-current pulses were passed to determine tissue resistance. When the luminal fluid was high-K Ringer, transepithelial potential difference was -1.1 mV (lumen negative) and resistance 37 omega.cm2. Dilution and bi-ionic potential measurements showed that the epithelium of the canals exhibited only slight cation selectivity. These results are consistent with a model for endolymph secretion involving cotransport secondary to the ion gradients created by the Na+-K+-ATPase. PMID- 3177655 TI - Characteristics of the paracellular pathway of rabbit cortical collecting duct. AB - The nature of the paracellular pathway of the rabbit cortical collecting duct (CCD) was examined under conditions designed to eliminate all cellular ion transport. Transcellular conductive pathways were blocked by addition of amiloride and Ba2+ to the perfusate. Cl self-exchange was eliminated by removing Cl from the bath solution, and HCO3 transport was eliminated by omitting HCO3 and CO2 from the solutions. The residual transepithelial conductance (GT) and radioisotopic tracer flux under these conditions probably occur via the paracellular pathway. The GT measured in nontransporting CCD bathed in NaCl solutions was 1.1-1.2 mS/cm2. When Na or Cl was replaced by a less mobile ion, the GT decreased by an amount commensurate with the decrease in solution conductivity. The Na-to-Cl permeability ratio determined by NaCl dilution voltages ranged from 0.55 to 0.82. An independent estimate of paracellular selectivity was obtained by comparing the lumen-to-bath tracer rate coefficients for Na (kNa) and Cl (kCl). The ratio kNa:kCl was 0.75. These observations suggest that the paracellular pathway displays a Na:Cl permselectivity not substantially different from the ratio of their mobilities in water (0.65). Additional experiments demonstrated that the summed partial ionic conductances of Na and Cl calculated from the tracer fluxes were in close agreement with the measured GT. We conclude that the paracellular conductance of CCD is nonselective in character and approximately 1-2 mS/cm2 in magnitude. PMID- 3177656 TI - Corticosterone's metabolite is an agonist for Na+ transport stimulation in A6 cells. AB - This study tests the hypothesis, in A6 epithelia, that 1) corticosterone stimulates active Na+ transport (short-circuit current, Isc) by an additional receptor mechanism to the type I (mineralocorticoid) and type II (glucocorticoid) mechanisms shared with aldosterone (Aldo) and 2) that the agonist may be 6 beta OH-corticosterone made in the effector cell. The dose-response relationship of corticosterone at 24 h resolves into two components, by curve fitting, with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) for 10% of maximum Isc stimulation of 2 X 10(-9) M and an EC50 for the other 90% of 3 X 10(-7) M. The EC50 of the smaller component correlates with the apparent dissociation constant (K'd) of corticosterone for high affinity (type II) nuclear binding sites shared with Aldo. In unlabeled analogue competition studies Aldo and corticosterone displaced nuclear binding equally below 10(-8) M [3H]corticosterone, indicating only shared sites. However, nonshared saturable sites (displaced by corticosterone but not by Aldo) were found at [3H]-corticosterone concentrations above 10(-8) M. Concentration-binding curves performed with [3H]corticosterone, in presence of 1,000 X Aldo to displace shared sites, revealed a single class of binding sites with a half-maximal saturation of 2 X 10(-7) M, which is quite similar to the EC50 of the lower affinity component of Isc stimulation by corticosterone at 24 h. Reversed phase high-pressure liquid chromatography of nuclear extracts indicates that the saturable component of bound [3H] was 6 beta-OH-[3H]corticosterone derived from [3H]corticosterone. Thus, A6 cells metabolize corticosterone to 6 beta-OH corticosterone, which in turn occupies lower-affinity receptors not shared with Aldo or corticosterone, to mediate most of the active Na+ transport stimulation by corticosterone. PMID- 3177657 TI - Potassium-depletion alkalosis in the rat. AB - Studies were performed to investigate the role of concomitant chloride depletion in potassium-depletion alkalosis in the rat and the relationship between potassium depletion, plasma bicarbonate (PHCO3), and net acid excretion. 1) Selective potassium depletion (K-DEPL), potassium plus chloride depletion (KCl DEPL), or selective chloride depletion (Cl-DEPL) was produced by administering a selectively potassium-, potassium and chloride-, or selectively chloride deficient diet. In K-DEPL and KCl-DEPL rat, PHCO3 increased progressively and similarly during a 38-day period of restriction, whereas net acid excretion was similar and not elevated in either group. Cl-DEPL did not result in alkalosis. Chloride administration without potassium in alkalotic KCl-DEPL rats did not result in a sustained significant decrease in PHCO3. Potassium administration without chloride in alkalotic KCl-DEPL rats decreased PHCO3. Thus concomitant chloride depletion plays a minimal role in the alkalosis produced by dietary induced potassium depletion. 2) Administration of a chronic acid load to alkalotic K-DEPL rats did not decrease PHCO3, and net acid excretion increased similarly as in normals. In K-DEPL rats after PHCO3 was reduced toward normal levels with acetazolamide, net acid excretion increased sharply above base-line values and PHCO3 increased markedly. Thus the alkalotic K-DEPL rat maintains the ability to excrete a chronic acid load, and a reduction in PHCO3 elicits an increase in acid excretion to restore the initial acid-base condition. These studies suggest that potassium depletion alters the set-point at which the kidney maintains PHCO3. PMID- 3177658 TI - Inhibition of rat glomerular visceral epithelial cell growth by heparin. AB - The effect of several glycosaminoglycans and sulfated polysaccharides on the growth of cultured rat glomerular visceral epithelial cells (GEC) was studied in vitro. Heparin, one preparation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan, dextran sulfate, and pentosan polysulfate significantly inhibited the growth of several GEC clones studied (36.0-77.1% inhibition at 100 micrograms/ml). Other glycosaminoglycans studied did not affect GEC growth. Growth inhibition by heparin was dose related and did not appear to reflect cytotoxicity. Heparins with high or low affinity for antithrombin inhibited growth to similar degrees. When heparin was fractionated into high- and low-anticoagulant activity fractions by physicochemical means the high activity fraction displayed significantly greater growth inhibition. The degree of growth inhibition significantly correlated with serum concentration in the media (r = 0.64; P less than 0.001). Removal of heparin binding factors from serum resulted in a loss of this correlation as well as less overall growth inhibition. These experiments suggest that interactions of GEC with heparan sulfates and other heparin-like molecules in the extracellular matrix may be important in the control of GEC growth. PMID- 3177659 TI - Regulation of cytosolic free calcium in isolated perfused proximal tubules of Necturus. AB - To study the role of intracellular Ca2+ in regulating renal tubular transport of ions and water, cytosolic calcium ion activity (aiCa), cytosolic sodium ion activity (aiNa), and intracellular pH (pHi) in cells of isolated perfused proximal tubules of Necturus kidney were measured with Ca2+-, Na+-, and H+ selective microelectrodes, respectively. In control conditions, i.e., HCO3-Ringer solution on both sides of the epithelium, aiCa was 82 +/- 7 (SE) nM (n = 54), aiNa averaged 12.8 +/- 0.4 mM (n = 53), and pHi was 7.33 +/- 0.03 (n = 27). When the Na-K pump was inhibited by nominally K-free Ringer circumfusion, aiCa increased from a control level of 75 +/- 13 to 237 +/- 40 nM (paired t test; n = 16; P less than 0.001); in a different set of tubules, aiNa rose from 11.3 +/- 0.6 to 51.5 +/- 5.8 mM (n = 11; P less than 0.001). When organic solutes were deleted in the luminal perfusate, aiCa decreased from 73 +/- 11 to 61 +/- 11 nM (n = 9; P less than 0.001) and aiNa decreased from 14.6 +/- 0.6 to 8.3 +/- 0.7 mM (n = 9; P less than 0.001). Depolarization of the peritubular cell membrane with high-K, low-Na Ringer decreased aiCa from 90 +/- 12 to 55 +/- 9 nM (n = 13; P less than 0.001) and reduced aiNa from 13.1 +/- 1.0 to 7.5 +/- 0.6 mM (n = 16; P less than 0.001). Ionomycin (2 X 10(-6) M) increased aiCa from 67 +/- 10 to 158 +/- 26 nM (n = 10; P less than 0.001) and pHi from 7.33 +/- 0.03 to 7.39 +/- 0.03 (n = 27; P less than 0.001) but reduced aiNa from 11.8 +/- 0.9 to 10.3 +/- 0.7 mM (n = 11; P less than 0.001). The data are consistent with the view that aiCa is determined, in part, by the magnitude of the electrochemical potential gradient for Na ions across the basolateral cell membrane. PMID- 3177661 TI - Hepatic renal interrelations in acid-base regulation. PMID- 3177660 TI - Kidney epithelial cells express c-sis protooncogene and secrete PDGF-like protein. AB - Nontransformed monkey kidney cells (BSC-1 line), used as a model for renal epithelium, were assayed for release of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) like proteins. BSC-1 cells continuously released a mitogenic activity for fibroblasts and a chemoattractant activity for smooth muscle cells, each of which was inhibited 80-90% by an antibody to human PDGF. A cDNA probe for the PDGF B chain gene (c-sis), but not for the A-chain gene, hybridized to mRNA obtained from growing and quiescent cells. c-sis gene expression and PDGF-like protein secretion were studied in the presence of known growth-regulatory molecules. A secreted BSC-1 cell protein identical to transforming growth factor beta 2 inhibited DNA synthesis in growing cultures and induced marked accumulation of c sis mRNA without a corresponding increase in the release of PDGF-like activity. Adenosine diphosphate stimulated DNA synthesis in quiescent cultures and enhanced both c-sis expression and release of PDGF-like activity. However, growing and quiescent cells did not express the PDGF receptor gene or exhibit a mitogenic response to authentic PDGF. Thus the PDGF-like protein released by these kidney epithelial cells could contribute to growth control by a paracrine mechanism. PMID- 3177662 TI - Inotropic sensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation in early sepsis. AB - In early sepsis, maintenance of in vivo cardiovascular performance is at least partly dependent on sympathetic support to hearts with intrinsic contractile defects. Yet prolonged sympathetic stimulation, as occurs in sepsis, would be expected to alter the heart's ability to respond to this stimulation. We have investigated myocardial inotropic sensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation in a model of sepsis in which animals, at the time studied, exhibited bacteremia, normal arterial blood pressure and cardiac output, elevated heart rate, and elevated plasma catecholamines. Intrinsic myocardial contractile function, as assessed by the maximal rate of left ventricular pressure development (LV dP/dtmax) in an isovolumically contracting heart preparation, was significantly depressed in septic animals. To determine whether hearts from septic animals could respond normally to beta-adrenergic stimulation, we studied inotropic response to a bolus of isoproterenol in these isolated hearts. With maximal isoproterenol stimulation, hearts from septic animals were able to attain the same dP/dtmax as were hearts from control animals. With lower levels of isoproterenol, there was also no difference in inotropic indexes between the two groups when response was expressed as a percent of the maximal increase in dP/dtmax achieved with isoproterenol. These results suggest that in early sepsis, despite intrinsic myocardial contractile dysfunction, the ability of the heart to modulate its inotropic state in response in beta-adrenergic stimulation is intact. PMID- 3177663 TI - Changes in AdSNA and arterial catecholamines to coronary occlusion in cats. AB - The relationship between adrenal (preganglionic) sympathetic nerve activity (AdSNA), cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA), and arterial catecholamines, i.e., epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE), were analyzed during 200 s of occlusion of left anterior descending coronary artery in anesthetized cats. With coronary occlusion, AdSNA maximally increased to 168 +/- 20% (mean +/- SE) of the control value at 20 s and gradually decreased to 149 +/- 10% at 200 s. Mean CSNA (MCSNA), mean arterial pressure, and heart rate decreased significantly because of coronary occlusion. Arterial NE and Epi progressively increased from 0.54 +/- 0.05 and 0.29 +/- 0.03 ng/ml to 1.41 +/- 0.16 and 0.59 +/- 0.08 ng/ml at 3 min after the onset of occlusion, respectively. The correlation between AdSNA and arterial Epi (r = 0.71; P less than 0.01) and between AdSNA and arterial NE (r = 0.57; P less than 0.05) were significant, but the correlation between CSNA and arterial NE was not significant. On the other hand, in adrenalectomized cats, the increases in arterial Epi and NE did not appear during coronary occlusion. We concluded that, with coronary occlusion, AdSNA increased and, in turn, caused an increase in arterial Epi and NE. PMID- 3177665 TI - NE turnover in genetically hypertensive rats of Lyon strain. II. Peripheral organs. AB - The peripheral sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a major determinant of blood pressure and is likely to be involved in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Because SNS activity varies among organs, we measured the in vivo turnover (TO) of norepinephrine (NE) in seven organs of 5- and 22-wk-old genetically hypertensive (LH), normotensive (LN), and low blood pressure (LL) rats of the Lyon strains. The TO of NE was found normal in the superior cervical ganglia and decreased in the heart of 5-wk-old LH rats compared with both LL and LN controls. This suggests that sympathetic cardiac innervation may not be involved in the development of hypertension. On the contrary, an increased TO of NE in the kidney cortex and an elevated TO of dopamine associated with an increased epinephrine content in the adrenal medulla were observed in 5-wk-old LH rats, which could participate in the development of hypertension in the Lyon model. PMID- 3177664 TI - Dexamethasone attenuates reversal of hypertension in one-kidney, one-clip rats. AB - This study examines the effect of dexamethasone (Dex), a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, on the reversal of 1-kidney, 1-clip (1K,1C) hypertension and the synthesis of phospholipase A2-dependent products. Male Sprague-Dawley 1K,1C hypertensive rats [blood pressure (BP) greater than 190 mmHg] were allocated to three groups: two groups were given daily oral doses of Dex (0.142 mg/kg in water) for 72 h, whereas the third group was given water only (controls). One of the Dex-treated groups was then sham unclipped (n = 9), while the other Dex treated group (n = 8) and the control group (n = 8) were unclipped. Dex attenuated the BP fall in the unclipped (223 +/- 8-148 +/- 9 mmHg) compared with the control unclipped (226 +/- 9-114 +/- 5 mmHg) animals (P less than 0.005). Aortic 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) was reduced in unclipped Dex-treated rats (13.4 +/- 1.2 ng/mg) compared with unclipped control rats (16.3 +/- 1.4 ng/mg; P less than 0.05) but was higher than in the sham-unclipped Dex group (11.5 +/- 1.2 ng/mg; P less than 0.05). Serum thromboxane B2 (TxB2) in the unclipped Dex-treated group was lower than in the unclipped control rats (P less than 0.05) but higher than in sham-unclipped rats (P less than 0.05). Dex significantly increased urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) excretion, whereas urinary 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was unaltered. After unclipping, both urinary PGE2 and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha increased significantly, although there was no obvious difference between Dex-treated and control animals. These findings demonstrate opposite effects of Dex on renal compared with extrarenal prostanoid synthesis and support the hypothesis that attenuation of aortic 6-keto-PGF1 alpha synthesis may be responsible for the smaller fall in BP after unclipping in Dex-treated rats. PMID- 3177666 TI - Assessment of Windkessel as a model of aortic input impedance. AB - To facilitate the analysis of aortic-ventricular coupling, simplified models of aortic input properties have been developed, such as the three-element Windkessel. Even though the impedance spectrum of the Windkessel reproduces the gross features of the real aortic input impedance, it fails to reproduce many of its details. In the present study we assessed the physiological significance of the differences between real and Windkessel impedance. We measured aortic input impedance spectra from five anesthetized open-chest dogs under a wide range of conditions. For each experimentally determined spectrum we estimated the corresponding values of the best-fit Windkessel parameters. By computer simulation we imposed both the real and best-fit Windkessel impedances on a model left ventricle and assessed the differences in seven different coupling variables. The analysis indicated that the Windkessel model provides a reasonable representation of afterload for purposes of predicting stroke volume, stroke work, oxygen consumption, and systolic and diastolic aortic pressures. However, the Windkessel model significantly underestimates peak aortic flow, slightly underestimates mean arterial pressure, and, of course, does not provide realistic aortic pressure and flow waveforms. PMID- 3177667 TI - Venomotor responses during central and local hypoxia. AB - Venomotor responses, measured as the pressure rise in occluded forearm veins, were used in a two-part experiment to test presence or absence of sympathetic neuroeffector mechanisms in 10 men made moderately to severely hypoxemic. In part I, forearm venoconstriction was induced by ice water on the contralateral forearm (a spinal reflex) in eight supine, resting men who breathed air, 10.3% oxygen or 7.7% oxygen. Large reflex venoconstrictions persisted during hypoxia. In part II (seven men), venoconstriction was centrally induced by exercise while subjects were 1) normoxic; 2) arm hypoxic, body normoxic; 3) arm hyperoxic (or normoxic), body hypoxic; or 4) both arm and body hypoxic. Arm vs. body oxygen tensions were separated by occluding the arm as one gas mixture was breathed, then switching the subject to another mixture as the arm remained occluded. Strong venoconstrictor responses to moderate exercise (100-150 W) persisted during both local and central hypoxemia. We conclude that moderate to severe hypoxemia does not block, pre- or postjunctionally, sympathetic venoconstriction that originates from spinal reflexes (cold). Venoconstriction in exercise (presumably originating in higher centers) was not blocked by moderate hypoxemia; severe hypoxemia was not studied. PMID- 3177668 TI - Free radicals inhibit endothelium-dependent dilation in the coronary resistance bed. AB - Oxygen free radicals contribute significantly to ischemia-reperfusion myocardial damage in vivo. We studied the effect of reactive products of O2 generated by electrolysis of the saline perfusate on coronary vasomotor tone and endothelium mediated vasodilator responsiveness in 41 isolated rabbit hearts. Under constant flow conditions, electrolysis induced a progressive increase in perfusion pressure associated with a modest reduction in myocardial contractile function. The responses to the endothelium-independent vasodilators papaverine and adenosine tended to be increased by 1.5- to 2-fold, indicating that the increase in perfusion pressure was due, at least in part, to increased resistance vessel tone. However, resistance vessel dilations to the endothelium-dependent agents acetylcholine and serotonin were markedly reduced. Various degrees of protection against increases in perfusion pressure and inhibition of endothelium-dependent dilation during electrolysis were obtained with catalase, a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide; superoxide dismutase, a scavenger of superoxide; and desferrioxamine, which chelates iron and thereby inhibits hydroxyl radical production. Furthermore the action of nitroprusside, a direct-acting stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase, was not diminished during the electrolytic treatment. We conclude that inhibition of endothelium-dependent dilation is a prominent action of reactive products of O2 in the coronary resistance bed. In combination with a free radical induced increase in resistance vessel tone this might limit recovery of myocardial perfusion post ischemia. PMID- 3177670 TI - Activity of in vivo canine cardiac plexus neurons. AB - The activity of 394 spontaneously active neurons located in the ganglionated plexus of the ventral epicardial fat pad overlying the right atrium and pulmonary veins was recorded. Ganglia that contained various numbers of neurons, many with two or more nucleoli, were identified adjacent to the recording sites. Spontaneous activity was correlated with the cardiac cycle in 39% and with the respiratory cycle in 8% of the identified neurons. Neuronal activity occurred in specific phases of the cardiac cycle when arterial pressure was between approximately 70 and 175 mmHg. During increases in systolic pressure induced by positive inotropic agents or aortic occlusion, responses of neurons that displayed cardiovascular-related activity were enhanced. These responses persisted after acute decentralization. The activity of 14% of all identified neurons was altered when discrete regions of the heart, great thoracic vessels, or lungs were mechanically distorted by gentle touch. Trains of stimuli, but not single stimuli, delivered to the vagosympathetic complexes, stellate ganglia, or cardiopulmonary nerves activated ganglionic neurons in intact or acutely decentralized preparations. It is concluded that the activity of some cardiac ganglion neurons is related to cardiovascular or respiratory dynamics and that some of these neurons receive inputs from sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent axons as well as from cardiac mechanoreceptors. PMID- 3177669 TI - Endothelium-dependent pressure-induced contraction of isolated canine carotid arteries. AB - Experiments were conducted in a bioassay system, where a canine coronary artery ring without endothelium (bioassay tissue) was superfused by the effluent from a perfused canine carotid artery segment with endothelium (donor segment). A rapid increase in transmural pressure (from near 0 to 32-38 mmHg) triggered active contraction of the donor segment and simultaneously of the bioassay tissue. These contractions were prevented by removal of the endothelium from the donor segment but not by treatment of the segment with indomethacin. Exposure to elevated pressure depressed basal, acetylcholine-, and flow-induced release of endothelium derived relaxing factor(s). Methylene blue prevented the pressure-induced contraction of the bioassay ring. These data show that pressure-induced contraction of isolated carotid arteries is endothelium dependent and is mediated by the depression of the synthesis and/or release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s). PMID- 3177671 TI - Effects of 10- to 12-day treatment with L-thyroxine in rats with myocardial infarction. AB - The effects of treatment with L-thyroxine (T4) for 10-12 days on left ventricular (LV) function and myosin isoenzyme content in rats with LV dysfunction after myocardial infarction were studied. Electrocardiogram (ECG) criteria were used to select animals with large myocardial infarctions. These animals were divided into six groups: control and five treatment groups that received daily subcutaneous injections of T4 (1.5, 3, 6, 10, or 15 micrograms/100 g body wt) for 10-12 days. Intravascular pressures were then measured with micromanometer-tipped catheters, and the hearts were analyzed for myosin isoenzyme distribution. The lowest dose of T4 (1.5 micrograms) produced no changes in heart rate, LV pressure or aortic pressure (AoP), myosin isoenzyme composition, or serum T4 levels. Larger doses of T4 (3, 6, 10, and 15 micrograms) produced increases in LV rate of pressure development (dP/dt), heart rate, and T4 levels but did not change LV pressure or AoP. Myosin isoenzyme composition in the control group showed increases in the proportion of the V3 form and decreases in the V1 form compared with the normal pattern. T4 administration produced dose-dependent increases in the V1 myosin isoform and corresponding decreases in the amount of the V2 and V3 forms. Heart rate increases observed with larger doses of T4 could be prevented by addition of propranolol (500 mg/l) to the drinking water. However, in rats treated with T4 and propranolol, LV pressure, AoP, LV dP/dt, and myosin isoenzyme composition were unchanged compared with T4-treated rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177672 TI - No significant increase in O2 consumption of KCl-arrested dog heart with filling and dobutamine. AB - In the cross-circulated dog hearts arrested with KCl, we examined the effects of left ventricular volume and dobutamine on the resting oxygen consumption (MVO2). The perfusion pressure of the excised heart was stable under the cross circulation for 1-1.5 h with a dialyzer to normalize coronary venous KCl despite continuous coronary arterial injection of KCl. The resting MVO2 declined gradually during the first 10 min of cardiac arrest but changed little thereafter. The resting MVO2 at 5 min and 30 min of arrest were 30.5 +/- 9.3 (SD) and 23.8 +/- 12.9%, respectively, of unloaded MVO2 before arrest. The resting MVO2 after its stabilization was 1.02 +/- 0.42 ml O2.min-1.100 g ventricle-1 in the control. It was 1.12 +/- 0.48 ml O2.min-1.100 g ventricle-1 under a continuous infusion of dobutamine at rate of 10-25 micrograms/min. This change with dobutamine was statistically insignificant. The resting MVO2 was not affected by changes in left ventricular volume both before and under dobutamine. The present result implies that MVO2 for basal metabolism in a working dog heart is virtually constant regardless of ventricular volume and contractility. PMID- 3177673 TI - Pressure-flow characteristics and nutritional capacity of coronary veins in dogs. AB - To examine the hemodynamic interdependence of coronary arteries and veins, great cardiac vein (GCV) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery flows of dogs were measured. Although they were not different under base-line conditions, 42.9 +/- 4.1 and 34.9 +/- 5.2 ml/min, respectively, LAD occlusion caused only a 56% decrease in GCV flow, whereas peak GCV flow during reactive hyperemia consistently underestimated peak LAD flow by nearly 40%. The measured hemodynamic data were very closely predicted by a simple model that assumed the presence of a low-resistance venous collateral anastomotic pathway between the GCV and veins outside the LAD territory. The resistance of the venous collaterals averaged 9.9 +/- 3.0% of LAD resistance. Therefore, GCV flow does not solely represent LAD collateral flow when the LAD is occluded, nor is it a reliable indicator of changes in LAD perfusion patterns. Nutritional myocardial perfusion assessed with 133Xe washout decreased from 0.86 +/- 0.16 to 0.13 +/- 0.02 ml.min-1.g-1 after LAD occlusion, whereas retroperfusion of the GCV with arterial blood enhanced washout by 85% to 0.23 +/- 0.03 ml.min-1.g-1 (P less than 0.005). Retroperfusion was inefficient, however, since only 10% of the isotope injected into the GCV gained access to the myocardium. PMID- 3177674 TI - Cytoplasmic Mg2+ concentration in platelets: implications for determination of Ca2+ with aequorin. AB - The concentration of cytoplasmic ionized Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) varies considerably among different cell types. It has not been measured in platelets. Incorrect estimates of this value could markedly affect many intracellular investigations, including calibration of measurements of platelet cytoplasmic ionized Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) with the photoprotein aequorin and other Ca2+-sensitive probes. [Mg2+]i was measured in washed, gel-filtered human platelets suspended in modified Tyrode buffer by two methods: 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of intact platelets and null-point titration in platelets selectively permeabilized with digitonin. The 31P-NMR spectra demonstrated that the [Mg2+]i, as calculated from the chemical shift values of ATP resonances, was 0.23 +/- 0.02 (SD) mM in unstimulated platelets. The mean [Mg2+]i as determined by null-point titration was 0.3 +/- 0.1 mM (range: 0.1-0.6 mM). When this [Mg2+]i value was used to construct a Ca2+-calibration curve for aequorin, the indicated [Ca2+]i values in resting and stimulated platelets were lower than those obtained from curves based on previously assumed values for [Mg2+]i (1.0-1.25 mM). This finding largely resolves the discrepancy between resting [Ca2+]i as determined by aequorin or by quin2, fura-2, and indo-1. PMID- 3177675 TI - Relationship between dog saphenous vein reactivity and Na content. AB - The physiological significance of the wide range of spontaneous variation in the total Na content of the dog saphenous vein (SV) was investigated. The SV of pentobarbital-anesthetized male mongrel dogs was perfused in vitro with the dogs' own venous blood, and its reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) was measured. The contralateral SV was removed for measurements of total and intracellular (Li exchange at 4 degrees C) Na and K content, DNA content, and muscle width. Reactivity to ACh correlated directly with total and extracellular SV Na content, and reactivity to NE correlated directly with total and intracellular K content. Reactivity to NE was unrelated to ACh reactivity, plasma NE concentration, or venous wall DNA content or muscle width. ACh-mediated venoconstriction was approximately 10 times more sensitive to inhibition by amiloride, an inhibitor of Na-entry pathways, than NE-mediated venoconstriction. The finding that extracellular Na content is a marker of reactivity to ACh is compatible with experimental evidence that the mode of action of ACh may be the stimulation of Na influx. The positive correlation between the K content and reactivity of veins to NE suggests that there is a link between intracellular K content and the release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to NE. PMID- 3177676 TI - Pulmonary inflation reflex: its lack of physiological significance in coronary circulation of humans. AB - In awake dogs, voluntary deep inspiration results in a marked, reflex-mediated increase in coronary blood flow. To study this reflex in humans, we subselectively measured coronary blood flow velocity (CBFV) with a 3-F coronary Doppler catheter in 12 subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries. In each subject, intracoronary papaverine increased CBFV to 4.8 +/- 0.2 X resting CBFV and reduced coronary resistance to 0.20 +/- 0.01 X resting coronary resistance, demonstrating normal vasodilator reserve in the vessel under study. Valsalva maneuver reduced CBFV to 0.67 +/- 0.09 X resting CBFV and increased coronary resistance to 1.37 +/- 0.20 X resting coronary resistance (P less than 0.05 vs. control). Maximum voluntary inspiration, however, did not significantly change CBFV (peak response 1.03 +/- 0.05 X resting CBFV) or coronary resistance (0.96 +/- 0.04 X resting). To determine whether augmentation of resting alpha adrenergic tone would potentiate the reflex, eight patients performed a sustained 33% maximal handgrip for 2 min. Maximal deep inspiration during handgrip failed to result in any significant change in CBFV or coronary resistance. These studies demonstrate that the canine pulmonary inflation reflex has little or no physiological significance in the coronary circulation of conscious humans. Additionally, these data suggest that the magnitude of reflex control of the coronary circulation may vary considerably between dogs and humans. PMID- 3177677 TI - Responses of cerebral arteries after ischemia and reperfusion in cats. AB - Our goal was to determine whether responses of cerebral arteries are altered after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. We measured diameter of cerebral arteries (150-180 micron) in cats in response to topical application of acetylcholine (ACh) and serotonin, which release endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), and adenosine and angiotensin, which do not release EDRF. Diameter of arteries was measured before and after 10 or 30 min of cerebral ischemia, when base-line diameter had returned to control levels. Under control conditions, serotonin and angiotensin constricted cerebral arteries by 16 +/- 2 and 23 +/- 3% (means +/- SE), respectively, and ACh and adenosine dilated cerebral arteries by 22 +/- 2 and 23 +/- 3%, respectively. During reperfusion after 10 min of cerebral ischemia, constrictor responses of cerebral arteries were preserved. Vasodilator responses of arteries to ACh after 10 min of ischemia were heterogeneous. In 6 of 15 cats, vasodilatation in response to ACh was preserved. In contrast, in 9 of 15 cats, vasodilatation in response to ACh was impaired (7 +/- 3%). In both groups, vasodilatation in response to adenosine was not impaired after 10 min of ischemia. During reperfusion after 30 min of cerebral ischemia, constrictor responses of cerebral arteries were preserved. In contrast, dilatation of cerebral arteries in response to ACh and adenosine was impaired. We speculate that impaired cerebral vasodilatation after ischemia, with maintenance of vasoconstriction, may contribute to impaired reperfusion after cerebral ischemia. PMID- 3177679 TI - Epicardial activation after unsuccessful defibrillation shocks in dogs. AB - To study defibrillation, shocks were given to seven dogs during electrically induced fibrillation, while recordings were made from 56 epicardial electrodes. Shocks were given via electrodes on the left ventricular apex and the right atrium, creating an uneven shock field with much higher potential gradients in the apex than in the base of the ventricles. For unsuccessful 0.01- to 0.05-J shocks, activation occurred soon after the shock at many sites in both the base and the apex. For 0.1- to 0.5-J shocks, the number of early activation sites was greatly decreased, and the latency from the shock until earliest recorded activation was greatly increased at the apex but not at the base. For 1- to 5-J shocks, one to three early sites were present and confined to the base, with a long latency between the shock and the appearance of these early sites. The latency and location of earliest activation were similar to those after 1- to 5-J shocks given to induce fibrillation during normal paced rhythm. Shocks of 10 J successfully defibrillated. These findings suggest that the shock field can have at least three effects. One, a weak field fails to halt the activation fronts of fibrillation. Two, a stronger field halts but then reinduces fibrillation in a manner similar to that of the same strength field during the vulnerable period of normal rhythm. Three, a still higher field halts fibrillation without reinitiating it. Successful defibrillation requires a shock strong enough to create this third field intensity throughout the ventricles. PMID- 3177678 TI - Influence of shock strength and timing on induction of ventricular arrhythmias in dogs. AB - We delivered strong shocks via electrodes on the left ventricular apex and the right atrium in seven dogs during the T wave of atrial pacing while recordings were made from 56 epicardial electrodes. After shocks that induced arrhythmias were given, the earliest activation occurred in the middle of the ventricles for lower-energy shocks and in the base for higher-energy shocks. For shocks late in the vulnerable period, activation was recorded soon after the shock, whereas for shocks early in the vulnerable period activation was not recorded for a mean of 70 ms (+/- 17 ms SD) after the shock. We also gave 1-J shocks during right and left ventricular pacing. For shocks early in the vulnerable period, activation initiating fibrillation arose in a focal pattern from the paced region. For shocks during the midportion of the vulnerable period, fibrillation arose by two leading circle reentrant loops rotating in opposite directions, one on the left and the other on the right ventricle. For shocks at the end of the vulnerable period, the two reentrant loops fused on the side of the heart opposite the pacing site to again form a single focal activation pattern. Thus the initial activation patterns of arrhythmias initiated by shocks, the time from the shock until earliest postshock activation, and the site of earliest postshock activation are strongly influenced by the coupling interval and strength of the shock. PMID- 3177680 TI - Arterial pressure control after chronic carotid sinus denervation. AB - This study examines the control of arterial blood pressure in conscious, instrumented dogs with atrioventricular block before and greater than or equal to 9 days after carotid sinus baroreceptor denervation. Strength of reflex control of blood pressure was quantitated by measuring the changes in peripheral resistance and atrial rate after square wave changes in cardiac output. Surprisingly, nine or more days after carotid denervation, the strength of baroreflex control of peripheral resistance and atrial rate were not different (P greater than 0.05) from the values before denervation. This was not due to a change in the base-line levels of arterial pressure, atrial rate, cardiac output, or peripheral resistance. Bilateral vagal block after carotid denervation removed reflex effects from remaining baroreceptors and virtually eliminated changes in peripheral resistance in response to changes in arterial pressure. Therefore, the compensatory responses observed after carotid denervation were mediated by the remaining baroreceptors. Thus, after chronic carotid sinus denervation, there is no decrease in the strength of baroreflex control of peripheral resistance or heart rate. PMID- 3177682 TI - Cellular compartmentation in ischemic myocardium: indirect analysis by electron probe. AB - Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was carried out directly on myocardial cells and on the myofibrils and the mitochondria within them. A third subcellular compartment, which contains sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), was measured indirectly. The percent of the total cell calcium content that resides within this "hidden" compartment was calculated from cell data minus weighted myofibril and mitochondria data. This approach was applied to control, ischemic, and reperfused myocardium, and other elements were also quantified. We found that the calcium content of this third compartment is little changed during global ischemia but is markedly depleted after 5 min reperfusion. We conclude that these changes are ascribable to changes in SR function. PMID- 3177681 TI - Subcellular electrolyte shifts during in vitro myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. AB - Isolated perfused rabbit right ventricular wall was studied with electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) under three conditions: 1) control (37 degrees C, 1.2 Hz), 2) 60 min global ischemia, and 3) ischemia plus 5 min of reperfusion. After 60 min of ischemia, only one cell population was evident; the variance of intracellular electrolyte concentrations was the same as in controls. When compared with controls, there was no change in Ca concentration within any region of the cell, but mitochondria were swollen with K-rich fluid. Two cell populations were evident after 5 min of reperfusion. The severely injured cells were markedly swollen, exhibited hypercontraction bands, and had electrolyte profiles similar to extracellular fluid. The moderately injured cells were normal in appearance, still retained electrolyte gradients, but had elevated Na and Cl concentrations in all compartments. Cell Ca did not increase in the moderately injured cells, but the region of the cell containing the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) lost 90% of its Ca. Accompanying this loss were large increases in myofibrillar and mitochondrial Ca concentration. It appears that release of SR Ca, loss of SR Ca-accumulating capacity, and increased intracellular Na are the principal electrolyte shifts in functional cells during early reperfusion. PMID- 3177683 TI - Sympathetic tone affects human limb vascular resistance during a maximal metabolic stimulus. AB - To evaluate the relationship between heightened sympathetic tone and maximal metabolic vasodilation, peak forearm blood flow (ml.min-1.100 ml-1) was measured plethysmographically in 18 volunteers after the release of 10 min of arterial occlusion (the peak reactive hyperemic blood flow response, RHBF) both before and after a stimulus to induce heightened sympathetic tone. The stimulus was the application of ice to the forehead for 90 s just before and during RHBF measurements. Mean arterial cuff blood pressure (MAP; mmHg) was calculated, and corresponding resistance (R; mmHg.ml-1.min.100 ml) was derived from blood pressure divided by RHBF. During ice application, blood pressure rose (pre 92 vs. post 115 ml/mmHg; P less than 0.05), peak RHBF was unchanged (pre 38.8 vs. post 36.4 ml.min-1.100 ml-1; not significant), but R during the maximal metabolic stimulus rose (pre 2.5 vs. post 3.2 mmHg.ml-1.min.100 ml; P less than 0.05). To examine the effects of heightened sympathetic tone on conduit vessels, simultaneous measurements of maximal metabolic blood flow (RHBF) and brachial artery Doppler velocity (V, cm/s) were conducted (n = 5) with and without ice applied to the forehead. Velocity rose by 70% as flow remained constant. Thus brachial artery area (area = flow/velocity) and diameter decreased substantially (20% decrease in diameter). The increase in R noted with ice was due to an alpha mediated response, since the increase in R was blocked by oral prazosin (n = 6) and was unaffected by maneuvers to alter myogenic tone (n = 5). We conclude that maximal metabolic vasodilation can be counteracted to some extent by the effects of heightened sympathetic tone. Moreover, some of the interaction between these two opposing influences takes place at the arterial level. PMID- 3177684 TI - Acute changes in forearm venous volume and tone using radionuclide plethysmography. AB - In this investigation blood pool scintigraphy was validated as a method to study acute changes in human forearm veins. Changes in regional forearm vascular volume (capacity) and the occluding pressure-volume (P-V) relationship induced by sublingual nifedipine (NIF) and nitroglycerin (GTN) were recorded in 16 patients with simultaneous data collection by the radionuclide and the mercury-in-rubber strain-gauge techniques. The standard error of estimate (Syx) between successive control measurements using the radionuclide method was 3.1% compared with 3.2% for the strain-gauge method. The venous P-V curves were highly reproducible using both techniques. Strain gauge and radionuclide measurements of acute changes in forearm venous volume correlated well (r = 0.86; Syx = 7%, n = 156). After 20 mg of NIF or 0.6 mg of GTN, mean heart rate increased from 71 +/- 10 to 77 +/- 9 and from 68 +/- 10 to 75 +/- 11 beats/min, respectively, and group systolic blood pressure decreased from 128 +/- 22 to 120 +/- 19 and from 136 +/- 18 to 126 +/- 23 mmHg, respectively (P less than 0.05). At venous occluding pressures of 0 and 30 mmHg, the forearm vascular volume did not change after NIF (2 +/- 4 and -1 +/- 4%; P greater than 0.05), whereas it increased after GTN (8 +/- 5 and 12 +/- 7%; P less than 0.001). The forearm venous P-V relationship did not change after NIF, whereas a significant rightward shift (venodilation, with an increase in unstressed volume) occurred after GTN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177685 TI - [14C]butanol distribution: a new method for measurement of spinal cord blood flow. AB - [14C]butanol distribution was used to quantitate regional blood flow (SCBF) in the spinal cord (levels T3-5, T7-9, L1-2, L3-S) and in the sciatic nerves (NBF) of control pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats (group A), after 1 h of hemorrhagic hypotension (group B), after 15 min of stimulation of one sciatic nerve (group C-1), and after stimulation of one sciatic nerve plus hemorrhage, which maintained mean arterial pressure (MAP) at control (130 mmHg). Group A SCBF ranged from 52.3 +/- 3.5 (L3-S) to 67.4 +/- 2.7 (L1-2) ml.min-1.100 g-1. NBF was 8.0 +/- 0.9 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Group B SCBF was unchanged. NBF fell to 4.0 +/- 0.4 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Group C-1 SCBF was markedly elevated (range 122 +/- 23.1 to 150.1 +/- 18.7 ml.min-1.100 g-1). NBF was 33.5 +/- 4.1 ml.min-1.100 g-1 (stimulated side) and 14.7 +/- 1.4 ml.min-1.100 g-1 (nonstimulated). MAP was elevated (163 +/- 6 mmHg). In group C-2 (MAP was 130 +/- 4 mmHg), SCBF was still elevated at T3-5, L3-S, and marginally elevated at L1-2. NBF was 22.6 +/- 4.7 ml.min-1.100 g-1 (stimulated) but unchanged contralaterally. [14C]butanol distribution provides a sensitive reproducible measure of SCBF and NBF. Autoregulation of SCBF (but not of NBF) occurred in the range 60-160 mmHg MAP. Spinal cord stimulation via the sciatic nerve increased SCBF two- to threefold, but when hypertension was avoided by blood withdrawal, a modest (38%) increase in SCBF still occurred. PMID- 3177686 TI - Hyperpolarization and increased free calcium in acetylcholine-stimulated endothelial cells. AB - In freshly harvested aortic endothelial cells from rabbits, some cellular events associated with stimulation by acetylcholine (ACh) were analyzed. ACh (3 microM) induced a transient hyperpolarization of 8.3 +/- 2.5 mV, which peaked within 3-5 s and subsequently declined with a similar time course. Hyperpolarization was caused by a transient Ca2+-dependent outward current (IoACh), which was mainly carried by K+. ACh (3 and 10 microM) also evoked transient dose-dependent increases in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+i). Pretreatment with atropine (1 and 3 microM) abolished both responses to ACh, the increase in Ca2+i as well as the transient outward current. It is concluded that IoACh and the rise in Ca2+i are two manifestations of muscarinic receptor stimulation. The rise in Ca2+i might be the primary event, leading to secondary membrane hyperpolarization. PMID- 3177687 TI - Exercise training attenuates baroreflex regulation of nerve activity in rabbits. AB - Baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) during changes in arterial pressure were examined in conscious rabbits before and after 8 wk of treadmill endurance exercise training. Exercise-induced bradycardia (decreased HR at rest and at identical workloads) was used to document a cardiovascular training effect. At 29.4 m/min, 20% grade, posttraining HR was significantly lower than pretraining values (295 +/- 6 beats/min vs. 361 +/- 8 beats/min, P less than 0.05). Rabbits were instrumented with an occluder around the inferior vena cava (IVCO), arterial and venous catheters, and recording electrodes around renal sympathetic nerves. Baroreflex-mediated changes in HR and RSNA to a 25-mmHg decrease and increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) were obtained by inflating the IVCO or progressive infusion of phenylephrine, respectively. After training, the range (maximum response minus minimum response) of baroreflex control of RSNA and HR was significantly attenuated (209 +/- 12 vs. 413 +/- 14% and 123 +/- 16 vs. 162 +/- 8 beats/min). In addition, the slope of baroreflex control of HR and RSNA was significantly attenuated after training (4.17 +/- 0.35 vs. 8.32 +/- 0.23%/mmHg and 2.57 +/- 0.4 vs. 4.14 +/- 0.4 beats.min-1.mmHg-1). These data demonstrate that endurance exercise training significantly attenuated baroreflex control of HR and RSNA in conscious rabbits. PMID- 3177688 TI - Accommodation and hysteresis in atrioventricular propagation. PMID- 3177689 TI - Postnatal undernutrition slows development of bronchiolar epithelium in rats. AB - The lung's small conducting airways are sites of dysfunction early in the course of chronic lung diseases that are prevalent in humans; furthermore, there is evidence that aspects of childhood environment may adversely influence small airway function in adulthood. Because there is considerable early postnatal morphological maturation of the bronchiolar epithelium in rats, these considerations led to the present study in which we assessed the effect of early postnatal undernutrition in rats on the anatomic development of the bronchiolar epithelium. We found undernutrition, produced by increasing rat litter size shortly after birth, led to delayed development of the mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum of bronchiolar Clara cells. Of particular interest, underfeeding resulted in considerably diminished mitosis by Clara cells, decreased nuclear numerical density of bronchiolar ciliated cells, evidence of diminished conversion of Clara cells to ciliated cells, and an abnormal cellular composition of the small airway epithelium that persisted well beyond the period of underfeeding. We conclude that early neonatal events can have long-term effects on the bronchiolar epithelium. PMID- 3177690 TI - Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates blood flow and secretion of avian salt glands. AB - The neuromodulatory role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in avian salt gland secretion and blood flow was investigated in conscious saltwater-acclimated Pekin ducks. Glandular blood flow was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry or the radioactive microspheres technique. Osmolal excretion was closely related to salt gland blood flow during salt loading. At threshold conditions of salt gland secretion, VIP infused intracarotidally induced both osmolal excretion and arteriolar vasodilation dose dependently (30-240 pmol.min-1.kg body wt-1). The VIPergic effect on the secretory process for NaCl was enhanced by simultaneous intracarotid application of acetylcholine (5 nmol.min-1.kg body wt-1), whereas the intrinsic vasodilatory potency of acetylcholine appeared to be nonadditive in coinfusion experiments. Ongoing secretion induced by systemic infusion of hypertonic saline could be suppressed by muscarinic antagonists, with salt gland blood flow being sustained at the reduced level of atropine-resistant vasodilation. Subsequent intracarotid infusion of VIP stimulated glandular blood perfusion and also, to a minor extent, osmolal excretion, suggesting an independent, functional VIP system in efferent salt gland control. PMID- 3177692 TI - GABA-mediated inhibition of sympathoexcitatory neurons by midline medullary stimulation. AB - The present investigation determined whether the effects of electrical stimulation of depressor sites in midline medullary raphe nuclei were a result of inhibition of sympathoexcitatory medullospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of anesthetized cats. Electrical stimulation of the raphe inhibited inferior cardiac sympathetic activity. Microinjections of glutamate mimicked the effects of electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation inhibited sympathoexcitatory neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. The onset of the sympathoinhibition recorded from the inferior cardiac nerve (72 ms) was equal to the sum of the onset latency of the sympathoexcitatory response elicited from the rostral ventrolateral medulla (49 ms) plus the conduction time in the raphe to rostral ventrolateral sympathoinhibitory pathway (23 ms). Raphe stimulation excited a second set of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla with an onset of 21 ms. Microiontophoretically applied bicuculline increased the discharge of sympathoexcitatory neurons and blocked the raphe-evoked inhibition. Iontophoretic glutamate excited sympathoexcitatory neurons but failed to antagonize raphe-elicited inhibition. These data suggest that neuronal elements in medullary raphe nuclei tonically inhibit sympathoexcitatory medullospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla by activating closely adjacent gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons. PMID- 3177691 TI - Adrenoceptors and temperature regulation in goldfish. AB - In goldfish, microinjections of norepinephrine (NE) into the anterior aspect of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis result in dose-dependent decreases in selected temperature (21). To determine the characteristics of the adrenoceptors involved in this response, noradrenergic antagonists were injected 10 min before an injection of 50 ng norepinephrine. In comparison to control injections, injections of 50 ng phentolamine, an alpha-antagonist, significantly attenuated the effect of NE. In contrast, 50 ng propranolol, a beta-antagonist, produced a nonsignificant attenuation. These antagonists injected by themselves had no thermoregulatory effect. For noradrenergic agonists, thermoregulatory effects comparable to a dose of 10-25 ng NE were obtained at the following doses (in microgram): 1.0 clonidine (alpha 2), 5.0 phenylephrine (alpha 1), and 25 isoproterenol (beta). In fish, both alpha 1 and alpha 2-adrenoceptors appear to subserve the NE-induced decrease in selected temperature. Because antagonists injected by themselves do not have a thermoregulatory effect, NE may not have a role in the short-term regulation of body temperature in fish but rather may modulate this system in response to altered environmental conditions. PMID- 3177693 TI - Effects of meal frequency on energy utilization in rats. AB - The effects of differences in meal frequency on body weight, body composition, and energy expenditure were studied in mildly food-restricted male rats. Two groups were fed approximately 80% of usual food intake (as periodically determined in a group of ad libitum fed controls) for 131 days. One group received all of its food in 2 meals/day and the other received all of its food in 10-12 meals/day. The two groups did not differ in food intake, body weight, body composition, food efficiency (carcass energy gain per amount of food eaten), or energy expenditure at any time during the study. Both food-restricted groups had a lower food intake, body weight gain, and energy expenditure than a group of ad libitum-fed controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that amount of food eaten, but not the pattern with which it is ingested, has a major influence on energy balance during mild food restriction. PMID- 3177694 TI - Time course of thermal adaptation in plasma membranes of trout kidney. II. Molecular species composition. AB - The molecular species composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) was determined in plasma membranes of kidney for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, undergoing thermal acclimation between 5 and 20 degrees C. Species of PC from 5 degrees C-acclimated trout were characterized by significantly higher values of unsaturation ratio (8.78 vs. 3.15), unsaturation index (2.32 vs. 1.84), and average chain length (34.18 vs. 33.12 carbons) than those of 20 degrees C-acclimated trout, primarily because of elevated proportions of 16:0/20:4 (8.67 vs. 4.42%) and 16:0/22:6 (15.61 vs. 7.18%) and reduced levels of 14:0/16:0 (3.34 vs. 12.41%). Proportions of saturated and monoenoic species responded most rapidly (within 16-48 h) to temperature change, whereas species containing long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids increased only after 10-21 days of cold acclimation. The combined results of the present and preceding paper [Hazel and Landrey, Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 24): R352-R357, 1988] indicate that the metabolic adaptation responsible for the thermal compensation of membrane structure differ in response times, which range from rapid adjustments in both headgroup and molecular species composition to considerably slower changes in the proportions of species containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, the restructuring of phospholipid molecular species composition modifies membrane structure in different ways at different times during the acclimation response. PMID- 3177695 TI - Parathyroid hormone-like immunoreactivity in brains of tetrapod vertebrates. AB - Heat-stable nondialyzable immunoreactive (IR) parathyroid hormone (PTH)-like activity, that coelutes with authentic PTH on Sep-Pak C18 columns and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, was measured in the brain, hypothalamus, and pituitary of amphibian, reptilian, avian, and mammalian species, using two specific antisera raised against the 48-64 region of the intact PTH molecule. In each case the IR PTH concentration was greater than that present in peripheral plasma and in rats was not affected by dietary calcium status. Extracts of muscle, liver, and kidney tissue were without IR PTH activity. These results demonstrate the extraparathyroidal occurrence of PTH-like peptides in nontumorous neuroendocrine tissues of vertebrate species. These findings may have evolutionary significance, since IR PTH was present in the brain and plasma of species that lack encapsulated parathyroid glands. PMID- 3177696 TI - Na-dependent L-proline transport by eel intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. AB - L-[3H]proline uptake by brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from intestinal mucosa of the European eel, Anguilla anguilla, was stimulated by a transmembrane Na gradient (out greater than in). Kinetic analysis of L-proline influx, under short-circuited membrane potential conditions, indicated the presence of an apparent single Na-dependent carrier process (Kapp = 0.23 +/- 0.04 mM and Jmax = 7.96 +/- 0.87 nmol.mg protein-1.min-1) and a nonsaturable transfer component with an apparent diffusional permeability (P) of 1.53 +/- 0.35 microliter.mg protein 1.min-1. An imposed transmembrane potential (inside negative) increased apparent L-proline binding affinity (lowered Kapp) without appreciably altering maximal amino acid influx (Jmax). Hill analysis of L-proline influx over a wide range of external Na concentrations indicated a 1:1 stoichiometry for Na-proline cotransport. Use of amino acid inhibitors of L-proline influx suggested that L proline transfer may occur by either a classical Na-dependent A System with a wide substrate specificity or by the combination of Na-dependent PHE (phenylalanine preferring) and IMINO (proline, alpha-methylaminoisobutyric acid preferring) Systems. PMID- 3177697 TI - Differentiation of cardiac baroreflex properties by cuff and drug methods in two rabbit strains. AB - Sigmoidal mean arterial pressure (MAP)-heart rate (HR) curves were obtained in two genetically related strains of rabbits (groups I and II). We examined vagal (V) and sympathetic (S) effects on HR using perivascular cuffs and vasoactive drugs to alter MAP, and we studied the effects of intravenous naloxone, which affected only I. With the cuff method, both V and S components of gain were much greater in I than in II, and naloxone greatly reduced the difference. With the drug method, gain was similar in I and II and unaffected by naloxone. With both methods, the V component of HR range between plateaus was greater in I than in II because of more pronounced bradycardia at the lower plateau; naloxone eliminated the latter difference when the reflex was drug induced but not when it was cuff induced. The S component of HR range was similar in I and II; with both methods, the tachycardia plateau was reduced by naloxone. The cuff method alters cardiac load more than the drug method, leading to engagement of different groups of afferents for a given change in MAP (delta MAP). We have derived an input-output model, which suggests that with the drug method, gain is almost entirely determined by the input from the arterial baroreceptors, accounting for the minimal difference between I and II. With the cuff method, gain is determined by a nonlinear interaction involving the arterial and nonarterial baroreceptors, which accentuates the response. The opiate mechanism is associated with the nonarterial baroreceptor input and has amplifying properties, which account for the difference in gain between I and II. The two methods and naloxone provide a novel way of differentiating the effector patterns of the reflex; naloxone serves as a marker of activity in a particular pathway. PMID- 3177698 TI - Interaction of memories and expectancies as mediators of choice behavior. AB - The interaction of food-based memories and food-event outcome expectancies in pigeons was assessed using a simultaneous, delayed-symbolic-matching-to-sample procedure. The components of the compound sample were presented in sequence, and consisted of a food-based event (food or no-food) followed by a color cue (red or green). Choice of a pattern of horizontal lines was "correct" following presentation of the red cue, while choice of a vertical line pattern was "correct" after green. In all but a control condition, the food-based event with which a trial began, or the food-event outcome with which a trial concluded, or both, were also correlated with the correct pattern. Of particular interest was the relative accuracy of two groups for whom both memories and expectancies were correlated with the correct choice-pattern. For one group, the memories and expectancies corresponding to the pre- and postchoice food-related events were similar, whereas for the other they were dissimilar. Outcome expectancies supported a higher level of performance than food-based memories, and subjects with both outcome expectancies and food-based memories chose more accurately than those with memories or expectancies only. In addition, subjects with dissimilar food-based memories and outcome expectancies chose more accurately than those with similar memories and expectancies. The implications of the above findings for the nature of event representation in pigeons are discussed. PMID- 3177699 TI - Effects of elaboration and relational distinctiveness on sentence memory. AB - Memory for normal and distinct target sentences in elaborated and isolated contexts was examined in two experiments. Distinctiveness was operationalized as the uniqueness of the stated relation among the elements (words) of the sentence. In both experiments distinct target sentences were recalled significantly better than normal target sentences. Robust elaboration effects emerged only in Experiment 2, however, when care was taken to construct elaborations that were causally related to the target sentences. Further, the positive mnemonic effects of elaboration in Experiment 2 combined additively with the distinctiveness effects. These results demonstrate that text manipulations emphasizing both relational distinctiveness and causal elaboration facilitate memory performance. Several possible theoretical mechanisms underlying this facilitation are outlined. PMID- 3177700 TI - The concept of quarantine--is it still viable? PMID- 3177701 TI - Which patients are responsible for their illnesses? AB - Physicians must regularly make judgments as to the extent to which patients should be considered responsible for their symptoms. Such judgments have important social and treatment consequences for both physically and mentally disordered patients. A conceptual framework for assessing this type of responsibility is presented and the manner in which ascribing responsibility influences treatment is discussed. PMID- 3177702 TI - Psychotherapy with physicians' families: when attributes in medical practice become liabilities in family life. AB - Personality attributes typically found in successful physicians can lead to difficulties in family life. This paper identifies physicians' positive characteristics and demonstrates with case-history material how these characteristics can contribute to interactional problems with family members. Ways of engaging physicians in treatment and avoiding some of the common pitfalls in working with this group are discussed. PMID- 3177703 TI - The phenomenology of psychotherapy. AB - The psychotherapeutic implications of Husserl's method of inquiry are examined within the epistemological framework of Kuhn, Piaget, and Popper, which provides a model for both psychopathology and change in psychotherapy. Change results from the experience of the therapeutic relationship that contradicts prior psychopathological paradigms. The phenomenological approach enhances this process. PMID- 3177704 TI - Criteria for therapist self-disclosure. AB - Experienced clinicians were interviewed to explore the criteria utilized in intentional therapist self-disclosure. Three themes emerged: the psychotherapy relationship, therapist self-awareness, and most significant, theoretical orientation. Five categories of criteria were identified: modeling, fostering the therapeutic alliance, validating reality, encouraging the patient's autonomy, and the therapist's satisfaction. PMID- 3177705 TI - The reverse selfobject experience. AB - A reverse selfobject experience occurs when an infant functions as a selfobject for the mother. While reverse selfobject experiences are a part of healthy development, excessive experiences (a) traumatize the infant, (b) contribute to a pathological grandiose self, and (c) lead to severe treatment resistance in the early stages of psychotherapy. PMID- 3177706 TI - The "silver-spoon" syndrome in the super rich: the pathologic linkage of affluence and narcissism in family systems. AB - Narcissism often aligns with an affluent lifestyle to become a multigenerational affliction. This article describes the usual presenting symptoms, case backgrounds, and classic narcissistic defense of the silver-spoon syndrome. It suggests that in contrast to individual therapy, family therapy offers the opportunity to key in members to each others' ego state. PMID- 3177708 TI - Psychologists and self-help books: attitudes and prescriptive practices of clinicians. AB - Data are presented from a survey of 123 practicing psychologists in 36 states concerning attitudes and prescriptive practices with regard to self-help books. Tables are provided indicating those self-help works most frequently read and prescribed by responding psychologists, along with ratings of quality and helpfulness. Results indicate widespread readership and prescription of popularized self-help books among psychologists and a positive evaluation of their utility. Questions as to how and why these works are being used are explored. PMID- 3177707 TI - Judo principles and practices: applications to conflict-solving strategies in psychotherapy. AB - Jigoro Kano created judo from ju-jitsu techniques. He realized that the Ju principle of both judo and ju-jitsu as the art of yielding, was that of living and changing. The principle of yielding has been applied in dynamic and directive psychotherapies for many years and was recently linked to the Ju principle in martial arts. After several years of using a modified judo practice as a therapeutic tool, and applying the principle of yielding as a dynamic conflict solving strategy, the authors discovered judo principles applicable to conflict solving, particularly for regressed and violent psychotic patients. PMID- 3177709 TI - Childhood depression: five-year outcome following combined cognitive-behavior therapy and pharmacotherapy. AB - This report describes the treatment and five-year outcome of a girl who presented at 10 years of age with major depressive disorder, psychotic subtype. The applicability of cognitive-behavior therapy for depressed children is demonstrated, and factors that may have contributed to this girl's protection from relapse are discussed. PMID- 3177710 TI - Psychotherapeutic change and the experience of dwelling. AB - The theme of dwelling is a rich metaphor for issues of containment, safety, entrapment, building, and hiding. Over the course of four years of individual psychotherapy, a young woman described the changes in her experience of dwelling in the family home where she grew up. These changes mirrored the transformation of her sense of identity to provide a record of psychological growth. PMID- 3177711 TI - Cognitive-behavioral and insight-oriented psychotherapy of an eleven-year-old boy with obsessive-compulsive disorder. AB - This article describes the use of combined cognitive-behavioral and insight oriented psychotherapy with an 11-year-old boy who had severe obsessive compulsive disorder of recent onset. Treatment was well accepted by the child and his parents and resulted in rapid relief of symptoms. At 12- and 18-month follow ups this child was functioning well at home and in school. PMID- 3177712 TI - The therapist's therapist. PMID- 3177713 TI - Water supply and sanitation (WS&S) and the quality of life. PMID- 3177714 TI - The promotion of exercise. PMID- 3177715 TI - NEA launches national training for AIDS education program in schools. PMID- 3177716 TI - Social inequalities in the decline of coronary mortality. PMID- 3177718 TI - Drinking water source, diarrheal morbidity, and child growth in villages with both traditional and improved water supplies in rural Lesotho, southern Africa. AB - This study examined the growth and morbidity rates of young children in relation to exclusive and non-exclusive use of improved water supplies in rural Lesotho, southern Africa. Data were collected for 247 children 60 months of age and under between July 1984 and February 1985 in 10 villages that had an improved water supply at least one year prior to investigation. Children whose families relied exclusively on the new water supply for their drinking and cooking needs grew 0.438 cm and 235 g more in six months than children whose families supplemented the new water supply with the use of contaminated traditional water for drinking and cooking. The difference in growth was greater among children over 12 months of age at the start of the evaluation than among infants. This may be explained partly by lower rates for Giardia lamblia, the most commonly identified pathogen in stools in older children. Among infants, similar rates of Campylobacter, the most commonly isolated pathogen among infants, may have prevented larger differences. Results suggest that improved drinking water supplies can benefit preschool children's health after infancy, but only if they are functioning and utilized exclusively for drinking and cooking purposes. PMID- 3177717 TI - Divergence of the recent trends in coronary mortality for the four major race-sex groups in the United States. AB - Since 1976 there has been a leveling off or slowdown in the rate of decline in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. The age-adjusted absolute annual rate of decline in CHD mortality rates during 1968-75 (delta rate/100,000 population/year) was virtually identical for White males (-7.54), Black males ( 7.85), and Black females (-7.20), and somewhat lower for White females (-4.25). During 1976-85, however, the secular trends diverged considerably. Age-adjusted rates continued to decline at the same annual rate for White males, while the decline was approximately half as steep for the other three race-sex groups. During 1976-85 there was also a leveling off in the average annual per cent change in age-adjusted CHD mortality for Black males and females and White females when compared to 1968-75, while there was no change for White males. As a result, more than 40,000 White and Black females and Black males died of CHD in 1985 than would have died if CHD rates would have continued to decline at the 1968-75 trends. All comparisons were based on a reclassification of cause-of death codes to maximize comparability between the 8th and 9th Revisions of the International Classification of Disease. These results suggest that the factors which have led to the continued decline in coronary heart disease may not have influenced all the demographic groups in this country equally over the last decade. PMID- 3177719 TI - Seating position in cars and fatality risk. AB - Fatality risk in passenger cars according to seating position (front versus rear; left versus center or right) was examined using Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) data for 1975 through 1985. Comparing the fatality risk of unrestrained occupants matched in sex and age (within three years) revealed effects attributable to seating position, and not to occupant characteristics correlated with use of different seats. Fatality risk to drivers was the same as fatality risk to right front passengers to within 1 per cent; this was so for crashes in all directions and for frontal crashes. Fatality risk in rear seats was (26 +/- 2) per cent lower than in front seats, and lower in center compared to outboard seats by (22 +/- 4) per cent for front seats and (15 +/- 4) per cent for rear seats. The center rear seat was associated with the lowest fatality risk. PMID- 3177720 TI - Sunlight and other risk factors for cataracts: an epidemiologic study. AB - A case control study was conducted in North Carolina to explore the relation between individual exposure to sunlight and the risk of cataracts. One hundred thirteen cases and 161 controls aged 40-69 at diagnosis were studied. Sunlight exposure was inferred from interview data on residency and time spent in the sun, combined with solar radiation data from the National Climatic Data Center. Sunlight exposure was very slightly related to all types of opacities combined. Although the numbers of cases with each type of opacity was small, the risk of cataracts was slightly increased in medium and high exposure categories for persons having cortical or posterior subcapsular opacities only, but not nuclear sclerotic changes. Persons with dark brown or hazel eyes are at increased risk. An unexpected finding was that persons who reported using tranquilizers for six months were at increased risk. PMID- 3177721 TI - The value of water supply and sanitation in development: an assessment. AB - The attractiveness of oral rehydration therapy (ORT), a new and simple ministration that averts many child deaths from diarrhea among children, is diverting attention among donor agencies from the importance of water supply and sanitation (WS&S) in developing nations. The principal factor that led to the adoption of ORT is its apparent low cost per diarrheal death averted in children when compared with WS&S. However, WS&S provides many more benefits that are essential to sustaining the lives saved by ORT and vital to maintaining and enhancing the lives of adults and children. Among many other benefits WS&S prevents spread of the causes of diarrhea, controls many other water- and sanitation-related diseases, releases women from the heavy and time-consuming burden of carrying water from distant sources, and improves the quality of life in the community. Cost comparisons between WS&S and ORT are misleading. WS&S is a long-term investment in preventive health while ORT is a response to an immediate life-threatening situation. WS&S interventions eliminate unsanitary conditions leading to illness and death while ORT has no effect on the causes of diarrheal morbidity. The costs of WS&S are not high: $5 to $10 per capita annually. Without WS&S and hygiene education ORT programs are not likely to effect long-term improvement in child health status. ORT and WS&S programs are complementary; one should not displace the other. PMID- 3177722 TI - Screening prospective blood donors for AIDS risk factors: will sufficient donors be found? AB - Using data from various sources--we estimate that 14 to 19 per cent of American males 17-75 have personal histories that place them at high risk of transmitting the HIV infection while an additional 2 per cent of adult females may be similarly affected. Because roughly one fourth of either group may already be unsuited to give blood, we estimate that 10-14 per cent of adult males, and 1 per cent of females would be specifically deferred from giving blood because of personal histories of high-risk behavior. Local adjustments in the assumptions underlying these estimates are needed to apply them to given communities. PMID- 3177724 TI - Next-of-kin attitudes regarding participation in an epidemiologic case-control study. AB - We assessed next-of-kin's attitudes about participating in an epidemiologic case control study of adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Responses from a mailed questionnaire indicated that 95 per cent were glad they participated. While 74 per cent benefited, 18.5 per cent were bothered in some way. Results concerning the need to obtain physician permission before contacting next-of-kin were inconclusive; however, 8 of 10 females contacted by the case's physician considered consent necessary. PMID- 3177723 TI - The San Francisco Men's Health Study: continued decline in HIV seroconversion rates among homosexual/bisexual men. AB - The incidence of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been monitored since 1984 in an area probability sample of homosexual/bisexual men drawn from a six-kilometer square area of San Francisco where the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been most severe. Annualized HIV seroconversion rates in previously uninfected cohort members have declined by 88 per cent from 5.9 per cent during the first six months of 1985 to 0.7 per cent during the last six months of 1987. Concurrent declines of approximately 80 per cent in the prevalence of sexual behaviors associated with HIV transmission were also observed in the sample. PMID- 3177725 TI - Inadequate utilization of routine electronic RBC counts to identify beta thalassemia carriers. AB - We investigated physician awareness of the diagnosis of beta thalassemia minor as suggested by RBC indices obtained from routine electronic counts; and, the knowledge of the carriers of their genetic trait. Out of 17,000 counts, 324 were compatible with the diagnosis of beta thalassemia minor, but, only 175 (54 per cent) were identified by physicians as possibly thalassemic and in 47 of these (27 per cent) was the diagnosis verified. Twenty-four of 39 interviewed patients in whom the diagnosis of beta thalassemia minor was established knew about their carrier state. PMID- 3177726 TI - Blood alcohol measurements in the emergency department: who needs them? AB - We surveyed North Carolina emergency physicians to determine current medical practices regarding the use of blood alcohol concentrations using a hypothetical scenario. Most physicians (88 per cent) would not have obtained blood alcohol concentrations in a patient who had alcohol on his breath but was coherent and cooperative. For marginally impaired patients, more liberal use of blood alcohol concentrations and explicit instructions to avoid driving while impaired might improve patient care and promote highway safety. PMID- 3177727 TI - Prescribing of noncontraceptive estrogens and progestins in the United States, 1974-86. AB - This paper describes changes in the prescribing of noncontraceptive estrogens and progestins, using data from pharmaceutical marketing surveys. The number of estrogen prescriptions decreased from 1975 to 1980, and then increased through 1986. Progestin use has increased since 1982; concomitant use of estrogens and progestins increased over time and was common in 1986. The trends suggest that the use of estrogens, particularly the combined use of estrogens and progestins, will continue to increase. PMID- 3177728 TI - Decreased incidence of hip fracture in Hispanics, Asians, and blacks: California Hospital Discharge Data. AB - We examined the incidence of hip fracture in Non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, Black, and Asian Americans for the years 1983 and 1984 using a data base which contains a summary of all hospitalizations for the State of California. We found a consistently lower risk for hip fracture after age 60 in Hispanic, Black, and Asian American females than in White females who were not Hispanic. Overall age adjusted hip fracture rates in Hispanic, Black, and Asian females were 49.7, 57.3, and 85.4, respectively, and 140.7/100,000 in White females who were not Hispanic. These differences were not found in males, although Whites (not Hispanic) had the highest incidence of hip fractures among males. PMID- 3177729 TI - Selection of elderly controls using random digit dialing. AB - The experience of identifying and soliciting elderly male controls, using a nonclustered random digit dialing procedure in a case-control study, is presented. For elderly controls (ages 65-84) 3.5 times more residential telephone numbers were required than for controls encompassing a much broader age range (ages 40-84). This is a function of the proportion of elderly in the population and their lower response to telephone identification. Elderly controls, age 70 and older, also had lower participation rates. PMID- 3177730 TI - Visits to physicians before and after exposure to urea formaldehyde foam insulation. AB - The average number of visits to a physician made by a sample of 351 residents of homes insulated with urea formaldehyde foam insulation in Montreal in the one year period before exposure was 5.25, and in the year following 5.62, an increase of 7 per cent (odds ratio 1.07, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.15). The increase in visits in the post insulation year was limited to subjects who had the product installed in the winter (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.18,1.85), and was not seen for study subjects who insulated their homes during other seasons of the year. PMID- 3177731 TI - Wife's level of education and husband's risk of primary cardiac arrest. AB - Data from a case-control study were analyzed to examine wife's education and risk of primary cardiac arrest in the husband. Men whose wives had more than 12 years of education had 80 per cent the rate of men with less educated wives (odds ratio = 0.8, 95% confidence interval = 0.5, 1.3), after adjustment for risk factors. There was no evidence of a status incongruity effect. These data are inconsistent with reports of positive associations between wife's education and coronary heart disease. PMID- 3177732 TI - Effects of the North Carolina Prematurity Prevention Program among public patients delivering at New Hanover Memorial Hospital. AB - Twelve per cent of the 847 women who delivered in one hospital prior to implementation of the North Carolina Prematurity Prevention Program had low birthweight births compared with 9.5 per cent of the 748 women who delivered during the program. Controlling for known risk factors, both low- and very-low birthweight births among Whites (Odds Ratio 2.0 and 3.7 respectively) and very low-birthweight births among Blacks (OR 2.9) were reduced. PMID- 3177733 TI - Dental care and dental health: NHIS. PMID- 3177734 TI - Needle sharing among IVDUs at risk for AIDS. PMID- 3177735 TI - HIV seropositivity and IVDUs: ethnic/gender comparisons. PMID- 3177736 TI - Maternal mortality surveillance. PMID- 3177737 TI - The infamous Tuskegee Study. PMID- 3177738 TI - Tumor necrosis factor in malaria-induced abortion. AB - The cause of fetal loss in malaria is not known. We report that a small (1.5-5.0 micrograms) intravenous dose of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) caused fetal death and abortion in 16 day pregnant mice that were carrying low densities of Plasmodium vinckei. In contrast, 50 micrograms human TNF did not cause fetal death or abortion in uninfected 16 day pregnant mice. Endogenous TNF, which was not detectable in plasma of low parasitemia animals, pregnant or not, was present (1.6 +/- 0.9 ng/ml) in samples from malarial pregnant mice when, on day 17, parasitemia was high and the first signs of impending abortion were evident. No TNF was detectable in the plasma of uninfected mice at day 17 of pregnancy. A small dose of TNF also caused fetal death in 16 day pregnant mice that had received an intravenous injection of Coxiella burneti extract 9-10 days earlier. Thus, TNF-induced abortion may occur in a range of infections in which systemic macrophage activation occurs and a trigger for TNF release is present. PMID- 3177739 TI - Leishmaniasis in Colombia. I. Studies on the phlebotomine fauna associated with endemic foci in the Pacific Coast region. AB - Studies on the phlebotomine fauna related to the leishmaniasis endemic foci of the Colombian Pacific Coast were carried out in the municipalities of Tumaco and Buenaventura. In Inguapi del Guadual, Tumaco, Lutzomyia trapidoi and Lu. gomezi were the predominant anthropophilic species; Lu. panamensis and Lu. hartmanni were less frequent. In Bajo Calima, Buenaventura, Lu. trapidoi represented over 94% of the anthropophilic sandflies. Continuous sampling from 1800 to 0600 hours in Inguapi del Guadual demonstrated that Lu. trapidoi bites mainly at dusk and dawn whereas Lu. gomezi remains active throughout the night. In Inguapi del Guadual, promastigotes were found in 0.1% (2/2, 305) of Lu. trapidoi, 0.2% (3/140) of Lu. gomezi, and 0.2% (1/424) of Lu. panamensis samples collected. In Bajo Calima, 1.9% (8/429) of Lu. trapidoi were found to be infected. Leishmania braziliensis panamensis, the most common Leishmania subspecies in the human population of this endemic focus, was isolated from 1 Lu. trapidoi from Inguapi del Guadual. Parasitological and entomological findings suggest that Lu. trapidoi could be the main vector of Leishmania in these areas, although Lu. gomezi and Lu. panamensis were also predominant. PMID- 3177740 TI - Indigenous human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica in Kenya. AB - Six Leishmania isolates from 3 indigenous Kenyans (2 isolates from one patient) and 2 Canadian visitors in Kenya were characterized by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The isolates were compared among themselves and with reference strains of Leishmania donovani, L. aethiopica, L. major, L. tropica, and L. arabica using 9 enzymes: malate dehydrogenase (MDH), malic enzyme (ME), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), adenylate kinase (AK), mannose phosphate isomerase (MPI), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM). Enzyme migration patterns of isolates from the 3 indigenous Kenyans were indistinguishable from those of 2 L. tropica reference strains. The isolates from the 2 Canadians yielded migration patterns of 7 enzymes that were indistinguishable from those of 2 L. tropica reference strains. However, migration patterns of 2 enzymes, PGM and ME, differed from all migration patterns of the 10 reference strains. Balb/c mice were inoculated with stationary phase promastigotes cultured from 3 stabilates from the lesions of 2 of the Kenyan patients. The mice developed no gross pathological lesions in 6 months time. All of the study patients developed cutaneous leishmaniasis while living in or visiting districts in Central and Rift Valley Provinces, Kenya. This is the first report of human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. tropica indigenous to Africa south of the Sahara. PMID- 3177741 TI - Bites by the Philippine cobra (Naja naja philippinensis): prominent neurotoxicity with minimal local signs. AB - We studied 39 patients envenomed by the Philippine cobra (Naja naja philippinensis). Neurotoxicity occurred in 38 cases and was the predominant clinical feature. Respiratory paralysis developed in 19 patients, and was often rapid in onset--in 3 cases apnea occurred within 30 min of the bite. There were 2 deaths, both in patients who were moribund upon arrival at the hospital. Three patients developed necrosis, and 14 individuals with systemic symptoms had no local swelling. Both cardiotoxicity and reliable nonspecific signs of envenoming were absent. Bites by the Philippine cobra produce a distinctive clinical picture characterized by severe neurotoxicity of rapid onset and minimal local tissue damage. PMID- 3177742 TI - Hemilaryngeal reconstruction using an axial island cheek flap supported by Marlex and stainless steel wire mesh. AB - The defect that remains after an extended hemilaryngectomy continues to be a challenge to the reconstructing surgeon. The reconstruction ideally must provide airway protection against aspiration, allow for phonation, and provide a durable mucosal surface. It also must be accomplished in one stage. Nine Labrador dogs underwent successful reconstruction of the hemilarynx using an axial island cheek flap based on the facial artery and vein. Adequate laryngeal function was demonstrated by maintenance of body weight, normal barium swallows, return of strong bark, and no evidence of aspiration pneumonia. Pathologic review confirmed a viable mucosal surface and incorporation of the Marlex and stainless steel wire mesh in a fibrous reaction. We have concluded that this method of reconstruction provides a result superior to currently used techniques. PMID- 3177743 TI - Reconstruction of posterior neck and skull with vertical trapezius musculocutaneous flap. AB - The vertical trapezius musculocutaneous flap has been successfully utilized for reconstruction in 13 patients with complex posterior skull and neck defects. This flap based on its vascular pedicle, the descending branch of the transverse cervical artery, provides well-vascularized tissue for coverage of defects related to chronic osteomyelitis, tumor extirpation, osteoradionecrosis, and dehisced cervical laminectomy wounds. Emphasis on flap design, including the location of the skin island, allows adequate wound coverage, direct donor site closure, and muscle function preservation. With its large size and wide arc of rotation, the vertical trapezius musculocutaneous flap provides reliable coverage for posterior trunk, cervical, and skull defects. PMID- 3177744 TI - Immediate microvascular reconstruction of combined palatal and midfacial defects. AB - We describe a method for immediate one-stage reconstruction of combined palatal and midfacial defects using latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous free-tissue transfer. It has consistently provided healed wounds, restoration of palatal function, and preservation of facial contour while obviating the need for a palatal prosthesis. This reconstructive method, which uses only autogenous tissue, may offer a significant advantage in cases where more than a hemimaxillectomy is required, for compound defects resulting from the sacrifice of facial structures along with the maxillectomy, and in situations where the resection involves cranial base structures with a resultant need to separate the cranial contents from the oral and nasal cavities. Finally, it provides an alternative to prosthetic rehabilitation for the elderly patient with decreased or absent vision. PMID- 3177745 TI - The role of radiotherapy and musculocutaneous flaps in oropharyngocutaneous fistulas. AB - The development of oropharyngocutaneous fistulas after resection of the head and neck is a major cause of morbidity. In this retrospective review, we examined the role of radiotherapy and musculocutaneous flaps in the development and management of fistulas and found several significant factors associated with these fistulas. In patients with this complication, there is a significant decrease in postoperative hemoglobin and albumin levels and absolute lymphocyte counts. In addition, there is a significant reduction in lymphocyte counts in the irradiated patient. Musculocutaneous flaps play an invaluable role in the management of fistulas. In the irradiated patient, the healing of fistulas is a long and difficult process; the presence of a musculocutaneous flap is the only significant factor in the ability of the fistulas to heal spontaneously. If the fistulas are to close spontaneously, they will do so within 4 to 6 weeks. Fistulas that develop in the absence of a previously placed musculocutaneous flap are more severe than if a vascularized flap were present initially. Successful management of such fistulas is enhanced by use of vascularized extracervical tissue. PMID- 3177746 TI - Effects of radiotherapy on mandibular reconstruction plates. AB - The radiation dose in the vicinity of metal mandibular implants was measured using lithium fluoride (TLD-100) thermoluminescent dosimeters. Dosimeters were positioned in contact with Vitallium and stainless steel (AO) reconstruction plates. Simple transmission was measured with a solid state detector removed from the implant at a depth of 2.5 cm in a polystyrene phantom. The measurements were made for a 6 mV photon beam from a linear accelerator. At points in front of, but in contact with the metal implants, the dose was greater by 23 percent for Vitallium and 17 percent for stainless steel than that with no implant. At contact behind the implant, the dose was reduced considerably: 14 percent for Vitallium and 13 percent for stainless steel. At remote points behind the implant, the dose was reduced due to attenuation. PMID- 3177747 TI - Analysis of prognostic variables and results after vertical partial laryngectomy. AB - A consecutive series of 197 patients who underwent conservation surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx was analyzed. The majority of patients were male. One hundred forty-one had stage I disease, 44 had stage II, and 12 had stage III disease at the time of treatment. Partial laryngectomy was performed in 25 patients who had recurrent cancer after previous definitive radiotherapy and in 5 patients who had previously undergone cordectomy. There was no operative mortality and postoperative morbidity was low. Local recurrence developed in 32 patients (17 percent); cervical metastasis developed in 8 patients. The determinate survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 92 percent and 87 percent, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed soft-tissue margins and tumor differentiation as the two significant covariates in predicting survival. Positive surgical margins were also significant covariates affecting local recurrence. These data suggest that conservation surgery is an effective treatment for early vocal cord carcinoma. Adequate surgical margins are essential. Postoperative irradiation should be considered in patients with inadequate margins. PMID- 3177748 TI - Immediate tracheoesophageal puncture for voice restoration in laryngopharyngeal resection. AB - A 2-year prospective study on primary tracheoesophageal puncture was carried out to evaluate the morbidity of the procedure and its success in restoring speech. Fifty-two patients, 36 of whom suffered from carcinoma of the larynx and 16, carcinoma of the hypopharynx, were entered into the study. Thirty-three patients underwent total laryngectomy with primary pharyngeal closure, 14 patients had, in addition, pharyngectomy and pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction, and 5 patients had pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy and gastric transposition. Tracheoesophageal or tracheogastric speech was successful in 58, 86, and 80 percent, respectively. Manometric studies showed that the neopharyngeal sphincter pressure decreased in all instances, but a correlation between the neopharyngeal pressure and the success of tracheoesophageal speech was not demonstrable. The morbidity rate related to tracheoesophageal puncture was low. Therefore, we believe it to be a safe and feasible procedure that can facilitate early voice restoration. PMID- 3177749 TI - Clinical criteria for identifying early oral and oropharyngeal carcinoma: erythroplasia revisited. AB - From 1961 to 1981, we evaluated 502 asymptomatic oral and oropharyngeal lesions in a veterans population of tobacco and alcohol users. Three hundred twenty-six cancers (236 invasive and 90 in situ) in 276 patients were recorded and described. For invasive cancers and in situ lesions, 64 percent and 54 percent, respectively, were red or predominantly red. Eleven percent and 16 percent were white only or predominantly white. The invasive cancers were more often granular than the in situ cancers. The traditional clinical characteristics of ulceration, induration (palpability), elevation, bleeding, and associated cervical adenopathy were not usually present in these early lesions. We found leukoplakia to be a variable characteristic as opposed to the almost constant presence of erythroplasia. These findings strongly suggest that it would probably be useful to eliminate the term leukoplakia from the discussion of cancer in a population of tobacco and alcohol users. PMID- 3177750 TI - Tumor DNA content as a prognostic indicator in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region. AB - Our purpose in this study was to determine whether tumor DNA content is a prognostic factor independent of other standard clinical and histologic parameters in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck region. Tumor DNA content was determined in 76 patients with primary resectable SCC of the oral cavity, larynx, or pharynx who were treated from 1978 to 1984 at the City of Hope. In addition, we measured various clinical and pathologic parameters in all patients. In comparison to patients with diploid SCC, those with aneuploid SCC had significantly decreased relapse-free and overall survival rates (p less than 0.001 for both). A Cox regression analysis demonstrated that tumor DNA content was a prognostic factor independent of all clinicopathologic features examined. By regression analysis, it was the single most important prognostic factor in determining relapse and death from SCC (p less than 0.001 for both). PMID- 3177751 TI - Squamous carcinoma of the gums. AB - We reviewed a 20-year experience with squamous carcinoma of the gums in 347 patients who received definitive therapy. More than three-quarters of the lesions involved the lower gum and all but 37 patients were previously untreated. The proportion of patients with localized tumors (N0) remained the same (64 percent). Surgery continued to be the treatment of choice in 97 percent of patients, but proportionately more patients had a more conservative procedure which preserved lower jaw continuity. The 5-year determinate survival rate was little changed (54 percent). Advanced clinical stage (stages III and IV), prior dental extraction, bone invasion, and involvement of surgical margins were predictive of a lower survival rate on univariate analysis. Clinical stage was the only significant predictor of survival on multivariate analysis. The impact of adjunctive radiotherapy could not be assessed. PMID- 3177752 TI - Critical assessment of supraomohyoid neck dissection. AB - During a recent 5-year period, 115 patients had 131 supraomohyoid neck dissections. Eighty-one percent of these procedures were performed for squamous carcinoma. Seventy-nine percent of the primary tumors were located in the oral cavity and 16 percent arose in the oropharynx. Almost 80 percent of the necks dissected for primary squamous carcinoma were clinically N0, and occult nodal disease was discovered in 31 percent of these neck specimens. When the supraomohyoid neck dissection specimen showed no involvement, the overall incidence of treatment failure in the neck at 2-year follow-up was 5 percent. Almost all patients with occult squamous carcinoma in the supraomohyoid neck dissection specimen received postoperative radiotherapy, and the failure rate in the neck was 15 percent. When neck nodes were both clinically and pathologically involved, neck recurrence developed in 29 percent of the patients despite the addition of adequate postoperative radiotherapy. Among those patients with nonsquamous primary tumors and a pathologically negative supraomohyoid neck dissection specimen, there was only one subsequent treatment failure in the neck. Supraomohyoid neck dissection appears to be a valid staging procedure for clinically N0 patients with primary squamous carcinomas located in the oral cavity or oropharynx, with an appropriate yield of occult nodal disease, and infrequent treatment failure in the dissected neck when the supraomohyoid neck dissection specimen is pathologically uninvolved. When nodal disease is clinically obvious, treatment failure is more frequent, even with the addition of postoperative radiotherapy. The role of supraomohyoid neck dissection in this setting deserves further study. PMID- 3177753 TI - Suppressive therapy of thyroid nodules in patients with previous radiotherapy to the head and neck. AB - This is a prospective, randomized study of 431 patients with palpable thyroid nodules who had previous radiotherapy for benign disorders of the head and neck area to determine the response of the thyroid nodules to suppressive therapy and the incidence of thyroid cancer in patients who could not be suppressed and had surgery. A complete response was achieved within 6 months in 18.3 percent of the patients, and in an additional 26 percent of patients between 7 and 12 months postoperatively. Twenty percent of the patients showed complete disappearance of nodules after 1 to 2 years of suppressive therapy. Twenty-two percent who underwent surgery showed carcinoma. If suppressive therapy is to be used, a trial of 1 year rather than 3 or 6 months, as often recommended, may be appropriate. PMID- 3177754 TI - Treatment of Warthin's tumor by enucleation. AB - Among 162 patients with Warthin's tumor, 113 had removal by enucleation. The others, in whom parotidectomy and facial nerve dissection were performed, were not suspected of having Warthin's tumor preoperatively or had tumor too close to the facial nerve to be safely enucleated. Patients were generally older and more likely to be male than patients with other benign parotid tumors. Fifteen patients had multiple Warthin's tumors at the time of initial presentation; in an additional 12 patients, Warthin's tumor developed in the opposite parotid gland after the initial operation. In only two patients did an additional tumor develop in a gland from which a Warthin's tumor had previously been enucleated. No permanent injuries to the facial nerve occurred. Because of the safety and efficacy with which enucleation can be performed and because the risk of malignant transformation of Warthin's tumors is extremely small, we believe that enucleation is the treatment of choice in most cases. PMID- 3177755 TI - Is parotid lymphadenopathy a new disease or part of AIDS? AB - This report describes a series of 15 patients who presented with masses in the tail of the parotid gland which proved at biopsy to be benign hyperplastic lymphadenopathy similar to lymphoepithelial hyperplasia. There were 11 male and 4 female patients. All had a history of intravenous drug use. Ten patients complained of pain. Six patients had smaller masses on the contralateral side of the gland, whereas seven patients had minor axillary adenopathy. Needle aspiration was performed in 12 patients; although not conclusively diagnostic, it ruled out primary salivary tumors. Thick purulent material was aspirated in five patients. All 15 patients underwent parotid exploration. It was apparent after raising the flap that the disease was related to intraparotid and periparotid lymph nodes. Lymphadenopathy in the jugular region, which was not appreciated preoperatively, was also noted in all patients. Each patient underwent exposure of the main trunk of the facial nerve and limited superficial parotidectomy. The postoperative course in each patient was uneventful and no patient had a facial nerve deficit. Cerebral toxoplasmosis developed in one patient who died 3 months after surgery; AIDS developed in one other patient. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) titers were not performed routinely because none of the patients came for regular follow-up. None of these patients demonstrated lymphoma at the time of this procedure. Parotid lymphadenopathy, which occurs primarily in intravenous drug users, appears to be an early manifestation of pre-AIDS or AIDS-related complex. If patients have no other sizable lymphadenopathy for biopsy, we advocate exploration of the parotid region and excision of periparotid and intraparotid lymph nodes. PMID- 3177756 TI - Analysis of prognostic variables and results after supraglottic partial laryngectomy. AB - A consecutive series of 78 patients who underwent conservation surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx is analyzed. The majority of the patients were middle-aged men who had early-stage disease, with only 18 patients in stage III and 6 in stage IV. The epiglottis was the most frequent site, followed by the aryepiglottic fold and other sites in the supraglottic larynx. There was no operative mortality and the complication rate was low. Univariate analysis showed no influence of tumor stage, tumor differentiation, or involved surgical margins on survival. Determinate survival rates of 85 percent at 3 years and 72 percent at 5 years were observed. Local recurrences took place in 12 patients, 4 of whom were salvaged by total laryngectomy; neck failure occurred in 13 patients, 7 of whom were salvaged after further treatment; and 1 of the 2 patients with distant metastasis was salvaged after further treatment. We believe that every patient with a favorable lesion of the supraglottic larynx should be considered for conservation surgery, specifically, supraglottic partial laryngectomy, adhering to the criteria mentioned. Initial surgical treatment offers excellent local control and 5 year survival. Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy may be considered in those patients with bulky primary tumors, positive surgical margins, and histologically confirmed cervical lymph node metastases. PMID- 3177757 TI - Prosthetic reconstruction of the trachea. AB - Tracheal reconstruction has been a difficult and challenging problem over the years, mainly because of graft infection and extrusion. A small segment of the trachea can be resected and primary anastomosis can be performed easily with satisfactory results. The problem is always complex when a substantial portion of the trachea must be resected. A variety of prosthetic materials have been used, both in experimental animals and human subjects, with limited short-term success. This study describes an experiment using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts in dogs. PTFE patch and interposition grafts were used for tracheal reconstruction with very satisfactory results. Inflammatory reaction near the grafts and nonincorporation of long graft segments continue to be problems, but despite this, prosthetic reconstruction of the trachea using PTFE provided very satisfactory results in our experimental study. PMID- 3177758 TI - Prognostic significance of melanoma arising in the scalp. AB - Thirty-five patients with stage I melanoma of the scalp were retrospectively reviewed and compared with similar patients with melanoma of the extremity and trunk. Patients with melanoma of the scalp were predominantly male. The 5-year survival rate was 89 percent. This compared favorably with similar patients with melanoma arising either in the trunk or the extremity. The prognosis of patients with stage I melanoma of the scalp is no worse than that of patients with melanoma arising in the trunk or extremity; therefore, they should be treated in a comparable manner. PMID- 3177759 TI - The role of parotidectomy in the treatment of cutaneous head and neck melanoma. AB - Sixty-five patients with melanoma underwent parotidectomy as part of the initial treatment. Clinical evaluation of the parotid nodal status was inaccurate. Patients with parotid nodal metastases had a significantly decreased survival at 5 years, 22 percent compared with 67 percent in the patients with uninvolved nodes. Distant metastasis was the first indication of treatment failure in most of the patients with parotid involvement. PMID- 3177760 TI - Desmoid tumors of the head and neck. AB - Desmoid tumors of the head and neck are uncommon and associated with a posttreatment recurrence rate as high as 70 percent. This study was undertaken to determine cure rates achievable by surgery and radiotherapy and the factors influencing failure. A chart review of all patients at our institution with desmoid tumors of the head and neck from 1919 to 1982 was undertaken, and pertinent data were tabulated. Forty-eight patients were found with this problem. Average duration of symptoms was 1.6 years, and tumor size ranged from 1 to 12 cm (mean 5.1 cm). Average follow-up was 5.8 years. The most common site of occurrence was the neck (34 patients). Thirty-two patients underwent complete excision with 8 recurrences; 4 were reexcised with no further recurrence at last follow-up. Fourteen patients had incomplete excision with 12 recurrences. Radiotherapy was employed as the primary therapy in two patients; both experienced recurrence. Complete excision is the only effective treatment for desmoid tumors of the head and neck, resulting in a disease-free state in 75 percent of the patients (87 percent after reexcision). Involvement of the brachial plexus was the chief factor precluding complete excision. Radiotherapy was of very little value. PMID- 3177761 TI - Short surgical stay: two hospital days for cholecystectomy. PMID- 3177762 TI - Malignant external otitis: treatment with fluoroquinolones. AB - Malignant external otitis (MEO) is still a potentially lethal disease. Early treatment based on a correct diagnosis is the most important single factor in achieving a cure for the disease. The preferred treatment is long-term systemic antibiotics followed by surgical intervention. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be supplemented in refractory cases. A new fluoroquinolone, Ciprofloxacin, has been successfully used in four cases of MEO which did not respond to the accepted treatment. Ciprofloxacin is active against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and several clinical studies have demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of urinary tract and soft tissue infections, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and gastroenteritis. This report is the first of which we are aware to document the use of Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of MEO. PMID- 3177763 TI - Liposuction to debulk the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap. AB - Pectoralis major myocutaneous flaps are very useful for head and neck reconstruction. However, excess bulk in these flaps due to subcutaneous fat can be a disadvantage in oral cavity, oropharyngeal, and cervical esophageal reconstruction. A variety of surgical modifications have been tried in an effort to overcome this problem. Liposuction was proposed by a member of this research group as a means to debulk such flaps. The purpose of this fresh cadaver study was to determine what effect this procedure might have on blood supply to the skin overlying the pectoralis major muscle. Gross and histologic observations suggest that liposuction would not significantly affect the vascular perfusion of these flaps. This report represents a preliminary study previous to a clinical trial using a potentially useful technique. It is hoped by the authors that this report will stimulate others to evaluate it's possible clinical utility. PMID- 3177765 TI - Mechanism of bone destruction due to middle ear cholesteatoma as revealed by laser-Raman spectrometry. AB - In an investigation of the mechanism of bone destruction caused by chronic otitis media complicated with cholesteatoma, both the processes of demineralization and remineralization were studied in an animal model and clinically at the molecular level, using a laser-Raman spectrometer. From this investigation, it is proposed that the mechanism of bone destruction associated with cholesteatoma is a form of demineralization. PMID- 3177764 TI - Recurrence of antigen-induced otitis media by thiol compound. AB - Reduced glutathione (GSH), a potential factor in the chronicity of human otitis media, was tested to determine its potency in the recurrence of antigen-induced otitis media in chinchillas sensitized with human serum albumin (HSA). GSH instillation into the healing middle ear bulla reproduced a level of otitis media similar to the original antigen-induced otitis media with cellular involvement occurring earlier, according to cytologic analyses. This study indicates that GSH is probably a factor in recurrent antigen-induced otitis media, controlling the balance between thiol proteases and thiol protease inhibitors during middle ear inflammation. PMID- 3177766 TI - A rat model for pneumococcal otitis media. AB - The middle ears of 29 male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with viable pneumococci, type 3 or 6A, and changes were monitored by otomicroscopy and analysis of bacterial samples from middle ear effusions, blood, and the nasopharynx. Depending on the type of pneumococci and its concentration, three responses were noted: otitis media with purulent effusion, otitis media with serous effusion, or no reaction. The mortality rate was low and the animals recovered without permanent deterioration or otomicroscopically discernable change. The results of this study show the rat to be a suitable animal model for the study of bacterial otitis media. PMID- 3177767 TI - [Characteristics of blood rheological and coagulation properties in patients with uterine myoma]. PMID- 3177768 TI - [Characteristics of the hormonal ratios following the surgical treatment of patients with uterine myoma]. PMID- 3177770 TI - [Blood coagulation changes in gynecologic patients during surgery]. PMID- 3177771 TI - [Surgical treatment of ptosis and prolapse of the female genitalia]. PMID- 3177769 TI - [Endometrial cancer at an early stage]. PMID- 3177772 TI - [Use of antioxidants in the combined therapy of female genital tuberculosis]. PMID- 3177773 TI - [The reproductive system of patients with disordered thyroid function]. PMID- 3177774 TI - [Central hemodynamic characteristics and function of the feto-placental system of pregnant women with arterial hypotension]. PMID- 3177776 TI - [Experience in using cytological screening studies of working women for the early detection of tumorous and pretumorous diseases of the cervix uteri]. PMID- 3177775 TI - [The blood kallikrein-kinin system of puerperae with various forms of suppurative septic diseases]. PMID- 3177777 TI - [Evaluation of methods for colpopoiesis]. PMID- 3177778 TI - [Drainage of the lesser pelvis via the obturator foramen in gynecologic cancer operations]. PMID- 3177779 TI - [Bladder function after closure of vesicouterine fistulae]. PMID- 3177780 TI - [Reproductive function following the surgical treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome]. PMID- 3177781 TI - [Treatment of postoperative peritonitis]. PMID- 3177782 TI - [Clinical characteristics and therapeutic procedure in diffuse postabortion peritonitis]. PMID- 3177783 TI - [Experience and clinical assessment in using disposable medical linens in surgical gynecology]. PMID- 3177784 TI - [Characteristics of myometrial structure in uterine leiomyoma]. PMID- 3177785 TI - [Problems in decreasing maternal mortality in Bulgaria]. PMID- 3177786 TI - [Changes in the immune status of pregnant women with pre-eclampsia]. PMID- 3177788 TI - [Iatrogenic hypoxemia]. PMID- 3177787 TI - [Concentration of trace elements in the maternal serum in fetal anomalies]. PMID- 3177789 TI - [Medico-social aspects of ante- and intranatal fetal mortality during 1982-1986 based on data from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic of the Iv. P. Pavlov Higher Medical Institute in Plovdiv]. PMID- 3177790 TI - [Serum concentration of progesterone in patients with pelvic inflammatory disease]. PMID- 3177791 TI - [The Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome]. PMID- 3177792 TI - [Pituitary gonadotropin production in uterine hemorrhages in the premenopause]. PMID- 3177793 TI - [Characteristics of venous reflux in women examined for sterility]. PMID- 3177794 TI - [Primary "pure" ovarian chorionepithelioma in a 14-year-old girl]. PMID- 3177795 TI - [Acute abdomen in twin interstitial pregnancy]. PMID- 3177797 TI - [Our experience with the use of tienam in cases of puerperal infection (preliminary report)]. PMID- 3177798 TI - [Cesarean section--its status today. II. The clinical surgical questions]. PMID- 3177796 TI - [Research on fetal motor activity and cardiac function in uncomplicated pregnancy (the use of the Bulgarian obstetrical monitor model AM-3)]. PMID- 3177799 TI - Twenty-five years of the Alabama Journal of Medical Sciences. PMID- 3177801 TI - Galactography in the investigation of nipple discharge. PMID- 3177800 TI - Hyperpyrexia, seizures, and hypotension in a 31-year-old man. PMID- 3177802 TI - Lurleen B. Wallace cervical-uterine applicator. Intracavitary treatment of cancer of the uterine cervix. PMID- 3177803 TI - A new treatment for depression: S-adenosylmethionine. An international symposium. Trieste, Italy, June 18, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3177804 TI - MAT kinetics in affective disorders and schizophrenia. An account. PMID- 3177805 TI - Medical ethics in the new era. PMID- 3177806 TI - Further comments on asymptomatic creatine kinase elevation. PMID- 3177807 TI - Popular pills and popular procedures. PMID- 3177808 TI - Self-reported depression in adolescent cancer patients. AB - The prevalence of depression was studied, using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), in a sample of 30 adolescent cancer patients. BDI scores revealed that 26 patients (87%) were not depressed, 4 (13%) were moderately depressed and no one had severe depression. Similarly, SADS data indicated no history of depression in 75% of the sample, and histories of minor and major depression in 14 and 10% of the sample, respectively. Females scored significantly higher (p less than .05) than males on BDI physical, but not psychological, items. The average response to BDI physical items was significantly greater (p less than .05) than to psychological items, suggesting that somatic symptoms are more salient than psychological symptoms of depression among adolescent cancer patients. Overall, however, as compared with norms, the rate of major depression among adolescent cancer patients is not greater than that for the population at large. These data do not exclude the possibility of masked symptoms, which only under stringent conditions will become obvious. PMID- 3177810 TI - Auditory function in sickle cell anemia. AB - Auditory acuity and central auditory processing were assessed in 22 patients with sickle cell anemia, 13 of whom were chronically transfused, and compared with a control black population. Pure tone air conduction thresholds were within normal limits for all patients, and mean Speech Reception Threshold for each ear was normal at 10 dB. All subjects exhibited type A tympanograms. Central auditory processing was assessed by the Competing Sentence Test and Binaural Fusion Test. No significant differences were found among transfused, nontransfused, and control patients. Abnormal auditory function does not appear to be a common problem in patients with sickle cell disease. PMID- 3177809 TI - Sequelae of thrombotic or hemorrhagic complications following L-asparaginase therapy for childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - Thirty-four cases of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia that were complicated by CNS and peripheral thrombosis or hemorrhage associated with L-asparaginase (L asp) therapy were reviewed to determine the effect of the events on the subsequent clinical status. There was no predilection for any site in the CNS cases; all but one of the peripheral events occurred in the lower extremities. The median time for 28 CNS and eight peripheral events from the beginning of L asp therapy was 17 and 16 days, respectively. One patient died as a result of the CNS event. Twenty-six patients were surviving with a median follow-up of 27 months at the close of the study. Of the patients with peripheral thromboses, only the patient with a dorsal pedal artery occlusion had a significant problem (autoamputation of a toe). Although eight patients received L-asp subsequently without recurrence of the complication, two had transient neurological deterioration associated with the repeat administration of L-asp. Twenty-two patients received CNS prophylaxis consisting of intrathecal methotrexate, CNS radiation, or both, following the CNS event without deterioration. In general, clinical status was not compromised after thrombotic or hemorrhagic events. Although most patients had gross recovery of their neurological impairment, detailed neurological and neuropsychological testing is needed to elucidate possible defects. PMID- 3177811 TI - Testicular involvement in young patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - Because of its rarity, there is a paucity of information in the medical literature about testicular lymphoma in young people. In our series of 99 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 12% percent of the male patients had one or both testes involved at the time of diagnosis. Of the nine patients with testicular disease, six had Burkitt's, one undifferentiated non-Burkitt's, one diffuse large cell, and one lymphoblastic lymphoma. The mean age was 17.8 years (range, 2-30 years). Seven patients had unilateral and two had bilateral clinical testicular involvement, and all nine had extensive disease with abdominal involvement. Gallium scan indicated occult disease in the contralateral testis in two patients, bringing the total number with bilateral disease to four. In the patients with nonlymphoblastic lymphoma, the mean duration of survival was 68.3 months for three patients with long-term remissions and 4.4 months for five patients who died. The poor survival probably reflects extensive disease rather than testicular involvement per se. One patient relapsed in the testis, but achieved long-term survival after orchiectomy, scrotal irradiation, and continuation of the same systemic chemotherapy, suggesting that the testis may be a sanctuary site. Local therapy is considered to be an important component of treatment. PMID- 3177812 TI - Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels in children with sickle cell disease. AB - Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the major coenzyme form of vitamin B6, is known to have antisickling properties in vitro. Recently, low plasma PLP levels were reported in a group of adults with sickle cell anemia. We measured the plasma PLP levels in a group of 55 asymptomatic nontransfused children with sickle cell diseases (SCD) to determine the prevalence of low plasma PLP levels in this population. Comparative studies were made with the measurement of PLP in three other groups serving as controls: Group A (black children, n = 36); Group B (white children, n = 37); and Group C (black adults, n = 13). PLP was measured directly in plasma by a radioenzymatic technique. The results of these comparisons showed that there was no statistically significant difference in plasma PLP of black children with SCD (10.7 +/- 10.0 ng/ml) as compared with black control children (group A, 9.0 +/- 12.3 ng/ml). The low plasma levels PLP in these two groups were significantly lower than that of the plasma PLP of white control children (group B, 15.85 +/- 15.92 ng/ml). This data suggest that a high prevalence of low PLP levels exists in black children seen at Grady Memorial Hospital, both with and without SCD. PMID- 3177813 TI - Intrathoracic extravasation of sclerosing agents associated with central venous catheters. AB - Two children receiving continuous infusions of vesicant chemotherapy through central venous catheters (CVCs) developed venous thrombosis, and intrathoracic extravasations ensued. One child receiving a continuous vincristine infusion presented with signs of thoracic venous obstruction, fever, and respiratory distress and had pleural effusions and pulmonary infiltrates on his chest roentgenogram. The other child was receiving a continuous doxorubicin infusion and developed superior vena cava thrombosis and retrograde extravasation along the catheter tunnel site. Both children improved after chemotherapy was discontinued and the CVCs removed. Catheter placement and the continuous infusion of sclerosing agents are discussed. PMID- 3177814 TI - Destructive skeletal lesions as the primary initial manifestation of acute childhood leukemia. AB - Bony involvement in leukemia has been long recognized in the medical literature. However, severe osseous changes, as the sole initial manifestation of childhood leukemia is a unique feature of the case reported here. PMID- 3177815 TI - Poor prognosis in children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in Turkey. AB - Two hundred fourteen children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL) were diagnosed between July 1975 to January 1987 in our center. Only 106 (50%) of the children could be treated. An initial hematologic remission was attained in 61 (58%) with a median duration of hematologic remission of 7.5 months and median survival of 12 months. Five patients who completed 36 months of therapy are still in initial remission, less than or equal to 84 months. Exophthalmos at presentation, which is clearly related to shorter duration of remission, was observed in 11% of these children. In two cases, it was the first sign of leukemia, 6 and 7 months prior to obvious bone marrow involvement. Twenty percent of the 61 patients who achieved remission discontinued their chemotherapy during the course of treatment while they were in remission, which indicates a different problem in the treatment of these patients in Turkey. Despite administration of similar treatment protocols, the prognosis of our patients was worse than the results observed in developed countries. We conclude that poor socioeconomic and nutritional conditions should also be considered among the high-risk factors for children with ANLL, as experienced in our patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). PMID- 3177816 TI - Reversible splenic dysfunction. PMID- 3177817 TI - Certifying aeromedical services in Alaska. PMID- 3177818 TI - Preliminary trauma study, 1987. PMID- 3177819 TI - Advanced trauma life support in Alaska. PMID- 3177820 TI - Exercise adherence: the problems of sticking with it. PMID- 3177821 TI - My turn. Winning the war and losing the peace. PMID- 3177822 TI - Nevus cell maturation or atrophy? AB - Nevus cells show considerable variation in their appearance, depending on their localization in epidermis, upper dermis, or deep dermis. The difference in appearance of nevus cells when located superficially or in the deep dermis has been referred to as nevus cell "maturation." The aim of this study is to objectify morphological differences between nevus cells in epidermis, upper dermis, and deep dermis by means of a morphometric study at light- and electron microscopic levels. The results show that there is a decrease in number and size of all structures except for mitochondria and microfilaments. These findings are consistent with atrophy. The concepts of maturation, differentiation, and atrophy are also discussed. PMID- 3177823 TI - Oral acanthosis nigricans: report of a case and comparison of oral and cutaneous pathology. AB - Malignant acanthosis nigricans is usually associated with adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract. The lesions of acanthosis nigricans commonly run a parallel course to the associated malignancy, producing hyperpigmented, roughened plaques on the skin and, sometimes, verruca-like papules on the oral mucosa. The clinical differences between cutaneous and oral acanthosis nigricans are mirrored by the marked differences in the histopathology. Because oral acanthosis nigricans is uncommon, recognizing histologic features may be difficult. The oral lesions have a true acanthosis and epithelial papillary hyperplasia while the cutaneous forms show slight irregular acanthosis that alternates with areas of epidermal atrophy and dermal papillomatosis. PMID- 3177824 TI - Tactile corpuscle-like structures in peripheral nerve sheath tumors in plastic embedded material. PMID- 3177825 TI - Canine epidermotropic cutaneous lymphoma. AB - The histologic features of an epidermotropic cutaneous lymphoma in a dog are presented. The neoplasm, which was intensely epidermotropic, thoroughly invaded the follicular and apocrine gland epithelium. The intense epidermotropism was retained in the tumor stage. By comparison to human mycosis fungoides, the cell nucleus was less convoluted and the infiltrate was less polymorphic. The lymphoid cell appeared to undergo neoplastic transformation into a cell with a large pale nucleus, often with a prominent nucleolus and variable cytoplasm. In situ marker studies are needed to clarify the cell type in this neoplasm. These studies could have relevance for the pathogenesis of human epidermotropic lymphoma. PMID- 3177826 TI - Privacy, profit, and the physician. PMID- 3177828 TI - Intraepithelial melanocytic neoplasia (IMN) versus intraepithelial atypical melanocytic proliferation (IAMP) PMID- 3177827 TI - Spindle-cell and pleomorphic neoplasms of the skin. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 30 cases, with emphasis on "atypical fibroxanthomas". AB - Atypical fibroxanthoma belongs to the family of spindle-cell and pleomorphic neoplasms of the skin. The lineage of differentiation of this tumor and the means whereby it can be diagnostically separated from other similar morphologic entities have been controversial. In order to address these issues, the authors studied 30 spindle-cell and/or pleomorphic cutaneous tumors, including atypical fibroxanthomas (AFXs), superficial malignant fibrous histiocytomas (MFHs), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSPs), sarcomatoid squamous-cell carcinomas (SCCs), spindle-cell malignant melanomas (MMs), and leiomyosarcomas, (LMSs). These cases were analyzed using a panel of eight antibodies and the immunoperoxidase technique. AFXs were reactive for vimentin, alpha-1 antichymotrypsin (AACT), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), and cathepsin-B (CB) but failed to display cytokeratin (CK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), S-100 protein, and desmin. MFHs and DFSPs exhibited immunophenotypic profiles that were nearly identical to that just described. In contrast, SCCs were typified by positivity for CK and EMA; MMs exhibited uniform reactivity for S-100 protein; and LMSs contained desmin in four of five cases. A surprising result was the expression of S-100 by LMSs. Also, all tumors displayed at least one of the three proteolytic enzymes assessed in this study (AAT, AACT, and CB), demonstrating the relative diagnostic nonspecificity of these determinants. It is concluded that AFXs are "fibrohistiocytic" neoplasms, with substantial morphologic and immunohistochemical similarity to MFHs. The immunohistochemical classification of spindle-cell and pleomorphic tumors of the skin necessitates the use of antibody panels to assess the presence of markers that are characteristic of each diagnostic group. PMID- 3177829 TI - [AIDS--anesthesia, intensive therapy and emergency medicine]. PMID- 3177830 TI - [Risks of premedication with benzodiazepines exemplified by a case of asphyxia caused by flunitrazepam]. AB - Oral premedication with benzodiazepines is well established in clinical anaesthesia. Appreciation of the specific pharmacodynamic profile of available drugs suggest individual prescription for certain groups of patients. We report a case of severe respiratory depression following oral premedication with flunitrazepam 1 mg in a patient with intracranial neoplasma. With respect to this complication and a review of the literature we suggest administration of short acting benzodiazepines with pronounced anxiolytic and moderate sedative properties (lormetazepam type) for neurosurgical patients. PMID- 3177832 TI - [The reliability of pulse oximetry monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation in centrally intubated and hypothermic patients]. AB - The present study tests the effectiveness of pulse oximetric measurement in attaining reliable saturation values even in patients with hypothermia and centralization. 20 patients who had all required endoprosthetic surgery of the lower extremities were included in the study. During the process of removing 98 samples for arterial blood-gas analysis, pulse oximetric saturation, heart rate (pulse oximeter and ECG), rectal temperature, peripheral temperature at the back of the fingers, arterial pressure (catheter) and central venous pressure were registered. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. Acute changes in arterial saturation can be very quickly recognized with the help of pulse oximetry. 2. The reliability of pulse oximetric measurement is, in the area examined, dependent neither on the peripheral nor the rectal temperature, nor on the temperature difference between the core and surface temperature of the body, and, therefore not dependent on the degree of centralization. 3. In the area examined, the reliability of pulse oximetric measurement is influenced neither by blood pressure fluctuations nor by intravascular hypo- or hypervolemia. 4. There is merely a sharp increase in the Pulsoximeter when the temperature decreases. The Pulsoximeter still indicates the correct saturation as long as the peripheral pulse rate corresponds to the heart rate on the ECG Monitor. PMID- 3177831 TI - [Midazolam in combination with piritramid versus Thalamonal in premedication in ambulatory ENT interventions in childhood]. AB - 70 children aged between 15 months and 8 years who had to undergo outpatient surgery (adenotomy) were divided into two groups and given different premedication. Group A received Midazolam (0.15 mg/kg) combined with Piritramid (0.1 mg/kg), group B Thalamonal (0.04 ml/kg). Based on vigilance schemes, the degree of sedation and the mood tone were rated during initiation of anaesthesia, in the awakening phase and on discharge of the patient. Cooperation during initiation (via a mask) was definitely higher in group A (72%) than in group B (44%). During the awakening phase the children in group A showed a more balanced mood tone combined with improved vigilance. For example, 3 hours postoperatively 65% of the children in group A had got up and participated in getting dressed, whereas in group B only 11% of the children did so. Intramuscular premedication with Midazolam/Piritramid must be considered as especially advantageous in outpatient ENT treatment requiring a large number of small surgical interventions in children in respect of effective preparation and with a minimum of problems regarding postoperative follow-up. PMID- 3177833 TI - [Monitoring of bronchoscopy in artificially ventilated patients using peripheral pulse oximetry--a useful monitoring method?]. AB - In the present study, flexible bronchoscopy was monitored by means of peripheral pulse oximetry in 62 artificially ventilated patients of a surgical intensive care ward. The study was designed to establish whether falls of arterial oxygen saturation due to bronchoscopy can be detected at an early stage and whether they can possibly be influenced by an appropriate investigation technique. 270 comparative measurements of hemoglobin oxygen saturation were carried out; the oxygen saturation directly measured in the arterial blood served as reference value. The statistical analysis revealed a correlation of r = 0.85. In ten patients, there was an impairment of respiratory function and hypoxemia due to bronchoscopy. In all cases, this could be detected in good time from the fall of oxygen saturation. Pulmonary impairment was partially prevented or further impairment was avoided by an appropriate technique of investigation. PMID- 3177834 TI - [New technics for the function tests of the larynx: electroglottography]. PMID- 3177835 TI - [Evaluation of a drug combination in the postoperative course of surgical trauma to the nasal fossa]. PMID- 3177836 TI - [Nasal infection with Leishmania. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3177837 TI - [Prevention of the recurrence of cholesteatoma in tympanoplasty, by tympanic reconstruction using tympano-ossicular homografts or temporal fascia. Apropos of 260 cases]. PMID- 3177838 TI - [Macroscopic study of the peripheral organ of olfaction in the rat]. PMID- 3177839 TI - [Present-day status of surgery of the vidian nerve]. PMID- 3177840 TI - [Reversible sensorineural deafness secondary to erythromycin]. PMID- 3177841 TI - [Cancer of the ear]. PMID- 3177843 TI - [Rheumatoid factor and secretory otitis media]. PMID- 3177842 TI - [Total functional laryngectomy and fistuloplasties. Preliminary results]. PMID- 3177845 TI - Standards and scope of gerontological nursing practice. PMID- 3177844 TI - Ethics and nursing: position statements and guidelines. PMID- 3177846 TI - Personal heroism, professional activism: nursing and the battle against AIDS. PMID- 3177847 TI - Rehabilitation nursing: scope of practice process and outcome criteria for selected diagnoses. PMID- 3177848 TI - Computer design criteria for systems that support the nursing process. PMID- 3177849 TI - Standards for organized nursing services and responsibilities of nurse administrators across all settings. PMID- 3177850 TI - Nursing management. PMID- 3177851 TI - Standards of addictions nursing practice with selected diagnoses and criteria. PMID- 3177852 TI - Counselling on malignant hyperpyrexia. PMID- 3177853 TI - The influence of anaesthetic technique on metabolism of oral morphine. AB - The pharmacokinetics of oral controlled release morphine were studied in 10 patients to investigate the effect of two different anaesthetic techniques on its absorption and metabolism. Five patients received general anaesthesia with neuromuscular blockade; the remainder received lumbar epidural analgesia with general anaesthesia but without neuromuscular blocking agents. Blood samples were collected throughout the peri-operative period for estimation of plasma morphine concentration using two radio immunoassay techniques, one specific for morphine, the other less specific and crossreacting with morphine glucuronides. Plasma morphine concentrations with the specific method were similar for the two groups of patients but there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups with the less specific method at 30 and 45 minutes after induction of anaesthesia. This difference was because of the varying concentrations of morphine metabolites and may reflect the change in splanchnic blood flow produced by lumbar epidural analgesia. PMID- 3177854 TI - Blood pressure response of neonates to tracheal intubation. AB - Blood pressure and pulse rate responses to tracheal intubation were studied by oscillotonometric technique in 45 term neonates and 15 infants of similar postconceptual age. No hypertensive response was found in neonates intubated awake and pressures did not differ from those of babies intubated under halothane or after thiopentone and muscle relaxant. The infants did however show a significant increase in systolic and diastolic pressures which indicates that this response may develop after the first month of life. PMID- 3177855 TI - Respiratory failure following envenomation. AB - Respiratory failure may occur after envenomation. We report our experiences of a patient who required ventilatory care after krait bite. The krait (Bungarus) venom is known to contain bungarotoxins which act at the neuromuscular junction. No cardiac, renal or coagulation disorders were associated with the muscle paralysis after the snake bite. Ventilatory care was easy to institute and was life saving. PMID- 3177856 TI - Phenytoin-induced resistance to pancuronium. Use of atracurium infusion in management of a neurosurgical patient. AB - A case report is presented of a patient receiving chronic phenytoin therapy who demonstrated resistance to pancuronium by increased hourly requirements. Stable neuromuscular blockade was achieved by atracurium infusion at normal rates. Possible explanations for the differences in response to the two non-depolarizing muscle relaxants are discussed. PMID- 3177857 TI - Minitracheotomy in children. The management of sputum retention in older children by minitracheotomy. AB - The successful management of sputum retention by minitracheotomy in two 12-year old patients is reported. Some advantages and potential problems are discussed. This is the first time that minitracheotomy has been reported in this age group. PMID- 3177858 TI - An evaluation of the incentive spirometer to improve lung function after cholecystectomy. AB - Forty patients who underwent elective cholecystectomy were allocated randomly to one of two groups. Patients in one group used an incentive spirometer as part of their postoperative chest physiotherapy; those in the other received routine postoperative physiotherapy as dictated by their needs. Each group contained equal numbers of smokers and nonsmokers, and the data from each group were analysed separately. The use of the incentive spirometer did not confer any benefits as judged by clinical evidence of pulmonary complications, pulmonary function tests or length of hospital stay. PMID- 3177859 TI - Cricoid pressure and the pressor response to tracheal intubation. AB - Forty healthy adults who underwent rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia were allocated randomly to receive either cricoid pressure or its stimulation. The anticipated increase in systolic arterial pressure and heart rate after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation were not altered significantly by the application of cricoid pressure. PMID- 3177860 TI - Nifedipine and surgical removal of phaeochromocytoma. AB - The management of five patients with phaeochromocytoma undergoing surgical removal is described. Pre-operative preparation with phenoxybenzamine and nifedipine for 7 days before surgery prevented excessive fluctuations in cardiovascular parameters in the peri-operative period and resulted in an uneventful recovery. PMID- 3177861 TI - Prolonged bradycardia and hypotension after neostigmine administration in a patient receiving atenolol. PMID- 3177862 TI - Flow directed pulmonary artery catheter obstructs venous drainage cannula of cardiopulmonary bypass machine. PMID- 3177863 TI - Computerised tomographic scan appearances after lumbar epidural. PMID- 3177864 TI - Epidural anaesthesia and instrumental delivery. PMID- 3177866 TI - Paediatric intubation--retrograde or blind? PMID- 3177865 TI - Management of a parturient with Klippel-Feil syndrome. PMID- 3177867 TI - Patient-controlled analgesia. PMID- 3177868 TI - An orotracheal tube with laryngeal hooks. PMID- 3177869 TI - The oesophageal detector device. PMID- 3177870 TI - Femoral nerve block as a complication of ilio-inguinal nerve block. PMID- 3177871 TI - Generalised seizures after etomidate anaesthesia. PMID- 3177872 TI - Vallecular cysts. PMID- 3177873 TI - Anaesthetic practice and neuroradiology. PMID- 3177874 TI - Submucous fibrosis. PMID- 3177875 TI - An unexpected cause of total expiratory obstruction. PMID- 3177876 TI - Misuse of adhesive tape. PMID- 3177877 TI - How much blood for a blood gas? PMID- 3177878 TI - [Malignant hyperthermia in Austria. III. Anesthesia in susceptible patients]. AB - Anesthesia in patients susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH) is generally considered to be very risky, although - with one notable exception - there are no prospective studies about anesthetic management in a large number of such patients. The prophylactic use of dantrolene has been recommended in MH patients, although there is no strong evidence supporting this - despite the fact that dantrolene may have serious side effects. We therefore decided to report the results of our own anesthetic technique for MH patients, as our technique does not include the prophylactic use of dantrolene. From 1981 to 1988, 19 operations on 16 MH-susceptible patients were performed. Patients 1-4 were pediatric survivors of an MH episode, where MH susceptibility was confirmed by muscle biopsy and in vitro contracture tests in at least one parent; patients 5-7 were survivors of an MH crisis, and they later underwent diagnostic muscle biopsies themselves; all other patients (nos. 8-16) were relatives of MH survivors with positive in vitro contracture tests. Diazepam, pentobarbital, pethidine, and chlorprothixene were used for premedication; no prophylactic dantrolene was given. Anesthesia was induced by thiopentone and was continued by nitrous oxide/oxygen, fentanyl, and droperidol; alcuronium, atracurium, and vecuronium were administered as necessary. Pyridostigmine, atropine, and naloxone were used if appropriate. New or disposable tubings were used for ventilation, and the vaporizers were removed from the anesthesia machines. ECG and body temperature were recorded in all patients; blood pressure was monitored invasively if indicated; end tidal CO2 was monitored whenever possible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177880 TI - [Computer-controlled infusion]. AB - For complex treatment regimens in the field of modern infusion therapy and for the administration of potent drugs (liquid management), a special microcomputer (Infucommand III) has been developed which makes it possible to control commercial infusion pumps via a standardized interface. By this means, infusion pumps can be combined with other medical instruments or further pumps to form an intelligent unit. Due to its small dimensions and few operating elements, the control device is easy to handle. A high safety standard has been achieved in routine operation, from the aspects of both hardware and software. Large memories (ROM and RAM) enable a large number of different user programs to be stored. In initial clinical trials the devices have already stood the test with regard to patient-controlled and EEG-controlled-anesthesia. PMID- 3177879 TI - [Undesirable effects following the local injection of ornipressin during general anesthesia: can the risk be lessened? A prospective study]. AB - Complications associated with local infiltration of ornithine-8-vasopressin (O-8 V) during general anesthesia (GA) are documented. Severe and extremely severe complications range around 20%; fatalities have been reported. The incidence of complications is associated with age, pre-existing cardiovascular or pulmorespiratory disease, and dosage administered. In a prospective study, we investigated 169 patients following a standardized protocol. Maximum dosage was 2 IU, diluted to 0.25 IU/ml in 0.9% saline. Patients with cardiovascular or respiratory disease and those below 1 or above 50 years of age were excluded. GA consisted of tracheal intubation and controlled ventilation with enflurane in N2O/O2 and intravenous fentanyl. Cardiovascular monitoring was by ECG with arrhythmia detection, plethysmography, and oscillometric - in some patients intraarterial - blood pressure measurement. Ventilatory monitoring included respiratory rate, tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory O2 concentrations, capnometry, and end-tidal enflurane concentration. Local infiltration of the oral soft tissues with O-8-V was performed after a steady-state of anesthesia was achieved and 20 min before commencement of surgery. No severe or extremely severe complications or arrhythmias were observed. A moderate increase in blood pressure was seen in 43% of patients; in 10% this increase was 30-70 mmHg (systolic and/or diastolic). For data analysis, patients were allocated to 4 groups according to the dosage of O-8-V administered. Systolic and diastolic pressures increased to above control in all groups; however, no inter-group differences were found for blood pressure or heart rate. It is concluded that the risks associated with local infiltration of soft tissues with O-8-V during GA can be attenuated by a protocol such as the one established for this prospective study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177881 TI - [The process of hatching in geese and ducks]. PMID- 3177882 TI - [Intrauterine developmental stages of the really gastric compartments of the goat (Capra hircus)]. PMID- 3177883 TI - Comparative histology of the kidney of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle. PMID- 3177884 TI - Variations of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle in the dog. PMID- 3177885 TI - [Involution of the bursa of Fabricius in ducks]. PMID- 3177886 TI - Pre-natal development of rat nasal epithelia. IV. Freeze-fracturing on apices, microvilli and primary and secondary cilia of olfactory and respiratory epithelial cells, and on olfactory axons. AB - Olfactory axons and apical structures of olfactory epithelia and of nasal respiratory epithelia of rat embryos were studied with the freeze-fracture technique; adult tissue samples of the same sources were used for comparison. At the onset of epithelial differentiation (14th gestational day) intramembranous particle densities are the same for all structures in both epithelial types. During further development, particle densities in membranes of primary cilia remain lower than those in membranes of other apical structures. Otherwise, I found the following from the 14th to the 19th day of gestation. a. Olfactory receptor cells of embryos of all age groups have axons wherein the membrane particle densities are about half those of adults. These densities are always lower than those of dendritic ending structures. Dendritic endings with primary cilia have lower densities than endings with secondary cilia; densities mainly increase when the endings sprout secondary cilia. Adult values are reached at the 18th day of gestation. b. Olfactory supporting cells with only globular particles in their apices gradually transform into, or are replaced by, supporting cells which also have dumbbell-shaped particles in their apices. Particle densities are always higher in apical structures of supporting cells than in apical structures of receptor cells. Adult values are reached at the 17th day of gestation. c. Putative ciliated and ciliated respiratory epithelial cells have considerably lower particle densities in membranes of their apical structures than do olfactory epithelial cells. Of special interest is that this is also true for secondary respiratory and olfactory cilia; as soon as genesis of secondary cilia in either epithelial type begins, their membrane features differ. Also, in contrast to apical structures of the olfactory epithelium, particle densities in apical structures of the respiratory epithelium do not systematically change during pre-natal development, and resemble the density values of adults. An exception are the microvilli of the respiratory cells with secondary cilia, membranes of which have considerably higher particle densities in adults than in embryos. IN CONCLUSION: Transformations of olfactory receptor cell dendritic endings with primary cilia into endings with secondary cilia, and of olfactory supporting cells with globular particles in their apices into cells with dumbbell shaped particles in their apices are accompanied by increases in the densities of their intramembranous particles. These developmental changes parallel the electrophysiological onset of olfactory receptor cell specificity. PMID- 3177888 TI - Effects of oxygen concentration on embryonic development in rats: a light and electron microscopic study using whole-embryo culture techniques. AB - By using a whole-embryo culture technique (New 1978), the effects of oxygen concentration (5%, 20% and 95% oxygen) on embryonic development in the rat were investigated by light and electron microscopy. The best embryonic development occurred when the 9.5-day-old embryos were cultured for 24 h with 5% oxygen, and the 10.5-day-old embryos with 20% oxygen (optimum oxygen concentration). When the 9.5- and 10.5-day-old embryos were cultured for 24 h with too little or too much oxygen, retardation of the embryonic growth and abnormal development was observed. Using light microscopy, numerous degenerating cells, exhibiting granular deposits in the cytoplasm, were seen, but the distribution of the degenerating cells was quite different between the two groups. With electron microscopy, the most striking feature of the degenerating cells in the embryos cultured with too little oxygen, was the extreme swelling of the mitochondria without any morphological alterations of the nucleus or the other cell organelles. On the other hand, the characteristic feature of the degenerating cells in the embryos exposed to too much oxygen, was the formation of phagolysosomes in the cytoplasm. Morphological alterations of the nucleus or mitochondria were not evident. In the present study, the possible teratogenic mechanism of too much or too little oxygen in the whole-embryo culture of the rat embryo is discussed. PMID- 3177887 TI - The development and morphogenesis of the human pituitary gland. AB - In order to clarify the environmental factors which are involved in the development of the primordium of the pituitary gland such as cell-cell interactions, a three-dimensional reconstruction of this organ and its surrounding tissues was carried out. Pituitary material was obtained from human fetuses mainly during the period of organogenesis. Rathke's diverticulum was found to stretch rostrally from the stomodeal epithelium to the middle of the mesoderm, and already by the 5th week of fetal growth, it was clearly seen to be involved with the diencephalon. The area of contact between Rathke's pouch and the diencephalon gradually moved from the rostral to caudal regions and, after 13 weeks of development, had a position similar to that found in the newborn infant. Among the cells forming Rathke's pouch, it was found that the closer their relationship was to the diencephalon, the greater were their epithelial characteristics. When the relationship of such cells to the diencephalon was weaker, their differentiation to endocrine cells occurred earlier. Immunohistochemically, that portion of the pituitary primordium which has a close relationship with the diencephalon, later to become the pars intermedia, showed an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) immunoreactivity later than that of the pars anterior. On the other hand, in the 21st fetal week, nearly all of the cells of the pars intermedia were found to be ACTH-positive. This finding is thought to indicate a close connection between the physical contact between the brain (diencephalon) and the pituitary primordium and the development of the pars intermedia; the differentiation of ACTH cells. The surface of the epithelium of Rathke's cavity continues to increase at least until the 21st fetal week, so the growth of the epithelium of Rathke's pouch is thought to be heavily involved in the growth of the primordium of the pituitary gland in the early stages of development. PMID- 3177889 TI - Light and electron microscopic investigation of the rat placenta after cadmium administration during pregnancy. AB - The morphology of the rat placenta was studied after exposure to cadmium chloride during pregnancy, using optimal fixation conditions. In contrast to previous observations, no differences were observed after cadmium administration in relative volume densities of trophoblastic tissue, maternal lacunae, fetal capillaries and connective tissue, nor in trophoblastic thickness or other morphometric features. At the ultrastructural level, the amount of glycogen in trophoblast layer II was elevated in cadmium exposed rats, but other electron microscopic features (amount and localization of lipid, degenerative vesicles, thickness and general appearance of the trophoblastic and endothelial layers and thickening or multiplication of the basal lamina) were not changed. Results obtained from the present experiments do not support the suggestion that cadmium is responsible for structural changes in the placentae of human smokers. PMID- 3177890 TI - Changes in peanut lectin binding sites on the neuroectoderm during neural tube formation in the bantam chick embryo. AB - Cell surface carbohydrates in the neurulating ectoderm of bantam chick embryos of stage 6-11 were examined using the fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled and ferritin-labeled peanut lectin, Arachis hypogaea agglutinin (PNA), which is Gal beta 1----3GalNAc specific. Weak fluorescence showing PNA binding sites was seen on the apical surfaces of neural plate cells. On the surfaces of neural tube cells the fluorescence was more intense and appeared as a band. When using ferritin particles as a quantitative EM marker, only a few PNA binding sites covering the apical surfaces of the basal plate cells during the neural plate stage were seen (274.3 +/- 18.67 ferritin particles/micron 2). As neural tube formation advanced, the number of the ferritin labeled PNA binding sites increased as was to be expected from the fluorescent label experiment. At the neural ridge contact stage there were 2.5 times more binding sites than at the neural plate stage. After this period, the lectin binding sites showed no significant changes. These results were the inverse of those for RCAI or WGA lectins previously reported by us. These observations suggest that sugar residues or the sugar-chain skeletons on the neuroectoderm are altered during neurulation. PMID- 3177892 TI - Structure of the guinea-pig trachea at rest and in contraction. AB - The trachea of the guinea-pig measures about 47.5 mm in situ, and it shrinks to 38 mm when excised. It can be stretched to the in situ length with a load of 2-4 grams. The transverse area of its lumen measures about 4.5 mm2 in the cervical portion, whereas in the lowermost thoracic portion it measures 2.8 mm2, a difference of 37%. The lumen has an oval shape with the transverse diameter always exceeding the sagittal diameter. The separation between the ends of a cartilage in the dorsal region of the trachea is greater in the cervical than in the thoracic region. Elastic fibres are abundant in the tunica propria and run longitudinally; the collagen is in some areas arranged with a criss-cross pattern. The muscle is inserted on the concave aspect of each cartilage at some distance from the ends of the cartilage and it is therefore much longer than the gap between cartilage ends. Upon contraction in vitro (induced by carbachol) the muscle shortens by about 50%; there is a marked decrease of the transverse diameter of the trachea, and a certain decrease also of the sagittal diameter due to a straightening of the muscle and a change in shape and a movement of the mucosa. The cartilage ends are brought together and in the thoracic region they are bent and overlap extensively. The lumen of the trachea becomes circular and its area is reduced to 2.2 mm2 in the cervical portion and 1.7 mm2 in the thoracic portion. PMID- 3177891 TI - Pre-natal development of rat nasal epithelia. V. Freeze-fracturing on necklaces of primary and secondary cilia of olfactory and respiratory epithelial cells. AB - Many cilium types have at their proximal base a particulated membrane structure, the so-called ciliary necklace. Necklaces of primary and secondary cilia of olfactory receptor cells and ciliated respiratory cells, and of primary cilia of olfactory supporting cells were studied as a function of embryonic age. Strand numbers in necklaces of primary cilia of these cell types do not differ, but they differ significantly from those of necklaces of secondary cilia. Primary cilia have 2 to 4, but most commonly 3, necklace strands. This is true for necklaces of primary cilia of 8 different nasal cell types: olfactory epithelial basal and glandular cells, vomeronasal receptor and supporting cells, and microvillous respiratory epithelial cells, in addition to the 3 cell types mentioned above. Comparison with other systems suggests that primary cilia resemble flagella of eukaryotic flagellates and spermatozoa of some invertebrates with respect to their number of necklace strands. Average numbers of necklace strands in secondary olfactory cilia increase from 3-4 at the 16th and 17th gestational days to 6-7 in adults. Those in secondary respiratory cilia increase from 2-3 at the 18th and 19th gestational days to 5-6 in adults. Longer cilia have more strands than shorter ones. Necklaces often have free strand endings, also in primary cilia, suggesting that they spiral. Comparing the present data with those in the literature suggests that necklace features occurring during reciliation differ from those of de novo ciliogenesis. Primary and secondary cilia share the following qualities: 1) Membrane regions above necklace strands can differ quite drastically from those below the strands.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177893 TI - Calcified tissues involved in the ontogenesis of the human cranial vault. AB - The cranial vault of fifteen human subjects varying in age from 20th week of gestational life to 9th month post-matum were submitted to microradiographic and histological analysis. Different phenomena such as cortical drift, bone cavitation and progressive substitution of different calcified tissues by lamellar bone are illustrated. Moreover, this study reveals in several areas the presence of chondroid tissue; it constitutes the edges of the sutures and is responsible for their growth till the post-natal period. Therefore, it can be supported that the role of chondroid tissue is essential for the harmonious development of the cranial vault. PMID- 3177894 TI - Quantitative assessment of taurine-like immunoreactivity in different cell types and processes in rat cerebellum: an electronmicroscopic study based on a postembedding immunogold labelling procedure. AB - Ultrathin sections of plastic-embedded rat cerebella were incubated with an antiserum against conjugated taurine and subsequently treated with a secondary antibody coupled to colloidal gold. The density of gold particles in various cellular profiles was calculated with the assistance of a computer. In the cerebellar cortex the highest density was found in the somata, dendrites, and dendritic spines of the Purkinje cells, supporting parallel light-microscopical observations in postembedding stained semithin sections from the same tissue blocks. The remaining profiles could be divided into three groups according to their immunolabelling intensity, in descending order: 1) somata and processes of granule and Golgi cells; 2) somata and processes of stellate, basket, and glial cells, and 3) mossy fiber terminals. In a representative experiment, the structures in the first and second groups showed gold particle densities in the range of 19-25%, and 4-11%, respectively, of that in the Purkinje cell somata (values corrected for background) whereas the particle density in the mossy fiber terminals was not significantly above background level. In the cerebellar nuclei, taurine-like immunoreactivity was concentrated in terminals that typically established symmetric or intermediate type contacts with weakly labelled dendrites and cell bodies. These terminals, which shared the ultrastructural features of Purkinje cell terminals, showed an average gold particle density that was about 60% higher than that of the Purkinje somata. For specificity control, ultrathin sections containing a series of different amino acid conjugates were incubated in the same drops of sera as the tissue sections. The highly selective labelling of the taurine conjugate indicated that the distribution of gold particles in the tissue was not confounded by crossreactivity with GABA, glutamate or other common amino acids but adequately reflected the distribution of fixed taurine. For additional control of specificity, the taurine antiserum was applied to the soluble fraction of a rat brain extract separated by thin layer chromatography. In this system the taurine antiserum stained a single spot that comigrated with free taurine. The present results suggest that all cell types and processes in the rat cerebellum (with the exception of the mossy fiber terminals) contain taurine. However, the concentration of taurine appears to vary considerably among the different cell types and may also differ between different parts of the same neuron. PMID- 3177895 TI - Organization of transient projections from the primary somatosensory cortex to the cerebellar nuclei in kittens. AB - The organization of transient projections from the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) to the cerebellar nuclei was studied in neonatal cats. Tritiated amino acids were injected into the face, forelimb, or hindlimb areas of SI in 4 to 6-day-old kittens. The animals were killed 3 to 6 days later and their brains processed for autoradiography. Labeled axons were found bilaterally in the cerebellar nuclei, but, although the distribution of label was similar on both sides, the label was always much denser on the side of the injection. Each area of SI demonstrated a characteristic pattern of projection to the cerebellar nuclei. Neurons in the hindlimb area projected to the rostral part of the anterior interpositus nucleus, the caudal part of the posterior interpositus nucleus, and the medial quadrant of the dentate nucleus. Fibers from the forelimb area were directed to the caudal part of the anterior interpositus and the rostral part of the posterior interpositus. Projections from the face area terminated principally in the caudal pole of the posterior interpositus. A small transitional area between the interpositus and fastigial nuclei was labeled with all injections. These data indicate that transient neocortical projections to the deep nuclei are organized and that the somatotopy of these projections is similar to that of other cerebellar nuclear connections. PMID- 3177896 TI - Low back muscle activity and pelvic rotation during walking. AB - Gait variables, pelvic rotations in the frontal and sagittal plane and RA-EMG (rectified and averaged EMG) of the three columns of the intrinsic lumbar back muscles (= ILBM) were recorded simultaneously during 48 succeeding strides of 11 subjects on a treadmill. Bilateral activity is found in all parts of the ILBM during the double support phase. After right heel strike the right ILBM (and after left heel strike the left) show in most cases more activity than the contralateral ILBM. This is especially so in the intermediate and lateral columns, which consist mainly of the longissimus thoracis and the iliocostalis lumborum muscle and less so in the medial column, made up mainly by the multifidus and spinalis muscle. This difference is probably due to the difference in moment arm for the two directions. Pelvic rotations are described, but no evident relationships between pelvic rotations in the different planes and ILBM activity could be seen, probably because the changes in the position of the torso are of more importance. PMID- 3177897 TI - Mucochondroid (mucous connective) tissues in the heads of teleosts. AB - The distribution and structure of mucochondroid tissues in the heads of teleosts has been studied in 56 species from 26 families. The tissues could also be called mucous connective tissue and have previously been known as basophilic gelatinous tissue. They are a heterogeneous group of tissues that contain fibroblasts (type example--the subcutaneous mucochondroid of the Cobitidae) or hyaline cells (type example--the mucochondroid around the medulla oblongata and spinal cord of Rasbora heteromorpha), embedded in a pale-staining matrix in which there are variable numbers of collagen fibres and blood vessels. Mucochondroid tissue is especially common beneath the skin, in labial folds, around olfactory and accessory olfactory sacs, in opercular valves and beneath the sensory epithelia of the stato-acoustic organ. The histochemistry of several mucochondroid tissues has been studied in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Acanthopsis choirorhynchus, Gnathonemus petersi and Cyclopterus lumpus. They have widely different amounts and types of glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and connective tissue fibres. The ultrastructure of subcutaneous mucochondroid is described in Acanthophthalmus semicinctus. Its cells contain little rough endoplasmic reticulum and a small Golgi apparatus, but numerous plasmalemmal vesicles, especially in the cell processes. The matrix contains 23-35 nm diameter granules, collagen and 11-12 nm diameter microfibrils. The similarities between mucochondroid and hyaline cell chondroid (cartilage) at the ultrastructural level, are more obvious than their differences. PMID- 3177899 TI - Correlation between defects in chromatin condensation of human spermatozoa stained by aniline blue and semen characteristics. AB - Human sperm heads which present disturbances of chromatin condensation are stained by acidic aniline, blue. To determine whether the proportion of unstained heads, i.e. with well condensed chromatin, can be considered as an index of sperm quality, a study was undertaken in 157 men during an infertility evaluation. In addition to the usual sperm characteristics, the percentages of unstained heads and of morphologically normal and abnormal forms were concomitantly evaluated. In a total of 15760 spermatozoa, the percentage of unstained heads was much higher in the population of morphologically normal forms than in that of abnormal forms (79.1% and 49.4% respectively, p less than 10(-9]. Among spermatozoa with structural abnormalities, it was much higher in cells with a single anomaly than in those with associated anomalies (53.9% and 40.6% respectively, p less than 10( 9]. When morphology was taken into account, only vitality was found to vary significantly with the percentage of unstained heads. PMID- 3177900 TI - Variations in elemental distribution in human spermatozoa. AB - Morphologically normal spermatozoa from groups of men attending the infertility clinic with normal density and motility had subcellular elemental composition measurements from various parts of the spermatozoa compared with anatomically similar spermatozoa from semen with marked oligo- or asthenozoospermia. In the two groups of semen the mean % value of the elements was similar in the acrosome, nucleus, mid-piece and tail regions excepting sodium and potassium which were significantly lower in the abnormal semen. Although a similar elemental distribution was found in each group the observed trend towards higher total values in the abnormal semen did not reach significance. Highest levels were found in the nuclear and mid-pieces of all spermatozoa suggesting future diagnostic possibilities for such measurements in determining spermatozoal procreative potential. PMID- 3177898 TI - Evaluation of sperm motility by optical diffractometry of spermatograms. AB - Evaluation of sperm motility based on analysis of spermatograms by optical diffractometry was performed. Spermatograms are defined as images of sperm tracks obtained on microphotographs by dark field illumination with long exposure time. Single track analysis proved that the details concerning single tracks are "seen" and recognized by the technique of optical diffractometry. Normal "linear", as well as abnormal "irregular", including "circular", tracks were numerically described. Multitrack analysis: The general pattern of all tracks contained in particular spermatograms derived from two groups of semen classified by hospital laboratory as "high" (control) and "low" ("mediocre") motility of spermatozoa, respectively, were analysed by optical diffractometry. The hospital laboratory was asked to provide for diffractometric analysis samples of the "mediocre" semens of quality similar enough to the "control" ones what concerns the percentage of motile spermatozoa (40 percent) and spermatozoan concentration. Diffraction patterns of 102 spermatograms of control sperm and of 103 spermatograms of sperm qualified as "mediocre" by subjective microscopic evaluation of sperm motility, were analysed and compared. Using discriminant analysis based on parameters describing radial distribution of light intensity in diffraction patterns of control and "mediocre" spermatograms, it was possible to classify correctly 71 cases as high motility sperms out of 102 spermatograms evaluated beforehand by hospital laboratory criteria as control ones. In the group of 103 spermatograms classified as "mediocre" sperms by hospital laboratory criteria 69 cases were correctly recognized as "mediocre" by diffractometric analysis. The overlapping of the analysed two groups of sperm by 30 percent might be explained by the fact that in the control spermatograms many trajectories are formed by inefficient, slow moving spermatozoa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177903 TI - Intra-individual variation of sperm velocity, linearity, lateral head displacement and beat frequency in healthy volunteers. AB - In an effort to evaluate the intra-individual fluctuations of sperm motion parameters 12 healthy young men with normal semen parameters were recruited. Weekly semen analysis was performed for 13 weeks. Conventional semen parameters such as sperm concentration, percentage of motile and normally formed sperm were determined according to WHO guidelines, while sperm velocity, linearity, lateral head displacement and beat frequency were evaluated by computerized image analysis. Mean and standard deviations (SD) of all parameters were computed for each individual. Coefficients of variation were expressed as the ratio of SD/mean. On average the following coefficients of variation were found: total number of sperm 58 (+/- 5%); concentration of sperm 47 (+/- 4%); lateral head displacement 27 (+/- 4%); volume 24 (+/- 3%); velocity 19 (+/- 2%); linearity 17 (+/- 2%); percentage of motile sperm 12 (+/- 2%); beat frequency: 12 (+/- 2%) and percentage of normally formed sperm 9 (+/- 1%). The low variation of sperm motion parameters and the ease of their determination suggests that computerized motion analysis of sperm may be a valuable research tool to detect subtle effects e.g. of drugs and environmental toxins on reproductive functions in men. PMID- 3177901 TI - The testes in cadmium intoxication: morphological and vascular aspects. AB - Cadmium toxicity was tested on young male Wistar rats by injecting 1 mg/ml of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) intra-peritoneally. Post-mortem examination was done 4 hours, 24 hours and 14 days after cadmium administration to observe time-sequence cadmium-induced alterations in vascular permeability of the mesothelium in the pleura, peritoneum and tunica vaginals. This paper mainly reports the alterations observed in the testes. Vascular permeability was assessed by the colloidal carbon technique. Vascular labelling was evidenced as early as 4 hours after CdCl2, injection; 24 hours later severe oedema with leakage of particles to the interstitium and also into the tubules was patent. Fourteen days after CdCl2 administration atrophy of the testes with necrosis of the tubules, fibrosis of the interstitium and vascular thrombosis was found, compatible with chemical castration. PMID- 3177904 TI - Semen characteristics of 49 fertile males. AB - We examined the semen characteristics of 49 men whose partners had conceived within the last 16 weeks. There was considerable variation in the semen results. The % of morphologically ideal forms and the absence of sperm bound antibodies appeared to be the two most important semen characteristics when assessing the fertilising potential of the samples. A large proportion of samples (70%) when compared to the WHO standards of normality, were classed abnormal, however, only 25% of the samples had greater than 2 abnormal characteristics. It is diagnostically more relevant to determine the number of abnormalities within a sample rather than categorising the sample as "normal" or "abnormal". PMID- 3177902 TI - Infertility caused by antispermatozoal antibodies in the male experience from an intermittent high dose cortisone regimen. AB - Seventeen infertile male patients with antispermatozoal antibodies in seminal plasma and/or serum were treated with methylprednisolone, 48-96 mg daily for one week every other month in synchrony with the partner's menstrual cycles. Three to six treatment courses were given. One patient with draw from further treatment because of mental disturbance during the first cycle. Seminal plasma titres were affected more than titres in serum by the treatment. In the 16 couples completing treatment at least one pregnancy was achieved in six. Children were born to five of them. The observed pregnancy rate is similar to that previously reported. Risks of the treatment and safety precautions are discussed. PMID- 3177905 TI - The "Lazymot" machine. PMID- 3177906 TI - Anesthetic action in heart muscle: further insights through the study of myocardial mechanics. PMID- 3177907 TI - Comparative effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane at equipotent anesthetic concentrations on isolated ventricular myocardium of the ferret. I. Contractility. AB - The effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on myocardial contractility were compared in papillary muscles of the right ventricle of adult male ferrets at 30 degrees C. Isotonic and isometric variables of contractility were measured before, during, and after exposure to incremental concentrations of halothane (n = 9 muscles), enflurane (n = 9 muscles), and isoflurane (n = 9 muscles), in steps of 0.25 MAC up to 1.5 MAC of halothane and of enflurane, and up to 2.0 MAC of isoflurane. Each of the three anesthetics caused a dose-dependent reversible decrease in contractility. The onset of maximal myofibrillar activation was delayed in a dose-dependent manner, and time to peak shortening of the isotonic preloaded twitch was unchanged, except for a slight decrease at greater than 1 MAC of enflurane. Isoflurane's negative inotropic effects were clearly less than those of either halothane or enflurane. Comparison of the time course of contraction and relaxation in both isometric and isotonic twitches suggests that, in addition to effects on intracellular calcium availability, these anesthetics decrease the myofibrillar responsiveness to calcium and/or the calcium sensitivity of the contractile proteins. PMID- 3177908 TI - Comparative effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane at equipotent anesthetic concentrations on isolated ventricular myocardium of the ferret. II. Relaxation. AB - The effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on myocardial relaxation were compared in papillary muscles of the right ventricle of adult male ferrets at 30 degrees C. The sensitivity of cardiac relaxation to the loading conditions was determined by examining the time course of relaxation before, during, and after exposure to incremental concentrations of halothane (n = 9 muscles), enflurane (n = 9 muscles), and isoflurane (n = 9 muscles) in steps of 0.25 MAC up to 1.5 MAC of halothane and of enflurane and up to 2.0 MAC of isoflurane. Load sensitivity of relaxation was quantified by comparing force and time coordinates at the onset of the isometric relaxation phase in several afterloaded isotonic twitch contractions with relaxation of the isometric twitch. Load sensitivity of relaxation, which is of particular benefit during early rapid filling of the heart, was decreased in a dose-dependent reversible fashion by halothane, enflurane, and, to a lesser extent, by isoflurane. These anesthetics abbreviated isometric relaxation, yet prolonged the time course of muscle lengthening which is suggestive of an impairment of calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and of a decrease in calcium sensitivity of the contractile proteins. PMID- 3177909 TI - The neuromuscular blocking and cardiovascular effects of doxacurium chloride in patients receiving nitrous oxide narcotic anesthesia. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of doxacurium chloride, a new long-acting neuromuscular blocking agent, during a stable state of nitrous oxide and narcotic anesthesia. Ninety-three ASA physical status I or II patients were studied after informed written consent had been obtained. Eighty-one patients (group A) received doxacurium. The 81 patients were divided into nine subgroups according to the dose of doxacurium administered (0.01-0.06 mg.kg-1). Patients in a control group (group B) (n = 12) received pancuronium. To assess neuromuscular responses, a force displacement transducer recorded the twitch response of the adductor pollicis muscle following ulnar nerve stimulation. The ED50 and ED95 for doxacurium were estimated to be 0.013 mg.kg-1 and 0.023 mg.kg-1, respectively. The time to maximum twitch suppression following a dose of 1.0 (ED95) and 1.7 (ED95) was 10.3 +/- 1.3 min and 7.6 +/- 0.8 min, respectively. After an ED95 dose of doxacurium the time to spontaneous recovery to 95% of control twitch height was 73.7 +/- 8.7 min. With larger doses of doxacurium, 0.04 mg.kg-1 (1.7 X ED95) and 0.05 mg.kg-1 (2.2 X ED95), the time to spontaneous recovery to 95% of control twitch height was 125.8 +/- 24.8 and 204.0 +/- 21.2 minutes, respectively. When 25% twitch height recovery or more was present the reversal of doxacurium induced neuromuscular blockade was prompt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177910 TI - Effects of isoflurane on cerebral autoregulation in dogs. AB - The effect of decreased cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) on regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) with radiolabeled microspheres in dogs receiving either 1.4% or 2.8% isoflurane following anesthesia induction with thiopental (12 mg/kg, iv bolus) was studied. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), cerebrospinal fluid pressure (Pcsf), and sagittal sinus pressure (Pss) were measured. CPP of 83, 63, 53, 43, 33, and 23 mmHg were studied in three groups of animals. In group 1 (n = 6, isoflurane 1.4%) CPP was decreased by hemorrhage, in group 2 (n = 6, isoflurane 1.4%) CPP was decreased by increasing Pcsf while MABP was maintained constant, and in group 3 (n = 6; isoflurane 2.8%) CPP was decreased by hemorrhage. Control total CBF in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 69 +/- 8, 72 +/- 7, and 150 +/- 25 ml.min-1.100 g-1, respectively, at CPP of 84 +/- 1 mmHg. Flow to both cerebral hemispheres and brain stem in animals receiving 2.8% isoflurane was approximately twice that found with 1.4% isoflurane while CMRO2 was similar (about 3.5 ml.min-1.100 g-1). In groups 1 and 2 flow in all brain areas was maintained as CPP decreased to 43 mmHg and then flow decreased as CPP decreased further (P less than 0.05). In group 3 flow to all brain areas decreased progressively as CPP decreased from 83 to 23 mmHg. At CPP of 43 mmHg and below, flow to cerebrum was similar in the three groups; however, flow to brain stem in group 3 animals remained elevated above groups 1 and 2 until CPP was decreased to 23 mmHg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177912 TI - Mitral and aortic blood flows during spontaneous respiration in dogs. AB - Left sided hemodynamic events during respiration remain a controversial subject. Left ventricular (LV) hemodynamic events were evaluated during obstructed and partially obstructed inspiration in anesthetized dogs acutely instrumented with mitral (Qm) and ascending aortic (Qa) flow probes. This allows classification of the inspiratory decrease in LV stroke volume as either a diastolic event (e.g., ventricular interdependence) in which case the LV inflow volume (integral of Qm) should decrease before the LV outflow volume (integral of Qa), or a systolic event (e.g., afterload or contractility) in which case outflow (integral of QA) should decrease before inflow (integral of Qm). During either unobstructed (n =8) or partially obstructed (n = 5 spontaneous ventilation, Qm reached both its inspiratory minimum and expiratory maximum prior to the associated minimum and maximum values for integral of in 80% or more of the respiratory cycles. Thus, a diastolic event dominates both in reducing the subsequent LV outflow during the expiratory increase in intrathoracic pressure. However, because a diastolic event did not occur first at all times, a systolic event must occur first at all times, a systolic event must also be present. If a rapid change in intrathoracic pressure occurred during diastole, integral of Qm invariably immediately increased. If a rapid in intrathoracic pressure occurred during systole, integral of Qa could change independently of the preceding integral of Qm. Both systolic and diastolic mechanisms contribute to the inspiratory fall in LV output. These mechanisms will not be clearly delineated without evaluating the effects of intrathoracic pressure within a single cardiac cycle. PMID- 3177911 TI - Comparison of psychologic and cognitive functions after general or regional anesthesia. AB - The behavior of 105 patients randomly assigned to receive either general or regional anesthesia and who underwent one of three types of surgery (hysterectomy, prostatectomy, or joint replacement) was assessed before, immediately after, and 3 mo after surgery. Psychologic status was assessed by the Sickness Impact Profile, the SCL-90-R, and a Metamemory Questionnaire. Cognitive functioning was measured by a battery of ten psychomotor, memory, and skilled performance tasks. Physical health was scored by the ASA classification of physical status, a health index, postoperative complications ratings, and a self rated measure of the patient's health. There were cognitive differences across surgery groups due to age and gender variability among the patients; however, the type of anesthesia produced no difference in behavior. Both the physical and mental health indices showed improvement from the preoperative to the postoperative periods. General anesthesia appears to pose no risk to mental function and recovery beyond that associated with regional anesthesia and surgery. PMID- 3177913 TI - Dose-related changes in the rate of cerebrospinal fluid formation and resistance to reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid following administration of thiopental, midazolam, and etomidate in dogs. AB - The rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation (Vf) and resistance to reabsorption of CSF (Ra) were determined in dogs at four doses of thiopental (6, 12, 18, and 24 mg.kg-1.h-1), midazolam (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg.kg-1.h-1), and etomidate (0.86, 1.72, 2.58, and 3.44 mg.kg-1.h-1). Results were compared within and between groups and to previously reported normal values for Vf (0.030-0.054 ml/min) and Ra (220-240 cmH2O.ml-1.min) in dogs. At the two lower doses of thiopental, midazolam, or etomidate Vf was not significantly different than previously reported normal values. At the two higher doses of each drug Vf was 0.019-0.024 ml/min, significantly reduced compared to Vf at the two lower doses of each drug. The pattern of Ra data was more varied. With thiopental Ra was elevated at the lowest dose, (354 +/- 17 cmH2O.ml-1.min, mean +/- SD) reduced at the highest dose (156 +/- 19 cmH2O.ml-1.min), and not significantly different than previously reported normal values at the two intermediate doses. With midazolam Ra was elevated at the lowest and highest doses (332 +/- 25 and 378 +/- 18 cmH2O.ml-1.min) and normal at the two intermediate doses. With etomidate Ra was normal at the three lower doses and reduced at the highest dose (187 +/- 13 cmH2O.ml-1.min). It is concluded that CSF volume may be increased and the CSF pressure at which CSF volume contracts may be increased by doses of thiopental or midazolam that increase Ra, but not increased by etomidate. PMID- 3177915 TI - Recovery of contractile function of stunned myocardium in chronically instrumented dogs is enhanced by halothane or isoflurane. AB - Following brief periods (5-15 min) of total coronary artery occlusion and subsequent reperfusion, despite an absence of tissue necrosis, a decrement in contractile function of the postischemic myocardium may nevertheless be present for prolonged periods. This has been termed "stunned" myocardium to differentiate the condition from ischemia or infarction. Because the influence of volatile anesthetics on the recovery of postischemic, reperfused myocardium has yet to be studied, the purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of halothane and isoflurane on systemic and regional hemodynamics following a brief coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Nine groups comprising 79 experiments were completed in 42 chronically instrumented dogs. In awake, unsedated dogs a 15 min coronary artery occlusion resulted in paradoxical systolic lengthening in the ischemic zone. Following reperfusion active systolic shortening slowly returned toward control levels but remained approximately 50% depressed from control at 5 h. In contrast, dogs anesthetized with halothane or isoflurane (2% inspired concentration) demonstrated complete recovery of function 3-5 h following reperfusion. Because the anesthetics directly depressed contractile function, additional experiments were conducted in which a 15-minute coronary artery occlusion was produced during volatile anesthesia; however, each animal was allowed to emerge from the anesthetized state at the onset of reperfusion. Similar results were obtained in these experiments, demonstrating total recovery of contractile function within 3-5 h following reperfusion. Thus, despite comparable degrees of contractile dysfunction during coronary artery occlusion in awake and anesthetized dogs, the present results demonstrate that halothane and isoflurane produce marked improvement in the recovery of segment function following a transient ischemic episode. Therefore, volatile anesthetics may attenuate postischemic left ventricular dysfunction occurring intraoperatively and enhance recovery of regional wall motion abnormalities during reperfusion. PMID- 3177914 TI - Response of cerebral blood flow to phenylephrine infusion during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass: influence of PaCO2 management. AB - Twenty-eight adult patients anesthetized with fentanyl, then subjected to hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), were studied to determine the effect of phenylephrine-induced changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) on cerebral blood flow (CBF). During CPB patients managed at 28 degrees C with either alpha-stat (temperature-uncorrected PaCO2 = 41 +/- 4 mmHg) or pH-stat (temperature uncorrected PaCO2 = 54 +/- 8 mmHg) PaCO2 for blood gas maintenance received phenylephrine to increase MAP greater than or equal to 25% (group A, n = 10; group B, n = 6). To correct for a spontaneous, time-related decline in CBF observed during CPB, two additional groups of patients undergoing CPB were either managed with the alpha-stat or pH-stat approach, but neither group received phenylephrine and MAP remained unchanged in both groups (group C, n = 6; group D, n = 6). For all patients controlled variables (nasopharyngeal temperature, PaCO2, pump flow, and hematocrit) remained unchanged between measurements. Phenylephrine data were corrected based on the data from groups C and D for the effect of diminishing CBF over time during CPB. In patients in group A CBF was unchanged as MAP rose from 56 +/- 7 to 84 +/- 8 mmHg. In patients in group B CBF increased 41% as MAP rose from 53 +/- 8 to 77 +/- 9 mmHg (P less than 0.001). During hypothermic CPB normocarbia maintained via the alpha-stat approach at a temperature-uncorrected PaCO2 of approximately equal to 40 mmHg preserves cerebral autoregulation; pH-stat management (PaCO2 approximately equal to 57 mmHg uncorrected for temperature, or 40 mmHg when corrected to 28 degrees C) causes cerebrovascular changes (i.e., impaired autoregulation) similar to those changes produced by hypercarbia in awake, normothermic patients. PMID- 3177917 TI - Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+ release by skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum: differing sensitivity to inhalational anesthetics. AB - The effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane were measured on two different mechanisms of Ca2+ regulation by isolated skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes. A 100,000-dalton Ca2+-ATPase protein transports Ca2+ from outside to inside the SR membrane. At concentration ranges representing anesthetic levels of 0.06 to 2.3 times MAC, halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane each increased rate of Ca2+ uptake by SR. Each concentration of isoflurane produced a greater rate of Ca2+ uptake, whereas halothane and enflurane produced maximum stimulation of Ca2+ uptake at 1 and 1.6 times MAC, respectively. The second Ca2+ regulation mechanism studied was a Ca2+ release channel in the SR membrane. The release of Ca2+ via this mechanism requires a critical threshold Ca2+ load (nmol Ca2+/mg SR protein) for Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release to occur. Each anesthetic tested effectively lowered the critical Ca2+ load threshold for Ca2+ release, i.e., the Ca2+ channel was more readily induced to an open state in the presence of anesthetic. The concentrations of anesthetics having this effect on the putative Ca2+ channel were between 0.0026 and 0.078 MAC equivalents for each agent, and these concentrations are much lower than the anesthetic concentrations affecting Ca2+ uptake. These data show that in isolated skeletal muscle SR membranes a Ca2+ channel release function is altered at anesthetic concentrations far below those that change Ca2+ uptake function by a Ca2+-ATPase and below concentrations of the volatile agents producing clinical anesthesia. The Ca2+ channel effect may represent protein-anesthetic interaction, whereas the Ca2+ ATPase effect may occur by a generalized SR membrane perturbation by the anesthetics. PMID- 3177918 TI - The effect of halothane on the free intracellular calcium concentration of isolated rat heart cells. AB - The free intracellular calcium concentration of suspensions of isolated rat heart cells was monitored during sequential exposures to halothane and caffeine to evaluate cellular mechanisms of the negative inotropic effect of halothane. The calcium-sensitive, fluorescent dye quin2 was used as the indicator of free intracellular calcium. The acute addition of halothane in concentrations greater than or equal to 0.062 mM (0.19 vol%) to suspensions of quiescent rat heart cells at 37 degrees C caused a transient (approximately 1.5 min) increase in free intracellular calcium concentration. The intracellular calcium concentration after the decay of this transient was not detectably different from that prior to the addition of halothane. Neither the reduction of extracellular calcium from 1 mM to 100 nM, nor the prior addition of verapamil (5 microM) decreased this halothane-induced calcium transient. The transient was completely blocked by the prior addition of 10 mM caffeine, which depletes the sarcoplasmic reticulum of calcium. Also, the prior addition of halothane caused a reduction in the calcium transient due to caffeine. The depression of the caffeine-induced calcium transient by halothane was independent of the time interval (up to 4 min) between the additions of halothane and caffeine. These results indicate that halothane causes a net loss of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of quiescent rat heart cells. Thus, halothane has a direct effect at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, probably an enhancement of calcium release, which may explain its depression of myocardial contractility. PMID- 3177916 TI - The influence of fentanyl upon cerebral high-energy metabolites, lactate, and glucose during severe hypoxia in the rat. AB - The effects of intravenous administration of high-dose fentanyl (100 micrograms.kg-1, loading dose followed by an infusion of 200 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) were compared with those of a barbiturate (pentobarbital sodium 25 mg.kg-1, intraperitoneal) or hypothermia (rectal temperature 32 degrees C) on changes in cerebral cortical tissue levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphocreatine (PCr), lactate, and glucose in severely hypoxemic rats (PaO2 13-23 mmHg for 20 min) with unilateral (left side) carotid ligation (10-12 animals in each group). Ligation of the carotid artery alone produced no change in brain high-energy metabolites, lactate, or glucose. The control values on the ligated side (nitrous oxide, 70%, + normoxia group) for cortical ATP, PCr, lactate, and glucose were 2.86 +/- 0.09 (mumol.g-1 wet weight, mean +/- 1 SE), 3.83 +/- 0.11, 1.68 +/- 0.21, and 3.29 +/- 0.47, respectively. Hypoxia (nitrous oxide, 70%, + hypoxia group) produced a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in ATP (1.83 +/- 0.37) and PCr (1.93 +/- 0.48) and an increase in lactate (15.8 +/- 1.77) compared with the normoxic group, whereas brain glucose was not significantly changed (1.97 +/- 0.65). Fentanyl (fentanyl + hypoxia group) did not prevent the deleterious effects of hypoxia on cortical high energy metabolites (ATP, 2.0 +/- 0.27; PCr, 2.24 +/- 0.3) or lactate (19.33 +/- 3.16); however, fentanyl caused no alteration in high-energy cerebral metabolite concentrations in normoxic rats, nor did fentanyl produce a significant difference in brain tissue glucose or lactate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177920 TI - Spinal anesthesia, complete heart block, and the precordial chest thump: an unusual complication and a unique resuscitation. PMID- 3177921 TI - Respiratory artifact during pulse oximetry in critically ill patients. PMID- 3177919 TI - Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine following subarachnoid administration in surgical patients: simultaneous investigation of absorption and disposition kinetics using stable isotopes. AB - The pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and bupivacaine following subarachnoid administration were studied in 12 surgical patients using a stable isotope method. After subarachnoid administration of the agent to be evaluated, a deuterium-labelled analogue was administered intravenously. Blood samples were collected for 24 h. Plasma concentrations of the unlabelled and the deuterium labelled local anesthetics were determined using a combination of capillary gas chromatography and mass fragmentography. Bi-exponential functions were fitted to the plasma concentration-time data of the deuterium-labelled local anesthetics. The progression of the absorption was evaluated using deconvolution. Mono- and bi exponential functions were then fitted to the fraction absorbed versus time data. The distribution and elimination half-lives of the deuterium-labelled analogues were 25 +/- 13 min (mean +/- SD) and 121 +/- 31 min for lidocaine and 19 +/- 10 min and 131 +/- 33 min for bupivacaine. The volumes of the central compartment and steady-state volumes of distribution were: lidocaine 57 +/- 10 l and 105 +/- 25 l, bupivacaine 25 +/- 6 l and 63 +/- 22 l. Total plasma clearance values averaged 0.97 +/- 0.21 l/min for lidocaine and 0.56 +/- 0.14 l/min for bupivacaine. The absorption of lidocaine could be described by a single first order absorption process, characterized by a half-life of 71 +/- 17 min in five out of six patients. The absorption of bupivacaine could be described adequately assuming two parallel first order absorption processes in all six patients. The half-lives, characterizing the fast and slow absorption processes of bupivacaine, were 50 +/- 27 min and 408 +/- 275 min, respectively. The fractions of the dose, absorbed in the fast and slow processes, were 0.35 +/- 0.17 and 0.61 +/- 0.16, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177922 TI - Cimetidine and succinylcholine: potential interaction and effect on neuromuscular blockade in man. PMID- 3177923 TI - Oxygen administration prevents hypoxemia during post-anesthetic transport in children. PMID- 3177924 TI - Perioperative management for transplant of autologous adrenal medulla to the brain for parkinsonism. PMID- 3177925 TI - Fatal air embolism after gastrointestinal endoscopy. PMID- 3177926 TI - Delayed and prolonged rigidity greater than 24 h following high-dose fentanyl anesthesia. PMID- 3177927 TI - The chronotropic effect of isoproterenol is reduced in term pregnant women. PMID- 3177928 TI - Cardiac arrests during spinal anesthesia: unexpected? PMID- 3177929 TI - Anesthesia for one-lung ventilation. PMID- 3177930 TI - Comparing the efficacy of epidural opiates with that of patient-controlled analgesia. PMID- 3177931 TI - Blind nasal intubation of an apneic neonate. PMID- 3177933 TI - Modified anesthetic screen for pediatric surgery. PMID- 3177934 TI - A new device for fiberoptic endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia. PMID- 3177932 TI - Masseter muscle spasm, succinylcholine, and strabismus surgery. PMID- 3177935 TI - [The morphology of the eggs of Paragonimus westermani (Trematoda)]. AB - The entire shape, surface structure and the details in operculum of the eggs of Paragonimus westermani imported to Czechoslovakia by one Korean and three Vietnamese were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy with emphasis on differential diagnostics. Differences distinguishing eggs of P. westermani from other species of this fluke parasitizing in man are briefly discussed. PMID- 3177936 TI - [The parasite fauna of East Germany. 9. The helminth fauna of Lutra lutra]. AB - Alimentary tract, liver, kidneys and lungs of 25 otters, died of several causes during 1982-1987 in GDR were included in helminthological investigations. Parasites were detected in 8 animals. One cestode: Taenia martis and 3 trematodes: Isthmiophora melis, Opisthorchis felineus and Pseudamphistomum truncatum are regarded to be certain parasites of this host. Other findings like Ligula intestinalis, Azygia luccii and Piscicola geometra and the fragment of a pseudophyllidean enter the alimentary tract with the food and pass through it. PMID- 3177937 TI - [The seasonal dynamics of Sphaerospora renicola (Myxosporidia) in carp (Osteichthyes)]. AB - We observed 2 different types of the course of incidence of sporogonic phase and blood phase. Type I shows in both phases a maximum in the first summer, a minimum in winter or autumn and a second maximum between late autumn and second summer. In this case the sporulation was especially distinct with the first maximum. Type II starts in the first summer with the blood phase without occurrence of the sporogonic phase (and the swim-bladder phase), which appears only from autumn until the second summer in a form of three peaks. Here the sporulation was successful only in the third peak. Hitherto there has been no other example of that type. The course of incidence, characterized by peaks and valleys, is regarded as an expression of an internal rhythm of different phases of the parasite and not as caused by the declining of infection and by reinfection. Premunition (if a hitherto unknown reservoir phase is surviving) or age resistance and/or less chance of coincidence of infective stages and older carps are supposed to be the cause of the rare occurrence of the 3 known phases in carps more than 14-15 months old. There are some indications of the infection of carps by carps. Carassius au. auratus was ascertained as a new host for S. renicola in a field experiment. PMID- 3177938 TI - [Clinical aspects of Toxoplasma primary infection in pregnancy]. AB - Prevention of connatal toxoplasmosis is only possible by early diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasma-primoinfection in pregnancy. The authors describe the diagnostic approach and report on 110 pregnant women with toxoplasma primoinfection. Treatment consisted in the application of pyrimethamine in combination with a sulfonamide or spiramycine. Side-effects of pyrimethamine are mentioned. The aim is an improvement of diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 3177939 TI - On the effect of Gangatrema dehradoonense (Digenea: Opecoelidae) on the pH of small intestine in the freshwater fish Labeo dero. AB - The effects of a digenetic trematode Gangatrema dehradoonense (Digenea: Opecoelidae) on the pH of small intestine in Labeo dero (Ham.) have been studied. The pH of healthy and infected intestine vary before and after feeding. A low pH has been noted in heavily infected intestine. PMID- 3177940 TI - [Scanning electron microscopic representation of the tegument of the cysticercus of Taenia saginata]. AB - By scanning electron microscopy we found heteromorph microtriches in the tegumental surface of the praeadult and its bladder. But this polymorphism is caused by three unimorph parts, namely the head region, the midbody and the bladder. The types of microtriches are heterogeneous in regard to the shape (from conical to cylindrical), the size (from 0.37 to 4.5 micron in length and 0.055 to 0.092 micron in diameter) and the density (from 6.3 to 25 microtriches/micron 2). An attempt was made to determine the relative increase in the tegumental surface of the cysticercus of T. saginata. The relation of actual surface area to a corresponding area without microtriches is OF = nA + 1/1 - nB. In this study, the factor of the increase in the tegumental surface (OF) ranged from the head region (6.3x) to the midbody (1.4x -1.7x) and the bladder (21x). By transmission electron microscopy fine threads were demonstrated in the apical surface of the microtriches. These fine threads raised the adhesive function of the microtriches in the course of the infection of the final host as well as in the migration in the digestive tract. A relation between shape, size and density of the microtriches and the body volume is postulated. PMID- 3177941 TI - [Prevention of the recurrences of deep venous thromboses of the legs using calcium heparin in slowly decreasing dosages]. PMID- 3177943 TI - [Evaluation of cutaneous thermometry in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis]. PMID- 3177942 TI - [Prevention of thromboembolic disease in the pregnant woman]. PMID- 3177944 TI - [Use of thermography in the detection of deep venous thrombosis]. PMID- 3177945 TI - [Plethysmography in the study and follow-up of patients operated on for varices]. PMID- 3177946 TI - [Compression using elastic stockings in deep and superficial venous insufficiency of the legs: plethysmographic study]. PMID- 3177947 TI - [Electroretinographic changes in thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease)]. PMID- 3177948 TI - [Acute thrombosis of an aneurysm of the abdominal aorta]. PMID- 3177949 TI - [Sexual impotency of vascular origin in patients with diabetic microangiopathy in the lower limbs]. PMID- 3177950 TI - [Sexual disfunction in men associated with obliterative angiopathy of the lower limbs. Endocrine-metabolic considerations]. PMID- 3177951 TI - A double-blind trial of calcium dobesilate in chronic venous insufficiency. AB - Calcium dobesilate was studied in a double-blind trial in 30 normal subjects and in 30 patients with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). There were no significant alterations in the normal subjects. In patients with CVI the active drug gave significant improvements (p less than 0.01) in the measured volume of the foot and lower limb, in clinical tenderness (p less than 0.05), and in most of the symptoms (including feelings of heaviness, swelling, tiredness, and aching in the lower extremities). Even though the chronic venous insufficiency had existed for an average of fifteen years, a relatively short course of the drug caused considerable, and significant, improvements in a number of signs and symptoms of the disease. PMID- 3177952 TI - Study on reaction of subpapillary venous plexus in patients with arterial occlusive diseases of lower extremity by reflective spectrophotometry. AB - The reactions of the subpapillary venous plexus were observed by analyzed fractional blood volume of tissue (Vb) in patients with arterial occlusive diseases, Fontaine's stage I-II, using the reflective spectrophotometer. The sole skin of 11 normal subjects, 17 patients with arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO), and 14 patients with thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) were scanned by the light reflectance of four specially selected wavelengths, including isobestic points (586 and 569 nm) and peaks in the spectra of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin (577 and 560 nm) in referring to time. Sampling area was the subpapillary venous plexus histologically because the depth for receiving reflectance is about 1.0 mm from the sole skin surface. One series observations was divided into five steps depending on the modes of combination of the applied pressure to ankle cuff and tilting. The Kubelka-Munk equation was utilized to calculate blood volume (Vb). It is concluded that the patients with ASO might have a dysfunction, not of the subpapillary venous plexus, but of the venular valve, whereas patients with TAO might have a dysfunction of both the subpapillary venous plexus and venular valve. PMID- 3177953 TI - Hemodialysis with calcium-free dialysate prevents myocardial creatine kinase depletion after brief coronary artery occlusion in dogs. AB - To evaluate the effect of hypocalcemia on myocardial creatine kinase (CK) depletion after brief coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion, dogs were rendered hypocalcemic via systemic hemodialysis for eighty minutes in the absence of Ca. Control animals were hemodialysed in the presence of Ca. The left anterior descending coronary artery was then occluded for six minutes and reperfusion for eighty minutes occurred at low flow of dialysate. A 50% decrease in serum Ca of the hypocalcemic animals during the eighty minutes of hemodialysis resulted in a significant (about 35%) decrease of myocardial Ca. Comparison of the myocardial creatine kinase activity following reperfusion showed preservation of the enzyme in the ischemic areas of the hypocalcemic animals, whereas the CK activities of the ischemic areas of the normocalcemic animals were much lower (p less than 0.005). During the reperfusion period serum Ca of the hypocalcemic group increased to 75% of that of the normocalcemic group while myocardial Ca of both ischemic and nonischemic areas reequilibrated to normocalcemic values. Hemodynamic parameters during the various phases of the experiment were not altered significantly. It is concluded that transient decrease of myocardial Ca produced by hypocalcemia prior to occlusion leads to protection against myocardial damage after brief coronary ligation. PMID- 3177955 TI - Should echocardiography be used to screen dizzy patients? AB - The value of echocardiography in the evaluation of dizziness was studied in 151 consecutive patients. Twenty-two patients, on further review, were found to have related complaints, seizures and syncope mainly, but not dizziness. Twenty-four patients had vertigo, 67 had nonvertiginous dizziness, and in 38 patients, there was insufficient information to categorize the dizziness as being vertigo or nonvertiginous dizziness. When the 22 nondizzy patients were compared with the 129 dizzy patients, the only statistically significant differences were that there were more blacks in the nondizzy group and that the aortic root dimension was, on average, 0.4 cm larger in the nondizzy group. These findings, although statistically significant, appeared to be clinically insignificant. There was, however, a high prevalence of valvular heart disease in both the nondizzy and two of the three dizzy subgroups. In most cases, the valvular abnormality had not been suspected clinically. But in no case was significant information added by echocardiography that helped in patient management. Thus, in the dizzy patient, echocardiography should be reserved for specific cardiac indications and not used as a routine screening test. PMID- 3177954 TI - Transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) measurement as a diagnostic tool in patients with peripheral vascular disease. AB - Transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) was measured through Clark's electrode at the dorsum of the foot in 52 healthy controls whose ages ranged from twenty to sixty-five years (mean 45.05 +/- 14.09) and 36 nondiabetic patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (5 stage I, 16 stage II, 4 stage III, 11 stage IV), under standardized conditions at rest and during recovery from limb ischemia obtained with pneumatic cuff compression for 3 minutes. At rest the TcPO2 averaged 71.20 +/- 14.26 mm Hg (range 46-92) in the controls and 51.56 +/- 26.38 in the PVD patients (p less than .01). A wide overlap was observed between the two groups and among the different stages of the disease, and consequently, the diagnostic value of TcPO2 at rest was limited (sensitivity equal to 32%). During the recovery from ischemia the time constant (recovery half-time, T1/2) averaged 38.01 +/- 7.23 sec in the controls and 55.84 +/- 19.82 in the PVD patients (p less than .01). The T1/2 added to the diagnostic value of the method, making it more sensitive (55%), especially for stage II patients. The TcPO2 at rest was lower with increasing severity of the disease; both the TcPO2 at rest and the T1/2 correlated with the ankle-arm pressure index in the diseased limbs (r = .48 and -.41 respectively, p less than .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177956 TI - Upper extremity radionuclide venography in the diagnosis and management of venous disease associated with intravenous catheters. AB - The utility of upper extremity radionuclide venography (RNV) in the assessment of suspected catheter-related central venous thrombosis (CRVT) was evaluated in 40 patients with subclavian venous catheters. Twenty normal patients (Group A) served as controls and their venographic patterns were analyzed by using four criteria: (1) delayed tracer transit time, (2) nonuniformity of flow and venous pooling, (3) jugular venous reflux, and (4) collateral venous filling. Control studies displayed no collaterals as a distinguishing characteristic but demonstrated the other three features to a variable degree. Of 106 extremities suspected of CRVT, 67 (Group B) were initially considered to have normal RNV findings (no collaterals). Contrast venography confirmed a normal pattern in 3 but identified CRVT with collaterals in 3 others. Retrospective review of the RNV studies confirmed faint collaterals in these latter 3. The 39 remaining extremities (Group C) showed abnormal RNV findings; contrast venography and postmortem studies confirmed the presence of venous disease in 5 patients. The authors believe that RNV is a reliable, noninvasive procedure for early diagnosis of venous occlusion associated with subclavian venous catheters. PMID- 3177957 TI - Coumarin skin necrosis in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia--a case report. AB - A patient with evidence of both heparin-related thrombocytopenia and coumarin induced skin necrosis is presented. Etiology, diagnostic evaluation, histopathology, and therapeutic options are discussed. PMID- 3177958 TI - Vasculitis of breast in Behcet's disease--a case report. AB - This is the case report of a thirty-one-year-old woman who presented with a large skin lesion on a breast that was first thought to be a malignant or inflammatory process. After a biopsy, the lesion was diagnosed as nonspecific vasculitis. No similar case has been found in a review of the literature. PMID- 3177959 TI - Photoplethysmographic documentation of improved microcirculation after pentoxifylline therapy. AB - Pentoxifylline is the prototype of a new class of drugs that improve peripheral blood flow mainly by increasing red blood cell flexibility. Few studies have been performed to objectively evaluate the effect of the drug in a routine clinical setting. In 11 patients with intermittent claudication, photoplethysmography was used to monitor the effect of pentoxifylline on the microcirculation in the lower extremities. Values obtained improved significantly (p less than .0001) under therapy. Concomitant measurements of ankle-brachial indices showed no significant changes despite clinical improvement. Diabetic patients in this study seemed to benefit from treatment with pentoxifylline at least as much as nondiabetic patients. Photoplethysmography proved to be a very efficient and inexpensive method of studying the effects of pentoxifylline. Ankle-brachial indices are not a suitable method of detecting flow changes attributable to the mechanism of action of this drug. PMID- 3177960 TI - Effect of long-term administration of buflomedil on regional cerebral blood flow in chronic cerebral infarction. AB - The influence of long-term oral administration of buflomedil on regional cerebral blood flow was investigated in 10 patients with chronic cerebral infarction and mild to moderate mental deterioration. Patients were given 150 mg buflomedil three times daily for a period of eight weeks. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured in patients before they began buflomedil treatment and during the last week of treatment. The interval of the rCBF measurements in the control subjects (n = 12) ranged from seven to forty-eight days. Mental function in the patients studied was evaluated by use of Hasegawa's simple intelligence scale for the aged and Zung's self-rating depression scale, before and during the last week of buflomedil treatment. The results showed a mean increase in rCBF of 10.5% +/- 12.1% in the patient group. The control group demonstrated virtually no change in rCBF measurements. Improvements in the mental function scores of the buflomedil treated group were noted, and 5 of the 10 patients reported improvement in subjective symptoms. PMID- 3177961 TI - Properties of electromagnetic field focusing probe. AB - The electromagnetic field focusing (EFF) apparatus consists of a radio frequency generator, solenoidal coil, and a hand-held or catheter probe. Applications such as aneurysm treatment, angioplasty, and neurosurgery in various models have been reported. The probe is operated in the near field (within one wavelength of an electromagnetic field source) of a coil inducing eddy currents in biological tissues, producing maximal convergence of the induced current at the probe tip. The probe produces very high temperatures depending on the wattage selected for the given radio frequency of output power. The high temperature can be used in cutting, cauterizing, or vaporizing. The EFF probe is comparable to different types of lasers and to bipolar and monopolar cautery. The EFF probe can be used with catheters or endoscopes. Objectives of this study were to determine what the thermal properties of the EFF probe are and how instrument parameters can be varied to obtain different temperatures in the tissue near the probe tip. In this study an F2 catheter was used as an insulated sheath and the tip of the guide wire was used as the probe tip. Different powers, wave forms, coil-to-probe distances, and probe-tip lengths were tested on a phantom that simulates tissue electrical properties. Some of the experiments were conducted under normal saline to simulate treatment of tissue with body fluids such as blood vessels or brain tissue under normal physiologic conditions. It is concluded that the EFF probe has the advantages of easy manipulation, relative safety, cost effectiveness, and a high degree of spatial control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177962 TI - Opening of coronary collaterals by repeated brief coronary occlusions in conscious dogs. AB - The collateral blood flow and regional myocardial function during a one-minute coronary occlusion were compared before and after multiple one-minute coronary occlusions. After repeated coronary occlusions, the collateral blood flow velocity increased significantly from 0.7 +/- 0.1 (SE) to 2.0 +/- 0.2 cm/sec (p less than 0.05), and the blood flow debt repayment decreased from 326 +/- 26% to 189 +/- 12% (p less than 0.05). The systolic segment shortening in the collateral dependent zone improved slightly. Thus, the native coronary collateral vessels open in response to a repeated ischemic stimulus. PMID- 3177965 TI - Recurrent cough of 3 years duration. PMID- 3177964 TI - Transient encephalopathy related to rapidly and markedly elevated blood pressure in acute stage of hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage--relationship to hypertensive encephalopathy--a case report. AB - A seventy-two-year-old man with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage acutely developed severe headache, nausea, vomiting, agitation, and disorientation with abrupt rise in blood pressure on the sixth day after the onset. At that time, there were no remarkable changes in focal neurologic deficits, and repeated brain CT scans revealed a small hematoma located in the right basal ganglia without further enlargement or herniation. Blood chemistry and arterial gas analysis were within the normal ranges except for a slight rise in blood urea nitrogen. Similar episodes occurred three times within two days, and each time the cerebral symptoms disappeared in accordance with lowering of blood pressure by antihypertensive therapy. Complication of hypertensive encephalopathy was strongly suggested. The authors discuss the pathophysiology of this encephalopathy in relation to cerebral hemorrhage. PMID- 3177963 TI - Occult thyrotoxicosis in patients with atrial fibrillation and an acute arterial embolism. AB - Serum total thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin response to thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH-TSH test) were measured in 126 consecutive patients admitted with atrial fibrillation: 33 patients with an acute arterial limb embolism (Group I), 31 patients with an acute embolic stroke (Group II), and 62 patients without any arterial occlusion (Group III). A blunted TRH-TSH test, suggestive of thyrotoxicosis, was found in 5 patients in Group I, 8 patients in Group II, and 2 patients in Group III. The diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was confirmed in 8 patients (by repeated TRH-TSH test and scintigraphy): 4 patients in Group I (12.1%) and 4 patients in Group II (12.9%). All of them had a nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Thyrotoxicosis should not be recognized in 6 of them if TRH-TSH test was not performed, because peripheral hormone levels were normal. Five of these 8 patients with thyrotoxicosis had reversion to sinus rhythm after treatment with carbimazole, either spontaneously or after cardioversion. This outcome prevented prolongation of anticoagulant therapy for an indefinite time. PMID- 3177967 TI - Respiratory acoustical impedance: a new technique to measure airway response during bronchial inhalation challenges. AB - Respiratory acoustical impedance, a new method to measure airway obstruction during quiet breathing, was compared with plethysmography and spirometry in 19 asthmatics undergoing a bronchial inhalation challenge with an allergen. Respiratory acoustical impedance and plethysmography were both more sensitive than spirometry in detecting bronchoconstriction. Respiratory acoustical impedance is easily measured during quiet breathing, even in uncooperative subjects; forced expirations, which may alter bronchial tone, are avoided. Respiratory acoustical impedance is sensitive and reliable in measuring acute airway obstruction. PMID- 3177966 TI - Regional individual allergen based miniscreen to predict IgE-mediated airborne allergy. AB - A small panel of local individual regional allergens (miniscreen) tested in vitro by FAST was developed to evaluate the utility of screening for IgE-mediated airborne allergy. Using this miniscreen in a population of 125 subjects referred for evaluation of possible allergic respiratory disorders would have increased the accuracy of referral from 74.4% to 95.6%. The miniscreen correctly classified 119 of the 125 subjects. The miniscreen appears to be a potentially useful tool for the allergy specialist in the present medical climate. PMID- 3177968 TI - Hyper-IgE and human immunodeficiency virus infection. AB - A 39-year-old black male who is an intravenous drug abuser developed certain clinical manifestations that were consistent with the hyper-IgE syndrome. These included an extremely elevated IgE (greater than 2000 IU/mL), extensive eczematoid dermatitis, and recurrent soft tissue infections. He had no history of atopic disease as a child. Immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a significant decrease in helper (CD 4) cells with a normal concentration of suppressor (CD 8) cells. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody was detected in his serum. Previous studies of patients with atopic dermatitis as well as of patients with the hyper-IgE syndrome characteristically show decreases in total suppressor lymphocyte concentrations in peripheral blood. These results led some investigators to postulate that high IgE concentrations in patients with atopic dermatitis result from defective IgE specific suppression. More recent evidence suggests that helper cell function may be the more critical impairment in these disorders. The development of a hyper IgE syndrome in this setting of T-helper cell viral affliction lends further support to the hypothesis that helper lymphocyte defects may have a key role in the development of atopic dermatitis and the hyper-IgE syndrome. PMID- 3177969 TI - Hypersensitivity vasculitis induced by terbutaline sulfate. AB - Hypersensitivity vasculitis developed in a patient six days after therapy with terbutaline sulfate was initiated. The casual association between the drug and hypersensitivity vasculitis is based on the temporal relationship, a positive lymphocyte transformation test with terbutaline sulfate, and exclusion of other causes. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of a leukocytoclastic vasculitic reaction to terbutaline sulfate. PMID- 3177970 TI - Adverse reactions to protamine sulfate during cardiac surgery in diabetic and non diabetic patients. AB - The incidence of adverse reactions to protamine sulfate range from 0.06% to 27% and vary from mild urticaria to anaphylactic shock and death. In a retrospective analysis of 2996 patients, only four subjects experienced an adverse reaction due to protamine. Two individuals were NPH-insulin-dependent diabetics and two patients had exposure to protamine only during cardiac catheterization. Skin test titrations to protamine were done in three of four patients. One patient had a positive reaction at a 100-micrograms/mL dilution whereas the other two patients had positive reactions at 1000 micrograms/mL. In a comparable number of normal subjects, the threshold for a positive immediate skin response was 1000 micrograms/mL. Since the observed incidence of adverse reactions was 2.9% in NPH insulin-dependent diabetics and 0.07% in non-diabetics, this represents a nearly 40-fold increased risk for diabetic patients (P less than .005). Skin testing appears to have limited applicability in the assessment of protamine sensitivity. PMID- 3177971 TI - Methacholine inhalation challenge in young children: results of testing and follow-up. AB - The diagnosis of asthma is often difficult in young children because their symptoms may not be typical and pulmonary function testing cannot be performed by the patient. We therefore performed methacholine inhalation challenges (MIC) in 24 patients 1 to 5.8 years of age in whom the diagnosis of asthma was uncertain. These patients had histories of recurrent respiratory symptoms for a mean duration of 2.4 years (range = 0.5 to 5.1) in the absence of other systemic diseases. Testing was done by either the 5-breath technique or 1-min inhalation via face mask until wheezing or coughing and retractions developed or a maximum methacholine concentration of 5 to 25 mg/mL was reached. Eighteen MIC were positive and six negative. The mean provocative dose was 3.0 mg/mL (range = 0.6 to 10). No patients suffered serious or delayed reactions and all symptoms reversed with inhaled bronchodilators (BD). During the MIC, the progression of symptoms often mimicked progression of those observed in the past and was useful in teaching the parents. Patients were followed for 0.5 to 3.8 years (mean = 2.3). All patients with a positive MIC have continued to have recurrent respiratory symptoms and require regular or intermittent BD. Only one patient with a negative MIC at 5 mg/mL has recurrent respiratory symptoms and requires daily BD 3 years after the initial evaluation. We conclude that MIC can safely be performed in young children in whom the diagnosis of asthma is uncertain. A positive MIC in this context demonstrates increased bronchial reactivity and is supportive of a clinical diagnosis of asthma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177972 TI - IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE levels in normal, healthy, non-atopic Israeli children. AB - IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE levels in healthy, non-atopic, Israeli-born children aged 20 days to 16 years were analyzed and showed similar age-related values and dynamics as those of white populations found in other countries. No significant effect of sex of the individual or ethnic origin of the parents was found on the IgE values at different ages. This may indicate that total IgE levels are strongly influenced by environmental factors. Establishing tolerance limits at 97.5, 95, 75, 25 and 5th percentiles and the geometric mean provides the practitioner with more complete reference values. The use of multivariate control charts with tolerance limits from normal IgA, IgG, IgM, and IgE levels is described and is offered as an additional tool for the diagnosis of an allergic individual. PMID- 3177973 TI - Epidemiology of bronchial asthma in the Middle East. PMID- 3177974 TI - A 13-year-old girl with recurrent otitis media, sinusitis, and pulmonary infiltrates. PMID- 3177975 TI - Late onset reactions in humans: correlation between skin and bronchial reactivity. PMID- 3177976 TI - [Identification of Legionella by gas phase chromatography of fatty acids and high performance liquid chromatography of ubiquinones]. AB - The fatty acids and ubiquinones of 44 reference strains corresponding to species of Legionella and 3 strains of Legionella isolated in the environment have been evaluated. The analysis of fatty acids profiles allows a classification of 22 species into 4 groups depending on the predominance of some branched-chain fatty acids of linear fatty acids. As for ubiquinones our results for the 22 species corroborate the classification in 5 groups established by Moss in 1983 based on the study of 10 species of Legionella. The analysis of fatty acids composition combined with ubiquinones content has allowed us to identify the antigenically similar strains which cannot be differentiated by direct immunofluorescence on one hand (strain 1) and on the other a more precise approach to the identification, before DNA-ADN hybridization of strains of new species (strains 2). PMID- 3177978 TI - [Neonatal screening for phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism in France. A 12-year experience]. AB - The authors report their experience in the systematic, co-ordinated and controlled neonatal screening in France: a coverage of approximately 100 per cent for several years, nearly 13 millions of tests for phenylketonuria and more than 7 millions for hypothyroidism, almost 850 phenylketonuric children and more than 1,600 patients with hypothyroidism, screened and taken care of. The frequency of phenylketonuria is estimated at 1 for 16,394 and the frequency of hypothyroidism at 1 for 4,041. They insist on the need for a strict investigation of false negatives and point out a few specific points on the care of affected children. Overall, the assessment of neonatal screening is positive since it has allowed 2,500 children, doomed to mental retardation, to have a normal growth. PMID- 3177977 TI - [Postprandial variations of several biological blood tests]. AB - One generally concede that a blood test must be taken on an empty stomach, to abstain from the influence of food on the serum concentration of the different parameters evaluated. To confirm that, the authors have studied, on 22 subjects in good health and from 20 to 25 years old, the postprandial variations of the serum parameters the most required in their laboratory. Some blood tests executed at different moments after the ingestion of a standardized meal prove that some meaningful variations exist. So, it seems evident that the blood tests have to be taken on an empty stomach, and early in the morning. PMID- 3177979 TI - [Screening for hereditary diseases. What other screening?]. AB - Faced to the success of the neonatal screening for phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism, it was tempting to introduce screening of other metabolic diseases. "Ideal" diseases to be screened are treatable, are not easily recognized by clinical means during the neonatal period, need immediate therapy to prevent irreversible disabilities, have a reasonable frequency and can be detected by and easy test. There is some controversy concerning the list of diseases recommended for mass screening, among them four can be discussed: congenital adrenal hyperplasia, due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, fulfils most of the criteria, but some changes in the general screening strategy should be made to provide a result as soon as possible, and at least before the 10th day of life; cystic fibrosis, immunoreactive trypsin is a good marker of the disease but its assay needs technical adaptation for mass screening; more information are also required about the efficacy of an early management of the disease; Duchenne muscular dystrophy has a good marker for neonatal screening (creatine kinase), but no treatment exists and the possibility of genetic counselling can only be provided; hypercholesterolaemia is a frequent disease; however, the good marker and the adequate treatment remain to be defined. Pilot programmes, on the behalf of the French Association for Neonatal Screening, are evaluation these problems. However, at the present time, a consensus has been reached that only phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism fulfils criteria for an efficient mass screening programme. PMID- 3177980 TI - [X-linked diseases and carrier detection]. AB - Advances in molecular biology applied to the location of genes have generated a real evolution for the screening of women carrying X-related diseases. It is however imperative to first try to define the status of these women using classical methods: bayesian calculations taking into account genealogical data and direct screening which is partially reliable because of the inactivation of an X chromosome in women. The new genetic engineering techniques enable to locate the gene in an affected patient and follow its transmission in the families with the use of tracers linked to the gene of the disease. The difficulties of these studies are due to two phenomena. First, the risk of allele recombination because of a crossing over during the mitosis. This risk must be computed and specified. The second phenomenon is related to variations of information in the families which may either completely prevent identification of the carriers, or give less reliable results. The increasing number of molecular probes should enable to resolve this problem. PMID- 3177981 TI - Measurement of pulse-wave velocity using a beat-sampling technique. AB - The relationship between pulse-wave velocity (PWV) and blood pressure was investigated using a new method in which multiple pulse-wave velocities were determined within each blood-pressure pulse. The technique employed measuring pressure at two sites within the aorta and measuring multiple time differences between each pair of pressure waves. Blood pressure was manipulated with drugs. The technique of obtaining multiple PWVs within a beat dramatically reduced the variability of the data in the linear and nonlinear region of PWV versus pressure relationship. PMID- 3177982 TI - Mathematical evidence for flow-induced changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. AB - The objective of this investigation was to aid in the determination of the mechanism by which oxygen consumption changes in proportion to coronary perfusion pressure or coronary blood flow. A mathematical model of oxygen transport and consumption in the isolated-perfused heart was developed, based on data from an autoregulating, cell-free perfused, externally paced, isovolumic feline heart preparation. The model features the unique combination of Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and one-dimensional (axial) diffusion in radially well-mixed tissue. An adaptive finite-difference integration routine was used to solve the resulting third order stiff two-point boundary value problem. A simplex minimization was employed to determine the parameter values that minimized the squared difference between the model and the experimental data in terms of tissue PO2 distribution (histograms). Different cases of the model representing pressure-induced, flow induced, and "magnified" flow effects were run. The flow-dependent oxygen consumption version of the model produced a histogram squared error 30% lower than the pressure-induced version and 5% lower than any other case. The model and a critical review of the literature indicate that a flow-related mechanism is responsible for this phenomenon. Evidence also demonstrates that the Michaelis Menten kinetics constant is not constant for different oxygen tensions. PMID- 3177983 TI - A microcomputer based automated, quantitative coronary angiographic analysis system. AB - Rapid and accurate assessment of coronary artery stenotic severity is important in therapy and understanding of coronary artery disease. Since automated systems minimize prejudice and variations in analysis, we developed an automated, quantitative coronary analysis system utilizing an IBM PC-XT computer. Film images (35 mm) were cine-to-video converted and subsequently digitized by an IBM PC-XT computer. Given an approximate center line, the computer automatically detected edges, corrected for X-ray magnification, and calculated arterial dimensions. On objects of known dimensional sizes, the correlation coefficient between actual and calculated dimensions was 0.996 (p less than 0.01) with a standard error of estimate of 0.07 mm and +/- 3.0% reproducibility. For objects less than 1 mm in diameter, the standard error of estimate was 0.05 mm with +/- 4.1% reproducibility. However, with minimal contrast material (25%), the standard error of estimate increased to 0.20 mm with +/- 7.2% reproducibility. The results indicate that automated, quantitative coronary angiography can be achieved using an inexpensive IBM PC-XT based system, provided that the vessels are adequately opacified. PMID- 3177985 TI - A mathematical study of human intracranial hydrodynamics. Part 2--Simulation of clinical tests. AB - The mathematical model of human intracranial hydrodynamics proposed in a previous paper is here used to simulate the results of some dynamical tests of great clinical and physiological value and to analyze the blood flow pattern in the intracranial human basal arteries (especially in the internal carotid artery). Peak to peak amplitude of the blood flow waveform in the intracranial basal arteries, computed through the model, shows a significant increase at intracranial pressure levels above 50-60 mmHg, in accordance with recent experimental data. Moreover, diastolic blood flow appears to be largely sensitive to intracranial pressure changes during severe intracranial hypertension, whereas systolic blood flow is only slightly affected in this condition. The response of intracranial pressure to typical saline injection (volume-pressure response, steady state infusion and bolus injection tests) and to an abrupt obstruction in the extracranial venous drainage pathway is also well reproduced by the model. Finally, alterations in these responses, due to changes in some significant intracranial hydrodynamical parameters (i.e., the intracranial elastance coefficient and CSF outflow resistance) are presented. PMID- 3177984 TI - A mathematical study of human intracranial hydrodynamics. Part 1--The cerebrospinal fluid pulse pressure. AB - An original mathematical model of human intracranial hydrodynamics is proposed. Equations able to mimic the behavior of the intracranial arterial vascular bed, intracranial venous vascular bed, cerebrospinal fluid absorption and production processes, and the constancy of overall intracranial volume are separately presented and discussed. The model parameters were given normal values computed using physiological considerations and recent anatomical data. In this paper the model is used to simulate the genesis and morphology of the intracranial pressure pulse wave. In particular, dependence of the intracranial pressure pulse amplitude on mean intracranial pressure, obtained from the model, shows excellent agreement with recent experimental findings. The model explains the intracranial pressure pulse wave as the result of the pulsating changes in cerebral blood volume (related to cerebrovascular compliance) which occur within a rigid space (i.e., the craniospinal compartment). At low and medium values of intracranial pressure, the intracranial pressure pulse amplitude mainly reflects the cerebral pressure-volume relationship. However, during severe intracranial hypertension, an abrupt increase in the cerebrovascular compliance becomes evident, which is reflected in an abrupt increase in the intracranial pressure pulse wave. PMID- 3177986 TI - Emergency department protocol for the diagnosis and evaluation of geriatric abuse. AB - As the number of elderly persons in the United States continues to increase, geriatric abuse has become the most recent manifestation of domestic violence seen in the emergency department. Recent data suggest that 1 million elderly persons are battered, neglected, or exploited each year by family members or caretakers. This maltreatment may be more difficult to identify than child or spouse abuse because of the relative isolation of the victims and their reluctance to report abuse. Many of these cases involve only subtle signs and have a great potential to pass undetected. We summarize the current literature on geriatric abuse and describe an ED protocol for identifying and reporting suspected victims. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 36 elderly patients hospitalized with documented abuse or neglect. Physical maltreatment was evident in 29 patients (80%), and 16 of the cases (44%) involved psychological abuse. Key points in the history, physical examination, and psychosocial evaluation were analyzed to identify specific criteria used in the development of the protocol. This framework will aid the emergency physician in the crucial first steps of identifying abuse, obtaining evidence, and providing immediate treatment and crisis intervention. Awareness that the problem exists and improved detection and intervention procedures are needed to prevent abuse of elderly persons from becoming more widespread. PMID- 3177987 TI - The emergency department as part of a successful strategy for increasing adult immunization. AB - To evaluate acceptance of the emergency department as a setting for vaccine delivery, we interviewed and offered pneumococcal vaccine to 338 high-risk ED patients presenting with unrelated complaints. Only 27 (8%) had previously been immunized with pneumococcal vaccine. Of the unimmunized, 187 (60%) initially indicated that they would accept vaccine during their current ED visit, and 51 (37%) of those without immediate medical contraindications were immunized. Willingness to take pneumococcal vaccine in the ED was independent of whether the patient had a primary medical provider (P = .77). Our immunization strategy complements other vaccination schemes that target those at high risk for pneumococcal disease and may in particular serve those patients who use the ED as their primary source of health care. PMID- 3177988 TI - Physician assessments of practice patterns in emergency department radiograph interpretation. AB - Emergency and radiology department directors at 517 acute-care US teaching hospitals were sent identical questionnaires surveying practice patterns of ED plain film radiograph interpretation. Fifty-seven percent of ED directors and 51% of radiology department (RD) directors responded. Both groups reported that the most common practice pattern (60%) was alternating responsibility for immediate interpretation between emergency physicians and radiologists during a 168-hour week. Remaining hospitals were nearly equally divided between systems in which radiologists always provided immediate interpretation and those in which the emergency physicians always provided the initial interpretation. In all systems in which emergency physicians provided some immediate radiograph interpretation, radiologists provided subsequent review. Institutions varied as to the level of training of the physician in both the ED and RD who provided immediate radiograph interpretation; at least 30% of the institutions responding were reported to have either emergency physicians or radiologists of resident level providing immediate interpretation at least part of the 24-hour day. Interpretation discrepancy rates between emergency physicians and radiologists were estimated to be 4% to 6%. The large amount of variation among hospitals in ED radiograph interpretation systems suggests that these systems were not designed with quality of care concerns as their primary criterion. As a consequence, objective patient outcome and process measures need to be developed and measured to ensure that a particular internal system for ED radiograph interpretation is providing an acceptably high standard of patient care. PMID- 3177989 TI - Relative efficacy of phenytoin and phenobarbital for the prevention of theophylline-induced seizures in mice. AB - We evaluated the efficacy of pretreatment with phenytoin and phenobarbital to prevent seizures in mice given convulsive doses of theophylline. The control LD50 for theophylline was determined in 48 mice by intraperitoneal injections of increasing doses without anticonvulsant treatment. Anticonvulsant effects were determined in 105 additional mice pretreated with either phenytoin 30 mg/kg (n = 35), phenobarbital 35 mg/kg (n = 30), or phenobarbital 60 mg/kg (n = 40) one hour before theophylline administration. The theophylline LD50 (95% confidence interval) was 239 mg/kg (range, 229 to 248 mg/kg) for controls, 204 mg/kg (range, 194 to 214 mg/kg) for phenytoin, 305 mg/kg (range, 288 to 323 mg/kg) for low-dose phenobarbital, and 319 mg/kg (range, 307 to 331 mg/kg) for high-dose phenobarbital. Each LD50 differed significantly from control (P less than .05). The phenobarbital groups were significantly different from phenytoin (P less than .05) but not from each other. Theophylline serum concentrations were not significantly different among groups after adjustment for different doses. The mean +/- SEM time to seizure in minutes after adjustment for theophylline dose was 23.5 +/- 4.0 minutes for controls, 5.7 +/- 7.5 minutes for phenytoin, 44.1 +/ 7.1 minutes for low-dose phenobarbital, and 63.7 +/- 6.5 minutes for high-dose phenobarbital.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177990 TI - Evaluation of a rapid theophylline test strip assay in the emergency department setting. AB - Test strips recently have become available to measure theophylline levels. One such test strip (AccuLevel) had not been tested in an actual clinical situation with nontechnician personnel. We prospectively evaluated the test strip on consecutive emergency department patients, comparing it with the agglutination inhibition method used by our hospital laboratory. Nurses and medics who ran the test were given only a brief demonstration and explanation of the manufacturer's instructions. The 61 test strip levels correlated highly with the laboratory results (r = 0.92, slope = 0.89, y-intercept = 0.99). The test strip results were available in less time (mean of 0.51 hours vs 1.89 hours for the laboratory, P less than .0001). The most accurate readings were obtained by those who ran the test most frequently. Caffeine intake did not influence the test. Cost was significantly lower than charges at local hospitals. PMID- 3177991 TI - Effect of mobile paramedic units on outcome in patients with myocardial infarction. AB - To investigate the effect of mobile paramedic units on outcome, we prospectively studied for two years all patients with myocardial infarction admitted to the LDS Hospital emergency department who sought aid prior to cardiac arrest. One hundred thirty-four patients who received prehospital care from a mobile paramedic unit were compared with 101 patients who selected another means of initial care. Mortality, occurrence of life-threatening arrhythmias, and change in Killip class at 24 and 48 hours were the outcome variables. Data analysis by multiple logistic regression revealed that outcome was not improved, but a 29-minute median delay in hospital arrival occurred in paramedic-treated patients. Defibrillation was the only beneficial treatment performed by paramedics that could be identified. Current mobile paramedic unit procedures may need to be streamlined to eliminate the delay in hospital arrival resulting from extensive prehospital care. PMID- 3177992 TI - Prehospital care at a major international airport. AB - Medical emergencies at a major metropolitan airport have a significant impact on prehospital care capabilities for the rest of the community in which the airport is located. Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado, is a facility that in 1985 had 14.4 million passengers and a static employee population of 12,000 to 15,000. In 1981, there were 1,182 ambulance trips to the airport, 40.4% of which did not result in the transport of a patient. The expense of sending an ambulance and fire engine out on such calls was great, and paramedics were out of service for approximately 300 hours on these nontransport cases. In order to improve prehospital services to the airport and the city, a paramedic has been stationed in the concourse at the airport 16 hours a day since 1982. The records for airport paramedic services for the 12 months ending September 1985 were reviewed. Paramedic services were requested for 1,952 patients. Of these, 696 (35.7%) were transported to hospital by ambulance; 115 (5.9%) went by private car; 284 (14.6%) refused any paramedic care or transport; and 857 (43.9%) were released, after base station contact, with instructions to seek definitive care at the final destination. Presenting complaints were classified into 55 categories and the frequencies and dispositions are described. The most common presentations resulting in transport were chest pain, 110 (5.6%); syncope, 60 (3.1%); psychiatric, 57 (2.9%); abdominal pain, 49 (2.5%); seizure, 36 (1.8%); fracture, 31 (1.6%); and cardiac arrest, 29 (1.5%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177993 TI - United States emergency medicine block rotation curricula for the 1986-87 academic year. AB - Because emergency medicine is a broad-based specialty, there is much leeway in the structure of resident education. The monthly block curriculum is a major determinant of the overall residency training experience. The purpose of our study was to define the block curricula of the accredited emergency medicine residencies in the 1986-87 academic year. In a mail-confirmed telephone survey of residency directors, monthly block rotation data were obtained for 187 postgraduate years in 66 (98%) of 67 approved residencies; identified were 51 individual rotations in nine areas. The PG1 year, present in 47 (71%) of 66 residencies, resembled the flexible internship. Rotations in obstetrics gynecology, medicine, pediatrics, and surgery accounted for 50% of PG1 year training time. Adult emergency department experience was 21% of PG1 year. In the PG2-4 (PG2+) years, 56% of clinical time was spent in the adult or pediatric ED (mean, 6.6 months per year). Electives and surgery rotations each accounted for 11% of PG2+ years training time. Emergency medicine-related areas and critical care rotations each accounted for 7% of the PG2+ years training time. Besides time spent in the ED and on electives, the most highly weighted individual rotations in the PG2+ years were orthopedic surgery, trauma surgery, and emergency medical services. Nearly all programs offered rotations in the adult ED, a surgical subspecialty, critical care, and an elective during residency training. The percentage of rotations requiring direct supervision by emergency physicians increased threefold by the PG4 year. Off-service rotations dropped 15 fold during the PG4 year relative to the PG1 year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3177994 TI - Evaluation of a pulse oximeter in the prehospital setting. AB - Paramedics field-tested a portable, battery-powered pulse oximeter to determine its applicability and usefulness as an adjunct to prehospital care. The pulse oximeter was attached to 62 consecutive patients who met local criteria for mandatory advanced life support base hospital contact. Arterial hemoglobin saturation (SaO2) levels and changes over time were documented by the pulse oximeter's integral printer and prehospital care reports prepared by paramedics. The pulse oximeter performed reliably in 60 patients (96.7%) by providing continuous SaO2 levels. Fifteen patients (24.2%) had saturations below 91%, and the pulse oximeter detected two (3.2%) otherwise undetected saturations below 80%. In each case, field intervention improved saturation. Pulse oximetry quantifies SaO2 changes correlated with many prehospital interventions: medications, suctioning, precarious gurney transport, oxygen therapy, and ventilatory assistance. The pulse oximeter performs reliably in the field and can be invaluable as an adjunct to patient care. Further prehospital studies are needed to evaluate specific field treatments and techniques, to assess the pulse oximeter's effect on morbidity and mortality, and to analyze the determination of severe hypoxemia in the field. PMID- 3177995 TI - A 14-year-old boy with persistent abdominal pain. PMID- 3177996 TI - Emergency medicine in China--1987. PMID- 3177997 TI - Cardiotoxic manifestations of mesoridazine overdose. AB - We present a case of malignant arrhythmias associated with hypocalcemia and subsequent cardiac arrest in a 20-year-old woman due to ingestion of 3.1 g mesoridazine in a suicide attempt. There were unexplained alterations in serum electrolytes preceding the cardiac arrest. The patient subsequently recovered and was transferred to a psychiatric hospital. Despite the paucity of data on the potential cardiotoxicity associated with mesoridazine overdose, this case demonstrates that malignant arrhythmias and cardiac arrest occur; consequently, these patients probably require constant ECG monitoring. PMID- 3177998 TI - Impact of unusual gastrointestinal problems on the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. AB - We report the cases of two patients with tricyclic antidepressant overdose in which the use of charcoal was hampered by gastrointestinal abnormalities. In the first patient, a previous gastric bypass procedure impeded the placement of an orogastric tube and subsequent charcoal administration, while potentially facilitating rapid absorption of the drug--factors that may have contributed to her death. In the second patient, severe esophageal spasm delayed therapy until IV nitroglycerin relieved the functional obstruction. Both circumstances are previously unreported complications associated with tricyclic antidepressant overdose. Potentially corrective measures are proposed. PMID- 3178000 TI - Occult carotid artery injury related to automobile seat belts. AB - A 24-year-old woman had a clinically occult injury of the carotid artery from the shoulder seat belt restraint in a motor vehicle accident. Acute thromboembolism and hemiplegia occurred two hours after her admission to the emergency department. There were contusions of the neck and chest (seat belt sign) but no associated injuries of the cervical spine, mandible, larynx, or brachial plexus. The diagnosis was made by carotid arteriography after the occurrence of thromboembolism. Early clinical suspicion, diagnosis, and surgical repair of the artery are necessary to prevent delayed or recurrent thromboembolism and stroke. Carotid artery and duodenal injuries in this patient were related to improperly fitting seat belts. The current useful preventive measures are adjustment of seat belts to individual body habitus and the regular use of snugly adjusted belts. PMID- 3177999 TI - Blast injuries from glass bottles containing dry ice. AB - We present three cases (two incidents) of severe blast injury from the explosion of covered glass bottles containing dry ice. The first patient sustained lacerations of the face, left eye, right wrist and forearm, and abdomen with protrusion of the small bowel. The second sustained a deep laceration to her anterior neck. The third sustained multiple lacerations to her lower extremities and one to the labia majora. All three patients were taken to the operating room for surgical exploration and repair and were discharged without complications. PMID- 3178001 TI - Dislocation of the cuboid bone without fracture. AB - A 37-year-old man presented following an inversion plantar flexion injury to the left foot and ankle. Dislocation of the cuboid without associated fracture was identified and successfully treated by closed reduction. The patient was immobilized in a walking cast for seven weeks after surgery and no further dislocation occurred. PMID- 3178002 TI - Methemoglobinemia due to ingestion of N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, a component used in the fabrication of artificial fingernails. AB - An acute cyanotic episode due to methemoglobinemia occurred in a 16-month old girl following the ingestion of N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, a commercially available component used in the production of artificial fingernails. The amount of the parent compound ingested was about 6 mg/kg of body weight. Administration of methylene blue was effective in the reversal of the methemoglobinemia. In vitro studies suggest that the activity of the compound was probably due to its biochemical transformation to the toxic metabolite p-methylphenylhydroxylamine. We expand the list of aromatic amino or nitro compounds and their derivatives capable of producing methemoglobinemia and call attention to the hazard of their ingestion. PMID- 3178004 TI - AIDS: implications for emergency physicians. PMID- 3178003 TI - Reanalysis of surveillance data regarding health care worker risk of nosocomial acquisition of HIV. PMID- 3178005 TI - Emergency medicine and the public health. PMID- 3178006 TI - Elder abuse--diagnose, treat, cure. PMID- 3178007 TI - Whiz-Bang or pure O2? PMID- 3178008 TI - Guidelines for 'do not resuscitate' orders in the prehospital setting. American College of Emergency Physicians. PMID- 3178009 TI - Prehospital advanced life support skills, medications, and equipment. American College of Physicians. PMID- 3178010 TI - Report on the role of the emergency physician in occupational medicine. American College of Emergency Physicians. PMID- 3178011 TI - Clarifications on translaryngeal ventilation. PMID- 3178012 TI - Resuscitation without risk. PMID- 3178013 TI - Approaches to acute fluoride intoxication. PMID- 3178014 TI - Answering the airway management question. PMID- 3178016 TI - 'Resuscitation by mistake'. PMID- 3178015 TI - Multiple-dose activated charcoal: an ever-expanding role. PMID- 3178017 TI - Effects of intracisternal bead devices on lacteal secretion components, plaque formation, and bacterial infection during the nonlactating period. AB - Effects of placing intracisternal bead devices (ICB) into teat cisterns of 6 dairy cows, from the end of lactation through parturition, were studied. Lacteal secretion samples were collected weekly from each mammary quarter during the nonlactating period to monitor composition changes in ICB-fitted and nonfitted quarters. In quarters remaining uninfected (n = 15), there were significantly higher mean somatic cell counts (P less than 0.05), percentage of neutrophils (P less than 0.019), and cell viability (P less than 0.038), but significantly lower percentage of macrophages (P less than 0.013) in ICB-fitted quarters compared with those in nonfitted quarters. The ICB had no significant effect on mean weekly values for percentage of lymphocytes, pH, lactoferrin, citrate, citrate/lactoferrin molar ratio, serum albumin, alpha-lactalbumin, and N-acetyl beta-D-glucosaminidase. In infected quarters (n = 9), pH of mammary secretions was significantly (P less than 0.004) higher in ICB-fitted quarters, but concentrations of lactoferrin (P less than 0.004), alpha-lactalbumin (P less than 0.013), and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (P less than 0.028) were significantly lower, compared with those in nonfitted quarters. Coagulase negative staphylococci comprised approximately 90% of all infections. Over the nonlactating period, 16.4 and 41.5% of samples from nonfitted and ICB-fitted quarters, respectively, contained coagulase-negative staphylococci. Microscopic examination of ICB from uninfected quarters revealed a thin coating of plaque with adhering neutrophils, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. Microscopic examination of plaque on devices from ICB-fitted quarters harboring coagulase-negative staphylococci revealed numerous adherent cocci and neutrophils. PMID- 3178018 TI - Sources of variation introduced into a phagocytosis assay as a result of the isolation of neutrophils from bovine blood. AB - A study was conducted to examine sources of variation introduced into a phagocytosis assay as a result of the isolation of neutrophils from bovine blood, including variation attributable to isolation of neutrophils from blood, variation between duplicate determinations of percentage phagocytosis, and the variation in the ability of neutrophils isolated from blood (over repeated collections from the jugular vein) to phagocytose. For the phagocytosis assay, jugular venous blood from each of 4 cows was divided into 2 equal portions. The neutrophils were isolated by lysis of red blood cells with 0.2% sodium chloride. The neutrophils (2 x 10(7)) were incubated in duplicate with 32P-labeled Staphylococcus aureus ([32P]SA; 2 x 10(8)) in skimmed milk samples (2.5% final concentration) prepared from 4 cows. This process was repeated thrice on neutrophils isolated from 4 cows at 2-week intervals. The proportions of variation in percentage of 32P-labeled S aureus phagocytosed between duplicate neutrophil isolations and between duplicate assay determinations were 0 and 1%. Differences among skimmed milk sources and among runs, using blood neutrophils taken at different times from the same donor cow, accounted for 62 and 36% of the total variation. The results indicated that variation arising from blood neutrophil isolation introduced into a phagocytosis assay within a single-day trial is of no concern. The large variation among skimmed milk sample sources indicated differences among cows in the ability of their milk to support phagocytosis. The variation in neutrophil isolations over time for any cow was considered too large to allow for evaluation of physiologic and environmental effects on phagocytosis of neutrophils isolated from blood. PMID- 3178019 TI - Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis: evidence for prevention by maternal antibodies to the Ca blood group antigen. AB - Foals with the Ca blood group antigen on their RBC were given colostrum with anti Ca antibodies (6 foals) or colostrum without anti-Ca antibodies (6 foals). The PCV were determined at birth and 2, 4, and 6 days after birth for the foals in each group. Significant differences were not observed for the PCV between the 2 groups, indicating that foals were not adversely affected by ingesting colostrum with the anti-Ca antibody. Standardbred mares without the Aa blood group antigen were evaluated to determine whether production of anti-Ca antibodies influenced production of anti-Aa antibodies. Of 266 mares without the Aa antigen, 3 of 61 (5%) mares without the Ca blood group antigen produced anti-Aa antibodies and 43 of 205 (21%) with the Ca blood group antigen produced anti-Aa antibodies. These 2 groups of mares were significantly (P = 0.006) different; Ca-negative mares were less likely to produce antibodies to Aa than were mares with the Ca blood group antigen. This observation was consistent with a hypothesis of antibody-mediated immunosuppression of immune response to the Aa blood group antigen by antibodies to the Ca blood group antigen, ie, when a mare is exposed to her foal's RBC and already has antibodies to the Ca blood group antigen on the foal's RBC, then she is less likely to initiate an immune response to the Aa blood group antigen also on the foal's RBC. PMID- 3178020 TI - Evaluation of immune complexes and collagen type-specific antibodies in sera and synovial fluids of horses with secondary osteoarthritis. AB - Thirty-one horses with secondary osteoarthritis as a sequel of trauma (chip fractures) or osteochondritis dissecans were screened for immune complexes (IC) and anticollagen antibodies. Eighty-two percent of horses with joint disease had circulating C1q-binding IC; 77% of those horses had IC in synovial fluids of affected joints. Although only a few horses had anticollagen type-II antibodies, anticollagen type-I antibodies were found in sera of 25% of the horses and in 41% of their synovial fluids. This correlated well with the clinical data and suggested that antibodies might have been elicited by antigens derived from detached intra-articular osteochondral fragments. Immunologic reactivity is a new concept in equine secondary osteoarthritis and might be involved in the mechanisms of chronic inflammation and progressive collagen destruction in degenerative joint disease. PMID- 3178021 TI - Survey of serum IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations in a large beagle population in which IgA deficiency had been identified. AB - Concentrations of serum IgA, IgG, and IgM were determined for 829 adult Beagles from a commercial kennel in which several IgA-deficient dogs had been identified previously (index kennel). These values were compared with measurements of 100 adult dogs from another Beagle kennel (control kennel). After adjustment for differences in the ages and gender of the dogs, dogs from the index kennel had significantly (P less than 0.0001) lower IgA concentrations (mean, 46 mg/dl) than dogs from the control kennel (mean, 68 mg/dl). Regardless of kennel, males had significantly (P less than 0.01) higher IgA concentrations than did females. Dogs in the control kennel had significantly (P less than 0.04) higher IgG concentrations (mean, 2,649 mg/dl) than did dogs in the index kennel (mean, 2,478 mg/dl), and female dogs in the control kennel had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher IgM concentrations (mean, 189 mg/dl) than dogs of either sex in the index kennel (mean, 162 mg/dl) or male dogs in the control kennel (mean, 163 mg/dl). For both sexes, concentrations of IgA, IgG, and IgM increased with age. PMID- 3178022 TI - Metabolism of naturally occurring [13C]glucose given orally to horses. AB - In 5 horses, 13CO2/12CO2 ratios in expired air were determined using isotope mass spectroscopy to investigate metabolism of naturally occurring [13C]glucose. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed using maize or beet glucose. Maize has a higher 13C concentration than that of most plants. The 13CO2/12CO2 ratios after OGTT was performed using maize glucose were compared with 13CO2/12CO2 ratios in expired air after OGTT was performed using beet glucose. The ratio also was determined during the period horses were not fed. Using OGTT, all horses were glucose tolerant. The OGTT performed using beet glucose led to minimal changes in 13CO2/12CO2 ratios. The 13CO2/12CO2 ratios decreased significantly (P less than 0.01) when horses were not fed. After oral dosing with maize glucose, 13CO2/12CO2 ratios reached maximal increases 5 hours after dosing and reached baseline values 15 hours after dosing. PMID- 3178023 TI - Effects of age and season on the type and occurrence of sperm abnormalities in Nubian bucks. AB - Effects of age and season on type and occurrence of sperm abnormalities were examined in semen samples collected from 3 groups of Nubian bucks at ages of 4 to 9 months, 10 to 21 months, and 39 to 50 months. The average total percentage of sperm abnormalities at the onset of puberty (141 +/- 4 days) was 64.6 +/- 14.8% (head, 19.5 +/- 13.6%; middle piece, 17.2 +/- 9.3%; and proximal protoplasmic droplets, 14.6 +/- 10.5%), but this improved rapidly and was reduced to 12.5 +/- 7.5% by 8 months of age (head, 1.9 +/- 4.5%; middle piece, 4.6 +/- 2.8%). Further increase in age, at least up to 4 years, did not reveal a significant effect (P less than 0.05) on the type or percentage of total abnormalities. Similar to age, a comparison of data among seasons did not reveal a significant effect on the type or occurrence of sperm abnormalities in 10- to 21-month-old or 39- to 50 month-old bucks. Seemingly, Nubian bucks started producing good quality semen at 8 months of age, and season did not influence sperm abnormalities. PMID- 3178025 TI - Anosmia associated with canine distemper. AB - The sense of smell in dogs infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) was examined by use of EEG olfactometry, behavioral olfactometry, and electro olfactography. Infection with CDV was confirmed by a direct immunofluorescence technique in 8 active cases and was suggested by clinical history compatible with canine distemper 10 to 26 weeks earlier in 6 cases. Pathologic alterations of the olfactory mucosa in 3 clinically affected dogs was examined by light microscopy. Infection with CDV was found to be associated with anosmia and lack of recorded responses on electro-olfactogram in 8 of 8 dogs with clinical signs of acute distemper from naturally acquired infections. Anosmia was found in 5 of 6 dogs that had recovered from acute distemper 10 to 26 weeks earlier. The sixth dog had hyposmia, with abnormalities on the electro-olfactogram. Histologic examination was not performed on the 6 dogs that had recovered. Histologic lesions observed at necropsy in 3 dogs that had had clinical signs of acute distemper were those of subacute purulent rhinitis and atrophy of the olfactory epithelium. Altered olfactory function could be explained by mucopurulent exudate blocking odors from olfactory receptors in the acutely affected dogs, but alteration of olfactory function in the dogs that had recovered without clinical evidence of rhinitis could not be explained. PMID- 3178026 TI - Some effects of limited exercise on purpose-bred beagles. AB - Amendments to the Animal Welfare Act (PL 99-198) require that an exercise program for dogs be established by the attending veterinarian. A 6-week study was conducted to determine the effects of a moderate exercise program in purpose-bred Beagles. Sixteen male Beagles (4/group) were maintained as follows: (1) standard cage without exercise; (2) standard cage with individual exercise periods (35 minutes, 3 times/week); (3) large cage without exercise; and (4) standard cage with group-release exercise periods. Blood samples were collected for CBC, serum biochemical analysis including determination of serum cortisol concentration, and immune function (lymphocyte transformation assay). Group-released dogs interacted with each other during most of the exercise time. Fighting in these dogs occurred only during the third week. Dogs had little inclination to exercise when released alone into the exercise area. Regardless of the size of the cage, dogs did not exercise unless human beings were present in the room. There were no significant differences in laboratory findings among dogs in the 4 groups. This moderate exercise program had no demonstrable effects. Similarly, continuous cage housing, without a formal exercise program, could not be determined to be detrimental to the physiologic or health status of dogs. PMID- 3178027 TI - Prevalence and specificity of antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in sera from feedlot and range cattle. AB - The specificity of serum antibodies for the polypeptides of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) was examined, using sera obtained from feedlot and range cattle. Test results in sera from feedlot cattle indicated a 60% rate of seroconversion and 95% seropositivity to BRSV, associated with lack of clinical signs indicative of respiratory tract disease. Exposure to other common respiratory tract viruses also was high (greater than or equal to 92% to bovine herpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and para-influenza virus type 3). Test results in sera from range cattle indicated BRSV seropositive rates of 28% in calves, 49% in yearling cattle, and 70% in mature cows; clinical signs of respiratory tract disease were not observed in these cattle. Antibodies to BRSV in sera from cattle in both environments reacted predominantly with polypeptides of molecular weight 80,000 through 85,000, 40,000, and 28,000. Reactivity to a glycoprotein of molecular weight between 43,000 and 44,000 and to several glycopolypeptides of smaller molecular weight increased in serum specimens obtained from feedlot cattle between time of entry into the feedlot and slaughter. PMID- 3178024 TI - Multiple regression analysis, using body size and cardiac cycle length, in predicting echocardiographic variables in dogs. AB - A significant (P less than 0.0001) positive correlation was demonstrated between left ventricular internal chamber dimension in diastole or systole and body weight, body surface area, cycle length, and the square root of cycle length. On the basis of adjusted coefficients of determination, multiple regression analysis, using body weight or body surface area and cycle length or the square root of cycle length, was superior to separate simple regression with these variables in accounting for variations in left ventricular internal chamber dimensions. Shortening fraction had a significant (P less than 0.0001) negative correlation and left ventricular free wall measurements had a significant (P less than 0.0001) positive correlation to body weight and body surface area. For these echocardiographic variables, correlation to the square root of cycle length was insignificant (P greater than 0.05), and a multiple regression model was not helpful in developing confidence intervals. Septal wall measurements were not correlated with body weight, body surface area, cycle length, or the square root of cycle length. PMID- 3178028 TI - Inhibition of feline infectious peritonitis virus replication by recombinant human leukocyte (alpha) interferon and feline fibroblastic (beta) interferon. AB - Replication of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) in feline cell cultures was inhibited after incubation of cells with either human recombinant leukocyte (alpha) interferon (IFN) or feline fibroblastic (beta) IFN for 18 to 24 hours before viral challenge exposure. Compared with virus control cultures, FIPV yields were reduced by ranges of 0.1 to 2.7 log10 or 2 to 5.2 log10 TCID50 in cultures treated with human alpha- or feline beta-IFN, respectively; yield reductions were IFN dose dependent. Sensitivity to the antiviral activities of IFN varied with cell type; feline embryo cells had greater FIPV yield reductions than did similarly treated feline kidney or feline lung cells. Comparison of the virus growth curves in IFN-treated and virus control cultures indicated marked reduction in intracellular and extracellular FIPV in IFN-treated cultures. Compared with virus control cultures, intracellular and extracellular infectivity in IFN-treated cultures was delayed in onset by 12 and 30 hours, respectively, and FIPV titers subsequently were reduced by 3 to 3.5 and 5 log10 TCID50, respectively. Frequently, immunofluorescent and electron microscopy of IFN treated cells or cell culture fluids did not reveal virus; however, even in cultures without viral cytopathic changes, small amounts of virus occasionally persisted in cells. PMID- 3178030 TI - Comparative healing of mesenteric and antimesenteric incisions in the bovine jejunum. AB - Paired incisions (n = 6 pairs) were made in the jejunum of each of 8 Holstein cows. Pairs consisted of 2-cm transverse incisions, 35 cm apart, at the antimesenteric region and at the mesenteric region. Bursting-wall tension was used to test mechanical strength, and cellular and vascular events of healing were evaluated using histologic examination and microangiography. Healing was evaluated at postoperative hour (POH) 48 in 4 of the cows (group 1) and at POH 96 in the remaining 4 (group 2). Evidence of leakage of intestinal contents was not found in any of the cows. At POH 48 and 96, bursting-wall tension was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater in the intestinal segments with antimesenteric incisions than in those segments with mesenteric incisions. Disruption of normal vasculature was seen at mesenteric and antimesenteric sites; ingrowth of vessels, reformation of vascular plexuses, and development of collateral circulation were observed at POH 96. Granulation tissue was observed at POH 96 at the antimesenteric and mesenteric sites, and early stages of mucosal reepithelialization were seen in several sections at POH 48. Better apposition of tissue layers was seen in antimesenteric incisions, but mucosal eversion was evident in several mesenteric incisions. Some sections examined from cows at POH 96 had complete bridging of mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis layers at the antimesenteric location. Inflammatory cells were observed along the incision and at the mucosal and serosal surfaces in many of the sections. Deposition of new collagen was not appreciable in any section at POH 48 or 96. PMID- 3178031 TI - Kinetics and kinematics of the equine hind limb: in vivo tendon loads and force plate measurements in ponies. AB - Loads on the suspensory ligament, deep digital flexor tendon, superficial digital flexor tendon, and long digital extensor tendon of the equine hind limb were determined in ponies by use of implanted strain gauges consisting of silicone rubber tubes filled with mercury. Recordings were made simultaneously with force plate measurements and high-speed film recordings while the ponies were walking. The relationship between strain gauge signals and tendon loads was obtained from tension-strain tests performed after death of the ponies. The suspensory ligament and the 2 digital flexor tendons were loaded during the stance phase, and the extensor tendon was loaded mainly during the swing phase. The loading pattern of the suspensory ligament, with peak loads of 4.6 N/kg of body weight, correlated well with the vertical component of the ground reaction force. Maximal loading of the deep digital flexor tendon was observed during the second half of the stance phase, with peak values of 6.7 N/kg. The superficial digital flexor tendon was loaded maximally at the beginning of the stance phase, with a peak load of 4.1 N/kg, and the long digital extensor tendon was loaded maximally during the swing phase, with a peak load of 0.3 N/kg. Recordings made from this procedure for calibration of the strain gauge signals to tendon load and tendon strain, in combination with the force plate measurements, enabled verification of the results by torque analysis of the lower portion of the hind limb, using the vector of the ground reaction force, limb conformation, and limb geometric configuration. Torque analysis of the lower extremity indicated that the determined tendon loads were in agreement with the recorded ground reaction forces. PMID- 3178029 TI - Plasma- and iron-regulated expression of high molecular weight outer membrane proteins by Pasteurella multocida. AB - A strain of Pasteurella multocida of avian origin expressed high molecular weight outer membrane proteins when grown in turkey plasma or in brain-heart infusion broth containing the iron chelator dipyridyl. The proteins were not detected when this strain was grown in brain-heart infusion broth or in brain-heart infusion broth containing dipyridyl and excess iron. PMID- 3178032 TI - Kinetics and kinematics of the equine hind limb: in vivo tendon strain and joint kinematics. AB - Strains of the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor, superficial digital flexor, and long digital extensor tendons in the equine (pony) hind limb were recorded in vivo, using implanted strain gauges consisting of silicone rubber tubes filled with mercury. The relationship between strain gauge signals and tendon strains was obtained from tension-strain tests performed on isolated tendons after death of the ponies. During normal walking, maximal tendon strain (elongation over initial length, relative to the length of the structures at first ground contact) was 3.1% in the suspensory ligament and 3.4%, 2.3%, and 0.3% in the deep digital flexor, the superficial digital flexor, and the long digital extensor tendons, respectively. Changes (that occurred during walking) in the distance from origin to insertion of these musculotendinous structures were computed from limb geometric configuration and limb conformation. Maximal increase in origin to insertion length was 3.1% in the suspensory ligament and 2%, 1.6%, and 1.5% in the deep digital flexor, superficial digital flexor, and long digital extensor musculotendinous structures, respectively. The differences in strain, comparing the entire musculotendinous structure and its tendon, were explained by muscular contraction or relaxation. PMID- 3178033 TI - Neuromuscular pedicle graft for restoration of arytenoid abductor function in dogs with experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia. AB - Left laryngeal hemiplegia was induced by resection of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in 12 dogs. A neuromuscular pedicle graft formed from the first cervical nerve and sternothyroideus muscle was transplanted after 1 week to the denervated cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle in 8 dogs. The remaining 4 dogs served as controls. Left arytenoid abduction was blindly evaluated by laryngoscopy with video photography at time 0, at 1 week, and at 19 weeks in all dogs. At 19 weeks, biopsy specimens of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle and the neuromuscular pedicle were taken from 4 of the treatment dogs, and biopsy specimens of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle were taken from the 4 control dogs. All biopsy specimens were blindly evaluated by histologic and histochemical examination. At 36 to 44 weeks, the remaining 4 treatment dogs, from which biopsy specimens had not been taken, were reevaluated by use of laryngoscopy with video photography. Complications and difficulties encountered during surgery included hemorrhage in the area of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, location of a branch of the first cervical nerve that was long enough to prevent tension at the graft site, orientation of the muscle pedicle in the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle without the use of an operating microscope, and preservation of the terminal portion of the first cervical nerve while forming the neuromuscular pedicle. Results of the arytenoid movement evaluations revealed improvement in arytenoid abductor function in the treatment group, compared with that in the control group at 19 weeks. Arytenoid abduction in the treatment group at this time, however, was still significantly decreased (P less than 0.05), compared with presurgical movement evaluations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3178034 TI - Effect of broiler chicken age on susceptibility to experimentally induced Cryptosporidium baileyi infection. AB - Clinical signs of respiratory tract disease were observed in chickens that were inoculated intratracheally with 1 x 10(6) oocysts of Cryptosporidium baileyi at 2 or 14 days of age (10 chickens/group), but not in chickens inoculated at 28 or 42 days of age (10 chickens/group). Orally inoculated chickens in all age groups (10 chickens/group) did not develop clinical signs of disease. Orally and intratracheally inoculated chickens in all age groups were infected, as determined by the finding of cryptosporidia in tissue sections of the trachea, bursa of Fabricius, and cloaca, and by the recovery of oocysts from their feces. Chickens inoculated at 2 and 14 days of age excreted oocysts for a longer period and had greater numbers of cryptosporidia in their tissues, compared with chickens inoculated at 28 and 42 days of age. PMID- 3178036 TI - Blood supply to the periosteum of the canine tibia. AB - A study was undertaken to determine which arteries supply the periosteum of the normal adult canine tibia. The vessels were found to arise from locations distinct from the muscular vascularization. The venous drainage of the tibial periosteum had a satellite relationship with the arteries. On the surface of the periosteum, the vessels formed rectangular patterns. All surfaces of the distal end of the tibia seemed to have less distinct anastomoses of the transverse periosteal twigs, compared with the proximal end of the tibia. PMID- 3178035 TI - A method to detect rabbit neutrophil phagocytosis of Pasteurella multocida. AB - A method was developed to detect neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria by determining whether neutrophil-associated bacteria were intra- or extracellular. Neutrophils were treated with 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride to inhibit degranulation and, consequently, killing of bacteria. Treated neutrophils and opsonized Pasteurella multocida were combined. Following phagocytosis, the suspensions were centrifuged and the pellets were washed to remove non-cell-associated bacteria. The pellets were resuspended and heparin was added to prevent further phagocytosis. Samples were removed, and the number of viable bacteria was determined by a dilution and plate count technique. Streptomycin, an antibiotic that is poorly taken up by neutrophils, was added to kill extracellular bacteria, and the suspensions were incubated for 20 minutes at 37 C, and samples were removed again and bacterial numbers were determined. Percentage killing of bacteria by streptomycin was calculated. Phagocytosed bacteria were protected from the bactericidal action of streptomycin. PMID- 3178037 TI - Studies on the pathogenesis and interspecies transmission of respiratory syncytial virus isolated from sheep. AB - Inoculation of lambs with an ovine isolate of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by a combined intranasal and intratracheal route resulted in mild respiratory tract illness, with respiratory tract lesions. Lung lesions were characterized by bronchitis and bronchiolitis, hyperplasia of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium, peribronchiolar and perivascular accumulations of lymphocytes, alveolar septal thickening, and collapse. Respiratory syncytial virus was recovered from the respiratory tract of inoculated lambs, and RSV antigen was demonstrated by immunoperoxidase staining of bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cell in pneumonic lesions of lambs euthanatized on post-inoculation days 5 and 6. Other primary respiratory tract pathogens were not isolated. Clinical signs of respiratory tract illness or respiratory tract lesions did not develop in the in contact control lamb. Inoculation of the ovine RSV isolate into calves and deer fawns resulted in infection in both species, and at necropsy, pneumonic lesions were present. A mild to moderate respiratory tract illness developed in the calves, but clinical disease was not seen in the fawns. Lung lesions in fawns were similar to those seen in lambs; lesions in calves were characterized by collapse, scattered areas of parenchymal necrosis, and bronchiolitis. Respiratory syncytial virus was reisolated from the lower respiratory tract of inoculated calves and fawns, and immunoperoxidase-positive epithelial cells were seen in pneumonic lesions. Other primary respiratory pathogens were not detected. Respiratory syncytial virus infection was not demonstrable in control animals that were in contact with inoculated animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3178038 TI - Gossypol toxicosis. PMID- 3178039 TI - Discovery-oriented psychotherapy research. Rationale, aims, and methods. PMID- 3178040 TI - An airport director's perspective on disaster planning and mental health needs. PMID- 3178041 TI - The neglected entity in air disaster planning. Psychological services. PMID- 3178042 TI - Primary prevention in aircraft disasters. Integrating research and practice. PMID- 3178043 TI - Delayed reconstructive surgery for complex enterocutaneous fistulae. AB - A retrospective analysis was performed of 51 consecutive patients with complex enterocutaneous fistulae who underwent delayed reconstructive surgery. In this group of seriously ill patients, gastrointestinal continuity was restored in 94 per cent and the mortality rate was 4 per cent. The authors believe that patients with multiple or recurrent fistulae, or those associated with large abdominal wall defects can be managed through a staged multi-disciplined approach in which definitive surgery is deferred beyond the usually recommended period of six weeks. PMID- 3178044 TI - Primary gastric lymphoma and pseudolymphoma. AB - Eighteen patients with primary gastric lymphomas and two with pseudolymphomas treated at the University of Louisville affiliated hospitals were analyzed in order to develop a more precise understanding of these rare diseases. Abdominal pain and weight loss were the most common initial symptoms. Only one patient presented with an abdominal mass. Upper GI series were helpful but failed to show a definite abnormality in two of 18 cases. Endoscopic examinations in all 18 were compatible with malignancy on gross finding, but six out of 15 endoscopic biopsies were not conclusive. All four cases, which proved fatal in less than two years, showed serosal invasion and diffuse histological pattern. On the basis of our analysis, we suggest that in patients with abdominal pain and weight loss of more than two months duration an aggressive course of evaluation should include upper gastrointestinal x ray and repeated endoscopic biopsy. If symptoms persist, laparotomy and biopsy may be warranted even if endoscopic biopsy shows no neoplasm. Curative surgery is the treatment of choice, but radiation therapy should be added in patients with serosal involvement. Very careful histological assessment of pseudolymphomas is necessary, because they may contain malignant lymphoma. PMID- 3178045 TI - Digital replantation and revascularization. Factors affecting viability, prognosis, and pattern of injury. AB - As experience with digital replantation increases, preoperative factors affecting outcome are being identified. Injury type, injury cause, ischemia time, and zone of injury have previously been reported. In addition, this report analyzes the effect of injury pattern and surgical group upon outcome. This data implies a multi-factor effect on the viability of replanted/revascularized parts. The lack of thorough reporting of the factors may account for the variability seen in success rates of various centers. An injury-injury type-injury level-ischemia time classification scheme has been proposed to standardize the reporting and the discussing of amputation/devascularization injuries. In clear cut situations, injury pattern may simply reflect type of injury (e.g. avulsion); however, in those situations where the mechanism is unclear, injury patterns may provide prognostic variables valuable in predicting replant viability. Further, a multi group, multi-surgeon service functioning within a hospital may have results comparable to those of a single surgeon or single group practice. PMID- 3178046 TI - Preoperative splenic artery occlusion as an adjunct for high risk splenectomy. AB - High risk splenectomy is often encountered in cases of hypersplenism with massive splenomegaly (10 times usual weight of 150-200 g) resulting from myelophthisic processes. Intra-operative ligation of the splenic artery through the lesser sac is a technically useful method of gaining vascular control prior to mobilizing the challenging spleen. However, a massive or inaccessible spleen imposes mechanical limitations during surgery and may be complicated by torrential intra operative hemorrhage in the setting of severe thrombocytopenia refractile to platelet transfusions. The authors describe pre-operative intravascular proximal splenic artery control in four adult patients (3 men, 1 woman) with extreme splenomegaly (2,250-10,000 g). The massive splenomegaly in this group resulted from chronic myelogenous leukemia (n = 2), isolated splenic lymphoma (n = 1), and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (n = 1). Chief symptom manifestations included left upper quadrant abdominal pain, early satiety, post-prandial emesis, dyspnea, petechiae, and associated easy bruising. Prior to surgery, all the patients were taken to the radiology suite where either detachable silastic balloons or stainless steel coils were placed selectively into the splenic artery under fluoroscopic guidance requiring approximately 35 minutes. Splenic artery occlusion aided normalization of thrombocytopenia (average increases 19,000/microliter to 215,000/microliter) with prolongation in survival of platelets. Successful splenectomy was subsequently performed with no additional transfusion requirements and was made technically easier by reducing splenic bulk. There were no adverse consequences of intravascular occlusion and no peri operative morbidity or mortality. Preoperative intravascular selective splenic artery occlusion, used as an important potential adjunct to anticipated high risk splenectomy, is recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3178047 TI - Significance of an enlarged splenic artery in patients with splenic vein thrombosis. AB - In an attempt to determine the relationship, if any, between the size of the splenic artery and various clinical aspects of splenic vein thrombosis, including splenomegaly, the clinical and angiographic findings in ten patients with this disorder were reviewed. The size of the splenic artery was found to be unrelated to the nature of the underlying disease, age of the patient, or history of variceal bleeding. An abnormally wide and tortuous splenic artery was identified only in those patients (five) in whom there was also radiographic evidence of splenic enlargement. Since the angiographic finding of an enlarged and tortuous splenic artery is known to correlate closely with increased flow in this vessel, this observation suggests that in patients with isolated splenic vein obstruction an increase in splenic artery flow accompanies splenic enlargement and is probably a critical component of the underlying derangement. PMID- 3178048 TI - Necrosis of the colon as a complication of shock. AB - Colonic necrosis secondary to hypotension and shock in previously healthy, young patients is a rare occurrence with only ten cases reported in the literature. In all but one instance the necrosis was limited to the right colon. Three additional cases of transmural necrosis involving both the right and left colon following a documented episode of shock are reported. Two cases were related to hemorrhagic shock following trauma and the third case followed a drug overdose with associated hypotension. An episode of hypotension was the common denominator in all cases previously reported. The lowest mean blood pressure in the present series was 35 mmHg. A diagnosis of subtotal colonic infarction was made at laparotomy in these three patients two to nine days after the initial hypotensive episode. Pathologic examination of the excised colon revealed transmural necrosis in all three cases with no evidence of a thrombotic or embolic process accounting for the colonic necrosis. The etiology was felt to be a low flow state within the splanchnic circulation. The data suggests that patients who present with a history of prolonged hypotension and shock are at risk for the development of colonic infarction. Successful management involves early diagnosis and resection of the infarcted colon. PMID- 3178049 TI - Splenorrhaphy for blunt trauma with a functioning distal splenorenal shunt: rationale and report of a case. AB - Splenorrhaphy was successfully performed following blunt abdominal trauma in a 42 year-old man with a functioning distal splenorenal shunt. The shunt had been created 16 months earlier for bleeding gastroesophageal varices (BGEV) secondary to alcoholic cirrhosis. Uniquely, this case brings into simultaneous focus the principles of selective shunting for BGEV and the technique and rationale of splenorrhaphy, while furthering the list of indications for the latter. Splenic preservation, including splenorrhaphy following trauma, is being increasingly advocated as the role of that organ in hematologic and immunologic homeostasis is further elucidated. Too, in that small segment of the population with portal hypertension, preservation of the spleen for use as a route of selective decompression for bleeding gastroesophageal varices has been emphasized. The following case illustrates splenic preservation toward accomplishment of both of these ends. PMID- 3178050 TI - Pitfalls in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. AB - Two patients were diagnosed as having pheochromocytoma based upon clinical findings, abnormal biochemical assays, and the presence of an adrenal mass. However, adrenalectomy in both cases revealed nonfunctioning cortical adenomas. Although both patients had some evidence of catecholamine excess, the early finding of an adrenal mass in each case appeared to confirm the diagnosis. In addition, selective venous assays resulted in false positive results in these patients. Interestingly, the selected venous assays falsely localized the catecholamine excess to the same side as the lesions found on CT. These cases demonstrate that localization studies should not be obtained prior to documentation of an unequivocal biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. If this principle is violated, an incidental cortical adenoma found on CT may be mistaken for a pheochromocytoma. Since there are multiple sources of error during selective venous sampling, it should not be used routinely in the initial evaluation of patients with pheochromocytoma. PMID- 3178051 TI - [Arginine requirement for living. Comments and questions on the treatment of inborn errors of metabolism in Spain]. PMID- 3178052 TI - [Developmental quotient/intelligence quotient (DQ/IQ) in children with congenital hypothyroidism]. AB - The aim of neonatal thyroid screening is prevention of mental retardation by early diagnosis and early institution of thyroid replacement therapy. With relatively simple and inexpensive means it should be possible to shift the distribution curve of developmental and intelligence quotients as it was found in hypothyroid patients before the screening towards that one of healthy children. The results of our collaborative study show that we are approaching this aim. However, this study also demonstrates, that risk factors and associated findings may have a considerable influence on mental development and therefore should not be neglected in such an investigation. In response to our inquiry of 1985 we received detailed data on mental outcome of nearly 1,000 individual patients with CH representing not less than 14% of all children with CH detected in Europe since the introduction of neonatal thyroid screening. This shows that in many screening centers, a large number of children have not only been diagnosed and treated, but also followed carefully with respect to their development. PMID- 3178053 TI - [Lipids, lipoproteins, apoproteins and physical exercise in young female athletes]. AB - Body composition, lipid, lipoprotein and apoprotein profiles were evaluated in 38 female adolescents, with ages from 11.5 to 15.0 years, and arranged in three groups: controls, swimmers and rhythmic gymnasts. Body composition showed evident differences when comparing gymnasts with controls and swimmers. Lowest levels for NEFA corresponded to gymnasts. HDL-C was higher in sports girls with respect to controls, mainly in gymnasts. Gymnasts appeared to have significantly higher Apo A1 differences when comparing them with controls and swimmers. HDL-C/CT, HDL C/LDL-C, HDL-C/Apo A1/Apo B ratios demonstrated higher levels in sports girls, and mostly in gymnasts. Most significative correlations were found between body composition and Apo A1 and Apo A1/Apo B in control and swimming groups. Thus, physical activity at early ages has a beneficial effect on HDL-C and Apo A1 concentrations. Differences between sports girls and controls are more significantly revealed by lipid, lipoprotein and apoprotein relating ratios. Rhythmic gymnasts do seem to have a different lipidic pattern when compared to controls and swimmers. PMID- 3178054 TI - [Environmental factors and asthma in the child population of Vizcaya]. AB - Authors have studied relationship of several environmental factors (climatic changes and atmospheric pollution) and occurrence of asthma in childhood population of Vizcaya. Sample studied was composed of 290 asthmatic children and the same normal controls as counterpart exposed to equal risk. They also consider data obtained of the children's Hospital of Cruces emergency room. Follow-up was for one year. They do not find any relationship between acute asthma and levels of several air contaminants (SO2, OxN, fumes) neither with wind's direction and velocity and ambient humidity. A significant relation was found between autumn epidemic days and increase in environmental temperature. No relation of asthma and viral epidemiology or respiratory infections was found. The fact that "asthma epidemics" in Vizcaya happen yearly at the end of summer and that children affected are atopic, make authors think that the determinant factors are several: September is for many children the end of summer holidays, changing their habitat and climatic conditions. PMID- 3178055 TI - [Reference levels for phenylalanine and tyrosine in discs impregnated with blood during analysis by HPLC]. AB - Aromatic amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine have been measured on paper with dried blood samples, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in reverse phase. The aim of this procedure is to discriminate unclear cases of general screening for aminoacidopathies avoiding unnecessary retest. Plasma normal values of tyrosine and phenylalanine have been obtained in full term babies (0.82 +/- 0.39 mg/dl and 0.53 +/- 0.23 mg/dl) preschool boy (0.78 +/- 0.21 mg/dl and 0.63 +/- 0.20 mg/dl), school boys (0.89 +/- 0.16 and 0.76 +/- 0.22 mg/dl) and normal adults (1.48 +/- 0.19 and 1.41 +/- 0.12 mg/dl). In order to assess if fasting levels can be altered by breast feeding or formula feeding, a sample was obtained after various feeds and postprandially. Results show no differences before or after feeding. A group of malnourished infants showed greater plasma values of tyrosine and phenylalanine (p less than 0.002) conversely a group children suffering for diabetes showed no differences when comparing with matched age controls. In conclusion, measurement of tyrosine and phenylalanine on dried blood in filter paper is accurate enough, to avoid unnecessary recall in unclear cases of screening, and those levels do not alter significantly with normal milk intake. PMID- 3178056 TI - [Infection with hepatitis B virus in the children and husbands of mothers who are chronic carriers of HbsAg]. AB - Among relatives of parturients of Majorca island a statistically higher prevalence of HBV markers was found among children (22.8%) and husbands (43.8%) of 49 HBsAg chronic carriers as compared to 2.7% and 19.2%, respectively, among the corresponding relatives of 79 susceptible controls. Prevalence of the carrier state was 0% among both children and husbands of susceptible women, 2.1% (NS) and 11.4% (p less than 0.0001) among husbands and children, respectively, of chronic carrier parturients with a proportion of chronic antigenemia among subjects with HBV markers, that reaches 50% in children and only 4.8% (p less than 0.01) in adults. Following active-passive immunization, an active response of anti-HBs (3.4%), and HBsAg (1.7%), was achieved, after 12 months of follow-up, in 59 newborns of chronic carrier parturients. Detection of HBsAg prior to delivery as well as immunization both of newborns and susceptible household contacts of chronic carrier mothers should become general. PMID- 3178057 TI - [Epidural spread of neuroblastoma]. AB - Epidural spread of neuroblastoma is a point of major concern, on account of implications it entails and differences in criteria regarding its therapeutic management. In this study records of all patients with neuroblastoma who had been followed up from 1966 to 1980, from whom only a thorough neurological examination and plain X-rays of spine had been obtained, were reviewed. Eleven cases of epidural invasion were identified out of 69 neuroblastomas at risk (16%). Between 1980 and 1982, 6 out of 11 patients with neuroblastoma considered likely to spread underwent myelography. This technique disclosed spinal involvement in 5. From 1982 to 1986, 23 new cases of neuroblastoma (14 at risk) have been studied by CT-scan or myelography, with the yield of 2 cases with epidural invasion (14%). Authors, based on the study of this series, set forth their current views with respect to diagnosis and treatment of such patients. PMID- 3178058 TI - [Therapeutic results in Giardia lamblia infestation]. AB - Therapeutic effects of metronidazole (Flagyl), tinidazole (Tricolam 500) and chlorhydrate of quinacrine in a study of 106 children with symptomatic giardiasis are compared. To evaluate results, cure percentage, efficacy and presence of secondary effects were quantified. Tinidazole was demonstrated most effective drug (96% effective) when compared with quinacrine (83.3% effective) and metronidazole (70.2%) (p less than 0.05). Authors recommend following regime: tinidazole 50-75 mg/kg divided in 2-3 doses, one day; chlorhydrate of quinacrine 6 mg/kg/day divided in 3 doses, five days; metronidazole 15-20 mg/kg/day divided in 3 doses, seven to ten days. PMID- 3178060 TI - [Preoperative psychoprophylaxis in childhood. Results of a hospital program]. AB - Results of a surgical psychoprophylaxis program, theoretically and technically framed within psychoanalytic theory is presented. It also comprises a description of the method used, as well as criteria by which authors have determined whether or not a child is ready for surgery. Results obtained with 134 children and a description of those who showed post-surgical disturbances are presented. Analysis is carried out of the percentage of disorders according to age group, showing that highest risk is among children up to five years of age, coinciding with the finding put forth by other authors. Finally some conclusions in relation to prevention of psychologic iatrogenic disorders in pediatric surgery are drawn. PMID- 3178061 TI - [A migraine hemisyndrome in childhood]. AB - Authors consider that migraine hemisyndrome is the unilateral development of neurological signs and symptoms both in the prodromic and critical stages of migraine. Symptoms usually are not limited to the territory of only one cerebral artery in each one of the episodes. More common symptoms are the visual ones followed by sensitive and motor together with frequent dysphasia. Incidence in childhood is not well known, ranging in several series between 5 and 10.7% of all the cases of migraine. Authors reviewed 127 cases of migraine in children under 14 years old detecting 7 cases (5.51%) of migraine hemisyndrome in childhood. Incidence, age of onset, sex, personal and family history, clinical features, triggering factors and diagnostic and therapeutical approach are analyzed. PMID- 3178059 TI - [Hirschsprung disease: histochemical technic for alpha-naphthyl-esterase in the intraoperative diagnosis of the proximal extent of the aganglionosis]. AB - Intraoperative biopsies are required to confirm diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease and to determine exact extent of aganglionism. Authors report a new method for enzymo-histochemical intraoperative evaluation of aganglionic segment. Activity of non specific esterase (following Davis and Orstein technique, 1959) has been used to demonstrate presence or absence of intramural ganglion cells in sero-muscular intestinal biopsies, which had been taken at various levels in 34 patients with preoperative diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease. Authors consider histochemical technique as the most reliable, quick, simple and low-cost method for intraoperative evaluation of the length of aganglionic segment and, of course, to confirm diagnosis. Alpha-naphthyl-esterase is also of great help in the study of so-called pseudo-Hirschsprung. PMID- 3178062 TI - [Effects of the use of cranial radiotherapy. Findings obtained by computerized axial tomography and intellectual function tests]. AB - Authors report their brain computerized axial tomography findings (CAT) and intellectual performance, in fourteen children treated with cranial radiotherapy either as part of conventional prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate use in malignant lymphoproliferative processes or as treatment for a primitive cerebral tumor. They comment on myelinating leukoencephalopathy and neuropsychologic sequelae that can appear. PMID- 3178064 TI - [Cystic angiomatosis of bone with hematologic involvement. Report of a case]. AB - A case of cystic angiomatosis of bone without visceral involvement is presented. Lesions were noted in: skull, ribs, pelvis, long bones and phalanges. Besides clinical and radiological findings, the case, associates pancytopenia and coagulation disorders. The possibility of a bone marrow failure due to invasion of marrow by cystic angiomas and localized intravascular coagulation are discussed as cause of hematologic alterations. PMID- 3178066 TI - [Inguinal hernia and hydrocele]. PMID- 3178065 TI - [Double outlet right ventricle with situs inversus. Surgical treatment of a case with interventricular communication and pulmonary stenosis]. AB - A 4-year-old patient with situs inversus, double outlet right ventricle, septal defect, and pulmonary stenosis has been surgically corrected. During operation a tubular patch was used to communicate left ventricle with the aorta. Cross sectional echocardiography was performed in order to test correct position of the graft. PMID- 3178063 TI - [Coffin Lowry syndrome associated with repeated pneumonia]. AB - Authors described a new case of Coffin Lowry syndrome which presents a severe form, typical of males. Slight degree of affection in the mother and sister supports hypothesis of X-linked dominant trait. Authors want to underline normal appearance of the newborn period and progressive appearance of both neurological alterations and typical face of this condition. They have observed repetitive pneumonia probably produced by alimentary aspiration. PMID- 3178067 TI - [Early osteopetrosis]. PMID- 3178068 TI - [Infantile thyroid nodule: thyroid carcinoma. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3178069 TI - [Diaphyseal tubular stenosis (Kenny-Caffey syndrome), with hydrocephalus as an associated malformation]. PMID- 3178071 TI - [Cervicofacial herpes zoster in a 2-year-old child]. PMID- 3178070 TI - [Chylothorax after surgery of Bochdalek's hernia]. PMID- 3178072 TI - [Syndrome of megacecum, microcolon and intestinal hypoperistalsis. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3178073 TI - [The representation of learning and the acquisition of knowledge: psychopathological implications]. PMID- 3178075 TI - [Psychiatric legislation and the campaign against arbitrariness]. PMID- 3178074 TI - [Firearms and madness]. PMID- 3178076 TI - Phakic myopic intraocular lens--an alternative to kerato-lenticulorefractive procedures. PMID- 3178077 TI - Evaluation of macular function by Lotmar's visometer test and blue-field entoptic test in patients with cataract. AB - The authors attempted to predict postoperative visual acuity in patients undergoing cataract extraction by comparing the results obtained using two subjective methods: Lotmar's visometer test and the blue-field entoptic (BFE) test. Both tests allow assessment of retinal visual acuity in the presence of opacities of the ocular media. Measurements were made on 60 patients before cataract extraction. These subjects were followed for three months in order to assess their postoperative visual acuity and to ascertain the reliability of the tests. Analysis of the data demonstrates the high level of reliability of both methods. Lotmar's visometer test gives a more exact assessment of macular function. However, in the presence of total lens opacity, the BFE test becomes necessary since Lotmar's test loses reliability in such cases. PMID- 3178079 TI - Visual acuity, strabismus, and amblyopia in premature babies with and without retinopathy of prematurity. AB - One hundred eighty-seven premature babies, 48 of whom suffered from retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), were examined. A higher incidence of strabismus was found in the group with cicatricial ROP (23% vs. 9%). Amblyopia was present in 6% of the ROP group and in only 1.4% of babies without ROP. Myopia was found in 50% of the ROP group as compared with 15% in the nonROP group. Astigmatism and anisometropia were more common in the ROP group, but hypermetropia was equally represented in both groups. PMID- 3178080 TI - Bilateral dacryops. AB - The clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic findings of a case of bilateral dacryops is reported in a 49-year-old man. The patient presented with cystic masses located in superior lateral orbits and underwent bilateral excisions of these without any postoperative complications. PMID- 3178078 TI - Conjunctival and canalicular papillomas and ichthyosis vulgaris. AB - Papillomas of the lacrimal canaliculus are very rare tumors and, when encountered in clinical practice, usually present with unilateral epiphora due to obstruction of the lacrimal drainage system. Surgical excision is usually curative although, on occasion, they may recur. The following case report concerns a patient with autosomal-dominant ichthyosis vulgaris and conjunctival and canalicular papillomas. PMID- 3178081 TI - Congenital retinal arteriovenous anastomoses. AB - We report a rare type of retinal vascular abnormality--retinal arteriovenous anastomoses--and discuss the associated pathoanatomy and hemodynamics of the retinal vascular anomaly itself as demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. We emphasize our preference for using infused computed tomographic scanning rather than cerebral arteriography to rule out the existence of associated intracranial vascular lesions in such cases. PMID- 3178082 TI - Phenylephrine-induced anterior chamber hypoxia. AB - The effect of topical phenylephrine 10% solution on anterior chamber oxygen tension (PO2) was studied in cats using an oxygen-sensitive electrode inserted into the midanterior chamber. A decrease in anterior chamber PO2 was usually observed within eight to 25 minutes and declined steadily thereafter. Within two hours, the drug caused a dramatic 60% reduction in anterior chamber oxygen tension (P less than or equal to .0005). We suggest that the mechanism for this phenylephrine-induced anterior chamber hypoxia is reduced blood flow, mediated by the direct vasoconstrictive effect of the drug and compression of the iris vasculature (induced by dilatation). The resulting decrease in the caliber of the iris arteries produced a parallel decrease in blood volume and flow which resulted in diminished PO2. Phenylephrine 10% may contribute to hypoxia and exacerbate the underlying pathology in those disorders where hypoxia plays an important causal role. PMID- 3178084 TI - [Survey on the level of functioning of family health services in Milan]. PMID- 3178083 TI - [Maternal and perinatal prognostic factors in low birth weight infants]. PMID- 3178086 TI - [Postoperative iatrogenic lesions of the external branch of the accessory spinal nerve]. AB - Iatrogenic lesions of the spinal nerve are rare and generally occur during cervicotomy for aetiological assessment of adenopathy. The spinal nerve is essentially damaged at two sites: the supraclavicular fossa (where the nerve is very superficial) and in the antero-lateral triangle of the neck (where the nerve approaches the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle). The lesion of the spinal nerve essentially presents in the form of paralysis of the trapezius; which should be examined systematically postoperatively and at subsequent consultations, as the clinical signs may only develop after a certain latency period. The spinal nerve lesion requires early surgical repair (graft, suture) which gives the best results when it is associated with long-term, patient physiotherapy. Legally, the practitioner is generally condemned due to failure to obtain informed consent, which emphasises the importance of preoperative consultations during which the patients should be warned of the possibility of a lesion to this nerve. PMID- 3178085 TI - [Several principles of jurisprudence on the medicosurgical error]. AB - When medical responsibility is questioned in a court, the fault notion is more often the center of interest of the debates. The fault reproached to the doctors are of different kinds: clumsiness, imprudence, error in the diagnosis, surpassing of their competences, dereliction of duty to inform the patient of the risks or on the medical evident consequences of a surgical intervention etc. The principles which have motivated the decisions dispensed by civil, administrative and penal jurisdictions are exposed in some of these cases. PMID- 3178087 TI - [Repair of deglutition troubles after partial surgery of the pharyngolarynx with injection of collage. Apropos of 9 cases]. AB - The authors report their experience treating nine patients with swallowing disorders following partial surgery of the laryngo-pharynx. GAX collagen (Phonagel), resistant to collagenase was injected into the laryngeal structures to protect the trachea, yielding a satisfactory long term result. A description of the injection technique is given particularly with functional reconstructive laryngectomies and hemipharyngolaryngectomies. The results concerning functional improvement and weight gain are evaluated over a five month period. PMID- 3178089 TI - [Iatrogenic complications of nasal sinuses surgery]. AB - In order to illustrate the necessity of obtaining informed consent before any form of nasal sinus surgery, the authors present 23 cases of insurance claims filed between 1976 and 1986 in private practice. Ten serious complications (6 cases of blindness, 4 fractures of the anterior cranial (fossa) and eight cases of oculomotor nerve paralysis are reported. The legal proceedings demonstrate the real risks of radical surgery to the sinuses, as well as intranasal ethmoidectomy and rhinoplasties. PMID- 3178088 TI - [Drug ototoxicity. Medicolegal aspects]. AB - Drug ototoxicity is a preoccupying iatrogenic complication. Experimental studies over recent years, in particular a pharmacokinetic study of the elimination of aminoglycosides, have enabled the authors to define rules of prescription for parenteral aminoglycosides designed to reduce to a minimum the risk associated with their use. New aminoglycosides such as Netromycin appear to be associated with reduced toxicity. The medico-legal consequences of this complication are still rare, although more precise rules of prescription tend to make the experts more rigorous. The experimental evidence of cochleovestibular toxicity of aminoglycosides applied locally in the presence of a perforated tympanum leaves no room for doubt. The principal factor seems to be the duration of treatment. The prescription of a local aminoglycoside in the presence of a perforated tympanum would only appear to be justified from a legal point of view when absolutely indicated by antibiotic sensitivity tests. PMID- 3178090 TI - [Severe iatrogenic complications of surgery of the middle ear and their medicolegal aspects]. AB - The authors analysed 62 cases of severe iatrogenic complications occurring after middle ear surgery (death, cophosis, PFP) between 1976 and 1986. They compared their results to those of a similar study conducted between 1950 and 1975. They observed an increase in the number of legal proceedings, probably due more to the increased demand by patients than to a higher incidence of these complications. Civil proceedings are much more frequent than penal proceedings. The authors stress the importance attributed by judges to the expert report and to the obtaining of informed consent. PMID- 3178091 TI - [Severe complications of tonsillectomy]. AB - The authors report 15 fatal complications after tonsillectomy based on the claims made between 1976 and 1986 to three insurance companies specialised in medical defence. The advantages and disadvantages of tonsillectomy with intubation and with the Sluder apparatus are recalled. Analysis of the legal proceedings of these cases reveals the principal points of jurisprudence: the importance of the preoperative assessment, pre-anaesthetic examination and informed consent. The concept of shared responsibility means that the surgeon must ensure the quality of the technical equipment of the establishment in which the operation is performed and the quality of the postoperative care. PMID- 3178092 TI - [Medicolegal aspects of esthetic surgery]. AB - The particular features of the contractual agreement binding patient and plastic surgeon are recalled. The obligation of the result appears to be distorted in the course of jurisprudence. The severity of the judgements means that great care must be taken in the management before, during and after the operation (study of the patient's motivations, informed consent, iconographic survey, technical equipment, postoperative care,...). The problem of competence and the technical training of the surgeon are also discussed. PMID- 3178093 TI - [The base of the piriform sinus in the surgical treatment of fistula of the 4th endobranchial pouch. Apropos of 8 cases]. AB - Fistula of the fourth endobrachial pouch, a congenital malformation, can be defined as an abnormal persistence of the canal joining the base of the piriform sinus and the deep surface of the lateral lobe of the thyroid. These fistulae, which have been more clearly understood over the last ten years, still constitute a delicate surgical problem, which is rarely discussed in the literature, based on the detection of their tract at their origin, the piriform sinus. The 8 cases operated at Hopital Necker since 1981 reveal the variability of their tract, which, according to the authors, warrants an anatomosurgical analysis. PMID- 3178094 TI - [On the contribution of magnets in sequelae of facial paralysis. Preliminary clinical study]. AB - This trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of EPOREC 1 500 magnets as an adjuvant to rehabilitation following peripheral facial paralysis. Magnetotherapy is used in many other specialties, and in particular in rheumatology. The properties of repulsion between identical poles were used to decrease the effect of sequelae in the form of contractures on the facial muscles. There were two groups of 20 patients: one group with physiotherapy only and the other with standard rehabilitation together with the use of magnets. These 40 patients had facial paralysis of various origins (trauma, excision of acoustic neuroma, Bell's palsy etc). Obviously all patients had an intact nerve. It was at the time of the development of contractures that magnets could be used in terms of evaluation of their efficacy of action on syncinesiae, contractures and spasticity. Magnets were worn at night for a mean period of six months and results were assessed in terms of disappearance of eye-mouth syncinesiae, and in terms of normality of facial tone. Improvement and total recovery without sequelae were obtained far more frequently in the group which wore magnets, encouraging us to continue along these lines. PMID- 3178096 TI - Correction of segmental tracheal stenosis in children. AB - Segmental tracheal stenosis in children may be either acquired or congenital in nature. Acquired injuries usually involve a previous tracheostomy site or an area just superior to the carina. Congenital stenosis may occur in any location and often is associated with pulmonary agenesis. Surgical correction may be undertaken relatively safely in children of any age by segmental resection. We report three patients ranging in age from 4 weeks to 3 years who were corrected successfully. The use of cardiopulmonary bypass may be indicated, especially in young infants, to facilitate resection. PMID- 3178095 TI - Tracheotomies: a 10-year experience in 319 children. AB - A retrospective analysis was made of 319 patients having tracheotomies at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto between 1976 and 1985. In comparison to a similar study at the same institution completed 15 years earlier, the average number of tracheotomies per year has declined by half, because almost no tracheotomies are now done in patients with epiglottitis and tracheitis. Tracheotomies for children with CNS disorders and craniofacial anomalies are relatively more frequent. The average duration of tracheotomy is almost 1 year (339 days). Complications occurred in 30% of patients, but tracheotomy-related mortality was less than 1%. PMID- 3178097 TI - Anatomic findings and management of choanal atresia and the CHARGE association. AB - The CHARGE association is a collection of multisystem congenital anomalies including choanal atresia. A review of the literature failed to identify any specific findings that suggested the need to alter the management of choanal atresia in these patients. Our review of 24 patients with choanal atresia managed between 1974 and 1986 identified nine patients with the CHARGE criteria. These nine patients demonstrated a higher prevalence of surgical failures than the patients without the CHARGE association. The reasons are discussed, and computed tomographic scans demonstrate the anatomic findings of a more contracted nasopharynx and narrowed posterior choanal region. Thus, successful repairs require a more radical resection of the posterior nasal septum and lateral bony walls that can be achieved only with a transpalatal approach. The preoperative airways of CHARGE association patients are also at increased risk of obstruction and may require intubation or tracheotomy during the early life of the patient. PMID- 3178098 TI - Computed tomography in determining laryngeal involvement of hypopharyngeal carcinoma. AB - In 22 patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma, the extent of laryngeal involvement was estimated preoperatively by means of computed tomography and visual inspection including mirror examination and fiberscopic and strobofiberscopic video recordings. All patients underwent laryngopharyngectomy, and the surgical specimens were subjected to a whole organ section study. The results of the preoperative evaluations were related to the histopathologic findings. Computed tomography was reliable for the estimation of paraglottic space involvements. It was also useful in detecting carcinomatous invasion into the preepiglottic space and aryepiglottic fold, but there were some false positives for these structures. It was not always reliable in assessing invasion of the laryngeal cartilages. It provided a very accurate estimation of involvement for the thyroarytenoid muscle and a considerably accurate assessment for the lateral cricoarytenoid and interarytenoid muscles and the recurrent laryngeal nerve. It was useful in detecting involvement of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, but there were a fair number of false positives. For the cricothyroid muscle, the estimation based on CT was not very reliable. Some erroneous judgments on CT were corrected in a comprehensive evaluation that included visual inspection. PMID- 3178099 TI - Thyroglossal duct remnants in infants and children: reevaluation of histopathology and methods for resection. AB - Established principles for the management of thyroglossal duct remnants have been accepted widely since Sistrunk's description of the operative procedure in 1928. Nevertheless, inadequate excisions and troublesome recurrences still are encountered. We have reviewed 90 infants and children treated at The Children's Hospital in Boston over a 25-year period. Ten patients referred to our institution after an average of 2.4 prior operations per patient elsewhere suffered a recurrence rate of 30% after very wide reexcision. The remaining 80 patients who underwent primary excision at our institution had a 6.3% recurrence rate. All recurrences were managed successfully by further, wider excision. Histologic review demonstrated variability in patterns of drainage of the tract into the oropharynx, with accessory tracts and alveolar outpouchings off the main duct being present in 7.8% of specimens. This study demonstrates that the greatest opportunity for curative resection is at initial presentation, and that previous inadequate or unsuccessful excision is a major risk factor for further recurrence. The variability in microscopic anatomy of thyroglossal duct remnants can account for recurrent disease after lesser procedures, and underscores the importance of wide dissection above the hyoid bone. Our operative methods are illustrated. PMID- 3178101 TI - Mechanisms of pneumothorax following tracheal intubation. AB - To investigate the mechanism by which pneumothorax may occur as a complication of tracheal intubation, we submitted four cats to tracheotomy and three to tracheal intubation. To simulate the dissection of air along fascial planes following tracheotomy, we placed catheters in either the pretracheal or subcutaneous plane and applied positive pressure to the catheters. The cats undergoing tracheal intubation were ventilated with excessive positive pressure. Computed tomography was used to document the progression of pneumothorax. High positive pressures during mechanical ventilation led to pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum, and the mechanism was primarily the dissection of air along the perivascular sheaths of the pulmonary arteries, presumably due to rupture of perivascular alveoli. Dissection of air along the pretracheal fascia following tracheotomy produced pneumomediastinum but not pneumothorax. This suggests that pneumothorax occurring clinically is more likely a complication of assisted ventilation than a complication of tracheotomy surgery. PMID- 3178100 TI - Obstructing tumors of the subglottic larynx and cervical trachea: airway management and treatment. AB - A series of 11 patients presenting with airway obstruction secondary to tumors involving the subglottic larynx and cervical trachea was treated with either carbon dioxide or neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser tumor ablation. Choice of ventilation varied according to the site of airway obstruction: Venturi jet with ventilation laryngoscope for glottic and subglottic tumors and a specially designed ventilation laser fiber tracheoscope for tumors obstructing the cervical trachea. All patients subsequently had definitive treatment of the tumor and were relieved of the compromised airway. No complications associated with ventilation and treatment techniques were recorded. PMID- 3178102 TI - "Saber-sheath" trachea. AB - Narrowing of the intrathoracic trachea in the coronal plane with anteroposterior lengthening is characteristic of the "saber-sheath" trachea deformity. This structural disorder is strongly associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may be related to chronic bronchitis. Although lateral compression suggests weakening and collapse, the supporting tracheal cartilage is usually thickened and densely calcified. We present a patient who was discharged after uneventful total laryngectomy but later complained of increasing airway obstruction from crusted secretions, resulting in visits to the emergency room and admission to the hospital. After the diagnosis was made by computed tomography, tracheal dilation was performed with some improvement. The diagnostic findings of the saber-sheath trachea, differential diagnosis, possible causes, and clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 3178103 TI - Hypocalcemia following pharyngoesophageal ablation and gastric pull-up reconstruction: pathophysiology and management. AB - Profound hypocalcemia has been observed following surgical ablation of malignancies in the hypopharynx, larynx, cervical trachea, and esophagus. Adequate control of these tumors may require extirpation of the visceral compartment of the neck and upper mediastinum. Preservation of parathyroid glands is sometimes inconsistent with good oncologic principles. Postoperative hypocalcemia develops rapidly, and high-dose intravenous calcium supplementation is required. Clinical observations indicated that requirements for calcium supplementation were reduced dramatically once oral feeding was instituted. It is postulated that dysfunction arising from surgical manipulation of the duodenum, the primary site for active calcium absorption, and bypass of that bowel segment by the feeding jejunostomy are primary contributors to the severity of hypocalcemia. A plan of management is proposed that includes early postoperative administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or dihydrotachysterol, active vitamin D metabolites that promote the absorption of calcium. Early oral feeding is encouraged. Other mechanisms of calcium loss, appropriate calcium management, and parathyroid autotransplantation are discussed. PMID- 3178105 TI - Laryngeal framework surgery in the management of the aged larynx. AB - Laryngeal framework surgery as described by Isshiki, LeJeune, and Tucker offers the opportunity to adjust vocal fold tension. A modification of Isshiki's technique has been applied in ten patients exhibiting the breathiness and quavering voice typical of an "elderly" larynx, eight of whom have been followed long enough to be evaluated, and in two younger patients with similarly unexplained vocal fold flaccidity. Patient selection, technique, and results are reported. The procedure is of limited value in elderly patients because of eventual relaxation of tissues, but seems to provide significant long-term improvement in younger patients. PMID- 3178104 TI - Acute epiglottitis in adults. A review of 48 cases. AB - Acute epiglottitis was diagnosed infrequently in adults until the late 1960s and early 1970s. Because it is relatively rare, it may present a problem to the physician who sees an adult with sore throat and dysphagia, but does not think of epiglottitis. In this paper, we report our experience with 48 cases of acute epiglottitis in adults between the years 1963 and 1987. A discussion of the diagnosis and treatment of adult epiglottitis is presented. An adult with acute painful dysphagia should be considered to have epiglottitis until the diagnosis is proven otherwise. PMID- 3178107 TI - Osteoradionecrosis of the head and neck: a case of a clavicular-tracheal fistula secondary to osteoradionecrosis of the sternoclavicular joint. AB - Radiation therapy is an integral part of treatment for head and neck cancer, but its use is not without complications. We describe the first reported sternoclavicular-tracheal fistula resulting from osteoradionecrosis (ORN) at the medial clavicle. This ORN resulted from definitive radiation therapy for a primary pyriform sinus squamous cell carcinoma. The diagnosis of ORN was made by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The physiologic damage of ORN is based on a compromised blood supply and altered metabolism of bone formation secondary to effects of ionizing radiation. Treatment requires meticulous hygiene, antibiotics, and debridement as conservative therapy. Radical surgery and reconstruction may be indicated in refractory cases. A thorough preirradiation assessment of patients is mandatory to decrease the incidence of radiation-induced ORN. PMID- 3178106 TI - Pneumothorax as a complication of tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis use. AB - A previously unreported association of pneumothorax and the use of a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis is presented. A review of 44 cases revealed that two patients developed a pneumothorax requiring chest tube placement. Pulmonary barotrauma is believed to be the cause of the injury. In those patients in whom the tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis has been effective, it has produced excellent results. However, certain pulmonary conditions may be considered a relative contraindication to the use of the tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis in patients who must generate significant force to produce voice. Patients using a voice prosthesis who present with symptoms of chest pain or dyspnea must be evaluated carefully for pulmonary rupture. PMID- 3178109 TI - Adult subglottiscope for laser surgery. AB - A subglottiscope for use in adult men and women has been developed for microlaryngeal laser operations in the subglottic region of the larynx. The tip has been designed to facilitate exposure of the subglottis and upper trachea in both short-necked and long-necked individuals. A smoke evacuation channel has been included, as has a nonreflective finish. Finally, a port for jet ventilation has been added to facilitate use of this anesthetic technique when indicated. The authors have used the prototypes of these subglottiscopes on six patients, four women and two men, and have found the exposure of subglottic and upper tracheal lesions to be improved over that obtained with existing microlaryngoscopes. PMID- 3178108 TI - Universal ventilation laser tracheoscope. AB - A universal ventilation laser fiberoptic tracheoscope has been developed for use in endoscopic treatment of patients with obstructing benign and malignant lesions of the subglottis-cervicotrachea and laryngectomy tracheal stoma. This instrument features a ventilation connector for either side port or Venturi jet ventilation and a proximal connector with a sheath for delivery of a 0 degrees telescope, laser fiber, and suction catheter. Difficulties encountered with exposure and ventilation during laser treatment of the subglottis-cervicotrachea and laryngectomy stoma are overcome with this new instrument. PMID- 3178110 TI - [24-hour esophageal pH-metry profile in severe diseases of the neonates and infants. Apropos of 94 cases]. PMID- 3178111 TI - [Pediatric use of intravenous immunoglobulins in immunomodulation. Apropos of 34 cases. Current data]. PMID- 3178112 TI - [Coffin-Siris syndrome with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3178113 TI - [Primarily electric status epilepticus: complication of severe idiopathic malaise in infants]. PMID- 3178114 TI - [Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Apropos of 4 cases]. PMID- 3178115 TI - [Radiographic semiology of congenital hip dislocation during the 1st year of life]. PMID- 3178117 TI - Immediate breast reconstruction using the skin expander: a modification in technique. AB - A modification in the technique of immediate postmastectomy reconstruction of the small to moderate-size breast using the skin expander is presented. The advantage of the technique is that it simplifies the replacement of the expander with the permanent prosthesis while establishing a symmetrical inframammary crease and a laterally supported breast mound. Representative cases are shown. PMID- 3178116 TI - [Psychosocial motivations in the choice of the mode of feeding of the newborn infant]. PMID- 3178118 TI - Upper lid musculocutaneous flap. AB - The use of a musculocutaneous flap from the upper lid for reconstruction in the orbital region and neighboring areas is described. The anatomical basis is considered. Because of its blood supply, the flap can be raised on its lateral or medical pedicle. When based on its lateral pedicle, innervation can be maintained by raising an innervated musculocutaneous flap, which can restore proper lower lid position and tonus. Twenty-two patients were operated on with this technique to fill defects of the lower and upper lid as well as of the lateral nasal wall. All flaps survived, and only minor deformities of the donor site were seen when the eyebrows were included in the flap. PMID- 3178119 TI - The effect of tension on muscle flaps. AB - An experiment with an animal model was designed to investigate whether an arterialized and innervated muscle flap has an optimal tension when being inset. Arterialized pedicle muscle flap operations using various tensions at the time of insetting were performed on beagles. At three months no acute, recent, or chronic changes were noted in the muscle fiber or in the surrounding connective tissue when biopsy samples were examined microscopically. We conclude that the tension of a pedicle muscle flap makes no difference in its long-term compliance or morphology. PMID- 3178120 TI - On expander pressure and skin blood flow during tissue expansion in the pig. AB - The structural and circulatory dynamics of expanded skin in connection with expander fillings were assessed in pigs following 7, 14, and 21 days of expansion by measuring the pressure of te fluid in the expander (Pexp) and the dermal blood flow. The results differed consistently on thoracic and abdominal sites. It was suggested that the stimulus to expansion be defined as the relative increase in extensible surface area of the expander. When plotting this value against Pexp, as measured at the end of injection, there was a good fit to an exponential curve. The area/Pexp relation was used to assess the connective tissue reaction around the expander; the reaction was most pronounced at 21 days. The decrease in Pexp after injection of fluid to 100 mm Hg showed that the tissue adapted rapidly during the first hour. Blood flow in the skin covering the expander was lower than on adjacent normal skin, and there was no increase during the three weeks of expansion. The decreases in blood flow were moderate even after injection of fluid until Pexp reached 100 mm Hg. It was suggested that the connective tissue capsule might protect the dermis from flow decrease. PMID- 3178121 TI - Cartilage formation from perichondrium in a diffusion chamber. AB - Autologous perichondrial grafts from rabbits' ears in diffusion chambers resulted in the formation of cartilage. This clearly revealed that neither blood clots nor the ingrowth of capillaries is essential for perichondrial neochondrogenesis. PMID- 3178122 TI - Hematoma in a latissimus dorsi donor site 21 months after surgery. AB - Following strenuous upper extremity exertion, a 40-year-old man experienced pain and swelling in a latissimus dorsi donor site 21 months following harvest and microsurgical transfer of the muscle. Examination and aspiration proved the mass to be a hematoma, and 595 cc of blood were evacuated with resolution of swelling. Late hematoma in a latissimus dorsi donor site must be distinguished from ventral hernia and can be managed by aspiration. PMID- 3178123 TI - Necrotizing sialometaplasia masquerading as residual cancer of the lip. AB - Necrotizing sialometaplasia is a benign disorder that histologically can mimic carcinoma. It is thought to develop as a result of ischemia or adjacent tissue injury. A patient is described who underwent a Mohs' micrographical fresh-tissue excision of one-third of the upper lip for basal cell carcinoma. By the time she was ready for reconstruction, a marked eczematous reaction developed to a polymyxin neomycin preparation (Neosporin ointment) at the wound edges. Reexcision of the wound margins before a flap reconstruction revealed necrotizing sialometaplasia on histopathological examination. This incidental finding fortunately was not mistaken for residual tumor. To prevent over-diagnosis and over-treatment of presumed malignancies, an awareness of necrotizing sialometaplasia is essential for all surgeons operating on mucosal surfaces in the head and neck. PMID- 3178125 TI - Distally based lateral plantar artery island flap. AB - We report on the reconstruction of the lateral metatarsal head defect by a distally based lateral plantar artery island flap using the flexor digitorum brevis muscle. The pedicle for this flap was provided by a retrograde lateral plantar artery. We found that this flap was relatively simple and easy to perform and could cover large defects better than any other conventional local flap. PMID- 3178124 TI - Varix of the facial vein. AB - The differential diagnosis for a mass overlying the angle of the mandible but not attached to it includes lymphatic masses, benign and malignant parotid lesions, cysts, and vascular malformations. Thrombosis of the facial vein is a rare entity that now must be added to the list. This article details the first English language description of such a thrombosis presenting as a mass. The possible causes are antecedent trauma, infection, or thrombosis of contiguous venous structures. While the diagnosis could be made preoperatively by selective venography or ultrasonography, it most likely will be made by surgical excisions. The preoperative diagnosis may be suggested by the "turkey wattle sign" (i.e., fluctuation in the size of the mass with bending the head downward). In this article the entity and differential diagnosis are reviewed and discussed. PMID- 3178126 TI - Salvage of the severely injured ear. AB - We present three cases of severe external ear injuries and their management. The first patient's ear, amputated in an automobile accident, was revascularized microsurgically. Replantation, when possible, offers the ultimate result. However, disadvantages include the length of the operation and prolonged hospitalization. The second patient sustained a human bite ear amputation. Salvage consisted of immediate coverage with a vascularized temporoparietal fascial flap and split-thickness skin graft. Revision of the external auditory meatus and postauricular sulcus was required. This technique is relatively simple and reliable when microvascular revascularization is not possible. In the third case the patient's ear suffered a full-thickness burn as part of a larger scalding injury to the patient's body, face and scalp. Acute salvage was accomplished in one stage with a technique similar to that used for the second patient. Secondarily, skin was regrafted to achieve an improved color match and cartilage contour. PMID- 3178127 TI - Rubber band as external assist device to provide simple grip for quadriplegic patients. AB - The rubber band as an external assist device provides an effective grip for the hand of high spinal cord injury quadriplegic patients. This technique can also be useful for preoperative patients who are undergoing physical and occupational therapy or to assess patients' needs for surgery. The rubber band as an adaptive device is preferred because of its availability, low visibility, and ease of application. We attempt to provide a more standardized method of the rubber band technique and to popularize it. PMID- 3178128 TI - A new double-armed microsuture. AB - A new double-armed microsuture using 70-mu micro-edge taper-point (M.E.T., Sharpoint, Reading, PA) needles swaged onto 10-0 (22 mu) monofilament nylon has been developed by us primarily to allow precision intraluminal suture placement. Applications of this minimally atraumatic double-armed suture in microvascular surgery include patching and tacking within the anastomotic region. PMID- 3178129 TI - Three dimensional craniofacial imaging. PMID- 3178130 TI - Clinical profile of 2007 oral cancers in Kerala, India. PMID- 3178131 TI - Dedifferentiation of recurrent chondrosarcoma of the mandible. PMID- 3178132 TI - Serious sequelae and malpractice in endodontics. PMID- 3178133 TI - Evolving dental practice configurations and the role for dental hygienists. PMID- 3178135 TI - Distribution of Langerhans cells in oral inflammatory hyperplastic lesions. PMID- 3178134 TI - HLA-A,B,C, and DR antigens in recurrent oral ulcers. PMID- 3178136 TI - Increased urinary lipoperoxides in drug abusers. AB - Urine lipoperoxides were measured, as the malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid adduct, by "high performance" liquid chromatography in men who tested positive for any of the common "drugs of abuse." Urine malondialdehyde concentrations were within the reference range in those urines containing barbiturates and amphetamines. On the other hand, significant urine malondialdehyde elevations were associated with those testing positive for marijuana (p less than 0.005), cocaine, opiates, benzodiazepines, and in those urines containing multiple drugs (p less than 0.001). The mechanism of tissue damage by these drugs is not necessarily by lipid peroxidation, since their primary toxic effects might result in cellular injury by an alternative mechanism; the observed increased lipid peroxidation could be a secondary phenomenon following tissue injury. PMID- 3178138 TI - Frontiers in clinical science. Abstracts of the 84th meeting of the Association of Clinical Scientists. May 12 to 15, 1988, Newport Beach, California. PMID- 3178137 TI - Serum haloperidol and neuroleptic receptor levels in chronic psychosis. AB - Serum haloperidol and serum dopamine blocking activity were measured, and steady state levels were compared in 22 chronic male schizophrenic patients. Haloperidol levels were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and dopamine blocking activity was measured by a radioreceptor assay (NRRA). Clinical status was determined by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Patients were stabilized on individual doses of haloperidol for at least three weeks and dosages ranged from five to 200 mg per day. All measures were determined on two occasions, one week apart. All measures (AIMS, BPRS, HPLC, and NRRA) showed a high degree of repeated test reliability. The behavioral measures showed a high degree of interobserver reliability on both occasions. There were significant correlations at both time points among haloperidol dosage, serum haloperidol levels, and dopamine blocking activity. Although the correlations between serum levels measured by HPLC and NRRA were positive and significant on both occasions, they never accounted for more than 58 percent (coefficient of variation) of the total variance. PMID- 3178140 TI - New variants of Ps salivary polymorphic proteins. AB - Electrophoretic analysis of the Ps protein demonstrated the existence of phenotypes additional to those described by Azen & Denniston (1980). A hypothesis that the polymorphism of the Ps protein is determined by five expressed and one unexpressed alleles was supported by family studies. The gene frequencies in a Japanese population were Ps1F = 0.0016, Ps1 = 0.2983, Ps2F = 0.0288, Ps2S = 0.0079, Ps3 = 0.0111, Ps0 = 0.6523. PMID- 3178139 TI - Rhodanese isozymes in human tissues. AB - An investigation of a range of tissue homogenates by various electrophoretic methods, followed by staining for specific enzyme activity, has revealed a series of isozymes of human rhodanese. Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing provided the most data and rhodanese activity was found in all of the tissues examined. The simplest isozyme pattern was found in red cell lysates; liver homogenates generated the most complex pattern which included the 'red cell' forms together with a set of more basic 'tissue' isozymes. Variation in isozyme patterns thought to be attributable to storage changes affecting reactive sulphydryl residues was observed in 'red cell' rhodanese but no genetic variants of either 'red cell' or 'tissue' rhodanese were encountered in a study of material from the European population. We conclude that 'red cell' and 'tissue' rhodanese are determined by separate genes but more than one locus may be concerned with the synthesis of the heterogeneous 'tissue' isozymes. PMID- 3178141 TI - Genetic studies of low abundance human plasma proteins. VIII. Inherited structural variation in antithrombin III. AB - Genetically determined structural polymorphism of antithrombin III has been observed using ultra narrow pH polyacrylamide isoelectric focusing gels, followed by immunoblotting. The products of three alleles at the antithrombin III structural locus have been detected in normal U.S. white and black blood donors. The frequencies of the three alleles, AT III* 1, AT III* 2 and AT III* 3, respectively, are: 0.878, 0.103, 0.019 in whites and 0.916, 0.068, 0.016 in blacks. Family data from a large number of families establish an autosomal codominant pattern of inheritance of the three alleles. PMID- 3178142 TI - Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms in Italy. II. Molecular analysis of new and rare morphs from Sardinia and Rome. AB - A molecular analysis of morphs found in a previous survey of mtDNA restriction enzyme polymorphisms in Italy revealed that different site changes can give similar patterns and that the same mutation can yield variant morphs for apparently unrelated enzymes. 1. Alternative site variations were found to yield restriction fragment patterns resembling HpaI morph 4, HaeII morph 5 and AvaII morph 2. 2. A strong association was observed between the BamHI morph 3 (gain of site a) and the AvaII morph 9 and its derivatives (loss of site d). This association appears to result from an A to G transition at base pair (bp) 13,368 which simultaneously creates a new BamHI site and abolishes an AvaII site. On the other hand, the loss of the AvaII site d, which in Italy was only found in the above-mentioned association, does not always produce a new BamHI site, as observed in other Caucasian groups. Similarly, the BamHI morph 2 (gain of site b) was always found to be associated with AvaII morphs lacking site f. An A to G transition at bp 16,391 was shown to account for both changes. As in the previous case, the converse is not true. Hence, these data show that AvaII sites d and f were lost in more than one way and one of these seems to be typical of Caucasians. 3. The variation producing BamHI-3/AvaII-9 and derivatives is preferentially associated with MspI morph 4 but this is not a product of a shared mutation. Hence, this association must be the result of the linkage disequilibrium due to the maternal inheritance of mtDNA and lack of recombination. 4. The high frequency of the combination BamHI-3/AvaII-9 and derivatives with MspI-4 found in Italy (29 subjects out of 229 analysed) can best be explained by diffusion of the relevant haplotype rather than by repeated mutational events. 5. The phylogeny trees of all mtDNA morphs so far described and of mtDNA types in Caucasians have been revised taking into account both the inter- and the intra-morph heterogeneity detected by this analysis. PMID- 3178143 TI - Regional assignment of the gene coding for human sucrase-isomaltase (SI) to chromosome 3q25-26. AB - The gene coding for sucrase-isomaltase (SI) has recently been mapped to chromosome 3 using a cDNA probe to analyse DNA from somatic cell hybrids (Green et al. 1987). We have now used this same cDNA probe to obtain a regional localization of this gene. In situ hybridization to normal metaphase chromosomes and to chromosomes from individuals with balanced translocations suggests a regional assignment to chromosome 3q25-26. PMID- 3178144 TI - Two methods for measuring the non-randomness of chromosome abnormalities. AB - Applying conventional statistical techniques to cytogenetic data usually faces the problem of working with small numbers and many classes. We describe two techniques, one based on a binomial test procedure, the other on Monte Carlo simulations, aimed at studying the non-randomness of chromosomal aberrations. Both techniques were used to study the distribution of breakpoints involved in variant Philadelphia translocations in chronic myeloid leukaemia. The results showed that 28 bands were non-randomly rearranged (P less than or equal to 0.05). Furthermore, the probabilities calculated from the binomial test procedure were close to those calculated from the Monte Carlo simulations. PMID- 3178145 TI - Visualization of time-dependent inactivation of human tumor cathepsin B isozymes by a peptidyl fluoromethyl ketone using a fluorescent print technique. AB - A peptidyl fluoromethyl ketone (Z-Phe-Ala CH2F) was found to be an effective compound in a time dependent inactivation of cathepsin B isozymes from a number of tissues including human tumors. The effect was visualized by employing an activity-specific fluorescent print technique preceded by isoelectric focusing. The technique could yield additional information of selective inhibition of isozymes as observed with rat pancreas. The fluoromethyl ketone is 30-fold more potent than the known inhibitor of cathepsin B, Z-Phe-AlaCHN2 in parallel evaluation. Furthermore, the fluoromethyl ketone may have in vivo potential in the inhibition of cathepsin B, in view of the results of toxicological studies. The findings demonstrate that the application of enzyme-directed overlay membranes, impregnated with specific substrates, following isoelectric focusing could be very useful in the study of proteases and their involvement in the oncogenic process. PMID- 3178146 TI - A case of meningioma with frequent relapses and a hyperhaploid stemline. AB - A meningioma of the meningotheliomatous type showed frequent relapses after surgery. Cytogenetic analysis of a tumor biopsy after the last relapse showed a highly aberrant hyperhaploid stemline. PMID- 3178148 TI - Effects of estrogen and tamoxifen on secretory glycoprotein synthesis in mouse Leydig cell tumor in vivo. AB - Effects of estrogen and tamoxifen on the synthesis of secretory proteins were examined using estrogen-responsive mouse Leydig tumor. Estrogenization of host mice bearing the tumor (T 124958-R) resulted in the appearance of the secretory glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 34,000 which was detected by incubation of dispersed cells or minced tissues with [35S]methionine. The discontinuation of in vivo estrogenization decreased the growth rate of the tumor with the simultaneous disappearance of this secretory protein. Transplantation of tumor grown in non-estrogenized mice showed reacquisition of estrogen dependency in terms of tumor growth as well as secretory glycoprotein synthesis. Furthermore, tamoxifen administration to mice enhanced the tumor growth with simultaneous induction of this secretory protein. These results suggest that this secretory glycoprotein can be used as a marker for estrogen- or tamoxifen-dependent growth in vivo. PMID- 3178147 TI - Quantitation of adriamycin content by a sensitive immunochemical assay. AB - An immunoenzymatic method for the quantitation of adriamycin (ADM) content in tissues as well as in tumor cells has been developed. This procedure has three main advantages. Firstly, it is possible to carry out the determination on whole homogenates and blood serum, thus avoiding the extractive procedures. Secondly, very low ADM concentrations (0.2 ng) can be detected. Thirdly, it is possible to determine simultaneously and in triplicate both the standard curve and ADM concentration in twelve different samples with a great reduction of the experimental variability. PMID- 3178149 TI - Antitumor activity of novel ailanthone derivatives in vitro and in vivo. AB - The antitumor activities of two ailanthone derivatives with 15 beta-acyloxy side chains were investigated. The cytotoxic activity of 11 beta, 20-epoxy-1 beta, 11 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-15-beta-[E)-3-methyl-2-octenoyl) oxypicras-3,13(21) diene-2,16-dione (SUN2071) and 11 beta, 20-epoxy-1 beta, 11 alpha, 12 alpha trihydroxy-15 beta-[E)-2-undecenoyl) oxypicras-3,13(21)-diene-2,16-dione (SUN0237) was close to that of bruceantin and vincristine. SUN2071 was shown to be a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in L1210 cultured cells. When administered i.p. to i.p. inoculated P388 leukemia mice, daily treatment with SUN2071 and SUN0237 significantly increased the lifespan (increases in lifespan in excess of 100% were achieved). These increases were comparable to those achieved with vincristine. The therapeutic ratio of SUN2071 was also close to that of vincristine. However, the compounds were ineffective when administered as a single injection. Daily i.p. treatment with SUN2071 demonstrated significant tumor growth inhibition in mice inoculated s.c. with colon-38 and moderate activity against i.p. L1210 leukemia and i.p. B16 melanoma. The compounds were ineffective when tested against the Lewis lung carcinoma and colon-26. In a preliminary toxicological study, SUN2071 at a therapeutic dose in daily consecutive i.p. injection produced leucopenia. PMID- 3178150 TI - Tumor and tissue distribution of 125I-labeled natural and antitumor antibodies in murine experimental tumor systems. AB - The binding and tissue distribution of 125I-labeled rabbit anti-sarcoma 180 (S 180) immunoglobulin G (IgG) (RAS-180G), normal rabbit IgG (NRG) and ICR mouse IgGs from normal (NMG) and S-180-bearing ICR mice (AS-180G) were studied in ICR mice bearing S-180. 125I-labelled IgGs preparted from normal (NC57G) or Adenocarconoma 755 (Ca 755)-bearing C57BL/6 mice (A755G) were also examined in C57BL/6 mice bearing ca755. Not only RAS-180G and AS-180G but also NRG and NMG persisted in the tumor site. This result suggests that allogeneic natural IgG could be used as a carrier protein for antitumor agents. PMID- 3178151 TI - Doxorubicin affects both the number and the morphology of specific atrial granules in dog heart. AB - A morphometric study was performed in dog atria to assess the effects of both single and repeated doses of doxorubicin on specific granules containing the natriuretic factor. Male beagle dogs were divided into 4 groups and treated i.v. as follows: groups A and B were controls and received isotonic saline; group C was given doxorubicin 2.4 mg/kg in a single injection; group D received doxorubicin 1.2 mg/kg once a week for 3 consecutive weeks. Samples of left atrium were taken 8 hours (groups A and C) or 28 days (groups B and D) after the last dose, and examined by the electron microscope. Compared with controls, the atrial tissue of group C dogs showed a significant increase in the number of specific granules; by contrast, the granularity was found to decrease significantly in the atria from group D dogs. These observations indicate a significant biphasic effect of doxorubicin on specific atrial granules of dog heart. The increase in granule density might be due to a block of the secretory process which is dependent on the metabolic energy supply. The reduction in cardiomyocyte granularity may be ascribed to the impairment of nucleic acid and protein synthesis induced by doxorubicin. Such alterations may play a significant role in doxorubicin-induced cardiovascular toxicity. PMID- 3178152 TI - Cytogenetical observations in human benign uterine leiomyomas. AB - Detailed observations by banding technique in 21 cultured human benign uterine leiomyomas are reported. More than half of the tumors (51%) had a primary or secondary abnormal stemline. The abnormal stemlines were usually characterized only by structural changes, in particular reciprocal translocations. These translocations, as well as instances of inversions, predominantly affected the chromosome types Nos. 1,2 and 12 and preferentially the regions 1p36, 2p24 and 12q14-15. Available data concerning cytogenetical deviations in benign human tumor types indicate that, in contrast to most malignant neoplasms, they are characterized by comparatively few and simple, either numerical or, more frequently, structural changes. The biological implications of these deviations are rapidly emerging as one of the most urgent areas for future studies with molecular techniques. PMID- 3178153 TI - Specificity of 6q- markers and other recurrent deviations in human malignant salivary gland tumors. AB - The chromosomal banding patterns in 20 human malignant salivary gland tumors are reported. Abnormal stem-and/or sidelines were observed in 14 cases, and abnormal clones and variant cells in the remaining 6 cases. No less than 8 tumors showed clonal rearrangements involving the long arm of chromosome 6, i.e. terminal deletions with breakpoints in the 6q22-25 region. The possible involvement of c myb or a putative tumor suppressor gene in the 6q deletions is considered. Other recurrent deviations were loss of the Y chromosome, trisomy 8 and 11q- markers. The combined data from this and previous studies show that most of the rearrangements are not restricted to a certain type of malignant salivary gland tumor, but are seen in several tumor types, indicating a close evolutionary relationship between different malignant salivary gland tumors. PMID- 3178154 TI - Idarubicin: an evaluation of cardiac toxicity in 77 patients with solid tumors. AB - Idarubicin (4-demethoxydaunorubicin) is a daunorubicin analog that has shown comparable activity and less cardiotoxicity than daunorubicin and doxorubicin in preclinical studies. Phase I and II studies appear to confirm its safety but no definitive conclusion about cardiotoxicity was possible due to the small number of patients in each study. We evaluated 77 patients with advanced solid tumors treated with oral single agent (idarubicin 15 mg/m2 for three days every 4 weeks). Physical examinations and ECGs were performed before every course of treatment and at discontinuation. Eighteen patients also received sequential radionuclide angiocardiographies for evaluation of LVEF. After the administration of a median of 135 mg/m2 of idarubicin (range 45-540), no clinical sign of cardiotoxicity was observed: in three patients minor and transient ECG changes occurred. No significant reduction in mean LVEF values was observed during treatment. PMID- 3178155 TI - Trifluoperazine does not affect doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in the rat. AB - Sprague Dawley rats received doxorubicin (DXR) at a dose of 3 mg/kg i.v. every third day for a total of three administrations, according to an acute and delayed cardiotoxicity experimental model previously described. DXR was found to induce significant ECG alterations (Qat and Sat prolongation) and typical morphologic lesions in the left ventricle. Trifluoperazine (TFP), administered at the doses of 0.2 of 2 mg/kg i.p., 5 days a week for 4 weeks, starting 1 day before DXR, was ineffective in preventing the electrocardiographic and morphologic alterations induced by DXR. PMID- 3178156 TI - A new tumor marker MCA in breast cancer diagnosis. AB - The serum concentration of the new tumor marker MCA (mucinous carcinoma associated antigen) was determined by an enzyme immunoassay kit method, which is based on the use of a monoclonal antibody b12. The mean MCA values in breast cancer patients (n = 40) were significantly higher than in patients with benign breast disease (n = 55, p less than 0.001) and in control subjects (n = 37, p less than 0.001). When we used the cut-off level 11 KU/l for MCA, 6/37 (16.2%) of control subjects 7/55 (12.7%) of patients with benign breast disease, 18/40 (45.0%) of all breast cancer patients 11/19 (57.9%) of breast cancer patients with axillary node involvement, and 1/1 breast cancer patient with distant metastases were above this cut-off level. For comparison, at the cut-off level of 5 micrograms/l the CEA test was positive in 7/40 (18%) cancer cases, and in 6/19 (32%) of cancer patients with nodal involvement. Patients with axillary nodal metastasis showed higher values than patients without metastasis in both tests (p less than 0.01). The combination of MCA at 11 KU/l cut-off level and CEA at the 5.0 micrograms/l cut-off level reached the diagnostic sensitivity of 0.53, efficiency of 0.73, and specificity of 0.87. It seems that MCA is a promising tumor marker in breast cancer. Especially high values may have diagnostic significance. PMID- 3178157 TI - The transition from primary culture to spontaneous immortalization in mouse fibroblast populations. AB - When compared with cells from other species, mouse fibroblasts cultivated in vitro have a high probability of originating immortal cell populations. The probability of immortalization is increased by varying the volume of the nutrient medium and by irradiation with low dose rate gamma-radiation. Immortalization of the fibroblast population is accompanied by the appearance of cells with new properties, favoring the hypothesis that the immortal cells are not present in the primary culture. The mouse genome seems to have different properties when compared with identical experiments performed with human fibroblasts, a cell system with a low probability of immortalization. The differences between the genomes of these two mammalian species could be the explanation for some aspects of their different behavior. PMID- 3178158 TI - Serum levels of CA-50, CA-19.9, CA-125, CA-15.3, enolase and carcino-embryonic antigen in non neoplastic diseases of the lung. AB - There is not as yet a specific marker for lung cancer. We tested the specificity of six serum markers using radio-immunological assays (CA-50, CA-19.9, CA-125, CA 15.3, Enolase, CEA) in 60 patients with non-neoplastic diseases of the lung (COPD: 28 patients, acute pneumonia: 23 patients, allery: 9 patients). No correlation was found between the percentage of false positivities on the one hand, and sex, age and smoking habits on the other. CA-125 proved to be positive in 74% of acute pneumonia cases. The rate of false positive values is low with CEA (3.3%), Enolase (6.7%) and CA-15.3 (5%) and therefore the cut-off value we chose for these markers was adequate. This is not the case with CA-50, CA-19.9 and CA-125, for which we observed a high rate of false positive values (33.3%, 13.3% and 53.3% respectively) and for which higher cut-off values must be adopted. PMID- 3178159 TI - Inhibition of proliferation and induction of differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells by novel nucleoside analogs. AB - Purines such as hypoxanthine and 6-thioguanine have the capacity to induce the differentiation of human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells in culture. Several nucleoside analogs were synthesized and their effects on cell proliferation and differentiation of HL-60 cells were examined. On incubation with these compounds, proliferation of HL-60 cells was inhibited and the cells were induced to differentiate into morphologically and functionally mature granulocytes. Among the compounds we tested, 2,4-diethyl-7,7,8,8-tetramethyl-cis-2,4-diazabicyclol [4.2.0] octane-3,5-dione was the most effective in inducing differentiation of HL 60 cells. This compound was approximately 100 times more potent on a molar basis than hypoxanthine. The compounds reacted synergistically or additively with a typical antileukemic drug (daunomycin) or another potent differentiation inducer (retinoic acid). PMID- 3178160 TI - Antimutagenic action of methionine in Chinese hamster fibroblasts: an opposite of methionine mutagenicity. AB - Serially propagated fibroblast clones were treated with 25-mM methionine and a thioguanine resistance assay was performed at each passage to measure mutagenesis at the HGPRT locus. The spontaneous frequency of thioguanine resistant mutants before treatment was less than 5 X 10(-6) in four clones and 22 X 10(-6) in one clone. These values dropped 10- to 100-fold and remained so until the methionine was withdrawn, then returned to, or overshot, the initial values. It is proposed that these fibroblasts, unlike their previously described RSV-transformed counterparts, possess a repair enzyme capable of an adaptive response to S adenosylmethionine, the metabolite thought to be responsible for methionine mutagenicity in vivo. PMID- 3178161 TI - Association of esophageal cytological abnormalities with vitamin and lipotrope deficiencies in populations at risk for esophageal cancer. AB - Esophageal brush cytological screening was undertaken and blood concentrations of micronutrients (vitamin A, E, B12, folic acid and methionine) determined from adults at risk for esophageal carcinoma (EC) in Transkei and Ciskei, Southern Africa. Age-standardised EC rates per 100,000 per annum for both sexes in high, intermediate and low risk districts in Transkei were 74, 51 and 34, respectively. Corresponding rates in high and low EC risk districts in Ciskei were 129 and 9, respectively. Esophageal cytological changes including esophagitis, signs of folic acid deficiency, cellular atypia, dysplasia and cancer, were more prevalent in patients from high than from low EC risk areas. Dietary questionnaires revealed that corn was the main dietary staple in all populations, but that lower intakes of green vegetables, fruits and animal protein occurred in the high risk areas. Significantly lower concentrations of vitamins A, E, B12 and folic acid were present in the blood of patients presenting with cellular dysplasia or malignancy than in cytologically normal patients and in patients from low risk areas. Concentrations of red cell and plasma folate were significantly lower in patients presenting with cytological signs of folic acid deficiency or cellular atypia. The association of vitamin A, vitamin E and folic acid deficiencies with specific esophageal cytological abnormalities in populations at risk for EC is reported for the first time. PMID- 3178163 TI - Hepatobiliary metabolism and urinary excretion of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin as compared to daunorubicin in rats. AB - The hepatic metabolism and biliary excretion of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin (4DDM) was studied in Crl: CD(SD) BR rats by the liver perfusion technique. In the same strains of rats urinary excretion was investigated in vivo. Daunorubicin (DM) was always included for comparison. The drugs and their metabolites were determined in the perfusion medium, in the bile and liver and in the urine by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. Compared to its analogue DM, 4DDM markedly differed in the metabolic and excretory profile. The cumulative biliary and urinary excretion of 4DDM and the metabolites was quantitatively lower than that of DM (18% vs 36% of the dose) and was consistent with prolonged persistence of 4DDM in plasma in vivo. The extensive carbonyl reduction of 4DDM and DM observed in previous in vivo pharmacokinetic studies was also evident in this study. 13-hydroxy metabolites, daunorubicinol (DMol) and 4 demethoxydaunorubicinol (4DDMol), either as such or after glycosidic cleavage, i.e. 4DDMol aglycone, were present in appreciable amounts in the perfusion medium, bile, liver and urine. In the hepatobiliary system, however, the 13 hydroxy derivative of DM amounted to a much lower fraction than the DM aglycone (17% vs 50% of the total dose), 80% of the total 4DDM dose was accounted for by 4DDMol aglycone. In urine uncleaved DMol or 4DDMol represented more than 75% of the total amount excreted for both drugs. Conjugation, a major step in the excretion of aglycones, seems to play a minor role in the biliary and urinary excretion of 4DDM and 4DDMol. PMID- 3178162 TI - Effects of N-nitroso-N-methylurea on mammary and pituitary glands of young female Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 50 days received 3 intravenous injections of N nitroso-N-methylurea, 5 mg/100 g of body weight at 4 weekly intervals. When the first palpable mammary tumours appeared, with an incidence of 50 to 60% after the third injection, rats were randomized into 8 groups: group 1 was treated with 17 beta-estradiol; group 2 received progesterone; group 3 received in association 17 beta-estradiol + progesterone; group 4 was treated with tamoxifen. In group 5, rats received ovine prolactin. In groups 6 and 7, female rats were bred. Group 8, as a control group, received no hormonal treatment. Other control groups of 8 rats aged 140 days were made up of rats receiving 17 beta-estradiol alone (group 9) and rats receiving only ovine prolactin (group 10). The last group was kept without any treatment (group 11). The incidence of mammary tumours was followed in groups 1 to 8. All pituitary glands and mammary tumours were removed and weighed when rats were sacrificed after the last hormonal injection in each group. Light microscopy allowed the anatomopathologist to classify all removed mammary tumours in each group as adenocarcinoma. Light and electron microscopies with all pituitary glands in groups 1 to 11 showed no abnormality. The distribution of the pituitary weights was between 4.0 to 6.8 mg per 100 g of body weight. No adenomas were detected in the pituitary glands of the 5-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats receiving N-nitroso-N-methylurea. PMID- 3178165 TI - A new assay to evaluate cell growth and drug sensitivity in culture using a cell image processor. AB - The use of a cell image processor for the in vitro assessment of drug effects on cell growth, cell kinetics and chromatin organization is described. We have studied the influence of two well documented cytotoxic drugs, i.e. BCNU and vincristine (VIN), on the above mentioned parameters of the P-388 mouse leukemia, MCF-7 human mammary and HBL human melanoma cell lines. The cells were cultured for 1 to 4 days on glass coverslips put in Petri dishes containing or not (control) 10, 1 or 0.1 microgram/ml medium of the drug, after which they were fixed for histology, Feulgen-stained and analyzed through a cell image processor, i.e. the System for Analytical Microscopic Biomedical Applications (SAMBA 200). Our results showed that both BCNU and VIN exerted a well-known antineoplastic effect that was assessed at three different but highly complementary levels on the same sample of cells in a very rapid and simple procedure. PMID- 3178164 TI - Measurement of a monoclonal-antibody-defined antigen (90K) in the sera of patients with ovarian cancer. AB - Serum levels of CA125 and 90K, a new tumor-associated antigen, were measured in 73 ovarian cancer patients and 70 patients with benign gynecological conditions. Abnormally high serum CA 125 and 90K levels were found in 49% and 78% of these patients, respectively. When a combination of the two markers was used, the sensitivity increased to 86%. The percentage of 90K positivity did not significantly correlate with stage of disease or with histological type. A statistically significant correlation was found between 90K positivity rate and grade of tumor differentiation. Elevated serum CA 125 and 90K levels were present in 32% and 29% of patients with benign ovarian tumors, respectively. Only 1 case out of 26 with endometriosis had high 90K levels, compared to 7 patients with abnormal CA 125 levels. Serial measurements of 90K concentrations were found to be correlated with the clinical behaviour of the disease during chemotherapy. Moreover, rising levels of 90K preceded the clinical detection of recurrence with a median lead-time of 3 months. In 2 of these cases the serial changes in 90K values were better correlated with the course of disease than changes in CA 125 levels. Our data suggest that 90K combined with CA 125 may be applied for the detection and monitoring of ovarian cancer. PMID- 3178166 TI - Cytotoxic effects of mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)? AB - To determine whether Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) is the factor responsible for the cytotoxic effects of testicular preparations on gynecological cancers, homogenates of bovine fetal testes were fractionated by Sephadex G 200 chromatography and their cytotoxic effects tested on a Mullerian-derived endometrial cancer cell line (AN3-CA), an ovarian carcinoma cell line (CAOV 3) and on a breast cancer cell line (MCF 7). No difference in cytotoxicity was found between Mullerian and non-Mullerian derived human cancer cells. Cytotoxicity and MIS activity were found in different fractions on Sephadex G 200 gel chromatography. PMID- 3178167 TI - Dose dependent retention and polyglutamation of N10-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid (CB 3717) in the tumour-bearing mouse. AB - The antifolate drug, CB 3717, when given to the tumour-bearing mouse, was retained in its liver and kidneys and to a smaller extent (50-200 fold) in EAC cells. The amount of the drug retained in the tumour cells, but not in the host organs, depended on the route of its administration, being distinctly higher after i.p. than after s.c. injection. The extensive polyglutamation of CB 3717 occurred in the liver only after administration of the drug at 20 but not at 100 mg per kg. CB 3717 polyglutamation in the kidneys was low and in EAC-cells negligible. PMID- 3178168 TI - Characteristics of human and rat glioma cells grown in a defined medium. AB - Human (D54Mg, GaMg) and rat (BT5C, BT4Cn) glioma cells cultured in a chemically defined medium showed reduced growth when compared to serum-supplemented medium. The BT5C cells changed from a flat epithelioid morphology to a more glia-like structure. The serum-free medium caused an aggregation of BT5C cells which spontaneously lost anchorage dependence and continued to grow in suspension as multicellular tumor spheroids. The BT4Cn and human cell lines did not show any change in morphology. Flow cytometric DNA measurements showed no change in ploidy for cells grown in serum-free medium. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the same proportion of cells were proliferating (S and G2M phase cells) in serum-free medium as compared to serum-supplemented medium. The reduced growth is probably due to increased cell cycle time. PMID- 3178169 TI - Proto-oncogene activation in surgical specimens of rectal carcinoma. AB - 26 rectal carcinoma samples were screened for proto-oncogene activation. In addition, seven normal mucosae taken at a distance of 10 cm from the tumor were analyzed. Our results are based on hybridization assays of 32P labelled cDNA synthesized on cellular poly (A+)RNA with proto-oncogene dot-blots. This analytical concept offers the advantage of a comprehensive analysis of very limited amounts of biopsy material. Multiple proto-oncogenes could be detected as being over expressed for the analyzed rectal carcinomas. However, morphologically inconspicuous mucosae from tumor patients, classified as such by the pathologist, also already show clear signals of proto-oncogene over expression. PMID- 3178170 TI - Vitamin B6 responsive growth of human tumors. AB - The model of human malignant tumors, heterotransplanted and passaged into athymic nude mice, proved to be a valuable tool for nutritional oncology. It showed that several human tumors proliferate in distinct dependence on the available vitamin B6. A surplus of the vitamin causes enhancement of growth. Proliferation is retarded in cases of reduced availability. The amount of vitamin B6 available does not only depend on the dietary supply. The contribution of the intestinal flora may be considerable. Therefore the adverse effect of a diet free of vitamin B6 is distinctly increased by additional application of a vitamin antagonist such as D-penicillamine for instance. It should be emphasized that this happens even in situations in which no clinical symptoms of vitamin deficiency could be observed at all. Our experimental findings may have consequences for those human patients who are stricken with vitamin B6 responsive tumors. A shifting supply of vitamin B6 should at least be avoided. Dietary guidance and a careful use of vitamin antagonists, such as D-penicillamine for instance, may be helpful. PMID- 3178172 TI - The effect of selenium on phagocytosis in humans. AB - The effect of selenium on immune responses in animals and humans is controversial. It has been reported that phagocytosis as a part of the immune function is affected by selenium deficiency. We conducted a study to investigate the effect of selenium on the phagocytic function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in normal healthy individuals before and after selenium supplementation. Ingestion of sodium selenite 400 micrograms/day (182.8 micrograms pure selenium) resulted in a significant increase in plasma selenium levels. The phagocytic function of PMNs was measured by ingestion of Oil Red O paraffin droplets and chemiluminescence tests. The phagocytic function was increased, but the results before and after selenium supplementation were not significant. It was concluded that inorganic selenium was not an efficient stimulating agent of phagocytosis in humans. PMID- 3178171 TI - Relationship between PRL levels and steroid receptors in breast cancer. AB - The role of PRL in human breast cancer is still debated. We examined 259 women undergoing surgery for breast cancer (K = 183) and for other diseases (n = 76). In all subjects blood samples were taken for the RIA assay of PRL, during the preanaesthesia. In the breast cancer specimens, estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PGR) receptors were assayed and T.N.M. was evaluated. PRL mean values were assayed and T.N.M. was evaluated. PRL mean values were found to be above the normal range in both groups. PRL values in ER+ and PGR+ were lower than in ER- and PGR-. We also divided the patients into two groups (PRL values greater than 50 or less than 50 ng/ml). The difference between the two groups was significant for ER (p less than 0.005) and PGR (p less than 0.05), using Student's unpaired t test. Besides this, we observed a significant negative linear correlation between PRL values and receptor values. The finding of this correlation suggests that high PRL values could be associated with unfavourable prognosis in breast cancer. PMID- 3178173 TI - O-acetyl sialomucin and differentiation of stomach cancer: a histochemical study. AB - In one hundred surgical specimens with stomach cancer, 78 cases contained intestinal metaplasia (IM) in the outer margin mucosa nearby carcinoma focus, while the remaining 22 had no IM. IM was histochemically classified into small intestinal type, sulphomucin colonic type (S), O-acetyl sialo-sulphomucin colonic type (OS) and O-acetyl sialomucin colonic type (O). The incidence of OS and O in well differentiated carcinoma (WCa) (22/27) was obviously higher than in poorly and undifferentiated carcinomas (PUCa) (17/51) (X2 = 14.5011, P less than 0.001). This suggests that O-acetyl sialomucin in IM may be correlated with the differentiation of gastric cancer, that is, OS may often be transformed into WCa if malignant change of IM occurs. PMID- 3178175 TI - Cognitive deficits in olivopontocerebellar atrophy: implications for the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's dementia. AB - A cerebral cortical cholinergic reduction in dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) was recently described. Although the magnitude of the cholinergic reduction was similar to that observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD), none of the OPCA patients was reported to have been demented. We now describe a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment of 11 patients from one of the OPCA pedigrees which we examined biochemically. Detailed neuropsychological testing disclosed previously unrecognized deficits in verbal and nonverbal intelligence, memory, and frontal system function which were positively correlated with the severity of cerebellar ataxia. However, our OPCA patients appeared to be at most only mildly disabled by their cognitive impairment and scored within or close to the normal range on a simple mental status screening examination. This, as well as an absence of any aphasia, apraxia, or agnosia, contrasts with the profile and severity observed in advanced AD dementia, characterized by a similar cortical cholinergic deficit. This finding also suggests that cholinergic reduction may explain only part of the pathophysiology underlying the dementia of AD. PMID- 3178174 TI - Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on spontaneous and poke week mitogen triggered immunoglobulin secretion of blood lymphocytes in operable breast cancer. AB - The objective of this investigation was to examine further the influence of postoperative adjuvant treatment with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5 fluorouracil (CMF) on the immune system in breast cancer patients and to explore whether such changes are related to prognosis. The 12 CMF courses which were given for a period of 1 year resulted in a progressive lymphopenia. The relative spontaneous secretions of IgA and IgG in vitro increased 4- and 2-fold respectively after the first 3 courses, whereas IgM secretion was unaffected. IgA and IgG secretions in PWM stimulated cultures were not changed, whereas there was a sharp decrease of IgM. The CMF-induced changes of Ig-secretions were similar in patients who developed recurrent disease during a 4-6 year follow-up (n = 11) and those who remained clinically disease-free (n = 14). The results are discussed in relation to the immunopotentiation which may occur following treatment with relatively low doses of chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 3178176 TI - Age effects on properties of motor unit action potentials: ADEMG analysis. AB - We have measured the configurational and firing properties of 13,206 motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) from the brachial biceps, brachial triceps, and anterior tibial muscles in 10 young (20-40 years), 10 middle-aged (40-60 years), and 10 elderly (60-80 years) normal individuals, using an automatic method for decomposition of the electromyographic (EMG) interference pattern (ADEMG). Recording were made during stable isometric contractions at threshold, 10%, and 30% of maximum voluntary contraction using standard concentric needle electrodes. At supra-threshold forces, an average of 5.9 simultaneously active MUAPs were identified at each recording site. Mean amplitudes, durations, and numbers of turns all increased linearly with age in both low-threshold and high-threshold MUAPs (p less than 0.01), suggesting an ongoing process of progressive denervation and compensatory reinnervation. Mean MUAP firing rates decreased with age (p = 0.01) when force was measured proportionately, but not when measured absolutely. In a subgroup of 12 age-matched gender pairs, men had larger mean MUAP amplitudes, rise rates, and numbers of turns (p less than 0.05), probably reflecting larger muscle fiber diameters. These findings amplify previous observations from traditional analysis of lowest-threshold single MUAPs; establish a base of normative adult data for ADEMG; and further validate the clinical applicability of rapid, automatic EMG decomposition. PMID- 3178177 TI - Recall and recognition memory in patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. AB - Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are associated with cognitive impairment, although the pattern of cognitive dysfunction is not identical. We investigated the recall and recognition memory of 18 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) and of 32 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the list-learning test using Buschke's selective reminding method, PD patients showed superior delayed recognition memory capability compared to AD patients, whereas immediate recall did not differ in the two groups. In the delayed story recall, PD patients were also able to benefit from rehearsal and probe more than AD patients. The results suggest that PD patients are able to bind information better into long-term storage than are AD patients. This may be due to better function in PD of the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. PMID- 3178178 TI - The neuropathology of aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer's disease. AB - Neuronal loss and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) within aminergic nuclei were examined in a series of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuromelanin-containing neurons within the locus ceruleus and large nucleolus containing neurons within the dorsal raphe nucleus and the central superior (raphe) nucleus were counted in 25 patients with AD and in 12 age-matched control subjects. Numbers of NFTs were quantified in the same regions. Counts were compared with clinical data, including psychiatric evaluations, available for 21 of the patients with AD. Within the locus ceruleus in the patients with AD, abnormalities were more severe at mid level than at caudal or rostral levels (p less than 0.01). Within the dorsal raphe nucleus, neuronal loss was most severe caudally (p less than 0.05). NFTs, but not neuronal loss, were demonstrated within the central superior nucleus. Neuronal and NFT counts did not correlate at individual levels; the relative severity of both pathological processes was consistent from level to level within nuclei but was less consistent between nuclei. Neuronal loss correlated inversely with age, particularly within the locus ceruleus. Duration of disease correlated inversely with counts of NFTs, particularly within the dorsal raphe nucleus, implying a correlation between NFT counts and rate of progression of disease as all but 3 patients had severe dementia. Significantly, patients with AD complicated by major depression had fewer neurons at the mid level of the locus ceruleus and at the rostral level of the central superior nucleus in comparison with nondepressed patients. There was a trend suggesting greater loss of neurons at all levels of the locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe nucleus in depressed individuals. PMID- 3178179 TI - Brain acetylcholinesterase after acute parathion poisoning: a comparative quantitative histochemical analysis post mortem. AB - The postmortem distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was studied in the brains of 2 victims of lethal parathion intoxication and 2 control brains matched for age and sex. AChE activity in discrete brain regions was studied by quantitative histochemistry of 40-micron-thick sagittal or coronal cryostat sections from the 4 brains. Inhibition of human brain AChE by parathion is regionally selective. The biggest decreases (60-85%) were observed in the cerebellum, some thalamic nuclei, and the cortex. Only a moderate decrease (10 30%) was observed in the substantia nigra and basal ganglia, and no effect was seen in white matter. Detailed knowledge of the brain regions affected by parathion poisoning may explain some of the clinical manifestations of organophosphate poisoning. PMID- 3178180 TI - Prediction of intracerebral hemorrhage survival. AB - The Pilot Stroke Data Bank obtained information on 94 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. These data were used to identify factors predictive of 30-day outcome from among 85 demographic, historical, clinical, and laboratory variables generally available to clinicians on the day of admission. The 9 univariate factors statistically associated with outcome were Glasgow Coma Scale score, systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, horizontal and vertical gaze palsies, severity of weakness, presence of brainstem-cerebellar deficits, interval stroke course, and parenchymal hemorrhage size. Beginning with these factors, a step down variable selection procedure was used to derive a logistic regression model, containing only Glasgow Coma Scale score, pulse pressure, and hemorrhage size, that could be used to categorize correctly 92% of the patients as alive or dead at 30 days after onset. PMID- 3178181 TI - Eales' disease presenting as stroke in the young adult. AB - Eales' disease is an uncommon idiopathic disorder characterized by retinal perivasculitis and recurrent vitreous hemorrhages in young males. Associated neurological involvement is rare. We report a 38-year-old man who presented with stroke attributed to Eales' disease. PMID- 3178182 TI - Nondextrality and autoimmune disorders among relatives of language-disabled boys. AB - The incidences of autoimmune diseases, nonrighthandedness, and premature graying of the hair have been said to be increased among the relatives of dyslexic persons. I undertook a prospective evaluation of the relatives of 100 language disabled boys seen in a tertiary hospital learning disabilities clinic. I established the incidence of these characteristics and compared the results with those obtained from the relatives of 100 boys referred to a neurology clinic for evaluation of seizures or muscle disease. The families of the language-disabled boys were divisible into two groups, one with an increased incidence of these characteristics and one with a decreased incidence as compared with the control group. This suggests a biological heterogeneity among these families, despite a similar phenotype among all the language-disabled probands. PMID- 3178183 TI - Loss of evoked potentials during spinal surgery due to spinal cord hemorrhage. AB - The cortical somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) disappeared during corrective spinal surgery in a patient with muscular dystrophy. The patient died 18 hours after surgery. Autopsy revealed an intramedullary hemorrhage 4 mm in diameter in the posterior horn of the cervical spinal cord. Microscopically, hypoxic neurons were seen adjacent to the hemorrhagic area, implying that the lesion was at least 6 hours old. The hemorrhage corresponded to the loss of SEPs and confirms that spinal cord monitoring can detect such lesions. PMID- 3178185 TI - Cellular immune activation in the brain and human immunodeficiency virus infection. PMID- 3178184 TI - A new technique for interpreting the brainstem auditory evoked potential. PMID- 3178186 TI - Kynurenate and attenuation of infarct size. PMID- 3178187 TI - Numerical taxonomy of psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria from prepacked meat and meat products. AB - Ninety-four strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from refrigerated, prepacked meat and meat products were together with 59 reference strains of Brochothrix, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Pediococcus and Streptococcus phenotypically classified, using 96 unit characters. Data were examined using Simple Matching (SSM) or Jaccard coefficient (SJ), and unweighted pair group algorithm with arithmetic averages. Twenty-three clusters with two or more members were defined at the 84% SSM-similarity level which corresponded to the SJ-similarity level of 61%. Based on SSM, most field strains were included in nine clusters, and with three unsignificant exceptions these contained no reference strains. The field clusters were designated Carnobacterium piscicola (cluster 1; 5% of field isolates), Carnobacterium divergens (cluster 2; 9% of field isolates), Leuconostoc (cluster 9; 18% of field isolates) and Lactobacillus (cluster 4, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14; together 60% of field isolates). The Lactobacillus clusters had many features in common with cluster II of Shaw & Harding (1984). Phenotypical characteristics of major clusters are given. The SSM and SJ based classifications basically coincided for the field strains; the exception was cluster 4 which now were split in two parts. Fourteen clusters were made up of mainly reference strains (SSM). Most of them included more than one type strain on species level; exceptions were Brochothrix thermosphacta (cluster 3), Lactobacillus salivarius (cluster 17) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (cluster 18). Several rearrangements were seen amongst the clusters of the reference strains when SJ, instead of SSM, was used for clustering. PMID- 3178188 TI - Labdane diterpene derivatives from Holwaya mucida. AB - Clumps of white crystals present in 40-day-old malt agar cultures of Holwaya mucida were isolated as long white needles by crystallization from ethanol following short extraction with chloroform. The levorotary compound ([alpha]21/289 = -193.8 degrees) was recognized as a gamma-lactone (C17H20O5) by infrared and mass spectrometry. It was identified as 7 alpha-methoxy-3a, 10b dimethyl-1, 2, 3, 3a alpha, 5a alpha, 7, 10b beta, 10c alpha-octahydro-4H, 9H furo[2', 3', 4': 4, 5]naphthol[2, 1-c]pyran-4, 9-dione, a labdane-derived compound known as antibiotic LL-Z1271 alpha. Preparative thin-layer chromatography of the mother liquor afforded 2 minor metabolites. One was identified as LL-Z1271 gamma, the demethylated analogue of LL-Z1271 alpha. The other one named LL-Z1271 delta, was recognized as a compound related to alpha and gamma: its structure could not be fully elucidated. H. mucida (anamorph: Crinula calciiformis) has no taxonomic relationship with two other LL-Z1271 alpha producing species viz. Acrostalagmus sp. (= Acremonium cf. atrogriseum) and Oidiodendron truncatum. PMID- 3178189 TI - Cyniclomyces guttulatus (Saccharomycopsis guttulata)--culture, ultrastructure and physiology. AB - Organisms that form an essential extra inner lining of selected areas of the stomach mucosa occur in mice, rats and some other animals. The yeast Cyniclomyces guttulatus (Saccharomycopsis guttulata) was shown in this study to line the stomach of domestic and feral rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. The layer of yeast cells formed a loose barrier between lumen contents and mucosal surface. A rapid rate of multiplication in the stomach provided yeast cells that blended in with stomach lumen contents, passed through the gut, and were finally excreted in large numbers in fecal pellets. Ascospore formation occurred during passage through the large intestine. The layer of yeast cells lining the stomach had no evident salubrious nor deleterious effect on the animal. C. guttulatus grew rapidly from stomach contents or single fecal pellets in a new enriched semisolid medium. Growth was good at pH 1 through 8 on the solidified enriched medium. A very unusual characteristic of C. guttulatus is optimal growth at 38 degrees C, and growth at 42 degrees C, with failure to grow below 30 degrees C. TEM demonstrated a very thick, laminated cell wall which had a thick, filamentous external coating. There were mitochondria, polyribosomes, lipid droplets, and an unusually large central nucleus. The developing spore nucleus became extremely electron dense and encapsulated, along with condensed mitochondria, ribosomes, short membrane sections and other organelles, in a dense lamellar covering. PMID- 3178190 TI - Glutathione and glutathione metabolizing enzymes in yeasts. AB - Total glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase activities have been measured in 12 species of yeasts. All the strains tested contained glutathione, though in different amounts, as well as the above mentioned enzymes. To discriminate between the selenium-dependent and the selenium-independent form, glutathione peroxidase activity has been measured with both H2O2 and cumene hydroperoxide. Rhodotorula glutinis appeared to be the only strain in which the selenium-dependent form was not found, but this yeast exhibited the highest level of selenium-independent glutathione peroxide activity as compared to the other strains. PMID- 3178191 TI - The AMA proposal for registered care technologists is ludicrous and insulting. PMID- 3178193 TI - AORN policy, plan and priority statement on nursing research. PMID- 3178192 TI - Endoscopic sterilization questioned. PMID- 3178194 TI - Laryngotracheoplasty. Repair of subglottic stenosis in the pediatric patient. PMID- 3178195 TI - Nursing research. Components of a clinical research study. AB - Nursing research is the systematic collection and analysis of data about clinically important phenomena. While there are norms for conducting research and rules for using certain research procedures, the reader must always filter the research report against his or her nursing knowledge. The most common questions a reader should ask are "Does it make sense? Can I think of any other reasonable explanation for the findings? Do the findings fit what I have observed?" If the answers are reasonable, research findings from carefully conducted studies can provide a basis for making nursing decisions. One of the earliest accounts of nursing research, which indicates the power of making systematic observations, was Florence Nightingale's study. It compared deaths among soldiers in the Crimean War with deaths of soldiers in the barracks of London. Her research demonstrated that soldiers in the barracks had a much higher death rate than did the soldiers at war. On the basis of the study, sanitary conditions in the barracks were changed substantially. PMID- 3178196 TI - Product selection in the OR. A decision-making model. PMID- 3178197 TI - A draping technique for spinal surgery using the Stagnara wake-up test. AB - This draping procedure has been used at our hospital in more than 200 spinal procedures. The main advantage is that the surgeon has a direct view of the feet and can personally observe the results of the test. The draping procedure is simple, and it eliminates the chance of contamination when lifting the drapes. No disadvantages have been noted to date, and there have been no infections. PMID- 3178198 TI - Recognizing and helping alcoholics. PMID- 3178199 TI - The effect of shortened statutes of limitations on nurses. AB - These cases illustrate the need for nurses to closely monitor the various tort reform legislation initiatives in all states. Many tort reform proposals are intended to reduce the liability exposure of physicians and hospitals. In doing so, these proposals may inadvertently increase the nurses' exposure. Nurses must monitor tort reform proposals before they are passed into law because they may cause a disproportionate impact on nurses. Nurses also need to lobby for amendments to existing statutes that do not protect nurses. PMID- 3178200 TI - AIDS patients may develop heart disease. PMID- 3178201 TI - Universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. PMID- 3178202 TI - Ninth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals. Proceedings. May 5-8, 1987, Boulder, Colorado. PMID- 3178203 TI - Evaluation of separation and purification processes in the antibiotic industry. Scientific note. PMID- 3178204 TI - The commercialization of biology. A biological obstacle course. Scientific note. PMID- 3178206 TI - Effects of an abrupt diet change from hay to concentrate on microbial numbers and physical environment in the cecum of the pony. AB - Microbial numbers, pH, fluid volume, and turnover rate in the pony cecum were measured during an abrupt change from an all-forage to an all-concentrate diet, both fed at maintenance energy levels. Concentrate feeding resulted in increased (P less than 0.01) numbers of total viable anaerobic bacteria. The numbers of organisms growing on selective starch medium increased (P less than 0.01) when concentrate was fed, while numbers on xylan and pectin media decreased (P less than 0.025). Seven days after the diet change to concentrate, the number of bacteria growing on lactate medium increased (P less than 0.01), followed by a gradual decline. Cellulolytic bacteria occurred in low numbers, ranging from 1.1 x 10(4) to 4.4 x 10(4) per g of cecal contents. Feeding all concentrate decreased both the number of genera (P less than 0.01) and total protozoan numbers (P less than 0.01) in the cecum. Minimum cecal pH values of 6.4 and 5.8 were obtained when forage and concentrate, respectively, were fed, with the minimum pH occurring 6 h postfeeding. Dry-matter percentage of cecal contents followed a diurnal pattern which was the inverse of the pH curve. During forage feeding, the cecum contained an average of 2.2 liters (1.6 to 3.4 liters), which turned over 3.9 times per day. When concentrate was fed, cecal volume averaged 3.9 liters (0.6 to 8.6 liters), with a mean liquid turnover of 4.2 times per day. Microbial numbers and pH changes in the pony cecum associated with an abrupt change in diet from hay to concentrate resembled those which occur in the rumen under similar feeding conditions. PMID- 3178205 TI - Esterase activities in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens strains. AB - Thirty strains of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens isolated in diverse geographical locations were examined for esterase activity by using naphthyl esters of acetate, butyrate, caprylate, laurate, and palmitate. All strains possessed some esterase activity, and high levels of activity were observed with strains 49, H17c, S2, AcTF2, and LM8/1B. Esterase activity also was detected in other ruminal bacteria (Bacteroides ruminicola, Selenomonas ruminantium, Ruminobacter amylophilus, and Streptococcus bovis). For all B. fibrisolvens strains tested, naphthyl fatty acid esterase activity paralleled culture growth and was predominantly cell associated. With strains 49, CF4c, and S2, the activity was retained by protoplasts made from whole cells. Esterase activity was detected with all strains when grown on glucose, and some strains showed higher activity levels when grown on other substrates (larchwood xylan or citrus pectin). When nitrophenyl esters of fatty acids were used to measure esterase activity, generally four- to sevenfold-higher activity levels were detected, and with a number of strains substantial levels were found in the culture fluid. Cultures of these strains (H17c, NOR37, D1, and D30g) contained xylanase and acetyl xylan esterase activities, neither of which was associated to any great extent with the cells. Acetyl xylan esterase has not been previously detected in ruminal bacteria and may be important to overall digestion of forage by these organisms. PMID- 3178207 TI - Coaggregation properties of human oral Veillonella spp.: relationship to colonization site and oral ecology. AB - The primary habitats of oral veillonellae are the tongue, dental plaque, and the buccal mucosa. Isolates were obtained from each habitat and tested for coaggregation with a battery of other oral bacterial strains. All 59 tongue isolates tested for coaggregation were Veillonella atypica or Veillonella dispar. All but one of them coaggregated with strains of Streptococcus salivarius, a predominant inhabitant of the tongue surface but not subgingival dental plaque. These tongue isolates were unable to coaggregate with most normal members of the subgingival flora such as Actinomyces viscosus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces israelii, and Streptococcus sanguis. In contrast, 24 of 29 Veillonella isolates, of which 20 were Veillonella parvula from subgingival dental plaque samples, coaggregated strongly with the three species of Actinomyces, S. sanguis, and other bacteria usually present in subgingival plaque, but they did not coaggregate with S. salivarius. The majority of isolates from the buccal mucosa (42 of 55) has coaggregation properties like those from the tongue. These results indicate that the three human oral Veillonella species are distributed on oral surfaces that are also occupied by their coaggregation partners and thus provide strong evidence that coaggregation plays a critical role in the bacterial ecology of the oral cavity. PMID- 3178208 TI - Effects of acidification on mercury methylation, demethylation, and volatilization in sediments from an acid-susceptible lake. AB - The effect of experimental acidification on mercury methylation, demethylation, and volatilization was examined in surficial sediment samples from a weakly buffered northern Wisconsin lake. All mercury transformations were measured with radioisotopic tracers. Acidification of sediment pH with H2SO4, HCl, or HNO3 significantly decreased 203Hg(II) methylation. Acidification of pH 6.1 (ambient) sediments to pH 4.5 with either H2SO4 or HCl inhibited methylation by over 65%. The decreased methylation was due to the increased hydrogen ion concentration because methylation was not affected by concentrations of Na2SO4 or NaCl equimolar to the amount of acid added. Inhibition of methylation was observed even after prolonged acidification of sediments to pH 5.0 for up to 74 days. Acidification of sediments to pH 5.5, 4.5, and 3.5 with HNO3 resulted in a near complete inhibition of methylation at each pH. Similarly, the addition of equimolar amounts of NaNO3 resulted in a near complete inhibition of methylation, indicating that the inhibition was due to the nitrate ion rather than to the acidity. Demethylation of methyl mercury was not affected by pHs between 8.0 and 4.4, but sharply decreased below pH 4.4. Volatilization of 203Hg(II) from surface sediments was less than 2% of methylation activity and was not significantly different from that in killed sediments. This study indicated that acidification of sediments inhibits mercury methylation and that the observed increase in the mercury burdens in fish from low pH lakes is not due to increased production of methylmercury in sediments. PMID- 3178209 TI - Glycyrrhizin stimulates growth of Eubacterium sp. strain GLH, a human intestinal anaerobe. AB - Eubacterium sp. strain GLH was isolated from human feces and produced two kinds of beta-D-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31), one new enzyme specific for glycyrrhizin (GL) and the other for phenyl beta-D-glucuronides. GL or p-nitrophenyl-mono-beta D-glucuronide (pNPG) stimulated the production of GL or pNPG beta-glucuronidases and the growth of strain GLH in a basal medium lacking carbohydrate. D-Glucuronic acid also stimulated the growth of the bacterium, but glycyrrhetic acid did not. The increase of GL beta-glucuronidase paralleled the growth of the Eubacterium strain in pure culture. These results suggest that glucuronides such as GL and pNPG stimulate the growth of the Eubacterium strain in a nutrient-poor medium by providing D-glucuronic acid through the activity of beta-glucuronidases. The increase in GL beta-glucuronidase activity in the presence of GL was observed during the cultivation of human intestinal flora in a general anaerobic medium. During mixed cultivation of the Eubacterium strain with Streptococcus faecalis, which does not produce GL beta-glucuronidase, GL beta-glucuronidase was also increased by GL or pNPG, but not by glycyrrhetic acid and p-nitrophenol. It is suggested that GL stimulates the growth of strain GLH even in the mixed culture. PMID- 3178211 TI - Averaging of TNTC counts. AB - When plate count methods are used for microbial enumeration, if too-numerous-to count results occur, they are commonly discarded. In this paper, a method for consideration of such results in computation of an average microbial density is developed, and its use is illustrated by example. PMID- 3178210 TI - Relationship between nitrogen-fixing sulfate reducers and fermenters in salt marsh sediments and roots of Spartina alterniflora. AB - A combination of inhibitors and carbon substrates was used to determine the relative contribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and fermenting bacteria to nitrogen fixation in a salt marsh sediment and on the roots of Spartina alterniflora. Because a lag period precedes acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) in amended sediments, an extensive analysis was done to be sure that this activity was due to the activation of dormant cells, not simply to cell proliferation. Since ARA was not affected by metabolic inhibitors such as rifampin, nalidixic acid, or methionine sulfoximine, it appeared that cell growth was not responsible for this activity. Instead, dormant cells were being activated by the added energy source. Molybdate inhibition studies with glucose-amended sediment slurries indicated that ARA in the upper 5 cm of the salt marsh was due primarily (70%) to SRB and that below that level (5 to 10 cm) it was due primarily (greater than 90%) to fermenting bacteria. ARA associated with washed roots of intact S. alterniflora plants was not inhibited by molybdate, which indicates that bacteria other than SRB were responsible. However, when the roots were excised from the plant, the activity (per unit of root mass) was 10-fold higher and was severely inhibited by molybdate. While this high activity is probably an artifact, due to the release of oxidizable substrates from the excised roots, it indicates that SRB are present in high numbers on Spartina roots. PMID- 3178212 TI - Comparison of bacterial indicators and sampling programs for drinking water systems. AB - A total of 48 French villages were selected for a survey of water quality from February 1983 to June 1984 as part of an epidemiological study conducted in the rural area of the Rhone-Alpes region. Water samples were collected and analyzed on a weekly basis in each village. Bacteriological analysis of each water sample included enumeration of standard plate count bacteria, total and thermotolerant coliforms, and fecal streptococci. The water quality regulations are examined as to the analysis frequency, the volume of samples, and the relationship between the various bacterial indicators. Analyzing 300-ml, instead of 100-ml, samples tends to generate better information on single water samples. However, if many samples are analyzed over time from the same community, the value of using large volumes of water samples is diminished. The comparisons between bacterial indicators showed that the information obtained from the various indicators was very similar. However, fecal streptococci had a better predictive value of a negative test than coliforms with respect to the French standards. PMID- 3178213 TI - Isolation and characterization of Aspergillus parasiticus mutants with impaired aflatoxin production by a novel tip culture method. AB - A convenient procedure consisting of UV photography (K. Yabe, Y. Ando, M. Ito, and N. Terakado, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:230-234, 1987) and a tip culture method has been devised for the isolation and characterization of Aspergillus parasiticus mutants relating to aflatoxin production. With the latter procedure, the production of aflatoxins excreted into the culture medium and precursors in the mycelium were easily measured quantitatively or semiquantitatively. A total of 38 mutants in which the aflatoxigenicity was decreased or lost were obtained by UV radiation; 3 were found to be blocked mutants, which accumulated the aflatoxin precursors versicolorin A or averantin. PMID- 3178215 TI - Rapid detection of total and fecal coliforms in water by enzymatic hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferone-beta-D-galactoside. AB - Three fluorogenic methylumbelliferone (MU) substrates were evaluated for rapid detection of total and fecal coliform bacteria (TC and FC) in drinking water. 4 MU-beta-D-galactoside, MU-heptanoate, and MU-glucuronide were used to determine enzyme activity as a surrogate measure of coliform concentration. Coliforms occurring in river water and in potable water artificially contaminated with raw sewage were tested. The initial rate of hydrolysis (delta F) of MU-beta-D galactoside showed promise as an indicator of TC and FC within 15 min. delta F of MU-glucuronide was insufficient in the 15-min assay, and combinations of the MU substrates did not enhance delta F. A direct membrane filter method incorporating MU-beta-D-galactoside into an agar medium allowed the detection of as few as 1 FC per 100 ml within 6 h. PMID- 3178214 TI - Isolation and identification of intestinal steroid-desulfating bacteria from rats and humans. AB - We isolated 12 strictly anaerobic steroid-3-sulfate-desulfating strains from the intestinal floras of rats and humans. Two strains (S1 and S2) of the same atypical Clostridium species and an atypical Lactobacillus strain (termed R9) were obtained from rats. The human isolates were identified as Eubacterium cylindroides (two strains, H1 and H2), Peptococcus niger (two strains, H4 and H89), and Clostridium clostridiiforme. We also isolated, from different human fecal samples, four strains of phenotypically similar asaccharolytic Bacteroides strains, H6.2a, H6.2b, H65, and H175. Aryl steroid sulfatase activity for estrogen sulfates was present in all isolates. Alkyl steroid sulfatase activity for both 3 alpha- and 3 beta-sulfates was found only in P. niger H4. The same P. niger strain and Clostridium strains S1 and S2 also possessed bile acid sulfatase activity. PMID- 3178216 TI - Resistance of some common fungi to gamma irradiation. AB - Ten species of fungi representing the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Caldosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, and Penicillium were examined for their relative resistance to gamma irradiation from a 137Cs source. Inactivation doses for dematiaceous fungi in agar medium ranged from 0.6 to greater than 1.7 megarads, whereas those for moniliaceous fungi were less than 0.3 megarad. D10 values (the dose required to reduce the inoculum by 1 log) for Curvularia geniculata (greater than 0.29 megarad) exceeded those for control spores of Bacillus pumilus (0.15 megarad). PMID- 3178217 TI - Isolation from a coastal fish of Vibrio hollisae capable of producing a hemolysin similar to the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. AB - A vibrio isolated from the intestine of a coastal fish was identified as Vibrio hollisae by its biochemical characteristics. The isolate reacted with the gene probe for the thermostable direct hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The hemolysin produced by the isolate from the fish had traits identical to those of the thermostable direct hemolysin-like hemolysin produced by a clinical strain of V. hollisae. PMID- 3178218 TI - Botulinum neurotoxin type A: cleavage of the heavy chain into two halves and their partial sequences. AB - The 145-kDa type A botulinum neurotoxin (NT) is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum (strain, Hall). The heavy (H) and light (L) chains (97- and 53-kDa, respectively) of this protein are linked by at least one disulfide bond. The N- and C-terminal halves of the H chain appear to have different functions in the mechanism of action of the NT [1987) FEBS Lett. 226, 115-120). Well characterized and highly purified preparations of the two halves of the H chain are needed for such studies. Two different approaches were taken to cut the H chain with trypsin and isolate the fragments. In one method the cleavage products were: (i) 94-kDa fragment made of the L chain linked to the N-terminal half of the H chain (49 kDa) by a disulfide bond(s), and (ii) the C-terminal 44-kDa fragment. The N-terminal half of H chain was separated from the L chain by reducing the disulfide bond(s) linking them and then purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The 1-27 residues of 49-kDa N-terminal half of the H chain were Ala-Leu-Asn-Asp-Leu-Cys-Ile-Lys-Val-Asn-Asn-Trp-Asp-Leu-Phe-Phe-Ser-Pro- Ser-Glu Asp-Asn-Phe-Thr-Asn-Asp-Leu-. The sequence of the other half of the H chain (44 kDa) was X-Ile-Ile-Asn-Leu-X-Ile-Leu-Asn-Leu-Arg-Tyr-Glu-X-Asn-His-Leu-Ile-Asp-Le u-Lys- X-Tyr-Ala-Ser-. In the second method, the H chain was first separated from the L chain, purified, and then cleaved. One product of cleavage, the 44-kDa fragment, was partially sequenced; the first 25 residues were identical to the sequence of the 44-kDa fragment generated by the first method. The present work also demonstrated that (i) The cysteine residue(s) located on the N-terminal half of the H chain form the -S-S- link(s) with the L chain. (ii) The other half of the H chain (44-kDa fragment, apparently the C-terminal half) is not linked via S-S- to the L-chain or to the N-terminal half (49-kDa fragment) of the H chain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3178220 TI - Acylation of gelatin-agarose and the enhancement by heparin of fibronectin binding. AB - The enhancement of the binding of plasma fibronectin to collagen or gelatin by heparin was previously thought to be due primarily to interaction of heparin with fibronectin. We observed, however, that the elution of purified human plasma fibronectin from heparin-treated gelatin-agarose required the same high urea concentrations regardless of whether heparin treatment preceded or followed fibronectin adsorption. Acylation of gelatin-agarose with acetic anhydride or succinic anhydride had little effect upon fibronectin binding, yet the heparin enhancement of fibronectin binding was abolished by either acylation reaction. When heparin binding to gelatin-agarose was investigated with dansyl heparin, gelatin-agarose bound substantial quantities of labeled heparin which could be readily dissociated from the matrix with 2 M NaCl. Acetylated gelatin-agarose did not bind detectable amounts of dansyl heparin. We interpret these results as evidence that the stronger binding of fibronectin to gelatin-agarose in the presence of heparin is due to heparin itself binding to gelatin, thus allowing fibronectin to bind simultaneously to both immobilized ligands through appropriate domains of the glycoprotein. PMID- 3178219 TI - A molecular shape analysis and quantitative structure-activity relationship investigation of some triazine-antifolate inhibitors of Leishmania dihydrofolate reductase. AB - Molecular shape analysis (MSA) is used to develop quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for a set of 45 4,6-diamino-1,2-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1-(3 substituted-phenyl)-s-triazine inhibitors of Leishmania major dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The MSA-QSARs are equally significant to a QSAR developed by R. G. Booth et al. [1987) J. Med. Chem. 30, 1218) using linear free energy descriptors. However, the MSA-QSARs have the same general form as all other QSARs developed for DHFR inhibitors using MSA. Molecular shape, as represented by common overlap steric volume of each inhibitor with a shape reference standard triazine from the set of 45 compounds, and relative lipophilicity account for the large majority of the variance in inhibition potency as a function of substituent choice. A general method of evaluating the impact of different conformational states of flexible substituents upon the form and significance of MSA-QSARs is developed. The results of applying this method to the 45 triazines indicate that the MSA-QSARs are relatively independent of the type of conformation assigned to the large flexible substituents. It is important to note, however, that the types of substituent conformations used in this analysis cannot necessarily be related to an "active" substituent conformation. PMID- 3178221 TI - Cobinding of bilirubin and laurate to human serum albumin: spectroscopic characterization of stoichiometric complexes. AB - Light absorption and CD spectra of bound bilirubin and albumin fluorescence spectra have been recorded from mixtures containing albumin, A, bilirubin, B, and laurate, L, in Tris-NaCl buffer at pH 8.2, 25 degrees C. Concentrations of the corresponding stoichiometric complexes, ABiLj, for i = 0/3 and j = 0/3, have been calculated from previously determined stoichiometric cobinding constants (H. Sato et al. (1988) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 260, 811-821). Spectral data of the complexes have finally been found by iterative computer fitting using the principle of several acceptable solutions (R. Brodersen et al. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 169, 487-495). The results were utilized at the microscopic level to investigate ligand-induced conformational changes. When laurate was bound to AB, a decrease of the distance between Trp-214 and the bound bilirubin occurred, as measured according to Forster's principle. The distances were 21.9 +/- 0.3 A in AB, 19.7 +/- 0.3 A in ABL, and 17.9 +/- 0.2 A in ABL2. PMID- 3178222 TI - Only trace amounts of fatty acids are found in pure mucus glycoproteins. AB - The presence of noncovalently associated lipids and covalently bound fatty acids was investigated in preparations of mucus glycoproteins obtained by using density gradient centrifugation in CsCl/guanidinium chloride. No phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol, or triglycerides could be detected. However, small amounts of extractable fatty acids were consistently found, the sum of which ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 micrograms/mg of glycoprotein. The amount of fatty acid released after subsequent treatment with KOH ranged from 0 to 27 ng/mg of glycoprotein. We conclude that density-gradient centrifugation in CsCl/guanidinium chloride is very efficient in removing noncovalently associated lipids from mucus glycoproteins and that covalently bound fatty acids are probably not present in the macromolecules. PMID- 3178223 TI - Glycosaminoglycan polysulfate-induced stimulation of hyaluronic acid synthesis in rabbit knee synovial membrane: involvement of binding protein and calcium ion. AB - We have previously reported that naturally occurring sulfated glycosaminoglycans having a chondroitin-type structure and glycosaminoglycan polysulfate (GAGPS, a persulfated derivative of chondroitin sulfate) caused a specific stimulation of hyaluronic acid synthesis in rabbit knee synovial membranes [H. Nishikawa et al. (1985) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 240, 146-153]. In the present study, the interaction of [3H]GAGPS and the surface of the rabbit knee synovial membranes and the relationship between this interaction and the stimulatory effect of GAGPS on the hyaluronic acid synthesis were examined in order to define the stimulatory mechanism of hyaluronic acid synthesis by GAGPS. A part of the [3H]GAGPS taken up by the synovial membranes was released from the membranes by trypsin treatment. The interaction of [3H]GAGPS and the surface of the isolated synovial membranes was diminished by pretreatment of the membranes with proteases or chelating reagents. Pretreatment of synovial membranes with trypsin or ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid had little effect on the basal hyaluronic acid synthesis but caused the loss of GAGPS-induced stimulation of hyaluronic acid synthesis accompanied by significant decrease (20% P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01) in the interaction between GAGPS and the surface of the synovial membranes. Dermatan sulfate having a chondroitin-type structure also stimulated hyaluronic acid synthesis but this effect was not additive to the stimulation of hyaluronic acid synthesis by GAGPS. Heparin had no effect on either the basal hyaluronic acid synthesis or the GAGPS-induced stimulation of hyaluronic acid synthesis. These results indicate that binding of GAGPS to certain distinct protein components on the surface of synovial membranes is involved in the stimulatory mechanism of hyaluronic acid synthesis by GAGPS, and that the binding may be mediated by Ca2+ ion. The binding was also found to be specific for sulfated glycosaminoglycans having a chondroitin-type structure. PMID- 3178224 TI - Monovalent cations and inorganic phosphate alter branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase-kinase activity and inhibitor sensitivity. AB - Potassium ion protects the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex against inactivation by thermal denaturation and protease digestion. Rubidium was effective but sodium and lithium were not, suggesting that the ionic size of the cation is important for stabilization of the enzyme. Thiamine pyrophosphate stabilization of the complex [Danner, D. J., Lemmon, S. K., and Elsas, S. J. (1980) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 202, 23-28] was found dependent on the presence of potassium ion. Studies with resolved components indicate that the thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme of the complex, i.e., the 2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase (lipoamide) (EC 1.2.4.4), is the component stabilized by potassium ion. Branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase-kinase activity measured by inactivation of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex was maximized at a potassium ion concentration of 100 mM. Stimulation of kinase activity was also found with rubidium ion but not with lithium and sodium ions. All salts tested increased the efficiency of inactivation by phosphorylation, i.e., decreased the degree of enzyme phosphorylation required to cause inactivation of the complex. The effectiveness and efficacy of alpha chloroisocaproate as an inhibitor of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase were enhanced by the presence of monovalent cations, and further increased by inorganic phosphate. These findings suggest that monovalent cations and anions, particularly potassium and phosphate, cause structural changes in the dehydrogenase-kinase complex that alter its susceptibility to phosphorylation and responsiveness to kinase inhibitors. PMID- 3178225 TI - Labeling of porphobilinogen deaminase by radioactive 5-aminolevulinic acid in isolated developing pea chloroplasts. AB - A protein had been previously described, which was labeled by radioactive 5 aminolevulinic acid in isolated developing chloroplasts. In the present study we have shown that this protein (Mr approximately equal to 43,000) probably exists as a monomer in the chloroplast stroma. The labeling is blocked if known inhibitors of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase are added to the incubation mixture, and is markedly decreased in intensity if nonradioactive 5 aminolevulinate or porphobilinogen are added to the incubation mixture; other intermediates in the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway, uroporphyrinogen III, uroporphyrin III, and protoporphyrin IX, do not decrease the labeling of the 43 kDa protein appreciably. Nondenaturing gels of the proteins isolated from the incubation with radioactive 5-aminolevulinic acid were stained for porphobilinogen deaminase activity. A series of red fluorescent bands was obtained which coincided with the radioactive bands visualized by autoradiography. It is concluded that the soluble chloroplast protein that is labeled in organello by radioactive 5-aminolevulinic acid is porphobilinogen deaminase. PMID- 3178227 TI - Arginine chemical modification of Petunia hybrida 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3 phosphate synthase. AB - Reaction of Petunia hybrida 5-enol-pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) with the arginine reagents phenylglyoxal (PGO) and p-hydroxyphenylglyoxal (HPGO) leads to inactivation of the enzyme. Inactivation with HPGO leads to modification of approximately 3 mol of arginine per mole of enzyme. The modification reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a t1/2 of 1 min at 5 mM p hydroxyphenylglyoxal in 0.1 M triethanolamine HCl, pH 7.8. By titration of HPGO modified enzyme with 5,5'-bis(dithio-2-nitrobenzoic acid), the possibility of cysteine modification by the arginine reagent was ruled out. While shikimate 3 phosphate (S3P) afforded partial protection to the enzyme against inactivation by HPGO, complete protection could be obtained by using a mixture of S3P and glyphosate. Under the latter conditions, only 1 mol arginine was modified per mole of enzyme. This pattern of reactivity suggests that two arginines may be involved in the binding of S3P and glyphosate to EPSP synthase. A third reactive arginine appears to be nonessential for EPSPS activity. Labeling of EPSP synthase with [14C]phenylglyoxal, peptic digestion, HPLC mapping, and amino acid sequencing indicate that Arg-28 and Arg-131 are two of the reactive arginines labeled with [14C]PGO. PMID- 3178226 TI - Structural studies on the carbohydrate moieties of human liver alpha-L fucosidase. AB - alpha-L-Fucosidase was purified from human liver to apparent homogeneity and subjected to exhaustive digestion with Pronase. The resulting glycopeptides were isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 and further fractionated by Bio-Gel P 4 chromatography. Five glycopeptide fractions were obtained. The structures of the carbohydrate portions of all glycopeptide components were fully characterized by a combination of 500-MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy and carbohydrate composition analysis. Fraction I contained disialyl diantennary glycopeptides of the N acetyllactosamine type. Fractions II and III contained predominantly mono(sialyl N-acetyllactosaminyl) diantennary glycopeptides with the NeuAc alpha(2----6)Gal beta(1----4)GlcNAc beta(1----2) branch attached to alpha(1----3)-linked Man in II and to alpha(1----6)-linked Man in III. The N-acetyllactosamine-type glycopeptides in fractions I to III have a small portion (10-15%) of their Asn linked GlcNAc residues substituted by additional alpha(1----6)-linked Fuc. Also, a minor portion of the NeuAc residues appeared to be attached to Gal in alpha(2-- -3) rather than alpha(2----6) linkage. Fraction IV contained a mixture of larger size oligomannoside-type glycopeptides with a variable number (6 to 9) of Man residues. Smaller-size oligomannoside-type glycopeptides were found in fraction V, containing 3 or 5 Man residues; a small portion (10%) of the Man3GlcNAc2Asn component appeared to contain in addition a Fuc residue in alpha(1----6) linkage to the Asn-bound GlcNAc. The overall ratio of oligomannoside-type to N acetyllactosamine-type carbohydrate structures was found to be 5:4. This article is the first account of the complete characterization of the oligomannoside-type structures in alpha-L-fucosidase; furthermore, the occurrence in alpha-L fucosidase of mono(sialyl-N-acetyllactosaminyl) structures, Fuc-containing oligosaccharides, and NeuAc alpha(2----3) linked to Gal are reported for the first time. PMID- 3178228 TI - A rapid purification method for rat liver pyruvate carboxylase and amino acid sequence analyses of NH2-terminal and biotin peptide. AB - A rapid method for the purification of pyruvate carboxylase from rat liver has been developed. The method involves extraction of the enzyme from frozen liver powder followed by polyethylene glycol fractionation and avidin-affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme has a specific activity of 9-10 mumol/min/mg protein when assayed at 22 degrees C in the presence of acetyl-CoA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the preparation in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate showed the presence of one protein band with an estimated Mr 125,000 and no significant contamination by other biotin-containing enzymes. In addition to being rapid, the method is advantageous because prior isolation of mitochondria is not necessary. Using these preparations we have determined the sequence of the first 15 amino acids from the NH2-terminal end of the molecule to be Ser-Gly-Pro-Val-Ala-Pro-Leu-Asn-Val-Leu-Leu-Leu-Glu-Tyr-Pro. The sequence of the 24 amino acid residues around the biotin site was determined to be Gly-Ala Pro-Leu-Val-Leu-Ser-Ala-Met-biocytin-Met-Glu-Thr-Val-Val-Thr-Ser -Pro- Thr-Glu Gly-Thr-Ile-Arg. PMID- 3178229 TI - Zinc binding to fibrinogen and fibrin. AB - Zinc binding to fibrinogen and fibrin was studied by two techniques. Scatchard analysis of ultrafiltration eluates reveals that fibrinogen has multiple Zn(II) binding sites, KD (fibrinogen) = 18 microM; n = 6. The zinc content of the "collapsed" fibrin gel supernatant was also determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and analyzed by a Scatchard plot (KD (fibrin) = 8 microM, n = 6). In other experiments, Zn(II) did not displace 45Ca(II) from fibrin. It appears that the binding of zinc to fibrinogen or fibrin is distinct from that of calcium, and that the zinc-binding characteristics of fibrinogen and fibrin are not significantly affected by the transformation of one into the other. PMID- 3178230 TI - The reduction of putidaredoxin reductase by reduced pyridine nucleotides. AB - Putidaredoxin reductase (PdR), an FAD-containing protein, mediates the transfer of electrons from NADH to putidaredoxin in the cytochrome P-450cam-dependent oxidation of camphor. Using stopped-flow spectrophotometry, reduction of putidaredoxin reductase by NADH (70 microM) at 4 degrees C appeared to be a pseudo-first-order process with a rate constant in excess of 600 s-1. The reduction of putidaredoxin reductase by NADPH was much slower with a second-order rate constant of 530 s-1 M-1 at 4 degrees C. The reduction of the enzyme was monitored at several wavelengths: 455 nm to follow flavin reduction; 700 nm to follow the appearance of the long-wavelength charge-transfer complex; and 513 nm to detect the presence of a semiquinone form of the flavoprotein. There was no apparent semiquinone formation observed during reduction. The charge-transfer complex can be formed in the presence of NAD+, whereas, no charge-transfer band could be detected when PdR was reduced with NADPH. The titration of chemically or NADPH-reduced putidaredoxin reductase with either a stoichiometric or an excess amount of NAD+ resulted in the formation of a charge-transfer complex, indicating that the reduced form of PdR has a high affinity for NAD+ regardless of the method of reduction. The data presented indicate that putidaredoxin reductase is reduced without the formation of semiquinone intermediate and, upon reduction, forms a tight complex with NAD+. The Keq for the reduction of PdR by NADPH is 1.1 and the midpoint potential for this reaction is -317 +/- 5 mV. PMID- 3178231 TI - Presence of nontryptophan fluorophores specifically bound to gamma 2-crystallin. AB - alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins have been purified from nonpathological lenses of calves. The pure proteins have been examined for nontryptophan fluorescence and fluorescent compounds have been found specifically bound to gamma 2-crystallin. The protein has been unfolded by 6 M guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn-HCl) and a separation of the fluorescent compounds has been obtained by gel chromatography in the presence of 6 M Gdn-HCl. The spectroscopic features (absorbance, fluorescence) of the protein returned to normal following removal of the chromophores. The low-molecular-weight separated fluorescent compounds have been fractionated and extracted from the Gdn-HCl solution by ethyl acetate. TLC chromatography has shown the presence of kynurenine, 3-OH-kynurenine, and free tryptophan. These data suggest that direct involvement of the intrinsic protein tryptophans in the photochemical processes leading to formation of fluorescent compounds has to be excluded. Free tryptophan and intrinsic metabolic factors are probably more relevant in determining the cataractous insult. PMID- 3178232 TI - Association-dissociation studies of bovine and rat liver glutamic dehydrogenase by high-performance liquid chromatography gel filtration. AB - The concentration-dependent association-dissociation tendency of purified bovine liver and rat liver glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) has been demonstrated by high performance liquid chromatographic gel filtration. In the concentration range of 100 to 1.0 micrograms bovine GDH/ml molecular species ranged from dimer and unimer to subunimeric forms. The dissociation process of the unimeric hexapeptide, consisting of six polypeptide chains, to the subunimeric tripeptide, consisting of three polypeptide chains, was irreversible without added ionic support, but reversible with added ionic support. In dilute Tris-HCl bovine liver GDH was dispersed to subunimeric sizes. Increasing the ionic strength in 20 mM phosphate as the mobile phase increased dissociation to a subunimeric tripeptide while sustaining as much as 80% of its activity. Activity of a eluting subunimer was verified by the inclusion of reaction substrates (NAD and glutamute) in the mobile phase and quantification of reaction products (NADH) in chromatograms. Gel filtration of GDH in the presence of GTP with NADH rendered a subunimeric tripeptide, largely independent of ionic strength or GDH concentration. Rat liver GDH, differing from bovine liver GDH, was dissociated by gel filtration to an active tripeptide independent of ionic or buffer conditions. PMID- 3178233 TI - Mitochondrial sulfhydryl groups under oligomycin-inhibited, aging, and uncoupling conditions: beneficial influence of cardioprotective drugs. AB - Uncoupling, oligomycin-inhibited, and aging/swelling conditions comprise three models for mitochondrial dysfunction. In these models, the effects of cardioprotective agents on rat heart mitochondrial membrane -SH reactivity have been studied. For -SH detection two different chromophores were used: dithionitrobenzoate (NbS2) and monobromobimane (MB). The objective of this study is to reveal the influence of three cardioprotective substances against the loss of membrane -SH reactivity: (i) The thiol reagent 2-mercaptopropionylglycine (MPG) prevents the decrease of thiols caused by carbonylcyanide-p trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), aging, and oligomycin measured with MB and NbS2, and the diminution by oleate detected with MB. The small amount of MPG (6 nmol/mg protein), necessary for the protection, agrees with oligomycin sensitivity of the -SH groups concerned. (ii) The active metabolite of molsidomine, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), protects against the decrease of thiols by FCCP, oleate, and aging monitored with MB. In the case of oligomycin SH groups accessible to NbS2 are protected. (iii) Another antianginal drug, isosorbidedinitrate (ISDN) does not protect membrane thiol groups. In contrast to SIN-1, ISDN probably requires enzymatic activation. It is suggested that MPG as well as SIN-1 may help to restitute the original -SH status of the mitochondrial membrane. PMID- 3178235 TI - [Cellular modification during acquisition of drug-resistance to anticancer agents]. AB - In this article, we describe plausible mechanisms for drug-resistance of tumor cells to anticancer agents and also cellular modification associated with drug resistance including heterogenous population of tumor cells, altered response to growth factor, and tumorigenicity of drug-resistant. PMID- 3178234 TI - Changes in dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase during spermatogenesis in the rat. AB - The levels of dolichyl phosphate and 2,3-dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase were determined in seminiferous tubules of prepuberal rats to assess any changes occurring during early stages of spermatogenesis. Dolichyl phosphate increased in concentration two- to threefold from Day 10 to Day 23 after birth. A method was optimized to measure dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthesis from delta 3 [14C]isopentenyl diphosphate and t,t-farnesyl diphosphate in homogenates of seminiferous tubules. Both dehydrodolichyl mono- and diphosphates were observed as products of the in vitro assay. The specific activity of tubular synthase increased twofold between Day 7 and Day 23 and decreased similarly between Day 23 and Day 60. Since there was a parallel increase in the concentration of tubular dolichyl phosphate and dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase activity during early stages of spermatogenesis, it is proposed that the level of dolichyl phosphate may be controlled at least in part by the regulation of de novo dehydrodolichyl diphosphate biosynthesis. The synthase was also solubilized from tubular membranes with deoxycholate and partially purified by chromatography. PMID- 3178236 TI - [Drug resistant mechanisms of platinum derivatives in a human cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer cell line]. AB - We investigated cisplatin resistant mechanisms in a cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer cell line (KFr) by means of flow cytometric analysis for damage of cisplatin to DNA base and DNA synthetic cells. Cisplatin showed cycle delay at 0.5 microgram/ml and then cycle arrest at 1 microgram/ml in G2 + M phase. KFr cells showed relatively rapid inhibition of DNA synthesis based with G-C base damage by cisplatin however, KFr cells had a capacity to repair DNA damage by cisplatin as showing cycle progression from G2 + M phase to G1-early S phase. Of the cisplatin derivatives tested which are of current clinical interest, Carboplatin and DWA 2114 R showed cross resistance to cisplatin in KFr cells. PMID- 3178237 TI - [Methotrexate and its drug resistance]. AB - Methotrexate (MTX), a folic acid antagonist, is among the most active known drugs for clinical cancer therapy. The mechanisms of resistance to MTX have been extensively studied, and several mechanisms have been reported so far. Those are decreased cell permeability, increased synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), which is the target enzyme of MTX, decreased polyglutamation of MTX, and decreased binding capacity of MTX to DHFR. Recent basic studies revealed that an increase of DHFR synthesis is the result of a proportional amplification of DHFR gene, and that polyglutamation of MTX plays an important role in its action. High dose methotrexate (HDMTX) therapy has a good rationale for overcoming MTX resistance. However, many clinical trials of HDMTX during past decade have not demonstrated any apparent clinical efficacy except childhood ALL and ostosarcoma. Further research would be necessary for the improvement of the therapy using MTX. PMID- 3178238 TI - [Drug sensitivity and cellular potassium release of cancer cells]. AB - The tumor lysis syndrome, consisting of severe hyperkalaemia, hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia, occurs after the effective induction chemotherapy of rapidly growing responsive tumors. The metabolic abnormalities are thought to be secondary to the release of intracellular products. For the purpose to examine quantitative relation between cellular potassium release and drug sensitivity, we compare the inhibition of valinomycin (K-ionophore)-induced-hyperpolarization (MPR Test) with that of succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDI test). Our present research revealed a high correlation of MPR test and SDI test, and suggested the significant association of drug sensitivity with potassium release from cancer cells. Therefore, it seems appropriate to monitor potassium levels when therapy of a responsive tumor is initiated. PMID- 3178239 TI - [Reduced cisplatin-uptake by cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells]. AB - We have developed a human ovarian carcinoma cell line (KFr) which is relatively stable and resistant to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin) after repeated exposure to escalating doses of the drug. This resistant cell line (KFr) was 9.7 fold resistant to carboplatin (JM-8), 8.8-fold resistant to (glycolato-O, O') diammineplatinum (II) (254S), and 7.1-fold resistant to Cis-1, 1 cyclobutanedicarboxylato (2R)-2-methyl-1, 4-butanediammineplatinum (II) (NK121), respectively. The KFr cell line proved to be 3.1-fold resistant to L phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM). On the other hand, no cross-resistance to vincristine (VCR), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and daunomycin (DM) was observed. In addition, we examined the level of platinum in whole cells after 1-16 h exposure to 20 micrograms cisplatin. The parent cell line (KF) took up cisplatin in a time dependent manner until 4 h. The uptake reached the plateau level after 4 h. On the other hand, the uptake by the KFr cell line reached the plateau level at 1 h exposure time; after 4 h the uptake was about 1/3 of that by the KF cell line. The release of cisplatin from both cell lines showed a similar pattern, reaching the plateau within the first 30 min. Based upon these results, we assumed that the impairment of transport of influx systems of cisplatin into cells was the mechanism of resistance. PMID- 3178241 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of N4-behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine after intraperitoneal administration]. AB - The patients with cartinomatous peritonitis were treated with the intraperitoneal administration (ip) of N4-behenoyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosineine (BH-AC: analogue of Ara-C), and the pharmacokinetics of BH-AC ip was studied. The following results were obtained (1) Immediately after ip administration, the concentration of BH-AC in ascites became as high as 10(6) ng/ml. At 24 hours following BH-AC ip, 10(4) ng/ml of BH-AC was detected in ascites. (2) Immediately after ip administration the concentration of Ara-C derived from BH-AC in ascites became as high as 10(3) ng/ml. At 24 hours, more than 10 ng/ml of Ara-C was detected in the ascites. (3) Ara-U in ascites was detected also soon after BH-AC ip was performed. Accordingly, it is expected that deaminase may be present in ascites. (4) As compared with in ascites, Ara-C in plasma showed very low level (less than 1 ng/ml). These findings indicate that BH-AC is suitable drug for intraperitoneal administration, because BH-AC revealed low peritoneal and high plasma clearances. PMID- 3178240 TI - [BH-AC.AMP protocol in the treatment of refractory childhood acute leukemia]. AB - Sixteen children with refractory hematological malignancies were treated with a combination of BH.AC, aclacinomycin-A, 6-MP and predonisolone (BH-AC.AMP protocol). They were ALL(6), ANLL(8), CML(1) and NHL(1). The CR ratio was 17% in ALL, 50% in ANLL, and blast crisis of CML was treated successfully but NHL failed in the induction remission. Major complications were vomiting, nausea, gastrointestinal bleeding, hematuria and hemorrhagic cystitis. More than 10 days or 120 mg/m2 administration of aclacinomycin-A was thought to induce more severe side effects. PMID- 3178242 TI - [Descriptive epidemiology of cancers in children]. AB - According to the Vital Statistics of Japan, the age-adjusted mortality rate for cancers in children has decreased almost 0.7 times between 1969 and 1986. The decrease was pronounced in cancers of the ovary, testis, stomach, nose & ear and leukemia, and in the age group under 5. Rises in the mean age at death were also observed. From international comparison, Japanese children had a relatively low mortality rate for cancers except leukemia. The international comparison of cancer of incidence suggested that some of risk factors for adult cancers were also involved in the etiology of cancers in children. PMID- 3178243 TI - [A case report of advanced breast cancer effectively treated with etoposide, adriamycin and cis-platinum combination therapy]. AB - A 61-year-old woman with left advanced breast cancer (T3a, N2, M0, Stage IIIa) underwent preoperative chemotherapy. The regimen consisted of etoposide 70 mg/m2 (day 4, 5, 6 i.v.), adriamycin 20 mg/m2 (day 1, 7 i.v.) and cis-platinum 40 mg/m2 (day 2, 8 i.v.). By the third week of administration, the size of the breast tumor reduced markedly, with the rate of 97%, resulting in partial response. Following preoperative combination-chemotherapy, a left extended radical mastectomy was performed. Histological findings of the resected specimen showed sufficient effects of chemotherapy; degeneration of tumor cells, infiltration of histiocytes and fibrosis of stroma. After operation, chemotherapy with the same dosage and sequential irradiation were undergone. As the side effect of this chemotherapy, slight nausea, vomiting and leucocytopenia were observed. The result of this case suggested that combination-chemotherapy with etoposide, adriamycin and cisplatinum was an effective chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer. PMID- 3178244 TI - [A case of gastric carcinoma remarkably responding to etoposide, adriamycin and cisplatin (EAP) therapy]. AB - A 47-year-old male was diagnosed as having gastric cancer with metastases to liver, para-aorta node and Virchow node. He was treated with EAP (Etoposide, Adriamycin, Cisplatin) therapy, as a result of which a partial response was obtained according to the criteria of the Jpn. Soc. Cancer. Ther. The response was disappearance of subjective symptoms and Virchow's metastasis and reduction of chief tumor and liver metastases. However, this therapy was accompanied by severe side effects such as leucopenia and thrombocytopenia, but in this case, these side effects improved within 20 days. PMID- 3178246 TI - Current trends measles--United States, 1987. PMID- 3178245 TI - [A case of acute adult T-cell leukemia with long-term remission by cisplatin therapy]. AB - A 37-year-old man was admitted because of general malaise, slight fever, pain in the knee joint and lower extremities, polydypsia, polyuria and skin lesion in September, 1985. The white blood cell count was 16,920/cmm with 41% of abnormal lymphoid cells with convoluted nuclei, which were compatible with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The serum calcium level was 15.1 mg/dl, serum LDH 307 IU/l, and the titer of anti-ATLA antibody in serum x 160. The cell surface phenotype of abnormal lymphocyte was OKT-3+, OKT-4+ and OKT-8-. Therefore the diagnosis of acute ATL was made. He was treated with cisplatin because VEPA therapy was not effective. About five months after the start of chemotherapy, he entered remission with almost complete disappearance of abnormal lymphocyte. The remission continued over twenty-nine months with maintenance therapy by cisplatin alone. The clinical course of this patient suggests that cisplatin could be applied to a case of ATL which is refractory to the conventional treatment. PMID- 3178247 TI - Epidermal grafting using the tops of suction blisters in the treatment of vitiligo. AB - Fourteen patients with nondermatomal and 31 patients with segmental vitiligo were treated by epidermal grafting using the tops of suction blisters. Epidermis of the vitiliginous area was removed by a blister induced by methoxsalen plus ultraviolet A, and the tops of suction blisters were placed next to one another, resembling paving stones. Reepithelialization was completed in about two weeks, and skin color normalized in most cases about half a year later. Repigmentation persisted in most cases of segmental vitiligo, whereas loss of pigmentation occurred again in nonsegmental vitiligo. Scars were not observed on either the graft site or the donor site. PMID- 3178249 TI - Evaluation of the efficacy of topical bufexamac in epidermolysis bullosa simplex. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. AB - Although, as yet, there is no specific treatment of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) simplex, anecdotal reports suggest the possible efficacy of one of the newer topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, bufexamac. To determine whether bufexamac has any role in the management of this disease, a double-blind placebo controlled crossover clinical trial was undertaken with ten patients (nine, Weber Cockayne variant; one, generalized EB simplex). Each of the two preparations was applied four times daily during the 2 four-week treatment periods. Weekly assessments included counts of blisters, crusts, and erosions, and assessments of alterations in cutaneous pain, healing times, and activity times before further blister formation. Although considerable variability in individual responses was noted, no significant difference was detectable between the active drug and its matched placebo. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that 5% topical bufexamac is ineffective in the treatment of EB simplex. PMID- 3178250 TI - Plasmapheresis therapy of pemphigus. PMID- 3178248 TI - Controlled study of plasma exchange in pemphigus. AB - To determine the potential steroid sparing effect of plasma exchange in pemphigus we enrolled 40 patients in a multicenter randomized study. Eighteen patients were treated by prednisolone alone, 22 by prednisolone plus ten large-volume plasma exchanges over four weeks. All patients received oral prednisolone in the same initial dosage (0.5 mg/kg/d), which was increased weekly if needed. The number of cases controlled at each therapeutic step did not differ between the two groups. In eight cases, four in each group, the disease was not controlled by the highest therapeutic step of the protocol, with four deaths from sepsis in the plasma exchange group. The controlled cases needed similar cumulative prednisolone doses (5237 +/- 5512 mg in the plasma exchange group vs 4246 +/- 1601 mg in the control group). The evolution of serum pemphigus antibody was not different in the two groups. These findings suggest that plasma exchange in association with low steroid doses alone are not effective in the treatment of pemphigus and may even promote sepsis. PMID- 3178251 TI - A striking, papular rash. Papular acrodermatitis of childhood. PMID- 3178252 TI - Persistent swelling of the lower lip. Cheilitis granulomatosa. PMID- 3178253 TI - Morphologic basis for adequate surgical excision of basal cell epitheliomas. PMID- 3178254 TI - Plasmapheresis and pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in pemphigus vulgaris: a novelty or a reappraisal? PMID- 3178255 TI - Is podophyllin a safe drug to use and can it be used during pregnancy? PMID- 3178256 TI - Extramedullary hematopoiesis occurring in a hemangioma of the skin. PMID- 3178257 TI - Calcinosis cutis in juvenile dermatomyositis: remarkable response to aluminum hydroxide therapy. PMID- 3178258 TI - Necrotic bilateral buttocks ulcerations occurring after multiple intramuscular iron dextran injections. PMID- 3178259 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus-neutralizing serum samples in healthy control subjects with resolved subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3178260 TI - Diagnostic radiography in children. PMID- 3178261 TI - The aftermath of Cleveland. PMID- 3178262 TI - Cytogenetic investigations of solid tumours of children. AB - The association of non-random chromosome abnormalities with solid tumours of childhood may improve accuracy of diagnosis and prognosis and lead to a better understanding of their biology. In a pilot study in the Northern region of England fresh tumour biopsy specimens were obtained from 39 to 72 consecutive solid tumours in children who presented over a period of 21 months. Cytogenetic analysis was possible in 33 and clonal chromosomal abnormalities were detected in nine. In addition, seven of 10 tumours investigated after treatment were abnormal. Ten of these 16 abnormal karyotypes have not previously been described. This pilot study has shown that a concerted investigation of tumour cytogenetics is possible. A multicentre study is essential if our knowledge of basic tumour cytogenetics is to progress. PMID- 3178263 TI - Clinical presentations of Ehlers Danlos syndrome type IV. AB - Ehlers Danlos syndrome type IV is an often lethal disease caused by various mutations of type III collagen genes. It presents in infancy and childhood in several ways, and the symptoms and signs include low birth weight, prematurity, congenital dislocation of the hips, easy inappropriate bruising (sometimes suspected as child battering), and a diagnostic facial phenotype. These features predict a lethal adult disease often complicated by fatal arterial rupture in early or middle adult life. Most affected patients can be diagnosed from radiolabelled collagen protein profiles by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Prenatal diagnosis by specific type III collagen restriction fragment length polymorphisms is possible in some families, and will become increasingly important. Prenatal diagnosis and prevention of the disease in selected families is already possible and will be widely available in the future. PMID- 3178264 TI - Aetiology of mild mental retardation. AB - A clinical and family study was carried out in 169 children attending schools for the mildly mentally retarded in Southampton to assess the prevalence of recognised medical risk factors; 71 children (42%) had such risk factors. These were prenatal in 22, perinatal in 41, and postnatal in eight. Risk factors of possible, but less certain, significance were found in a further 63 children (37%). In 86 families (51%) there was a history of serious educational problems in both parents. The prevalence of both types of risk factor was higher in the children whose parents had no educational problems. There were, however, 25 children (15%) whose parents had no history of educational problems and in whom medical risk factors were either absent or minimal. PMID- 3178265 TI - Recent results of treatment of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. AB - During the five year period December 1980 to November 1985, 106 infants with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis were treated. There were no operative deaths, but two late deaths occurred from associated abnormalities. The combination of preoperative rehydration, skilled anaesthesia, and the use of the Fredet-Ramstedt operation (pyloromyotomy) have virtually eliminated mortality from uncomplicated infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. The most common complications were gastro-oesophageal reflux in 11 (11%), perforation of the duodenal fornix in nine (8%), and wound infection in five (5%); no wound dehisced. PMID- 3178266 TI - Neonatal seizures: the Dublin Collaborative Study. AB - Asphyxial seizures occurred in 89 of 101,829 infants born alive at term (0.87/1000) in three large maternity hospitals from January 1980 to December 1984. These seizures were significantly associated with antenatal complications, primiparity, and prolonged pregnancy. Meconium staining of the amniotic fluid was also associated with asphyxial seizures, but there were high false positive (11%) and false negative (50%) rates. Fifteen of the infants who had seizures died (18%) and 21 (25%) were handicapped at 1 year. Outcome was most successfully predicted by the way the infant was feeding at 1-2 weeks. All infants taking more than half their estimated requirements by mouth at 1 week were normal, and those still being fed by tube at 2 weeks were handicapped. PMID- 3178267 TI - Neonatal tumours: Glasgow 1955-86. AB - Fifty one neonatal tumours were diagnosed in Glasgow over a 32 year period. The most common tumours were teratomas (n=19), others being renal tumours (n=9), soft tissue sarcomas (n=8), neuroblastomas (n=7), and others (n=8). Of the total, 31% were malignant. Neonatal tumours pose difficult problems of management, and because of their comparative rarity and the great potential for cure we recommend that all centres dealing with such patients should contribute to and benefit from a Neonatal Tumour Registry. PMID- 3178268 TI - Leukoencephalopathy after prophylactic radiation for leukaemia in ataxia telangiectasia. AB - Children with ataxia telangiectasia have a high probability of developing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and have increased sensitivity to chemotherapy and irradiation. We report a 51/2 year old boy who had undiagnosed ataxia telangiectasia when he presented with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. He subsequently developed a chemoradiation induced leukoencephalopathy after conventional central nervous system prophylaxis. PMID- 3178269 TI - Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in New Zealand. AB - The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity has been prospectively assessed in very low birthweight infants born in one year in New Zealand. A total of 26 (11%) surviving infants with birth weight 1000-1499 g had acute retinopathy. Forty one (49%) surviving infants with birth weight 500-999 g had acute retinopathy and of these six (7%) became bilaterally totally blind. PMID- 3178270 TI - Streptokinase for aortic thrombosis. AB - A neonate developed complete thrombosis of the abdominal aorta after catheterisation of the umbilical artery. This was successfully treated with an intravenous infusion of streptokinase. PMID- 3178271 TI - Acute transient myositis due to Toxocara. AB - Two children presented with spontaneous, isolated swelling of the lower half of the left leg; this was diagnosed as acute myositis of unknown aetiology. Further investigations showed antibodies to Toxocara. The symptoms resolved within 72 hours and the children were discharged on no treatment. PMID- 3178272 TI - Pneumococcal arthritis mimicking juvenile chronic arthritis. AB - Two young children referred as pauciarticular juvenile chronic arthritis were subsequently found to have pneumococcal septic arthritis. PMID- 3178273 TI - Growth hormone, suspected gonadotrophin deficiency, and ring 18 chromosome. AB - A boy with a ring 18 chromosome karyotype was referred because of short stature; he had growth hormone deficiency and possible hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Many children with major chromosomal abnormalities are short, but this case emphasises the need to consider growth hormone deficiency in addition. PMID- 3178275 TI - Copper deficiency and non-accidental injury. PMID- 3178274 TI - Paediatric manpower: towards the 21st century. AB - The British Paediatric Association (BPA) has carried out a national survey of paediatric medical manpower in the hospital and community child health services. The results of the survey relating to England and Wales are presented and compared with Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) manpower statistics. On the basis of the survey findings and current trends in the pattern of paediatric care paediatric manpower requirements over the next 10 years are estimated. PMID- 3178276 TI - Urinary creatinine excretion in the newborn. PMID- 3178277 TI - Patient triggered ventilation in premature neonates. PMID- 3178278 TI - Infective endocarditis in neonates. PMID- 3178279 TI - Varicella gangrenosa. PMID- 3178280 TI - Computed tomography in childhood epilepsy. PMID- 3178281 TI - Immunoglobulins in very low birth-weight premature infants. PMID- 3178282 TI - Cardiovascular collapse after verapamil in supraventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3178283 TI - Report from the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit. PMID- 3178284 TI - Ichthyosis congenita type III. Clinical and ultrastructural characteristics and distinction within the heterogeneous ichthyosis congenita group. AB - We describe one type of the heterogeneous ichthyosis congenita group, inherited autosomal-recessively, noting its clinical and ultrastructural features based on the findings in a female patient, aged 30 at the time of first clinical and ultrastructural investigation, and supplemented with those of eight further patients, aged 2 to 22 years. Clinically this keratinization disorder was characterized by a generalized congenital ichthyosis with a reticulate skin pattern pronounced in a variable degree of severity, also involving the large flexures and the face, palms, and soles. Typical ultrastructural criteria were membrane structures, abnormal vesicular keratinosomes, vesicular complexes, and membrane-bound vacuoles within the cytoplasm of the granular cells, partly retained in the horny layer. A successful therapy with retinoids resulted in a complete removal of the hyperkeratoses but left the striking skin pattern unchanged. The morphological peculiarities remained unaltered as well. They are independent of the localization of the biopsies, of age and sex of the patients, and of oral and local treatment. Based on the clinical and ultrastructural features, this scaling disorder can be delineated against all other inherited ichthyoses and was termed ichthyosis congenita type III. A new nomenclature contributing to a distinct classification within the heterogeneous ichthyosis congenita group is discussed. PMID- 3178285 TI - Mast cell density in psoriatic skin. The effect of PUVA and corticosteroid therapy. AB - Numbers and volume fractions of mast cells in nonlesional and chronic lesional skin of psoriatic patients were compared with those of normal control skin. Mast cell densities were similar in psoriatic nonlesional and normal control skin. The superficial dermis of lesional psoriatic skin contained more mast cells than either normal or nonlesional psoriatic skin. Neither PUVA nor corticosteroid treatment for 3-4 weeks significantly reduced mast cell numbers or volume fractions in lesional skin, although both treatments clinically and histologically markedly improved the lesions. The results indicate that the initiation of the healing process in psoriatic plaques is not correlated with the mast cell density. The remaining high mast cell density may be normalized later, or after a longer therapy. PMID- 3178286 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of skin surface and the internal structure of corneocyte in normal human skin. An application of the osmium-dimethyl sulfoxide osmium method. AB - A horny layer of normal human skin prepared according to the newly developed osmium-dimethyl sulfoxide-osmium method was examined using scanning electron microscopy. On the skin surface, cytomembranes of the uppermost corneocytes frequently had unilateral, very slightly flat-elevated, zonal areas along the junctions between the corneocytes. The uppermost corneocytes peeled off along the junctions, leaving the remnants of their cell bodies in the junctional areas. In the cracked surface, cytomembranes of the corneocytes protruded from the plane of their cytoplasmic surface. In the lateral junction between the corneocytes, the cytomembranes of the corneocytes were in tight contact with each other, while occasionally the marginal bands had become detached from the cytomembranes. In the vertical connection, cleavages formed between the cytomembranes of the corneocytes. There were thick woollen thread-like structures about 10-30 nm thick in the cytoplasm of the corneocytes. They formed fine irregular meshworks, with their tips projecting digitally: Transmission electron microscopy revealed these structures as most likely being keratin bundles transformed during processing. PMID- 3178288 TI - Structural alterations of collagen fibrils in the reactive type of elastosis perforans serpiginosa. PMID- 3178287 TI - The carcinogenic risks of modern tanning equipment: is UV-A safer than UV-B? AB - An animal experiment is presented in which three groups of albino hairless mice (Skh-hr 1) were exposed to daily doses of either UV-B or UV-A to study carcinogenesis. The UV-A was filtered carefully so as to eliminate contaminating UV-B. The doses required for acute effects (erythema and edema) were also determined for the two radiation modalities. In order to study the relative carcinogenic risks of exposures to UV-A and to UV-B, for both modalities, the doses causing skin tumors were compared to the doses required for eliciting acute effects in the skin. In the experiment on carcinogenesis all animals developed tumors, the ones exposed to UV-A as well as the ones exposed to UV-B. A striking difference, however, was that the induction times of the first tumors showed a larger spread in the mice exposed to UV-A than in the UV-B groups. Also, the development of successive tumors in each individual mouse was more spread in time in the UV-A group. A second difference between the effects on the skin was that in the animals exposed to UV-B no skin reactions were seen until the tumors developed. However, in most UV-A exposed animals, a marked scratching, probably caused by severe itching, and hyperkeratosis preceded the development of the tumors. Histologically at least 60% of the larger tumors induced by UV-A appeared to be squamous cell carcinomas. This finding is very similar for UV-B induced tumors. The elastic fibers in the UV-A exposed animals were also examined and actinic elastosis was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3178289 TI - A health study of two communities near the Stringfellow Waste Disposal site. AB - A health survey of 2,039 persons in 606 households located near the Stringfellow Hazardous Waste Disposal site, Riverside County, California, and in a reference community was conducted to assess whether rates of adverse health outcomes were elevated among persons living near the site. Data included a household questionnaire, medical records of reported cancers and pregnancies, and birth and death certificates. The study areas appeared similar with respect to mortality, cancer incidence, and pregnancy outcomes. In contrast, rate ratios were greater than 1.5 for 5 of 19 reported diseases, i.e., ear infections, bronchitis, asthma, angina pectoris, and skin rashes. Prevalence odds ratios for 23 symptoms were uniformly greater than 1.0, and 8 symptoms had odds ratios greater than 1.5: blurred vision, pain in ears, daily cough for more than a month, nausea, frequent diarrhea, unsteady when walking, and frequent urination. The apparent broad-based elevation in reported diseases and symptoms may reflect increased perception or recall of conditions by respondents living near the site. These results indicate that future community-based health studies should include medical and psychosocial assessment instruments sufficient to distinguish between changes in health status and effects of resident reporting tendency. PMID- 3178291 TI - Bone and joint pathology in fluoride-exposed workers. AB - Clinical and radiological investigations were performed for 2,258 aluminum workers exposed to fluoride for an average of 17.6 yr (standard deviation = 7.6). Changes in bone and joints were presented in detail in three groups: (1) exposed up to 5 yr (135 cases), (2) exposed from 6-32 yr (1,463 cases), and (3) retired workers (660 cases). A semiquantitative assessment of early fluorosis was introduced. A 20.2% incidence of fluorosis was found, but, according to Roholm, only 1.05% was in stage I. The disease was mainly in the pre-stages of O and OI. A close relationship between the occurrence of fluorosis and the time and degree of fluoride exposure was found. The difficulties in diagnosing skeletal fluorosis result from the questionable sensitivity of the x-ray techniques and from the nonspecificity of the associated symptoms. A quantitative method to assess osteosclerosis and bone structure alteration is needed. PMID- 3178290 TI - Respiratory findings in spice factory workers. AB - The respiratory consequences of working in the spice industry were studied in 92 female spice factory workers (mean age, 36 yr; mean exposure, 12 yr). A control group of 104 female workers employed in a nondusty industry was also studied. The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms was significantly higher in the exposed than in the control group. In particular, the prevalence of dyspnea (57.6%), chronic cough (22.8%), chronic phlegm and chronic bronchitis (19.6%), nasal catarrh (37.0%), and sinusitis (22.2%) was high when compared to controls (p less than .01). Among spice factory workers, a high prevalence of acute symptoms during the workshift was recorded. Acute reductions in lung function were statistically significant over the workshift for forced vital capacity (FVC), -2.0%; forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0), -3.0%; and for maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% (FEF50), -8.3% and at 25% (FEF25), -15.2% measured on maximum expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves. No difference was found in across-shift ventilatory function in workers with or without chronic respiratory symptoms, except for FEF25 (with symptoms, 16.7%; without symptoms, 9.6%). Preshift administration of 40 mg of disodium cromoglycate (DSC) inhaled 15 min before the workshift significantly diminished acute reductions in FEF50 and FEF25 in exposed workers. Monday preshift FEF50 and FEF25 in exposed workers were significantly lower than in control workers (p less than .01), which suggests an early irreversible component to this illness. PMID- 3178292 TI - Acute hematologic and hemorheologic effects of sulfur dioxide inhalation. AB - Fifty male rats were exposed to 0.87 ppm sulfur dioxide (SO2) for 24 hr. Hematologic and hemorheologic parameters measured in this group were compared with the results of a control group of 51 male rats. Hematocrit values were found to be higher (p less than .005) in the SO2-treated group (43.55 +/- 0.41%, mean +/- standard error), when compared to the control group value (41.97 +/- 0.35%). Sulfhemoglobin values were also higher (p less than .0001) in the SO2-treated group (0.60 +/- 0.08%) than the control group (0.08 +/- 0.02%). Osmotic hemolysis ratio was slightly increased (p less than .05) in the 0.55% sodium chloride solution. However, whole blood and packed cell viscosities were lower in the SO2 treated animals, while there was no significant difference in the plasma viscosities. The mechanism of these effects could not be clarified completely, but structural and functional effects of SO2 inhalation on peripheral erythrocytes were discussed. PMID- 3178293 TI - Propylene oxide causes central-peripheral distal axonopathy in rats. AB - In Wistar rats subjected daily to a 6-hr exposure of propylene oxide (PO) at a concentration of 1,500 ppm (5 times a wk for 7 wk), ataxia developed in the hindlegs. Myelinated fibers in hindleg nerves and in the fasciculus gracilis showed axonal degeneration, sparing the nerve cell body of the first sacral dorsal root ganglion and myelinated fibers of the first sacral dorsal and ventral roots. These pathologic findings are compatible with central-peripheral distal axonopathy. This is apparently the first animal model of PO neuropathy to be verified histologically. PMID- 3178296 TI - The Soviet Union has its first nonsmoking day. PMID- 3178294 TI - Effects of ozone exposure: a comparison between oral and nasal breathing. AB - Mode of inhalation, by nose or by mouth, as a determinant of pulmonary toxicity to acute inhalant exposure has been investigated incompletely. This communication addresses whether there are significant differences in toxic pulmonary responses to acute ozone (O3) exposure between differing modes of inhalation (nasal vs. oral breathing). Changes in the results of pulmonary function tests and symptomatology of healthy young adults were compared following both exclusive nose and exclusive mouth breathing during a 30-min exposure to approximately 0.4 ppm O3 under conditions of moderate continuous exercise. In this single-blind, randomized, crossover study, no significant differences in either the results of pulmonary function tests or in symptomatology were found between the two modes of inhalation. PMID- 3178295 TI - Thoracic magnetic dust content, occupational exposure, and respiratory status of shipyard welders. AB - The net thoracic magnetic moment of 58 highly exposed nonsmoking shipyard welders and 13 unexposed nonsmoking electricians was measured with an alternating current susceptibility bridge. The welding cohort exhibits a thorax magnetic moment, which on the average is less diamagnetic than that of the controls. This shift is consistent with a median lung burden of 110 mg Fe3O4, or 220 mg of the welding fumes characteristic for shipyard exposures. Among welders with 5+ yr of exposure, there is a slight but statistically significant correlation (r = 0.49) (p less than .0001) between inferred lung burden and lifetime occupational exposure. Although chronic bronchitis incidence and average lung function parameter values of the welders are different from those of the nonexposed cohort, respiratory status does not correlate further with either self-reported exposure or measured lung retention. PMID- 3178297 TI - Taking the "shoulds" out of feelings. PMID- 3178298 TI - Speciality knowledge in psychiatric nursing: where are we now? PMID- 3178299 TI - Aged widows and widowers: similarities and differences in appraisal, coping, resources, type of death, and health dysfunction. PMID- 3178301 TI - Multiple personality disorder: an interpersonal approach to etiology, treatment, and nursing care. PMID- 3178300 TI - A 3-year follow-up of a cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention. PMID- 3178303 TI - Culturological assessment: an important factor in psychiatric consultation liaison nursing. PMID- 3178302 TI - Strategies for working with a patient who has multiple personality disorder. PMID- 3178304 TI - Children of alcoholics: an emerging mental health issue. PMID- 3178305 TI - [Valves at the pyelo-ureteral junction. Descriptive study in the rat]. PMID- 3178306 TI - [Role of the lymphatic vessels in the spread of infections of the male genital tract]. PMID- 3178307 TI - [Ureteral replacement by the ileum. Report of our experience]. PMID- 3178308 TI - [Wunderlich syndrome. Comments on 2 cases]. PMID- 3178309 TI - [Uretero-renoscopy. Our 1st experience in the child]. PMID- 3178312 TI - [Inverted papilloma of the bladder: a new case]. PMID- 3178310 TI - [Cavernosography in the diagnosis of Peyronie's disease]. PMID- 3178311 TI - [Pyogenic abscesses of the psoas: report of 2 cases]. PMID- 3178313 TI - Lymphocytotoxic antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: studies of their temperature dependence, binding characteristics, and specificity in vitro. AB - The lymphocytotoxicity of 33 lupus sera was tested against purified helper/inducer (OKT4) and cytotoxic/suppressor (OKT8) subsets of T lymphocytes at 15 degrees C and 37 degrees C in vitro. There was significantly less killing of both OKT4 and OKT8 cells at 37 degrees C (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01) and the ratio of OKT4/OKT8 cell killing at 15 degrees C (1.39 (0.73); mean (SD] was different from that observed at 37 degrees C (0.79 (0.42)) (p less than 0.001). OKT4 killing was greater than OKT8 killing in 21 out of 33 sera at 15 degrees C, while 22 of these sera showed predominantly OKT8 cytotoxicity at 37 degrees C. The relation between the OKT4/OKT8 cell ratio and OKT4/OKT8 serum killing was examined in 22 patients at both temperatures: a significant inverse correlation was observed at 37 degrees C (r = -0.53; p = 0.015) but not at 15 degrees C (p greater than 0.05). The addition of metabolic and cytoskeletal inhibitors increased cytotoxicity at 37 degrees C, but not IgM surface binding. A Scatchard binding analysis of the reaction at 15 degrees C showed that large numbers of antibody molecules were bound to both subsets, with a low average dissociation constant of less than or equal to 6 x 10(-8) mol/l, and electrophoretic blotting indicated that the target surface antigens varied in type and number among individual lymphocytotoxic sera. The demonstration of temperature dependent, tight binding between lymphocytotoxic antibody and variable antigens on the T cell surface emphasises the potential for this phenomenon to affect lymphocyte function in vivo in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3178314 TI - Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis: a retrospective analysis of prognostic features and different corticosteroid regimens (11 year survey of 210 patients). AB - The treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and temporal arteritis (TA) is still controversial. To assess the influence on the course of these diseases of the clinical symptoms at initial presentation and of the starting dosage of corticosteroid (CS) treatment the data for 210 patients, who were diagnosed as having PMR or TA from 1976 to 1986 and were followed up closely, were reviewed. One hundred and thirty two patients were diagnosed as having 'clinically pure' PMR; prednisone starting doses of over 15 mg daily provided more CS related adverse effects without any advantage. The mean duration of treatment was 25.7 months. Nine patients later developed symptoms of TA, and there were no predictive features for this. None experienced visual or neurological complications. Seventy eight patients were diagnosed as having clinical TA. Twenty five patients treated with low starting doses of prednisone, ranging from 10 to 20 mg/d (mean 16.2 mg/d), developed less CS related adverse effects and did not have more visual or neurological complications than 53 patients treated with higher doses. The mean duration of treatment was 30.9 months. Fifteen patients experienced visual or neurological complications and men (10/30) developed these complications more frequently than women (5/48) (p less than 0.02). These results suggest that (a) clinically pure PMR is a benign disease requiring low doses of CS treatment; (b) low doses of CS seem an adequate treatment for most cases of TA; (c) a worse prognosis seems attached to the male sex in TA. PMID- 3178316 TI - Lack of objective evidence of stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Metacarpophalangeal joint stiffness was measured using a new microprocessor controlled arthrograph in 135 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Subjects were prospectively subdivided according to the stage of the disease in the joint. Compared with a normal population stiffness variables in active rheumatoid arthritis were decreased, significantly so for non-elastic stiffness. This study casts doubts on the literal interpretation of symptomatic stiffness as an indicator of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis and suggests a number of explanations for the discordant result. PMID- 3178315 TI - Ultrastructural localisation of alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoarthritic human articular cartilage. AB - The distribution of alkaline phosphatase activity in human articular cartilage from normal and osteoarthritic joints has been examined by an electron microscope technique, probably for the first time. In osteoarthritic cartilage chondrocytes and matrix vesicles close to the tidemark were positive for alkaline phosphatase activity. Large numbers of matrix vesicles were found within the extracellular matrix of osteoarthritic cartilage, and there is a specific relation between phosphatase activity, matrix vesicles, and initial mineral formation in the tidemark region of articular cartilage. PMID- 3178317 TI - Adult onset Still's disease and viral infections. AB - Several micro-organisms, especially viruses, have been associated with juvenile and adult onset Still's disease. In the present study a search for probable triggering viral infections in five consecutive patients with early, active adult onset Still's disease has been made. In one patient echovirus 7 was identified as a probable triggering agent. Evidence of infection with this virus was acquired by virus cultures and serological tests. In two patients the illness was probably initiated by a rubella reinfection. Both had initially high stable monospecific IgG antibody titres but no IgM antibodies to this virus. In the remaining two cases no particular triggering viral infection could be designated. Evidence of a viral infection was thus found in three of these five patients. Adult onset Still's disease may represent a reaction pattern to certain infections. PMID- 3178319 TI - Lyme arthritis in Europe: comparisons with reports from North America. PMID- 3178318 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis with predominant involvement of the cervical spine in a woman with Behcet's syndrome. AB - The case of a 45 year old woman affected by both Behcet's syndrome (BS) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is reported. Cervical spine involvement was observed long before the appearance of the sacroiliac and lumbar changes. PMID- 3178320 TI - Natural killer cell function in ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 3178321 TI - Changing the class of NSAID in cases of hepatotoxicity. PMID- 3178322 TI - [Perception of malaria in Africa south of the Sahara]. PMID- 3178323 TI - [Acquisition of immunity in a zone of endemic malaria (the Sudan-Sahelian savannah)]. PMID- 3178324 TI - [Arbovirus diseases in the region of Tsiroanomandidy, Madagascar. Entomological, virological and serological studies]. PMID- 3178325 TI - [Emergency health services and the stake in primary health care]. PMID- 3178326 TI - Effect of ivermectin and isometamidium chloride on Glossina palpalis palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae). PMID- 3178327 TI - Early labour symphysis-fundus height as a predictor of birthweight. PMID- 3178329 TI - Recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms. A 30-year experience. AB - Of the 1771 patients who underwent aortofemoral bypass grafting (AFB) during the 30-year period of 1957-1986, 43 noninfected recurrent femoral anastomotic aneurysms (RFAA) developed in 28 patients. Thirty-six RFAAs were treated surgically, with one death and no amputations occurring. Seven small RFAAs (less than 2.0 cm) were treated expectantly without complications. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, clinical characteristics and other factors influencing results in patients with RFAAs were compared to two control groups: patients who had undergone AFB without the development of femoral anastomotic aneurysms (FAAs) and patients who had undergone FAA repairs but without recurrence of FAA. Comparative analyses suggested: 1) local wound complications after initial AFB or FAA repair increased risk of a RFAA (p less than 0.03); 2) development of an FAA within 4.5 years after AFB increased risk of a RFAA (p less than 0.0002); 3) following an FAA repair, risk of a RFAA was almost three times greater for women than for men (p less than 0.05); and 4) patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) were less likely to develop RFAA than those without ASHD (p less than 0.05). Among the 20 additional variables analyzed--including hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and etiology of primary vascular disease--no statistically significant influence on the development of RFAAs could be detected. PMID- 3178328 TI - Radical pelvic surgery with preservation of sexual function. AB - Recent neuroanatomical findings make it possible to identify the pelvic plexus and branches that innervate the corpora cavernosa intraoperatively. These anatomical principles have been used to modify standard radical prostatectomy and cystoprostatectomy to prevent postoperative sexual dysfunction. Radical retropubic prostatectomy has been performed on 320 men, who have been followed for 1-5 years after surgery; 74% of these men are now potent after surgery. Positive surgical margins were present in 10% of the cases; the actuarial overall local recurrence at 5 years (with or without distant metastases) is 10%. These results are consistent with past experience and data reported elsewhere in the literature. Radical cystoprostatectomy has been performed on 25 men over the past 5 years. Pathologic evaluation of all specimens demonstrated negative surgical margins, no patient has developed local recurrence, and of the patients who had cystectomy alone, 83% are now potent after surgery. With application of these principles to colorectal surgery, similar favorable impact on quality of life with improved surgical accuracy may be possible. PMID- 3178330 TI - Personal experience with 411 hepatic resections. AB - Over a 24-year period, 411 partial hepatic resections were performed: 142 right or left trisegmentectomies, 158 lobectomies, 25 segmentectomies, and 86 local excisions. The operations were performed for benign lesions in 182 patients, for primary hepatic malignancies in 106, and for hepatic metastases in 123, including 90 from colorectal cancers. The 30-day (operative) mortality rate was 3.2%, and there were an additional six late deaths (1.5%) due to hepatic failure caused by the resection. The highest operative mortality rate (6.3%) resulted from the trisegmentectomies, but this merely reflected the extent of the disease being treated. A mortality rate of 8.5% for patients with primary hepatic malignancy was associated not only with the extensiveness of lesions, but also with cirrhosis in the remaining liver fragment. There was no mortality for 123 patients with metastatic disease, 100 patients with cavernous hemangioma, 22 with liver cell adenoma, 17 with focal nodular hyperplasia, 16 with congenital cystic disease, and five with hydatid cysts. Trauma, pre-existing iatrogenic injury, and cirrhosis were the only conditions that had lethal portent in patients with benign disease. Furthermore, patients with benign disease who survived operation had minimal liability from recurrence of their original disease and none from the resection per se. By contrast, tumor recurrence dominated the actuarial survival rates for cancer patients, which at 1 and 5 years were 68.5% and 31.9%, respectively, after resection for primary hepatic malignancy, and 84.2% and 29.5%, respectively, for hepatic metastases. In this report, the expanding role of partial hepatectomy in the treatment of liver disease was emphasized, as well as the need for considering, in some cases, the alternative of total hepatectomy and liver replacement. PMID- 3178331 TI - Resurrection of the in situ saphenous vein bypass. 1000 cases later. AB - Distal bypasses for the terminal stages of atherosclerotic occlusive disease manifest by chronic limb-threatening ischemia are among the most challenging arterial reconstructive procedures of surgeons today. The length and low flow rates of distal bypasses often exceed the functional limits of synthetic and even free vein grafts. However, the saphenous vein, when used in situ, provides a unique, viable, physiologically active, and hence antithrombogenic endothelial flow surface that is ideally suited for such bypasses. This paper presents the experience of the Albany Medical Center Hospital with the first 1000 in situ bypasses performed by the valve incision method over a 12-year period. Limb threatening ischemia was the most common indication for surgery (91%). An in situ bypass was attempted in over 95% of unselected limbs and were completed in situ and in toto in 94%. 66% of the bypasses were carried out to the infrapopliteal level, and in more than 50% of the limbs, the distal vein diameter was less than 3.5 mm. The 30-day patency rate was 95%, and the cumulative patency rates, by life table analysis at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, were 90%, 86%, 84%, 80%, and 76%, respectively. The vein diameter, specific outflow vessel, level of distal anastomosis (length of bypass), inguinal inflow source used, and instrumental evolution had no significant effect on immediate or long-term bypass performance. PMID- 3178332 TI - Pleuro-peritoneal shunting. Alternative therapy for pleural effusions. AB - Pleural effusions are resistant to standard therapy, which causes discomfort and can require prolonged hospitalization. As an alternative, pleuroperitoneal shunting for pleural effusions of various etiologies was evaluated. We implanted 36 shunts in 29 patients. Two patients had bilateral shunts and five had shunt revisions. The effusion was related to a malignancy in 22 patients, postoperative chylothorax in two patients, and other causes in five patients. Therapeutic thoracentesis had been attempted in 28 patients, and eight had had chest tube placement previously with attempted sclerosis. Seven patients had a trapped lung syndrome. There was no operative mortality. All patients were deemed ready for discharge from the hospital if they had recovered from the operation within 48 hours. Five patients had poor results, either because of a moribund status or their refusal or inability to pump the shunt. Of the remaining 24 patients, four had good results with temporary improvement, and excellent results were achieved in 20 patients (83.3%), who experienced symptomatic relief and stabilization or regression of pleural effusion until the time of their death. Patients with chylothorax experienced complete resolution. The 14 patients with malignant effusions had a median survival of 4 months, and there were no instances of peritoneal tumor seeding. In conclusion, pleuroperitoneal shunting is an alternative therapy for pleural effusions that requires a limited hospitalization only, is associated with minimal and short-term discomfort, achieves excellent results in properly selected patients, and is the only viable therapy when lung expansion cannot be achieved. PMID- 3178334 TI - Indications, surgical technique, and long-term functional results of colon interposition or bypass. AB - Over a 17-year period, 92 patients with esophageal disease underwent colon interposition or bypass, with each operation performed by the same surgeon. The indication was cure of cancer in 20 patients, relief of dysphagia in 55 (cancer in 17 patients and benign in 38), loss of gastrointestinal (G.I.) continuity in ten, and tracheoesophageal fistula in seven patients (malignant in five, benign in 2). The thirty-day operative mortality rate was 5%, and the hospital mortality rate was 9%. Graft necrosis occurred in seven of 92 patients, four of whom later underwent a successful second reconstruction. Thirteen patients required subsequent revisional surgery. In 85 patients, the left colon based on the inferior mesenteric artery was used, and in seven, the right colon was used. Technical insights were gained to help preserve the blood supply to the graft and improve its function in transporting food. Thirty-four patients were available for interview 2-17 years after operation (median of 5 years) 28 of whom had benign disease, and six of whom had malignant disease); 82% of the patients felt they were cured of their preoperative symptoms, 18% improved, and none worsened. Eighty-eight per cent of the patients were able to receive an unrestricted diet. All patients except one were satisfied with the results of surgery, and, asked what they would do if they had to make the choice again, all responded that they would have the operation. Twenty-six of the interviewed patients had their eating ability evaluated with a test meal and the transit time of a liquid and solid barium bolus measured. Compared to controls, patients with colon interpositions consumed a smaller capacity meal over a longer period of time and were not dependent on liquids to flush the food through the colon graft. A colon interposition provides good quality of deglutition, is very durable, and is the organ of choice for patients who require an esophageal substitute and are potential candidates for long survival. PMID- 3178333 TI - More is better. Antibiotic management after hemorrhagic shock. AB - Previous reports suggest that standard antibiotic prophylaxis is ineffective in reducing the incidence of wound infection after hemorrhagic shock. This study investigated the use of larger and longer doses of antibiotic in a model of staphylococcal infection after hemorrhagic shock. Sprague-Dawley rats resuscitated from hemorrhagic shock were injected with either 10(6), 10(8) or 10(10) Staphylococcus aureus subcutaneously. Five treatments were investigated: 1) control (no antibiotic), 2) short-course cefazolin (CEF) (SHORT), 30 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP), 30 minutes before and 4 hours after inoculation, 3) long course CEF (LONG), 30 mg/kg IP, 30 minutes before and 4 hours after inoculation, and thereafter, every 8 hours for 3 days, 4) mega-CEF (MEGA) 200 mg/kg IP, 30 minutes before and 4 hours after inoculation, and 5) mega-long CEF (MEGA-LONG), 200 mg/kg IP, 30 minutes before and 4 hours after inoculation, and thereafter, every 8 hours for 3 days. Abscess number, weight, and diameter were measured on Day 7. At the 10(6) inoculum, SHORT was effective in both shocked and unshocked animals. In the 10(10) group, all antibiotic regimens decreased the 100% mortality that followed shock without treatment, but they had little effect on abscess formation. In unshocked rats at the 10(8) inoculum, SHORT was effective in reducing abscess number, diameter, and weight (all p less than 0.05 vs. control). After hemorrhagic shock, SHORT did not decrease abscess frequency, but it did diminish abscess diameter. LONG significantly decreased abscess diameter and abscess weight (both p less than 0.05). After shock, both MEGA and MEGA-LONG reduced abscess number (p less than 0.05 vs. control) and MEGA-LONG was superior to all other regimens at the 10(8) inoculum. These experimental data show that increasing both the dose and duration of antibiotic administration is more effective than standard short-course antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing experimental infection after hemorrhagic shock. PMID- 3178335 TI - The sheep (Ovis aries) as an experimental model for African trypanosomiasis. I. Clinical study. AB - Sheep were used as an experimental model to study trypanosomiasis. Twelve animals were infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei, and the clinical evolution of the disease in the sheep corresponded closely to that described in human patients. The main clinical signs of the experimental infection were hyperthermia, anaemia, loss of weight and behavioural disturbances. Death occurred in all cases after a mean time of 75 days. Trypanosomes were detected in blood films nine to 15 days after inoculation, and the parasitaemia was usually mild and irregular. Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid--increase in leucocyte counts and the presence of trypanosomes--appeared after about 45 days. This model would provide a valuable way of testing the effectiveness of new therapeutic drugs. PMID- 3178336 TI - The sheep (Ovis aries) as an experimental model for African trypanosomiasis. II. Biological study. AB - Sheep that have been experimentally infected with a strain of Trypanosoma brucei brucei reproduce the clinical symptomatology of human African trypanosomiasis. We measured two biochemical parameters which are altered during the infection; total serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins, and the time of appearance and levels of IgM in both serum and CSF. Serum protein levels were considerably raised (up to 90 gl-1), although in CSF the levels were always less than 1 gl-1. The ratio of serum albumin to globulins fell to a value of 0.40 during the course of the disease. Electrophoresis of CSF proteins demonstrated the appearance of polyclonal immunoglobulins. Plasma IgM levels rose to ten times normal values, and after the sixth week IgMs made up 10% of total CSF protein content. Specific antibodies were detected, by both indirect immunofluorescence and an ELISA technique, within two weeks after infection in the blood and after four weeks in the CSF. PMID- 3178337 TI - A survey of gastrointestinal parasites in Ogun State, southwest Nigeria. AB - To study the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in Ogun State, Nigeria, 479 stool specimens were examined at a hospital in Abeokuta during the rainy season in June 1986. Intestinal helminths and/or protozoa were present in 297 samples (62%). 41.1% of the specimens showed a single infection, 34% showed double, 20% triple and 5% quadruple infection. The most commonly found worm was Ascaris lumbricoides (in 40% of specimens), followed by Trichuris trichiura (23.2%), hookworms (19.2%), Strongyloides stercoralis (2.1%) and Dicrocoelium sp. (0.4%). Pathogenic protozoa found were Entamoeba histolytica (7%), Giardia intestinalis (4.2%), Blastocystis hominis (2.5%) and Cryptosporidum sp. (2.3%). The apathogenic protozoa Entamoeba coli, Chilomastix mesnili, Trichomonas hominis and Iodamoeba buetschlii were also seen. PMID- 3178338 TI - A preliminary investigation of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from children with diarrhoea from four developing countries. AB - The prevalence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics was investigated in groups of children from four developing countries, Peru, Belize, Zaire and Sudan. Enterobacteriaceae spp. isolated from faeces of children with diarrhoea were tested for sensitivity to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulphonamide, trimethoprim, streptomycin and chloramphenicol. Overall, the highest prevalence of resistance was to sulphonamide (56% of children) and the lowest was to chloramphenicol (19% of children). For individual locations, isolates from Sudan had the highest prevalence of antibiotic resistance, 65% of the isolates being resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim and streptomycin. Transfer of resistance was studied for some isolates using Escherichia coli Hb101 as recipient. PMID- 3178339 TI - Exsheathment of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi in the susceptible and refractory strains of Aedes aegypti. AB - Exsheathment of microfilariae of Brugia pahangi was studied in susceptible (Liverpool) and refractory (Bora-Bora) strains of Aedes aegypti. It was found that the microfilariae tend to carry their sheaths into the haemocoel of both strains of Ae. aegypti within two hours after the engorgement of mosquitoes from a rat parasitized by filariae. The percentage of sheathed microfilariae in the haemocoel then progressively decreased to 0% at eight hours and to 1% at 24 hours post-ingestion in the Bora-Bora and Liverpool strains, respectively. Those microfilariae that remained in the midgut more than two hours after ingestion were most likely to cast off their sheaths there. The percentage of microfilariae exsheathed in the midgut progressively increased to about 91 and 78% at 24 hours post-ingestion in the Bora-Bora and Liverpool strains, respectively. These results suggested that the exsheathment of microfilariae occurs both in the haemocoel and in the midgut of two strains of Ae. aegypti. PMID- 3178341 TI - Cryptosporidiosis in children with diarrhoea from slum areas in San Salvador. PMID- 3178342 TI - Sodium hypochlorite as an ovicide for Echinococcus. PMID- 3178340 TI - Renal concentration defect in a Kuwaiti patient with sickle cell disease. PMID- 3178343 TI - Effect of heat shock on the proliferative ability of the germinal layer cells of alveolar hydatid. PMID- 3178345 TI - External ophthalmomyiasis due to the sheep nostril botfly larva Oestrus ovis in Saudi Arabia. PMID- 3178346 TI - Scientific responsibility in medical reporting. PMID- 3178344 TI - An improved membrane feeder for haematophagous arthropods. PMID- 3178347 TI - Right ventricular free wall isolation: effects on regional myocardial blood flow. AB - The right ventricular isolation procedure was developed to treat medically refractory, nonischemic right ventricular tachycardia. The effect of this procedure on regional myocardial blood flow to the isolated right ventricle was evaluated in 10 adult mongrel dogs. There were no significant changes in aortic pressure, right ventricular systolic or diastolic pressure, or cardiac index following right ventricular isolation when the left ventricle and right ventricular free wall were synchronously paced. Myocardial blood flow to the isolated right ventricle was unchanged following the procedure (0.85 +/- 0.07 ml/min/gm to 0.87 +/- 0.08 ml/min/gm; p = not significant). Analysis of regional flow revealed that only a thin rim of right ventricular tissue near the ventriculotomy showed a significant decrease in blood flow (1.10 +/- 0.1 ml/min/gm to 0.29 +/- 0.04 ml/min/gm; p less than 0.05). Thus, this procedure leaves intact the blood supply to the great percentage of the right ventricular free wall. This finding supports the concept that the right ventricular isolation procedure is effective in isolating abnormal electrical activity without compromising regional myocardial blood flow. PMID- 3178348 TI - Surgical removal of a mobile, pedunculated left ventricular thrombus: report of 4 cases. AB - During an 11-month period, 4 patients underwent surgical removal of a mobile, pedunculated left ventricular thrombus. All 4 patients had a history of myocardial infarction. Two of the 4 patients had systemic emboli, and in the 2 others, the ventricular thrombi were removed to prevent emboli. The thrombus was removed during the acute phase of myocardial infarction in 2 patients and one and two years, respectively, following the infarct in the remaining 2 patients. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 3 patients. There were no early or late deaths, and none of the patients had clinical or echocardiographic evidence of recurrent thrombi or emboli at follow-up 3 to 15 months later. These results indicate that left ventricular thrombectomy might be an effective treatment for patients with mobile, pedunculated, left ventricular thrombi. However, additional experience is required to compare surgical and medical treatment. PMID- 3178349 TI - Internal cardiac cooling improves atrial preservation: electrophysiological and biochemical assessment. AB - This study was designed to determine if the improved hypothermia that can be achieved with cold perfusion of the right atrium is associated with improved atrial preservation. During 120 minutes of cardioplegic arrest, 7 dogs with occlusive caval cannulation underwent right atrial (RA) perfusion with cold blood and 7 dogs with a single atriocaval cannula served as controls. RA perfusion produced a lower atrial septal temperature than atriocaval cannulation, 96% less electrical activity during arrest, and a lesser prolongation of the A-H interval after reperfusion (40% versus 123%; p less than 0.01). At the end of arrest, compared with atriocaval cannulation, RA perfusion was associated with improved preservation of creatine phosphate (71 +/- 10% versus 40 +/- 7% of control; p less than 0.05) and a lower level of lactate in the RA wall (8 +/- 1 mumol/gm versus 15 +/- 2 mumol/gm; p less than 0.01). We conclude that improved hypothermia reduces electrical activity and anaerobic metabolism in the atrial myocardium during cardioplegic arrest and improves atrioventricular conduction following arrest. PMID- 3178351 TI - Autologous platelet-rich plasma in cardiac surgery: effect on intraoperative and postoperative transfusion requirements. AB - The Southern Arizona Red Cross Blood program, in conjunction with participating hospitals and cardiac surgeons, evaluated the effect of a program to harvest autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from patients immediately prior to undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. The PRP was transfused back to the patient after heparin neutralization was achieved at the completion of cardiopulmonary bypass. The effect of this autologous PRP product on homologous plasma and platelet usage was examined. The study demonstrates a significant decrease in homologous plasma and platelet usage when autologous PRP is used in cardiac surgery. PMID- 3178350 TI - Transatrial repair of double-chambered right ventricle. AB - Double-chambered right ventricles (DCRVCs) traditionally have been repaired via a right ventriculotomy. We describe the cases of 8 children (aged 7 months to 6 years; weight, 6.3 to 21.5 kg), who underwent repair of DCRV via a right atriotomy. Six patients had ventricular septal defects. Peak systolic gradients in the right ventricular outflow tract were 26 to 135 mm Hg. The QP/QS were 1.1 to 2.5. Cardiopulmonary bypass times were 52 to 89 min (mean, 65.5 min) with aortic cross-clamp times of 20 to 56 min (mean, 39 min). Mean intraoperative gradients following repair were 5.8 mm Hg. Three patients had transient postoperative atrioventricular block requiring temporary pacing. Two patients required minimal inotropic support (dopamine, 2.5 to 5 micrograms/kg/min). The children have all been asymptomatic after hospitalization with follow-up times of 5 months to 4.5 years. No patient requires cardiac medications or has significant, persistent dysrhythmias; however, 1 patient required reoperation. Transatrial repair of DCRV allows excellent operative anatomical visualization and should be considered as an alternative to the transventricular approach in patients with this congenital heart defect. PMID- 3178352 TI - Extended and total aortic resection in the surgical treatment of acute type A aortic dissection: experience with 54 patients. AB - Fifty-four patients with acute type A aortic dissection were surgically treated with extended aortic resection. The age of the patients ranged from 22 to 75 years, and all of them were in very critical condition. In 50 patients, the resection extended from the aortic valve (included in 33) to the beginning of the descending thoracic aorta and in 4, from the valve (included in 3) to the aortic bifurcation. Deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest were employed during the aortic arch resection; inclusion of the graft at the end of procedure was done in 44 patients; in the others, the diseased aortic wall was excised. Early mortality was 20 +/- 6% (11/54). Nine deaths were due to persistence of the distal dissection. Acute type A aortic dissection with aortic valve insufficiency should be treated as an emergency with extended aortic resection. As far as control of bleeding and closure of distal dissection are concerned, the best results have been achieved when the diseased aortic wall has been completely excised. PMID- 3178354 TI - Extended aortoplasty to relieve supravalvular aortic stenosis. AB - An extended aortoplasty was used to relieve severe supravalvular aortic stenosis in 5 patients whose preoperative left ventricular-aortic gradient ranged from 85 to 140 mm Hg (median, 120 mm Hg). The stenotic ring above the commissures was divided in two places by an inverted U incision extending into the right and noncoronary sinuses. A distal vertical incision in the ascending aorta converted this into an inverted Y. The ridge above the left coronary sinus was excised. The aortic incision was repaired with an inverted Y-shaped Dacron gusset. The postoperative gradient ranged from 0 to 30 mm Hg (median, 15 mm Hg). The extended aortoplasty provides excellent relief of supravalvular aortic stenosis and, in addition, restores the aortic root geometry to a much more anatomical configuration than is achieved with the simple patch technique. PMID- 3178353 TI - Continuous intercostal nerve block for pain relief after thoracotomy. AB - Others have demonstrated the effectiveness of intercostal analgesia with bupivacaine hydrochloride (Marcain Plain; Astra). We present a greatly simplified method of effecting this. Our method is dependent on an intact pleura. To date, we have utilized this technique in 81 patients. Seventy-five (92.6%) required no additional analgesic in the first 24 hours following operation and 66 (81.5%), in the subsequent four days. Only 2 patients had postoperative pulmonary complications. No complication related either to the procedure or to the infusion of bupivacaine occurred. The technique as described here is a safe and reliable method of providing analgesia without any side effects after thoracotomy. PMID- 3178355 TI - Aortopulmonary window in the first year of life: report on 11 surgical cases. AB - From June, 1975, through April, 1986, 11 consecutive infants with aortopulmonary window were operated on at the Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ospedali Riuniti, Bergamo, Italy. The classic type of aortopulmonary window was present in 6 patients, whereas 4 patients had a ductus type of aortopulmonary window and 1 patient had a double aortopulmonary window, associated transposition of the great arteries, and ventricular septal defect. Operative technique included patch closure of the defect by means of cardiopulmonary bypass using various approaches: transaortic in 3, transpulmonary in 2, and transwindow in 2. The aortopulmonary window was ligated in 3 patients, in 2 of whom an incorrect diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus was made at cardiac catheterization. Division and suture of the defect through a median sternotomy was performed in the remaining patient, who was moribund on admission. There was a single operative death. All survivors are in New York Heart Association Functional Class I at a mean interval of 6 1/2 years postoperatively. PMID- 3178356 TI - Results of intraaortic balloon pumping after cardiac surgery: experience with the Percor balloon catheter. AB - One hundred thirty-eight patients undergoing an open-heart procedure required an intraaortic balloon pump (IAPB) postoperatively. In Group I (N = 45), the AVCO femoral conduit surgical technique was used; in Group II (N = 93), the Percor balloon was inserted either in the operating room after groin cutdown (open insertion) or percutaneously in the intensive care unit (percutaneous insertion). IABP usage increased in Group II (3% versus 1.6%; p less than 0.001). Immediate mortality was 40% (55/138). Use of the Percor balloon in Group II resulted in lower immediate mortality (32/93 or 34% versus 23/45 or 51%; p less than 0.06). Delayed mortality from multiorgan failure was 11.6% (16/138). Immediate percutaneous insertion at the bedside rather than a return to the operating room for open insertion yielded lower mortality (2/8 or 25% versus 6/7 or 86%; p less than 0.05). Open insertion of the Percor balloon decreases the failure rate of insertion compared with both the AVCO femoral conduit technique (7/85 or 8.2% versus 5/45 or 11%) and percutaneous insertion. It has more complications than the AVCO femoral conduit technique (7/85 or 8.2% versus 2/45 or 4.4%) and less than percutaneous insertion. PMID- 3178357 TI - Left atrial tumor embolization during pulmonary resection: review of literature and report of two cases. AB - In the past 10 years, 2 patients were seen with metastatic sarcoma to the lower lobe of the lung and extension into the left atrium. In both patients, an attempt to squeeze the intracardiac portion of the tumor into the lung at the time of lobectomy ended in near-catastrophic complications: In the first patient, a saddle embolus occluded both femoral arteries, and in the other, obstruction of the mitral valve orifice and cardiac arrest occurred. This approach is mentioned only to condemn it. Our recommended approach is outlined to prevent this technical mistake in the future. PMID- 3178358 TI - Isolated, contained esophagobronchial fistula complicating esophagogastrectomy. AB - Esophagobronchial fistula as a complication of esophagogastrectomy is rare. We report our experience with a patient who sustained an esophagogastric anastomotic leak with fistulization to the right mainstem bronchus without free rupture into the pleural space. PMID- 3178359 TI - Surgical management of coronary insufficiency in a child with Kawasaki's disease: use of bilateral internal mammary arteries. AB - Coronary insufficiency is an important sequela of Kawasaki's disease. Successful myocardial revascularization with saphenous vein grafts and, more recently, with internal mammary artery grafts has been performed. We report a case of Kawasaki's disease with chronic coronary insufficiency in which complete myocardial revascularization was accomplished using bilateral internal mammary arteries, and we present a review of the literature. PMID- 3178360 TI - Chest wall stabilization using plate fixation. AB - Large defects of the chest wall require stabilization of the remaining thorax to prevent paradoxical movement. A technique of fixation using rib grafts and compression plates is presented. PMID- 3178361 TI - Surgical treatment of spontaneous left main coronary artery dissection. PMID- 3178362 TI - Assessment of exercise oxygen consumption. PMID- 3178363 TI - Retrieval of metallic objects from the pericardial cavity. PMID- 3178364 TI - Secretion of calcitonin from the thyroid gland increases in aged rats. AB - Age-related changes in the secretion rate of immunoreactive calcitonin against antiserum for human calcitonin (iCT) from the thyroid gland were investigated in adult (4-5 months old) and aged (24-29 months old) male Wistar rats anesthetized with 1.0-1.2% halothane. The secretion rate of iCT was calculated by measuring the concentration of iCT using a radioimmunoassay method in both the thyroid venous blood plasma and the systemic arterial blood plasma, as well as measuring the thyroid blood plasma flow. The secretion rate of iCT was 0.271 +/- 0.063 ng.kg-1.min-1 in the adult and 1.248 +/- 0.147 ng.kg-1.min-1 in the aged rats, indicating a significant increase in secretion in the aged rats. The concentration of iCT in the systemic arterial blood plasma was 0.091 +/- 0.013 ng/ml in the adult and 0.480 +/- 0.026 ng/ml in the aged rats. The age-related increase in the secretion rate of iCT from the thyroid gland seems to result in an increase in iCT concentration in the systemic arterial blood plasma. Furthermore, the content of iCT in the thyroid gland was also increased in the aged rats. Therefore, it is suggested that both the synthesis and secretion of iCT in the thyroid gland are increased in aged rats. PMID- 3178365 TI - [Rabies in Tunisia. A comparative study of results from the last 36 years]. AB - The author presents an evaluation of rabies control during the last 36 years. He discusses especially the problem of vectors, diagnosis, vaccine and treatment, taking into account the 1982-1987 National Campaign for Animal Rabies Control. He notes an improvement of the situation with a significant decrease in the rate of positivity among the biter animals. He considers, however that this rate remains relatively too high to allow the prevention of disease persitance in the country. He suggests the continuation of the efforts undertaken to control biter animals and eventually the extension of the campaign to the regional level. PMID- 3178366 TI - [The epidemiology of hepatitis B in Tunisia]. PMID- 3178367 TI - [Bronchial cytology in the diagnosis of broncho-pulmonary cancer in Tunisia]. AB - The authors present a retrospective study of 287 pulmonary cytologic exams censed in Pasteur Institute - Tunis between 1970 and 1986. These 287 exams consist of 145 bronchic aspiration liquids and 142 spittles. A systematic exam was practiced in patients presenting a pulmonary symptomatology suggesting little or not at all broncho pulmonary cancer. 40 of these exams present cancerous cells (15 cases) or suspected cancerous cells (25 cases). The biopsy confirms a malignant tumor in 25 patients (5%). These results should urge us toward a cytologic exam not only in adults presenting any respiratory symptomatology, but also in subjects at high risk, especially smokers. Localising the tumor is necessary for the biopsy. This biopsy will lead us to determine the histologic type and consequently the adequate therapy. PMID- 3178368 TI - Heart failure with normal systolic function. Update of prevalence, differential diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. PMID- 3178369 TI - The nosology of clinical medicine. PMID- 3178371 TI - Red cell distribution width, mean corpuscular volume, and transferrin saturation in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. AB - The usefulness of the red cell distribution width, mean corpuscular volume, and the transferrin saturation in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia were evaluated in a retrospective study of 247 anemic hospitalized patients, many of whom had chronic liver disease. A red cell distribution width greater than 15% had a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 54% for iron deficiency as diagnosed by a low serum ferritin or bone marrow examination. A mean corpuscular volume less than 80 femtoliters had a sensitivity of 53% and a specificity of 84%. Transferrin saturation less than 16% had a sensitivity of 61% and a specificity of 86%. Because the sensitivities and specificities of these tests are less than reported in studies of healthier populations, they cannot be relied on for screening for iron deficiency in sick hospitalized patients. PMID- 3178372 TI - Acute interstitial nephritis associated with vancomycin therapy. AB - Nephrotoxicity due to vancomycin is relatively uncommon and usually occurs in patients receiving concomitant therapy with an aminoglycoside or in patients with preexisting renal disease receiving prolonged courses of therapy and who exhibited excessive serum levels. We treated a healthy young woman who developed acute interstitial nephritis and moderate reversible azotemia associated with intravenous vancomycin hydrochloride therapy. PMID- 3178370 TI - Cigarette smoking interferes with treatment of hypertension. AB - We retrospectively analyzed two studies to determine whether smoking affected the treatment of hypertension. In a study of the effects of propranolol hydrochloride (a hepatically metabolized beta-blocker) vs hydrochlorothiazide, 108 smokers and 232 nonsmokers were randomized to the propranolol treatment group. The propranolol-treated smokers tended to be younger, taller, thinner, and wre more likely to be black. This group also had an initial blood pressure reduction (+/- SD) of -7.9 +/- 12.9/-8.7 +/- 8.4 mm Hg compared with -10.7 +/- 13.0/-10.9 +/- 7.1 mm Hg for the nonsmokers. Blood pressure increased less during the one-year maintenance period for the nonsmokers. However, when analyzed by race, this effect was seen in blacks, but not in whites. Diastolic blood pressure tended to be reduced more in nonsmokers (vs smokers) receiving hydrochlorothiazide (-12.1 +/- 6.7 vs -10.7 +/- 6.7 mm Hg, respectively). The second study compared the effects of nadolol (a renally excreted beta-blocker) with bendroflumethiazide. There were no significant effects on blood pressure for either of these drugs. In both studies, there was a greater tendency for smokers to be terminated from the study irrespective of drug group. We conclude that cigarette smoking does interfere with the treatment of hypertension in general, and especially with reduction of blood pressure by propranolol in black patients. PMID- 3178373 TI - Effect of triazolam on sleep and arterial oxygen saturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - We compared the effects of a placebo with 0.125 and 0.25 mg of triazolam (Halcion) on sleep quality, oximetry, and respiratory events during sleep in ten stable outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The subjects had a forced expiratory volume in 1 s ranging from 17% to 76% of the predicted value (mean +/- SD, 38.1% +/- 19%) and a waking arterial oxygen pressure from 46 to 84 mm Hg (mean +/- SD, 67 +/- 12 mm Hg). Polysomnography was done on three nights within a two-week period after the patients received on a "blinded" basis either placebo or 0.125 or 0.25 mg of triazolam. Triazolam produced improvements in total sleep duration, time spent in stage 2 nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and subjective of sleep quality. For most patients, there was a nighttime drop in arterial oxygen percentage of saturation (SaO2) in the placebo condition, but triazolam did not cause a significant worsening, of the mean SaO2, minimum SaO2, or the number of apneic and hypopneic events. Across all experimental conditions, we documented little desaturation during wakefulness (mean low, 87.2% +/- 10.2%), more during NREM sleep (mean low, 83.2% +/- 12.6%), and most desaturation in REM sleep (mean low, 80.1% +/- 15.7%). We conclude that single-night use of triazolam improved the quality and duration of sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In patients without severe waking hypoxemia and without carbon dioxide retention, triazolam did not increase either nocturnal hypoxemia or respiratory events during sleep. PMID- 3178375 TI - Caregivers and elderly relatives. The prevalence of caregiving in a family practice. AB - Persons 65 years and older are the most rapidly growing age group in the United States. As age increases, functional ability deteriorates and the need for help from another person escalates. Caring for elderly persons experiencing functional deterioration is stressful, creating hidden patients among caregivers. This study surveyed randomly selected active family practice patients 40 years and older to determine the prevalence and extent of the caregiving role and functional disability among elderly relatives. One in five patients (126/602) surveyed had caregiving responsibilities for noninstitutionalized relatives (total, 153 patients). One third of caregivers lived with the relative; most of the remaining two thirds visited their relative at least twice weekly. Caregivers reported some functional impairment in 60% of their relatives, and substantial impairment in 40%. The caregiving experience is common, and the potential for stress from managing an elderly relative's disability is substantial. Further research is needed to elaborate on the burden of the caregiver. PMID- 3178374 TI - Relationship of aluminum to neurocognitive dysfunction in chronic dialysis patients. AB - Aluminum has been proposed as the causative agent in dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. We prospectively assessed whether other, less severe, neuropsychologic abnormalities were also associated with aluminum. A total of 16 patients receiving chronic dialytic therapy were studied. The deferoxamine infusion test (DIT) was used to assess total body aluminum burden. Neurologic function was evaluated by quantitative measures of asterixis, myoclonus, motor strength, and sensation. Cognitive function was assessed by measures of dementia, memory, language, and depression. There were four patients with a positive DIT (greater than 125 micrograms/L increment in serum aluminum) that was associated with an increase in the number of neurologic abnormalities observed, as well as an increase in severity of myoclonus, asterixis, and lower extremity weakness. Patients with a positive DIT also showed significant impairment in memory; however, no differences were noted on tests of dementia, depression, or language. There was no significant correlation between sex, age, presence of diabetes, mode of dialysis, years of chronic renal failure, years of dialysis or years of aluminum ingestion and any neurologic or neurobehavioral measurement, serum aluminum level, or DIT. These changes may represent early aluminum-associated neurologic dysfunction. PMID- 3178376 TI - Elevated serum creatine kinase levels. An early diagnostic sign of acute dissection of the aorta. AB - Twenty-two patients suffering from acute dissection of the aorta were analyzed for their serum creatine kinase levels within six hours of onset of acute chest pain. Elevated serum levels were found in 14 patients (64%). In five patients, creatine kinase isoenzyme analysis was performed. These five patients showed more than 95% creatine phosphokinase MM isoenzyme of the total creatine kinase level. The finding of elevated levels of total creatine kinase in patients presenting with acute chest pain does not exclude acute dissection of the aorta. Determination of creatine kinase isoenzymes may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of acute chest pain. PMID- 3178377 TI - Life-sustaining treatment. A prospective study of patients with DNR orders in a teaching hospital. AB - We conducted a prospective survey of attending, resident, and intern physicians who had written a "do not resuscitate" (DNR) order for 93 patients in their care. After writing a DNR order, 11% of respondents would still use chest compression if their patient experienced a cardiopulmonary arrest. Many physicians did not plan to withdraw therapy except intensive care, but most physicians planned to withhold a spectrum of life-sustaining therapies, from hemodialysis (86%) to intravenous fluids (21%). Attending and house-staff physicians generally agreed on whether to withdraw a given therapy or not but frequently disagreed on whether to withhold a therapy or not. After patient discharge or death, 88 charts were reviewed. None of the 88 patients was coded. Physicians initiated 68 life sustaining therapies in 43 patients and discontinued 64 therapies in 34 patients; there was no change in management in 31 patients. We conclude that individual physicians interpret the DNR order differently. These orders often are associated with the discontinuation or noninitiation of life-sustaining therapies other than emergency CPR. PMID- 3178378 TI - Organizational strategies to improve influenza vaccine delivery. A standing order in a general medicine clinic. AB - Educational programs designed to modify physician compliance with influenza vaccination guidelines have yielded only modest improvement. We examined the impact of a standing order on the influenza vaccination rate in a general medicine clinic (GMC). The standing order gave GMC nurses the responsibility to identify and vaccinate high-risk elderly patients. The vaccine order rate in GMC patients seen during the one-month study period in 1986 (n = 97) was compared with the rate in GMC patients from a similar period in 1984 (n = 77) and with the rate in patients seen in three subspecialty clinics during the 1986 study period (n = 106). Comparison patients were vaccinated only by specific physician order. Following the intervention, 79 (81%) of 1986 GMC study patients had vaccination orders, vs 20 (28%) of the 1984 GMC comparison group and 31 (29%) of the 1986 subspecialty clinic comparison group. A simple organizational change consisting of a standing order profoundly improved compliance with vaccination guidelines. PMID- 3178379 TI - The mental health of patients with a chief complaint of chronic fatigue. A prospective evaluation and follow-up. AB - To determine the psychiatric morbidity of patients complaining of chronic fatigue, we undertook a prospective evaluation of 100 adults (65 women and 35 men; mean age, 41 years; and mean duration of chronic fatigue, 13 years). The study was conducted in an internal medicine outpatient clinic. In addition to a comprehensive medical evaluation, the patients were administered the 260-item Diagnostic Interview Schedule, a highly structured instrument that enabled the physician-interviewer to make accurate psychiatric diagnoses. A thorough follow up examination was given an average of 8.4 months later. Sixty-six patients had one or more psychiatric disorders that were considered a major cause of their chronic fatigue (mood disorder, 47 patients; somatization disorder, 15 patients; and anxiety disorder, nine patients). Five patients had medical conditions that were considered a major cause of their fatigue. The complaint of chronic fatigue remained unexplained in 31 patients. In this prospective study, two thirds of cases of chronic fatigue appeared to be caused by psychiatric disorders. A thorough evaluation of the mental health of patients complaining of chronic fatigue could therefore provide pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic approaches and avoid unnecessary and costly medical investigations and therapies. PMID- 3178380 TI - Pleuropulmonary disease during bromocriptine treatment of Parkinson's disease. AB - Pleuropulmonary disease has been observed in eight patients with Parkinson's disease treated with bromocriptine or its related compound, mesulergine. The pleuropulmonary changes included pleural effusions, pleural thickening, and parenchymal lung disease. The patients developed symptoms from nine months to four years after starting treatment with bromocriptine that varied in dosage from 22 to 50 mg daily, while the patient receiving mesulergine was taking 6 mg daily. No other cause was found for the pleuropulmonary changes. In six patients the medication was discontinued with subsequent clinical, physiologic, and radiologic improvement. In two patients bromocriptine treatment was continued for one to two years, and in one patient there was further physiologic and radiologic progression of the pleuropulmonary changes. These findings suggest a causal relationship between bromocriptine treatment and pleuropulmonary disease. We recommend a chest roentgenogram and pulmonary function evaluation prior to bromocriptine treatment with follow-up studies if the patient develops respiratory symptoms. Physicians prescribing bromocriptine should be aware of this side effect to ensure early recognition and prompt withdrawal of bromocriptine therapy. PMID- 3178381 TI - Impact of staff education on pressure sore development in elderly hospitalized patients. AB - To test the hypothesis that an educational program alone without the introduction of new technology could result in both higher quality care and cost savings, the incidence of development of pressure sores among patients over the age of 65 years was concurrently reviewed before and after an education program developed and disseminated by a skin care team composed of physicians and nurses. Before the education program, 18 (14.6%) of 123 patients with no pressure sores developed pressure sores during their hospital admission. After the education program, only six (5.4%) of 105 patients who entered the hospital with intact skin developed a pressure sore during their hospital stay. The data show that an educational program was effective in decreasing by 63% the development of pressure sores in an elderly hospitalized population. Furthermore, a cost savings of $74,372 in the use of special care beds was realized. PMID- 3178382 TI - Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. The importance of patient-specific attributable risk. AB - The value of treating hypercholesterolemia remains controversial despite extensive investigation, in part because of the research orientation of much of the relevant literature. Most published studies report relative measures of risks such as the risk ratio. However, clinicians are concerned with the magnitude of risk, or attributable risk, the difference in risk in those with highest and lowest serum cholesterol levels. Since maximum risk modification is rarely achieved, the attributable risk often overstates the potential benefit of risk factor reduction. A variant of the attributable risk, the practical attributable risk, gives a more realistic estimate of potential benefit. Since clinicians treat individuals and not populations, these measures of risk are most useful if reported for subgroups of patients (eg, men and women, as well as those of varying age). To illustrate these concepts, we review the literature on hypercholesterolemia, report the risk ratio, attributable risk, and practical attributable risk for important patient populations, and discuss the implications for clinical practice. PMID- 3178383 TI - Cancer treatment protocols. Who gets chosen? AB - We compared the age distribution of all adults in New Mexico with cancer incident from 1959 through 1982 with that of all adult New Mexican patients enrolled in cancer treatment protocols sponsored by the Southwest Oncology Group (New Mexico). For all cancer sites, elderly patients were substantially underrepresented in the Southwest Oncology Group protocols. While 31% of all adult patients with cancer were over age 70 years, only 7% of patients with cancer enrolled in Southwest Oncology Group protocols were in that age group. The underrepresentation of elderly individuals in cancer treatment protocols will make it difficult to determine optimal therapies for older patients with cancer. PMID- 3178384 TI - Accidental salicylate intoxication in a hemodialysis patient. AB - A 61-year-old woman receiving long-term hemodialysis presented with symptoms of tinnitus, insomnia, malaise, and disequilibrium. On close questioning, it was discovered that she had received a prescription for salsalate (Disalcid) from a consulting physician who had evaluated her for joint pain. This tablet was similar in appearance to a dried aluminum hydroxide gel preparation (Alu-tab) that the patient was taking as a phosphate binder. She had mistakenly been taking six Disalcid tablets with each meal. Her salicylate level was 5.86 mmol/L, but she had no change in her serum electrolyte levels or acid-base status. When the salsalate treatment was stopped and regular dialysis treatments were continued, the symptoms of salicylism resolved. This case illustrates one of the potential dangers of polypharmacy in patients with chronic disease. The midl course was probably due to ongoing hemodialysis, which prevented the appearance of the usual acid-base abnormalities of salicylate intoxication. PMID- 3178386 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in hemodialysis patients. PMID- 3178385 TI - Marked hyperprolactinemia in subclinical hypothyroidism. AB - Hyperprolactinemia is common in primary hypothyroidism but, to our knowledge, marked elevation of serum prolactin in subclinical hypothyroidism has not been previously reported. A 45-year-old woman presenting with carpal tunnel syndrome was found to have a minimally elevated level of thyrotropin with a normal level of thyroxine. Thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation testing revealed hyperresponsiveness consistent with primary hypothyroidism. An unstimulated prolactin level was 187 micrograms/L and returned to normal with levothyroxine therapy. Results of visual field testing were normal, and a computed tomographic scan of the pituitary gland revealed no evidence of a macroadenoma. This case demonstrates the occurrence of significant hyperprolactinemia in the absence of overt primary hypothyroidism. PMID- 3178387 TI - Aluminum-dependent transfusions in dialysis. PMID- 3178388 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis pneumonia in a patient with multiple myeloma. PMID- 3178389 TI - Bacterial sepsis with Fusobacterium species. PMID- 3178390 TI - Morphology of electrophysiologically identified baroreceptor afferents and second order neurones in the brainstem of the cat. AB - Baroreceptor afferent fibres and second order baroreceptor neurones were identified by their discharge pattern and were intracellularly injected with horseradish peroxidase. Three afferent fibres and three second order neurones were reconstructed by camera lucida drawings from serial sections of the brainstem. The afferent fibres were classified as A delta-fibres and had terminal arborizations with synaptic boutons in the dorsomedial region of the nuclei of the solitary tract (TS). The afferent fibres had additional collaterals with a medial projection to the commissural nucleus and in a direction lateral to the TS. The terminals of these collaterals could not be demonstrated. The second order neurones were located in the same dorsomedial region as the synaptic boutons of the afferent fibres. Neurones were small and spindle-shaped with two primary dendrites: one dendrite projected cranially along the medial border of the TS, and the second one projected caudally and medially into the commissural nucleus. The unmyalinated axons of these neurones could be traced over a distance of 1 mm. In only one neurone could an axon collateral be detected. The axons projected dorsally around the TS in a ventrolateral direction beyond the boundaries of the nuclei of the TS. The axon collateral projected in the medial direction into the commissural nucleus. In no case were axon terminals demonstrated. PMID- 3178391 TI - The functional role of the pedunculopontine nucleus in the regulation of the electrical activity of entopeduncular neurons in the rat. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) on the electrical activity of entopeduncular nucleus (EP) in the rat and to analyze the influence of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) on the PPN-evoked responses of EP cells. Most of the EP neurons recorded (65.1%) were identified electrophysiologically as output cells projecting to the lateral habenula while only a minority (3.8%) were output cells to the PPN. Stimulation of the PPN in intact rats caused a short-latency (2.5 +/- 2.0, S.D. ms) activation in 22.6% and suppression of activity in 8.5% of EP neurons recorded. The mean impulse rate of EP neurons in intact rats was 27.0 +/- 5.5, S.D. imp./s and the overall mean interspike interval 36.8 +/- 7.1, S.D. ms. In rats where the PPN had been destroyed 10-12 days before recording by a local microinjection of kainic acid only a few EP neurons were still responsive to stimulation of the PPN showing suppression of activity. In these rats the kainate lesion slowed the impulse spontaneous activity to 14.3 +/- 6.3, S.D. imp./s and markedly altered the distribution of interspike intervals in 62.5% of the EP neurons recorded. The overall mean interspike interval in this group of deregulated neurons was 68.2 +/- 20.1, S.D. ms. A small kainate lesion of the STN placed 4-5 days before recording, on the other hand, did not affect the spontaneous activity of EP cells but increased the percentage of cells which were activated (43.6%) by stimulating the PPN. The present data demonstrate a predominant activatory influence of the PPN on EP cells and suggest that destruction of the STN may affect the responsiveness of entopeduncular cells to stimulation of the PPN possibly through the removal of a tonic inhibitory STN influence on the EP. PMID- 3178392 TI - Intracellular localization of nerve growth factor in PC12 cells. An immuno-gold electron microscopic approach. AB - Nerve growth factor (NGF) localization in the clonal cell line PC12 has been assessed with the immunocytochemical colloidal gold staining (IGS) method. Three distinct fixation and staining procedures have been adopted to avoid possible artifactual localizations and to better assess NGF intracellular targets. Colloidal gold particles are observed in the cytoplasm and also within the nuclear compartment, close to the nuclear envelope. Gold particles are also detectable, in aggregates or patches, in proximity of or in association with, cytoskeletal elements tentatively identified with microfilaments (MF) present in the growth cone and microtubules (MT) running in parallel within the neurites or present in the perikaryon. Neurofilaments (NF), on the contrary, were devoid of any NGF-antibody cross-reacting material detectable with colloidal gold staining. It is postulated that the association of NGF or NGF-receptor complexes with cytoskeletal elements is instrumental for the mechanism of action of NGF. PMID- 3178393 TI - Do certain spinocerebellar neurons in lamina IX at lumbosacral levels send collaterals to peripheral nerves? A retrograde fluorescent double labeling study in the cat. AB - Spinocerebellar neurons have been found in previous studies in lamina IX of the lumbosacral spinal cord. This lamina has been characterized as being composed of motor cell groups and the spinocerebellar neurons in the lamina have been found to have certain morphological similarities with the motoneurons. Retrograde double labeling technique, utilizing fluorescent dyes, was used for studying the relations between the spinocerebellar neurons and the motoneurons in lamina IX of the lumbosacral spinal cord in four adult cats. In three of them, Rhodamine labeled latex microspheres were injected bilaterally into the cerebellum and Fast Blue (FB) was injected into hindlimb nerves. In the fourth case, FB was injected into the cerebellum, while the peripheral nerves were injected with propidium iodide. Some overlap was found between labeled spinocerebellar neurons and motoneurons in certain parts of lamina IX, especially in the ventrolateral nucleus in the caudal part of L5 and rostral L6, in the dorsolateral nucleus from the caudal part of L5 to L6 and in the ventromedial nucleus at the S2 level. No double labeled neurons were found, however, in any of these or in other examined areas. This strongly indicates that spinocerebellar neurons in lamina IX are a separate population, different from motoneurons. PMID- 3178394 TI - EEG activity in the acute precollicular cat. PMID- 3178395 TI - Effects of cortical spreading depression on spontaneous activity of red nucleus cells in the guinea pig. PMID- 3178397 TI - Reversible conversion of coenzyme F420 to the 8-OH-AMP and 8-OH-GMP esters, F390 A and F390-G, on oxygen exposure and reestablishment of anaerobiosis in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. AB - Intracellular levels of F390 (AMP and GMP adducts of the 5-deazaflavin cofactor F420) in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum were analysed after gasing fermenter cultures with several consecutive cycles of substrate gas and gas mixtures containing 5% oxygen. No F390 was detected in growing cells, hydrogen starved cells and CO2 starved cells prior to O2 contamination. Also, no F390 was found in hydrogen depleted cells after O2 treatment. Exposure of exponentially growing cells and CO2 starved cells to oxygen lead to the formation of F390 species; the increase in the detected amount of F390 was coupled to a decrease of the F420 level. As soon as anaerobiosis was reestablished F390 cofactors were degraded and growth proceeded. Independent of the physiological condition of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum methanopterin was formed upon O2 exposure. After normal growth conditions were restored the level of detected methanopterin decreased again. PMID- 3178396 TI - Chlorobenzoate catabolism and interactions between Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas species from Bloody Run Creek. AB - A mixed community of bacteria from surface runoff waters of the Hyde Park industrial landfill was enriched on 3-chlorobenzoate. Alcaligenes and Pseudomonas species were dominant in the community. Alcaligenes sp. BR60 carried an unstable plasmid specifying 3-chlorobenzoate catabolism. Metabolites detected in culture supernatants included chlorocatechol and chloro-cis, cismuconic acid. Oxygen uptake in the presence of 3- and 4-substituted methyl-catechols revealed a catechol-1,2-oxygenase activity specific for substituted catechols with very limited activity for catechol. The isolate grew very slowly on benzoate. Alcaligenes sp. BR60 was isolated in co-culture with Pseudomonas fluorescens NR52. The latter contained no detectable plasmids and did not grow on benzoate or any of the chlorobenzoates in pure culture. Growth of the co-culture in Bloody Run Creek water supplemented with 3-chlorobenzoate indicated that phosphate concentrations in the water severely limited biodegradation. Under phosphate limited conditions in continuous culture, Pseudomonas fluorescens NR52 effectively scavenged available phosphate when it was present at a ratio of 1 cell to 20 of Alcaligenes sp. BR60. Under these conditions the growth of Alcaligenes sp. BR60 on 3-chlorobenzoate was reduced 5 fold, the frequency of plasmid deletion mutants increased, and 96% of the contaminant remained in the outflow in the form of the starting material or metabolites. No evidence was found for conjugation of the plasmid determining chlorobenzoate catabolism in Alcaligenes sp. BR60 to P. fluorescens NR52. PMID- 3178398 TI - [The use of ultrasound-treated amd complete Bordetella bronchiseptica antigens in an indirect enzyme immunoassay]. PMID- 3178399 TI - [Modification of the potential acidity of cow's milk due to quantitative changes of milk substances in udder diseases and alimentary-conditioned metabolic burdens]. PMID- 3178400 TI - [Immunomorphological studies of swine vaccinated with an attenuated vaccine against swine fever]. PMID- 3178401 TI - [The development and testing of a biologic method for the detection of synthetic gestagens in food]. PMID- 3178402 TI - Studies on Sephadex G-200 molecular sieving of bovine sperm head, midpiece, and tail. PMID- 3178403 TI - [The effect of udder nerve blocke on the temperature of the udder skin]. PMID- 3178404 TI - [Open field activity of isolated calves with reference to the degree of iron deficiency]. PMID- 3178405 TI - Effects of dietary protein levels on in vitro carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. PMID- 3178406 TI - [The use of Leydig interstitial cells preserved by deep freezing in the testosterone production assay]. PMID- 3178408 TI - [Experiences with the use of rumen catheters]. PMID- 3178407 TI - [The effect of noxious chemicals on the sperm quality of boars used for insemination. 1. The fly control agent "omexan"]. PMID- 3178409 TI - [Growth studies of starter cultures]. PMID- 3178410 TI - Clinicians can agree in assessing relationship patterns in psychotherapy. The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme method. AB - This study examines interjudge agreement on formulations of dynamic themes in psychotherapy, using a session-based method, namely, the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme. Agreement was assessed by two methods: one was based on themes that were tailor-made for each case, while the other was based on coding themes into a standard set of categories. To assess agreement on the tailor-made formulations, a paired-comparisons procedure was used. For a sample of 35 patients, the similarity ratings for matched cases were significantly higher than for purposely mismatched cases. Using the standard set of categories, agreement was also good; weighted kappa values ranged from .61 to .70. The results also demonstrate reliability for the location of the relationship episodes, which form the database for the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme. Our positive results suggest that this guided clinical method can be used reliably as a measure of relationship patterns in psychotherapy; our results provide the first moderate sized sample demonstration of clinicians' agreement in formulating this complex concept. PMID- 3178411 TI - Selection of controls for family studies. Biases and implications. AB - The use of hospital-based controls as a means of comparison for family studies has raised a number of questions concerning the degree to which the control group represents the general population. Of primary interest is whether the control group should be completely free of disease-associated symptoms. To test the effect of the selection of psychiatric symptom-free controls, we examined the control group from our long-term follow-up and family study of major psychoses. Morbidity risks for psychiatric disorder among relatives of surgical controls were estimated, both for an unscreened proband group of 361 patients and for a screened group of 318 from which the relatives of controls with significant "psychiatric history" had been eliminated. The largest difference occurred with affective disorders, which were more frequent among the relatives of unscreened controls than among the relatives of the screened controls. Our results suggest that gathering data on both screened and unscreened control groups will yield more generalizable results than either alone. PMID- 3178412 TI - Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia. PMID- 3178414 TI - Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. PMID- 3178413 TI - Prefrontal-type cognitive deficits and chronic psychiatric conditions. PMID- 3178415 TI - Husbands' layoff and wives' mental health. A prospective analysis. AB - We performed a prospective study focused on the short-term and long-term mental health effects of husbands' layoff on wives. A sample of 149 mothers of young children, approximately half of whose husbands became unemployed due to layoff during the two-year study period, was examined. We hypothesized that husbands' layoff would cause elevations in psychiatric symptoms and that women with particular risk factors would be more vulnerable to the impact of this event. The effects of the following eight risk factors, measured before husbands' layoff, were examined: psychiatric history, familial psychiatric history, three or more children in the home, lack of employment outside the home, financial difficulties, low marital satisfaction, low social support from relatives, and low social support from friends. Although husbands' layoff did not have short term effects on wives' symptoms, their levels of distress were elevated by the end of the study period. In addition, three risk factors--familial psychiatric history, financial difficulties, and low social support from relatives- significantly increased women's vulnerability to long-term psychological distress following their husbands' layoff. PMID- 3178416 TI - Comparisons of human populations for histologic features of atherosclerosis. A summary of questions and methods for geographic studies. AB - Aortas and coronary arteries from six populations were studied histologically. Two kinds of fibrous plaques could be defined morphometrically, a fibroplastic and an atheronecrotic kind. These two kinds of abnormality were quantitated, the percentage of the specimen affected by atheronecrosis being one quantity, and the average fibroplastic thickness of nonnecrotic intima being the other. These two quantities were found to be correlated with each other, showing that aortas or coronary arteries severely affected by one of these processes tended to be seriously affected also by the other process. This correlation persisted after age adjustment. The two processes, however, failed to parallel each other across population boundaries. Moreover, some of the subjects with coronary heart disease had excessive fibroplasia with minimal atheronecrosis, while others had excessive atheronecrosis with minimal fibroplasia, as if an excess of only one or the other can be fatal. A novel theory is proposed to explain these and other results. It is proposed that the arterial intima undergoes fibroplastic thickening under the time-dependent action of one set of hypothetical causes and that another set of hypothetical causes promotes the emergence of atheronecrosis in the most thickened and aged places. These two sets of causes appear to be independent of each other in their distribution among human populations. PMID- 3178417 TI - Atherosclerosis and aging. A morphometric study on arterial lesions of elderly and very elderly necropsy subjects. AB - A histomorphometric study was performed on arterial wall lesions of different arterial regions (arch, thoracic, abdominal parts of the aorta; right and left common and internal carotid arteries; coronary arteries; and basilar and middle cerebral arteries), collected from 108 elderly and very elderly (greater than 90 years of age) subjects who underwent necropsy. Lumen stenosis percentage, mean intimal thickening, and mean thickness of the media were measured by means of a computerized system using a manual input and graphic printout; statistical tests were performed using variance and regression analysis. Results showed that the arterial wall lesions in patients over 60 years of age tend to be stabilized in all regions studied except for the cerebral region, where the lesions tend to have a continuous progression related to age, even in a group of subjects over 90 years of age. PMID- 3178418 TI - Specificity of trophoblast-reactive antibodies in human pregnancy. PMID- 3178420 TI - A physician office analyzer. PMID- 3178419 TI - Caution advised in physician office analyzer evaluations. PMID- 3178421 TI - Proficiency testing in clinical cytogenetics. The 1986 experience of the College of American Pathologists. AB - In 1986, the College of American Pathologists introduced a proficiency testing program in cytogenetics entitled "survey CY." Approximately 140 laboratories actively participated. The survey consisted of 20 cytogenetic cases sent to the participants in quarterly shipments of five challenges each. Photographic negatives of metaphases were the primary medium studied. The results reported by the participants were highly concordant for the determination of modal chromosome count and sex chromosome designation. More than 90% of the participants correctly identified the following abnormalities: trisomies 8, 13, 18, 21, and X; monosomy X; t(9;22); t(8;21); der(2) t(2;?); and 5p-. Abnormalities A fra(X)(q27), t(5;11), inv(16), and t(15;17) were correctly identified by more than 80%, 70%, 70%, and 60% of the participants, respectively. The participants had the most difficulty with diagnoses that involved photographs of high-resolution chromosome banding. The 1986 survey was not graded, but the 1987 cytogenetics survey will be scored on those challenges where there is at least 80% consensus among the participants. PMID- 3178422 TI - The histological grading of neoplasms. AB - The relation of tumor grade to cancer patient outcome was investigated for 15 anatomic sites using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. Over 500,000 cases were available for review. In some cases, nine-year follow-up information was also available. The results showed that, stage for stage, the grade further subdivided the overall survival rates for each site into distinct subsets that were significantly different. The study confirms the concept of grade as applied to cancer and the relation of grade to survival. From the results, the conclusions are reached that grading is prognostically valuable, especially when analyzed with respect to survival in a population, and that the grade provides prognostic information in addition to the stage of disease. It is proposed that three grades be adopted to minimize statistical variation. The results are considered significant, since neither standard nor uniform guidelines have existed for grading that pertain to all sites. PMID- 3178423 TI - Neuroendocrine differentiation and prostatic carcinoma. The concept 'comes of age'. PMID- 3178424 TI - Congenital biliary dilatation in autosomal dominant adult polycystic disease of the liver and kidneys. AB - Specimens of autopsied livers and biliary tracts of three patients with autosomal dominant adult polycystic disease of the liver and kidneys were examined morphologically with adjunct postmortem cholangiography. The cholangiograms revealed nonobstructive diffuse dilatation of intrahepatic bile ducts in all cases. Macroscopic examination confirmed the nonobstructive ductal dilatation and also showed a number of cysts in all cases. Microscopically, the dilated bile duct walls were composed of fibrous walls and were free of other pathologic changes, suggesting that the biliary dilatation was congenital in origin. Small microscopic bile ducts, however, were not dilated and were free of ductal plate malformation. In addition, Meyenburg's complexes and liver cysts not communicating with the biliary tract lumen were seen. It was suggested that adult polycystic disease, Meyenburg's complexes, and congenital intrahepatic biliary dilatation could coexist in some patients. PMID- 3178425 TI - Inflammatory aneurysm of the aorta, aortitis, and coronary arteritis. AB - Inflammatory aneurysm of the aorta is not merely a variant of atherosclerosis, but more probably it is a manifestation of a peculiar systemic disease related to idiopathic retroperitoneal and mediastinal fibrosis. Rarely, aortitis and coronary arteritis may coexist with the inflammatory aneurysm; one of each of such unusual cases are described. Because inflammatory aneurysms of the aorta tend to occur in elderly persons, aortitis and coronary arteritis, when present, cannot be distinguished from the concomitant age-related atherosclerosis without a careful histologic examination. PMID- 3178426 TI - Prune-belly syndrome with prostatic hypoplasia, bladder wall rupture, and massive ascites in a fetus with trisomy 18. AB - An association has been noted between trisomy 18 and genitourinary abnormalities, with six previous reports of the prune-belly syndrome occurring in patients with trisomy 18. We have observed a 120-g fetus of 18 weeks' gestational age at autopsy in whom there was severe prune-belly syndrome and trisomy 18. Serial histologic sections and reconstruction of the lower urinary tract demonstrated severe prostatic hypoplasia with a dilated, angulated prostatic urethra. Obstruction appeared to be present at the internal sphincter as a result of loss of prostatic support of the bladder. The bladder was distended and hypertrophic, and had a disruption of its wall near the apex. Massive ascites and intraabdominal urine accumulation had produced abdominal distention and pulmonary hypoplasia. The findings in this case lend support to the concept of prostatic hypoplasia as a cause of prune-belly syndrome and to the unexplained association between trisomy 18 and genitourinary anomalies including the prune-belly syndrome. PMID- 3178427 TI - Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the testis. AB - Juvenile granulosa cell tumor occurred in a newborn. The tumor presented with testicular torsion, and no malformations were observed. The karyotype was normal. The occurrence of initial tumoral lesions in the seminiferous tubules located in the vicinity of the tumor suggests that the tumor originated from immature Sertoli's cells. To our knowledge, this is the tenth case reported in a newborn and the second associated with testicular torsion. PMID- 3178428 TI - Glutaric acidemia type II. Comparison of pathologic features in two infants. AB - Glutaric acidemia type II (GA II) is a metabolic disorder caused by deficiency of electron transport flavoprotein or its oxyreductase. It is characterized by acidosis, hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, organic aciduria, and "sweat-sock" odor. Neonatal GA II differs from most inborn metabolic errors in that there are prominent congenital malformations. We recently observed two infants at autopsy with GA II whose malformations included: subcortical renal glomerular cysts, renal medullary dysplasia, cerebral pachygyria, pulmonary hypoplasia, and facial dysmorphism. In addition, there was lipid accumulation in liver, heart, and renal tubular epithelium, tissues that use fatty acids as a primary source of energy. Review of previous reports of 12 patients showed that these lesions are typical of neonatal GA II. The pattern of lesions, in particular the striking localization of renal dysplasia to the medulla, suggests that the malformations may be the consequence of an accumulation of toxic metabolites that is not corrected by placental transfer. PMID- 3178429 TI - Myoid cell differentiation in true thymic hyperplasia and lymphoid hyperplasia. AB - Four cases of thymic hyperplasia (TH) and/or lymphoid hyperplasia (LH) were investigated immunohistochemically for evidence of myoid cell (MC) and epithelial cell (EC) differentiation using antibodies to myoglobin, desmin, and cytokeratin. Although MCs were identified in all the cases, the most impressive perifollicular proliferation of ECs and MCs was seen in the hyperthyroid patient with TH/LH, suggesting that these cells have a role in immune function. The unusual combination of LH and TH in this patient demonstrates that exceptional cases can show overlapping features of what are otherwise considered to be separate thymic lesions. The observations that MCs occur in close proximity to ECs and ECs are depleted along with MCs in myasthenia gravis provide strong evidence supporting closely related histogeneses for ECs and MCs within the thymus. PMID- 3178430 TI - Dermatopathic lymphadenitis. The spectrum and significance of its morphologic features. AB - The lymph nodes from 50 axillary node dissections were evaluated by light microscopy and immunohistochemistry for the presence of dermatopathic lymphadenitis-like histologic features. On the basis of hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections alone, a histologic continuum was observed ranging from minimal paracortical changes to fully developed dermatopathic lymphadenitis. Twenty-three lymph node biopsies previously interpreted as diagnostic of dermatopathic lymphadenitis were reviewed. Only nine of these showed the fully developed dermatopathic lymphadenitis. Only one of these patients had a dermatitis. Our conclusions are that the presence of dermatopathic lymphadenitis does not mean that the patient has concomitant skin disease, and that axillary lymph nodes from patients without skin disease manifest a spectrum of dermatopathic lymphadenitis like histologic features. Dermatopathic lymphadenitis may represent one end of a normally occurring histologic spectrum that may be found in the absence of a dermatitis. PMID- 3178431 TI - Peripheral neuroepithelioma in childhood. Immunohistochemical demonstration of epithelial differentiation. AB - Peripheral neuroepithelioma arising from the chest wall of a 4-year-old girl is described. She died of local recurrence 15 months after surgery. Light- and electron-microscopic as well as immunohistochemical findings confirmed the neuroectodermal nature of the tumor. A distinctive histologic feature was the presence of clustered epitheliallike cells, which immunohistochemically stained positive for both keratin and carcinoembryonic antigen. The epithelial nature of these peculiar cells is presented. PMID- 3178432 TI - Angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland. AB - We report the first case of primary angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland, to our knowledge. A 54-year-old man presented with chronic left upper quadrant abdominal pain, and a left adrenal mass was subsequently found on computed tomography of the abdomen. The tumor was surgically removed and a diagnosis of adrenal angiosarcoma, supported by findings of immunoperoxidase and ultrastructural studies, was made. Seven months later, recurrent tumor resulted in an en bloc resection of lateral gastric wall, tail of pancreas, left kidney, and spleen. One year after the initial surgery, the patient was free of tumor. Angiosarcoma should be added to the list of possible primary adrenal gland malignancies. PMID- 3178433 TI - [Oxygen flash combustion methods in the European Pharmacopoeia. 3. Critical remarks on the determination of heparin salts according to DAB 9]. PMID- 3178434 TI - [Oxabenzomorphanes: CNS effects of hexahydro-2,7-methano-1,5-benzoxazonines]. PMID- 3178436 TI - Quantitative determination of brofaromin in human plasma after high performance liquid chromatographic separation. PMID- 3178435 TI - Phenanthrylalkanoic acids, II: Syntheses and antiinflammatory activity of 2-, 3- and 9-phenanthryl- and 9-chloro-3-phenanthrylacetic acids. PMID- 3178437 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of antilipemic agents. 4. Biotransformation of the antilipemic agent ciprofibrate (2-(4-(2,2-dichlorcyclopropyl)-phenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid)]. PMID- 3178438 TI - [Improvement in solubility and stability of thalidomide by synthesis of inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins]. PMID- 3178440 TI - The non operative treatment of isolated complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. A prospective study. AB - In a prospective randomized study, 20 patients with isolated grade-III injuries to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee were treated by two different conservative methods: immediate mobilization (group A) or plaster immobilization (group B). All patients were examined while under anesthesia. Valgus-stress radiographs were performed to document a 2+ opening (6-10 mm) on the medial side. Associated damage to other structures (cruciate ligaments, menisci, cartilage) was ruled out arthroscopically. Average follow-up was 1.5 years. All patients rated good or excellent, although a minimal laxity of 3 mm on valgus-stress radiographs was present in 60% of the cases. No significant differences between the two treatment modalities were identified, except that group-A patients returned to work sooner. These results confirm that isolated grade-III MCL tears can be treated successfully by immediate mobilization. PMID- 3178439 TI - Amputation of the little finger. AB - We review 17 patients who had 21 amputations of the little finger. Transmetacarpal amputations gave satisfactory results in older patients, but in young patients loss of breadth of the palm caused significant disability. Disarticulation through the metacarpophalangeal joint is recommended in younger patients. PMID- 3178441 TI - Idiopathic contracture of the gluteus maximus muscle in children. AB - Restriction of motion of the hip caused by contracture of the gluteus maximus is not uncommon. Twenty-seven children with this disorder were reviewed between 1975 and 1983. The clinical manifestations are very characteristic. All patients underwent surgical release of the fibrotic contracture tissue of the gluteus maximus with good results. The etiology of the disorder remains unknown. It is likely that the primary cause might be congenital in origin and that some predisposing condition exists. In addition, intramuscular injection might play an important role. PMID- 3178443 TI - Failure load and displacement of the human sacroiliac joint under in vitro loading. AB - The stability of the sacroiliac joint was studied using an in vitro loading system. Forty-nine sacroiliac joints taken from fresh cadavers were examined. The ligamentous structures of the joint disrupted at 3368 +/- 923 N under transverse loading. Higher disruption forces were observed under ventrocranial (4933 +/- 1038 N) and dorsocranial (5150 +/- 947 N) loading. At joint failure the displacement in loading direction ranged from 5.5 +/- 2.3 mm in the transverse to 6.6 +/- 2.3 mm in the dorsocranial direction. In some experiments the interlocking effect between the articular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium were examined. The best interlocking capacity was observed under dorsocranial loading. This capacity is much higher than the friction in other human joints. The study shows that correct anatomical reconstruction without displacement increases the stability of the disrupted sacroiliac joint. PMID- 3178442 TI - The Ottosson repair in lateral instability of the ankle. AB - A follow-up study is presented of 27 patients with 29 ankles treated for disabling lateral instability by a modification of the Evans repair, previously described by Ottosson. The median follow-up period was 39 months. Excellent or good results were found in 93% of the ankles. We recommend this modification, as it is technically simple and efficient. PMID- 3178444 TI - Nuclear imaging in loosening of hip-joint endoprostheses. AB - In 28 patients with surgically proved loosening of hip-joint endoprostheses and 42 patients without loosening between 2 and 12 years after implantation and without clinical or radiological signs of loosening we performed clinical evaluation, and radiographs, a three-phase bone scan, and a 111indium-labeled leukocyte scan (ILLS). The sensitivity of radiographs in the group with loosening of hip-joint endoprostheses in the femoral as well as in the acetabular component was only about 50%, while the specificity was almost 100%. With a combination of radiographs and ILLS we reached a sensitivity in the acetabular component of 100% and in the femoral component of 88%, but specificities of only 57% in the acetabular component and 40% in the femoral component were found. We found that the ILLS is a very helpful method of examination to detect loosening of hip-joint arthroplasties in doubtful cases. PMID- 3178445 TI - The Ring total knee replacement. AB - A prospective study of the Ring Total Knee Replacement is presented. The senior author (P.A. Ring) designed this prosthesis and began to apply it clinically in 1974. The Ring prosthesis is a resurfacing, unconstrained type of knee prosthesis and is designed for use without cement. It comprises two components, femoral and tibial, both made of titanium. A polyethylene liner is attached to the tibial component. The method was used for treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis of the knee on 149 patients (178 knees) in the period from 1974 to 1985. Seventeen patients were lost to follow-up, leaving 132 patients (161 knees) for review. During the last review, 75.2% of the knees were pain free and 72% had full correction of the deformity. The average follow-up period was 5.1 years and the survival rate of the prosthesis during the same period was 94.4%. To evaluate the method we used computer analysis of preoperative and postoperative assessment cards with 153 observations. The result was excellent in 92 (57.2%) knees, good in 38 (23.6%) knees, and poor in 31 (19.2%) knees. Loosening of the components occurred in 3.7% knees, and the total revision rate was 5%. One knee was arthrodesed. PMID- 3178447 TI - Pressure-volume ratio in human cadaver hip joints. AB - In postmortem examinations 26 hip joints of 23 adult individuals were filled with Ringer's solution in order to furnish data on the relationship between intra articular pressure, capsular content, and joint position. A tube system was connected to an 18-gauge needle and to a pressure transducer. After instillation of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 ml of Ringer's solution, intra-articular pressure was recorded in six different joint positions (extension, 45 degrees and 90 degrees flexion, 40 degrees internal and 40 degrees external rotation, and 45 degrees abduction in extension). Intra-articular pressure depends mainly on the position of the joint, with highest values in external and internal rotation and lowest values in 45 degrees flexion. In this last position, the pressure was zero in two of four cases after injection of 10 ml, whereas with external rotation and instillation of 2.5 ml almost 60 kPa was recorded. In extension and after filling with 10 ml the pressure exceeded the level of normal systolic blood pressure in all cases. Under pathologic conditions intra-articular pressure of the hip joint can rise well above arterial pressure and thus eventually compromise vascular supply to the femoral head, even in the presence of only minimal intra-articular effusion. PMID- 3178446 TI - Pharmacokinetics of methylmethacrylate monomer during total hip replacement in man. AB - The concentration of methylmethacrylate monomer (MMA) in the blood stream after implantation of the components of 15 total hip prostheses using bone cement was determined in the pulmonary artery, the radial artery, and the superior vena cava after cement application, and correlated with the observed drop in blood pressure and the increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure. In all samples MMA was found. The values ranged from 0.02 micrograms/ml to 59 micrograms/ml. The mean maximum value after implantation of the stem was measured to be 7.8 micrograms/ml in the pulmonary artery, 4.6 micrograms/ml in the radial artery, and 1.75 micrograms/ml in the superior vena cava. After implantation of the cup the values were clearly lower. The simultaneously recorded blood pressure decreased slightly during the first 3 min and then returned to previous values. The pulmonary arterial mean pressure increased from 18 to 20 mmHg during the first 10 min. Although in some patients a drop in blood pressure started at the same time as MMA reached maximum values, high concentrations did not result in a greater effect on the circulatory parameters. Statistical analysis by the Spearman test revealed no correlation between MMA concentrations and the decrease in blood pressure or the increase in the pulmonary arterial pressure. PMID- 3178449 TI - Social skills training in the rehabilitation of patients with traumatic closed head injury. AB - This research used a traditional social skills training program in the remediation of documented social behavior deficits of severely head-injured persons. More than two years after injury, four severely head-injured persons participated in a skills training program with five components: (1) instruction in the rationale for modifying target behaviors, (2) modeling the correct form of the behaviors, (3) behavioral rehearsal, (4) videotape feedback on performance, and (5) social reinforcement of correct behaviors. The research design was a multiple baseline across behaviors design with four replications. Three patients showed clear treatment effects with evidence of generalization across situations and maintenance of gains at follow-up one year later, thus supporting the applicability of social skills training to this cognitively impaired population. PMID- 3178450 TI - Sensory loss in the hand after sensory stroke: therapeutic rationale. AB - Rehabilitation programs require techniques for reeducation of sensory appreciation. Current treatments focus on the return of motor function despite the fact that the full potential of motor function is not used in limbs with sensory deficits. A rationale based upon current neurophysiologic concepts is presented with a program of sensory reeducation of the hand. The organization and use of sensory inputs is analyzed to determine the modalities critical to hand function and the body surfaces important for daily tasks. The treatment program is rationalized in terms of the rules governing somatosensory cortical reorganization after trauma, and a case history is presented. Therapy begins with the delivery of sensory inputs to many receptors and pathways from important sensory surfaces. Inputs are delivered at an intensity sufficient for appreciation in a task structured to motivate the patient. Initially, electric stimuli are used. Then cutaneous mechanoreceptors are stimulated by stroking selected skin surfaces with inputs that have high frictional or shearing components, such as Velcro. As therapy progresses, tools are modified to enhance sensory appreciation during retraining of important tasks. Skills related to tactile form recognition and exploration are carefully shaped. A pilot project with six patients suggests some recovery of sensation and manipulative functions. PMID- 3178451 TI - Isometric and isokinetic hip abductor strength in persons with above-knee amputations. AB - Recently introduced prosthetic socket designs for the above-knee amputee (AKA) feature a narrow medial-lateral dimension and emphasize maintenance of the residual limb in full physiologic adduction. Quantitative data on the effect of frontal plane limb position on the isometric hip abductor strength of ten otherwise healthy AKAs were obtained in the standing position. Residual limb isometric and isokinetic abductor strength was also measured and compared with that of the intact limb and with that of ten healthy age-, sex-, and height matched control subjects using an identical technique. The testing hardware consisted of a modified Cybex II Isokinetic Dynamometer with a custom-made pelvis and trunk stabilizing device. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Results showed an essentially linear increase in residual limb abduction strength with progressive adduction from 30 degrees abduction to 16 degrees adduction. The average increase in abduction torque was .97% (range .29 to 1.5) of the peak neutral position strength per degree of change in femur angle when corrected for the effect of gravity. Similar strength increases with adduction of the femur were found for intact and control limbs. Mean residual limb isometric abduction torque measured 30% less than the intact limb value (p = .0018). The difference between the intact and the control limb mean isometric abduction torques was less than 1%. Isokinetic testing was technically more difficult than isometric testing but revealed similar weakness of the residual limb abductors when compared to the intact and control limbs. PMID- 3178448 TI - Lesion of the ligamentum bifurcatum in ankle sprain. AB - In a consecutive study of 106 patients with a history of ankle sprain, 40.5% showed clinical signs of damage to the ligamentum bifurcatum of the midfoot. A significantly larger percentage of these patients complained of maximum tenderness localized to the instep compared with the patients without signs of damage to the ligamentum bifurcatum (P less than 0.001). Radiologic examination revealed 20 lesions related to damage to the ligamentum bifurcatum: laxity in the transverse tarsal joint, 12; avulsion from the anterior process of the calcaneus, 5; avulsion from the cuboid, 2; avulsion from the navicular, 1. The clinical importance of these findings is debatable. Previous investigations have revealed hypermobile ankles in patients with laxity in the transverse tarsal joint, as well as long convalescence time and risk of nonunion in patients with fractures of the anterior process of the calcaneus. It is therefore recommended that patients with a history of ankle sprain be evaluated concerning damage to the ligamentum bifurcatum of the midfoot. PMID- 3178452 TI - Increased energy cost of walking in multiple sclerosis: effect of spasticity, ataxia, and weakness. AB - Multiple sclerosis patients with motor involvement of the lower extremities and the trunk often experience exertional dyspnea and generalized or leg fatigue on walking, and their walking performance is reduced. It has recently been suggested that a high energy cost of walking (Cw) may be an important contributing factor to the observed dyspnea and fatigue. The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence Cw. Clinical tests were used to assess the major alterations of the motor system. Thirty-three patients (mean age 41 years, mean maximal speed 2.8 km/h, range 1.2 to 6.2 km/h) in a stable phase of their disease were examined. Cost of walking (mean +/- SE) at 1.8 km/h was 0.287 +/- 0.018 ml 02.kg-1.m-1 (normal value 0.163 +/- 0.007, p less than 0.001). A multivariate regression analysis showed that Cw was significantly related to spasticity of the lower extremities, whereas lower extremity and truncal weakness did not contribute to the observed high Cw. PMID- 3178453 TI - Upper extremity function in multiple sclerosis: improving assessment sensitivity with box-and-block and nine-hole peg tests. AB - The need for standardized operational definitions, as well as a more sensitive, easily applied, and reproducible upper extremity functional assessment for following patients in multiple sclerosis clinical trials is evident. Experience with the use of two upper extremity functional assessment instruments--the nine hole peg test (9HPT) and the box-and-block test (BBT)--is described. The patients, who were followed for six months, experienced subjective change in functional status but failed to show significant change on the pyramidal, cerebellar, or visual functional scores of the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). The prevalence of upper extremity dysfunction in multiple sclerosis, as measured by the 9HPT and the BBT, is higher than previously appreciated. The 9HPT and BBT are more sensitive in detecting upper extremity functional status change than the EDSS and should prove helpful in following patients in clinical trials. PMID- 3178455 TI - Inpatient arthritis rehabilitation programs in the US: results from a national survey. AB - The implementation of prospective payment systems has severely limited the traditional practice of providing rehabilitation services to arthritis patients on rheumatic disease units; however, the admission of these patients to a designated rehabilitation unit may be appropriate. This paper presents data on the provision of inpatient rehabilitation services to patients with arthritis. Two surveys were developed for this study. The first survey sample consisted of 502 hospitals; 163 (52%) of the 313 respondents were identified as facilities providing inpatient arthritis rehabilitation. A second survey regarding patient and program characteristics was completed by 146 of the 313 facilities. The data from rehabilitation units serving arthritis patients are presented with regard to utilization, discharge disposition, sources of payment, patient demographic and diagnostic information, and specialization of the rehabilitation program. The data indicate that persons with arthritis are underrepresented in the rehabilitation population, although the diagnosis is approved for admission under rehabilitation guidelines. This underutilization is attributed to problems of reimbursement, inappropriate admission criteria, inadequately trained staff, and lack of referrals. PMID- 3178454 TI - Closed head injury in acute traumatic spinal cord injury: incidence and risk factors. AB - Investigators estimate that 15% to 50% of all patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) also incur a closed head injury (CHI), but studies have been hampered by design flaws, including retrospective assessment and inconsistent definition of CHI. We conducted a prospective study of combined CHI and SCI among 82 SCI patients consecutively admitted at two hospitals within 24 hours of injury. The purpose of the study was to determine the incidence and duration of loss of consciousness and posttraumatic amnesia (PTA), and to establish the risk factors for combined CHI and SCI. The overall incidence of CHI as defined by the presence of PTA of any duration was 49%. There was a significantly increased risk of CHI for patients involved in traffic accidents (risk ratio = 3.7; 95% confidence interval 1.8 to 7.2). There was no increased risk associated with level of injury (quadriplegic vs paraplegic; risk ratio = 1.2; 95% confidence interval = 0.8 to 1.8). All SCI patients, regardless of level of injury, deserve systematic evaluations for CHI in their acute care evaluations. PMID- 3178456 TI - Secondary neuropsychiatric complications in stroke: implications for acute care. AB - Neurologic consequences of stroke and associated disability are widely recognized. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of stroke and the implications of such are less well described. This study reviews 1493 cases of stroke and describes 101 cases with concomitant psychiatric diagnoses in terms of discharge setting and length of stay. Patients with psychiatric diagnoses had greater lengths of stay and were less frequently discharged to their homes. Specific psychiatric diagnoses appeared to have little differential effect upon length of stay. The need for attending to psychiatric morbidity in stroke patients is emphasized, and suggestions include treatment of poststroke depression. PMID- 3178457 TI - Orthotic technique for dystonia musculorum deformans. AB - Tone reducing, inhibitive casting, and orthoses have been effectively used in patients with cerebral palsy and head injury to improve gait patterns and decrease tone. We present a patient with dystonia musculorum deformans who had severe inversion and supination of his left foot with weight bearing. He did poorly with metal double-upright ankle-foot orthoses with lateral T-strap. A tone reducing ankle-foot orthosis (TRAFO) was successful in decreasing problems with abrasions and allowing him to walk without assistive devices. PMID- 3178459 TI - Pacemakers and NCS. PMID- 3178458 TI - Treatment of orthostatic hypotension: interaction of pressor drugs and tilt table conditioning. AB - We describe a patient with severe orthostatic hypotension in whom tilt table conditioning had a striking, beneficial effect. Upon presentation, the patient was unable even to sit, and the deconditioning associated with prolonged bed rest worsened his autonomic dysfunction. Although he was sensitive to the pressor effects of vasoconstrictor drugs (dihydroergotamine, caffeine, and a somatostatin analogue), these agents failed to stabilize his walking blood pressure. With drug therapy, however, the patient could maintain an adequate blood pressure while performing isometric exercises on a tilt table, whose angle was gradually increased during three weeks. After this conditioning program, pressor drug therapy made it possible for the patient to walk. Although the physiologic basis for this therapeutic response is unclear, our results indicate that tilt table conditioning may be an important adjunct to drug therapy in patients with severe orthostatic hypotension. PMID- 3178460 TI - HIV testing. PMID- 3178461 TI - [Anxiety and processing of self-referent information]. PMID- 3178462 TI - [No pleasure in the word field of emotion concepts? 10 methods for characterizing word categorization]. PMID- 3178464 TI - [Intensity and structure of emotions]. PMID- 3178463 TI - [Effect of information sets, emotional status and external storage access on solving social cases]. PMID- 3178465 TI - Adjuvant therapy for node-negative breast cancer patients. Who benefits? PMID- 3178467 TI - Runoff resistance and early graft failure in infrainguinal bypass surgery. AB - Recent reports suggest that intraoperatively measured runoff resistance can identify patients destined for early graft failure. We measured runoff resistance in 80 consecutive patients who had undergone infrainguinal bypass surgery, and periodically assessed graft patency. There were 57 femoropopliteal bypass grafts and 23 infrapopliteal bypasses. After 3, 6, or 12 months, there was no significant difference in mean resistance between those grafts remaining patent and those that failed. Moreover, among patients with very high resistance (greater than 1.2 mm Hg/mL/min), 12 bypass grafts remained patent for more than one year. These results demonstrate that even patients with relatively high runoff resistance can undergo successful bypass grafting. Consequently, patients with measured or angiographic evidence of poor runoff should not be denied vascular reconstruction on this basis alone. We believe that graft failure is a multifactorial process in which the nature of the graft material, location of the distal anastomosis, runoff resistance, and a number of other factors are likely to play a role. PMID- 3178466 TI - Femoropopliteal reconstruction for claudication. The risk to life and limb. AB - The current study was undertaken to examine the results of femoropopliteal bypass grafting with intermittent claudication as the indication. Of 1173 infrainguinal reconstructions carried out on our service during the past decade, 249 (21%) consecutive femoropopliteal grafts were performed for disabling claudication in 191 patients. The primary five-year cumulative patency rates were 78% for autogenous vein and 52% for polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. There were two (0.8%) 30-day operative deaths and a subsequent five-year amputation rate of 2.4% for both groups. Femoropopliteal reconstruction for claudication may therefore be carried out with acceptably low operative mortality and a subsequent amputation rate comparable with that anticipated from the natural history of the disease. While the five-year patency rate is significantly higher utilizing autogenous vein grafts, symptomatic relief may be expected with prosthetic grafts in approximately half the patients without incurring a higher risk of limb loss. PMID- 3178468 TI - Long-term survival and quality of life following ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - To document both the long-term survival and the quality of life of patients following surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), the records of 65 patients with ruptured AAA resection were compared with those of 100 who underwent elective AAA resection. The actuarial survival following ruptured aneurysm surgery was 92%, 51%, and 51% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively, and did not differ statistically for patients after elective AAA surgery or for an age- and sex-matched sample from the general population. Based on responses to a quality of life survey, there were no discernible differences in life-style, degree of independence, or productivity following either ruptured or elective AAA surgery. Survivors of ruptured AAA have an excellent long-term prognosis and expectation for a good quality of life. PMID- 3178469 TI - Supplemental oxygen and dependent positioning as adjunctive measures to improve forefoot tissue oxygenation. AB - Fifty-seven patients with resting pain or tissue necrosis were found to have a forefoot transcutaneous tissue oxygen (tcPO2) level less than 30 mm Hg. The adjunctive measures of foot dependency (36 cm below heart level) and nasal oxygen of 3 L/min were evaluated in these patients. In general, the improvement in tcPO2 levels with these adjunctive measures was not related to basal levels of forefoot or arm tcPO2. One can expect an increase in tcPO2 level of approximately 22 mm Hg while employing the dependent position and an additional benefit of 12 mm Hg with the administration of nasal oxygen. Of the 35 patients with a basal forefoot tcPO2 level of less than 10 mm Hg, 11 did not respond to these adjunctive measures. PMID- 3178471 TI - Artifactual CEA elevation due to human anti-mouse antibodies. AB - Retrospective analysis of 108 patients who received indium 111-labeled murine monoclonal antibodies for imaging of cancer was performed. Most patients had operative procedures for colorectal carcinoma following completion of scintiscanning. Eleven patients had markedly elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels postoperatively without evidence of residual or recurrent disease. The laboratory method of measuring CEA levels was a commercially available double mouse monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay. It was postulated that the unexplained elevation of CEA was a reflection of the presence of human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) induced by the administration of radiolabeled mouse antibody. A competitive assay for HAMA was undertaken by incubation of these patients' sera with a high dose of nonspecific mouse immunoglobulin prior to CEA determinations, and subsequent CEA levels were normal. The presence of HAMA was confirmed by a noncompetitive solid-phase enzyme immunoassay in 73% of tested patients who received murine monoclonal antibodies for imaging. Identification of artifactual CEA elevations is important in the treatment of cancer patients. PMID- 3178470 TI - Enhanced collagen production by smooth muscle cells during repetitive mechanical stretching. AB - We examined the effect of repetitive mechanical stretching on smooth muscle cell (SMC) collagen production. Porcine SMCs from passages 3 through 7 were seeded in 35-mm2 flexible-bottomed culture wells at a concentration of 2 x 10(5) cells per well and allowed to attach for 24 hours. The experimental group was placed in a vacuum-operated stress-providing instrument that exerted an average elongation of 25% at maximum downward deflection of the culture plate bottom. The stretched cells (nine wells per day) were subjected to a cyclic force regimen of 10 s of elongation and 10 s of relaxation for five days. The control cells (nine wells per day) were subjected to incubation conditions similar to those in the experimental group but without cyclic stretching. Twenty-four hours before harvesting, serum-free medium containing 50-microCi tritiated proline, an amino acid hydroxylated in collagen (hydroxyproline), and 50 micrograms/mL of ascorbate was added per well. On days 3 and 5 the medium and cells were collected, precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, and then sedimented, lyophilized, and analyzed to separate hydroxyproline and proline. Values for collagen and noncollagen protein were calculated after quantitation of the hydroxyproline and proline concentrations. The results indicate that three-cycle-per-minute stretching coordinately stimulated SMC production of collagen and noncollagen protein. We conclude that pulsatile stretch enhances collagen and noncollagen protein synthesis. PMID- 3178472 TI - Combined aortofemoral and extended deep femoral artery reconstruction. Functional results and predictors of need for distal bypass. AB - In patients with combined aortoiliac and femoropopliteal occlusive disease, severe involvement of the deep femoral artery (DFA) has often been considered an indication for simultaneous aortofemoral and femorodistal bypass grafting. In 73 patients (87 limbs) with multilevel disease, extended DFA reconstruction was performed with aortofemoral bypass. Five-year actuarial patency of the reconstructions and overall five-year actuarial limb salvage were 62.2% and 60.2%, respectively. Of 20 variables tested, four were significantly associated with the functional outcome of the procedures. Multivariate analysis identified two factors as predictive of outcome independently from other variables: preoperative ankle-brachial pressure index and angiographic status of the below knee popliteal artery. However, in case of reoperation for occluded aortofemoral graft, these factors lost their validity. Extended DFA reconstruction is a valuable and durable procedure able to provide an adequate outflow and distal perfusion. Careful judgment in each clinical situation will aid in selecting a small group of patients in which simultaneous femorodistal bypass is required. PMID- 3178473 TI - Tissue injury caused by Dakin's solution. PMID- 3178475 TI - Mortality in acute renal failure. PMID- 3178474 TI - Total gastrectomy and survival. PMID- 3178476 TI - Severe intra-abdominal sepsis and open management. PMID- 3178478 TI - APACHE II score in abdominal sepsis. PMID- 3178477 TI - Phenoxybenzamine and urinary retention. PMID- 3178479 TI - Risk of infection after open fracture of the arm or leg. AB - Two hundred forty consecutive patients admitted for operative treatment of an open fracture of the arm or leg were followed up prospectively for the development of fracture infection. The independent risk of fracture infection was increased in patients with grade IIIB or IIIC fractures, internal or external fixation, lower-leg fracture, any blood transfusion, or injuries resulting from motorcycle accidents or motor vehicle-pedestrian accidents. By stepwise multivariate logistic regression, the most significant risk factors were the grade of the fracture, internal or external fixation, and fractures of the lower leg. These risk factors all represent local wound characteristics, and we conclude that the most important actions by the surgeon to prevent infection involve local wound care. There was no relation between the timing of antibiotic administration or duration of antibiotic therapy and infection risk. PMID- 3178480 TI - Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor increases granulocyte cell-surface complement receptor number. AB - Exposure of human buffy-coat granulocytes to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) produced cellular activation as indicated by an increase in the neutrophil and monocyte cell-surface number of C3b receptors (measured by indirect immunofluorescence). The degree of receptor increase depended on the dose of TNF from 25 to 1250 pg/mL. Results of kinetic analysis confirmed this response: TNF, 250 pg/mL, caused an increase in the C3b receptor number within ten minutes. Purified neutrophils exhibited a similar increase in cell-surface C3b receptors dependent on the concentration of TNF. Tumor necrosis factor could be a mediator of granulocyte activation in patients. PMID- 3178481 TI - Endotoxin causes hydrogen peroxide-induced lung lipid peroxidation and prostanoid production. AB - We studied the role of hydrogen peroxide release on endotoxin-induced lung injury in unanesthetized sheep with chronic lung lymph fistulas. We also further defined the relationship between endotoxin injury, lipid peroxidation, and prostaglandin production. Sheep were given endotoxin alone (1 microgram/kg) or pretreated with catalase (32,500 U/kg) or ibuprofen (12.5 mg/kg). Endotoxin alone resulted in an early prostanoid release, lipid peroxidation measured as circulating conjugated dienes both one and four hours after the administration of endotoxin, pulmonary hypertension, hypoxia, and increased protein permeability. Permeability was monitored by lymph flow and lymph protein content. Catalase pretreatment significantly attenuated all of these aspects of the endotoxin response. Ibuprofen prevented the early lung changes and blocked prostanoid release but did not attenuate the increased permeability. In addition, cyclo-oxygenase inhibition had a dual effect on lipid peroxidation, increasing initial conjugated diene levels while suppressing the later release. The initial effect was clearly related to cyclo-oxygenase blockade. The early conjugated diene release appears to be related to arachidonic acid metabolism and does not correspond to the degree of increased permeability. We conclude that H2O2 plays a major role in lung injury after endotoxin. PMID- 3178483 TI - Lymph node biopsy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infections. AB - Twenty-one male homosexuals were followed up by repeated lymph node biopsy for a mean (+/- SEM) follow-up of 99 +/- 18 weeks. Four histologic patterns were seen on biopsy: explosive follicular hyperplasia (EFH), follicular involution (FI), a mixed pattern of EFH with FI in the same node, and lymphocyte depletion. Patients with FI and lymphocyte depletion had mean survival times that were significantly less than those for the subjects with EFH. The percentage of lymph node follicles with suppressor cell clusters (T8) in EFH lymph nodes was significantly higher (43% vs 8%) than in nodes from patients without risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Helper/suppressor T-cell ratios in control nodes were 1.6; in EFH nodes, 0.97; and in FI nodes, 0.88. A remarkable 33% of patients in this lymphadenopathy group ultimately developed large-cell (B-cell) lymphoma, suggesting that the follicular stimulation noted histologically played a role in the development of this neoplasm. These data show that there is a progressive destruction of lymph node follicles that correlates with the progression of the disease and that lymph node histologic features may provide important prognostic information. PMID- 3178482 TI - The natural history of murine intra-abdominal abscess formation. AB - We determined the natural history of experimental abscess formation and had a secondary interest in the effect of muramyl dipeptide. Swiss-Webster mice were injected intraperitoneally with autoclaved mouse fecal suspension and either Bacteroides fragilis (10(8) colony-forming units [cfu]/mL) alone or Escherichia coli (10(4) cfu/mL), enterococcus (10(3) cfu/mL), and B fragilis (10(5) cfu/mL) after pretreatment with muramyl dipeptide or saline solution. All deaths occurred within 48 hours of injection and surviving mice, including those bearing abscesses, appeared to be healthy throughout the study. The number of mice with abscesses and the number of abscesses per group were at their maximum at two to four weeks. Groups with live bacteria had a substantial reduction in the number of abscesses between eight and 26 weeks, compared with two- and four-week values. Manual rupture of palpably large eight-week-old abscesses in 21 mice produced only one death and at autopsy two weeks later, all of the mice showed multiple smaller abscesses. Abscess formation appeared to be beneficial and the natural history of such may include spontaneous resolution without mortality. PMID- 3178484 TI - Immunosuppression and intestinal bacterial overgrowth synergistically promote bacterial translocation. AB - Gram-negative, enteric bacilli of the indigenous gastrointestinal tract microflora translocated primarily to the mesenteric lymph nodes in mice given either oral penicillin G sodium or clindamycin hydrochloride. These bacteria also translocated to the mesenteric lymph nodes in mice injected with cyclophosphamide or prednisone. However, in mice treated with the combination of an oral antibiotic plus an immunosuppressive drug, the translocating bacteria spread systemically to the peritoneal cavity. When the treatment with clindamycin and prednisone was extended to 12 days, the mice died of lethal sepsis beginning eight days after treatment. Thus, the combination of intestinal bacterial overgrowth and host immunosuppression synergistically promoted bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract that resulted in lethal sepsis. PMID- 3178485 TI - Effect of bacteremia on mortality after thermal injury. AB - Infection is a common cause of death after thermal injury. Therefore, we reviewed the records of 1108 patients who had sustained burns to determine the effect of bacteremia on mortality. Overall, 32 patients died due to sepsis, 26 of whom had positive blood cultures. During this period, 93 patients had 133 bacteremic episodes. The 26 bacteremic patients (28%) who died had larger burns (71% +/- 24%) than the 67 patients who survived (39% +/- 24%), as well as a higher incidence of inhalation injuries. The patients dying of sepsis also were more likely to have polymicrobial bacteremias than the survivors. The distribution of microorganisms causing bacteremia was different between the surviving and nonsurviving patients, with patients sustaining fatal bacteremias having a higher incidence of infections with gram-negative enteric organisms or Pseudomonas. Thus, increased burn size and the presence of an inhalation injury, polymicrobial bacteremia, or gram-negative bacteremia were associated with an increased mortality rate in bacteremic patients with burns. PMID- 3178486 TI - Lymphocyte phenotype and function changes in burn patients after intravenous IgG therapy. AB - The effects of prophylactic administration of intravenous IgG on immune-cell phenotype and function in burn patients were compared with those of patients receiving standard therapy. Intravenous IgG infusions were given twice weekly for three weeks postburn or until wound closure. Intravenous IgG had no effect on the proportion of total T-lymphocytes, T-helper lymphocytes, or T-suppressor lymphocytes, but the proportion of B-lymphocytes decreased 40% in treated patient samples. Lymphocytes from treated patients incorporated less thymidine when stimulated with concanavalin A or pokeweed mitogen, but not with phytohemagglutinin. The amount of IgM secreted by pokeweed mitogen-stimulated cultures from treated patients increased by 24%, while the amount of IgG remained constant. The changes in beta-lymphocyte number and functional response may have been induced by the increased serum IgG levels in the intravenous IgG-treated patients. PMID- 3178487 TI - Cachectin/TNF production in experimental burns and Pseudomonas infection. AB - Burn injury and infection result in significant losses of lean tissue. The cytokine cachectin/tumor necrosis factor has been implicated in this process but is not uniformly detected during infection. We sought to determine the relationship between body composition changes and in vivo hepatic levels of pretranslational message for cachectin (messenger RNA) in a burn and infection rodent model. Adult Wistar rats were grouped as follows: (1) freely fed, (2) 30% burn, (3) 30% burn with Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, (4) pair fed, and (5) 30% burn and infection with recombinant cachectin. Compared with controls or animals only burned, burned and infected rats had a 100% increase in hepatic cachectin messenger RNA content, lost carcass protein, and exhibited muscle loss with sparing of liver mass. Tissue production of cachectin as well as other cytokines may be sufficient to mediate several body composition changes observed in response to injury and infection. PMID- 3178488 TI - Protective capacity of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against endotoxin during experimental sepsis. AB - Both monoclonal antibody (MAb) and polyclonal antibody (PAb) directed against the shared core/lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (endotoxin) provide protection during experimental gram-negative bacterial sepsis. Although these preparations have not been compared, clinical trials administering either preparation to septic patients have been instituted. The core/lipid A region of LPS represents an antigenic domain common to many, if not all, gram-negative microbes, and thus represents an ideal target site for antibody binding. We sought to determine (1) the protective capacity of similarly reactive IgG anti core LPS/lipid A MAbs and PAbs, (2) whether the timing of administration was important, and (3) whether either would act additively with antimicrobial agents. Antibody was administered intravenously to outbred mice, and Escherichia coli 0111:B4 was then administered intravenously or intraperitoneally with hemoglobin. Monoclonal antibodies and PAbs were equally protective, and protection was maximized by pretreatment, although the effect extended to four hours after bacterial challenge. Both MAbs and PAbs acted in concert with gentamicin hydrochloride to further reduce lethality. We concluded that MAbs and PAbs were equally protective and that clinical utility may eventually be dictated by ease and cost of antibody production. PMID- 3178489 TI - Insulinlike growth factor 1 production is inhibited in human sepsis. AB - We studied the response of 14 normal volunteers and five septic patients to a 48 hour course of exogenous biosynthetic human growth hormone (hGH) or placebo. Six normal controls (group 1) received saline, eight normal controls received hGH (group 2), and five septic patients also received biosynthetic hGH (group 3). Urinary urea excretion declined, and splanchnic amino acid uptake was maintained only in group 2 subjects. Septic patients exhibited changes in amino acid and urea dynamics comparable to those of subjects receiving placebo. Insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) production and plasma concentrations increased in group 2 in a fashion corresponding to the changes in nitrogen exchange, whereas septic patients exhibited no change in IGF-1 level. Therefore, in this septic patient group, exogenous hGH was ineffective in attenuating nitrogen losses and stimulating IGF-1 production. This supports the hypothesis that IGF-1 is a mediator of the anabolic effect of hGH. PMID- 3178490 TI - Induction of hypermetabolism in guinea pigs by endotoxin infused through the portal vein. AB - Endotoxin has been suspected of inducing hypermetabolism in animals. To delineate its mechanism more precisely, three experiments were performed using male Hartley guinea pigs that involved intermittent or continuous administration of endotoxin intraperitoneally for seven days and continuous infusion of low-dose endotoxin through the portal vein for five days. The doses of endotoxin were 0.3 mg, 0.36 mg, and 0.014 mg per 100 g of body weight per day, respectively. Hypermetabolic response was induced only in the experiment involving the infusion of endotoxin through the portal vein; the hypermetabolic response was correlated significantly with endotoxin levels in the plasma. These results indicate that endotoxin translocated from the gut into the mesenteric vein will induce hypermetabolism more readily than endotoxin translocated into the peritoneal cavity. PMID- 3178491 TI - In vivo phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rat hind limb skeletal muscle during sepsis. AB - High-energy phosphate metabolism in skeletal muscle is altered during sepsis, although the chronology of events is uncertain. Phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure changes in muscle energy stores of the left hind limb musculature of adult male rats during sepsis. Following control scans, cecal ligation and puncture were performed and scanning was repeated 6, 24, and 48 hours after surgery. The ratios of phosphocreatine (PCr) to inorganic phosphate (Pi), a measure of energy stores, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to Pi ratio, a measure of the energy available for immediate use, were determined from peak heights. Intracellular pH was calculated using the distance between Pi and PCr peaks. In surviving animals, a 40% decrease in PCr/Pi ratio (+/- SEM) was observed by 24 hours (22.3 +/- 3.0 at time 0 vs 13.3 +/- 2.8 at 24 hours), whereas energy availability (beta-ATP/Pi) was statistically unchanged (18.2 +/- 2.2 at time 0 vs 15.2 +/- 1.2 at 48 hours). Intracellular pH did not change. Both PCr/Pi and ATP/Pi ratios were inversely correlated with time. In this model of documented peritonitis, skeletal muscle energy metabolism is rapidly altered following severe infection, and these changes can be detected using 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. PMID- 3178492 TI - Acetylated galactosamine is a receptor for the influenza C virus glycoprotein. AB - We have investigated the specificity of influenza C virus receptor destroying enzyme (RDE) by treatment of erythrocytes of various species with influenza C virus followed by examination of the agglutination patterns of the erythrocytes with a panel of 13 lectins and four anti-human blood group sera of known receptor specificity. Human and animal erythrocytes were agglutinated by lectins SBA, DBA, WFA, VAA II, RCA II, and WGA which have a specificity for the N-acetyl group of galactosamine (NAc-D-Gal) or glucosamine (NAc-D-Gal); this effect was abolished after treatment of erythrocytes with influenza C virus. On the other hand, lectins (RCA I, PNA, APA) with a specificity for D-Gal were able to agglutinate erythrocytes both before and after influenza C virus treatment. Thus, influenza C virus RDE is able to cleave an acetyl group at the 'N' position of galactosamine or glucosamine in addition to acetyl groups in the 'O' position of neuraminic acid and acetylated amino sugars such as galactosamine may act as receptors for the haemagglutinin of influenza C viruses in addition to acetylated neuraminic acid. PMID- 3178493 TI - Orf virus and vaccinia virus do not cross-protect sheep. AB - Inoculation of lambs with a New Zealand strain of orf virus (NZ 2) failed to protect them against subsequent infection with the Lister strain of vaccinia virus. Similarly, in the reciprocal test, vaccinia virus failed to protect against subsequent orf virus infection. Inoculation with either orf virus or vaccinia virus alone afforded protection against reinfection with the same virus. These results have relevance to the use of vaccinia virus gene vectors in sheep. PMID- 3178494 TI - [Bronchial hypersensitivity in infants and toddlers]. PMID- 3178495 TI - [Comparison of absorption characteristics of sustained-release theophylline formulations in healthy volunteers]. PMID- 3178496 TI - [Prognosis presumption with bronchial asthma at first medical examination--III- Influence of physical and environmental factors on the severity in asthmatic children]. PMID- 3178497 TI - [The effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF) inhalation on airway responsiveness in beagles]. PMID- 3178498 TI - Antigen, histamine and serotonin-induced contractions of single smooth muscle cells of guinea pig taenia coli. PMID- 3178499 TI - AIDS: challenges for the caregiver. PMID- 3178500 TI - Platelet aggregations, fatty acids, clotting factors and serum lipids in rural and urban blacks, and urban whites in South Africa. AB - Platelet fatty acids, platelet aggregations, and coagulation factors were measured in 27 rural blacks, 27 urban blacks and 39 urban whites. Platelets were significantly less aggregable to collagen and arachidonic acid in in both black groups as compared to whites (p less than 0.01), but there were no significant differences in ADP or epinephrine aggregation between these groups. Factor VIII coagulant activity was much higher in rural and urban blacks than whites (p less than 0.001), and the partial thromboplastin times were shorter (p less than 0.005). Platelet arachidonic acid showed a marked difference between the groups, being 16.4 +/- 5.4% of total platelet fatty acids in the rural blacks, 19.9 +/- 4.2% in the urban blacks and 22.6 +/- 3.3% in the whites (p less than 0.001). Whites had higher LDL and lower HDL cholesterol than blacks (p less than 0.005). These findings suggest that in addition to the well known association of raised LDL cholesterol and acute myocardial infarction, platelet aggregation patterns and platelet arachidonic acid levels may be associated risk factors in coronary thrombosis. PMID- 3178502 TI - Treatment of experimentally induced cerebral atherothromboembolism in an animal model with streptokinase and taurochenodeoxycholate. AB - In cerebral atherothromboembolic accidents it is essential to quickly remove both the thrombotic and cholesterol crystal vascular obstructions. In this study we induced cerebral atheroembolic infarction in adult male NZW rabbits. Post induction we treated groups of animals with saline, streptokinase (SK)-only, or streptokinase and taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC). The tissues were fixed 24 hours later and the infarcts were then measured. No remarkable damage resulted from the agents' use in the cerebral vascular bed, or in the hepatic parenchyma. Both treatments produced a dramatic reduction in the area and perimeter measurements of the infarcts when compared to control-treated animals. Both SK treatments drastically reduced the sizes of induced infarcts. It is suggested that a combined thrombolytic/emulsification treatment may drastically reduce the extent and distribution of cerebral infarcts which result from cerebral atherothromboembolism. PMID- 3178501 TI - The effect of fish oil on atherogenesis and thrombopoiesis in rabbits on high cholesterol diet. AB - The effect of fish oil supplementation on atherogenesis and thrombopoiesis was investigated in rabbits fed a high cholesterol diet for 7 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference between the area of lipid accumulation in the aorta of the animals fed fish oil and the control animals. There was no statistically significant difference in platelet count, mean platelet volume, megakarycoyte DNA content or serum cholesterol between the two groups. Serum triglyceride was significantly higher in the fish oil group than in the controls (p less than 0.035). Fish oil supplementation does not change atherogenesis or thrombopoiesis in the cholesterol fed rabbit. PMID- 3178503 TI - Substrate specificity studies of partially purified rabbit heart lipoprotein lipase. AB - Rabbit heart lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was partially purified by affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme was characterized by salt inhibition, the requirement of a serum co-factor and an alkaline pH optimum. Because of the known hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary polyunsaturated fat in this and other species, the fatty acyl substrate specificity of this lipase was also studied. Both saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chain hydrolysis were investigated using synacyl and mixed acyl triglyceride emulsion substrates. It was found that trans, monounsaturated and some saturated fatty acids were more favorably hydrolyzed than polyunsaturated cis fatty acids. Positional specificity was also observed. The physiological significance of these findings may relate to a) the production of lipoprotein remnant particles relatively enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially when consumed in the diet and b) the subsequent preferential delivery of these fatty acids to the liver. PMID- 3178504 TI - Some factors influencing the interactions of plasma lipoproteins with arterial elastin. AB - Elastin is a major component of the artery wall and, because of their involvement in atherosclerosis, the interaction of lipoproteins with elastin may be of considerable importance. Previous studies of the interactions between elastin and lipoproteins have been carried out in idealised systems which do not retain the structure of the elastin. In this study we have measured the uptake of both low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) by arterial preparations and have tried to assess the importance of the different steps of preparation on the results. By comparing elastin from different sources and different degrees of extraction and delipidation we have tried to make some inferences about the nature of the interaction between elastin and lipoproteins in the hope that we can better understand the importance of this interaction in vivo. PMID- 3178505 TI - Intimal permeability evaluated in a short-term organ culture of diabetic guinea pig aorta. AB - A novel short-term organ culture system was used to evaluate intimal permeability changes by measuring aortic [14C]methylated albumin accumulation. Aortic plugs were removed from the upper thoracic aorta of male guinea pigs and maintained in serum-free media. The accumulation of [14C]albumin in the intimal-medial layer was determined after a 5 h incubation. In preliminary studies, albumin recovered from intimal-injured aortic plugs was significantly greater than those from non injured plugs. Aortic plugs from streptozotocin-treated guinea pigs, diabetic for 3 weeks, also accumulated significantly more [14C]albumin than plugs from nondiabetic controls. Histological changes were not observed in the aorta of either the diabetic or control group. A strong significant inverse correlation was found between plasma ascorbic acid levels and [14C]-activity recovered from aortic plugs. This study demonstrates a simple and rapid method for assessing aortic permeability changes under a well-defined in vitro system, and suggests that vascular permeability changes in the streptozotocin-diabetic guinea pig may be associated with an ascorbic acid deficit. PMID- 3178506 TI - The effect of fish oil on lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with angina pectoris. AB - The effect of fish oil on lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis was investigated in patients with stable angina pectoris. The patients were given a daily supplement of 4.5 g n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA's) for 4 weeks and were then randomized to the same oil or to fish oil (4.5 g n-3 PUFA's) for 12 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and after 16 weeks of oil supplementation. Lipids, coagulation and fibrinolysis were measured in 14 patients treated with fish oil. There was a significant decrease in triglycerides and very low density lipoproteins but unexpectedly a significant increase in total cholesterol from 5.9 to 6.7 mmol/l after fish oil. The fibrinolytic activity at rest determined by the fibrin plate method showed a decrease after fish oil. Other measurements did not reveal any statistically significant changes. These finding necessitate caution with uncontrolled supplementation with fish oil in patients with stable angina pectoris. PMID- 3178507 TI - Pattern of blood vessels in forelimbs of three strains of mice. AB - A technique was developed for visualizing the pattern of arteries in the adult mouse forelimb. The aorta was cannulated and injected with blue stained Batson's Number 17 Anatomic Compound to perfuse the forelimb arteries; the ossified skeleton was stained and the soft tissues were cleared, making it possible to examine the entire arterial system in the intact specimen. The pattern of distribution of arteries were compared in 120 forelimbs from three strains of mice, two inbred and one hybrid. Significant differences between the three strains were found for 9 of 16 variations evaluated. Differences in the point of origin of vessels were the most common; differences in the fusion of vessels, the extension of vessels and the presence of extra vessels were also identified. The patterns were much more constant in the two inbred strains than in the hybrid strain, suggesting the importance of genetic factors in determining the arterial pattern. Absence of major vessels and an abnormal persistence of embryonic vessels, which have been observed in association with skeletal malformations, were not observed in any of the 120 normal adult mouse forelimbs examined. PMID- 3178508 TI - The effect of plasma from patients with essential hypertension on the contractility of human arteries. AB - The effect of plasma from patients with essential hypertension and from normotensive subjects on the contractile response to noradrenaline and potassium chloride has been investigated using human isolated arteries. After incubation with plasma from normotensive subjects, there was no change in the contractile response to either noradrenaline (-3.0 +/- 5.4%; P = NS) or potassium chloride (3.2 +/- 3.0%; P = NS). After incubation with plasma from patients with essential hypertension, the contractile response to noradrenaline was significantly increased (24.8 +/- 9.8%; P less than 0.01) whereas that to potassium chloride did not change (-0.4 +/- 3.7%; P = NS). The change in the contractile response to noradrenaline in the presence of plasma from hypertensive patients was significantly higher than that obtained in the presence of plasma from normotensive subjects (P less than 0.03) whereas that to potassium chloride was not different between groups (P = NS). These findings suggest that the increased vascular reactivity of human arteries in the presence of hypertensive plasma could be related to specific mechanisms requiring receptor-mediated activation of the vascular smooth muscle cell. PMID- 3178509 TI - [Nephropathy of pregnancy as a risk factor of congenital glomerulopathy]. AB - The study is concerned with morphological alterations in fetal and neonatal renal glomeruli in late gestosis. Nephropathy of pregnancy is established to be a factor of risk of renal dysembryogenesis, presenting with renal immaturity and focal dysplasias in mature fetuses and newborns as well as fraught with congenital glomerulopathies. The employment of immunofluorescence techniques permitted clarification of immune complex pathogenetic role in development of fetal and neonatal glomerulopathies in late gestosis. The results of the study support the necessity for antenatal protection of the fetus aimed at pathogenetic prophylaxis of congenital nephropathies. PMID- 3178510 TI - [Some problems of the morphogenesis of bullous emphysema of the lungs]. AB - The analysis of 93 cases of bullous pulmonary emphysema provided evidence for the significance of valvular mechanism of bulla formation operable at two levels: in small bronchi and bronchioles on the one hand and in the area of subpleural fibrosis on the other hand, the latter arising in the result of subpleural atelectasis or subpleural carnificating pneumonia. Relevant pathology is characterized by peripheral acinus situated tangentially to the pleural surface. Electron-microscopic examination revealed pneumocytes of the second type on the internal bulla surface. PMID- 3178511 TI - [Morphogenesis of peripheral cancer of the lung]. AB - Principal stages in morphogenesis of peripheral lung cancer (PLC) were studied on operative specimens obtained from 200 PLC patients with majority tumors 0.5-3 cm in diameter. PLC was found to involve predominantly sites of preexisting cicatrices available in 93.1% of cases of small cancer. Essential in PLC onset may be Ghon's, Simon's and Aschoff-Pool focus cicatrices and tuberculomas recorded in 113 patients (70%). Pneumoconiosis- induced and postpneumonic cicatrices occurred in 42 (26%) and 6 (4%) patients, respectively. Dysplasia of small bronchi epithelium, bronchioles and alveoli found in cicatrices should be considered PLC precancer. The authors hold that cicatricial lesions in lung periphery are PLC risk factors. PMID- 3178512 TI - [Nosology of the fetus and child as a problem of general pathology]. AB - Alteration is a common pathological process inherent to kymatogenesis and responsible for congenital defects which are the basic nosological unit of early kymatogenesis. Intrauterine compensatory adaptation triggers proliferation of mesenchymal tissue or hyperplasia of parenchymal cellular elements with accelerated maturation. Blastomogenesis occurs in children primarily during kymatogenesis. This fact can explain rapid progression of malignant growth during the first five years of life, the tumors being of embryonic or visceral tissue. Circulatory disorders prevail in perinatal period. They are represented by such nosological units as intrauterine hemorrhages and pneumopathies and are related to tissue immaturity. Fetal inflammation can be attributed to productive and alterative components. It is prone to generalized infection typical for early months of life. Opportunistic and viral infection is a common pathology in early infancy being the main nosological unit in this period. Later on the infection becomes local. Chronicity of infection rests upon persistent tissue immaturity. PMID- 3178513 TI - [Characteristic features of the pathological anatomy and involvement of the myocardium in anomalous branching of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk (Clinico-anatomical comparisons)]. AB - Pathologic, clinical and anatomical correlations are presented for left ventricular affection in abnormal origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. It was revealed that there is a complex of critical factors essential for survival of patients and clinical pattern of the defect including the degree of manifestation of intercoronary collateral circulation, specificity of myocardial left ventricular ischemic impairment and that of mitral structure. Clinical and anatomical comparisons are drawn between the degree of affection of the left ventricular myocardium and its functional capacity. PMID- 3178514 TI - [Atresia of the pulmonary artery with intact intraventricular septum]. AB - Cardiological studies of 16 patients with atresia of the pulmonary artery (APA) and intact interventricular septum (IIS) provided evidence for the following inferences: 1) most hearts in this pathology are characterized by right ventricular (RV) hypoplasia which determines structural defects of the ventricle dependent in their severity on restriction capacity of the right atrioventricular valve and time from the onset of reduced RV blood flow 2) common anatomical features of the defect are complete RV obstruction due to valvular atresia, IIS and normal shape of the conus, RV myocardial hypertrophy 3) survival of the patients conditioned by interatrial communication and open arterial canal. According to the authors, there are three types of APA with IIS. Type I--normal right ventricle with distinct components: sinuous, conical, trabecular. Type II- hypoplastic right ventricle with blocked function of the trabecular component. Type III--right ventricle affected by advanced hypoplasia and with operable sinuous part only. PMID- 3178516 TI - [Aspects of pathogenesis of tumor-like and tumor processes of viral etiology in secondary immunodeficient states (facts and hypotheses)]. AB - The authors analyse the literature data and propose original assumptions on the role of deranged cellular alterations and persistent carriage of viruses in secondary immunodeficiencies. These are suggested to promote the onset of tumor or tumor-like growth by means of compensatory mechanisms of proliferation enhanced in the conditions of local disorder of immunocompetent cells cooperation. PMID- 3178515 TI - [Registration of a diagnosis in complications of surgical treatment of diseases of the lungs and heart]. AB - Autopsy findings (160 deceased patients) were assessed clinically and anatomically. Lethal outcomes occurred after surgical treatment of the lungs and heart. Postoperative complications in the absence of a pathological relation to the primary pathology or its adverse effects were considered in diagnosis documents as an equivalent of a nosological unit, i. e. iatrogenic "secondary" diseases. These conditions resulted either from adequate surgical interventions (78.1% of cases) or were attributed to technical and strategical errors (21.9% of cases). Unification of the complications associated with pulmonary and cardiac surgery implies use of the fundamentals of the "secondary" diseases theory and International Classification of Diseases (the 9th revision). PMID- 3178517 TI - [Morphological characteristics of hyperuricemic variant of chronic latent glomerulonephritis]. AB - The study of a hyperuricemic variant of chronic latent glomerulonephritis in asymptomatic hyperuricemia and gout suggested that relevant pathologic lesion can be morphologically represented by immune-complex glomerulonephritis and reactive mesangial changes as well as secondary tubulointerstitial nephritis. The underlying pathogenetic mechanism in the development of immune-complex glomerulonephritis and secondary tubulointerstitial nephritis is formation of antibodies to antigens of basal glomerular membrane and to alkaline edge of the proximal nephron, respectively. Reactive mesangial changes of the glomeruli reflect mesangiocyte sensitization to the antigens. PMID- 3178518 TI - Effect of blood purification on the kidney function of the jaundiced rat. AB - This paper is aimed at evaluating the effect of blood purification on the mitochondrial functions of the kidney in jaundiced rats. At 1, 2, or 3 weeks after bile duct ligation and dissection, obstructive jaundiced rats were utilized for experiment. Cross circulation in 1 ml/min between jaundiced rats and normal rats was performed for 1 or 3 h. Immediately and 24 h after cross circulation, the rats were killed and mitochondrial respiratory functions of the kidney were assessed by measuring oxygen consumption. Mitochondrial function, especially ATP synthesis, showed significant improvement in jaundiced rat with 2 or 3 weeks of biliary obstruction. Cross circulation for 3 h was more effective than that for 1 h. These data suggest that the renal energy production can be increased significantly in obstructive jaundice by blood purification treatment. PMID- 3178519 TI - Selective removal of low-density lipoproteins from plasma by polyacrylate-coated Fractogel in vitro and in experimental extracorporeal perfusion. AB - Polyacrylate, covalently bound to Fractogel, was tested as a sorbent for lipoproteins from human plasma in a perfusion column. Experiments in vitro indicated complete elimination of low-density lipoproteins from citrated plasma. No binding of high-density lipoproteins, fibrinogen, or the complement factors C3 and C4 was observed. Biocompatibility was demonstrated by extracorporeal plasma perfusion in sheep. The results indicate the potential use of polyacrylate-coated Fractogel for the removal of low-density lipoproteins from plasma ex vivo. PMID- 3178520 TI - The mitroflow pericardial valve. First results of a follow-up study. AB - One hundred eighty-eight Mitroflow pericardial valves, implanted on 166 patients from March 1983 to December 1986, have been followed for a total of 4316 patients x months. Mortality rate in the first three postoperative months is approximately 10% related to noncardiac complications. One hundred forty-nine patients are living at the start of the follow up period. During that period, one valve was explanted after 22 months for a cusp tear. The rate of thrombo embolic episode is minimal, six cases, as 47% are free of any anticoagulant therapy. One patient, operated upon for active SBE, required additional surgery 2 months later for a prosthetic infection. The present results suggest that early primary failure of Mitroflow valve is quite unfrequent. PMID- 3178521 TI - Animal evaluation of a new pericardial bioprosthetic heart valve. AB - Implantation in animals is an essential step in the evaluation of any new prosthetic heart valve before commencing clinical trials. A new three-leaflet pericardial bioprosthesis developed in Glasgow has been implanted in the mitral position in ten sheep and eight dogs. Eleven animals were electively killed after 3 months of observation and explanted valves were in good condition. Hydrodynamic tests of the explanted valves showed small changes in function compared to tests prior to implantation. This was mainly due to host tissue ingrowth over the edge of the leaflets. Histological studies confirmed good preservation of the pericardial tissue in explanted valves. PMID- 3178522 TI - Transplants and implants: the coming of the LVAD. PMID- 3178523 TI - Hollow-fiber dialyzers on the market. PMID- 3178524 TI - Abstracts from the first International Congress of the World Apheresis Association. May 20-23, 1986, Tokyo, Japan. PMID- 3178525 TI - Distinguishing and improving dysarthria due to facial weakness. PMID- 3178526 TI - Headache in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical and telethermographic findings. PMID- 3178527 TI - Intracranial operation within seven days of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results in 150 patients. AB - We evaluated the results of intracranial operation in 150 consecutive patients surgically treated within seven calendar days of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Patients in all clinical grades, except those who were moribund, were treated. Those with either anterior or posterior circulation aneurysms were included. On follow-up assessment, favorable outcomes were noted in 107 patients (71%), 17 had major disabilities (11%), and 26 had died (17%). During hospitalization, vasospasm was diagnosed in 63 patients (42%) and rebleeding occurred in 39 (25%). Operations were performed throughout the first week after SAH; results of operation were similar on each day. A lower rate of good recovery was observed among patients operatively treated four to seven days after SAH than among those operated on earlier. The admitting neurologic condition influenced outcome after early operation, but age did not have a major impact. We find that aneurysm surgery can be performed within one week of SAH with acceptable results, although there is room for improvement. PMID- 3178528 TI - Hypertensive encephalopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstration of reversible cortical and white matter lesions. AB - Computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) views of the brain were obtained in two adults and one child with hypertensive encephalopathy (HTE). Noncontrast CT was normal in one case and demonstrated decreased density posteriorly in two cases; MRI demonstrated focal, symmetric increased signal intensity in white matter and cortex, with occipital lobe involvement in each case. These lesions were better visualized on T2-weighted than on spin density images and were resolved on follow-up MRI four to five weeks later. These MRI studies support the concept that HTE is caused by the multifocal extravasation of fluid and proteins across the blood-brain barrier during "breakthrough" of cerebral autoregulation. We found that MRI appears more sensitive than CT and better defines the anatomy of cerebral involvement in HTE. PMID- 3178529 TI - Correlation of phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphologic findings in Alzheimer's disease. AB - Senile plaques (SPs), especially, and neurofibrillary tangles are important pathologic markers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but neither is pathognomonic for AD. We hypothesize that elevations in levels of phosphomonoesters, precursors of membrane phospholipids, occur early in the pathogenesis of AD and precede the appearance of SPs. In contrast, elevations in levels of phosphodiesters, breakdown products of phospholipids, reflect degeneration of neural membranes and will correlate with the appearance of SPs. Correlative phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphologic studies conducted to test this hypothesis disclosed that elevations in levels of phosphomonoesters had a negative correlation with the numbers of SPs, and elevations in levels of phosphodiesters had a positive correlation with the numbers of SPs. No correlations were observed for either membrane parameter and neurofibrillary tangles. These findings support our hypothesis and suggest that aberrations in the synthesis of membrane phospholipids are early metabolic events in the pathogenesis of AD. PMID- 3178530 TI - Familial Alzheimer's disease with myoclonus and 'spongy change'. AB - "Spongy change," or vacuolar change, was observed in the neocortex of temporal and frontal lobes in four of 27 patients with clinical and pathologic characteristics of Alzheimer's disease. All four cases had the autosomal dominant form of the disease, and aside from severe dementia, all developed myoclonus and became mute before death. The degeneration observed was unlike that seen in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease because it lacked astrocytosis and had a different distribution of lesions. Moreover, the abundance of neurofibrillary changes and senile plaques was consistent with Alzheimer's disease. None of the other 23 cases were familial, and none developed myoclonus or mutism; three of them had minor vacuolation limited to the temporal lobe. The four cases with severe spongy change described are the first, to our knowledge, in which vacuolar or spongy change has been associated with the familial form of Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3178531 TI - Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging findings in multiple sclerosis. Relation to disturbance of affect, drive, and cognition. AB - Forty-six patients with multiple sclerosis were rated with respect to their psychologic symptoms, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed. A significant correlation between the cerebral multiple sclerosis manifestations and the psychologic scores was found. The periventricular and frontal lesions seem to be the most important lesions for the psychologic symptoms of patients with multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3178532 TI - Familial oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis. Report of a new family with unusual features. AB - A family had a dominantly inherited amyloid angiopathy that involved the meninges of the brain and spinal cord, retina, vitreous humor, peripheral nerves, and systemic organs. Clinical features included hemiplegic migraine, periodic obtundation, psychosis, seizures, intracerebral hemorrhage, myelopathy, visual impairment, deafness, and peripheral neuropathy. Pathological findings consisted of amyloid deposition in the leptomeningeal and retinal vessels, in the vitreous humor, and in perivascular tissue throughout the body. Evaluation of the amyloid showed it to be a transthyretin (prealbumin). A brief course of plasmapheresis produced a short-lived decrease concentration in circulating transthyretin. PMID- 3178533 TI - Short course of albendazole therapy for neurocysticercosis. AB - Albendazole is now used for therapy of neurocysticercosis; however, duration of treatment has usually been empirically determined. In this study we shortened the length of therapy from one month in previous reports, to one week. Twelve patients with parenchymal brain cysticercosis were treated with albendazole for eight days at daily doses of 15 mg/kg of body weight. After three months of treatment the number of cysts on computed tomography had decreased from 185 to six; a 97% reduction in the number of lesions. Total remission of all cysts was seen in nine patients. Two cases had been unsuccessfully treated before with praziquantel, in both instances albendazole therapy was effective with 100% improvement. Our results indicated that a short course of albendazole is highly effective for treatment of neurocysticercosis. PMID- 3178534 TI - Pure alexia in Japanese and agraphia without alexia in kanji. The ability dissociation between reading and writing in kanji vs kana. AB - A 60-year-old right-handed Japanese man with infarction of the left occipital lobe and inferior temporal gyrus initially showed pure alexia in kana and kanji. Later, though pure alexia in kana persisted, his kanji reading improved markedly, but with little improvement of kanji writing. We speculate that different pathways are involved in kanji reading and writing. Wernicke's area and its surrounding left middle temporal lobe might play the most important role for kanji reading when visual information is transmitted by any pathway. The pathway from Wernicke's area to the left occipital lobe via the middle and inferior temporal pathway may be indispensable for kanji writing. We postulate "agraphia without alexia in kanji" due to left inferior temporal subcortical damage. PMID- 3178535 TI - Volume distribution and concentration of protein, mineral and water in developing bovine enamel. AB - The percentage volume of enamel occupied by mineral, matrix protein and water was determined at each of four stages. Protein decreased throughout development from 20 to 30 per cent to a minimum of 2-3 per cent in mature tissue. Mineral content remained fairly consistent during secretion (15-20%) rising to 70-80 per cent in mature enamel. Water content rose from varying levels to 60-70 per cent at the secretion/maturation boundary decreasing to about 20 per cent in mature enamel. The loss of protein and subsequent delay in the onset of mineral increment resulted in tissue porosity. The duration of this hydrated, porous stage may determine susceptibility of the tissue to, for example, fluoride ion. PMID- 3178536 TI - The effects of pain from the mandibular joint and muscles on masticatory motor behaviour in man. AB - Habitual chewing of a coherent bolus was studied in 12 dentate subjects with painful mandibular-joint disorders and 12 healthy, dentate controls. Bilateral electromyograms of jaw elevators, and jaw movement, were recorded for three complete masticatory sequences. Computer analysis was used to classify chewing movements as continuous or discontinuous. Root-mean-square (r.m.s.), myoelectric signal amplitudes were computed for each of four jaw elevators. Although discontinuous chewing cycles were significantly more frequent in painful function (p = 0.001), they also occurred in pain-free function, a finding which reduces their diagnostic significance. During painless and painful function, r.m.s. activities did not differ statistically when elevators acted as agonists on both the dominant and non-dominant chewing side (p greater than 0.1). When used as antagonists, such as during jaw opening, the elevators had greater mean peak activities during painful than painless function (p = 0.0001). Variability in maximum gape was greater during painful than painless function (p = 0.001), but peak maximum gapes in complete masticatory sequences were not affected by pain, and neither were minimum interocclusal gapes. More frequent reshaping and repositioning of the bolus in the presence of pain could explain these differences between painful and pain-free function. PMID- 3178537 TI - Comparison of the human perception of hole size by the tongue and the fingers. AB - Thirty blindfolded subjects assessed the size of holes (2.4-19.1 mm dia) that were presented to the tongue by using their fingers to select a matching hole from a comparator series of 38 holes (1.6-25.4 mm dia). Subjects consistently overestimated the size of holes less than 10 mm, but there was little disparity for holes greater 14 mm in diameter. The relationship between the size of hole presented to the tongue and that judged by the fingers to be of equal size was not linear across the range tested. The illusion, expressed as the ratio of apparent size to real size, could be described as an hyperbolic function of stimulus size. PMID- 3178538 TI - Histochemical analysis of masticatory muscle in the growing rat after prolonged alteration in the consistency of the diet. AB - Changes in muscle function induce alteration in craniofacial bone growth. To study morphological changes after alteration of masticatory function, NADH-TR reductase and myofibrillar Ca2+-activated ATPase were assessed histochemically, after alkaline and acid pre-incubation, in sections from the anterior deep masseter and the anterior digastric muscles. Type IIA, IIB and transitional fibres of the anterior deep masseter but not of the digastric muscle were smaller in a soft-diet group than in a normal-diet group. There was a small percentage of type IIA fibres and a large percentage of type IIB fibres in the anterior deep masseter in the soft-diet than in the normal-diet group. The elevator muscles do not encounter the same functional demands on a soft as on a normal diet, and this causes different biting and chewing loads, which may in turn induce skeletal changes. PMID- 3178540 TI - Opto-electronic analyses of masticatory mandibular movements and velocities in the rat. AB - High-speed, high-resolution data (frontal plane) were collected from 6 Sprague Dawley rats by opto-electronic mandibular tracking (OMT), followed by microcomputer analysis of individual chew cycles. Mastication comprised rapidly alternating, unilateral cycles with variable degrees of lateral translation. There was no evidence of bilateral mastication (simultaneous chewing on both left and right sides). Analysis revealed significant (p less than or equal to 0.01) differences between whole-cycle, slow-open (SO) phase, fast-open (FO) phase, fast close (FC) phase, and slow-close (SC) phase duration, height, width, and velocity during mastication of standardized foods (pellets and slurry). Regression analysis between millimetres of vertical/horizontal movement (Y) and vertical/horizontal velocity (X) revealed differences during these mastications. Whole-cycle and SO-phase regression equations had the greatest disparity between pellet and slurry chewing for both vertical and horizontal movements. Correlation coefficient analysis between movement and velocity data indicated that (1) vertical correlations were smaller than horizontal ones, (2) slurry correlations were greater than pellet ones except for whole cycles, (3) FO phase had the largest movement/velocity correlation during both pellet and slurry mastication, and, that (4) SC phase had the smallest movement/velocity correlation. Vertical and horizontal movements during pellet FC phase were significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) greater than slurry ones; both vertical and horizontal movements during pellet SC phase were significantly (p less than or equal to 0.01) less than slurry ones. This phase-isostasy was also detected during vertical movements in SO and FO phases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3178539 TI - Effects of acetylcholine and transport inhibitors on K content in dispersed submandibular salivary cells of newborn and adult rats. AB - These isolated cells were used to measure uptake of the radioactive tracer 86Rb as an index of changes in K+ content. There was time-dependent tracer uptake in the absence of secretagogue in both one-day-old and adult cells. Kinetic analysis of this uptake revealed two components, a fast one during the first 5 min of incubation and a slower one between 5 and 30 min. The early (fast) component was slower in the newborn cells (0.084 nmol mg-1 min-1) than in adult cells (0.116 nmol mg-1 min-1). Values for the second component of uptake were, respectively, 0.015 and 0.009 nmol mg-1 min-1. Basal uptake of K+ was inhibited by both ouabain and furosemide (at 1 mM concentrations) but, after 5 min of incubation, the effect was more pronounced in adult cells. The K+ content (i.e. K+ uptake) was increased after exposure to 1 microM acetylcholine in both cell types, but the effect was larger in those from one-day-old rats after 5 min incubation (16 per cent increase, compared to 9 per cent increase in adult cells). The secretagogue induced increase in K+ uptake or content was inhibited by ouabain (57 per cent in adult cells, 24 per cent in newborn cells), and by furosemide (25 and 37 per cent, respectively). These findings suggest that K+ uptake in submandibular cells occurs by both an ouabain-sensitive Na, K pump and a diuretic-sensitive transport system. Both appear to have lower resting activities in the cells of newborn rats but can be significantly stimulated cholinergically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3178542 TI - Use of intraocular gas in flat anterior chamber after filtration surgery. PMID- 3178541 TI - Fluid-gas exchange after vitrectomy using long-acting gases in an outpatient setting. PMID- 3178543 TI - Visual acuity and intraocular gas. PMID- 3178544 TI - Intraocular pressure and panretinal photocoagulation. PMID- 3178545 TI - A photographic method for evaluation of oculoplastic surgery. PMID- 3178546 TI - Macular holes and excellent visual acuity. Case report. PMID- 3178547 TI - Peripheral retinal vascular lesions in a patient with Gaucher disease and factor XI deficiency. Case report. PMID- 3178548 TI - Optic nerve sheath decompression for pseudotumor cerebri. AB - We studied optic nerve sheath decompressions for pseudotumor cerebri performed at the Kresge Eye Institute, Detroit, over the past year. Six patients (ten eyes) were operated on. Visual function improved in all ten eyes. A decision to operate was based on progressive loss of visual acuity or visual field unresponsive to medical therapy, accompanied by echographic evidence of a distended optic nerve sheath (positive 30 degrees test). Follow-up ranged from four to 11 months. Four patients underwent subarachnoid iopamidol (Isovue) contrast injection followed by orbital computed tomography. The subarachnoid space totally filled in all patients. No evidence of fibrosis or obstruction of the optic nerve sheath existed; however, leakage of dye from the optic nerve sheath could not be demonstrated. Postoperative complications included transient diplopia and transient atonic pupil (one patient each). Our results indicate that optic nerve sheath decompression improves and protects visual function in patients with pseudotumor cerebri who demonstrate progressive visual field loss and fluid in the optic nerve sheath. PMID- 3178549 TI - Modified optic nerve sheath decompression provides long-term visual improvement for pseudotumor cerebri. AB - Twenty-three patients with chronic papilledema associated with pseudotumor cerebri underwent "modified" optic nerve sheath decompression for treatment of visual acuity and visual field loss. Instead of removing a single, rectangular section of optic nerve meninges, the operation was modified by making at least three longitudinal incisions in the sheath and then lysing arachnoid adhesions with a tenotomy hook. Twenty-one of the 23 patients demonstrated improved visual function after the initial surgery for a mean (+/- SD) follow-up of 21.5 +/- 12.3 months (median, 25 months; range, three to 45 months) without reoperation or reinstitution or oral corticosteroid and diuretic therapies. The two patients failing to improve after the first surgical procedure initially had a single meningeal window created and subsequently improved following reoperation with the modified procedure. Twelve of 21 patients with bilateral visual loss had improved visual function bilaterally after unilateral surgery. Six of the 21 patients needed bilateral surgery, and the other three had minor visual field defects in the second eye not severe enough to warrant surgery. Preoperative optic disc pallor did not predict a poor postoperative result. Optic nerve surgery improved the visual function in six patients who had failed to recover vision after one or more lumbar-peritoneal shunts. PMID- 3178550 TI - Destructive cysts of the maxillary sinus affecting the orbit. AB - Symptomatic maxillary sinus cysts are diagnosed less frequently than similar cysts of the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses and are rarely reported in the ophthalmic literature. Patients with cysts of the maxillary sinus may present to the ophthalmologist with proptosis, enophthalmos, diplopia, ptosis, epiphora, and, rarely, decreased visual acuity. Four patients with maxillary sinus mucoceles are presented; one of these patients had a concurrent retention cyst in the orbit. Clinical history, radiologic findings, and histopathologic mechanisms are discussed. Mucocele is a recognized complication of the Caldwell-Luc procedure and midface trauma. Blockage of the sinus ostia was the cause previously proposed to explain antral mucocele development. Clinical and histopathologic features may support more than one single mechanism for the pathogenesis of maxillary sinus cysts. Maxillary sinus mucocele or retention cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of exophthalmos or enophthalmos following blowout fracture of the orbital floor. PMID- 3178551 TI - Orbital metastases from prostate carcinoma. AB - Prostate carcinoma was previously thought to be a rare source of orbital metastasis. We studied a clinical series of eight cases of orbital metastases from prostate carcinoma. Presenting symptoms included proptosis, pain, diplopia, eyelid swelling, decreased vision, ptosis, and red eye. The mean age at onset was 72.1 years. In three of the eight patients, evaluation of the orbital masses led to the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. Of the six patients in whom computed tomography was performed, four had predominantly osteoblastic lesions. In our experience, the rapid development of an osteoblastic orbital lesion in an elderly man is highly suggestive of metastatic prostate carcinoma. PMID- 3178552 TI - Hemangiomalike masses of the retina. AB - We have followed five patients, each of whom had a solitary unilateral vascular mass of the sensory retina. The lesions were white or pink and often had hemorrhage and exudate on their surface or surrounding area. They appeared to be acquired, as three of the five patients were specifically noted to have normal fundi at some time before presentation. Fluorescein angiography and angioscopy demonstrated the masses to be composed of numerous vessels supplied by the retinal circulation. Slow growth was documented in one patient. Visual loss was variable and was due to leakage-related complications, including exudative detachment, recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, and cystoid macular edema. Four patients were treated with cryopexy, and in all four, this successfully caused involution of the lesions. Two patients had improvement in vision after treatment: one had stabilization, and one had deterioration. This report provides support for the existence of a distinct entity that we have called hemangiomalike mass of the retina, since no histopathologic evidence is yet available (to our knowledge). It also supports the use of judicious cryopexy to lesions associated with visual loss. PMID- 3178553 TI - Use of linked DNA probes for carrier detection and diagnosis of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. AB - Diagnosis of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (RS) was made in two nonrelated Swedish individuals with restriction fragment length polymorphisms, using probes that flank the RS locus. The X chromosome of a 1-year-old male infant, at risk, displayed the same haplotype as an affected brother for restriction fragment length polymorphisms, representing five linked markers, which extended between the DXS164 and the DXS85 loci and encompassed the RS locus. The diagnosis was confirmed by a clinical examination and an electroretinogram. The X chromosomes of a pregnant woman, an offspring of a carrier female, showed a different haplotype to that of her affected brother, at three linked loci that flanked the RS gene. She was excluded as a carrier with a high probability; hence, the fetus was unlikely to inherit an abnormal gene for this X-linked trait. In informed families a DNA-based diagnosis can serve as a valuable complement to an electroretinogram and a clinical examination in the diagnosis of RS, since these carrier females cannot currently be identified by other means. PMID- 3178554 TI - Sinus histiocytosis presenting as an epibulbar mass. A clinicopathologic case report. AB - Sinus histiocytosis is a well-recognized condition that mainly affects children in the first decade of life. Although this usually benign disease often features massive cervical lymphadenopathy, numerous extranodal sites of involvement can be seen. We describe a new presenting manifestation for sinus histiocytosis. A 13 month-old infant developed a rapidly growing unilateral epibulbar tumor that involved the cornea. A complete physical examination revealed only mild inguinal lymphadenopathy. A diagnosis of sinus histiocytosis was made by histologic examination of the lesion after surgical excision. PMID- 3178556 TI - Solitary conjunctival hemangioma presenting as a chocolate cyst. PMID- 3178555 TI - Topical aminocaproic acid significantly reduces the incidence of secondary hemorrhage in traumatic hyphema in the rabbit model. AB - Systemically administered aminocaproic acid has been shown to reduce the incidence of secondary hemorrhage after traumatic hyphema. To date, no topical treatment has been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of rebleeding in a double-masked study. Experimentally induced traumatic hyphemas in the rabbit model were treated with topical placebo gel (4% carboxypolymethylene gel only) or carboxypolymethylene gel with amino-caproic acid (treated group) in a double masked fashion and were compared with untreated controls (control group). In both the control and placebo groups, there was a 33% rebleed rate. The treated eyes had a 10% rebleed rate that is statistically significant. The topically applied aminocaproic acid gel appears to be well tolerated locally without evidence of systemic toxicity. This study indicates that topical aminocaproic acid may be an effective alternative to systemic treatment to reduce the incidence of secondary hemorrhage in traumatic hyphema. PMID- 3178557 TI - Lateral orbitotomy without removal of the lateral orbital rim. AB - Lateral orbitotomy is used for the removal of orbital tumors and for orbital decompression. Most surgeons make saw cuts through the lateral orbital rim and remove and rewire the bone. This procedure is time-consuming and requires repair of the lateral canthal structures. We describe a technique using an air-driven "acorn-tipped" bur that removes the posterolateral lip of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and effectively straightens the external surface of the lateral orbital wall. This permits removal of the bone without serious injury to the periorbita. The technique creates a trapezoidal orbitotomy measuring approximately 20 mm anteroposterior, 25 mm at the anterior vertical base, and 6 mm at the posterior base. The orbital soft tissues can thus be safely exposed without removal of the lateral rim. We operated on one patient with cavernous hemangioma (27 X 21 X 19 mm) and three patients with bilateral Graves' ophthalmopathy. We discuss anatomic considerations for the prevention of complications, including injury to the frontotemporal branches of the facial nerve, injury to the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle, and inadvertent penetration of the dura. PMID- 3178558 TI - Surgical decompression of branch retinal vein occlusions. AB - Many patients with branch retinal vein occlusions can develop significant long term diminution of vision due to such complications as macular edema, retinal neovascularization, and vitreous hemorrhage. One of us (S.C.) developed a new surgical procedure that involves sectioning or decompression of the common sheath connecting the artery and vein at the crossing where a branch retinal vein occlusion occurs. The patient whose case we report had a visual acuity improvement from 20/200-2 to 20/25+1 eight months after surgery. PMID- 3178559 TI - The incidence of fibrosis in the vestibular ganglia in Meniere's disease. AB - The vestibular ganglia in 11 temporal bones from subjects with known premortem unilateral Meniere's disease were studied for evidence of increased fibrosis. Tissue sections were treated with Gomori's trichrome stain and were examined independently by each of seven persons experienced in histological study. The averaged ratings for the amount of fibrous tissue in the vestibular ganglia showed no significant differences for ears with Meniere's disease, the opposite uninvolved ears, and the controls. PMID- 3178560 TI - Structural effects of the topical lidocaine-prilocaine anesthetic Emla on the tympanic membrane. AB - A eutectic mixture of two anesthetic solutions is that of lidocaine and prilocaine, which is available commercially as Emla (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics). This solution is commonly used in clinics in superficial skin surgery and when inserting intravenous catheters, and we also wanted to determine its surface effects when applied onto the tympanic membranes (TM) of rats and guinea pigs as animal models. The animals were observed by otomicroscopy for 2 weeks up to 5 months after administrations of the anesthetic solution. Tissue specimens were then obtained for light microscopy and fine structural analysis. The application of Emla caused minor structural changes to the rat TM, but hardly any alterations to that of the guinea pig. The changes displayed were an overall increased thickness, with typical submucosal edema but only slight epithelial reaction. In comparison with previous results with lidocaine, phenol and Bonain's solution, Emla seemed to be harmless to the structure of the TM. However, the efficacy of Emla as a topical TM anesthetic remains to be proved in future clinical trials. PMID- 3178561 TI - Magnesium ion activity in the mammalian endolymph measured with ion-selective microelectrodes. AB - The free Mg++ concentration in endolymph was measured with Mg++-selective microelectrodes based on the neutral ligand ETH 1117. The property of Mg++ microelectrodes was obtained from calibration solutions, containing various Mg++ concentrations with the background electrolytes resembling endolymph. The range between 10 and 0.1 mM Mg++ concentrations changed the potentials of Mg++ microelectrodes by 14.4 +/- 3.0 mV. The endocochlear potential and the Mg++ concentration in the endolymph were 82.0 +/- 5.0 mV and 0.77 +/- 0.29 mM in the guinea pig, and 84.4 +/- 4.9 mV and 1.12 +/- 0.24 mM in the chinchilla, respectively. These results are discussed in the light of the dependence of Na+, K+-ATPase and its interaction with Ca++. PMID- 3178563 TI - The barrier-like role of activated connective tissue against the spread of supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma. AB - Light microscopic investigations of whole organ serial sections of 15 laryngectomy specimens with supraglottic carcinomas and comparative electron microscopic studies of the upper and lower poles of the tumors were carried out. The ultrastructure of different poles of the same supraglottic tumors was investigated and showed a more progressive fibrillogenesis with an activation of the connective tissue elements of the border on the lower pole of the malignancy. A significant role is attributed to the barrier-forming feature of activated connective tissue with respect to the inhibition of the extension of tumor into the glottic region. PMID- 3178562 TI - Mucus-producing adenopapillary carcinoma of minor salivary gland origin with signet ring cells and intracytoplasmic lumina. A light and electron microscopic study. AB - A histological and subcellular study of a mucus-producing adenopapillary carcinoma of a minor salivary gland is presented. The tumor was located on the buccal mucosa of a 36-year-old white man. Microscopic examination showed that the tumor was an invasive papillary growth with numerous signet-ring cells and mucous production. When viewed under the electron microscope, the tumor exhibited clusters of cells showing intracellular lumina and finely dispersed chromatin. PMID- 3178564 TI - Cochlear nerve topography and fiber spectrum in the pigmented mouse. AB - The topographical and cytological features of the pigmented mouse (CBA/CBA) cochlear nerve were analyzed. The cochlear nerve is very short and is approximately 0.2-0.3 mm in its length. The entire cochlear nerve and a portion of the ventral cochlear nucleus are located within the internal acoustic meatus, and are closely surrounded by bone. Approximately 10,000 nerve fibers are present, of which only about 3% are unmyelinated. The distribution of the axon diameters in the myelinated nerves is close to unimodal. PMID- 3178566 TI - Caloric stimulation during short episodes of microgravity. AB - Caloric testing was performed during parabolic flight at the NASA Reduced Gravity Facility in Houston, Texas. Six test subjects were stimulated with continuous unilateral air insufflation (25 degrees R), in a manner similar to the experiments performed in the extended weightlessness of orbital flight during the SL1 and D1 Spacelab missions. Nystagmus response was recorded by electro oculography and eye video image. It was the purpose of the experiments to re examine the apparent discrepancy between the disappearance of caloric nystagmus during short episodes of weightlessness and the finding that caloric responses can be elicited during periods of extended weightlessness. The present results agree with those of earlier experiments in that a prompt reduction of caloric nystagmus occurs on transition from hypergravity (1.8 G) to weightlessness. The time constant of nystagmus decay was estimated to be approximately 2-3s, a value which cannot be explained by cupular mechanics. A central gating mechanism involving the labyrinthine canal and otolithic afferents is proposed for the observed modulation of caloric nystagmus. PMID- 3178565 TI - Intratympanic gentamycin therapy for Meniere's disease placed by tubal catheter with systemic isosorbide. AB - In 1974, six patients with incapacitating unilateral Meniere's disease were given an empiric treatment with intratympanic gentamycin sulfate via the eustachian tube using a tubal catheter with a small side-branch. These patients then showed excellent results with relief from vertigo over a 13-year period. Since 1980, we have treated patients suffering from Meniere's disease with isosorbide. When patients could not be controlled with this therapy, isosorbide was given in addition to intratympanic gentamycin therapy using a tubal catheter. Of 75 patients with Meniere's disease who received gentamycin and isosorbide therapy, 41 patients could be evaluated by the classification for Meniere's disease proposed by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology (AAOO). Subsequent results showed that vertigo improved in 73% of the patients. According to the AAOO classification, 11 patients (27%) were group A, 16 patients (39%) were group B, and 4 patients (10%) were group C. Eleven patients were group D (27%) and experienced persistent vertigo despite treatment. Our experiences show that patients with severe Meniere's disease can be readily treated with intratympanic gentamycin therapy using a tubal catheter, even on an outpatient basis. This treatment is also a most effective treatment, as it allows the effects of isosorbide to be obtained with smaller doses of gentamycin sulfate. PMID- 3178567 TI - The motor innervation of the soft palate. An anatomical study in guinea pigs and monkeys. AB - In an effort to gain a more precise understanding of the motor innervation of the soft palate, a neuroanatomical tracer (horseradish peroxidase) was injected into the vela of nine guinea pigs and four monkeys. After 48 h the animals were sacrificed and frozen frontal sections were appropriately reacted with tetramethylbenzidine and counterstained with neutral red, and then evaluated by means of light microscopy. In all specimens retrogradely labeled neurons appeared in the brain stem. The distribution patterns of these labeled cells were to a large degree comparable in both the guinea pigs and the monkeys. The complex motor innervation of the soft palate was found to involve at least five different centers, with the strongest staining seen in the nucleus ambiguus and the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Additional cells of origin were discernible in the retrofacial nucleus. Facial neurons, however, were labeled only occasionally. Findings also showed that a previously undescribed component from the hypoglossal nerve appears to be essential for lateral soft palate movement in both animal models. PMID- 3178568 TI - Cation distribution in the organ of Corti of the guinea pig. AB - Cations were precipitated with potassium antimonate in the cochlea of the guinea pig and the distribution of the formed precipitates was studied by electron microscopy. The precipitate density in different cells of the organ of Corti was determined on electron micrographs by counting numbers of precipitates per unit area. The spatial distribution of the precipitates was also determined by electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI). Significant differences were found among the cells of the same tissue being analyzed. These precipitate-rich cells may play a role in a postulated current flow in the organ of Corti. PMID- 3178569 TI - Basal cell adenomatosis of minor salivary glands of the upper lip. AB - The basal cell adenoma is one of the more commonly occurring types of salivary tumors in the upper lip. A case with multiple (five) tumors is presented and the literature reviewed. This lesion would be more correctly designated as an adenomatosis. In spite of its frequent multicentricity, recurrence is unusual following surgical removal. PMID- 3178570 TI - Collagen implants in the human larynx. Pathological examinations of two cases. AB - We have studied two postmortem human laryngeal specimens after the injection of collagen. The first larynx was removed 14 days after injection, while the second was examined 5 months after injection. The specimens are described macroscopically and microscopically. Excellent tolerance to the collagen was noted, with virtually no inflammatory reaction seen. The collagen injected seems to have been colonized progressively by the host cells and by neovessels. These findings coincide closely with those observed in animal models. In comparison to the inflammatory granulomas found after injections with Teflon, the absence of inflammatory reactions following the use of collagen does at least contribute to justifying its continued application clinically. PMID- 3178571 TI - The clinical features and pathogenesis of myringitis granulosa. AB - Myringitis granulosa is not a rare pathologic condition of the tympanic membrane. However, the condition can be misdiagnosed as chronic suppurative otitis media, since intermittent purulent discharge is the commonest symptom in both disorders. Although the clinical features of myringitis granulosa have been well described by several authors, its pathogenesis is still obscure. In this study, 40 cases of myringitis granulosa were examined in detail to clarify the clinical features and the pathogenesis present. No drum perforations, no hearing impairments and normal X-ray findings indicated that myringitis granulosa had no relation to chronic suppurative otitis media. The other areas of the affected tympanic membrane, except for the site of granulation, showed such pathologic conditions as atrophy, clouding and calcifications. In these pathologic tympanic membranes, epithelial migration was disturbed to a high degree. We suggest that the granulation process on the tympanic membrane should be divided into two stages: (1) injury reaching the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane; and (2) disturbed epithelization of the tympanic membrane. The disturbance of epithelial migration of the tympanic membrane occurs with both stages. PMID- 3178572 TI - Volume and length changes in outer hair cells of the guinea pig after potassium induced shortening. AB - Measurements of volume and length were made on isolated guinea pig cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) in an attempt to establish whether OHC shortening was accompanied by changes in cell volume. A sustained shortening in response to an isotonic 100 mM KCl solution was found to be accompanied by a significant increase in OHC volume. The application of hypotonic solutions had a similar effect. When testing solutions with unchanged or reduced [K+] [Cl-] products in order to avoid loading the cells with chloride ions and producing concomitant water influx, the most frequent response was a rapid shortening followed by an elongation beyond the original cell length. These findings of a sustained and a spontaneously reversible shortening suggest that the potassium-induced response may consist of two components: a rapid one, which may be reversible in the presence of the stimulus, and a second, slower, component resulting in sustained shortening. PMID- 3178573 TI - Vestibulo-ocular reflex and gaze functions in a patient with congenital inner ear anomalies. AB - We report on the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and gaze functions during horizontal rotations as well as upright locomotions in a fisherman with congenital inner ear anomalies. The finding of a marked gaze disturbance due to low VOR gain during passive rotations resembled that found in early acquired lesions. There was an improvement during active rotations, suggesting an intensified cervico-ocular reflex. Although head oscillations in the horizontal plane were abnormally large during stepping and running, they were compensated for visually even at high frequencies. The absence of complaints of oscillopsia as well as his ability to achieve proper balance seemed to be accomplished by his optokinetic ability, regularly transformed head oscillations and modified perceptive mechanisms at higher cortical levels. PMID- 3178574 TI - Abnormal antepartum fetal heart rate in high risk pregnancies with good fetal outcome. PMID- 3178575 TI - Premature ovarian failure: a clinical, histological and cytogenetic study. PMID- 3178576 TI - Efficacy of gamma-globulin infusion followed by platelet transfusion in patient with aplastic anemia during pregnancy: a case. PMID- 3178577 TI - Microinvasive carcinoma of the cervix and colposcopy. PMID- 3178578 TI - Eisenmenger's syndrome with pregnancy: a rare obstetrical problem with successful outcome. PMID- 3178579 TI - The urodynamic effect of colposuspension immediately after surgery for genuine stress incontinence. PMID- 3178580 TI - Second stage fetal heart rate decelerations in breech deliveries. PMID- 3178581 TI - The determination of CA-50 antigen in women with cervical cancer. PMID- 3178582 TI - Comparison of pharyngeal aspiration and amniotic fluid surfactant phospholipids for prediction of RDS. PMID- 3178583 TI - Genital bleeding during the administration of danazol. PMID- 3178585 TI - Commonwealth perspectives on IVF funding--a discussion paper. PMID- 3178584 TI - Effects of catecholestrogen 2-monomethyl ether on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein levels. PMID- 3178586 TI - In vitro fertilisation in Australia. PMID- 3178587 TI - Clinical review of urinary tract infections and wound infections. PMID- 3178588 TI - Children in respiratory distress in the emergency department--a clinical review survey. PMID- 3178589 TI - Screening for breast cancer--the future. PMID- 3178590 TI - Phaeochromocytoma. PMID- 3178591 TI - Free tissue transfer to the lower extremity. AB - The results of 100 free microvascular transfers to the lower limb are presented. These show a high success rate with successful salvage of 95 limbs. The major complications were infection and delayed healing, osteomyelitis, and non-union. Early skin cover, within 14 days of injury, reduced the incidence of complications by half. Aggressive debridement and provision of early skin cover should be the aim of management of tibial trauma with tissue loss. PMID- 3178592 TI - The value to the surgeon of parathyroid hormone assays in primary hyperparathyroidism. AB - The role of various parathyroid hormone (PTH) radio-immunoassays in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) is controversial. A series of 204 patients with surgically proven PHP was studied. Serum total calcium, serum ionized calcium, amino (N)-terminal PTH and carboxyl(C)-terminal PTH were assessed in relation to the volume and weight of adenomatous or hyperplastic parathyroid tissue excised at operation. N-terminal PTH was elevated above the normal laboratory range in only 24% of patients and correlated relatively poorly with the volume of abnormal parathyroid tissue (r = 0.20, P = 0.05). C-terminal PTH was elevated above the normal range in 91% of patients and had a strong correlation with the volume of abnormal parathyroid tissue (r = 0.63, P less than 0.001). The correlation coefficients between C-terminal PTH and serum total calcium and serum ionized calcium were both 0.63 (P less than 0.001). In contrast, there was no correlation between N-terminal PTH and serum total calcium (r = -0.02), serum ionized calcium (r = -0.04) or C-terminal PTH (r = 0.09). A combination of hypercalcaemia and elevated C-terminal PTH can be regarded as strong diagnostic evidence of PHP. Furthermore, the level of C-terminal PTH can assist the surgeon by approximately predicting the amount of adenomatous or hyperplastic parathyroid tissue that may be expected at surgical exploration. PMID- 3178593 TI - Percutaneous extraction of retained common bile-duct stones via the T-tube track. AB - A total of 86 procedures were performed in 58 patients referred in the postoperative period, for percutaneous stone extraction through the T-tube track. In 43 patients, the stone or stones were extrahepatic, intrahepatic in nine, and both intrahepatic and extrahepatic in six patients. Of the 58 patients with residual bile-duct stone(s), 48 (83%) were treated successfully by percutaneous removal, seven (12%) had an endoscopic sphincterotomy following unsuccessful T tube track extraction, one (2%) had a re-operation and two (3%) remain with residual stones. No major complications occurred in this series. In contrast to endoscopic sphincterotomy, percutaneous T-tube extraction of retained bile-duct stones is associated with no mortality and low morbidity and is advocated as the procedure of choice in the presence of a T-tube. PMID- 3178594 TI - An evaluation of routine operative cholangiography. AB - The value of routine use of operative cholangiography was evaluated in 225 patients. In 65 patients (29%), there was one or more clinical or operative indications for common duct exploration and only 21 cases showed positive cholangiographic findings and were explored. There were four negative explorations in this group. In the remaining 160 patients who had no indication for common duct exploration, 157 had a normal cholangiogram and three had false positive cholangiographic findings and were explored unnecessarily. If operative cholangiography had been performed only on those patients with clinical or operative indications for common duct exploration, no ductal stone would have been missed. A selective use of operative cholangiography is advocated and the investigation should be restricted to those patients with clinical or operative indications for exploration of the common bile-duct. PMID- 3178595 TI - Skin cancer in the North Solomons. AB - The Melanesians of the North Solomons are exposed to intense equatorial sunlight and yet have a very low incidence of skin cancer. This study reveals no proven cases of basal cell carcinoma in these people, and demonstrates the rarity of squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma arising in normal pigmented skin. Most, if not all squamous cell carcinomas, arise in skin damaged by tropical ulceration, burns or osteomyelitis. Melanoma arises from the unpigmented skin of the sole of the foot. North Solomon Islanders are very deeply pigmented. Presumably, dense cutaneous melanin in normal undamaged skin provides the highly effective protection against solar carcinogenesis which these people enjoy. Chronic or recurrent skin ulceration with subsequent repair, scarring and loss of pigment is the precursor to almost all non-melanoma skin cancer in these people. Most of these cancers could be prevented by split thickness skin grafting of chronic ulcers, and protection of ulcerated, depigmented and scarred skin from solar radiation. PMID- 3178596 TI - Inguinal hernia in Chinese children. AB - Childhood inguinal hernia is as common in Chinese as in Caucasians. From 1980-85, 542 Chinese children with this condition were treated; important differences as well as similarities were found in the clinical features in the two patient populations. Incarceration was the major management problem (23.6%). It was found that enforcement of a management policy of enthusiastic reduction altered outcome significantly. Before the introduction of this policy (in the first five years), 39% of incarcerated cases resulted in emergency operation. In 1985, after its introduction, no emergency surgery was required. The move towards more vigorous attempts at reduction allowing surgery to be done electively was supported by two observations. First, the complication rate of emergency herniotomy (25.6%) was higher than that of elective herniotomy (6.5%). Second, in 43 emergency herniotomies, nonviable content (ovary) was found only once. In retrospect, most emergency herniotomies were unnecessary. In general, surgical treatment of the patients in this series could be considered satisfactory. However, better results were achieved by experienced surgeons, particularly those in specialty practice. PMID- 3178597 TI - A technique for the in vitro culture of human parathyroid gland tissue. AB - A technique for prolonged in vitro culture of human parathyroid tissue is described. Cells could be maintained in this monolayer system and were shown to continue releasing high levels of parathyroid hormone into their culture medium even after 140 days in culture. Furthermore, growth of fibroblasts, persistence of epithelial cells and parathyroid hormone release was demonstrated in cells derived from parathyroid tissue that had been cryopreserved for 2 years. The availability of viable and functioning human parathyroid tissue produced in this culture system may be of value in both auto- and allo-transplantation in patients with permanent hypoparathyroidism. PMID- 3178598 TI - Malignant hyperthermia and the conscious patient. AB - A 53 year old obese male presented with the signs and symptoms of acute appendicitis and a family history suggesting the possibility of a malignant hyperthermia trait. In spite of spinal anaesthesia the patient developed malignant hyperthermia during the appendicectomy and the attack was successfully aborted with the early use of dantrolene sodium (Dantrium, Norwich Eaton). PMID- 3178599 TI - Fracture of the penis--review with case report. AB - Fracture of the penis is a rare injury. Controversy exists regarding conservative versus operative management. A case of penile fracture managed conservatively is reported with a brief review of the literature. PMID- 3178600 TI - Presacral myelolipoma: case report with computed tomographic and angiographic findings. AB - A rare case of presacral myelolipoma in an otherwise healthy 53 year old man is described. His only complaint was lower abdominal discomfort. Full investigation including computed tomography and angiography revealed a well-delineated, heavily calcified, avascular retrorectal mass adhering to the presacral fascia. Histologically the mass showed a mixture of haemopoietic tissue and mature fat cells. Clinically the absence of symptoms and bone involvement served to distinguish this condition from other more sinister presacral lesions, particularly a chordoma. PMID- 3178601 TI - Urinary tract reconstruction in children. AB - The successful introduction of clean intermittent catheterization and increased awareness of urinary tract physiology and urodynamics have been the basis for recent major advances in urinary tract reconstructive surgery. Surgical techniques are now available to manage anatomical and functional deficiencies of any isolated or combined components of the urinary tract. The high incidence of unsatisfactory long-term results with ileal conduit diversion has led to increased popularity in urinary tract undiversion and greater utilization of reconstructive principles. As with any new surgical field of endeavour, new operative techniques are appearing at a rapid rate. In particular, there has been a recent proliferation of surgical procedures that provide a continent, low pressure, catheterizable reservoir for urine storage. Most children with major urinary tract deficiencies can now be offered socially and cosmetically unobtrusive surgical solutions without jeopardizing renal function. PMID- 3178602 TI - Embryogenesis of ureteral anomalies: a unifying theory. AB - Extensive gross, microscopic and clinical studies of various ureteral anomalies have enabled investigators to set forth theories regarding the aetiologies of these anomalies consistent with observed fact. Synthesis of these observations allows for a simplified classification of mega-ureter (primary obstructed, reflux and non-obstructed, non-reflux mega-ureters), ureterocele, duplex ureters and ectopic ureters based upon some combination of mesenchymal differentiation anomalies and location anomalies. A defect early in mesenchymal differentiation would be expected to result in panureteral disease. A defect later in development would result in a focal abnormality anywhere along the course of the ureter. Influence upon ureteral bud mesenchyme by local expansion factors in the bladder base may result in various types of ureterocele. Position of the ureteral orifice on the trigone or in Wolffian duct derivatives would occur in accordance with the Weigert-Meyer principle and would correlate with upper tract dysplasias. Thus, an attempt has been made to systematize and trace the origins of mega-ureter, ureterocele, duplex ureters and ectopic ureters to defects of differentiation of the basic mesoblastic cell in aberrant locations of the ureteral bud. PMID- 3178603 TI - Management of vesico-ureteric reflux in myelodysplasia neurogenic bladder. AB - During the period 1978-87, 22 patients with myelodysplasia had surgery for vesico ureteric reflux (VUR) and seven patients with VUR were managed non-operatively. Clean intermittent catheterization was an integral part of the management in both the operated and non-operated cases. The majority of patients had reflux-related upper tract changes pre-operatively, but after operation the urinary tract was stabilized in all but one kidney which was lost. Transverse advancement ureteric reimplantation or the pull-through technique provided satisfactory results, giving a total of 29 refluxing units managed surgically. PMID- 3178604 TI - Clinical performance of Hickman and Portacath atrial catheters. AB - A recent advance in semipermanent vascular access has been the development of the totally implanted Portacath atrial catheter. The outcome of 100 sequential insertions of atrial catheters, 61 of which were Hickman catheters and 39 Portacaths, has been retrospectively reviewed in order to determine differences in clinical performance between these two types. The majority (90%) of the patients were from haematology or oncology wards. The incidence of complications was 66% for Hickman catheters and 46% for Portacaths. Local sepsis developed in 34% of the Hickman catheters and line-related septicaemia in 21%. The frequency of local sepsis and septicaemia following Portacath insertion was 31% and 3% respectively. Complications necessitated the removal of 33% of the Hickman catheters and 15% of Portacaths. The mean duration of insertion was 10 weeks for Hickman catheters and 24 weeks for Portacaths. It is concluded that the Portacath is less frequently complicated by sepsis and offers significant advantages for those patients in whom it is used. PMID- 3178605 TI - Disquiet on the research front. PMID- 3178606 TI - Pseudodementia in schizophrenia and mania. PMID- 3178607 TI - Psychoanalysis today. PMID- 3178608 TI - Psychoanalysis and the acquisition of knowledge. PMID- 3178609 TI - Children admitted to adult psychiatric hospitals. PMID- 3178610 TI - Tardive dyskinesia clinic. PMID- 3178611 TI - Re-medicalisation and regression in psychiatry. PMID- 3178612 TI - Where we are, and where we are going. PMID- 3178613 TI - Prediction of schizophrenic relapse using the parental bonding instrument. AB - After admission, 57 schizophrenic patients completed two versions of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) to assess perceived recent and earlier parenting attributes. The parents were also assessed using the Camberwell Family Interview to generate Expressed Emotion (EE) scores. The schizophrenic patients, compared to matched non-clinical controls, reported a significantly greater chance (50% vs 26%) of exposure to "affectionless control" from their father. Nine months later, the subjects were re-interviewed and their relapse status determined. The PBI measure assessing parenting over the first 16 years had greater utility than the recent parenting version of the PBI. When re-calibrated, only the father's scores on the early parenting PBI scale discriminated "relapsers" and "non-relapsers". A multivariate analysis suggested that pre-established illness criteria and other family factors were the clearest predictors, and that PBI-defined constructs (as for EE measures) failed to add significantly to the discriminant function. The extent to which EE and PBI scales might measure similar constructs was examined, with only weak links being suggested. PMID- 3178614 TI - Maternity blues: phenomena and relationship to later post partum depression. AB - As part of a prospective investigation of postnatal psychiatric disorder, 66 women, randomly selected antenatally, completed visual analogue scales postpartum and rated their mood state daily for two weeks following childbirth. They were then interviewed using the Goldberg Standardised Psychiatric Interview on four occasions up to 14 months postpartum. Dysphoric mood was temporally related to childbirth. Emotional lability was the important affective component of the puerperium. A significant correlation was found between the blues and subsequent postnatal depression. Lability of mood in the puerperium was related to psychiatric symptoms up to 14 months postpartum and was the strongest predictor of later psychopathology. Maternity blues ratings were not accounted for by labour variables. PMID- 3178615 TI - Pathological gamblers are neither impulsive nor sensation-seekers. AB - Ten pathological gamblers, ten alcoholics, ten heroin addicts and twenty five non patients were compared using Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and Barratt's Impulsivity Scale (BIS). The pathological gamblers did not differ from the non-patient group on either measure. Drug addicts scored significantly higher and alcoholics significantly lower than the pathological gamblers and the non patient group on the SSS, while drug addicts scored significantly higher than the other groups on the BIS. The difficulties in defining impulsivity are discussed. It is suggested that the classification of pathological gambling as a disorder of impulse control should be reconsidered. PMID- 3178616 TI - Psychopathology in adult mentally handicapped hospital patients. AB - In a population of 100 adult mentally handicapped patients, 71% had one or more ICD-9 diagnoses. The most common diagnosis was behavioural disorder, followed by affective psychosis and neurosis. Maladaptive behaviour was highest in younger, brighter patients and in patients who were psychiatrically disturbed. These findings have implications for the selection of patients for community living programmes, and for the appropriateness of providing treatment for particular mentally handicapped patients in psychiatric settings. PMID- 3178617 TI - Inducing jet lag in the laboratory: patterns of adjustment to an acute shift in routine. AB - Eight middle-aged males were studied in a temporal isolation experimental lasting 15 d. After 5 d and nights of entrainment to his own habitual routine, each subject experienced an acute, unheralded 6-h phase advance in routine, accomplished by truncating his sixth sleep episode. For the remaining 10 d of the study, subjects were held to a routine 6-h phase advanced to the original. Significant symptoms of jet lag appeared in mood, performance efficiency, sleep, and circadian temperature rhythms. When plotted as a function to "days post shift," some variables (temperature phase, percent rapid eye movement sleep) showed a fairly monotonic recovery to baseline levels. However, other variables (actual sleep duration, percent slow wave sleep, motivation loss, subjective sleepiness) showed a zig-zag recovery pattern, suggesting the interaction of two competing processes, and reinforcing the need for greater sophistication in the development of jet lag coping strategies. PMID- 3178618 TI - Acceleration tolerance of asymptomatic aircrew with mitral valve prolapse and significant +Gz-induced ventricular dysrhythmias. AB - The +Gz tolerance of asymptomatic aircrew with mitral valve prolapse (MVP) who had advanced Lown grade ventricular ectopy (multiformed or paired premature ventricular contractions and ventricular tachycardia) during +Gz-stress testing was investigated. The +Gz tolerance to an aeromedical centrifuge stress testing protocol revealed that these individuals had slightly lower +Gz tolerance for each of the different types of +Gz profiles, with the gradual onset of +Gz while using an anti-G straining maneuver (GOR-S) tolerance being significantly lower (p less than 0.05). As a subgroup of a larger group of individuals with MVP, these MVP individuals with advanced ventricular ectopy had an increased incidence of +Gz-induced loss of consciousness and motion sickness. The advanced ventricular ectopy occurred before, during, and after +Gz stress; however, there was a tendency for the ectopy to occur in the post +Gz stress period. The post +Gz stress period is a period of high parasympathetic (vagal) tone, and these findings may indicate that these individuals are in some way sensitive to high vagal tone. Acceleration stress testing is a valuable tool in the aeromedical evaluation of asymptomatic individuals desiring to fly fighter aircraft. Advanced ventricular ectopy not seen in other clinical testing (treadmill and ambulatory monitoring) occurred in these individuals. The current results suggest that these individuals with MVP and advanced ventricular ectopy are not currently prime candidates for flying fighter aircraft, not only because of the ventricular ectopy, but because of decreased +Gz tolerance and susceptibility to +Gz-induced loss of consciousness. PMID- 3178619 TI - Effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on ventilation and gas exchange during incremental exercise. AB - Controversy exists concerning the effects of acute beta-adrenergic blockade on ventilation during exercise. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute beta blockade on ventilation and gas exchange during incremental exercise. Nine male subjects underwent incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer (30 W.min-1) to exhaustion, with one trial being performed 60 min after the subject ingested propranolol hydrochloride (Inderal 1 mg.kg-1 BW) while the second test served as control. The treatment order was counterbalanced to preclude any ordering effect on the results, and 1 week separated the tests. Ventilation and gas exchange were monitored by open circuit techniques. No difference (p greater than 0.05) existed in VE, % Hb sat, VCO2, ventilatory threshold, and VE/VCO2 between treatments at the same exercise stage. VO2max was lowered from 3.82 to 3.26 l.min-1 (p less than 0.05) and HRmax was reduced from 190 to 150 bpm (p less than 0.05) as a result of beta blockade. These data suggested that acute beta blockade had no effect on exercise ventilation, but decreased HRmax at comparable work rates. In addition, VO2max and exercise time to exhaustion were hindered, probably due to beta blockade limitation of HRmax, and, thus, oxygen transport. PMID- 3178620 TI - Motion sickness and anxiety. AB - Ninety-four Israeli pilot trainees completed a battery of anxiety related questionnaires: Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, EPQ, 16PF, and Spielberger's State and Trait Anxiety Scores. Self reports and flight instructor observations of motion sickness symptoms were collected after initial flights. No significant correlations were found between these two sources. Anxiety scores derived from the battery of anxiety questionnaires were correlated with self reports of motion sickness but not with instructor observations. Discussion focused on the potential limitations of external observers in assessing motion sickness, the convergence of anxiety assessments, and the overlap between anxiety and motion sickness symptoms. Methodological and practical implications conclude the review. PMID- 3178621 TI - Influence of body tilt within the sagittal plane on odor identification performance. AB - Odor identification performance, nasal airflow resistance, blood pressure, and heart rate were assessed in 8 men and 8 women in the following body tilt positions within the sagittal plane: 0 degree (upright), 90 degrees (supine), 135 degrees, and 180 degrees (upside down). The order of testing across the tilt conditions was systematically counterbalanced using a Latin square procedure. Average odor identification performance decreased monotonically as a function of increased body tilt. Significant decreases in heart rate and blood pressure were observed as the body was tilted from the upright condition, although blood pressure was equivalent in the upright and upside down conditions. Nasal resistance was highly variable and was not systematically altered as a function of body tilt. These data support the hypothesis that olfactory function, like visual, auditory, and vestibular function, is significantly influenced by body position within a gravitational field. PMID- 3178622 TI - The effects of cold immersion and hand protection on grip strength. AB - The maximal voluntary grip strength (MVGS) of male volunteers was examined following a series of five intermittent 2 min cold water (5 degrees C) immersions of the unprotected hand or forearm. MVGS changes due to wearing a protective glove were also investigated. The surface electrical activity over the hand flexor muscles was recorded, as was the skin temperature of the hand and forearm. MVGS decreased significantly (p less than 0.01) following hand immersions (16%) and forearm immersion (13%). The majority of these reductions occurred during the first 2-min period of immersion. The effect of wearing a glove after unprotected hand cooling also produced significant (p less than 0.01) MVGS reductions which averaged 14%. These reductions were in addition to those caused by hand cooling. We conclude that both hand and forearm protection are important for the maintenance of hand-grip strength following cold water immersion. PMID- 3178623 TI - Prediction of human thermoregulatory responses and endurance time in water at 20 and 24 degrees C. AB - A multi-compartmental mathematical model for predicting human thermoregulatory responses was applied to immersion in moderately cold water. Data were used from experiments where eight healthy male volunteers were immersed nude and up to the neck for 1 h in water at 20 and 24 degrees C under conditions of rest and exercise. Rectal temperature and metabolic rate were measured before and during immersion. Once agreement between the model prediction and experimental observation was obtained, the model was used for prediction beyond the duration of the experiment. Stabilization of core temperature was predicted after 4-5 h of immersion for rest and after 2-4 h for exercise. Stabilization for resting individuals has been observed in other experiments under similar conditions. These results suggest that linear extrapolations based on linear body cooling rates are inadequate for predicting endurance times in moderately cold water. In this study, predicted endurance times were based on the concept of relative exercise intensity and are in agreement with the limited data available. PMID- 3178624 TI - Intensity judgments of vibrations in the X axis, Z axis, and X-plus-Z axes. AB - Seated subjects matched their perceptions of the intensity of X-axis, Z-axis, or X-plus-Z vibrations, by adjusting the intensity of a sinusoidal, 5 Hz, Y-axis response vibration. Stimuli were sinusoidal at 3.2, 5, and 8 Hz. For each frequency there were six vibration conditions (X axis alone, Z axis alone, or both axes together with 0 degree, 90 degrees, 180 degrees, or 270 degrees phase angles between them) each presented at each of two acceleration levels (0.15 and 0.25 G.R.M.S.). Results showed that Y-axis response accelerations for the dual axis stimuli were greater than those for either one of their X-axis or Z-axis components. This occurred for both acceleration levels and for all three frequencies. However, the pattern of results indicated that response acceleration varied significantly as a function of the combination of phase angle and frequency. This is in contrast to results from a previous experiment, involving Y plus-Z axis stimuli, which showed that the effects of phase angle were minimal at all three frequencies. Apparently phase angle, in combination with frequency, plays a significant role for X-plus-Z vibrations, but not for Y-plus-Z vibrations. PMID- 3178628 TI - Post accident/incident counseling: some exploratory findings. AB - An examination of the literature, and other sources of information, suggested that there might be prophylactic value in early psychological intervention following crewmember involvement in stressful incidents. An exploratory study, at a small commercial pilot base (c.200 pilots), was undertaken to assess the value of early intervention. Pilots were automatically referred to an independent counseling service if abnormal flight events were judged to have involved sudden, unanticipated, or extreme stress. While some individuals came through their experience relatively unaffected, a surprising proportion did not. Several individuals took the opportunity to voluntarily return for additional counseling while others required anxiolytic drug treatment. The initial findings of this exploratory study strongly suggest that commercial pilots are more frequently subject to a potentially debilitating stress reaction than heretofore suspected. This has obvious implications for intervention and prevention, as well as long term stress management for commercial pilots. PMID- 3178625 TI - Effects of breathing an O2-H2 (20%-80%) mixture on the energy metabolism of the eel at 1 ATA. AB - The hypothesis of a specific effect of hydrogen on living organisms was investigated. Three tissues were studied: brain, muscle, and liver. Nucleotide concentrations (ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, NAD) were determined using an HPLC method, and energy charge (EC) was calculated. These measurements were performed at atmospheric pressure for 50 or 132 h. Experiments were carried out using 15 control eels that breathed aerated water and 15 eels that breathed water saturated with oxygen (20%) and hydrogen (80%). No significant variation was found of the measured concentrations in muscle or liver, irrespective of the exposure duration to H2. In contrast, hydrogen induced in brain tissue a significant increase of AMP (p less than 0.005) and significant decreases of ATP (p less than 0.005) and EC (p less than 0.001). It should be noted that the EC decrease is already significant (p less than 0.05) after 50 h of exposure to H2. These modifications in energetic nucleotides were coupled with a small decrease of NAD (NS) in the three tissues explored. From the present results, obtained from eels at atmospheric pressure, it appeared that hydrogen could induce a perturbation of energy metabolism at the brain level. Its origin could be a partial saturation of respiratory chain carriers with exogen H2. PMID- 3178626 TI - A comparative study of G-induced neck injury in pilots of the F/A-18, A-7, and A 4. AB - The introduction of the high performance F/A-18 into the Navy and Marine Corps units has brought attention to the problem of high +Gx-induced neck pain and injury. Aviators from the Light Attack Wing, Pacific were surveyed and the results were categorized by aircraft type. We found that 74% of F/A-18 aviators surveyed reported neck pain with high +Gz. Out of 37 pilots reporting neck injury, 11 required removal from flight status averaging 3 days. The inability to function effectively during high G flight and the impact of lost pilot days highlight the need for further study into prevalence and solutions for high +Gz induced neck injury. PMID- 3178627 TI - Spontaneous changes in atrioventricular conduction in a pilot with intermittent concealed preexcitation syndrome. AB - A case of a 36-year-old pilot with a left sided accessory pathway (Kent bundle) is presented. The electrophysiological study revealed spontaneous changes in atrioventricular conduction in both the accessory and physiological pathways, lack of retrograde conduction via accessory pathway, and constant ventriculoatrial block in the atrioventricular node during the pacing tests of the right ventricular apex. We point out the influence of the autonomic nervous system on the accessory pathway conduction as well as the clinical and electrophysiological aspects of the phenomenon observed. PMID- 3178629 TI - A proposal for a diagnostic colour vision standard for civil airmen. AB - Advances in medical technology, aviation technology, and operational procedures have created a rapidly changing background against which assessment of fitness to fly must be made. The current paper examines such changes in relation to the colour perception standard. The necessity for adequate colour perception in the modern aviation environment is reviewed and a rational sequence of tests to define aviation safe colour perception is proposed. PMID- 3178630 TI - Flight surgeon support of combat operations at RAF Upper Heyford. AB - Flight surgeon support of the Libyan Air Strike on April 14-15, 1986 is reviewed. Problems encountered included lack of time for adequate briefings, aircrew member fatigue, family stress, and lack of confidence in medication. In spite of problems, the mission was performed in an outstanding manner. Recommendations for future combat operation flight surgeon support are given. PMID- 3178631 TI - Office hypertension in the military aviator. AB - High blood pressure is a common problem in aerospace medicine. The standard for evaluating blood pressure in the United States Air Force is the routine blood pressure check and the 5-d blood pressure check. There is a subset of fliers with "office hypertension" who may be on medication needlessly. An Air Force "office hypertensive" is discussed. Home blood pressure recording and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring will identify these patients who may then be managed more appropriately. PMID- 3178632 TI - Parachuting injuries and type of parachute in a reserve rescue unit. AB - Over a 57-month period, 3,246 parachute jumps were performed in an air rescue reserve unit. During this time, the unit transitioned from a round static line parachute to a rectangular free falling parachute. The rates of 11 injuries per 1000 jumps and 600 lost man days per 1000 jumps were reduced to zero after the introduction of the new parachute. PMID- 3178634 TI - Using knowledge of virulence factors to select or design organisms with low risk of pathogenicity. PMID- 3178633 TI - Comparison of metabolic responses of United States Military Academy men and women in acute military load bearing. PMID- 3178635 TI - Bioremediation of chemical spills. AB - It is evident from the data collected to date that substantial progress was made in the remediation of the site prior to the shutdown of the bioreclamation system. Extrapolation of the data suggests that completion of the project was imminent. Further remediation at the site, including the possibility of expanding the original area treated with in situ bioreclamation, is pending further definition of the new sources of contamination. The success of the two projects described here demonstrates the efficacy and potential of enhanced bioreclamation in remediating contamination problems both in soils and in groundwater. PMID- 3178636 TI - Microbiological cleanup of groundwater contaminated by pentachlorophenol. PMID- 3178637 TI - Preliminary development of a bench-scale treatment system for aerobic degradation of trichloroethylene. AB - Our results have demonstrated that TCE may be biodegraded to nontoxic products under certain conditions. Trichloroethylene is apparently degraded by strain G4 to CO2, cellular carbon, and inorganic chloride. This activity requires aerobic conditions and exposure of the organism to certain aromatic compounds. This exposure is required to induce the bio-synthesis of one or more enzymes that fortuitously degrade TCE. The normal function of the enzyme(s) is the metabolism of the aromatic compounds. Evidence from the work with environmental samples indicates that the natural microflora in a variety of areas is capable of TCE degradation if stimulated by the appropriate aromatic compounds. These results are presently being applied to the development of bench-scale continuous treatment systems for further assessment of biodegradation as a means for detoxification of TCE-contaminated sites. PMID- 3178638 TI - Complex industrial waste sites. PMID- 3178639 TI - Exploitation of the high affinity and specificity of proteins in waste stream treatment. PMID- 3178640 TI - Anaerobic fluidized-bed treatment of hazardous wastes. PMID- 3178641 TI - Environmental concerns associated with the design of genetic engineering facilities. AB - Recombinant DNA technology is being used to produce a wide spectrum of products, such as vaccines, interferon, insulin, and growth hormones. In the design of facilities employing this technology, critical consideration must be given to the protection of the environment, both in the prevention of releases of recombinant DNA organisms into the environment and in the treatment of wastes originating from the production facilities. The design requirements for containment of large scale systems are complex and require detailed analysis to insure that the containment system can handle both the normal and emergency releases of recombinant DNA organisms. This must include the prevention of releases through either liquid discharges or air emissions. The "killing" method used in the process for either the cells (extracellular product) or the broth (intracellular product) is an important step and can have significant implications in downstream treatment of wastewaters. Since fermentation is the primary process used in the production of recombinant DNA products, wastewater characteristics from this area of the process are basically similar to those of other fermentation processes. They differ, however, because of the "killing" step in the process, which can introduce compounds not normally found in fermentation wastewaters. This can complicate the treatment process by requiring additional treatment operations. Characteristics of wastewaters from other areas of the process can be very diverse, and no general characterization can be made. Techniques for recovery and purification can vary from product to product or even from plant to plant, making characterization difficult. It is important, therefore, that each process be examined in detail so that waste characterization is meaningful and useful in the design of treatment facilities. Because of the complex nature of the processes involved in the production of recombinant DNA products, wastewater treatment can also become a very complex problem. Systems to treat these wastewaters can include many diverse unit operations, from pretreatment of selected streams to tertiary treatment of the combined streams to meet stringent effluent criteria. While biological treatment is almost always applicable, waste loads are very high, and multiple-stage systems could be required. Early and ongoing interface between the process development scientists and engineers and the environmental disciplines allows for the early recognition of potential environmental problems. With early recognition, many of these problems can be economically and efficiently addressed in the design of the facility.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3178642 TI - Assessment, communication, and management of environmental risks. PMID- 3178643 TI - Balancing regulatory control, scientific knowledge, and public understanding. AB - In summary, I would like to emphasize the continued need for broad and vigorous basic research, with a balance between the fundamental work that may eventually lead to commercial products and the fundamental work that is necessary for an understanding of the interaction of many types of organisms within the environment. I would like also to reiterate the need for balance in the regulatory approach so that we do not repress innovation in research and development. Over-regulation has many side effects. In addition to repressing innovation and not taking advantage of our research base, over-regulation leads to reluctance by the capital markets to invest in the future of our new industries, thereby halting their development at an early stage. At the same time, under-regulation leads to lack of confidence by the public and paralysis of the industry based on public outcry and legal proceedings. It is my personal belief that the combination of a sound approach to regulatory practice, based on current scientific knowledge, combined with appropriate communication with the public regarding the new products, will lead to an exciting future for all sectors of industry that use the new biotechnology. PMID- 3178644 TI - Environmental Protection Agency actions to stimulate use of biotechnology for pollution control and cleanup. PMID- 3178645 TI - Some issues in biodegradation. PMID- 3178646 TI - Superfund strategies and technologies: a role for biotechnology. PMID- 3178648 TI - [Aims and limits of research]. PMID- 3178647 TI - [Proceedings of the 66th annual meeting of the German Society of Legal Medicine. Bonn, 8-12 September 1987]. PMID- 3178649 TI - [Forensic-toxicologic findings in cases of sudden unexpected death in males in Helsinki]. PMID- 3178650 TI - [Combined use of alcohol and drugs within the scope of traffic and criminal acts]. PMID- 3178651 TI - [Determination of benzoyl ecgonine in human scalp hair following cocaine abuse by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)]. PMID- 3178652 TI - [Rapid sensitive screening analysis for benzodiazepines in blood and serum by extraction with butyl acetate and gas chromatography detection]. PMID- 3178653 TI - [Screening for tetracyclic benzo- and thienodiazepines and their metabolites with thin layer chromatography using the corrected Rfc value]. PMID- 3178655 TI - [Ethanol-induced effect on the central nervous system and the hormones of calcium homeostasis]. PMID- 3178654 TI - [Metal pollutants in infants]. PMID- 3178656 TI - [Liver circulation following enteral and parenteral alcohol administration]. PMID- 3178657 TI - [Experimental medicine and medical ethics]. PMID- 3178658 TI - [Are toxicologic studies of stored blood alcohol samples necessary in the future also?]. PMID- 3178659 TI - [Experiences with the "Lion Alcometer AE-D3" in determining blood alcohol and breath alcohol]. PMID- 3178660 TI - [Experiences with the SD3 Alcometer in police use--comparison between breath alcohol and blood alcohol concentrations]. PMID- 3178661 TI - [Rapid determination of alcohol in saliva. Possibilities for using as a so-called preliminary test?]. PMID- 3178662 TI - [Use of polymorphic DNA markers in the assessment of stains]. PMID- 3178663 TI - [Forensic value of micromorphologic hair studies]. PMID- 3178664 TI - [The ethics commission and legal confidentiality]. PMID- 3178665 TI - [Causal relations between coronary thrombosis and burn disease]. PMID- 3178666 TI - [Forensic proof value of atraumatic posticus hemorrhage]. PMID- 3178668 TI - [Clarification of asbestosis with respect to forensic medicine aspects]. PMID- 3178667 TI - [Cases of death in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3178669 TI - [Mortality by sudden unexpected natural causes in adult males in Helsinki]. PMID- 3178670 TI - [Measuring the color content of liver and kidney]. PMID- 3178671 TI - [The physician and the malpractice accusation]. PMID- 3178673 TI - [Comparative studies of the visibility of strangulation marks in water and air exposure]. PMID- 3178672 TI - [Practical experiences with comparative phospholipid determination in proving death by hanging]. PMID- 3178674 TI - [Electrocution death in the bath tub]. PMID- 3178675 TI - [Interesting observation in a case of electrocution in the bath tub]. PMID- 3178676 TI - [Circumstances and findings in 202 burn deaths]. PMID- 3178677 TI - [Automobile fire]. PMID- 3178678 TI - [The concrete case--burned cadaver in an automobile]. PMID- 3178679 TI - [Proof value of matching markers for the complicated suicide]. PMID- 3178680 TI - [Proof value of congested hemorrhages in the area of the head of newborn infants]. PMID- 3178682 TI - [Histologic distribution pattern of thymus hemorrhages in sudden infant death]. PMID- 3178681 TI - [Myoglobin content of heart muscle following postmortem electrocution]. PMID- 3178683 TI - [Selected epidemiologic and morphologic results of studies of sudden infant death in the Ruhr area]. PMID- 3178684 TI - [Age, sex and onset of death in sudden infant death]. PMID- 3178685 TI - [Burns in medical and nursing treatment measures]. PMID- 3178687 TI - [Experiences with a new form of the death certificate in Rhineland-Pfalz]. PMID- 3178686 TI - [How reliable is determination of the time of death by potassium concentration in cisternal cerebrospinal fluid?]. PMID- 3178688 TI - [Ethical approaches to managing the AIDS problem in relation to medical and forensic aspects]. PMID- 3178689 TI - [Morphologic peculiarities of absolute gunshots at close range on clothed or covered body regions]. PMID- 3178690 TI - [Occlusions of the arteries of the head and neck in relation to external events]. PMID- 3178691 TI - [Ulcerative defect formation following subepicardial myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3178692 TI - [Potassium concentration in the vitreous body--sample collection at different time intervals to determine time of death]. PMID- 3178694 TI - [Medical guarantor responsibility and suicide of the psychiatric patient]. PMID- 3178693 TI - [Oxazepam glucuronide]. PMID- 3178695 TI - [Etiology of the neurastheniform psychosyndrome following injuries of the cervical spine, including cervicocephalic acceleration trauma]. PMID- 3178697 TI - [Epidemiology and statistics of non-cardiac sudden death in adults from natural cause]. PMID- 3178698 TI - [Forensic problems in the assessment of a terrorist attack in the Schwechat airport in Vienna]. PMID- 3178696 TI - [Change in the flow relations in the vertebral arteries in head-neck movements]. PMID- 3178699 TI - [Examination of the spine within the scope of the forensic autopsy]. PMID- 3178700 TI - [Ability of automobile drivers to react--studies with various stimuli and the effect of alcohol]. PMID- 3178701 TI - [Testing procedures for assessing the effect of taking drugs on driving safety]. PMID- 3178702 TI - [Dragging the pedestrian for kilometers by an automobile]. PMID- 3178703 TI - [Delayed death following pedestrian accident--multidimensional study of injury severity and cause of death]. PMID- 3178704 TI - [Evaluation of pharmacokinetic data from forensic-toxicologic viewpoints]. PMID- 3178705 TI - [Legal theoretical considerations of responsibility in medical science]. PMID- 3178706 TI - [Follow-up studies of drug positive blood samples]. PMID- 3178707 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylarthritis]. PMID- 3178708 TI - [Hip-lumbar extensor tightness--equivalent of a nerve root irritation syndrome in the adolescent]. PMID- 3178709 TI - [The Berlin halo-yoke system combination of external fixation and correction of the position of the cervical spine]. PMID- 3178710 TI - [Vascular rupture in shoulder dislocation]. PMID- 3178711 TI - [Personal results following silicone rubber implantation in the finger joints]. PMID- 3178712 TI - [Lyme borreliosis--a case report]. PMID- 3178713 TI - [Diagnosis of instability of the lower ankle joint]. PMID- 3178714 TI - [Development of bone cutting tools for medicine exemplified by the spiral drill]. PMID- 3178715 TI - Co-operativity in seminal ribonuclease function. Kinetic studies. AB - Kinetic studies with substrates of the hydrolytic rate-limiting reaction step revealed that the non-hyperbolic kinetics of bovine seminal RNAse may not be ascribed to microheterogeneity of the enzyme or to hysteretic effects. The substrate saturation curves with intermediate plateau and the activating and inhibiting effects of the reaction product, respectively at low and high concentrations, are explained in terms of mixed co-operativity, with binding at subsites that is a prerequisite for full activity of the enzyme. A model is proposed that is supported also by the results of binding studies. PMID- 3178716 TI - Effects of ciprofibrate and 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)pentyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate (POCA) on the distribution of carnitine and CoA and their acyl-esters and on enzyme activities in rats. Relation between hepatic carnitine concentration and carnitine acetyltransferase activity. AB - The effects of feeding the peroxisome proliferators ciprofibrate (a hypolipidaemic analogue of clofibrate) or POCA (2-[5-(4 chlorophenyl)pentyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate) (an inhibitor of CPT I) to rats for 5 days on the distribution of carnitine and acylcarnitine esters between liver, plasma and muscle and on hepatic CoA concentrations (free and acylated) and activities of carnitine acetyltransferase and acyl-CoA hydrolases were determined. Ciprofibrate and POCA increased hepatic [total CoA] by 2 and 2.5 times respectively, and [total carnitine] by 4.4 and 1.9 times respectively, but decreased plasma [carnitine] by 36-46%. POCA had no effect on either urinary excretion of acylcarnitine esters or [acylcarnitine] in skeletal muscle. By contrast, ciprofibrate decreased [acylcarnitine] and [total carnitine] in muscle. In liver, ciprofibrate increased the [carnitine]/[CoA] ratio and caused a larger increase in [acylcarnitine] (7-fold) than in [carnitine] (4-fold), thereby increasing the [short-chain acylcarnitine]/[carnitine] ratio. POCA did not affect the [carnitine]/[CoA] and the [short-chain acylcarnitine]/[carnitine] ratios, but it decreased the [long-chain acylcarnitine]/[carnitine] ratio. Ciprofibrate and POCA increased the activities of acyl-CoA hydrolases, and carnitine acetyltransferase activity was increased 28-fold and 6-fold by ciprofibrate and POCA respectively. In cultures of hepatocytes, ciprofibrate caused similar changes in enzyme activity to those observed in vivo, although [carnitine] decreased with time. The results suggest that: (1) the reactions catalysed by the short-chain carnitine acyltransferases, but not by the carnitine palmitoyltransferases, are near equilibrium in liver both before and after modification of metabolism by administration of ciprofibrate or POCA; (2) the increase in hepatic [carnitine] after ciprofibrate or POCA feeding can be explained by redistribution of carnitine between tissues; (3) the activity of carnitine acetyltransferase and [total carnitine] in liver are closely related. PMID- 3178717 TI - Changes in activities of some enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis in brown adipose tissue of cold-acclimated rats. AB - 1. Measurements were made of the activities of the following enzymes of glycerolipid synthesis in homogenates of interscapsular brown adipose tissue obtained from rats subjected to a 4 degrees C environment for time periods of 6 h up to 12 days: fatty acyl-CoA synthetase (FAS), mitochondrial and microsomal forms of glycerolphosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), monoacylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (MGPAT) and Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PPH). 2. Relative to tissue DNA content, the activities of mitochondrial GPAT, MGPAT and Mg2+-dependent PPH were significantly increased after 1 day of exposure to cold, and continued to increase thereafter. By contrast, FAS and microsomal GPAT activities were unchanged relative to tissue DNA. 3. The time profile of the increase in MGPAT activity correlated well with a concomitant increase in the microsomal marker NADP+-cytochrome c reductase. Changes in mitochondrial GPAT and in Mg2+-dependent PPH activities were larger in amplitude than that of MGPAT. 4. It is proposed that these selective changes in enzyme activity may be associated with the onset of brown-adipose-tissue hyperplasia or possibly with an increase in triacylglycerol synthesis during cold-acclimation. PMID- 3178718 TI - Uroporphyria produced in mice by 20-methylcholanthrene and 5-aminolaevulinic acid. AB - Iron-loaded male C57BL/6 mice allowed free access to an aqueous solution of 5 aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) (2 mg/ml) as their only drink, develop severe uroporphyria within 9 days of a single intraperitoneal dose of 20 methylcholanthrene (MC) (125 mg/kg). At 21 days, uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.37) activities are less than 10% of control activities. The porphyria is not dependent on pretreatment with iron and persists for at least 21 days after withdrawal of ALA. The same intraperitoneal dose of MC does not produce porphyria within 21 days when given without ALA. Continuous administration of ALA markedly accelerates the onset of porphyria in iron-loaded male C57BL/6 mice after a single intraperitoneal dose of hexachlorobenzene (200 mg/kg); mice given phenobarbitone and ALA do not become porphyric. MC with ALA does not produce porphyria in iron-loaded male DBA/2 mice. At least two separate events are needed to produce uroporphyria in mammals: induction of a specific form of cytochrome P 450 and stimulation of the formation of intermediates of haem biosynthesis in the liver. These results show that severe, persistent porphyria can be produced in mammals by compounds other than polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and suggest that a similar mechanism underlies the porphyrogenic action of halogenated and non-halogenated compounds. PMID- 3178719 TI - Continuous spectrofluorometric measurements of uptake by cultured cells of 12-(1 pyrene)-dodecanoic acid from its complex with albumin. AB - Aqueous dispersions of 12-(1-pyrene)-dodecanoic acid (P12), a medium-chain fatty acid to which the fluorescent probe pyrene has been covalently linked, shows a considerable increase in fluorescence when the probe is introduced into a hydrophobic environment. This enables the uptake of P12 by liposomes and cells to be followed directly in a spectrofluorometer, without separating the cells from the P12-containing medium. In the present study, we show that complexing P12 to albumin produced a very high fluorescence emission intensity. This made direct measurements of the uptake by cells of albumin-bound P12 impossible. Such direct measurements could, however, be made using albumin which had been interacted with trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS). The yellow trinitrophenyl (TNP) residues, which were thereby covalently linked to the albumin, quenched the fluorescence of pyrene in the TNP-albumin/P12 complex. Upon release of the P12 molecules from this complex and their subsequent uptake by cells, fluorescence increased. This technique was utilized for the continuous monitoring of the uptake of P12 by different cell types and cells at various stages of maturation. PMID- 3178720 TI - Regulation of type VI collagen synthesis in transformed mesenchymal cells. AB - We have analysed the effects of oncogenic transformation on the expression of type VI collagen in mesenchymal cells. Synthesis of type VI collagen was almost completely inhibited in fibroblasts transformed by DNA or RNA tumour viruses or in cells derived from spontaneous mesenchymal tumours. Inhibition of type VI collagen synthesis appears, therefore, to be a common phenomenon of transformed mesenchymal cells. When introduced into normal cells by viral vectors, the 'nuclear' oncogene v-myc had an inhibitory effect similar to that of the 'cytoplasmic' oncogene v-src. Fibroblasts infected with a temperature-sensitive strain of Rous sarcoma virus (NY68) produced type VI collagen at the restrictive, but not at the permissive temperature. If such cells were shifted from the permissive to the restrictive temperature, synthesis of the individual subunits of type VI collagen was co-ordinately induced. These results demonstrate that the activity of a single oncogene product is sufficient to inhibit type VI collagen expression. PMID- 3178721 TI - Menadione-treated synaptosomes as a model for post-ischaemic neuronal damage. AB - Menadione bisulphite increased endogenous oxygen-radical production by rat brain synaptosomes, as indicated by H2O2 generation. Increased oxygen-radical production was also demonstrated in synaptosomes prepared from menadione-treated rats and synaptosomes reoxygenated after an anoxic insult. Acetylcholine synthesis de novo was inhibited in synaptosomes incubated with menadione in vitro, in synaptosomes prepared from menadione-treated animals in vivo, and in depolarized post-anoxic synaptosomes. Intrasynaptosomal free Ca2+ was increased by menadione in vitro (50 microM), but this increase was not due to stimulation of Ca2+ entry into the nerve terminals. Acetylcholine release was stimulated by menadione in vitro, possibly as a consequence of the elevated intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ content. The Ca2+ contents of synaptosomes prepared from menadione (10 mg/kg)-treated animals in vivo and synaptosomes reoxygenated after anoxia were unchanged. In synaptosomes prepared from menadione-treated animals, acetylcholine release was no longer significantly stimulated by K+, whereas it was unchanged from control (normoxic) values in synaptosomes reoxygenated after anoxia. None of these treatments caused any measurable damage to the synaptic plasma membrane (as judged by the release of lactate dehydrogenase), or to synaptosomal phospholipases (as judged by choline release from membrane phospholipids). Synaptosomes prepared from menadione-treated rats were found to be a good model for the study of post-anoxic damage to nerve-terminal function. PMID- 3178722 TI - Recovery of hepatocytes from attack by the pore former amphotericin B. AB - Sublytic amounts of the pore former Amphotericin B (AmB) induced transient movements of Na and K ions across the hepatocyte plasma membranes without altering the intracellular free Ca ion concentration. The presence of 1-5 microM AmB induced leakage of up to 80% of the intracellular K+ within 3 min, followed by Na+ entry without loss of cell viability. A repair process occurred after 3-10 min, which restored the initial cationic concentrations. Progressive binding of AmB to the cells could be observed by following the disappearance of the intense excitonic dichroic doublet of free AmB. It was shown that the amount of AmB binding, responsible for the Na+ and K+ movements, was low (approx. 16% of total AmB). The recovery process occurred when higher amounts of AmB bound to the cells, and was mediated by Na+/K+-ATPase. The c.d. spectrum of AmB bound to isolated hepatocyte plasma membranes, indicated that during this step AmB formed a complex with cholesterol, similar to that formed by the binary mixture in water. PMID- 3178723 TI - A comparison of the specificity of phosphatidylcholine synthesis by human fetal lung maintained in either organ or organotypic culture. AB - Human fetal lung (14-18 weeks gestation) was maintained in either organ or organotypic culture. By 4 days in organ culture or 14 days in organotypic culture, epithelial cells within both culture systems exhibited well-developed apical microvilli and possessed numerous intracellular lamellar bodies characteristic of surfactant phospholipid stores. However, analysis of the pattern of synthesis of individual molecular species of phosphatidylcholine by [14C]choline incorporation and reversed-phase h.p.l.c. showed that this apparent maturation was not paralleled by an increased synthesis of the dipalmitoyl species in either culture system. By contrast, the fractional synthesis of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, expressed as a percentage of total [14C]choline incorporation, decreased with time in both organ and organotypic culture. Moreover, these fractions were not significantly different from those measured in parallel monolayer cultures of mixed human fetal lung cells that displayed mainly fibroblast morphology. These results suggest that the synthesis pattern of phosphatidylcholine species by lung cells in culture is determined principally by their incubation conditions and not by their state of apparent maturation. PMID- 3178724 TI - 5-Fluoromethylornithine, an irreversible and specific inhibitor of L-ornithine:2 oxo-acid aminotransferase. AB - 5-Fluoromethylornithine (5-FMOrn) is the first specific irreversible inhibitor of L-ornithine:2-oxoacid aminotransferase (OAT) found. Single doses (greater than 10 mg/kg) of this compound inactivate OAT to a residual OAT-like activity. This activity (10-20% of total activity) is resistant to further inactivation by higher or repeated doses of 5-FMOrn, or incubation with the inactivator in vitro. Ornithine concentrations are greatly enhanced in various tissues, and urinary ornithine is dramatically increased, but no other amino acid is affected after acute treatment with 5-FMOrn. Repeated administration decreases carnosine and homocarnosine concentrations in brain. Toxic effects were not observed. The new inactivator is considered as a tool in the establishment of functions of OAT under physiological and pathological conditions. PMID- 3178725 TI - Purification and characterization of 5-ketofructose reductase from Erwinia citreus. AB - 5-Ketofructose reductase [D(-)fructose:(NADP+) 5-oxidoreductase] was purified to homogeneity from Erwinia citreus and demonstrated to catalyse the reversible NADPH-dependent reduction of 5-ketofructose (D-threo-2,5-hexodiulose) to D fructose. The enzyme appeared as a single species upon analyses by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing with an apparent relative molecular mass of 40,000 and an isoelectric point of 4.4. The amino acid composition of the enzyme and the N-terminal sequence of the first 39 residues are described. The steady-state kinetic mechanism was an ordered one with NADPH binding first to the enzyme and then to 5-ketofructose, and the order of product release was D-fructose followed by NADP+. The reversible nature of the reaction offers the possibility of using this enzyme for the determination of D-fructose. PMID- 3178726 TI - Theoretical treatment of tight-binding inhibition of an enzyme. Ribonuclease inhibitor as special case. AB - A general treatment of very tight-binding inhibition is described. It was applied to purified endogenous RNAase inhibitor from rat testis. This treatment discriminates among the different types of inhibition and allows for calculation of the inhibition parameters. When very tight-binding inhibitions are studied at similar molar concentrations of both enzyme and inhibitor, a further approach is required. This is also described and applied to the RNAase inhibitor. A Ki value of 3.2 x 10(-12) M was found for this inhibitor protein. On the basis of this result, it was considered inappropriate to classify this type of inhibitor in terms of competitive or non-competitive, as has been done for such inhibitors so far. Functional consequences of this analysis are discussed for the RNAase-RNAase inhibitor system. PMID- 3178727 TI - Identification of two subpopulations of thyroid lysosomes: relation to the thyroglobulin proteolytic pathway. AB - Using a combination of differential centrifugation and isopycnic centrifugation in Percoll gradients, we obtained a highly purified preparation of thyroid lysosomes [Alquier, Guenin, Munari-Silem, Audebet & Rousset (1985) Biochem. J. 232, 529-537] in which we identified thyroglobulin. From this observation, we postulated that the isolated lysosome population could be composed of primary lysosomes and of secondary lysosomes resulting from the fusion of lysosomes with thyroglobulin-containing vesicles. In the present study, we have tried to characterize these lysosome populations by (a) subfractionation of purified lysosomes using iterative centrifugation on Percoll gradients and (b) by functional studies on cultured thyroid cells. Thyroglobulin analysed by soluble phase radioimmunoassay, Western blotting or immunoprecipitation was used as a marker of secondary lysosomes. The total lysosome population separated from other cell organelles on a first gradient was centrifuged on a second Percoll gradient. Resedimented lysosomes were recovered as a slightly asymmetrical peak under which the distribution patterns of acid hydrolase activities and immunoreactive thyroglobulin did not superimpose. This lysosomal material (L) was separated into two fractions: a light (thyroglobulin-enriched) fraction (L2) and a dense fraction (L1). L1 and L2 subfractions centrifuged on a third series of Percoll gradients were recovered as symmetrical peaks at buoyant densities of 1.12-1.13 and 1.08 g/ml, respectively. In each case, protein and acid hydrolase activities were superimposable. The specific activity of acid phosphatase was slightly lower in L2 than in L1. In contrast, the immunoassayable thyroglobulin content of L2 was about 4-fold higher than that of L1. The overall polypeptide composition of L, L1 and L2 analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was very similar, except for thyroglobulin which was more abundant in L2 than in either L or L1. The functional relationship between L1 and L2 lysosome subpopulations has been studied in cultured thyroid cells reassociated into follicles. Thyroid cells, prelabelled with 125I-iodide to generate 125I-thyroglobulin, were incubated in the absence of in the presence of inhibitors of intralysosomal proteolysis. The fate of 125I-thyroglobulin, and especially its appearance in the lysosomal compartment, was studied by Percoll gradient fractionation and immunoprecipitation. Treatment of prelabelled thyroid cells with chloroquine and leupeptin induced the accumulation of immunoprecipitable 125I-thyroglobulin into a lysosome fraction corresponding to the L2 subpopulation. In control cells, in which intralysosomal proteolysis was n PMID- 3178728 TI - Skeletal muscle mitochondrial beta-oxidation. A study of the products of oxidation of [U-14C]hexadecanoate by h.p.l.c. using continuous on-line radiochemical detection. AB - Well-coupled mitochondrial fractions were prepared from rat skeletal muscle without the use of proteolytic enzymes. The products of [U-14C]hexadecanoate oxidation by rat skeletal muscle mitochondrial fractions were analysed by h.p.l.c. with on-line radiochemical detection. In the presence of 1 mM-carnitine, 70% of the products is acetylcarnitine. In agreement with Veerkamp et al. [Veerkamp, van Moerkerk, Glatz, Zuurveld, Jacobs & Wagenmakers (1986) Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 35, 248-259] 14CO2 release is shown to be an unreliable estimate of flux through beta-oxidation in skeletal muscle mitochondrial fractions. The flux through beta-oxidation is recorded unambiguously polarographically in the presence of 1 mM-carnitine and the absence of citrate cycle intermediates. PMID- 3178729 TI - The effect of tumour-bearing on 2-deoxy[U-14C]glucose uptake in normal and neoplastic tissues in the rat. AB - The extent to which normal and neoplastic tissues of the rate take up glucose was assessed by the 2-deoxy[U-14C]glucose tracer technique. Measurements of glucose uptake were made over 40 min in anaesthetized rats under conditions where the blood glucose concentration was constant. In fed tumour-bearing rats, the relative rates of glucose uptake per g wet wt. of tissue were tumour (100), small intestine (72), brain (61), heart (61), spleen (50), lung (42), adipose tissue (11) and muscle (8). Normal tissues of the fed tumour-bearing rats had decreased rates of glucose uptake as compared with the same tissues in fed non-tumour bearing control rats. Blood glucose concentrations were similar in both groups, but insulin concentrations were decreased in tumour-bearing rats. Starvation decreased the rates of glucose uptake by normal tissues in both control and tumour-bearing rats, but the difference between the fed and starved states was greater in the control rats. Starvation did not decrease glucose uptake by the tumour. On an organ basis, the tumour (12-14% of body wt.) took up 4 times more glucose than did muscle (40% of body wt.). PMID- 3178730 TI - Comparative 113Cd-n.m.r. studies on rabbit 113Cd7-, (Zn1,Cd6)- and partially metal-depleted 113Cd6-metallothionein-2a. AB - Rabbit 113Cd7-metallothionein-2a (MT) contains two metal-thiolate clusters of three (cluster B) and four (cluster A) metal ions. The 113Cd-n.m.r. spectrum of 113Cd6-MT, isolated from 113Cd7-MT upon treatment with EDTA, is similar to that of 113Cd7-MT, but the cluster B resonances are lower in intensity, suggesting its co-operative metal depletion. (Zn1,113Cd6)-MT, formed upon addition of the Zn(II) ions to 113Cd6-MT, shows 113Cd-n.m.r. features characteristic of cluster B populations containing both Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions. The overall intensity gain of the mixed cluster B resonances per Cd as to those in 113Cd6- and 113Cd7-MT suggests a stabilization effect of the bound Zn(II) ions upon the previously established intramolecular 113Cd exchange within this cluster. PMID- 3178732 TI - Control analysis provides a simple means of understanding the control structure of a metabolic pathway. PMID- 3178731 TI - Dysfunctional C1-inhibitor(At), isolated from a type II hereditary-angio-oedema plasma, contains a P1 'reactive centre' (Arg444----His) mutation. AB - Simple rapid procedures for identification and analysis of dysfunctional C1 inhibitor proteins mutated at the reactive-centre P1 residue have been developed and used to define structurally a C1-inhibitor protein, C1-inhibitor(At), isolated from an individual with hereditary angio-oedema. The observed mutation, Arg444----His, is compatible with a single base change in the codon used for Arg444 in the native protein. PMID- 3178733 TI - Reliability of the centrifugal filtration method for measuring mitochondrial volumes. PMID- 3178734 TI - Pairing properties of bromouracil and repair of bromouracil-containing DNA. Possible utilization of bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate for site-directed mutagenesis. AB - 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine triphosphate (Br-dUTP) and dTTP are used interchangeably for DNA synthesis in vitro by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. When DNA containing Br-dUMP instead of dTMP at a few preselected sites is transfected into competent bacteria, no mutation occurs, indicating that in vivo E. coli DNA polymerase always places a dAMP residue in front of any unrepaired Br-dUMP residue. On the other hand, in vitro Br-dUTP can also replace dCTP, but only with difficulty: when dCTP is absent, Br-dUMP can be forced in front of a dGMP residue, but the Klenow polymerase pauses before and after addition of Br-dUMP. Transfection into E. coli of the substituted DNA leads to the expected G----A transitions. These mutations can easily be targeted by using a suitable primer and the correctly chosen mix of deoxynucleoside triphosphates containing Br-dUTP. When Br-dUMP has been placed in front of a dGMP residue, the mutation yield is not 100%, showing a partial repair of the transfected DNA before it is replicated. Advantage can be taken of this partial repair to prepare a set of different mutations within a target region in a single experiment. PMID- 3178735 TI - Location of platelet activating factor binding in rat liver. AB - Autoradiographs of tissue slices from livers perfused with 1 x 10(-9) M-1-O [3H]octadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine ([ 3H]18:0-sn-3-AGEPC) indicate that binding of this agonist is localized in the portal venules in anterograde perfused livers, and in the central venules in retrograde perfused livers. The pattern of silver grains in anterograde perfused liver was not affected significantly by prior exposure to 100-fold excesses of unlabelled 16:0- or 18:0-sn-3-AGEPC, 16:0-sn-1-AGEPC, or a 1000-fold excess of U.66985. [3H]18:0 sn-3-lyso-GEPC produced the same pattern of binding as the acetylated analogue. Measurement of glucose release stimulated by 16:0-sn-3-AGEPC demonstrated that the retrograde perfused liver was nearly 1000-fold less sensitive to this compound than the anterograde perfused liver. Exposure of the livers to bovine serum albumin prior to 5 x 10(-11) M-[3H]18:0-sn-3-AGEPC resulted in inhibition of stimulated glucose release, and decreased both the amount of label retained in the livers and the amount of silver grains over the portal sinusoidal cells without affecting the amount of grains seen over all other regions of the liver. Glucose release from primary monolayer cultures of hepatocytes or suspensions of liver slices was not stimulated by 16:0-sn-3-AGEPC. The results suggest that specific binding of [3H]18:0-sn-3-AGEPC is restricted to the portal side of the liver microvasculature, the majority of binding is nonspecific, and the biological response to AGEPC requires an intact and perfused vasculature. PMID- 3178736 TI - Albumin stimulates the release of lysophosphatidylcholine from cultured rat hepatocytes. AB - The effect of albumin on the release of [3H]lysophosphatidylcholine from cultured rat hepatocytes prelabelled with [Me-3H]choline was studied. In the absence of serum and albumin from the medium, the cells released essentially no [3H]lysophosphatidylcholine. Albumin stimulated this process dramatically, and it reached a plateau at 2 mg/ml. After an initial lag of 30 min, the release of [3H]lysophosphatidylcholine was linear for at least 4 h. At low concentrations, albumin slightly stimulated [3H]phosphatidylcholine release. The albumin had no measurable effect on the metabolism of cellular [3H]phosphatidylcholine, [3H]lysophosphatidylcholine or [3H]glycerophosphocholine. In addition, albumin did not alter the release of 3H-labelled water-soluble compounds, including [3H]glycerophosphocholine, into the medium. The possibility that the [3H]lysophosphatidylcholine was arising from catabolism of [3H]phosphatidylcholine in the medium by secreted enzymes was excluded. The effect on [3H]lysophosphatidylcholine secretion was also observed when the cells were incubated with alpha-cyclodextrin, a cyclic polysaccharide that has the ability to bind lysophosphatidylcholine. The albumin-released lysophosphatidylcholine was enriched in unsaturated fatty acids. Alteration of the fatty acid composition of cellular phosphatidylcholine gave rise to parallel changes in phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine in the medium. It is concluded that phosphatidylcholine is constantly being degraded in the rat hepatocyte to lysophosphatidylcholine which is released into the medium only when a suitable acceptor is present. PMID- 3178737 TI - Analysis of insulin-receptor phosphorylation sites in intact cells by two dimensional phosphopeptide mapping. AB - Insulin stimulates the autophosphorylation of the partially purified insulin receptor initially on tyrosine residues 1146, 1150 and 1151. This is followed by increased autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues 1316, 1322 and two further residues, possibly tyrosine residues 953 and 960 or 972 [Tavare & Denton (1988) Biochem. J. 252, 607-615]. In the present paper we have used two cell lines transfected with insulin-receptor cDNA (CHO.T and NIH 3T3 HIR3.5 cells) to assess which tyrosine residues are phosphorylated on the insulin receptor within intact cells. We show that: (1) insulin causes a rapid increase in phosphorylation of tyrosine residues 1146, 1150 and 1151 in both cell types; tyrosine residues 1316 and 1322 are also phosphorylated, but apparently to a lesser extent in NIH 3T3 HIR3.5 cells; (2) the sites that may correspond to tyrosine residues 953 and 960 or 972 appear to be very poorly phosphorylated in both intact cell types; (3) insulin also promotes a substantial and rapid increase in the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues on insulin receptors on CHO.T cells; this results in the appearance of two phosphopeptides not evident in the maps of the solubilized receptor preparations autophosphorylated in vitro. PMID- 3178739 TI - Isolation, properties and amino acid sequences of a phospholipase A2 and its homologue without activity from the venom of a sea snake, Laticauda colubrina, from the Solomon Islands. AB - A phospholipase A2, Laticauda colubrina phospholipase A2 II (LcPLA-II), and a phospholipase A2 homologue, Laticauda colubrina phospholipase A2 homologue I (LcPLH-I), were isolated from the venom of the yellow-lipped sea snake, Laticauda colubrina, from the Solomon Islands. LcPLA-II showed phospholipase A2 activity towards egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (24 mumol/min per mg at optimal conditions at 37 degrees C) and lethal potency (LD50 45 micrograms/kg body wt. intravenously in mice). Both of the activities were lost by treatment with p-bromophenacyl bromide. LcPLH-I showed neither phospholipase A2 activity nor lethal potency at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg body wt. in mice. It was not modified by the treatment with p bromophenacyl bromide. LcPLA-II and LcPLH-I bound Ca2+ at a 1:1 molar ratio with KCa values of 105 microM and 44 microM at pH 8.0 respectively. Elucidation of the amino acid sequences of these two proteins showed that each protein consisted of a single chain of 118 amino acid residues, including 14 half-cystine residues. The two sequences are different from each other at 22 residues and highly homologous to those from other sources. The essential histidine residue for the phospholipase A2 activity at position 48 is replaced by an asparagine residue in the homologue LcPLH-I. Details of the separation of the peptides obtained by proteinase digestions of LcPLA-II and LcPLA-I and the determination of their amino acid sequences are given in Supplementary Publication SUP 50145 (14 pages), which has been deposited at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1988) 249, 5. PMID- 3178738 TI - The effects of various anions and cations on the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity from pig kidney cortex. AB - The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) purified from pig kidney cortex was found to be affected by various uni- and bi-valent ions. At a constant strength of 0.13 M at pH 7.8, K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3- and HPO4(2-) had significant effects on the activity of PDC: Na+, K+ and HPO4(2-) stimulated, but HCO3- and Cl inhibited. The stimulatory effect of Na+ was mediated by a change in the Vmax. of PDC only, whereas K+ produced an increase in Vmax. and a change in the Hill coefficient (h). The extent of stimulation produced by HPO4(2-)4 on the activity of PDC was dependent on the concentrations of K+ and Na+. Both cations at concentrations higher than 40 mM partially prevented the effect of HPO4(2-)4. Cl- and HCO3- anions decreased the Vmax. of the enzyme and increased the S0.5 for pyruvate. The effects of Na+, K+, Cl-, HPO4(2-) and HCO3- on the activity of PDC were additive. In the presence of 80 mM-K+, 20 mM-Na+, 10 mM-HPO4(2-), 20 mM-Cl- and 20 mM-HCO3- the activity of PDC was increased by 30%, the S0.5 for pyruvate was increased from 75 to 158 microM and h was decreased from 1.3 to 1.1. Under these conditions and at 1.0 mM-pyruvate, the activity of PDC was 80% of the maximal activity achieved in the presence of these ions and 4.5 mM-pyruvate. The present study suggests that PDC may operate under non-saturating concentrations for substrate in vivo. PMID- 3178740 TI - An extracellular role for calmodulin-like activity in cell proliferation. AB - 1. Addition of extracellular pure pig brain calmodulin was found to modulate DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in K562 human leukaemic lymphocytes. At lower cell densities calmodulin significantly stimulated [3H]thymidine uptake; at higher densities it decreased it. 2. A protein biochemically indistinguishable from calmodulin was detected in the cell-conditioned media of rapidly dividing K562 cells. The concentration of calmodulin-like activity found in the conditioned media of these and a range of other normal and neoplastic cells (250 1636 ng/ml) was of the same order as would stimulate DNA synthesis in subconfluent cells. 3. Amounts of extracellular calmodulin-like activity and immunoreactivity varied during cell growth from low to high density, a peak of extracellular calmodulin preceding DNA synthesis in synchronized K562 cells. Extracellular calmodulin concentrations did not correlate with the presence of lactate dehydrogenase in the medium. 4. Inhibition of extracellular calmodulin activity by calmodulin antagonist immobilized on agarose beads, or by antibody to calmodulin, significantly decreased DNA synthesis. 5. These data strongly suggest that calmodulin or a very closely related protein can influence mitosis through an extracellular mechanism. PMID- 3178741 TI - Identification of oversulphated galactosaminoglycans in intestinal-mucosal mast cells of rats infected with the nematode worm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. AB - The oversulphated galactosaminoglycans synthesized by rat mucosal mast cells were isolated from the small intestine of animals infected with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which causes proliferation of these cells. The 35S labelled polysaccharides were degraded by digestion with chondroitinase ABC, and the structures of the disaccharide products were determined by cleavage with mercuric acetate followed by electrophoretic characterization of the resultant sulphated monosaccharides. It was concluded that about half of the disulphated disaccharide units in the polysaccharide consisted of chondroitin sulphate E-type structures [GlcA-GalNAc(4,6-di-OSO3)], in which both sulphate groups were located on the N-acetylgalactosamine unit. The remainder consisted of isomeric structures with one sulphate group on the N-acetylgalactosamine residue and one on the hexuronic acid unit and presumably represented the dermatan sulphate-type sequence [IdoA(2-OSO3)-GalNAc(4-OSO3)]. PMID- 3178742 TI - Relations between the dissociation constants of dibasic acids. AB - The relationships between the molecular pK values of a dibasic acid, its titration pK values and the pH values at which the concentration of monohydronated species is half-maximal are presented. These enable any pair of the values to be found from any other pair. PMID- 3178743 TI - Structure of a full-length cDNA clone for the prepro alpha 1(I) chain of human type I procollagen. AB - A full-length cDNA clone for the human prepro alpha 1(I) chain of type I procollagen was characterized. Nucleotide sequencing of the first 1500 nucleotide residues of the 5'-end of the cDNA clone provided 729 nucleotide residues and the codons for 243 amino acid residues not previously defined from any species. The data made it possible, for the first time, to compare completely codon usage for the human alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) chains. PMID- 3178744 TI - Cytochrome b-562 from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus L.M.D. 79.41. Its characteristics and role as electron acceptor for quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase. AB - A soluble cytochrome b was purified from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus L.M.D. 79.41. On the basis of the alpha-band maximum of a reduced preparation, measured at 25 degrees C, it is designated as cytochrome b-562. This cytochrome is a basic monomeric protein (pI 10.2; Mr 18,000), containing one protohaem group per molecule. The reduced form, at 25 degrees C, showed absorption bands at 428, 532 and 562 nm. At 77 K the alpha-band shifted to 560 nm (with a shoulder at 558 nm). The reduced cytochrome did not react with CO. Cytochrome b-562 is most probably (loosely) attached to the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane, since substantial amounts of it, equimolar to quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), were present in the culture medium when cells were grown in the presence of low concentrations of Triton X-100. The midpoint potential at pH 7.0 was found to be +170 mV, a value that was lowered to +145 mV by the presence of GDH. Since the GDH was shown to have a midpoint potential of +50 mV, cytochrome b-562 could function as the natural primary electron acceptor. Arguments to substantiate this view and to propose a role of ubiquinone-9 as electron acceptor for cytochrome b 562 are presented. PMID- 3178745 TI - Effect of surface curvature on the rate of cholesterol transfer between lipid vesicles. AB - The effect of surface curvature on the spontaneous movement of cholesterol between membranes was investigated by measuring the rates of cholesterol transfer from donor vesicles of various sizes to a common acceptor vesicle. Donor vesicles of size in the range 40-240 nm were prepared by extruding multilamellar dispersions through polycarbonate filters of different pore sizes under pressure. The smallest donor vesicle and the acceptor vesicles were obtained by the normal sonication procedures. The rate of cholesterol transfer, as measured by the movement of [3H]cholesterol, decreases with increasing size of the donor vesicle in an almost linear fashion. The extrapolation of the results gave a half-time (t1/2) of 16-20 h of the desorption of cholesterol from a planar bilayer, and this can be considered as a reference value for most cellular membranes which are characterized by very low curvatures. Our earlier studies have shown that the t1/2 for cholesterol efflux is influenced by the presence of gangliosides and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the asymmetric distribution of these lipids in the plasma membrane could partially account for the large difference in the rates of cholesterol movement from the two sides of the plasma membrane. The small differences in rates arising from asymmetric distribution will be magnified by the longer t1/2 obtained here for membranes of low curvatures, so that the large difference in rates might be a coupled effect of lipid asymmetry and low curvature of the plasma membrane. This, in turn, may have a role in maintaining the large differences in cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratios observed between plasma membrane and intracellular membranes. PMID- 3178746 TI - Isolation of a high-density-lipoprotein conversion factor from human plasma. A possible role of apolipoprotein A-IV as its activator. AB - 1. A high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) conversion factor was partially purified from human plasma by precipitation with (NH4)2SO4, ultracentrifugation, cation exchange chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography and chromatography on a column of hydroxyapatite. 2. This factor modulates the particle size of HDL by converting a homogeneous population into new populations of particles, some of which are smaller and others larger than those in the original population. 3. The isolated HDL conversion factor appeared as one major band and at least three minor bands on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis; attempts to purify this factor further resulted in loss of conversion activity. 4. Preparations of the HDL conversion factor were stable after heating to 58 degrees C for 1 h, and were shown not to possess proteolytic activity. 5. The conversion factor was distinct from the known apolipoproteins, none of which had HDL conversion activity. 6. Addition of apolipoprotein A-IV had a dose-dependent potentiating effect on the process promoted by the HDL conversion factor. PMID- 3178747 TI - NADP-linked malic enzyme. Purification from maize leaves, Mr and subunit composition. AB - 1. The isolation of NADP-linked malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) from maize leaves is described, together with studies of its Mr and subunit composition. 2. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on N6-aminohexyl 2',5'-bisphosphoadenosine-agarose, gel filtration with Sephadex G-100 and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. A purification of 140-fold with a 30% yield was obtained. 3. A detailed study of the Mr by several methods revealed the existence of different Mr forms in solution. 4. In the presence of dithiothreitol the enzyme appears to be present in triethanolamine buffer, pH 7.5, as a tetramer with a subunit Mr of 60,000 and an S20,w of 10.75 S. 5. In phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, it seems to be a dimer of Mr 120,000 with an S20,w of 7.95 S. 6. In the absence of dithiothreitol, lower-Mr forms were detected by sedimentation-equilibrium and sedimentation-velocity studies in triethanolamine buffer. 7. Results from gel filtration gave Mr values of about 340,000 in both buffers. PMID- 3178748 TI - The electrostatic fields in the active-site clefts of actinidin and papain. AB - The active sites of actinidin (EC 3.4.22.14) and papain (EC 3.4.22.2) display different reactivity characteristics to probes targeted at the active-site cysteine residue despite the close structural similarity of their active sites. The calculated electrostatic fields in the active-site clefts of actinidin and papain differ significantly and may explain the reactivity characteristics of these enzymes. Calculation of electrostatic potential also focuses attention on the electrostatic properties that govern formation of the active-site thiolate imidazolium ion-pair. These calculations will guide the modification of the pH activity profile of the cysteine proteinases by site-directed mutagenesis. PMID- 3178749 TI - The human glutathione S-transferases. Immunohistochemical studies of the developmental expression of Alpha- and Pi-class isoenzymes in liver. AB - Immunohistochemical studies of the developmental expression of the Alpha- and Pi class glutathione S-transferases in human liver have shown that the Pi enzyme is expressed in bile-duct epithelium and some hepatocytes but not in haematopoietic cells. This locus is down-regulated during gestation in hepatocytes but not in epithelium. The enzymes of the Alpha set were also found in only some hepatocytes, and it appears that many cells express neither these nor the Pi forms. PMID- 3178750 TI - Multiple cysteine proteinase forms during the life cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum revealed by electrophoretic analysis. AB - Proteinases of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum have been analysed using electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing gelatin (gelatin/PAGE). Multiple proteinase forms were apparent in vegetative myxamoebae, but the presence of individual enzyme forms depended on the manner in which the cells were grown. Axenic cells had a characteristic A-pattern of proteinases consisting of six bands, the most active enzymes having apparent Mr values of 51,000 and 45,000 (these have been named ddCP51 and ddCP45, respectively). Some of the proteinases were also present in the medium, the major extracellular form was ddCP42, a 42,000-Mr enzyme. Cells grown in association with bacteria had a distinct B-pattern with three main enzymes that had apparent Mr values of 48,000, 43,000 and 38,000. All of the A- and B-pattern proteinases were most active at acid pH in the presence of dithiothreitol and were inhibited by various agents such as trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane (E64), leupeptin and chymostatin, which inactivate cysteine proteinases. One of the enzymes, ddCP30, was identified as cysteine proteinase B which had been purified and characterized previously [North, M.J. & Whyte, A. (1984) J. Gen. Microbiol. 130, 123-134]. During starvation of axenic cells in shaken suspensions some of the vegetative proteinases disappeared, ddCP42 was released from the cells and one new enzyme with an apparent Mr of 48,000 appeared. Addition of cyclic AMP had little effect on these changes. When the axenically grown myxamoebae underwent development on filters, similar changes in band pattern were observed and the aggregation stage was characterized by the presence of three cysteine proteinase bands (apparent Mr values of 48,000, 45,000 and 43,000). Proteinases, especially ddCP42, were released from the cells and could be collected from the buffer saturated pads which supported the filters. The results demonstrate that cysteine proteinases are present throughout growth and development of D. discoideum and that the forms present are subject to nutritional and developmental regulation. PMID- 3178751 TI - The plasma-membrane component is the primary site of action of alloxan on ATP driven Ca2+ transport in vascular-muscle microsomal fractions. AB - The direct effects of alloxan in vitro on the handling of Ca2+ by microsomal fractions from dog aortic smooth muscle were investigated. Preincubation of the vascular-muscle microsomal membranes with alloxan showed a suppression of both binding of Ca2+ (in the absence of ATP) and ATP-driven Ca2+ transport. Alloxan substantially inhibited the microsomal ATP-driven Ca2+ transport stimulated by Pi, but not that stimulated by oxalate. Studies using subfractions isolated from the microsomal membranes on a sucrose density gradient indicated that plasma membrane is the primary site of action of alloxan on the ATP-driven Ca2+ transport. PMID- 3178752 TI - Use of 3-aminopropanol as an ethanolamine analogue in the study of phospholipid metabolism in Tetrahymena. AB - About 50% of the ethanolamine in phosphatidylethanolamine in Tetrahymena is replaced by 3-aminopropan-1-ol when the compound is added to the growth medium. The phosphatidylpropanolamine which is formed is not converted into the corresponding phosphatidylcholine analogue by methylation. There is an increase in phosphatidylcholine formed by the phosphotransferase pathway from free [3H]choline and a decrease in the phosphatidylcholine formed by the methylation pathway from [14C]methionine. The nature of the observed phospholipid alterations suggests that the regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Tetrahymena may be different from that found in higher eukaryotes. PMID- 3178753 TI - Analysis of NADH dehydrogenases from plant [mung bean (Phaseolus aureus)] mitochondrial membranes on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels and purification of complex I by band excision. AB - The present paper describes the analysis of plant mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenases using a recently developed non-dissociating gradient polyacrylamide-gel-electrophoresis technique [Kuonen, Roberts & Cottingham (1986) Anal. Biochem. 153, 221-226]. Solubilized mung-bean (Phaseolus aureus) submitochondrial particles were analysed on 3-22% (w/v) gradient polyacrylamide gels containing 0.1% Triton X-100 and stained for multiple NADH dehydrogenase activities. A rotenone-sensitive NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) was identified on the basis of co-migration with the purified mammalian enzyme. The polypeptide composition of the plant enzyme was further analysed by band excision and SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. PMID- 3178754 TI - A re-evaluation of the kinetic equations for hyperbolic tight-binding inhibition. PMID- 3178755 TI - Uptake of choline by rat mammary-gland epithelial cells. AB - The neonatal mammal requires especially large amounts of choline to sustain growth. Much of this choline is derived from the newborn's only source of food, milk. The concentration of choline in rat milk [182 +/- 24 microM (S.E.M.)] was much higher than that in maternal serum (11.6 +/- 0.9 microM), suggesting that a mechanism capable of concentrating choline into milk must exist. We characterized choline uptake by mammary epithelial cells (the site of milk production) of the lactating rat. We observed two uptake processes, one saturable and obeying Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the other non-saturable and linear. At physiological blood choline concentrations, the saturable component of choline uptake predominated. The saturable component had Kapp. = 35 +/- 16 microM, and Vmax. = 1.24 +/- 0.19 nmol/h per mg of protein. Saturable uptake of choline was inhibited by hemicholinium-3. Ca2+ was required for uptake, but Mg2+ was not. Replacement Na+ with K+, Li+ or sucrose inhibited transport. Ouabain did not inhibit choline uptake. Choline concentration in epithelial cells was 67.7 +/- 1.9 nmol/g wet wt. at the start of incubation at 37 degrees C and rose to 80.9 +/ 6.5 nmol/g wet wt. over 30 min. Much of the choline accumulated by the mammary gland (in the presence of endogenous concentrations of choline) remained in the form of choline (50 +/- 1.2%), phosphatidylcholine (12 +/- 2.3%), lysophosphatidylcholine (0.1 +/- 0.03%), betaine (7 +/- 0.3% and phosphocholine (6 +/- 0.5%). In addition, we isolated 25 +/- 1.2% of choline-derived radiolabel in an unidentified compound. PMID- 3178756 TI - The acylation of proteins by xenobiotic amphipathic carboxylic acids in cultured rat hepatocytes. AB - Three xenobiotic amphipathic carboxylates, namely MEDICA 16, nafenopin and bezafibrate, which differ remarkably in their hydrophobic backbones, were found to acylate membrane and cytosolic liver proteins in cultured rat hepatocytes. The acylation patterns observed were time- and dose-dependent, and the acylated residue consisted of the original xenobiotic. The acylation patterns generated by the three xenobiotic carboxylates included common proteins which were acylated by the three xenobiotics (e.g. proteins of 32, 52, 56 and 72 kDa) as well as unique proteins which were specifically acylated by the respective xenobiotics. The acylation of liver proteins by either MEDICA 16 or nafenopin remained unaffected under conditions where protein synthesis was completely inhibited by cycloheximide. Protein acylation thus offers a common mode of action of xenobiotic amphipathic carboxylates, which may, however, result in diverse xenobiotyl-protein adducts. The xenobiotyl-acylated proteins might be involved in triggering some of the biological effects exerted by xenobiotic amphipathic carboxylates employed as hypolipidaemic effectors, peroxisomal proliferators or preadipocyte convertors. PMID- 3178757 TI - Effect of inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase on the contents of ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in L1210 cells. AB - Treatment of L1210 cells with either of two inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), namely 5'-deoxy-5'-[N-methyl-N-[2-(amino oxy)ethyl])aminoadenosine or 5'-deoxy-5'-[N-methyl-N-(3 hydrazinopropyl)]aminoadenosine, produced a large increase in the amount of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) protein. The increased enzyme content was due to a decreased rate of degradation of the protein and to an increased rate of synthesis, but there was no change in its mRNA content. The inhibitors led to a substantial decline in the amounts of intracellular spermidine and spermine, but to a big increase in the amount of putrescine. These results indicate that the content of ODC is negatively regulated by spermidine and spermine at the levels of protein translation and turnover, but that putrescine is much less effective in bringing about this repression. Addition of either spermidine or spermine to the cells treated with the AdoMetDC inhibitors led to a decrease in ODC activity, indicating that either polyamine can bring about this effect, but spermidine produced effects at concentrations similar to those found in the control cells and appears to be the physiologically important regulator. The content of AdoMetDC protein (measured by radioimmunoassay) was also increased by these inhibitors, and a small increase in its mRNA content was observed, but this was insufficient to account for the increase in protein. A substantial stabilization of AdoMetDC occurred in these cells, contributing to the increased enzyme content, but an increase in the rate of translation cannot be ruled out. PMID- 3178758 TI - Acute inhibition by ethanol of intestinal absorption of glucose and hepatic glycogen synthesis on glucose refeeding after starvation in the rat. AB - 1. Intragastric administration of ethanol (75 mmol/kg body wt.) at 1 h before glucose refeeding of 24 h-starved rats inhibited hepatic glycogen deposition (by 69%) and synthesis (by approx. 70%), but was without significant effect on muscle glycogen deposition and synthesis. 2. Treatment of ethanol-administered rats with methylpyrazole (an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase) did not significantly diminish the inhibitory effect of ethanol on hepatic glycogen deposition after glucose refeeding, suggesting that the inhibition was not dependent on ethanol metabolism. 3. Ethanol delayed and diminished intestinal glucose absorption, at least in part by delaying gastric emptying. 4. At a lower dose (10 mmol/kg body wt.), ethanol inhibited hepatic glycogen repletion and synthesis without compromising intestinal glucose absorption. Ethanol inhibited glycogen deposition (by 40%) in hepatocytes from starved rats provided with glucose + lactate + pyruvate as substrates, consistent with it having a direct effect to diminish hepatic glycogen synthesis by inhibition of gluconeogenic flux at a site(s) between phosphoenolpyruvate and triose phosphate in the pathway. 5. It is concluded that ethanol acutely impairs hepatic glycogen repletion by inhibition at at least two distinct sites, namely (a) intestinal glucose absorption and (b) hepatic gluconeogenic flux. PMID- 3178759 TI - Species pattern of phosphatidylinositol from lung surfactant and a comparison of the species pattern of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol synthesized de novo in lung microsomal fractions. AB - 1. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) is a minor component of lung surfactant which may be able to replace the functionally important phosphatidylglycerol (PG) [Beppu, Clements & Goerke (1983) J. Appl. Physiol. 55, 496-502] without disturbing lung function. The dipalmitoyl species is one of the main species for both PI (14.4%) and PG (16.9%). Besides the C16:0--C16:0 species, the C16:0--C18:0, C16:0--C18:1, C16:0--C18:2 and C18:0--C18:1 species showed comparable proportions in the PG and PI fractions. These similarities of the species patterns and the acidic character of both phospholipids could explain why surfactant PG may be replaced by PI. 2. PI and PG were radiolabelled by incubation of microsomal fractions with [14C]glycerol 3-phosphate (Gro3P). For 11 out of 14 molecular species of PI and PG we measured comparable proportions of radioactivity. The radioactivity of these 11 species accounted together for more than 80% of the total. The addition of inositol to the incubation system decreased the incorporation in vitro of Gro3P into PG and CDP-DG (diacylglycerol) of lung microsomes (microsomal fractions), but did not change the distribution of radioactivity among the molecular species of PG. These results supported the idea that both acidic surfactant phospholipids may be synthesized de novo from a common CDP-DG pool in lung microsomes. PMID- 3178760 TI - Analysis of the multiple forms of Gaucher spleen sphingolipid activator protein 2. AB - Gaucher spleen sphingolipid activator protein 2 was fractionated into concanavalin A binding- and non-binding fractions. These fractions each contained several bands on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The two fractions were further fractionated by electroblotting the proteins from preparative gels onto nitrocellulose, staining with Ponceau S to locate the bands of protein and then eluting the protein components from the nitrocellulose. A total of ten fractions, each containing only one or two major components, was collected. All of these subfractions activated beta-glucocerebrosidase and sphingomyelinase and most subfractions also activated beta-galactocerebrosidase. The structural relationship of the bands was investigated using endoglycosidase digestions. The results indicated that the two bands with the fastest mobility on non-denaturing PAGE did not contain any carbohydrate. The remaining bands showed only limited or partial digestion with endoglycosidase H and endoglycosidase D, but were readily hydrolysed with endoglycosidase F. The products of these digestions included bands with similar mobilities to the non-carbohydrate containing bands. PMID- 3178761 TI - Uptake and metabolism of myo-inositol by L1210 leukaemia cells. AB - The initial rate of uptake of [3H]myo-inositol by L1210 murine leukaemia cells is directly proportional to the extracellular concentration and unaffected by several analogues of myo-inositol even at millimolar concentrations. Scyllitol, a geometric isomer of myo-inositol, partially inhibited the uptake of myo-inositol (40% at 0.1 mM). A portion of the uptake of myo-inositol was not inhibited even at 5 mM-scyllitol. At steady-state the intracellular concentration of [3H]myo inositol is directly proportional to the extracellular concentration. Addition of myo-inositol to medium does not enhance the growth of L1210 cells; these cells can maintain an extracellular concentration of 20 microM-myo-inositol even when grown in myo-inositol-free medium. Synthesis of myo-inositol from glucose by L1210 cells was demonstrated by use of [13C]glucose and m.s. L1210 cells maintain myo-inositol pools by a combination of synthesis de novo and uptake of exogenous myo-inositol by either passive diffusion or a low affinity carrier. PMID- 3178762 TI - Inhibition of hexose transport and labelling of the hexose carrier in human erythrocytes by an impermeant maleimide derivative of maltose. AB - Maltose-maleimide was synthesized as a potential affinity label for the facilitative hexose carrier with selectivity for exofacial sulphydryl groups. This reagent, although probably a mixture of isomers, did not significantly penetrate the plasma membrane of human erythrocytes at concentrations below 5 mM at 37 degrees C. When allowed to react to completion, it irreversibly inhibited the uptake of 3-O-methylglucose, with a half-maximal response at about 1.5-2.0 mM reagent. The rate of transport inactivation was a saturable function of the maltose-maleimide concentration. Studies of reaction kinetics and effects of known transport inhibitors demonstrated that irreversible reaction occurred on the exofacial outward-facing carrier, although not at a site involved in substrate binding. Reaction of intact erythrocytes with [14C]maltose-maleimide resulted in labelling of a broad band 4.5 protein of Mr (average) 45,000-66,000 in electrophoretic gels. This protein was very likely the hexose carrier, since its labelling was inhibited by cytochalasin B. Exofacial band 4.5 labelling was stoichiometric with respect to transport inhibition, yielding an estimated 300,000 carriers/cell. These results suggest that the exofacial sulphydryl which reacts with maltose-maleimide is distinct from the substrate binding site on the hexose carrier, but that it confers substantial labelling selectivity to impermeant maleimides. Additionally, the high efficiency of carrier labelling obtained with maltose-maleimide is useful in quantifying numbers of carriers in whole cells. PMID- 3178763 TI - Selective regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity by the spermine analogue 6-spermyne. AB - Polyamine-biosynthesis activity is known to be negatively regulated by intracellular polyamine pools. Accordingly, treatment of cultured L1210 cells with 10 microM-spermine rapidly and significantly lowered ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) activities in a sequential manner. By contrast, treatment for 48 h with 10 microM of the unsaturated spermine analogue 6-spermyne lowered AdoMetDC activity, but not ODC activity. An initial decrease in ODC activity at 2 h was attributed to a transient increase in free intracellular spermidine and spermine brought about through their displacement by the analogue. Thereafter, ODC activity recovered steadily to control values as 6-spermyne pools increased and spermidine and spermine pools decreased owing to analogue suppression of AdoMetDC activity. The apparent ability of 6-spermyne to regulate AdoMetDC, but not ODC, activity suggests an interesting structure-function correlation and demonstrates that the typical co-regulation of these enzyme activities can be dissociated. This, in turn, may reflect the existence of independent regulatory binding sites for the two enzymes. PMID- 3178764 TI - Chemical modification studies on a lectin from winged-bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC] tubers. AB - The effect of chemical modification on a D(+)-galactose-specific lectin isolated from winged-bean tubers was investigated to identify the type of amino acid involved in its haemagglutinating activity. Various anhydrides of dicarboxylic acids, such as acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride and citraconic anhydride, modified 57-68% of the amino groups of the winged-bean tuber lectin. Treatment with N-acetylimidazole modified only 45% of the total amino groups. Reductive methylation of free amino groups modified 57% of the amino groups. Modification of the amino groups of the lectin by acetic anhydride and succinic anhydride did not lead to any significant change in the haemagglutinating activity (greater than or equal to 75% active). However, citraconylation and maleylation of the lectin led to a significant decrease in the haemagglutinating activity (less than or equal to 20% active). Acetylation and succinylation (3-carboxypropionylation) of the lectin led to a decrease in the pI value of the native lectin from approx. 9.5 to approx. 4.5. Treatment of the lectin with N-bromosuccinimide led to the modification of two and four tryptophan residues per molecule in the absence and in the presence of 8 M-urea respectively. The immunological identity of all the modified lectin preparations showed no gross structural changes except the lectin modified with N bromosuccinimide in the presence of urea at pH 4.0. PMID- 3178765 TI - Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme in kidneys of male and female mice. AB - Antizyme, a protein inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), was shown to be induced in mouse kidney by repeated injection of putrescine. Antizyme was also present as a complex with ODC in the kidney of untreated mouse. The amount of the renal ODC-antizyme complex was 3-fold higher in male mice than in female mice. On the contrary, the proportion of ODC present as a complex with antizyme was 24 fold higher in females than in males, and the decay of renal ODC activity after cycloheximide treatment was about 5-fold more rapid in females than in males. Administration of testosterone to female mice, a procedure known to prolong the half-life of renal ODC, increased both ODC activity and the content of ODC antizyme complex, but decreased the antizyme/ODC ratio in the kidney. These results are consistent with the previous observation in HTC cells that the decay rate of ODC activity in the presence of cycloheximide correlated well with the proportion of ODC present as a complex with antizyme, suggesting the ubiquitous role of antizyme in ODC degradation. PMID- 3178766 TI - Reconstitution of the L-lactate carrier from rat and rabbit erythrocyte plasma membranes. AB - 1. Rat and rabbit erythrocyte plasma-membrane proteins were solubilized with decanoyl-N-methylglucamide and reconstituted into liposomes. The procedure includes detergent removal by gel filtration, followed by a freeze-thaw step. 2. The rate of [1-14C]pyruvate uptake into these vesicles was inhibited by approx. 70% by alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate and p-chloromercuribenzenesulphonate. The extent of uptake at equilibrium was not affected by the presence of these inhibitors, but was dependent on the osmolarity of the suspending medium. 3. Reconstituted bovine erythrocyte membranes, which have no lactate carrier, showed a much slower time course of pyruvate uptake, with no inhibitor-sensitive component. 4. L- but not D-lactate competed for alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate sensitive [1-14C]pyruvate uptake. PMID- 3178767 TI - Characterization of [3H]palmitate- and [3H]ethanolamine-labelled proteins in the multicellular parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni. AB - Biosynthetic labelling experiments with cercariae and schistosomula of the multicellular parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni were performed to determine whether [3H]palmitate or [3H]ethanolamine was incorporated into proteins. Parasites incorporated [3H]palmitate into numerous proteins, as judged by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The radiolabel was resistant to extraction with chloroform, but sensitive to alkaline hydrolysis, indicating the presence of an ester bond. Further investigation of the major 22 kDa [3H]palmitate-labelled species showed that the label could be recovered in a Pronase fragment which bound detergent and had an apparent molecular mass of 1200 Da as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex LH-20. Schistosomula incubated with [3H]ethanolamine for up to 24 h incorporated this precursor into several proteins; labelled Pronase fragments recovered from the three most intensely labelled proteins were hydrophilic and had a molecular mass of approx. 200 Da. Furthermore, reductive methylation of such fragments showed that the [3H]ethanolamine bears a free amino group, indicating the lack of an amide linkage. We also evaluated the effect of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus: [3H]palmitate-labelled proteins of schistosomula and surface-iodinated proteins were resistant to hydrolysis with this enzyme. In conclusion, [3H]palmitate and [3H]ethanolamine are incorporated into distinct proteins of cercariae and schistosomula which do not bear glycophospholipid anchors. The [3H]ethanolamine-labelled proteins represent a novel variety of protein modification. PMID- 3178768 TI - Characterization of bovine aortic protein kinase C with histone and platelet protein P47 as substrates. AB - A Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) was partially purified from the media of bovine aortas by chromatography on DEAE Sephacel and phenyl-Sepharose. Enzyme activity was characterized with both histone and a 47 kDa platelet protein (P47) as substrates, because the properties of protein kinase C can be modified by the choice of substrate. Both phosphatidylserine and Ca2+ were required for kinase activity. With P47 as substrate, protein kinase C had a Ka for Ca2+ of 5 microM. Addition of diolein to the enzyme assay caused a marked stimulation of activity, especially at low Ca2+ concentrations, but the Ka for Ca2+ was shifted only slightly, to 2.5 microM. With histone as substrate, the enzyme had a very high Ka (greater than 50 microM) for Ca2+, which was substantially decreased to 3 microM-Ca2+ by diolein. A Triton X-100 mixed-micelle preparation of lipids was also utilized to assay protein kinase C with histone as the substrate. Under these conditions kinase activity was almost totally dependent on the presence of diolein; again, diolein caused a large decrease in the Ka for Ca2+, from greater than 100 microM to 2.5 microM. The increased sensitivity of protein kinase C to Ca2+ with P47 rather than histone, and the ability of diacylglycerol to activate protein kinase C without shifting the Ka for Ca2+, when P47 is the substrate, illustrate that the mechanism of protein kinase C activation is influenced by the exogenous substrate used to assay the enzyme. PMID- 3178769 TI - Effects of riboflavin deficiency and clofibrate treatment on the five acyl-CoA dehydrogenases in rat liver mitochondria. AB - Rats were maintained on a riboflavin-deficient diet or on a diet containing clofibrate (0.5%, w/w). The activities of the mitochondrial FAD-dependent straight-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (butyryl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA and palmitoyl CoA) and the branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (isovaleryl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA) involved in the degradation of branched-chain acyl-CoA esters derived from branched-chain amino acids were assayed in liver mitochondrial extracts prepared in the absence and presence of exogenous FAD. These activities were low in livers from riboflavin-deficient rats (11, 28, 16, 6 and less than 2% of controls respectively) when prepared in the absence of exogenous FAD, and were not restored to control values when prepared in 25 microM-FAD (29, 47, 28, 7 and 17%). Clofibrate feeding increased the activities of butyryl-CoA, octanoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA dehydrogenases (by 48, 116 and 98% of controls respectively), but not, by contrast, the activities of isovaleryl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA dehydrogenases (62 and 102% of controls respectively). The mitochondrial fractions from riboflavin-deficient and from clofibrate-fed rats oxidized palmitoylcarnitine in State 3 at rates of 32 and 163% respectively of those from control rats. PMID- 3178770 TI - Adipose-tissue-specific increase in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and mRNA amounts in suckling pre-obese Zucker rats. Effect of weaning. AB - The regulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene expression was studied during the onset of obesity in the genetically obese (fa/fa) rat by determination of GAPDH activity and hybridizable mRNA amounts in adipose tissue and liver from suckling and weanling rats. GADPH activity remained low throughout the suckling period, and a burst of activity occurred after weaning in both lean and obese pups. As early as 7 days of age, adipose tissue from pre-obese rats displayed a significant increase in enzyme activity, whereas no difference could be detected in the liver. In both suckling (16 days of age) and weanling (30 days of age) obese rats a proportionate increase in GAPDH activity and mRNA amounts was observed in adipose tissue, but not in liver. It is concluded that the obese genotype influences GAPDH gene expression at a pretranslational level and in a tissue-specific manner. This phenomenon could partly contribute to the hyperactive fat accretion in the obese rat, since glycolysis is the major metabolic pathway for lipogenic substrates in adipose tissue. PMID- 3178771 TI - Free-radical generation by copper ions and hydrogen peroxide. Stimulation by Hepes buffer. AB - Hydroxyl radicals (OH.), generated by a phosphate-buffered Cu2+/H2O2 system, were detected by lucigenin-amplified chemiluminescence, deoxyribose degradation and benzoate hydroxylation. In each system the buffer, Hepes, was found to stimulate radical generation significantly. There are two main reasons for this effect: Hepes increases Cu2+ solubility in phosphate-buffered systems, and forms a complex with Cu2+ that is effective in generating OH. from H2O2. Pipes, a structurally similar buffer, and histidine, a known Cu2+ chelator, were found to have a similar effect. These data suggest that the crucial factor in such free radical-generating systems is the availability of Cu2+, and that these actions of Hepes should be considered in the design of studies utilizing such systems. PMID- 3178772 TI - Early events in inositol phosphate metabolism in longitudinal smooth muscle from guinea-pig intestine stimulated with carbachol. AB - In longitudinal smooth muscle from guinea-pig intestine prelabelled with [3H]inositol, carbachol produced a 3-fold increase in [3H]inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate within 2 s, and there was also a simultaneous increase in [3H]inositol 1,4-bisphosphate. 3H-labelling of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate was not significantly increased until 60 s after carbachol stimulation, and the accumulation of [3H]inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate was relatively small. PMID- 3178773 TI - Biosynthesis of heparin. Modulation of polysaccharide chain length in a cell-free system. AB - The formation of heparin-precursor polysaccharide (N-acetylheparosan) was studied with a mouse mastocytoma microsomal fraction. Incubation of this fraction with UDP-[3H]GlcA and UDP-GlcNAc yielded labelled macromolecules that could be depolymerized, apparently to single polysaccharide chains, by alkali treatment, and thus were assumed to be proteoglycans. Label from UDP-[3H]GlcA (approx. 3 microM) is transiently incorporated into microsomal polysaccharide even in the absence of added UDP-GlcNAc, probably owing to the presence of endogenous sugar nucleotide. When the concentration of exogenous UDP-GlcNAc was increased to 25 microM the rate of incorporation of 3H increased and proteoglycans carrying polysaccharide chains with an Mr of approx. 110,000 were produced. Increasing the UDP-GlcNAc concentration to 5 mM led to an approx. 4-fold decrease in the rate of 3H incorporation and a decrease in the Mr of the resulting polysaccharide chains to approx. 6000 (predominant component). When both UDP-GlcA and UDP-GlcNAc were present at high concentrations (5 mM) the rate of polymerization and the polysaccharide chain size were again increased. The results suggest that the inhibition of polymerization observed at grossly different concentrations of the two sugar nucleotides, UDP-GlcA and UDP-GlcNAc, may be due either to interference with the transport of one of these precursors across the Golgi membrane or to competitive inhibition of one of the glycosyltransferases. The maximal rate of chain elongation obtained, under the conditions employed, was about 40 disaccharide units/min. The final length of the polysaccharide chains was directly related to the rate of the polymerization reaction. PMID- 3178774 TI - A novel metal-dye detection system permits picomolar-range h.p.l.c. analysis of inositol polyphosphates from non-radioactively labelled cell or tissue specimens. AB - A novel complexometric dye- and transition-metal-based post-column detection system for polyanions, called 'metal-dye detection' has been developed. This technique, combined with a new h.p.l.c. separation protocol, permits a direct highly-isomer-selective determination of bis- to poly-phosphorylated non radioactively labelled compounds in the picomolar range, a sensitivity hitherto unknown for these substances. The application of the technique in the quantitative microanalysis of inositol polyphosphates from milligram amounts of cells or tissue specimens is described. The technique promises to answer hitherto unresolved questions about the role of inositol phosphates, especially those in intact tissues, which are not readily amenable to analysis by radioisotopic techniques. PMID- 3178775 TI - Propionate metabolism in the rat heart by 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy. AB - High-resolution 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy has been used to examine propionate metabolism in the perfused rat heart. A number of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates are observable by 13C n.m.r. in hearts perfused with mixtures of pyruvate and propionate. When the enriched 13C-labelled nucleus originates with pyruvate, the resonances of the intermediates appear as multiplets due to formation of multiply-enriched 13C-labelled isotopomers, whereas when the 13C labelled nucleus originates with propionate, these same intermediates appear as singlets in the 13C spectrum since entry of propionate into the TCA cycle occurs via succinyl-CoA. An analysis of the isotopomer populations in hearts perfused with [3-13C]pyruvate plus unlabelled propionate indicates that about 27% of the total pyruvate pool available to the heart is derived directly from unlabelled propionate. This was substantiated by perfusing a heart for 2 h with [3 13C]propionate as the only available exogenous substrate. Under these conditions, all of the propionate consumed by the heart, as measured by conventional chemical analysis, ultimately entered the oxidative pathway as [2-13C] or [3-13C]pyruvate. This is consistent with entry of propionate into the TCA cycle intermediate pools as succinyl-CoA and concomitant disposal of malate to pyruvate via the malic enzyme. 13C resonances arising from enriched methylmalonate and propionylcarnitine are also detected in hearts perfused with [3-13C] or [1 13C]propionate which suggests that 13C n.m.r. may be useful as a non-invasive probe in vivo of metabolic abnormalities involving the propionate pathway, such as methylmalonic aciduria or propionic acidaemia. PMID- 3178776 TI - The reaction of hydroxyurea with oxyhaemocyanin and methaemocyanin of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus and the snail Helix pomatia. AB - The reaction of hydroxyurea with the oxyhaemocyanins of Astacus leptodactylus and Helix pomatia yielded methaemocyanins which could be regenerated with hydroxylamine. Hydroxyurea did not react with Astacus methaemocyanin, but quantitatively regenerated Helix methaemocyanin under N2. The reaction of hydroxyurea with Helix haemocyanin at pH 5.7 under air thus led to a steady state, with an oxyhaemocyanin/methaemocyanin ratio of 2.05:1. PMID- 3178777 TI - Hexokinase type I multiplicity in human erythrocytes. AB - Hexokinase I in human erythrocytes exists in multiple molecular forms that differ in isoelectric points. By means of Western blotting and immunodetection of total glucose-phosphorylating activity by using an antibody raised in rabbit against homogeneous human placenta hexokinase I, a single protein band was detected. Identical results were also obtained by immunoaffinity chromatography of the partially purified enzyme. Separation of the three major hexokinase I subtypes (Ia, Ib and Ic) by h.p.l.c. ion-exchange chromatography and immunodetection following electrophoretic blotting confirmed that each hexokinase subtype showed the same apparent Mr of 112,000, which is the value obtained for the high-Mr hexokinase I from human placenta. Purification of erythrocyte hexokinase by a combination of several procedures including dye-ligand and affinity chromatography that were previously successfully applied to the purification of other mammalian hexokinases type I produced a 35,000-fold-purified enzyme that showed several contaminants after SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Only one of these peptides was found to be recognized by anti-(hexokinase I) IgG, suggesting that proteolytic degradation does not occur and that hexokinases Ia, Ib and Ic have the same apparent Mr. PMID- 3178778 TI - A putative functional domain of human placental alkaline phosphatase predicted from sequence comparisons. PMID- 3178779 TI - Nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequence of human adult and fetal cDNA coding for portions of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene. PMID- 3178780 TI - [Age dependence of spontaneous frequencies and intracardial Baindridge-effect of rabbits between the 3rd and 18th day of life]. AB - With continuous perfusion at defined intraluminal pressures isolated right atria from rabbits were examined. Age groups of 3-6, 9-12 and 15-18 days of life were used to measure the chronotropic response to change of atrial pressure over a range of 0.1 to 0.9 kPa (10-90 mm H2O). At transmural pressure of 0.1 kPa (control) the rate of spontaneously beating atria decreased progressively with age over the first three weeks. As compared to the group of 15-18 days, for each intraluminal pressure the atrial rate was significantly higher in the group of 3 6 days. Already 3-6 days after birth the chronotropic self-control mediated by stretch (Bainbridge effect) was present, this response did not vary significantly from that obtained in the group of 15-18 days of life. PMID- 3178781 TI - Pharmacological effects on oscillatory afterpotentials in partially depolarized ventricular myocardium. AB - Oscillatory afterpotentials induced by toxic concentrations of ouabain were studied in isolated papillary muscles from the right ventricular myocardium of guinea pigs. In partially depolarized muscles (22 mM extracellular K+) oscillatory afterpotentials (OAP) that follow action potentials can be described as nearly harmonic, periodical damped oscillation using a five parameter model. We measured the time course of the appearance and disappearance of ouabain induced OAP under control conditions and modified by different pharmacological tools. Changes were quantified by the parameters of the model used. Adriamycin (50 microM) significantly delayed the time to the first OAP after administration of ouabain but also shortened the time necessary for recovery after a 30 min application of ouabain. Adriamycin also reduced the damping ratio of OAP but unlike caffeine (2 mM) it did not completely suppress OAP. The reduction of the extracellular Na+ concentration from 126 to 63 mM strikingly depressed OAP both in damping ratio and amplitude. Dexamethasone (2 microM) transiently depressed already developed OAP. The effects of adriamycin as well as Na+ reduction point to a contribution of a Na/Ca exchange in the generation of OAP. The effect of dexamethasone may refer to an involvement of eicosanoides in the generation of arrhythmogenic OAP. PMID- 3178782 TI - Mechanisms involved in generation of oscillatory afterpotentials in myocardium. AB - We used ouabain-treated papillary muscles from guinea pig to study oscillatory afterpotentials (OAP) that follow an action potential. Two effects were investigated in more detail. 1. The membrane Na gradient was changed by isoomotical substitution of NaCl with sucrose. 50% Na substitution induced a nearly complete suppression of OAP. 2. Different K+ concentrations were used to compare OAP at high and low resting potentials. Depolarization of the ventricular preparations from about-85 mV (4mM KCl) to -55 mV (22 mM KCl) reversibly reduced OAP. Both effects can be predicted by a model of OAP induced by a transient inward current. This inward current is generated by an electrogenic Na/Ca exchanger. A supposed oscillatory changing of intracellular Ca concentration modifies the exchange current in agreement with the experimental data. PMID- 3178783 TI - Active avoidance is impaired correlated with changes of spontaneous behaviour after lesions of the lateral parabrachial nucleus of rat. AB - Open field (OF) behaviour, active avoidance (CAR) acquisition and the neurological status of 14 male hooded rats of the Long-Evans strain were compared before and after bilateral electrocoagulation of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PB1). The PB1 lesion syndrome was characterized by significantly more square crossings in spite of more grooming and significant longer duration for immobility in the OF. The exploratory activity was strongly reduced. PB rats moved more quickly, whenever they performed ambulation. The habituation quotient for ambulatory activity was insignificantly decreased but for exploratory activity significantly increased. PB rats were able to reproduce preoperatively learnt CAR in the Y-maze but not in the jump test and could not postoperatively acquire a new avoidance stereotype. The results indicate an important participation of PB1 in response selection and CAR acquisition. PMID- 3178784 TI - Alterations in calmodulin and S-100 protein content of hippocampal slices during long-term potentiation. AB - The content of calmodulin and S-100 protein in fractions of rat hippocampal slices was assayed by solid phase radioimmunology and radial immunodiffusion, respectively. One hour after tetanization (electrical stimulation of area dentata granular cells and recording from CA3 pyramids) an inverse translocation of these Ca++-binding proteins was observed: an increase in the calmodulin content in the water-soluble and a decrease in the Lubrol-soluble fractions, while an increase in S-100 protein in the Triton-soluble and a decrease in the water-soluble fractions occurred. The results are suggestive of a regulatory function of these proteins in events during repetitive stimulation of a synaptic input. The calmodulin increase in the cytosolic compartment may reflect the involvement of Ca++-calmodulin dependent intraneuronal metabolic processes underlying the induction and/or temporary maintenance of neuronal functional changes occurring after repeated or intense synaptic activity. The elevated S-100 protein level in the membrane compartment might be interpreted in terms of functionally induced redistribution in that neuronal cells are provided with additional amounts of S 100 protein originating from the surrounding glial cells which store large amounts of soluble S-100 protein. PMID- 3178785 TI - Influence of alcohol pretreatment on effects of chloroform in rats. AB - Methanol, ethanol and isopropanol were tested for the ability to change effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the alanine aminotransferase (ALAT = GPT; EC 2.6.1.2.) activity in serum of rats. The alcohols were given once orally or repeatedly together with drinking water. After additional i.p. administration of chloroform we found a significant increase of ALAT activities in the order: isopropanol greater than or equal to methanol greater than ethanol, both after single and repeated application of the alcohols. Together with trichloroethene and 1.1.2.2-tetrachloroethane no such elevations were found. The results suggest that different mechanisms of action could be underlying. PMID- 3178786 TI - Acrylonitrile potentiation of oxygen toxicity in rats. AB - Single intraperitoneal injection of acrylonitrile, administered prior to the start, at the onset, or during oxygen exposure, respectively, in all cases significantly impaired the survival rate of rats exposed to 98% oxygen. Short periods of lung glutathione depletion by acrylonitrile accelerated the manifestation of O2 toxicity regardless of their timing with respect to the start of oxygen exposure, but in dependence on their intensity and duration. However, the effect of acrylonitrile was probably not solely glutathione-depletion mediated, since O2 toxicity was enhanced even by acrylonitrile injection, given sufficiently in advance to allow the lung glutathione level to recover before the oxygen exposure started. PMID- 3178787 TI - Raji-K562 hybrids and their use for trioma production. AB - Cells from the B lymphoblastoid cell line Raji (Burkitt lymphoma) and from the myeloid-erythroid cell line K562 (subline AB5), stained by two different fluorochromes, were fused in vitro by means of PEG. Hybrid cells exhibiting heterofluorescence were isolated in a cell sorter (FACS III). They were cloned and analyzed for both Raji and K562 derived antigens. Hybrid cells retained the excellent growth behaviour of AB5 cells while expressing also Raji antigens. One of the hybrids (BD7) was used for trioma production when fused with human stimulated spleen cells. Trioma cells representing a fusion product of three parental cells may be useful for studying problems of gene regulation and expression. PMID- 3178788 TI - Cellular distribution of protein-disulfide interchange enzyme activity in mouse spleen. AB - In an attempt to precise the cellular distribution of protein-disulfide interchange enzyme activity within different compartments of the splenic lymphoid tissue, we have analyzed the protein-disulfide interchange (PDI) enzyme activity in adherent and nonadherent cell populations of normal and T-cell depleted CBA mice. In vivo depletion of T-cells, as evaluated by functional and cytotoxic tests, was achieved by two i. v. injections of anti-T monoclonal antibodies (Mab F7D5). Nonadherent cell populations were found to have levels of protein disulfide interchange enzyme activity significantly higher than that of the adherent cells. Pretreatment with F7D5 monoclonal antibodies enhanced the protein disulfide interchange activity in nonadherent cell population, thus indicating that the major source of the enzyme activity are nonadherent spleen cells, which do not bear T-cell marker, probably B-cells. PMID- 3178789 TI - Lipoprotein structural abnormalities in chronic renal failure with and without hemodialysis. AB - Nine patients with chronic renal failure in maintenance hemodialysis (CRF-HD) and nine without hemodialysis (CRF) showed similar modifications in the structure and composition of VLDL and LDL isolated by density gradient centrifugation as compared to normal controls. In very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), the ratios of triglycerides to protein and of cholesterol to protein were strongly correlated. All patients, independently of their cholesterol and triglyceride levels, presented a "beta-VLDL" caused by an increment in the isoelectric point of the particles in the density range 1.006-1.019 g/ml. This was probably due to the augmented proportion of apoB in them and is not associated with the E2 phenotype. The results indicate that the structural modifications of VLDL and low density lipoprotein (LDL), present in chronic renal failure, are not changed by maintenance hemodialysis and that they are not necessarily associated with hyperlipidemia. PMID- 3178790 TI - Hyaluronic acid content and hyaluronidase activity in liver and spleen of rats with hydralazine-induced collagen-like syndrome. AB - A drug-induced collagen-like syndrome was produced in rats by hydralazine administration for 8, 9 and 10 months. The hyaluronic acid content and the hyaluronidase activity in liver and spleen were studied. A decrease in the hyaluronic acid amount was accompanied by an enhanced activity of hyaluronidase in both tissues. The results provide evidence for metabolic disturbances of glycosaminoglycans in the connective tissue in the collagen disease-like syndrome. PMID- 3178791 TI - [The influence of preload on the reactivity of coronary arteries]. AB - Usually, blood vessel preparations used for in vitro investigations are kept under a certain passive preload. This preload influences the blood vessel reactivity against agonists. Using transverse strips of porcine coronary arteries (Ramus circumflexus) the influence of preload on the amplitude of blood vessel responses induced by acetylcholine, potassium ions and prostaglandin F2 alpha was tested. The optimum preload to obtain a maximum contraction was 1.92 +/- 0.14 g. This value did neither depend on the agonist nor its concentration. However, there was a direct relation between the size of the vessel preparation and the value of the optimum preload. Thus, it is worth taking into account the correct preload when blood vessel preparations are tested in vitro. PMID- 3178792 TI - [The influence of exhausting training on the development of the motor pattern of swimming and on the sleep-wake behavior of growing rats]. AB - At present it is generally accepted that programs of physical training which require coordinate performances of the central and the vegetative nervous system may be conducive to the complex development of central nervous functions. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of an exhausting swim training with albino rats aged 6-30 days on the development of motor pattern of swimming and on the sleep-wake behaviour. Daily training rats performed the adult motor pattern of swimming earlier than controls which were not trained. Trained animals are more active and longer awake than control rats which were treated daily only by a short stress (stay in cold water for 10 s). During the growth period before puberty exhausting training produces complex effects: the development of motor patterns is accelerated and the central vigilance level is raised. It is unknown which consequences might possibly arise as to the central nervous integration in adult mammals which were strongly trained in early infancy. PMID- 3178793 TI - Phasic activity of human dorsal foot veins. AB - Phasic contractions of the dorsal foot veins were detected in 7 male subjects, aged 23 to 49 years, by means of a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) after congesting the veins by a pressure of 6.7 kPa (50 torr). This phasic activity (PA) had a frequency of 3 to 7 contractions per minute and led to a periodic diminution of the diameter of the distended veins by 12 to 44%. Using a double LVDT, the PA was shown to represent peristaltic waves travelling along the vessel wall concomitantly with the venous return. Determined in 3 out of the 7 subjects, the velocity of the waves amounted to 3.6 to 6.1 mm per second. A rheological significance of the peristaltic waves is assumed. PMID- 3178794 TI - Influence of diabetic state on coronary vasoregulation in myocardial hypoxia. AB - It is a matter of common knowledge that under ischaemic or hypoxic conditions the oxygen demand of the myocardium could only be satisfied by enhancement of collateral blood flow. It is demonstrated that in a diabetic state an elevation of the myocardial blood flow could not develop due to lack of proper vasodilation in the coronary arterial bed. PMID- 3178795 TI - Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by new physostigmine derivatives. AB - The kinetics of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) from electric eel by new physostigmine derivatives in which the methylcarbamic group has been substituted with monoalkylcarbamic, dialkylcarbamic and phenylcarbamic groups was studied. The new compounds are competitive inhibitors of AChE and show a lower anticholinesterase activity than physostigmine. The anticholinesterase activity, the bimolecular rate constant ki and the carbamylation constant k2 have been measured for some selected derivatives. PMID- 3178796 TI - Enhancement of dichloromethane-induced carboxyhemoglobinemia by isoniazid pretreatment. AB - Pretreatment of rats with isoniazid (8 x 0.36 mmol/kg i.p. or 1 x 0.36 mmol/kg i.p.) produced dichloromethane-induced carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in the blood which are 2.6 and 1.8 times higher than carboxyhemoglobinemia after administration of dichloromethane per se. Simultaneous administration of both compounds reduced the dichloromethane metabolism to carbon monoxide as measured by carboxyhemoglobin level in the blood. PMID- 3178797 TI - Oestrogen regulates oestrogen receptor mRNA levels in an oestrogen-responsive human breast cancer cell line. AB - The EFM-19 human breast cancer cell line contains high levels of oestrogen receptor mRNA and is oestrogen responsive for growth. The oestrogen receptor gene appears to be specifically regulated by oestrogens in EFM-19 cells. The induction by oestradiol is half-maximal in the presence of 3 x 10(-11) M oestradiol. LY117018 is a potent antioestrogen with a similar affinity to oestradiol for the oestrogen receptor. LY117018 completely blocks the induction of the oestrogen receptor mRNA by oestradiol when it is present in a 50-fold molar excess. The ability of oestrogens to control the levels of their own receptor in human breast cancer cells has implications for the understanding of oestrogen responsiveness and the amelioration of endocrine therapy. PMID- 3178798 TI - Presence of sialic acids in Lactobacillus plantarum. AB - It was found that Lactobacillus plantarum (strain BA 11) is able to synthesize sialic acids during its growth in MRS medium and that these molecules are located mainly on the surface of the bacterium. It was demonstrated also that the addition externally of N-acetylneuraminic acid in concentrations ranged from 10 to 500 microM into the culture medium, resulted to a substantial increase of the growth rate of the bacterium. Bacterial cultures in presence of added sialic acid (100 microM) for 24 hours, resulted to a two fold increase of the final bacterial mass compared to the cultures in absence of sialic acid. Maximum levels of sialic acids were observed after 48 h of bacterial growth. It was also found that neuraminic acids production was increased when Mn++ and Mg++ ions were added in the culture medium, while the addition of Co++, Ca++, Ba++, Cu++ and Ni++ had a negative effect. PMID- 3178799 TI - Purification of basic fibroblast growth factor from rat brain: identification of a Mr 22,000 immunoreactive form. AB - A 18,000-dalton protein which stimulates plasminogen activator (PA) activity in endothelial GM 7373 cells has been purified from rat brain by using heparin affinity chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified molecule stimulates PA activity in a dose-dependent manner between 1 and 30 ng/ml. It also stimulates proliferation of GM 7373 cells and DNA synthesis in NIH 3T3 cells in a similar concentration range. The molecule has been identified as a bFGF-like molecule on the basis of its biological activity, its affinity for heparin Sepharose, and its cross-reactivity with anti-human bFGF antibodies. In the final preparation of the rat brain bFGF, trace amounts (less than 5%) of a contaminant were detectable. This contaminant has a molecular weight of 22,000 and cross reacts with several anti-human placental bFGF antibodies. On the basis of its affinity for heparin-Sepharose and its immunological characteristics, this protein appears to be an high molecular weight form of bFGF. PMID- 3178800 TI - Receptor binding and Nb2 cell mitogenic activities of glycosylated vs. unglycosylated porcine prolactin. AB - Purified fractions of glycosylated (pGPrl) and unglycosylated (pUGPrl) porcine prolactin were prepared by affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A-Sepharose. The relative binding activities of these two forms of prolactin for receptors from porcine mammary, adrenal cortex and rabbit mammary, as well as their Nb2 cell mitogenic activity were determined. In both the porcine mammary and adrenal cortex receptor binding assays pGPrl had a 2-3 fold lower activity than pUGPrl. In the rabbit mammary binding assay pGPrl had a about a 5 fold lower activity than pUGPrl. Similarly, pGPrl had only about 20% of the activity of pUGPrl in the Nb2 cell proliferation assay. PMID- 3178801 TI - Ternary hydroxide complexes in neutral solutions of Al3+ and F-. AB - Especially in G protein systems AlF4- has been claimed as an activating species serving as a tetrahedral phosphate analog. However, in aqueous solutions (H2O)2AlF4- is hexacoordinate with two bound water molecules. In neutral solutions five different mixed OH- and F- complexes of Al3+ comprise the main species under usual experimental conditions. Comparison of the mole fraction distribution curves with limited results on the activity as a function of ambient F- concentrations suggests an activating complex composed of Al3+ with three F- and uncertain geometry. Even fewer activity data suggest a tetrahedral Be2+ complex with three F-. PMID- 3178802 TI - Peptidyl O-acyl hydroxamates: potent new inactivators of cathepsin B. AB - Peptidyl O-acyl hydroxamates having appropriate active-site recognition features are very potent time-dependent inhibitors of the cysteine proteinase cathepsin B. The inhibition is irreversible, and the inactivation rate is strongly dependent on peptide structure and correct positioning of the P1 amino acid carbonyl group. Lipophilic O-acyl groups provide the most rapid inactivators, as exemplified by the inhibitor O-mesitoyl N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-alanine hydroxamate (kmax/Ki = 640,000 M-1s-1). PMID- 3178803 TI - Phosphorylation of protein B-50 (GAP-43) from adult rat brain cortex by casein kinase II. AB - The phosphoprotein B-50 (GAP-43) was purified from adult rat brain cortex and phosphorylated by casein kinase II. Phosphorylation of B-50 by casein kinase II approached 1.2 mol phosphate/mol B-50. The apparent Km of casein kinase II for B 50 was 4 microM with an apparent Vmax of 13 nmol.min-1.mg-1. A tryptic phosphopeptide map on reversed phase HPLC and phosphoamino acid analysis of [32P]B-50 showed that casein kinase II phosphorylated in serine residue(s) which were located in a single tryptic peptide. Phosphorylation of B-50 by casein kinase II was inhibited more than 90% by 5 micrograms heparin/ml or 2.4 mM peptide substrate specific for casein kinase II (RRREEETEEE). The initial phosphorylation rate was increased about 2-fold by 1 mM spermine. PMID- 3178804 TI - Expression of human G gamma globin genes carrying a T or a C at position -158 in COS and MEL cells. AB - Increasing data strongly suggest that, in adults, the G gamma/A gamma globin chains ratio is genetically controlled by determinants linked in cis to the beta globin gene cluster. The presence of the C----T substitution at position -158 5' to the G gamma globin gene in subjects displaying high G gamma/A gamma globin chains ratio led to the hypothesis that this substitution is involved in the determination of high G gamma globin gene expression. In order to test this hypothesis, we have compared the expression of two G gamma globin genes carrying a C or a T at position -158, upon transfection into a COS cell line or stable integration into a MEL cell line. Our results showed no significant effect of the nucleotide at position -158 on the level of human G gamma mRNA produced in these cells. PMID- 3178805 TI - Doxorubicin induces the acetylation of histone H1 in a human colon cancer cell line (LoVo/DX) selected for resistance to the drug, but not in the sensitive parental line (LoVo). AB - The effect of doxorubicin (DX) treatment on H1 synthesis and acetylation was studied in two human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines, sensitive (LoVo) and resistant (LoVo/DX) to this drug. Histone variants were resolved by a high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis system coupled to fluorography for the detection of radioactive incorporation. The relative synthesis of H1.4 and H1.5 variants was slightly reduced by DX. This is probably related to the inhibition of DNA synthesis consequent to drug treatment. The main effect is that DX induces the acetylation of H1 isoproteins in the LoVo/DX resistant line but not in the parental line, which is 30 times more sensitive to anthracyclines. The different behavior of the two cell lines cannot be attributed to different cellular drug retention since the DX doses chosen (1.25 for LoVo and 40 micrograms/ml for LoVo/DX cells) correspond to similar intracellular drug concentrations. H1 acetylation persisted after exposure to cycloheximide in DX treated LoVo/DX cells, indicating that it is a postranslational event. The induction of H1 acetylation appears rather specific since no increase was found in 3H-acetate incorporation on the total cellular TCA-precipitable fraction. In addition DX treatment did not modify the acetylation of core histones in either LoVo or LoVo/DX cell lines. PMID- 3178806 TI - Comparative quantum-chemical analysis of the electronic structure and Mossbauer parameters of the active site models for deoxymyoglobin and alpha- and beta subunits of tetrameric deoxyhemoglobin. AB - The results of iterative extended Huckel calculations of the electronic structure of the penta-coordinated Fe(II)-porphyn-imidazole complexes as models for deoxymyoglobin and alpha- and beta-subunits of tetrameric deoxyhemoglobin are presented. Temperature dependences of the Fe-57 nuclei quadrupole splitting and isomer shift for deoxymyoglobin and alpha- and beta-subunits of tetrameric deoxyhemoglobin models were calculated taking into account the spin-orbit coupling between ground and low-lying Fe(II) high spin terms. The results show that the electronic structure and Mossbauer parameters are sensitive to the stereochemical differences of the active sites in deoxymyoglobin and alpha- and beta-subunits of tetrameric deoxyhemoglobin. PMID- 3178807 TI - A human genomic sequence highly homologous to the 3'-untranslated region of rat uricase mRNA. AB - A human genomic sequence was isolated from a library using a rat uricase cDNA probe. Sequence analysis has shown that it is highly homologous to the 3' untranslated region of rat uricase mRNA. Total loss of uricase activity in human is, therefore, not due to total loss of the gene. Discovery of high degree of conservation of the non-coding region of the gene would be of great interest as we attempt to learn the process of gene evolution. PMID- 3178808 TI - Reconstitution of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate transporter from rat brain. AB - Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), the "active" sulfate donor for sulfated macromolecules, is synthesized in the cytosolic fraction of rat brains. This molecule is then translocated into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus so that it is available to the sulfotransferase enzymes. The protein responsible for the PAPS translocating activity has been solubilized from vesicles enriched in enzyme markers for the Golgi apparatus and reconstituted into liposomes. In reconstituted liposomes translocating activity has a pH optimum of 7.0 and activity was increased 3-fold by divalent cations, although EDTA produced no inhibition. The affinity of the reconstituted translocator for PAPS showed a Km of 1.2 mM with a Vmax of 14 pmol of PAPS translocated/min/mg of protein. Specificity of the translocator activity was tested with a number of nucleotide analogues and only 3',5'-adenosine diphosphate was a competitive inhibitor. Inhibitors of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP transporter and the red cell anion channel blocked transport of PAPS only at very high concentrations. PMID- 3178809 TI - Nucleotide sequence of rat liver iodothyronine 5'-monodeiodinase (5' MD): its identity with the protein disulfide isomerase. AB - We report here the isolation and sequence of a near full length cDNA clone for the 5'MD. Screening of gt11 cDNA library with a 32P-labeled partial 5'MD clone (#23) yielded two further clones (#2301 and 2302). Clone 2301 was contained entirely within clone 23 while clone 2302 contained 0.5 kb upstream of 5' end and 1.0 kb downstream 3' end of clone 23. Clone 2302 has an open reading frame of 1,447 nucleotides followed by a stop codon and 584 nucleotides of the untranslated 3' end region. The predicted amino acid sequence showed a 99% and a 95% identity with protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and the membrane associated thyroid hormone binding protein (MTHBP), respectively. Monoclonal antibodies against human placental PDI (HP13) neutralized the 5'MD and showed only one band in western blot analysis of rat liver solubilized microsomal proteins. The results suggest that clone 2302, MTHBP and PDI may be the same protein and that it represents 5' MD. PMID- 3178810 TI - Effects of the polysaccharide chain of lipopolysaccharide in an experimental massive hepatic cell necrosis model. AB - When small amounts (1 microgram) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) purified from Salmonella minnesota (SM) wild, SM R60 and SM R345 were intravenously injected into mice 7 days after heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes was intravenously injected, massive hepatic cell necrosis was induced and most of the mice died within 24 hours. However, when LPS from SM R345 treated galactosidase, SM R5 and SM R7 and lipid A from SM R595 were administered, the survival rate was much higher and no histological changes of the liver such as necrosis could be seen in any of the mice. In each of the LPS used in this study, the structure of the polysaccharide chain was different and it was shorter in the following order: SM wild----SM R60----SM R345----SM R345 treated with galactosidase----SM R5----SM R7 ---SM R595. This suggests that the polysaccharide chain of LPS plays an important role in the induction of massive hepatic cell necrosis in this experimental model. PMID- 3178811 TI - The cysteine proteinase inhibitor, E-64, reduces proteinuria in an experimental model of glomerulonephritis. AB - Proteinuria is a major manifestation of glomerular disease (glomerulonephritis, GN). We examined the effect of trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4 guanidino)butane (E-64), a specific and irreversible cysteine proteinase inhibitor, on urinary protein excretion in a complement- and neutrophil independent model of antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody disease. A single injection of rabbit antirat-GBM IgG produced a marked increase in urinary protein excretion 24hr after injection. In two separate studies using different pools of antiGBM IgG, administration of E-64 (5mg every 6h starting 2hr prior to induction of GN) reduced proteinuria (-45 +/- 7%, and -41 +/- 14%, Mean +/- SEM, n = 6; P less than 0.001) in the 24 hour period following induction of the disease. This reduction in urinary protein excretion was accompanied by a marked decrease in the specific activity of the cysteine proteinases cathepsins B and L in glomeruli (B: -97%; L: -84%) and renal cortex (B: -87%; L: -75%) isolated from the same E-64-treated rats compared to same saline-treated controls. These data, combined with the specificity of E-64 for cysteine proteinases, suggest a potential role for cysteine proteinases in the increased GBM permeability and proteinuria in this experimental model of glomerular disease. PMID- 3178812 TI - Expression of the HST1 oncogene in human germ cell tumors. AB - HST1 (or HSTF1 in human gene nomenclature) is a transforming gene isolated from several cancerous and noncancerous cells. The HST1 protein is a heparin-binding growth factor with significant homology with human fibroblast growth factors and the mouse Int-2 protein. Here, we report the identification of expression of HST1 in a human teratoma cell line and in 5 out of 9 surgically resected human testicular germ cell tumors including seminomas and embryonal carcinomas. Mouse HST1 homologue was expressed in a certain stage of mouse embryo but not in postnatal mice. PMID- 3178813 TI - A simple in situ cyanogen bromide cleavage method to obtain internal amino acid sequence of proteins electroblotted to polyvinyldifluoride membranes. AB - We report a simple method to obtain internal amino acid sequences from larger proteins electroblotted to polyvinyldifluoride membranes. To demonstrate this method, immunoglobulin heavy and light chains are separated by gel electrophoresis and electroblotted to the membrane. The separated chains, immobilized to the membrane, are cleaved in situ by cyanogen bromide and the resulting fragments are subsequently eluted from the membrane. The fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis, electroblotted and subjected to gas-phase microsequence analysis. PMID- 3178814 TI - Mitochondrial DNA in anucleate human blood cells. AB - Homogeneous populations of human blood platelets or erythrocytes were lysed in alkaline EDTA, bound to nitrocellulose and hybridized to a radioactive mtDNA probe. By comparison to standards of known mtDNA concentration, we determined that platelets contained 4 mtDNA molecules per cell. Rhodamine 123 staining revealed an average of 4 mitochondria per platelet indicating that each mitochondrion contains a single mtDNA molecule. No detectable mtDNA was found in erythrocyte lysates. Using the same procedure, we found that in nucleated cells, mitochondria contained multiple mtDNAs per mitochondrion. PMID- 3178815 TI - Activation of rat brain protein kinase C by lipid oxidation products. AB - The unsaturated fatty acid components of membrane lipids are susceptible to oxidation in vitro and in vivo. The initial oxidation products are hydroperoxy fatty acids that are converted spontaneously or enzymatically to a variety of products. Hydroperoxy derivatives of oleic, linoleic, or arachidonic acids stimulate the activity of protein kinase C (PKC) purified from rat brain. The hydroperoxy acids satisfy the requirement of PKC for phospholipid (e.g., phosphatidylserine). Activation is observed in the presence or absence of 1 mM Ca2+. Reduction of the hydroperoxides to alcohols or dehydration of the hydroperoxides to ketones increases the Ka for activation three- to fourfold but does not significantly reduce the maximal extent of PKC activation. The Ka's for activation by hydroperoxy acids are approximately half the values exhibited by the unoxidized fatty acids. Since oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids to hydroperoxides is the first event in lipid peroxidation, activation of PKC by hydroperoxy fatty acids may be an early cellular response to oxidative stress. PMID- 3178816 TI - Inhibition of in vitro amino acylation and translation by adenosine antibodies. AB - Adenosine antibodies markedly inhibited in vitro amino acylation of tRNA in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition was specific as it was reversed by the homologous hapten. Addition of excess tRNA reversed the inhibition indicating that binding of antibodies to tRNA is responsible for inhibition. Adenosine antibodies also inhibited in vitro translation of endogenous mRNAs in rabbit reticulocyte lysate in a dose-dependent manner. The homologous hapten reversed the inhibition showing thereby the immunospecificity of inhibition. PMID- 3178817 TI - Native chromatin and damage induced by nuclease. AB - Differential scanning calorimetry, gel electrophoresis and polarized light scattering of chromatin prepared by different methods have been carried out at low and high ionic strength, before and after shearing. These noninvasive studies, when compared to the ones similarly conducted in the corresponding native nuclei, conclusively point to the artefactual nature of chromatin prepared by limited nuclease digestion, which has no resemblence with the in situ chromatin-DNA structure being instead preserved by lysis of native nuclei and by subsequent sedimentation and suspension of the viscous chromatin mass. Native nucleofilaments appear longer than 200 nucleosomes and yield, from thermodynamic and optical standpoints, a tight quaternary structure maintained even at 0.01 M. PMID- 3178818 TI - Fuchsin acid selectively inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vitro. AB - Fuchsin acid, an anionic dye, is a selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) in vitro. Its 50% effective dose for inhibition of HIV-1-induced cytopathogenicity in MT-4 cells and HIV-1 antigen expression in HUT-78 cells is 42 and 16 microM, respectively. These values are comparable to those of suramin, the first compound shown to be a selective inhibitor of HIV-1. However, fuchsin acid is less cytotoxic than suramin. The selectivity index of fuchsin acid, based on the ratio of the 50% cytotoxic dose to the 50% effective dose, is greater than 74 in MT-4 cells and greater than 39 in HUT-78 cells. Fuchsin acid is a much weaker inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase than are suramin and aurintricarboxylic acid. Fuchsin acid does not interfere with the adsorption of HIV-1 particles to MT-4 cells even at concentrations that completely block HIV-1 replication in MT-4 cells. The mechanism of action of fuchsin acid remains subject of further study. PMID- 3178819 TI - Interaction of the 5'-phosphates of the anti-HIV agents, 3'-azido-3' deoxythymidine and 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, with thymidylate synthase. AB - A study has been made of the interaction of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5' phosphate (AZTMP) and 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-uridine 5'-phosphate (AZdUMP) with thymidylate synthase. With the enzyme from L1210 cells and the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta, AZTMP was a weak inhibitor competitive with respect to dUMP (Ki = 6.3 mM and 0.5 mM); hence cytotoxicity of AZT, in cells in which accumulation of AZTMP is not high, is not due to inhibition of cellular thymidylate synthase. AZdUMP, with the L1210 enzyme, was a weak substrate (competition with dUMP described by apparent Ki = 4.7 mM), excluding conversion of AZdUMP to AZTMP as a source of toxicity of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine. An efficient procedure is described for enzymatic phosphorylation on a preparative scale of dideoxynucleosides. PMID- 3178820 TI - Secretory granules from different glands contain neurocuprein-like protein. AB - Secretory granules obtained from bovine pituitary, atrium and adrenal medulla contain an extremely acidic copper protein resembling by its main physico chemical and antigenic properties as well as by the ability of its apoform to inhibit dopamine beta-monooxygenase the protein from brain, neurocuprein. PMID- 3178821 TI - Rabbit and rat hepatic lectins have two sugar-combining sites per monomeric unit. AB - Binding characteristics of the galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-specific, hepatic lectins of rabbit and rat were studied using small, high-affinity ligands containing two and three N-acetylgalactosamine residues per molecule [Lee, R. T. and Lee, Y. C. (1987) Glycoconjugate J. 4, 317-328]. These N-acetylgalactosamine cluster ligands have the receptor-ligand dissociation constants in nanomolar range, so that the lectin-ligand interaction can easily studied by an equilibrium (gel chromatography) or non-equilibrium (fast filtration assay) method. The results suggest that there exist on the average two N-acetylgalactosamine combining sites per monomeric unit of both the rabbit and rat lectins. PMID- 3178822 TI - Fast disassembly of microtubules induced by Mg2+ or Ca2+. AB - The extent and rate of disassembly of microtubules induced by the addition of high concentrations of magnesium and calcium have been measured. At 25 degrees C, the rate constant for microtubule disassembly increases more than ten-fold on increasing [Mg2+] from 4.0 to 20 mM. The process is even more sensitive to [Ca2+], showing similar enhancement on increasing [Ca2+] from 0.5 to 8 mM. Electron microscopy indicates that the disassembly is an end-dependent process. Complete microtubule disassembly occurs at concentrations in excess of 10 and 2 mM for Mg2+ and Ca2+, respectively; this suggests the importance of binding to weak sites for both ions. The sensitivity to ionic composition explains the wide variations in the published values for k-, under varying conditions. The results indicate the potential range of microtubule disassembly rates which may be encountered under different conditions in vitro and in vivo. The highest values of k- (ca. 3000 s-1) would imply microtubule shortening rates in excess of 100 um per minute. PMID- 3178823 TI - HL-60 cells become resistant towards antitumor ether-linked phospholipids following differentiation into a granulocytic form. AB - 1-0-Alkyl-2-0-methyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (alkylmethoxy-GPC) exerts a highly selective cytotoxic activity towards a variety of tumor cells that is not seen in normal cells. Human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells are particularly sensitive to this cytotoxic action. In this report we show that when HL-60 cells are differentiated into a granulocytic form by dimethylsulfoxide (Me2SO)they become resistant toward the cytotoxic effects of alkylmethoxy-GPC. Also, after short-term exposures of the HL-60 cells to alkylmethoxy-GPC, the uptake of [methyl-3H]choline is inhibited in the undifferentiated cells, but not in those differentiated with Me2SO. Thus, cellular choline uptake appears to be a useful index for assessing the susceptibility of cells to the cytotoxic effects of antitumor phospholipids. [3H]Alkylmethoxy-GPC is poorly metabolized by both cell populations as is evident by the trace quantities of labeled metabolites formed; also, alkylmethoxyglycerols do not exert any cytotoxic activity toward undifferentiated cells. These results demonstrate that differences in the cytotoxic response of sensitive (undifferentiated) and resistant (differentiated) cells to alkylmethoxy-GPC are not due to differences in their ability to metabolize alkylmethoxy-GPC or to a phospholipase C-generated toxic metabolite. Instead the data support our earlier hypothesis that the antitumor action of alkylmethoxy-GPC is, at least in part, caused by an impaired transport of small molecules across the membrane of sensitive cells. PMID- 3178824 TI - Mitogenic activity in ovine uterine fluids: characterization of a growth factor activity which specifically stimulates myoblast proliferation. AB - Fluids produced by the uterus of pregnant sheep (OUF-ovine uterine fluids) were assayed for mitogenic activity in a thymidine incorporation assay. A dose dependent mitogenic activity was observed in OUF which exceeded that of adult ovine plasma or fetal bovine serum. Uterine fluids were capable of stimulating thymidine incorporation in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, rat L6 myoblasts, ovine trophoblast-derived cells, HeLa S3 cells, and bovine aortic endothelial cells. The greatest stimulation was observed in L6 myoblasts. The name ovine uterine derived growth factor (ovine UDGF) has been suggested for this activity. PMID- 3178825 TI - Chemical characterization by protein sequence analysis of the bovine estrogen receptor. AB - Tryptic peptides generated from bovine estrogen receptor have been fractionated and purified using microbore column high performance liquid chromatography. Sequence analysis performed on six of these peptides, derived from diverse structural regions of the receptor protein, yielded 73 unique assignments corresponding to approximately 12% of the molecule. The amino acid sequences of these peptides displayed a high degree of similarity with corresponding sequences from estrogen receptors of mammalian origin, but were only moderately conserved in receptors from non-mammalian species. The sequenced residues of one tryptic peptide, positioned in the estrogen binding domain, were fully conserved in all estrogen receptors. PMID- 3178826 TI - Almost total conversion of pancreas to liver in the adult rat: a reliable model to study transdifferentiation. AB - Study of transdifferentiation provides an excellent opportunity to investigate various factors and mechanisms involved in repression of activated genes and derepression of inactivated genes. Here we describe a highly reproducible in vivo model, in which hepatocytes are induced in the pancreas of adult rats that were maintained on copper-deficient diet containing a relatively non-toxic copper chelating agent, triethylenetetramine tetrahydrochloride (0.6% w/w) for 7-9 weeks and then returned to normal rat chow. This dietary manipulation resulted in almost complete loss of pancreatic acinar cells at the end of copper-depletion regimen, and in the development of multiple foci of hepatocytes during recovery phase. In some animals, liver cells occupied more than 60% of pancreatic volume within 6-8 weeks of recovery. Northern blot analysis of total RNA obtained from the pancreas of these rats revealed the expression of albumin mRNA. Albumin was demonstrated in these pancreatic hepatocytes by immunofluorescence. The advantages of this model over the previously described models are: a) low mortality (10%), b) depletion of acinar cells, and c) development of multiple foci of hepatocytes in 100% of rats. PMID- 3178827 TI - Spacial isolation of protein kinase C activation in thrombin stimulated human platelets. AB - Thrombin stimulation of human platelets is associated with turnover of inositol phospholipids, mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores, and activation of protein kinase C. However, within 5 minutes, the thrombin receptor desensitizes, but can be re-coupled to its effectors by stimulation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors (Crouch and Lapetina, J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3363-3371, 1988). This effect of epinephrine was found to be inhibited by preincubation of platelets with phorbol ester, suggesting that protein kinase C was inhibitory. However, since thrombin also activated protein kinase C and epinephrine was active following thrombin stimulation of platelets, this implied that thrombin activation of protein kinase C may have been spacially isolated near the thrombin receptor and could not inactivate alpha 2-receptor activity. In the present paper, we have tested this possibility, and we present evidence which strongly favours the possibility that protein kinase C activation by receptors induces its local translocation to the cell membrane. PMID- 3178828 TI - A lecithin:retinol acyltransferase activity in human and rat liver. AB - This report demonstrates that exogenous phosphatidylcholine will serve as an acyl donor for the esterification of retinol complexed to cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) by human and rat liver microsomal preparations. The retinyl ester synthases utilized phosphatidylcholine but had little or no ability to transfer acyl groups from lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, or phosphatidic acid to retinol-CRBP. The human and rat activities also demonstrated positional selectivity as only the fatty acyl group at the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine was transferred. This in vitro activity may have considerable physiological importance since the fatty acyl composition at the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine is remarkably similar to the hepatic retinyl esters observed in vivo. PMID- 3178829 TI - Brush border membrane vesicles formed from human duodenal biopsies exhibit Na+ dependent concentrative L-leucine and D-glucose uptake. AB - The human duodenum actively transports L-leucine and D-glucose under Na+ gradient conditions as demonstrated by uptake studies using brush border membrane vesicles from organ donor duodenum. Brush border membrane vesicles formed from peroral duodenal biopsies likewise demonstrate Na+ dependent concentrative uptake of D glucose and L-leucine. This is the first demonstration of active transport processes in human duodenum. A simple microvesiculation method to form these vesicles is described as well as its potential application to clinical medicine in studying diseases of defective intestinal transport. PMID- 3178830 TI - Three growth hormone- and two prolactin-related novel peptides of Mr 13,000 18,000 identified in the anterior pituitary. AB - Electrophoretic analysis of murine anterior pituitary extract revealed five major proteins of Mr 13,000-18,000 (designated P13, P14, P16, P17, and P18 according to Mr), three of which, P16, P17, and P18, were markedly influenced by estradiol benzoate and perphenazine in a manner similar to that of growth hormone, and two, P13 and P14, to that of prolactin. Tyrosine peptide mapping showed partial resemblance of fingerprints for P16 and P17 (and possibly P18) to those for growth hormone, and of P13 and P14 to those for prolactin. Both P14 and P18 bound to Concanavalin A. None of the peptides crossreacted with antibodies to growth hormone or prolactin. The concentrations of P13 and P14 in pituitaries from lactating rats and in a prolactinoma were distinctly higher than normal. All five peptides were secreted into the medium during the in vitro incubation. These results suggest that P16, P17 and P18 are growth hormone- and P13 and P14 prolactin-related secretory proteins of the pituitary. PMID- 3178831 TI - Domain structure of cellobiohydrolase II as studied by small angle X-ray scattering: close resemblance to cellobiohydrolase I. AB - Evidence for a domain structure of cellobiohydrolase II (CBH II, 58 kDa) from Trichoderma reesei (Teeri et al., 1987; Tomme et al., 1988) is corroborated by results from SAXS experiments. They indicate a 'tadpole' structure for the intact CBH II in solution (Dmax = 21.5 +/- 0.5 nm; Rg = 5.4 +/- 0.1 nm) and a more isotropic, ellipsoid shape for the core protein (Dmax = 6.0 +/- 0.3 nm; Rg = 2.1 +/- 0.1 nm). The latter was obtained by partial proteolysis with papain which cleaves the native CBH II to give two fragments (Tomme et al., 1988): the core (45 kDa) with the active (hydrolytic) domain and a smaller fragment (11 kDa) coinciding with the tail part of the model and containing the binding domain for unsoluble cellulose. This peptide fragment is conserved in most cellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei (Teeri et al., 1987). It contains a conserved region (block A) and glycosylated parts (blocks B and B' duplicated and located N terminally in CBH II). In spite of different domain arrangements in CBH I (blocks B-A at C-terminals) SAXS measurements (Abuja et al., 1988) indicate similar tertiary structures for both cellobiohydrolases although discrete differences in the tail parts exist. PMID- 3178832 TI - DNA-binding proteins in protein kinase C preparations. AB - Human DNA enriched in repetitive sequences specifically bound to a component(s) in purified preparations of rat brain protein kinase C (PKC). DNA which bound to protein was cloned in pUC-19 and one clone characterized as containing an approx. 140 bp insert. The band containing this insert (separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis) was lost when the DNA was incubated with purified PKC preparations. Thus a protein in relatively pure PKC preparations is a sequence selective DNA-binding protein. The results raise the possibility that PKC or a fragment of PKC binds selectively to specific DNA sequences. PMID- 3178833 TI - The effect of cyclosporin A on the growth and prolactin binding to Nb-2 rat lymphoma cells. AB - Cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive agent, inhibited the prolactin stimulated growth of rat lymphoma Nb-2 cells. In the presence of 1 ng/ml of prolactin, 50% inhibition of growth was at 5 x 10(-6) M and the inhibition was reversible. The Kd of cyclosporin A binding to the Nb-2 cells was 10(-7) M and was independent of prolactin. The Kd of prolactin binding to the Nb-2 cells was 2 x 10(-10) M. Cyclosporin A did not influence the binding of prolactin to the cells and vice versa. The inhibitory effect of cyclosporin A on the growth of Nb-2 cells is due to some step other than the binding of prolactin to the cells. PMID- 3178835 TI - Thyroid hormone action on glucose transporter activity in astrocytes. AB - In astrocytes from rat brain cultured in thyroid hormone-deficient media cytochalasin B-binding was decreased 80%; addition of L-T3 increased binding to 75% of control levels. Saponin-treatment of controls increased accessibility of binding sites to 60% above untreated cells. Saponin also increased binding in deficient cells; however, the level was less than in treated controls, suggesting L-T3 deficiency decreases total glucose transporters. Addition of L-T3 appeared to convert most (90%) of the binding sites from unavailable to accessible status. Changes in binding to plasma membranes in response to L-T3 level were similar to those in intact cells. No binding to Golgi was detectable, thus no evidence for translocation of carriers was obtained. L-T3 may activate the glucose transporter by increasing its accessibility in brain cells. PMID- 3178834 TI - The calcium channel antagonist omega-conotoxin inhibits secretion from peptidergic nerve terminals. AB - The binding of omega-conotoxin to isolated rat neurohypophysial nerve terminals, its effect on the depolarization-induced increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ and on the potassium and electrically-induced release of vasopressin (AVP) have been studied. The results show that isolated neurosecretory nerve endings have calcium channels with a high affinity for omega-CgTx and that this toxin inhibits neurohormone release at very low concentration (IC50 = 0. 1nM). Although secretion of vasopressin is inhibited to a great extent by the toxin it is shown that a small but significant amount of the depolarization-induced AVP release is insensitive to omega-CgTx and to the dihydropyridine molecule nicardipine. PMID- 3178836 TI - Amino acid composition and proteolytic generated domains of higher plant tubulin. AB - The molecular architecture of tubulin from higher plant remains unknown. In this report we have made an attempt to identify higher plant tubulin domains using total and limited proteolysis of Haemanthus endosperm tubulin. The tubulin was previously purified and characterized (Picquot and Lambert 1988). The amino acid composition revealed a high content of basic residues, such as arginine and lysine. Tubulin domains were probed by tryptic and chymotryptic cleavage and analyzed by immunoblotting using specific monoclonal antibodies against alpha or beta subunits. These data shed light on specific properties of the higher plant tubulin. PMID- 3178837 TI - Characterization of two glycoproteins of human pancreatic juice: P35, a truncated protease E and P19, precursor of protein X. AB - Four glycoproteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins of human pancreatic juice devoid of free proteolytic activity. The two low molecular weight glycoproteins were isolated and characterized. Protein P19, the precursor family of protein X, was analyzed by its carbohydrate content which seemed to play an important role in protein solubility at pH 8.0. Protein P35 was found to be a Con A-binding protein rich in mannose. Its N-terminal amino acid sequence covering 33 residues revealed a strong homology with human protease E without the dipeptide Val-Val. Is P35 a protein homologous to the subunit III of bovine procarboxypeptidase A? PMID- 3178838 TI - RNA mediated formation of a phosphorothioate diester bond. AB - Previous results showed that multimeric, tandemly sequence-repeated forms of satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA of the encapsidated polarity (STobRV (+)RNA) autolytically process at a specific phosphodiester bond, the junction. Substituting a phosphorothioate diester bond for the STobRV (+)RNA junction drastically slowed autolytic processing. Here we show that for the complementary STobRV (-)RNA, in contrast, replacing sets of phosphodiester bonds with phosphorothioate diester bonds, even at the junction, did not greatly slow autolytic processing or spontaneous ligation, the usual reactions of the unmodified RNA. In the ligation reaction STobRV (-)RNA directed the formation of an ApG phosphorothioate diester bond. PMID- 3178839 TI - Interaction between alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits of human hemoglobin. AB - We prepared normal and modified alpha and beta globulin chains in which C terminal residues were enzymatically removed. The CD spectra of the deoxy form of these chains and the reconstituted modified Hb's were measured in the Soret region. The CD spectra of the modified Hb's were markedly different from the arithmetic means of respective spectra of their constituent chains. This difference was ascribed to the interaction between alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits to make the alpha 1 beta 1 dimer. The peak wavelength of the difference CD spectra could be classified into two groups, one was 433 +/- 1 nm and the other 437 +/- 1 nm. A comparison of this classification with the previously identified quaternary structures revealed that the R and T structures showed a maximum of the difference CD spectra at 437 +/- 1 nm and 433 +/- 1 nm, respectively. These results indicated that the R and T structures differed in the interaction between alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits. PMID- 3178840 TI - Isolation and structural determination of rat neuromedin U. AB - Rat neuromedin U was isolated from the small intestine using mainly immunoaffinity chromatography and radioimmunoassay for pig neuromedin U-8. The amino acid sequence of rat neuromedin U was determined by microsequence analysis to be Tyr-Lys-Val-Asn-Glu-Tyr-Gln-Gly-Pro-Val-Ala-Pro-Ser-Gly-Gly- Phe-Phe-Leu Phe-Arg-Pro-Arg-Asn-NH2, and this structure was confirmed by synthesis. Although the C-terminal heptapeptide amide structure of pig neuromedin U is completely conserved in rat neuromedin U, the remainder of the peptide reveals nine amino acid replacements and two amino acid deletions when compared to pig neuromedin U 25. Rat neuromedin U exerts two-fold potent uterus stimulant activity as compared to pig neuromedin U-25. PMID- 3178841 TI - Identification of glutathione S-transferase as a substrate and glutathione as an inhibitor of in vitro calmodulin-stimulated protein methylation in rat liver cytosol. AB - This report describes the isolation of the major calmodulin-stimulated methyl acceptor protein of adult rat liver cytosol. This Mr 29,000 methyl acceptor protein (MeAP29) has been purified to apparent homogeneity using ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, hydroxylapatite and Sephadex G-75. Affinity chromatography on glutathione Sepharose and assays of enzyme activity indicate that MeAP29 is a member of the glutathione S-transferase family. We further show that glutathione can act as an inhibitor of calmodulin-stimulated in vitro methylation of MeAP29 and that MeAP29 methylation is enhanced in non-dialyzed liver cytosol from rats with lowered glutathione levels. PMID- 3178842 TI - A genuine organ specific alcohol dehydrogenase from hamster testes: isolation, characterization and developmental changes. AB - Testes of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) contain a unique form of alcohol dehydrogenase. The enzyme purified to homogeneity is a dimer composed of two identical 41000 dalton subunits and was inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole and 1, 10 phenanthroline. The enzyme prefers primary over secondary alcohol substrates and oxidizes vitamin A (retinol) most efficiently. Its activity in the testis increases during the prepubertal development and such increase is concomitant with, but preceding slightly, the increase in testicular weight and plasma testosterone. These results may implicate the involvement of this enzyme in the development of male hamsters' reproductive system. PMID- 3178843 TI - Different roles of the diphosphate moieties of allylic and homoallylic diphosphates in prenyltransferase reaction. AB - In contrast to the reactivity of geranyl methylene-diphosphonate in the reaction catalyzed by farnesyl diphosphate synthase, that of isopentenyl methylenediphosphonate showed an optimum at a more acidic pH than that of isopentenyl diphosphate, and it was inhibited by magnesium ions under certain conditions. These facts suggest that isopentenyl diphosphate is engaged in the enzyme reaction in the form of metal-free substrate contrary to the allylic substrate, which reacts in the form of metal-complexed substrate. Thus the diphosphate moieties of allylic and homoallylic substrates have different roles in the prenyltransferase reaction. PMID- 3178844 TI - Lectins inhibit cell binding and spreading on a laminin substrate. AB - This study examined the effects on cell binding and spreading of the exposure of laminin substrates to the lectins Wheat Germ Agglutinin or Concanavalin A. Exposure of laminin to Wheat Germ Agglutinin inhibited binding of mouse B16 F1 melanoma cells in a dose dependent manner. Exposure to Concanavalin A had no deleterious effects on binding but did inhibit cell spreading. Both effects were completely prevented by the specific sugars for each lectin. These effects may be due to the proximity of N-linked oligosaccharides to the known cell binding sites of laminin. PMID- 3178845 TI - An investigation of human oxyhemoglobin beta tetramer dissociation using haptoglobin binding. AB - Haptoglobin was used as a macromolecular probe to investigate the formation of human oxyhemoglobin beta chain dimers from tetramers in 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer, 20 degrees C at pH 7 and pH 8. Monitoring of spectral changes upon mixing haptoglobin with beta heme chains (2.5 and 5 micromolar) revealed an overall decrease in absorbance accompanied by a shift of the Soret spectral peak from 415 to 417 nm. The magnitude of the absorbance decrease was proportional to the beta concentration; the time courses consistently yielded greater color at pH 8 than at pH 7. At pH 8, two exponential phases of 0.47 min-1 and 0.084 min-1 were seen whose rates remained invariant with concentration. In contrast, only one exponential process was evident at pH 7, yielding a first order rate constant of 0.21 min-1. We have spectrophotometrically followed the beta chain tetramer to dimer dissociation reaction, thus providing information about the contribution of this step to hemoglobin assembly. PMID- 3178846 TI - Partial amino acid sequence analysis of human placenta monoamine oxidase A and bovine liver monoamine oxidase B. AB - We have prepared peptide maps from human placenta monoamine oxidase type A (MAO A) and bovine monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) and determined the amino acid sequences of 21 of these peptides. These sequences have been compared to the cDNA deduced amino acid sequences of human MAO-A and -B. A result of special interest is the identification of two sets of MAO-A peptides which have sequences different from those deduced from cDNA sequences. This observation is consistent with the notion that MAO-A may be composed of at two subunits which are similar but not identical in primary amino acid sequence. PMID- 3178847 TI - Fibrinogen association with human monocytes: evidence for constitutive expression of fibrinogen receptors and for involvement of Mac-1 (CD18, CR3) in the binding. AB - Radiolabeled fibrinogen (Fg) specifically binds to mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) and to purified monocytes, but not to nylon-nonadherent lymphocytes. The association is rapid, Ca++-dependent and reversible. MNL containing Fg-binding monocytes had not been exposed to endotoxin (less than 4 pg/mL) during the isolation and the binding test, and Fg binding was not altered by preincubation of MNL with lipopolysaccharide. The binding of Fg was inhibited by anti-Mac-1 antibodies (OKM1). Antibodies to surface-bound Fg were able to induce luminol dependent chemiluminescence, indicating that Fg binding sites have receptor function. Emission of a signal depended on MNL exposure to Fg, on specific, divalent antibodies, but not on the antibody Fc portion. These data show that human monocytes constitutively express specific Fg receptors and suggest that Mac 1, a member of the integrin superfamily, is involved in Fg recognition. PMID- 3178848 TI - Evidence for a differential physiological modulation of brown fat iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity in the perinatal period. AB - Brown adipose tissue iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase increases progressively in fetuses from the day 17 of pregnancy on, it reaches peak values on the 20th day of gestation and declines in the last days of fetal life as well as during the first day of life. Birth of premature fetuses causes a sudden drop in the enzyme activity. Postmaturity is associated to a decrease in brown fat 5'-deiodinase similar to that found after birth in fetuses born at term. In the first hours of life brown fat iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase is essentially insensitive to the cold stimulus. Present data indicates that, differently from adult rats, brown fat iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity during the perinatal period is dissociated from the thermogenic activity of the tissue. It is suggested that factors different from the action of the sympathetic nervous system may play a main role in brown fat iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity modulation in the fetal and neonatal life. PMID- 3178849 TI - Sites of modification of human angiogenin by bromoacetate at pH 5.5. AB - Human angiogenin is inactivated by treatment with bromoacetate at pH 5.5. Use of [14C]bromoacetate and tryptic peptide mapping have identified the sites of carboxymethylation as His-13 and His-114, with His-114 reacting approximately 1.5 fold more rapidly than His-13. At later stages in the reaction, both His-13 and 114 become modified with His-114 in part forming a bis derivative. Comparison with carboxymethylhistidine derivatives of known structure obtained from bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A indicates that the reaction order is N-1 of His-114 greater than N-3 of His-13 greater than N-3 of His-114. PMID- 3178850 TI - Biosynthesis of 12-oxo-10,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid: identification of an allene oxide cyclase. AB - Incubation of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid with corn (Zea mays L.) hydroperoxide dehydrase led to the formation of an unstable allene oxide derivative, 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid. Further conversion of the allene oxide yielded two major products, i.e. alpha-ketol 12 oxo-13-hydroxy-9(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, and 12-oxo-10,15(Z)-phytodienoic acid (12-oxo-PDA). 12-Oxo-PDA was formed from allene oxide by two different pathways, i.e. spontaneous chemical cyclization, leading to racemic 12-oxo-PDA, and enzyme-catalyzed cyclization, leading to optically pure 12-oxo-PDA. The allene oxide cyclase, a novel enzyme in the metabolism of oxygenated fatty acids, was partially characterized and found to be a soluble protein with an apparent molecular weight of about 45,000 that specifically catalyzed conversion of allene oxide into 9(S),13(S)-12-oxo-PDA. PMID- 3178851 TI - The complete nucleotide sequence of human liver cytochrome b5 mRNA. AB - We have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone corresponding to human liver cytochrome b5 mRNA. The 760 base pair (bp) sequence contains the complete coding and 3' non-translated regions plus 52 bp of 5' non-translated sequence. The derived amino acid sequence showed that the previous assignment of several amino acids was in error. In addition, the sequence of the previously unknown COOH hydrophobic region has been obtained. PMID- 3178852 TI - Apolipoprotein B-100 is the major form of this apolipoprotein secreted by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. AB - Although the discovery of stop codon has explained the mechanism for the formation of the intestinal marker, apolipoprotein B-48, the dispute regarding the presence of apolipoprotein B-100 in the intestine is still unsettled. To further investigate the characteristics of intestinal apolipoprotein B, the newly developed human colonic adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells which express functional properties of the differentiated enterocytes, were used. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of the intact culture medium or its lipoproteins of d less than 1.23 g/ml showed the presence of only a single protein band of apolipoprotein B-100 with no detectable apolipoprotein B-48. After immunoblotting with oligoclonal antibodies to the amino-terminal peptide of apolipoprotein B, a trace amount of apolipoprotein B-48 was observed in the isolated lipoproteins, but not in the intact culture medium. These results suggest that apolipoprotein B 100 is the major form of apolipoprotein B secreted by human intestinal cells. PMID- 3178853 TI - Bis-pyridoxal polyphosphates: a new class of specific intramolecular crosslinking agents for hemoglobin. AB - A series of compounds related to bis-pyridoxal phosphate has been synthesized and used to crosslink deoxyhemoglobin. The yield of crosslinked hemoglobin increased dramatically from about 15% for the di- or triphosphate to about 70% for the tetraphosphate. The site of attachment of the intramolecular crossbridge was found to be from the N-terminal amino group of one beta chain to lysine 82 of the other. Since the distance between these residues is only 11A, the bis-pyridoxal tetraphosphates probably have a "stacked" conformation. The crosslinked hemoglobins bind oxygen cooperatively but with a greatly decreased affinity. The increased ability to unload oxygen together with the stabilization of the tetramer qualifies them as promising cell-free blood substitutes. PMID- 3178854 TI - A consensus sequence in the N-terminus of exported proteins: resemblance with metal binding domains and implications in protein translocation across membranes. AB - By analyzing and comparing the N-terminus of several exported proteins we identified two consensus sequences that resemble metal binding domains. The consensus sequences are part of the signal peptide and part of the adjacent sequences of the mature protein. Three-dimensional modelling of one such domain suggests a conformation with implication in signal peptide insertion. PMID- 3178855 TI - Effect of cholesterol and temperature perturbations on membrane hydrolases and transport of calcium and glucose in guinea pig brush border membrane vesicles. AB - The function of membrane cholesterol (chol) in the regulation of membrane-bound hydrolases and transport proteins has been investigated in chol-enriched membranes of guinea pig intestinal brush borders. Chol-enrichment is accomplished by non-invasive means i.e., dietary manipulation by high-chol diet feeding. Activities of sucrase, lactase and maltase enzyme systems, Na+-dependent and independent glucose transport and calcium uptake are found to be greatly inhibited by chol both at 22 degrees C and 37 degrees C. Glucose and calcium uptake in native membranes are found to be temperature sensitive processes and produce nonlinear Arrhenius plots with a transition temperature around 22 degrees C. The discontinuity in the Arrhenius expression is lost in chol enriched membranes which is interpreted as the increase in microviscosity imparted by chol in the bulk lipid phase environment where these proteins operate. PMID- 3178856 TI - Activation and stabilization of diaphragm-associated acetylcholinesterase by monovalent (Na+, Li+) cations. AB - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was determined at varied pH values between 6 and 11 in rat homogenated diaphragm and in eel E. electricus soluble AChE, in the presence or absence of 115 mM NaCl or LiCl. It was observed that by using homogenated diaphragm Li+ stimulated AChE at physiological pH (7-7.4). In control (no cations) a pH "optimum" of 8.6-9 was found, while in presence of NaCl or LiCl "optima" of 9.5 and 10.2 were observed respectively. At optimum pH, AChE activity was about 2 times higher with NaCl, while with LiCl 5 times higher than the control. Preincubation of the enzyme or the homogenate in cations presence at pH 5.5 or pH 12.8 had no effect on the activity, when it was measured at pH "optima". However, without cations only 76% of the activity in optimum pH after preincubation at pH 5.5 was found. These results suggest that: (a) Li+ may neutralize negative charges of AChE more successfully than Na+, resulting in better enzyme activation and stabilization; (b) a possible enzyme desensitization induced by pH changes can be avoided by increasing Na+ concentrations and especially Li+. PMID- 3178857 TI - A liver-specific chromatin protein binding to the 5' far upstream region of the rat serum albumin gene. AB - Chromatin proteins which were extracted with 0.3 M NaCl from rat liver, brain, and kidney nuclei were examined by the protein blotting technique for their ability to bind to the 5' upstream regions of the rat serum albumin gene. A 110 kDa protein from liver nuclei bound specifically to the most upstream fragment (between approximately equal to -7.3 kbp and -2.0 kbp from the cap site) of the cloned albumin genomic DNA, whereas no proteins from kidney and brain bound to this fragment. It is possible that the 110-kDa protein is concerned with the tissue-specific expression of the albumin gene. PMID- 3178858 TI - High-affinity binding of riboflavin and FAD by immunoglobulins from normal human serum. AB - The binding of [3H]FAD and [3H]riboflavin to a pooled, human plasma immunoglobulin fraction was studied. For each flavin, the data fit best a model with two binding sites of high affinity and a class of sites of lower affinity. The dissociation constants estimated for the two high affinity sites were 1.73 nM and 0.078 nM for [3H]FAD and 2.43 nM and 0.068 nM for [3H]riboflavin. The results of studies with a series of possible competitors suggested that the flavin ring system was an important determinant of the binding. Other studies showed that the binding reaction was largely enthalpy-driven. Our findings show that normal human immunoglobulins contain one or more species that bind riboflavin and FAD with very high affinity. PMID- 3178859 TI - Effect of general anesthesia on syncytiotrophoblast plasma membranes from human placenta. AB - This investigation shows that a general anesthetic produces similar effects in vivo and in vitro. Anesthesia with a barbituric drug, Thiopental, induces an increase in membrane fluidity and a decrease in the activity of acetylcholinesterase in syncytiotrophoblast plasma membranes (SPM) obtained from placentas after caesarean section. The same effects can be reproduced in vitro after anesthetic addition to the isolated plasma membranes. Morphological and freeze-fracturing studies also suggest that membrane protein components are affected by anesthetics. PMID- 3178860 TI - Primary structure of the carboxy-terminal region of a higher plant beta-tubulin. AB - A tubulin-specific cDNA clone was isolated, using anti-chicken brain beta-tubulin monoclonal antibody as a probe, from a lambda gtll library of cDNA prepared from cultured carrot cells. It included a coding region of the C-terminal 39 amino acids and a part of the 3'-flanking of a beta-tubulin mRNA. The predicted amino acid sequence of 17 residues in the C-terminal variable region was AspGluGluGluTyrTyrGluAspGluGluGluGluGluAlaGlnGlyMet. Twenty-two amino acids preceding this acidic terminus were completely identical with those of the other known beta-tubulins, but the codons for them included many silent substitutions. PMID- 3178861 TI - On the type of DNA polymerase activity in neuronal, astroglial, and oligodendroglial cell fractions from young, adult, and old rat brains. AB - DNA polymerase activity in isolated neuronal, astroglial, and oligodendroglial cell-enriched fractions from rat brains of different ages was measured. Attempts were made to distinguish the total activity into beta and alpha polymerase types making use of inhibitors like ddTTP and aphidicolin. The results indicate that at all the ages studied (16th day embryonic and 1, 225, and greater than 540 days postnatal), neurons possess the highest polymerase activity in comparison with other types of cells. Further, throughout the postnatal life the polymerase present in neuronal cells is of the beta type and this activity remains fairly constant from adult to old age. In contrast, both astroglial and oligodendroglial cells at adult and old stages of life appear to possess other type(s) of polymerase activity in addition to the predominant beta polymerase. It is inferred that neurons, being postmitotic, are equipped with efficient DNA-repair machinery throughout their life span. PMID- 3178862 TI - Functional heterogeneity of rat hepatocytes: predominance of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in perivenular zone. AB - To elucidate the hepatic intralobular distribution of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity biochemically, periportal (PP) and perivenular hepatocytes (PV) from male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated by a fluorescence activated cell sorter after labeling the PP zone with fluorescein diacetate and the perivenular zone with fluorescein isothiocyanate. AHH activity was higher in PV than in PP. The enzyme activity was induced about 6-fold in hepatocytes of rats pretreated with 3-methyl-cholanthrene, and the induction was more prominent in PP than in PV. Neither phenobarbital pretreatment nor altered lipid content of the diet induced the change in the enzyme activity. PMID- 3178863 TI - Fusion of phosphatidylcholine liposomes induced by polyethylene glycol. AB - Fusion of small unilamellar vesicles of L-alpha-phosphatidylcholihne (PC) was carried out in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG, Mr 6000-7500). The fusion of liposomes was detected by (i) monitoring the efficiency of energy transfer from chlorophyll b (Chl b) to chlorophyll a (Chl a), (ii) formation of fluorescent complex Tb (DPA)3(3-) between terbium chloride (TbCl3) and dipicolinic acid (DPA), (iii) light scattering at 520 nm and (iv) PMR spectroscopy. The changes in the proton magnetic resonance (PMR) signal intensities and increase in the linewidths of the fatty acyl chain methylenes and terminal methyl group in presence of PEG are discussed in relation to fusion. PMID- 3178864 TI - Phosphatidylcholine synthesis in platelets is stimulated by diacylglycerol but not by phorbol ester. AB - The biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in platelets was followed by measuring the incorporation of 32Pi. Incorporation into PC was stimulated by treatment with Clostridium perfringens phospholipase C or with the synthetic diacylglycerol sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol. However, neither the phorbol ester tumour promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or thrombin stimulated 32Pi incorporation into PC. We conclude that phorbol ester does not stimulate the hydrolysis of PC to diacylglycerol in platelets. PMID- 3178865 TI - D-penicillamine reverses the inhibition of proteoglycan biosynthesis caused by exposure of cultured articular cartilage to hydrogen peroxide. AB - The sulphydryl containing anti-rheumatic drug D-penicillamine mildly inhibited proteoglycan synthesis in cartilage explant cultures by a mechanism not dependent upon H2O2 generation. More importantly, this drug alleviated the suppression of PG synthesis mediated by 10(-4) M H2O2 in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of reduced drug similar to those plasma levels reported in vivo. The ability of D-penicillamine to reverse this effect was due solely to a reaction which resulted in scavenging of medium H2O2 and was not due to the "repair" of cellular lesions caused by prior exposure to H2O2. PMID- 3178866 TI - Controlled human RBC modifications affecting the binding of cationic liposomes. AB - Cationic liposomes were prepared either by sonication or by detergent dialysis and used to deliver the antioxidative enzyme glutathione peroxidase into human erythrocytes in vitro. The enrichment ability of these two preparations was similar, amounting to about 30% of the control cells. The lysis of enzyme-treated erythrocytes induced by photoirradiation in the presence of PPIX was compared with that of cells incubated with empty liposomes. Erythrocytes enriched with GPX appear to be more resistant toward photohemolysis. Pre-treatment of cells with neuraminidase or proteinase K suggests that: a) sialic acid seems to be essential for the cell-liposome fusion process, no enrichment being found with the neuraminidase-treated cells; b) hydrolysis of the outer membrane proteins leads to an increased fragility with respect to controls even in GPX-enriched cells. These results were confirmed by extrinsic fluorescence polarization experiments, using isolated erythrocyte membranes and specific fluorescent probes. PMID- 3178868 TI - Comparative activity of 2',3'-saturated and unsaturated pyrimidine and purine nucleosides against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PMID- 3178867 TI - Enantiospecific formation of fenoprofen coenzyme A thioester in vitro. PMID- 3178869 TI - Occurrence of pharmacologically active benzodiazepines in trace amounts in wheat and potato. AB - Aqueous acid extracts of wheat grains and of potato tuber were found to contain a series of compounds displaying a high affinity to the central type benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) in mammalian brain. Further analysis using different HPLC systems, as well as mass spectrometry and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry lead to the identification of compounds belonging to the classical 5 phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepinones. In wheat grains diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, delorazepam, deschloro-diazepam, delormetazepam, lormetazepam and isodiazepam were identified, while potato tuber contained diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, delorazepam, lorazepam and delormetazepam. The concentration of the benzodiazepines (BZ) was in the low ppb range. Their biosynthesis most probably takes place in the plant tissue. The availability of BZs in plant nutritives points to a possible source for the previously reported presence of BZ in brain and peripheral tissues of several animal species and man. PMID- 3178870 TI - Inhibition of purine catabolism by benzbromarone in isolated rat liver cells. Comparison with allopurinol and probenecid. AB - Benzbromarone, a potent uricosuric agent, inhibited allantoin production in isolated hepatocytes at concentrations half to ten times greater than therapeutic plasma levels of the drug. In addition, the drug at these concentrations also markedly inhibited xanthine oxidase (EC 1.2.1.37), an enzyme involved in the regulation of this pathway. We found that allopurinol is several times superior to benzbromarone in the lowering of allantoin production (if they are compared in terms of their relative therapeutic levels), and that probenecid had no effect on it. PMID- 3178871 TI - Effect of pretreatment with 7,8-benzoflavone and diethylstilbestrol on the hepatic metabolism of diethylstilbestrol in the male Syrian golden hamster in vivo. AB - Liver tumors are induced in male Syrian golden hamsters by the combined treatment with diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF), but not with either substance alone. With the aim of clarifying whether metabolic activation of DES is involved in the mechanism of tumorigenesis in this animal model, we have studied the effect of pretreatment with 7,8-BF alone, DES alone, and 7,8-BF plus DES for 2, 8, 20 and 32 weeks on the hepatic in vivo metabolism of DES, using biliary metabolites collected from bile-duct cannulated male hamsters as probe. Formation of glucuronides and sulfates was not affected by treatment with 7,8-BF nor 7,8-BF plus DES. In contrast, animals pretreated with DES alone had a decreased amount of glucuronides and an increased proportion of unconjugated material in the bile. Oxidative metabolism of DES was not significantly altered in hamsters treated with 7,8-BF for up to 20 weeks, whereas pretreatment with DES alone and with 7,8-BF plus DES caused an enhancement of oxidative DES metabolism in vivo, leading mostly to highly polar, as yet unidentified products. From a consideration of various cytochrome P-450-associated enzyme activities, it is concluded that the observed effect on biliary DES metabolites is most likely to be due to an estrogen-induced intrahepatic cholestasis. Taken together, the data do not support a role for the metabolic activation of DES in this tumor model. Alternative mechanisms are proposed. PMID- 3178872 TI - The induction of liver peroxisomal proliferation by beta,beta'-methyl-substituted hexadecanedioic acid (MEDICA 16). AB - Treatment of rats by beta,beta'-methyl-substituted hexadecanedioic acid (MEDICA 16) resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in liver peroxisomal enoyl CoA hydratase and cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidation with a concomitant increase in the volume density of peroxisomes as determined by morphometry. The induced peroxisomal proliferation was sustained as long as treatment was maintained and was accompanied by an increase in liver weight. Incubation of cultured rat hepatocytes in the presence of MEDICA 16 added to the culture medium resulted in a dose-dependent increase in peroxisomal beta-oxidation activities with a concomitant elevation of the volume density of peroxisomes. The induction of peroxisomal proliferation by MEDICA 16 in culture could be prevented in the presence of carnitine palmitoyltransferase inhibitors added to the culture medium, e.g. 2-bromopalmitate, 2-tetradecylglycidic acid or 2-[5-(4-chlorophenyl) pentyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate. The induction of liver peroxisomes by MEDICA 16 conforms to the previously defined requirement for an amphipathic carboxylate in initiating peroxisomal proliferation. The prevention of peroxisomal proliferation by carnitine acyltransferase inhibitors may implicate the involvement of this acyltransferase in the induction of peroxisomal proliferation by xenobiotic or native amphipathic carboxylates. PMID- 3178873 TI - Organ selective conversion of prostaglandin D2 to 9 alpha, 11 beta-prostaglandin F2 and its subsequent metabolism in rat, rabbit and guinea pig. AB - Cell-free 100,000 g supernatants from liver, kidney, lung and caecum of rat, rabbit and guinea-pig were compared for their ability to transform prostaglandins F2 alpha, D2, E2 and 9 alpha, 11 beta-prostaglandin F2 (11epi-PGF 2 alpha) to metabolic products. Experiments utilized multitritiated substrate PGs, with assessment of biotransformation by TLC, HPLC and GC/MS. PGF2 alpha was converted via the sulphasalazine analogue-inhibitable NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase pathway (15-PGDH), with high activity (greater than 5 pmol/min/mg protein) in all 12 systems except rat and rabbit liver (e.g. guinea pig kidney and rat caecum both 64 pmol/min/mg; rat liver 0.3 pmol/min/mg), forming 15-keto and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto metabolites as determined by TLC, HPLC and GC/MS. Prostaglandin D2 was not transformed in similar fashion in NAD+- or NADP+-supplemented incubations in any of the 12 cytosolic systems. However, PGD2 was converted to a single product identified by TLC, HPLC and GC/MS as 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2 in certain of the systems when supplemented with an NADPH regenerating system, with high activity in guinea-pig kidney (55.0 pmol/min/mg), guinea-pig liver (27.5 pmol/min/mg) and rabbit liver (13.7 pmol/min/mg) and less than 5 pmol/min/mg in 8 of the remaining 9 systems. This stereospecific 11 ketoreductase of rabbit and guinea-pig liver was stable to 10 min heating at 50 degrees, dialysis, storage at -20 degrees and repeated freeze/thawing but was not inhibited by sulphasalazine analogues. The 11-ketoreductase had a markedly different tissue profile from PGE2 9-ketoreductase, which was shown to convert PGE2 stereospecifically to 9 alpha, 11 alpha-prostaglandin F2 (PGF2 alpha) and was present at highest activity in rabbit liver and kidney. Evidence was obtained that 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2 was actively transformed by the sulphasalazine inhitable 15-PGDH pathway at approximately one third of the rate of PGF2 alpha with high activity in several cytosolic systems (e.g. rat caecum, guinea-pig liver and kidney), suggesting that further transformation in vivo of this biologically active product of PGD2 metabolism could be initiated by this route. PMID- 3178874 TI - Reduced amounts of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in the adrenal glands of rats following administration of piribedil or 2-deoxyglucose. AB - The activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAM-DC) is decreased in the adrenal gland of the rat following physical stress, metabolic stress or administration of dopamine agonists [M. Ekker and T. L. Sourkes, Endocrinology 120, 1299 (1987)]. Immunotitration studies with a serum directed against purified rat liver SAM-DC show that the reduction in activity of the enzyme following administration of 2-deoxyglucose or piribedil was paralleled by a decrease in the amount of immuno-reactive protein. There was no difference in the half-life of SAM-DC activity between piribedil-treated rats and controls. The properties of an extensively purified preparation of the adrenal enzyme resembled those of SAM-DC obtained from rat liver. It is suggested that the reduction in adrenal SAM-DC activity and protein content caused by stress is due to a reduction in the rate of synthesis of the enzyme. PMID- 3178875 TI - Ex vivo inhibition of rat brain cytochrome P-450 activity by stiripentol. AB - Stiripentol is an anti-epileptic drug of novel structure with previously demonstrated strong in vitro inhibitory activity on rat cerebral cytochrome P-450 mediated naphthalene hydroxylation [6]. When administered to rats as a single i.p. dose, the drug is presently shown to have the same in vitro effect. Maximal inhibition is seen 2 hr after administration, but at this time the brain concentrations of intact drug, although peaking, appear too low (ca. 11 micrograms/g tissue) to account for the intensity of the effect seen in vitro. This suggests in vivo activation to a metabolic intermediate forming a complex with cerebral cytochrome P-450, which 2 hr after dosing is fully insensitive to stiripentol added to incubates. Restoration of enzymic activity and of sensitivity to added stiripentol occurs progressively and is practically complete 24 hr after dosing. PMID- 3178876 TI - The metabolism of acetaldehyde and not acetaldehyde itself is responsible for in vivo ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. AB - A single oral administration of ethanol (5 g/kg) to rats induced a marked increase in lipid peroxidation, in the liver and kidney within 9 hr, as assessed by malondialdehyde accumulation. The pretreatment with alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) inhibitor, 4-methylpyrazole (1 mmol/kg) caused approximately 50% inhibition of the hepatic ADH activity and abolished this ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation. The disulfiram treatment (100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited 63% of the hepatic low Km aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) but not the high Km ALDH. The cyanamide treatment (15 mg/kg) effectively decreased 83% of the low Km and 70% of the high Km ALDH in the liver. Although there was more than a 20-fold elevation of acetaldehyde levels by the inhibition of acetaldehyde metabolism with disulfiram or cyanamide, the ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with these drugs. More than 90% inhibition of xanthine oxidase and dehydrogenase by the pretreatment with allopurinol (100 mg/kg), with no effect on the hepatic ADH and ALDH activities, did not alter the enhancement of lipid peroxidation following ethanol administration. We propose that the metabolism of acetaldehyde (probably via the low Km ALDH) and not acetaldehyde itself is responsible for the ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation in vivo and that the contribution of xanthine oxidase, as an initiator of lipid peroxidation through acetaldehyde oxidation is minute during acute intoxication. PMID- 3178877 TI - Inactivation of phospholipase A2 by manoalide. Localization of the manoalide binding site on bee venom phospholipase A2. AB - The marine natural product manoalide (MLD), a potent inhibitor of phospholipases, completely inactivates bee venom phospholipase A2 (PLA2) by an irreversible mechanism. It has been proposed [K. B. Glaser and R. S. Jacobs, Biochem. Pharmac. 36, 2079 (1987)] that the reaction of MLD with PLA2 may involve the selective reactivity of MLD to a peptide sequence, possibly a Lys-X-X-Lys peptide. Localization of the MLD binding site on bee venom PLA2 demonstrated that upon MLD modification of bee venom PLA2 the only change in amino acid content was an apparent loss of Lys, corresponding to approximately three of the eleven Lys residues present. Selective chemical modification of Lys residues with [14C]maleic anhydride demonstrated that all eleven Lys residues on bee venom PLA2 were accessible to this reagent (11.6 mol maleyl group incorporated/mol of PLA2). Pretreatment of PLA2 with MLD (less than 0.7% residual activity) resulted in a molar ratio of 8.7, also consistent with the loss of three Lys residues upon modification by MLD. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) of the cyanogen bromide (CNBr) digestion product of MLD-treated PLA2 produced three peaks (A280). The second peak showed the most intense absorbance at 434 nm. This material corresponded to residues 81-128, as determined by gas phase microsequence analysis. Sequencing failure was observed at Lys-88 in the MLD-treated fragment. The control carboxymethylated-PLA2 fragment corresponding to residues 81-128 sequenced beyond Lys-88 without significant change in the expected yield. These data suggest that Lys-88 may correspond to one of the three MLD-modified Lys residues. The minor absorbance at 434 nm of the CNBr fragments containing residues 42-80 and 1-36 as compared to the fragment of residues 81-128 suggests that the major MLD binding fragment residues in residues 81-128. PMID- 3178878 TI - Ketoconazole inhibition of progesterone oxidation by the rabbit. AB - Ketoconazole, a known cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, inhibited both progesterone ring hydroxylation and side-chain oxidation to steroidal acids. Progesterone 21 6 beta- and 16 alpha-hydroxylase activities of rabbit liver microsomes were inhibited 50% by ketoconazole at concentrations between 10(-5) and 10(-4) M. Steroid acid formation was similarly inhibited at a 10(-5) M concentration. Ketoconazole administration to rabbits produced a significant reduction in the urinary excretion of acidic metabolites of [3H]deoxycorticosterone and [14C]progesterone by approximately 50 and 75% respectively. The differential effect of ketoconazole in vivo may indicate that more than one acidic metabolite pathway may be operative. PMID- 3178879 TI - 8-Substituted xanthines as antagonists at A1- and A2-adenosine receptors. AB - Two classes of 8-substituted analogs of theophylline (1,3-dialkylxanthines), having 8-cycloalkyl, 8-cycloalkenyl or 8-(para-substituted aryl) groups, were shown to be potent and, in some cases, receptor subtype selective antagonists at A1- and A2-adenosine receptors. New analogs based on a functionalized cogener approach and on classical medicinal chemical approaches were prepared. Affinity at A1-adenosine receptors was evaluated by inhibition of binding of [3H]N6 phenylisopropyladenosine to rat brain membranes. Activity at A2-adenosine receptors was measured by the reversal of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) stimulated production of cyclic AMP in membranes from rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Cycloalkenyl analogs containing rigid olefinic bonds differed greatly in potency from the saturated analogs. The selectivity of phenylsulfonamide analogs depended on distal structural features. Novel xanthine analogs include diamino-, thiol-, aldehyde, and halogen-substituted derivatives, peptide conjugates of 8-[4 [2-aminoethylaminocarbonylmethyloxy]phenyl]1,3-dipropylxan thi ne (XAC), and a hydroxyethylamide analog of XAC. PMID- 3178880 TI - Inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in anatomically intact rat patellar cartilage by paracetamol-induced serum sulfate depletion. AB - We have studied the effect of low sulfate concentrations on the glycosaminoglycan synthesis in rat patellar cartilage in vivo as well as in vitro. The oral administration of 200 mg/kg paracetamol to male Wistar rats resulted in a significant reduction of the serum sulfate concentration. Reduced serum sulfate availability resulted in a 34% decrease of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in patellar cartilage. This is due to sulfate depletion since paracetamol had no direct effects on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and a slight but significant inhibitory effect on the catabolism of radiolabeled glycosaminoglycans in vitro. The glycosaminoglycans synthesized at low sulfate concentrations in vivo were similar to the glycosaminoglycans synthesized at physiological sulfate concentrations. Studying the effect of sulfate availability in vitro on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in patellar cartilage we found that incubation of rat patellae in medium containing less than 0.5 mM inorganic sulfate led to a decreased sulfate incorporation. The use of potential sulfate decreasing drugs can lead to inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis. This argues for a reconsideration of the use of these drugs in patients with already dysfunctioning cartilage metabolism as in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthrosis. PMID- 3178881 TI - Caffeine and theophylline metabolism in newborn and adult human hepatocytes; comparison with adult rat hepatocytes. AB - Cultured hepatocytes from newborn human (three samples), adult human (eight samples) and adult rat livers were used to study the metabolism of theophylline and caffeine, two drugs of which the metabolic pathways are known to be cytochrome P-450-dependent. Known metabolic pathways of caffeine in vivo were qualitatively maintained. However, only the primary metabolites were formed through oxidative N-demethylation giving theophylline, paraxanthine and theobromine and, through C-8 hydroxylation, giving 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid and a ring-opened compound the 6-amino-5[N-formylmethylamino]1,3-dimethyl uracil. The ratio of the three dimethylxanthine metabolites was dependent upon the species (human, rat), development stage (newborn, adult) and environmental factors. Similarly, theophylline was metabolized as in vivo by the demethylation pathway giving, preferentially, 3-methylxanthine and not 1-methylxanthine, and by a C-8 oxidation giving 1,3-dimethyluric acid. In newborn hepatocytes, all pathways were absent except the well-known methylation to caffeine. Moreover, such a methylation also occurred in adult human hepatocytes. This result was explained by the very low metabolic capacity of cultured cells, allowing the detection of only direct metabolites. Indeed, the overall biotransformation of both the methylxanthines by primary cultures of hepatocytes was remarkably weak, confirming previous studies with liver microsomal incubations. Thus the metabolism rate did not exceed about 30 nmoles/10(6) cells/24 hr in human adults, except for two subjects which were characterized by an extensive metabolism and a different metabolic profile. These two subjects were probably induced in vivo by environmental compounds. Both quantitative and qualitative data obtained from this study were roughly correlated with other in vivo and in vitro studies. Overall the experimental model of cultured human hepatocytes was shown to be capable of assessing the metabolic profile of two methylxanthines which is in agreement with the situation encountered in vivo. This example suggests that a breakthrough may be brought in new drugs development by the predictability from human hepatocyte culture model to the in vivo human situation. PMID- 3178882 TI - Studies on the metabolism of the pneumotoxin O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate- I. Lung and liver microsomes. AB - The metabolism of O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate (OSSMe), a pneumotoxic impurity in some organophosphorus insecticides, was investigated in rat lung and liver microsomal preparations, using OSSMe labelled with 3H or 14C on one of its thiolo-methyl (CH3S-) groups. Production of O,S-dimethyl phosphorothioate (OSMeO ) and binding of radioactivity to protein were NADPH-dependent and were shown to be, at least partly, cytochrome P-450-dependent processes in both lung and liver microsomes. Incubation with reduced glutathione prevented the binding of radioactivity without affecting OSMeO- production. The Km for the conversion of OSSMe to OSMeO- was 15-fold lower in lung (0.30 +/- 0.07 mM) than in liver (4.63 +/- 2.42 mM) microsomes. These results show that cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidase is implicated in at least part of the metabolic activation of OSSMe, and suggest that the pulmonary isozyme(s) are more active at metabolizing OSSMe than hepatic isozymes. It is speculated, on the basis of literature data on other sulphur-containing chemicals, that the metabolic activation of OSSMe involves oxidation of a thiolo-sulphur, with subsequent formation of CH3-S-S protein disulphides. PMID- 3178883 TI - Studies on the metabolism of the pneumotoxin O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate- II. Lung and liver slices. AB - The metabolism of O,S,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate (OSSMe), a pneumotoxic impurity in some organophosphorus insecticides, was investigated by incubating rat lung and liver slices with 1 mM OSSMe, labelled with 3H or 14C on one of its thiolo-methyl (CH3S-) groups. Protein bound radioactivity was higher in lung slices than in liver slices. In lung slices the predominant diester produced was O,S-dimethyl phosphorothioate (OSMeO-), whereas in liver slices it was S,S dimethyl phosphorodithioate (SSMeO-). Other studies had shown binding of radioactivity and OSMeO- production to be cytochrome P-450-dependent processes in microsomes and SSMeO- production to result from the action of cytosolic glutathione-S-transferase on OSSMe. Preincubation of slices with 10(-5) M paraoxon did not influence the amount of protein-bound radioactivity, suggesting that binding of radioactivity did not simply result from protein phosphorylation. Pretreatments of the rats with O,O,O-trimethyl phosphorothioate [OOOMe(S) 0.5, 2.5 and 12.5 mg/kg p.o.], with p-xylene (1 g/kg, i.p.) or with bromophos (5.3 mg/kg, i.p.) which all protect against the lung toxicity of OSSMe probably by inhibiting pulmonary mixed-function oxidase, also led to significant decreases in both protein binding of radioactivity and OSMeO- production in lung slices, but not in liver slices. These results show that tissue slices are a convenient system for investigating xenobiotic metabolism in the lung and they suggest that the susceptibility of the lung to OSSMe probably results from a relatively high rate of activation, coupled with a relatively low rate of metabolism by non-toxic pathways and/or removal of reactive metabolites in some lung cells, possibly the alveolar type I cells. PMID- 3178884 TI - Binding of a dihydropyridine felodipine-analogue to calmodulin and related calcium-binding proteins. AB - A dihydropyridine-affinity column was prepared by coupling a physiologically active and vasoselective amino-derivative of felodipine to divinylsulfone activated Trisacryl GF2000. Calmodulin (CaM) as well as the homologous calcium binding proteins skeletal and cardiac Troponin C (sTnC and cTnC) and S100b bound to this resin in a calcium-dependent manner. In contrast, other homologous proteins such as parvalbumin and the intestinal calcium-binding protein did not bind. Competition studies showed that CaM had a higher affinity for the felodipine-column than sTnC or cTnC. Through studies with a series of proteolytic fragments of CaM and sTnC, it was found that the felodipine binding site is located in the amino-terminal domain of the protein. These results illustrate the utility of affinity-chromatography for the study of dihydropyridine-binding proteins. PMID- 3178885 TI - Interaction of biogenic amines with components of cigarette smoke. Formation of cyanomethylamine derivatives. AB - A reaction of the biogenic amines 5-hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, histamine, p tyramine, beta-phenylethylamine and tryptamine with components of cigarette smoke was observed. The adducts formed from 5-hydroxytryptamine and beta phenylethylamine were purified by chromatographic procedures and identified by high resolution mass spectrometry. The structures of some of these compounds were established as cyanomethylamine derivatives, i.e. RCH2CH2NHCH2CN. In the case of 5-hydroxytryptamine, a cyanomethyl-beta-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarboline product formed via a Pictet-Spengler condensation reaction was isolated. The mass spectra of such adducts and their fragment ions were observed to be identical to those of chemically synthesized cyanomethylamines. Both formaldehyde and cyanide, which are known to be present in cigarette smoke, were involved in the reaction with the primary amines. The reaction was time dependent and was enhanced by an increase in temperature or by incubation under alkaline conditions. Cyanomethyl adduct formation was increased when smoke from cigarettes with higher tar and nicotine content was used. When the amines were incubated with human saliva obtained after cigarette smoking, cyanomethylamine products were readily detected. PMID- 3178886 TI - Antibodies to a synthetic peptide that react specifically with a common surface region on two hydrocarbon-inducible isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 in the rat. AB - An antibody that reacts with two hydrocarbon-inducible isoenzymes of rat cytochrome P-450 (c and d) in the rat was produced by immunising with a synthetic peptide, Leu-Ile-Ser-Lys-Phe-Gln-Lys-Leu-Met, which has the same primary structure as that of a region of both of these isoenzymes. There was no crossreactivity with hydrocarbon-inducible isoenzymes in liver microsomes from rabbit, mouse or in man. Nor was there any crossreactivity detected with liver microsomes from uninduced rats, or rats induced with phenobarbitone or isonicotinic acid hydrazide. This is consistent with the primary structure of these isoenzymes in the regions aligned with amino acids 174-182 (the immunising peptide) in rat isoenzyme c and demonstrates the ability to produce antibodies of defined specificity against isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 by using synthetic peptide. As the antibody preparation is able to bind to isoenzymes c and d in their native conformations, either as partially purified enzymes, or in microsomes, it is suggested that this region is present on the surface of these cytochromes P-450. PMID- 3178887 TI - Glutathione depletion in the guinea pig and its effect on the acute cochlear toxicity of ethacrynic acid. AB - There is controversy as to whether or not the acute cochlear toxicity of ethacrynic acid (EA) is dependent upon its metabolic conversion to EA-cysteine via conjugation with glutathione. In order to investigate this we examined the acute effects of EA on cochlear potentials in guinea pigs in which glutathione levels were decreased by prior administration of (+/-)-buthionine sulphoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutamylcysteine synthetase. First, we determined the effects of BSO on hepatic and renal glutathione levels in the guinea pig. Guinea pigs (pigmented animals of both sexes or male albino animals) were killed at intervals up to 72 hr after i.p. administration of 1.6 g kg-1 BSO. Livers, and also kidneys in the case of pigmented guinea pigs, were removed and total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) measured. Glutathione levels reached a nadir in the liver at 24-48 hr (11% of control) and in the kidneys at 24 hr (14% of control) after administration of BSO. Hepatic but not renal levels approached control values by 72 hr. There were no sex or strain differences. Pigmented guinea pigs were anaesthetised and their endocochlear potential and a.c. cochlear potential in response to a 4 kHz tone were measured using an intracochlear microelectrode. The depression of these potentials by i.v. administration of 60 mg kg-1 EA was not affected by administration of 1.6 g kg-1 BSO 24 hr earlier, despite profound depletion of glutathione. Also prior p.o. administration of N-acetyl-L-cysteine did not affect hepatic glutathione levels nor modify the toxicity of EA. These results suggest that the acute cochlear toxicity of EA is not altered by glutathione depletion, a finding which argues against a role for the metabolic activation of EA in its ototoxicity. PMID- 3178888 TI - 7-Deaza-9-phenyladenines. A new class of adenosine receptor antagonists. AB - A series of twelve 7-deaza-9-phenyladenines and of related 9-aralkyl-, 9-alkyl-, and 9-alkenyl-analogs and of 7-deaza-9-phenylhypoxanthines inhibited binding of [3H]phenylisopropyladenosine to rat brain A1-adenosine receptors and antagonized activation of adenylate cyclase elicited by interaction of N ethylcarboxamidoadenosine with A2-adenosine receptors in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cell membranes. A subset of seven compounds, encompassing the range of major structural variations, antagonized inhibition of adenylate cyclase elicited by interaction of R-phenylisopropyladenosine with A1-adenosine receptors in rat fat cell membranes. 7-Deaza-9-phenyladenine had a Ki value of 3 microM at the brain A1-receptor and a KB value of 17 microM at the PC12 A2-receptor and was thus about 5-fold more potent than theophylline at the former and nearly equipotent with theophylline at the latter. It had a KB value of 4.6 microM at the fat cell A1-receptor. The presence of methyl groups at the 7- and 8-positions reduced activity at all receptors several fold. Aryl substituents in a series of 7-deaza 7,8-dimethyl-9-phenyladenines did not have major effects on affinities for the brain A1- or the PC12 cell A2-adenosine receptors. The absence of the 9-phenyl substituent in the 7,8-dimethyl series reduced activity several fold, while replacement with arylalkyl (-CH2C6H4F), alkyl (-(CH2)5CH3) or alkenyl (-CH2CH = CH2) substituents had only modest effects on potency at the brain A1-receptor and the PC12 cell A2-receptor. 7-Deaza-7,8-dimethylhypoxanthine was nearly equipotent to the analogous 7-deazaadenine at the brain and fat cell A1-receptors, but was several fold more potent than the analogous 7-deazaadenine at the A2-receptor. 7 Deaza-7,8-dimethyl-9-(2,4-dibromophenyl)hypoxanthine was less potent than the analogous 7-deazaadenine at both the brain A1- and the PC12 cell A2-adenosine receptors. 7-Deaza-9-phenyl-7,8-benzohypoxanthine was the most potent of the present series of antagonists and was somewhat selective for the A2-adenosine receptor with a Ki of 0.9 microM at the brain A1-receptor, a KB of 1.4 microM at the fat cell A1-receptor, and a KB of 0.2 microM at the A2-receptor. PMID- 3178889 TI - Alteration by perfluorodecalin of hepatic metabolism and excretion of phenobarbital. AB - The bile duct was cannulated in rats that had been infused intravenously with an emulsion of perfluorodecalin at intervals from 2 to 34 weeks earlier. After injection of [14C]phenobarbital, urine and bile were collected during the next 24 hr and were analyzed for phenobarbital and its metabolites. There was a decrease in the biliary excretion of phenobarbital and its metabolites for several weeks after infusion of perfluorodecalin, but conjugation of the metabolites was not decreased. The reduced excretion returned to normal after about 20 weeks. PMID- 3178890 TI - Effect of n-butyrate on the synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and hyaluronate by rat liver fat-storing cells (Ito cells). AB - The effect of naturally occurring aliphatic carboxylic acid n-butyrate on total and type-specific synthesis of sulfated proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid by rat liver fat-storing cells (Ito cells, vitamin A-storing cells), the main connective tissue producing cell type in liver, was studied. Concentrations of n-butyrate equal to and higher than 5 mM inhibited significantly in a dose-dependent manner the incorporation of [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine into the carbohydrate chains of sulfated proteoglycans. Maximum inhibition of 70% was reached at 15 mM. Similarly, the formation of hyaluronic acid was impaired by n-butyrate. The synthesis profile of specific sulfated proteoglycans was not affected by the compound. beta-Xyloside, an artificial carbohydrate chain initiator, reversed only partially the inhibitory effect of n-butyrate. Thus, the mechanism of n butyrate inhibition may involve an impairment of both proteoglycan core protein formation and glycosaminoglycan chain elongation. PMID- 3178891 TI - Stress- and morphine-induced elevations of plasma and tissue cholesterol in mice: reversal by naltrexone. AB - Our earlier studies indicated that stress-induced facilitation of gallstone formation could be prevented by the opiate antagonist naltrexone. In view of the possible link between gallstone formation and atherosclerosis, the present study examined the possibility that endogenous opioids might also mediate stress induced hypercholesterolemia. A 28-day immobilization stress schedule was used to induce increases in plasma, aortic and liver cholesterol of mice maintained on a high cholesterol diet. These stress-induced increases in plasma, hepatic and aortic cholesterol were reversed by pretreatment with the opiate antagonist, naltrexone (1 mg/kg). Exposure of mice to morphine (0.1% in the drinking water for 28 days) resulted in elevations of plasma, liver, and aortic cholesterol levels, similar to those observed following immobilization. In contrast, chronic exposure to the peripherally restricted opiate agonist, loperamide (0.1% in the drinking water for 28 days), was ineffective. The antagonism by naltrexone and duplication by morphine but not loperamide suggest that stress-induced hypercholesterolemia may require the activation of central endogenous opioid systems. PMID- 3178892 TI - Depletion of cytochrome P-450 and alterations in activities of drug metabolizing enzymes induced by cephaloridine in the rat kidney cortex. PMID- 3178893 TI - Phenothiazine-mediated depolarization of the plasma membrane in a renal cell line. PMID- 3178894 TI - Irreversible inhibition by tyrosine-directed alkylating reagents of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in membranes from rat forebrain and heart. PMID- 3178895 TI - The cytotoxicity of menadione in hepatocytes isolated from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. PMID- 3178896 TI - Myelogenous leukemia and electric blanket use. AB - In a case-control study of adult acute and chronic myelogenous leukemia in Los Angeles County, we tested the hypothesis that excess exposure to electromagnetic fields from electric blankets was associated with risk of leukemia. We did this by studying 116 cases of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and 108 cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) along with matched neighborhood controls. The cases and controls were queried as to electric blanket use and the risks computed. For AML the risk was 0.9 (95% CI 0.5-1.6) and for CML the risk was 0.8 (95% CI 0.4-1.6). Cases did not differ from controls by duration of use, year of first regular use, year since last use, or socioeconomic status. Our best estimates of exposure indicate that electric blanket use increases overall exposure to electric fields by less than 50% and magnetic fields by less than 100%. We conclude that there is no major leukemogenic risk associated with electric blanket use in Los Angeles County. PMID- 3178897 TI - Influence of electromagnetic fields on the efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro: a three-model analysis consistent with the frequency response up to 510 Hz. AB - The frequency dependence of electromagnetic field-induced calcium-ion efflux from chicken brain tissues has been examined at 15-Hz intervals over the range 1-510 Hz. The electric field component was 15 Vrms/m and the magnetic component varied between 59 and 69 nTrms. No patterns of response as a function of frequency could be readily discerned when the differences in mean efflux values between exposed and sham samples were compared. However, the calculated P-value, a function that combines at each frequency the difference between the means of the exposed and sham groups with the variance of each group, does provide a basis for hypothesizing the existence of three frequency-dependent patterns in the data. One pattern includes all the highly significant (P less than .01) responses which occur between 15 and 315 Hz, at 30-Hz intervals; two independent trials at 165 Hz, giving nonsignificant responses (P greater than .5), break this pattern into two groups of five frequencies each, which is contrary to the expected result for a simple Lorentz-force interaction. However, another pattern of significant results at 60, 90, and 180 Hz, but not at 300 Hz, is consistent with a Lorentz force model. A third pattern, composed of only one significant response at 405 Hz, is very close to the resonance predicted on a linear extrapolation from high frequency data for 13carbon atoms. This hypothetical ordering of the frequency response profile provides the basis for future experimental designs to test each possible interaction model and for their connection to the calcium-ion efflux endpoint. PMID- 3178898 TI - Exposure of mammalian cells to 60-Hz magnetic or electric fields: analysis for DNA single-strand breaks. AB - Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were exposed for 1 h to 60-Hz magnetic fields (0.1 or 2 mT), electric fields (1 or 38 V/m), or to combined magnetic and electric fields (2 mT and 38 V/m, respectively). Following exposure, the cells were lysed, and the DNA was analyzed for the presence of single-strand breaks (SSB), using the alkaline elution technique. No significant differences in numbers of DNA SSB were detected between exposed and sham-exposed cells. A positive control exposed to X-irradiation sustained SSB with a dose-related frequency. Cells exposed to nitrogen mustard (a known cross-linking agent) and X irradiation demonstrated that the assay could detect cross-linked DNA under our conditions of electric and magnetic field exposures. PMID- 3178899 TI - Effects of 2.45-GHz microwave and 100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on liposome permeability at the phase transition temperature. AB - Large unilamellar dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) liposomes loaded with an aqueous chemotherapeutic drug, cytosine arabinofuranoside (ARA-C), were exposed for 30 min to 60 W/kg continuous-wave (CW) 100-MHz or 2.45-GHz radiation in vitro at temperatures between 37 degrees C and 43 degrees C. Liposomes were exposed in HEPES buffer or in HEPES buffer supplemented with 44% by volume fetal calf serum (FCS). Characteristic phase transition responses were detected in the range of 39 degrees C to 40 degrees C with the presence of FCS, increasing maximum % release of 3H-ARA-C by 20% relative to HEPES suspension. Neither frequency of electromagnetic radiation had any detectable effect on liposome permeability or the location of the phase transition in the presence or absence of FCS. PMID- 3178900 TI - Some behavioral effects of short-term exposure of rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation. AB - Rats were tested for neurobehavioral alterations immediately after exposure to 2.45-GHz (CW) microwave radiation at 10 mW/cm2 for 7 h. Behavioral tests used were locomotor activity, startle to an acoustic stimulus and acquisition and retention of a shock-motivated passive avoidance task. Both horizontal and vertical components of locomotor activity were assessed in 5-min epochs for a period of 30 min using photoelectric detectors. Microwave-exposed animals exhibited less activity than sham-exposed animals. This was most evident during the last 10-15 min of the 30-min test session. Twenty identical acoustical stimuli (8 KHz, 110 dB) were delivered to each rat at 40-s intervals. The microwave-exposed animals were less responsive to the stimuli than sham-exposed animals. Microwave exposure had no effect on the retention of a passive avoidance procedure when tested at 1 week after training. Both the locomotor activity and acoustic startle data demonstrate that, under the conditions of this experiment, microwave exposure may alter responsiveness of rats to novel environmental conditions or stimuli. PMID- 3178901 TI - Learning ability of young rats is unaffected by repeated exposure to a static electromagnetic field in early life. AB - Infant albino rats were exposed to a static electromagnetic field of 0.0 Tesla (control) or 0.5 Tesla (experimental) for 14 postnatal days. Following a 1-month rest period, the experimental (13 males and 10 females) and control (11 males and 14 females) rats were trained on four successive reversals of a position habit in a single-unit enclosed T-maze that was adapted for the use of escape-avoidance of mild foot shock as a motive. There was no significant difference in learning ability between the experimental and control groups in terms of total (initial combined with repetitive) errors committed over the four reversal problems. While the females tended to make more errors than the males, this difference was likewise insignificant. PMID- 3178902 TI - Exposure scheme separates effects of electric shock and electric field for honey bees, Apis mellifera L. AB - Mechanisms to explain disturbance of honey bee colonies under a 765-kV, 60-Hz transmission line [electric (E) field = 7 kV/m] fall into two categories: direct bee perception of enhanced in-hive E fields, and perception of shock from induced currents. The same adverse biological effects previously observed in honey bee colonies exposed under a 765-kV transmission line can be reproduced by exposing worker bees to shock or E field within elongated hive entranceways (= tunnels). Exposure to intense E field caused disturbance only if bees were in contact with a conductive substrate. E-field and shock exposure can be separated and precisely defined within tunnels, eliminating dosimetric vagaries that occur when entire hives are exposed to E field. PMID- 3178903 TI - Mechanism of biological effects observed in honey bees (Apis mellifera, L.) hived under extra-high-voltage transmission lines: implications derived from bee exposure to simulated intense electric fields and shocks. AB - This work explores mechanisms for disturbance of honey bee colonies under a 765 kV, 60-Hz transmission line [electric (E) field = 7 kV/m] observed in previous studies. Proposed mechanisms fell into two categories: direct bee perception of enhanced in-hive E fields and perception of shock from induced currents. The adverse biological effects could be reproduced in simulations where only the worker bees were exposed to shock or to E field in elongated hive entranceways (= tunnels). We now report the results of full-scale experiments using the tunnel exposure scheme, which assesses the contribution of shock and intense E field to colony disturbance. Exposure of worker bees (1,400 h) to 60-Hz E fields including 100 kV/m under moisture-free conditions within a nonconductive tunnel causes no deleterious affect on colony behavior. Exposure of bees in conductive (e.g., wet) tunnels produces bee disturbance, increased mortality, abnormal propolization, and possible impairment of colony growth. We propose that this substrate dependence of bee disturbance is the result of perception of shock from coupled body currents and enhanced current densities postulated to exist in the legs and thorax of bees on conductors. Similarly, disturbance occurs when bees are exposed to step-potential-induced currents. At 275-350 nA single bees are disturbed; at 600 nA bees begin abnormal propolization behavior; and stinging occurs at 900 nA. We conclude that biological effects seen in bee colonies under a transmission line are primarily the result of electric shock from induced hive currents. This evaluation is based on the limited effects of E-field exposure in tunnels, the observed disturbance thresholds caused by shocks in tunnels, and the ability of hives exposed under a transmission line to source currents 100-1,000 times the shock thresholds. PMID- 3178904 TI - Current issues in rheumatology. An essay on the American Rheumatism Association's future leadership role. PMID- 3178905 TI - The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis is predicted by rheumatoid factor titer in a longitudinal population study. AB - Rheumatoid factor (RF) is often detected in subjects who do not have rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To determine if the presence of RF is predictive of the development of RA, 2,712 Pima Indians of Arizona, 20 years of age or older, initially without RA, have been observed for up to 19 years with biennial examinations. These included a medical history, physical examination of the joints, radiographs, and RF determination by sheep cell agglutination test. During the study period, 70 new cases of RA developed. When the population at risk was stratified by RF titer, with reclassification at subsequent examinations if the RF titer changed, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of RA increased with higher titers of RF. The incidence of RA (in cases per 1,000 person-years) according to RF titer was 2.4 (RF titer less than 1:2); 6.7 (titer 1:2-1:16); 11.0 (titer 1:32-1:256); and 48.3 (titer greater than 1:256) (P less than 0.001). The same trend was also found within each age and sex group, and within groups defined by the number of American Rheumatism Association criteria present before the definite diagnosis. We conclude that the presence of RF, in subjects without RA, is a risk factor for the development of RA, and that this risk is related to the RF titer. It is also suggested that RF may represent a marker of the earliest phases of the pathogenetic process of RA, that may be detectable before the appearance of other features that permit a clinical diagnosis. PMID- 3178906 TI - Self-evaluation processes and adjustment to rheumatoid arthritis. AB - In this study we examined whether the impact of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on psychological well-being is mediated by the way patients evaluate their physical abilities. The primary focus was on patients' satisfaction with their physical abilities and the types of comparisons that patients make between themselves and other people (i.e., social comparisons) when evaluating their abilities. Seventy five women with RA were interviewed. Findings indicate that satisfaction with one's physical abilities appears to mediate the relationship between physical and psychological impairment. Furthermore, satisfaction was associated not only with one's abilities per se, but also with the types of comparisons patients made when evaluating their abilities. These findings help explain differences in the levels of psychological well-being noted among individuals with the same degree of physical impairment. PMID- 3178907 TI - Temporal patterns of response to D-penicillamine, hydroxychloroquine, and placebo in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis patients. AB - We calculated the time required for therapeutic benefit to become apparent following initiation of treatment with D-penicillamine (DP), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), or placebo (each administered concomitantly with a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug) using data from a double-blind, randomized 12-month trial in 162 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Using previously published criteria to classify the outcome, we found that 60% of the HCQ group, 46% of the DP group, and 39% of the placebo group responded favorably after 12 months of therapy. Data from examinations between the initial and final assessments were used to determine when the response first occurred. Approximately 50% of all patients who showed improvement at 12 months had already done so by 2 months. After 6 months, 96% of the DP group, 88% of the HCQ group, and 85% of the placebo group responders had met the criteria for response. The average time until response was attained was 105 days for the DP group, 129 days for the HCQ group, and 140 days for the placebo group. Our results indicate that a favorable response to these slow-acting antirheumatic drugs is unlikely if improvement has not occurred within the first 6 months of therapy. PMID- 3178908 TI - Systemic joint laxity (the hypermobile joint syndrome) is associated with temporomandibular joint dysfunction. AB - A consecutive series of 37 individuals admitted to the hospital for elective temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstructive surgery and 3 seen as outpatients with TMJ disease were evaluated for rheumatic disease or for another etiologic factor that might account for this problem. These 40 patients were screened by history, physical examination, and laboratory study. We soon noticed that many patients had generalized joint laxity. Eighteen of the first 40 individuals satisfied established criteria for the hypermobile joint syndrome. An additional 3 were found to have Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or a forme fruste of this disorder. Many were markedly hypermobile and could perform a number of flexible maneuvers. Although excessive joint laxity is known to be associated with a variety of rheumatic conditions, TMJ disease has not been recognized as one of them. No patient in this series had a systemic inflammatory disorder or any other apparent etiologic factor for TMJ disease. We suggest that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between generalized joint laxity and TMJ disease. PMID- 3178909 TI - Jaw deformity caused by juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and its correction. AB - An underdeveloped mandible and resulting micrognathia and malocclusion may occur in some children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Combined orthodontic and surgical procedures can now greatly improve esthetics and function in such children. We describe corrective treatment and followup of 7 patients. PMID- 3178910 TI - Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in rheumatoid arthritis: impaired response to anemia. AB - Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (EP) levels were measured in 116 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 20 control patients with iron deficiency anemia. Serum EP levels were significantly higher in the 46 anemic RA patients than in the 70 nonanemic RA patients (mean +/- SD 31.0 +/- 19.8 mU/ml versus 16.8 +/- 12.4 mU/ml; P less than 0.0001). Furthermore, although a significant inverse correlation between the serum EP level and the hemoglobin value was present in the anemic RA patients (r = -0.57, P less than 0.0001), the regression coefficient describing the relationship between serum EP and hemoglobin was significantly lower for the anemic RA patients than for patients with iron deficiency anemia (F = 6.01, P less than 0.025). PMID- 3178911 TI - Report of the Committee for the publication of Arthritis and Rheumatism. PMID- 3178912 TI - Destructive spondylarthropathy and chronic renal failure. PMID- 3178913 TI - Unusual features of iliopsoas bursitis. PMID- 3178914 TI - Bromocriptine and cyclosporin A combination therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3178915 TI - Mycosis fungoides with polyarthritis. PMID- 3178916 TI - Synchronizing effect of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist 2-(2-chloro-5 trifluoromethylphenylimino)imidazolidine on rabbit electroencephalogram. AB - The selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist St 587 (2-(2-chloro-5 trifluoromethylphenylimino)imidazolidine) was tested in conscious rabbits in the dose range of 0.125 to 8 mg/kg cumulatively i.v. In cardiovascular experiments St 587 increased mean arterial blood pressure and decreased heart rate in a dose dependent manner. In neuropharmacological experiments St 587 induced a biphasic EEG effect, an EEG synchronization preceded by a short period of cortical arousal. The duration of both EEG phenomena increased with increasing doses. There was no correlation between rise in blood pressure and EEG arousal reaction as periods of precentral spindling appeared also during maximal increase in blood pressure. Both, EEG synchronization and arousal reaction could be antagonized by the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, 1-2 mg/kg i.v. From these experiments it is concluded that the main effect of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist St 587 in rabbits is EEG synchronization, i.e. sedation. Furthermore a barbiturate antagonism by high doses of St 587 was shown and this is explained by the initial arousal reaction as observed after injection of St 587. PMID- 3178917 TI - Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ketanserin in rat, rabbit and dog. AB - The plasma kinetics and tissue distribution of ketanserin [+)-3-[2-[4-(4 fluorobenzoyl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-2,4(1H,3H)- quinazolinedione, R 41 468) were studied in the rat, rabbit and dog. The studies were performed utilizing 3H- and 14C-labelled ketanserin and appropriate techniques to measure levels of radioactivity, unchanged drug and a major metabolite ketanserin-ol in plasma and tissues. Following intravenous administration to male rats and dogs (10 mg/kg), plasma levels could be described by a two-compartment model. The plasma clearance (C1) averaged 3.8 and 19.2 ml/min/kg and the volume of distribution (Vdss) 0.67 and 4.7 l/kg in male rats and in dogs, respectively. Following oral administration (10-40 mg/kg), ketanserin was rapidly and completely absorbed in all species studied. The absolute bioavailability of oral ketanserin was more than 80% in both rats and dogs. Due to the high clearance of the metabolites in rats, ketanserin was the main component of the plasma radioactivity. In dogs, the fraction of the metabolite ketanserin-ol was more pronounced than that of ketanserin. The apparent elimination half-life of ketanserin was 1.5 h in rabbits, 2-5 h in rats and 3-15 in dogs. The pharmacokinetics of ketanserin were dose-related after single and chronic intravenous and oral dosing. Distribution studies in rats after intravenous and oral administration (10 mg/kg) demonstrated an almost immediate equilibrium between plasma and tissues, resulting in slightly higher tissue than plasma concentrations in the well perfused tissues, and similar or slightly lower levels in the remaining tissues. Ketanserin was the main component of tissue radioactivity. The drug crossed the blood-brain barrier only to a slight extent, brain levels of the unchanged drug being similar to the free fraction in plasma. Ketanserin disappeared from tissues with a similar half life to that in plasma. On repeated dosing, a small fraction of metabolites was more slowly eliminated. The excretion of the urinary and faecal metabolites after repeated dosing was very similar to that after a single dose. Placental transfer of ketanserin in the rat was limited. On average 0.3% of the maternal radioactive dose, preferentially metabolites, was recovered from the combined foetuses. In dogs orally treated with doses of up to 40 mg/kg/d for 12 months, no undue accumulation or retention of ketanserin or ketanserin-ol was found in any tissue. In lactating dogs orally dosed at 10 mg/kg, preferentially metabolites were excreted in the milk. Concentrations of ketanserin and ketanserin-ol in the milk were respectively 2 and 4 times higher than plasma levels. PMID- 3178918 TI - Pharmacokinetic evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological profile of the major metabolites of ketanserin in the rat. AB - In order to explain the differences between the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of two major metabolites of ketanserin [+)-3-[2-[4-(4 fluorobenzoyl)-1-piperidinyl]-2,4(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione , R 41 468), viz. 6 hydroxyketanserin and ketanserin-ol, the pharmacokinetics of ketanserin and both metabolites were studied after oral and subcutaneous administration to male Wistar rats. The intrinsic potency of 6-hydroxyketanserin as a serotonin S2 antagonist is similar to that of ketanserin, as assessed by receptor-binding and pharmacological studies in vitro. In vivo, both substances are equipotent after s.c. administration, but 6-hydroxyketanserin is shorter acting and has a weak oral activity. In vitro studies indicated that ketanserin-ol is 2-3 orders of magnitude less potent than ketanserin and 6-hydroxyketanserin, but its in vivo activity is higher than could be expected from the in vitro studies. When ketanserin was administered to rats, only ketanserin and none of the metabolites was detected in plasma, indicating that the parent drug is the pharmacologically active substance. After s.c. administration of 6-hydroxyketanserin, its plasma levels decreased rapidly, explaining its short duration of action. The oral bioavailability of 6-hydroxyketanserin was very low, accounting for its low in vivo activity after oral administration. The rapid elimination and the low bioavailability of 6-hydroxyketanserin are explained by hepatic conjugation and subsequent biliary excretion. After administration of ketanserin-ol to rats, the metabolite was converted in vivo to ketanserin giving much higher plasma levels for ketanserin than for ketanserin-ol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3178919 TI - Absorption, metabolism and excretion of ketanserin in man after oral administration. AB - The absorption, metabolism and excretion of ketanserin [+)-3-[2-[4-(4 fluorobenzoyl)-1-piperidinyl]ethyl]-2,4(1H,3H)- quinazolinedione, R 41 468), a novel serotonin S2-receptor antagonist used in hypertension, was studied after a single oral dose of 14C-ketanserin tartrate in three healthy subjects. Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract was rapid and almost complete. The excretion of radioactivity amounted to about 90% after 4 days and was more abundant in urine (68%) than in faeces (24%). Ketone reduction and oxidative N-dealkylation at the piperidine nitrogen were by far the two main metabolic pathways. The former pathway resulted in ketanserin-ol, the main metabolite in plasma as well as in urine (24% of dose) and faeces (5%), the latter pathway in the urinary metabolite 1,4-dihydro-2,4-dioxo-3(2H)quinazolineacetic acid (20%). Other pathways were aromatic hydroxylation at the quinazolinedione moiety and the formation of ether glucuronides. None of the metabolites substantially contributes to the overall pharmacological activity of ketanserin. The metabolic pathways of ketanserin in man were identical to those revealed previously in rats and dogs, but the mass balance of the major metabolites resembled more that in dogs than that in rats. PMID- 3178920 TI - Plasma protein binding of ketanserin and its distribution in blood. AB - The in vitro plasma protein binding and distribution in blood of ketanserin ((+/ )-3-[2-[4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-1- piperidinyl]ethyl]-2,4(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione, R 41 468), a novel serotonin S2-receptor antagonist used in hypertension, was studied in rats, dogs and humans. Plasma protein binding of ketanserin amounted to 95.1% in healthy subjects, 88.1% in dogs and 98.8% in rats. Its blood to plasma concentration ratio was 0.70 in humans, 0.78 in dogs and 0.65 in rats. Plasma protein binding of ketanserin-ol, the main plasma metabolite of ketanserin, was 81.2% in humans and its blood to plasma concentration ratio was 1.04. The plasma protein binding of both ketanserin and ketanserin-ol was highly dependent on pH. Albumin was by far the main binding protein for ketanserin in human plasma and binding was independent of the ketanserin concentration within a very wide range. Plasma protein binding of ketanserin in elderly hypertensive patients was not significantly different from that in healthy adults. In chronic renal failure patients, whether on haemodialysis or not, the free ketanserin fraction was 40% higher than in healthy subjects. High therapeutic levels of ketanserin (0.25 microgram/ml) did not influence the plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin, hydrochlorothiazide, imipramine, ketoconazole, propranolol or warfarin. Out of 12 drugs, only tolbutamide at therapeutic concentrations decreased significantly the plasma protein binding of ketanserin. However, the resulting 5-20% increase of the free ketanserin fraction is hardly clinically relevant. PMID- 3178921 TI - Comparison of six new antidepressants on isolated rat atria. AB - The effects of six new antidepressants were studied and compared as to their electromechanical properties on isolated rat atria. All of the compounds reduced rate and amplitude of contractions, depressed atrial excitability and prolonged the sinus node recovery time. They also inhibited the amplitude of the slow contractions elicited by isoprenaline in K-depolarized atria. In decreasing order, the relative order of potency found was: mianserin approximately equal to maprotiline approximately equal to lofepramine greater than nomifensine approximately equal to trazodone greater than viloxazine. On atrial transmembrane action potentials mianserin, maprotiline and viloxazine decreased amplitude and maximum rate of depolarization and shortened the duration and depolarized the resting membrane potential. All these effects are similar to those previously reported with imipramine and amoxapine. Thus, differences between the cardiodepressant effects of the newer and older antidepressants are only quantitative but not qualitative. Possible explanations of the lower incidence of cardiovascular complications with the newer compounds are discussed. PMID- 3178922 TI - Early phase-II semi double-blind study of the new alkaline propanolamine derivative enciprazine (short communication). AB - A new alkaline propanolamine derivative, enciprazine, was tested in an early phase-II semi double-blind placebo-controlled A-B-A design to verify the hypothesis that the substance may have tranquilizing properties. No sedative or anxiolytic effect comparable to minor or major tranquilizers could be observed. According to clinical impression some patients showed an improved goal orientation and self-control which could be effects worth to be followed up. PMID- 3178923 TI - Azathioprine lymphocytotoxicity. Potentially lethal damage by its imidazole derivatives. AB - The immunosuppressive agent 6-(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazole-5-yl)-thiopurine (azathioprine, AZA) is metabolized to the purine antagonist 6-mercaptopurine (6 MP) and to 5-substituted 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazoles or- aminoimidazoles. Besides the cytostatic (growth inhibition) and cytocidal (cell killing) effect of the anti-metabolite 6-MP, which can be antagonized by exogenous purine supplementation, AZA has an additional effect, which cannot be antagonized by purines. This effect is due to electron-affine imidazole derivatives, which are generated by a nucleophilic attack on the AZA molecule. A synthetic imidazole derivative (1-methyl-4-nitro-5-chloro-imidazole, MNCI) develops cytostatic and cytocidal effects in two different permanent human lymphoblastoid cultures (LS2 and CH4) with threshold concentrations of 8 x 10(-5) and 6 x 10(-5) mol/l, respectively. This imidazole derivative with the nitro- and chloro-group in ortho position seems to be more reactive than other imidazole derivatives. It interferes with the redox potential of the cells. It causes glutathione depletion and sublethal conditioning of the cells (reduced repair capacity = potentially lethal damage = PLD = chemosensitization). The immunosuppressive action of AZA depends on the synergistic cooperation of the relatively weak cytostatic effect of low doses of 6-MP and the chemosensitizing effect of PLD which is induced by highly reactive imidazole derivatives. PMID- 3178924 TI - Effect of midazolam on memory. AB - The effect of a single bedtime dose (7.5 or 15 mg) of 8-chloro-6-(2-fluorophenyl) 1-methyl-4H-imidazol[1,5-a] [1,4]benzodiazepine (midazolam, Ro 21-3981, Dormicum) on memory was investigated in young, healthy adults. 2 h after drug intake the subjects were awakened and presented with a series of tasks. Recall was assessed immediately following the task presentation and after awakening in the morning. Immediate recall at night was impaired by the 15 mg dose. A further, dose dependent decrement of recall from night to morning was observed. In contrast to the immediate deficit, the delayed amnestic effect showed little interindividual variability, was largely independent of the type of task, and was significant even for the 7.5 mg dose. Recall of a list of words learnt before drug intake was not impaired by the lower dose, and was enhanced by the higher dose. The results indicate that two separate processes underlie the immediate and the delayed anterograde amnestic action of benzodiazepines. PMID- 3178925 TI - [Endoscopic study of gastric tolerance of paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid. A placebo-controlled double-blind study on healthy subjects]. AB - Endoscopic Studies on the Gastric Tolerance of Paracetamol and Acetylsalicylic Acid/A placebo-controlled double-blind study in healthy volunteers. In placebo controlled randomized double-blind cross-over fashion the gastric and duodenal tolerance of 1000 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; as a commercially available preparation and 1000 mg paracetamol (Tylenol) were directly compared in 12 healthy volunteers. An endoscopic evaluation of the gastric and duodenal mucosa was performed. 1000 mg ASA evoked a lesion score of 2.5 whereas 1000 mg paracetamol and placebo displayed a score of 1.0 and 0.92, respectively. This difference between paracetamol and ASA reached a statistical significance. Based on the comparable analgetic potency of both compounds and the apparently better gastro-duodenal tolerability paracetamol is the drug of choice when a non inflammatory problem requires an analgesic. PMID- 3178926 TI - Disposition of cyclophosphamide on two consecutive cycles of treatment in patients with ovarian carcinoma. AB - The disposition of cyclophosphamide was determined in 12 women with ovarian carcinoma receiving cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2, doxorubicin (adriamycin) 50 mg/m2 and cisplatin 50 mg/m2 during their first and second courses of therapy. Plasma samples were obtained over 24 h following the completion of the cyclophosphamide infusion and assayed for cyclophosphamide by high performance liquid chromatography. The mean disposition of cyclophosphamide conformed to a 2 compartment model with a mean terminal half-life of 7.14 h on the first course and 8.77 h on the second course. Mean area under the plasma concentration versus time curve appeared to increase from 248.8 mg.h/l for the initial course to 282.2 mg.h/l on the second. Mean total body clearance was 2.01 l/h/m2 on the first course and 1.77 l/h/m2 on the second. Volume of distribution on the first and second courses were 15.3 l/m2 and 18.1 l/m2, respectively. These results suggested that cyclophosphamide clearance decreased when given in a bolus fashion every 3 weeks. However, inter-patient and intra-patient variability was large and the differences in the calculated parameters were not statistically significant when the individual patient data was considered. It is concluded that: 1. cyclophosphamide disposition can best be fit by a bi-exponential equation; 2. considerable intra- and interpatient variability in the concentration-time profile will be encountered; 3. cyclophosphamide disposition does not change from the first to the second course. Reasons for the wide variation are proposed. PMID- 3178927 TI - Low density lipoprotein kinetics in African Green monkeys showing variable cholesterolaemic responses to diets realistic for westernised people. AB - African Green (vervet) monkeys were fed either an atherogenic Western diet (WD), a prudent diet (PD), or a high carbohydrate diet (HCD) for various lengths of time. Monkeys differed greatly in their response to the WD, and a strong negative correlation was observed between the fractional catabolic rates (FCR) of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and the total plasma cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.83 P = 0.0029). Similarly the individual synthetic rates (SR) of LDL plotted against the total plasma cholesterol concentrations showed a correlation coefficient of r = 0.94 P = 0.01 for WD animals. There was no correlation for PD or HCD animals for either SR or FCR and the total plasma cholesterol concentrations. The aortic lesion scores correlated with the SRs (r = 0.66 P = 0.040) but not with the FCRs. LDL turnover was also studied using 125I-labelled native LDL and methylated 131I-labelled LDL in African Green monkeys showing high or low cholesterolaemic response to an atherogenic Western diet. Measurements after 4 weeks and again after 6 months on the diet showed a decrease in both total and non-receptor mediated clearance of LDL. Receptor-mediated catabolism was significantly lowered in the hyperresponding group (P = 0.0011) and not in the hyporesponding group with a resultant significant difference between the two groups being P = 0.0355 after 6 months. Non-receptor mediated catabolism of LDL was similarly affected in that there was no significant difference between the two groups at 4 weeks but the clearance of methylated LDL was markedly lowered at 6 months, for the hyporesponding group P = 0.0003 and for the hyperresponding group P = 0.0184. Furthermore the hyperresponding group was depressed to a significantly greater extent when compared to the hyporesponding group (P = 0.0241). PMID- 3178928 TI - Effects of dietary fish oil on platelet function and plasma lipids in hyperlipoproteinemic and normal subjects. AB - We studied the effects of dietary supplementation with an encapsulated fish oil concentrate (Maxepa) on platelet function, fibrinolysis, and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in 9 normal subjects, 10 patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia, and 6 with type IIB hyperlipoproteinemia. After a baseline period, the subjects crossed over randomly between treatment periods with Maxepa (providing 3.24 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 2.16 g docosahexaenoic acid per day) and safflower oil (used as a control), given for 6 weeks each. Administration of Maxepa led to a slight prolongation of the bleeding time in all groups and to modest inhibition of platelet aggregation in the type IV hyperlipoproteinemics and normal subjects, with partial (41%) inhibition of thromboxane synthesis from baseline levels noted in the normal group. Plasma total fibrinolytic actively did not change significantly in any group. Maxepa treatment resulted in a marked decrease in triglyceride and VLDL-cholesterol and a slight increase in HDL-cholesterol was noted after Maxepa in the type IV hyperlipoproteinemics (4.11 +/- 0.13 mmol/l vs. 3.10 +/- 0.16 mmol/l, Maxepa vs. safflower oil). We conclude that dietary supplementation with fish oil results in a relatively minor degree of inhibition of platelet function in normal and hyperlipoproteinemic subjects, and a potentially adverse increase in LDL-cholesterol in type IV hyperlipoproteinemics. PMID- 3178929 TI - Aortic 125I-albumin transport in patients with Marfan's syndrome and annuloaortic ectasia. AB - The morphologic, biochemical, and mechanical abnormalities of connective tissue fibrous proteins in Marfan's syndrome have been well studied, and their role in cardiovascular complications is well accepted. Less is known, however, about the state of the amorphous components of the aortic connective tissue. In the course of a study of transmural transport in blood vessels, we have had the opportunity to study dystrophic aorta from two young men who survived elective surgery; both with aortic insufficiency (AI) histologically compatible with Marfan's syndrome. One had recurrent chronic dissecting aneurysm (RCDA) as well. The aorta of the first (but not the second) was histologically compatible with Marfan's syndrome. Fresh specimens of intact ascending aorta were incubated in Krebs solution, pH 7.4, containing 125I-labelled bovine serum albumin for 2 h at 37 degrees C. The samples were then frozen, and serially sectioned in the plane of the lumenal surface. The radioactivity of the 20-micron thick sections was then determined, and expressed as a tissue/labelled solution concentration ratio. Transmural profiles of these ratios revealed no difference between the aorta of the RCDA patient with non-specific aortic dystrophy, and that of a 70-year-old man undergoing aortocoronary bypass. However, in the patient with aortic histology compatible with Marfan's syndrome, the average media concentration ratio was 5 fold less (4% vs. 20%). PMID- 3178930 TI - Changes of serum apolipoprotein levels after oral administration of fat in human subjects. AB - Changes of serum apolipoprotein levels were studied every hour for 6 h after the administration of 55 g butter to 8 healthy male subjects. The mean serum apo A-IV level was significantly increased at 4 h (P less than 0.05) after fat ingestion compared to the mean initial level, although no significant changes of levels in other apolipoproteins (apo A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, and E) were observed. The mean apo A-IV level in the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction (d less than 1.006) increased progressively over 6 h. In all 8 subjects, the time of peak concentration of apo A-IV in TRL fraction was delayed by 1-2 h compared to that in whole serum. On the other hand, the mean apo B-48 level in the fraction reached a peak at 4 h. These results raise the possibilities that some apo A-IV, newly synthesized or already existing in intestinal cells, may be directly secreted into the venous circulation and that apo A-IV and apo B-48 may distribute differently in different sizes of chylomicron. Alternatively, the amount of each apolipoprotein synthesized may depend upon the content of ingested fat. It is suggested that apo A-IV production by intestinal cells does not appear to be regulated by the rate of fat transport, and that apo A-IV does not play an important role in chylomicron formation compared to apo B-48. PMID- 3178931 TI - Effect of lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase activity on the distribution of apolipoprotein E among the plasma lipoproteins. AB - The independent roles of human lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HTGL) in determining the distribution of apolipoprotein E (apo E) among the plasma lipoproteins has been studied in vitro. In one series of three studies, postheparin plasma (10%) was incubated for 2 h with autologous plasma and the changes in the lipoprotein association of apo E after lipase exposure were determined after lipoprotein fractionation on 4% agarose columns. Specificity for LPL or HTGL was achieved by inhibition with goat anti-human HTGL or with 1 M NaCl, respectively. In another study, LPL and HTGL were partially purified from human postheparin plasma. The independent effects of these enzymes on the lipoprotein association of apo E were then examined after incubation of plasma in the absence or presence of one or both lipases. Data from both types of in vitro study showed that LPL-mediated triglyceride hydrolysis in the absence of HTGL activity was accompanied by a loss of apo E from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, a gain or no change in the apo E-containing lipoproteins the size of intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and inconsistent changes in the apo E mass associated with high density lipoproteins (HDL). HTGL activity, on the other hand, in the absence of LPL, resulted in a redistribution of apo E from lipoproteins the size of IDL and a gain by those of HDL size. These studies thus support previous in vivo studies which pointed toward a specific role for HTGL in the processing of apo E containing IDL. PMID- 3178932 TI - Low high density lipoprotein-2 concentrations in obese male subjects. AB - In this study we have compared the lipoprotein patterns, in particular HDL subfractions, of 34 obese men to those of 34 normoponderal normolipemic men, matched for age and use of tobacco. Obesity was associated with increased VLDL concentrations in only half the subjects. HDL concentrations in all obese subjects were lower than in matched controls. The decrease was most marked in the HDL2 subfraction in which cholesterol and protein contents were decreased by 50%; it was independent of triglyceride levels and not related to the severity of overweight. Moreover, while HDL2 was negatively correlated with BMI (P less than 0.01) when both populations were considered together, the correlation disappeared when calculated separately within each population, suggesting a threshold effect. The low levels of HDL2 might result from discretely altered lipolysis, not sufficient to cause an elevation in fasting triglyceridemia. In this case, HDL2 should prove to be a sensitive index of lipolytic efficiency. PMID- 3178933 TI - A longitudinal study of cholesterol metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia. AB - Sterol balance studies were performed in 11 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia before and after a 15-year follow-up exactly under the same conditions to evaluate whether ageing exerts any changes on serum lipids and cholesterol metabolism. No significant intraindividual variation could be observed in serum lipids, bile acid and cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol excretion as neutral sterols and no age-related association could be observed in these parameters. PMID- 3178934 TI - Growth response of endothelial and smooth muscle cells to a collagen matrix throughout development. AB - The in vitro response of chick embryo endothelial and smooth muscle cells from aorta explants, induced to grow on a collagen type I matrix, was investigated at different stages of development. At early stages of embryonic development both cell types reacted with collagen as a substratum. At later stages, the endothelial cells had a lower response, whereas the response of muscle cells remained constant. Further evidence is given for the spatial-specific behaviour demonstrated by endothelial cells, which remained on the surface while smooth muscle cells invaded the matrix. Results further highlight the possible role of endothelial cell polarity on the cell-collagen interaction and growing response. PMID- 3178935 TI - Cholesterol feeding and experimental atherosclerosis. PMID- 3178936 TI - Differential metabolic basis for the hypocholesterolemic effects of cholestyramine and pectin in rats. PMID- 3178937 TI - [Submitting an abstract for a scientific article]. PMID- 3178938 TI - [Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen receptors and image analysis (SAMBA 200) in breast carcinomas]. AB - Estrogen receptor (ER) immunocytochemical assay (ER-ICA) was assessed human breast carcinomas. The patient's age, the tumor size, the histological type and SBR grade, the presence or the absence of axillary lymph node metastases and of vessel invasion in tumor borders were recorded in all the cases included in the series (n = 469) estrogen and progesterone receptors were concomitantly evaluated (DCC method) and or immunoenzymatic assays. Monoclonal H222 sp gamma and PAP procedure (Abbott kit) were applied in frozen sections, tumor imprints and fine needle aspirates. A computerized system of image analysis referred to as SAMBA (TITN), permitted to achieve a multiparametric quantitative analysis of ER positive surfaces. With this system, in each tumor, the cellularity, the percentage ER surface versus the total cell surface and versus the epithelial (keratin positive) surface, integrated optical density (IOD), mean optical density, index of the concentration of labelled objects, and IOD histograms, were obtained and correlated to histological and biochemical data. It was shown that: 1) ER antigenic sites were heterogeneously distributed in ER positive tumors, with a specific nuclear localization in epithelial cells; 2) the SAMBA 200 multiparametric analysis of the ER sites distribution in tissue was appropriate, accurate, reproductible and therefore more reliable than the semi-quantitative analysis; 3) the standardization and the complete automation of this method of immunoprecipitates evaluation on tissue section permit to daily and to routinely analyse a large number of preparation; 4) there was a correlation between ER binding sites evaluation (DCC) and ER antigenic sites immunodetection (ER-ICA and ER-EIA); 5) there was a correlation between the SAMBA evaluation of ER-ICA and other histological prognostic factors such as small tumor size, low SBR grade, the absence of axillary lymph node metastasis and vessel invasion; 6) the preliminary SAMBA analysis of ER-ICA in tissue sections, imprints and fine needle aspirates suggest that fine needle aspirates may not reflect accurately the tumor cell heterogeneity. PMID- 3178939 TI - [Endocrine cells in Walthard's cell rests]. AB - Walthard cell nests have been systematically examined for the presence of some endocrine cell types using histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Serotonin immunoreactive cells were the only endocrine cells demonstrated in this site. These cells were immunocharacterized using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. This finding reinforces the homology with transitional epithelium (urothelium) of urinary tract and Brenner tumors. In all these structures, the abundance of endocrine cells seems to be related to the intensity of the proliferative process affecting the transitional epithelium. PMID- 3178940 TI - [Carcinosarcomas of the bladder. Immunohistochemical study in 3 cases]. AB - We present 3 cases of carcinosarcoma of the bladder. We discuss the value of histochemistry on their diagnosis. We compare them to similar tumors reported in the medical literature. Like fusocellular carcinoma, carcinosarcoma finally appear as a morphological variant of high grade urothelial carcinoma, often difficult to diagnose. With our present knowledge, it is not possible to propose for these tumors other therapeutic measures than those already in use for high grade urothelial malignancies, based on the level of infiltration in the bladder wall. The classic pejorative prognosis of these tumors is contradicted by the favorable evolution in some cases reported in medical literature. PMID- 3178941 TI - [Histiocytoid hemangioma of the heart. Histological and immunohistochemical study of a case]. AB - We present the fourth case report of an histiocytoid hemangioma of the heart, which was found incidentally, as in the other three reported cases, in a 50 year old man during surgery for congenital heart disease. A polypoid sessile reddish tumor with a smooth surface, which measured 2 cm in diameter, was found in the right atrium. No necrosis nor cystic areas were seen. Histologic evaluation revealed a proliferation of histiocytoid or epithelioid cells, whose arrangement varied a great deal within the infiltrate. Sometimes, the cells were isolated but in most places they were arranged in sheets or nests surrounded by connective tissue. Some of these nests were compact whereas in others a lumen formation, frequently occupied by erythrocytes, could be appreciated. A striking feature was the presence of vacuolated tumor cells sometimes assuming a signet-ring configuration. Some large vascular spaces were lined by histiocytoid or epithelioid endothelial cells, many of which protruded into the lumen. Multinucleated tumor cells were occasionally observed. Mitoses were rare (up to 1/10 HPF) and scattered inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils were seen. Histologic appearance of our patient's tumor is identical to the histiocytoid hemangioma of Rosai et al., which is an ubiquitous endothelial benign neoplasm. PMID- 3178942 TI - [Generalized mucormycosis. Apropos of a case caused by Absidia corymbifera]. AB - This is the case of a woman, 49 year old, suffering from acute lymphoblastic common leukemia, who died from respiratory and cardiac insufficiency 47 days after the onset of aplasia. Autopsy revealed cardiac and cerebral dissemination of pulmonary mycosis. Absidia corymbifera (Mucoraceae, Phycomycete) was shown by culture to be the pathogen involved. PMID- 3178943 TI - [Carney's complex (myxomas, pigmented spots and endocrine hyperactivity). Apropos of a partial form in monozygotic twins]. AB - The authors describe monozygotic twins with right ventricular myxoma, one of whom had cutaneous myxomas, large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis (a lesion which was certainly latent in his brother) and recurrent cardiac myxoma. These elements are manifestations of "Carney's complex". This recently reported inherited syndrome should be recognized by pathologists because of major risk of cardiac myxoma. Cutaneous lesions, specially cutaneous myxomas, are heralds of this syndrome. PMID- 3178944 TI - [Cerebral neuroblastoma in the newborn infant]. AB - The authors report the exceptional case of a cerebral neuroblastoma responsible for intracranial hypertension at birth. In spite of neurosurgical intervention on the seventh day the newborn died. Histological and immunohistochemical study with Protein S 100 and "anti LEU 7" are consistent with the diagnosis of neuroblastoma. PMID- 3178945 TI - Conjunctival oxygen tension monitoring in emergency department patients. AB - Conjunctival oxygen tension (PcjO2) was sequentially monitored in 96 medical and surgical patients admitted to the emergency department resuscitation suite during a 6-month period. There were 28 patients with cardiac arrest, 44 with major trauma, and 24 with severe medical problems. A total of 2,392 PcjO2 data points were collected in these patients. In patients with cardiac arrest, PcjO2 showed changes in physiological condition as early as or earlier than measurement of vital signs. Measurement of PcjO2 and the finding of a PcjO2 index (PcjO2/PaO2) less than .5 in normotensive multiple trauma patients allowed rapid detection of hemorrhagic hypovolemia. In critically ill medical patients, low values for PcjO2 were found with hypoxemia as well as in conditions associated with decreased cardiac output and tissue oxygen delivery. These two conditions could be distinguished by measuring PaO2 and calculating the PcjO2 index; a PcjO2 index less than .5 was associated with diminished peripheral perfusion and cardiac output, and a PcjO2 index greater than .5 indicated hypoxemia without any compromise in cardiac output. In the group of critically ill surgical and medical patients included in this study, conjunctival oxygen monitoring provided clinically useful information not available from vital signs and permitted identification of physiological instability associated with abnormalities in peripheral tissue perfusion and oxygenation as early as or earlier than conventional monitoring methods. PMID- 3178946 TI - Electroventilation in the baboon. AB - The optimum sites for chest-surface electrodes and the relationship between the inspired volume of air and stimulus intensity were determined in six pentobarbital-anesthetized baboons. The optimum stimulation sites were identified using hand-held, trans-chest stimulating electrodes. Thereafter, conducting adhesive electrodes 4 cm in diameter were placed over each of the optimal sites. The relationship between inspired volume and stimulus intensity was determined with the forelimbs restrained and unrestrained using an 800-msec burst of 60/sec stimuli with a pulse duration of 20 microseconds. Two optimum stimulation sites were identified, one in the anterior axillary region, and another just lateral to the xiphoid process. The maximum volume of inspired air was obtained when the stimulating electrodes were placed at the anterior axillary sites. With the forelimbs restrained or unrestrained, an increased stimulus intensity resulted in an inspired volume well in excess of the spontaneous tidal volume of the animal. These studies indicate that, with chest-surface electrodes at the optimal locations, electroventilation can produce inspired volumes greater than spontaneous tidal volume in anesthetized baboons. With electrodes in the xiphoid region a smaller maximum inspired volume was obtained because of the stimulation of expiratory (abdominal) muscles. PMID- 3178947 TI - Beneficial effect of norepinephrine in the treatment of circulatory shock caused by tricyclic antidepressant overdose. AB - The beneficial effect of dopamine in circulatory shock induced by tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) overdose may be decreased due to compromise of the endogenous stores of norepinephrine caused by TCA. The successful outcome of two cases of TCA overdose complicated by hypotension, unresponsive to an initial treatment with physostigmine fluid challenge and dopamine (greater than 15 micrograms/kg/min) but subsequently responsive to an infusion of norepinephrine is reported. PMID- 3178948 TI - Effect on biochemical markers of brain injury of therapy with deferoxamine or superoxide dismutase following cardiac arrest. AB - Iron-mediated lipid peroxidation by oxygen radical mechanisms is thought to be a contributing factor to neurological injury during reperfusion following resuscitation from cardiac arrest. This study was designed to examine and compare the effects of an iron chelator (deferoxamine) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) on brain lipid peroxidation and tissue ions after eight hours of reperfusion following a 15-minute cardiac arrest. This sampling time was chosen because other work with this model has shown severe ionic and ultrastructural derangement at this point. Twenty-three dogs were anesthetized with ketamine and halothane and divided into four groups. Six dogs were nonischemic controls (group I). In the remaining dogs, a 15-minute cardiac arrest was induced with KCl. Resuscitation was begun with internal cardiac massage and artificial ventilation. After five minutes of artificial perfusion, internal defibrillation was performed to restart the heart. All dogs were resuscitated and supported by a standard intensive care (SIC) protocol for eight hours. Six resuscitated dogs served as SIC controls (group II). Six were treated with deferoxamine, 200 mg/kg loading dose and 100 mg/kg/h maintenance drip (group III), and five were treated with SOD, 1,000,000 units bolus and 500,000 units/h drip (group IV). All drugs were administered intravenously immediately postresuscitation. At eight hours postresuscitation, a 3-g portion of parietal cerebral cortex was obtained through a trephine hole. The sample was assayed for tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) by the thiobarbituric acid test, the double bond content of the tissue lipids (lipid unsaturation index, LUSI), and total tissue content of K and Na.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3178949 TI - Intravascular access in pediatric cardiac arrest. AB - All cases of patients aged less than 48 months who presented in cardiac arrest to the Hennepin County Medical Center's emergency department (ED) during the years 1984 to 1986 were reviewed retrospectively. The ED record, initial and subsequent chest radiographs, hospital charts, and autopsy reports were analyzed. A total of 33 cases were reviewed. The average patient age was 5 months. The average time needed to establish intravascular access was 7.9 +/- 4.2 minutes. Success rates were 77% for central venous catheterization, 81% for surgical vein cutdown, 83% for intraosseous infusion, and 17% for percutaneous peripheral catheterization. Percutaneous peripheral catheterization, when successful, and bone marrow needle placement were the fastest methods of obtaining intravascular access. There were no major immediate complications, and delayed complications were minimal. Attempts at peripheral intravenous catheter placement should be brief, with rapid progression to intraosseous infusion if peripheral attempts are not successful. PMID- 3178950 TI - A comparison of venous blood gases during cardiac arrest. AB - Previous reports have advocated the use of mixed venous blood gases to estimate arterial pH and as a reflection of tissue acid-based balance. However, true mixed venous samples are difficult to obtain during cardiac arrest as they require a pulmonary artery catheter. The purpose of this study was to determine whether central or femoral venous samples could be used in place of pulmonary artery samples. Blood gases from these sites were drawn at intervals during experimental cardiac arrest in dogs. The PO2, PCO2, and pH from the pulmonary artery samples were strongly correlated with those from the central venous (r = .93, .99, and .99, respectively) and from the femoral venous samples (r = .73, .93, and .97, respectively). There were no significant differences in the pulmonary artery, central, or femoral venous gases. This animal model suggests that femoral and central venous samples mirror true mixed venous blood gases from the pulmonary artery and could be used in their place. PMID- 3178951 TI - The effects of antishock trouser inflation during hypothermic cardiovascular depression in the canine model. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the value and to identify any deleterious effects of antishock trouser use during hypothermic cardiovascular depression. Thirteen mongrels were made hypotensive by cooling to a core temperature of approximately 27 degrees C. Eight dogs had antishock trousers inflated for one hour and five dogs served as controls. Metabolic and hemodynamic variables were measured at regular intervals during cooling, during trouser inflation, and after trouser deflation. No study animal experienced ventricular fibrillation. Neither central temperature, pH, or serum potassium nor mean arterial BP or systemic vascular resistance were significantly affected by trouser inflation or deflation. Antishock trouser use during the early phase of hypothermia before rewarming does not appear to result in a central bolus of cold, acidotic, hyperkalemic blood or the precipitation of ventricular fibrillation. There appears to be no significant hemodynamic benefit of antishock trouser use early in the management of hypotension caused by moderate hypothermia. PMID- 3178952 TI - Pacemaker failure associated with therapeutic radiation. AB - A 48-year-old white man with a multiprogrammable Intramedics 259-01 pacemaker was treated for inoperable lung cancer with a course of cobalt-60 radiotherapy (total 3,500 rad). Several weeks subsequent to his last radiation treatment, the patient presented to the emergency department with chest and abdominal pain, shortness of breath, hypotension, and tachycardia. A paced tachycardia was noted, and application of a magnet over the pacemaker completely inhibited its function, allowing a normal sinus rhythm to ensue and the patient's symptoms to be relieved. Pacemaker failure probably was a complication of radiotherapy. PMID- 3178953 TI - Delayed-onset Bochdalek hernia in a 3-year-old child. AB - A 3-year-old child presented to the emergency department (ED) with the sudden onset of shortness of breath and wheezing. The child had previously been in good health and had no problems during the neonatal period. Chest x-ray performed in the ED was consistent with a Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia. Subsequently, the child had surgery. The diagnosis was confirmed, and recovery was uneventful. The differential diagnosis of late onset congenital diaphragmatic hernia is discussed with an emphasis on both early recognition and differential diagnosis of this rare but correctable entity. PMID- 3178954 TI - Carbon monoxide poisoning at high altitudes. AB - Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a common problem encountered in a wide variety of settings, including both suicide attempts and accidental exposures. Fatal CO exposure occurred in two young, healthy mountain climbers who succumbed to fumes generated by a small cook stove in the enclosed space of their tent at 14,200 feet on Mount McKinley. There is the potential for confusing mild to moderate CO poisoning with the signs and symptoms of altitude illness. Physicians who deal with wilderness and environmental emergencies should be aware of this serious hazard. PMID- 3178955 TI - Isolated plantar midtarsal dislocation. AB - A case of isolated plantar midtarsal dislocation resulting from blunt trauma is presented. Review of the English-language literature reveals this to be an extremely rare injury. Strategies for emergency department management of this injury are discussed. PMID- 3178956 TI - Survival following massive arsenic ingestion. AB - A case of a 30-year-old man who ingested a massive quantity of arsenic (approximately 2,150 mg) in an apparent suicide attempt is presented. Aggressive initial therapy, including fluid resuscitation, chelation therapy, and hemodialysis, resulted in the patient's survival. The successful management of arsenic intoxication requires both prompt recognition and the initiation of specific and aggressive therapeutic modalities. PMID- 3178957 TI - Ipsilateral retrograde arterial contrast injection in unilateral lower extremity trauma. AB - Angiographic evaluation must be prompt in an injured patient with a threatened limb, marginal hemodynamic stability, or severe concomitant trauma. Nine patients with unilateral distal lower extremity trauma and suspected arterial injury were evaluated using retrograde contrast injection within the ipsilateral external iliac artery followed by distal serial filming. On the average, this technique used approximately 25 to 30 minutes less time than more conventional approaches. PMID- 3178958 TI - Elevated serum zinc levels in metal fume fever. AB - Metal fume fever is not an uncommon syndrome among welders following exposure to oxidized metal fumes (usually zinc). The relationship of serum zinc level to the acute phase of this illness is not known. Two cases of metal fume fever, associated with elevated serum zinc levels, are presented. Further studies are necessary to determine the diagnostic usefulness of serum zinc levels in metal fume fever. PMID- 3178959 TI - Fatal prolonged foreign body aspiration following an asymptomatic interval. AB - Patients with nondiagnosed foreign body aspiration usually have persistent symptoms and occasionally die. We are reporting two patients with histories suggestive of foreign body aspiration who were not definitively studied because of resolving symptoms. Both children became asymptomatic but subsequently developed acute, total airway obstruction and died. These cases demonstrate the difficulty of diagnosing aspiration and the necessity of timely intervention. PMID- 3178960 TI - Amebic liver abscess: emergency department diagnosis. AB - Twelve patients with amebic liver abscess were admitted to a university hospital. Ten of these patients were admitted through the emergency department. Patients, especially men from third world countries, with fever, right upper quadrant pain, and leukocytosis are at high risk for this disease and should have the diagnosis confirmed with amebic serology and ultrasonography or computed tomography. PMID- 3178961 TI - Cases in electrocardiography. PMID- 3178962 TI - Nalbuphine analgesia in the prehospital setting. AB - Forty-six patients with moderate to severe pain caused by orthopedic injuries, burns, multiple trauma, or intraabdominal conditions were treated with intravenous (IV) nalbuphine hydrochloride (Nubain; DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE) by paramedics before arrival at the hospital. Patients who weighed less than 60 kg received 15 mg nalbuphine, and patients weighing greater than 60 kg received 20 mg nalbuphine. Forty-one of 46 patients (89%) experienced pain relief from nalbuphine, with maximum relief occurring within 15 minutes after the administration of the drug. Two addicted patients received no pain relief. There were no untoward side effects following nalbuphine administration, and the patients' heart rates, mean arterial pressures, and respiratory rates remained constant and stable throughout the study period. Repeated assessment of the patient by paramedics in the field was not impaired by nalbuphine treatment. In summary, nalbuphine hydrochloride is a useful and safe analgesic drug for IV use by paramedics in the prehospital setting. PMID- 3178963 TI - Multiple authorship, basic research, and other trends in the emergency medicine literature (1975 to 1986). AB - As emergency medicine comes of age, it is interesting to examine the scientific nature of the specialty as reflected in the literature. Representative volumes of three emergency medicine journals were reviewed for number and type of article, institutional origin, article length, and number of authors. For Annals of Emergency Medicine, (AEM) volumes for 1975, 1980, and 1985 were studied. For The American Journal of Emergency Medicine (AJEM) and The Journal of Emergency Medicine (JEM), articles from the first 12 months of publication (1983 to 1984) and the complete 1986 issue were examined. Analysis of the scientific sections of the journals discloses some interesting trends. While the average article length has remained about the same (four to six pages), the average number of authors per article has steadily risen. The percentage of articles listing an academic origin has remained steady in AEM and JEM, but has risen in AJEM. Multicenter collaborations and basic science articles are appearing with significantly increased frequency. A noteworthy trend is the rise in multiple authorship of articles. There have been significant p less than 10(-4] increases in the number of multiple-authored (more than three authors) articles in AEM and JEM. As reflected by the literature, scientific progress in EM is maintaining a rapid pace. However, there are increasing numbers of papers with multiple authors. Listing of multiple authors on papers has prompted criticism of the literature in other medical specialties. If this trend continues, there may be a risk of compromising the integrity of the published research. PMID- 3178964 TI - Central versus mixed venous blood gases during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. PMID- 3178965 TI - Trends, truth, and consequences in the emergency medicine literature. PMID- 3178966 TI - Transferring patients without doing burr holes. PMID- 3178967 TI - Obtundation in the elderly patient. PMID- 3178968 TI - Pulsatile tinnitus during a Valsalva maneuver in a patient with Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome. PMID- 3178969 TI - Povidone-iodine solutions in traumatic wound preparation. PMID- 3178970 TI - Dog bites. PMID- 3178971 TI - Use of abbreviated mental status examination in the initial assessment of overdose patients. AB - Application of formal mental status testing in the emergency department (ED) to assess cognitive function has been hampered by the lack of a rapidly applied instrument. An Abbreviated Mental Status Examination (AMSE) with 10 test items that can be administered within five minutes by nursing personnel is described. Evaluation of the instrument on 296 ambulatory ED patients with grossly normal neurologic function showed that 93% of patients had a total score of seven or more correct answers and 83% of patients had eight or more correct answers. Application of the AMSE to 375 acute drug overdose patients at the same hospital showed a significant correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. An AMSE score of seven or less was found to be more sensitive than a GCS score of 13 or less for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and complications in the ICU (P less than 0.001). The AMSE score may serve as a useful tool for stratifying cognitive function in acute drug overdose patients and for identifying patients at increased risk for an adverse outcome from their overdose. PMID- 3178972 TI - Temporal bone fractures: a clinical diagnosis. AB - Temporal bone fractures may be complicated by intracranial haemorrhage, C.S.F. leakage and infection, damage to the middle and inner ear and damage to the seventh and eighth cranial nerves. Accurate early diagnosis is important to enable adequate investigation and prompt treatment of any complications. We present eight cases seen in a 12 month period in which a temporal bone fracture was not diagnosed at presentation in spite of a full clinical examination and standard skull radiographs. Five of these cases developed complications which resulted in their referral. The absence of a visible fracture on plain skull radiographs does not exclude a fracture, and those patients with clinical signs of a fracture should be treated appropriately and further investigations performed. Therefore the clinical examination is vital in diagnosing temporal bone fractures and must include careful otoscopy together with assessment of the function of the seventh and eighth cranial nerves. PMID- 3178973 TI - Problems encountered when administering general anaesthetics in accident and emergency departments. AB - Junior anaesthetists in 75 English hospitals were surveyed for their views on whether administering general anaesthetics in A&E departments provoked more anxiety than in the main theatre, and if so what factors contributed to this. Of these anaesthetists, 71% were more apprehensive working in A&E departments than in main theatre; 91% felt that they were adequately experienced but despite this there was a marked decline in apprehension with increasing experience. Sixty eight per cent of the anaesthetists thought that their assistance was inadequate and only 28% had an Operating Department Assistant (ODA). Forty eight per cent said that the equipment was inadequate in either standard or maintenance and 40% said that some of the patients were unsuitable for day case anaesthesia. The authors recommend that anaesthetists performing general anaesthetics in A&E departments should be adequately experienced using equipment provided and maintained by the anaesthetic department and assisted by adequately trained nurses or ODAs. PMID- 3178974 TI - Dog-bite lacerations: a controlled trial of primary wound closure. AB - Dog-bite wounds are often left open because of their reputation for infection if primarily closed. A prospective randomized trial comparing primary closure with leaving the wound open was performed to assess infection and cosmesis. Ninety-six patients with 169 lacerations had thorough surgical debridement and irrigation of their wounds. Ninety-two wounds were sutured and 77 left open. No prophylactic antibiotics were given. A total of 13 wounds developed infection: seven sutured and six unsutured wounds (not statistically significant), giving an overall infection rate of 7.7%. Significantly (P less than 0.01), more wound infections occurred in the hand in both groups compared to the rest of the body, indicating that particular attention should be paid to management of such wounds. It was concluded that dog-bite wounds should receive thorough surgical treatment and can be safely sutured at presentation. Special care should be given to hand wounds. PMID- 3178975 TI - Adequacy of senior registrar training in accident and emergency medicine over the last 5 years. AB - This study investigated the limitations of the present Senior Registrar training programmes in A&E Medicine. A completed questionnaire was returned from 46 of the 48 Consultants who had taken up post in the last 5 years and had themselves studied on one of the established training programmes. The positive views of the clinical training contrast sharply with the administrative and managerial components. Around 80% of the new Consultants had no training in clinical budgeting or ordering equipment and only half had experience of appointing staff and organizing locums. This is worrying as over 63% had or are currently facing staffing problems and 69% have financial or equipment difficulties. A more active training programme in A&E administration and management is recommended. PMID- 3178976 TI - Diagnosis of acute bone pain using isotope bone imaging. AB - Twenty-one patients with acute bone pain in areas other than the scaphoid were referred for isotope bone imaging directly from the A&E department. Of these scans 61% were positive. The various pathologies seen included stress fractures, osteomyelitis and bony metastases. Implications of the findings are discussed. PMID- 3178977 TI - Femoral nerve block for analgesia in fractures of the femoral neck. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of femoral nerve blocks in patients with fractures of the neck of the femur. Thirty-six patients with femoral neck fractures attending the accident department over a three month period received femoral blocks from one of the two authors. The effect of the block was assessed both subjectively and objectively. Thirty patients reported a worthwhile reduction in pain following the procedure and this was supported by objective blockade in 29. In all six patients who reported no benefit, the block failed objectively. There were no complications of the procedure. PMID- 3178978 TI - Treatment of sprained ankles by physiotherapists at professional soccer clubs. AB - Fifty-three physiotherapists working at professional soccer clubs responded to a postal questionnaire on the treatment of sprained ankles. Elevation, the application of ice and compression bandaging were commonly recommended for the first 24-48 hours followed by early mobilisation. A variety of other physiotherapy techniques were used and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs commonly dispensed. The application of these techniques to routine casualty practice is considered. PMID- 3178979 TI - Adolescent-type Tillaux fracture of the ankle: two case reports. AB - Fracture of the lateral portion of the distal end of the tibia in adults is known as the fracture of Tillaux (Tillaux, 1872). The fracture line extends vertically from the distal articular surface of the tibia upwards to the lateral cortex. The fragment is roughly quadrangular in shape. The analogous epiphyseal injury is less common and two such cases are presented here, both were fixed internally. There now appears to be a consensus of opinion that for fractures of the lateral portion of the distal tibial epiphysis open reduction should be performed, and that closed reduction should be reserved for undisplaced or minimally displaced fractures only. PMID- 3178980 TI - Alcohol-induced bronchospasm. AB - A case of alcoholic beverage sensitivity is described which presented as acute bronchospasm. Such reactions in asthmatics are not uncommon, though their severity may be underestimated in the presence of intoxication. Indeed, such patients may be dismissed as suffering only from the effects of intoxication with obvious consequences. PMID- 3178981 TI - A rupture of the serratus anterior. PMID- 3178982 TI - [Dosage recommendations for substitution of antithrombin III with coagulation active human citrated plasma]. PMID- 3178983 TI - [Use of ketamine in emergency medical care]. PMID- 3178984 TI - [Malignant hyperthermia in paramyotonia congenita]. PMID- 3178985 TI - [Right upper lobe atelectasis--a typical complication in ventilated children?]. PMID- 3178986 TI - [Broadening the applicability of the Praktiwarn 200 using a combination of the Spezivent 221 and the Praktimorph 201]. PMID- 3178987 TI - [Respiratory pressure control. Comment on the paper by J. Hamann, H. Winzig and Jutta Bunge: Temperature-dependent recording of disconnection and obstruction during ventilation]. PMID- 3178988 TI - [Adrenergic substances in asthma]. PMID- 3178989 TI - [Limits of IgE serodiagnosis of occupational respiratory allergies]. AB - In occupational respiratory diseases, it is important to establish the nature of the mechanism involved. The measurement of specific IgE is an excellent tool to prove a type I, IgE mediated, hypersensitivity. There are two distinct kinds of allergens: macromolecular allergens (storage mites, sea products...) which are technically and clinically similar to usual RAST; low molecular weight allergens (haptens such as isocyanates, formaldehyde...). In these cases, the RAST technology is different and the responsibility of specific IgE is less frequent, troubles being usually caused by irritative or toxic properties of these molecules. PMID- 3178990 TI - [Hyperglycemia in acute respiratory disorders in the newborn infant]. PMID- 3178991 TI - [Anorectal malformation and associated congenital anomalies in newborn infants]. PMID- 3178992 TI - [Dubowitz syndrome. Presentation of a case]. PMID- 3178993 TI - [5 cases of kala-azar collected in Mexico]. PMID- 3178994 TI - Differential hippocampal and cortical cholinergic activation during the acquisition, retention, reversal and extinction of a spatial discrimination in an 8-arm radial maze by mice. AB - Possible differentiation of the intervention of cholinergic septohippocampal and magnocellular forebrain (NBM) projections to cortex during learning and memory processes has been investigated directly using mice. High-affinity choline uptake velocities in the hippocampus and cortex were analyzed, in parallel, at various periods during the acquisition, over 8 days, as were the subsequent retention, reversal and extinction of a spatial discrimination in an 8-arm radial maze. Initial acquisition induced an immediate (30 s) and long-lasting (approx. 3 h) increase in mean hippocampal (+33%) and cortical (+23%) cholinergic activities. The time course of this activation was structure-dependent and correlations of hippocampal-cortical cholinergic activities showed large and consistent alterations as a function of time after training. Cholinergic activation in both brain regions was observed immediately following each daily training session with amplitudes which did not vary significantly in spite of a progressive daily increment in performance. Following acquisition mice were tested for retention, reversal and extinction: 30 s following the retention session, cholinergic activation was observed in both cortex and hippocampus, with magnitudes similar to those observed at the end of acquisition. However, in the reversal and extinction groups, a treatment-dependent attenuation of cholinergic activation was observed which was accompanied by a significant loss of correlation of cholinergic activity between these two brain regions. The results are discussed in relation to the concepts of reference and working memory and also to novelty, stress, arousal and frustrative non-reward. The data constitute direct experimental evidence for a differential involvement of cholinergic septohippocampal and NBM-cortical projections in learning and memory processes. PMID- 3178995 TI - Non-conscious face recognition in patients with face agnosia. AB - Four patients with face agnosia, a condition in which there is a failure to recognize previously known faces or faces that ought to have been learned without difficulty, were studied with an experimental paradigm in which both overt (verbal self-report) and covert (electrodermal skin conductance response) probes of recognition were used. The results showed a striking dissociation between the two indices: (1) all 4 patients generated more frequent and significantly larger amplitude skin conductance responses to familiar faces, as compared to unfamiliar ones. This outcome contrasts with the finding that (2) none of the patients was able to give discriminatory verbal ratings of familiar versus unfamiliar faces. The positive electrodermal discrimination is interpreted as an index of the rich co-activation of records that is produced when familiar facial stimuli successfully trigger the reassembly of previously acquired representations of the physical structure of faces. The results of this co-activation, however, are unavailable to consciousness. This is seen as the consequence of lesion-related disruption of linkages between face records, on the one hand, and non-face records that contain information uniquely and unequivocally apposite to the possessor of a particular face. PMID- 3178996 TI - Modifications of the sexual activity in male rats following administration of antiserotoninergic drugs. AB - The influence of cyproheptadine (CPH), methysergide and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) was studied on male sexual activity. Wistar rats from a colony of the Department were used. Measures of sexual parameters (number of ejaculations, initial latency, ejaculation latency, refractory period and neuromotor activity) indicate that cyproheptadine and methysergide facilitate male sexual activity. However, 5-HT inhibits male sexual reflex. Our experimental results suggest that the serotoninergic system exerts an inhibitory role on the sexual parameters which comprise the copulatory model of the male rat and also demonstrate that cyproheptadine facilitates sexual behavior of the male rat. PMID- 3178997 TI - Role of lateral habenula in the regulation of exploratory behavior and its relationship to stress in rats. AB - The lateral habenula is a major station conveying information between the limbic forebrain and midbrain. Bilateral lesions of the lateral habenula were found to increase exploratory behavior, including locomotor activity, rearing and hole poke responses in rats. These effects were not due to an augmentation of general motor function, since the animal's performance on the Rota-rod treadmill was not significantly changed by the same manipulation. Lateral habenular lesion was also found to potentiate the effects of footshock stress on exploratory behavior in an open field. It is suggested that the lateral habenula probably plays an inhibitory role in the expression of certain emotion-related behaviors under normal and stressful situations. PMID- 3178998 TI - Visual split brain and monocular deprivation in kittens: differentiation between the effects of disuse and of binocular competition in visual cortex cells. AB - To differentiate between the resulting effect of disuse, developmentally induced by deprivation, and the binocular competition effect on cortical cells, visual split brain was performed concurrently with monocular deprivation in kittens. In the experienced hemisphere of the split brain deprived cats (ipsilaterally to the non-deprived eye), there were twice as many visually responsive cortical cells than found in their inexperienced hemisphere (ipsilaterally to the deprived eye); however, these cells were equal in number to that found in the split brain controls. In the monocularly deprived control cats a relation of 3.2 was found between cells driven by the non-deprived and the deprived eye. Visual disuse, therefore, resulting from monocular deprivation, affects cortical cells under complete absence of binocular competition but is greatly enhanced by the latter. PMID- 3178999 TI - Portacaval anastomosis attenuates the impairing effect of cyproheptadine on avoidance learning in rats--an involvement of the serotonergic system. AB - Portacaval-anastomized (PCA) rats were used to demonstrate the involvement of the serotonergic system in long-term memory formation. Significant increases in the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, a metabolite of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), in all regions examined and the turnover rate of this indoleamine transmitter in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, midbrain and medulla oblongata were observed in PCA rats in comparison with sham-operated controls. Cyproheptadine, a 5-HT receptor blocking agent, impaired the retention of two-way avoidance learning reinforced by light stimuli when the drug was intraperitoneally injected immediately after the completion of training. PCA treatment attenuated the impairing effect of cyproheptadine. When cyproheptadine was injected 2 h after the completion of training, the correct response in the retention test period was not decreased. The present results suggest that memory formation is a time requiring process and is mediated by the central serotonergic mechanism. PMID- 3179000 TI - Electrical intracerebral stimulation of the area postrema on taste aversion learning. AB - The structural characteristics of the area postrema, its anatomical connections, participation in the detection of emesis-provoking substances and the effects of area postrema lesions on taste aversion learning acquisition, are all factors which speak in favor of a role as a chemoreceptor zone involved in the detection of aversive agents which act as effective inducers of taste aversion learning. The feasibility of substituting electrical intracerebral stimulation of the area postrema for the aversive stimulus was investigated in a taste aversion learning paradigm. In Expt. 1, 0.1-ms rectangular pulses of 50 Hz, delivered intermittently or continuously for 4 h after a 15-min delay following ingestion of the gustatory stimulus, produced reliable learning. Expt. 2 showed the learning thus induced to reflect all the characteristics features attributed to taste aversion learning: one-trial learning, long interstimulus delay and cue consequence specificity. These results suggest that the area postrema could participate in the detection of the aversive consequences of particular taste aversion learning-inducing agents. PMID- 3179001 TI - Downstream processes: equipment and techniques. PMID- 3179002 TI - Chromatographic equipment for large-scale protein and peptide purification. PMID- 3179003 TI - Tangential flow filtration. PMID- 3179004 TI - Restoration of the split molar: bicuspidization. PMID- 3179005 TI - Microleakage of glass ionomer tunnel restorations. PMID- 3179006 TI - Effectiveness of four interproximal cleaning devices in plaque removal and gingival health. PMID- 3179007 TI - Cavity bases, liners and varnishes: a clinical perspective. PMID- 3179008 TI - Biocompatibility of a glass ionomer luting agent in primates. Part I. PMID- 3179009 TI - Rehabilitation in the year 2000. PMID- 3179010 TI - Description and interobserver reliability of the Tufts Assessment of Motor Performance. AB - This paper describes the conceptual basis for the development of a new clinical evaluation instrument, the Tufts Assessment of Motor Performance (TAMP). The TAMP is a 32-item, diagnosis-independent, criterion-referenced test that samples physical performance items in the areas of mobility, activities of daily living and physical aspects of communication. The administrative and scoring criteria of the TAMP are presented, and the multiple measurement dimensions are described. The documentation of patient status and progress, as described in the functional and performance profiles, is outlined. The paper also reports initial interobserver reliability on the intraitem tasks and the summary indexes of the two profiles. Forty individuals (20 adults and 20 children) with neurologic and musculoskeletal disorders comprised the reliability sample. Kappa and intraclass correlations were used to estimate the reliability of three independent raters on individual tasks and aggregate scores, respectively. Task reliability for the assistance and approach measurement dimensions were generally higher than for the more qualitative pattern and proficiency dimensions. Yet over 90% of all the tasks had acceptable reliability, while all the summary indexes had high interobserver reliability. Determination of interobserver reliability data is the initial phase of defining the most appropriate and technically valuable items, and will serve as a basis for item revision and reduction to enhance the clinical utility of the test. PMID- 3179011 TI - Spinal cord injury and concomitant traumatic brain injury. Results of a longitudinal investigation. AB - One-hundred fifty persons with traumatic onset spinal cord injury (SCI) were administered a comprehensive neuropsychologic test battery an average of 7 weeks after SCI, and 67 were retested using the same battery an average of 38 weeks after initial testing. It was hypothesized that if traumatic brain injury were a significant sequela of SCI, retesting would reveal evidence of cognitive recovery over time and would further enable a clearer separation of preinjury cognitive capacity from the effects of injury. Significant improvement in test performance occurred across time to the degree and in a pattern similar to that noted in persons who have sustained mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Hypothesized relationships between level and extent of SCI, etiology of injury and presence/absence of loss of consciousness and neuropsychologic test scores were not observed. Implications for the rehabilitation process are discussed. PMID- 3179012 TI - Survey of medical student electives in physical medicine and rehabilitation. Problems and solutions. AB - There is already a body of knowledge in the literature reflecting on the need, the organization and evaluation of a strong medical student physical medicine and rehabilitation experience. However, there is still a need to develop and implement these concepts in many academic programs. This paper will review the strategies for improving medical student education in physical medicine and rehabilitation with emphasis on faculty development, administrative organizations and departmental resources. PMID- 3179013 TI - Median and radial sensory latencies to digit I as compared with other screening tests in carpal tunnel syndrome. AB - Fifty two patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome were evaluated electrodiagnostically by using a variety of screening tests. The criteria of normalcy were as follows: distal median motor latency lower than 4.2 ms, distal median sensory latency wrist-to-third finger at 14 cm higher than 3.2 ms for the onset and than 3.8 ms to the peak, median sensory conduction velocity wrist-to palm at 7 cm higher than 40 m/s peak-to-peak and difference between median and radial sensory latencies wrist-to-first digit at 11 cm using an intermediate position as site of stimulation and measured peak-to-peak ("bactrian sign") higher than 0.4 ms. Other tests such as median-ulnar comparison using finger 4 were considered less reliable based primarily on the frequent association of carpal tunnel syndrome and Guyon canal entrapment. Carpal tunnel syndrome was confirmed in 49 of 52 suspected cases (94.2%) by at least one abnormal screening test. Bilateral involvement was noted in 65.3% of the cases (32 patients). The "bactrian" (two-hump camels) sign was the single most sensitive test used, being positive in 83.7% of cases. The second most sensitive test was median SNAP (wrist to-finger) latency and the third, sensory conduction velocity across the carpal tunnel. PMID- 3179014 TI - Thoracic disc herniation and spinal cord injury. AB - A 52-yr-old male developed progressive thoracic myelopathy after a fall. At laminectomy using the standard posterior approach, he was found to have a herniated thoracic disc compressing the spinal cord. Postoperatively, he was paraplegic. We had a series of three such patients. This paper discusses the problems associated with discectomy using the standard posterior approach and reviews the literature about the alternative approaches for surgical treatment available today. PMID- 3179015 TI - Diagnostic peripheral nerve block resulting in compartment syndrome. PMID- 3179016 TI - The major heat-shock protein hsp 68 is not induced by stress in mouse erythroleukemia cell lines. AB - Most mammalian cells respond to brief incubation at elevated temperatures by enhanced or new synthesis of a set of heat-shock proteins (hsp). In mouse cells, as determined by SDS--one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the most prominent hsps have molecular masses of approximately 89,000, 70,000, and 68,000 Da. When the heat-shock response of the mouse erythroleukemia cell line D1B, or two other DBA/2 cell lines (707C1 and 745C2), was examined by [35S]methionine labelling, following heat shocks of 10 min at 42 or 44 degrees C, or 1 h at 45 degrees C, no protein band corresponding to hsp 68 was observed. However, the synthesis of both hsp 89 and hsp 70 was enhanced. Northern blot analysis of cytoplasmic RNA extracted from control and stressed cells indicated that hsp 68 mRNA was absent, even after stresses of up to 1 h at 45 degrees C. Differentiation induced by dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) (monitored by the induction of globin synthesis) had no effect on hsp 68 expression in D1B cells; also, hsp 68 could not be induced at various stages of differentiation (0-72 h). Southern blot analysis showed that all three hsp-68 genes were present and not rearranged, and apparently did not carry any deletion in their 5' ends. To determine whether methylation could be involved in maintaining the genes in their silent state, we treated cells with 10 microM 5-azacytidine for 48 h. No hsp 68 expression was observed following such treatment in either undifferentiated or DMSO-induced differentiated D1B cells. Furthermore, Southern blot analysis of MspI/HpaII-digested genomic D1B DNA did not display any differences in methylation patterns around the promoter region of the probed gene compared with control cells, indicating that methylation is not involved in hsp-68 repression. When chimeric plasmids carrying the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene under regulation of the mouse hsp-68 or Drosophila hsp-70 promoters were transfected into D1B cells, minimal (2-fold) or no induction was observed, in contrast with the 60-fold induction seen in a control myeloma cell line. These results suggest a trans-acting mechanism of hsp 68 repression in erythroleukemia cells. PMID- 3179017 TI - Taurine uptake by normal and cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. AB - Taurine deficiency recently has been proposed to be clinically significant in cystic fibrosis (CF). Uptake of [14C]taurine by four cystic fibrosis (CF) and three control fibroblast lines was examined to determine whether a generalized defect in taurine transport could contribute to the deficiency. The time course of uptake was linear up to 20 h and was similar in both CF and control fibroblasts. Taurine was avidly retained after uptake, and the effect of metabolic (chlorpromazine) and competitive (hypotaurine, L-leucine) inhibitors was similar in both CF and control cells. In contrast, while taurine uptake in a calcium-free medium was impaired in both CF and control fibroblasts, the impairment was significantly less in CF cells. The findings suggest that a generalized abnormality in taurine transport is unlikely to be responsible for the taurine deficiency in CF. PMID- 3179018 TI - Enzymatic oxidation of all-trans retinal to retinoic acid in rat tissues. AB - The 100,000 x g supernatant (cytosolic) fraction of rat tissue homogenates catalyzes the oxidation of all-trans retinal to retinoic acid. Kidney, testis, and lung were the most active of the tissues examined. The presence of enzyme activity in liver and intestine could be detected only when a substrate concentration beyond the saturation point for retinal reductase was used. Spleen, brain, and plasma had no activity. Boiled supernatants did not catalyze the reaction. The enzymatic product was chemically and physically identified as retinoic acid. The cytosol of kidney tissue also catalyzed the conversion of retinol to retinoic acid. These data indicate that kidney tissue has the highest retinal oxidase activity and suggest that it may play a major role in the oxidative metabolism of retinol in the body. PMID- 3179019 TI - The independent regulation of tRNA(iMet) and tRNA(Asn) synthesis during Friend cell erythroid differentiation. AB - In this report, we have compared the changes in the production of tRNA(iMet) (initiator tRNA(Met] and tRNA(Asn), which occur during erythroid differentiation in the Friend erythroleukemia cell. The relative steady-state concentration of these two tRNAs (relative to the total tRNA population) was measured by aminoacylation. The results show that while the relative steady-state concentration of tRNA(iMet) changes very little in the cytoplasmic tRNA population, the relative concentration of tRNA(Asn) decreases during the first two days of differentiation and then undergoes an increase. This difference in the behavior of these two tRNAs is also seen when their relative concentrations in newly synthesized tRNA is examined. When tRNA is labeled with tritiated uridine for 24 h in vivo prior to isolation, the hybridization of this labeled tRNA to filter-bound tRNA genes shows that the relative concentration of tRNA(iMet) in newly synthesized tRNA changes very little, while the relative concentration of newly synthesized tRNA(Asn) again decreases through the first 2 days of differentiation, and then undergoes a smaller increase. Thus, the production of these two tRNAs appears to be independently regulated. Independent regulation of synthesis is also observed when examining the production of these two tRNAs in isolated nuclei. During erythroid differentiation, the relative synthesis of tRNA(iMet) (relative to total nuclear RNA synthesis) remains constant, while the relative synthesis of tRNA(Asn) undergoes periodic increases and decreases in value. PMID- 3179020 TI - Characterization of aconitate hydratase from mitochondria and cytoplasm of ascites tumor cells. AB - This paper describes the characterization of aconitate hydratase (EC 4.2.1.3) in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial extracts from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells carried by BALB/C mice. The results show a similar distribution of aconitate hydratase in both extracts, with specific activities much lower than those found in pig and mouse tissues. Mitochondrial aconitate hydratase shows a substrate inhibition by citrate with a Km similar to that found in cytoplasm (Km = 1.0 mM and 0.9 mM, respectively). Oxalacetate produces a mixed type of inhibition in both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial aconitate hydratases with different inhibition constants (Ki = 0.3 mM and 1.0 mM, respectively). Moreover, the specific activities of aconitate hydratase in both cytoplasm and mitochondria decrease when the tumor progresses in the peritoneum of BALB/C mice, as well as the percentage of aconitate hydratase activity in the presence of oxalacetate as the inhibitor. These results indicate that the activity and kinetics of aconitate hydratase are markedly altered by neoplastic transformation as occurs in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Since aconitate hydratase is not a key enzyme, these unexpected data are of interest in the study of cancer biochemistry. PMID- 3179021 TI - [Quantitative morphologic aspects of the normal human parathyroid gland]. PMID- 3179022 TI - [Autoregressive sequences and morphometric distributions]. PMID- 3179023 TI - [Phenylhydrazine as mitoticostimulant]. PMID- 3179024 TI - [Methods for the study of growth in vitro of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM)]. PMID- 3179025 TI - Lack of effect of histamine in influencing prolactin and TSH release from anterior pituitary gland in vitro. PMID- 3179026 TI - Pharmacokinetics of theophilline in different age-groups: statistical analysis. PMID- 3179027 TI - Some morphohistochemical observations on the noradrenergic fibres of the vas deferens of the adult rat, after reserpine administration: preliminary study. PMID- 3179028 TI - AIDS transmission: evidence that passionate kissing can cause microlesions of the oral mucosa. PMID- 3179029 TI - [Development and involution of the interscapular organ in the rat: quantitative aspects]. PMID- 3179030 TI - Susceptibility of erythrocyte membranes to treatment with L-alpha lysophosphatidylcholine in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3179031 TI - Turnover and maturation kinetics in regenerating mouse epidermis. AB - The numbers of basal cells, spinous cells and granular cells per high power vision field were recorded during regeneration of hairless mouse epidermis after topical cantharidin application. The mitotic rate was measured by a stathmokinetic method using Colcemid, and the transit time of 3H-TdR-labelled basal cells through the nucleated cell layers was estimated. A sequential increase in basal cell density, numbers of spinous cells and of granular cells indicates a transit time of about 20 h through the nucleated cell layers of regenerating epidermal cells. This transit time was confirmed by the movement of 3H-TdR pulse labelled cells through the nucleated cell layers, and is considerably shorter than the transit time of several days in normal mouse epidermis. Two periods of total loss of nucleated cells were seen; one between 20 h and 30 h after cantharidin application, and another after 40 h. Increased loss of nucleated epidermal cells means increased rate of terminal differentiation. How this relates to the loss of cornified cells from the surface remains to be investigated. Detailed knowledge about such loss is important for a more complete understanding of epidermal growth homeostasis during regeneration. PMID- 3179032 TI - Immunohistochemical identification of macrophages and various dendritic cells in paraffin-embedded biopsy material. AB - Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) to monocytes/macrophages usually detect surface membrane antigens that are reactive only on cryostat sections of unfixed tissue. Such sections do not afford structural preservation conducive to satisfactory morphological characterization of various cell types. Moreover, in pathology laboratories the indication for immunohistochemical analyses often arises after routine preparation of the biopsy material has been carried out. Another difficulty is that the available MoAbs have shown a considerable degree of detection heterogeneity, including various dendritic cells (DC) and also various cell types beyond the monocyte-derived lineage. Conversely, the L1 protein is a formalin-resistant myelomonocytic antigen for which a MoAb is now available; and this cytoplasmic marker has a remarkably restricted distribution within the monocyte-derived cell lineage. By paired staining for L1 and S-100 protein, macrophages and DC of the interdigitating or Langerhans type can be visualized simultaneously in routine formalin-fixed paraffin sections. Such immunohistochemical staining is useful for the mapping of reactive tissue elements and characterization of histiocytic neoplasms. Interdigitating and Langerhans' DC can, in addition, be demonstrated in paraffin sections of ethanol fixed tissue by means of MoAb to HLA-DR. MoAbs are also available for detection of follicular DC in such material. Visualization of the latter cells is of interest for the evaluation of lymph nodes from patients infected with the AIDS virus. PMID- 3179033 TI - Ultrastructural identification of platelet surface glycoproteins and particle endocytosis with gold-labeled reagents. AB - Blood platet surface labeling was obtained by the use of the lectins concavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin. Colloidal gold particles coated with horseradish peroxidase and ovomucoid respectively were used as markers. Also erythrocytes and leukocytes were labeled. Using monoclonal antibodies against the platelet surface glycoproteins Ib and IIb-IIIa specific labeling of the platelets was obtained, whereas the red cells and the leukocytes were entirely free of labeling. With glutaraldehyde fixed platelets no gold particle uptake was observed. With unfixed normal platelets, however, surface membrane-associated particles were sometimes observed within the surface connecting canalicular system, and occasionally in small vesicles. In unfixed platelets from a patient with thrombocytopathia, possible platelet endocytosis of the membrane bound particles was observed with particles assumed to be transported via vesicles to granules probably representing lysosomal structures. PMID- 3179034 TI - The effects of dose and duration of administration on the promotion index of phenobarbital in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. AB - The relative potency of chemicals as promoting agents in multistage hepatocarcinogenesis has been previously defined as the Promotion Index through calculations of quantitative stereology. The Promotion Index is a function of the total cell population of altered hepatic foci in the liver at any given time and dose of promoting agent. When the Promotion Index was determined as a function of the dose of phenobarbital given in the diet for varying periods of time, a value of 394 was obtained for doses less than 0.01%; at doses between 0.01% and 0.1%, the Promotion Index was found to be 47. These values were obtained by the extrapolation of slopes of the Promotion Indices at various doses and durations of administration of phenobarbital. The volume percentages of the liver occupied by seven possible phenotypes using three different markers (gamma glutamyltranspeptidase, canalicular ATPase and glucose-6-phosphatase) were relatively constant in distribution for up to one year of phenobarbital administration except at the two highest doses employed, 0.5% and 0.1%, at which a maximal effect of the promoting agent has been obtained. Possible mechanisms for the biphasic relationship of the Promotion Index of phenobarbital with the dose and time of administration are discussed. PMID- 3179035 TI - Gene transcription in a temperature-sensitive mutant of RNA polymerase II. AB - We have studied the transcription rates and the steady-state levels of cytoplasmic mRNA of selected genes in tsAF8 cells, a temperature-sensitive mutant of RNA polymerase II. At the restrictive temperature, the transcription rates decrease uniformly for all genes examined, while the corresponding decreases in steady-state levels of cytoplasmic mRNA vary for individual genes. tsAF8 cells can be advantageously used to study the half-line of mRNA without the use of perturbing drugs. PMID- 3179036 TI - Let us forget "tumour promotion" and start thinking about mechanisms of non genotoxic carcinogenicity. AB - Both genotoxic and non-genotoxic mechanisms may contribute to carcinogenesis. Each may be effective by itself, or the two may act in any combination to boost the risk of neoplasia. Non-genotoxic carcinogens may act in a wide variety of ways and not simply as second stage carcinogens (i.e. promoters) on previously initiated cells. There is no justification for assuming that cancers have to be "initiated" by genotoxic carcinogens. Prior exposure to a genotoxin is obviously not necessary for hormonal carcinogenesis in which evidence of DNA damage occurs as a late, and not an early, event. Perhaps hormone-induced hyperplasia renders cells more sensitive to environmental or endogenous genotoxins? New data indicating that overnutrition predisposes to increased mortality from malignant neoplasms of a wide variety of kinds in rats is briefly presented. It is suggested that the use of the terms "initiator" and "promoter" should now be phased out in favour of "genotoxic carcinogens" and "non-genotoxic carcinogens", respectively. PMID- 3179037 TI - The presentation of acute glaucoma in pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule. AB - Up to 25% of patients with pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule (PXF) and glaucoma may present with an acute rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) but the majority of these are not due to angle closure glaucoma. A series of 139 cases with acute presentation of PXF is described; this comprised 86 cases of acute open angle PXF glaucoma (9 bilateral), 18 cases of acute angle closure glaucoma with PXF, 21 cases of neovascular glaucoma with PXF and 14 cases of absolute PXF glaucoma. Males suffered acute open-angle PXF glaucoma and absolute PXF glaucoma significantly more frequently than females. The anterior chamber depth was 2.2 mm or less in all eyes having acute angle closure glaucoma with PXF but few cases with acute open-angle PXF glaucoma had a shallow anterior chamber, this difference being highly statistically significant (P less than 0.001). The response to medical treatment was poor in most cases, while surgical treatment was successful in lowering IOP in the majority of cases. Argon laser trabeculoplasty was less successful with a risk of late high rise in IOP. PMID- 3179038 TI - Primary eyelid malignant melanoma associated with primary conjunctival malignant melanoma. AB - Two patients presented with the unusual occurrence of isolated foci of malignant melanoma of the upper eyelid and ipsilateral inferior conjunctiva. Neither patient had clinical evidence of primary acquired conjunctival melanosis, but in one case there was histopathologic evidence of this condition. The clinical features, histopathologic findings, and possible significance of this unusual occurrence are discussed. PMID- 3179039 TI - Avoidable blindness. PMID- 3179040 TI - Professional negligence. AB - In the last 5 years there has been an extraordinary increase in negligence actions against South Australian ophthalmologists. This paper considers the reasons, in particular those changes in the interpretation of the law which have made doctors vulnerable. Medical practice needs to be modified if doctors, especially surgeons, are to protect themselves, but the appropriate changes may not be in patients' best interests. The law of negligence is said to be on the brink of collapse and the Australian situation offers an interesting contrast to New Zealand's no-fault accident insurance scheme. PMID- 3179041 TI - The effect of the New Zealand Accident Compensation legislation on medical malpractice. AB - The New Zealand Accident Compensation Act 1972 and its amending Act of 1982 have substantially altered the attitudes of the law, the medical profession and the public, to personal injury by accident. The element of fault is removed and the uncertainty of the outcome of a claim under adversarial court action no longer exists. Rehabilitation assistance on recovery from injury as well as accident prevention measures are cited in the Act as statutory responsibilities of the New Zealand Accident Compensation Corporation. Mechanisms of dealing with medical malpractice, with illustrative examples from ophthalmic practice, are described. Most such incidents are described as medical misadventure. PMID- 3179042 TI - Microholes of the fovea centralis. AB - Foveal microholes are a possible cause of unilateral or bilateral small central visual defects in the absence of other macular pathology. In 18 eyes of 17 patients we noted the following features: small, dark-reddish holes in the centre of the fovea ranging from 50 to 150 micron in size; normal adjacent retinal pigment epithelium and neuroepithelium; unilateral in most cases; males and females are equally affected; mean age 40 years; insidious onset; no history of direct eye trauma or sungazing; non-progressive; relatively favourable visual outcome; no relationship with regular macular holes; aetiology unknown. These distinctive features justify reporting these patients as an important separate group. PMID- 3179043 TI - The loss of fusion in adults with intractable diplopia (central fusion disruption). AB - People over the age of 10 years can lose their fusion ability. This acquired disruption of fusion gives rise to intractable diplopia without suppression. An involuntary vertical bobbing movement of the non-fixing eye, present only with both eyes open, occurs at or near the angle of superimposition. This appears to be a unique and characteristic sign of acquired disruption of fusion and was present in all cases. Other causes of diplopia are mentioned and differentiated. Acquired central fusion disruption usually results from serious head injury. Partial recovery may occur but is unlikely. Sensory deprivation of at least 3 1/2 years' duration due to poor vision in one eye resulting from a traumatic cataract and sometimes subsequent uncorrected unilateral aphakia caused loss of fusion in 15 patients. The practical implications with regard to intraocular lenses and unilateral aphakia is discussed. Less commonly, vascular, neoplastic and presumed inflammatory lesions in the mid-brain area cause central fusion disruption. PMID- 3179044 TI - Endothelial cell protection. PMID- 3179045 TI - Presidential address. Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists 19th annual congress, Perth, October 1987. PMID- 3179046 TI - Presidential address. Ophthalmological Society of New Zealand annual scientific meeting, Rotarua, September 1987. PMID- 3179047 TI - A modern approach to lacrimal surgery. AB - In this series of 129 lacrimal operations over a ten-year period the techniques of simple and complex lacrimal surgery are discussed. Preoperative investigations included dye tests and radiological studies which determined the type of surgical procedure required. Meticulous haemostasis and identification of the surgical anatomy reduced the incidence of operative and postoperative complications. Where failures occurred re-operation was performed with satisfactory results in all except one case. Lester Jones Pyrex tube techniques are described using a flow system of instrumentation designed to facilitate primary and secondary tube insertion and also tube replacement. PMID- 3179048 TI - Ocular abnormalities in deaf children: a discussion of deafness and retinal pigment changes. AB - In a survey of 78 hearing impaired children, 33% were found to have ocular abnormalities. The abnormalities were relatively minor, the most frequent being altered retinal pigmentation. Although congenital rubella infection was the most common cause of this finding the cause in others was more obscure. Possible causes for hearing loss associated with retinal pigment and other tissue changes are abnormal cilia, abnormalities in cells with similar embryological origins and genetic defects affecting pigmentation. PMID- 3179049 TI - Vitrectomy techniques in the treatment of giant retinal tears: a flexible approach. AB - We describe a flexible approach employing vitrectomy, scleral buckling and intraocular tamponading agents in the treatment of giant retinal tears. Intraocular gas without a buckle was used in the 10 least complicated cases. In five eyes we considered a scleral buckle to be necessary in addition to gas tamponade. Silicone oil was selected as the primary tamponading agent in the six most complex cases with PVR and in five re-operations. The overall anatomical success rate was 71% of which 73% had a final visual acuity of at least 6/60 and 60% achieved 6/18 or better. PMID- 3179050 TI - Doppler ultrasound of orbital vessels. AB - The techniques of doppler ultrasound have been applied to blood vessels within the orbit. The doppler frequency shifts of ultrasonic pulses scattered from blood cells moving within orbital vessels are a measure of velocities rather than the amount of blood flow. The doppler signal from the ophthalmic artery behind the globe is responsive to changes in ocular blood flow. Blood flow can also be detected at the optic nerve head, and from the coats of the eye adjacent to the nerve head. Flow rate in the ophthalmic artery is reduced following retrobulbar anaesthesia. The source of the pulsatile retrograde flow signal which can be detected in some cases of internal carotid stenosis is located in the region of the ophthalmic artery. PMID- 3179051 TI - Clinical types of primary angle closure glaucoma. AB - There is no internationally adopted terminology for the clinical types of primary angle-closure glaucoma. Descriptions of three clinical types: 1. intermittent angle closure; 2. acute and subacute angle closure; and 3. creeping angle closure are presented with reasons for the division into and naming of these types. Chronic angle closure is not a distinct form but a late derivation from various types of angle closure. PMID- 3179052 TI - Methylcellulose for endothelial cell protection. AB - A randomised trial of three types of endothelial cell protection for patients undergoing posterior chamber intraocular lens implant is described. The results confirm the superiority of a viscoelastic fluid over air as a form of endothelial cell protection. No statistically significant difference was found between sodium hyaluronate and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). As the cost of sodium hyaluronate is prohibitive, a manufacturing technique for HPMC is given. PMID- 3179053 TI - Quality assurance and recertification. PMID- 3179054 TI - Myopia and pterygium. PMID- 3179055 TI - Botulinum toxin. PMID- 3179056 TI - Reduction of tellurite and deesterification of fluorescein diacetate are not well correlated with the viability of mycobacteria. AB - Both Mycobacterium leprae and M. lepraemurium (MLM) were capable of reducing tellurium as tellurite ion (Te4+) to elemental tellurium (Te), seen by electron microscopy as fine crystals within the bacterial cells. There appeared to be close correspondence between the capacity to reduce tellurite, bright green fluorescence after staining with fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and the ability of M. smegmatis to multiply in culture. Likewise, there appeared to be correspondence between tellurite reduction and fluorescence after FDA staining for MLM subjected to prolonged storage in the cold or to heating at 70 degrees C. However, correspondence with tellurite-reduction or fluorescence after FDA staining was not observed when death of MLM occurred in vivo. PMID- 3179057 TI - Immunological relationship among glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases in the genera Enterobacter and Escherichia. AB - The comparative immunological study of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH) among Enterobacteriaceae carried out with an anti-Enterobacter cloacae G-3-PDH serum pointed out the large heterogeneity of the genera Enterobacter and Escherichia. The use of two-dimensional maps integrating our new data and previously acquired quantitative data confirmed these results. PMID- 3179058 TI - Haemolytic activity in the genus Legionella. PMID- 3179059 TI - [1987 supplement (no. 31) to the schema of Kauffmann-White]. AB - This supplement reports the characters of 16 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1987 by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 10 serovars belong to subspecies I, 2 to subspecies II, 1 to subspecies IIIb, 2 to subspecies IV and 1 to subspecies V. PMID- 3179060 TI - [Identification of the principal species of the genus Serratia by a simplified system]. AB - A reduced identification system for the genus Serratia is proposed. The usefulness of this system was shown by identification of 720 strains from clinical specimens or natural environment. Computation of "diagnosis ability coefficient" and principal component analysis made it possible to reduce this identification system to 9 tests. Numerical taxonomy displayed the 9 recognized species. PMID- 3179061 TI - [Species of the genus Vibrio associated with marine products from Arachon Bay]. AB - The distribution of Vibrio species in water and seafood collected from Arcachon Bay (located in the southwest of France) was studied. All invertebrate animals collected were associated with one or more Vibrio species. Eighty strains corresponding to 14 species were precisely identified. The identification of strains with V. parahaemolyticus was checked by DNA/DNA hybridization. The most frequently recovered species were V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus (non haemolytic strains), V. harveyi and V. metschnikovii. The three V. cholerae non O1 strains isolated from water and crab did not produce immunologically detectable cholera toxin and had no DNA fragment hybridizing with a cholera-toxin gene-specific probe. It is suggested that the sanitary surveillance of seafood in France should include the precise characterization of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species. PMID- 3179062 TI - Another Bacillus sphaericus serotype harbouring strains very toxic to mosquito larvae: serotype H6. AB - Ten isolates of Bacillus sphaericus from Ghana, very toxic to mosquito larvae, have been identified as belonging to serotype H6. These isolates can be represented by the head-group strain IAB59. They form crystals at the sporulation stage. Their larvicidal effect on Culex pipiens and Anopheles stephensi larvae is as high as that of the most toxic strains already known, e.g. 1593 and 2362 (serotype H5a,5b) and 2297 (serotype H25). Spore-crystal extracts of all these strains contain a 43-Kd polypeptide immunologically related to the 43-Kd polypeptide from strain 2362 described by other authors. PMID- 3179063 TI - Legionella moravica sp. nov. and Legionella brunensis sp. nov. isolated from cooling-tower water. AB - Two Legionella-like organisms were isolated from cooling-tower water samples in Czechoslovakia. They were presumptively identified as legionellae by their growth on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar (BCYE) containing L-cysteine and their absence of growth on BCYE without L-cysteine. Both strains contained predominately branch-chained cellular fatty acids and were therefore definitively placed in the genus Legionella. They were serologically distinct from other described Legionella species and were shown by DNA studies to constitute two new Legionella species, Legionella moravica (type strain 316-36; ATCC 43877) and Legionella brunensis (type strain 441-1; ATCC 43878). PMID- 3179064 TI - Identification of Flavobacterium strains by gas liquid chromatographic analysis of volatile fatty acids produced in culture. AB - The classification previously established for 74 Flavobacterium strains by gas liquid chromatographic (GLC) analysis of volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced in culture allowed the recovery of 9 groups (J. gen. Microbiol., 1986, 132, 2723 2732). Since graphic representation of the strains based on the first 3 factors obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) clearly separated these groups, we tried to identify 80 new strains by comparing their positions with those of the 9 groups, on the basis of both hierarchical classification and PCA methods. Of the 153 strains studied, only 12 were not allocated to a group corresponding to their original biochemical identification. Thus, on the whole, this characterization method by GLC analysis seemed satisfactory, although it could not be established whether the method was adequate for routine identification, or would serve merely as a complement. PMID- 3179065 TI - Rapid serotyping of enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica strains by co agglutination. AB - A rapid co-agglutination test using monospecific antisera was developed for the serological typing of enteropathogenic strains of Yersinia enterocolitica. A total of 70 bacterial strains (17 reference strains and 53 clinical isolates) were examined. Absorption of immune sera against serotypes O:3, O:8 and O:9 with their heterologous antigens (S-LPS) was necessary to avoid the appearance of different cross-reactions, as observed by co-agglutination. The proteins present in the S-LPS preparations obtained from each serotype seemed to be responsible for such cross-reactions. Results obtained with a total of 57 clinical isolates belonging to other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae indicate a high specificity of the assay. PMID- 3179066 TI - Tracheobronchial submucous gland profiles in smokers and non-smokers. AB - We have recently presented a method of assessing the amount of submucous gland, expressed as volume per unit luminal surface area in the tracheobronchial tree. We have now applied this technique in the trachea, left main bronchus, left upper lobe bronchus, lingular bronchus and three generations of the inferior lingular bronchus in 14 non-smokers and 14 smokers. The results show that there was statistically significantly more gland in the smoking group than in the non smoking group at all but the two most distal generations, so the technique could be used to assess the effects of inhaled pollutants in groups. Overlap between the cases in the two groups meant, however, that individual profiles could not be used diagnostically. Questions about why the profile has the shape it does and why it responds to cigarette smoke as it does are considered but cannot be answered with the data at present available. PMID- 3179067 TI - Reproducibility of mitotic counts and identification of mitotic figures in malignant glial tumors. AB - Quantitative pathology is a rapidly growing field of pathology. This field is developing methods allowing greater objectivity and better reproducibility in diagnostic decisions. The introduction of quantitative pathology as a teaching subject in medical education will help this field to become more widely and more correctly applied. Courses on quantitative pathology are organized yearly by the Department of Pathology at the University of Ancona. The 1986 course emphasized training of students in understanding basic problems such as variation caused by tissue processing, instrumentation, data handling and interpretation, and variation between observers. In this paper we describe experiments performed during the course on identification and quantitation of mitoses in malignant glial tumors. The participants, i.e. students of the postgraduate Pathology School, could identify mitoses with a 'substantial' reproducibility. However, when the observers were allowed freely to choose the fields to count, the reproducibility was 'slight'. The study suggests that sampling rules should be applied which secure reproducible application of morphometric method also on condition of free selection of fields. Because the application of such rules needs expertise in histopathology, it seems that morphometric method can best be applied by histopathologists themselves. PMID- 3179068 TI - Cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix of cutaneous vessels in inflammatory processes: immunomorphological study. AB - In pathological conditions, vascular modifications occur in various stages involving both vessel structure and adjacent extracellular matrix. The relationships between vascular cells and surrounding microenvironmental stroma are mediated by cytoskeleton. Our investigation showed a high number of vimentin- and actin-positive cells in the vascular cutaneous bed, mainly related to reactive vascularization phenomena, whereas vessel cells with a desmin-positive reaction were barely detectable. Furthermore, in newly formed vessels ultrastructure showed that basement membrane synthesis strictly depends on close contact between the endothelium and extracellular matrix. Our data give structural evidence of the close morphofunctional interactions existing between vascular cells and extracellular matrix. PMID- 3179069 TI - Multinucleated giant cells in malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast. AB - A case of malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast with unique multinucleated giant cells is reported. The possible nature of the giant cells is discussed briefly. The existence of such giant cells makes judgement of the tumor difficult, so that diagnosis must also be based on other histological criteria of malignancy. PMID- 3179070 TI - Infectious diseases in developing countries. Third Kuwait International Medical Sciences Conference. 1987. PMID- 3179071 TI - Incidence of peritonitis, distribution of causative bacteria and outcome in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in Kuwait. AB - In 28 CAPD patients in Kuwait, 69 peritonitis episodes occurred in an observation period of 311 patient treatment months (1 episode per 4.5 PTM). Microorganisms were isolated 53 times (gram-positive 34, gram-negative 17, fungi 2). Peritonitis was the principal cause for stopping CAPD, i.e. on 9 occasions. Gram-negative and fungal peritonitis had particularly high failure rates. PMID- 3179072 TI - The nature of ulcerative keratitis in Kuwait (clinical and microbiological study). AB - A retrospective clinico-microbiological study of 83 patients with corneal ulcers due to bacterial infection was performed. Positive cultures of corneal ulcer samples were obtained from 57% of all patients. A high incidence of Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from ulcer patients; Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and Streptococcus pneumonia were the next most frequent pathogens. Of some help in identifying the causative organism were the locations of the ulcers, the presence or absence of hypopyon and the frequency of perforation. Gentamycin, cephaloridine and polymyxin were found to be the most effective therapies. Gram stains of ulcer samples were positive for organisms in only 11% of patients and accordingly were not considered useful in determining the appropriate initial therapy of ulcers. It was concluded that treatment should be started with a broad combination of antibiotics while awaiting the culture results. PMID- 3179073 TI - Evaluation of a latex kit reagent for the detection and identification of pneumococci. AB - The ability of a commercial latex kit to detect pneumococcal antigen in 50 CSF samples, 150 ear swabs and 80 sputum samples was investigated. Results were compared with microscopic and culture findings. 18/19 culture-positive specimens were latex-positive. 7 latex-positive specimens yielded organisms other than S. pneumoniae which agglutinated the latex, 4 Klebsiella spp, 2 Staphylococcus aureus and 1 Haemophilus influenzae. For 11 other specimens latex agglutination was positive and culture negative. S. pneumoniae was recovered from the blood of 1 of these patients and, in 2 further cases, microscopy showed poorly stained organisms which had some resemblance to S. pneumoniae. For 10 different strains of S. pneumoniae suspensions containing between 10(4) and 10(7) organisms per ml were required to agglutinate the latex. PMID- 3179074 TI - Brucellosis: a model zoonosis in developing countries. PMID- 3179075 TI - Rapid quantitative assay of rabies post-vaccination antibody by ELISA. AB - An improved method of ELISA for rabies post-vaccination antibody determination has been developed comparing adsorption properties of polystyrene beads and microtitre plates which were coated with different concentrations of rabies virus antigen. All 106 human post-vaccination serum samples tested were found repeatedly positive within the range of mean values (MV) from 1.4 to 43.0 international units (IU)/0.1 ml. The plates displayed much higher coefficient of variation (CV) when testing lower serum dilutions in different wells of the same plate. In higher dilutions, the sera with high and low antibody levels could easily be distinguished, the results corresponding well to those of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), with the exception of some negative sera also to those obtained by ELISA at the Institut Pasteur (Paris). The slightest CV occurred with a 1:400 serum dilution on beads, indicating that ELISA using beads as solid phase can be recommended as a rapid, sensitive and reliable technique for quantitative assay of rabies post-vaccination antibody. PMID- 3179076 TI - A comparison of antibiotics consumption and bacterial resistance patterns in Kuwait and Sweden. AB - The total utilization of antimicrobial drugs, expressed as DDD/1000 inhibitants/day, was 19 in Kuwait and 15 in Sweden. Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulphonamide were used more in Kuwait than in Sweden. The utilization of cephalosporins, however, was more prevalent in Sweden than in Kuwait. Hospital use of aminoglycosides was more pronounced in Kuwait than in Sweden, whereas trimethoprim/sulphonamide was less utilized in Kuwait. The overall consumption of antimicrobial drugs expressed as DDD/500 hospital beds, was highest in one of the Swedish hospitals where, for example, the consumption of tetracyclines was 15-fold higher than that in the comparable Kuwaiti hospital. Regarding bacterial resistance patterns, the large use of aminoglycosides and ampicillin was reflected in a higher resistance frequency among the Kuwaiti isolates. Resistance frequencies for trimethoprim/sulphonamide was also relatively much higher in Kuwait than in Sweden. In this case there was, however, no simple correlation to utilization figures, which are lower for the Kuwaiti hospital than for the Swedish. Resistance to chloramphenicol was prevalent in both countries, in spite of the very limited use of this drug. PMID- 3179077 TI - Pattern of bacterial resistance in the western region of Saudi Arabia. AB - Common organisms which were isolated from patients attending the King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah were tested against antibiotics commonly used for their eradication. About 500 isolates of each bacterium were tested, showing a different resistance pattern from that obtained in Western countries. For example, methicillin resistance by staphylococci was different from that found in the United Kingdom, 100% of pneumococci were sensitive to penicillin and pseudomonas resistance to carbenicillin was only about 3%. S. typhi resistance of Chloramphenical was nil. This paper emphasizes the most appropriate antibiotic for each organism and the different pattern of bacterial resistance in Saudi Arabia as compared to that in Western countries. PMID- 3179078 TI - Multiply-resistant Salmonella and Shigella isolates. AB - Emerging patterns of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella species are of serious concern in several parts of the world where enteric fever and other forms of salmonellosis are endemic. A retrospective review of clinical microbiology culture logbooks at our institution identified 16 isolates of multiply-resistant Salmonella (15) and Shigella (1) species during the period from October 1985 to February 1987. All organisms were resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, using a disk diffusion technique. Clinical sources of isolation included blood, stool, and urine. The resistant Salmonella strains represented 4% of blood cultures positive for this organism during the study period. Medical records of patients from whom organisms were recovered were reviewed to determine the clinical relevance of these isolates. The emergence of multiresistant Salmonella strains has important clinical and public health implications for populations at risk. PMID- 3179079 TI - Etiologic role of infectious agents in uveitis. AB - A prospective clinical and serological study of 120 consecutive patients with anterior uveitis, 15 with posterior uveitis, and 110 healthy volunteers was carried out. It appeared from our findings that infections such as syphilis and brucellosis should be suspected in non-responsive cases of anterior uveitis. Furthermore, a highly significant frequency (41%) of seropositive HSV antibodies in our patients would suggest the possibility of its role in the etiology of uveitis. In addition, specific treatment in presumptive intraocular infections would lead to marked improvement in terms of intensity and duration of the eye inflammatory process. The results also indicate that Toxoplasmosis is almost invariably associated with posterior focal uveitis. PMID- 3179080 TI - The changing pattern of mortality in Kuwait. AB - There have been significant changes in Kuwait's mortality causes between 1969 and 1985: the chronic conditions doubled in percentage while the infectious diseases percentage decreased by two-thirds. Since 1975 the percentage of deaths caused by chronic conditions has exceeded that caused by infectious diseases. These patterns are attributed to changing life styles that have led to improvements in the quality of life in the country. In the Kuwait of the future, many more people will be in the older age categories, which will increase the number of residents who are particularly vulnerable to such degenerative diseases as cardiovascular conditions and malignant neoplasms. PMID- 3179081 TI - Analysis of Kuwaiti mortality data (1981-83) due to infectious diseases using the life table methods. PMID- 3179082 TI - Potential gains in life expectancy of Kuwaiti nationals through partial and complete elimination of infectious and parasitic disease mortality. AB - This study attempts to estimate potential gains in life expectancy in 1984 through partial and complete elimination of infectious and parasitic diseases among Kuwaiti nationals. For deriving these estimates, a multiple decrement life table approach was applied. The results of the study show that complete elimination of infectious and parasitic disease mortality would further add 0.45 years to the life expectancy at birth of Kuwaiti males and 0.54 yr to that of Kuwaiti females. A partial reduction by 50% would result in gains of just one half of the years gained through complete elimination of these causes. Also, as partial reduction is increased from 10% to 90%, the gains in life expectancy at birth would go up from 0.04 yr to 0.40 yr in the case of Kuwaiti males and 0.06 to 0.48 yr for Kuwaiti females. PMID- 3179083 TI - Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Fonsecaea pedrosoi in Saudi Arabia. AB - A case of cerebral phaeohyphomycosis (CPM) in a 70-yr-old Saudi male was diagnosed recently at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh. Computerized tomography (CT) scans of the patient's brain unveiled 2 abscesses in the left frontal and a 3rd abscess in the right frontal lobes. Aspirated pus from the abscesses contained branched, septate, brown hyphae diagnostic of CPM. Culturing of pus yielded a slow-growing, dematiaceous fungus which was identified as Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Combined therapy of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine had little or no effect as the patient continued to have spiking fever and his condition remained more or less unchanged. Medical care of the patient was unfortunately discontinued as he was discharged, with a rather poor prognosis, at the insistence of his family and against medical advice. Prior to this case, work had been done on identifying the agents responsible for two previously diagnosed cases of CPM in Saudi patients with fatal outcome. The dematiaceous fungi that were isolated remained sterile for quite a time before we succeeded in inducing sporulation. Both these isolates were also identified as being Fonsecaea pedrosoi. PMID- 3179084 TI - [Early changes of oxypurines in rat brain following focal cerebral ischemia]. AB - Cerebral hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for up to 4 hours following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery under halothane inhalation anesthesia. The animals were sacrificed with microwave at 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes after surgery. The brains were removed and divided into right and left hemisphere. Each hemisphere was homogenized with perchloric acid and centrifuged. The supernates were filtrated with membrane filter. An aliquot of the filtrate was used for measurement of uric acid, xanthine, and hypoxanthine in both of the ischemic and contralateral hemisphere by a HPLC system. A HPLC with multiple ultraviolet spectroscopy was used for measuring hypoxanthine and xanthine. Identification of hypoxanthine and xanthine was made by parallel chromatography of standards, disappearance with xanthine oxidase, and the spectrum of UV absorption. Uric acid was measured by reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection as reported previously. Hypoxanthine increased rapidly and arrived at a peak value at 60 minutes. Xanthine increased not so rapidly as hypoxanthine and showed the highest value at 120 minutes. Uric acid also increased significantly but very slowly and did not seem to reach the peak value during the observation period. Hypoxanthine is oxidized to xanthine and then xanthine is oxidized to uric acid at the terminal stage of purine degradation. The order of peak times of cerebral hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid levels following cerebral ischemia corresponds to the order in purine metabolism. This result strongly suggests that hypoxanthine is degraded into uric acid in ischemic rat brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179085 TI - [A case of chronic polyneuropathy associated with chronic type B hepatitis]. AB - A case of chronic polyneuropathy associated with chronic type B hepatitis was described. A 31 year-old male was admitted to our hospital with a 2-year history of progressive weakness and sensory disturbances of all limbs. There was past history of acute type B post-transfusion hepatitis after subtotal gastrectomy. On examination there was generalized muscle weakness, particularly in movements of the hands and feet with areflexia. He had a steppage gait. Sensory examination revealed moderately decreased pinprick, light touch, vibration and position sense in the distal portion of all extremities. On admission, hepatitis associated antigen and antibody were negative and positive, respectively. The level of circulating immune complexes was high with the titer of 6.6 micrograms/ml by Clq assay and 16X by Raji cell assay. Liver biopsy revealed fibrosis and periportal inflammatory infiltrate compatible with the diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis. Sural nerve biopsy showed marked loss of large myelinated fibers and epineural vasculitis with the thickened blood vessel wall and mononuclear cell infiltrates. There have been increasing evidences that extrahepatic manifestations are caused by vasculitis due to HBs antigen-antibody immune complex deposits. On the basis of findings in the literature it seems possible that chronic polyneuropathy may be related to the vasculitis due to HBs antigen-antibody complex deposits after hepatitis B virus infection. PMID- 3179086 TI - [Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the sphenoidal bone presenting with visual disturbance during pregnancy]. AB - A case of monostotic fibrous dysplasia in the anterior skull base, which presented with visual disturbance during pregnancy, is reported. A 32-year-old female was referred to our department for examination of the progressing right visual disturbance in the third trimester of her second pregnancy. She had experienced the same episode in her first pregnancy, recovering from it after delivery. This time, however, the visual acuity did not change after delivery. Plain craniogram showed sclerotic changes in the right sphenoidal ridge and the right frontal skull base. CT scan showed an isodense mass which was enhanced by contrast medium in the right sphenoidal sinus. Angiography demonstrated no positive findings. RI bone scintigram using 99 m Tc-MDP revealed an abnormal uptake in this region. The patient was operated on in two stages. The first operation was transsphenoidal removal of the tumor in the sphenoidal sinus. The pathological diagnosis was fibrous dysplasia. Transfrontal decompression of the right optic canal and ophthalmic artery was performed at the second operation. The tumor was totally removed and the decompressed orbital roof was reconstructed using an alumina ceramic plate. Visual acuity gradually improved in the follow-up study. To our best knowledge, only one case of fibrous dysplasia with growth during pregnancy have been reported; it was monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the maxilla. From the clinical course of our case, it is suggested that the pregnancy influenced growth of the monostotic fibrous dysplasia; possibly by way of hypothalamic hormonal factor. PMID- 3179087 TI - [Antineoplastic effect of prostaglandins on human glioma in athymic nude mice]. AB - The prostaglandins (PG) are known to have various physiological effects. Some series of prostaglandins such as PG D2 have been reported to inhibit growth of tumor cells. In this study, the growth-inhibitory effects of PG A2, PG D2, PG J2 and 6-keto PGE1 were investigated in nude mice receiving subcutaneous transplant of human brain tumor. One to two milligram of prostaglandins was given intraperitoneally every day for three weeks. Tumor volumes were measured twice weekly and the tumor reduction rates (treated/control) were evaluated. T/C rate treated with PG D2 or PG A2 was 50-60% respectively. The effectiveness of PG J2 or 6-keto PGE1 was inferior to that of PG A2 or PG D2. But in the evaluation of antitumor effects of PG J2, we must consider the fact that the activity of PG J2, is liable to be lost. The effect of PG D2 on proliferation of cultured glioma cells was also studied. At concentrations of 10 micrograms/ml, PG D2 strongly inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells. However, precise mechanism of prostaglandin action is presently unknown. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanism of antitumor effects of prostaglandins. PMID- 3179088 TI - [Bilateral carotid artery ligation in rat serial pathology of the optic nerve]. AB - Ischemic disease is common in the central nervous system, and has been extensively studied both clinically and neuropathologically. Experimental models have been designed for the reproduction of cerebral infarct. Advanced optic nerve atrophy was recently described in Long-Evans pigmented rat 16 weeks following bilateral carotid artery ligation. Marked change in the retina and its vessels had previously been observed by the fundoscopy and the fluorescein angiography. Serial alteration of the optic nerve was studied on the same experimental model for one month; each two rats for two days, one week, two weeks, one month after the operation, in which the common carotid arteries were ligated just before the bifurcation. A mid-portion of the optic nerve attached to the brain was dissected out and cross-sections were prepared to examine under the light and the electron microscope. Unequivocal pathology was demonstrated in six among eight rats operated. There was no significant change both in remaining two rats and two sham operated controls. Two-days-postoperative rats developed obvious optic nerve swelling with vacuolar appearance. They consisted of numerous distended axons, containing empty space or flocculus materials. Both intra- and extracellular edema were seen at this time, when vascular beds were transiently disrupted. Necrotic cells and other residual materials were also present in the wide interstitial space. In the following one or two weeks, the edema disappeared and many distended axons contained a lot of organelles, such as mitochondria and/or neurofilaments. In the same period severely damaged axons collapsed, occasionally concomitant with homogeneous dense axoplasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179089 TI - [A case of alpha coma in acute brainstem dysfunction--consecutive electroencephalograms and evoked potentials]. AB - A 31-year-old woman was admitted because of severe headache and dysarthria in December 1985. Neurological examination on admission revealed severe impairment of consciousness, anisocoria, absent light reflex on the right side, and evidence of left hemiparesis, but other brainstem reflexes were intact. A CT scan taken shortly after arrival demonstrated a large hematoma in the right temporal lobe and the right cerebellum. Breathing became irregular and intubation was needed. An emergency operation was performed. After the operation the patient remained comatose without any spontaneous respiration or brainstem reflexes. The next day she was still comatose without any spontaneous movement and other neurological finding remained unchanged. An initial EEG obtained at this time showed an 8- to 9-Hz alpha rhythm of about 15-40 microV with preponderance over the posterior and central regions. Some spontaneous variability was noted. The same day, investigations of brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP), visual evoked potential (VEP), and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) were performed. BAEP showed only the first, second and third waves (I-III) bilaterally. VEP was able to elicit the primary response (II-III) without the secondary response. SEP could not be obtained from the early cortical response to left median nerve stimulation, but showed N14 bilaterally and small N20 upon right median nerve stimulation. On the second day of hospitalization, a repeated EEG showed generalized slowing with loss of alpha frequency rhythms and it proved impossible for SEP to elicit N20 bilaterally. At this time, BAEP showed bilateral I-IIIth waves and VEP still showed primary response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179090 TI - [Painful ophthalmoplegia: the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and orbital pseudotumor syndrome]. AB - We experienced 9 patients with "painful ophthalmoplegia", which included 7 cases of the Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (2 males and 5 females, with ages ranging from 36 to 65 years) and 2 cases of the orbital pseudotumor syndrome (2 females aged 42 and 68). The diagnosis of these syndromes was based upon Hunt's criteria and the presence of the intraorbital mass on the brain CT scan. Main manifestations of both syndromes were periorbital pain and ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsies. Out of 9 cases, 1 patient with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and 1 patient with the orbital pseudotumor syndrome had bilateral retro-orbital pain and ophthalmoplegia. Pain preceded the ophthalmoplegia except in one patient with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Total paralysis of the extraocular muscles supplied by the oculomotor nerve was noted in all the nine patients, and mydriasis was observed on the affected side in 4 of 7 patients with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and 2 patients with the orbital pseudotumor syndrome. Neurological involvement was not only the oculomotor nerve but also the other cranial nerves; the optic nerve (in 4 cases with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and 2 cases with the orbital pseudotumor syndrome), the abducens nerve (in 3 cases with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and 1 case with the orbital pseudotumor syndrome), and the first division of the trigeminal nerve (in 2 cases with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome). Six patients with Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and 2 patients with the orbital pseudotumor syndrome had palpebral edema. Visual disturbance and palpebral edema were severer in the patients with the orbital pseudotumor syndrome. After corticosteroid hormone was administered, there was diminution of the pain within 2 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179091 TI - [Report of a case of Kearns-Sayre syndrome associating with Isaacs-Mertens syndrome]. AB - The patient is a woman who was born in 1936. Her father died of a valvular heart disease and her mother died of apoplexy. She was healthy until 1976 when she noticed stiffness of extremities and so she came to our hospital. At this time, her symptoms disappeared without any specific therapy. In 1979, she entered this hospital because of generalized edema. She was diagnosed as heart failure and treated effectively with frusemide. In 1982, stiffness and gait disturbance aggravated and entered the hospital. At this hospitalization, she was diagnosed as Kearns-Sayre syndrome. After the discharge, she was followed periodically. In May 1983, it was found that she could not abduct and spinate her thumbs. This abnormal hand posture was seen constantly thereafter although the severity of it varied. In April 1985, she was admitted to this hospital because of vomiting and the aggravation of the stiffness. EMG study disclosed spontaneous continuous motor unit discharges. F wave was exaggerated in both frequency and amplitude. The spontaneous activity of the thenar muscle was reduced by blocking the median nerve at the wrist. The patient was administered 250 mg of carbamazepine. Abnormalities of hand posture and EMG were markedly ameliorated by the regimen. We considered that the patient was a rare case of Kearns-Sayre syndrome which was complicated by a syndrome of continuous muscle fiber activity (Isaacs-Mertens syndrome). We speculated that disorders of energy metabolism of motor neurons and inter neurons in the spinal cord might causally relate to spontaneous neuronal discharges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179092 TI - Health for All leadership and the role of the university in intersectoral development. PMID- 3179093 TI - Intersectoral coordination for health. PMID- 3179094 TI - Influence of long-term malnutrition on educational performance. PMID- 3179095 TI - Tetanus in Southeast Asia. PMID- 3179096 TI - Acceptability and efficacy of purified vero-cell rabies vaccine in Thai children exposed to rabies. PMID- 3179097 TI - Voluntary health insurance and price discounting by providers in Korea. PMID- 3179098 TI - Improving infant and child survival through operational research: a "training the trainers" programme. PMID- 3179099 TI - A training module on health leadership development. PMID- 3179100 TI - Ageing as an increasing public health problem in the Asia-Pacific region. PMID- 3179101 TI - Address to the Asia-Pacific Consortium for Public Health. PMID- 3179102 TI - AIDS in the Pacific. PMID- 3179103 TI - Some reflections on the global and Asia-Pacific situations in occupational health education and training. PMID- 3179104 TI - Community based health care in the Philippine highlands: the Hanunuo Mangyans of Mindoro. PMID- 3179105 TI - Revisited: is subclinical protein deficiency a significant public health concern? PMID- 3179106 TI - Measles immunisation in Thai children aged nine to 14 months. PMID- 3179107 TI - Prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection among intravenous drug users in New South Wales, Australia: the needles and syringes distribution programme through retail pharmacies. PMID- 3179108 TI - An evaluation of a community oriented primary care programme for medical students. PMID- 3179109 TI - A community based approach in developing health policies: implications for Asia Pacific nations. PMID- 3179110 TI - A SAS procedure for fitting data to binomial and Poisson probability distributions. PMID- 3179112 TI - Rubber glove hygiene. PMID- 3179111 TI - 'Fissure sealants on the NHS'. PMID- 3179113 TI - Pulp tester problems. PMID- 3179114 TI - A gentleman's word. PMID- 3179115 TI - New vaccination--measles, mumps, rubella. PMID- 3179116 TI - Sharps disposal. PMID- 3179118 TI - A career survey of dental graduates who subsequently qualified in medicine between 1970 and 1979, with special reference to oral and maxillofacial surgery. PMID- 3179117 TI - The closure of open apices in non-vital immature incisor teeth. PMID- 3179119 TI - Angina bullosa haemorrhagica: a complication of long-term steroid inhaler use. PMID- 3179120 TI - A critical approach to the reading of analytical reports. PMID- 3179121 TI - Blood borne viruses: precautions against cross-infection in routine dental practice in Scotland. PMID- 3179122 TI - Cross-infection control in dental practice. Part 1: The practicability of a zone system to reduce cross-infection risks in conventionally-designed dental surgeries. PMID- 3179123 TI - Windermere relativities inquiry. PMID- 3179124 TI - "Warning: dentists can be bad for your teeth'. PMID- 3179125 TI - Oral cancer. PMID- 3179126 TI - PR boost for dentistry. PMID- 3179127 TI - 'Birmingham Dental School--a centre for research'. PMID- 3179128 TI - "Pulpal response to a glass ionomer luting cement'. PMID- 3179129 TI - Unipolar electric pulp testers and rubber gloves. PMID- 3179130 TI - Burning mouth syndrome: psychological aspects. PMID- 3179131 TI - Training professionals: the essential steps. PMID- 3179132 TI - QA "the Winchester way'. PMID- 3179133 TI - High gain signal averaged electrocardiogram combined with 24 hour monitoring in patients early after myocardial infarction for bedside prediction of arrhythmic events. AB - The value of the high gain, signal averaged electrocardiogram combined with 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring in the prediction of arrhythmic events was assessed in 159 patients in the first week after myocardial infarction. Eleven patients (7%) suffered arrhythmic events during a mean (SD) of 12 (6) months of follow up (range 2-22, median 13 months). The combination of high gain, signal averaged electrocardiography and 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring was more accurate than either technique alone or than clinical information collected during admission in predicting these events. The combination identified a high risk group of 13 (8%) patients, with an arrhythmic event rate of 62% and a low risk group with an event rate of 2%. The combination of high gain, signal averaged electrocardiography and 24 hour electrocardiographic monitoring in the first week after myocardial infarction provides a rapid, cheap, and non-invasive bedside method for the prediction of arrhythmias. PMID- 3179134 TI - Left ventricular volume measured rapidly by oblique magnetic resonance imaging. AB - Magnetic resonance measurements of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction based on measurements of area and length in a single oblique plane containing the long axis of the ventricle were compared with measurements made by summing the areas of the chamber in multiple contiguous slices. The multislice technique is known to be accurate, but the single slice technique is much quicker; it takes only nine minutes of acquisition time for both volume and ejection fraction. In 25 normal subjects there was good agreement between the two methods of measuring volume with a mean (SD) difference between measurements of 2.0 (6.6) ml. In 20 patients with previous infarction it was less good with a mean (SD) difference of 4.5 (18.1) ml. The mean (SD) difference of ejection fraction measurements was 0.019 (0.038) in the normal subjects and -0.059 (0.106) in the patients, and the discrepancy between the two techniques was greatest in the patients with a pronounced abnormality of wall motion and low ejection fraction. In a further 25 normal subjects, the agreement between single plane volume measurements in the vertical and horizontal long axis planes was good, indicating that either plane is suitable for rapid measurement. Single plane measurements of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction can be made with the accuracies stated, which are sufficient for routine clinical use except in patients with a pronounced abnormality of wall motion. In combination with measurements of regional wall thickness and motion, previously described, the technique offers a rapid non invasive assessment of both global and regional left ventricular function. PMID- 3179135 TI - Pulmonary embolectomy for acute massive pulmonary embolism: an analysis of 71 cases. AB - Between 1964 and 1986 a total of 71 pulmonary embolectomies were performed for acute massive pulmonary embolism. All patients were severely compromised haemodynamically. Sixteen (64%) of 25 patients who had sustained significant periods of cardiac arrest before operation died. The principal cause of death in this group was severe neurological damage. Five (11%) of the 46 who had not had a cardiac arrest died. The 50 (70%) patients who survived did so largely without morbidity during their hospital admission and in the follow up period. Most were not treated with long term anticoagulants and only two had another embolism. When a patient with acute massive pulmonary embolism is too ill to be given thrombolytic treatment, or when thrombolysis is either contraindicated or too slow in producing benefit, pulmonary embolectomy remains an effective alternative treatment with an acceptable mortality. PMID- 3179136 TI - Left ventricular function at rest and during exercise in acute hypothyroidism. AB - The effect of hypothyroidism on left ventricular function at rest and during exercise was studied in nine patients without demonstrable cardiovascular disease who had had total thyroidectomy and ablative radioiodine treatment for thyroid cancer. Radionuclide ventriculography and simultaneous right heart catheterisation were performed while the patients were hypothyroid two weeks after stopping triiodothyronine treatment (to permit routine screening for metastases) and while they were euthyroid on thyroxine replacement treatment. When the patients were hypothyroid, cardiac output, stroke volume, and end diastolic volume at rest were all lower and peripheral resistance was higher than when they were euthyroid. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, right atrial pressure, heart rate, left ventricular ejection fraction, and the systolic pressure:volume relation of the left ventricle, which was used as an estimate of the contractile state, were not significantly different when the patients were hypothyroid or euthyroid. During exercise, heart rate, cardiac output, end diastolic volume, and stroke volume were higher when the patients were euthyroid than when they were hypothyroid. Again, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, ejection fraction, and the systolic pressure:volume relation were similar in both thyroid states. The data suggest that the alterations in cardiac performance seen in short term hypothyroidism are primarily related to changes in loading conditions and exercise heart rate; they do not suggest that acute thyroid hormone deficiency has a major effect on the contractile properties of the myocardium. PMID- 3179137 TI - A comparison of sympathoadrenal activity and cardiac performance at rest and during exercise in patients with ventricular demand or atrial synchronous pacing. AB - Cardiac sympathetic function was assessed by measuring the coronary sinus overflow of noradrenaline and dopamine at rest and during supine exercise in eight patients with high degree atrioventricular block treated with dual chamber pacemakers (DDD). Patients exercised (30-60 W) during both ventricular inhibited (VVI) and atrial synchronous (VAT) pacing. During exercise cardiac output increased less markedly in the VVI mode than in the VAT mode. The cardiac output response was entirely stroke volume dependent in the VVI mode and mainly heart rate dependent in the VAT mode. Coronary sinus noradrenaline concentrations were higher in the VVI mode at rest and during exercise. Noradrenaline overflow from the heart was enhanced during VVI pacing and increased from about 100 pmol/min (17 ng/min) at rest to 1087 pmol/min during exercise (60 W) in the VVI mode and 545 pmol/min in the VAT mode. Dopamine overflow from the heart was less than 5 pmol/at rest but increased 2-5 fold during exercise. Also arterial concentrations of catecholamine increased more during exercise in the VVI mode, but the differences between pacing modes were less pronounced. Circulating adrenaline seems to be of little importance for cardiac function under these conditions; in healthy individuals the arterial concentrations of adrenaline attained in this study have small effects. Cardiac noradrenaline overflow correlated with pulmonary capillary venous pressures and atrial rates in both pacing modes, indicating a relation between cardiac sympathetic activity and cardiac function. Enhanced cardiac release of noradrenaline may increase cardiac contractility and thereby partially compensate for the lack of heart rate responsiveness to exercise during VVI pacing. PMID- 3179138 TI - Measurements of the dimensions of the aortic and pulmonary pathways in the human fetus: a correlative echocardiographic and morphometric study. AB - Thirty normal hearts from fetuses aborted at 10-33 weeks' gestation were measured directly and the results were compared with echocardiographic measurements in 20 normal live fetuses of 23-27 weeks' gestation. The diameters of the aorta, aortic isthmus, pulmonary arteries, and arterial duct were measured at standard levels and expressed as a ratio of the diameter of the ascending aorta. The ratios for the isthmus, the duct, and the right pulmonary artery were: 0.63 (0.11), 0.51 (0.13), 0.56 (0.10) respectively for the direct measurement and 0.73 (0.07), 0.7 (0.08), 0.62 (0.06) respectively at echocardiography. These results show that in mid-gestation the isthmus of the human fetus is not as small as that reported in animal models. This indicates that the distribution of the fetal circulation may not be the same either. PMID- 3179139 TI - The determination of atrial arrangement by examination of appendage morphology in 1842 heart specimens. AB - The morphology of the atrial appendages was examined in 1842 specimen hearts from patients with congenital lesions. The external and internal features that permitted the identification of the right and left appendages were studied in detail in one tenth of the hearts. These results were compared with a similar analysis of 25 normal hearts. This study showed that criteria for identification of right and left appendages were reliable. Application of these criteria to the overall collection identified the usual arrangement in 1776 (97%) hearts, a mirror image arrangement in eight (0.4%); left atrial isomerism in 22 (1.2%); and right atrial isomerism in 36 (1.9%). Fourteen (0.81%) had juxtaposed atrial appendages (13 with usual arrangement and one with left isomerism). This did not interfere with identification of the left and right atria on the basis of appendage morphology. In only two cases did the determination by atrial morphology produce a result that was inconsistent with the arrangement of the other thoracoabdominal organs. Further examination of the atria in these showed a mistake had been made in the initial assessment. The atrial arrangement can be accurately determined by the morphology of the atrial appendages. PMID- 3179140 TI - Balloon dilatation of the pulmonary valve in the first year of life in patients with tetralogy of Fallot: a preliminary study. AB - Fifteen infants with tetralogy of Fallot, who would otherwise have required a palliative operation, underwent balloon dilatation of the right ventricular outflow tract. The mean period of palliation was 8.5 months (range 0-26 months). The procedure was performed without serious complications on 88% of occasions. This preliminary study suggests that balloon dilatation may be useful in the management of tetralogy of Fallot. PMID- 3179141 TI - Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve: limited success and early restenosis. AB - Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve was attempted 16 times in 15 patients with severe aortic stenosis. None died but one had a transient stroke after the procedure. At dilatation the gradient across the aortic valve was reduced by greater than 30% in 69% of patients and the Gorlin valve area (calculated in 7/15 patients) increased by 30% in half. But a comparison of Doppler gradients measured before and one to two days after dilatation in 11 patients showed a greater than 30% reduction in the simultaneously measured gradient in only four. Doppler gradient was the most accurate predictor of symptomatic benefit and a fall in Doppler gradient persisted mainly in patients whose peak to peak gradient fell by at least 40% at the time of the procedure. Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve is a relatively safe procedure but it is less successful than previous reports suggest, perhaps because of early restenosis. Some forms of aortic stenosis may be more amenable to this procedure than others. PMID- 3179142 TI - Effects of increasing afterload on early diastolic dysfunction in hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy. AB - The effects of increasing afterload on early diastolic dysfunction in 10 patients with hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy were studied by computer assisted analyses of digitised M mode echocardiograms. Infusion of angiotensin II increased the end systolic pressure by a mean (SD) of 36.2 (10.3) mm Hg. As the afterload increased early diastolic dysfunction tended to become more normal: the interval and the change in dimension between minimal cavity dimension and mitral valve opening decreased and the duration of rapid diastolic filling and the accompanying change in dimension increased. None the less, the end diastolic dimension and thus the overall diastolic filling remained unchanged. Impaired early diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is at least partly caused by altered loading conditions. PMID- 3179143 TI - Imperforate tricuspid valve with single cardiac outlet from right ventricle. AB - A cyanosed neonate was diagnosed as having concordant atrioventricular connection and single cardiac outlet and aorta from right ventricle with atresia of the pulmonary valve. She underwent a systemic to pulmonary artery shunt and is now thriving. Additionally, the tricuspid valve was imperforate and a large ventricular septal defect caused an unusual pattern of intracardiac blood flow. The tricuspid valve ring and right ventricular cavity appeared to be of normal size. The good outcome in this patient suggests that these features may be advantageous for corrective operation. PMID- 3179144 TI - Pericardial obliteration by angiosarcoma. AB - Primary cardiac angiosarcoma caused pericardial obliteration and death from tamponade in a 66 year old man. PMID- 3179145 TI - Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and coronary artery fistula: a late presentation. PMID- 3179146 TI - Spontaneous resolution of a dissection of the descending aorta after medical treatment with a beta blocker and a calcium antagonist. PMID- 3179147 TI - Complications related to anaesthesia in infants and children. A prospective survey of 40240 anaesthetics. AB - A prospective survey of anaesthesia-related mortality and morbidity in infants and children was carried out in a representative sample of anaesthetics performed in 440 institutions chosen at random in France. A total of 40240 anaesthetics were administered to patients younger than 15 yr, 2103 (5%) involving infants (younger than 1 yr). Twenty-seven major complications related to anaesthesia occurred during or within 24 h of the anaesthesia--an incidence of 0.7 per 1000 anaesthetics. Nine, of which four were associated with cardiac arrest, were observed in infants, whereas in children there were 18 complications of which eight were associated with cardiac arrest, one with fatal outcome. The risk of complications was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in infants (4.3 per 1000) than in children (0.5 per 1000). Accidents observed in infants mainly occurred during maintenance of anaesthesia and were the result of respiratory failure. In children, circulatory failure was as frequent as respiratory failure and complications were observed almost equally during induction and maintenance and on recovery. The rate of complications increased significantly with the ASA score and the number of co-existing diseases. The incidence was also higher when a previous history of anaesthesia was present, when the procedure was an emergency, and when the duration of preoperative fasting was less than 8 h. PMID- 3179148 TI - Effect of suxamethonium given during recovery from atracurium. AB - Suxamethonium was given in varying doses when twitch response had returned to 50% of control following the administration of atracurium in anaesthetized patients. Small doses of suxamethonium produced antagonism, enhancement of the block, or a combination showing a biphasic response. A dose of 3 mg kg-1 was needed to produce consistently 100% block of the twitch. The subsequent recovery rate for T1 was as fast as that seen normally after suxamethonium and was not enhanced by neostigmine. PMID- 3179149 TI - Pharmacokinetics of droperidol in surgical patients under different conditions of anaesthesia. AB - The pharmacokinetics of droperidol were studied in 42 surgical patients using doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg i.v., in association with neuroleptanalgesia or volatile anaesthetics. Plasma concentrations of droperidol were measured by radioimmunoassay. During neuroleptanalgesia, droperidol kinetics were linear over the dose range tested: the overall mean elimination half-life was 127 min, Vdss 103 litre and the plasma clearance 732 ml min-1. The kinetics of droperidol were similar under neuroleptanalgesia and under anaesthesia with halothane or enflurane. There was no significant correlation between the volume of distribution or clearance with age (14-65 yr) or body weight (48-90 kg). PMID- 3179150 TI - A pharmacokinetic study of midazolam in paediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. AB - Midazolam 0.3 mg kg-1 was given as a single dose to three groups of children undergoing cardiac surgery to determine its pharmacokinetic profile in this situation. The first group, undergoing closed heart surgery, received the midazolam during the operation. The other groups underwent cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with and without complete circulatory arrest. Mean clearance was 512 ml kg 1 h-1 and mean elimination half-lives were 3.3 h following CPB, with a tendency to a higher clearance in those children who had not undergone bypass. In a subsequent part of the study, 10 children received an infusion of midazolam 0.05 mg kg-1 h-1, in combination with intermittent doses of morphine, in the postoperative period. Mean plasma midazolam concentrations consistent with adequate sedation were 80-100 ng ml-1 during the infusion. One child who had not undergone CPB had very low plasma concentrations of midazolam with the same rate of infusion, consistent with the tendency for higher clearance in this group in the bolus pharmacokinetic study. PMID- 3179151 TI - Extradural block with bupivacaine: influence of dose, volume, concentration and patient characteristics. AB - In a randomized, double-blind study the influences of the characteristics of both solution (dose, volume, concentration) and patient (age, weight, height, body mass index) on the development of extradural blockade produced by a low lumbar injection of bupivacaine were investigated. Thirty patients aged between 20 and 50 yr received one of three solutions (groups I-III, respectively): 0.75% 10 ml (75 mg); 0.5% 15 ml (75 mg); 0.75% 15 ml (112.5 mg). A further 20 patients older than 50 yr received 0.75% bupivacaine 10 ml (group IV, n = 10) or 15 ml (group V, n = 10). The number of segments blocked at maximal extent of block was virtually the same in each group: group I (0.75% 10 ml) 13.3 (SD 1.4); group II (0.5% 15 ml) 14.1 (2.9); group III (0.75% 15 ml) 13.8 (2.2); group IV (0.75% 10 ml) 14.2 (2.1); group V (0.75% 15 ml) 16.7 (3.1). The larger dose of bupivacaine (112.5 mg) produced the fastest onset and longest duration of block. Onset and recovery intervals were similar with 0.75% and 0.5% solutions when administered at the same dose (75 mg in 10 ml or 15 ml). There was no correlation between the level of block and the age, weight and height of the patient. In patients who received 15-ml injections, there was a positive association between the upper level of block and body mass index. PMID- 3179152 TI - Maternal-fetal distribution of bupivacaine in the rabbit. AB - Bupivacaine was infused i.v. in nine anaesthetized pregnant rabbit does near term. Pups were removed at 10-15 min intervals and bupivacaine concentrations measured in fetal plasma, brain, placenta, amniotic fluid, maternal plasma sampled synchronously and maternal brain at the end of the experiment. Mean maximum fetal:maternal (F:M) ratio was 0.31 (SD 0.16) (range 0.18-0.64). Mean fetal brain:plasma ratios ranged from 2.04 to 5.09. There was no progressive increase in fetal brain bupivacaine concentration with time. Maternal brain:plasma ratio was 1.62 (0.81). However, maximum fetal brain concentration was only 0.27-0.86 of maternal. Concentrations increased with time in amniotic fluid, but did not exceed those in maternal plasma. Although there was some accumulation of bupivacaine in rabbit fetuses, tissue uptake could not account for low F:M ratios persisting beyond 80 min. PMID- 3179153 TI - Anatomical variation in the position of the proximal intercostal nerve. AB - Anatomical study of the proximal intercostal nerve in cadavers revealed three nerve forms, depending on the relation between the nerve and adjacent ribs. This was found in the classical subcostal position in 16.6%, in the midzone in 73% and in the inferior supracostal position in 10%. PMID- 3179154 TI - Prophylactic extradural blood patch is effective. A preliminary communication. AB - Ten obstetric patients received 17-20 ml of autologous blood through an extradural catheter after inadvertent dural puncture. The time interval from dural puncture to prophylactic extradural blood patch ranged from 90 to 660 min. One of the 10 patients developed a mild occipital headache, which required no further intervention. PMID- 3179155 TI - Anaesthetic management of caesarean section for a mother with pre-eclampsia, the Klippel-Feil syndrome and congenital hydrocephalus. AB - A mother with the Klippel-Feil syndrome, congenital hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure presented for delivery by Caesarean section at 33 weeks because of pre-eclampsia. Anaesthetic management comprised awake intubation using the fibreoptic bronchoscope, followed by induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia for the delivery of a live male infant. This case report describes the problems arising under these circumstances and the relative merits of different anaesthetic techniques. PMID- 3179157 TI - Unilateral extradural blockade in obstetrics. PMID- 3179156 TI - Adenotonsillar hypertrophy and cor pulmonale. AB - Pulmonary hypertension is a known complication of chronic upper airway obstruction resulting from adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Surgical removal of the hypertrophic tissue usually leads to rapid improvement. Although anaesthetic management is potentially hazardous, little has been written on this aspect. Six paediatric patients (all male) are reported here, and a suitable anaesthetic technique is described. PMID- 3179158 TI - Prick tests to diagnose anaphylaxis. PMID- 3179159 TI - Cardiac arrest following i.v. verapamil may be related to concomitant digoxin therapy as well as halothane. PMID- 3179160 TI - Deadspace after corrective cardiac surgery. PMID- 3179161 TI - Heat and moisture exchangers. PMID- 3179162 TI - Postoperative paravertebral blocks for thoracic surgery. PMID- 3179163 TI - Postoperative intercostal block. PMID- 3179164 TI - Use of naloxone in opioid-induced anaphylactoid reaction. PMID- 3179165 TI - Effect of the removal of individual antiepileptic drugs on antipyrine kinetics, in patients taking polytherapy. AB - 1. Antipyrine (AP) clearance, half-life and volume of distribution were determined in 52 patients, taking one or more antiepileptic drug (AED), before and 4 weeks after the complete removal of phenytoin (PHT, n = 20), carbamazepine (CBZ, n = 15) and sodium valproate (VPA, n = 17). 2. PHT removal was associated with a mean 13% fall in AP clearance and a mean 16% increase in AP half-life, in patients who were also taking CBZ with or without barbiturates. There was no significant difference between patients who did, and did not, take barbiturates, in addition to CBZ. 3. CBZ removal was associated with a mean 45% fall in AP clearance and a mean 69% increase in AP half-life, if there was no inducing AED comedication, but had no effect on AP clearance and half-life if PHT and/or barbiturates were also being taken. 4. Removal of VPA had no effect on AP clearance or half-life. 5. The removal of PHT, CBZ and VPA had no significant effect on AP volume of distribution. 6. PHT appears to be a more powerful inducer of hepatic enzyme activity, as measured by the AP test, than is CBZ. PMID- 3179166 TI - Regionally selective cholinergic stimulation by BRL 24924 in the human isolated gut. AB - 1. The effects of BRL 24924 on cholinergic activity was studied in longitudinal muscle strips obtained from human stomach and colon (taenia). Contractions were evoked by exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) or by electrical field stimulation (EFS) of cholinergic neurones. Inhibitory nerve activity (predominantly non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic; NANC) was detected by measuring the relaxations evoked by EFS in the presence of atropine 1.4 microM. 2. In the stomach, BRL 24924 0.28-28 microM consistently increased the EFS-evoked contractions; lower concentrations (0.0028 and 0.028 microM) increased the contractions in most, but not all of the specimens studied. Since BRL 24924 28 microM did not affect NANC-mediated, EFS evoked relaxations, and since high concentrations of BRL 24924 (28 and 282 microM) were required to increase ACh-evoked contractions, the increase in EFS evoked contractions caused by BRL 24924 may be due to a facilitation of ACh release. 3. In the colon, BRL 24924 0.0028-282 microM did not affect EFS-evoked contractions. 4. BRL 24924 may therefore be regionally selective in its ability to stimulate human gastrointestinal cholinergic activity. PMID- 3179167 TI - The calcium-channel blocker, verapamil, does not improve portal pressure in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. AB - 1. Recently the calcium-channel blocker, verapamil, has been reported to decrease portal pressure in rats with experimental cirrhosis and in patients with liver cirrhosis. 2. In eight patients with alcoholic cirrhosis the effect of verapamil (5 mg i.v.) on systemic and splanchnic haemodynamics was investigated. 3. Mean arterial pressure, wedged hepatic venous pressure, hepatic venous pressure gradient, and verapamil plasma concentrations were measured before and at 10, 20, 30 min following 5 mg i.v. administration of verapamil. At 30-40 min cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and hepatic blood flow were also measured. 4. Verapamil plasma concentrations averaged 47.9 +/- 52.0, 36.5 +/- 36.3, 31.3 +/ 33.9 ng ml-1 at 10, 20, 30 min respectively: mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance decreased significantly (-9% and -14% respectively), and cardiac index increased significantly (+8%). Wedged hepatic venous pressure and hepatic venous pressure gradient remained unchanged, variations never exceeding 0.2 kPa. Hepatic blood flow increased significantly by 12%. 5. These results show that i.v. administration of 5 mg verapamil does not decrease portal pressure in alcoholic cirrhosis. This lack of effect is probably the consequence of a balance between decrease in porto-hepatic vascular resistance and increase in splanchnic blood inflow. PMID- 3179168 TI - Theophylline-terbutaline, a steady state study on possible pharmacokinetic interactions with special reference to chronopharmacokinetic aspects. AB - 1. The pharmacokinetic interaction of terbutaline and theophylline and chronopharmacokinetics of both drugs were studied in a three-way crossover study with repeated administration of terbutaline (Bricanyl Depot) 7.5 mg twice daily, theophylline (Theo-Dur) 300 mg twice daily alone or the combination of both for 7 days to 12 healthy volunteers (six male and six female). 2. After the morning dose on day 7, blood and urine were sampled for 12 h, and after the evening dose on day 7, blood and urine were sampled for 48 h. Theophylline concentrations in plasma and concentrations of unchanged drug and metabolites in urine were determined by two selective high performance liquid chromatography methods. Terbutaline concentrations in plasma and urine were measured with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Area under the plasma concentration-time curve, fluctuations in plasma concentration, mean residence time, elimination half-life, renal clearance as well as maximal, minimal and average plasma concentration at steady state were evaluated. 3. The addition of terbutaline to the repeated administration of theophylline lowered the relative bioavailability of theophylline by approximately 11% during the night interval. The rate of elimination of theophylline and mean residence time were influenced accordingly. No significant changes in excretion of the theophylline metabolites were observed, but the excretion of 3-methylxanthine was slightly reduced by the concomitant terbutaline administration. None of the observed changes should be of any clinical importance. 4. The addition of theophylline did not influence any of the calculated pharmacokinetic parameters of terbutaline. 5. It can be concluded that no dosage adjustment is necessary when terbutaline and theophylline are given together.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179169 TI - A dose-ranging study of the pharmacokinetics of hydroxy-chloroquine following intravenous administration to healthy volunteers. AB - 1. The pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine were studied in five healthy volunteers following an intravenous infusion of 155 mg (2.47 +/- 0.25 mg kg-1) racemic hydroxychloroquine. Four of these volunteers also received a further 310 mg (4.92 +/- 0.45 mg kg-1) infusion of hydroxychloroquine and evidence of nonlinearities in the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine were sought. 2. No nonlinear elimination or distribution processes appeared to be operating at the doses of hydroxychloroquine used in this study, supporting the hypothesis that in the therapeutic dosing range the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine are linear. 3. Half-life and mean residence time were long (around 40 days) and large volumes of distribution were calculated (5,522 l from blood, 44,257 l from plasma). Sequestration into the tissues is an important feature of the disposition of hydroxychloroquine. The persistence of hydroxychloroquine in the body is due primarily to this extensive tissue distribution, rather than to low clearance (667 ml min-1 based on plasma data, 96 ml min-1 based on blood data). 4. Plasma data were more variable than blood data. Blood to plasma concentration ratios were not constant (mean +/- s.d.: 7.2 +/- 4.2). The data indicate that it is preferable to measure whole blood concentrations of hydroxychloroquine, rather than plasma concentrations, in pharmacokinetic studies. 5. The pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine are similar to those of chloroquine. PMID- 3179170 TI - Plasma nitrendipine concentrations in elderly hypertensive patients after single and multiple dosing. AB - Twenty-three elderly hypertensive subjects received nitrendipine 10mg daily by mouth for 8 days. Plasma nitrendipine concentrations were measured after the first and last dose. There was no significant difference in plasma concentrations at any time point between the two days nor in derived pharmacokinetic measurements. Drug accumulation was not observed. PMID- 3179171 TI - Lack of effect of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of single oral doses of phenytoin. AB - The effect of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin was studied in eight healthy volunteers using a balanced randomised cross-over design. Volunteers received a single oral dose of 400 mg of phenytoin sodium during each phase. During the treatment phase, the phenytoin sodium dose was administered 4.5 days after the commencement of a 7 day course of erythromycin base (250 mg every 6 h). There was no significant difference between the control and treatment phases (P greater than 0.05) with respect to the area under the plasma phenytoin concentration-time curve, the fraction of phenytoin unbound in plasma, the area under the unbound phenytoin concentration-time curve, the elimination half-life of phenytoin or the fraction of the dose excreted in urine as free and conjugated hydroxyphenylphenylhydantoin. This single dose study indicated that the intrinsic clearance of unbound phenytoin was unaffected by the concurrent administration of erythromycin. PMID- 3179172 TI - Interaction of salicylate and corticosteroids in man. AB - Corticosteroids have been reported to decrease the plasma concentrations of salicylate when salicylates have been administered chronically at high doses. In the present study, two single, oral doses of sodium salicylate, 10 mg kg-1 were administered to six adult subjects with a variety of inflammatory conditions both before and during treatment with daily oral doses of prednisone (12-60 mg). Concomitant prednisone therapy did not increase the whole body clearance of single doses of salicylate in these subjects (0.0275 +/- 0.08 l kg-1 h-1 before prednisone; 0.0247 +/- 0.03 l kg-1 h-1 during prednisone therapy; P greater than 0.05). These results indicate that corticosteroids do not alter the clearance of single doses of salicylate in man. PMID- 3179173 TI - A comparative study of latamoxef disodium and gentamicin versus piperacillin and gentamicin in febrile granulocytopenic patients. PMID- 3179174 TI - Cyclosporin. PMID- 3179175 TI - A microcomputer-based index filing system for the rapid retrieval of records in a surgical pathology laboratory. PMID- 3179176 TI - Tetanus in a 92 year-old man. PMID- 3179177 TI - Lower motor neurone paralysis due to herpes zoster. PMID- 3179178 TI - Malignant histiocytosis: report of three cases. PMID- 3179179 TI - Association of cytogenetic abnormalities in a neuroblastoma and fragile sites expression. AB - A 15 month old boy with a stage IV right suprarenal gland neuroblastoma showed a number of raised biochemical parameters, whilst catecholamines and skeletal survey were normal. Treatment with peptichemio failed to give a clinical response. Histological evidence of neuroblastoma infiltration in the bone marrow aspirate was absent. Immunofluorescence on sedimented cells was negative using antibody UJ223.8, PI153/3 and H11; only UJ308 and to a lesser extent UJ13A gave positive results. After 21 days, however, the same cells in culture showed highly differentiated dendritic processes. Thirty-seven percent metaphases from bone marrow aspirate showed the following karyotype 45XY, del (1) (p32), and two markers. Mar1 = der (2) t (2; 2) (2qter----2q14::2p24----2qter). Mar2 = der (15) t (15; 2) (15qter----15p11::2p11----2pter). Treatment with methotrexate reduced the aberrant mitoses rate to 2%. N-myc in situ hybridisation showed significant signal on both markers confirming the cytogenetic interpretation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes at 72 h showed a higher level of breaks per cell than control. After treatment with aphidicolin (APC) or methotrexate (MTX) for the last 24 h, to induce fragile sites, the incidence of breaks per cells was increased. Moreover 11.4% of APC-induced breaks were in 1p31-32 (mean of normal controls = 2.3%). The mother presented an increased sensitivity to the inducibility of fragile sites, while the father's lymphocytes showed values within the control range. The genetic changes produced by the abnormalities on chromosomes 1 and 2 might be related to tumour progression. Furthermore this is the first description of correlation between a high frequency of fragile site 1p31-32 induced by APC in the patient's lymphocytes and deletion of 1p32 in tumour cells. The interpretation of these findings and of other similar correlations needs further study. PMID- 3179180 TI - Characterization of radiation resistant hypoxic cell subpopulations in KHT sarcomas. (II). Cell sorting. AB - Hypoxic cells in KHT sarcomas were characterized using fluorescence activated cell sorting based on the diffusion properties of the fluorochrome Hoechst 33342. Tumour-bearing female C3H/HeJ mice were injected i.v. with 10 micrograms g-1 Hoechst 33342 and the cells derived from the tumours sorted on the basis of their staining intensities. For each sorted fraction the DNA histogram was evaluated using FCM analysis. The results indicated that the bright and dim cells were not equally distributed about the cell cycle. For example, a greater proportion of S phase cells were in the bright subpopulations whereas the dim subpopulations contained an increased proportion of cells in G1. When the tumours were irradiated with a single dose of radiation prior to cell sorting, the dim cells survived preferentially. Dose response curves for the 20% most dim and 20% most bright cells, sorted on the basis of fluorescence intensity, then were determined. The survival curves of the dim and bright cells were found to have slopes similar to those of KHT cells irradiated in situ in dead animals or in vitro under fully oxic conditions, respectively. In addition, when KHT sarcoma bearing mice were given a 2.5 mmol kg-1 dose of misonidazole (MISO) prior to irradiation and cell sorting, the dim subpopulation was sensitized whereas the bright subpopulation was not. These findings suggest that (i) compared to well oxygenated areas, hypoxic regions of KHT tumours contain a smaller percentage of cells actively proliferating and (ii) Hoechst 33342 sorting may allow the detailed in situ evaluation of agents acting directly against hypoxic cells in solid tumours. PMID- 3179181 TI - The effect of fractionation of light treatment on necrosis and vascular function of normal skin following photodynamic therapy. AB - Sparing of normal tissue, mouse tail skin, by fractionation of light treatment in photodynamic therapy has been demonstrated in BDF1 mice injected with 2 mg tetrasodium-meso-tetra(4-sulphophenyl)porphine dodecahydrate i.v. When the time between 2 fractions of 67.5 J cm-2 and 90 J cm-2 was increased to 2 and 4 days respectively the incidence of necrosis fell to that expected after a single fraction. Blood flow in the tail skin 5 days after the second light fraction, as measured by the clearance of an intradermally injected solution of 133xenon in 0.9% saline, returned to control values when the time between 2 fractions was 2 days with 67.5 J cm-2 fractions, and 3 days with 90 J cm-2 fractions. The time course of recovery of normal mouse tail skin from photodynamic therapy, as shown by these split dose experiments, was found to be similar to the time course for the recovery of blood flow following a single light treatment. PMID- 3179182 TI - Relationship between changes in antigen expression and protein synthesis in human melanoma cells after hyperthermia and photodynamic treatment. AB - Hyperthermia and photoactivated hematoporphyrin derivative induce a dose dependent reduction in the expression of the p250 surface melanoma-associated antigen on the human FME cell line. Expression of this glycoprotein antigen was quantitated by immunofluorescence flow cytometry based on the monoclonal antibody 9.2.27. Decrease in antigen expression was followed by a transient increase above the level for untreated cells, before normalization occurred about one week after treatment. These treatment-induced changes in antigen expression could partly be explained by changes in protein synthesis. This conclusion was based on the following observations: Hyperthermia and photoactivated hematoporphyrin derivative both inhibited protein synthesis. The latter increased again rapidly to rates above normal until antigen expression reached normal level, whereupon the protein synthesis rate decreased to normal. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide 1 day after heating, prevented the recovery of antigen expression, demonstrating that protein synthesis is necessary for resumption of normal antigen expression. The changes in both antigen expression and protein synthesis were dose-dependent, and the magnitude and duration of the changes increased with increasing dose. The time courses of the changes in protein synthesis after two different treatments which both inactivated two logs of cells were almost identical, as were the time courses after two lower heat doses inactivating one log of cells. These similarities were reflected in the changes in antigen expression. At the same time as protein synthesis reached its maximum and antigen expression resumed normal level, an increase in the Golgi apparatus was observed ultrastructurally, indicating an increased synthesis rate and transportation of glycoproteins to the cell surface. PMID- 3179183 TI - pH distributions in spontaneous and isotransplanted rat tumours. AB - Spontaneous mammary tumours of the rat with various degrees of malignancy exhibit similar tissue pH distributions. The mean pH (+/- s.d.) of dysplasia is 7.05 +/- 0.20. In benign tumours the mean pH is 6.95 +/- 0.19 and in malignant tumours it is 6.94 +/- 0.19. In contrast, tumours with the same degree of malignancy but different histologies show different pH distributions. Benign tumours with a higher percentage of fibrous tissue exhibit less acidic pH values than those with larger portions of epithelial cells (delta pH = 0.38 pH units). The pH distribution in the benign tumours is independent of the tumour wet weight up to stages of very advanced growth. In the malignant tumours, a trend towards more acidic pH values is observed as the tumour mass enlarges. However, in tissue areas within a malignant tumour with gross, long-established necrosis the pH distribution is shifted towards more alkaline pH values. The pH distributions in spontaneous rat tumours are not significantly different from those obtained in isotransplanted Yoshida sarcomas (6.87 +/- 0.21). In the Yoshida sarcomas, mean pH values do not correlate with tumour size. However, a pH gradient from the rim to the centre of the tumours is found which coincides with the development of small, disseminated necroses in the tumour centre. It is concluded that pathology related variations of tumour pH may be more important than the mode of tumour origin or the degree of malignancy. PMID- 3179184 TI - Radiosensitivity and characterisation of a newly established cell line from an epithelioid sarcoma. AB - A new human tumour cell line (designated HX 165c) has been established from an epithelioid sarcoma presenting in a 28 year old male. The cells grew as an adherent monolayer with a doubling time of 38 h and had mainly epithelial morphology but with areas of mesenchymal-like cytoplasmic extensions. The mixed epithelial-mesenchymal phenotype was also apparent by intermediate filament analysis which showed reactivity to vimentin and keratin. The cells were tumorigenic in nude mice and aneuploid, possessing a mean chromosome number of 65. In vitro cloning determinations gave colony-forming efficiencies of 0.01% in an anchorage-independent soft agar assay and 34% in a monolayer anchorage dependent assay. The cells were in the mid-range for radiosensitivity of human tumour cells (surviving fraction at 2 Gy of 0.39). In addition, experiments utilising continuous low dose rate irradiation at 3.2 cGy min-1, showed that the cells possessed only a small capacity to recover from radiation damage (dose reduction factor at 1% cell survival of 1.15 for 150 versus 3.2 cGy min-1). This cell line, being only the second we are aware of to be established from this rare soft tissue sarcoma, should be useful in helping to ascertain the histogenesis of epithelioid sarcoma. PMID- 3179185 TI - Interactions of doxorubicin and cis-platin in squamous carcinoma cells in culture. AB - Doxorubicin (DXR) has a positive inoculum effect and penetrates poorly into the core of multicellular tumour spheroids (MTS). Cis-platin (DDP) displays neither of these characteristics. We evaluated whether combining these 2 agents would influence the cell kill effect at a tumour mass level. MTS were produced from a PC-10 squamous lung carcinoma cell line. MTS were exposed to either drug first for 1 h with different intervals between exposure. Cells were then trypsinized to a single cell suspension and subjected to clonogenic assay. Combination effects were analyzed by median effect plot analysis. The more MTS ml-1 medium, the lower the cell kill effect of DXR. Simultaneous exposure to the 2 drugs was synergistic. DXR exposure first followed by DDP was less efficacious than, or the same as, the simultaneous exposure. In contrast, DDP followed by DXR was more efficacious with the best cell kill at a 1 h interval between each drug. This phenomenon was observed even at non-toxic doses of DDP. The fluorescent microscopic study of DXR indicated that prior exposure of MTS to DDP resulted in increased DXR penetration into the MTS core leading to heightened synergism with this sequence. These data suggest that the proper combination of DXR plus DDP should be in sequence with DDP first. Clinical, toxicological and pharmacological trials of DDP administration first, followed by DXR, are warranted. PMID- 3179186 TI - Modulation in vitro and in vivo of cytotoxicity but not cellular levels of doxorubicin by the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine is dependent on the level of resistance. AB - The role of the calmodulin inhibitor trifluoperazine (TFP) in modulating the cellular levels and cytotoxicity in vitro and antitumour effects in vivo of doxorubicin (DOX), was evaluated in progressively DOX-resistant (5- to 40-fold) sublines of B16-BL6 mouse melanoma. In parental-sensitive B16-BL6 cells treated for 3 h, the IC50 of DOX was 0.1 microgram ml-1, and a less than 2-fold enhancement in DOX cell kill in the presence of a noncytotoxic concentration of 5 microM TFP was observed. However, in the DOX-resistant sublines, the IC50 was 0.7 to 5.0 micrograms ml-1 DOX in the absence of 5 microM TFP and 0.3 to 0.7 microgram ml-1 DOX in the presence of 5 microM TFP. The 2- to 7.5-fold decrease in the IC50 of DOX in the presence of 5 microM TFP, was dependent on the level of DOX-resistance in the various sublines. Compared to parental-sensitive cells, a 2 fold decrease in DOX-accumulation was evident only in the 40-fold DOX-resistant subline. Further, maximal enhancement (50%) of cellular DOX accumulation in the presence of 5 microM TFP was observed only in the 40-fold resistant cells treated with 5.0 micrograms ml-1 DOX. Retention of DOX in the 40-fold resistant subline was only 20% lower than similarly treated sensitive cells, and the inclusion of TFP increased DOX retention less than 10-15%. Antitumour studies in mice with experimental pulmonary metastases revealed that although DOX and DOX plus TFP had similar antitumour activity with the parental sensitive B16-BL6 cells, the combination of DOX plus TFP was significantly more effective than DOX alone with the DOX-resistant sublines. No overt toxicity was observed in normal mice treated with doses of TFP, DOX or DOX plus TFP used for in vivo chemotherapy studies. Results from this study suggest that gross cellular DOX levels do not appear to correlate with the magnitude of resistance, and the effects of TFP in modulating DOX resistance is possibly due to mechanisms other than mere alterations in cellular drug accumulation and/or retention. PMID- 3179187 TI - Unique chemosensitivity of MAC 16 tumours to flavone acetic acid (LM975, NSC 347512). AB - MAC 16 is one of a series of mouse colon tumours originally induced by dimethylhydrazine. It is a relatively slow growing subcutaneous adenocarcinoma which becomes necrotic as it grows and causes severe body wasting in the host. This study has indicated that the tumour is resistant to a large number of standard anti-cancer drugs but is highly responsive to the investigational agent flavone acetic acid (FAA). The levels of FAA achieved in tumours are lower than those necessary for activity in vitro suggesting its mechanism of action in vivo is not direct cytotoxicity. Responding tumours demonstrate massive tissue necrosis and those which are not cured have viable tumour cells associated with tumour blood vessels. The anti-tumour effects are accompanied by control of the host's cancer cachexia. The unique chemosensitivity of MAC 16 to FAA suggests that this agent has a novel mechanism which may be dependent upon specific biological characteristics of tumours. PMID- 3179188 TI - Induction of weight loss and metabolic alterations by human recombinant tumour necrosis factor. AB - A comparison has been made of the weight loss produced by tumour necrosis factor (TNF) (cachectin) with that produced by a restricted food and water intake (pair fed controls), and by mitozolomide, a drug which in toxic doses induces weight loss with a similar decrease in nutrient and water intake. When administered as two separate injections over a 24 h period (acute administration) TNF produced a dose-related weight reduction that was accompanied by and directly proportional to a decrease in both food and water intake. When administered daily by i.v. injection over a 5-day period (chronic administration) the major weight loss was found to occur during the first 24 h after injection and thereafter the weight of treated mice increased toward that of controls. Acute administration of TNF produced hypoglycaemia that was more severe than observed with either mitozolomide or in pair-fed controls, a reduction in the circulatory level of free fatty acids (FFA) and an increase in plasma triglycerides, while mitozolomide and pair-feeding had no effect on the level of blood glucose or plasma triglycerides. Body composition analysis showed a loss of adipose tissue in TNF-injected and pair-fed animals after both acute and chronic treatment. Acute administration of TNF also induced a decrease in the total body water content of treated animals which was similar to pair-fed controls. It is concluded that the weight loss produced by TNF arises from a combination of semi starvation and a reduced water intake, and that the effect only occurred with the first administration of TNF. PMID- 3179189 TI - Double antibody radioimmunoassay for monitoring metastatic breast cancer. AB - We previously reported the production of a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies which recognize glycoproteins abnormally expressed in human breast tumours. Using two of these antibodies, a double antibody radioimmunoassay was designed to quantify levels of these breast tumour marker glycoproteins in serum. Marker levels greater than 28 units were considered abnormal. Using this criterion, 63% and 75% of patients with breast cancer stages I and II, respectively, and 88% of those with metastatic disease were found to have elevated marker levels. Thirteen percent of patients with non-malignant breast disease also had elevated marker levels. Elevated marker levels were also detected in patients with non breast neoplasms. One hundred and eleven women with metastatic disease were followed. Eighty-two percent of those with progressive disease and 73% of those where disease regressed had 20% changes in marker levels. These changes in marker levels preceded by up to 6 months changes in disease state. From these results we conclude that this assay may be useful for monitoring the course of disease in breast cancer patients. PMID- 3179191 TI - Survival of breast cancer patients diagnosed during pregnancy or lactation. AB - This survival study includes 20 breast cancer patients diagnosed during pregnancy and 15 patients diagnosed during the lactation period. The survival rate of these patients is compared with that of ordinary breast cancer patients taking stage of the disease, age and calendar-year at diagnosis into account. The pregnancy group showed a significantly poorer prognosis compared with the control groups. Only 3 out of 20 survived more than 4 years. The tendency of a worse prognosis for the lactation group than for the control group was, however, not significant. PMID- 3179190 TI - Natural killer cell function and lymphoid subpopulations in acute non lymphoblastic leukaemia in complete remission. AB - A long term follow-up study has been undertaken in 33 patients with acute non lymphoblastic leukaemia (ANLL) in order to establish whether a correlation exists between the clinical course and the immunologic pattern of lymphoid subpopulations. Peripheral blood lymphoid cells have been investigated longitudinally (each 1 to 4 months) during complete remission (CR), by morphologic, phenotypic and functional analyses. Particular attention has been paid to the evaluation of the natural killer (NK) cell compartment, by the detection of cells expressing an NK-related phenotype and by NK in vitro assay. Among the patients so far evaluable, 20 relapsed (R) and 10 are long survivors in CR 'off therapy' (LS). The most relevant finding was represented by statistically higher values of NK activity observed in LS vs. R patients (P less than 0.01). The removal of adherent cells before the NK assay, performed to investigate the possible inhibitory effect on NK function played by the macrophage component, abolished this difference, due to a selective increase of NK function in the R group. The longitudinal study revealed that NK activity tended to decrease in individual patients who subsequently relapsed. These data suggest a possible role of NK cells in the relapse control of ANLL, although it cannot be excluded that the low level of NK activity observed in the R group is the result of impending relapse rather than its cause. PMID- 3179192 TI - Incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Denmark 1978-1982. Anatomic site distribution, histologic types, and comparison with non-melanoma skin cancer. AB - The variations by sex, age and anatomic site of 2,376 cutaneous malignant melanomas, 10,846 basal cell carcinomas, and 2,005 squamous cell carcinomas were analyzed using incident cases from the Danish Cancer Registry for the period 1978 1982. Melanoma have a flat age-incidence curve, whereas for other skin cancers, the increase is exponential with age. Sex- and age-patterns differ for various anatomic locations of the body. In a population based case series of 551 patients with malignant melanoma of the skin diagnosed in the period 1982 to 1985 collected as part of a population-based case-control study, the specific anatomic site of the primary lesion was recorded, and the lesions were classified as to histologic subtype. The estimated incidence rates per unit surface area were highest for melanoma of the back, followed by the face, scalp and neck, and the chest in males. In females highest incidence was recorded for the leg, followed by the face, scalp and neck, and the back. Superficial spreading and nodular melanoma did not differ in their age-pattern. This was markedly different from that of lentigo maligna melanoma undoubtedly due to a strong cohort phenomenon of the former. PMID- 3179193 TI - Cancer risk and occupational exposure to aflatoxins in Denmark. AB - A study of cancer risk among male employees at 241 livestock feed processing companies in Denmark was conducted on the basis of a data linkage system for detailed investigation of occupational cancer providing employment histories back until 1964, established at the Danish Cancer Registry. Crops imported for feed production have often been contaminated with highly variable concentrations of aflatoxins; an estimated average concentration of at least 140 micrograms aflatoxin B1 kg-1 prepared mixed cattle feed prevailed in the past, yielding a daily intake for workers via the respiratory route of approximately 170 ng. Risk was established on the basis of cancer cases among male workers, whose employment in one of the companies was the job they had held for the longest time since 1964. Elevated risks for liver cancer and for cancers of the biliary tract were observed, which increased by two- to three-fold significance after a 10-year latency. Exposure to aflatoxins in the imported crops was judged to be the most probable explanation for these findings, although the influence of lifestyle factors, e.g. alcohol consumption on the results cannot be fully disregarded. Increased risks for salivary gland tumours and multiple myeloma were also detected. However, due to multiple comparisons carried out in this study these new associations must await further confirmation. A decreased risk for lung cancer was observed; despite possible negative confounding due to the smoking habits of the employees, the lung does not seem to be a target organ for the carcinogenic effect of inhaled aflatoxins in humans. PMID- 3179194 TI - Tea consumption and cancer. AB - Following the report from Hawaii (Heilbrun et al., 1986) of relationships between tea consumption and respectively rectal cancer (positive) and prostate cancer (negative), these questions were examined using data from a prospective mortality study of London men initiated in 1967. The small numbers of men who did not usually drink any tea prevented a reliable study of this sub group. Nevertheless no evidence of a dose-response relationship was found for rectal, colon or prostate cancer. Significant relationships were found, however, between tea consumption and deaths from stomach, lung and kidney cancers. In the case of stomach and lung cancer, these were partly due to the effects of social class and smoking, and possible reasons are considered for the residual relations. PMID- 3179195 TI - Absence of seasonal variation in the diagnosis of melanoma of the eye in the United States. PMID- 3179196 TI - Effects of unilateral ureteric occlusion on renal necrosis occurring in rats fed a methyl-deficient diet. AB - Wistar male rats were fed from weaning a methyl-deficient diet (groups I and II) or a standard commercial diet (groups III and IV). At the day 3 the left ureter was tied and divided in animals of groups I and III, while those in groups II and IV were sham operated. Rats of all groups were killed on days 8 and 10 to evaluate the incidence and extent of tubular necrosis (day 8) and tubular and cortical necrosis (day 10). The results of this study show that unilateral ureteric obstruction diminishes the incidence, severity and extent of necrosis in the same kidney. PMID- 3179197 TI - Sequence of cellular responses in rabbit aortas following one and two injuries with a balloon catheter. AB - In order to further elucidate the pathogenesis of intimal proliferation and increased thrombogenesis following repeated arterial injuries we studied the sequence of the cellular changes following two injuries of rabbit aortas with a balloon catheter. Following the first injury, the de-endothelialized surface was covered by a platelet monolayer. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes adhered to the inner surface of this monolayer and did not appear to penetrate the vessel wall. By 4 to 7 days, areas of neointima had formed. Within seconds after the reinjury at 7 days after the de-endothelialization small platelet aggregates formed on injured neointimal smooth muscle cells. Within I min platelet thrombi and fibrin strands formed. At 30 min most of the platelet thrombi had become fibrin-rich. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes had accumulated and many had begun to penetrate into the neointimal tissue. The number and extent of penetration of leucocytes into the inner parts of the arterial wall increased with time. Four days after the injury the neointimal cushions were restored and thickened. Both following the first and second injury the formation of neointimal cushions was accompanied by a change in the polarity of the inner layers of medial smooth muscle cells, some of which appeared to have migrated into the neointima. PMID- 3179198 TI - Serial study of phagocytic function in rat bovine serum albumin (BSA) nephritis. AB - We have examined the in-vitro role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and macrophages in the degradation of immune complexes (ICs) at various points during the induction of rat bovine serum albumin (BSA) nephritis. Two types of experiments have been used. In one set (experiment A) preformed 125I-BSA-anti-BSA complexes (which consisted of heterologous (rabbit) antibodies) were incubated with peritoneal macrophages and PMNs from normal and nephritic rats at 37 degrees C for between 1 h and 24 h and the degradation rates of ICs were studied. In the other set (experiment B), homologous ICs prepared from antibodies derived from the sera of nephritic rats were examined using macrophages and PMNs from normal rats. In experiment A, the degradation of heterologous ICs by macrophages was decreased but degradation by PMNs was not decreased if the assays were performed 8 or 9 weeks after injection. Degradation by both macrophages and by PMNs was increased at weeks 10 and 11. In experiment B, the degradation of homologous ICs from the nephritic rats was increased markedly at week 9 and a relationship was observed between both the degradation and antibody titre and the value of the antigen binding capacity of 33% (ABC-33) during the course of nephritis. There was no difference between PMNs and macrophages in their ability to degrade homologous ICs from the nephritic rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179199 TI - Effects of diltiazem on suppression and regression of experimental atherosclerosis. AB - The effects of diltiazem (a calcium antagonist) on the suppression and regression of atherosclerosis were studied. Thirty-one rabbits were fed a 1% cholesterol (atherogenic) diet together with saline (n = 22) or diltiazem (n = 9) injections. After 10 weeks, seven rabbits that received saline and nine rabbits that received diltiazem were killed. The remaining 15 saline-treated rabbits were then put on a standard (regression) diet for the next 15 weeks with saline (n = 7) or diltiazem (n = 8) injections. Sixteen rabbits given a standard diet were used as controls. At 5 and 10 weeks, the plasma LDL cholesterol level in rabbits on the atherogenic diet with diltiazem was significantly lower than in those on the atherogenic diet with saline. The aortic total cholesterol, esterified cholesterol and calcium contents were also significantly lower in rabbits on the atherogenic diet with diltiazem. After 25 weeks (15 weeks on the regression diet), the differences in aortic total cholesterol and calcium contents between the two groups on the regression diet were not significant; however, the aortic esterified cholesterol content was significantly lower in the regression diet with diltiazem. The results suggest that diltiazem has a favourable effect both on regression and on suppression of atherosclerosis. PMID- 3179200 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of the upper urinary tract in transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis. AB - Three nephrectomy specimens with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the renal pelvis were thoroughly examined by both light and scanning electron microscopy. The tumours as well as the urothelium of the upper urinary tract were studied. In all three cases, extensive areas of the urothelium, even in places remote from the tumours, were found by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to be covered by pleomorphic microvilli. This suggests that there is a widespread failure of differentiation of the urothelium to a much greater extent than can be appreciated by conventional light microscopy. PMID- 3179201 TI - Macrophages and mast cells in dystrophic masseter muscle: a light and electron microscopic study. AB - Macrophages and mast cells in masseter muscle from normal and dystrophic mice were studied by light and electron microscopy. Acid phosphatase activity and FITC dextran were used to identify and describe macrophages. Toluidine blue was used as a marker for mast cells. In dystrophic muscle, the number of macrophages was greatly increased and they contained large amounts of phagocytozed material. In normal muscle, mast cells were rarely identified whereas dystrophic muscle contained many mast cells which were often in close contact with macrophages. PMID- 3179202 TI - Plasma lactoferrin reflects neutrophil activation in psoriasis. AB - We used a biotinylated antibody ELISA technique to measure plasma levels of lactoferrin (LF) and the LF content of peripheral blood PMN in 20 patients with psoriasis, 21 with eczema or other inflammatory skin conditions, 19 patients with malignant skin tumours and 20 healthy control individuals. In psoriasis, plasma LF levels were significantly increased compared with levels in the other skin conditions and in the healthy controls (P less than 0.01). Furthermore, in psoriasis the LF content of circulating PMN was decreased. These findings provide further evidence that in psoriasis systemic activation ('priming') of circulating PMN may take place. PMID- 3179203 TI - Methodology to measure the transient effect of occlusion on skin penetration and stratum corneum hydration in vivo. AB - The effect of short duration occlusion on skin penetration and stratum corneum water content was studied in vivo in eight human subjects. Percutaneous absorption of hexyl nicotinate was monitored non-invasively by laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) following each of three randomly assigned pre-treatments: untreated control, 30 min occlusion with a polypropylene chamber and 30 min occlusion followed by exposure to ambient conditions for 1 h. Stratum corneum water content after the same pre-treatments was measured with the dielectric probe technique. The local vasodilatory effect of the nicotinic acid ester was quantified using LDV by the onset of increased blood flow, the time of maximal increase in response, the magnitude of the peak response and the area under the response-time curve. Each of these parameters was significantly different, immediately following occlusion, from the untreated control values. However, if the occluded site was exposed for 1 h prior to hexyl nicotinate application these parameters did not differ significantly from the controls. Stratum corneum water content (expressed as a percentage of a maximal value) showed the same behaviour: the pre-treatment control value was 31.8 +/- 4.8%; after 30 min occlusion, this had risen to 46.9 +/- 6.2%; 1 h later, the reading had returned to 32.1 +/- 6.2%. There was a significant correlation between stratum corneum water content and area under the LDV response-time curve. It appears, therefore, that this method may be useful for quantifying the relationship between increased stratum corneum hydration and enhanced percutaneous absorption in vivo in man. PMID- 3179204 TI - Aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen in methotrexate-induced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. AB - Twenty-four psoriatic patients on methotrexate were studied with liver biopsies and serum measurements of aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIII NP). All but one of nine patients with serum levels of PIII NP above the normal range had liver fibrosis or cirrhosis and no normal liver biopsies were obtained in this group. In contrast, nine normal liver biopsies and two biopsies with minimal fibrosis were found among the 15 patients with normal serum levels of PIII NP. The study indicates that aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen can be utilized as a valuable non-invasive marker of fibrogenesis in the liver. This analysis is not specific for the liver, but it seems that the number of liver biopsies probably can be reduced in psoriatics on methotrexate who have normal levels of PIII NP. PMID- 3179205 TI - Intestinal folate absorption in methotrexate treated psoriatic patients. AB - Thirty-one psoriatic patients 14 of whom were being treated with methotrexate (MTX), participated in a controlled study to evaluate the influence of MTX therapy on the intestinal absorption of folate. Low serum and red cell folate levels in the MTX treated group confirmed previously reported findings. However, analysis of the intestinal absorption profile yielded no significant difference between the two groups. It was concluded that MTX therapy for psoriasis does not adversely affect the intestinal absorption of folate and the observed low body folate status is probably mainly the result of enhanced renal excretion. PMID- 3179206 TI - Objective measurement of three epidermal parameters in psoriasis vulgaris and in dermatopathology in general. AB - Three objective parameters which characterize the main features of the epidermis are described. One parameter relates to the mean thickness of the epidermis determined by a simple method. The second descriptive number is the ratio of the thickness of the strata corneum, lucidum and granulosum to the stratum malpighii. The third number relates to the degree of folding of the dermo-epidermal junction. The ratio of the mean thickness of abnormal to normal stratum corneum (for the same skin region) is suggested as an objective measure of hyperkeratosis; likewise, the ratio of abnormal to normal stratum malpighii is an objective measure of acanthosis. A single parameter can be measured against time to follow changes during the pathogenesis, treatment or remission of epidermal disease. As psoriasis undergoes progressive acanthosis, the geometry of the folding of the dermo-epidermal junction is such that cells of the stratum malpighii retain their close association with the cylindrical dermal papillae. PMID- 3179207 TI - The symptomatology of hidradenitis suppurativa in women. AB - In order to establish the possible role of androgen in the development of hidradenitis suppurativa the symptomatology of the disease was studied in a group of 70 female patients. The results were compared with those obtained from an age matched control group of healthy women. The incidence of women with signs of androgenization in the two groups did not differ significantly. The only significant differences found were a shorter menstrual cycle and a longer duration of menstrual flow in the women suffering from hidradenitis, and that women with hidradenitis were more likely to have a positive family history of hidradenitis. The prevalence of hidradenitis in the control group was 4%. The results show that hidradenitis is not accompanied by other signs of androgenization. The disease may be due to local changes in the apocrine glands of predisposed individuals. PMID- 3179208 TI - The lateral spread of clobetasol 17-propionate in the stratum corneum in vivo. AB - Radiolabelled clobetasol 17-propionate in two different bases, propylene glycol (PG) and di-n-butyl adipate (BA), was applied to the backs of 10 normal male volunteers, and the application sites protected. After 8 h samples of stratum corneum (SC) were taken from the application site and an adjacent site, and the level of steroid measured. At the application site there were higher concentrations of the PG formulation at the deeper levels of the SC. At the adjacent sites there were higher concentrations of the BA formulation at the superficial levels. The mean radioactivity at the adjacent sites expressed as a percentage of that at the corresponding application sites (+/- SEM) was 7.8 +/- 5.3% for the BA formulation and 3.0 +/- 2.9% for the PG, (P = 0.0002). Total percentage of the applied dose in the skin adjacent to the application site was 11.7 +/- 6.3% for the BA formulation and 5.3 +/- 5.7% for the PG (P less than 0.0002). Clobetasol 17-propionate, therefore, moves laterally to a greater extent in BA than in PG. PMID- 3179209 TI - Multiple basal cell carcinomas arising in port-wine haemangiomas. AB - We report the case of a 49-year-old man, who had had two port-wine stains from birth, in which many basal cell carcinomas developed during his forties. The appearance of multiple basal cell carcinomas in port-wine stains has not been reported previously to our knowledge and may represent a new syndrome. PMID- 3179210 TI - Darier's disease and retinitis pigmentosa; is there a pathogenetic relationship? AB - Two brothers with Darier's disease and concomitant retinitis pigmentosa are reported. To our knowledge, these are the first cases with this combination of symptoms described in the literature. The dermatological conditions occurring with retinitis pigmentosa are reviewed. A disturbance in retinoids or retinoid binding proteins as a possible cause of both diseases is discussed. PMID- 3179211 TI - Topical NDGA (nordihydroguaiaretic acid) in psoriasis. PMID- 3179212 TI - Suitability of the upper back for corticosteroid vasoconstrictor assay. PMID- 3179213 TI - Danazol and discoid lupus. PMID- 3179215 TI - Relapsing Polychondritis Support Group. PMID- 3179214 TI - Lack of effect of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) on amyloid deposits in lichen amyloidosis. PMID- 3179216 TI - Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp--a definition. PMID- 3179217 TI - Abstracts: 68th annual meeting of the British Association of Dermatologists. London, 6 to 9 July 1988. PMID- 3179218 TI - Membrane studies on rod-shaped red cells in hereditary elliptocytosis: least haemolysis and normal sodium influx with decreased membrane lipids. AB - The clinical features of hereditary elliptocytosis were studied in 25 cases and compared with 20 normal individuals. Based on morphological features, these patients were classified into two groups: those with a rod-shaped type of elliptocytosis (nine cases), and those with a non-rod type (16 cases). Most of the cases with overt haemolysis were detected among cases of the non-rod type. Overt haemolysis typically tended to be accompanied by stomatocytic changes, which appear to be superimposed on elliptic transformation of the red cells. Sodium influx increased in eight of nine HE patients with overt haemolysis, but in none of the HE with rod-shaped red cells. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences in red cell membrane lipids were observed between the two types of HE. No spectrin abnormalities in domain composition, dimer-dimer association, and thermal stability were observed in 11 of the HE patients studied, including four cases with overt haemolysis. PMID- 3179219 TI - Comparison of the mouse spleen cell assay and a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of serum erythropoietin. AB - The mouse spleen cell assay (MSCA) has been compared with a radioimmunoassay for the measurement of serum erythropoietin (Ep). In 20 normal subjects the serum values ranged from 15 to 73 mU/ml for the MSCA compared with 5-30 mU/ml for the RIA. For normal sera there was no correlation between the results of the two assays. In 37 patients with anaemias of differing aetiologies and at various stages of treatment values ranged from 10 to 3645 mU/ml for the MSCA and 13 10,000 mU/ml for the RIA. Although patient values from the two assays were highly correlated (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001), the MSCA results were generally lower. These discrepancies can be largely accounted for by two factors. Firstly the MSCA is sensitive to non-specific matrix effects. Secondly, heat inactivation of serum, a prerequisite for the MSCA, but not for the RIA, destroys a variable and unpredictable proportion of the Ep in the test sera leading to an underestimation of Ep in the MSCA. We conclude that the RIA is more reliable than the MSCA which, in its present form, cannot be recommended for the accurate measurement of serum erythropoietin. PMID- 3179220 TI - Aase-Smith syndrome: report of a new case. PMID- 3179221 TI - Independent clonal origin of coexisting chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma. PMID- 3179222 TI - Peripheral blood pluripotent progenitor cells in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia before, during and after chemotherapy. PMID- 3179223 TI - A paediatric case of a TdT positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) without Burkitt characteristics. PMID- 3179224 TI - Essential thrombocythaemia and the Philadelphia chromosome. AB - Six adult patients presented with clinical features of essential thrombocythaemia. Five of the patients, although Ph-positive, have maintained these features without evidence of leukaemia; in one case for 9 years. A sixth patient developed leukaemic blast crisis following a persistently high platelet count over 4 years. Her cells were Ph-negative, but hybridization of gene probes to chromosomes in situ and to leukaemic DNA showed that the abl oncogene had moved to the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) on the normal chromosome 22. This patient has the same molecular gene change as occurs in some cases of Ph-negative chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) whose leukaemic cells likewise show no evidence of chromosomal translocation. Molecular studies are essential for the correct diagnosis of these patients. The Ph genomic lesion appears to have a range of leukaemic expression which includes thrombocythaemia as well as chronic myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphatic leukaemia. PMID- 3179225 TI - Difference of cell lineage expression of haematopoietic progenitor cells in Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and chronic myelogenous leukaemia. AB - It is still difficult to clinically distinguish Philadelphia (Ph1)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) from Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) in lymphoid crisis. In this study we tried to discriminate between these two disorders by simultaneous analyses of cell morphology and karyotype in single in vitro colonies. We studied three patients with Ph1-positive ALL and four with Ph1-positive CML in various phases of the disease. Bone marrow and peripheral blood cells obtained directly from all seven patients showed abnormal karyotypes including Ph1-chromosomes. Normal karyotypes were found in a small proportion of cells from two ALL patients, but none were found in any from the CML patients. The patients' mononuclear cells (MNCs) were plated at 1-5 x 10(4)/ml in semi solid medium containing methylcellulose plus phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated leucocyte conditioned medium and erythropoietin. After 9-14 d cultivation, granulocyte-macrophage, erythroid and mixed colonies obtained were used for simultaneous analysis of cell morphology and karyotype. Morphological examination showed that these colonies contained neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages and/or erythroblasts in various combinations. No lymphoblast colonies were obtained under the culture conditions used. Cytogenetic examination revealed that all metaphase cells observed in colonies obtained from Ph1-positive ALL patient MNCs had a normal karyotype, whereas those in colonies from Ph1-positive CML patient MNCs had abnormal karyotypes, including Ph1 chromosomes, suggesting that the difference between the two disorders involved a difference in cell lineage. Our results showed that this method was a practicable method for distinguishing Ph1-positive ALL from Ph1-positive CML in lymphoid crisis. PMID- 3179226 TI - Plasma levels of highly sulphated glycosaminoglycans are raised in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. AB - A study of absolute basophil counts and plasma levels of highly sulphated glycosaminoglycans in 30 peripheral blood samples from 21 patients with different leukaemias was performed. This revealed significantly raised levels of both plasma highly sulphated glycosaminoglycans and basophils in those patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, as compared to those with other types of leukaemia and 35 normal controls. A strong correlation (r = 0.83) was observed between the levels of highly sulphated glycosaminoglycans and basophil counts in the group as a whole, supporting a direct relationship between the two. The elevated plasma levels of highly sulphated glycosaminoglycans may contribute to the bleeding tendency reported in some patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. PMID- 3179227 TI - The syndrome of abnormal chromatin clumping in leucocytes: a myelodysplastic disorder with proliferative features? AB - Five patients presenting extremely exaggerated chromatin clumping in leucocytes, associated with a loss of segmentation, are described. Peripheral cytopenia, a high percentage of circulating immature granulocytes (chiefly myelocytes) with variable leucocytosis, marrow hypercellularity with granulocytic hyperplasia and moderate dysplastic changes in erythroblastic and megakaryocytic lines, constitute, together with the granulocytic nuclear anomaly, the characteristic features of the studied cases. Cytogenetic analysis showed a clonal 12p anomaly in one of the three cases available for study. Survival was poor with a median of 15 months, bleeding and infections being responsible for the majority of deaths. All these findings point to abnormal chromatin clumping in leucocytes as the marker of a true entity with both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative features. We propose that it take its place among myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) beside chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), with which it shares many similarities in clinical and biological behaviour. PMID- 3179228 TI - Cytogenetic studies of haemopoietic colonies from patients with an initial diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. AB - For patients with an initial diagnosis of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and no documented history of Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), the cell of origin and extent of lineage involvement of the disease is often unclear. This is largely due to the fact that cytogenetic analysis of direct marrow preparations cannot distinguish between the presence of Ph1-positive myeloid metaphases and infiltration of the marrow with dividing Ph1-positive blasts. Cytogenetic analysis of cultured haemopoietic colonies allows more precise lineage assignment. We have used this approach to study five adult patients who presented with Ph1-positive ALL and subsequently showed a significant increase in normal metaphases (to 18-100% of all metaphases examined) following remission induction. In four of these five patients, some Ph1 positive erythroid and granulopoietic cells could be demonstrated. In the other, as in three patients with childhood ALL who presented with a Ph1-negative but cytogenetically abnormal clone, only chromosomally normal erythroid and granulopoietic progenitors were detected. Two Ph1-positive CML patients who entered a lymphoid blast crisis following a recognized chronic phase were also studied. In both of these latter two patients all erythroid and granulocyte macrophage colonies analysed were Ph1-positive. These findings support the concept that patients presenting with Ph1-positive ALL comprise a heterogeneous group. In some cases the disease may arise in a restricted lymphopoietic cell not capable of myelopoietic differentiation. However, in others involvement of myeloid cells suggests these may be variant forms of CML in spite of an unusual initial response of the Ph1-positive clone to therapy. PMID- 3179229 TI - Evolution of acquired severe aplastic anaemia to myelodysplasia and subsequent leukaemia in adults. AB - Myelodysplasia (MDS) and leukaemia following acquired aplastic anaemia has been reported as a rare event occurring in about 5% of patients. Improved results in survival of patients with severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) and subsequent prolonged follow-up created the possibility of evaluating the occurrence of MDS and leukaemia in 38 adult patients with acquired SAA surviving two or more years without bone marrow transplantation. Five patients, age 22, 35, 47, 56, 72 years, two females, three males, all with idiopathic SAA and normal cytogenetic analysis developed a refractory anaemia (RA) 7, 30, 48, 56, 142 months after diagnosis of SAA. In 3/5 RA evolved into an acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) either via a chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) (2/3) or via RA with excess of blasts (RAEB) (1/3). Three patients revealed a monosomy 7 during MDS and/or leukaemic phase. One patient died during RA phase without cytogenetic abnormalities. A pattern of evolution could be identified in these patients revealing well-documented SAA - improvement of bone marrow haematopoiesis - dyshaematopoietic features of one or more cell lines with predominance of dyserythropoiesis - RA - RAEB or CMML - AML. These five patients represent more than 10% of all patients surviving at least 2 years. This implies that the risk of developing MDS and leukaemia in SAA patients surviving with autologous marrow, might increase with longer follow-up. PMID- 3179230 TI - Altered expression of platelet surface glycoproteins during storage. AB - Human blood platelets were stored in autologous plasma at 4 degrees C or 22 degrees C and their surface changes were probed with three lectins--wheat germ agglutinin, lentil lectin and concanavalin A. Platelets stored at either temperature for different times showed increased sensitivity to lectins. Lectins which were nonagglutinating to fresh platelets readily agglutinated stored platelets. The platelets stored for 24 h or longer lost their ability to respond to thrombin but demonstrated enhanced aggregation with wheat germ agglutinin. Surface labelling experiments revealed progressive loss of a glycoprotein of Mr 150,000 (GPIb) together with the appearance of components with Mr 69,000, 60,000 and 25,000 respectively. New high molecular weight glycoproteins were detected only in stored platelets. These findings illustrate the usefulness of lectins for the detection of altered expression of surface glycoconjugates which may be a factor in storage related dysfunction of platelets. PMID- 3179231 TI - Tumour necrosis factor may contribute to the anaemia of malaria by causing dyserythropoiesis and erythrophagocytosis. AB - Among the unexplained changes caused by malaria in several host species, including man and mouse, are erythrophagocytosis and dyserythropoiesis. In order to see whether tumour necrosis factor (TNF) could contribute to these changes we injected recombinant human TNF intravenously into mice made very susceptible to this monokine by low density infection with a mouse malaria (Plasmodium vinckei) or prior injection of an extract of Coxiella burneti. Appreciable erythrophagocytosis, involving nucleated erythroblasts as well as mature red cells, was observed in bone marrow preparations from TNF-treated mice and those with severe illness due to P. vinckei, but in no other group. Dyserythropoiesis, involving irregularly-shaped nuclei and karyorrhexis, had the same distribution. TNF at concentrations up to 8 ng/ml was detected in the serum of all mice with severe malaria, but not uninfected animals or those with light infections. These findings are consistent with TNF making an important contribution to erythrophagocytosis and dyserythropoiesis, and thus to anaemia, in malaria and other conditions. PMID- 3179232 TI - Congenital defects and work in pregnancy. AB - The risk of congenital defect was examined in 47,913 pregnancies of women employed for 15 hours a week or more at time of conception. The rate of defects of all types per 1000 births in this series was 25.0; 1.8 from defects classified as chromosomal (group A), 10.8 as developmental (group B), and 12.5 as musculoskeletal (group C). Some evidence of an excess in the risk ratio (p less than 0.05) was found in the services sector and in four occupations--agriculture and horticulture (2.61), telephone and postal clerks (1.74), a miscellaneous group of service jobs (1.68), and receptionists and information clerks (1.47); excesses of lower statistical significance (p less than 0.1) were found in those engaged in plastics and rubber manufacture (2.02) and in child minders (1.84). There were two cases of tracheo-oesophageal fistula--a rare defect--among eight defects (1.32 expected) in agriculture and horticulture. Overall, the distribution of risk ratios in the 60 occupations examined was not significantly heterogeneous. Analysis of chemical exposure profiles for each occupational group showed no evidence of any increased risk, perhaps due to lack of sensitivity and discrimination in this method of exposure estimation. In 152 pregnancies of doctors and nurses who had administered antineoplastic drugs in the first month eight defects, miscellaneous in type, were observed compared with 4.05 expected (p = 0.05). Special study of musculoskeletal defects and work demands showed some evidence of an association with a long working week (greater than or equal to 46 hours) but no other ergonomic factor. With these few exceptions the survey failed to identify appreciable risk of congenital defect related to occupation. PMID- 3179233 TI - Mortality and incidence of cancer among oil exposed workers in a Norwegian cable manufacturing company. Part I. Exposure conditions 1920-79. AB - Heavy high viscosity oils, transformer oils, and very light low viscosity oils have been used in a Norwegian company in the impregnation, sheathing, and installation of paper insulated cables. The aim of the present study was to determine exposures to oils and other chemicals at these workplaces from 1920 to 1979. Oil mist was sampled on glass fibre or membrane filters and analysed by infrared spectroscopy. Oil vapour concentrations were measured with a direct reading total hydrocarbon analyser with a flame ionisation detector. The results suggested average oil mist levels of 0.5-4 mg/m3 and oil vapour levels within 10 100 mg/m3. Definitive exposure to asbestos occurred in sheathing until the late 1950s, whereas only minor exposure to asbestos took place in installation and impregnation. PMID- 3179234 TI - Mortality and incidence of cancer among oil exposed workers in a Norwegian cable manufacturing company. Part 2. Mortality and cancer incidence 1953-84. AB - Mortality and incidence of cancer 1953-84 was studied in a cohort of 529 men exposed to mineral oils in a Norwegian cable manufacturing company. Expected numbers of deaths were calculated from national death rates and cases of cancer from regional incidence rates. Among the 195 men who had worked for less than one year, there were statistically significant excesses of deaths from all causes (O/E = 75/39.3) and from malignant neoplasms, ischaemic heart disease, non malignant respiratory disease, and violence. In a subcohort of all 248 men with known work category and at least one year's employment in oil exposed work statistically significant excesses of deaths from ischaemic heart disease (O/E = 26/16.1) and cases of lung cancer (O/E = 10/3.9) were observed. Nine of the cases of lung cancer had occurred 20 years or more after first employment (2.7 expected; p less than 0.01). In smokers of this subcohort there were 7.06 cases of lung cancer per 1000 person-years compared with 1.30 in smokers of a general population sample. It is concluded that exposure to mineral oils has probably been an important contributing factor in the development of lung cancer among these workers. PMID- 3179235 TI - Health hazards of fire fighters: exposure assessment. AB - There is growing concern over the detrimental health effects to firefighters produced by exposure to combustion byproducts of burning materials. To assess the types and levels of exposure encountered by firefighters during their routine occupational duties, members of the Buffalo Fire Department were monitored during firefighting activities with personal, portable, ambient environmental sampling devices. The results indicate that firefighters are frequently exposed to significant concentrations of hazardous materials including carbon monoxide, benzene, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, hydrogen chloride, dichlorofluoromethane, and particulates. Furthermore, in many cases of the worst exposure to these materials respiratory protective equipment was not used owing to the visual impression of low smoke intensity, and thus these levels represent actual direct exposure of the firefighters. Many of these materials have been implicated in the production of cardiovascular, respiratory, or neoplastic diseases, which may provide an explanation for the alleged increased risk for these illnesses among firefighters. PMID- 3179236 TI - Lung cancer among glass fibre production workers: a case-control study. AB - A cohort study among 4734 employees at an English glass fibre plant previously reported no excess of lung cancer mortality either overall or when examined in broad occupational groups. To investigate occupation in more detail, and to test the hypothesis that processes producing or using finer (respirable) fibres may be related to a higher risk of lung cancer, a nested case-control study has now been carried out. Included are 73 cases of lung cancer and 506 matched controls, for whom jobs held and processes worked on have been blindly recorded in more detail than for the cohort study. Workers known to have been employed on processes containing respirable fibres had a relative risk of lung cancer of 1.2 (95% confidence interval 0.7-2.0) compared with other workers. There was no evidence of a relationship of lung cancer to fibre diameter, duration of exposure, or time since first exposure. The results by broad occupational group were similar to those of the cohort study, and although some of the many detailed occupational categories examined had significantly raised relative risks, these did not appear to be related to exposure to respirable glass fibre. Although the study has not indicated a differential risk of lung cancer among workers exposed to finer diameter glass fibres, the exposure levels were low and the number of cases small. PMID- 3179237 TI - Medical evacuations from offshore structures. AB - A retrospective study was carried out on medical evacuations from the installations of four major oil or gas producing companies, or both, operating offshore on the United Kingdom continental shelf. The study covered 1976-84 during which 2162 evacuations were recorded. Of these, 137 (7.7%) required the use of a chartered helicopter. In the earlier years of the study there were substantially more injuries sustained than episodes of illness recorded but from 1980 onwards the cases of illness equalled those of injury. Using the International Classification of Diseases, the digestive system was responsible for most evacuations for illness and of those, about half (115 evacuations) were for dental problems. Suspected fractures were responsible for about one third of those evacuated for an injury but injuries of hands and eye conditions were particularly common, accounting for 25% of all evacuations. As the age of the evacuee increased the proportion of evacuations for injury decreased and that for illness increased. The mean age for evacuation for injury was 28.3 years and for illness 34.4 years. Few evacuations were required for those aged over 45. PMID- 3179238 TI - Influence of design characteristics on the outcome of retrospective cohort studies. AB - Retrospective cohort studies are increasingly being applied in occupational health. To describe and investigate further this type of study 179 retrospective cohort studies published in six scientific journals between 1975 and 1985 inclusive were reviewed. A description of the 179 reviewed articles was made and relations between investigator orientated variables, design characteristics, and the outcome of the study were investigated. Retrospective cohort studies focusing on exposures in the chemical industry appeared to yield most negative findings, which is partly explained by the relation between the affiliation of the investigator and the outcome of the study. Studies requiring a minimal latency period, an occupational reference group, and a low percentage of lost to follow up tended to have a higher chance of a positive finding. Study size, however, did not appear to be related to the outcome. PMID- 3179239 TI - Reliability of a widely used test of peripheral cutaneous vibration sensitivity and a comparison of two testing protocols. AB - Quantitative, non-invasive instruments for assessing peripheral sensory function are being used in many epidemiological investigations of workplace hazards. To be useful in this context such tests should have high reliability and short administration time. The reliability and time efficiency of two testing protocols for determining cutaneous vibration sensitivity (vibration threshold) were compared in 22 healthy volunteers. Both methods were administered using a widely used testing device (Vibratron II). The first testing protocol was a two alternative "forced choice" method recommended by the instrument manufacturer. The second protocol was a "yes-no" method of limits procedure. Each subject's dominant index finger was tested with both methods on two occasions to compare their reliability. In these well educated subjects the method of limits procedure was found to be substantially more reliable and was much less time consuming than the recommended forced choice procedure. The simpler method of limits procedure may be preferable to the forced choice method in certain test conditions. PMID- 3179240 TI - Reduction of delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase concentration by bromobenzene in rats. AB - The effects of bromobenzene on delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) were examined in rats. The enzyme in the bone marrow was irreversibly inhibited after 12 hours of treatment with bromobenzene (intraperitoneally) without any change in the enzyme concentration. When bromobenzene treatment was prolonged to 72 hours, the concentrations of the enzyme in the bone marrow and in the liver were reduced proportionally to the decrease in the enzyme activity. Neither the activity nor the concentration of ALA dehydratase in the peripheral erythrocytes were reduced even after 72 hours treatment with bromobenzene. These findings indicate that bromobenzene decreases ALA dehydratase activity in a biphasic manner; firstly, through an irreversible inhibition probably due to the formation of mercaptide with the essential SH groups and, secondly, through a reduced synthesis of the enzyme. PMID- 3179241 TI - Asbestos associated tumours in car mechanics. PMID- 3179243 TI - Risk factors for myocardial infarction: the importance of relaxation. AB - Several risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were examined, including history of smoking and hypercholesterolemia, income, education, coronary-prone behaviour by Structured Interview (SI) and the type and quality of stress-reducing relaxing activities, in a case-control study. Our sample included 100 AMI patients (80 males and 20 females, with mean ages 57.3 and 64.1 years, respectively), as well as 100 age- and sex-matched controls. Univariate differences between cases and controls were significant for history of smoking, income level, SI-defined hostility, SI-defined suppression of hostility, amount and type of relaxing activities and history of hypercholesterolemia. Multivariable analyses demonstrated that AMI patients reported significantly lower levels of relaxation and income, but higher levels of suppressed hostility and a higher incidence of hypercholesterolemia. Our findings confirm the significance of hostility and particularly suppressed hostility as AMI risk factors; furthermore, inadequate relaxation was identified as an independent risk factor associated with AMI. PMID- 3179242 TI - Nitrosamine in leather dust extracts. PMID- 3179244 TI - Psychological defences and menstrual distress. AB - Two studies considered the possible role of psychological defences and defensive awareness in the distress reported by women during the menstrual (flow) period and during the week before menstruation. Unconscious rationalization was associated with the least distress at both times among college women. The same defensive pattern also was found to be related to less menstrual and premenstrual distress among women reporting the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome. None of the other three defences studied (projection, repression, and denial) was associated with menstrual or premenstrual distress. The adaptive role of rationalization was explained in terms of coping by confrontation rather than evasion when the sources of stress tend to be inevitable. PMID- 3179245 TI - The relationship between marital intimacy, perceived strain and depression in spouse caregivers of dementia sufferers. AB - This study explored the quality of marital relationship between dementia sufferers and their spouse caregivers. It assessed the quality of the relationship (level of intimacy) prior to the onset of dementia and also at the time of the study. Caregivers who experienced lower levels of marital intimacy, both currently and before the onset of dementia, were found to have higher levels of perceived strain and depression. The decline in intimacy following the onset of dementia was estimated from the difference between the levels of past and present intimacy. Caregivers who experienced a greater loss of intimacy had a higher level of depression, but did not show evidence of increased perceived strain. It is speculated that a poor premorbid relationship makes caregiving more stressful because of a greater difficulty in performing the caregiving role. In addition, it is suggested that a poor premorbid relationship or high loss of intimacy acts as a vulnerability factor, predisposing the caregiver to depression. PMID- 3179246 TI - Predicting adjustment to perinatal death. AB - One hundred and thirty parents who had experienced a perinatal death completed a self-administered questionnaire that examined the demographic characteristics of parents, factors associated with the loss, and their levels of satisfaction with the amount of support they received. In addition, they completed scales measuring current levels of depression, self-esteem and psychological well-being. Comparisons with available norms revealed that, while parents were more depressed than general members of the community, they showed fewer symptoms of depression than did depressed patients. In addition, results revealed that less depressed parents were more satisfied with the level of support and comfort they received from doctors and nurses after the loss of their infant. Greater satisfaction with the support from hospital staff also predicted higher levels of self-esteem, as did being satisfied with opportunities to be with the baby. Being more pleased with support from hospital staff and partners also predicted higher levels of psychological well-being. Parents who reported higher well-being were more likely to have experienced a neonatal death, and were satisfied with the opportunities they had had to create special memories of their baby. In the case of happier parents more time had elapsed since the loss of the child. PMID- 3179247 TI - Depression in medical in-patients. AB - Between one-fifth and one-third of patients hospitalized on general medicine wards experience significant depressive symptoms during their hospitalization. This study employed 71 general medical in-patients and examined the relative association of illness/hospitalization characteristics, patient characteristics and environmental characteristics with in-patient medical depression. Multiple regression results indicated that in-patient medical depression was related to pre-hospitalization depression and social functioning, patient perception of physician supportiveness and patient perception of illness-related life disruption. None of the objective illness/hospitalization variables related to depression while in the hospital. These results are interpreted with regard to several current theories in medical psychology including a life-stress model emphasizing the ability of prior disorder to predict subsequent disorder, a social interaction model focusing on the effects of physicians' supportive behaviour on patients' emotional adjustment in the hospital, and models of illness that stress cognitive appraisal in determining illness-related mood and behaviour. PMID- 3179248 TI - The total score of the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index: a useful and valid measure of psychoneurotic pathology. AB - The Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) was designed as a measure of neurotic symptomatology. The tendency has been to report upon its six separate scales and to ignore the total score. We report on the use of the CCEI in a detailed interview study of 208 40-49-year-old women from a local community and 40 patients of the same age range and sex from a psychiatric hospital. In this study, scores on the six scales of the CCEI were shown to be highly intercorrelated. A case is made for combining the six scale scores to form an overall score of neurotic pathology. This score was validated against a number of variables. It was shown to be significantly related to psychiatric patient status, negative self-evaluation, level of severity of current symptoms, evidence of previous psychiatric episodes, previous psychiatric treatment and psychiatric symptoms in childhood. These validation variables were themselves intercorrelated but severity of current symptoms, self-evaluation and childhood symptoms had significant independent effects. It is concluded that scores on the six scales of the CCEI may be less important than the total score which provides a useful and valid measure of psychoneurotic pathology and has particular application as a screening instrument in community surveys. PMID- 3179249 TI - Making sense of a delusion of smell: a psychotherapeutic approach. AB - Drug treatment is now recommended as the treatment of choice in monosymptomatic delusional states and attempts are made to distinguish these from their 'neurotic' equivalents who may be given different treatments. Such psychotic/neurotic distinctions are not always possible and are sometimes unhelpful, if relevant dynamic issues are ignored. The most appropriate treatment may better be decided by an assessment of other factors such as personality, motivation and important details of a patient's childhood. A case report is presented of a young woman with a delusional belief that a foul smell emanated from her womb and who was treated successfully with weekly dynamic psychotherapy for 18 months. The process of therapy is outlined in the hope that psychotherapy may be offered more often to such patients. PMID- 3179250 TI - Does contact with the mentally ill affect nurses' attitudes to mental illness? AB - This study examines the effects of contact on nurses' attitudes towards psychiatric patients. Three groups of nurses with differing degrees of contact answered the Attitude towards Mental Illness (AMI) questionnaire. No differences were found among the three groups. Practical nurses, nurses with less experience and religious nurses held more positive attitudes. PMID- 3179251 TI - Psychological adjustment, close personal relationships and personality. AB - The finding (Cramer, 1985) that psychological adjustment is positively related to facilitative relationship quality for females but not for males was not supported in a study of 61 couples. For males, both relationship quality and personality characteristics of neuroticism and extraversion were significantly related to psychological adjustment. However, for females, perceived relationship quality was not related to well-being once the effects of personality characteristics were controlled for. These findings are consistent with other reports of gender and sex-role differences in the process of social relationship support utilization. The findings may have implications for marital counselling. PMID- 3179252 TI - Photostress recovery in chronic open angle glaucoma. AB - Photostress recovery time was measured in 30 eyes from 15 patients with chronic open angle glaucoma, and 30 eyes from 15 individuals of a similar age group with no ophthalmological disorder. The average recovery time in patients with glaucoma was 70.47 (SD 35.39) seconds. The average recovery time in the control population was 41.97 (SD 17.34) seconds. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). There was a small positive correlation between age and recovery time in the control population, whereas there was no correlation between age and recovery time in the glaucoma group. There was no correlation between visual acuity and recovery time for either group. There was also no correlation between intraocular pressure and recovery time for the glaucoma group. It was not possible to control for pupillary dilatation in this study. However, it has been previously demonstrated that pharmacological meiosis will not delay photostress recovery time in normal subjects. This is the first report of photostress recovery testing in patients with chronic open angle glaucoma. The results are discussed in terms of the pathophysiology of glaucoma and previous photostress studies in patients with macular disease. PMID- 3179253 TI - Reflow of obstructed capillaries in the maculae of humans with diabetic retinopathy, observed by fluorescein angiography. AB - As diabetic retinopathy progresses, the non-perfused area in the retina gradually enlarges as the capillaries are obstructed. To elucidate the process of capillary obstruction we examined macular capillaries in 104 diabetics, using fluorescein angiography. The follow-up period was three to eight years. We found that some capillaries in the macular were obstructed, then became unobstructed. Reflow of blood into the macula after the obstruction was observed in nine patients (8.7%). The time between obstruction and reflow varied from two months to four years. There were four cases of simple, three of preproliferative, and two of proliferative retinopathy. Reflow in the capillaries was confirmed as occurring at the same position and in vessels with the same diameter as seen before the obstruction. There was no leakage of the fluorescein dye from the capillary where reflow took place. We tentatively conclude that one of the causes of this phenomenon is a functional obstruction. PMID- 3179254 TI - Graves' ophthalmopathy: I. Simple CT estimates of extraocular muscle volume. AB - Graves' ophthalmopathy is an autoimmune inflammatory process affecting primarily the extraocular muscles. The enlargement of these muscles is responsible for most of the important manifestations of the disease, including proptosis, lid retraction, diplopia, and optic neuropathy. Recently the optic neuropathy has been shown to correlate with extraocular muscle volume as determined by computed tomography (CT). In the present study simplified measures of the extraocular muscles imaged by CT are described, which also correlate highly with the development of optic neuropathy. PMID- 3179255 TI - Graves' ophthalmopathy: II. Correlation of clinical signs with measures derived from computed tomography. AB - Quantitative clinical and computed tomographic (CT) measures of Graves' ophthalmopathy were obtained in 76 patients. Significant correlation of several CT parameters of the mid-orbital axial CT slice with optic nerve involvement was established. By means of clinical measures, only limitation of ocular motility was found to correlate with the optic neuropathy. The results suggested that there were two distinct populations of patients with Graves' disease which could be segregated by CT scan and clinical evaluation, one which developed optic neuropathy and one which did not. Therefore simple measures performed on the mid orbital slice of the CT scan are recommended for all patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy as an important adjunct to careful evaluation of extraocular muscle function, in order to identify patients at risk of developing optic neuropathy. PMID- 3179256 TI - Graves' ophthalmopathy: III. Effect of transantral orbital decompression on optic neuropathy. AB - Twenty-five patients (48 eyes) underwent transantral, surgical decompression of their orbits for treatment of Graves' ophthalmopathy with optic neuropathy. Visual acuity improved in 77%, remained unchanged in 17%, and worsened in 6%. Colour vision improved in 76%, remained unchanged in 20%, and worsened in 4%. Visual fields improved in 67%, remained unchanged in 12%, and worsened in 22%. In general the worse the vision preoperatively the greater the relative improvement postoperatively. Clinical and radiological findings failed to correlate with visual outcome of surgical intervention. The study shows surgery to be highly effective in restoring optic nerve function for patients with severe Graves' ophthalmopathy. PMID- 3179257 TI - Pharmacokinetics of a 5-fluorouracil liposomal delivery system. AB - A liposomal delivery system was developed in an attempt to prolong ocular levels of 5-fluorouracil for glaucoma filtering surgery. The pharmacokinetics of the 5 fluorouracil liposomal delivery system were studied in normal pigmented rabbits with 5-fluorouracil labelled with carbon-14 (C-14). 14C 5-fluorouracil was incorporated into the liposomes at a concentration of 10 g/l and injected subconjunctivally in doses of 5 and 10 mg. Concentrations of 5-fluorouracil were assayed at 10 time intervals from 0.5 to 96 hours in cornea, sclera, and conjunctiva and at six time intervals from 0.5 to 12 hours in aqueous. Two peak concentrations were noted at approximately one and eight hours, with measurable levels present at 96 hours. This study demonstrates the ability of this liposomal delivery system to prolong levels of 5-fluorouracial in normal pigmented rabbits. PMID- 3179259 TI - Corneal shape and astigmatism: with a note on myopia. AB - The elliptical shape and the physiological astigmatism of the normal neonatal human cornea are attributed to the ellipsoidal shape of the eyeball. This in turn is a feature of ocular development. The analysis is used to examine earlier observations on myopia. PMID- 3179258 TI - Vitrectomy for idiopathic epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker. AB - We used vitreous surgery to remove idiopathic epiretinal membranes from the macular area in 70 consecutive cases. The abnormal tissue was successfully removed in each case. Vision improved postoperatively in 61 eyes (87%), remained unchanged in six eyes (9%), and worsened in three eyes (4%). However, at the time of final examination vision was improved in only 47 eyes (67%), primarily because of the occurrence or progression of nuclear sclerosis, which occurred in 38 of 60 phakic eyes (63%). Four preoperative factors were associated with final visual acuity of 20/60 or better: (1) initial vision of 20/100 or better, (2) shorter preoperative duration of blurred vision, (3) thin epiretinal membrane, and (4) absence of traction retinal detachment. PMID- 3179260 TI - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia involving the lacrimal gland: case report. AB - A case is described of a 25-year-old male who developed angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia involving the tissue over the left parotid gland and subsequently involving the right lacrimal gland with proptosis. Treatment was by excision. PMID- 3179261 TI - Unilateral proptosis as a clinical presentation in primary angiosarcoma of skull. AB - A case is reported of unilateral proptosis of the left eyeball as a unique clinical presentation of primary angiosarcoma of the skull involving the sphenoid and frontal bones and roof of the orbit on the left side of a 32-year-old man. The intraosseous, extradural non-encapsulated, and friable tumour contained cytoplasmic factor VIII-related antigen. After complete removal of the tumour the patient has been well for 10 months of the follow-up period. This case brings the total number of reported primary angiosarcomas of the cranium to nine. All patients were male and most of them were young. The average age was 24 years. The frontal bone seems to be the site of predilection for cranial angiosarcomas. Surgical extirpation, radiation, or combined surgical removal and radiation have been used for treating angiosarcoma of the skull with variable results. It is suggested that angiosarcoma of the skull has a worse prognosis than angiosarcoma of bones other than the cranium because the patient may die of secondary neoplastic involvement of the brain. PMID- 3179262 TI - A nuclear Overhauser effect study of the heme crevice in the resting state and compound I of horseradish peroxidase: evidence for cation radical delocalization to the proximal histidine. AB - The assignment of resolved hyperfine-shifted resonances in high-spin resting state horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and its double-oxidized reactive form, compound I (HRP-I), has been carried out by using the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) starting with the known heme methyl assignments in each species. In spite of the efficient spin-lattice relaxation and very broad resonances, significant NOEs were observed for all neighboring pyrrole substituents, which allowed the assignment of the elusive propionate alpha-methylene protons. In the resting state HRP, this leads directly to the identity of the proximal His-170 H beta peaks. The determination that one of the most strongly contact-shifted single proton resonances in HRP-I does not arise from the porphyrin dictates that the cation radical must be delocalized to some amino acid residue. The relaxation properties of the non-heme contact-shifted signal in HRP-I support the identity of this contributing residue as the proximal His-170. Detailed analysis of changes in both contact shift pattern and NOEs indicates that compound I formation is accompanied by a approximately 5 degree rotation of the 6-propionate group. The implication of a porphyrin cation radical delocalized over the proximal histidine for the proposed location of the solely amino acid centered radical in compound I of related cytochrome c peroxidase is discussed. PMID- 3179263 TI - The copper sites of dopamine beta-hydroxylase: an X-ray absorption spectroscopic study. AB - X-ray absorption edge and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra are reported for the Cu(I) and Cu(II) forms of bovine dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH; EC 1.14.17.1) and for the Cu(I) form of DBH bound either to tyramine substrate or to a multisubstrate inhibitor [Kruse, L. I., DeWolf, W. E., Jr., Chambers, P. A., & Goodhart, P. J. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 7271-7278]. A significant change in the structure of the copper sites occurs upon ascorbate mediated reduction of Cu(II) DBH to the Cu(I) form. While the average Cu(II) site most likely consists of a square-planar array of four (N,O)-containing ligands at 1.98 A, the average Cu(I) site shows a reduction in (N,O) coordination number (from approximately 4 to approximately 2) and the addition of a S-containing ligand at 2.30 A. No change in the average Cu(I) ligand environment accompanies binding of tyramine substrate, whereas binding of a multisubstrate inhibitor, 1 (3,5-difluoro-4-hydroxybenzyl)-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione, causes an increase in the Cu-S coordination, consistent with inhibitor binding to the Cu(I) site through the S atom. Although excellent signal-to-noise ratio in the EXAFS spectra of ascorbate-reduced DBH facilitated analysis of outer-shell scattering for a Cu..Cu interaction, the presence of a binuclear site could not be proven or disproven due to interference from Cu...C scattering involving the carbons of imidazole ligands. PMID- 3179264 TI - Tyrosine hydrogen-bonding and environmental effects in proteins probed by ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy. AB - Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra with 229-nm excitation are reported for aqueous tyrosine and for ovomucoid third domain proteins from chicken [OMCHI3(-)] and from chachalaca [OMCHA(-)], as well as alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and beta purothionin. At this excitation wavelength interference from phenylalanine is minimized, and it is possible to determine the frequencies of the Tyr ring modes nu 8a and nu 8b. The nu 8b frequency decreases with the degree of Tyr H-bond donation, reaching a limiting value for deprotonated tyrosine. This spectroscopic indicator of H-bond strength was calibrated by using the model compound p-cresol in H-bond acceptor solutions for which the enthalpy of H-bond formation can be obtained from the literature. With this calibration it is possible to estimate Tyr H-bond enthalpies in proteins for which Tyr is a H-bond donor; values of 13.7, 9.6, and 11.2 kcal/mol were found for OMCHA3(-) and for alpha 1- (or alpha 2-) and beta-purothionin, respectively. The intensity of the 1176-cm-1 nu 9a band of Tyr excited at 229 nm and also the intensity ratio of the Tyr 830/850-cm-1 Fermi doublet excited at 200 nm both correlate strongly with the estimated H-bond enthalpies, but large deviations are seen for the purothionins, reflecting a special environment for the Tyr residue of these proteins, which is believed to be constrained in a hydrophobic pocket. The molar intensity of the strong approximately 1000-cm-1 nu 12 band of phenylalanine in aqueous solution is about half the value observed in most proteins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179265 TI - Mechanism-based inactivation of horseradish peroxidase by sodium azide. Formation of meso-azidoprotoporphyrin IX. AB - Catalytic turnover of sodium azide by horseradish peroxidase, which produces the azidyl radical, results in inactivation of the enzyme with KI = 1.47 mM and kinact = 0.69 min-1. Inactivation of 80% of the enzyme requires approximately 60 equiv each of NaN3 and H2O2. The enzyme is completely inactivated by higher concentrations of these two agents. meso-Azidoheme as well as some residual heme are obtained when the prosthetic group of the partially inactivated enzyme is isolated and characterized. Reconstitution of horseradish peroxidase with meso azidoheme yields an enzyme without detectable catalytic activity even though reconstitution with heme itself gives fully active enzyme. The finding that catalytically generated nitrogen radicals add to the meso carbon of heme shows that biological meso additions are not restricted to carbon radicals. The analogous addition of oxygen radicals may trigger the normal and/or pathological degradation of heme. PMID- 3179266 TI - Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase acts as an asymmetric dimer in charging tRNA. A rationale for half-of-the-sites activity. AB - Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus is a classical example of an enzyme with half-of-the-sites activity. The enzyme crystallizes as a symmetrical dimer that is composed of identical subunits, each having a complete active site. In solution, however, tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase binds tightly, and activates rapidly, only 1 mol of Tyr/mol of dimer. It has recently been shown that the half-of-the-sites activity results from an inherent asymmetry of the enzyme. Only one subunit catalyzes formation of Tyr-AMP, and interchange of activity between subunits is not detectable over a long time scale. Paradoxically, however, the kinetics of tRNA charging are biphasic with respect to [Tyr], suggesting that both subunits of the dimer are catalytically active. This paradox has now been resolved by kinetic analysis of heterodimeric enzymes containing different mutations in each subunit. Biphasic kinetics with unchanged values of KM for Tyr are maintained when one of the two tRNA-binding domains is removed and also when the affinity of the "inactive" site for Try is reduced by 2 58-fold. The biphasic kinetics do not result from catalysis at both active sites, but instead appear to result from two molecules of Tyr binding sequentially to the same site. A second molecule of Tyr perhaps aids the dissociation of Tyr-tRNA by displacing the tyrosyl moiety from its binding site. A monomer of the enzyme is probably too small to allow both recognition and aminoacylation of a tRNA molecule. This could explain the requirement for the enzyme to function as an asymmetric dimer. PMID- 3179267 TI - Differential reactivity in the processing of [p-(halomethyl)benzoyl] formates by benzoylformate decarboxylase, a thiamin pyrophosphate dependent enzyme. AB - A series of [p-(halomethyl)benzoyl]formates have been investigated as substrates for benzoylformate decarboxylase. These analogues vary from acting as normal substrates to acting as potent competitive inhibitors. The fluoro analogue is a substrate with Km (190 microM) and turnover number (20 s-1) similar to those of benzoylformate (Km = 340 microM; 81 s-1). The bromo analogue is a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.3 microM) and exhibits processing to eliminate bromide and form (p-methylbenzoyl)thiamin pyrophosphate. This modified cofactor hydrolyzes to form the p-methylbenzoate in quantitative yield. The chloro analogue [Km(app) = 21 microM] partitions between these two pathways such that 0.6% of the analogue ultimately forms p-methylbenzoate. These data are consistent with the interpretation that the leaving group potential of the halogen determines the enzymic fate of the analogue and that the potent inhibition observed for the bromo analogue is due to covalent modification of the cofactor. PMID- 3179268 TI - Disulfide-linked dimer of oncomodulin: comparison to calmodulin. AB - Oncomodulin, an oncofetal Ca2+-binding protein, contains a single Cys residue in position 18 of its primary structure. The reactivity of the Cys-18 thiol has been probed with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (NbS2). The kinetics of the reaction indicate that the thiol group is approximately 10-fold more reactive in the presence of Ca2+ than in its absence. Evidence presented here shows that oncomodulin can dimerize by intermolecular disulfide formation via the Cys-18 thiol. The kinetics of dimer formation indicate that the second-order rate constant for this reaction is approximately 6-fold higher than that observed for the reaction of the Cys-18 thiol with NbS2, possibly indicating that intermolecular electrostatic interactions precede disulfide formation. The disulfide-linked dimer of oncomodulin appears to be more similar to calmodulin than oncomodulin since the dimer displayed "calmodulin-like" affinity for the amphiphilic peptide melittin. In addition, oncomodulin dimer was shown to activate two calmodulin-dependent enzymes, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and calcineurin phosphatase, with the activity constants of 63 and 1 nM, respectively, indicating that these enzymes have different domain contact requirements for activation. PMID- 3179269 TI - Comparative structural study of N-linked oligosaccharides of urinary and recombinant erythropoietins. AB - The structures of the N-linked oligosaccharides of the urinary erythropoietin (u EPO) purified from urine of aplastic anemic patients were analyzed and compared with those for recombinant erythropoietin (r-EPO) prepared with baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Asparagine-linked neutral oligosaccharides were released from each EPO protein by N-oligosaccharide glycopeptidase (almond) digestion. The reducing ends of the oligosaccharide chains thus obtained were aminated with a fluorescent reagent, 2-aminopyridine, and the mixture of pyridylamino derivatives of the oligosaccharides was separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an ODS silica column. More than 8 and 13 kinds of oligosaccharide fractions for u-EPO and r-EPO (BHK), respectively, were completely separated by the one-step HPLC procedure. The structure of each oligosaccharide thus isolated was analyzed by a combination of sequential exoglycosidase digestion and another kind of HPLC with an amide-silica column. Furthermore, high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and methylation analyses were carried out in the case of r-EPO (BHK).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179270 TI - Transmembrane calcium movements mediated by ionomycin and phosphatidate in liposomes with Fura 2 entrapped. AB - A novel liposomal method permits studies of Ca movements across the bilayers of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) which had entrapped the Ca-dependent, fluorescent indicator dye Fura 2. Ionomycin-mediated Ca translocation across MLV of phosphatidylcholine (PC)/dicetyl phosphate (DCP), 9:1, obeyed simple first-order kinetics since log-log plots of initial rates versus ionomycin or Ca concentration yielded slopes of approximately 1. Since Ca is translocated in a Ca dependent fashion in the course of stimulus-response coupling of cells which form diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidate (PA) from polyphosphoinositides, we compared effects of PA with those of DAG. PA and DAG were preincorporated in PC/DCP vesicles, in which trace amounts of ionomycin provided transmembrane potential (due to Ca2+/H+ exchange). Significant increases in Ca movements were observed in the presence of egg lecithin PA, dioleoyl-PA, and dipalmitoyl-PA when compared with DCP- or DAG-containing MLV. DAGs such as 1-oleoyl-2-acetoylglycerol or 1,2-dioleoylglycerol in liposomes decreased rates of Ca translocation. Ca influx into PA-containing MLV was dependent on the mole percent of the PA in bilayers; the complex kinetics of Ca influx were compatible with the formation of nonbilayer states. Incorporation of cholesterol into the liposomes inhibited initial rates of Ca uptake by MLV presumably by condensing the bilayers. Ca influx increased with increasing pH of the external medium from 6.9 to 7.9 in liposomes with an internal pH of 7.4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179271 TI - Asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in spectrin-poor erythrocyte vesicles. AB - We have investigated by electron spin resonance, at 37 degrees C, the outside inside passage and the equilibrium distribution of spin-labeled phospholipids, respectively, in ATP-containing ghosts, in heat-treated erythrocytes, and in heat induced vesicles. The heat-treated vesicles were spectrin depleted to approximately 25% of the original content and had lost almost 100% of the other cytoskeletal proteins. Yet the vesicles, as long as they contained ATP, were capable of translocating the aminophospholipids with the same efficiency as the heat-treated erythrocytes, and almost with the same efficiency as ATP-containing ghosts. In the vesicles, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine analogues underwent a very slow transverse diffusion as in native cells. We conclude that spectrin and other cytoskeleton proteins are not major factors for the establishment and maintenance of phospholipid asymmetry in human erythrocytes, which may be chiefly due to the aminophospholipid translocase activity. PMID- 3179272 TI - Membrane water and solute permeability determined quantitatively by self quenching of an entrapped fluorophore. AB - Quantitative determination of rapid water and solute transport and solute reflection coefficients by light-scattering methods is complicated by dependence of vesicle or cell light scattering on nonvolume factors including solution refractive index, cell motion, and membrane aggregation. To overcome these difficulties, a fluorescence technique has been developed to measure accurately (1) osmotic water permeability (Pf), (2) solute permeability (Ps), and (3) solute reflection coefficient (sigma). The time course of vesicle volume is determined by the self-quenching of entrapped fluorescein sulfonate (FS), the best of a series of dyes screened for self-quenching, brightness, and vesicle loading/trapping. To validate the method, rabbit renal brush border vesicles (BBV) were loaded with 1-10 mM FS for 12 h at 4 degrees C and washed to remove extravesicular FS. FS leakage occurred over greater than 6 h at 4 degrees C and greater than 30 min at 23 degrees C. FS fluorescence vs vesicle volume was calibrated from the time course of fluorescence decrease (excitation 470 nm, emission greater than 515 nm) in response to a series of inward osmotic gradients in a stopped-flow apparatus. At 23 degrees C Pf was 0.005 +/- 0.001 cm/s, independent of osmotic gradient size, and inhibited 67% by 0.5 mM HgCl2. Urea Ps was 2 x 10(-6) cm/s with sigma 0.95-1.00 on the basis of the fluorescence time course analysis and the extravesicular [urea] required to obtain zero initial volume flow (null method) when vesicles were loaded with sucrose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179273 TI - Nonintercalative binding of proflavin to Z-DNA: structure of a complex between d(5BrC-G-5BrC-G) and proflavin. AB - The crystal structure of a disordered 1:1 complex between the tetradeoxyoligomer d(5BrC-G-5BrC-G) and proflavin has been determined and refined to an R factor of 26.9% for 474 reflections initially in space group P6(5) and to an R factor of 22.2% for 475 reflections in space group P2(1), both at 2-A resolution with Fobsd greater than or equal to 4.0. The unit cell constants are a = b = 17.9 A, c = 44.5 A, and gamma = 120 degrees. The final models are essentially the same in the two space groups with greater disorder in space group P6(5). In space group P2(1), the asymmetric unit is a tetranucleotide duplex, two sandwiched proflavin molecules, and four "outside-bound" proflavins. The tetranucleotide duplex is in the Z conformation and is located at the origin of the unit cell with a pair of proflavins sandwiched between the tetranucleotides. Thus, the tetranucleotides and proflavin dimers stack alternatively forming a quasi-continuous helix with the helix axis coincident with the c axis. The structure analysis revealed the presence of outside-bound proflavins as well. It is interesting that one type of outside-bound proflavins occupies a similar environment as the cobalt hexaammines in their complex with the decadeoxyoligomer d(CGTACGTACG) [Brennan, R. G., Westhof, E., & Sundaralingam, M. (1986) J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 3, 649]. Crystals of the latter are isomorphous to the present complex. The outside-bound proflavins penetrate the deep minor groove, thereby closing it off, and provide a visualization of a quasi-internal mode of binding of proflavin to a nucleic acid. PMID- 3179274 TI - Deoxyribonuclease I sensitivity of the T-DNA ipt gene is associated with gene expression. AB - We have analyzed the chromatin structure of the T-DNA isopentenyl transferase gene, ipt, in four Nicotiana tabacum crown gall tumor lines. These four transformed lines contain identical T-DNA inserts and are derivatives of a single clone that did not exhibit any tumorous properties and contained a highly methylated, nonexpressed copy of T-DNA. One of the derivatives also does not exhibit tumorous properties, and the T-DNA of this line is not expressed. The other three lines have reverted to tumorous growth either spontaneously or after treatment with the inhibitor of DNA methylation, 5-azacytidine. Concomitant with this reversion to tumorous growth, expression of the ipt gene of these lines has reinitiated. In the lines that express the ipt gene, the chromatin structure of this gene exists in a conformation that is more accessible to DNase I than in the line in which this gene is not expressed. The level of ipt expression and DNase I sensitivity was independent of the process by which the transformed cell lines reverted to tumorous growth. The relationship of chromatin structure to gene expression and DNA methylation in these lines is discussed. PMID- 3179275 TI - Characterization of the lead(II)-induced cleavages in tRNAs in solution and effect of the Y-base removal in yeast tRNAPhe. AB - The specificity of lead(II)-induced hydrolysis of yeast tRNA(Phe) was studied as a function of concentration of Pb2+ ions. The major cut was localized in the D loop and minor cleavages were detected in the anticodon and T-loops at high metal ion concentration. The effects of pH, temperature, and urea were also analyzed, revealing a basically unchanged specificity of hydrolysis. In the isolated 5' half-molecule of yeast tRNAPhe not cut was found in the D-loop, indicating its stringent dependence on T-D-loop interaction. Comparison of hydrolysis patterns and efficiencies observed in yeast tRNA(Phe) with those found in other tRNAs suggests that the presence of a U59-C60 sequence in the T-loop is responsible for the highly efficient and specific hydrolysis in the spatially close region of the D-loop. The efficiencies of D-loop cleavage in intact yeast tRNA(Phe) and in tRNA(Phe) deprived of the Y base next to the anticodon were also compared at various Pb2+ ion concentrations. Kinetics of the D-loop hydrolysis analyzed at 0, 25, and 37 degrees C showed a 6 times higher susceptibility of tRNA(Phe) minus Y base (tRNA(Phe)-Y) to lead(II)-induced hydrolysis than in tRNA(Phe). The observed effect is discussed in terms of a long-distance conformational transition in the region of the interacting D- and T-loops triggered by the Y-base excision. PMID- 3179276 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cis-syn, trans-syn, and 6-4 photodimers of thymidylyl(3'-5')thymidine monophosphate and cis-syn photodimers of thymidylyl(3' 5')thymidine cyanoethyl phosphotriester. AB - Three out of four possible photodimers of thymidylyl(3'-5')thymidine monophosphates (i.e., cis-syn, 6-4, and one of the trans-syn) and two structural isomers (i.e., R and S forms) of cis-syn-thymidylyl(3'-5')thymidine cyanoethyl phosphotriester have been isolated and purified from the reaction mixtures after UV irradiation and studied by multinuclear magnetic resonance Spectroscopy. All five inter thymine base linked photodimers have grossly similar structures which are quite different from those of the parent thymidylyl(3'-5')thymidine. The base of Tp- is in the syn conformation, and that of -pT it is in the anti conformation. The sugar puckering of Tp- is dominated by the 2E conformer, but in -pT it is in 4E; except for the conformer around C5'-O5' bond, the 6-4 isomer is very similar to those of cis-syn and trans-syn conformation. As expected, there are sugar-phosphate backbone distortions in the phosphotriesters, due to the neutralization of the negative charge of the phosphate. In general the structures of all five photodimers are very close to those of the cis-syn photodimer of thymidylyl(3'-5')thymidine monophosphate cyanoethyl ester as studied by X-ray diffraction [Cadet, J., Voituriez, L., Hruska, F. E., & Grand, A. (1985) Biopolymers 24, 897-903; Hruska, F. E., Voituriez, L., Grand, A., & Cadet, J. (1986) Biopolymers 25, 1401-1417]. While the trans-syn photodimer has two structural isomers, only one [C6(of Tp-)-R] was produced by the UV irradiation and studied. PMID- 3179277 TI - Molecular structure of serum transferrin at 3.3-A resolution. AB - Serum transferrin is a metal-binding glycoprotein, molecular weight ca. 80,000, whose primary function is the transport of iron in the plasma of vertebrates. The X-ray crystallographic structure of diferric rabbit serum transferrin has been determined to a resolution of 3.3 A. The molecule has a beta alpha structure of similar topology to human lactoferrin and is composed of two homologous lobes that each bind a single ferric ion. Each lobe is further divided into two dissimilar domains, and the iron-binding site is located within the interdomain cleft. The iron is bound by two tyrosines, a histidine, and an aspartic acid residue. The location of the 19 disulfide bridges is described, and their possible structural roles are discussed in relation to the transferrin family of proteins. Mapping of the intron/exon splice junctions onto the molecule provides some topological evidence in support of the putative secondary role for transferrin in stimulating cell proliferation. PMID- 3179278 TI - Crystal structure of formycin 5'-phosphate: an explanation for its tight binding to AMP nucleosidase. AB - Formycin 5'-monophosphate (FMP) is a strong competitive inhibitor of AMP nucleosidase with Km/Kis from 1200 to 2600 depending on the source of the enzyme. The crystal structure of FMP has been determined in order to understand the basis for its high affinity for AMP nucleosidases and other biological properties. The key structural features of FMP are (1) the base is the N(7)-H tautomer, (2) the N(3) of the base forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the phosphate oxygen O(1), (3) the glycosyl torsion angle is syn with O(4')-C(1') relative to C(9) C(4) being -6.43 degrees, and (4) the furanose ring pucker is C(3')-endo, with a pseudorotation angle of 20.3 degrees. The major difference between the AMP and FMP structures is that the glycosyl torsion angles differ by 190 degrees. The computed conformational energy necessary to distort AMP so that it has the same glycosyl torsion angle as FMP is 4.6 kcal/mol. This corresponds to a 2100-fold difference in binding energy, in good agreement with the observed interaction between AMP nucleosidase and FMP. PMID- 3179279 TI - Purification and characterization of ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolase from turkey erythrocytes. AB - ADP-ribosylation of arginine appears to be a reversible modification of proteins with NAD: arginine ADP-ribosyltransferases and ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases catalyzing the opposing arms of the ADP-ribosylation cycle. ADP-ribosylarginine hydrolases have been purified extensively (greater than 90%) (150,000-250,000 fold) from the soluble fraction of turkey erythrocytes by DE-52, phenyl Sepharose, hydroxylapatite, Ultrogel AcA 54, and Mono Q chromatography. Mobilities of the hydrolase on gel permeation columns and on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions are consistent with an active monomeric species of approximately 39 kDa. Insertion of an organomercurial agarose chromatographic step prior to Ultrogel AcA 54 resulted in the isolation of a hydrolase exhibiting approximately 35-fold greater sensitivity to dithiothreitol (Ka,sensitive = 41 +/- 16.7 microM, n = 4; Ka,resistant = 1.44 +/- 0.12 mM, n = 3). A similar dithiothreitol-sensitive hydrolase was generated by exposure of the purified resistant enzyme to HgCl2. At 30 degrees C, both thiol-sensitive (HS) and thiol-resistant (HR) hydrolases were relatively resistant to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM); incubation with dithiothreitol prior to NEM resulted in complete inactivation. Both HS and HR required Mg2+ and thiol for enzymatic activity. Mg2+ stabilized both HS and HR against thermal inactivation in the absence and presence of thiol. A purified NAD:arginine ADP ribosyltransferase, in the presence of NAD, inactivated both HS and HR; Mg2+ and to a greater extent Mg2+ plus dithiothreitol protected both HS and HR from NAD- and transferase-dependent inactivation. Thus, activation of the hydrolase enhanced its resistance to inactivation by transferase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179280 TI - Thermodynamic parameters and shape of the mycobacterial polymethylpolysaccharide fatty acid complex. AB - Properties of the mycobacterial polymethylpolysaccharide-lipid complex have been investigated by fluorometric techniques. From the dissociation constant for the O methyglucose polysaccharide-parinaric acid complex at 293 K, a Gibbs free energy (delta G degree) of -33.65 kJ/mol was obtained. The Kd decreased with increasing temperature, giving an enthalpy (delta H degree) of 15.4 kJ/mol. From these data, a molar entropy (delta S degree) of 167.4 J K-1 was obtained. Thus, the reaction is slightly endothermic, but the large positive entropy change leads to an overall negative free energy favoring complex formation. From fluorescence depolarization measurements, the methylglucose polysaccharide-parinaric acid complex appears to display isotropic rotation with a correlation time of 2.55 ns at 23 degrees C. This may be compared to a rotational correlation time of 6.17 ps for free parinaric acid in water at 23 degrees C calculated from the value determined in cyclohexanol at the same temperature, which demonstrates that the mobility of the fatty acid in the complex is restricted. Assuming the complex is spherical, it was calculated to have a diameter of 23-26 A, whereas a helical methyglucose polysaccharide molecule assembled from space-filling models has the dimensions of a cylinder of 18 X 24 A. The polysaccharide and fatty acid chain length dependence of the interaction shows a discontinuity for helical polysaccharide segments shorter than 12 sugars and for fatty acids shorter than palmitate. PMID- 3179281 TI - Isolation and properties of oxaloacetate keto-enol-tautomerases from bovine heart mitochondria. AB - Two highly purified proteins with quite different properties capable of oxaloacetate keto-enol-tautomerase activity (oxaloacetate keto-enol-isomerase, EC 5.3.2.2) were isolated from the bovine heart mitochondrial matrix. The first protein has an apparent molecular mass of 37 kDa as determined by SDS-gel electrophoresis and Sephacryl SF-200 gel filtration. It is quite stable upon storage at 40 degrees C and reaches the maximal catalytic activity at pH 8.5 with a half-maximal activity at pH 7.0. The enzyme is specifically inhibited by oxalate and diethyloxaloacetate. When assayed in the enol----ketone direction at 25 degrees C (pH 9.0), the enzyme obeys a simple substrate saturation kinetics with Km and Vmax values of 45 microM and 74 units per mg of protein, respectively; the latter value corresponds to the turnover number of 2700 min-1. The second protein has an apparent molecular mass of 80 kDa as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis and Sephacryl SF-300 gel filtration. The enzyme is rapidly inactivated at 40 degrees C and shows a sharp pH optimum of activity at pH 9.0. The enzyme can be completely protected from thermal inactivation by oxaloacetate and dithiothreitol. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme as assayed in the enol-- -ketone direction at 25 degrees C (pH 9.0) are: Km = 220 microM and Vmax = 20 units per mg of protein; the latter corresponds to the turnover number of 1600 min-1. The enzyme activity is specifically inhibited by maleate and pyrophosphate. About 30% of the total oxaloacetate tautomerase activity in crude mitochondrial matrix is represented by the 37 kDa enzyme and about 70% by the 80 kDa protein. PMID- 3179282 TI - Mechanism of nitrofurantoin toxicity and oxidative stress in mitochondria. AB - 5-Nitrofuran derivatives change the inner mitochondrial membrane permeability as indicated by the transmembrane potential, the rate of spontaneous K+ efflux and the basal respiratory rate: (a) at low concentrations nitrofurantoin prevents the increase of inner membrane permeability due to hydroperoxides or to diamide; (b) at higher concentrations or after longer times of incubation, nitrofurantoin enhances the membrane damage due to hydroperoxides or to diamide; the damage due Ca2+ plus Pi is enhanced by nitrofurantoin at all concentrations; (c) higher nitrofurantoin concentrations cause membrane damage independently of the presence of hydroperoxides or of diamide. The effect of nitrofurantoin is cancelled by the addition of free-radical scavengers. The above effects of nitrofurantoin are compatible with the observations of Mason and colleagues that nitrofurantoin is reduced by a NADPH nitroreductase to a nitro anion radical which can then undergo subsequent reactions, among which are (a) initiation of a free-radical reaction chain and (b) reduction of hydroperoxides and diamide. PMID- 3179283 TI - Intracellular pH influences the resting membrane potential of isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - This study in isolated rat hepatocytes sought to determine if the changes in membrane potential associated with intracellular alkalinization or acidification could be attributed to changes in K+ conductance. Intracellular pHi was manipulated using the 'NH4+-pulse' method: inducing intracellular alkalinization with NH4Cl (10 mM), and producing acidification by diluting the NH4+-loaded cells with ammonium ion-free buffer or by adding sodium proprionate. Membrane potential and resistance were measured in freshly isolated rat liver cells using intracellular microelectrodes. The results indicated that intracellular alkalinization was associated with hyperpolarization and decreased membrane resistance, whereas intracellular acidification caused depolarization with increased membrane resistance. As pHi-mediated electrogenic responses have been related to changes in K+ conductance in other epithelial tissues, the influence of K+ transport inhibitors on NH4+-evoked electrical effects was examined. NH4Cl evoked membrane potential changes were inhibited by the K+ channel blockers, quinine and barium and in potassium depolarized cells (cells bathed in a high K+ medium where [K+]in = [K+]out = 140 mM). Furthermore, Rubidium-86 (86Rb+) efflux from preloaded hepatocytes, a measure of K+ permeability, was enhanced following intracellular alkalinization but inhibited by intracellular acidification. Thus, these results indicate that pHi-evoked electrogenic effects in hepatocytes are mediated through changes in K+ conductance. PMID- 3179284 TI - Modelling the phase equilibria in two-component membranes of phospholipids with different acyl-chain lengths. AB - A phenomenological model is proposed to describe the membrane phase equilibria in binary mixtures of saturated phospholipids with different acyl-chain lengths. The model is formulated in terms of thermodynamic and thermomechanic properties of the pure lipid bilayers, specifically the chain-melting transition temperature and enthalpy, the hydrophobic bilayer thickness, and the lateral area compressibility modulus. The model is studied using a regular solution theory made up of a set of interaction parameters which directly identify that part of the lipid-lipid interaction which is due to hydrophobic mismatch of saturated chains of different lengths. It is then found that there is effectively a single universal interaction parameter which, in the full composition range, describes the phase equilibria in mixtures of DMPC/DPPC, DPPC/DSPC, DMPC/DSPC, and DLPC/DSPC, in excellent agreement with experimental measurements. The model is used to predict the variation with temperature and composition of the specific heat, as well as of the average membrane thickness and area in each of the phases. Given the value of the universal interaction parameter, the model is then used to predict the phase diagrams of binary mixtures of phospholipids with different polar head groups, e.g., DPPC/DPPE, DMPC/DPPE and DMPE/DSPC. By comparison with experimental results for these mixtures, it is shown that difference in acyl-chain lengths gives the major contribution to deviation from ideal mixing. Application of the model to mixtures with non-saturated lipids is also discussed. PMID- 3179285 TI - Erythrocyte membrane skeleton phosphoproteins: identification of two unrelated phosphoproteins in band 4.9. AB - Human erythrocyte membrane band 4.9 is phosphorylated by several erythrocyte protein kinases. Chromatography of erythrocyte membrane skeleton proteins on DEAE Sephacel produces two proteins with relative mobilities, on gel electrophoresis, similar to that of band 4.9. The first, with a molecular mass of 49 kDa, is quite basic (pI greater than 8) while the second, 50.5 kDa, is slightly acidic (pI = 6.2). Comparative two-dimensional peptide mapping reveals that both proteins are present in band 4.9 on one-dimensional gels of total erythrocyte membrane proteins and membrane skeleton proteins. The 49 kDa protein, but not the 50.5 kDa protein, binds to actin filaments in a sedimentation assay. In intact erythrocytes metabolically labeled with [32P]orthophosphate, the 49 kDa protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and protein kinases which are active in the absence of exogenous kinase activators. In contrast, the 50.5 kDa protein is phosphorylated by protein kinase C but not by the other protein kinases examined. Finally, two-dimensional peptide mapping was employed to compare the 49 kDa protein and a 57 kDa protein which copurifies with, and has many characteristics of, the 49 kDa protein. Significant similarities were found in both 125I-labeled chymotryptic peptide maps and 32P labeled tryptic peptide maps, suggesting that the 49 kDa and 57 kDa proteins are closely related. PMID- 3179286 TI - Determination of the phase behaviour of phosphatidylethanolamine admixed with other lipids and the effects of calcium chloride: implications for protein kinase C regulation. AB - The phase behaviour of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Modulation of the phase behaviour of POPE by 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylserine (POPS). 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), 1,2-di-olein (DOG), CaCl2, MgCl2, and combinations of these substances was studied. The bilayer-forming lipids, POPS and POPC, raise the bilayer-to-hexagonal phase-transition temperature of POPE. The POPC has a greater effect than POPS, probably because the former lipid is more miscible with POPE. Addition of 10 mM CaCl2 has little effect on the phase-transitions of POPE/POPC mixtures, but it greatly decreases the effectiveness of POPS in raising the bilayer-to-hexagonal phase-transition temperature of POPE. The effectiveness of DOG in lowering the phase-transition temperature of POPE is also greatly reduced in the presence of 10 mM CaCl2. This phenomenon may play a role in the negative feedback regulation of protein kinase C. PMID- 3179287 TI - Critical temperatures for the interaction of free fatty acids with the erythrocyte membrane. AB - Non-esterified long-chain fatty acids reduce the extent of hypotonic hemolysis at a certain low concentration range but cause hemolysis at higher concentrations. This biphasic behavior was investigated at different temperatures (0-37 degrees C) for lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0), palmitoleic (16:1), oleic (cis-18:1) and elaidic (trans-18:1) acids. The results are summarized as follows: (A) the fatty acids examined exhibit a high degree of specificity in their thermotropic behavior; (B) oleic acid protects against hypotonic hemolysis even at the highest concentrations, up to 15 degrees C, when it becomes hemolytic, but only in a limited concentration range; (C) elaidic acid does not affect the osmotic stability of erythrocytes up to 20 degrees C, when it starts protecting: above 30 degrees C, it becomes hemolytic at the highest concentrations; (D) palmitoleic acid is an excellent protecting agent at all temperatures in a certain concentration range, becoming hemolytic at higher concentrations; (E) lauric acid protects up to 30 degrees C and becomes hemolytic only above this temperature; (F) myristic acid exhibits an extremely unusual behavior at 30 and 37 degrees C by having alternating concentration ranges of protecting and hemolytic effects; (G) there is a common critical temperature for hemolysis at 30 degrees C for saturated and trans-unsaturated fatty acids; (H) the initial slope of Arrhenius plots of percent hemolysis at the concentration of maximum protection is negative for cis-unsaturated fatty acids and positive for saturated and trans-unsaturated fatty acids. PMID- 3179288 TI - The effect of potential-sensitive molecular probes on the thermal phase transition in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine preparations. AB - Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been employed to determine the effect of five commonly employed extrinsic potential-sensitive probes on phase transitions of multilamellar suspensions of L-alpha dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC). At mol% values of less than five, the effect of these probes on the excess heat capacity curve in the vicinity of the gel to liquid crystal phase transition can be described by an equation based on the formation of ideal solutions in both phases. Even at up to 4 mol%, these dyes only moderately reduce the enthalpy change associated with this transition, but cause a marked decrease in the size of the cooperative unit parameter. The excess heat capacity profile for diS-C3-(5) is represented by the ideal solution equation, even at 12 mol%, whereas the suspensions with the other probes present at this level have profiles covering large temperature ranges. Multiple peaks appear at the higher levels for the negatively charged oxonols V and VI, and merocyanine 540, a result consistent with the presence of well-defined microdomains or even phase separation. The enthalpy change associated with the transition near 15 degrees C involving packing in the headgroup region is decreased significantly, indicating that the probes probably affect the lipid headgroup conformation, even at low levels. The cyanine probe diS-C3-(5) causes the heat capacity profile of small unilamellar vesicles to be transformed very rapidly into one similar to that of the vortexed lipid preparations, presumably by a dye-mediated vesicle fusion process, enhanced by the surface location of this probe. All our results are consistent with diS-C3-(5) being located on the surface of the bilayer in both phases, but a penetration of the other probes into the hydrocarbon region, at least in the liquid crystal phase. PMID- 3179289 TI - Retinol transfer across and between phospholipid bilayer membranes. AB - The transfer of retinol across and between bilayer membranes was studied in vitro using unilamellar liposomes and erythrocytes. Transmembrane movement of retinol in phospholipid bilayer membranes was a spontaneous and rapid process with a halflife of less than 30 s. Retinol transfer between liposomes and between liposomes and erythrocytes was also a spontaneous and rapid process with a halflife of less than 10 min. The results suggest that retinol transport in the cell might not need the participation of specific transfer proteins. PMID- 3179290 TI - Correlation between protein 4.1a/4.1b ratio and erythrocyte life span. AB - Erythrocyte membranes from various healthy mammals contained a doublet of protein 4.1a and 4.1b, which appeared to differ by 2-3 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ratio of protein 4.1a/4.1b showed much variety among animal species, and the 4.1a/4.1b ratio correlated to the mean erythrocyte life span, that is, the mean cell age in circulating blood. We also found that the 4.1b is the predominant form in the immature erythroid cells such as reticulocytes and K562 cells. In addition, the 4.1b but not 4.1a protein was metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine in the erythropoietic cells from anemic mouse. Immunological detection showed that there is a doublet of minor variants of protein 4.1 with apparent molecular masses slightly more than those of 4.1a and 4.1b. The ratio of these minor isoforms designated as 4.1a + and 4.1b + revealed the alteration during erythrocyte senescence as observed in 4.1a/4.1b ratio. These results show that protein 4.1 may be synthesized as 4.1b and 4.1b + and intercalated into membrane skeletons at an early stage of erythroidal differentiation, and that the posttranslational modification into 4.1a and 4.1a + appears to occur by a common mechanism in many mammalian species. Feline erythrocytes, however, appeared to lack such a postsynthetic processing of protein 4.1, and exhibited one major component of 4.1b with the other minor variant of 4.1b +. PMID- 3179291 TI - The monensin-mediated transport of Na+ and K+ through phospholipid bilayers studied by 23Na- and 39K-NMR. AB - Addition of monesin to preparations of large unilamellar vesicles made from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EPC) in sodium or potassium chloride solution and from dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) in sodium chloride solutions gives rise to dynamic 23Na- and 39K-NMR spectra. The dynamic spectra arise from the monensin mediated transport of the metal ions through the membrane. The kinetics of the transport are followed as a function of monensin and metal ion concentrations and are compatible with a model in which one monensin molecule transports one metal ion. Rate constants for the association and dissociation of the monensin-metal complex in the membrane/water interface are extracted and the stability constants for complex formation are evaluated. The rate constants in DOPC are similar to those in EPC, confirming that diffusion is not rate-limiting in the transport process and that dissociation of the complex is the rate-limiting step. Although potassium on its own is transported more rapidly, sodium forms the more stable complex and is therefore transported preferentially in competition with potassium. PMID- 3179292 TI - Chemo-mechanical leak formation in human erythrocytes upon exposure to a water soluble carbodiimide followed by very mild shear stress. II. Chemical modifications involved. AB - The chemical reactions underlying the chemo-mechanical leak formation in human erythrocytes upon treatment with the carboxyl-modifying reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3 dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and subsequent minimal shearing, described in the preceding paper (Thelen, P. and Deuticke, B. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 944, 285-296), are here characterized in more detail. The capacity to form leaks under minimal shearing results from the transformation of certain membrane carboxyl groups into an activated state, i.e., the O-acylisourea derivative of the original COO- group. This activated state re-disappears, i.e., the cell become shear-resistant again, when the O-acylisourea derivative under goes spontaneous hydrolysis upon removal of excess EDC in the suspension by addition of a cation-exchange resin. The activated state can be stabilized by addition of N-hydroxysuccinimide or N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide, which both form activated esters. The additional presence of nucleophilic amines, e.g., glycine methyl ester or aminomethane sulfonate, during the pretreatment with EDC strongly suppresses leak formation during subsequent shearing, which substantiates the involvement of COO- groups. EDC reactive side groups other than COO- (e.g., tyrosyl-OH or sulfhydryls) can be discarded as candidates for the underlying chemical reaction. The formation of the chemo-mechanical leaks most likely results from the cross-linking between a subpopulation of activated carboxyl groups and endogenous amino groups. This cross-linking, however, seems only to occur when the two reacting groups are brought into contact by the shear-induced cell--cell interactions required for leak formation. Besides information on chemo mechanical leak formation the study provides new data helpful for future work with carbodiimides. PMID- 3179293 TI - Preparation of liposomes entrapping a high specific activity of 111In3+-bound inulin. AB - Targeting liposomes to specific tissues or cells require the unequivocal determination of the uptake of liposomes at the cellular level. The present report describes the preparation of liposomes entrapping a high specific activity of 111In3+-bound inulin, and the potential applications of a multiple labeling technique for characterizing the extent of uptake of liposomes by tissues or different cells in a given tissue in vivo. The labeling method involves the application of the technique of acetylacetone-mediated, ionophoric loading of 111In3+ into liposomes entrapping an inulin derivative to which a strong chelating agent, diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA), is bound. Subsequent ionophoric removal of the weakly bound 111In3+ by incubating the previously 111In3+-loaded liposomes with 10 mM nitrilotriacetic acid and 100 microM tropolone at room temperature for 20 min results in the preparation of liposomes entrapping 111In3+-DTPA-inulin. Our method of preparation yields net efficiencies of converting 63-78% of the externally added 111In3+ to liposome-entrapped 111In3+-DTPA-inulin. PMID- 3179294 TI - Calcium transport by basal lateral membrane vesicles from rat small intestine decreases with age. AB - There is a marked decrease in active Ca2+ transport by the rat small intestine with age, particularly between 2 and 12 months. Much evidence suggests that the active component of Ca2+ transport resides in the energy-dependent pumping of Ca2+ across the intestinal basal lateral membrane. Therefore, we have characterized Ca2+ uptake by basal lateral membrane vesicles isolated from young (2-3 month old) and adult (12-14 month old) rats. In vesicles from the proximal duodenum, ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake was about 4-times greater in the young animal than in the adult. There were no age differences in Ca2+ uptake in the absence of ATP. In vesicles from the ileum, Ca2+ uptake was much less than in the duodenum. The age differences in the ileum were smaller, and ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake in the young was only twice that seen in the adult. Osmotic lysis of duodenal vesicles reduced Ca2+ uptake to low levels in both age groups, indicating that most of the Ca2+ was being taken up into an osmotically active space. Kinetic studies of Ca2+ uptake showed that there was no change in the apparent affinity but a 5-fold decrease in the Vmax of the adult Ca2+ transport system compared to that of the young animal. This marked decrease in the capacity of basal lateral membrane vesicles to actively transport Ca2+ may contribute to the decline in intestinal Ca2+ absorption with age. PMID- 3179295 TI - Monolayer coupling in phosphatidylserine bilayers: distinct phase transitions induced by magnesium interacting with one or both monolayers. AB - We have investigated the thermotropic behavior of phospatidylserine bilayers interacting with Mg2+ either on one side or both sides, using differential scanning calorimetry. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) of phosphatidylserine exposed to Mg2+ on the external side only displayed an upward shift of the gel liquid transition temperature (Tm) of about 6-8 degrees C relative to the Tm of LUV in Na+. Mg2+ was shown not to enter the vesicle interior, by means of fluorescence measurements on encapsulated 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate. Multilamellar vesicles prepared in the presence of Mg2+, or vesicles prepared by Mg2+-induced fusion of small unilamellar vesicles, had Tm values that were shifted upward by about 16-17 C degrees. When the latter preparation was treated with EDTA to produce vesicles with Mg2+ inside and Na+ outside, the Tm was found to be shifted again by only 6-8 degrees C. These observations indicate that the monolayer interacting with Na+ fluidizes the monolayer interacting with Mg2+, and that the latter tends to solidify the former. The two monolayers thus appear to be coupled, possibly by hydrocarbon chain interdigitation. PMID- 3179296 TI - Conformation and pairing properties of the N-terminal fragments of trichorzianine and alamethicin: a theoretical study. AB - Energy optimizations are carried out on the N-terminal fragment of trichorzianine in comparison to that of alamethicin. The results indicate that the helical character of the (Ac...Pro13) sequence of trichorzianine (TA IIIc) is essentially alpha with a bend in the helix axis in the end proline region, a structure comparable to the optimal alpha-helical structure of the corresponding segment (Ac...Pro14) of alamethicin AI. However, two weak n----n + 3 interactions coexist in trichorzianine with the alpha-helical n----n + 4 hydrogen bonds. The possible role of the glutamine side-chains in pairing such segments together is considered. PMID- 3179297 TI - Interaction of amphiphiles with integral membrane proteins. I. Structural destabilization of the anion transport protein of the erythrocyte membrane by fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and fatty amines. AB - The effect of model amphiphiles on the structural stability of the anion exchange protein (band 3) of the human erythrocyte membrane was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The concentration of membranes, as well as the concentration, head group, alkyl chain length, degree of unsaturation, and double bond configuration of a variety of alkane derivatives were all varied in a systematic way. The depression of the denaturation temperature of band 3 per unit membrane concentration of the amphiphile was then determined in order to quantitate the potency of each drug. Saturated fatty acids of chain length C8 to C24 displayed a monotonic decrease in potency up to C20, followed by a dramatic diminution in potency at C22 and C24. Unsaturation caused only minor increases in the abilities of fatty acids to perturb the anion exchanger, and surprisingly, there was neither a trend for the number of double bonds nor a significant cis trans distinction. Arachidonic acid, as an exception, was much more effective than any other amphiphile in destabilizing band 3. Fatty acids were about three times more potent than fatty amines and fatty alcohols; however, the enhanced partitioning of the latter into the membrane compensated at certain membrane/buffer ratios for its reduced intrinsic potency. A quantitative model interpretation of the data is presented in an accompanying paper. PMID- 3179298 TI - Interaction of amphiphiles with integral membrane proteins. II. A simple, minimal model for the nonspecific interaction of amphiphiles with the anion exchanger of the erythrocyte membrane. AB - In a previous paper we have reported on the structural perturbation of the erythrocyte membrane anion exchanger by a regular series of model amphiphiles, as shown by differential scanning calorimetry (Gruber, H.J. and Low, P.S., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, preceding article). Now the data are interpreted by a model in which the effects of amphiphile structure upon buffer-membrane partitioning are well separated from the dependence of the intrinsic potencies of membrane-bound amphiphiles upon amphiphile structure. The buffer-membrane partitioning situation was demonstrated to regularly change between extremes within a series of homologous amphiphiles, i.e. from a negligible to a predominant fraction of total amphiphile in the sample residing in the membrane. Based upon this demonstration a large number of reports on the chain length dependence of apparent potency could be reinterpreted in terms of chain length profiles of intrinsic potency, allowing for a comparison of the responses of various membrane proteins to homologous series of amphiphiles. The response patterns for chain length variation could be divided into three distinct classes: the intrinsic potency (i) can be independent of chain length over a very wide range of length, (ii) it can be rather independent up to a critical length where a sudden cut-off in potency occurs, or (iii) it can drop monotonically over a wide range of chain length. The intrinsic potency values of saturated fatty acids in destabilizing the anion exchanger were interpreted by very simple assumptions: only direct interactions between amphiphiles and target proteins and a simple amphiphile partition equilibrium between a pool of equivalent low affinity sites on the protein and the bulk lipid matrix. The observed monotonic decay of the intrinsic potency of saturated fatty acids with increasing chain length from C8 to C20 was translated into a constant increment of free energy by which each additional CH2 favors the transfer away from sites on the protein towards the bulk lipid matrix. Arguments were presented suggesting that the direct interaction between amphiphiles and target protein is completely nonspecific for alkyl chain length while the residual specificity for shorter over longer amphiphiles is due to the higher tendency of longer chains to preferentially bind in the bulk lipid matrix. Thus a completely new role of the lipid as a competitor, rather than a mediator, was postulated. PMID- 3179299 TI - Direct interaction of phenylarsine oxide with hexose transporters in isolated rat adipocytes. AB - It has previously been shown that phenylarsine oxide (PhAsO), an inhibitor of protein internalization, also inhibits stereospecific uptake of D-glucose and 2 deoxyglucose in both basal and insulin-stimulated rat adipocytes. This inhibition of hexose uptake was found to be dose-dependent. PhAsO rapidly inhibited sugar transport into insulin-stimulated adipocytes, but at low concentrations inhibition was transient. Low doses of PhAsO (1 microM) transiently inhibit stereospecific hexose uptake and near total (approx. 90%) recovery of transport activity occurs within 20 min. Interestingly, once recovered, the adipocytes can again undergo rapid inhibition and recovery of transport activity upon further treatment with PhAsO (1 microM). In addition, PhAsO is shown to inhibit cytochalasin B binding to plasma membranes from insulin-stimulated adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner which parallels the dose-response inhibition of hexose transport by PhAsO. The data presented suggest a direct interaction between the D-glucose transporter and PhAsO, resulting in inhibition of transport. The results are consistent with the current recruitment hypothesis of insulin activation of sugar transport and indicate that a considerable reserve of intracellular glucose carriers exists within fat cells. PMID- 3179300 TI - The effect of nonadec(en)ylresorcinol on the fluidity of liposome and erythrocyte membranes. AB - The effect of alk(en)ylresorcinol homologs (5-(n-nonadecyl)- and 5-(n nonadecenyl)resorcinol) on the mobility of 5-doxyl- and 12-doxylstearate spin probes incorporated into DMPC, DMPC-cholesterol and erythrocyte membranes was studied. It was found that both homologs affect the properties of hydrophobic environment of the membranes: (1) In DMPC vesicles both homologs induce an increase in the order parameter of 5-doxylstearate at temperatures of Tc and above. (2) At higher concentrations of both homologs a decrease in mobility of the 12-doxylstearate was also observed. (3) In the presence of cholesterol in the liposome membrane the influence of alk(en)ylresorcinols on the mobility of spin probes was much greater, depending on the cholesterol content and the position of the probe in the bilayer. (4) In natural membranes (erythrocyte ghosts) both alkyl- and alkenylresorcinols induced a decrease of mobility in the region of 12 doxylstearate as well as in the region closer to the polar head groups of lipids (5-doxylstearate). PMID- 3179301 TI - Amphotericin B-sterol complex formation and competition with egg phosphatidylcholine: a monolayer study. AB - The conditions of formation of amphotericin B-cholesterol or -ergosterol complexes in monolayers are investigated by the penetration into a monolayer of egg phosphatidylcholine/sterol of 14C-labelled N-fructosyl-amphotericin B dissolved in the aqueous subphase. An increase of both surface pressure and radioactivity as a function of concentration are observed simultaneously while a 'saturation' effect occurs only for the surface pressure. The experiments are not accurate enough to make conclusions about the number of actually penetrated amphotericin B molecules. Therefore, the existence of an amphotericin B-sterol complex was evidenced from a study of surface pressure area per molecule isotherm. The results indicate that a complex with a 2:1 stoichiometry is formed and that the amphotericin B-ergosterol interaction is larger than the amphotericin B-cholesterol interaction. The complex is dissociated by addition of egg phosphatidylcholine due to a competition between egg phosphatidylcholine and amphotericin B for sterol. PMID- 3179302 TI - Differential scanning calorimetric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic investigations of cerebroside polymorphism. AB - Calorimetric and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies have been made of the polymorphism exhibited by bovine brain cerebroside-water systems, and the effect of cholesterol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) upon this polymorphism was investigated. The conversion of the cerebroside from the thermodynamically stable to the metastable form is found to be accompanied by spectral changes, indicating a decrease in cerebroside headgroup hydration and a rearrangement of the hydrogen-bond network. The incorporation of low concentrations of cholesterol and DPPC into cerebroside bilayers broadens the thermal transitions associated with the cerebroside as a result of the disruption of cerebroside-cerebroside interactions. This disruption is evident in the spectra of cerebroside/cholesterol mixtures. PMID- 3179303 TI - Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of bacteriophage M13 coat protein in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes using palmitic acid as a probe. AB - The effect of incorporation of various amounts of M13 bacteriophage coat protein on the bilayer order and acyl chain motion in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes has been investigated using deuterium NMR of specifically deuterated palmitic acid as a bilayer probe, phosphorus NMR and additional spin label electron spin resonance (ESR). The secondary structure of the M13 coat protein in these bilayers was determined from circular dichroism spectra. Phosphorus NMR spectra of the mixed liposomes are characteristic for DMPC organized in bilayers, also after incorporation of various levels of M13 protein. Circular dichroism spectra of the coat protein indicate that the protein conformation is predominantly a beta-structure (more than 75%). Various incorporation levels of M13 coat protein do not affect the order of the deuterium labelled positions along the acyl chain at the carbon-2, 9 and 16 positions. In contrast, the spin-spin relaxation times decrease at higher protein levels, especially at the carbon-16 position. The spin-label ESR spectra of the same system using 14-doxylstearic acid as a label show a second, motionally restricted component, that is not observed by deuterium NMR. The NMR and ESR results are consistent with a model in which the fatty acid molecules are in a fast two-site exchange (at a rate of approx. 10(7) Hz) between the sites in the bulk of the lipid bilayer and the motionally restricted sites on the coat protein. PMID- 3179304 TI - Interaction between a growth-hormone releasing hexapeptide and phospholipids spread as monolayers at the air/water interface. AB - The interaction between a growth-hormone releasing hexapeptide and phospholipids was studied on mixed monolayers models by means of surface fluorescence. When in a monolayer this hexapeptide which contains two tryptophan molecules was observed to fluoresce. Isothermal compression experiments showed that the complex was destroyed upon compression in the case of phosphatidylethanolamine. With phosphatidylglycerol it was observed to be stable but a dramatic reversible decrease in emission was observed at high surface pressure. This is indicative of a reversible change in the organization of the peptide-phospholipid complex. These observations indicate that, in the complex, hydrophobic interactions were weak but electrostatic ones, when present, were strong enough to maintain the GHRP attached to the monolayer and not to destabilize it. The integrity of the lipid monolayer appeared not to be affected by the peptide. PMID- 3179305 TI - New phases of DPPC/water mixtures. AB - Hydration of DPPC at low temperatures yielded two new phases, a non-lamellar C1 phase and a lamellar C2 phase, as well as the normal gel phase, depending upon the initial physical state of the dry lipid. From the results of wide-angle diffraction and calorimetry the C2 phase appears very similar to the normal C phase, but the D spacing is considerably larger, suggesting that the C2 phase is a C phase with untilted chains. PMID- 3179306 TI - The distribution and aggregatability of intramembrane particles in phenylhydrazine-treated human erythrocytes. AB - Freeze-fracture analysis of phenylhydrazine-treated, unfixed human erythrocytes showed a random distribution of intramembrane particles both over membrane-bound Heinz-bodies and in the intervening areas when examined after fast freezing in liquid propane. The same results was obtained when unfixed, glycerinated red cells were frozen in liquid Freon. In contrast to previously published data (Low et al. (1985) Science 227, 531-533) these results indicate that binding of Heinz bodies to the red cell membrane cannot cause morphologically detectable clustering of Band 3 in phenylhydrazine-treated red cells. Over numerous Heinz bodies a decreased Acridine orange-induced particle aggregation was observed. The phenomenon of the oxidant-induced red cell fluorescence is described. PMID- 3179307 TI - Characterization of anion binding sites of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by 35Cl-NMR. AB - Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles were prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle. It could be demonstrated that the anion binding sites on this membrane can be studied by 35Cl-NMR spectroscopy. Titration of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with the sulfate exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) revealed specific binding of this compound to the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. A new inhibitor, pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2'-sulfonic acid (PPAPS) was introduced and proved to displace chloride equally well from its binding sites. Two binding sites could be distinguished by titration with inorganic phosphate in the presence and absence of the inhibitors. Because of the insensitivity of 35Cl-NMR spectroscopy these anion binding sites have to be located on a protein being present in considerable amount in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. PMID- 3179308 TI - Immunological evidence that band 3 is the major glucose transporter of the human erythrocyte membrane. AB - We have previously reported that human erythrocyte band 3 contains 90-95% of the reconstitutable glucose transport activity of the erythrocyte membrane (Shelton, R.L. and Langdon, R.G. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 733, 25-33). We have now found that monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to epitopes on band 3 specifically removed band 3 and more than 90% of the reconstitutable glucose transport activity from unfractionated octylglucoside extracts of erythrocyte membranes; nonimmune serum removed neither. Western blots of whole membrane extracts revealed that the polyclonal antibody to band 4.5 used to isolate cDNA clones presumed to code for the transporter (Mueckler, M., Caruso, C., Baldwin, C.A., Pancio, M., Blench, J., Morris, H.B., Allard, W.J., Lienhard, G.E. and Lodish, H.F. (1985) Science 229, 941-945) reacts strongly with six discrete bands in the 4.5 region. A monoclonal antibody to band 3 also reacts with a Mr 55,000 component of band 4.5. We conclude that band 3 contains the major glucose transporter of human erythrocytes, and that the transport activity in band 4.5 might be attributable to a band 3 fragment. Band 3 is probably a multifunctional transport protein responsible for transport of glucose, anions, and water. PMID- 3179309 TI - Protein kinase C and membrane transport: divergent responses of Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport and sugar transport to exogenous diacylglycerol. AB - Even though the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) is known to bind to and activate protein kinase C (PKC), it is still not certain that all cellular responses to phorbol esters are necessarily mediated by PKC. In BALB/c 3T3 preadipose cells, TPA has previously been shown to rapidly inhibit Na+K+Cl- cotransport activity, stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake and induce ornithine decarboxylase activity. The cell-permeable diacylglycerol sn-1,2 dioctanoylglycerol (DiC8) was used in order to distinguish between PKC-dependent and -independent responses of BALB/c 3T3 cells. DiC8 modulated 86Rb+ fluxes in BALB/c 3T3 cells in the same manner as TPA: furosemide-sensitive 86Rb+ influx and efflux was inhibited, while in cotransport-defective cells no effect was observed. In contrast, DiC8 did not stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake in either parental or cotransport-defective cell lines, even though TPA is a very effective inducer of this transport system in both cell types. Pretreatment of cells with DiC8 did not substantially alter the subsequent induction of 2-deoxyglucose uptake by TPA, although a slight but reproducible reduction in the magnitude of the response was observed in DiC8-pretreated cells. The PKC-dependent phosphorylation of an acidic 80-kDa protein was stimulated by both TPA and DiC8 in parental and cotransport-defective cell lines, suggesting that a gross defect in the primary effector system used by both TPA and diacylglycerols cannot explain any of our results. Ornithine decarboxylase was induced by DiC8 and the K1/2 was approximately the same as that for inhibition of Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport in these cells. Thus, our results suggest that PKC is clearly essential for some phorbol ester membrane transport responses (such as inhibition of Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport), but our results do not allow us to conclude that other responses (such as stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake) necessarily require PKC activation. PMID- 3179310 TI - Effect of DIDS on osmotic properties of bovine erythrocytes. AB - The effect of DIDS on osmotic properties of bovine erythrocytes was studied. The isoosmotic volume, the amount of intracellular solutes, and the osmotically non active volume were not influenced by DIDS. An increase of osmotic fragility of erythrocytes upon DIDS treatment was evident and identical both in NaCl and in NaCl + KCl hypotonic solutions. These results suggest that the critical cell volume decreases. The link between the effect of DIDS on the membrane skeleton extractability and on the osmotic fragility was postulated. PMID- 3179311 TI - Cesium ions delay membrane fusion of chick embryo myoblasts in vitro: a conductivity study. AB - Cesium has a wide range of effects on biological systems. However, the effects of this ion on muscle differentiation are not known. We have recently demonstrated that there is a sharp decrease in the conductivity and permittivity of the membranes of chick embryo myoblasts at the time of fusion (Bonincontro, A., Cametti, C., Hausman, R.E., Indovina, P.L. and Santini, M.T. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 903, 89-95). Analysis of the conductivity dispersion data in the radiowave frequency range using a 'single-shell' model showed that individual myoblasts and unfused myoballs have significantly higher membrane conductivity and membrane permittivity than fused myoballs. We show here that the sharp fall in these membrane electrical parameters occurs at 60 h of culture and is indeed very abrupt, taking place within one hour. In addition, we also demonstrate that cesium ions delay the sharp decrease in both the conductivity and permittivity of myoblast membranes by about 30 h. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which cesium perturbs potassium transport across these membranes and how this perturbation may affect fusion itself. PMID- 3179312 TI - Surface charge effects upon membrane transport processes: the effects of surface charge on the monensin-mediated transport of lithium ions through phospholipid bilayers studied by 7Li-NMR spectroscopy. AB - Addition of monensin to preparations of large unilamellar vesicles prepared from egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) or egg PC containing 5% phosphatidylserine (PS-) or cetylpyridinium (CP+) ions in lithium chloride solution allows the transport of Li+ ions to be monitored by an NMR magnetisation transfer technique. The kinetics of the transport are followed as a function of the metal ion and monensin concentrations and are compatible with a model in which one monensin molecule transports one Li+ ion. The data allow the extraction of the rate constants for the association and dissociation of the monensin-Li+ complex in the water/membrane interfaces and the evaluation of the stability constants for complex formation in the interfaces. Placing positive charge (CP+) on the membrane surface reduces the formation rate by a factor of about three but hardly alters the dissociation rate. Placing negative charge (PS-) on the membrane surface hardly alters the formation rate but speeds the dissociation rate by about a factor of three. Data from relaxation times of 7Li+ inside the vesicles and from the total enclosed volumes as the vesicles are formed, point to appreciable Li+ surface interactions that increase as the charge on the surface is made more negative. The size of the vesicles formed by the dialytic detergent removal technique increases with the surface charge. The results support a view that enzyme-phospholipid or substrate-phospholipid interactions could play an important role in determining the efficacity of action of membrane bound enzymes. The relevance of the results in the role of Li+ in the control of manic depression is also discussed. PMID- 3179313 TI - Effects of antineoplastic ether lipids on model and biological membranes. AB - Differential scanning calorimetry and electron spin resonance were utilized to measure the effects of di-ether glycerophospholipid analogs (EL) on the physical properties of model membranes and on the membrane fluidity of HL60 leukemic cells. 1-Octadecyl-2-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-18-OMe) and 1 thiohexadecyl-2-ethyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (ET-16S-OEt) lower the transition temperature of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles in a range of concentrations between 0.5 and 15 mol %. Studies conducted on the interaction of EL with a wide spectrum of different phospholipids, namely dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, 1-hexadecyl-2-palmitoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine, and dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine confirmed the ability of EL to effect the physical properties of model membranes. Changes in calorimetric enthalpy were observed only with phosphatidylethanolamine containing phospholipids. ET-18-OMe and ET-16S-OEt increased the membrane fluidity of HL60 leukemic cells labeled with the fatty acid spin label probe 5 nitroxystearate. These data demonstrate the ability of EL to partition into phospholipidic domains and to change their physical properties. Furthermore, they affect the membrane fluidity of whole cells. These effects indicate an interaction between EL and the plasma membrane which may be of importance in determining the cytotoxic activity against tumor cells exerted by EL. PMID- 3179314 TI - Synthetic peptides derived from the nonmuscle myosin light chains are highly specific substrates for protein kinase C. AB - The phosphorylation of synthetic peptides derived from the NH2-terminal sequence of smooth-muscle myosin was studied with purified protein kinase C. The protein kinase C phosphorylation domain included both serine residues and threonine residues in the sequence SSKRAKAKTTKKR(G), denoted myosin light chain (1-13) (MLC(1-13)). Kinetic analysis of MLC(1-13) and truncated peptides derived from the parent peptide established that removal of the serine residues had little effect on protein kinase C reactivity. MLC(1-13) had a V/K of 2.4 min-1.mg-1, whereas the V/K of MLC(3-13) was 3.0 min-1.mg-1. Removal of Lys-3 resulted in a 50% decrease in V/K which was attributable to a 50% decrease in apparent Vmax.Arg 4 was established as a significant protein kinase C specificity determinant, since the apparent Km increased 7-fold and the Vmax decreased 3-fold when the parent peptide was truncated at that residue. All peptides studied required calcium and lipid effectors for full activity with protein kinase C, indicating that they are Class C substrates as defined by Bazzi and Nelsestuen (Biochemistry 26 (1987) 5002) for protein kinase C. Other protein kinases, including cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, S6/H4 kinase, myosin light-chain kinase and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, had little or no activity with these peptides. In studies on the purification of lymphosarcoma protein kinase C by several chromatographic procedures, the results showed that the myosin light chain peptides can provide convenient and well-characterized substrates for purification and mechanistic studies of protein kinase C biochemistry. PMID- 3179315 TI - Enzymatic deglycosylation of human thyroglobulin: fluorescence studies. AB - The interaction between the carbohydrate and the amino acid residues in human thyroglobulin has been studied. Previous reports showed that the removal of the two terminal carbohydrates of the complex chains leads to an increase in thyroglobulin binding to thyroid membranes. In our study, after enzymatic release with glycosidases of the sugar moieties from thyroglobulin, a time-dependent decrease in tryptophan fluorescence has been observed. This decrease was also associated with a shift in the emission peak from 335 to 340 nm. The strong quenching of tryptophan emission was also accompanied by a decrease in the exposure of tryptophan residues, as shown by a Stern-Volmer analysis with the neutral quencher acrylamide. These data, together with the increase in fluorescence of the dansylated deglycosylated thyroglobulin, strongly suggest that a significant conformational change of thyroglobulin follows the deglycosylation of the protein. PMID- 3179316 TI - Structural and conformational changes of beta-lactoglobulin B: an infrared spectroscopic study of the effect of pH and temperature. AB - Infrared spectra of 2.5 mM solutions of beta-lactoglobulin B were recorded as a function of pH (from pH 2 to pH 13) and as a function of temperature (from -100 degrees C to +90 degrees C). An analysis of the pH- and temperature-induced changes in the secondary structure was performed based on changes in the conformation-sensitive amide I bands of beta-lactoglobulin. Whereas the total amount of beta-structure remains constant (56-59%) between pH 2 and pH 10, the proportions of the various beta-components do change. In particular, the dimerization of the monomeric protein, induced by raising the pH from 2 to 3 , leads to an increase in the intensity of the 1636 cm-1 band (associated with antiparallel beta-sheet), at the expense of the 1626 cm-1 band (associated with exposed beta-strands). Both the thermal and alkaline denaturation of beta lactoglobulin occur in two distinct stages. Although the spectra (i.e., the structures) after complete thermal or alkaline denaturation are clearly different, the spectrum of the protein after the first stage of thermal denaturation (at about 60 degrees C) is the same as that after the first stage of alkaline denaturation (at pH 11), suggesting a common denaturation intermediate, which probably represents a crossover point in a complex potential hypersurface. PMID- 3179317 TI - Stability of butyrylcholinesterase: thermal inactivation in water and deuterium oxide. AB - Irreversible thermal inactivation of the tetrameric form of human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (cholinesterase; EC 3.1.1.8) was studied in water and in deuterium oxide at pH 7 in the temperature range 53-65 degrees C. The enzyme inactivation follows a complex kinetics that may be described by the sum of two apparent first-order processes. The Eyring plot for enzyme inactivation exhibits a wavelike discontinuity over a span of 2 C degrees around 58 degrees C. This transition was interpreted in terms of equilibrium between two temperature dependent conformational states. Though 2H2O does not alter the overall multistep inactivation process, a slight solvent isotope effect was observed: a stabilizing effect and a shift in the transition temperature. A comparison between several enzyme preparations revealed differences in thermodynamic activation parameters of inactivation suggesting microheterogeneity in enzyme structures. Kinetics of inactivation of usual (E1uE1u) and atypical (E1aEa1a++) enzymes were compared. The atypical enzyme was found to be more stable than the usual phenotype. PMID- 3179318 TI - Enhancement of lectin-erythrocyte agglutination by gums. AB - The erythroagglutinating activity of purified Vicia faba lectin was enhanced in the presence of gums; gum guar caused the highest enhancement. Circular dichroism probe demonstrated 40-57% beta-conformation and 4-23% alpha-conformation of the lectin at pH 7.2 depending upon the analytical methods used. The beta conformations of untreated and modified V. faba lectins were increased in the presence of gums. The mixing of gum guar with lectin and with modified lectin, respectively, led to the highest values of beta-conformational change in the protein molecule, thereby increasing the number of receptor sites of the lectin molecule. The enhancement of the activity of V. faba lectin in the presence of gum guar might be due to the conformational change of the protein molecule. PMID- 3179319 TI - The use of folding patterns in the search of protein structural similarities; a three-dimensional model of phosphoribosyl transferases. AB - A new way to predict the topologies of proteins of unknown three-dimensional structure is derived from the comparison of the distribution of the strongest predicted secondary structures with equivalent distributions recorded for proteins of known X-ray structures. As an illustration the tentative three dimensional model of phosphoribosyl transferases which was proposed by Argos et al. is rediscussed. PMID- 3179320 TI - Design, synthesis and antithrombin activity for conformationally restricted analogs of peptide anticoagulants based on the C-terminal region of the leech peptide, hirudin. AB - Synthetic peptides cyclized via disulfide linkages have been synthesized as conformationally restricted analogs of a novel class of antithrombotic peptides that inhibit fibrinogen cleavage by binding to a non-enzymatic site on thrombin. Several conformational models for these inhibitors have been considered and cyclic analogs were synthesized to test their validity. Compounds designed on an alpha-helical model yielded several cyclic analogs that retained antithrombin activity. [D-Cys58, Cys61]-hirudin54-65, 5, and [D-Cys60, Cys63]-hirudin54-65, 6, had IC50 values of 26 and 30 microM, respectively, in an in vitro clot assay compared with a value of 3.7 microM for the linear hirudin54-65. PMID- 3179321 TI - D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase subunit cooperativity studied using immobilized enzyme forms. AB - Tetrameric D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle was covalently bound to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B via a single subunit. Catalytically active immobilized dimer and monomeric forms of the enzyme were prepared after urea-induced dissociation of the tetramer. A study of the coenzyme-binding properties of matrix-bound tetrameric, dimeric and monomeric species has shown that: (1) an immobilized tetramer binds NAD+ with negative cooperativity, the dissociation constants being 0.085 microM for the first two coenzyme molecules and 1.3 microM for the third and the fourth one; (2) coenzyme binding to the dimeric enzyme form also displays negative cooperativity with Kd values of 0.032 microM and 1.1 microM for the first and second sites, respectively; (3) the binding of NAD+ to a monomer can occur with a dissociation constant of 1.6 microM which is close to the Kd value for low-affinity coenzyme binding sites of the tetrameric or dimeric enzyme forms. In the presence of NAD+ an immobilized monomer acquires a stability which is not inferior to that of a holotetramer. The catalytic properties of monomeric and tetrameric enzyme forms were compared and found to be different under certain conditions. Thus, the monomers of rabbit muscle D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase displayed a hyperbolic kinetic saturation curve for NAD+, whereas the tetramers exhibited an intermediary plateau region corresponding to half-saturating concentrations of NAD+. At coenzyme concentrations below half-saturating a monomer is more active than a tetramer. This difference disappears at saturating concentrations of NAD+. Immobilized monomeric and tetrameric forms of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from baker's yeast were also used to investigate subunit interactions in catalysis. The rate constant of inactivation due to modification of essential arginine residues in the holoenzyme decreased in the presence of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, probably as a result of conformational changes accompanying catalysis. This effect was similar for monomeric and tetrameric enzyme forms at saturating substrate concentrations, but different for the two enzyme species under conditions in which about one-half of the active centers remained unsaturated. Taken together, the results indicate that association of D glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase monomers into a tetramer imposes some constraints on the functioning of the active centers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3179322 TI - Mossbauer spectroscopy, electron microscopy and electron diffraction studies of the iron cores in various human and animal haemosiderins. AB - Mossbauer spectroscopy has indicated significant differences in the iron containing cores of various haemosiderins. In the present study, haemosiderin was isolated from a number of animal species including man. In addition, haemosiderin was isolated from patients with primary idiopathic haemochromatosis or with secondary (transfusional) iron-overload. The iron cores of the animal and normal human haemosiderin appear to be very similar by Mossbauer spectroscopy, and the electron diffraction data indicate a ferrihydrite structure similar to that of ferritin cores. The haemosiderin isolated from secondary iron-overload shows anomalous behaviour in its temperature-dependent Mossbauer spectra. This can be understood in terms of the microcrystalline goethite structure of the cores as indicated by electron diffraction. The haemosiderin cores obtained in the case of primary haemochromatosis have an amorphous Fe(III) oxide structure and show Mossbauer spectra characteristic of a magnetically disordered material, which only orders at very low temperatures. PMID- 3179323 TI - Characterization of porphobilinogen deaminase from rat liver. AB - Porphobilinogen deaminase (porphobilinogen ammonia-lyase, EC 4.3.1.8) was isolated from rat liver. The final preparation was homogeneous according to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion criteria. Electrophoresis of the native enzyme revealed a single band of activity which was distributed into three bands after incubation with porphobilinogen. When electrophoresed under denaturing condition it displayed a single polypeptide band with a molecular weight of 42,000 confirmed by exclusion chromatography and by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The enzyme showed a pH optimum of 7.5 both in 0.1 M sodium phosphate and 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer, when assayed at 37 degrees C. An isoelectric point of 4.9 for the native purified protein was found. Hepatic porphobilinogen deaminase was remarkably heat-stable showing maximum activity at 55-60 degrees C with one break in the Arrhenius plot. The kinetic behaviour of the purified enzyme followed the typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with values of Km = 17 microM and Vmax = 29.4 units power mg in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at 37 degrees C. The amino acid composition was determined, showing that the enzyme had a low content of sulphur-containing amino acids and a considerable number of acidic residues per mol of polypeptide chain. Reagents known to interact with sulphydryl groups have small effect on rat liver enzyme activity. PMID- 3179324 TI - Rat liver dihydroxyacetone-phosphate acyltransferase: enzyme characteristics and localization studies. AB - Peroxisomes were isolated from rat liver by pelleting a light mitochondrial (L) fraction over a 30% (w/v) Metrizamide layer. Peroxisomes were recovered as a loose pellet from the bottom of the tube and the purity of the peroxisomal fraction was calculated to be about 90%. The characteristics of dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (DHAP-AT) in the light mitochondrial fraction and the purified peroxisomal fraction were compared. The behaviour of the enzyme in the two fractions was very similar, except for the effect of sodium fluoride, which stimulated the activity in the L fraction 5-10-fold and in the peroxisomal fraction only 1.6-fold. This difference could be explained by the action of fluoride-sensitive acid phosphatases present in the L fraction that dephosphorylate palmitoyl-coenzyme A, a substrate for DHAP-AT. The localizations of DHAP-AT and alkyldihydroxyacetone-phosphate synthase in the rat liver peroxisomal membrane were studied. It is shown that in intact peroxisomes, DHAP AT and alkyl-DHAP synthase are resistant to proteolytic inactivation by trypsin, as is fatty acid beta-oxidation activity, which served as a marker for the intactness of the peroxisomal membrane. Catalase was found not to be a suitable marker to assess peroxisome intactness in view of its relative insensitivity to trypsin. In 1-lauroyllysophosphatidylcholine-permeabilized peroxisomes, DHAP-AT, alkyl-DHAP synthase and beta-oxidation activities were rapidly inactivated by trypsin. It is concluded that in rat liver peroxisomes, at least the active sites of the integral membrane proteins DHAP-AT and alkyl-DHAP synthase are localized exclusively at the inner surface of the peroxisomal membrane. PMID- 3179325 TI - Cholesterol homeostasis in guinea pigs fed saturated and polyunsaturated fat diets. AB - Whole body sterol balance, hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase activity, hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor levels and net tissue cholesterol concentrations were determined in guinea pigs fed either a corn oil- or lard-based purified diet for 6-7 weeks. In comparison to the saturated lard diet, the polyunsaturated corn oil diet resulted in a 34% reduction in plasma total cholesterol levels (P less than 0.02) and a 40% lower triacylglycerol level (P less than 0.02). Feeding the corn oil diet altered very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and LDL composition; the percent cholesterol ester in both particles was decreased and the relative percentages of VLDL triacylglycerol and LDL phospholipid increased. The ratio of surface to core components of LDL from corn oil-fed guinea pigs was significantly higher compared to LDL from animals fed lard. Dietary fat quality had no effect on fecal neutral or acidic steroid excretion, net tissue accumulation of cholesterol, whole body cholesterol synthesis or gallbladder bile composition. Consistent with these results was the finding that fat quality did not alter either expressed (non phosphorylated) or total hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities. The hepatic concentrations of free and esterified cholesterol were significantly increased in corn oil-fed animals, as were cholesterol concentrations in intestine, adipose tissue, muscle and total carcass. Analysis of receptor-mediated LDL binding to isolated hepatic membranes demonstrated that the polyunsaturated corn-oil based diet caused a 1.9-fold increase in receptor levels (P less than 0.02). The data indicate that the hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary polyunsaturated fat in the guinea pig are not attributable to changes in endogenous cholesterol synthesis or catabolism but rather may result from a redistribution of plasma cholesterol to body tissue due to an increase in tissue LDL receptors. PMID- 3179326 TI - Ca2+ effect on ATP-independent lysophospholipid transacylases is indissociable from Ca2+ effect on phospholipase A2 activity in rat platelet sonicates. AB - CoA-dependent transacylation and phospholipid hydrolysis were studied in parallel experiments using rat platelet sonicates. The decrease observed in palmitoyllyso sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (palmitoyllyso-GPC) transcylation as a function of Ca2+ concentration was found to be correlated with appearance of endogenous lysoderivatives. We also demonstrated that endogenously produced acyllyso-sn glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (acyllyso-GPE) induced CoA-dependent arachidonate transfer from diacyl-GPC. These results further argue for a two-step arachidonate release from diacyl-GPC when platelets are stimulated with thrombin. PMID- 3179327 TI - Bile salt-dependent, neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase of rat liver: possible relationship with pancreatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase. AB - Homogenates of the livers of outbred, Sprague-Dawley rats contain a neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity that requires millimolar concentrations of bile salts for maximal activity. Previous studies showed that this activity had the unusual property of being highly variable among individual rats. The present studies were conducted to define further the nature of this enzymic activity and to explore the possible basis for the variability. Individual liver homogenates from inbred Fisher-344 rats showed the same range and magnitude of activity as outbred rats, suggesting that genetic heterogeneity was not a factor in determining the enzyme activity. Tissue distribution studies showed the presence of a very similar enzyme activity in serum, bile and intestinal homogenates, with the specific activity in intestine being 25-500-times greater than that in liver. Moreover, the enzymic properties of the activity in serum, liver and intestine were identical to those of purified rat pancreatic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.13). Monospecific, anti-pancreatic hydrolase IgG specifically and completely inhibited the cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity in rat serum, intestine and liver. The results raise the possibility that the neutral, bile salt-dependent cholesteryl ester hydrolase activity of rat liver homogenates may be due to the uptake of enzyme originating in the pancreas. This, in turn, may explain the dramatic variation in activity observed among individual rat livers. PMID- 3179328 TI - Effects of MK-733, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, on absorption and excretion of [3H]cholesterol in rabbits. AB - Effects of MK-733 on the absorption and excretion of cholesterol in rabbits were examined using [3H]cholesterol. The animals were divided into six groups; three groups were fed a normal diet, and the other groups a cholesterol diet. MK-733 was administered orally as a single dose of 10 mg/kg on day 8, or multiple doses of 10 mg/kg once a day for 14 days. On the 8th day, [3H]cholesterol was given orally to each animal. In the groups fed a normal diet, single and consecutive administration of MK-733 did not affect the absorption and excretion of [3H]cholesterol. In the cholesterol-fed groups, however, single administration of MK-733 decreased the serum 3H radioactivity slightly, but did not affect the fecal excretion of [3H]cholesterol. However, the consecutive treatment with MK 733 clearly reduced the serum 3H radioactivity. The cumulative excretion of the fecal radioactivity of [3H]cholesterol in the MK-733 group (multiple) was higher than that in the control group. From these results, it is concluded that MK-733 inhibits the absorption of cholesterol from the gastrointestinal wall in cholesterol-fed rabbits. PMID- 3179329 TI - Studies with etofibrate in the rat. Part I: Effects on glycerol, free fatty acid and triacylglycerol metabolism. AB - Etofibrate is the 1,2-ethandiol diester of clofibric acid and nicotinic acid that decreases circulating levels of triacylglycerols and cholesterol. To understand the mechanism by which the drug affects plasma triacylglycerols, normolipemic rats were treated daily with 300 mg of etofibrate/kg body weight or with the medium by a stomach tube. They were decapitated on the 10th day, and showed lower levels of plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, free fatty acids (FFA), total triacylglycerols and cholesterol and VLDL triacylglycerols and cholesterol, whereas glucose and RIA-determined insulin levels were unmodified. Epididymal fat pad pieces from etofibrate-treated rats incubated in vitro released more glycerol but the same amount of FFA to the medium, and had greater uptake of [U 14C]glycerol for [14C]acylglycerol formation. In the presence of heparin, they also showed an enhanced release of lipoprotein lipase activity to the medium. The disappearance from plasma of intravenously administered [1-14C]palmitate was faster in the etofibrate-treated rats, and although they showed a decrease in 14C esterified fatty acids of neutral lipids in both liver and plasma VLDL, there was an increase in liver 14C-labelled water-soluble components. After intravenous [U 14C]glycerol administration, there was a decrease in plasma VLDL [14C]acylglycerol and [14C]glucose and in liver [14C]acylglycerol, but an increase in plasma [14C]lactate. In the liver, etofibrate treatment heightened the cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and the total carnitine concentration, whereas it reduced triacylglycerol and cholesterol concentrations. It is proposed that etofibrate enhances the reesterification of fatty acids and glycerol in adipose tissue, which, together with its augmented lipoprotein lipase activity, may facilitate the clearance of circulating triacylglycerols. These effects may act concomitantly with the decreased synthesis of triacylglycerols, secondary to the increased utilization of their precursors, acyl-CoA and glycerol 3-phosphate, in other pathways, causing the reduction of plasma VLDL triacylglycerols produced by etofibrate treatment. PMID- 3179330 TI - The alpha-tocopherol and phospholipid fatty acid content of rat liver subcellular membranes in vitamin E and selenium deficiency. AB - (1) Rats were given a diet deficient in vitamin E and selenium, or diets supplemented with either or both of these nutrients. The livers were subfractionated by standard procedures, and the purity of the fractions was assessed by marker enzyme techniques. alpha-Tocopherol was measured and profiles of phospholipid fatty acids were determined. (2) All the organelles studied were severely depleted of alpha-tocopherol in the rats deprived of vitamin E: no organelle was particularly severely depleted. There was a large rise in the alpha tocopherol content in organelles of rats deprived of selenium but given adequate amounts of vitamin E, suggesting an increased uptake or mobilization of tocopherol to compensate for the detrimental effects of selenium deficiency. (3) The following general conclusions were reached from the results of the phospholipid fatty acid analyses. (i) vitamin E deficiency caused a consistent fall in the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content (13-66% of the control level); (ii) selenium deficiency alone caused no consistent effect on phospholipid PUFA in the fractions studied; (iii) double deficiency of vitamin E and selenium caused a consistent rise in the proportion of PUFA in the fractions studied, ranging from 11 to 311%. (4) The result given in 3(i) is consistent with peroxidative destruction of membrane phospholipid PUFA during vitamin E deficiency. The result in 3(iii) is paradoxical: a possible explanation is that during severe disruption of antioxidant defences, there is an overshoot in the increased incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into the membrane phospholipids, or in the chain-elongation and desaturation process required for the formation of PUFA, which may require vitamin E and/or selenium for its regulation. PMID- 3179331 TI - Sex differences in ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced lipid peroxidation and nephrotoxicity in mice. AB - Since male A/J mice are much more susceptible to both acute and subacute nephrotoxicity and the carcinogenic effect of ferric nitrilotriacetate than female mice, sex differences in the lipid peroxidation level after ferric nitrilotriacetate use were examined. The effects of orchiectomy and testosterone were also investigated. Male and female A/J mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of ferric nitrilotriacetate (3 mg of iron/kg of body weight) and then thiobarbituric acid reactivity was determined in the liver and the kidney. Only male mice showed high thiobarbituric acid reactivity after 30 min, with the kidney showing higher activity than the liver. Castrated male mice showed a reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactivity, whereas testosterone pretreated castrated male or testosterone-pretreated female mice showed increased thiobarbituric acid reactivity. In addition, daily intraperitoneal injections of ferric nitrilotriacetate resulted in the death of all normal male mice within 6 days, whereas all female and castrated male mice survived 3 months of treatment. Thus, male and female mice showed differences in ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced toxicity as reflected in the degree of lipid peroxidation and mortality. PMID- 3179332 TI - Co-solubility of saturated cholesteryl esters: a comparison of calculated and experimental binary phase diagrams. AB - Based on ideal solution theory, phase diagrams are calculated for binary compositions of cholesteryl esters and compared to experimental data from pairwise combinations in a saturated acyl chain series from caprylate to arachidate, which encompasses three crystal packing motifs in the solid state. Within a crystal structure class, nearly ideal co-solubility is found for binary solids, where the acyl chain lengths of the pure components differ by one methylene group. Beyond this chain length difference, nonideal solutions occur until fractionation occurs at e.g., six methylene unit increments between the components. The observed liquidus lines of the eutectic are near the theoretical curves when the combinations of two compounds packing in the same crystal structure fractionate. Fractionation also is found when liquids composed of two esters which favor different crystal structures are solidified from the melt, no matter what the chain length difference is; the liquidus curves for re-heated solids, however, are not necessarily predicted by the Schroder equation. In general, co-miscibility can be found in mesophases formed from compounds with two different crystal structures. PMID- 3179333 TI - Improved metabolic properties of hexokinase-overloaded human erythrocytes. AB - Human erythrocytes were loaded with homogeneous hexokinase purified from human placenta (an enzyme species apparently identical to the erythrocyte enzyme), using a procedure of encapsulation based on hypotonic hemolysis, isotonic resealing and reannealing. The hexokinase-overloaded erythrocytes contained 4.77 +/- 0.75 IU of hexokinase activity per ml of packed erythrocytes, a value 15 times higher than that of corresponding unloaded or native red cells. The hexokinase-loaded erythrocytes were found to metabolize twice the amount of glucose consumed by the unloaded cells through a nearly doubled glycolytic activity, while the activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt pathway was unmodified. Estimates of glycolytic intermediates showed increased levels of most metabolites with respect to the unloaded erythrocytes, while the intracellular concentrations of adenine nucleotides and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate were unaffected by entrapment of hexokinase. The new steady-state condition characterized by improved glycolytic function was demonstrated to be directly related to enhanced levels of hexokinase activity and not to the use of a rejuvenation solution during the procedure of entrapment. These results are consistent with suggestions by several investigators that glucose metabolism in human erythrocytes is regulated by hexokinase, and they open new perspectives for manipulating erythrocytes with the ultimate aim of improving their survival under different storage conditions. PMID- 3179334 TI - Protein kinase C (calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase) in developing chick heart: selective localization to atrium versus ventricle and changes in activity levels during cardiogenesis. AB - Activity levels of calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase were examined in preparations of atria and ventricles from embryonic chick hearts at various stages of development. Activity of protein kinase C was much higher in atria than ventricles. Protein kinase C activity underwent a progressive increase in atria during cardiogenesis, being highest just prior to hatching, followed by a profound decrease in activity after hatching. In contrast, activity of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A), while also higher in atria than ventricles, remained relatively constant at the developmental stages examined, likewise decreasing following hatching. These progressive changes in atrial protein kinase C activity suggest a potential regulatory role for this enzyme in cardiogenesis. PMID- 3179336 TI - Regulation of albumin mRNA in H4 rat hepatoma cells by the availability of essential amino acids. AB - Deprivation of cultured H4 rat hepatoma cells for an essential amino acid (leucine, methionine, tryptophan or phenylalanine) under conditions in which the cells remain highly viable leads to a decrease in cytoplasmic albumin mRNA. The magnitude of this decrease is greatest in tryptophan-deprived and phenylalanine deprived cells. In the tryptophan-deprived cells there is approximately a 15-17 fold decrease in albumin mRNA relative to total cytoplasmic RNA, and a 7-8-fold specific decrease in albumin mRNA relative to alpha-tubulin mRNA. Deprivation of the H4 cells for leucine or tryptophan causes approximately a 40-45% decrease in albumin gene transcription; however, this effect does not account for the 15-17 fold decrease in albumin mRNA abundancy caused by tryptophan limitation, or the greater effect of tryptophan limitation as compared to leucine limitation on albumin mRNA. Therefore, the decrease in albumin mRNA caused by tryptophan limitation is caused primarily by a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. PMID- 3179335 TI - Regulation of macrophage lipoprotein lipase secretion by the scavenger receptor. AB - The effects of ligand binding to the scavenger receptor on the secretion of lipoprotein lipase by murine macrophages were examined. Inflammatory macrophages exposed to acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL) exhibited a dose-dependent, 40-80% increase in lipoprotein lipase secretion. This stimulation appeared to be unrelated to intracellular cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels and to phagocytosis in general. Resident and inflammatory macrophages treated with maleylated bovine serum albumin (Mal-BSA) showed a 3-fold increase in lipoprotein lipase secretion in a dose-dependent and time-dependent fashion. In contrast, dextran sulfate, which is another ligand recognized by the scavenger receptor, caused a dose-dependent decrease in lipoprotein lipase secretion. Casein, a ligand recognized by the Mal-BSA receptor, did not affect lipoprotein lipase secretion nor the ability of Mal-BSA to stimulate the enzyme, while dextran sulfate abolished the stimulatory effects of Mal-BSA. Since ethylamine, an inhibitor of receptor-mediated endocytosis, attenuated the increase in lipoprotein lipase secretion induced by AcLDL and Mal-BSA, but did not affect the inhibition induced by dextran sulfate, it is suggested that receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligands via the scavenger receptor might play a key role in the stimulation of lipoprotein lipase secretion in macrophages. This study reveals another mechanism for regulation of macrophage lipoprotein lipase secretion. PMID- 3179337 TI - Acute stimulation of creatine kinase activity by vitamin D metabolites in the developing cerebellum. AB - There is increasing evidence that vitamin D metabolites have a developmental function. We have investigated the influence of the vitamin D status on the activity of creatine kinase in the brain. Normally fed rats show an increase in the specific activity of cerebral and cerebellar creatine kinase during postnatal development. Vitamin-D-depleted rats failed to show this normal increase. Developing cerebellum, but not cerebrum, in both vitamin D-depleted rats and in normally fed animals, responded sequentially to a single injection of a vitamin D metabolite by displaying increased creatine kinase specific activity. In 5-25-day old rats, 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 significantly increased creatine kinase specific activity 24 h after injection. In contrast, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 stimulated cerebellar creatine kinase activity from 20 days after birth. A similar pattern of sequential responsiveness to vitamin D metabolites, but at an earlier age, was shown in the cerebellum of the rabbit, which is a 'perinatal brain developer' compared to the rat, a 'postnatal brain developer'. Because of the difficulty in obtaining vitamin D-depleted rabbits, studies were carried out in normally fed animals. In these rabbits, 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 stimulated cerebellar creatine kinase activity between 6 days before birth and 9 days after birth, while 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 caused an increase in cerebellar creatine kinase specific activity from 8 days after birth. These developmental differences found in creatine kinase basal activity and responsiveness are correlated with differences in cellular growth rates, both in the rabbit and in the rat, suggesting that vitamin D metabolites may be required for optimal cerebellar development. PMID- 3179338 TI - The biofeedback odyssey: nearing one score and counting. PMID- 3179340 TI - Nineteenth annual meeting of the Biofeedback Society of America. Colorado Springs, Colorado, March 25-30, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3179339 TI - The effects of thermal biofeedback and autogenic training of cardiovascular reactivity: the joint USSR-USA Behavioral Hypertension Treatment Project. AB - Cardiovascular reactivity (heart rate, systolic, and diastolic BP) to mental arithmetic and cold pressor were measured before and after treatment as part of the cross-cultural (USSR and USA) evaluation of thermal biofeedback and autogenic training (in comparison with self-relaxation) as treatments for mild hypertension in unmedicated males. There were no statistically reliable decreases in cardiovascular reactivity from before to after treatment. However, downward shifts in basal levels of systolic and diastolic BP at post-treatment led treated patients to have lower stress-induced levels of BP. PMID- 3179341 TI - Training to vasodilate in a cooling environment: a valid treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon? AB - While many reports indicate that voluntary modification of skin temperature is possible and may be useful in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon, little attention has been paid to the ecological validity of training skin temperature increases when a considerable amount of vasodilation of digital vessels may already exist (room temperature, 22-24 degrees C). Patients with Raynaud's vasospastic attacks may benefit from learning to avoid attacks when they are impending by voluntarily vasodilating the vessels of their digits under conditions when vasoconstriction has begun. The results in 14 patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon indicated that (a) patients learned to voluntarily increase digital skin temperatures in a "cooling" environment during documented vasoconstriction, and (b) there was a 31% decrease in the occurrence of vasospastic attacks following such learning. These data suggest that a new methodology may be useful in the biofeedback treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon, but further research is needed to determine the specific mechanism(s) involved, and the limits to its usefulness. PMID- 3179342 TI - Coordinates transformation and learning control for visually-guided voluntary movement with iteration: a Newton-like method in a function space. AB - In order to control visually-guided voluntary movements, the central nervous system (CNS) must solve the following three computational problems at different levels: (1) determination of a desired trajectory in the visual coordinates, (2) transformation of the coordinates of the desired trajectory to the body coordinates and (3) generation of motor command. In this paper, the second and the third problems are treated at computational, representational and hardware levels of Marr. We first study the problems at the computational level, and then propose an iterative learning scheme as a possible algorithm. This is a trial and error type learning such as repetitive training of golf swing. The amount of motor command needed to coordinate activities of many muscles is not determined at once, but in a step-wise, trial and error fashion in the course of a set of repetitions. Actually, the motor command in the (n + 1)-th iteration is a sum of the motor command in the n-th iteration plus two modification terms which are, respectively, proportional to acceleration and speed errors between the desired trajectory and the realized trajectory in the n-th iteration. We mathematically formulate this iterative learning control as a Newton-like method in functional spaces and prove its convergence under appropriate mathematical conditions with use of dynamical system theory and functional analysis. Computer simulations of this iterative learning control of a robotic manipulator in the body or visual coordinates are shown. Finally, we propose that areas 2, 5, and 7 of the sensory association cortex are possible sites of this learning control. Further we propose neural network model which acquires transformation matrices from acceleration or velocity to motor command, which are used in these schemes. PMID- 3179343 TI - Properties of human visual memory for block patterns. AB - Several characteristics of human short-term visual memory (STVM) were specified through a series of experiments, by using block patterns (BPs) of varying complexity and matrix size (n-by-n). For each matrix size, BPs with high and low complexity were formed (i.e. n-by-n-H and n-by-n-L). In experiment I, the characteristics of the acquisition process were examined through a recall task. The recall rate for a single glance (exposure time less than 0.3 s) is more than 90% for 3-by-3 and 4-by-4-L BPs. For 4-by-4-H BPs, an improvement in recall rate was not found even when exposure time was increased to 2.4s. The recall rate for 6-by-6-H, 7-by-7, and 8-by-8 BPs did not change even when the exposure time was increased to 9s. In experiment II, the characteristics of the STVM decay process were examined using a recall task. Though a difference between the 4-by-4-L and 4 by-4-H acquisition rates was found, no difference was found in the forgetting rates. No decay was found for 6-by-6 BPs. Furthermore, the information obtained during a short duration was not forgotten for 4-by-4, and 6-by-6 BPs. It was concluded from these results that: 1) The acquisition rate into STVM depends upon figural complexity. 2) The decay rate does not depend upon figural complexity. 3) The limit of STVM was between 4-by-4-L, and 4-by-4-H BPs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179344 TI - Maximum likelihood analysis of spike trains of interacting nerve cells. AB - Suppose that a neuron is firing spontaneously or that it is firing under the influence of other neurons. Suppose that the data available are the firing times of the neurons present. An "integrate several inputs and fire" model is developed and studied empirically. For the model a neuron's firing occurs when an internal state variable crosses a random threshold. This conceptual model leads to maximum likelihood estimates of internal quantities, such as the postsynaptic potentials of the measured influencing neurons, the membrane potential, the absolute threshold and also estimates of derived quantities such as the strength-duration curve and the recovery process of the threshold. The model's validity is examined via an estimate of the conditional firing probability. The approach appears useful for estimating biologically meaningful parameters, for examining hypotheses re these parameters, for understanding the connections present in neural networks and for aiding description and classification of neurons and synapses. Analyses are presented for a number of data sets collected for the sea hare, Aplysia californica, by J. P. Segundo. Both excitatory and inhibitory examples are provided. The computations were carried out via the Glim statistical package. An example of a Glim program realizing the work is presented in the Appendix. PMID- 3179345 TI - Analysis of the activity of single neurons in stochastic settings. AB - This paper presents a new way of modeling the activity of single neurons in stochastic settings. It incorporates in a natural way many physiological mechanisms not usually found in stochastic models, such as spatial integration, non-linear membrane characteristics and non-linear interactions between excitation and inhibition. The model is based on the fact that most of the neuronal inputs have a finite lifetime. Thus, the stochastic input can be modeled as a simple finite markov chain, and the membrane potential becomes a function of the state of this chain. Firing occurs at states whose membrane potential is above threshold. The main mathematical results of the model are: (i) the input output firing rate curve is convex at low firing rates and is saturated at high firing rates, and (ii) at low firing rates, firing usually occurs when there is synchronous convergence of many excitatory events. PMID- 3179346 TI - [Purification and various properties of uracil-DNA-glycosylase from human placenta]. AB - Uracil-DNA-glycosylase was isolated from human placenta and purified 2100-fold. The apparent Km value for non-methylated DNA substrate of the enzyme is 3.10(-7) M. However, Km for uracil-DNA-glycosylase was 3 times as low when methylated DNA was used as a substrate. It was shown that the initial rate of uracil excision was greater for the non-methylated than for the hypermethylated DNA. The experimental results indicate that the postreplicative methylation of DNA can interfere with uracil excision. PMID- 3179347 TI - [Initiation of lipid peroxidation as a result of hemoglobin transformation into hemichrome induced by free fatty acids]. AB - The effects of free fatty acids on hemoglobin conversion and lipid peroxidation were studied in hemoglobin-containing liposomes (hemosomes) formed from an equimolar mixture of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). It was shown that in hemosomes oxyhemoglobin is converted into hemichrome by the interaction of saturated fatty acids (arachidic, stearic, palmitic, myristic and lauric). This is accompanied by accumulation of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation. All fatty acids, except for lauric acid, have a stabilizing effect on lipid peroxidation in liposomes prepared from an equimolar mixture of PC and PE. The formation of lipid peroxidation products is inhibited by superoxide dismutase, D-alpha-tocopherol, D-mannitol and thiourea. The relationships between hemoglobin conversion and lipid peroxidation in hemosomes under effects of fatty acids were studied. The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed. PMID- 3179348 TI - [A mechanism of inhibition of fibrin self-assembly by a peptide inhibitor]. AB - The amino acid composition of fibrin self-assembly inhibitors isolated from the blood plasma of man, ox, albino rat and from frog muscle tissue was established. Using a human blood plasma inhibitor, it was found that the inhibition of fibrin self-assembly is due to the inhibitor interaction with monomeric fibrin in the sites of domain D which become accessible after fibrinogen activation by thrombin. PMID- 3179349 TI - [Purification and properties of two enzymes of meta-cleaving the aromatic ring controlled by the biphenyl biodegradation plasmid pBS 241 from Pseudomonas putida]. AB - It was shown that two metapyrocatechases (EC 1.13.11.2) function in Pseudomonas putida BS893. Biphenyl degradative plasmid pBS241 carries the genes of these enzymes. The basic properties of the both enzymes, i. e., MPC1 and MPC2, were investigated. It was found that MPC1 is an enzyme with a molecular mass of 135 kD and has a heterotetrameric subunit structure (alpha 2 beta 2), being made up of two non-identical polypeptides with Mr of 34 and 22.5 kD; pI is 5.15, the pH optimum is at 8.0, a temperature optimum is at 54 degrees C. MPC2 has a molecular mass of 154 kD and possesses a homotetrameric subunit structure (alpha 4); it consists of identical polypeptides with Mr of 41 kD and has a pI of 4.95, a pH optimum at 7.5 and a temperature optimum at 60 degrees C. The substrate specificity of the enzymes was studied, and the Km and Vmax values for substituted catechols were determined. MPC1 shows a high affinity for 2.3 dihydroxybiphenyl and hydrolyzes 3-methylcatechol and catechol (but not 4 methylcatechol) at a low rate. MPC2 has a moderate affinity for catechol, 3- and 4-methylcatechols, but is incapable of cleaving 2.3-dihydroxybiphenyl. Both enzymes share in common some typical properties of metapyrocatechases. The different role of MPC1 and MPC2 in biphenyl catabolism is discussed. PMID- 3179350 TI - [Stability and distribution of stationary concentrations in the Krebs cycle]. AB - Stable steady-state concentrations of the Krebs cycle intermediates were evaluated as functions of kinetic parameters of individual enzymes. The steady state distributions of the intermediates are predicted. PMID- 3179351 TI - [Domain organization of alpha-actinin from the rabbit skeletal muscle]. AB - Limited trypsinolysis of native alpha-actinin by trypsin was carried out. This procedure resulted in the formation of two large fragments with Mr of 30 and 70 kD which cover almost the whole subunit of alpha-actinin. Using the sedimentation equilibrium method, it was demonstrated that the bisubunit structure of alpha actinin is provided for by C-terminal fragments of the subunits. Data from circular dichroism analysis suggest that the fragments formed are independent structural units, i.e., domains. PMID- 3179352 TI - [Distribution of the inhibiting activity among bivalent metal cations]. AB - The inhibition coefficients (beta) of bovine pyrimidine-specific RNAase A by bivalent metal cations were determined. The effect of ionization potentials, hydration energy and ionic radii of cations on their inhibiting activity is discussed. PMID- 3179353 TI - [ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins in the rat brain]. AB - The distribution of (ADP-ribose)n synthesized from [14C]NAD labeled at the adenyl ring in several protein fractions of isolated rat brain nuclei was studied. Preferential ADP-ribosylation of nonhistone nuclear proteins was shown to occur. It was demonstrated that pol (ADP-ribose)polymerase and DNA-topoisomerase II are located spatially close to each other. A correlation between ADP-ribosylation and the activity of nuclear matrix DNA-topoisomerase II was established. PMID- 3179354 TI - [Relation between the 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity of the liver microsomal monooxygenase system and the level of methylcholanthrene-induced form of cytochrome P-450]. AB - Changes in the metabolic activity of 7-ethoxyresorufin in rat liver microsomes containing different amounts of cytochrome P-450 induced by 3-methylcholanthrene and other polycyclic hydrocarbons (P-450c) were studied. Using antibodies to cytochrome P-450c for the determination of the cytochrome P-450c content and its metabolic role, it was demonstrated that 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation by the liver microsomal monooxygenase system is catalyzed exclusively by cytochrome P 450c. The rate of the substrate metabolism is correlated with the cytochrome P 450c content in microsomal membranes; the cytochrome P-450c activity does not depend on the cytochrome P-450c/NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase ratio. The experimental results suggest that the level of 7-ethoxyresorufin metabolism in liver microsomes can be regarded as a measure of the cytochrome P-450c content, whose function is associated with the stimulation of potential carcinogenic and toxic substances. PMID- 3179355 TI - [Physico-chemical properties of alkaline phosphatase from the seal small intestine]. AB - Alkaline phosphatase of the Greenland seal was purified to homogeneity, using immobilized concanavalin A. The specific activity of the enzyme is 1200-1500 mu/mg protein. The molecular mass of alkaline phosphatase as determined by electrophoresis performed under non-denaturating conditions is 260 kD, whereas that determined in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol and SDS is 70 kD, which points to the tetrameric type of the seal alkaline phosphatase molecule. Using the atomic adsorption method, it was demonstrated that the phosphatase molecule contains four zinc atoms. Some physico-chemical parameters of seal alkaline phosphatase (pH-dependence, effects of temperature and cations on the enzyme activity, pI, thermal stability) were determined. PMID- 3179356 TI - [Limited proteolysis of brain-specific protein S100. Isolation, physico-chemical and immunochemical characteristics of the neuropeptide AT-1-1]. AB - Six peptides (presumably products of natural protein S100 catabolism) were isolated from bovine brain extracts by hydrophobic chromatography, affinity chromatography on immobilized antiprotein S100 antibodies, gel filtration and chromatography on TSK HW-40 columns in a methanol: water system. At 10(-12) M, peptide AT-I-I caused a 70% inhibition of the specific binding activity of endogenous benzodiazepine brain receptors. When used at higher concentrations (10(-9)-10(-5) M), AT-I-I inhibited the binding activity of central serotonin, dopamine and m-cholinoreceptors. Immunochemical analysis revealed the presence of identical material in rat brain glial cell nuclei (astrocytes). Using a solid phase immunoenzymatic assay, it was shown that peptide AT-I-I was not identical to any other of the 14 peptides tested (commercial preparations). Data from immunochemical analysis testified to the species non-specificity of AT-I-I. It was concluded that in brain tissue natural proteolysis of proteins S100 leads to the formation of biologically active oligopeptide products that are involved, in particular, in the modulation of the functional activity of central benzodiazepine receptors. PMID- 3179357 TI - [Various properties of cardiac troponin C tryptic peptides]. AB - Using chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, tryptic peptides TP 1 (residues 47-83), TP 2 (residues 84-118) and TP 3 (residues 119 161) were isolated in a highly homogeneous state from cardiac troponin C. Peptides TP 1, TP 2 and TP 3 were found to contain isolated cation-binding sites II, III and IV of cardiac troponin C. The interaction of these peptides with troponins I and T was studied. It was found that only peptide TP 2 could interact with troponin I. Neither of the peptides isolated interacted with troponin T. The cation-binding properties and structural peculiarities of peptide TP 1 were investigated. It was shown that despite its small size (37 amino acid residues), peptide TP 1 retained its ability to bind Ca2+ which caused conformational changes in the peptide structure. This was accompanied by changes in the electrophoretic mobility and absorption of TP 1 on phenyl-Sepharose. PMID- 3179358 TI - [trypsin inhibition by sheep haptoglobin]. AB - It was found that sheep haptoglobin causes non-competitive inhibition of trypsin. The enzyme inactivation is due to its interaction with haptoglobin. MetHb and thionine do not influence the efficiency of haptoglobin as a trypsin inhibitor. It is concluded that the haptoglobin molecule has a trypsin-binding site which differs from the sites responsible for the interaction with MetHb and thionine. PMID- 3179359 TI - [Purification and properties of lysophospholipase from the venom of the giant hornet Vespa orientalis]. AB - Using biospecific chromatography on polylysocephamide, a toxic phospholipase possessing a presynaptic effect on neuromuscular preparations was isolated from the venom of the giant hornet Vespa orientalis. The enzyme was shown to possess a high hydrolytic activity towards 1-acyllysophosphatidylcholine within a narrow pH range (pH optimum 7.5). The enzyme activity was suppressed by detergents of various chemical composition. Lysophospholipase caused an intensive hemolysis of washed human erythrocytes. The catalytic and hemolytic functions of the enzyme were sensitive to metal ions, however, in a different degree. Ca2+ and Mn2+ activated, while Cu2+ and Zn2+ inhibited the enzyme. Mg2+ and Sr2+ had no effect on the enzyme activity. PMID- 3179360 TI - [Inhibition of UV-induced accumulation of lipid peroxides by melanins and ommochromes]. AB - The effect of screening pigments--melanin and ommochromes--on the UV-induced accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides by cardiolipin was studied. It was shown that the time dependence of lipid hydroperoxide accumulation at different UV irradiation intensities is linear. Addition of melanin or ommochromes results in a significant decrease of the lipid hydroperoxide accumulation rate. The kinetic curve rapidly reaches the saturation values, which is suggestive of intensive chemical inhibition of the reaction. The screens transmitting UV irradiation in the same degree as do melanin and ommochromes have a far less pronounced inhibiting effect. The inhibitory mechanism of screening pigments based on their antiradical activity is discussed. PMID- 3179361 TI - [Opiate-like peptides with primary structure different from that of enkephalins]. AB - Some new opiate-like peptides originating from opioid peptide precursors, dinorphine, histone H2b, major myeline protein, natriuretic atriopeptide and from the immunomodulating protein splenin whose primary structure differs essentially from that of enkephalins are described. Being intracysternally injected to mice, all the peptides under study caused a naloxone-sensitive analgetic effect as could be judged from the tail pinch tests. The effects of some opiate-like peptides were much stronger than that of leu-enkephalin. According to their primary structure, the opiate-like peptides can randomly be allocated into two families. Dipeptide Lys-Arg and free arginine also possess a marked analgetic activity which is abolished by naloxone. It seems likely that the epiate-like activity of the peptides under study is due to the similarity of their secondary and ternary structure to that of enkephalins of to their involvement in the regulation of opioid peptide metabolism. PMID- 3179362 TI - [Stability and distribution of stationary states in glycolysis]. AB - The steady-state concentration distributions of glycolytic metabolites are predicted. The dependence of distribution stability on kinetic parameters is evaluated. PMID- 3179363 TI - [Conformation possibilities of the lipotropic acton of human somatotropin]. AB - Using a semiempirical conformational analysis, a three-dimensional structure and conformational properties of human somatotropin free lipotropical action and fragment 31-44 possessing identical amino acid sequences were investigated. The calculations were performed on the basis of the fragmental analysis, using nonvalent, electrostatic and torsional interactions and hydrogen bonds. The data obtained suggest that these molecules can exist only in several low energy conformations. The conformational possibilities of the free acton molecule and fragment 31-44 differ essentially. The experimental results can be used for the study of structure-function relationships. PMID- 3179364 TI - [Isolation and analysis of Ca/Mg-dependent endonuclease from cell nuclei of human splenocytes]. AB - A scheme for the isolation of Ca,Mg-dependent endonuclease from human spleen lymphocyte nuclei has been developed. The isolation procedure resulted in protein preparations (Mr = 57 kD) possessing an enzymatic activity and stable upon storage for over a period of one year. The enzyme is an endonuclease which predominantly cleaves double-stranded DNA by a mixed single- and double-hit mechanism with the formation of 5'-phosphate and 3'-OH terminal groups. Its maximal activation is induced by Ca2+ plus Mg2+. The enzyme is also active in the presence of Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+ and is inhibited by Co2+. NaCl and KCl (0.15-0.2 M) and p-chloromercuribenzoate (1 mM) also inhibit the enzyme. ATP has no activating effect. PMID- 3179365 TI - [Peptide synthesis catalyzed by proteases. Elevated nucleophilic activity of naphthylamides of amino acids in acyl transfer reactions catalyzed by alpha chymotrypsin]. AB - It was found that the reactivity of alpha-amino acid naphthylamides in acyl transfer reactions catalyzed by alpha-chymotrypsin exceeds by more than two orders of magnitude the effective reactivity of other C-protected derivatives of these compounds. A detailed kinetic analysis of the acyl transfer of the tert butyl oxycarbonyl-L-methionine residue from its p-nitrophenyl ester to L-arginine naphthylamide was carried out. A minimal kinetic scheme of acyl transfer reactions is proposed, including together with the major process, i.e., acyl residue transfer to the nucleophil, the hydrolysis of the acyl enzyme-nucleophil complex and nucleophil binding by the free enzyme. The numeric values of some kinetic constants were determined. A theoretical analysis of the effect of hydrolysis of the acyl enzyme-nucleophil complex on the degree of nucleophil conversion into the peptide at initial acyl group donor and nucleophil concentrations was carried out. PMID- 3179366 TI - [Effect of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols on the cytochrome P-450 system in the liver of rats with E-avitaminosis. Effectiveness of liposomal forms of gamma tocopherol]. AB - The effects of low doses of intraperitoneally injected alpha- and gamma tocopherols dispersed in isotonic solutions of NaCl and of liposomal gamma tocopherol on endogenous lipid peroxidation and the cytochrome P-450 system of vitamin E-deficient rats were compared. It was found that all tocopherol preparations under study caused a twofold decrease of the lipid Schiff base concentration in the liver in comparison with tocopherol-deficient rats. However, the increase in cytochrome P-450 and b5 levels and the high functional activity of the microsomal oxidation system in the benz(a)pyrene hydroxylation reaction was induced only after liposomal gamma-tocopherol injection. It was concluded that the efficiency of the liposomal form of gamma-tocopherol can be conditioned both by preventing gamma-tocopherol oxidation in lecithin vesicles during its transport and/or by an increased liposomal gamma-tocopherol uptake by the liver from the circulating blood. PMID- 3179367 TI - [Effect of fibronectin on fibrinogen conversion into fibrin]. AB - The effects of fibronectin on fibrinogen clotting induced by thrombin or reptilase and on fibrin monomer polymerization in a pure system in the absence of factor XIIIa were studied. It was shown that within a broad range of concentrations and molar ratios of the mixed proteins, fibronectin does not alter significantly the fibrinogen clotting time either under thrombin or under reptilase action. The effect of fibronectin on the fibrin self-assembly consists in a slight acceleration of this process, whose degree is directly dependent on the fibronectin/fibrin monomer molar ratio as well as on the absolute fibrin monomer content at a constant molar ratio. The stimulating effect of fibronectin is amplified by Ca2+. The experimental results suggest that fibronectin can noncovalently bind the fibrin monomer and/or intermediate polymers in the non enzymatic phase of fibrinogen conversion to fibrin. PMID- 3179368 TI - [Regulation by cations of adenylate cyclase activity in chicken tissues]. AB - The effects of magnesium and sodium ions on adenylate cyclase activity in plasma membranes from chicken heart and eggshell gland mucosa were studied. It was found that the increase in magnesium chloride concentration from 5 to 40 mM results in the stimulation (4.1-fold) of the adenylate cyclase activity. The increase in sodium chloride concentration up to 150 mM stimulated the enzyme activity 2-fold. The stimulation of adenylate cyclase by magnesium and sodium ions was less pronounced in the eggshell gland. GTP did not activate adenylate cyclase. The activating effect of magnesium and sodium ions was accompanied by the attenuation of the enzyme sensitivity to NaF, guanylyl imidodiphosphate and isoproterenol. Activation by guanylyl imidodiphosphate was completely abolished in the presence of 40 mM magnesium chloride. It is assumed that high concentrations of the salt promote subunit dissociation of the adenylate cyclase regulatory protein and its interaction with the catalytic subunit in the presence of endogenous nucleotides. The differences in the adenylate cyclase sensitivity to cations in chicken heart and eggshell gland mucosa correlate with the amount of pertussis toxin substrate. PMID- 3179370 TI - [Mathematical model of the stochastic interaction of a living system with the environment]. PMID- 3179369 TI - [Unusual inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity induced by clorgyline]. AB - The phenomenology of inhibition of FAD-containing type A monoamine oxidase by clorgyline solutions containing negligibly small amounts of clorgyline that are insufficient for stoichiometric covalent blocking of a perceptible amount of the coenzyme was studied. The nature of this phenomenon consists in the fact that at monoamine oxidase concentrations of about 10(-8) M, more than 50% of the enzyme activity in inhibited by clorgyline (less than or equal to 10(-10) M), although is accordance with a well-defined mechanism after monoamine oxidase-catalyzed tautomerization clorgyline presumably interacts with FAD at a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. This effect termed as secondary inhibition seems to be induced not by clorgyline proper, not by changes in the solvent induced by this compound. In other words, clorgyline may initiate the synthesis of a new hypothetical inhibitor (IIC) in aqueous media which causes a reversible inhibition of the same specific inhibitory site of the enzyme. This site is responsible for the initial binding of acetylene inhibitors and catalyzes the formation of their allenic derivatives. PMID- 3179371 TI - [Ultrastructural localization of neutral DNAse in hepatocytes by immune electron microscopy using colloidal gold]. AB - A method for obtaining of the colloidal gold with particles 20 nm in diameter is described. The use of conjugate of colloidal gold-specific antibodies to the neutral DNAase is shown to determine the DNAase localization on ultrathin epontic sections of rat liver fixed by glutaraldehyde. The conditions of fixation, filling and immune reactions are described. The neutral DNAase has been found to localize mainly in heterochromatin. PMID- 3179372 TI - Spectral analysis of impedance respirogram in newborn infants. AB - Respiratory rate (RR), transthoracic electric impedance (TEZ) and transcutaneous PO2 and PCO2 were monitored during the 5 first postnatal days in 54 neonates on three separate occasions. There was no difference in the overall RR between the term and healthy preterm babies on different days of recordings but RR of the babies with RDS (who were all ventilated) was lower on day 1 (p less than 0.01). When the power spectrum of the TEZ respirogram was computed and the spectral density was divided into low-frequency (LF, less than 0.20 Hz) and high-frequency (HF, greater than 0.20 Hz) areas, the LF/HF ratio of healthy preterm babies was greater than that of term babies on day 1 (p less than 0.01). The preterm babies with RDS did not differ from the term babies in this respect. The LF/HF ratio was negatively correlated with gestational age and it had a positive correlation to PtcO2 (p less than 0.05) and PtcCO2 (p less than 0.01) (R2 = 0.07). The result evidences that the control of respiration changes in relation to maturity and the LF/HF ratio is a quantitative indicator of respiratory variability reflecting this development. PMID- 3179373 TI - Concentration of hypoxanthine in both cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue increases under intensive hypoxia only. AB - The relationships between the concentrations of glycogen, glucose, lactate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and hypoxanthine in the brain tissue, and the hypoxanthine and lactate concentration in cerebrospinal fluid and blood were examined after exposure of rats to hypoxia. The animals (1 and 10 days old) were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia for 1-12 h, pO2 11.3 kPa (mild), pO2 8.6 kPa (moderate), pO2 6.4 (strong) and pO2 4.7 kPa (severe) in inspired air. The concentration of hypoxanthine in both cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue increases in severe hypoxia. This severe hypoxia was related to a decrease of ATP level in brain tissue. This study showed that the level of hypoxanthine in blood did not closely correlate to the level of hypoxanthine in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. Extremely high hypoxanthine values in the blood might indicate a decrease in ATP content in brain tissue. PMID- 3179374 TI - Maternal treatments with corticosteroids and/or T3 change lung volumes and rupture pressures in preterm rabbits. AB - Pregnant does were treated with betamethasone, T3, the combination of beta methasone and T3 or vehicle control on days 24 and 25 of gestation. At 26 days gestational age, pressure-volume curves and lung rupture pressures and volumes were measured in the various groups of rabbits randomized to receive saline or surfactant by tracheal injection. Alveolar wash and lung tissue quantities of saturated phosphatidylcholine were comparable across the hormone-treated and control groups. Corticosteroids increased maximal lung volumes more than did T3. Corticosteroids augmented the lung volumes of surfactant-treated lungs more than did T3, and no additive effects on lungs treated with both hormones and surfactant were noted. Both corticosteroids and surfactant decreased lung rupture pressures from 51.7 +/- 4.1 to about 44 cm H2O. T3 decreased lung rupture pressure to 48.9 +/- 3.9 cm H2O and the combination of T3 and corticosteroids resulted in rupture pressures comparable to T3 alone. There were no additive effects of the combined use of T3 and corticosteroids and T3 antagonized the decreased lung rupture pressures caused by corticosteroids. While T3 did not alter the increase in lung volumes noted with corticosteroids, lung structure as assessed by lung rupture was differentially affected by the two hormones. PMID- 3179375 TI - Renal effects of d-tubocurarine and pancuronium in the newborn rabbit. AB - The acute renal effects of d-tubocurarine and pancuronium were assessed in 14 anesthetized newborn rabbits. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) were calculated from the inulin and p-aminohippuric acid clearances, respectively. Each animal acted as its own control. At doses used in human neonates, d-tubocurarine administration (0.80 mg/kg) produced a marked increase in renal vascular resistance (+123 +/- 62%) with a concomitant significant decrease in GFR (-35.4 +/- 12%) and RBF (-39 +/- 13%). Pancuronium administration (0.25 mg/kg) was associated with a nonsignificant decrease in GFR (-19 +/- 17%) and RBF (-20 +/- 12%) and an increase in renal vascular resistance (+66 +/- 52%). These results stress the need for careful monitoring of renal function in neonates receiving nondepolarizing muscle-relaxant agents. PMID- 3179376 TI - Impact of nutrition on postnatal development of serine-threonine dehydratase and branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase in the rat. AB - The developmental patterns of two amino acid-catabolizing enzymes, serine threonine dehydratase (STD) and branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD), were investigated in growing rats. At 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60 days of age, STD and BCKAD activities were determined in pup tissues. Hepatic STD activity increased more than 3-fold between 10 and 20 days of age; after this peak, activity decreased by 30 days of age. Threonine dosing did not affect STD activity at any age. In the liver, kidney, brain and skeletal muscle, total BCKAD activity increased 2- to 4-fold between 10 and 30 days of age. Percentages of BCKAD active in all tissues decreased between 10 and 15 days of age, associated with a large increase in total activity. The percentages of BCKAD activity were unchanged between 20 and 30 days of age but increased from 30 to 60 days of age, associated with a decrease in total activity. Leucine dosing did not affect total BCKAD activity at any age. These results demonstrate that both STD and BCKAD develop late during the suckling period and total activities are unresponsive to excess dietary amino acids. PMID- 3179377 TI - Perinatal brain serotonin metabolism in rats malnourished in utero. AB - The fetal brain serotonin metabolism has been studied in two types of gestationally malnourished rats: protein-calorie and after ligation of one branch of the uterine artery. The results showed an elevation of L-tryptophan and serotonin content and an enhancement of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase activity in the malnourished fetal brain, continuing up to day 10 of postnatal life. The possible implications of these early changes of the serotoninergic system in brain differentiation and a lasting change in tryptophan-5-hydroxylase kinetics are proposed for further study. PMID- 3179378 TI - Effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced luteolysis on the populations of cells in the ovine corpus luteum. AB - Receptors for prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in the ovine corpus luteum are localized on large steroidogenic luteal cells. Therefore, it was hypothesized that during luteolysis, the first demonstrable effects of PGF2 alpha would occur in the population of large luteal cells. To test this hypothesis, the numbers and sizes of large and small luteal cells, fibroblasts, capillary endothelial cells, and pericytes were determined in corpora lutea collected 12, 24, or 36 h (6 animals/group) following administration of PGF2 alpha on Day 10 postestrus and from untreated ewes on Days 10 and 12 postestrus. The numbers and sizes of luteal cells were determined after enzymatic dissociation of the luteal tissue into single cell suspensions and by morphometric analysis of luteal slices. Serum levels of progesterone decreased (p less than 0.05) within 12 h of treatment, indicating that luteolysis was induced. Recovery of the two types of steroidogenic luteal cells following enzymatic dissociation was different (p less than 0.05). Recovery of both steroidogenic cell types decreased with time after PGF2 alpha treatment, suggesting that they had become more fragile. As determined by morphometry, the number of large luteal cells was not different at any time point examined; however, by 36 h after treatment, the average diameter of large luteal cells had decreased (p less than 0.05). In contrast, by 24 h after treatment, there was a decrease in the number of small luteal cells (p less than 0.05) but no change in their diameter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179379 TI - Termination of the breeding season in the Suffolk ewe: involvement of an endogenous rhythm of reproduction. AB - Two studies were performed to determine if the transition into anestrus in the Suffolk ewe results from the lack of a decrease in photoperiod, a signal suggested to be important in maintaining the breeding season, or from an obligatory turn-off that reflects the expression of an endogenous rhythm of reproduction. Shortly after the autumnal equinox, three groups of ovariectomized ewes bearing s.c. Silastic implants of estradiol were placed in different lighting environments. A control group was exposed to normal variations in day length until the winter solstice and held on that day length thereafter. The two experimental groups experienced either a continuously decreasing day length or a continuously increasing duration of elevated melatonin levels during each 24-h period until mid-March. Reproductive activity, assessed by circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), was marginally extended (2-3 wk) in the experimental groups. In a second experiment, two groups of ovary-intact ewes were exposed to photoperiodic treatments shortly after the winter solstice. A control group was held on the winter solstice day length (10L:14D) until the end of the study in mid-March. The experimental group experienced a 3-h photoperiodic reduction to 7L:17D. It remained to determine if that abrupt decrease could maintain reproductive induction. Again, the cessation of reproductive induction was marginally delayed in the experimental group (2-3 wk). This marginal delay in the arrest of reproductive activity seen in both experiments indicates that the lack of decrease in day length around and after the winter solstice may play some role in timing the end of the breeding season. However, our inability to prevent or markedly delay the termination of reproductive activity leads to the conclusion that the primary reason for the transition into anestrus is an obligatory turn off. This obligatory process may be the expression of an underlying endogenous rhythm of reproduction. PMID- 3179380 TI - Prolactin in the developing pig. AB - Prolactin (PRL) was determined in plasma of fetal pigs from 40 days post coitum (d.p.c.) onwards. Values increased in the last 3 wk of the gestational period and reached 10 ng/ml at term. Immunoreactive lactotropes could be identified as early as 31 d.p.c. Lactotrope development appeared to be biphasic, with no apparent increase in cell number in the 51-75 d.p.c. period. Sex differences in volume percentage of lactotropes and plasma PRL levels were observed in the 71-75 d.p.c. period. Pituitary PRL content increased 20-fold between 95 d.p.c. and term and 10 fold between birth and 6 wk. Volume percentage of lactotropes did not change from birth to 6 wk. In the postnatal period, plasma PRL concentrations were high in the first 1-2 wk and they decreased thereafter. Lower stable values were observed until about 10 wk, when PRL concentrations began to increase. Prepubertal peak levels were observed in the 10- to 16-wk period and a pubertal peak was observed at 20-22 wk. No significant differences between plasma PRL profiles of males and females were observed in the postnatal period. Castrated males, however, had consistently lower plasma PRL concentrations than intact boars. Cryptorchid boars had PRL concentrations comparable to intact boars. The PRL profile, in relation to the pattern of gonadal development, suggests a role for PRL in gonadal development of the pig. PMID- 3179381 TI - Parity-associated reductions in behavioral sensitivity to opiates. AB - Behavioral and physiological responses differ between primiparous and multiparous female rodents. Specifically, multiparous females respond with the full repertoire of maternal behaviors much more rapidly and with greater intensity than their primiparous counterparts. Since opiates inhibit the expression of maternal behavior in postpartum rats and can be reversed by means of the opiate antagonist naloxone, we investigated whether multiparous females would be resistant to the inhibitory effects of opiates on maternal behavior, relative to primiparous females. In Experiment 1 we evaluated the effects of a range of doses of morphine sulfate (MS; 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg or saline) on maternal behavior in primiparous females on Days 5-6 of lactation. The 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg doses effectively disrupted maternal behavior, whereas the lower doses were ineffective or only marginally disruptive. In Experiment 2, age-matched female rats were timed-mated and tested for maternal behavior from Day 5 to 13 of lactation, after daily injections of the 5.0 mg/kg dose of MS. On Day 5 of lactation, this morphine treatment eliminated full maternal behavior in 87% of the primiparous animals, but only 37% of the multiparous animals were affected. By Day 10 of lactation, 100% of the multiparous females displayed full maternal behavior after MS treatment, whereas only 69% of primiparous females were responsive. In Experiment 3, analgesic responses were measured both in rats experiencing their initial or second pregnancy, and in postpartum, lactating rats after MS (5.0 mg/kg) administration. Using a tail-flick apparatus to measure analgesia, we found multigravid females to be significantly less analgesic prepartum than primigravid females, suggesting less sensitivity to endogenous opioids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179382 TI - Effects of an antiandrogen, flutamide, on oocyte quality and embryo development in rats superovulated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin. AB - Increased oocyte degeneration in rats is associated with enhanced ovarian androgen secretion following superovulation with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG). To determine whether androgens may be causally related to oocyte degeneration, we examined the effects of an antiandrogen, flutamide, on oocyte quality and embryo development after induction of superovulation with PMSG. Immature female Sprague-Dawley rats were used for two experiments. In the first experiment, the females received either 5 mg flutamide or vehicle alone 30 and 36 h after 40 IU PMSG and were killed at 48, 60, and 72 h. Although total number of oocytes was not significantly different between the two groups, flutamide significantly reduced the percentage of degenerate oocytes ovulated at all the time intervals examined (p less than 0.01). In the second experiment, the females were given 4 IU PMSG (control) or 40 IU PMSG with either 5 mg flutamide or vehicle. The rats were mated and then killed on Days 2, 3, 4, and 5 of pregnancy. Compared to control, flutamide did not effectively prevent the early loss of preimplantation embryos nor the developmental retardation which took place in the vehicle-treated rats after Day 2. However, flutamide treatment was associated with a significant decrease in embryo degeneration and a significant increase in the percentage of cleaved embryos on Day 2 (p less than 0.01). Compared to levels associated with the vehicle regimen, ovarian and/or serum androgen levels in the flutamide-treated rats significantly decreased at 60 h (p less than 0.01) and on Day 2 (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179383 TI - Pattern of ovarian progesterone secretion during the luteal phase of the ovine estrous cycle. AB - Pulsatile secretion of progesterone has been observed during the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in the rhesus monkey and human. As the luteal phase progresses in each of these species, there is a pattern of decreased frequency and increased amplitude of progesterone pulses. The present study was designed to determine the pattern of progesterone secretion during the late luteal phase (Days 10-16) of the normal ovine estrous cycle. Five unanesthetized ewes, each bearing an indwelling cannula in the utero-ovarian vein, were bled every 15 min from 0800 h on Day 10 through 0800 h on Day 16 of the estrous cycle. With the computer program PULSAR, it was determined that progesterone secretion was episodic, with pulsations observed on all days. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in frequency, amplitude, and interpeak interval (IPI) of progesterone pulses among ewes and days. The ewes averaged 8.0 +/- 0.63 pulses of progesterone per 24 h. Mean frequency of pulses was not different between days but showed differences between ewes. Mean amplitude of progesterone pulses was 7.0 +/- 0.27 ng/ml, with no differences observed either between days or between ewes. Mean IPI was 197 +/- 7.1 min, and, like frequency, the IPI was not different between days, but varied between ewes. No consistent temporal relationship was found between progesterone pulses and luteinizing hormone (LH), as determined by bioassay and radioimmunoassay, on Day 14 of the cycle in one ewe. The results indicate that progesterone secretion is episodic during the luteal phase of the ovine estrous cycle and is independent of LH pulses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179384 TI - Uterine decidualization in hypophysectomized-ovariectomized rats: effects of pituitary hormones. AB - Decidualization of the endometrial stroma occurs in rats in response to implanting blastocysts or after the application of an appropriately timed artificial stimulus. It is well established that decidualization is regulated by estrogens and progesterone (P). The present study investigated the role of pituitary hormones in this response. Decidualization produced by the bilateral intrauterine injection of 100 microliter sesame oil was compared in ovariectomized (OVX) and hypophysectomized (HYPOX)-OVX rats. All animals were treated with a sequence of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and P that in OVX rats supported decidualization. As assessed by uterine weights 5 days after uterine stimulation, decidualization was much greater in OVX than in HYPOX-OVX rats (geometric mean uterine weights of 1539 and 376 mg, respectively). To determine the ability of pituitary hormones to restore decidualization in HYPOX-OVX rats, animals were treated with ovine prolactin (oPRL, 2 x 100 micrograms daily), bovine growth hormone (bGH, 2 x 125 micrograms daily), and thyroxine (1 microgram/day, replacement for thyrotropin) in addition to E2 and P. Combined treatment with bGH + thyroxine resulted in decidualization which was not significantly different from that obtained in OVX rats; the effects of bGH and thyroxine were additive. oPRL had no significant effect. Administration of bGH + thyroxine during the prestimulation period resulted in decidualization which did not differ significantly from that obtained when the hormones were administered both pre- and poststimulation; administration during the poststimulation period only, when growth and differentiation of decidual cells occurs, resulted in much less decidualization. Because an increase in endometrial vascular permeability is a prerequiste for decidualization, [125I]-labeled bovine serum albumin was used to assess permeability 8 h after uterine stimulation. Uterine concentrations of radioactivity indicated that endometrial vascular permeability was increased to the same extent in bGH + thyroxine-treated HYPOX-OVX rats as in OVX animals; this increase was significantly reduced in vehicle-treated HYPOX-OVX rats. Because prostaglandins (PGs) are involved in decidualization, the possibility that the reduced responses in vehicle-treated HYPOX-OVX rats were a consequence of a decreased capacity of the uterus to produce PGs in response to the deciduogenic stimulus was investigated. As indicated by uterine PGE and PGF concentrations 15 min after uterine stimulation, uterine PGE and PGF production was increased by the stimulus in both vehicle-treated and bGH + thyroxine-treated HYPOX-OVX rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3179385 TI - Restricted conceptus mobility results in failure of pregnancy maintenance in mares. AB - Cycling pony mares were bred and used to test the effect of restricted conceptus mobility on luteal maintenance (i.e. maternal recognition of pregnancy). In Experiment 1, uterine horns were ligated to restrict conceptus mobility to one uterine horn, Group 1; one horn plus the uterine body, Group 2; or one horn, the body and approximately 80% of the second horn, Group 3. Pregnancies were monitored with real-time ultrasonography. Four of five mares in Group 1 and two of four mares in Group 2 returned to estrus (Day 16.0 +/- 1.9 and 14.5 +/- 0.7, respectively) and subsequently lost the embryonic vesicles (Day 17.2 +/- 1.2 and 15.7 +/- 0.7, respectively). None of the four mares in Group 3 lost the vesicles. There was a significant effect of the interaction of treatment (amount of uterus available to the conceptus) and day on plasma progesterone (P) concentration (p less than 0.005). In Experiment 2, conceptus mobility was restricted to one uterine horn in two groups of mares, of which the second was treated with the synthetic progestin, Regu-Mate (allyl trenbolone). In the first group, each of three mares lost the vesicle (Day 17.3 +/- 4.3). In the second group, four of five mares maintained the pregnancies, indicating that pregnancy failure was due to the effects of declining P. These data indicate that restricted conceptus mobility results in luteolysis in the mare, and that the subsequent decline in P leads to embryonic death.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179386 TI - Developmental competence of domestic cat follicular oocytes after fertilization in vitro. AB - Empirical evaluation of variables affecting oocyte collection, in vitro fertilization, and embryo transfer resulted in establishing a successful procedure for the artificial production of offspring in the domestic cat. Female cats were treated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG, 150 IU) followed 72 or 80 h later with 100 or 200 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). After laparoscopic collection, follicular oocytes were inseminated in vitro with ejaculated, processed spermatozoa, cultured (37 degrees C, 5% CO2), and then examined for evidence of fertilization. Two- to 4-cell stage embryos were transferred to the oviducts of oocyte donors. Oocyte donor cats and naturally mated controls also were subjected to sequential laparoscopic examinations and blood sampling to assess corpora lutea (CL) function. At 24-30 h of culture, fewer (p less than 0.001) degenerate oocytes were observed in cats receiving 100 IU hCG (8.2%) compared to those receiving 200 IU (20.6%), regardless of the PMSG hCG interval. Overall fertilization (48.1%) and cleavage (45.2%, at 30 h post insemination) rates were greatest following an 80-h PMSG-hCG interval combined with the 100 IU hCG dose. Five of the 6 cats receiving 6 to 18 embryos became pregnant and produced from 1 to 4 kittens/litter. Gonadotropin-treated females subjected to follicular aspiration produced morphologically normal CL and circulating progesterone patterns that were qualitatively similar (p greater than 0.05) to control cats. These data indicate that domestic cat follicular oocytes are capable of fertilization in vitro, but success is dependent on both the timing and dose of the hCG stimulus. Follicles subjected to aspiration appear capable of forming normal, functional CL and the birth of live young after embryo transfer unequivocally demonstrates, for the first time, the developmental competence of in vitro-fertilized carnivore oocytes. PMID- 3179387 TI - Evidence for the presence of oxytocin in the ovine epididymis. AB - The testes of several species contain oxytocin and/or neurophysin, but the content or localization of oxytocin in epididymal tissue has not been studied. The present study was undertaken to localize oxytocin and neurophysin in epididymal tissue of the ram, and to quantify oxytocin in the ductus epididymidis and fluids entering and leaving the ductus epididymidis. Neurophysin was not detected in the epididymis; thus, synthesis of oxytocin by the epididymis is unlikely. Immunohistochemical localization of oxytocin was confined to the epithelium and capillaries. Oxytocin immunostaining was most intense for epithelium of the caput and declined in corpus and cauda regions. However, based on radioimmunoassay, no difference in oxytocin concentration was detected among regions of the epididymis. Since rete testis fluid entering and cauda epididymal fluid leaving the epididymis contained at least fourfold more oxytocin than testicular venous plasma, it was concluded that regional differences in epithelial concentration of oxytocin may have been masked by oxytocin contained in the luminal fluid. It was concluded further that the epididymis of the ram does not synthesize oxytocin, but about 22 ng/day enters the epididymis in rete testis fluid. Most of this luminal oxytocin apparently is absorbed by the epithelium of the caput epididymidis, with additional adsorption in the corpus and cauda. Although a role for oxytocin in ductal contractility cannot be excluded, it is more likely that the luminal oxytocin influences epithelial or sperm function. PMID- 3179388 TI - Transepithelial movement of 3H-androgen in seminiferous and epididymal tubules: a study using in vivo micropuncture and in vivo microperifusion. AB - In vivo micropuncture and a new system of in vivo microperifusion were used to examine the movement of 3H-androgen from blood to lumen and from interstitum to lumen in the rat testis and epididymis. Movement of 3H-androgen into the seminiferous tubule lumen was restricted, with intraluminal isotope concentrations plateauing at approximately 15% of extratubular isotope concentrations whether the 3H-androgen originated in the vascular or interstitial compartments. In the caput epididymidis, intraluminal 3H-androgen plateaued at approximately 35% of serum concentrations, but when 3H-androgens were presented directed to the basal aspect of the caput epididymidal epithelium, 3H-androgen was transported into the lumen against a concentration gradient. Intraluminal isotope concentrations were greater than 200% of those in the epididymal interstitial compartment. Similar results were found for the cauda epididymids. Factors controlling the proluminal movement of 3H-androgens in the rat testis and epididymis were therefore fundamentally different. PMID- 3179389 TI - Fertilization of Chinese hamster ova in vitro and in vivo and their subsequent development in culture. AB - Oocytes from superovulated Chinese hamsters can be fertilized in vitro using the culture medium BWW (70% of 112 ova) or a modified BWW designated as MBWW (76% of 122 ova) when either medium is supplemented with 4 mg/ml of bovine serum albumin. Ova fertilized in vitro will also cleave to the 2-cell stage in either medium (52% in BWW, 87% in MBWW), but fail to develop any further in culture. Oocytes fertilized in vivo and recovered at the late 2-cell or early 4-cell stages from females on Day 3 of pregnancy have the capacity to develop into expanded blastocysts in MBWW. When early embryos that developed into morulae and early blastocyts in culture were transferred to surrogate females, eight normal young were born. PMID- 3179390 TI - Differential effects of p-nitrophenyl-D-xylosides on mouse blastocysts and uterine epithelial cells. AB - A number of studies have implicated glycoconjugates in cell recognition events associated with implantation of mammalian blastocysts into the uterus. We have found that p-nitrophenyl-D-xylosides inhibit mouse embryo attachment and outgrowth on monolayers of uterine epithelial cells when cocultured in vitro. Inhibition of attachment and trophoblast formation by alpha- and beta-xylosides was observed in embryos cultured on tissue culture plastic in serum containing medium or on monolayers of epithelial cells. The biochemical basis for this inhibition has been investigated. Consistent with their accepted mode of action, beta- but not alpha-D-xylosides greatly stimulated glycosaminoglycan chain production by uterine epithelial cells and likewise reduced proteoglycan assembly. In contrast, both alpha- and beta-anomers selectively inhibited embryo attachment and outgrowth without stimulating glycosaminoglycan chain production by embryos. The inhibitory effect of the xylosides on embryos was reversible and did not require concentrations that reduced the rate of protein synthesis. Both alpha- and beta-D-xylosides inhibited the synthesis of proteoglycans including heparan sulfate as well as certain other glycoconjugates by embryos. Collectively, these data indicate that proper assembly of glycoconjugates, including proteoglycans, is required for implantation-related processes, although the inhibition of embryo outgrowth by xylosides may be by an as yet uncharacterized mechanism. PMID- 3179391 TI - Ovine trophoblast protein-1 and bovine trophoblast protein-1 are present as specific components of uterine flushings of pregnant ewes and cows. AB - A rabbit antiserum raised against ovine trophoblast protein-1 (oTP-1) was used to stain Western blots of the protein components from the uterine flushings of pregnant ewes (n = 61), non-bred cyclic ewes (n = 22), bred-but-nonpregnant ewes (n = 36), pregnant cows (n = 34), and bred-but-nonpregnant cows (n = 15). Nonpregnant animals were defined as ones from which no embryo was recovered. Uterine flushings of pregnant ewes contained oTP-1 between Days 14 and 24 of pregnancy, but not at Day 12. All of the cyclic ewes and 34 of 36 bred ewes, judged as nonpregnant, tested negatively for the presence of oTP-1. With one exception, oTP-1 was not detected in the nongravid uterine horns of pregnant ewes in which the conceptus had been confined to one uterine horn. Bovine trophoblast protein-1 (bTP-1), which cross-reacts immunologically with oTP-1, was also detectable specifically in the uterine flushings of pregnant cows when anti-oTP-1 antiserum was used. The urine (n = 14) and certival mucus (n = 20) samples of all the pregnant ewes tested were free of any detectable oTP-1. Thus, a useful pregnancy test for ewes based on oTP-1 release into these fluids seems unlikely. Results of this study show that oTP-1 and bTP-1 are pregnancy-specific proteins that are secreted into the uterine lumen where they possibly exert a local response. PMID- 3179393 TI - [Issue on the 22d annual meeting of the German Society of Biomedical Technology. 7-10 September 1988, Stuttgart]. PMID- 3179392 TI - Morphological evidence for increased uterine vascular permeability at the time of embryonic attachment in the pig. AB - The morphology of subepithelial capillaries was studied in the endometrium of cyclic and pregnant gilts between Days 10 and 19 after estrus to determine whether evidence of increased vascular permeability accompanied embryonic attachment. No differences in the structure of the vessels were observed between Day 10 of the cycle and Day 10 of gestation, but striking regional modification had occurred by Day 13 of pregnancy. The portion of the capillary wall that was most proximal to the uterine epithelium was most attenuated and contained fenestrated segments, and caveolae had accumulated within the thicker distal face. As attachment progressed to Day 19 of pregnancy, thin fenestrated regions were even more extensive and the subepithelial capillaries were located in closer proximity to the uterine epithelium. In addition, modification of the basal lamina resulted in a discontinuous, thickened and multilayered appearance. These findings indicate a temporal association between morphological evidence of increased uterine vascular permeability and a close physical association between the uterine mucosa and trophoblast of elongated porcine blastocysts. PMID- 3179394 TI - [Ergonomic aspects of visual conditions in microscope work]. PMID- 3179395 TI - [Cybernetic studies of the regulation of human equilibrium using frequency analysis (l)]. PMID- 3179396 TI - A filter procedure for noisy registrations of blood pressure. PMID- 3179397 TI - The 1987 Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy award to E.J Freireich and E.A. Gehan. PMID- 3179398 TI - Ethical issues in clinical trials. PMID- 3179399 TI - Ethical issues in clinical trials. PMID- 3179400 TI - Methodological issues in cancer clinical trials: the comparison of therapies. PMID- 3179401 TI - The Kos statement on randomization. First International Meeting, Kos 1986; Second International Meeting, Paris 1987. PMID- 3179402 TI - The jurists' experience of hospital medical ethics councils. AB - The Council for Ethics, Methodology and Economy of the "Service des Maladies Sanguines, Immunitaires et Tumorales" is proposed as a model for the resolution of ethical problems that might arise in the hospital department or service division, regarding the defence of the patients' rights against societal pressure to encourage research, ethics versus scientific methodology, and overall medicine versus economy. PMID- 3179403 TI - Scientific criticisms of the comparison of exponential survival and disease-free survival curves. AB - Scientific criticism when analyzed in depth, appears to be as exacting as ethical criticism of statistics relating to adjuvant therapy comparative trial results, based on survival or on length of first remission. The heterogeneity of a population in which an exponential curve represents survival or period of disease free survival (OFS) raises the issue of the significance of a benefit or absence of benefit provided by studied treatment. The segmentation of exponential curves into two or three slopes is proposed. This permits a more accurate evaluation of the results, as well as the application of several protocols, adapted to separate homogeneous groups of patients. PMID- 3179404 TI - The ethical problems of philanthropic cancer-research foundations. PMID- 3179406 TI - Are anaerobic bacteria involved in peripheral vein catheter associated thrombophlebitis? AB - While thrombophlebitis is a common complication of intravenous therapy, infection has been shown to be a cause of this problem in only a minority of cases. However, the methodology employed in the past would not have detected the anaerobes as a cause of this problem. As anaerobes are associated with thrombophlebitis in situations such as septic pelvic thrombophlebitis, we undertook a study to see if they might also be involved in thrombophlebitis associated with peripheral vein catheters. We prospectively studied 26 episodes of peripheral intravenous catheter associated thrombophlebitis. These catheters were all cultured under aerobic conditions by the semiquantitative technique on blood agar plates. In addition, they were promptly processed and cultured under optimal anaerobic conditions. In none of the episodes of thrombophlebitis were the catheters positive on semiquantitative culture. In addition, we did not show the presence of anaerobes on any of these catheters. We conclude that there is no evidence that anaerobes are associated with peripheral vein thrombophlebitis. PMID- 3179405 TI - An evaluation of serum CA 50 levels in cancer using a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. AB - The CA 50 levels in serum samples from 440 patients were estimated using a dissociated enhanced lanthanide immunofluorimetric assay. The distribution was similar to CA 50-RIA assays. Raised levels (greater than 14 U/ml) were present in 95% pancreatic cancer, 68% hepatoma, 54% advanced colorectal cancer, 58% advanced breast cancer and 48% lung cancer. High values were observed in adenocarcinoma of the lung, and were related to tumour mass in small cell lung cancer. CA 50 is independent of CEA. The marker is of considerable potential in pancreatic cancer where the majority of patients express the Can 50 Ag. PMID- 3179407 TI - The Corynebacterium granulosum-derived P40 immunomodulator exerts a synergistic effect on the activity of antiviral drugs in the treatment of experimental viral infections. AB - Comparative studies have been carried out on the effects on 2 viral-infection models (Herpes virus and influenza virus) of treatments consisting of either C. granulosum-derived immunomodulator P40, or of vidarabin or amantadine as antiviral drugs, or of combinations of vidarabin or amantadine with P40. According to the modalities of administration of the P40 or of the antiviral drugs, the anti-infectious effect was more or less marked. In contrast, the combinations of P40 and antiviral drugs did not result in a cumulative effect but in significant synergy of the effects of each component of the treatments. PMID- 3179408 TI - Retinopathy of prematurity: problem and challenge. Proceedings of a symposium. Bethesda, Maryland, November 21-23, 1985. PMID- 3179409 TI - The neonatal intensive care unit: organization of care of the low-birthweight infant. AB - A large and growing body of evidence based in large part on randomized clinical trials of therapy has established the efficacy of neonatal intensive care. The efficacy of neonatal intensive care is "leveraged" by highly efficient regional programs for ascertainment and referral of patients at risk. Thus the impact of neonatal ICUs is keenly felt in the community. The population incidence of ROP and its sequelae may be expected to rise as infants at highest risk--those at the border of viability--survive in increasing numbers. PMID- 3179410 TI - An International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity: development of the classification of the late stages of retinopathy of prematurity. AB - In another publication [6], an agenda for ROP was outlined for the future. High on that list was the completion of the task of classifying ROP. This has been accomplished, but it is obvious that no classification is any better than the use to which it is put. This is the case with this work. Its implementation in a prospective, controlled trial of surgical therapy of end-stage ROP will more than justify the labors of all who participated in its development. PMID- 3179411 TI - Diagnosis and early follow-up of retinopathy of prematurity. AB - Low-birthweight premature infants should be screened for ROP by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Repeat examination should be performed until retinal vascularization is complete, regression and stabilization have occurred, or surgical intervention is recommended. Parents should be informed of the diagnosis early and counseled periodically regarding prognosis. Infants with arrested cicatricial changes of ROP should have periodic ophthalmologic examinations for late complications. The emergence of low birthweight as the single most important factor causing ROP calls for societal efforts to reduce the incidence of premature birth. PMID- 3179412 TI - The oxygen hypothesis: fruitful predictor or narrow dogma? PMID- 3179413 TI - Vitamin E and retinopathy of prematurity: the ophthalmologist's perspective. PMID- 3179414 TI - Surgical approaches to retinal detachment in retinopathy of prematurity. AB - Outlined in this chapter are surgical approaches to retinal detachment in ROP. Technical details of the vitrectomy approach to stage V ROP are covered extensively in the chapters by Machemer and Charles. Late-onset retinal detachment is a rare complication. Two types of detachment, those associated with traction and those associated with retinal breaks or tears (rhegmatogenous), generally respond well to standard buckling procedures. The incidences of these complications provide reason for continued long-term follow-up of eyes with ROP. PMID- 3179415 TI - Description and pathogenesis of late stages of retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3179416 TI - Vitreoretinal surgery for retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3179417 TI - Retinopathy of prematurity over the patient's lifetime: a clinician's perspective. PMID- 3179418 TI - Significance of low birthweight for infant mortality and morbidity. PMID- 3179419 TI - Continuing issues through life for the retinopathy of prematurity patient: medical expert testimony in a court of law. PMID- 3179420 TI - Relation between persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus and retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3179421 TI - Pathologic features of retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3179422 TI - Recent advances in ectodermal dysplasias. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Interdisciplinary Approach to Ectodermal Dysplasias. Calloway Gardens, Georgia, July 1985. PMID- 3179423 TI - Invited editorial comment on "restrictive dermopathy" and report of another case. PMID- 3179424 TI - Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome: observations on ten cases and characteristic hair changes (pili canaliculi). AB - We have reported on six personally examined patients with Rapp Hodgkin syndrome and four additional family members with documentation suggesting strongly that they also were affected with the disorder. Clinical manifestations observed in our patients include cleft lip/palate/uvula, ectodermal dysplasia, and hypospadias in males. The ectodermal dysplasia manifests through uncombable, sparse, wiry hair; alopecia in adulthood; hypodontia; hypohidrosis; and dysplastic nails. In addition, ptosis, atretric ear canals, and dysplastic eustachian orifices are suggested as other manifestations of the disorder. PMID- 3179425 TI - Trichothiodystrophy, IBIDS syndrome or Tay syndrome? PMID- 3179426 TI - Autosomal recessive anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: report of a case and discrimination of diagnostic features. PMID- 3179427 TI - Characterization of the face in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia by cephalometric and anthropometric analysis. PMID- 3179428 TI - Speech characteristics in patients with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. PMID- 3179429 TI - The team approach to the management of ectodermal dysplasias. AB - 1. The medical and dental needs of ED patients require multidisciplinary treatment. Because of the difficulty in identifying centers with genetic and dental services, locating the availability of these services should be undertaken first. 2. A team member for the specialties of genetics, pediatrics, dermatology, opthalmology, otolaryngology, orthodontics, prosthetics, and pediatric/general dentistry must be identified at each center. 3. An individual to act as liaison with other groups must be identified. 4. A team leader must be named; this individual may be the same or different from the specialists, and local teams must be established. 5. A protocol for communication among national and regional centers, identified specialists, and local teams must be established. 6. Each center should attempt to identify specialists in the region interested in participation. 7. Demographics of identified families need to be established. 8. As patient populations are found, the need for new centers can be identified. 9. As groups of the necessary specialists are identified in a need area, the establishment of new centers can begin. 10. A protocol for uniform record keeping and the centralization of the record base should be established. 11. Treatment protocols should be established to allow coordination of treatment and to support the research aspects of the centers. 12. Efforts need to be directed at establishing financial support for treatment not covered by third-party carriers. 13. Lobbying efforts need to be planned to seek changes in existing laws to provide for adjunctive dental care coverage under medical insurance policies. 14. Efforts need to be initiated to seek private and public funding for the centers. Grant preparation needs to be undertaken to seek support for research activities. 15. A protocol for the recording of ectodermal dysplasia information through a central registry, as is done through the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) with other recognized birth defects, is called for. PMID- 3179430 TI - Otolaryngologic manifestations of the ectodermal dysplasias. PMID- 3179431 TI - Adaptive behavior of school-age children with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. PMID- 3179432 TI - Early diagnosis in the ectodermal dysplasias. PMID- 3179433 TI - Ectodermal dysplasias--some recollections and a classification. PMID- 3179434 TI - Gene mapping in the ectodermal dysplasias. PMID- 3179435 TI - A population study on the density of palmar sweat pores. AB - A study of density of sweat pores in 594 individuals indicated that the average number of pores per cm2 in the hypothenar area was 490.4 for white newborns, 513.6 for black newborns, 652.4 for white children, 629.2 for black children, 519.6 for white adult males, 533.6 for white adult females, 379.2 for black adult males, and 519.2 for black adult females. The present study failed to demonstrate that newborns have the greatest density of pores when compared with children and adults. However, it should be kept in mind that many of the palmar impressions were taken during the first or second day of life. Those impressions did not reproduce the sweat pores clearly. It appears from this study that an optimal time to take palmar impressions on newborns is after the sweat glands are mature and functioning. Figure 1 shows that this occurs 2 weeks after birth. No differences in the density of sweat pores was found between blacks and whites. No differences in the density of sweat pores between the sexes was found in any group except for adult blacks: males had fewer pores than females. A review of the density of sweat pores in subjects with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is also given. PMID- 3179436 TI - Preliminary neurologic and neurophysiologic findings in ectodermal dysplasias. PMID- 3179437 TI - Iron mobilization from hepatocyte monolayer cultures by chelators: the importance of membrane permeability and the iron-binding constant. AB - A series of bidentate hydroxypyridinone iron chelators that have therapeutic potential as oral iron chelators, have been studied systematically to determine which properties are the most critical for the mobilization of hepatocyte iron. The relationship between lipid solubility of the free and complexed forms of each chelator and hepatocyte iron release has been investigated as well as the contribution of the binding constant for iron (III). Hydroxypyridin-4-ones that were approximately equally soluble in lipid and aqueous phases were the most active compounds, the partition coefficient of the free chelator appearing to be more critical in determining iron release than that of the iron-complexed form. Highly hydrophilic chelators did not mobilize intracellular iron pools, whereas highly lipophilic compounds were toxic to hepatocytes. The contribution of the binding constant for iron (III) to cellular iron release was assessed by comparing hydroxypyridin-4-ones (log beta 3 = 36) and hydroxypyridin-2-ones (log beta 3 = 32), which possess similar partition coefficients. The results show that the binding for iron (III) is particularly important at low concentrations of chelator (less than 100 mumol/L) and that at higher concentrations (greater than 500 mumol/L) iron mobilization is limited by the available chelatable pool. Measurement of iron release with other chelators confirms the importance of both the lipid solubilities and iron (III)-binding constants to iron mobilization. The most active hydroxypyridin-4-ones released more hepatocyte iron than did deferoxamine when compared at equimolar concentrations. The results suggest that the ability of an iron chelator to enter the cell is crucial for effective iron mobilization and that once within the cell the binding constant of the chelator for iron (III) becomes a dominant factor. PMID- 3179438 TI - Antithrombin-III-Hamilton: a gene with a point mutation (guanine to adenine) in codon 382 causing impaired serine protease reactivity. AB - Antithrombin-III-Hamilton is a structural mutant of antithrombin III with defective serine protease reactivity, demonstrable in three members of a French Canadian family. The propositus, a 54-year-old man with a history of recurrent thromboembolic events, and his two asymptomatic grown children are heterozygous for the mutant antithrombin III gene. In all three individuals, the immunoreactive antithrombin III level is normal, while the antithrombin and antifactor Xa activity is approximately 50% of the control value. Two dimensional immunoelectrophoresis of antithrombin-III-Hamilton in the presence of heparin is normal. Purified antithrombin-III-Hamilton did not form thrombin-antithrombin III complex when incubated with thrombin for up to 30 minutes. The normal and mutant antithrombin III alleles of the propositus could be distinguished by linkage to Pstl restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Genomic DNA from the propositus was cloned into EMBL 3 phage vectors and two clones containing nearly complete copies of the antithrombin-III-Hamilton allele were identified. Exon 6 of both clones was subcloned into M13 phage vector and sequenced, revealing a G-- -A point mutation in the first base of codon 382. Codon 382 codes for alanine in the normal allele and for threonine in the antithrombin-III-Hamilton allele. Alanine-382, 12 residues from the reactive center, is a highly conserved amino acid in the family of serine protease inhibitors known as the serpins. We postulate that, as a result of the substitution of threonine for alanine in antithrombin-III-Hamilton, either the tertiary structure or the hydrophobicity of the thrombin-binding region is altered, causing aberrant conformation of the Arg 393-Ser-394 bond at the reactive center impairing the interaction between antithrombin-III-Hamilton and the activated serine proteases. PMID- 3179439 TI - Plasminogen interactions with platelets in plasma. AB - In this report we used a fluorescent flow cytometry-based assay to examine plasminogen binding to platelets in plasma. Our data indicate that platelets activated in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) by adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) or thrombin bind plasminogen to their surface. Fab fragments of the monoclonal antibody LJ-CP8 that are directed against the fibrinogen binding site on the glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa complex inhibit both plasminogen and fibrinogen binding to ADP-stimulated platelets as does 5 mmol/L EDTA. Platelet aggregation and plasminogen and fibrinogen binding are also concurrently inhibited by the Gly Arg-Asp (RGD) analogue Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) when it is added to PRP before ADP stimulation. The scrambled peptide analogue SDGRG has no effect. The monoclonal antibody 6D1, directed against the von Willebrand factor binding site on GPIb, has no effect on plasminogen-platelet binding, nor does antithrombospondin antibody. epsilon-Aminocaproic acid (EACA), however, inhibits plasminogen binding to ADP-activated platelets. These data indicate that plasminogen binds to platelets activated in plasma, that binding occurs on platelet GPIIb/IIIa, and that binding may be mediated via plasminogen association with fibrinogen via lysine binding domains. Finally, we found both plasminogen and fibrinogen on resting platelets in PRP and demonstrated that they are equally displaced by EDTA, LJ-CP8, and 10E5 (an additional anti-GPIIb/IIIa monoclonal antibody). Plasminogen is also equally displaced by EACA. These data suggest that plasminogen is also bound to GPIIb/IIIa on resting platelets, possibly also via interaction with fibrinogen. PMID- 3179440 TI - Immunocytochemical discovery of the 22- to 23-Kd subunit of cytochrome b558 at the surface of human peripheral phagocytes. AB - A monoclonal antibody raised against cytochrome b558 reacted specifically with the 22- to 23-Kd protein, the small subunit of this cytochrome. Cytochemical studies showed that the epitope was located on the surfaces of human neutrophils and monocytes. The small subunit of cytochrome b558, therefore, was expressed at least in part on the outer surface of these cells. PMID- 3179441 TI - A novel monoclonal antibody based diagnostic test for alpha-thalassemia-1 carriers due to the (-SEA/) deletion. AB - The presence of minute amounts of embryonic zeta-globin chains in adult hemolysates is a marker for carriers of alpha-thalassemia-1 resulting from (- SEA/) deletion. Recently, we developed a murine monoclonal antihuman embryonic zeta-globin chain antibody, 8E8. By using this antibody, we have now established a slot-blot immunobinding assay for the rapid detection of zeta-globin chains in adult hemolysates. zeta-globin chains were found to be present in 30 blood samples obtained from individuals who were carriers of alpha-thalassemia-1. In another 30 blood samples from individuals who were not carriers of the (--SEA/) deletion, zeta-globin chains were not detected. This simple diagnostic test can be used in appropriate populations to identify those couples at risk of conceiving fetuses afflicted with the Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis syndrome due to homozygous alpha-thalassemia. PMID- 3179442 TI - Calcium transport and ultrastructure of red cells in beta-thalassemia intermedia. AB - Reported findings of elevated total calcium (Ca) contents in erythrocytes (RBCs) from patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia (beta-TI) prompted the question of whether the state and transport of Ca in these RBCs are similar to those in sickle cell anemia (SS) RBCs where the increased Ca is compartmentalized in endocytic inside-out vesicles and extracted by exposure of the cells to the Ca ionophore A23187 and a Ca chelator (ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid) and the levels of cytoplasmic free ionized Ca [( Ca2+]i) are normal. We confirmed a high total Ca content of 51 +/- 13 mumol/L RBCs in splenectomized (SPX) beta-TI and 24 +/- 1 mumol/L RBCs in non-SPX beta-TI. Unlike SS RBCs, however, most of the increased Ca was in the lighter, presumably younger beta-TI RBCs, and about half the Ca was not ionophore mobilizable but apparently firmly bound, possibly to remnants of organelles in nucleated and other young RBCs. In the denser RBCs from non-SPX beta-TI, total and extractable Ca amounts were normal. beta-TI RBCs loaded with the Ca chelator Benz 2 showed an initial influx of 45Ca in the normal range, which indicated normal Ca permeability, and near-steady-state levels of [Ca2+]i that were normal (22 +/- 7 nmol/L RBCs in non-SPX beta-TI) or minimally increased (40 +/- 19 nmol/L RBCs in SPX beta-TI). Serial-section electron microscopy of beta-TI ghosts from the denser cell fractions showed more fully enclosed vesicles in non-SPX ghosts than were seen in normal ghosts and many large vesicles and structured, electron-dense material in SPX ghosts. A delayed extrusion of ionophore-preloaded 45Ca only by the SPX beta-TI RBCs together with normal [Ca2+]i suggested compartmentalization of the loaded Ca in these RBCs, perhaps in endocytic inside-out vesicles, and normal Ca pumps. Since beta-TI RBCs show essentially normal levels of [Ca2+]i and normal Ca influx, their high total Ca content should not be associated with any of the deleterious effects observed in vitro with increased levels of [Ca2+]i. PMID- 3179443 TI - B protein of factor XIII: differentiation between free B and complexed B. AB - Plasma factor XIII is a complex of A and B proteins noncovalently linked in a tetramer, A2B2, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were developed to measure the separate factor XIII proteins and the complex. All of the A protein in plasma is in the zymogen complex. The B assay measures the total amount of B protein in plasma (both free B and complexed B). This was confirmed by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting, which showed two bands for B in plasma with this antibody. Two assays were developed to measure A2B2 complex specifically. One assay used a monoclonal antibody to B to bind antigen and measured B protein in the zymogen complex only and hence the concentration of the complex. The specificity of this antibody was also shown by immunoblotting. In the second assay, the capture antibody was to B and the tag antibody was to A. These two assays gave identical results for the concentration of A2B2 (0.07 mumol/L, 21.6 micrograms/mL in normal plasma). Thus, for the first time, differentiation and quantitation of free B and complexed B in plasma was possible. The assays were used to measure factor XIII proteins in plasma from normal controls, homozygous-deficient factor XIII patients, and their heterozygous relatives. The normal concentration of A in plasma is 0.13 to 0.16 mumol/L (approximately 11 micrograms/mL), all of which is in A2B2. The total B concentration is 0.26 to 0.28 mumol/L (approximately 21 micrograms/mL), half of which is complexed. The free B concentration is 0.13 mumol/L (approximately 10 micrograms/mL). Homozygous-deficient patients have essentially no A protein, but their free B concentration is 0.11 mumol/L. Heterozygotes have decreased A2B2, but their free B is 0.11 mumol/L. These results indicate that the concentration of free B is remarkably constant and does not depend on the concentration of A2 or A2B2. PMID- 3179444 TI - Development of the human coagulation system in the healthy premature infant. AB - This study was designed to determine the postnatal development of the human coagulation system in the healthy premature infant. Consecutive mothers of healthy premature infants born at either St Joseph's Hospital or McMaster University Medical Centre in Hamilton were asked for consent. One hundred thirty seven premature infants (30 to 36 weeks of gestational age) entered the study. The premature infants did not have any major health problems and did not require ventilation or supplemental oxygen. Demographic information and a 20-mL blood sample were obtained in the postnatal period on days 1, 5, 30, 90, and 180. Between 40 and 96 premature infants were studied on each day for each of the following tests: prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin clotting time, plasminogen; 13 factor assays [fibrinogen, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, high-mol-wt kininogen (HMWK), prekallikrein (PK), von Willebrand factor (vWF)] and eight inhibitors [antithrombin III (AT-III), heparin cofactor II, alpha 2-antiplasmin, alpha 2-macroglobulin, alpha 1-antitrypsin, C1 esterase inhibitor, protein C (PC), and protein S (PS)]. A combination of biologic and immunologic assays were used. Between 30 to 36 weeks there was a minimal effect of gestational age for levels of AT-III, PC, and factors II and X only; therefore, the entire data set was used to generate reference ranges for these components of the coagulation system for premature infants. Next, the results for the premature infants were compared with those of a previously published study in 118 fullterm infants and with those for adults. An effect of gestational age was shown for plasminogen, fibrinogen, factors II, V, VIII, IX, XI, XII, HMWK, and all eight inhibitors. In general, the postnatal maturation towards adult levels was accelerated in premature infants as compared with the fullterm infants. By 6 months of age, most components of the coagulation system in premature infants had achieved near adult values. PMID- 3179445 TI - Comparison of transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis and drug-induced endocytosis in human neonatal and adult RBCs. AB - Neonatal RBCs can undergo receptor-mediated endocytosis; normal adult RBCs cannot. Previously, we showed that drug-induced endocytosis, which can occur in adult RBCs exposed to amphipathic cations like primaquine, is greatly enhanced in all density-defined fractions of neonatal RBCs. To investigate the similarities and differences between receptor-mediated endocytosis and drug-induced endocytosis, we characterized transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis in neonatal RBCs and compared it with drug-induced endocytosis. Primaquine drug induced endocytosis is dependent on RBC ATP levels, is invariably preceded by stomatocytosis, and is inhibited by vanadate. In contrast, receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin is not preceded by stomatocytosis, is not nearly so dependent on ATP levels as is drug-induced endocytosis, and is not inhibited by vanadate. Furthermore, receptor-mediated endocytosis is quantitatively blocked by preincubation of neonatal RBCs with sodium cyanide, whereas cyanide does not inhibit drug-induced endocytosis in either adult or neonatal RBCs. Morphologic observation of the neonatal RBCs established the fact that only puckered RBCs that exhibited brilliant cresyl blue staining reticulum were capable of undergoing receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin. These characteristics identify them as motile R-1 reticulocytes. Reticulocytes in normal adult RBCs were incapable of exhibiting this phenomenon. Thus, receptor-mediated endocytosis, a property of motile reticulocytes in neonatal RBCs, differs from drug-induced endocytosis in its energy requirements, response to inhibitors, and morphologic concomitants. PMID- 3179446 TI - Storage pool deficiency in cattle with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome results from an absence of dense granule precursors in their megakaryocytes. AB - Platelets from cattle with the Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) have a storage pool deficiency and virtual absence of platelet dense granules. Megakaryocytes (MKs) from five control (n = 135) and five CHS (n = 133) cattle were evaluated using standard transmission electron microscopy. Osmiophilic dense granules were not observed in control or CHS MKs. In MKs from normal cattle, clear vesicles of 200- to 650-nm diameter bounded by a sharp membrane were observed. They were easily differentiated from the demarcation membrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, and alpha granules. The clear vesicles were virtually absent in MKs from CHS cattle at all stages of maturation. MKs in bone marrow samples from two control (n = 91) and two CHS (n = 61) cattle that had been processed for the uranaffin reaction were also evaluated. The clear vesicles were replaced by uranaffin-positive granules in MKs from control cattle, but positive uranaffin granules were not observed in CHS MKs. These findings indicate that the platelet dense granule storage pool deficiency in CHS cattle results from an anatomic absence of dense granule precursors in maturing and mature CHS MKs. PMID- 3179447 TI - Molecular analysis of Japanese delta beta-thalassemia. AB - A DNA fragment containing the deletion junction region from a Japanese individual with homozygous delta beta-thalassemia has been cloned. A clone containing the normal DNA surrounding the 3' breakpoint of this deletion and a clone carrying the G gamma- and A gamma-globin genes of this patient were also isolated. Sequences of the deletion junction and both gamma-globin genes were determined. A comparison of these sequences with previously determined sequences of the normal counterparts revealed that the 5' breakpoint is located between 2,134 and 2,137 base pairs (bp) 3' to the polyA site of the A gamma-globin gene, the 5' breakpoint is located just downstream of the 3' border of the fetal gamma-globin duplication unit, and no molecular defects are evident within the gamma-globin gene region. A comparison between the sequences of the normal DNA surrounding the 3' breakpoint and the normal DNA surrounding the 5' breakpoint shows that deletion is the result of a nonhomologous recombination event. There are A+T-rich stretches near the 5' and 3' breakpoints in the normal DNA, and a portion of an Aly repeat is located in the region 3' to the 3' breakpoint. Southern blot analysis using probes 3' to the beta-globin gene showed that the deletion extends in the 3' direction further than any other deletions associated with delta beta thalassemia and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) heretofore reported. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanism generating large deletions in mammalian cells and three models for the regulation of gamma-globin and beta-globin gene expression in humans. PMID- 3179448 TI - Use of synthetic oligonucleotides in the characterization of antithrombin III Northwick Park (393 CGT----TGT) and antithrombin III Glasgow (393 CGT----CAT). AB - Antithrombin III (ATIII) Northwick Park is caused by a single amino acid substitution, Arg 393---Cys and antithrombin III Glasgow is caused by Arg 393--- His. Examination of the genetic code and the sequence of normal antithrombin III revealed that these amino acid substitutions could arise from the substitution of either two nucleotides or a single nucleotide at codon 393 of the antithrombin III gene. In two families, detection of the ATIII variants by genetic linkage analysis was not possible owing to lack of informative RFLP markers. Consequently, we synthesized two 22-base-long oligonucleotides specific for the single-base substitutions in the region of codon 393 and demonstrated by oligonucleotide hybridization that the molecular defect of ATIII Northwick Park is caused by the CGT----TGT mutation at codon 393 and that ATIII Glasgow is caused by the CGT----CAT mutation at codon 393. These oligonucleotide probes should prove useful as an alternative method for early detection of the ATIII variants. PMID- 3179449 TI - Rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region and expression of P210 BCR-ABL in a "masked" Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute myeloid leukemia. AB - The Philadelphia (Ph) translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11) occurs frequently in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) but is less common in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and rare in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In most cases of CML and some cases of Ph+ ALL the protooncogene ABL from 9q34 is translocated to the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) of the BCR gene at 22q11 to form a chimeric gene encoding a novel 210-kd protein (P210 BCR-ABL) with enhanced tyrosine kinase activity. In other patients with Ph+ ALL and Ph+ AML, the breakpoint probably occurs in the first intron of the BCR gene; this results in a smaller chimeric gene which encodes a P190 BCR-ABL. We studied a patient with AML (FAB M6) arising de novo who had a "masked" Ph chromosome in association with extensive karyotypic changes. The leukemic cells initially showed rearrangement of the bcr, presence of a hybrid mRNA, and expression of the P210 BCR-ABL. These changes were absent in remission. These results support the concept that the BCR-ABL chimeric gene plays a crucial role in leukemogenesis but suggest that factors other than the position of the breakpoint in the BCR gene determine the lineage of the target cell for malignant transformation. PMID- 3179450 TI - Structural integrity of the glycoprotein IIb and IIIa genes in Glanzmann thrombasthenia patients from Israel. AB - Glanzmann thrombasthenia is an autosomal recessive disorder of the platelet glycoproteins (GP) IIb and IIIa. These glycoproteins normally serve as receptors for other adhesive glycoproteins, including fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and fibronectin. Most patients affected by Glanzmann thrombasthenia have low levels of GPIIb and GPIIIa; however, the separate mechanisms responsible for the deficiency in each remain to be determined. cDNA clones coding for the GPIIb and GPIIIa have been recently isolated, and their corresponding genomic sequences have been colocalized to the long arm of chromosome 17. Since a deletional event involving one or both of these structural genes could explain the disease phenotype, we have studied the DNA of two previously well-characterized cohorts of Glanzmann thrombasthenia patients from Israel. We performed Southern analysis with near full-length cDNA probes on genomic DNA obtained from 20 individuals. Four restriction enzyme digests were completed on each DNA sample. The similarity of banding patterns among probands, family members, and controls indicated that there were no major insertions or deletions in either the GPIIb or GPIIIa genes. Thus, the genetic defect in these patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia is most likely due to either a small change in the nucleotide sequence of the coding region or a defect in the regulatory region of one or both genes. PMID- 3179451 TI - Thirtieth annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology. San Antonio, TX, December 3-6, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3179452 TI - Red cell senescence. PMID- 3179453 TI - Isolation of the aged. PMID- 3179454 TI - Calcium extrusion by high-density human red blood cells. AB - Normal human red blood cells were separated on arabinogalactan density gradients to provide cell populations comprising a very small percentage of the cells (0.4% 1.8%). These very high-density cells were compared to a low-density, mature reference cell population with respect to their ATP content and their capacity to extrude Ca that had been loaded into the cells using the ionophore A23187. Assay of ATP content of freshly drawn and separated cells suggested a decrease of approximately 40% in the ATP concentration of the most dense 0.5%-1% of the cells, but the second most dense percent or so of the cells showed no ATP deficit. When the cells were loaded with millimolar amounts of 45Ca, high and low density cell populations extruded Ca at the same rate. It appears that even stringently selected cells comprising the highest-density portion of the total cell population have an intact Ca transport system that can rapidly export Ca from the cell when adequate metabolic support is available. PMID- 3179455 TI - Naturally occurring anti-band 3 antibodies and complement in phagocytosis of oxidatively-stressed and in clearance of senescent red cells. AB - Treatment of human red blood cells with diamide and opsonization with whole serum enhanced their phagocytosis by mononuclear phagocytes. Opsonization of diamide treated red cells with whole serum containing 20-100 times the physiologic concentration of naturally occurring anti-band 3 antibodies further increased the extent of phagocytosis. Enhanced phagocytosis was due to an anti-band 3 mediated binding of C3b to red cells via the alternative pathway. Red cell-bound anti-band 3 was slightly elevated on diamide-treated cells and elicited a C3 binding that exceeded the amount of bound antibody by two orders of magnitude. Pretreatment of red cells with a monoclonal anti-CR1 did not significantly inhibit opsonization and phagocytosis if cells were opsonized at elevated anti-band 3 concentrations. On the other hand, phagocytosis of mildly oxidized (20 microM diamide) red cells was completely inhibited by blocking CR1 if cells were opsonized with serum containing physiologic concentrations of anti-band 3. The results suggest that two types of opsonization mediate in vitro phagocytosis: one operating at physiologic anti-band 3 concentrations with mildly oxidized red cells (IC-like mechanism) and one that operates with either heavily oxidized (greater than 200 microM diamide) red cells at physiologic anti-band 3 concentrations, or with mildly oxidized cells opsonized at elevated concentration of anti-band 3. The latter mechanism is relevant in vivo. It is most likely that it starts by Fab dependent binding of anti-band 3 to diamide-induced band 3 protein oligomers. Complement activation may occur by assembly of an alternative convertase on C3b covalently bound to red cell-associated anti-band 3. This mechanism is also likely to mediate clearance of senescent red cells, as it was primarily from senescent red cells that we could isolate complexes containing IgG covalently bound to C3b. PMID- 3179456 TI - Erythrocyte aging: a comparison of model systems for simulating cellular aging in vitro. AB - Senescent cell antigen (SCANT) is a "neo antigen" that appears on the surface of normal old cells and initiates IgG binding and cellular removal. To investigate the mechanism by which SCANT is generated from its parent molecule, band 3, we subjected intact human erythrocytes to treatments that have been reported to result in changes in band 3 and/or to mimick aging in vitro. The validity of these treatments as model systems for erythrocyte aging was evaluated using a "red cell aging panel" that provides a biochemical profile of a senescent red cell. Treatments were assessed for their ability to induce in vitro the following changes observed in normal erythrocytes aged in vivo: 1 increased breakdown of band 3 as detected by immunoblotting, 2 decrease in anion transport efficiency as detected with a sulfate self-exchange assay, 3 decrease in total glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase activity with an increase in membrane-bound activity, and 4 increase in the binding of autologous IgG as detected with a protein A binding assay. Neither incubation with the free radical-generating xanthine oxidase/xanthine system, nor treatment with malondialdehyde, and end product of free radical-initiated lipid (per)oxidation, results in age-specific changes. Loading of the cells with calcium and oxidation with iodate results in increased breakdown of band 3, but does not lead to increased binding of autologous IgG. Only erythrocytes that have been stored for 3-4 weeks show the same structural and functional changes as observed during aging in vivo. PMID- 3179457 TI - The role of sialoglycoconjugates in the aging and sequestration of red cells from circulation. AB - Red blood cells (rbcs) have a definite life-span in circulation, 120 days in humans (and 60 days in rat). This involves the turnover of the equivalent of 2 x 10(11) rbcs per day in a normal adult. Many time-dependent physical, chemical, as well as biochemical and immunologic changes are associated with in vivo aging of rbcs in circulation. The major difficulty has been to unravel the complex picture and assign the primary signal responsible for the sequestration of the senescent rbc from circulation. Our current hypothesis based on the results of studies from many laboratories including our own is that it involves the progressive desialation of the most abundant sialoglycoprotein on rbc surface, glycophorin A. The complete desialation of glycophorin results in the exposure of multiple galactose-beta(1,3) N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharide residues on the rbc surface. These sites are recognized by the reticuloendothelial system, and result in the sequestration of those desialated senescent rbcs from circulation. This review summarizes the evidence for and against the immediate acceptance of this hypothesis. PMID- 3179458 TI - A statistical model of the timing mechanism of the erythrocyte life-span. AB - Three statistical models are introduced as explanations of erythrocyte senescence. For the sake of simplicity, we prefer the multievent model, in which one of the parameters represents the number of events (between 7 and 12) needed to signal likely senescence. Proteolysis of a dimeric protein, such as protein 3, accounts for four events in the model, if little of the protein is degraded by senescence. Although each model we propose accommodates the possibility of random destruction, this alternative does not fit well with available experimental data. PMID- 3179459 TI - III International Symposium on "Blood Substitutes". Proceedings. PMID- 3179460 TI - "Attempts to find a method to prepare artificial hemoglobin corpuscles". PMID- 3179461 TI - Quality control of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes. AB - Preparation and use of hemoglobin-based blood substitutes, from stroma-free hemoglobin (SFH or Hb) and its DPG analogue-modified derivatives (PLP-Hb, ATP-Hb etc.) without thorough characterization and quality control in animal or human testing have produced, and may continue to produce, artifacts in the finished product. Thus the development of such a natural substitute for the volume expansion and oxygen delivery functions of the blood will be impeded. A case is made for the use of affinity purified hemoglobin and modified hemoglobin as standard starting materials for the preparation of Hb-based blood substitute(s) in general, and in particular poly PLP-Hb. Development of a commercial scale blood-substitute is only possible after the safety and toxicity issues of substitutes have been resolved by applying rigorous quality control. PMID- 3179462 TI - Preparation of virus-free pyridoxylated hemoglobin from the blood of HBV or HTLV I healthy carriers. AB - One of our major aims was to find ways to utilize outdated or virus-contaminated blood. Pyridoxylated hemoglobin (PLP-Hb), a possible substitute for red cells as an artificial oxygen carrier was prepared from outdated human blood. By conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEG), the biological half life was increased about 3 folds at 82% blood replacement in rats without significant side effects in vivo or in vitro. We next tried to prepare virus-free PEG-PLP-Hb from HBV or HTLV-I positive blood. A considerable amount of HBV (Dane particles) could be removed from HBV-positive red cells by washing and during the preparation of PEG-PLP-Hb. When the hemoglobin preparations containing Dane particles were filtered through a porous cellulose filter, BMM-30 (30 nm pore size, Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan), HBV-DNA in the filtered fractions became less than 0.33% of the initial amount. More than 96% of blood leukocytes could be removed with a leukocyte removal filter, Sepacell R-500 (Asahi Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The leukocytes collected from filtrated fractions of HTLV-I positive blood did not survive beyond 3 days. Since transmission of HTLV-I occurs by cell to cell contact and is rare in cell-Free condition, it is unlikely that the PLP-Hb prepared from HTLV-I positive blood which is deprived of leukocytes transmits HTLV-I infection. PMID- 3179463 TI - Pyridoxylated-polyhemoglobin solution: a low viscosity oxygen-delivering blood replacement fluid with normal oncotic pressure and long-term storage feasibility. AB - Stroma-free hemoglobin (P50 = 14 torr, T1/2 = 3 hr, COP = 60 torr @ 15 g%) was pyridoxylated (PP-SFHb P50 = 28 torr) and then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to yield pyridoxylated-polyhemoglobin (PP-PolyHb). Sephadex G-200 gel chromatography showed 33% to be in the 470-750,000 dalton range, 60% 470,000 MW, and 10% remaining unmodified. PP-PolyHb (14 g%), was iso-oncotic (COP = 25 torr) with plasma, and had a viscosity at 37 degrees C = 3.8 cP. Despite glutaraldehyde crosslinking PP-PolyHb retained some cooperative oxygen binding (Hill coefficient n = 1.88), with a P50 of 20 torr. MetHb levels ranged from 3.1-4.8% in fresh PP PolyHb solutions. Storage in liquid form was possible at 4 degrees C for up to 12 months, with MetHb forming at 0.6%/month. At 25 degrees C storage was possible for 6 months if lyophilized with 3.0% glucose, after which MetHb levels rose at 9.4%/year. At -20 degrees C, the lyophilized PP-PolyHb could be stored for up to 3 years, with MetHb levels remaining below 6.0%. PMID- 3179464 TI - Bovine hemoglobin as a basis for artificial oxygen carriers. AB - Under physiological conditions of pH and [Cl-] ions the oxygen affinity of bovine hemoglobin is lower than that of human hemoglobin. The difference tends to disappear at low ionic strength, while it increases at high ionic strength. In the presence of Cl- ions bovine hemoglobin is not sensitive to 2,3-DPG, while in the absence of Cl- ions human and bovine hemoglobin respond to 2,3-DPG in a similar way. This is due to a high preferential binding of halogens by the deoxy conformation in the bovine system. Reaction of deoxy-bovine hemoglobin with 2,3 dibromo-salycyl-fumarate results in a decreased oxygen affinity. Compounds can be purified by anion exchange chromatography which have the sedimentation velocity of tetrameric hemoglobins. They fail to dissociate into dimers at acid pH because of the presence of intramolecular crosslinks. Reverse phase chromatography shows that both kind of subunits are modified by the reaction. The half time of retention in rats of these tetramers is near 5 h. Bovine red cells do not contain 2,3-DPG, therefore they can be stored in the cold in saline for at least 2 months without significant modifications of their oxygen affinity. The oxygen affinity of bovine red cells can be modulated by addition and subtraction of Cl- ions from and by changing the pH of the media. PMID- 3179465 TI - Immunological and systemic effects of transfusions in rats using pyridoxylated hemoglobin and polyhemoglobin from homologous and heterogeneous sources. PMID- 3179466 TI - Mechanisms of toxicity of hemoglobin solutions. PMID- 3179467 TI - In vivo evaluation of a pyridoxylated-hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene conjugate. AB - A pyridoxylated-hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene conjugate (PHP) was developed from outdated human red cell hemoglobin through chemical modifications. The PHP has a mean molecular weight of approximately 90,000 daltons, with an acceptable P50 of 22 +/- 0.7 mmHg. This report describes exchange transfusion studies (ET) to a final hematocrit of 5 +/- 2% (n = 5) with PHP in mongrel dogs. Hespan (a plasma expander) was used as a control (n = 6). All the animals with PHP tolerated the procedure well and have survived more than 8 months to date. Five out of the six dogs receiving Hespan died within a week (p = 0.004). Reduction of hematological and coagulation parameters occurred following the ET and returned to the normal range by 4 weeks post ET. Serum electrolytes and renal function parameters (urea, creatinine) remained in the normal range. A transient slight increase in the hepatic enzyme SGOT was observed. At 2 weeks post ET open biopsies of major organs showed vacuolized cells in the liver and kidneys. Normal histology was noted at 3 months. The oxygen transporting properties examined showed effective oxygen delivery to the tissues for 6 hours post ET. PHP continued to transport oxygen for up to 48 hours studied post ET. Half-life of PHP in the circulation was 36.3 +/- 3.5 hours. Urinary loss of hemoglobin measured up to 48 hours after ET was 9.4 +/- 1.6% of the injected net hemoglobin. The PHP effectively supported life at lethal levels of anemia and is a physiologically acceptable solution. It has a relatively long intravascular residence time and transports oxygen to the tissue effectively for at least 6 hours. PMID- 3179468 TI - (Pyridoxylated hemoglobin)-(polyoxyethylene) conjugate solution as blood substitute for normothermic whole body rinse-out. AB - In order to investigate a new possibility for artificial blood with oxygen carrying capability to be applied to other than mere supplementation, normothermic whole body rinse-out in which artificial blood deriving from perfluorochemical emulsion, Fluosol-DA 20% (Green Cross Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) or stabilized hemoglobin solution, (pyridoxylated hemoglobin)-(polyoxyethylene) conjugate solution (Ajinomoto Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) were used as rinsing fluid for a blood purification experiment. Replacement either with approximately 150 ml/kg of Fluosol-DA or stabilized hemoglobin solution showed effective removal of digoxin at a reduction rate of 96.3% or 92.2%, respectively. However, when Fluosol-DA was used, a certain amount of perfluorochemical should be retrieved by centrifugation to avoid a possible toxic effect on the reticulo-endothelial system. Even though 3 out of 6, and 3 out of 8 dogs, respectively, survived for a long period after the procedure, the experimental dogs were very susceptible to infection. PMID- 3179469 TI - A new resuscitation fluid "stabilized hemoglobin" preparation and characteristics. AB - A new oxygen carrier for use as a blood substitute was prepared and characterized in vitro. Pyridoxylated hemoglobin, which was obtained by the reaction of human hemoglobin with pyridoxal-5-phosphate, was modified by alpha-carboxymethyl, omega carboxymethoxyl polyoxyethylene (POE) of the molecular weight 3600 daltons. In order to eliminate viruses and nucleic acids possibly contaminated, the hemoglobin solution was purified by ultrafiltration with a membrane of the nominal molecular weight limit 300 Kdaltons. Furthermore POE conjugated pyridoxylated hemoglobin was treated with 20% ethanol to inactivate viruses. A concentration of hemoglobin, which is incorporated in the conjugate, of the final product was fixed at 6% to make normovolemic exchange transfusion possible. In consideration of the stability during transporting and storage, lyophilized product was selected as a final form ("Stabilized Hemoglobin"). "Stabilized hemoglobin" could be stored in a refrigerator over one year within the acceptable methemoglobin increase. (15%) Viscosity of Stabilized Hemoglobin solution was determined at 2.4 centipoise and is almost half of whole blood and therefore this will be useful not only in resuscitation but also in improvement of microcirculation. PMID- 3179470 TI - Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin: oxygen binding properties and respiratory function. AB - Lipid bilayer membranes have been used to encapsulate hemoglobin and organic phosphates, resulting in a synthetic red cell with oxygen-binding properties very similar to red blood cells (RBCs). In addition to the oxygen-binding parameters, we report here an improvement in the lipid formulation that confers upon the liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH) a circulation retention half-time of 15 to 20 hours in mice. Cooperative oxygen binding of the encapsulated hemoglobin is retained and the oxygen-binding affinity can be maintained at or below the level of fresh whole blood for many weeks by co-encapsulation of an appropriate concentration of pyridoxal-5-phosphate. A comparison of the kinetics of oxygen exchange across the membranes of the synthetic red cells and RBCs indicates that the increased surface to volume ratio of the much smaller synthetic red cells, coupled with their somewhat lower concentration of hemoglobin, results in more rapid rates of oxygen uptake and release than are seen with RBCs. Efficacy studies have begun and we report here the successful transfusion of rats with LEH. After greater than 90% exchange, LEH transfused rats were able to maintain activity with normal respiratory and cardiac function parameters. PMID- 3179471 TI - Factors influencing the in vitro stability of artificial red blood cells based on hemoglobin-containing liposomes. AB - The effects of membrane phospholipid composition, surface charge and cholesterol content on the deteriorating interactions between hemoglobin (Hb) and phospholipid bilayers were studied. Hb was either encapsulated in multilamellar liposomes (hemosomes), or incubated with small unilamellar vesicles (SUV). Negatively charged phospholipids increased the rate of oxyHb decay in unsaturated lipid hemosomes. This effect was not linked to Hb-induced lipid peroxidation, since the latter process was inhibited in hemosomes with negative surface charge. Cholesterol decreased both the negative-charge elicited fall in oxyHb-level, and Hb-induced lipid peroxidation. In hemosomes prepared from synthetic, saturated phospholipids, negative surface charge (phosphatidic acid) elicited drastic denaturation (bleaching) of Hb, which effect was completely prevented by cholesterol. The experiments with SUV prepared from unsaturated lipids indicated intercalation of Hb into the bilayer due to hydrophobic interaction. This process was decreased by membrane cholesterol. Negative surface charge of the vesicles, through an electrostatic interaction with the positively charged heme, resulted in the displacement of heme relative to globin. This process was also decreased by cholesterol. With saturated, negatively charged SUV, the penetration of Hb into the bilayer was smaller, but the ionic interaction between the acidic lipids and the heme led to the detachment of the letter from globin. Cholesterol in such membrane increased the intercalation of Hb into the membrane, and at the same time completely prevented the loss of heme. The latter observations suggest that the fluid phase of the membrane favours the hydrophobic interaction with the protein, whereas the gel state promotes the partition of the heme into the bilayer. It is suggested that the effects of cholesterol are indirect, mediated by changes in membrane fluidity. By highlighting potentially harmful reactions between Hb and phospholipid bilayers, our findings may help the design of in vitro stable hemosomes. PMID- 3179472 TI - Liposome/heme as a totally synthetic oxygen carrier. AB - We synthetically derived protoheme (oxygen-binding site of hemoglobin) to an amphiphilic heme compound and embedded it in the phospholipid bilayer of liposomes, not in an aqueous inside region of liposomes. This liposome/heme transports oxygen efficiently under physiological conditions. Characteristics of our totally synthetic liposome/heme as an artificial oxygen carrier, are summarized as follows. (i) Oxygen-binding is reversible and very rapid. (ii) The oxygen volume dissolved in the fluid is similar or superior to that of blood. (iii) The oxygen-binding affinity is close to that of blood. (iv) The particle size is smaller than 0.1 micron. (v) It is physically and mechanically stable under shear stress and storage. (vi) The components are synthetic derivatives of protoheme and phospholipid originated in nature. The advantages (i)-(iii) and brilliant red color of the solution are derived from the fact that our totally synthetic liposome/heme, transports oxygen in the same principle of red blood cells. When the liposome/heme solution was mixed with human blood, the liposome/heme delivered oxygen to blood in the mixture system. The oxygen exchanging of the liposome/heme with blood was also tested ex-vivo using an artificial lung apparatus. The oxy liposome/heme was circulated through A-V of a dog leg, and the oxygen concentration was kept at a high level. This demonstrates the fact that the synthetic liposome/heme transports and delivers oxygen to the muscle tissue. Application to extracorporeal circulation and transfusion test will also be reported. PMID- 3179473 TI - Allosteric behavior of artificial compounds. AB - The artificial allosteric molecules were prepared by connecting two independent metal porphyrin molecules by covalent bond. These molecules as fragments behave very similarly to the monomeric metal porphyrins except adsorption dissociation characteristics. In this paper we would like to discuss mostly on interesting and useful cooperativity or cooperative binding dissociation of small molecules like CO, O2, or base to both of porphyrin metals. The original structure of the dimeric porphyrin, especially when they are very strongly cooperative, usually needs chemical strain between two porphyrin rings and this strain is released by the first binding of small molecule which causes coordinating change of the metal porphyrin. PMID- 3179474 TI - Effects of hemoglobin perfusion on contractile function of the isolated ventricular septa. AB - Effects of three unmodified hemoglobin solutions on myocardial contractile function was evaluated using isolated perfused rabbit interventricular septa. The hemoglobin solutions tested were: a human hemoglobin solution (SFHS-A), a bovine hemoglobin prepared by a column chromatography (SFHS-B), and a bovine hemoglobin obtained by a ultrafiltration method (SFHS-C). Myocardial effects were assessed by comparing contractile parameters; developed tension (DT), resting tension (RT), and perfusion pressure (PP), measured before (control perfusion with Tyrode buffer) and during hemoglobin perfusion. Further, to examine the effects of hemoglobin solutions on myocardial contractility following a period of impaired flow, septal responses to a 10-minute period of ischemia (stopflow) were also studied. After a 10-minute perfusion with hemoglobin solution, SFHS-C increased DT to 124 +/- 12% (paired t-test, p less than 0.05) without causing a significant increase in RT or PP while SFHS-A and SFHS-B decreased DT to 96 +/- 20% (p greater than 0.05) and to 77 +/- 7% (p less than 0.05), respectively. A significant rise in PP (40-50% above baseline) was also noted with these solutions (p less than 0.05). Similarly, after a 30-minute reperfusion following a 10-minute ischemia, SFHS-C allowed significantly better percentage recovery (95 +/- 3%) than septa perfused with SFHS-A (81 +/- 2%) or SFHS-B (63 +/- 6%) (Student's t-test, p less than 0.05). These results indicate that hemoglobin solution, if properly prepared, does not seem to have acute deleterious effects on contractile function of the isolated heart. PMID- 3179475 TI - Coronary flow dynamics in swine following partial exchange transfusions with hemoglobin and albumin solutions. PMID- 3179476 TI - Effects of inositol hexaphosphate induced high P50 on an isolated rabbit heart with free and limited coronary blood flow. PMID- 3179477 TI - Administration of perfluorochemicals under hyperbaric oxygen pressure and treatment with free oxygen radical scavengers. PMID- 3179478 TI - Perfluorochemical emulsions with fluorinated surfactants and anticancer drugs. PMID- 3179479 TI - Preparation and application of highly concentrated perfluoroctylbromide fluorocarbon emulsions. PMID- 3179480 TI - Physical properties of a new synthetic oxygen carrier. AB - PFC emulsions have shown considerable promise for a variety of clinical indications, but their utility has been limited by instability outside the frozen state, extended tissue residence time, and complement activation. A new formulation from Adamantech, INc. based on F-MA and egg yolk phospholipid shows significant improvement in each of these areas. The emulsion can be stored in the non-frozen state, has a tissue half-life of 8-9 days, has excellent rheological properties, and does not activate complement. PMID- 3179481 TI - Novel compositions of emulsified perfluorochemicals for biological uses. AB - Physico-chemical characteristics of novel perfluorodecalin emulsions stabilized against Ostwald ripening by the addition of polycyclic, perfluorinated oil additives are described. The effects of varying both oil additive and emulsifier concentrations have been examined. Stabilizing effects of additives were found to be related to molecular weight and hence, boiling point and vapour pressure. PMID- 3179482 TI - Biocompatibility studies with a novel perfluorochemical emulsion. AB - Biocompatibility studies with a novel perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion have been performed in rats. Injection of the emulsion was followed by changes in lymphoid tissue weights, comparable but not identical to those produced by the commercial formulation, Fluosol-DA 20% (F-DA). Peritoneal injection of either the novel emulsion or F-DA enhanced the humoral immune response to intraperitoneally injected sheep red blood cells (SRBC) suggesting immunopotentiating properties of emulsion components. PMID- 3179483 TI - Formulation of highly concentrated fluorocarbon emulsions and assessment by near total exchange perfusion of the conscious rat. PMID- 3179484 TI - Cardiorespiratory consequences of fluorocarbon reactions in dogs. AB - Cardiorespiratory responses to 2 ml intravenous doses of fluorocarbon emulsions were investigated in dogs anaesthetised with pentobarbitone and artificially ventilated with air. Systemic and pulmonary artery pressures were measured using catheters in the femoral artery and external jugular vein. Oxygen consumption was obtained by analysis and measurement of expired gases and cardiac output was calculated using the Fick principle. Venous return from the hind limb was isolated using tourniquets at thigh and ankle regions and venous effluent was measured. Homogeneity of muscle blood flow was calculated using a saline washout technique. 24 of 28 dogs reacted to Oxypherol (FC-43) and 7 of 11 reacted to Fluosol-DA (FDA) (n.s.); 2 of 3 dogs unresponsive to FDA reacted to FC-43. The reactions consisted of severe, statistically significant, systemic hypotension with decreases in cardiac output and limb blood flow. Pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances were increased and body and limb muscle oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption were decreased. Reactions tended to be more severe following FC-43. Effects were maximal at 3-4 minutes after fluorocarbon administration. Changes had usually recovered at 40-60 minutes though oxygen debts were still being repaid. It is clear that acute myocardial depression was produced. Homogeneity of limb muscle flow was still significantly reduced at "recovery" and this we attribute to complement activation and embolisation of the microvasculature. PMID- 3179485 TI - Ultrastructural aspects and clinical implications of PFC/non-phagocytic cell interactions. AB - Many in vivo studies showed the accumulation of PFC particles in reticuloendothelial cells of target organs such as spleen, lungs and liver. Surprisingly, an uptake of PFCs particles by liver parenchymal cells as well was described by some authors. In order to clarify whether Kupffer cells and/or liver environmental factors could be involved in particle uptake we exposed cultured rat hepatocytes to Fluosol 43. PFC particles were noted, after a 3-hour incubation, in lysosomes. This result suggests that more attention must be paid to liver toxicity of PFC blood substitutes. Isolated mouse myocytes were exposed as well to Fluosol 43 for 3 hours. Preliminary results confirm the absence of the particle uptake previously noted also in our in vivo studies on rat and guinea pig heart-lung preparation. The possible subsequent absence of cytotoxicity at myocardial level could underline the reliability of using optimized PFCs as components of cardioplegic solutions in open heart surgery. PMID- 3179486 TI - Lymphoid tissue responses to emulsified perfluorochemicals: comparative aspects. AB - The effects of a single, low dose (10 ml/kg) injection of the perfluorochemical (PFC) emulsion, Fluosol-DA 20%, on lymphoid tissues and antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) have been studied relative to the timing of immunization in rats and mice. Intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of emulsion in both species produced alterations in lymphoid tissue weights and the magnitude of these responses was highly tissue- and species specific. Injection of Fluosol-DA tended to potentiate the humoral immune response to SRBC but this depended on timing and route of emulsion administration relative to immunization. We conclude that lymphoid tissue responses to emulsified PFCs are highly variable and depend upon a number of factors including: emulsion composition and dose; route and timing of administration relative to immunological "challenge"; tissue and species examined. PMID- 3179487 TI - Blood services in Canada: the Canadian Red Cross Society. PMID- 3179488 TI - Fluosol DA and oxygen as an adjuvant to the radiotherapeutic management of advanced head/neck carcinoma. PMID- 3179489 TI - The effect of fluosol-DA on induction of inhalation anesthetics. PMID- 3179490 TI - Regenerative responses to exchange perfusion. AB - Isovolemic exchange perfusion of conscious normal and splenectomized rats to a Hct of +/- 3% with the perfluorocarbon based oxygen transport fluid, Fluosol-DA 20%, is characterized by: 1) a greater than projected depression of fibrinogen and the plasma globulins and 2) a rapid regeneration of these and certain other plasma proteins. Similar responses were observed in a study of PFC resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in splenectomized dogs in which there was a selective depression of the platelets, the plasma globulins, IgG and fibrinogen. In the rats, the red cells and platelets required 14-21 days to return to control levels while the leukocytes returned to normal in 1-2 days. The globulins and fibrinogen exhibited a transient rebound response at 3 and 12 hours post exchange respectively with total protein levels restored to control levels at 48 hours. In the shock study, the leukocytes, which remained at control levels throughout the shock period and for 1 hour post resuscitation were 2.5x control levels at 24 hours. The platelets which were depressed to 20% of control levels following resuscitation remained depressed through the 24 hour time course of the study. Implicit in these results is the possibility that; A) thrombosis and B) immunosuppression may be caused by some component(s) of the perfusion/resuscitation fluid. PMID- 3179491 TI - Experimental studies on fluosol DA administration in acute pancreatitis. AB - Therapeutic use of the perfluorochemical emulsion, Fluosol DA, in acute pancreatitis was experimentally discussed in view of maintaining the local blood flow and oxygen supply in the pancreas to avoid further aggravation of pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis was induced by deoxycholate injection into the pancreatic duct in adult mongrel dogs. Fluosol DA or 6% hydroxyethylstarch (HES) solution as control was transfused at 20 ml/kg/hour for the first 3 hours. Fluosol DA and HES solution improved the depressed cardiac output and pancreatic blood flow to normal levels. Compared with HES solution, Fluosol DA administration revealed a prominent increase in oxygen tension in the pancreatic tissue, which had decreased severely from onset of pancreatitis. Fluosol DA administration brought about better preservation of pancreatic mitochondrial functions. Despite no significant differences in blood levels of other pancreatic enzymes between Fluosol DA and HES solution, the sharp decrease in plasma postheparin phospholipase A2 suggested the protection of involved systemic organs including pancreas. Thus, maintaining pancreatic blood flow and increasing the oxygen transport by Fluosol DA administration seemed to play a positive role in inhibiting the progress of pancreatitis, though improvement of survival rate in acute pancreatitis was incomplete by Fluosol DA administration alone. PMID- 3179492 TI - Enhancement of cardioplegic protection with a lecithin-based perfluoroadamantane emulsion. AB - Myocardial protection during surgically-induced cardiac ischemic arrest can be improved by promoting aerobic metabolism throughout the ischemic episode. Because of the problems encountered with both blood cardioplegia and oxygenated crystalloid cardioplegia, we assessed the effects of a recently developed lecithin-based perfluoroadamantane in an isolated isovolumic buffer-perfused rat heart model of cardioplegic arrest. Forty hearts divided into 4 equal groups underwent 90 min of global ischemia at 30.C followed by 45 min of normothermic reperfusion. During arrest, hearts were infused at 30 min intervals with either standard crystalloid cardioplegic solution, lecithin-enriched cardioplegic solution or cardioplegic solution mixed with a lecithin-based perfluorocarbon emulsion (F-dimethyladamantane in one group, and F-methyladamantane in the other). All perfusates were fully oxygenated prior to use. Although fluorocarbon treated hearts had reduced postischemic coronary flows, they yielded a significantly better recovery of systolic indexes (developed pressure and left ventricular dP/dt) than the controls. Postischemic diastolic pressures were not different among the 4 groups. We conclude that, under severe conditions of ischemia, the Adamantech fluorocarbon emulsion significantly improves cardioplegic protection. The clinical relevance of these data is supported by the fact that, unlike previously developed pluronic-based fluorocarbon emulsions, the present solution has no complement-activating properties. PMID- 3179493 TI - Prolonged perfusion of isolated working rabbit hearts with a perfluorochemical emulsion. PMID- 3179494 TI - Ex-vivo perfusion of surgically removed organs. AB - Surgically removed organs were perfused with oxygenated perfluorochemical blood substitute(FDA-O2). The perfusion was carried out using resected mouse liver. ATP level of perfused liver was remaining normal until 80 min. ATP peak disappeared when perfusion was discontinued, and it reappeared on reperfusion. No significant ischemic changes were demonstrated. Ex-vivo autoradiogram successfully labelled the S phase cells in various organs and various diseases. The absorptive study is also performed. Ex-vivo organ perfusion with FDA-O2 is able to keep the resected human organs viable, and is valuable new method to analyze the function and histogenesis of pathology. PMID- 3179495 TI - An overview of the chemical modification of stroma free hemoglobin. PMID- 3179496 TI - Evaluation of human and bovine modified-hemoglobin solution as oxygen-carrying fluid for blood volume replacement. PMID- 3179497 TI - Hemoglobin preparations for perfusion & infusion problems of large-scale production. PMID- 3179498 TI - Hemoglobin: a lifesaver and an oxidant. How to tip the balance. AB - Hemoglobin solutions were assessed in terms of their ability to promote lipid peroxidation, which was quantitated by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) under specified conditions in murine brain homogenates. Solutions designed for use in acute treatment of hypovolemic shock and trauma should incorporate ingredients specifically aimed at decreasing oxygen and lipid radical mediated injury occurring secondary to ischemia and reperfusion. A number of strategies aimed at decreasing the oxidant effect of hemoglobin solutions and other blood and plasma substitutes have been evaluated. These include use of the naturally occurring anti-oxidants in human plasma, specifically transferrin and ceruloplasmin. Similarly, certain iron chelators, such as deferoxamine (Desferal, Ciba-Geigy), effectively prevent molecular and cellular damage caused by iron catalyzed formation of oxygen derived radicals. PMID- 3179499 TI - Assessment of competency for execution? A guide for mental health professionals. AB - Assessment of competency for execution presents two compelling ethical questions for mental health professionals: whether clinicians can ethically provide such assessment, and if so, how it should be done in order to maximize quality and minimize ethical conflict. In this article we address the issue of whether to participate and, if so, how. The question of whether to participate is discussed by summarizing the arguments for and against participation and offering guidelines for making a decision. The question of how to proceed is discussed in two contexts: preadjudication (before a formal decision about competency) and postadjudication (following a determination of "incompetent" and transfer of the offender to another facility for treatment and further assessment). Finally, recommendations are made regarding research that would improve the quality of execution competency assessments. PMID- 3179500 TI - Advisability of substance abuse testing in parents who severely maltreat their children: the issue of drug testing before the juvenile/family courts. AB - The authors discuss the advisability of juvenile courts requiring urine testing for parents who severely maltreat (abuse and/or neglect) their children. While urine testing for substance abuse is not sufficient to ensure adequate treatment, it is important as part of the overall substance abuse treatment in a selected group of parents. An objective of this article is to offer specific urine testing guidelines in the context of child maltreatment cases in which the court considers removing children from parental custody to state custody. Although potentially useful, urinalysis to detect abused substances has limitations and is appropriate only in well-defined situations. Effective treatment of the substance abusing, child-maltreating parent must be multimodal, with treatment of substance abuse as the first and most important step. PMID- 3179501 TI - Psychiatrists in the hot seat: discrediting doctors by impeachment of their credibility. AB - Attacks on the credibility of the psychiatric expert witness are termed impeachment. This article provides an in-depth review of the various impeachment techniques used by lawyers during cross-examination and offers specific suggestions to the psychiatric expert witness on how to prepare for and counter some of these trial ploys. Bolstering and rehabilitation of the expert's credibility are also discussed. Finally, improper use of impeachment tactics is also considered. Excerpts from trial transcripts and court opinions are supplied to illustrate these points. Although impeachment remains a formidable weapon in the lawyer's armamentarium, it is suggested that the well-prepared and experienced psychiatric expert witness will be more than equal to the task. PMID- 3179502 TI - The use and abuse of erection measurements: a forensic perspective. AB - The use of erection measurement studies is proliferating in the assessment and treatment of sexual deviants. Because of the nature of sexual offense, there are many inherent legal complications with the implementation of this technology, specifically its use as evidence. The authors present data from a study of 185 sex offenders in an attempt to illustrate the appropriate utility of erection measurements in treatment and its potential for abuse in the legal context. PMID- 3179503 TI - Functionalism: the penumbra of psychiatric diagnoses. AB - Functionalism, as generally understood, is not included in DSM-III-R. It differs from somatization and hysteria. Analysis of cases of functional overlay indicates the presence of a fixed attitude--depending on body-image distortion, feelings of injustice toward the existing medicolegal methodology, social and economic impairment, anger against legal delays, and a conviction of the futility of treatment or of attempts at rehabilitation. It should be included in DSM-IV as a subset under posttraumatic stress disorder. PMID- 3179504 TI - Investigatory independence in child sexual abuse evaluations: conceptual considerations. AB - The procedures used by investigators of sexual abuse allegations have recently come under increasing scrutiny. In this article the importance of investigatory independence is discussed. Conceptual aspects of problematic interviewing techniques that may compromise the investigation of sexual abuse complaints are reviewed. Recommendations are made for the analysis of evaluations relative to the degree of contamination that has been introduced into these assessments. PMID- 3179505 TI - Drug treatment refusal and length of hospitalization of insanity acquittees. AB - Thirty-three insanity acquittees who had refused drug treatment were matched to a sample of nonrefusing hospitalized insanity acquittees in an attempt to measure the effect of treatment refusal on length of hospital stay. No measurable effects on the length of hospitalization were found. However, upon comparing the amount of time under court jurisdiction spent in the hospital and on conditional release in the community, it becomes evident that refusers spent significantly greater proportions of time hospitalized than the average hospitalized insanity acquittee, who had less hospitalization and spent more time on conditional release. These differences do not seem to be related to the issue of treatment refusal. PMID- 3179506 TI - Prolactin receptors on large granular lymphocytes: dual regulation by cyclosporin A. AB - Although evidence has been provided for a modulatory role of prolactin (PRL) on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and PRL receptors have been found on T and B lymphocytes, no indications exist concerning the influence of PRL on natural killer (NK) activity nor has a structural basis for interaction been found on the NK effector cells (large granular lymphocytes, LGL). We show here that highly purified LGL express binding sites for PRL. The calculated receptor number was 660 per cell and the dissociation constant (Kd) was 3.0 X 10(-10) M. Since previous studies have reported that cyclosporin (CsA), an immunosuppressive agent used in organ transplant patients, affects the binding of PRL to T and B lymphocytes, but not to rabbit mammary gland cells, we investigated whether this compound could alter the binding of the hormone to LGL. At concentrations from 10(-7) to 10(-6), corresponding to the therapeutical range, CsA induced a complete inhibition of the PRL binding. By contrast, concentrations of CsA ranging from 10(-11) to 10(-9) increased the PRL binding to more than 100% of control levels. In addition to their antitumor role, LGL have been proposed to participate in graft versus host disease and in transplant rejection. The finding that CsA can differently affect PRL-receptor expression on LGL points to an involvement of CsA--PRL interactions in determining the output of these immune responses. In addition, these data strongly support the idea of a close relationship between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. PMID- 3179507 TI - Anaphylactic shock-induced conditioned taste aversion. I. Demonstration of the phenomenon by means of three modes of CS-US presentation. AB - A series of three experiments was conducted to investigate whether an anaphylactic response could induce a conditioned modification of behavior. Rats sensitized to ovalbumin were subjected to a conditioning trial in which the conditioned stimulus (CS; saccharin solution) signaled the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US; shocking dose of ovalbumin), eliciting the unconditioned response (UR; anaphylactic shock). In a subsequent two-bottle preference test, immunized rats given a CS-US pairing developed a conditioned taste aversion toward an otherwise preferred saccharin solution. The phenomenon of anaphylactic shock-induced conditioned taste aversion was found to be robust and resistant to extinction during the 6-day test period and was established employing three modes of CS-US presentation: (a) CS po, US ip; (b) CS po, US iv; and (c) CS iv, US iv. The most effective mode of CS-US presentation for producing anaphylactic shock-induced taste aversion was observed in Experiment 1 (CS po, US ip). Thus, aversive manifestations of anaphylactic shock can serve as afferent signals by which the immune system informs the central nervous system which in turn modulates behavior. PMID- 3179508 TI - Anaphylactic shock-induced conditioned taste aversion. II. Correlation between taste aversion and indicators of anaphylactic shock. AB - Previous studies (V. J. Djuric, B. M. Markovic, M. Lazarevic, & B. D. Jankovic, 1987, in B. D. Jankovic, B. M. Markovic, & N. H. Spector (Eds.), Neuroimmune interactions, pp. 561-568, New York: New York Acad. Sci.; B. M. Markovic, V. J. Djuric, M. Lazarevic, & B. D. Jankovic, 1988, Brain Behav. Immun. 2, 11-23) have shown that rats learn to associate the taste of saccharin with the induction of anaphylactic shock, thus exhibiting conditioned taste aversion (CTA) toward an otherwise preferred saccharin solution. The present experiment investigates the effect of unconditioned stimulus intensity (the amount of antigen used for the induction of shock) on CTA. Rats were sensitized to ovalbumin and subjected to a conditioning trial in which the conditioned stimulus (CS; saccharin solution given orally) signaled the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US; shocking doses of ovalbumin ranging from 0.5 to 3 mg given intraperitoneally). Behavioral signs, hematocrit, and rectal temperature were used for evaluation of anaphylactic shock. Twenty-four hours after the conditioning trial, rats were subjected to a two-bottle preference test between saccharin solution and water. Multiple regression statistical analysis revealed significant correlations among saccharin preference ratio, dose of antigen used for the induction of shock, behavioral signs of shock, rise in hematocrit, and fall in rectal temperature. A dose-dependent relation among saccharin preference ratio and physiological indicators of shock suggests that conditioned anaphylactic shock-induced avoidance behavior is functionally related to homeostatic factors involved in immune reactivity. PMID- 3179509 TI - [Bioethics and cancer research]. PMID- 3179510 TI - [Registry of cancers of the upper respiratory and digestive tract at the Northern and Pas-de-Calais departments from 1984 to 1986]. AB - Northern France is known to have the highest mortality rate for cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT); a UADT cancer registry was therefore set up in this region in January 1984. Three years of meticulous registration provided some significant information. The incidence of UADT cancer was alarming: 4538 UADT cancers in 4403 patients. Most of the patients were males (93.5%). The annual average incidence was 74 per 100,000 males as against 4.8 per 100,000 females. Comparisons with adjusted rates for the European population (91.3 per 100,000 males, 4.8 per 100,000 females) and the world population (68.3 per 100,000 males and 3.6 per 100,000 females) further justified this conclusion. The accuracy of histopathological diagnosis was high (precise diagnosis in 99.2% of the patients). Squamous cell cancers were the commonest form of tumours (97.8%). Oropharynx (27%), larynx (24%) and the hypopharynx (18%) were the most frequent localizations. PMID- 3179511 TI - [Epidemiology of cancers of the small intestine. Evaluation of 10 years' registration at the Cote-d'Or department]. AB - The registry of digestive tract tumours established for the department of Cote d'Or was used to study the epidemiologic characteristics of cancer of the small intestine. Over a period of 10 years (1976-1985), 42 new cases were recorded. Age standardized incidence rates, based on world standard population, were 0.7/100,000 for males and 0.4/100,000 for females. As compared with the data from other cancer registries, the risk in Cote-d'Or is in the intermediate range. The mean age was 60.9 years for males and 73.3 years for females (P less than 0.05). Adenocarcinomas represented 40% of the cases, lymphomas 20%, carcinoid tumours 20%, sarcomas 17% and undifferentiated carcinomas 2%. The mean time between symptoms and diagnosis was 4.6 months. Lymph node involvement or metastatic disease were found in 3/4 of the cases at time of diagnosis (31/42). Patients were treated by surgery in 95% of the cases. Curative surgery was used in 23 cases (55%). The post-operative death rate was 13% after curative surgery and 37.5% after palliative surgery. The overall survival rates were 39.9% at 1 year, 19.5% at 3 years and 11.7% at 5 years. Prognosis depended on the stage of diagnosis and the finality of surgical treatment. These results indicate that cancers of the small intestine are rare and difficult to diagnose, explaining the delay in diagnosis and the poor prognosis. PMID- 3179512 TI - [Metastatic cancer of the breast treated by polychemotherapy: a new prognostic approach]. AB - The series consisted of 759 patients with metastatic breast cancer entered into randomized clinical trials at the Curie Institute. Twenty factors were found to be significant by univariate analysis. The current report gives a detailed analysis of prognostic factors using a new method of multivariate analysis for survival data, the recursive partition. This method was based on the construction of a regression scheme consisting of eight variables and four prognostic groups. A test sample procedure was used to validate our results and a regression scheme with three variables was constructed (LDH, adjuvant chemotherapy and the Karnofsky scale). The results were compared to the stepwise Cox regression. PMID- 3179513 TI - [H-NMR spectroscopy of plasma cannot be used for cancer screening]. AB - Water-suppressed proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were generated from plasma taken from 25 apparently healthy individuals, 103 patients with malignancies and 32 patients with benign thyroid tumors. Narrow linewidths from the lipoprotein methylene and methyl resonances were observed in only 61% of the patients with malignant tumors and in contrast to the results of Fossel et al., there was a considerable overlap of values between patients with and without malignant tumors. We studied the area of the CH2 and CH3 signals which was significantly increased in 83% of the patients with overt malignant disease. However this was also found in 20% of healthy subjects and in 47% of those with benign thyroid tumor. Lipoproteins (VLDL and chylomicrons) can reproduce these modifications. The present data suggest that considerable caution should be taken in interpreting water-suppressed proton NMR spectra for cancer detection. PMID- 3179514 TI - [Pregnancy and treatment of cancer of the breast]. PMID- 3179515 TI - Detection of drilling mud-base oil in the bile of trout, Salmo gairdneri. PMID- 3179516 TI - Copper content in foods of Java Island and estimation of daily copper intake. PMID- 3179517 TI - Kinetics of in vitro paraquat removal by cation-exchange resin. PMID- 3179518 TI - Variation in properties of sewage sludge. PMID- 3179519 TI - Microbial uptake and accumulation of (14C carbofuran) 1,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7 benzofuranylmethyl carbamate in twenty fungal strains isolated by miniecosystem studies. PMID- 3179520 TI - Pesticide mobility in soils: assessment of the movement of isoxaben by soil thin layer chromatography. PMID- 3179521 TI - Reaction of organic phosphate esters with chlorine in aqueous solution. PMID- 3179522 TI - Ethion distribution in Florida Valencia oranges. PMID- 3179523 TI - Biotransformations of alpha-terpineol in the rat: its effects on the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 system. PMID- 3179524 TI - Subchronic oral toxicity of zinc in rats. PMID- 3179525 TI - Toxicity to chicken embryos of organic extracts from airborne particulates separated into five sizes. PMID- 3179526 TI - Effect of cadmium on Fe+3-transferrin formation in the rat intestinal mucosa. PMID- 3179527 TI - Blood pressure reduction by CCl4 in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. PMID- 3179528 TI - Heavy metal effects on cellular shape changes, cleavage, and larval development of the marine gastropod mollusk, (Ilyanassa obsoleta Say). PMID- 3179529 TI - Correlation between some selected trace metal concentrations in six species of fish from the Arabian Sea. PMID- 3179530 TI - Effect of petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons on monogeneids parasitizing Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. PMID- 3179531 TI - Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection--a major cause of tuberculin conversion in unvaccinated children in south Sweden. PMID- 3179532 TI - Characteristics of Mycobacterium xenopi disease. PMID- 3179533 TI - Comparison of 3 chemotherapeutic regimens of short duration (6 months) in osteo articular tuberculosis--results after 5 years. Working group on osteo-articular tuberculosis in Algeria. PMID- 3179534 TI - Joint Working Group on HIV Infection and Tuberculosis of the World Health Organization (WHO), Global Programme on AIDS (WHO/GPA), Tuberculosis Unit (WHO/TUB), and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (IUATLD). PMID- 3179535 TI - HIV infection--a new face of tuberculosis. PMID- 3179536 TI - Respiratory involvements during HIV infection: a diagnostic and therapeutic strategy. PMID- 3179537 TI - Diagnostic value of broncho-alveolar lavage in certain interstitial and/or immunological pneumonia. PMID- 3179538 TI - The global AIDS situation--update, August 1988. PMID- 3179539 TI - Avoidance of discrimination in relation to HIV-infected people and people with AIDS. PMID- 3179540 TI - WHO/ILO: Consultation issues statement on AIDS in the workplace. PMID- 3179541 TI - Statement on screening of international travellers for infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Why is HIV screening of international travellers ineffective and impractical. PMID- 3179542 TI - The identification of mycobacteria met in clinical practice. PMID- 3179543 TI - Sickness absence: the doctor's role. PMID- 3179544 TI - Counsellors in general practice. PMID- 3179545 TI - Evaluation of a proposed breast cancer screening regimen. AB - The Forrest working group on breast cancer screening recommended routine mammography for women in the United Kingdom at ages 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, and 65. Benefits were costed at about 3000 pounds for each life year recovered, but there was no estimate of the cost of each life saved, and the consequent reduction in mortality from breast cancer in the general population of the United Kingdom was not estimated. The present study addressed both of these issues using an interactive computer modelling process. Long term savings were calculated at 900 deaths a year in England and Wales--that is, about 8% of the total deaths from breast cancer--and 9% of life years currently lost. The cost of each death saved from breast cancer was estimated at 39,000 pounds. PMID- 3179546 TI - Leukaemia and smoking habits among United States veterans. AB - The relation between leukaemia and smoking habits was examined in data from the veterans' smoking study, a prospective study of mortality among 248,000 United States veterans, of whom 723 died of leukaemia during 1954-69. A significant increase in mortality from leukaemia among cigarette smokers (relative risk 1.53) was found, together with a dose-response relation with amount smoked (trend p less than 0.001). The relation was strongest (relative risk 1.72) for monocytic and chronic and unspecified myeloid leukaemias (ICD (7th revision) codes 204.1 and 204.2). For these leukaemias the increase was almost twofold (relative risk 1.93) among current smokers of over 20 cigarettes daily. Ex-cigarette smokers also showed an increase of leukaemia (relative risk 1.39; p less than 0.001). These findings are consistent with other studies and relevant to the interpretation of minor increases of leukaemia both in population and in individual based studies. If causal they also imply that smoking is responsible for many more deaths from leukaemia in adults than all other known causes combined. PMID- 3179547 TI - Exercise induced rhinorrhoea (athlete's nose). PMID- 3179548 TI - Acute laryngeal stridor with respiratory arrest in drug induced systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3179549 TI - Reduction of size of thyroid with radioactive iodine in multinodular non-toxic goitre. PMID- 3179551 TI - Surgical training in the private sector. PMID- 3179550 TI - Graphical aid for determining power of clinical trials involving two groups. AB - Physicians need to evaluate clinical research critically, and determining the power of a study is an essential component of research evaluation. This report presents a graphical aid that permits rapid power determination for clinical trials with two groups. Power curves were developed for dichotomous outcomes by setting two tail alpha at 0.05 and varying the sample size, the control group response rate, and the clinically important difference between control and experimental groups as defined by the user. Use of the graphical aid was demonstrated to a group of 18 medical students, residents, fellows, and faculty in a 15 minute session. Evaluation of the trainees' application of the aid showed a small average bias of -0.0003 and an average variance of 0.006. Ninety percent of power estimates were within 0.05 of the true value determined by formula. This graphical aid is recommended as a rapid and accurate method for determining power in the critical appraisal of clinical research. PMID- 3179552 TI - Heart disease in Asians in Britain. PMID- 3179553 TI - Fatal pulmonary aspiration of oral activated charcoal. PMID- 3179555 TI - Salt saga continued. PMID- 3179554 TI - Treating the premenstrual syndrome. PMID- 3179556 TI - Lithotripsy versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal calculi. PMID- 3179557 TI - Domiciliary consultations. PMID- 3179558 TI - The code for promoting drugs. PMID- 3179559 TI - The MD and MS degrees in Britain. PMID- 3179560 TI - Skeletal effects of oestrogen and testosterone in postmenopausal women. PMID- 3179561 TI - Achieving a balance. PMID- 3179562 TI - Computer viruses. PMID- 3179563 TI - Defence subscriptions for general practitioners. PMID- 3179564 TI - Effect of cocaine on xylazine analgesic activity. AB - The effect of cocaine on the antinociceptive action of xylazine (XLZ) was studied by the method of abdominal contortions in mice. While XLZ alone (0.5 mg/kg, sc) inhibited the contortions by 43%, cocaine (5 mg/kg, sc) produced 39% inhibition and combination of the two drugs reduced the contortions by 77%. Cocaine acted synergistically with XLZ, decreasing the ED50 from 0.42 to 0.13 mg/kg. The mechanism involved does not seem to be directly mediated by activation of alpha-2 receptors since pretreatment of the animals with yohimbine did not significantly influence the XLZ effect. PMID- 3179565 TI - Effects of Piper sp extract on pregnancy in rats. AB - Abortive effects on cattle have been attributed to Piper sp, popularly called Pariparoba. In the present study we tested the possible toxicity of this plant by analyzing gestational outcome parameters in female rats given 300 mg/kg of an aqueous extract of Piper sp leaves and stalks per os, daily, between the 9th and the 21st day of pregnancy. The animals were killed just before delivery and the following features were observed: numbers of corpora albicantia, fetuses and reabsorptions; weights of fetuses, placentae and fetal membranes; fetal sex and the presence of overt malformations in fetuses; and implantation and reabsorption indices. No significant differences were detected between control and treated groups. The results suggest that Piper sp does not modify gestational outcome in rats. PMID- 3179566 TI - Sedimentation coefficient and minimum molecular weight of extracellular hemoglobin of Glossoscolex paulistus (Oligochaeta). AB - A new procedure for the determination of the sedimentation coefficient in the 50 1000 S range was designed and tested. The characteristics of this protocol are: the use of density gradients self-generated by osmosedimentation and the use of a low-speed centrifuge and of visual monitoring of the sedimenting zone. This procedure was used to determine the sedimentation coefficient of erythrocruorin from Glossoscolex paulistus. The value obtained, S20, omega = 58 S, corresponds to a MW of 3.1 x 10(6) Daltons. The minimum MW (heme), determined by the pyridine hemochromogen method, was 25,250 Da. PMID- 3179567 TI - Lack of correlation between peroxidase activity and iodothyronine levels in human and murine thyroid tissues. AB - Since thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is essential in thyroid hormone biosynthesis, we evaluated whether a correlation exists between TPO activity and iodothyronine stores in human thyroid tissues from nodular goiters with scintigraphically "cold" (N = 10) or "hot" (N = 7) nodules, diffuse toxic goiters (N = 6), and in normal rat thyroids (N = 18). T4, T3 and rT3 were significantly correlated (rs greater than 0.84, P less than 0.001) in human thyroid tissues, although no correlation between TPO activity and any of the iodothyronines was found. Both TPO and the iodothyronines in human goitrous thyroid glands showed great variation which may mask an underlying relationship. However, this is unlikely since no correlation was found between the much less variable TPO and T4 or T3 in the normal murine thyroid. Other factors related to iodothyronine synthesis and secretion must be at least as important as TPO in determining thyroidal stores. PMID- 3179568 TI - Prolactin levels in male and female rats perinatally treated with bromopride. AB - The purpose of this study was to correlate behavioral modifications observed in perinatally bromopride-treated animals with possible changes in prolactin (PRL) serum levels. Adult male and female rats perinatally treated with bromopride during pregnancy and/or lactation were used for measuring PRL serum levels. There were no differences in hormone levels between experimental and control groups. The well known sexual dimorphism was observed, i.e. females showed higher levels of PRL than did males. Males of the same cage showed a hormone increase related to the sequence of sacrifice, i.e. the first animals to be sacrificed showed lower PRL levels than did subsequent ones. The possibility raised was that behavioral changes previously observed in rats treated perinatally with bromopride are not related to changes in PRL levels. PMID- 3179569 TI - Variations of the ST segment in the rat electrocardiogram. AB - The characteristics of the electrocardiogram were studied by an oscilloscope method in 30 male albino rats anesthetized with methyleugenol. The results indicated that the measured QT interval remained constant despite the fall in heart rate. The ST segment was present in 50% of the animals, representing approximately 10% of the whole QT interval duration. The use of Bazzet's formula (QTc = k square root of R-R) to correct the measured QT interval for changes in heart rate revealed that 0.17 is a better choice for k in anesthetized adult rats. PMID- 3179570 TI - Electrical activity of the toad telencephalon during tonic immobility (animal hypnosis). AB - During tonic immobility obtained in toads by restraining maneuvers there was an increased incidence of waves in the 8-12 c/s range grouped in spindles, in addition to an overall power increase detected by frequency analysis. There was also abolition of phasic movements, increased firing of anti-gravity muscles, and myosis. The electrographic recordings were characteristic of a state of behavioral alert in this species, supporting the hypothesis that a certain level of information processing may occur during tonic immobility, permitting the animal to detect the moment most appropriate for flight. These changes also occurred in animals with sectioned olfactory nerves, showing that they did not depend solely on ventilatory modifications. PMID- 3179571 TI - A study of the brain barrier in the ventral nerve cord of the American cockroach treated with hexane-acetone and DDT. AB - The present study examines electrophysiological alterations in the blood brain barrier of the American cockroach when the solvent hexane-acetone is applied topically to the ventral nerve cord. Rupture of the barrier was evaluated by perfusion with saline in which NaCl was replaced with choline chloride at 28 degrees and 15 degrees C. The electrophysiological effects of an ethanol DDT suspension on the ventral nerve cord previously treated with hexane-acetone at 28 degrees C and 15 degrees C were consistent with the rupture of the blood brain barrier and the negative temperature coefficient of DDT toxicity. PMID- 3179572 TI - Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on the rat neurogenic pulmonary edema. AB - Neurogenic pulmonary edema was induced in rats by bilateral cervical vagotomy. One hour after surgery, 25 animals were placed in an experimental hyperbaric chamber and allowed to breathe oxygen at 1.8 absolute atmospheres for 325 min. Vagotomized controls (N = 25) breathed atmospheric air. Twenty-four h after vagotomy, arterial blood samples were obtained and the lungs removed. Lungs were weighed wet and dry and lung indexes were calculated for each animal by dividing lung wet weight and dry weight by total body weight. There was no statistical difference in total lung weight or total water among groups. However, the dry lung index was about 20% lower in oxygen-treated animals than in controls. There was no difference between hyperbaric oxygen-treated animals and non-vagotomized normal animals, but vagotomized air-breathing controls differed significantly from non-vagotomized animals (P less than 0.05). These results strongly suggest a slower formation of pulmonary edema in the hyperbaric oxygen-treated group. PMID- 3179573 TI - Effect of cooling and warming on the vasodilator response of the isolated dog saphenous artery to acetylcholine. AB - Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of cooling and warming on the relaxation to acetylcholine in isolated canine saphenous arteries. Rings of saphenous artery were stimulated with norepinephrine and cumulative concentration response curves to acetylcholine were compared at 41 degrees C, 37 degrees C, 30 degrees C, 25 degrees C and 15 degrees C. The data showed that the effect of acetylcholine is depressed by warming and a tendency to increase is observed during cooling, suggesting that muscarinic receptors may be sensitive to temperature changes. PMID- 3179574 TI - Does PEPCK play a key role in amino acid oxidation? AB - The major role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in gluconeogenesis is well known. However, studies on amino acid metabolism indicate that this enzyme may also play an important role in complete oxidation of amino acids by several tissues. Here we review evidence to support this proposition, focussing on experiment performed on glutamine metabolism in immune tissues and white adipose tissue. PMID- 3179575 TI - Influence of temperature on the release of plasminogen activator. AB - Fibrinolysis is a basic defense mechanism of the organism designed to control the deposition of fibrin in the vascular system and elsewhere. Fibrinolytic activity was measured by the fibrin plate method for three groups of rats (N = 6) that were maintained at room temperature, 20-25 degrees C, 3 degrees C or 38 degrees C for 4 h before testing. Based on measurement of fibrinolytic activity, the level of plasminogen activator released from isolated aortic segments of rats maintained at room temperature (24-28 degrees C) differed significantly from that of the 38 degrees C group. The animals maintained at 3 degrees C did not release plasminogen activator, suggesting that the fibrinolytic response was impaired at low temperature. PMID- 3179576 TI - Acute effects of human growth hormone on zinc, copper, calcium and magnesium metabolism in normal subjects. AB - The acute effects of human growth hormone (hGH) on the metabolism of zinc, copper, calcium and magnesium ions was studied. Seven normal subjects were perfused iv with doses of 0.2 or 1.0 mg hGH over a period of 60 min. An increase in plasma zinc, calcium and magnesium, and a decrease in plasma copper levels was noted for the 0.2 mg dose, and these effects were reversed for the 1.0 mg dose although no urine changes occurred. Plasma mobilization of these ions appears to be related to their roles as essential physiological modulators for the action of hGH. PMID- 3179577 TI - Metabolic effects of glucagon on plasma and urine zinc, copper, calcium and magnesium levels. AB - The present study determines the effect of glucagon on the behavior of zinc, copper, calcium and magnesium ions in human plasma and urine. Five normal adults were submitted to intravenous infusion of 2.0 mg glucagon over a period of 120 min. A decrease in plasma magnesium and copper was observed with no significant change in urine ion concentrations. We related plasma magnesium mobilization to glucagon, and copper mobilization to plasma variation in free fatty acids and albumin. PMID- 3179578 TI - Pulse pressure as a function of cuff width. AB - Pulse pressure was investigated by indirect sphygmomanometry using two different cuff widths, standard (12 cm) versus correct (20% wider than arm diameter). Following the American Heart Association's recommendation for arterial pressure measurements, 7 cuffs of various widths (8 to 14 cm) were used as correct cuffs on 900 subjects; in only 50 was the standard cuff appropriate. Pulse pressure as a function of cuff width was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) with the standard cuff on subjects with diastolic pressure less than 90 mmHg (36.4 +/- 0.3 mmHg vs 41.8 +/- 0.3 mmHg) and above 90 mmHg (39.6 +/- 1.2 mmHg vs 43.8 +/- 1.3 mmHg). Mean systolic and diastolic arterial pressures were underestimated by 12.7 mmHg and 7.7 mmHg, respectively. These results suggest that cuff width influences data obtained by indirect sphygmomanometry, producing over- or underestimates when the ratio of arm circumference to cuff width differs from 0.38. PMID- 3179579 TI - Effect of test meal temperature on the gastric emptying of liquids. AB - The effect of test meal temperature on the gastric emptying of 500 ml of 5% dextrose containing 12 MBq of 99mTechnetium-sulfur colloid was studied in eight healthy volunteers using a quantitative scintigraphic technique. Four different temperatures, 4, 20, 37 and 55 degrees C, were investigated in random order. Gastric emptying of the test meal at each temperature was mono-exponential and measurable as a half-life. The half-life of the meal at 20 degrees C (median, 35.6 min; range, 21.7-62.6 min) did not differ significantly (P greater than 0.10) from that obtained at 37 degrees C (median, 34.3 min; range, 20.1-60.5 min). In comparison to 37 degrees C, the half-life was longer for meals at 4 degrees C (median, 48.9 min; range, 20.9-77.5 min) and at 55 degrees C (median, 60.7 min; range, 33.5-79.0 min) although statistically different only at 55 degrees C (P less than 0.01). These results confirm the view that liquid meals, colder or warmer than body temperature have an inhibitory effect on gastric emptying and show that a significant delay in gastric emptying of liquids is obtained only with a warmer meal. PMID- 3179580 TI - Inadequacy of first and second order models to characterize the heart rate response induced by dynamic exercise. AB - Six normal subjects were submitted to dynamic exercise at workloads of 25, 50, 100 and 150 w for 4 min, intercalated by periods of rest, before and after an aerobic training period of 10 weeks. The heart rate response was fitted to 2 mathematical models, a 1st-order model and a 2nd-order model. The results indicate that these 2 models were not adequate to characterize the physiological response of heart rate induced by dynamic exercise. PMID- 3179581 TI - Difference between the response of the pulmonary and systemic circulation during exercise in congestive heart failure. AB - Thirty nine patients with cardiomyopathy were evaluated by a hemodynamic study at rest and during isotonic exercise. These patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): A, control group (LVEF greater than 40%, N = 19); B, severe congestive heart failure group (LVEF less than or equal to 40%, N = 20). Patients in group A showed adequate cardiovascular responses to exercise, i.e. increased cardiac index (80%) and stroke volume index (17%), decreased systemic vascular resistance (36.8%) but no significant change in pulmonary arteriolar resistance values. In contrast, patients in group B showed a slight and heart rate-dependent increase in cardiac index (38.5%), no improvement of stroke volume index (-3.4%), decreased systemic vascular resistance (21.6%) and increased pulmonary arteriolar resistance (41.2%) with exercise. This group also showed a significant increase in right atrial pressure that might reflect a decrease in right ventricular performance secondary to an abnormal pulmonary vascular response during exercise. PMID- 3179582 TI - Progesterone increases glomerular filtration rate, urinary kallikrein excretion and uric acid clearance in normal women. AB - In pregnancy there is a rise in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), plasma aldosterone levels, uric acid clearance and urinary kallikrein excretion. In toxemia all the above parameters tend to decrease. Progesterone has a diuretic effect which is usually related to aldosterone antagonism. We administered progesterone to normal women and observed that GFR, uric acid clearance and kallikrein excretion increased significantly, GFR from 103.0 +/- 13.7 ml/min to 118.0 +/- 18.0 ml/min (P less than 0.01), uric acid clearance from 9.0 +/- 3.6 ml/min to 14.3 +/- 4.0 ml/min (P less than 0.01), and urinary kallikrein excretion from 165 +/- 156 mU to 432 +/- 220 mU (P less than 0.01). Natriuresis and potassium excretion also increased from 15.9 +/- 6.4 mEq to 33.4 +/- 10.9 mEq (P less than 0.01) and from 7.6 +/- 2.7 mEq to 14.0 +/- 5.4 mEq, (P less than 0.01), respectively, suggesting that in this situation aldosterone antagonism is not relevant to explain the diuretic effects of progesterone. PMID- 3179583 TI - Differences in hepatic pathology resulting from bile duct obstruction in young and old rats. AB - 1. Young and adult rats subjected to complete bile duct ligation from 4 to 40 days revealed different liver histopathologies at the end of the experimental period. 2. In young rats, ductal and ductular proliferation resulted in septal fibrosis which, originating from the portal spaces, tended to delimit areas of nodular parenchymal transformation (secondary biliary cirrhosis). In adult rats, proliferating ductal and ductular structures diffusely invaded the hepatic parenchyma, dissociating the liver cell plates in a pattern similar to that of a malignant neoplastic growth. 3. The different result of the lesions in young and old rats suggests that an age-related factor may be involved in the pathogenesis of lesions resulting from biliary obstruction. PMID- 3179584 TI - Visceral leishmaniasis: a disease associated with inability of lymphocytes to activate macrophages to kill leishmania. AB - 1. The production of lymphokines capable of activating macrophages to kill leishmania was evaluated in seven visceral leishmaniasis patients. 2. Macrophages from healthy donors cultivated in vitro with supernatants from lymphocyte cultures of visceral leishmaniasis patients were infected with L. d. chagasi or L. m. amazonensis. After infection the number of amastigotes per 100 cells was counted. 3. The supernatant from visceral leishmaniasis lymphocytes did not significantly reduce the number of intracellular amastigotes of L. donovani chagasi (89 +/- 27%) in relation to controls (culture containing medium alone). In contrast, supernatants of mucocutaneous lymphocyte cultures decreased the percentage of infection to 26 +/- 11%. The supernatant of antigen-stimulated lymphocyte cultures from visceral leishmaniasis patients also did not inhibit L. mexicana amazonensis growth. The supernatant of visceral leishmaniasis lymphocytes stimulated with PHA reduced the number of intracellular amastigotes to 62 +/- 23% in relation to controls. 4. The inability of lymphocytes from visceral leishmaniasis patients to proliferate when stimulated with leishmania antigens and to activate macrophages to kill leishmania may represent a fundamental defect and lead to the acquisition of the disease. PMID- 3179585 TI - Effect of Schistosoma mansoni and cyclophosphamide on a mouse fibrosarcoma. AB - Groups of B10A mice bearing a fibrosarcoma were treated with agents that induce eosinophilia such as cyclophosphamide (CY) or Schistosoma mansoni antigen (SMA) or both, and the growth of their tumors was evaluated. Tumor growth was most markedly attenuated in the group of mice that had 4 pairs of S. mansoni implanted in their backs 5 days before injection of tumor cells and then received SMA twice a week. These animals had tumor growth reduced by 90%. CY alone had no effect on tumor growth. In groups treated twice a week with SMA alone or associated with CY on day -2, tumor growth was reduced by 26% and 40%, respectively. PMID- 3179586 TI - Rheumatoid factor in rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis. AB - Rheumatoid factor was assayed weekly by hemagglutination in sera from rabbits with antigen-induced arthritis and from control immunized animals receiving intra articular injections of saline. Both groups developed rheumatoid factor. Arthritic animals, however, maintained high titers of rheumatoid factor more persistently than controls. Pre-incubation of positive sera with native or aggregated rabbit IgG was unable to inhibit agglutination, while native and aggregated human IgG were highly effective. Rheumatoid factor was unable to induce arthritis and probably does not potentiate articular tissue damage by immunocomplexes. Although production of rheumatoid factor may be a consequence of the polyclonal activation promoted by the immunization with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), the presence of arthritis is associated with persistence of high titers of rheumatoid factor for longer than would be expected from immunization with CFA alone. PMID- 3179587 TI - [Target cells and tissue microenvironment in the development of thymic lymphomas in mice: a model for the study of the role of host factors in carcinogenesis]. PMID- 3179588 TI - [The plasma contact system and related autocoids]. PMID- 3179589 TI - [The renaissance of the coronary spasm: a stimulus for understanding the traditional concept of ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3179590 TI - The anterior tibial vessels and their role in epiphyseal and diaphyseal transfer of the fibula: experimental study and clinical applications. AB - The blood supply to the fibula from the anterior tibial and peroneal arteries was investigated in 66 fresh cadaver limbs by India ink injection and radiographic studies. These studies revealed a reliable blood supply to the proximal epiphysis and the proximal two-thirds of the diaphysis of the fibula from the anterior tibial artery. Although the peroneal artery provided the dominant supply to the shaft of the bone, its contribution to the head of the fibula was scanty. The cutaneous supply of each vessel was defined and correlated with the territories of the other vessels supplying the leg. The vascular anatomy of the leg was examined in 100 clinical angiograms, revealing 21 limbs with anomalies. This reinforces the case for preoperative angiogram studies where transfer of the fibula is contemplated. The technique of harvesting the proximal growth plate and the shaft of the fibula on the anterior tibial vessels alone is described and illustrated with two successful clinical cases, each followed for 4 years. The growth rate of the transferred epiphysis averaged 1 cm per year. PMID- 3179591 TI - The cervicofacial flap. AB - The cervicofacial flap was first described in 1969 as a means of obtaining skin cover following orbital exenteration. It has been used since for a wide variety of reconstructive purposes in the orbital, lower lid and upper cheek areas. The vascular supply, narrow pedicle and excellent final cosmetic result from the use of this flap are demonstrated. PMID- 3179592 TI - Microlymphatic bypass in obstructive lymphoedema. AB - A small series of patients with obstructive or secondary lymphoedema treated by microlymphatic bypass is presented. The procedures in the lower and upper limbs are described. Preoperative assessment by lymphangiography and lymphoscintigraphy are required to assess suitability for the procedure. Postoperatively, patent lymph collectors can be demonstrated by lymphoscintigraphy. Microlymphatic bypass must be carried out before the peripheral lymph collectors have been destroyed or permanently damaged by increasing back pressure and recurrent infection. Factors influencing a successful result are enumerated. Other microsurgical techniques and treatment are reviewed. PMID- 3179593 TI - The "tadpole flap"--its role in closure of palatal fistulae. AB - "Tadpole flaps" have been used in a series of 13 cleft palate patients in attempts to close anterior palatal fistulae over a 5-year period. The technique was successful in eight patients whose fistulae remained closed. The failures are discussed in detail. PMID- 3179594 TI - Speech results of cleft palate surgery: two methods of assessment. AB - After 10 years' work in the area of cleft palate, we decided to assess the acceptability of the speech of the children concerned. To ensure objectivity, untrained listeners, who were not aware that they were listening to children with repaired cleft palate, were asked to evaluate the child's spontaneous speech by comparing it with the speech of three of that child's peers. The results suggested that the child spoke less acceptably than his peers. As our aim was to compare the child with his peers, a rank ordering was selected as a means of evaluation rather than absolute judgements, i.e. a rating scale. The tape recordings of the cleft repaired children were also assessed by a speech pathologist experienced in the management of these children. The results of this assessment were comparable with results obtained overseas. In the light of our findings, we suggest that peer group comparison by untrained "naive listeners may be a useful adjunct to the traditional assessment by the speech pathologist. PMID- 3179595 TI - Microvascular ear replantation. AB - Three cases of attempted ear replantation are presented. Successful revascularisation was achieved in all patients. However, in one case venous congestion and necrosis of the ear occurred at 7 days. Thorough initial debridement of skin and cartilage plus systemic heparinisation and haemodilution upon completion of the vascular anastomoses are considered important technical factors. When compared with other forms of reconstruction, ear replantation gives a superior result and is therefore advocated whenever possible. PMID- 3179596 TI - The significance of resection length on the patency rate, and the histopathology, of experimentally avulsed and microsurgically repaired blood vessels. AB - The significance of resection length on patency rate, and the histopathology, of microsurgically repaired avulsed blood vessels was examined at 3 weeks in two groups of experimentally avulsed rabbit femoral arteries repaired by different surgeons and in a single series of avulsed and repaired veins. All veins were patent 3 weeks after avulsion and microsurgical repair. Histopathology indicated that the vast majority of lesions in veins were removed at resection. Surgeon A achieved 75% patent arteries and Surgeon B achieved 100% arterial patency (resecting 3.7 mm more on average than Surgeon A). Histopathology revealed numerous luminal circumferential lesions remained in the avulsed artery wall following resection. These lesions were sites of smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. Although similar arterial damage occurs in human avulsion, considerably lower patency rates are achieved for human arterial avulsion repair than were reported in this experimental study. Factors in addition to vessel wall damage must therefore be involved in thrombosis and occlusion of repaired avulsed arteries. Such factors might be lengthy ischaemia time and severe spasm. PMID- 3179597 TI - Augmentation of skin flap survival by parenteral pentoxifylline. AB - One prime factor implicated in flap necrosis is diminished blood flow. A known corollary of morbid ischaemia is an energy-dependent reduction in red blood cell deformability associated with an increase in whole blood viscosity. The newly available drug pentoxifylline is alleged to improve this red cell membrane defect in the low flow state, thereby improving the rheologic characteristics of blood. We studied its effect in a flap model with an ischaemic component and also measured changes in blood viscosity. A caudally-based dorsal flap in a rat model was used. Control (saline-treated) animals exhibited 74.8 +/- 9.8% flap survival. Three groups of animals were treated at different times with pentoxifylline with respect to date of surgery; all groups showed a statistically significant increase in flap survival compared to controls, ranging from 92.3 to 94.3% (p less than .01). Simultaneous viscometric measurements with a cone-plate viscometer were performed. The observed increase in flap survival did not, as suggested by other investigators, correlate dependably with viscosity reduction. Reasons for this are discussed. PMID- 3179598 TI - Intraoral mucosal reconstruction with microvascular free jejunal autografts: an experimental study. AB - This experimental study investigated the problem of covering bare bone adequately in the oral cavity to provide a stable, functionally acceptable reconstruction. In eight dogs, intraoral mucosal defects were created whilst preserving the mandibular arch. The defects were reconstructed with a microvascular jejunal patch. Six animals had their reconstructions stressed postoperatively by the administration of irradiation and by feeding solid food. Two control dogs did not receive irradiation. Grafts were assessed clinically and histologically for 6 months. Rapid mucosal healing occurred in seven of eight dogs. The grafts conformed well to the mandibular contour and were tolerant of postoperative radiotherapy and the chewing of solid food. Structural integrity of seven grafts was maintained although subtotal villous atrophy occurred in irradiated grafts and to a lesser extent in control grafts. In one animal whose graft mucosa sloughed, the wound was re-epithelialized from the adjacent buccal mucosa. Microvascular jejunal patches therefore provided a durable, functionally adequate reconstruction of the mouth floor. PMID- 3179599 TI - Osteogenic capacity of vascularised periosteum: experimental study using rib periosteum in rabbits. AB - The osteogenic capacity of vascularised periosteum was investigated in rabbits using island rib periosteum nourished by intercostal vessels as an experimental model. Twenty-three adult white female rabbits were used. Excellent bone formation was observed after 2 postoperative weeks in each case. In the early stages of bone formation, extensive chondral ossification was observed. Newly formed bone became mature after 4 to 8 postoperative weeks, on histological examination. PMID- 3179600 TI - A new technique for reconstructing half of the skin of the upper or lower lip. AB - A simple technique is described for reconstructing skin defects of up to half the upper or lower lip. Visible scarring is minimised by making incisions within the vermilion border. PMID- 3179601 TI - External oblique musculocutaneous flap for the reconstruction of a lumbo-sacral defect. AB - This report describes a case of lumbo-sacral radiation ulcer which was treated successfully by an external oblique musculocutaneous flap supplied mainly by the subcostal artery. PMID- 3179602 TI - Skin marking made easy and economical. PMID- 3179603 TI - Outpatient clinics. PMID- 3179604 TI - Surgery for severe trismus in submucous fibrosis. PMID- 3179605 TI - Lack of correlation of oedema with electrical resistance of tissue. PMID- 3179606 TI - Immediate anaphylactic bronchoconstriction induces airway hyperreactivity in anaesthetized guinea-pigs. AB - 1. The possible acute occurrence of airway hyperreactivity after immediate-type bronchial anaphylaxis has been investigated in anaesthetized guinea-pigs actively sensitized to ovalbumin (OA). 2. Aerosol challenge (OA 10 mg ml-1, 5 s) provoked immediate bronchoconstriction which was substantially, although incompletely, reversed by isoprenaline (Iso) infusion (1 microgram kg-1 min-1) for 10 min). 3. Bronchoconstrictor responses to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were enhanced in challenged animals when compared to those in non-challenged animals that had also received Iso. This was seen as a leftward shift in the location of the dose response curve for the bronchoconstrictor effect of 5-HT (dose-ratio 2.45, 95% confidence limits 1.77-3.38; P less than 0.01). This phenomenon was associated with pulmonary infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which was not modified by Iso treatment. 4. Iso infusion alone caused a slight enhancement of airway reactivity seen as a small leftward shift of the dose-response curve for the bronchoconstrictor effect of 5-HT (dose-ratio 1.51, 95% confidence limits 1.07-2.13; P less than 0.05). 5. These results support a causal relationship between acute pulmonary inflammation and airway hyperreactivity in an animal model of human allergic asthma. PMID- 3179607 TI - An examination of experimental design in relation to receptor binding assays. AB - 1. Real and computer-simulated data were used to examine the efficiency of designs for receptor binding assays. 2. Initially, several different concentrations of [3H]-ketanserin were used in receptor binding studies, using membrane preparations from rat cerebral cortex to establish the form of the binding curves and to investigate the relationship between the variance of the binding measurements and their means. 3. The data showed that the specific binding could be modelled by a simple rectangular hyperbola, and were consistent with the assumption that the binding measurements have a constant coefficient of variation (0.1). 4. Computer-simulated data, with a coefficient of variation of 0.1, were then used to look at the precision of estimates of KD and Bmax obtained through the use of assay designs based on replicate incubations at two radioligand concentrations, or through the use of a geometric sequence of 5-7 radioligand concentrations. In each case, the influence of varying amounts (3.8 50%) of non-specific binding at KD on the precision of these estimates was monitored. 5. The results (a) illustrate the problems which arise in the analysis of receptor binding data when there are relatively high amounts of non-specific binding in combination with a constant coefficient of variation, (b) calculate the errors involved and (c) quantitate the relative merits of 2, 5, 6 and 7 point saturation curves in the estimation of Bmax and KD. PMID- 3179608 TI - Comparative study of the actions of AP5A and alpha,beta-methylene ATP on nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurogenic excitation in the guinea-pig vas deferens. AB - 1. The agonistic and antagonistic effects of two nucleotide analogues, P1,P5-di (adenosine-5') pentaphosphate (AP5A) and alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-Me ATP), have been compared in the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens. 2. In organ bath studies, both AP5A and alpha,beta-Me ATP were approximately 100 times more potent than ATP in producing phasic contractions of the vas deferens smooth muscle. Repeated additions of either agonist (1-10 microM) produced desensitization to a subsequent addition of the test substance. AP5A and alpha,beta-Me ATP were approximately equipotent in the production of desensitization. 3. After desensitization had been produced in the vas deferens by AP5A or alpha,beta-Me ATP, excitatory responses elicited by ATP (100-150 microM) and nonadrenergic field stimulation (2-20 Hz) were blocked, whereas those elicited by carbachol (1-10 microM) were augmented. 4. Intracellular electrical recordings demonstrated that AP5A and alpha,beta-Me ATP produced similar effects on membrane activity of the vas deferens. Concentration-dependent depolarizations alone were produced by both substances until the voltage threshold for action potential discharge was attained; thereafter, action potential discharges were superimposed on the depolarization and an accompanying phasic contraction was recorded. Upon restoration of the membrane potential to its control value (5-10 min after addition of either AP5A or alpha,beta-Me ATP), excitatory junction potentials (e.j.ps) elicited by field stimulation (up to 3 Hz) and spontaneous e.j.ps were reduced by AP5A (greater than 0.1 microM) in a concentration dependent manner (as previously described for alpha,beta-Me ATP). 5. The antagonistic effects of APA on mechanical responses elicited by field stimulation were more quickly reversed on washout of AP5A than were the effects of X,f-Me ATP, suggesting some dissimilarity in their mechanism of action at the receptor level. 6. The antagonistic effects of AP5A on the nonadrenergic contractile responses of the vas deferens were not produced by the structurally related P',P4 di-(adenosine-5') tetraphosphate (AP4A) even with cumulative concentrations up to 200 pM. 7. Desensitization of P2-purinoceptors can be produced by some nucleotide analogues such as AP5A and a,fi-Me ATP, whose activity may arise partly because of their structural conformation and stability. PMID- 3179609 TI - The influence of activation or inhibition of protein kinase C on the release of radioactivity from rat isolated atria labelled with [3H]-noradrenaline. AB - 1. The release of radioactivity from rat isolated atria preloaded with [3H] noradrenaline ([3H]-NA) evoked by electrical field stimulation (2 Hz, 1 ms, 60 s) of intraneuronal sympathetic nerves, high potassium (64.7 mM) or tyramine (0.3 micron) was used as an index of noradrenaline release. 2. Activation of protein kinase C by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) produced a concentration dependent enhancement of field stimulation-induced outflow of radioactivity, whereas polymyxin B, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, reduced [3H]-NA release evoked by field stimulation. The enhancement observed in the presence of PMA was attenuated by polymyxin B (10 and 70 microns). 3. Release of noradrenaline evoked by membrane depolarization in a high potassium medium was similarly affected by PMA and polymyxin B. 4. In contrast, the release of noradrenaline evoked by the indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine, tyramine, was not altered by PMA. Polymyxin B in a concentration of 70 microns, but not 10 microns caused a slight reduction in tyramine-induced outflow of radioactivity. 5. The spontaneous outflow of radioactive compounds was not affected by either PMA or polymyxin B in the bathing medium. 6. The findings suggest that protein kinase C may play a role in the exocytotic release of noradrenaline but not in the displacement of noradrenaline by indirectly acting sympathomimetic amines. PMID- 3179610 TI - Age and the antihypertensive effect of aspirin in rats. AB - 1. We previously showed that chronic exposure to aspirin (100 mg kg-1 daily, by mouth) is effective in preventing the onset of hypertension in young (28-84 day old) spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). This is contrary to what others have reported using older SHRs. 2. Renal prostaglandin F2 alpha was also reduced in young SHRs and Wistar-Okamoto strain rats (WKYs) exposed to aspirin. 3. In the present study we extended the period of aspirin treatment in young rats to beyond 84 days of age. We found that aspirin lost its antihypertensive effect in SHR and WKY rats at 110 +/- 7 days of age regardless of whether the exposure to aspirin had begun at age 28, 49 or 87 days. 4. We conclude that the loss of antihypertensive effect of aspirin in the SHR and in older WKY rats, is determined by some factor(s) probably not related to prostaglandin F2 alpha, which reaches full expression in the 110 +/- 7 day old rat, or is fully dissipated at this age. 5. The anti-PGF2 alpha activity of aspirin in the SHR and WKY rat was short-lived and apparently unrelated in time to the antihypertensive effect of aspirin. PMID- 3179611 TI - Flushing and haemodynamic responses to vasopressin peptides in the rhesus monkey. AB - 1. The mechanism of the flushing, hypotension and tachycardia associated with i.v. administration of desGlyd(CH2)5D-Tyr(Et)VAVP (SK&F 101926; 25 micrograms kg 1) and the selective V2 antidiuretic agonist, desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP; 3 micrograms kg-1) was studied in ketamine-anaesthetized rhesus monkeys. 2. The flushing associated with SK&F 101926 was reduced by pretreatment with a mast cell stabilizer and by repeated administration of peptide (within 2-4 weeks). A similar desensitization to dDAVP-associated flushing was observed on repeated administration. 3. Treatment with dDAVP also resulted in reduced SK&F 101926-associated flushing. 4. The hypotension associated with SK&F 101926 was not affected by pretreatment with a mast cell stabilizer. A similar degree of hypotension was observed with repeated administration of either SK&F 101926 or dDAVP. 5. The tachycardia associated with SK&F 101926 was reduced by pretreatment with a mast cell stabilizer or repeated administration of SK&F 101926. Repeated administration of dDAVP, however, resulted in an enhanced tachycardia. 6. Indomethacin (5 mg kg-1 i.v.) did not alter the flushing or the hypotension associated with the administration of either SK&F 101926 or dDAVP, but resulted in an enhanced tachycardia to SK&F 101926. 7. Administration of a selective V1 vasopressor antagonist did not result in flushing, hypotension or tachycardia. 8. It was concluded that the flushing response to vasopressin-like peptides in rhesus monkeys may be due to an action on mast cells, whereas the haemodynamic responses are not, but probably involve direct vasodilator actions. PMID- 3179612 TI - Inhibitory effects of procaine on contraction and calcium movement in vascular and intestinal smooth muscles. AB - 1. The effects of procaine on muscle tension and 45Ca2+ movements were investigated in vascular smooth muscle of the rabbit aorta and intestinal smooth muscle of the taenia isolated from guinea-pig caecum. 2. Procaine (10 mM) induced a contraction in the taenia but had little effect on the resting tension in the aorta. 3. Procaine, 0.5-10 mM, relaxed the sustained contractions induced by 65.4 mM KCl and 10(-6) M noradrenaline in the aorta, and by 45.4 mM KCl, 10(-6) M carbachol and 10(-6) M histamine in the taenia. The inhibitory effect of procaine on the high K+-induced contractions was antagonized by external Ca2+ but not by the Ca2+ channel activators, Bay K 8644 and CGP 28,392. 4. 45Ca2+ uptake was increased by high K+ or noradrenaline in the aorta and by high K+ or carbachol in the taenia. The increments were inhibited by procaine at the concentrations needed to inhibit the muscle contractions. 5. In a Ca2+-free solution, noradrenaline and caffeine induced a transient contraction in the aorta, whereas a second application of each stimulant was almost ineffective. Addition of 1-10 mM procaine shortly before the first application of the stimulant inhibited the contraction. After washing the muscle with a Ca2+-free solution without procaine, the second application of the stimulant induced a greater contraction than that in control muscle without procaine pretreatment. 6. Noradrenaline and caffeine released 45Ca2+ from a cellular site in the aorta. Procaine inhibited the effects of these stimulants. 7. It was concluded that procaine may inhibit both the opening of Ca2+ channels and the release of Ca2 + from cellular stores and the former but not the latter effect may be attributable to a local anaesthetic action. PMID- 3179613 TI - [3H]-(+)-N-methyl-4-methyldiphenhydramine, a quaternary radioligand for the histamine H1-receptor. AB - 1. A series of derivatives of 4-methyldiphenhydramine have been examined as potential quaternary radioligands for the histamine H1-receptor. 2. [3H]-(+)-N methyl-4-methyldiphenhydramine ([3H]-QMDP), 83 Ci mmol-1, was synthesized by methylation of the tertiary analogue and purified by high-voltage electrophoresis. 3. [3H]-QMDP bound to H1-receptors in a washed homogenate from guinea-pig cerebellum with an affinity constant, Ka, of 1.14 +/- 0.03 x 10(9) M 1. The proportion of non-specific binding of 0.3-0.6 nM [3H]-QMDP, defined by 0.4 microM mepyramine, was usually in the range 15-45%, depending on the method of measurement of binding. The affinity of [3H]-QMDP was similar in guinea-pig cerebellum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but was lower, 1.4 x 10(8) M-1, in rat cerebral cortex. 4. Evidence was obtained for the presence of a secondary, non-muscarinic, binding site for [3H]-QMDP in guinea-pig cerebellum, approximate Ka 1.5 x 10(7) M-1, accounting for circa 4% of the total binding of 1 nM [3H] QMDP. 5. There was a very good correlation between the affinities of 15 compounds for the H1-receptor determined from inhibition of [3H]-QMDP binding and from inhibition of [3H]-mepyramine binding. 6. The potential utility of [3H]-QMDP for studies of H1-receptors in the plasma membrane of cells in culture is discussed. PMID- 3179614 TI - Temperature-dependence of the kinetics of the binding of [3H]-(+)-N-methyl-4 methyldiphenhydramine to the histamine H1-receptor: comparison with the kinetics of [3H]-mepyramine. AB - 1. The dissociation of [3H]-(+)-N-methyl-4-methyldiphenhydramine ([3H]-QMDP) from the histamine H1-receptor was markedly temperature-dependent. The t1/2 was 4 min at 37 degrees C and 16 h at 6 degrees C. The association rate constant, k1, was also temperature-dependent, but not to the same extent as k-1. 2. Plots of the observed rate constant for [3H]-QMDP-receptor complex formation, kon, versus [3H QMDP] were linear at both 30 degrees C and 10 degrees C, consistent with the interaction of [3H]-QMDP with the H1-receptor being a simple, one-step equilibrium. 3. The ratio of the kinetic constants, k1/k-1, indicated that the affinity constant of [3H]-QMDP for the H1-receptor should increase with decreasing temperature. Measurement of (+)-QMDP antagonism of the contraction of longitudinal muscle strips from guinea-pig small intestine induced by histamine at 37 degrees C, 30 degrees C and 25 degrees C provided some evidence that the affinity of (+)-QMDP is greater at 25 degrees C than 37 degrees C. However, the flattening of the concentration-response curves for histamine at low concentrations of (+)-QMDP at 30 degrees C and 25 degrees C is consistent with a slow dissociation of the (+)-QMDP-receptor complex and hence an incomplete equilibration with the agonist. 4. Arrhenius plots for k1 and k-1 for [3H]-QMDP were linear between 37 degrees C and 6 degrees C. The activation energies, Ea, for complex formation and dissociation were 77 +/- 4 and 129 +/- 3 kJ mol-1, respectively. 5. An Arrhenius plot for k-1 for the dissociation of [3H] mepyramine from the H1-receptor was also linear between 37 degrees C and 6 degrees C. The activation energy was 140 +/- 2 kJ mol-1. 6. Activation energies for complex formation with the H1-receptor, Eaf, and complex dissociation, Ead, were similar for [3H]-QMDP and [3H]-mepyramine. The energy difference, Eaf--Ead, equivalent to the enthalpy change, did not differ significantly for the two ligands (-52 and -48 kJ mol-1, respectively). The larger values of k1 and k-1 for [3H]-mepyramine compared to [3H]-QMDP imply the presence of an entropic component in the interaction. 7. The simplest explanation for these observations is that transfer from the aqueous phase into a hydrophobic region is a significant factor in antagonist-H1-receptor interaction. This would be entropically more favourable for [3H]-mepyramine, a tertiary amine, than for [3H]-QMDP, a quaternary amine. PMID- 3179615 TI - Effects of clonidine and yohimbine on a C-fibre-evoked blood pressure reflex in the rat. AB - 1. The involvement of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in a capsaicin-induced depressor reflex in the rat has been investigated. 2. The reflex fall in blood pressure following an intra-arterial injection of capsaicin was partially blocked by an intrathecal infusion of clonidine (1 microgram) at the spinal cord level L4-L5, an effect which was abolished by the prior intrathecal infusion of yohimbine (5 micrograms). 3. Clonidine (1 microgram) given intracisternally blocked the depressor reflex almost completely; however, it also produced a gradual, prolonged fall in mean carotid pressure. 4. Yohimbine (20 micrograms) given intracisternally did not change mean blood pressure but had a dual effect on the depressor reflex in response to the capsaicin injection: a short period of enhanced reflex response was followed by a long lasting inhibition of the response. 5. It was concluded that alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the spinal cord inhibit the capsaicin-evoked depressor reflex and that pre- and postsynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the brain stem modulate this reflex. PMID- 3179616 TI - Characterization of histamine receptors in isolated human cerebral arteries. AB - 1. The subtypes of histamine-receptors which mediate dilatation of small human cerebral arteries have been characterized in vitro using 'selective' agonists and antagonists. 2. Dilator responses were studied after preconstriction with prostaglandin F2 alpha, since contraction was not seen with histamine concentrations up to 10(-4) M. Histamine caused a concentration-related relaxation of cerebral vessels with an IC50 value of 5.2 +/- 1.6 x 10(-8) M. 3. Mepyramine caused a parallel shift to the right of the histamine concentration response curve whereas cimetidine was without observable effect. This suggests the presence of histamine H1-receptors only. However, combined treatment with mepyramine and cimetidine caused a more marked displacement of the concentration response curve to the right. Schild analysis indicated that in situations of near complete blockade of either of the histamine receptor subtypes, simple competitive antagonism both at H1- and H2-receptors can be revealed with a pA2 value of 8.64 for mepyramine and a pA2 value of 6.52 for cimetidine. 4. The 'selective' H1-receptor agonists pyridylethylamine, 2-methylhistamine (2-Me histamine) and thiazolylethylamine, and the H2-receptor agonists dimaprit, impromidine and 4-methylhistamine (4-Me-histamine) all mimicked the histamine response, but were less potent than histamine. The order of potency was thiazolylethylamine greater than dimaprit greater than impromidine greater than 2 Me-histamine greater than pyridylethylamine greater than 4-Me-histamine. 5. These results indicate that the histamine-induced dilatation in small human cerebral arteries is mediated by both H1- and H2-receptors and that the former subtype of histamine receptor predominates. PMID- 3179617 TI - The effect of ozone on reactivity of upper and lower airways in guinea-pigs. AB - 1. The effect of ozone inhalation on the responsiveness of upper and lower airways to histamine was examined in guinea-pigs. 2. The exposure of conscious guinea-pigs to 3.5 p.p.m. ozone for 30 min rendered their lower airways 2-3 fold more sensitive to the bronchoconstrictor action of i.v. histamine, as assessed subsequently under anaesthesia. 3. The development of lower airway hyperreactivity was not modified by bilateral cervical vagotomy or pretreatment with BW 755C, FPL 55712 or SC-39070. 4. Under the conditions used, ozone exposure produced a mild inflammatory response as monitored by bronchoalveolar lavage, characterized by epithelial damage and prostaglandin E2 generation, but no cellular infiltration or oedema. 5. In contrast to the lower airways, upper airway resistance was reduced by i.v. histamine. This response was not affected by ozone exposure. 6. Isolated tracheal preparations taken from ozone-exposed guinea-pigs were not significantly more sensitive to histamine than control tissues. 7. The mechanism of hyperreactivity in this model is unknown but does not depend on leukotriene generation or a vagal reflex. PMID- 3179618 TI - The affinity of some acetylenic analogues of 4-DAMP methobromide for muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig ileum and atria. AB - 1. The replacement of 4-hydroxy-N-methyl piperidine (HO NMe) in 4-diphenylacetoxy N-methyl piperidine (4-DAMP) metho-bromide by 4-hydroxy-but-2-ynylamines (HOCH2C=CCH2NR2) reduces the affinity for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig ileum and atria. It does not abolish selectivity. The tertiary amines are more active and more selective than the corresponding quaternary salts. 2. Analogous derivatives of 4-hydroxy-but-2-ynylamines which lack the ester group (i.e. substituted 4-hydroxymethyl-propynyl amines) are less active and less selective. The quaternary compounds are more active than the tertiary bases. 3. The diphenylcarbamyl ester of 4-hydroxy-N-methylpiperidine methobromide has less than one-thousandth of the activity of the diphenylacetyl ester (4-DAMP methobromide) and is not selective. 4. Although 4-diphenylacetoxy butynyl dimethylamine is only about one-hundredth as active as 4-DAMP methobromide it appears to have comparable selectivity. It is an interesting compound because it is a tertiary amine and should cross membranes. PMID- 3179619 TI - Neuropeptide Y and reserpine-resistant vasoconstriction evoked by sympathetic nerve stimulation in the dog skeletal muscle. AB - 1. The effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation (evoked by recordings of authentic irregular vasoconstrictor nerve fibre discharge with average frequencies of 0.59, 2.0 and 6.9 Hz) on the perfusion pressure and the overflow of noradrenaline (NA) and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) were investigated in the blood-perfused gracilis muscle of the dog in situ. 2. Nerve stimulation in the untreated control group evoked a frequency-dependent increase in perfusion pressure and overflow of NA. A significant overflow of NPY-LI was found at the highest frequency only. 3. In a separate group of animals, the sympathetic supply was unilaterally interrupted by preganglionic decentralization before the administration of reserpine (1 mgkg-1 i.v.) 24 h before the experiment. Reserpine reduced the NA content of the intact and decentralized gracilis and gastrocnemius muscle by 98-99%. Reserpine also induced a marked (80%) reduction of the muscular content of NPY-LI. The depletion of NPY-LI was, in contrast to that of NA, prevented by the decentralization, suggesting that nerve impulse activity was of primary importance for the reserpine-induced depletion of NPY-LI. 4. A slowly developing and long-lasting perfusion pressure increase was evoked by nerve stimulation, at 2.0 and 6.9 Hz after reserpine treatment. These responses were larger in the decentralized, as compared to the intact gracilis muscle and correlated with the nerve stimulation evoked overflow of NPY-LI (r = 0.79, P less than 0.001). Stimulation at 0.59 Hz caused vasoconstriction in the decentralized but not in the intact gracilis. 5. Administration of alpha,beta,-methylene adenosine triphosphate did not evoke an increase in perfusion pressure in the gracilis muscle of reserpine-treated animals. 6. In conclusion, a large perfusion pressure increase to sympathetic nerve stimulation occurs in the reserpine-pretreated skeletal muscle vasculature of the dog in vivo, providing that preganglionic decentralization has been performed. It is suggested that the released NPY-LI may mediate this vasoconstrictor response. PMID- 3179620 TI - Effect of soluble factors from nerve and muscle on alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites in isolated sarcolemmal membranes of the rat. AB - 1. Sarcolemmal membranes were isolated from normal and from denervated muscles and the specific binding of [125I]-alpha-bungarotoxin to the membranes was determined. 2. Cytosol prepared from either slow (soleus) or fast (extensor digitorum longus) muscle increased the toxin binding. Similar effects were seen with cytosol from muscles which had been denervated 5 to 7 days previously and with cytosol from sciatic nerve. A purified preparation of a bacterial phospholipase C also produced this effect. 3. Bathing medium in which normal or denervated muscles had been incubated, increased the toxin binding to normal membranes, but the normal bathing medium decreased the binding to membranes prepared from denervated muscles. 4. The possibility that pre-existing latent acetylcholine receptors can be activated by intracellular factors released from muscles is discussed. PMID- 3179622 TI - Compliance revisited. PMID- 3179621 TI - Effect of phenobarbitone pretreatment upon endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine in rat superior mesenteric arterial bed. AB - 1. Pretreatment of rats for 5 days with phenobarbitone (80 mg kg-1 day-1) enhanced the potency enhanced the potency of acetylcholine in opposing noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction in the isolated perfused superior mesenteric arterial bed; in 10 saline-pretreated control animals the ED50 was 14.0 +/- 3.9 ng whereas it was 3.23 +/- 1.00 ng in 10 phenobarbitone-pretreated animals. 2. In both saline- and phenobarbitone-pretreated rats acetylcholine was ineffective at opposing noradrenaline vasoconstriction after the mesentery had been perfused for 90s with a 0.3% solution of the detergent CHAPS in distilled water (to remove the endothelium), but pressor responses to noradrenaline were unaffected. 3. Pretreatment with phenobarbitone had no effect on the opposition by sodium nitroprusside of noradrenaline pressor responses. Also, the effects of nitroprusside were not affected by perfusion with CHAPS in either control or barbiturate-pretreated groups. 4. Inclusion of indomethacin (10 microM) in the perfusion fluid had no effect on the enhancement by phenobarbitone pretreatment of the endothelium-dependent opposition by acetylcholine of noradrenaline pressor responses; the ED50 values in the absence and presence of indomethacin were, respectively, 2.40 +/- 0.31 ng and 1.87 +/- 0.27 ng (n = 6). 5. The concentration of cytochrome P450 in the microsomal fraction obtained from the mesenteric preparation was increased from 204 +/- 32 (saline-pretreated; n = 7) to 784 +/- 249 pmol g-1 wet wt (n = 7) by the phenobarbitone pretreatment. 6. It is concluded that the increase in potency of acetylcholine as an endothelium dependent vasodilator by phenobarbitone pretreatment is most probably at the level of the endothelium rather than the vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 3179623 TI - The 1987 revised American Rheumatism Association criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3179624 TI - Psychiatric disorder and illness behaviour in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A detailed physical and psychiatric assessment of 80 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis was performed using diagnostic criteria for psychiatric disorder appropriate for those with physical illness. Seventeen (21%) patients had depression or anxiety severe enough to warrant treatment. The presence of pychiatric disorders was not related to the duration of the arthritis nor to 11 other indicators of its severity with the exception of grip strength (p less than 0.002) and Fries Functional grade (p less than 0.005). It was significantly related to the presence of social stress (p less than 0.05) and lack of social support (p less than 0.005). Those with psychiatric symptoms scored higher on an illness behaviour scale, indicating that they perceived their illness as very severe. These also worried excessively about it and failed to be reassured by the doctor. Such illness behaviour was displayed by some patients who had severe arthritis but lacked social support. In others the complaints were unfounded because their arthritis was mild. They also experienced much social stress and lacked social support. We conclude that psychiatric illness occurs in rheumatoid arthritis with similar frequency to that of other general medical patients. It is principally related to social stress and lack of support rather than severity of arthritis, and may lead to abnormal illness behaviour. Since lack of social support appears of prime importance in determining disability, its assessment is essential for the rehabilitation of the disabled patient with RA. PMID- 3179625 TI - Functional assessment of early rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A new performance index, SOFI (Signals of Functional Impairment), is described. This aims to detect functional impairment of different joints as early as possible. It comprises assessments of hand, arm and leg function. The assessment time is short and reliability is satisfactory. The index correlates significantly with range of motion, Ritchie index, grip strength, and the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index. The last mentioned was used in parallel with the new index to study 50 early RA patients. These were followed every 3-6 months for 1 year. Both indices seemed to fluctuate with changes in the patient's state. PMID- 3179626 TI - A comparison of the ability of 28 articular indices to detect an induced flare of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Comparison of the ability to detect a flare of joint inflammation provoked by withdrawal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis was made between 28 computer generated articular indices. The results suggest that this method can be used to compare the sensitivity of articular indices. Identifying joint inflammation by the simultaneous presence of tenderness and swelling and weighting for joint size produced the most sensitive indices. Identifying inflamed joints by swelling alone, or swelling and/or tenderness, grading for the severity of the signs, or selecting a restricted range of joints provided no advantages. PMID- 3179627 TI - The use of a pharmacological indicator to investigate compliance in patients with a poor response to antirheumatic therapy. AB - Twenty-six patients with rheumatoid arthritis which was poorly controlled despite high dose D-penicillamine were studied. Compliance was assessed by standard methods (return tablet count and interview). In addition low-dose phenobarbitone was included in the penicillamine formulation as a pharmacological indicator of compliance. Using these techniques incomplete compliance was apparent in 11 patients (42%). All such patients were identified by the pharmacological marker. Only one admitted poor compliance at interview and only six returned more than a few tablets too many. The reason for the high incidence of poor compliance in this selected group is not apparent but it may represent a significant cause of failure with D-penicillamine therapy. The use of low-dose phenobarbitone may have wider applications in the investigation of patients with other conditions who fail to respond adequately to treatment. PMID- 3179628 TI - The long-term outcome of rotator cuff tendinitis--a review study. AB - Rotator cuff tendinitis is believed to resolve in the majority but the long-term outcome has not been well documented. This review of 137 patients treated conservatively found active tendinitis in 35 individuals at a mean of 19 months after presentation. In addition, 40 patients had residual pain and eight developed pain due to another cause. Early presentation and a history of overuse unrelated to occupation distinguished the 54 who had resolved from those with active tendinitis (p less than 0.01). Dominant arm involvement was associated with a poorer prognosis (p less than 0.05). Functional impairment occurred in 29 patients, two having lost employment. The sizeable proportion of patients with chronic tendinitis resistant to conservative treatment suggests that rotator cuff tendinitis is not an early self-limiting condition and improvement in management is required. PMID- 3179629 TI - The relationship between pelvic, spinal and hip involvement in ankylosing spondylitis--one disease process or several? AB - One hundred and one consecutive patients with ankylosing spondylitis (males 85%) were reviewed by radiographic evaluation after a mean disease duration of 21.2 years (mean age at onset 22.9 years). Osteitis pubis occurred in seven cases of varied duration and severity of disease. Hip involvement (grade 2-4) occurred in 19%. Their mean age of onset (19.6 years) was younger than for those with normal hips (25.1 years; p = 0.003). Lone sacroiliitis (grade 3 and 4) without ascending spinal disease occurred in 11 patients. The mean age at onset for those with lone sacroiliitis and marked spinal disease was similar (23.3 and 24.9 years respectively; NS). By contrast, disease duration was 13.3 and 28.4 years respectively (p = 0.0007). Five patients (three women) had severe pelvic and cervical spine disease with normal lumbar spine. IN CONCLUSION: 1. Osteitis pubis occurs as an unusual, random event. 2. Hip involvement is an expression of young age at onset. 3. Lone sacroiliitis is uncommon and progression to ascending spinal disease is primarily a function of disease duration. 4. Skip lesions occur rarely and particularly in women. 5. Sacroiliitis and ascending spinal disease are part of the same spectrum. PMID- 3179630 TI - Patient understanding of the causes and medical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. AB - One hundred patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of more than 6 months' duration were interviewed to assess their knowledge of the disease and its treatment. Only 46 patients said they had received information about their RA from health-care professionals. The most popular source of information used by the patients was television (82%). Patients' beliefs of factors which cause RA and cause flare-ups of disease were numerous. These included stress, exercise, infections and climatic factors. Patients' knowledge of disease symptoms was incomplete. Fifty-eight patients had tried non-prescribed remedies for RA but 70% found these ineffective. Patients wanted more information about their disease and its management. Specifically considering drug treatment, 72 patients said information should be provided in leaflets. PMID- 3179631 TI - Acute myocarditis causing fatal ventricular arrhythmia in treated polymyositis. AB - A patient with definite polymyositis responded clinically to prednisolone in combination with azathioprine, with improvement in muscle strength and normalization of muscle enzyme levels. After 7 weeks' treatment the patient developed chest pain and fatal ventricular arrhythmias. An autopsy showed inflammatory myocarditis, but marked improvement in the skeletal muscle histology. This case illustrates that myocarditis may be a late complication of polymyositis despite immunosuppressive therapy. PMID- 3179632 TI - Lower limb amputation secondary to large vessel involvement in scleroderma. AB - A 34-year-old woman with scleroderma was admitted to hospital with pain and weakness of her left foot. She was subsequently shown to have developed a popliteal artery occlusion associated with progressive lower limb ischaemia. This culminated in below-knee amputation. Marked intimal hyperplasia of the large vessels in the leg was noted histologically. An increasing number of cases of large vessel involvement in scleroderma, a disease that primarily affects the microvasculature, has been reported. Scleroderma should be regarded as a rare cause of large vessel peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 3179633 TI - Hypothyroidism and temporal arteritis presenting concurrently. PMID- 3179634 TI - Pyomyositis associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. PMID- 3179635 TI - Serum creatinine concentration in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3179636 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus and monoclonal gammopathy. PMID- 3179637 TI - Cervical gout. PMID- 3179638 TI - Comparison of two dosage schedules of oral gold salts in the maintenance treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3179639 TI - Coexistent polymyalgia rheumatica and classic rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3179640 TI - Feminist scholarship, relational and instrumental control, and a power-control theory of gender and delinquency. PMID- 3179641 TI - Towards 2000: the radiology business. British Institute of Radiology Presidential Address, 1988. PMID- 3179642 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of acoustic neuromas: the role of gadolinium-DTPA. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 20 patients with evidence on computed tomography (CT) of 21 acoustic neuromas before and after intravenous administration (0.1-0.2 mmol/kg body weight) of gadolinium-diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). Multi-section spin-echo (SE) sequences of varying repetition (TR) and echo (TE) times were performed in the transverse and coronal planes with a section thickness of 10 mm. All acoustic neuromas displayed marked enhancement on the T1-weighted (short TR/TE) SE sequence post-Gd-DTPA. The intrameatal component was particularly well demonstrated compared with non enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) images and contrast-enhanced CT. Identification of intrameatal tumour was difficult on T2-weighted SE images and one tumour was not identified on the T1-weighted SE sequence prior to Gd-DTPA. Four of five intrameatal tumours measuring less than 8 mm could only be demonstrated on CT by using CT air meatography. Extrameatal tumour extension was demonstrated on contrast-enhanced CT, although the assessment of brain-stem involvement and displacement was not as clearly seen as on coronal MR images. In two patients with large acoustic neuromas and a cyst, the true relationship of the cyst to the tumour could only be identified on the post-Gd-DTPA scan. Magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium-DTPA is a relatively quick, safe, well tolerated and effective method for the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma. PMID- 3179643 TI - Pharyngeal and oesophageal function in patients with diabetes mellitus and swallowing complaints. AB - Pharyngeal and oesophageal function were monitored using cine and video techniques in 18 diabetic patients with swallowing complaints. Morphological lesions had been excluded with double-contrast radiography. Abnormal pharyngeal function was present in 14 patients and abnormal oesophageal function in 10 patients. Eight of these patients had both pharyngeal and oesophageal dysfunction. Dysphagia does not seem to be a frequent symptom in diabetic patients but, when present, warrants a detailed analysis of pharyngeal and oesophageal function in order to reveal the underlying cause. We found cine and video techniques to be of value and we recommend them for use in functional analysis in these patients. PMID- 3179644 TI - Improvements in snap-shot nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. AB - New variants of the ultra-high-speed echo-planar imaging technique have been used to obtain snap-shot images of adult patients and volunteers at 0.1 T. Modified pulsed-gradient sequences together with non-linear signal sampling and activity screened gradients have greatly improved the image quality obtainable by single shot methods. A particular variant, modulus blipped echo-planar single-pulse technique (MBEST), although slightly slower than the blipped echo-planar single pulse technique (BEST), is experimentally more robust and incorporates intrinsic T2 weighting. An account of these improvements together with some experimental results is presented. PMID- 3179645 TI - Alterations in the length of jejunal villi in mice irradiated with graded doses of X rays. AB - The length of villi protruding into the jejunal lumen influences the absorptive surface involved in digestion. Since it is an important functional end-point, a correlation between the X-ray dose applied and the average length of jejunal villi was investigated, with the possibility of using it as a radiobiological test system. Mice were given whole-body irradiation in the low- (4-7 Gy) or high dose (9-12 Gy) range in a single fraction. Villus length was measured in arbitrary units from stained histological sections. It was found that villus length was affected by both the dose ranges used, but the effect observed in the low-dose range was not dose-related, whereas in the high-dose range there was a correlation between the radiation dose applied and the reduction in the average length of villi. Therefore, it is not suitable as an assay for low doses and for high doses there is already a test system (the microcolony survival assay) which is more practical and widely used. Factors which may influence villus length as well as the basic mechanisms involved are reviewed briefly. Experimental data presented indicate that the villus length may also be dependent on the number of crypts per jejunal circumference. PMID- 3179646 TI - Metastatic adenocarcinoma of the paraspinal muscles. PMID- 3179647 TI - Adverse reaction to X-Prep. PMID- 3179648 TI - Short-course neutron therapy for advanced head and neck cancer. PMID- 3179649 TI - Bone scintigraphy in parasymphyseal insufficiency fractures. PMID- 3179650 TI - Radiosensitizer-DNA interactions. PMID- 3179651 TI - A method of weighing an obese, trolley-bound patient. PMID- 3179652 TI - OER and RBE for two types of iodine seed. PMID- 3179653 TI - Hyperthermia and AIDS treatment. PMID- 3179654 TI - Breathing conditions for animals in radiobiological experiments. PMID- 3179655 TI - Proceedings of the British Institute of Radiology. Chemical modification of radiation effects: experimental and clinical. London, November 13, 1987. Abstracts. PMID- 3179656 TI - Use of fine needle aspiration cytology with immediate reporting in the diagnosis of breast disease. AB - Fine needle aspiration biopsy for cytological examination (FNAC) is becoming increasingly accepted as a means of tissue diagnosis in breast disease. This study examines the feasibility and accuracy of FNAC in 'immediate reporting' by a consultant cytopathologist in a busy breast clinic. Over a 2-year period, 884 cytology reports were analysed. An initial clinical report and subsequent final cytological diagnosis was made. Fine needle aspiration provided adequate material for cytological evaluation in 635 of the 884 biopsies (71.6 per cent) and this proportion was greater when discrete lumps were considered (463 of 562 biopsies = 82.4 per cent). In diffuse and cystic disease, however, the adequacy of specimens was reduced: 50 per cent and 65 per cent respectively. On immediate reporting the diagnostic sensitivity for all patients was 88 per cent (discrete lumps only, 92.5 per cent) and the specificity was 99.8 per cent (discrete lumps only, 100 per cent). FNAC retains its diagnostic accuracy when immediate reporting is employed and this study demonstrates that this technique can be used in making a diagnosis in patients with breast disease. PMID- 3179657 TI - Effect of intraperitoneal saline irrigation at different temperatures on adhesion formation. AB - This study was designed to examine the influence of saline irrigation at different temperatures on adhesion/formation in the rat. Saline irrigation through a laparotomy incision was performed at the following temperatures: 30 degrees C, 34 degrees C, 37 degrees C, 40 degrees C, 45 degrees C, 50 degrees C, 55 degrees C, and 60 degrees C. The control group (Gc, n = 20) underwent laparotomy without irrigation. Adhesions were found in: 5/20 animals of the Gc (all slight); 6/20 of the 30 degrees C group (all slight); 6/20 of the 34 degrees C group (all slight); 6/20 of the 37 degrees C group (all slight); 12/20 of the 40 degrees C group (all slight); 12/20 of the 45 degrees C group (11 slight, 1 moderate); 14/20 of the 50 degrees C group (12 slight, 2 moderate); 18/19 of the 55 degrees C group (2 slight, 6 moderate, 10 marked); and 18/18 of the 60 degrees C group (1 moderate, 8 marked, 9 massive). These results indicate that saline irrigation below body temperature does not prevent adhesions whereas warmed saline encourages adhesion formation in the rat. PMID- 3179658 TI - Ten-year computerized audit of infection after abdominal surgery. AB - A prospective audit of the frequency of infective complications after all abdominal operations was carried out between January 1977 and December 1986. A total of 3100 abdominal procedures (2041 elective; 1059 emergency) were performed in 3056 patients. There were 50 (1.6 per cent) in-hospital and 66 (2.1 per cent) late wound infections (overall 3.7 per cent). Fifty-four (1.8 per cent) patients developed postoperative intraperitoneal sepsis. Ninety-eight patients died (overall mortality 3.2 per cent) and intraperitoneal sepsis was a related factor in twelve (0.4 per cent). Wound infection, peritoneal sepsis and mortality were related to the degree of operative contamination and to reoperation. The results support the traditional, although sometimes inadequately stressed, teaching that technique is an important factor in preventing infection. Infection is also reduced by peroperative antibiotic lavage. The limited value and the potential difficulties of the unstructured introduction of computerized audit should be recognized. PMID- 3179659 TI - Pulsatile varicose veins. PMID- 3179660 TI - Anterior lesser curve seromyotomy and posterior truncal vagotomy for chronic duodenal ulcer: the results at five years. AB - In one surgical unit, 241 patients have undergone anterior gastric seromyotomy and posterior truncal vagotomy for chronic duodenal ulcer. The postoperative mortality rate was 0.4 per cent. Four patients (1.6 per cent) required a drainage procedure for gastric stasis. The first 66 patients (Group A) were followed prospectively and 58 were available for assessment at 5 years. Eight patients (14 per cent) had developed a recurrent ulcer. In seven of these patients this responded to conservative treatment with H2 receptor antagonists. One patient has required Polya partial gastrectomy for recurrent ulceration. At 5 years 47 patients (81 per cent) were placed in the Visick I or II categories. In the next 175 patients (Group B), the ulcer recurrence rate was 3 per cent, suggesting a learning curve in mastering the procedure. We conclude that the immediate and 5 year results of the first 66 patients are at least comparable with those of highly selective vagotomy. Anterior gastric seromyotomy with posterior truncal vagotomy is an easy and rapid procedure and may be more widely applicable than highly selective vagotomy. PMID- 3179661 TI - Highly selective vagotomy: a 14-year experience. AB - Since August 1971, 244 highly selective vagotomies were performed for pyloric and duodenal ulceration by one surgeon (W.A.F.M.). There was one postoperative death. Twenty (8 per cent) patients were lost to follow-up. The remaining 223 patients were followed up for 1 to 14 years (mean 4.2 years). On the modified Visick grading system 83.4 per cent were Visick I or II and 16.6 per cent were Visick III or IV. The failures were mainly recurrences. The recurrence rate was 11.2 per cent. Certain factors were examined to try to elucidate those influencing recurrence rate but no significant prognostic indicator was found. Acid studies were analysed and no significant relationship between these and the development of a recurrence could be found. The second 100 vagotomies were better than the first as judged by the results of studies of insulin-stimulated acid. Finally, we question whether all recurrences should automatically be regarded as treatment failures and the patients classified as Visick IV. PMID- 3179662 TI - Hyperparathyroidism after neck irradiation. AB - A retrospective review of 1550 cases of hyperparathyroidism (HPT) treated surgically over a 30-year period reveals a past history of exposure to neck irradiation in 10 cases (0.7 per cent). The indication for radiotherapy was benign disease in nine and papillary thyroid carcinoma in one case. The mean interval between radiation exposure and the detection of HPT was 32 years (range 3-63 years). Patients treated with radioactive iodine alone developed HPT after a mean of 5 years while the interval for those treated with external beam therapy alone was a mean of 44 years. The parathyroid histology was adenoma in six cases, carcinoma in three cases and nodular hyperplasia in one case. All patients had coincident benign thyroid disease apart from one that had previously had papillary carcinoma and another with follicular carcinoma. Neck irradiation has been shown to confer an increased risk of HPT due to parathyroid adenoma and carcinoma. Radiotherapy for benign disease has generally been abandoned and these cases demonstrate a further contra-indication for the use of neck irradiation. PMID- 3179663 TI - Resting energy expenditure in the critically ill: estimations versus measurement. AB - A prospective trial was conducted in 20 surgical intensive care unit patients receiving mechanical ventilation to compare estimates of resting energy expenditure (REE) with the measured values. The 12 women and 8 men (mean age 61.7 +/- 2.8 (s.e.m.) years) underwent a full nutritional assessment before measurement of their REE by indirect calorimetry using the MGM II metabolic cart (Utah Medical). Their REE was estimated by the Harris-Benedict formula (mean 1324 +/- 53 (s.e.m.) kcal/day) as well as an empirical formula (where empirical formula = 22 x body weight in kg) (1370 +/- 68 (s.e.m.) kcal/day). Results by either estimate were not statistically different from the measured resting energy expenditure (MREE) (1382 +/- 130 (s.e.m.) kcal/day), by one-way analysis of variance. No multiplication factors were needed to relate the Harris-Benedict formula to MREE in this critically ill population and the estimate by the empirical formula was as good and simpler to perform. Although values by the Harris-Benedict formula and empirical formula correlated significantly with MREE (P less than 0.05) the correlation coefficients were low: 0.48 and 0.45 respectively. Thus, mean estimates were excellent for the group but less predictive for the individual. Multiple linear regressions did reveal that body composition and metabolic stress were of greater predictive value, since an equation relating weight (P less than 0.003), sex (P less than 0.003), white blood cell count (P less than 0.003) and 24-h urinary creatinine excretion (P less than 0.05) could predict 76 per cent of the variation (r = 0.87) in the MREE with an overall significance of P = 0.0002. Given the importance of matching energy intake to needs in many critically ill patients who are mechanically ventilated, accurate measurement of the REE is recommended now that instrumentation is equal to the task. PMID- 3179664 TI - Grip strength: a measure of the proportion of protein loss in surgical patients. AB - Measurements of voluntary hand grip strength (GS) are a sensitive predictor of postoperative complications. The loss of body protein is thought to be important in the development of these postoperative complications, but the relationship between GS and body protein status has not been studied. We have measured GS (by hand dynamometry), total body protein (indirectly by mid-arm muscle circumference, and directly by in vivo neutron activation analysis) and the proportion of protein loss (protein index) in 80 patients with gastrointestinal disease and 87 normal volunteers. Using regression analysis, a matched study and clinical decision analysis, it has been demonstrated that GS is a sensitive measurement of the degree of protein loss. The results support more widespread use of GS measurements in the identification of patients at high risk of postoperative complications and in the monitoring of patient response to nutritional intervention. PMID- 3179665 TI - Neutrophil degranulation and increased pulmonary capillary permeability following oesophagectomy: a model of early lung injury in man. AB - In nine subjects undergoing oesophagectomy a transient but significant increase in pulmonary vascular permeability to transferrin was detected in both lungs 8 h after surgery. It coincided with a significant increase in plasma lactoferrin, evidence of intravascular and intra-alveolar neutrophil elastase release and with arterial hypoxaemia. The postoperative state in these patients had intravascular and pulmonary features often associated with the adult respiratory distress syndrome, and might be a useful model for the study of the early inflammatory events underlying lung injury in man. PMID- 3179666 TI - Left gastric venous caval shunt with externally reinforced polytetrafluoroethylene graft. PMID- 3179667 TI - Choledochal cyst: a 14-year surgical experience with 36 patients. AB - The presentation and management of 36 patients with cystic dilatation of the biliary tree seen over a 14-year period is reviewed. There were 28 females and 8 males, a ratio of 3.5:1. The classic triad of jaundice, pain and an abdominal mass was seen in only seven cases. Twelve patients suffered recurrent pancreatitis. There were three cases of variceal haemorrhage from portal hypertension secondary to biliary cirrhosis, and one case of biliary peritonitis from a ruptured cyst. Internal drainage (cystenterostomy) was performed in nine patients but five of these eventually needed cyst excision. Cysts have been excised primarily in the last 21 consecutive patients without mortality. Preliminary external drainage with T tubes was used before cyst resection in three patients who presented with complications of choledochal cysts. Cyst excision and hepaticojejunostomy is now the definitive treatment of choice. PMID- 3179668 TI - Endoscopic removal of retained stones after biliary surgery. AB - Seventy-three patients with retained stones in the common duct after biliary surgery underwent attempted endoscopic removal at a mean interval of 39 days after surgery. Endoscopic extraction was successful in 63 patients (86 per cent). Complications occurred in 14 patients (19 per cent). The most frequent complication was haemorrhage which occurred in nine patients, four of whom required surgery; two other patients required surgery for complications. The complication rate of endoscopic sphincterotomy in recently operated patients may be higher than in the non-operated patient. Less invasive methods, such as dissolution therapy or T tube track extraction, may be preferable as they are associated with less risk. Endoscopic sphincterotomy should be reserved for patients in whom these alternative techniques fail or are inappropriate. PMID- 3179669 TI - Cholelithiasis: a serious complication after total gastrectomy. AB - To establish the incidence of cholelithiasis after total gastrectomy, patients operated on between 1979 and 1985 were reviewed. The study group consisted of 30 patients, all free of gallstones at the time of their gastrectomy. The median age of the patients was 56 years, the average follow-up 40 months. Cholelithiasis developed in 47 per cent of patients (14/30) and always within 2 years of total gastrectomy. The incidence of cholelithiasis was not related significantly to the sex or age of the patients. Morbidity from cholelithiasis was not negligible. Three of the fourteen patients presenting with gallstones required medical treatment in hospital and later came to cholecystectomy because of specific biliary symptoms. Cholelithiasis appears to be a significant complication after total gastrectomy. It may be related to the vagotomy which is performed at the time of gastrectomy. PMID- 3179670 TI - Definitive radiation therapy for selected cancers of the rectum. AB - During the last 15 years, over 400 patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum have undergone a course of endocavitary irradiation for cure or palliation of Dukes' A and B disease. This treatment method makes use of an unconventional fractionation scheme, by which the tumour receives 10,000-12,000 cGy in approximately four fractions over a period of about 60 days. The treatments are separated by an interval of 2 or 3 weeks. This method of definitive irradiation allows suitable patients to avoid abdominoperineal resection and its drawbacks. Hospitalization is avoided and the patients maintain a normal daily life. Approximately 15-20 per cent of all rectal cancer patients may be expected to fulfil the criteria for selection, which are sufficiently strict that the local control (95 per cent) and 5-year survival rates (94 per cent) can exceed those of surgery for comparable disease. PMID- 3179671 TI - An aetiology for fistula in ano. AB - Four cases of superficial peri-anal fistula occurring in early infancy are described. They were all successfully treated by complete excision of the fistula. Histological examination of the excised fistulae revealed a mixture of columnar, transitional and stratified squamous epithelium lining the tracts in three cases and non-specific connective tissue in the fourth. It is postulated that the presence of these inappropriate types of epithelium (columnar and transitional) along the length of the fistulous tract is evidence of a congenital origin for peri-anal fistulae presenting in the first few months of life. PMID- 3179672 TI - Proliferation patterns and aneuploidy in adenomatous polyps of the colon. AB - The frequency of aneuploidy and the proliferative activity of 57 colorectal adenomatous polyps was investigated by static cytophotometry and compared with 43 adenocarcinomas and 60 samples of normal mucosa. Twenty per cent of the adenomas contained aneuploid cells compared with 63 per cent of the adenocarcinomas. Except in the case of villous adenomas, there was a general increase in the proliferative activity of the diploid adenomas with increasing degrees of dysplasia. All of the adenomas showed an increase in proliferation compared with normal mucosa. There was a positive correlation between the size of the diploid adenomas and proliferative activity (P less than 0.001). PMID- 3179673 TI - Villous tumours of the large bowel. AB - A series of 110 patients with villous tumours of the colon and rectum treated by a single surgeon over an 18-year period is reported. Multiple lesions were present in 15 per cent of patients and 24 per cent of cases contained invasive malignancy, of which 83 per cent were Dukes' A. The major lesion was in the rectum in 84 per cent of patients and in the sigmoid colon in 12 per cent. Rectal bleeding and diarrhoea were the most common presenting symptoms; 6 per cent of patients were asymptomatic. Digital assessment proved a more reliable indicator of the presence of malignancy than either random biopsy or barium enema. In all, 70 of 76 (92 per cent) benign rectal lesions and 15 of 22 (68 per cent) malignant rectal lesions were successfully removed by peranal submucous excision or snaring and none of the malignancies so treated has developed a recurrence to date. Benign recurrence has developed in 13 per cent of all patients; the majority appeared within 4 years and were at the same level as the initial lesion. Of the 79 patients with benign tumours 7.6 per cent have subsequently developed large bowel carcinomas, after 2-16 years; all were symptomatic, half were at the same level as the previous benign lesion, and half were suitable for peranal removal. PMID- 3179674 TI - New technique of anastomosis after resection of left colon and rectum. AB - A novel technique of 'autorecanalizing' anastomosis has been developed experimentally to reduce the risk of anastomotic failure when resection of the left colon or rectum is performed in the face of suboptimal bowel preparation. The method has been used in nine patients who presented with large bowel obstruction. One patient developed a low output faecal fistula that closed spontaneously within 19 days of operation. No leakage was detected in the remaining eight patients. The delay between operation and recanalization ranged from 8-13 days and the caecostomy used for intubation closed spontaneously within 24 days of surgery. PMID- 3179675 TI - Wound infection after breast biopsy. PMID- 3179676 TI - Misdiagnosis of breast cancer in an out-patient breast clinic. PMID- 3179678 TI - British Association of Endocrine Surgeons, annual meeting. Cardiff, UK, 20 May 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3179677 TI - Continuous wound perfusion with bupivacaine for postoperative wound pain. PMID- 3179679 TI - Duodenal erosion complicating an implanted hepatic arterial catheter. PMID- 3179680 TI - Risk to surgeons. PMID- 3179681 TI - Pancreatitis and hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3179682 TI - T tubes: virgin, slit, guttered or sculpted. PMID- 3179683 TI - Thyroglossal duct cyst recurrence. PMID- 3179684 TI - Verbal memory and learning in unilateral posterior cerebral infarction. A report on 30 cases. AB - Unilateral posterior cerebral infarction, sparing memory-related structures in the diencephalon, may represent a means of investigating the role of hippocampal afferents and the parahippocampal areas in memory processing. Among 30 patients with unilateral posterior cerebral infarction a group of 12 subjects with left sided lesions suffered from marked verbal memory and learning dysfunction, whereas the remaining subjects with left or right-sided lesions showed no obvious memory deficit. The impairment was most prominent for verbal learning tasks, while recall of isolated and complex verbal information appeared to be less affected. In some cases the memory disturbance could be detected up to one year after the causative event. Analysis by CT scanning revealed a coincidence of mnestic disturbances with lesions around the left collateral sulcus affecting the posterior parahippocampal gyrus and the collateral isthmus. The latter term refers to the fibre stem of the medial temporal lobe limited by the floor of the lateral ventricle and the depth of the collateral sulcus. Through this bottle neck, bidirectional fibres run between the posterior parahippocampal gyrus and different sensory-specific and multimodal association areas. A lesion within the collateral isthmus or, more particularly, a combined lesion of the collateral isthmus and the posterior parahippocampal gyrus, deprives the hippocampus itself of its main afferent projection source and, on the other hand, prevents dissemination of the hippocampal output to widespread neocortical areas. It cannot be excluded, at least in some cases, that small lesions in the fimbria fornix route, in the retrosplenial cortex or in the hippocampal formation itself also contribute to the memory and learning dysfunction. However, these small lesions, so far as they could be detected by CT scanning, were present in patients with and without memory disturbances. PMID- 3179685 TI - Cholinergic 'blockade' as a model for cholinergic depletion. A comparison of the memory deficits with those of Alzheimer-type dementia and the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. AB - The effect of cholinergic 'blockade' on human memory performance as a model for the effect of cholinergic depletion in clinical disorders was investigated. A wide range of memory functions was assessed in 70 subjects, using tests which were identical or closely similar to those which have previously been employed in clinical studies of Alzheimer and Korsakoff patients. In addition, a physiological measure of the degree of central cholinergic blockade was included, as well as measures of subjective arousal and objective attention. It was found that cholinergic blockade had no significant effect on the more passive aspects of primary (or 'working') memory, namely span tests and a measure of verbal short term forgetting; in this, it contrasts with the marked deficits seen in Alzheimer type dementia. On the other hand, cholinergic blockade produced impairment at a visuospatial short-term forgetting test, and at a verbal test in which the distractor task was made more difficult. On tests of secondary memory, cholinergic blockade produced a pattern similar to that seen in the anterograde amnesia of Alzheimer and Korsakoff patients, namely a pronounced impairment in learning verbal and visuospatial material, a 'normal' forgetting rate once learning had been accomplished, and relative preservation of the response to priming and of skill learning (procedural memory). Cholinergic blockade, however, did not produce a retrograde amnesia, nor did it affect the recall of temporal context or of long-established semantic knowledge. This pattern of results is compared with that obtained in previous studies of Alzheimer and Korsakoff patients. PMID- 3179686 TI - Impaired grammar with normal fluency and phonology. Implications for Broca's aphasia. AB - Extensive testing of grammatical function, including assessment of spontaneous language, inflectional morphology, ability to produce grammatical structures, syntactic comprehension and grammatical judgement, was carried out in 2 patients with large dominant frontal lobe lesions, including but not confined to, the third frontal convolution. Both patients were fluent and had normal articulation and phonological production and neither was agrammatic, suggesting that even very large frontal lesions do not produce Broca's aphasia and that language cortex proper is confined to the postcentral perisylvian region. Both patients were impaired in the use of more complex syntactic structures and one, who in addition had severe generalized impairment in frontal lobe function, also had impaired judgement regarding the use and placement of functors. These data provide further support for the dissociability of syntactic and morphological aspects of grammar in aphasic patients and, together with other studies, link these functions with the frontal lobe and the postcentral perisylvian cortex, respectively. The sparing of grammatical judgement in 1 patient, despite a very extensive lesion, suggests that very large portions of the frontal lobe are involved in grammatical function. The nature of frontal lobe function in syntax appears to be congruent with the role of the frontal lobes in other aspects of behaviour. PMID- 3179687 TI - Neuropathy in multiple symmetric lipomatosis. Madelung's disease. AB - With increasing age, peripheral neuropathy becomes more common in multiple symmetric lipomatosis (MSL) and the principal cause of severe disability. High alcohol consumption is frequently associated and the peripheral neuropathy of MSL is often attributed to alcoholism. In this study, sural nerve biopsies from MSL patients revealed an absence of acute axonal degeneration, a significant shift to the left of myelinated fibre diameter distributions, reduced indices of axonal and nerve fibre circularity, and an increase in myelin periodicity. This pathology supports the view that the neuropathy of MSL is not alcohol-induced but that a chronic distal axonopathy is an integral part of the MSL syndrome. Biochemical observations suggest a defect in catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in MSL at a membrane level, possibly in the amount or function of Gs membrane protein or in the catalytic unit of adenylate cyclase. Evidence is presented that the frequent association of MSL with alcoholism is on the basis of an additional ethanol-induced membrane lesion involving beta-adrenergic receptors. PMID- 3179688 TI - Ideational apraxia. AB - Ideational apraxia was investigated in 20 left brain-damaged patients with tests requiring the demonstration of how objects are used. On a multiple object use test the most frequent errors were those of omission, misuse and mislocation, while sequence errors were rare. Patients also failed on a single object use test, which showed a correlation of 0.85 with the multiple object use test. Neither of these tests was significantly correlated with an ideomotor apraxia test (imitation of movements). Ideational apraxia was frequently, but not exclusively, associated with damage to the left posterior temporoparietal junction. These findings support the view that ideational apraxia is an autonomous syndrome, linked to left hemisphere damage and pertaining to the area of semantic memory disorders rather than to that of defective motor control. PMID- 3179689 TI - Distant referral of cutaneous sensation (Mitempfindung). Observations on its normal and pathological occurrence. AB - Certain normal individuals when scratching a small area of skin often experience simultaneously an additional punctate sensation (Mitempfindung) at a remote site on the body. Four patients are described with acquired Mitempfindungen, the sensation being referred to the region that had been rendered abnormal by damage to the nervous system. The differences between normal and pathological Mitempfindungen and other patterns of cutaneous referral are considered, and mechanisms underlying Mitempfindungen, including the possible role of the spinocervical tract, are discussed. PMID- 3179690 TI - Autonomic disturbances in cluster headache. AB - Ocular sympathetic function, facial flushing and the presence or absence of lachrymation and rhinorrhoea were examined in 30 patients during spontaneous or nitroglycerin-induced cluster headache. In 27 cases measurements were also obtained during the headache-free interval. Ocular sympathetic function was impaired on the symptomatic side between cluster attacks and function was reduced further during cluster headache. Greater heat loss from the orbital region on the symptomatic side was associated with ocular sympathetic dysfunction both during and between attacks, and with lachrymation during attacks. Heat loss from the cheek and side of the nose was greater on the symptomatic side in patients whose attack was accompanied by lachrymation, but heat loss from these areas was unrelated to the extent of ocular sympathetic deficit. These findings suggest that parasympathetic overactivity in the greater superficial petrosal nerve provokes facial flushing and lachrymation. Parasympathetic overactivity could also cause dilatation of the internal carotid artery and compression of the periarterial plexus of sympathetic fibres, producing a sympathetic deficit with release of vasoconstrictor tone in the eye. Thus autonomic disturbances in cluster headache may be explained by the unitary hypothesis of parasympathetic hyperactivity being responsible for ocular sympathetic deficit. PMID- 3179691 TI - Chorea and myoclonus in the monkey induced by gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonism in the lentiform complex. The site of drug action and a hypothesis for the neural mechanisms of chorea. AB - Experiments are described in which the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist bicuculline was injected into the lentiform complex of conscious monkeys. Injections into either the lateral segment of the globus pallidus, or the medial part of the putamen, gave rise to chorea of the contralateral limbs and/or orofacial region. Control injections of vehicle alone were without effect. Injections of bicuculline into the lateral part of the putamen gave rise to contralateral myoclonus. The chorea produced by lateral pallidal or medial putaminal injections was virtually indistinguishable from the dyskinesia (chorea/ballism) which has been shown, in previous studies, to be induced by injection of GABA antagonists into the subthalamic nucleus. It is proposed that the primary site of action of the GABA antagonist in producing chorea, in the present studies, was the lateral segment of the globus pallidus. The mode of action is suggested to be interruption of GABAergic transmission from the striatum to the lateral pallidal segment. Since this also occurs in Huntington's disease, it is proposed that experimental chorea induced by this method in the monkey may be a useful model of the dyskinesia seen in Huntington's disease in man. Loss of influence of inhibitory striatopallidal fibres would lead to abnormally increased activity of lateral pallidal neurons. These in turn project to the subthalamic nucleus, upon which they have an inhibitory action. Dyskinesia is thus produced by physiological inhibition of the subthalamic nucleus, whose destruction, both in man and the monkey, is known to produce ballism. It is proposed that ballism and chorea share common neural mechanisms, both involving the loss of influence of the subthalamic nucleus on the medial segment of the globus pallidus. PMID- 3179692 TI - Myoclonus in a patient with spinal cord transection. Possible involvement of the spinal stepping generator. AB - A patient with clinically complete cervical spinal cord transection developed rhythmic myoclonic movements of the trunk and lower limbs, demonstrating that, in man, such movements can be generated within the spinal cord itself when deprived of supraspinal control. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings used to define the features of the myoclonus, which had a frequency of 0.3-0.6 Hz, was bilaterally symmetric, and involved extensor muscles. The EMG bursts always appeared in phase in all muscles involved. Peripheral stimulation of flexor reflex afferents (FRA) could induce, slow or interrupt the rhythmic activity. When FRA stimulation induced a flexion reflex, it occurred between extensor EMG bursts and induced alternating flexion-extension activity which could be sustained for several cycles. Soleus and quadriceps monosynaptic reflexes were depressed during the silent period of the rhythmic activity. Several arguments, mainly the great sensitivity of the myoclonus to flexor reflex afferent stimulation, suggest that the myoclonus observed in this patient was due to partial release of a spinal stepping generator. PMID- 3179693 TI - Control of isometric finger force in patients with cerebellar disease. AB - Control of isometric forces during grasping or handling of objects is an essential feature of all skilled manual performances. Previous studies of hand function in cerebellar patients were restricted to movements; force control was only investigated under isotonic conditions in combination with movements. Control of isometric forces during voluntary contraction of finger muscles was investigated in 31 patients with chronic cerebellar disease and in 20 normal controls. Eight patients with Friedreich's ataxia were considered to be typical for a disease affecting the afferents to the cerebellum; 4 patients with anterior lobe atrophy, which affects leg movements to a greater extent than finger movements, were compared with 3 patients with hemisphere lesions; 16 patients suffered from diffuse cerebellar atrophy. Using a recently developed microcomputer system for the continuous measurement of finger force, control of isometric force was studied in several tasks within the same subjects. The tasks included the maintenance of constant force output at different force levels with and without visual feedback, fast repetitive force changes, tracking of a sinusoidal target presented visually, and measurement of maximum grip force. The amount of voluntary contraction in terms of muscular power was normal in all patients; in all other tasks clear deficits were observed. The extent of the disturbances was highly variable between patients even within the same clinical subgroup. The detailed analysis of force traces revealed a great variety in types of disturbance. The frequently observed slowing of the speed in repetitive force changes can be attributed to different components in different patients and not only to difficulties at turning points as might be predicted from comparable movement studies. In addition, performance deficits across different tasks were not uniform, indicating dissociation of impairment. Deficits in maintaining force, which may be interpreted as dysmetria or due to tremor, do not necessarily imply an abnormality in diadochokinesis, as measured in fast repetitive force changes, nor does the converse apply. PMID- 3179694 TI - Projections of the midlateral posterior hypothalamic area influencing cardiorespiratory function in rats. AB - The influence of the midlateral posterior hypothalamic area (MLPHA) on arterial blood pressure and respiration was examined in the rats. Electrical stimulation produced a rapid transient increase in blood pressure and rapid shallow respiration. Glutamate, which stimulates neurons and not fibers of passage, however, caused a fall in blood pressure and slowing of respiration. Projections of MLPHA traced by horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and 3H leucine showed reciprocal connections with limbic forebrain centers but only indirect connections with brainstem cardiorespiratory centers. It is concluded that MLPHA may be a relay through which the limbic system can gain access to and depress cardiorespiratory function. PMID- 3179695 TI - Mating call phonotaxis in female American toads: lesions of central auditory system. AB - Female American toads were tested for mating call phonotaxis (prostaglandin induced) after brain lesions. The pretrigeminal nucleus, all of the telencephalon (except the preoptic area and immediately adjacent septal area), the dorsal thalamus (including all of the anterior nuclei and most of the central nuclei), the optic tectum, and the dorsal and medial parts of the torus were removed without interferring with the hormonal sensitization, acoustic triggering, or production of phonotaxis. These lesions removed most of the forebrain and much of the midbrain auditory areas. These data are compared with similar lesion data on the triggering mechanisms for three other anuran acoustic behaviors. The lateral subtoral tegmentum may have a basic, special importance in the triggering of all four behaviours. PMID- 3179696 TI - Medullary and mesencephalic pathways and connections of lateral line neurons of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias. AB - The neuronal connections of the electrosensory dorsal and the mechanosensory medial octavolateralis nuclei of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias were studied by horseradish peroxidase, autoradiographic and axonal degeneration methods. Efferents from each nucleus, in addition to extensive commissural components, give rise to ipsilateral and contralateral lemnisci that ascend to midbrain levels and terminate among the cells of the lateral mesencephalic nucleus (LMN). Within LMN, electrosensory and mechanosensory neurons distribute dorsolateral and ventromedial in position, respectively. Ascending fibers of both modalities also terminate within the central zone of the optic tectum. The LMN of spiny dogfish sharks that possess a primitive pattern of midbrain organization is homologous to parts of the lateral mesencephalic nuclear complex of batoids that possess a more derived pattern of midbrain organization. Other fiber connections of the dorsal and medial octavolateralis nuclei appear to differ from each other, indicating that electrosensory and mechanosensory lateral line information is carried over separate pathways at least to midbrain levels of the brain stem. For example, nucleus B, a feedback center, occupies a position in the descending lateral line pathways of sharks and skates similar to nucleus praeeminentialis of many electrosensory teleosts. The dorsal octavolateralis nucleus of sharks and skates receives afferents from nucleus B but there is no evidence that nucleus B directly feeds back to the medial octavolateralis nucleus of the spiny dogfish. Moreover, unlike the dorsal nucleus, the medial nucleus of Squalus is reciprocally linked with the octaval system. PMID- 3179697 TI - Handedness and bimanual coordination in the lowland gorilla. AB - One could hypothesize from previous studies that gorillas, as a group, might show a right-hand preference, making this species an exception among nonhuman primates. A study of 10 captive gorillas observed while reaching for food and tested on unimanual and bimanual tasks does not support this conclusion. Instead, the present study found (a) a symmetrical distribution of subjects with right hand (n = 3), left-hand (n = 3), and no hand preference (n = 4) when simply reaching for food and (b) a left-hand preference by 7 of 8 gorillas tested on a spatial task requiring precise alignment of two openings. These results stress the importance of considering the kind of task employed in the assessment of lateral preferences. Furthermore, it is suggested that it might be useful to distinguish between the handedness of a gorilla when simply reaching and its manual specialization for novel and complex tasks. PMID- 3179698 TI - Projections of the olfactory bulb and nervus terminalis in the silver lamprey. AB - The connections of the olfactory bulb were traced using horseradish peroxidase. A homologue of the medial olfactory tract in gnathostomes projects to the ipsilateral septal nucleus, preoptic area and, possibly, the rostral striatum. A homologue of the lateral olfactory tract projects to the ipsilateral lateral pallium, dorsal pallium and, possibly, the medial pallium, as well as to the posterior diencephalon. A component of the lateral olfactory tract decussates in the habenular and posterior commissures and distributes to the contralateral hemisphere and caudal diencephalon. A dorsal component of secondary olfactory fibers terminates, ipsilaterally, in a dorsomedially situated neuropil that has previously been interpreted as a single glomerulus of the olfactory bulb or as an accessory olfactory bulb, as well as in the contralateral olfactory bulb after decussation in the dorsal commissure. Afferents to the olfactory bulb arise from the ipsilateral dorsal pallium, lateral pallium, a cell-poor region adjacent to the preoptic area, and the midbrain tegmentum. The extent of the secondary olfactory projections in silver lampreys could be interpreted to support the phylogenetic hypothesis that all regions of the telencephalon received secondary olfactory projections in the earliest vertebrates, but this interpretation is not unequivocal, due to questions concerning the pallial homologues in lampreys and gnathostomes. Application of horseradish peroxidase to the olfactory epithelium revealed projections to the striatum, preoptic area, hypothalamus and posterior tuberculum that are comparable to projections of the nervus terminalis in other vertebrates. PMID- 3179699 TI - Developmental dyslexia and word retrieval deficits. AB - Developmental dyslexics, selected on the basis of very slow naming rates on the Rapid Automatic Naming Tasks (RAN), were compared to normal readers on oral language, picture categorization, and reading tasks. Findings indicated that the dyslexics' word retrieval deficits were one symptom of a more generalized, however subtle, oral language deficit which involved both receptive and expressive oral language functioning. The dyslexics' word retrieval problem also seemed chiefly related to language processing and not to deficits in semantic memory as there were no significant differences between dyslexics and controls on a nonverbal semantic memory task (picture categorization). In naming and identifying printed words, the dyslexics appeared to rely considerably upon the "indirect" or "assembly-of-phonology" route; they were slower in naming irregularly spelled words compared to regularly spelled words and on a lexical decision task, the dyslexics were slower in making negative decisions for "pseudohomophones" (e.g., "braik") than for other matched nonwords. Results are discussed in terms of the logogen model with some consideration of a developmental model as well. PMID- 3179700 TI - Expectancy effects: cost-benefit analysis of monaurally and dichotically presented speech. AB - In three experiments, cost-benefit analysis was used to determine the role of attention in the processing of auditory information. In two experiments consonant vowel syllables were presented monaurally, while in the third the mode of presentation was dichotic. For all three experiments the ability to detect a target stimulus under conditions in which precued location information was valid or invalid was contrasted with detection in a neutral condition where no location information was provided. The results indicated that attention can be effectively deployed under monaural conditions when either a simple detection or a discriminative response is required. Similar conclusions cannot be reached when considering the effectiveness of attention under conditions of dichotic listening. These results are discussed in relation to accounts which argue that dichotic listening performance is critically dependent upon auditory disembedding and where attention is viewed as a late process involving response selection. PMID- 3179701 TI - The role of callosal connections in speech prosody. AB - A 39-year-old right-handed woman suffered an aneurysmal hemorrhage damaging the anterior four-fifths of the corpus callosum as shown on MRI. Computer-aided acoustical analyses of fundamental frequency (Fo) contours and durational patterns were performed on emotive and nonemotive utterances at 4 weeks, 4 months, and 1 year postsurgery. The patient read sentences in each of five tones (happy, sad, angry, neutral, questioning) or with emphasis on certain words. She showed little Fo distinction with intended mood at 4 weeks, but her performance improved over time. This improvement in speech production was accompanied by an improvement in perceptual judgments of her intended tone by six normal listeners. Fo patterns characteristic of emphatic stress and question forms were found at all test periods, but again improved with time. Durationally, the patient showed appropriate emotive and nonemotive distinctions on most sentences. These results provide acoustic evidence that interhemispheric connections via the corpus callosum are important to proper Fo programming, especially emotive distinctions. The results suggest that the right hemisphere contributes to Fo programming but, following callosal damage, such programming can later be performed by the left hemisphere. PMID- 3179702 TI - Pure agraphia and Gerstmann's syndrome as a visuospatial-language dissociation: an experimental case study. AB - A right-handed man suffered a left parieto-occipital cerebral infarction, causing agraphia with Gerstmann's syndrome but without major aphasia, alexia, or apraxia. Oral spelling was superior to written spelling. Experiments were performed involving (1) analysis of errors in writing, (2) tasks of visual imagery, and (3) identifying letters drawn without leaving a visual trace. The results suggest that the agraphia and Gerstmann's syndrome are due to a dissociation of language skills and visuospatial skills caused by a dominant parieto-occipital lesion. PMID- 3179703 TI - Automatic and attentional processing: an event-related brain potential analysis of semantic priming. AB - Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and behavioral measures (reaction time and percentage errors) were measured in a semantic priming lexical decision task. In one block of trials, instructions and the proportion of related word pairs were designed to influence subjects to process the first member of each pair (prime) automatically. In another block, subjects were induced to attend to the meaning of each prime. ERPs to the primes were more positive between 200 and 600 msec and more negative between 750 and 1150 msec when subjects attended to the primes as opposed to when only automatic processing was required. Target word ERP activity between 200 and 525 msec (N400) was more negative in the neutral than in the semantically related condition in both blocks of trials, but more so in the attentional block, while a late ERP positively between 525 and 1100 msec (Slow Wave) was more positive in the unrelated than the neutral condition, but only in the attentional block. The results are discussed in terms of the two-process model proposed by Posner and Snyder (1975a, 1975b). PMID- 3179704 TI - A developmental study of the auditory Stroop effect. AB - A pediatric auditory version of the Stroop procedure was developed and administered to 48 normal children from 3 to 6 years of age. Our purpose was to define the developmental course characterizing interaction between auditory and semantic speech dimensions in young children. The procedure was a reaction time (RT) task that required children to respond as quickly and as accurately as possible to words spoken by a male or a female voice. Children were instructed to ignore what was said and to push the "Mommy" button if Mommy was talking or the "Daddy" button if Daddy was talking. Performance was obtained for words with neutral, congruent, and conflicting semantic content. Preschool children manifested processing dependencies that were similar to those observed in adults on the visual Stroop procedure. Conflict between semantic and auditory dimensions significantly increased RT and congruence between the two dimensions significantly decreased RT relative to the neutral condition. The pattern of results indicated that the meaning of words was processed automatically in the normal children. The magnitude of the Stroop effect reflected developmental change with increasing age. PMID- 3179705 TI - Binaural acoustic stimulation exercises protective effects at the cochlea that mimic the effects of electrical stimulation of an auditory efferent pathway. AB - Low-level acoustic stimulation of one (contralateral) ear reduced the neural desensitization caused by a simultaneous loud sound exposure in the other (ipsilateral) ear in a loss-related manner. Greatest reductions in the temporary threshold shifts (TTS) in the exposed ear were obtained when the exposure would have caused large amounts of TTS. Low-level exposures (reduced intensity or duration of exposure) which caused low levels of TTS, from which the cochlea could recover relatively quickly, were not affected by the contralateral stimulus. Intermediate levels of TTS showed intermediate levels of reduction for the same contralateral acoustic stimulus. These effects were similar to effects previously demonstrated with electrical stimulation of an efferent pathway to the cochlea, the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB); lesioning the COCB prevented the contralateral stimulus from having any effect on TTS due to an ipsilateral exposure. Like COCB stimulation, the contralateral acoustic stimulus had tonic effects, so that reductions in ipsilateral TTS could be obtained even when the contralateral stimulus was presented 5 min before the ipsilateral exposure. With 10 min delay no effect on TTS occurred. The contralateral stimulus did not appear to cause any changes in responses in the ipsilateral cochlea prior to the loud sound exposure. These results are discussed as indicating an interaction between the two inputs at a central locus, leading to activation of the COCB fibres to the cochlea exposed to the loud sound. PMID- 3179706 TI - Electrophysiological effects of norepinephrine on Purkinje neurons in intraocular cerebellar grafts: alpha- vs beta-specificity. AB - The present study investigates the receptor specificity of the electrophysiological effects of norepinephrine (NE) on cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Intraocular cerebellar grafts were utilized to allow both superfusion and local administration of selective adrenergic agonists and antagonists. Fetal cerebellar anlagen (E13-15) were homologously transplanted to the anterior chamber of the eye of adult recipient rats and allowed to mature in the eye for at least 5 weeks. Spontaneous activity of Purkinje neurons was recorded extracellularly in the intraocular grafts. Superfusion of 5 microM NE caused elevations of the spontaneous firing rate. Superfusion of 30 microM NE caused depressions, which were occasionally preceded by an excitation. Iontophoretic application of NE to grafted Purkinje neurons primarily caused depressions of the spontaneous discharge rate. Thus, the NE-induced excitations previously reported from in vitro slices are not anomalies of the in vitro slice preparation, but can be observed with superfusion of NE in our in vivo preparation as well. In general, the excitations caused by low doses of superfused NE were blocked by timolol, a specific beta-adrenergic antagonist, while the depressions caused by 30 microM superfused NE or iontophoretically applied NE were blocked by the specific alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine. Large doses of sotalol were found to block both excitatory and depressant responses while lower doses only antagonized the NE-induced excitations. Taken together, these results suggest that the inhibitory effects of NE on PUrkinje neuron firing rate in intraocular cerebellar grafts in vivo are mediated via an alpha-adrenergic receptor mechanism, while the excitations caused by NE may be beta-mediated. PMID- 3179707 TI - Twenty-four-hour pineal melatonin synthesis in the vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rat. AB - The diurnal time course of pineal melatonin synthesis was analyzed simultaneously in the arginine vasopressin (AVP)-deficient Brattleboro rat (BB), the Long-Evans (LE) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat by means of radioenzymatic determination of the rate-limiting enzyme serotonin-N-acetyltransferase (NAT) and the melatonin content over a period of 24 h. While all 3 strains displayed a distinct day-night rhythm of melatonin synthesis (low day-time, high night-time values), BB rats generally exhibited lower NAT values as compared to LE and SD rats, though reaching a significant difference at 02.99 h only. Twenty-four-hour melatonin content was characterized by distinct nocturnal maxima in LE and SD rats, while BB rats showed a plateau-like nocturnal time course. Electrophysiological and pharmacological findings in SD rats point to an inhibitory influence of AVP upon pineal melatonin synthesis. The lack of AVP obviously does not result in disinhibition of pineal melatonin synthesis but rather in a different time course of pineal melatonin content. This might either be due to strain differences or to yet unknown compensatory mechanisms in BB rats. PMID- 3179708 TI - Facilitatory effects of caerulein on hypothalamic defensive attack in cats. AB - Effects of intraventricularly microinjected caerulein (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 micrograms) on the thresholds for hypothalamically elicited defensive attack and influences of haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) on the effects were studied in chronic cats. Directed attack and hissing were selected for threshold determination, and thresholds for these responses were measured under two situations: one with provocations by a human, and the other without such provocation. Results were as follows. (1) Caerulein lowered all thresholds in generally equal decrements and in a dose-related manner, accompanied by a general behavioral arousal. (2) Prior injection of haloperidol prevented the effects of caerulein, suggesting an antagonism-like interaction between haloperidol and caerulein. (3) Observed facilitatory effects of caerulein on the hypothalamic defensive attack were very similar to those observed with dopamine (DA) agonists such as methamphetamine and apomorphine and opposite to those with DA antagonists such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine. These findings suggest that caerulein exerts its facilitatory effects on the excitability of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus through its synergistic interaction with DA. PMID- 3179709 TI - Concurrent facilitory and inhibitory effects of amphetamine on stimulation induced eating. AB - At low doses (0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg, i.p.), amphetamine facilitated eating induced by lateral hypothalamic electrical stimulation. It decreased the frequency threshold for the behavior and it increased the probability of eating across a range of suprathreshold stimulation frequencies; it also accelerated eating, decreasing the average time to eat three 45-mg food pellets across the range of stimulation frequencies tested. At high doses (1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg), amphetamine increased the frequency threshold and decreased the probability of eating across the range of suprathreshold stimulation frequencies; on those trials where eating was observed, however, even these doses of amphetamine accelerated feeding. Several lines of evidence suggest that amphetamine influences feeding through multiple mechanisms, and that present data may be explained by independent facilitory and inhibitory mechanisms, with the inhibitory mechanism less sensitive to low doses but generally dominant when the two mechanisms are both activated by higher doses. Another possibility is that the well-known anorexic effects of amphetamine result at least in part from over-stimulation of the same mechanism as is involved in the more subtle facilitory effects of the drug. PMID- 3179710 TI - Effects of nucleus accumbens amphetamine on lateral hypothalamic brain stimulation reward. AB - The effects of amphetamine were examined in a brain stimulation reward paradigm in which response rate was measured across a range of stimulation frequencies. Both low (0.0625 and 0.125 mg/kg) and high (1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/kg) doses of systemic amphetamine decreased the stimulation frequency needed to sustain low rates of responding; high doses decreased the maximal response rates that were sustained by the highest stimulation frequencies. Ipsilateral microinjections (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 micrograms/0.5 microliter) of D-amphetamine sulfate into the nucleus accumbens also caused shifts to the left of the rate-frequency function; no central dose caused a change in the asymptotic response rate associated with high stimulation frequencies. Contralateral injections of D-amphetamine (10.0 micrograms) also shifted the rate-frequency functions to the left, but were much less potent. Ipsilateral injections of D-amphetamine into the caudate were also less potent, suggesting nucleus accumbens rather than more dorsal tissue as the site of this behavioral action. Also less potent were the effects of L amphetamine, ruling out non-specific effects of pH, osmolarity and the like and also ruling out noradrenergic actions as explanations of the behavioral effects of the injections. These data suggest that nucleus accumbens is a site of amphetamine's reward-enhancing and threshold-lowering effects on brain stimulation reward. PMID- 3179711 TI - Exogenous GM1 gangliosides protect against retrograde degeneration following posterior neocortex lesions in developing hamsters. AB - Developing and adult hamsters received unilateral neocortex aspiration lesions and were then treated daily with exogenous ganglioside (GM1, 30 mg/kg, i.p.). When lesions were made at the age of two weeks, GM1-treated animals had less shrinkage of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus compared to controls. Although a similar observation was made in adults, the effect was not as striking. Thus, GM1-treatment reduces retrograde degeneration after neocortical lesions and this effect is most pronounced during early development. PMID- 3179712 TI - Alterations and recovery of dendritic spine density in rat hippocampus following long-term ethanol ingestion. AB - Neuronal loss and dendritic pathology are often observed in humans and animals after long-term ethanol ingestion. It is not known, however, if surviving but damaged neurons can recover normal structure during ethanol abstinence. We quantified dendritic spine density in two neuronal populations in rat hippocampus to investigate whether reversibility from the cellular neurotoxic sequelae of chronic ethanol exposure was possible. Male Long-Evans rats were maintained for 20 weeks on an ethanol-containing liquid diet. Controls were pair-fed a liquid diet with sucrose substituted isocalorically for ethanol. One-half of each group was sacrificed at the end of the 20-week treatment and one-half was given a 20 week ethanol-free recovery period period to sacrifice. Analysis of rapid Golgi material revealed a decreased spine density in CA1 pyramidal cells that increased to control level during abstinence, and an increased spine density in dentate gyrus granule cells that was reduced toward control level during abstinence. Thus, despite the fact that chronic ethanol exposure produced differential initial effects, the return toward normal spine density in each region is consistent with the concept of neuronal recovery and reorganization during abstinence from ethanol. PMID- 3179713 TI - Morphine alters preproenkephalin gene expression. AB - Rats made tolerant/dependent to morphine by s.c. implantation of drug pellets displayed a significant decrease in striatal preproenkephalin mRNA that persisted during the period of withdrawal. Levels of Met-enkephalin were normal at the end of treatment, but reduced after withdrawal. The direction and time-course of these alterations are consistent with roles for altered neuronal gene expression in the phenomena of opiate tolerance and dependence. PMID- 3179714 TI - A convenient bioassay for NGF using a new subline of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells (PC12D). AB - A useful bioassay for nerve growth factor (NGF) has been developed, based on the rapid outgrowth of neurites (within 24 h) from cells of a new subclone of PC12 cells (PC12D) in response to NGF. The sensitivity is similar to that of other bioassay systems that the the sensory ganglia of chick embryos of primed PC12 cells. The assay is readily adaptable for the purification of NGF and for the determination of levels of NGF in tissue, as shown by a comparison of results from this assay to the data obtained by an immunological assay. PMID- 3179715 TI - Selective neuronal destruction by Ricinus communis agglutinin I and its use for the quantitative determination of sciatic nerve dorsal root ganglion cell numbers. AB - The selectivity of the neurotoxic lesion of Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCAI) in rat dorsal root ganglia was examined. RCAI was injected in the sural nerve on one side. Two weeks later, the injected nerve, as well as the ipsilateral peroneal nerve, were examined in 1-micron-thick plastic embedded sections in the light microscope. The injected nerves showed a complete or almost complete Wallerian-like degeneration of myelinated fibers, but there were no signs of fiber damage in the uninjected nerves, which to a large extent originate in the same ganglia as the injected ones. We conclude that RCAI does not diffuse into and destroy ganglion cells adjacent to those that have transported the substance. We then used this selectivity in the effect of RCAI to determine indirectly the relative number of neurons in dorsal root ganglia L4-L6 which contribute to the sciatic nerve. Three weeks after unilateral injections of RCAI in the sciatic nerve, the L4-L6 dorsal root ganglion cells were counted bilaterally. On average, relative neuronal numbers between injected and uninjected sides were 0.36, 0.15 and 0.64 for L4, L5 and L6 respectively. From these data we conclude that the sciatic nerve receives on average of 64%, 85% and 36%, respectively of its sensory contribution from these ganglia. PMID- 3179716 TI - Physiological and morphological characteristics of cat masticatory motoneurons- intracellular injection of HRP. AB - The physiology and morphology of masticatory motoneurons of adult cats were examined by the methods of intracellular recording and intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. Masseter and jaw-opening motoneurons were identified by intracellular recordings of the antidromic response following stimulation of the masseter and mylohyoid nerves, respectively. An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) was recorded from masseter neurons by stimulation of the masseter nerve with stimulus intensity below threshold for antidromic response. In contrast, the EPSP was not recorded from jaw-opening motoneurons by stimulation of the mylohyoid nerve with stimulus intensity below threshold for antidromic response. Patterns of postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) in the masseter motoneurons following stimulation of the tooth pulp or periodontal afferents were classified into 4 types: hyperpolarization (n = 40), depolarization-hyperpolarization (n = 9), hyperpolarization-depolarization (n = 5), and depolarization with spike potentials (n = 10). On the other hand, patterns of the PSPs in the jaw-opening motoneurons following stimulation of the same afferents were classified into two types: depolarization with spike potentials (n = 19), and hyperpolarization (n = 5). Twenty-five masseter and 7 jaw-opening motoneurons and an intranuclear neuron were reconstructed from serial sections in the transverse plane. On the basis of dendritic morphology, the masseter motoneurons could be classified into two major groups, type I (n = 15) and type II (n = 9), whereas two neurons were found to constitute a separate category of the masseter motoneuron. The dendritic distributions of all the jaw-opening motoneurons examined were generally similar and there was no indication of the existence of subtypes, whereas there were 2 or 3 subgroups in type I and type II masseter motoneurons. Type I masseter neurons had primary dendrites which extended radially in all directions, and the whole profile of their dendritic trees presented a spherical and an egg-shaped appearance. In type II masseter neurons, the origin of primary dendrites was bipolar or tripolar, and the whole profile of their dendritic trees presented a hemispherical and mirror-imaged, funnel-shaped appearance. The other two masseter motoneurons had a particular dendritic tree which was much simpler in configuration, with less tapering or branching than those of other neurons examined. In contrast, the dendritic profiles of all the jaw-opening motoneurons were similarly organized and showed vertically oriented dendritic trees which were more developed in the dorsomedial than in the ventrolateral direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3179717 TI - Quaking shiverer double mutant mice: morphological phenotypes support possible dual actions of the shiverer locus. AB - Mice doubly homozygous for the two different hypomyelination mutations, quaking (qk) and shiverer (shi) or shiverer myelin-deficient (shimld) (abbreviations: qk*shi and qk*shimld), both have much less myelin than either single mutant ancestor, myelin morphology resembling shi or shimld rather than qk, and abundant shi-type oligodendrocytic microprocesses. The qk*shimld double mutant differs from qk*shi only in having small amounts of normal or abnormal major dense line, in keeping with the morphologic difference between the shi and shimld single mutants. By contrast, shi*jp and shimld*jp have clearly different morphological phenotypes; unexpectedly the major dense line is present in the CNS myelin of shi*jp but not shimld*jp. When shi and shimld act alone, their different DNA abnormalities produce similar protein abnormalities. We speculate that the two mutations interact with qk at a different, later step of DNA expression than they interact with jp. In the interaction with qk, the similar proteins produce similar morphologies. In the interaction with jp, the different DNAs are somehow caused to produce protein differences that are reflected in different morphologies. In this study we have observed for the first time a morphological effect of these mutant genes in heterozygous animals. Of particular importance, animals whose genomes combine shi/+ or shimld/+ with qk/qk produce qk-type, compacted myelin but abundant shi-type oligodendrocyte microprocesses. We consider this as evidence that both shi and shimld have two effects: non production of a normal structural protein, myelin basic protein, and production of an abnormal protein which perturbs the cytogogic function we postulate to be normally exercised by the myelin basic protein gene. PMID- 3179718 TI - Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase-positive neurons in cat cerebral white matter. AB - Two populations of neurons in the cat cerebral white matter were detected using histochemistry for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity. One type was bipolar in shape with two cell processes extending in opposite directions, existed mainly in the subcortical areas and was oriented parallel to fiber bundles. The second type had 4 or 5 very long, prominent and varicose cell processes radiating in various directions. They were round or polygonal in shape and formed networks in the white matter of the frontoparietal area. NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons were also examined by the modified Golgi-Cox silver impregnation method. With this impregnation method, the same two morphological types could be detected but the detailed morphology of these particular populations of neurons was revealed much more fully by NADPH diaphorase enzyme histochemistry than by the silver impregnation method. PMID- 3179719 TI - Sensory modulation of hippocampal transmission. II. Evidence for a cholinergic locus of inhibition in the Schaffer-CA1 synapse. AB - The present work studied the neurotransmitter mediating the depressive effect of sensory stimulation on the Schaffer-CA1 transmission. Field responses of the CA1 region evoked by ipsilateral CA3 stimuli were recorded in paralyzed, locally anesthetized rats following the same experimental paradigm as in the previous work. The tissue zone under recording was perfused in vivo by an implanted hollow fiber (brain dialysis device) with either Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB), or KRB with penicillin, atropine, acetylcholine or eserine. Results were the following: (1) atropine increased the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) amplitude in a dose-dependent manner and totally abolished the modulatory action of sensory stimulation; (2) both the field EPSP and the modulatory action of sensory stimulation remained unaltered during the blockade of GABAergic activity by penicillin; (3) acetylcholine as well as eserine induced a great diminution of both field EPSP and population spike amplitudes, without altering the effect of sensory stimulation; (4) penicillin and atropine induced multiple population spikes, reversing the effect of sensory stimulation and increasing the cell excitability. These results demonstrate that the sensory modulation of information transfer through the Schaffer-CA1 synapse is mediated by a muscarinic cholinergic mechanism. The dose-dependent increase in the field EPSP by muscarinic blockade is evidence for the existence of a cholinergic presynaptic inhibition on the Schaffer collateral terminals. PMID- 3179720 TI - Intraspinal sprouting after administration of nerve growth factor antibodies to neonatal rats. AB - Previous observations show that neonatal removal of nerve growth factor results in an increased number of fine dorsal root axons in the adult animal. The present study shows that the same treatment results in 49% more axons in the adult tract of Lissauer, which is an area of spinal white matter that contains predominantly fine primary afferent axons. These data are consistent with the idea that postnatal removal of NGF leads to increased numbers of fine primary afferent axons which then pass into the white matter of the spinal cord and there make synaptic contacts. If so, this would be a useful preparation for studies on the mechanisms by which newly formed sensory axons can be induced to enter the spinal cord postnatally. PMID- 3179721 TI - Behavior of extracellular K+ and pH in skate (Raja erinacea) cerebellum. AB - Ion-selective microelectrodes were used to measure extracellular K+ concentrations ([K+]o) and extracellular pH (pHo) in skate cerebellum under resting and stimulated conditions. Consistent with earlier ion analysis of elasmobranch cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), [K+]o was 3.6 +/- 0.1 mM. During parallel fiber activation, [K+]o increased to an upper limit of 12-14 mM with an approximately linear dependence on stimulation frequency (1-20 Hz). Post-stimulus undershoots of 0.1-0.6 mM were seen throughout an animal temperature range of 13 18 degrees C. When stimulation produced spreading depression (SD), [K+]o first increased to about 10 mM, then rose more rapidly to about 30 mM. These observations indicate a K+ ceiling of 10-12 mM in elasmobranchs. This ceiling is the same as that seen in mammals, despite marked differences in CSF composition and osmolality between mammalian and elasmobranch species. Extracellular pH (resting pHo was 7.1-7.3) was also altered during parallel fiber stimulation. An initial alkaline shift and subsequent extracellular acidification were characteristic of the response. These pHo transients were similar to those reported in other preparations, although the alkaline shift was enhanced. This may be attributed to the relatively low buffering capacity of elasmobranch CSF and to summation with a generally smaller acid shift. PMID- 3179722 TI - Striatal and cortical acetylcholine release in vivo in rats with unilateral decortication: effects of treatment with monosialoganglioside GM1. AB - Striatal and cortical extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) levels were determined in samples collected under in vivo conditions using microdialysis in normal (naive) and decorticated rats treated with saline or the monoganglioside GM1. ACh and Ch were assayed using a sensitive high performance liquid chromatography technique coupled to a postcolumn reactor with immobilized enzymes. Picomole amounts of ACh could be measured in the presence of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (neostigmine) in the microdialysis perfusion medium (striatal ACh = 0.2-0.4 microM; cortical ACh = 0.03-0.04 microM). Ch was detected both in the presence and in the absence of neostigmine (striatal Ch = 0.5-0.6 microM; cortical Ch = 0.6-2 microM). ACh, but not Ch, was strongly stimulated by 100 mM of KCl included in the perfusion medium. Decortication produced by devascularization did not significantly modify the cortical or striatal basal levels of ACh. However, in the cortex, KCl produced a higher ACh stimulation in the GM1-treated than in the saline-treated decorticated or naive rats. The present results indicate that GM1-treatment increases the ability of cortical cholinergic terminals to release ACh and support the idea that trophic factors such as monoganglioside GM1 can promote recovery following injuries of the central nervous system. PMID- 3179723 TI - Late slow outward currents following hyperpolarizing commands are associated with intracellular Ca2+ increase in guinea-pig submucous neurons: investigations with fura-2. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from submucous neurons in the guinea-pig isolated caecum. A hyperpolarization lasting several seconds followed the termination of a strong hyperpolarizing current pulse; this was always accompanied by a decrease in input resistance. In neurons voltage-clamped at -30 mV, a late slow outward current (LSOC) flowed for more than 10 s, following the termination of a hyperpolarizing command (-100 mV, 2 s). This current was dependent on extracellular K+ concentration, but was not affected by tetraethylammonium, D-tubocurarine and 4-aminopyridine, and was reversibly blocked by low calcium/high magnesium solution. Intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured by using a fluorescent calcium indicator, fura-2. In voltage-clamped neurons, [Ca2+]i decreased during the hyperpolarizing command pulse, but increased above the original level at the end of the command. The time course of the change in [Ca2+]i was almost the same as that of the LSOC. Intracellular injection of cesium ions depressed the LSOC, but did not affect the change in [Ca2+]i. The present results indicate that the LSOC is due to activation of calcium-sensitive potassium conductance. PMID- 3179724 TI - Inhibitors of calmodulin and protein kinase C block different phases of hippocampal long-term potentiation. AB - The effects of a calmodulin (CaM) inhibitor, which does not influence Ca2+ fluxes (calmidazolium, RO-24571), and a new potent inhibitor of protein kinase C (K 252b) on long-term potentiation (LTP) were compared in hippocampal slices. Tetanic stimulation of the stratum radiatum during perfusion of calmidazolium (50 nM) failed to induce the characteristic post-tetanic and long-term increase in the magnitude of CA1-evoked responses. During perfusion with K-252b (50 nM) post tetanic potentiation and initial LTP is expressed normally, but thereafter declines back to baseline with a 60 min delay. By themselves, the inhibitors had no significant effect on synaptic transmission in a non-tetanized control input. Our data are in line with current evidence from several laboratories that CaM- and protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent processes are involved in LTP and support the hypothesis that CaM mediates initiation and that PKC mediates mechanisms underlying the maintenance of LTP. PMID- 3179725 TI - The median preoptic nucleus participates in the control of paraventricular vasopressin neurons by the subfornical organ in the rat. AB - Extracellular single-unit activity was recorded from phasically firing neurohypophyseal neurons (n = 41) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of urethane-anesthetized male rats. Electrical stimulation of the subfornical organ (SFO) produced orthodromic long-duration (n = 18) or short duration (n = 10) excitation or inhibition (n = 8) of the activity of PVN neurons. The long-duration excitatory response of about half (n = 7) the neurons (n = 15) tested was reversibly abolished by microinjection of the local anesthetic lidocaine into the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), whereas neither the short-duration excitatory (n = 7) nor inhibitory (n = 6) responses were affected. These results suggest that the SFO efferents through the MnPO to the PVN may transmit the neuromodulatory signals which evoke long-duration increases in the excitability of putative vasopressin (VP)-secreting neurons in the PVN. PMID- 3179726 TI - Long-term recording of cerebrospinal fluid pressure in freely behaving rats. AB - Literature values for 'normal', 'control', 'resting' or 'baseline' cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSF-p) of rats reveal a large variability. Anesthesia, restraint, brief recordings at variable times from various sites and simultaneous infusions into the recording cannula may partly explain the variability. Here, we report values of continuous, day/night CSF-p recordings from a lateral ventricle in conscious, relatively unrestrained and freely behaving rats. The mean (+/- S.E.M.) daytime/nighttime values were 11.4 +/- 2.0 and 14.9 +/- 2.3 cm H2O, respectively (P less than 0.05). Minimum, but not maximum CSF-p's during the day were lower (P less than 0.05) than at night. The results provide a normative data base for studies designed to evaluate experimental or pathological phenomena affecting CSF-p. PMID- 3179727 TI - AHP reductions in rabbit hippocampal neurons during conditioning correlate with acquisition of the learned response. AB - Young adult male albino rabbits were conditioned using a free field auditory conditioned stimulus (CS) and periorbital shock unconditioned stimulus (US) in a short delay eye blink paradigm. All rabbits received two 80-trial training sessions. Intracellular recordings were made from hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons within brain slices prepared 24 h following the second training session. All 46 CA1 neurons included in the analysis had stable penetration, at least 70 mV impulse amplitudes and at least 40 M omega input resistance. Recording and initial data analysis were done 'blind' regarding behavioral training performance of the rabbit from which the slices were prepared. The animals were separated into a High (86 +/- 6% CRs, n = 12), and Low (12 +/- 4% CRs, n = 10) Acquisition group based on the number of blink CRs shown on the second training day (P less than 0.001). CA1 pyramidal neurons from the High Acquisition group (n = 20) showed a significant reduction in the afterhypolarization (AHP) response following 4 impulses elicited by intracellular current injection as compared to neurons from the Low Acquisition group (n = 26). The mean maximal AHP amplitudes after 4 spikes were -2.9 +/- 0.34 mV and -4.0 +/- 0.31 mV, respectively, in the High and Low Acquisition groups (P less than 0.01). The size of the AHP examined at 100 ms intervals during the first 1.7 s after the current pulse proved to be reduced in the High group both when evaluated for all points (F = 5.88, df = 1.44, P less than 0.02) and for each of the individual time points (at least P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179728 TI - Effects of naltrexone on nucleus accumbens, lateral hypothalamic and ventral tegmental self-stimulation rate-frequency functions. AB - Rats trained to lever-press for electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens, lateral hypothalamus, or ventral tegmental area, were tested with a range of stimulation frequencies to assess the effects of naltrexone (2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/kg, i.p.) during sessions beginning 15 or 45 min after injection. Naltrexone, when effective, shifted the rate-frequency functions to the right; the magnitude of the effect depended on site of stimulation and on the delay after injection. The greatest effect was observed with stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and the least with stimulation of the ventral tegmental area. There was a greater attenuation of responding during the late test sessions than during the early ones. The time course of naltrexone's effect on brain stimulation reward was determined for the highest dose by measuring a rat's rate of responding over a 3 h period in sessions with immediate access (5-min delay) or delayed access (45 min delay) to stimulation. The greatest decreases in responding were observed 45, 65, and 85 min after injection and the delay in access made little difference. The fact that the drug was more effective 45 min after injection explains some of the inconsistencies in the literature; the fact that its effectiveness was independent of early exposure to stimulation would suggest pharmacological rather than experiential factors as the explanation of the delayed effectiveness. PMID- 3179729 TI - Rapid synthesis of acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions. AB - The rate of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) degradation in mature, innervated mammalian neuromuscular junctions has recently been shown to be biphasic; up to 20% are rapidly turned over (RTOs; half life less than 1 day) whereas the remainder are lost more slowly ('stable' AChRs; half life 10-12 days). In order to maintain normal junctional receptor density, synthesis and insertion of AChRs should presumably be sufficiently rapid to replace both the RTOs and the stable receptors. We have tested this prediction by blocking pre-existing AChRs in the mouse sternomastoid muscle with alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx), and monitoring the subsequent appearance of 'new' junctional AChRs at intervals of 3 h to 20 days by labeling them with 125I-alpha-BuTx. The results show that new receptors were initially inserted rapidly (16% at 24 h and 28% at 48 h). The rate of increase of 'new' 125I-alpha-BuTx binding sites gradually slowed down during the remainder of the time period studied. Control observations excluded possible artifacts of the experimental procedure including incomplete blockade of AChRs, dissociation of toxin-receptor complexes, or experimentally induced alteration of receptor synthesis. The present demonstration of rapid synthesis and incorporation of AChRs at innervated neuromuscular junctions provides support for the concept of a subpopulation of rapidly turned over AChRs. The RTOs may serve as precursors for the larger population of stable receptors and have an important role in the metabolism of the neuromuscular synapse. PMID- 3179730 TI - Relations between time-and frequency-domain measures of signal transmission from cutaneous afferents to dorsal horn neurons. AB - In pentobarbitone-anesthetized cats, the spike sequences of dorsal horn neurons were recorded in response to random stimulation of branches of the suralis nerve. Combined frequency- and time-domain analysis was performed on the stimulus and spike trains. Coherence function estimates computed by spectral analysis were compared with peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs). The cell responses were divided into 4 main types: PSTHs with a single high and narrow peak were associated with broad-range high coherence; PSTHs with two (or sometimes 3) distinct peaks concurred with a coherence which was high a low frequencies, low at intermediate ones and higher again at high frequencies; broad unstructured PSTH peaks of varying height concurred with coherence declining from high values at low frequencies to lower values at higher ones; and small and broad PSTH peaks were associated with generally low coherence. Thus, the variation of coherence with frequency depends on the precise pattern of cell discharge. PMID- 3179731 TI - Measurement of septal release of vasopressin and oxytocin by the push-pull technique following electrical stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus of rats. AB - The release of vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) within the septum was studied with the push-pull perfusion technique in 6 conscious, freely behaving male rats. Push-pull perfusion was performed via a chronically implanted cannula and samples collected for 3 consecutive 30-min periods. Stimulating electrodes were implanted in both the left and right paraventricular nuclei 4 days before the experiment. Bilateral electrical stimulation (10-s trains every 4 min) of the paraventricular nuclei during the second 30-min period resulted in a significant increase in the release of both AVP and OXT (128% and 159% of control values respectively); release returned to the pre-stimulation value during the final 30-min collection. PMID- 3179732 TI - Efferent projections of the parvocellular reticular nucleus to the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus in rat. AB - Field potentials recorded in the caudal part of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus have been studied in response to stimulation of the parvocellular reticular nucleus (PCRt). Besides discharges of spindle afferent units evoked by antidromic stimulation of Probst's tract, relayed and direct afferent volleys of PCRt fibres were recorded in this nucleus. The results indicate the existence of two populations of PCRt fibres projecting on different regions of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. PMID- 3179733 TI - Simultaneous measurement of magnetic and electric responses of in vitro hippocampal slices. AB - Simultaneous measurement of magnetic and electrical activity in in vitro hippocampal slices has been performed. A magnetic signal of 300-400 fT was observed coincident with extracellular electrical potential activity. Comparison is made with a current dipole model similar to that used for the analysis of magnetoencephalographic data, but with additional constraints obtained from the electrical signal. Limitations of this model for the hippocampal slice are discussed. PMID- 3179734 TI - Burst firing induced in midbrain dopamine neurons by stimulation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. AB - Extracellular recordings were obtained from mesencephalic dopamine neurons in urethane-anesthetized rats. A population of neurons responded to electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex with bursts of action potentials. These bursts resembled those that occur spontaneously in midbrain dopamine neurons with regard to length, interspike interval and post-burst inhibition. This is the first afferent input known to elicit bursting in dopamine neurons. PMID- 3179735 TI - Potassium ions play a role in the glycine-induced inhibition of rat substantia nigra zona compacta neurones. AB - Glycine directly inhibits the firing, it hyperpolarizes and/or depolarizes the dopaminergic neurones and increases the membrane conductance. In voltage clamp experiments (near resting potential) either outward and/or inward currents were produced. These actions were present in tetrodotoxin and in 0-calcium-cobalt treated slices and were antagonized by strychnine. The hyperpolarization depended on the extracellular concentration of potassium and was prevented by cesium diffusion into the cell. Thus potassium ions participate in the glycine mediated inhibition of the firing of substantia nigra zona compacta cells. PMID- 3179736 TI - Uptake of methylmercury in the rat brain: effects of amino acids. AB - Aspects of the regulation of methylmercury (MeHg) transport across the blood brain barrier (BBB) were investigated in the in vivo Long-Evans female rat. Fifteen s after intracarotid injection, brain 203Hg concentration was significantly increased in animals injected with 0.05 mM [203Hg]MeHgCl plus 0.1 mM L-cysteine compared with controls (P less than 0.05). This L-cysteine-enhanced 203Hg brain uptake was abolished by coinjections of [203Hg]MeHgCl with 0.1 mM L cysteine-L-methionine, or 0.1 mM L-cysteine plus AT-125 (alpha S, 5S-alpha-amino 3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazolacetic acid), an irreversible inhibitor of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. Coinjections of rats with [203Hg]MeHgCl and 0.1 mM D cysteine did not result in an increase in the rate of 203Hg uptake compared with controls. Furthermore, [203Hg]MeHg uptake at 15 s after intracarotid injections in the rat was stereospecific to the neutral amino acid carrier, as 203Hg uptake across the BBB was not inhibited by coinjections of [203Hg]MeHgCl with aspartic acid, an acidic amino acid. These results indicate the presence in brain capillaries of a transport system capable of selectively mediating MeHg uptake across the brain capillary endothelial cell membrane. PMID- 3179737 TI - Cochlear nucleus inputs to olivocochlear neurones revealed by combined anterograde and retrograde labelling in the guinea pig. AB - Injections of the fluorescent tracer, Fast blue (FB), into cochlear nucleus complex in guinea pig produced strong anterograde labelling of ascending projections from this nucleus. When combined with retrograde labelling of olivocochlear efferent neurones by intracochlear injection of a second fluorescent tracer, Diamidino yellow (DY), the synaptic terminals formed on these cells by projections from the cochlear nucleus could be identified. The results provide direct support for the notion that many of the ipsilateral-monaural cochlear efferents identified in physiological studies correspond to the olivocochlear neurones located in brainstem nuclei contralateral to their target cochlea. PMID- 3179738 TI - Evidence for peptidergic innervation of the endocrine optic gland in Sepia by neurons showing FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity. AB - The innervation of the endocrine optic gland of Sepia, which controls sexual maturation, was studied by immunocytochemistry. Anti-FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe NH2) serum revealed immunoreactive neurons in the olfactory and basal-dorsal lobe of the supra-esophageal brain mass. The axons of these neurons form a network from which fibers run to the optic gland. The fibers form many varicosities on the glandular cells, indicating synaptic innervation. Apparently, the two brain lobes containing the immunopositive cells function as a unit where visual and olfactory cues are integrated to regulate the endocrine activity of the optic gland. PMID- 3179739 TI - Cultured fetal tectal tissue grafted to the midbrain of newborn rats: morphology of grafts and innervation by host retinal and cortical axons. AB - It has been shown previously that tectal tissue obtained from young embryos can be successfully transplanted to the neonatal rat brain. In the present study, tecta from E15 rat embryos were maintained as free-floating explants for 3-14 days in vitro (DIV) before being transplanted to the midbrain of newborn rats. We wished to determine how explant culture affected (i) graft survival, (ii) the subsequent morphological and histochemical development of tectal grafts and (iii) the specificity with which host retinal and cortical axons grew into and innervated the graft neuropil. Grafts were examined 6-40 weeks posttransplantation. Host retinal input was assessed by injecting the host eyes with either [3H]proline, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated HRP. The host cortical projection was examined using anterograde degeneration techniques. Frozen tissue sections were also stained for Nissl, neurofibrils or reacted for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). All 3 DIV and 7 DIV explants survived transplantation and many grew considerably in size within the host brain. 14 DIV grafts were smaller and were found in only 50% of host brains. The cellular organization, fibre architecture and pattern of AChE staining in cultured grafts was similar to that found in non-cultured tectal transplants. Furthermore, host retina and cortex projected into the grafts in a manner similar to their innervation of non-cultured tectal tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179740 TI - Local cerebral glucose utilization following unilateral and bilateral lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis in the rat. AB - To investigate to what extent the loss of cholinergic projections to the neocortex results in functional impairment in the target areas, local rates of cerebral glucose utilization were measured following excitotoxin lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in the rat. Both unilateral and bilateral lesions of NBM resulted in reversible depression of cerebral metabolism. The effects of unilateral lesions were limited to the cortical areas which receive most of the cholinergic projections from NBM. The metabolic defect produced by bilateral lesions was spread to the whole brain. Within 4 months, however, normal metabolic values coexisted with marked changes of the presynaptic cholinergic markers and impairment of conditioned behavior. PMID- 3179741 TI - Oxytocin and vasopressin gene expression during gestation and lactation. AB - Levels of rat hypothalamic oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) mRNA were determined during gestation and lactation using a densitometric hybridization assay. Pregnancy induced a gradual rise in OT mRNA, reaching, by day 18, a level exceeding control by a factor of 2.5. Throughout the lactation period OT mRNA remained elevated at levels corresponding to 3 times that of control. Surprisingly, the dynamics of AVP mRNA accumulation paralleled closely the profile observed for OT mRNA throughout the time period studied. We conclude that in late pregnancy and lactation the expression of both, the OT and the AVP gene is stimulated in parallel by mechanisms operating at a pretranslational level, involving increased gene transcription or mRNA stabilization, or both. Further characterization of the two mRNA species revealed that both mRNAs are endowed with very long poly(A) tails of greater than 200 nucleotides, under conditions of both, normal and stimulated states of gene expression. The role, if any, of the prolonged poly(A) tails in mRNA stability remains to be determined. PMID- 3179742 TI - Regulation of striatal prodynorphin mRNA levels by the raphe-striatal pathway. AB - Peptides derived from proenkephalin and prodynorphin are known to be located in striatal projection neurones. Anatomical studies have shown the presence of a major serotonergic projection from the dorsal raphe nucleus to the striatum, although the function of this pathway is unknown. We have used in situ nucleic acid hybridization to investigate a possible role of this serotonergic innervation in the regulation of striatal opioid gene expression. The levels of proenkephalin mRNA and prodynorphin mRNA were determined in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. Destruction of the dorsal raphe nucleus by microinjection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine failed to affect the levels of proenkephalin mRNA in any region. However, the levels of prodynorphin mRNA were significantly reduced in the medial nucleus accumbens and caudomedial striatum. This implies that activity in the raphe-striatal serotonin pathway mediates a tonic and selective enhancement of prodynorphin gene expression in the striatal target cells. This is in contrast to the tonic suppression of proenkephalin gene expression mediated by the mesostriatal dopamine pathway. PMID- 3179743 TI - A noxious stimulus induces the preprotachykinin-A gene expression in the rat dorsal root ganglion: a quantitative study using in situ hybridization histochemistry. AB - Using in situ hybridization histochemistry, we examined the biosynthesis of the preprotachykinin-A (PPTA) mRNAs, which code for substance P (SP) and also a related peptide, substance K (SK), in the rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The animals were injected with a small amount of formalin in the right hindpaw for nociceptive chemical stimulation. Analysis of hybridization signals in the emulsion autoradiography showed that the lumbar-5 DRG neurons expressing PPTA mRNAs were significantly increased in number and signal intensity on the formalin injected side. Such elevation of the PPTA mRNA expression in the DRG was observed as early as 3 h after formalin injection. These results show that the expression of the PPTA gene is activated by chemogenic noxious stimuli. PMID- 3179744 TI - An antiserum against chicken hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase reacts with the enzyme from pineal gland and retina and labels pineal modified photoreceptors. AB - Biosynthesis of the indolic hormone melatonin has been reported in the pineal gland and retina. The terminal step of melatonin synthesis is catalysed by hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), an enzyme displaying highest levels of activity in the pineal gland and retina. Several laboratories have suggested that melatonin synthesis might take place in retinal photoreceptors and in photoreceptor-derived cells of the pineal gland. Experimental support to this hypothesis is progressively building up with the immunocytochemical identification of HIOMT-containing cells in various animal species. In the present report, HIOMT was purified from the chicken pineal gland using a one-step chromatographic procedure and an antiserum against the enzyme was obtained in the rabbit. The antiserum was further purified by immunoadsorption chromatography on chicken brain proteins. Using electroblots immunochemical labeling, HIOMT from chicken pineal gland and retina was identified as a 38-kDa protein. Pineal HIOMT was further resolved into components of different pHi-values (5.4-5.7 and 6.8), using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Immunoprecipitation of HIOMT activity was observed in pineal homogenates and, for the first time, in homogenates of the retina. Immunofluorescence microscopy provided the first evidence that HIOMT is contained in modified photoreceptors of the chicken pineal gland. No immunofluorescence could be observed in the retina, maybe due to the lower level of HIOMT activity in this tissue. Together, the data indicate that the antiserum may be a useful tool to study the regulation of HIOMT synthesis in the pineal gland and in the retina. Further work is required to identify HIOMT-containing cells in the retina. PMID- 3179745 TI - In situ hybridization histochemistry: localisation of vasopressin mRNA in rat brain using a biotinylated oligonucleotide probe. AB - A biotinylated antisense oligonucleotide probe specific for the glycopeptide sequence of arginine vasopressin mRNA has been used with amplified detection for visualisation of arginine vasopressin mRNA in the rat hypothalamus. RNAase pretreatment to destroy arginine vasopressin mRNA and use of excess complementary oligonucleotide (sense) to absorb the biotinylated antisense oligonucleotide demonstrated the reaction is specific for arginine vasopressin mRNA. Further, dehydration of rats using 2% saline resulted in an increase in specific staining. The staining is localized to those neurones in the hypothalamus known to contain arginine vasopressin. PMID- 3179746 TI - Molecular cloning of a cDNA for the developmentally regulated brain protein, drebrin. AB - A lambda gt11 cDNA library from 10-day-old chicken embryo was screened immunologically using an antiserum against drebrins E1, E2 and A, proteins previously designated S5, S6 and S54, respectively. A cDNA clone for a common domain of drebrin was isolated. Northern blot analysis of chicken brain indicated that drebrin mRNAs are about 2.7 kilobases in molecular size and that expression of these proteins is developmentally regulated. PMID- 3179747 TI - Localization of vasopressin mRNA-containing neurones in the hypothalamus of the monkey. AB - Neuronal perikarya containing vasopressin mRNA were detected in cryostat sections of cynomolgus monkey brains by using an in situ hybridization technique. The neurones were observed in hypothalamic regions (supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and accessory supraoptic nucleus). These findings are in agreement with previous reports using immunohistochemical methods. PMID- 3179748 TI - Delayed postnatal neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex of lizards. AB - Labelled cells were consistently observed in the medial cortex of the lizard brain after i.p. injections of tritiated thymidine (5 microCi/g b. wt.), 1, 7, 18 or 28 days of survival and posterior autoradiographic evaluation. In 3 groups of specimens (postnatal, young and adult) of the species Podarcis hispanica, after one day of survival, labelled cells were located in the ependymal cell layer underlying the medial cortex. After intermediate survival times (7, 18 days), labelled cells were found in 3 zones: the ependymal layer, the inner plexiform layer and the granular layer. After one month of survival, most labelled cells were observed in the granular layer. In the granular layer, these cells were distributed at random. These results show that postnatal neurogenesis in the medial cortex of the lizard occurs following a spatio-temporal pattern reminiscent of that found in the fascia dentata of the mammalian hippocampus. PMID- 3179749 TI - Postnatal growth of medial gastrocnemius motoneurons in the kitten. AB - Cat muscle nerves and ventral roots for the hindlimbs show a unimodal distribution of axon diameter at birth, followed, at about 20 days postnatal (dPN), by a marked change to a bimodal distribution resembling that of the adult. However, volumes calculated for motoneuron somata retrogradely labeled with HRP have been reported to be divided into two size populations at birth in the kitten. In the literature it is suggested that a dissociation between axonal and somal growth appears at a very early age. This apparent dissociation, not present in adults, prompted us to examine the somal growth patterns of kitten lumbar motoneurons. In the present report we have examined somal size development in medial gastrocnemius (MG) motor nuclei in 18 cats aged 2 dPN to adulthood using retrogradely transported horseradish peroxidase to label the motoneurons. Measurements of minimum and maximum diameter somal size, volume calculations and a double circle technique relating the diameters of an estimated spherical volume contained within the soma to that of a second spherical volume enclosing the soma clearly distinguish two subpopulations in the adult, a small and a large population. In contrast, in the kitten we show there is a unimodal distribution of small motoneuron somata at birth which at 19-23 dPN differentiates into a bimodal population. This sudden differentiation of somal size coincides with that reported for MG motoneuron axonal calibre, ruling against a neonatal dissociation of somal and axonal size distributions, and appears to correspond to the time of onset of functional characteristics and the histochemical differentiation of fiber types in the MG muscle. PMID- 3179750 TI - Adhesion of neural cells to extracellular matrix constituents. Involvement of glycosaminoglycans and cell adhesion molecules. AB - Single cell suspensions of early postnatal mouse cerebellum adhere to substrate bound culture supernatants of the teratocarcinoma cell line PF-HR9 and can be inhibited to adhere by antibodies to the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N CAM. Adhesion can also be inhibited by the glycosaminoglycans heparin and heparan sulfate, and less by chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronic acid. Heparinase treatment of cells, but not of HR9 substrate, reduces adhesion. Adhesion does not appear to be mediated by laminin, a constituent of HR9 extracellular matrix, since L1 and N CAM antibodies do not interfere with cell adhesion on EHS sarcoma laminin as substrate and since antibodies to EHS sarcoma laminin partially inhibit adhesion to HR9 extracellular matrix which contains laminin. Of the other extracellular matrix constituents analysed in HR9 culture supernatants (collagen type IV, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan and fibronectin) none could be shown to promote adhesion, when coated as substrate, suggesting that yet unidentified compounds are responsible for L1- or N-CAM-mediated cell adhesion. These experiments show for the first time that extracellular matrix constituents can act as binding partners for the neural cell adhesion molecules L1 and N-CAM. PMID- 3179751 TI - Developmental changes in protein phosphorylation in chicken forebrain. II. Calmodulin stimulated phosphorylation. AB - The development of calmodulin stimulated protein phosphorylation, with particular reference to calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase II (CMK II), was investigated in 3 subcellular fractions of chicken forebrain: cytosol (S3), crude synaptic plasma membranes (P2-M) and occluded cytosol (P2-S). Changes in the level of calmodulin-stimulated phosphorylation of endogenous proteins occurred over a protracted time course and were not complete until after day 52 post-hatching. By day 15 post-hatching, calmodulin-stimulated phosphoproteins characteristic of embryonic fractions had all disappeared and those characteristic of adult tissue were present but not necessarily at their mature levels. The levels of CMK II were estimated from the autophosphorylation of the alpha-subunit which was the only phosphoprotein present at 53,000 Da in the 3 fractions. Overall, calmodulin stimulated phosphorylation and CMK II levels were low in embryonic brain and high in adult brain but two specific changes in CMK II were observed during development: (1) although CMK II concentrations increased in both membrane and cytosolic fractions until day 23 the kinase was predominantly cytoplasmic (approximately 75%) until day 23, after which it became increasingly membrane bound so that by day 52 post-hatching the majority of CMK II was present in the synaptic membrane fraction, and (2) the relative concentrations of the alpha- and beta-subunits changed from an alpha:beta-value of approximately 1:1 in the 19 day embryo to approximately 1:2 by 15 days post-hatch after which no further change was seen. The occurrence of major changes in the calmodulin stimulated protein phosphorylation system for up to 6-8 weeks after synapse formation is completed in the forebrain, provides further support for the existence of a synapse maturation phase of neuronal differentiation which is distinct from synapse formation. This phase involves only a specific subset of the developmental changes occurring in the calmodulin-stimulated phosphorylation system. PMID- 3179752 TI - Electrophysiology and ultrastructure of mouse hypothalamic neurons in culture: a correlative analysis during development. AB - The development of the electrical activity of hypothalamic neurons in dissociated cell cultures obtained from 14 day old mice foetuses was studied using patch extracellular and intracellular recording techniques. Electrophysiological data were compared with morphological observations obtained by electron microscopy. During patch recording, excitability of the cells was tested by the application of a 40 mM KCl solution. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10(-6) M in the delivery pipette) and Co2+ (10(-2) M in the delivery pipette) were applied to the recorded cell by pressure in order to study the involvement of sodium and calcium currents in the electrical activity during the in vitro development. From the first day of incubation, TTX and Co2+ were able to block reversibly the spontaneous electrical activity. However, only TTX application inhibited action potentials which suggests that calcium currents could be poorly involved in the action potential generation at the beginning of neuronal differentiation. Three different phases were found in the electrophysiological development of hypothalamic neurons in culture. The first phase (between the 1st and the 5th day of incubation) was characterized by an increase in the ratio of the spontaneously active cells (15% at day 1 and 90% at day 5). This increase paralleled the increase of the ratio of excitable cells. During this period no post-synaptic activity was detected. Morphologically, at 36 h, no synaptic contact was observed and growth cones were found to be very primitive. The second phase, between the 6th and the 9th day of culture, was characterized by a decrease in the ratio of spontaneously active cells and by the appearance, in a few cases, of a postsynaptic potential activity. During this phase the majority of the silent cells were excitable. At this stage neurons formed well differentiated neurites and growth cones. Synaptogenesis had already started and several stages of synapse formation could be seen. The third phase of the development, from 10 days of incubation, was characterized by an increase in post synaptic potential activity. During this period, numerous mature synapses could be observed although most of the synaptic contacts were located on neurites. In addition, some synapses were apposed onto degenerated structures. In conclusion, hypothalamic neurons in culture appear to differentiate in 3 steps: a primitive stage during which spontaneous electrical activity and excitability develop without any synaptic contact; a 2nd stage during which synaptic contacts develop, followed by a third stage of synapse maturation where mature synapses are formed whereas transient synapses degenerate. PMID- 3179753 TI - Influence of triiodothyronine (L-T3) on the morphological and biochemical development of fetal brain acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons cultured in a chemically defined medium. AB - In cerebral hemisphere cultures initiated from 15-day-old rat embryos, the number of acetylcholinesterase-positive (AChE+) cells increased from 6.8 +/- 1.6 cells/well on day 3 to 112 +/- 16 cells/well on day 15. With time in culture, AChE+ cells increased both in size of the perikarya and neurite length. The addition of L-triiodothyronine (L-T3) at a concentration of 3 x 10(-8) M at the initiation of the culture had no effect on the number of AChE+ cells but significantly increased the size and neurite length of AChE+ neurons after 5 days in vitro. These morphological effects are associated with biochemical effects. L T3 increased AChE activity in both a dose- and time-dependent manner (the stimulatory effect of L-T3 becomes significant between day 8 and day 15). Since a major part of AChE+ cells may be cholinergic neurons, we have also measured the effect of L-T3 on ChAT activity. L-T3 also increased ChAT activity in a dose and time dependent manner. Furthermore, treatment of cultures with L-T3 at different times in culture demonstrated the presence of a critical period which occurs in vitro around day 20, since the stimulatory effect of L-T3 on ChAT activity is lost after 20 days in vitro. Studies of the time necessary for L-T3 to increase both ChAT and AChE activities show that 2 days and 15 days, respectively, are required for L-T3 to significantly stimulate both enzyme activities. This in vitro analysis demonstrated the morphological effect of L-T3 on the size and the neurite length of AChE+ cells. These effects are associated with biochemical effects on ChAT and AChE activities. Thus, it appears that thyroid hormones regulate several steps of neuronal maturation. PMID- 3179754 TI - Direct evidence that complex experience increases capillary branching and surface area in visual cortex of young rats. AB - Rats housed in complex environments with toys and other rats generate new synapses, and the expanding neuropil tends to spread apart existing blood vessels. Previous work demonstrated that weanling rats kept in complex environments had more closely packed capillaries, suggesting that new capillaries had sprouted into the newly added neuropil. The present study directly investigates the issue of new branching by using india ink perfusions of weanling rats kept for 30 days in a complex environment (EC), paired in standard caging (SC), or individual cages (IC) to examine the density of capillary branch points and the capillary surface area per unit tissue volume. EC rats had a greater density of branch points than the SC and IC littermates, a finding consistent with increased capillary sprouting. Capillary surface area per unit tissue volume and the number of branch points per unit of capillary surface area were also higher for EC rats. This suggests that blood vessels of EC rats branch off more often than those of animals kept in more standard conditions, and provides further evidence that complex experience can increase angiogenesis in cerebral cortex of postweanling rats. PMID- 3179755 TI - Age-related changes of muscimol binding in the substantia nigra. AB - Receptor binding studies of the substantia nigra (SN) and cerebellum revealed two affinity sites for muscimol binding in the SN and cerebellum of adult and 16-day old rats. Scatchard analysis revealed a paucity of high-affinity muscimol receptors in the SN of 16-day-old rat pups. These results suggest that the lack of anticonvulsant action of muscimol in the SN of 16-day-old rat pups may be due to the paucity of high-affinity muscimol receptors as compared to adult rats. PMID- 3179756 TI - Structure and function of barrel 'precursor' cells in trigeminal nucleus principalis. AB - Intracellular recording, electrical stimulation, receptive field mapping, HRP injection, and computer reconstruction techniques were used to study principalis cells in rat. They (n = 80) responded within 1.2 +/- 0.2 ms of trigeminal ganglion shocks and 69% were antidromically activated by thalamic shocks; 69% were vibrissa-sensitive, of which 80% responded to only a single vibrissa. The remainder responded only to guard hairs, skin, teeth, or nociceptors. Stained thalamic-projecting cells with one vibrissa receptive fields had stereotyped morphologies. Small somata gave rise to dendrites which extended only a short distance from the soma, where they branched extensively. Each tree was polarized, spanning no more than a hemisphere around the soma; however, there was no consistent direction of polarity. Dendritic trees extended 68 +/- 14, 95 +/- 48, and 91 +/- 29 micron in the transverse, sagittal and horizontal planes, respectively. Dendritic spines were rare, yet swellings were common. Axons never branched locally. PMID- 3179757 TI - [Morphologic changes in the proximal jejunum and in the skin of children with atopic eczema are of a similar nature]. PMID- 3179758 TI - [The lipid profile in patients at risk of ischemic heart disease after preventive rehabilitation at a spa]. PMID- 3179760 TI - [Radioimmunoanalysis in oncology]. PMID- 3179759 TI - [Evaluation of thermal conductivity and skin temperature in the treatment of leg ulcers]. PMID- 3179761 TI - [Classification and diagnostico-therapeutic approaches in precursors of carcinoma of the uterine cervix]. PMID- 3179762 TI - [Use of radioimmunoanalysis of tumor markers in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast, ovary and intestines]. PMID- 3179763 TI - [Changes in hemostasis in patients with acute renal insufficiency]. PMID- 3179764 TI - [Metabolic criteria of viability of isolated cardiomyocytes]. PMID- 3179765 TI - [The dialysate of leukocyte homogenate in the treatment of sepsis]. PMID- 3179766 TI - [Use of microcomputers for information systems for the preparation of combined parenteral drugs]. PMID- 3179767 TI - [Mathematical models of the effect of cardiotocography on reducing perinatal mortality in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 3179768 TI - [Pseudoallergic reactions]. PMID- 3179769 TI - [Morphologic changes in sperm in experimental mice after the administration of phosmet and mancozeb]. PMID- 3179770 TI - A phase I trial of chlorambucil administered in short pulses in patients with advanced malignancies. AB - We carried out a phase I trial with chlorambucil. Thirty patients with advanced cancer were entered in six dose levels: 36, 48, 60, 84, 108, and 144 mg/m2. The drug was given in six divided oral doses every 6 hours and the regimen was repeated every 3 weeks. The median age was 62 years (31-84), median Karnofsky performance status (KPS) 60 (40-90). All patients but one had received prior radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both. Central nervous system toxicity was dose limiting, occurring in 5 of 6 patients at 144 mg/m2. It was characterized by transient seizures, hallucinations, lethargy, stupor, and coma. Metoclopramide was successful in controlling nausea and vomiting, which was severe if the antiemetic was not used. Leukopenia (3 patients) and thrombocytopenia (2 patients) were mild. One patient with colorectal carcinoma had a minor response, and two patients with non-small cell lung cancer had stable disease. A safe dose for phase II trials is 108 mg/m2 in six 6-hourly oral doses. PMID- 3179771 TI - Characterization of progesterone receptor subunits in breast cancer cell line, CAMA-1N. AB - In order to study whether cytosolic progesterone receptor (PRc) is involved in progesterone-induced proliferative arrest of breast cancer cells (CAMA-1N), subunit composition of PRc in these cells was characterized. In the TSK G3000 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column, molybdate-stabilized PRc eluted as a single sharp peak immediately following the void volume. PRc from this peak had a sedimentation coefficient of 7.6 S and was eluted at 0.22 M salt from a linear gradient (0.1 to 0.4 M NaCl) in a DEAE column. When covalently labeled with [3H]R5020, analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and visualized by fluorography, PRc from crude cytosol exhibited two major protein bands with molecular weights of 105 +/- 2.1 and 83 +/ 3.2 kD, respectively. However, HPLC-purified PRc showed only one major band of 105 kD. These results show that PRc in CAMA-1N cells has steroid-binding components similar to other target tissues and provides a basis for further quantitative and qualitative analyses of PRc during cell proliferation and progesterone-induced growth arrest of CAMA cells. PMID- 3179772 TI - Transplantation, growth, and regression of mouse melanoma xenografts in neonatal marsupials. AB - Marsupials are useful for cancer research since they are born in a fetal stage of development with little immunologic competence. In this study, mouse melanoma xenografts were grown in neonatal gray opossums (Monodelphis domestica) injected at 12-32 days of age. Tumors appeared between 1 and 3 weeks postinjection and at least 73% of tumor-bearing animals rejected their tumors. Initiation of tumor growth was rare in animals over 24 days of age and, in most cases, tumors size peaked at about 50 days of age after which tumors quickly regressed. These results are discussed with respect to the development of homeothermy (25 days of age) and gain of postpartum independence (50 days of age) in this marsupial species. PMID- 3179773 TI - HIV-related malignant lymphoma: clinical aspects, treatment, and pathogenesis. PMID- 3179774 TI - Studies of cancer among the Japanese A-bomb survivors. AB - Studies of cancer among the Japanese survivors of the A-bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima are the major source of information on radiation carcinogenesis in humans. They have already made important contributions to the estimation of the risk of radiation-induced cancer and to our understanding of key factors influencing risk, especially tissue sensitivity, age at exposure, and the temporal distribution of radiogenic cancers. The size of the exposed population still surviving virtually guarantees the continued productivity of the research conducted in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It should not be supposed, however, that these studies will ever provide all the information needed for radiation protection standards or risk estimation. The experience of the A-bomb survivors simply does not include all important aspects of radiation exposure for which information is needed. Moreover, despite the size of the sample remaining under study, it is most unlikely that direct, empirical estimates can be made that will remove the necessity for dependence upon mathematical models to derive estimates of risk in the low-dose region. PMID- 3179775 TI - Cancer prevention and HMOs. PMID- 3179776 TI - Oxyradical species and their relationship to pathophysiology in pediatric critical care illness. AB - Although energy metabolism is more efficient for the aerobic organism, oxyradical host autoinjury represents an attendant hazard. Generation of the toxic oxygen species is ubiquitous in an oxygen environment. Although several inducible enzyme systems have evolved to detoxify these various oxygen species, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids remain at particular risk for oxyradical sabotage. Many critical care illnesses involve oxyradical pathophysiology. Aside from supportive care, future intervention for these problems may involve manipulation of the oxyradical causality. PMID- 3179777 TI - Issues in pediatric critical care. PMID- 3179779 TI - HIV precautions for respiratory procedures. PMID- 3179778 TI - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: impact on the pediatric intensive care unit. AB - Increasing numbers of infants and children with AIDS are being admitted to the PICU, especially in certain geographic areas. Clear diagnostic criteria are available to aid in the diagnosis. As many as 50 per cent of these patients may be first diagnosed with AIDS during their PICU stay. Most patients are admitted because of ARF, but septic shock and CNS disorders are also common. Acute PICU mortality is in excess of 80 per cent, and presently the long-term mortality for this syndrome stands at 100 per cent. The economic impact of this epidemic is enormous and may become catastrophic if a national strategy to deal with these costs is not developed promptly. The PICU has an important role both in terms of resource use and cost containment. Awareness of unique stresses on medical and nursing staff caring for these children, as well as the unique psychoemotional needs of the patients themselves, is vital. Specific infection control, nutritional, and medical-legal strategies will facilitate safe, effective delivery of care to these infants and children in the PICU. The appropriate long term role of the PICU in the care of children with an ultimately terminal disease has yet to be determined. PMID- 3179780 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus: precautions for bronchoscopy and other respiratory procedures. PMID- 3179781 TI - Intracranial hypertension in children. PMID- 3179782 TI - Suicide and the law. PMID- 3179783 TI - [Superior vena cava syndrome--clinical analysis of 92 cases]. PMID- 3179784 TI - [Rehabilitation outcome of neurogenic bladder in lower spinal cord injured patients]. PMID- 3179785 TI - [Clinical evaluation of postoperative patients in hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 3179786 TI - Mullerian duct cyst--a case report. PMID- 3179787 TI - Adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the liver--report of two cases. PMID- 3179788 TI - Paradoxical coronary embolism. PMID- 3179789 TI - Stiff left atrial syndrome. AB - A 67-year-old female presented seven years after insertion of a mitral prosthesis with mild to moderate pulmonary edema and severe right heart failure with pulmonary and tricuspid insufficiency. Clinical examination and noninvasive tests did not demonstrate prosthetic valve dysfunction. Cardiac catheterization revealed a marked V wave but no mitral regurgitation and no significant mitral diastolic gradient. A clinical diagnosis of a stiff left atrium was made and confirmed at autopsy. The pathophysiology of the syndrome is discussed. PMID- 3179790 TI - Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical and angiographic characteristics of the first Canadian series. AB - Originally described in Japan, 'apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy' has now been reported in many other countries. A series of eight patients who present with the classic 'spade-like' left ventricular angiographic pattern are reported; five of them also had hypertension. Thus, this angiographic pattern may not be specific for apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and may be seen in acquired heart disease. PMID- 3179791 TI - Transvenous closure of acquired ventricular septal defects. AB - Post infarction ventricular septal defect is an uncommon but frequently fatal complication of myocardial infarction. In this report a method for creating experimental ventricular septal defects is described and the use of a transvenous balloon catheter for closure of septal perforations reported. Ventricular septal defects were created with a specially designed punch in 25 adult mongrel dogs. Severe hemodynamic compromise occurred immediately following septal perforation in 15 animals which failed to permit sufficient time to pass the transvenous balloon catheter. However, passage of the catheter and occlusion of the ventricular septal defect was accomplished in the remaining 10 animals. Perforation of the ventricular septum resulted in a marked left-to-right shunt as indicated by changes in interventricular pressure and a step-up in the right ventricular PO2 saturations. Passage of the double balloon catheter and inflation of the balloons prevented left-to-right shunting and completely occluded the ventricular septal defect. Further refinements of this experimental catheter may result in the development of a balloon catheter that may be used to stabilize patients after spontaneous ventricular perforation, thus allowing them to recover from their infarction and undergo delayed repair of the ventricular septal defect. PMID- 3179793 TI - 25 years of cardiac valve surgery in Canada. PMID- 3179792 TI - Effects of tetracyclic antidepressant drugs on the electrophysiological properties of canine cardiac Purkinje fibres. AB - The direct actions of the tetracyclic antidepressant drugs maprotiline and mianserin on isolated, superfused, canine cardiac Purkinje fibres were examined in vitro using glass microelectrode recordings and programmed stimulation. Purkinje fibre bundles were driven at 1.25 Hz and electrophysiological measurements were made before and 40 mins after addition of maprotiline or mianserin to the perfusate in a concentration of 50, 250 or 1000 ng/mL. In nondepressed Purkinje fibres maprotiline but not mianserin caused slight resting hyperpolarization at 50 ng/mL while neither drug affected resting membrane potential at the higher concentrations. Maprotiline but not mianserin caused dose related reductions of action potential amplitude, maximal upstroke velocity of phase 0 (Vmax) and conduction velocity; and both drugs reduced action potential duration and effective refractory period. In depressed fibres mianserin alone was tested at concentrations of 250 and 1000 ng/mL, and was again found to have no effect on resting membrane potential, amplitude, Vmax or effective refractory period although it did reduce action potential duration by 17% and conduction velocity by 19%. Thus, the direct cellular electrophysiological actions of maprotiline resembled those reported for the tricyclic anti-depressants. The weak or absent depressant effects of mianserin on amplitude, Vmax and conduction velocity distinguish this drug from maprotiline and the tricyclic anti depressants and may explain the low incidence of toxic ventricular arrhythmias and conduction disturbances associated with the clinical use of mianserin. PMID- 3179794 TI - Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprostheses: assessment of clinical performance. AB - Carpentier-Edwards porcine bioprostheses have been implanted since 1975, commencing with the previous generation standard prosthesis in that year and the new generation supra-annular prosthesis in 1981. The first 700 operations with each prosthesis were evaluated: Carpentier-Edwards standard porcine bioprosthesis (CE-S), 692 patients (772 valves) and Carpentier-Edwards supra-annular porcine bioprosthesis (CE-SA), 698 patients (756 valves). The incidence of thromboembolism was CE-S 1.4% per patient-year and CE-SA 2.1% per patient-year (hazard interval rates not considered). The rate of structural valve deterioration was CE-S 1.8% per patient-year (79 prostheses) and CE-SA 0.2% (four prostheses). The reoperation rate was 2.5% per patient-year (110 prostheses) for CE-S and for CE-SA it was 0.9% (six prostheses). The late mortality rate was 3.7% per patient-year and 4.2%, respectively. The 10-year freedom rates for CE-S were thromboembolism, 82.7 +/- 2.8%; prosthetic valve endocarditis, 93.5 +/- 1.6%; structural valve deterioration, 77.1 +/- 2.9%; reoperation, 69.9 +/- 3.1%; valve related mortality, 85.9 +/- 2.4%; valve failure, 62.8 +/- 3.2%; treatment failure, 82.0 +/- 2.7%; mortality, reoperation and residual morbidity, 59.5 +/- 3.2%; and all complications, 53.4 +/- 3.1%. The four-year freedom rates for CE-SA were thromboembolism, 93.0 +/- 1.3%; prosthetic valve endocarditis, 98.7 +/- 0.5%; structural valve deterioration, 98.3 +/- 1.0%; reoperation, 95.6 +/- 1.3%; mortality, 97.9 +/- 0.6%; valve failure, 93.6 +/- 1.4%; treatment failure, 94.6 +/- 1.1%; mortality, reoperation and residual morbidity, 90.9 +/- 1.6%; and all complications, 85.6 +/- 1.9%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179795 TI - A new porcine bioprosthesis: design rationale and early clinical experience. AB - The Medtronic Intact valve is a third-generation porcine bioprosthesis produced using a leaflet fixation process which imposes virtually zero hydrostatic pressure. This fixation method provides optimal preservation of the original leaflet structure and integrity and should result in an improvement in durability compared to conventional preservation techniques. The biomechanical basis for this hypothesis is presented along with early experience with 118 patients (125 valves). There have been no complications related to primary valve failure and the incidence of other valve related events is acceptable. PMID- 3179796 TI - Clinical results of pericardial xenograft valves: the Ionescu-Shiley and Hancock valves. AB - Between 1979 and 1985, 552 Ionescu-Shiley valves were implanted in 511 patients. The Hancock valve was implanted in 122 patients (129 valves) between 1982 and 1983. Sixty percent of procedures were isolated aortic valve replacements. In the Ionescu series, 59% of these were 19 or 21 mm valves while only 15% of the Hancock valves were of this size. For isolated mitral valve replacement, 76% of Ionescu-Shiley valves were 25 to 27 mm, compared to 36% of the Hancock valves. Patient age, sex, prior operations, concomitant surgery (usually coronary bypass), operative mortality and late deaths were similar for both valves. A mean follow-up of 38 months was obtained for each valve population (99% complete) representing a cumulative 1497 patient-years for the Ionescu-Shiley valve and 375.4 patient-years for the Hancock valve. Actuarial survival for the former was 73 +/- 4% at 72 months, and 65 +/- 14% for Hancock valves at 60 months. The frequency of major events during follow-up (thromboembolism, anticoagulant related hemorrhage, bland perivalvular leak and prosthetic valve endocarditis) were similar, but the frequency of primary tissue valve failure was markedly different for the two valves (1.1% per patient-year for Ionescu-Shiley valves and 5.9% for the Hancock valve). The mean interval to replacement of an Ionescu mitral prosthesis was significantly shorter (23.4 months) than for replacement of an aortic prosthesis (42 months) while the mean interval to replacement of an Ionescu aortic and/or a Hancock aortic or mitral were all similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179797 TI - Time to take a stance on cholesterol and lipoproteins. PMID- 3179798 TI - Detection and management of individuals and populations at risk for cardiovascular disease: Time to take a stance on cholesterol and lipoproteins. Winnipeg, Manitoba, September 14 and 15, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3179799 TI - Cardiovascular disease mortality trends and related risk factors in Canada. AB - Large declines have occurred in cardiovascular disease mortality in both sexes in Canada during the past two decades. However, there are many countries with substantially lower rates at the present time. Ischemic heart disease mortality accounts for about 60% of cardiovascular disease mortality. Cardiovascular disease rates have declined progressively since the mid-1960s in males 35 to 64 and 65 or more years of age, as well as in females in the latter age group. In younger females, 35 to 64 years of age, a slowly progressive reduction in rates started as early as 1930. Trends for stroke mortality also reveal similar long term reductions in rates since 1930 in both sexes. Relative risks for smoking, hypertension, elevated serum cholesterol and diabetes were analyzed. Almost one third of the cardiovascular deaths in males were attributable to smoking. Population attributable risks for the four risk factors together were 53% for both sexes. Attention is drawn to the increased risks for persons in lower socioeconomic groups and those with low standards of education and the importance of recognition of these factors in intervention programs. PMID- 3179800 TI - Cholesterol education program in the United States. AB - The Adult Treatment Panel Report is the first major document emerging from the National Cholesterol Education Program, and it represents the program's contribution to the high risk strategy for treatment of high blood cholesterol. The report will be distributed to all primary care physicians in the United States as a guide for treatment. Further, the participating organizations of the National Cholesterol Education Program will attempt to make the information contained in this document widely available within their organizations to promote its utilization. It is expected that this document will have a major impact on the treatment of high blood cholesterol in the United States. PMID- 3179801 TI - Developing a public health approach for Canada. AB - The Advisory Committee on Community Health set up a working group to prepare a national strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in Canada. The Federal-Provincial Working Group on the Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Disease in Canada held a series of provincial consultations in early 1987 towards this end. These consultations indicated that the widespread prevalence of risk factors required emphasis on a population approach to reduce cardiovascular disease. To address prevention effectively, a wide array of approaches need to be considered; of paramount importance is intersectoral cooperation in the public and private sectors, to bring about environmental change supportive of a healthy lifestyle. PMID- 3179802 TI - Cholesterol and lipids in the risk of coronary artery disease--the Framingham Heart Study. AB - The USA is about to launch a massive campaign to identify those members of the population at risk for coronary artery disease (CAD). A screening process based on the high blood pressure campaign started in the 1970s aims at identifying those people with elevated cholesterol so measures can be taken to prevent fatal or nonfatal heart attacks. Data from 35 years of the Framingham Heart Study have shown that factors other than total or low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol must be considered when evaluating CAD risk. In fact low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are as much a risk factor for CAD as high LDL cholesterol. The best simple test for predicting CAD is the ratio of total:HDL cholesterol and using this criterion, approximately half the population of North America is at risk for heart attack. This highlights the necessity for a screening program of cholesterol levels, and as there are tests available which can measure cholesterol in under 10 mins, the time should soon be here that everyone knows their CAD risk. PMID- 3179803 TI - [Search for anti-tumor agents from Chinese herbs. I. Anti-tumor screening method]. PMID- 3179804 TI - Detailed graphic analyses and revelation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in induced pancreatitis. PMID- 3179805 TI - [Changes in dihydrotestosterone metabolism and its influences in prostate of sexually active rats]. PMID- 3179806 TI - Malignant melanoma of the anorectum. PMID- 3179807 TI - [Treatment of vasculogenic impotence by corporeal revascularization and/or ligation of deep dorsal veins: a preliminary report]. PMID- 3179808 TI - [The value of fluoroscopy--guided percutaneous transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy in diagnosis of thoracic diseases]. PMID- 3179810 TI - [Thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of pleural effusions]. PMID- 3179809 TI - Urodynamic studies in primary nocturnal enuresis. PMID- 3179811 TI - [Branchial anomalies]. PMID- 3179812 TI - Surgical management of recurrent cervical cancer. PMID- 3179813 TI - [Plasma level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, and apolipoproteins A-I and B in normal and healthy Chinese adults]. PMID- 3179814 TI - [Mechanism of the acetylcholine-release effect of cisapride on guinea-pig gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 3179815 TI - [Community-based screening for colorectal cancer in Luh-Guu Township]. PMID- 3179816 TI - [Clinical application of dexamethasone suppression adrenal scintiscan of the adrenal glands in congenital adrenal hyperplasia]. PMID- 3179817 TI - Postmastectomy angiosarcoma--a case report. PMID- 3179818 TI - Rhabdomyolysis associated with hyperosmolar non--ketotic coma--a case report. PMID- 3179819 TI - [Pulmonary injury following exposure chlorine gas--an analysis of four cases]. PMID- 3179820 TI - Perspective on cancer prevention and control in the United States and the Republic of China. PMID- 3179821 TI - Computer applications in nursing. A prototypical model for planning nursing care. PMID- 3179822 TI - Computer-oriented patient care. A comparison of nurses' attitudes and perceptions. PMID- 3179823 TI - Computer applications in qualitative research. PMID- 3179824 TI - Computerized management program for the skills laboratory of a school of nursing. PMID- 3179825 TI - Computer networking for nurses. Is it time yet? PMID- 3179826 TI - Eye care: who cares? PMID- 3179827 TI - The prism adaptation test in the preoperative evaluation of esodeviations. AB - We performed surgery according to the measurements found with the prism adaptation test (PAT) in 14 patients with acquired esodeviations. The amount of deviation, as determined with the prism cover test, ranged from 3 to 30 (mean 13.4) prism dioptres (PD) at distance. Prism-adapted deviations ranged from 31 to 57 (mean 41.2) PD. The average recession of the medial rectus was 4.8 mm, and the average resection of the lateral rectus was 6.7 mm. The mean esodeviation at distance after surgery was 6.8 PD. Our results suggest that the PAT may be useful and perhaps indispensable in the preoperative assessment of patients with certain types of acquired esodeviation. PMID- 3179828 TI - Effect of acute medical reduction of intraocular pressure on the visual field and optic disc in ocular hypertension. AB - The effect of acute reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) through oral administration of glycerol was assessed in 15 eyes of 15 patients with ocular hypertension by means of automated perimetry, Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue testing, measurement of spatial contrast sensitivity with a laser interferometer and automated optic disc analysis. There was no significant relation between the absolute or relative change in IOP and the corresponding changes in any of the visual field or optic disc indices studied. The colour vision score increased significantly as the IOP decreased (p = 0.03). There was a significant reduction in the logarithm of spatial contrast sensitivity at grating sizes of 3 (p = 0.007) and 7.5 (p = 0.05) cycles per degree as the IOP decreased. PMID- 3179829 TI - Internal eye wall resection in the management of uveal melanoma. AB - Twenty patients with presumed uveal melanoma underwent internal eye wall resection. It was the primary procedure in 13 patients who had tumours within 2 disc diameters of the optic nerve head and was combined with external resection in the remainder. Malignant melanoma was confirmed histologically in 15 patients; the diagnosis was a benign tumour in the other 5. The length of follow-up ranged from 2 to 37 (mean 19) months. In all cases the retina was completely attached at the time of last examination. The visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to hand movements; nine patients had an acuity of 20/400 or better. At the time of writing no metastatic disease or local recurrence had developed in any of the 15 patients in whom malignant melanoma was diagnosed. PMID- 3179830 TI - Low-contrast visual acuity test for pediatric use. AB - Single-letter flash cards were made at contrast values of 96%, 7% and 4% to compare high-, intermediate- and low-contrast visual performance in amblyopic children young enough to benefit from occlusion therapy. The single-letter format was intended to differentiate the effect of contrast on reading performance from any effects of nearby contours. Two groups of patients were tested: 37 children aged 3 to 8 years who had completed occlusion therapy and 15 children aged 4 to 8 years who were still receiving occlusion therapy. Their results were compared with the results of 45 control subjects aged 3 to 8 years. Three patterns of visual loss were identified in the patients: predominantly for high-contrast acuity, fairly uniform at high-, intermediate- and low-contrast levels, and, in two patients, loss at low- and intermediate-contrast levels with relative sparing at the high-contrast level. The incidence of high-contrast acuity loss was not significantly different between the two groups, but the proportion of children with no acuity loss at any contrast level was 54% in the group that had completed treatment, compared with 17% of those who were still receiving treatment. PMID- 3179831 TI - Peripheral corneal ulcer associated with benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura. AB - We describe a 56-year-old woman with benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura in whom scleritis, acute stromal keratitis and peripheral corneal furrowing developed. Initial therapy with topical antibiotics and steroids failed to control the scleritis and keratitis. Subsequent treatment with plasmapheresis led to a decrease in circulating immune complex and serum immunoglobulin levels, with resolution of the ocular inflammation. After 8 years of follow-up the serum IgG and IgM levels were again elevated; however, the corneal disease remained quiescent. Plasmapheresis may have a role in the therapy of this and other immune complex-mediated ocular diseases. PMID- 3179832 TI - Optic nerve involvement as the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. AB - Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause. It may have several diverse manifestations that may be progressive yet develop slowly. Ocular disease may occur with inactive systemic disease. We describe two patients in whom optic nerve involvement was the first manifestation of sarcoidosis and clinically mimicked an optic nerve tumour. Sarcoidosis involving the optic nerve should be considered when an optic nerve tumour is suspected. PMID- 3179833 TI - Effects of physostigmine and scopolamine on long-term potentiation of hippocampal population spikes in rats. AB - To elucidate an involvement of the cholinergic system in the long-term potentiation phenomenon, effects of physostigmine and scopolamine on population spike and its long-term potentiation in the dentate granule cell layer of anesthetized rats and in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of rat hippocampal slices were examined. In anesthetized rats, physostigmine (0.01 mg/kg, i.v.) enhanced at a late phase the long-term potentiation induced by tetanic stimulation (15 Hz, 15 s, 7.5 times the threshold for population spike) of the perforant path, while scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg) suppressed it at an early phase. The two drugs did not affect the population spike itself. The time course of the long-term potentiation under the treatment of physostigmine was similar to that induced by stronger tetanic stimulation (10 times the threshold). In hippocampal slices, physostigmine (10(-6)M) showed a tendency to enhance the long-term potentiation induced by tetanic stimulation (15 Hz, 15 s, 5 times the threshold) of the stratum radiatum, with an increase of the population spike itself. Scopolamine (10(-5)M) markedly suppressed the long-term potentiation with a decrease of the population spike itself. From these results, it is suggested that cholinergic modification by physostigmine or scopolamine affects the long-term potentiation phenomenon in the hippocampus under the in vivo and in vitro conditions. PMID- 3179834 TI - Three types of slow inward currents as distinguished by melittin in 3-day-old embryonic heart. AB - Membrane slow inward currents of 3-day-old embryonic chick single heart cells were investigated using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. In a solution containing only Na+ ions and in the presence of tetrodotoxin and Mn2+, the inward current-voltage relationship presented two maxima, confirming the existence of two different voltage-dependent slow inward currents. The first type, a fast transient slow inward current (Isi (ft], was activated from a holding potential of -80 mV and showed fast activation and inactivation. This current was highly sensitive to melittin (10(-8) M) and insensitive to low concentrations of desmethoxyverapamil [-)D888, 10(-9)-10(-6) M). Depolarizing voltage steps from a holding a potential of -50 mV activated two components of the slow inward current, i.e., a slow and a sustained current (Isi(sts] that showed a slow inactivation followed by a slow inactivation and a sustained component. Melittin at a high concentration (10(-4)M) completely blocked the slow transient component (Isi(st] and left unblocked the sustained component (Isi(s]. Both components (Isi(st) and Isi(s] were blocked by verapamil (10(-5)M) and low concentrations of (-)D888 (10(-8)-10(-6)M). PMID- 3179835 TI - Relationship between dietary tyrosine and plasma cholesterol in the rat. AB - The present study was undertaken to measure the effects of dietary tyrosine added to fish protein and peanut meal on plasma cholesterol and plasma thyroid hormone levels in the rat. These dietary proteins were chosen because they contain similar amounts of tyrosine but release it at different rates during enzymatic hydrolysis. Casein was chosen as the reference protein. Supplementation was used to obtain tyrosine levels similar to that of casein. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed cholesterol-enriched diets containing 15% protein. After 3 weeks of experimental feeding, total postprandial plasma cholesterol was similar in the casein and peanut meal groups and significantly lower in the fish group. When added to the fish diet, tyrosine caused an increase in plasma cholesterol to a level similar to that of the casein group, whereas supplementation had no effect on plasma cholesterol of rats fed the peanut meal diet. The effects of dietary proteins or of tyrosine supplementation on cholesterol levels of the (density less than 1.006 g/mL) lipoprotein fraction were comparable, but not all significant, to those observed on total plasma cholesterol. In addition, casein and fish diets induced significantly higher levels of plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and lower levels of plasma thyroxine (T4) than did the peanut meal diet. However, the addition of tyrosine to the fish or the peanut meal diet did not modify the plasma thyroid hormone levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179836 TI - Effect of hyocholic acid on the prevention and dissolution of biliary cholesterol crystals in mice. AB - Gallstone prevention and dissolution were studied in a mouse model of cholesterol cholelithiasis using hyocholic acid (3 alpha, 6 alpha, 7 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta cholanic acid). Addition of hyocholic acid, 0.1 or 0.3%, in the lithogenic diet (1% cholesterol + 0.5% cholic acid) prevented the formation of cholesterol monohydrate crystals in 70 and 90% of cases, respectively. On the other hand, chow diet supplemented with 0.1 or 0.3% hyocholic acid dissolved cholesterol crystals in lithiasic mice in, respectively, 80 and 100% of cases within 12 days. In both protocols, biles were largely supersaturated with cholesterol; lecithin cholesterol lamellar liquid crystals were responsible for the transport of the excess cholesterol content. The percentage of hydrophilic bile salts (hyocholic acid, hyodeoxycholic acid, beta-muricholic acid) in bile, although moderate (15 50% of total bile salts), appears to induce such liquid crystalline dispersion. This study demonstrates that the balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic bile salts plays a major role in the prevention and dissolution of cholesterol crystals. It is also shown that the desaturation of biliary cholesterol is not a prerequisite for gallstone dissolution. PMID- 3179837 TI - Pharmacological actions of the calcium antagonist propyl-methylenedioxyindene in skinned vascular smooth muscle. AB - Previous studies provided strong evidence that propyl-methylenedioxyindene (pr MDI) interfered with calcium at an intracellular site. To further characterize the mechanism of action of pr-MDI, its pharmacological actions on chemically skinned vascular smooth muscle were examined. Rat caudal artery strips were chemically skinned with saponin (0.15 mg/mL for 1 h). The efficiency of the skinning was evidenced by a loss of contractile response to 74 mM K+. The intactness of the regulatory and contractile proteins was ascertained by the ability of the skinned tissue to contract in response to Ca2+ (free Ca2+ concentration of 10(-4) or 10(-6)M). Caffeine (25 mM) induced contraction was used as an index of the functional integrity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the skinned preparations. Contraction of the skinned artery with a free Ca2+ concentration of 10(-6)M was significantly obtunded by 1 X 10(-4)M trifluoperazine (a calmodulin antagonist) but not by 1 X 10(-4)M pr-MDI. Contraction of the skinned artery evoked by 25 mM caffeine in the absence of extracellular calcium was significantly obtunded by 1 X 10(-4)M pr-MDI but not by 1 X 10(-6)M nifedipine (a calcium channel blocker). The results indicate that pr MDI acts intracellular to block calcium mobilization from the sarcoplasmic reticulum without directly interfering with the regulatory and contractile proteins. PMID- 3179838 TI - The effect of dietary protein and sulfur amino acids on hepatic glutathione concentration and glutathione-dependent enzyme activities in the rat. AB - Hepatic glutathione concentration and glutathione-dependent enzymes, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, are important for protection against toxic compounds. Rats were fed diets containing 4, 7.5, 15, or 45% protein for 2 weeks. Glutathione and cysteine concentrations in rats fed the 4 and 7.5% protein diets were significantly lower (p less than 0.05) than in rats fed the 15 and 45% protein diets. Glutathione S-transferase activity increased with increasing dietary protein. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower (p less than 0.05) in rats fed 4 and 7.5% protein compared with rats fed 15 and 45% protein, whereas the activity of glutathione reductase was higher in rats fed 4 and 7.5% protein then in rats fed 15 or 45% protein. Dietary sulfur amino acids alone could account for the increase in glutathione concentration resulting from the increase in dietary protein from 7.5 to 15%. The limited availability of glutathione in animals fed the low protein diets could reduce the potential for detoxification of xenobiotics. PMID- 3179839 TI - Adaptive cytoprotection by 0.25 M HCl is truly "cytoprotective" and may not depend upon elevated levels of prostaglandin synthesis. AB - The ability of a mild irritant to reduce ethanol-induced damage to the rat gastric mucosa was investigated using an ex vivo gastric chamber preparation. Exposure to 0.25 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) did not cause significant damage to the surface epithelium, but did reduce both the lesion area and the extent of superficial epithelial damage caused by subsequent exposure to 40% ethanol (EtOH). "Adaptive cytoprotection" was also demonstrated by the reduction of ethanol-induced changes in transmural potential difference and net K+ efflux, and by rapid recovery of these physiological parameters following the removal of ethanol from the chamber. Pretreatment of rats with indomethacin at a dose that has been shown to significantly inhibit gastric cyclooxygenase activity did not significantly affect the ability of 0.25 M HCl to reduce the effects of ethanol on lesion area, epithelial damage, potential difference, and net K+ efflux. PMID- 3179840 TI - Kainic acid lesions of the median preoptic nucleus: effects on angiotensin II induced drinking and pressor responses in the conscious rat. AB - Input to the nucleus medianus of the preoptic region has been suggested to be involved in both the drinking and pressor responses elicited by the central administration of angiotensin II. Evidence in support of this suggestion has been gained principally from electrical lesion experiments. This lesion procedure does not differentiate between the cells of the region and fibers coursing through the region. To test the hypothesis that cells in this region are involved in both the pressor and drinking responses elicited by central administration of angiotensin II, injections of kainic acid were made to induce lesions of the cells, while sparing fibers of passage. Drinking and blood pressure responses were determined pre- and post-lesion in the chronically instrumented awake rat. Injections of 50 ng angiotensin II in a 2-microL volume into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the conscious rat elicited pronounced drinking and pressor responses with a latency of 3-5 min. Lesions of the median preoptic region produced by injecting 1.0 microgram of kainic acid in 0.25 microL for 15 s attenuated or blocked the drinking response and increased the latency to drink induced by central injections of angiotensin II. However, kainic acid lesions did not significantly alter the pressor responses produced by angiotensin II administration. These results suggest that cells in the median preoptic region are involved in the drinking response but do not participate in the pressor response elicited by angiotensin II administration into a lateral cerebral ventricle of the conscious rat. PMID- 3179841 TI - Controls of fetal and neonatal development. Papers of a symposium of the Canadian Federation of Biological Societies. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, June 25, 1987. PMID- 3179842 TI - Dietary effects of omega 3-fatty acids on intestinal transport function. AB - Animals were fed for 2 weeks on one of four isocaloric and isocholesterolic semisynthetic diets: high 18:3 omega 3, low 18:3 omega 3, high 20:5 omega 3, or low 20:5 omega 3. The weight of the intestine and the percentage of the wall consisting of mucosa was greater in high 20:5 omega 3 than in high 18:3 omega 3, and greater in low 20:5 omega 3 than in low 18:3 omega 3, although the mucosal surface area was 26% lower in high 20:5 omega 3 than high 18:3 omega 3. The jejunal uptake of 40 mM glucose and ileal uptake of 40 mM galactose was greater in high 18:3 omega 3 than in high 20:5 omega 3, jejunal uptake of fatty acid 12:0 was higher, but 18:0 was lower in high 18:3 omega 3 than in high 20:5 omega 3. The jejunal or ileal uptake of cholesterol was not affected by 20:5 omega 3. However, 20:5 omega 3 had a variable effect on the uptake of medium- and long chain fatty acids. Alterations in the uptake of fatty acids and glucose were not explained by any difference in the animals' food consumption, body weight gain, or intestinal weight, but the reduced jejunal uptake of 40 mM glucose in rats fed the high 20:5 omega 3 diet was associated with reduced mucosal surface area. Thus, (i) varying the source of omega 3-fatty acids (vegetable, 18:3 omega 3 versus fish oil, 20:5 omega 3) altered the mucosal mass of the intestine, and (ii) the source of the dietary omega 3-fatty acid (18:3 omega 3 versus 20:5 omega 3) influenced intestinal hexose uptake, with fish oil having an anti-absorptive effect on the jejunal uptake of D-glucose. PMID- 3179843 TI - The effects of amino acid loading on glomerular filtration in dogs on different protein diets: a controlled study. AB - Considerable variation in both the magnitude and pattern of response of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to protein loading in omnivores has been reported in the literature. These experiments were designed to examine, under carefully controlled conditions, the effects of different acute protein loads given to a group of dogs placed on a normal protein (NP) intake for 4 weeks and to the same dogs when on a low protein (LP) intake for the same duration. GFR did not change when the dogs were changed from NP to LP diets, 3.0 + 0.2 (NP) vs. 3.2 + 0.3 (LP) mL.min-1.kg-1. Intravenous amino acid was infused at 15, 25, and 40 mL/h on different days. Regardless of whether on a low or high protein diet, the GFR did not change. Another set of experiments was performed in another Canadian centre 2000 miles away. In these studies with dogs on a similar normal protein diet, a striking rise in GFR occurred following amino-acid infusion at 25 mL/h, 3.1 + 0.3 vs. 4.8 + 0.6 mL.min-1.kg-1 (p less than 0.001). These results demonstrate, at least in the dog, that contrary to previous reports, dietary protein changes do not affect the GFR. Furthermore, the GFR response to an acute intravenous protein load does not depend on the amount of protein given nor the previous protein diet but appears to be possibly dependent on other factors that may be environmental or congenital. PMID- 3179844 TI - Steam sterilization systems. Safety and proper processing (Part 2). PMID- 3179845 TI - Invasive hemodynamic monitoring (the thermodilution catheter). PMID- 3179846 TI - Surgeon-administered local anesthesia for forefoot surgery. PMID- 3179847 TI - Incidence, investigations and staging of soft-tissue sarcoma. AB - Soft-tissue sarcomas account for only 1% of all malignant lesions. The Canadian Sarcoma Group encourages the investigation and management of these tumours at tertiary institutions, where a multidisciplinary team can handle the complex problems. Staging of these tumours implies accurate anatomic determination of the extent of disease, the histogenesis and grade of the tumours and the presence of regional or distant metastases. Arteriography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can accurately define the tumour before biopsy. The biopsy should be muscle-splitting to minimize contamination of additional compartments and should allow inclusion of the biopsy site at definitive surgical resection. It should be done at the institution where definitive management will be performed. Regional lymph-node involvement can be detected using magnetic resonance imaging or gallium scanning, whereas for distant metastases, specifically of lung, computed tomography is the method of choice. To date no one staging system for soft-tissue sarcomas has been universally accepted. A hybrid, encompassing the advantages of each system, is being formulated. PMID- 3179848 TI - Role of the pathologist in the management of soft-tissue sarcomas. AB - The contribution of the pathologist to the management of soft-tissue sarcomas is threefold. First, and most important, is to establish the correct pathological diagnosis which should include the histologic type, subtype and grade of the tumour. This information, correlated with the size, site, clinical and radiologic presentation, is the key factor in determining the biologic behaviour of the tumour. As soft-tissue sarcomas frequently demonstrate histologic variability from one area to another, biopsy with computed tomography or radiologic guidance and adequate sampling is essential. Second, careful marking of the surgical resection margins in consultation with the surgeon is necessary to determine the completeness of excision. Third, examination of the resected specimen may also provide useful information on the sensitivity of the sarcoma to any previous radiation or chemotherapy which the patient may have received. PMID- 3179849 TI - Definitive surgical management for soft-tissue sarcomas. AB - The surgical management of soft-tissue sarcomas, a seemingly heterogeneous group of malignant tumours, depends on the circumstances (e.g., untreated primary tumour, inadequately resected primary tumour, local recurrence, metastasis) and site. The basic steps in managing a primary tumour include using the correct method to establish a diagnosis, obtaining adequate tumour-free resection margins and giving consideration to adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or both. Local recurrences and metastatic lesions require a multidisciplinary approach. The relative rarity of this group of sarcomas and the low survival rate associated with them make it mandatory that such patients be treated in centres able to provide specialized care from the beginning. PMID- 3179850 TI - Guidelines for the surgical management of soft-tissue sarcoma. Report of the Canadian Sarcoma Group. AB - The Canadian Sarcoma Group was formed in 1985 by interested surgeons, oncologists and pathologists. In the evaluation of new protocols, standard surgical guidelines have been developed which incorporate the concepts of multimodality therapy, particularly radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Also defined are the procedures performed: biopsy, marginal resection, wide local excision, radical resection and the principles to be considered when doing a diagnostic biopsy and a curative resection, particularly with limb salvage in mind. To optimize local control of the disease, centres treating sarcomas should have access to computed tomography, radionuclide scanning, to radiation and medical oncologists, and members of other surgical specialties. This team approach increases survival by 10% and also provides the best circumstances in which to study adjuvant therapy. Surgical guidelines are also essential in order to compare the results of different clinical trials. PMID- 3179851 TI - Uterine leiomyosarcoma with cardiac metastases. AB - Leiomyosarcoma metastatic to the heart is rare and is usually fatal. The authors present the case of a 58-year-old woman who had a history of uterine leiomyosarcoma. Echocardiography and cardiac catheterization revealed a large right ventricular mass. Computed tomography confirmed the presence of the mass which extended into the pulmonary artery. The inferior vena cava was free of disease. At operation, a large tumour originating in the right ventricle and protruding through the pulmonary valve was found. Histologically, it was a leiomyosarcoma. Because there were numerous septal and intramural foci of tumour, complete resection was impossible, but palliative resection was performed successfully and the patient was alive and active 1 year after operation. PMID- 3179852 TI - Oophorovesicular-colonic fistula: a rare complication of Crohn's disease. AB - Salpingitis and vesicular fistulas are rare complications of Crohn's disease. In this report the authors describe a case of oophorovesicular-colonic fistula secondary to Crohn's disease. The patient presented with bleeding from the bladder during menstruation, fecaluria and pneumaturia. A single-stage left salpingo-oophorectomy, sigmoid resection and repair of the fistula were carried out, with complete resolution of symptoms and preservation of fertility potential. PMID- 3179853 TI - Residual hypothermia in patients recovering in the intensive care unit from cardiac surgery. AB - Because of inadequate rewarming or equilibration of body temperature, patients who undergo cardiac surgery with hypothermia often are still hypothermic after arrival in the intensive care unit. The incidence of residual hypothermia and its hemodynamic effects were assessed in this study. Of 82 adults who underwent cardiac surgery, 41 were normothermic with core temperatures of 35.5 degrees C or higher (mean 36.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C) and 41 were hypothermic with temperatures below 35.5 degrees C (mean 34.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C) on arrival at the intensive care unit (p less than 0.005). Patients with hypothermia had significantly (1.9 +/- 0.1 versus 2.2 +/- 0.1, p less than 0.05) lower cardiac indices. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward higher systemic vascular resistance in the patients with hypothermia. The authors conclude that mild residual hypothermia is still common after cardiac surgery and may contribute to the depressed hemodynamic status of these patients. PMID- 3179854 TI - [Immediate complications of transurethral resection of the prostate: study of 1000 consecutive cases]. AB - The authors reviewed the charts of 1000 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. When the 30-day postoperative period was studied, it was found that 139 patients suffered complications and 6 died. Infectious complications (urinary tract in 63 cases and septicemia in 23 cases) were the commonest followed by hemorrhage and urinary retention. The deaths were related to cardiac problems. PMID- 3179855 TI - Peritoneovenous shunts--devices of last resort. AB - This study examines the usefulness of peritoneovenous shunts through a retrospective review of the charts of 16 patients who received this shunt at the University Hospital in Saskatoon up to May 1987. Fourteen shunts were placed for malignant ascites, 1 for alcoholic cirrhosis and 1 for nephrogenic ascites. All patients had symptoms related to abdominal pressure or dyspnea. Diuretics were most frequently used as initial management, and paracentesis was performed to relieve symptoms in all but one patient. However, a trial of sodium restriction was used in only eight patients, and only five of these trials lasted longer than 1 week. Thus, the adequacy of medical management was questionable. The death of one patient was directly attributable to the shunt, and the deaths of four others were suspected to be sequelae of surgery or shunting. Only five shunts were functioning at the time the patient died. In this study, the majority of the patients received little benefit from the peritoneovenous shunt. PMID- 3179857 TI - Licensure: competence to do what? PMID- 3179856 TI - Is incidental appendectomy a safe practice? AB - In an attempt to determine the safety of appendectomy performed as an incidental procedure, the authors reviewed 853 operations (458 hysterectomies and 395 cholecystectomies) performed by five surgeons at one hospital between 1981 and 1984 and compared the results in 35% of the patients who underwent incidental appendectomy with those in the remainder. Factors studied were operative time, postoperative stay, postoperative fever and leukocytosis, the need for intravenous fluids, parenteral analgesia and antibiotics, and infectious complications. Most of these variables differed between individual surgeons, but the addition of incidental appendectomy did not significantly alter any variable for an individual surgeon or for the group as a whole. Incidental appendectomy seems to be a safe practice and one that does not alter the outcome of hysterectomy or cholecystectomy but does protect against subsequent appendicitis. PMID- 3179858 TI - The CMA's position on abortion. PMID- 3179859 TI - Prenatal care: a comparative evaluation of nurse-midwives and family physicians [with correction]. PMID- 3179860 TI - Balancing the needs of patients and society. PMID- 3179861 TI - Internship for nurses? PMID- 3179862 TI - Do MDs know what's best for their families? PMID- 3179863 TI - Health care in Syria. PMID- 3179865 TI - Excrement, effluent and exhalations. PMID- 3179864 TI - LB virus: neurotropic variant of Epstein-Barr virus? PMID- 3179866 TI - Preventing CAN deaths. PMID- 3179867 TI - Ensuring a heart-healthy pilot population. PMID- 3179868 TI - Teacher training for medical faculty and residents. AB - Since 1984 the University of British Columbia's School of Medicine has offered teaching improvement project systems (TIPS) workshops on effective teaching techniques; two workshops a year are given for medical faculty members and two a year for residents. The faculty members who conduct the workshops have received training on how to present them. The most powerful learning experience offered by TIPS is the opportunity for participants to present 10-minute teaching segments that are videotaped and later viewed privately by the participants. Eight workshops have been attended by 166 faculty members, and two others have been attended by 42 residents. This project demonstrates faculty development for both the participants and the people who teach the workshops. PMID- 3179869 TI - Low serum urea level in dehydrated patients with central diabetes insipidus. AB - Dehydrated patients usually present with an elevated serum urea level, owing in part to increased renal reabsorption of urea mediated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH). We carried out a study to examine whether, during dehydration, the variations in the serum urea level could discriminate patients with central diabetes insipidus (CDI) from those with dehydration not due to CDI. We studied retrospectively 27 episodes of dehydration in 23 patients with CDI and 14 episodes in 14 patients without CDI. The mean serum urea level was 2.9 mmol/L in the CDI group and 15.4 mmol/L in the patients without CDI (p less than 0.001); the mean serum sodium level was 155 mmol/L in both groups. All the patients with CDI had a sodium/urea ratio greater than 24.2, whereas the ratio was less than 21.7 in all the patients without CDI. In the patients with CDI a positive correlation was found between the magnitude of diuresis and the percentage decrease in the serum urea level compared with the level before dehydration (p less than 0.001). In the patients with CDI the serum urea level returned to the level before dehydration after the administration of vasopressin; a striking increase in the clearance of urea, which exceeded the creatinine clearance, was observed during dehydration in the three patients in whom clearance studies were done. The results suggest that serum urea values can be used to distinguish patients dehydrated because of CDI from those with hypertonic dehydration but without ADH deficiency and that during dehydration the net reabsorption of urea is dependent on the renal action of ADH. PMID- 3179871 TI - Reviewing new drugs: does Ottawa finally have the right prescription? PMID- 3179870 TI - Orf: contagious pustular dermatitis. PMID- 3179872 TI - Abortion: the issue the CMA has refused to address is life. PMID- 3179873 TI - Abortion: the CMA's new policy is a good one. PMID- 3179874 TI - Treating inflammatory arthritis: a software review. PMID- 3179875 TI - Risk management in the hospital: medical staff must be involved. PMID- 3179876 TI - Be cautious in the office: lawsuits can originate there too. PMID- 3179877 TI - Pray tell us, Dr. Rapp. PMID- 3179879 TI - Mass testing for HIV infection. PMID- 3179878 TI - The CMA's position on abortion. PMID- 3179880 TI - Individual rights and Bill C-51. PMID- 3179881 TI - Management of withdrawal syndromes. PMID- 3179882 TI - Righting two wrongs. PMID- 3179883 TI - Simple solution to snoring. PMID- 3179884 TI - Preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis. PMID- 3179885 TI - Is professional courtesy disappearing? PMID- 3179886 TI - Editorial freedom: a statement. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. PMID- 3179887 TI - The ethics of physician-pharmaceutical company relationships. PMID- 3179888 TI - Program for refugee physicians. PMID- 3179889 TI - Treatment of parasitic infections: Canadian versus US recommendations. Committee on Antimicrobial Agents, Canadian Infectious Disease Society. PMID- 3179890 TI - Reasons for patients' delay in response to symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. AB - Survival in the acute phase of myocardial infarction and the subsequent prognosis are critically dependent on the time between onset of symptoms and medical intervention. Studies have shown that the time that patients take to decide to seek help accounts for most of the delay. We documented the length of time from onset of symptoms to arrival in hospital for 201 patients consecutively admitted to one of four hospitals in the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton between October 1986 and February 1987 for suspected acute myocardial infarction. Of the 160 survivors 42% waited more than 4 hours (a critical time for effective thrombolytic therapy) before coming to hospital, and nearly a third did not arrive within 6 hours. On the basis of interviews conducted with 42 patients, sociodemographic factors, education, past experience with an acute myocardial infarction, a previous diagnosis of angina and a coronary-prone behaviour pattern did not explain the delay. How patients perceived the seriousness of their symptoms and how they used other illness-related coping strategies explained 46% of the variance in the delay. Interventions aimed at reducing the delay between onset of symptoms and treatment must focus on patients' preadmission behaviour. PMID- 3179893 TI - Number of cases low, but AIDS proves controversial issue in Nova Scotia. PMID- 3179891 TI - Continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis: an alternative therapy for acute renal failure associated with critical illness. AB - Critically ill patients often cannot tolerate conventional hemodialysis because of hemodynamic instability. Continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration provides control of fluid and electrolyte balance but is inefficient in the management of azotemia. Continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD) combines dialysis with hemofiltration. We performed 15 CAVHD treatments of 2 or more days' duration in 12 critically ill patients aged 23 to 85 (mean 64.4) years who had acute oliguric renal failure as a component of multiple organ system failure and who were unsuitable for conventional hemodialysis. The total treatment time was 106 days. The serum creatinine and urea levels were controlled in all the patients during CAVHD. The ultrafiltrate losses were sufficient to allow appropriate nutrition and fluid administration and still maintain a negative fluid balance. Renal function returned in five patients (42%), of whom four survived to be discharged home. CAVHD is an effective means of managing acute oliguric renal failure in critically ill patients. PMID- 3179892 TI - Persistence of inclusion conjunctivitis after oral erythromycin therapy. PMID- 3179894 TI - The ER nurse: "can't everyone see I'm doing as much as I can"? PMID- 3179895 TI - Tumour No. 3. PMID- 3179896 TI - Changing course. PMID- 3179897 TI - Taking control: the physician's future in health care. PMID- 3179898 TI - Chronic pain is an invisible reality. PMID- 3179899 TI - MDs who don't communicate will lose patients, consultant warns. Interview by Patrick Sullivan. PMID- 3179900 TI - Managing the AIDS epidemic: the Canadian report card. PMID- 3179901 TI - The future of health information systems in Canada. PMID- 3179902 TI - The decline and persistence of tuberculosis in a Canadian Indian population: implications for control. PMID- 3179903 TI - The prevalence of IgA nephropathy in Manitoba Native Indian children. PMID- 3179905 TI - Mental health for Canadians: striking a balance. Authority of the Minister of National Health and Welfare. PMID- 3179904 TI - Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: identification of a community outbreak by monitoring of hospital isolates. PMID- 3179906 TI - [Consumption of drugs: an indicator of relative morbidity]. PMID- 3179907 TI - Evaluation of the impact of smoking restrictions in a government work setting. PMID- 3179908 TI - Ozone and the health of the earth. PMID- 3179910 TI - Morbidity studies: are population-based data a useful benchmark for studying morbidity in special groups? PMID- 3179909 TI - The measurement of birth outcome. PMID- 3179911 TI - Seasonality of mortality from various diseases in Canada 1979-83. PMID- 3179912 TI - The health consequences of smoking among smokers in Canada. PMID- 3179913 TI - Blood alcohol concentrations among motor vehicle accident trauma admissions to a regional trauma unit. PMID- 3179914 TI - Periodontal treatment needs in a dental school population. PMID- 3179915 TI - Re: The Canadian Public Health Association and International Health: a perspective. PMID- 3179916 TI - Re: Neil E. Collishaw, Walter Tostowaryk, Donald T. Wigle, "Mortality attributable to tobacco use in Canada". PMID- 3179917 TI - Re: Employee fitness: state of the art. PMID- 3179918 TI - Re: "Free alcohol policy". PMID- 3179919 TI - U.S./Canada free trade agreement is a potential threat to the ability of Canadian governments to enact progressive public health legislation. PMID- 3179920 TI - Re: "Who intends to participate in health promotion programs after retirement?". PMID- 3179921 TI - Retrobulbar neuritis in a patient treated with intraarterial cisplatin for head and neck cancer. AB - A case of retrobulbar neuritis which developed in association with intraarterial continuous infusion cisplatin is presented. A 67-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma of the left tonsillar fossa was treated with induction chemotherapy through the left lingual artery; the regimen consisted of cisplatin and 5-fluoro deoxyuridine as continuous infusion. He developed some transient mental status changes and then left eye blindness. Ophthalmologic examination was compatible with retrobulbar neuritis. A brief review of reported cases of ophthalmologic toxicity in association with cisplatin is presented, and the likelihood that the toxicity is due to the drug itself rather than the method of administration is discussed. PMID- 3179922 TI - Adjuvant therapy of breast cancer with or without additional treatment with alternate drugs. AB - Three hundred ten patients with Stage II or Stage III breast cancer were entered on an adjuvant protocol consisting of a combination of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (FACVP). In the second phase of the study, patients with estrogen receptor-negative tumors received sequential courses of methotrexate and vinblastine. Other patients, who were estrogen receptor-positive or unknown, were randomized to receive either tamoxifen alone or tamoxifen plus methotrexate and vinblastine. All therapy was completed within 1 year. The estimated disease-free rate at 5 years was 68% among patients with Stage II disease and 52% for patients who had Stage III disease. Among patients with estrogen receptor-positive tumors, disease-free survival was significantly prolonged in patients who received methotrexate and vinblastine in addition to tamoxifen (P = 0.04). However, this difference was less pronounced when all randomized patients (including those whose estrogen receptor status was unknown) were included in the comparison. Although most patients experienced moderate to severe granulocytopenia, infectious complications were infrequent. One patient died of septicemia. Congestive heart failure developed in two patients, one of whom had a history of myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. PMID- 3179923 TI - Sequential multiagent chemotherapy incorporating cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. AB - Forty-three consecutive patients with metastatic breast cancer and clearly measurable disease were treated with sequential multiagent chemotherapy. Therapy consisted of the administration in fixed sequence of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC) (four cycles), vinblastine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (VAD) (six cycles), and VP-16, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (VMF) (six cycles). At the conclusion of 16 cycles of chemotherapy, all treatment was stopped. Patients were assessed for toxicity and disease response after each treatment. Duration of response and survival rate were determined for 41 evaluable patients. The overall response rate was 80% with 24% complete responses, 15% to PAC alone. Median duration of response (8 months) and median survival (17 months) were not superior to other reported multiagent chemotherapeutic programs. Toxicity included neutropenic fever, sepsis, renal failure, and electrolyte imbalance. Administration of sequential multiagent chemotherapy with a cisplatin-containing combination did not improve response rate, complete responses (CR), duration of response, or survival in this group of previously untreated breast cancer patients. PMID- 3179924 TI - A lethal neurotoxic reaction after intraventricular methotrexate administration. AB - A case of a patient with leptomeningeal metastases from an adenocarcinoma of the lung is described. She developed a fatal neurologic reaction during intraventricular administration of methotrexate. No morphologic cause of death was found during autopsy. Similar cases of acute complications are discussed, and an outline of factors that might play a role in the pathophysiology of methotrexate neurotoxicity is given. PMID- 3179925 TI - A study of the late effects of radiotherapy and operation on patients with maxillary cancer. A survey more than 10 years after initial treatment. AB - One hundred seventy-one maxillary carcinoma patients who survived more than 10 years after initial treatment were surveyed. Performance status was unrestricted in 35.1% of the patients, slightly restricted in 34.5%, moderately restricted in 21.1%, restricted in 7.0%, and very restricted in 2.3%. Radiation-induced cataracts on the affected side occurred in 100% of the patients treated with radiation. Good visual acuity was maintained in only 65.8% of the patients, even on the contralateral side. Fifty-five percent of the patients retained symmetric facial animation due to our policy of conservative therapy. Restricted mouth opening occurred in 32.2% of the patients, taking liquid diet in 21.1%, and middle ear effusion in 26.3%, which were closely linked to maxillectomy operation. This study suggests that avoiding excess radiation dosage, strict control of radiation field, adaption of two portals with 60 grades wedge pair filter, use of appropriate protectors, limiting removal at the maxillactomy, and postoperative care for trismus or tympanic effusion are necessary. PMID- 3179926 TI - Dysfunction of monocytes in Hodgkin's disease by excessive production of PGE-2 in long-term remission patients. AB - The candidacidal activity and the production of oxygen radicals by monocytes were investigated in untreated and long-term remission patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD). Both groups showed a decreased candidacidal function of monocytes with a chemiluminescence (CL) response significantly lower and delayed with respect to normal controls. Indomethacin at 1 microgram/ml corrected the monocyte deficiency increasing the CL response to normal values and normalizing the kinetics in the untreated patients. However, in patients in remission, the peak was delayed and followed by a significant increase in the production of oxygen radicals compared with untreated patients. A direct linear correlation was found between the percentages of lysed Candida and maximum CL peak of stimulated monocytes. When prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2) levels, measured in supernatants of cultured mononuclear cells, were plotted against the percentages of killed Candida, an inverse linear correlation was found. Therefore, monocytes from HD patients have a dysfunction in the generation of oxygen radicals and a decreased candidacidal activity associated with excessive production of PGE-2. Indomethacin can correct the oxidative metabolism in the untreated patients while in apparently "cured" patients the disorder persists. PMID- 3179927 TI - Mammary angiosarcoma. The prognostic significance of tumor differentiation. AB - Mammary angiosarcoma appears to be a heterogeneous group of neoplasms morphologically, in which growth pattern or grade is an important prognostic factor. In this report, 63 patients whose slides were seen in consultation and/or who were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) are described. Included are 32 MSKCC patients from an earlier study (with additional follow-up for 15 who are alive) and 31 new cases. Twenty-five (40%) patients had low-grade (Type I) lesions (including the only man in the series), 12 (19%) patients had intermediate-grade (Type II) tumors, and 26 (41%) patients had high-grade (Type III) angiosarcomas. Because prognosis is significantly related to the type of angiosarcoma, the lesion should be thoroughly studied microscopically to establish tumor type. Estimated probabilities of disease-free survival 5 years after initial treatment were as follows: Type I: 76%; Type II: 70%; and Type III: 15%. The median length of disease-free survival also was related to tumor type (Type I: greater than 15 years; Type II: greater than 12 years; and Type III: 15 months). Pretreatment duration of the lesion and primary tumor size were not significantly related to the risk of recurrence or to survival. Total mastectomy is recommended for most mammary angiosarcomas. Adjuvant chemotherapy was used in 31 of 63 (49%) patients and, in this group, recurrences developed in 14 (45%) patients. Among 32 (51%) patients not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, 18 (56%) had recurrences. Whereas the few long-term survivors with Type III tumors received adjuvant chemotherapy, recurrences developed in most patients with comparable lesions who were given this treatment. Because Type III angiosarcoma has a poor prognosis, such treatment may be appropriate for these patients. We were unable to demonstrate that adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved prognosis for patients with Type I and Type II tumors, although recurrences tended to be less frequent among treated patients. PMID- 3179928 TI - Grading of astrocytomas. A simple and reproducible method. AB - This study determines the effectiveness and reproducibility of a previously published method of grading gliomas. The method under study is for use on "ordinary astrocytoma" cell types, i.e., fibrillary, protoplasmic, gemistocytic, anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas, and is based upon the recognition of the presence or absence of four morphologic criteria: nuclear atypia, mitoses, endothelial proliferation, and necrosis. The method results in a summary score which is translated into a grade as follows: 0 criteria = grade 1, 1 criterion = grade 2, 2 criteria = grade 3, 3 or 4 criteria = grade 4. The histologic material and clinical data were derived from a previously reported series of patients with astrocytomas, radiotherapeutically treated at Mayo Clinic between the years 1960 and 1969. From this series, initially graded 1 to 4, according to the Kernohan system, 287 "ordinary astrocytomas" were entered into the study; 51 pilocytic astrocytomas and microcystic cerebellar-type astrocytomas also were included for comparison. Among ordinary astrocytomas, the grading method under study distinguished 0.7% of grade 1, 17% of grade 2, 18% of grade 3, and 65.3% of grade 4. A 15-year period of follow-up was available on all surviving patients. Statistical analysis showed that in ordinary astrocytomas, each of the four histologic criteria, as well as the resultant grade, were strongly correlated to survival (P less than 0.0001). Median survival was 4 years in grade 2, 1.6 years in grade 3, and 0.7 years in grade 4 tumors. Of the two patients with grade 1 ordinary astrocytomas, 1 had 11 years of survival, and the other was alive at 15 years. Furthermore, based upon the Cox Model, grade was found to be the major prognostic factor, superceding the effects of age, sex, and location. Among ordinary astrocytomas, the grading system under consideration clearly distinguished four distinct grades of malignancy, whereas, the Kernohan grading system accurately distinguished only two major groups of patients. Survival curve of patients with our grade 2 tumors coincided with the grade 1 and 2 Kernohan survival curves. Similarly, our grade 4 survival curve coincided with the Kernohan grade 3 and 4 survival curves. As a result, our proposed grading method generated an individualized curve corresponding to grade 3 tumors. Double-blind grading between two independent observers was concordant in 94% of ordinary astrocytomas; reproducibility was 81% in low-grade (grades 1 and 2) and 96% in high-grade (grades 3 and 4) astrocytomas of ordinary type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3179929 TI - Epithelial dysplasia of the oral cavity and lips. AB - Between 1970 and 1986, 1651 biopsy specimens from the oral cavity or lips with a diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia were accessioned by the Medical College of Virginia Oral Pathology Diagnostic Service (Richmond, VA). Of the four histologic grades of epithelial dysplasia (focal mild, mild, moderate, and severe), most of the cases were diagnosed as mild (54.1%) and the fewest (8.1%) were in the severe category. The overall mean age at time of diagnosis was 56.7 years. A predilection for occurrence in males was confirmed, but a lower than expected incidence in blacks was noted. The most common anatomic sites were the buccal mucosa, palate, and floor of mouth. The anatomic areas which were most likely to have a severe epithelial dysplasia were the ventral surface of the tongue and the lip. Patients with dysplasias in more than one site had a slightly higher probability of being diagnosed as either moderate or severe. The cases associated with lichen planus usually were found on the buccal mucosa and demonstrated a shift toward a milder degree of dysplasia. PMID- 3179930 TI - Improving the prognostic value of DNA flow cytometry in breast cancer by combining DNA index and S-phase fraction. A proposed classification of DNA histograms in breast cancer. AB - To optimize the prognostic value of DNA flow cytometry in breast cancer the authors calculated several parameters from the DNA histogram, including the DNA index, the size and number of aneuploid peaks as well as S-phase and G2/M-phase cell cycle fractions. Of these, DNA index and S-phase fraction (SPF) proved to be the most valuable prognostic indices. DNA aneuploidy was associated with a three fold risk of death as compared to DNA diploidy (P less than 0.0001). The highest risk of death was associated with hypertetraploid (greater than 2.20) DNA index, whereas a tetraploid DNA index (1.80-2.20) was associated with a relatively low risk. The SPF had significant additional prognostic value in both DNA diploid (P = 0.0002) and DNA aneuploid (P = 0.02) tumors. By combining DNA index and SPF the authors defined three types of DNA histograms, which were associated with favorable, intermediate, and poor prognosis of the patients. DNA diploidy together with low (less than 7%) SPF (type I DNA histogram) was associated with very favorable prognosis, whereas DNA aneuploidy with high DNA index (greater than 2.20) or high (greater than 12%) SPF (type III DNA histogram) was related to the worst prognosis with approximately eight-fold relative risk of death. In a Cox multivariate regression analysis the type of DNA histogram was an independent and most powerful prognostic indicator in breast cancer. The other independent factors in the Cox analysis were primary tumor size, nodal status, and progesterone receptor status. PMID- 3179931 TI - Gastric cancer in a high-risk area in Italy. Histopathologic patterns according to Lauren's classification. AB - Two thousand five hundred forty cases (1628 males and 912 females) of primary gastric cancer (GC) histologically diagnosed in gastroscopic biopsy or resected specimens, occurring from 1973 to 1982 in a high risk area in Italy (Florence), were reviewed. According to Lauren's criteria, 1587 (62.5%) were classified as intestinal type, 624 (24.6%) as diffuse type and 329 (12.9%) as mixed unclassified. The intestinal type is more frequent in males and increases in both sexes with advancing age; conversely for the diffuse type. In the two 5-year periods (1973-1977 and 1978-1982) the intestinal type shows a reduction over time more evident in females than in males, in contrast to the increasing trend for the diffuse type. In males, the distribution of Lauren's histologic types is stable over time for resected specimens, whereas there is a significant reduction of intestinal type for biopsy specimens. In females, both for resected and biopsy specimens there is a reduction of the intestinal type and an increase of the diffuse type from the first to the second period. For a subgroup of 297 subjects two different specimens were available (gastroscopic biopsy and surgical); sensitivity and positive predictive value, for biopsy specimen as compared with the resected one, in the diagnosis for Lauren's histologic types were calculated. An excess of diagnoses in the mixed/unclassified category for biopsy material was evident (positive predictive value = 44.3%). However, for the two main histologic types, the biopsy appears a quite reliable indicator of the final diagnosis on surgical material (intestinal: ppv = 88.6%; Diffuse: ppv = 87.0%). The study supports the hypothesis that the reduction in GC mortality in the Province of Florence in recent years may be associated with a moderate reduction in the frequency of the intestinal type. PMID- 3179932 TI - Depressed adenoma of the stomach. AB - A "depressed adenoma" was detected in surgically removed stomachs. There were 40 such lesions (11%) of a total of 357 lesions of gastric adenomas. Macroscopically, these lesions often occurred along the lesser curvature of the stomach, had shallow depressions of a light-brown color, a round or oval shape with irregular margins, and could hardly be distinguished from a depressed early carcinoma. Although 14 of the lesions were detected preoperatively with confirmation by endoscopic biopsy, the other 26 remained unrecognized until the gross examination of the formalin-fixed specimens. Histologically, all were tubular adenomas of the intestinal type with varying degrees of epithelial atypia. Carcinoma in adenoma was present in 5% of these depressed lesions, in contrast to 2.5% of the conventional protruded adenoma. Thus, depressed adenoma seems to be a variant of gastric adenoma which has a somewhat higher malignant potential. PMID- 3179933 TI - Nuclear reactivity for estrogen. A possible diagnostic tool in differentiating colon cancer metastases in the ovary from primary mucinous ovarian tumors. AB - Tissue distribution of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and estrogen was analyzed in eight primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas, three primary mucinous colonic cancers, and four ovarian metastatic lesions from colonic and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Primary ovarian mucinous carcinomas and metastatic colonic carcinomas had similar localization of CEA within the epithelial cytoplasm. Estrogen localization, in contrast, was shown within the epithelial nuclei of seven of eight primary ovarian mucinous tumors; whereas the nuclei of metastatic and primary mucinous colonic carcinomas did not have intranuclear estrogen. The cytoplasm and the stroma of both primary ovarian and metastatic colonic carcinomas stained for estrogen. PMID- 3179934 TI - Type IV collagen immunoreactivity in colorectal cancer. Prognostic value of basement membrane deposition. AB - Using antibodies to type IV collagen, basement membrane (BM) deposition at the tumor-stromal border was studied in 163 cases of colorectal carcinomas. Immunoreactivity was scored semiquantitatively as moderate/extensive versus limited BM deposition and correlated with Dukes' stages and survival data. Cases with limited BM deposition showed an overall significant shorter survival and were overrepresented in Dukes' Stages C/D. Stratification of the cases, for limited versus moderate/extensive BM deposition and Dukes' Stages A/B and C/D, showed that in Dukes' Stages C/D, cases with moderate/extensive BM deposition reached a plateau phase in the survival curve after 2 years. Cases with limited BM deposition showed a continuous downward course on the survival curve. The results suggest that immunostaining of BM in cases in Dukes' C differentiates tumors with relatively high invasive and metastatic capacity from tumors with low invasive and metastatic capacity. PMID- 3179935 TI - Peritoneal implants of ovarian serous borderline tumors. Histologic features and prognosis. AB - The clinicopathologic features of 56 cases of ovarian serous borderline tumors (SBT) associated with peritoneal implants were reviewed. Data from 368 person years of follow-up (median follow-up, 6.0 years) were analyzed to investigate the possibility that the histologic features of implants of this type of tumor may correlate with the prognosis. Eighty-five percent of the 56 patients were clinically free of tumor at the time of death or at last contact. Thirteen percent of the patients died of tumor, and one patient (2%) was alive with widespread progressive tumor. The product-limit estimate of the probability of death from tumor (+/- standard error) was 4% (+/- 3%) at 5 years and 23% (+/- 9%) at 10 years. The following three histologic features of the implants correlated with an adverse prognosis: (1) invasion (P = 0.0004), (2) severe cytologic atypia in both invasive and noninvasive implants (P = 0.0008) and in noninvasive implants alone (P = 0.02), and (3) the presence of mitotic activity in both types of implants (P = 0.02) and in noninvasive implants alone (P = 0.02). The only other feature that correlated with the prognosis was the presence of residual tumor postoperatively as assessed by the surgeon (P = 0.01). The product-limit estimate of death of tumor in patients with at least one of these four adverse prognostic factors was 56% (+/- 20%) at 10 years. Whether or not the patients received radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or both had no statistically significant effect on the outcome. These data and the results of a stratified analysis suggest that patients may benefit from additional therapy if adverse prognostic factors are present, especially invasiveness or severe cytologic atypia. It is unlikely that additional therapy is necessary in patients without adverse prognostic features, because no deaths occurred in this group. PMID- 3179936 TI - Leukemic dermal infiltrates as a complication of central venous catheter placement. AB - A leukemic dermal infiltrate at the site of a central venous catheter placement was the first manifestation of relapse in a 58-year-old woman in clinical remission of acute myelomonocytic leukemia. The patient developed a large hematoma around the site of an unsuccessful attempt to place a central venous (CV) catheter. Although the hematoma resolved completely by the time that complete remission was achieved, an indurated, erythematous mass subsequently developed, which when biopsied revealed leukemic cells in the dermis. The patient had a relapse in her peripheral blood shortly thereafter. The authors reviewed recent literature and their own experience with CV catheters and report on localized dermal relapse as a previously unpublished risk of CV catheter placement. They also speculate on the role of the dermis as a sanctuary for leukemic cells and a potential source for relapsing disease. PMID- 3179937 TI - Metastatic pattern in recurrent breast cancer. Special reference to intrathoracic recurrences. AB - The anatomical and temporal patterns of recurrence were studied in 401 patients with first recurrence of breast cancer. All patients underwent the same scheduled investigation program: history, physical examination, blood tests, bone scanning, bilateral iliac crest biopsy, radiologic bone survey, chest x-rays, and ultrasound scanning of the liver. The current article focuses on the diagnosis of intrathoracic (ITH) recurrence. Most patients recurred in a single site and 50% of the recurrences were diagnosed within the first 2 years from initial diagnosis. Chest x-ray revealed ITH recurrence in 27% (109 patients), and in 8% the lung, pleura, and/or mediastinum were the only signs of recurrence. Generally, the status of primary demographic, clinical, and pathoanatomical characteristics were not predictive as to the development of ITH recurrence, although patients with pleural recurrences often had centrally located primary tumors, locally advanced disease, and often received adjuvant radiotherapy. Clinical symptoms and signs of ITH recurrence were present in only one third of the patients, and the diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of serum lactate dehydrogenase were only 33% and 85%, respectively. Since ITH recurrences often are silent, and since recurrence in this site may have both prognostic and therapeutical implications, routine chest x-ray is indicated in all patients with first recurrence of breast cancer. PMID- 3179938 TI - Smooth muscle neoplasms of the uterus other than ordinary leiomyoma. A study of 46 cases, with emphasis on diagnostic criteria and prognostic factors. AB - Thirty-seven cases of uterine leiomyosarcoma are presented, along with nine cases of leiomyoma variants from which they were distinguished. All patients were followed for a minimum of 10 years. In cases with nuclear pleomorphism, leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed when there were five or more mitotic figures in ten consecutive high-power (X400) fields in the most active area of the tumor, and also when there were fewer mitotic figures but extensive tumor necrosis (there was only one leiomyosarcoma without nuclear pleomorphism, and it had more than 20 mitotic figures in ten high-power fields). Tumor size was the major prognostic factor in the leiomyosarcoma group; five of eight patients with neoplasms measuring less than 5 cm in maximum dimension survived, whereas no patient with a larger tumor did so. Other pathologic and clinical variables, including mitotic rate, tumor necrosis, degree of nuclear pleomorphism, vascular invasion, and patient age, had no significant relationship to survival or tumor behavior in leiomyosarcoma when tumor size was taken into account. The nine cases of leiomyoma variants consisted of three atypical leiomyomas (which had nuclear pleomorphism, one or no mitotic figures per ten high-power fields, and no necrosis), two plexiform leiomyomas, two cases of peritoneal leiomyomatosis, one palisaded leiomyoma, and one case of intravenous leiomyomatosis; all of these patients were tumor-free on follow-up. PMID- 3179939 TI - Thromboembolic events in patients with malignant superior vena cava syndrome and the role of anticoagulation. AB - In patients with superior vena caval obstruction resulting from malignancy, the importance of vena caval thrombosis and the role of anticoagulation are incompletely understood. The authors discuss this aspect of the management of 25 patients with malignant superior vena cava syndrome. Ten patients were retrospectively reviewed after having been clinically diagnosed without venography, and treated without anticoagulation. Five thromboembolic complications occurred, two of which proved fatal. Fifteen patients were prospectively evaluated by angiography and then treated with anticoagulants. Angiographic evidence of intraluminal subclavian vein or superior vena caval thrombosis was found in five of these patients, and no thromboembolic complications occurred. Of the 20 patients ultimately anticoagulated, two fatal intracranial hemorrhages developed. The authors suggest the need for randomized prospective trials if the role of venography and anticoagulation in this syndrome is to be determined. PMID- 3179940 TI - Dietary vitamins A and C and lung cancer risk in Louisiana. AB - The authors describe the results of a hospital-based incident case-control study of lung cancer conducted in a high-risk region of southern Louisiana from January 1979 through April 1982. Dietary intake of carotene, retinol, and vitamin C was estimated from food frequency questionnaires administered to 1253 cases and 1274 controls. An inverse association was found between level of carotene intake and lung cancer risk, and this protective effect was specific for squamous and small cell carcinoma (odds ratio [OR] = 0.84, 95% confidence interval: 0.64-1.09, high intake). A stronger protective effect for these tumors was associated with dietary vitamin C intake (OR = 0.65, 0.50-0.87, high intake). A significant inverse gradient in risk with retinol intake was limited to adenocarcinoma (OR = 0.64, 0.44-0.94, high intake) and more pronounced among blacks. PMID- 3179941 TI - Survival and prognostic factors of patients with skin melanoma. A regression model analysis based on nationwide cancer registry data. AB - Survival and prognostic factors of skin melanoma patients were studied using a regression analysis of relative survival rates based on nationwide cancer registry data. The material consisted of 4980 cases of melanoma of the skin diagnosed in Finland in 1953 to 1981 and reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry. In the last diagnostic period, 1974 to 1982, the 5-year relative survival rate for male patients was 61.1% and that for female patients 76.6%. The analysis included variables sex, age, stage, year of diagnosis, follow-up year, and site of the tumor. All of them were needed to explain the differences in survival. The patients had the greatest relative risk of dying from skin melanoma during the second year from diagnosis. However, the difference in death risk due to melanoma by stage was most remarkable during the first follow-up year: the risk of patients with nonlocalized disease was over 12 times that of others. The male female ratio in the risk of dying from skin melanoma was (to a marked extent) attributable to differences in the distributions of stage and site of the tumor. In all site groups males did worse than females but risk ratio varied from 1.15 (trunk) to 1.89 (limbs). The effect of some important prognostic factors on survival could be quantified with ample material and with a method taking into account the competing causes of death. The results suggest a difference either in biological behavior of skin melanoma or in a patient's delay between males and females. PMID- 3179942 TI - Tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen, CA 50, and CA 19-9 and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Pretreatment screening. AB - Pretreatment serum levels of the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA 50, and CA 19-9 in 95 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus and 32 age-matched controls were compared. Thirty-nine percent of the cancer patients showed elevated (greater than or equal to 5 micrograms/l) serum CEA levels, 41% had elevated (greater than or equal to 17 U/ml) CA 50 levels, and 13% showed elevated (greater than or equal to 37 U/ml) CA 19-9 levels. The tumor markers showed a considerable degree of complementarity, and combined tumor marker analysis increased the sensitivity to 59%. Raised CEA levels were found significantly more frequently in intrathoracically localized tumors than in cervical cancers. Patients surviving less than 6 months showed a higher rate of elevated CEA assays than those who survived 6 to 18 months. No certain correlation was established between tumor marker elevation and tumor stage or tumor differentiation. PMID- 3179943 TI - The evaluation of CA 19-9 antigen level in the early detection of pancreatic cancer. A prospective study of 866 patients. AB - To establish if CA 19-9 could detect early pancreatic cancer, we measured its serum concentration in 866 patients admitted for benign diseases and observed for 2 years. All patients with an elevated CA 19-9 level (greater than 40 units (U)/ml) were submitted to a computed tomography (CT) scan of the pancreas. The CA 19-9 level was increased in 117 patients. One hundred fifteen of these 117 patients had false-positive elevations. The CA 19-9 concentration was elevated mostly in benign hepatobiliary diseases. In this group of patients, CA 19-9 was correlated to alkaline phosphatase values. Eleven patients showed an elevated CA 19-9 level for 10 months without any malignancy developing. One patient had a normal CA 19-9 concentration 8 months before clinical signs of pancreatic carcinoma developed. We conclude that CA 19-9 measurement is of no value for the early detection of this malignancy. PMID- 3179944 TI - Plasma levels of a squamous cell carcinoma-associated antigen in athymic nude mice bearing human squamous cell carcinoma xenografts of oral origin. With preliminary clinical data. AB - A human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of oral origin was transplanted into athymic mice that were then divided into six groups. The mice were killed at 1 to 6 weeks after tumor transplantation; the sixth group was killed 1 week after excision of SCC grafts. Plasma samples were obtained from each mouse at the time of death for the determination of SCC-associated antigen (SCCAA), a cytoskeletal protein fraction of about 48,000 daltons originally derived from SCC of the uterine cervix. The plasma SCCAA level rose gradually and proportionately to the growth of SCC xenografts from a baseline of 0.66 ng/ml [standard error (SE) + 0.12] to the preoperative peak of 8.44 ng/ml (SE + 1.86) at 5 weeks, to fall precipitously to the postoperative level of 1.05 ng/ml (SE + 0.27) at 6 weeks. No rise in plasma SCCAA level was observed in mice bearing a human malignant melanoma, and only modest rises were observed in mice bearing human adenocarcinomas and oat cell carcinoma. In this experimental model rising plasma SCCAA levels were found to be dependable indicators of SCC tumor growth. These observations and preliminary data on SCCAA levels in patients with or without SCC of the head and neck lend support to the clinical usefulness of serial plasma SCCAA determinations in monitoring patients with SCC of the oral cavity. PMID- 3179945 TI - Activity of porphobilinogen deaminase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with metastatic cancer. AB - Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), one of the enzymes in the pathway of heme synthesis, was found to be elevated in peripheral mononuclear cells of 60% of patients with epithelial tumors and metastatic spread, but only in 14% of patients with tumor and no evidence of metastases. The combination of both high lactic dehydrogenase and high PBGD afforded a sensitivity of 40%, but a specificity of 96% in diagnosing metastatic spread. PMID- 3179946 TI - Cisplatin and mitoguazone. An induction chemotherapy regimen in advanced head and neck cancer. AB - The combination of cisplatin 100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks and mitoguazone 500 mg/m2 every week with dose escalation was administered as a 9-week induction regimen to 27 patients with previously untreated Stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. This was followed by full-course radiation therapy for unresectable patients or surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for those with resectable disease. Sixteen patients had bulky unresectable disease, and ten were candidates for curative resection at study entry. Of 26 patients evaluable for response to chemotherapy, there were seven complete responses (CR) (five of six pathologically confirmed) and ten partial responses (PR) (65% CR + PR). Toxicity was generally mild with Grade 3 or 4 nausea and vomiting occurring in 15% and diarrhea in 12%. Nineteen percent of the patients developed transient nephrotoxicity (serum creatinine greater than 2), 62% anemia (hemoglobin decrease greater than 2 g/dl), 23% leukopenia (leukocyte count less than 3500 cells/microliters) and 8% thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 50,000 cells/microliters). Anorexia, fatigue, and weight loss occurred in nearly all patients. The median survival time of all patients was 17.5 months; complete responders, 43 months; partial responders, 16 months; and nonresponders, 9 months (P = 0.0025). In a multivariate analysis of stage, primary site, resectability status, response to chemotherapy, and local treatment (surgery plus radiation versus radiation), complete response was the only statistically significant covariate for survival. In Phase II single agent trials, mitoguazone has been shown to have a 15% response rate in head and neck cancer and cisplatin, a 30% to 40% response rate (less than 10% CR). Thus, our results, both complete and overall response rates, were higher than would be expected from either drug alone. A possible mechanism for this high response rate may be mitoguazone induced cell synchronization. In vitro studies demonstrate the accumulation of tumor cells exposed to mitoguazone in S- and G2-phases of the cell cycle. These results would support further evaluation of mitoguazone in combination to explore the theoretical potentiation of antitumor effects by sequencing with cycle specific agents. PMID- 3179947 TI - Cisplatin-based chemotherapy for neoplasms arising from salivary glands and contiguous structures in the head and neck. AB - We observed a 38% response rate from platinum-based chemotherapy among 34 patients with locally recurrent or disseminated neoplasms from salivary glands or contiguous structures. Adenocarcinoma was the predominant histology. Eleven patients manifested partial response or regression, and two had complete regressions of soft tissue disease. The most durable visceral responses were partial regressions (lung, 11 months; and central nervous system, 34 months). Eleven of the 13 responders showed tumor regression within 3 months of commencing therapy, and the median response duration was 7 months (range 2-34 months). The median survival among all 34 patients was 15 months, and was 18 months among the 13 responders. Hence, a response to treatment did not necessarily confer any long term survival advantage. Although gastrointestinal toxicities were troublesome with the earlier regimens, contemporary antiemetics (dexamethasone, metoclopramide) have substantially modified these sequelae. Platinum programs may provide useful palliation for selected patients with these neoplasms, but the impact on survival is negligible. PMID- 3179948 TI - Postradiation soft tissue sarcomas. An analysis of 53 cases. AB - The clinicopathologic features of 53 cases of postradiation soft tissue sarcoma (PRS) were correlated with the physical characteristics of the administered radiation. All but three patients received radiation for malignant processes. Of the secondary sarcomas, malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) accounted for 36 cases (68%), followed by seven extraskeletal osteosarcomas (13%), six fibrosarcomas (11%), two malignant Schwannomas (4%), one extraskeletal chondrosarcoma, and one angiosarcoma. The sex incidence, age of the patient at time of diagnosis, and location of the PRS correlated only with the clinical characteristics of the initial treated condition. The latency period (mean 10 years) showed an indefinite relationship to patient survival but no definite relationship to the patient's age at the time of the initial radiation. There was no difference between patients treated with megavoltage radiation (39 patients) and with orthovoltage radiation (seven patients) in the type of sarcoma, location, or survival, although the orthovoltage group received a lower mean radiation dose (3880 rads) than the megavoltage group (4446 rads). Megavoltage radiation, however, produced deeper tissue radiation changes and was associated with a shorter latency period. Most PRS were poorly differentiated, produced abundant collagen, and had a dismal prognosis. PMID- 3179949 TI - Sensitivity of cultured cells to gamma radiation in a patient exhibiting marked in vivo radiation sensitivity. AB - An apparently normal 13-year-old girl developed multiple severe complications over several years after radiation therapy for Stage IIB Hodgkin's disease, including hypothyroidism, esophageal stenosis, restrictive lung and pericardial disease, extrahepatic biliary fibrosis, and sudden death presumed secondary to a myocardial infarction. Cultured skin fibroblast cells from the patient exhibited marked sensitivity to gamma radiation in vitro. The D0 of the radiation survival curve (the inverse of the straight line portion of the curve and that dose of radiation which theoretically leads to one lethal hit per cell) was 89 cGy, compared to a mean D0 for nine normal individuals of 155 cGy, and 85 cGy for two patients with the radiation sensitive disease ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). Profound clinical heterogeneity in response to cancer therapeutic agents may exist, with some individuals who show no signs or symptoms of DNA repair deficiency (for example, as is manifested by individuals with AT) exhibiting marked in vivo and in vitro sensitivity to certain DNA-damaging agents. PMID- 3179950 TI - Meningeal hematopoiesis causing exophthalmus and hemiparesis in myelofibrosis: effect of radiotherapy. A case report. AB - Meningeal myeloid metaplasia (MM) is very rarely observed in patients with myelofibrosis. We report the occurrence of meningeal MM causing exophthalmus and fever in a patient with myelofibrosis secondary to polycythemia vera. A computerized tomography (CT) scan showed multiple intracranial and intraorbital enhancing masses. A needle aspirate of retrobulbar space confirmed the diagnosis of extramedullary hematopoiesis. The patient subsequently developed a rapidly worsening tumor-like syndrome with hemiparesis, aphasia, and loss of sphinteric control. The administration of radiotherapy caused a complete and stable regression of clinical symptoms and a marked reduction of MM masses. PMID- 3179951 TI - Lectin histochemistry of the thyroid gland. AB - The authors carried out a histochemical study with lectins (Ulex europaeus agglutinin-I [UEA-I], Triticum vulgaris [WGA], Glycine max [SBA], Dolichos biflorus [DBA], and Arachis hypogaea [PNA]) in different thyroid gland conditions (17 benign nodular goiters, three diffuse hyperplasias, five Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 20 follicular adenomas, 14 well-differentiated papillary carcinomas, five well-differentiated follicular carcinomas, and 30 normal thyroids) in order to determine if specific lectin patterns are developed during neoplastic transformation. The results showed that (1) in normal thyroid glands, the lectin, UEA-I, is able to discriminate between follicular cells and C-cells; (2) pathologic follicular epithelium had an increased expression of UEA-I, SBA, and WGA receptors; (3) no lectin or group of lectins allow a distinction between follicular carcinoma and papillary carcinoma; (4) when benign and malignant tumors are compared for UEA-I affinity there is a significantly greater frequency of malignant tumour with UEA-I receptor; and (5) although all investigated lectins have shown receptors in endothelial cells at least in one case, the most constant findings have been obtained with UEA-I and WGA. These findings suggest that lectins are not useful in routine diagnostic pathologic examination; however, in particular cases of follicular carcinoma, UEA-I may be a useful tool for the recognition of small vessels invaded by tumoral cells and the demonstration of fucose residues in malignant tumor cells. PMID- 3179952 TI - The influence of age on colonic epithelial cell proliferation. AB - Cancer of the large bowel is relatively rare in persons younger than 50 years of age, but its incidence increases sharply in persons older than 60 years of age. We thought that the evaluation of colonic cell proliferation, an accurate biomarker of predisposition to colorectal cancer, might help to elucidate the susceptibility of elderly persons to this common malignancy. Accordingly, 30 persons with normal lower endoscopy results were divided into three age groups (30 to 50,51 to 65, and 66 to 90 years of age; Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Samples of rectal mucosa were taken at endoscopic examination, incubated with [3H]thymidine, and processed with standard autoradiographic techniques. At histologic examination, each intestinal hemicrypt was divided into five equal longitudinal compartments from the fundus (compartment 1) to the surface (compartment 5). The number and the position of labeled cells along the crypt were recorded. The total labeling index (LI) (the ratio of labeled cells to total cells) was significantly higher in Group 3 than in the two other groups. Similarly, the LI per crypt compartment in the most superficial portions of the crypts was consistently higher in persons older than 65 years of age (P less than 0.01 at least), indicating an expansion of the proliferative zone to the most superficial portion of the colonic glands. When the proliferative profiles of the three groups of subjects investigated were compared with those of patients with polyps, an almost complete overlap of values was observed between this population at increased risk for cancer and the subjects in Group 3. We conclude that aging is characterized by an overall increase of epithelial cell proliferation in colorectal mucosa and by an upwards expansion of the proliferative compartment, similar to that observed in a population at risk for cancer of the large bowel. PMID- 3179953 TI - Evidence for free beta-subunit secretion in so-called human chorionic gonadotropin-positive seminoma. AB - In 349 patients with pure seminoma the authors determined human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) plus the free beta-subunit (HCG-beta) by a polyclonal radioimmunoassay (RIA) and found elevated serum levels in 42 patients (12%). In addition, each HCG and HCG-beta were specifically measured by monoclonal immunoradiometric assays (IRMA) in 19 of these patients. Overall 12 patients were HCG-beta positive and 12 HCG positive. Elevated serum levels of both molecules were found in five patients, whereas seven patients showed elevation only in HCG and another seven patients only in HCG-beta. In serum samples of patients with high HCG-beta and minimally elevated HCG levels the free beta-subunit could be detected by gel filtration and immunoradiometric assays, whereas both HCG-beta and holo-HCG were found in ultrafiltered and concentrated urinary samples. The authors conclude that HCG-beta can be present as the major form in serum even if both HCG-beta and HCG are detectable in urine. When measuring hormone concentration as a tumor marker in seminoma patients, methods which determine both activities, HCG plus HCG-beta, seem to be the most reliable. Whereas 16 patients with Stage I-IIc had HCG-beta levels between 0.1 and 2.8 IU/l and currently have no evidence of disease, two patients with Stage IV had HCG-beta levels of 18 and 37 IU/l and died. Current investigations have to clarify the prognostic significance of beta-subunit secretion. PMID- 3179954 TI - Fragile X syndrome and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - Fragile X [Fra(X)] syndrome is an example of a heritable fragility syndrome associated with mental retardation. It is characterized by a fragile site on the X chromosome at Xq27-28. There have recently been three reports of malignant solid tumors associated with Fra(X) syndrome. We describe the first case of a hematologic malignancy [T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)] in a patient with Fra(X) syndrome. The possibility of a predisposition to malignancy in Fra(X) is discussed. PMID- 3179955 TI - Flow cytometric analysis of breast needle aspirates. AB - This study investigated two hypotheses: (1) sufficient cells may be obtained by needle aspiration of breast nodules to produce good flow cytometric DNA profiles; and (2) benign breast lesions do not produce aneuploid G0G1 peaks, and therefore a distinct aneuploid peak is sufficient for a diagnosis of malignancy. Breast specimens received in Surgical Pathology between December 1985 and February 1987 were aspirated, and the cells stained with propidium iodide for flow cytometric DNA analysis. A total of 344 specimens were aspirated, of which 204 (59%) were malignant and 140 (41%) benign. One hundred fifty-three malignant and 111 benign specimens contained sufficient cells for analysis. Cytologic smears were available for 177 malignant and 123 benign specimens. DNA histograms were considered diagnostic of malignancy if an aneuploid peak was present which contained at least 20% of the cells in the distribution, and had a DNA index greater than or equal to 1.2. Using these criteria, 73 of 153 (48%) carcinomas could be identified. None of the benign lesions satisfied these criteria. One fibroadenoma with atypical hyperplasia produced a distinct peak which contained less than 5% of the cells in the histogram, and had a DNA index of 1.25. Flow cytometric analysis provides objective data that complement the subjective cytologic interpretation of fine needle aspirates. PMID- 3179956 TI - Diffuse cystic angiomatosis of the breast. AB - Vascular tumors of the breast are extremely rare, and the majority are malignant. In this report, the presentation of a diffuse, benign, cystic, vascular tumor that histologically was angiomatosis of the breast is described. The clinical presentation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance, and histologic features of this rare lesion are reviewed. This case is of particular interest because the tumor recurred during pregnancy and underwent massive enlargement despite negative hormone receptor values. Angiomatosis is prone to local recurrence, so complete excision with histologically negative margins is the treatment of choice. PMID- 3179957 TI - Reduction in risk of lung cancer among ex-smokers with particular reference to histologic type. AB - Reduction of the risk of lung cancer as a result of giving up smoking is examined according to the number of years of cessation from smoking and the number of cigarettes that were smoked per day before quitting smoking. Patients with histologically diagnosed lung cancer from 26 hospitals in six cities in the US were compared with controls matched for age, sex, race, time of diagnosis, and hospital. Smoking habits were recorded by trained interviewers using a questionnaire. In men, a fairly consistent reduction in risk with years of cessation for each category of cigarettes per day before giving up smoking was found. In women, however, a much less consistent pattern was observed. Analysis of the data by histologic type of lung cancer showed that among women, as among men, risk was less and declined more consistently in those with Kreyberg I cancers than in those with Kreyberg II tumors. The inconsistency was seen mainly in patients with Kreyberg II cancers, which were more common among women. PMID- 3179958 TI - Multicentric papillary adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter. Report of a case with ultrastructural study. AB - A case of multicentric papillary adenocarcinoma arising in the renal pelvis and proximal ureteral mucosa of a 35-year-old man is presented. The left nephrectomy specimen demonstrated multiple, fungating, papillary tumors. The largest tumor measured 10 X 9 X 6 cm and invaded the renal parenchyma. Smaller tumors with long stalks were found. Microscopically, the papillary fronds of each neoplasm were lined by a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar epithelium admixed with a few areas of invasive tubular adenocarcinoma. The adjacent pelvic mucosa was the site of cuboidal epithelial metaplasia. The ultrastructure of both the papillary tumor and the pelvic mucosa suggested that they originated from the nonmucigenic metaplastic epithelium with a partial similarity to the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule. The growth pattern and the multicentric development of this unusual neoplasm suggest that this is a case of the malignant counterpart of the nephrogenic adenoma in the kidney and ureter, and reflect a biologic behavior corresponding to ordinary urothelial papillary tumors. PMID- 3179959 TI - The clinical spectrum of pure Bence Jones proteinuria. A study of 66 patients. AB - Sixty-six consecutive patients exhibiting isolated urinary excretion of monoclonal free light chains, i.e. Bence Jones protein (BJP), on screening investigation for serum and urine monoclonal immunoglobulins were studied in order to better define the spectrum of immunoproliferative disorders associated with such a protein abnormality. The typical plasma cell neoplasms accounted for only one third of the cases, multiple myeloma (MM) and systemic amyloidosis (AL) being diagnosed in 18% and 15% of the patients, respectively. Eighteen (27%) of the patients were recognized as having malignant nonHodgkin's lymphomas (NHL), 21 (32%) had chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and 2 (3%) had hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Three patients (5%) without apparent evidence of any malignant immunoproliferative disease were classified as having a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). The greatest urinary concentrations of BJP were found in plasmacytic neoplasms, the daily excretion of MM patients being significantly higher than that of AL patients. Considerably lower BJP outputs were recorded in the other diseases, the lowest ones being associated with MGUS. NHL patients had a daily excretion four times higher as compared with that of CLL patients. The distribution of NHL by histologic type was: follicular center cell lymphomas (FCCL) 39%, small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) 33%, immunoblastic lymphoma (IBL) 17%, and plasmacytoid lymphocytic lymphoma (PLL) 11%. The highest BJP levels were found in PLL, and the lowest ones in FCCL. In CLL patients the amount of urinary BJP correlated significantly with the tumor load, as estimated by the number of enlarged lymphoid areas. The study suggests that detection and measurement of isolated urinary BJP may provide useful data for the clinical evaluation of a wide spectrum of immunoproliferative disorders. PMID- 3179960 TI - Prognostic significance of mast cells in soft tissue sarcoma. AB - We counted the number of toluidine blue positive mast cells within and around the tumor in 44 patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Irrespective of their histologic types, these cases were broadly divided into the following two groups: (1) low count (less than 20 mast cells/10 high-power fields [HPF]) and (2) high count (greater than or equal to 20 mast cells/10 HPF). The patients with a high mast cell count showed a significantly better 5-year survival rate than those with a low count (85.9% versus 30.5%; P less than 0.01). Five patients with distant metastases at first admission all belonged to the low count group. These results suggest that the number of mast cells within and around the tumor is a useful prognostic factor for STS. PMID- 3179961 TI - Prognostic variables in hairy cell leukemia after splenectomy as initial therapy. AB - Splenectomy has been used as initial therapy in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) for many years and usually causes rapid improvement in peripheral blood counts. However, most patients eventually require further therapy. We have analyzed the case histories of 194 patients with HCL who had splenectomy as initial therapy. The median time to failure (second therapy or death) was 18.8 months. Univariate analysis of prognostic variables demonstrated that age, hemoglobin level, platelet count, bone marrow cellularity, bone marrow hairy cells, and hairy cell index (HCI) were statistically significant predictors of failure-free survival (FFS). However, only the bone marrow cellularity and platelet count were significant independent prognostic variables by Cox analysis. The patients were divided into the following three subsets by prognosis after splenectomy: (1) low risk of failure (cellularity less than 85% and platelet count greater than or equal to 60,000/microliters), (2) intermediate risk (cellularity less than 85% and platelet count less than 60,000/microliters), and (3) high risk (cellularity greater than or equal to 85%). The median FFS for each of these subsets was 56.5 months, 11.7 months, and 5.4 months, respectively. The median overall survival after splenectomy has not been reached with follow-up of up to 22 years. Patients diagnosed since 1982 have a better overall prognosis than those diagnosed earlier, with 4-year survivals of 88% and 68%, respectively (P less than 0.01). We conclude that splenectomy should continue to be the standard initial therapy in HCL. However, patients with bone marrow cellularity of 85% or greater have a short duration of response to splenectomy, and thus, may be considered for initial systemic therapy. PMID- 3179962 TI - Diagnosis, localization, and management of pheochromocytoma. Pitfalls and follow up in 41 patients. AB - Forty-one patients who had pheochromocytoma are described. These patients represent the experience of the authors over the last 19 years. The diagnoses, investigations, treatments, and pitfalls of this study and the management of these patients are described. The most sensitive screening test was the urinary measurement of catecholamines, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), and metanephrines. The most useful localizing procedure was the metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy and computed tomography (CT). After careful alpha and beta adrenergic blockade in 32 patients, no complications occurred during or after tumor resection. When this procedure was ignored even in patients who had normal blood pressure before surgery, severe cardiovascular complications occurred and two patients died. In familial pheochromocytoma, bilateral adrenalectomy with preservation of normal adrenal cortical tissue when possible may be the method of choice, but careful follow-up is warranted. PMID- 3179963 TI - Increasing incidence of primary brain lymphoma in the US. AB - There have been a number of clinical reports suggesting an increasing incidence of primary brain lymphoma unrelated to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and organ transplantation. To investigate this issue, the US incidence of this rare lymphoma was assessed using data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program (1973 through 1984). Never-married men, a relatively high risk group for AIDS, were excluded from the analyses. Brain lymphoma incidence increased from 2.7 in 1973 through 1975 to 7.5 cases per ten million population in 1982 through 1984 (chi-square trend, 15.25; P less than 0.001), and it increased among both men (chi-square trend, 6.74; P = 0.009) and women (chi-square trend, 10.48; P = 0.001). Increases in incidence also were observed among persons younger than 60 years of age (chi-square trend, 4.10; P = 0.04) and persons 60 years of age and older (chi-square trend, 9.16; P = 0.002). This increased incidence of brain lymphoma appears to be real: It antedates the AIDS epidemic and does not appear to be related to organ transplantation, another cause of increased risk of brain lymphoma. Although part of the increase may be an artifact of improvements in diagnostic technology and practice, most of the observed increase antedates the widespread use of such technologies. Finally, the increase in incidence of brain lymphoma does not appear to be related to overall trends in the incidence of brain tumors and non Hodgkin's lymphoma, and it is not related to time trends in nosology. PMID- 3179964 TI - AIDS concerns. PMID- 3179965 TI - [Our education]. PMID- 3179966 TI - Nursing: accept the challenge. PMID- 3179967 TI - Emergency nursing during the Edmonton tornado. PMID- 3179968 TI - The horrors of hiring. PMID- 3179969 TI - Adult incontinence. PMID- 3179970 TI - The Vietnamese woman in Canada. PMID- 3179971 TI - [Intermittent nonsterile catheterization in children]. PMID- 3179972 TI - [Practical training in the emergency room]. PMID- 3179973 TI - Phantoms for specifications and quality assurance of MR imaging scanners. AB - The accompanying paper examines the subject of NMR phantoms. The paper reports on initial experience with existing phantoms and reviews proposals from various standards groups and professional organizations. Many image tests are illustrated by existing vendor phantoms. The paper concludes that many phantoms already meet or exceed most of the suggestions for tests of classical imaging parameters, which can be pursued by first order adaptations of CT phantoms. The paper does, however, point out the limitations of existing phantoms and raise the possibility of developing phantoms that more accurately reflect human shapes and cavities, and which present more realistic resistive losses, and T1 and T2 values. PMID- 3179974 TI - Aliasing artifacts in MR imaging. AB - Aliasing artifacts occur in the phase encoding direction when the dimensions of the imaged object exceeds the field of view. Signal generated from outside the field of view appears as a superimposed object at the opposite edge of the image. Increasing the field of view, changing the gradient axes relative to the patient, or use of surface coils can reduce aliasing and are parameters which are controlled by the radiologist/technologist. The manufacturer may provide software packages which exploit two additional strategies, either limiting the volume of the patient from which the MR signal is acquired as in Inner Volume Imaging or display of resolution unless the number of phase encoding steps is increased at a cost of increased acquisition time. The radiologist may in some clinical situations choose to tolerate aliasing in favor of improved resolution in the area of interest and decreased acquisition time. PMID- 3179975 TI - The cranial computed tomographic findings in patients with cheiro-oral syndrome. AB - The authors present the two cases of cheiro-oral syndrome and responsible lesions causing this syndrome were demonstrated by computed tomography. Computed tomography is valuable in discussing the responsible lesion(s) for the neurological symptoms and signs. PMID- 3179976 TI - CT demonstration of brain infarcts due to deep venous thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Rapid development of low density bilateral lesions in the brain due to deep venous thrombosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosis is described. To the best of our knowledge, this type of symmetry, distribution and appearance of brain infarcts in CT due to deep venous thrombosis has not been reported previously. PMID- 3179977 TI - Thalamic bleeding: clinico-computed tomographic correlations. AB - A series of 22 patients with thalamic bleeding with CT confirmation is reported. Sixteen patients had hypertension and 7 experienced headaches and vomiting. Twenty patients had hemiparesis, and 14 had hemianesthesia. More than half the cases had hematomas in the posterior thalamus. Twenty-one had hematomas less than 3 cm. No patient displayed the characteristic pupil signs. One patient died and mortality rate was 4.5% (died from respiratory arrest). None of the 7 patients who had ventricular rupture died, indicating that the prognosis of the patients may not be affected by the ventricular extension. PMID- 3179978 TI - Computerized tomographic findings and differential diagnostic considerations in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's disease). AB - This paper discusses the conditions which may be associated with diffuse periventricular hypodensity on CT. Of these conditions, subacute arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's disease) is a common differential diagnostic consideration. This condition results from ischemic demyelination with loss of axons and astrogliosis. CT usually shows diffuse bilateral confluent hypodensities in the cerebral white matter. This is most prominent and seen earliest in the periventricular region and may extend more diffusely into the centrum semiovale. It is important to differentiate this condition from normal pressure hydrocephalus and primary nonischemic demyelinating disease (multiple sclerosis). PMID- 3179979 TI - CT diagnosis of splenic multifocal lesions and abdominal lymphoadenopathy secondary to sarcoidosis. PMID- 3179980 TI - Lingual thyroid: unusual appearance on computed tomography. AB - A patient with a lingual thyroid was found to have inhomogeneous contrast enhancement on CT, findings not previously reported. Operative and histologic examination revealed marked thyroiditis and goitrous changes, explaining the CT findings. PMID- 3179981 TI - Pseudolesion with nonionic contrast myelography. AB - Water soluble contrast myelography has been associated with a variety of complications. The inadvertant injection of air into the thecal sac may produce an apparent extramedullary, intradural defect on myelography. Post myelography CT examination should be used to confirm the presence of such a pseudolesion. PMID- 3179982 TI - Comparison of T1 and T2 weighted images of the lumbar spine. AB - In order to develop an optimal routine magnetic resonance (MR) spine scanning protocol, we have compared the relative efficacy of performing T1- and T2 weighted images in patients with various disorders of the lumbar region. Forty cases were randomly selected from studies performed from 1984 to 1987 and the T1- and T2-weighted images of each case were separated and interpreted blindly and independently by two neuroradiologists. Our results indicate no significant difference between T1- and T2-weighted images in the depiction of disc protrusion. The T2-weighted images were superior in depicting disc dessication, but the clinical significance of identifying a dessication disc remains uncertain. No significant difference in the depiction of osteophytes was seen between T1- and T2-weighted images. Cases of tethered cord, metastatic disease, and arachnoiditis were better delineated with T1-weighted images. The increase in signal of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with T2-weighting often obscured lesions within the spinal canal. In a signal case of postoperative discitis, the T2 weighted images disclosed disc space abnormalities and epidural fluid collections not appreciated on T1-weighted images. The T1-weighted images, however, did show thecal sac and adjacent epidural extension more clearly. In cases of metastatic disease, increase in the signal of metastases with T2 weighting often rendered them isointense to surrounding medullary bone. Given the lack of superiority of T2-weighted images over T1-weighted images in evaluating intervertebral disc protrusions and the superiority of T1-weighted images in depicting nearly all other abnormalities observed in this series, we no longer acquire T2-weighted images of the lumbar spine on a routine basis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3179983 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the craniocervical junction. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging has become the study of choice for the majority of abnormalities of the craniocervical junction as well as for demonstration of primary pathology of the spinal cord, and brain stem. Although the applications of MR are currently limited by its high cost, relatively long scan time, and low sensitivity to calcification, new pulse sequences, faster scan strategies, and lower cost MR scanner are changing this situation. MR contrast agents and the use of 3-D imaging techniques combined with gradient echoes promise to play a role in MR of the craniocervical junction in the near future. PMID- 3179985 TI - Parathyroid adenomas; computed tomographic imaging and the importance of preoperative localization. AB - Contrary to what is frequently stated in the literature, preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas is important. Surgery limited to removal of the adenoma is associated with significantly less morbidity than when bilateral exploration is undertaken. In fact, a 2 to 12 fold decrease in post-operative hypocalcemia has been reported when the surgical exploration is unilateral. Pre operative CT scans localized 10 of 13 surgically proven adenomas for an overall detection rate of 77%. Only one adenoma in our series had an average axial diameter of greater than 1 cm, the smallest measuring 5 mm X 3 mm. This paper outlines our CT technique and results and summarizes the pertinent recent surgical literature in reference to the importance of preoperative localization. PMID- 3179984 TI - Computed tomography of the ileocecal region. AB - The CT scans in 25 patients without ileocecal pathology and 52 patients with ileocecal abnormalities were retrospectively reviewed. The ileocecal region was identified in 18/25 (72%) of patients without pathology. Thirty of 52 patients with ileocecal pathology had inflammatory disease: Crohn's (13), appendicitis (9), abscess (6), and typhlitis (2). CT was complementary to barium studies, demonstrating wall thickening, pericolonic inflammatory change, masses, fascial thickening, and fistulae. Twenty patients had malignancy: primary carcinoma (9), metastases (7), and lymphoma (4). In all patients with carcinoma a mass was identified. Pericolonic stranding represented tumor extension in 5/6 patients. Metastases were identified as extrinsic ileocecal masses in all 7 patients. Liver, mesenteric and omental metastases were present in 8/20 patients. In patients with lymphoma there was wall thickening and two had additional pericecal lymphadenopathy. In 2 patients with hypoalbuminemia, findings included: wall thickening, mesenteric, and subcutaneous edema. PMID- 3179986 TI - Case report: CT of a duodenal paraganglioma. AB - Paraganglioma is a neoplasm of neuroectodermal origin that occurs rarely in the bowel. This case report illustrates the previously undescribed CT appearance of a duodenal paraganglioma. An intensely enhancing mass in the region of the pancreatic head was found. The intense enhancement ruled out adenocarcinoma and focal pancreatitis. An islet cell tumor of the pancreas was the major differential diagnostic consideration. PMID- 3179987 TI - CT findings in visceral leishmaniasis mimicking lymphoma. AB - A case of visceral leishmaniasis (Kala-Azar) is presented which clinically and on CT examination mimicked lymphoma. The value of the recognition of the previously unreported CT findings of visceral leishmaniasis is discussed. PMID- 3179988 TI - Replication of mitochondrial DNA in the gonadotropin-primed corpus luteum of the rat. AB - The effect on mitochondria isolated from corpus luteal tissues following priming of immature female rats with pregnant mares serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was studied. Ultrastructural studies showed intramitochondrial filamentous nucleic acid networks in situ following intense uranyl acetate staining. The intramitochondrial complexes were sensitive to nuclease treatment. Primed corpora lutea contained a 3.7-fold increase of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) per mg of mitochondrial protein when compared to unprimed ovaries. In subsequent experiments female rats were injected with 3H thymidine 12 h before harvesting gonadotropin-primed corpora lutea from which mitochondria were isolated, purified and lysed. MtDNA was isolated and purified from the lysate by CsCl-ethidium bromide equilibrium buoyant density gradient centrifugation. Both the upper and lower bands of mtDNA as well as the intermediate region of the gradient contained radioactive label. When mtDNA from a fractionated gradient was mounted for electron microscopy and examined, replicative forms of mtDNA were observed. The mechanism of replication appears to be by the displacement-loop model of mtDNA replication. Ultrastructural as well as biochemical evidence indicate that a consequence of corpora lutea formation is the replication of mtDNA. PMID- 3179989 TI - Ultrastructural morphometry on human parathyroid tissue. Morphological and functional implications. AB - Ultrastructural morphometry was performed on human parathyroid tissue from adenomas in chronic and acute (pernicious) hyperparathyroidism (HPT) including contralateral atrophic glands with the aim to compare the observed alterations with the corresponding clinico-functional findings. Quantitative assessment of various cell organelles, nucleus and cell perimeter revealed that significant correlations between ultrastructural features and laboratory parameters were only calculable by regarding extreme ranges of functional stages, i.e. adenomas of acute HPT (hyperparathyroid crisis) and contralateral atrophic glands. In chief cells of chronic HPT there was an inhomogeneity of measurements due to the disparate composition of the adenomatous tissue. Our results show that large complex lipid bodies and extensive accumulations of glycogen are valuable indicators of a functionally suppressed chief cell in atrophic parathyroid glands. An increased number of coated pits and vesicles is amongst other features (increase in size or number of Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nucleus and nucleolus as well as extension of the plasma membrane) characteristic of an endocrine stimulation. PMID- 3179990 TI - A comparative fine structure study on myofibroblasts from a cultured human and an in-situ rat tumor source. AB - Cultured cells from human embryonal testis (HET 1) and basal-cell (BCE-5) carcinoma and cells from the peripheral region of growing tumors of rat adenocarcinoma (13762NF) were harvested and processed for examination with the electron microscope. Cells from the culture sources were collected from Percoll density fractions of 2-10%, 24% and 35%. The results demonstrate that cells from all sources were morphologically reminiscent of myofibroblasts (Gabbiani et al., 1971). They were elongate, fibroblast-like, appearing cells containing mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes, filaments and microtubules. They also contained filament bundles associated with electron densities typical of myofibroblasts described elsewhere. Furthermore, cells from the 35% Percoll density gradient fraction were characterized by the presence of filament containing vacuoles whose constituent filaments had a 60-65 A periodicity. It is concluded that cells from all three sources are morphologically similar, and are classifiable as myofibroblasts, and that cells from the 35% Percoll density fraction are also involved in collagen anabolism and/or catabolism. PMID- 3179991 TI - A freeze-fracture study of human bronchial epithelium in normal, bronchitic and asthmatic subjects. AB - Tight junctions (TJ) play a major role in maintaining the integrity of epithelia. Damage of conducting airway surface epithelium is commonly observed in asthma, and recent data suggest that epithelial cells modulate airway smooth muscle tone by the production of relaxant factor(s). To evaluate the ultrastructure of tight junctions (TJ) in human bronchial epithelium of normal and diseased lung, biopsy samples were obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy in three normal healthy subjects, four asthmatic patients with bronchial hyperreactivity to methacholine and one heavy smoker with chronic bronchitis. Specimens were examined by electron microscopy, using both thin sections and freeze-fracture techniques. In normal subjects two types of TJ were identified, based on 27 type I, 23 type II junctional areas. Epithelium from the patient with chronic bronchitis showed extensive mucous metaplasia and only junctions of the second type. Extensive epithelial damage was detected in asthmatic subjects, so that a few TJ could be found. Varying degrees of TJ abnormalities were observed and the possible role of such ultrastructural derangements was discussed. PMID- 3179992 TI - Ultrastructural alterations of human cortical capillary basement membrane in perifocal brain edema. AB - The fine structural alterations of cortical capillary basement membrane have been studied in 16 patients with perifocal edema associated to brain tumors, traumatic injuries complicated with subdural or epidural hematoma or hygroma and congenital malformations, such as hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari and Alport's syndromes and vascular anomalies. The basement membrane displayed homogeneous and nodular thickening, vacuolization, rarefaction and reduplication. Its average thickness varied according to the etiology and severity of brain edema. In nine patients with moderate brain edema the thickness ranged from 71.97 to 191.90 nm and in the remaining seven patients with severe brain edema it varied from 206.66 to 404.22 nm. The basement membrane complex appeared apparently intact in moderate edema and showed glio-basal dissociation in severe edema. In areas of highly increased cerebro-vascular permeability, the basement membrane showed matrix disorganization and bifurcations acting as abluminal transcapillary channels. In regions of total brain necrosis, its structural stability was lost showing loosening, dissolution and rupture. Proliferation of collagen fibers was also found in three cases. Basement membrane swelling was interpreted as an overhydration of its matrix. The thickening, rarefaction and vacuolization seem to be induced by the increased vacuolar and vesicular transendothelial transport. The degenerated areas feature a finely granular precipitate interpreted as a protein or glycoprotein degraded matrix. PMID- 3179993 TI - Interaction between macrophage and parasite cells in lobomycosis. The thickened cell wall of Paracoccidioides loboi exhibits apertures to the extracellular milieu. AB - Lesioned, cutaneous, tissue fragments from five indians of the Caiabi tribe with lobomycosis, living in the Xingu National Park (Central Brazil), are analyzed by light and electron microscopy. Clusters of macrophages filled with parasite and/or cell wall debris, separated by collagen fiber bundles, characterize the morphological pattern seen in thick and thin sections. Paracoccidioides loboi within the phagocytic cells are multinucleate organisms whose cytoplasm contains mitochondria with few cristae, ribosomes and vacuoles; a large, dense, globular body and peculiarly curved mitochondrial profiles are described. From the outer portion of the double layered parasite cell wall, radial projections commonly emerge, rendering the structure conspicuously thicker and more irregularly surfaced than that seen in many other phagocytized yeast cell species. The cell wall layers from fungi possessing distinct subcellular organization show a weak or no reaction for acid phosphatase. Most of the foamy cells commonly seen by light microscopy are macrophages filled with fungal cell wall remnants which exhibit marked acid phosphatase activity. Occasionally, microchannels extending from the outer layer of the parasite cell wall to the macrophage surface and exocytic-like openings, possibly derived from the fusion of the macrophage membrane covering the parasite cell wall and the macrophage plasmalemma can be seen. Through such routes, material of texture and density similar to that of the outermost cell wall layer appears to be deposited extracellularly. PMID- 3179994 TI - Ultrastructural study of the developing mouse vitreous body. AB - The ultrastructure of the developing mouse vitreous body was studied at prenatal (10-to 18-day embryos) and postnatal (1 day, 4 days, 1, 2, 2.5 weeks after birth) stages. Characteristic changes allow a subdivision of the developmental period into four successive phases. A thickening of the lens basement membrane and the presence of many mesenchymal cells in the vitreous space characterize the first phase. During the second phase, a continuous basement membrane is being laid down around the hyaloid capillaries, zonular fibres appear in close contact with the lens capsule and retinal basement membrane, a very dense afibrillar material begins to fill up the lens periequatorial area. During the third phase, the perivascular membrane and the ciliary body basement membrane become multilayered and redundant and the periequatorial material and posterior granular substance become denser. During the latest phase the periequatorial material is vanishing, the hyaloid capillaries disappear, the density of the posterior granular substance decreases. The results do not confirm the existence of a clear distinction between primary and secondary vitreous at the ultrastructural level. The study reveals a transient accumulation of a very dense afibrillar material in the periequatorial area during development. Its nature and significance remain unknown. PMID- 3179995 TI - An explant culture system for the study of atrial development. AB - An explant culture system for the study of chick atrial development was tested using media of varying composition. Right atria from chick embryos of 13 days incubation were excised, placed on stainless steel mesh grids and cultured for 16 21 days in supplemented media. The results indicated that DMEM supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum maintained the highest percentage (57%) of contractile atria in culture. Even atria cultured in serum free DMEM gradually adapted and became completely contractile over a 15 day period. Gel electrophoresis was performed on NP-40 detergent extracts of contracting explants cultured for 1, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days, and from 13, 15, 16, 18, 20 day embryos and 1 day old chicks. The percent of total protein of five separate protein bands in the range of 17,000 to 60,000 Daltons were plotted against the days in vivo/in vitro. There was a dramatic change in the protein profile during the first day of culture (an increase in concentration in the 60 kDa protein and decreases in the 17, 31, 37 and 50 kDa proteins). The in vivo atria showed a relatively large increase in the concentration of several of the proteins (17, 37, 50 kDA), profiled just prior to hatching with subsequent fall after hatching. A comparison between the biochemical data and the morphology of the explants indicate that although the explants display characteristics of contractility and typical cardiocyte structure, they were operative at a different functional level than their in vivo counterparts. The loss of homeostatic regulation and other in vivo embryonic factors could play a role in this observed change. This culture system provides an alternative to the dissociation method, and will be a useful model to study factors that influence atrial growth and development. PMID- 3179996 TI - Effects of phorbol ester on Leishmania mexicana amazonensis: an ultrastructural and cytochemical study. AB - Promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, incubated in the presence of 20 ng/ml of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an exogenous protein kinase C activator, developed several membrane and cytoplasmic alterations. Increased exocytic activity was observed especially in the amastigotes which had an enlarged flagellar pocket. Treatment with TPA induced protrusions of the plasma membrane where cytoplasmic elements (ribosomes and sub pellicular microtubules) were not seen. Freeze-fracture replicas of TPA-treated parasites showed reduction in the density of the intramembranous particles (IMP), which were not seen on either fracture face of the membrane lining the protrusion. Cytochemical observations showed that sterols and anionic sites which bind to filipin and cationized ferritin particles, respectively, can be detected in the membrane lining the protrusions. However, the pattern of distribution of anionic sites, which bind colloidal iron hydroxide particles, and acid phosphatase in the membrane lining the protrusion region differed from the other portions of the plasma membrane. PMID- 3179997 TI - Electron spectroscopic imaging of calcium in the hydrogenosomes of Tritrichomonas foetus. AB - Electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) of very thin unstained sections of Tritrichomonas foetus fixed in an osmium tetroxide solution containing calcium and potassium ferrocyanide showed the presence of calcium in the form of electron dense deposits located in the hydrogenosomes. PMID- 3179998 TI - A high yield technique for freeze-fracturing of small fractions of isolated cells. AB - A simple, high-yield technique for the freeze-fracturing of small amounts of isolated cells is described. A drop of cells fixed in suspension is deposited on a polylysine-treated coverslip, forming a monolayer through electrostatic forces. After cryoprotection, the coverslip is inverted on a gold carrier covered with Vinol and then frozen in liquid nitrogen. The monolayer will be fractured by advancing the knife under the coverslip. Large areas of cell surface can be exposed despite their low number, such as that obtainable after cell sorting by flow cytometry. PMID- 3179999 TI - Triple X chromosome constitution and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - A case of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia occurring in a 15-year-old girl with a triple X sex chromosome constitution is discussed. PMID- 3180000 TI - Multiple structural chromosome rearrangements, including del(7q) and del(10q), in an adenocarcinoma of the prostate. AB - Cytogenetic analysis of a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the prostate revealed the complex karyotype: 76-86,X, -Y, +X, +X, +del(X)(q24), +t(1;10) (p22;q24), -2, +der(2) t(1;2;?)(p32;q24p13;?), +der(2)t(1;2;?) (p32;dq24p13;?), +3, +3, +4, +5, +5, +6, +7, +del(7) (q22), -8, +der(8)t(8;?)(q24;?), + der(8)t(8;?)(q24;?), +9, +10, +10, +der(10)t (1;10)(q24;q22), +del (10)(q23), +11, +11, +12, +der(12)t(4;12)(q11;p11), +der(12)t(4;12) (q11;p11), +14, +der (15)t(1;15)(q21;p11), +t(16;?) (q21;?), +17, +18, +19, +19, +20, +20, +21, +22, +2-5 mar. The karyotype contains deletions of both 7q and 10q, abnormalities that also have been described previously in prostatic adenocarcinomas, and which hence may represent primary chromosomal rearrangements in this type of cancer. PMID- 3180001 TI - Translocation t(11;19)(q21;p13.1) as the sole chromosome abnormality in a cystadenolymphoma (Warthin's tumor) of the parotid gland. AB - Cytogenetic findings on a cystadenolymphoma (Warthin's tumor) of the parotid gland are reported. In the primary culture, a reciprocal balanced translocation t(11;19)(q21;p13.1) as the sole clonal abnormality was found in the majority of metaphases. At this time, the proliferation of epithelial cells was observed in the cultures. Later passages showed overgrowing fibroblasts, and the abnormal metaphases disappeared. This result should stimulate further efforts for cytogenetic investigations of the epithelial part and permit a better understanding of the histogenesis of this particular tumor. PMID- 3180002 TI - Philadelphia-positive chronic myeloid leukemia with translocation t(3;21) PMID- 3180003 TI - Fragile site 1q44 involved in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A study of a marker chromosome der(1)t(1;3)(q44;p11). PMID- 3180004 TI - Combined trisomy 1q and monosomy 17p due to translocation t(1;17) in a patient with myelodysplastic syndrome. AB - A nonconstitutional translocation, t(1;17)(q21;p11), has been observed in bone marrow cells from a young patient with myelodysplastic syndrome during a 4-year period. Cytogenetic findings and some clinical aspects are briefly discussed. PMID- 3180005 TI - Occurrence and type of chromosomal abnormalities in consecutive malignant monoclonal gammopathies: correlation with survival. AB - Chromosome studies were done on 73 patients with multiple myeloma and three patients with plasma cell leukemia. Eighteen of 76 patients (24%) had chromosomally abnormal clones, including all three patients with PCL. The most common anomalous chromosomes were #1, #14, and #12. In addition, i(17q) was found in two patients with plasma cell leukemia. Among newly diagnosed patients there was no difference in survival for those with abnormal karyotypes and those with normal karyotypes. Among previously diagnosed patients receiving treatment, however, individuals with an abnormal clone had a significantly higher mortality during the first 2 years compared to those with a normal clone. Patients with no growth of metaphases in their bone marrow aspirate had a significantly lower mortality than other patients (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3180006 TI - Premature chromosome condensation in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (L1) and malignant histiocytosis. AB - In this study we report the observation of premature chromosome condensation (PCC) in two children with acute lymphocytic leukemia L1 and one child with malignant histiocytosis. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on peripheral blood or bone marrow cells cultivated for 24 hours without mitogen. In all three reported cases the modal karyotype was normal, while 12.9%, 5.5%, and 5% of spreads with PCC was observed, respectively. PMID- 3180007 TI - Involvement of chromosomes 3 and 5 in renal cell carcinoma. AB - Clonal chromosome abnormalities in short-term cultures were found in 18 of 51 nonfamilial renal cell carcinomas. The breakpoints on chromosome 3 in seven specimens clustered in region 3p11-3p24.2, confirming its importance in the genesis of renal cell carcinoma. An i(5p) and involvement of band 5q21 were other frequent structural chromosome changes. Two additional nonrandom karyotype changes, the gain of one chromosome 7 and the loss of one sex chromosome, were also observed. PMID- 3180008 TI - Consistent chromosome changes in leiomyosarcoma. AB - Karyotypic analysis of a leiomyosarcoma of the retroperitoneum revealed some structural and numerical changes. Review of the literature showed that some of these changes, namely involvement of 1p13 and 11p13 and monosomy 9, 18 and 22 seemed to occur frequently. These changes could be characteristic of leiomyosarcoma and define a cytogenetic subgroup within this tumor entity. PMID- 3180009 TI - Multiple karyotypic abnormalities, including structural rearrangements of 11p, in cell lines from malignant melanomas. AB - Cell lines were obtained from three malignant melanoma patients by culturing cell suspensions from tumor biopsies. A total of six lines (I to VI) were established. One line each was established from the first two cases. Lines III and IV were established from two different methyl cellulose colonies derived from the primary tumor of case 3; line III was from a non-pigmented and line IV from a pigmented colony. Cloning of line IV resulted in two highly malignant (IV Cl 1 and IV Cl 3) and one less malignant (IV Cl 2) clone. Clone IV Cl 1 was inoculated intracardially in nude mice and gave rise to adrenal and brain metastases. Lines V and VI were derived from such metastases. Multiple structural and/or numerical chromosome abnormalities were detected in all lines. Line I had 57-61 chromosomes, with structural changes affecting 1p, 2p, 3q, 7p, 7q, 11p, 14q, 17q, and 22q, as well as one unidentified marker. Line II had 40-48 chromosomes, with structural changes of 1p, 1q, 4q, 5p, 6p, 8p, 11p, 11q, 14p, 20p, and two unidentified markers. Line III had 45 chromosomes, 6q+, del(11p), and a centric fusion between chromosomes 14 and 15. Line IV had 45-46 chromosomes. The clonal changes included rearrangements of 1p, 9p, 11p, and the centric fusion of chromosomes 14 and 15. Line V was pseudodiploid and contained aberrations of 1p, 9p, 11p, 14q, 20q, an isochromosome for 21q, and an unidentified marker. Finally, the pseudodiploid line VI had changes of 9p, 11p, centric fusion of chromosomes 14 and 15, and an unidentified marker. Although no single identical aberration was shared by all six lines, structural abnormalities of 11p were invariably present and, hence, might constitute a common cytogenetic feature in melanoma development. The most consistent difference between the amelanotic and melanotic lines derived from case 3 was the presence of a 6q+ marker in the former and a 9p+ marker in the latter. PMID- 3180010 TI - A new translocation involving chromosomes 8 and 9 in a Philadelphia-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia. AB - A new case is presented displaying typical features of the stable phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), with a complex translocation involving chromosomes 8q and 9q. Cytogenetic evaluation revealed an abnormal karyotype, 46,XY,t(8;9)(q22;q34). Both chromosomes 22 were found to be cytogenetically normal. After molecular evaluation the cytogenetic diagnosis was revised to 46,XY,t(8;9;22)(q22;q34;q11). The importance of the chimeric abl/bcr gene fusion product in the pathogenesis of CML is suggested as a characteristic feature, even in some patients with a so-called Philadelphia (Ph) negative CML. Utilization of molecular probes in the evaluation of such cases must become a routine diagnostic procedure. Our patient received the potential benefit of Ph-positive directed therapy because of the present approach. PMID- 3180011 TI - Incidence and origin of dicentric chromosomes in cultured meningiomas. AB - Based on the cytogenetic findings in 32 human meningiomas, an analysis of dicentric chromosomes, usually present in cultures from meningiomas, has been performed. The incidence and origin of such markers have been analyzed and the chromosomal composition of the stem line in the corresponding sample established (i.e., normal karyotype, -22 as the sole chromosomal deviation, or complex karyotypes in addition to #22 abnormalities). More than 10 dicentric chromosomes were found in 12 of 32 meningiomas (37.5%). Sixty-eight of the markers could be identified individually or as belonging to a chromosome group. Fifty-three percent of the meningiomas characterized by a complex stem line karyotype also displayed dicentric chromosomes in variant cells, whereas only 12.5% of meningiomas with a normal diploid stem line showed such chromosomal aberrations. Chromosomes of groups C and D participated most frequently in the genesis of dicentrics; however, chromosomes 19, 20, 3, 6, and 13 were the most frequently involved. Thus, the existence of a nonrandom pattern of involvement supports the fact that dicentrics might play a biologic role in the progression of human meningiomas. PMID- 3180012 TI - KRAS2 oncogene overexpression in myelodysplastic syndrome with translocation 5;12. AB - The factors that initiate and maintain the abnormal hematopoietic clone in the myelo-dysplastic syndromes (MDS) remain largely unknown. We describe a patient with MDS associated with an abnormal karyotype, 46,XY,t(5;12)(q31;p12). According to the FAB cooperative group classification, the patient was classified as chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Because of the particular chromosomal translocation, the structure-function relationship of three genes relevant to the translocation breakpoints, CSF2, FMS, and KRAS2, was studied in bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes in this patient. No major structural alterations were observed at these three genetic loci. Although the levels of expression of the CSF2 and FMS genes remained unaltered, the KRAS2 oncogene was overexpressed approximately six-fold in bone marrow cells from the MDS patient compared with normal donors. We postulate that the RAS oncogene activation may be instrumental in the genesis of MDS. PMID- 3180013 TI - Chromosome rearrangements in dysplastic nevus syndrome predisposing to malignant melanoma. AB - The dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS) is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by multiple atypical skin moles and a propensity to malignant melanoma. We studied chromosomes from a three-generation DNS family in 1977. Cells cultured from normal skin and dysplastic nevi showed an elevation in chromosome rearrangements with nonrandom breakpoints and clonal proliferation marked by chromosome change. The DNS qualifies as a chromosome instability disorder, the first known to manifest dominant inheritance and a clear discernible premalignant state. The DNS road to malignancy may logically proceed by genomic alterations including translocations, duplications, and deletions. PMID- 3180014 TI - Robertsonian chromosome recombinants are rare in cancer. AB - Whole-arm Robertsonian rearrangements are common constitutional changes of chromosomes that possess unusual properties. They occur spontaneously, are not inducible by ionizing radiation or clastogenic chemicals, show an exceptionally high meiotic mutation rate and nonrandom chromosome composition. A sample of 30 Robertsonian rearrangements in cancer patients revealed only three to have been acquired, none as a primary or significant secondary cancer chromosome change. The frequency of Robertsonian rearrangements is in the range of one per 1,100 at birth versus one acquired per 10,000 in cancer. Consistent with the prediction that Robertsonian rearrangements are recombinants, a subfamily of alpha satellite DNA displays selective homology between the centromeric regions of acrocentric autosomes proportional to their preferential entry into Robertsonian chromosomes. Recombination leading to Robertsonian rearrangements is common in meiosis, but is rare in mitosis. Hence, Robertsonian rearrangements are rare in cancer. PMID- 3180015 TI - Cytogenetic analysis of ependymoma and teratoma of the ovary. AB - Cytogenetic analysis was performed on G-banded chromosomes from short-term cultures established from surgically removed tumor material from two patients. A karyotype of 56, XX, +5, +7, +7, +8, +13, +13, +18, +19, +20, +21 was found in one ovarian ependymoma. The grade 3 immature teratoma showed a karyotype of 47,XX, +3. PMID- 3180016 TI - Cytogenetic analyses of somatic chromosomes in a transplantable monomyelocytic leukemia in BALB/c mice. AB - In vivo cytogenetic analyses have been performed using G-, C-, and nuclear organizing region (NOR)-banding techniques, and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) on a transplantable monomyelocytic leukemia (MML) initially induced in female BALB/c mice by the Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV). Centromeric associations have been found to be greatly increased in MML transplanted mice. Transplantability of the disease has been demonstrated at the cytogenetic level by the presence of female cells in males transplanted with MML cells. G-banding analysis has shown the existence of a marker deleted chromosome 18 in all tissues examined (bone marrow, spleen, and peripheral blood) restricted to female transplanted cells. The NOR-banding analysis has shown a slight increase in the number of Ag-NOR sites per metaphase in MML transplanted mice compared with controls and the existence of an extra chromosome having NOR in MML transplanted mice. No differences were found in C banding between controls and MML transplanted mice. In MML transplanted males, female transformed cells showed a significant reduction in SCE frequency compared with host male cells or controls. PMID- 3180017 TI - A recurring chromosome rearrangement, dic(16;22), in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - A dicentric chromosome, dic(16;22), resulting in the loss of 16q and 22p was seen in bone marrow cells from two patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia and one patient with a therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome that evolved to leukemia. Review of the clinical findings and of the bone marrow morphology failed to reveal any distinctive features in common among these patients. The dic(16;22) may be a new, rare, recurring abnormality associated with malignant myeloid disorders. PMID- 3180018 TI - Myelodysplastic syndrome with Philadelphia-like chromosome without bcr rearrangement. AB - The case of a 62-year-old Japanese male with a myelodysplastic syndrome and a Philadelphia (Ph)-like chromosome, which probably involved bands 11q23 and 22q11, is presented. Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow cells revealed a Ph chromosome as well as -5, -7, +8, +11, -16, and an extra Ph. Some of the cells had a normal karyotype. Molecular analysis using breakpoint cluster region probes (5' bcr and 3' bcr) did not detect a rearrangement within the bcr DNA sequences, indicating that the breakpoint at 22q11 occurred outside the bcr. Furthermore, the bone marrow cells from this patient did not express an 8.5-kb c-abl mRNA. Thus, the Ph chromosome in this case differs from that of Ph-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, and the present case suggests that we should retain the term of "Ph like chromosome" in such cases. PMID- 3180019 TI - Multiple chromosome aberrations in an infant with acute monoblastic leukemia. AB - A male infant was diagnosed at age 16 months with acute monoblastic leukemia. At diagnosis, studies of bone marrow revealed multiple chromosome aberrations: 48,XY,+8,+19,t(4;11). Chromosome studies have been repeated at remission and relapse over the course of his disease. To our knowledge, this combination of chromosome abnormalities has not been previously reported. PMID- 3180020 TI - A cytogenetic and molecular analysis of five variant Philadelphia translocations in chronic myeloid leukemia. AB - Three patients had complex translocations involving 9q34, 22q11, and a third chromosome (Xq11, 7q11.2, or 15q11.2). Two patients had apparently simple variant Philadelphia (Ph) translocations, t(19;22) and t(11;22), with no obvious involvement of chromosome 9, and the Ph was masked in the t(11;22). In situ hybridization studies showed transposition of the abl gene from chromosome 9q34 to the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) of chromosome 22 in all five patients; this was confirmed by rearrangements of the bcr gene in leukemic DNA. In situ hybridization also showed that the bcr-3' and c-sis probes consistently translocated to recipient chromosomes X, 1, 7, 11, and 15, whereas IgC lambda remained on chromosome 22q. These results confirm that association of abl and bcr is a consistent feature of chronic myeloid leukemia irrespective of the cytogenetic presentation and support the conclusion of Hagemeijer that all simple variant Ph translocations are, in fact, complex and involve at least three chromosomes. PMID- 3180021 TI - Translocation (2;7)(p13;q36) in a case of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia evolving from a myelodysplastic syndrome. AB - A case of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with a new translocation, t(2;7)(p13;q36), as the sole karyotypic abnormality is reported. The patient's leukemia evolved from a cytogenetically normal myelodysplastic syndrome of 4 years' duration. Following treatment the patient entered complete remission with loss of the cytogenetically abnormal clone. Subsequent bone marrow analyses showed recurrence of the myelodysplastic syndrome with a normal karyotype. Although both chromosomes 2 and 7 are known to be involved in nonrandom karyotypic changes in human cancer and leukemia, t(2;7)(p13;q36) has not been reported previously. PMID- 3180022 TI - Is trisomy 11 another nonrandom chromosomal anomaly in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes? AB - Four cases with trisomy 11 as the sole chromosomal anomaly are reported, three with de novo acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and one with a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) after treatment for multiple myeloma. In reviewing the literature, we found 19 additional cases with trisomy 11 as the sole cytogenetic defect. All patients except one were reported to have ANLL or MDS. Thus, it seems that trisomy 11 is another rare but nonrandom chromosomal anomaly in ANLL and MDS. So far, no apparently characteristic clinical or cytologic signs have been found in these cases. PMID- 3180023 TI - The karyotype of Philadelphia chromosome-negative, bcr rearrangement-positive chronic myeloid leukemia. AB - Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome negative chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) can be distinguished from clinically similar disorders on the basis of the presence of rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) of chromosome 22. We have identified six patients with Ph-negative CML, each with bcr rearrangement. Apparently normal karyotypes were observed in two cases, and a third contained a rearrangement that did not appear to involve chromosomes 9 or 22. The other three cases had translocations involving chromosome band 9q34 but no case contained the common derivative chromosome 9pter----9q34::22q11----22qter. One case appeared to contain either a deletion of an unrearranged bcr locus in approximately 50% of cells or duplication of rearranged bcr, both 5' and 3' of the chromosome 22 breakpoint. Considerable complexity exists in the types of genetic changes that can juxtapose bcr and the c-abl oncogene in CML. Based on the molecular and cytogenetic analyses of these and other cases described in the literature, we conclude that most cases of true Ph-negative CML arise from submicroscopic genetic exchanges rather than masking of simple t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocations by secondary rearrangements. PMID- 3180024 TI - Granulocytic sarcoma of the small intestine preceding acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils and inv(16). AB - We report a case of preleukemic granulocytic sarcoma of the small intestine preceding the development of acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils and inversion of chromosome 16, inv(16)(p13q22). A literature review suggests that this is a recurring cytogenetic-clinicopathologic association and carries a favorable prognosis, especially if treated aggressively with antileukemic therapy at the time of diagnosis. PMID- 3180025 TI - Translocation (X;19) with involvement of the inactive X chromosome in oligoblastic granulocytic leukemia. AB - A 72-year-old female with metastatic breast cancer developed oligoblastic granulocytic leukemia 6 months after initiation of chemotherapy. Cytogenetic examination of the bone marrow cells revealed a balanced t(X;19)(q12;q13.3) as the sole abnormality in 50% of the metaphases. The remaining cells showed a normal female karyotype. The der(19) chromosome displayed consistent folding in the Xq13-q23 region in all metaphases, indicating involvement of the inactive X chromosome in translocation. PMID- 3180026 TI - Trisomy and tetrasomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 in a direct preparation of human endometrial adenocarcinoma. AB - Chromosome banding analysis was performed on an endometrial adenocarcinoma. A minimal variety in the chromosome number and morphology was found. All analyzed pseudodiploid and aneuploid carcinoma cells had two chromosomes 1 of normal morphology and the presence of a marker or markers derived from chromosome 1. Tetrasomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 was found in 12 of 19 cells analyzed, accompanied by trisomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 in the rest of the cells. No other common chromosome marker was observed. Previously published data and our results suggest that trisomy and tetrasomy of the long arm of chromosome 1 may represent a specific karyotypic change in subtypes of endometrial adenocarcinoma. PMID- 3180027 TI - A further case of Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia with t(3;9;22) PMID- 3180028 TI - Effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on nuclear RNA polymerase activity in chemically-induced rat mammary tumors. AB - In the present study the effect of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) on nuclear RNA polymerase activity in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced mammary tumors was investigated. Three experimental protocols were used. (1) The tumor mince was incubated with 1 microM RA for 30 min at 30 degrees C; the RNA polymerase activity was measured in the purified nuclei and compared with control nuclei. (2) In order to evaluate the influence of retinoic binding protein on enzyme activity, mammary tumor nuclei were incubated with RA bound cytosolic retinoic acid binding protein complex (RA-CRABP) at 25 degrees C for 30 min. This step allows the complex to translocate into the nuclei. The enzyme activity in these nuclei was compared with the nuclei pre-incubated with buffer or cytosol. (3) Finally, the influence of the addition of RA-CRABP complex directly into the RNA polymerase reaction mixture was determined and compared with appropriate controls. Results indicated that the RNA polymerase activity in the nuclei of RA treated tissue as well as in the nuclei subsequent to the translocation step was significantly reduced. However, the addition of RA-CRABP into the reaction mixture did not alter the enzyme activity. These results suggest that alteration of RNA polymerase activity may be an essential step in the retinoid action in mammary tissues. PMID- 3180029 TI - Effects of hyperoxia on B16-F10 cells in vivo. AB - The in vivo effects of hyperoxia were studied in lung colonies formed by B16-F10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. Several antioxidant defenses were found to change with in vivo exposure: glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities decreased as compared with levels in the cultured cells, glutathione peroxidase activity dramatically increased, and Mn-superoxide dismutase activity and levels of total glutathione were similar in vivo and in vitro. Exposure of tumor-bearing animals to 70%, O2 for 3 weeks did not alter the antioxidant defenses measured in the tumors. One hundred percent O2 exposure did not affect either initial arrest or subsequent retention of radiolabeled B16-F10 cells in the lung. Likewise, hyperoxia did not appear to alter cell division in B16-F10 cells growing in the lung. These results are consistent with our previous studies indicating that the B16-F10 cell line is resistant to levels of O2 in vivo that adversely affect other tumor cell lines. PMID- 3180030 TI - Cytotoxic effect of RA233 on hypoxic B16 melanoma cells in vitro. AB - The pyrimido-pyrimidine derivative RA233 was found to selectively kill cultured mouse B16 melanoma cells after prolonged hypoxia. At the optimum cytotoxic concentration (100 microM), RA233 reduced cell clonogenicity by about 80% when administered during long-term hypoxia of 4 days. Comparable cytotoxicity was also evident when RA233 was present only during re-oxygenation following 4 days of hypoxia. RA233 treatment during both hypoxia and re-oxygenation resulted in the greatest cytotoxicity, with only about 1% of cells surviving such treatment. By contrast, the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole was cytotoxic only when administered during hypoxia. RA233 appears to be a unique hypoxic cell sensitizer that kills long-term hypoxic tumor cells principally during re-oxygenation. PMID- 3180031 TI - The detection of DNA-protein cross-links in rat tracheal implants exposed in vivo to benzo[a]pyrene and formaldehyde. AB - The DNA damage associated with benzo(a)pyrene (B[a]P) and formaldehyde (HCHO) exposure in rat tracheal implants was determined by alkaline filter elution adapted to measure DNA-protein cross-links (DPC) in vivo. In addition, histopathological responses of the tracheal epithelium were quantitated after multiple exposures to 20 micrograms B[a]P and 0.2% HCHO. Compared to either agent alone, combined exposure for 1-4 weeks caused an increase in cellular atypia and greater thickness of hyperplastic and metaplastic lesions. HCHO exposure resulted in a dose-dependent increase in DPC with a maximal response of 85% DNA filter retention at 0.2% HCHO, which were mostly removed by 72 h. B[a]P did not cause DPC, but when tracheas were pre-exposed to 20 micrograms B[a]P followed by 0.05% HCHO there was a 15% decrease in HCHO-induced DPC. This competition between B[a]P and HCHO for sites presumably on DNA does not offer a clear explanation for their markedly enhanced cocarcinogenicity observed in previous studies, but does demonstrate the interaction between the two agents in tracheal epithelium. PMID- 3180032 TI - Effect of phenobarbital on diethylnitrosamine and dimethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular tumors in male B6C3F1 mice. AB - The effect of the type of carcinogen initiator on the ability of phenobarbital (PB) to promote hepatic tumor formation in 15-day-old initiated male B6C3F1 mice was evaluated. Fifteen-day-old male B6C3F1 mice were divided into 6 groups of 10 mice each. Groups 1 and 2 received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) (5 micrograms/body wt). Groups 3 and 4 received a single i.p. injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) (5 micrograms/g body wt). Groups 3 and 4 received a single i.p. injection of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) (5 micrograms/g body wt). Groups 5 and 6 received a single i.p. injection of saline. At weaning (28 days of age), mice in groups 2, 4 and 6 received PB (500 mg/ml) in their drinking water. Mice in groups 1, 3 and 5 received deionized drinking water. Drinking water treatment continued for 24 weeks at which time mice were sampled. At sampling, mice were examined for hepatic tumors by histology. Mice in groups 5 (no treatment) and 6 (PB only) did not exhibit hepatic tumors. Groups 2 (DENA + PB) displayed a decrease in hepatic adenomas from that of group 1 (DENA only), confirming previous observations. Treatment with DMNA and PB (group 4), however, resulted in a significant increase in both hepatic adenoma incidence and number over that of DMNA only (group 3) treated mice. The promoted adenomas appeared to be predominantly eosinophilic in appearance. The type of initiator therefore appears important in determining if 15-day-old initiated male B6C3F1 mice respond to the promotion effects of PB. PMID- 3180033 TI - A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. XLII. Bioassay in A/J mice of some structural analogues of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. AB - The tumorigenic activities in A/J mouse lung of the tobacco-specific nitrosamines, N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 butanone (NNK) and several structural analogues were evaluated. The analogues were N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), 5'-carboxy-N'-nitrosonornicotine (CNNN), N nitrosoproline (NPRO) and 1-(3-pyridyl)-2-buten-1-one (PBO). The results were as follows (dose in mumol per mouse/lung tumors per mouse): NNN (100/1.8 +/- 1.4); NPYR (100/3.9 +/- 1.5); CNNN (200/0.3 +/- 0.5); CNNN (100/0.5 +/- 0.6); NPRO (100/0.6 +/- 0.7); NNK (20/7.2 +/- 3.4); PBO (20/0.7 +/- 1.0); saline control (0.0.5 +/- 0.7). Several conclusions were drawn from this assay. NNK and NPYR were more tumorigenic than NNN. CNNN was non-tumorigenic and thus appears to have potential as a monitor for endogenous formation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines. The alpha,beta-unsaturated ketone PBO does not appear to be an ultimate tumorigen of NNK or NNN. PMID- 3180034 TI - Early changes produced in mouse skin by the application of three middle distillates. AB - It has been reported by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that dermal applications of certain middle distillates of mineral oils can result in high incidences of skin tumours in mice. This was unexpected as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in these were below detection limits. To examine the possible role of tissue injury in the induction of tumours, the skin reactions produced by thrice weekly applications of three middle distillates similar to those tested by the API were examined grossly and histopathologically at intervals up to 6 weeks. Various reference materials and oils were used as controls. Preliminary histological examination showed that severe skin damage was present from week 1 onwards in mice treated with the three middle distillates, two of them producing epidermal loss and ulceration. Marked epidermal hyperplasia was produced by all three middle distillates. These findings support the view that regenerative epidermal hyperplasia due to repeated severe skin damage may have exerted a powerful promotional effect in the production of the skin tumours by middle distillates in the API study. PMID- 3180035 TI - Ascorbic acid inhibits the squamous metaplasia that results from treatment of tracheal explants with asbestos or benzo[a]pyrene-coated asbestos. AB - Hamster tracheal explants were maintained in culture in the presence or absence of benzo[a]pyrene (BP), crocidolite asbestos, or BP-coated crocidolite. Dose dependent squamous metaplasia was observed in the treated samples. L-Ascorbic acid and DL-alpha-tocopherol were able to partially protect the tracheal explants from the metaplastic response induced by crocidolite. Furthermore, ascorbic acid reduced the extent of metaplasia observed in hamster tracheal explants that were exposed to BP-crocidolite. PMID- 3180036 TI - 1-Methyl-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazinium-5-olate: a new zwitterion with cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell-lines. AB - One of 6 newly synthesized triazinium zwitterions (JR-1--JR-6) was shown to induce 51Cr-release from leukemic (HL60 and CEM) and solid tumor (MM170 and HeLa) cell-lines. Leukemic cells were more sensitive to this compound than solid tumors as demonstrated by dose-response and time-course studies. Other experiments showed that JR-6 (1-methyl-3-phenyl-1,2,4-triazinium-5-olate) significantly suppressed protein, RNA and DNA synthesis at tumoricidal concentrations. PMID- 3180037 TI - Carcinogenesis by nitrosobis-(2-oxopropyl)amine labeled with deuterium and by nitroso-2-hydroxypropyl-2-oxopropylamine in rats and hamsters. AB - The effects of the labeling with deuterium of the alpha-methylene groups of the carcinogen nitrosobis-(2-oxopropyl)amine (NBOP) on its carcinogenic effectiveness in rats and hamsters have been studied. The greater strength of the C-D bond compared with the C-H bond often leads to slower metabolism and lesser carcinogenic activity. When NBOP and NBOP-d4 were given to male and female rats in drinking water at equimolar doses, the mortality rate from tumors was lower in the rats given the deuterium-labeled compound, although the results were statistically significant (P = 0.012) only in males. The incidences of tumors of several groups was similar for NBOP and NBOP-d4, but there was a marked difference between males and females, females having a high incidence of liver tumors, and males very few. When NBOP and NBOP-d4 were given by gavage to rats or Syrian hamsters at identical doses there was no difference in rate of mortality from tumors, or in the pattern of tumors induced by either compound. In rats, both compounds were given at two dose rates, and in neither was a difference seen. To complement the studies with NBOP, a normal reduction product formed metabolically in vivo, nitroso-(2-hydroxypropyl) (2-oxopropyl)amine (NHPOP) was administered to rats in drinking water at the same dose rate. In male rats, the mortality rate was lower with NHPOP than with NBOP, while with female rats the opposite was the case (P less than 0.01 in both cases) and there was little difference in the pattern of tumors induced in either sex. NHPOP appears to have a quite distinct carcinogenic effect from NBOP, suggesting that the metabolic conversion of one to the other does not play a large role. The weak deuterium isotope effect of NBOP-d4 given to rats in drinking water, but not detected in rats or hamsters treated by gavage, suggests that alpha-oxidation of NBOP is not likely to be a rate-limiting step in carcinogenesis by NBOP. PMID- 3180038 TI - Inhibition of dietary fat promoted development of (pre)neoplastic lesions in exocrine pancreas of rats and hamsters by supplemental selenium and beta carotene. AB - The modulating effects of selenium and beta-carotene on the development of putative preneoplastic foci in exocrine pancreas were investigated in rats and hamsters, treated with azaserine and N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP), respectively. The animals were fed a semipurified diet high in saturated fat (20% lard) either supplemented or not with beta-carotene or selenium. A separate group maintained on a diet low in saturated fat (5% lard) was incorporated as an extra control group. The animals were given their diets 12 days after the last treatment with carcinogen. Four months postinitiation, the pancreata were quantitatively examined for the number and size of putative (pre)neoplastic lesions. Rats as well as hamsters maintained on a low-fat diet had significantly less putative preneoplastic pancreatic lesions as compared to animals fed a diet containing 20% lard. Selenium and beta-carotene both inhibited the growth of basophilic foci in rat pancreas. In hamster pancreas, beta-carotene and selenium caused a significant decrease in the number of early ductal complexes. The number of carcinomas was decreased in the beta-carotene group and increased in the group fed a diet high in selenium. PMID- 3180039 TI - Variations of DNA-(cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase activities after administration of N-hydroxy-N-aminofluorene to Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - DNA methylation in eukaryotic cells is a post-replicative process involving the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to the 5 position of cytosine residues through the action of DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase (DNA methylase). There are two types of methylation within the cell: a maintenance methylation and a de novo methylation. Its major function is the maintenance methylation of hemimethylated sites after replication in order to preserve the pattern from one generation to the next. Nevertheless DNA-methylase is also able to transfer methyl groups to unmethylated sites in various substrates in a de novo reaction. Male Sprague-Dawley rats have a low specific activity of liver maintenance DNA-methylase and are sensitive to the toxic and carcinogenic effects of N-hydroxy-N-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF). Female Sprague-Dawley rats, on the contrary, have a 4-5 times higher maintenance DNA-methylase activity and are 6-7 times less sensitive to this carcinogenic effect. Their de novo DNA-methylase activity is the same. When female Sprague-Dawley rats are treated with N-OH-AAF their total DNA-methylase activity diminishes. On the contrary, the maintenance DNA-methylase activity of male Sprague-Dawley rats increases, whereas the de novo activity remains constant. In the spleen, which is not a target organ, the total DNA-methylase activity decreases after injection of N-OH-AAF. These variations of DNA-methylase activity are due to a variation of extractable nuclear DNA methylase. When Swiss mice, which are not sensitive to the carcinogenic effect, are treated with N-OH-AAF, their total DNA-methylase activity decreases. A decrease of DNA-methylase activity in response to this carcinogen seems to be correlated to the resistance of the animals in developing a hepatocarcinoma. PMID- 3180040 TI - Changing patterns of gastric cancer mortality in Spain. AB - Time trends and the geographical variation of mortality from gastric cancer in Spain are analysed. The national (1961-1980) and the provincial (1975-1980) crude death rates as well as the age adjusted death rates were calculated using the population census (years 1960 and 1970) and the figures for national and provincial mortality. Mortality increased until 1963-1965 and then decreased significantly (P less than 0.01). Analysis of the geographic distribution reveals that the mortality rate is significantly higher in the interior than in the coastal provinces of the country, and higher in the provinces over 600 m above sea level. PMID- 3180041 TI - Cancer prevention and detection course for nurses in developing countries. PMID- 3180042 TI - A comparison of nurses' recorded assessments of pain with perceptions of pain as described by cancer patients. PMID- 3180043 TI - Education and training in cancer. A European perspective. PMID- 3180044 TI - Towards a European school of oncology nursing. PMID- 3180045 TI - Use of a mammalian cell culture benzo(a)pyrene metabolism assay for the detection of potential anticarcinogens from natural products: inhibition of metabolism by biochanin A, an isoflavone from Trifolium pratense L. AB - Based on the epidemiological evidence for a relationship between consumption of certain foods and decreased cancer incidence in humans, an assay was developed to screen and fractionate plant extracts for chemopreventive potential. This assay measures effects on the metabolism of [3H]benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] in hamster embryo cell cultures. Screening of several plant extracts has generated a number of activity leads. The 95% ethyl alcohol extract of one of these actives, Trifolium pratense L. Leguminosae, red clover, significantly inhibited the metabolism of B(a)P and decreased the level of binding of B(a)P to DNA by 30 to 40%. Using activity-directed fractionation by solvent partitioning and then silica gel chromatography, a major active compound was isolated and identified as the isoflavone, biochanin A. The pure compound decreased the metabolism of B(a)P by 54% in comparison to control cultures and decreased B(a)P-DNA binding by 37 to 50% at a dose of 25 micrograms/ml. These studies demonstrate that the hydrocarbon metabolism assay can detect and guide the fractionation of potential anticarcinogens from plants. The ability of the isoflavone biochanin A to inhibit carcinogen activation in cells in culture suggests that in vivo studies of this compound as a potential chemopreventive agent are warranted. PMID- 3180046 TI - A possible effect of heme on the fate of DNA ligase activity extracted from differentiating mouse erythroleukemia cells. AB - When mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells were induced to differentiate by growth in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), or hemin, the apparent activity of DNA ligase extractable from inducer-treated cells decreased 70 to 80% when compared to untreated cells. Earlier work had indicated that these changes did not occur in a differentiation-resistant MEL cell variant and suggested that the decrease in the level of DNA ligase activity might be related to the differentiation process. Since the MEL cells accumulate high levels of both hemoglobin-bound and non-hemoglobin-bound heme, the effect of both hemoglobin and hemin on DNA ligase activity of MEL cell extracts was tested. When cell-free extracts containing DNA ligase activity were preincubated with hemin at concentrations up to 150 microM, an 80% or greater inhibition of the DNA ligase activity resulted. The ATP-dependent DNA ligase from bacteriophage T4 was also inhibited by hemin, but the NAD-dependent DNA ligase from Escherichia coli was not sensitive to this treatment. Preincubation of these same extracts with hemoglobin at levels comparable to those present in differentiating cells did not result in inhibition of any of the ATP-dependent DNA ligases tested. Culturing the cells with dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of imidazole resulted in a marked decrease in globin chain accumulation but did not reverse the dimethyl sulfoxide-related decrease in DNA ligase activity. These data suggest the possibility that heme or its metabolites, but not globin or hemoglobin, could serve to modify the process of DNA replication and/or repair in differentiating MEL cells via inhibition of DNA ligase activity. These data are consistent with the findings of Lo et al. (S.C. Lo, R. Aft, and G.C. Mueller, Cancer Res., 41: 864-870, 1981) which correlated the onset of differentiation-related terminal cell division in MEL cells with the levels of nonhemoglobin heme present in these cells. PMID- 3180047 TI - DNA replication in Syrian hamster cells transiently exposed to hydroxyurea. AB - DNA rereplication has been observed in mammalian cells transiently treated during S phase with hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis. Recently, evidence has been presented which does not support this proposal. We have performed a series of similar but more defined studies with the tumorigenic Syrian hamster cell line BP6T to further investigate the possibility of DNA rereplication after transient inhibition during S phase. Synchronized BP6T cells (greater than 75%) were given a 6-h exposure to 1 mM hydroxyurea after having progressed 2 h into S phase. The DNA species synthesized up to 24 h after removal of the inhibitor have been identified by bromodeoxyuridine pulse labeling and density gradient centrifugation studies. The results indicate that no DNA rereplication had occurred in the S phase of the same cell cycle as the transient hydroxyurea treatment. DNA replicated early in the S phase in which treatment was given was not replicated again until the next cell cycle. Our observations reveal that DNA rereplication does not occur in tumorigenic Syrian hamster cells transiently insulted with hydroxyurea during S phase. Thus, these findings imply that DNA synthesis is stringently controlled in these transformed cells. PMID- 3180048 TI - Boron neutron capture therapy of a murine melanoma. AB - Boron neutron capture therapy has been carried out on BALB/c mice carrying the Harding-Passey melanoma s.c. on the thigh. p-Boronophenylalanine (BPA), a boronated analogue of natural melanin precursors, was used to target boron selectively to melanoma. BPA was administered to the mice either via i.p. injection or p.o. by intubation. 10B concentrations in tumor ranged from 15 to 40 ppm depending on the route and timing of administration. Irradiations with a predominantly thermal neutron beam were performed at the Brookhaven Medical Research Reactor. In the absence of BPA, only transient tumor growth delays were observed at low neutron fluences. At 5 x 10(16) n/m2, 4 of 22 tumors irradiated in the absence of BPA underwent long-term tumor growth control; after p.o. administration of BPA (40 ppm 10B in the tumor), the fraction of tumors controlled increased to 11 of 19. The average dose to the tumor in the latter group was 17.8 Gy, of which 14.8 Gy were due to the 10B neutron capture reaction. The biological effectiveness of the absorbed dose from the neutron capture reaction, at the 50% tumor control level, was found to be twice that of 100 kVp X rays. PMID- 3180049 TI - L-ascorbic acid amplification of second-stage bladder carcinogenesis promotion by NaHCO3. AB - The dose dependence of NaHCO3 promotion of urinary bladder carcinogenesis and the effects of additional L-ascorbic acid (AsA) administration were investigated subsequent to initiation. Male F344 rats were given 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in their drinking water for 4 weeks and then, starting 3 days after cessation of carcinogen treatment, received basal diet containing NaHCO3 at levels of 0, 0.375, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0% with or without a 5% AsA supplement for 32 weeks. NaHCO3 dose-dependently increased the incidence and numbers of urinary bladder carcinomas in rats initiated with N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. 5% AsA, while itself exerting no promoting effect, amplified the enhancing influence of NaHCO3 on induction of urinary bladder carcinomas. The same dose-dependent elevation of urinary pH and Na+ concentration was associated with NaHCO3 treatment with or without AsA. NaHCO3 significantly increased DNA synthesis in the urinary bladder epithelium and the additional treatment with AsA was associated with a significant further elevation. Thus, increased urinary pH and Na+ concentrations appear to play important roles in NaHCO3 promotion and AsA amplified this promotion. NaHCO3 treatment, with or without AsA, induced cellular proliferation, although it is unclear whether this is an essential factor. PMID- 3180050 TI - Enhancement by prolonged administration of caerulein of experimental carcinogenesis induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in rat stomach. AB - The effect of caerulein on the incidence and histology of gastric adenocarcinomas induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine was investigated in inbred Wistar rats. Prolonged alternate-day administration of caerulein at 10 micrograms/kg body weight after treatment with the carcinogen for 20 weeks significantly increased the incidence and number of adenocarcinomas of the glandular stomach. Histological examination showed that treatment with caerulein had no influence on the histology of induced adenocarcinomas. Furthermore, administration of caerulein resulted in a significant increase in the bromodeoxyuridine-labeling indices of the antral mucosa but did not influence the bromodeoxyuridine-labeling indices of the fundic mucosa and the carcinomas. These findings indicate that caerulein enhances gastric carcinogenesis and that the effect may be related to the promoting effect of caerulein on cell proliferation in the antral mucosa. PMID- 3180051 TI - Immunochemical quantitation of DNA adducts derived from the human bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl. AB - To assess target-tissue exposure to the human urinary bladder carcinogen 4 aminobiphenyl (ABP), we have developed a sensitive immunochemical method for measuring the major arylamine-DNA adduct formed, N-(guan-8-yl)-ABP (Gua-C8-ABP). High-affinity polyclonal antisera from rabbits immunized with N-(guanosin-8-yl) ABP coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin were characterized and shown to have high specificity for antigenic determinants on the purine and biphenyl rings of Gua-C8-ABP and minimal cross-reactivity with ABP, deoxyguanosine, or hydrolyzed DNA. Assay standards containing ABP-modified DNA were prepared by reacting [3H]N hydroxy-ABP with calf thymus DNA. DNA samples were hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid and dried under vacuum, and the residues were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide under argon. Using a streptavidin-biotin amplified enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, DNA hydrolysates competed at 25 micrograms DNA/microtiter well for a limiting amount of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin-(Gua C8-ABP) in the presence of excess solid-phase bovine serum albumin-(Gua-C8-ABP) coating antigen. The limit of sensitivity for this assay using 25 micrograms DNA was 2 adducts/10(8) nucleotides. Gua-C8-ABP adducts in liver and bladder epithelial DNAs were readily quantified after p.o. administration of 5 mg/kg ABP to dogs. This methodology is capable of detecting adducts at levels of biological significance and should be applicable to human target-tissue dosimetry. PMID- 3180052 TI - Relation between the human fibroblast strain 46BR and cell lines representative of Bloom's syndrome. AB - 46BR is a human fibroblast strain derived from an immunodeficient young female of stunted growth. The diploid fibroblasts as well as a Simian Virus 40-transformed cell line are hypersensitive to killing by many DNA-damaging agents, exhibit a slightly increased level of spontaneous sister chromatid exchange, and show a defect in DNA ligation in vivo. 46BR is now shown to have abnormal DNA ligase I and is similar in this regard to cell lines derived from Bloom's syndrome patients. In a direct comparison, both 46BR and several Bloom's syndrome lines were found to be hypersensitive to the cytotoxic effect of simple alkylating agents, 46BR being more markedly sensitive. Bloom's syndrome lines do not exhibit the strong delay in joining of Okazaki fragments during DNA replication characteristic of 46BR. The cell line 46BR probably has a mutation in the gene encoding DNA ligase I different from those occurring in classical cases of Bloom's syndrome. PMID- 3180053 TI - Increased mdr gene expression and decreased drug accumulation in multidrug resistant human melanoma cells. AB - Multidrug-resistant clones of a drug-sensitive human malignant melanoma cell line were isolated by single-step selection in culture medium containing either vincristine (4.5 ng/ml or 7.5 ng/ml), vinblastine (3 ng/ml), or colchicine (8 ng/ml). This protocol yielded primary colonies showing relatively low (4- to 24 fold) levels of drug resistance. These clones exhibit the classical multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, being cross-resistant to Vinca alkaloids, anthracyclines, colchicine, and actinomycin D. The appearance of an MDR phenotype in these cells was linked to a decreased accumulation and increased efflux of the drug [3H]vinblastine when compared to the drug-sensitive melanoma cell line. This increased drug efflux was dependent on the presence of cellular ATP and could be reduced by treatment of the cells with rotenone and deoxyglucose. A partial human mdr complementary DNA clone was used to monitor the degree of amplification and the level of transcription of this gene in the cloned lines. All 5 MDR sublines expressed increased levels of the specific 4.5-kilobase mdr mRNA, but did not show mdr gene amplification. Our results indicate that relatively low levels of drug resistance, similar to those observed clinically and in experimental xenografts, can be achieved by single-step drug selection and result from increased expression of at least one member of the mdr gene family. PMID- 3180054 TI - Increased glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma. AB - To identify and characterize genes, the products of which play a role in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, we constructed a complementary DNA (cDNA) library using mRNA from the pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line HPAF, grown as a nude mouse tumor. Through differential screening, we identified a cDNA clone, pII5B, that is homologous to an mRNA expressed at significantly higher levels in HPAF cells than in normal human pancreas. The pII5B cDNA was homologous to the 3' untranslated region of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, EC 1.2.1.12)mRNA. Partial sequencing of several HPAF tumor GAPDH cDNA clones revealed no significant differences from previously published GAPDH cDNA sequences. Increased levels of GAPDH mRNA, relative to actin mRNA levels, were found in six pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell lines and two nude mouse tumors, when compared to normal pancreas. Enolase and glucose transporter mRNA levels were also increased in HPAF cells and nude mouse tumor, suggesting a general increase in expression of genes associated with glycolysis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Levels of GAPDH protein were elevated in nude mouse tumors and fresh human pancreatic adenocarcinomas compared to normal pancreas. High GAPDH levels may be characteristic of human adenocarcinomas, since colon adenocarcinomas also exhibited high levels of GAPDH compared to normal colon. PMID- 3180055 TI - Direct relation of DNA lesions in multidrug-resistant human myeloma cells to intracellular doxorubicin concentration. AB - Using a human myeloma cell line selected for resistance to doxorubicin (8226/DOX), which expresses the multidrug resistance phenotype, we studied the effects of drug accumulation on DNA damage and cytotoxicity in multidrug resistant cells. The resistant 8226 subline showed a decrease in [14C]doxorubicin accumulation as compared to the sensitive (8226/S) subline at all time points investigated. DNA alkaline elution techniques were used to examine the formation of single and double strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links following exposure to doxorubicin in both sensitive and resistant sublines. When 8226/S and 8226/DOX40 cells were exposed to the same extracellular concentration of doxorubicin there was a difference in the quantity of DNA lesions occurring, with the 8226/DOX40 line exhibiting less DNA damage. However, when the extracellular concentration of drug was adjusted to yield equivalent intracellular concentrations these differences were removed and both lines exhibited the same degree of damage for all three DNA lesions. The same DNA lesions were also studied in isolated nuclei from sensitive and resistant cells. Such a model removes any confounding factors due to drug accumulation such as altered cytosolic distribution and/or metabolism of drug. We observed no difference in the formation of single or double strand breaks, or DNA-protein cross-links when the nuclei were exposed to the same concentration of doxorubicin. Results from colony-forming assays have shown that when resistant and sensitive 8226 cells were exposed to high concentrations of doxorubicin, there was a good correlation between DNA damage, drug accumulation, and cytotoxicity. This relationship did not hold for lower concentrations of doxorubicin, for which there was a lack of correlation between drug accumulation and cytotoxicity. Such findings may possibly be due to a prolonged retention of drug by the sensitive cell line as compared to the resistant cells. Further studies are under way to examine this possibility. PMID- 3180056 TI - Verapamil reversal of doxorubicin resistance in multidrug-resistant human myeloma cells and association with drug accumulation and DNA damage. AB - Verapamil reversed resistance to doxorubicin in a human multiple myeloma cell line selected for multiple drug resistance. The drug-resistant cell line 8226/DOX40 is known to have reduced intracellular drug accumulation associated with the overexpression of P-glycoprotein when compared to the sensitive parent cell line 8226/S. Verapamil alone was minimally cytotoxic in both cell lines, but reversed doxorubicin resistance in a dose-related manner in 8226/DOX40. A similar dose-response relationship was observed for verapamil in increasing net intracellular doxorubicin accumulation. This increased net accumulation was secondary to block of enhanced doxorubicin efflux by verapamil from resistant cells. In contrast, verapamil did not alter initial doxorubicin accumulation over the first 60 s when incubated with resistant cells. Addition of verapamil to the 8226/DOX40 cells enhanced the formation of doxorubicin-induced DNA single strand breaks, double strand breaks, and DNA-protein cross-links. Verapamil had no effect on these lesions in the drug-sensitive cells. In addition, verapamil did not affect chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity or transport in the drug-sensitive cell line. Verapamil appears to reverse doxorubicin resistance in this human myeloma cell line by blocking enhanced drug efflux, leading to increased drug accumulation and enhanced DNA damage. PMID- 3180057 TI - Alterations in epidermal polyamine levels and DNA synthesis following topical treatment with chrysarobin in SENCAR mice. AB - A single topical application of chrysarobin (220 nmol) to SENCAR mouse skin produced alterations in epidermal polyamine levels distinctly different from that following a single topical treatment with 3.4 nmol of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Putrescine and spermidine levels were elevated prior to the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase. In this regard, putrescine levels were elevated at 6 and 24 h after a single application of chrysarobin. In addition, putrescine levels were elevated with a second major peak at 64 h after chrysarobin which coincided with elevated epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity. Spermidine levels were substantially elevated from 24 to 96 h (peak at 60 h) after a single treatment. TPA treatment produced peak elevations in epidermal putrescine levels at 6 h and epidermal spermidine levels at 24 h after a single treatment. Epidermal spermine levels were dramatically depressed following treatment with chrysarobin (peak depression of approximately 60% below control at 24 h), but only slightly altered following treatment with TPA. The time courses for changes in epidermal DNA synthesis in mouse skin following single treatments with 3.4 nmol of TPA or 220 nmol of chrysarobin also showed considerable differences. TPA treatment produced several waves of DNA synthesis at approximately 18 and 48 h after treatment, while chrysarobin produced a single broad peak at 72 h after treatment. Treatment with chrysarobin was also associated with an initial, dramatic inhibition in epidermal DNA synthesis (to 23% of the control value) which was much more extensive than that elicited by TPA. Inhibition of epidermal DNA synthesis following treatment with chrysarobin was observed within a few hours after treatment and remained depressed until approximately 36 h after treatment. Following treatment with both chrysarobin and TPA, higher levels of epidermal DNA synthesis correlated closely with higher molar ratios of spermidine/spermine, indicating a strong relationship between epidermal spermidine levels and epidermal cell proliferation induced by both promoters. The data suggest that TPA and chrysarobin bring about initial changes in epidermal polyamines by distinct mechanisms; however, both compounds ultimately lead to a dramatic stimulation of epidermal DNA synthesis. These data further support our working hypothesis that anthrones promote skin tumors by an initial mechanism different from that of the phorbol esters. PMID- 3180058 TI - Identification of a platelet-aggregating factor of murine colon adenocarcinoma 26: Mr 44,000 membrane protein as determined by monoclonal antibodies. AB - The interaction between platelets and tumor cells plays an important role in the hematogenous spread of certain malignant cancers. We found that metastatic clones of murine colon adenocarcinoma 26 induced platelet aggregation in a membrane protein-dependent manner. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of IgG2a class were generated against a highly metastatic colon 26 clone, NL-17. These two mAbs, designated 8F11 and 20A11, showed a two-fold higher level of NL-17 binding than a low metastatic clone, NL-14, which possesses low platelet-aggregating ability. Both mAbs retarded platelet aggregation induced by NL-17. Western blot analysis showed that both mAbs recognized the same Mr 44,000 membrane protein as antigen under reducing conditions. Trypsin treatment of NL-17 diminished the ability of the cells to induce platelet-aggregation and resulted in a decrease in the reactivity of the cells to 8F11. These results suggest that the Mr 44,000 membrane protein recognized by the two mAbs is a platelet-aggregating factor of colon 26 cells. PMID- 3180059 TI - Preclinical studies and clinical correlation of the effect of alkylating dose. AB - Dose-response studies were performed with the alkylating agents [nitrogen mustard, N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea, melphalan, cisplatin (CDDP), 4 hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC), and trimethyleneiminethiophosphoramide] in both the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line and the EMT6 and FSaIIC murine tumor lines. Increasing selection pressure with the alkylating agents CDDP, melphalan, and 4-HC in vitro produced low levels (6.5- to 9-fold) of drug resistance, despite an intensive and prolonged treatment program. The MCF-7 sublines made resistant to CDDP and 4-HC did not exhibit cross-resistance to other alkylating agents; however, the MCF-7 subline resistant to melphalan was partially cross-resistant to nitrogen mustard, 4-HC, and CDDP. A log-linear relationship was maintained between surviving fraction of MCF-7 cells in culture and drug concentration with alkylating agents, whereas for nonalkylating agents the survival curves tended to plateau at high drug concentrations. Log-linear tumor cell kill was also obtained over a wide dosage range with several alkylating agents in murine tumors treated in vivo. Tumor cell survival assay by colony formation indicated the continuing importance of dose in the action of the drugs even at high levels of tumor cell kill. With some agents, there was a difference between the slopes of the tumor cell killing curves in vivo as compared to in vitro. Cyclophosphamide was far more potent in vitro (4-HC) than in vivo (cyclophosphamide). Trimethyleneiminethiophosphoramide and N,N'-bis(2 chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea were both more potent in vivo than in vitro. These differences may be explained by the various metabolic patterns of these drugs. Dose of alkylating agents is clearly a crucial variable particularly where multilog tumor cell kill is the goal, and in this regard, the effect of drug dose on the tumoricidal action of the alkylating agents is substantially greater than for nonalkylating agents. PMID- 3180060 TI - Comparison between the DNA precipitation and alkali unwinding assays for detecting DNA strand breaks and cross-links. AB - A new DNA precipitation assay used together with the alkali unwinding assay may provide a rapid means of detecting DNA damage in addition to strand breaks based on the relative amount of damage measured by the two assays. X-rays, Adriamycin, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide, N-methyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine, bleomycin, RSU 1172, and five other drugs produced the same relative amount of strand breakage by using the DNA precipitation and alkali unwinding assays. However, strand breaks produced by the bifunctional alkylating agents bis(2-chloroethyl)nitrosourea, RSU 1069, and RSU 1131 were detected with greater efficiency by the DNA precipitation assay, while the unwinding assay measured more strand breaks than the precipitation assay after damage by the topoisomerase inhibitors VP-16 and VM-26 and the DNA-condensing agents acridine orange and pyronin Y. Based on the reported mechanisms of action of these drugs, and studies with known DNA cross linking agents, it appears that in addition to DNA strand breaks, the alkali unwinding assay is more sensitive to interstrand than to DNA-protein cross-links, while the DNA precipitation assay can be used to detect both types of cross links. While quantification of specific lesions is not possible with this approach, the concomitant use of these two assays may provide a rapid and simple method for screening genotoxic drugs for DNA damage, and may also help to differentiate between DNA lesions which include strand breaks, interstrand and protein cross-links, DNA-phosphate adducts, and DNA-drug precipitates. PMID- 3180061 TI - Chromosomal translocations with specific breakpoints in asbestos-induced rat mesotheliomas. AB - Cytogenetic analysis was conducted on cells of 15 rat mesotheliomas induced in rats by the i.p. inoculation of crocidolite or chrysotile asbestos. These tumor cells were diploid, triploid, or tetraploid. All tumor lines exhibited aneuploidy and marker chromosomes. Loss of at least one copy of the X chromosome was observed in each of the tumors analyzed, and loss of copies of chromosomes 8, 16, 20, or 18 characterized at least six of the tumors. Translocations were observed in 12 tumors, with six chromosome rearrangements present in at least two different tumors. However, the breakpoints were not always identical. On the other hand, translocations involving chromosomes 5, 10, and 13 exhibited repeated breakage at the same loci. Such specific and repetitive translocations may be involved in the process of asbestos-induced tumor development. PMID- 3180062 TI - Immunocytochemical localization of progesterone receptors in breast cancer with anti-human receptor monoclonal antibodies. AB - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), recently produced against human progesterone receptors (PR), were used for immunocytochemical localization of PR. The specificity of the immunocytochemical assay for PR was demonstrated by incubation with control MAbs, preabsorption of MAbs with highly purified human PR, and by the cell and tissue distribution of the immunostaining reaction. With human breast cancer cell lines, immunoreactivity was confined to cells that contain PR by steroid-binding assay. Moreover, immunostaining was induced by estradiol in estrogen-responsive cells, MCF-7 and ZR-75-1. In a preliminary study with 33 breast carcinomas, a good correspondence was obtained between immunocytochemical staining and PR content assessed by conventional steroid-binding assay. Immunoperoxidase localization was also obtained with other human target tissues. In normal breast and benign breast disease, immunoreactivity was observed with nuclei of ductal epithelial cells and hyperplastic epithelium. In uterus, immunostaining of endometrium was localized to nuclei of stromal and glandular epithelial cells and in myometrium to nuclei of smooth muscle cells. The effect of the progestin agonist, R5020, and antagonist, RU 486, on PR localization was investigated with the PR-rich T47D human breast cancer cell line. In the absence of hormone, immunostaining was exclusively nuclear. This was true under a number of cell culture conditions designed to eliminate endogenous progestins from the culture medium. Exclusive nuclear localization of PR was not due to a failure of the MAbs to recognize unoccupied PR, since each MAb bound equally well in vitro with different receptor forms. These included liganded and unliganded cytosol PR, molybdate stabilized PR, and nuclear-transformed receptors. Nor was failure to detect cytoplasmic staining due to a selective destruction or loss of unoccupied PR from the cytoplasmic compartment as a result of cell fixation. This was assessed by dot blot immunoassay of PR antigen distribution in subcellular fractions of fixed and unfixed cells. Continuous exposure of cells to R5020 resulted in a transient (30-60 min) increase in nuclear staining intensity (without change in cytoplasmic reactivity), followed by a progressive decline in immunoreactivity. By 24 h of R5020 treatment, the vast majority of cells displayed no immunostaining reaction. These immunocytochemical data are consistent with progestins down regulating their own receptors due to a loss in cellular PR content and not to inactivation of receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3180063 TI - Lack of binding of methapyrilene and similar antihistamines to rat liver DNA examined by 32P postlabeling. AB - The nonmutagenic carcinogen methapyrilene, together with several noncarcinogenic analogues, was administered to rats p.o. for as long as 4 wk at concentrations of 0.1%. DNA was isolated from the liver and other organs and hydrolyzed, and the identification of covalent adducts was made using the 32P postlabeling method of Randerath. Some modified procedures were also used to deal with the possibility of very mobile adducts being formed from these hydrophilic amines. Although the rats had received as much as 2 g of amine per kg of body weight, no evidence of formation of DNA adducts in liver or other organs was seen; the level of detection was between 1 in 10(8) and 1 in 10(9) nucleotides. Adduct formation from much lower doses of the mutagenic food pyrolysis product 2-amino-3 methylimidaz(4, 5f)quinoline was detectable at a level of 1 in 10(6) nucleotides in parallel analyses. These results add to the evidence that carcinogenesis by methapyrilene is through an indirect or nonmutagenic mechanism. PMID- 3180064 TI - Nuclear fragmentation and premature chromosome condensation induced by heat shock in S-phase Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Beginning in early S phase, synchronized Chinese hamster ovary cells were heated for 12 h at 41.5 degrees C, during which time the cells progressed through S, G2, and into mitosis. Upon return to 37 degrees C, some of the interphase cells developed a fragmented nuclear morphology, and the fraction of cells exhibiting this effect reached 40% after entering the first mitosis. About 50% of the mitotic cells accumulated with Colcemid at the second mitosis exhibited premature chromosome condensation (metaphase-associated PCC) in an amount equal to approximately one to two chromosomes per diploid cell. There was also a low frequency of spontaneous S and G2 PCC (0.5 to 1.5% in controls); this distinctly different type of PCC was observed in heated interphase cells at a frequency of 2.0 to 7.0% before the first wave of entry into mitosis. Heated S-phase cells exhibited a chromosome break frequency of about 0.9 breaks per cell when analyzed at the first mitosis. This value agrees well with the observed surviving fraction of 40%, if we assume that one break per cell is a lethal event, and that chromosome damage has a Poisson frequency distribution in the cell population; however, this correlation may not be valid for tumor cell populations. Between the first and second mitoses, an increase in hyperthermia-induced aneuploidy was observed which was apparently due to unequal division, since mitotic cells containing PCC were excluded from the chromosome number frequency analyses. Although this induction of aneuploidy was observed independently of PCC, we conclude that abnormal division is necessary for both effects, and both PCC and unequal division result in an increase in aneuploidy. Previous studies using transmission electron microscopy demonstrated a precocious reformation of the nuclear membrane around metaphase chromosomes in Chinese hamster ovary cells heated at this temperature (R. A. Coss et al., Cancer Res., 39: 1911-1918, 1979). We suggest that such heat-induced changes in nuclear envelope formation lead to nuclear fragmentation and ultimately result in metaphase-associated PCC. PMID- 3180065 TI - Characterization of chromium effects on a rat liver epithelial cell line and their relevance to in vitro transformation. AB - Chronic exposure to low concentrations or brief exposures to high concentrations of hexavalent chromium (K2CrO4) transformed a rat liver epithelial cell line as assessed by anchorage-independent growth. A clone of the transformed cells produced tumors in syngeneic animals, all of which were determined to be high grade carcinomas. The effects of various doses of chromium on cytotoxicity and cell cycle were established and related to ultimate numbers of transformants in the population. Prior to the onset of cytotoxicity, linear rates of uptake were observed at different external concentrations of chromium and the total intracellular level increased with increasing concentration. This may be due to competition for transport. A plateau in level of chromium accumulation after prolonged exposure to a low concentration (10 microM) of chromium observed with the eventual return to normal growth provided evidence for the induction of a protective mechanism. In addition, cells surviving prolonged treatment with low concentrations of chromium became resistant to the cytotoxic effects of high concentrations of the metal, further suggesting that the cells become adapted to the presence of chromium. An increase in the amount of protein associated with extracted nucleic acids was detected at the optimal transforming dose and this did not correlate with cytotoxic effects. The effectiveness of chromium in transforming the adult rat liver epithelial cell line may depend on the intracellular level of accumulation, the rate of chromium uptake, and the ability of the cell to activate a protective mechanism. The initiation of stable nucleic acid-protein complexes observed under the optimal conditions for transformation may be associated with an inability of the cell to activate a protective mechanism rapidly enough to prevent effects on the nucleus at a high concentration (1 mM) of chromium. PMID- 3180066 TI - Aromatization of testosterone by epithelial tumor cells cultured from patients with ovarian carcinoma. AB - Ovarian epithelial carcinoma originates from the surface mesothelium. It is controversial whether these tumors possess steroidogenic enzymes, similar to malignancies of other ovarian cell types. This study reports aromatase enzymatic activity for three epithelial cell lines, OV1225, OV166, and 2774, established from patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma. Aneuploidy of the cells was demonstrated by flow cytometric DNA analyses which showed OV1225 tetraploid, OV166 near diploid, and 2774 triploid. Estrogen synthesis was confirmed by measurement of estradiol (6 to 11 pg/10(7) cells/24 h) by radioimmunoassay in extracts of conditioned medium. To directly assay aromatase enzymatic activity, intact cells were incubated with tritiated testosterone. Medium was extracted with organic solvent after addition of trace 14C-labeled 17 beta-estradiol and 14C-labeled estrone. Androgen was separated from estrogen by celite column chromatography. Estrogen was further purified by silica gel thin-layer chromatography and derivatization of separate products to acetates. Purity of compounds was confirmed by consistency of the 3H:14C ratio of acetylated product versus that of product recrystallized with authentic standard. Conversion of testosterone to estradiol proceeded with apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The apparent Km was 4 microM, 15 microM, and 59 microM, and the Vmax was 20 pmol/h/mg of cell protein, 52 pmol/h/mg of cell protein, and 152 pmol/h/mg of cell protein for 2774, OV166, and OV1225, respectively. We conclude that at least a portion of ovarian adenocarcinoma possesses sufficient aromatase activity to convert ovarian stromal androgen to estrogen. PMID- 3180067 TI - Loss of metastatic and primary tumor factor X activator capabilities by Lewis lung carcinoma cells cultured in vitamin K-dependent protein deficient serum. AB - A highly metastatic line of Lewis lung tumor cells established in fetal bovine serum (10%) was subcultured into normal rodent (mouse or rat) serum or rodent serum made deficient in functional vitamin K-dependent proteins (barium sulfate adsorption or warfarin treatment of animals). Following injection of cells cultured in normal rodent serum into C57BL/6 mice, Factor X activator activity in the primary tumors increased at a near linear rate per gram tumor and attained 5- to 8-fold higher levels than did cells grown in either of the deficient sera. Secondary lung foci were also visible in all mice of the normal-rodent serum groups within 10 days after injection, and by 21 days extensive tumor growth in the lungs had developed. No secondary lung foci were apparent in any mice of the deficient serum groups throughout 21 days of tumor burden. Cells cultured in nonrodent serum (fetal bovine serum) were less proficient than cells grown in normal mouse serum in developing primary tumor Factor X activator activity and producing secondary tumors. Exposure of cells cultured in barium sulfate-treated mouse serum to normal mouse serum for 3 h and 3 weeks prior to injection partially restored primary tumor Factor X activator and metastatic competence. These data strongly suggest that in Lewis lung tumor cells at least one species selective, plasma/serum vitamin K-dependent protein plays a major role in the regulation of metastatic events and demonstrate that there is a positive correlation between primary tumor Factor X activation activity and metastasis. PMID- 3180068 TI - Cytoplasmic accumulation of ditercalinium in rat hepatocytes and induction of mitochondrial damage. AB - Ditercalinium (NSC 335153), a 7H-pyridocarbazole dimer, is a bis-intercalating agent whose mechanism of action differs from that of other mono-intercalating compounds, such as ellipticine derivatives. After a Phase I clinical trial, where irreversible hepatotoxicity was the dose-limiting side-effect, we have reinvestigated the disposition of ditercalinium in rats after i.v. administration. Tissue distribution of the tritiumlabeled drug was studied during 5 weeks. The drug distributed very quickly into tissues, and accumulated mostly in liver and kidneys. A much slower clearance followed, with a half-life greater than 7 days. The present study raises the question of whether ditercalinium, a biscationic lipophilic agent, exerts a direct mitochondria interaction both in vitro and in vivo. Fluorescence microscopy on rat tissue cryosections, after drug administration, showed that the major cellular site of drug accumulation corresponds to mitochondria. The mitochondrial probe 3,3' diethyloxadicarbocyanine confirmed the mitochondrial localization of ditercalinium. An identical fluorescent pattern was found in cultured rat hepatocytes. These fluorescent granulation patterns suggest mitochondrial damage. To further study cell alterations, ultrastructural changes in rat liver and kidneys were observed with selective mitochondrial damage while nuclei remained apparently normal. The same observations were made in rat hepatocyte cultures. Therefore, the accumulation of ditercalinium in tissues and, more particularly, in mitochondrial probably plays an important role in ditercalinium-induced toxicity. PMID- 3180069 TI - Phase I trial of lonidamine with whole body hyperthermia in advanced cancer. AB - Lonidamine is a dechlorinated derivative of indazole-3-carboxylic acid which preclinically synergizes with hyperthermia. Clinically, this nonmyelosuppressive drug (given p.o. daily) is active as a single agent in a variety of malignancies. On this basis, a Phase I study which incorporates a drug escalation schema as well as an escalation in temperature, i.e., 41.0 degrees C for 85 min to 41.8 degrees C for 75 min, was executed. Induction therapy included seven whole-body hyperthermia treatments. Whole-body hyperthermia was delivered using a radiant heat system. Twenty-four patients were entered on study. Of these, 20 were evaluable for response. Group A (60 mg/m2) had three patients with three no responses. Group B (180 mg/m2) consisted of three patients: one lymphoma, partial response; two gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, one partial response and one improvement, i.e., less than a partial response. Group C (360 mg/m2) had 17 patients: two lung cancers, one complete response and one improvement; one melanoma, improvement; one ovarian, disease stabilization (greater than 100 days); two adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, two disease stabilizations; 11 patients, no responses; one patient entered at this level was ineligible for study and did not receive lonidamine. Therapy was well tolerated. Of 16 patients reporting myalgias, two required a lonidamine dose reduction; one patient required dose reduction for central nervous system toxicity. Results obtained encourage Phase II clinical trials. PMID- 3180070 TI - Phase I trial of the amsacrine analogue 9-[( 2-methoxy-4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino] phenyl]amino)-N,5-dimethyl-4- acridinecarboxamide (CI-921). AB - CI-921, an analogue of amsacrine with superior activity against in vivo and in vitro experimental tumor models, has been studied in 16 patients with solid tumors refractory to chemotherapy or for which conventional therapy does not exist. Thirty-nine cycles were given and doses escalated from 39 to 810 mg/m2. This total dose was divided over 3 consecutive days and administered by 15-min infusion each day, repeated three times weekly. Neutropenia (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) Grade greater than or equal to 3 occurred at Day 8 (range, 7-13) in 10/13 courses at 648 mg/m2 and in 2/2 courses at 810 mg/m2 with recovery in 10 (range, 4-20) days. At 810 mg/m2 Grade 2 mucositis and phlebitis were noted. Mild nausea and venous irritation occurred in some patients at doses greater than or equal to 288 mg/m2. No objective response was seen. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated following 65 infusions on Days 1 and 3 with plasma concentrations of CI 921 measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Peak plasma concentrations ranged from 3.36 to 85.6 mumol/liter and were significantly correlated with dose. Mean (range) model-independent pharmacokinetic parameters were: distribution half-life, 0.46 h (0.24-1.08); elimination half-life, 2.63 h (1.08-4.98); mean residence time, 2.0 h (1.05-3.35); plasma clearance, 158 ml/h/kg (95-290); and steady-state volume of distribution, 319 ml/kg (219-614) with no significant difference between Day 1 and 3. Toxicity as defined by absolute granulocyte count nadir was significantly correlated with dose, area under concentration-time curve, and peak plasma concentration. The recommended dose for Phase II studies in this schedule is 648 mg/m2 (216 mg/m2 daily for 3 days) repeated every three weeks. PMID- 3180071 TI - Nucleic acid flow cytometry in large cell lymphoma. AB - Between 1978 and 1985, 140 patients with large cell lymphoma (27 follicular, 92 diffuse, 5 immunoblastic, and 16 transformed) had DNA-RNA cytometry performed on involved tissue. DNA-RNA features were correlated with treatment outcome and compared to other established prognostic factors in 63 newly diagnosed patients who received uniformly intensive therapy. Significantly better outcome was noted for previously untreated patients with intermediate RNA content (RNA index, 1.0 1.8), diploid DNA content, and (during the initial 12-month follow-up) low proliferative activity. Of patients followed beyond 12-24 months, those with high proliferative activity appeared to have the most durable remissions, although this was not statistically significant. These findings suggested a preferential impact of intensive chemotherapy on patients with intermediate RNA content and possibly those with high proliferative activity, since previous studies and our own experience with relapsing patients have indicated a progressively worse outlook with higher proliferative activity and RNA index values. In newly diagnosed patients, multivariate analysis identified RNA content as the most important prognostic factor, followed by proliferative activity and serum lactate dehydrogenase. Thus, for patients with large cell lymphoma, DNA-RNA cytometry appears to be a valuable prognostic parameter for identifying a subset of patients who have a high likelihood of cure with intensive chemotherapy. PMID- 3180072 TI - Influence of mouse major histocompatibility complex (H-2) on N-ethyl-N nitrosourea-induced tumor formation in various organs. AB - The influence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the mouse (H-2) on carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis was investigated. Mice of five H-2 congenic strains on the C57BL/10 background were treated with the direct-acting carcinogen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea at the age of 15 days, and examined for tumors when moribund. Significant differences between strains in susceptibility to N-ethyl-N nitrosourea-induced tumors in lung, small intestine, and liver were found. For lung tumors the strains B10.A and 2R were most susceptible, the strains 4R and B10 were relatively resistant. The strain 5R was intermediate. Susceptibility to small intestine tumors was highest in the strain 2R, intermediate in the strain B10.A, the strains 4R, 5R, and B10 were relatively resistant. The location of the tumors in the intestine was also affected by H-2. In the strain 2R most tumors are located in the proximal part, in 4R in the distal part. Tumorigenesis in the liver was highest in the strain 2R, intermediate in the strains B10.A, 4R, and B10, and lowest in the strain 5R. We conclude that susceptibility to carcinogen induced tumors in the lung, small intestine, and liver in congenic strains on the C57BL/10 background is H-2 haplotype dependent. Susceptibility to tumors in the lung and intestine has a similar strain distribution, but differs from that for liver tumors. Males were more susceptible than females in the strain B10 (lung tumors) and 4R (small intestine and liver tumors). This indicates haplotype- and organ-specific, sex-related influences on tumor development. The possible mechanism(s) of H-2 effects on chemically induced tumorigenesis are discussed. Apart from the well-known immunological functions of the MHC, the involvement of hormonally related effects of the MHC is considered as well. PMID- 3180073 TI - Effect of different levels of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on azoxymethane induced colon carcinogenesis in F344 rats. AB - The effect of various levels of dietary Menhaden fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids plus corn oil containing omega-6 fatty acids fed during the postinitiation phase of colon carcinogenesis was studied in male F344 rats. Starting at 5 weeks of age, groups of animals were fed the 5% corn oil (5% CO) diet. At 7 weeks of age, all animals except the vehicle-treated controls were administered s.c. injections of azoxymethane (15 mg/kg body wt/week for 2 weeks). 4 days after carcinogen or vehicle treatment, groups of animals were transferred to experimental diets containing 4% Menhaden oil + 1% corn oil (4% MO + 1% CO), 23.5% corn oil (23.5% CO), 17.6% corn oil + 5.9% Menhaden oil (17.6% CO + 5.9% MO), 11.8% corn oil + 11.8% Menhaden oil (11.8% CO + 11.8% MO), or 5.9% corn oil + 17.6% Menhaden oil (5.9% CO + 17.6% MO) and fed these diets until termination of the experiment at Week 38 after carcinogen treatment. An additional group consuming a 5% CO diet was continued on these diets. Colon mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity and microsomal fatty acid composition of colon mucosa were measured in vehicle-treated animals fed experimental diets for 14 weeks. Fatty acids were also analyzed in the microsomal fraction of colon tumors at termination of the experiment. The body weights of animals fed various experimental diets were comparable. Feeding of high fat diets containing 17.6% CO + 5.9% MO, 11.8% CO + 11.8% MO, or 5.9% CO + 17.6% MO significantly inhibited the incidence (percentage of animals with tumors) of colon adenocarcinomas compared to that of 23.5% CO diet. However, the multiplicity (number of tumors/rat) of colon adenocarcinomas was significantly inhibited only in groups fed the 5.9% CO + 17.6% MO compared to those fed the 23.5% CO diet. The incidence and multiplicity of adenocarcinomas were greater in animals fed the 23.5% CO diet compared to those fed the 5% CO diet. Colonic mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity was lower in animals fed the 11.8% CO + 11.8% MO, 5.9% CO + 17.6% MO, 5% CO, and 4% MO + 1% CO diets compared to the levels in animals fed the 23.5% CO diet. The increasing levels of Menhaden oil in the diet significantly increased the omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and decreased the omega-6 fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid in microsomal fractions from colonic mucosa and tumors. PMID- 3180074 TI - Comparative carcinogenesis by nitrosomethylalkylamines in Syrian hamsters. AB - Six homologous nitrosomethyl-n-alkylamines, from n-propyl (C-3) to n-octyl (C-8), were administered by gavage to groups of 12 male and 12 female Syrian golden hamsters as solutions in corn oil:ethyl acetate (2:1). The solutions of C-8 to C 4 were equimolar; nitrosomethyl-n-butylamine (C-4) and nitrosomethyl-n propylamine (C-3) were given at a lower concentration. Treatment with 0.2 ml of solution lasted 23 to 50 wk, being stopped when several hamsters had died. Additional groups of hamsters were treated similarly with nitrosomethylaniline and nitrosomethylcyclohexylamine. Excepting hamsters given the latter, treated animals had reduced survival compared with controls. The incidence of tumors in hamsters given nitrosomethylaniline and nitrosomethylcyclohexylamine was low and occurred in the liver, lungs, and spleen. Hamsters treated with nitrosomethyl-n propylamine and nitrosomethyl-n-butylamine suffered the greatest decrease in survival. Potency judged by this criterion decreased as the size of the molecule increased in the homologous series. Virtually all of these treated hamsters died with tumors not seen in controls. These tumors, which were common in hamsters given all of the nitrosomethyl-n-alkylamines, were in the liver, lung, forestomach, and nasal mucosa, but the incidences varied somewhat between the compounds and between sexes. Bladder tumors were seen only in hamsters given nitrosamines containing even numbers of carbon atoms in the chain, namely, nitrosomethyl-n-hexylamine and nitrosomethyl-n-octylamine. PMID- 3180075 TI - MX2, a morpholino anthracycline, as a new antitumor agent against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant human and murine tumor cells. AB - MX2, a new morpholino anthracycline, showed similar or superior chemotherapeutic effects to Adriamycin (ADM) against several experimental murine tumors. i.v. administration of MX2 against L1210-bearing mice induced a prolongation of life span by twice or more compared to ADM. MX2 was equally or slightly more effective against Lewis lung carcinoma and colon adenocarcinomas 26 and 38 than ADM when either drug was given i.v. The antitumor activity of MX2 against human tumor xenografts was similar to that of ADM, and the compound was effective against three out of four gastric adenocarcinomas, one out of two non-small-cell lung carcinomas, and two out of two mammary adenocarcinomas. In particular, this compound exhibited a marked effect against MX-1, a human mammary adenocarcinoma. MX2, in contrast to ADM, was effective against sublines of P388 leukemia resistant to ADM or aclacinomycin A in vivo as well as in vitro. A maximum percentage increase in life-span of about 90% was obtained in mice bearing these resistant tumors. MX2 is a unique anthracycline antibiotic effective on drug sensitive as well as multidrug-resistant murine and human cells. PMID- 3180076 TI - Effects of thioether phospholipid BM 41.440 on protein kinase C and phorbol ester induced differentiation of human leukemia HL60 and KG-1 cells. AB - The synthetic thioether phospholipid BM 41.440 (1-S-hexadecyl-2-methoxymethyl-rac glycero-3-phosphocholine) was found to inhibit protein kinase C (PKC) activity competitively with respect to phosphatidylserine, with an apparent Ki value of about 6.4 microM. The agent also inhibited the enzyme activated by diolein or 12 O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), without affecting binding of [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate to the enzyme. Myosin light chain kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase were not inhibited by BM 41.440, indicating a specificity of the action of the agent. BM 41.440 partly blocked the TPA-induced depletion of soluble PKC in HL60 and KG-1 cells (responsive to the differentiating effect of TPA) but not in K562 cells (resistant to the TPA effect). The thioether inhibited the phosphatidylserine/Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of several common proteins in the solubilized homogenates of HL60 and KG-1 cells, and that of apparently distinct proteins in the preparation of K562 cells. The TPA-induced differentiation of HL60 and KG-1 cells was inhibited by BM 41.440 at a concentration inhibitory to PKC, but differentiation of HL60 cells promoted by dimethyl sulfoxide, retinoic acid, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, on the other hand, was not affected. The present data suggested that PKC inhibition might partly account for the antineoplastic effect of BM 41.440, and that the agent could be useful in studying involvements of the PKC system in cellular processes. PMID- 3180077 TI - Changes in CuZn-superoxide dismutase during induced differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. AB - Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) was determined during differentiation induced by hexamethylene bisacetamide. SOD levels in hexamethylene bisacetamide-treated MELC were about twice as high as those of controls. Dose response and kinetic experiments have shown that SOD activity variations are closely related to the amount of inducer and the duration of treatment in culture. Moreover, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which inhibits hexamethylene bisacetamide-induced MELC maturation, was also effective in reducing the extent of the SOD increase. SOD changes mainly involved the CuZn form of the enzyme, having a molecular weight of about 32,000 and a striking sensitivity to cyanide inhibition. In addition, the isoelectrophoretic analysis of CuZn-SOD from both treated and untreated cells yielded an identical pattern. This suggests that quantitative rather than qualitative enzyme changes occurred during MELC terminal division. SOD levels are directly related to the degree of differentiation and particularly to the amount of cytosolic hemoglobin, whose synthesis in committed cells is paralleled by a rise in enzyme activity. The SOD increase represents a distinctive marker of erythroleukemia maturation and might tentatively be interpreted as a cellular response to oxidative stress from hemoglobin autoxidation. PMID- 3180078 TI - Isolation and characterization of colon cancer mucin from xenografts of LS174T cells. AB - The structure of colonic mucin, which is thought to be important in several diseases, including ulcerative colitis and colon cancer, is poorly understood. Mucin was isolated from nude mouse xenografts of the LS174T colonic adenocarcinoma cell line by gel filtration and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. The isolated mucin had a high content of threonine, serine, and proline, with 28% of the total amino acids O-glycosylated. The carbohydrates present were fucose, sialic acid, galactose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, and N-acetyl galactosamine in the ratio of 0.4:1.5:1.0:0.9:1.4. Rabbit antibodies were prepared that recognized primarily protein-dependent determinants. By DEAE cellulose chromatography, the purified mucin was found to be heterogeneous, with three major components that had small differences in carbohydrate composition. LS174T was antigenically and chromatographically similar to mucins in colon cancer tissue specimens and in nonmalignant colonic mucosae. PMID- 3180079 TI - Doxycycline in combination chemotherapy of a rat leukemia. AB - Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis by doxycycline (DC), a tetracycline analogue, has significant antitumor effects in several tumor systems. In the present study, the effects of continuous DC treatment combined with intermittent administration of Adriamycin or 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine on the growth of a rat leukemia were investigated. The presence of DC retards tumor relapse after 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine or Adriamycin treatment significantly. DC may therefore be of value in several modalities of antitumor treatment. PMID- 3180080 TI - Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA expression in human breast cancer. AB - Insulin-like growth factor II is a growth factor important in fetal development. Several cancer tissues and cell lines have been reported to express IGF-II and rat IGF-II is mitogenic for breast cancer cell lines. Using Northern analysis and ribonuclease protection assays, IGF-II mRNA was detected in normal fibroblasts and in the established breast cancer cell line, T47D. In this cell line, steady state levels of IGF-II message were increased by treatment with estradiol. 10 nM IGF-II, purified from human serum, was mitogenic for breast cancer cell lines. In vitro, IGF-II may act as an autocrine growth factor for some cell lines. RNA derived from breast cancer, pathologically normal breast tissue, and benign breast disease also contained IGF-II mRNA. When paired samples of normal and cancer tissue were obtained from the breast of the same patient, the level of IGF II mRNA expression in the normal tissue was at least that found in the cancer. This is consistent with previous observations that show IGF-II is expressed in mesenchyme. These findings suggest that in breast cancer IGF-II is produced by stromal tissue elements and potentially by the malignant epithelial cells. Therefore, IGF-II may function as an autocrine or a paracrine growth factor in different breast tumors. PMID- 3180081 TI - Influence of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) on DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression in excision repair proficient and deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - DNA has been implicated as the critical intracellular target for cis diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) action. Inhibition of DNA synthesis is a consequence of platination and has become accepted as the critical step in cis DDP-induced toxicity. We have previously demonstrated that, following incubation with cis-DDP, murine leukemia L1210 cells progress through synthesis only to arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The G2 arrest was transient at low drug concentrations and was persistent at higher concentrations with a concomitant loss of viability. Chinese hamster ovary cell lines both proficient and deficient for DNA excision repair have been used to analyze the relationship between inhibition of DNA synthesis and toxicity and to determine whether DNA repair is necessary for cell cycle progression. Two repair-deficient cell lines were hypersensitive to cis-DDP and demonstrated a marked arrest in the G2 phase. The arrest was transient over only a small range of concentrations. At higher concentrations, the arrest was persistent and the cells subsequently died. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into macromolecules demonstrated no inhibition of DNA synthesis while these cells progressed through the S phase. In contrast, at higher, but nontoxic, concentrations of cis-DDP, the repair-proficient cells exhibited inhibition of DNA synthesis while in S. At toxic concentrations, these cells also arrested in G2. Therefore, direct inhibition of DNA synthesis correlated only with the concentration of drug and not with the different sensitivities of the cell lines. Arrest of cells in G2 did correlate with toxicity. In every cell line, the appearance of G2-arrested cells preceded cell disintegration. It is proposed that the G2-arrested cells preceded cell disintegration. It is proposed that the G2 arrest results from the inability of the cells to transcribe genes required for passage into mitosis. Cells proficient in DNA repair can circumvent this arrest by repairing the damaged DNA and permitting transcription to proceed. These results support the hypothesis that inhibition of DNA synthesis is not the critical step in cis-DDP-induced cytotoxicity. PMID- 3180082 TI - Investigation of the effects of heat shock and agents which induce a heat shock response on the induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells. AB - A heat shock of 42.5-43.5 degrees C for 1 h applied to HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells induced the appearance of between 13 and 34% (n = 6) of cells which showed characteristics of mature metamyelocytes/granulocytes. This is the first time a physical agent has been shown to induce the differentiation of this leukemic cell line. The treatment of HL-60 cells with a variety of agents which have been documented to stress cells and induce thermotolerance or a heat shock like response also induced granulocyte-like differentiation: continuous treatment for 4 days with ethanol (213 mM), sodium arsenite (6 microM), cadmium sulfate (60 microM), lidocaine (3 mM), and procaine (5 mM) induced 73, 54, 14, 54, and 55% of cells, respectively, to reduce the dye nitro blue tetrazolium. They were also capable of the phagocytosis of yeast particles. Examination of differentiated cells showed that those treated with ethanol, arsenite, lidocaine, and procaine also expressed nonspecific esterase activity, typical of monocytes, but did not adhere to plastic and had a cellular and nuclear morphology consistent with differentiation to metamyelocytes. Analysis of protein synthesis of HL-60 cells treated with 170 mM N-methylformamide, by the pulse labeling of cells for 2 h with [14C]leucine at various times, showed that the constitutive synthesis of both the Mr 90,000 and 70,000 heat shock proteins fell substantially after 2 h of exposure to N-methylformamide. When HL-60 cells were incubated with 1 M N methylformamide, a toxic concentration of this agent, or were heat shocked, the synthesis of both the Mr 70,000 and Mr 90,000 proteins was induced. We propose that changes in heat shock protein synthesis may be an important element of the induction of differentiation of HL-60 cells, particularly as these proteins have recently been shown to regulate the stability of oncogene proteins, such as myc (Luscher, B., and Eisenman, R. N., Mol. Cell Biol., 8: 2504-2512, 1988). PMID- 3180083 TI - Changes in c-myc, c-fms, and N-ras proto-oncogene expression associated with retinoic acid-induced monocytic differentiation of human leukemia HL60/MRI cells. AB - The human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL60 differentiates to granulocytic cells when treated with retinoic acid (RA). In contrast, HL60/MRI, a cell line established from a transplantable HL60 tumor in nude mice, differentiates to monocytoid cells in response to RA (M. Imaizumi, J. Uozumi, and T. R. Breitman, Cancer Res., 47: 1434-1440, 1987). Because alterations of proto-oncogene expression may be closely related to the difference in response of HL60/MRI to RA we studied the expression of the proto-oncogenes myc, fms, and N-ras of HL60/MRI in comparison to HL60. Compared to HL60, the proto-oncogene myc of HL60/MRI is amplified about twofold less in genomic DNA and is expressed about twofold less at the transcriptional level. Even though two subclones of HL60/MRI, 28B.4 and 5B, have about the same steady-state levels of c-myc mRNA before treatment with RA, 28B.4 has a more rapid decrease of c-myc mRNA after treatment with RA. Based on two differentiation markers, nitro blue tetrazolium reduction and the OKM-5 monocyte-specific surface antigen, 28B.4 exhibits a greater response to RA than does 5B. c-fms mRNA is not detected in uninduced HL60/MRI and HL60 but is expressed during RA-induced differentiation of HL60/MRI to monocytes/macrophages and HL60 to granulocytes. The expression of N-ras mRNA of 5B decreases about twofold during the first 12 h of exposure to RA and is then relatively constant for another 36 h. PMID- 3180084 TI - Relationship of hepatic peroxisome proliferation and replicative DNA synthesis to the hepatocarcinogenicity of the peroxisome proliferators di(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate and [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio]acetic acid (Wy-14,643) in rats. AB - The mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis caused by peroxisome proliferators (PP) is poorly understood, making it difficult to predict the carcinogenicity of PP to rodents or other species. It has been suggested that the carcinogenic potential of individual PP in rodents is correlated with the degree of PP-induced hepatic peroxisome proliferation. To evaluate this possible correlation, di(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) at 1.2% and [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2 pyrimidinylthio]acetic acid (Wy-14,643) at 0.1% were fed to male F-344 rats for up to 365 days and hepatocytic peroxisome proliferation and DNA replication were measured. All rats fed Wy-14,643 for 365 days had numerous grossly visible nodules in comparison to none in the livers of DEHP-fed or control rats. Despite this difference in the induction of tumors, both DEHP and Wy-14,643 increased the peroxisomal volume density 4- to 6-fold from 8 to 365 days of treatment. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation enzyme activities were increased 8-fold by both DEHP and Wy-14,643 after 18 days. At later time points (77 to 365 days), these enzyme activities were about 25% higher in livers of Wy-14,643- than DEHP-fed rats. DEHP or Wy-14,643 increased absolute liver weights 50 to 75% above controls after 18 to 365 days of feeding. Labeling of hepatocyte nuclei with a single injection of tritiated thymidine revealed a rapid burst in replicative DNA synthesis in both DEHP and Wy-14,643-fed rats, with a return to control levels by 4 days. Additional rats were implanted with 7-day osmotic pumps containing tritiated thymidine. With this more extended method of labeling a 5- to 10-fold increase in replicative DNA synthesis was observed in rats receiving Wy-14,643 for 39 to 365 days as compared to DEHP-fed rats or controls. In conclusion, when performed under conditions similar to the tumorigenicity studies, the degree of peroxisome proliferation correlated poorly with the relative hepatocarcinogenicity of DEHP and Wy-14,643. However, a strong correlation was observed between the relative hepatocarcinogenicity of DEHP and Wy-14,643 and the ability to induce a persistent increase in replicative DNA synthesis. These data emphasize the possible importance of cell replication in the mechanism of PP-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. PMID- 3180085 TI - Late target protein of the carcinogen N-2-fluorenylacetamide in rat liver. AB - In previous studies, administration of a radioactive tracer dose of the liver carcinogen, N-2-fluorenylacetamide (2-acetylaminofluorene; FAA), to normal or carcinogen-fed rats led to the presence of one or two principal labeled carcinogen: protein complexes in liver cytosol. The early target Mr 14,000 protein of the carcinogen in normal rats was identified as being liver fatty acid binding protein and was associated in hepatocytes with normal mitosis and the cell proliferation brought about by either of the two liver carcinogens, FAA or 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. Continued ingestion of any of the three hepatocarcinogens, FAA, 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene, or ethionine, resulted in the progressive loss of the early radioactive complex and the concurrent gain in liver cytosol of the late carcinogen: protein complex (Mr approximately 150,000) formed by the tracer dose of FAA. Present attempts to extract FAA derivatives from the late carcinogen: protein complex with organic solvents indicated that virtually all of the carcinogen was apparently covalently bound to the resultant denatured protein. It is unknown whether the covalent interaction occurred in vivo or as an accompaniment of the protein denaturation associated with the solvent extractions. In support of a possible noncovalent interaction, treatment of the unextracted complex with sodium dodecyl sulfate, urea, and beta-mercaptoethanol followed by electrophoresis readily dissociated the majority of the bound carcinogen. The late carcinogen: protein complex was shown to contain a 55 kDa subunit (p55), which was purified to homogeneity according to molecular size. The subunit is a relatively basic polypeptide with a pI of 8.4 to 8.6. In Western blots using rabbit immunoglobulins against the p55, the late target protein was found to be present at low concentrations in liver cytosols of normal rats, and was induced to relatively high levels by ingestion of the carcinogen for 3 to 5 weeks. The induction of high levels of the late target protein explains in part the progressive elevation in content of the late carcinogen: protein complex in rat liver during carcinogenesis by FAA. The isolated p55 was susceptible to a spontaneous stepwise breakdown, resulting in a ladder of decreasing molecular sizes with an average unit difference of 5.8 kDa per step over six size intervals. The p55 subunit was detected in nonhepatic organs of normal rats, but unlike levels in liver, the levels there were not affected by ingestion of the carcinogen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3180086 TI - Patterns of methionine auxotrophy in normal and neoplastic cells: the methionine independence of lymphocyte mitogenesis and low frequency of the methionine dependent phenotype in human tumors. AB - Seven murine and 17 human tumor-derived cell lines were tested for their ability to grow in methionine-free medium containing the methionine precursor homocysteine. Three murine tumors, SP1, MDAY-D2, and L1210, failed to grow in this medium and were therefore methionine dependent (Met-Dep). In contrast, all human tumors, including 8 recently established cell lines, were methionine independent (Met-Indep). Concanavalin A-induced lymphocyte mitogenesis was also Met-Indep but required 3 to 4 times the amount of homocysteine needed for the growth of normal fibroblasts or Met-Indep tumors. In addition, lymphocyte mitogenesis was also supported by exogenous 5'-methylthioadenosine, another methionine precursor formed during polyamine synthesis. In contrast, Met-Dep tumors did not respond to increasing homocysteine concentration, nor was their growth supported by 5'-methylthioadenosine. These findings demonstrate that Met Dep can occur by varied mechanisms relating to such parameters as homocysteine concentration and the ability of cells to generate Met-Indep revertants or to grow in 5'-methylthioadenosine. In general, we found the Met-Dep phenotype to be more common in murine tumor cells and to occur infrequently in human tumors. This may imply a species difference in methionine metabolism. PMID- 3180087 TI - Cyanoethylation of DNA in vivo by 3-(methylnitrosamino)propionitrile, an Areca derived carcinogen. AB - 2-Cyanoethyldiazohydroxide is a likely product of metabolic alpha-hydroxylation of 3-(methylnitrosamino)propionitrile (MNPN). The reaction of 2-(N-carbethoxy-N nitrosamino)propionitrile, a stable precursor of 2-cyanoethyldiazohydroxide, with deoxyguanosine, catalyzed by porcine liver esterase, was investigated. Two major deoxyguanosine adducts were produced. They were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized by their UV spectra, mass spectra, and proton magnetic resonance spectra. On the basis of these spectral data, the structures of the two adducts were assigned as 7-(2-cyanoethyl)guanine and O6-(2 cyanoethyl)deoxyguanosine. The potential of MNPN to cyanoethylate DNA in F344 rats was evaluated by measuring 7-(2-cyanoethyl)guanine and O6-(2 cyanoethyl)guanine in the liver, nasal mucosa, and esophagus. The highest levels were detected in the nasal cavity, which is one of the major target organs for the carcinogenic effects of MNPN. PMID- 3180088 TI - Interactions of thrombospondin with sulfated glycolipids and proteoglycans of human melanoma cells. AB - Human melanoma cell spreading on thrombospondin substrates and chemotaxis in a gradient of soluble thrombospondin requires the amino-terminal heparin/sulfatide binding domain of thrombospondin. Some melanoma cell lines attach but do not spread or respond in chemotaxis assays. Sulfated glycoconjugates produced by melanoma cells that could mediate these activities were identified by metabolic labeling with [35S] sulfate and tested for their ability to bind thrombospondin. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans that bind thrombospondin are made by both spreading and non-spreading melanoma cell lines. Thrombospondin binds with high affinity to a high molecular weight heparan sulfate proteoglycan, but not to the major chondroitin sulfate. The active heparan sulfate proteoglycan can be partially purified by affinity chromatography on thrombospondin-agarose or hydrophobic interaction with octyl-Sepharose. Thrombospondin binding requires the amino terminal domain and is inhibited by monoclonal antibody A2.5 or fucoidan. Binding activity is lost following degradation of the proteoglycan with heparatinase or nitrous acid. [35S]Sulfate labels several melanoma cell glycolipids including galactosylceramide-I3-sulfate, lactosyl ceramide-II3-sulfate, and sulfated glucuronosylparagloboside. The latter glycolipid was detected in three cell lines that spread on thrombospondin but not in the nonspreading C32 melanoma cells. Thrombospondin binds to the isolated glycolipid, and the glycolipid and an antibody to this structure inhibit cell spreading on thrombospondin substrates. Thus, the presence of glycoconjugates with terminal nonreducing glucuronosyl 3 sulfate correlates with melanoma cell spreading on thrombospondin, whereas expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycans that bind thrombospondin does not. PMID- 3180089 TI - Phototoxicity mechanism of a kryptocyanine dye in human red cell membranes and isolated murine mitochondria. AB - The phototoxicity mechanism of a kryptocyanine dye, N,N'-bis(2-ethyl-1,3 dioxolane)kryptocyanine (EDKC+), has been studied in RBC membranes and isolated mitochondria. Lipophilic, positively charged dyes, such as EDKC+, may be useful as tumor-cell-selective, light-activated cytotoxic agents. Exposure of the RBC membranes to 700-nm light and EDKC+ inhibited membrane acetylcholinesterase and photodecomposed EDKC+ in air-purged but not argon-purged samples. Photoinactivation of acetylcholinesterase was the same in D2O as in H2O and was not quenched by superoxide dismutase. Ascorbate and azide (10 mM) quenched or slightly enhanced, respectively, the inactivation. In argon-purged samples containing methyl viologen, EDKC+ photodecomposed, but acetylcholinesterase activity was unaffected. The mechanism may involve electron transfer to oxygen and subsequent formation of toxic photoproducts from EDKC+. In contrast, exposure of murine mitochondria to EDKC+ and 700-nm light caused inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in both the presence and absence of oxygen. The photodecomposition of EDKC+ correlated with inhibition of respiration. Thus, the phototoxicity of EDKC+ in mitochondria may be due to electron transfer from photoexcited EDKC+ to oxygen and electron acceptors in the membrane. These studies indicate that dyes such as EDKC+ may be useful for photochemotherapy of hypoxic regions in tumors. PMID- 3180090 TI - Purification and composition of the human tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG-72) defined by monoclonal antibodies CC49 and B72.3. AB - Human mammary and other carcinoma cells secrete and express on their cell surfaces complex, mucin-like glycoproteins (Mr greater than 10(6] that are recognized as tumor-associated antigens by a variety of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). One such MAb, B72.3, has been extensively studied as to range of reactivity for a variety of carcinomas versus normal tissues. The B72.3-reactive antigen, designated tumor-associated glycoprotein (TAG)-72, which is a high molecular-weight mucin, was partially purified and used as immunogen to produce second generation anti-TAG-72 MAbs. One of these second generation MAbs, CC49, was chosen to be used to develop a procedure to yield preparative amounts of purified antigen suitable for analyzing amino acid sequence. One of the reasons for the selection of CC49 for these studies is that it demonstrated a higher Ka for TAG-72 compared with B72.3. Xenografts of LS174T cells (a human colon carcinoma cell line) grown in nude mice were solubilized, extracted with several chaotropic agents and treated with perchloric acid. The acid soluble antigen was subjected to MAb CC49 affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography using fast protein liquid chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography methodologies. A double-determinant liquid competition radioimmunoassay for TAG-72 showed greater than a 1000-fold purification. Radiolabeled protein on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated an apparently homogeneous high molecular weight mucin and a small amount of an additional protein with an apparent Mr of 63,000. Chemical deglycosylation using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid yielded low molecular weight proteins, which could be analyzed for amino acid sequence, and also became susceptible to tryptic digestion. The amino acid composition of the purified TAG 72 mucin was similar to that of other purified mucins. PMID- 3180091 TI - Involvement of the polyamine pathway in antiestrogen-induced growth inhibition of human breast cancer. AB - Recent evidence indicates that the antiestrogen tamoxifen (TAM) may inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation, at least in part, through suppression of the polyamine (PA) pathway. To directly test this hypothesis, we evaluated the effect of TAM administration on ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, the rate limiting enzyme in PA synthesis, as well as cellular PA levels in the hormone responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line in culture. In detailed time course studies, we observed that TAM significantly inhibited the rise in ODC activity observed in control cells following a medium change. Chronic treatment with escalating amounts of TAM caused a dose-related decrease in tumor pools of putrescine and spermidine, while spermine levels were unaffected. The TAM effects on ODC activity and PA pools were reversible with exogenous estradiol administration. However, addition of putrescine to TAM-treated cells did not result in a reversal of the antiproliferative effect of TAM, despite repletion of cellular PA pools. Administration of TAM to the hormone-independent MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line did not suppress ODC activity or cellular PA levels despite induction, at high concentrations, of an estradiol-irreversible inhibition of proliferation. We conclude that, in the hormone-responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, TAM causes a significant suppression of the PA pathway, the relation of which, if any, to its antiproliferative action remains obscure. This effect seems to be mediated through the estrogen receptor and does not appear to be a nonspecific consequence of inhibition of cell proliferation. PMID- 3180092 TI - Differential expression of insulin-like growth factor II mRNA in human primary liver cancers, benign liver tumors, and liver cirrhosis. AB - We investigated insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA in three groups of human liver samples including primary liver cancers, benign liver tumors and cirrhosis; indeed these pathological conditions would allow us to distinguish between different steps in liver carcinogenesis. A 40- to 100-fold increase in IGF-II mRNA was shown in 9/40 of the liver cancer samples as compared to normal adult liver. RNA blot analysis using both IGF-II cDNA and oligonucleotide probes showed the reexpression of two fetal (6 and 5 kilobases) IGF-II transcripts in primary liver cancers and in some cirrhotic adjacent tissues; these included all the samples with enhanced IGF-II expression. By contrast the adult (5.3 kilobases) IGF-II transcript was identified in most of the benign liver tumors and liver cirrhosis; in addition, in some of these samples, the 5-kilobase fetal transcript was also detected. The increase of IGF-II mRNA in some liver cancers is consistent with an autocrine mechanism conferring a selective growth advantage to tumorous liver cells. Furthermore, these results indicate a differential expression of IGF-II transcripts in nonmalignant hepatocyte proliferation (benign liver tumors and cirrhosis) as compared to liver cancer. Finally this study suggests that, in liver cirrhosis and in some benign liver tumors, premalignant proliferative states might be identified by the presence of IGF-II fetal transcripts. PMID- 3180093 TI - Characterization of mouse cell lines resistant to nickel(II) ions. AB - BALB/c-3T3 cells have been isolated that are resistant to NiCl2. The degree of resistance is directly dependent upon the NiCl2 exposure concentration and ranges from 6- to 11-fold. Resistance to NiCl2 does not appear to be due to alterations in cellular uptake, since the entry of Ni(II) into wild-type or resistant cells was similar. Resistance does not appear to be due to alterations in metallothionein expression. Resistant cells have a high incidence of heterochromatic abnormalities involving fusions at the centromeres as determined by C-banding and in situ hybridization utilizing a cloned mouse satellite DNA probe. Cells retain nickel resistance for many generations in the absence or presence of NiCl2 selection; however, with time in the absence of NiCl2, the level of resistance decreases. This loss of resistance is associated with a decreased number of centromeric fusions. These results indicate that nickel resistance is involved with changes in heterochromatin and suggest that this effect of nickel on heterochromatin may be important as an early step in nickel carcinogenesis. PMID- 3180094 TI - Immunohistochemical and biochemical study of a cathepsin B-like proteinase in human colonic cancers. AB - An immunohistological study was carried out on 51 human colorectal adenocarcinomas and eight samples of histologically normal colonic mucosa removed far from tumors, using anti-rabbit cathepsin B and anti-human cathepsin B immunoglobulins. Positive reactions were obtained on tumor cells and macrophage like cells. However, as these immunoglobulins could not discriminate between cathepsin B and cathepsin B-like proteinases, and as they cross-reacted with cathepsins H and L, a partial characterization of the proteinase activities was performed in order to identify the type of enzyme present in the positive cells. The levels of cathepsins H and L were very low in extracts of colorectal tumors and normal colonic mucosa. A peculiar cathepsin B-like proteinase activity with pH optimum at 6.8 was found in tumor extracts together with the lysosomal cathepsin B, whereas normal colonic mucosa showed only cathepsin B activity (pH optimum, 6.0). These results indicate that lysosomal cathepsin B is responsible for staining of macrophage-like cells found in the lamina propria of colonic mucosa and in the peritumoral stroma. Immunohistochemical staining of colonic tumor cells observed in 29/51 cases seems on the other hand to be primarily due to a cathepsin B-like proteinase. Three colonic tumor cell lines, Colo-205, HT 29, and SW-1116, were also studied using the same methods. These cells produced a latent cathepsin B-like proteinase which, after activation, was similar to that found in tumor extracts. This latent proteinase was detected mainly in the culture media. The cultured colonic tumor cells, after staining by anti-cathepsin B antibodies, showed strongly positive granules. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that malignant colonic cells are the source of a cathepsin B-like proteinase, with optimal activity near neutrality. Its secretion into the extracellular space indicates furthermore, that it may be an important component of the "proteinase cascade" associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. PMID- 3180095 TI - Chemoprevention of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced esophageal cancer in rats by the naturally occurring thioether, diallyl sulfide. AB - Diallyl sulfide (DAS) is a principal thioether of garlic (Allium sativum) accounting, in part, for the flavor and fragrance of this herb. Previous studies have shown that DAS is a potent inhibitor of experimentally induced colon cancer in mice. Metabolic studies of other garlic-derived substances suggested that DAS could prevent tumorigenicity of other hepatic activated carcinogens. The present study was designed to determine whether DAS could inhibit the DNA-damaging and tumorigenic effects of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine in rat esophagus. A dose of 200 mg/kg of DAS given p.o. 3 h prior to N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine administration was found to inhibit the carcinogen-induced nuclear toxicity by 64% to 56% at the two doses (3 and 5 mg/kg) of NMBA tested. These results suggested that the compound was potentially anticarcinogenic. In the carcinogenicity experiment it was found that DAS totally inhibited tumor formation in rats treated with a carcinogenic dose of NMBA (100% inhibition of papilloma and squamous cell carcinoma incidence, P less than 0.0001). Additionally DAS was found to substantially reduce hepatic microsomal metabolism of the carcinogen. These data demonstrate that DAS is unique in its anticarcinogenic activity. It strongly suppresses the tumorigenic effects of potent, metabolically activated monoalkylating carcinogens in the gastrointestinal tract. PMID- 3180096 TI - A murine model of experimental metastasis to bone and bone marrow. AB - Bone is a common site of metastasis in human cancer. A major impediment to understanding the pathogenesis of bone metastasis has been the lack of an appropriate animal model. In this paper, we describe an animal model in which B16 melanoma cells injected in the left cardiac ventricle reproducibly colonize specific sites of the skeletal system of mice. Injection of 10(5) cells resulted in melanotic tumor colonies in most organs, including the skeletal system. Injection of 10(4) or fewer cells resulted in experimental metastasis almost entirely restricted to the skeletal system and ovary. In contrast, i.v. injection of 10(5) cells resulted in tumor colonies in the lung only. Left cardiac injection of 10(2) cells caused bone colonization, but the same number of cells injected i.v. did not colonize the lung. The number of bones with tumor colonies increased with increasing number of cells injected. Melanotic tumor colonies in the bone were characteristically distributed in the metaphysis of long bones and in the periphery of flat bones. Most animals developed paraplegia due to spinal cord compression by bony metastasis to the spine. Tumor colonization of bone occurred only in regions of bone containing hematopoietic bone marrow. This suggests that the injected tumor cells lodge, survive in the hematopoietic bone marrow environment, and grow to destroy adjacent bone. This experimental model of metastasis to bone will facilitate future studies of the pathophysiology and treatment of bone and bone marrow metastasis. PMID- 3180097 TI - Analysis of hepatocyte plasma membrane polarity during rat azo dye hepatocarcinogenesis using monoclonal antibodies directed against domain associated antigens. AB - While carcinogenesis is known to induce various alterations in epithelial cell polarity, little information is available about the fate of plasma membrane polarity during the neoplastic process. Using three monoclonal antibody-defined antigens as markers of the three plasma membrane domains of rat hepatocytes, the sinusoidal, the lateral, and the canalicular, we demonstrated by immunohistochemical techniques that changes in hepatocyte plasma membrane polarity occur at every stage of 3'-methyldimethylaminoazobenzene-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. At the preneoplastic stage, the division of hepatocyte plasma membrane into three distinct domains was retained despite rearrangements in hepatocytic architecture, characterized by the disorganization of hepatocytic plates and the formation of pseudoacinar structures. The most striking change was the distribution of the canalicular-associated antigen over the entire plasma membrane in disorganized plates. At the neoplastic stage, changes in plasma membrane polarity depended on the degree of morphological differentiation of neoplastic cells. Poorly differentiated cells inconstantly expressed the monoclonal antibody-defined antigens and showed no evidence of plasma membrane polarization. Differentiated cells constantly expressed the three antigens, and their plasma membrane was divided into antigenically distinct domains. The changes in hepatocyte plasma membrane polarity demonstrated in situ during 3' methyldimethylaminoazobenzene hepatocarcinogenesis may therefore be compared with situations known to occur in vitro, in cultured epithelial cells presenting varying degrees of polarization. Our observations suggest that these alterations are of relevance to the in vivo biology of cancer. PMID- 3180098 TI - Tissue-specific pharmacodynamics of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA in VX2 tumor-bearing rabbits. AB - The thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) is felt to exert its cytotoxic effects primarily through incorporation into DNA. We have evaluated the incorporation of BrdUrd into the DNA of relevant normal tissues (bone marrow, gut mucosa, and liver) and tumor in rabbits with the VX2 tumor growing intrahepatically. Using constant i.v. infusions, steady state plasma drug concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 65.4 microM were maintained for 24 h and tissues were harvested and processed so that a sensitive gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method could be used to analyze the thymine and 5 bromouracil content of hydrolyzed DNA. In all tissues, DNA incorporation showed saturating effects as plasma BrdUrd concentration was increased and, BrdUrd incorporation as a function of plasma concentration could be fitted to a Langmuir like equation generating tissue-specific pharmacodynamic parameters: Imax for percentage thymine replacement at infinite plasma BrdUrd concentrations, and C50 for the arterial BrdUrd concentration generating incorporation that is Imax/2. At all plasma concentrations of BrdUrd the incorporation into DNA of bone marrow was greater than that observed in VX2 tumor. However, BrdUrd labeling index (with a BrdUrd monoclonal antibody) was greater in tumor than bone marrow. Thus, pharmacodynamic differences in incorporation do not result solely from cytokinetic differences between tissues. This model may prove useful in evaluating the pharmacodynamics of incorporation in studies using hepatic arterial infusion and biochemical modulation to improve selectivity. PMID- 3180099 TI - A Mr 58,000 glycoprotein specifically expressed in developing hamster pancreas and reexpressed in hamster and human pancreatic carcinomas. AB - A glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 58,000 specifically expressed in exocrine hamster fetal pancreas was characterized using a monoclonal antibody (Mab B4). By immunoperoxidase, Mab B4 stained pancreatic tissue from the 10th day of gestation (6 days before delivery) until the 10th day after birth. The maximal expression of the Mab B4-specific protein called fetal pancreatic (FP) protein was reached between delivery and the 5th day of postnatal life. Endocrine pancreas was negative at any developmental stage. All adult pancreata examined were negative. Moreover, Mab B4 was tested against a wide variety of fetal and adult tissues; only immature pancreata were stained. Chemically induced pancreatic carcinomas were strongly stained by this Mab. On the contrary, other tumors (liver and kidney) appearing simultaneously with pancreatic carcinomas were negative. Using a nitrocellulose immunofixation assay, FP protein was found in all sera from hamsters bearing pancreatic tumors (23 cases tested). This protein was not detected in normal sera. Mab B4 cross-reacted with a protein in human fetal pancreas extracts, that behaves similarly to the hamster FP protein: it is present exclusively in exocrine fetal pancreas and is reexpressed in pancreatic adenocarcinomas. The high tissue specificity of this protein, its oncofetal character, and release into the blood circulation make the FP protein a potential tumor marker of pancreatic cancer. PMID- 3180100 TI - Induction of lung and exocrine pancreas tumors in F344 rats by tobacco-specific and Areca-derived N-nitrosamines. AB - The tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 butanone (NNK) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), as well as the Areca-derived N-nitrosoguvacoline (NG) were assayed for carcinogenicity in male F344 rats by lifetime administration in the drinking water. Groups of 30 to 80 rats were treated with 0.5 ppm, 1.0 ppm, or 5.0 ppm of NNK; 5.0 ppm of NNAL, 20 ppm of NG, a mixture of 20 ppm of NG and 1 ppm of NNK, and water only in the control group. The approximate total doses of the nitrosamines (mmol/kg of body weight) in these groups were: NNK, 0.073, 0.17, and 0.68; NNAL, 0.69; NG, 4.1; NG and NNK, 4.1 and 0.17. As in previous assays in which NNK was tested by s.c. injection, the lung was its principle target organ. Lung tumor incidences in the 0.5-, 1.0-, and 5.0-ppm groups were nine of 80, 20 of 80, and 27 of 30 compared to six of 80 in the control rats. This trend was significant, P less than 0.005. Significant incidences of nasal cavity and liver tumors were observed only in the rats treated with 5.0 ppm of NNK. In contrast to the results of the s.c. bioassays of NNK, tumors of the exocrine pancreas were observed in five of 80 and nine of 80 rats treated with 0.5 and 1.0 ppm. This trend was significant, P less than 0.025. This is the first example of pancreatic tumor induction by a constituent of tobacco smoke. It is also the first finding of duct-like carcinomas in the rat pancreas, including one tumor containing epidermoid, keratin-generating tissue. NNAL, the major metabolite of NNK, induced lung tumors in 26 of 30 rats and pancreatic tumors in eight of 30 rats. It appears to be the proximate pancreatic carcinogen of NNK. NG induced pancreatic tumors in four of 30 rats, P less than 0.05. This finding requires confirmation. The mixture of NG and NNK induced lung tumors in eleven of 30 rats. There were no apparent synergistic interactions of NG and NNK. The observation of benign and malignant tumors of the lung and pancreas of rats treated with the tobacco-specific nitrosamines NNK and NNAL is discussed in respect to the causal association between cigarette smoking and cancer of the lung and pancreas. PMID- 3180101 TI - Quantitative in vitro assay for tumor cell invasion through extracellular matrix or into protein gels. AB - A new quantitative method for the study of tumor cell invasion in vitro is presented. It is intended to facilitate the study of the mechanisms of invasion using an isolated basement membrane without the involvement of stromal structures or using defined protein gels. Cells are allowed to migrate through the pores of a Nuclepore polycarbonate filter into a protein gel on a nitrocellulose filter, or they may have to penetrate a cell-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) to reach the gel. Experiments with a nonmetastatic mouse lymphoma (Eb) and its two metastatic variants (ESb and ESb-MP) showed that the metastatic lines penetrated a Matrigel (a gel containing the components of a basement membrane) much better than the nonmetastatic cell line, but only the most metastatic line (ESb) was able to penetrate into a native collagen I gel. The presence of an ECM on the polycarbonate filter reduced the number of cells invading a fibrin gel, demonstrating that the dense, fibrillar structure of the cell-derived ECM was a barrier to the tumor cells. The metastatic lines penetrated the ECM to a 4- to 6 fold higher extent than the nonmetastatic cell line. It is concluded that in order to metastasize efficiently, the tumor cells must be able to penetrate many different kinds of barriers. PMID- 3180102 TI - Inhibition of MCF-7 cell growth by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and 1,2 dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol: distinct effects on protein kinase C activity. AB - We have investigated the effects of phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) and permeant diacylglycerol 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DiC8) on MCF-7 cell proliferation and protein kinase C activity. DiC8 mimics the effects of TPA on both cell morphology and proliferation, with an ED50 value of 11 micrograms/ml for cell growth inhibition. As with TPA and phorbol 12,13 dibutyrate, DiC8 enhances the degree of phosphorylation of an endogenous Mr 28,000 protein in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The effect is measurable upon 5 min of cell treatment with each protein kinase C activator and reaches a maximum at 30 min. The ED50s observed are 5 ng/ml and 20 micrograms/ml, respectively, for phorbol esters and DiC8. The Mr 28,000 protein is found in the cytosolic fraction and is phosphorylated on serine residues by both TPA and DiC8. Further characterization of the phosphorylated proteins using a highly resolutive two-dimensional electrophoresis demonstrates that the two-protein kinase C activators lead to slightly distinct protein phosphorylation patterns with an extra set of proteins phosphorylated under TPA but not DiC8 stimulation. Contrary to TPA, DiC8 induces only a partial and transient translocation of protein kinase C activity from the cytosolic to the particulate compartment. Moreover, no down regulation of protein kinase C is observed after prolonged treatment of MCF-7 cells with DiC8, while only 10% of the initial protein kinase C level remains present in cells treated with TPA for 48 h. However, this remainder enzymatic activity is sufficient to induce the phosphorylation of the Mr 28,000 protein at its maximal level. In conclusion, our results reinforce the hypothesis of a negative modulatory role of protein kinase C in MCF-7 cell proliferation but suggest that the two activators TPA and DiC8 could induce distinct molecular events with regard to the enzyme recruitment and activity as well as to its further processing. PMID- 3180103 TI - Smoking and lung cancer in women: findings in a prospective study. AB - Lung cancer rates in relation to smoking habits were studied in a cohort of 619,225 women traced over a 4-yr period (1982 to 1986). A total of 1,006 lung cancer deaths was recorded. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for women smokers was 12.7 for current smokers and 4.8 for exsmokers. For those women without a history of chronic diseases, the SMR rose to 17.6 for current smokers. The SMRs rose with the number of cigarettes smoked per day to 22.0 for women who smoked 31 or more per day. SMRs also increased with depth of inhalation; this increase was independent of the number smoked per day. SMRs also increased by duration of smoking and decreased with cessation of smoking. Mortality ratios for lung cancer in women ranged from about 2 to 1 to 3 to 1 in studies carried out in the 1950s and 1960s. As women have begun to smoke earlier in life, smoke more cigarettes a day, and inhale more deeply, we are now observing much higher SMRs in women with lung cancer, similar in magnitude to those seen in men in the earlier studies. PMID- 3180104 TI - Pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil assessed with a sensitive mass spectrometric method in patients on a dose escalation schedule. AB - The pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5-FUra) was investigated in 21 patients with advanced cancer (mainly colorectal cancer). 5-FUra was administered as weekly i.v. bolus injections usually at a starting dose of 500 mg/m2. Every 4 weeks the dose was escalated by 20% until dose-limiting toxicity was observed. Whenever possible, pharmacokinetic studies were performed at dose escalation. 5 FUra plasma concentrations were measured by high pressure liquid chromatography and a sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay with a sensitivity as low as 3 x 10(-9) M. According to the 42 plasma concentration versus time curves, in all but one of the patients total body clearance decreased with increasing 5 FUra doses, consistent with the nonlinear pharmacokinetics of 5-FUra. The ultrasensitive assay revealed an almost horizontal phase in the plasma concentration versus time curves at plasma concentrations of 10(-8) to 10(-9) M. This plateau did not show correlation with the area under those curves. The use of a logistic regression method showed that clinical toxicity was correlated with the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve of 5-FUra. PMID- 3180105 TI - Brain and nutrition. Dexfenfluramine weight control and regulation of eating patterns. Satellite symposium to the Collegium Internationale Neuro Psychopharmacologicum, 15th C.I.N.P. congress. Puerto Rico, U.S.A., December 14 17, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3180106 TI - Human implications of animal experiments--lessons from dexfenfluramine. AB - Experience with dexfenfluramine and related compounds illustrates some of the potentials and the limitations of studies in experimental animals. Major pharamcological effects of these drugs were identified in animal models, but a variety of behavioral, psychotherapeutic, autonomic, and cardiovascular actions were not predicted from animal experiments, and it is unlikely that satisfactory animal models exist for some of them. An examination of the literature on animal and human studies of drugs on eating behavior, food intake, and body weight leads to the conclusion that the models used, at present, do not truly represent the complexity of the processes being investigated. PMID- 3180107 TI - On the mechanism of action of dexfenfluramine: effect on alliesthesia and appetite motivation in lean and obese subjects. AB - This study investigated the intensity of two phenomena--perceived pleasantness of sweet tasting solutions, and subjective motivations related to eating--in lean and obese subjects. The study also examined the way in which dexfenfluramine influenced these phenomena as the basis of a mechanism underlying the action of dexfenfluramine on satiation. Such investigations had not previously been carried out on obese people. In lean subjects, glucose-induced negative gustative alliesthesia (NGA) was present but was not affected by drug administration. Dexfenfluramine did, however, markedly influence motivational ratings and subsequent food consumption in a test meal. In obese subjects, NGA was not present nor was it instated by drug treatment. Motivational ratings were strongly influenced by dexfenfluramine. Although hunger ratings were very low in obese subjects, they were further suppressed by the glucose load and by the drug. Hunger suppression was greater in obese than lean subjects. These results suggest that a decline in the pleasantness of a sweet taste is not a mechanism through which fenfluramine exerts an anorectic action. The data suggest that the suppression of subjective motivation to eat is implicated in the reduction of food intake by dexfenfluramine in lean subjects, and in the weight loss observed in obese people. PMID- 3180108 TI - The interaction of metergoline, a 5-HT receptor blocker, and dexfenfluramine in human feeding. AB - Use of the 5-HT antagonist metergoline (MTG) has shown that dexfenfluramine (d FF) influences food intake in animals via serotoninergic neurones. This study examined the interaction between d-FF and MTG in humans. Healthy male volunteers reported singly at 8:45 A.M. on four weekly occasions following an overnight fast. At 9:00 A.M. they received 30 mg d-FF or matching placebo and at 11:00 A.M. 4 mg MTG or placebo. Hunger and satiety were assessed hourly using visual analog scales (VAS). Subjects had access to a 4-channel automated food dispenser (AFD) from 1:15 to 3:15 P.M. Delivery and recording of each portion of known energy value was contingent on an appropriate button push. Subjects were offered two nonsweet snacks, plus fruit and a chocolate biscuit chosen to each subject's preference. Results for 13 subjects are reported. d-FF reduced hunger VAS, MTG had no effect on hunger and did not attenuate the effect of d-FF. d-FF reduced total food intake by 1306 kJ (312 kcal p less than 0.01) at 120 min. MTG increased food intake and attenuated the effect of d-FF on food intake but not significantly. d-FF markedly reduced the intake of nonsweet food; this was attenuated by MTG which alone had no effect on nonsweet food. d-FF had no effect on the intake of sweet tasting food during the first hour; by 120 min it had reduced energy intake by 342 kJ (82 kcal, t = 1.34, n.s.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180109 TI - Hypothalamic serotonin: pharmacological, biochemical, and behavioral analyses of its feeding-suppressive action. AB - Studies of the neuropharmacology of eating behavior demonstrate that monoaminergic neurotransmitters in the brain have an active and important role in the control of food ingestion, in animals and also possibly in humans. The anatomical focus of the animal studies has been the hypothalamus, which appears to play a key role in this process. This structure receives and integrates input from metabolic, hormonal, neurogenic, thermal, and cortical factors, which reflect the nutritional status of the organism, and then it translates this information into signals for inducing appropriate adjustments in food consumption. While this review focuses on the indoleamine, serotonin, with respect to its effects after peripheral and central administration, attention is also given to the catecholamines, which are believed to interact with serotonin in the complex process of controlling eating patterns and appetite for specific macronutrients. PMID- 3180110 TI - Metabolic and hormonal effects of dexfenfluramine on stress situations. AB - Chronic treatment of rats with dexfenfluramine decreased the concentrations of circulating corticosterone, fatty acid, glycerol, and triacylglycerol after feeding a test load of fructose. It also decreased the rise in adrenalin in the blood of rats that were anaesthetized with urethane. These effects of dexfenfluramine probably result from changes in the metabolism of 5-HT in the CNS and consequent alterations in hormonal balance. It is proposed that the long-term metabolic effects of dexfenfluramine could be explained by a decrease in the effectiveness of stress hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, corticotropin, catecholamines, glucagon) in regulating metabolism since these hormones antagonize many of the actions of insulin. This hypothesis also identifies the possibility that the ability of dexfenfluramine to decrease an exaggerate stress response could alleviate some of the potential risk factors associated with atherosclerosis including obesity and maturity onset diabetes. PMID- 3180111 TI - Enhancement of the thermic effect of food by d-fenfluramine. AB - Following approximately a week of daily ingestion of fenfluramine, the body weight of female rats is reduced and remains chronically suppressed for as long as treatment is continued. This chronic suppression of body weight by fenfluramine cannot be explained by the anorectic effects of fenfluramine, since food intake returns to normal after about a week. Part of this chronic suppression of body weight lies in the ability of fenfluramine to enhance the thermic effect of food. Fenfluramine ingested by a fasted rat causes no change in metabolic rate. However, following the ingestion of the meal consisting of mixed nutrients or only carbohydrates, the thermic effect of the food is significantly greater than that of the meal without fenfluramine. A similar observation was observed in humans. These observations when combined with the negligible effects of dieting as a means of controlling body weight, argue for the chronic use of fenfluramine as a therapeutic technique to produce sustained weight loss in humans. PMID- 3180112 TI - Correlation between metabolic and behavioral effects of dexfenfluramine treatment. AB - The consequences of dexfenfluramine (dFF) treatments on food intake (FI), locomotor activity (LA), respiratory quotient (RQ), and on changes in metabolic rate (MR) and in RQ that are induced by LA and FI, were investigated in 12 female Wistar rats fed ad libitum. Reduction of FI induced by dFF was correlated with an overall decrease in RQ that expresses increased lipogenesis. For a given amount of activity, MR and RQ changes were enhanced by dFF. On the other hand, dFF appeared to increase energy expenditure in relation to FI only to the extent that the energetic cost of LA itself was not taken into account. It is concluded that the anorexia induced by dFF may be due to the peripheral consequences of dFF treatments on the peripheral metabolism of glucides and lipids according to a lipostatic, glucostatic, or an ischymetric mechanism, and that the increase in energy expenditure previously reported after feeding, may reflect an increase in the energy produced in relation to LA rather than an increase in the thermic effect of feeding per se. PMID- 3180113 TI - Dexfenfluramine and body weight regulation: experimental study with hoarding behavior. AB - At very low doses dexfenfluramine, a serotonin agonist, is a potent inhibitor of hoarding behavior. The dose able to suppress 40% of this food motivated response (ED 40) is approximately 0.3 mg/kg. The action of dexfenfluramine is mediated through serotoninergic receptors because it is suppressed by a pretreatment with metergoline, a selective serotonin-receptor blocker, but is not modified by haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist. PMID- 3180114 TI - Serotonin and depression. International Symposium on Tianeptine. Satellite of Symposium on Affect and Emotion, World Psychiatric Association. Vienna, Austria, October 10, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3180115 TI - Structure-activity relationships of tricyclic antidepressants, with special reference to tianeptine. AB - Structure-activity relationships in the classical antidepressant (imipramine like) series show a relative lack of specificities: Compounds should simply have a nucleus consisting of two phenyl rings and a third, seven-member central ring. This central ring may have one, several, or no heteroatoms, and it may or may not be saturated. The side chain may be attached to any one of the atoms of the central ring, but it must be short (two or three carbon atoms), and have a terminal amine group (secondary, tertiary, or included in a ring). We investigated the structure-activity relationships of 22 new tricyclic tianeptine derivatives exhibiting reserpine-induced ptosis reversal potency in the mouse. Tianeptine is an antidepressant characterized by a 3-chlorodibenzothiazepin nucleus and an aminoheptanoic side chain. Our results indicate highly specific structural requirements for the tianeptine-like series. In order to be active, compounds must have an aminocarboxylic chain (with an optimal length of six methylene links), a tricyclic system with an electron-donor heteroatom in position 5, and an aromatic substitution with a moderate electron-acceptor atom in position 3. These specificities in the tianeptine series are in sharp contrast with the lack of specific requirements that characterize the classical tricyclic series. PMID- 3180116 TI - Pharmacological antidepressive effects and tianeptine-induced 5-HT uptake increase. AB - The antidepressant activity of tianeptine has been demonstrated using the classical screening tests of antagonism of reserpine-like compounds, rat behavioral despair (Porsolt's test), and aggressive behavior induced by isolation in mice. Tianeptine has novel behavioral effects. it is devoid of sedative effects. In rodents it induces slight stimulation of locomotor activity. In monkeys, tianeptine decreases aggressive and emotive states and improves individual behavior and group social interactions. Electroencephalographic studies in rats and monkeys have shown that tianeptine has no stimulant or sedative properties, and does not modify the overall distribution of wakefulness sleep phases. Pharmacological studies have shown that tianeptine does not have anticholinergic effects and that it is also devoid of any effect on the cardiovascular and neuroendocrine systems. Tianeptine does not disturb memory. Tianeptine, in contrast to tricyclic antidepressants which inhibit 5-HT uptake, stimulates serotonin uptake ex vivo in the rat brain (cortex, hippocampus) and rat as well as human platelets following both acute and chronic administration. Tianeptine increases the firing rate of hippocampus pyramidal cells which could be consistent with tianeptine-induced serotonin uptake stimulation. Tianeptine allows us to examine the coexistence of a classical pharmacological profile and original neurochemical effects. PMID- 3180118 TI - Standardized clinical evaluation of depressive and anxious symptomatology. AB - The main standardized instruments for clinical assessment of depression and anxiety are diagnostic criteria, rating scales, and mental tests, mainly questionnaires. The systematic use of rigorous diagnostic criteria is useful in recruiting sufficiently homogeneous patient groups for clinical research. The polydiagnostic system represents, in this perspective, a stimulating trend of research, as it is not linked to a sole nosographic reference system. Some rating scales have recently been developed in Europe such as the MADRS, the Retardation Scale ERD of Widlocher, the depression rating scale of Pichot, and the mania depression scale of AMDP system. In the field of anxiety, standardized tools being used more and more are the Sheehan scales battery, some fear rating scales such as the FSS III, the brief scale of Tyrer, the anxiety scale from AMDP system, the BATE questionnaire of De Bonis, or the checklist of evaluation of somatic symptoms (CHESS). The sensitivity to changes of these different tools is their main value. PMID- 3180117 TI - Electrophysiological effects of tianeptine on rat locus coeruleus, raphe dorsalis, and hippocampus activity. AB - Electrophysiological studies were performed in order to compare the influence of tianeptine and clomipramine on the firing rate of central locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons, raphe dorsalis serotoninergic neurons, and hippocampus CA1 pyramidal cells. The interaction of tianeptine and clomipramine with the response of CA1 cells to iontophoretically applied 5-HT or GABA was also investigated. The i.v. perfusion of tianeptine decreased the firing rate of locus coeruleus neurons (ID50 = 1.74 +/- 0.2 mg/kg), did not modify the firing rate of raphe dorsalis neurons, and increased the firing rate of CA1 pyramidal cells (ED50 = 0.68 +/- 0.17 mg/kg). The tianeptine inhibiting dose 50 for noradrenergic neuron firing rate was 2.5 times higher than the activating dose for hippocampus pyramidal cells, and 6 times higher than the inhibiting dose for selective noradrenaline uptake inhibitors as desipramine. In comparison, the i.v. infusion of clomipramine decreased the firing rate of locus coeruleus, raphe dorsalis, and CA1 neurons. The iontophoretic application of tianeptine did not modify the response of CA1 cells to 5-HT or GABA but decreased the recovery time after 5-HT and GABA. The iontophoretic application of clomipramine potentiated the response of CA1 cells to 5-HT but not to GABA and increased the recovery time after 5-HT and GABA. Tianeptine appears to have an original electrophysiological profile in agreement with an increase in serotonin uptake: this profile distinguishes tianeptine from classical antidepressants such as clomipramine. PMID- 3180119 TI - Analysis of the side effects of tianeptine. AB - The evaluation of clinical and paraclinical safety of tianeptine was performed in (a) clinical pharmacology studies assessing night sleep EEG organization; electrocardiographic stability by continuous 24-h recordings (Holter's method); ocular tonus in patients with stabilized glaucoma; salivary flow; prolactin secretion; photodynamic dermatologic reactions; cerebral electrical activity; hematologic, hepatic, renal and main metabolic parameters; separately, withdrawal phenomena and addictive potential were searched for in drug addicts; (b) double blind controlled studies versus reference compounds. The results confirm that the therapeutic safety of tianeptine is satisfactory with respect to clinical side effects and paraclinical parameters. Tianeptine does not induce sedation and thus does not disturb the recovery of active life. It does not induce anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, constipation, etc.), even in elderly subjects. It is devoid of heart and blood pressure side effects including postural hypotension tachycardia, ECG abnormalities, and especially atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction disorders. Moreover, tianeptine does not disturb the hematologic, renal, hepatic parameters, even in alcoholic patients in the detoxification period. It does not induce physical or psychological signs of dependence when discontinued, even in alcoholic patients or drug addicts. No abuse of tianeptine and no tolerance were noted in detoxified opiate addicts. PMID- 3180120 TI - Pharmacokinetic and metabolic parameters of tianeptine in healthy volunteers and in populations with risk factors. AB - Following oral administration in the fasting healthy subject, the mean maximum concentration of tianeptine is 334 +/- 79 ng/ml. Absorption of tianeptine from the tablet form is rapid and complete. Maximum plasma concentration is obtained by the first hour following administration (0.94 +/- 0.47 h). Absolute bioavailability is 99 +/- 29%. Tianeptine is thus rapidly and completely absorbed in the tablet form and is not subject to first-pass effect. Distribution of tianeptine in the body is characterized by the following: its rapidity, the mean distribution half-life being about 0.7 h; its limited extent, the apparent volume of distribution being about 0.8 L/kg (0.77 +/- 0.31 L/kg); and protein binding, which averages 93.8 +/- 2.4%. Elimination of tianeptine is characterized by a short mean half-life of 2 h 30 min (2.5 +/- 1.1 h) and by renal excretion of 0.4 ml/min (0.4 +/- 0.4 ml/min). Tianeptine is extensively metabolized. Major metabolites are analogs of tianeptine with a C5 and C3 lateral chain and a N demethylated derivative. Studies have shown negligible influence on pharmacokinetic parameters of chronic alcoholism even in case of hepatic cirrhosis. In renal failure, and in the elderly, studies have revealed a 1-h prolongation of elimination half-life which suggests that the dosage should be limited to two tablets per day in such cases. PMID- 3180121 TI - Immune dysfunctions in cancer and AIDS. Selected reports: Second International Symposium on Immunobiology in Clinical Oncology and Immune Dysfunctions. Nice, France. PMID- 3180122 TI - Immunogenetic heterogeneity of uveal melanoma. AB - Investigations have been performed to identify genetic markers in uveal melanoma (UM) patients. The immunogenetic heterogeneity of the histologically different forms of UM until now has been little analyzed. We subdivided our UM patients, all typed for class I and II HLA antigens and for Bf polymorphism, into two groups: 1) those with a high degree of malignancy (with nonspindle cells) and 2) those with a low degree of malignancy (with spindle cells). The deviated frequencies of class I HLA antigens (A32, B27) seem to be involved in the predisposition to spindle cell melanoma, while HLA class II (DR3, DR7) and class III (Bf F) strongly mark the worst form of UM. Different Gm allotype distributions between the two histological types of UM were also found. PMID- 3180123 TI - MTP-PE: induction of tumoricidal leukocytes in the lungs of rats. AB - Buffer solubilized MTP-PE binds very quickly (within 10 min) to rat alveolar macrophages in vitro and activates them to the tumoricidal state. In vivo, the alveolar macrophages become tumoricidal after intratracheal instillation of MTP PE. Intranasal application of a relatively large volume (300 microliter) gives the same result, because MTP-PE is then aspirated into the lungs. A wide dose range (1-10,000 micrograms/kg) is effective. Immediately after application of MTP PE, activated macrophages can be washed out of the lungs. Between 8 and 48 hr after application many tumoricidal neutrophils are also found. Although the tumoricidal activity decreases with time, it can still be demonstrated 8 days after application. Intravenous injection is also effective, but only at 10(3) fold higher doses. Inhalation of MTP-PE might be of therapeutical value in the treatment of cancer, particularly in the lungs. PMID- 3180124 TI - Maternally induced graft-vs-host disease to minor antigens as a possible etiology of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in mice. AB - It has been postulated that an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome develops in neonates as the result of a maternally induced graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) that develops when sufficient numbers of maternal lymphocytes are transferred to the fetus across the placental barrier. The present study was done to determine whether major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens or non-MHC minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHA) were involved. Female C57BL/6 mice were bred to males of eight selected strains such that maternal-fetal disparity existed at MHC antigens and/or minor histocompatibility antigens. Offspring were tested for immune function at 6-7 weeks of age using a Jerne plaque assay to measure the humoral response to that T dependent antigen sheep red blood cells (SRBC). None of the offspring developed clinical signs of GVHD, but 3 of 124 mice tested made no immune response to SRBC. Immunodeficiency was associated with maternal-fetal disparity only at a small number of MiHA and not at the MHC. We postulate that immunodeficiency in this model is mediated by a subclinical maternally induced GVHD to paternally derived MiHA of the fetus. PMID- 3180125 TI - Predominance of the IgG1 subclass in the hypergammaglobulinemia observed in pre AIDS and AIDS. AB - In addition to the well-known T-cell dysfunctions in AIDS, hypergammaglobulinemia, mostly IgG, and autoimmune phenomena indicate that B cells are also involved. Reports of HIV-infected and activated B cells suggest T cell-independent B-cell abnormalities. In order to assess the IgG subclasses involved in hypergammaglobulinemia, we examined all four IgG subclasses in sera and in vitro with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The in vitro studies included 7-day cultures of mononuclear cells and highly purified B cells stimulated with a T cell-independent polyclonal B-cell activator (Klebsiella pneumoniae, KlebsM). Cultures were done with cells from seven patients with AIDS, seven patients with persistent generalized lymph node enlargement and HIV antibodies, and normal controls. In vivo, hypergammaglobulinemia was found to be restricted to the IgG1 subclass. In vitro, high spontaneous levels of IgG were not elevated significantly under stimulatory conditions, as demonstrated by the measurement of all four IgG subclasses in the culture supernatants. In vitro, hypergammaglobulinemia also resulted from IgG1. These results indicate that there are B-cell abnormalities in pre-AIDS and AIDS, in that the B-cell preactivation in vivo resulting in hypergammaglobulinemia is restricted to IgG1. PMID- 3180126 TI - Lymphadenopathy in HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) infected subjects: the role of virus and follicular dendritic cells. AB - Studies of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) associated lymphadenopathy by histopathology and immunopathology showed conspicuous changes of follicular B cell areas from a marked hyperplasia to complete involution. Immunohistochemistry showed a corresponding increase in follicular dendritic reticulum cells (FDRC) followed by progressive destruction of these cells during involution, concomitant with invasion of follicles by T-cells. HIV gag antigens were predominantly associated with FDRC in hyperplastic follicles and diminished during involution. Virus replication was by in situ hybridization seen predominantly in follicles, presumably reflecting productive infection of CD4+ cells and/or FDRC. It is concluded that local effects of the virus play an important role in HIV lymphadenopathy. The marked cytopathogenic effects on FDRC indicate that HIV infection with lymphadenopathy represents not only a disease of CD4+ cells but also of follicular antigen presenting cells (FDRC). PMID- 3180127 TI - Clinical and laboratory findings at presentation in persistent generalized lymphadenopathy vs malignant lymphoma. AB - The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical and laboratory findings at presentation of 38 intravenous drug abusers with pathologically documented persistent generalized lymphadenopathy and 50 patients with biopsy proven malignant lymphoma (30 Hodgkin diseases, 20 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas) not related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, all aged 40 years or less and consecutively seen and evaluated with a similar clinicopathological approach since May 1984 in a single institution, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Aviano, Italy. Our results document that, although pathology is the decisive diagnostic tool, selected clinical and laboratory findings may contribute to a better differentiation of persistent generalized lymphadenopathy from malignant lymphoma not related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Therefore, young patients presenting with generalized lymphadenopathy, apparently not related to known groups at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, should be evaluated also according to a protocol which includes the detection of symptoms, signs, and laboratory data that are known to be significantly increased among patients with persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. PMID- 3180128 TI - Malignant lymphomas in patients with or at risk for AIDS: a report of 50 cases observed in Italy. AB - For the first time the presence of a consistent number of malignant lymphomas among persons at high risk for AIDS has been documented in Italy. The majority of our cases started to occur in 1983, in line with the trend for a 2-year delay in the spread of the epidemic of AIDS in Europe. The patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas had an increased incidence of high grade subtypes, particularly of the Burkitt type, and were in an advanced stage with frequent extranodal involvement. Patients with Hodgkin's disease had a lower incidence of extranodal localization in comparison with the North American series. American patients with malignant lymphomas were reported to be predominantly homosexual; in contrast, the Italian cases were mostly drug addicts. The occurrence of malignant lymphomas was also correlated in Italian patients as well as in American patients with a shorter survival time, when compared with malignant lymphomas occurring in the same age group of the general population. PMID- 3180130 TI - Altered peripheral nerve conduction in HIV-patients. AB - An electrophysiological study on peripheral nerves conduction was performed on HIV-seropositive patients without neurological signs on clinical examination. Eight of the 28 patients (28%) had an infraclinical neuropathy, which was myelinic or axonal and rather distal than proximal. The mechanism of these involvements is not known, but their early existence could justify an early treatment even for asymptomatic patients. PMID- 3180129 TI - Atypical presentation of Hodgkin's disease in a patient at risk for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - Hodgkin's disease (HD) has been reported in association with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) only occasionally, and these patients seemed to have aggressive unusual HD. We report an additional case of HD in a 50-year-old homosexual man with a marked change of his clinical course after the development of seropositivity to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 1978, HD stage IIIA, nodular sclerosing type, was diagnosed and treated with splenectomy and total nodal radiotherapy, which led to a complete response lasting till 1985. The patient then reported to our clinic with generalized lymphadenopathy and paresis of the m. biceps and m. triceps due to an infiltration of C6/C7 by HD. Laboratory findings revealed a T4/T8 ratio of 0.5 and HIV antibodies. He was given chemotherapy (COPP), but after a good initial response he developed pulmonary infiltration of HD. Therapy was changed to ABVD, but the patient did not respond to treatment and died of progressive HD in 1986. We therefore conclude that the natural history of HD in patients at risk for AIDS may be altered to a higher malignant form, and treatment modalities used in these patients must be further evaluated. PMID- 3180131 TI - Isolation of HIV in a seronegative demented patient without symptoms of immune deficiency. AB - A 60-year-old male patient, originating from West Africa, developed acute and regressive neurologic symptoms associated with aphasia, apraxia, acalculia, behavioral impairments, and an epileptic phase. Eighteen months after the onset of the disease, the patient was almost normal. All along the clinical course, biological abnormality patterns were minor. We noted only a mild neutropenia in the blood. We also observed a weak lymphocytosis and elevated protein content in the cerebrospinal fluid. Electroencephalogram examination revealed slow waves which disappeared after remission. A weak ventricular dilatation was detected on CT scan. Neither vascular, nor tumoral, nor a classical infectious origin could be identified. While the patient was seronegative to HIV, a HIV-like virus was isolated twice from his peripheral blood lymphocytes during the disease. Eighteen months later, the patient remained seronegative. He developed neither AIDS nor immunodeficiency. The subtype of HIV has been isolated and characterized, and its neurotropism is being investigated. PMID- 3180132 TI - Malignant tumors other than lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma in association with HIV infection. AB - Since 1981 there has been a constant rise in the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the anorectum among homosexual men in the United States. In addition, lung cancer, testicular cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, cervical cancer, and multiple myeloma have been recently reported in persons at risk for AIDS with HIV infection, with some peculiar clinicopathological features, including age, histological type, and clinical aggressiveness. Within the GICAT (Gruppo Italiano Cooperativo AIDS & Tumori) framework, we have identified four cases of testicular cancer, two cases of leukemia, and 1 case each of cervical cancer, carcinoma of the oral cavity, lung cancer, brain tumor, and multiple myeloma in persons at risk for AIDS, mainly i.v. drug abusers, with HIV infection, diagnosed in different Italian institutions. Work is in progress in order to collect histological and clinical data on these tumors. Although these data are preliminary and are not indicative of an actual increase in the incidence of malignancies other than malignant lymphomas and Kaposi's sarcoma in the AIDS setting, clinicians should be aware of the possible association of these tumors with HIV infection. PMID- 3180133 TI - Plasmaexchange plus immunoglobulins for treatment of hypergammaglobulinaemic patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC). AB - AIDS patients often develop a conspicuous although functionally ineffective hypergammaglobulinaemia. We have treated four patients affected by AIDS or AIDS related complex (ARC) with repeated courses of plasmaexchange coupled with immunoglobulin infusions. The schedule of each course was as follows: one plasmapheresis treatment once a week for 5 consecutive weeks, each treatment amounting to an average exchange of 3000 ml of plasma, replaced by plasma/protein and 5% albumin/physiological saline solutions, and followed by infusion of 15 gr of human immunoglobulins. Each plasmapheresis course was completed by additional weekly administrations of the same amount of human immunoglobulins. In each patient we noted fast cessation of fever, weight gain, and an overall clinical amelioration with decrease of infections, asthenia, and anorexia. Haematological, serological, and immunological parameters (particularly IgG serum levels) also significantly improved after treatment. PMID- 3180134 TI - Immunohistological characterization of a Ewing's sarcoma case. AB - The histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma (ES) remains uncertain. Mesenchymal and neuroectodermal origins were the most recent hypotheses. In an attempt to test these two hypotheses, frozen sections of an ES with the chromosomal translocation t(11;22) have been studied using a panel of antibodies directed against monocytes/macrophages cell surface antigens (Leu M1, Leu M2, Leu M3, and MO1), and against neural components (NSE, S-100, T4, and HNK-1). None of these antigens were detected. Positive reactions were obtained with antibodies recognizing HLA II antigen and B2-microglobulin. From a panel of various intermediate filaments only vimentin was shown to be present. None of the two hypotheses could be supported by the results obtained from the immunohistological analysis of the tumor studied. In the absence of a specific immunological pattern, the chromosomal t(11;22)(q24;q12) marker remains the only diagnostic criterion of ES. PMID- 3180135 TI - Expression, release, and characterization of soluble human T-lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I) antigens from an infected cell line. AB - The Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infected cell line MT-2 was studied to obtain HTLV-I or related proteins for the purpose of producing an effective vaccine for HTLV-I infection. The cells were characterized as to HTLV-I antigen expression during the cell cycle and antigens released into the culture fluids. MT-2 cell grown in fetal calf supplemented media produced more HTLV-I related antigens during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. To determine the conditions for maximal release and harvest of HTLV-I associated proteins, the MT 2 cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with serum-free medium. Cell- and virus-free supernatants were collected on day 4, lyophilized, and concentrated 50-fold. The proteins in these supernatants were characterized using SDS-PAGE and western blot using rabbit anti-HTLV-I sera and human adult T-cell leukemia sera. The western-blot analysis indicated that the supernatants obtained from the MT-2 cells grown in serum-free supplemented medium contained detectable amounts of proteins which reacted with human ATL and rabbit anti-HTLV-I sera. The molecular weights of these proteins observed are 68kd, 46kd, 28kd, 24kd, 19kd, and 15kd indicating that gag, env, and pX gene products are present. PMID- 3180136 TI - In vitro production of the general transformation antibody related to survival in human cancer patients: antimalignin antibody. AB - Human antimalignin antibody (AMA) appears to have clinical significance because in actuarial studies its concentration relates quantitatively to survival (Bogoch et al. Protides Biol Fluids 1984; 31:739-747). Therefore isolation, characterization, and production in vitro of AMA were undertaken. Serum AMA concentrations are elevated in cancer, regardless of cell type, as demonstrated by earlier blind studies of 1,026 (Bogoch et al. J. Med 1982; 13:49-69) and 501 (Bogoch and Bogoch. Protides Biol Fluids 1983; 30:337-352) and independently confirmed by others on 354 (Bogoch et al. Protides Biol Fluids 1984; 31: 739-747) cancer patients and controls. Mouse monoclonal AMA was produced earlier (Bogoch et al. Lancet 1981; 2:141-142). To validate the identity of the natural substrate AMA in the serum determination (AMAS test) and to prepare for human imaging and therapeutic trials, human AMA has now been produced in vitro from human lymphocytes and has been shown to be increased when primed with its specific 10,000-dalton peptide antigen malignin. This synthesized human AMA adsorbs specifically to its immobilized antigen in vitro and resembles in cancer cell staining and in other properties human AMA isolated from sera of cancer patients and mouse monoclonal AMA. All are predominantly IgM, as shown by reduction to heavy and light chains followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. PMID- 3180137 TI - The utilization of monoclonal antibodies in the diagnosis of unusual leukemias. AB - Development of monoclonal antibodies to lymphoid cells has allowed for simple methods for the classification of leukemias. Using the monoclonal antibodies, B1, B4, T1, T11, Ia, CALLA, My7, My9, and a polyclonal TdT reagent, we report a number of unusual phenotypes analyzed by flow cytometry. Two cases of mixed linkage leukemia are reported, one marked with anti-CALLA and My9, the other marked with T11 and Ia. Three rare cases of pediatric CLL are reported. Both were of B cell origin with chromosome transformation. These studies demonstrate the clinical importance of monoclonal antibodies in leukemia classification. The results also show that the so-called rare leukemias may not be as rare as previously thought. PMID- 3180138 TI - IgA serum levels and HLA complement markers in gastric cancer patients. AB - Immunoglobulin serum levels and class III HLA polymorphisms (Bf, C4A, and C4B) have been analyzed in 55 gastric cancer patients (13 having at least a first degree relative affected by the same tumor) from the Republic of San Marino. This was done to search for possible immunoglobulin deficiencies (in particular IgA), which have been proposed to have a prognostic value in gastric cancer, and to identify possible associations between such a tumor and HLA class III determinants. All subjects had normal Ig levels with the exception of one patient (having the worst prognosis) characterized by a combined IgA, IgG, and IgM deficiency. Normal Ig levels were found in all the examined relatives of the proband. The Bf, C4A, and C4B allele frequencies we found did not differ significantly from those reported for healthy subjects in Italian samples. PMID- 3180139 TI - Immunotherapy of cancer: experimental approach with activated macrophages proliferating in culture. AB - Murine macrophages isolated from the peritoneal cavity or from the lung were continuously grown and expanded in vitro on a confluent layer of "mesothelial or endothelial" feeding cells. These cell lines could be obtained from C57B16 or BalbC mice and were nontumorogenic in nude mice. The macrophages were characterized by their capacity to phagocytose yeasts and by the presence of nonspecific esterases, of Fc receptors, and of specific antigens (MAC1 ...). In vitro, these macrophages were fully activated and were tumoricidal against different tumor cell lines. In vivo, adoptive transfer of the expanded macrophages to mice bearing EMT6 sarcoma or 3LL metastasizing carcinoma inhibited the growth of the primary tumors and the development of metastases. Local injection in the vicinity of the primary tumor and i.v. transplantation were effective. The adoptive transfer of expanded macrophages could lead to a new kind of immunotherapy of neoplastic diseases combining selective amplification with effective activation of macrophages as key effector cells. PMID- 3180140 TI - Characterization of a colon carcinoma cell line for tumor immunotherapy. AB - Chessboard vaccination (i.d. injection of various mixtures of mitomycin-treated fresh cells of the DE-TA colon carcinoma cell line and Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN] had a beneficial effect on recurrence and survival in Duke C patients. To standardize this kind of immunotherapy the following parameters of the DE-TA cell have been evaluated:--Karyotype (46 chromosomes, deletions in chromosome 8; 17); doubling time 24 hr; expression of CEA.--Stability of membrane antigens characterized by 9 different monoclonal antibodies over more than 40 cell culture passages.--Homogeneity of cell culture as evaluated by limiting dilution cloning at different culture passages and evaluation of expression of membrane antigens. Immunogenicity of lyophilized cells compared to cultured fresh cells by counting the number of specific antibody secreting clones after fusing spleen cells of immunized mice with SP-2/0-Ag14 mouse myeloma. As this characterization as well as safety tests (lack of infectious particles, tumorigenicity in nude mice) revealed no apparent risks, lyophilized DE-TA cells will be used as a standardized stable cell preparation for clinical trials. PMID- 3180141 TI - Preliminary evaluation of platinum transferrin (MPTC-63) as a potential nontoxic treatment for breast cancer. AB - Transferrin receptors on proliferating and malignant cells are well documented. Faulk et al. demonstrated transferrin receptors in breast carcinoma by immunofluorescence. Malignant cells requiring more iron modulate a transferrin receptor and the iron transporting protein transferrin delivers iron to the cell. We have developed a physiologically active platinum transferrin complex that has been tested on several cell lines in culture, a tumor model in the Fischer rat, and five human patients with advanced breast carcinoma. The complex slowed the rate of growth of feline lymphoma cells to one-half that of controls and killed human HeLa cell cultures in 7 days. Growth of the rat tumor was slightly impaired, but treated rats never got systemic disease and controls died. Two patients had dramatic responses to treatment. One had systemic disease and the other advanced locoregional disease. Both patients were on Tamoxifen, as receptors were positive for estrogen. Disease was progressing in the former with little improvement in the latter. After treatment both had a marked response. We postulate that MPTC-63 may work synergistically with Tamoxifen and be an effective nontoxic antitumor agent. More studies are indicated. PMID- 3180142 TI - Enhancement of antineoplastic effects of cisplatin by a calmodulin antagonist (W 7) in nude mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma. AB - The present study was designed to potentiate antineoplastic effects of cisplatin by combination with a calmodulin antagonist (W-7) using nude mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma. Tumor growth in nude mice treated with W-7 after (but not before) administration of cisplatin was significantly inhibited. Although treatment with cisplatin alone markedly inhibited lytic activity of the spleen cells in tumor-bearing nude mice against the tumor cells, the inhibitory effect was eliminated by subsequent treatment with W-7. There was no significant difference in the survival time between untreated and cisplatin-treated groups. Only when cisplatin was followed by W-7 was a significant enhancement by W-7 of the antitumor effect of cisplatin observed with respect to inhibition of the tumor growth as well as prolongation of the survival time. PMID- 3180143 TI - Human recombinant interferon-alpha-2 in the treatment of patients with hairy cell leukemia. AB - During the last 2 years, we have treated 14 hairy cell leukemia (HCL) patients with human recombinant interferon-2 alpha (Boehringer Ingelheim). The above group consisted of eight nonsplenectomized and six previously splenectomized progressive HCL patients. The patients received daily doses of 5 x 10(6) units of IFN for 3 months and two doses per week for the next 3 months thereafter by i.m. route. The therapy resulted in the complete (nine cases, = 64.3%) or partial (two cases = 14.3%) clinical and hematological remission (response rate 78.6%), with either disappearance or marked reduction in circulating and bone marrow hairy cells, decreased spleen size, and recovery of normal hemopoiesis. Apart from a transient flulike syndrome during the first 2 weeks of therapy, no other side effects were observed. PMID- 3180144 TI - Combined interferon and vinblastine treatment of advanced melanoma and renal cell cancer. AB - Thirteen patients with metastatic melanoma and ten patients with advanced renal cell cancer (RCC) received interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A) and vinblastine. In melanoma the interferon dose was 3-9 million IU i.m., escalated daily for 10 weeks, and in RCC the dose was 18 million IU three times a week i.m. The dose of vinblastine was 0.075-0.15 mg/kg every third week i.v. One of the ten evaluable patients with melanoma had partial remission (PR; 11%) and three presented no change (NC). Three of seven evaluable patients with renal cell carcinoma had PR (43%) and three NC. Duration of the remission was 10 months in the melanoma patients and 7+, 10+, and 7+ in the RCC patients. The three times a week schedule was better tolerated. The most common side effects were fever, fatigue, loss of taste, weight loss, and neutropenia. On the basis of these results it can be concluded that in melanoma the combination of daily administration of interferon and vinblastine is not effective, whereas in renal cell cancer interferon and vinblastine treatment given three times a week seems to be favorable. PMID- 3180145 TI - Phase I study in malignancy of LS 2616, a new immunomodulator: methodological considerations. AB - LS 2616 (Linomide) is a new immunomodulator that enhances natural killer (NK) cell activity, delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, mitogen responsiveness of T cells, and antibody production. It suppresses tumor growth and reduces metastases in animal experiments. In a phase I clinical trial, the maximal tolerated dose will not necessarily be the maximally effective dose, so both effect and toxicity parameters have to be monitored. Because of the pleiotropic function of the drug, several biological responses have to be analyzed. Furthermore, different malignancies are associated with different immunologic disturbances both qualitatively and quantitatively, necessitating the use of normal controls and baseline assessments as well as a range of different malignancies. The pharmacokinetic features will differ from the kinetics of the biological responses, and thus both drug concentration and effect parameters will be followed over time. Repeated doses will give information needed for tailoring of optimal schedules for administration. PMID- 3180146 TI - Phase I study of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rHu-TNF:PT-050). AB - A phase I study of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rHu-TNF:PT-050) given by intravenous infusion over 30 min or by intratumoral administration was performed in 53 patients with various types of malignant tumors. The dose of rHu TNF was started with 0.1 x 10(6) U/body for both intravenous infusion and intratumoral administration and increased to 5 x 10(6) U/body for intravenous infusion and 2 x 10(6) U/body for intratumoral administration. The side effects of rHu-TNF given by intravenous infusion included fever, shaking chills, hypotension, general malaise, nausea, and vomiting, and clinical laboratory tests showed elevations of GOT, GPT, and ALP, etc. Among these, only hypotension was dose-related and was considered to be a dose-limiting factor. The maximum tolerable dose estimated was 1 x 10(6) U/body. The plasma concentration of rHu TNF after completion of a 30-min infusion was dose-dependent, and the elimination half-life was 0.5-2.4 hr. When the rHu-TNF was administered intratumorally, the frequency of side effects was low compared with intravenous infusion. PMID- 3180147 TI - Selective depletion of human myeloma clonogenic stem cells from bone marrow cell preparations by a plasma-cell reactive antibody and complement. AB - The monoclonal antibody MM4 reacts with human myeloma cells from plasma cell dyscrasia (PCD)-derived cell lines and bone marrow (BM) biopsies from PCD patients, but not with normal BM or peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells. We examined cytotoxicity of MM4 and rabbit complement (MM4:C') on mixtures of normal BM mononuclear cells and myeloma cells from three different PCD-derived cell lines, RPMI 8226, GM 1312, or ARH-77. For cell preparations containing 10% myeloma cells, treatment with MM4 (500 micrograms per 10(5) cells, 4 degrees C, 60 min) and two cycles of complement (1:8, 23 degrees C, 2 x 30 min) consistently eliminated 2 logs or more of clonogenic myeloma stem cells, as determined by colony growth assays and limiting dilution analysis (99.4%, 98.9%, and 99.96% reduction of RPMI 8226, GM 1312, and ARH-77 cells, respectively). The majority of normal marrow progenitors were spared (inhibition of CFU-C: 10-13%; BFU-E: 0%). These observations suggest that MM4 may be useful for selective depletion of human myeloma clonogenic stem cells from bone marrow ex vivo. PMID- 3180148 TI - In vivo antitumor activity demonstrated with squamous carcinoma reactive monoclonal antibody-Vinca immunoconjugates. AB - An immunoconjugate (PF1/D-DAVLBHYD), made with the squamous carcinoma reactive monoclonal antibody PF1/D and a derivative of vinblastine, DAVLBHYD, was shown to suppress established T222 human tumor nude mouse xenografts using a multidose protocol. Treatments of xenograft-bearing mice with free drug, free antibody, or a mixture of the two, were unsuccessful at achieving suppression without associated toxicity, using otherwise identical protocols. A Vinca conjugate with a related squamous carcinoma reactive monoclonal antibody, PF1/B, was shown to have similar tumor suppressive activity. In a dual immunoconjugate therapy protocol, PF1/D-DAVLBHYD and PF1/B-DAVLBHYD had additive antitumor effects which were consistent with their complementary tumor reactivity. PMID- 3180149 TI - Sensitivity of fresh and cultured ovarian tumor cells to tumor necrosis factor, interferon-alpha 2, and OK-432. AB - The in vitro sensitivity to rTNF, rIFN-alpha 2, and OK-432 of 11 freshly derived human ovarian tumors and 2 established tumor cell lines was examined in a cytotoxic assay using the 51 Cr release test. Nine fresh lines were sensitive to rTNF, 8 to OK-432, and only 2 were sensitive to rIFN-alpha 2. Cytotoxicity by rIFN-alpha 2 was of lesser magnitude than the cytotoxicity mediated by rTNF or OK 432. The time of exposure and the concentration of BRM required for maximal cytotoxicity varied from line to line. Two fresh tumor cell lines and 1 established cell line (PA-1) were sensitive to all 3 BRMs, while 2 other FOCs and 1 cell line (SKOV-3) were resistant to all BRMs. The remaining FOC showed an intermediate degree of sensitivity. These results demonstrate the existence of heterogeneity of ovarian carcinoma tumor cell lines to lysis by BRMs. Among the FOCs, the 2 endometrioid carcinomas tested were highly sensitive to rTNF, whereas the serous carcinomas were more sensitive to OK-432. Low grade tumors were more sensitive to BRM than high grade tumors, and tumor extension did not correlate with sensitivity to the BRM. When tumor targets were exposed to more than 1 BRM added either simultaneously or sequentially, the net cytotoxic effect achieved was usually inferior to the sum cytotoxicity obtained by each BRM alone. Furthermore, rTNF and OK-432 were cytostatic to most ovarian tumor cell lines examined. The results of this study demonstrate that certain BRMs exert a direct effect on fresh ovarian tumor cells independently of host factors. These findings suggest that in vitro screening of a patient's tumor cells for sensitivity to a particular BRM prior to therapy could be beneficial for the proper identification of patients most likely to benefit from the treatment. PMID- 3180151 TI - Age structure, the life course and "aged heterogeneity": prospects for research and theory. AB - A widespread generalization in the study of aging is that old people are the most heterogeneous of any age group on a wide variety of characteristics. This phenomenon has several implications for thinking about aging. First, if cohorts or age strata vary systematically in their distributions on a given characteristic, then the dominant practice of comparing them primarily on measures of central tendency may obscure significant aspects of aging. Second, attention to systematic differences in variability points to the need to distinguish life-course, cohort and period dynamics in the production of patterns of variability. From a life-course perspective the construction of intracohort trajectories of variability for successive cohorts can disentangle these potentially confounded processes. Examining intracohort variability as outcome, we consider several hypothetical trajectories of variability, describe the kinds of processes likely to underlie each, and suggest hypothetical examples of characteristics to which each may apply. Finally, we consider the possible influence of age strata differences in intrastratum variability upon other aspects of social structure and upon individual aging. PMID- 3180150 TI - Biodistribution and tumour localisation of a daunomycin-monoclonal antibody conjugate in nude mice with human tumour xenografts. AB - The blood kinetics and tissue distribution of a conjugate of daunomycin and a monoclonal antibody (791T/36) have been examined in mice, including nude mice with human tumour xenografts reactive with the antibody. For this the antibody moiety of the conjugate was labelled with 125I and the drug moiety assayed by radioimmunoassay. After radioiodination, the preparation had an immunoreactive fraction in isotopic binding tests with 791T cells of 74%. Both drug and antibody moieties were precipitable with anti-mouse Ig anti-serum. Following i.v. injection, blood clearance of the two components of the conjugate was essentially identical, and with the serum-borne conjugate both radiolabel and drug were co precipitable. In mice with 791T xenografts, the tumour showed localisation of both drug and antibody moieties and at the time of analysis (3 days) tumour levels of drug were over 100 times those seen with free drug. In parallel studies with mice with antigen negative xenografts, there was no preferential localisation of antibody or drug moieties of the conjugate. These studies have shown in vivo stability of this conjugate, and site-specific targetting of an anti-tumour anthracycline. PMID- 3180152 TI - Change in subjective age among the elderly: an eight-year longitudinal study. AB - Changes in subjective age were investigated with a sample of older Mexican Americans and Anglos over an 8-year period (1976-1984). It was found that people who changed from youthful ("young" or "middle-aged") to old ("old" or "very old") subjective ages were significantly different than persons retaining youthful subjective ages on several factors: they were chronologically older, were more likely to be Mexican Americans, and had reported declines in their self-assessed health. These were the exact same differences observed cross-sectionally which renews faith in cross-sectional data in this area. A few people reversed their subjective ages (from old to youthful) over time, but we found no evidence that they had experienced improvements in their health or social situation. PMID- 3180153 TI - ADL-reduction and need for technical aids among 70-year-olds. From the population study of 70-year-olds in Goteborg. AB - Six hundred and nineteen persons from the population study of 70-year-olds "The intervention study of the elderly in Goteborg" (IVEG) were examined. They were interviewed in their home environment concerning their ability to manage activities of daily living (ADL), and the definition "ADL-reduction" is based on seven of these ADL-measurements. One third of the 70-year-old population had reduced ADL-capability, some only slightly. Joint disorders, paresis and congestive heart failure were the most common problems among the ADL-reduced subjects. Forty-three per cent of the ADL-reduced subjects (19% of total) received help with their personal care and/or housekeeping. One third had technical aid, mostly quite simple and inexpensive. Half were provided with new technical aids. The need for technical aids and home help service was noted and intervention undertaken as and when necessary. The needs were correlated to physical activity and performance in functional tests. The results do not illustrate the occurrence of handicap but are aimed at illustrating the special needs that elderly people may have in their normal surroundings. PMID- 3180154 TI - Home care and intermittent care--a realistic alternative to nursing-home care? AB - An inventory was made among 210 elderly nursing-home patients to investigate the feasibility of exchanging their permanent stay in the nursing home for another form of care and whether they wanted to. The main alternative was intermittent nursing-home care. The patients were assessed as to physical and mental health and social conditions. The majority (62.7%) were considered too ill for other than nursing-home care. In some patients (24.8%) there were social factors, the main one being that they no longer had a home of their own. However, 26 patients (12.4%) were recommended for intermittent care, but only three were interested. From these results it was concluded that if intermittent home care is to represent a realistic alternative it should be offered to the patients before they move into a nursing home. PMID- 3180155 TI - Quality of life in old age. A population study of elderly in Copenhagen. AB - 733 elderly citizens of Copenhagen filled in a questionnaire about quality of life. This questionnaire formed part of a follow-up performed 3 years after a socio-medical intervention study. A modified Cantril ladder scale was used to evaluate quality of life. When asked about the best and the worst that could happen, nearly half of the old people mentioned health. The second and third subjects most often mentioned were dwelling conditions and contact with relatives. There was no correlation between scores on the ladder scale and sex and age. The socio-medical intervention performed 3 years previously had no measurable effect on quality of life. Old people with a low score on the ladder scale were more inclined to be housebound, feel lonely, stay in institutions, and have a poor subjective health and economy compared with respondents with a high score. PMID- 3180156 TI - A study of loneliness among a national sample of Swedish elderly. AB - This study examined: 1) the loneliness experienced by a representative sample of persons from Sweden in 1986, and 2) the relative impact of age, gender, household size, subjective health assessments, and two indicators of income adequacy on loneliness. The results are based on the responses to a telephone survey, conducted by SIFO, of a weighted subsample of 212 persons aged 65+. The overall sample consisted of 1005 person 16 years of age and older. In general, only a minority (27%) of the Swedish elderly indicated loneliness was at least a somewhat serious problem. Cross-tabular, and discriminant function analysis showed that loneliness was associated with being older, being alone, and poor self-reported health. These findings are compared to those of other Swedish and American studies. Additionally, implications with regard to Swedish policy are suggested. PMID- 3180157 TI - Early retirement and work after retirement. Implications for the structure of the work society. AB - Early exit from the formal work force and the lengthening of life in retirement pose new questions, both on the level of social structure and on that of emerging life-styles. Based on two empirical studies - one of workers who choose the new pre-retirement scheme, and one of retirees who engage themselves in organized work-like activities - we examine some of the consequences of this process. The studies combine qualitative and quantitative research methods and pay special attention to the biographical dimension. Our results show that under the pressure of the labor market, new forms of "flexible" or "gradual" transition to retirement empirically turn out to be retirement at the earliest possible moment. For the workers, early retirement is ambivalent: it threatens their concept of a "full work life", which is based on the time-table of the socially institutionalized normal biography; but this is offset by their desire to leave stressful work situations at least where the schemes for early retirement are financially and morally acceptable. PMID- 3180158 TI - Optical quantitation of natural caries in smooth surfaces of extracted teeth. AB - An optical instrument is described which quantitates incipient smooth surface caries lesions in vivo. The possible role of such quantitation in caries management and in clinical caries research is discussed. The instrument uses a bundle of small fibres in an 'optical needle' with a flat end that is placed on the lesion. Half the fibres are used to illuminate the lesion and the other half to collect the light backscattered by the lesion interior. In this geometry, lesions reflect much more light than does sound enamel. The instrument has been validated against natural lesions in extracted teeth, and the depth of these lesions and their mineral loss were measured by microradiography. The correlation coefficient between these two parameters was 0.96 and the correlation between optical measurement and lesion depth 0.71. PMID- 3180159 TI - Ultrastructure, growth, and adherence of Streptococcus mutans after treatment with chlorhexidine and fluoride. AB - Ultrastructure, growth, and adherence to hydroxyapatite of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 27351 was studied after treating bacterial suspensions for 1 h with 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), 0.1% sodium fluoride (F), or a combination of these two (CHX + F). Cells treated with 0.1 M phosphate-buffered saline were used as controls. Electron microscopy revealed that the treatment with CHX or CHX + F caused disruption of streptococcal cells with vacuolization and sloughing and leakage of cytoplasmic constituents. The F-treated specimens appeared the same as the controls, where the ultrastructure was mostly normal. In the adherence assay, radiolabelled bacteria attached themselves in 77.9% to hydroxyapatite in the control series. Treatment with F reduced the adsorption to 63.7%, and treatment with CHX and CHX + F to 57.4 and 43.4%, respectively. The reduction in CHX and CHX + F series when compared with the controls was statistically highly significant. The synergistic effect of CHX and F was further verified in minimum inhibitory concentration titrations where total inhibition was observed at 0.5% F and 0.1% CHX, respectively, while CHX + F inhibited growth at 0.05%. Thus, F does not interfere with the toxic effect of CHX on S. mutans cells, but, on the contrary, the two chemicals seem to exert a synergistic mode of action. PMID- 3180160 TI - Dental effects of Lycasin in the diet of laboratory rats. AB - Lycasin was included in diets fed to caries-active Osborne-Mendel rats for periods up to 8 weeks. The animals could tolerate up to 15-16% of Lycasin in dry powder diets and up to 25% in pelleted diets before gastro-intestinal disturbance. Lycasin 80/55 at 25% in the diet was non-cariogenic, producing a very low level of caries, similar to that on a maize starch regimen and significantly below that on a sucrose regimen. At 16% in the diet D-sorbitol was even less cariogenic than Lycasin. Compared with the sucrose control, the reductions in caries scores were 89% on the sorbitol and 72% on the Lycasin 80/55 regimen. PMID- 3180161 TI - Effect of long-term isoproterenol treatment on caries development in the rat using a low-cariogenic model. AB - Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups. Two groups were injected daily with saline (groups 1 and 2) and two groups with isoproterenol (0.5 mg/kg body weight, groups 3 and 4) beginning at the age of 21 days. Groups 1 and 3 were each day fed nine subsequent sucrose-containing meals followed by eight starch-containing meals. Groups 2 and 4 were fed alternating sugar- or starch-containing meals, totally 17 meals per day. The animals were sacrificed after 14 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals in the isoproterenol groups had higher body weights. Caries development increased significantly after isoproterenol treatment. The diet regimen with alternating sugar- or starch containing meals increased caries development, particularly in combination with isoproterenol treatment. Using low cariogenic conditions, we found that an unspecific beta-agonist (isoproterenol), given posteruptively at a low dose, enhances caries development. PMID- 3180162 TI - In vivo progress of enamel and root surface lesions under plaque as a function of time. AB - This paper deals with enamel and root surface demineralization under plaque in vivo as a function of time. The enamel was demineralized using the Ogaard method in which preformed orthodontic bands are attached to the premolars in situ for 4, 6, and 8 weeks; a niche in the bands is responsible for plaque accumulation. In a second experiment cement-covered root surfaces (and enamel) were mounted on a removable appliance (Hawley retainer). Also in this case an orthodontic band was placed over the samples to create a space for plaque accumulation of about 0.8 mm between sample and band. All samples were analyzed by means of microradiography. The results show that (1) demineralization of enamel with the Ogaard method and using the Hawley retainer gives values for lesion depth and mineral loss that are statistically not significantly different; (2) lesion progress and mineral loss in vivo is about 2.5 times faster in roots than in enamel; (3) the demineralization in enamel is roughly linear with time, and (4) roots demineralize in vivo very fast during the 1st week and much more slowly there after. PMID- 3180163 TI - Retention of topical fluoride in the mouths of xerostomic subjects. AB - The total fluoride concentration in unstimulated whole saliva was measured before and at selected intervals after a self-applied 1.1% neutral NaF topical fluoride gel or use of a 0.05% neutral NaF fluoride mouthrinse in both normal individuals and patients with radiation-induced xerostomia. As expected, the gel resulted in higher peak fluoride values than the rinse and was retained in the mouth for longer periods of time in both groups. The xerostomic group expressed a mean oral fluoride concentration of 575 micrograms fluoride per gram of saliva within 1 min after the gel application and 150 micrograms/g following use of the mouthrinse, whereas the normal group exhibited peak concentrations of 112 and 71 micrograms/g, respectively, within 1 min after the same two treatments. The initial high levels of fluoride observed in normal subjects following the gel application decreased rapidly to less than 1 microgram/g within 2 h, whereas fluoride levels in the xerostomic subjects remained elevated above 12 micrograms/g for longer than 2 h. Similarly, following use of the mouthrinse, normal subjects' saliva fluoride levels decreased to less than 1 microgram/g within 1 h, whereas xerostomic subjects' saliva fluoride levels remained above 4 micrograms/g for longer than 2 h. PMID- 3180164 TI - Dental plaque fluoride is lower after discontinuation of water fluoridation. PMID- 3180165 TI - [Psychotherapy as a factor in the professional competence of the physician]. PMID- 3180166 TI - [Specific features of psychotherapy in patients dependent on alcohol]. PMID- 3180167 TI - [Familial hypercholesterolemia--a receptor disease]. PMID- 3180169 TI - [The epilogue or the finale of human life? Thoughts and experience on the possibilities of psychotherapy in geriatrics]. PMID- 3180168 TI - [Levels of vitamin A in the serum in dialyzed patients with renal osteopathy]. PMID- 3180170 TI - [Ethical problems in surgery]. PMID- 3180171 TI - [Breast carcinoma in men]. PMID- 3180172 TI - [Nerve injuries in intra-articular fractures of the distal humeral epiphysis]. PMID- 3180173 TI - [Thymus tumors]. PMID- 3180174 TI - [Hemodilution in general surgery]. PMID- 3180175 TI - [Incidence of nosocomial infections in the surgical department]. PMID- 3180176 TI - [Initial experience with clinical transplantation of embryonic tissue into the brain of recipients]. PMID- 3180177 TI - [Specific learning disorders]. PMID- 3180178 TI - [Color mapping of blood flow in routine diagnosis in the echocardiography laboratory]. PMID- 3180179 TI - [Prenatal factors in clefts of the lip and palate]. PMID- 3180180 TI - [Indicators of fibrinolytic activity in type I diabetics]. PMID- 3180181 TI - [An information system for primary care physicians]. PMID- 3180182 TI - Projection areas and branching patterns of the tympanal receptor cells in migratory locusts, Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria. AB - In Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria, the projection areas and branching patterns of the tympanal receptor cells in the thoracic ganglia were revealed. Four auditory neuropiles can be distinguished on each side of the ventral cord, always located in the anterior part of the ring tract in each neuromere (two in the meta-, one in the meso-, and one in the prothoracic ganglion). Some of the receptor fibres ascend to the suboesophageal ganglion. There are distinct subdivisions within the auditory, frontal metathoracic and mesothoracic neuropiles. The arrangement of the terminal arborisations of the four types of tympanal receptor cells according to their different frequency intensity responses is somatotopic and similar in the two ganglia. Here the receptor cells of type-1 form a restricted lateroventral arborisation. Cells of type-4 occupy the caudal part with a dorsorostral extension. Cells of type-2 and 3 arborise in a subdivision between both. Most of the stained low-frequency receptors (type-1, -2, and -3) terminate either in the metathoracic or, predominantly, in the mesothoracic ganglion. In contrast, the high-frequency cells (type-4) ascend to the prothoracic ganglion. The receptor fibres of the different types of receptor cells differ in diameter. PMID- 3180183 TI - Transient involvement of enkephalins in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the submandibular gland of rats. Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical study. AB - A time course study with enkephalin (Enk)-like immunoreactivity has revealed that nerve fibers intensely immunoreactive for Enk-8 appeared transiently only during the postnatal week 2 and 4 within the acini as well as in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues of the submandibular gland of rats. At these stages numerous nerve fibers immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) appeared also in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues and within the acini. Coincidently with these postnatal stages, abundant Enk-immunoreactive principal ganglion cells appeared in the superior cervical ganglion. These were not immunoreactive for neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY). A substantial number of Enk immunoreactive ganglion cells were also present in the submandibular ganglia at these younger postnatal stages. Superior cervical ganglionectomy at these stages resulted in a marked decrease in number of the inter- and intralobular Enk immunoreactive nerve fibers, a slight decrease in number of the intraacinar Enk immunoreactive nerve fibers, and almost complete disappearance of intraglandular TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers. Immuno-electron-microscopic analysis revealed that Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the submandibular gland were identified as electron-dense neuronal profiles enclosed by Schwann cells in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues and those directly apposed to secretory cells within the acini. They contained small clear vesicles mixed with some large granular vesicles. After postnatal week 6, no Enk-immunoreactive nerve fibers were detected in the submandibular gland, and no TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen within the acini, while TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers remained numerous in the inter- and intralobular connective tissues. These findings indicate that both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers exhibit Enk-like immunoreactivity transiently during postnatal weeks 2 and 4.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180184 TI - Effects of capsaicin on reproductive function in the female rat: role of peptide containing primary afferent nerves innervating the uterine cervix in the neuroendocrine copulatory response. AB - Nerves immunoreactive for the peptides substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene related peptide or cholecystokinin-octapeptide innervate the uterine cervix in the rat. Nerve terminals are associated with the myometrial and vascular smooth muscle and are distributed throughout the endocervix. These nerves degenerate following neonatal capsaicin treatment indicating that they are small-diameter, unmyelinated, C-type primary afferent nerves. Adult female rats, treated with capsaicin as neonates, exhibit decreased fertility following mating and diminished sensitivity to the induction of pseudopregnancy following copulomimetic electrical stimulation of the cervix. The results also demonstrate that hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal-ovarian interactions, corpus luteum progesterone secretion and uterine sensitivity to progesterone are normal in capsaicin-treated rats. Taken together, these data suggest that the reproductive dysfunction observed in capsaicin-treated rats is due to destruction of the afferent limb of the neuroendocrine copulatory response that facilitates the luteal progesterone secretion necessary to support pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. Thus, it is concluded that the afferent limb of this neuroendocrine response in the rat consists primarily of unmyelinated, peptide-containing, C-type primary afferent nerves. PMID- 3180185 TI - Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of peptidergic neurons innervating thoracico-abdominal neurohaemal areas in the blowfly. AB - Ventral thoracic neurosecretory cells (VTNCs) of the blowflies, Calliphora erythrocephala and C. vomitoria, innervating thoracic neuropil and the dorsal neural sheath of the thoracico-abdominal ganglion have been shown to be immunoreactive to a variety of mammalian peptide antisera. In the neural sheath the VTNC terminals form an extensive neurohaemal network that is especially dense over the abdominal ganglia. The same areas are invaded by separate, but overlapping serotonin-immunoreactive (5-HT-IR) projections derived from neuronal cell bodies in the suboesophageal ganglion. Immunocytochemical studies with different antisera, applied to adjacent sections at the light-microscopic level, combined with extensive cross-absorption tests, suggest that the perikarya of the VTNCs contain co-localized peptides related to gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK), bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP), Met- and Leu-enkephalin and Met-enk-Arg6-Phe7 (Met-enk-RF). Electron-microscopic immunogold-labeling shows that some of the terminals in the dorsal sheath react with several of the individual peptide antisera, whilst others with similar cytology are non-immunoreactive. In the same region, separate terminals with different cytological characteristics contain 5 HT-IR. Both 5-HT-IR and peptidergic terminals are localized outside the cellular perineurium beneath the acellular permeable sheath adjacent to the haemocoel. Hence, we propose that various bioactive substances may be released from thoracic neurosecretory neurons into the circulating haemolymph to act on peripheral targets. The same neurons may also interact by synaptic or modulatory action in the CNS in different neuropil regions of the thoracic ganglion. PMID- 3180186 TI - Hyperplasia of jejunal smooth muscle in the myenterically denervated rat. AB - Application of a cationic surfactant, benzalkonium chloride, to the serosa of rat jejunum results in an increase in thickness of both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle layers. The increase in thickness is due primarily to an increase in the number of smooth muscle cells (hyperplasia). Little cellular hypertrophy was observed. The time sequence of surfactant-induced effects on the muscle layers was determined. Within 24 h, total destruction of the longitudinal muscle and partial destruction of the circular muscle was evident. The myenteric plexus was also necrotic; however, the submucosal plexus remained intact. By 48 h after surfactant treatment, the smooth muscle cells remaining in the circular muscle layer had begun to divide, as indicated by the presence of mitotic figures and incorporation of 3H-thymidine. A repopulation of the longitudinal muscle layer began at this time, apparently the result of migration of cells arising in the circular muscle layer. By 5 days post-treatment, both muscle layers had regenerated to their original states. The myenteric plexus was totally absent. The denervated smooth muscle cells proceeded to divide until approximately day 15, resulting in hyperplasia of both muscle layers. Between 15 and 105 days, the number of muscle cells in the circular layer progressively declined, eventually returned to the value seen in control tissue. In contrast, the number of smooth muscle cells in the longitudinal layer remained elevated through the period of study (165 days). We hypothesize that the smooth muscle hyperplasia observed after serosal benzalkonium chloride application results from loss of the myenteric nerves. PMID- 3180187 TI - Nuclear characteristics of cardiac myocytes following the proliferative response to mincing of the myocardium in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. AB - Amphibian cardiac myocytes are predominantly mononucleated and have been demonstrated to respond to injury with DNA synthesis and mitosis. The nature of this response with regard to nuclear number and ploidy is unclear. In this study, the apex of the newt ventricle was minced and replaced, increasing the reactive area of the wound. At 45 days after mincing following multiple injections of tritiated thymidine (2.5 microCi/animal, 20 Ci/mM) 15 to 20 days after mincing, three ventricular zones were isolated and fixed: Zone 1, the minced area; Zone 2, extending approximately 500 micron proximally from the amputation plane; and Zone 3, the portion proximal to Zone 2. Myocytes separated in 50% KOH were examined for DNA synthesis by autoradiography and for nuclear number and DNA content using a scanning microdensitometer on Feulgen-Naphthol yellow S-stained cells. No labeled myocyte nuclei were found in control hearts and 98.3% of the myocytes were 2C. At 45 days, 46.78% of myocyte nuclei within Zone 1 were labeled, while 13% were non-diploid. In Zone 2, 9.25% were labeled with 4.8% non-diploid. In Zone 3, 1.1% were labeled, with 2.8% non-diploid. The newt ventricle's response to injury apparently may involve complete mitosis and cytokinesis, resulting in mononucleated diploid cells. PMID- 3180188 TI - Short-term stimulation of cellular autophagy by furosemide in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop in the rat kidney. AB - In an effort to investigate the functional relationship between cell-specific work and intracellular degradative processes, the effect of furosemide on cellular autophagy was investigated in two different portions of the nephron, namely, the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL), which is a main target of this drug, and the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) as a reference structure. Eight male adult rats were treated with furosemide (60 mg/kg body weight, s.c.). Eight control animals received physiological saline. 1 to 4 h after the injections the animals were killed by perfusion fixation. Small specimens of kidney tissue from the inner stripe of the outer medulla and from the outer cortex were processed for electron microscopy; they were investigated morphometrically for volume fraction and numerical density of autophagic vacuoles (AVs). A significant increase of both parameters (volume fraction: 0.42 x 10(-4) to 1.09 x 10(-4); numerical density: 4.2 x 10(5)/mm3 to 15.5 x 10(5)/mm3) was seen under the influence of furosemide in TAL cells, whereas PCT cells did not show a significant increase in volume fraction or any increase in numerical density of AVs. These data suggest that the functional unloading of TAL, via blocking of the Na+-2Cl- -K+ co-transport by furosemide, results in adaptative "structural unloading", i.e., an increased sequestration of cytoplasmic components into AVs, within a short-time interval. PMID- 3180189 TI - Transcytosis in the epididymis studied by local arterial perfusion. AB - The transport of protein across the cells of the epididymal epithelium was studied using horseradish peroxidase. Transient vascular perfusion of the epididymis of the rat and golden hamster was achieved by pulsatile retrograde infusion into the testicular artery. Peroxidase was found in the interstitium and in the epithelium, located in vesicles, vacuoles and multivesicular bodies of principal, clear and apical cells. Similar findings were obtained in mice after systemic injection of the tracer. In the rat, discharge to the lumen was confirmed by the appearance of enzyme activity in luminal fluid from the caput epididymidis after local injection. The extent of transport amounted to no more than what has been considered leakage in physiological experiments, and the time course of appearance complemented that found by electron microscopy. The level of transcytosis after pulsatile administration of peroxidase in vivo, as judged from the occurrence of tracer in the epithelium, was much less than that obtained during constant immersion in vitro. The protein was present in multivesicular bodies of principal cells and in vesicles of clear cells at short times after presentation in vitro, when it could not have arrived by endocytosis from the lumen. This suggests that routing of basal endocytic vesicles to the lysosomal apparatus occurs. PMID- 3180191 TI - Ultrastructure of the ovarian medulla in the newly hatched chick treated with human chorionic gonadotropin. AB - The ultrastructural characteristics of the ovarian medulla of the newly hatched white leghorn chick were studied in control animals and compared with chicks that were treated with human chorionic gonadotropin during embryonic development. The ovarian medulla was mainly occupied by epithelial cells which formed cords or islets surrounded by a basal lamina. Within this epithelial compartment, steroidogenic cells, poorly differentiated cells and a lacunary system could be recognized. When chicks were treated with human chorionic gonadotropin, steroidogenic cells became discernible; there was an increment in the amount of cytoplasm and the area of mitochondria. Poorly differentiated cells exhibited signs of stimulation, and transitional images suggested the transformation of these cells into steroidogenic cells. The epithelial cells of the lacunar system also displayed stimulated cytoplasmic organelles. Evidence was supplied suggesting that relatively undifferentiated cells persist in the ovarian medulla until hatching and can develop into steroidogenic cells under gonadotropic stimulation. PMID- 3180190 TI - Changes in surviving nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries following extrinsic denervation of the small intestine. AB - The neuropeptide content of nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries in the small intestine of guinea pigs was studied in whole-mount preparations using immunohistochemical methods. Tissues were obtained from normal animals or animals in which the small intestine had been extrinsically denervated. In normal animals, submucosal arteries are innervated by extrinsic sensory nerve fibers which contain both substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and by sympathetic noradrenergic nerve fibers. In preparations obtained from animals 5-9 days after denervation, nerve fibers which contained substance P without detectable calcitonin gene-related peptide were associated with a few submucosal arteries. Nerve fibers which contained vasoactive intestinal peptide were also associated with some arteries. By 42-48 days after extrinsic denervation, substance P-containing fibers (without calcitonin gene-related peptide) and vasoactive intestinal peptide-containing fibers were associated with nearly every blood vessel. The extrinsic sympathetic nerve fibers did not regenerate during the course of this study. The nerve fibers associated with submucosal arteries in denervated tissues were not sensitive to capsaicin treatment. The alteration in the innervation of submucosal arterioles that follows extrinsic denervation of the gut may reflect either an increase in the neuropeptide content of the fibers, synthesis of a new peptide, or an increase in the number of fibers as a result of axonal sprouting. PMID- 3180192 TI - Mutant vasopressin precursor in the endoplasmic reticulum of the Brattleboro rat. Ultrastructural evidence from individual "vasopressin" cells localized with the light microscope by use of a new gold/silver method for immunostain enhancement. AB - This ultrastructural study demonstrates that the vasopressin immunoreactivity found in the occasional, densely stained cells in the hypothalamus of the homozygous Brattleboro rat is localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. 50 micron Vibratome sections were stained with anti-vasopressin serum by use of a peroxidase method with 3,3-diaminobenzidine as chromogen. The diaminobenzidine end-product has a specific capability to bind gold particles from a chloroauric acid solution and the bound gold was used to precipitate silver grains from a silver developer. The stained sections were flat embedded in resin and ultrathin sections were cut of areas containing the immuno-identified occasional cells. In these densely stained, vasopressin-immunoreactive cells of homozygous Brattleboro rats the rough endoplasmic reticulum was dilated. The lumen of the reticulum contained both end-products of diaminobenzidine and gold/silver grains, but some parts of the reticulum appeared unstained. No other cell organelles were immunostained and no secretory granules were found. In control rats, gold/silver deposits were found throughout the cytoplasm of vasopressin-immunoreactive cells. In these immunostained cells secretory granules were seen. PMID- 3180193 TI - Distributional pattern of oxytocin- and vasopressin-immunoreactivity in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus). AB - The topography of oxytocin (OT)- and vasopressin (VP)-containing axons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system was studied in the neurohypophysis of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus) by means of immunohistochemistry. Compared with other mammalian species, the neurohypophysis of Phodopus shows some peculiarities. Accumulations of OT-immunoreactivity around the distal vessels of the primary portal plexus can be observed in the distal median eminence and neural stem. This staining pattern indicates that OT is secreted into portal blood. In the neural lobe, OT- and VP-immunopositive fibers terminate in different areas. The vast majority of the OT-containing axons is distributed in the dorsal part of the neural lobe. In contrast, VP-containing axons are mainly found in the centre of the neural lobe up to the pars intermedia. PMID- 3180194 TI - Granular, ciliated cells in the anterior pituitaries of immature rats. AB - In this communication we demonstrate a new type of ciliated cell in the pituitary gland of immature rats. Anterior pituitary glands of rats, 31 days of age, were examined by electron microscopy. Around the agranular cells, which lined small cavities, there were sparsely granulated cells with many cilia (granular, ciliated cells). Their small granules, which were distributed along the cell membrane, had limiting membranes. Their cilia were of 9+2 type with a central pair of microtubules. It was suggested that the granular, ciliated cells might be an intermediate-type of cell for the different types of pituitary cells, which appear temporarily during pituitary ontogenesis. PMID- 3180196 TI - Flunarizine in the treatment of migraine: state of the art. Symposium to the 3rd congress of the International Headache Society. Florence, September 23, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3180195 TI - Lipid detection by malachite green-aldehyde in the dental basement membrane in the rat incisor. AB - Developing rat incisors were treated with malachite green-aldehyde fixative solution (MGA), which retains and stains lipids. We observed positive staining occurring as dots in the basement membrane. Most of these dots (2-3.5 nm in diameter) were grouped in the lamina densa but some were also present in the lamina lucida and the lamina fibroreticularis. These data provide evidence for the existence of lipids in the dental basement membrane and suggest that they are distributed together with the various groups of proteins so far detected. PMID- 3180197 TI - Onset of action of various migraine prophylactics. AB - Four studies were pooled to study the onset of action of three pharmacologically different migraine prophylactics: flunarizine, pizotifen and propranolol. Inter drug differences in reduction of baseline attack frequency were subjected to analysis of variance. At months 1, 2, and 3 the inter-drug differences in number of patients showing a first 50% decrease in attack rate were subjected to the Chi square test. Both tests showed that there were no significant differences in onset of action between the three drugs. It is concluded that migraine responds to flunarizine and to other commonly used prophylactics in a similar way and with similar kinetics. PMID- 3180198 TI - Flunarizine vs. propranolol in the prophylaxis of migraine: two double-blind comparative studies in more than 400 patients. AB - In the course of a 16 weeks' interval treatment of migraine in connection with two multicenter double-blind studies, flunarizine was compared with propranolol in patients suffering predominantly from "classical migraine". Eighty-seven patients from 12 outpatient departments were admitted to the first study, while 434 patients from 99 medical practices participated in the second study. After each month of treatment, the patients were clinically evaluated, and the number, duration, and severity of attacks were documented. Concerning the frequency and intensity of attacks, additional analgesics consumption and overall evaluation, both drugs proved to be highly effective in the practice as well as in the hospital study. The percentage and severity of side-effects were comparable in the two treatment groups. Summarizing, it may be stated that the studies proved the efficacy of flunarizine to be rather similar to that of propranolol in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. PMID- 3180199 TI - Flunarizine vs. pizotifen in migraine prophylaxis: a review of comparative studies. AB - Six double-blind studies have been published in which the efficacy of flunarizine and pizotifen were compared. In none of the studies were differences of statistical significance revealed for attack frequency. Secondary analysis of the three studies in which the same protocol was employed, using parametric tests on transformed data gave similar results. Pooling of the data in an attempt to enhance the power by enlarging the number of patients, actually decreased the power due to an increase in standard deviation. PMID- 3180200 TI - Spectral EEG analysis and flunarizine treatment in migraine patients. AB - Spectral EEG analysis has been successfully utilized in previous studies on migraine patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate, by means of EEG mapping, potential correlations between the efficacy of flunarizine treatment in migraine patients and the EEG pattern recorded after chronic flunarizine therapy. Flunarizine was found to modify the non-specific EEG abnormalities of our migraine patients as well as evoke a positive clinical response. PMID- 3180201 TI - Flunarizine i.v. in the acute treatment of the migraine attack. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. AB - Flunarizine, 20 mg by slow intravenous injection, was studied in the acute treatment of migraine attacks in a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. At the end of the 60 min observation period, 23 of the 31 (74.2%) patients treated with flunarizine reported complete relief, or a pain reduction of more than 50%, vs. 8 of 29 (27.6%) placebo patients (p less than 0.017). Accompanying symptoms also improved significantly better in the flunarizine than in the placebo group. The investigators evaluated the therapy as good or excellent in 77.4% of the flunarizine and in 27.6% of the placebo patients, respectively. Tolerance of the therapy was good and comparable in the two groups. Somnolence was the only flunarizine-related adverse reaction. Blood pressure and heart rate were not affected. Flunarizine i.v. deserves further study in the acute treatment of a migraine attack. PMID- 3180202 TI - The classification of calcium antagonists by the WHO expert committee: relevance in neurology. AB - A new classification of calcium antagonists has been developed by a WHO expert committee. Substances acting primarily via the inhibition of calcium entry into the cell have been divided into four distinct classes. The pharmacological characteristics of these classes that may be relevant for the use in various neurological disorders are highlighted in this paper. Some main differences concern the effects on vascular smooth muscle cells and brain cells. The well documented clinical applications in neurology are still limited to migraine prophylaxis and vertigo. The evidence concerning the usefulness in cerebral vasospasm secondary to subarachnoid haemorrhage was regarded as reasonable, whereas several neurological indications should still be regarded as being under examination. There is little doubt that calcium antagonists will gain importance in the treatment of several neurological diseases. PMID- 3180203 TI - Percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty in a pregnant woman with mitral stenosis. AB - A 39-year-old woman with symptomatic mitral stenosis underwent percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty at the end of her first trimester of pregnancy. Balloon dilatation utilizing a double 18-20 mm balloon technique resulted in improvement in mean mitral gradient (16 to 7 mmHg) and in calculated mitral valve area (1.4 to 2.4 cm2), without significant complications and with an estimated radiation exposure to the fetus of less than 0.2 rads. The procedure resulted in disappearance of symptoms of congestive heart failure and allowed for discontinuation of diuretics. The subsequent course of gestation was uncomplicated and a normal baby boy was delivered in the 36th wk. We conclude that percutaneous mitral valvuloplasty may produce successful palliation of symptoms in patients with mitral stenosis during pregnancy. PMID- 3180204 TI - Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy during pregnancy in a patient with severe mitral stenosis. AB - Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMV) was performed successfully in a 41 year-old pregnant patient with severe mitral stenosis. The patient had a 21-week gestation and was severely limited by symptoms resulting from critical mitral stenosis. PMV resulted in a decrease in the diastolic mitral gradient from 26 to 2 mm Hg and an increase in both cardiac output (from 4.2 to 5.7 l/min) and mitral valve area (from 0.7 to 3.7 cm2). She had marked symptomatic improvement, no further heart failure, and a full-term, normal delivery. This case report indicates that PMV may be the treatment of choice in the management of pregnant patients with incapacitating symptoms caused by severe mitral stenosis. PMID- 3180206 TI - Protamine sulfate and NPH insulin. PMID- 3180205 TI - Use of a metal ring-marked catheter for geometric calibration in quantitative coronary angiography. AB - Quantitative coronary angiography depends on accurate measurement of catheter shaft diameter for correction of X-ray magnification errors. We compared the use of coronary catheters with a single metal ring (R), inserted during manufacture, with measurements using the edges of the catheter shaft (S) as a calibration mark. Both ring and shaft were 2.50 mm in diameter. On unmagnified X-ray images, the ring measured 2.49 +/- 0.40 mm, and the shaft measured 2.39 +/- .040 mm in diameter. Quantitative coronary angiography using both ring and shaft for calibration provided the same percent stenosis (R:72 +/- 12; S: 71 +/- 13), but stenosis cross-sectional area was 28% different (R: 1.44 +/- .24; S: 1.84 +/- .34 mm2). Use of the catheter shaft for calibration causes overestimation of actual coronary artery dimensions. To prevent this problem, absolute measurements of coronary artery dimensions should be made with metal ring-marked catheters. PMID- 3180207 TI - Protamine exposure in diabetics after catheterization. PMID- 3180208 TI - Control of sheath back bleeding. PMID- 3180209 TI - Pseudo-complications of cardiac catheterization. PMID- 3180210 TI - Use of a satellite-assisted computer link for long-distance research collaboration. AB - Research collaboration between investigators located at some distance from each other is not only possible but also feasible. By using satellite-assisted computer-to-computer links, researchers across the United States and overseas work with the staff and facilities of the Cardiovascular Research and Training Center (CVRTC) in the University of Washington, Seattle. This report presents the mechanics, advantages, and results of using such an approach to collaborate with distant colleagues. PMID- 3180211 TI - Value and limitations of intracoronary adenosine for the assessment of coronary flow reserve. AB - An ideal coronary vasodilator for studying coronary flow reserve should rapidly produce a maximal hyperemic response, be short acting to permit repeated measurements, and not alter systemic hemodynamics. We measured with a Doppler tip balloon catheter, in 12 patients before and/or after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty the hyperemic response following 12.5 mg intracoronary papaverine and following gradually incremental bolus injections of intracoronary adenosine, starting from 0.05 mg until a maximal hyperemic response or side effects. The mean dose (+/- SD) of adenosine needed to produce maximal hyperemia was 0.23 (+/- 0.20 mg). Coronary blood flow velocity after adenosine increased to 1.6 +/- 0.3 times resting coronary blood flow velocity, comparable in magnitude to the hyperemia following intracoronary papaverine. The time from injection to peak effect after adenosine was 7.4 (SD +/- 2.2) sec and after papaverine 26 (SD +/- 7) sec. Adenosine resulted in a bradyarrhythmia in three patients. Intracoronary adenosine is a potent and very short acting vasodilator for studying coronary flow reserve, but the side effects and unpredictability of the dosage needed to produce maximal hyperemia may limit its applicability. PMID- 3180213 TI - Hematologic changes occurring with cardiac catheterization. AB - The composition of the blood influences rheology and therefore might affect hemodynamics. During cardiac catheterization and angiography, blood is sampled and contrast media, fluid, and heparin are administered. To determine the effects of these perturbations on the blood cell count and coagulation, femoral vein samples were obtained at the beginning of cardiac catheterization, before heparin, 4,000 U; at the end, before protamine reversal; and after protamine, 40 mg, was administered. At the end of catheterization, 41 +/- 3 min after heparin administration, all cellular constituents were significantly lower than control: White (W) blood cells (BC) were 8.1 +/- 2.7% lower (P less than 0.05), red (R) BC, 10 +/- 1.8% (P less than 0.05), and platelets (P) 10.9 +/- 1.5% (P less than 0.05). Protamine lowered further WBC by 23 +/- 4% (P less than 0.05 and P) by 14 +/- 2% (P less than 0.05), but did not change RBC (4.13 +/- 0.20 x 10(6) to 4.25 +/- 0.23 x 10(6]. Before protamine administration, all patients had a partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 1.5 times the control value and ten of 13 patients had a value greater than 100 sec. Although four of 13 patients had an incomplete reversal of PTT after protamine, none suffered an untoward event. In conclusion, cardiac catheterization produces changes in the cellular composition of the blood, and such changes might influence hemodynamic measurements. PMID- 3180212 TI - Aortic percutaneous transluminal valvuloplasty in elderly patients by balloon larger than aortic anulus. AB - Twenty-four elderly patients (79 +/- 7 years) with long-standing calcified aortic stenosis have been divided in two comparable groups of 12. The first group was treated with 19 mm balloon percutaneous transluminal valvuloplasty, where the balloon diameter was always smaller than the aortic anulus diameter. Peak-to-peak aortic valve gradient decreased from 76 +/- 32 mmHg to 30 +/- 19 (P less than .05), and the aortic valve area, calculated by Gorlin formula, increased from 0.40 +/- 0.17 cm2 to 0.57 +/- 0.17 (P less than .05). The second group was treated with a trefoil 25 mm balloon, always larger than the aortic anulus diameter. In this second group, peak-to-peak aortic valve gradient decreased from 73 +/- 34 mmHg to 23 +/- 15 (P less than .05), and aortic valve area increased from 0.47 +/- 0.14 cm2 to 0.88 +/- 0.36 (P less than .05), increasing thus more than in group I (P less than .05). Clinical tolerance to balloon inflation was not the same according to individual patients but was similar between the two groups; complications were comparable in the two groups. These results suggest that aortic valvuloplasty by trefoil balloon larger than aortic anulus can provide wider aortic valve area without increasing complication rate. PMID- 3180214 TI - New nonsurgical technique for multiple pericardial biopsies. AB - We report a new, nonsurgical technique for obtaining multiple pericardial biopsies in patients with pericardial effusion. A short catheter is introduced by the Seldinger technique under fluoroscopy through the subxiphoid approach. The pericardial fluid is aspirated and the catheter replaced by an 8F teflon sheath with a curved tip. A bioptome is inserted through the sheath, and air is allowed to enter the pericardium. This method outlines the parietal percardium. The curved sheath directs the bioptome to the left or right wall. Eighteen consecutive patients had an average of eight pieces of pericardium removed. On histological examination, three patients had malignancy. Six had tuberculous granuloma, and mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from all six tissue specimens but only once from the fluid. Tissue smears showed acid fast bacilli in four out of six, whereas the fluid was negative in all. The biopsy yielded diagnostic information in nine out of ten patients with a thickened pericardium. There were no complications. PMID- 3180216 TI - Rapid distribution of research materials: whose responsibility is it? PMID- 3180215 TI - Visualization of isolated conus artery as a major collateral pathway in patients with total left anterior descending artery occlusion. AB - To examine the existence of isolated conus artery (ICA) as a source of collateral circulation, we selectively visualized the ICA in patients with left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion using a no. 5 French catheter. One hundred and fifty patients with a total LAD occlusion were selected from 639 consecutive patients who had diagnostic coronary angiography during an 18-month period; the ICA was found in 45 patients. Among these patients, 30 showed the ICA as a collateral vessel supplying the distal LAD. In nine of these patients, conventional left and right coronary angiography did not reveal any other significant collateral vessels, and the distal LAD was perfused mainly by the collaterals from the ICA. No serious complications such as ventricular fibrillation or myocardial infarction occurred during these procedures. These results indicate that the selective ICA visualization is clinically important when conventional left and right angiography does not demonstrate collaterals to the obstructed LAD. PMID- 3180217 TI - Changing the RNA polymerase specificity of U snRNA gene promoters. AB - The promoter of a Xenopus tropicalis U6 gene can be transcribed by both RNA polymerases II and III. Two distinct elements, a TATA-like sequence and the region of transcription initiation, are only required for transcription by RNA polymerase III, while further common elements are required for transcription by both polymerases. Based on the unusually stringent requirement for a purine at the normal position of polymerase III transcription initiation and on the properties of mutants in this region, we suggest that RNA polymerase III itself may recognize the site of transcription initiation and thus be directly involved in efficient promoter selection. We have used the information obtained on U6 promoter structure to manufacture a U6 promoter that is RNA polymerase II specific and to change the Xenopus U2 gene promoter specificity from RNA polymerase II to RNA polymerase III. PMID- 3180218 TI - Converting a eukaryotic transcriptional inhibitor into an activator. AB - GAL80, an inhibitor of the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4, is converted into an activator by inserting an acidic activating sequence into it. This hybrid activator does not bind to DNA directly, but is brought to DNA by interacting with a derivative of GAL4 that interacts with both DNA and GAL80. PMID- 3180219 TI - undulated, a mutation affecting the development of the mouse skeleton, has a point mutation in the paired box of Pax 1. AB - undulated (un) homozygous mice exhibit vertebral malformations along the entire rostro-caudal axis. Pax 1, a murine paired box-containing gene, is expressed in ventral sclerotome cells and later in intervertebral disks along the entire vertebral column. We localized the Pax 1 gene on chromosome 2 between beta 2 microglobulin and the agouti locus to an area where un maps. DNA analysis of the un mutant revealed a point mutation in a highly conserved part of the paired box of Pax 1, leading to a Gly-Ser replacement. The chromosomal location and the mutation in the paired box of un mice in conjunction with Pax 1 gene expression in wild-type mice implicate a causative role of Pax 1 in generation of the vertebral column. PMID- 3180220 TI - The sqt-1 gene of C. elegans encodes a collagen critical for organismal morphogenesis. AB - Different mutations in the sqt-1 gene of C. elegans can lengthen, shorten, or helically twist the entire animal. We have cloned the sqt-1 gene and have shown that it encodes a collagen. sqt-1 was localized to a 35 kb region of DNA by physical mapping of chromosomal deficiencies. A transposon (Tc1)-induced mutation of sqt-1 was generated and utilized to identify the sqt-1 gene within this 35 kb region. Sequence analysis of the sqt-1 gene shows that it encodes a 32 kd collagen polypeptide that is similar in size and structure to other members of the C. elegans collagen family. The Tc1 insertion mutant has no detectable sqt-1 transcripts, yet it is morphologically normal, indicating that the null phenotype of sqt-1 is wild type. These results demonstrate that collagen mutations can have dramatic effects on organismal morphology. PMID- 3180221 TI - Familial mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (MERRF): genetic, pathophysiological, and biochemical characterization of a mitochondrial DNA disease. AB - A large MERRF pedigree permitted the direct testing of the predictions for a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation. A mtDNA mutation was demonstrated by proving maternal inheritance and by identifying specific deficiencies in muscle energetics and mitochondrial respiratory complexes I and IV. mtDNA heteroplasmy (a mixture of mutant and wild-type mtDNAs) was demonstrated by showing variation in the mitochondrial energetic capacity between family members. The phenotypic consequences of differential tissue-specific reliance on mitochondrial ATP was shown by correlating individual respiratory deficiency with the nature and severity of patients' clinical manifestations. The observed spectrum of clinical manifestations resulting from this heteroplasmic mtDNA mutation implies that mtDNA disease may be much more prevalent than previously anticipated. PMID- 3180222 TI - Expression of the int-1 gene in transgenic mice is associated with mammary gland hyperplasia and adenocarcinomas in male and female mice. AB - Transcriptional activation of the int-1 gene by proviral insertion mutations is thought to be a key step in mammary tumor induction by the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). To test this hypothesis, we have constructed an int-1 allele resembling those found in virus-induced tumors, with an MMTV LTR placed 5' to the int-1 gene in the opposite transcriptional orientation. Transgenic mice harboring this allele express int-1 RNA at high levels in mammary and salivary glands of male and female mice and in male reproductive organs. The mammary glands of males and virgin females are grossly hyperplastic compared with those of nontrasgenic littermates. Mammary and (less frequently) salivary adenocarcinomas occur in these animals at rates indicating that transcriptional activation of int-1 and associated hyperplasia are initiating events in multistep carcinogenesis. PMID- 3180223 TI - Activation of c-myc by woodchuck hepatitis virus insertion in hepatocellular carcinoma. AB - Two hepatocellular carcinomas, induced in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus, were characterized for viral integration near c-myc and alterations of c-myc expression. In one tumor, viral integration within the untranslated region of c-myc exon 3 resulted in overexpression of a long c-myc viral cotranscript. In the second tumor, a single insertion of highly rearranged viral sequences 600 bp upstream of c-myc exon 1 was associated with increased levels of normal c-myc mRNA. In both cases, viral enhancer insertion and disruption of normal c-myc transcriptional or posttranscriptional control appear to be involved in c-myc activation. These results demonstrate that integration of woodchuck hepatitis virus near a cellular proto-oncogene, as in several retroviral models, can contribute to the genesis of liver tumors. PMID- 3180224 TI - Site selection by the tRNA splicing endonuclease of Xenopus laevis. AB - To investigate the mechanism by which the purified Xenopus tRNA splicing endonuclease recognizes its splice sites, we utilized yeast pre-tRNA(3Leu) and pre-tRNA(Phe) variants constructed by in vitro mutagenesis. We found that the endonuclease interacts with conserved features of the mature tRNA domain. In particular, U8 and C56 may be examples of contact points between protein and RNA. Given that there are no conserved sequences at the splice junctions, the specificity of cutting at both splice sites is determined by the length of the anticodon stem. Although in general, the sequence of the intron is unimportant for splicing, there are some structural requirements. PMID- 3180225 TI - Murine trophoblast resists cell-mediated lysis. II. Resistance to natural cell mediated cytotoxicity. AB - The susceptibility of murine trophoblast cells to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been assessed. Primary short-term cultures of murine trophoblast cells isolated from 14-day placentas were found to be resistant to endogenous and interferon-activated natural killer (NK) cells and natural cytotoxic cells. That the relevant target structures are expressed on the surface of trophoblast cells and accessible to the effectors was demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the lysis of NK-sensitive target cells (YAC-1) in a dose-dependent manner. The lytic resistance of trophoblast cells was unaffected by neuraminidase treatment, inhibition of protein synthesis, or extending the assay time to 12 hr. Moreover, trophoblast cells were resistant to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity when coated with an alloantibody capable of mediating their lysis in the presence of heterologous complement. Neither the preincubation of effector cells in concentrated trophoblast culture supernatants nor the direct exposure of effectors to monolayers of trophoblast cells inhibited their NK lytic activity, indicating that the secretion of a suppressive factor or the direct inactivation of the NK cells was not responsible for the observed resistance to lysis. These observations, together with previous results showing the resistance of trophoblast to cytotoxic T cell-mediated lysis, reveal that murine trophoblast cells possess a resistance mechanism against several forms of cell-mediated lysis. This feature of trophoblast cells at the maternal-fetal interface is likely to play an important role in protecting the fetoplacental allograft from immune rejection. PMID- 3180226 TI - Generation of lymphokine-activated killer cell activity from non-NK precursor cells. AB - It is possible to generate high levels of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity in short-term culture from cells enriched for natural killer (NK) activity. To determine whether LAK activity can also be generated from non-NK cells, we have depleted peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of NK cells prior to culture with IL-2. NK activity in PBL is correlated with the intensity of staining with the lysosomotropic vital dye quinacrine. Quinacrine dim PBL, which are devoid of lytic NK cells, are capable of developing LAK activity following culture with IL-2. We have also separated PBL using the NK-associated NKH-1 marker. Depleting NKH-1+ cells eliminates NK activity but the ability to develop LAK activity is retained. NKH-1-depleted cells generate less LAK activity than unseparated or NKH-1-positive cells and do not proliferate as well as unseparated cells to IL-2. When NK-depleted cells are subsequently examined for the expression of the NKH-1 antigen, this marker is absent from most cells at Day 3 of IL-1 culture, but is expressed on an increasing number of cells by Days 6-8. These results suggest that LAK derived from non-NK cells is functionally and phenotypically similar to LAK from PBL-containing NK cells, and may be the result of the activation of an NK precursor population. PMID- 3180227 TI - Immunopotentiation of the humoral response by liposomes: effect of a T cell polyclonal activator. AB - In this paper, we analyzed the influence of surface-linked Con A on the secondary response to liposome-associated antigen via either encapsulation or covalent linkage at the liposomal surface. The study was carried out on BALB/c mice using bovine serum albumin as antigen. The humoral response was evaluated by measurements of antibody-producing cells (total, IgM, and IgG) and serum antibody titers. The results indicate that Con A at submitogenic concentrations does not potentiate the overall effect of liposomes but drastically changes the isotype distribution pattern obtained in response to encapsulated antigen without however affecting that obtained in response to surface-linked antigen. In all situations where Con A and/or BSA was covalently linked, IgG and IgM isotypes were produced in equal quantity, while in response to encapsulated BSA, IgG was by far the dominant isotype produced as expected for a thymo-dependent antigen. These results suggest that the quality of an immune response and the mechanisms of activation may be profoundly influenced by the nature of antigen association with liposomes as well as by the presence at the liposomal surface of immunomodulators such as Con A. PMID- 3180230 TI - The patient: first, last, always. PMID- 3180229 TI - Winds of change. PMID- 3180228 TI - Anti-Ia monoclonal antibody (10-2.16) inhibits lymphocyte-high endothelial venule (HEV) interaction. AB - Lymphocyte egress from the vascular compartment into the lymph node (LN) parenchyma occurs at the postcapillary venules, termed high endothelial venules (HEVs). Lymphocyte adhesion and migration through the HEVs is a receptor mediated, energy-dependent, process. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of MHC Class II antigen expression on lymphocyte-HEV interaction in normal (CBA) and autoimmune (MRL/l) mice. Using the HEV binding assay, lymphocyte adhesion to LN sections pretreated with monoclonal antibody (MAb; 10-2.16) was decreased compared to diluent (mean of the differences +/- standard deviation; xd +/- SD: 0.749 +/- 0.22, P less than 0.0075)- and myeloma immunoglobulin pretreated controls (xd = 0.462 +/- 0.13, P less than 0.005). Similar inhibition of binding was found in MRL/l LN sections pretreated with MAb 10-2.16. Binding inhibition was concentration dependent, but total inhibition was never achieved. Several other anti-Ia MAb's were used, but failed to inhibit lymphocyte attachment. Lymphocyte binding to control sections treated with MAb's against MHC Class I antigen, plasminogen activator (PAM-3), anti-thrombin III (AT-IIIm), and MECA-325 antigen was not significantly different from diluent controls. LN cell suspensions pretreated with MAb 10-2.16 bound normally to LN sections. By contrast, MAb to lymphocyte homing receptor (MEL-14) inhibited lymphocyte adhesion. The role of Class II antigens in lymphocyte-HEV interactions is discussed. PMID- 3180232 TI - Importance of principles. PMID- 3180231 TI - The spirit of obligation. PMID- 3180233 TI - Assessing research data. PMID- 3180234 TI - AIDS facts and figures: an update. PMID- 3180235 TI - In vitro caries removal. PMID- 3180236 TI - C-myc gene expression in heat-adapted and heat-shocked cells. AB - The steady-state level of c-myc transcripts increases in cells exposed to high temperatures. Therefore c-myc can be included with c-fos in the family of heat inducible oncogenes. Activation of c-myc upon heat exposure could in turn account for the induction of heat-shock proteins but recent observations suggest also alternative interpretations. PMID- 3180237 TI - Star-shaped cells of the amacrine cell layer. AB - Using silver impregnation techniques and light microscopy we have described a new type of interneuron in the adult chicken retina. These cells are located in the innermost level of the INL. Expansions arise from the basal portion of the perikaryon and ascend from there, ending in the inner third of the INL. Other expansions extend through the three first sublayers of the IPL. We compared the morphological differences shown by these cells in relation to the amacrine cells and interplexiform cells, all of which are situated on the same stratum. PMID- 3180238 TI - Gap junctions in the human olfactory mucosa as demonstrated by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. PMID- 3180239 TI - Identification of two novel acidic, calcium-binding proteins in bovine brain. PMID- 3180240 TI - Outgrowths from pelleted vascular endothelial and mesenchymal cells. PMID- 3180241 TI - Dynamic organization of Physarum plasmodium. AB - Birefringent fibrils (BRFs) with a positive sign composed of bundles of F-actin were found throughout the Physarum plasmodium with the mode of existence differing regionally. In the zone behind the leading edge of an advancing plasmodium, where cytoplasmic sol and gel were still not well differentiated, more BRFs came to the foreground when the endoplasm flowed backward (emptying phase), and a substantial portion disappeared when the endoplasm flowed forward (filling phase), except for nodes, from which BRFs were reorganized in the early emptying phase of each cycle. BRFs found in the wall of the streaming channel in the posterior network and the branched vein section ran in parallel to or helically around the channel. They were much more stable and maintained strong birefringence irrespective of the direction of the cytoplasmic flow. When the fan like expanse ceased moving forward, the BRFs no longer appeared and disappeared cyclically but persisted in the area which had previously been the front. We concluded that the site of the active contraction-relaxation rhythm in an advancing plasmodium with antero-posterior polarity is restricted to its frontal zone and that the rest of the plasmodium is in a state of "tonus" which continuously imparts a certain level of hydrostatic pressure to the interior. The meaning of the tonus and the mechanics of tensile force production in the plasmodium are discussed in terms of a working hypothesis arrived at from the phase relationship between isometric and isotonic contraction waves. PMID- 3180242 TI - Micromanipulation studies of the mitotic apparatus in sand dollar eggs. AB - Mechanical properties of the mitotic spindle and the effects of various operations of the mitotic apparatus on the chromosome movement and spindle elongation were investigated in fertilized eggs and blastomeres of the sand dollar, Clypeaster japonicus. On the basis of results with mechanical stretching and compression of the spindle with a pair of microneedles and the behavior of an oil drop microinjected into the spindle, it was concluded that the equatorial region of the spindle is mechanically weaker than the half-spindle region. Anaphase chromosome movement occurred in the spindle from which an aster had been removed or separated with its polar end and in the spindle in which the interzonal region had been removed. This fact indicates that chromosomes move poleward in anaphase by forces generated near the kinetochores in the half spindle. Because of the effects of separation or removal of an aster from the spindle on the spindle elongation in anaphase and the behavior of the aster, it was concluded that the spindle elongation in anaphase is caused by pulling forces generated by asters attached to the ends of the spindle. PMID- 3180243 TI - Microtubule dynamics in the chromosomal spindle fiber: analysis by fluorescence and high-resolution polarization microscopy. AB - We describe preliminary results from two studies exploring the dynamics of microtubule assembly and organization within chromosomal spindle fibers. In the first study, we microinjected fluorescently labeled tubulin into mitotic PtK1 cells and measured fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching (FRAP) to determine the assembly dynamics of the microtubules within the chromosomal fibers in metaphase cells depleted of nonkinetochore microtubules by cooling to 23-24 degrees C. FRAP measurements showed that the tubulin throughout at least 72% of the microtubules within the chromosomal fibers exchanges with the cellular tubulin pool with a half-time of 77 sec. There was no observable poleward flux of subunits. If the assembly of the kinetochore microtubules is governed by dynamic instability, our results indicate that the half-life of microtubule attachment to the kinetochore is less than several min at 23-24 degrees C. In the second study, we used high-resolution polarization microscopy to observe microtubule dynamics during mitosis in newt lung epithelial cells. We obtained evidence from 150-nm thick optical sections that microtubules throughout the spindle laterally associate for several sec into "rods" composed of a few microtubules. These transient lateral associations between microtubules appeared to produce the clustering of nonkinetochore and kinetochore microtubules into the chromosomal fibers. Our results indicate that the chromosomal fiber is a dynamic structure, because microtubule assembly is transient, lateral interactions between microtubules are transient, and the attachment of the kinetochores to microtubules may also be transient. PMID- 3180244 TI - In vitro reactivation of anaphase B in isolated spindles of the sea urchin egg. AB - Spindles may be isolated from sea urchin eggs so that some mitotic processes can be reactivated in vitro. The isolation media allow spindles to remain stable for days. Transfer of the spindles to reactivation media results in loss of birefringence and breakdown of the matrix within which the microtubules function. If, however, tubulin and either guanosine triphosphate or adenosine triphosphate are present in these media so that tubulin can cycle, the spindles do not break down but grow in size and birefringence and show some of the movements of in vivo spindles. The most prominent is that of anaphase B if the mitotic apparatuses (MAs) have been isolated at a time when anaphase was initiated. When isolated during metaphase, MAs either do not show chromosome movement or, if they do, it is a random movement which causes redistribution of the chromosomes on the spindle surface. In either case, such metaphase spindles grow in size and birefringence. Thus under the proper conditions, cycling microtubules can interact with the spindle matrix to induce chromosome movements which resemble those seen in in vivo cells in the case of anaphase B and show some aspects of anaphase A in at least half the spindles isolated at metaphase, although such movements are not coordinated to show a true anaphase movement. PMID- 3180245 TI - Three-dimensional localization and redistribution of F-actin in higher plant mitosis and cell plate formation. AB - The distribution of F-actin cables in dividing endosperm cells of a higher plant, Haemanthus, was visualized with the immunogold-silver-enhanced method and compared with the arrangement of immunogold-stained microtubules in the same cells. The three-dimensional distribution of F-actin cables and microtubules during mitosis and cell plate formation was analyzed using ultrathin optical sectioning of whole mounts in polarized light video microscopy. F-actin cables form a loose irregular network in the interphase cytoplasm. Much of this network remains outside of the spindle during mitosis. A few F-actin cables were detected within the spindle. Their pronounced rearrangement during mitosis appears to be related to the presence and growth of microtubule arrays. During prometaphase, actin cables located on the spindle surface and those present within the spindle tend to arrange parallel to the long axis of the spindle. Cables outside the spindle do not reorient, except those at the polar region, where they appear to be compressed by the elongating spindle. Beginning with mid-anaphase, shorter actin cables oriented in various directions accumulate at the equator. Some of them are incorporated into the phragmoplast and cell plate and are gradually fragmented as the cell plate is formed and ages. Actin cables adjacent to microtubule arrays often show a regular punctate staining pattern. Such a pattern is seldom observed in the peripheral cytoplasm, which contains few microtubules. The rearrangement of F-actin cables mimicks the behavior of spindle inclusions, such as starch grains, mitochondria, etc., implying that F-actin is redistributed passively by microtubule growth or microtubule-related transport. Thus F-actin or actomyosin-based motility does not appear to be directly involved in mitosis and cytokinesis in higher plants. PMID- 3180246 TI - Microtubule-associated organelle and vesicle transport in fibroblasts. AB - Allen Video-enhanced contrast/differential interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy was used in conjunction with video intensification immunofluorescence microscopy to demonstrate that organelles and vesicle (particles) can move in either direction along microtubular linear elements in fibroblasts [Hayden et al., 1983]. Since it is not possible to determine the number of microtubules making up a linear element with light microscopy alone, AVEC-DIC microscopy was used in conjunction with whole-mount electron microscopy to show bidirectional transport along a single microtubule [Hayden and Allen, 1984]. These studies demonstrate that the structural polarity of the microtubule does not determine the direction of particle motion, and since dynein is an asymetric molecule, a simple microtubule-dynein-particle hypothesis cannot explain bidirectional transport along a single microtubule. Very little is known about regulation of particle transport in most cell types. Human embryonic lung fibroblasts grown on glass coverslips were serum-deprived for 24 hours and re-fed with serumless medium; the particle translocations/5 minutes were then determined. The cells were then re-fed with either serumless medium, serum-containing medium, or serumless medium containing some bioactive factor, and the particle translocations/5 minutes were again determined for the same cells. Medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum inhibited particle translocation by 51.8%. Of the bioactive factors tested, only vasopressin produced a significant reduction in particle translocations (38%). This suggests that protein kinase C or calcium/calmodulin kinase could be involved in regulating particle transport. PMID- 3180247 TI - Subcellular compartmentalization by local differentiation of cytoplasmic structure. AB - The compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells by internal membranes and the subcellular localization of endogenous macromolecules by specific binding mechanisms are familiar concepts. In this report we present evidence that the cytoplasmic ground substance, which surrounds and contains the membrane-bound compartments, may also be compartmentalized by local differentiations of its submicroscopic structure that sort subcellular particles on the basis of size. The subcellular distribution of size-fractionated, fluorescent tracer particles was studied in living cells by ratio imaging and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). Large and small particles showed different distributions within the cytoplasmic volume, suggesting that the large particles were relatively excluded from some domains. While the structural basis for this phenomenon is not yet understood in detail, ratio imaging of large and small particles can be used as an empirical tool to identify cytoplasmic compartments for further study. The cytoplasmic diffusion coefficient (Dcyto) and % mobile fraction of the large particles showed considerable spatial variation over the projected area of the cell, while Dcyto and % mobile fraction of the small particles did not. A model is presented to account for this difference. Based on this model, a method is proposed by which FRAP can be used to detect sol-gel transitions in the cytoplasmic ground substance of living cells. PMID- 3180249 TI - High-performance optical filters for fluorescence analysis. AB - Recent advances in thin film optical coating technology significantly improve the filters available for fluorescence spectroscopy. Bandpass and long- and shortpass filters with very sharply defined edges can provide from 10(-5) to 10(-6) blocking within 10-15 nm of the transmission region and are ideal for use as excitation and emission filters. A variety of nonpolarizing dichroic beamsplitters for use in epi-illumination configurations or in multiple emission configurations provides optimum longpass, shortpass, band reflection, or bandpass spectral control. These dichroics, used with high-performance bandpass, longpass, or shortpass filters, form matched sets that optimize the signal-to-noise ratio and system efficiency for fluorescence spectroscopic systems in single or multiple dye applications. Specially designed dichroic beamsplitters are used to reduce excitation filter overheating. Other dichroic beamsplitters efficiently separate two planes of polarization in a narrow wavelength band. Rejection band filters can be used to measure the fluorescent dye Indo 1 with very low emission signals. PMID- 3180248 TI - Dynamic instability and motile events of native microtubules from squid axoplasm. AB - Native microtubules from extruded axoplasm of squid giant axons were used as a paradigm to characterize the motion of organelles along free microtubules and to study the dynamics of microtubule length changes. The motion of large round organelles was visualized by AVEC-DIC microscopy and analyzed at a temporal resolution of 10 frames per second. The movements were smooth and showed no major changes in velocity or direction. During translocation, the organelles paused very rarely. Superimposed on the rather constant mean velocity was a velocity fluctuation, which indicated that the organelles are subject to considerable thermal motion during translocation. Evidence for a regular low-frequency oscillation was not found. The thermal motion was anisotropic such that axial motion was less restricted than lateral motion. We conclude that the crossbridge connecting the moving organelle to the microtubule has a flexible region that behaves like a hinge, which permits preferential movement in the direction parallel to the microtubule. The dynamic changes in length of native microtubules were studied at a temporal resolution of 1 Hz. About 98% of the native microtubules maintained their length ("stable" microtubules), while 2% showed phases of growing and/or shrinking typical for dynamic instability ("dynamic" microtubules). Gliding and organelle motion were not influenced by dynamic length changes. Transitions between growing and shrinking phases were low-frequency events (1-10 minutes per cycle). However, a new type of microtubule length fluctuation, which occurred at a high frequency (a few seconds per cycle), was detected. The length changes were in the 1-3 micron range. The latter events were very prominent at the (+) ends. It appears that the native axonal microtubules are much more stable than the purified microtubules and the microtubules of cultured cells that have been studied thus far. Potential mechanisms accounting for the three states of microtubule stability are discussed. These studies show that the native microtubules from squid giant axons are a very useful paradigm for studying microtubule-related motility events and microtubule dynamics. PMID- 3180250 TI - Direct observation of molecular motility by light microscopy. AB - We used video-fluorescence microscopy to directly observe the sliding movement of single fluorescently labeled actin filaments along myosin fixed on a glass surface. Single actin filaments labeled with phalloidin-tetramethyl-rhodamine, which stabilizes the filament structure of actin, could be seen very clearly and continuously for at least 60 min in 02-free solution, and the sensitivity was high enough to see very short actin filaments less than 40 nm long that contained less than eight dye molecules. The actin filaments were observed to move along double-headed and, similarly, single-headed myosin filaments on which the density of the heads varied widely in the presence of ATP, showing that the cooperative interaction between the two heads of the myosin molecule is not essential to produce the sliding movement. The velocity of actin filament independent of filament length (greater than 1 micron) was almost unchanged until the density of myosin heads along the thick filament was decreased from six heads/14.3 nm to 1 head/34 nm. This result suggests that five to ten heads are sufficient to support the maximum sliding velocity of actin filaments (5 micron/s) under unloaded conditions. In order for five to ten myosin heads to achieve the observed maximum velocity, the sliding distance of actin filaments during one ATP cycle must be more than 60 nm. PMID- 3180251 TI - "DMS," a computer-assisted system for quantitating motility, the dynamics of cytoplasmic flow, and pseudopod formation: its application to Dictyostelium chemotaxis. AB - A computer-assisted Dynamic Morphology System (DMS) is described that allows the rapid quantitation of more than 30 parameters of motility and dynamic morphology for up to 40 amebae in parallel. This system also generates "difference pictures" for characterizing the dynamics of pseudopod formation. A 3-D DMS is described, and application of DMS to problems of motility and chemotaxis in normal and mutant cells of Dictyostelium discoideum is reviewed. PMID- 3180252 TI - Flagellar quiescence and transience of inactivation induced by rapid pH drop. AB - The effects of rapid pH drop on the flagellar movement of reactivated sea urchin sperm were studied by video microscopy and by a newly developed pH jump method. Triton-demembranated sperm were reactivated in a thin layer of the reactivation medium containing ATP and potassium acetate and supported by a ring-shaped Millipore filter stuck to the lower surface of a supported coverslip. The pH of the medium was lowered rapidly by dissolving acetic acid vapor abruptly introduced into a gap between the cover and slide. Flagellar beating ceased immediately when the pH of the reactivation medium was lowered. At least two types of cessation were distinguished: 1) "instantaneous" cessation in a bent form closely resembling those characteristic of steady-state beating before pH drop (waveform freeze), and 2) flagellar quiescence in a cane-shaped form resembling those characteristic of Ca-induced quiescence (cane-shaped quiescence). The flagellum again began beating if the pH was raised to normal but eventually was disintegrated by tubule sliding if the pH was left lowered. Field by-field analysis of the transient movement of flagella becoming quiescent upon pH drop demonstrated that the proximal bend of the cane-shaped form corresponded to the principal bend of the steady-state beating in some flagella, but in others, to the reverse bend. These observations indicate that low pHs affect flagellar beating by interfering with sliding-bending conversion by a mechanism different from that previously reported. PMID- 3180253 TI - Tubulin tyrosination in Crithidia: modifying enzymes and modification states of tubulin. AB - An enzyme that adds C-terminal tyrosine to tubulin has been identified in Crithidia fasciculata. It tyrosinates Crithidia, but not brain, tubulin and is specific for the alpha chain. Crithidia cells could not be shown to fix tyrosine in the absence of protein synthesis, which is consistent with the pattern of distribution of C-terminal tyrosine in tubulin from different subcellular compartments of this protozoan. Terminal tyrosine was present in about 5% of flagellar alpha chain from cells in stationary phase and 20% from cells from midlog phase; none was detected in tubulin from cytosol or the subpellicular corset. In contrast to mammalian cells, in which a higher state of tyrosinolation characterizes recently assembled or unstable microtubules, terminal tyrosine was present only in the most stable polymer, the flagellar doublet microtubules. PMID- 3180255 TI - Ultrastructural investigations on the anterior adductor muscle of a brachiopoda, Lingula unguis. AB - The brachiopoda, Lingula unguis, has a pair of anterior adductors located in the center of the shell. Each muscle consists of an opaque and a translucent portion which is constructed of smooth and obliquely-striated muscle respectively. According to our ultrastructural observations, the opaque portion seems to have two types of cells. They differ only in the diameters of their thick myofilaments. The fine structure of their cell organelles resembles each other. We measured the diameters of the thick myofilaments in each type of cell to distinguish between the two cell types. About 500 measurements of myofilament diameters were made for each type of cell and statistically analyzed. For one type of cell, the distribution of diameters of the thick myofilaments fit a normal distribution curve with a peak at 37-60 nm. The distribution of diameters of the thick myofilaments for the other type fit a curve in which two normal distribution curves having peaks at 37-60 and 75-97 nm respectively partially overlapped. According to these results, we suggest that the opaque portion contains two types of cells, each having a different distribution of thick myofilament sizes. PMID- 3180254 TI - Calcium regulation of flagellar curvature and swimming pattern in triton X-100- extracted rat sperm. AB - Free Ca2+ changes the curvature of epididymal rat sperm flagella in demembranated sperm models. The radius of curvature of the flagellar midpiece region was measured and found to be a continuous function of the free Ca2+ concentration. Below 10(-7) M free Ca2+, the sperm flagella assumed a pronounced curvature in the same direction as the sperm head. The curvature reversed direction at 2.5 x 10(-6) M Ca2+ to assume a tight, hook-like bend at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-4) M free Ca2+. Sodium vanadate at 2 x 10(-6) M blocked flagellar motility, but did not inhibit the Ca2+-mediated change in curvature. Nickel ion at 0.2 mM and cadmium ion at 1 microM interfered with the transition and induced the low Ca2+ configuration of the flagellum. The forces that maintain the Ca2+-dependent curvature are locally produced, as dissection of the flagella into segments did not significantly alter the curvature of the excised portions. Irrespective of the induced pattern of curvature, the sperm exhibited coordinated, repetitive flagellar beating in the presence of ATP and cAMP. At 0.3 mM ATP the flagellar waves propagated along the principal piece while the level of free Ca2+ controlled the overall curvature. When Ca2+-treated sperm models with hooked midpieces were subjected to higher concentrations of ATP (1-5 mM), some cells exhibited a pattern of movement similar to hyperactivated motility in capacitated live sperm. This type of motility involved repetitive reversals of the Ca2+ induced bend in the midpiece, as well as waves propagated along the principal piece. The free Ca2+ available to the flagellum therefore appeared to modify both the pattern of motility and the flagellar curvature. PMID- 3180256 TI - Effect of gangliosides on murine megakaryocytopoiesis in a liquid culture system. AB - Bovine brain gangliosides were applied to primary cultures of murine bone marrow cells to examine the role of gangliosides in development of megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes in the cultures were detected by staining for a cytoplasmic enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, and divided into two types, 1) immature megakaryocytes which were stained less intensely, and 2) mature ones which were stained intensely. A medium containing total ganglioside fraction from bovine brain increased the number of both immature and mature megakaryocytes in the presence of pokeweed mitogen-stimulated murine spleen cell conditioned medium. Between the two cell types, the number of the mature cells was more significantly increased than the immature cells. The ganglioside GD1a could substitute for the total ganglioside mixture. The results suggested that bovine brain gangliosides potentiated both megakaryocytic proliferation and maturation in vitro. PMID- 3180257 TI - The interaction of Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus with epithelial cells in vitro. AB - The Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cell line (MDCK) was used as a model for trichomonad-host cell interaction. Two laboratory strains of the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and the cattle's parasite Tritrichomonas foetus or their supernatants from axenic cultures were allowed to interact with confluent epithelial cultures. The interaction process studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy revealed that both parasites adhere to monolayers through flagella, cell body and particularly for T. foetus, through the posterior projection of the axostyle. A close contact region between the trichomonad's surface and MDCK cells was observed. A study of the involvement of trichomonad surface component in the interaction process indicated that cytochalasin B treated-parasites adhere much less to epithelial monolayers than untreated parasites. Colchicine treatment did not affect such adhesion. Treatment of the parasites with trypsin reduced the adhesion of trichomonads to monolayers but did not interfere with the cytopathic effect. In contrast, treatment of the parasites with neuraminidase did not interfere with their adhesion to epithelial cells and the monolayer destruction was further increased. PMID- 3180258 TI - Binding properties of monoclonal antibody to the cytoplasmic domain of transferrin receptor. AB - Hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to transferrin receptor (TFR) were isolated. One of these antibodies, U-1, recognized the cytoplasmic domain of TFR and the others, N-2 and W-3, recognized its cell surface domains. Only antibody W 3 competed with transferrin (TF) for binding to TFR. Antibody U-1 bound to purified TFR but not to 35S- or 125I-TFR in cell extracts. 125I-Antibody U-1 bound to TFR alone in cell extracts when TFR was bound to antibody N-2-Sepharose 4B, but even in the presense of cell extracts it did not bind to TFR bound to antibody W-3-Sepharose 4B. Antibody W-3 co-precipitated TFR and a protein of about 30 kDa from cell extracts, and also reacted with the 30 kDa protein in cell extracts in the absence of TFR. Based on these results, the existence of two different states of the cytoplasmic domain of TFR is discussed. PMID- 3180259 TI - Arthropod immune system. V. Activated immunocytes (granulocytes) of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) show increased number of microtubules and nuclear pores during immune reaction to foreign tissue. AB - The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) has two major immunocytes (blood cells) (granulocytes (GRs) and plasmatocytes). The GRs participate both in encapsulation and phagocytosis of nonself tissue. Structurally, the GRs are flattened and discoid, and contain, among other organelles, microtubules that are arranged in the form of a bundle in their peripheral region in the plane of flattening. If one implants a foreign tissue in the cockroach's abdomen, the GRs become activated and begin to encapsulate the implant by flattening and wrapping around it. The activated GRs show considerable increase in the number of both the microtubules and the nuclear pores of the nuclear envelope. Such structural changes in an activated arthropod immunocyte and their functional significance in its immune reaction against a foreign tissue have not been previously reported. We believe that the large number of microtubules is necessary not only to maintain the flattened nature of the GRs, but also to ensure the formation of an effective capsule against the deforming and shearing forces of the foreign tissue. And to keep up with the rapid assembly of new microtubules during encapsulation, the nucleus apparently triggers the synthesis of tubulin via ribosomes, its nuclear pores serving as channels for molecular transport to and from the nucleus. A structural and functional analogy between GRs and human platelet has also been suggested. PMID- 3180260 TI - Papers presented at the 2nd Symposium on Cell Biology. Tokyo, 13 May 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3180261 TI - Treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. PMID- 3180262 TI - Arthroscopically assisted reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament using a patella tendon bone autograft. AB - Techniques for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery have evolved from the traditional open procedures to arthroscopically assisted procedures. The rationale for arthroscopically assisted ACL reconstruction includes small incisions, no disruption of the extensor mechanism, shorter hospitalizations, reduced postoperative pain, and faster rehabilitation. A stepwise approach for ACL reconstructions is presented. PMID- 3180264 TI - [A scientific approach to the assessment of drug utilization]. PMID- 3180263 TI - Rehabilitation of the nonreconstructed anterior cruciate ligament-deficient knee. AB - Management of the patient with an ACL-deficient knee continues to be controversial. In the patient with an acute ligament disruption, arthroscopic examination if employed should be followed by a physical therapy program that restores not only range of motion and strength, but also prepares the athlete for the return to his sport. Patients with chronic ACL-insufficiency must be evaluated meticulously with regard to pain and instability with functional activities followed by a vigorous attempt at conservative care including bracing. PMID- 3180265 TI - [Adverse biological effects of potential antitubercular agents. XIII. Use of serum aspartate aminotransferase in the study of organ toxicity of thiobenzamide]. PMID- 3180267 TI - [The effect of 5-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]-7-oxo-7H-benzo(c) fluorene hydrochloride (Benfluron, a cytostatic) on ornithine decarboxylase activity in the regenerating rat liver in vivo]. PMID- 3180268 TI - [Isolated hepatocytes as a model for the study of drug metabolism]. PMID- 3180266 TI - [Substances with antineoplastic effects. XCVI. Separation of (35S) cloturin in tissue, blood and the digestive system and its excretion in rats]. PMID- 3180269 TI - [Selection and preparation of connective tissue for isolation of their components for purposes of medical and scientific research]. PMID- 3180270 TI - [Biological effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids]. PMID- 3180273 TI - [The development of skin reflexes]. PMID- 3180272 TI - The role of insertions/deletions in the evolution of the intergenic region between psbA and trnH in the chloroplast genome. AB - TrnH and the intergenic region between trnH and psbA of the chloroplast genomes of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Fabaceae, and petunia (Petunia hybrida), Solanaceae, were sequenced and compared to published sequences of that region from other members of those families. A striking feature of these comparisons is the occurrence of insertions/deletions between short, nearly perfect AT-rich direct repeats. The directionality of these mutations in the petunia, tobacco and Nicotiana debneyi lineages within the Solanaceae cannot be discerned. However, we present several alternative hypotheses that are consistent with Goodspeed's 1954 evolutionary treatment of the genus Nicotiana and family Solanaceae. Within the Fabaceae, the major size differences in the intergenic region between alfalfa, pea and soybean are due to insertions/deletions between direct repeats. The alfalfa intergenic region has an inverted repeat stem-loop structure of 210 bases directly 5' to trnH. This structure is an insert relative to the liver-wort. Marchantia polymorpha. Portions of the insert are found also in pea and soybean as well as in published sequences from other dicots representing diverse orders: petunia, tobacco, N. debneyi (Scrophulariales), spinach (Caryophyllales), and Brassica napus (Capparales). Some of the regions of the insert that are missing in these plants appear to have resulted from deletions of sequences between different imperfect direct repeats within, or 5' to and within the insert. Other deletions are not flanked by repeated sequences. A short insert flanked by imperfect direct repeats in B. napus occurs just within the longer alfalfa insert suggesting that both alfalfa and B. napus have remnants of an even longer insert relative to M. polymorpha. From these analyses we hypothesize the insertion of a stem-loop structure into an M. polymorpha-like ancestral land plant, followed by deletions of sequences, often between different imperfect direct repeats within and upstream of the insert, leading to the psbA-trnH intergenic sequences represented by the present-day plants examined. PMID- 3180271 TI - In wheat ctDNA, segments of ribosomal protein genes are dispersed repeats, probably conserved by nonreciprocal recombination. AB - Some dispersed repeated sequences and their flanking regions from wheat and maize ctDNAs have been characterized. Two sets of wheat ctDNA repeats were found to be the chloroplast ribosomal protein genes rpl2 and rpl23, plus nonfunctional segments of them, designated rpl2' and rpl23'. Pairwise comparisons were made between the wheat rpl23 and rpl23', and the maize rpl23' sequences. The precise patterns of homology suggest that the divergence of the wheat and maize nonfunctional (rpl23') sequences is being retarded by nonreciprocal recombination, biased by selection for individuals with functional (rpl23) sequences). The implied involvement of these sequences in mechanisms of homologous recombination, and therefore in the creation and spread of new ctDNA variants, is discussed. PMID- 3180274 TI - [Clinically important interactions of carbamazepine with verapamil and diltiazem]. PMID- 3180275 TI - [Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in hereditary motor-sensory neuropathies]. PMID- 3180276 TI - [Variation in the EEG frequency spectrum under normal conditions and in focal brain ischemia]. PMID- 3180277 TI - [Changes in lactate, pyruvate and the lactate/pyruvate quotient in cerebrospinal fluid in ischemic cerebrovascular accidents]. PMID- 3180278 TI - [Glycohemoglobin in diabetics with sudden cerebrovascular accident]. PMID- 3180279 TI - [Pseudotumorous cerebellar infarct]. PMID- 3180280 TI - [Use of evoked potentials in psychiatry. III. Evoked potentials and prediction of the effectiveness of psychopharmaceuticals]. PMID- 3180281 TI - [Diagnosis of mixed psychoses]. PMID- 3180282 TI - [Phallo-plethysmographic examination in clinical practice]. PMID- 3180283 TI - [Experience with the administration of group B vitamins in children with the hyperkinetic syndrome]. PMID- 3180284 TI - [Poriomania]. PMID- 3180285 TI - [Specialty training in psychiatry in The Netherlands]. PMID- 3180286 TI - [New types of psychiatric counseling services abroad]. PMID- 3180287 TI - [Intensive care in psychiatry. I. Serious somatic complications in psychiatry]. PMID- 3180288 TI - [Practical implementation of intensive care]. PMID- 3180289 TI - [Do community health services meet the current and prospective health care needs?]. PMID- 3180290 TI - [Hypothetical possibilities of the future development of individual groups of diseases in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 3180291 TI - [Socio-psychological aspects of the family with a chronically ill child with phenylketonuria]. PMID- 3180292 TI - [Harmful influences on the prognosis of mental retardation in children]. PMID- 3180293 TI - [Infant mortality in Ostrava 1980-84 from the viewpoint of the social pediatrician]. PMID- 3180294 TI - [The age of the population in districts in Czechoslovakia as an indicator of geriatric health care needs]. PMID- 3180295 TI - [Legal problems associated with fetal implantation]. PMID- 3180296 TI - [Morbidity due to appendicitis in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 3180297 TI - [The task of health education in patients with chronic diseases of the locomotor system and its specifics in health spas]. PMID- 3180298 TI - Cephalosporin therapy in intra-abdominal infection: comparative studies of cefotetan, latamoxef and cefoxitin. AB - Two sequential randomised studies were performed to assess the efficacy of 3 different cephalosporins in the treatment of established intra-abdominal infections. In the first study 102 of 109 (94%) patients given cefotetan 2g iv every 12 hours had a satisfactory clinical response compared to 51 of 56 (91%) patients given latamoxef 2g iv every 8 hours. In the second study cefotetan 2g iv every 12 hours was compared to cefoxitin 2g iv every 6 hours with satisfactory clinical responses in 93 of 95 (98%) cefotetan-treated patients and 41 of 43 (95%) cefoxitin-treated patients. Overall response rates in the two studies were lower in patients with severe peritonitis (82%) or nosocomial infections (70%). Twelve-hourly dosing with cefotetan appears to be as effective and well tolerated in regional peritonitis as treatment with shorter-acting agents. PMID- 3180299 TI - Single-dose prophylaxis with cefotetan in elective abdominal surgery. A controlled trial. AB - Single dose cefotetan was compared with either a combination of metronidazole and cefazolin given for 24 hours or 3 doses of cefuroxime as prophylaxis in elective abdominal surgery. Wound infections and infections at remote sites (UTI and RTI) were similar in all groups. In a third group prophylaxis of abdominal surgery using a single 2g dose of cefotetan was compared to 2 doses of the same drug, given 12 hours apart. There was no demonstrable advantage to giving 2 doses. The low incidence of post-operative infections seen in all groups indicates the efficacy of cefotetan in the surgical prophylaxis of elective abdominal surgery. PMID- 3180300 TI - Antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis in colorectal surgery. AB - Infective complications are often seen in colorectal surgery. These even occur in cases of elective surgery and in patients where adequate bowel preparation has been performed and is due to the very high numbers of bacteria colonising the bowel. Several controlled clinical studies showed that antimicrobial prophylaxis is effective in preventing infective complications and the lack of prophylaxis is no longer justified. Antimicrobial prophylaxis can be oral (poorly absorbed antibiotics aimed to reduce the number of bacteria in the bowel) or systemic (aimed to reach a high tissue concentration when bacterial contamination occurs, in order to prevent colonisation) or a combination of the two. Which is to be preferred is still controversial. Systemic prophylaxis should have the following features: 1) use of a single agent with a broad spectrum of action, effective both on aerobes and anaerobes; 2) rapid I.V. administration, at the beginning of surgery; 3) good tissue penetration; 4) long half-life, in order to assure that the single dose will cover the whole duration of surgery; 5) good therapeutic ratio. The use of long half-life cephalosporins, particularly cefotetan, was shown to be highly beneficial. Prophylaxis can fail if contamination during surgery is severe, with a particularly high bacterial count. The degree of contamination of the operating field can be evaluated both by surgeon's judgment, and by tissue or peritoneal cavity lavage fluid sampling and culture. In case of severe contamination (bacterial number greater than 10(5) CFU/ml of fluid or mg of tissue) prolonging of antibiotic therapy for some days is justified. Otherwise, no evidence supports its prolongation beyond surgery. PMID- 3180301 TI - The pharmacokinetic properties of cefotetan and its relevance for prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery. AB - In an open, prospective, non-randomised study involving 112 patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery, the effect of perioperative prophylaxis with cefotetan was investigated. Cefotetan (2g) was administered, pre- and intra operatively only. Preoperative bowel preparation was done by the standardised "Wurzburg Method" i.e. oral metronidazole pre and post orthograde lavage. Mucosal biopsies were obtained from the resected colon and simultaneously serum samples were taken to determine tissue and serum levels respectively. Antibiotic serum and gut mucosal levels were well in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) levels of the isolated bacteria. Wound infections occurred in only 2 patients. Cefotetan was well tolerated and no adverse events were noted. In prolonged colorectal surgery, an antibiotic such as cefotetan with a long half-life is to be recommended. PMID- 3180302 TI - Clinical and pharmacokinetic study of cefotetan in biliary tract infections: preliminary report. AB - Twelve hospitalised patients, affected by biliary tract infections, were treated with cefotetan at dosages ranging between 4 and 6 g daily i.v. In only 11 patients was the aetiological agent identified. Eleven patients (91.67%) completely recovered from their infections and the pathogens were eradicated; the treatment failed in only 1 patient (8.33%). Furthermore, determinations were made of cefotetan concentrations in serum, gallbladder bile, gallbladder wall and gallstones of 14 patients undergoing cholecystectomy: in 7 patients after only 1 injection i.v. of 2 g and in 7 patients after 7 injections i.v. of 2 g at intervals of 12 h. The levels recorded were several times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentrations against bacteria that are most often responsible for biliary infections. Cefotetan is a promising and effective antimicrobial agent in the therapy of biliary tract infections. PMID- 3180303 TI - Cefotetan versus cefoxitin in the treatment of patients with biliary sepsis assessed by a biliary sepsis score. AB - The authors carried out a study to assess the efficacy of an antibiotic treatment (cefotetan or cefoxitin) in 22 stratified patients with biliary sepsis, at low and high risk. The severity of sepsis was assessed by a biliary sepsis score (B.S.S.). No significant difference in results was observed between the two treatments in low-risk groups (cefotetan 80%, cefoxitin 75% satisfactory), while the difference between the high risk groups was significant (cefotetan 75%, cefoxitin 40% satisfactory). In the low risk group it can be stated that better nutritional and immunological status provide adequate host defences and that the antibiotic treatment is less important in determining surgical outcome. In high risk patients the efficacy of an antibiotic, cefotetan in this case, can significantly improve clinical results. PMID- 3180304 TI - Treatment of bacterial peritonitis. AB - Cefotetan is a semi-synthetic cephamycin antibiotic. It has combined activity against aerobes and anaerobes which makes it of particular use in the treatment and prevention of intra-abdominal infections in the surgical patient. In the course of 3 years we have evaluated the therapeutic use of cefotetan in 107 patients. Early in the evaluation of this antibiotic we used cefotetan in combination with aminoglycosides in 35 severely ill patients with intra-abdominal infections. These patients were generally in poor condition. Good results were obtained in this high risk group. A further 72 patients received cefotetan monotherapy, usually at a dose of 2 g twice daily. The majority of these patients presented with intra-abdominal infections. Overall a successful clinical response of 94% was obtained with antibiotic therapy. In conclusion the results obtained support the therapeutic use of cefotetan in the treatment of moderate to severe intra-abdominal infection. PMID- 3180305 TI - The treatment of gynaecological and intra-abdominal infections: a comparative study of cefotetan versus netilmicin plus clindamycin. AB - In a prospective randomised study 60 patients with gynaecological or intra abdominal infections were given either 2g iv every 12 hours of cefotetan or a combination of netilmicin (150mg iv every 12 hours) and clindamycin (600mg iv every 8 hours). The clinical condition of nearly half the patients (26 of 60) was characterized as serious and surgical manipulation and drainage were performed in 57 of the 60 patients. The clinical response was similar in both groups with 21 of 29 patients in the cefotetan group and 29 of 33 patients in the netilmicin plus clindamycin group. Side effects were few and mild in nature with no significant differences between the two groups. This work is continuing but the results to date suggest that cefotetan monotherapy is a safe and effective alternative to a combination of netilmicin and clindamycin in the treatment of gynaecological and intra-abdominal infections. PMID- 3180306 TI - Serum bactericidal activity against aerobes and anaerobes of volunteers receiving cefoxitin or cefotetan. AB - Six volunteers received intravenously a single 1 g dose of cefoxitin or cefotetan. The 2 groups were crossed after a week of washout. Five strains each of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron susceptible to the administered drugs were tested for serum bactericidal activity (SBA). Blood samples were obtained before and 0.5, 3.0 and 12.0 hours after antibiotic injection. SBA was determined using microtitre procedures. Anaerobic bacteria were incubated in an anaerobic chamber. Cefotetan showed a very high SBA both against aerobes and anaerobes over the 12 hour sampling time. Cefoxitin reached satisfactory SBA values only 0.5 hours after administration. PMID- 3180307 TI - Comparative activity of cefotetan against plasmid-encoded aminoglycoside resistant enterobacteria strains. AB - 304 strains of R-plasmid harbouring enterobacteria resistant to aminoglycosides were studied for their susceptibilities to a range of antibiotics, including cefotetan. Cefotetan and latamoxef were the most active of the four cephamycins tested and all were stable to the beta-lactamases produced by these strains. No new beta-lactamases (SHV-2, CTX-1, TEM-4, CAZ-1) were found in these strains capable of hydrolysing third generation cephalosporins. The activity of cefotetan against these multi-resistant, beta-lactamase producing strains may be of clinical value. PMID- 3180308 TI - Cefotetan: antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of human serum. AB - Cefotetan is a broad spectrum cephamycin antibiotic with a long serum half-life (3-4.5 h): this is explained, in part, by serum-protein-binding (SPB) of 88%. The rate of kill of Staphylococcus aureus by cefotetan was assessed in human serum or broth containing reducing concentrations of drug simulating those seen following a 1 g intravenous dose to man. Cefotetan was bactericidal in serum despite the assumed concentration of unbound drug never reaching the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the test strain. In a separate study, ceftriaxone (SPB 96%) was more active in broth (MIC 4 mg/1) than cefotetan (MIC 16 mg/1). In 100% serum the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of ceftriaxone was 64 mg/1 whilst the MBC for cefotetan was 16 mg/1. PMID- 3180310 TI - [Care of patients in crisis of myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 3180309 TI - Worldwide assessment of the activity of cefotetan against clinical isolates. AB - Data on the antibacterial activity of cefotetan collected since 1985 have been compiled into a computer database and an analysis of results on more than 100,000 clinical isolates presented. The studies were conducted in 285 hospitals located throughout Europe, South Africa, Australia and the USA. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of cefotetan as a broad spectrum agent with significant activity against clinically important aerobes and anaerobes. This is exemplified by the susceptibility to cefotetan of 92% of 14,315 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 99% of 24,103 strains of Escherichia coli and 93% of 1,841 strains of Bacteroides fragilis. PMID- 3180311 TI - [To enhance the ability of self management in diabetic patients]. PMID- 3180312 TI - [Etiology of hypertension after heart surgery and its nursing care. Analysis of 26 cases]. PMID- 3180313 TI - [Preliminary approach to the postoperative wearing of protective shields in cataracts]. PMID- 3180314 TI - [Realization of auxiliary management system of clinical nursing by computers]. PMID- 3180315 TI - [Use of microcomputers in primary nursing care]. PMID- 3180316 TI - [Advances of modern ear micro-surgery and the skill requirements of operating nurses]. PMID- 3180317 TI - [Hospital infection and use of the disinfection]. PMID- 3180318 TI - [Diagnosis of hyper-eosinophilic blood on return to the tropics (apropos of 32 cases)]. PMID- 3180319 TI - [Epidemiology of tinea of the scalp in Togo]. AB - In 1985, 374 children of primary schools in North and South Togo were examined and sample of hair were collected on all children with small sterile squares of carpet. 11% of the children in the North (dry and urban area) and 20% in the South (wet and rural area) had obvious clinical lesions. Two species of dermatophytes were isolated: Microsporum langeronii and Trichophyton soudanense; this second dermatophyte being uncommon in the South. Moreover, 15% of the children of the North and 42% of the children of the South were asymptomatic carriers. One year later, these asymptomatic carriers had frequently developed clinical lesions. A survey carried out in 131 inhabitants of a small village in the South, showed that clinical lesions were mostly observed in children between 5 and 9 years and that 7.6% of these inhabitants were asymptomatic carriers. Lastly, no dermatophyte could be isolated from 30 cats and dogs. PMID- 3180320 TI - [Isospora belli coccidiosis in immunocompetent subjects (a study of 40 cases seen in Paris)]. AB - 35 of the 40 cases with Isospora belli infection were from France: 33 patients presenting with "travellers diarrhoea" were infected abroad (especially in tropical Africa and the Middle East) but 7 were infected in France itself. Charcot-Leyden crystals were found together with I. belli oocysts in the stools of 35 subjects. 61% of the cases presented with hypereosinophilia of between 6 and 20%. The average eosinophilia was 7.6% or 649/mm3. PMID- 3180321 TI - [Human gnathostomiasis manifested by cutaneous larva migrans syndrome. Apropos of a case]. AB - The authors report a case of cutaneous Larva migrans attributed to a gnathostomiasis in a Laotian man living in France since 3 years. The diagnosis was suggested on the basis of epidemiological and clinical context (he often ate raw fresh fish in Thailand) and blood eosinophilia. It was confirmed by ELISA method which showed a very high antibody titer to Gnathostoma spinigerum. The patient was treated with cortisone and diethylcarbamazine and he has remained asymptomatic since. PMID- 3180322 TI - [Transplacental passage of toxoplasma antibodies. The difference between African and European mothers]. AB - The transplacental transfer of toxoplasmosis antibodies has been compared between european and african cord/mother ratios. A lack of transfer is statistically noticed among african cord-mother pairs. This transfer deficiency is highly significantly negative correlated with mother total IgG level. PMID- 3180323 TI - [Scorpions and scorpion stings in Jordan]. AB - The scorpion fauna of Jordan consists of fourteen species belonging to three families (Buthidae, Scorpionidae and Diplocentridae), of which three species are poisonous: Leiurus quinquestriatus, Adroctonus crassicauda and Buthus occitanus. A key to all species is included. Five hundred and forty-seven cases of scorpion stings were reported during 1982-1985, including two fatalities. Clinical data for sixteen cases treated at the Jordan University Hospital are summarized. In Jordan human and cultural customs are related to scorpion stings. Sting accidents according to age groups and seasons are given. PMID- 3180325 TI - [Breast reconstruction following breast cancer]. PMID- 3180324 TI - [Current problems of arboviruses in central Africa]. AB - 19 arboviruses pathogenic for human are present in the Central African Republic (CAR) where serologic data indicate an active circulation in human population. In most cases the clinical picture of infection is mild. However 3 arbovirus were recently involved in fatal cases: in 1983 West-Nile virus has been isolated in 4 patients with hepatitis. 2 fatal cases of Yellow Fever occurred in 1985 and 1986, and from 1983 to 1986 Rift Valley Fever virus was isolated in patients who died from hemorrhagic fever. This new situation requires to carry on an epidemiological survey and studies on virus pathogenicity. PMID- 3180326 TI - Computed tomographic arteriography (C.T.A.) of the liver. PMID- 3180327 TI - Percutaneous fine needle biopsy of abdominal and pelvic lesions: passes necessary for secure diagnosis with fluoroscopy and CT-guidance. PMID- 3180328 TI - [Articular macrogeodic cyst in rheumatoid polyarthritis]. PMID- 3180329 TI - [Gonococcal endocarditis with aortic valve abscess]. PMID- 3180330 TI - Alkylation of haemoglobin, plasma proteins and DNA in the mouse by diethylnitrosamine. AB - Covalent binding to haemoglobin, plasma proteins and DNA was determined after intraperitoneal administration of radiolabelled diethylnitrosamine to mice. The level of alkylation of DNA in liver--the main site of activation--was found to be about two orders of magnitude higher than the level of alkylation of haemoglobin, if compared per unit weight of macromolecule. A high reactivity towards nucleophilic oxygen atoms was characteristic of the reaction pattern. Carboxylic acid ethyl esters, ethylserine and ethylthreonine are important reaction products in the proteins. PMID- 3180331 TI - 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine carcinogenesis in neonatally androgenized CBA mice. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the possible influence of exposure to steroid hormones early in life on the susceptibility of animals as adults to chemical carcinogens. CBA male and female mice received a single subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg testosterone propionate (TP) in olive oil within 24 h after birth. At the age of 2 months, neonatally androgenized and control mice started receiving weekly subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). By the end of the experiment, 90% of neonatally androgenized females treated with DMH developed uterine sarcoma against 9% in control females treated with DMH, this difference being attributed to the hyperoestrogenization of androgenized females. In neonatally androgenized males treated with DMH 79% developed pararenal sarcoma and 71% colon tumours versus 25 and 32% respectively of control males treated with DMH. PMID- 3180332 TI - Urethane-induced lung adenomas in the first-generation progeny of irradiated male mice. AB - A carcinogenic effect of urethane on the first-generation progeny of irradiated male mice was investigated. Seventy SHR male mice were exposed to a single total body X-ray irradiation at a dose of 4.2 Gy. Each of these animals was then caged with three intact females for 7 days. Thirty non-irradiated males were handled in the same way. Three-month-old offspring of irradiated (F1i) and control (F1c) males were treated with urethane at a total dose of 50 mg/animal (0.1 ml of 10% urethane water solution was injected five times at 3-day intervals). Three months after the first injection animals were killed and the lung adenomas found were studied. A group of animals kept until natural death revealed leukemia and mammary tumors. The frequency of lung-tumor-bearing animals was equal in both F1i and F1c groups. However, 12.9% of F1i mice had greater than 11 adenomas per animal (average 17.6 +/- 1.36 tumor nodes/mouse; maximum 35 nodes). The portion of such animals in the F1c was only 6.6% (average 14.0 +/- 0.77 nodes/mouse; maximum 18 nodes). The size of tumors did not differ significantly in the two groups. The incidence and latency of leukemia were similar in both groups, though the first case was registered earlier in F1i. A tendency to a higher frequency and earlier development of mammary adenocarcinomas was noted in the experimental group. The data obtained evidence the increased cancer risk in the progeny of irradiated male mice to be one of the genetic consequences of ionizing radiation. PMID- 3180333 TI - Critical comparison of histological and morphometric changes in SENCAR mouse epidermis in response to n-dodecane, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and mezerein. AB - n-Dodecane, a previously little-studied tumor-promoting agent and mezerein, a diterpenoid natural product, have both been reported to have activity primarily in Stage II of two stage tumor promotion in SENCAR mouse skin. Histological changes in this tissue were therefore investigated in response to these agents in order to determine whether changes could be identified which were common to Stage II promotion by both compounds, and specific in this respect compared to those induced by the complete promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). All three agents were applied at doses which have previously been found active in multistage tumorigenesis studies in this strain. A single dose of 50 mg dodecane induced no increase in the number of interfollicular cell layers or epidermal thickness, nor any observable inflammation, 6-144 h after application. In contrast, marked increases were predictably observed with TPA and mezerein, maximal responses occurring after 48-72 h. n-Dodecane induced no increase in the number of keratinocytes with dense cytoplasm and increased affinity for basophilic dyes (dark cells), only TPA demonstrating this activity. The alkane likewise did not increase the number of pyknotic basal keratinocytes indicating that toxicity would not account for the low Stage I activity of this agent in the way proposed for mezerein which was the most active in this respect, inducing a significant increase 48 h after treatment. Like TPA and mezerein, n-dodecane induced a significant increase in large intra-mitochondrial densities. Forty eight to seventy-two hours after application, dodecane induced a significant decrease in the numbers of dendritic epidermal cells, a response which was also observed for TPA and mezerein, although occurring somewhat more rapidly. All three agents appeared to induce these cells to retract their characteristic processes. After four applications of n-dodecane the number of epidermal cell layers and mitotic index were equal to or greater than those observed with TPA. These findings show that in SENCAR epidermis the previously uncharacterized tumor promoting agent n-dodecane induced essentially no histologic changes in mouse skin in common with mezerein, a second agent with activity primarily in Stage II of two stage tumor promotion, which were not also shown by the complete promoter TPA. The only characteristic specific to Stage II promoting agents therefore remains an inability to induce increased numbers of dark cells. In most other respects dodecane induced responses similar to those observed for TPA, although a distinctly different temporal dependence was noted in several cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3180334 TI - Tumor progression in vitro: tumor-promoter-induced reversible decrease in natural immune susceptibility. AB - Growth of established murine tumor lines in media containing the phorbol ester tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), was associated with reversible reductions in sensitivity to in vitro and in vivo parameters of natural resistance. L5178Y-F9 cells exposed to 100 ng TPA/ml for 2 days and returned to culture without TPA for 0-2 days, exhibited reductions in sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis by natural antibodies (Nab), activated macrophages and hypotonic lysis. The natural killer (NK) cell sensitive SL2-5 lymphoma was less sensitive to NK cells, complement-dependent NAb and hypotonic lysis after 2 days growth in 2 or 3 micrograms TPA/ml. Although TPA-treated L5178Y-F9 cells could acquire higher levels of serum NAb in vitro, this was complicated by the instability of the binding at 37 degrees C resulting in an effectively reduced capacity to bind NAb which was also demonstrated by TPA-treated SL2-5 cells. The tumor frequency of threshold s.c. inocula and the i.v. metastatic potential of the TPA-treated tumors was increased in syngeneic DBA/2 mice revealing possible correlations between reductions in the cellular characteristics assayed in vitro and decreased susceptibility to host-mediated defenses in vivo. Continued growth of the TPA-treated cells for a total of 2-8 days without TPA produced a reversal in the in vitro parameters, in the tumor frequency and in the metastatic potential, indicating the requirement for TPA to maintain the resistant phenotype. These data are consistent with the initial reversible nature of the promotion phase of multistage carcinogenesis. The reversible TPA-induced reductions in sensitivity to mediators of natural resistance may be an integral component of promotion, contributing to tumor survival in vivo and increasing the probability that the tumor will progress to a more malignant phenotype. PMID- 3180335 TI - Renal metabolism of formic acid 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-hydrazide. AB - Formic acid 2-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-hydrazide (FNT) is a potent renal carcinogen in the rat. This study assessed the metabolism of FNT by the isolated perfused rat kidney and whole rat. The glomerular filtration rate and the fractional excretion of sodium for the isolated perfused kidney indicated that under the conditions of these experiments FNT did not alter these renal parameters. The half-life (t1/2) for FNT in the isolated perfused kidney was 67 +/- 8 min. Using HPLC, a metabolite of FNT was observed in urine from the isolated perfused kidney. This metabolite had absorbance at 385 nm but not 254 nm and could not be detected electrochemically at +500 mV. While the excretion of FNT decreased with time of perfusion, the metabolite excretion increased. Whole animal studies demonstrated that FNT is rapidly cleared from blood within the first 5 min of administration. The FNT metabolite was excreted at approximately the same rate from 0-30 and 30-60 min after FNT administration. The metabolite was not observed in media from FNT perfused kidneys or plasma from animals administered FNT. Analysis of purified metabolite by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) determined the structure to be 5-nitro-2-furonitrile. This structure assignment was verified by chemical synthesis. Results demonstrate target organ metabolism of carcinogen. PMID- 3180336 TI - Summation effect of uracil on the two-stage and multistage models of urinary bladder carcinogenesis in F344 rats initiated by N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. AB - Uracil is known to cause reversible urolithiasis and to induce papillomatosis in the urinary bladder of F344 rats. We examined whether the marked urothelial cell proliferation caused by uracil, given in the middle of the post-initiation stages, enhances the promoting activity of a promoter in the two-stage model or the promoting and/or carcinogenic activity of a low-dose carcinogen in the multistage model of urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Rats were initiated with 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) for 4 weeks, and then 2% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) or 0.002% N-ethyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (EHBN) were given during experimental weeks 4-9 and weeks 12-20. Uracil was given during weeks 9-12 at a level of 3% of the diet. Rats in the control group were treated with BBN and uracil. Rats were killed at weeks 16 and 20. At week 16, higher occurrences of papillary or nodular (PN) hyperplasia and papilloma were observed in uracil-BHA-treated rats than in the controls. At week 20, significantly higher incidences of PN hyperplasia and papilloma were observed in both uracil-EHBN- and uracil-BHA-treated groups, and a summation effect of uracil was observed. These results indicate that uracil given in the middle of the post initiation stage enhanced the promoting activity of the compound through marked proliferation of the bladder epithelium. PMID- 3180337 TI - Oxidative metabolism of 7-methoxy-2-nitro-naphtho[2,1-b]furan (R 7000) by the microsomal system isolated from 3-methylcholanthrene-induced rat liver. AB - The metabolism of 7-methoxy-2-nitro-naphtho[2,1-b]furan and the subsequent binding to DNA, under aerobic conditions, were investigated using liver microsomes of both untreated rats and rats pre-treated with 3-methylcholanthrene [3-MC]. The metabolites were analyzed by HPLC. The following compounds: 7-hydroxy 2-nitro-naphtho[2,1-b]-furan-6,9-dione; 6,7-dihydro-2-nitro-naphtho[2,1-b]furan; 7-hydroxy-2-nitro-naphtho[2,1-b]furan and 6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-nitro-naphtho[2,1 b]furan have been identified by their UV-visible, mass spectra, NMR spectra and by comparison to an authentic reference sample. Qualitative and quantitative metabolic charts involving only ring oxidation have been established. PMID- 3180338 TI - N- and O-deacetylation of N-acetoxy-N-arylacetamides by mammalian hepatic microsomes. AB - The present study demonstrates that hepatic microsomes from guinea pigs, rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits and dogs catalyze N-deacetylation of N-hydroxy-2 acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) and N-hydroxy-3,2'-dimethyl-4-acetylaminobiphenyl and O-deacetylation of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-AcO-AAF) and N-acetoxy 3,2'-dimethyl-4-acetylaminobiphenyl (N-AcO-DMAABP). Gel filtration resolves the solubilized guinea pig microsomal enzymes into two deacetylases. The larger molecular weight enzyme catalyzes N-deacetylation of N-OH-AAF, whereas the smaller one cannot. Both enzymes catalyze O-deacetylation of N-AcO-AAF and N-AcO DMAABP, but the activity is mainly due to the larger enzyme. Guinea pig and rat liver microsomes also catalyze N-deacetylation of N-AcO-AAF resulting in the binding of 2-aminofluorene to nucleic acids, but the activities are much less than that of the O-deacetylation of N-AcO-AAF. Thus, the amino-fluorene-DNA adducts which have been found in intact cells treated with N-AcO-AAF may result directly from N-deacetylation or indirectly from N,O-acetyltransfer following O deacetylation. PMID- 3180340 TI - Compartmental analysis of the disposition of benzo[a]pyrene in rats. AB - We have previously reported the disposition of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and its metabolites in male Sprague-Dawley rats following intratracheal instillation of [3H]B[a]P [Weyand, E.H. and Bevan, D.R. (1986) Cancer Res., 46, 5655-5661]. In some experiments, cannulas were implanted in the bile duct of the animals prior to administration of [3H]B[a]P [Weyand, E.H. and Bevan, D.R. (1987) Drug Metab. Disposition, 15, 442-448]. Based on these data, we have developed a compartmental model of the distribution of radioactivity to provide a quantitative description of the fate of B[a]P and its metabolites in rats. Modeling of the distribution of radioactivity was performed using the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling (SAAM) and conversational SAAM (CONSAM) computer programs. Compartments in the model included organs into which the largest amounts of radioactivity were distributed as well as pathways for excretion of radioactivity from the animals. Data from animals with and without cannulas implanted in the bile duct were considered simultaneously during modeling. Radioactivity was so rapidly absorbed from the lungs that an absorption phase into blood was not apparent at the earliest sampling times. Using the model of extrapolate to shorter times, it was predicted that the maximum amount of radioactivity was present in blood within 2 min after administration. In addition, considerable recycling of radioactivity back to lungs from blood was predicted by the model. Transfer of radioactivity from blood to liver and carcass (skin, muscle, bones, fat and associated blood) also was extensive. Carcass was modeled as the sum of two compartments to obtain agreement between the model and experimental data. The model accounted for enterohepatic circulation of B[a]P metabolites; data also required that intestinal secretion be included in the model. Quantitative data obtained from compartmental analysis included rate constants for transfer of radioactivity among compartments as well as statistical parameters indicating the identifiability of the rate constants. That the model is consistent with two sets of data, those obtained in animals with and without a biliary cannula, indicates its potential utility in predicting the disposition of B[a]P and its metabolites in vivo. PMID- 3180339 TI - Analysis of antioxidant defense systems during rat hepatocarcinogenesis. AB - To better understand the role of free radicals in liver carcinogenesis, endogenous antioxidant defense systems and the susceptibility of membranes to lipid peroxidation were evaluated in early lesions and in malignant tumors induced by the Solt-Farber resistant hepatocyte protocol. These parameters were also measured in the liver surrounding these tumors. In comparison with the normal liver, both nodules and carcinomas show a different biochemical pattern consisting of decreased glutathione peroxidase (GSH peroxidase) and catalase activities plus increased glutathione reductase (GSSG reductase) activity. In contrast, 1 week after the application of the initiation-selection protocol, the liver displays a high level of glutathione (GSH), high GSSG reductase activity, a reduced production of malondialdehyde and no changes in superoxide dismutase and GSH peroxidase activities. These data suggest that the liver is well protected against reactive oxygen species. During the carcinogenic process, the liver parenchyma surrounding the altered foci recovers from most of the modifications induced by the initiation-selection treatment. These results add additional support for the hypothesis that the appearance of early alterations in the liver, after a carcinogenic treatment, might be an adaptive response to a hazardous environment in which selected cell populations are transformed into nodules and/or carcinomas. PMID- 3180341 TI - Phenobarbital: a non-genotoxic agent which induces the repair of O6-methylguanine from hepatic DNA. AB - Exposure to phenobarbital (PB) (0.05% in drinking water) markedly increased the rate of repair of O6-methylguanine (O6-MeG) from the hepatic DNA of rats given N nitrosodimethylamine (2 mg/kg). No effect of comparable magnitude was seen for the repair of O4-methylthymine. During 21 weeks of exposure to PB the increased repair of O6-MeG exhibited a biphasic response and was maximal at approximately 3 weeks of treatment. Although this increased repair was readily observed when direct measurements were made of the loss of O6-MeG from hepatic DNA in vivo, no corresponding increased level of methyltransferase activity was detected in cell free liver extracts, indicating that the methyltransferase protein was induced in a relatively limited population of cells. Immunohistochemical procedures have been used to demonstrate the formation of O6-MeG in, and its repair from, the DNA of hepatocytes in the centrilobular region of the liver lobule. Comparison with published data, for changes in the level of asialoglycoprotein receptors [Evarts et al. (1985) Carcinogenesis, 6, 1767-1773] and for the induction of cytochrome P450 [Schwartz et al. (1987) Carcinogenesis, 8, 1355-1357] in hepatocytes during PB administration, indicate that PB is acting at membrane sites in a relatively limited population of cells associated with the central vein. These observations show that the methyltransferase activity responsible for the repair of the major promutagenic base O6-MeG can be induced by a membrane active agent, without recourse to the genotoxic action of initiators and toxins, or the induction of restorative hyperplasia, previously employed for this purpose. PMID- 3180342 TI - Cell specific differences in O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase activity and removal of O6-methylguanine in rat pulmonary cells. AB - Previous studies have demonstrated that cell specificity exists for the alkylation of DNA from lung cells following treatment of rats with the tobacco specific carcinogen 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). The concentration of the promutagenic adduct O6-methylguanine (O6MG) was found to be greatest in Clara cells followed by macrophages, type II cells and alveolar small cells. The purpose of this study was to measure the activity of the repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (O6MGMT) and to determine whether differences exist for the removal of O6MG among pulmonary cell types. Constitutive activity of O6MGMT was 2-fold greater in macrophages and type II cells than alveolar small cells and Clara cells. Treatment for 4 days with NNK (10 mg/kg/day) had no effect on O6MGMT activity in macrophages, but decreased activity in alveolar small cells and type II cells by 57 and 84%, respectively. O6MGMT activity was reduced to below limits of detection in Clara cells following treatment with NNK. The effect of NNK on O6MGMT activity was consistent with rates of removal of O6MG in macrophages and Clara cells. The loss of O6MG from DNA of macrophages followed first order kinetics (t1/2 = 48 h) while very little loss of this adduct was observed in Clara cells over an 8 day period following cessation of carcinogen treatment. Even though O6MGMT activity was reduced in alveolar small cells and type II cells, approximately 90% of the O6MG bound to DNA in these cell types was removed within 8 days after treatment was discontinued. The loss of O6MG from pulmonary cells appears to result largely from the removal of this adduct by O6MGMT since rates of cell turnover were very low (0.5-1.5%/day) in the lung and were not affected by treatment with NNK. This study indicates that the activity of O6MGMT and the rate of resynthesis of this repair enzyme differ considerably among pulmonary cells following the methylation of DNA. The high concentration of O6MG in Clara cells and the low rate of repair of this promutagenic adduct may be critical factors in the potent pulmonary carcinogenicity induced by the tobacco specific carcinogen NNK. PMID- 3180343 TI - Ulex Europaeus-I: a marker for differentiation of (pre)cancerous lesions induced in the rat pancreas by azaserine. AB - The binding patterns of the lectin Ulex Europaeus-I (UEA-I) to pancreatic cells of Wistar rats from TNO, in azaserine-induced acinar cell lesions, was examined by peroxidase-conjugated UEA-I. In the normal rat, acinar cells showed this lectin binding to luminal and intracytoplasmic cell membranes. Four different types of acinar cell nodules could be distinguished in this rat treated with azaserine. Acinar cell lesions, types 1-3, showed stronger lectin binding than was seen in normal tissue, whereas in type 4 lesions acinar cells showed similar or weaker binding than did the normal cells. In type 1 lesions, UEA-I binding was restricted to the luminal and intracytoplasmic cell membranes. Strong basolateral cell membrane binding not seen in the normal and type 1 or type 4 lesions was characteristic for type 2 lesions. Type 3 lesions were considered as the intermediate between type 1 and type 2. Comparison of histocytologic and UEA-I binding patterns demonstrated that type 1 lesions correspond to 'acidophilic nodules', type 2 to 'well- to moderately differentiated carcinoma', type 3 to 'in situ carcinoma' and type 4 to 'basophilic nodules'. Based on this classification, all 'nodules within nodules' observed in the pancreases of azaserine-treated rats were of malignant types. The present study indicates that UEA-I binding is a useful marker to differentiate between the benign and malignant lesions induced in rat pancreas by azaserine. PMID- 3180344 TI - The effects of chronic ethanol administration on polyamine content during dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in the rat. AB - Chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption has been implicated as a co-carcinogen, selectively promoting rectal tumor formation. We studied the effects of EtOH consumption on tumor formation and polyamine content (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) in proximal and distal colon and rectum of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with the procarcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Sixty-four adult male rats were pair fed nutritionally complete liquid diets with 36% of calories supplied as EtOH or isocaloric carbohydrates. Both groups received 4 weeks of the liquid diet followed by 4 weeks of standard laboratory chow during which 50% of the rats in each group received DMH (30 mg/kg) or vehicle s.c. weekly. This cycle was repeated four times (32 weeks). Animals were sacrificed at the end of each 8 week cycle and normal appearing and available tumor bearing tissue from proximal and distal colon and rectum was obtained for polyamine content and histology. Five animals, unexposed to DMH or EtOH served as baseline controls. There were no consistent regional differences in putrescine, spermidine or spermine of baseline controls. A progressive decrease in tissue putrescine was seen in all three regions of the control group and was significant at 24 and 32 weeks versus baseline controls. In all three regions, chronic EtOH consumption prevented the decrease in tissue putrescine. Spermidine content was also significantly increased in the distal colon of EtOH-treated animals compared to baseline values. Consistent changes in spermine content were seen in any treatment group or region. A significant increase in putrescine content of normal appearing and tumor-bearing tissue of DMH treated animals at 32 weeks was noted. Chronic EtOH administration did not augment rectal or colonic polyamine content in DMH-treated animals. Likewise, chronic EtOH consumption did not alter the number, size or distribution of large bowel tumors of DMH treated animals. PMID- 3180345 TI - Oxidation of N-butyl-N-(3-formylpropyl)nitrosamine to N-butyl-N-(3 carboxypropyl)nitrosamine in rat liver and inhibition by disulfiram. AB - The metabolism of N-butyl-N-(3-formylpropyl)nitrosamine, a presumptive intermediate metabolite of the urinary bladder carcinogen N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, by rat liver has been examined. N-Butyl-N-(3 formylpropyl)nitrosamine was metabolized by an NADH-dependent reduction to N butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine and by an NAD+-dependent oxidation to N-butyl N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine. The reduction of N-butyl-N-(3 formylpropyl)nitrosamine was inhibited by pyrazole. The oxidation of N-butyl-N-(3 formylpropyl)nitrosamine was studied further. The rate of oxidation in total rat liver was 3 mumol/min/g liver or 21 nmol/min/mg protein and was similar to that found for the oxidation of propionaldehyde, a model substrate for isozymes of rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. The rate of oxidation of N-butyl-N-(3 formylpropyl)nitrosamine by isozymes in rat liver cytosol was 2-2.5 times that found for propionaldehyde. The apparent Km for the NAD+-dependent oxidation of N butyl-N-(3-formylpropyl)nitrosamine was 20-30 microM, which is considerably lower than values reported for known substrates of aldehyde dehydrogenase. The NAD+ dependent oxidation of N-butyl-N-(3-formylpropyl)nitrosamine was inhibited 40-50% by 50 microM disulfiram, 60-70% by 100 microM disulfiram, and 50% by 0.4 mM sodium arsenite. These studies show that N-butyl-N-(3-formylpropyl)nitrosamine is very rapidly oxidized to N-butyl-N-(3-carboxypropyl)nitrosamine in rat liver by aldehyde dehydrogenase and the results may help to explain why the 3-formylpropyl intermediate has not been directly identified as a metabolite of N-butyl-N-(4 hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in urine or in isolated hepatocytes. PMID- 3180346 TI - Identification and characterization of the major DNA adduct formed chemically and in vitro from the environmental genotoxin 3-nitrofluoranthene. AB - The genotoxic environmental pollutant 3-nitrofluoranthene (3-NFA) was reduced chemically and allowed to react with calf thymus DNA, yielding one major adduct which was determined to be N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-3-amino-fluoranthene based on Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS), proton nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible wavelength light spectroscopy (UV-VIS), and fluorescence data. Extensive characterization of the isolated adduct by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was necessary to demonstrate definitively that the adduct isolated was the dG:C8 adduct, and not the isomeric dG:N2 adduct. The extent of modification of the initial calf thymus DNA by chemically reduced 3-NFA was 0.12% (1.2 adducts/10(3) nucleosides), which was sufficient to allow several hundred micrograms of the adduct to be isolated and purified. The chemically synthesized adduct was utilized as a reference standard for comparison to the major adduct isolated from xanthine-oxidase-catalyzed reduction of 3-NFA in vitro. The yield from the in vitro biological system was 2.4 adducts/10(5) nucleosides; the adduct isolated possessed the same mass spectrometric, UV-VIS, and fluorescence characteristics as the purified standard, and co-eluted with the standard on HPLC. No evidence for other adducts was found, either in vitro or in the chemical synthesis, based on FAB-MS examination of whole extracts of the reaction mixture for the presence of ions related to other possible adducts. Therefore, if minor adducts were present they were formed in substantially lesser amounts than N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-3-aminofluoranthene. PMID- 3180347 TI - Mitogenic effect of urokinase on malignant and unaffected adjacent human renal cells. AB - Primary cultures of renal cell carcinomas and of the corresponding normal adjacent kidney tissue from 6 patients were analyzed for the effects of exogenously added urokinase-type plasminogen activator on cell proliferation as compared to the effects of tissue type plasminogen activator, plasmin and dihydrocortisone. Cell proliferation was studied over a period of up to 5 days by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation as well as cell viability and cell count; conditioned media of the cultures were also analyzed for their plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor content. Addition of urokinase stimulated cell proliferation in a time and dose dependent fashion; after 3 days 3H-thymidine incorporation was significantly increased in malignant renal cells (188.3 +/- 28.7%), while it reached in normal renal cells approximately 130% of the 3H-thymidine incorporation of untreated cultures. Tissue-type plasminogen activator had no effect and plasmin decreased cell proliferation slightly while dihydrocortisone inhibited cell proliferation significantly (34.1 +/- 4.9%) in malignant cells. It is concluded that urokinase-type plasminogen activator itself exhibits a mitogenic effect also on primary cultures of renal cell carcinomas. PMID- 3180348 TI - Synthesis and kinetics of decomposition of 7-(2-cyanoethyl)guanine and O6-(2 cyanoethyl)guanine, markers for reaction of acrylonitrile and 3 (methylnitrosamino)propionitrile with DNA. AB - Acrylonitrile, a carcinogen in rodents, is used in the large-scale production of acrylic polymers. 3-(Methylnitrosamino)propionitrile, a potent carcinogen in Fisher rats, is an Areca-derived nitrosamine which has been found in the saliva of betel quid chewers. Upon metabolic activation, both of these carcinogens can react with DNA to form 7-(2-cyanoethyl)guanine and O6-(2-cyanoethyl)guanine. The latter has never been described. We have therefore synthesized this derivative by reacting 2-(N-carbethoxy-N-nitrosamino)propionitrile with deoxyguanosine. PMID- 3180350 TI - Carcinogenicity studies of masheri, a pyrolysed product of tobacco. AB - The carcinogenicity of two commonly used brown and black varieties of masheri, a pyrolysed tobacco product, was studied by feeding the masheri through the diet at a 10% level to three different animal species of both sexes. In Sprague-Dawley rats, only brown masheri was used, while in Swiss mice and Syrian golden hamsters both varieties were used. In all the three species, forestomach papillomas were induced as a result of masheri treatment. In rats, 37% of animals showed forestomach papillomas while in mice and hamsters the incidence was 42-47% and 25 43%, respectively. No malignant changes were observed in any of the groups except 2/23 male hamsters showed forestomach carcinoma in the black masheri diet group. PMID- 3180349 TI - Down-regulation of an abundant cellular protein associated with tumor progression. AB - Alteration of gene expression in neoplastic cells can be detected by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. This study reports the altered synthesis of an abundant cellular protein, p29, accompanying tumorigenic transformation of immortalized fibroblasts induced by transfection with oncogenic DNA. Cell lines derived from morphologically transformed foci synthesized p29 at 60-75% reduced levels compared with untransformed parental cells. Upon inoculation into syngeneic immunocompetent animals, transformed cells gave rise to tumors which were excised and established in culture. The amount of p29 in both focal and tumor-derived lines was inversely correlated with the latent period for tumor formation. In cell lines with a tumor latency of 12-20 days, the level of p29 was decreased by 90-99%. In rapidly tumorigenic cells with a short latency (3-6 days), p29 synthesis was not detectable. These data demonstrate that p29 may be a sensitive and reliable marker for tumor progression of fibroblasts. PMID- 3180351 TI - Sequence specificity of guanine alkylation and repair. AB - The sequence selectivity of methylation at the O6 and N7 position of guanine by N methyl-N'-nitrosourea (MNU) and the rate of removal of O6-methylguanine by O6alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) was determined using dodecadeoxynucleotides of defined structure. The extent of guanine adduct formed in self-complementary dodecamers, 5'-TATACGCGTATA-3', 5'-TATACCGGTATA-3' and 5' TATAGGCCTATA-3', after methylation with [3H]MNU in a representative experiment were, respectively, 10, 19 and 30 pmol O6-methylguanine/mumol guanine and 97, 189 and 217 pmol N7-methylguanine/mumol guanine. The O6-methylguanine/N7 methylguanine ratio remained relatively constant for each dodecamer. A direct comparison between the methylation at guanine with adenine or thymine as the 5' flanking base was made with two dodecamers, 5'-TATACATGTATA-3' and 5' TATACTAGTATA-3'. When the guanine residue was preceded 5' by an adenine, the level of O6 and N7-alkylation was, respectively, 2.1-fold and 1.5-fold greater than when guanine was preceded 5' by a thymine. These date are consistent with a regioselective mechanism for alkylnitrosourea alkylation of guanine. The methylated dodecamer, 5'-TATACGCGTATA-3' was repaired faster than 5'-TATACCGGTATA 3' by HT29 extract containing AGT with a loss in 10 min of 0.052 pmol and 0.025 pmol O6-methylguanine, respectively. Dodecamers of the structure 5' dCGCGAATTCm6GCG-3' and 5'-dCGCCAATTGm6GCG-3' were labeled at the 5' end with 32P by the reaction with polynucleotide kinase and after incubation with AGT, the methylated and demethylated dodecamers were separated by reversed-phase HPLC. The amount of demethylated product formed was greater for the dodecamer containing cytosine as the 5'-flanking base to O6-methylguanine compared to guanine in that same position. A higher extent of alkylation by MNU and a slower rate of repair by AGT for sites in which a guanine or modified guanine is preceded by a purine rather than a pyrimidine may explain, at least in part, mutational hot spots. PMID- 3180352 TI - Progressive hypoxemia limits left ventricular oxygen consumption and contractility. AB - To study the cardiac effects of progressive hypoxemia, we measured the left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relation (ESPVR), myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2), and myocardial oxygen delivery (MQO2) in eight thoracotomized dogs anesthetized with fentanyl and droperidol. We specifically looked for evidence of oxygen supply limitation of MVO2 and depressed contractility (altered ESPVR) during stepwise decreases in inspired oxygen fraction. We hypothesized that the reported relation between MVO2 and left ventricular pressure-volume area (PVA) may hold when inadequate MQO2 determines MVO2, which then may limit PVA, manifested partly as a change in the ESPVR. Initially, as arterial oxygen saturation was decreased from 95 +/- 3% to 64 +/- 14%, coronary blood flow increased so that MQO2 was maintained with no change in myocardial extraction ratio (ERm = MVO2/MQO2). During this first phase, lactate utilization, PVA, and ESPVR did not change. When oxygen saturation was further reduced, coronary blood flow rose no higher and ERm increased, but not enough to maintain MVO2. Lactate consumption decreased and ST segments rose, signaling a change from aerobic metabolism. MVO2 decrease was associated with a fall in PVA, which was due to a fall in blood pressure and a significant depression of the ESPVR. Specifically, the volume intercept of the ESPVR increased in all dogs (6.5-20.1 ml, p less than 0.0001), accounting for two thirds of the increase in end-systolic volume. The slope of the ESPVR decreased during hypoxia (13.3-6.1 mm Hg/ml, p less than 0.02), accounting for only one third of the observed increase in end-systolic volume. We believe that the evidence of anaerobic metabolism, the decrease in PVA, and the depression of the ESPVR demonstrates onset of oxygen supply limitation of MVO2. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that limited MVO2 may limit PVA. The hypoxic volume intercept alteration of the ESPVR is different from changes in the slope of ESPVR seen with other interventions. This may be analogous to recent observations in isolated muscle that show hypoxic depression in contractility to be different from other interventions. PMID- 3180353 TI - Effects of cellular uncoupling on conduction in anisotropic canine ventricular myocardium. AB - Experiments were performed on canine superfused ventricular epicardial tissue slices to determine the effects of 1.0-2.0 mM heptanol, an uncoupling agent, on conduction longitudinal and transverse to myocardial fiber orientation. Conduction velocities were measured between proximal and distal pairs of epicardial electrodes oriented transverse and longitudinal to the direction of a conducted wavefront evoked by pacing at a basic cycle length of 2,000 msec from one margin of the tissue before and after the addition of heptanol. In a separate group of tissues, the dual bipolar orthogonal electrode was used to sequentially map epicardial activation at 40 to 45 sites in a 1 cm x 2 cm area before and 30 minutes after the introduction of heptanol. In a third group of tissues, transmembrane potentials were recorded with standard microelectrode techniques to determine the effects of heptanol on action potential characteristics. Heptanol did not significantly effect action potential amplitude or maximum rate of depolarization. After 1.0 mM heptanol, conduction velocity began to decrease in 1 2 minutes and reached a steady state in 15-20 minutes. Conduction velocity in the longitudinal direction decreased from a control value of 0.56 +/- 0.13 to 0.46 +/ 0.10 M/sec (+/- SD) at 30 minutes after heptanol (p = 0.005). In the transverse direction, it decreased from 0.24 +/- 0.09 to 0.17 +/- 0.05 M/sec (p = 0.002). The ratio of longitudinal to transverse conduction velocities increased from 2.54 +/- 1.00 to 2.94 +/- 0.82 (p = 0.042). Thus, heptanol preferentially slowed conduction in the transverse direction. Because heptanol did not greatly influence active membrane properties, we used cable equations to calculate the time course of the change in effective junctional resistivity, which rose from 133.2 omega.cm before heptanol to 312.2 omega.cm 30 minutes after heptanol administration. We conclude that heptanol slows conduction velocity by selectively increasing junctional resistivity. The preferential slowing of conduction in the transverse direction is most likely due to the fact that more junctional resistances are encountered per unit distance in the transverse than in the longitudinal direction. PMID- 3180354 TI - Actions of a phorbol ester on factors regulating contraction in rabbit mesenteric artery. AB - The effects of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on isometric tension, unloaded shortening velocity determined using the slack test (Vmax), and phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC20) were investigated in intact and skinned muscle tissues of the rabbit mesenteric artery. In intact muscles exposed to 128 mM K+, the Vmax reached a maximum before the peak of the phasic component of contraction and reduced proportionally with changes in the amplitude of the subsequent tonic contraction. TPA (0.1 microM) enhanced to a greater extent the amplitude of the tonic than the phasic contraction. During the tonic phase, TPA enhanced the Vmax and amplitude of the contraction more than the phosphorylation of MLC20. In skinned muscles, Ca2+ (0.3-1.0 microM) increased the force, Vmax and MLC20 phosphorylation, in a dose dependent manner. The relation between any two of the above three parameters was always linear. TPA (0.1 microM) with phosphatidylserine (50 micrograms/ml) time-dependently increased the force and Vmax observed with 0.3-0.5 microM Ca2+. The relation between the force and Vmax shifted in the direction of that observed in the presence of high Ca2+, but in 0.5 microM Ca2+, TPA with phosphatidylserine showed little change in the phosphorylation of MLC20. As estimated from the actions of TPA, protein kinase C may contribute to activation of contractile proteins through MLC20 phosphorylation dependent and other regulatory processes. PMID- 3180356 TI - Arteriolar wall thickening in hypertensive rats unrelated to pressure or sympathoadrenergic influences. AB - We have previously reported that experimental aortic coarctation in rats is accompanied by non-pressure-related increases in the wall-to-lumen ratio (W/L) of cremaster arterioles. To investigate the role of the sympathoadrenergic system in this arteriolar wall thickening, we partially constricted or sham-constricted the abdominal aorta in adrenal-demedullated, 6-week-old rats that had had guanethidine injections to produce peripheral sympathectomy (S rats, n = 17 coarcted, 16 sham-coarcted) and in sham-demedullated, sham-sympathectomized control rats (SS rats, n = 13 coarcted, 15 sham-coarcted). In both SS and S rats with coarctation, tail and femoral arterial and conscious abdominal aortic pressures were not increased but carotid pressures rose by greater than 30% (p less than 0.01), accompanied by 46-75% increases in cardiac ventricular weight/body weight. In coarcted rats, 4-6 weeks after aortic constriction, compared with sham-coarcted rats, whether S or SS, observation of the cremaster microcirculation revealed increased wall area, wall thickness, and W/L of third- to fifth-order arterioles, both in the resting state and after maximal relaxation with topical nitroprusside. For example, in coarcted S rats wall area after nitroprusside was elevated by 24%, 39%, and 37% in third-, fourth-, and fifth order arterioles (p less than 0.01). These findings indicate that arteriolar wall thickening in hypertension may occur independently of intra-arterial pressure or sympathoadrenergic influences. Humoral growth factors may be involved. PMID- 3180355 TI - Rate-dependent effects of hypoxia on internal longitudinal resistance in guinea pig papillary muscles. AB - We have studied the independent and combined effects of 30 minutes' exposure to hypoxia and an increase in stimulation frequency from 0.5 Hz to 3.0 Hz on internal longitudinal resistance (ri) and conduction in guinea pig papillary muscles through the use of the voltage ratio method with air as the external insulator. Increasing stimulation frequency from 0.5 to 3.0 Hz in the presence of O2 caused no significant change in ri. Hypoxia to a level of PO2 = 30 mm Hg caused an increase in ri that averaged 13.7% at a stimulation frequency of 0.5 Hz and 46% at 3.0 Hz. In all experiments, the increase in ri during hypoxia at 3.0 Hz was greater than the increase at 0.5 Hz, but conduction velocity did not change at either rate. These results indicate that hypoxia causes rate-dependent cellular uncoupling but, under the conditions of our experiments, does not cause significant changes in conduction. PMID- 3180357 TI - Superoxide dismutase conjugated to polyethylene glycol provides sustained protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in canine heart. AB - Disagreement regarding the cardioprotective role of superoxide dismutase may relate to the use of different durations for induction of ischemic injury and reperfusion. The present study employed superoxide dismutase conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG-SOD), which has a half-life greater than 30 hours. Two protocols differing in the mode of administration and the duration of the reperfusion interval were used. Dogs were subjected to occlusion of the circumflex coronary artery for 90 minutes, then reperfused for 6 hours (Protocol A) or 4 days (Protocol B). The dogs received either polyethylene glycol conjugated to albumin (PEG-ALB) or PEG-SOD (1,000 U/kg). In Protocol A, treatment was administered starting 15 minutes before coronary occlusion and continued for 2 hours, terminating 15 minutes after reperfusion. Infarct size was determined 6 hours later. In Protocol B, the conjugated proteins were given 15 minutes before reperfusion and ended simultaneously with reperfusion. Infarct size was measured after 4 days. Infarct size (percentage of area at risk) in control (n = 9) and treated (n = 9) dogs in Protocol A differed between groups: 46.7 +/- 3.5% versus 28.3 +/- 2.9%, respectively (p less than or equal to 0.005); risk regions did not differ: 42.8 +/- 1.5% versus 43.8 +/- 2.1%, respectively. Myocardial salvage also was observed in Protocol B. Infarct size in control (n = 13) and treated (n = 13) groups was 44.2 +/- 2.6% versus 29.2 +/- 1.6%, respectively (p less than or equal to 0.005), with risk regions being 44.4 +/- 1.4% versus 46.0 +/- 1.6% (p = NS). Hemodynamic variables did not differ during the period of coronary artery occlusion. The respective collateral blood flows to the inner two thirds of the ischemic myocardium determined 60 minutes after occlusion were 0.05 +/- 0.01 ml/min/g and 0.06 +/- 0.04 ml/min/g (p = 0.806) for the PEG-ALB and PEG-SOD treated groups, respectively. Infarct size was related inversely to collateral blood flow in the PEG-ALB treated group. This relation shifted downward (analysis of covariance, p = 0.017). Plasma SOD activity in Protocols A sustained for 6 hours. Significant enzymatic activity was present after 4 days in Protocol B. Previous negative studies with native SOD may be related to the short half-life of its free-radical scavenging capacity, which compromises the chances of observing a protective effect after 4 days of reperfusion. The present results support our previous observations, as well as those of other investigators, demonstrating that superoxide dismutase can reduce that component of myocardial injury associated with reperfusion. PMID- 3180358 TI - Bimodal effect of stimulation on light fluctuation transients monitoring spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in rat cardiac muscle. AB - Microscopic, myofilament motion caused by spontaneous oscillatory Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of unstimulated rat papillary muscles produces scattered light intensity fluctuations (SLIF) in a laser beam scattered by the tissue. SLIF frequency increases with Ca2+ loading of resting muscle. We used novel time-gated SLIF measurements to determine how electrical stimulation (which per se both induces SR Ca2+ release and modulates total cellular Ca2+ loading) affects SLIF. Stimulation of thin rat, right ventricular muscles at 1 Hz in bathing [Ca2+] (Ca0) of 1.5 mM at 29 degrees C abolished SLIF for 5-7 seconds; SLIF then reappeared and monotonically increased for 10-15 seconds to reach the steady resting level. Resting force transients paralleled those of SLIF. The magnitude of depression and time course of recovery of both resting force and SLIF at this Ca0 vary inversely with the rate of prior stimulation and the number of stimuli given. An increase in Ca0 or disablement of the Na-K pump increased both resting SLIF and force; transient stimulation under these conditions (i.e., in a 2.5-5.5-second "diastolic window" after cessation of stimulation) augmented SLIF and force above the resting level. Isoproterenol caused a modest reduction of resting SLIF, but it transiently increased SLIF after stimulation up to 10 fold above the resting level. Nifedipine did not affect resting SLIF but transiently depressed SLIF after stimulation. Ryanodine abolished SLIF both after stimulation and at rest.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180359 TI - Spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release in rat and rabbit cardiac muscle: relation to transient and rested-state twitch tension. AB - Scattered light intensity fluctuations (SLIF) (which monitor spontaneous Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum [SR]) and resting and twitch tension were measured during intervals after stimulation in rat and rabbit papillary muscles. For 1 to 5 seconds after stimulation of rat muscle bathed in 1.5 mM [Ca2+] (Cao), twitch and resting tension are depressed and SLIF are transiently abolished. SLIF and resting tension then recover simultaneously and monotonically but lag behind the restitution of twitch tension. In the absence of further stimulation, SLIF persist and the rested state twitch amplitude remains potentiated. When Cao is increased above 2.5 mM, the restitution of all parameters following stimulation is accelerated and becomes oscillatory; the lag of SLIF and resting tension restitution behind that of the twitch increases such that twitch amplitude increases, overshoots, and decreases to a nadir as SLIF and resting tension reach their initial maximum. In a given muscle, the maximum twitch amplitude occurs at approximately the same level of SLIF; when this level is exceeded, either transiently during monotonic or oscillatory recovery after stimulation in a given Cao or in the steady rested state by an increase in Cao, twitch tension decreases. Ryanodine (1 microM), caffeine (10 mM), or replacement of Cao with strontium abolishes SLIF and causes twitch amplitude to decay with rest. In contrast to rat, twitch amplitude in rabbit muscle bathed in physiological Cao decays with rest and SLIF are nonmeasurable at any interval following stimulation. When Cao is increased to 20 mM during rest, SLIF occur and the rest decay of the twitch is abolished. We interpret the parallel behavior of SLIF and rest potentiation to indicate that in the presence of SLIF, the average SR Ca2+ load within the tissue is high. Depolarization of a tissue exhibiting SLIF causes a large twitch but also a transient depletion of the average SR Ca2+ load. That the restitution of SLIF lags behind recovery of twitch amplitude suggests that the onset of spontaneous SR Ca2+ release requires a delay following SR Ca2+ replenishment. The simultaneous occurrence of spontaneous Ca2+ release in a sufficient number of cells places an upper limit on twitch amplitude either during recovery following stimulation or at rest. PMID- 3180360 TI - [Dynamic changes in specific antibodies in sera of Mongolian jirds infected with Brugia malayi during the first year infection]. PMID- 3180361 TI - [Effects of pyrimethamine on the oocyst formation of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii]. PMID- 3180362 TI - [Identification of the short arm of the sex chromosome of the polytene chromosomes of the salivary gland of Anopheles sinensis]. PMID- 3180364 TI - [Ultrastructure of the miracidium of Paragonimus westermani]. PMID- 3180363 TI - [Observation on ultrastructure of Cysticercus cellulosae]. PMID- 3180366 TI - [Effects of Brugia malayi infection on the fecundity and survival rate of Anopheles sinensis]. PMID- 3180365 TI - [Studies on the effective components in protective sera against Plasmodium yoelii infections in mice]. PMID- 3180367 TI - The dental salesman makes a call. PMID- 3180368 TI - Not a laughing matter. Part II. PMID- 3180369 TI - Ways to improve the performance of the office sterilizer. PMID- 3180370 TI - Operation efficiency. PMID- 3180371 TI - Emergency stenting for acute occlusion after coronary balloon angioplasty. AB - Acute coronary artery occlusion complicates 2-12% of the balloon angioplasty procedures, and despite repeat angioplasty, emergency surgical revascularization is often necessary. We report our initial experience with the emergency implantation of endoluminal stents for acute vessel closure after coronary balloon angioplasty. Nine patients received one stent, and two patients received two stents during the study period. Implantation was technically successful in all patients; there were no deaths, no myocardial infarctions as evidenced by Q wave on the electrocardiogram, and no need for emergency surgery. One additional patient, not satisfying the study inclusion criteria, died 16 hours after stent implantation from left ventricular failure and intractable arrythmias. Two patients in the study group had a moderate creatinine phosphokinase rise during the first 48 hours after implantation. During a median follow-up period of 3 months (range, 1-20 months), there have been no deaths and no need for elective coronary bypass surgery. One patient required emergency recanalization 3 months after implantation because of acute occlusion of the stented segment with limited myocardial infarction. Six patients have undergone control angiography, and none has developed chronic restenosis within the stented segment. For selected patients, coronary artery stenting appears to be a promising alternative to emergency bypass surgery after acute vessel occlusion during balloon angioplasty. PMID- 3180372 TI - Termination of sustained ventricular tachycardia by ultrarapid subthreshold stimulation in humans. AB - Our purpose was to investigate the efficacy, safety, and electrophysiological mechanism of ultrarapid subthreshold electrical stimulation in terminating sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in humans. Fifteen patients with inducible sustained hemodynamically stable VT and whose VT cycle length ranged between 295 and 440 msec (337 +/- 60 msec) were included in this study. The stimulation threshold and ventricular myocardial effective refractory period were determined during VT, and the values ranged between 0.4 and 1.2 mA (mean, 0.7 +/- 0.3 mA) and between 185 and 245 msec (mean, 225 +/- 20 msec), respectively. Trains of ultrarapid subthreshold stimulation were delivered with cycle lengths of 100 to 10 msec in decremental steps of 10 msec. A 5-second pause was allowed between each step (decrement). A 2-msec pulse width was used in all patients, and a 4 msec pulse width was also tested in eight patients. Any apparent captured beat was disregarded. In eight (53%) patients, ultrarapid subthreshold stimulation terminated VT, and in the remaining seven (47%) patients, it did not. The lowest subthreshold stimulation that effectively terminated VT was 0.05 mA. In 10 patients, the site of early activity during VT was determined by endocardial catheter mapping, and subthreshold stimulation more effectively terminated VT in eight patients when it was applied close to the site of early activity. In seven patients who underwent mapping-guided arrhythmia surgery, subthreshold stimulation was applied close to the site of early activity and successfully terminated VT. In no patient did subthreshold stimulation produce acceleration of VT or induce ventricular fibrillation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180373 TI - Prediction of defibrillation success from a single defibrillation threshold measurement with sequential pulses and two current pathways in humans. AB - The ultimate aim of defibrillation testing is to predict consistent defibrillation. This study tested the hypothesis that defibrillation success could be predicted from a single measurement of defibrillation threshold. We measured defibrillation threshold by using three patch electrodes and a standard protocol intraoperatively in 49 patients undergoing arrhythmia surgery. Each patient was then assigned to one of five energy subgroups (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, or 2.5 times defibrillation threshold) for a single shock (followed by a rescue shock if necessary) for a subsequent ventricular fibrillation episode. A curve relating percent success to energy was then constructed for the group. Defibrillation threshold averaged 4.7 +/- 2.98 J for the group (mean +/- SD). There was a curvilinear relation between the energy of the defibrillation threshold ratio test shock and percent success: 33.3%, 58.3%, 81.8%, 91.7%, and 100% at mean defibrillation threshold ratios of 0.56 +/- 0.14, 1.02 +/- 0.07, 1.53 +/- 0.14, 1.88 +/- 0.09, and 2.60 +/- 0.14, respectively. We conclude that consistent defibrillation is predictable from a single measurement of defibrillation threshold. Furthermore, for an individual patient, a safety margin of 2.6 times defibrillation threshold should approximate 100% successful defibrillation for a single test shock. PMID- 3180374 TI - Long-term outcome of patients undergoing surgical repair of isolated pulmonary valve stenosis. Follow-up at 20-30 years. AB - In a group of 191 consecutive patients who underwent operation at the Mayo Clinic for isolated pulmonary valve stenosis between 1956 and 1967, late results were excellent. In patients surviving operation before the age of 21 years, long-term survival was similar to that in an age- and sex-matched control population. In the other patients, late survival and functional status were good, but survival was poorer than in the control population. This late attrition, most likely due to the sequelae of long-standing right ventricular hypertrophy, suggests the need for continued surveillance. Late sudden death occurred in only three patients, between 10 and 21 years postoperatively. The finding of normal life expectancy for such patients who survive operation before age 21 is important for actuarial purposes and for the patients' career and employment plans. PMID- 3180375 TI - Can coronary angiography predict the site of a subsequent myocardial infarction in patients with mild-to-moderate coronary artery disease? AB - To help determine if coronary angiography can predict the site of a future coronary occlusion that will produce a myocardial infarction, the coronary angiograms of 42 consecutive patients who had undergone coronary angiography both before and up to a month after suffering an acute myocardial infarction were evaluated. Twenty-nine patients had a newly occluded coronary artery. Twenty-five of these 29 patients had at least one artery with a greater than 50% stenosis on the initial angiogram. However, in 19 of 29 (66%) patients, the artery that subsequently occluded had less than a 50% stenosis on the first angiogram, and in 28 of 29 (97%), the stenosis was less than 70%. In every patient, at least some irregularity of the coronary wall was present on the first angiogram at the site of the subsequent coronary obstruction. In only 10 of the 29 (34%) did the infarction occur due to occlusion of the artery that previously contained the most severe stenosis. Furthermore, no correlation existed between the severity of the initial coronary stenosis and the time from the first catheterization until the infarction (r2 = 0.0005, p = NS). These data suggest that assessment of the angiographic severity of coronary stenosis may be inadequate to accurately predict the time or location of a subsequent coronary occlusion that will produce a myocardial infarction. PMID- 3180376 TI - Intrathoracic spatial location of specified coronary segments on the normal human heart. Applications in quantitative arteriography, assessment of regional risk and contraction, and anatomic display. AB - The clinically important coronary segmental anatomy has been described in a format useful for quantitative analysis and standardized display. We have determined the intrathoracic location and course of each of the 23 coronary artery segments and branches commonly used for clinical description of disease. Measurements were averaged from perpendicular angiographic view-pairs in 37 patients with normal-sized hearts. Each segment or branch is described by several points along its course; each point is specified in polar coordinates as the radial distance from the principal coronary ostium and by angles about the patient, corresponding to those describing rotation in c-arm radiographic systems. This computer-assisted measurement method is accurate to within +/- 0.2 cm (SD) and +/- 2 degrees in phantom studies. Coronary segment location among a group of normal-sized hearts can be specified to within +/- 1.0 cm (SD). For example, the left anterior descending coronary artery segment at the apex of the heart is 12.2 +/- 1.0 cm from the left coronary ostium, 32 +/- 4 degrees to the left of the anterioposterior axis, and at 46 +/- 7 degrees of caudal angulation. There are several clinically important applications of this new knowledge. First, this anatomic format provides the basis for estimating regional myocardial contraction and the relative size of the myocardial region at risk from a given arterial occlusion. Second, precise knowledge of "normal" segment location greatly simplifies the computation of dimensional correction factors for quantitative arteriography. Third, viewing angles most appropriate for videodensitometric assessment of lesion lumen area may be computed from these data. The theoretical basis and numerical values needed for most of the above estimates are provided. Finally, a computer program has been written to generate a three-dimensional tree-branch vascular model from these anatomic locations. This easily used interactive program aids in teaching coronary angiographic anatomy and, of importance, permits selection of viewing angles that "best" visualize the traditionally difficult parts of the coronary tree. PMID- 3180377 TI - Improvement in symptoms and left ventricular performance after balloon aortic valvuloplasty in patients with aortic stenosis and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. AB - The application of balloon aortic valvuloplasty to elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis and a low ventricular ejection fraction is undefined. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty was performed in a subset of 28 patients with low left ventricular ejection fraction (37 +/- 11%), severe aortic stenosis, and a mean age of 79 +/- 5 years. After valvuloplasty, significant increases were seen in aortic valve area (from 0.5 +/- 0.1 to 0.9 +/- 0.2 cm2), aortic systolic pressure (from 120 +/- 12 to 135 +/- 22 mm Hg), and cardiac output (from 4.2 +/- 1.1 to 4.8 +/- 1.6 l/min) (p less than 0.01), and significant decreases were seen in transaortic pressure gradient (from 69 +/- 25 to 35 +/- 15 mm Hg) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (from 24 +/- 9 to 20 +/- 7 mm Hg) (p less than 0.01). All patients had symptomatically improved at the time of discharge. Serial radionuclide ventriculography showed an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction from 37 +/- 11% before valvuloplasty to 44 +/- 14% within 48 hours after dilatation and to 49 +/- 13% at 3 months after dilatation. However, there was substantial heterogeneity of response. Thirteen patients (group A) showed progressive increases in left ventricular ejection fraction (from 34 +/- 11% to 49 +/- 15% to 58 +/- 11%, p less than 0.0001), whereas 15 patients (group B) showed no significant change in ejection fraction (from 41 +/- 10% to 40 +/- 13% to 41 +/- 10%, p = NS) over 3 months. There was no difference between these groups with respect to age, extent of coronary artery disease, history of myocardial infarction, and aortic valve area before and after valvuloplasty. However, peak systolic wall stress and left ventricular dimensions were higher in group B compared with group A. In conclusion, balloon aortic valvuloplasty may result in symptomatic improvement in patients with aortic stenosis and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction; some patients develop progressive increases in ejection fraction, whereas others fail to show improvement. PMID- 3180379 TI - Regional myocardial free fatty acid extraction in normal and ischemic myocardium. AB - The rate constant for free fatty acid influx (k1) was studied in normal and ischemic myocardium. In 15 normal subjects and 30 patients with coronary artery disease, 201Tl and 15-(p-123I-iodophenyl)-pentadecanoic acid (IPPA) were administered during exercise under fasting conditions and at rest. In 10 patients, the study was repeated after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; in three patients, the study was repeated after infarction. The initial accumulation of IPPA, related to that of 201Tl (both background and crossover corrected), was used for determinations of the regional rate constant of IPPA influx into myocardial tissue (k1*). In normal subjects, no significant differences in k1* between major myocardial segments were found; the average value of k1* was 0.57 +/- 0.13/min (mean +/- SD) at rest and 0.42 +/- 0.06/min at exercise (average workload, 123 +/- 47 W). With increasing free fatty acid plasma concentration and perfusion, free fatty acid influx increased in a saturable fashion. The Michaelis-Menten constant (KM*) and the maximal velocity (Vmax*) for IPPA influx into myocardial tissue were estimated to be 470 nmol/g and 430 nmol/g.min, respectively. In ischemic areas, k1* was reduced to 57 +/- 18% of k1* value in nonaffected segments. The areas were larger than those showing reduced 201Tl uptake. Preinfarction and postinfarction studies showed that the size of 201Tl defects in postinfarction images corresponded with the size of the area with reduced k1* observed in preinfarction scintigrams. Revascularization led to an increase of 201Tl uptake and to normalization of k1*. PMID- 3180378 TI - Abnormal I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial washout and distribution may reflect myocardial adrenergic derangement in patients with congestive cardiomyopathy. AB - I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is a new radiopharmaceutical with properties that allow the characterization of the sympathetic innervation of several organ systems. In this study, we used MIBG with tomographic imaging to evaluate noninvasively the differences in myocardial sympathetic innervation in 14 healthy volunteers and 16 patients with severe dilated cardiomyopathy (CM). Initial (15 minute) images demonstrated no significant differences in MIBG concentration in the hearts of patients with CM and of healthy volunteers. However, the myocardial retention of MIBG was significantly reduced in the patients with CM. Expressed as the percent washout from 15 to 85 minutes, the patients with CM had a 28 +/- 12% washout rate compared with 6 +/- 8% in the controls (p less than 0.001). A small subset of patients from each group imaged at 4-hour intervals demonstrated even greater disparity in washout rates. In addition, the patients with CM had significantly greater heterogeneity in the MIBG activity distribution within the myocardial images. There was 47 +/- 15% intraimage variability in MIBG distribution in the patients with CM and 22 +/- 9% variation in the controls (p less than 0.001). We conclude from these data that the myocardial distribution and kinetics of MIBG in images obtained from patients with CM differ significantly from those of controls and that the MIBG patterns may be used as a relatively noninvasive means to evaluate the severity of altered adrenergic innervation in the hearts of these patients. PMID- 3180380 TI - Differential response to right and left ansae subclaviae stimulation of early afterdepolarizations and ventricular tachycardia induced by cesium in dogs. AB - Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) are depolarizing potentials that occur before complete repolarization. They may be important in the acquired and possibly the idiopathic long QT syndrome and associated ventricular tachycardia (VT). The purpose of these experiments was to study in 20 open-chest dogs the effects of sympathetic stimulation on EADs and VT produced with cesium chloride (84 mg/kg i.v.) alone or combined with left (LAS), right (RAS), or bilateral (BAS) ansae subclaviae stimulation (2 Hz, 4 msec, 2 mA). We compared the EAD amplitude and area as a percentage of monophasic action potential amplitude and area, respectively, recorded simultaneously with contact electrodes from right (RV) and left ventricular (LV) endocardium and recorded the prevalence of VT induction during each intervention. Both LAS and BAS produced left ventricular EADs with larger amplitudes and areas than did RAS or cesium alone. BAS and LAS produced larger EADs recorded from the LV than from the RV. Cesium produced VT in six of 20 dogs, RAS in three of 20, BAS in 12 of 20, and LAS in 16 of 20. Norepinephrine (0.1-1.5 micrograms/kg/min) caused VT in all dogs by producing a dose-related increase in EAD amplitude that was similar in RV and LV, suggesting that the response of RV and LV EADs to catecholamine stimulation was not intrinsically different. During stimulation of left ansae subclaviae at increasing frequencies (1, 2, 4, and 6 Hz), EADs were significantly larger in LV than in RV at all stimulus frequencies, and the amplitude of EADs in both ventricles increased with increasing stimulus frequencies. Based on the increased LV amplitude and area of cesium chloride-induced EADs during LAS and BAS, with EAD amplitude dependent on the frequency of LAS but with an equal RV and LV EAD amplitude during norepinephrine infusion, it is possible that more norepinephrine released into the LV during LAS and BAS compared with RAS causes larger amplitude LV EADs that reach threshold to cause VT more often. Thus, quantitative differences between the effects of left and right stellate ganglia stimulation rather than qualitative differences or imbalance may account for the arrhythmogenic potential of the left stellate ganglion. PMID- 3180382 TI - Contribution of pulmonary receptors to the heart rate response to acute hypoxemia in rabbits. AB - We studied the effect of pulmonary afferent activity on the heart rate response to a progressive, isocapnic decrease in oxygen saturation (SaO2) in anesthetized rabbits. To abolish the effect of rapidly adapting receptors, we used inhaled bupivacaine aerosol, and to abolish the effect of slowly adapting stretch receptor activity, we used sulfur dioxide insufflation. The heart rate (HR) response (delta HR/delta SaO2) under control conditions was 0.39 +/- 1.29 beats/min/% (mean +/- SD, n = 11; values greater than 0 indicate a tachycardiac response to hypoxemia). After sulfur dioxide insufflation, all nine rabbits had a bradycardiac response (-2.02 +/- 1.13 beats/min/%), which was significantly less than control (p less than 0.0001). After bupivacaine inhalation, the heart rate response (0.27 +/- 1.04 beats/min/%) was unchanged from control. There were no significant differences in the percent increase of minute ventilation during hypoxemia in all runs. Our results indicate that in rabbits the receptors responsible for the increase in heart rate during progressive hypoxemia are the slowly adapting receptors. PMID- 3180381 TI - Short-term hemodynamic effects of vasopressin V1-receptor inhibition in chronic right-sided congestive heart failure. AB - Arginine vasopressin is elevated in congestive heart failure. To determine the effect of arginine vasopressin upon systemic hemodynamics and regional blood flows, we administered the specific inhibitor of the vascular action of vasopressin [1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid),2-(O methyl)-tyrosine]-arginine vasopressin [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP] to 15 dogs with chronic right-heart failure produced by tricuspid avulsion and progressive pulmonary artery constriction. The animals exhibited increased plasma arginine vasopressin and norepinephrine levels. Vasopressin inhibition increased cardiac output and left ventricular dP/dt and dP/dt/P, and it decreased total peripheral vascular resistance, whereas mean aortic pressure did not change significantly. Simultaneously, blood flow increased to skeletal muscle, kidneys, skin, and right and left ventricular myocardium. Plasma catecholamines also increased. Pretreatment with propranolol and prazosin abolished the increases in cardiac output and left ventricular function produced by vasopressin inhibition. Pretreatment also led to a decrease in mean aortic pressure after vasopressor inhibition. In contrast, administration of d(CH)2)5Tyr(Me)AVP to 11 sham-operated animals or administration of normal saline to nine sham-operated and eight heart failure dogs was without effect either in the absence or in the presence of adrenergic receptor blockade. Thus, arginine vasopressin participates in the control of the circulation in right-sided congestive heart failure, with both a direct constrictor action on blood vessels and an indirect action by inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 3180383 TI - Subendocardial and subepicardial wall thickening during ischemia in exercising dogs. AB - To determine whether ischemia in the exercising dog is associated with preservation of subepicardial thickening relative to subendocardial thickening, 10 dogs were chronically instrumented with circumflex artery flow probes, hydraulic occluders, and pairs of ultrasonic microcrystals for determination of wall thickness in the circumflex artery distribution. One pair of crystals spanned the entire ventricular wall (transmural), and the other spanned the outer half of the ventricular wall. Inner wall thickness was computed as the difference between transmural wall thickness and outer wall thickness. Dogs performed control treadmill exercise and exercise with a coronary stenosis that reduced circumflex artery flow to resting control levels. Percent systolic thickening at rest for the transmural, inner, and outer regions was 21.3 +/- 11.8%, 35.5 +/- 20.3%, and 10.3 +/- 5.0% (mean +/- SD), respectively. During exercise without stenosis, systolic thickening increased to 143 +/- 37% of control for outer wall crystals and 137 +/- 26% of control for the inner portion of the wall. During exercise, the addition of a coronary stenosis caused a reduction in thickening to 17.7 +/- 28.5% of control for the outer wall and 40.1 +/- 32.3% of control for the inner portion of the wall; these were not significantly different. In contrast, normalized inner wall blood flow during exercise with circumflex artery stenosis (25.0 +/- 16.0%) was significantly less than for the outer portion of the wall (48.5 +/- 20.9%). Further, there was a close relation between changes in inner wall thickening and inner wall blood flow (r = 0.84), whereas there was only a very weak relation between changes in outer wall blood flow and function (r = 0.62; p = 0.04). During ischemia in the exercising dog, outer wall thickening is depressed out of proportion to reductions in outer wall blood flow and is not preserved relative to inner wall thickening. PMID- 3180384 TI - Oscillations of conduction, action potential duration, and refractoriness. A mechanism for spontaneous termination of reentrant tachycardias. AB - The mechanism of cycle length oscillation and its role in spontaneous termination of reentry was studied in an in vitro preparation of canine atrial tissue surrounding the tricuspid orifice. Reentry occurred around a fixed path with incomplete recovery of excitability. Among 18 experiments, there was complete concordance between the occurrence of spontaneous cycle length oscillation and spontaneous terminations; both were observed in 10 experiments and neither in the other eight (p less than 0.001). Local changes in conduction during oscillations resulted from the dependence of both conduction velocity and action potential duration on the preceding local diastolic interval. Interval-dependent changes in action potential duration contributed to the oscillation by altering the next diastolic interval. Because of changes in action potential duration, changes in cycle length were poorly correlated with changes in diastolic interval and, therefore, with local conduction velocity. Complex oscillations resulted from variations in conduction time at multiple sites in the circuit. Oscillations caused most spontaneous terminations. The critical event was an exceptionally long diastolic interval preceding the next-to-last cycle that accelerated local conduction (which tended to shorten the last cycle) and prolonged action potential duration and refractoriness at the site of block. Ninety-two of 99 recordings of spontaneous termination showed evidence of oscillation of conduction and refractoriness causing block. PMID- 3180385 TI - Radiofrequency current directed across the mitral anulus with a bipolar epicardial-endocardial catheter electrode configuration in dogs. AB - This study tested the capability of low-power radiofrequency current delivered through a bipolar "epicardial-endocardial" catheter electrode configuration to produce discrete epicardial left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) necrosis adjacent to the mitral anulus for potential application in ablating left free wall accessory atrioventricular pathways. In 15 anesthetized, closed-chest dogs, a 6F electrode catheter was inserted via the jugular vein into the coronary sinus (CS). A second catheter was inserted via the femoral artery into the left ventricle and positioned beneath the mitral valve, high against the anulus, and directly opposite the CS electrode. The LV tip electrode was positioned to record the largest LA potential to ensure proximity to the anulus. Thirty-four sites were tested (five anterior, 14 lateral, and 15 posterior). Radiofrequency current (continuous wave, 625 kHz) was delivered between the CS and LV electrodes at 37 55 V (median, 41 V) for 4-60 seconds (median, 20 seconds). Current ranged from 0.10 to 0.35 A (median, 0.18 A), resulting in power ranging from 4.3 to 19.2 W (median, 7.3 W) and total energy of 51-446 J (median, 152 J). Dogs were sacrificed 2-9 days later. The CS was grossly intact in all dogs and thrombosed in one dog. The circumflex artery was grossly normal in all dogs. Necrosis of a small segment of the arterial wall was found microscopically in one dog. Lesions were identified at 30 of the 34 sites. Twenty-two (73%) of the 30 lesions consisted of a cylindrical-shaped area of necrosis extending between the anulus and CS with diameter ranging from 2.1 to 15.0 mm (median, 4.0 mm). Atrial and ventricular epicardial necrosis extended 0-7.0 mm (median, 2.5 mm) and 0-6.8 mm (median, 2.6 mm) beyond the anulus, respectively. At the remaining eight (27%) sites, little or no epicardial injury occurred, possibly because of downward displacement of LV electrode (four sites) or positioning of LV electrode within a trabecular recess (four sites). We conclude that 1) radiofrequency current delivered between CS and LV produced, at 22 (65%) of 34 sites, LA and LV necrosis adjacent to the anulus without rupture of the CS and that 2) large, sharp LA potentials help identify an optimal anular location of LV electrode. This technique may have clinical usefulness for ablating left free-wall accessory atrioventricular connections. PMID- 3180386 TI - Effects of load alteration and coronary perfusion pressure on regional end systolic relations. AB - Left ventricular end-systolic pressure-wall thickness and pressure-segment length relations have been used to assess regional myocardial contractility. The purpose of these studies was to determine whether the method of afterload alteration, coronary perfusion pressure, and the definition of end systole affected regional end-systolic relations. In paced open-chest pig hearts (n = 10), left ventricular pressure, wall thickness, and segment length were measured during vena caval occlusions. First, regional end-systolic relations were obtained before and after an increase in afterload with intravenous phenylephrine. This comparison was performed with the coronary circulation intact (closed loop) and with coronary perfusion pressure controlled extracorporeally (open loop). Second, with the open loop preparation, the independent effect of a range of coronary perfusion pressures (45-155 mm Hg) on end-systolic relations was assessed. In both procedures, end systole was defined by the maximal isochronal slope, termed regional Emax, and by the maximal ratio of left ventricular pressure to regional dimension, termed Ees. In the first procedure, the slope and x-axis intercept of regional Emax were unchanged with phenylephrine. In contrast, the slope of Ees decreased with phenylephrine, consistent with a decrease in contractility. The extrapolated x-axis intercept of Ees shifted in a direction consistent with an increase in contractility. In the second procedure, increases in coronary perfusion pressure did not affect regional Emax but increased the slope of Ees. A decrease in the coronary perfusion pressure, particularly with ischemia, shifted the x-axis intercepts of both Emax and Ees in a direction consistent with a decrease in contractility. Thus, regional end-systolic relations in intact hearts are dependent on the method of afterload alteration and the coronary perfusion pressure. Furthermore, Emax differs from Ees, so the assessment of regional relations depends on how end systole is defined. PMID- 3180387 TI - To switch or not to switch? The Senning alternative. AB - We analyzed the fate of 100 consecutive patients with simple arterial transposition who were admitted within the first 2 weeks of life to the Hospital for Sick Children during the period 1978-1986. In contrast to current practice, these patients were managed with the objective of performing a Senning operation as the definitive procedure. Five of these 100 patients died on the first day of life of sequelae of perinatal hypoxia, four died within the first month of life (often of complications of catheterization and septostomy), and three died later than the first month but before definitive operation (12% preoperative mortality). There were four operative deaths, and two late deaths have occurred to date. Actuarial survival was 84% at 5 years and 81% at 9 years. The postoperative attrition rate was 0.4 deaths per 100 patient-years. Actuarial survival of all patients treated for simple arterial transposition seems to be the best index for comparing arterial switch with interatrial repair protocols, because each protocol is associated with different patterns of preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative mortality. PMID- 3180388 TI - Energy expenditure of autoperfusing heart-lung preparation. AB - The autoperfused heart-lung preparation was developed as a method for extending the acceptable donor-to-recipient interval in clinical heart-lung transplantation. Metabolic substrate enhancement has been shown to be necessary for the survival and homeostasis of the functioning preparation. To define basic metabolic requirements and to determine the resting energy expenditure of the working canine heart-lung preparation, two groups were studied. Ten canine heart lung blocks were placed in a normothermic autoperfusion circuit. In Group 1 (n = 5), a hyperalimentation solution of balanced substrate was infused (15% dextrose, 4.25% amino acids, 8 meq magnesium sulfate, 30 IU/dl insulin, and 10% lipids). In Group 2 (n = 5), no substrate was given. The preparations were ventilated with a mixture of room air and 5% CO2 at a rate of 4 breaths/min to maintain physiological pH. Myocardial function was assessed by cardiac output determinations and mixed venous gases. Pulmonary function was assessed with arterial blood gases. The oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were measured with a Metabolic Cart, and the resting energy expenditure was calculated. The mean survival time for Group 1 was 360 minutes, and all preparations were terminated electively. The mean survival time for Group 2 was 219 +/- 43 minutes (p less than 0.01) with congestive heart failure as the common terminal event. All parameters of cardiac function and blood gases remained within physiological limits without significant differences between groups. The resting energy expenditure, a measure of metabolic rate, was 2.5 +/- 0.3 kcal/hr in Group 1 and 1.0 +/- 0.2 in Group 2 at termination (mean +/- SD) (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180389 TI - Effect of perioperative myocardial infarction on survival of postcardiotomy patients supported with ventricular-assist devices. AB - Ventricular-assist devices (VAD) have increased survival in patients with postcardiotomy shock, but the predictors of success need to be elucidated. We evaluated 45 patients treated with centrifugal (n = 18) or pulsatile (n = 27) VAD for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock to determine the effect of perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI) on survival. The patients ranged in age from 15 to 72 years (mean age, 55.1 years). VAD support was left ventricular in 29, right ventricular in seven, and biventricular in nine, and the flow-rate range was 1.6 5.2 l/min (mean rate, 3.97 l/min) for 0.2-22 days (mean time, 4.1 days). PMI was determined by analysis of postoperative electrocardiogram (EKG), enzyme levels, or at necropsy. PMI was considered "possible" if there were either EKG or enzyme level changes, and "definite" if there were EKG and enzyme level changes or necropsy evidence. Of the 45 patients, 19 were successfully weaned from ventricular assistance; 12 were discharged (Group 1), and seven died (Group 2); the remaining 26 patients could not be weaned from VAD support (Group 3). In Group 1, one patient had a definite PMI, and three had a possible PMI. Among the 33 nonsurvivors (Groups 2 and 3), 24 patients had PMI by necropsy examination. Definite PMI was much more common in nonsurvivors (72.7%) than in survivors (8.3%) (p less than 0.05). However, Group 2 nonsurvivors were weaned despite PMI in 100% of cases. These data suggest that, although PMI is a strong negative determinant of survival in postcardiotomy patients, it cannot be considered a contraindication because it does not preclude myocardial recovery. PMID- 3180390 TI - First clinical results with a new temperature-controlled rate-responsive pacemaker. Comparison of Activitrax and Nova MR pacemakers with VVI/AAI pacing. AB - We examined the cardiopulmonary effects of maximum bicycle ergometer exercise in seven patients with implanted Intermedics Nova MR pacemakers for three types of pacing in a randomized sequence: VVI or AAI at 70 beats/min (SSI 70), rate adaptive temperature-controlled pacing with the implanted Nova MR, and rate adaptive activity-controlled pacing with a Medtronic Activitrax pacemaker taped to the chest wall, which triggered the implanted Nova MR in the VVT or AAT mode by skin electrodes. The maximum exercise tolerance was 67 W with SSI 70, 71 W with Activitrax pacing, and 91 W with Nova MR pacing; the maximum oxygen uptake as 17.6, 19.5, and 21.5 ml/min/kg, respectively. The highest heart rate achieved was 81 beats/min with SSI 70, 98 beats/min with the Activitrax, and 118 beats/min with the Nova MR on average; the mean rate increase from rest to maximum exercise was 11, 29, and 47 beats/min, respectively. With both rate-adaptive types of pacing (Nova MR and Activitrax), an increase in exercise tolerance and maximum heart rate could be achieved, but this increase was significantly more obvious with the temperature-controlled Nova MR than with the activity-controlled Activitrax. However, with a different form of exercise, for example, treadmill ergometry, the rate response of the Activitrax would presumably have been somewhat clearer. PMID- 3180391 TI - Myocardial oxygen use during epinephrine administration to ischemically injured canine hearts. AB - The rationale for inotropic support by epinephrine during cardiac surgery and the early postoperative period was examined in 11 dogs after 20 minutes of normothermic ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion. Ischemia reduced myocardial adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) content by 37%. Left ventricular performance was assessed from pressure-dimension loops generated by minor-axis-diameter crystals for a range of controlled loading as high as end-diastolic pressures of 15 mm Hg. Myocardial oxygen consumption was determined at 6-9 steady-state steps throughout this range, including those at basal conditions of the empty beating ventricle. The hearts were artificially paced at 160 beats/min. Higher oxygen consumption with epinephrine (0.5 microgram/min/kg) administration was demonstrated at all levels of left ventricular performance and at all end-diastolic lengths. Several mechanisms for higher oxygen cost for similar external work performances have been suggested. From this study, it appears that increased uptake of free fatty acids, which increased threefold during epinephrine infusion, contributes to less efficient use of oxygen for mechanical work. We conclude that the use of inotropic support in ischemically injured hearts for reasons other than overt heart failure is not well based because myocardial oxygen consumption increases even when greater work is performed at lower end-diastolic dimensions. PMID- 3180392 TI - Potential distribution mapping. New method for precise localization of intramural septal origin of ventricular tachycardia. AB - Ventricular tachycardia that requires surgical management frequently arises from intramural sites in the ventricular septum. However, epicardial and endocardial activation-time maps are incapable of identifying these intramural sites. To overcome this limitation, we have developed potential-distribution mapping with newly designed epicardial and endocardial electrodes for the right and left ventricles. During normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in eight dogs, these endocardial electrodes were introduced into the right ventricular and left ventricular cavities through right and left atriotomies. The heart was paced with a plunge-needle electrode positioned to mimic ventricular tachycardias originating intramurally in the ventricular septum. Potential-distribution maps were then constructed from 61 epicardial, 30 right ventricular endocardial, and 31 left ventricular endocardial unipolar electrograms to determine if surface potential-distribution maps could localize the intramural septal pacing site. The primary potential minima (less than -3 mV) in both right ventricular and left ventricular endocardium occurred in the electrodes closest to the intramural septal pacing site. At the instant of occurrence of the primary potential minimum, the amplitude of the adjacent potential maximum was more positive when the pacing site was more distant from the endocardial surface. Therefore, the amplitude of the coexisting potential maximum was an important indicator of depth of the pacing site. The time difference between the occurrence of right ventricular and left ventricular primary potential minima correlated with depth of the intramural pacing site and was also a valid predictor of the intramural pacing site. The intramural pacing site interpolated from the endocardial sites and the time difference of right ventricular and left ventricular primary potential minima was within 3.2 +/- 1.2 mm of the actual pacing site determined by postmortem examination. Endocardial breakthrough of wavefronts on the right ventricular and left ventricular septal surfaces obtained from corresponding activation-time maps were less accurate in indicating the electrodes closest to the pacing site. Neither epicardial activation-time maps nor potential distribution maps were capable of identifying the intramural septal pacing site. Thus, unlike conventional endocardial activation-time maps, endocardial potential distribution maps are capable of more accurate localization of the origin of ventricular tachycardias arising in the intramural ventricular septum. PMID- 3180393 TI - Long-term valvular function after total repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Relation to ventricular arrhythmias. AB - Patients with total repair of tetralogy of Fallot may have residual valvular dysfunction, the long-term effect of which is poorly defined. We prospectively studied 59 patients for 18 +/- 5 (mean +/- SD) years postoperatively by Doppler echocardiography and by 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring. Right ventricular outflow gradients were estimated from the peak continuous-wave Doppler pulmonary artery velocity. The severity of valvular regurgitation was determined by mapping the proximal chamber by pulsed Doppler methods. Right ventricular diastolic cavity area was measured by planimetry of the apical image. The right ventricular outflow tract gradient had a mean value of 9.4 +/- 9.0 mm Hg (range, 0-58 mm Hg; median, 6.6 mm Hg). Pulmonary regurgitation was present in 78% of patients, with 59% of patients graded as mild and 19% as moderate. Tricuspid regurgitation was found in 65% of patients, with 56% of patients graded as mild, 7% as moderate, and 2% as severe. The severity of pulmonary regurgitation correlated with right ventricular cavity area (p less than 0.05). The severity of tricuspid regurgitation was not related to pulmonary stenosis or to the severity of pulmonary regurgitation. Aortic regurgitation is unusual (n = 11) and correlates with aortic root size. The frequency and type of ventricular arrhythmia were not related to the severity of pulmonary stenosis; however, ventricular bigeminy and couplets were related to the severity of pulmonary regurgitation (p less than 0.025). The majority of patients with total repair of tetralogy of Fallot have remarkably good long-term valvular function. For the minority with moderate or severe valvular dysfunction, pulmonary regurgitation is the best marker for ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 3180394 TI - Percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass limits myocardial injury from ischemic fibrillation and reperfusion. AB - Percutaneous implementation of cardiopulmonary bypass (PCPB) with a synchronous pulsatile pump has been shown to be an efficient means of unloading the heart. Therefore, this technique may provide a practical and effective method for treating patients undergoing a major cardiac catastrophe who are unresponsive to the usual resuscitative efforts. We tested whether PCPB could effectively unload the heart and provide myocardial salvage during left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion complicated by ventricular fibrillation in the canine model (n = 13). All 13 dogs fibrillated within 20 minutes of LAD occlusion, and none could be successfully resuscitated by manual cardiac compression, sodium bicarbonate administration, antiarrhythmic agent administration, and electrical defibrillation. All 13 dogs were then placed on PCPB by way of the right jugular vein and right femoral artery; in seven, we used a synchronous pulsatile pump and in six a standard roller pump. No vent was placed in the left ventricle. All animals returned to normal sinus rhythm within 20 minutes of institution of PCPB. The LAD snare was released after 2 hours, and all animals were maintained on PCPB during 3 hours of reperfusion. At sacrifice, the area of infarction was determined by staining with triphenyltetrazolium chloride and was expressed as a percentage of the left ventricular area-at-risk for infarction. The tension time index was also measured and expressed as percent change from baseline. The left ventricular area-at-risk for infarction was similar in both groups (31.5% for roller pump vs. 29.2% for pulsatile pump; p greater than 0.05), but the area of infarction as a percentage of the area at risk was significantly smaller in the pulsatile-pump group (22.0%) than in the roller-pump group (35.4%; p less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180395 TI - New pluronic-free perfluorocarbon cardioplegia improves myocardial oxygenation. AB - Cardioplegic protection with oxygenated lecithin-emulsified methyl adamantane, a perfluorocarbon with high oxygen solubility, was compared with oxygenated crystalloid cardioplegic solution in an ischemic rabbit heart model. The cardioplegic solutions had identical salt compositions with a potassium concentration of 15 meq/l. Eighteen isolated rabbit hearts underwent 180 minutes of global ischemia at 30 degrees C, followed by a 45-minute period of reperfusion at 37 degrees C. During the ischemic period, cardioplegic solution was infused every 30 minutes, and myocardial oxygen extraction was calculated. Left ventricular function was assessed before and after ischemia by measuring left ventricular isovolumic developed pressure and the first derivative of pressure (dP/dt). Cardioplegia oxygen extraction for the methyl adamantane hearts was 230 +/- 11 ml of O2/100 g heart wt and 150 +/- 25 ml O2/100 g heart wt for the crystalloid hearts (p less than 0.05). Recovery of dP/dt at 30 minutes of reperfusion, expressed as a percentage of preischemic control, was 80% +/- 3% for the methyl adamantane hearts and 61% +/- 3% for the crystalloid hearts (p less than 0.05). The developed pressure for the methyl adamantane hearts was 73% +/- 3% and for the crystalloid hearts, 62% +/- 2% (p less than 0.05). In this global ischemia model, perfluorocarbon emulsified with egg-yolk phospholipid improved oxygen delivery and postischemic myocardial performance compared with an oxygenated crystalloid cardioplegic solution. PMID- 3180396 TI - Effects of acute hypoxia and reoxygenation in a blood-perfused neonatal heart model. AB - Newborn (less than 4-day old) piglet hearts (n = 7) were isolated and perfused with blood from a support pig. With use of a reservoir and membrane oxygenator, each heart was perfused for 90 minutes with blood at an O2 saturation of 40% and a pH of 7.4-7.5, at a left atrial pressure of 9 mm Hg, and at an aortic root pressure of 80 mm Hg. Blood saturation was increased to 100%, and the left atrial pressure decreased to 6 mm Hg for 60 minutes. Minute work indexes were calculated for each heart before hypoxia, every 30 minutes during hypoxia, and at 30 and 60 minutes of reoxygenation. Control hearts (n = 8) were treated in an identical fashion, but O2 saturation was maintained at 100%. Myocardial function decreased in the neonatal hearts exposed to hypoxia and reoxygenation. Control hearts did not suffer any significant decrease in function. Nucleotide levels were similar in both groups at the completion of the experiment. Anaerobic metabolism was demonstrated in the hypoxic hearts by net release of lactic acid during the period of hypoxia. This model can be used to study methods of intervention in the working hypoxic neonatal heart. PMID- 3180398 TI - Cross-clamping the thoracic aorta. Effect on intracranial pressure. AB - A clinical case is reported indicating that intracranial pressure (ICP) rises with cross-clamping of the thoracic aorta (CCTA) in humans and does not fall if arterial blood pressure (BP) is lowered by nitroprusside. Hantler and Knight (Anesthesiology 1982;56:146-147) also reported a similar case. We investigated this phenomenon prospectively, measuring ICP, aortic arch BP, and right atrial pressure in 10 halothane-anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits ventilated to pH 7.45-7.55. When CCTA was applied, BP and ICP rose significantly (by paired t test, p less than or equal to 0.01), although right atrial pressure did not change. After removal of the cross-clamp and a period of stabilization, BP was elevated to the same level as that attained with CCTA with phenylephrine. Although phenylephrine induced BP elevation, neither ICP nor CVP changed significantly from control or recovery measurements. In six animals, after applying CCTA, BP was lowered to control levels with nitroprusside (in combination with CCTA). Nitroprusside was effective in lowering BP to control level, but ICP remained elevated as long as the cross-clamping continued. With no rise in central venous pressure, venous engorgement is an unlikely mechanism for ICP elevation. Time constants of ICP change are too short to invoke increased cerebral spinal fluid production or decreased absorption. BP does not rise above the expected range for autoregulation, but recruitment of either arterial capacitance vessels or of a neuroreflex arc, or the effects of cord ischemia disrupting cerebral autoregulation may be the cause of an acute increase in cerebral blood volume. PMID- 3180397 TI - Skeletal muscle grafts applied to the heart. A word of caution. AB - Latissimus dorsi pedicle grafts (LDPGs) were wrapped around the heart in eight dogs. In four dogs, the LDPGs were stimulated chronically; the remaining four dogs served as unstimulated controls. Right-sided cardiac filling pressures were normal in all dogs when measured 4 months after graft application. Mean tension generated by the viable LDPGs was 153 +/- 49.9 g. LDPGs contracting in synchrony with the heart did not increase cardiac output. In one dog, the aortic pressure changed from 140/100 to 155/85 mm Hg during synchronous contraction of the LDPG. Three dogs were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass, and their hearts were placed in fibrillation. The LDPGs were then stimulated at a burst frequency of 85 Hz and contracted vigorously. Under these conditions, the left ventricular pressure increased by an average of 15 mm Hg with each LDPG contraction; however, the mean aortic pressure was virtually unchanged. Left ventricular and aortic pressures of 125/20 and 125/65 mm Hg, respectively, could be obtained with manual compression of the fibrillating heart. This study indicates that although LDPGs can be made to contract chronically and in synchrony with the heart, they do not necessarily augment left ventricular performance. PMID- 3180399 TI - Modified Fontan procedure for biventricular hearts with complex forms of double outlet right ventricle. AB - The surgical management of patients with biventricular hearts and complex double outlet right ventricle with noncommitted ventricular septal defect, hypoplastic ventricles, common atrioventricular orifice, straddling tricuspid valve, and straddling mitral valves is controversial. More recently at our institution, 23 of these patients underwent Fontan-type procedures as an alternative to the intraventricular tunnel repair. In all cases, the presence of more than one associated anomaly would have prevented adequate biventricular correction. The ventricular septal defects were of the inlet type in 14 patients, inlet and subpulmonary in one, multiple in one, subpulmonary in three, and subaortic in four. Twenty-one patients had atrioventricular junction anomalies, and 14 had hypoplastic ventricles (left ventricle in 11 and right ventricle in three). Pulmonary stenosis was present in 13 patients and pulmonary atresia in two. At operation, an extracardiac conduit was used in two patients and an atriopulmonary direct anastomosis in 21. There were six hospital deaths (26%). Seventeen patients had a mean follow-up period of 25 months. At the follow-up evaluation, nine patients were assigned to New York Heart Association Class I and seven to Class II; one patient assigned to Class IV died at 9 months postoperatively. Cumulative mortality was 30.4% (seven deaths). Univariate analysis identified hypoplastic left ventricle with any type of ventricular septal defect and atrioventricular junction as the only incremental risk factor for early and late outcome (p less than 0.01), which also influenced functional status and use of drug therapy (p less than 0.01) at the time of follow-up.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180400 TI - Effect of latissimus dorsi dynamic cardiomyoplasty on ventricular function. AB - In our approach to dynamic cardiomyoplasty, which consists of wrapping a skeletal muscle around the heart and stimulating the former in synchrony with heart contractions to augment ventricular contractility, we have transferred a latissimus dorsi muscle flap to the heart by way of a partial resection of the second rib and subsequently suturing the muscle flap around the ventricles. The muscle flap is stimulated by a Cardio-Myostimulator burst-pulse generator (Medtronic SP 1005) connected to intramuscular electrodes. In preclinical animal research, the latissimus dorsi muscle flap was shown to maintain adequate contractile force and to increase its fatigue resistance by gradual conversion of glycolytic-fatigue-sensitive-to-oxidative-fatigue-resistant muscular fibers (100%). Histochemical and biochemical studies of chronically stimulated muscles showed a total transformation of muscle fast myosin to slow myosin with characteristics similar to those of myocardium. Electron microscopy showed preserved myofibrillar cytoarchitecture and increased mitochondrial density in the cell. At 9 months, cardiac output and ultrasonic Doppler studies showed a significant increase in ventricular function (cardiac output, +21%; peak blood velocity, +40% -80%; and stroke volume, +98% -102%) during muscle stimulation. In the clinical situation, long-term (range of follow-up interval, 4-42 months) beneficial cardiac effects of cardiomyoplasty have been documented in eight patients with various pathologies (ventricular tumor, left ventricular aneurysm, ischemic disease, and dilated cardiomyopathy). Our current understanding of this process is that dynamic cardiomyoplasty acts in two ways: 1) it promotes more vigorous systolic contraction, and 2) it appears to limit heart dilatation. PMID- 3180401 TI - Improved protection of chronically inflow-limited myocardium with retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia. AB - The effects of retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia (CSC) and conventional aortic route cardioplegia (ARC) on reperfusion blood flow patterns were compared in 18 mongrel dogs having ameroid-induced coronary collaterals. Animals were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass and cooled systemically. The aorta was clamped, and the hearts were arrested with a bolus infusion of hypothermic (4 degrees C) hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution delivered either into the aortic root or through a balloon catheter placed in the coronary sinus. After 45 minutes of ischemic arrest, hearts were reperfused, and blood flow patterns were measured at 1, 5, 10, and 60 minutes. In the normal region, a significant hyperemia occurred with both CSC and ARC. However, the peak reactive transmural flow was 120% more with ARC than with CSC (4.55 +/- 0.45 vs. 2.12 +/- 0.19 ml/min/g, respectively; p less than 0.05) and remained elevated after 60 minutes of reperfusion, when CSC flows had returned to control levels. In the collateral-dependent region, a significant hyperemia was observed with ARC that persisted throughout reperfusion. However, with CSC, no significant changes in blood flow were detected at any time during reperfusion. Thus, the decreased hyperemic response after arrest suggests a reduced energetic debt with CSC compared with ARC and may indicate superior myocardial protection with CSC. This is particularly evident in chronically inflow-restricted myocardial regions. PMID- 3180402 TI - Myocardial reperfusion injury. Role of myocardial hypoxanthine and xanthine in free radical-mediated reperfusion injury. AB - The aim of this study was to differentiate myocardial reperfusion injury from that of ischemia. We assessed the role of the myocardial adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP) catabolites, hypoxanthine and xanthine, generated during ischemia and the early phase of reperfusion, in reperfusion injury by modulating adenosine transport and metabolism with specific metabolic inhibitors. This was followed by intracoronary infusion of exogenous hypoxanthine and xanthine. Twenty four dogs instrumented with minor-axis piezoelectric crystals and intraventricular pressure transducers were subjected to 30 minutes of normothermic global myocardial ischemia and 60 minutes of reperfusion. In Group 1 (n = 7), normal saline was infused into the cardiopulmonary bypass reservior before ischemia and before reperfusion. Saline solution containing 25 microM p nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) and 100 microM erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3 nonyl)adenine (EHNA) was infused in Group 2 (n = 10) dogs. Group 3 (n = 7) dogs were treated exactly like those in Group 2 except, at the end of the ischemic period and immediately before releasing the cross-clamp, a solution of EHNA-NBMPR containing 100 microM hypoxanthine and 100 microM xanthine was infused into the aortic root. Left ventricular performance and myocardial adenine nucleotide pool intermediates were determined before and after ischemia. ATP was depleted by about 50% (p less than 0.05 vs. preischemia) in all groups after 30 minutes of ischemia. Inosine was the major ATP catabolite (9.29 +/- 1.2 nmol/mg protein) in Group 1, while adenosine (9.91 +/- 0.7 nmol/mg protein) was the major metabolite in EHNA-NBMPR-treated dogs (Groups 2 and 3). Hypoxanthine levels were fivefold more in Group 1 compared with Groups 2 and 3 (p less than 0.05). Left ventricular performance in Group 1 decreased from 76.8 +/- 7.6 to 42.9 +/- 9.8 and 52.3 +/- 8.4 dynes/cm2 x 10(3) (p less than 0.05), while myocardial ATP decreased from 30.9 +/- 2.2 to 17.2 +/- 1.0 and 16.5 +/- 1.0 nmol/mg protein during 30 and 60 minutes of reperfusion, respectively (p less than 0.05 vs. preischemia). Ventricular function in Group 2 dogs completely recovered within 30 minutes of reperfusion, and myocardial ATP recovered to the preischemic level at 60 minutes of reperfusion. In Group 3, left ventricular performance was depressed by 39% and 30% during 30 and 60 minutes of reperfusion (p less than 0.05), respectively, and myocardial ATP did not recover during reperfusion despite a significant intramyocardial adenosine accumulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3180403 TI - Arterial repair for transposition of the great arteries and large ventricular septal defect in early infancy. AB - Arterial repair for transposition of the great arteries and large ventricular septal defect (VSD) may be superior to atrial correction, but the risk of either approach in early infancy has been high. The results of early correction were therefore assessed in 12 children with transposition of the great arteries and a large VSD who underwent arterial repair. Patients ranged in age from 3 to 90 days (median age, 19 days) and in weight from 2.5 to 3.7 kg. The VSD was infundibular in eight, inlet in three, and muscular in one. Coronary artery anomalies were present in five patients, including one patient with a single left coronary artery. There was one early death (8%) in the only patient with a pulmonary artery band. There were no late deaths. The 11 survivors have been followed up from 2 to 59 months (mean follow-up period, 20 months) and remain free of cardiac symptoms. Catheterization (n = 5) and Doppler echocardiography in all patients show no significant left ventricular outflow obstruction, aortic insufficiency, or residual VSD. Catheterization documented normal pulmonary artery pressure and unobstructed coronary arteries. Only one patient had significant pulmonary stenosis and underwent successful reoperation. These data indicate that arterial repair and VSD closure can be successfully performed in early infancy with low mortality and morbidity. Repair in this age group is advocated before changes of pulmonary vascular disease occur. PMID- 3180404 TI - Experience with Damus procedure. AB - Sixteen patients with complex cyanotic congenital heart disease underwent an operation involving the use of the aorta and the main pulmonary artery as the egress for systemic arterial blood flow (the Damus-Kaye-Stansell operation, modified as discussed). The indication for this approach was either preoperative aortic outlet obstruction or likelihood that the repair would produce such obstruction. A modification of the original technique is introduced that involves transection of both great arteries, anastomosis of the contiguous aortic and pulmonic walls, and connection of the distal aorta to the perimeter of the new (bivalved) great artery. Eleven of the 16 patients survived operation: six of six who underwent a concurrent Fontan operation, four of six who underwent a concurrent right-ventricle-to-pulmonary-artery-conduit procedure, and one of four who underwent a concurrent systemic-pulmonary shunt procedure. Postoperative status in the 11 survivors is good: one patient has a gradient from the left ventricle to the aorta, 10 of 11 have little or no aortic regurgitation, and the remaining patients have a normal physiological status. We conclude that the Damus procedure is a useful addition to the surgical armamentarium for treatment of certain types of cyanotic congenital heart disease. PMID- 3180405 TI - Surgical management of doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defects. AB - The clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of 63 patients with doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defects (DCVSD) were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into three groups. Thirty-one patients had severe congestive heart failure in infancy and presently have a large ventricular septal defect that has no tendency to close or to produce aortic valve regurgitation (Group 1). Ideally, these defects should be closed in infancy, and the transpulmonary approach is recommended to achieve closure. In the first group, there was one death in a patient with a hypoplastic right ventricle. In Group 2, nineteen patients had aortic valve prolapse or aortic valve regurgitation. The DCVSD were moderately large or small. A number of DCVSD in Group 2 patients had maintained the normal offsetting of the arterial valves. These defects must be closed by the time mild aortic valve regurgitation has occurred. In Group 2, there was one late death in a patient who developed subacute bacterial endocarditis. The two patients who had severe aortic valve regurgitation required aortic valve replacement and underwent multiple surgical procedures to replace calcified bioprostheses. Group 3 comprised 13 patients who were diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot. All of these patients had a large DCVSD with aortic valve overriding. All Group 3 patients survived radical repair of the defect, which required a transannular patch in most cases (76%). PMID- 3180406 TI - Surgical unifocalization in pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect. A realistic goal? AB - Between 1979 and 1986, 26 patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and multifocal pulmonary blood supply underwent surgery (median age, 2 years) to reconnect major aortopulmonary collateral arteries to other collateral arteries or to the central pulmonary arteries in an attempt to prepare the pulmonary circulation for complete repair. In four patients, central pulmonary arteries were found to be absent at exploratory thoracotomy, and therefore, the surgery aimed for optimal palliation. Four (15%) patients died perioperatively. The survivors had symptomatic improvement. At restudy 1 week-110 months (median time, 25 months) postoperatively, modest growth of central pulmonary arteries had occurred [right plus left pulmonary artery diameters/descending aortic diameter from 0.64 +/- 0.61 (mean +/- SD) preoperatively to 0.95 +/- 0.60 postoperatively (p less than 0.01)], with a greater number of bronchopulmonary segments connected to central pulmonary arteries [from 6.3 +/- 4.8 preoperatively to 10.0 +/- 4.5 postoperatively (p less than 0.001)]. However, only seven (27%) patients met the established criteria for repair, of whom three (12%) have undergone definitive surgery. Thirteen (50%) patients are unsuitable for repair, and two (8%) await restudy. Failure of anastomoses involving major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (13 of 33) was higher than for grafts from a systemic artery to the central pulmonary artery (1 of 22, p = 0.003). Failure was not related to the number of anastomoses per operation, suggesting that poor distal runoff may have been responsible. This surgical approach provided reasonable palliation but was rarely effective as a prelude to complete repair.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180407 TI - New autoperfusion preparation for long-term organ preservation. AB - The problems in long-term organ preservation are ischemia and toxicity from metabolic waste. A simple self-perfusing self-cleaning system has been developed that kept the heart, lungs, and kidney functioning for a mean time of 24 hours. Nine adult dogs were anesthetized and artifically ventilated. The heart and lungs were removed en bloc while being perfused by the heart. One kidney was connected to the descending aorta and inferior vena cava. No anticoagulant was used. Another group of six dogs without functioning kidneys was used as the control group. In the experimental group, urine output ranged from 26 to 48 ml/hr, aortic systolic pressures were 80-107 mm Hg, heart rate was 85-100 beats/min, serum potassium content was 3.25-4.40 mmol/l, and serum sodium content was 155-163 mmol/l. In the experimental group, blood creatinine levels decreased from 0.95 to 0.47 mg/dl during preservation; in the control group, blood creatinine levels decreased from 0.96 to 0.79 mg/dl. Lung biopsies in the preparation with the longest survival showed good preservation for as long as 24 hours, and no thrombi were present. This preparation has the advantage of no ischemic time, no foreign material in the circulation, and the ability to automatically maintain acid-base balance and blood electrolytes. The simplicity of this autoperfusion preparation may allow greater transport distance in organ procurement for subsequent transplantation. PMID- 3180408 TI - 31P nuclear magnetic resonance determination of changes in energy state in lung preservation. AB - The significance of dynamic changes in energy state during lung harvesting and preservation has not been extensively studied. Phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra at 81 MHz were obtained from degassed rabbit lungs. Changes in the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-to-inorganic phosphate peak-intensity ratios were used to measure changes in energy state. Two groups of rabbit preparations were studied to evaluate the effect of hypothermia during the initial 120 minutes of harvesting (n = 8 at 36 degrees C and n = 5 at 4 degrees C). The significance of these changes was assessed in a second experiment in which lungs were reperfused in vitro at selected intervals of hypothermia (5, 12, and 24 hours) and assessed for injury. Hypothermic preservation sustained a significantly higher energy state. The depletion of energy state was correlated with injury, particularly as measured by lung edema (r2 = -0.715). Short periods of warm ischemia (30 minutes) result in a significant depletion of energy state, which may be a component of pulmonary injury during harvesting and preservation. PMID- 3180409 TI - Cost-effective detection of anomalous immunoglobulins in serum. PMID- 3180410 TI - Accuracy in cholesterol assays. PMID- 3180411 TI - Use of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme for diagnosing myocardial infarction when total creatine kinase activity is high. AB - The usefulness of measuring creatine kinase MB isoenzyme for diagnosing myocardial infarction when activities of total creatine kinase are very high is unclear. We conducted a retrospective study in an urban hospital that serves a largely indigent population. We concentrated on 146 patients whose creatine kinase activity was greater than 1000 U/L (upper limit of normal: 165 U/L for women and 225 U/L for men), with MB isoenzyme greater than 10 U/L and less than 5% of total creatine kinase. The positive predictive value of MB isoenzyme (isoimmune method) values greater than 10 U/L was between 11.6% and 56.8% when the value for total creatine kinase exceeded 1000 U/L. Using different values (MB greater than 4% of total creatine kinase) as positive for myocardial infarction would have resulted in far fewer false-positives, but 10 cases of myocardial infarction would have been missed. The most appropriate cutoff value for MB isoenzyme in this population (total creatine kinase greater than 1000 U/L) was found to be greater than 2% of total creatine kinase. PMID- 3180412 TI - Stabilization of ascorbic acid in human plasma, and its liquid-chromatographic measurement. AB - We describe two independent HPLC procedures for the rapid, accurate analysis for ascorbic acid in human plasma. No sample extraction or phase separation is required. We also describe a procedure for preparing a human plasma reference material for use in clinical laboratory analysis for ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid in plasma can be determined in 15 min, with as little as 50 microL of sample. Analytical recoveries are near 100% with direct injection of deproteinized plasma. Extensive stability data under several conditions, with dithiothreitol as a preservative (antioxidant), indicate that ascorbic acid remains stable in stored plasma for as long as 57 weeks. CVs for round-robin analysis of 11 normal human blood samples by two independent methods were between 0.1% and 5.3%. These clinical samples appear to be stable for at least 50 days under the described conditions of stabilization and sample treatment. Finally, because ascorbic acid prepared by the described procedures is stable at room temperature for at least 18 h, these methods can be readily adapted to clinical laboratory automation at room temperature. PMID- 3180413 TI - Determination of vanillylmandelic acid, vanillactic acid, and homovanillic acid in dried urine on filter-paper discs by high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection for neuroblastoma screening. AB - We report a method for determination of vanillylmandelic acid, vanillactic acid, and homovanillic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with coulometric electrochemical detection, for mass screening of neuroblastoma. Urine samples were collected on filter paper, dried, and then pretreated. The chromatographic procedure is reliable and fast, allowing for a large sample throughput for routine screening. Intricate extraction procedures and centrifugal separation are unnecessary. Screening for neuroblastoma by HPLC is rapidly gaining acceptance in Japan, and our method is being used at many screening centers. Of 26,571 infants screened in one year in Yokohama City, our method detected five with neuroblastoma. PMID- 3180414 TI - Novel routine assay of thyroperoxidase autoantibodies. AB - This radioimmunoassay was developed for specific and large-scale routine measurement of autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase (TPO), an enzyme recently identified as the thyroid microsomal antigen. Because of the scarcity of purified thyroperoxidase, we did not base the assay on the antigen-coated method but rather on autoantibody inhibition of the binding of labeled TPO to a solid-phase bound monoclonal antibody to TPO. This assay design ensured highly specific measurements without interference from irrelevant thyroid antigens and autoantibodies. When we used affinity-purified autoantibodies to TPO as standards, the range of the curve extended over 10(3)-fold differences in the autoantibodies' concentrations, which allowed us to assay most sera without dilution. Within- and between-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 6.1% to 11.5% and from 6.6% to 12.0%, respectively. The correlation between anti TPO and antimicrosomal autoantibodies, as assessed by hemagglutination test, was highly significant (r = 0.90, P less than 0.0001). This assay is sensitive, easy to perform, and requires only trace amounts of purified TPO. PMID- 3180415 TI - Nosocomial dysnatremia. AB - Patients who exhibited both hyponatremia and hypernatremia during a single admission were identified by a review of their biochemistry data. The mortality of patients who developed either hypernatremia or hyponatremia, followed by the opposite abnormality within less than or equal to 10 days, was 42%. This was greater than the 8.2% mortality for an age-, sex-, and admission-matched normonatremic control group (P less than 0.01, chi 2). Eight of the 10 patients who died had had a change in the sodium concentration in serum greater than 20 mmol/L. The interval (days) between the maximum and minimum sodium concentrations in the survivors and those who died was not statistically different. We found no specific clinical features that could be used to predict the development of this biochemical abnormality. PMID- 3180416 TI - HPLC measurement of phenylalanine in plasma. AB - Measurement of phenylalanine in plasma is required for the diagnosis and subsequent dietary management of phenylketonuria (PKU). We have developed an isocratic high-performance liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) method, with ultraviolet detection. For this measurement 10 microL of plasma is needed, and the complete analysis can be done in less than 15 min. Interbatch coefficients of variation for human plasma samples (phenylalanine 136-1541 mumol/L) ranged between 2.2% and 4.4%. The method has a wide linear range (10-3500 mumol/L), and results (y) correlated well with those (x) of an ion-exchange chromatographic method (r = 0.996; y = 1.014 x - 11.9; n = 64, range 22-1823 mumol/L). Only standard HPLC equipment is needed and no specialized sample preparation or detection system is required. The procedure has proved robust and reliable in regular routine use. PMID- 3180418 TI - A longitudinal study of cholinesterase changes in pregnancy. AB - Serum cholinesterase activity was measured at intervals before, during, and after 44 pregnancies in 43 women. Three patterns of change were seen: (a) A decline in activity after conception, with no return towards pre-conception values before delivery (20 pregnancies). (b) A decline in activity accompanied by a partial or complete return to pre-conception values before delivery (19 pregnancies). (c) Either no discernible decline or increased activity during gestation (five pregnancies). We saw no association between these patterns and either the sex of the child, parity, smoking history, or alcohol intake. However, the continuous decrease in cholinesterase activity occurred in the youngest group of women, a decrease followed by an increase in the intermediate age group, and no decrease at all in the oldest group. Although not all the age-related differences quite reached statistical significance, these findings suggest that the patterns of change may be determined by some aspect of maternal physical maturity. PMID- 3180417 TI - Influence of timing in the fructosamine assay. AB - The fructosamine assay, based on the measurement of the reducing activity in serum at alkaline pH, provides an index of protein glycation. The reducing activity is expressed in equivalents of 1-deoxy-1-morpholinofructose (DMF) by direct comparison with the activity either of this synthetic compound or with a secondary protein standard calibrated against DMF. This study reports the influence of assay timing on the apparent serum fructosamine concentration. The kinetics of alkaline reducing activity in serum differed from that in both DMF and a secondary protein standard. When compared with DMF, activity in serum increased but decreased relative to the protein standard as the pre-incubation interval of the assay was shortened. The use of secondary protein standards results in underestimation of serum fructosamine concentrations when the pre incubation phase of the assay is shorter than that used for the calibration of the secondary standard. Ascorbate exerted an inhibitory effect in fructosamine assays with pre-incubation times exceeding 5 min. The inhibition increased with both the concentration of ascorbate and the duration of the pre-incubation. PMID- 3180419 TI - Analytical problems encountered in determining aluminum status from hair in controls and hemodialyzed patients. AB - The problems involved in evaluating aluminum concentrations in hair are reviewed, especially those concerning removal of contaminating metals, a critical factor. In the few published studies of Al concentrations in hair, acetone was usually used for its removal. Here, its use in the washing sequence was found to give less precise results and higher Al values than the use of isopropanol. With isopropanol, the whole analysis can be done in a single tube. We compared results with those in the literature. We found that the Al concentration in the hair of control subjects was not related to sex or hair color and that there was a highly significant (P less than 0.001) difference between values for control subjects and hemodialyzed patients: 126 (SD 58) nmol/g, n = 49, vs 226 (SD 104) nmol/g, n = 39, respectively. PMID- 3180420 TI - A model for the effect of bias for cholesterol on the population at risk. AB - The location of the Reference Value for an analyte within the population distribution affects the magnitude of error due to methodological bias. Using the gaussian distribution, we evaluated the effects of systematic and proportional biases of the method (positive and negative), mean value, and standard deviation on the magnitude of error. We chose four Reference Values for cholesterol as a model. For a population with a mean of 2.0 and SD of 0.36 g of cholesterol per liter, a 3% positive proportional bias causes sixfold more error at the 50th percentile than at the 97.5th. In general, the error for a given bias (proportional or systematic) is greater for a Reference Value within the body than at the tails of the distribution. Further, the magnitude of the error varies as a function of the mean and standard deviation of the population. PMID- 3180421 TI - Amidolytic kinetic assay of protein C by selective spectrophotometry in a centrifugal analyzer. AB - This rapid, simple amidolytic assay of protein C activity in whole plasma involves activation by protein C activator from the venom of Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix (Protac) and use of a Cobas Fara spectrophotometer programmed for kinetic assay. Plasma is incubated with activator venom in the presence or absence of antibody to human protein C in the instrument, chromogenic substrate (S-2366) is added, and the absorbance is measured at 405 nm. The difference between the absorbance of the sample plasma with and without antibody to human protein C correlated well with protein C antigen as assayed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the Laurell rocket technique in normal subjects, patients being treated with warfarin, and patients with liver cirrhosis or disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our mean value for protein C in normal subjects is 115.9 (SD 16.7)% for amidolytic activity, 103.0 (SD 17.4)% for ELISA, and 97.2 (SD 18.1)% for the rocket technique. The high value for normal subjects presumably includes some nonspecific amidolytic activity activated by the activator venom, as indicated by measurable activity in immuno-depleted protein C deficient plasma. Within-run and between-run CVs were less than 5% at low, normal, and high concentrations of protein C amidolytic activity. PMID- 3180422 TI - Clinical usefulness of an enzymatic determination of total urinary polyamines, excluding cadaverine. AB - In one widely used enzymatic method for urinary polyamines, the total concentrations of four polyamines--putrescine, spermidine, spermine, and cadaverine--are determined. We report here a simple enzymatic method for measuring the total concentrations of urinary polyamines except cadaverine. The coefficients of variation (CV) for within-run measurements by this method were 4.3% (means = 17.2 mumol/L) and 1.5% (means = 66.5 mumol/L), between-run CVs were 4.8% (means = 16.8 mumol/L) and 1.8% (means = 67.5 mumol/L). The central 95% normal reference interval was 12.3-29.1 mumol/g creatinine for men and 14.1-36.8 mumol/g creatinine for women. In some cases, physiological variations in urinary polyamine excretion were large, mainly because of variations in cadaverine excretion, even in health. Pathological changes in polyamine production in the body may therefore be more easily shown by the excretion of total polyamines excluding cadaverine than by that including cadaverine. PMID- 3180423 TI - The stability of uric acid in ammonium hydroxide. AB - We examined the stability of uric acid in dilute aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution by mass spectrometry. Uric acid decomposes in ammonium hydroxide even as dilute as 15 mmol/L when the mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to uric acid is 50:1. There are at least four products of the decomposition, two of which have been identified as allantoin and urea. The slope of the decomposition curve indicates that uric acid is destroyed at an initial rate of 2-3% per hour. In ammonium hydroxide at a concentration of 1 mmol/L and a mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to uric acid of less than or equal to 3.4, uric acid is not detectably decomposed. Evidently, any method for determination of uric acid that involves treating the analyte with ammonium hydroxide before analysis may destroy it. Therefore, a published method described as being "definitive" for uric acid (J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1985; 23:129-35) could produce incorrect results because it involves storing the uric acid in 15 mmol/L ammonium hydroxide at a mole ratio of ammonium hydroxide to uric acid of greater than 120:1. PMID- 3180424 TI - A new method for D-glucaric acid excretion measurement that is suitable for automated instruments. AB - Urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid (uGA) is an index of type II hepatic microsomal enzyme induction, indirectly revealing possible organic effects of some drugs and environmental pollutants. However, its determination is often cumbersome. We suggest a new, fast microanalytical method for uGA determination in which beta-glucuronidase (BG; EC 3.2.1.31) activity inhibition produced by uGA derived 1,4-D-glucarolactone is measured. With use of purified BG, the method is suitable for centrifugal analyzers, allowing assay of greater than 100 samples per day. Moreover, the method measures uGA more accurately than other enzymatic methods based on BG inhibition. The within-day CV ranges from 7.9% to 4.6% (uGA 31.55-121.31 mumol/L); the between-day CV ranges from 11.5% to 5.0% (uGA 26.09 124.10 mumol/L). The detection limit is 6.0 mumol/L. The standard curve is linear from 10 to 200 mumol/L. Mean analytical recovery is 100%. Comparison with the method of Simmons et al. (Clin Chim Acta 1974;51:47-51) gave a correlation of r = 0.978, y = 1.40x-2.81. Reference intervals were established in a healthy population sample of 369 people (165 under 14 y), and uGA, expressed in micromoles per gram of creatinine, was higher in women than in girls or in males. PMID- 3180425 TI - New enzymatic determination of sialic acid in serum. AB - This enzymatic method for determination of sialic acid involves use of neuraminidase (EC 3.2.1.18), N-acetylneuraminate lyase (EC 4.1.3.3), acylglucosamine 2-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.8), N-acetylhexosamine oxidase (from Pseudomonas sp.), and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7). Because the method does not require pyruvic acid in the assay medium, interference by pyruvic acid in serum can be avoided. This simple, accurate assay is little affected by other substances in serum. PMID- 3180426 TI - Evaluation of four commercially available assays for free thyroxin. AB - We assessed two two-step and two analog assays for measuring free thyroxin (FT4) in serum: Clinical Assays' "GammaCoat Free/Total T4" (CA), Vitek's "KinetiCount Phase II Free T4" (VTK), Diagnostic Products Corporation's "Coat-a-Count Free T4" (DPC) kit (June 1987 version), and Amersham's "Amerlex-M Free T4" (AMX). The VTK assay is automated except for the initial pipetting step. Interassay results correlated well except for samples with abnormal serum albumin concentrations. FT4 values for hypoalbuminemic samples showed a highly significant (P less than 0.0001) correlation with serum albumin concentration in the DPC and AMX assays. The relationships are described by the equations y = 0.382albumin (g/L) + 0.81 pmol/L and y = 0.450albumin (g/L) - 3.20 pmol/L, respectively. When we used an equation derived from the Law of Mass Action to adjust FT4 values to values expected at an ideal albumin concentration, the observed correlation of albumin and FT4 was abolished completely in the DPC assay, and partly so in the AMX assay. The precision of CA was comparable with that of the analog assays; the CV for the VTK assay was approximately twice that for the other three assays. PMID- 3180427 TI - A re-examination of the stability of retinol in blood and serum, and effects of a standardized meal. AB - We examined the stability of retinol in blood and serum samples, kept in the dark, under different handling procedures. Samples not protected from contact with air oxygen were highly unstable, even when kept at ice temperature. Samples collected under anaerobic conditions, with Vacutainer Tubes, or treated with nitrogen after collection to displace the air from the tubes were stable during the usual interval between collection and freezing or analysis in biochemical surveys. Ingestion of a moderate amount of vitamin. A significantly increased serum retinol concentrations in normal volunteers, showing the importance that survey samples be preprandial. PMID- 3180428 TI - Significance of low concentrations of creatinine in serum from hospital patients. AB - We present an analysis of the clinical significance of creatinine concentrations less than or equal to 4 mg/L (35 mumol/L) in serum as measured by a specific enzymatic method. In an unselected hospital patient population, 4% of whom had serum creatinine concentrations this low, a value of 5 mg/L (44 mumol/L) or higher was obtained on repeat analysis for a third of these patients, but the remaining two-thirds had persistently low values. Associated clinical conditions included low body mass, pregnancy, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and total immobilization, but 12% of the patients, all female, had no obvious cause for the persistently low creatinine concentration. We conclude that low concentrations of creatinine in serum have no profound clinical significance. PMID- 3180429 TI - Mobile laboratory unit based on the Kodak Ektachem DT system. AB - We evaluated the Kodak Ektachem DT system (DT60, DTE, DTSC modules), using it as a mobile laboratory unit (MLU) in different hospital settings. Imprecision of 19 assays performed with the system and correlation with routine methods in the main laboratory were assessed. The system was then transported to different departments within the hospital, where limited test profiles were offered and the time taken to produce results was recorded. It proved practicable to offer a six test electrolyte profile to a five-bed intensive-care unit but not to an 18-bed renal unit, where more selective analysis would be required. In a low-throughput outpatient clinic (five patients per hour) it was feasible to provide a six-test on-site profile on every patient, whereas the maximum number of tests was four in a high-throughput clinic (10 patients per hour). The cost of providing a flexible extra-laboratory biochemistry service must be balanced against the benefit of having on-site results, e.g., fewer outpatient-clinic visits. PMID- 3180430 TI - Dual-precipitation method evaluated for determination of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), HDL2, and HDL3 cholesterol concentrations. AB - We evaluated a dual-precipitation method for determining cholesterol in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and its subfractions HDL2 and HDL3. After total HDL was isolated by precipitation of very-low-density (VLDL) and low-density (LDL) lipoproteins with polyethylene glycol (Mr 8000), HDL2 was isolated from total HDL by precipitation with dextran sulfate (Mr 15,000), leaving HDL3 in the supernate. Concentration of total HDL cholesterol after precipitation of VLDL and LDL with PEG showed significant proportional and constant biases of -3.8% and 0.04 mmol/L, respectively, when compared with a phosphotungstic acid-based comparison method, although results by the two methods were correlated highly (r = 0.99, P less than 0.001). HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol concentrations measured with the present technique were not different from those obtained by density-gradient ultracentrifugation or by combined precipitation-ultracentrifugation. PMID- 3180431 TI - Evaluation of the Technicon Chem-1. AB - We evaluated the performance of 15 colorimetric and three ion-selective electrode assays in the Technicon Chem-1 serum analyzer and briefly assessed the suitability of plasma and urine for analysis in the system. Within- and between batch precision, accuracy, correlation, and linearity of all methods was acceptable but some assays, notably those for bicarbonate and creatinine, were susceptible to interferences. Except for the total bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase assays, plasma can be assayed successfully in the instrument. Urine samples can also be assayed but specimens for phosphate analysis must be diluted in a polyvinylpyrrolidone solution before analysis, and the calcium method is sensitive to variations in urinary pH. PMID- 3180433 TI - "Flipped" patterns of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in serum of elite college basketball players. AB - We kinetically measured total lactate dehydrogenase (LD, EC 1.1.1.27), total creatine kinase (CK, EC 2.7.3.2), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1.) in 16 elite college basketball players, before the competition season and not in close temporal relation to near-maximal exercise, and in 17 healthy non-athlete controls. LD isoenzymes were determined by both electrophoretic and immunoprecipitation methods. CK-MB isoenzyme was measured electrophoretically. We found significantly higher mean LD-1 values and LD-1/LD-2 ratios in the players than the controls: 31.6 (SD 3.7)% vs 25.8 (SD 3.2)% (P less than 0.005) and 1.1 (SD 0.13) vs 0.87 (SD 0.16) (P less than 0.001), respectively. A "flipped" LD pattern (LD-1 greater than LD-2) was found in half the players and in six of the eight black athletes, but in only two of the control group and in none of the black controls. Mean CK activity in serum exceeded normal values in the serum of the athletes and was higher in comparison with the control group [274 (SD 156) vs 103 (SD 82) U/L]. Mean CK was significantly higher in the eight athletes with the flipped LD pattern than in those with LD-1 less than LD-2 [322 (SD 163) vs 180 (SD 98) U/L; P = 0.05], and also in comparison with CK in the two controls with flipped LD pattern. We saw no significant difference in mean CK between the nine players with normal immunochemical LD-1/LD ratios and the seven players with above-normal ratios. CK-MB was not detected in either athletes or controls. None of the players had any clinical or electrocardiographic evidence for myocardial ischemia or infarction. Evidently the flipped LD pattern usually found in patients with acute myocardial infarction and reported in some athletes after extreme exercise such as ultra-marathon running may also be found in athletes who are in their "basal fitness shape" but who are not involved in competitive physical activity. PMID- 3180432 TI - A simple liquid-chromatographic method applied to determine caffeine in plasma and tissues. AB - In this simple, reliable assay for quantifying caffeine in plasma and tissues, methylxanthines are first partly purified from plasma and acid extracts of tissue by passage through solid-phase columns. The ease of this extraction method permits a relatively large number of samples to be processed daily. Quantification is by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (mobile phase: acetic acid/acetonitrile/water, 2/6/92 by vol). Caffeine is eluted in 20 min. The reliability of this method allows its automation. This method has been adapted to measure caffeine in brain and kidney extracts and in as little as 10 microL of plasma. After 10 days of oral administration of caffeine (1 g/L, in drinking water) to six rats, the mean (+/- SEM) concentrations of caffeine in plasma, brain, and kidney were 18.6 +/- 6.0 micrograms/mL, 16.2 +/- 1.5 micrograms/g, and 18.9 +/- 2.0 micrograms/g, respectively. Correlations were linear between concentrations of caffeine in plasma and brain (r = 0.86) and between concentrations in plasma and kidney (r = 0.91). This method should be useful in studying the effects and mechanisms of actions of methylxanthines. PMID- 3180434 TI - An assay of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase in erythrocytes. AB - Measurement of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD; EC 4.1.1.37) activity in erythrocytes is useful in distinguishing between familial porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), in which UROD activities are low, and acquired PCT, in which UROD activity is normal. In this method for measuring UROD, pentacarboxylic acid porphyrinogen I (PPI) is used as substrate. A sample of the patient's whole blood is incubated with PPI at 37 degrees C for 30 min at pH 6.0. The reaction is stopped by adding trichloroacetic acid/dimethyl sulfoxide containing mesoporphyrin (internal standard). The coproporphyrin so produced is measured directly by high performance liquid chromatography, with fluorescence detection. Our values by this method for healthy subjects and non-PCT patients ranged from 1.8 to 4.0 U/L. The CV for the assay was 10% at 1.1 U/L and 9% at 2.4 U/L. Twelve of 42 patients with PCT had low erythrocyte UROD activities. In each of six families of patients with low UROD activity we found at least one other family member with a low UROD activity in erythrocytes. PMID- 3180436 TI - Concentrations of thyroid hormones in maternal and cord blood from a normal Kenyan population. PMID- 3180435 TI - A reflectance photometer with a square photodiode array detector for use on multilayer dry-film slides. AB - This semiautomated prototype reflectance photometer measures reflected light from multilayer dry-film slides. The instrument makes use of a square photodiode array detector, a Hewlett-Packard desktop computer, and a modified mechanical transport mechanism from an Ektachem DT60 analyzer. When 2 microL of serum is placed on a dry-film slide, a colored spot is formed. The slide is automatically transported to an incubation area and then to the photometer area. There the spot is illuminated with dual tungsten lamps, and the reflected light passes through an interference filter, where it is focused on a square photodiode array containing 10,000 individual detectors. The analog signal from each detector is digitized and transmitted to a computer for calculation of the percentage of reflectance. I used a series of algorithms to locate the spot, estimate spot area, correct for minor variations in sample volume, and compute the average reflectance from a central spot area. To evaluate the instrument's performance, I ran parallel glucose determinations in the Beckman Astra; results correlated well. The small sample size along with no dead sample volume makes the system useful for small sample volumes. PMID- 3180437 TI - Whole-blood glucose method adapted to the technicon RA-1000. PMID- 3180438 TI - Ammonia determined in plasma with a selective electrode. PMID- 3180439 TI - Rapid isolation and detection of drugs in meconium of infants of drug-dependent mothers. PMID- 3180440 TI - Influence of blood-collecting systems on concentrations of tumor necrosis factor in serum and plasma. PMID- 3180441 TI - Specificity of the Abbott TDx assay for amphetamine in post-mortem urine samples. PMID- 3180442 TI - Seasonal variation in 25-OH vitamin D in plasma of Hong Kong Chinese. PMID- 3180443 TI - Neuron-specific enolase in medullary thyroid carcinoma. PMID- 3180444 TI - Determining iron without copper interference from carryover of total protein reagent in Hitachi analyzers. PMID- 3180445 TI - Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in HIV-antibody-positive serum. PMID- 3180446 TI - Automated method for measuring cystine in urine. PMID- 3180447 TI - Fructosamine concentration changes in serum during hemodialysis of kidney-disease patients. PMID- 3180448 TI - Repair of RA-1000 probes. PMID- 3180449 TI - Performance of the Technicon "Chem I" system for estimating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. PMID- 3180450 TI - Serum lipoperoxidation products in an infant with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. AB - We detected increased concentrations of lipoperoxidation products, as malondialdehyde, in the serum of an infant with classic hemolytic-uremic syndrome. The concentrations declined when peritoneal dialysis was initiated and eventually returned to normal after clinical recovery. Our observation adds to the existing body of evidence that links the pathogenesis of hemolytic-uremic syndrome to peroxidative damage and to the rationale for using antioxidant agents as part of the therapy for this disease process. PMID- 3180452 TI - More on predictive value of "AlbuScreen" and "AlbuSure" results. PMID- 3180451 TI - Libyan family with beta-thalassemia trait associated with hypercholesterolemia with widespread xanthomas. AB - We describe a Libyan family with beta-thalassemia trait associated with unusually high concentrations of hemoglobin A2 and hypercholesterolemia. The family consists of the father, mother, and three sons. The marriage was consanguineous. The concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum were very high in two sons who also had widespread xanthomas. The erythrocyte membranes showed a high cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, with no significant susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in vitro. PMID- 3180453 TI - Performance of the SimulTRAC free T4/TSH assay during pregnancy and treatment with amiodarone. PMID- 3180454 TI - Probability of disease ascertained by modified cumulative frequency plots: some comments. PMID- 3180455 TI - Extent of removal of sulfate and phosphate during the extraction step in the sigma enzymatic method for oxalate assay, as determined by ion chromatography. PMID- 3180457 TI - Serendipitous diagnosis of iodide intoxication. PMID- 3180456 TI - Serious overestimation of endogenous fecal porphyrin concentrations by solvent extraction techniques, as demonstrated by HPLC. PMID- 3180458 TI - How best to detect endogenous digitalis-like factor? PMID- 3180459 TI - Which specimen to screen for microalbuminuria. PMID- 3180460 TI - Selection and performance of monoclonal anti-C-reactive protein in ELISA quantitative assay. AB - Nine monoclonal anti C-reactive protein (CRP) antibodies were tested as peroxidase-conjugates in a CRP binding to a solid-phase phosphorylethanolamine (PE) assay. One monoclonal antibody was selected due to its high yield of conjugate, titre and stability. The use of monoclonal antibodies increased assay sensitivity, precision and allowed assay simplification by the simultaneous rather than sequential incubation of CRP and conjugate. Comparison with nephelometry and CRP binding to PE assay using polyclonals gave correlations greater than or equal to 0.9. By using monoclonal conjugates to assay human sera, healthy adult CRP levels were found to be lower than by using polyclonal conjugates. Samples with very low CRP contents might now be assayed with higher precision. PMID- 3180461 TI - Use of 86Rb and 22Na in assaying active and cotransport activities in human erythrocytes in a biracial population. AB - A defect in Na+-K+ transport across the red cell membrane has been shown to be associated with essential hypertension. A sensitive assay system to measure active, co- and countertransport systems in erythrocytes from normotensive adults was developed. Active, co- and countertransport systems in the erythrocytes were assayed by measuring the influx of radioactive 22Na+ and 86Rb+. In the biracial (black-white) population group studied, analysis of variance of the active transport showed a significant race effect (p = 0.003). Cotransport activity showed age by race interaction (p = 0.001) and age by sex (p = 0.02). Cotransport activity was significantly higher in whites than blacks (p = 0.0001). Countertransport activity did not vary either by sex or race. Of the Spearman correlation coefficients for transport activities and blood pressure, white males showed a strong positive correlation with countertransport, whereas in black males, blood pressures showed a strong interaction with active transport. Among the transport activities, active transport showed significant interaction with countertransport activity in black males, whereas cotransport activity in whites showed a strong interaction with countertransport. The results suggest a subtle difference in Na+-K+ transport systems between blacks and whites, and these variations may be related to differences for susceptibility to essential hypertension. PMID- 3180462 TI - Immunoaffinity purification of human erythrocyte prolidase. AB - A procedure including immunoaffinity gel chromatography of an immobilized monoclonal antibody was used to isolate human erythrocyte prolidase (EC 3.4.13.9). The monoclonal antibody was developed against liver prolidase and the antibody recognized the erythrocyte enzyme. The purification procedure included three steps of DEAE cellulose (batcher), immunoaffinity gel chromatography and gel filtration column chromatography. The overall recovery was approximately 20% and the specific activity of the purified preparation was approximately 260 U/mg of protein, a value exceeding that obtained using conventional procedures. PMID- 3180463 TI - IgE pyroglobulinemia in multiple myeloma. AB - A new case of IgE/K myeloma in a 38-year-old male is described. The clinical course, bone marrow picture and serum electrophoretic pattern were typical of multiple myeloma. Heating of the serum at 56 degrees C induced an irreversible gel formation or pyroglobulin that was isolated and proved to be identical to the IgE paraprotein, by biochemical and immunochemical methods. The thermoprecipitability was abolished by treatment with urea, sodium dodecyl sulphate and neutral salts and not inhibited by sugars, alcohols, 2-beta mercaptoethanol and guanidine HCl. The association of an IgE myeloma protein with a pyroglobulin is a finding not previously reported in a myeloma of this class. PMID- 3180464 TI - Validation of a radioreceptor assay for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D using selected ion monitoring GC-MS. AB - This report describes two methods for the measurement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] in serum: A modified radio receptor assay (RRA), employing a 1,25(OH)2D receptor from calf thymus, and selected ion monitoring (SIM) with combined capillary gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS). The intra assay coefficient of variation was close to 13% for both methods, and the inter assay coefficients of variation were 14.0 and 6.5% for RRA and SIM (GC-MS), respectively. Aliquots of 2 ml (RRA) and 20 ml (SIM) serum were used, and the limits of detection were 10 and 6 pmol/l, respectively. The analytical recovery of each method was assessed, and a maximum deviation from the expected value of 10 and 2% was found for RRA and SIM, respectively. A correlation coefficient of 0.93 (slope 0.97) was obtained when 27 different serum samples were analyzed by both methods. Included in this study were serum samples from healthy subjects and patients with subnormal as well as supranormal 1,25(OH)2D levels. This result showed that the RRA accurately measured the serum levels of 1,25(OH)2D and therefore should be useful in the diagnosis and control of vitamin D dependent diseases. PMID- 3180465 TI - Characterisation of a slow component of normal human serum albumin. AB - A minor component of albumin was isolated from normal human serum. It had reduced electrophoretic mobility, reacted normally with specific albumin antiserum and, in contrast to normal albumin, did not bind nickel. Sequence analysis showed that the minor band contained components with Ala-His-Lys- and His-Lys- N-terminal sequences, indicating removal of Asp and Asp-Ala respectively from the parent albumin which was found to have the expected N-terminal sequence of Asp-Ala-His Lys. Both normal albumin and the minor component had an average of 0.32 residues of glucose bound as fructosamine. PMID- 3180466 TI - A kinetic procedure for the estimation of arginine in serum using arginine kinase. AB - A method for estimation of arginine in 50 microliters serum was developed using commercially available arginine kinase (EC 2.7.3.3). The assay is based on the transformation of arginine and ATP into phospho-arginine and ADP by the enzyme. ADP is measured by two coupling reactions involving pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) with measurement of NADH consumption at 340 nm. The method involves preincubation of serum in the reaction medium without arginine kinase to eliminate side reactions and a kinetic rate protocol with measurements of absorbance at 60 s and 180 s. Reaction temperature is 30 degrees C. The reaction is linear up to at least 3 mmol/l of arginine. Within-batch CV is less than 3% for arginine levels above 0.75 mmol/l and the between-batch CV is 6.5% or less. The method correlates well with an automatic amino acid analyzer procedure (r = 0.983). The reference range derived from sera of 40 blood donors has been determined to be 0.06-0.20 mmol/l. PMID- 3180467 TI - Changes of serum apo A-IV levels in a newborn with chylothorax treated with medium-chain triglyceride milk. PMID- 3180468 TI - Serum indole and skatole in patients with various liver diseases. PMID- 3180469 TI - Measurement of myo-inositol in diabetic sera by GC/MS/SIM using n-butylboronate derivatives. PMID- 3180470 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human tumor necrosis factor (hTNF). PMID- 3180471 TI - Elastase-like protease and elastolytic activities expressed in cultured dermal fibroblasts derived from lesional skin of patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum, actinic elastosis, and cutis laxa. PMID- 3180473 TI - A pitfall in the analysis of the fatty acid composition of plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids. PMID- 3180472 TI - Effect of serum albumin concentration on free thyroxin (Amerlex FT4) values in healthy non-pregnant and pregnant women. PMID- 3180474 TI - Separation and purification of creatine kinase BB isoenzyme and neuron-specific enolase on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography. PMID- 3180475 TI - Choline supplementation increases serum alkaline phosphatase activity in rats. PMID- 3180477 TI - Sialic acid as a marker for differentiation between benign and malignant intracranial tumors. AB - One of the characteristics of malignant tumor cells is the production of glycocompounds with a high content of N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid). Total sialic acid concentration was determined in the serum of 136 patients with an intracranial tumor. The concentration was determined enzymatically and using HPLC. Both methods had a relatively high specificity (90%), provided an inflammatory process due to an infection could be excluded. Sensitivity was 72.6%; the cut-off level of sialic acid concentration was determined to be 2.75 mumol/ml. There was a significant difference in the average sialic acid concentration of benign and malignant tumors. The test was least reliable in determining whether the growth of an astrocytoma is malignant. PMID- 3180476 TI - The prolamin antibody reactivity against hordein polypeptides in sera from patients with coeliac disease. AB - The antibody reactivity against the barley prolamin, hordein, was investigated by an immunoblotting technique, in sera from patients with untreated coeliac disease, patients with other gastrointestinal diseases and healthy controls. No characteristic hordein polypeptide antibody pattern could be connected to coeliac disease, as observed in a similar study using different fractions of the wheat prolamin, gliadin. Gliadin- and hordein-immunoadsorbent column experiments demonstrated that the prolamin reactivity originates from the same population of antibodies. It is speculated that distinct antigenic epitopes characteristic for untreated coeliac disease, might reside within a N-terminal repeat region of gliadin. PMID- 3180478 TI - Ion-exchange chromatography and clinical criteria in the screening of the aminoacidopathies. AB - By a retrospective study on a two-year period (1494 patients) we have obtained evidence that the best method of screening aminoacidopathies is given by the ion exchange chromatography of amino acids. This method gave the highest rates of diagnosis and allowed diagnosis of aminoacidopathies that other techniques such as thin-layer chromatography would fail to detect because the concentrations of some amino acids, although pathological, were too low. The diagnostic rate was markedly improved by a skilled clinical selection of the population studied. PMID- 3180479 TI - Amino acid composition of peptides remaining after in vitro digestion of a gliadin sub-fraction with duodenal mucosa from patients with coeliac disease. AB - Sub-fraction 9-2, derived from fraction 9 of a peptic-tryptic-pancreatinic digest of wheat gliadin and previously shown to be toxic to individuals with coeliac disease, was digested in vitro with duodenal mucosa from patients with coeliac disease in remission and with mucosa from normals. Digestion products from coeliac mucosa caused damage to rat liver lysosomes in contrast to digestion products from normal mucosa which had practically no effects on the lysosomes. Ion exchange chromatography of the digestion products, followed by gel permeation chromatography to remove tissue proteins and amino acids allowed the separation of small peptides. Purification of the peptide residues by reversed-phase HPLC on a C18 column resulted in four subfractions, two of which were cytotoxic to rat liver lysosomes. Amino acid analysis of these latter peptide fractions showed that they were both rich in glutamine/glutamic acid, proline, serine and tyrosine. The results support the hypothesis of defective mucosal digestion as being the aetiology of coeliac disease and suggest that the causative agents are small peptides of apparent Mr congruent to 700 Da, with amino acid analysis corresponding to (Glx)3, (Pro)2, Ser and (Glx)3, (Pro)2, Tyr. These hexapeptides are likely to be H-Pro-Ser-Glx-Glx-Glx-Pro-OH and H-Glx-Glx-Pro-Tyr-Pro-Glx-OH. PMID- 3180480 TI - Determination of human erythropoietin by radioimmunoassay. Method and clinical data. AB - A sensitive competitive radioimmunoassay for the determination of circulating human erythropoietin (Epo) is presented. This RIA of human Epo is founded on the extensive application of a recombinant protein approach. Thus, highly purified recombinant human Epo is employed both as a tracer, immunogen and occasionally as standard in the RIA. The lower limit of detection is approximately 8 mU/ml and well below the mean value of Epo in normal individuals (25.6 +/- 6.6 mU/ml). The intra- and interassay variation are 6.3 and 9.2%, respectively. The documentation of consistent alterations in Epo plasma levels of selected categories of anemic patients establishes the clinical relevance of the immunoassay. The radioimmunoassay of human Epo fulfills reasonable requirements of a clinical routine analysis in terms of both specificity, sensitivity and practicability. PMID- 3180481 TI - Field measurement of plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterases. AB - We have optimized Ellman-type plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase assays for the field determination of pesticide exposure. The assays employ stable, premixed, inexpensive colorimetric reagents and a simplified kinetic measurement procedure using a novel battery-operable light-emitting-diode-source colorimeter (LEDSC). These methods were compared to a field tintometric method for cholinesterase currently in widespread use, using samples from organophosphate intoxicated hospitalized patients. In comparison to the colorimetric method, the tintometric method was less precise and consistently underestimated the extent of pesticide exposure. Methods for the effective field determination of pesticide exposure using cholinesterase assays are critically evaluated with regard to their practical, biochemical, and medical relevance. PMID- 3180482 TI - Enhanced urinary trypsin inhibitory activity in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. AB - We delineated in rats, the relationship between trypsin inhibitory activity in the urine and the nephrotoxic effects of gentamicin, eg, proteinuria and deterioration of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), measured by creatinine clearance. Gentamicin, 70 mg/kg per day, was injected intraperitoneally for 6-10 successive days. Serum and urine gentamicin levels were determined by a microbiological test. Trypsin inhibitory activity was assayed by the casein digestion method. The results showed a steady increase in urinary trypsin inhibitory activity starting from the fourth injection day. The increased levels of urinary trypsin inhibitory activity were associated with increased levels of urinary gentamicin excretion (r = 0.36, p less than 0.02, n = 50 after the fourth injection day), and were significantly higher than in control groups (p less than 0.001). The urinary trypsin inhibitory activity was inversely correlated with the GFR (r = -0.45, p less than 0.01, after the second injection day). The serum trypsin inhibitory activity remained unchanged throughout the study period in all groups. These data suggest that increased urinary trypsin inhibitory activity may be involved in the pathogenesis of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. PMID- 3180483 TI - Assessment of the role of pancreatic proteases in human abdominal aortic aneurysms and occlusive disease. AB - Previous studies on the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms have shown both elastase-like activity in the aortic wall and a decreased elastin content. The present study, using specific radioimmunoassays for pancreatic elastase 2 (IRE2) and cationic trypsin(ogen) (IRCT), investigates the concentrations of these proteases which are known to circulate in blood, in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Aortic specimens were obtained from 32 patients with aneurysms and 21 patients with atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Aortic tissue, obtained at autopsy from young adults, served as controls. Elastase-like activity was 300% and 800% higher, respectively, in aortic homogenates from aneurysms in comparison to occlusive disease and control aortic tissue. This was associated with 1.4-fold higher level of IRE2 and 2.7-fold higher levels of IRCT as compared to occlusive disease. Although there was no significant difference in the aortic collagen concentration among all 3 groups, the elastin content of aneurysmal aorta was 85% and 74% lower, respectively, in comparison to control and occlusive aorta. The results of this investigation demonstrate the presence of pancreatic elastase 2 and cationic trypsin(ogen) in abdominal aortic aneurysmal tissue and suggest that circulating pancreatic proteases contribute to the pathophysiology of aneurysms of the infrarenal aorta. PMID- 3180485 TI - Second antibodies covalently linked to Sepharose with 1,1'-carbonyldimidazole- effect of storage on radioimmunoassay separation efficiency. PMID- 3180484 TI - Relationship between the urinary excretion of albumin and retinol-binding protein in insulin-dependent diabetics. AB - The glomerular and proximal tubular function of the diabetic kidney was investigated. The urinary excretion (relative clearance) of albumin, a marker of glomerular function, and retinol binding protein (RBP), a low molecular weight (LMW) protein and marker of proximal tubular function, was determined in insulin dependent diabetics. No correlation between the relative clearances of albumin and RBP was observed. LMW proteinuria without microalbuminuria was observed in 27 patients which suggests that tubular dysfunction may be an early stage in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Microalbuminuria was found in 16 patients while a mixed type of proteinuria (microalbuminuria and LMW proteinuria) was present in 56 patients several of whom had advanced nephropathy with elevated serum levels of RBP and creatinine. It is suggested that a combination of tubular and glomerular malfunction may be responsible for some cases of mixed proteinuria. PMID- 3180486 TI - Platelet intracellular calcium in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3180487 TI - Stabilization and quantitative determination of disulfiram in human plasma samples. AB - The rapid reduction of disulfiram at therapeutic plasma concentrations was inhibited by addition of the chelating agent, diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, and acidification in the presence of sodium chloride. The disulfiram recovery at concentrations ranging from 0.100-0.800 mumol/l was about 100% when preserved at 4 degrees C and analyzed immediately, and 95% and 75% after preservation for 1 h at 4 degrees C and for 24 h at -20 degrees C, respectively. The concentrations of disulfiram were determined in plasma from alcoholics receiving repeated therapeutic doses of disulfiram. Detectable concentrations in the range of 0.100-0.200 mumol/l could not be obtained until the second week of treatment. PMID- 3180488 TI - Iron, copper and zinc concentrations in human sweat and plasma; the effect of exercise. AB - The effect of 30 or 40 min hard exercise on a cycle ergometer upon plasma concentrations of zinc, iron and copper in twelve healthy male athletes was studied. Sweat samples were also collected from different body sites and analyzed for these metals. The metal content of sweat from different body sites varied, as did the sweating rates of different subjects. Pre-exercise plasma iron concentrations in 10 of the 12 subjects were within the normal range, but at least 4 subjects had sub-normal plasma zinc whereas six had plasma copper levels above normal. The effects of exercise on plasma metal concentrations varied from subject to subject; no general conclusions could be drawn about the biological significance of loss of metals in sweat in relation to whole body metal metabolism. It is suggested that a mild acute phase response may account for lowered zinc and raised copper in the plasma of athletes. PMID- 3180489 TI - Dose response to hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensives receiving a calcium channel blocker. AB - Seven hypertensive patients receiving the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocking agent nicardipine were given placebo, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in a randomized crossover design. Blood pressure (BP) decreased by about 7/3 mmHg irregardless of dose. In contrast, potassium, glucose and uric acid increased in a dose-dependent fashion. The hypokalemic and hyperglycemic responses at 50 mg were larger than usually seen with HCTZ. Low doses of HCTZ provided a modest antihypertensive effect, but 25 and 50 mg of HCTZ were no more effective in lowering BP and gave unusually large metabolic side effects when combined with a calcium channel blocker. PMID- 3180490 TI - Effect of marginal calcium intake on blood pressure in the Wistar rat. AB - Epidemiological studies in man suggest that blood pressures tend to be higher in persons with low calcium (Ca) intakes. Previous studies in normal rats have shown that severe Ca restriction raises blood pressure. The chronic effect of moderate Ca restriction is not known. We evaluated the effect upon systolic blood pressure of rearing young Wistar rats on a diet marginally adequate in Ca. Male weanling Wistar rats (8 rats per group) were placed on one of four diets containing 0.5% Ca (control diet), 0.4% Ca, 0.3% Ca, or 0.2% Ca. The three experimental diets were made up by replacing CaHPO4 in the salt mix with (NH4)H2PO4. Content of PO4 and electrolytes other than Ca was the same for all 4 diets. Sodium (Na) content was 0.1%. Diets were fed for 19 weeks. Rats did not grow normally on the 0.2% Ca diet, but growth was normal on the other three diets. There was no overall statistically significant effect of diet upon systolic pressure. During the first nine weeks of study there were no significant differences between groups and no consistent trends. During the last seven weeks, however, there was a consistent trend toward higher systolic pressures as Ca intake decreased. The mean change in blood pressure during the last five weeks of study from the baseline value at 4 weeks of age was significantly greater in rats consuming 0.2% Ca and tended to be greater in rats consuming 0.3 and 0.4% Ca than in controls. On several occasions, group mean systolic pressures were significantly greater in rats on the experimental diets than in controls. Systolic pressures for individual rats, averaged over the last seven blood pressure measurements, varied over a wider range in the experimental groups than in rats eating the control diet, and the distribution in the experimental groups was shifted toward higher systolic pressures. The results suggest that rearing normal rats on a diet marginally adequate in Ca may lead to a modest elevation in the blood pressures of some, but not all rats. The effect, however, is of much smaller magnitude than that observed with severe Ca restriction. PMID- 3180491 TI - Altered pressor response to norepinephrine in calcium- and vitamin D-deficient rats. AB - Norepinephrine (NE: 100-1000 ng/kg) pressor response studies in calcium- (0.005, 0.17, 1.4, and 2.8% in diet) and vitamin D-supplemented (0, 95, 190, and 950 U vitamin D3/day) normotensive conscious male rats were performed prior to and after administration of propranolol (100 ng/kg). Eight weeks of the above dietary treatments (beginning at 4 weeks of age) increased blood pressure (B.P.) in the 0.005% Ca group but reduced it in the 2.8% Ca group compared with the 1.4% Ca (control) group, whereas infusion of NE produced increased and decreased pressor responses, respectively. In the vitamin D groups, B.P. was increased only in the 0 U group, but NE pressor response was decreased in all groups compared with the 190 U (control) group. Plasma and bone calcemic parameters reflected disturbed Ca metabolism due to Ca and vitamin D deficiencies and excesses. These data suggest that Ca and vitamin D-induced changes in B.P. regulation in rats may in part be due to an altered adrenergic system. PMID- 3180492 TI - Neonatal diethylstilbestrol alters blood pressure and CNS drinking response in SHR and WKY rats. AB - Neonatal SHR and WKY rats were treated with diethylstilbestrol or propylene glycol (controls). Control SHR had higher blood pressures than WKY rats. Neonatal diethylstilbestrol treatment delayed the onset and full expression of hypertension in the male SHR but had no effect on blood pressure in the other animals. Neonatal diethylstilbestrol treatment had an adverse effect on body weights of male SHR and WKY rats through 98 days of age (not statistically decreased thereafter). Adult female SHR and WKY rats treated neonatally with diethylstilbestrol had body weights significantly greater than the control females. Neonatal treatment with diethylstilbestrol resulted in precocious puberty in female SHR and WKY rats. Control female SHR and WKY rats and female SHR treated neonatally with diethylstilbestrol had attenuated angiotensin - II induced drinking response from the central administration of estrogen in adulthood. The angiotensin II - induced drinking response was not significantly attenuated by central estrogen in adult WKY females exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol. Neonatal diethylstilbestrol treatment of WKY female rats appears to have altered neuroendocrine secretions that control CNS drinking behavior. PMID- 3180494 TI - Abstracts of the Journees de l'Hypertension Arterielle. Paris, France, December 17-18, 1987. PMID- 3180493 TI - High blood pressure induced by audiovisual stimulation in young rats: effect of antihypertensive agents. AB - High systolic blood pressure (BP) was induced in young Wistar rats by daily exposure for 30 mins to environmental stimuli consisting of intense (100 dB) sound of 7500 cps and flashing light (0.3 cps). Maximal BP enhancement was obtained after the application of both these stimuli for 3 consecutive days. Such a hypertensive response was detected 24 hrs, but not 1 hr after the trial. High BP backed to normal 72 hrs after discontinuation of the audiovisual stimulation trials. Clinically effective antihypertensive agents (clonidine, prazosin, propranolol, practolol and metoprolol) as well as a new compound under investigation (cicletanine) were proved active in this model. Normotensive nonstressed rats run in parallel did not show any variation in their BP after administration of the same dose of the drugs assayed. This experimental model of hypertension may be a useful tool not only to test new antihypertensive agents but also to study the intriguing question of the role of stress in the development and maintenance of essential hypertension. PMID- 3180495 TI - A lateral rhinotomy approach to transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. AB - The transsphenoidal approach to the sella turcica is nowadays more often used than the transcranial. The disadvantages of the transantral and transseptal approaches are a narrow and distant operative field and various complications. A fluoroscope often has to be used for orientation. With our lateral rhinotomy technique, no fluoroscope is needed as the whole sphenoid can be inspected. Furthermore, the operative field is wide and closer to the surgeon, few instruments are needed, bleeding is easily controlled, the anterior wall of the sella can be properly sealed, CSF rhinorrhoea prevented and the sphenoidal mucosa restored. The whole operation can be performed within 2 h. Fifty-seven patients were operated upon with good results and few complications. PMID- 3180496 TI - Psychiatric morbidity in subjects with inner ear disease. AB - A prospective assessment of psychiatric morbidity in a sample of 207 patients with inner ear disorders, attending an ENT clinic, was carried out. As a group, they were found to have higher psychiatric morbidity on the general health questionnaire (GHQ) than either normal samples or samples affected by other forms of physical disease. Within the sample tinnitus patients scored the highest, and presbyacusis patients the lowest. High GHQ scores predicted an exaggerated self rating of symptom severity in a visual analogue scale. Past psychiatric history did not play a role in the development of psychiatric morbidity. Elderly subjects complained more often of fear of collapsing in the street but this was not related, as has been suggested, to the subsequent development of agoraphobic symptoms. Factor analysis of GHQ items for the 'cases' yielded 'depression', 'anxiety' and 'personality' factors. No correlation was found between these factors and the rest of the clinical variables. It is concluded that tinnitus shows the clearest association with psychiatric morbidity and hence merits detailed psychological analysis. Such a study has been started at Addenbrooke's Hospital. PMID- 3180497 TI - The aetiology of laryngocoele. AB - Dimensions and volumes of 200 hemilarynges were measured to establish the normal range of laryngeal air sac size in males and females. Large saccules reaching the upper border of the thyroid cartilage were unilateral in 23 and bilateral in 20. Saccular volume is significantly related to ventricular volume but not to age, sex or laryngeal size. Large bilateral saccules are common and, therefore, a likely underlying factor in laryngocoele. However, the unilaterality of the disease, its male predominance and its age distribution, suggest that local laryngeal pathologies are perhaps the determinant factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. PMID- 3180498 TI - Theoretical considerations of nasal airflow mechanics and surgical implications. AB - A mathematical model relating nasal airflow and pressure, using Bernoulli's equation applied to flow through the nasal valve region, has been shown to give values of resistance which correlate well with those measured experimentally. It is concluded that the nasal valve is the primary location for nasal resistance and that the nasal vault contributes a negligible amount to the total transnasal pressure drop. Flow limitation is predicted in the model by incorporation of a term describing nasal valve stiffness. The interrelationship of the alar wing and nasal valve are demonstrated and the model is discussed in terms of aiding the understanding of normal airflow physiology and what implications this may have for septal spur surgery. PMID- 3180499 TI - Why do tympanostomy tubes block? AB - One hundred extruded Shah tympanostomy tubes were recovered from the ears of children following surgical treatment of otitis media with effusion. They were examined both macroscopically and microscopically for the presence of luminal blockage. The lumen was blocked by eosinophilic material with a polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltrate in 56% of cases and the base of the extruded tube was covered by a cast of squames in 70% of cases. The occurrence of luminal blockage was associated with the presence of a thick middle ear effusion. PMID- 3180501 TI - Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Research Society: abstracts. 3 October 1986. PMID- 3180500 TI - Vertigo following aural suction: can it be prevented? AB - Suction toilet of mastoid cavities leads to unpleasant vertigo in many patients. We have shown that suction causes cooling within the cavity, in a series of 20 patients. This is of the same order of magnitude as a cold air caloric, showing the temperature drop to be an important factor. The relevant physical principles are examined. During suction a flow of cold, dry room air replaces the warm, moist cavity air, causing cooling both directly and by vaporization of water. Introducing humidified air at near body temperature should eliminate these effects and a study is being set up to evaluate the potential clinical applications of the method in the ENT Outpatient Department. PMID- 3180502 TI - Familial occurrence of isodicentric X chromosomes with different breakpoints. AB - We report two cases of an idic (X) chromosome found in relatives with Turner's syndrome. A 21-year-old female revealed a non-mosaic form of X isochromosome of the long arms with two C-band regions, i.e. dic(X)(qter----cen----p11::p11----cen ---qter). Her 46-year-old aunt with Turner's syndrome had an X chromosome with long arm breakpoints at site q21 and chromosomal mosaicism, i.e. 45,X/46,X, dic(X)(pter----q21::q21----pter)(78/22). The relative rarity of reports about familial Turner's syndrome with structural abnormality may suggest a coincidence. However, it is difficult to exclude familial predisposition to X isochromosome formation in this family. PMID- 3180503 TI - Defective polymorphonuclear chemotaxis in patients with Turner's syndrome (45,X). AB - Polymorphonuclear leucocytes from patients with full Turner's syndrome (45,X) revealed a significantly weaker chemotactic response towards zymosan-activated serum than normal female and male controls. Random mobility and chemokinetic responses of polymorphonuclear leucocytes were normal, and so were all locomotive responses of mononuclear phagocytes in patients with Turner's syndrome. A subclinical polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotactic defect is suggested by these results, and a possible regulatory effect by a gene(s) in chromosome X (and Y) that must be present in a full double dose to preserve this function can be proposed. Control of polymorphonuclear leucocyte chemotaxis may represent yet another exception to the general rule of X-inactivation. PMID- 3180504 TI - Risk effect of maternal age in Pallister i(12p) syndrome. AB - Pallister syndrome is consequent to mosaicism for i(12p). The isochromosome is found mainly in skin fibroblast cultures, but rarely also in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. Maternal age for reported cases of Pallister syndrome was significantly older (p less than 0.005) compared to maternal age for the general population, and similar to maternal age in cases of Down syndrome (p less than 0.5). Paternal age in cases of Pallister syndrome was that expected in the general population from the age of their spouses (p less than 0.9). These data complement the maternal age effect seen in other aneuploidy conditions and suggest, as is found in mosaic cases of Down syndrome, that the chromosomally normal cell line in Pallister syndrome arises post-conception from a zygote already aneuploid consequent to meiotic nondisjunction. PMID- 3180506 TI - A new family with the Townes-Brocks syndrome. AB - We describe a new family with the Townes-Brocks syndrome, a dominantly inherited syndrome of anal, urorenal, ear and limb malformations. The proband shows the full spectrum of anomalies, including imperforate anus, prominent perineal raphe, rectoperineal fistula, triphalangeal thumb, preaxial hexadactyly, syndactyly, clinodactyly, preauricular protuberances, hypoplastic satyr ears, sensorineural hearing loss and urorenal anomalies. In contrast, the father shows only limb anomalies, sensorineural hearing loss and renal anomalies. Anorectal malformations, which are present in almost every patient with the Townes-Brocks syndrome, were absent in the father. This case report illustrates the intrafamilial variability of the Townes-Brocks syndrome. Consequently, careful examination of relatives of patients with this syndrome is necessary for the differential diagnosis with the sporadically inherited VA(C)TER(L) association. PMID- 3180505 TI - Acid alpha-neuraminidase deficiency: a nephropathic phenotype? AB - Isolated neuraminidase deficiency is a member of the relatively rare group of storage disorders known as glycoproteinoses. We report the long-term natural history of the disease in one of the first patients described in the literature. An unusual feature of the disease is the abrupt onset and fulminant nature of the nephrotic syndrome, complications of which caused the demise of our patient. Pathological examination of the kidneys from this child revealed renal epithelial cell damage, most marked in the membranes of the glomeruli and proximal tubules, findings which are consistent with the high sialic acid content of the membrane in these areas of the nephron. Chemical analysis indicated that the bulk of the stored material in the kidney was in the form of polar sialyloligosaccharides of high molecular weight. On the basis of our experience, as well as the previous reports of neuraminidase-deficient patients with nephropathy, we propose a nephropathic phenotypic variant of type 2 infantile sialidosis. PMID- 3180507 TI - Four copies of 8p in a mentally retarded boy with the mosaic karyotype 47,XY, + i(8p)/46,XY. AB - A 5-year-old boy with slow psychomotor development, slight widening of the posterior part of the brain ventricles, and anomalies of vertebrae and ribs is described. Cytogenetic investigation revealed the mosaic karyotype 47,XY, + i(8p)/46,XY, i.e., a triplication of 8p. This abnormality has not been reported before. PMID- 3180509 TI - Ring chromosome 22 46,XX,r(22)(p11.2----q13.3) presenting with leukemoid reaction. PMID- 3180508 TI - False negative findings at third trimester chorionic villus sampling (C.V.S.). AB - A discrepancy is reported between the karyotypes of chorionic cells (direct method):46,XX and of cultured amniotic fluid cells: 47,XX, + 18 in a pregnancy of 30 weeks. A stillborn girl, with external signs of trisomy 18 syndrome, was subsequently shown to have a mosaic pattern in both the lymphocytes and the placenta. PMID- 3180510 TI - The origin of isochromosomes. PMID- 3180511 TI - Identification of two suppressor factors induced by early pregnancy factor. AB - The binding of EPF to lymphocytes stimulates the release of soluble mediators, active in T cell dependent reactions, namely the rosette inhibition test and the adoptive transfer of contact sensitivity. On the basis of their ability to inhibit the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction in this latter assay, they have been classified as suppressor factors. This paper describes the identification of two EPF-induced suppressor factors. Unlike EPF which is neither species-restricted nor strain-restricted, these factors are genetically restricted in their action in the rosette inhibition test. EPF-S1 (estimated Mr 14,000) is restricted to the 1 region of the mouse MHC, while EPF-S2 (estimated Mr 55,000) is restricted to a locus (or loci) outside the MHC. Like other antigen non-specific factors, release of these suppressor factors can be stimulated also by Con A. PMID- 3180512 TI - Sialidase activity and antibodies to sialidase-treated autologous erythrocytes in bronchoalveolar lavages from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or sarcoidosis. AB - Sialidases catalyse the hydrolysis of terminal sialic acid of the carbohydrate moiety of glycoconjugates. Sialic acids play a key role in the expression or masking of antigenic sites and in cell-cell interactions. As an example, removal of sialic acid from the human erythrocyte membrane unmasks underlying molecules such as the specific carbohydrates (Gal-GalNac) of the so-called T or Thomsen Friedenreich cryptic antigen. A consequence of this, is the recognition of that antigen by natural serum antibodies. Since the T antigen has been shown to be present in the lung, we have investigated the possible presence of sialidase and of specific antibodies to sialidase-treated cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). By using a fluorogenic substrate (4-methyl umbelliferyl-alpha-D-N acetyl sodium neuraminate), we were able to detect a sialidase activity in BALF from eight out of nine patients with IPF and from ten out of thirty-five patients with sarcoidosis. BALF from normal volunteers and serum from both patients and normal volunteers were devoid of activity. BALF sialidase has an optimum pH activity of 5.4, it is not inhibited by EDTA and has a molecular weight close to 21 kD. BALF anti-T antibodies (galactose specific) were detectable in minute amounts in only one out of the nine normal volunteers. By contrast, they were frequently present in BALF from sarcoidosis (77%) or IPF (66%) patients and sarcoidosis patients had a higher mean activity. No correlation was observed between the enzymatic and antibody activities. PMID- 3180513 TI - Cyclosporin A induces long-term unresponsiveness in mercuric chloride-induced autoimmune glomerulonephritis. AB - Mercuric chloride induces a transient systemic T-lymphocyte dependent autoimmune syndrome in Brown Norway rats. Two weeks after the first HgCl2 injection maximum serum levels of anti-GBM antibodies and nephrotic range proteinuria are detected. CyA treatment during HgCl2 administration completely prevented these autoimmune phenomena. Moreover, a prolonged unresponsiveness to HgCl2 was induced, lasting for at least 5 weeks after combined pretreatment with CyA and HgCl2. This unresponsiveness could not be adoptively transferred with peripheral lymphoid cells. Suppression of development of HgCl2-induced proteinuria was adoptively transferred with lymphoid cells from HgCl2-treated donors in remission phase. Unresponsiveness to HgCl2, induced by CyA plus HgCl2 pretreatment, could be broken by reconstitution with naive lymphoid cells. These results suggest that the tolerogenic effect of CyA in HgCl2-induced autoimmunity is not mediated by active suppression; instead, the observed unresponsiveness might be due to direct functional deletion of autoreactive T-lymphocytes. A serendipitous finding was the dissociation in time between synthesis of anti-GBM antibodies and development of proteinuria, suggesting a role for cellular effector mechanisms in the induction of proteinuria. PMID- 3180515 TI - Mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with Kimura's disease. AB - A 16-year-old Saudi male with angiolymphoid hyperplasia and eosinophilia (Kimura's disease) for six years developed nephrotic syndrome. Renal biopsy revealed mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis. The patient was treated with prednisone which resulted in complete remission. This case is unique as it occurred in a Saudi patient and responded well to therapy. PMID- 3180514 TI - A fish oil diet reduces the severity of collagen induced arthritis after onset of the disease. AB - We have previously reported that compared to a corn oil diet a fish oil diet (5% by weight) fed to B10R.III mice before the induction of collagen induced arthritis markedly reduced disease severity. In this study we determine whether a fish oil diet could reduce the severity of collagen induced arthritis if begun after the arthritis was clinically apparent. Mice were initially fed either a fish oil or corn oil diet and immunized with bovine type II collagen 4 weeks later. At the onset of collagen-induced arthritis, half of the corn oil fed mice were switched to fish oil and arthritis assessed on a weekly basis. Four weeks after the diet change until killing 5 weeks later, the mice switched to fish oil developed much less severe arthritis than the corn oil fed controls. Thus the severity index of corn oil fed mice ranged between 9.4 and 7.1; the severity index of fish oil fed mice was between 6.8 and 4.3 while the mice switched to fish oil ranged between 7.2 and 5.6. Analysis of peritoneal macrophages 13 weeks after immunization showed that macrophages from fish oil fed mice incorporated eicosapentaenoic acid into phospholipids and produced less arachidonate products than corn oil fed mice. There was no difference between macrophages obtained from mice switched from corn oil to fish oil and those maintained on fish oil with respect to fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids or prostaglandin profile. These results suggest that arthritis severity may be modulated after the onset of CIA by altering the PG profile of macrophages present at inflammatory sites. PMID- 3180516 TI - Fractures and vertebral bone mineral density in patients with renal osteodystrophy. AB - We investigated the relationship of CT determined vertebral bone mineral density (BMD), type of renal osteodystrophy, N terminal PTH levels and fracture history in 31 dialysis patients. BMD for patients with bone biopsy documented osteitis fibrosa was 1.6 standard deviation (SD) above the normal value for age and sex matched controls, while those patients with low turnover osteodystrophy had a mean BMD 1.2 SD below normal (p less than 0.0001). Three patients with osteitis fibrosa who had previously been treated with prednisone had a low BMD (1.8 SD below normal, different than O, p = 0.0015). There was no correlation between BMD and time on dialysis (r = 0.1). An N terminal PTH level greater than 150 pg/ml was a sensitive (94%) and specific (100%) method of separating those patients with osteitis fibrosa from those with low turnover osteodystrophy, while BMD was much less useful in this differentiation. A low BMD was not predictive of fracture history but the type of renal osteodystrophy was. Patients with low turnover osteodystrophy had a fracture rate of 0.2 fractures/dialysis year in comparison to those with osteitis fibrosis who had 0.1 fractures/dialysis year. Patients with the former bone disease fractured mainly axial rather than appendicular bones in contrast to those patients with osteitis fibrosa. In conclusion we found that patients with osteitis fibrosa had increased BMD compared to normal while those with low turnover osteodystrophy had decreased BMD, but that the N terminal PTH level was a better predictor of the type of bone disease present than was BMD. PMID- 3180518 TI - Chronobiological variations of prolactin (PRL) in chronic renal failure (CRF). AB - During a 24-hour period, the serum levels of prolactin (PRL) were determined in 89 subjects, including 24 controls and 65 with chronic renal failure (CRF), divided into groups according to sex, age and serum creatinine. In mild CRF, both in males and females, PRL level proved to be higher than controls while its circadian rhythm of secretion disappeared. The MANOVA analysis (multivariate analysis of variance) showed that all 3 considered factors (sex, age, creatinine) have a systematic effect on PRL values, that of creatinine being the most prominent. With the progression of renal failure, the physiological PRL oscillations tended to diminish. In general, increasing creatinine levels progressively shifted the acrophase (that is the time-distance between a given hour and the maximum peak of the function) to the morning, with hemodialysis patients showing acrophases between 12 p.m. and 1 a.m. It is possible that in CRF the PRL feedback system could no longer function. PMID- 3180519 TI - The beneficial effect of ketoacids on serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone in patients with chronic uremia. AB - Hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism are regular complications in patients suffering from advanced renal failure. As aluminum-containing drugs carry the well-known risk of aluminum intoxication, we were interested in testing in a prospective study a mixture of ketoanalogues and amino acids which have been shown to lower the serum phosphate and parathyroid hormone in uremic patients. For 3 months, in addition to their diet, 17 uremic patients and 12 hemodialysis patients received a daily supplement of this mixture. Although no additional phosphate binders were administered, serum phosphate decreased significantly in the former group and was slightly lower in the latter. The serum parathyroid hormone level was consistently lowered when the initial concentration was not higher than 20 times normal. PMID- 3180517 TI - Slow continuous hemodialysis for the management of complicated acute renal failure in an intensive care unit. AB - This paper describes a simple system for the performance of slow continuous hemodialysis (SCHD) as a means of treating difficult and complicated cases of oliguric acute renal failure. The method, which employs access to the circulation via a double-lumen central venous catheter and a BSM 22 blood systems module, can be performed safely in the intensive care unit of a general hospital if closely supervised by a trained nephrologist. The results of treating 16 consecutive cases of complicated acute renal failure in a large general hospital without a hemodialysis unit are described. The method, whose simplicity makes it suitable for intensive care unit nurses without previous hemodialysis training, was not associated with any serious accidents or complications, and was tolerated well by even the most critically ill and hemodynamically unstable patients. The advantages of this approach over more traditional continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) are discussed. PMID- 3180520 TI - Hereditary nephritis in children with and without characteristic glomerular basement membrane alterations. AB - Characteristic ultrastructural alterations of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) have been reported in hereditary nephritis. However, these GBM changes are not present in all patients with hereditary nephritis. In a retrospective study of 42 children with hereditary nephritis characteristic GBM changes were found in 28. The clinical features, renal biopsy findings and subsequent course were compared with those in the 14 without such changes. All 42 patients had hematuria. Eighty-two percent of the patients with the GBM changes showed progression of nephritis and 39% showed neurosensory deafness when last seen. In contrast, all patients without the GBM changes had a normal audiogram, ran a nonprogressive course and had hematuria only when last seen. Light microscopy of renal biopsy specimens revealed segmental glomerular sclerosis and interstitial foam cells only in patients with the GBM changes. Our study shows that the presence or absence of these GBM changes is the most reliable indicator of the prognosis in children with hereditary nephritis. PMID- 3180521 TI - Gallium67 scintigraphy in the diagnosis of glomerulonephritis. AB - To assess the role of gallium-67 (67Ga) scintigraphy in the diagnosis of glomerular diseases, we performed the following technique in 39 patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) who underwent simultaneous Ga scan and histologic examination. 72 hours after IV injection of Ga citrate (2 mCi), isotopic kidney activity (normally undetectable) was compared to the activity of the liver and quantified as follows: less than (1+), equal to (2+) or greater than (3+) that of the liver. Renal biopsy was performed at the same time to evaluate the type of the GN and to quantify interstitial cellular infiltration. Proteinuria, serum albumin and creatinine were measured. There was a significant correlation between the level of 67Ga kidney activity and the degree of proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. On the contrary, no correlation was found between isotopic activity and the degree of renal failure or the degree of interstitial cellular infiltration. Increased kidney 67Ga activity did not appear characteristic of a specific histologic type of GN. Increased glomerular permeability may alter renal uptake of Ga; therefore 67Ga scanning does not appear to contribute significantly to the diagnosis and the follow-up of either primary or secondary GN. PMID- 3180522 TI - Effects of nifedipine on cisplatinum-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. AB - The effects of calcium channel blockade with nifedipine (N) on cis-diammine dichloroplatinum II (CDDP)-induced nephrotoxicity were tested in male Sprague Dawley rats. Renal function was evaluated before and five days after CDDP administration (5 mg/kg). The rats were treated with various doses of N (0.1; 0.3; 0.6 mg/kg/day) 2 days before CDDP administration and throughout the study. The severity of CDDP-induced acute renal failure was markedly modified in N treated animals according to the daily dosage of N. At 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg BW/day, N enhanced CDDP nephrotoxicity. Serum creatinine was 637 +/- 45 and 611 +/- 71 mumoles/liter, respectively, 5 days after CDDP administration (vs. 313 +/- 24 mumoles in animals treated with CDDP alone; p less than 0.05). In these animals the plasma potassium level was significantly elevated at day 7 when compared with CDDP-treated and control rats. In contrast, at the dose of 0.1 mg/kg BW/day N attenuated CDDP nephrotoxicity with a serum creatinine of 214 +/- 35 mumoles at the end of the study. The pathologic changes were also more severe in the groups receiving 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg of nifedipine. We postulate that at the higher doses (0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg) the systemic hemodynamic effects of nifedipine may override the potentially beneficial intrarenal effect which may account for the favorable results recorded with a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg. PMID- 3180523 TI - Urinary prostaglandin E and kallikrein activity in glomerular hyperfiltration induced by a meat meal in man. AB - Because renal vasodilator systems may be involved in the physiologic response to a protein meal, we studied the relationship of prostaglandin E (PGE) and kallikrein (KE) activity to the renal hemodynamic changes induced by a meat meal. Ten normal subjects on a maintenance diet providing 1 g protein per kg and 100 mmol Na daily were studied before and after a meal of 86 g of meat protein, once without medication, and again after treatment with indomethacin (150 mg daily for 3 days before and 50 mg the morning of the test). A carbohydrate meal of similar caloric, Na and K content was used in control studies. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR, inulin clearance), renal blood flow (RBF, para-aminohippurate [PAH] clearance), PGE and kallikrein urinary excretion were determined. All studies were performed during water diuresis to avoid bladder catheterization. The protein load induced an increase in GFR (ml/min, mean +/- s.e.m.: baseline 107.2 +/- 6.05, peak postmeal 146.4 +/- 6.79, p less than 0.01) and RBF (baseline 529.7 +/- 42.9, postmeal 678.9 +/- 61.9, p less than 0.05). Renal hemodynamic changes were unrelated to changes in urinary PGE and KE excretion. Indomethacin treatment inhibited PGE excretion by 73% during the test meal but did not modify the protein-induced hyperfiltration. Our results suggest that these renal vasodilator systems are not primarily responsible for the hyperfiltration response. In addition, the data show that inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis is not a practical approach to prevent glomerular hyperfiltration in clinical practice. PMID- 3180525 TI - Glomerular tip nephropathy. PMID- 3180526 TI - Retrospective analysis of visceral amyloidosis in hemodialysis (HD) patients treated for periods longer than five years. PMID- 3180524 TI - Giant serpentine aneurysm in a long-term hemodialysis patient. AB - A long-term hemodialysis patient with a giant intracranial vascular channel, which has been called a giant serpentine aneurysm, is presented. A 50-year-old man with an eight-year history of hemodialysis treatment was admitted because of headache, nausea and double vision. Computed tomographic scans and nuclear magnetic resonance revealed intracranial abnormal shadow. The left vertebral arteriography showed that the distal portion of the left vertebral artery was dilated to 17 mm in diameter. The basilar artery showed a large tortuous vascular channel and globular aneurysms over 25 mm in diameter. This giant serpentine aneurysm is a rather rare disease. To our knowledge, it has not been reported as a complication in a hemodialysis patient, although fourteen cases have been reported in the literature. In our case, several conditions such as long-term hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercalcemia, atherosclerosis and abnormal blood flow due to arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis treatment might be considered to play a role in the formation of the giant serpentine aneurysms. PMID- 3180527 TI - Vancomycin administration to hemodialysis patients. PMID- 3180528 TI - CAPD--Update 1987. PMID- 3180529 TI - CAPD in elderly patients with cardiovascular risk factors. AB - Twenty-nine elderly patients (greater than 70 years) on CAPD treatment were compared with 30 younger patients (less than 55 years). Biochemical parameters did not differ between the two groups, apart from blood sugar which was higher in the older patient group. Ultrafiltration rates were almost identical. CAPD specific complications also did not differ in the two patient groups. Arterial hypertension was well-controlled on CAPD and the proportion of patients requiring antihypertensives fell significantly. 8% of the old patients and 52% of the young patients required antihypertensive medication after 12 months of therapy compared to 38% and 81% before commencement of CAPD. Improvement of hemodynamic parameters was especially pronounced in older patients, who had cardiac risk factors in a high percentage of cases. Age and cardiac risk factors had the highest impact on the outcome, thus explaining the higher mortality in the older patient group. Older patients with renal insufficiency can be treated with CAPD leading to equally good results as those documented for younger patients. PMID- 3180530 TI - Peritoneal kinetics of different drugs. AB - In patients on peritoneal dialysis drug movement across the peritoneum depends on the physiology of the peritoneal membrane, the physiochemical properties of the drug, the dialysis regimen and the basic pharmacokinetic properties of the particular pharmacon. Besides the low dialysate flow rate in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), the latter point-drug kinetics-is thought to be of major importance for the influence of CAPD on drug kinetics. The eliminative potency of CAPD for drugs is limited due to the low dialysate outflow rate, an unfavorable ratio of the dialysate to the body volumes of distribution, the usually low ratio of the peritoneal to body clearance and the effect of drug protein binding. With intraperitoneal application, the drug appears rapidly in the circulation. This again results from the large differences in the volumes of the body to the peritoneal compartments, leading to a high concentration gradient across the peritoneal membrane. Thus a rapid disappearance of a pharmacon from the peritoneal cavity following intraperitoneal application combined with an insufficient drug elimination by CAPD may be explained by basic pharmacokinetic considerations. Unidirectional peritoneal transport of a particular drug has so far not been demonstrated. PMID- 3180532 TI - Evolution of transport theory in CAPD. AB - Current mathematical approaches describing solute and mass transfer during CAPD are based on a compartmental model, assuming the body and the peritoneal cavity to be different compartments and the peritoneal membrane to be a more or less complicated interface. Whereas simplified mathematical approaches may prove useful for routine clinical determination of mass transfer characteristics, more complex models may better serve developmental and theoretical purposes. PMID- 3180531 TI - CAPD is a first class treatment: results of an eight-year experience with a comparison of patient and method survival in CAPD and hemodialysis. AB - An 8-year experience on CAPD, in a single center with all treatments of ESRF (end stage renal failure) available, is presented. Method choice was left to the patient, after extensive counselling. However, CAPD selection was very negative, and CAPD patients were older, with a much larger percentage of diabetics and loaded by more risk factors, suggesting an influence of the staff preferences on patient choice. After a first period with unsatisfactory results, we obtained an important improvement of patient and method survival coinciding with the introduction of a new connector with disinfectant (Y-system) which allowed a reduction of peritonitis rate to 1 episode for 36 patient/months. For the period 1.1.81 to 31.12.86 a comparison was made (life table analysis) between new ESRF patients placed initially on CAPD or on HD. The 5-year survival was not statistically different in spite of the very negative CAPD selection of patients, who were 10 years older, on the average. Excluding diabetics, survival curves were identical in the two methods. Age at death and causes of death were not different. Method survival was better on HD (98% vs. 71% on CAPD, at 5 years, p less than 0.01): significance and limits of this evaluation are discussed. Drop out figures were definitely lower than in the literature and this was attributed to the sharp reduction in peritonitis rate. Only 1.7% of CAPD patients discontinued the method due to inadequate ultrafiltration. In 29 CAPD and 28 HD patients with more than 4 years treatment some biochemical and clinical data were compared. Serum cholesterol was significantly higher and serum proteins lower in CAPD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180533 TI - A three-year experience with CCPD in a university-based dialysis and transplantation program. AB - A three-year experience with CCPD in adults and children in a university-based Dialysis and Transplantation Program is presented. Fifty-one patients began treatment from March of 1984 through February of 1987 (5 infants less than age three years, 11 children ages 3 to 17 years and 35 adults, of whom 8 had diabetes mellitus). The approach to treatment selection and the results of treatment including peritonitis rates and patient outcomes are described in the different groups. CCPD has become the treatment of choice for infants and children with ESRD awaiting kidney transplantation. In adults it is a considered a reasonable alternative, and may be the preferred dialysis, modality, in elderly patients, patients with diabetes mellitus and patients with severe cardiovascular disease who require or prefer assistance, who wish to be at home, and who tolerate hemodialysis poorly. This segment of the dialysis population appears to be increasing steadily. PMID- 3180534 TI - Long-term results of CAPD in Italy: a report from the Italian CAPD Study Group. AB - Begun in 1979, the Italian CAPD Study Group monitored prospectively six years of CAPD experience (1980-1985) in 24 centers with 1107 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients (age 56.4 +/- 13.7 years). Compiled yearly, the clinical and therapeutical data were processed on a PDP 11-32 computer, according to UCLA BMPD 1L procedure. The survival rate was conditioned by age (more than 70) and by major clinical risk factors, with a large fraction of the deaths due to cardiovascular causes (40.6%) and cachexia (17.8%). The progressive reduction of peritonitis incidence (1/18.5 episodes/patient-month globally reached at the end of 1985) was due mainly to the wide spread adoption of the "Y" connection set (76% for 1985) and contributed to a decrease in drop-outs to 7.5% of 676 patients on CAPD during 1985. PMID- 3180535 TI - Long-term CAPD--some U.K. experience. AB - As many UK renal units commence more patients on CAPD than hemodialysis (HD) as the first mode of therapy a retrospective study of long-term CAPD (greater than 4 years continuous CAPD) was performed in 4 centers with substantial CAPD programs. One hundred and seventy-seven patients (103M, 74F) started CAPD before December, 1981. There was no difference in primary renal disease. Age was significantly greater in 2 units (51.9 +/- 11.7 and 53.2 +/- 12.1 vs 40.6 +/- 16.2 and 42.5 +/- 14.6 years, p less than 0.05) and correlates with pre-CAPD activity scores (Scale 3-0). After 4 years: 34 patients (19.2%) remained on CAPD: the proportion was similar in all centers. Sixty-five percent of patients were alive but 54% transferred to HD mainly due to peritonitis (overall 2.0 episodes/intercenter variation p less than 0.001). Fourty-four patients were transplanted. Significant increases occurred in hemoglobin, albumin, calcium and creatinine; a decrease in activity score (2.4 +/- 0.7 to 1.5 +/- 0.9, p less than 0.005); no change in weight, BP, urea or bone disease. Thirty-eight patients died, mainly cardiac (14) or sepsis (11). Using Cox's method of analysis significant risk multipliers were age (2.07 per decade), male sex (2.18), frequency of peritonitis (1.36), activity score less than 2 (4.45) and amyloidosis (12.45). Despite differing techniques in different centers CAPD offered a satisfactory mode of therapy for many patients; peritonitis was the main reason for transfer to HD and several significant factors were identified. PMID- 3180537 TI - Class specific rheumatoid factors and their complement binding property in the sera of patients suffering from recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. AB - In this prospective study of 44 patients suffering from recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis we followed the changes in serum levels of rheumatoid factors (RF) of the main immunoglobulin classes and their complement binding property (C3BP) and studied the correlations of these variables with clinical and laboratory parameters of disease activity. The study showed that RFs of all immunoglobulin classes and C3BP fluctuated longitudinally correlating significantly with each other and with laboratory variables of disease activity. IgG-RFs, however, appeared to predict the erosiveness and to correlate best with the articular activity of the disease. Chrysotherapy was shown to decrease serum levels of all RF isotypes irrespectively of whether the patients responded to the therapy or not. PMID- 3180536 TI - Effect of oral calcium and vitamin D on glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia. AB - Bone-loss in glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia is most evident in trabecular bone such as the vertebrae. Bone mineral content (BMC) measurements of the spine were prospectively studied, comparing the preventive effect of calcium (500 mg a day) and calcium plus Vitamin D (4000 IU on alternate days) during long-term corticosteroid treatment. A small increase in BMC was noted in both groups, but no differences between preventive calcium and calcium plus Vitamin D became evident. It is suggested that patients who are receiving prednisone should be advised to use supplemental calcium. PMID- 3180538 TI - Salivary kallikrein in Sjogren's syndrome. AB - Using a chromogenic substrate (H-D-Val-Leu-Arg-pNA) salivary kallikrein levels were measured in whole saliva samples from patients suffering from Sjogren's syndrome (SS). Compared to healthy control individuals, SS patients, especially those without corticosteroid medication, exhibited significantly elevated kallikrein levels. A diurnal variation was found with the highest kallikrein activities in morning saliva. No correlation between kallikrein levels and extension of the inflammation in labial salivary glands (focus score), salivary flow rates or diagnosis (primary versus secondary SS) could be observed. A pathogenic mechanism for kallikrein in autoimmune sialadenitis is discussed. PMID- 3180539 TI - Pharyngeal stenosis in Behcet's disease. AB - This report describes a patient with Behcet's disease who developed pharyngeal stenosis. It is suggested that this unusual complication is due to localised myositis. PMID- 3180540 TI - Temporal arteritis in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid nodule. AB - A 61-year-old woman, suffering from classic seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid nodule histologically documented, developed temporal arteritis. HLA-DR typing revealed the presence of DR3 and DR4 antigens. The findings from previous studies support the association of HLA-DR antigens, giant cell arteritis polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis, and suggest the participation of a common immunogenetic mechanism in their pathogenesis. PMID- 3180541 TI - Paediatric rheumatology 1988. PMID- 3180543 TI - IIIrd International Symposium on Anti-Phospholipid Antibodies. Kingston, Jamaica, January 5-8, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3180542 TI - Triamcinolone into the knee joint in juvenile chronic arthritis. AB - Sixty children aged less than 10 years with pauci-articular onset juvenile chronic arthritis and knee joint involvement received local injections with triamcinolone hexacetonide into the knee (total 83 knees). One year after injection, 77% of knees were excellent with no soft tissue swelling, no deformity and full range of movement, or good with slight swelling or deformity, but functioning well. Eleven knees which had relapsed within one year improved after a second injection and 2 after a third. Complications were limited to small areas of subcutaneous tissue atrophy in 2 patients. Intra-articular injection of long acting steroids is a useful means of controlling disease activity in the knee joints of young children with pauci-articular juvenile chronic arthritis. PMID- 3180544 TI - HLA antigens and clinical manifestations in Crohn's disease. AB - A clinical, radiological and immunogenetical study was carried out on 51 Crohn's patients. Rheumatological disorders were found in 16 of them, with higher frequency in those with colon involvement only. A statistically significant increase in the frequencies of HLA-A9 and HLA-Cw3 was noted: Cw3 showed a particularly high frequency in males, and A9 in younger patients. The frequency of HLA-B27 was significantly increased in the patients with colon involvement. In the group of 16 patients with rheumatic diseases HLA antigen frequencies were not significantly different from the control population. PMID- 3180545 TI - Serum ribonucleotide binding activity in osteoarthritis. AB - Previous investigations assessing ribonucleotide binding in the sera of patients with diverse forms of connective tissue disease unexpectedly identified positive responses in control osteoarthritic subjects. The current study, using a radiolabelled assay, confirms the presence of a polyadenylic acid (Poly [A] binding factor(s) in the sera of a group of 50 well-characterized patients having primary or secondary forms of this disease process as contrasted with matched control subjects. The significance of such binding activity is unknown. No significantly meaningful correlation could be established between serum Poly (A) binding levels and clinical or x-ray parameters of disease. PMID- 3180546 TI - Retrospective studies in scleroderma: skin response to potassium para aminobenzoate therapy. AB - Analyses were made of University of Michigan Hospital records of 467 patients diagnosed during the period 1948 - July 1980 as having scleroderma (390) or scleroderma associated with manifestations of other collagen disease (77). In all, there were coded 4733 visits or admissions. Demographic characteristics are detailed for the 390 patients with clinical features of scleroderma alone. The principal focus of this report is on degree and extent of skin involvement and response to therapy with potassium para-aminobenzoate (Potaba, KPAB). Ninety percent of 224 patients treated with KPAB experienced mild, moderate, or marked skin softening. Among a parallel group of 96 evaluable patients who did not receive KPAB, less than 20% were noted to have mild or moderate skin improvement at the end of follow-up. The difference in skin softening attained by patients treated with KPAB compared to that of patients who did not receive this medication was significant (p less than 0.0001). PMID- 3180547 TI - HLA antigens and Adamantiades-Behcet's disease (A-BD) in Greeks. AB - The distribution frequency of HLA-A and B antigens was determined in 24 Greek individuals with Adamantiades-Behcet's disease (A-BD) as well as in 280 controls. The standard NIH technique was used for tissue typing. There was an increased incidence of HLA-B5 in the patients group (75% compared to controls 32%). The calculated P corrected value was Pc less than 0.02, the relative risk (RR) was 6.23 and the aetiological fraction (EF) 0.68. This study agrees with the reported association between A-BD and HLA-B5 in other populations from the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and Far East. PMID- 3180549 TI - Increased platelet sensitivity to collagen-induced aggregation in whole blood patients with systemic sclerosis. AB - Platelet aggregation in whole blood was investigated in patients with Systemic sclerosis and age- and sex-matched controls. Dose-response curves for collagen, adrenaline and ADP-induced fall in platelet count were constructed. Aggregation to collagen at all concentrations was significantly greater (p less than 0.01) in the patients with systemic sclerosis than the normal controls, with a four-fold reduction in the ED50 for SS (0.044 +/- 0.03 mcg/1) compared with controls (0.12 +/- 0.008 mcg/1). No significant difference was observed in the response to the other aggregating agents, thus suggesting that in this disease a platelet abnormality exists which is specific for collagen. Increased platelet responsiveness to collagen and hence increased release of platelet-derived growth factors may provide a lin between endothelial damage and the connective tissue fibrosis of systemic sclerosis. PMID- 3180548 TI - Are 'homeopathic' doses of oral corticosteroids effective in rheumatoid arthritis? AB - When patients with rheumatoid arthritis whose clinical disease activity was stable had their oral prednisolone of less than 5 mg per day (mean 3.5 mg) replaced by placebo, there was an almost immediate flare in their arthritis. This confirms that such low dose prednisolone therapy is effective in controlling joint inflammation. PMID- 3180550 TI - Alkaptonuria and ochronosis in three siblings. Ascorbic acid treatment monitored by urinary HGA excretion. AB - Patients with alkaptonuria lack homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase leading to retention of homogentistic acid (HGA) in body fluids and eventually to tissue deposition of oxidation products, giving rise to the clinical picture of ochronosis. Ascorbic acid is a known inhibitor of the enzyme which catalyses the oxidation of homogentisic acid (HGA) to the polymer with affinity for collagen and was used in the treatment of three siblings with alkaptonuria. Ascorbic acid 500 mg bid was administered for 12 months. Two of the siblings tolerated the treatment, and in one the symptoms improved, whereas in the other they worsened. Plasma and urinary levels of HGA were monitored with a new HPLC method. Ascorbic acid is not effective in the treatment of symptomatic ochronosis. PMID- 3180551 TI - Polymorphonuclear cell functions in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome. AB - Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell functions were evaluated in twenty-two patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and 45 healthy controls. Adherence, phagocytosis, chemiluminescence and bactericidal ability were not significantly reduced in Sjogren's syndrome patients. Chemotaxis and chemokinesis were markedly reduced in SS patients and the results of the former test correlated well with those of the latter. These observations suggest that the decrease in PMN cell mobility is attributable both to a primary cell abnormality and a serum inhibitory effect. PMID- 3180552 TI - Spinal cord compression related to vertebral osteonecrosis. AB - The authors report 3 cases of spinal cord compression by vertebral collapse related to osteonecrosis. Two patients needed surgical decompression permitting pathological diagnosis. In the third case, osteonecrosis was ascertained by radiological evidence of an intravertebral vacuum phenomenon. Three etiologic factors were noticed: osteoporosis, corticotherapy, and radiotherapy. The relative frequency of neurologic complications in vertebral collapse related to osteonecrosis compared to those observed in osteoporosis is discussed. PMID- 3180553 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus, pulmonary hypertension and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). AB - The patient, a 30 year-old Caucasian female with a 6-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus was suspected of having pulmonary hypertension following chest X-Ray and routine echocardiography. Whilst awaiting further cardiological investigations she developed acute respiratory distress accompanied by gross signs of cor pulmonale and died despite full intropic and ventilatory support, in addition to intravenous "Pulse" methyl prednisolone. Postmortem findings showed typical features of the adult respiratory distress syndrome ('ARDS') but minimal vascular changes attributable to the pulmonary hypertension. The 'ARDS' was presumably associated with an acute 'flare' of the lupus. PMID- 3180554 TI - Pneumococcal vertebral osteomyelitis presenting with an aseptic knee effusion in a child. AB - An 11 year-old girl developed a sterile knee effusion in association with vertebral osteomyelitis. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Sterile joint effusions and vertebral osteomyelitis are both rare complications of pneumococcal infection although this organism is a frequent cause of bacteremia in childhood. PMID- 3180555 TI - Pulsed electromagnetic field treatment of chronic lateral humeral epicondylitis. PMID- 3180556 TI - Power spectrum of heart rate variability: a non-invasive test of integrated neurocardiac function. AB - Under steady state conditions, frequency specific oscillations in the heart rate record reflect beat-to-beat autonomic control of sinus node activity. Using an autoregressive model, samples (2.5 min) of continuous ECG records were analyzed in 36 healthy young adults during supine rest (45 min), orthostatic stress and controlled respiration. In the supine state, constancy of heart rate was achieved (mean HR 62.8 bt/min +/- 4.88 SD). However, the 0.1 Hz peak spectral power varied considerably: average coefficient of variation was 34% compared to only 8% for heart rate. When breathing rates were synchronized to a metronome there was a small insignificant decrease in the peak power at 0.1 Hz compared to spontaneous respiration. Standing produced a significant increase in the peak power at 0.1 Hz especially during synchronized breathing. There was a maximum increase in the low frequency (0.1 Hz) peak power of 40 (bt/min)2. Hz-1 at a controlled breathing frequency of 0.25 Hz in the standing compared to supine position. The data show that reproducibility of the power spectrum heart rate variability is best achieved at controlled but physiologic respiratory rates and, preferably, in the upright position. PMID- 3180557 TI - Accuracy of self-reported weight in a non-normal population. AB - Although prior studies have concluded that self-reported weight was accurate enough that it could readily be substituted for measured weight, the populations in these prior studies were either not well-defined or lacked generalizability. The present study was done in a well-defined group of 167 consecutive, male Veterans Administration (VA) patients. The relationship between actual weight (AW) and self-reported weight (RW) was found to be: AW = 0.96* RW + 16.3, and the standard error of estimate was 11.6 lbs, roughly twice as great as reported previously. The factors most closely associated with self-reporting error were obesity, race, and a history of congestive heart failure. PMID- 3180558 TI - Colonic function in acute Yersinia enterocolitica infection in rabbits. AB - The impact of acute Yersinia enterocolitica infection on colonic fluid and electrolyte absorption was studied. New Zealand White rabbits (500-600 g), were infected with Yersinia enterocolitica and compared to unmanipulated controls and pair-fed controls. Water and electrolyte transport were measured in proximal and distal colon by an in vivo single pass perfusion technique and in proximal colon in vitro under short-circuited conditions in Ussing chambers. Infection resulted in severe histologic damage in proximal colon but only mild alterations in distal colon. Pair-fed controls demonstrated decreased absorption in vivo in both proximal and distal colon and Na+ and Cl- secretion in vitro in proximal colon compared to unmanipulated controls. In contrast infection did not alter water and electrolyte absorption in vivo compared to unmanipulated controls despite evidence of net secretion of Na+ and Cl- in vitro. These results indicate that Yersinia enterocolitica infection of the colon does not contribute to fluid and electrolyte losses despite mucosal damage, but rather there appears to be a degree of compensatory colonic salvage. PMID- 3180559 TI - The effect of (a) neomycin and lactulose treatment on systemic and portal serum GABA levels in rats and (b) pH changes on [3H] GABA binding to isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Recently it has been suggested that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter, may be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. If so, then therapeutic interventions that are known to improve or exacerbate the encephalopathic state should have significant effects on GABA homeostasis. In the present study, we determined the effect of neomycin and lactulose treatment on systemic and portal venous blood GABA levels in healthy rats and rats having undergone common bile duct ligation. We also studied the effect of alterations in extracellular pH on [3H]GABA binding to isolated rat hepatocytes. The results of the study revealed that systemic serum GABA levels in neomycin (0.38 +/- 0.09 mumoles/L: mean +/- SEM) and lactulose (0.45 +/- 0.11 mumoles/L) treated healthy rats were significantly lower than in healthy controls (0.63 +/- 0.21 mumoles/L, p less than 0.01 and 0.05 respectively). The same was true of portal venous GABA levels (1.02 +/- 0.29, 1.14 +/- 0.69 vs 3.44 +/- 1.6 mumoles/L respectively). In liver diseased rats however, systemic serum GABA levels in neomycin (2.35 +/- 0.22 mumoles/L) and lactulose (1.92 +/- 0.29 mumoles/L) treated rats were similar to those in untreated liver disease controls (2.36 +/- 0.22 mumoles/L) as were portal venous GABA levels (5.76 +/- 0.73, 2.91 +/- 0.46 vs. 3.82 +/- 0.47 mumoles/L respectively). [3H]GABA binding to isolated hepatocytes was significantly decreased (46%) in the presence of an alkaline extracellular environment. The results of this study indicate that, in healthy but not in liver diseased rats, peripheral GABA homeostasis is altered by agents or factors that are known to improve or exacerbate the encephalopathic state in humans. PMID- 3180560 TI - Comparison of screening methods in a diabetes prevalence survey among northern Indians. AB - The use of medical records, fasting plasma glucose, 2-hour post-challenge glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin is compared in a population diabetes screening survey among Indians in northern Ontario and Manitoba. As expected, screening identified additional diabetics not previously known to the health care system. Glycosylated hemoglobin was highly correlated with fasting glucose and could discriminate between diabetics and non-diabetics, although not those with impaired glucose tolerance. In multiple regression models more significant predictors were identified and a larger proportion of the overall variance accounted for when log hemoglobin instead of log fasting glucose was used as the dependent variable. In a subsample of subjects, no additional diabetics were identified when both 2-hour and fasting criteria were used, compared to fasting plasma glucose alone. PMID- 3180561 TI - Patellar component failure in cementless total knee arthroplasty. AB - One hundred twenty-two total knee arthroplasties were performed with porous ingrowth fixation of the patellar component between February 1984 and February 1987. Twelve subsequently have experienced fatigue fracture of the patellar component at the peg-plate junction. All fractured patellar components demonstrated excellent ingrowth and fixation of the porous titanium fiber mesh peg surfaces with no ingrowth into the porous plate underlying the polyethylene patellar surface. While the initial group of 122 arthroplasties was only slightly greater than one-third male, the preponderance of patellar fractures was in males (ten of 12). Patients with patellar component failure were on average younger and heavier and had a greater range of knee motion than the index group. The average time from implantation to recognition of fracture was 24 months. Biomechanical analysis of the force system about a domed patella demonstrated that loading of the patellofemoral joint results in eccentric loading of the dome surface. Peg fixation not accompanied by fixation of the overlying plate allows these high eccentric forces to load the peg-plate junction in shear with consequent fatigue at the peg-plate junction. These results indicate that the shear forces are sufficiently high to warrant caution in the use of peg-plate systems in which peg ingrowth without plate ingrowth occurs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180562 TI - Patellar fracture type and prognosis in condylar total knee arthroplasty. AB - Fractures of the patella occurred following implantation of 36 condylar total knee arthroplasties in 35 patients. The end results were evaluated in relation to fracture type after an average 4.5-year follow-up period. The follow-up observations included a physical examination, quantitative knee score, and roentgenographic evaluations of extremity alignment and implant position. Twenty two of the 36 knees had a good or excellent knee score and 14 had a fair or worse score at the time of the latest follow-up evaluation. The satisfactory knees had an average arc of motion of 100 degrees, while the unsatisfactory knees had an average arc of motion of 80 degrees. Fourteen fractures through the mid-body or superior pole of the patella not involving the implant, cement, or quadriceps mechanism (Type I) and two nondisplaced fractures through the inferior pole of the patella (Type IIIB) were managed nonoperatively, with all knees rating either a good or excellent score. Fractures of the patella disrupting the quadriceps mechanism or implant/bone/cement composite (Type II) were managed operatively in the six knees. Fractures of the inferior pole of the patella with disruption of the patellar ligament (Type IIIA) were managed operatively in seven of eight knees (one patient refused surgery). Lateral fracture-dislocations were managed operatively in all six knees. Six of the knees operated upon had a good or better score, and nine knees were rated as poor or failed. Those fractures alignment and implant position were seen had the more severe patellar fractures and poorest outcomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180563 TI - The treatment of patellar fractures after total knee arthroplasty. AB - Based on 21 patellar fractures after total knee arthroplasty, the authors found that nondisplaced fractures of the patella following total knee arthroplasty are best treated nonoperatively, that displaced fractures with no extensor lag can adequately be treated nonoperatively, and that displaced fractures with an extensor lag present have poor results with operative treatment. Fragment excision should be considered for displaced distal pole fractures with patellar tendon disruption, and patellectomy should be considered for failures of all other treatments. PMID- 3180564 TI - Should the patella be resurfaced in total knee arthroplasty? Efficacy of patellar resurfacing. AB - To assess the long-term efficacy of patellar resurfacing, 100 knees were evaluated in 84 patients. The operations were performed between 1978 and 1982. The follow-up period ranged from 60 to 103 months. The diagnosis was degenerative joint disease (DJD) in 83%, rheumatoid arthritis in 12%, and miscellaneous in 5% of the knees. The implant (47 knees) and nonimplant (53 knees) groups were comparable with respect to age, body size, and length of follow-up period. The analysis revealed equivocal results. Considering all diagnostic categories combined, rest pain was marginally better in the resurfaced group (p = 0.04), but this difference resulted from an unequal distribution of subjects between mild and zero pain categories. Pain with walking, maximum walking distance, ability to climb stairs and rise from a chair, active arc of motion, extensor lag, and quadriceps strength were similar in the two groups. When the DJD group was considered separately, no significant difference emerged. There was little evidence to support a recommendation for routine patellar resurfacing in total knee arthroplasty. PMID- 3180565 TI - Old sepsis prior to total knee arthroplasty. AB - A retrospective study of 65 cemented total knee arthroplasties in previously infected knees was performed. Two subgroups were identified: in Group I there was prior infection of both the bone and joint (20 patients) and in Group II there was only joint involvement (45 patients). Following primary total knee arthroplasty, deep infection occurred in three of 20 (15%) in Group I and in two of 45 (4%) in Group II, or five of 65 (7.7%) overall. Subsequent revision arthroplasty was required in 18. Of these 18 knees, three (17%) developed deep infection. Old sepsis, especially with associated osteomyelitis, results in a high rate of infection following total knee arthroplasty. PMID- 3180566 TI - Unicameral bone cyst in the scapula of an adolescent. AB - Unicameral bone cysts of the scapula have been reported mainly in adult patients. The atypical location of the unicameral bone cyst in a 12-year-old girl presented a diagnostic dilemma. Curettage proved to be an effective method for both diagnosis and treatment of this benign lesion. PMID- 3180567 TI - Surgical repair of the rotator cuff and surrounding tissues. Factors influencing the results. AB - The surgical pathology and clinical results of 78 reconstructions of chronic rotator cuff tears were reviewed retrospectively. The predominant complaint preoperatively was chronic pain with impaired shoulder function, resistant to repeated conservative treatment. Results according to a functional assessment were excellent or satisfactory in 71% of the patients, unsatisfactory in 12%, and failed in 17%. Relief of pain including night pain and pain with activity was obtained. Surgery should include a thorough exploration of the rotator cuff and the adjacent tissues. Accompanying problems, including biceps tendon disorders or impingement factors, must be recognized and treated at the time of the reconstruction procedure. Repair of the torn rotator cuff and treatment of concomitant lesions are effective operative procedures when symptoms are persistent and fail to respond to conservative treatment. PMID- 3180568 TI - Synovial osteochondromatosis in the subacromial bursa. AB - Synovial osteochondromatosis may occur within an otherwise normal synovial joint (primary disease), within a diseased joint (secondary disease), within tendon sheaths, and within extraarticular bursal cavities. Each of these four types of disease can present in one of three progressive morphologic stages in which the intrasynovial proliferations of cartilage and bone break free to form loose bodies. A 61-year-old man presented with loose bodies about his right shoulder. This case report demonstrates that the disease was a true example of bursal osteochondromatosis of the subacromial bursa, Stage III, rather than synovial osteochondromatosis of the shoulder joint. Well-documented cases of bursal osteochondromatosis are rare. PMID- 3180569 TI - Posterior transpedicular Zielke instrumentation of the lumbar spine. AB - Thirty-three patients treated by posterior transpedicular Zielke instrumentation of the lumbar spine were followed 1.1-2.7 years postoperatively. The average age of the patients was 64 years. The transpedicular technique allowed excellent fixation in patients with poor bone stock secondary to osteoporosis and extensive laminectomy defects. In particular, it allowed distraction and realignment of asymmetrically collapsed foramina with relief of pedicular kinking, correction of lateral deformity, and correction of reduced and fixed listhetic segments. Complications included one broken rod in the immediate postoperative interval while in the hospital. There was no late breakage of rods. The technique of transpedicular fixation with the ability to selectively distract or compress individual segments prevented any further collapse or displacement and allowed correction of areas of scoliotic collapse with relief of root entrapment. A normal lordosis was maintained as indicated by preoperative and postoperative measurements. PMID- 3180570 TI - Brace treatment for symptomatic spondylolisthesis. AB - The literature documents progression of spondylolisthesis, most commonly during the adolescent growth spurt. Twenty-eight patients with Grades I and II spondylolisthesis were treated with antilordotic braces. Presenting signs and symptoms included back pain (61%), tight hamstrings (53%), increased lordosis (25%), and mild scoliosis (21%). Three patients presented with spondylolysis and progressed to a slip prior to initiation of brace treatment. Mean duration of brace treatment was 25 months. In the brace, lateral roentgenograms demonstrated a significant reduction of lumbar lordosis and sacral inclination. At the conclusion of brace treatment all patients were pain-free and none had demonstrated a significant increase in slip percent. PMID- 3180571 TI - The acetabular teardrop and its relevance to acetabular migration. AB - Five pelvises were photographed, roentgenographed, and sequentially sectioned or reamed to determine the location and appearance of the acetabular teardrop figure. The teardrop is located inferomedially in the acetabulum, just superior to the obturator foramen. The lateral lip is the exterior, and the medial lip is the interior of the acetabular wall. The ilioischial line projects over the medial acetabulum only fortuitously on the straight anteroposterior (AP) roentgenogram. Because of parallax, the relationship between the ilioischial line and the teardrop changes for views varying as little as 10 degrees in horizontal obliquity from the true AP roentgenogram. Because the teardrop comprises a well defined, constant portion of the medial acetabular wall whereas the ilioischial line does not, the authors recommend using the acetabular teardrop rather than the ilioischial line for the detection and measurement of medial and superior acetabular migration. PMID- 3180572 TI - Late onset femoral stress fracture associated with extruded cement following hip arthroplasty. A case report. AB - The presented case demonstrates a femoral stress fracture in association with a cortical defect occupied by extruded polymethylmethacrylate, occurring approximately two years after a cemented total hip arthroplasty (THA). Although more emphasis is currently being placed on cementless arthroplasty, there is a large population of patients with cemented arthroplasties, and a number of surgeons continue to use pressurized cementing techniques. The diagnosis of stress fracture should be considered in addition to diagnoses of infection and loosening in patients with painful THAs and extruded femoral cement. Once the diagnosis of stress fracture is established, the authors advocate cement excision to the level of the endosteal cortex and bone grafting. The history of recent abrupt onset of pain and the bone scan with focal uptake have been found to be most helpful in establishing the diagnosis. PMID- 3180573 TI - Reduction in cement-bone interface shear strength between primary and revision arthroplasty. AB - This study quantified changes in the cement-bone interface shear strength between primary and first- and second-revision arthroplasties as a function of mechanical interlock between the cement and bone. There were 128 segments obtained from four pairs of fresh human femora that were prepared sequentially as for primary and first and second revisions, taking care to maintain original canal morphology. Cement was pressurized into the cavity of the anatomic specimens, and the maximum interface shear strength between the cement plug and the bone was experimentally determined for each revision. First-revision interface shear strength was reduced to 20.6% of primary strength, and second revision strength to 6.8% of primary strength. PMID- 3180575 TI - The Sheehan total knee arthroplasty. A retrospective review. AB - Sixty Sheehan total knee arthroplasties (TKA) in 44 patients were reviewed 3.5 years following surgery. Patient mobility was improved, but only 29 knees were completely free of pain. In 18 knees there was a complaint of pain localized to the patellofemoral joint, and in five knees the pain was severe enough to require further surgery. Complications included three knees with presumed deep infection and three knees with tibial stud fractures. Aseptic loosening did not occur, although sinkage of the tibial component was observed. Revision arthroplasty was not successful mainly because of poor residual bone stock. Salvage surgery included three successful arthrodeses. The high incidence of patellofemoral problems and violation of bone stock make the current surface replacements attractive alternatives for TKA. PMID- 3180574 TI - Hamstring release for knee flexion contracture in spastic adults. AB - Thirty adults (17 male and 13 female patients) with spastic disorders were treated by hamstring releases of 46 extremities. The diagnoses were stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and anoxia. The mean age at surgery was 38.6 years. Three extremities had partial release of the hamstring tendons behind the knee; the remaining 43 extremities had a complete release. The average position of the knee was 61.4 degrees of flexion preoperatively and 6 degrees postoperatively. The follow-up period averaged 21.3 months. Preoperatively, 87% of patients were nonambulatory. Following hamstring release 43% became ambulatory and 17% had gained the ability to transfer. Complications included two stroke patients with severe peripheral vascular disease; one developed a large nonhealing sore of the ankle and the other developed gangrene of the foot. Both patients required amputation. Three other patients developed recurrent flexion contractures that have since been rereleased with good results. PMID- 3180576 TI - Two-stage reimplantation in infected total knee arthroplasty. AB - Twenty-one infected total knee arthroplasties (TKA) in 21 patients were treated from September 1980 through October 1987. Of these, 15 were followed for more than one year. Treatment of these patients consisted of thorough debridement of all infected tissue and components; a cement spacer was used in ten patients. The cement was impregnated with antibiotics. This procedure was followed for an average of 4.2 weeks with intravenous antibiotics and TKA utilizing antibiotic impregnated cement. Five patients had rheumatoid arthritis and ten had osteoarthritis. The organisms included Staphylococcus coagulase negative (seven patients), Streptococcus group B (two patients), Streptococcus bovis (one patient), Enterococcus (one patient), Staphylococcus coagulase positive and Bacillus circulans (one patient), Staphylococcus coagulase negative and Enterococcus (one patient), Staphylococcus coagulase negative and Pseudomonas aeuriginosa (one patient), and Clostridium perfringens (one patient). Of the 15 patients, 12 appeared to be free of infection, two were obvious failures and required knee fusion, and one was suspected of having continued infection at five years and was treated elsewhere. Eleven patients with revision TKA were available for follow-up examinations at an average of 2.9 years (range, one to six years). One patient died five years after reimplantation but had been functioning well. One patient functioning at three years postreimplantation did not return for a later follow-up examination. The average knee score (modification of the Hospital for Special Surgery Knee Score) was 75.5 points (range, 48-94); average flexion was 81 degrees (range, 52 degrees-120 degrees), and average extension was +6 degrees (range, 0 degrees-30 degrees).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180577 TI - Cartilaginous transdifferentiation of rat tenosynovial cells under the influence of bone morphogenetic protein in tissue culture. AB - In an in vitro system cartilage tissue was formed from the patellar ligament of young adult rats in the crevices of bone matrix gelatin (BMG) under the influence of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). The rate of cartilage induction was 75% (six of eight) for the explants using patellar ligaments of rat knee joints. Almost the same rate was observed, 67% (four of six), for explants of ligament with fatty tissue. Tenosynovial cells and synovial cells from the surface of ligaments are potent responders to BMP, and this property may be applied to accelerate the biologic attachment of excised tendons and ligaments in clinical practice. PMID- 3180578 TI - Induction of callus formation by implants of bone morphogenetic protein and associated bone matrix noncollagenous proteins. AB - Callus formation in the periosteal bone interface in response to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and associated bone matrix noncollagenous proteins (BMP/NCP) was investigated in mature adult rabbits. For controls byproducts of BMP/NCP purification, bone marrow, eight nonskeletal tissues, purified matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich protein (MGP), and a composite of BMP/NCP and polylactic-polyglycolic acid polymer (PLA/PGA) were also implanted in the periosteal bone interface. Quantitative microcomputer image analysis and histologic studies were performed three weeks after the implantation. BMP/NCP and bone marrow or BMP/NCP implanted over a single drill hole into the marrow cavity produced three times more new bone than the bone marrow alone. BMP/NCP alone produced twice as much new bone as bone marrow alone. Control implants of bovine serum albumin or purified MGP produced no new bone. Autogeneic minced muscle and ten nonskeletal tissue controls produced little or no bone formation. Even at one fifth of the dose of BMP/NCP, a composite of PLA/PGA incorporating BMP/NCP showed almost the same amount of new bone as BMP alone. Histologically, the response to BMP/NCP consisted of an external callus of calcifying cartilage and woven bone. The response to subperiosteal implants of BMP/NCP or BMP/NCP with bone marrow or with minced muscle occurred with the same sequence of developmental events as seen either in embryonic skeletogenesis or in fracture callus. PMID- 3180579 TI - Effect of diffusion chamber pore size on differentiation and proliferation of periosteal cells. An experimental study. AB - The influence of the pore size of Nucleopore diffusion-chamber filters on the rate of proliferation and differentiation of periosteal cells in muscle was studied in 44 growing rabbits. Periosteal grafts were placed in chambers (16-19 in each experimental group) sealed with filters with a pore size of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, or 2.0 micron. Each chamber was implanted into the paraspinal muscle of the rabbit, where it remained for 16 weeks. The osteochondrogenic activity of the graft grew linearly when the pore size increased from 0.4 to 1.0 micron. In the chambers with a pore size of 2.0 micron, both bone and cartilage were found in only one chamber. Bone and cartilage were not found outside any of the chambers. The present results showed that the pore size of the filters significantly affected the ability of the periosteal graft to form bone and cartilage. PMID- 3180580 TI - The effect of partial periosteal division on growth of the long bones. An experimental study in rabbits. AB - The mode of action of the periosteum in the growth of the long bones was investigated by comparing the activity of the growth plate after hemicircumferential and longitudinal periosteal incisions. Twenty-eight rabbits were divided into three groups. A longitudinal periosteum incision was made on the medial upper tibia in rabbits of Group A, and a hemicircumferential periosteum incision was made in Group B. An incision of the skin and superficial tissue only, similar to the skin incision of Groups A and B, was performed on rabbits in Group C. Certain differences in the development of the right tibia compared to the control side were observed in rabbits of Group B: (1) valgus deformity, 5 degrees-10 degrees; (2) overgrowth, 1-2 mm; (3) an S-shaped tibia deformity. The dynamics of the deformity support the mechanical theory because the direction of periosteum division was an important factor in the appearance of growth disturbances. PMID- 3180582 TI - The healing of canine vascularized segmental tibial osteotomies. The effect of retained endosteal circulation. AB - Forty-eight pairs of canine tibial segmental osteotomies, 4 cm in length, were investigated to determine the progress of regeneration. The tibial segment was stripped of all soft tissue in one limb and the vascular pedicle was preserved in the contralateral limb. This allowed the healing of the tibial segments, vascular versus nonvascular, to be compared using sequential blood flow and roentgenographic and angiographic data. The blood flow to the vascular bone segment quadrupled at three weeks and then gradually decreased to 1.5 times baseline at one year. The nonvascular tibial segment showed a linear increase in flow for three months, achieving a level comparable to the contralateral vascular tibia segment. Peak flow in the vascular tibia at three weeks was four times that of the nonvascular tibia. Blood-vessel ingrowth from each osteotomy site progressed at a linear rate but was three times faster in the vascular bone. The deposition of callus and the rate of osteotomy healing were accelerated significantly in the vascular group. At three months 87% of the vascular tibial osteotomies healed versus 43% of the nonvascular osteotomies; these results represent significant advantages in the rate of healing in vascular versus nonvascular segmental tibial osteotomies. Segmental vascular bone grafts that are internally fixed with plate and screws can preserve the vascular structure and its advantages in bone regeneration. PMID- 3180581 TI - Biochemical heterogeneity within the maturing rabbit medial collateral ligament. AB - The purpose in this investigation was to determine the biochemical composition of the normal rabbit medial collateral ligament (MCL) along its length during growth and maturation. Water content and hexosamine concentration as an index of glycosaminoglycan content and collagen concentration were quantified and results compared statistically for anatomically identified MCL segments at various ages. These data demonstrate differences in all parameters at different locations along the ligament and at different ages. Biochemical differences were noted between midsubstance and periinsertional areas. There were subtle differences between the two insertion sites of this ligament at all ages. These results indicate that the rabbit MCL is not homogeneous biochemically along its length and that its matrix composition changes with growth and maturation. PMID- 3180583 TI - Osseous xanthomatosis and a pathologic fracture in a patient with hyperlipidemia. A case report. AB - Osseous xanthomatosis and a pathologic fracture of the femoral neck associated with hyperlipoproteinemia occurred in a 48-year-old woman. Widely distributed skeletal lesions suggested a primary neoplasm such as malignant lymphoma or multiple myeloma; however, needle aspiration cytology of the fracture site, cutaneous manifestations, and abnormally high concentrations of lipoproteins established a diagnosis of intraosseous xanthomatosis associated with hyperlipidemia. Histologically, the excised femoral head showed a dense aggregate of lipid-laden macrophages and depletion of normal bone trabeculae. The hyperlipidemia is classified as Type IIb hyperlipoproteinemia. PMID- 3180584 TI - Functional comparison of posterior cruciate-retained versus cruciate-sacrificed total knee arthroplasty. AB - Gait of 11 patients with bilateral paired posterior cruciate-retaining and cruciate-sacrificing total knee arthroplasties (TKA) was studied preoperatively and two years postoperatively on walking and stair climbing. Five-year clinical and roentgenographic examinations were included in the study. Differences between the two prostheses were noted both in level walking and in stair climbing. On level walking, cruciate-sacrificed TKA had more flexion in loading response and increased flexion and varus moments with increased muscle activity of quadriceps and biceps femoris. Abnormal gaits common to both types of knee were decreased flexion in stance and decreased single-limb stance. Both knees had a stiff-legged gait during stance. On stairs, the cruciate-sacrificed TKA substituted soleus muscle activity for knee stability. The single-limb stance and range of motion were similar for both knees. In clinical terms, the cruciate-sacrificed TKA is less efficient and has greater medial loading and higher joint reaction forces that may affect durability of the prosthesis. The five-year knee scores, patient satisfaction, and roentgenographic examinations were equal for both sets of knees. PMID- 3180585 TI - The effect of postoperative collateral ligament laxity in total knee arthroplasty. AB - Forty-seven patients who had been treated by 63 total knee arthroplasties were assessed at 12-84 months after the operation. The data were analyzed to determine if collateral ligament laxity had a detrimental effect on the clinical outcome. The Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score was used to make the clinical assessment and a modified HSS score, which excluded points awarded for laxity, was also used. Unidirectional (varus or valgus) and total (varus and valgus) laxity were used as a basis of analysis. None of the examined parameters produced results suggesting that lax knees were worse than stable knees. Indeed, knees with increasing laxity through the categories of mild and moderate showed better statistically significant results in HSS score and pain than those with lesser degrees of laxity. Seventy-five percent of the knees with unidirectional laxity were classified as excellent; only 38.5% of the stable knees were graded as excellent (p less than 0.01). Only 9% of the lax knees had complaints of pain; 38% of the stable knees were painful (p less than 0.05). No significant difference in functional score and walking ability was noted between the lax and the stable knees. Seventy-eight percent of the lax knees had a range of motion over 100 degrees; 62.5% of the stable knees achieved this range. PMID- 3180586 TI - Unicompartmental porous coated anatomic total knee arthroplasty. AB - Unicompartmental arthroplasty has been advocated for management of the older patient with unicompartmental arthritis. Implant breakage and loosening has led to modifications of implant design to metal backing and porous coating for potential bone ingrowth. A review of 28 cementless porous coated anatomic total knee arthroplasties two years after the operation revealed good to excellent results in 20 knees (71%). Six knees in five patients required revision for persistent pain. Only fibrous tissue ingrowth was observed. Five knees were considered potential failures based upon persistent pain and roentgenographic evidence of component loosening. This implant design is not acceptable with cementless fixation. PMID- 3180587 TI - Patellofemoral arthroplasty. A three- to nine-year follow-up study. AB - Twenty-two patients with 25 patellofemoral arthroplasties (resurfacing of the patella and femoral groove) were evaluated to assess long-term results. A past history of patellofemoral malalignment or instability was obtained from 14 patients. Preoperative roentgenograms demonstrated patellofemoral osteoarthritis in all 25 knees; five patients had both tibiofemoral and patellofemoral osteoarthritis. The average age at the time of surgery was 62 years and follow-up time averaged 5.3 years. Results were determined using a modified Hungerford knee rating scale. Follow-up roentgenograms were evaluated for mechanical failure and progressive deterioration of the tibiofemoral joint. Eighteen of 25 (72%) patellofemoral arthroplasties were rated excellent or good. However, 15 of 17 patellofemoral arthroplasties (88%), all performed on women, had satisfactory results. There were seven failures. The presence of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis adversely affected the outcome; excluding the five patients with tibiofemoral osteoarthritis, 17 of 20 patellofemoral arthroplasties (85%) had satisfactory results. Other reasons for failure were malposition of the components and persistent patellofemoral malalignment. Mechanical failure was not observed. Patellofemoral arthroplasty may be indicated for patients with osteoarthritis limited to the patellofemoral compartment. PMID- 3180588 TI - Patellar prosthesis positioning in total knee arthroplasty. A roentgenographic study. AB - Patellar prosthesis positioning in 40 primary total knee replacements was evaluated with regard to (1) patellar tilt, (2) angle between the patellar component and patellar bony remnant, (3) lateral versus medial placement, (4) patellar height, and (5) size of the patellar component versus patellar length. Two different designs were evaluated. Twenty knees that were resurfaced with a patellar button prosthesis and implanted with conventional surgical technique constituted Group A. Twenty knees that were resurfaced with a new biconvex prosthesis and implanted with specially designed instrumentation constituted Group B. For Group A, the patellar tilt averaged 4.25 degrees preoperative and 8.35 degrees postoperative. For Group B the patellar tilt averaged 4.60 degrees preoperative and 1.83 degrees postoperative. In Group B, there was significant improvement in patellar position, with only two patients showing values exceeding the neutral range (p = 0.0409). The angle between the patellar component and the bony remnant in Group A averaged 5.975 degrees, and in Group B, 1.447 degrees. Two patients in Group A and 18 patients in Group B had values in the normal range for patellar tilt and the angle between the prosthesis and the bone. The prosthesis was inserted medial to the patellar center in six patients in Group A and one patient in Group B. A significant decrease in patellar height was noted for both groups, but values were still within the normal range. Both groups showed significant increase in the postoperative articular length, indicating that oversized prostheses were inserted and excess bone removed. PMID- 3180589 TI - Total knee arthroplasty. A personal retrospective and prospective review. AB - The author's current concepts of total knee arthroplasty evolved from the design and subsequent 20 years' experience with a metallic tibial plate in more than 170 knees between 1953 and 1972. The rationale for this resurfacing device and, later on, for the development of the author's total knee replacement ensemble was based on certain basic principles that were directed to the preservation of bone stock and the reconstitution of the normal knee joint modalities. Sixteen subsequent years of personal experience in the implantation of more than 1700 total knee replacements commencing in 1972, using both cemented and uncemented fixation technique, have clearly established the direct relationship between the successful results and the degree of precision in the implementation of correct anatomic principles. PMID- 3180590 TI - Further observations on metal-backed patellar component failure. AB - The clinical data, failure pattern, symptoms, roentgenographic findings, and failure mechanism of a series of 25 metal-backed patellar component failures are summarized. Diagnosis of implant failure was unknown prior to arthrotomy in seven of 25 cases (28%). Clinical findings and history were not helpful in making the diagnosis. Roentgenographic findings led to the diagnosis in 17 of 18 and were by far the most useful data. Metal-backed patellar component failure is a new complication of total knee arthroplasty and will be seen in increasing numbers. Caution is urged in implanting metal-backed designs until further design research is done. PMID- 3180591 TI - Failure mechanisms of metal-backed patellar components. AB - A specific type of failure of a metal-backed patella occurred, consisting of a separation of the polyethylene from the metal backing. This dissociation is followed by wearing of the metal backing against the femoral component. This produces clinical signs and symptoms that usually require revision. This failure occurred in 16 knees of 14 patients. Average time to failure was 14 months. Failure was associated with patellar implant design, surgical technique, patient characteristics, and femoral component design. The plastic of the metal-backed patellae was thin at the periphery. The metal plate did not extend to the edge of the plastic and acted like a sharp edge that cut the thin plastic. The plastic dome was not bonded to the plate and became separated from the plate once the plastic tore. The plate became deformed. Failure was more likely with a subluxated, tilted, or excessively thick patella or flexed femoral component. The typical patient was a large, active male who had achieved more than 115 degrees of flexion. A prominent edge on the lateral intercondylar ridge of the femoral component resulted in a concentrated load being applied to the plastic dome and favored rapid wear of the patella. Until a greater understanding of patello femoral loading is acquired, caution in the use of metal-backed patellae is recommended. PMID- 3180592 TI - Detection of bacterial endocarditis with indium-111 labeled leukocytes. AB - Bacterial endocarditis in a patient with dense mitral annular calcification secondary to renal failure and hyperparathyroidism was detected by indium-111 labeled leukocyte imaging. Although the gallium-67 image was negative, echocardiography subsequently confirmed the diagnosis. PMID- 3180593 TI - In-111 WBC activity in salivary and lacrimal glands of a patient with Sjogren's syndrome. PMID- 3180594 TI - Spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak demonstrated by radioisotopic cisternography. AB - Many conditions are known to cause a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistula; one of them is lumbar puncture for contrast myelography. Reported here is the case of a man who underwent contrast myelography at the L2-L3 level and who presented with postural headaches and lumbalgia with radiation to the legs three weeks after the procedure. Tc-99m albumin isotopic cisternography at the L5-S1 level was performed and clearly depicted a functional CSF leak through the dura at the L2 L3 level and CSF suffusion along several rachidian roots. Scinticisternography may thus be used to localize accurately a CSF leak. PMID- 3180595 TI - Scintigraphic criteria for the diagnosis of obstructive hepatobiliary diseases with Tc-99m IDA. AB - The purpose of this study is to define the scintigraphic parameters that reliably predict the presence of obstructive hepatobiliary diseases. Gallbladder and intestinal visualization times noted during cholescintigraphy with Tc-99m IDA were compared to functional and morphologic parameters for their ability to accurately diagnose biliary diseases. One hundred and twenty-five normal subjects and 127 patients with five different types of hepatobiliary diseases were studied. Bile pooling in segmental ducts with minimal prolongation of excretion t 1/2 was the feature most commonly seen in partial common bile duct obstruction, and biliary nonvisualization with marked prolongation of excretion t-1/2 was the primary feature of total obstruction. Sclerosing cholangitis showed band constrictions and beading along bile ducts with regional variation in excretion t 1/2, and primary biliary cirrhosis demonstrated normal bile ducts with uniform prolongation of excretion t-1/2. Patients with cholelithiasis showed normal image patterns of the major ducts. Intestinal visualization by 60 minutes was only 46% sensitive and 77% specific with an overall accuracy of 74% in the detection of biliary obstruction. Delayed gallbladder visualization and reduction in ejection fraction were sensitive but nonspecific indicators of biliary disease. We conclude that Tc-99m-IDA imaging is an accurate test for the diagnosis of obstructive hepatobiliary disease provided both quantitative functional and qualitative morphologic parameters are analyzed. Intestinal nonvisualization at 60 minutes alone is not reliable as a sole parameter for the detection of partial biliary obstruction. PMID- 3180596 TI - Chronic osteomyelitis: the relative roles of scintigrams, plain radiographs, and transmission computed tomography. AB - We evaluated the relative contribution of transmission computed tomograms (CT), plain radiographs, and bone/gallium scans in the diagnosis of 27 patients with suspected active chronic osteomyelitis. All patients were imaged with all modalities and had surgical proof of the presence or absence of disease. At surgery, osteomyelitis was shown to be active in 20 patients, 15 of whom had sequestra, and inactive in the remaining seven. CT depicted all 15 sequestra, but was falsely positive in three patients, all of whom had bone remodeling only and had negative bone/gallium scintiscans. Plain radiographs had a limited value; they detected sequestra, which was the only findings to indicate the presence of active disease, in 5 patients out of the 15 with surgical proof thereof. The authors conclude that, considering the shortcoming of other modalities with regard to depicting sequestra, scintigraphy is helpful in confirming the presence or absence of active disease and therefore in preventing unnecessary surgery. PMID- 3180597 TI - Abnormal Tc-99m MAA accumulation. AB - Image findings are described in two patients who received radiochemically impure Tc-99m MAA radiopharmaceutical preparations. The cases are completely separate and show clinically the presence of hydrolyzed-reduced technetium (TcO2) in a radiopharmaceutical product. PMID- 3180598 TI - Lipid granulomatosis: Erdheim-Chester disease. AB - Twenty-six cases of lipid (cholesterol) granulomatosis, Erdheim-Chester Disease (ECD), have been described in the literature to date. A new case of ECD in a 33 year-old man with an unusual presentation of exudative ascites following a four year history of abdominal pain is reported. The radiographic and bone scan findings in this disease have been established and Ga-67 scan findings are reported. The Tc-99m sulphur colloid bone marrow and In-111 chloride scan findings are presented. PMID- 3180600 TI - Spontaneous femoral osteonecrosis: correlation with MRI. PMID- 3180599 TI - Cholescintigraphy in the diagnosis and follow up of hepatobiliary injury. AB - Cholescintigraphy is a simple and reliable way of detecting a liver injury accompanied by biliary leakage and is also well suited to assess the effectiveness of treatment and to follow recovery. To emphasize these points, a case report of a patient suffering from a severe injury to the liver is presented. PMID- 3180601 TI - Tc-99m MDP uptake in ischemic hepatopathy. PMID- 3180602 TI - Detection of a rare complication of appendicitis by scrotal imaging. PMID- 3180603 TI - The detection of inferior vena cava obstruction using Tc-99m RBC venography. PMID- 3180604 TI - Uptake of Tc-99m MDP in soft tissue calcific deposits due to the tumor lysis syndrome. PMID- 3180605 TI - Hemangioma of bone. PMID- 3180606 TI - Cutaneous sarcoidosis: gallium-67 imaging. PMID- 3180607 TI - Esophageal reflux: massive hiatus hernia on hepatobiliary study. PMID- 3180608 TI - I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake in a parathyroid adenoma. AB - We describe a patient with multicentric small bowel carcinoids, severe hypertension, primary hyperparathyroidism, and multiple parathyroid adenomas. Intense uptake of I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) occurred in a parathyroid adenoma. There was no biochemical evidence of catecholamine secretion by the tumor but elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone were demonstrated. We suspect that occasional parathyroid adenomas, like other APUDomas, may give false positive results when MIBG imaging is used to search for pheochromocytomas. This observation supports the inclusion of the parathyroid chief cells in the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cell system. PMID- 3180609 TI - Postpartum hepatic hemorrhage in the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets: diagnosis by radiocolloid scanning. AB - Three cases of postpartum hepatic hemorrhage in the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELP) were diagnosed by Tc-99m sulfur colloid liver-spleen scanning. Two patients had follow-up scans. One showed rapid resolution of the hematoma on the repeat scan performed six days later, while the other showed delayed resolution on the repeat scan four weeks later. All patients received non-surgical supportive therapy with or without blood transfusion after delivery, and recovered well. Usefulness of radionuclide liver-spleen scanning in the diagnosis of peripartum hepatic hemorrhage and monitoring course of the disease is emphasized. PMID- 3180610 TI - Quantitative lung scans for prediction of post-radiotherapy pulmonary function. AB - Quantitative perfusion scans were used to predict the proportion of pulmonary function lost by inclusion of lung in radiotherapy fields. Nineteen patients receiving radiotherapy for carcinoma of the lung had pulmonary function evaluated by forced expiratory volume at 1 second (FEV1) prior to and following radiotherapy. FEV1 measurement followed initiation of radiotherapy from two to 18 months (mean: seven months). Prior to radiotherapy quantitative lung scans were performed with Tc-99m macroaggregated albumin. On images acquired by computer, the radiotherapy field was drawn as a region of interest (ROI) and the proportion of count within this ROI relative to total lung count was determined. The total FEV1 was apportioned by the ROI ratio of count excluded from radiation ROI to total count in lungs to predict the FEV1 expected to be remaining after radiotherapy. In only two cases was the measured post-therapy FEV1 less than predicted (and then, by only 2% and 5%, respectively). The data indicate that quantitative perfusion lung scans can be used to predict conservatively the pulmonary function that may be expected to remain post-radiotherapy. Therapy fields may be adjusted in patients with underlying compromised pulmonary function to conserve a pre-selected FEV1. PMID- 3180611 TI - Triple phase bone scanning of an intraosseous ganglion: case report and discussion. AB - The appearance of an intraosseous ganglion on a static bone scan has been described. This report describes the appearance on triple phase bone scanning, and discusses the implications for differential diagnosis of similar benign looking subarticular cystic lesions of bone. PMID- 3180612 TI - Utility of 24 hour bone scan in evaluation of bone involvement by soft tissue sarcoma. AB - Accumulation of Tc-99m MDP in soft tissue malignancies occurs frequently. When tumor overlaps adjacent bone structures, the bone margins can be indiscernible on a regular bone scan. Additional views should be taken to differentiate bone from tumor, however, separation is sometimes difficult and not always successful. This report presents a patient in whom accumulation of Tc-99m MDP in a liposarcoma of the thigh disappeared on a 24 hour scan and bone margins were seen clearly. A possible mechanism for this phenomenon and its utility are discussed. PMID- 3180613 TI - Metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma with normal serum thyroglobulin level. AB - Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels have proven to be a useful marker for following patients with well differentiated thyroid carcinoma in the evaluation of metastatic disease. This is the report of a case of a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma and a normal thyroglobulin level despite diffuse lung metastases shown on a total body scan. PMID- 3180614 TI - Frequency of hepatic visualization during I-131 imaging for metastatic thyroid carcinoma. AB - Sixty-one total body I-131 scans performed on 29 patients who were post thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer were retrospectively reviewed to determine the frequency of hepatic visualization. The liver was seen in 52% of the patients. Diffuse liver uptake was present on 5 of 38 (13%) diagnostic (10 mCi) scans and on 12 of 23 (52%) post-therapy (80-150 mCi) scans. None of these patients showed clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic metastases during a mean follow-up period of 18 months. We conclude that physiological diffuse liver activity is seen frequently on I-131 total-body scans. PMID- 3180615 TI - Hemangioma, a rare cause of photopenic lesion on skeletal imaging. AB - In searching for disease on skeletal images it is important to identify areas of increased activity and cold lesions, which are usually more difficult to identify. Focal photon-deficient lesions are due to metastatic disease in over 80% of cases. They may occur if the tumor is extremely aggressive, if there is disruption of the blood supply to the bone, or if there is significant marrow involvement, particularly in a vertebral body. Some of the common causes of a photopenic lesion are avascular necrosis, malignant bone tumors such as multiple myeloma, metastasis, radiation therapy, attenuation artifacts such as prosthesis or pacemaker, and early osteomyelitis. A case of hemangioma of the dorsal vertebra, a rare cause of photopenic lesion, is reported here. PMID- 3180617 TI - Gallium-67 localization in herpetic skin lesion. AB - Previous cases of gallium localization in various cutaneous lesions have been reported, including sporotrichosis, acne vulgaris, sarcoid, lymphoma, and exfoliative erythroderma. This is a report of a case of gallium localization in cutaneous lesions of herpes zoster. PMID- 3180616 TI - Thyroid uptake of gallium in Graves' disease. AB - A patient with hyperthyroid Graves' disease presented with ptosis, leading to a workup for myasthenia gravis. An enlarged thymus gland was noted on computed tomography. A scan with gallium-67 citrate showed prominent and diffuse thyroid gland activity as well as prominent lacrimal activity. This finding of thyroid uptake of gallium led to the correct diagnosis of Graves' disease. Such a finding has not been reported previously. The associated thymic, thyroid, and orbital findings in Graves' disease are discussed. PMID- 3180618 TI - Gallium-67 renal uptake in Sjogren's syndrome. AB - This case report describes a 61-year-old male with Sjogren's syndrome. Diffuse Ga 67 uptake in the kidneys was seen due to renal involvement with this disorder. Sjogren's syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of diffuse bilateral Ga-67 accumulation in the kidneys. PMID- 3180619 TI - Double inferior vena cava diagnosis by technetium-99m labeled RBC study. PMID- 3180620 TI - Mastocytosis: scintigraphic findings with bony involvement. PMID- 3180621 TI - Extensive soft tissue uptake of bone tracer in amyloidosis. PMID- 3180622 TI - Lateral inguinal hernia detected in the early images of three-phase bone imaging. PMID- 3180623 TI - Gallium-67 imaging of unsuspected cerebral toxoplasmosis in AIDS. PMID- 3180624 TI - Asymmetrical humeral head activity after therapeutic irradiation. PMID- 3180625 TI - Carving a niche--the general academic pediatrician as consultant. Part I: The referring physicians and their patients. AB - The role of the general pediatrician as a specialist is often unclear to the majority of physicians and patients. The role of the general academic pediatrician (GAP) as a consulting subspecialist also is in need of definition. We surveyed a consultation service staffed primarily by three GAPs in our tertiary care children's hospital. During the 12-month survey, 275 patients with a mean age of 5.6 years were evaluated. The mean duration of the chief complaint prior to the initial visit was 12.3 months. A total of 254 (92%) were evaluated initially as outpatients; of these, 20 (8%) were eventually hospitalized. Only 29 percent of the patients were referred to pediatric subspecialists. GAPs acting as consultants in a tertiary care setting most often see patients with long-standing complaints that do not require hospitalization or subspecialist referral, but their role at times is expanded to include more acute and more complex problems. Referrals may come from primary care physicians or from tertiary care subspecialists, particularly surgeons, or by self-referral from the patients' families. PMID- 3180626 TI - Acute leukemia. Learning disabilities following CNS irradiation. AB - Thirteen elementary school age children with acute leukemia who had received cranial irradiation with dosages between 1,800 and 4,800 rads a mean of 6.3 years earlier were evaluated for the presence of learning disorders. The authors utilized both psychometric and educational tests. The results were analyzed according to a graduated regressed standard score procedure and yielded the following diagnoses: mental retardation, two (15%); learning disability in reading and mathematics, two (15%); learning disability in mathematics, five (39%); no psychoeducational diagnosis, four (31%). Of the nine children (69%) who qualified for a specific psychoeducational diagnosis, only three were receiving any special educational services. The failure of a previous assessment of this same group of children at our center and of other research reports to uncover a similarly high incidence of neurodevelopmental pathology may be due to the specific tests employed or to the later onset of measurable difficulties in these patients. PMID- 3180627 TI - Serious bacterial infections. C-reactive protein as a serial index of severity. AB - The clinical course of 72 septicemic episodes or focal severe bacterial infections was monitored by daily measurements of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in 59 children beyond the neonatal period, 19 of whom were immunocompromised. CRP was determined quantitatively by an immunoturbidimetric method from a finger prick sample until either clinical recovery occurred and antimicrobial therapy was discontinued or until the death of the patient. The primarily elevated CRP levels (greater than or equal to 20 mg/l) usually increased about for a day but then decreased rapidly, provided the patient recovered uneventfully. If not, CRP remained at a high level or reincreased after transient decrease. Behaviour of CRP was not affected by the immunologic status of the patient. This property makes CRP especially useful in immunocompromised patients in whom other commonly used laboratory parameters may fail. PMID- 3180628 TI - Prophylactic cryoprecipitate in congenital afibrinogenemia. AB - Two siblings with congenital afibrinogenemia received prophylactic infusions of cryoprecipitate in order to prevent serious hemorrhage during early childhood. Three bags (units) of this fibrinogen-containing blood product were administered every 7-10 days for 15 months in one case and 24 months in the other. Hemorrhage was nearly completely prevented during the period of prophylaxis. Side effects from cryoprecipitate were not observed. Prophylactic infusion of cryoprecipitate, made practical by the relatively long half-life of fibrinogen, should be considered in other patients with this disorder. PMID- 3180629 TI - Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Monocyte dysfunction in selected patients. AB - The in vitro parameters of cell-mediated immunity were studied in 20 children with an established diagnosis of Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) (age range 4 15 years) and 23 age- and sex-matched healthy children. (No attempt was made to correlate the observed changes with clinical course or treatment). We are not certain, at this time, of clinical relevancy or the generalizability of the findings. The normal level of T-lymphocytes (CD3+) and normal proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were seen in children with JRA. The in vitro response of lymphocytes to T-cell mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) also was normal. The suppressor activity of JRA monocytes was essentially the same as controls. In contrast, monocytes from patients with JRA showed the following: decreased expression of receptors for Fc part of IgG immunoglobulin (FcR), diminished nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction activity, and depressed expression of Ia.7 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II determinants. This indicates that certain monocyte functions in selected patients with a variety of manifestations of JRA are depressed. PMID- 3180630 TI - Trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome. Two cases demonstrating variability in phenotype. AB - The paper presents clinical manifestations and results of cytogenetic examination of two patients with trisomy 8 mosaicism syndrome. The findings confirm the extreme phenotype variability of this syndrome. Both the first patient, a mentally retarded child with multiple dysmorphic changes, and the second, a 31 year-old woman with normal IQ and hypogammaglobulinemia as a predominant sign, revealed osteoarticular anomalies. Dermatoglyphic studies in both patients were typical for trisomy 8, and correlated with deep skin furrows. The chromosomal analysis was based on two types of lymphocyte cultures: 3-day and 2-day. A decreased percentage of trisomic cells in 3-day cultures in comparison to 2-day cultures may suggest the influence of environmental factors on spontaneous elimination of trisomic cells in vitro. PMID- 3180631 TI - Intrauterine stroke and maternal polydrug abuse. Case report. PMID- 3180632 TI - Kinetics, dynamics, and bioavailability of bumetanide in healthy subjects and patients with congestive heart failure. AB - Four healthy subjects and six patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) were given 3 mg oral and intravenous doses of bumetanide in a random crossover fashion. Bumetanide was analyzed by HPLC, and sodium and potassium was analyzed by flame photometry. Aside from a modest reduction in renal clearance, the kinetics of bumetanide in CHF were similar to those in healthy subjects. The extent of bioavailability was 81%, with a variability of 20% to 25% about the mean for both groups. The cumulative dynamic responses to bumetanide, whether administered orally or intravenously, were essentially the same in each group. Pharmacodynamic modeling showed that there were no significant differences between healthy subjects and patients with CHF in either ER50 (bumetanide urinary excretion rate producing 50% of maximum drug effect) or S (slope), although the baseline effect was 15 times lower in CHF. The maximum effect attributable to bumetanide was twofold higher in healthy subjects and there was a significant correlation between this parameter and creatinine clearance (r = 0.964; p less than 0.001). Overall, these results indicate that a predictable transition from 3 mg intravenous to oral doses of bumetanide is possible in CHF. PMID- 3180633 TI - Theophylline pharmacokinetics in normal elderly subjects. AB - The effect of age on theophylline kinetics was examined in six normal young men and six elderly men. There were no age-associated differences in theophylline volume of distribution, total clearance, or t1/2. The unbound fraction of theophylline was significantly raised in the elderly (mean 77.7% vs. 62.3%, p less than 0.001) and was correlated with the serum albumin level (r = -0.7, p less than 0.01). Theophylline nonrenal clearance was not changed, but the total unbound clearance was significantly reduced in the elderly subjects as compared with the young ones (mean 0.744 vs. 1.085 ml/min/kg, p less than 0.05). Creatinine clearance was reduced in the elderly and was significantly correlated with unbound renal clearance (r = 0.6, p less than 0.04). There were no age related differences in the urinary excretion of theophylline, 1-methyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, or 1,3-dimethyluric acid. However, significant reduction in unbound renal theophylline clearance (p less than 0.002) as well as the unbound metabolic clearance of 1,3-dimethyluric acid (p less than 0.03), 3-methylxanthine (p less than 0.04), and 1-methyluric acid (p less than 0.02) were observed in the elderly subjects. These observations indicate that both renal and metabolic elimination processes for theophylline are less active in the normal elderly. PMID- 3180634 TI - The influence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and probenecid on the renal response to and kinetics of piretanide in man. AB - The mechanism by which nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs interfere with the action of loop diuretics is not clear. We studied the renal response to an acute challenge of piretanide superimposed on pretreatment with either placebo, probenecid, indomethacin, or piroxicam in seven maximally hydrated subjects. No change was seen in glomerular filtration rate, as measured by creatinine clearance, throughout the experiments. When compared with responses to piretanide challenge after placebo pretreatment, probenecid reduced by 65% the peak fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), with a corresponding reduction in diuretic excretion. Pretreatment with indomethacin reduced peak FENa by 35%, but urinary delivery of piretanide was not altered. In contrast, piroxicam did not influence FENa but significantly reduced the delivery of both sodium and piretanide into urine. We conclude that the activity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs within the renal tubule varies among individual drugs and cannot be explained solely by their common mechanism of antiinflammatory action. PMID- 3180635 TI - Use of a pharmacologic indicator to compare compliance with tablets prescribed to be taken once, twice, or three times daily. AB - By use of an interview, return tablet count, and a pharmacologic indicator (low dose phenobarbital), we compared compliance with tablets prescribed to be taken once, twice, or three times daily. One hundred seventy-nine patients with type II diabetes were randomly allocated to take one 2 mg phenobarbital tablet once, twice, or three times daily for 28 days. Phenobarbital level/dose ratios indicated that compliance was similar with once- and twice-daily regimens, and both were better than thrice-daily dosing. Mean return tablet counts suggested that compliance was best with the once-daily regimen; both twice- and thrice daily regimens were similarly inferior. This difference between the techniques may be explained by the inadequacies of the residual tablet count, which identified only 13% of cases identified by phenobarbital. We conclude that compliance with the once-daily regimen was best, but that compliance with a twice daily regimen was very similar, and both were superior to dosing three times a day. PMID- 3180636 TI - Persistent gastric-protective effect of antacid evaluated by measurement of transmucosal gastric potential difference. AB - The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 1 week of antacid dosing on the aspirin-induced potential differences (PDs) across the gastric mucosa. The study design was double blind and randomized with crossover. Ten healthy subjects received aluminum hydroxide gel, 8 gm t.i.d., or placebo for 1 week. They then received 1 gm aspirin after an overnight fast and the PD across the mucosa was measured. Baseline potentials were the same before both treatment periods. Antacids reduced the aspirin-induced PDs. The mean (+/- SD) maximal PD was 27.4 +/- 1.7 mV with placebo vs. 10.7 +/- 2.2 mV with antacids (p less than 0.001). Recovery time was 65.5 +/- 5.2 minutes with placebo vs. 29.0 +/- 6.7 minutes with antacids (p less than 0.001). These results suggest the effect is due to a longer term cytoprotective property of antacids rather than to acid-neutralizing activity. PMID- 3180637 TI - Steady-state cerebrospinal fluid transfer of verapamil and metabolites in patients with schizophrenia. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma levels of verapamil and its two metabolites, norverapamil and D-620, were measured in seven patients with schizophrenia under steady-state conditions. Simultaneous sampling of CSF and plasma just before the dose during week 4 of the trial showed that verapamil, norverapamil, and D-620 partition in the CSF and reflect 7%, 5%, and 12% of the corresponding levels in plasma, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the mean unbound fraction of verapamil in schizophrenic patients as compared with normal subjects (0.058 vs. 0.11; p less than 0.001). Estimates of the mean unbound fraction obtained from CSF/plasma verapamil concentrations and the pH partition hypothesis showed excellent agreement with that measured by equilibrium dialysis (0.055 vs. 0.058) in these patients. Although systemic pool protein concentrations in schizophrenic patients were within normal range, an excellent positive correlation was observed between the ratio of the bound/free verapamil concentration and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein levels (r = 0.86; p less than 0.05). Determination and development of correlations between plasma and CSF may enhance our understanding of the central nervous system effects of verapamil. PMID- 3180638 TI - Pharmacokinetics of vigabatrin: implications of creatinine clearance. AB - The pharmacokinetics of both enantiomers of vigabatrin after a single oral dose in healthy young subjects (mean creatinine clearance 120 ml/min) were compared with kinetics in two groups of elderly subjects, one group aged 60 to 75 years (mean creatinine clearance 86 ml/min) and one group aged 76 to 97 years (mean creatinine clearance 30 ml/min). At a dose of 1500 mg, the group with the eldest subjects and the lowest creatinine clearance values showed mean increases of 3.3 fold in the time to reach the maximum concentration, 2.7-fold in the maximum concentration, and 9.8-fold in the AUC; a twofold prolongation of the t1/2; and reduced urinary excretion of the biologically and pharmacologically active S(+) enantiomer. Changes in the intermediate group were qualitatively similar but quantitatively less. Parallel observations were made for the inactive R(-) enantiomer. Most of these changes can be related to decreased renal clearance of vigabatrin. No interference of either enantiomer in the renal clearance of the other was noted. A nonlinear relationship between renal clearance and creatinine clearance for both enantiomers is suggested. Knowledge of the patient's renal function and an appropriate dose adjustment will minimize side effects during vigabatrin therapy, especially in elderly patients. PMID- 3180640 TI - Inheritance of poor phenytoin parahydroxylation capacity in a Dutch family. AB - The mode of inheritance of insufficient phenytoin p-hydroxylation was studied in the family of a patient who had previously suffered from a phenytoin intoxication caused by insufficient metabolism of this drug. This family was compared with a control group. The rate of phenytoin metabolism was derived from the phenytoin/metabolite ratio in serum 6 hours after an oral test dose of 300 mg phenytoin. The propositus, a brother and a sister, were very slow metabolizers of phenytoin, with a metabolic ratio of approximately 20. In the other individuals, 22 family members of the second generation and 37 control subjects, a metabolic ratio of 4.7 +/- 2.2 (mean +/- SD; n = 59) was found. When comparing the members of the second generation (F2) with the control group, two statistically significantly different groups appear to exist: F2, with a metabolic ratio of 6.6 +/- 1.7 (mean +/- SD; n = 22), and the control group, with a metabolic ratio of 3.7 +/- 1.8 (mean +/- SD; n = 37) (p less than 0.001). Based on these results the mode of inheritance of this defect seems to be autosomal recessive. PMID- 3180639 TI - The theophylline-enoxacin interaction: I. Effect of enoxacin dose size on theophylline disposition. AB - Theophylline interacts pharmacokinetically with a variety of other drugs. Recently enoxacin was found to change theophylline's disposition. In a four subject, four-way crossover study enoxacin was administered every 12 hours at four levels (0, 25, 100, and 400 mg) for 14 doses. With the ninth dose of enoxacin, 200 mg theophylline was coadministered. Blood and urine samples were assayed by sensitive and specific assays for the parent drugs and their metabolites. Significant reduction in the formation of theophylline's three major metabolites occurred on coadministration of enoxacin. At the 400 mg dose level, enoxacin caused a threefold decrease in theophylline's plasma clearance, a fourfold decrease in the urinary recovery of 3-methylxanthine and 1,3 dimethylurate, and a threefold decrease in the recovery of 1-methylurate. PMID- 3180641 TI - [Segmentation of MR tomograms for quantitative volume estimation]. AB - MR tomography yields better contrasts for soft tissues than other imaging methods. This allows a reliable measurement of the volume of brain structures, in particular for the ventricular system and e. g. structures in hydrocephalic states. Therefore a method is proposed for segmentation and volume estimation of MR tomograms that is implemented via a computer program. This method provides an accurate determination of the volume tested on multiple-slice-images of normal patients and a phantom. The substantial features and possibilities of this program usable for all kinds of structures in MR-tomograms are explained here in detail. PMID- 3180642 TI - [Synopsis of a standardized, schematic analysis of the ossicles and tympanic walls, visualized with high-resolution computed tomography (using help lines and pictograms)]. AB - As in other radiological examinations there is an essay to show the ossicles and their surrounding tympanic walls of the petrous bone in the high resolution computed tomography. This should be standardized to simplify the interpretation and to allow the comparison. For the axial imaging of the ossicles corresponding to their particular topographic situation the head is tilted to the non-examined side and a little bit dorsally flected to turn especially the stapes in the scanning plane and to image the malleus and incus axially. The standard slices of the tympanon were schematized with the help of pictogramms. This allows a faster orientation and an easier recognition of a changed topographical situation meaning a pathological condition. The coronary view is as the important second part of the HR CT of the petrous bone integrated. PMID- 3180643 TI - [Visualization of the normal bronchial system by computed tomography]. AB - Imaging of the normal bronchial system by CT was examined in 75 patients while employing different imaging parameters. The main and lobar bronchi could be demonstrated almost without exception in the standard examination of the thorax. Segmental bronchi were delineated in an average of 81% of the cases (512 image matrix) or 74% (256 image matrix), respectively. The lowest identification rate was seen in the segmental bronchi of the middle lobe and lingula being 38% (512 image matrix) and 18% (256 image matrix), respectively. Increase of the magnification factor did not result in any significant improvement of imaging. An increase in the identification rate of the segmental bronchi of the middle lobe and lingula was achieved only after reducing the slice thickness from 8 mm to 4 mm, the yield being now 87% (512 image matrix) and 82% (256 image matrix), respectively, whereas the remaining segmental bronchi could be made to show up almost without exception. The standard parameters are sufficient for routine examination of the bronchial system. If imaging is diagnostically not satisfactory, reducing the slice thickness yields improved imaging, especially of small bronchi. PMID- 3180644 TI - [The computed tomographic spectrum of pulmonary aspergillosis]. AB - The authors describe the CT findings in 10 cases of pulmonary aspergillosis which include allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. CT reveals a more distinct radiologic-pathologic correlation than plain films and shows suggestive features of pulmonary aspergillosis earlier and in a more detailed fashion. Thus the use of CT in the appropriate clinical setting should allow earlier diagnosis than conventional radiography. PMID- 3180645 TI - [Benign segmental bronchial obstruction in computed tomography]. AB - The benign segmental bronchial obstruction--mostly discovered on routine chest films--can well be diagnosed by CT. The specific findings in CT are the site of the bronchial obstruction, the mucocele and the localized emphysema of the involved segment. Furthermore CT allows a better approach to the underlying process. PMID- 3180647 TI - Myths and misconceptions in uroradiology. PMID- 3180646 TI - [Quantitative serial computed tomography. Kidney and tumors]. AB - Density-time-functions after intravenous contrast medium injections are simultaneously taken by a computer tomograph in the region of the aorta and the cortex of the kidney or the region of the aorta and a tumor respectively. The differential equation system resulting from this is solved explicitly on the basis of a compartment model. The resulting functions are related to the density time functions. These functions include the constants of distribution velocity and discharge velocity. They are modified by application of an iteration procedure (computer programme) to ensure the adequate correspondence between the curves and the density-time-trends. Between the constants of inversion velocity and eversion velocity of the cortex of the kidney, there is a linear as well as allometric relationship, the correlation amounts to r = 0.99. In the case of all tumors, only an allometric relationship (r = 0.92) could be found as regards the conversion constants. PMID- 3180648 TI - Superior aspect of the perirenal space: anatomy and pathological correlation. AB - To study the anatomy of the superior aspect of the perirenal space, we analysed 50 computed tomographic (CT) scans with reference to the anatomy of Gerota's fascia, and dissected five cadavers laying special emphasis on the ascent of Gerota's fascia. We also reviewed 10 scans of patients with a large lesion in the right upper abdomen regarding localisation of the lesion. We conclude that Gerota's fascia does not cover the upper portion of the kidney and adrenal gland so that the superior aspect of the perirenal space is open towards the upper abdominal extraperitoneal space. Thus, a large lesion arising from the right adrenal gland or kidney easily invaginates the liver through the bare area mimicking a hepatic lesion, and vice versa. This explains the difficulty in localising a large lesion in the right upper abdomen. PMID- 3180649 TI - Relapsing polychondritis. AB - Relapsing polychondritis is a progressive multisystem disorder that predominantly affects cartilage, producing an inflammatory reaction. We present case histories from four patients having mainly respiratory symptoms in whom we measured the coronal diameters of the trachea and compared them with the tracheal measurements from radiographs of patients with no respiratory symptoms. The results showed that the disease produced diffuse narrowing of the main airway in all four patients. Early detection of tracheal narrowing is important, as patients presenting with respiratory tract disease have a worse prognosis than those who develop it later in the course of their illness. Other features of the disease are also discussed with reference to the cases presented. PMID- 3180650 TI - The odontoid process in children--is it hypoplastic? AB - An analysis of the cervical spine of 508 normal children aged between 3 and 18.9 years provided data for the normal development of the odontoid process and its relationship to the anterior arch of the atlas. In normal children under the age of 9 years, the tip of the odontoid may fall well short of the upper margin of the anterior arch of the atlas. This has important implications for the assessment of atlanto-axial instability in children with Down's syndrome. PMID- 3180651 TI - Idiosyncratic reaction to intracoronary injection of non-ionic contrast media. AB - Four patients who developed coronary artery spasm in response to their first intracoronary injection of a non-ionic contrast agent, either iopamidol or iohexol, are described. It is suggested that this idiosyncratic reaction may be related to the non-ionic character of these contrast media. PMID- 3180652 TI - Colorectal polyps: a correlation of radiological and pathological findings. AB - Ninety colorectal polyps seen on double contrast barium enema were reviewed and note was made of surface and base characteristics, size, site and the presence of associated disease. Results were then correlated with the histology. The radiological characteristics of each histological type of polyp encountered are described. Because of the variation in radiological appearance of each histological type and similarities in appearance between these types, we conclude that radiology cannot accurately predict the histology of a colorectal polyp. PMID- 3180653 TI - Musculo-skeletal magnetic resonance imaging using inversion recovery pulse sequences at 0.08 T. AB - The potential of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of musculo skeletal tumours has until recently been underestimated. Most reports in the literature describe the MRI appearances of musculo-skeletal tumours using spin echo pulse sequences with high field, superconductive magnets. This paper describes the use of inversion recovery pulse sequences using a low field resistive magnet for the study of musculo-skeletal disorders. Thirty patients who had either radiological evidence of a bone tumour or a soft tissue mass were studied by low field MRI and inversion recovery, and calculated T1 images compared with the tissue histology of the mass. It has been found that inversion recovery images display the size and extent of both bone and soft tissue tumours and that the use of coronal and axial images enable clear display of the relationship of bone and soft tissue tumours to the major blood vessels, muscle and cortical bone. PMID- 3180654 TI - The small bowel enema in the patient with an ileostomy. AB - Fifty-nine patients with an ileostomy were studied who were examined by small bowel enema over a 10-year period. Twenty-two subsequently underwent surgery, nine for recurrent Crohn's disease, seven for obstruction due to adhesions or internal hernia and one for ovarian carcinoma. The remaining five patients with colonic Crohn's disease had panproctocolectomy or closure of the ileostomy. The small bowel enema is a reliable method for investigating the small intestine of patients with an ileostomy. PMID- 3180655 TI - More medullary sponge variants. AB - Sponge kidney has characteristic plain film and urographic findings which are generally regarded as being limited to the medullary pyramids. We describe two groups of patients with renal changes of medullary sponge kidney who show additional renal abnormalities. In the first group there were multiple cortical cysts; in the second there were cavities deep in the medulla, many of which communicated with the calices. Neither of these findings has been described before and we suggest that the spectrum of changes associated with this condition is wider than has previously been appreciated. PMID- 3180656 TI - Radiotherapy results in laparotomy-staged Hodgkin's disease. AB - Between 1970 and 1978, 131 patients with laparotomy-staged, supradiaphragmatic Hodgkin's disease were treated at the Royal Marsden Hospital with mantle radiotherapy, reserving chemotherapy for relapse. Forty-four patients relapsed at a total of 64 sites, the majority of which were infradiaphragmatic. Analysis of the factors predicting relapse showed that bulky mediastinal disease, and three or more sites of involvement at presentation significantly decreased disease-free survival in this group. Age above 60 years, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and adverse histology were of borderline significance. Although the majority (75%) of relapsed patients were salvaged with subsequent chemotherapy, it is suggested that patients with three or more sites of nodal involvement and bulky mediastinal disease would be managed best with initial combined modality therapy. PMID- 3180657 TI - The analysis of malignant tumours of uncertain origin with immunohistological techniques: clinical follow-up. AB - In order to assess the clinical value of immunohistological analysis of tumours of uncertain origin, 84 patients have been followed up over a period of up to 9 years. All biopsies had been referred because of diagnostic difficulties. In keeping with previous studies the majority of the cases (69%) were non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, followed by carcinoma (23%) with a mixture of melanomas and sarcomas making up the remaining 8%. The survival of lymphoma cases was clearly better (approximately twice as long) than that of patients with other tumour types. In spite of the difficulties in their histological diagnosis the survival curve for lymphomas, recognised by immunocytochemical means, was very similar to that for the series of high-grade lymphomas reported by the Kiel group. These findings show that lymphomas recognised immunocytochemically behave similarly to other lymphomas and confirm that immunohistological analysis of tumours of uncertain origin is of practical clinical relevance. PMID- 3180658 TI - Sequential chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer. AB - Thirty-seven patients with locally advanced breast cancer, 86% of whom had skin involvement, were treated with three to six cycles of vincristine 1.4 mg m-2, doxorubicin 40 mg m-2 and cyclophosphamide 600 mg m-2. A complete response rate of 19%, and overall response rate of 61% were achieved. Fourteen patients had received a trial of hormone therapy, but no patient had been given prior cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In no case was chemotherapy discontinued on account of toxicity. In patients with partial remission where gross disease more than 3 cm remained, mastectomy (10 patients) or local excision (five patients), was carried out increasing the complete remission rate to 49%. Thirty-two patients then received 45 Gy in 24 days to the breast and regional lymphatics with a further 12 Gy boost to the tumour site. The overall response rate achieved was 86% of the 37 patients, with a total, complete response rate of 76%. The median time to relapse in the 28 complete responders was 17 months. Local palliation, defined as absence of pain, ulceration or an enlarging mass was achieved in 92% of the total number of patients, and the projected local palliation rate at 2 years by life table analysis was 60%. Only 50% of the 10 N3 patients were alive at 1 year, compared to 93% of the 27 N0-N2 patients (P less than 0.05). The overall survival in the entire group at 2 years was 50%. This is an effective and tolerable combined modality approach for the control of local disease in a subgroup of breast cancer patients with complex management problems. PMID- 3180659 TI - Anomalous systemic venous drainage occurring in association with the hypogenetic lung syndrome. AB - A case in which anomalous systemic venous drainage occurred in association with the hypogenetic lung syndrome (scimitar syndrome) is described. The chest radiograph appearances of the anomalous systemic vein mimicked an anomalous pulmonary or scimitar vein. Angiography demonstrated that the patient also had a small anomalous pulmonary vein draining and a systemic artery supplying, the right lung. As the right lung was hypoplastic, all three features of the hypogenetic lung syndrome were present, in addition to partial anomalous systemic venous drainage. PMID- 3180660 TI - Radiation-induced chondrocalcinosis of the knee articular cartilage. AB - A case of a middle-aged man with symptomatic, localised chondrocalcinosis of the knee following irradiation is described. Cartilage damage induced by radiotherapy should be added to the list of local factors which can predispose to chondrocalcinosis. PMID- 3180661 TI - Floating faeces in steatorrhoea--a new sign. AB - We describe a new sign of floating faeces in steatorrhoea. The fatty stool of steatorrhoea defies the usual colon cleansing operations and fatty particulate faecal matter, floating in a layer on the denser barium on the horizontal beam films of the double contrast enema, gives a pathognomic appearance. PMID- 3180662 TI - Two cases of primary malignant melanoma of the oesophagus. AB - Primary malignant melanoma of the oesophagus is an extremely rare tumour. The presentation of two such tumours in one hospital over a short period is thus unusual. The tumour is usually polypoid in nature, occurring anywhere in the oesophagus. Differentiation from other polypoid tumours by barium studies is very difficult, but at endoscopy primary melanoma has a characteristic appearance. At microscopy, junctional activity or atypical melanocytic hyperplasia are required to make the diagnosis. Treatment is surgical but the prognosis is very poor. PMID- 3180663 TI - Aortic dissection: morphology and differential flow velocity patterns demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. AB - A case of chronic aortic dissection is presented, in which computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging both demonstrated the abnormality non-invasively. Velocity flow patterns within the true and false lumens obtained by magnetic resonance imaging, using a flow-mapping technique, gave a more thorough analysis. PMID- 3180664 TI - Oesophageal haematoma: report of three cases. AB - Three cases of intramural haematoma of the oesophagus are reported. Two cases mimicked benign neoplasms of the distal oesophagus. One of these resembled a polypoid tumour; the other occurred in a patient with known achalasia. Two cases presented with chest pain and haematemesis, the third presented with dysphagia and odynophagia only. One case was truly spontaneous and two cases were thought to be secondary to trauma from food. PMID- 3180665 TI - Rare earth screens: prevention of radiogenic cancers versus local budgets. PMID- 3180666 TI - What use is barium? PMID- 3180668 TI - The relationship between pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary artery diameter in pulmonary hypertension. AB - The pulmonary arteries dilate in response to many factors, principally increased pressure and flow. In patients who have pulmonary arterial hypertension but no increase in flow, we have compared main pulmonary artery size at computed tomography with pulmonary haemodynamic data obtained during right heart catheterisation. In patients with primary pulmonary hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, dilatation correlated with raised pulmonary vascular resistance and reduced cardiac output but not with mean arterial pressure. In patients with chronic lung disease no correlations were shown though a trend between raised pressure and size was observed. We speculate that pulmonary artery compliance is an important factor which determines the degree of dilatation in response to raised pressure. Estimations of pressure cannot be made from measurements of pulmonary artery size without knowledge of the underlying lung disease. PMID- 3180667 TI - Radiology at your fingertips; lesions of the terminal phalanx. PMID- 3180669 TI - Ventilatory function during urography: a comparison of iopamidol and sodium iothalamate. AB - The effects on respiratory function during intravenous urography of the ionic contrast medium sodium iothalamate and the non-ionic contrast medium iopamidol were compared. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were recorded in 37 non-atopic patients referred for intravenous urography. Nineteen patients received iopamidol and 18 patients received sodium iothalamate. Both the sodium iothalamate and the iopamidol groups showed a significant fall in FEV1 and FVC (P less than 0.001). The reductions in FEV1 and FVC were comparable and were not symptomatic. The differences in the percentage changes of the FEV1 and FVC in the iopamidol and the sodium iothalamate groups were not statistically significant (P greater than 0.5 and P greater than 0.1 respectively). No significant change in the ratio of the FEV1 and the FVC was demonstrated in either the iopamidol or the sodium iothalamate groups. Both the ionic and the non ionic contrast media produced a measurable but asymptomatic and biologically insignificant fall in static ventilatory function. Bronchospasm does not appear to be an important contrast-induced effect in non-atopic individuals. Iopamidol offers no advantage over sodium iothalamate with respect to ventilatory effects in non-atopic patients undergoing intravenous urography. PMID- 3180670 TI - Fibrous dysplasia of the spine. AB - Fibrous dysplasia affecting the spine is unusual. A further 11 cases are reported and the radiological features are described. The complications and difficulties with the diagnosis of this condition are discussed. PMID- 3180671 TI - The petrous temporal bone and deafness in X-linked hypophosphataemic osteomalacia. AB - Radiological anatomy of the petrous bones and skull base has been studied in a group of 11 patients with X-linked hypophosphataemic osteomalacia and hearing loss, and comparison made with a control group of normal subjects. Patients with X-linked hypophosphataemic osteomalacia were found to have generalised osteosclerosis and thickening of the petrous bone, with some narrowing of the internal auditory meatus, particularly in its mid-portion. No evidence of platybasia nor of basilar impression was found in the hypophosphataemmic group. The aetiology of the hearing loss which occurs in patients with X-linked hypophosphataemic osteomalacia is discussed in relation to the radiological abnormalities described. PMID- 3180672 TI - The value of a barium enema in the investigation of patients with rectal carcinoma. AB - A review of 545 patients with clinically diagnosed rectal carcinoma was conducted to determine the diagnostic usefulness of pre-operative barium enema and the frequency with which it was employed. Only 118 patients underwent pre-operative barium enema (21.7%). This successfully outlined the whole colon in 107 (90%). Synchronous carcinomas were detected in 9.3% of patients who underwent complete barium enema, compared to 4.3% of those who underwent laparotomy alone (P less than 0.05). Polyps were found in 23.4% of patients who had a barium enema but in only 14.7% of those who did not (P less than 0.05). Twenty-nine per cent of synchronous carcinomas and 11% of polyps were proximal to the descending colon and would have been beyond the reach of a flexible sigmoidoscope. Barium enema remains a useful investigation in patients with rectal carcinoma. It will outline the whole colon in most cases and will result in the detection of more synchronous carcinomas and polyps than if the surgeon relies on operative palpation alone. PMID- 3180673 TI - Filiform polyposis in tuberculosis of the colon. AB - Extensive filiform polyps are demonstrated on a barium enema in a young Chinese woman with tuberculosis of the colon. All previously reported cases of polyposis occurred with either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. PMID- 3180674 TI - Modifications to the gas-enhanced small bowel barium follow-through using gastrografin and compression. AB - The transit time of barium through the small bowel has been assessed in two groups of patients. In 52 patients who were given 300 ml 50% w/v baritop and effervescent tablets, the mean transit time was 78.4 min. In 61 patients who were given 300 ml 100% w/v baritop to which 10 ml of Gastrografin had been added, and who were also given effervescent tablets, the mean transit time was 60.2 min. This difference is highly significant (P less than 0.001). It is suggested that small quantities of Gastrografin act as an accelerator of barium transit by causing the release of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) from the small intestinal mucosa. We believe that the distension of the small bowel lumen achieved by the administration of effervescent tablets improves the quality of the small bowel follow-through examination and also improves its accuracy particularly in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease and small bowel adhesions. The importance of performing the whole examination under fluoroscopic control and the value of compression films is stressed. PMID- 3180675 TI - Cysticercosis of the brain shown by magnetic resonance imaging. AB - Fifteen patients in whom the diagnosis of cysticercosis of the brain was suggested by computed tomography (CT) were further studied with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Besides lesions in the substance of the hemispheres, cysts were found adjacent to and within the ventricles, the brainstem, cerebellum and subarachnoid space. Magnetic resonance imaging showed brain involvement out of proportion to what was shown by CT. The eccentrically placed mural nodule within a cyst, the pathognomonic lesion of cysticercosis, was seen in all cases with MRI. The various stages of development of the cysticercus larva were seen in one individual. An attempt is made to illustrate the various stages of development by means of MR images, and a possible pathological explanation is offered. The authors believe that MRI provides diagnostic information in this disease and dispenses with the need for enhanced CT examination. PMID- 3180676 TI - Response rates and survival in patients with head and neck cancer treated with a combination of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil prior to radiotherapy. AB - Fifty-three previously untreated patients with advanced head and neck cancer were given courses of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil prior to radical radiotherapy. The overall response rate to chemotherapy alone was 66% but only two cases achieved a complete response. After radiotherapy, 62% were in complete remission but there was no evidence for improved overall survival when compared to historical data. Patients who responded to chemotherapy had a significantly better chance of achieving a complete remission after radiotherapy, and had a significantly improved survival when compared to non responders to chemotherapy, including those whose disease disappeared after radiotherapy. The survival data compare favourably with other series claiming higher complete and partial responses to the same combination of drugs. PMID- 3180677 TI - Chronic atlanto-axial dislocation with spontaneous bony fusion. AB - A case of long standing atlanto-axial subluxation following relatively minor trauma is reported. Progressive development of pain and spastic quadriparesis led to clinical and radiological investigation at Groote Schuur Hospital which revealed a spontaneous fusion of C1 and C2 with marked compromise of the spinal cord. The possibility of a pre-existing unfused odontoid process (os odontoideum) is discussed. A brief review of the literature is presented. PMID- 3180679 TI - The computed tomographic appearances of lymphangiectasia in the pelvis. AB - We describe the CT appearances of lymphangiectasia in the pelvis of a 21-year-old male who presented with fever, abdominal pain and swelling of the right thigh. Previous histological examination of a biopsy specimen from the patient's thigh had demonstrated lymphangiectasia. PMID- 3180678 TI - Spinal cord compression caused by dual pathology: a close shave with Ockham's razor. AB - A case of spinal cord compression in an oncology patient is presented. The compression was caused by minimal expansion of a vertebral body involved by a metastatic deposit impinging on a previously asymptomatic lipomatous spinal cord tumour. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging clearly demonstrated both the vertebral metastasis and the intramedullary and extramedullary components of the lipomatous tumour in a single noninvasive investigation. PMID- 3180681 TI - Abstracts: Radiology and Management of Endocrine Disease meeting. 20-21 January 1988, London. PMID- 3180682 TI - Diagnostic imaging of post-irradiation changes in the chest. PMID- 3180680 TI - The left ascending lumbar vein: a potential pitfall in CT diagnosis. AB - A communication between the left ascending lumbar vein and the left renal vein may be mistaken for a para-aortic mass on abdominal computed tomography due to a localised dilatation at the confluence of these veins. The use of contiguous closely collimated sections and the injection of intravenous contrast medium overcomes this potential pitfall which may be particularly important in the staging of patients with testicular neoplasms. PMID- 3180683 TI - Innovative medical therapies: between practice and research. PMID- 3180685 TI - Report of the AFCR Public Policy Committee: current issues in public policy. PMID- 3180684 TI - Research control forms and animal safety data: a case study of defensive ethics. PMID- 3180686 TI - The genealogy of the Central Society for Clinical Research. PMID- 3180687 TI - Abstracts: annual meeting, Midwest Section, American Federation for Clinical Research. November 9, 10, and 11, 1988. PMID- 3180688 TI - Physicians and school sports physical examination. PMID- 3180690 TI - Wine with food: the art of matchmaking. PMID- 3180689 TI - Quality assurance guidelines for effective cholesterol screening programs. PMID- 3180691 TI - Home radon exposure. From The Committee on Environment, Colorado Medical Society. PMID- 3180692 TI - Worker attitudes about AIDS may be potential timebomb. PMID- 3180693 TI - Laboratory tests for monitoring prophylactic exchange transfusion in pregnancy complicated by sickle cell disease. AB - Prophylactic exchange transfusion is of uncertain value in pregnancy complicated by sickle cell disease (SCD), and there is a lack of laboratory tests to monitor its effect and determine the optimal number and frequency of transfusions. In a prospective study of four consecutive pregnancies complicated by SCD, the product of the PCV and percentage of haemoglobin S gave a 'sicklecrit' value that showed a significant (P less than 0.01) improvement following transfusion. Erythrocyte filterability through pores of 5 microns diameter also improved significantly (P less than 0.05) whereas whole blood viscosity did not, owing to the overriding effect of the increase in PCV. Measurement of sicklecrit and erythrocyte filterability, reflecting blood rheology in large and small vessels respectively, may therefore be used to monitor the effects of exchange transfusion in SCD. PMID- 3180694 TI - Patients with red cell autoantibodies: selection of blood for transfusion. AB - The provision of blood for transfusing patients whose sera contain red cell autoantibodies requires considerable expertise. Over 8 years, 3888 samples from 2149 patients were examined; the varying clinical presentation necessitated a flexible investigative approach. The autoantibodies showed evidence of blood group specificity in 706 patients (32.9%), usually within the Rh system for warm reacting antibodies, whereas cold antibodies were mostly anti-I. Concomitant alloantibodies were detected by noting varying reaction strengths during antibody investigation and compatibility testing, and by absorption techniques using autologous or selected allogenous red cells. Alloantibodies were found in 294 patients (13.7%); the most frequent were anti-E and anti-K. Compatibility tests were performed on SAG-M donor blood of suitable ABO group, similar Rh genotype, Kell negative and lacking antigens to any alloantibodies detected. All units of blood were incompatible by at least one technique and were issued as 'not compatible but considered suitable'. A total of 7052 units was issued for 1685 patients; no haemolytic reactions were reported. It was concluded that blood can be safely given to patients with autoantibodies, even in serologically complex cases, providing adequate investigations are carried out. PMID- 3180695 TI - Guidelines for transfusion for massive blood loss. A publication of the British Society for Haematology. British Committee for Standardization in Haematology Blood Transfusion Task Force. PMID- 3180696 TI - The pattern of leucocyte response to surgical trauma in the African Negro. AB - The leucocyte response to surgical trauma in the Nigerian Negro is investigated. The surgical operations were graded, according to the degree of anticipated tissue trauma, into minor, intermediate and major, in 66 patients (27 males and 39 females) who had elective surgical operations with no sign of infection. The peripheral blood total and differential leucocyte counts were determined pre operatively and at 2 h, 24 h, and 7 days postoperatively. A highly significant increase (P less than 0.001) in the total leucocyte, polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) and stab cell counts occurred 2 h and 24 h after major surgery. These changes persisted for 7 days after major surgery except for the stab cell count which was by then no longer significantly raised. Similarly, highly significant increases occurred in the total and PMN counts 2 h and 24 h after intermediate surgery. The increases were not significant by the 7th postoperative day. There was a decrease in the lymphocyte counts after major surgery which was not significant at 2 h but was just significant (P less than 0.05) 24 h postoperatively. There was a return to the pre-operative level by the 7th postoperative day. There were no significant changes in the leucocyte counts after minor surgery or in the monocyte, eosinophil and basophil counts after intermediate or major surgery. Despite lower pre-operative total leucocyte (WBC) and PMN counts found in this study, the total leucocyte and PMN response to surgical trauma in the Nigerian Negro is similar to previous observations made in the Caucasian. The response of lymphocytes in the Nigerian Negro, however, differs from that reported in the Caucasian and demands further study. PMID- 3180697 TI - Hereditary plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA, FXI) deficiency in a Saudi family. AB - A rare case of factor XI (PTA) deficiency was discovered in a Saudi family in the Riyadh area. Nine members of the family were studied. Two were found to have a severe PTA deficiency; levels of factor XI clotting activity were 0.01 i.u./ml and 0.02 i.u./ml respectively. Both plasmas were markedly deficient in factor XI antigen and appeared to be negative for cross-reactive material (CRM-). The parents were first cousins and both were found to have a minor PTA deficiency. Factor XI levels were: mother 0.048 i.u./ml and father 0.33 i.u./ml. Another sibling was found to have a FXI level of 0.47 i.u./ml. Menorrhagia and bleeding for 1 day after tooth extraction were the main bleeding manifestations found in one member with severe PTA deficiency. Clinically this member presented with iron deficiency anaemia. Other family members had no significant history of bleeding tendency. This is the first report of a Saudi Arabian family with PTA deficiency. PMID- 3180699 TI - Venous and skin puncture blood counts compared. AB - Venous and skin puncture blood counts were compared in 80 paired samples from 33 children, aged 6 months to 14 years, and 10 adults. Significantly higher mean values for Hb, RBC, haematocrit and neutrophils were found in skin puncture blood in children whereas platelet values were slightly higher in venous blood. Similar results were found in adult samples. Only occasionally were differences likely to be of clinical importance. The excellent comparability of paired platelet counts, at variance to that found in some previous studies, indicates that skin puncture blood can be used for platelet estimation providing an appropriate counting method is used. PMID- 3180698 TI - Thromboplastin--sensitivity, precision and other characteristics. AB - A more sensitive or higher concentration of rabbit brain thromboplastin does not result in greater accuracy and precision of results in oral anticoagulant therapy and is unable to mimic the PIVKA sensitivity of human brain. In terms of International Normalized Ratios the British Comparative Thromboplastin and Manchester Comparative Reagent (both now discontinued) and the Manchester Reagent had the poorest sensitivity to factor VII of all the reagents studied. It is not possible accurately to calibrate rabbit brain against human brain thromboplastin in the upper therapeutic range and beyond. PMID- 3180700 TI - Autosomal inheritance of sideroblastic anaemia. AB - Inherited sideroblastic anaemia is usually transmitted as an X-linked disorder (Losowsky & Hall 1965). We report a patient in whom family studies indicated autosomal inheritance, with direct transmission from father to son. The severe nature of the sideroblastic abnormality in the proband may be due to interaction between the sideroblastic trait and a single allele for idiopathic haemochromatosis. PMID- 3180702 TI - Scene-based and viewer-centered representations for comparing shapes. PMID- 3180703 TI - Dialogue with machines. PMID- 3180701 TI - Lymphoplasmacytoid lymphoma occurring in a patient with dermatitis herpetiformis. PMID- 3180704 TI - Cross-linguistic differences in parsing: restrictions on the use of the Late Closure strategy in Spanish. PMID- 3180705 TI - Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for bacteriuria in acutely spinal cord injured patients undergoing intermittent catheterization. AB - To evaluate diagnostic criteria for bacteriuria in acutely spinal cord injured patients undergoing intermittent catheterization, we studied paired urine specimens obtained by suprapubic aspiration and intermittent catheterization. Culture of suprapubic aspirate was used to define presence or absence of bacteriuria. Fifty patients were studied for an average of 5 consecutive days; bacteriuria occurred within the study period in 47 (94%). Low-level bacteriuria was frequent; thus, the traditional diagnostic criterion, greater than or equal to 10(5) cfu/ml of midcatheter urine, had unacceptably low sensitivity (gram positive organisms 0.45; gram-negative organisms 0.65) for bacteriuria documented by suprapubic aspiration. The best diagnostic criterion for gram-positive bacteriuria was between greater than or equal to 10(1) cfu/ml (sensitivity 0.91, specificity 0.86) and greater than or equal to 10(2) cfu/ml (sensitivity 0.85, specificity 0.93). For gram-negative bacteriuria, greater than or equal to 10(1) cfu/ml was optimal (sensitivity 0.96, specificity 0.96); a more practical criterion, greater than or equal to 10(2) cfu/ml, retained excellent sensitivity (0.91). Suprapubic or flank pain and/or tenderness occurred in five of 47 bacteriuric subjects; nonspecific symptoms, possibly associated with bacteriuria, were seen in an additional 28 subjects. We conclude that, in this unique population, a criterion of greater than or equal to 10(2) cfu/ml of midcatheter urine should be used for diagnosis of bacteriuria. PMID- 3180706 TI - Synergistic interactions of ciprofloxacin and extended spectrum beta-lactams or aminoglycosides against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ss. anitratus. AB - The susceptibility of 54 clinical isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ss. anitratus to 16 antimicrobial agents was determined in vitro with inoculum of 10(4) and 10(6) cfu by a standard agar dilution method. The most active agents were imipenem, SCH 34343, ciprofloxacin, difloxacin (A-56619), and A-56620. Only imipenem and Abbott quinolones (A-56619 and A-56620) remained active when tested with the heavier inoculum. Except for ticarcillin and ceftazidime, which showed only moderate activity, the extended-spectrum penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as aztreonam and aminoglycosides, were inactive against these highly resistant strains. Nine isolates were selected for combination studies of ciprofloxacin with seven beta-lactams and three aminoglycosides using a checkerboard agar dilution technique. Synergistic or additive interactions at clinically achievable concentrations were more common with amikacin (eight isolates), tobramycin (seven), ceftazidime (six), cefoperazone (six), and aztreonam (six), than with other agents, including mezlocillin (four), piperacillin (three), gentamicin (two), and cefsulodin (two). Antagonism was rare, only occurring with mezlocillin in a single strain. These data suggest that combinations of ciprofloxacin with these agents may be useful for some nosocomial multidrug resistant A. calcoaceticus ss. anitratus infections. PMID- 3180707 TI - Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays in the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis: how valid are they? AB - Two enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays (Chlamydiazyme, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL, and IDEIA, Boots-CellTech Diagnostics Inc., East Hanover, NJ) specific for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis antigen were used to assess 451 cervical specimens. All specimens obtained from the subjects were also simultaneously cultured for Chlamydia. Both assays identified 90.9% (20/22) of the culture positive cases. Chlamydiazyme identified two and IDEIA three additional specimens as positive. Of these additional positive tests, one of two Chlamydiazyme and three of three IDEIA specimens were confirmed as positive by the direct fluorescent antibody technique (MicroTrak, Syva Co., Palo Alto, CA). Given the inexpense, availability, ease of performance, high sensitivity (91%), and specificity (99%) of these tests, both should become valuable tools to objectively assess women at risk for this common sexually transmitted disease. PMID- 3180708 TI - Further in vitro studies with oxiconazole nitrate. AB - Oxiconazole nitrate was compared in vitro with ketoconazole and econazole nitrate in tests with 96 dermatophytes, 18 isolates of Malassezia furfur, and seven isolates of Exophiala werneckii. An agar dilution procedure was used employing either Kimmig's agar or Sabouraud's dextrose agar supplemented with Olive oil and Tween 80. Econazole was the more active compound in tests with Microsporum species (41 isolates) and most isolates of Trichophyton species (45 isolates). Oxiconazole was the more active compound in tests with T. tonsurans and T. rubrum. However, differences between results for oxiconazole and econazole and the dermatophytes were only marginal. Ketoconazole was the most active compound in tests with M. furfur; some cross resistance on the part of several isolates of M. furfur between oxiconazole and econazole was noted. All three compounds were active against E. werneckii with MIC90 values of either 0.25 or 0.5 microgram/ml. Epidermophyton floccosum was the most susceptible of all organisms tested with all MIC values for all three drugs being less than or equal to 0.063 microgram/ml, the lowest concentration tested. PMID- 3180709 TI - Blurred vision. PMID- 3180710 TI - Orthostatic hypotension. PMID- 3180712 TI - Dental restoration longevity: survival functions and statistical indices in low and high failure rate groups. AB - A group of 71 patients was examined to determine the longevity of restorations placed at the University of North Carolina School of Dentistry. Patients with an overall restorations failure rate of equal to or greater than 40 per 1000 restoration-yr were categorized as having a "high failure rate" and those below that were considered "low failure rate". An investigation was made to determine statistical differences between these two groups of patients using survival analysis and various statistical indices. Time of exposure and age of patients for both groups were similar. High rate patients had a greater number of anterior restorations and anterior teeth restored. In addition, the number of restorations per tooth was significantly greater in anterior and posterior teeth of the high failure rate group. No single variable was found to account for the differences in the failure rates in the two groups of patients. A prospective study is needed in order to examine possible causes for restoration failures. PMID- 3180711 TI - Effect of a preventive program on dental caries and mutans streptococci in Polish schoolchildren. AB - The effect of a preventive program was studied in Polish schoolchildren. The study was carried out in a group of 133 children, aged 10-12 yr, divided into a test and a control group. Children in the test group were initially treated with temporary restorations and were then given oral health education and preventive treatment by a specially trained chairside assistant. The preventive treatment included prophylaxis and topical fluoride treatment and was carried out at least 10 times a year. The mean 3-yr DFS increment was 1.7 in the test and 10.9 in the control group. The salivary counts of mutans streptococci were similar in test and control group at baseline and after 1 and 2 yr. At the examination after 3 yr, a difference was established between the two groups. PMID- 3180713 TI - Oral disorders and treatment implications in people over 75 years. AB - The oral health of subjects over 75 yr and living independently in the southwest of Britain was assessed. The majority (80%) of the sample were edentulous, and a large proportion of both edentate and dentate subjects were using dentures. More than half of the denture wearers were using loose, very unhygienic, or structurally defective dentures. Mucosal pathoses were quite common, although most of the lesions were denture-induced stomatitis found in association with unhygienic dentures. The dentate subjects had, on average, 11 natural teeth, frequently with evidence of root caries and deep periodontal pockets or extreme bone loss. The oral health problems suggest that there is a significant need to develop effective methods of improving oral hygiene in this age group. The prosthetic treatment is related principally to denture repairs while there is a need to control root caries among the growing population of elderly dentate people. PMID- 3180714 TI - Role of psychologic and social variables in TMJ pain dysfunction syndrome (PDS) symptoms. AB - The aim of this study was to measure the relative importance of a number of psychologic and social variables in explaining the severity of symptoms of functional disturbances of the stomatognathic system. 261 non-care seeking patients with respect to pain and dysfunction of the stomatognathic system were examined. The total sample consisted of two subgroups: Group 1 (n = 130) with a complete natural dentition and Group 2 (n = 131) wearing complete maxillary and mandibular dentures. Symptoms of functional disturbances of the stomatognathic system were assessed using two questionnaires. One was derived from the Anamnestic Dysfunction Index and the other was an extended questionnaire which included accessory symptoms frequently mentioned in the literature. The patients also completed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, the Dutch Personality Inventory, and a Dutch form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. In both patient subgroups symptoms of functional disturbances of the stomatognathic system were significantly correlated with patient's sex and a complex of highly intercorrelated psychologic variables: psychoneurotic- and somatic symptoms, neuroticism, negativism, and somatization. PMID- 3180715 TI - Dimensions of dietary and other health-related behaviors in a group of Danish adolescents. AB - The relationship between dietary, dental health behaviors, and other health related behaviors was studied using factor analysis. The study group comprised 234 8th graders from 11 schools in the municipality of Aarhus. A semi-structured interview included 12 items of health behavior (e.g. sugar intake, meal pattern, sports activities, sleeping habits, and consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, vitamin pills, candy, and milk). The analysis is based on the assumption that the 12 observed variables are determined by a reduced number of underlying but unobservable factors. Four dimensions of health behavior which explained 38.6% of the variance between the variables were produced. The four unrotated factors accounted for a varying proportion of the total variance (17.6%, 11.8%, 4.4%, 4.3%, respectively). Factor 1 was denoted "Sugar behavior", factor 2: "Regularity of dietary behavior", factor 3: "Problem behavior" and factor 4: "Spare-time activity". This could imply that the motives underlying sugar consumption are different from those of other health-related behaviors. The present behavioral pattern is consistent with that of other studies in which health behavior has been shown to be multidimensional. PMID- 3180716 TI - Dental health in 16-year-old Swedish high school students in 1979 and 1984. AB - The aim of this investigation was to compare dietary habits, plaque and gingival scores, and the dental caries prevalence of 16-yr-olds in 1979 with those of individuals of the same age 5 yr later, i.e. in 1984. Students from two high schools in Kristianstad, Sweden, participated, 273 in 1979 and 228 in 1984. The same two dentists treated the children in 1979 and 1984. The students were asked to fill in a questionnaire concerning breakfast, school-lunch and between-meal habits. Information about the number of decayed (D) and filled (F) approximal tooth surfaces (Sa), DFSa, dental plaque and gingival bleeding scores was obtained from records at the Public Dental Clinics. The prevalence of caries lesions was also determined on 116 and 110 randomly selected pairs of bitewing radiographs from the participants in 1979 and 1984, respectively. The mean DSa was 0.9 in 1979 and 0.3 in 1984. The corresponding values for FSa were 3.6 and 1.5, respectively. In 1979, the DFSa was zero in 28% of the children, compared to 54% in 1984. All these differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.05). When analyzing the distribution of enamel and dentin caries lesions diagnosed on radiographs, the same tendency was found, i.e. that dental health had improved from 1979 to 1984. The dietary habits, however, were on the whole the same on both occasions, as judged from the answers given in the questionnaire. The distribution of plaque and gingival scores did not change during the 5-yr period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180718 TI - Occlusion among a group of Tanzanian urban schoolchildren. AB - Occlusion and its variations were studied in a group of primary schoolchildren (n = 642, age 11-18 yr) in Dar es Salaam. Most children (96%) had Angle's Class I occlusion. Distal and mesial bite were rare in the sample, representing 3% and 1%, respectively. Crowding was found to be the most common dental disorder (16%) and the frequency of moderate and severe crowding decreased with age. No clear differences in occlusion were found between boys and girls. The results of this study show smaller occlusal variation compared with Caucasian children, and also some differences compared with previous African studies. PMID- 3180717 TI - Oral health in SFR Yugoslavia in 1986. AB - A pilot oral health epidemiological survey using WHO assessment forms was conducted in Yugoslavia in the year 1986. The study population consisted of 2600 persons aged 6, 12, 15, 18, 35-44, and over 65 yr. The survey included 22 towns (11 developed and 11 underdeveloped) in the six Republics and two Provinces of Yugoslavia. The results showed the prevalence of dental caries in the Yugoslav population to be very high (98.7% in 12-yr-olds). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF) scores were as follows: 6.1 at age 12 yr, 9.6 at age 15, 10.9 at age 18, 18.0 at age 35-44, and 28.0 in persons aged over 65 yr. Assessment of the periodontal status showed calculus to be the predominant disorder in the age groups 18 and 35-44 yr, while loss of sextants prevailed in persons aged over 65 yr. PMID- 3180719 TI - Dental patients asking for a second opinion: what oral problems do they have? AB - The oral and dental problems of a group of 235 patients, who asked for a second opinion consultation, were surveyed. More than 80% of the group were regular dental attenders (once or more times a year); 70 patients were advised by their own dentist to visit the "second opinion" dentist. The oral problems were classified in eight categories. Most of the problems concern the condition of the oral cavity (20%), the urgency of certain treatments (18%), and the quality of care delivered by the own dentist (17%). PMID- 3180720 TI - Sponsorship or not. PMID- 3180721 TI - Health care of the chronically mentally ill: the culture broker model. AB - The chronically mentally ill tend to receive inadequate medical care for nonpsychiatric illnesses and to have poor health care status. Their medical problems lead to excessive morbidity and mortality and adversely affect their adjustment to psychiatric illness. The authors argue that many of the barriers to medical care for these patients can be overcome by using case managers as "culture brokers"-persons who provide bridges between the worlds of the chronically mentally ill and medical providers. This paper presents the culture broker model and its roots in anthropology, and illustrates its application to the medical care of the chronically mentally ill with case examples. PMID- 3180722 TI - Are jails replacing the mental health system for the homeless mentally ill? AB - The author explores the process of how homeless mentally ill persons become involved with the criminal justice system. The unique demands of homelessness and chronic mental illness were specifically examined in this naturalistically based study. The author concludes that a combination of severe mental illness, a tendency to decompensate in a nonstructured environment, and an inability or unwillingness to follow through with aftercare contributed to involvement with the criminal justice system. Changes in the mental health system that would prevent the criminalization of the homeless mentally ill are suggested. PMID- 3180723 TI - State government at the grass roots: a community relations approach to mental health program development. AB - Integrating consultation and education and community organization techniques within a community relations framework has proven effective in catalyzing a productive partnership between grass-roots, community leaders and a state mental health program. The programmatic accomplishments-enhanced mental health services for the most vulnerable populations, including the aged, the chronically mentally ill, and high-risk youth, and enhanced community and political support for mental health services, all achieved without increase in state mental health expenditures-validate a methodology which is applicable in a wide variety of mental health settings. PMID- 3180724 TI - Interventions for reducing missed initial appointments at a community mental health center. AB - The present study attempted to reduce the initial appointment no-show rates at a CMHC through the use of several intervention techniques. One hundred-fifty individuals who called for an intake appointment were randomly assigned to either a control group or one of the following experimental groups: letter prompt received one day before appointment, letter prompt received three days before appointment, orientation letter received one day before appointment or orientation letter received three days before appointment. Individuals assigned to the one day orientation group had significantly lower no-show rates than individuals assigned to the control group (17% vs. 43%). The other groups were not significantly different from the control group. The effectiveness of the one day orientation letter for reducing no-show rates and its application at a CMHC was discussed. PMID- 3180725 TI - An evaluation of a communications training program within a self-help group for sexually abusive families. AB - Remediating the dysfunctional communications patterns of sexually abusive families is an important step in treating them. No communications training program for such families has been evaluated, however. This paper describes an evaluation of a communications training program carried out within the context of a self-help group for sexually abusive families. Group members were randomly assigned to receive an eight-week communications training program or to continue participating at self-help meetings. No group differences were apparent on a preintervention communications questionnaire, but the posttraining scores of experimental subjects were higher than controls. Experimental subjects maintained these scores upon follow-up and the scores of controls increased when the program was administered to them by a student therapist. It is suggested that the procedures and findings of this study contribute to the community mental health field by a) underscoring communications concepts that are helpful to abusive families; b) modeling a novel design for evaluating interventions that includes self-help participation as a nonspecific treatment; and c) illustrating the value of collaborative efforts between self-help groups and human services providers when they serve their mutual interests. PMID- 3180726 TI - The effects of program evaluation feedback on staff attitudes. PMID- 3180727 TI - Interactions of streptococci with human colostral immunoglobulin A. AB - Streptococci of serological groups A, B, C, G and L were examined for interactions with human colostral IgA. Of 28 A-streptococcal cultures, 12 bound IgA with a mean of 38.7%. The other streptococci had little or no IgA-binding activities. Of the 12 IgA-binding A-streptococcal cultures, 8 contained the M protein M 4 and 2 the M-protein M 60. The specific binding sites for IgA were heat-sensitive (60 min, 80 degrees C) and susceptible to trypsin and pronase. PMID- 3180728 TI - Infectivity and virulence in a serodeme of Trypanosoma vivax. AB - The course of infection by a mouse-adapted Trypanosoma vivax was studied. Serological variants were isolated from sheep and their infectivity and virulence were studied in mice and sheep. Isolates obtained in the early stage of the infection were highly virulent while isolates obtained at the terminal stage of the infection were found to be extremely virulent in both mice and sheep. Trypanosoma vivax organisms isolated in between these series of parasitaemias were of low to moderate virulence in both groups of animals. The degree of virulence exhibited by each isolate was closely related to the viability of the organisms. The success of making clones was equally found to be related to the virulence of the isolates. PMID- 3180729 TI - Acceleration and delay of sexual maturation in female house mice (Mus domesticus) by urinary chemosignals: mixing urine sources in unequal proportions. AB - Urine from male mice, from estrous female mice, and from pregnant or lactating female mice accelerate first vaginal estrus in females, whereas urine from grouped female mice delays first estrus. Nine experiments were used to test the effects of treatment of young female mice with urinary chemosignals that influence the onset of first estrus using unequal proportions of urine from the different sources. At ratios of 10-20 parts acceleratory chemosignal to 1 part delay chemosignal the acceleratory effect overrides the delay chemosignal, and the mice attain first estrus at earlier ages than controls. Ratios of about 4 to 1 up to 7 to 1 result in mean ages for puberty that are not accelerated or delayed relative to controls. Over a modest range of actual dose amounts of urine, the ratio effects are the same regardless of the actual quantities of urine employed in treating test females. PMID- 3180730 TI - Observational learning of a left-right behavioral asymmetry in mice (Mus musculus). AB - B6D2F1 hybrid mice that were allowed to observe a trained female mouse open a pendulum door to the right (or to the left) to enter a food compartment later solved this problem faster than pupils that had been placed behind a visual barrier. Male pupils that had observed a "left-handed" teacher performed sinistrally; males that had observed a "right-handed" model performed dextrally. Female pupils did not exhibit their demonstrator's laterality. Observational learning may provide a means to maintain certain lateralized behaviors. Such social learning may lead to the emergence of local traditions and to the cultural diffusion of behavioral asymmetries. PMID- 3180731 TI - Perceptual organization of acoustic stimuli by budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): III. Contact calls. AB - We trained budgerigars by operant conditioning to discriminate among a set of contact calls in a same-different task and analyzed response latencies from this task by using multidimensional-scaling (MDS) and cluster-analysis procedures. Humans listened to the same calls and indicated the similarity between pairs of calls by a direct rating procedure. An MDS program (sindscal) was used to arrange these complex acoustic stimuli in multidimensional space reflecting perceptual organization. Multiple regression techniques were used to identify the acoustic characteristics of contact calls that were correlated with the perceptual dimensions obtained from MDS. A number of spectral characteristics (e.g., peak frequency, rate of frequency modulation, and concentration of spectral energy) emerged as important for both budgerigars and humans, but the relative salience of these cues differed for the two species. Additional tests with two groups of budgerigars--cagemates and noncagemates--showed that experience with calls can change the salience of various acoustic characteristics used for perceptual organization and individual recognition. PMID- 3180732 TI - Posturally related variations in the hand preferences of the ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata variegata). AB - The hand preferences of 5 semi-free-ranging black-and-white ruffed lemurs were assessed by using three distinct testing procedures. Testing conditions varied in the extent to which they required animals to make a whole body postural adjustment prior to making a reach. Minimal bodily adjustment was necessary for free foraging, whereas discrete food presentations on land (DFP-land) and in a moat (DFP-moat) promoted a gross reorientation of the animal's entire body. In the DFP-moat condition 4 animals exhibited exclusive use of the left hand, and only 1 of 515 reaches was made with the right hand. Similarly, all 5 animals showed a pronounced left hand preference in the DFP-land condition. The free foraging condition revealed a hand preference for only 1 of the 5 subjects, and that preference was weak in comparison with those measured in the other two test conditions. These findings indicate that whole body postural adjustments critically influenced the expression of hand preference and should be taken into consideration in future studies of primate hand preferences. PMID- 3180733 TI - Neonate plains garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) are attracted to conspecific skin extracts. AB - Several species of snakes aggregate in areas previously marked by conspecifics. However, species differences and sources of such chemical signals have received little attention. Methylene chloride-soluble substances from shed epidermis of adult plains garter snakes attracted neonate conspecifics, whereas similar extracts from a congener and a viperid did not. The functional significance of such conspecific aggregation may relate to location of hibernacula, foraging areas, osmoregulation, or predation avoidance. PMID- 3180734 TI - Sex reversal in female Betta splendens as a function of testosterone manipulation and social influence. AB - In Experiment 1, female Betta given daily injections of testosterone (T) for 9 weeks acquired anatomical features characteristic of males as indicated by changes in fin length, body coloration, and gonadal morphology. These findings suggested that a potential for sex reversal exists in females of this species. In Experiment 2 we measured changes in aggressive behavior during testosterone induced anatomical changes. Aggression decreased toward females and increased toward males as treatment with T progressed. The final displays of aggressive behavior and anatomical characteristics of fish injected with T resembled those of typical males. In Experiment 3, female Betta primed with T injections for 3 or 6 weeks and permitted to interact socially with females continued to display characteristics of sex reversal after T supplementation ceased. Sex reversal in isolated fish injected with T for 3 or 6 weeks was not sustained, and fish receiving only the control vehicle showed negligible change in both the isolated and community conditions. We discuss the results in terms of similarities with the sex change process found in isolated communities of coral reef fish. PMID- 3180737 TI - Marine biology of antarctic organisms. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Marine Biology of Antarctica. Ravello, Italy. Proceedings. PMID- 3180736 TI - Different patterns of biting attack employed by lactating female mice (Mus domesticus) in encounters with male and female conspecific intruders. AB - Attacks by resident lactating female mice were examined in a variety of situations. Relatively few attack bites to vulnerable body regions were seen when pairs of unfamiliar lactating females fought, establishing social status prior to communal nesting. Sexually naive male and female intruders were equally prone to attack by lactating females, but patterns of bite attack generated by them were very different; males received the more damaging attacks. More signs of "fear" were seen in the lactating females' responses to male rather than female intruders. Varied motivations may underlie attacks by lactating females directed to conspecific intruders. Defensive patterns of biting by lactating females are more consistently directed towards males, intruders that are more likely to harm or destroy the litter. Although attacks by females rarely thwarted infanticide by male intruders, the behavior may acutely protect parental investment. PMID- 3180735 TI - Contrasting lever-press avoidance behaviors of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats (Rattus norvegicus). AB - Lever-press avoidance performances of Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were observed in two experiments. The first compared them at shock intensities of 1 or 2 mA. The SHRs had the highest percentage of avoidances, made the most coping responses (avoidances plus escapes), and received the fewest shocks (ps less than .05). They also had shorter avoidance and initial-escape latencies (ps less than .05). In the second experiment these strains were trained with signal-shock intervals that produce good (60 s) or poor (10 s) avoidance acquisition. Analysis of the Strain x Conditions x Blocks interaction showed that SHRs performed better with the longer interval (p less than .05), whereas WKYs' performance was similar with both (p greater than .05). Thus WKYs differed from all other strains previously exposed to these conditions. The findings are interpreted in terms that emphasize the SHRs' tendency to move, compared with the WKYs' tendency to freeze in response to aversive stimuli, rather than characterizing SHRs as hyperreactive. PMID- 3180738 TI - Antarctic fish tubulins: heterogeneity, structure, amino acid compositions and charge. AB - 1. Tubulins purified from the brain tissues of three Antarctic fishes (Notothenia gibberifrons, Notothenia coriiceps neglecta, and Chaenocephalus aceratus) contain equimolar quantities of the alpha and beta chains and are free of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) and other non-tubulin proteins. 2. When examined by isoelectric focusing and by two-dimensional electrophoresis, brain tubulins from the Antarctic fishes were found to be highly heterogeneous; each was resolved into 15-20 distinct variants. The range of isoelectric points displayed by the Antarctic fish tubulins (5.30-5.75) is slightly more basic than that of bovine brain tubulin (5.25-5.60). 3. Peptide mapping demonstrated that tubulins from the Antarctic fishes and the cow differ in structure. 4. The amino acid compositions of piscine and mammalian tubulins are similar, but the Antarctic fish tubulins apparently contain fewer glutamyl and/or glutaminyl residues than do tubulins from the temperate channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and the cow. 5. Native tubulin from N. coriiceps neglecta possesses 1-2 fewer net negative charges per tubulin dimer than does bovine tubulin. 6. We suggest that the enhanced assembly of Antarctic fish tubulins at low temperatures (-2 to +2 degrees C) results from adaptive, perhaps subtle, changes in their tubulin subunits. PMID- 3180739 TI - C4-mediated inhibition of immune precipitation and differences in inhibitory action of genetic variants, C4A3 and C4B1. AB - The inhibition of immune precipitation is mediated by the classical complement pathway. We report here that the rate of precipitate formation depends on the genetic form of human C4 present during immune precipitation. C4A3 is more effective than C4B1 in its capacity to inhibit the rate of immune precipitate formation in serum and in serum-free reaction mixtures containing C1 and C4. Immune precipitates form within seconds after antigen is mixed with antibody, and the activation of the classical pathway is known to occur within seconds after C1 binds to antibody molecules. The covalent deposition of C4b on immune complexes is an essential step in the inhibition of immune precipitate formation, and if any of the reactions that lead to covalent C4b deposition become limiting, the rate of immune precipitation could exceed the complement system's inhibitory capacity. Hence, the inhibition of this rate may be an important function underlying the complement-mediated processing of immune complexes, and a decreased ability of the complement system to mediate this process in the presence of C4B1, in contrast to C4A3, could explain, at least in part, the association between the C4A-null phenotype and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3180740 TI - Protection against complement-mediated cell damage by Ca2+ and Zn2+. AB - Ca2+ and Zn2+ prevent antibody-dependent complement-induced permeability changes in tonsil lymphocytes and Lettre cells. Lactate dehydrogenase leaks out from Lettre cells at high complement:cell ratios, under which conditions higher concentrations of Ca2+ and Zn2+ are required for protection. Ca2+ and Zn2+ do not inhibit complement activation or C9 binding to Lettre cells, and prevent leakage through preformed lesions. It is concluded that the extent of complement-induced membrane damage depends on the concentration of extracellular Ca2+, and may be modulated by changes in extracellular Ca2+ or Zn2+. PMID- 3180741 TI - Complement C5a receptor antagonism by protamine and poly-L-Arg on human leukocytes. AB - It is shown that protamine selectively and dose-dependently inhibits complement C5a-induced leukocyte responses such as histamine release from basophils, chemiluminescence and beta-glucuronidase release from neutrophils. Protamine produces parallel rightward displacements of the C5a dose-response curves. The inhibitory capacity of the polypeptide is reversible and disappears following repeated washing of exposed cells. In neutrophils poly-L-Arg similarly and specifically antagonizes C5a-induced chemiluminescence and enzyme release. This polymer alone, however, degranulates basophils and neutrophils, leading to histamine and enzyme release, respectively. It is concluded that on human neutrophils the arginine-rich polycations protamine and poly-L-Arg exhibit a competitive C5a receptor antagonism. In addition, protamine inhibits the C5a receptors on basophils. It is hypothesized that molecular conformations of the arginine-rich polycations might bind reversibly to, and block negatively charged groups at the C5a-receptor sites. PMID- 3180742 TI - Comparison of the performances of an automated arrhythmia detector working on original and virtual ECG tracings. AB - Two approaches can be taken to improve the performance of an automatic arrhythmia detector: perfecting the detection algorithms or improving the quality of the investigated traces by preprocessing the original traces. This paper reports on the results of a data preprocessing approach. Preprocessing consists in constructing new traces, which we call virtual. They are mathematically obtained from the original traces and referred to the dominant cardiac electric axis. The classifications obtained with an arrhythmia detector using both virtual and original traces are presented and discussed. By comparing the performance indices obtained under the two different conditions, it can be seen that a diagnosis based on the virtual traces is as acceptable as one based on the original traces. This result should be judged as favorable, since the algorithm was not adjusted or calibrated to the virtual traces, while those who developed it had certainly calibrated the parameters to the original traces. PMID- 3180743 TI - A medical information relational database system (MIRDS). AB - A medical information relational database system (MIRDS) which is resident on a relational database machine and is accessed via microcomputers has been created for a pediatric pulmonary division of a research hospital. The power and flexibility of MIRDS has permitted the integration of clinical tasks, research interests, and laboratory functions. Procedures have been devised to assure data integrity, allow flexibility in data retrievals, produce standardized report formats, and permit data access for users with a wide range of query expertise. There are few impediments to the integration of additional clinical, research, and laboratory functions as the system evolves. PMID- 3180744 TI - Recognition of organs in CT-image sequences: a model guided approach. AB - A method is proposed for segmentation of organs in CT-image sequences. An important feature of the method is the use of search areas to guide the segmentation process. Time consuming, data-directed operations are restricted to these areas, instead of being applied to the whole image. A search area for a particular anatomical structure is determined by constraints, derived from a model of the imaged scene and by results already obtained in the recognition process. The method has been successfully applied on recognition of the spleen in abdominal X-ray CT scans. PMID- 3180745 TI - Estimation of probabilities using the logistic model in retrospective studies. AB - Methods for estimating the parameters of the logistic regression model when the data are collected using a case-control (retrospective) scheme are compared. The regression coefficients are estimated by maximum likelihood methodology. This leaves the constant term parameter to be estimated. Four methods for estimating this parameter are proposed. The comparison of the four estimators is in two parts. First, they are compared for large samples. This is accomplished via the asymptotic distribution of the estimators. Second, the estimators are compared for small samples. This is conducted via stimulation using 11 logistic models. The estimation of the posterior probability of the response variable being a success (Px), as given by the logistic regression model, when the constant parameter is estimated by each of the four proposed methods is the main focus of this paper. A third concern is the comparison of the logistic discriminant procedures when each of the four methods of estimating the constant parameters is used. In addition, the linear discriminant function procedure is included. This comparison is executed only for small samples via simulation. It was found that when estimating Px, method 1 (which is essentially the MLE) minimizes the expected mean square error. The results were not as clear when the parameter of interest was the constant term itself. The results from the classification comparisons implied that when the logistic model contains mostly (or all) binary regression variables the logistic discriminant procedure using method 1 to estimate the constant term gives minimum expected error rate; otherwise the linear discriminant function gives minimum expected error rate. In the latter case the logistic discriminant procedure (method 1 estimator of the constant term) is approximately as good. PMID- 3180746 TI - A method for determining the optimum transform for covariates of the Cox model with application to 3680 cases of intraocular melanoma. AB - For most applications of the Cox Model, a simple exponential relationship is assumed between covariates of this model and relative force of mortality (lambda). A method has been developed to examine this relationship in detail for data sets that contain a sufficient number of deaths. This method was applied to 3680 cases of intraocular melanoma with 1178 deaths over 20 years of follow-up, using largest tumor dimension (LTD) as a predictor of tumor-related death. Results indicated that the transform lambda = exp[beta log LTD] provides a closer approximation to observed mortality for this data set than the more traditional lambda = exp [beta LTD]. Additional applications to mathematically generated data sets revealed a close correspondence between lambda estimated by this method and the lambda programmed into each data set. PMID- 3180747 TI - HGDBMS: a human genetics database management system. AB - Human genetics research involves a large number of complex data sets naturally organized in hierarchical structures. Data collection is performed on different levels, e.g., the project level, pedigree level, individual level, and sample level. Different aspects of a study utilize different views of the data, requiring a flexible database management system (DBMS) which satisfies these different needs for data collection and retrieval. We describe HGDBMS, a comprehensive relational DBMS, implemented as an application of the GENISYS I DBMS, which allows embedding the hierarchical structure of pedigrees in a relational structure. The system's file structure is described in detail. Currently our Melanoma and Chromosome 17 map studies are managed with HGDBMS. Our initial experience demonstrates the value of a flexible system which supports the needs for data entry, update, storage, reporting, and analysis required during different phases of genetic research. Further developments will focus on the integration of HGDBMS with a human genetics expert system shell and analysis programs. PMID- 3180749 TI - Correspondence analysis of contingency tables. AB - This paper deals with the multidimensional representation of the dependence between row and column variables of contingency tables using the correspondence analysis. It includes: (1) estimation of the optimal weights that maximize the canonical correlation between two categorical variables by an optimization iterative method, (2) testing the discriminability of the estimated scoring scheme, (3) evaluating the relative contribution of categories (rows or columns) for each dimension, (4) simultaneous symmetric graphical representation of row and column points. The method is applicable to two-way contingency tables or multi-way tables concatenated to two-way tables through merging variables to form interactive ones. PMID- 3180748 TI - The relative risk in a cohort study with Poisson cases. AB - This paper deals with making statistical inference about the relative risk (or risk ratio) in a cohort (or prospective) study with dichotomous exposure when the number of cases is a Poisson distributed variable. The exact procedure for testing the null hypothesis for the relative risk and the exact computation of its confidence interval for a single 2 X 2 table is presented. Maximum likelihood methods and the homogeneity test are presented for the common risk ratio when data is stratified in several 2 X 2 tables. These methods are based upon a sufficient statistic and therefore are considered proper statistical alternatives to the more descriptive epidemiological measures such as (in)directly standardized mortality (morbidity) ratios. All computations can be done on a programmable pocket calculator. With the HP-41 CV more than 70 strata can be distinguished. PMID- 3180750 TI - An operator approach to interactive data processing. I. The system. AB - A computer software system for interactive data processing is described. Data are transferred between functions ('operators'). Execution flow is designed in a semi graphical language. Data are composed of arbitrary data types in sequences of any length. The system works as an interpreter and the user may define or modify its current operation without delay. Lucidity is increased by the possibility of building complex functions ('macros') from simpler ones. Once such a construction has been made, the functions included can be made transparent to the user. Portability is emphasized by using only standard PASCAL. To promote flexibility, entirely new procedures and data types can be introduced. Both short- and long term solutions are thus supported. PMID- 3180751 TI - An operator approach to interactive data processing. II. Some applications of scalars and vectors. AB - A modular software system for interactive data processing is described in part I of this series. Flexibility and portability are stressed. The system works as an interpreter and new functions may be introduced instantly. A simple graphical user interface controls performance. Arbitrary data types are supported. In the current work, the system has been implemented for numerical data (scalars and one dimensional arrays). Some commonly used parametric and non-parametric statistical procedures (such as Students t-test, linear regression, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests) illustrate the use of scalars. Arrays can indicate complex quantities, used in signal analysis. The fast Fourier transform is a basic building block. It is included into other functions such as convolution, cross-correlation and digital filter design. The benefit of such constructions is illustrated by adaptive filtering of evoked potentials. PMID- 3180752 TI - MABDOS: a generalized program for internal radionuclide dosimetry. AB - Dosimetry calculations of monoclonal antibodies (MABs) are made difficult because the focus of radioactivity is targeted for a nonstandard volume in a nonstandard geometry, precluding straightforward application of the MIRD formalism. MABDOS, a program for performing internal radionuclide dosimetry, addresses this shortcoming. It accounts for the perturbations introduced by the inclusion of tumor(s) as additional source/target of radiation. Biodistribution data are conformed to a compartmental model, allowing the forward simulation of compartmental activity. Integration of the resultant time-activity curves yields cumulative activities for each compartment. Allowing compartments to represent physical organ spaces, cumulative activities are loaded into a column vector representing radionuclide source organs. A matrix multiplication between column vector and the appropriate S table is carried out. S factors for tumors as source and target organ are calculated by treating the tumor as a spherical perturbation to Standard Man geometry, and carrying out a Monte Carlo simulation on-the-fly. The software presents an integrated modeling/dosimetry environment and offers a viable methodology for performing prospective treatment planning. PMID- 3180753 TI - A FORTRAN function for the bivariate normal integral. AB - This paper describes a program for microcomputers as well as mainframes, written in FORTRAN 77, which calculates a bivariate normal probability. PMID- 3180754 TI - A FORTRAN program for multivariate survival analysis on the personal computer. AB - In this paper a FORTRAN program is presented for multivariate survival or life table regression analysis in a competing risks' situation. The relevant failure rate (for example, a particular disease or mortality rate) is modelled as a log linear function of a vector of (possibly time-dependent) explanatory variables. The explanatory variables may also include the variable time itself, which is useful for parameterizing piecewise exponential time-to-failure distributions in a Gompertz-like or Weibull-like way as a more efficient alternative to Cox's proportional hazards model. Maximum likelihood estimates of the coefficients of the log-linear relationship are obtained from the iterative Newton-Raphson method. The program runs on a personal computer under DOS; running time is quite acceptable, even for large samples. PMID- 3180755 TI - A new implemented version of program MIR (MIR II): analysis and identification of mathematical models in enzyme and transport kinetic studies. AB - The computer program MIR previously described (R. Bianchi, G.M. Hanozet and M. Pilone Simonetta, Comput. Prog. Biomed. 16 (1983) 189) that fits trial rate laws to enzyme and transport steady-state kinetic data by the least-squares method has been enhanced. The new version MIR II is an interactive program and it consists of five major routines and a larger number of smaller program elements to perform the linear (three different functional forms) and non-linear (eleven mathematical models) regression analysis of kinetic data from enzyme and transmembrane transport experiments, also in the presence of inhibitors. Other features of the new program include a set of statistics and tests useful for the model building process, for the development of the mathematical model and for its validation and maintenance. An algorithm for fitting a straight line taking into account errors in both x and y is also provided. PMID- 3180756 TI - The occurrence of a prodrome of generalized anxiety in panic disorder. AB - Twenty-eight percent of 32 panic disordered patients had a prodrome of generalized anxiety symptoms lasting a median of 5 years before the occurrence of their first panic attack. Patients with a generalized anxiety prodrome were similar to the nonprodrome patients for 55 tested clinical variables, including individual anxiety symptoms, response to treatment, severity of illness, and most aspects of family history. It appears that a prodrome of generalized anxiety symptoms is a variation of the presentation of panic disorder. Initially, these patients may be misdiagnosed as having generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and contribute to the heterogeneity of GAD. PMID- 3180757 TI - Family factors associated with the use of psychotropic drugs, alcohol abuse, and minor psychiatric morbidity in the community. AB - The association of family health and family structure factors with psychotropic drug consumption, alcohol abuse, and minor psychiatric morbidity was investigated in a representative community sample of 151 respondents by means of a logistic multiple regression analysis. A General Health Questionnaire GHQ score of 5 or above was best predicted by undesirable events, sex, the number of generations, marital status, and the number of family members with a high GHQ score. Psychotropic drug consumption was best predicted by the number of family members with distress manifestations, while alcohol abuse in men was predicted best by events of the exit type. PMID- 3180758 TI - Applicability of the Chinese Beck Depression Inventory. AB - Using a sample of 329 currently depressed patients from 24 hospitals across China, this study assesses the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory (CBDI). Even though the internal reliability and the concurrent validity were good (Cronbach alpha = 0.846; r = 0.566), the results showed that the item of Loss of Libido was most weakly correlated with the CBDI's total score; the items of Sense of Punishment, Sense of Hate, Self Accusations, Crying Spells, Irritability, and Somatic Preoccupation were poorly associated with the intensity of depression measured by the total score of the Chinese version of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (CHDS). The CBDI's construct validity was rather poor by principal component analysis: three of six factors were unexplainable in terms of clinical features of depression. The results demonstrated that CBDI, even though it was semantically translated into Chinese language, still could not be effectively applied in clinic and research settings in China. Using the theory and methods of psychometrics to develop China's own culturally sensitive self-report inventory is the correct way to eliminate cultural bias and make cross-cultural research more valid. This is the most rigorous scientific approach to cross-cultural comparisons. PMID- 3180759 TI - Dexamethasone suppression test and primary obsessional compulsive disorder. AB - This report explores the role played by DSM-III Major Depression in the Nonsuppressor status of a sample of 29 subjects suffering from DSM-III Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Five subjects were found to be Nonsuppressors. Further analysis showed that it is likely that Nonsuppressor status depended upon the concomitant presence of Major Depression rather than upon the OCD itself. PMID- 3180761 TI - Is early effeminate behavior in boys early homosexuality? AB - This report continues the study of early effeminate behavior in boys. A previous article reported on the long term follow-up of 55 boys and the resulting outcome in homosexuality. In this paper an effort is made to explore further the nature of the connection between childhood effeminate behavior and adult homosexuality. Individual signs are discussed with regard to relevant aspects of their development. It is concluded that early effeminate behavior is not merely a forerunner of homosexuality in that it forecasts homosexuality, but that is is in fact the earliest stage of homosexuality itself. PMID- 3180760 TI - Other psychiatric disorders among bulimic patients. AB - Clinical experience suggests that bulimia nervosa is a disorder often accompanied by additional psychiatric symptoms. Based on unstructured clinical interviews, 21 additional Axis I and six Axis II diagnoses were assigned to a sample of 30 bulimic women. The Structured Clinic Interview for DSM-III-Patient Version (SCID P) generated 47 additional Axis I and 78 Axis II diagnoses. There was little agreement across measures in the assessment of mood disturbance. These results not only suggest a greater degree of pathology in bulimic women, but also raise important questions regarding the measurement and conceptualization of DSM-III-R Axis II disorders. PMID- 3180762 TI - Attorneys' perceptions of electroconvulsive therapy: impact of instruction with an ECT videotape demonstration. AB - The knowledge of attorneys from the Los Angeles Superior Court was studied before and after education about electroconvulsive therapy. They viewed a videotape explaining ECT and questions were answered. There were significant improvements in overall knowledge and in positive opinions regarding ECT. PMID- 3180763 TI - A positive view of psychiatrists and psychiatry. AB - A review of the literature on the personalities, mental health, and professional status of psychiatrists was the basis of a questionnaire designed to assess perceptions of these characteristics by psychiatrists themselves and by their medical colleagues. The 374 physician respondents were divided into two groups, psychiatrists and nonpsychiatrists, and beliefs and perceptions were compared between the two groups and with findings from the research literature. Results revealed some differences in opinion between psychiatrists and nonpsychiatrists, most notably concerning the mental health of psychiatrists. This was also the area in which the literature was least conclusive. Findings indicated, however, that physicians across specialties have a positive overall opinion of psychiatrists and their professional worth, and that psychiatrists see themselves as healthy, effective, and useful practitioners. PMID- 3180764 TI - Comparative studies of the sensitization potential of morpholine, 2 mercaptobenzothiazole and 2 of their derivatives in guinea pigs. AB - The aim of this study was to determine the sensitization potential of morpholine (M), 4,4'-dithiodimorpholine (DTDM), morpholinyl-mercaptobenzothiazole (MMBT) and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) in guinea pigs. 5% and 10% DTDM, MMBT and MBT produced irritation reactions. M up to 10% failed to irritate. Sensitization tests showed that all the guinea pigs treated with DTDM and MMBT were sensitized. Cross-sensitization tests showed that 60% of the DTDM-sensitized animals reacted to challenge with MMBT; 30% of the animals sensitized to DTDM reacted to challenge with M; 80% of the MMBT-sensitized animals reacted to challenge with MBT and 10% to challenge with M; 42% of the MBT-sensitized animals reacted to MMBT. The rank order of sensitization potential in guinea pigs observed from this study is DTDM, MMBT and then MBT. It appears that the disulfide bond, sulfur linkage and the sulfhydryl group may each play a role in the sensitizing capacity of these compounds. PMID- 3180765 TI - Studies of the reactivity of morpholine, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 2 of their derivatives with selected amino acids. AB - Previous studies in guinea pigs showed that DTDM, MMBT and MBT were sensitizing agents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biochemical basis of this sensitization reaction. The reactions of representative amino acids, Cys, Lys & Gly, with morpholine, DTDM, MMBT & MBT were examined. New compounds were found between MMBT and all 3 amino acids. Additional new compounds were seen for Cys/MBT, Cys/DTDM, Lys/MBT & Gly/DTDM. No reaction was observed with morpholine. The new compounds were examined spectroscopically. Results suggest that the sensitizing nature of DTDM is probably a reaction of its disulfide bond with the SH & -NH2 groups of amino acid moieties. The conjugation of Cys/MMBT may be via the same reaction mechanism. The -SH group of MBT may react either via oxidation and/or thioester formation with the carboxylate group of amino acids. These results also suggest that in vitro tests may predict the sensitizing potential of certain compounds. PMID- 3180766 TI - Hydrogenation reduces the allergenicity of colophony (rosin). AB - Abietic acid is the main component of rosin. It is readily oxidized by air and its oxidation products are considered to be mainly responsible for the allergenic effect. Hydrogenation of the conjugated double bonds of abietic acid decreases its susceptibility to air oxidation and would thus reduce the allergenicity of rosin. Portuguese gum rosin was therefore hydrogenated and its allergenicity was compared with that of unmodified rosin in animal experiments and by patch testing in humans. Its sensitizing potential was determined in 2 studies. No response was found according to the FCAT method while the GPMT gave significant response in the animals challenged with the highest test concentration. Hydrogenated rosin showed no eliciting activity in animals induced with unmodified rosin according to the GPMT method. A marked decrease was found in the frequency of allergic reactions to hydrogenated rosin compared to the reactions to unmodified rosin in patients with known allergy to gum rosin. We conclude that elimination of the unsaturated non-aromatic compounds by hydrogenation considerably reduces the allergenicity of Portuguese gum rosin. PMID- 3180767 TI - UV sunlight and patch test reactions in humans. AB - No seasonal influence of UV sunlight on patch test reactions in humans over a period of 9 years of clinical practice was found in this retrospective study of almost 8000 patients. Although the mean UV monthly dose varies seasonally, up in the summer and down in the winter, no significant differences could be identified for patch test reactions, either for the mean number of positive test reactions or for the intensity of the skin reaction or for the id-like spread reactions seen in summer or winter. Furthermore, no short-term influences of UV exposure during the weekend preceding patch testing could be demonstrated. Therefore, reliable patch-test results can be expected at any season of the year from a general population, at least in Belgian-type climates. PMID- 3180768 TI - The usefulness of detailed information to patients with contact allergy. AB - To find out if patients with contact allergy are helped by computerized information lists, a retrospective study was carried out on 58 patients with contact allergy to lanolin, traced through our local database DALUK. All were sent a questionnaire about their usage of the information list, clearance of their eczema, their education and other details. Clearance of the patient's eczema was found to correlate with use of the information list. It was also found that the effectiveness of the information depended on factors such as education, family circumstances, ethnic background and, most of all, how and where the information list was used. PMID- 3180769 TI - Sensitization to aluminium by aluminium-precipitated dust and pollen extracts. AB - We report 2 cases of aluminium sensitivity in adults. Each time, the means of sensitization was the inoculation of aluminium-precipitated pollen or dust extracts for hyposensitization. We conclude that aluminium allergy is not exceptional and that in these cases one can observe allergic reactions to the Finn Chamber tests. PMID- 3180770 TI - Photodermatitis from benzydamine cream. PMID- 3180772 TI - Primula dermatitis: prevalence, detection and outcome. PMID- 3180771 TI - Contact allergy to chloroacetamide. PMID- 3180773 TI - Contact urticaria from Tilia (lime). PMID- 3180774 TI - Contact allergy to miconazole. PMID- 3180775 TI - Cosmetic allergy from myristyl alcohol. PMID- 3180776 TI - Cosmetic allergy from stearic acid and glyceryl stearate. PMID- 3180777 TI - Results of routine patch testing of 542 patients in Saskatoon, Canada. AB - 542 patients (330 women, 212 men) with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested to standard series allergens between January 1983 and June 1987. Positive reactions were most frequently seen with nickel (17.4%), ethylenediamine (8.7%), formaldehyde (7.4%), colophony (7.0%), potassium dichromate (6.1%) and neomycin (5.7%). Patients with dermatitis involving the legs were significantly more likely to be allergic to ethylenediamine (p = 0.01) and benzocaine (p = 0.04) than those with dermatitis not involving the legs. Neomycin allergy was not associated with dermatitis involving the legs. Patients allergic to ethylenediamine were significantly more likely to be allergic to neomycin than patients not allergic to ethylenediamine (p = 0.002). PMID- 3180778 TI - Human maximization test of falcarinol, the principal contact allergen of English ivy and Algerian ivy (Hedera helix, H. canariensis). AB - In a human maximization test of 5% falcarinol isolated from Hedera helix, 10 of 20 subjects were sensitized. No subjects gave irritant reactions to 5%, 10 became sensitive to 1%, and 7 to 0.05%, with 3 of these giving 3+ to 4+ bullous reactions. PMID- 3180779 TI - The effect of topical cyclosporin A on the elicitation phase of allergic contact dermatitis. AB - The effect of cyclosporin A (CSA) on the elicitation phase of allergic contact dermatitis was investigated. Initially, the ability of CSA to penetrate normal human cadaver skin was determined using 3 different vehicles. 10% CSA in Labrafil was found to be the most effective combination at achieving skin penetration (0.33%). Patients with known contact sensitivities to a variety of allergens were selected. After a 48-h pretreatment with 10% CSA in Labrafil, skin sites were exposed to the appropriate contact allergen. 72 h later, the development of an eczematous patch test reaction was evaluated. Only 1 of 10 patients showed unequivocal signs of suppression of allergic contact dermatitis. PMID- 3180780 TI - Sodium-lauryl-sulphate-induced cutaneous irritation. Comparison of white and Hispanic subjects. AB - Reactivity of white and hispanic skin after exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) has been investigated. The tests were performed on the back as follows: untreated skin, skin pre-treated with short-term occlusion and delipidized skin. Irritant reactions were induced by applying 0.5% and 2.0% SLS via Finn chamber patch tests and monitored by means of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum water content (WC). Higher TEWL, LDV and WC were recorded for 2.0% SLS when compared to 0.5% SLS and baselines. Differences between white and hispanic skin reactivity were recorded. TEWL and WC responses showed a greater sensitivity in hispanics possibly reflecting a different modulation of the water barrier function after chemical exposure. On the other hand, the microcirculatory response, as long as detected with LDV, was similar in the 2 groups. Correlations between these data and findings observed in other races are discussed. PMID- 3180781 TI - Can eardrops induce a shampoo dermatitis? A case study. PMID- 3180782 TI - Cross-reactions in topical corticosteroid contact dermatitis. PMID- 3180783 TI - Another case of allergic contact dermatitis from phenylephrine in eyedrops. PMID- 3180785 TI - Relative frequency of immediate and delayed patch test reactions. PMID- 3180784 TI - Contact allergy to tixocortol pivalate. PMID- 3180786 TI - Light microscopic and electron microscopic (EM) examination of contact urticaria. PMID- 3180787 TI - TMCHB: a possible alternative to DNCB in skin testing for immune competence. AB - The desirability is considered of an alternative to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in assessing immune competence by skin testing. The choice of an alternative allergen is discussed, taking into account the different concentration which would be necessary for weaker allergens. The alternative proposed is 1-(2,6,6 trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-butenone (TMCHB). PMID- 3180788 TI - Susceptibility to cumulative and acute irritant dermatitis. An experimental approach in human volunteers. AB - Reactivity to repeated daily sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) applications and patch test reactivity to SLS was studied in 23 females. Skin changes were quantified by transepidermal water loss (TEWL), dielectric water content (DEWC), laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) and visual scoring (VS). Dermatologic histories (HS) and susceptibility to sunburn (ST) were obtained and clinical skin dryness evaluated (DS). Great interindividual variation occurred in the degrees of changes in the biophysical parameters measured: the variation was most apparent in TEWL. The subjects with HS 1 or more developed greatest TEWL increase after open SLS applications (p less than 0.05). DS showed poor correlation with SLS reactivity and only minor DEWC alterations were seen. ST showed some non-significant correlation with erythema reactivity in the patch test. PMID- 3180789 TI - European multicenter study of the TRUE Test. AB - A new, standardized, ready-to-apply patch test, the TRUE Test, has been evaluated on 698 consecutive patients with suspected contact dermatitis. The patients were tested with 12 different allergens. Simultaneously, the same 12 allergens in pet. (Trolab) were applied symmetrically to the opposite side of the upper back using the conventional Finn Chamber technique. There were positive test reactions to all 12 allergens tested in the patient group. The concordance of positive reactions between the TRUE Test and the Finn Chamber test was 67%; 13% of all positive reactions were recorded only for the TRUE Test and 20% only for the Finn Chamber method. The frequency of questionable and irritant reactions was of the same low order of magnitude for both test methods; such reactions were recorded in around 2% of all test patches. PMID- 3180790 TI - Zinc effects on nickel dermatitis in the guinea pig. AB - Prevention of NiSO4 induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using ZnSO4 in drinking water was studied in a guinea pig model. Without ZnSO4 interventions, nickel (Ni)-exposure resulted in significantly higher (p less than 0.05) stimulation indices (SIs) as compared to non-exposed controls, using NiSO4 as an allergen in the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). Oral intake of ZnSO4 at both 250 micrograms/ml double-distilled deionized water (DDD) and 500 micrograms/ml DDD resulted in lower SIs than those of control guinea pigs drinking only DDD; the 250 micrograms/ml group had significantly lower SIs (p = 0.025) than controls. There was no significant correlation between intradermal test responses and the SI values of individual guinea pigs exposed to NiSO4. Mean zinc (Zn) concentrations in skin and in whole blood were not statistically different between the NiSO4 exposed control and Zn supplemented groups, nor between Ni-sensitive and non-sensitive animals within groups. The role of Zn homeostasis, role of the Langerhans cell, effect of Zn supplementation on Ni ACD in other species, and possible blocking effects of other metals should be investigated in future studies. PMID- 3180792 TI - Testicular feminization syndrome presenting in a 78-year-old patient. PMID- 3180791 TI - Cardiac Surgery in Octogenarians: are the risks too high? PMID- 3180793 TI - Doctor's countersuit gets to the heart of it. PMID- 3180794 TI - M.D. Enterprises of Connecticut. Progress report. PMID- 3180795 TI - Hospital discharges and average length of stay. AMA Center for Health Policy Research. PMID- 3180796 TI - Cholesterol awareness in selected states-behavioral risk factor surveillance, 1987. Centers for Disease Control. PMID- 3180797 TI - Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody in U.S. active-duty military personnel, April 1988. PMID- 3180798 TI - Influenza--United States, 1986-87 season. PMID- 3180800 TI - Mistranslations and absolutes. PMID- 3180799 TI - Illicit drug use, AIDS, and public policy. PMID- 3180802 TI - Late pericardial tamponade following radiation therapy for bilateral breast carcinoma. PMID- 3180801 TI - Acute adult leukemia. The Danbury Hospital experience. PMID- 3180803 TI - Guidelines for serum drug monitoring. PMID- 3180804 TI - Civil liability of peer review participants: Patrick v. Burget and the Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986. PMID- 3180805 TI - The Connecticut Hospice, Inc. and AIDS: a profile. PMID- 3180806 TI - Price controls for medical services and the medical needs of the nation's elderly (second of two parts). PMID- 3180807 TI - Burden of biomedical waste disposal to be placed on physicians. PMID- 3180808 TI - Hepatitis A among drug abusers. Centers for Disease Control. PMID- 3180809 TI - Ethical physician's role is to help dying patients die. PMID- 3180810 TI - Active euthanasia: further lessons from the President's Commission. PMID- 3180811 TI - Administrative approach to the malpractice problem. PMID- 3180812 TI - Chemotactic response of embryonic limb bud mesenchymal cells and muscle-derived fibroblasts to transforming growth factor-beta. AB - Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) was tested for its ability to stimulate a chemotactic response in Stage 24 embryonic chick limb bud mesenchymal cells and muscle-derived fibroblasts. TGF-beta stimulated dose-dependent chemotaxis in both cell populations. Maximal chemotaxis was achieved with a concentration of 5 ng/ml for limb bud cells and as low as 15 pg/ml for muscle derived fibroblasts. TGF-beta was not chemokinetic at these levels. Several other proteins found in bone, namely fibronectin, type I collagen, and osteonectin, were not chemotactic. However, both Bone Gla-protein and basic-FGF were found to be chemotactic but less effective than TGF-beta. Comparison with extracts of adult bone indicates that while TGF-beta is a potent chemoattractant, it does not account for all the chemotactic activity found in adult bone. PMID- 3180813 TI - The chondrogenesis of rib perichondrial grafts for repair of full thickness articular cartilage defects in a rabbit model: a one year postoperative assessment. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the results or rib perichondrial grafting after the creation of a full thickness articular cartilage defect. In a rabbit model, rib perichondrium was used to repair defects created in the femoral condyle. The formation of repair tissue (neocartilage) and its chondrogenesis into a tissue resembling articular cartilage was found over time. The gross, histological and biochemical characteristics of the neocartilage were evaluated at intervals of 6, 12, 18, 26 and 52 weeks post transplant, and compared to normal articular cartilage. The neocartilage was characterized by the early formation of relatively large amounts of glycosaminoglycans. A steady increase in the proportion of type II collagen over the time periods was also observed. Improved attachment of the neocartilage to host tissues was seen over the period of 6 to 52 weeks. Successful grafts were seen to proliferate to fill the articular defect and to undergo a chondrogenesis over a post transplant time period of one year. PMID- 3180814 TI - The locus of mineral crystallites in bone. AB - The organic content of mineralized tissues has been found to decrease with increasing tissue density, from about 60% of the mineral weight in light bone like deer antler to 1 to 2% in hyperdense bone like porpoise petrosal. The ratio of the weight of mineral that can fill the collagen hole zones to the total mineral content can be no greater than 20% for deer antler and decreases to less than 5% for hyperdense bone. Moreover, the dimensions of hydroxyapatite crystallites have been determined by various investigators to be larger than the intermolecular spacing of collagen molecules. Such crystallites can only be fitted within the collagen fibril if collagen molecules are packed differently from the accepted models. Electron micrographs of fish dentin, at a very early stage of mineralization, show the needle-like crystallites lying in dense strips between collagen fibrils and practically no crystallites within the fibrils. A similar pattern of dense strips of crystallites between fibrils can be identified in examples from more advanced stages of mineralization, taken from fish dentin, cat dentin and cow tibia, even though some of the needle-like crystallites are superimposed on the fibril banded pattern. In every instance there are regions of the fibrils where there are no visible needle-like crystallites. Examination of the work of others shows a similar distribution of the mineral component, except that none exactly resemble the micrograph of the earliest stage of fish dentin provided in this report. The collagen banding is observed to be in spatial phase over many fibrils. The needle-like crystallites may be observed to be bunched in phase with the collagen banding and with the same spatial periodicity. The bunching is most obvious in the least densely mineralized specimens. This observation can account for the x-ray and neutron diffraction patterns which shown the axial period of the mineral to be like that of the collagen axial macroperiod and to be in phase with the hole zones of collagen fibrils. These prior studies were interpreted to show that the crystallites must be within the hole zones. Our images are interpreted to show that most of the mineral is outside of the collagen fibrils in the extrafibrillar volume. The interpretation is in agreement with neutron diffraction studies of various mineralized tissues as well as with earlier diffraction studies of mineralized turkey leg tendon and with the calculations of the amount of mineral that can be contained within the collagen of mineralized tissue. PMID- 3180815 TI - Ultrastructural aspects of freeze-fractured and etched elastin. AB - The ultrastructural organization of fresh and purified elastin from beef ligamentum nuchae was studied by means of the freeze-etching technique. Both fresh and purified elastin showed a regular three-dimensional network of filaments which seemed to be composed of a sequence of globular subunities. There were also areas, along the regular network, in which ridges of various lengths, packed with perpendicular side filaments, were visible. In replicas of deep etched and rotary-shadowed specimens, a thicker and more defined three dimensional network was observable. A great variability in appearance among the globular subunits of the filaments was noticed which was at least partially due to the etching treatment. By means of computerized simulation of replicas of various hypothetically collapsed globular structures, we obtained patterns which were superimposable on those obtained in the replicas of the specimens analyzed. It is thus assumed that each globular subunit of the filament, being subjected to collapsing, has a less dense central core. PMID- 3180816 TI - Bone and renal failure. International symposium. Antwerp, November 21-22, 1986. Proceedings. PMID- 3180817 TI - Histological manifestations of abnormal parathyroid hormone metabolism in renal osteodystrophy. PMID- 3180818 TI - Pathophysiology of aluminum-induced bone disease. PMID- 3180819 TI - Localization of aluminum in tissues. PMID- 3180821 TI - Methodological aspects of trace element determination. PMID- 3180820 TI - Iron overload and bone disease in chronic dialysis patients. PMID- 3180822 TI - Treatment and histological healing of aluminum-related osteomalacia. PMID- 3180824 TI - Bone biopsy studies in the diagnosis and treatment of renal osteodystrophy. PMID- 3180823 TI - Deferoxamine for the diagnosis and treatment of aluminum-associated osteodystrophy. PMID- 3180826 TI - Early termination of a phase II clinical trial. AB - This is a report of an ad hoc application of "predictive probability" to support the decision to terminate a traditional fixed sample phase II clinical trial of endocrine therapy in breast cancer after accrual of only 75% of the planned sample (18 of 25). The analysis was motivated by concerns over low accrual rates and a lower than expected response rate. Statistical analyses included the computation of several sets of probability estimates. The accumulated data were sufficient to reject H0: pi = 0.6 (the desired response rate) in favor of H1: pi less than 0.6 (p less than or equal to 0.02), and at study completion the 95% confidence interval for pi was expected to fail to include 0.6 with probability 0.92. Under no circumstances could the final observed response rate exceed 0.52. These and other computations provided assurance that early termination of the trial was unlikely to miss a treatment as good or better than the standard. PMID- 3180825 TI - The cellular metabolism of lead and calcium: a kinetic analysis in cultured osteoclastic bone cells. PMID- 3180827 TI - Oxidative cross-linking of fodrin parallels a membrane conductance increase in the mammalian lens. AB - An oxidative cross-linking of the lens spectrin-like protein fodrin was induced by incubating WKY-rat lenses in the presence of the SH-reagent diamide. The oxidation of fodrin was paralleled by an increase in lens membrane conductance. The time relationship between these two events as well as the reversibility of both, achieved by incubating the lens in the presence of dithiothreitol, indicate that normal permeability characteristics of the lens membranes require the integrity of the membrane attached cytoskeleton. PMID- 3180828 TI - Distribution of total and non-freezable water contents of galactosemic rat lenses. AB - Galactosemic cataracts were induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by keeping them on a 50% galactose diet for 36 days. The galactosemic rat lenses as well as normal rat lenses were sliced into 0.50 mm sections and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TGA) measurements were performed. The TGA measurements gave the total water content. This was much higher in cataractous lenses than in normal lenses. The total water content also showed different gradients in normal and cataractous lenses. In normal lenses the percentage of water decreases as one proceeds from cortex to nucleus. In galactosemic cataractous lenses the trend is the opposite. The non-freezable (bound) water content was obtained as the difference between the total and freezable (DSC measurements) water content. In both cataractous and normal lenses the non freezable water content increases when one proceeds from cortex to nucleus. It seems that most of the water influx generated by the accumulation of galactitol ends up as free water in lakes and pools rather than water of hydration. PMID- 3180829 TI - Structure analysis of bovine lens calf gamma-II crystallin: residue assignments of the five histidine CE1 resonances observed by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AB - Bovine lens calf gamma-II crystallin contains five histidine residues at sequence positions 14, 53, 84, 117, and 122. The protein was examined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 300 MHz. Five histidine epsilon-1 carbon (CE1) proton resonances were observed titrating with pH between 8.9 and 7.4 ppm. The chemical shift values as a function of pH were fitted to a Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. The experimental pK values and end points of titration were then compared to theoretical electrostatic and ring-current calculations based on the 1.6 A resolution x-ray coordinate data of the protein. A sufficiently close correspondence between the experimental and calculated values allowed histidine residue assignments to be made. PMID- 3180830 TI - Computerised densitometry of red-free retinal photographs correlated with automatic perimetry. AB - An image analyser installed in a 16 bit personal computer was used to measure grey levels in red free photographs of normal and glaucomatous eyes. Regional photographic image intensity and density were correlated with Humphrey Field Analyser results for corresponding areas of visual field. Two methods for standardising photographic exposure by histogram equalisation and slide were compared in two groups of eyes from 13 subjects. For histogram equalisation, r2 varied from 0.16 to 0.29 for linear fits in temporal retinal quadrants. For the histogram slide, r2 varied between 0.19 to 0.45 for linear fits. Similar results were found for mean histogram equalised image intensity versus Humphrey Field Analyser global indices: Mean Deviation, (r2 = 0.27) and Pattern Standard Deviation, (r2 = 0.37). For histogram equalised image data, resistant line analysis showed a linear goodness of fit of 0.92 and for histogram slide goodness of fit was 0.97 for upper and 0.87 for lower temporal quadrants. PMID- 3180831 TI - Outflow facility studies in the perfused bovine aqueous outflow pathways. AB - We have recently developed a technique for constant pressure perfusion of the aqueous outflow pathway of the eye. Our preliminary studies, conducted in the calf eye, show surprisingly that the manipulations necessary for preparing the outflow pathways and attached corneoscleral shell for perfusion do not greatly disrupt normal aqueous outflow physiology and anatomy according to the following criteria: 1. facility of outflow is similar before and during outflow pathway perfusion 2. as in the intact eye, facility of outflow decreases with increased IOP 3. removal of outflow resistance tissue greatly increases facility of outflow 4. morphology of outflow tissues remains normal Use of the perfused outflow pathway model may enable the creation of valuable in vitro preparations which may provide much needed information about the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma. PMID- 3180832 TI - Procoagulant effect of aqueous humor on in vitro clotting of blood and plasma. AB - Fresh and previously frozen aqueous humor was found to shorten the recalcification time of both canine citrated blood and human citrated plasma. This state of accelerated coagulation was dose related and preliminary studies indicate that aqueous humor acts as a procoagulant rather than a thromboplastin like substance. PMID- 3180833 TI - The EDTA extractable protein is glycosylated in the bovine lens. AB - The EDTA extractable protein (EEP) can be prepared from the bovine lens using sonication; however, urea washing of the membrane fraction was essential in decreasing the non-specific binding of the crystallins to the EEP fraction. Both the 32 and the 35 kilodalton (kD) proteins from EEP were shown to be glycoconjugates using periodate labelling. The EEP from the lens bound a variety of lectins at both 32 and 35 kD. The binding of the lectins suggested that EEP is composed of proteins having galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine groups as well as fucose residues. The glycosylation of EEP adds another possible regulatory step for the control of these calcium binding proteins in the lens. PMID- 3180834 TI - Morphology and time-course of defined photochemical lesions in the rabbit retina. AB - The present study demonstrates an experimental set-up to study light injury with defined parameters including retinal irradiance levels and spectral composition of the damaging light. The time-course of acute morphological changes at constant light intensity and increasing exposure durations (from 5-30 minutes) was evaluated, the wavelength of the damaging light being 400-550 nm. Pigment epithelial lesions appeared already after 5 minutes, and rod outer segment membrane disruptions after 15-20 minutes of light exposure. Striking was the observation of disruption and vesiculation of disk membranes at the base of rod outer segments. This "clear zone" was consistently observed beginning after twenty minutes of light exposure. The comparison of morphological changes in pigmented and albinotic eyes revealed no essential differences. This result confirms the observations of other laboratories that pigment epithelial melanin neither protects against nor promotes light damage to a significant extent. Long term changes after light exposure revealed pigment epithelial lesions and rod outer segment disruptions, followed by macrophage invasion and pigment epithelial proliferation with subsequent loss of photoreceptor cells. PMID- 3180836 TI - Purification and some properties of camel lens crystallins. AB - Five major crystallin fractions were found in camel lens fractionated by Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. These crystallin fractions were named alpha high (alpha H), alpha low (alpha L), beta high (beta H), beta low (beta L) and gamma (gamma) by comparison with the elution profiles and molecular weights of rabbit crystallins. The amino acid composition and isoelectric focusing bands for crystallins of camel and rabbit were remarkably similar, but individual differences were found. By means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two alpha H crystallin subunits, of 23K and 20K molecular weight, were found in camel and rabbit. Likewise, a single 21K molecular weight band was found in the gamma crystallin of camel and rabbit. In camel, the beta high crystallin consisted of five major subunits, while rabbit beta high crystallin consisted of only three subunits. On SDS-PAGE, camel and rabbit beta low crystallins both showed two major subunits of 27K and 23K molecular weight but camel beta low crystallin showed an additional 35K molecular weight subunit. Characterization of camel lens crystallins may contribute to understanding the effect of aging on aggregation of camel crystallins. PMID- 3180835 TI - The occurrence of glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (protein-disulfide interchange enzyme) in the lens. AB - Glutathione-insulin transhydrogenase (GIT, thiol:protein-disulfide isomerase/oxidoreductase, E.C. 5.3.4.1/1.8.4.2) catalyzes via sulfhydryldisulfide interchange, the scission as well as formation of disulfide bonds in many diverse proteins. Using insulin as a substrate, the lens epithelial layer of cows, rats and rabbits was found to contain GIT activity. The enzyme's activity is activated by GSH and inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide. Subcellular distribution of bovine lens epithelial homogenates showed that the majority of GIT activity is located in the insoluble fraction (10,000 g pellet) and in the high molecular weight fraction (60,000 g pellet). Lens epithelial extracts were subjected to SDS-PAGE followed by Western blot, and probed with a polyclonal antibody to rat liver GIT, or with either of two monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of the enzyme. Lens epithelium was found to contain two forms of GIT, one with the same molecular weight as the purified enzyme (Mr 56Kd), and a second having an Mr of 67Kd. Immunoblots using polyclonal antibodies revealed an additional major immunoreactive band of 32Kd in the cow lens epithelial layer as well as in the isolated cortical and nuclear portions. Rat lenses showed no immunoreactive 32Kd band. Using a bovine cortical/nuclear fraction the 32Kd reactivity was found to be associated with the beta H-crystallin fraction, but the extract failed to show GIT activity with the insulin substrate. This suggests that beta H-crystallin may share a common epitope with GIT. PMID- 3180837 TI - The role of inflammation in the development of epiretinal membranes. AB - Single or multiple (3) injections of "Shigella" endotoxin were administered into the rabbit vitreous body to investigate the development of epiretinal membranes following intraocular inflammation. The evaluation included clinical assessment of the resulting traction retinal detachments, together with histological, autoradiographic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Traction retinal detachments were found beneath fibroglial epiretinal membranes (being more extensive in eyes which had received 3 endotoxin injections) in the vicinity of the medullary rays, while purely glial membranes occurred over attached peripheral retina. The primary change at the vitreoretinal interface was an elevation of the inner limiting lamina of the retina followed by the extension of glial cells onto the retinal surface. It is postulated that glial cells breach the inner limiting lamina as a sequel to inflammation involving the vitreoretinal interface and form a scaffold upon which fibroblast-like cells migrate. PMID- 3180838 TI - Factors influencing the quantitative determination of tear proteins by high performance liquid chromatography. AB - HPLC analysis of human tears allows tear protein profiles to be obtained within ten minutes. A tear protein profile normally consists of 4 major peaks: IgA, lactoferrin, protein G and lysozyme. Although it is a rapid method, the use of High Performance Liquid Chromatography in the (quantitative) determination of proteins in tears is influenced by various factors. The day to day variability of the quantitative use, ranges between 7 and 9% for the various tear proteins. Combining the HPLC method with a convenient collection method such as sponges or Schirmer strips, showed that the sponges and some of the Schirmer strips used in this study eluted significant material absorbing light at 280 nm. No statistical difference was observed in the HPLC protein profiles of tears collected with Schirmer strips or with sponges. Using sponges has the advantage that they can absorb almost twice as much tears in a same period of time as Schirmer strips. HPLC analysis of human tear proteins is not accurate when there is albumin leakage as in traumatic sampling with Schirmer strips or in inflammatory states. The I-125 column which was used in our study is not able to separate lactoferrin and albumin, which may cause an overestimation of lactoferrin in inflammatory conditions. The study presented here indicates that for quantitative use of HPLC in epidemiological tear protein research better separating protein gel filtration columns are needed. PMID- 3180839 TI - Morphogenesis of rabbit corneal endothelium. AB - We studied ultrastructurally the development of rabbit corneal endothelium from the 13th day of gestation to 3 days after birth. Precursor corneal endothelial cells, stromal cells, and a vascular network migrate in close association with each other between the developing corneal and lens epithelia. During development, newly deposited extracellular fibrous matrices separate the prospective endothelium from the capillaries and corneal stroma. The extracellular matrix between the apical endothelial surface and the vascular network loses its fibrous appearance early in development. Simultaneously, randomly organized fibrils are deposited on the basal endothelial surface facing the stroma. These fibrils, gradually obscured by the deposition of a nonfibrous component, eventually become part of Descemet's membrane. Early in development, prospective endothelial cells cannot be distinguished morphologically from the overlying corneal stromal cells. Morphologic differentiation of the endothelial cell is characterized by the formation of sinuous lateral borders that interdigitate with those of adjacent cells to form a continuous single-cell layer of tissue. The basal endothelial membrane forms a pitted surface, distinguishing it from the apical cell membrane. Intercellular junctions between lateral membranes, a cilium projecting into the anterior chamber, and deposition of Descemet's membrane on the basal endothelial surface contribute to the polarization of the endothelium. Throughout most of corneal development the vascular pupillary membrane maintains a close association with the apical surface of the differentiating endothelium. We conclude that fetal corneal endothelium develops within a complex extracellular matrix environment and in proximity to the underlying vascular network. These structures play an important role in the morphogenesis of corneal endothelium. PMID- 3180840 TI - Hydrogen peroxide localization in ocular tissue: an electron microscopic cytochemical study. AB - A reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H)-dependent hydrogen peroxide-generating activity of rat ocular tissue was investigated cytochemically utilizing the cerium method. NADPH or NADH oxidation resulted in electron-dense fine granular deposits on the corneal epithelial and endothelial plasma membranes, around the photoreceptors of the retina, and on the processes of the retinal pigmented epithelium. Control specimens incubated in a substrate free medium did not show any such deposits. These results suggest that, under normal conditions, there is generation of oxidants, such as hydrogen peroxide, in the ocular structures, and that such oxidants can be visualized by cytochemical techniques. PMID- 3180842 TI - Adopt a zoo or a species! PMID- 3180841 TI - An intermediate filament-associated developmentally regulated protein in corneal fibroblasts. AB - A developmentally regulated, cytoskeletal-associated protein was identified and partially characterized using a monoclonal antibody developed for this study. Based on the distinctive fibrous pattern of distribution of this antigen in the cytoskeletons of cultured corneal fibroblasts, and a characteristic reorganization of these fibers into perinuclear whorls in response to colchicine treatment, this protein was found to be associated with the intermediate filaments (vimentin filaments). Chronological distribution of this intermediate filament-associated protein (IFAP) and vimentin during fetal development of the cornea in rabbit was analysed immunohistochemically. During an early stage of corneal development (day 13 of gestation), both this IFAP and vimentin were present in the stromal cells in the presumptive corneal region. The IFAP was also present in the surface epithelium. At day 17 and 21, the corneal endothelial layer was developed and contained both the IFAP and vimentin. However, in the corneal stromal cells, the concentration of IFAP (based on the densities of the immunostaining reaction) progressively decreased during the later stages of fetal development (day 24 to day 28), while relative concentrations of vimentin were not reduced significantly. In the corneal stromal cells in the adult rabbit, the IFAP was not detectable while vimentin was still present. For further characterization of this protein, extracts of cultured corneal fibroblasts and fetal corneas were analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by an immunotransblot technique. These analyses indicated that the IFAP was a polypeptide with a Mr of 130k. Therefore, this protein was not vimentin (Mr 55-58k). The presence of this IFAP in the fetal corneas and stromal cells and its absence in the quiescent stromal cells in the adult cornea indicated that this unique IFAP is developmentally regulated in corneal stromal cells, and its association with vimentin filaments may be important during the active state of corneal stromal cells. PMID- 3180843 TI - Mapping of human lactate dehydrogenase-A, -B, and -C genes and their related sequences: the gene for LDHC is located with that for LDHA on chromosome 11. AB - Human testis-specific lactate dehydrogenase-C (LDHC) gene-related sequences are located with the LDHA gene on chromosome 11. The LDHB gene is on chromosome 12. Chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 9, and 10 appear to contain LDHA gene-related sequences, whereas the X chromosome and chromosome 13 possess LDHB gene-related sequences. PMID- 3180844 TI - Re-evaluation of HeLa, HeLa S3, and HEp-2 karyotypes. AB - In contrast to earlier reports, this study on HeLa, HeLa S3, and HEp-2 revealed that karyotypes of each cell line are characterized by a consistent marker chromosome composition and a constant number of copies for both normal and marker chromosomes. Based on these chromosome fingerprints and an analysis of 50 metaphases, the modal karyotype of each cell line was defined. Each modal karyotype had the composite content of the previously reported karyotypes of the same cell line, and, generally, the former had the same or a higher number of copies per chromosome than the latter. This modal karyotype can be used as a standard to identify and further individualize both the cell line itself and a subline within that cell line. We have also found that many cells within each cell line have the same karyotype. Portions of numerical data are compiled in a chart format by which the extent of chromosome differences between cultures can readily be compared. Also discussed in brief are characteristic chromosome changes that may help distinguish clonally derived cell lines from lines derived by cross-contamination. PMID- 3180845 TI - Mapping of 12 translocation breakpoints in the Xp21 region with respect to the locus for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - Over 20 females have been reported to carry reciprocal X; autosome translocations with breakpoints in Xp21 and to suffer from Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We have positioned nine of these breakpoints with respect to the Duchenne gene by mapping probes from the DMD region against a panel of somatic cell hybrids, each containing one of the translocation chromosomes from a different female patient; further information has also been obtained by in situ hybridization, including the breakpoint location in a tenth DMD patient. We have also characterized two translocation breakpoints that lie in the same chromosomal region but which are not associated with the expression of DMD. All the DMD-associated translocation breakpoints examined lie at several sites within the DMD locus and between the two non-DMD breakpoints. PMID- 3180846 TI - Meiotic analysis of two human reciprocal X-autosome translocations. AB - Two cases of human reciprocal X-autosome translocation, t(X;12) and t(X;2), are described in sterile males, along with meiotic findings. Each carrier had inherited the translocation from his mother. Both showed azoospermia and germ cell maturation arrest at the primary spermatocyte level, with most cells being arrested at the pachytene stage. A few metaphase I (MI) divisions were found, with occasional metaphase II cells being seen in the t(X;2) carrier. MI air-dried preparations gave clear evidence of chain quadrivalent formation. In the t(X;2) heterozygote, the pairing characteristics of the quadrivalent at pachytene were also analyzed in electron microscopic spreads. Disturbance of pairing around the breakpoints characterized most quadrivalents, and there was evidence in about 20% of the cells that nonhomologous pairing had taken place between the translocated chromosomes and the normal chromosome 2. Comparisons are made with similar nonhomologous pairing configurations seen at pachytene in quadrivalents of male reciprocal X-autosome translocations of the mouse. PMID- 3180847 TI - Localization of the human dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) gene to chromosome 9q34. AB - A human cDNA clone for dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) has been isolated from a phaeochromocytoma library. In situ hybridization of this probe to replication banded chromosomes has localized the gene to chromosome 9q34. The structural gene for the enzyme is therefore close to the ABO blood group locus. This suggests that the previously described activity variation in levels of serum DBH may reflect alterations in either the structure or regulation of the DBH coding sequences. Both biochemical and genetic evidence therefore indicate independence of DBH from the pterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases of the neurotransmitter pathways. PMID- 3180848 TI - Synergistic effect of DAPI and thymidylate stress conditions on the induction of common fragile sites. AB - When supplied to human leukocytes grown in complete medium (RPMI 1640), DAPI, a nonintercalating compound specific for the AT bases of DNA, induces the appearance of three common fragile sites (CFRA) mapped at 1q42, 2q31, and 7p22. The same treatment with DAPI in a medium deficient in folic acid and thymidine (199 M) considerably increases the expression of these sites and induces the appearance of a further 16 CFRA sites at 1q24, 2p25, 4p16, 4q25, 5p15.3, 6p21.3, 6p25, 6q13, 9p24, 16p13.3, 16q23, 17q21, 18q23, 20q13.1, 21q21, and Xq28. The results point to the existence of a synergism between DAPI and thymidylate-stress culture conditions in inducing site-specific chromosome damage. The results also agree with the hypothesis that DAPI-induced CFRA sites are DNA late-replicating chromosomal areas rich in AT bases. PMID- 3180849 TI - Synapsis of a chromosomal pair heterozygous for a pericentric inversion and the presence of a heterochromatic short arm. AB - Analysis of meiotic pairing configurations in a deer mouse heterozygous for both a pericentric inversion and the presence of a heterochromatic short arm at chromosome 15 revealed straight-paired synaptonemal complexes with equal axial lengths in a majority of the pachytene nuclei. Nonhomologous pairing in this bivalent occurs by direct heterosynapsis of the inverted segments followed by synaptic adjustment of the heterochromatin heteromorphism. PMID- 3180850 TI - Significance of the magnitude of a QS wave deflection in evaluating the uninvolved muscle in anterior wall myocardial infarction. AB - The significance of dynamic changes of the QS wave magnitude, as demonstrated in the precordial leads, within the natural evolution of acute anterior wall myocardial infarction (AAMI) was assessed in 25 patients within two weeks of their admission to the intensive cardiac care unit. Two sets of tests, including 12-lead electrocardiogram and a full radionuclear study, were performed in two time periods: (1) within the first 48 hours of admission; and (2) between the 12th and 15th day after admission. Comparison and correlation between the electrocardiographic data, QS waves in leads V2 and V3 and in V1 to V6 (sigma QV2 3 and sigma QV1-6), and radionuclear regional ejection fractions of the noninfarcted posterior muscle (inferior, infero-apical, and posterolateral regions and posterior index) were done. Significant linear correlations were demonstrated between the electrocardiographic variant differences in percentages (sigma QV2-3 and sigma QV1-6) and the radionuclear variant differences, especially the posterolateral and the infero-apical regions, as well as the posterior radionuclear index (r between 0.5 and 0.75; p less than 0.01). In addition, almost all of the patients who showed deepening of QS waves in the precordial leads also showed an increase in regional ejection fractions in uninvolved myocardium, and vice versa. It is concluded that the dynamic changes of the QS wave magnitude in the precordial leads within the evolution of acute anterior myocardial infarction well reflect the changes of the posterior noninfarcted muscle contraction and therefore offers a simple, inexpensive, and indirect electrocardiographic method for evaluating changes in contraction patterns of noninfarcted myocardium. PMID- 3180851 TI - Factors associated with fatal hemoptysis in cancer patients. AB - We reviewed the clinical outcome of 58 patients with hemoptysis associated with either a hematologic or solid malignancy. Pulmonary hemorrhage causing death (fatal hemoptysis) occurred in 36 percent of these patients. Fatal hemoptysis occurred in six of eight patients with a hematologic malignancy and a fungal pneumonia. Examination of pathologic specimens from five of these patients revealed fungal invasion of blood vessels. An inflammatory response was absent in three, suggesting that granulocytes are not required for fungal-induced tissue destruction. In patients with a bronchogenic tumor, fatal hemoptysis occurred in six of seven patients with a necrotic squamous cell carcinoma. In contrast, hemoptysis was fatal in only two of ten patients with metastatic lung disease. We conclude that hemoptysis in cancer patients with a fungal pneumonia is an ominous sign that may warrant aggressive interventions to prevent a fatal complication. PMID- 3180852 TI - Human peripheral blood and pleural fluid eosinophils can be induced by immune complexes to release IgG immune complexes and aggregated IgE. AB - The ability of IgG and IgE immune complexes and of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a soluble membrane activator, to stimulate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release and to induce oxygen radical-mediated cytotoxic activity by human peripheral blood (PBL) eosinophils and by PBL neutrophils was evaluated in normal volunteers and patients with hypereosinophilic malignant pleural effusions due to lung cancer. PMA stimulated a significant respiratory burst. Similar results were obtained with IgG IC stimulation, although the levels of H2O2 were lower. Agg IgE induced H2O2 release only by PBL and PE eosinophils and not by neutrophils. PMA stimulation resulted in detectable cytotoxic activity. IgG IC generated both PBL and PE eosinophil and PBL neutrophil cytotoxicity. Agg IgE induced significant cellular cytotoxicity in both PBL and PE eosinophils. This study suggests that eosinophil oxidative metabolic burst and cytotoxic activity stimulated by IgG and IgE immune complexes could represent a possible mechanism of parenchymal injury in eosinophilic disorders. PMID- 3180853 TI - The value of bronchial washings and bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of lymphangitic carcinomatosis. AB - This study examines the value of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in diagnosing lymphangitic carcinomatosis. A retrospective analysis of fiberoptic bronchoscopic records at a tertiary referral hospital was performed. Twelve patients with neoplastic disease and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates compatible with lymphangitic carcinomatosis who underwent diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy were identified. Bronchoalveolar lavage correctly identified five (100 percent) out of five patients, bronchial washings identified four (57 percent) of seven patients and either procedure identified nine (75 percent) of 12 patients. Bronchial brushings were positive in two (40 percent) of five patients, and transbronchial lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis in only four (44 percent) of nine patients. Transbronchial lung biopsy was uniquely positive in only one patient. One patient had a significant pulmonary hemorrhage following transbronchial lung biopsy, while no complications of BAL occurred. Two patients had significant coagulopathy, and one patient was severely agitated precluding transbronchial lung biopsy, and all three were positive by BAL. This study suggests that BAL should be performed to confirm the diagnosis of lymphangitic carcinomatosis before proceeding to a biopsy, especially when the risks of pneumothorax and hemorrhage are excessive. PMID- 3180854 TI - Pleuropulmonary involvement during bromocriptine treatment. AB - The use of bromocriptine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease is increasing. More than 20 cases of suggested drug-induced pleuropulmonary disorders during bromocriptine therapy have been reported. We describe four male parkinsonian patients taking bromocriptine in whom pleuropulmonary abnormalities were discovered in a pulmonary hospital during a one-year period. In only one case were the roentgenographic changes reversible after withdrawal of the drug. Pleural fluid from two patients was analyzed and showed lymphocyte-predominant chronic inflammatory changes. Raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C reactive protein values decreased after cessation of bromocriptine. Lung function studies demonstrated volume restriction with normal or high CO transfer coefficient. The frequency of pleuropulmonary changes during bromocriptine therapy may be greater than assumed, and such patients may initially present with nonrespiratory symptoms. Follow-up of patients during bromocriptine treatment by ESR, C-reactive protein, and chest roentgenogram is recommended. PMID- 3180855 TI - Concentration of hyaluronic acid in pleural fluid as a diagnostic aid for malignant mesothelioma. AB - Hyaluronic acid (HA) was determined with a radiometric assay in the serum and pleural fluid of 85 patients with pleural effusions, including 15 with malignant mesothelioma, 32 with other cancer, 31 with nonmalignant inflammatory diseases, and seven with congestive heart failure. With a cutoff level at 100 mg/L, the pleural fluid concentration of HA was raised in 73 percent of patients (11 of 15) with malignant mesothelioma and in 23 percent with nonmalignant inflammatory diseases, but in none with other cancer and in none with congestive heart failure. The median concentration of pleural fluid HA was significantly higher in patients with mesothelioma than in those with other cancer (p less than 0.005). Determination of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in pleural fluid further helped to differentiate between mesothelioma and other types of cancer; concentrations of CEA above 10 micrograms/L were found in four of 15 (27 percent) patients with mesothelioma, but in 38 percent of the patients with other cancer. We concluded that in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions associated with malignant tumors a high concentration of HA in pleural fluid combined with a low concentration of CEA suggests malignant mesothelioma as opposed to other types of cancer. PMID- 3180857 TI - Mediastinal air-fluid level and respiratory failure. Pulmonary air embolism. PMID- 3180856 TI - A clinical angiographic study of the arterial blood supply to the sinus node. AB - We studied the arterial blood supply to the sinus node area in 309 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Seventy-nine had had a previous myocardial infarction. In two who developed temporary sinus node dysfunction, the sinus node artery arose from the distal portion of a severely stenotic left circumflex coronary artery, but in 307 of the 309 patients the sinus node arteries themselves were free of atheroma. The sinus node artery arose from the right coronary artery in 182 patients, from the proximal 3 cm in 179, near the origin of the acute marginal in one, and left of the crux in two. In 119 patients it arose from the left circumflex coronary artery, proximally in 87, and in 32 from anywhere throughout its length, running posteriorly as the posterior sinus node artery. Finally, eight patients had two sinus node arteries, one arising from the right coronary artery and one from the left circumflex. PMID- 3180858 TI - Efficiency of work of inspiratory muscles in standing and in exercising dogs. AB - The objective of this study was to elucidate the resistive, elastic, and total inspiratory muscle work and mainly the efficiency of the inspiratory muscle work in still standing and in exercising dogs. In 180 experiments with nine mongrel dogs, respiratory and circulatory functions were recorded at rest and during a 1.5-mph walk on a treadmill belt which was inclined by 9 degrees. Each dog had been trained and surgically prepared before the series of experiments started. An electronic pressure transducer together with a fluid-filled catheter was attached to the ribs at the midthoracic level. Airflow was monitored with a pneumotachygraph attached to a face mask. Aortic flow was monitored with an electromagnetic flow transducer. Catheters in the atria, the ventricles, and the pulmonary and systemic vessels were used to determine hemodynamic parameters and blood gas levels. All recorded and all derived functions were evaluated by a dedicated computer. At rest, resistive inspiratory work (0.98 kg cm) was smaller than elastic work (1.36 kg cm). Elastic work did not change with exercise but resistive work increased to 1.46 kg.cm. The increase of total work from 2.33 kg.cm at rest to 2.79 kg.cm during exercise did not reach significance. Inspiratory power increased with exercise. Estimated diaphragmatic oxygen consumption increased from 2.23 ml/min at rest to 3.64 ml/min during exercise. It was 1.6 percent of the total oxygen consumption at rest and 1.7 percent of the total oxygen consumption during exercise. The estimated efficiency of the work of inspiratory muscles was 15.8 percent at rest and 25.8 percent during exercise. These values did not vary substantially between different animals. PMID- 3180859 TI - Osler's nodes on the dorsum of the foot. AB - Osler's nodes developed on the dorsum of the left foot of a patient with enterococcal endocarditis and on the dorsum of the right foot of another patient with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. The lesions were erythematous, raised, and very painful, but they resolved completely. There was no evidence of other embolic phenomena at the time the Osler's node appeared. PMID- 3180860 TI - Tricuspid valve replacement for Ebstein's anomaly in childhood with a Starr Edwards caged-ball prosthesis. 21-year follow-up. AB - A 21-year follow-up after tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) with a Starr-Edwards caged-ball prosthesis in a ten-year old boy is described. TVR is performed for Ebstein's anomaly, with strict indications in childhood. Despite the current preference for bioprostheses, good performance can be expected from the Starr Edwards caged-ball valve. PMID- 3180861 TI - Late pleuropulmonary metastases of a cerebral ependymoma. AB - A patient with a 12-year history of occipital ependymoma was found to have late pleuropulmonary metastases without recurrence of the primary tumor. The pleural metastases were diagnosed by histologic, ultrastructural features and finally by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) labeling positive reaction. This case is unique because of the long interval between occurrence of the initial tumor and the metastases, and because of the apparent quiescence of the cerebral lesion when the pleuropulmonary metastases were discovered. PMID- 3180862 TI - Complete atrioventricular block, retrograde atrial activation and intra-atrial block. AB - A case of complete atrioventricular block, retrograde atrial activation, and intra-atrial block was reported. Inhomogeneous inhibition of the atrioventricular junction and the so-called summation of impulses may both act together to make retrograde conduction possible when third-degree atrioventricular block was present. In lead 2, P waves were dome-shaped, and in lead V1, P waves were biphasic; narrow and peaked P waves intermittently appeared, denoting third degree intra-atrial block. The peaked P waves signified that the right atrium was activated while the left atrium was not depolarized. PMID- 3180863 TI - Right-to-left shunt through patent foramen ovale complicating right ventricular infarction. Successful percutaneous catheter closure. AB - A patient with right ventricular infarction and severe hypoxemia secondary to right-to-left shunting through a patent foramen ovale is presented. A balloon tip catheter was positioned in the left atrium and retracted against the atrial septum and the hypoxemia resolved. PMID- 3180864 TI - Legionella pneumonia complicating Wegener's granulomatosis. AB - We describe a previously healthy man who presented with features consistent with Wegener's granulomatosis. While undergoing investigation, he developed acute respiratory failure, thought to represent progression of his vasculitis. Open lung and sinus biopsies were performed to obtain the diagnosis. Vasculitis was confirmed on the paranasasl biopsy, and the lung biopsy showed pneumonia due to Legionella pneumophila, an association not previously reported in Wegener's granulomatosis. If immunosuppressive therapy had been started without making the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia on lung biopsy, the patient might well have succumbed to the infection. PMID- 3180865 TI - Patent ductus arteriosus in the elderly. AB - Patent ductus arteriosus presenting in an elderly patient is unusual. This report describes the oldest patient (72 years) to undergo successful surgical interruption of a patent ductus arteriosus with a unique clinical presentation of typical angina pectoris with normal coronary anatomy. A possible pathophysiologic mechanism for this previously unreported presenting symptom is proposed. The natural history of patent ductus arteriosus and the role of surgery in the elderly patient are discussed. PMID- 3180866 TI - Magnetic resonance evaluation of patency of stented polytetrafluoroethylene graft connecting right atrium to pulmonary artery. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate late postoperative patency of a stented polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft, which had been used to connect the right atrium to the pulmonary artery in a patient with tricuspid atresia. The MRI depicted patency, luminal size, course, and geometric morphology of the conduit. PMID- 3180867 TI - Focus of bronchial carcinoma in situ eradicated by endobronchial biopsy. AB - Bronchial carcinoma in situ is not frequently diagnosed in a clinical setting. A bronchoscopic biopsy of a small mucosal abnormality in a patient with hemoptysis yielded a diagnosis of carcinoma in situ. The involved lobe was resected. On thorough histologic examination of the surgical specimen, no residual carcinoma could be found. To our knowledge, this is unprecedented in the literature. This case emphasizes the importance of biopsying subtle abnormalities and raises questions about the optimal management of in situ bronchial carcinoma. PMID- 3180868 TI - Further insights on Osler's nodes. PMID- 3180869 TI - Oximeters. PMID- 3180870 TI - Hinged staples. PMID- 3180871 TI - Lung cancer and bronchial hyporesponsiveness? PMID- 3180873 TI - Treating pulmonary emboli. PMID- 3180872 TI - Adenosine deaminase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. PMID- 3180874 TI - Cardiac findings in AIDS. PMID- 3180875 TI - Carotid sinus pressure. PMID- 3180876 TI - Pancuronium and tetanus in the elderly. PMID- 3180877 TI - The diaphragm in SLE. PMID- 3180878 TI - Aftermath of caval ligation. PMID- 3180879 TI - Resuscitation in the elderly. PMID- 3180880 TI - Invasive aspergillosis. PMID- 3180881 TI - Stapling air leaks. PMID- 3180882 TI - Auscultation of S3. PMID- 3180883 TI - Tuberculous tenosynovitis. PMID- 3180884 TI - Night-time ventilation for the treatment of cardiorespiratory failure in kyphoscoliosis. PMID- 3180885 TI - Tuberculin substituted for terbutaline. No "tine" for error. PMID- 3180886 TI - Effect of nicotine gum on gastric emptying. PMID- 3180887 TI - Postural management of bronchopleural fistula. PMID- 3180888 TI - The pulmonary artery catheter. The debate continues. PMID- 3180889 TI - A new continuing fatigue syndrome following mild viral illness. A proscription to exercise. PMID- 3180890 TI - Complications of Nd:YAG laser therapy. PMID- 3180891 TI - Diagnosis of emphysema. PMID- 3180892 TI - The evolving role of echocardiography in management of bacterial endocarditis. PMID- 3180893 TI - Radiographic measures of hyperinflation in clinical emphysema. Discrimination of patients from controls and relationship to physiologic and mechanical lung function. AB - In a retrospective study we investigated the accuracy of radiographic measurements of hyperinflation in distinguishing a sample of patients with a clinical diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema (n = 44) from a sample of age- and sex matched control subjects (n = 39). The relationship of the hyperinflation parameters to pulmonary function test results (PFTs) and arterial blood gas measurements (ABGs) in the emphysema patients was also examined. The radiographic measurements were diaphragmatic angle of depression, lung height, lung width, heart size, diaphragm level, radiographic total lung capacity (TLC), and size of the retrosternal air space. By discriminant function analysis, the best contributors to the function were lung height and diaphragmatic angle of depression, followed by radiographic TLC and heart size. The derived classification rule had a diagnostic accuracy of 88 percent. The radiographic measures, largely independent of one another, showed moderate correlations with percentage PFTs, ABGs, portable percentage spirometric studies, height, and weight. High correlations were found between several of the radiographic measurements and the PFTs that represent actual static lung volumes. The correlation between radiographically measured TLC and PFT TLC measured by the helium dilution technique was .90. PMID- 3180894 TI - International trends in asthma mortality: 1970 to 1985. AB - Recent international trends in asthma mortality among people aged five to 34 years were examined as a follow-up to an epidemic of asthma deaths in the late 1970s which appeared to be confined to New Zealand. Mortality rates were compared in 14 countries with suitable statistics; Australia, Canada, England and Wales, Finland, France, Japan, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, the United States, and West Germany, for the period 1970 to 1984/5. In New Zealand, asthma mortality in this age group more than trebled from 1.3 per 100,000 in 1974 to 4.2 per 100,000 in 1979 and since then has declined substantially to 1.85 per 100,000 in 1985. Asthma death rates vary more than six fold among the other countries examined, and although the New Zealand experience has not been seen to the same degree elsewhere, a gradual increase in reported asthma mortality has occurred since the mid to late 1970s in the majority of countries studied. The increase and subsequent decline in asthma mortality in New Zealand could not be explained by changes in diagnostic fashions or in the International Classification of Disease coding rules. Similarly, the US data do not suggest there is diagnostic transfer among diseases of airway obstruction. However, part of the differences in asthma mortality among the countries examined and the recent increases in asthma death rates, could be due to changing diagnostic fashions rather than true differences in mortality. International studies on the validity of asthma death statistics and on asthma prevalence are required to clarify these issues. PMID- 3180896 TI - Myocardial infarction in the young. Angiographic features and risk factor analysis of patients with myocardial infarction at or before the age of 35 years. AB - We reviewed the records of 2,400 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac catheterization at USAF Medical Center Keesler between 1978 and 1984 and found 35 patients (1.5 percent of all cardiac catheterizations) aged 35 years or less (mean age, 32 years) who underwent cardiac catheterization after myocardial infarction. These 35 patients (group 1) were compared to a randomly selected group of 100 patients (group 2) aged 55 years or greater who underwent cardiac catheterization for evaluation of coronary artery disease during the same period. The two groups were compared in terms of angiographic features and risk factors for coronary artery disease. The patients in group 1 had a higher proportion of normal coronary arteries (14 percent [5 patients] vs 0; p less than 0.01) and single-vessel disease compared to group 2, while the incidence of three-vessel disease was much less (14 percent [5] vs 47 percent; p less than 0.001). Involvement of the left main coronary artery was uncommon in group 1 (3 percent [1] vs 15 percent in group 2; p less than 0.01). Risk factor analysis revealed smoking to be the most common risk factor in both groups (89 percent [31] in group 1 and 91 percent in group 2). Hypertension (28 percent [10] vs 48 percent; p less than 0.05) and diabetes (3 percent [1] vs 23 percent; p less than 0.01) were more common in group 2. Importantly, of 19 patients in group 1 who underwent cardiac catheterization for prognosis despite being asymptomatic and able to reach at least stage 4 on a Bruce protocol exercise test, none was found to have residual surgically correctable disease. PMID- 3180895 TI - Cardiac effects of common viral illnesses. AB - We compared the clinical, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings of 32 patients during the acute and recuperative phases of viral illness with similar data from a healthy age- and sex-matched normal control group. During the acute phase, no patient had cardiac symptoms and none had clinical evidence of left ventricular or valvular dysfunction, nor pericarditis. Electrocardiograms revealed no differences in mean sinus rate or ectopic dysrhythm between the two groups. Spatial 12- and 120-lead body surface electrocardiographic patterns were normal in 30 patients; two others had nonspecific T wave abnormalities. There were no differences in echo-determined left ventricular cavity size or systolic shortening fraction between the two groups. Three patients had segmental ventricular hypokinesis; 17 patients had small pericardial effusions. Data herein suggest effects on myocardial electrical and mechanical function in patients with viral illness. It may be prudent for such patients to minimize cardiac stress during illness. PMID- 3180897 TI - Metabolic acidosis during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Use of the V-slope method for anaerobic threshold determination. AB - Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) usually have limited exercise tolerance owing to low ventilatory capacity. Because metabolic acidosis induced by exercise increases ventilatory drive, decreasing the hydrogen ion stimulus may improve exercise capacity. However, in those with mechanical limitation to ventilation or chemoreceptor insensitivity, identifying metabolic acidosis may be difficult using gas exchange methods that depend on the ventilatory response to the acidosis. We compared a modification of a gas exchange method (V-slope) for determining the lactate (anaerobic) threshold (AT), which is independent of ventilatory response with a method using the change in blood standard bicarbonate (HCO3-) level in COPD and normal subjects during cycle incremental exercise. In 43 normal subjects, the VO2 at which metabolic acidosis was identified using the two method correlated (r = 0.75), although mean values differed. In 22 patients with moderately severe to severe COPD, eight who had a change in standard HCO3- less than 2.0 mEq/L between rest and 2 min of recovery from exercise (group 1) were contrasted with 14 whose blood standard HCO3- fell by greater than 2.5 mEq/L (group 2). Mean VC was higher and FEV1/VC was lower in group 2, but mean FEV1, maximal voluntary ventilation, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide were not different. The degree of obstruction did not correlate strongly with the degree of exercise metabolic acidosis. The AT determined by the V-slope method was compared with that from standard HCO3-; good correlation between these methods was found (r = 0.98), although mean values were different. The V-slope method predicted metabolic acidosis in 10/14 who had a fall in HCO3- more than 2.5 mEq/L. A significant proportion of patients with COPD seem to develop metabolic acidosis during exercise. The V-slope gas exchange method may be useful in selecting those patients with COPD who develop exercise metabolic acidosis and might therefore benefit from exercise training. PMID- 3180898 TI - Near-total reduction in verapamil bioavailability by rifampin. Electrocardiographic correlates. AB - We evaluated the significance of the interaction between rifampin and verapamil in six volunteers who received single doses of verapamil, 10 mg intravenously (IV), then 120 mg orally two days later. Subjects were then given rifampin, 600 mg orally every day for 15 days. After 13 and 15 days of rifampin therapy, the IV and oral doses of verapamil were repeated. Electrocardiograms (ECG) were done and serum verapamil and norverapamil concentrations measured before and for 12 h after each dose. For IV verapamil, there was a small decrease in area under the serum concentration-time curve and an increase in clearance after rifampin therapy (p less than 0.05). There were no changes in elimination half-life, volume of distribution, or AUC for percentage of change in P-R interval-time curve (AUCPR). For oral verapamil, there were marked decreases in peak concentration, AUC, oral bioavailability (all p less than 0.005), and AUCPR (p less than 0.001) after rifampin treatment. There were no changes in time to peak concentration or elimination half-life. For oral verapamil, significant P-R interval prolongation occurred only before treatment with rifampin. The decrease in oral bioavailability and the abolition of ECG response confirm that a highly significant drug interaction exists between rifampin and verapamil given orally but not intravenously. PMID- 3180899 TI - Systemic absorption of tetracycline and lidocaine following intrapleural instillation. AB - Seven patients with symptomatic pleural effusions (six) and recurrent pneumothorax (one) underwent attempted pleurodesis using tetracycline. Lidocaine (150 mg), followed immediately by tetracycline (20 mg/kg), was instilled into the pleural space through a chest tube. Venous blood was obtained at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes following instillation in order to determine concentrations of lidocaine and tetracycline. The mean peak serum concentration of lidocaine was 1.3 mu/ml +/- 0.4 microgram/ml (mean +/- SE) (range, 0.3 microgram/ml to 3.2 microgram/ml), and the mean time to peak serum concentration of lidocaine was 86 +/- 13 minutes. The mean peak serum concentration of tetracycline was 3.6 microgram/ml +/- 0.9 microgram/ml (range, 1.0 microgram/ml to 5.0 micrograms/ml), and the mean time to peak serum concentration of tetracycline was 96 +/- 16 minutes. Therapeutic serum concentrations of lidocaine were found in four of the seven patients and therapeutic serum levels of tetracycline in four of five patients. With systemic absorption of lidocaine and tetracycline following intrapleural instillation, patients are at risk for potential toxic effects. If lidocaine is used in a dosage of less than 3 mg/kg, toxic levels of the drug are unlikely to occur. Furthermore, use of tetracycline or lidocaine in pleurodesis is contraindicated in patients with known sensitivity to the drugs. PMID- 3180900 TI - Long-term recording and automatic analysis of cough using filtered acoustic signals and movements on static charge sensitive bed. AB - Reliable long-term assessment of cough is necessary in many clinical and scientific settings. A new method for long-term recording and automatic analysis of cough is presented. The method is based on simultaneous recording of two independent signals: high-pass filtered cough sounds and cough-induced fast movements of the body. The acoustic signals are recorded with a dynamic microphone in the acoustic focus of a glass fiber paraboloid mirror. Body movements are recorded with a static charge-sensitive bed located under an ordinary plastic foam mattress. The patient can be studied lying or sitting with no transducers or electrodes attached. A microcomputer is used for sampling of signals, detection of cough, statistical analyses, and on-line printing of results. The method was validated in seven adult patients with a total of 809 spontaneous cough events, using clinical observation as a reference. The sensitivity of the method to detect cough was 99.0 percent, and the positive predictivity was 98.1 percent. The system ignored speaking and snoring. The method provides a convenient means of reliable long-term follow-up of cough in clinical work and research. PMID- 3180901 TI - Sources of error in flow-volume curves. Effect of expired volume measured at the mouth vs that measured in a body plethysmograph. AB - The popularity of the maximum expiratory flow-volume curve (FVC) is in part due to the effort independence of expiratory flow. Of interest are expiratory flow rates at specific lung volumes, usually 50 and 25 percent of vital capacity (VC); Vmax50 and Vmax25, which make accurate assessment of lung volumes essential. Changes in lung volume during the test are due to both the volume of gas expired and the volume change due to gas compression (Vcomp). In normal subjects, Vcomp is small but may be considerable in those with airflow obstruction. When the FVC is measured in a plethysmograph (FVCp), both expired volume and Vcomp are measured. When the volume of the FVC is derived from gas expired at the mouth (FVCm), Vcomp is not considered and differences in Vmax25 or Vmax50 may occur. The magnitude of these errors was assessed in 30 children and young adults: nine normal subjects, ten with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 11 with asthma. For Vmax50, use of FVCm instead of FVCp resulted in an error of 8 +/- 7 percent (mean +/- 1 SD) in the normal subjects compared to 32 +/- 23 in those with CF (p less than 0.01) and 24 +/- 18 for those with asthma (p less than 0.05). For Vmax25, the errors were similar. These errors were not predictable from FEV1 or RV/TLC but were related to a combination of expiratory effort, the shape of the FVCp, and the absolute volume of gas that was being compressed (p less than 0.0001). These findings suggest that expiratory flows in the FVCm are not effort-independent in the face of significant airflow obstruction and that comparisons of values derived from an FVCp with those from an FVCm may not be valid. PMID- 3180902 TI - A comparison of men and women with occlusive sleep apnea syndrome. AB - Among 118 patients with occlusive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), defined as daytime hypersomnolence and an apnea hypopnea index (AHI) greater than ten events/h, 41 women were compared with 77 men. Body mass index, spirometric study, PaO2, PaCO2, and results from nocturnal polysomnography were examined in a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the effects of sex, age group, and a sex-age group interaction. The age groups examined were above and below 42 years, the breakpoint for menopause in the women. Younger persons tended to be more obese and to have a higher AHI. Both sexes had similar pulmonary function, AHI, and nocturnal desaturation, but women experienced significantly fewer completely occluded breathing events and had apneas of shorter mean and maximum duration than men of similar ages. No effect of menopausal status per se was observed. In OSA patients, differences in upper airway occlusion and apnea duration suggest differences between the sexes in upper airway physiology or respiratory control. PMID- 3180903 TI - Influence of infusion systems on pharmacokinetic parameters of tobramycin in newborn infants. AB - The objective of this study was to assess the impact of intravenous infusion systems on the pharmacokinetic parameters of tobramycin in newborn infants. Thirty infants (gestational age 28-38 weeks; birth weight 0.8-3.5 kg; postnatal age 4-10 days) with presumed or proven gram-negative infection were studied. Tobramycin (2.5 mg/kg) was administered every 12 h over 0.5 h using two of four infusion systems at similar flow rates in a crossover fashion: syringe pump (auto syringe) versus either IVAC-y site, IVAC-flashball or IMED-y site. Blood samples were collected at 0.5 h after the end of infusion to determine the peak and prior to the dose to determine the trough serum concentration. Peak and time to achieve peak were different for IVAC-y versus auto syringe; the mean peak was 2 micrograms/ml higher and the time to achieve peak was 2 h shorter with auto syringe than IVAC (p less than 0.02). The apparent distribution volume of tobramycin was 1.02 +/- 0.68 with IVAC-y and 0.65 +/- 0.22 l/kg with auto syringe (p less than 0.05). The elimination half-life was 10.4 +/- 6.9 h with IVAC-y and 6.6 +/- 2.3 h with auto syringe (p less than 0.05); other systems and parameters were not different. These data demonstrate that the type of infusion system can markedly influence the estimation of certain pharmacokinetic parameters of tobramycin in newborn infants. PMID- 3180904 TI - Safety, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of 2.0 g cefpirome (HR 810) after single and multiple dosing. AB - After intravenous injection of a single dose of 2.0 g cefpirome (HR 810) and multiple doses of 2.0 g b.i.d. (11 doses) to 10 healthy male volunteers in an open design, concentrations of unchanged drug were measured at various times in serum and urine over 24 and 96 h, respectively. Cefpirome concentrations were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biological half life (t1/2, beta) found by fitting a two-compartment open model to the data was 2 h. No accumulation of the serum levels could be detected during the multiple-dose phase. Urinary concentrations of unchanged cefpirome effective against most clinically relevant bacteria were detected for at least 36 h. The drug was safe and well tolerated. No drug-related changes were observed for blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, haematology, clinical chemistry or urinalysis, including beta 2 microglobulin in serum and creatinine clearance. PMID- 3180906 TI - Importance of the mode of intravenous administration on cephotaxime concentration in bile. A comparison of bolus, drip infusion and bolus plus drip infusion. AB - Success of antibacterial therapy depends on many factors, among which the level reached at the site of infection is important. Drug concentration in tissues and body fluids can be related to the mode of administration. The aim of the present work was to study the levels of cephotaxime (CFX) in bile, after intravenous administration of 1 g by bolus, drip infusion and bolus plus drip infusion. The drug was detected by a microbiological method. The results indicate that passage of CFX from blood into bile is a carrier-mediated process, and bolus, in the case of CFX, is the best mode of administration. PMID- 3180905 TI - Serum, sputum and bronchial concentrations of erythromycin in chronic bronchitis after single and multiple treatments with either propionate-N-acetylcysteinate or stearate erythromycin. AB - Serum and bronchial concentrations of erythromycin were determined in 30 chronic bronchitic patients during an exacerbation phase of bacterial infections. The levels were measured after single and multiple oral treatments with erythromycin propionate-N-acetylcysteinate (EPAC) or erythromycin stearate (ES) in a double blind design. EPAC showed higher and longer-lasting erythromycin levels in serum, sputum and pure bronchial mucus than ES. It is believed that EPAC is better absorbed because of its greater stability in the gastrointestinal juices. Higher concentrations in bronchial secretions not always depend on the blood levels. It seems to be possible that the N-acetylcysteine moiety in the molecule of EPAC drug can facilitate antibiotic penetration because of its mucolytic activity. The clinical response (disappearance of fever, clearance of bacterial pathogens from sputum, reduction of quantity and viscosity of sputum) also occurred faster in the EPAC than in the ES group. PMID- 3180907 TI - Steady-state kinetics of proguanil and its active metabolite, cycloguanil, in man. AB - The pharmacokinetics of proguanil and its active metabolite, cycloguanil, were determined at steady-state in 6 healthy male volunteers after daily administration of 2 Paludrine tablets (200 mg proguanil hydrochloride). A maximum plasma proguanil concentration of 130.3 +/- 16.0 ng/ml (mean +/- SD) was reached at 3.8 +/- 1.3 h while a maximum cycloguanil concentration of 52.0 +/- 15.2 ng/ml was obtained at 5.3 +/- 1.0 h after dosing. The elimination half-lives of proguanil and cycloguanil were 14.5 +/- 3.0 h and 11.7 +/- 3.1 h, respectively. The plasma clearance of proguanil was 1.43 +/- 0.33 l/h/kg and the apparent volume of distribution was 30.7 +/- 12.3 l/kg. Renal clearance of proguanil (0.33 +/- 0.19 l/h/kg) was about 23% of the plasma clearance and 35.6 +/- 9.6% of the oral dose was recovered as proguanil and cycloguanil. PMID- 3180908 TI - Time-kill studies and synergy testing of broad-spectrum antibiotics against blood culture isolates. AB - Time-kill studies and synergy testing were performed with blood culture isolates from 80 patients with septicemia. Ten isolates each of Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci were included. The isolates were tested against netilmicin, piperacillin, cefoxitin, cefuroxime, and cefotaxime, alone and in different combinations. Cefotaxime was the most active agent against Enterobacteriaceae, whereas netilmicin was the most active agent against P. aeruginosa and staphylococci. The most active antibiotic combinations were netilmicin-cefotaxime and netilmicin-piperacillin, where a synergistic activity was observed in 68 and 61%, respectively. The highest synergistic activity was against Enterobacteriaceae, but the netilmicin-cefotaxime combination also acted synergistically against more than half of the S. aureus isolates. A relatively low synergistic activity was noted against P. aeruginosa. No case of antagonism was observed. Subinhibitory concentrations of netilmicin, in combination with a greater than or equal to MIC concentration of one of the tested beta-lactam antibiotics, significantly improved the killing of the isolates. Netilmicin exerted a more rapid and pronounced bacterial reduction than the beta-lactam antibiotics tested. PMID- 3180909 TI - [Surgical treatment of flatfoot. Grice or Viladot?]. PMID- 3180910 TI - [Prognostic factors in fibrous dysplasia]. PMID- 3180911 TI - [Osteoid osteoma. Common and unusual cases]. PMID- 3180912 TI - [Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with an autologous graft of the patellar tendon]. PMID- 3180913 TI - [Hemarthrosis in injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament]. PMID- 3180914 TI - [Closed fractures of the humerus treated with axial external fixator]. PMID- 3180915 TI - [Pertrochanteric fractures in patients over 80. Synthesis using Ender's method. Importance of spinal anesthesia]. PMID- 3180916 TI - [Ring avulsion injuries. Presentation of 2 cases treated by a microsurgical technic]. PMID- 3180917 TI - [Arachnoid cysts: radiographic aspects. Presentation of 2 cases]. PMID- 3180918 TI - [An unusual case of proximal femoral fracture in a patient with hip prosthesis]. PMID- 3180919 TI - [A case of tri-plane fracture of the proximal tibial epiphysis]. PMID- 3180920 TI - [Aneurysmal bone cyst of the patella: case report]. PMID- 3180921 TI - [Atypical case of solitary neurofibroma localized in the hand]. PMID- 3180922 TI - [Quiz case. Pigmented villonodular synovitis]. PMID- 3180924 TI - [Osteosarcoma of the fibula: study of 20 cases]. PMID- 3180923 TI - [Nonmetastatic osteosarcoma of the limb: effects of the biopsy (frozen section with immediate surgery vs traditional biopsy with deferred surgery) on survival. Study of 195 cases treated by amputation and adjuvant chemotherapy]. PMID- 3180925 TI - [High-resolution CT in the diagnosis of diseases of the ear]. PMID- 3180926 TI - [Cervical myelography with iohexol (a report of 183 cases)]. PMID- 3180927 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of pseudogout (a report of 4 cases)]. PMID- 3180928 TI - [A correlative radiologic-pathologic study on the lungs of rabbit models of respiratory distress syndrome]. PMID- 3180929 TI - [Ventricular aneurysm: an angiographic analysis of 59 cases]. PMID- 3180930 TI - [Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (a preliminary report of 10 cases)]. PMID- 3180931 TI - [The angiographic diagnosis of congenital bicuspid aortic valves]. PMID- 3180932 TI - [Roentgen diagnosis of carotid body tumor in cervical region]. PMID- 3180933 TI - [X-ray manifestations and pathologic basis of lung and pleural adjacent to peripheral pulmonary masses]. PMID- 3180934 TI - [X-ray manifestation of pulmonary malignant tumor after cryosurgery]. PMID- 3180935 TI - [Value of diagnostic localization in primary aldosteronism with venous catheterization]. PMID- 3180936 TI - [Association of HLA with Hashimoto's thyroiditis]. PMID- 3180937 TI - [Non-hemolytic transfusion reactions and evaluation of the effect of drug prevention]. PMID- 3180939 TI - [Blood purification technics in the treatment of heart failure in uremia]. PMID- 3180938 TI - [Red blood cell autoantibody determination in autoimmune hemolytic anemia patients]. PMID- 3180940 TI - [Mesenteric diseases: a report of 73 cases]. PMID- 3180941 TI - [Acute mesenteric vascular occlusive diseases. Report of 8 cases]. PMID- 3180942 TI - Measurement of cell motility and morphology with an automated microscope system. AB - A method is presented which provides quantitative descriptions of the morphology and motility behaviour of a large number of unperturbed individual cells. For that, a microscope system has been developed that performs automated tracking of motile mammalian cells in tissue culture and the concurrent measurement of cell morphology. Experiments using 3T3 mouse fibroblasts show that simple global morphological features, such as degree of cell elongation, correlate with the motile behaviour of individual cells. Combined data from many cells following trypsinization and replating show the time course of the spreading of cells, measured by increase in average cell area, and the onset of cell polarization, measured by change in average cell circularity. Methods for describing fibroblast morphology and changes in morphology are discussed. PMID- 3180943 TI - Differentiation of mitotic melanoma cells from G2 cells and their isolation by use of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and propidium iodide. AB - This report describes a method by which mitotic cells were isolated from nonsynchronized Cloudman melanoma cells that had been pulse labeled with 5-bromo 2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and double-stained with a fluoresceinated monoclonal antibody to BrdUrd and with propidium iodide (PI). In initial experiments, melanoma cells were first pulse labeled with BrdUrd, treated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1 10 micrograms/m1) or vehicle (0.1% ethanol) for up to 24 hours, then stained with anti-BrdUrd and PI. PGE1-treated cells monitored at 3-hour intervals were observed to migrate from S phase to G2 phase, then, enigmatically, back into the late S phase region of the distribution. In other experiments, cells treated with PGE1 were pulse labeled with BrdUrd at the end of the treatment period and harvested. In these experiments, there was a small, discrete subpopulation of cells within the late S phase region of the DNA distribution that was negative for anti-BrdUrd. This subpopulation of cells was sorted and examined by light microscopy. We observed that 95% of these BrdUrd-negative "S phase" cells were mitotic cells. Since mitotic cells and G2 cells have equivalent amounts of DNA, the reduced red fluorescence exhibited by these cells may be due to a greater sensitivity to denaturation, which has been described for DNA of mitotic cells, and would account for the phenomenon of cells appearing to move "backwards" in the cell cycle. This report indicates that although the BrdUrd/PI method can further define the cell cycle into four compartments, it can also lead to over estimation of S phase cells in kinetic studies because of contaminating mitotic cells. PMID- 3180944 TI - In vitro aging of articular chondrocytes identified by analysis of DNA and tubulin content and relationship to cell size and protein content. AB - In vitro senescence of chondrocytes, characterized by a decline in the proliferation rate during late passages, resulted from a rapid growth rate in early subcultures to a complete loss of division after seven to nine passages. One senescent-associated phenotypic change was the apparent increase in the density of cytoplasmic cytoskeletal proteins. We examined the relationship between tubulin content and growth (measured by DNA and total protein contents and cell volume), using flow cytometry, in the assessment of cytoskeleton analysis during in vitro aging. In contrast with previous microscopic observations of tubulin organization, flow cytometry revealed a tubulin content that was modulated as a function of protein content and/or cell volume. PMID- 3180945 TI - Intracellular pH measurements using flow cytometry with 1,4-diacetoxy-2,3 dicyanobenzene. AB - 1,4-Diacetoxy-2,3-dicyanobenzene (ADB) has been increasingly used for measurement of intracellular pH by flow cytometry. ADB rapidly enters cells and is cleaved to the fluorescent pH indicator 2,3-dicyano-hydroquinone (DCH). We have analyzed several potential problems that can affect its usefulness as a pH indicator. Hydrolysis of ADB in aqueous solutions reveals the temporary presence of a fluorescent species blue-shifted from DCH at the same pH. The presence of this species with DCH can lead to erroneous pH measurements. Stable pH measurements with ADB depend on the incubation conditions and esterase activity. Heated cells required 20 min for stable measurements, whereas control cells required 5 to 10 min. The reproducibility of pH measurements was excellent, with a resolution of less than or equal to 0.05 pH units in the range of 6.4 to 8.0. Absolute calibration curves of intracellular pH using the ionophore nigericin depended on matching the intracellular K+ concentration with the buffer, but relative measurements of intracellular pH were insensitive to K+. ADB was nontoxic to Chinese hamster ovary cells at up to 20 micrograms/ml. However, when cells loaded with dye were passed through a UV laser beam, concentrations of dye greater than 5 micrograms/ml were highly toxic. Viable cells could be sorted on the basis of intracellular pH if ADB were used at low concentrations. PMID- 3180946 TI - Flow cytometric analysis of platelet surface antigens. AB - A flow cytometric analysis of human platelet surface antigens was carried out using a panel of monoclonal antibody reagents. The reagents used were specific either for the GPIb or the GP IIb/IIIa complex, surface immunoglobulin, or von Willebrand factor (vWf). Indirect surface immunophenotypes were determined using an EPICS V flow cytometer and the monoclonal antibodies 6D1, 10E5, Plt-1, UR1663, anti-IgG, and anti-vWf. Platelets were obtained from normal individuals or patients with either Bernard-Soulier syndrome (BSS) or Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT). Normal platelets were positive for 10E5, 6D1, Plt-1, and UR1663 and showed negligible activity for anti-IgG and anti-vWf. Platelets from individuals with BSS showed a marked reduction in 6D1, while the platelets of a patient with GT showed a marked reduction in binding of 10E5, Plt-1, and UR1663. Differences between histograms for normal platelets and for platelets from individuals with BSS or GT were evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Compared to normal platelets, the BSS and GT platelets contain at least 35-fold less of the GPIb and GP IIb/IIIa complex respectively. Flow cytometry is a useful and precise method for the study of normal and abnormal surface platelet phenotypes. PMID- 3180947 TI - DNA flow cytometric analysis of mouse seminiferous epithelium. AB - In order to provide a basis for quantitative studies of murine spermatogenesis, we performed a DNA flow cytometric analysis on the mouse seminiferous tubules isolated at defined stages of the epithelial cycle by transillumination-assisted microdissection. Accurate stage identification was performed by examining spermatids in the adjacent tubule segments by phase-contrast microscopy. For flow cytometry, suspension of nuclei of spermatogenic cells was obtained by detergent treatment of isolated seminiferous tubules, and fresh samples were stained with propidium iodide. DNA histograms of the 12 stages of the mouse seminiferous epithelial cycle varied in a stage-specific manner. DNA histograms of stages I VIII of the cycle were characterized by a hypofluorescent haploid peak, the location of which changed with the decreasing DNA dye (propidium iodide)-binding capacity of elongated spermatids. The absence of the hypohaploid peak and the high ratio of the cells with 4C amount of DNA to the cells with 1C amount of DNA characterized stages IX-XI of the cycle. Stage XII showed a high 2C peak, owing to a large population of secondary spermatocytes arisen from the first meiotic division. By using fluorescent beads as an internal volume standard cell numbers in defined stages were determined. These data provide a basis for quantitative studies of mouse spermatogenesis. PMID- 3180948 TI - Identification of inflammatory cells in bovine milk by flow cytometry. AB - Cells recovered from normal or mastitic bovine milk were examined by flow cytometry. All milk samples contained particulate material that was heterogeneous in size and that produced a right-angle light-scatter signal equal to or greater than that produced by human or bovine neutrophils. Although this material labeled with Hoechst 33342, it produced fluorescence intensities below that of intact bovine cells, suggesting that it consisted of cell fragments. Mastitic milk additionally contained other populations of cells that were poorly resolved from the normal particulate material by size (electronic volume sensor) and right angle light scatter. In order to improve this resolution, the milk cells were incubated with carboxydimethylfluorescein diacetate (CMFDA) to label intact cells. When milk samples labeled with CMFDA were examined by dual-parameter analysis using green fluorescence and right-angle light scatter, five or more populations of cells could be identified in mastitic milk. These populations included intact and degenerate neutrophils, lymphocytes, including both small and activated cells, monocytes, and large activated macrophages containing many vacuoles and phagocytosed particles. Using this procedure, all the animals in the University of Nevada-Reno Holstein dairy herd were tested once a month for 6 months. In addition, individual animals with mastitis were examined one or more times each day during the course of the inflammatory process. In the routine screening, the flow cytometric examination detected mastitis before overt symptoms developed. In cows identified to have mastitis, the flow cytometric examination provided prognostic information regarding the success of treatments. PMID- 3180950 TI - An EPROM-based programmable contour generator for use in flow cytometry. AB - An erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM) contour generator has been fabricated to produce contours for use in flow cytometry. Contours are analog waveforms representing the fluorescence or light-scatter intensity distribution along a cell or object. The generator has particular utility in the development and testing of slit-scan instrumentation and analysis algorithms. Contours are generated without the requirement of specimens or full operation of the flow instrumentation. The generator provides control of contour height, width, offset, and rate. The EPROM may be custom programmed to produce contours for specific test applications or for reproducing "real" contour events. The generator is useful in situations where constant repetitive contours of predetermined characteristics are required. PMID- 3180949 TI - Simultaneous analysis of DNA content and surface antigens in human bone marrow. AB - In order to identify when cellular expansion occurs during hematopoietic maturation, a method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of one or two cell-surface antigens and DNA content on bone marrow cells while preserving their light-scatter properties. Proliferation in a population defined by light-scatter and surface-antigenic characteristics was assessed by measuring the percentage of cells in this population having more than 2C amount of DNA ("proliferation index"). Viable, low-density (1.077 g/cm3), bone marrow cells, stained with monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorescein or phycoerythrin, were fixed with paraformaldehyde and subsequently treated with the detergent, Tween 20. The UV-excitable DNA stain Hoechst 33342 was used to quantify DNA content in the cells without interference with immunofluorescence. A FACS IV flow cytometer was used, equipped with the first laser at 488 nm emitting for light scattering and immunofluorescence measurements and the second laser emitting at 360 nm for the Hoechst excitation. The Hoechst uptake was the same for all bone marrow populations, yielding a tight coefficient of variation (CV) (average 5.0%) for the G0/G1 DNA peak. This permitted high sensitivity of cell detection in S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle, while preserving light-scattering properties of the cells and maintaining cell surface immunofluorescence. The lowest "proliferation index" detected using this technique was 0.08% in a sample obtained from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Normal helper T lymphocytes in marrow had approximately 0.5% of the cells in S, G2, or M phase. We show that the erythroid lineage, in the adult normal bone marrow, is the most active in proliferation among all hematopoietic lineages. PMID- 3180951 TI - How reproducible are flow cytometry data from paraffin-embedded blocks? AB - The purpose of this technical report is to determine the reproducibility of flow cytometry data for ploidy and cell cycle kinetics using paraffin-embedded blocks of breast cancer tissue. One block from each of 39 tumors was studied in this report with each block having multiple sections analyzed independently. All of these sections gave ploidy analyses, while only 34 gave cell kinetic values. The standard deviation for the DNA index value in the multiple analysis study was less than 0.1 in all but three cases. The cell kinetic values gave larger variability, and the actual values were dependent on the method of analysis. Comparison of the variability for each method of analysis could not predict which procedure was superior. These results would indicate that ploidy is a reproducible value, while cell kinetic parameters should only be used as an indicator of proliferative activity that has been normalized to the mean or median of a large set of observations processed and analyzed by the same procedure. PMID- 3180952 TI - Application of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation measurements to the determination of cell distribution within the S phase of the cell cycle. AB - Flow cytofluorimetric measurement of incorporated bromodeoxyuridine, using a double-stained cell population, allows the determination of the distribution of cells along the cell cycle. We have developed a simple computer program for the direct treatment of 64 x 64 channel histograms. This analysis appears to provide interesting data about the distribution of cells in the various phases of the cell cycle, namely the S phase. Two examples have been chosen to illustrate possible fields for the application of such a program. Comparison of two cell lines such as friend murine erythroleukemia cells (MELC) and fibroblasts FR3T3 cells has shown that this analysis can be used for cell-cycle characterization of a given cell line. The program also allows the differential analysis of cell distribution along the cell cycle as a function of a given parameter. This possibility has been applied to study the variation of cell-cycle parameters as a function of the time of induced differentiation of MELC and reveals changes in the distribution of the cells along the various phases of the cell cycle, namely in the S phase. PMID- 3180953 TI - Identification of flow-sorted chromosomes by G-banding and in situ hybridization. AB - The identification of flow-sorted chromosomes is a very important tool for checking the purity of the fractions obtained. An easy and reproducible method for obtaining G-banded chromosomes with good resolution of bands is described. Also, we are able to show that the percentage of chromosomes which can be clearly distinguished by this procedure depends to a large extent on the duration of mitotic arrest. In particular when sorting chromosomes from human-rodent hybrid cell lines, the possibility of using in situ hybridization in addition to conventional staining techniques to characterize the chromosomes can help overcome the problem of highly condensed chromosomes and chromosomal fragments of unknown origin, which cannot be identified otherwise. Thus, we have developed an in situ hybridization technique, based on biotin-labelled human genomic DNA, which allows a clear distinction between human and rodent chromosomal material to be made. PMID- 3180954 TI - DNA analysis of stimulated lymphocytes by automatic sampling for flow cytometry. AB - A microsample delivery system (MSDS) was tested for automatic flow cytometry (FCM) analysis of DNA synthesis in stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) cultivated in wells of microtiter plates. After incubation, either for 1-3 days with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen, or for 7 days with allogenic PBL, the cells, while in the wells, were washed in hypotonic Tris buffer and stained with ethidium bromide-RNAse solution. The results obtained from quintuplicate replicated wells, each of the five containing the same control or stimulated cultures, were reproducible in terms of the number of nuclei counted in each histogram of control, mitogen-stimulated PBL, and mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). Using a computer program that superimposes histograms and calculates their differences on the scale of fluorescence intensity, it was possible to quantify the intensity of the response to the mitogenic stimuli. This approach to the study of lymphocyte proliferation offers not only a simpler and faster analysis of DNA synthesis than the method of 3H-thymidine incorporation, but it also allows for the analysis of other FCM parameters, such as forward and 90 degrees light scatter and double fluorescence labelling of PBL nuclei. PMID- 3180955 TI - But there is a practical side. PMID- 3180956 TI - Fluorescein endoscopy. A technique for noninvasive assessment of intestinal ischemia. AB - Late diagnosis contributes significantly to the mortality and morbidity of mesenteric ischemia. Although flexible endoscopy permits noninvasive assessment of the colon, ischemic colitis is often difficult to differentiate from nonspecific proctitis/colitis or mucosal changes seen in inflammatory bowel diseases. Intravenously administered fluorescein sodium (FSC) has long been used intraoperatively to assess bowel viability because its uptake is inversely proportional to the degree of intestinal ischemia. The authors wished to determine if FSC could be used to augment conventional endoscopy in an attempt to identify and monitor ischemic areas of the bowel within reach of the endoscope. Segmental mesenteric ligation of canine rectum was performed, and serial transanal biopsies obtained. Endoscopy was performed after intravenous FSC administration, using a rigid proctoscope, with a long-wave ultraviolet light source inserted into the lumen of the scope. Areas of nonspecific-appearing proctitis did not take up FSC and were easily differentiated from well-perfused areas by their failure to fluoresce. Ischemic areas were monitored in this manner over a 28-day period. Complete resolution of ischemic mucosal changes occurred with late stricture formation. In humans, the sigmoid and left colon are the areas most frequently affected by ischemic colitis. Because long-wave ultraviolet light is not transmitted through glass fibers, a different light source was needed for potential clinical application. To this end, a single fiber of an argon laser was inserted through the instrument channel of a colonoscope, resulting in greater fluorescence than seen with the ultraviolet light. FSC endoscopy appears to be a sensitive and accurate method of detecting and monitoring ischemic colitis and has many potential clinical applications. PMID- 3180957 TI - Leukergy in inflammatory bowel disease. AB - In the phenomenon of leukergy, white blood cells agglomerate in peripheral blood slides. This agglomeration has been described in inflammatory infections of various causes. This study assesses this phenomenon in inflammatory bowel disease. A correlation was found between the severity of inflammatory bowel disease activity and the percentage of leukergy. Leukergy was found to parallel the clinical and endoscopic findings of inflammatory bowel disease. Furthermore, leukergy was found to be more accurate than white blood count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. It is also found to accurately assess the course of the disease when clinical and other laboratory tests were masked by steroid and antibiotic administrations. Leukergy is a quick, inexpensive test that can easily be performed at the patient's bedside. PMID- 3180958 TI - Fecal bacteriology and reservoir ileitis in patients operated on for ulcerative colitis. AB - To investigate the etiology of ileal reservoir inflammation, fecal bacteriology and ileal wall morphology were compared in three groups of 15 patients operated on for ulcerative colitis: 1) conventional ileostomy, 2) Kock ileostomy; and 3) pelvic ileal pouch. Total bacterial counts showed overgrowth of fecal bacteria in each group, but the anaerobic bacterial counts were significantly higher (P less than .05) in the two pouch groups than in the conventional ileostomy group. Mucosal morphology did not differ among the three groups showing either normal mucosa or mild chronic inflammatory changes in most patients. In contrast, five of the six patients with clinical pouchitis had acute inflammatory changes in histologic specimens. Fecal bacteriologic findings in these patients did not differ quantitatively or qualitatively from others. It is concluded that proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis predisposes to ileal bacterial overgrowth, and after pouch operations especially, anaerobic overgrowth may be one factor in the development of pouch inflammation. Acute clinical pouchitis with clear histologic changes was, however, not connected with specific changes in fecal bacteriology. PMID- 3180959 TI - The importance of intraluminal anastomotic fecal contact and peritonitis in colonic anastomotic leakages. An experimental study. AB - An experimental, randomized, prospective study was performed in 64 dogs to evaluate the effect of fecal loading, solely, or in combination with induced peritonitis, on colonic anastomosis. The animals, none of which had bowel preparations, were randomized into four groups. Group I underwent sigmoid resection and standard open end-to-end anastomosis; Group II underwent sigmoid resection and an intracolonic bypass procedure; Group III underwent experimentally induced fecal peritonitis, sigmoid resection, and anastomosis; Group IV underwent induction of fecal peritonitis, sigmoid resection and an intracolonic bypass procedure. Using Fisher's exact test, results indicate a more statistically significant increased leak rate in Group III than in Group II (P = .04), and Group III than in Group IV (P = .03), but no statistically significant anastomotic leak rate between the peritonitis (III and IV) and the nonperitonitis (I and II) groups. A very significant statistical increase in leak rate (P = .002) was observed when comparing the 25 percent leak rate of Groups I and III (anastomosis subjected to fecal contact) with the 0 percent leak rate of Groups II and IV (anastomosis excluded from fecal contact) regardless of the peritonitis. This study suggests that the intraluminal contact of fecal loading at the colonic anastomosis is a more significant factor in anastomotic complications due to dehiscences than peritonitis per se. It follows, therefore, that if feces can be excluded from intraluminal contact with an anastomotic site, an anastomosis can be safely performed even in the presence of treated peritonitis. PMID- 3180960 TI - En bloc excision of lower ureter and internal iliac vessels for locally advanced upper rectal and rectosigmoid cancer. Use of ileal segment for ureteral repair. AB - Eight patients who received en bloc excision of the ureter and internal iliac vessels for locally advanced upper rectal and rectosigmoid cancer were reported. Indications, techniques, functional results of the ileal ureter, and prognosis of these patients are discussed. Although three patients died of recurrent tumor- one of transperitoneal spread and two of liver metastasis--none of them developed local recurrent growth. As a replacement for the resected ureter, ileal substitution was applied in all eight patients--unilateral in six patients and bilateral in two. Serum creatinine and electrolyte patterns were within the normal range in all patients. A voiding cystogram showed no reflux to the anastomosed ureter, and a mild reflux to the ileal segment. The patients had excellent prognoses with regard to local control and also satisfactory functional results with the ileal ureter. The authors recommend that this procedure be applied to patients with locally advanced cancer such as those in this series. PMID- 3180961 TI - Influence of long-term relative bowel rest on the healing of a left colon anastomosis. AB - The influence of long-term relative bowel rest, using a low residue diet, on healing of a left colon anastomosis was experimentally studied. Retarded and diminished gain of postoperative anastomotic collagen and strength was found. The healing of the anastomosis was uncomplicated, however, and it is concluded that anastomotic integrity after surgery in this condition is safe. PMID- 3180963 TI - Low anterior resection definition. PMID- 3180962 TI - Lectin binding patterns in normal and neoplastic colonic mucosa. A study of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, peanut agglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin. AB - The cellular distribution of the carbohydrates labeled by Dolichos bifluorus agglutinin (DBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) were studied in 21 normal colonic mucosae, 17 transitional mucosae, 9 nonneoplastic polyps (NNP), 27 adenomas, and 25 colorectal carcinomas. In normal mucosa DBA bound selectively to mucin of the goblet cells in the upper colonic crypt and to apical cytoplasm of the superficial columnar cells with a strong linear pattern. PNA binding was present only in the supranuclear portion (Golgi area) of the cells. WGA showed a strong reactivity in the goblet-cell mucin and in the supranuclear portion and apical cytoplasm of columnar cells. Transitional mucosa (TM) showed a decrease in DBA binding to goblet-cell mucin, which was replaced by an increase in PNA reactivity. The DBA linear pattern in the apical cytoplasm of columnar cells was unmodified, however. Changes similar to those of TM were observed in juvenile and Peutz-Jeghers polyps. Adenomas showed a progressive loss of DBA reactivity and an increase in PNA positivity related to the degree of dysplasia. This change was more evident in the linear pattern of apical cytoplasm. Only 32% of the carcinomas reacted with DBA and those were mucinous and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas. WGA was positive in all carcinomas with a different pattern than in normal mucosa. These findings suggest that the different lectin-binding patterns in normal and neoplastic colonic mucosa are related to the degree of cellular differentiation. In the process of malignant transformation the carbohydrate distribution undergoes progressive changes through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. These changes are related to the degree of dysplasia in adenomas and to the degree of differentiation in carcinomas. PMID- 3180964 TI - Practice protection through professional involvement. PMID- 3180965 TI - Five easy steps for effective professional communication. PMID- 3180967 TI - Communications: speak, look, listen, and learn. PMID- 3180966 TI - Winning at dental interning. PMID- 3180968 TI - Doctor-staff communication. PMID- 3180969 TI - Flexible practice management. PMID- 3180970 TI - Organic anions and the diarrhea of inflammatory bowel disease. AB - To determine if organic anions contribute to the diarrhea of inflammatory bowel disease, we measured osmolality, electrolytes, short-chain fatty acids, lactic acid, and some Krebs cycle anions in 24-hr fecal collections from 18 patients with chronic ulcerative colitis, 20 with Crohn's disease of the colon, and 16 normals. Mean lactic acid concentration was significantly elevated in ulcerative and Crohn's colitis, but values correlated with fecal weight only in the former syndrome. In ulcerative colitis, concentrations of each short-chain fatty acid, especially butyrate, were decreased compared with those from normals or Crohn's disease. Lactate and short-chain fatty acids accounted for nearly half the variability in fecal weight in ulcerative colitis. Crohn's patients had elevated mean fecal water osmolality and osmotic gap not observed in ulcerative colitis. Increased lactic acid and/or deficient short-chain fatty acids may modulate the diarrhea of ulcerative colitis. This mechanism seems less important in Crohn's colitis where an additional osmotic component may be significant. PMID- 3180971 TI - Altered lectin binding by colonic epithelial glycoconjugates in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. AB - Evidence is accumulating that colonic mucin glycoconjugates are altered in ulcerative colitis. In order to investigate this further, the lectin-binding properties of rectal glycoconjugates have been studied in ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and controls using lectin-peroxidase histochemistry. Ten lectins were used including peanut agglutinin (PNA) which is known to bind to malignant and adenomatous but not normal colonic mucins. Eight of 21 ulcerative colitis rectal biopsies and 10 of 17 Crohn's disease rectal biopsies showed PNA positivity, particularly in the supranuclear region of surface epithelial cells. There was no correlation between PNA positivity and duration of disease or inflammation, and none of the biopsies showed evidence of dysplasia. This abnormality in epithelial cell glycoconjugates seems to be commonly present in nondysplastic mucosa and occurs in both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It may reflect a fundamental abnormality in mucus glycoprotein synthesis in inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 3180972 TI - Oral feeding of isolated lectins from red kidney bean stimulates rat small intestinal mucosal DNA synthesis and crypt cell division. AB - A lectin preparation containing enterokinase inhibitor purified or partially purified from red kidney bean (RKB) when fed to weanling rats was shown to cause small intestinal hyperplasia. To see if this hyperplastic effect on the rat small intestine was due to the mitogenic properties of the isolated lectin, male weanling rats were fed a chow containing 0.1% of the isolated lectin for six days. Age-matched control rats were fed regular chow. Both control and lectin-fed rats were sacrificed at one, two, three, four, and six days after the start of lectin feeding. The proximal small intestinal mucosa of rats fed lectin showed gradual increases in protein and DNA contents throughout the experimental period. Morphological studies showed marked increases in crypt depth from days 1 through 6 in these rats with essentially no change in mucosal thickness or villous height. DNA synthetic activity peaked at day 2, but was higher than control throughout the experimental period. Labeling index was 0.36 +/- 0.03 in duodenum of controls as compared to 0.45 +/- 0.02 in duodenum of weanling rats fed lectin for two days. These results demonstrate that RKB lectin stimulates overall DNA synthetic activity and increases crypt cell proliferation on the small intestine of weanling rats. The observed mucosal hyperplasia is probably due to increases in crypt cell population as shown by the increase in crypt depth. PMID- 3180973 TI - Adaptive changes in postprandial motility after intestinal resection and bypass. Electromyographic study in rats. AB - An electromyographic technique was used to study the changes in postprandial motility induced by jejunal and ileal resection and jejunal bypass (50% reduction of total length of small bowel). Electrodes were implanted in rats throughout the intestine. Compared to control animals, the duration of postprandial interruption of the myoelectric complex (DIMC) was rapidly increased after jejunal resection, more gradually augmented after jejunal bypass, and remained constant after ileal resection. The frequency of occurrence of spike bursts during the postprandial period was significantly decreased in the short remaining proximal segment after jejunal resection and was not changed in the ileum. The jejunal bypass induced no change in the frequency throughout the remaining bowel. Ileal resection was followed by a decrease on the jejunum. The percentage of slow waves superimposed by a spike burst remained constant after jejunal resection and bypass but was significantly decreased after ileal resection on the whole remaining intestine. These results show important modifications in postprandial motor activity of the small bowel, which appear rapidly after jejunal resection, more gradually after jejunal bypass, and which are less pronounced after ileal resection. This electromyographic study emphasizes the role of intestinal motility in the development of adaptation after small bowel resection or bypass. PMID- 3180974 TI - Active absorption of vitamin B12 and conjugated bile salts by guinea pig ileum occurs in villous and not crypt cells. AB - We isolated highly enriched fractions of villous and crypt cells from guinea pig intestine to determine whether this preparation provided a suitable model for comparing the transport of cobalamin and conjugated bile salts by these cell populations. The uptake of [57Co] cyanocobalamin by ileal villous cells was 30 fold greater when incubated with cobalamin bound to intrinsic factor than with free cobalamin. Intrinsic factor-mediated uptake of cobalamin could not be demonstrated using ileal crypt or jejunal villous or crypt cells. When incubated with [3H] taurocholate, the uptake by ileal villous cells was significantly greater than by ileal crypt or jejunal villous cells. These results indicate the suitability of using isolated guinea pig villous and crypt cells to examine transport processes of molecules that involve specialized mechanisms. The results also demonstrate that the undifferentiated crypt cell lacks specific transport processes necessary for the active absorption of cobalamin and taurocholate. PMID- 3180975 TI - Fecal leukocytosis, indium-111-labelled autologous polymorphonuclear leukocyte abdominal scanning, and quantitative fecal indium-111 excretion in acute gastroenteritis and enteropathogen carriage. AB - Abdominal scintiscans were performed and three-day fecal indium-111 radioactivity measured, following injection of indium-111-labeled polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in patients with acute gastroenteritis, enteropathogen carriage, exacerbations of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. The colon was more commonly inflamed than the small intestine in acute gastroenteritis. Fecal indium-111 radioactivity excretion was elevated in gastroenteritis and in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The magnitude of the intestinal inflammatory response, as measured by fecal indium-111 excretion, is equivalent in acute gastroenteritis caused by a defined enteropathogen and exacerbations of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. All patients with microscopically detected fecal leukocytosis gave positive intestinal scintiscans, whereas negative scans were obtained on patients without fecal leukocytosis. The results of this study suggest that indium-111-labeled polymorphonuclear leukocytes can be used to study pathophysiology of the enteric inflammatory response in acute infectious gastroenteritis. PMID- 3180976 TI - Ogilvie's syndrome. Successful management without colonoscopy. AB - We reviewed the clinical presentation, management, and outcome of 25 patients with Ogilvie's syndrome (acute colonic pseudoobstruction) at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from 1982 through 1985. All patients had cancer and severe associated medical problems. Abdominal x-rays uniformly showed cecal distension ranging between 9 and 18 cm. Twenty-four of the 25 patients were treated with conservative nonendoscopic management. One patient had an exploratory laparotomy for prophylactic cecostomy after only one day of conservative therapy. Of the 24 patients treated conservatively, 23 (96%) improved by both clinical and radiologic criteria in a mean of 3.0 days. The remaining patient died of multisystem failure not related to the acute colonic pseudoobstruction. Colonoscopic decompression was not attempted in any of the 25 patients. There were no colonic perforations, and there were no pseudoobstruction related deaths. This study questions the need for early endoscopic or surgical treatment in cancer patients with acute colonic pseudoobstruction. PMID- 3180977 TI - Maintenance of sucrase activity in rat small intestine. Influence of diet and age. AB - The long-term maintenance and acute induction of sucrase activity were studied under a variety of defined dietary conditions during the adult life-span of the Sprague-Dawley rat. Rats were fed chow, 74% carbohydrate, 56% carbohydrate, or 22% carbohydrate diets, from 44 to 106 weeks of age. Sucrase specific activity was measured in enterocytes isolated from the proximal, middle, and distal small intestine at 52, 86, and 104 weeks of age. Sucrase specific activity was correlated with the carbohydrate content of the diet but not affected by age throughout the adult life-span. In a second experiment, the acute induction of sucrase following a 48-hr fast was studied in 58- and 116-week-old rats. The increase in sucrase specific activity following refeeding was not different in the adult and aged rats. The results suggest that the carbohydrate-digesting capacity of the small intestine enterocyte of the Sprague-Dawley rat is not impaired during the aging process. PMID- 3180978 TI - Protection against absolute-ethanol-induced gastric antral and corpus mucosal injury. A gross and histologic study. AB - The purpose of this study was to systematically assess 100% ethanol-induced gross and histologic injury of the antral and the corpus mucosa of the rat stomach and the effect of two protective agents, a prostaglandin analog and meciadanol (a flavenoid) on this injury. The gross antral injury was much more subtle than the corpus injury. Therefore, different scoring criteria were developed for the antrum. Surprisingly, however, the extent and severity of histologic injury was similar in both areas. Pretreatment with either meciadanol or 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 significantly protected against this injury in the antrum as well as in the corpus. PMID- 3180979 TI - Effects of hemorrhagic shock on alkaline secretion and mucosal tolerance to acid in rat duodenum. A comparative study with indomethacin. AB - The effects of hemorrhagic shock (HE) on duodenal HCO3- secretion and mucosal tolerance to acid were investigated in anesthetized rats and compared with those of indomethacin. HE was performed by bleeding from the carotid artery to reduce arterial blood pressure to about 50 mm Hg (3 ml bleeding per 200 g of body weight) with a significant decrease in arterial pH and [HCO3-], and indomethacin was given subcutaneously in a dose of 5 mg/kg. The proximal duodenum (1.7 cm) secreted HCO3- at the rate of 1.5-1.8 mueq/15 min (3.5-4.2 mueq/cm/hr), and responded to luminal acid (10 mM HCl for 10 min) by a significant rise in HCO3- output. Indomethacin had no effect on basal HCO3- output but significantly inhibited the acid-induced HCO3- secretion, while under HE conditions duodenal HCO3- output significantly declined and failed to increase in response to luminal acidification. Subcutaneously administered 16,16-dmPGE2 (30 micrograms/kg) significantly increased HCO3- secretion in the presence of indomethacin but had less effect on the impaired HCO3- output caused by HE. In contrast, intravenous infusion of NaHCO3 (3 mmol/kg/hr) ameliorated the acid-base imbalance caused by HE, and significantly restored the impaired HCO3- responses induced by HE but not by indomethacin. Both HE and indomethacin induced extensive damage in the mucosa when the duodenal loop was perfused with 50 mM HCl for 1.5 hr, and these lesions were significantly reduced by NaHCO3 infusion and 16,16-dmPGE2, respectively. These results suggest that HE impaired duodenal HCO3- secretion and reduced the tolerance of the mucosa to acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180980 TI - Vasculature of various locations of canine gastrointestinal tract responds differently to intravenous isoproterenol. AB - In this study we investigated the relative vascular response of different locations of the gastrointestinal tract to continuous intravenous infusion of isoproterenol (0.1 microgram kg-1 min-1 for 10 min). The vascular response of some nonsplanchnic organs was also examined. Blood flow of the arteries was measured by electromagnetic flowmetry and that of the tissues by 15-micron microspheres. Isoproterenol increased (P less than 0.05) blood flow of the axillary artery (+52%), and the superior mesenteric artery (+45%), but not that of the inferior mesenteric artery. In the nongastrointestinal tissues, isoproterenol increased (P less than 0.05) the blood flow of the left (+46%), and right ventricle (+85%), and the skeletal muscle (+100%). In the gastrointestinal tract, isoproterenol increased (P less than 0.05) blood flow in the esophagogastric junction (+505%) and antrum (+1511%) only, but not in the gastric body or in any location of the small or large intestine. The drug also caused a large fall in resistance in the esophagogastric junction (-74%) and antrum ( 94%), and a small, but significant fall in the duodenum, jejunum, and in the mid small intestine. It had no significant effect on vascular resistance in the gastric body, ileum, or colon. In those locations of the gastrointestinal tract where isoproterenol caused an increase in blood flow, this effect was confined to the combined mucosal plus submucosal layer, and the drug had no effect on the muscularis. These data suggest that different locations of the gastrointestinal tract respond differently to the same circulating concentration of isoproterenol. The mechanism of this difference in response merits further investigation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180981 TI - Gastric diversion or pylorus ligation for gastric mucosal integrity and acid secretion studies in the rat? AB - The advantages of gastric diversion over pylorus ligation in rat gastric mucosal integrity and acid secretion studies over 6 hr were investigated. Mucosal injury developed in 80% of pylorus-ligation controls. Atropine (5 mg/kg) or cimetidine (40 mg/kg) had no effect on this injury (2.9 mm2 +/- 0.9 and 2.8 mm2 +/- 0.7, respectively, vs 3.1 mm2 +/- 1, mean +/- SEM, N = 10); however vagotomy increased it (13.7 mm2 +/- 1.5, mean +/- SEM, N = 10, P less than 0.001). Gastric diversion produced no mucosal injury. Pylorus-ligation H+ output was higher than that of gastric diversion (390.5 mumol +/- 54.8 vs 61 mumol +/- 2.5, mean +/- SEM, N = 10, P less than 0.001). Cimetidine (40 mg/kg) depressed H+ output of gastric diversion (21.3 mumol +/- 1.2 vs 61 mumol +/- 2.5, mean +/- SEM, N = 10, P less than 0.001), but not of pylorus ligation (424 mumol +/- 74.2 vs 390.5 mumol +/- 54.8, mean +/- SEM, N = 10). Vagotomy or atropine depressed pylorus-ligation H+ output (P less than 0.001), but each allowed an output (36.6 mumol +/- 5.5 and 120 mumol +/- 29, respectively, mean +/- SEM, N = 10) significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than that associated with it in gastric diversion (16 mumol +/- 1.4 and 17.1 mumol +/- 1.6, respectively, mean +/- SEM, N = 10). This study demonstrates that in the rat pylorus ligation, in contrast to gastric diversion, injures the gastric mucosa, stimulates H+ secretion, and overshadows the efficacy of antisecretory agents. PMID- 3180982 TI - Factors in formation and prevention of bandlike gastric lesions in the rat. AB - The etiology of the deep bandlike necrotic gastric mucosal lesions induced by the oral administration of corrosive agents in the rat is unclear. An understanding of why the lesions are so precisely localized and how they develop should increase our understanding of the mechanisms by which the prostaglandins prevent them. This study utilizes an innocuous dye to demonstrate that the initial mucosal contact by orally administered agents is restricted to the crests of mucosal folds. A sequential study of lesion development at the fold crest indicates that coagulative necrosis occurs on contact and that the vascular defects, hemorrhage and congestion, are secondary to deep corrosion injury. Exogenous prostaglandin and 0.35 N HCl were found to abolish mucosal folding and hence prevent the fold-related lesions. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis was found to sensitize the mucosal fold crest to injury by 0.35 N HCl, and hence the use of indomethacin as a proof that endogenous prostaglandin synthesis plays a role in preventing bandlike lesions by such agents is questioned. It is concluded that the gastric mucosal fold plays a major role in localizing mucosal injury to parallel bands and that the obliteration of these sensitive sites may explain the protective effect of an ever-expanding number of agents. As lesions genesis appears to be the result of a contact artifact, the use of this model in the study of the physiological role played by gastric prostaglandins is seriously questioned.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180984 TI - Abstracts of the International Conference on the Biology of Stress Ulcers. May 22 24, 1988, Lake Arrowhead, California. PMID- 3180983 TI - Increased parietal cell responsiveness to tetragastrin in patients with recurrent duodenal ulcer. AB - To clarify the contributive factors in the recurrence of duodenal ulcer, the present study was carried out on 65 male patients with active duodenal ulcers and 20 healthy male subjects. After having verified that the ulcer had healed, gastric acid secretory responses to graded doses of tetragastrin from 62.5 to 16,000 ng/kg/hr were investigated using a logarithmic transformation model. Several clinical features were also investigated. The patients were divided into three groups based on the later endoscopic follow-up study for two years. The early-recurrent group included 16 patients with recurrence occurring within three months. The late-recurrent group included 25 with recurrence occurring after three months. The nonrecurrent group included 24 patients without recurrences during the follow-up period. The 20 healthy male subjects were defined as a control group. The results were as follows: (1) Significant differences were not discerned either in basal and peak acid outputs between the three patients groups. (2) The ED50 value for tetragastrin was lower in the early-recurrent group than in the other three groups. (3) The early-recurrent group showed a higher percentage of smokers than the other patient groups. These results suggest that smoking and increased parietal cell responsiveness correlates strongly with duodenal ulcer recurrence. PMID- 3180985 TI - Familial occurrence of intrathoracic gastric volvulus. AB - This report describes the first documented familial occurrence of gastric volvulus in two consecutive generations. Consideration is given to familial transmission of other foregut disorders. The report reviews the different types of gastric volvulus and considers their pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and treatment. PMID- 3180986 TI - Case of mixed connective tissue disease associated with autoimmune hepatitis. AB - A 56-year-old female with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) who developed autoimmune hepatitis is described. Hepatitis was controlled effectively by the corticosteroid therapy. Biopsy of the liver revealed swelling and hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes, accompanied by Councilman's body formation and focal necrosis. These histological findings differ from those in three previously described cases. A relationship between MCTD and liver involvement appears possible. PMID- 3180987 TI - Biotin effects in Crohn's disease. PMID- 3180988 TI - Psoriasis and Crohn's disease in Italy. PMID- 3180989 TI - Synthetic versus natural protease inhibitors in acute experimental pancreatitis. PMID- 3180990 TI - Pancreatic function in Sjogren's syndrome. PMID- 3180991 TI - Mucosal protective agents: why forget pirenzepine? PMID- 3180992 TI - Ampullary neurofibroma. PMID- 3180993 TI - Gaucher disease type 1: cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding acid beta glucosidase from an Ashkenazi Jewish patient. AB - Gaucher disease (GD) type 1 is the most prevalent lysosomal storage disease and the most prevalent genetic disease among the Ashkenazi Jews. The defective activity of acid beta-glucosidase is the enzymatic basis of GD and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. To investigate the genetic basis of Ashkenazi Jewish GD type 1, a cDNA encoding acid beta-glucosidase was isolated from a cDNA library constructed using splenic poly(A)+RNA from a patient. The cDNA was sequenced to identify mutations, and the presence of a single missense mutation in the patients' genome was confirmed by selective oligonucleotide hybridization and by restriction endonuclease digestion analyses of amplified genomic sequences. This G----A transition (Arg-119 to Gln-119) was present heterozygously in the index patient and his affected third cousin but was not present in normal non-Jewish individuals. This mutation is the second single base mutation found in Ashkenazi Jewish GD type 1 patients. Furthermore, results obtained with the affected third cousin suggest that at least three mutant alleles may be present in this GD subpopulation. PMID- 3180994 TI - Processing of the primary transcript for the rat growth hormone gene in vivo. AB - Processing of the rat growth hormone (rGH) gene primary transcript and the effects of thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones on rGH pre-mRNA levels have been studied using subcloned radiolabeled DNA fragments from each of the four introns of this gene as probes. Blot-hybridization analysis of poly(A)+RNA from GC cells, GH3 cells, and normal pituitary gland indicates that processing of intron sequences from the precursor transcript takes place in a qualitatively similar fashion in each of these cell types. The data indicate that, in general, those introns closest to the termini of the primary transcript are removed first followed by removal of the internal introns. The suggested order of removal is IA, ID, IC, and IB. This process is unaffected qualitatively by thyroid or glucocorticoid hormones, both of which increase the rate of transcription of the gene. In addition to the primary transcript and the partially processed intermediate transcripts, GC and GH3 cells were found to contain a heterogenous group of intron-containing polyadenylated rGH gene transcripts which cannot be accounted for by any combination of intron deletions. These transcripts could arise either from internal start sites in the gene, premature termination of transcription, or inefficient processing of rGH mRNA precursors in the transformed cells. Thyroid hormone rapidly increases the levels of intron C containing transcripts with kinetics that parallel the binding of thyroid hormone receptor to nuclei, but does not alter the ratio of primary to partially processed transcripts. These data suggest that most of the stimulatory activity of this hormone is due to effects on rGH gene transcription and not on pre-mRNA processing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3180995 TI - Characterization of cDNA encoding human pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein from placenta and extraplacental tissues and their comparison with carcinoembryonic antigen. AB - Human pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (SP1) is one of the early pregnancy proteins produced in large quantity by the placenta during pregnancy. The nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding human placental SP1 isolated from a term placental cDNA library was determined. This cDNA contains 1,958 nucleotides with a 5' noncoding sequence of 73 bp, a sequence of 1,257 bp encoding a protein of 419 amino acids with calculated molecular mass of 47.2 kD, a TGA stop codon, and 625 bp of 3' noncoding sequence. Two internal repeat domains, each of 93 amino acids, can be identified within the coding sequence. The positions of two cysteine residues within each repeat are conserved. A cDNA of 489 bp identical to the sequence from nucleotides 422-910 of placental SP1 cDNA was isolated from a human testis cDNA library. Screening of a HeLa cell library with SP1 cDNA probe yielded 10 positive clones. Sequence determination of one of the cloned cDNA inserts revealed a partial cDNA of 773 bp which is 94% homologous at the nucleotide level and 88% homologous at the amino acid level to the placental SP1 cDNA. These observations confirm the observation that some of the SP1 genes might be expressed in extraplacental tissues. Searching through the GenBank/EMBL database revealed 74-80% homology between SP1 cDNA with human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) cDNA. The multiple genes of SP1 as a subfamily of the immunoglobulin supergene family is implicated. PMID- 3180996 TI - Electroporation of mammalian cells with a firefly luciferase expression plasmid: kinetics of transient expression differ markedly among cell types. AB - Electroporation in combination with the luciferase reporter system provides a rapid and sensitive means of determining transient expression from plasmid constructs in various mammalian cells. Conditions are described allowing efficient electroporation of several cell types with a commercial electroporation device. Measurements on extracts prepared at various times after electroporation showed a rapid rise in luciferase activity for up to 12 hr, which was followed, in certain cell types, by a rapid decline. With such cells, determinations made after 48-72 hr, as is conventional, would greatly underestimate expression of the luciferase reporter gene. Therefore, to observe optimum activity, the kinetics of expression must be determined for each cell type. PMID- 3180997 TI - Gene cloning using cDNA libraries in a differential competition hybridization strategy: application to cloning XP-A related genes. AB - A competition hybridization strategy using size-cut cDNA libraries as both probe and competitor was designed for the cloning of genes whose mRNAs are either regulated transcriptionally or vary in abundance as a function of cell line or cell cycle. We used this strategy to construct cDNA libraries from a particular size fraction of mRNA from three members of a xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), complementation group A family. Size-cut cDNA libraries derived from the father's, mother's, and child's fibroblast cell line were used in a competition scheme to screen two lambda gt11 human cDNA libraries. Of the 15 positive lambda gt11 clones which have been characterized, at least 14 clones represent the same gene which is present in greater abundance in both the mother and father XP obligate heterozygotes relative to the homozygous affected child. PMID- 3180998 TI - Gene synthesis by serial cloning of oligonucleotides. AB - A rapid and simple method of gene synthesis is presented. A gene is constructed by serial additions of individual gene fragments in the 5'----3' direction. The vector used as the synthesis vehicle contains a unique Bsm I site at the amino terminus of the lacZ gene. Plasmid linearized with Bsm I is recircularized in vivo by oligonucleotide-directed double-strand break repair. The synthetic oligonucleotide used to "bridge" the double-strand break carries a 70- to 100 nucleotide insert which constitutes a portion of the gene along with a BsmI site at the 3' end that regenerates the site and allows for another consecutive round of mutagenesis to extend the gene sequence. The process is repeated until the entire gene is assembled. The method uses the beta-galactosidase color assay as a means of screening for correct insert lengths. The only in vitro enzymatic step necessary is a single Bsm I restriction digest of plasmid DNA. No ligation reactions are required. Only one strand of a gene sequence needs to be synthesized chemically. The gene synthesis method presented here was used to construct the human anaphylatoxin complement factor C3a gene. PMID- 3180999 TI - Generation of multiple independent substitution mutants by M13 in vitro mutagenesis using a single mutagenic oligonucleotide. AB - A 56-nucleotide mutagenic oligomer containing six mismatches with the wild-type template was used to construct multiple transversion mutations in the putative heparin binding region of the rat neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) cDNA sequence. Mutants were screened by hybridization to the 56-mer. The relative stability of a mutant DNA:56-mer duplex correlated with the number of base substitutions present in the mutant sequence. Five independent categories of mutants carrying from two to five of the expected nucleotide substitutions were isolated. No mutations other than those directed by the 56-mer were observed. These results suggest a method for generating sets of related predefined substitution mutants. PMID- 3181000 TI - [Changes in the morphogenesis of leishmanias during long-term culturing]. PMID- 3181001 TI - [Histochemical method of differentiating 2 types of sweat glands by the isoelectrical points of mitochondrial ribonucleoproteins]. PMID- 3181002 TI - [Structure of the sensitive zone of the rat muscle spindle after dexamethasone administration]. PMID- 3181003 TI - [The genome of fungi and higher plants contains sequences homologous to a fragment of mammalian mos gene]. PMID- 3181004 TI - [Fixation of poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC) in the Z-conformation]. PMID- 3181005 TI - [Cleavage of DNA after modification with tetravalent platinum compounds]. PMID- 3181007 TI - Beta-blockers, mood and behaviour. PMID- 3181006 TI - [Study in a cell culture of sodium nitrite as a possible promoter of carcinogenesis]. PMID- 3181008 TI - Prochlorperazine in new forms: Buccastem and Stemetil Eff. PMID- 3181009 TI - Spironolactone: no longer for hypertension. PMID- 3181010 TI - [What happens to gallstone fragments? What clears the gallbladder after nonsurgical treatment of gallstones?]. PMID- 3181011 TI - [Metachronous double carcinoma of the large intestine]. AB - Seven patients developed two separate carcinomas of the colon over an average interval between the two of 8.5 years. Five of the second tumours were discovered during routine endoscopic follow-up of the first. Ten of the 14 tumours were located in the left colon. These seven cases represent an incidence of metachronous double carcinoma of the colon of 0.9% among a total of 762 patients with carcinoma of the colon seen during the same period. Two patients died of the malignancy seven and 24 months, respectively, after the operation. The others have so far remained clinically free of tumour. PMID- 3181012 TI - [Congenital alcoholic cardiomyopathy in 3 children]. AB - Three cases of congenital alcoholic cardiomyopathy and cardiac defects in children are described. The mothers were heavy spirits drinkers. One child had a ventricular septal defect, two had Fallot's tetralogy, all requiring operation. At open-heart surgery left-ventricular myocardial biopsies were obtained in all three children. Histological and electronmicroscopic examination revealed primary toxic and hypotrophic changes, which differed from those seen in alcoholic cardiomyopathy of the adult. The cells, their nuclei and the myofibrils had reduced diameters. The mitochondria were damaged to differing extent. The myofibrils were arranged in parallel and some had contraction bands and ruptures. The sarcoplasmic reticulum was dilated and had vacuoles. The cell surface penetrated into the interstitial tissue. All these changes could have resulted from inhibited embryofetal cell growth and cytotoxic damage by alcohol during pregnancy. It would seem that alcoholic cardiomyopathy occurs only in extreme forms of alcohol abuse during pregnancy. The prognosis is as yet unknown. PMID- 3181013 TI - [Portable infusion pump for ambulatory cytostatic therapy in inoperable liver metastases]. AB - Liver metastases were demonstrated in a 48-year-old man 12 years after resection of a carcinoma of the sigmoid colon (pT2, G2, N0, Mx). A computer-driven external infusion pump was implanted and regional liver perfusion instituted with 5-fluoro uracil. After seven chemotherapy cycles, 4-7 weeks apart, the liver metastases were no longer demonstrable by ultrasound and computed tomography. During the entire course of chemotherapy the patient was able to continue his profession as a teacher without any restriction. PMID- 3181014 TI - [Steroid-refractory amiodarone-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Clinical features and morphology after an amiodarone-free interval of 3 months]. AB - Amiodarone-induced bilateral diffuse pulmonary fibrosis developed in a 47-year old woman with idiopathic hypertrophic subvalvular aortic stenosis who had been treated with amiodarone (Cordarex), 300 mg daily for about 18 months. Although the drug was discontinued and cortisone treatment begun, the pulmonary fibrosis did not regress. When gentamicin (Refobacin) and cefotaxime (Claforan) were administered for suspected fibrosis-induced right-sided bronchopneumonia, gentamicin-induced acute tubular renal damage occurred, requiring dialysis. The patient died soon after of myocardial electro-mechanical dissociation. At necropsy there was, in addition to the idiopathic hypertrophic subvalvular cardiomyopathy, extensive bilateral pulmonary fibrosis, lamellar bodies in foam cell intraalveolar macrophages, in hepatocytes and in the epithelium of the proximal and distal tubules. Although amiodarone had been discontinued three months previously, high concentrations of the drug were still present, especially in both lungs, fat tissue and the liver. PMID- 3181015 TI - [Systemic infection caused by Streptococcus suis]. AB - Streptococcus suis type 2 was isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid in a 49 year-old butcher as the causative organism of a generalized septic infection with meningeal involvement. High-dosage penicillin G treatment quickly terminated the fever and all neurological signs disappeared completely. Streptococcus suis type 2 causes a zoonosis, which usually occurs as an occupational disease among those handling pigs or pork (farmers, butchers etc.). Sequelae of such infection not rarely are damage to the VIIIth cranial nerve, especially loss of hearing. PMID- 3181016 TI - [Diagnosis of primary hemochromatosis]. PMID- 3181017 TI - [Therapy of hemochromatosis]. PMID- 3181020 TI - [Repetitorium Anaesthesiologicum. A new form of continuing professional education]. PMID- 3181019 TI - [Study of fetal blood]. PMID- 3181018 TI - [Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis with rectal involvement]. AB - Per-rectum bleeding was noted in a 71-year-old woman known to have neurofibromatosis. At rectoscopy, a malignant looking tumour was seen, beginning at 8 cm from the anal sphincter. It protruded into the lumen, disintegrating at its centre and oozing blood. Histological examination of the biopsy revealed a neurofibroma, without evidence of malignancy. It was possible to perform a deep rectum resection with continence-preserving end-to-end anastomosis and complete removal of the neurofibroma. PMID- 3181021 TI - [Specific legal questions concerning chief physician's contract]. PMID- 3181022 TI - [Substantiation in lieu of fee agreement?]. PMID- 3181023 TI - [Disorders of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis and erectile impotence]. PMID- 3181024 TI - [Wound treatment with autogenous epidermal cell expansion culture]. AB - Sheets of autologous epidermal cells grown by expansion culture were used to cover small skin defects in seven patients with postoperative necroses, necroses due to temporal arteritis, varicose ulcers or after tangential excision of tattoos. Several transplantation techniques were used: backing of the cultured epithelia with vaseline gauze, Surfasoft, Adaptic, Silastic foil, culturing directly from Petriperm-foil. Meshed Silastic-foil proved to give the best support. Optimal take of the in-vitro epithelia (more than 80% of their surface area) was achieved only for fresh dermal wound-beds. The take was only moderate on chronic granulation tissue, but the transplants reduced the formation of fibrinous-necrotic material and favoured the formation of fresh granulation tissue. PMID- 3181025 TI - [Coronary revascularization with the internal thoracic artery. Angiographic controls in 86 patients]. AB - Among a cohort of 454 consecutive patients who had undergone coronary revascularization with the internal mammary artery (from November 1984 to October 1987), postoperative angiography was performed in 86 (18.9%) (77 males and 9 females, aged 33-74 years; median age 56 years). The interval between operation and angiography ranged from one week to 26 months (median 47 weeks). The mean patency rate for the internal mammary artery grafts was 83.7% (72 of 86 grafts), the patency rate having increased from 71% in 1984/85 to 92% in 1987. In the same cohort the patency rate of venous grafts was 64.5% (78 of 121 aortocoronary venous grafts). Many asymptomatic patients refused follow-up angiography; the patency rate is therefore likely to have been higher for the entire cohort. The high patency rate and good long-term results for internal mammary artery grafts support the view that this type of graft is preferable to others for coronary revascularization. PMID- 3181026 TI - [Device for a single-operator resuscitation]. AB - A simple type of reanimation equipment is described which - independent of energy supply - makes it possible for a single operator to perform complete mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The apparatus is placed on the distal half of the sternum of the supine patient and connected to the respiratory tract via a connecting tube. Inspiration occurs by depressing the apparatus, while the subsequent expiration is followed by cardiac massage by means of depressing the apparatus. This new method has proved itself effective in three patients with acute cardiocirculatory arrest. PMID- 3181027 TI - [Electronystagmography and vestibular diagnosis in daily practice]. PMID- 3181028 TI - [Treatment of deep venous thrombosis of the lower leg]. PMID- 3181029 TI - [Lysis treatment of left ventricular thrombi]. PMID- 3181030 TI - [Campylobacter pylori, ulcer and dyspepsia]. PMID- 3181031 TI - Transcription of the segment-polarity gene wingless in the imaginal discs of Drosophila, and the phenotype of a pupal-lethal wg mutation. AB - Wingless (wg) is a segment-polarity gene in Drosophila which is related to the murine proto-oncogene int1. In Drosophila embryos, wg transcription defines part of each parasegment. In situ hybridization shows that wg is also expressed in the imaginal discs which give rise to the adult during metamorphosis. Transcripts are localized in the apical cytoplasm of disc cells, and accumulate in different patterns in dorsal and ventral discs. The wgCX3 mutation produces morphological defect in the adult structures derived from these imaginal discs. The results show that wg is involved in the development of the adult, as well as the embryo, but that the imaginal discs do not express this segment-polarity gene in an identical pattern to the embryonic segments. PMID- 3181032 TI - Reinvestigation of the role of the optic vesicle in embryonic lens induction. AB - The induction of the lens by the optic vesicle in amphibians is often cited as support for the view that a single inductive event can lead to determination in a multipotent tissue. This conclusion is based on transplantation experiments whose results indicate that many regions of embryonic ectoderm which would normally form epidermis can form a lens if brought into contact with the optic vesicle. Although additional evidence argues that during normal development other tissues, acting before the optic vesicle, also contribute to lens induction, it is still widely held, on the basis of these transplantation experiments, that the optic vesicle alone can elicit lens formation in ectoderm. While testing this conclusion by transplanting optic vesicles beneath ventral ectoderm in Xenopus laevis embryos, it became apparent that contamination of optic vesicles by presumptive lens ectoderm cells can generate lenses in these experiments, illustrating the need for adequate host and donor marking procedures. Since previous studies rarely used host and donor marking, it was not clear whether they actually demonstrated that the optic vesicle can induce lenses. Using careful host and donor marking procedures with horseradish peroxidase as a lineage tracer, we show that the optic vesicle cannot stimulate lens formation in neurula- or gastrula-stage ectoderm of Xenopus laevis. Since the general conclusion that the optic vesicle is sufficient for lens induction rests on studies in many organisms, we felt it was important to begin to test this conclusion in other amphibians as well. Similar experiments were therefore performed with Rana Palustris embryos, since it was in this organism that optic vesicle transplant studies had originally argued that this tissue alone can cause lens induction. Under conditions similar to those used in the original report, but with careful controls to assess the origin of lenses in transplants, we found that the optic vesicle alone cannot elicit lens formation. Our data lead us to propose that the optic vesicle in amphibians is not generally sufficient for lens induction. Instead, we argue that lens induction occurs by a multistep process in which an essential phase in lens determination occurs as a result of inductive interactions preceding contact of ectoderm with the optic vesicle. PMID- 3181033 TI - A developmental and ultrastructural study of the optic chiasma in Xenopus. AB - The structure of the optic chiasma in Xenopus tadpoles has been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Where the optic nerve approaches the chiasma, a tongue of cells protrudes from the periventricular cell mass into the dorsal part of the nerve. Glial processes from this tongue of cells ensheath fascicles of optic axons as they enter the brain. Coincident with this partitioning, the annular arrangement of axons in the optic nerve changes to the laminar organization of the optic tract. Beyond the site of this rearrangement, all newly growing axons accumulate in the ventral-most part of the nerve and pass into the region between the periventricular cells and pia which we have called the 'bridge'. This region is characterized by a loose meshwork of glial cell processes, intercellular spaces and the presence of both optic and nonoptic axons. In the bridge, putative growth cones of retinal ganglion cell axons are found in the intercellular spaces in contact with both the glia and with other axons. The newly growing axons from each eye cross in the bridge at the midline and pass into the superficial layers of the contralateral optic tracts. As the system continues to grow, previous generations of axon, which initially crossed in the existing bridge, are displaced dorsally and caudally, forming the deeper layers of the chiasma. At their point of crossing in the deeper layers, these fascicles of axons from each eye interweave in an intimate fashion. There is no glial segregation of the older axons as they interweave within the chiasma. PMID- 3181034 TI - Mesoderm-inducing factors: a small class of molecules. AB - Mesoderm-inducing factors (MIF's) from chick embryos, XTC cells and WEHI-3 cells were studied using various procedures. The object was to find whether they are similar to heparin-binding growth factors (HBGFs-the only known pure mesoderm inducing substances) and, if not, whether they are similar to each other. The major active components from all three MIF sources behave as somewhat hydrophobic, acid-stable molecules and do not bind to heparin. They all have relative molecular masses of about 13,000 measured by HPLC size exclusion chromatography. The isoelectric points measured by chromatofocusing were 6.7 (WEHI) and 7.7 (XTC). The chick MIF seemed somewhat heterogeneous by chromatofocusing and a portion of its activity bound to heparin sepharose. All three MIFs have similar effects on explants of Xenopus blastula ectoderm to the heparin-binding growth factors, causing an elongation at the time of gastrulation followed by the development of mesenchyme, mesothelium and muscle cells, the proportion of muscle increasing with dose. Unlike the HBGFs they all also induce notochord if sufficiently high concentrations are used. Our study shows that the MIFs examined here form a small group of potent agents distinct from the HBGFs and from other known growth and differentiations factors. Their occurrence in various tissues and cell lines suggests that they have functions in the adult organism as well as during early development. PMID- 3181035 TI - Developmental changes of the proliferative response of mouse epidermal melanocytes to skin wounding. AB - A cut was made on the middorsal skin of mice of various ages of strain C57BL/0J using fine iridectomy scissors. Specimens from the wounded skins were fixed at various days after wounding and were subjected to the dopa reaction and to the combined dopa-premelanin reaction. When the dorsal skins of 1.5-day-old mice were wounded, the melanocyte population positive to the dopa reaction as well as the melanoblast-melanocyte population positive to the combined dopa-premelanin reaction increased dramatically in the epidermis adjacent to a skin wound. Pigment-producing melanocytes in mitosis were frequently found in the vicinity of a wound immediately after wounding. When the dorsal skins of 4.5-day-old mice were wounded, the increase in the melanocyte and melanoblast-melanocyte populations was smaller than that of 1.5-day-old mice. The increase in number of pigment-producing melanocytes in mitosis was reduced and delayed as compared to 1.5-day-old mice. When the dorsal skins of 8.5-, 20.5-, and 60.5-day-old mice were wounded, the increase in the melanocyte and melanoblast-melanocyte populations was much smaller than the newborn mice. Moreover, pigment-producing melanocytes in mitosis were never found. These results indicate that the proliferative response of mouse epidermal melanocytes to skin wounding becomes delayed and diminished with development. PMID- 3181036 TI - The early development of the atrioventricular node and bundle of His in the embryonic chick heart. An electrophysiological and morphological study. AB - The development of the atrioventricular node and bundle of His of embryonic chick hearts was studied by electrophysiological and morphological techniques. The dorsal wall of the AV canal and the interatrial septum were explored to determine if they contribute to the formation of the AV node and bundle of His. The resting membrane and action potentials of the interatrial septum cells were systematically analyzed and found to undergo progressive differentiation with development. The earliest identification of the AV node and upper bundle of His group of cells was achieved at 5 1/2-6 days of development by the electrical recording of their corresponding characteristic action potentials, from a circumscribed area located in the lowest and dorsal segment of the interatrial septum. The morphological and anatomical characterization of the cells was made following electrical recording and labelling with charcoal particles. The earlier AV node and bundle of His responses had similar characteristics to those of the adult heart. It is concluded that the AV node and upper bundle of His cells derive from the low interatrial septum. The possibility that AV canal cells contribute to this event was discarded. The functional relationship of the Av node and bundle of His with other cardiac tissues during the early development of the heart is discussed. PMID- 3181037 TI - Toxicity and carcinogenicity of rotenone given in the feed to F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for up to two years. AB - Toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of rotenone were conducted in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex were given rotenone in their diet for up to 103 weeks. The doses were 0, 38, and 75 ppm for rats and 0, 600, and 1,200 ppm for mice. Reduction in body weight gain occurred in male and female mice given rotenone. No effects on survival were observed for rats of either sex or female mice. Survival of male mice at 1,200 ppm was significantly greater than that of controls (47/50 vs. 29/50). There were no observed nonneoplastic effects due to rotenone, and for male and female mice no neoplasms were induced by rotenone. Parathyroid adenomas occurred at a higher incidence (4/44) in male rats at 75 ppm than in the controls (1/41). Because these tumors are rare (historical rate in NTP studies is 0.3%), the increase in the incidence of these benign tumors may have been related to rotenone administration. Hepatocellular neoplasms were reduced (p less than 0.01) in males receiving 1,200 ppm 1/50 relative to controls 12/47. Because this low rate of liver tumors is unusual in male B6C3F1 mice, this decrease was considered to be related to rotenone administration. PMID- 3181038 TI - Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in aging rats. AB - Severity of liver damage 24 hr after i.p. administration of acetaminophen in doses of 0.4 and 0.8 g/kg was evaluated in male Fischer 344 rats at 4, 14 and 25 months of age. Both doses of acetaminophen produced significant elevations of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities in 4-month-old rats. Enzyme release was somewhat diminished in old age. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) and microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations were decreased in rats that received 0.8 g/kg of acetaminophen. The decreases occurred in young adult and middle-aged rats, but not in old rats. The results demonstrated that old age does not enhance the hepatotoxic effects of acetaminophen in male Fischer 344 rats. PMID- 3181039 TI - Teratology study of Tween 60 in rats. AB - The teratogenicity of Tween 60 was studied in Wistar rats. Pregnant rats were given Tween 60 at a dose of 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10% in the diet from day 7 to day 14 of pregnancy. Daily intakes of Tween 60 were 99 mg/kg for the 0.1% group, 960 mg/kg for the 1.0% group and 7693 mg/kg for the 10% group. No change induced by Tween 60 was detected in the number, sex ratio and body weight of live fetuses. External, skeletal and internal examinations of the fetuses revealed no evidence of teratogenesis. It could be concluded that Tween 60 has no harmful effects on the prenatal development of the rat offspring at doses employed in the present study. PMID- 3181040 TI - Teratogenic effects of a lipophilic cationic dye rhodamine 123, alone and in combination with 2-deoxyglucose. AB - An anti-tumor agent, the cationic dye rhodamine 123 (Rh 123), becomes concentrated in mitochondria of certain tissues and inhibits ATP production. Rh 123 was tested for developmental toxicity by i.p. injection into pregnant CD-1 mice daily on gestation days 7-10 (plug = day 1) at doses up to 15 mg/kg/day. Additional mice were given a 500 mg/kg/day dose of 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DOG), an inhibitor of glycolytic ATP generation, alone or with Rh 123. Controls received saline equimolar to the 2-DOG. Prenatal mortality was increased by Rh 123 in combination with 2-DOG, with values of 40%, 43%, or 41% dead or resorbed at Rh 123 doses of 8, 12, or 15 mg/kg/day, respectively. When given alone, neither test agent was associated with a significant increase in prenatal death. Concurrent treatment with Rh 123 and 2-DOG resulted in significant incidences of gross malformations (17% to 20%) and skeletal malformations (9% to 72%). At the two highest Rh 123 doses (12 and 15 mg/kg/day) given with 2-DOG, significant findings included retarded skeletal ossification and variations (up to 83% and 41%, respectively), as well as decreased fetal weight. According to these results, combinations of rhodamine 123 and 2-deoxyglucose administered to the dam during early organogenesis are developmentally toxic to mice. PMID- 3181041 TI - DNA strand breaks in embryonic mouse limbs exposed to methylnitrosourea. AB - The alkaline elution assay was used to monitor DNA single strand breaks in hindlimbs of embryonic mice exposed to methylnitrosourea (MNU) on day 13 of gestation, a stage of development at which the embryotoxicity of MNU was minimal. DNA breakage was maximal by 1 h after exposure, and rapidly declined to control levels by 8 h. There was a reduction of fetal weights in the MNU-treated litters, but no increase in embryomortality. No malformations of the limbs were observed. The data are discussed in relation to an earlier study, where the same dose of MNU administered on day 11 of gestation was highly teratogenic and produced a substantially different pattern of DNA breakage in hindlimbs. PMID- 3181042 TI - A comparison of in vivo and in vitro rates of aging of soman-inhibited erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase in different animal species. AB - This study was conducted to assess differences in the rate of aging of soman inhibited erythrocyte (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from different species and to determine whether the rate of aging in vitro approximates that in vivo following a single exposure to soman. The logarithm of the percentage RBC AChE reactivated by 2-PAM after soman exposure was plotted as a function of time. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the half-time (t1/2) for aging. In the in vivo experiments, the rapidity of aging increased from rat to guinea pig to marmoset; the corresponding t1/2 values (mean +/- standard error) were 8.6 (+/- 0.94) min, 7.5 (+/- 1.7) min and 0.99 (+/- 0.10) min. The in vitro values of t1/2 in marmoset and guinea pig were 1.1 (+/- 0.08) min and 8.0 (+/- 0.82) min, respectively. Other t1/2 values computed for in vitro experiments were 1.4 (+/- 0.11) min for cynomolgus monkeys and 0.88 (+/- 0.03) min for squirrel monkeys. The results indicate that, for marmoset and guinea pig, the in vitro values closely approximate the in vivo. Since aging of soman-inhibited human and monkey RBC AChE occurs rapidly (1 min) in vitro, it is reasonable to assume that in man rapid aging will be crucial in delimiting successful treatment of soman intoxication. PMID- 3181043 TI - Enhancement of DMN-induced kidney tumors by 1,2-dichlorovinylcysteine in Swiss Webster mice. AB - 1,2-Dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC) is known to cause enlarged nuclei in renal proximal tubule epithelium. This study further characterized the cellular changes induced by DCVC. Also a preliminary investigation of the initiator and promoter potential of DCVC was conducted. When given for 4 weeks in drinking water to Swiss-Webster mice, DCVC (50 or 100 micrograms/ml) caused a progressive change in renal epithelia which was persistent at 23 weeks. Enlarged nuclei with uneven chromatin dispersal, multiple nucleoli, and irregular nuclear membranes resided in enlarged, abnormally-shaped cells. These changes were resolved by week 50. Mice initiated with dimethylnitrosamine developed renal tumors by week 27. Mice fed DCVC (10 or 50 micrograms/ml) for 14 weeks following dimethylnitrosamine initiation, had a slightly higher tumor incidence, a higher incidence of invasive tumors, and had multiple renal tumors unlike animals given dimethylnitrosamine alone. PMID- 3181045 TI - [Hypercholesterolemia and the diagnosis and management of hyper- lipidemia in adults. Recommendations of the working groups of the Finnish Society of Internal Medicine and the Finnish Cardiology Society]. PMID- 3181044 TI - Acute and repeated dose inhalation toxicity of para-nitrophenol sodium salt in rats. AB - Para-Nitrophenol Sodium Salt (PNSP) has relatively low acute inhalation toxicity; the 4-hr Approximate Lethal Concentration in rats is greater than 4.7 mg/l. One subacute study was conducted at 0, 0.34 and 2.47 mg PNSP/l for ten 6-hr exposures. Darker urine, proteinuria and elevated creatinine and SGOT were seen after exposure and were still evident after 14 days recovery. Methemoglobinemia also was seen and was reversible at 0.34 mg/l after 14 days. In addition, exposure to 2.47 mg/l caused elevated erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit. A second subacute study at 0.03 and 0.13 mg PNSP/l showed reversible methemoglobinemia only at 0.13 mg/l. The repeated dose no-observable effect level was 0.03 mg/l. No compound-related pathologic changes were noted in any of the studies. PMID- 3181046 TI - [Finger manifestations of insulin-treated diabetics in Finland]. PMID- 3181047 TI - [Pituitary gland activity and the empty sella]. PMID- 3181048 TI - [Foot edema as the first manifestation of colonic erosion]. PMID- 3181049 TI - [Broad mediastinal flutter in a patient]. PMID- 3181050 TI - [Secretory otitis as the initial sign of hypothyroidism]. PMID- 3181051 TI - [Imaging of the lung]. PMID- 3181052 TI - [Bronchoalveolar lavage--a window on the lung]. PMID- 3181053 TI - [An examination of pleural effusion]. PMID- 3181054 TI - Miraa. PMID- 3181055 TI - Psychiatric morbidity among khat chewers. PMID- 3181057 TI - Mortality from acute organic brain syndrome: a Nigerian psychiatric hospital experience. PMID- 3181056 TI - A study of aggressive and violent behaviour among a group of psychiatric in patients in Kenya. PMID- 3181058 TI - Psychiatric services in the University Department of Psychiatry, Kaduna, Nigeria in 1980-1986. PMID- 3181059 TI - Schizophrenic patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy: their demographic, clinical and cognitive features. PMID- 3181060 TI - Lead and cadmium levels in some leafy vegetables sold in Nairobi vegetable markets. PMID- 3181061 TI - Immunoglobulins in kwashiorkor. PMID- 3181062 TI - Ocular damage after blunt trauma to the eye. PMID- 3181063 TI - Priapism in a juvenile sickler: case report. PMID- 3181064 TI - Chronic effects of Cu on reproduction of Polypedilum nubifer (Chironomidae) through water and food. AB - The effects of Cu on the reproduction of Polypedilum nubifer (Chironomid) through water and food were examined in a flowthrough aquarium by Cu exposure from the egg stage. The emergence success decreased to 74, 38, 16, and 2% of the control at 10, 20, 30, and 40 micrograms Cu/liter, respectively. However, the oviposition success (No. of egg clusters/female) remained at 64% of the control value even at 30 micrograms Cu/liter. From these results and the acute toxicity test, it was suggested that a decrease in emergence success was caused mainly by mortality in the early instar stage, when Cu sensitivity is high. There were no significant effects of Cu on the emergence success, oviposition success, and hatchability of the oviposited eggs in the midge which had been given food contaminated with about 330 micrograms Cu/g (dry weight). However, emergence success and hatchability of the oviposited eggs decreased to 30 and 40% of the control in the midge which had been fed food accumulating 1770 micrograms Cu/g, although the oviposition success was not impaired compared to the control. Emergence did not occur from the aquaria fed food accumulating 5200 micrograms Cu/g. PMID- 3181065 TI - Chronic inhalation exposure of rats to vapors of nitroethane. AB - Male and female Long-Evans rats were exposed in inhalation chambers to vapors of nitroethane at concentrations of 100 or 200 ppm, 7 hr per day, 5 days per week for 2 years. During the study, general observations were made daily and body weights were obtained weekly for the first 6 months of the study and biweekly thereafter. Any rats that were found dead or sacrificed moribund during the 2 year exposure phase of the study were given a thorough gross examination and tissues were retained for microscopic examination. After 2 years of inhalation of nitroethane, all surviving rats were sacrificed and subjected to the same thorough gross examination. Blood samples were obtained from representative groups of animals for hematology and serum chemistry studies. All rats were examined histopathologically. Exposure of the rats to nitroethane had no pharmacologic effects nor were there any effects on mortality of rats of either sex at either level of exposure. Throughout most of the investigation, body weights of both sexes of both exposed groups were slightly less than those of respective controls, but lack of a well-defined dose-response relationship suggested the involvement of factors other than just exposure to nitroethane. There were no effects of exposure to nitroethane on hematology nor were there any biologically significant effects of exposure to nitroethane on clinical chemistry or on organ weights. No significant nonneoplastic or neoplastic pathology was found as a consequence of exposure of the rats to nitroethane. PMID- 3181066 TI - Fungal degradation of polyvinyl acetate. AB - Certain Aspergillus and Penicillium strains isolated from soil grow well and degrade a commercial sample of polyvinyl acetate (PVA, 4.5 g liter-1) when it is used as the only carbon source. These strains showed an increase in dry weight after 11 days of incubation, along with a depletion of carbohydrates, protein, and deoxyribonucleic acid. This was interpreted as an active turnover of the above metabolites during the degradation. This effect was greatly enhanced by equilibrating the carbon:nitrogen ratio by addition of yeast extract in the original culture. The increase in esterase activity and the loss of viscosity were also considered evidence of the fungal degradation. Isolation of the enzyme was attempted, but unsuccessful. PMID- 3181067 TI - Movement of carbofuran (nematicide) in soil columns. AB - Adsorption and movement of carbofuran (a systemic nematicide) were studied using two Indian soils (clay loam and silt loam) of alluvial origin. Equilibrium adsorption coefficient (K) values measured using a batch-slurry technique follows the order clay loam greater than silt loam soil. The distribution coefficients (Kd) for both the soils in batch adsorption as well as in columns were also calculated. Carbofuran movement in soil columns during water infiltration in both air-dried and water-saturated columns was estimated. The order was as anticipated from K and Kd values. A larger amount of water was needed for leaching the carbofuran to 152 cm in clay loam soil than in silt loam soil. Carbofuran appears to increase in drier soils and in finer textured soils. PMID- 3181068 TI - Ultrastructure in leaves of Fagus silvatica and Carpinus betulus individuals tolerant and susceptible to SO2 and heavy metal pollutants. AB - The ultrastructure characteristics of leaves during the development of cell organelles, in the "greening process" of spring, have been studied in pollutant tolerant and susceptible individuals of beech (Fagus silvatica) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) in an area polluted with SO2 (the main pollutant may reach 0.06-2.72 mg/m3), heavy metals, and other gases discharged by non-iron metal processing factories. Leaves from tolerant beech and hornbeam individuals did not undergo ultrastructural changes compared to control leaves in an unpolluted area. The susceptible and very susceptible individuals of both species gradually undergo modification in organelle ultrastructure not only during the first steps of greening and momentary exposure to air pollution, but also as a result of long term exposure to chronic pollution in the forest. PMID- 3181069 TI - Structure-toxicity relationships for selected benzyl alcohols and the polar narcosis mechanism of toxicity. AB - The relative toxicity of 20 ortho-, meta-, and para-position monoalkylated or monohalogenated benzyl alcohols has been determined as 50% population growth inhibition (log BR; biological response) to Tetrahymena pyriformis. Linear relationships are observed between log BR and the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) for both the alkylated and the halogenated series. Regression analysis of the combined data results in poor correlation with the model, log BR = 0.7085(log Kow) - 1.3018; n = 20, r2 = 0.644, s = 0.323. However, the predictability of this quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is sharply enhanced by the addition of the Hammett sigma constant (sigma) as a second molecular descriptor, log BR = 0.8395(log Kow) + 1.4322 (sigma) - 1.6823; n = 20, r2 = 0.923, s = 0.154. This latter QSAR uses the para-position sigma as an estimator of ortho-position effects and compares well with previous work with alkyl- or halogen-substituted phenols. It is thought to model the polar narcosis mode of toxic action. PMID- 3181070 TI - [Prospective analysis of medical education in Latin America]. PMID- 3181071 TI - [Carcinogenic effect of benz(a)pyrene depending on its mode of application to the skin of mice]. AB - The role of dose and time factors in intensification of the carcinogenic effect is studied on the model of skin carcinogenesis in (CBA x C57Bl)F1 female mice under application of BP. The total dose is not a single parameter determining the carcinogenic effect. The single dose interval between the actions and their number are of essential importance under definite conditions. The total time (T) of the carcinogen action is a significant factor. The total and single doses and the number of carcinogen applications to the mouse skin being similar, the effect is the stronger, the longer is T, i.e. the longer is the interval between certain applications of the carcinogen. PMID- 3181072 TI - [Cytogenetic and blastomogenic effects of 45Ca and 131I administered to rats]. AB - The cytogenetic research of the mutagenic action of 45Ca, 131I and 45Ca and 131I simultaneously after a single introduction into the stomach was carried out on the peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats. Tumours of different localization were diagnosed in these animals. Positive correlation between mutagenic and carcinogenic effects is shown (r = 0.93, the relation degree of these signs is found to be 87% at P less than 0.001). An assumption is advanced that the quantity and the quality of the stable cytogenic disturbances in somatic cells (blood lymphocytes) may have diagnostic and prognostic significance under the effect of radionuclides. PMID- 3181073 TI - [The capacity of the cells of a human skin melanoma to be preserved long-term in an intact state in vitro]. AB - Suspension of primary and metastatic skin melanoma cells isolated by the mechanical and enzymic methods was preserved in ampullae in the medium 199 at 4 degrees C. Native cells and cell preparations stained with trypan-blue solution and studied by the scanning electron microscopy method for 12, 20, 36 months have demonstrated the ability to keep their vitality for 3 years. Mechanism of such a "natural" conservation of cells is not yet clear. It may be assumed that the above cells are genetically stimulated mutants able under definite conditions to initiate an active proliferation in healthy tissues. The cells in a similar state may be a promising model in the experimental oncology. PMID- 3181074 TI - [Spontaneous tumors in mongrel breeding-stock mice and rats from the vivarium of the R. E. Kavetskii Institute for Oncology Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR]. AB - Data obtained from the 10 year study of the spontaneous neoplasm incidence in mongrel mice and rats (males and females) from the colony of the R.E. Kavetskii Institute for Oncology Problems are adduced. Spontaneous carcinogenesis was at an average 1:8 in mice (132 tumours per 1120 mice) and 1:3 in rats (93 tumours per 335 rats). Tumours of mammary glands and of pituitary prevailed in rat females. PMID- 3181076 TI - [Sensitivity of human tumor heterografts to a spin-labelled rubomycin derivative]. AB - A degree of emoksil activity has been determined by applying the subrenal capsule assay methodology to fresh surgical explants of the normal immunocompetent mice. The ability of emoksil to inhibit growth of breast and colon tumours xenografts was determined. Emoksil substitution for adriamycin in the combination therapy increases the therapeutic activity. The kinetic criterion kappa calculated by the method of equivalent exponents was suggested to determine the tumour susceptibility to the drugs. PMID- 3181075 TI - [Action of khanerol on the superhelical DNA structure of S-37 cells]. AB - The damaging effects on the structure of a supramolecular DNA complex of sarcoma 37 cells in mice following the use of the therapeutic doses of khanerol were found. Capillary elastoviscosimetry and nucleoid sedimentation procedure showed that the damage of the supramolecular DNA complex structure becomes apparent already after 4 hours, and increases by 24 hour. In studies of the binding of khanerol with DNA by Cd and Tmelt. the procedure showed direct interaction of khanerol with DNA. The role of conformational changes of the supramolecular DNA complex in the cytotoxic action of antitumour agents is discussed. PMID- 3181077 TI - [Action of doxorubicin and a doxorubicin-heparin complex on the growth and metastasis of experimental tumors and the hemostatic system indices]. AB - The electrophoretic and spectral analyses have been used to show the possibility to form a complex consisting of doxorubicin and adriamycin with heparin, the molar ratio being 6:1 and pH 4.8-7.4. Doxorubicin and adriamycin had procoagulant properties but the doxorubicin-heparin complex showed an anticoagulant activity. In experiments on rats with the Pliss lymphosarcoma and sarcoma 45 the doxorubicin-heparin complex depressed more efficiently the tumour growth and metastasis spreading. The combination of doxorubicin and the doxorubicin heparin complex with the trypsin-heparin complex which imitate the hyperfunction of anticoagulative system markedly increased the antitumour effects. PMID- 3181078 TI - [Possible mechanism of the alteration in the therapeutic action of cyclophosphane in mice with hemocytoblastosis La against a background of artificial hyperglycemia]. AB - The concentration of reactive cyclophosphamide metabolites (CP) and the time of their circulation in blood plasma of mice increase during artificial hyperglycemia (HG). Intensification of the antitumor CP activity against a background of HG in C57Bl/6 mice with hemocytoblastosis La may be a result of changes in the drug pharmacokinetics. An inhibitory action of HG on the CP metabolizing system of the liver monooxygenases is shown. PMID- 3181079 TI - [Enhanced antitumor action of 5-fluorouracil when used in combination with 4 methylmercaptopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine 1-nucleoside]. AB - Mice BDF1 with L 1210 or mice BALB/c with plasmacytoma MOPS-406 after pretreatment with ineffective doses of 1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-4 methylmercaptopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyramidin e (25 to 100 mg/kg per 5 days) were treated with 5-fluorouracil at the optimal dose 100 mg per day. This combination produced a 1.5-2-fold or 2 to 4 fold enhancement of the antitumour effect of 5 fluorouracil without simultaneous increase of lethal toxicity. PMID- 3181080 TI - Effect of thumb position on thenar compound muscle action potential field. PMID- 3181081 TI - "Early" and "late" components of spinal evoked potentials in spinal cord trauma patients. PMID- 3181083 TI - Sensory and mixed action potentials in ulnar nerve. PMID- 3181082 TI - Dependence of quantitative parameters of the extracellular potential power spectrum on propagation velocity, duration and asymmetry of action potentials. PMID- 3181084 TI - An electrophysiological investigation of the "stiff-man" syndrome. PMID- 3181086 TI - Intrapartum fetoscopy: technique and indications. AB - The present article summarizes six years of experience with intrapartum visualization of the uterus and its contents (fetus, umbilical cord, placenta and amniotic fluid). The choledochofiberscope, previously sterilized in 96% alcohol was introduced into the amniotic cavity via the cervical canal after spontaneous or artificial rupture of the membranes. The following abnormalities were diagnosed with high accuracy: umbilical cord complications (28 cases), placental pathology (36 cases), dehiscence of the uterine scar (2 cases), fetal dysmaturity (19 cases), congenital anomalies (15 cases). No fetal or maternal complications of fetoscopy were noted. Intrapartum fetoscopy can provide the obstetrician with important information in selected cases. Potential uses of intrapartum fetoscopy are discussed. PMID- 3181085 TI - Heat probe therapy for severe hemorrhage from a peptic ulcer with a visible vessel. AB - Over a period of 9 months we treated 50 patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from a peptic ulcer with a visible vessel. Their mean age was 58.8 years. Almost all cases had massive bleeding and required an average of 1930 +/- 2174 ml (S. D.) of blood. Twenty-eight cases were in shock when treated. The lowest mean hemoglobin was 8.2 +/- 2.2 gm/dl (S. D.). We treated them with the Olympus GIF-1T10 and the heat probe unit. A total of 825 +/- 735 joules (S. D. ) were applied to each bleeder. Forty-nine cases (98%) stopped bleeding after initial treatment. Seven cases (14.3%) rebled within one week post-treatment. We tried heat probe therapy again in 6 of the cases that rebled, and achieved hemostasis in four of them. Ultimately, only four failures were seen in our study. The success rate was 92% (46/50). We conclude that thermocoagulation with the heat probe may in the near future replace surgery in the majority of cases of hemorrhage from a peptic ulcer with a visible vessel in its base. PMID- 3181087 TI - Brush cytology in the diagnosis of herpetic esophagitis. A case report. AB - We present a case of herpetic esophagitis in a patient with acute renal failure. Herpes virus infection was detected in one of 386 gastroesophageal brush cytologies performed. Al-though the endoscopic appearance suggested candidiasis, and a biopsy specimen was interpreted as peptic esophagitis, brush cytology identified viral particles that were confirmed by serologic tests and cultures. A common cause of esophageal ulceration in immunosuppressed patients, herpetic esophagitis is occasionally reported in otherwise healthy immunocompetent persons. For its timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, this article advocates systematic brush cytology during gastro-esophageal endoscopy. PMID- 3181089 TI - A colo-cutaneous-gastric fistula: a silent and unusual complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. PMID- 3181090 TI - Is transmission of Campylobacter pylori by endoscopic examination possible? PMID- 3181088 TI - Lichen ruber mucosae with esophageal involvement. AB - The clinical course of a 50-year-old woman with oral lichen ruber planus (Irp) and prolonged dysphagia is described. The swallowing problems of this patient were related to an inflammatory lesion of the middle third of the esophagus, leading to stenosis. Distal to this area, the esophagus was covered with mucosa of the cardia type, as seen in endobrachyesophagus. Apart from reflux disease, the Irp may have accounted for the stenosis of the mid-esophagus. The mucosal lesions disappeared after administration of etretinate (Tigason). After endoscopic dilatation the patient was able to swallow normally again. PMID- 3181092 TI - New light on the health of Vietnam veterans. PMID- 3181091 TI - Gastric metaplasia of the duodenal bulb. PMID- 3181093 TI - Post-traumatic stress disorder among American Legionnaires in relation to combat experience in Vietnam: associated and contributing factors. AB - The relationship between combat stress, DSM-III-defined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and a variety of behavioral factors was examined in a large nonclinical population. A total of 2858 randomly selected American Legion members who had served in Southeast Asia completed a questionnaire which elicited information on military service, personal health, and a variety of mental health outcomes. The data confirm the utility of the PTSD diagnosis as a distinct clinical entity. The frequency of PTSD and the extent of symptoms developed varied with the severity of criteria used for determining the extent of traumatic exposure. The PTSD rate ranged from 1.8 to 15.0% of the total sample, depending on whether "exposure" to combat was defined relatively narrowly or broadly. A distinct linear dose-response relationship between combat stress and a quantitative measure of PTSD intensity was observed. The frequency of PTSD diagnosis was not affected by the presence of either physical or mental health problems which predated military service. A strong, stable relationship was found between combat stress and PTSD intensity for cohorts with differing intervals since the experience of combat trauma, which persisted up to 20 years after discharge from the military. The data thus support a broader approach to defining traumatic events which recognizes individual differences in response to combat, as well as the existence of other behavioral outcomes as residual effects of combat. Implications of these findings and the importance of treating veterans with varying presentations of PTSD are discussed. PMID- 3181094 TI - Implant prosthodontics at the University of Toronto. PMID- 3181095 TI - Taxes, business and dentistry. PMID- 3181096 TI - Dental considerations of the maxillary sinus. PMID- 3181097 TI - Capitation--the risks. PMID- 3181099 TI - Whole-body leucine and energy metabolism in adult women. AB - Whole-body leucine and energy metabolism were studied in seven women, in order to examine the relationship between changes in energy expenditure and rates of protein synthesis when moving from the fasted to the fed state. The diets provided 1.1 g protein/kg/d and calories (joules) to maintain body weight. Each subject received primed, continuous intravenous infusions of L-[1-13C]-leucine for a total of 9 h, and were studied fasted for the first 4 h. Small isotopically neutral meals were fed every half hour for the last 5 h. Energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry was simultaneously measured. Leucine flux, oxidation, utilization of leucine for protein synthesis, and energy expenditure increased with feeding. There were no statistically significant correlations between rates of protein synthesis calculated from leucine flux and energy expenditure in the fasted or the fed state. Significant correlations were mainly due to sex and feeding differences. These results agree with earlier published results. A maximal cost of protein synthesis, of 5.08 kcal (21.15 kJ)/g, was determined from changes in protein synthetic rates and energy expenditure in response to feeding. PMID- 3181098 TI - Nutritional and haematological status of Chinese farmers: the influence of 13.5 months treatment with riboflavin, retinol and zinc. AB - A retinol (15 mg), riboflavin (200 mg) and zinc (50 mg) supplement or a placebo (D-mannitol) was given to 610 Chinese farmers weekly for 13.5 months. Riboflavin, retinol, beta-carotene, tocopherol and zinc status were measured in all subjects at the start and end of the intervention and in a subsample at 2 months. Plasma vitamin C, haemoglobin and haematocrits were measured on other subsamples at the end of the supplementation period. At the start vitamin A, zinc and riboflavin status were poor. Plasma retinol and zinc concentrations were higher in men than women but the opposite was observed with respect to beta-carotene. There was no difference between the sexes for tocopherol and riboflavin. Tocopherol:cholesterol ratios suggested vitamin E status was good and vitamin C status also appeared adequate. The supplement increased plasma retinol throughout the whole period but riboflavin status improved only over the first 2 months and then remained constant. Plasma zinc increased in both treatment and placebo groups by approximately 15 to 20 per cent in men and women. Mean concentrations of retinol and tocopherol and beta-carotene (in women only) increased by approximately 20 per cent in the placebo group. It is argued that seasonal factors and/or the placebo may have been responsible for the increase in retinol and beta-carotene in the placebo group. The lack of an increase in beta-carotene in the men may have been due to their higher retinol requirements. Lastly, the increase in retinol may have been responsible for the increase in tocopherol and zinc in plasma since these nutrients increased in those whose plasma retinol increased, irrespective of treatment. PMID- 3181100 TI - Food preferences and aversions and dietary pattern in anorexia nervosa patients. AB - Food intake, meal frequency and occurrence of vomiting and purging were assessed in 20 female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) by two dietitians by means of a dietary history over the past month. Ten lean healthy women and 10 of normal weight served as two groups of controls. Two self-administered questionnaires, consisting of 51 questions each were developed and applied: one to get an insight into food preference and food aversion, another to evaluate the dietary pattern. A significant difference in energy intake was found between the patient group and both control groups, but not between the two control groups. Self-induced vomiting and weekly laxative use was only mentioned by the patients with AN. Between the patients and the controls significant differences were found in preference and aversion for several food products such as sugar, potatoes, meat, dates and bananas as well as in eating habits. Stepwise discriminant analysis of the data of the two questionnaires resulted in eight food items and three dietary pattern statements which specify group differences. It is concluded that the questionnaires used reveal important differences between anorexia patients and control subjects in attitudes towards foodstuffs, and can be a useful tool for early diagnosis when validated in larger samples of patients and controls. PMID- 3181101 TI - Assessment of loss of height in elderly women. AB - Loss of height with advancing years in women most commonly reflects the development of osteoporosis of the vertebral column. Moreover, height measurement from young adult life is often not available for making this judgement about a particular woman. Unless affected by fracture or Paget's disease of bone, alteration in hip length with age is unlikely. We have therefore examined the relationship between height and hip length in young adult Caucasian Australian women and used this to predict earlier 'maximal height' from hip length in elderly Caucasian Australian women. The equation used was maximal height = a + b hip length (r = 0.65, n = 36, P less than 0.0001) where values for a and b were taken from the sample of young women, (a = 1.096, b = 1.185) and applied to the older women. The difference between 'maximal height' and 'observed height' then provided an estimate of 'loss of height'. For a representative sample of ambulant institutionalized elderly women aged 85 +/- 6.47 years, (mean +/- s.d.) range 70 98 years, the loss of height was 0.15 +/- 0.07 m (mean +/- s.d.), range 0-0.27 m. For such groups of women there should be value in knowing maximal height and loss of height at least in so far as assessment of lean body mass, adiposity (as BMI or weight (kg)/height(m)2) and osteoporosis are concerned. PMID- 3181102 TI - Effect of lupines, a protein-rich legume, on iron absorption. AB - The absorption of iron from lupines, a protein-rich legume, was assessed in 35 parous Indian women. Iron bioavailability was shown to be as low for lupines as soybeans (geometric mean absorptions 0.9 and 1.7 per cent respectively, P less than 0.005). The addition of 30 mg of ascorbic acid moderately improved the geometric mean iron absorption from 1.0 to 5.3 per cent (P less than 0.0001), and 60 mg ascorbic acid from 0.7 to 6.9 per cent (P less than 0.0001). The phytate and polyphenol content of lupines was negligible. The demonstration of poor iron bioavailability from a legume of otherwise rich nutritional potential has important implications in nutritional planning programmes for developing countries. PMID- 3181103 TI - Vitamin A and E status in healthy elderly Chinese in Hong Kong. AB - Daily intakes of retinol and beta-carotene equivalents, plasma retinol, retinol binding protein and plasma vitamin E were estimated in a cluster sample of apparently healthy elderly subjects aged 60 years and over in Hong Kong leading an active life in the community. Intakes were available from 418 and plasma measurements from 385 subjects. There were no age or sex differences in intakes. Plasma retinol and retinol binding protein levels showed no sex- or age-related difference, while plasma vitamin E levels were higher in women. Retinol binding protein, plasma retinol and plasma vitamin E levels were comparable to published values for Chinese and Caucasians of all ages. Vitamin A and E status appears to be adequate in this elderly Chinese population. PMID- 3181104 TI - Nutrient intake in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with incipient nephropathy. AB - The onset of diabetic nephropathy is characterized by subclinical elevation of urinary albumin excretion, so-called 'microalbuminuria' (M). Dietary assessments were carried out in 15 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with persistent M and an equal number with persistently normal albumin excretion. The groups were matched for sex, age, duration of diabetes, body mass index, insulin dose and glycosylated haemoglobin; there were no significant differences in systemic blood pressure, glomerular filtration rate, blood glucose and serum albumin concentrations between the groups; retinopathy was significantly more frequent in patients with M. Diabetics with persistent M were found to consume a significantly larger amount of fat (expressed as grams and percentage of total energy) and a significantly smaller percentage of total energy as carbohydrate than patients with normal albumin excretion; total dietary energy was larger in those with persistent M, but the difference was not significant. No significant differences were found in protein and fibre intakes between the groups. Our findings suggest that an excess in the dietary consumption of fat relative to carbohydrate might play an important role in the pathogenesis of early nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. We emphasize the importance of careful attention to nutrient intake in the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications. PMID- 3181105 TI - What can Crohn's patients eat? AB - Seventy-one patients with Crohn's disease were interviewed about their diet. All had undergone surgery for the condition. Thirty-seven patients had an ileostomy and 34 patients did not. Information about the effect of 32 foodstuffs and drinks, what advice had been given, who had given it, and the patients' attitude to food, was obtained. Twenty-seven fit health workers acted as a control group. Corn, nuts, fizzy drinks, raw fruits, shellfish and pickles in the ileostomy patients and nuts, raw fruit and tomatoes in the non-ileostomy patients gave rise to problems. These differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.01) when compared to the control group. Chicken, white bread, rice, potatoes and lamb were the foods least likely to provoke symptoms in all the groups. "Eat what you can" was the commonest dietary advice given and physicians were the most important source of that advice. More than half of the patients thought their diet was adequate but more Crohn's patients than controls took regular vitamin supplements. Although only two patients considered that diet might be responsible for their disease, most thought dietary factors important in controlling symptoms or aiding recovery. PMID- 3181106 TI - Substitution of skimmed milk for high-fat milk in the diets of men and women in South Wales. AB - The potential for achieving the NACNE target for percentage of energy derived from fat (34 per cent), resulting from the theoretical substitution of skimmed milk for high-fat milks, was investigated using the dietary records of 738 middle aged males and females in the South Wales area. The average male in the sample could theoretically achieve the NACNE target by changing to skimmed milk providing that energy intake remained the same. In the small sample of women the average female could not reach the NACNE target. Four groups of individuals were identified: -(1) Those consuming diets providing less than 34 per cent of total energy from fat; (2) those unable to reach the NACNE target by changing to skimmed milk; (3) those who could reach the NACNE target by changing to skimmed milk even if they remained in energy deficit; (4) those who could reach the NACNE target by changing to skimmed milk providing that they made up the lost energy by eating foods free of fat. A graph is presented which would enable a trained person to assess whether substitution of skimmed for high-fat milks would result in an individual achieving the NACNE recommendation. PMID- 3181107 TI - Lower metabolic rates of post-obese versus lean women: thermogenesis, basal metabolic rate and genetics. AB - Components of daily metabolic rate (thermogenesis, BMR and net exercise) were compared between 16 women predisposed to obesity (post-obese) and 16 naturally lean controls of matching age, weight and height, at three levels of activity, in a whole-body respirometer. At all levels of activity, the mean metabolic rate of the post-obese was 15 per cent lower than that of the lean controls. Expenditure on net exercise showed the same relationship, but BMR was only 10 per cent lower, while thermogenesis was 50 per cent lower. The latter was partly due to the smaller food intake of the post-obese and also to a lower thermogenic response. In absolute terms BMR accounted for less than half of the difference in total energy expenditure between the post-obese and the lean (45 per cent). Thermogenesis accounted for approximately 40 per cent of the difference, and 15 per cent after adjusting for the different energy intakes. Significantly more post-obese subjects had a family history of obesity (88 per cent) than lean subjects (38 per cent). Within the post-obese and lean groups there was a consistent trend at each level of activity for those with a family history to have lower metabolic rates, indicating that family history of obesity has an influence on energy expenditure over and above personal history of obesity. PMID- 3181108 TI - Basal metabolic rate of normal and marginally undernourished mestizo children in Colombia. AB - The basal metabolic rate (BMR) was measured in mestizo children 6-16 years of age living under economically deprived conditions in Colombia. Of a total of 239 boys and 126 girls, 137 boys and 72 girls were classified as marginally malnourished. Differences in BMR by age, sex and nutritional group could be accounted for by differences in lean body mass. The Schofield equations were found to overestimate BMR significantly in the boys. However, the estimates in girls were not significantly different from measured values. PMID- 3181109 TI - Body composition of patients with spinal cord injury. AB - Body composition of 10 control subjects and 37 spinal cord injured (SCI) patients was measured by dilution of 3H2O and Na2 35SO4. SCI patients were classified into four groups by ascending level of lesion, low and high paraplegics and low and high quadriplegics. The studies show diminishing total body water, intracellular water, lean body mass and body cell mass and increasing fat mass with higher spinal lesions. No differences in body weight or extracellular water were observed so that the ratio of extracellular water/total body water was increased as the level of injury increased. PMID- 3181110 TI - Biochemical effects of calcium supplementation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. AB - Although calcium supplements are widely used in the treatment of osteoporosis their beneficial effect is not conclusively established. The biochemical effects of a calcium supplement (1 g/d) given for between 6 and 36 months were studied in 20 postmenopausal osteoporotic women who had normal calcium absorption. The mean fasting urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio decreased from 0.024 +/- 0.002 to 0.016 +/- 0.001 (P less than 0.005) indicating a significant reduction in bone resorption. The mean plasma alkaline phosphatase fell from 85 +/- 4 U/l to 73 +/- 3 U/l (P less than 0.005), probably representing a secondary reduction in bone formation following the inhibition of bone resorption. There was no significant change in calcium absorption. These results support the concept that calcium supplementation is useful in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. PMID- 3181111 TI - Assessing supplementary feeding programmes in selected Balwadies. AB - The aim of the study was to investigate whether feeding programmes achieve their goal of improving nutritional status of target groups when such groups live in environmental conditions that constantly pose risk of infections and infestations. Two major areas from Pune city were selected: one comprised mostly slum dwellers, living in poor environmental conditions (LSE) and the other with better-off families living in good environmental conditions (MSE). From each of the two areas two Balwadies (kindergartens) were selected: one was implementing a feeding programme (LSE(F) and MSE(F)) and the other was not (LSE(NF) and MSE(NF]. A total of 273 newly admitted pre-school children from these Balwadies were selected and anthropometric measurements were made three times during the study period of 7 months. Food items distributed in the school were weighted and analysed for energy and protein values. Assessment of nutritional status by the Gomez classification showed that in both areas, moderately and severely malnourished children receiving the supplement showed significant improvement (P less than 0.05) as compared to those not receiving the supplement, but the extent of improvement differed. The impact of the food supplement in LSE was less than that in MSE suggesting that poor environmental conditions were a major interfering factor and cannot be overlooked. PMID- 3181112 TI - Abdominal fat depots measured with computed tomography: effects of degree of obesity, sex, and age. AB - Computed tomography scans at the level of L4/L5 were analysed in 66 men and 34 women who presented for routine tomography, stratified into different age categories. Areas of intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous abdominal fat were calculated from the scans. In men and in women the proportion of the body surface as intra-abdominal fat increased with age (in men from 12.4 per cent in the age group less than 40 years to 18.0 per cent in the age group greater than 65 years; in women from 10.5 per cent to 14.7 per cent in the respective age categories). Only in men this increase with age was independent of the degree of obesity. In women younger than 40 years the proportion of intra-abdominal fat did not increase with increasing BMI while it did in older women and men. The proportion of intra-abdominal fat in 7 adolescents appeared to be 5.4 per cent, considerably lower compared to adult men and women. Subcutaneous fat areas increased with the degree of obesity but not with age. From simple anthropometric measurements, the intra-abdominal fat area was best correlated with the waist circumference in all ages (except for women younger than 40 years) while it showed weaker associations with abdominal skinfolds and circumference ratios. Age and BMI explained 68 and 74 per cent of the variance in intra-abdominal fat area in men and women respectively. Waist added 8 per cent to the explained variance in men but nothing in women. BMI and waist circumference showed similar correlations to total, intra abdominal and subcutaneous fat areas in all age categories whereas correlations of skinfolds with intra-abdominal fat areas decreased with age. PMID- 3181113 TI - The search for the ultimate equine sedative: are we 'waiting for Godot'? PMID- 3181115 TI - The effect of detomidine (Domosedan) on the maintenance of equine pregnancy and foetal development: ten cases. AB - Detomidine was administered throughout 10 pregnancies in eight mares. An intravenous injection of 20 micrograms/kg body weight was given weekly from Day 14 to Day 60 of gestation and thereafter every four weeks until parturition. One mare suffered torsion of the large colon and was destroyed on Day 86; the foetus was normally developed. A further mare aborted at 167 days. The remaining eight pregnancies continued to full term. One foal was delivered by caesarean section because of torticollis and, of the seven foals born spontaneously, one had bilateral upward patellar fixation at one month old. Therefore, although only six of the 10 foals developed normally, the other four cases showed no pathological similarities to suggest a common cause. Although these data were based on a small number of mares, they did not suggest that the repeated administration of detomidine had specific adverse effects on the pregnancies. PMID- 3181114 TI - Detomidine: a preliminary analysis of its duration of action in the horse by variable interval responding. AB - Variable interval (VI) reinforcement scheduling is a specific type of operant conditioning that is sensitive to drug effects even when overt clinical signs of the drug have diminished. Six horses were conditioned to break a light beam with a head-bobbing movement and this behaviour was reinforced with a reward of clean oats (approximately 30 mg/reinforcement). Initial training procedures included familiarisation with the behavioural equipment and fixed-ratio reinforced scheduling. To establish baseline rates of behaviour, the horses were converted to a variable interval (60 secs) reinforcement schedule and kept on this schedule for the remainder of the study. A within subjects cross-over design was used with three treatments counterbalanced with the six horses. Detomidine (40 micrograms/kg bodyweight, xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bodyweight) and saline (10 ml) were administered intravenously on Monday mornings with VI responding rates measured during a routine 30 min session each day from Monday to Friday. Responses and reinforcements were recorded and dispensed by use of an electromechanical relay system wired to an electric eye, an automatic feeder and a programming and recording system. Xylazine produced a small decrease in responding rates at 1 h post dose, while detomidine treated horses showed a dramatic decrease in responding rates after 1 h and a lingering effect at 24 h. No long range effects were seen with either treatment and all horses returned to baseline responding rates by 48 h post dose. PMID- 3181116 TI - Detomidine (Domosedan) in foals: sedative and analgesic effects. AB - Detomidine was administered twice to six foals (14 to 94 days old) using three different doses (10, 20 and 40 micrograms/kg bodyweight intravenously) in a double blind trial. Sedation, analgesia, heart rate and clinically observed side effects were recorded. Detomidine showed strong sedative effects at all doses tested. Sedation deepened very little by increasing the dose from 10 to 40 micrograms/kg bodyweight, but the duration of the effect was longer. Analgesia was considered good with the largest dose (40 micrograms/kg), and moderate or non existent with the lower doses. Detomidine caused a decrease in heart rate at all doses and other observed side-effects included ataxia, heavy breathing, arrhythmia, sweating and frequent urination. No adverse effects were observed. PMID- 3181118 TI - The gait of pacers. 1: kinematics of the racing stride. AB - Standardbred pacers have been studied under race conditions to describe the gait of the pacer, and to determine relationships between stage of the race, finish order and selected gait kinematics. Overlap increased with the stage of the race while pacing speed decreased marginally for low order pacers and increased for high order finishers. High order finishing pacers appear to have greater stance and stride lengths than do low order finishers. Pacers could be separated into low order and high order groups on the basis of their movement patterns. High order pacers exhibited greater ranges of limb motion than did low order finishers. PMID- 3181117 TI - Combined use of detomidine with opiates in the horse. AB - The effects of administration of one of four opiates (pethidine 1 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt), morphine 0.1 mg/kg bwt, methadone 0.1 mg/kg bwt, and butorphanol 0.05 mg/kg bwt) given intravenously to horses and ponies already sedated with detomidine (10 micrograms/kg bwt) were investigated. Behavioural, cardiovascular and respiratory effects of the combinations were compared with those occurring with detomidine alone. Addition of the opiate increased the apparent sedation and decreased the response of the animal to external stimuli. At doses used, butorphanol produced the most reliable response. Side effects seen were increased ataxia (greatest following methadone and butorphanol) and excitement (usually muzzle tremors and muscle twitching). Following pethidine, generalised excitement was sometimes seen. Marked cardiovascular changes occurred in the first few minutes after morphine or pethidine injection, but within 5 mins cardiovascular changes were minimal. Following morphine or pethidine there was a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension. Fourteen clinical cases were successfully sedated using detomidine/butorphanol combinations. PMID- 3181119 TI - The gait of pacers. 2: factors influencing pacing speed. AB - Standardbred pacers were studied at four different nominated speeds and selected gait kinematics were analysed to determine factors which contribute to pacing speed. A deterministic model is proposed in which pacing speed is a function of stride length and stride timing variables. Stance length and suspension time remained relatively constant over the different pacing speeds. Variables which discriminated best between pacing speeds were suspension length and overlap time. At near maximal speed, the pacers increased speeds with increased stride length. This was attributed to an increased suspension length with little difference in suspension times. A 22 per cent increase in pacing speed resulted in a 13 per cent increase in stride length, 26 per cent increase in suspension distance, 8 per cent increase in stride frequency, 35 per cent and 16 per cent increases in advanced placement and completion times and a 23 per cent decrease in the period of overlap. PMID- 3181120 TI - Cardiorespiratory and sedative effects of a combination of acepromazine, xylazine and methadone in the horse. AB - Cardiorespiratory and sedative effects of a combination of acepromazine, xylazine and methadone were studied in the horse. Acepromazine and xylazine produced cardiovascular effects whereas methadone mainly affected respiratory rate. Decreases in heart rate, arterial blood pressure and respiratory rate were seen. Sedation was superior to that of acepromazine, xylazine or a combination of these. No serious side effects were seen. PMID- 3181121 TI - Effect of ovarian steroids on migration of uterine lumenal neutrophils and on chemokinetic factors in uterine secretions from mares. AB - Incubation of blood neutrophils with uterine flushings collected from ovariectomised mares treated with oestradiol, stimulated migration under agarose, whereas flushings from mares treated with progesterone or oily vehicle, inhibited migration. After intra-uterine infusion of bacteria, however, flushings from oestradiol-treated and vehicle-treated mares inhibited migration, whereas progesterone treatment stimulated migration. Migration of uterine-derived neutrophils under agarose was less than that of blood neutrophils and was not influenced by treatment with ovarian steroids. Uterine susceptibility to infection in progesterone-treated mares was not, therefore, correlated with the migratory activities of uterine neutrophils or the chemokinetic properties of uterine secretions in vitro. PMID- 3181122 TI - Influence of ovarian steroids on adherence (in vitro) of Streptococcus zooepidemicus to endometrial epithelial cells. PMID- 3181123 TI - Excessive granulation tissue of periodontal origin in a horse. PMID- 3181124 TI - Pulmonary micro-embolism following orthopaedic surgery in a Thoroughbred gelding. PMID- 3181126 TI - Amino acid sequences and homopolymer-forming ability of the intermediate filament proteins from an invertebrate epithelium. AB - Intermediate filaments (IF) isolated from the oesophagus epithelium of the snail Helix pomatia contain two polypeptides of mol. wt 66,000 (A) and 52,000 (B), which we have now characterized by in vitro self-assembly studies and by protein sequences. A and B can each form morphologically normal IF and share extended regions of sequence identity. All A-specific sequences seem to locate to an extension of the carboxyl-terminal domain. Although the Helix protein(s) reveal the IF-consensus sequences at the ends of the coiled-coil, the remainder of the rod domain shows conservation of sequence principles rather than extended homology, when compared with any subtype of vertebrate IF proteins. Interestingly, the Helix proteins have the longer coil 1b domain found in nuclear lamins and not in cytoplasmic IF proteins of vertebrates. They lack, however, the karyophilic signal sequence typical for lamins. Obvious implications for IF evolution and structure are discussed. PMID- 3181125 TI - Complex alternative splicing of acetylcholinesterase transcripts in Torpedo electric organ; primary structure of the precursor of the glycolipid-anchored dimeric form. AB - In this paper, we show the existence of alternative splicing in the 3' region of the coding sequence of Torpedo acetylcholinesterase (AChE). We describe two cDNA structures which both diverge from the previously described coding sequence of the catalytic subunit of asymmetric (A) forms (Schumacher et al., 1986; Sikorav et al., 1987). They both contain a coding sequence followed by a non-coding sequence and a poly(A) stretch. Both of these structures were shown to exist in poly(A)+ RNAs, by S1 mapping experiments. The divergent region encoded by the first sequence corresponds to the precursor of the globular dimeric form (G2a), since it contains the expected C-terminal amino acids, Ala-Cys. These amino acids are followed by a 29 amino acid extension which contains a hydrophobic segment and must be replaced by a glycolipid in the mature protein. Analyses of intact G2a AChE showed that the common domain of the protein contains intersubunit disulphide bonds. The divergent region of the second type of cDNA consists of an adjacent genomic sequence, which is removed as an intron in A and Ga mRNAs, but may encode a distinct, less abundant catalytic subunit. The structures of the cDNA clones indicate that they are derived from minor mRNAs, shorter than the three major transcripts which have been described previously (14.5, 10.5 and 5.5 kb). Oligonucleotide probes specific for the asymmetric and globular terminal regions hybridize with the three major transcripts, indicating that their size is determined by 3'-untranslated regions which are not related to the differential splicing leading to A and Ga forms. PMID- 3181127 TI - A factor IX mutation, verified by direct genomic sequencing, causes haemophilia B by a novel mechanism. AB - A novel factor IX gene mutation (factor IX London 2) has been characterized. This causes severe crm+ haemophilia B as the patient's plasma shows normal factor IX antigen level and less than 1% clotting activity. Sequence analysis of the entire cloned coding and promoter regions revealed a single point mutation: a G----A transition at position 31,119. This region of the patient's DNA was amplified in vitro by the polymerase chain reaction and the nucleotide change was confirmed by direct sequencing of the amplified products. The mutation results in the substitution of the arginine at position 333 by glutamine. This arginine residue is absolutely conserved in the catalytic domain of normal human and bovine factor IX, X and prothrombin. The substitution by glutamine causes the loss of a positive charge from the surface of the factor IX London 2 protein. This mutation pinpoints a previously unknown, functionally critical feature of factor IX which may be involved in substrate or co-factor binding. PMID- 3181128 TI - Kinetic parameters of the protein tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-receptor mutants with individually altered autophosphorylation sites. AB - Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-receptor mutants in which individual autophosphorylation sites (Tyr1068, Tyr1148 or Tyr1173) have been replaced by phenylalanine residues were expressed in NIH-3T3 cells lacking endogenous EGF receptors. Kinetic parameters of the kinase of wild-type and mutant receptors were compared. Both wild-type and mutant EGF-receptors had a Km(ATP) 1-3 microM for the autophosphorylation reaction, and a Km(ATP) of 3-7 microM for the phosphorylation of a peptide substrate. These are similar to the Km(ATP) values reported for EGF-receptor of A431 cells. A synthetic peptide representing the major in vitro autophosphorylation site Tyr1173 of the EGF-receptor (KGSTAENAEYLRV) was phosphorylated by wild-type receptor with a Km of 110-130 microM, and the peptide inhibited autophosphorylation with a Ki of 150 microM. Mutant EGF-receptors phosphorylated the peptide substrate with a Km of 70-100 microM. A similar decrease of Km (substrate) was obtained when the phosphorylation experiments were performed with the commonly applied substrates angiotensin II and a peptide derived from c-src. The Km of angiotensin II phosphorylation was reduced from 1100 microM for wild-type receptor to 890 microM for mutant receptor and for c-src peptide from 1010 microM to 770 microM respectively. The Vmax of the kinase was dependent on receptor concentration, but was not significantly affected by the mutation. Analogs of the Tyr1173 peptide in which the tyrosine residue was replaced by either a phenylalanine or an alanine residue also inhibited autophosphorylation with Ki of 650-750 microM. These analyses show that alterations of individual autophosphorylation sites do not have a major effect on kinase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181129 TI - The MRC OX-45 antigen of rat leukocytes and endothelium is in a subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily with CD2, LFA-3 and carcinoembryonic antigens. AB - The MRC OX-45 cell surface antigen is a glycoprotein of 45,000 apparent mol. wt of rat leukocytes and endothelium. Antibodies against the antigen inhibit T lymphocyte responses by stimulation of suppression by accessory cells. We now report the immunochemical characterization of this antigen and its cDNA sequence. The predicted protein sequence contains 240 amino acids including a leader sequence of 22 residues and a carboxy-terminal sequence of 23 residues that is replaced in the processed molecule by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor attached at serine 195. Two Ig-related domains are predicted to account for all of the processed sequence and the circular dichroism spectrum shows pure beta structure. The amino-terminal domain is V-like, but without a disulphide bond, while the second domain is C-like (C2-SET) with two disulphide bonds. The sequence matches particularly well with the extracellular parts of LFA-3 and CD2 antigens and the first two domains of carcinoembryonic antigen and non-specific, cross-reacting antigen. PMID- 3181130 TI - The -117 mutation in Greek HPFH affects the binding of three nuclear factors to the CCAAT region of the gamma-globin gene. AB - The Greek form of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) is associated with a point mutation immediately upstream of the distal of the two CCAAT elements of the A gamma-globin gene. Three proteins present in nuclear extracts of erythroleukemia cells bind to this CCAAT region and contact the nucleotide mutated in Greek HPFH. The ubiquitous CCAAT-binding factor CP1 interacts preferentially with the proximal CCAAT sequence. An erythroid cell-specific factor, referred to as NF-E, binds with a higher affinity to the distal CCAAT region and interacts only with sequences flanking the CCAAT motif. The third protein is the vertebrate homologue of the sea urchin CCAAT displacement protein and recognizes sequences in both CCAAT elements and their flanking sequences. While the point mutation in Greek HPFH slightly strengthens the binding of CP1 and the CCAAT displacement protein, the same base change strongly reduces the binding of NF-E to the distal CCAAT region, suggesting a possible role of NF-E in the repression of gamma-globin genes in adult erythroid cells. PMID- 3181131 TI - Elements required for transcription initiation of the human U2 snRNA gene coincide with elements required for snRNA 3' end formation. AB - Formation of the human U1 and U2 snRNA 3' ends requires both a conserved sequence, the 3' box, located downstream of the snRNA termini and sequences within the snRNA promoter regions. Indeed, replacement of the U1 snRNA promoter by mRNA promoters inhibits U1 3' end formation. We have now mutated the 5' flanking region of the human U2 gene and assayed the effects on initiation of transcription and 3' end formation. The 5' flanking region of the U2 gene contains two major promoter elements, a previously characterized distal element that enhances the efficiency of transcription and a proximal element, which our analysis localizes between positions -59 and -43 in a segment conserved in vertebrate snRNA genes. The 5' flanking region does not contain an element required solely for 3' end formation. However, when enhancer elements from an mRNA-encoding gene are introduced into a U2 promoter lacking its distal element, 3' end formation is inhibited. Together, these results suggest that the U2 promoter elements themselves are involved in 3' end formation, presumably by directing the formation of a unique transcription complex which is compatible with 3' end formation at the 3' box. Alteration of the composition of this transcription complex results in increased read-through at the 3' box. PMID- 3181132 TI - Functional domains required for tat-induced transcriptional activation of the HIV 1 long terminal repeat. AB - The transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type I involves the interaction of both viral and cellular proteins. The viral protein tat is important in increasing the amount of viral steady-state mRNA and may also play a role in regulating the translational efficiency of viral mRNA. To identify distinct functional domains of tat, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the tat gene was performed. Point mutations of cysteine residues in three of the four Cys-X-X-Cys sequences in the tat protein resulted in a marked decrease in transcriptional activation of the HIV long terminal repeat. Point mutations which altered the basic C-domain of the protein also resulted in decreases in transcriptional activity, as did a series of mutations that repositioned either the N or C termini of the protein. Conservative mutations of other amino acids in the cysteine-rich or basic regions and in a series of proline residues in the N terminus of the molecule resulted in minimal changes in tat activation. These results suggest that several domains of tat protein are involved in transcriptional activation with the cysteine-rich domain being required for complete activity of the tat protein. PMID- 3181133 TI - Two proteins crosslinked to RNA containing the adenovirus L3 poly(A) site require the AAUAAA sequence for binding. AB - The major proteins crosslinked by UV light to RNA containing the adenovirus-2 L3 poly(A) site are species of 155, 68 and 38 kd mol. wt (p155, p68 and p38). Mutation of AAUAAA to AAGAAA prevented cross-linking of the two larger proteins and destroyed the ability of the RNA to compete for binding of these proteins. However, association of p155 and p68 with precursor was unaffected by deletion of sequences downstream of the poly(A) site critical for in vitro polyadenylation. These two proteins are in the polyadenylation-specific, but not the nonspecific complexes detected by electrophoresis in nondenaturing gels. In addition, p155 and p68 are not found on RNA which has been processed. p155 bound a 15-nt oligomer containing AAUAAA, and thus does not require extended RNA sequence for interaction with RNA. Identified by immunoprecipitation with specific antibody, p38 is the C protein of heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles (hmRNPs). While p155 has an Sm epitope, it is not associated with snRNPs containing trimethylated guanosine caps. PMID- 3181134 TI - cDNA cloning of the developmentally regulated lamin LIII of Xenopus laevis. AB - Lamins are nucleoskeletal proteins which form intermediate type filaments in close association with the inner nuclear envelope membrane. Based on molecular and biochemical properties the lamins were grouped as type-A and type-B lamins, respectively. I have cloned the cDNA encoding lamin LIII of Xenopus which is the lamin protein present in oocyte nuclei and in cleavage nuclei. The data presented here indicate that a pool of maternal lamin LIII RNA is synthesized very early in oogenesis and that it continues to be present until gastrulation when the vast majority of the LIII RNA is degraded. Despite the similarities shared by all lamin proteins, the lamin LIII sequence neither possesses the features diagnostic for either type-A or type-B lamins nor does it show greater sequence similarity to one of the lamin types than to the other and thus it may represent a third type of lamin protein which may reflect its special function in oogenesis and early development. PMID- 3181135 TI - Identification of regions affecting virulence, RNA processing and infectivity in the virulent satellite of turnip crinkle virus. AB - Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) supports a small family of satellite RNAs (RNAs C, D and F). RNA C is a virulent satellite, producing severe symptoms in host plants, while RNAs D and F are avirulent satellites. The virulent satellite (RNA C) has two major domains--a 5'-domain similar to the avirulent satellites and a 3' domain similar to the 3'-end of the TCV genome. To demonstrate that the 3'-domain of RNA C determines virulence, a chimeric satellite was constructed composed mostly of the 5'-domain of the avirulent satellite (RNA F) and the 3'-domain of the virulent satellite (RNA C). To locate other functional regions, small DNA fragments were inserted or deleted at various sites in the cDNA of virulent satellite (RNA C). Most small internal deletions and insertions in the midsection of the molecule had no detectable effects while those near the 3'-end of RNA C destroyed infectivity. Modifications in a small region centering on an AGCAGC repeat in the domain of satellite homology blocked the accumulation of monomers and presumably the processing of RNA C. Other modifications in this region produced more intense symptoms. Hence, these experiments reveal regions of the satellite which determine virulence, are essential for infectivity, affect monomer accumulation (RNA processing) and modulate symptom expression. PMID- 3181136 TI - Oscillations in microtubule polymerization: the rate of GTP regeneration on tubulin controls the period. AB - The essential reactions involved in the oscillatory kinetics of microtubule polymerization have been investigated. The rate of GDP dissociation from tubulin decreased cooperatively upon increasing tubulin concentration above 20 microM, consistent with the formation of GDP oligomers whose dissociation is rate limiting in nucleotide exchange. The apparent rate constant for nucleotide exchange at high tubulin concentration was 0.02 s-1 at 37 degrees C, which is the exact value needed in previous theoretical simulations to obtain oscillations with the real period of 70-80 s. A glass filter assay separating microtubules from oligomers and tubulin allowed nucleotide bound to non-microtubular tubulin during the oscillations to be monitored. In agreement with nucleotide exchange data, tubulin-bound GDP was found to oscillate in antiphase with microtubules. By varying the concentration of an enzymatic GTP-regenerating system, we could demonstrate that the period of the oscillations is directly controlled by the rate at which GTP is regenerated on tubulin, and oscillations can be observed under conditions where the dissociation of oligomers is no longer rate limiting. The possible physiological significance of GTP-regenerating systems in establishing synchrony in a microtubule population is evoked. The present data confirm and extend the model that we previously proposed to account for the oscillations. PMID- 3181137 TI - Attachment, spreading and locomotion of avian neural crest cells are mediated by multiple adhesion sites on fibronectin molecules. AB - Cellular adhesion to fibronectin (FN) can be mediated by several sequences located in different portions of the molecule. In human FN, these are: (i) the bipartite RGDS domain containing the RGDS cell-binding sequence functioning in synergy for full cellular adhesion with a second site (termed here the synergistic adhesion site) and (ii) the recently characterized CS1 and REDV adhesion sites within the alternatively-spliced type III homology-connecting segment. Using specific adhesive ligands and inhibitory probes, we have examined the role of each of these domains in the adhesion, spreading, and motility of avian neural crest cells in vitro. Both the RGDS domain and the CS1 adhesion site were found to promote attachment of neural crest cells, but only the RGDS domain supported their spreading. However, the RGDS sequence could mediate both attachment and spreading efficiently only when it was associated with the synergistic adhesion site. In migratory assays, it was found that both the RGDS domain and the CS1 site are required in association, each with functional specificity, to permit effective locomotion of neural crest cells. The REDV adhesion site was apparently not recognized by avian neural crest cells, presumably because this sequence is absent from chicken FN. Finally, it was found that recognition of both the RGDS domain and CS1 binding site by neural crest cells involved receptors belonging to the integrin family. From these results, we conclude that neural crest cells can interact with several binding sites of FN molecules, and use them for distinct functions. Our results also suggest the possibility of an instructive role for FN in the control of adhesive and migratory events during embryonic development. PMID- 3181138 TI - Isolation and structural analysis of a peptide containing the novel tyrosyl glucose linkage in glycogenin. AB - The glucosylation site on glycogenin, the protein primer required for de novo glycogen synthesis, has been identified. The glucose is attached at position C1 in a glycosidic linkage with a unique tyrosine, and the sequence surrounding this residue was found to be: His-Leu-Pro-Phe-Ile-Tyr-Asn-Leu-Ser-Ser-Ile-Ser-Ile Tyr(Glc)-Ser-Tyr-Leu -Pro- Ala-Phe-Lys. The same tyrosine residue is glycosylated whether glycogenin is isolated as a complex with the catalytic subunit of glycogen synthase, or covalently attached to glycogen. The possibility that insulin and growth factors may enhance glycogen synthesis via stimulation of the priming reaction is discussed. PMID- 3181139 TI - Temporal relationship between inositol polyphosphate formation and increases in cytosolic Ca2+ in quiescent 3T3 cells stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor, bombesin and vasopressin. AB - We determined the temporal relationship between the formation of inositol phosphates and increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] elicited by bombesin, vasopressin and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in quiescent Swiss 3T3 cells. These responses were measured under identical conditions. Bombesin caused a rapid increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate which coincided with the increase in cytosolic [Ca2+]. This was followed by a slower but marked increase in inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate and inositol-bisphosphate. Vasopressin elicited a similar sequence of events. In sharp contrast, highly purified porcine PDGF induced increases in cytosolic [Ca2+] and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate that were temporally uncoupled: detectable inositol polyphosphate formation occurred after Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores. The same temporal dissociation was observed when a recombinant v-sis product was used instead of porcine PDGF. However, PDGF was as effective as bombesin in stimulating the formation of inositol phosphates after 5-10 min of incubation. The data suggest that PDGF increases cytosolic [Ca2+] via a different signal transduction pathway from that utilized by bombesin and vasopressin. These findings have important implications for understanding the signal transduction pathway activated by PDGF. PMID- 3181140 TI - Tissue-specific and steroid-dependent interaction of transcription factors with the oestrogen-inducible apoVLDL II promoter in vivo. AB - Using in vivo dimethylsulphate footprinting, we have analysed protein--DNA interactions within the promoter region of the oestrogen-inducible gene encoding chicken apo very low density lipoprotein II (apoVLDL II). Most of the guanosine- protein contacts found, are located within the 230-bp DNA 5' flanking the gene and can be grouped into separate protein-binding sites. Two of these sites resemble the oestrogen-responsive element (ERE) which is the target site for the oestrogen receptor. A third site has some features in common with the chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter element binding the COUP transcription factor. All protein contacts identified are present in the apoVLDL-II-expressing liver exclusively, and are not found in the hormone-naive liver, in erythrocytes or the oviduct tubular gland. Our results demonstrate the binding in vivo of a protein, presumably the oestrogen receptor, to the ERE and suggest that the hormone activates transcription by establishing a transcription complex comprising several factors at the apoVLDL II promoter. PMID- 3181141 TI - Mutational analysis of the 5' non-coding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: effects of secondary structure on translation. AB - The first 111 nt from the 5' end of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) mRNAs are shown to have a strong inhibitory effect on the translation of mRNA in in vitro translation extracts as well as in Xenopus oocytes. Mutations in the sequence of the 5' untranslated region (UTR) designed to disrupt predicted secondary structure of this region relieve the inhibition. Inhibition is restored by mutations that reconstruct the predicted secondary structure. The accessibility of the 5'-terminal cap structure was also found to be increased by some of these mutations. We conclude that secondary structure in the 5' UTR of HIV-1 mRNAs and resultant inaccessibility of the cap structure is responsible for the inhibition of translation. The implications of these findings for the understanding of the life cycle of HIV-1 are discussed. PMID- 3181142 TI - Effects of mutations in stem and loop regions on the structure and function of adenovirus VA RNAI. AB - Adenovirus virus-associated (VA) RNAI is required for efficient protein synthesis at late times of adenoviral infection, and in some other situations where double stranded RNA (dsRNA) is present. It prevents inhibition of protein synthesis by a dsRNA-activated protein kinase and the secondary structure of VA RNAI is though to be important for its activity. To test this idea and to define structures and sequences responsible for VA RNAI activity, we constructed several mutant VA RNA genes and tested them in a transient expression assay. Activity is unaffected by deletions within a small region near the center of the gene, nt 72-85, but it is greatly diminished by deletion or substitution of sequences on the 3' side of this region. The structures of wild-type and mutant RNAs were examined by nuclease-sensitivity analysis. We propose a model for wild-type VA RNAI which differs from that predicted to be the most stable structure. Surprisingly disruption of the longest duplex region in the molecule is tolerated, provided that adjacent structural elements are not rearranged. However, perturbations of elements located in the center of the structure correlate well with loss of function. PMID- 3181143 TI - Structure-function relationships in the GTP binding domain of EF-Tu: mutation of Val20, the residue homologous to position 12 in p21. AB - Val20 of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), one of the best-characterized GTP binding proteins, is a variable residue within the consensus motif G-X-X-X-X-G-K involved in the interaction with the phosphates of GDP/GTP. To investigate the structure function relationships of EF-Tu, which is widely used as a model protein, Val20 has been substituted by Gly using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The most important effects are: (i) a strong reduction of the intrinsic GTPase activity, (ii) a remarkable enhancement of the association and dissociation rates of EF TuGly20-GDP, mimicking the effect of elongation factor Ts (EF-Ts) and (iii) the inability of ribosomes to influence the intrinsic GTPase of EF-Tu uncoupled from poly(Phe) synthesis. EF-TuGly20 can sustain poly(Phe) synthesis, albeit at a much lower rate than wild-type EF-TuVal20. As with the latter, poly(Phe) synthesis by EF-TuGly20 is inhibited by the antibiotic kirromycin, but differs remarkably in that it is largely independent of the presence of EF-Ts. According to primary sequence alignment, position 20 is homologous to position 12 of ras protein p21. As in p21, this position in EF-Tu is critical, influencing specifically the GDP/GTP interaction as well as other functions. The effect of the mutation displays diversities but also similarities with the situation reported for p21 having the corresponding residues in position 12. The differences observed with two homologous residues, Gly20 and Gly12 in EF-Tu and p21 respectively, show the importance of a variable residue in a consensus element in defining specific functions of GTP binding proteins. PMID- 3181144 TI - Seventy-kilodalton heat shock proteins and an additional component from reticulocyte lysate stimulate import of M13 procoat protein into microsomes. AB - Processing of M13 procoat protein, synthesized in a bacterial cell-free extract, to transmembrane coat protein by dog pancreas microsomes is stimulated by a system which is present in rabbit reticulocytes and depends on nucleoside triphosphates. This system consists of (at least) two components which act synergistically: members of the 70-kd heat shock protein family and (at least) one additional component. This component depends on ATP (or GTP) for its action. PMID- 3181146 TI - Neonatal serum cortisol suppression by etomidate compared with thiopentone, for elective caesarean section. AB - Neonatal serum cortisol responses to the administration of i.v. etomidate (0.3 mg kg-1) and thiopentone (4 mg kg-1) were studied in 22 healthy patients (n = 11 in each group) undergoing elective caesarean section. No statistically significant difference was found between the groups in the serum cortisol levels in the umbilical vein blood at delivery. However, values of serum cortisol in the heel prick samples taken 1 h after delivery showed statistically significant lower levels in the etomidate group (P less than 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the clinical status of the two groups of babies. PMID- 3181145 TI - Temperature effects on molecular processes which lead to stage differentiation in Leishmania. AB - We have studied the effects of growth phase and temperature on the morphological and molecular processes that occur during stage differentiation of Leishmania. Parasites which differ in their ability to transform axenically were compared. A typical heat shock response is observed in strains that transform axenically. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) of 70 and 83 kd are transcribed and synthesized along with a decrease in cellular protein synthesis, including tubulin. Changes in the transcription of the tubulin gene are also noted. In strains which do not transform in culture HSPs are induced, but cellular protein synthesis is unaffected and no differences are observed in tubulin transcription and expression. HSPs 70 and 83 remain constitutively expressed in amastigotes. HSP 83 transcription increases along the promastigote growth curve. beta-Tubulin transcription is also affected by growth phase and temperature increase, though alpha-tubulin remains unaltered. An amastigote-like hybridization pattern is induced in heat-shocked promastigotes, in which a larger transcript for beta tubulin (2.8 kb) becomes dominant and the promastigote transcript (2.4 kb) decreases. Tubulin expression is susceptible to temperature control in Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, though direct correlation to HSP expression was not demonstrated. PMID- 3181147 TI - Nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia with isoflurane, enflurane or fentanyl in combination with nitrous oxide and oxygen. AB - One-hundred and eighty patients undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy were anaesthetized in random order with isoflurane, enflurane or fentanyl in combination with nitrous oxide and oxygen. Incidence and severity of emetic sequelae (none, nausea, retching or vomiting) were studied during the first 24 h after the operation. Patients who received isoflurane had significantly (P less than 0.01) less emetic sequelae (27%) during the first 2 h in the recovery room compared with patients who received enflurane (45%) or fentanyl (48%). There was no difference between the groups in the overall incidence of emetic sequelae during the time period of 2-24 h post-operatively (isoflurane 65%, enflurane 77% and fentanyl 77%). Significantly (P less than 0.02) more patients had emetic sequelae if they had experienced nausea or had vomited after previous anaesthetics. PMID- 3181148 TI - Delayed recovery following atracurium: a case report. AB - A 41-year-old woman received a total of 19 mg (0.6 mg kg-1) of atracurium over a 2-h period of general anaesthesia for abdominal surgery. Spontaneous respiration could not be achieved with neostigmine reversal. The temperature was found to be below 35 degrees C, and this delay in recovery is attributed to unrecognized accidental hypothermia. PMID- 3181149 TI - Accidental disconnection of a breathing system anti-disconnection device: a case report. PMID- 3181150 TI - Methods of study of post-operative pain. PMID- 3181151 TI - Refolding of bacteriorhodopsin. Protease V8 fragmentation and chromophore reconstitution from proteolytic V8 fragments. AB - Staphylococcus aureus protease V8 cleaves bacteriorhodopsin to two main fragments, V-1 and V-2. Proteolytic digestion of the purple membrane integrated protein is carried out in the presence of limited amounts of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.5 g detergent/g bacteriorhodopsin). The fragment V-1 includes the arylisothiocyanate binding site (Lys41). The V-2 fragment comprises the two C terminal transmembrane segments of bacteriorhodopsin. Improved renaturation of bacteriorhodopsin and the ternary complex, reformed from its V8 proteolytic fragments, is attained by peptide extraction in chloroform/methanol/0.1 M ammonium acetate and subsequent incorporation into phospholipid/detergent micelles. In the presence of retinal, V8 fragments reform chromophoric ternary complexes. Light-adapted reconstituted chromophores absorb incident light at 560 nm. Protein secondary structures are partially conserved in the course of solvent extraction and are restored in the reconstituted system. Vesicles prepared from the reconstituted complexes show light-dependent proton translocation activity. PMID- 3181152 TI - Primary and secondary structure of the 18S ribosomal RNA of the bird spider Eurypelma californica and evolutionary relationships among eukaryotic phyla. AB - The primary structure of the 18S rRNA of the bird spider Eurypelma californica has been determined in the framework of a study of metazoan phylogeny on the basis of ribosomal RNA structure. A secondary-structure model was derived by comparison of the sequence with that of 43 other eukaryotic small-ribosomal subunit RNA sequences presently available. This comparison allows a rather detailed secondary-structure pattern to be postulated for a eukaryote-specific area of highly variable sequence and length for which no consensus model has hitherto been attained. A dendrogram, reflecting evolutionary relationships among the 40 eukaryotic species of known 18S rRNA structure, was constructed by a matrix method selecting the best-fitting tree on the basis of a least-squares criterion. The tree shows an early divergence of a microsporidium, an euglenoid, kinetoplastids and a slime mold. Among the remaining species, two main clusters are distinguishable, one comprising the Ciliata, the other comprising Metazoa, green plants, fungi and several protists. Among the Metazoa, the three phyla presently investigated, viz. Chordata, Arthropoda and Nemathelminthes, are distinguishable as three separate lines of descent. PMID- 3181153 TI - Primary structure of the major allergen of yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed, Sin a I. AB - Sin a I, a 2-S albumin from the seeds of yellow mustard, is herein described as the major allergen of these seeds. This protein is composed of two disulfide linked polypeptide chains of 39 and 88 amino acids, whose primary structures are reported. The Sin a I allergen is found to be related to other low-molecular-mass albumins, such as those isolated from rapeseed, castor bean and Brazil nut. Additional structural similarity has also been found between the glutamine-rich large chain of Sin a I and a proline-rich zein, a gliadin, and trypsin and alpha amylase inhibitors isolated from the seeds of several monocotyledons. Internal amino acid sequence similarity has been detected at both termini of the small and large chains of Sin a I and involves the location of proline and glycine residues at similar positions in relation to the processing cleavage sites. Prediction of secondary structure, based on the amino acid sequences of the mature chains of the mustard allergen, indicates that the precursor polypeptide is cleaved at regions showing a high beta-turn probability. This is also observed with the amino acid sequence deduced from the rapeseed napin gene nucleotide sequence. PMID- 3181154 TI - Microheterogeneity and structures of neutral glycans present in quail ovomucoid. AB - Anionic chromatography of oligosaccharide-alditols obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of quail ovomucoid glycopeptides resulted in the isolation of a major neutral fraction (83%) which was separated into 14 fractions by high-performance liquid chromatography on an alkylamine silica column. The structures of nine oligosaccharide-alditols were determined. By the identification of mannobiosido-, and mannotriosido-di-N-acetylchitobiose mixed with N-acetyl-lactosaminic and oligomannosidic-types oligosaccharides, we demonstrate the high microheterogeneity of the glycans presents in the neutral fraction of this glycoprotein and suggest that ovomucoid glycosylation uses several pathways. PMID- 3181155 TI - Synthesis of two proteins in chloroplasts and mRNA distribution between thylakoids and stroma during the cell cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. AB - Chloroplasts contain thylakoid-bound and free ribosomes and polysomes. Whether binding of polysomes plays an immediate role in the regulation of chloroplast protein synthesis is not yet clear. In the present work, variations of protein synthesis and of mRNA content were measured not in greening, but in fully differentiated chloroplasts during the cell cycle of synchronized cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. At different times of the vegetative cell cycle, the RNA was extracted from free and thylakoid-bound chloroplast polysomes and the partition of mRNAs between stroma and thylakoids was measured for two proteins, i.e. the 32-kDa herbicide-binding membrane protein and the soluble large subunit of the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. At the same time the rates of synthesis of these two proteins were also determined. At 2 h after the onset of light, the content of both mRNAs in chloroplasts had doubled and 75-90% of each of these mRNAs were found to be bound to the thylakoids. The rate of protein synthesis, however, increased 10-fold, but reached its maximum only after about 6 h in the light. The differences in the time courses, in the stimulation of the rate of protein synthesis, and in the mRNA-binding to thylakoids point to a translational regulation of protein synthesis. Furthermore, since a very high proportion of polysomes were bound to thylakoids, containing mRNA for both a membrane and a soluble protein, this light-induced binding of polysomes to thylakoids seems to be an essential, but not the only, prerequisite for protein synthesis in chloroplasts. PMID- 3181156 TI - Enzymatic methyl esterification of synthetic tripeptides: structural requirements of the peptide substrate. Detection of the reaction products by fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry. AB - Eukaryotic protein carboxyl methyltransferase catalyzes a two-substrates reaction in which the methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine is transferred to the free carboxyl group of D-aspartyl and L-isoaspartyl-containing peptide or protein substrates. It has been previously shown that at least three binding sites are required for the interaction of adenosylmethionine with the enzyme and/or the protein substrate [Oliva A., Galletti P., Zappia V., Paik W. K. & Kim S. (1980) Eur. J. Biochem. 104, 595-602], while very little is known concerning the structural requirements of the protein substrate. In this study several synthetic tripeptides were selected in order to elucidate the structural requirements of the methyl-accepting substrates. The results obtained with this series of peptides suggested that: (1) three residues appear to be the minimal length, so far identified, required for a productive enzyme-substrate interaction, several dipeptides being ineffective as substrates [McFadden P. N. & Clarke S. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11,503-11,511]; (2) the isoaspartyl residue is not recognized unless its alpha-amino group is involved in a carboamide bond; (3) an hydrogen atom on the amide linkage following the isoaspartyl residue is essential for both recognition and catalysis; (4) oligopeptides containing both D-aspartyl and D isoaspartyl residues are not recognized by this methyltransferase. On the basis of these results, interaction sites between the peptide substrate and the enzyme molecule have been proposed. This paper also reports the first application of fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry to the detection of the products of the enzymatic methyl esterification reaction. By this soft ionization technique, the methyl-esterified peptides as well as the corresponding cyclic imides generated during the spontaneous demethylation process have been identified. PMID- 3181157 TI - Structural study of long arm fragments of laminin. Evidence for repetitive C terminal sequences in the A-chain, not present in the B-chains. AB - The outer segments of the long arm of laminin have recently been shown to mediate attachment of many cell types and to stimulate neurite outgrowth. For a structural characterization of this part of the molecule we prepared, by limited elastase digestion of laminin, fragments E3 and E8, previously identified as a globular heparin-binding domain and as a 35-nm-long rod with a terminal globule, respectively. Fragment E3 is a domain adjacent to fragment E8. Both structures together comprise the complete terminal half of the long arm. Our data confirm current models, which predict that the C-terminal segments from all three chains contribute to its structure. The B chains terminate at the end of the rod like domain, while the large terminal globule is formed by A-chain structures only. In addition to fragment E3, two new fragments T1 and T2 obtained by tryptic cleavage of fragment E8 were characterized as substructures of the globular domain. Screening of a mouse cDNA library with synthetic oligonucleotides allowed isolation of an 1.8-kb cDNA clone encoding 547 C-terminal amino acids of the A chain and some 196 nucleotides of the 3'-untranslated region including a single polyadenylation site. The clone contained portions of domain T2 and the complete heparin binding domain E3 which was thus identified as the most C-terminal domain of the A chain. Sequence alignment indicated that the terminal globule is formed by homologous repeats of some 140 residues having no counterpart in the B chains. PMID- 3181158 TI - Kinetics of calcium binding to calbindin mutants. AB - The kinetics of calcium dissociation from wild-type bovine calbindin D9k (the smallest protein known with a pair of EF-hand calcium-binding sites) and five mutants with single amino-acid substitutions and/or deletions has been studied by stopped-flow fluorescence methods, using the calcium chelator Quin 2. The modifications are confined to the N-terminal half of the molecule, at or near the first calcium-binding site (I). Substitutions and deletions of amino acids in the calcium-binding loop of site I primarily affect the rate of Ca2+ dissociation from this site with only minor effects on the dynamic properties of the C terminal calcium-binding site (II). This finding corroborates and extends previous kinetic results obtained from 43Ca-NMR studies on the same set of mutants. By contrast, removal of the hydrogen bond between Tyr-13 and Glu-35, an interaction linking the two alpha-helices flanking site I, through replacement of Tyr-13 with Phe, has no observable effect on the rate of Ca2+ dissociation from the protein. Comparison of this kinetic data with binding-constant data, previously obtained in our laboratories, shows that the decrease in Ca2+-affinity of site I, observed in most mutants, is predominantly due to an increased off rate from this site. At low ionic strengths the second-order rate constants for Ca2+-binding to both Ca2+ sites of calbindin D9k are calculated to be of the order of 10(9) M-1 s-1 for all proteins studied. At higher ionic strengths (0.1 M KCl) the rates of Ca2+ dissociation from both sites are increased by a factor of three or more, suggesting a transition state which is ionic in nature. PMID- 3181159 TI - Gallidermin: a new lanthionine-containing polypeptide antibiotic. AB - Gallidermin is a new member of the class of lanthionine-containing peptide antibiotics, which are summarized under the common name lantibiotics. The lantibiotic gallidermin is produced by Staphylococcus gallinarum (F16/P57) Tu3928, and it exhibits activities against the Propionibacteria, involved in acne disease. Gallidermin differs from the recently discovered tetracyclic 21-residue peptide antibiotic epidermin only in a Leu/Ile exchange in position 6. The isolation procedures for gallidermin included adsorption directly from the culture broth, ion-exchange chromatography of the amphiphilic and basic polypeptide followed by desalting, and final purification by reversed-phase HPLC. The structural elucidation of the polypeptide containing four thioether bridges involved mainly a combination of automated gas-phase sequencing, thermospray liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry. PMID- 3181161 TI - Viscosity-dependent energy barriers and equilibrium conformational fluctuations in oxygen recombination with hemerythrin. AB - The recombination kinetics of photo-dissociated oxyhemerythrin (Sipunculus nudus) have been investigated between 298 K and 90 K. Fast geminate recombinations compete with oxygen escape into the solvent, from which a subsequent slower bimolecular rebinding takes place. In phosphate buffer (pH 7.7) at 278 K, the fast and slow processes are exponential and have comparable amplitudes. Whereas the oxygen escape rate rapidly decreases upon increasing the viscosity, the inward rate from the solvent is found to be independent of viscosity, up to about 50 cP (50 mPa.s). The data suggest that a Brownian-motion-driven displacement of one or several side-chain residues is implied in oxygen escape from within the protein and also that hemerythrin undergoes a conformational change in the deoxy state. At higher viscosities and lower temperature only the geminate phase is observed and the kinetics progressively depart from an exponential. Below about 130 K, the kinetics resemble those reported in the literature for heme proteins. They are consistent with a temperature-independent non-equilibrium frozen distribution of conformational substates. However, between 190 K and 130 K, the profile of the kinetics is invariant on a log/log plot and the results simply differ by a translation along the log t axis. It is shown that this property is expected only for a temperature-dependent distribution of substates in a Boltzmann equilibrium. From room temperature, where rebinding is exponential, down to the 'freezing' temperature, the geminate recombinations display a variety of kinetic laws. It can be shown, however, that for a broad class of substate distributions, the initial slope of the kinetic plot follows an Arrhenius relationship. The activation energy is equal to that of the exponential rate constant measured at high temperature. This result establishes the conditions under which protein data obtained from low-temperature kinetics can be extrapolated to physiological temperature. PMID- 3181160 TI - cDNA cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of the gene for arylsulfatase in the sea urchin (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) embryo. AB - Arylsulfatase is known to be synthesized in large amounts at the early gastrula stage of sea urchin development. We determined the amino acid sequence of a portion of the purified sea urchin embryonic arylsulfatase, and then isolated a cDNA clone for arylsulfatase by screening a sea urchin plutei lambda gt10 cDNA library with an oligodeoxynucleotide probe synthesized according to the determined amino acid sequence. The longest cDNA clones were selected and the nucleotide sequence determined. The cDNA is 2422 nucleotides long and encodes 551 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence has not sequence similarity with any of the peptides registered in NBRF peptide databank. Northern blot analysis revealed that the arylsulfatase cDNA hybridizes to a 2.9-kb mRNA. This mRNA exists in the unfertilized egg in small amounts, but markedly increases after the blastula stage preceding the increase of the arylsulfatase activity. PMID- 3181162 TI - Immunocytochemical analysis of soluble epoxide hydrolase and catalase in mouse and rat hepatocytes demonstrates a peroxisomal localization before and after clofibrate treatment. AB - The intracellular localization of soluble epoxide hydrolase and catalase was investigated in hepatocytes from untreated and clofibrate-treated male C57B1/6 mice and from untreated male Sprague-Dawley rats. Polyclonal rabbit antibodies directed against purified mouse liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase and rat liver catalase were used and their specificity ascertained by Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and immunoblotting. The IgG fraction was purified and incubated with cryosections of isolated hepatocytes or liver tissue, priorly fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and protein-A gold conjugates were used to visualize the antigen-antibody reaction. The soluble form(s) of epoxide hydrolase was found to be localized in the matrix of peroxisomes in hepatocytes from normal and clofibrate-treated mice and normal rats. No significant reactivity was found against plasma membrane, nuclei, mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, or cytosol. Catalase was also localized to peroxisomes in all samples investigated. Accordingly, both the catalase and the epoxide hydrolase activities routinely recovered in the high-speed supernatant after subfractionation of rat and mouse liver tissue mostly seemed to be due to extensive matrix leakage from peroxisomes, and this phenomenon may also be found in other species. Rat hepatocytes contained less epoxide hydrolase than mouse hepatocytes, as judged by both immunocytochemical labeling and biochemical data. Clofibrate treatment of mice decreased the labeling density of epoxide hydrolase and catalase in hepatocytes peroxisomes, as expected, and more unlabeled peroxisomes were observed. PMID- 3181164 TI - Dolichos biflorus agglutinin receptors in mouse muscle. II. Biochemical properties in relation to molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase. AB - A biochemical analysis has been performed on the relationship between the receptors for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) and collagen tailed acetylcholinesterase (16S AChE) in mouse skeletal muscle. The molecular forms of AChE were separated by differential salt extraction and by gradient centrifugation. DBA binding activity was measured using a microtiter plate binding assay and affinity chromatography. The 16S form of AChE was bound to DBA, whereas globular forms of AChE were not. However, only a small proportion of 16S AChE was capable of binding to DBA, and most of the DBA binding capacity in muscle extracts was not associated with the 16S AChE. The possible association with the neuromuscular synapse of DBA binding molecules other than 16S AChE is discussed with respect to our previous histochemical study on DBA binding sites in mouse muscle. PMID- 3181163 TI - Dolichos biflorus agglutinin receptors in mouse muscle. I. Developmental expression in relation to synaptic acetylcholinesterase and to neuromuscular disease. AB - The lectin (agglutinin) from Dolichos biflorus (DBA) binds selectively to the neuromuscular junction of different vertebrate species. We have examined the synaptic DBA receptors in skeletal muscle during postnatal development and in neuromuscular diseases of the mouse. No DBA binding was found at neuromuscular junctions of muscles from newborn mice, when acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholinesterases were already concentrated at the endplate. Synaptic accumulation of DBA receptors was evident 4 days after birth, and the staining intensity increased until postnatal day 10 to 12 when it reached the adult level. As shown by ultrastructural histochemistry, accessible DBA binding sites were confined to the crests of junctional folds in motor endplates of 4-day-old mice, whereas adult endplates exhibited DBA binding sites in the entire synaptic cleft including the junctional folds. Two neuromuscular hereditary diseases of the mouse, 'wobbler' (WR) and 'motor endplate disease' (MED) were examined. At the light microscopic level, DBA binding was normal in WR and MED endplates. At the ultrastructural level, MED synapses showed reduced junctional folds but unaffected DBA binding capacity. PMID- 3181165 TI - Effects of medium amino acids on ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ -uptake and membrane potential dependent [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium accumulation in Friend erythroleukemia cells. AB - The effects of amino acids present in minimal essential medium were investigated on 86Rb+ -fluxes and on the membrane-potential dependent accumulation of the lipophilic cation [3H]tetraphenylphosphonium (TTP+) in logarithmically growing Friend erythroleukemia cells. The ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ -uptake measured as well in complete growth medium as in Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) with amino acid composition present in growth medium, was 3 to 4-fold increased in comparison to the 86Rb+-uptake measured in pure EBSS only. The Na+,K+,2Cl- cotransport measured as piretanide-sensitive 86Rb+-uptake was reduced in the presence of amino acids. Stimulation of the ouabain-sensitive 86Rb+ -uptake could be brought about by the addition of alanine alone or of the sodium ionophore monensin. In spite of the activation of the Na+,K+ -pump the membrane-potential dependent accumulation of [3H]TPP+ was about 40 per cent reduced in the presence of medium amino acids indicating a decreased membrane potential under these conditions. On the other hand, monensin which induces an electrically silent Na+ influx via Na+/H+ -exchange was shown to hyperpolarize the membrane on the basis of [3H]TPP+-accumulation. These results suggest that the intensive uptake of neutral amino acids by Na+-cotransport in rapidly growing cells may be responsible for both stimulation of the Na+,K+ -pump and decrease in the transmembrane potential. PMID- 3181166 TI - Ultrastructural demonstration of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in rat hepatocytes. AB - Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, in conjunction with the immunogold technique, was used to demonstrate the ultrastructural localization of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase in rat liver hepatocytes. Gold particles representing thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase antigenic sites were found throughout the cell, but particularly densely associated with the granular endoplasmic reticulum and the cisternae of the Golgi complex. Label was also distributed over the cytosol and in the chromatin of the nucleus. We conclude that thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase are present in several different cellular compartments including the nucleus. In particular, the enrichment of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase to the endoplasmic reticulum is consistent with functions in protein processing, secretion and the formation of nascent protein disulfides. PMID- 3181167 TI - The changing distribution of actin and nuclear behavior during the cell cycle of the mite-pathogenic fungus Neozygites sp. AB - We have analyzed the behavior of nuclei and actin during the cell cycle of Neozygites sp. with mithramycin and rhodamine-labeled phalloidin. This fungus is an entomophagous zygomycete which grows as a rod-shaped fission yeast containing 2 to 12, mostly 3 to 4, nuclei per cell. The cell cycle is regulated such that there is not a constant nucleus-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio, and mitosis is initiated slightly asynchronously from one end of the cell. During interphase, detected actin occurs exclusively as peripheral plaques, which are most abundant at growing cell tips, and as perinuclear shells. Because the shells disperse and reform concomitantly with the formation and breakdown of a new septum-associated actin array, we infer that they are a novel form of actin storage. Intranuclear mitosis occurs in the absence of detectable spindle actin which suggests that actin is not a universal feature of mitotic systems and may be a cytoplasmic contaminant in open spindles of plant cells. Actin is involved in septum synthesis in previously unreported ways. Prior to morphologically detectable septum initiation, a peripheral equatorial band of longitudinal actin filaments assembles and then shortens to a transverse belt at the future site of septum synthesis. We suggest that this actin array recruits and organizes cell wall synthetic complexes for subsequent septum growth. During detectable septum synthesis, the invaginating plasmalemma bears plaques at a similar concentration to those at growing cellular tips. PMID- 3181168 TI - The effects of colchicine and dinitrophenol on the in vivo rates of anaphase A and B in the diatom Surirella. AB - The rates of chromosome-to-pole movement (anaphase A) and pole-pole separation (anaphase B) in vivo were measured in the pennate diatom Surirella, using differential interference contrast (DIC) light microscopy. In control cells, the rate of anaphase A is 1.6 +/- 0.6 micron/min, the rate of anaphase B is 2.3 +/- 0.3 micron/min, and the extent of anaphase B is 26.7 +/- 9.7% of metaphase spindle length. Colchicine was added to metaphase cells in order to inhibit any further addition of microtubule (MT) subunits onto the spindle. Colchicine, which does not break down the well-ordered Surirella central spindle, caused no significant change in the rate of anaphase A (1.3 +/- 0.3 micron/min) while it significantly decreased both the rate of anaphase B (1.2 +/- 0.4 micron/min) and the extent of anaphase B (14.8 +/- 8.3% of metaphase spindle length). Surirella cells were also treated with the metabolic inhibitor 2-4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in order to test the effects of energy depletion on anaphase. When DNP was added early in anaphase A, prior to the completion of sister chromosome separation, anaphase A was inhibited. When DNP was added after initiation of sister chromosome separation, anaphase A continued to completion, although at a lower rate than control cells (0.5 +/- 0.2 micron/min). Anaphase B was completely inhibited by DNP, but upon recovery from DNP resumed at a normal rate (2.2 +/- 0.5 micron/min) and progressed to a slightly larger than normal extent (44.0 +/- 13.0% of metaphase length).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181169 TI - Retention and structure of extracellular matrix in early chick embryos after quick-freezing and freeze-substitution. AB - Early chick embryos, stages 11 to 14, were isolated, quick-frozen by immersion in isopentane/propane cryogen (-185 degrees C) and freeze-substituted for study by scanning electron microscopy. Emphasis was placed on the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the axial region of the segmental plate and developing somites. Ultrarapid freezing, followed by delicate freeze-substitution, immobilizes and retains much more ECM than chemical fixatives that include tannic acid (TA). The matrix on the dorsal surface of the neural tube is preserved as delicate filaments which are expressed bilaterally over the tube in a dorso-ventral orientation. These parallel primary ridges of ECM have a spacing of 1 to 3 micron, forming grooves on the wall of the neural tube. Interrupting this pattern are funnel-shaped ridges about 80 to 100 micron apart along the neural tube. The ridges become decorated with cross-bridges creating a dense lattice in the region of somite development, to the extent that a basal lamina composed of dense fibrillar network and amorphous mats of matrix accumulates on the lateral wall of the neural tube. Heavy strands and fenestrated lamellae of ECM interconnect the neural tube, notochord and somites, and attach the overlying epithelium to the upper surface of the somites. The pattern of ECM is complimentary to the migratory pathways of ventrally migrating neural crest cells and is the basis for suggesting that a physical substratum influencing the direction of neural crest cell migration is an idea that should be revived. PMID- 3181170 TI - Introduction of a high-resolution cytochemical method for studying the distribution of phospholipids in biological tissues. AB - A novel cytochemical method for the in situ, ultrastructural localization of phospholipids in biological tissues is reported. The method is based on the enzyme-gold approach (M. Bendayan: J. Histochem. Cytochem. 29, 531, 1981). Phospholipase A2 from bee venom was adsorbed on colloidal gold particles (PLA2 gold) and applied for the specific labeling of its substrate, sn3 glycerophospholipids. The binding and enzymic competence of the PLA2-gold complex were confirmed by in vitro, preembedding experiments with erythrocytes and a crude lung surfactant preparation. The substrate specificity of the probe was assessed by labeling Epon thin sections of pure phospholipids. To test the potential applications of the PLA2-gold complex, lung and pancreatic tissues were fixed with glutaraldehyde-osmium and embedded in Epon for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They were also prepared for critical-point-drying fracture label (CPD-FL) replicas and thin-section fracture-label (TS-FL) specimens. On TEM thin sections incubated with PLA2-gold, all cellular membranes were labeled. The labeling density over each membrane compartment, as quantitated in lung type II pneumocytes, was classified in order of magnitude as follows: a) nuclear membranes; b) outer mitochondrial membrane and rough endoplasmic reticulm (RER); and c) Golgi complex, mitochondrial cristae and plasma membranes. In lung alveoli, the phospholipid-rich surfactant material was intensely labeled. Labeling of lung thin sections from chlorphentermine-treated rats (phospholipidosis-inducing drug) further demonstrates the reliability of PLA2 gold to label phospholipids. CPD-FL replicas and TS-FL specimens further extended the TEM observations: nuclear membranes and RER were more intensely labeled than plasma membranes. In exocrine pancreatic cells, two distinct labeling patterns were found for secretory granule membranes: sparse and dense. The specificity and reliability of the labeling were confirmed through several control experiments. The studies performed thus demonstrate the great potential of the PLA2-gold technique as a new approach to the high-resolution study of phospholipid distribution and density among biological structures. PMID- 3181171 TI - Medical aspects of lay resuscitations in Rotterdam. AB - In the Rotterdam system of prehospital care for patients with circulatory failure, the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training programme for lay persons contributes to the first link in the chain of care, i.e. the period of time spent awaiting the arrival of professional staff. In this paper we describe some of the medical aspects of this programme. The material used was obtained in a study of 5312 trainees who had followed a CPR course. Case histories were reconstructed of 91 victims who had been resuscitated by 109 respondents. At least 20% of resuscitated persons had collapsed as a result of non-cardiac causes. In this category the longer term survival rates were relatively the most favourable. In several instances the indication for resuscitation had been incorrect, while the technical proficiency in the delivery of CPR was often inadequate. We conclude that one course is insufficient for the development of the required 'skill'. We also conclude that the courses should dwell more elaborately on the non-cardiac causes of collapse, particularly in training programmes addressing the public at large. Attention is drawn to the need of designing and implementing special courses for family members and relatives of persons known to be cardiac patients. The need for continuing evaluation, involving active contributions from lay resuscitators, is underlined. PMID- 3181172 TI - Percutaneous single- and double-balloon aortic valvotomy in adolescents and young adults with congenital aortic stenosis. AB - Percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy was attempted in six consecutive adolescents and young adults, (mean age 18 +/- 5 years), with severe congenital aortic valvular stenosis. Peak systolic aortic valve gradient measurement and aortography was performed before and immediately after valvotomy, and a 1-6 months follow-up. The single-balloon technique was used in two patients and the double-balloon technique in four patients. After balloon valvotomy the mean peak systolic aortic valve gradient (PSG) decreased from 122 +/- 53 to 43 +/- 20 mmHg (P less than 0.01). The haemodynamic improvement persisted at follow-up (PSG = 47 +/- 31 mmHg), except in one patient who had previously undergone aortic surgical valvotomy. One balloon valvotomy was unsuccessful, presumably because of the selection of an inappropriately small balloon. Two patients with critical aortic stenosis (PSG greater than 165 mmHg), who exhibited a thick aortic valve on echocardiography with a relatively small aortic root and annulus, had a dramatic reduction in PSG. However, the degree of aortic regurgitation increased significantly in both cases. The theoretical haemodynamic advantage of the double versus the single balloon techniques was confirmed in one patient. We have demonstrated that percutaneous balloon aortic valvotomy using either the single- or double-balloon technique is feasible in young adults with severe congenital aortic stenosis. Further studies are required both to define appropriate patients and the selection of balloon diameter and length. PMID- 3181173 TI - Non-invasive preoperative assessment of chronic valvular heart disease by Doppler ultrasound. AB - Between February 1986 and June 1987, 306 consecutive patients were included in a programme of non-invasive preoperative assessment of valvular heart disease using M-mode and cross-sectional echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound. In 285 cases (93%), echocardiography provided all the necessary preoperative information. Coronary angiography was performed in 74 patients because of angina and in 55 because of their age. Invasive investigation was needed in 21 cases because of discrepancies between clinical data and echo-Doppler results. The results were definitely misleading in six patients, mainly due to erroneous assessment of valvular regurgitation. One hundred and ninety one patients underwent valve surgery (179 evaluated exclusively by echocardiography, 79 with coronary angiography as the sole invasive procedure). No discrepancies were observed between echo-Doppler diagnosis and macroscopic evaluation of valvular heart disease at surgery. Operative mortality (3.6%) was not significantly different from that observed during the preceeding period when preoperative catheterisation was performed (3.3%). It is concluded that echo-Doppler techniques are perfectly satisfactory for the preoperative assessment of patients with valvular heart disease. Cardiac catheterisation is only infrequently required, although coronary angiography remains mandatory in a selected group of these patients. PMID- 3181174 TI - Reproducibility of Doppler echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular diastolic function. AB - The present investigation was undertaken in 12 normal subjects to determine the magnitude of technical and biologic variability of six previously validated Doppler indexes of diastolic function. Variability due to the reader was small for each of the six Doppler indexes. Variability due to the technician was larger than for the reader, and day-to-day variability was larger than variability due to either the reader or technician for the great majority of the comparisons (i.e., 21 of 24). Four Doppler indexes assessing early diastolic events (isovolumic relaxation, duration of the early diastolic peak of flow-velocity, rate of decrease of flow-velocity in early diastole, and maximal early diastolic flow-velocity) did not show statistically significant changes due to day-to-day variability. The two Doppler indexes assessing late diastolic events [maximal late diastolic (atrial) flow-velocity, and the ratio between maximal early and late flow-velocity] showed greater change on a day-to-day basis (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, Doppler indexes that represent a measure of isovolumic relaxation and the early filling phases of diastole showed small variability. Indexes that measure the late filling phase of diastole, such as maximal late (atrial) diastolic flow-velocity and the ratio between early and late diastolic flow-velocities, showed relatively large day-to-day variability; therefore, serial changes in the atrial contribution to ventricular filling identified by these indexes should probably be interpreted with some caution. PMID- 3181175 TI - Echocardiography detects myocardial damage in AIDS: prospective study in 102 patients. AB - Few data are available about cardiac involvement in AIDS. We examined 102 consecutive patients with AIDS diagnosed clinically and serologically (Walter Reed Stage 5 and 6), by means of TM and cross-sectional echocardiography with the aim of detecting cardiac abnormalities. None of the patients had overt clinical signs of heart failure. Fifty-five (54%) patients showed persistent tachycardia, diminished left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (mean 7.6 +/- 0.2 mm) and decreased percentage LV fractional shortening (27 +/- 5). In 42 (41%) there was a globular and poorly contracting LV. Thirty-nine (38%) patients had pericardial effusion which was moderate in 30 and small in nine. In four patients, valvular endocarditic vegetation was shown--on the tricuspid valve in three, on the aortic valve in one: all of them were drug addicts; in three (2.9%) patients a cardiac mass was found which proved to be a localization of Kaposi's sarcoma in two. Twenty-five (24.5%) patients died; necropsy showed cardiac chamber dilation, and thin LV walls in 18. On microscopic examination, myocardial fibrosis and lymphocyte infiltration with cell necrosis were observed. We conclude that cardiac abnormalities are common in AIDS. Impairment in LV contractility as assessed from fractional shortening appears to be the most common echocardiographic finding, followed by LV wall thinning, pericardial effusion and eventually by LV cavity dilation. This evolution is suggestive of myocardial damage and supports the hypothesis that dilated cardiomyopathy may be a cardiac complication of AIDS. PMID- 3181176 TI - Functional assessment of patients treated with permanent dual chamber pacing as a primary treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AB - Patients with severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy pose a difficult management problem. Between 1984 and 1986, 11 such patients have been treated by dual chamber pacing. (DDD). Subjectively all patients improved and objectively there was an increase in exercise tolerance during paced rhythm. PMID- 3181177 TI - Tracker--an ambulatory recorder for ST-segment monitoring? AB - If ST-segment shifts are markers for ischaemic heart disease, they must be recorded accurately so that reliable diagnoses may be made. It is important to establish whether ST segments are distorted when recorded with ambulatory recorders. The Tracker/Replay II system (Reynolds Medical Ltd) is a machine widely used in Europe, yet little has been published assessing its performance when recording ST segments. We have therefore investigated the Tracker/Replay II system using electrocardiograms from patients with ischaemic heart disease and synthesized test signals to see if it could accurately reproduce ST-segment levels. We found that when recording QRS complexes at the upper limit of normal (2 mV and 110 ms), significant (0.14 mV) artefactual ST-segment changes were produced. The distortion was less for narrower or smaller complexes. PMID- 3181179 TI - Modification of a left-sided accessory atrioventricular pathway by radiofrequency current using a bipolar epicardial-endocardial electrode configuration. AB - Transcatheter ablation of a left posterolateral free wall accessory atrioventricular pathway using radiofrequency current and a bipolar epicardial endocardial electrode configuration was attempted in a 19-year-old woman. The patient had suffered from recurrent syncope due to atrial fibrillation with rapid conduction to the ventricles. Following applications of radiofrequency current between one electrode in the coronary sinus and another in the left ventricle placed high against the mitral annulus, the anterograde effective refractory period was increased from less than 205 ms to a lasting value of 460 ms. Radiofrequency application could be performed without general anaesthesia and caused no side-effects. PMID- 3181178 TI - Acute heart failure due to Q fever endocarditis. AB - We report a case of Q fever endocarditis in a patient who presented with a slight pyrexia and acute cardiac failure due to aortic incompetence. The diagnosis was made by detecting high titres of serum IgG and IgA antibody against Coxiella burnetii phase I antigens and confirmed by demonstrating C. burnetii on the excised aortic valve using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Aortic valve replacement was followed by initially successful antibiotic treatment for 15 months. Reappearance of IgA anti-phase I antibodies 5 months later suggested continued presence of bacteria, although the patient's condition remained satisfactory. In endemic areas, such as rural southern France, Q fever endocarditis should be considered when there is evidence of acute heart valve damage but are few other features of infection. PMID- 3181180 TI - The CHD risk-map of Europe. The 1st report of the WHO-ERICA project. By the ERICA Research Group. PMID- 3181181 TI - Treatment of chronic pulmonary hypertension by vasodilators. Symposium: E.S.C. Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation. 9 September 1987, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.Proceedings. PMID- 3181182 TI - Toxicity from treatment of neuroblastoma with 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine. AB - Toxic effects from 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) treatments of neuroblastoma in six patients were recorded. The toxicity was largely confined to the hematologic system where circulating leukocytes and platelets regularly declined after each dose of 131I-MIBG; the values reached nadirs between three and seven weeks and recovered slowly over subsequent weeks. Prior bone marrow transplantation and infiltration of bone marrow by neuroblastoma appeared to make the hematologic system more vulnerable to the radiation. Dosimetry revealed greater absorbed radiation by the whole body than by the blood and bone marrow. These observations are explained by a relatively rapid exit of 131I-MIBG from the blood to other tissues (but not to the bone marrow). Since treatment of an aggressive and lethal tumor such as neuroblastoma should be pushed to a degree of toxicity, careful dosimetry in each case will be necessary as a guide to reach the point of maximally tolerable toxicity. PMID- 3181183 TI - Modification by nifedipine of 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine kinetics in malignant phaeochromocytoma. AB - Following a case report that oral nifedipine can suppress the secretion of noradrenaline by phaeochromocytoma, we examined the effect of nifedipine on the tumour kinetics of tracer 131I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine (131I-mIBG) in five patients referred for mIBG radionuclide therapy for disseminated malignant phaeochromocytoma. In one subject a striking modification of mIBG kinetics was found that resulted in a doubling of the absorbed dose to tumour while the patient was taking nifedipine. At the same time, urinary excretion of noradrenaline was suppressed by a factor of three. The effect of nifedipine in this patient was confirmed when tracer studies were repeated nine months later. The changes in tumour kinetics were shown to be due to prolonged retention of mIBG rather than increased tumour blood flow or alteration of the curve of mIBG plasma concentration as a function of time. PMID- 3181184 TI - Biodistributions of radioactive alkaline metals in tumor bearing animals: comparison with 201Tl. AB - The retention values for 42K, 86Rb and 134Cs in the tissues and blood were quite similar to those for 201Tl, but were very different from those for 22Na. In an experiment for subcellular fractionation of tumors, most of these nuclides were localized in the supernatant fraction, with small amounts in other fractions. The concentration ratios for these nuclides in each fraction were approximately constant regardless of the time after administration. Radioactive alkaline metals in the supernatant fraction of the tumor homogenate existed mostly as free ions and were bound to protein in other fractions of tumor tissue. These results were essentially the same as those for 201Tl. Ouabain suppression studies indicated that 201Tl is taken up into the tumor cells partly through Na+, K+-ATPase of their membranes. Ionic radii of alkaline metals and thallium were related to their blood and tumor retention values. This relationship suggested that monovalent cations whose ionic radii exceed 0.133 nm, and which exist as free ions in the tissue fluids, behave like the potassium ion. Potassium and K analogs (Tl, Rb, Cs) are avidly taken up into viable tumor cells whose Na+, K+-ATPase activity is elevated. Therefore, suitable radionuclides of K and K analogs can be excellent agents for visualization of viable tumor tissues. PMID- 3181185 TI - Human breast tumor imaging using 111In labeled monoclonal antibody: athymic mouse model. AB - The monoclonal antibody (MoAb) 323/A3, an IgG1, was raised against the human breast tumor cell line MCF-7 and recognized a 43 Kd membrane associated glycoprotein. Histochemical studies with the antibody detected 75% of metastatic lymph nodes, 59% of primary breast tumors, and showed some staining in 20% of benign breast lesions. For radionuclide imaging, the MoAb 323/A3 was labeled with both 125I and 111In, via covalently coupled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) by the mixed anhydride method. The antibody activity of the DTPA modified 323/A3 was assessed by an immunoassay using viable and fixed MCF-7 target cells. Male athymic nude mice bearing BT-20 human mammary tumors were injected with dual 125I/111In labeled DTPA 323/A3 via the tail veins. The animals were imaged with a gamma camera equipped with a pinhole collimator at 1-3 h, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days after the tracer administration. On day 5 or 6, the animals were killed, and the biodistribution of the radiotracers was determined for the blood, thyroid, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract and tumor. Target to blood ratio at 6 days for the 111In tracer was 24:1 in the group with a mean tumor weight of 0.492 g, and 13:1 in another group with a mean tumor weight of 0.1906 g (day 5). However, the 125I activity showed only 3.6:1 and 5.4:1 target to blood ratios in the corresponding groups. The larger tumors localized less 111In tracer (27.13% +/- 7.57% injected dose/g, Mean +/- SD) than the smaller tumors (52.75% +/- 22.25% ID/g).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181186 TI - In vivo labelling of granulocytes with 99mTc anti-NCA monoclonal antibodies for imaging inflammation. AB - We looked for inflammatory lesions in 45 patients using in vivo labelled granulocytes. For the purposes of cell labelling we used a murine, monoclonal antibody reacting with NCA and CEA (BW 250/183) (Bosslet et al. 1985) labelled with 99mTc-pertechnetate. All abscesses and other inflammatory lesions were visualized with excellent quality scintigrams between 2 and 6 h after the injection. As the antibody can be stored in a freeze-dried form and labelled at any time in any Department of Nuclear Medicine with 99mTc-pertechnetate, without cell isolation being necessary, the method appears to be suitable even for use in acute diagnosis. No side-effects have so far occurred, even in patients injected up to three times. PMID- 3181187 TI - Tc-99m-IDA gallbladder kinetics and response to CCK in chronic cholecystitis. AB - The cholecystographic pattern and the contractile response of the gallbladder (GB) to cholecystokinin (CCK) were studied in 101 consecutive patients with uncomplicated chronic cholecystitis confirmed by pathology. Sequential GB images were obtained after administration of 5 mCi 99mTc-Disofenin and the ejection fraction was determined following a 15 min infusion of CCK. Sixteen of 101 (16%) GB failed to visualize up to 4 h; of the remaining patients, 3/85 (4%) showed delayed visualization beyond 1 h, and 82/85 visualized within 1 h. The mean ejection fraction (EF) in 67 patients was 56.9% +/- 27.5% compared to 74.8% +/- 19.8% in a normal control group of 27 subjects (P less than 0.005). However, there was a large overlap as 76% of chronic cholecystitis patients had EF values falling within the full normal range. GB disease could be identified with confidence when the EF was less than 35%, i.e. below the 2 standard deviation range of normal. On the basis of radionuclide kinetic studies alone, the majority of patients with chronic cholecystitis cannot be distinguished from normal. PMID- 3181189 TI - Biokinetics and dosimetry for 195Au, evaluated in an animal model. AB - The use of the generator produced radionuclide 195mAu, half life 30 s, has become feasible for several different investigations, e.g. cardiac studies. To assess the absorbed dose from the long lived radionuclide 195Au (the daughter of 195mAu, half life 183 days), a biodistribution study of 195Au was performed in animals. Seven rabbits were injected with eluate from a 195mHg-195mAu generator and the retention and the biodistribution of the long lived gold isotope was investigated. The activity was localized mainly in the liver and the kidneys. Transforming the data to man resulted in an absorbed dose from 195Au from 1 elution (approximately 925 MBq 195mAu) of 2.2 mGy to the kidney and 1.3 mGy to the liver and an effective dose equivalent of 0.26 mSv. The total effective dose equivalent from all radionuclides in the eluate (195mAu, 195Au, 195mHg and 195Hg), was estimated to be 0.65 mSv for a single injection (925 MBq 195mAu). PMID- 3181188 TI - Regional coupling of blood flow and methionine uptake in an experimental tumor assessed with autoradiography. AB - Regional distribution of L-[methyl-14C] methionine (14C-MET) and 4-[18F] fluoro antipyrine was compared using experimental rat tumors (AH109A) and a computerized autoradiogram image processor. Tissue distributions of the two tracers were found to be inhomogeneous in the tumor with nearly identical image patterns. Analysis of tissue radioactivities revealed that 82% of 14C-MET was derived from the acid insoluble fraction at 60 min after injection. The present study showed that 14C MET uptake closely relates to tissue blood flow and may depend on its blood to tissue transport. Rapid incorporation of MET in the acid insoluble fraction implies that it is rapidly metabolized after transport into tumor tissue. PMID- 3181190 TI - The appended curve technique for deconvolutional analysis--method and validation. AB - Deconvolutional analysis (DCA) is useful in correction of organ time activity curves (response function) for variations in blood activity (input function). Despite enthusiastic reports of applications of DCA in renal and cardiac scintigraphy, routine use has awaited an easily implemented algorithm which is insensitive to statistical noise. The matrix method suffers from the propagation of errors in early data points through the entire curve. Curve fitting or constraint methods require prior knowledge of the expected form of the results. DCA by Fourier transforms (FT) is less influenced by single data points but often suffers from high frequency artifacts which result from the abrupt termination of data acquisition at a nonzero value. To reduce this artifact, we extend the input (i) and response curves to three to five times the initial period of data acquisition (P) by appending a smooth low frequency curve with a gradual taper to zero. Satisfactory results have been obtained using a half cosine curve of length 2-3P. The FTs of the input and response I and R, are computed and R/I determined. The inverse FT is performed and the curve segment corresponding to the initial period of acquisition (P) is retained. We have validated this technique in a dog model by comparing the mean renal transit times of 131I-iodohippuran by direct renal artery injection to that calculated by deconvolution of an intravenous injection. The correlation was excellent (r = 0.97, P less than 0.005). The extension of the data curves by appending a low frequency "tail" before DCA reduces the data termination artifact. This method is rapid, simple, and easily implemented on a microcomputer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181191 TI - An improved method for the in vivo labelling of red blood cells with 99mTc in gated cardiac imaging. AB - Red blood cells of 10 patients were labelled with 99mTc by the in vivo method, 5 of the patients were orally administered with 400 mg potassium perchlorate at the time of stannous pyrophosphate injection and 5 ml blood was withdrawn at 10 min postinjection of pertechnetate to determine the labelling efficiency of RBC's. The RBC and plasma volumes were also determined in all patients by the 51Cr method. Our results indicated higher incorporation of injected radioactivity into RBC's in the perchlorate administered group (83.8% +/- 9.2%) compared to the other (58.5% +/- 22.0%) (P less than 0.01). The thyroid and stomach were visualized in the control group, but not in the perchlorate administered group. In routine application, 50 MUGA studies have been done with perchlorate administration with excellent results. In 60 patients without perchlorate administration previous to the present study the EF could not be determined in 6 patients (10%). Our results indicated that potassium perchlorate may be used routinely for in vivo labelling of RBC's to improve the labelling efficiency and the quality of gated cardiac imaging. PMID- 3181192 TI - Scintigraphic presentation of hip joint synovial chondromatosis. AB - A case of hip joint synovial chondromatosis with an unusual scintigraphic pattern is described. This pattern was suggestive of a hip joint destructive reactive articular process or late manifestations of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Concurrent radiographs were normal, as were laboratory investigations. Follow-up radiographs six months later showed radiolucencies and erosive bone changes in the diseased joint. Surgical and histopathological findings revealed well developed hip synovial chondromatosis (HSC) with thickened synovium and large, loose, cartilaginous bodies occupying and widening the tightened joint space, with destructive secondary juxta articular pressure and bone erosions. This and other scintigraphic patterns in HSC, and the differential diagnosis of the findings in patients with painful hip presentations are discussed. PMID- 3181193 TI - Intense bone imaging agent uptake in the soft tissues of the lower legs and feet relating to ischemia and cold exposure. AB - We present a patient with diffuse and intense uptake in the soft tissues of both lower legs and feet seen on 99mTc-HMDP bone scintigraphy. This finding presumably resulted from compromised blood supply to the lower legs plus a cold environment. The extraosseous bone imaging agent localization was presumably related to an existing ischemic condition that was exacerbated by cold. Differential diagnosis of the scan pattern should be differentiated from the artifact of socks contaminated by radioactive urine. PMID- 3181194 TI - Paget's disease mimicing skeletal metastases in a patient with coexisting prostatic carcinoma. AB - We present a 93-year-old man with prostatic carcinoma whose 99mTc-HMDP skeletal images showed multiple areas of abnormally increased radioactivity in the bone and virtual absence of renal activity. These findings were interpreted as representing multiple skeletal metastases. When correlated with concurrent radiographs, the abnormalities were found to be due to Paget's disease. Multiple areas of bone involvement are not rare in Paget's disease. We reemphasize that an abnormal bone scintigram should always be correlated with regional radiographs to rule out conditions other than malignancy. PMID- 3181195 TI - Increased cartilagenous uptake on bone scintigraphy in a patient with relapsing polychondritis. AB - A patient with relapsing polychondritis and increased uptake on bone scintigraphy (using 99mTc-MDP) in the cartilagenous parts of the ribs, the sternum and in the larynx region is described. A biopsy of a costochondral junction (where uptake on the bone scan was increased) was compatible with relapsing polychondritis. After treatment with prednisolone and azathioprine the patient improved and a repeated bone scan (after six years) showed less intensive uptake. PMID- 3181196 TI - Chloramphenicol in paediatrics: current prescribing practice and the need to monitor. AB - Two hundred and fifty-five neonates, infants and children, from 45 hospitals, who were receiving chloramphenicol therapy for serious infections were the subject of this study. Samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were assayed for chloramphenicol and the patients' treatment regimens analysed. Less than 50% of neonates and 25% of infants received the "recommended" dose of chloramphenicol. In older children the recommended dose was used. Only 34% babies under 1 year of age and 50% older children had serum concentrations within the therapeutic range (15-25 mg/l). Thirty-one percent of neonates and infants had potentially toxic serum concentrations. Forty-three percent of neonates receiving chloramphenicol every 6 h had subtherapeutic peak serum levels compared to 20% of those receiving the antibiotic every 12 h. Concomitant administration of phenobarbitone or phenytoin had no effect on mean serum chloramphenicol levels. Serum concentrations of chloramphenicol were significantly higher in patients also receiving penicillin. CSF levels in 77 samples (39 patients) ranged from 1-60 mg/l. CSF from 44% patients contained less than 4 mg/l. Twelve neonates and infants (5.5%) suffered toxic side effects, four died. A further eight babies received an accidental 2- to 10-fold overdose and in three others an overdose was assumed following assay. No overdoses or toxic effects were reported in children over 1 year of age. Eight patients with impaired renal function had elevated serum levels and three showed toxic effects. In 22% patients dosage regimens were altered following assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181197 TI - Treatment of paediatric urolithiasis by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy. AB - Non-surgical removal of renal and ureteral stones has proven successful in adults. In this study, 21 paediatric patients have been treated with the first generation extracorporeal shock-wave lithotriptor and an additional 13 children with a second generation local shock-wave lithotriptor. A total of 47 stones was treated. Treatment-related complications such as colics (17%/18.8%) or fever (8.3%/6.2%) were minimal. Stone passage occurred in 93% and 100%, respectively of each group. Open surgery is still the treatment of choice for large staghorn calculi. Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy can be performed successfully in paediatric nephrolithiasis with stones of limited size. PMID- 3181198 TI - Transient growth deceleration in normal short children. A potential source of bias in growth studies. AB - We have examined the records of 21 short children evaluated for growth hormone deficiency and found not to be deficient. Their growth velocity was evaluated for at least 6 months, both before and after testing. Without any specific therapeutic intervention, growth velocity was significantly higher after testing, as compared with before. We attribute this apparent "therapeutic" effect of testing to a selection bias, due to the fact that, in normal clinical practice, children are selected for testing immediately following a period of slow growth, and that decelerations of growth are very often transient. Studies of growth stimulating treatments using children as their own controls should, for this reason, be interpreted with caution. PMID- 3181200 TI - Growth response to growth hormone therapy following craniospinal irradiation. AB - Nineteen (12 male, 7 female) children, who have received craniospinal irradiation for the treatment of a brain tumour distant from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, resulting in growth hormone (GH) deficiency (CS-PRGHD), have been treated with GH. Eight have completed growth. Comparison has been made with the growth of seven untreated children, whose heights and growth rates at presentation were normal despite GH deficiency secondary to irradiation. GH produced a significant increase in growth velocity over the first 3 years' treatment in CS-PRGHD patients with a mean first year increment of 3 cm/year. Patients, treated to completion of growth, showed a significant increase in leg length standard deviation (SD) score (delta SDS + 0.2) compared to that of the untreated (delta SDS - 0.9) (P less than 0.05). Sitting height SD scores decreased irrespective of GH therapy (by -1.7 for the treated and -2.2 for the untreated). The onset of puberty in the irradiated patients occurred at a mean bone age of 10.7 years in males and 9.9 years in females. This limited the time available for GH therapy. These factors resulted in a decrease in standing height SDS of 0.9 at completion of GH therapy in CS-PRGHD, but a decrease of 1.7 in those not treated with GH. Thus GH therapy failed to induce "catch-up" growth in irradiated patients, but it did prevent further loss of adult stature, with a mean final height SD score of 3.4 in CS-PRGHD patients. PMID- 3181199 TI - Growth response to growth hormone therapy following cranial irradiation. AB - The growth response to growth hormone (GH) therapy has been studied in 12 children who received irradiation to the cranium alone either for brain gliomas, distant from the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, or as prophylaxis against CNS leukaemia. Seven children have completed GH treatment (mean duration 4 years) and five are presently on GH (mean duration 1.2 years). This response has been compared to that seen in 14 children with isolated idiopathic GH deficiency (IGHD), following GH therapy. Before treatment, the cranially irradiated patients (C-PRGHD) had higher standard deviation scores (SDS) for standing height, sitting height and leg length, and less bone age (BA) retardation, but started treatment at a similar age, and with a similar pre-treatment growth velocity and GH peak to standard provocative tests, compared to IGHD patients. GH produced a significant and similar increase in growth velocity (cm/year and SDS for BA) over the first 2 years' treatment in both groups. However C-PRGHD patients entered puberty and thus completed growth earlier than the IGHD group. As a result, cranially irradiated children showed no change in height SDS with GH therapy, compared to catch-up growth in IGHD. Nevertheless, GH has enabled C-PRGHD patients to maintain their centile position and to achieve a more acceptable final height. PMID- 3181202 TI - Fetal and neonatal mortality of small-for-gestational age infants. A 15-year study of 381 cases. AB - Fetal and neonatal mortality of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants in 1968 1982 were studied in the region of the University Central Hospital of Turku, Finland. During the study period, there were 254 fetal and 127 neonatal deaths in SGA infants. The fetal mortality rate of SGA infants declined from 49.9/1000 to 14.0/1000. The neonatal mortality rate of SGA infants declined from 23.8/1000 to 8.3/1000. The severely SGA infants with a birth weight below the 2.5th percentile had three times higher neonatal mortality rates than SGA infants with a birth weight between the 2.5th and the 10th percentiles. The main causes of fetal deaths were maternal diseases, placental and cord complications and fetal malnutrition, even though there was a decline in all these groups. Malformations remained the main cause of neonatal death during the study period, while there was a decline in deaths due to asphyxia and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The high mortality rates of SGA infants emphasize the need for early diagnosis and special attention during pregnancy, delivery and the neonatal period. PMID- 3181201 TI - Short stature: a common feature in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - In a retrospective growth evaluation, which included parental height, birth length and a longitudinal analysis of growth and bone maturation, it has been shown that short stature is a common finding in Duchenne muscular dystrophy already in an early or even preclinical stage. Normal length and weight at birth, slow subsequent growth with a curve crossing the centiles in the 1st years of life, and normal bone maturation are characteristic of this type of short stature. PMID- 3181203 TI - Effect of low-dose dopamine infusion on urinary prostaglandin E2 excretion in sick, preterm infants. AB - In pharmacological doses dopamine (DA) will interact with several endocrine systems and both inhibit (prolactin, thyrotropin) and enhance (renin, angiotensin) hormonal release. In this study we have examined whether DA given to preterm neonates will influence prostaglandin (PG) production. The question is of importance since vasodilator PGs play a role in postnatal adaptation. We determined the effect of low dose DA infusion on the 24 h urinary PGE2 excretion rate (an index of renal PGE2 synthesis) in preterm infants. Six preterm neonates, with a 24-h requirement of 2 micrograms/kg per min DA treatment for oedema, moderate oliguria, poor peripheral perfusion and/or mild systemic hypotension were studied on days 2 (Day 1), 3 (Day 2, the day of DA infusion), and 4 (Day 3, DA discontinued) of life. Six preterm infants (control group) that did not require DA infusion were also studied to monitor possible spontaneous changes in the renal PGE2 production on days 2, 3 and 4 of life. In the control group urine output (Uv) and PGE2 excretion rate remained unchanged during the study. In the study group DA administration resulted in nearly two-fold increases in both the Uv (194%) and PGE2 excretion (182%). Urinary PGE2 excretion was, however, closely related to urine flow in both the control infants (Day 1-3) and the study group infants (Day 1-2). Since increased diuresis stimulates renal PGE2 production, our data suggest that the increased PGE2 excretion on Day 2 in the study group was not due to a direct effect of DA on PGE2 synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181204 TI - Menkes' disease: long-term treatment with copper and D-penicillamine. AB - Menkes' disease is a rare X-linked recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism characterized by neurodegeneration, peculiar hair, and early death. The symptoms can be attributed to decreased activity of copper-dependent enzymes, but treatment with copper has so far failed to influence the course of the disease. We present the case of an 8.5-year-old boy, whom we treated alternately with intramuscular copper-histidine and oral D-penicillamine and who showed an extraordinary mild form of Menkes' disease. In contrast to his untreated maternal uncle, this patient had normal growth and intellectual development, but showed marked ataxia and slight speech difficulties. We suggest that parenteral copper histidine supplemented by oral D-penicillamine may be of benefit to early-treated patients with Menkes' disease. PMID- 3181206 TI - Partial tetrasomy 9 in an infant with clinical and radiological evidence of multiple joint dislocations. AB - We report on an infant with partial tetrasomy of chromosome 9 due to the presence in her peripheral lymphocytes and in 55% of skin fibroblasts of an isochromosome 9 comprised of the p arm and of a portion of the q arm extending to band q21.1. The phenotype is comparable to that of other cases with a similar chromosome aberration, with multiple joint dislocations as a prominent manifestation. PMID- 3181205 TI - Lethal osteogenesis imperfecta: abnormal collagen metabolism and biochemical characteristics of hypophosphatasia. AB - We have examined collagen from a patient with the rare type IIC form of perinatally lethal osteogenesis imperfecta, in whom biochemical characteristics of hypophosphatasia were also apparent. In addition to normal alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) chains, there were chains overmodified along their lengths. Unexpectedly, the thermal stability of molecules containing these chains was normal. This suggests the existence of a structural mutation causing delayed triple helix formation, situated in either the alpha 1(I) or alpha 2(I) C terminal propeptide. Since collagen synthesised by fibroblasts from each of the patient's parents was normal, the mutation was probably newly arising and dominant. In contrast to other reported cases of lethal osteogenesis imperfecta, not only was the secretion of collagen by cultured fibroblasts considerably retarded, but that of non-collagenous proteins was also severely impaired. PMID- 3181207 TI - Isolated gonadotropin deficiency in a boy with hypotelorism and median facial defect. AB - We diagnosed isolated gonadotropin deficiency in a 17-year-old boy with orbital hypotelorism and median cleft lip and palate. PMID- 3181208 TI - Excessive growth in a child with craniopharyngioma and growth hormone deficiency. AB - In a 5-year-old boy presenting with clumsiness and excessive growth, a large craniopharyngioma was diagnosed. Biochemically, there was a deficiency of growth hormone, a hypothalamic hypothyroidism and hypocorticalism, a thyroxine binding globulin elevation, an abnormal gonadotropin secretion and a mild hyperprolactinaemia. After removal of the tumour growth stopped almost completely. Plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I was in the lower normal range. Plasma IGF-II decreased after tumour removal. It is speculated that the tumour produced a growth factor causing excessive growth. PMID- 3181209 TI - Hereditary defect in carnitine membrane transport is expressed in skin fibroblasts. PMID- 3181210 TI - Dried blood spot immunoreactive trypsin (IRT) values. PMID- 3181211 TI - New aspects of oestrogen/gestagen-induced growth and endocrine changes in individuals with Turner syndrome. PMID- 3181212 TI - Neurodevelopmental screening of 5-year-old children. PMID- 3181213 TI - Primary empty sella and endocrinopathies in childhood: high prevalence among children with precocious puberty. PMID- 3181214 TI - A case of hepatitis associated with carbamazepine therapy. PMID- 3181215 TI - Switch of delta and beta chains in fetus. PMID- 3181217 TI - Seventh meeting of the Italian Association for Cell Biology and Differentiation. Spoleto, 16-19 October 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3181216 TI - "Cerebral" lactic acidosis and cerebrospinal fluid pH. PMID- 3181218 TI - Plasma levels of fluphenazine and prolactin in psychiatric patients. AB - A total of 100 patients receiving fluphenazine (FPZ) decanoate for at least 12 months (96 schizophrenics and 4 other diagnoses) were investigated for plasma levels of FPZ and prolactin on the day of injection (day 0) and 7 days later (day 7). The plasma FPZ level significantly correlated with the weekly dose of FPZ. The plasma FPZ level per weekly FPZ dose multiplied by 100 (the FPZ ratio) showed a 20-fold variation. The FPZ ratio was significantly higher in the day- and in patients (hospital-patients) than in out-patients. The plasma prolactin level significantly correlated with the plasma FPZ level but the prolactin to FPZ ratio negatively correlated with the plasma FPZ level. The prolactin to FPZ ratio was lower in the hospital patients than in the out-patients. This may suggest either that the high prolactin to FPZ ratio is an indicator of the therapeutic efficacy of FPZ or that there are at least two biologically distinct subgroups, one with a sharp prolactin response to FPZ, therefore with good prognosis, and another with the reverse direction. PMID- 3181219 TI - The problem of readmission with respect to occupational factors. Course and predictive influences after 5 years. AB - In this study the course of Readmission after one, 2.5 and 5 years was examinated at a sample of 258 first admitted psychiatric patients of different diagnostic groups. In the analysis occupational, soziodemographic and clinical parameters of these patients were related to the readmission after 5 years and studied if these parameters allow a predictive statement. It was shown that 40%-60% (dependent of diagnoses) of the patients were readmitted in a period of 5 years. The course of the readmission also varied in the different diagnostic groups. The most striking result was the rate of readmission of the schizophrenic psychoses which was at the time of the 1 year catamnesis below average after the 2.5 year analysis however above average. Beside these findings occupational and clinical predictors were identified in all diagnostic groups with exception of the schizophrenic psychoses group. The results are discussed and attention is put on possible consequences to prevent rehospitalization. PMID- 3181221 TI - False-negative brainstem auditory evoked potential recordings in a case of multiple acoustic neuroma. AB - A case history is reported to demonstrate that electrophysiological testing (brainstem auditory evoked potentials, BAEP and stapedius reflex) may fail in the search for cerebello-pontine angle tumours. The clinical history began with repeated episodes indicating a disorder of the vestibular system. Repeated testing of BAEP exhibited normal curves before and after surgery on the right side. This case serves as a reminder that normal BAEP do not necessarily exclude the presence of an acoustic neuroma developing in the immediate vicinity of the vestibular nerve. PMID- 3181220 TI - Dark condition normalization of smooth pursuit tracking: evidence of cerebellar dysfunction in psychosis. AB - Smooth pursuit tracking performance was evaluated in psychotic (n = 20) and normal control subjects (n = 20) during light and dark testing conditions using computer-based analyses of electrographically recorded tracking patterns. Previously reported impaired tracking in psychotics tested under light conditions was reaffirmed. However, the tracking patterns of patients during the dark condition not only resembled those of controls under similar conditions, but were no longer significantly different from controls' light condition performance. Among several possible bases for these results which are considered, the involvement of cerebellar dysfunction in these patients is emphasized. PMID- 3181222 TI - Urban-rural differences in psychotropic drug prescribing in northern Italy. AB - Urban-rural differences in psychotropic drug prescribing were examined by comparing data from general practices in two contrasting areas of northern Italy. Patients attending the urban doctors were 1.5 times more likely to be prescribed a psychotropic drug than their rural counterparts. We also explored urban-rural differences in factors influencing psychotropic prescribing. Such influences were more numerous and complex in the urban than the rural setting. PMID- 3181224 TI - Colposuspension in patients with combined stress incontinence and detrusor instability. AB - Thirty women with combined urinary stress incontinence and detrusor instability were treated by a colposuspension operation for urinary incontinence. Following surgery we found a significant reduction of symptoms regarding detrusor instability, from 22/30 patients preoperatively (73.3%) to 10/30 patients (33.3%). Urodynamically, 40% of the patients had detrusor instability following surgery. Only one surgical failure was encountered (3.3%). It is suggested that patients with combined detrusor instability and stress incontinence should be operated on. This group of patients was cured as far as stress incontinence is considered, and 60% of the patients presented normal cystometric findings and more than 50% of the patients (12/22) greatly improved clinically, regarding symptoms of detrusor instability, following surgery. PMID- 3181223 TI - Neuropsychological assessment of the transcallosal approach. AB - The long-term consequences of partial callosal lesions were examined in 7 neurosurgically treated patients. Detailed clinical and neuropsychological assessment of the interhemispheric transfer (multimodal sensory and motor tasks) as well as memory and attention tests were used. The results revealed some disconnection symptoms with minor clinical significance, which could not be attributed to particular sites of the corpus callosum, except the splenium. It is questionable whether the reported memory and attention impairments are caused by the callosal lesion or by extracallosal pathology. The results indicate that the transcallosal approach is a safe and feasible alternative in the management of pathological midline processes in the brain. PMID- 3181225 TI - Treatment of hydrocele testis by injection of tetracycline. AB - In a prospective study 27 hydroceles were treated with single aspiration and injection of 500 mg tetracycline. The median observation period was 6 months (range 3-15 months). One month after therapy 9 recurrences were observed; but 5 disappeared spontaneously during the next 2 months, giving an overall success rate of 85% (95% confidence limits 66-96%). No serious complications occurred. Dilution of tetracycline in lidocaine prevented acute scrotal pain. Sclerotherapy with tetracycline is efficient, easy and inexpensive and, therefore, economical and beneficial for the patient. PMID- 3181226 TI - One-stage penile cutaneous island flap repair for hypospadias in circumcized patients. AB - Routine circumcision of infants, even those with congenital hypospadias, still takes place in some parts of the world. Hypospadias repair in such patients is difficult. We describe our recent experience with a one-stage transverse penile cutaneous island flap repair of congenital hypospadias in 16 circumcized patients. In all patients the graft took. There were only 2 cases of urethrocutaneous fistulae and these were easily closed with rotation flap. Functional and cosmetic results were judged as good in 81% and fair in the rest. There were no repair failures. PMID- 3181227 TI - Bilateral single ectopic ureter. AB - A case of successfully treated bilateral single ectopic ureter with a follow-up of 13 years is reported. The genesis of the incompetence of the vesical sphincter and its treatment are discussed. PMID- 3181228 TI - Early diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma based on in vitro culture of viable tumor cells harvested by prostatic massage. AB - Prostatic cancer is diagnosed too late in most cases, so that therapy is frequently ineffective or even not undertaken at all because of the already advanced stage of the disease. An early diagnosis technique for prostatic cancer would therefore be highly desirable, also because all other available markers give very unsatisfactory results. Because of our experience in tissue culture of human prostatic specimens, by which we have shown good correlations with patient prognosis, we attempted to grow epithelial cells collected from prostatic fluid after rectal prostatic massage. Samples from prostatic cancer patients, diagnosed by needle biopsy, were grown in culture and were able to survive in vitro for at least 2 weeks, thus providing morphological and biochemical data concerning their neoplastic and differentiation features. The early data on this new approach, which we believe might represent a very useful test for the early diagnosis of the neoplasm, are reported here. The method is noninvasive and suitable for mass screening of the disease. Accuracy and reliability of the technique are currently being tested. PMID- 3181229 TI - Effective intubation for percutaneous pyelolysis. AB - The pelvi-ureteric incision carried out during percutaneous pyelolysis has been intubated with a tapered 14-french catheter in 20 patients. This catheter provided both internal and external pelvic drainage and proved efficient in decompressing the upper ureter when drained externally. This catheter provided optimal conditions for pelvi-ureteric healing and allowed splintage of a sufficient diameter to enlarge the upper ureter and improve drainage from the obstructed renal pelvis. PMID- 3181230 TI - Lateralized lumbar pain during sexual intercourse. Early clinical sign of single ectopic ureter? AB - Although a single ectopic ureter opening into the vagina has frequently been reported in literature, lateralized lumbar pain during sexual intercourse and urinary incontinence after pregnancy due to a single ectopic ureter are uncommon. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown but some clinical, pathological and embryological considerations can be made. PMID- 3181232 TI - Invasive bladder carcinoma, progress in basic research, diagnosis, surgical and medical therapy. 2nd Symposium of the Heinrich Warner Foundation. Hamburg, November 6-7, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3181233 TI - Human bladder cancer grown as xenografts and in tissue culture as models of the biology and treatment of invasive bladder cancer. PMID- 3181234 TI - Mouse bladder carcinoma as a model to study immune manipulations in man. PMID- 3181235 TI - Is loss of basement membrane important for invasion? PMID- 3181231 TI - New diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine lithiasis. Another case of complete adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. AB - 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine lithiasis is rare. One case, the methods to establish the diagnosis by high performance liquid chromatography and the treatment are described. PMID- 3181236 TI - A phase-II study of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in T3-4N0-XM0 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a preliminary analysis. PMID- 3181237 TI - Radical cystectomy with ileocystoplasty: 30 year experience. PMID- 3181238 TI - 16 years experience in the management of patients with deeply invasive bladder cancer. PMID- 3181239 TI - Mainz pouch for augmentation bladder substitution or continent urinary diversion. PMID- 3181241 TI - Chemotherapy and cystectomy in patients with bladder carcinoma. PMID- 3181240 TI - Bladder substitution with an ileal low-pressure reservoir. PMID- 3181242 TI - Incorporation of M-VAC combination chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with invasive and metastatic bladder cancer. PMID- 3181243 TI - Therapeutic options for patients with invasive bladder cancer: the Stanford experience. PMID- 3181244 TI - Is cystectomy necessary for invasive bladder carcinoma? PMID- 3181245 TI - Radiotherapy and chemotherapy in locally advanced bladder cancer. PMID- 3181246 TI - Quality assessment of clinical trials in bladder cancer. PMID- 3181247 TI - Blood group antigen expression in urothelial neoplasia. PMID- 3181248 TI - Impact of standardization of estrogen and progesterone receptor assays of breast cancer biopsies in Denmark. AB - Estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PgR, respectively) data for the three laboratories participating in the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) project for treatment of primary breast cancer are presented for the period 1979 1986. The frequency of ER positivity remained constant for one laboratory throughout this period, while this value changed significantly in the other two laboratories. Inter-laboratory reproducibility (evaluated as the frequency of ER positivity) was poor at the onset of the project (P = 0.0003) but, due to standardization procedures, improved after 1982. Slight but significant differences in the composition of the patient populations at the three centers (menopausal status and tumor size) may account for some of the differences observed both in frequency of PgR positivity as well as PgR concentrations determined. Greater intra- and inter-laboratory differences were observed in all three laboratories for PgR than for ER. Part of this variation is believed to have been alleviated by the addition of 10 mM sodium molybdate to the assay buffer in 1983. From having very divergent frequencies of PgR positivity in the three laboratories (31-71%) in 1981, this divergence has been reduced in 1985 (62 78%). While data regarding ER status significantly distinguish between patients with long versus short recurrence-free survival (irrespective of treatment) in one laboratory in both the 77 and the 82 generations of clinical protocols within the DBCG program, ER status from the other two laboratories makes this distinction only in the 82 protocols. We attribute this inability of ER status to distinguish among patients in the 77 protocols to the suboptimal nature of the assays performed in these two laboratories at that time. The overall improvement in comparability of data from the three laboratories during the standardization procedures as well as the fact that ER status from all three laboratories is now capable of distinguishing different patient groups attest to the fact that standardization procedures are both necessary and useful. PMID- 3181249 TI - Aclarubicin in advanced thyroid cancer: a phase II study. AB - Twenty-four patients with metastatic thyroid cancer were treated with aclarubicin intravenously at a dose of 25-30 mg/m2 daily for 4 days and treatment was repeated every 3 weeks. None of the patients had previously received chemotherapy. Twenty-three patients received two or more treatment cycles and were evaluated for their response. One complete remission and four partial remissions were noted (objective remission rate 22%). Mean survival time was 57 weeks. Side-effects were evaluated in 24 patients with 18 patients receiving prophylactic antiemetic therapy. Nausea was observed in 18 (75%) and vomiting occurred in three patients (13%). In 15 patients (63%) there was mild myelosuppression. We conclude that aclarubicin alone represents an effective therapy in patients with metastatic thyroid cancer and that side-effects are minor. PMID- 3181250 TI - Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of pirarubicin in advanced cancer patients. AB - We have studied the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of pirarubicin (4'-O tetrahydropyranyldoxorubicin) in six patients included in an EORTC phase II study. Pirarubicin was injected as an i.v. bolus of 5 min on 3 consecutive days at a dose of 20 mg/m2 per day. Blood samples were collected at regular times after each injection. Urine was collected over 12 h periods for 3 days and then over 24 h periods. Pirarubicin and metabolites were extracted on Sep-pak cartridges, and analyzed by HPLC with fluorometric detection. Unchanged pirarubicin followed three similar plasma concentration curves, which could be fitted by a two-compartment model with successive half-lives of 22.0 min and 12.7 h. Total plasma clearance of the drug was 90 l/h/m2 and total volume of distribution 1380 l/m2. Doxorubicin was the main metabolite in plasma after an injection of pirarubicin; its concentration was lower than that of pirarubicin but progressively increased from day to day and exceeded the level of pirarubicin 8 h after the 3rd injection of the drug until the end of the blood sampling. Pirarubicinol and doxorubicinol were also metabolites of pirarubicin in plasma; pirarubicinol followed similar plasma concentration curves during the 3 days of treatment whereas doxorubicinol progressively increased from day to day. Total urinary excretion represented about 6% of the dose injected. The same metabolites as in plasma were found in urine. Whereas the total amount of pirarubicin and pirarubicinol was the same in urine during the 24 h after each injection, the amounts of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol excreted increased from day to day, so that doxorubicin became progressively the main compound in urine after the end of the treatment. The progressive accumulation of pirarubicin metabolites (doxorubicin and doxorubicinol) after the repetitive injections of pirarubicin are probably due to the protracted half-lives of these compounds as compared to that of pirarubicin. PMID- 3181251 TI - The effect of bromocriptine on the lactotroph cells in two inbred strains of mice C3H/Sy and AKR/Sy. AB - This paper deals with the effect of bromocriptine on the morphology and the number of lactotrophs in two inbred strains of mice, one with a high and the other with a low mammary cancer incidence. Bromocriptine decreases the number of lactotrophs in C3H mice while their number in AKR is not affected. These observations suggest that bromocriptine affects the two strains in a different way, probably due to their different prolactin levels in the pituitary. The above treatment resulted also in a shrinking of the RER and a reduction in size of prolactin granules, probably due to a decline in the secretory activity of lactotrophs. Of special interest was the appearance of a 'new' cell type with mixed characteristics of somatotrophs and lactotrophs. These findings, along with an increase in the number of chromophobes, suggest that bromocriptine can induce cell regression. Probably the 'new' cell is an intermediate form between chromophobes and lactotrophs and somatotrophs. PMID- 3181252 TI - Nuclear oncogene amplification or rearrangement is not involved in human colorectal malignancies. AB - We have examined 44 cases of human colonic and rectal carcinomas for structural rearrangement and amplification of c-myc, N-myc, L-myc, c-myb and p53 oncogenes. DNA hybridization showed evidence of c-myc amplification in only one of the samples tested. In addition, the same tumour also showed a rearrangement immediately 3' to the c-myc locus. No rearrangement could be found at the c-myc locus in the other 43 cases. Moreover, our molecular analysis of N-myc, L-myc, c myb and p53 genes indicated no relevant alteration of the copy number and/or genomic structure of these nuclear oncogenes. Thus, at least in human colorectal malignancies, it is unlikely that nuclear oncogene structural alterations and/or amplification plays a major role in tumour induction or progression. PMID- 3181253 TI - Serum hormone levels in breast cancer patients and controls in Egypt and Great Britain. The Anglo-Egyptian Health Agreement Collaborative Study. AB - The levels of serum prolactin, progesterone, oestradiol and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) have been measured in premenopausal and postmenopausal normal women and patients with breast cancer living in Egypt or Britain. In addition, the percentage of non-protein-bound oestradiol (free oestradiol) was determined. The breast cancer patients had attended the Tanta Cancer Institute, Cairo Cancer Institute, Guy's Hospital, London or the Western Infirmary, Glasgow. The respective control women were unaffected volunteers living in Tanta, Cairo, Guernsey or Glasgow. The concentration of serum prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone was similar for cancers and controls within, or between centres. There was no difference between patients and their respective controls in SHBG levels for the four centres. In premenopausal women a comparison of combined patient and control groups showed that women from Tanta had significantly raised SHBG levels compared with similarly combined groups from the other three centres. Egyptian women (cancers plus controls) had a higher percentage free oestradiol (1.61%) than British women (1.42%). In all four centres there was a significant linear correlation between the percentage free oestradiol and SHBG levels for pre and postmenopausal women. The regression line for British women was significantly lower than that of Egyptian women. Thus, for a given serum SHBG level, Egyptian women have a higher free oestradiol than British women. The results may be associated with the claim that Egyptian women present with a more aggressive form of breast cancer than British women. PMID- 3181254 TI - Characteristic variations of serum alkaline DNase activity in relation to response to therapy and tumor prognosis in human lung cancer. AB - The objective of the present study was to evaluate serum alkaline DNase activity (SADA) variations as a useful means of lung cancer monitoring therapy. SADA was measured in 40 patients with non-small cell and small cell carcinomas. Blood samples were collected before (Time 0), during the treatment and months after therapy. A decrease in SADA during the first treatment indicates a good clinical response, whereas an absence of decrease indicates a non-response to treatment. In patients who respond to therapy, three types of variations of SADA are observed during the clinical course. A progressive regaining of SADA up to a value largely exceeding the level of the initial SADA value (T0) correlates with a complete remission. An incomplete regaining of enzyme activity corresponds to a partial remission, whereas no regaining of SADA precedes a fatal evolution. Such variations in SADA observed in the 40 patients with lung carcinomas support our previously published clinical results, confirming that the variations of SADA could be a reliable marker for the therapeutic monitoring of different human malignancies. PMID- 3181256 TI - Effects of routes of administration of TCNU on its plasma, tissue and tumour concentrations. AB - Tissue and plasma samples were taken from normal and tumour bearing mice at various time intervals following a dose of 30 mg kg-1 TCNU given by various routes. TCNU levels were measured by HPLC. The results show that the route of administration influences plasma concentrations, bioavailability and tissue and tumour concentrations. Intravenous administration gave 100% plasma bioavailability but only 15% of this level was seen following oral administration with consequently lower levels in tissues and tumours. The effect of gastric contents played a major role in this reduced bioavailability and plasma levels increased to 65% following overnight fasting. The differences in concentrations of TCNU observed here in plasma, tumour and normal tissues after oral and intravenous administration may have important clinical implications and may influence both anti-tumour activity and toxicity. PMID- 3181255 TI - Phase II study of iproplatin (CHIP, JM-9) in advanced testicular cancers progressing after prior chemotherapy. AB - Twenty-two patients with advanced testicular cancer received iproplatin at a dose of 180-240 mg/m2 every 4 weeks. All the patients progressed or recurred after chemotherapy including cisplatin. The most severe toxicity was thrombocytopenia with two toxic deaths after a first cycle of 240 and 180 mg/m2 respectively. Nausea and vomiting were almost universal but mild in intensity. One renal failure occurred 6 weeks after the first cycle while the tumor was progressing. No antitumor activity was observed in this heavily pretreated population of patients. PMID- 3181257 TI - Anti-tumour activity of TCNU in a panel of transplantable murine colon tumours. AB - The novel nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-[2-(dimethylaminosulphonyl)ethyl]-1 nitrosoure a (TCNU) is active against a panel of three transplantable murine adenocarcinomas of the colon of varying growth characteristics and morphology (MAC system). It shows greater activity than previously tested nitrosoureas in this system and the routes of administration of TCNU do not significantly alter its anti-tumour activity. These data suggest that TCNU may be useful in the management of large bowel cancer as the MAC system has been previously shown to be a good model of human disease. PMID- 3181258 TI - In vitro and in vivo responses of a panel of murine colon tumours to TCNU: a positive correlation. AB - TCNU is highly active against a panel of three histologically distinct transplantable murine adenocarcinomas of the colon (MAC tumours). Significant reductions in colony formation (greater than 70%) were observed in vitro in all three cell lines following a 1 h exposure to TCNU at experimentally achievable drug C X t values. A good correlation exists between in vivo tumour responses and in vitro cell responses in all cases. Dose-response curves generated at increasing exposure times suggest that no active or long lived products of TCNU are formed as a result of the drug's spontaneous breakdown in vitro (rate of breakdown was 0.078 micrograms min-1 at 37 degrees C). Preliminary studies with the HT-29 human colon cell line have demonstrated that multi-cellular spheroids are more responsive to TCNU (2 X) than the same cells cultured as monolayers. PMID- 3181259 TI - Effect of angiotensin II on blood flow in the transplanted sheep squamous cell carcinoma. AB - The effects of systemic infusion of angiotensin II on the distribution of blood flow in the sheep squamous cell carcinoma after transplantation to the liver were measured using tracer microspheres. The ratio of arterially introduced radioactive microspheres embolizing in tumour tissue compared to normal hepatic parenchyma was measured before and after infusion of angiotensin II. Doses of angiotensin II inducing increases in mean arterial blood pressure of 26 mmHg produced significant increases in the embolization ratio from 2.8 to 4.1:1. In addition, the ratio of microspheres gaining access to the necrotic centres of the tumours compared to the normal liver tissue significantly increased from 1.6 to 2.3:1. In terms of the technique of internal radiation therapy for hepatic metastases, the concurrent infusion of angiotensin II with injection of radioactive microspheres would result in a substantially enhanced radiation dose to liver tumours. At the same time the dose to normal tissue can be minimized. PMID- 3181260 TI - Phase II study of TCNU in advanced breast cancer. PMID- 3181262 TI - Cancer antigen CA125 in epithelial ovarian cancer: immunohistochemical expression before and after chemotherapy. PMID- 3181261 TI - Esorubicin in advanced ovarian epithelial cancer. A phase II study of the EORTC Gynecological Cancer Cooperative Group. PMID- 3181263 TI - Membrane targets in cancer chemotherapy. PMID- 3181264 TI - Oestradiol enhances doxorubicin uptake and cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). AB - The cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin on human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) appeared to be correlated with drug concentration, exposure time and cellular uptake of doxorubicin. The effects of short-term stimulation of the growth of MCF-7 cells with 30 pM oestradiol was investigated with respect to the uptake of doxorubicin and cell kill. Culture of MCF-7 cells in steroid hormone-deprived medium resulted in an approx. 90% arrest of the cells in the G0G1-phase of the cell cycle. Growth stimulation with 30 pM oestradiol caused a 3-5-fold increase in the number of cells in S-G2M phase at between 18 and 24 h after administration of oestradiol to the medium. Incubation of oestradiol-stimulated cells with 0.37 microM doxorubicin during both 1 and 6 h resulted in an augmented inhibition of cell growth compared to unstimulated controls. An enhanced cellular uptake of doxorubicin after administration of oestradiol was observed only after an incubation period of 6 h and not of 1 h. These observations suggest that both an increased sensitivity to doxorubicin and an augmented cellular uptake of the drug may underlie the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin after pretreatment with oestradiol. PMID- 3181265 TI - Structure-bioactivation relationship of a series of podophyllotoxin derivatives. AB - With the aim of elucidating the structural requirements for O-demethylation of the antitumor agent VP-16-213 by cytochrome P-450, the binding of a series of podophyllotoxin derivatives to rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 was studied. The examined podophyllotoxin derivatives were: VP-16-213, VM-26, podophyllotoxin, 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin (the aglycone of VP-16-213 and VM-26) and 3,5 dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene (a model compound for the E-ring of VP-16-213). The binding to phenobarbital (Pb)-induced microsomes was more extensive than that to 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC)-induced microsomes. Experiments on the binding to cytochrome P-450 in Pb-induced microsomes led to the following findings: (a) the presence of the polycyclic skeleton is necessary for binding; (b) the presence of the sugar moiety gives a further extension of binding, and changes in the sugar moiety affect binding; (c) binding increases on elevation of hydrophobicity; (d) the E-ring itself does not bind. For binding to cytochrome P-450 in 3-MC-induced microsomes conclusions (a) and (d) appeared to hold true. For the O-demethylation of the podophyllotoxin derivatives containing the dimethoxyphenol ring by Pb- and 3-MC-induced microsomes, the following order was observed: VM-26 greater than VP 16-213 greater than aglycone much greater than E-ring. A similar sequence was observed for the cytotoxicity against Chinese hamster ovary cells. PMID- 3181266 TI - A simplified tritiated thymidine incorporation assay for chemosensitivity testing of human tumors. AB - Chemosensitivity testing was performed using a simplified rapid assay based on tritiated thymidine incorporation. In this assay, 1.5 X 10(5) tumor cells were cultured for 72 h in double-layer agarose in 25 mm plastic dishes, which had a Millipore membrane sealed to the underside. After 24 h labeling of the cells with tritiated thymidine, cells were collected on the membrane by evacuating the solubilized medium through the filter sealed to the underside of the dish, which was placed in a boiling water bath. The radioactivity of the collected cells was counted by liquid scintillation. We found that 65% of 68 malignant tumors gave evaluable chemosensitivity results. Overall, chemotherapeutic drugs caused a 38% response rate in vitro. Twenty instances were evaluable for in vitro-in vivo correlations. The predictive accuracies were 93% for resistance and 67% for sensitivity. The results indicate that, with technical simplicity and shorter time course (4 days), this assay may be useful for chemosensitivity testing in human tumors. PMID- 3181267 TI - Influence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and arterial ischaemia on glucose oxidation and growth of liver cancer in the rat. AB - Malignant tissues are known to exhibit a high rate of glucose oxidation. It could therefore be hypothesized that reduction of glucose oxidation could be of benefit for the treatment of malignancies. We tested this approach, and by using [UL14C]glucose, we showed that glucose oxidation in a transplanted adenocarcinoma in the rat liver was 2.81 +/- 0.23 times as high as that of the surrounding liver tissue (P less than 0.01). In vivo treatment with intra-arterial 2-deoxy-D glucose (2DG) infusion at 800 mg/kg via the gastroduodenal artery reduced the tumour/liver ratio of glucose oxidation to 1.88 +/- 0.12 (P less than 0.01). A similar inhibition of tumour glucose oxidation was obtained by 1 h of hepatic arterial ischaemia (P less than 0.05), or by ischaemia combined with 2DG infusion at 400 mg/kg (P less than 0.01). A 5-day course of intermittent hepatic dearterialization combined with continuous intra-arterial 2DG infusion at 400 mg/kg/day produced liver tumour growth retardation (P less than 0.01). We conclude that intermittent dearterialization reduces not only tumour growth but also the high tumour glucose oxidation. Dearterialization reduced glucose oxidation as much as 2DG did, which could be a mechanism behind reduced tumour growth. PMID- 3181268 TI - A phase I-II study of ifosfamide in combination with adriamycin in the treatment of adult soft tissue sarcoma. AB - Fifty-four patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma were treated with a combination of ifosfamide (5 g/m2) and adriamycin (40-60 mg/m2) at 3 weekly intervals. Of the 50 evaluable patients a response was seen in 11 (22%) patients (3 complete and 8 partial responses), stabilization of disease occurred in 17 patients and the remaining 22 patients progressed whilst on treatment. Of the 22 patients receiving adriamycin 60 mg/m2 12 (55%) required a dose reduction due to toxicity compared to 11 (39%) of the 28 patients who received 40 mg/m2. For the patients who had a response the median relapse-free interval was 7 months (range 2-17+) and the overall median survival was 12 months (range 5-29+). The combination does not appear to show an advantage over either drug used as a single agent. PMID- 3181269 TI - Two new human tumor cell lines derived from squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue: establishment, characterization and response to cytotoxic treatment. AB - Two new permanent cell lines derived from squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue, CAL 27 and CAL 33, have been established in culture. Both cell lines were isolated in standard culture media without epidermal growth factor or fibroblast feeder layer to avoid obtaining clones of more differentiated cells. Analysis of the morphology, ultrastructure, karyotype and immunohistochemical properties of these two cell lines demonstrated that they are both well characterized, uncontaminated by HeLa cells, and do in fact correspond to transformed epithelial cells that have conserved certain characteristics of the original Malpighian epithelium. CAL 27 and CAL 33 have relatively long doubling times (35 and 43 h respectively). Their response to 14 drugs used for cancer chemotherapy was evaluated by a short term assay based on tritiated thymidine incorporation after exposure to the drugs. CAL 27 was more resistant than CAL 33 in all cases but one. Although cytogenetic examination revealed both lines to be malignant, neither CAL 27 nor CAL 33 produced colonies in soft agar; both lines were tumorigenic after inoculation into nude mice. This study clearly demonstrates the diversity of cancers of a given histologic form, in agreement with the diversity noted previously in vivo. Isolated without the use of any selection criteria, these cell lines constitute appropriate models for the study of human tumors. PMID- 3181270 TI - Therapeutic efficacy of danazol in myelodysplastic syndromes. AB - Sixteen unselected untreated patients with primary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and various combinations of blood cytopenia were treated with danazol, an attenuated androgen reported to be of some value in these conditions. After a 12 week trial (danazol 600 mg/day/p.o.), anaemia improved in 4/14 patients, with transfusional requirements being reduced by 50% or more in four other cases (response 57%). An enhanced reticulocyte production was documented in 6/13 cases (46%), and thrombocytopenia resolved in 5/8 (62%). Results of the granulocyte count were less satisfactory, with only one partial response obtained among five cases. A normalization of the monocyte count was seen in 3/5 patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia, with one of them achieving a complete haematological and clinical remission lasting 6 months. Circulating blast cells decreased significantly (50% or more) in 4/6 cases. Although clinical symptoms from anaemia and bleeding disappeared in responsive cases, four patients developed acute non-lymphocytic leukaemia. Danazol was well tolerated and produced no acute or chronic toxicity. The drug appears useful in the management of anaemic and thrombocytopenic MDS patients. PMID- 3181271 TI - Experimental cancer therapy in mice by adenine nucleotides. AB - Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine 5' triphosphate (ATP), injected intraperitoneally into tumor-bearing (s.c. implanted footpad tumors) mice, exhibited significant anticancer activity. Daily treatments (for 10 days) inhibited the growth of the fast-growing, aggressive CT 26 colon adenocarcinoma in CB6F1 mice. The growth-inhibitory activity of adenine nucleotides was also observed against a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma, CAPAN-1, xenografts in athymic nude mice. With low tumor burdens some 'cures' were obtained in both model systems. No inherent toxicity, as determined by changes in host weight, were observed during and after the period of treatment. Intraperitoneal injections of 1 ml of 50 mM AMP, ADP or ATP in saline, yielded elevated blood and plasma levels of ATP which lasted for several hours in both strains of mice. The growth-inhibitory activities of adenine nucleotides against tumor cells in vitro, have previously been demonstrated. PMID- 3181272 TI - Enhancement of in vitro cytotoxicity of mouse peritoneal exudate cells by flavone acetic acid (NSC 347512). AB - Flavone acetic acid (FAA), an antitumour agent currently undergoing clinical trials, was found to augment the tumoricidal activity of peritoneal exudate (PE) cells in vitro. Lysis of tumour targets was measured using a standard 18 h 51Cr release assay for activated macrophages. Lytic activity increased with increasing concentrations of FAA up to 100 micrograms/ml before reaching a plateau. At 80 micrograms/ml FAA, 3-fold fewer PE cells were necessary to obtain the same level of activity as in control cultures without FAA. The lytic activity was mediated by Thy-1 negative and glass-adherent cells in the PE population, and was inhibited by dexamethasone. The activity of PE cells against several different tumour targets (P815 mastocytoma, YAC-1 lymphoma, P388 lymphoma, and a Lewis lung carcinoma cell line) were all enhanced by FAA. The results show that FAA can enhance the lytic potential of peritoneal macrophages in vitro to kill a range of tumour cells. PMID- 3181273 TI - Recurrent breast cancer and an adenocarcinoma of the lung occurring in one patient: c-myc oncogene amplification and K-ras codon 12 point mutation as tumour markers. PMID- 3181275 TI - Abstracts: first annual meeting of the Danish Society for Cancer Research. 15 April 1988. PMID- 3181274 TI - EORTC/CRC/NCI guidelines for the formulation of investigational cytotoxic drugs. PMID- 3181276 TI - The effect of platelet activating factor on nasal hypersensitivity. AB - Platelet activating factor (PAF) is known to have a wide range of biological activities. In the lower airways PAF has been suggested as the biochemical mediator partly responsible for the bronchial hyperreactivity which is a feature of asthma. In order to study whether PAF has a similar effect in the upper airways, we carried out a double blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study in twelve patients with strictly seasonal allergic rhinitis. The study was performed in pollen-free winter months. 26 micrograms PAF or placebo was sprayed into each nasal cavity 8 h and 1 h before a nasal allergen challenge. The nasal response to PAF and the allergen challenge that followed was monitored by repeated measurements of nasal expiratory peak flow rate and symptom scores. PAF induced only minor changes in nasal patency and nasal symptoms as compared to placebo. However, pretreatment with PAF induced an increase in responsiveness of the nasal vasculature to the allergen challenge that followed. This was registered as a small, but statistically significant increase in the symptom scores for nasal blockage, from 1.7 (0.3; SEM) after placebo pretreatment to 2.4 (0.36; SEM) after PAF (p less than 0.05). A similar trend was also noted for the measurements of nasal peak flow. The other response parameters, sneezes and secretion, remained identical. These results suggest that PAF may play a role in human nasal hyperreactivity, but it appears that PAF is not a major mediator involved in the induction of this phenomenon. PMID- 3181277 TI - Inhibitory effect of oral WEB 2086, a novel selective PAF-acether antagonist, on ex vivo platelet aggregation. AB - WEB 2086 is a novel PAF-acether antagonist, whose pharmacological action in man has only been preliminarily defined. Twelve healthy male volunteers received oral doses of 5, 30 and 90 mg and over the following 24 h inhibition of 5 x 10(-8) M PAF-acether-induced platelet aggregation ex vivo was studied as an indicator of pharmacological activity. WEB 2086 inhibited PAF-acether-induced platelet aggregation in all the doses tested, with the maximum effect 1 to 2 h after administration. After 2 h 5- 30- and 90-mg doses caused, respectively, 87, 98 and 100% inhibition. The magnitude and duration of the inhibitory effect was dose dependent, with a significant action still detectable 10 h after administration of all three doses, and 12 h after administration of the two highest doses (30 and 90 mg). The subjects did not complain of any significant adverse effect and all completed the study. PMID- 3181278 TI - The effects of chronic carbamazepine treatment of haem biosynthesis in man and rat. AB - The anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine has been reported to produce a condition clinically and biochemically similar to acute intermittent porphyria (AIP). We have determined the effect of chronic carbamazepine treatment on the activities of the enzymes of haem biosynthesis in circulating blood cells and on the urinary excretion of porphyrins and their precursors in 53 epileptic patients receiving monotherapy and in 42 age- and sex-matched controls. In the patients the mean activity of leucocyte 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) synthase, the rate-limiting enzyme of the pathway, was 218% of control values (p less than 0.001) and ALA dehydratase activity was reduced by 37% (p less than 0.001). Circulating carbamazepine concentrations correlated negatively with ALA dehydratase (rs = 0.45; p less than 0.01). Porphobilinogen deaminase and uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase appeared unaffected by carbamazepine treatment. Significant quantitative increases in the urinary excretion of porphobilinogen and total porphyrins (both p less than 0.05) accompanied the changes in enzyme activity. Similar dose-dependent effects on ALA synthase and ALA dehydratase were shown to occur in rats treated for 5 days with 3 different doses of carbamazepine. These findings further support the porphyrinogenicity of carbamazepine, but the pattern of enzyme alteration differs from that found in AIP. PMID- 3181279 TI - Plasma concentrations of noradrenaline and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol under conditions of enhanced sympathetic activity. AB - Antecubital venous blood was sampled at rest and during orthostasis or supine bicycle exercise. The plasma was analyzed for noradrenaline and 3,4 dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DOPEG) by HPLC. Orthostasis resulted in increases in plasma concentrations of both noradrenaline and DOPEG. The magnitude of changes in both was dependent on the degree of orthostasis. In conditions of supine rest, sitting, and standing the plot of the geometric mean values of plasma DOPEG (ordinate) against those of plasma noradrenaline was linear, had a slope of about unity, and intersected the ordinate at a finite value of plasma DOPEG. After administration of desipramine (to block uptake), plasma concentrations of DOPEG fell both at rest and during orthostasis. Moreover, desipramine abolished the plasma DOPEG response to orthostasis without affecting the plasma noradrenaline response. Hence, changes in plasma DOPEG brought about by changes in sympathetic tone are presynaptic in origin. The plasma concentration of DOPEG observed in the presence of desipramine was virtually identical with the ordinate intercept of the regression line relating plasma DOPEG to plasma noradrenaline in the absence of desipramine. This pool of plasma DOPEG (which amounted to about 75% of that observed at supine rest in the absence of desipramine) probably stems from intraneuronal noradrenaline leaking out of the storage vesicles of peripheral sympathetic neurones and may in part also be derived from the central nervous system. Supine bicycle exercise failed to increase plasma DOPEG. This may be due to the separation of the sampling site from the site of noradrenaline release (i.e. the exercising limbs) by organs involved in DOPEG extraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181280 TI - Antibiotic cost reduction by providing cost information. AB - Antibiotic cost information was added to the computerized print-out for each patient of microbiology culture results, next to the antibiotic susceptibility list. During the first six months of this addition, the average monthly cost of antibiotics decreased by 16.5% ($7636) compared to the 12 months period preceding the study period. The average antibiotic cost per admission decreased by 15.7% ($1.61) and the average antibiotic cost/hospital day decreased by 10.6% ($0.23). Antibiotic savings were highest in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (21.7%) and lowest in the Department of Paediatrics (10.8%). Two-thirds of the average savings were initiated by the house-staff and the remainder by infectious disease consultants. The effect of this system on the level of medical care remains to be studied. PMID- 3181281 TI - Pharmacokinetics of low-dose oral modified release, soluble and intravenous aspirin in man, and effects on platelet function. AB - The pharmacokinetics of low-dose aspirin and the resulting salicylic acid were studied in 6 healthy volunteers. Each received a single 50-mg dose of (1) oral modified release capsules, (2) oral solution and (3) intravenous solution. The volunteers also received 50 mg modified release capsules daily for 6 days to determine the effect on collagen, ADP and arachidonate induced platelet aggregation and thromboxane production, and to compare the pharmacokinetics after repeated dosing with the parameters obtained after the single dose. The formulation and route of administration profoundly influenced several pharmacokinetic parameters for aspirin: the maximum concentration (Cmax, ng.ml-1) was 221 and 191 after modified release for single and chronic dosing respectively, 1323 after the oral solution and 6000 after intravenous injection; the time to achieve this maximum concentration (tmax, h) was 3.42 and 3.02 after modified release for single and chronic dosing respectively, and 0.29 after the oral solution; the area under the plasma drug concentration versus time curve (AUC, microgram.h.ml-1) was 0.38 and 0.27 after modified release single and chronic dosing respectively, 0.68 after the oral solution and 1.57 after intravenous injection. The elimination of aspirin after the two solutions was at least biphasic. The terminal phase rate constant ranged from 1.52 h-1 after intravenous injection to 1.88 h-1 after the oral modified release form. The absorption of the oral forms of aspirin was complete as reflected by the total recovery of the doses as salicylic acid in urine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181282 TI - Pharmacokinetics of biliary excretion in man. VI. Indocyanine green. AB - The pharmacokinetics of Indocyanine Green (ICG) has been studied in 15 patients given 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.kg-1. The plasma disappearance and biliary excretion rate were measured in patients with tightly fitting catheters under slight negative pressure in order to achieve complete collection of bile. Recovery of unchanged ICG in bile over 18 h after the i.v. injection was 80% of the dose in all three dose groups. Plasma disappearance in all 3 groups was biphasic, showing an initial phase with a t1/2 of 3-4 min and a secondary phase with a dose dependent apparent t1/2 of 67.6, 72.5 and 88.7 min, respectively. After 0.5 and 1.0 mg.kg-1 the biliary excretion rate curves showed an ascending phase with a mean t1/2 of 5 min and a descending phase with a mean t1/2 of 72 min. It was inferred that the secondary component of the plasma-decay mainly reflected the biliary excretion rate. After 2.0 mg.kg-1 in some patients the biliary excretion curve showed features of saturation; the t1/2 of the descending phase ranged from 73 to 440 min, and the time of maximal excretion was increased from 1.3 to 2.7 h after injection, whilst the mean maximal excretion rate was in the same range as the excretion rate after the 1.0 mg.kg-1 dose. The non-linear pharmacokinetics was only moderately reflected in the measured plasma disappearance patterns. Two compartment analysis of the plasma levels indicated a clearance of 230-260 ml.min 1, whereas the clearance conventionally calculated from the initial t1/2 was 475 ml.min-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181283 TI - Acute haemodynamic effects of urapidil in patients with chronic left ventricular failure. AB - Urapidil, a new alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking drug, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of hypertension. Ten normotensive patients with severe congestive heart failure were given Urapidil 25 mg i.v. twice in 15 min and the haemodynamic effects were measured. There was a significant fall in systolic blood pressure (-16%), mean blood pressure (-13%), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (-38%), mean pulmonary artery pressure (-31%) and wedge pressure (-40%). Total peripheral resistance fell by 25%, whereas pulmonary arteriolar resistance did not change significantly. Cardiac output increased by 22%. The increase in cardiac output with decreasing peripheral resistance and LV pressures suggests that urapidil may be useful in the therapy of congestive heart failure. PMID- 3181284 TI - Reproducibility of heart rate changes following adenosine infusion in man. AB - The change in heart rate following infusion of adenosine in healthy human subjects was studied on two occasions. Adenosine produced a significant, dose related increase in heart rate. Tachyphylaxis to this effect of the naturally occurring nucleoside did not occur. There was a tendency for prolonged infusion to cause a greater increase in heart rate, but this did not reach significance. PMID- 3181286 TI - Use of a pharmacological indicator to monitor compliance with thyroxine. AB - Poor compliance with medication is often suspected, but difficult to confirm. The compliance of fourteen newly diagnosed hypothyroid patients was assessed using both TSH levels and low-dose phenobarbitone as a pharmacological marker. The study confirms the value of phenobarbitone as an indicator of compliance over a protracted period and suggests that it could be used to differentiate under treatment from poor compliance. PMID- 3181285 TI - Does alpha 1-acid glycoprotein reduce the unbound metabolic clearance of disopyramide in patients with renal impairment? AB - The pharmacokinetics of disopyramide was studied in 15 patients with renal dysfunction (4 with pyelonephritis, 7 with glomerular nephritis and 4 with interstitial nephritis). The elimination rate constant of unbound disopyramide was 0.094 h-1 and CLu/f (unbound clearance divided by bioavailability) was 245 ml/min. Both the unbound renal clearance (CLR) and CLu/f were highly correlated with the creatinine clearance (CLCR). The apparent unbound metabolic clearance in the patients was approximately two-fold lower than that previously reported in normal subjects. The estimated unbound metabolic clearance in the renal dysfunction patients showed a significant negative correlation with the alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentration and only a weak, non-significant correlation with CLCR. As AAG in the renal dysfunction subjects was increased in comparison with normal values, it is possible that AAG is a factor in the decrease in the apparent unbound metabolic clearance. PMID- 3181287 TI - Angiotensin tachyphylaxis in normal and everted rings of rabbit aorta. AB - The development of tachyphylaxis to angiotensin II and to [1 sarcosine]angiotensin II ([Sar1]angiotensin II) was studied in rabbit aorta helical strips, normal rings and everted rings, with and without a functional endothelium. Normal rings developed tachyphylaxis to both angiotensin II and [Sar1]angiotensin II, helical strips only to [Sar1]angiotensin II and everted rings did not show tachyphylaxis. The presence or absence of a functional endothelium had no effect on the development of tachyphylaxis in any of the preparations. Measurement of the intraluminal pH of the normal rings with an antimony minielectrode showed that under steady state conditions there was a pH gradient between the intima side of the vessel wall and the outside bath medium. This could be responsible for the greater susceptibility of the normal rings to tachyphylaxis. PMID- 3181288 TI - Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase activity by two novel disubstituted catechols in the rat. AB - Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) has an important role in the extraneuronal inactivation of catecholamine neurotransmitters and drugs with a catechol structure. Two novel COMT inhibitors, OR-462 and OR-486, were highly effective (IC50 = 18 and 12 nM, respectively) and selective in inhibiting COMT activity in vitro. Tyrosine hydroxylase was not inhibited until micromolar concentrations of these compounds were used: the IC50 values for OR-462 and OR-486 were 10 and 14 microM, respectively. The IC50 values for dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, dopa decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase forms A and B were greater than 50 microM. In studies ex vivo oral OR-462 inhibited mainly the COMT activity in the duodenum while OR-486 inhibited COMT activity in the liver and red blood cells as well. Oral OR-462 did not penetrate into the brain in doses up to 30 mg/kg while the same dose of OR-486 had some effect on striatal COMT activity. When tested in combination with levodopa-carbidopa, orally administered OR-462 and OR-486 were more effective in reducing the formation of 3-O-methyldopa from levodopa than was the levodopa-carbidopa treatment alone. These results indicate that OR-462 and OR 486 are effective and long-lasting inhibitors of COMT activity. PMID- 3181289 TI - An autoradiographic study of muscarinic cholinoceptors in blood vessels: no localization on vascular endothelium. AB - In vitro labelling and autoradiographic techniques were used to examine the localization of [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate ([3H]QNB) and [125I]4-iodo-QNB ([125I]4IQNB) to slide-mounted sections of rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery, cat aorta, pulmonary and superior mesenteric arteries. These vessels all respond to acetylcholine (ACh) with endothelium-dependent relaxation, yet there was no evidence for endothelium-related binding of either [3H]QNB or [125I]4IQNB. Muscarinic receptors were localized over the medial smooth muscle and, in the rabbit pulmonary artery, the density of binding increased towards the adventitia. Binding of either radioligand to sections of rabbit pulmonary artery was not affected by the muscarinic M1 receptor antagonist pirenzepine (20 nM) but was markedly reduced by the muscarinic M2 antagonist 4DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-N methyl-piperidine methobromide) (1 nM). This study provides evidence for muscarinic receptors located directly on smooth muscle cells, indicating that endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh results from an indirect mechanism involving smooth muscle muscarinic receptors. PMID- 3181290 TI - Behavioral evidence for increased acetylcholine receptor sensitivity after nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions in the rat. AB - Lesions of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis and the medial septal area have been shown to produce both deficits in memory and decreases in choline acetyltransferase levels. In order to determine whether functional changes in acetylcholine receptor sensitivity also occur, the present experiment examined the ability of acetylcholine, 40 micrograms intraventricularly, to induce motor seizures in nucleus basalis magnocellularis-medial septal area lesioned versus control rats. While choline acetyltransferase activity was only modestly reduced in lesioned rats vs control rats (30%), the seizure scores were considerably higher in lesioned vs. control rats (270%). These results suggest that there is an increased functional response to acetylcholine following bilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis-medial septal area lesions. PMID- 3181291 TI - Supersensitivity of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-treated rats to the respiratory depressant and antitussive effects of dihydrocodeine. AB - The present study sought to determine whether rats, treated neonatally with 5,7 dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), have an increased sensitivity to the respiratory and cough-depressant effects induced by dihydrocodeine. The serotonin (5-HT) levels in the whole brain of 5,7-DHT-treated rats were reduced to 19% of the corresponding control values. The 5,7-DHT-treated rats were supersensitive to the depression in frequency of respiration and cough reflex produced by i.p. administration of dihydrocodeine. The increased sensitivity to dihydrocodeine in terms of the depression of frequency of respiration and the cough reflex in 5,7 DHT-treated rats could possibly have been due to changes in the sensitivity of serotonergic receptors. PMID- 3181292 TI - The effects of amiodarone on repolarization and refractoriness of cardiac fibers. AB - The effects of superfusion (acute) and chronic amiodarone pretreatment on repolarization in dog Purkinje and guinea pig papillary muscle fibers were studied using standard microelectrode techniques. In dog Purkinje fibers superfusion with 5 and 50 micrograms/ml amiodarone shortened action potential duration, slowed restitution of premature action duration, and decreased the range of premature action potential durations. In Purkinje fibers from pretreated dogs action potential duration and range of premature action potential durations did not differ significantly from the corresponding control values but restitution was slowed. In guinea pig papillary muscle superfusion with 20 micrograms/ml amiodarone did not change action potential duration and restitution kinetics but in the muscle fibers from pretreated animals both the action potential duration and the range of premature action potential durations were increased. We concluded that the designation of 'class III action' applied to chronic amiodarone treatment in ventricular but not to chronic treatment in Purkinje fibers, and not to acute treatment in either fibers. PMID- 3181293 TI - Blockade of a cardiac K+ channel by tacrine: interactions with muscarinic and adenosine receptors. AB - The centrally acting anticholinesterase drug tacrine has been shown to block K+ channels in guinea pig left atrium. It competitively blocks the negative inotropic effects of adenosine, 2-chloroadenosine and carbachol. Ka values obtained from dose ratio plots were 2.5, 3.5 and 2.9 microM respectively. It was also able to antagonize the shortening of the action potential due to these compounds. Doses of tacrine ranging from 1 to 4 microM restored the AP configuration close to control values. Tacrine also antagonized the binding of 1 quinuclidinyl[phenyl-4-3H]benzilate ([3H]QNB) to membranes derived from the atrium and cerebral cortex. Ki values of 1.8 +/- 0.33 and 1.3 +/- 0.47 microM were obtained respectively. Tacrine was a weak competitor of [3H]phenylisopropyladenosine ([3H]L-PIA) binding in brain membranes. Its diverse pharmacological effects may be relevant to its use in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3181294 TI - Effects of perivascular nerve stimulation on the flow rate in isolated epicardial coronary arteries of pigs. AB - The effect of perivascular nerve stimulation on coronary contraction was examined by perfusing the isolated epicardial coronary artery of pigs. Coronary flow decreased in a frequency-dependent manner after electrical stimulation, with a maximum percent flow reduction of 23.8 +/- 1.1% (n = 10) at 20 Hz. The reduction in flow rate was not inhibited by phentolamine nor propranolol but was inhibited by atropine. Neostigmine enhanced the flow reduction induced by nerve stimulation. Acetylcholine reduced the flow rate dose dependently but norepinephrine showed no effect. We conclude that perivascular nerve stimulation of the epicardial coronary artery of pigs causes a modest flow reduction through activation of a cholinergic mechanism. PMID- 3181295 TI - Dentofacial orthopaedics in relation to chronological age, growth period and skeletal development. An analysis of 72 male patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion treated with the Herbst appliance. PMID- 3181296 TI - Marginal bone support and tooth lengths in 19-year-olds following orthodontic treatment. PMID- 3181297 TI - Japanese NiTi alloy wire: use of the direct electric resistance heat treatment method. PMID- 3181298 TI - An evaluation of the morphogenic and anatomic effects of the functional regulator utilizing the counterpart analysis. PMID- 3181299 TI - A comparison of three appliance systems in the treatment of Class III malocclusion. PMID- 3181300 TI - Protraction of the cleft maxilla. PMID- 3181301 TI - Orientation of maxillary sutural surfaces. PMID- 3181302 TI - Mathematical models of longitudinal mandibular growth for children with normal and untreated Class II, division 1 malocclusion. PMID- 3181304 TI - Treatment of children with a prolonged dummy or finger-sucking habit. PMID- 3181303 TI - The prediction of patient co-operation in orthodontic treatment. PMID- 3181305 TI - The shape of the glenoid fossa affects the growth of the mandible. PMID- 3181306 TI - Inter-relationships among ages of emergence of teeth. A prospective longitudinal study of Swedish children from birth to 18 years. PMID- 3181307 TI - Isolation and characterization of motile Aeromonas from human, food and environmental specimens. AB - From July 1985 to March 1987, the occurrence of motile Aeromonas sp. in stool, food and environmental specimens was investigated to assess their pathogenic significance and to determine sources and routes of infection. A total of 9366 stool specimens were examined; Aeromonas was isolated from 11.1% of diarrhoeal stools and 2.2% of normal stools (P less than 0.001). Aeromonas counts in food specimens, which included minced beef, pork and chicken, seafood and various vegetables and their products, were unexpectedly high suggesting that infection might be food-borne rather than water-borne. About 70% of the isolates from meat products were A. hydrophila and A. sobria, while A. caviae was the most common in sea-fish, vegetables and their products. Most A. hydrophila and A. sobria strains produced haemolysin, but haemagglutinin was found more frequently in A. sobria. PMID- 3181308 TI - The haematological values of European badgers (Meles meles) in health and in the course of tuberculosis infection. AB - Captive, healthy, adult badgers have blood containing haemoglobin at 13.3 g/dl, and 8.4 x 10(12)/l red cells with an MCV of 46.2 fl and an MCH of 15.6 pg. They have 5.1 x 10(9) white cells/l of which 3.29 x 10(9) are polymorphs, 1.49 x 10(9) are lymphocytes, 0.26 x 10(9) are monocytes, 0.07 x 10(9) are eosinophils and 0.01 x 10(9) are basophils. These values are somewhat less in adult animals just trapped from the wild, and are lower still in wild cubs. Changes associated with tuberculosis are a rise, and then a fall in red blood count and white blood count, an increase in the proportion of polymorphs and monocytes and a fall in lymphocytes late in the disease. This picture is similar to that seen in widespread, disseminated, tuberculin negative, tuberculosis in humans, a type of disease similar to that occurring in many badgers. BCG vaccination of badgers did not produce any measurable change in the blood picture. PMID- 3181309 TI - Salmon as a food-poisoning vehicle--two successive Salmonella outbreaks. AB - Gastroenteritis due to Salmonella montevideo occurred amongst guests attending two social functions held within 24 h, food for both having been provided by the same catering firm. Salmon was the most likely vehicle of infection in each case, although cross-contamination of other foods occurred. There were no deaths; four patients were admitted to hospital, one of whom underwent appendicectomy. A review of salmon-associated food-poisoning outbreaks suggests that fresh salmon is an infrequent cause of food poisoning in the United Kingdom. The two outbreaks described here resulted from a failure of simple kitchen hygiene measures at a time of high ambient temperatures. Some current cooking instructions for salmon are inadequate. PMID- 3181310 TI - The significance of wild birds (Larus sp.) in the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in humans. PMID- 3181311 TI - The characterization and pathological significance of gastric Campylobacter-like organisms in the ferret: a model for chronic gastritis? AB - Gastric campylobacter-like organisms (CLO) were isolated from gastric tissues removed at sacrifice from 17 mature ferrets; all animals were colonized, but no macroscopic mucosal lesions or histological features of chronic gastritis were seen. The isolates resembled Campylobacter pylori in many cultural and biochemical characteristics, and produced substantial urease activity, but there were sufficient differences from C. pylori to suggest that ferret gastric CLO represents a separate species. Comparison of human C. pylori and ferret gastric CLO may help to elucidate the pathogenicity of the former in patients with gastritis, and the ferret may serve as a useful animal model for the study of C. pylori infection. PMID- 3181312 TI - Campylobacters in man and the environment in Hull and East Yorkshire. AB - Campylobacter organisms isolated from water samples taken weekly from ponds and land-drains in the City of Hull were compared with isolates from humans. Of 314 campylobacter organisms isolated from patients, 237 (75.5%) of the strains were identified as typical Campylobacter jejuni, whilst of 125 identified strains isolated from the water samples, 85 (68%) resembled C. jejuni in most respects but were hippurate hydrolysis negative by the Hwang and Ederer method. The ponds and land drains in the city were therefore not a source of campylobacteriosis in the people living near these water courses. The atypical C. jejuni strains isolated from the environment may be mistaken for the C. jejuni strains which cause human infection. It is therefore essential that such strains are fully identified before attributing human and animal infections to their ingestion. PMID- 3181313 TI - The pathogenicity of environmental campylobacters--a human volunteer experiment. AB - Three human volunteer experiments were performed in which river water expected to contain campylobacter organisms was ingested. Despite the ingestion of over 44,000 organisms in one experiment, the subject did not suffer any symptoms, nor were campylobacter organisms excreted, nor was an antibody response to the ingested strains detected. The campylobacter organisms ingested resembled Campylobacter jejuni on colonial and microscopic morphology but were hippurate negative, and were distinct from C. coli. These environmental campylobacter strains appear to be non-pathogenic, however they may be mistaken for C. jejuni or C. coli if they are not fully identified. PMID- 3181314 TI - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: associated morbidity and effectiveness of control measures. AB - The strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) prevalent in south-east England produced in one acute hospital in a year 40 infections (bacteraemia, pneumonia and surgical wound, skin and urinary tract infections) with three attributable deaths. Rigorous measures succeeded in controlling the outbreak despite its extent, but our results suggest that less stringent measures could fail to control outbreaks of this scale. Several subsequent localized outbreaks within the hospital, probably caused by separate re-introductions of MRSA from other hospitals, were controlled by re-instigation of control measures on individual wards. The overall success of the intervention was shown by the decline in the incidence of MRSA infections from 27 in the 6 months beforehand to 2 in the most recent 6 months, and by the decline in the prevalence of colonization among patients 10 or more days in hospital from 52% immediately before the intervention to 3% 7 months after it. The incidence of attributable morbidity and death without control measures warrants a concerted effort to tackle the epidemic in all affected hospitals in Britain. PMID- 3181316 TI - The growth of Salmonella in rumen fluid from cattle at slaughter. AB - The pH of the rument contents of cattle was recorded at slaughter; pH ranged from 5.5 to 7.8 and was not correlated with the period from saleyard to slaughter. Volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured in 43 rumen samples; acetic, propionic and butyric were the major acids present, and the total VFA ranged from 75.9 mM/l for samples between pH 6-7, to 7.1 mM/l for samples of pH 8-9. Ten Salmonella strains belonging to 8 serotypes were grown in these 43 rumen samples. Where acid levels of these samples were high and pH low, most Salmonella sp. were inhibited; as the pH rose (pH 7-8) all Salmonella serotypes grew, some vigorously; as the total acid declined and pH continued to rise, growth of salmonella ceased. Serotypes and strains of the same serotype differed in their ability to grow in rumen contents, particularly when the pH was low. PMID- 3181315 TI - Occurrence of H-antigen Z66 of R phase in cultures of Salmonella serovar typhi originated from Indonesia. AB - Eighteen strains of Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis serovar Typhi (S. typhi) isolated from blood of patients in Japan who had visited Indonesia and returned before the onset of typhoid fever were found to possess the H-antigen Z66 reported by Guinee et al. (1981) but had the naturally occurring H-antigen d. They were not lysed by any of the phages of the Vi phage typing system. After passage through semi-solid medium containing H-Z66 antiserum, H-antigens of 11 of 18 cultures with H-Z66 phage changed to H-j and those of 2 others to H-d, while the remaining 5 were immobilized. With cultures in the H-d or H-j phages, change of the H-antigens did not occur when they were cultured in semi-solid medium containing homologous H-antiserum. These phase induction experiments as well as colony examination of original cultures suggest that H-Z66 phase is unstable and tends to change to the H-j phase. It also suggest that the original H-Z66 cultures in which change of H-antigen to H-d or H-j occurred without difficulty probably represented a mixed population of cells in the H-Z66 and H-d or H-j phases. Since none of 856 isolates from Japan or from imported cases of typhoid fever from Southeast Asia other than Indonesia exhibited the H-Z66 antigen, it was concluded that the focus of typhoid fever caused by S. typhi in H-Z66 phase was probably in Indonesia. PMID- 3181317 TI - An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a hospital day-care centre. AB - The investigation of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a hospital day-care centre is reported. Twenty-eight (27%) children and one member of the staff were infected. Most of the cases were symptomatic and the major presenting symptom was watery diarrhoea. Shedding of oocysts continued for a mean of 12 days after diarrhoea had subsided and most of the cases were still excreting oocysts when the first follow-up sample was examined. Intermittent shedding or a carrier state were not seen in any of the cases. Giardia intestinalis cysts were detected in 19 children, 7 of whom showing mixed infection with Cryptosporidium sp., but this association was not statistically significant. All cases recovered without specific therapy. No definite proof could be found to demonstrate the source of the outbreak or the route of transmission but some observations suggesting person to-person transmission are discussed. PMID- 3181318 TI - Water quality control trials: statistical tables for direct comparison between membrane filtration bacterial counts and the multiple tube method with a description of the bacteriological method. AB - Experiments in the quality control of water samples are being conducted in the Public Health Laboratory Service and the water industry in the United Kingdom. The number of distributions which have been made is 7 and 92 laboratories are now participating. The methods used for preparing and distributing samples are described. Some participating laboratories use the multiple tube method and some use membrane filtration to assess the presence of coliforms and Escherichia coli. The results are, therefore, a mixture of estimated numbers and direct colony counts. In order to compare results from these two different laboratory methods statistical tables have been compiled to show the most likely multiple tube result corresponding to each colony count. Tables relating to two commonly used tenfold dilution series are presented. To illustrate how these tables may be used we present results from a typical quality control distribution. The analyses of these results are generally satisfactory but show a tendency for lower counts using the membrane filtration method and more false negative results with E. coli counts. PMID- 3181319 TI - Changes in the epidemiological pattern of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections in Denmark. A 30 years survey. AB - A seroepidemiological survey has shown a remarkable shift in the previously reported regular cyclic pattern of Mycoplasma pneumoniae epidemics which culminated every 4.5 years during the period 1958-74. The last of four regular epidemics occurred in 1972. It was followed by 'premature' epidemics in 1975 and 1977/8 which inaugurated a change from an epidemic to an endemic pattern of the infection in Denmark. Over the following 9 years (1978-86) there has been an irregular but significant decrease in the annual number of seropositive samples with the usual high incidence during winter seasons. This endemic period terminated in the fourth trimester of 1987 with the development of a new epidemic. The hypothesis is advanced that a sixfold increase of children in day care may have influenced the change from an epidemic to an endemic situation which after 9 years led to a new epidemic of M. pneumoniae infection. PMID- 3181320 TI - The development and evaluation of a mu-capture ELISA detecting Chlamydia-specific IgM. AB - A mu-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting chlamydia specific IgM was developed by use of the heat stable, lipopolysaccharide group specific antigen and an alkaline phosphatase-labelled anti-chlamydia group specific monoclonal antibody conjugate. The test was used to study the serological response in chlamydial respiratory tract infection among patients with acute respiratory tract symptoms in Cambridgeshire during the past 7 years. Results were compared with those of the complement fixation test (CFT) in routine use as well as those of a whole inclusion indirect immunofluorescence (WIF) test for IgM. Correlation between results of the mu-capture ELISA and those of the WIF test was 87.5%. The percentage of patients in whom specific IgM was found fell with increasing age. This may be due to lack of recall of IgM as a response to reinfection. Chlamydia-specific IgM was more likely to be detected when the CFT titre was greater than or equal to 64 and was rarely detected more than 6 months after the onset of symptoms. However, several patients less than 20 years of age were found to have specific IgM with CF antibody titres less than 64. We have found the mu-capture ELISA a useful test for the diagnosis of respiratory tract chlamydial infections, particularly in younger patients. PMID- 3181321 TI - Pneumococcal carriage amongst children in Adelaide, South Australia. AB - Amongst 1267 healthy children 6 months to 4.5 years of age in Adelaide, the pneumococcal carriage rate from a single nasal swab sampling was 29% in the period 1980-1. Of 269 children, sampled monthly on five occasions, 91% carried a pneumococcus on one or more occasions: 55% carried a single type, 33% carried two types, 2% carried three types and 1% carried four types; 18% carried a pneumococcus on either 4 or 5 occasions. The commonest types encountered were types 6, 19 and 23 in that order, and these three types constituted 57% of the total: other common types (greater than 5% of the total) were types 14, 15 and 11, and the six commonest types constituted 77% of the total. Of these, types 6, 14, 19 and 23 commonly cause systemic disease in children; on the other hand types 11 and 15 cause disease infrequently. The number of strains showing antimicrobial drug resistance was low: on quantitative testing 0.7% of 291 isolates examined showed relative resistance to benzylpenicillin and 0.7% were resistant to tetracycline; 10.9% of 230 isolates examined showed resistance to co trimoxazole; dual or multiple drug resistance was not detected, and all isolates tested were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin and rifampicin. PMID- 3181322 TI - Food poisoning due to the consumption of red whelks (Neptunea antiqua). AB - Two incidents of toxin-type food poisoning in N.E. Scotland associated with the consumption of red whelks (Neptunea antiqua) are described. Four patients developed symptoms within 1 h of consuming whole whelks. These included visual disturbances--double vision and difficulty in focusing--tingling of the fingers, prostration and in one subject nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and ataxia. In all cases recovery was complete in 24 h. Using a newly developed analytical technique the concentration of the causative toxin, tetramine, in the salivary glands of the whelks consumed was estimated at 0.07%, equivalent to a content of 3.75 mg/100 g of the shellfish. PMID- 3181324 TI - Retinal degeneration in the mouse induced transplacentally by N-methyl-N nitrosourea: effects of constant illumination or total darkness. AB - The DNA alkylating agent, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), when administered prenatally (on day 16 of gestation) provokes a progressive retinal degeneration in CD-1 albino mice reared in standard fluorescent lighting conditions (12 L: 12 D). This degeneration begins at about 4 weeks postnatally and worsens with age. To determine whether light was essential to the development of this lesion, animals in the present study were maintained in either constant light or constant darkness. Systematic measurement of the inner and outer segment lengths, the number of rows of photoreceptor cells and the thicknesses of the outer nuclear layer and whole retina were made to quantify degenerative changes in animals at 2 , 4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, and 16 weeks of age. The constant light caused a drastic reduction in thickness of the retinas of MNU-treated and control mice. The MNU exposed animals reared in the dark did not demonstrate this reduction in retinal thickness, at least up to 16 weeks of age. Rather, measurements from this group were much like those for dark-reared control mice. The results of the present study suggest that the retinopathy induced by this dose of MNU may require secondary insults such as light, to amplify the lesions induced in utero by the drug. PMID- 3181323 TI - Evaluation of live attenuated measles vaccines prepared in human diploid cells for reimmunization. AB - Two live attenuated measles vaccines developed in baby calf kidney cells, a similar vaccine produced in chick embryo chorioallantoic cells and five vaccines prepared from human diploid cells (HDC) have been studied by subcutaneous injection in groups of susceptible and immune children in three field trials. The results indicated that the vaccine developed in chick embryo cells which caused mild clinical reactions, had induced a lower seroprotection rate in susceptible children and only a low rise in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titre in previously immunized children. The serological responses induced by vaccines developed in HDC or in calf kidney cells were satisfactory in both susceptible and immune children. The superiority of HDC grown measles vaccine for revaccination is discussed. PMID- 3181325 TI - Morphological studies of an ion-dependent perinuclear cataract model. AB - The perinuclear region of the rabbit lens is susceptible to alterations in the ionic composition of incubation medium. Rabbit lenses and a comparable cell type, red blood cells, were stressed during ex vivo incubations in isotonic modified Earle's medium with 131 mM NaCl replaced by either 232 mM sucrose or 131 mM choline chloride at pH 7.2 (normal) or 9.2. Our parallel NMR study revealed that these experimental media maintain normal intracellular pH and phosphorus metabolite levels. The present study demonstrates that lens transparency, normal fiber cell ultrastructure and volume were maintained in either sodium chloride or choline chloride containing media at normal or elevated pH. Similarly, normal morphology, mean cell volume (MCV) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), 86.8 +/- 0.03 micron 3 and 33.2 +/- 1.0 g dl-1, respectively, were maintained in red blood cells in either sodium chloride or choline chloride containing media. In sodium chloride deficient media at both normal and elevated pH the lens developed a nuclear cataract based on slit-lamp examination; however, SEM examination showed that fiber cell morphological abnormalities were confined to a narrow band, 50 micron wide, in the perinuclear region of the transition zone. Damage consisted of ruptured cell membranes and an absence of identifiable interdigitations with the combination of sodium chloride deficiency and elevated pH. The major abnormality produced during incubation in sodium chloride deficient medium at normal pH was the presence of numerous smooth-surfaced cellular protrusions along the vertices of the perinuclear fiber cells. In addition, the sodium chloride deficient medium, pH 9.2, produced a volume loss both in the lens and RBC (4.5 +/- 1.5% and 5.6 +/- 1.1%, respectively). The sodium chloride deficient medium, pH 7.4, produced no volume loss in the lens or red blood cells (MCV 86.0 +/- 0.05 micron 3). Further studies indicated that the cataract induced by sodium chloride deficiency (pH 9.2) is irreversible. The mechanism for perinuclear opacification due to ion deficiency remains to be elucidated. PMID- 3181326 TI - A comparison of the elastic properties of human choroid and sclera. AB - Multiple strips of choroid (56) and sclera (64) from eight pairs of human eye bank eyes were subjected to simple tension in a test apparatus to determine the rigidity (modulus of elasticity) of these tissues. The modulus of elasticity of the chorodial complex (choroid-Bruch's membrane-pigment epithelium) was significantly greater in posteriorly located samples than in anteriorly located ones (7.5 +/- 7.0 vs. 2.2 +/- 1.5 x 10(5) N m-2, mean +/- S.D.). The modulus of elasticity for the complex averaged across all locations was 6.0 +/- 2.8 x 10(5) N m-2 and the average stress at failure was 3.3 +/- 1.3 x 10(5) N m-2. The modulus of elasticity for scleral strips also varied with location and averaged 2.9 +/- 1.4 x 10(6) N m-2 for anterior sclera and 1.8 +/- 1.1 x 10(6) N m-2 for posterior sclera at stress levels ranging from 20- to 260 x 10(4) N m-2. There was a significant correlation of scleral stiffness with age (P less than 0.05, r = 0.80). The elastic properties of the choroidal complex may be relevant to the pathogenesis of a variety of ocular diseases, including macular degeneration, angioid streaks, choroidal folds, and choroidal ruptures. PMID- 3181327 TI - Immunogold localization of actin in developing photoreceptor cilia of normal and rds mutant mice. AB - Recent immunocytochemical studies have localized actin to the distal cilium of mature vertebrate photoreceptors. Since this is the site where the ciliary plasma membrane evaginates to form new outer segment discs, the results suggest that an actin-mediated contractile mechanism or cytoskeletal network might regulate some aspect of outer segment disc morphogenesis. In the present study, immunoelectron microscopy was used to localize actin to the developing cilia of normal and rds mutant mouse photoreceptors. In normal mice, actin could not be localized to newly projecting cilia, but an actin-rich domain was demonstrated within the distal, bulbous ending of elongated cilia just prior to outer segment development. These results suggest that actin is not important for ciliary growth, but that it may be necessary for the subsequent differentiation of an outer segment. In the rds mutant mouse, there is an absence of outer segment formation, although cilia appear to develop normally. Rhodamine phalloidin staining of cryostat sections demonstrated a normal F-actin distribution within the rds retina. Utilizing immunogold labeling of developing rds photoreceptors, actin was localized to the distal, bulbous ending of elongated cilia. This result indicates that actin is situated within its normal domain in rds cilia. PMID- 3181328 TI - Calcium decreases transparency of homogenate from lens cortex and has no effect on nucleus. AB - We studied the effects of calcium on transparency in homogenates of cortical and nuclear cells from calf lenses. Calcium was mixed into samples of homogenate to final concentrations between 0 and 50 mM and the transparency of the calcium treated homogenates was measured using laser transmittance. In the presence of 10 mM calcium, the transmittance of cortical homogenate decreased 50% while the nuclear homogenate lost less than 4% transmittance after 24 h at 37 degrees C. To better understand the contribution of cytoplasm and membranes to opacity, the nuclear and cortical homogenates were centrifuged to separate membranes from the cytoplasm. When 10 mM calcium was added to cortical homogenate which was then centrifuged, the transmittance of the membrane fraction decreased nearly 60%, while the fraction without membrane decreased only 10%. The strong effect of calcium on the membrane fraction was accompanied by an increase in specific gravity of membranes from 1.23 to 1.32. Ten- and 20 mM calcium had no effect on transparency of membranes or cytoplasm separated from nuclear homogenate, and 50 mM calcium produced only a slight opacity. The results indicate that an effect on membrane-protein interactions may be important in the loss of transparency produced by calcium in cells of lens cortex. PMID- 3181329 TI - Human retinal pigment epithelial cell cultures: phenotypic modulation by vitreous and macrophages. AB - In proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells migrate into the vitreous, where they may acquire a fibroblast-like morphology. Such cells may eventually form contractile periretinal membranes, resulting in traction retinal detachment. Among the environmental influences that could cause this change in RPE phenotype, exposure to vitreous and to macrophages is most obvious, as macrophages are invariably found in epiretinal membranes and precede membrane formation in experimental traction retinal detachment. We initiated studies to define modulation of cultured RPE cell morphology by exposure to vitreous or to macrophage-conditioned media. Vitreous, serum, and albumin alone had no effect on the epithelial appearance of RPE cells in vitro. However, macrophage-conditioned media and vitreous-serum or vitreous-albumin mixtures induced a reversible fibroblast-like appearance in these cells. These findings show that macrophages produce a morphoplastic substance for RPE cells, and suggest that vitreous also contains a factor(s) that affects RPE cell shape, and that requires mediation by serum components. PMID- 3181330 TI - Studies on the mercapturic acid pathway in the rabbit lens. AB - We have examined the mercapturic acid pathway of the cataractous rabbit lens following induction by naphthalene as an oxidative foreign substance. 1,2 Naphthoquinone, which is formed in the eye from naphthalene diol and other naphthalene derivatives by a combination of enzymic and non-enzymic reactions, readily oxidizes GSH and GSH S-transferase [EC 2.5.1.18] in the lens scavenging system. 1,2-Naphthoquinone appeared in the rabbit aqueous humor after 8 h, and showed a maximum level in the lens 24 h after naphthalene administration, with marked accumulation in the lens nucleus. At the same time, the GSH level and GSH S-transferase activity in the lens decreased after 4 h, and lens opacification appeared 7 days after naphthalene administration. Furthermore, we identified the naphthalene metabolite, N-acetyl-S-(1,2-dihydro-2-hydroxynaphthyl) cysteine, in the lens of rabbit after naphthalene administration and in an in vitro experiment on lens homogenate using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This compound is an intermediate of the mercapturic acid pathway, and indicates that naphthalene derivatives are metabolized through the mercapturic acid pathway which acts as a scavenging system in the lens. PMID- 3181331 TI - Ontogeny of beta B1-crystallin polypeptide during chicken lens development. PMID- 3181332 TI - Characterization of Cl-/HCO3- exchange in cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelium. AB - Many recent data indicate that transport of Cl- across the ciliary epithelium plays an important role in aqueous humor formation. We used 36Cl to investigate the pathways for Cl- transport in confluent monolayers of cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells. Cl- uptake mainly occurred via a mechanism with typical characteristics of an anion exchanger, and could be stimulated by an outwardly directed HCO3- gradient. One mM SITS and 1 mM DIDS inhibited Cl- uptake by some 80-90%, the latter with an IC50 of about 20 microM. HCO3- stimulated Cl- uptake could be partly inhibited for furosemide and to a lesser extent by bumetanide, indicating an action of loop-diuretics on the anion exchanger. 36Cl- uptake was cis-inhibited by the halides Cl-, I- and Br-, by NO3-, formate and acetate. Inhibition of Cl- uptake by extracellular HCO3- was less effective in the absence of extracellular Na+, suggesting that not only HCO3- but also NaCO3- binds to the carrier. SO2/4-, cyclamate and gluconate did not significantly reduce Cl- uptake via the anion exchanger. DIDS-senstive Cl- uptake showed saturation kinetics with respect to the Cl- concentration with an apparent Km of 8 mM. Cl- efflux could be stimulated by external Cl- and HCO3- and was inhibited by DIDS. Thus, cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells express a Cl /HCO3- exchanger. A possible role of this carrier system for aqueous humor formation is discussed [corrected]. PMID- 3181333 TI - Age-related increase in concentration and aggregation of degraded polypeptides in human lenses. AB - Proteins from human lenses of various ages were separated into three fractions based on their solubility; water-soluble (WS), water-insoluble-urea-soluble (WI US) and water-insoluble-urea-insoluble (WI-UI). The SDS-PAGE of these fractions showed increasing quantities of degraded polypeptides (mol. wt; Mr less than 18 kDa) with aging. On separation of degraded polypeptides from the rest of lens crystallins by gel-filtration chromatography under denaturing conditions, the polypeptides showed an age-related concentration increase in the WS and WI-US fractions, which constituted 12-14% and 17-18% of the total proteins respectively. The degraded polypeptides from WI-US fractions of lenses from 50-yr old donors exhibited five polypeptides ranging in Mr between 3- and 18 kDa. The degraded polypeptides isolated from WS and WI-US fractions of lenses of various ages self-aggregated on storage to protein moieties with Mr ranging between 18- and greater than 1500 kDa. An antiserum was raised against degraded polypeptides isolated from WI-US protein fraction of 50-yr-old human lenses. During the Western blot analyses, the antiserum exhibited specific immuno-reaction with alpha-crystallin and 20-kDa gamma-crystallin species and with degraded polypeptides among various human lens crystallins tested. Similarly, when the self-aggregated degraded polypeptides of WS and WI-US fractions were reacted with the antiserum, several polymeric proteins of increasing Mrs were observed. In addition, when the heavy molecular weight (HMW) proteins from WS proteins and the total WI proteins of lenses of various ages were probed with the antiserum, several polymeric proteins, similar to the in vitro self-aggregated polymers of degraded polypeptides as previously described, were seen. Such polymers were in relatively lower quantities in the total WS proteins of lenses of various ages. These results suggest an apparent age-related polymerization of degraded polypeptides into HMW proteins leading to their insolubilization. PMID- 3181334 TI - Monoclonal antibodies facilitate analyses of ocular development in mice. AB - To clarify molecular fluctuations during ocular development, we prepared monoclonal antibodies named MAb 111 and MAb 23 which bound differentially to the neural retina, pigmented epithelium, iris and ciliary body. In newborn mice, MAb 111 bound to the pigmented epithelium including the retinal pigmented epithelium, the pigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium and the outer layer of the iris epithelium. MAb 111 also bound to the non-pigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium and the inner layer of the iris epithelium. MAb 23 bound to the neural retina, the pigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium and the outer layer of the iris epithelium. Using these two monoclonal antibodies, we performed immunohistochemical analyses on developing mouse eyes and reached the conclusion that the optic cup has already been determined to differentiate into the retina, ciliary body and iris, on the 15th day of gestation, when the ciliary body and iris are not morphologically demarcated. PMID- 3181335 TI - Cataract in senescence accelerated mouse (SAM). 2. Development of a new strain of mouse with late-appearing cataract. AB - A new strain of mouse with late-appearing hereditary cataract was developed in the Senescence Accelerated Mouse (SAM-R/3). At the beginning of the selection of the new strain (generation 4), 5% of mice which lived over 20 weeks had cataract, at least unilaterally. During selection and brother-sister inbreeding, the incidence increased and reached 68% of 78 mice whose lifespan exceeded 20 weeks, in the 12th generation. In recent populations, (generations 9-14), the cataract began to appear around 10 weeks of age and about 81% of 64 females and 49% of 47 males had cataract after 32 weeks of age. Inflammatory lesions of the cornea and eyelids began to occur later in life and the incidence was lower than that of cataract. This observation suggested to us that the cataract of this new strain was not congenital in origin but rather was age-related and did not occur consequently after the onset of inflammatory lesions around the lens tissue. Stereomicroscopic examination of the lens revealed that many of these cataracts occurred initially at the posterior area and that the mature cataract showed a characteristic protrusion at the posterior pole and nuclear dislocation. Histology of the mature cataract also revealed protrusion of the posterior pole and showed degeneration and liquefaction of lens cortex, nuclear dislocation and destruction of posterior lens capsule. The wet weight, water and protein contents showed that the lens of this strain developed normally and that the untoward events were the result but not the cause of cataract. The SAM-R/3 strain should prove to be a suitable murine model for investigation of age-related changes in the lens, and cataractogenesis. PMID- 3181336 TI - Measurement of optic nerve blood flow with iodoantipyrine: limitations caused by diffusion from the choroid. AB - Radioactively labelled iodoantipyrine has been used to measure optic nerve blood flow in experimental animals. The reliability of blood flow measurements with this technique may be limited by diffusion of tracer from the nearby choroid. The activity of tracer in the peripapillary choroid and anterior optic nerve was measured in a series of in vivo optic nerve blood flow experiments in cats. The diffusion of iodoantipyrine into cat optic nerve segments was also measured in vitro, and a model for diffusion of tracer from the peripapillary choroid into the anterior optic nerve was developed. The activity profiles established by simple diffusion experiments were similar to the activity profiles in the anterior optic nerve established by blood flow experiments. Apparent blood flow measurements in the anterior optic nerve made with iodoantipyrine may be largely influenced by tracer diffusion from the nearby choroid. For measurements of tracer activity which are statistically similar between control and experimental optic nerve samples, and with a total diffusion time of 60 sec (a well-done experiment), real blood flow in the experimental sample may differ by as much as 60% from the control at a point 50 micron from the choroid. At 300 micron from the choroid, the maximum undetectable difference because of diffusion declines to approx. 12%. These estimates assume an autoradiographic technique which can reliably detect tissue tracer activity differences of +/- 10%. Measurements of optic nerve blood flow made with diffusible tracers are affected by diffusion from the choroid and should be reported with estimated limits of reliability. PMID- 3181337 TI - SEM studies of the functional morphology of the ciliary process vasculature in the cynomolgus monkey: reactions after application of epinephrine. AB - In the ciliary processes of the cynomolgus monkey three vascular territories with discrete arterioles and venules were found by means of scanning electron micrographs of vascular resin casts. The first vascular territory, which is located at the anterior end of the major processes, is drained posteriorly by long isolated venules, which pass the ciliary body without greater connections to the venules of the major ciliary processes, whereas the second and third territories comprise the vasculature of the major and minor ciliary processes drained posteriorly by veins which are located at the internal edge of the ciliary processes. With the functional resin casting method it could be demonstrated that 15 min after application of 20 micrograms of epinephrine into the conjunctival sac the terminal arterioles supplying the first vascular territory constricted most intensely, whereas the terminal arterioles related to the middle and posterior vascular territory of the ciliary processes constricted to a lesser extent. Twenty-five minutes after topical application of epinephrine only the posterior vascular territory and the capillaries of the ciliary muscle appeared filled in the resin casts. The vasculature of the anterior territories remained empty because of strong vasoconstriction of the supplying arterioles. The three morphologically different vascular territories with their different sensitivities to epinephrine may reflect a functional differentiation in respect to aqueous humour formation and resorption. PMID- 3181338 TI - Identification and characterization of human hemopoietic mast cell colonies. AB - Persisting mast cell colonies from human bone marrow and cord blood cells grown in semisolid agar cultures for over 56 days have been positively identified and characterized using morphology and cytochemistry. Mast cells demonstrated the following features: Cytoplasmic granules frequently contained the specific and characteristic papyrus rolls (transmission electron microscopy); mature cells were positive to the mouse monoclonal antibody YB5.B8 specific for human mast cells (raised against acute myeloid leukemia cells) and RPA-M1 specific for human monocytes but negative to the human basophil monoclonal antibody Bsp-1; morphologically the cells were large (diameter 20-25 micron), deeply basophilic, and contained granules that measured up to 2 micron in diameter (May-Grunwald Giemsa stain); the presence of heparin by the thrombin clotting time and positive staining with toluidine blue and alcian blue; the presence of histamine by a positive fluorescent o-phthalaldehyde stain; the presence of IgE receptor sites with human IgE and a rabbit anti-human IgE second antibody; and a unique zone of lysis around mast cell colonies occurred when cultured on peripheral blood feeder layers in agar plates that was not present around monocytic, neutrophilic, or eosinophilic colonies under the same culture conditions. Our results identify the cells in persisting colonies as mast cells and describe some specific characteristics that distinguish these cells from basophils. PMID- 3181340 TI - Hybrid resistance to parental bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells in the skin but not in the peritoneal cavity of (WB X C57BL/6)F1-W/Wv mice. AB - When cultured mast cells of (WB X C57BL/6)F1-+/+(WBB6F1-+/+) and WB-+/+(WB) mice were directly injected into the skin of genetically mast cell-deficient WBB6F1 W/Wv mice, mast cell clusters appeared at the injection sites. Although in vitro colony-forming ability is comparable between cultured mast cells of WB mice and those of WBB6F1-+/+ mice, the number of WB mast cells necessary for the appearance of mast cell clusters in the skin of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice was significantly larger than the number of WBB6F1-+/+ mast cells. In spite of the presence of such an apparent hybrid resistance in the skin of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice to mast cells of the WB parent, both WB and WBB6F1-+/+ mast cells grow in the peritoneal cavity of WBB6F1-W/Wv mice with comparable efficiency. This is a demonstration of the tissue-related (nonrecirculating) expression of hybrid resistance against nonmalignant hematopoietic cells. PMID- 3181339 TI - In vivo proliferative and differential properties of murine bone marrow cells separated on the basis of rhodamine-123 retention. AB - We have studied the in vivo proliferation and differential properties of murine bone marrow cells (BMC) differing in mitochondrial activity. Following centrifugal elutriation, the cells were sorted on the basis of rhodamine-123 (Rh) fluorescence intensity within a predetermined light scatter window. Unfractionated BMC colonized the spleen with a characteristic preponderance of erythrocytic nodules upon infusion into heavily irradiated mice. In contrast, Rh dull BMC formed few macroscopic spleen colonies up to day 12, but relatively more microscopic colonies when spleens were sectioned, and the majority of the colonies showed megakaryocytic (Meg) and/or granulocytic (G) differentiation. On day 16 many megakaryocytes were found in these spleens, and very large erythroid colonies had developed since day 12. In contrast, Rh-bright BMC were highly enriched for cells forming erythrocytic spleen colonies that disintegrated after day 12, but the percentage of G and Meg colonies was low. Spleens obtained from recipients of Rh-bright cells contained a negligible number of megakaryocytes on day 16. Apparently, the mitochondrial content of cells that form hemopoietic colonies in the spleen related to the onset and duration of their lineage expression, and to the relative sizes of the lineage compartments. Thus, the colony founders of the majority of spleen surface nodules observed on days 8 and 12 are cells with high mitochondrial activity forming transient erythrocytic nodules. Such spleen colonies represent the bulk of the countable nodules that form the basis of the widely applied murine "stem cell" assay. PMID- 3181342 TI - Colony growth of normal and neoplastic cells in various concentrations of methylcellulose. AB - To assess the semisolid character of methylcellulose (MC) and its ability to prevent cell migration and aggregation in clonogenic assays, we studied the influence of various concentrations of MC (0.7%-1.26%) on colony growth of neoplastic cell lines, normal bone marrow cells, and hairy cell leukemia (HCL). All cell lines (K562, HL-60, JOK-1, Daudi, and BB3, an IgM-kappa B-cell line) showed a prominent decrease in colony numbers and remarkable changes in colony morphology at rising MC concentrations, whereas no such influence could be demonstrated for HCL, mixed lineage colony-forming units (CFU-GEMM), granulocyte macrophage CFU (CFU-GM), erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), and erythroid CFU (CFU-E). Despite a decrease in colony numbers at high MC concentrations, some cell lines showed a sustained proliferation as measured by growth index calculations and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation. This indicates that at certain MC concentrations colony formation is not always a reflection of proliferation. BrdUrd incorporation yielded an extremely low proliferation capacity for HCL. It is likely that HCL cells, which strongly aggregate, formed pseudo-colonies in spite of high MC concentrations. PMID- 3181341 TI - Serotonin incorporation as a marker of murine megakaryocyte proliferation in liquid cultures. AB - We have developed a new in vitro method for the quantitation of murine megakaryocyte proliferation that is based on the unique property of megakaryocytes to incorporate and store [14C]serotonin in cytoplasmic dense granules. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by autoradiography of whole bone marrow cell suspensions, which showed evidence of grain accumulation only in megakaryocytes. Bone marrow cells were cultured in liquid cultures in the presence of a stimulator of megakaryocyte growth before the addition of 2.5 microM [14C]serotonin. The amount of serotonin incorporated in cells was evaluated after 3 h. Radioactivity peaked at days 6 and 7 and remained high until day 10; there was a linear relationship between the incorporation of serotonin and the number of cells plated. A dose-response curve between the incorporation of serotonin and the concentration of pokeweed mitogen spleen-conditioned medium (PWM-SCM) was observed, with inhibitory effects becoming predominant at the highest concentrations. The proliferation of megakaryocyte progenitors was also stimulated by partially purified interleukin 3, whereas both human recombinant erythropoietin and human recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rG CSF) failed to modify the incorporation of serotonin in comparison with unstimulated cultures. Finally, in parallel experiments we observed a significant correlation between the number of megakaryocytic colonies grown in agar and the radioactivity in liquid cultures. The method described herein is reproducible, sensitive, and easy to perform; it should be useful for the study and purification of factors affecting megakaryocyte proliferation. PMID- 3181343 TI - Azidothymidine-induced depression of murine hemopoietic progenitor cells. AB - The toxicity of the antiviral drug 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine was studied in vivo on murine hemopoietic progenitor cells and peripheral blood cells. The drug induced a marked decrease of all tested populations, showing a severe toxicity on hemopoiesis. PMID- 3181344 TI - Cyclic hematopoiesis in dogs: studies of erythroid burst-forming cells confirm an early stem cell defect. AB - Studies of early erythropoiesis in dogs have been hampered by the lack of an efficient assay for canine erythroid burst-forming cells (BFU-E). We have developed a methyl-cellulose culture system for hematopoietic progenitors in dog marrow with a plating efficiency for BFU-E of 98 +/- 26 (SD) per 10(5) marrow mononuclear cells. We then applied this assay to the study of cyclic hematopoiesis in grey collie dogs, and regular fluctuations of colonies derived from erythroid colony-forming cells (CFU-E), BFU-E, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells (CFU-GM) were seen at 12- to 13-day intervals. Defining Cycle Day 1 as the first day that the granulocyte count falls below 1000/mm3, we found that the peak frequency of BFU-E (Cycle Day 10) always preceded the peak frequency of CFU-E (Cycle Day 12), which preceded that of the reticulocyte count (Cycle Day 3). The peak frequency of CFU-GM (Cycle Days 9-2) and neutrophil containing colonies in agar culture (Cycle Days 1-2) preceded the peak of granulocytes (Cycle Day 6). The percentage of the various progenitors in the DNA synthetic phase of the cell cycle was similar in grey collies and normal dogs and showed no cyclic fluctuations. These data indicate that cyclic hematopoiesis results from a defect in a hematopoietic stem cell more primitive than BFU-E and CFU-GM. Cycling appears to be due to the commitment of this primitive cell to differentiation only at discrete intervals. The cell cycle kinetics and differentiation of subsequent cells appear normal. PMID- 3181345 TI - Circulating BFU-E in sickle cell anemia: relationship to percent fetal hemoglobin and BPA-like activity. AB - Circulating 14-day erythroid progenitors (BFU-E) from sickle cell anemia (SS) patients were studied in culture to determine their frequency and their sensitivity to erythropoietin (Epo). Increased numbers of circulating BFU-E were found in half of the patients studied, whereas the remainder had a normal count. Patients with high circulating BFU-E counts had lower fetal hemoglobin (HbF) percentages (congruent to 4.5%) than patients with low circulating BFU-E counts (HbF congruent to 13%). This difference was highly significant (p less than 0.0001). In addition, SS circulating BFU-E expressed increased sensitivity to Epo due, at least partially, to an increased production of burst-promoting activity like factor(s) generated by light-density mononuclear cells. These findings emphasize the possible role of the HbF level (and the extent of sickling) in BFU E regulation under the continuous hemopoietic stress of SS disease. PMID- 3181347 TI - Grafts containing fetal hippocampal tissue reduce activity and improve passive avoidance in hippocampectomized or trimethyltin-exposed rats. AB - Embryonic Day 16 or 17 rat tissue containing either hippocampus with some medial pallial anlage or cerebellar/alar plate anlage was transplanted to the site of the ablated hippocampus of otherwise normal adult rats or adult rats previously exposed to the neurotoxin trimethyltin. Ninety to one hundred five days later these rats were compared to control rats in acquisition of passive avoidance and in open field activity. Transplantation of both types of tissue produced behavioral recovery on both tasks in rats with hippocampal lesions that had not been exposed to trimethyltin. Only hippocampal transplants produced recovery of function in rats given trimethyltin. Although transplants of hippocampal tissue had an organotypic structure that was easily differentiated with cell and fiber stains from that of the cerebellar transplants, neither of these routine histological procedures nor immunocytochemical analysis revealed differences between transplants made into normal rats or toxicant-exposed rats. Either of two mechanisms may account for the ability of the transplants to produce behavioral recovery. These are reconstruction of damaged circuitry by the transplant and neurotrophic action of the developing transplant on the host brain. The second mechanism alone may be sufficient to restore function in brain-lesioned but otherwise normal rats. Therefore, either type of transplant is effective. Both mechanisms may be necessary for recovery in brain-lesioned, toxicant-exposed rats. Therefore, only transplants of tissue homotypic to the tissue removed from the brain are effective. PMID- 3181346 TI - Erythrocytosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SH) with an increased number of red blood cells (RBC), microcytosis, and normal hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were used to study the effect of different manipulations of the erythron on erythropoietin production and on erythroid progenitor proliferation by bone marrow cells in order to gain insight regarding the regulation of erythropoiesis. The serum erythropoietin (Ep) level was increased in untreated SH rats. After stimulation by either bleeding, hemolysis, or acute hypoxia, both the erythropoietin level and erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E) proliferation by bone marrow cells increased in SH rats to levels that were similar to those of normotensive Wistar (W) rats. Exposure to chronic hypoxia induced an increase in Hb concentration in SH rats concomitantly with the increase in RBC. The results obtained in SH rats raise the possibility of a defect in nonEp stimulators of erythropoiesis that may alter Hb synthesis. PMID- 3181348 TI - Interactions between basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and glycosoaminoglycans in promoting neurite outgrowth. AB - Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a heparin-binding protein which has trophic effects on hippocampal neurons in vitro. It stimulates neurite extension when bound to surfaces coated with heparin, heparan sulfate, or hyaluronic acid, but not chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate. Stimulation of neurite growth correlated strongly with the amount of [125I]bFGF bound by the different glycosoaminoglycans. Providing accessible stores of bFGF might be one function of glycosoaminoglycans during development. PMID- 3181349 TI - Neural transplants disrupt the blood-brain barrier and allow peripherally acting drugs to exert a centrally mediated behavioral effect. AB - The disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) following neural transplantation has been demonstrated with horseradish peroxidase histochemistry. It appears that the BBB becomes at least temporarily permeable to large macromolecules. In this study, two drugs (N-methylscopolamine and domperidone) that do not normally cross the BBB were shown to exert a centrally mediated behavioral effect when systematically administered in transplanted rats. This demonstrates that N methylscopolamine, domperidone, and perhaps other peripherally acting drugs can enter the brain via transplants and directly modify CNS function. PMID- 3181350 TI - Astrocytes are important for sprouting in the septohippocampal circuit. AB - Damage to the fimbria-fornix, and separately to the perforant path, leads to distinct and dramatic time-dependent increases in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (GFAP-IR) in specific areas of the hippocampal formation. Specifically, fimbria-fornix lesions resulted in an increase in the GFAP-IR in the pyramidal and oriens area of the CA3 as well as the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. In addition, in the septum ipsilateral to the lesion, there was a rapid and robust increase in GFAP-IR in the dorsal lateral quadrant of the septum, but not in the medial region. Only after 30 days did the GFAP-IR reach the medial septum. Following perforant path lesions, there was a selective increase in GFAP-IR in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. Most of these changes were transient and had disappeared by 30 days postlesion. We speculate that the increase in GFAP-IR in these target areas is a necessary requirement for the sprouting responses that are observed. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that astrocytes secrete NGF in vitro and that NGF activity increases in these target areas following these same lesions. A mechanism for the selective activation of the astrocytes through the initial activation of microglia and secretion of interleukin-1 is postulated. PMID- 3181351 TI - Changes in the firing properties of neurons in the dentate gyrus with denervation and reinnervation: implications for behavioral recovery. AB - The present study evaluates how the activity of neurons in the dentate gyrus of adult rats is affected by removal of the projection from the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex (EC) and by the reinnervation which follows this injury. We evaluated the average firing rate and characterized interstimulus interval (ISI) parameters for single units in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus in two ways: (I) by recording the activity of single neurons prior to and at 15 min and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. following a unilateral EC lesion; and (II) by calculating average rates for samples of neurons at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 14 days postlesion. Of a sample of 31 neurons whose activity was recorded before and after an EC lesion, 27 (87%) showed decreased activity, and 4 (13%) showed increased activity. The average prelesion firing rate for all cells was 6.5 spikes/s, and the average rate decreased to 2.5 spikes/s at 15 min postlesion. The average firing rate remained depressed for the 8-h recording session, although it was not possible to maintain the recordings for all cells. Evaluations of ISI histograms revealed three general types: (a) a skewed distribution with a single peak; (b) a bimodal distribution with an early peak at intervals of a few ms and a later peak at approximately the same interval as the distributions with single peaks; (c) cells with low firing rates and more or less rectangular distributions. Cells producing each type of ISI histogram exhibited decreases in firing after EC lesions. However, the 4 neurons that exhibited increases in firing had relatively low firing rates prior to the lesion. There were no significant changes in the coefficient of variation or skewness of the ISI histograms following the lesions. The statistical dependency of successive ISIs as revealed by serial correlograms was relatively low in the prelesion sample, and showed no consistent change following the lesion. Comparison of the average firing rates of different samples of neurons at 2-14 days postlesion revealed that the average activity of neurons in the granule cell layer remained depressed at 2 and 4 days postlesion. However, the activity recovered to a level comparable to the prelesion control by 8 days postlesion. The time course of recovery of unit activity was comparable to the time course of sprouting as revealed by previous electrophysiological studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3181352 TI - Reinnervation of long-term denervated rat muscle freely grafted into an innervated limb. AB - This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that in the presence of regenerating nerve fibers long-term denervated skeletal muscle does not become reinnervated. This hypothesis was tested in rats by the transplantation of 22 month denervated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles into the sites of EDL muscles in the contralateral, normally innervated legs. Two months after transplantation, the muscles contracted when stimulated via the motor nerve, and based on silver-acetylcholinesterase staining, all grafts possessed innervated motor end plates. Compared to values for control EDL muscles in old rats, the maximum force developed by standard free grafts in old rats was 19% and that of long-term denervated grafts was 7%. For standard free grafts, nerve stimulation produced a maximum force that was 81% of that produced by direct stimulation, and for control EDL muscles in young and old rats, the values were 96 and 90%, respectively. These results show that after long-term denervation rat muscles are capable of becoming functionally reinnervated, even though by the time of reinnervation the animals have attained an advanced age of 26 months. PMID- 3181353 TI - Cholinergic grafts in the neocortex or hippocampus of aged rats: reduction of delay-dependent deficits in the delayed non-matching to position task. AB - Aged (24 month) rats have previously been shown to manifest delay-dependent deficits in the performance of an operant delayed non-matching to position task. In the present experiment, cholinergic-rich grafts implanted into either the neocortex or the hippocampus of aged rats are shown to reinnervate the host neocortex and hippocampus, respectively, and to provide a significant amelioration of the host animals' short-term memory impairments. The results are discussed in light of the cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. PMID- 3181354 TI - Persistent retrograde labeling of adult rat retinal ganglion cells with the carbocyanine dye diI. AB - To study the retrograde labeling of intact and axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) over long periods of time, we applied the carbocyanine dye diI to the superior colliculi (SC) and dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei (dLGN) in adult albino rats and examined the retinas by fluorescence microscopy after different periods of survival. Retrogradely labeled RGCs, which were observed in the retinas as early as 3 days after application of the dye, gradually increased in density so that by 7 days more than 80% of the RGCs were labeled and by 30 days diI-labeled cell densities were similar to those observed after short applications of other tracers. Using short-term retrograde labeling with fast blue (FB) as an independent marker of RGCs, it was determined that these neurons remained labeled with diI for periods of up to 9 months without apparent leakage of the tracer to other retinal cells. In addition, diI labeling persisted in the somata of more than 80% of axotomized RGCs whose contact with the source of label had been interrupted for 3 months. Thus, we propose that retrogradely transported diI is a useful label for quantitative studies of neuronal populations, even after axotomy. PMID- 3181355 TI - Origins of the short latency somatosensory evoked potentials in cat--with special reference to the sensory relay nuclei. AB - In order to identify the generators of short latency somatosensory evoked potential (SL-SEP) components, we studied, in cats, the relationship between the latencies of SL-SEP components and those of action potentials travelling along the somatosensory pathway. We also studied the changes of SL-SEPs after small lesions at various levels along the pathway. In the record with a noncephalic reference, four positive peaks (PI, PII, PIII, PIV) and three negative peaks (NI, NII, NIII) were identified. Two to three small negative waves (III-a, III-b, III c) were superimposed on the waves from PIII to NIII. We concluded as follows: (i) NIII is a near-field component originating in the primary somatosensory cortex. (ii) III-a, III-b, and III-c originate between the decussation of the medial lemniscus and the thalamus. (iii) PIII probably originates from multiple structures rostral and caudal to the decussation of the medial lemniscus. PII, NII, and a part of PIII may originate in the region where C6 to T1 dorsal roots enter the spinal cord. (iv) The earliest components or PI and NI originate in the peripheral nerve at the axilla. (v) No components of SL-SEP originating at the dorsal root ganglia, dorsal column nuclei, thalamic VPL nucleus, or cerebellum were identified. (vi) Most of the SL-SEP components may originate where the volume conductor geometry or the impedance of the conducting medium changes suddenly. PMID- 3181356 TI - Microinjections of GABA agonists into the amygdala complex attenuates kindled seizure expression in the rat. AB - The effects of intraamygdala injections of either gamma-vinyl GABA or muscimol on the behavioral and electrographic expression of stable, fully generalized, kindled seizures were assessed. Results suggest that intraamygdala administration of GABA agonists preferentially attenuates the behavioral, but not the focal, electrographic expression of kindled seizures elicited from either the insular or entorhinal cortex. These results, in conjunction with those of others, suggest that the amygdala becomes an integral and necessary structure for the expression of seizures kindled from a variety of forebrain areas. PMID- 3181357 TI - Influence of one-week hindlimb suspension and intermittent high load exercise on rat muscles. AB - Hindlimb suspension (HS) is a ground-based simulation model for spaceflight commonly used to study the effects of unloading on skeletal muscle. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of a daily short-duration, high load exercise training program in ameliorating the atrophic response and associated adaptations in the mechanical properties of the soleus (SOL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles to HS. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (mean body weight, approximately 250 g) were assigned randomly to one of three groups: control (CON, n = 7), HS, (n = 7), and HS plus exercise (HS-EX, n = 8). The exercise consisted of rats climbing up a 1-m grid inclined at approximately 85 degrees for eight repetitions with a load equal to 75% body weight attached to their tails repeated four times daily during their active period. Following 7 days, soleus wet weights in the HS and HS-EX rats were 42 and 23% lower than those in the CON rats. The SOL muscle weight to body weight ratio in the HS group was 32% smaller than that in the CON group, whereas it was similar to that of CON in the HS-EX. Maximum tetanic tensions in the HS and HS-EX groups were 44 and 27% less than that in CON, with that in HS-EX being significantly greater than that in HS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181358 TI - Hemispheric asymmetry in neglect produced by unilateral lesions of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in rats. AB - Unilateral lesions of the medial precentral prefrontal cortex produce severe polymodal neglect which reaches a stable level of recovery over 3 to 4 weeks. Previous research has indicated that neglect is produced by unilateral destruction of this region in either hemisphere, but that the nature of the neglect produced is dependent on the hemisphere damaged. The present study is a further examination of behavioral laterality produced by this unilateral destruction. The results indicated that destruction of medial precentral cortex in the left hemisphere (n = 12) produced severe contralateral multimodal neglect of visual, somatosensory, and auditory stimuli. Identical destruction in the right hemisphere (n = 18) also produced severe neglect, but unlike the left hemisphere operates which always demonstrated contralateral neglect, there were two distinct populations of right hemisphere operates. These subjects demonstrated either ipsilateral neglect or a "switching" response pattern characterized by the initial demonstration of contralateral or ipsilateral neglect and then, during the course of recovery, severe neglect on the opposite body side. Histological analysis indicated that the left and right hemisphere lesions were equivalent, as were the lesions in the two behavioral subcategories of right hemisphere operates. Operated controls (n = 12) did not demonstrate long standing neglect or this switching pattern. The behavioral laterality observed following unilateral destruction of medial precentral prefrontal cortex is discussed in relationship to the anatomical and neurochemical asymmetries which have been demonstrated in this cortical region. PMID- 3181359 TI - Effect of neonatal denervation-reinnervation on the functional capacity of a 129ReJ dy/dy murine dystrophic muscle. AB - The sciatic nerves of 14-day-old 129 ReJ normal (++) and dystrophic (dy/dy) mice were transected in the mid-thigh region. The cut ends of the nerves were approximated to facilitate regeneration. One hundred days after denervation, contractile properties of denervated-reinnervated, normal and dystrophic extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were compared to age-matched normal and dystrophic muscles. In dystrophic muscle, in vitro twitch and tetanic tensions were reduced, compared to those of normal muscle. The denervation-reinnervation procedure resulted in an increase in these parameters as compared to unoperated dy muscle. These data correlated with increases in total myofiber cross-sectional areas. Twitch contraction time was not significantly affected by the dystrophic condition or by the denervation-reinnervation protocol. Whereas dystrophic muscle had a longer half-relaxation time than normal muscle, denervation-reinnervation of the dystrophic EDL resulted in a significantly faster half-relaxation time. While fatigue resistance was greater in dystrophic muscles than in normal muscle, there was a significant decrease in fatigue resistance in the denervated reinnervated dystrophic muscle. Transient neonatal denervation results in modification of both the morphological and physiological characteristics of murine dystrophy. PMID- 3181360 TI - Corticosteroid therapy in avian muscular dystrophy: evaluation by magnetic resonance relaxation times. AB - Genetically dystrophic chicks (line 413) were administered 0.3 mg/kg dexamethasone (DEX), a corticosteroid, from 2 to 28 days ex ovo. Diluent-injected dystrophic and normal (line 412) chicks served as controls. The effects of DEX on muscle function were evaluated weekly by the exhaustion score (ES) method. Proton magnetic resonance relaxation times, T1 and T2, of excised pectoral muscles of all chicks were measured at 31 days of age. There were two measurable components of T1 and T2 relaxation times, all of which were significantly prolonged in control dystrophic muscles. DEX improved ESs of dystrophic chicks and these functional improvements were reflected in significant reductions in the short and long components of T1 and T2. This study suggests that magnetic resonance techniques, including imaging, can complement and extend the information obtained by other methods that are commonly used in therapeutic studies of muscle disorders. PMID- 3181362 TI - Sex difference in neuronal loss induced by axotomy in the rat brain stem motor nuclei. AB - The magnitudes of axotomy-induced neuronal loss in male, female, and castrated male rats were compared. Ten to twelve weeks after unilateral transection of the hypoglossal and facial nerves in rats of 3 and 6 weeks of age, a significant reduction in cell number occurred in the axotomized motor nuclei. The cell loss was two times greater in females and male castrates than in males, suggesting that higher levels of androgens in males attenuated neuronal loss. The time course of neuronal loss in females axotomized at 6 weeks of age was followed. Results indicated that the neuronal population on the axotomized side sustained a gradual decline during the 1- to 12-week postaxotomy periods, being reduced eventually by 25-30%. No further cell loss was evident thereafter up to 20 weeks postaxotomy. The present study demonstrates that androgens can influence motoneuron survival not only during development as shown by E. J. Nordeen, K. W. Nordeen, D. R. Sengelaub, and A. P. Arnold (1985, Science 229: 671-673) but also in adulthood. PMID- 3181361 TI - Stability of brain incorporation of plasma palmitate in unanesthetized rats of different ages, with appendix on palmitate model. AB - The unidirectional rate of incorporation of plasma palmitate, Jpalm, was measured in 43 brain regions of unanesthetized male Fischer-344 rats at 3, 12, 24 and 34 months of age. Jpalm was calculated from brain radioactivity 4 h after iv injection of [14C]palmitate, and from the integrated plasma specific activity of palmitate to 4 h. Jpalm was not related significantly to age (P greater than 0.05) in gray and white matter regions, nor was the white/gray ratio for Jpalm related to age (approximating 0.53 at all ages). These results demonstrate age invariance of incorporation of plasma palmitate into stable brain structures of the rat and suggest that turnover of brain lipids also is generally age invariant. A mathematical model for regional incorporation of plasma palmitate is given in an Appendix. PMID- 3181363 TI - The fate of prelabeled Clarke's column neurons after axotomy. AB - We studied Clarke's Column of the L-1 spinal cord segment of young adult female rats after first prelabeling its neurons by the intracerebellar injection of Fluoro-Gold or true blue and subsequently axotomizing the labeled cells by a complete spinal cord transection at T-9. In control rats, the number of labeled neurons at 1, 5, 10, and 20 weeks showed a progressive decrease, probably due to leakage of dye from the cells. A much greater loss of labeled neurons was found in T-9 spinal cord-transected rats than in their matched controls. At 5 weeks after transection, loss of large neurons was somewhat offset by an increase in small neurons; neuron shrinkage was a likely cause of this increase, because small, very intensely labeled neurons were found in transected rats but not in control rats. By 10 and 20 weeks post-transection, the number of all prelabeled neurons in transected rats had sharply decreased. In transected rats, but not in controls, very significant increases in labeled astroglia and microglia and other labeled small cells were found at 5 weeks. At 10 weeks, the identifiable labeled astroglia had decreased but marked increases in microglia and other labeled small cells persisted. We conclude that, following a complete T-9 spinal cord transection, axotomized Clarke's column neurons first shrink in size and then die. Labeled reactive astrocytes, which are most evident 5 weeks after injury, probably indicate phagocytosis of axotomized neurons. PMID- 3181366 TI - An ontogenic study of focal seizure induced by penicillin injection into sensorimotor area in rats. AB - The ontogenic development of focal seizure activity induced by penicillin injection into the unilateral sensorimotor area of rats was investigated in neonate, young, and weaning-through-adulthood groups. In the neonate group, the latency to the onset of repetitive isolated discharges (RIDs) was the longest. RIDs appeared in other structures simultaneously with the focus sensorimotor area, but their amplitude remained low compared to that in the focus. In the young group, RIDs and sustained high frequency discharges (SHDs) occurred. The latency to onset of RIDs was the shortest. RIDs propagated into subcortical structures more quickly than in the weaning-through-adulthood group, but their amplitude remained low in other structures. SHDs of high amplitude occurred in the ipsilateral subcortical structures simultaneously with those in the focus. In the weaning-through-adulthood group, the onset of SHDs was shorter and the frequency of SHDs was greater than those in the young group. RIDs and SHDs appeared in the focus sensorimotor area first and propagated to the ipsilateral caudate putamen, the medial nucleus of the thalamus, and the contralateral sensorimotor area at the early stage of seizures. Thereafter they propagated to other cortical and subcortical structures. These results suggest the following. A well-developed neocortex is needed for generation of SHDs as opposed to RIDs. In the young group, the ipsilateral subcortical structures play an important role in the generation of focal motor seizure. Following maturation, the bilateral sensorimotor areas, ipsilateral caudate putamen, and ipsilateral medial nucleus of the thalamus seem to increase in importance in producing the focal motor seizures. PMID- 3181367 TI - Alternatives to animal experimentation. PMID- 3181364 TI - Effects of the nonglucocorticoid 21-aminosteroid U74006F on acute cerebral hypoperfusion following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - The ability of the nonglucocorticoid 21-aminosteroid U74006F, a potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, to antagonize acute progressive cerebral hypoperfusion following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was examined in chloralose-anesthetized cats. The SAH was produced by injection of 0.5 ml/kg of unheparinized autologous blood into the cisterna magna after prior withdrawal of an equivalent volume of cerebrospinal fluid. In untreated animals the SAH caused a progressive decline in caudate nuclear blood flow (CNBF) (-51.4% by 3 h) and an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) (+18.5 mm Hg by 3 h). In comparison, in cats that received a 1 mg/kg iv dose of U74006F at 30 min after SAH, there was a complete prevention of the fall in CNBF and a significant attenuation of the rise in ICP. Furthermore, the drug reduced a concomitant fall in the mean arterial blood pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure. While not as effective as the 1 mg/kg dose, a 0.1 mg/kg dose also significantly attenuated the post-SAH fall in CNBF. These results support a role of lipid peroxidation in the acute pathophysiology of SAH and suggest that U74006F may be useful in the early treatment of this disorder. PMID- 3181365 TI - Carbamazepine inhibits spontaneous activity in experimental neuromas. AB - In eight adult Sprague-Dawley rats the effect of parenteral carbamazepine on spontaneous discharges from saphenous neuromas (7-42 days following nerve section) was tested. Intravenous carbamazepine produced immediate inhibition of spontaneous activity originating in both A-alpha/beta and A-delta fibers at doses of 2.51-11.2 (7.9 +/- 3.3) mg/kg. In four additional animals, serum levels of carbamazepine were determined following iv administration of the drug. These results indicated that ectopic spontaneous impulse generation from experimental neuromas was inhibited by carbamazepine in the range of serum concentration in which the agent is used to treat trigeminal neuralgia and other painful neuropathies in humans. This implies that the effectiveness of this agent in the treatment of these disorders may result from suppression of peripherally originating ectopic spontaneous activity. PMID- 3181368 TI - Development of in vitro toxicity tests with cultures of freshly isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Freshly isolated and cultured hepatocytes were analyzed by two-parameter flow cytometry. The combined analysis of DNA and cellular protein content allowed the contribution of ploidy classes and of subpopulations within a ploidy class to be defined. Analysis of hepatocytes during exposure to dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), phenobarbital (PB), low oxygen tension (4% O2) or fetal calf serum (FCS), provided insight into the dynamic response of individual ploidy classes as a function of culture time. By analogy with the age-dependent ploidy shifts in vivo, hepatocyte-cultures shift towards adult animals during exposure to DMSO and towards young animals when cultured at low pO2 (4% O2). FCS and phenobarbital disturb this constitutive ploidy balance. FCS increased the 2 N cell population, where stem cells probably respond to the proliferative stimuli provided by growth factors in the serum. Phenobarbital affects the liver-specific 4 N hepatocytes, which agrees with effects seen in liver after exposure in vivo. It is suggested that drug-induced pathological alterations in ploidy in hepatocyte cultures could serve as indicators of compounds, such as liver tumor promoters, which interfere with cell differentiation in liver. The heterotypic cell-cell interaction of freshly isolated hepatocytes with isolated, in vitro cultured, rat liver epithelial cells in co-cultures proved to be a valuable concept in toxicity testing: aldrin epoxidase, an enzyme system involved in xenobiotic metabolism, was stabilized for more than two weeks. After exposure to the three chemicals, 2 acetylaminofluoren, procarbazine and cyproterone-acetate, a preferential toxicity for each compound and cell population was established. Thus heterotypic cell cultures can considerably increase the amount of information available from in vitro studies. The final concept, combining monitoring of cellular DNA (ploidy) and protein content in hepatocyte cultures during and after exposure to a given test compound at tissue oxygen tension with the heterotypic cell-cell interaction, would create a more in vivo-like culture system. This would enhance the predictability of hepatocyte cultures and contribute to a more widespread use of the test system and as a result help to reduce the number of whole-animal tests. PMID- 3181369 TI - Teratogenicity screening in standardized chick embryo culture: effects of dexamethasone and diphenylhydantoin. AB - Teratogenic and toxic effects of DXM and DPH were tested using a standardized chick embryo culture. Survival, growth and malformations were scored with respect to the drug concentrations used. DXM (greater than 10(-8) mol/l) inhibited the differentiation of the extraembryonic blood circulation and induced craniofacial anomalies. DPH (greater than 1.5 10(-5) mol/l) induced cardiomegaly, craniofacial and somitic anomalies. Both drugs were lethal at 10(-3) mol/l. Comparison of results obtained with 8 drugs shows that the method has a good discriminative power and specificity and that it can be used as a simple, reliable and economical primary screening test, making it possible to reduce the use of animals in toxicological studies. PMID- 3181370 TI - Postimplantation embryo culture for the assessment of the teratogenic potential and potency of compounds. AB - Whole rat embryos cultured during the early stages of organogenesis were subjected to a panel of selected chemicals. Of seventeen known in vivo teratogens, seventeen also induced specific malformations in embryos grown in culture. Of ten chemicals which were reported to be negative in in vivo rat teratogenicity studies, eight also did not provoke dysmorphogenic effects in vitro. Of five additionally tested retinoids, all induced multiple malformations. However, concentrations used to induce these effects varied considerably, isotretinoin inducing malformations at 10(-5) M and arotinoid at 10(-11) M. The results indicate qualitatively as well as quantitatively a high predictability of this in vitro system and suggest that the postimplantation embryo culture system may also be useful in the prospective testing of new drugs and environmental chemicals. PMID- 3181371 TI - Reduction of the number of mice used for potency testing of human and animal rabies vaccines. AB - Eight different rabies vaccines were tested for their potency in the standard mouse potency test using 3-, 5- and 7-week-old mice. 5-week-old mice seem to be best suited for this purpose, variability from test to test could be reduced considerably. An ELISA was used in parallel for the evaluation of the rabies glycoprotein content of rabies vaccines. Results of the mouse potency test correlated well with those of the ELISA if highly purified human vaccines were tested. Unspecific reactions in the ELISA caused by adjuvanted veterinary vaccines could not be blocked. Further experiments will be needed in order to evaluate the potency of inactivated veterinary rabies vaccines by a in vitro test. PMID- 3181372 TI - Robust regression in biological assay: application to the evaluation of alternative experimental techniques. AB - Robust Huber type regression and testing of linear hypotheses are adapted to statistical analysis of parallel line and slope ratio assays. They are applied in the evaluation of results of several experiments carried out in order to compare and validate alternatives to animal experimentation based on embryo and cell cultures. Computational procedures necessary for the application of robust methods of analysis used the conversational statistical package ROBSYS. Special commands for the analysis of parallel line and slope ratio assays have been added to ROBSYS. PMID- 3181373 TI - Action and interaction of two alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists, methoxamine and St 587, on the rabbit's blood pressure and EEG. AB - In rabbits methoxamine reversed the vasopressor effect of St 587 and abolished the EEG synchronizing action of St 587. The interaction on the blood pressure could be ascribed either to the different chemical structures of St 587 and methoxamine or to partial agonistic properties of St 587. The interaction on the EEG appears to be more complex. PMID- 3181374 TI - Choline accumulation in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The accumulation of non-metabolized choline in isolated rat hepatocytes is concentrative in Na+ medium, whereas the accumulation does not exceed unity in a Li+ medium. Ouabain and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibited the choline uptake. These results indicate that choline is taken up by rat hepatocytes via a Na+- and energy-dependent process, and choline oxidase is not directly connected with the choline transport system. PMID- 3181375 TI - The effect of a bradykinin antagonist on vasodilator responses with particular reference to the submandibular gland of the cat. AB - A bradykinin analogue, D-Arg[Hyp3, Thi5,8, D-Phe7]-Bk, antagonized the vasodilator effect of bradykinin injected close-arterially in the submandibular salivary gland of the cat, without affecting that due to acetylcholine or nerve stimulation. The same analogue also antagonized the hypotensive response to bradykinin injected intravenously in cats and rabbits. We conclude that functional hyperaemia in the submandibular gland of the cat is not due to the release of bradykinin by salivary kallikrein. PMID- 3181376 TI - Corticosteroid effects on cholinergic enzymes in ethanol-treated fetal brain cell cultures. AB - In the presence of ethanol, corticosterone and dexamethasone inhibit choline acetyltransferase and acetyl-cholinesterase activities in cultured fetal brain cells of the rat. These results suggest that corticosteroids may have an important influence on the activity of cholinergic enzymes in the fetal brain may antagonize the effects of ethanol in this setting. PMID- 3181377 TI - Testosterone changes the electric organ discharge and external morphology of the mormyrid fish, Gnathonemus petersii (Mormyriformes). AB - Effects of silastic and pellet methyltestosterone implants on the waveform of the electric organ discharge of the weakly electric African mormyrid, Gnathonemus petersii, were investigated. Within seven days of implantation, the duration of the discharge increased dramatically while the associated peak power frequency of the Fourier spectrum decreased in all treated fish. By day 35, hormone-treated fish exhibited up to five-fold increases in EOD duration, as well as multiple discharges and variations in the shape of the positive phase of the discharge. Testosterone treatment also changed body morphology, making immature and adult female fish resemble adult males. PMID- 3181378 TI - Clonogenic growth of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia cells in serum-free medium. AB - We devised a serum-free medium for growth of leukemic colony-forming units (CFU L), enriched with albumin, transferrin, lipids, insulin, hydrocortisone and oligoelements. Blast cells from 15 patients affected by acute non-lymphocytic leukemia were grown in this medium in the presence of human placental conditioned medium obtained under serum-free conditions (sfHPCM). Their clonogenic growth was comparable with that obtained in a serum-containing system. Furthermore, when serum-free cultures were carried out in absence of sfHPCM, either CFU-L growth was prevented or, if clones were obtained, the cultures showed a marked decrease in clonogenicity, indicating their strict dependence on growth factors. PMID- 3181379 TI - Rhizopus arrhizus in Italy as the causative agent of primary cerebral zygomycosis in a drug addict. AB - A rare case of primary cerebral zygomycosis in an Italian drug addict is described. The diagnosis was based on the histologic detection of broad, aseptate, hyaline mycelium in fluid aspirated from a brain mass detected by computerized axial tomography. The zygomycete isolated from the clinical specimen was identified as Rhizopus arrhizus var arrhizus. The patient had no known predisposing condition that would have suppressed his immunological defenses. Once the diagnosis was established, treatment with amphotericin B was initiated, but the patient died during the first day of treatment. PMID- 3181380 TI - Hepatitis B infections in the Arsi region of Ethiopia. AB - In a sample of inhabitants of the Arsi region of Ethiopia prevalence of hepatitis B is around 80% in the age group 20-24. In addition to age, sex and size of family, exposure to tribal practices is a determinant of seropositivity in this group accounting for as much as 20% of the total burden of the infection. Waiting for a mass vaccination campaign, presently unrealistic in this area of the world, health education, as part of a comprehensive primary health care program, has to be considered as a potentially effective preventive tool. PMID- 3181381 TI - Epidemiologic survey on hepatitis B in Gypsy women. AB - The determination of HBsAg in 3,404 pregnant women showed 84 positive cases (2.46%), which is above the average for the Spanish population. Notable risk factors were prior liver diseases, sexual promiscuity and spouse with liver disease. Other common, but less significant factors, were histories of transfusion or drug addiction. A very high proportion of the pregnant women were of the Gypsy race (12.1%), and these women showed a statistically higher (p less than 0.001) rate of chronic HBV infection (8.4%) than non-Gypsy population (1.4%). The Gypsy population showed a lower presence of known risk factors but a higher positivity for the e antigen. Our findings suggest that there is a higher prevalence of chronic HBV infection in pregnant Gypsy women and that the infection shows particular epidemiologic features. PMID- 3181382 TI - HBV, HDV and HIV infections in 242 drug addicts: two-year follow-up. AB - Of 242 north Italian heroin addicts, 24 (9.9%) were HBsAg positive. HBeAg was positive in two of them (8.3%), anti-HBe in 16 (66.6%) and anti-HDV in 21 (87.5%). Of the 218 HBsAg negative, 182 (83.5%) had anti-HBc, 72 (33.0%) anti-HBe and 97 (44.5%) anti-HBs. One-hundred-eighty-five drug addicts were anti-HIV positive (76.4%); 77 of these (41.6%) were asymptomatic, 93 (50.3%) had PGL and 15 (8.1%) ARC. T4+ cell count was significantly lower in subjects with ARC as was T4+/T8+ ratio in subjects with PGL and ARC. During a median follow-up of 9.5 months (range 4-25), we observed three new cases of hepatitis (two caused by NANBV and one by HBV with HDV coinfection) and one new HIV infection. Ten anti HIV positive subjects developed PGL and one AIDS. PMID- 3181383 TI - An acupuncture-associated outbreak of hepatitis B in Jerusalem. AB - Two clusters of between five and eleven cases of hepatitis B associated with acupuncture treatment by a physician occurred in Jerusalem in late 1986. The origin of the outbreak is believed to have been an Ethiopian immigrant surgical patient, a known HBsAg carrier, who infected an operating room nurse during a surgical procedure. This is the first recorded instance of transmission of HBV from an Ethiopian immigrant to the local Israeli population. We reiterate the need for the enforcement of correct sterilization techniques in all skin-piercing settings, a step which in many countries will require the licensing of a variety of occupations not presently covered by health regulations. PMID- 3181384 TI - Respiratory function and bronchial reactivity in mill workers. AB - Professional exposure to vegetable dusts affect the respiratory function of the exposed subjects. A previous survey conducted in an industrial flour-mill demonstrated a higher frequency of respiratory symptoms in workers compared to a control group. Ten subjects employed in a work site particularly exposed to dust were studied. Each subject answered a questionnaire and performed on Mondays and Fridays, at the beginning and end of his work shift, a flow volume curve and an isocapnic hyperventilation test. The aerobiology of the professional environment was also measured. We noted: 1) in the flow volume curves: a drop in the FEV1 during the Monday morning shift, a significant difference between the FEV1 (p less than 0.05) and the MMEFR 25-75 (p less than 0.05) measured at 6 am on Monday and Friday, and between the MMEFR 25-75 values obtained at 12 noon on Monday and Friday (p less than 0.05). 2) after isocapnic hyperventilation, a significant drop in the MMEFR 25-75 at 6 am on Monday (p less than 0.01) and in the FEV1 and MMEFR 25-75 at 12 noon on Mondays (p less than 0.05), a significant drop in the FEV1 at 1 pm on Monday (p less than 0.01). PMID- 3181385 TI - Serodiagnosis survey of tuberculosis by a new ELISA method. AB - In a survey study, the authors used a new Elisa test, designed by Anda Biologicals, Strasbourg, France, to detect specific IgG and IgM antibodies against A60 antigen. Blood samples from 53 subjects were tested with this serological method: 22 with no tubercular diseases and 31 affected by different tubercular lesions. The IgM titers were negative in all control group subjects, in two out of fourteen patients with progressive primary tuberculosis, in thirteen out of sixteen with secondary tuberculosis and in one patient with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The IgG titers were positive (greater than 1.25 Elisa units) in all cases, except one, of progressive primary tuberculosis, in all cases, except two, of secondary tuberculosis and in the patient affected by extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The performance of this method and the overall results indicate its sensitivity and reliability to detect specific mycobacterial antibodies at different stages of the disease. PMID- 3181387 TI - Survey on tuberculosis reports in a major Italian region. AB - A survey was carried out on all cases of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis reported in the Latium region of Italy during 1986, in order to characterize them from bacteriological and epidemiological points of view. A total of 497 TB notifications were investigated; reliable medical records were traced and consulted for 458 of these. Seventy-six percent of cases was classified as respiratory tb, 21.8% non-respiratory tb and 2% both. Ninety-two percent of all cases had been hospitalized for long periods (mean: 69 days/median: 63 days for cases of respiratory TB and mean: 40/median 29 days for non-respiratory patients). Contrary to the definition of a reportable case in Italy, evidence of Mycobacteria on direct or cultural examination was present in only half of all reported patients. Twenty-seven percent of respiratory cases and 33.3% of non-respiratory had a previous diagnosis of TB mentioned on the clinical record. High daily alcohol intake is reported more frequently among TB patients with respect to the general population, while drug abusers, immigrants and HIV seropositives represent a very low proportion. Delays in notification have been observed and current notification system is evaluated. PMID- 3181386 TI - Are chronic wheezing and asthma-like attacks related to FEV1 decline? The Cracow Study. AB - Analysis is presented of the relationship between decline in ventilatory function and possible symptoms of bronchial hyperreactivity. Data comes from three consecutive surveys within a 13-year follow-up study of a population sample of 1747 persons (718 males and 1029 females) who completed spirometric testing and interviews. Chest symptoms recorded in the two initial surveys were used as baselines for the prognostic study on FEV1 change. To evaluate changes in lung function the FEV1 decline index, expressed as percentage of FEV1 loss during the study period, was calculated. Chronic wheezing and asthma-like attacks were very strongly related to FEV1 baseline level. Multiple linear regression analysis for each separate symptom including age and smoking habits as confounders and showed that the FEV1 decline index was higher and more significant when wheezing and asthma-like attacks or chronic cough were present. When the combination of symptoms were introduced into the regression model, the effect of wheezing became insignificant. Only attacks of shortness of breath in both sexes and chronic cough in women were significantly associated with more rapid FEV1 decline. However, the effect of persistent wheezing in men had a rather substantial impact on FEV1 change. Comparing the effect of the number of cigarettes smoked with the effect of symptoms, one can see that FEV1 decline due to attacks of shortness of breath is comparable to that seen with heavy smoking. There was no strong evidence that the symptoms under study precede the more rapid FEV1 decline. PMID- 3181389 TI - Belgian Collaborative Study of the in-vitro susceptibility of the Bacteroides fragilis group. A Belgian Collaborative Study Group. AB - The antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group obtained from nine large Belgian university and community hospitals was studied. Of the beta-lactam antibiotics tested, none were active against 100% of the isolates. Piperacillin was active against 93% of the strains at a breakpoint of 64 micrograms/ml. The percentage of isolates inhibited at 16 micrograms/ml (and 32 micrograms/ml) for the 7-alpha-methoxy antibiotics was: cefoxitin 84; latamoxef 87; and cefotetan 64. B. fragilis tended to be more susceptible to all beta-lactams than the other members of the group. Among the non beta-lactam antibiotics, the resistance rate for minocycline, doxycycline, clindamycin and erythromycin (at a breakpoint of 4 micrograms/ml) were 1%, 4%, 14% and 34%, respectively. Like the beta-lactams, clindamycin was less active against non B. fragilis species of the group. Chloramphenicol, metronidazole and tinidazole were still active against 100% of the isolates at their breakpoint values (8 micrograms/ml). PMID- 3181388 TI - Chemoprophylaxis in the surgical ward: results of a national survey in Italy. AB - As part of a national program for the control of hospital acquired infections, a survey on the use of antibiotic chemoprophylaxis was conducted in 1050 public hospitals in Italy (95% of the total number of hospitals in the country). In each hospital, the chief of the general surgery ward was interviewed by means of a standard mail questionnaire. Answers were obtained from 479 surgeons (45.6%) after two mailings. More than 60% of these reported that they used chemoprophylaxis in clean surgery (mastectomy, splenectomy, hernioplasty). More than 80% used antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery in which antimicrobial prophylaxis is facultative (i.e. elective cholecystectomy, gastric resection), and 97.1% used antibiotic prophylaxis in large bowel surgery. The authors recorded starting times and duration of chemoprophylaxis. Cephalosporins were found to be the most commonly used antibiotics followed by penicillin. PMID- 3181390 TI - Alcohol consumption and impaired glycoregulation results in a population of 6665 salaried employees. AB - Alcohol consumption and glycosuria were found to be associated (p less than 0.001) in a population of 6571 salaried employees who underwent a systematic examination. The prevalence of glycosuria was found to range from 1.3% among 2609 non-drinkers to 5% among 816 heavy drinkers (six glasses or more of alcoholic beverage daily). This association was still significant after adjustment for age, sex and body mass index. Similarly, a positive association was observed between fasting glycemia and alcoholic intake in a subgroup of 998 subjects when such a result was available (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3181391 TI - Evaluation of procoagulant activity production and other coagulative functions in cancer patients receiving acid treated Salmonella minnesota R 595 (Re). AB - Blood clotting parameters were measured in six patients with gynecologic tumors following i.v. administration of acetic acid-treated Salmonella minnesota R595 (Re), which has been previously demonstrated to enhance impaired immune functions in the same patients. Although these bacteria possess a more exposed lipid A at their surface which has the potential to stimulate the coagulative cascade, no evidence of plasma hypercoagulative state was detected. In fact, procoagulant activity generated by patients' mononuclear cells after Salmonella treatment was not significantly higher than that produced by patients' cells before treatment. Moreover, other haemostatic laboratory parameters were unaffected by in vivo treatment with bacteria. PMID- 3181392 TI - Diarrheal diseases in Brazil: clinical features of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in children. AB - This study was undertaken to detect the presence of rotavirus in the stools of children with gastroenteritis, using the enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and to compare the signs and symptoms of rotavirus-positive and negative children. Over a period of fifteen months, 367 children ranging in age from less than 1 month to 5 years or more with diarrhea and 86 children, in the same age group, without diarrhea and respiratory infections, used as controls, were evaluated. Human rotavirus was detected in 15.8% of children with diarrhea attending out-patient clinics and in 28.9% of patients seen by general practitioners. In the control groups, the percentages of identification of rotavirus were 1.4% and 5.5% respectively. Frequency of other enteropathogens was determined. The hydration state of diarrheal cases, different clinical symptoms and the type of medical attendance distinguished the rotavirus positive from the rotavirus negative patients. PMID- 3181393 TI - Isolation of Pasteurella multocida from human clinical specimens: first report in Italy. PMID- 3181394 TI - Emergence of penicillin-resistant viridans streptococci causing septicemia in granulocytopenic patients. PMID- 3181396 TI - Multipotent stem cell (CFU-S) numbers and circadian variations in aging mice. AB - The multipotent stem cell (CFU-S) numbers were studied in aging female C3H mice (16, 21 and 26 months old, respectively) versus young controls (3 months old). Using the spleen colony technique, the d-8 CFU-S numbers were measured every 3 h during the 24-h period at three different times of the year. Prominent circadian variations were found in young mice. The peak and trough values were significantly different also in aging mice, although the peak-trough differences were declining. When comparing young and old mice at different times of the 24-h period, the CFU-S numbers were sometimes significantly different, but often not. The 24-h mean values were consistently declining during aging. Young mice had different circadian variation patterns and 24-h mean values when examined at different times of the year. It is concluded that the d-8 CFU-S numbers decline in aging mice. Conflicting reports may partly be due to neglect of physiological variations. PMID- 3181395 TI - Mafosfamide (ASTA-Z-7654) in vitro treatment of bone marrow does not eradicate Philadelphia-positive cells in chronic myeloid leukaemia. AB - Bone marrow from 9 patients with Ph1+CML was treated in vitro with varying concentrations of Mafosfamide in order to test the hypothesis that selective pharmacological killing of Ph1-positive cells in CML is feasible. A marked difference in sensitivity to Mafosfamide of CFU-GM was observed, but at all concentrations 100% persistence of Ph1+ cells was noticed. We conclude that, in classical cases of Ph1-positive CML, Mafosfamide purging of bone marrow will not be effective. PMID- 3181397 TI - Cytogenetic study of 105 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - Cytogenetic analysis was performed on 105 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Adequate mitoses for study were obtained in 79 of the cases (71%). A normal karyotype was found in 18 patients (23%), while clonal chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 61 patients (77%). The karyotypes fell into five categories according to modal number: normal (18 patients), pseudodiploid (27 patients), hypodiploid (3 patients), hyperdiploid with 47-50 chromosomes (11 patients), and hyperdiploid with greater than or equal to 51 chromosomes (20 patients). Structural chromosome changes were found in 50 patients (63%); translocations were encountered in 15 of these patients (19%). The chromosome most often participating in translocations was number 19. Modal number was found to be an independent prognostic factor. Modal numbers 47-50 were associated with the poorest prognosis. The hyperdiploid clone with more than 50 chromosomes and the normal karyotype had the best prognosis. PMID- 3181398 TI - Platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma and whole blood in 18 patients affected by idiopathic myelofibrosis. AB - Platelet aggregation in whole blood (WB) and in platelet rich plasma (PRP) was studied in 18 consecutive patients affected by idiopathic myelofibrosis (IM). On the basis of WB studies, 22% of patients were classified as normo-aggregating and 22% as hypo-aggregating, while 55% had spontaneous platelet aggregation (SPA). SPA was observed also when platelets from patients were stirred in the presence of normal erythrocytes, while it never occurred when normal platelets were stirred in the presence of red cells from patients. PRP studies revealed that 33% and 66% of patients were, respectively, hypo- and normo-aggregating. The most frequent abnormality in PRP was represented by defective or absent aggregation response to epinephrine. PMID- 3181399 TI - Benign familial leukopenia and neutropenia in different ethnic groups. AB - Benign hereditary leukopenia-neutropenia has been reported in several ethnic groups, including Yemenite Jews, Blacks of South African extraction, West Indians and Arab Jordanians. The subjects with BFL were shown not to have an increased incidence of infections, and their response to infection did not differ from subjects having normal white blood cell counts. This study entails the report of two additional unrelated ethnic groups with familial neutropenia - Black Beduin and Falashah Jews. The familial nature of the phenomenon was confirmed. The suggested mechanism of this type of neutropenia is a defect in release of mature WBC from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation. All ethnic groups thus far reported have tanned or dark skin. The significance of this common feature has still to be elucidated. PMID- 3181401 TI - The potential immune mechanism in a case of methimazole-induced agranulocytosis. PMID- 3181400 TI - Long-term haemopoietic injury in mice after repeated irradiation: precursor-cell cycling and its regulation. AB - The cycling rate of haemopoietic stem cells (day 9 CFU-S) and granulocyte macrophage colony forming cells (GM-CFC) in mouse femora was, in response to reduced numbers, elevated at all times of sampling between 3 weeks and 10 months after 4 repeated doses of 4.5 Gy X-rays (3 wk between doses). The level of a stimulator of CFU-S cycling was also elevated, and this was observed in both axial and marginal regions of the marrow inside the shaft. However, the rate of production of the stimulator was low; lower than previously reported in marrow regenerating after a single dose of 4.5 Gy, indicating damage to the regulatory stromal cells. The distribution of CFU-S across the axial and marginal zones of femoral marrow was changed from that in normal mice, where higher concentrations were found near the bone surface, to a more uniform distribution. PMID- 3181402 TI - Haematopoiesis should be efficient in the healthy aged. PMID- 3181403 TI - Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. PMID- 3181404 TI - The humoral immune response after BCG vaccination in humans: consequences for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis. AB - The IgM and IgG response to BCG vaccination was investigated in 75 adults, tuberculin negative before vaccination, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with purified protein derivative (PPD) as antigen. The mean optical density (OD) increased significantly (p less than 0.001) in both immunoglobulin classes. Increase in at least one class was significant in 89% of the subjects. The observed increase in anti-PPD IgG was rather small but comparable to that seen in 17 newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients with negative direct smear [mean OD (SD): 0.59 (0.38) in vaccinated and 0.70 (0.48) in patients] but significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than that seen in 31 newly diagnosed patients with positive direct smear [mean OD (SD): 1.07 (0.67)]. With 55% of sera above the upper normal limit, smear positive patients differentiated (p less than 0.001) from vaccinated subjects (20% of positive sera) whilst smear negative patients (29% of positive sera) did not. We conclude that BCG vaccination induces a definite but small increase in anti-PPD serum IgM and IgG, which is likely to interfere when interpreting serological tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, especially in those patients who would most benefit from an early and fast diagnosis. PMID- 3181405 TI - Assessment of thoracic gas volume by low-frequency ambient pressure changes in children. AB - The validity of a new method for measuring thoracic gas volume (TGV) was studied in 69 children, 4-16 yrs old, including twelve normal children and 57 children with an obstructive (n = 38) or restrictive (n = 19) respiratory disease. The method consisted of applying very slow (0.05 Hz) sinusoidal variations of ambient pressure around the body (delta Pam = 40 cmH2O peak to peak) and studying the relationship between delta Pam and the resulting gas displacement at the mouth (Vaw): TGVapc = PB.delta Vaw/delta Pam.cos phi, where PB is barometric minus alveolar water vapour pressure and phi the phase angle between Pam and Vaw. Functional residual capacities derived from TGVapc (FRCapc) were compared to the values obtained by plethysmography (FRCplet) and by helium dilution (FRCdil). FRCapc did not differ significantly from FRCplet in either the entire group (1.75 +/- 0.62 l vs 1.79 +/- 0.45 l) or in the patient subgroups. However, with the new method a trend to slightly lower FRCs was seen in patients with the most obstruction (p less than 0.05). FRCdil was significantly lower than both FRCapc and FRCplet (p less than 0.001), particularly in children with obstruction. Significant correlations were found between the three methods (p less than 0.001). On the other hand, the method investigated requires that the subject breathe very regularly for a period of several minutes. This was rarely achieved, so that the reproducibility of the measurements was unacceptably low. At present, the method cannot be recommended for routine use in 4-16 yr old children. PMID- 3181406 TI - Comparison of the dose-response curves obtained by forced oscillation and plethysmography during carbachol inhalation. AB - We compared the cumulative dose-response curves obtained during carbachol inhalation by simultaneous measurements of airway specific conductance (sGaw) and respiratory conductance, in 23 subjects with or without bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The sGaw was measured by a body plethysmograph, whilst the random noise forced oscillation technique (FOT) was used to determine respiratory conductance. The sGaw was compared to respiratory conductance extrapolated to zero frequency (Grs0). Bronchial sensitivity was assessed by the threshold dose of carbachol (TD) that induced a decrease in sGaw and Grs0 of twice the baseline coefficient of variation. Bronchial responsiveness was assessed by the slopes (S) of the individual dose-response curves. The TD and S values obtained by FOT and by plethysmography were closely correlated (p less than 0.001). The carbachol doses inducing a 50% reduction in sGaw were equivalent to those causing a 42% reduction in Grs0 (r = 0.90; p less than 0.001). During bronchial challenge testing, FOT provides comparable information in terms of bronchial sensitivity and responsiveness to that supplied by plethysmography. PMID- 3181408 TI - Variability and reproducibility in the measurement of tracheobronchial clearance in healthy subjects and patients with different obstructive lung diseases. AB - The purpose of this study was to establish the inter- and intra-subject/patient variability of tracheobronchial clearance, measured for 6 h, using a radioaerosol technique. Inter-subject variability was evaluated in five groups: 33 healthy non smokers (NS); 19 asymptomatic smokers (S); 40 asthmatics (A); 27 chronic bronchitics (CB) and 12 bronchiectatics (B). Intra-subject variability was evaluated in 16 A and 27 CB who were studied twice. The inter-subject/patient coefficient of variation (CoV) of tracheobronchial clearance was 13% for NS and 28-39% for the remaining four groups. The intra-patient CoV was about half of the inter-patient CoV. Inter-subject CoV (for A and CB) appeared to be independent of initial tracheobronchial deposition of radioaerosol and frequency of cough. We were also able to estimate the approximate number of patients required for a crossover study in order to avoid statistical, type II errors when investigating the effect of a drug or of a therapeutic intervention on tracheobronchial clearance. PMID- 3181407 TI - Ambient nitrogen dioxide concentrations increase bronchial responsiveness in subjects with mild asthma. AB - Twenty subjects with mild asthma were exposed at rest in a body plethysmograph, to NO2 at 0, 260, 510 and 1,000 micrograms.m3, for 30 min on four separate days. Bronchial responsiveness (histamine inhalation test) was measured after each exposure session. Airway resistance (Raw), thoracic gas volume (TGV) and specific airway resistance (sRaw) were measured before, during and after exposure, and the breathing pattern was monitored during the whole session. Bronchial responsiveness increased significantly after 30 min exposure to 510 micrograms.m3 NO2 (p less than 0.01). There were also tendencies to an increased bronchial responsiveness after exposure to 260 and 1,000 micron.m3 NO2, but these changes were not statistically significant. Effects on airway resistance and breathing pattern were not demonstrated by exposure to 0-1,000 micrograms.m3 NO2. We conclude that short-term NO2 exposure at about 500 micrograms.m3 slightly affects human bronchial responsiveness in subjects with mild asthma. PMID- 3181409 TI - Response of nasal ciliated cells of the guinea-pig during allergic reactions in human blood. AB - Nasal mucosal samples from thirty-five guinea-pigs were placed in a chamber, containing the medium RPMI 1640. Ciliary activity (beats.s-1) of the most active cell in each mucosal culture was measured using a photoelectric method. The RPMI 1640 was then replaced by 2 ml of RPMI 1640 and 1 ml of heparinized human blood from a non-allergic patient, with a ragweed-sensitive nasal allergy, or patients with D. farinae-sensitive nasal allergy: the ciliary activity of the same ciliated cell in each culture did not change significantly. We then added 1 micrograms of D. farinae extracts to evoke an in vitro allergic reaction. Ciliary excitation was induced when D. farinae extracts were added to the blood from D. farinae-sensitive subjects but not when added to blood from subjects without sensitivity to D. farinae. The peak and plateau of such an event occurred after 20-30 min. Ciliary stimulations were correlated with D. farinae-induced histamine release from whole blood. Thus, in vitro allergic reactions stimulate activity in cilia from normal nasal mucosa. PMID- 3181410 TI - Determinants of respiratory disturbance and oxygen saturation drop indices in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. AB - Although chronic sleep fragmentation and oxygen saturation (Sao2) drops alone do not induce obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), both are part of the feedback loop leading to obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). To determine factors in respiratory disturbance and Sao2 drops, we used polysomnographic and cephalometric data from 120 OSAS patients to construct a model which we then applied prospectively to 25 new OSAS patients, calculating the correlation between observed and predicted values. We found body mass index and the amount of stage 1 non-rapid eye movement sleep to be significant variables when considering both the respiratory disturbance index (RDI) and Sao2 drops. Posterior airway space was also a significant variable for RDI. Forced expiratory volume in one second, expressed as the percentage of forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), was significant when considering Sao2 drops. Upper airway abnormalities were also significant variables in the models and must be considered when treating OSAS patients. PMID- 3181412 TI - Superior vena caval syndrome due to substernal goitre. AB - Superior vena caval syndrome is usually due to malignant disease, however, benign cases do occur. Two patients with superior vena caval syndrome due to substernal goitre are reported, and the use of phleboscintigraphy and/or vena caval phlebography are advocated. A review of potentially helpful diagnostic procedures is given. PMID- 3181411 TI - Gastro-oesophageal reflux and nocturnal asthma. AB - Gastro-oesophageal (GO) reflux is believed to be a possible cause of nocturnal asthma. The aim of this study was to see if there is any correlation between the incidence of GO-reflux at night and nocturnal asthma. Thirty-seven adult patients with a history of nocturnal asthma for more than one hundred days a year and of reflux disease were evaluated using 24 h pH-monitoring of the oesophagus and measurement of peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate every hour when awake. Half of the patients suffered from severe GO-reflux at night, whilst the other half had no nocturnal reflux. Respiratory symptoms and inhalation of beta-2 agonists were recorded during the night and PEF was recorded when the patients awoke in the morning. A significant correlation was found between reflux at night and the degree of bronchial obstruction in the early morning, but not between night-time reflux and nocturnal respiratory symptoms. It would appear that GO-reflux in most asthmatics is neither a strong nor immediate trigger factor in nocturnal asthma, although it does seem to influence bronchial obstruction during the night as was demonstrated by a low morning-PEF value. PMID- 3181413 TI - Primary endobronchial actinomycosis. AB - A male farmer referred for fever, cough and haemoptysis, presented, at bronchoscopic examination, a large mass occluding the middle lobe bronchus. No lung involvement was visible on chest X-ray. Histological examination showed an actinomycotic granule in the bronchial submucosa. The histological findings indicate that aspiration of contaminated material from the upper alimentary tract may have caused the disease. PMID- 3181414 TI - Simultaneous determination of phenobarbital, phenytoin and methylphenobarbital in tablet formulations by HPLC. PMID- 3181415 TI - Effect of mixing on the biopharmaceutical properties of sulfadiazine tablets. PMID- 3181416 TI - Simultaneous determination of piroxicam residual solvents by a new GLC method. PMID- 3181417 TI - Effect of chemical modification at C1 of the glucosamine backbone of lipid A subunit analog GLA-27 on manifestation of immunopharmacological activity. AB - The effect of chemical modification at the C1 position of GLA-27, 4-O-phosphono-D glucosamine carrying N-3-tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl [C14-O-(C14)] and 3-O tetradecanoyl (C14) groups, was investigated. Replacement by SH or S-acetyl groups of the OH group resulted in the enhancement of mitogenicity but gave rise to a reduction, in macrophage-stimulating ability such as induction of tumor necrosis factor and enhancement of phagocytic and cellular acid phosphatase activities. Bisphosphorylation at C1 and C4 resulted in a slight decrease in mitogenicity or almost complete loss of the macrophage-stimulating ability. PMID- 3181418 TI - Characterization of an intronless human calmodulin-like pseudogene. AB - We report the isolation and characterization of a human genomic clone encoding a calmodulin-like pseudogene. It contains an open reading frame of 444 nucleotides, not interrupted by introns. The nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame shows 80%, 71% and 69% identity to the previously reported human calmodulin cDNAs lambda ht6 [17], hCWP [22], and lambda hCE1 [23], respectively. The derived amino acid sequence has only 85% identity to vertebrate calmodulin, but shows four potentially functional Ca2+-binding loops. In the human tissues tested, this pseudogene is not expressed, though gene structure including promoter elements and a putative polyadenylation site seems to be intact. PMID- 3181419 TI - Determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins from interproton distance data by dynamical simulated annealing from a random array of atoms. Circumventing problems associated with folding. AB - A new real space method, based on the principles of simulated annealing, is presented for determining protein structures on the basis of interproton distance restraints derived from NMR data. The method circumvents the folding problem associated with all real space methods described to date, by starting from a completely random array of atoms and introducing the force constants for the covalent, interproton distance and repulsive van der Waals terms in the target function appropriately. The system is simulated at high temperature by solving Newton's equations of motion. As the values of all force constants are very low during the early stages of the simulation, energy barriers between different folds of the protein can be overcome, and the global minimum of the target function is reliably located. Further, because the atoms are initially only weakly coupled, they can move essentially independently to satisfy the restraints. The method is illustrated using two examples of small proteins, namely crambin (46 residues) and potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor (39 residues). PMID- 3181421 TI - Phosphohistidine is found in basic nuclear proteins of Physarum polycephalum. AB - Nuclear extracts of the true slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, show protein histidine kinase activity towards exogenous histones [(1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 16106-16113]. Physarum microplasmodia were labeled with [32P]phosphate in vivo and two basic proteins containing alkali-stable phosphate were detected. The labeled proteins comigrated with Physarum histones H1 (approximately) and H2A and phosphoamino acid analysis showed that each protein contained [32P] phosphohistidine. The H2A-like protein was also labeled in isolated nuclei incubated with [35S]thio-ATP. We conclude that some Physarum nuclear proteins contain phosphohistidine. PMID- 3181420 TI - Thymopoietins and long postsynaptic neurotoxins share common information in their primary structures. AB - The informational content of the primary structure of thymopoietin (TP) is investigated using the informational spectrum method (ISM). We show that the sequence of TP shares common information with the sequences of long postsynaptic snake neurotoxins, although no apparent similarity was found among their primary structures. The most sensitive point in the sequence of TP, concerning this information, is D-34, previously determined as being the residue responsible for TP's effect on neuromuscular transmission. Our results suggest that TP and long toxins recognize the neuromuscular nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and/or bind to the AChR in a different mode than the short toxins do. PMID- 3181422 TI - Prosomes, small cytoplasmic RNP particles, contain glycoproteins. AB - Prosomes, ubiquitous small ribonucleoprotein complexes, were isolated from the cytoplasm of erythropoietic mouse cells induced by Friend leucemia virus. We present evidence that some of the prosomal proteins are glycosylated. Specific reactions with the biotinylated lectins concanavalin agglutinin (Con A), Solanum tuberosum agglutinin (STA) and Limulus polyphemus agglutinin (LPA) indicate that the carbohydrate moieties contain N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-acetylglucosamine and mannosyl- or glucosyl-residues. Glycosylation of prosomal proteins could explain the resistance of prosomes to proteinase K digestion. PMID- 3181423 TI - Growth hormone-albumin conjugates. Reduced renal toxicity and altered plasma clearance. AB - The effective therapeutic use of many small peptides such as growth hormone has been limited by their small molecular masses and rapid clearance by the kidneys. Moreover, various degrees of nephrotoxicity have been reported for small proteins which are readily filtered at the level of the glomerulus. We have attempted to circumvent this drawback by conjugating growth hormone (somatotropin) to serum albumin in an effort to alter the peptide's pharmacokinetics while retaining its biological activity. PMID- 3181424 TI - A centrifugation method for separation of plant viral genomic and subgenomic RNAs. AB - Using alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) as a model, a simple method for separating plant viral genomic RNAs from their subgenomic counterparts was established. The method relies on sucrose gradient fractionation under carefully selected conditions of centrifugation and fraction collection. The RNA components are recovered in nearly quantitative yield and have full biological activity as measured by infectivity of the reconstituted RNAs in suitable protoplasts and plant hosts. The individual RNAs, on the other hand, show no such infectivity, indicating that the separation is indeed complete. PMID- 3181425 TI - The high-molecular-mass kininogen deficient rat expresses all kininogen mRNA species, but does not export the high-molecular-mass kininogen synthesized. AB - The Katholiek substrain of Brown Norway (BN/Kat) rats exhibits a very low level of circulating high-molecular-mass (HMW) kininogen and a partial deficiency in plasma prekallikrein. Northern blot analysis of liver RNA revealed that HMW kininogen and prekallikrein mRNAs are present in these rats with a similar size and abundance compared to control Brown Norway (BN/Orl) rats. The low-molecular mass kininogen mRNA, encoded by the same kininogen gene as HMW kininogen mRNA by alternative splicing, is detected in both strains by dideoxynucleotide limited primer extension analysis. Measurement of HMW kininogen by radioimmunoassay was performed in liver subcellular fractions. It reveals that, in contrast to its absence in the cytosolic fraction, HMW kininogen in deficients rats is slightly more abundant in the microsomal fraction, than in control rats. These observations exclude both an abnormality at the level of gene transcription and a major structural modification of the transcribed RNA and of the synthesized HMW kininogen. They favour the hypothesis of an abnormal intracellular transport of the HMW kininogen in deficient rats. PMID- 3181426 TI - Calcium-dependence of chromogranin A-catecholamine interaction. AB - Major components of the secretory organelle of bovine adrenal medullary cells, the chromaffin vesicles, are the acidic protein chromogranin A, catecholamines and Ca2+. The binding of Ca2+ to chromogranin A has been established. To study the interaction between chromogranin A and catecholamines and its dependence on Ca2+ we immobilized chromogranin A to a newly raised monoclonal antibody. It is shown that chromogranin A can bind (i) about 0.5 mol catecholamines per mol in a non-calcium-dependent manner and (ii) about 5 mol per mol in the presence of calcium. These results further support the notion that chromogranin A may act as a secretory granule-condensing protein. PMID- 3181427 TI - Islet amyloid polypeptide: identification and chromosomal localization of the human gene. AB - Islet or insulinoma amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is a 37 amino acid polypeptide isolated from pancreatic amyloid. Here, we describe the isolation and partial characterization of the human gene encoding IAPP. The DNA sequence predicts that IAPP is excised from a larger precursor protein and that its carboxy-terminus is probably amidated. The predicted normally occurring IAPP is identical to the reported polypeptides isolated from pancreatic amyloid, except for the amidated carboxy-terminus. IAPP specific polyadenylated RNAs of 1.6 kb and 2.1 kb are present in human insulinoma RNA. The human IAPP gene is located on chromosome 12. PMID- 3181428 TI - The binding of in vitro synthesized adenovirus DNA binding protein to single stranded DNA is stimulated by zinc ions. AB - We have synthesized wild type DNA binding protein (DBP) of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and several truncated forms of this protein by a combination of in vitro transcription and translation. The proteins obtained were tested for binding to a single-stranded DNA-cellulose column. It could be shown that for binding of in vitro synthesized wild type DBP, it is necessary to add zinc ions to the in vitro translation system. Binding studies with the truncated proteins revealed that deletion of the carboxyl-terminal 46 amino acids abolishes DNA binding. PMID- 3181429 TI - Biosynthesis of psoralens. Psoralen 5-monooxygenase activity from elicitor treated Ammi majus cells. AB - Microsomes prepared from cultured Ammi majus cells that had been challenged for 14 h with an elicitor derived from the cell walls of Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea (Pmg) converted psoralen to bergaptol (5-hydroxypsoralen) in the presence of NADPH and oxygen. The enzymatic activity was characterized as an inducible cytochrome-P-450-dependent monooxygenase associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. All of the steps involved in bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) biosynthesis in Ammi majus have now been demonstrated in vitro. The results suggest that bergaptol and not hydroxymarmesin in the precursor of bergapten. PMID- 3181430 TI - Backbone folding of the polypeptide cardiac stimulant anthopleurin-A determined by nuclear magnetic resonance, distance geometry and molecular dynamics. AB - The solution conformation of the cardiac stimulatory sea anemone polypeptide anthopleurin-A has been characterised using distance geometry and restrained molecular dynamics calculations. A set of 253 approximate interproton distance restraints and 14 peptide backbone torsion angle restraints derived from two dimensional 1H-NMR spectra at 500 MHz were used as input for these calculations. 13 structures generated by either metric matrix or variable target function distance geometry calculations were refined using energy minimisation and restrained molecular dynamics. The resulting structures contain a region of twisted antiparellel beta-sheet to which two separate regions of unordered chain are linked by three disulphide bonds. Two loops, one including Pro-41 and the other encompassing residues 10-18, are poorly defined by the NOE data. PMID- 3181431 TI - Importance of folded monomer and extended antiparallel dimer structures as enkephalin active conformation. Molecular dynamics simulations of [Met5]enkephalin in water. AB - Simulations of the molecular dynamics of the [Met5]enkephalin monomer and dimer structures in water have been carried out. The dynamic trajectories have been analyzed in terms of the distances between intra- or intermolecular polar atoms. The time-correlated conformational transitions of an extended monomer structure have been converged into a stationary state among the beta-bend folded forms. However, the dynamics simulation of an extended antiparallel dimer structure has shown no noticeable conformation change. These results imply that both the beta bend monomer and the extended dimer structures exist together as the fundamental conformation of enkephalins. PMID- 3181432 TI - The interaction of nuclear proteins with essential promoter element of the chicken cardiac myosin light chain 2 gene is involved in muscle-specific transcription. AB - A quantitative microinjection procedure has been developed to demonstrate muscle specific transcription of the myosin light chain 2-A (MLC2-A) promoter in differentiated chicken primary breast muscle cells. Nuclear protein binds to the distal region of the required promoter sequence but not to a mutated version of this sequence. The functional significance of this specific DNA-protein interaction for the promoter activity is demonstrated by 'in vivo' competition of microinjected MLC-CAT reporter construct together with excess of synthetic oligonucleotides encompassing the protein binding sites. PMID- 3181433 TI - Sequence of the gene for ribosomal protein L23 from the archaebacterium Methanococcus vannielii. AB - The N-terminal sequence of HPLC-purified protein L23 from the Methanococcus vannielii ribosome has been determined by automated liquid-phase Edman degradation. Using the N-terminal amino acid sequence, an oligonucleotide probe complementary to the 5'-end of the gene was synthesized. The 26-mer oligonucleotide, containing two inosines, was used for hybridization with digested M. vannielii chromosomal DNA. The hybridizing band from HpaII-digested genomic DNA was ligated into pUC18 to yield plasmid pMvaZ1 containing the entire gene of protein L23. The nucleotide sequence complemented the partial amino acid sequence, and the gene codes for a protein of 9824 Da. The amino acid sequence of protein L23 form M. vannielii was compared to that of ribosomal proteins from other archaebacteria as well as from eubacteria and eukaryotes. The number of identical amino acids is highest when the M. vannielii protein is compared to the homologous protein from yeast and lowest vs that from tobacco chloroplasts. Interestingly, the secondary structures of the proteins as predicted by computer programs are more conserved than the primary structures. PMID- 3181434 TI - DNA-binding protein(s) interacts with a conserved nonameric sequence in the upstream regions of wheat histone genes. AB - A nuclear protein(s), HBP-2, that binds to the upstream region of the wheat histone H4 gene was identified from a fractionated nuclear extract of wheat germ by DNase I footprinting. The DNase I-protected region contained the conserved nonameric motif, CATCCAACG. Cross-competition experiments that used the mobility shift assay showed that this nuclear protein(s) binds specifically to the upstream sequence that has been postulated to be a cis element of the wheat H3 gene. Our findings suggest that this DNA-binding protein(s) may be a trans-acting factor in the regulation of the transcription of wheat histone genes. PMID- 3181435 TI - Levels of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in plasma reflect rates of bile acid synthesis in man. AB - A method for analysis of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in plasma is described. Following solid-phase extraction/purification the compound is determined by high-performance liquid chromatography using a UV detector. The median concentration in healthy subjects was 12 ng/ml (range 3-40). The levels were lower in diseases associated with a low bile acid production: extrahepatic cholestasis, less than 1.5 ng/ml (range less than 0.9-3); liver cirrhosis less than 1.5 ng/ml (range less than 0.9-38), and higher in diseases associated with a high bile acid production: cholestyramine treatment, 188 ng/ml (range 54-477); ileal resection 397 ng/ml (range 128-750). The levels were essentially normal in patients with colon resection. The results are consistent with a strong positive correlation between the levels of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in plasma and the rate of bile acid synthesis. PMID- 3181436 TI - N-terminal amino acid sequence of a major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen (Cry j I). AB - A purified preparation of a major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen, sugi basic protein (SBP, Cry j I), was separated into 5 subfractions of 50-45 kDa. All of the SBP subfractions were confirmed to be reactive to IgE antibodies from patients with Japanese cedar pollinosis, and also to mouse anti-SBP monoclonal antibodies. The sequences of 20 N-terminal amino acids of these 5 subfractions were found to be identical. Peptide mapping analyses of the SBP subfractions showed similar patterns, with some differences which might in part be due to the existence of an N-linked carbohydrate chain. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of SBP was identical to the reported sequence of an allergen of mountain cedar which vegetated in North America. PMID- 3181437 TI - Regulation of polypeptide-chain initiation in rat skeletal muscle. Starvation does not alter the activity or phosphorylation state of initiation factor eIF-2. AB - In rats, 48-h starvation causes a decrease in the rate of protein synthesis in skeletal (e.g. gastrocnemius) muscle, due largely to impairment of peptide-chain initiation. In other cell types inhibition of initiation is associated with decreased activity and recycling of initiation factor eIF-2, and increased phosphorylation of its alpha-subunit. However, 48-h starvation has no effect on the activity or recycling of eIF-2 measured in extracts of gastrocnemius muscle, or on the level of alpha-subunit phosphorylation. The effects of starvation on peptide-chain initiation in skeletal muscle must therefore involve alterations in other components of the translational machinery. PMID- 3181438 TI - Tissue distribution of mRNAs encoding muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. AB - The tissue distribution of the mRNAs encoding muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) I, II, III and IV has been investigated by blot hybridization analysis with specific probes. This study indicates that exocrine glands contain both mAChR I and III mRNAs, whereas smooth muscles contain both mAChR II and III mRNAs. All four mAChR mRNAs are present in cerebrum, whereas only mAChR II mRNA is found in heart. PMID- 3181439 TI - The use of hospital beds for terminally ill cancer patients. AB - A study to identify reasons for admitting terminally ill cancer patients to hospital is reported together with recommendations for the future. Forty per cent of patients were so seriously ill with pain, medical or nursing problems that their carers could not manage satisfactorily at home and hospitalisation was necessary and appropriate. In addition 27% of patients admitted had no family or carers to nurse them at home. In the remaining 33% of patients it may have been possible with planned admissions and better supportive communications to allow some patients to die at home. Analysis of the data would suggest that there are three principal reasons for continuing to provide hospital beds for the terminally ill cancer patient: 1. Special medical and nursing care. 2. To provide care for some patients with no family or friend carer support. 3. Teaching of management by senior staff. The unsatisfactory nature of terminally ill patients dying in the centre of acute wards together with inadequate facilities to interview relatives is noted. It is suggested that the provision of well planned hospital beds is more appropriate than providing remote hospice beds for the terminally ill cancer patient. PMID- 3181440 TI - Metastatic melanoma of unknown origin at autopsy. AB - In 93 patients dying from metastatic melanoma the primary tumor was unknown in 13 (14%) after autopsy. There were no significant differences compared to cutaneous melanoma with respect to sex, age, organ distribution of metastases or final tumor load. An unknown primary was, however, significantly more common in cases presenting with general metastases compared to regional spread. The causes of death were similar to cutaneous cases. Our data suggest that melanoma of unknown origin has the same predilection and biology as metastatic cutaneous melanoma, supporting the view that regression of a cutaneous primary may be involved. PMID- 3181441 TI - Survival following intestinal obstruction in ovarian cancer. AB - A retrospective survey of 38 ovarian cancer patients who developed radiologically confirmed intestinal obstruction was performed. Twenty-six patients underwent surgery. In the surgical treatment group, obstruction was not due to recurrent disease in six cases. The median survival for the group as a whole was 56 days. Patients in the operative group survived significantly longer than those in the non-operative group. There was an operative mortality of 15% and major postoperative morbidity was seen in 42%. Neither the site of the obstruction nor the type of operation influenced survival. No postoperative chemotherapy responses were seen in previously treated patients. PMID- 3181442 TI - Imaging of pancreatic and colorectal cancer using antibody fragments: a preliminary evaluation. AB - Imacis-1 is a combination of F (ab')2 antibody fragments, of two monoclonal antibodies, anti-CEA and 19.9, radiolabelled with Iodine-131. Thirteen patients with 14 tumours (eight pancreatic, six colorectal) were imaged to evaluate the ability of this radiopharmaceutical to detect both pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Positive tumour uptake was demonstrated by external gamma camera imaging in six patients with pancreatic cancer and in three with colorectal cancer. The results of this preliminary study confirm the ability of this antibody cocktail to localise in colorectal cancer and suggest that it may be of value in the detection of pancreatic cancer. PMID- 3181444 TI - Breast cancer: risk of axillary recurrence in node-negative patients following partial dissection of the axilla. AB - The estimated probability of false negative nodal staging was analysed in breast cancer patients who had lower axillary dissection in conjunction with mastectomy and who were initially characterized as node negative. The series comprised 3128 consecutive female patients with invasive mammary carcinoma treated by surgery alone according to a nationwide DBCG protocol, 77-1a (Danish Breast Cancer Co operative Group). The median number of removed lymph nodes was four, range 0-30. Median followup period was 6.5 years, quartiles 5.5 and 8.0 years. Ipsilateral axillary recurrences appeared in 178 patients (5.7%) during the followup period. The estimated 5-year probability for developing axillary relapse, calculated on the basis of lifetable analyses, was 19% in patients with no lymph nodes removed, 10% with 1-2 removed and negative nodes, 5% with 3-4, 3% with 5-10, and 3% with more than 10 removed and negative lymph nodes. No detectable increase in estimated probability could be traced in patients with five or more nodes removed during followup beyond 5 years, while in patients with less than five nodes removed the probability of axillary recurrence ascended continuously. The study also revealed a significantly decreased survival in groups of patients with less than five nodes removed and negative compared with groups of patients with five or more nodes removed. It is concluded that lower axillary dissection is associated with a certain risk of overlooking lymph nodes metastases, whereby the patients may be deprived of optimal adjuvant therapy. Misjudgment of the qualitative axillary nodal staging is modest, provided that at least five lower lymph nodes are removed. PMID- 3181443 TI - Reduction of oral toxicity of 5-fluorouracil by allopurinol mouthwashes. AB - 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the most effective drug in gastrointestinal cancer. Mucositis and bone marrow toxicity are the two major limiting side effects. In our effort to reduce mucositis we administered 'Allopurinol' mouthwash in 16 patients who had experienced oral mucositis during prior treatment with 5-FU. In all patients significant reduction of oral toxicity was noticed as well as prolonged pain relief. This observation must be tested by controlled clinical trial. PMID- 3181445 TI - The use of CA-50 radioimmunoassay inhibition test in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast disease. AB - The role of the tumour marker CA-50 has been studied in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast disease. Serum levels of CA-50 were determined by radioimmunoassay using a level of 17 units/ml as a cut-off. All 50 normal subjects and 22 of 24 patients (92%) with benign breast disease had CA-50 levels below 17 units/ml. By contrast, 15 of 36 patients (42%) with breast carcinoma had serum CA-50 levels above 17 units/ml (P less than 0.001). There was no clear correlation with tumour stage. The data suggest that CA-50 levels may help to differentiate benign and malignant diseases of the breast. PMID- 3181447 TI - Resectable breast cancer: axillary dissection sparing pectoralis muscles and nerves. AB - In breast cancer surgery, axillary dissection is currently considered an essential step. Nevertheless, procedures commonly used include the resection of the pectoralis minor muscle and/or pectoralis nerves. Since 1984 we have performed axillary dissection by sparing both the pectoralis muscles and their nerves. In this paper we present the surgical technique. The comparison of the two groups with clinical N0 N1a assessment, the former of 103 patients submitted to this kind of surgical procedure, the latter (108 women) treated by resection of the pectoralis minor muscle, showed that the mean number of dissected lymph nodes in both procedures was superimposable. PMID- 3181446 TI - The use of serum carcinoembryonic antigen to assess therapeutic response in locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer: a prospective study with external review. AB - Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been measured throughout initial systemic endocrine treatment in 87 patients with stage III and 179 patients with stage IV breast cancer. Clinical response has been assessed after six months according to UICC criteria with external review of clinical and radiological data. Pretreatment CEA concentrations have been compared with those found in 55 'disease free' women attending a diagnostic breast clinic. A strong correlation exists between therapeutic response and alterations in CEA concentration (above 6 ng/ml) in patients presenting with stage IV disease. More than 50% of such patients either present with or develop CEA concentration greater than 6 ng/ml during the first six months of treatment. PMID- 3181448 TI - Acute abdomen due to granulocytic sarcoma of the terminal ileum. AB - A 57-year-old patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia in blast crisis and severe neutropenia is presented. This patient developed right sided peritonitis due to an isolated transmural granulocytic sarcoma of the terminal ileum. The affected segment was resected and the patient survived 4 more months. Thus, despite neutropenia, an aggressive surgical approach should be considered in a leukemic patient presenting with unexplained acute abdomen, since, as demonstrated here, a localized lesion which could not have otherwise been detected, was ultimately found and promptly resected. PMID- 3181450 TI - Pyomyositis mimicking soft-tissue sarcoma. AB - A case of pyomyositis mimicking a soft-tissue sarcoma of the adductor muscle group is described. The aetiology and several presentations of pyomyositis and their differential diagnosis from sarcoma are discussed. PMID- 3181449 TI - An unusual case of angiosarcoma. AB - A case of angiosarcoma arising in an arm affected by chronic lymphoedema and treated initially by intraarterial cytotoxic perfusion chemotherapy and radiotherapy is described. The patient is still alive twenty years after presentation. This represents the longest reported survival for this condition. PMID- 3181451 TI - Isolated duodenal metastasis from breast carcinoma. PMID- 3181452 TI - [Physical factors in the prevention of complications after gynecological operations]. PMID- 3181453 TI - [Clinical x-ray studies of the breasts of gynecological patients]. PMID- 3181455 TI - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of cholelithiasis]. PMID- 3181454 TI - [Pheochromocytoma in children]. PMID- 3181456 TI - [Chronic colitis]. PMID- 3181457 TI - [Uterine rupture]. PMID- 3181458 TI - [Pregnancy and obesity]. PMID- 3181459 TI - [Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)]. PMID- 3181460 TI - [The uterine form of amenorrhea]. PMID- 3181461 TI - [The measurement of body temperature]. PMID- 3181463 TI - [Microsporum infection]. PMID- 3181464 TI - [Prevention and treatment of late pregnancy toxicosis]. PMID- 3181462 TI - [A method for the x-ray study of the sternoclavicular joints]. PMID- 3181465 TI - [Diet therapy in chronic gastritis]. PMID- 3181466 TI - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of influenza]. PMID- 3181467 TI - [Procedure of the nurse midwife in placenta praevia]. PMID- 3181468 TI - [Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome]. PMID- 3181469 TI - [Cochlear neuritis]. PMID- 3181470 TI - [Current methods of treating parkinsonism]. PMID- 3181471 TI - [Epididymitis, orchoepididymitis, orchitis]. PMID- 3181473 TI - [Acetylsalicylic acid]. PMID- 3181472 TI - [Traumatic shock]. PMID- 3181474 TI - [Oral hygiene]. PMID- 3181475 TI - [The Russian Society of the Red Cross in the fight for mercy, humanism, health and peace (1918-1988)]. PMID- 3181476 TI - [Smoking and pregnancy]. PMID- 3181477 TI - [Legionnaires' disease]. PMID- 3181478 TI - [Postcastration syndrome]. PMID- 3181479 TI - [Treatment of periodontitis by transcanal electrophoresis]. PMID- 3181480 TI - [The staged treatment of patients with the initial forms of cerebrovascular diseases]. PMID- 3181481 TI - Some thoughts on the postcoital test. PMID- 3181482 TI - Spontaneous abortions in women with endometriosis. AB - Pregnancy outcomes were evaluated retrospectively in 350 women to investigate the relationship between endometriosis and spontaneous abortions. The frequency of spontaneous abortions in women with endometriosis was significantly higher than in both a fertile nonendometriosis group and an infertile group with tubal disease. There was no correlation between the severity of the endometriosis and the frequency of spontaneous abortions. After treatment, the frequency of spontaneous abortions was significantly decreased in both the endometriosis and the tubal disease group, but these values were not significantly different from each other. We conclude that high spontaneous abortion rates are a characteristic of other subgroups of women with secondary infertility and not just in women with endometriosis, and that the majority of spontaneous abortions associated with endometriosis are not caused by the condition. PMID- 3181483 TI - Occult ovulatory dysfunction in women with minimal endometriosis or unexplained infertility. AB - Characteristics of follicular development and hormonal patterns were evaluated in 17 women with minimal endometriosis and 11 with unexplained infertility. The controls were 7 women with male factor infertility and 8 who conceived during an investigational cycle. Women with minimal endometriosis had more and smaller follicles at luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, lower preovulatory estradiol (E2), and lower E2 at LH surge. Women with unexplained infertility had lower LH surges and a trend to a shorter follicular phase. Occult ovulatory dysfunction and may contribute to infertility in women with minimal endometriosis or unexplained infertility. PMID- 3181484 TI - Risk of ovulatory infertility in relation to body weight. AB - Three hundred seventy-six infertile women in whom there was evidence of ovulatory dysfunction were compared to fertile controls to determine if being excessively under or overweight at the time of planned conception was associated with an increased risk of infertility. In nulligravid women (n = 204), body weight for height 85% or less than "ideal" was associated with a 4.7-fold increase in risk (95% confidence interval = 1.5 to 14.7) of infertility associated with ovulatory dysfunction. Nulligravid women who were 120% or more over their ideal weight were also at increased risk for ovulatory infertility (relative risk = 2.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.0 to 4.3). Neither association was seen among women who had been previously pregnant. The presence of abnormalities of endocrinologic reproductive function in underweight and overweight women argues that the associations we have noted in nulligravid women represent cause-and-effect relationships. If so, we estimate that 6% of primary infertility in which ovulatory dysfunction is present results from being excessively underweight, and another 6% from being excessively overweight. PMID- 3181485 TI - The effects of progesterone receptor blockade in the luteal phase of normal fertile women. AB - The effects of a single, variable dose (5 to 200 mg) of RU38486 (RU486) (Roussel Uclaf, Paris, France) in the first half of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle were studied in 30 normal fertile volunteers. Quantitative histologic techniques were employed, and the results were compared with normal ranges derived from a separate, normal, fertile population. It was found that RU486 inhibited glandular secretory activity, accelerated degenerative changes, induced various vascular changes, increased stromal but not glandular mitotic activity, and did not affect the predecidual reaction. The superiority of morphometric analysis over traditional dating criteria was demonstrated in this study of endometrial responses to an exogenously administered agent. In addition, it was found that temperature drop occurred in 56%, menstrual induction in 43%, luteolysis in 24%, mood change in 23%, and thirst sensation in 3% of women studied. Both menstrual induction and changes in hypothalamic function after the administration of RU486 occurred independently of luteolysis and so were likely to be the direct result of progesterone receptor blockade in these organs. Menstrual induction was significantly related to the dose given and the day on which RU486 was administered. Mood change was significantly related to the day on which RU486 was given. Most of the effects of RU486 occurred around 48 hours after its administration. PMID- 3181487 TI - Cigarette smoking and other correlates of cytologic estrogen effect in postmenopausal women. AB - Cigarette smoking and other factors associated with estrogen-related diseases may influence risk through hormonal mechanisms. To investigate the sex hormone associations of these risk factors, vaginal scrape cytology specimens and questionnaire data were obtained on 215 postmenopausal women at the time of routine pelvic examination. All specimens were read blindly by one cytologist, and the relationships between the indices of maturation and risk factors were assessed with regression techniques. Current cigarette smoking and obesity were associated with increased maturation. In contrast, years past menopause, parity, and coffee and tea consumption were all unrelated to vaginal epithelial maturation. These results elucidate the mechanisms underlying the antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking and support the concept that obesity is associated with an estrogenic effect. PMID- 3181486 TI - Serum bile acid concentrations as an indicator of liver dysfunction induced during danazol therapy. AB - The effects of danazol therapy (600 mg/day) on the liver function of 16 women with endometriosis were investigated. The primary bile acids (cholic acid [CA] and chenodeoxycholic acid [CDCA]) were analyzed with radioimmunoassays in the fasting state and after a test meal. Also, the conventional liver function tests were performed. Ultrasonography was used to detect any possible changes in the gallbladder function. The fasting concentrations of CA increased (P less than 0.05) during therapy, while those of CDCA did not change. The ratio of CA/CDCA also increased (P less than 0.001). The maximal response of CA after the test meal increased (P less than 0.01) during the trial. As regards the other liver function tests, only the transaminases significantly increased (P less than 0.01) after 1 month of therapy but showed a tendency to decrease later during the trial. The gallbladder's volume and function did not change. All the parameters studied normalized within 1 month of cessation of danazol therapy. Danazol seems to have a rather mild effect on liver function. The analyzed parameters indicate transient cell wall injury and slight disturbances in liver cell uptake and secretion mechanism and also of synthesis activity. PMID- 3181488 TI - In vitro effects of clomiphene citrate on human endometrium. AB - Since cis-clomiphene citrate (CC) used for ovulation induction may affect embryo implantation during in vitro fertilization, direct effects of the drug on human endometrium were tested. Estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects were evaluated in vitro by measuring changes in prostaglandin (PG) output provoked by estradiol (E2), CC, and mixtures of E2 and CC; progestagenic effects were tested with E2 17 beta-dehydrogenase activity and glycogen accumulation as end points. In secretary endometrium, 10(-6)M CC about doubled the basal output of PGF2 alpha and PGE2; 10(-8)M E2 increased the production of these PGs 3-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively. The effects of E2 at this concentration were not diminished by the addition of CC, even at 100-fold molar excess, under conditions in which 10(-7)M progesterone or 10(-6)M 4-hydroxytamoxifen suppressed completely the action of the natural estrogen. In proliferative endometrium, 10(-8)M and 10(-6)M CC had no consistent effect on E2 17 beta-dehydrogenase activity or glycogen accumulation. These results demonstrate that, under in vitro conditions, CC can exert direct estrogenic effects on the endometrium but does not act as an antiestrogen or a progestagen. PMID- 3181489 TI - The effects of oral administration of prostaglandin E2 on the human ejaculate. AB - A single 1 mg dose of prostaglandin (PG) E2 was given orally to 19 men. Ejaculates were obtained 90 minutes and 24 and 48 hours thereafter. Before treatment, each man delivered another three semen samples with the same time intervals as during the study period. PGE2 was also administered to seven men during naproxen treatment and ejaculates were sampled as above. PGE2 did not influence the 90 minutes' posttreatment ejaculates, but after 24 hours there was a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in sperm counts as compared to the control samples. The change in sperm count was suggested to be due to an effect of PG on the contractile elements in the deferent duct. Sperm motility, viability, and morphology as well as semen volume and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content remained unchanged. The total semen PGE content was increased 24 hours after treatment from 169 micrograms/ejaculate to 213 micrograms/ejaculate (P = 0.02). In the combined PGE2/naproxen treatment the PGE levels were significantly (P less than 0.05) elevated in the ejaculate 48 hours after treatment. The increase may indicate an increased de novo synthesis of prostaglandins. Based on the results from the analysis of the composition of the 19-hydroxy PGF-isomers with and without naproxen treatment, it is speculated that oral PGE2 influences the cyclo-oxygenase activity. PMID- 3181490 TI - Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase activity in the testes of infertile men with varicocele. AB - Activities of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma were measured in extracts of testicular biopsy specimen obtained from 37 cases of male infertility with left varicocele and compared with those of 6 normal controls. It was observed that levels of DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma were significantly lower in infertile men than normal controls on both sides of testes. Among three DNA polymerases, the level of DNA polymerase beta activity well correlated with the histological findings (Johnsen's score), i.e., the extent of differentiation of germinal cells. DNA polymerase beta activity appeared to be the lowest in the patients whose sperm density was less than 5 X 10(6)/ml. On the other hand, no correlation was apparent between levels of DNA polymerases and other clinical parameters, e.g., testicular volume, sperm motility, grade of varicocele, and serum hormone levels. These results suggest that the combined decrease in the DNA polymerase activities may be one of the factors that have deleterious effects on spermatogenesis in varicocele patients. PMID- 3181491 TI - Clomiphene citrate treatment in oligozoospermia: comparison between two regimens of low-dose treatment. AB - Clomiphene citrate (CC) is a well-known drug in fertility clinics that is used for increasing gonadotropin secretion. The present study was planned in order to evaluate the efficiency of a new regimen of treatment by 25 mg on alternate days (group A), compared to a daily dose of 25 mg (25 days on, 5 days off, group B), for 4 months. Semen quality was assessed in two matched groups, which consisted of 45 and 44 normogonadotropic oligoterato-asthenozoospermic (OTA) men, respectively. Nine men in group A and 22 in group B did not respond to therapy by improvement in semen quality. The statistical evaluation of the results revealed group A to yield the highest improvement in sperm concentration (P less than 0.0008) and total sperm count (P less than 0.004). Sperm motility was improved only in group A. No changes were recorded in the morphology of the sperm cells or in semen volume. Pregnancy rate after 6 months of follow-up was 26.7% and 20.5%, in couples of groups A and B, respectively. This study implicates the use of CC (25 mg on alternate days) in andrologic clinics as one of the recommended drugs for normogonadotropic OTA subfertile men in order to achieve a significant increase in sperm concentration and total sperm count. PMID- 3181492 TI - Correlation of pregnancy after gamete intrafallopian transfer with fertilization and cleavage of sibling oocytes. AB - In this study, GIFT resulted in a 44% pregnancy rate. When excess oocytes fertilized and developed to the blastocyst stage, the pregnancy rate was 78%. The continuing pregnancy rate was increased from 31% to 55% when sibling blastocysts developed. PMID- 3181493 TI - Pregnancy in a 46, XY patient. PMID- 3181494 TI - Peripheral relaxin levels during pregnancy in a woman with homozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia. AB - A case of a normal pregnancy conceived spontaneously in a 22-year-old woman with hypobetalipoproteinemia evidenced peripheral levels of relaxin in the range of uncomplicated singleton pregnancies in conjunction with low peripheral levels of progesterone. The establishment and maintenance of uterine quiescence in this hypoprogestational pregnancy may be attributable to these "normal" relaxin concentrations or to local uterine factors, including decidual relaxin production, which would not be reflected in circulating relaxin levels. PMID- 3181495 TI - The use of calcium channel blockade for the prevention of postoperative adhesion formation. AB - Prevention of postoperative adhesion formation is an issue of fundamental concern to the reproductive surgeon. The disappointing results of current adjunctive regimens have prompted a search for more potent antiadhesion therapies. Administration of nifedipine hydrochloride, a prototypical calcium channel blocking agent, to hamsters receiving a standardized traumatic lesion of the left uterine horn significantly inhibited primary adhesion formation as compared to control animals. These preliminary results suggest that calcium channel blockade may have the potential to favorably influence events related to peritoneal repair; further study of these agents as surgical adjuvants in the treatment of chronic pelvic adhesive disease is indicated. PMID- 3181496 TI - Successful pregnancies from men with retrograde ejaculation with the use of washed sperm and gamete intrafallopian tube transfer (GIFT). AB - Viable sperm were collected from men suffering from retrograde ejaculation by the technique of rapid washing of semen/urine in a buffered collection solution. The utilization of washed semen/urine from two men with retrograde ejaculation in the GIFT procedure lead to successful conceptions and the birth of two healthy female babies. Thus, the technique of rapid washing of sperm from retrograde ejaculating men coupled with GIFT represents a viable alternative for the attainment of pregnancy. PMID- 3181497 TI - Improved cryopreserved semen fecundability in an alternating fresh-frozen artificial insemination program. AB - This study with glycerol and increased number of motile sperm inseminated showed an increase in f to 10.4% for frozen semen and 27.4% for fresh semen. There is a significant (P less than 0.01) difference in pregnancy rate when greater than 100 million motile sperm are inseminated (31.3%) than when less than that number are inseminated (11.9%) in the first cycle when frozen semen is used. PMID- 3181498 TI - How safe is donor semen? PMID- 3181499 TI - Gamete intrafallopian transfer in premature ovarian failure. PMID- 3181500 TI - [Effect of partusisten and complamin on the general hemodynamics and on uteroplacental blood flow in pregnant rabbits]. PMID- 3181501 TI - [Effect of splenin on liver function in alloxan diabetes in rats]. PMID- 3181502 TI - [A new method of pulmonary rheography in an experiment]. PMID- 3181503 TI - [Use of rheography for studying renal blood flow in small laboratory animals]. PMID- 3181504 TI - [A device for the continuous recording of the temperature of the coronary venous blood]. PMID- 3181505 TI - [Effect of stimulation of the left and right cerebral hemispheres on the humoral immune response of mice]. PMID- 3181506 TI - [Assessment of myocardial contractility by transthoracic impedance rheoplethysmography]. PMID- 3181508 TI - [Effect of ethanol narcosis on 35S-thiamine metabolism in mouse tissues]. PMID- 3181507 TI - [The drinking behavior of rats with a free choice of water, salt solutions and alcohol]. PMID- 3181509 TI - [Brain oxygenation in newborn rats in hyperoxic and oxygen-free gaseous environments]. PMID- 3181511 TI - [Reaction of the respiratory and circulatory systems to short-term normobaric hypoxic hypoxia in cancer patients]. PMID- 3181510 TI - [The role of the spleen in regulating the content of 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and biogenic amines of the blood plasma in rats under stress]. PMID- 3181512 TI - [Influence of regular muscular activity on the trace effects of cold adaptation]. PMID- 3181513 TI - [Dynamics of the cortisol and somatotropin content of the blood in male and female athletes training intensively]. PMID- 3181514 TI - [Protective action of adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in arrhythmia and cardiac fibrillation]. PMID- 3181515 TI - [Disorders of neuroendocrine regulation and of the hormonal reserves of the testes in rats during total overheating]. PMID- 3181516 TI - [Effect of phosphocreatine on the blood supply of the ischemic myocardium]. PMID- 3181517 TI - [Effectiveness of allogenic and xenogenic antitoxins in the active-passive prophylaxis of tetanus in an experiment]. PMID- 3181518 TI - [Modulation of the M-cholinergic reaction by the venom of the Central Asian cobra (Naja naja oxiana)]. AB - The effect of the Central Asian cobra's (Naja naja oxiana) poison upon cholinergic response of isolated small intestine was studied in the Wistar rats. The effect involved a significant activation by 30-70 per cent of M-cholinergic response in the type of "noncompetitive" interaction. The modulating effect of the poison is supposed to occur due to changes in cytoplasmatic membrane. PMID- 3181519 TI - [Effect of destruction of the lateral septal nucleus on the hormonal reserves of the hypothalamo-hypophyseo-testicular system]. AB - Presence of a parahypothalamic-adenohypophyseal way of the influence of the lateral septal nuclei (LSN) lesion on the gonads was suggested on the basis of study of hormonal reserves of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-testicular system in adult male albino rats in experiments using niftolide (flutamide) after the lesion of the LSN, the medial-basal hypothalamus remaining intact or isolated. PMID- 3181520 TI - [Effect of a complex mixture of plasma proteins with heparin on the anticoagulation and fibrinolytic activity of the blood plasma in animals following intravenous administration of tissue thromboplastin]. AB - The i.v. administration of 1.5 ml of the heparin complexes with plasma proteins prior to the injection of tissue thromboplastin induced a stronger neutralization of formed thrombin in the blood and higher anticoagulating and fibrinolytic activities in albino rats as compared to the injection of tissue thromboplastin alone. PMID- 3181521 TI - [Coupled functions of the vessels of the small intestine in various perfusion modes during histamine action]. AB - The resistance, capacity and metabolic functions of the small intestine vessels were studied in i.a. infusion of 0.1 and 5.0 micrograms/min.kg histamine in cats. A dose-dependent dilatation of arterial vessels, a reduction of pre- and postcapillary resistance and various changes of venous outflow (either increase or decrease) were observed. The shifts of capillary hydrostatic pressure depended on the perfusion regimen. The capillary filtration coefficient increased in proportion with the dose of injected histamine and did not depend on conditions of the blood supply in the organ. PMID- 3181522 TI - [Kinetics of the transport of substances with various molecular weights from the blood into the lymph of the lungs (the role of transendothelial and interstitial mass transfer)]. AB - To study the transport kinetics, 10 experiments on canine isolated lung preparations were performed using tritium-labeled lipopolysaccharide, Evans blue dye, fluorescein and tritium-labeled water as mass transfer markers. The markers with high molecular weight were more rapidly transported through interstitium than those with low molecular weight. The data obtained corroborate the thesis that the distribution of substances in the interstitium follows the laws of diffusion and convection in porous phase. Active functioning of the endothelium structures also affects the blood-to-lymph transport. PMID- 3181523 TI - [Lymph-blood microcirculatory shifts in the intestines during histamine action]. AB - The infusion of histamine increased the lymph flow in the cat innervated intestine due to squeezing off of the lymph from lymphatic vessels under motor activation of the intestine, followed by an increase in the lymph production because of accelerated transcapillary transfer of fluid from the blood into interstitium. The increase in the water hemato-lymphatic transition was maintained by an augmentation of the capillary filtration coefficient against the background of both a decrease and an increase tin capillary hydrostatic pressure occurring simultaneously with a drop of the perfusion pressure under the effect of histamine. After decentralization of the intestine histamine led to a drop of capillary hydrostatic pressure, leaving the shifts of other parameters the same. PMID- 3181525 TI - [An 8-channel multifunctional universal amplifier for physiological research]. PMID- 3181524 TI - [Effect of the concentrations and ratios of energy-providing nutrients on the rate of absorption in the small intestine]. AB - Rates of absorption of nitric component, lipids and carbohydrates were studied in dogs with autoperfusion of intestinal loop. In spite of a great energetic value of the lipid component, its increased contents in nutrient mixture is less significant than the carbohydrate contents for maintaining the absorption of plastic components. The data obtained suggest that caloric supply is only significant at the level of assimilation of nutrient components supplying the energy for inclusion of plastic elements into the organism structure and not at the stage of transfer of the amino acids from enteral into inner milieu. PMID- 3181526 TI - [A method of recording the dynamic changes in postcapillary resistance and capillary pressure in skeletal muscle]. PMID- 3181528 TI - [Effect of the frequency of neuronal stimulation of the raphe nuclei on the monoamine content of the cerebral cortex]. PMID- 3181527 TI - [Lipid metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract of lactating cows during the duodenal infusion of choline chloride and methionine]. AB - In cows fed with a fat-depressing food, the duodenal infusion of the lipotropic substances choline chloride and methionine activated the function of the infused mass which affected the transformation, biosynthesis and transport of lipid compounds into the intestine. Their effect upon the liver involved an inhibition of the bile secretion and an enhancement of the synthesis of triacylglycerols, cholesterol and phospholipids. PMID- 3181529 TI - [Dependence of the prostaglandin level of the adrenals on efferent sympathetic activity]. PMID- 3181530 TI - [Use of a quantitative method for optimizing a muscle training regimen in experimental research]. PMID- 3181531 TI - [Functional interneuronal connections in the motor cortex of waking and anesthetized cats]. AB - Neuronal interconnections in the motor cortex of alert and anesthetized cats were studied using the techniques of multiunit activity recording and cross correlative histograms. The number of neuronal interconnections did not decrease in cortical microareas during the deepening of anesthesia, but their reconstruction and levelling of inputs and outputs of all microareas' cells occurred. During the reconstruction of interrelationships among functional microareas an activation occurred in the neurons which had been rather inert in the cortex of alert cats. The data obtained suggest differential participation of the cat motor cortex' neurons in information processing at the level of microareas. PMID- 3181532 TI - [Effect of stimulation of the thalamic reticular nucleus on the neuronal activity of the associative and nonspecific structures of the thalamus]. AB - Neuronal responses in center median, medial dorsal and posterior lateral nuclei to the stimulations of n. reticularis were studied in restrained cats. 53.7, 48.3 and 10%, resp., of the units were affected. Phasing character of "silent" neurons' EPs as well as the responses with primary or secondary inhibitory periods of spontaneously firing units, were demonstrated. A wide variety of the response latencies was revealed in the n. CM (5-33.6 msec; mean: 14.83 +/- 1.7 msec) and the n. DM (3.5-44.8 msec; mean: 18.03 +/- 2.5 msec) neurons. A significant convergence of the n. reticularis and somatovisceral inputs in the neurons of the same nuclei (52.83% and 53.5%, resp.) as well as inhibitory type of interaction between these inputs, were revealed. PMID- 3181533 TI - [The role of the paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei in the reaction of the hypophyseo-adrenal cortex system to cold adaptation]. AB - The lesion of paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei (PVN) led to a delay in the development of cold adaptation in white rats, the latter starting with no activation of pituitary-adrenocortical system. After the PVN lesion, corticosteroid response to immobilization was inhibited. The delay in formation of the cold adaptation seems to be due to the changes in the pituitary adrenocortical system response to the stress after the PVN lesion. PMID- 3181534 TI - [The mechanism of plasma protein release from skeletal muscles]. AB - In anesthetized dogs with an open drainage of thoracic lymph duct, the resorption of the human plasma's 131-iodine-albumin from intercellular space of the hind limb muscles in passive movements was performed by lymphatic system alone. The resorption was due to the gradients of hydrostatic pressure and concentration, to changes in the tissue pressure and to physiological shifts of the tissues. PMID- 3181535 TI - [The action of heart factor H1 on the synthesis and uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat heart]. AB - The action of heart factor H1 on the synthesis and uptake of dopamine and noradrenaline in the atria and ventricle of rat heart and also the participation of Ca2+ and ATP in the action of H1 was studied. It has been shown, that H1 in the doses of 2 and 20 mU/ml increases the synthesis of 14C-dopamine in the atria by 43-44% and does not effect on this process in ventricle. The synthesis of 14C noradrenaline in the atria increases in the presence of H1 (2-20 mU/ml) by 64 and 40%. A dose-dependent decrease of 3H-dopamine uptake in the atria under the influence of H1 was observed. The uptake of 3H-noradrenaline in the ventricle as well as in the atria is not altered in the presence of H1. In the absence of Ca2+ H1 in not caused any stimulation of 14C-dopamine and 14C-noradrenaline synthesis in the atria. But in the absence of both Ca2+ and ATP the stimulating effect of H1 on the synthesis of 14C-noradrenaline is maintained. PMID- 3181536 TI - [Disorders of the endothelial pavement of the vascular bed caused by denervation]. AB - The changes of endothelial surface in a tail artery at its denervation provoked by the removal of a part of adventitia have been studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy. It has been shown that the innervation didn't occur in a distal part of a vessel 10-days after the operation, there were considerable changes in the endothelial cover resulting in the protrusion of nuclear region of endothelial cells into the vessel lumen and in occurrence of spindle-like cells with long, thin projections while in the proximal part of the vessel the innervation was retaining, the endothelial surface changes being not significant. It can be concluded that the endothelial surface change is due to the switching off vascular nerve influences on a vascular wall, being not result of a postoperative injury. PMID- 3181537 TI - [Mechanisms of the adaptation of the cardiovascular system to the action of physical loads on the body]. AB - Diastolic BP rose and cardiac output diminished after 6 months of exercises training because of the increase in peripheral resistance of blood vessels in athletes. In result of the training, skeletal muscles became capable of a profound relaxation leading, in its turn, to development of the ability for marked constriction of skeletal muscles' arterioles. After the exercises, the rigidity of femoral and tibial arteries decreased as the result of involvement of the artery walls' smooth muscle cells into peripheral vasodilatation. The functional condition of the skeletal muscles' arterioles seems to be the main factor affecting circulatory changes both during acute effect of exercise and after a prolonged training. PMID- 3181538 TI - [Cardiac output in the ontogeny of young rats]. AB - A differentiated rheogram was recorded in anesthetized rats at the age of 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, 21, 30, 42, 49, 70 and 100 days. Their cardiac output was found to increase with advancing age and played a major part in an increase of the minute volume output, being more important than the heart rate. The minute-volume of the circulation as related to 100 g body weight proved to be a constant parameter during postnatal ontogenesis. The specific resistance of the blood and the hematocrit increased with advancing age, the dependence of the former on the latter having been expressed by a worked out formula. PMID- 3181539 TI - [Relation of cardiac diastolic elasticity to its adaptation to loading]. AB - The pump function of the isolated rat or guinea pig hearts was assessed at various functional loads. The diastolic left ventricular (LV) stiffness was determined by a ratio of a rise in LV pressure for a diastole to LV filling volume for a diastole. This index was several times lower for guinea pig's hearts as compared to the rat hearts at equal heart rate. It was associated with a higher cardiac output of guinea pig hearts at low left atrium filling pressure. The rat hearts, however, having a higher diastolic stiffness adapted better to increased resistance or elevated heart rate, preserved the cardiac output and markedly increased cardiac work. The data obtained suggest that LV diastolic stiffness is an important factor determining cardiac adaptation to various functional loads; its influence seems to be actualized through changes in the LV filling. PMID- 3181540 TI - [Self-regulation of the pump function of the lymphangion]. AB - The pump function was studied in single isolated lymphangions of the bovine mesenteric vessels 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter. The lymphangion was found to be able to self-regulate the pump function. The terminal diastolic pressure 0.5-1.0 kPa was found to be optimal for the pump function. The ratio of the lymphangion power to its weight is 0.2 Wt/N at the pressure 1 kPa. i.e. the lymphangion is near to the heart of warm-blooded animals by this parameter. Mainly the myocytes of circular layer contribute to the lymphangion pump function, the myocytes carrying out the function of stretch receptors enabling the lymphangion to alter its efficacy in accordance with the level of lymph production. PMID- 3181541 TI - [Phospholipid transport into the intestinal lymph and portal blood of calves in relation to the physical form of the feed ration]. AB - Feeding of the calves with the grass granules containing sodium acetate, enhanced the lymph flow and the phospholipids transport in intestinal lymph. The granulated food considerably reduced the portal system's blood flow and the intensity of the plasma production in the digestive organs. The phospholipids were shown to be constantly transported in the portal system of circulation due to their absorption and their synthesis in the gastro-intestinal tract's wall. The sodium acetate exerted a compensatory effect on the processes of digestion, absorption and transport of the nutrients. PMID- 3181542 TI - Medical ethics: a rediscovered discipline. PMID- 3181543 TI - AIDS as an occupational disease: whose right to know? PMID- 3181545 TI - Medical ethics in medical practice. PMID- 3181544 TI - Abortion in adolescence: a clinician's reflections. PMID- 3181546 TI - Ethical considerations in solid organ transplantation. PMID- 3181547 TI - Choose life: Jewish tradition and organ transplantation. PMID- 3181548 TI - John 15:13: a Protestant's view of organ donation. PMID- 3181549 TI - Informed consent: an ethics question. PMID- 3181550 TI - AIDS hysteria in Delaware. PMID- 3181551 TI - Care of the brain dead and other troubling patients. PMID- 3181552 TI - Medical need and the private practice physician. PMID- 3181553 TI - Saving our ozone layer: the DuPont Company's decision. PMID- 3181554 TI - Whither advertising? PMID- 3181555 TI - Capitation: should the risk be ours? PMID- 3181556 TI - National survey of dentists' gross incomes. PMID- 3181557 TI - Solo dentists: national survey of overhead costs. PMID- 3181559 TI - Is direct reimbursement really working? PMID- 3181558 TI - AIDS: symptoms to know, precautions to take. PMID- 3181560 TI - More commonly prescribed medications. PMID- 3181561 TI - Is chitchat killing production? PMID- 3181562 TI - Dental phobia and anxiety. PMID- 3181563 TI - An oral surgeon's approach to the fearful patient. Intravenous sedation and general anesthesia. AB - The oral surgeon's role in the management of the very apprehensive and/or phobic patient presents multiple challenges. It is important for the surgeon to recognize and even analyze some of the subtle changes that he and members of his staff feel when presented with these special patients. In general, they tend to disrupt the usual flow of practice and elicit behavior that may be defensive and threatening. Surgeons are temperamentally task oriented and may not be able to effectively manage such patients short of resorting to full general anesthesia. Appropriately administered and monitored, it may answer the acute surgical need while bypassing the underlying emotional situation. Referral of the patient to a special "dental phobia clinic" for follow-up care is definitely indicated, once the acute pain, swelling, or traumatic injury has been treated. PMID- 3181564 TI - Staying alive. PMID- 3181565 TI - A newsletter can help build a practice. PMID- 3181566 TI - Turning on an untapped market. PMID- 3181567 TI - Take another look at computers. PMID- 3181568 TI - One dentist's nightmare--the disciplinary hearing. PMID- 3181569 TI - Develop your reputation. PMID- 3181570 TI - A novel lower research appliance. PMID- 3181571 TI - Coming alive. PMID- 3181573 TI - A proficient program.... PMID- 3181572 TI - Your help is needed. PMID- 3181574 TI - Communication. Part 4: Compiling a CV. PMID- 3181575 TI - Consultant or conman? PMID- 3181576 TI - Nifedipine treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to chemotherapy. PMID- 3181577 TI - Sweet's syndrome in pregnancy. PMID- 3181579 TI - 69th annual meeting of the Swiss Society for Dermatology and Venereology. September 25 and 26, 1987, Geneva. Abstracts. PMID- 3181578 TI - On psoriasis and associated diseases. PMID- 3181580 TI - Paediatric oral medicine: 2. Bony lesions and deformities of the face. PMID- 3181581 TI - The significance of taurodontism in dental surgery. PMID- 3181582 TI - Considerations in the management of craniofacial microsomia. PMID- 3181583 TI - Dental radiology. PMID- 3181585 TI - The sense of taste. PMID- 3181584 TI - Denture use and abuse. PMID- 3181586 TI - Frictional properties of artificial hip joints. PMID- 3181587 TI - Opto/computer methods applied to the evaluation of a range of acetabular cups. PMID- 3181588 TI - Design and development of a versatile hip joint simulator and a preliminary assessment of wear and creep in Charnley total replacement hip joints. PMID- 3181589 TI - Prosthetic hip failure: preliminary findings of retrospective radiograph image analysis. PMID- 3181590 TI - Rotational movement of femoral components of total hip replacements in response to an anteriorly applied load. PMID- 3181591 TI - The influence of cementing technique and blood on the strength of the bone-cement interface. PMID- 3181592 TI - Wear and contact stress studies of the Minns meniscal knee prosthesis. PMID- 3181593 TI - Evaluation of prosthetic devices in-vivo and in the laboratory. 13th Leeds Annual Day Conference at the University of Leeds. PMID- 3181594 TI - Interaction between cisplatin-treated macrophages and Dalton's lymphoma cells in vitro. AB - Murine peritoneal macrophages treated with cisplatin (10 micrograms/ml) showed increased binding to Dalton's lymphoma cells in vitro. Macrophages and target cells both extend cytoplasmic extensions towards each other, which finally join and fuse to form a distinct cytoplasmic bridge between the two cells. At later stages of coincubation the macrophages and tumor cells get closely bound with several short cytoplasmic connections. Finally the plasmalemmae between the two cells fuse over a large surface area and the tumor cell is phagocyted. No tumor cell was found to form cytoplasmic bridges when incubated with untreated macrophages. The base of cytoplasmic bridge and the cytoplasmic bridge between the macrophage and tumor cells stained for actin and fibronectin, but not for tubulin. We also report the transfer of lysosomes from the cytoplasm of cisplatin treated macrophages to the tumor cell cytoplasm through cytoplasmic bridges. It is further reported that cisplatin-induced macrophage cytotoxicity against DL cells is inhibited by nifedipine and chlorpromazine. PMID- 3181596 TI - Characterization of transformed cell lines evolving from a normal C3H line. AB - The development of transformed cell lines evolving from an embryo fibroblastic C3H primary culture was followed before and after the ageing crisis using different techniques. By flow cytometry, alteration of subpopulations having different DNA content and altered metabolic activity was observed after the crisis, with the trend to assume a near tetraploid DNA index at higher passages. The fibrin clot retractile activity was lost in all cases during the ageing crisis, but the outcome did not present uniform values of growth characteristics or chromosome number and tumorigenicity appeared to be a nonstable property of the transformed cell lines. PMID- 3181595 TI - Phorbol ester receptors and the induction of differentiation in the human T lymphoblastic cell line MOLT-3. AB - To examine the mechanism of induction of differentiation in the human malignant T lymphoblastic cell line, MOLT-3, by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), the role of receptors for phorbol esters was investigated. Binding of [20-3H] phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate to TPA-resistant subclones derived from MOLT-3 was less than 50% of that of the parental MOLT-3. Scatchard analysis showed that the concentration of phorbol ester receptors in a TPA-resistant subclone was about 50% of that in the parental MOLT-3, but affinities of binding were similar, indicating that more than a certain number of phorbol ester receptors is required to induce differentiation by TPA in this human T cell line. PMID- 3181597 TI - Vesicle-mediated delivery of membrane to growth cones during neuritogenesis in embryonic rat primary neuronal cultures. AB - Single cell suspensions from 15-day embryonic rat hindbrain plated on collagen formed large clumps by day 1 in culture. Neurite outgrowth was visible within 2 days. By day 14, morphological synapses were observed in nearly all instances of contact of a neurite ending with another cell. At day 3 in culture, the Golgi apparatus consisted of relatively few, broad lamellae. By contrast, at day 7 in culture this organelle consisted of tightly packed lamellar stacks with a considerable increase in vesicles budding from lamellae. Electron-lucent vesicles, ranging in size from 60 to 180 nm, similar to those generated by the Golgi apparatus were noted in neurite shafts and growth cones, with fusion of these vesicles virtually exclusively at the growth cone leading edge. Monensin resulted in the loss of these vesicles in cell somata and neuritic profiles. The electron-dense marker horseradish peroxidase was not incorporated into these vesicles following its addition to the culture medium, indicating that the vesicles were exocytotic. The number of total vesicles increased during the first 7 days of neurite outgrowth with no further increase up to day 14. This increase was due entirely to vesicles not labeled with the impermeable electron-dense stain ruthenium red, indicating that this increase represents actual vesicular elements and not increased surface convolutions. These data suggest that the 60- to 180-nm electron lucent vesicles are derived from the Golgi apparatus and, by fusion with the growth cone plasmalemma, provide new membrane required for neuritic outgrowth and maintenance. PMID- 3181598 TI - The effect of selenium on the hepatic drug metabolism and inducibility in rat. AB - 1. Rats were fed either a normal or selenium-deficient diet for 4 weeks. The subgroup on selenium deficient diet had selenium supplementation as 3 ppm Se in the drinking water. Benzo(a)pyrene was given intraperitoneally as an inducer. 2. Se deficiency decreased glutathione peroxidase and cytochrome c-reductase activities while other activities were unchanged as compared to normal diet. 3. Selenium deficiency was a prerequisite for the induction of glutathione peroxidase, S-reductase and S-transferase enzymes. 4. Benzo(a)pyrene increased hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content in rats on normal and selenium supplemented diet but not in the selenium deficient group. 5. The 7 ethoxyresorufin and 7-ethoxycoumarin deethylase, aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and cytochrome c-reductase activities were increased by benzo(a)pyrene in all the dietary groups. 6. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity was also increased by benzo(a)pyrene in all the experimental groups and this was true with p nitrophenol and phenolphthalein as aglycons. PMID- 3181599 TI - Purification by affinity chromatography and characterization of porcine liver cytoplasmic polyamine oxidase. AB - 1. Polyamine oxidase was purified from the soluble fraction of porcine liver by more than 70,000-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity using N8-acetylspermidine Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. 2. The molecular weight and isoelectric point of this enzyme were 62,000 and pH 4.5, respectively. 3. Optimal pH for the catalytic activity was close to 10.0. 4. The enzyme activity was enhanced by 5 mM dithiothreitol or 5 mM benzaldehyde. 5. Preferential substrates for this cytoplasmic PAO were N1-acetylspermine, N1-acetylspermidine and spermine. 6. Spermidine was not virtually the substrate for this enzyme. 7. The present results suggested the physiological roles of cytoplasmic PAO, being coupled with the reaction of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, in recycling the cellular polyamines to putrescine. PMID- 3181600 TI - 1,2-Cyclohexanedione modification of arginine residues in egg-white riboflavin binding protein. AB - 1. Reaction of 1,2-cyclohexanedione with arginine residues of egg white riboflavin-binding protein results in a loss of the binding activity. 2. In borate buffer pH 8.0, with 0.15 M cyclohexanedione, the inactivation proceeds with a pseudo-first-order rate constant 0.084 hr.-1. 3. At least 65% of lost riboflavin binding capacity can be recovered on 12 hr incubation in 0.5 M hydroxylamine pH 7.0. 4. All 5 arginine residues are modified, 2-3 of them seem to react much easier than others. 5. The correlation between modification of arginines and protein inactivation, as analyzed by kinetic and statistical methods, suggests that one of low-reactivity residues is "essential" for riboflavin binding. 6. In the holoprotein, one arginine residue is almost completely protected from 1,2-cyclohexanedione modification. 7. Riboflavin does not dissociate from holoprotein, even on prolongated incubation with the reagent. 8. The protected arginine residue seems to be located in the riboflavin binding pocket of protein macromolecule. PMID- 3181601 TI - Non-identity of human plasma lysozyme and 4-methylumbelliferyl-tetra-N-acetyl beta-D-chitotetraoside hydrolase. AB - 1. Using 4-methylumbelliferyl-tetra-N-acetyl-beta-D-chitotetraoside (MU-TACT) as substrate, it is possible to measure the activity of purified lysozyme and to demonstrate lysozyme activity in the urine of patients with acute monocytic leukemia, characterized by massive lysozymuria. 2. Notwithstanding this observation, we present evidence that in normal human plasma another acid endoglucosaminidase is hydrolyzing the substrate. 3. The following data support the hypothesis of the existence of a separate hydrolase: (a) Thermoinactivation is different for MU-TACT hydrolase and lysozyme. (b) In plasma and many other biological samples, the concentration of lysozyme is too low to be measured with the artificial substrate and there is no correlation between MU-TACT hydrolase and lysozyme. (c) Serum of lysozyme deficient rabbits has normal MU-TACT hydrolase activity. (d) On Sephadex G-200 and DEAE cellulose chromatography, lysozyme and MU-TACT hydrolase are eluted separately. (e) Immunoremoval of lysozyme from human plasma does not affect the activity towards MU-TACT. (f) The effect of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid on the activity of lysozyme and MU-TACT hydrolase is different. PMID- 3181602 TI - Temperature dependence of the atractyloside-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ release. AB - 1. Mitochondrial Ca2+, accumulated by succinate oxidation was released by addition of 50 microM atractyloside. Beside this Ca2+ efflux, a large oxidation of pyridine nucleotides and sustained membrane depolarization occurs. An absolute requirement for acetate to support Ca2+ release is demonstrated. 2. Membrane de energization, NAD(P)H oxidation, and Ca2+ efflux as induced by atractyloside were temperature-dependent, since it occurs when mitochondria are incubated at 22 degrees C and was abolished at 4 degrees C. 3. Taking into account this latter, the effects of atractyloside on mitochondrial Ca2+ release appears not to be a simple result of the binding of the inhibitor to adenine nucleotide translocase. 4. It is proposed that the mechanism involved in atractyloside-driven membrane permeability to Ca2+ must be related with the transference of the conformational change of the carrier, to another membrane structure responsible for the maintenance permeability to ions. PMID- 3181603 TI - Alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenases. PMID- 3181604 TI - The microsomal ethanol oxidizing system: its role in ethanol and xenobiotic metabolism. AB - After chronic ethanol consumption, the activity of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) increases and contributes to ethanol tolerance, as most conclusively shown in alcohol-dehydrogenase-negative deermice. In man and animals, there is an associated rise in microsomal cytochrome P-450, including a specific form (P-450IIEI) with high affinity for ethanol and for the activation of some drugs (i.e. acetaminophen), carcinogens (i.e. N-nitrosodimethylamine) and hepatotoxic agents (i.e. CCl4), thereby contributing to the susceptibility of alcoholics to xenobiotics, including industrial solvents. In addition, a benzoflavone-inducible liver cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme distinct but catalytically similar to cytochrome P-450IIE1 was purified which may play a significant role in drinkers who also are heavy smokers. Cross-induction of other microsomal enzymes is associated with enhanced metabolism of various drugs, resulting in drug tolerance. Catabolism of retinol was also found to be accelerated, in part through activation of newly discovered vitamin A depletion and possibly toxicity. Thus, elucidation of the microsomal metabolism of ethanol explains a number of complications that develop in alcoholics. PMID- 3181605 TI - The interrelationships of alcohol dehydrogenase and the aldehyde dehydrogenases in the metabolism of ethanol in liver. PMID- 3181606 TI - Metabolic effects of acetaldehyde. AB - Acetaldehyde, the toxic product of ethanol metabolism in the liver, covalently binds to a variety of proteins, thereby altering liver function and structure. Through its binding to tubulin, acetaldehyde decreases the polymerization of microtubules thereby impairing protein secretion and favouring their retention, with associated swelling of hepatocytes. Acetaldehyde adduct formation also impairs some enzyme activities. Either directly or through binding with GSH, acetaldehyde favours lipid peroxidation. Various mitochondrial functions are altered, particularly after chronic ethanol consumption which sensitizes the mitochondria to the toxic effects of acetaldehyde. In cultured myofibroblasts, acetaldehyde stimulates collagen production. The acetaldehyde-protein adducts stimulate the production of antibodies directed against the acetaldehyde epitope. This immune response may contribute to the aggravation or perpetuation of alcohol induced liver damage. Some acetaldehyde effects, however, could conceivably be considered as beneficial, such as the stimulation of vascular prostacyclin release which may take part in the 'protective' effect of moderate ethanol consumption against some cardiovascular complications. PMID- 3181608 TI - What factors control hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in alcohol abuse? PMID- 3181607 TI - Ethanol and glucose disposal in the rat. PMID- 3181609 TI - Effects of alcohol on tryptophan metabolism. PMID- 3181610 TI - Proposal for a function of the Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan. PMID- 3181611 TI - Regulation of variant surface glycoprotein synthesis in Trypanosoma brucei. PMID- 3181612 TI - Schistosome glycoconjugates as antigens and their relevance in experimental and human schistosomiasis. PMID- 3181613 TI - The glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of Trypanosoma brucei variant surface glycoprotein. PMID- 3181614 TI - Glycosylphosphatidylinositol: an anchor for eukaryotic membrane proteins. PMID- 3181615 TI - The enzymology of beta-oxidation. Introductory remarks. PMID- 3181616 TI - Intermediates of beta-oxidation. PMID- 3181617 TI - The catabolism of medium- and long-chain dicarboxylic acids. PMID- 3181618 TI - Inherited defects of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. PMID- 3181619 TI - Potassium administration and calcitonin mRNA level in the rat. AB - We have investigated the acute effects of elevated plasma potassium concentrations on the calcitonin (CT) mRNA level measured by dot-blot hybridization. Plasma CT levels were significantly increased (X2) 30 min after potassium administration (1.2 mmol, KCl/100 g body weight) in adult female rats; a trend towards increased values was observed 10 min after treatment. No change in plasma calcium concentration was induced by the elevated extracellular potassium levels. The amount of CT mRNA measured by dot-blot hybridization was statistically significantly increased 10 min and 30 min (around 47-55%) after potassium treatment. This finding was confirmed by a Northern blot analysis. It is suggested for the first time that the potassium-induced CT release is associated with a slight increase in CT mRNA level. The increased CT secretion was probably mediated through a rise in the ionized calcium concentration of the C-cell. PMID- 3181620 TI - Effect of the genetic background and specific mutation on adenylate cyclase activity in obesity syndromes. AB - Adenylate cyclase activity and its modulation by guanine nucleotides and isoproterenol were assessed in adipocyte membranes of mice with mutations causing different genetic obesity syndromes. The object was to determine whether the defect in inhibitory modulation observed in the obese (ob/ob) mouse was also present in the diabetes (db/db) mouse. The data show that adipocyte adenylate cyclase in both the ob/ob and the db/db mouse is resistant to activation by isoproterenol. The response to guanosine triphosphate (GTP) differed between the two mutants, such that an inhibitory phase was visible in the db/db but not in the ob/ob membranes. Moreover, pertussis toxin attenuated the inhibitory effect of GTP and significantly stimulated cyclase activity in the db/db but not in the ob/ob membranes. The data show that the two mutations affect the expression of adenylate cyclase activity via different mechanisms. PMID- 3181621 TI - The regulation of adenylate cyclase in liver membranes of lean and obese mice. AB - The modulation of adenylate cyclase by guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and hormones was examined in liver membranes of lean and ob/ob mice, to determine whether a defective regulation of cyclase similar to that found in adipocyte membranes was present. In conjunction with GTP, glucagon was a powerful stimulant of cyclase in both types of membranes. In contrast, GTP alone or in conjunction with isoproterenol and norepinephrine stimulated significantly less in the membranes of the lean than in those of the obese mouse. In addition, low concentrations of norepinephrine elicited an inhibitory response in membranes of the lean mouse, but not in those of the obese. This inhibitory effect of norepinephrine was abolished by the alpha 2-antagonist yohimbine and by treatment with pertussis toxin, but not by propranolol or treatment with cholera toxin. These data show that it is possible to demonstrate inhibitory effects of guanine nucleotides on cyclase in the membranes from lean but not those from obese mice and suggest a defect in inhibitory regulation in the tissue of the obese. PMID- 3181622 TI - The albumin fraction of rat testicular fluid stimulates steroid production by isolated Leydig cells. AB - Rat testicular fluid (rTF), but not rat serum (rS) or plasma (rP) can further increase within 4 h maximally luteinizing hormone (LH)-stimulated or 22 R hydroxycholesterol-supported pregnenolone production by immature rat Leydig cells in vitro. This effect of rTF is dose dependent (0.05-1.2% protein, w/v) with an increase up to 4-fold. The objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize the bioactive factor(s) in rTF. After sequential ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration chromatography on Superose 12 and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose it was shown that the albumin fraction was a major biologically active fraction in rTF. The relative specific activity in these fractions was never greater than 1.3-1.4, which is in agreement with the purification factor required to obtain pure albumin from rTF. Commercially obtained albumin fractions from human, bovine and rat sera, up to 99% purity, also increased Leydig cell steroid production more than 3-fold when added in concentrations between 0.1 and 1% w/v in combination with LH or 22R hydroxycholesterol. Other proteins such as hemoglobin and ovalbumin were not effective in stimulation of steroid production. Bovine serum albumin (bSA, fraction V) at concentrations of 0.25 and 1.0% (w/v), had no or minor effects on LH-stimulated steroid production by rat granulosa cells or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated steroid production by rat adrenal cells. These findings indicate that albumin itself or minor compounds copurified with albumin represent the main biologically active component in rTF for short-term stimulation of Leydig cell steroid production. Since bioactivity could not be demonstrated in serum which contains similar amounts of albumin as rTF, inhibitory compounds may be present in rat serum. PMID- 3181623 TI - The cortical reaction in the egg of Discoglossus pictus: a study of the changes in the endoplasmic reticulum at activation. AB - In Discoglossus pictus previous ultrastructural observations have shown that at the animal dimple, where sperm fuse with the egg, cortical granules (CG), vacuoles, and tightly packed clusters of small cisternae are present. At fertilization the clusters open (i.e., become loose) and give rise to longer cisternae arranged in whorls and chains which migrate toward the plasma membrane. The vacuoles fuse to form cisternae and exocytose along with the CG. In the rest of the egg periphery, while exocytosis occurs, the clusters do not open as a result of activation (C. Campanella, R. Talevi, U. Atripaldi, and L. Quaglia (1986). In "Molecular and Cellular Biology of Fertilization" (J.L. Hedrick, Ed.). Plenum, New York). We have recently conducted electrophysiological studies which have detected inward currents at the dimple center, outward current at the rest of the egg surface, and an eightfold increase in [Ca2+]i which propagates from the site of activation throughout the egg (R. Nuccitelli, D. Kline, W. Busa, R. Talevi, and C. Campanella (1988). Dev. Biol. 130, 120-132). In this paper we have asked whether the anionic current and the Ca2+ increase could be causally related to the changes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) at activation. The results obtained by activating the eggs in ion-substituted Ringers indicate that (1) the migration of cisternae is not dependent on the polarity of the activation current crossing the dimple, but is strongly impaired, together with CG exocytosis, by 5 x Cl- Ringer; (2) TMB-8, a drug which partially blocks calcium release (C. Y. Choiu and M. J. Malagodi (1975). Brit. J. Pharmacol. 53, 279-288), partially inhibits opening of cisternae clusters and the formation of an SER network in the dimple. This suggests a causal relationship between the Ca2+ rise and the cluster transformation at activation. PMID- 3181624 TI - Changes in the migratory properties of neural crest and early crest-derived cells in vivo following treatment with a phorbol ester drug. AB - In previous work, we found that the phorbol ester drug 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) reversed the developmental restriction of melanogenesis that normally occurs in neural crest-derived Schwann cell precursors around embryonic Day 5 of quail development. That is, TPA treatment of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) from 7-day quail embryos caused Schwann cell precursors to regain the ability to give rise to melanocytes. In this paper, we examine other long-term effects of TPA on the differentiative and migratory properties of neural crest and crest derived DRG cells, using heterospecific grafting methods. We report that TPA treatment in culture increased the extent of cell migration following grafting into host embryos, including some ectopic migration into the central nervous system and other locations. TPA did not, however, seem to change the fate of these crest-derived cells, except that some DRG cells underwent pigmentation, as had been observed previously. Interestingly, graft cells associated with peripheral nerves were found to be exclusively unpigmented, whereas graft cells found in all other locations, including the central nervous system, were both pigmented and unpigmented. This suggests that peripheral nerves may act in a fashion antagonistic to the effects of TPA. These findings are consistent with the notion that TPA treatment causes early crest-derived cells to regain developmental properties lost with developmental age. PMID- 3181625 TI - Multiple levels of regulation of tubulin gene expression during sea urchin embryogenesis. AB - The expression of the tubulin genes during embryogenesis of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus has been analyzed. Single strand tracer excess titrations of alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNA and RNA gel blot hybridizations indicate that tubulin mRNA remains at a constant 1.3 X 10(5) transcripts per embryo during cleavage stages, increases during ciliogenesis shortly before hatching (12 hr PF), declines until midgastrula (30-35 hr PF), and then gradually increases 3 fold to about 6 X 10(5) per pluteus larva (72 hr PF). Tubulin synthesis changes in concert with its mRNA, except that during cleavage the relative rate of tubulin synthesis increases without a corresponding increase in tubulin mRNA abundance. The relative rates of tubulin gene transcription were assayed by a run on assay in isolated nuclei. The synthesis of alpha- or beta-tubulin RNA results in little supplementation of maternal tubulin RNA during cleavage stages, but the rate increases at least 18-fold during ciliogenesis and then gradually decreases thereafter. The accumulation of tubulin mRNA after gastrulation can be accounted for by an ontogenetic increase in tubulin RNA stability, assayed by actinomycin D chase and RNA gel blot hybridization. The rates of synthesis, stabilities, and abundances of alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNAs were similar, suggesting coordinate regulation. These observations indicate the importance of translational regulation during cleavage, transcriptional regulation during ciliogenesis, and regulation of mRNA stability by the level of unpolymerized tubulin during later development. PMID- 3181626 TI - Differential interaction of Xenopus embryonic cells with fibronectin in vitro. AB - Two distinct cell types from the amphibian gastrula were compared with regard to their interactions in vitro with fibronectin (FN). Xenopus embryonic endoderm cells attach to FN substrates in a way characteristic of most cell types studied so far; that is, adhesion increases abruptly at a certain threshold concentration of FN, and maximal binding of cells already occurs at low FN concentrations (10 micrograms/ml). In contrast, embryonic ectodermal cells bind maximally to FN substrates only at unusually high concentrations of FN (200 micrograms/ml). This peculiar mode of attachment to FN has been characterized more closely. It is shown that the adhesion of ectodermal cells is modified by their interaction with a heparin-binding domain of the FN molecule. Furthermore, ectodermal cell adhesion increases very slowly with increasing FN concentrations. Despite these characteristic differences, both ectodermal and endodermal cells attach to the normal RGD cell-binding site of FN, as can be shown by competitive inhibition of adhesion by a hexapeptide containing the RGD sequence of amino acids. PMID- 3181627 TI - High-frequency switching in Dictyostelium. AB - A high-frequency switching system is demonstrated to exist in Dictyostelium discoideum. Switch phenotypes are distinguished by colony morphology and include changes in developmental timing as well as blocks in morphogenesis. The switching system exhibits the following characteristics: (1) a "low" spontaneous frequency of switching (approximately 10(-2] in the parent strain; (2) stimulation of the basal level of switching roughly fivefold with low doses of ultraviolet light; (3) "high" spontaneous frequencies of switching (as high as 10(-1] in particular variant strains; (4) high spontaneous frequencies of interconvertibility between variant phenotypes; (5) high spontaneous frequencies of reversion to the wild type phenotype; (6) a set of reproducible switch phenotypes; (7) heritability of switch phenotypes; and (8) a rough correlation between switch phenotype and switching frequency. The extraordinary similarity between the switching systems in D. discoideum and Candida albicans is discussed. PMID- 3181628 TI - Growth cone behavior on gradients of substratum bound laminin. AB - We have tested the ability of a gentle gradient of neurite-promoting activity to orient the extension of embryonic growth cones. Gradients of neurite-promoting activity were made with biologically active, tritium-labeled laminin. The distributions of laminin bound to glass substrata were visualized by autoradiography and quantified with an image processing system. Embryonic chick sympathetic ganglia were explanted onto laminin gradients and cultured. No tendency for neurites to be oriented up-gradient was detected by examining the morphology of explants. Time-lapse studies of individual growth cones detected no up- or down-gradient bias in growth cone motility. These results suggest that growth cone orientation is relatively insensitive to a graded distribution of a naturally occurring neurite-promoting molecule. PMID- 3181629 TI - Interneurons versus efferent neurons: heterogeneity in their neurite outgrowth response to glia from several brain regions. AB - We have studied in vitro the morphology of two populations of dopaminergic neurons from mouse embryos: the periglomerular interneurons from the olfactory bulb (DOBI) and the efferent neurons from the substantia nigra (DENN). The intrinsic potential of both neuronal types has been studied by comparing process outgrowth in a predominantly neuronal environment or in a glial environment that is endogenous or from other brain regions. Both populations exhibit in vitro different characteristics that reflect their phenotype in situ. In addition they greatly differ in their response to glial signals. DOBI maintain a constant stellate morphology with short processes under all culture conditions tested, whereas DENN exhibit a great plasticity and in particular respond to olfactory bulb glia with a striking increase in neurite length. The olfactory bulb glia differs from other brain region glia in two aspects: (a) in addition to type I astrocytes, common to all the glial monolayers that we have studied, it contains a population of fusiform astrocytes (GFAP+) that might represent the superficial glia (Raisman, 1985); and (b) both astrocytes and fusiform cells produce large amounts of laminin that is secreted in a thick extracellular matrix. DENN outgrowth on olfactory bulb glia, however, is not blocked by antilaminin antibodies that block outgrowth on a laminin substrate. Our results demonstrate that two neuronal populations sharing the same neurotransmitter present intrinsic differences in the control of cell shape. The fact that glia harvested from different brain regions supports varying extent of DENN neurite outgrowth suggests a heterogeneity of environmental signals throughout the developing brain. PMID- 3181630 TI - Induction of cytoplasmic polarity in heterokaryons of mouse 4-cell-stage blastomeres fused with 8-cell- and 16-cell-stage blastomeres. AB - Cell surface and cytoplasmic polarity is exhibited by the blastomeres of mouse preimplantation embryos following compaction at the 8-cell stage of cleavage. It has been hypothesized that cytoplasmic polarity is initiated by plasma membrane functions of polar blastomeres that are absent from apolar blastomeres. To test this hypothesis the plasma membranes of "test" polar and apolar 8-cell- and 16 cell-stage blastomeres were inserted into the plasma membrane of "carrier" 4-cell stage blastomeres by polyethylene glycol-mediated fusion of carrier-test blastomere pairs. After a 4-hr culture period each heterokaryon was scored for the distribution of two marker organelles--lipid droplets and nuclei--with respect to their proximity to the plasma membrane insert from the test blastomere. Plasma membrane inserts from polar test blastomeres were identified by labeling their apical domains with fluorescently tagged (succinylated) concanavalin A. The incidence of polar heterokaryons (those exhibiting a discrete fluorescently labeled area of plasma membrane corresponding to the apical domain inherited from the test blastomere) was 55/85 (69%) and 48/79 (61%) for 8-cell stage and 16-cell-stage test blastomeres, respectively. In all polar heterokaryons, both nuclei were subjacent to the fluorescent label (apical domain of a polar plasma membrane insert), while the majority of lipid droplets resided in the hemisphere opposite the fluorescent label. In all 61 apolar heterokaryons examined (those lacking a discrete fluorescently labeled plasma membrane area) both nuclei were centrally located and lipid droplets were randomly distributed. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that cytoplasmic polarity can be initiated by properties that distinguish the plasma membranes of polar blastomeres from those of apolar blastomeres. PMID- 3181631 TI - Activation of myelin basic protein kinases during echinoderm oocyte maturation and egg fertilization. AB - At least five activated protein kinases were detectable in soluble extracts from maturing as compared to immature sea star oocytes. These kinases could be distinguished on the basis of the time courses of their activation following exposure of the oocytes to 1-methyladenine, their substrate specificities, and their chromatographic properties on DEAE-Sephacel and Sephacryl S-200. A histone H1 kinase (HH1K) (Mr 110,000) underwent maximal activation near the time of 1 methyladenine-induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). When myelin basic protein (MBP) was used as a substrate, HH1K and two additional kinases (MBPK-I and MBPK-II) were detectable. MBPK-II (Mr 110,000) was fully activated at the time of GVBD, whereas peak activation of MBPK-I (Mr 45,000) occurred after this event. Two "ribosomal protein S6 kinases" (S6K-I and S6K-II) could be detected with a synthetic peptide (RRLSSLRA), which was patterned after a major phosphorylation site in S6. The two S6 kinases (Mr 110,000 for both) underwent activation post-GVBD. HH1K and S6K-I coeluted from DEAE-Sephacel at a conductivity of 5.5-6.0 mmho, whereas MBPK-I, MBPK-II, and S6K-II coeluted from this resin in a second peak at a conductivity = 10-11 mmho. The HH1K and MBPK-II activities both declined prior to the emission of the first polar body (i.e., meiotic cell division), but the MBPK-I, S6K-I, and S6K-II activities remained elevated during this time. The activities of these kinases were also examined during the early cell divisions in sea urchin embryos. Within 5 min after fertilization, the high level of MBPK-I activity in sea urchin eggs rapidly declined. However, along with the HH1K and MBPK-II activities, the MBPK-I activity was transiently increased prior to each cell division. No appreciable postfertilization changes in the S6K-I and S6K-II activities were apparent during the first three cycles of cell division. PMID- 3181632 TI - Regulated expression of a vitellogenin fusion gene in transgenic nematodes. AB - In Caenorhabditis elegans the vitellogenin genes are expressed abundantly in the adult hermaphrodite intestine, but are otherwise silent. In order to begin to understand the mechanisms by which this developmental regulation occurs, we used the transformation procedure developed for C. elegans by A. Fire (EMBO. J., 1986, 5, 2673-2680) to obtain regulated expression of an introduced vitellogenin fusion gene. A plasmid with vit-2 upstream and coding sequences fused to coding and downstream sequences of vit-6 was injected into oocytes and stable transgenic strains were selected. We obtained seven independent strains, in which the plasmid DNA is integrated at a low copy number. All strains synthesize substantial amounts of a novel vitellogenin-like polypeptide of 155 kDa that accumulates in the intestine and pseudocoelom, but is not transported efficiently into oocytes. In two strains examined in detail the fusion gene is expressed with correct sex, tissue, and stage specificity. Thus we have demonstrated that the nematode transgenic system can give proper developmental expression of introduced genes and so can be used to identify DNA regulatory regions. PMID- 3181633 TI - Hamster sperm penetration of the zona pellucida: kinematic analysis and mechanical implications. AB - There have been few direct observations of penetration of the zona pellucida by spermatozoa, and no detailed description of the kinematics of this process. Such information is important in evaluating the contribution of mechanical thrust by the sperm flagellum to the mechanism of zona penetration by the sperm head. To make such observations, small numbers of hamster spermatozoa were inseminated to cumulus masses slightly compressed (150 micron) between a slide and coverglass. Observations were made with interference contrast optics and videorecorded at 60 fields/sec. A total of 63 penetrating spermatozoa were recorded, of which 21 were penetrating completely cumulus-intact zonae. Direct comparison of penetration angles for cumulus-intact and cumulus-dispersed zonae suggested that the cumulus may be important in reorientation of penetrating spermatozoa, which initially lie flat on the zona surface. The beat shape during zona penetration was more complex than the simple sinusoidal waves used previously in modeling the mechanics of sperm-zona interaction. Motility during zona penetration was bimodal, having high amplitude, low-frequency lever strokes, alternating with low-amplitude, high frequency propagated sinusoidal waves. The completely asymmetric lever mode and the oscillatory motions of the curved leading edge of the sperm head within the zona may afford significant mechanical advantages to spermatozoa in forcing their way through that matrix. Initial calculations of the maximum force exerted by the sperm head against the zona material during lever strokes predicted values as high as 2700 mu dyn. This result is two orders of magnitude higher than that previously estimated assuming more simple flagellar motility. Although not conclusive, our observations and analysis support the concept that zona penetration is more efficient when the cumulus is present, and that this may be due, in part, to a mechanical advantage conferred upon the sperm by the cumulus material. PMID- 3181634 TI - In vitro formation of the "S" layer, a unique component of the fertilization envelope in Xenopus laevis eggs. AB - The extracellular matrix (ECM) of unfertilized Xenopus laevis eggs consists of an elaborate filamentous network in the perivitelline space (PS) and a thick fibrillar vitelline envelope (VE), with a thin layer of horizontal filaments (HF) separating the two. At fertilization this ECM is converted into the fertilization envelope (comprised of the fertilization (F) layer and altered VE), and a third layer, the smooth (S) layer, is formed at the upper boundary of the PS (Larabell and Chandler, 1988). In this report, we use quick-freeze, deep-etch, rotary shadow electron microscopy to show that an intact S layer can be formed in vitro by incubation of unfertilized eggs in an exudate obtained from cortical granules. Within 5 min numerous 36-nm-diameter particles assemble in a highly ordered array at the microvillar tips. These particles appear to "melt" and to form patches of smooth material and within 10 min one continuous sheet has formed. The presence of the VE is required for formation of the S layer, and we suggest that the HF layer is the site of assembly. PMID- 3181635 TI - Stage and segment specificity of the secretory cell of the dermal glands of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. AB - The pair of epidermally derived Verson's glands on each segment of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, secretes at ecdysis proteinaceous products which coat the epicuticle. These proteins are produced by a single secretory cell which displays both stage- and segment-specificity during development. Three major 12 kDa polypeptides are synthesized at the larval molts, while higher molecular weight (14-93 kDa) polypeptides are produced at the pupal molt. In the pupa, but not in the larva, there are three segment-specific protein patterns, each involving both qualitative and quantitative differences: (1) thoracic (T) segments 1 and 2; (2) T3 and abdominal (A) segment 1; (3) A2-A8. Larval-specific proteins were found to be synthesized in low amounts throughout the penultimate fourth instar, with enhanced synthesis occurring during the molt, coincident with the molting surge of ecdysteroids. Synthesis of the major pupal products commenced about the time of wandering, with enhanced synthesis occurring throughout prepupal development, coincident with the prepupal surge in ecdysteroids. The onset of synthesis of the major pupal products differed, both within and between segments. Culture of fifth instar Day 2 glands in vitro showed that this synthesis depended on 20-hydroxyecdysone. The differential regulation within and between segments observed in vivo was also seen in vitro. PMID- 3181636 TI - Egg envelope conversion following fertilization in Bufo japonicus. AB - The envelope of the Bufo japonicus egg becomes impenetrable to sperm following fertilization. Electrophoretic analysis of envelopes showed that two glycoprotein components with apparent molecular weights of 65,000 and 61,000 were hydrolyzed during fertilization to 62,000 and 58,000, respectively. These two envelope components were structurally related as shown by peptide mapping and deglycosylation studies. Hardening of the envelope following egg activation was also observed, as detected by an increase in the envelope melting temperature. The involvement of proteolytic activities in the envelope hydrolysis and hardening reactions was demonstrated using protease inhibitors, and was verified for the hydrolysis reaction by observing a loss of mass in deglycosylated envelope components obtained before and after fertilization. A low ionic strength medium (less than 50 mM) was required for both the hardening and hydrolysis reactions. Envelopes from eggs activated in a high ionic strength medium were resistant to lysin from sperm, indicating that neither hydrolysis nor hardening was necessary to block lysin activity on the envelope. Both envelope hydrolysis and hardening could be effected in the absence of sperm (i.e., when eggs were activated by electric shock) and after egg jelly had been removed, indicating that neither sperm nor jelly factors were required for the envelope modifications. In addition, when eggs were activated in the presence of NH4Cl to suppress cortical granule exocytosis, envelope hardening and hydrolysis were still observed, indicating that a cortical granule-derived factor may not be involved. PMID- 3181637 TI - Alternative promoter usage by aldolase A during in vitro myogenesis. AB - Aldolase A in the mouse, as in human and rat, shows tissue-specific variability of message size. In addition, in muscle tissue the mRNA size is also developmentally regulated. In order to determine whether this muscle-specific regulatory mechanism can be reproduced in vitro, we have examined the mRNA species of aldolase A isolated from mouse C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes on Northern blots and by primer extension. We show that aldolase A mRNA increases during in vitro myogenesis; that this induction is accompanied by a change in the message population; and that this change is due to activation of a muscle specific alternative promoter. PMID- 3181638 TI - Extracellular matrix triggers a directed cell migratory response in sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells. AB - The role of extracellular matrix in cell migration has generally been considered in terms of a substratum. However, when thin cell processes from migrating sea urchin primary mesenchyme cells contact small latex beads coated with extracellular matrix from the blastocoel, the cells migrate directly to the coated beads. Since the beads are not anchored, this result indicates that highly localized contact with the extracellular matrix can stimulate movement independently of any change in cell adhesion. PMID- 3181639 TI - Maintenance of the synthesis of alpha B-crystallin and progressive expression of beta Bp-crystallin in human fetal lens epithelial cells in culture. AB - We have cultured and maintained human fetal lens epithelial cells for several months in primary, secondary, and tertiary culture(s). These cells show unabated synthesis of alpha B-crystallin (alpha B), a lens epithelial cell-specific marker, and progressive expression of beta Bp-crystallin (beta Bp), a major polypeptide of the differentiated lens fiber cells in vivo. Interestingly, the expression of beta Bp was found to be dependent on subculturing of the cells and not on the age of cultures. These observations demonstrate that human fetal lens epithelial cells can be cultured in vitro without the loss of lens specific characteristics and with commitment to differentiation at the biochemical level. PMID- 3181640 TI - Germ cell-Sertoli cell interactions: analysis of the biosynthesis and secretion of cyclic protein-2. AB - Cyclic protein-2 (CP-2) is secreted in vitro in substantial amounts by mature rat Sertoli cells in intact Stage VI and Stage VII seminiferous tubules. This stage dependent secretion has led us to postulate that the biosynthesis of this molecule is stimulated by germ cells at a specific state of development. In order to explore this hypothesis and to examine the steps in CP-2's biosynthesis, we generated a polyclonal antisera against this protein and used it to analyze the biosynthesis and secretion of CP-2. Analysis of the steps in the biosynthesis of CP-2 indicated that its polypeptide core represented most if not all of the translation product of the CP-2 mRNA and that a single aspargine-linked oligosaccharide became attached to this core. Analysis of the rate of biosynthesis of CP-2 at specific stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was also conducted. Two-millimeter segments of tubules at Stage II, VI, VIIa, b, VIII, and XII were cultured for 1 hr in the presence of [35S]methionine and radiolabeled CP-2 immunoprecipitated from the tubules. Data (35S-CP-2 synthesized per hour) demonstrated that the rate of CP-2's biosynthesis increased 9-fold from Stage II to Stages VI and VIIa, b and then decreased 13 fold by Stage XII. To determine whether these rates of biosynthesis were identical to the rates of secretion, tubules were cultured for 17 hr with [35S]methionine, CP-2 was immunoprecipitated from the culture medium and data were expressed as 35S-CP-2 secreted per hour. This analysis demonstrated that the rate of secretion of CP-2 varied in the same stage-specific manner as its rate of synthesis. However, at each stage, the apparent rate of biosynthesis of the molecule exceeded its apparent rate of secretion. In order to explain this observation, we analyzed the rate of export of newly synthesized CP-2 out of the tubules. This demonstrated that quantitative export of the protein into culture medium required at least 17 hr. This period of time was most likely due to the retention of the protein within the tubular lumen, since primary cultures of Sertoli cells were shown to rapidly secrete newly synthesized CP-2. We, therefore, concluded that CP-2 was biosynthesized in a stage-dependent manner and that all CP-2 was secreted. PMID- 3181641 TI - lin-17 mutations of Caenorhabditis elegans disrupt certain asymmetric cell divisions. AB - The identification of a gene necessary for the asymmetry of cell division would be an important first step toward understanding how sister cells come to differ in their developmental fates. The lin-17 gene of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is an excellent candidate for being such a gene. lin-17 mutations cause several blast cells that normally generate sister cells of two distinct types to generate instead sister cells of the same type. Moreover, lin-17 mutations cause sister cells to be equal in size as well as equivalent in developmental fate, suggesting that lin-17 acts at or prior to the asymmetric cell division. The lin 17 gene product is involved in asymmetric cell divisions in a variety of tissues, indicating that lin-17 functions in a general mechanism for the establishment of cellular asymmetry in parent cells. PMID- 3181642 TI - Effect of proteinuria on mortality in NIDDM. AB - The effect of proteinuria (greater than or equal to approximately 1 g/day) on mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was assessed in Pima Indians aged greater than or equal to 45 yr. Among 1426 subjects, 48% with NIDDM at the beginning of followup, there were 489 deaths in 13,345 person-yr of observation. The age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate was 32.7/1000 person-yr (95% Cl = 27.6, 37.8) in diabetic subjects without proteinuria, similar to the rate of 30.1/1000 person-yr (95% Cl = 25.7, 34.4) in nondiabetic subjects without proteinuria. By contrast, in diabetic subjects with proteinuria the mortality rate was 121.4/1000 person-yr (95% Cl = 97.5, 145.3). When controlled for age, sex, and diabetes duration, diabetic subjects with proteinuria had a death rate 3.5 times as high (95% Cl = 2.8, 4.4) as those without proteinuria. Of the excess mortality associated with NIDDM in Pima Indians, 97% was found in subjects with proteinuria. The death rate in diabetic subjects without proteinuria was not appreciably greater than the rate in nondiabetic subjects. Mortality rates from uremia and cardiovascular disease were significantly higher in diabetic Pima Indians with proteinuria than in those without. These relationships are similar to observations reported in people with insulin-dependent diabetes. PMID- 3181643 TI - Prevention of sugar-induced cataractogenesis in rats by butylated hydroxytoluene. AB - Senile cataractogenesis advanced by diabetes, thought mainly to be due to accumulation of polyols, is one of the major causes of blindness throughout the world. Rats fed a 50% galactose diet developed mature cataracts in 23 days, whereas rats fed a 50% galactose diet with 0.4% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) had clear lenses. On day 10, both groups had comparable galactitol levels in the lens, but hydration in the former group, as determined by the lens weight, was approximately 10% more than in the latter. On day 23, galactitol levels in the latter group were 92% higher (approximately 85 mM) than in the former group, but lens weight was lower. These results indicate that sugar-induced cataractogenesis in rats is not solely due to polyol accumulation. Oxidative damage is probably a major cause of the advancement of cataractogenesis. PMID- 3181644 TI - Effect of myo-inositol and T3 on myocardial lipids and cardiac function in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. AB - Numerous experimental studies have implied a link between diabetes-induced abnormal lipid buildup in the myocardium and the development of cardiomyopathy. Because the diabetic state in rats is associated with lowered T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 levels and because diabetic patients excrete large amounts of myo-inositol, a lipotropic agent, we investigated the effects of myo inositol and T3 on the elevated myocardial lipid levels and depressed cardiac performance of streptozocin (55 mg/kg i.v.)-induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats. myo inositol (2.5 g.kg-1.day-1 in the drinking water) and T3 (30 micrograms.kg-1.day 1 s.c.) were given for an 8-wk period 3 days after diabetes induction. Untreated diabetic rats were characterized by a decreased rate of body weight gain, hyperglycemia, and hypoinsulinemia, which were not altered after myo-inositol and/or T3 treatment. Thyroid status of diabetic animals was normalized by T3 alone or in combination with myo-inositol but not by myo-inositol alone. The elevations in plasma and myocardial lipids associated with the diabetic state were prevented by myo-inositol treatment. However, the plasma lipid and myocardial cholesterol levels in diabetic rats remained elevated or were further increased with treatment with T3 or myo-inositol plus T3. myo-inositol treatment partially improved cardiac performance in STZ-D rats. T3 treatment alone did not prevent cardiac dysfunction in diabetic rats. There was, however, some improvement in heart function in the groups treated with both myo-inositol and T3, coinciding with a significant decrease in the myocardial triacylglycerol level. The data indicate that a possible correlation may exist between elevated myocardial triacylglycerol levels and cardiac dysfunction in diabetic rats. PMID- 3181645 TI - Relationship of hepatic glucose uptake to intrahepatic glucose concentration in fasted rats after glucose load. AB - Glucose concentration gradients across the liver and hepatic blood flow were measured to characterize the relationship of hepatic glucose uptake to hepatic glucose concentration for 240 min after administration of a large oral glucose load to fasted rats. Extraction of glucose occurred only transiently, from 20 to 80 min after glucose administration. The liver changed from net glucose output to net glucose removal only when the intracellular hepatic glucose concentration exceeded 12.5 mumol/ml water. Even when arteriovenous glucose concentrations gradients were compatible with net direct hepatic uptake of glucose, the hepatic glucose concentration always exceeded the inflow glucose concentration. These data indicate that direct glucose uptake occurred against a concentration gradient when the liver is considered as a whole. The hepatic intracellular-to extracellular glucose concentration gradient changed very little, suggesting that this is not being regulated by glucose, insulin, or other effectors. The mechanism by which the hepatic glucose concentration and net hepatic glucose uptake versus output are coordinated is unknown. The rate of glycogen synthesis was linear for 120 min after administration of the glucose load. This occurred in the presence of direct uptake of glucose early in the time course and later in the presence of net glucose output by the liver. Net direct uptake of glucose by the liver could account for, at most, 37-55% of the glycogen formed. Fractional extraction of both lactate and alanine decreased after glucose was given, but net hepatic uptake of these metabolites could account for 33-49 and 7-10%, respectively, of the glycogen formed, depending on plasma versus blood water flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181646 TI - Effect of fish oil concentrate on lipoprotein composition in NIDDM. AB - Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is associated with elevated very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride concentrations and abnormalities of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) composition. Because fish oil supplementation may favorably affect lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in nondiabetic subjects, we determined the effect of fish oil concentrate on plasma lipids and lipoprotein composition in patients with NIDDM. Dietary-supplementation 1-mo periods of 4.0 and 7.5 g of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil were compared with a placebo of 12 g safflower oil by use of a single-blind crossover design. Medications, including antidiabetic therapy, were continued through the study. Compared with safflower oil treatment, fish oil supplementation resulted in a significant reduction of total plasma triglycerides of 24% at the 4-g dose and a larger reduction of 39% at the 7.5-g dose. These decreases were due to similar reductions in VLDL triglycerides. LDL cholesterol levels were mildly elevated, but a larger 20% increase in LDL apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentration was observed. During supplementation with the fish oil concentrate, the LDL cholesterol-to-apoB ratio was significantly reduced when compared with pretreatment values, but not when compared with safflower oil treatment. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and plasma apoA1 levels were not significantly changed during fish oil treatment. At the 7.5-g dose, fasting glucose and glycohemoglobin levels increased by 20 and 12%, respectively, but were unchanged at the lower level of supplementation. Thus, in NIDDM patients, dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids induces a reduction in total plasma and VLDL triglyceride levels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181647 TI - Temperature-dependent gonadal differentiation in the turtle Emys orbicularis: concordance between sexual phenotype and serological H-Y antigen expression at threshold temperature. AB - As in many other turtles, the sexual differentiation of gonads in embryos of Emys orbicularis is temperature-sensitive, 100% phenotypic males being obtained below 27.5 degrees C and 100% phenotypic females above 29.5 degrees C. The expression of the serologically defined H-Y (SD-H-Y) antigen at both low and high temperatures has been shown to be different in gonads and in blood : in gonads, it is closely associated with ovarian structure, whereas in blood it is independent of sexual phenotype and appears to indicate sexual genotype. Both sexes differentiate at 28.5 degrees C, suggesting that at this intermediate (threshold) temperature, sexual differentiation of gonads conforms with sexual genotype. To test this hypothesis, the expression of SD-H-Y antigen has been carried out in blood cells of Emys individuals raised from eggs incubated at the threshold temperature (28.5 degrees C). All phenotypic males typed SD-H-Y negative, whereas most phenotypic females typed SD-H-Y positive. From this concordance between sexual phenotype of gonads and SD-H-Y phenotype of blood, we postulate that a ZZ male/ZW female mechanism of genotypic sex determination is revealed at the threshold temperature for gonad differentiation in Emys. PMID- 3181648 TI - Widespread occurrence of calicin, a basic cytoskeletal protein of sperm cells, in diverse mammalian species. AB - A novel cytoskeletal element consisting of dense webs of thin (3-14 nm) filaments surrounding the nucleus of the sperm head has recently been isolated and shown to be associated with certain major basic proteins. Using antibodies specific for calicin, a prominent Mr-60,000 cytoskeletal protein of the posterior calyx of bull sperm heads detected in immunoblotting on gel electrophoretically separated polypeptides as well as in immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, we show that the same--or an immunologically related--polypeptide occurs in sperm heads of other species with greatly different morphology, including human, boar, guinea pig, hamster, rat and mouse. The calicin localization in the various species is described and discussed in relation to the specific sperm morphology. PMID- 3181649 TI - A mouse minialbumin gene is specifically expressed in differentiated hepatoma cells but not in transgenic mice. AB - A mouse genomic DNA fragment including the albumin gene in which central exons 9 12 had been deleted and flanked by 2.2 kb in 5' and 4.3 kb in 3' (minialbumin gene), was introduced into rat hepatoma cells and also into mouse embryos to produce transgenic mice. The minialbumin gene was specifically transcribed in stably transfected differentiated clones and a 47-k Da minialbumin was synthesized and secreted into the culture medium. In contrast, the transgene was not expressed in any of the seven independent transgenic mouse lines examined. This suggests that expression of the albumin gene in developing animals requires cis-regulating elements additional to those located within the immediate flanking regions of the gene, which are sufficient to elicit specific expression in differentiated hepatoma cells in culture. PMID- 3181650 TI - The development of phenylalanine hydroxylase in rat liver; in vivo, and in vitro studies utilizing fetal hepatocyte cultures. AB - Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is first detected in the liver of 21-day gestation rats. Activity increases after birth, and in 10-day-postnatal rats it is about equal to that observed in the adult. The developmental pattern for the enzyme is reflected in the level of its mRNA determined by hybridization to 32P cDNA, which is specific for PAH. Studies with cultured adult hepatocytes reveal that the addition of dexamethasone and dibutyryl cAMP to the medium maximizes the yield of enzyme. Hepatocytes derived from 21-day-gestation rats will produce enzyme in cultures maintained in medium supplemented with dexamethasone and dibutyryl cAMP. However, less mature cells, taken from 19-day-gestation rats do not produce measurable levels of enzyme activity. The relative amounts of PAH mRNA in the respective cultures reflect the level of PAH activity. Interestingly, after 3 days of culture, 19-day-gestation hepatocytes can be shown to express PAH mRNA. Therefore, with respect to the expression of PAH, we conclude that 19-day gestation liver cells will differentiate during culture. PMID- 3181652 TI - Recent actions related to scientific misconduct. PMID- 3181651 TI - Neonatal myosin heavy chains are not expressed in Ni-induced rat rhabdomyosarcoma. AB - Myosin heavy chain (MHC) composition of chemically-induced rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) was analyzed by gel electrophoresis and Western blotting using a panel of monoclonal antimyosin antibodies specific for embryonic-, neonatal-, slow- and adult fast-type MHC isoforms. Myosin extracted from tumours and electrophoresed on 6%-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)glycerol gels was found to migrate as three distinct MHC components. These polypeptides were present in different relative amounts in the five RMS studied. Western blotting experiments revealed that variable proportions of embryonic-, slow- and adult fast-, but not neonatal-type, MHC isoforms are consistently expressed in RMS. Indirect and double immunofluorescence procedures applied to cryosections of tumoral tissue showed that: (a) RMS cells were unreactive with antineonatal-type-MHC antibody, (b) the majority of neoplastic, desmin-positive, cells contained embryonic- as well as adult fast-type MHCs and (c) a minority of cells were labelled by anti-slow MHC antibody. The results of this study indicate that there is no obligatory sequence of MHC isoform expression in the molecular transition (emb----neo----adult) which occurs during rat skeletal myogenesis. PMID- 3181653 TI - Cocaine-induced ventricular fibrillation: protection afforded by the calcium antagonist verapamil. AB - There is increasing evidence that the use of cocaine can trigger lethal cardiac events, including ventricular fibrillation. The mechanism responsible for these lethal cardiac arrhythmias remains to be determined. Therefore, 13 mongrel dogs were instrumented so that heart rate, left ventricular pressure (LVP), and d(LVP)/dt could be measured. After a 3- to 4-wk recovery period, the left circumflex coronary artery was occluded for 2 min, beginning with the last minute of an exercise stress test and continuing for 1 min after the cessation of exercise. None of the dogs developed cardiac arrhythmias during the control exercise plus ischemia test. On a subsequent day, the test was repeated after the injection of cocaine HCl (1.0 mg/kg). Cocaine significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated heart rate, systolic LVP, and d(LVP)/dt, and it elicited cardiac arrhythmias in 12 of the 13 animals during the exercise plus test. In fact, 11 animals developed ventricular fibrillation. Verapamil, a calcium channel antagonist (250 micrograms/kg), attenuated the hemodynamic effects of cocaine and prevented the development of ventricular arrhythmias. These data suggest that cocaine can induce ventricular fibrillation during myocardial ischemia and that these lethal arrhythmias may be prevented by a calcium channel antagonist. PMID- 3181654 TI - Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase activity of populations in New Zealand, Oregon, and South Dakota. AB - The relationship of whole blood selenium (Se) to glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity was examined for individuals in New Zealand, Oregon, and South Dakota who represented, respectively, populations with exposure to low, medium, and high amounts of Se. The mean (respective) blood Se levels were 60, 200, and 400 ng/ml. Intergroup differences in blood Se levels were highly significant (P less than 0.001). GPX assays were performed using two variations of an enzyme-coupled procedure to assess the equivalence of the two methods. Despite a fourfold difference in absolute activities measured by these methods, the GPX activities were highly correlated (r = .86) between procedures. Average blood GPX activity was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) for the New Zealand group compared with the other two groups, but there was no difference in GPX activities between the Oregon and South Dakota groups. Linear regression of GPX vs. Se values within each group indicated a significant correlation of these parameters only in the New Zealand group (r = .46, P less than 0.01). Comparison of these parameters for combined data from all three groups also showed a significant positive correlation (r = .60, P less than 0.001). A saturation model (In GPX = k1 + k2 (Se)-1)) fits the combined data better (r = .80, P less than 0.01) than does direct comparison of the two parameters. These results suggest that GPX activity is an appropriate indicator of human Se status only in populations with below normal exposure to Se, as activity of this enzyme is saturated at relatively low levels. PMID- 3181655 TI - [Significance of QT interval as a premonitory sign of severe ventricular arrhythmia in the early phase of myocardial infarct]. AB - In order to evaluate the relationship between the length of the corrected QT interval (QTc), calculated according to Bazett's formula, and the incidence of ventricular fibrillation (V.F.) in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction (A.M.I.), the QTc interval was measured in 494 patients (mean age 66.42 +/- 11 years; 357 males and 137 females) assisted by the Mobile Coronary Care Unit of Florence. A.M.I. was anterior in 269 patients, inferior in 177 and non-Q in 34. The QTc interval measured on E.C.G. was recorded within the first hour after the onset of pain in 203 patients and between the first and sixth hour in 291 patients. The QTc interval was also measured in a control group consisting of 96 non A.M.I. patients with no history of coronary artery disease. 43 patients with A.M.I. (8.6%) developed V.F. in the first 24 hours. It was observed that: 1) The QTc interval of patients with A.M.I. was longer than that in patients without A.M.I. (432 +/- 34.18 msec. versus 425.37 +/- 25, p less than 0.02). 2) The QTc interval of patients with A.M.I. who developed V.F. was the same as that of patients with A.M.I. but without V.F., (432.6 +/- 34.18 msec. versus 438.11 +/- 34.13, N.S.). 3) 60.46% of patients with V.F. had a value of QTc less than 440 msec.; the incidence of QTc greater than 440 msec. showed no difference in the groups with or without V.F. (41.86% versus 41.11%). 4) The QTc interval length was greater in anterior than in inferior A.M.I. (435.12 +/- 30.81 msec. versus 429.05 +/- 34.5, p less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181656 TI - [Measurement of QT interval in patients with myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3181657 TI - [Neural influences on pulmonary vasomotility in man]. AB - In man, the extent, the physiological role and even the existence of neural influences on the pulmonary vasomotility are not defined. A major obstacle to these evaluations is passive adaptation of the lung vessels to changes in flow, making it hard to separate the active from the passive component of vasomotion during adrenergic activation. In this study, which was carried out in 8 patients during diagnostic procedures, the inflation of a balloon in the inferior vena cava was utilized to reduce blood flows through the lungs and to buffer its changes consequent to stimulation of the adrenergic system. Neural activation was obtained with the mental arithmetic and the cold pressor tests. When venous return was unimpeded, cardiac output rose by 2,060 ml during the former and remained stable during the latter test, and arteriolar resistance in the pulmonary circuit was significantly reduced and slightly increased, respectively. Under vena cava obstruction, cardiac output decreased in the baseline by 600 ml; it rose by 925 ml during the arithmetic test and again remained stable during the cold test; pulmonary arteriolar resistance was unchanged since before obstruction in the baseline and was significantly augmented by both test. These observations support the view that lung blood vessels in man are sensitive to adrenergic influences and the vasoconstrictor component of these becomes effective in circumstances in which the flow through the lungs reduced. The physiological importance of these influences remains unclear. PMID- 3181658 TI - [Comparison of continuous wave Doppler and heart catheterization in the determination of the mean transvalvular gradient in mitral stenosis. A simultaneous beat to beat analysis]. AB - Continuous wave Doppler echocardiography (CWD) is widely used in the assessment of pressure gradients in patients with valvular heart disease, utilizing the simplified Bernoulli equation. However determination of non-simultaneous mean pressure gradient (MG) in mitral stenosis (MS) from CWD recordings has often been described as being unsatisfactory. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the estimates of trans-mitral MG derived from CWD with gradients measured simultaneously at cardiac catheterization (beat to beat analysis). We studied 3 patients (pts) with MS (1 man and 2 women, aged 55, 55 and 62 years respectively); one patient (pt) was in sinus rhythm and 2 were in atrial fibrillation. In each pt the trans-mitral flow velocity curve was obtained simultaneously with trans-mitral gradient measured directly at cardiac catheterization (cath). In this way it was possible to obtain a beat to beat correlation between Doppler and cath in 181 beats taken from the 3 pts. These beats were selected from a total number of 321 beats because of their excellent quality for analysis (74 beats were obtained from the first pt, 38 from the second pt and 69 from the third pt). Mean diastolic velocity, defined as the mean of maximal velocities throughout diastole, was obtained for each beat by planimetring the envelope of the spectral velocity profile. MG was calculated from mean velocity by applying the simplified Bernoulli equation (delta P = 4V2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181659 TI - [Exercise two-dimensional echocardiography in recent myocardial infarction. Is it useful in the detection of multivessel disease?]. AB - Exercise two-dimensional echocardiography (2D-ECHO) can be used to detect coronary artery disease in patients (pts) by the development of stress-induced transient asynergy in areas without wall motion abnormalities when at rest. The aim of the study is to verify the accuracy of exercise 2D-ECHO in the identification of high risk pts with multivessel disease after the first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Technically adequate 2D-ECHO examinations were obtained in 21 of 28 (75%) consecutive patients after acute myocardial infarction. 30-50 days after acute myocardial infarction, these 21 pts (19 males and 2 females, mean age +/- SD = 54.3 +/- 8.7) underwent 2D-ECHO during bicycle exercise in supine position. The marker of multivessel disease was the development, during the stress test, of new areas of asynergy not adjacent to the infarcted area (i.e. transient remote asynergy). Two months after acute myocardial infarction all pts underwent coronary angiography to verify the severity of coronary obstruction (reduction of luminal diameter greater than or equal to 75% in the non infarct related vessel).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181660 TI - [Echo-Doppler study of musical heart murmurs]. AB - The origin of systolic or diastolic musical murmurs was investigated by means of echo-doppler examination in 51 patients with various cardiac diseases. In all cases a typical doppler spectrum was identified, showing bi-directional clusters of frequencies which were concentric in systole and parallel in diastole. The doppler audio signal was musical. A similar echo-doppler signal was obtained by a diapason vibrating in isotonic solution. These data allowed us to identify the site of the vibrating cardiac structure causing the typical echo-doppler spectrum and characteristic audio signal. PMID- 3181661 TI - [Permanent idiopathic sinus tachycardia in pregnancy. Description of a case]. AB - A 35 year old primigravida presented a rare arrhythmia defined as persistent idiopathic sinus tachycardia, which appeared strongly symptomatic during the first weeks of pregnancy. Based on electrophysiological evaluation and pharmacological tests, we retained that the pathogenetic mechanism was due to enhanced automaticity in the sinus node, or in a near "atrial ectopic focus", as a result of a localized autonomic dysfunction. The maternal-foetal prognosis resulted extremely favorable thanks to antiarrhythmic drug association during the last six months of pregnancy. PMID- 3181662 TI - [Aortic dissection with aneurysmal course and clinical picture of right decompensation]. PMID- 3181663 TI - Esophageal candidiasis. AB - Among 3,501 individuals receiving endoscopic examination for the upper digestive tract, 41 were found to have esophageal candidiasis including 17 malignancies, 14 immunological disorders, 4 diabetes mellitus, 7 other underlying diseases and 7 apparently healthy subjects. The diagnosis was made either by brushing of the esophagus or by histological examination of the biopsied specimen. Systemic invasion of fungi was observed mainly in patients with malignancy involving the hematopoietic system, and most of them had been treated by corticosteroids, antibiotics or anticancer agents. Although complications associated with esophageal candidiasis are rare, it is emphasized that those patients with malignancy as well as impared immunity should be carefully examined for esophageal candidiasis, in order to prevent the fungi from developing invasive candidiasis. It should be noted that a few cases of gastric ulcer treated by H2 blocker revealed esophageal candidiasis, suggesting that decrease of gastric acidity might be one of the factors involved in this pathological condition. PMID- 3181664 TI - In vivo selection of tumorigenic subline from non-tumorigenic human gastric carcinoma cells: in relation to proliferative properties in vivo and in nude mice. AB - Human gastric carcinoma cells from one of three long-term cultured cell lines (HPE-GAC-T) were injected into peritoneal cavities of BALB/c mice. The surviving celss in vivo were collected 3 days later. Following brief cultivation in vitro, those cells were reinjected into mice by the same route. This procedure was repeated 3 times. The cultured cancer cells recovered from the mice on the 3rd passage, at a 92.5% recovery rate, showed xenotransplantability in BALB/C nu/nu mice by subcutaneous injection. This subline (GAC-T.M-2) can be maintained in vitro but not in vivo while maintaining heterotransplantability. Three original cancer cell lines did not show tumorigenicity in nude mice. Animal passages by the same protocol failed to select tumorigenic sublines from the other cell lines (HPE-GAC-2 and -3). Factors affecting tumorigenic capacity of cancer cells in nude mice were studied in vivo and in vitro by comparing the properties of GAC T.M-2 and parental cancer cells (GAC-T.O). Treatment of the hosts by injection of anti-asialoGM1 antibody or cyclophosphamide, adult thymectomy of BALB/c mice, and 400 rads whole body irradiation did not enhance the growth of either GAC-T.M-2 or -T.O cells. There was no detectable difference between in vitro growth properties of the original and variant cells at a rather high cell density. However, at a low cell density GAC-T.M-2 cells showed a higher cell growth rate and increased [3H] thymidine incorporation and possessed higher colony forming activity in the liquid medium than their parental cells. High dense expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors was evident equally in both GAC-T cells, however, GAC-T.M-2 cells were more sensitive to down-regulation by EGF in culture. Tumor cells of HPE-GAC-2 and -3 lines expressed minimum amount of EGF receptors on their cell surfaces and were refractory to additional EGF in culture. The results indicate that growth factors and their receptors are responsible for tumorigenicity in nude mice. PMID- 3181665 TI - Effects of the polysaccharide chain of lipopolysaccharide in an experimental massive hepatic cell necrosis model in the mice. AB - When a small amount (1 microgram) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) purified from Salmonella minnesota wild, Salmonella minnesota R60, and Salmonella minnesota R345 was intravenously injected into mice 7 days after heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes was intravenously injected, massive hepatic cell necrosis was induced and most of the mice died within 24 hours. However, when LPS from Salmonella minnesota R5 and Salmonella minnesota R7 and lipid A from Salmonella minnesota R595 were administered, the survival rate was much higher and no histological changes in the liver such as necrosis could be seen in any of the mice. In each of the LPS used in this study, the structure of the polysaccharide chain was different, and it decreased in the following order: Salmonella minnesota wild----Salmonella minnesota R60----Salmonella minnesota R345--- Salmonella minnesota R5----Salmonella minnesota R7----Salmonella minnesota R595. This suggested that the polysaccharide chain of LPS played an important role in the induction of massive hepatic cell necrosis in this experimental model. PMID- 3181666 TI - Determination of individual serum bile acids in chronic liver diseases: fasting levels and results of oral chenodeoxycholic acid tolerance test. AB - Fifteen bile acids in serum of 5 normal subjects and 21 patients with chronic liver diseases were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography. Fasting total bile acids (TBA), glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) were significantly increased in patients with liver cirrhosis as compared with normal subjects. The cholic acid (CA) level and the ratio of the sum of free and conjugated CA to the sum of free and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were significantly elevated in patients with compensated as compared with decompensated liver cirrhosis, and were useful for differentiation of the two conditions. Serum bile acid levels were determined after oral administration of 500 mg of CDCA in the 5 normal subjects and 11 patients with liver disease. The TBA level reached a peak 90 min after CDCA administration in patients with chronic hepatitis and after 120 min in those with liver cirrhosis. The increase in the TBA level was significantly greater in patients with liver disease than in normal subjects. CDCA, GCDCA, and TCDCA showed changes similar to those in TBA. In patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis, the reduction in the TBA and CDCA levels after the peaks was slow, and GCDCA and TCDCA levels continued to increase until 180 min after the administration of CDCA. The TBA and CDCA levels 180 min after CDCA administration were significantly different among normal subjects, patients with chronic hepatitis, those with compensated liver cirrhosis, and those with decompensated liver cirrhosis, suggesting the usefulness of CDCA administration in differentiation of these conditions. PMID- 3181667 TI - Antithrombin III concentrate in the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure. AB - Twenty-six patients with fulminant hepatic failure were treated with daily infusions of antithrombin III concentrate until recovery of consciousness or death. Seven patients were alive (group A), 7 survived 17 to 47 days after treatment (group B), and 12 died within 9 days (group C). Decreased plasma antithrombin III levels increased on the day after treatment, irrespective of the pretreatment levels in all patients. Continuous or temporary normalization was seen in all patients in groups A and B, but in only 5 in group C patients whose bleeding was extensive (p less than 0.05). An abrupt drop in peripheral platelet counts occurred when plasma antithrombin III levels were below normal. General bleeding accompanied this drop. These results suggest that maintained normal plasma antithrombin III levels are beneficial for prolonged survival time in fulminant hepatic failure, probably through controlling intravascular coagulation, and that antithrombin III infusion may be useful for such treatment. PMID- 3181668 TI - Intermediate filaments of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells in bile duct obstruction: transmission and scanning electron microscopy study. AB - The cytoskeletons of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells in bile duct ligated rate livers were investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The three dimensional organization of the intermediate filaments (IFs) of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells was clearly demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. Cell borders and dilated bile canaliculi were well preserved after perfusion with detergent solution. A very dense filamentous network of IFs was seen throughout the cytoplasm, especially around the dilated bile canaliculi and at the cell borders. IFs in biliary epithelial cells were more numerous compared with hepatocytes. Morphometric analysis showed that the IFs of hepatocytes significantly (p greater than 0.001) increased in amount in bile duct ligated rats. The IFs of biliary epithelial cells showed no significant changes in bile duct ligated rats compared to controls. These results suggest that the increase in IFs in hepatocytes results from the adaptation of the hepatocytes to the stress imposed by bile duct ligation. It may be that the resulting intracanalicular pressure and back diffusion of bile induces a metaplastic change in hepatocytes so that they acquire more IFs to function like the bile duct epithelium to conduct bile flow. PMID- 3181669 TI - Effect of long-term ethanol feeding on the restoration process of acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced in rats. AB - This study was conducted to elucidate the possible influence of long-term peroral administration of alcohol on the repair process of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Male Wistar rats fed with balanced diet were divided into two groups. The first group had free access to 15% ethanol, and the second group, the control group, has access to water instead. After fifty weeks, acute necrotizing pancreatitis was induced in rats by infusing 0.4% lysolecithin into their pancreatic duct. In the course of pancreatitis, pancreatic enzymes in serum, enzymes and protein in pancreas, and DNA synthesis in pancreas in both groups, changed in the same way. Histologically, interstitial edema, necrosis of parenchyma, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and formation of tubular complex were observed. Most of these histological changes of pancreas in both groups disappeared in twenty days and pancreas was repaired almost completely. These findings suggest that the repair process of acute necrotizing pancreatitis is not affected by preceding long-term intake of alcohol. PMID- 3181670 TI - Primary biliary cirrhosis with fibrosing alveolitis. AB - A 65-year-old case diagnosed as primary biliary cirrhosis without definite signs of Sjogren's syndrome at age 62 developed interstitial lung disease, which was clinically, histologically, radiographically, and scintigraphically compatible with fibrosing alveolitis. Analysis of the cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed, however, increased proportions of not only neutrophils but also lymphocytic cells, which were predominant. This case should focus attention on the association of primary biliary cirrhosis and fibrosing alveolitis. PMID- 3181671 TI - Abstracts of selected papers: 29th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Gastroenterology. Kofu, Japan, November 5-7, 1987. PMID- 3181672 TI - A time for change. PMID- 3181673 TI - Gastric lipase: localization in the human stomach. AB - The aim of this study was to determine the range of activity and the location of lipase in the human stomach. The range of lipase activity in gastric mucosa of surgical specimens from the fundic area of 22 subjects was 594 to 3350 mU [mean, 1598 +/- 144 mU tri[3H]olein, (1 mU-1 nmol [3H]oleic acid released from tri[3H]olein per minute per milligram protein)]. For localization of activity, pinch biopsy specimens of gastric mucosa from 6 subjects were taken from the greater and lesser curvatures within 2 cm of the gastroesophageal junction (upper greater curvature and upper lesser curvature) and within 2 cm of the pylorus (lower greater curvature and lower lesser curvature). Lipase activity was higher in the upper greater curvature (405 +/- 92 mU) than in the upper lesser curvature (32 +/- 13 mU) and lowest in the antral area (16 +/- 9 mU in the lower lesser curvature and 10 +/- 2 mU in the lower greater curvature). The data show that in the human, lipase activity is localized primarily in the fundic area of the stomach. Comparison of the lipase activity levels in the gastric mucosa with lingual lipase activity levels in specimens of lingual serous glands indicates that in humans, gastric lipase is the main lipase active in the stomach. PMID- 3181674 TI - Time-course of development and reversal of gastric endocrine cell hyperplasia after inhibition of acid secretion. Studies with omeprazole and ranitidine in intact and antrectomized rats. AB - In intact rats plasma gastrin levels were increased during a 20-wk treatment course with either omeprazole or ranitidine. Although plasma gastrin levels were the same during treatment, the enterochromaffinlike (ECL) cell density increased approximately linearly with time at a rate correlated to the plasma gastrin level. Antrectomy prevented the ECL cell hyperplasia seen in omeprazole-treated rats, suggesting that it was not caused by omeprazole per se. Changes in ECL cell density roughly paralleled changes in oxyntic mucosal histidine carboxylase activity and histamine concentration. Treatment with omeprazole also raised stomach weight and antral gastrin and gastrin cell density, reduced antral somatostatin cell density, but did not affect enterochromaffin cell density. Within 19 days of cessation of a 10-wk treatment course, plasma gastrin levels, oxyntic mucosal histidine decarboxylase activity, and antral gastrin and somatostatin cell densities had returned to control levels. The stomach weight was normal within 5-10 wk, antral gastrin concentration within 10 wk, and oxyntic mucosal ECL cell density and histamine concentration within 20 wk. After renewed treatment with omeprazole for 10 wk starting 10 wk after completion of the first omeprazole treatment period, changes in all parameters were of similar magnitude in animals previously treated with omeprazole and those previously treated with vehicle. The results suggest that the effects described are reversible and that gastrin cells turn over more rapidly than ECL cells. PMID- 3181675 TI - Short-chain fatty acids stimulate ileal motility in humans. AB - We tested the hypothesis that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and distention would stimulate ileal motility in humans. Intraluminal pressures in the ileocolonic region were recorded in 18 healthy human volunteers after instillation of boluses of SCFAs, air, and saline. Ileal motility was stimulated more often by SCFAs than by similar volumes of air or saline. Although increasing volumes of distention evoked greater numbers of contractions, this phenomenon was not apparent after repeated stimulation, suggesting that the "mechanoreceptor" in the human ileum has a refractory period. Symptoms of abdominal pain, cramps, and an urge to defecate may have resulted from instillation of SCFAs, even at small volumes. The motility stimulated in the ileum by SCFAs was not associated with systemic release of gastrointestinal regulatory peptides and was not affected by naloxone or indomethacin. Short-chain fatty acids, which can be considered as "markers" of colonic contents, might be associated with the motor response to coloileal reflux in humans. PMID- 3181676 TI - Scalloped valvulae conniventes: an endoscopic marker of celiac sprue. AB - The finding, in a patient with celiac sprue, of a characteristic change at endoscopy (scalloping of the valvulae conniventes, event on close inspection, but forming only a mosaic pattern from a distance) led to an endoscopic survey designed to define its incidence. In a series of 28 sequential patients found to have microscopic changes characteristic of sprue on biopsy, distinctive endoscopic changes were found in 22 (in 6 of 9 with sprue in relapse, and 16 of 19 presenting with initial symptoms). The finding of the distinctive appearance provides an endoscopically recognizable pattern that can be associated with sprue. It also provides the potential for early recognition of the process in patients in whom the diagnosis might otherwise have been delayed due to a lack of substantial evolution of the usually associated symptom complex. PMID- 3181677 TI - Decreased height velocity in children and adolescents before the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. AB - Severe linear growth retardation occurs in 20%-30% of children with Crohn's disease, yet, it is unknown how often decreased height velocity precedes the diagnosis. The height velocities of 50 children and prepubescent adolescents with Crohn's disease were reviewed. Decreased height velocity antedated the diagnosis in 44 patients. Twenty-one patients had a reduction in height velocity before intestinal symptoms were noted. Additionally, 17 of 32 patients with attenuated linear growth had a reduction in height velocity before any weight loss. Linear growth impairment in Crohn's disease, more common than previously recognized, may precede weight loss and can be the earliest indicator of disease. PMID- 3181678 TI - Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a clinicopathologic survey of the "Harrisburg family" with a 49-year follow-up. AB - Of the original Peutz-Jeghers families reported by Jeghers, the "Harrisburg Family" has now been followed for 49 yr. Their 12 affected family members comprise the largest Peutz-Jeghers kindred reported. The course of this family illustrates that Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is not a benign disease. One family member developed a duodenal carcinoma in a hamartoma with adenomatous changes; this progression in the duodenum has not previously been reported. Ten patients underwent 75 polypectomies. One patient developed short bowel syndrome. Three patients died in young adulthood. The development of gastrointestinal malignancy in 2 of 12 affected patients suggests that Peutz-Jeghers syndrome may be a premalignant condition. Consequently, even asymptomatic gastric, duodenal, and colonic polyps should be removed endoscopically. If surgical intervention is necessary, intraoperative endoscopy with polypectomy may prevent the development of a short bowel syndrome. Colonoscopic screening of patients and their family members may be beneficial and surveillance for extraintestinal malignancy appears to be warranted. PMID- 3181680 TI - Fecal lactate and ulcerative colitis. AB - Impaired metabolism of short-chain fatty acids, as well as a modified fecal ionogram, have been reported in ulcerative colitis. Fecal water samples from 62 patients with ulcerative colitis were analyzed in the present investigation to evaluate changes in SCFAs and lactic acid in relation to activity and severity of disease. Short-chain fatty acid levels were high in quiescent and mild disease (162.6 +/- 63.6 and 147.8 +/- 63.2 mM/L, respectively), but significantly decreased in the severe form (64.7 +/- 46.9 mM/L). Lactate showed a progressive increase from mild colitis (3.0 +/- 1.8 mM/L) to severe colitis (21.4 +/- 18.6 mM/L). It thus appears that mild colitis displayed a fecal pattern characterized by normal pH and bicarbonate, slightly impaired electrolyte handling, high short chain fatty acid values, and only moderately increased lactate. Severe colitis, on the other hand, was characterized by low fecal pH, bicarbonate, and potassium, high sodium and chloride, low short-chain fatty acid levels, and very high lactate levels. A critical lowering of intraluminal pH, which shifts bacterial metabolism from short-chain fatty acid to lactate production, may be responsible for the intraluminal pooling of lactate. PMID- 3181679 TI - Colonic proliferation is increased in senescent rats. AB - Our previous studies suggested that crypt size enlarged and that proliferation rate might be greater in the small intestine of rats during senescence. Crypt cell numbers and crypt cell proliferation rates, using the vincristine-induced metaphase arrest technique, now have been measured in the colon of aging and young Fischer 344 rats. The proximal colon of 26-28-mo-old unfasted rats had 10% more crypt cells and a higher proliferative rate than 3-4-mo-old young controls. In the distal colon, the crypt cell proliferation rate in aging rats was 56% greater than in the young. A 3-day fast reduced crypt cell proliferation about fourfold in young rats but only by 20% in aging rats. One-day refeeding abruptly increased the crypt cell population and proliferation rate in rats of both age groups. The crypt zone of proliferating cells from aging rats was broader than that seen in young rats. In addition, starvation lowered colonic crypt cell cycling rate much less in aging than in young animals. We conclude that the colons of aging rats demonstrate a hyperproliferative state and a failure to adapt appropriately to changes in food intake. These observations may be relevant to states of altered proliferation that occur in the premalignant colon. PMID- 3181681 TI - A self-limited febrile illness produced in guinea pigs associated with oral administration of Legionella pneumophila. AB - The presumed route of human infection by Legionella pneumophila is inhalation. We investigated possible oral transmission of legionellosis in guinea pigs. Fifty six guinea pigs (group 1) were given virulent L. pneumophila, serogroup 1, in drinking water. Fifty-nine guinea pigs (group 2) were inoculated with L. pneumophila via gastric intubation. Nineteen guinea pigs (group 3) were given heat-killed L. pneumophila in drinking water. Twenty-four guinea pigs (group 4, positive control) were inoculated intraperitoneally with L. pneumophila. Twenty seven guinea pigs (group 5, negative control) were either intubated gastrically with phosphate-buffered saline or given drinking water without L. pneumophila. Sixty-six of 115 (57%) of the guinea pigs orally inoculated with viable L. pneumophila (groups 1 and 2) had a temperature greater than or equal to 103 degrees F and 8 of 115 (7%) had diarrhea, compared with 0 of 19 (0%) and 0 of 19 (0%), respectively, in group 3 and 1 of 27 (4%) and 0 of 27 (0%), respectively, in group 5. There were no fatalities in groups 1, 2, 3, and 5 compared with 15 of 24 (63%) in group 4. Groups 1, 2, and 4 consistently showed pneumonitis and splenitis. The pneumonitis of groups 1 and 2 was mild, predominantly interstitial, and mainly composed of macrophages; neither gross nor microscopic evidence of aspiration was seen. In group 1, 4 of 29 (14%) guinea pigs tested seroconverted to L. pneumophila compared with 0 of 7 (0%) in group 3 and 0 of 10 (0%) in group 5. In groups 1 and 2 combined, L. pneumophila was isolated from the lung of 5 of 57 (11%) guinea pigs and spleen of 5 of 47 (11%) guinea pigs compared with 0 of 14 guinea pigs in group 5. We conclude that viable L. pneumophila administered orally produces a self-limited febrile illness in guinea pigs. PMID- 3181682 TI - Efficacy of chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid for lowering cholesterol saturation index of gallbladder in patients with a sphincterotomy. AB - After endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy, patients with an intact gallbladder are at risk for developing symptoms or complications of gallbladder stones. Medical dissolution of such stones would be desirable, especially in elderly patients with an increased surgical risk. However, sphincterotomy alters emptying dynamics of the gallbladder and markedly reduces bile salt pool size, effects that may alter response to chenodeoxycholic acid or ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. Studying two groups of 5 patients with an intact gallbladder after endoscopic retrograde sphincterotomy, we found that 15 mg/kg.day of chenodeoxycholic acid increased the mean (+/- SEM) biliary percentage of chenodeoxycholic acid from 35.5% +/- 4.0% to 88.8% +/- 1.9% (p less than 0.01) and decreased the mean saturation index of gallbladder bile from 1.02 +/- 0.22 to 0.55 +/- 0.08 (p less than 0.05). Ursodeoxycholic acid (10 mg/kg.day) increased the mean biliary percentage of ursodeoxycholic acid from 5.6% +/- 1.5% to 44.7% +/- 5.8% (p less than 0.01) and decreased the mean saturation index of gallbladder bile from 1.04 +/- 0.25 to 0.57 +/- 0.03 (p less than 0.05). A long term trial of bile acid treatment in sphincterotomy patients with stones in an intact gallbladder is needed. PMID- 3181683 TI - ICI 169,369 selectively blocks 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors and lowers portal pressure in portal hypertensive rats. AB - The contractile effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on isolated portal veins and superior mesenteric veins of portal hypertensive rats (portal vein constricted) were antagonized competitively by ICI 169,369. The equilibrium dissociation constant of 1-3 nM for ICI 169,369, estimated in the veins, agrees with affinity estimates for arterial 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors. The receptors of portal veins of sham-operated rats had the same affinity for ICI 169,369 as the receptors of portal hypertensive rats. The systemic administration of ICI 169,369 to portal hypertensive rats decreased portal pressure from 13.0 +/- 0.4 to 11.3 +/- 0.5 mmHg (p less than 0.01) but did not affect arterial pressure. ICI 169,369 induced nonsignificant changes in both portal venous inflow and portocollateral resistance, as estimated by the radioactive microsphere technique. It is estimated that the combined changes in portal flow and resistance could explain the decrease in portal pressure. The results are consistent with an involvement of 5-hydroxytryptamine, acting through 5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptors, in prehepatic portal hypertension. PMID- 3181684 TI - Morphometric study of the rat exocrine pancreas after diversion of bile and pancreatic juice from the intestine. AB - The effects of 6 h of diversion of bile and pancreatic juice from the intestine on the ultrastructure of rat pancreatic acinar cells were studied by morphometric procedures. After diversion the volume of zymogen granules decreased markedly, representing a reduction of 77%. The volume of autophagic vacuoles increased twofold after diversion. The volume of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus was not different from that of control. It has been proved by electron microscopic morphometry that the degree of reduction of zymogen granules was similar to that after stimulation by exogenous cholecystokinin or introduction of trypsin inhibitor to the duodenum. This suggests that hypersecretion caused by diversion is due to failure of a negative feedback regulation normally induced by proteases found in pancreatic juice. An increased number of autophagic vacuoles suggests an increase of organelle turnover due to heightened secretory activity of acinar cells. PMID- 3181686 TI - Effects of intraluminal prostaglandin E2 in vivo on secretory behavior and ultrastructural changes in mouse gallbladder epithelium. AB - It has been suggested that glycoproteins play an important role as a nucleating agent in the pathogenesis of gallstone formation. Arachidonic acid, by an indomethacin-sensitive mechanism, is known to enhance gallbladder mucus release, suggesting that prostaglandins may regulate gallbladder epithelial release of mucus. In this study, the glycoprotein granules of the principal cells of the mouse gallbladder epithelium were morphometrically analyzed using electron microscopy. It was shown that 5 micrograms of prostaglandin E2, injected into the gallbladder lumen of the anesthetized mouse, reduced the relative volume of glycoprotein granules from 3.0% to 0.7% of the cytoplasmic volume within 20 min, whereas injection of the same amount of the solvent for prostaglandin E2 had no such effect. PMID- 3181685 TI - Uptake of technetium 99m hepatobiliary imaging agents by cultured rat hepatocytes. AB - Quantitation of initial uptake of the cholescintigraphy agents, 99mTc-Lidofenin, 99mTc-Disofenin, 99mTc-Mebrofenin, and 99mTc-Arclofenin, in short-term cultured rat hepatocytes revealed a marked reduction at 4 degrees C as compared with 37 degrees C. Depletion of adenosine triphosphate by preincubation of cells in sodium azide and 2-deoxyglucose reduced initial uptake of 99mTc-Disofenin at 37 degrees C by 50% (p less than 0.05), suggesting an energy-dependent mechanism. At 37 degrees C, 99mTc-Mebrofenin and 99mTc-Disofenin had the greatest rate of uptake. 99mTc-Disofenin and 99mTc-Lidofenin uptake was inhibited by 20 microM sulfobromophthalein, bilirubin, taurocholate, deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, and cholate, suggesting a common anionic transport mechanism. Uptake of 99mTc Disofenin was unaffected by removal of NaCl from medium, suggesting that its transport did not proceed by the primary high-affinity uptake pathways associated with sulfobromophthalein and taurocholate, which require Cl- and Na+, respectively. 99mTc-Mebrofenin uptake was inhibited only modestly by taurocholate, deoxycholate, and bilirubin (p less than 0.05) and 99mTc-Arclofenin uptake was not inhibited by the organic anions studied. These results suggest that 99mTc-Mebrofenin and 99mTc-Arclofenin might be advantageous for cholescintigraphy in severely jaundiced patients. The relatively simple in vitro methodology described in this study may be useful in the design and screening of potential new agents before proceeding to animal studies or clinical trials. PMID- 3181687 TI - Gonadal dysfunction and inadequate sexual performance in alcoholic cirrhotic men. PMID- 3181688 TI - Sphincterotomy and passage of glass beads. PMID- 3181689 TI - Colorectal cancer in patients with ulcerative colitis. PMID- 3181690 TI - Should we let sleeping PEGs lie? PMID- 3181691 TI - Antroduodenal coordination and solid lag phase. PMID- 3181692 TI - Gastric acid secretion and Campylobacter pylori. PMID- 3181694 TI - Effects of antibacterial treatment of Campylobacter pylori-associated gastritis in children. PMID- 3181693 TI - 5-Aminosalicylic acid enemas in distal colitis. PMID- 3181695 TI - Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: a surgical perspective. PMID- 3181697 TI - A/S/G/E distinguished lecture--endoscopic therapy of pancreatic disease: a new horizon. PMID- 3181696 TI - Presidential address 1988. The future of gastrointestinal endoscopy and the A/S/G/E: will we continue to lead or be led? PMID- 3181699 TI - A new multipurpose duodenoscope. PMID- 3181698 TI - Video endoscopy by nurse practitioners: a model for colorectal cancer screening. AB - The use of paramedical personnel to perform sigmoidoscopy as a screening test for colorectal cancer has been advocated as a means of increasing the availability of this test to the population at risk. A model system has been developed utilizing flexible videosigmoidoscopy performed by nurse practitioners with videotape review by physician endoscopists. Of the 100 patients studied, 36 were found to have polyps. Near excellent concordance (k = 0.72) was observed between the nurse practitioner's findings and those of the physician. Using the physician's review as the standard, overall sensitivity and specificity of the nurse practitioner's examinations were 75% and 94%, respectively. In conclusion, videosigmoidoscopy performed by nurse practitioners and reviewed by physician endoscopists is a feasible approach to colorectal cancer screening since it is safe, provides videotape documentation to ensure quality control, and expands available resources for the performance of this examination. PMID- 3181701 TI - Alcohol for variceal injection--pure but not so simple. PMID- 3181700 TI - Endoscopic diagnosis of a duodenal gastrinoma. PMID- 3181702 TI - Gastric xanthoma. PMID- 3181703 TI - Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. PMID- 3181704 TI - Gastric lesions in secondary syphilis. PMID- 3181705 TI - The endoscopic localization of a gastrinoma in the afferent loop of a gastrojejunostomy. PMID- 3181707 TI - ERCP in pancreatic trauma. PMID- 3181708 TI - Substitute forceps channel cover. PMID- 3181706 TI - Pyloroduodenal obstruction by a gallstone: Bouveret's syndrome. PMID- 3181709 TI - [Acute abdomen in gynecology]. AB - The aim of the present study is, to describe the morbidity and mortality of 196 patients with an acute abdominal condition who underwent surgery at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the TU Munich between 1982 and 1986. This is a percentage of 2.7 of all 7,167 operations carried out during this period. 118 of these patients had an extrauterine pregnancy and were therefore excluded from the study. The second group of 79 patients, mostly with inflammatory diseases, were analyzed. In most of these cases the acute abdominal condition was caused by a tuboovarian abscess (48.1%), followed by peritonitis because of a bowel-disease (11.4%). 6 patients suffered from an abscessing endometritis due to a caesarean section with sepsis in 5 cases. A generalized peritonitis occurred in 5 cases and was treated with a planned relaparatomy with lavage. 63% of the patients had no complications within 28 days after operation, 13% developed a subileus; in 7% a relaparatomy was necessary. 6% of the patients had problems of wound-healing. One patient with stomach-cancer died 3 weeks after the operation because of a fulminant lung-embolism. Thus the mortality rate was 1.5%. A further 27% were treated at the intensive care-unit and 18% needed artificial respiration. The average postoperative period of hospitalisation was 15 days. In comparison, patients with elective operations remained 13 days. The morbidity and mortality of patients due to surgery of an acute abdominal condition was relatively small; postoperative complications could be well treated in all cases and is probably the result of a positive and early indication for surgical intervention. PMID- 3181710 TI - [Microinjection of spermatozoa into the oocyte. An experimental model for assisted conjugation in oligo-asthenozoospermia as a cause of sterility]. AB - This study investigates the possibilities to treat oligo-asthenozoospermia, a cause of sterility, by assisted conjugation. After completing acrosome reaction, normal motile spermatozoa are microinjected into mouse oocytes. After 2 hours of incubation time in medium with lactate and albumins, spermatozoa are put into dibutyryl 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (dbcGMP) and imidazole for the completion of an acrosome reaction. One motile spermatozoon each was injected microsurgically into the perivitelline space of an oocyte. The survival rate of the oocytes after injection was around 85%. The oocytes with two pronuclei and a second polar body were considered as fertilized. Of those injected oocytes 21.5% were fertilized with acrosome reacted spermatozoa, whereas only 5.6% were fertilized with spermatozoa without dbcGMP treatment. Thus, motile and acrosome reacted spermatozoa essentially fertilize oocytes at microinjection into the perivitelline space very well. This technique may become a hopeful procedure to treat human oligo-asthenozoospermia in an IVF/ET-programme. PMID- 3181711 TI - [Effects of danazol therapy in endometriosis on the blood picture and blood coagulation]. AB - Over a six-month period, 62 endometriosis patients were given 600 mg per day of the ethisterone derivative danazol. Blood count and coagulation status were checked before and during treatment. There was a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in hemoglobin and hematocrit. There were no changes in RBC, leukocyte count, or thrombocyte count; the mean cellular erythrocyte volume, thrombin time, thromboplastin time, and partial thromboplastin time also remained unchanged, as did factors VII, VIII, X, XII, and alpha-1-antitrypsin. Antithrombin III levels increased, while alpha-2-macroglobulin values decreased. Only the drop in fibrinogen, to pathologic values, and the increase in plasminogen reached significant levels (p less than 0.01). These in part contradictory changes suggest that hypocoagulability occurs under danazol medication; however, its clinical relevance is unclear. PMID- 3181712 TI - [Disorders of liver function, thrombopenia and hemolysis in a special clinical form of hypertension in pregnancy (the so-called HELLP syndrome)]. AB - The so called HELLP syndrome is a severe complication of pregnancy-induced hypertension, characterized by haemolysis (H), elevated liver enzymes (EL) and low platelet counts (LP). The data of 37 patients with a HELLP syndrome are presented. In addition to the clinical symptoms of pregnancy-induced hypertension, 21 patients suffered from abdominal pain and 5 patients from icterus. Thrombocytopenia, haemolysis and elevated liver enzymes were observed in every case. In 28 of the patients a Caesarean section was performed to prevent further deterioration of the disease. Three patients died post partum as a consequence of severe complications. In five pregnancies intrauterine deaths were observed. The results of this retrospective study confirm the great risk for both the mother and the foetus, if pregnancy-induced hypertension is complicated by a so called HELLP syndrome. PMID- 3181713 TI - [Left ventricular ejection time (LVET) in the course of pregnancy]. AB - In 101 normotensive healthy pregnant women, the left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was estimated. The examinations were performed in intervals of 14 days and 6 weeks after child-birth in left-side and in upright position. The LVET-values are closely frequency-related. Therefore the LVET-values were corrected with regression equations ascertained in 129 healthy non-pregnant women. The curve of the uncorrected LVET has a continuous shift downwards till to the end of pregnancy. However, after correction with the frequency the curve increases in the course of pregnancy till to the time of the 26th-30th week of pregnancy. After this time there is diminishing tendency. In orthostasis in upright position the curves have a similar shift but on a lower level. In the course of pregnancy the heart-frequency increases till to the 31st-35th week. After that it decreases slightly. It has to be assessed that the increase of the frequency-corrected LVET is related to the increasing loading with intravascular volume. On the other hand this increase can be the expression of the improved cardiac performance showing the adaptation to the increase charge of the cardiovascular system. The LVET is to be seen as a indirect destination value of the hearts contractility. PMID- 3181714 TI - [Characteristics of peripheral rheograms following thermal provocation in normal and pathologic pregnancy]. AB - Using the impedance plethysmographic method of rheography it is possible to ascertain the tone of the peripheral resistance vessels directly by simple means. Previous studies have shown that there is a close relationship between peripheral vasodilatation at rest and normal course of pregnancy. In the present study, rheographic changes were studied in patients with normal pregnancy (n = 27, Group 1), diabetes mellitus (n = 18, Group 2), "pregnancy-induced hypertension" (n = 10, Group 3), and chronic placental insufficiency (n = 16, Group 4) during and following a low-temperature stimulus. After exposure to icy water, the Group 1 subjects showed a 40% reduction in rheographic amplitude, Groups 2 and 3 a 25% reduction, while Group 4 patients showed no signs of vasoconstriction going beyond the resting state (p less than 0.001). The four groups also differed considerably as regards vessel wall behavior in the recovery phase. The study confirms that the amplitude of the peripheral rheogram is a good indicator for detecting high-risk pregnancies. The amplitude pattern under thermal stimulation also provides further information on the dynamic behavior of the resistance vessels in normal and pathologic pregnancies. PMID- 3181715 TI - [Regulation of the fetoplacental unit. 3. Suppression of the fetoplacental unit by cortisol in relation to the maturity of the fetus]. AB - The present study investigates the suppression of free plasma oestriol by cortisol in mature and immature foetuses. 6 patients in the 32nd week of gestation and 6 patients in the 38th week received an infusion of 100 mg cortisol (Hydrocortison Hoechst) from 10 a.m. to 12 a.m. Blood specimens (5 ml) were drawn from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. in 60 or 30 minutes intervals, respectively. Free plasma oestriol was measured by radioimmunoassay, total plasma cortisol by the protein binding method. In the 32nd week of gestation plasma oestriol rose from 501 +/- 240 ng/ml to 1035 +/- 301 ng/ml, whereas oestriol decreased from 5.2 +/- 1.0 ng/ml to 3.9 +/- 1.5 ng/ml (p less than 0.001). After an analogous rise of cortisol, oestriol levels in the 38th week were suppressed from 12.5 +/- 3.3 ng/ml to 4.0 +/- 1.6 ng/ml (p less than 0.001). The degree of oestriol suppression of 68 percent in the 38th week markedly exceeded that of the 32nd week (25%). According to these results, the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system of mature foetuses exhibits a higher sensitivity to the feed back action of cortisol than immature foetuses. PMID- 3181717 TI - [Effect of intensive plasma- and leukapheresis on the indices of hemodynamics, rheology and blood coagulation in donors]. PMID- 3181716 TI - [Fatal re-infarct in pregnancy]. AB - We report on the third pregnancy of a 41-year-old patient with familial hypercholesterolemia. After preceding angina pectoris symptoms she had her first myocardial infarction at an age of 37. Thereafter she had no complaints under medicinal and dietary treatment. During her third pregnancy angina pectoris symptoms occurred again and finally a myocardial re-infarction caused her death. Our case report shows, that the hemodynamic alterations in pregnancy can aggravate the patient's situation even in prepartally uncomplicated coronary diseases. PMID- 3181718 TI - [Phagocytic capacity of a leukocyte concentrate from donor blood preserved under high pressure and a temperature lower than 0 degrees C]. PMID- 3181719 TI - [HLA antigens and the activity of the complement system in healthy subjects]. PMID- 3181720 TI - [Oxygen supply and the function of the isolated heart under various degrees of anemic hypoxia]. PMID- 3181721 TI - [Use of prostaglandin E2 in acute kidney failure of blood transfusion origin]. PMID- 3181722 TI - [The composition of a hemoglobin polymer studied during its circulation in the vascular bed of animals]. PMID- 3181723 TI - [Biological rhythms of the blood coagulation control system in rabbits]. PMID- 3181724 TI - [The blood coagulation system after the administration of splenic extract and its complex with heparin]. PMID- 3181726 TI - [Determination of the microcyte count in the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and thalassemias]. PMID- 3181725 TI - [Clinical importance of studying the proliferative activity of plasma cells in multiple myeloma]. PMID- 3181728 TI - [Distribution of HLA-DR antigens in patients with viral hepatitis]. PMID- 3181727 TI - [Histocompatibility antigens (HLA) on the erythrocytes of patients with beta thalassemia major]. PMID- 3181730 TI - [An improvement in the method of determining HBsAg in donors by counterimmunoelectrophoresis]. PMID- 3181729 TI - [Protein admixtures in purified Hb solutions]. PMID- 3181732 TI - [Effectiveness of thrombocyte concentrate transfusions during operations with an increased risk for hemorrhagic complications]. PMID- 3181731 TI - [Chromatography of the blood on a biofiller of plant origin]. PMID- 3181733 TI - [Chronic intravascular hemolysis and anemia in patients with acquired heart defects after the prosthesis of 2 and 3 valves]. PMID- 3181734 TI - Control of prolactin secretion in the teleost Oreochromis mossambicus: effects of water acidification. AB - Prolactin secretion is stimulated markedly in fish exposed to water of pH 4. This phenomenon was used to study the control of prolactin secretion. Activation occurs irrespective of changes in plasma osmolarity or plasma sodium and calcium concentrations. After acute acidification of the water, which leads to a substantial fall in plasma osmolarity and plasma electrolyte levels, the activation of the prolactin cells is less marked than after gradual acidification of the water, when plasma osmolarity, plasma sodium, and plasma total and ionic calcium levels are not noticeably affected. When fish bearing an implanted rostral pars distalis of the pituitary gland are exposed to water of pH 4, both the in situ prolactin cells and the prolactin cells of the implant become activated only when the drop in water pH is acute and followed by a reduction in plasma osmolarity and electrolyte levels. When the rate of reduction of the pH is slow and not changing plasma osmolarity or sodium and calcium levels, the in situ prolactin cells are stimulated, but not those of the implants. We conclude that the activation of the prolactin cells in situ in fish in acid water is not mediated by reductions in plasma osmolarity, plasma sodium, total calcium, or ionic calcium, but by hypothalamic mechanisms. The drop in plasma osmolarity and electrolytes probably reflects excessive osmoregulatory stress and this may hamper instead of stimulate the response of the prolactin cells to osmoregulatory disturbance. The physiological significance of the in vitro activation of prolactin cells by reduced ambient osmolarity is unclear. PMID- 3181735 TI - Developmental changes in steroidogenic responses of ovarian follicles of amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus) to chum salmon gonadotropin during oogenesis. AB - Changes in amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus) ovarian thecal and granulosa layer function in association with the production of two biologically important ovarian mediators of oocyte growth and maturation in salmonids, estradiol-17 beta and 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog), were investigated using isolated follicular preparations in vitro. A distinct shift of steroidogenic responses of intact follicles from estradiol-17 beta to 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog in response to partially purified chum salmon gonadotropin (SGA) occurred immediately prior to oocyte maturation. Aromatase activity in granulosa layers increased during vitellogenesis and decreased rapidly prior to oocyte maturation. This decrease in aromatase activity was coincident with the decreased ability of intact follicles to produce estradiol-17 beta in response to SGA. Since testosterone production in thecal layers did not decline during this time, the reduced production of estradiol-17 beta by postvitellogenic follicles is due, in part, to decreased aromatase activity in granulosa layers. Immediately prior to oocyte maturation, intact follicles acquire an increased ability to produce 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog in response to SGA. Although granulosa layers first acquired the ability to convert exogenous 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha OHprog) to 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog (20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 20 beta-HSD, activity) in response to SGA about 2 months prior to oocyte maturation, thecal layers did not develop the ability to produce 17 alpha-OHprog in response to SGA until immediately prior to oocyte maturation. Thus, changes in thecal cell function are critical for intact follicles to acquire the ability to produce 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog in response to gonadotropin. PMID- 3181736 TI - The effects of glucagon on hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in the pigeon, Columba livia. AB - The effects of glucagon infusion on substrate oxidation by liver mitochondria from the pigeon, Columba livia, were examined. While the response of mammalian liver mitochondria to glucagon involves elevated rates of oxidation of succinate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, and acyl carnitines, avian hepatic mitochondria demonstrate no change in state 3 rates for the oxidation of succinate, pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and glutamate upon glucagon infusion. There was a trend toward decreasing the state 3 rate of oxidation of long-chain acyl carnitines compared to other substrates with glucagon treatment. State 4 rates of oxidation of all substrates including acyl carnitines were unaffected by glucagon infusion. The permeability of pigeon liver mitochondria to NADH was not affected by glucagon infusion, indicating no change in the fragility of the mitochondria. The effect of glucagon in elevating oxidation of lipids in mammals and decreasing oxidation in birds correlates with its hyperlipemic action in birds and the hypolipemic action in mammals. PMID- 3181737 TI - Experimental hypercalcemia induces hypocalcin release and inhibits branchial Ca2+ influx in freshwater trout. AB - Intravascular CaCl2 infusion in freshwater rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) causes a significant degranulation of the corpuscles of Stannius (CS). Concurrently, there is a specific and acute inhibition of whole body Ca2+ influx; Ca2+ efflux is not effected. The material released from the CS after CaCl2 injection consists primarily of a 28-kDa product which we identified as hypocalcin. Electron microscope observations of the CS reveal that type 1 and type 2 cells are degranulated to a similar extent. We conclude that hypocalcin is directly involved in hypocalcemic control in freshwater fish via inhibition of branchial Ca2+ influx, thereby promoting a net loss of Ca2+ across the gill. PMID- 3181738 TI - Regulation of gonadal steroidogenesis in Fundulus heteroclitus by recombinant salmon growth hormone and purified salmon prolactin. AB - The effects of recombinant salmon growth hormone (sGH) on plasma sex steroid levels and gonadal function were investigated in hypophysectomized Fundulus heteroclitus. Effects of sGH were compared to those of purified chum salmon prolactin (sPRL), Atlantic salmon gonadotropin (sGTH), and salmon pituitary extract (sPE). Treatment with sGH significantly increased plasma concentrations of testosterone in males and estradiol-17 beta in females; sPRL had similar effects on testosterone levels in males. Further, treatment with these hormones prevented the decline in gonadal weight observed after hypophysectomy in both males and females. In vivo treatment of male fish with sGH also augmented testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone production by testis tissue subsequently incubated in vitro. Direct action(s) on gonadal steroidogenesis was examined by incubating gonadal tissues from hypophysectomized fish in vitro with various hormones. sGH significantly stimulated the in vitro production of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone by testis, and estradiol-17 beta by ovary. sPE and sGTH also stimulated gonadal steroidogenesis, whereas sPRL and bovine GH had no significant effect. By comparison, rainbow trout gonads also produced increased amounts of steroids when treated with sGH in vitro. The use of a cloned GH rules out contamination by other pituitary hormones. These results, therefore, demonstrate that recombinant salmon growth hormone possesses steroidogenic and gonadotropic activity. Purified sPRL also has steroidogenic and gonadotropic actions. However, the significance of these effects of teleost GH and PRL is not known. PMID- 3181739 TI - Electrophysiology of newt skin: effects of prolactin. AB - Integumental transepithelial potential (TEP) was measured by both in vivo and in vitro (Ussing chamber) techniques in the same adult terrestrial-phase California newts (Taricha torosa). In both types of preparation, TEP showed a logarithmic relation to external sodium (as Na2SO4) concentrations between 0.1 and 10 meq/liter, with in vivo values exceeding in vitro values at all points. KM was ca. 1 and 5 meq/liter for the in vivo and in vitro preparations, respectively. When terrestrial-phase newts were treated with prolactin (PRL; 50 mIU/g/day), in vivo TEP declined significantly within 3 days. In vivo TEP versus [Na+]ext curves of recently collected aquatic-phase newts were found to be not significantly different from those of PRL-treated terrestrial-phase animals. Current/voltage (I/V) plots likewise showed that skin from aquatic-phase and PRL-treated terrestrial-phase newts was electrophysiologically alike. Estimates and calculations based on the I/V relationship suggest that PRL acts primarily to increase the epithelial electrical resistance in the transcellular pathway, with no effect on the electromotive force of the sodium pump. PMID- 3181740 TI - Developmental changes in the properties of gonadotropin receptors in the ovarian follicles of amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus) during oogenesis. AB - The presence of specific, saturable, high-affinity gonadotropin receptors was demonstrated in membrane preparations from preovulatory ovarian follicles of amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus), including intact follicles, isolated thecal layers, and isolated granulosa cells. Optimum conditions for the binding study using the amago salmon receptor system were similar to those previously reported for postovulatory ovaries of the same species (A. Kanamori, H. Kagawa, and Y. Nagahama, 1987, Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 66, 210-217). Scatchard analysis of chum salmon gonadotropin (CSG-SII) binding to the membrane fraction suggested the presence of high-affinity binding sites in the intact follicles, isolated thecal layers, and isolated granulosa cells at all stages of development. The dissociation constant is consistent with those reported for gonadotropin receptors in several teleost gonads and in other vertebrate classes (about 0.1-1 nM). During oogenesis, the number of binding sites per follicle increased from about 20 to about 60 pg. Similarly an increase in binding sites was observed with granulosa cells and thecal layers during oogenesis. These findings show an increase in the number of gonadotropin receptors in the follicles and are in good temporal agreement with the developmental changes in follicular steroidogenesis in response to gonadotropin. The increase in gonadotropin receptors in the thecal layer was associated with the increased capacity for production of testosterone, whereas the increase in gonadotropin receptors in the granulosa cells was associated with an increase in gonadotropin sensitivity in terms of 20 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activation. PMID- 3181741 TI - Testosterone immunoreactivity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) testis. AB - Testosterone antiserum raised in rabbits according to conventional techniques was used to localize immunoreactive material in fixed, paraffin-embedded rainbow trout testis. Spermatogonia showed a nuclear label throughout the reproductive cycle; their nucleoli were not stained or stained less intensely. Spermatocytes displayed a staining of large cellular areas, showed an irregularly delineated intracellular label, or remained unstained; similarly stained spermatocytes were arranged in groups. Spermatids remained unstained. Spermatozoa were not labeled or were weakly labeled, which varied from male to male and also between different areas of a section. Sertoli cells showed a label confined to the nucleus. During active spermatogenesis they also carried a cytoplasmic stain. Interstitial cells with a cytoplasmic stain were found only rarely. The spermatocyte I/II transition is associated with the most considerable changes in the intracellular staining pattern. PMID- 3181742 TI - Novel effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide histidine isoleucine: inhibition of in vitro secretion of prolactin in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. AB - The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) on the in vitro secretion of two prolactins (PRL) from the rostral pars distalis (RPD) and of growth hormone (GH) from the proximal pars distalis (PPD) of the pituitary of the tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) were studied. RPDs were incubated for 20 hr in hypoosmotic (280-300 mOsm) or hyperosmotic (340-350 mOsm) Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium with added peptide concentrations of 0 (control), 0.3, 3.0, 30, and 300 nM; similarly, PPDs were incubated with the same peptide concentrations in isoosmotic (325 mOsm) medium supplemented with cortisol. PRL and GH in the tissue and secreted into the medium were measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by soft laser densitometry of the protein band(s). Neither VIP nor PHI has a detectable effect on the secretion of GH. Secretion of the two PRLs is significantly inhibited by VIP and PHI in both hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic medium. In hyperosmotic medium, 300 nM VIP inhibits secretion of both PRLs by 47%, whereas in hypoosmotic medium, 300 nM VIP inhibits their secretion by 27%. PHI inhibits their secretion by ca. 65% in hyperosmotic medium and by 40% in hypoosmotic medium. There is preliminary immunocytochemical evidence for some VIP like immunoreactivity (IR), but no conclusive indication of PHI-like IR, in the hypothalamo-hypophysial area. The inhibitory actions of VIP and PHI on PRL secretion in tilapia are in contrast to the known stimulatory actions of VIP and PHI on PRL secretion in tetrapods. PMID- 3181743 TI - Effects of bivalent cations on post-rest adaptation in guinea-pig heart muscle. AB - In isolated papillary muscles of guinea-pig hearts, the inotropic effects of bivalent cations, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, and Ni2+, were investigated during post-rest adaptation in order to study their individual action on excitation-contraction coupling. Upon exposure to each cation studied, the force of contraction was transiently enhanced, whereas the steady state force was influenced differently: it increased with Ca2+, Ba2+ and Sr2+ and was depressed by Ni2+. The transmembrane action potentials (measured at 90% repolarization) were slightly prolonged by Sr2+ and even more by Ba2+, and were shortened by Ca2+ and Ni2+. After 10 min rest, the post-rest contractions consisted of a late peak (PII) that was enhanced in high Ca2+-solution an by Sr2+. Ni2+ and Ba2+ depressed PII and during adaptation to pre-rest controls an early peak of contraction (PI) prevailed. There was no simple relation between post-rest adaptation of force and the duration of action potential in the presence of the bivalent cations tested. During post-rest adaptation the two components of contraction can be separated. The results are interpreted in terms of a model of excitation-contraction coupling which derives Ca ions for contractile activation from two sources: transmembrane calcium influx and calcium release from cellular stores. From the different effects on post-rest adaptation it is concluded that the individual cations influence excitation-contraction coupling more specifically and not merely by "screening-off" the negative surface charges. PMID- 3181744 TI - Different blocking effects of Cd++ and Hg++ on the early outward current in myocardial mouse cells. AB - The effects of external Cd++ and Hg++ on the early outward current (IEO) in myocardial mouse cells were studied using voltage clamp with one suction pipette. Both Cd++ in the millimolar and Hg++ in the micromolar range shifted the half time to peak IEO to positive potentials more than the current amplitude after 50 ms. Incomplete blocking of IEO could be obtained by Cd++ concentrations between 10(-3) and 2 x 10(-2) mol/l and by Hg++ concentrations between 10(-6) and 5 x 10( 5) mol/l. The current-voltage relationships of IEO at peak time and at 50 ms were mainly shifted to the right by Cd++ whereas Hg++ mainly decreased the slope. At incomplete blocking concentrations Cd++ slowed down IEO activation more strongly than did Hg++. All Cd++ effects were completely reversible. The action of Hg++ was irreversible. It is concluded that both ions act directly on the gating machinery of the channels rather than simply binding to homogenous surface charges. PMID- 3181745 TI - Osmium tetroxide probing of local DNA structure in linear and supercoiled plasmids containing curvature-inducing sequences. AB - Recombinant plasmids pK1A108, pK3A108, pK4A108 and pK5/6T217 containing 80 +/- 1 base pair inserts with different curvature-inducing sequences were studied using the DNA structure probe osmium tetroxide in the presence of pyridine (Os, py). The insertion sequences of the plasmids pK1A108, pK3A108, and pK4A108 are strongly related while the degree of curvature increases from pK1A108 (no curvature) less than pK3A108 less than pK4A108 less than pK5/6T217. The Os, py probe reacts selectively with single-stranded and distorted double-stranded regions in the DNA double helix. Nuclease S1 was used to recognize and cleave regions made permanently single-stranded due to osmium recognize and cleave regions made permanently single-stranded due to osmium modification. In linearized plasmids treatment with Os, py produced no S1-detectable site-specific modification. This result is in agreement with models suggested for DNA curvature; in general, continuous base pairing and base stacking is considered through different sequence blocks as well as through structural junctions. Os, py probing of the plasmids in the supercoiled state also resulted in no S1 detectable site-specific modification within the inserts of pK1A108, pK3A108, and pK4A108 plasmids (while the regions containing inverted repeat nucleotide sequences in these plasmids were site-specifically modified). In contrast, supercoiled pK5/6T217 DNA was site-specifically modified within the curvature inducing insert sequence. The nucleotide sequence of the insert of this plasmid strongly differs from the insertion sequences of the other three plasmids; it is extremely AT-rich and contains regularly arranged dAGAGA and dATATA sequences. The structural distortion observed in supercoiled pK5/6T217 is most probably due to the presence of these sequences in a particular arrangement in the insertion sequence. PMID- 3181746 TI - Mathematical modelling of intra- and extracellular potentials generated by active structures with short regions of increased diameter. AB - The Hodgkin-Huxley (1952) model was used to calculate intracellular potentials by the method of Joyner et al. (1978). Extracellular potentials were estimated on the basis of a mathematical model proposed by us. It has shown that, irrespective of practical isopotentiality of the membrane of a local inhomogeneity, the latter affects extracellular potentials in two ways: 1) through changes in the potential profile in the region of the structure before the inhomogeneity; 2) through its own potential profile. The first effect is considerably greater than the second one, but the second is greater than the effect of the equal portion of the thin fibre. Increase in the diameter or length of an inhomogeneity is combined with such changes in the potential profile, that the effect of the inhomogeneity on the extracellular potential amplitude is practically independent of its actual size. The extracellular potential waveform substantially depends on the ratio of the diameters of the two parts of the structure and on the position of the inhomogeneity in relation to the sealed structure end. Registration of the positive-negative potentials having a large positive phase should not be considered as an indication of passive properties of the structure. PMID- 3181747 TI - [Association between synaptonemal complexes of sex and autosomal bivalents in male tx/ty mice as a possible cause of their sterility]. AB - Electron microscopic study of total preparations of synaptonemal complexes of spermatocytes I from sterile heterozygous male mice--t12/tw18; tw5/twPa-1; twPa 1/tw18 was performed. T/tw18 and C3H/N fertile heterozygotes were used in each variant as control. The cells are karyotyped in all experiments, as based on the measurements of the length of 19 SC autosomes and SC sex complex. All sterile compounds (spermatocytes) demonstrate high frequency of different types of associations (72%) between sex chromosomes and the autosome 17 carrying a chromosomal aberration in the region of the T-locus. The heterozygotes tx/ty used in our experiments show no disruption of chromosome synapsis, when even studied under electron microscope, though some atypical changes in the ultrastructure of chromosome axes and frequent atypical associations of the axes of XY-sex bivalents in sterile heterozygous animals exist. PMID- 3181748 TI - [Genotypic differences in the reactivity of the hypophyseo-adrenal system and the resistance of mice to cooling]. AB - The response of pituitary-adrenal axis (non-specific stress reaction) and body temperature change (specific reaction to cold) to mild and extreme cold was studied in ten mice strains. Genotypic systems controlling the activity of pituitary-adrenal axis under the cold of various intensity seem to be different. It is possible that the extent of decrease in body temperature under the cold of various intensity is determined by the same hereditary mechanisms. It was shown that the considerable phenotypic variability in response of pituitary-adrenal axis and body temperature depends on environmental conditions as well, i.e. on the intensity and duration of cold stress. Significant variability in the survival under cold conditions in different mice strains and the important role of specific reaction to forecast of resistance to cold were discussed. PMID- 3181749 TI - [Identification of aberrant chromosomes based on the morphometry of the synaptonemal complexes in a sterile male mouse]. AB - The synaptonemal complexes (SCs) of surface-spread spermatocytes of male mouse from the F1 progeny of a male exposed to a mutagen have been examined by electron microscopy. Nonreciprocal translocation was recognised in analysing configuration of SC. Electron microscope analysis revealed translocation in 100% pachytene spermatocytes and light microscope analysis of air-dried metaphase spermatocytes demonstrated this in 58% cells. Different types of association of X-chromosome with aberrant chromosomes were discovered in pachytene spermatocytes. Computer analysis of relative length of SCs permits to detect a nonreciprocal translocation from chromosome 4 to chromosome 16. The length of the translocated fragment was determined to be from 66 to 75% of the length of chromosome 4. It has been impossible to discover a telomere fragment of chromosome 16, because the break point of chromosome 16 is too close to the distal end. PMID- 3181750 TI - [Mutagenic action of the dimethyl ester of terephthalic acid on murine somatic cells in vivo]. AB - Mutagenic activity of dimethyl terephthalate (DMtP) was evaluated using the bone marrow micronucleus test in mice. Clear clastogenic effect with the highest response in 24 h after a single i.p. injection was obtained at all concentrations used (0.2-1.0 mM/kg). The time-course for the micronuclei induced by DMtP was in agreement with the literature data on fast excretion of phthalates from mammal body. The dose-response curve for DMtP-induced micronuclei was linear in form with the logarithmic component. The emergence of the latter was related to the elevation of the chemical's concentration to the level at which DMtP starts to exert toxic influence on bone marrow erythropoietic function. The comparison of the effect induced by DMtP with that of methyl nitrosourea indicated that DMtP could not be considered as a strong mutagenic compound. Susceptibility of the micronucleus test was compared with that of Drosophila dominant lethal test in terms of the concentrations at which equal clastogenic effect was seen. This comparison made it possible to conclude that the micronucleus test in mice was able to respond to much lower phthalate concentrations, as compared with the test in Drosophila. The results provided the evidence of capacity of dimethyl terephthalate to cause alterations of genetical structures in both somatic and germinal cells of two highly organized species in vivo. PMID- 3181752 TI - [Population structure and the anthropogenetic traits of Shortzy in the Mras-Su River basin]. AB - Demographic and phenotypic study of a population of Shortzy living along the Mras Su River and in the Abakan River valley was carried out. The results of population genetic analysis of certain monogenic characters (AB0, PTC) as well as some dermatoglyphic traits and qualitative anthropometric traits are presented. The population was shown to be isolated. The level of gene flow in the population from the outside regions is equal to about 3-6%. The structure of the mountain Shortzy population was shown to approach the "stepping-stone" type. Considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of the traits in question was revealed. The similarity measures in the distribution of the values of three groups of traits were shown to be related to the extent of gene flow between subpopulations. Based on this analysis, two assumptions on the possible origins of the Shortzy population which had migrated from the mountains to the Abakan River valley about 250 years ago are formulated. Most probably, the modern phenotype of this group of Shortzy reflects the influence of other ethnic groups. PMID- 3181751 TI - [Interindividual and intercellular differences in the total activity of ribosomal genes detectable by the Ag staining of nucleolus organizer regions in human acrocentric chromosomes]. AB - Selectively Ag-stained nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) of human chromosomes were analysed using four size categories: 0, 1, 2 or 3 grades. A criterion of NORs' total activity has been proposed as a sum of grades (sigma (+]. On this basis, interindividual polymorphism was defined in 60 healthy individuals with normal karyotypes. The reaction norm of sigma (+) was determined (from 16 to 22 grades). In the cells of the patients with two nucleolar organizing chromosomes involved in Robertsonian translocations the sigma (+) was within the reaction norm (16-19). The total NORs activity was determined in a patient having both normal karyotype cells and two cell clones with one or two small bisatellited chromosomes: sigma (+) in three cell clones amounted to 20.5, 23.0 and 26.3. In the clones with additional NORs, the silver staining intensity for 10 NORs of the main set did not change, which leads to a suggestion that no compensatory change in the number of rRNA gene copies working takes place in man. The data obtained allow to suppose that zygotic selection operates in man, which ensures maintainance of the number of the ribosomal gene's copies necessary for viability of an individual. PMID- 3181754 TI - [Multivariate approach to calculating the recurrence risk in families with multifactorial diseases]. AB - To resolve one of the main theoretical problems of genetic counselling, namely, calculation of the recurrence risk for common diseases, a multivariate approach is suggested, based on the multifactorial model. The model suggests partially different liability for several diseases or various forms of a disease. The specified recurrence risk for each family can be calculated with the account of different morbidity rates for different sexes and the degree of kinship to proband. The input data for computer calculations are: population incidence of diseases, their heritabilities as well as genetical and environmental correlations between the diseases. Our method is illustrated by calculation of the recurrence risk for diabetes mellitus (DM) and bronchial asthma (BA), each of which may be subdivided into several forms. It is proposed that the nature of genetic correlations is different for two diseases. The phenotypic forms of DM are genetically independent, whereas the forms of BA have a common genetic basis. PMID- 3181753 TI - [Chromosome anomalies in human azoospermia]. AB - The anomalies of genome were found as a result of cytogenetic study of three azoospermic men. In two cases, the circular Y chromosome was revealed. Different methods of chromosome staining demonstrated complete loss of heterochromatic portion of the long arm of the Y chromosome in one case, and the absence of the euchromatic region in another. A balanced translocation among the chromosomes 1 and 15 was observed in the third case. A question concerning disturbances of spermatogenesis having chromosomal etiology is discussed. PMID- 3181755 TI - [Chromosomal disorders in women with spontaneous abortions]. AB - The results of examination of 120 women with spontaneous abortions are presented. The cytogenetic analysis showed that in karyotypes of the patients there are chromosome aberrations of different types: translocations (17.5%), monosomy (13.3%), trisomy (10%), mosaicism (5.8%) and other forms (4.1%). Phenotypic manifestation of chromosome anomalies with spontaneous miscarriages (abortions) is discussed in the work. PMID- 3181756 TI - [Genotypic differences in the metabolism of brain dopamine and in the dopamine dependent forms of behavior in mice]. AB - Metabolism of dopamine in striatum and the dopamine-dependent forms of behaviour of 6 inbred mice were studied. Interstrain significant differences were shown in the level of dopamine metabolite, homovanillic acid (HVA), as well as in locomotor activity and climbing produced by injection of dopamine agonist apomorphine. Significant negative correlation between the level of HVA in striatum and spontaneous locomotor activity was found. Different levels of HVA and significant behavioural differences were discovered in two similar strains- BALB/c and CC57BR. According to its behavioural characteristics, DBA/2 should also be considered among the most interesting. PMID- 3181757 TI - Recessive mutation in a standard recombinant-inbred line of mice affects seminal vesicle shape. PMID- 3181758 TI - Quantitative genetic variability maintained by mutation-stabilizing selection balance in finite populations. PMID- 3181759 TI - The ontogeny of gamma-crystallin mRNAs in CatFraser mice. PMID- 3181760 TI - Identification of a variant growth hormone haplotype in mice selected for high body weight. PMID- 3181761 TI - Management of geriatric TIA and stroke. AB - The geriatric population is at high risk for stroke. An informed approach to the management of cerebrovascular disease can help reduce neurologic impairment and mortality. In the near future, new drugs and strategies for prevention and acute treatment will give physicians the tools for yet more productive interventions. PMID- 3181763 TI - Is withholding hydration a valid comfort measure in the terminally ill? AB - Withholding or withdrawing medical hydration from a dying patient may seem to be unwarranted at best, unethical or even criminal at worst. The author, however, suggests otherwise. PMID- 3181762 TI - Managing congestive heart failure. AB - Congestive heart failure, a constellation of signs and symptoms that result from the heart's inability to provide sufficient oxygenated blood to metabolizing tissues, is a major cause for concern in the elderly. The prognosis is ominous, with a 10% per year mortality rate after the initial CHF episode, and a 30 to 60% per year rate for patients who remain symptomatic despite digitalis and diuretic treatment. Common etiologies in CHF are discussed, and a case history illustrating CHF symptomatology is provided. The role of diuretics, digitalis, ACE-inhibitors, and other pharmacologic agents is reviewed and updated, and the value of patient education is discussed. PMID- 3181764 TI - Effect of aging on collateral circulation via pial anastomoses in cats. AB - The effect of aging on collateral circulation via pial anastomoses after middle cerebral artery occlusion was investigated in young and aged cats. The reduction of blood flow and electroencephalography power were greater and collateral vessel resistance was higher in the aged group than the young group. Electroencephalography power after the occlusion was correlated with collateral resistance and blood flow in the two groups. These results suggest that collateral function deteriorates with aging and the high vulnerability to ischemic insult in aged brain may be caused in part by the poor collateral function. PMID- 3181765 TI - Left ventricular and hemodynamic responses during upright isometric exercise in normal young and elderly men. AB - Cardiovascular responses were studied echocardiographically in 10 young (23 +/- 3 years) and 10 elderly (67 +/- 4 years) men, during upright isometric handgrip and deadlift. During handgrip and deadlift both groups showed significant increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Those responses were significantly greater in both groups during deadlift. Heart rate was significantly higher in both groups during deadlift than resting and handgrip values. Oxygen uptake increased progressively and significantly across conditions, and was significantly higher for the younger subjects. Ejection fraction remained unchanged during handgrip in both groups. During deadlift it remained unchanged in the elderly while it increased significantly in the younger. Both groups increased significantly heart volumes from rest to handgrip. During deadlift end systolic volume was significantly lower from resting and handgrip values only in the young group. These data indicate a similar cardiovascular response to acute pressure overload in both groups. PMID- 3181766 TI - Effect of recirculation on the recovery of cerebral metabolism after experimental cerebral ischemia in male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Lactate, pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations in the brain were measured at the end of various periods of cerebral ischemia induced by bilateral carotid occlusion at 1-hour recirculation after the ischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rates (SHR). In both male and female SHR, a progressive and consistent increase in lactate and lactate/pyruvate ratio and a concomitant decrease in ATP were observed in the ischemic periods of 1, 3 or 5 h. Changes of these cerebral metabolites in females were two thirds to one half of those in males at corresponding periods of ischemia. At 1 h after recanalization of the occluded carotid arteries, metabolic derangements of the ischemic brain were little recovered in male SHR exposed to only 1-hour ischemia, whereas in female SHR the decreased ATP levels were recovered close to the nonischemic control level even after 7-hour ischemia. Furthermore, the increased lactate in female was attenuated to only one sixth of that in male at 1-hour recirculation after 5-hour ischemia. It is concluded that the recovery of the cerebral ischemic metabolism by reperfusion is better in female than male SHR, probably because of the smaller metabolic changes during the ischemic insult, and the fact that the degree as well as the duration of ischemia seem to be important factors for sufficient recovery from ischemic impairment of the brain. PMID- 3181767 TI - The burden of trauma in the elderly. PMID- 3181768 TI - Ten-year survival after fractures of the proximal end of the femur. AB - Two hundred and eighty-eight patients who sustained a fracture of the proximal end of the femur in 1975 were followed up for 10 years. The mean age of the patients was 75 years. Seventy-two percent were women. Age was the single most important factor determining long-term survival. Other important factors were category of accommodation, sex and place of injury. After 10 years only 1.4% of the patients discharged to an institution were alive compared to 40% of the patients discharged to their own homes. PMID- 3181769 TI - Fractured proximal end of the femur in the elderly--a medico-social study. AB - 278 geriatric patients with fractured proximal end of the femur were studied retrospectively 1.5-5 years (average 3.5 years) after they received treatment in two hospitals. Of the survivors 63%, 56% were totally pain-free while 15% had varying degrees of hip pain. Only 26.5% could squat fully. The physical activity was inversely proportional to the age. The widowed were doing better than the married with living husbands. Of the three methods of treatment (Austin-Moore hemiarthroplasty, plating and Ender's nailing), the hemiarthroplasty group of patients was doing the best physically. In spite of some positive X-ray findings among the different groups, corresponding clinical manifestations were not encountered. PMID- 3181770 TI - Effect of smoking on regional cerebral blood flow in the normal aged volunteers. AB - The effects of long-term cigarette smoking on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were studied in 67 normal male volunteers. All subjects were healthy volunteers without any past history of cerebral and pulmonary disease. rCBF decreased significantly with advancing age. Although there was no significant difference in rCBF between young smokers and nonsmokers, elderly smokers showed significantly lower rCBF than elderly nonsmokers. There was no difference in vital capacity and FEV 1.0% between smokers and nonsmokers in both young and elderly groups. The smokers, however, showed significantly lower V50 than the nonsmokers. PeCO2 in smokers was significantly lower than in nonsmokers. No significant differences were seen in hematocrit, antithrombin III, aggregating platelet, serum lipids and blood pressure between smokers and nonsmokers in both age groups. There was a significantly positive correlation between rCBF and PeCO2 in all groups. These results suggest that long-term smoking may reduce rCBF by means of hypocapnia, resulting from latent small airway disturbances, not by advancing cerebral arteriosclerosis. PMID- 3181771 TI - Falls, elderly women and the cold. AB - In a prospective study of falls in 761 subjects 70 years and over an increase in the rate of falls in winter was observed in women but not men. When the daily minimum temperature fell to 1 degrees C or less the relative risk of falling in women increased to 1.53 (95% confidence intervals 1.21-1.84). We discuss measures to decrease this seasonal increase in the rate of falls. PMID- 3181772 TI - An unusual case of myasthenia gravis in an elderly patient with severe muscular atrophy. AB - Myasthenia gravis is an uncommon disease and severe muscular atrophy is a rare manifestation. We present the case of an 83-year-old woman who demonstrates this clinical feature to an extreme degree and who survived 40 years after presentation, for most of this time without therapy. PMID- 3181773 TI - [A probability approach to evaluating the results of epidemiologic research in the hygienic regulation of chemical carcinogens (the example of vinyl chloride)]. PMID- 3181774 TI - [Characteristics of cancer morbidity among workers engaged in the manufacture of hot-laid asphalt concrete]. PMID- 3181775 TI - [Epidemiologic assessment of the cancer risk in the manufacture of graphite goods]. PMID- 3181776 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of the working conditions in the manufacture of graphite goods]. PMID- 3181777 TI - [Organic function of the mouth in mercury workers]. PMID- 3181779 TI - [Removal of mercury from equipment in chlorine production]. PMID- 3181778 TI - [Use of erythrocytes for evaluating the action of chemical compounds on the body of workers]. PMID- 3181780 TI - [Therapeutic and resuscitation measures in encephalopathy caused by acute methane poisoning]. PMID- 3181781 TI - [Brain function and cerebral and peripheral circulation in vibration-induced disease from exposure to local vibration]. PMID- 3181782 TI - [Functional disorders in workers in noisy manufacturing depending on the intensity and mobility of the neural processes]. PMID- 3181783 TI - [Electrophysiologic research on the central and peripheral nervous systems of workers in contact with ultrasound]. PMID- 3181785 TI - [Laser radiation dosimetry]. PMID- 3181784 TI - [The combined effect on the human body of general and local vibration, noise and work stress characteristic of the work sites of agricultural equipment operators]. PMID- 3181786 TI - [The prevalence of risk factors for ischemic heart disease among professional drivers]. PMID- 3181787 TI - [Effect of a molybdenum aerosol on the respiratory passages of experimental animals]. PMID- 3181788 TI - [Patterns of the toxic action and an accelerated setting of standards for a number of o-phthalic acid esters]. PMID- 3181789 TI - [Carcinogenic activity of asbestos cement dust]. PMID- 3181790 TI - [Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on tissue respiratory function and lipid peroxidation in experimental chronic phosphorus poisoning]. PMID- 3181791 TI - [Industrial hygiene and the health status of machine-tool operators working with sulfonated-chlorinated lubricants and cutting fluids]. PMID- 3181792 TI - Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct. PMID- 3181793 TI - [Long-term results of the hemodynamic correction of complex congenital heart defects using the Fonten method]. PMID- 3181794 TI - [The clinical classification of occlusive lesions of the branches of the aortic arch]. PMID- 3181795 TI - [Prolonged hypothermic occlusions without the use of artificial circulation in open heart surgery]. PMID- 3181796 TI - [Methodologic characteristics and efficacy of percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty in various types of stenosis of the pulmonary artery]. PMID- 3181797 TI - [Mitral stenosis and pregnancy. Debatable questions of surgical tactics]. PMID- 3181799 TI - [Use of the complement fixation reaction for preventing the homologous blood syndrome]. PMID- 3181798 TI - [Prevention of calcification of heart valve bioprostheses using immobilization of diphosphonates]. PMID- 3181801 TI - [Role of extracorporeal hemosorption in the prevention of disorders of gas exchange and hemodynamics following pneumonectomy]. PMID- 3181800 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of benign tumors of the bronchi in children]. PMID- 3181802 TI - [Changes in pulmonary ventilation and central hemodynamics in the postoperative period in patients with disseminated forms of tuberculosis and nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 3181803 TI - [In vivo study of morphologic changes in an artificial esophagus created from the large intestine]. PMID- 3181804 TI - [Surgical treatment of cancer of the esophagus in elderly patients with concomitant diseases of the cardiovascular system]. PMID- 3181805 TI - [Incompetence of the esophageal anastomosis in the radical correction of congenital esophageal atresia]. PMID- 3181806 TI - [Use of the endoscopic pH-metry method in patients with chemical burns of the esophagus]. PMID- 3181807 TI - [Giant bullous emphysema simulating a spontaneous pneumothorax]. PMID- 3181808 TI - [A case of histiocytoma (malignant fibroxanthoma) of the lung]. PMID- 3181809 TI - Significance of para-aortic node irradiation in the treatment of cervical cancer. AB - In 1980, we introduced para-aortic node irradiation as a part of our treatment of cervical cancer. Eighty-six patients with cervical cancer were selected for such treatment, based on histologic or radiologic criteria for lymph node involvement. We delivered 45 Gy to the para-aortic nodes in 5 weeks. Comparison studies on the prognosis and on the incidence of side effects with and without para-aortic node irradiation were carried out on a total of 783 patients who had invasive cervical cancer and were treated from 1975 to 1984. For patients in stages Ib and II who met, or before 1980 would have met, our criteria there was no significant difference in survival for those in stage Ib, but in stage II the para-aortic node irradiation group did significantly better (P less than 0.01). For the entire series of patients, for all stages from Ib to IV, the prognosis for the group treated after the introduction of para-aortic node irradiation was superior, with a statistically significant difference from the prognosis for patients treated before the introduction of this mode (Ib, P less than 0.05; II, P less than 0.01; III, P less than 0.01; IV, P less than 0.05). None of the patients had severe complications after para-aortic node irradiation. We conclude that, by irradiating the para-aortic nodes, we can improve the prognosis of cervical cancer patients who may have para-aortic node involvement, a situation which formerly was considered hopeless. PMID- 3181810 TI - Stage IB carcinoma of the cervix with lymph node metastases. AB - From January 1, 1946, through January 1, 1986, at the University of Michigan, 60 patients were treated with Stage IB (FIGO) carcinoma of the cervix with lymph node metastases. Clinical variables were examined with regard to long-term survival. Prognostically significant variables were (1) highest level of lymph node involvement and (2) tumor histology. Patients with common iliac or periaortic node involvement had an actuarial survival at 5 years of 14%; 5-year survival for patients with only pelvic node involvement (external iliac, hypogastric, or obturator) was 68%. Patients with adenocarcinoma or adenosquamous histology had an actuarial survival at 5 years of 16%; 5-year survival for patient with squamous cell carcinoma was 71%. Overall survival for all patients with lymph node involvement was 61%. For patients undergoing radical hysterectomy as primary treatment, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy did not significantly improve survival. PMID- 3181811 TI - Primary staging in ovarian tumors of low malignant potential. AB - Surgical staging, consisting of peritoneal washings for cytology, infracolic omentectomy, and biopsies of diaphragm, extrapelvic peritoneum, and pelvic and aortic lymph nodes, was performed in 29 patients with ovarian tumors of low malignant potential, presumed to be either Stage I (25) or Stage II (4), in order to determine the incidence of unsuspected metastases in patients with localized disease. Fourteen patients had all and fifteen patients had one or more of these procedures performed. Overall, in stages I and II, positive peritoneal cytology was found in 7%, unexpected omental metastases in 13%, diaphragmatic metastases in 7%, positive pelvic lymph nodes in 27%, and positive aortic lymph nodes in 7%. Seven out of 29 (24%) patients with presumed localized disease, were upstaged by virtue of the staging procedures. Based on our findings, we conclude that surgical-pathologic staging to search for occult metastases in ovarian tumors of low malignant potential is justified from an investigational standpoint: however, its impact on therapeutic management is far from being defined. PMID- 3181812 TI - Immune function in malignant cervical neoplasia: a multiparameter analysis. AB - Immunological assessment was carried out in 67 patients with various stages and histological grades of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix and compared with normal controls to discover whether any of these parameters could be used as an indicator of the patient's clinical status. The results show a gross impairment of the various lymphocyte subpopulations and anti-tumor immunity. This impairment was more pronounced in patients with high tumor load and having a histology of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. None of the parameters studied (total leukocyte numbers, lymphocyte subpopulations, leukocyte adherence inhibition test, natural killer cell activity, circulating immune complexes, and blocking effect of autologous serum) could be used as a clinical indicator, since no correlation could be noted between immune impairment and either the lymphocyte subpopulations or the circulating immune complexes. PMID- 3181813 TI - Steroid receptors and ovarian tumors: variation within primary tumors and between primary tumors and metastases. AB - Estrogen and progesterone receptors have been measured in primary and secondary ovarian carcinoma in eight patients, in bilateral ovarian tumors in 16 patients, and from multiple sites within the same tumor in 16 patients (12 primary and 4 secondary). In the majority of cases, metastatic tumors contained less receptors than their primary tumors. Marked variations in receptor content were noted within the same tumor and between bilateral tumors. This variation in receptor levels may explain the discrepancy between the presence of receptors and the response to hormonal treatment. Multiple sites of ovarian carcinoma need to be assayed for receptor content before a final decision can be made on receptor status. PMID- 3181814 TI - Carcinoma of the cervix in young females (35 years, and younger). AB - This retrospective study involved 55 patients, 35 years old or less with invasive carcinoma of the cervix. There were 49 squamous carcinomas, 3 adenocarcinomas, and 3 unusual varieties. Thirty-five patients had stage IB disease; 4 had stage IIA disease; 6 had stage IIB disease; 5 had stage IIIB disease, and 3 had stage IV disease. Treatments employed were either radical hysterectomy and node dissection, irradiation, or irradiation followed by radical surgery. Our overall 5-year disease-free survival among young females with stage IB disease was observed to be only 43%; stage IIA only 25%; stage IIB only 17%, and no survivors in more advanced stages. PMID- 3181815 TI - A statement on behalf of St. Elsewhere. PMID- 3181816 TI - Effects of nicotine on platelet function. AB - In non-smokers, only high concentrations of nicotine (10 mM) caused platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma and release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Both responses to ADP and 5-HT were enhanced at 1 and 10 mM nicotine while they were inhibited to collagen, ristocetin, adrenaline and arachidonic acid. Lower concentrations of nicotine had no effect with any agent other than 5-HT, with which a variable enhancement of 5-HT-induced aggregation was observed. Uptake of 14C-5-HT was inhibited by nicotine at 100 microM or higher while platelet factor 3 availability was unaffected. Thus it is unlikely that direct effects of nicotine on platelets are responsible for smoking-related changes in platelet reactivity. PMID- 3181817 TI - Intravascular coagulation phenomena associated with prevalent fall in fibrinogen and plasminogen during L-asparaginase treatment in leukemic children. AB - 12 children affected by acute lymphoblastic leukemia had higher baseline levels of Normotest, Antithrombin III activity (AT III:A) and antigen (AT III:Ag) than those found in the control group, due to increased liver protein synthesis, as shown by the higher values of 305llbumin. Treatment with L-asparaginase (L-Asp) induced a marked decrease in fibrinogen and plasminogen and only a slight but significant reduction in AT III:A, AT III:Ag, protein C and alpha 2 antiplasmin levels. Platelet counts progressively increased. Each single L-Asp administration acutely induced (as recorded in the 2-hour postadministration samples) a significant increase in fibrinopeptide A values and reduction in several factors and inhibitors, due to activation of coagulation and consumption phenomena. It is suggested that these acute changes, but not the marked and selective reduction in fibrinogen and plasminogen, were partly compensated during L-Asp treatment by an overall increase in clotting and nonclotting protein synthesis in the liver. PMID- 3181818 TI - Changes of contact phase proteins during haemodialysis. AB - Functional and immunological activities of factors XII and XI, Prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen and C-1-esterase inhibitor were studied in eight patients before, during and after haemodialysis. During and after dialysis sessions a significant decrease in the functional activities of Prekallikrein and high molecular weight kininogen (p less than 0.05) could be detected, whereas their immunological levels did not change. Furthermore C-1-esterase inhibitor increased after dialysis (p less than 0.05). These results indicate activation of the kinin system during haemodialysis. PMID- 3181819 TI - Immunological markers in a coexisting chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. AB - A 57 year old patient in whom Hodgkin's disease (HD) and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) was simultaneously diagnosed is described. The infiltration of peripheral blood and bone marrow by mature lymphocytes, with special immunological phenotype (SIg negative, mouse rosette positive and monoclonal antibodies B1+, B4+) consistent with B-CLL and histological findings of lymphnode and axillary mass biopsies were typical of HD. The immunological study of the cell suspension from the axillary mass displayed a phenotype similar to that of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. Whether HD and CLL are two processes of fortuitous association, or a single clinical entity remains to be elucidated. The immunological findings in our patient suggest a common origin for both disorders and that HD could sometimes be the result of a B cell proliferation. PMID- 3181820 TI - In-vivo macrophage-erythrocyte-rosettes within haemolymph nodes as evidence of loss of self-tolerance. AB - Many earlier authors have observed autologous erythrocyte-rosette formation within reddish haemolymph nodes but how and why these are formed has not been studied. In this study we traced the histogenesis of this phenomenon. Since macrophage-erythrocyte-rosettes (MER) mostly occur in the deep sinus we suggest that changes in the red blood cells caused by stagnation, aging or the loss of viability due to deoxygenation may result in development of some unusual sites on these cells. Polar formation of macrophage processes around each rosette erythrocyte in-vivo suggests loss of self-tolerance. PMID- 3181821 TI - The dorsal middle phalangeal finger flap. AB - A versatile one-stage neurovascular flap from the dorsum of the middle phalanx of the finger is described. The flap is based on one proper digital artery, the venous network about its adventitia and the dorsal branches of the proper palmar digital nerves bilaterally. The characteristics of the flap include a size up to 3 by 6 cm, an arterio-venous pedicle up to 12 cm in length, an arc of rotation around the superficial palmar arch, discriminative sensibility, and comparably low donor morbidity. The flap may be transposed on its vascular pedicle with or without nerve suture. Furthermore it is ideally suited as a thin and pliable flow through flap in digital replantation/revascularization. Finally, it may be utilized as a free neurovascular flap. PMID- 3181822 TI - [Indications and technic of microvascular small intestine transplantation in combination with the usual technics of facial soft tissue and craniofacial reconstruction]. AB - The authors report their experiences with 62 patients with extensive defects of the oral mucosa replaced by jejunal grafts. They focus on the possibilities of combining the jejunal grafts with traditional methods of replacing bone and soft tissue in the maxillo facial region. Various techniques of combined reconstructions of different parts of the maxilla and the face are discussed and the results are presented. The problem of the jejunal graft in the maxillo facial region is the connection of the veins in the recipient site. Usually only the superior thyroid vein is available and it shows great anatomical variations. The transplantation of jejunal grafts is a technique which is indicated in many cases. It allows the functional replacement of intraoral mucosa with an almost unlimited supply of substitute tissue and with strong mesenteric arteries and veins which are to a large extent congruent with the neck vessels. PMID- 3181823 TI - [Ring avulsion injuries: improved indications for replantation]. AB - Based on experiences with 12 replantations of ring avulsion injuries, an additional classification of type III avulsions (Urbaniak, 1981) is proposed, according to the level of injury of the neurovascular bundles. If this lies proximally (III P), microsurgical reconstruction is usually straightforward and the prognosis generally good; in distal lesions (III D), however, uncorrectable segmental devascularization can occur, which may be detrimental to survival or ultimate function. PMID- 3181824 TI - [Contralateral autotransplantation of an upper limb]. AB - A case report of a contralateral autotransplantation after severe bilateral upper limb injury is presented. The left arm just above the elbow was replanted onto the stump of the right upper arm. PMID- 3181825 TI - [How reliable is microvascular surgery?]. AB - Although in experimental microsurgery a patency rate of almost one hundred percent can be obtained, in clinical experience we now and then encounter a failure where circulation cannot be restored for reasons not known. Cold agglutinins, deficiency of Antithrombin III, and irreversible spasm of the vessel wall may be some of the factors which prevent the restoration of circulation in cases of replantation and free tissue transplantation. It is suggested that we collect such cases in a combined effort to find out more about possible causes. PMID- 3181826 TI - Histological analysis of myleran induced oligodactyly of longitudinal deficiency in rats. AB - In this study, tibial ray deficiency was used as a model of longitudinal ray deficiency and the pathogenesis of the oligodactyly of longitudinal ray deficiency was investigated. Tibial ray deficiency was induced in rat fetuses by a single oral administration of myleran to pregnant rats on day 10 of pregnancy. The dose of myleran administered was 40 mg/kg of body weight. In order to observe the process of formation of the foot plates and digital rays of tibial ray deficiency, histological examination was done. The period of development studied was from day 12 to 16 of pregnancy. A series of fetuses was surgically removed from their mothers at 12 hours' interval. Histological examinations of the hind limbbuds and foot plates were performed quantitatively. The formation of hind limbbuds was detected on day 12 in myleran treated group as in control group. The formation of digital rays in the myleran treated group was initially observed on day 14.5, 12 hours later than control. The size of hind limbbuds and the density of mesenchymal cells in hind limbbuds treated by myleran was smaller than control and the hypoplasia of the limbbuds was maximum on day 14. The shape of foot plates treated by myleran was asymmetrical compared with the symmetrical limbbuds in controls. Concerning tissue damage in limbbuds, dead cells of ectoderm were distributed on the top of the limbbuds on day 12 and they disappeared 24 hours later. On the other hand, dead cells of mesenchyme were scattered in hind limbbuds on day 12.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181827 TI - [Functional importance of the m. extensor carpi ulnaris for distal radioulnar articulation]. AB - Any analysis of the stability of the distal radio-ulnar joint should consider the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon. The static and kinematic function of this tendon depends on its relationship to the sigmoid notch of the radius. Morphological studies indicate the existence of a gliding surface in the sulcus of the tendon on the dorsal side of the ulnar head. PMID- 3181828 TI - [Results of surgical treatment of Dupuytren's contracture]. AB - Ninety-five Patients with Dupuytren's contracture, treated by partial (subtotal) aponeurectomy, have been evaluated retrospectively from various points of view. The immediate postoperative status and the results one to five years later were compared. The authors establish that Dupuytren's contracture can be treated with very favourable effect, but the good results deteriorate later due to recurrence. This deterioration remains temporarily unchanged in the second and third years, but the worsening continues till the end of the fifth year. The functional state shortly after the operation was 41% better than the preoperative one, becoming 18% worse after the fifth year, but even then was 22.6% better than the preoperative condition. PMID- 3181829 TI - [Kaplan's anastomosis in the little finger]. AB - The connection between the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve and the proper digital nerve of the little finger--described by Camper 1760 and by Kaplan 1963 more proximally--is shown in the little finger of four patients. PMID- 3181830 TI - [True trigger wrist (a case report)]. AB - Clicking at the wrist, in association with movements of the fingers, has been commonly but erroneously called "trigger wrist". In true trigger wrist, triggering occurs only in relation to movements of the wrist. The authors report a case of true trigger wrist in a 23-year-old professional tennis player. Triggering was caused by a "synovial mass" around partially destroyed tendons of the ECRB, ECRL, and EPL at the level of the extensor retinaculum. PMID- 3181831 TI - Role of iron in the enhancement by Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection in mice. AB - Microorganisms require iron for their growth and usually compete with their host for available iron from the system. Iron supplementation to host causes an increase of available iron both to host and to potential microbial invaders and favours the latter more than the former as the bacteria release siderophores which are responsible for iron transport mechanism. In view of this observation a study was done to deal with the distribution of storage and injected iron given as an overload within a physiological pool, taking mice as the host, with a correlation to its utilization by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and with bacterial growth and multiplication. The results obtained help in understanding the host- parasite relationships, regarding bacterial virulence and infection and the growth-promoting effect of iron, as iron promoted the development and progression of serum-exposed A. tumefaciens in mice. PMID- 3181832 TI - Properties and participation of "free" endotoxin in the toxic activity of Morganella morganii. AB - "Free" and "bound" Morganella morganii endotoxin was characterized by chemical (determination of proteins, saccharides and 3-deoxy-2-octulosonic acid) and immunochemical (double-diffusion test, immunoelectrophoresis, tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis) methods. Chemical analysis showed that "free" endotoxin contains more protein and phosphorus and less saccharides than bound endotoxin. Immunochemical tests revealed differences in the structure of polysaccharide portions of both endotoxins, and, on the other hand, identity of certain antigenic determinants. Free endotoxin possessed a higher biological activity. PMID- 3181833 TI - Mycobacterium xenopi: identification of different chemotypes based on the lipid pattern analysis by TLC. AB - Mycobacterium xenopi, considered as a homogenous species when identified by conventional phenetic markers (Runyon et al. 1974), was subdivided into three distinct chemotypes described here. PMID- 3181834 TI - Uptake and metabolism of T-2 toxin in relation to its cytotoxicity in lymphoid cells. AB - The sensitivity of lymphoid cells to the cytotoxic effects of T-2 toxin (T-2) varies according to their degree of differentiation. To understand the mechanisms of these variations, the uptake and the metabolism of T-2 in susceptible (human lymphoma Daudi and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated murine lymphocytes) and resistant (human leukaemia KE37 and REH) cells were studied in culture. When cells were incubated with [3H]T-2 a significant increase in the quantity of T-2 associated with the cell occurred during the first 30 min, this increased further from 10-16 hr, and decreased after 24 hr. Daudi and REH cells took up 20 and 3% of the T-2 present in the medium, respectively. Metabolites, extracted from the culture medium and from cells, were analysed by the thin-layer chromatography. The products were identified by comparison with standards for T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol and T-2. Qualitatively, similar metabolic pathways were found in all cells examined. The presence of these metabolites demonstrated that T-2 was taken up by these cells. A correlation existed between the relative sensitivities of the cells toward T-2 and the amount of intracellular T-2 and/or metabolites. It is thought that differences in the kinetics of uptake and processing of T-2 account for the known differences in cellular sensitivities to the toxin. PMID- 3181835 TI - An investigation of the endogenous formation of apparent total N-nitroso compounds in conventional microflora and germ-free rats. AB - The endogenous formation of apparent total N-nitroso compounds (ATNC) has been investigated in germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) microflora rats as a function of the drinking-water nitrate concentration. ATNC levels were below the 40 micrograms (N-NO)/kg detection limit in the blood, liver, kidney, spleen and small intestine of all CV and GF rats. For the CV rats ATNC were detected in concentrations of up to 370 micrograms (N-NO)/kg in the large intestine and up to 50 micrograms (N-NO)/kg in the stomach and there was a significant positive correlation between ATNC formation and the drinking-water nitrate level. Comparison of these results with those from GF rats showed that the ATNC in the stomach and large intestine of the CV animals were formed by microbial action, most probably involving bacterial nitrate-reductase activity. PMID- 3181836 TI - Ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid): genotoxicity, biodistribution, and subchronic and chronic toxicity in rats. AB - Ethylenediaminetetra(methylenephosphonic acid), EDITEMPA, was tested for oral toxicity in rats in a 13-wk feeding study (at doses of 0, 5, 50 and 500 mg/kg/day) and in a chronic feeding study (at doses of 0, 4, 20 and 100 mg/kg/day). EDITEMPA was also tested for genotoxicity in the Ames, mouse lymphoma, unscheduled DNA synthesis, and in vivo cytogenetics assays. Additionally, absorption, distribution and excretion (ADE) studies were conducted following administration of [14C]EDITEMPA to rats by gavage and via the feed and drinking-water. The principal finding in the 13-wk study was mild anaemia in male and female rats given 500 mg/kg/day, which was resolved during a 9-wk recovery period. In the chronic study, there was no substantial evidence of any treatment related toxicity or carcinogenicity. Differences in survival of control and treated females (noted late in the study) were interpreted to represent unusually good survival in controls; however, a compound-related increase in mortality could not be completely ruled out. Tests for genotoxicity were all negative. ADE studies revealed that [14C]EDITEMPA was poorly absorbed from the gastro intestinal tract and that most of the absorbed dose was rapidly excreted by the kidneys or sequestered in bone. The gavage route of administration led to four- to six-fold increases in bone EDITEMPA levels as compared with administration in the feed and drinking-water, respectively. These results suggest that no significant toxicity or carcinogenicity concerns arise from EDITEMPA when it is administered in the feed at the concentrations tested. Reversible anaemia was seen only at very high doses and was interpreted as being secondary to EDITEMPA's ability to interfere with iron absorption and utilization. Localization of EDITEMPA in bone indicated a high degree of affinity for mineralizing tissues, consistent with its chelating properties. There was, however, no effect on bone resorption or mineralization. A comparison of human drinking-water levels of 3500 ppm EDITEMPA (based on a no-effect level of 100 mg/kg/day in rats) with the estimated worst-case exposure in humans of 0.01 ppm suggested a safety margin greater than 1 x 10(5). PMID- 3181837 TI - Carcinogenicity of quinoline, 4- and 8-methylquinoline and benzoquinolines in newborn mice and rats. AB - The relative tumorigenic activity of quinoline, 4-methylquinoline, 8 methylquinoline, and all three isomeric benzoquinolines was evaluated in newborn CD-1 mice and Sprague-Dawley rats. In the newborn-mouse bioassay, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mumol of each compound in dimethylsulphoxide was administered by ip injection on days 1, 8 and 15 of life, respectively. The bioassay was terminated when the mice were 1 yr old. The incidence of liver tumours observed for those male mice treated with either quinoline or 4-methylquinoline was greater than 78%. 8 Methylquinoline, naphthalene, benzo[f]quinoline, benzo[h]quinoline and phenanthridine did not exhibit significant tumorigenic activity in this bioassay. In contrast to these results, none of these compounds induced a significant incidence of liver tumours in female mice. Each of these aza-arenes was administered to newborn Sprague-Dawley rats by supra-scapular injections of 200 mumol/kg body weight in dimethylsulphoxide on the first day of life, 100 mumol weekly at wk 2-7, and 20 mumol at wk 8. This bioassay was terminated when the rats were 78 wk old. No significant difference in tumour incidence was observed between the pups that had been treated with these aza-arenes and the controls. These data indicate that quinoline and 4-methylquinoline are more potent tumorigens than any of the three isomers of benzoquinoline evaluated in this study. In contrast to the potent hepatocarcinogenic activity observed for both quinoline and 4-methylquinoline in newborn mice, no significant tumorigenic activity was observed with these aza-arenes in newborn rats. PMID- 3181838 TI - [Updating of the dentition tables of I. Schour and M. Massler of 1941]. PMID- 3181839 TI - [Differences in growth and development of patients with cleft lip and palate and normal subjects]. PMID- 3181840 TI - [Functional systems case analysis--a possibility of explaining and avoiding failure]. PMID- 3181841 TI - [Treatment failures due to omitted equilibration extractions]. PMID- 3181842 TI - [Large tonsils and their effect on head and tongue posture]. PMID- 3181843 TI - [Ethics in changing times]. PMID- 3181844 TI - [AIDS. Gloves in emergency kits!]. PMID- 3181845 TI - [Color Doppler echocardiography. Progress in the noninvasive diagnosis of heart valve diseases]. PMID- 3181846 TI - [Differential diagnosis of constipation]. PMID- 3181847 TI - [Endocarditis: a changing disease picture. Increase in risk groups-- increased surgical procedures]. PMID- 3181848 TI - [AIDS. Many seropositive cases among prisoners]. PMID- 3181849 TI - [Distribution of antibiotic resistant pathogens in sewage treatment plants]. PMID- 3181850 TI - [Combined radiotherapy/hyperthermia in malignant tumors]. PMID- 3181851 TI - [Induratio penis plastica. Therapy with orgotein]. PMID- 3181852 TI - [At what point should digitalis be given? Contraindicated for prevention- compliance according to need]. PMID- 3181853 TI - [Nuclear magnetic resonance tomography: better images with contrast media. Contrast caused by paramagnetic properties--also imaging of the abdomen]. PMID- 3181854 TI - [Reports on AIDS]. PMID- 3181855 TI - [Speed is trump in myocardial infarct. Only oriented diagnosis--immediate hospital admission]. PMID- 3181856 TI - [Complications of influenza should not be underestimated. High mortality in persons at risk--protective vaccination]. PMID- 3181857 TI - [Quick test self-determination by patients. Adequate long-term anticoagulation can often only be performed with great difficulty]. PMID- 3181858 TI - [Prenatal therapy of adrenogenital syndrome]. PMID- 3181859 TI - [Quinolone resistance remains low. Doctor H. Grimm, Weingarten, interprets his long years of research. Interview by T.U. Keil]. PMID- 3181860 TI - Operative choledochoscopy in biliary surgery. AB - Forty-six patients submitted to operative choledochoscopy during biliary surgery are presented. Forty-two had benign diseases, principally calculi (38 cases), with only four patients presenting with malignant neoplasms. Our results bear out the effectiveness of operative choledochoscopy as a complement to cholangiography and conventional exploration of the bile duct, in significantly reducing the number of retained stones found, and in aiding other surgical procedures in the biliary tract. PMID- 3181861 TI - Familial occurrence of hyperdynamic circulation status due to intrahepatic fistulae in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. AB - The cases of two brothers with intrahepatic arterio-venous shunt causing hyperdynamic circulation in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are presented. There was a strong family history of fatal liver involvement in all members of the previous generation. The first patient had embolization of the right hepatic artery with symptomatic relief, but developed cirrhosis with portal hypertension seven years later. The second patient developed cirrhosis with portal hypertension, and died following rupture of esophageal varices, within a year. It is suggested not only that hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia is transmitted as a dominant trait, but that there is also a hereditary transmission of hepatic involvement in this disease. PMID- 3181862 TI - Liver injury due to verapamil. AB - A 56-year-old female patient on verapamil for hypertension experienced two episodes of jaundice, pruritus and upper abdominal pain with transaminase elevated up to six-fold and alkaline phosphatase up to four-fold when inadvertently re-challenged with the drug. Liver biopsy showed marked cholestasis. Verapamil can occasionally cause mixed cytotoxic-cholestatic liver injury. PMID- 3181864 TI - 4th European Symposium on 'Gastrointestinal Motility'. Krakow, Poland, September 22-24, 1988. PMID- 3181865 TI - Proinsulin heterogeneity in pigs. AB - The isolation and characterization of a genetic variant of porcine proinsulin is described. The variant (II) differs from the known structure of porcine proinsulin (I) by a deletion of alanine C-39 (the 7th residue of the C-peptide). The two porcine proinsulins could only be separated by high resolution reversed phase HPLC. The ratio of proinsulin I to proinsulin II was found to be approximately 4:1 in 5 samples of porcine proinsulin prepared since 1969 and representing more than one million pancreata. Similarly, the two bovine proinsulins recently isolated from American cattle were found in a ratio of 7:1 in 3 proinsulin samples representing more than half a million ox pancreata. These results give a strong indication of duplication of the insulin gene in mammals. PMID- 3181863 TI - Oral contraceptives and intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma having an increased level of estrogen receptor. AB - We report a case of intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma in a young woman who had no prior history of liver disease and who had taken oral contraceptives for one year. A 27-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a firm epigastric mass. At laparotomy, a large cystic mass was resected from the left hepatic lobe, and diagnosed as biliary cystadenoma. In the tumor tissue, the estrogen receptor content was 14.0 fmol/mg cytosol protein, which was much higher than the 3.0 fmol/mg cytosol protein in the surrounding liver tissue. This is the first case of biliary cystadenoma in which the estrogen receptor content was increased. PMID- 3181866 TI - The influence of biosynthetic human growth hormone on biomechanical properties and collagen formation in granulation tissue. AB - Biomechanical properties and collagen formation in the granulation tissue of cellulose sponges, implanted subcutaneously in male rats for 7, 10 and 16 days, were tested after treatment with biosynthetic human growth hormone given subcutaneously in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day. At each implantation period, one group started hormone treatment at the day of implantation and another group started hormone treatment 7 days prior to implantation. After 7 days of implantation, increases in maximum stress (36 per cent), relative failure energy (48 per cent) and strain at maximum stress (25 per cent) were found when treatment was started 7 days prior to implantation. After 10 days of implantation an increase in relative failure energy (60 per cent) was found when treatment was started 7 days prior to implantation. No differences were found after 7 and 10 days of implantation when treatment was started at the day of implantation. After 16 days of implantation, no influence on mechanical strength was found in any of the hormone treated groups. The collagen deposition after 7, 10 and 16 days did not differ in any of the hormone treated groups compared to controls. PMID- 3181867 TI - A study of the source of estradiol-17 beta in the bull. AB - A study was designed to determine if the bull testes secretes estradiol-17 beta, as has been reported for several other species. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, five Angus-sired crossbred bulls were fitted with catheters in the spermatic and jugular veins and sampled every 15 min for six hours. One was bled from three cannula, the third being in the spermatic artery. In the second experiment, these same bulls were castrated and jugular vein blood was collected at timed intervals for two hours. Plasma samples were assayed for estradiol-17 beta (E2) and testosterone (T) using highly specific radioimmunoassays. This experiments gave evidence that: a. Concentrations of E2 were significantly lower (P less than .05) in the jugular vein than the spermatic vein in each of the five bulls, although the mean concentration for all bulls was not great for either vein nor was the difference great between the two veins. In confirmation of past studies, T concentration in the jugular vein was much lower than in the spermatic vein in each bull as was overall mean. b. Removal of the testes caused E2 to decrease during the 25 min post-castration but the difference was not significant (P greater than .05), whereas T decreased 4-fold (P less than .01). During the next 95 min., the concentrations of both hormones increased 3- and 6-fold, respectively, as did cortisol concentration. It is concluded that the bull testes secretes E2, but the secretion is minor to that of T and that another source of both hormones can be the adrenal gland, such as during stress.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3181868 TI - Inhibition of muscular ketone extraction by lipid infusion in man. AB - Using the forearm technique, muscular ketone body metabolism was investigated in 12 healthy volunteers during an i.v. infusion of lipid emulsions containing long chain triglycerides (LCT) or a mixture of medium- and long chain triglycerides (MCT/LCT). During the basal period, arterial concentrations and muscular extraction of beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were linearly correlated as expected. This relationship was abolished during the infusion of both lipid emulsions. In addition, fractional extraction rates of ketone bodies were reduced. These changes were most probably mediated by elevated levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides as well. PMID- 3181869 TI - Plasma transferrin levels in abnormal endocrine states. I. The changes in hypophysial diseases before and after treatment. AB - The concentrations of plasma transferrin (Tf), which has been described possessing growth promoting activity in vitro, were determined in patients with hypophysial diseases before and after treatment. Plasma Tf levels in 74 healthy subjects were 269 +/- 3 (mean +/- SE) mg/dl. In 11 patients with active acromegaly, they were elevated to 353 +/- 11 mg/dl (P less than 0.001), while they were reduced to 168 +/- 14 mg/dl in 8 patients with hypopituitarism (P less than 0.001). They were normalized after appropriate treatment. These data indicate that plasma Tf varies according to endocrine status in relation to that of plasma somatomedin-C, and therefore its measurement may be useful clinically for the evaluation of the status of growth factors. However, the values should be assessed carefully in cases with proper Tf abnormalities, such as hematological, hepatic or renal disorders. PMID- 3181870 TI - Decline of T3 and elevation in reverse T3 induced by hyperglucagonemia: changes in thyroid hormone metabolism, not altered release of thyroid hormones. AB - Recently we reported that hyperglucagonemia induced by glucagon infusion causes a decline in serum Triiodothyronine (T3) and a rise in reverse T3 (rT3) in euthyroid healthy volunteers. These changes in T3 and rT3 levels were attributed to altered T4 metabolism in peripheral tissues. However, the contribution of altered release of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland could not be excluded. Since the release of thyroid hormones is suppressed by exogenous administration of L-thyroxine (L-T4) in appropriate dosage, we studied thyroid hormone levels for up to 6 hours after intravenous administration of glucagon in euthyroid healthy subjects after administration of L-T4 for 12 weeks. A control study was conducted using normal saline infusion. Plasma glucose rose promptly following glucagon administration demonstrating its physiologic effect. Serum T4, Free T4 and T3 resin uptake were not altered during both studies. Glucagon infusion induced a significant decline in serum T3 (P less than 0.01) and a marked rise in rT3 (P less than 0.01) whereas saline administration caused no alterations in T3 or rT3 levels. Thus the changes in T3 and rT3 were significantly different during glucagon study when compared to saline infusion. (P less than 0.01 for both comparisons). Therefore, this study demonstrates that changes in serum T3 and rT3 caused by hyperglucagonemia may be secondary to altered thyroid hormone metabolism in peripheral tissues and not due to altered release by the thyroid gland, since the release of thyroid hormones is suppressed by exogenous L-T4 administration. PMID- 3181871 TI - Microsomal aromatase in testicular tumour tissue: increased activity in choriocarcinoma compared to embryonal carcinoma. AB - Microsomal aromatase activity was assayed in testicular tumour tissue from one patient with choriocarcinoma and two patients with embryonal carcinoma. In the microsomal fractions of tumour tissue conversion of 3H-testosterone and 3H androstenedione to 3H-17 beta-estradiol and 3H-estrone was measured. Aromatase activity was markedly increased (8-fold) in choriocarcinoma compared to embryonal carcinoma. In the choriocarcinoma patient, high HCG-levels measured in serum and the increased aromatase activity in the tumour with resulting elevated estrogen levels in serum seem to be responsible for the decreased production of androgen in this type of tumour. PMID- 3181873 TI - Glycogen and triacylglycerol concentrations in gastric mucosa in patients with diabetes mellitus (type I). PMID- 3181872 TI - Postnatal glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in glucagon-treated premature newborn rats. PMID- 3181874 TI - Effect of fructose on phenylephrine-induced glucose output in perfused rat liver. AB - Glucose output induced by phenylephrine in perfused livers of fed rats was decreased by 34% during an infusion of fructose, but was increased by 30% (compared to controls) following cessation of fructose infusion. Corresponding changes in hepatic inorganic phosphate (Pi) were also observed with a 40% decrease and a 48% increase in Pi concentration being measured during and following fructose infusion, respectively. The data suggest that the glycogenolytic response to phenylephrine is dependent on the hepatic Pi concentration. It is also suggested that enhanced hepatic Pi concentrations and glycogenolytic responses observed following fructose infusion may antagonize insulin-induced suppression of hepatic glucose output and thus play a role in the glucose intolerance and insulin resistance associated with sucrose or fructose feeding. PMID- 3181875 TI - Are catecholamines positive regulators of metallothionein synthesis during stress in the rat? PMID- 3181876 TI - Local liberation of kinins by working skeletal muscle tissue in man. PMID- 3181877 TI - Low field strength magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow in acute leukaemia. AB - The accuracy of low field strength (0.08 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of bone marrow for the detection of acute leukaemia in adults has been assessed by comparison with bone marrow biopsy results. Spin lattice relaxation time (T1) measurements from patients were compared with those from 90 volunteers. Eighteen patients were studied at the time of diagnosis of leukaemia. Bone marrow T1 was prolonged in all cases. One of two patients with refractory anaemia with excess of blasts in transformation (RAEBt) had prolonged bone marrow T1, the other had normal T1. T1 at the time of diagnosis for patients with acute leukaemia or RAEBt correlated with the cellularity and blast cell count in the marrow. None of the 17 patients who were studied when in long-term remission of leukaemia had prolonged marrow T1. Serial studies were undertaken in five of the newly diagnosed patients. An increase in bone marrow T1 was observed in each of four patients studied seven days after the start of treatment, at a time when they showed a decrease in leukaemic cells on peripheral blood examination. T1 measurements made 3 weeks after the commencement of chemotherapy were similar to pretreatment values and did not reflect the reduction in leukaemic infiltration observed on bone marrow needle aspirate. The implications and possible explanations for these findings are discussed. PMID- 3181878 TI - Intensive chemotherapy for acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia after primary myelodysplastic syndrome. AB - Twenty-five patients with a primary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) transformed into acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia (ANL) were treated with intensive chemotherapy. A complete remission (CR) was obtained in six patients (24 per cent). In five of these six patients two courses of chemotherapy were needed to achieve CR. In eight patients chemotherapy cleared the bone marrow of blasts, but the aplasia was fatal. A partial effect on bone marrow blasts was seen in four patients and no effect in another six. Eleven patients (44 per cent) died from the consequences of chemotherapy-induced cytopenia. A short interval between MDS and transformation into ANL was associated with a better chance of achieving complete remission. Age, karyotype, type of MDS, peripheral blood or bone marrow findings had no influence on the result of chemotherapy. The median survival from start of treatment was 5 months (range 0.5-24 months). In the patients who achieved a CR, the median duration of the remission was 7 months (range 3-12 months). The poor response rate, the short duration of the remissions and the high treatment-related mortality suggest that current intensive anti-leukemic chemotherapy in ANL after primary MDS is of limited benefit. PMID- 3181879 TI - Are risk pools being oversold as a solution? PMID- 3181880 TI - Public: hospitals should give free care and pay taxes. PMID- 3181881 TI - Ob/gyns top other specialties in admissions. PMID- 3181882 TI - Outreach surgeon credentials key to quality care. PMID- 3181883 TI - System membership up; for-profits consolidate. PMID- 3181884 TI - Insurance, competition, and physician fees. Interview by Lewis E. Weeks. PMID- 3181885 TI - Why are candidates silent on health care issues? PMID- 3181886 TI - Free care hurts hospital price competition. PMID- 3181887 TI - Days in accounts receivable are likely to go up. PMID- 3181889 TI - Hospitals learn quality control from businesses. PMID- 3181888 TI - Inflation heats up, hospital patient mix shifts. PMID- 3181890 TI - Advertising: is the honeymoon over for budgets? PMID- 3181891 TI - HMOs stay profitable by lowering hospital rates. PMID- 3181892 TI - Less is more: three HMOs get back in the black. PMID- 3181893 TI - Radiology. Future shock. PMID- 3181895 TI - Cash-flow problems? Consider leasing versus buying. PMID- 3181894 TI - Image reading. PMID- 3181896 TI - Computed tomography alive and well. PMID- 3181897 TI - Imaging centers get bigger (and better). PMID- 3181898 TI - Imaging center joint ventures require excellence. PMID- 3181899 TI - Radiological accessories. PMID- 3181900 TI - Managing radiology data. PMID- 3181901 TI - Mobile technology takes radiology on the road. PMID- 3181902 TI - Research fraud often goes undetected. PMID- 3181904 TI - Groups try to defuse worker-shortage time bomb. PMID- 3181903 TI - Employer and hospital hook up via computer. PMID- 3181906 TI - Bush/Democratic Congress: an uneasy alliance. PMID- 3181905 TI - Better cookbooks needed to guide physicians. Interview by Mary Koska. PMID- 3181907 TI - Heritage Foundation may set the health agenda. PMID- 3181908 TI - Rationing care: the elderly are an easy target. PMID- 3181910 TI - Industry financial crisis may be eased by hospital closures. PMID- 3181909 TI - Old and poor: small rurals on financial edge. PMID- 3181911 TI - Higher occupancy hasn't meant higher margins, at least in the Northeast. PMID- 3181912 TI - Mandatory insurance: tough choices ahead. PMID- 3181913 TI - Shaky JUA (joint underwriting association) finances linked to market shares? PMID- 3181914 TI - Advertising cuts represent marketing shakeout. PMID- 3181915 TI - Mercy: marketing training goes systemwide. PMID- 3181916 TI - Poor accounting stymies HMO solvency audits. PMID- 3181917 TI - Cutting out the middlemen. PMID- 3181918 TI - Changing times create new liability hot spots. PMID- 3181920 TI - Hospitals lose as states mandate data agencies. PMID- 3181919 TI - Supreme Court refuses to hear antitrust cases. PMID- 3181921 TI - Will this man's formula revolutionize medicine?. Interview by Michele Robinson. PMID- 3181922 TI - Revenues per admission rise for all specialties. PMID- 3181923 TI - Membership has its privileges and expectations. PMID- 3181924 TI - Radiology drugs: R&D continues, approval lags. PMID- 3181925 TI - Executive systems give CEOs management tools. PMID- 3181926 TI - Off-the-wall principles of effective management. PMID- 3181927 TI - Health care: survival of the most efficient. PMID- 3181928 TI - Medical practice standards: HCFA joins the fray. PMID- 3181929 TI - Cost accounting slow to influence hospital pricing. PMID- 3181931 TI - Hospitals seek philanthropists to fight AIDS. PMID- 3181930 TI - Receivables financing: another source for cash. PMID- 3181932 TI - Rust Belt: an economy in flux. PMID- 3181934 TI - Physician marketing: ingredients for success. PMID- 3181933 TI - Pittsburgh seeks alliance to avoid taxing hospitals. PMID- 3181935 TI - Strategic gains offset HMO's $34 million loss. PMID- 3181936 TI - Surgeons trace factors that affect practice. PMID- 3181937 TI - Are boards gaining more control over executive decisions? PMID- 3181938 TI - FTC joins examiners of not-for-profit mergers. PMID- 3181939 TI - Insurance companies to intensify claims review. Interview by Dona De Sanctis. PMID- 3181940 TI - Hospital exec: purchasing is serious business. PMID- 3181941 TI - Humana's group health results reveal profit. PMID- 3181942 TI - Specialized Alzheimer's care will be in demand. PMID- 3181943 TI - Physician exec offers remedy for nurse crisis. PMID- 3181944 TI - Spend more money on health care for the elderly. PMID- 3181945 TI - Technology and costs: complex relationship. PMID- 3181946 TI - Consistency in the terminology of colorectal dysplasia. PMID- 3181947 TI - Heterogeneity in Hodgkin's disease: no simple answer for a complex disorder. PMID- 3181948 TI - Survival time, causes of death, and tumor/treatment-related morbidity in 100 women with ovarian cancer. AB - One hundred cases of ovarian cancer were studied at autopsy to determine the effect of morphologic and clinical factors on survival time, the primary cause of death, and tumor/treatment-related morbidity. The mean survival time was 19 months (0 to 174 months). Increasing neoplastic histologic grade and increasing clinical stage at diagnosis were each associated with decreased survival time. In grade I tumors, the mean survival time was 84 months; in grade II tumors, it was 18 months; and in grade III tumors, it was 12 months (P = .0008). Patients who presented in stage I or II had a better survival time (28 months) than those who presented in stage III or IV (15 months) (P = .02). The most common causes of death were disseminated carcinomatosis (48%), infection (17%), pulmonary embolus (8%), and combinations of infection and carcinomatosis (11%). In patients dying of infection, 43% had sepsis, 21% had pneumonia, and 25% had a combination of sepsis and pneumonia. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella were the most common pathogens identified postmortem. Intestinal obstruction (51%) and ureteral obstruction (28%) were the most common forms of tumor-induced morbidity. Bone marrow depression and resultant pancytopenia was the most common form of treatment-induced morbidity. PMID- 3181949 TI - Mantle zone lymphoma: a morphometric comparison with centrocytic and immunocytic lymphomas and reactive secondary follicles. AB - Nuclear size and shape of lymphoid cells were evaluated morphometrically in the mantle zone lymphoma, immunocytic lymphoma, and centrocytic lymphoma, and were compared with those of reactive secondary follicles. Shape factors (forms Ar, Ell, Pe, and Dia) have been used to quantitatively define the most frequent nuclear profiles. One of the testing sets consisted of the nuclei of the light, dark, and mantle regions of reactive nodes, as well as those of the centrocytic lymphoma, immunocytic lymphoma, and the mantle-fashion growth lymphoma. Another testing set was made up of only the three types of lymphoma and was used for evaluating the variability of shapes within these groups by means of a pattern recognition algorithm. The content of reactive T lymphocytes was assessed in all cases by immunohistochemistry. The results of transforming centroid values into geometric shapes by computer modelling indicated that only minor geometric differences existed between the a priori qualitatively chosen nuclear types and those modeled a posteriori by computer. All the nuclear types were found in each of the reactive regions and in each of the lymphomas. However, highly significant differences of distribution were detected among the three categories of lymphoma and between each reactive region and each lymphoma. The cases of centrocytic lymphoma showed constant findings in terms of nuclear composition, while lymphomas with mantle-fashion growth and the examples of immunocytic lymphoma showed significant variability. These observations confirm that the centrocytic lymphoma represents a distinct entity, although its normal counterpart is still unknown, and question the view that the immunocytoma and the mantle zone lymphoma correspond to homogenous categories of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In addition, since all the qualitatively and quantitatively detected nuclear types were found in all the reactive regions and in all the lymphomas, albeit with different distributions, it has to be assumed that only numerical differences exist among the various lymphomas and the reactive regions. PMID- 3181951 TI - Mixed growth hormone and prolactin-secreting human pituitary adenomas: a pathologic, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, and immunoelectron microscopic study. AB - A study of 30 adenomas from patients with signs of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) hypersecretion revealed the presence of mammosomatotroph cells (MSC) containing both hormones in all cases. Although the number of immunostained cells varied from case to case, in 14 of 25 tumors, all stained cells were MSC. Nine tumors had the ultrastructural appearance of densely granulated growth hormone adenomas, while 11 cases resembled sparsely granulated growth hormone adenomas with frequent fibrous bodies. Exocytosis was present in six of these 11 cases, a feature unusual for pure growth hormone adenomas. Nine tumors consisted of a mixture of cells with the morphology of GH and PRL cells. In the four cases examined, immunoelectron microscopy using double immunolabeling with protein A gold particles revealed the presence of secretory granules containing both hormones in some tumor cells recognized as mammosomatotroph cells. PMID- 3181950 TI - Mucin histochemistry of heterotopic gastric mucosa of the upper esophagus in adults: possible pathogenic implications. AB - The mucin profile of 24 endoscopic biopsies of heterotopic gastric mucosa (HGM) of the upper esophagus in adults and a control group of ten cases of Meckel's diverticula containing heterotopic gastric mucosa were studied with two combined histochemical methods: alcian blue pH 2.5/PAS and high iron diamine/alcian blue pH 2.5. The clinical and light microscopic features of the 24 HGM cases were also reviewed. In addition to overall secretion of neutral mucins by the 24 HGM cases, mucin histochemistry showed prominent secretion of acidic mucins in 19 of 24 HGM cases (79%), with sulphomucins in 11 of 24 HGM cases (45.8%). This mucin profile of HGM was unlike that of either normal gastric mucosa or heterotopic gastric mucosa in Meckel's diverticula. Moreover, a comparison between the mucin profile and clinical features of HGM and Barrett's esophagus showed certain similarities. The data suggest a physiopathologic link between HGM and Barrett's esophagus. PMID- 3181952 TI - Cortical versus medullary thymomas: a useful morphologic distinction? AB - We have tested the hypothesis that thymomas can be classified solely on the basis of epithelial cell morphology and that this distinction is prognostically useful. One hundred thymic epithelial tumors were classified according to the morphologic resemblance to cortical or medullary thymic epithelium and to the traditional classification (lymphocytic, epithelial, mixed, and spindled). Follow-up data was obtained on 78 patients. Fifty-eight percent of the tumors were invasive. Nineteen of the invasive tumors relapsed and none of the non-invasive tumors relapsed (P less than .0001). Four of nine tumors with microscopic invasion through the capsule recurred. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in relapse-free survival for any of the histologic categories. Ninety four percent of the tumors studied were keratin positive and all were chromogranin negative. Carcinoembryonic antigen was negative for all but one cytologically malignant tumor; of the tumors 75% were epithelial membrane antigen positive, 80% were Leu-7 positive, and 11% were neuron specific enolase positive. Seven of 12 tumors tested expressed HLA-DR. There was no correlation between immunoreactivity and classification. The morphologic cortical/medullary distinction is conceptually attractive but appears clinically to be no more advantageous than the traditional classification. PMID- 3181953 TI - Mixed pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma of the adrenal medulla: a case report with electron microscopic examination. AB - The combination of pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma is a rare tumor within the adrenal medulla. This report describes a 37-year-old woman with a 5-year history of paroxysmal attacks of hypertension, headache, and palpitation. No elevated catecholamine levels could be detected. Angiography showed the tumor in the right adrenal gland; the gland was surgically removed. The patient has remained well and free of hypertensive attacks for more than 2 years. Light and electron microscopic findings of the tumor are described. PMID- 3181954 TI - Melanotic schwannoma arising in the sympathetic ganglion. AB - A case of melanotic schwannoma, the 28th reported in the literature and the second to arise in the sympathetic ganglion, was reported in a 39-year-old man who remains free of recurrence or metastasis since removal of the tumor. In common with earlier benign melanotic schwannomas, its ultrastructural study revealed well-developed contiguous external lamina as opposed to absent or only minimally developed external lamina seen in malignant melanotic schwannomas. This emphasizes the use of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of this tumor. The literature yields only nine melanotic tumors (including one malignant melanotic schwannoma) arising in the sympathetic nervous system; all nine tumors had a malignant clinical course. Therefore, the present case represents the first "benign" tumor among ten melanotic tumors, and the second among 28 melanotic schwannomas to arise in the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 3181955 TI - Warthin-Finkeldey-like giant cells in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Warthin-Finkeldey-like giant cells were found in a lymph node specimen obtained from a 65-year-old Japanese woman with systemic lupus erythematosus. There were no clinical or laboratory findings indicating measles infection, which suggests that the appearance of Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells is not specific for measles, but is associated with reactive lymphatic proliferation. PMID- 3181956 TI - Immunohistology of the benign lymphoepithelial lesion in AIDS-related lymphadenopathy: a case report. AB - We report a case of a benign lymphoepithelial lesion of the parotid gland in a patient with progressive generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL) related to human immunodeficiency virus. Serologic studies and immunoperoxidase studies for lymphocyte subsets, which have not previously been reported in this lesion, suggest involvement of an intraparotid lymph node by PGL rather than Sjogren's syndrome. PMID- 3181957 TI - Oncocytic cardiomyopathy syndrome. AB - The case presented is the first report of oncocytic cardiomyopathy associated with congenital heart disease. The clinical presentation was typical of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and the oncocytic cardiomyopathy was an unexpected finding at autopsy. The associated lesions of oncocytic metaplasia in thyroid and pituitary gland have been previously reported. Maternal serology and viral cultures from the infant were negative, indicating that the oncocytic lesions were not secondary to congenital viral infection. We support the theory that oncocytic cardiomyopathy is a hamartomatous lesion, and propose as a paradigm the association between cardiac rhabdomyoma and tuberous sclerosis. Careful follow-up of surgically "cured" oncocytic cardiomyopathy should uncover oncocytomas in other organs later in life. PMID- 3181958 TI - Pseudosarcomatous cystadenocarcinoma versus biliary carcinosarcoma of the liver. PMID- 3181959 TI - Evaluation of the central injection technique for intravenous digital subtraction angiography--a preliminary report. PMID- 3181960 TI - A comparison of the assessment of mitral valve area by 2-D echo and CW Doppler. PMID- 3181961 TI - Mitral stenosis: a multivariant analysis by echo cardiography (M-mode). PMID- 3181962 TI - Sinuatrial nodal artery in the north-west Indians. PMID- 3181963 TI - Diagnosis of myocardial infarct extension--value of multiple chest point mapping of ST segment. PMID- 3181964 TI - Efficacy of intranasal nifedipine for relief of intra-operative hypertension. PMID- 3181965 TI - Surgical treatment of cardiac myxoma. PMID- 3181966 TI - Effect of single and multiple doses of acetylsalicylic acid on platelet aggregation. PMID- 3181967 TI - Coronary anatomy, left ventricular function and electrocardiographic stress testing three to four weeks after first myocardial infarction. PMID- 3181968 TI - Simultaneous closed mitral valvotomy and caesarean section. PMID- 3181969 TI - Tricuspid and pulmonary valve involvement in carcinoid syndrome. PMID- 3181970 TI - Clinical trial of nifedipine in angina pectoris. PMID- 3181971 TI - Fluorescence temperature-jump relaxation studies on the binding of N dansylgalactosamine to soybean agglutinin. PMID- 3181972 TI - Liposome-bearing glycosphingolipids: model membrane system for studying molecular mechanism of cell surface carbohydrate-mediated processes. PMID- 3181973 TI - Structural studies on peanut lectin. PMID- 3181974 TI - Self potential generated by unscreened fixed charges at the membrane interface of the erythrocyte perturbs the lipid bilayer. PMID- 3181975 TI - Modulation of glycosphingolipid metabolism in cell culture. PMID- 3181976 TI - Alterations in ganglioside patterns during the critical phases of rat brain development. PMID- 3181977 TI - Sperm binding activity of rat uterine agglutinin. PMID- 3181978 TI - Studies on cell surface glycoconjugates specific for cold agglutinin from Achatina fulica snail on erythrocytes of human patients with leukemia. PMID- 3181979 TI - Sarcolemma as model for testing toxicity of chemicals. PMID- 3181980 TI - Membrane lipid peroxidation and its pathological consequences. PMID- 3181981 TI - Characterization of plasma alpha(1----3)-L-fucosyltransferase from an ovarian cancer patient with the aid of synthetic substrates. PMID- 3181982 TI - Enhancement of neurite outgrowth by laminin and by heparin-binding proteins of brain. PMID- 3181983 TI - ATP-dependent activation of a tyrosine specific protein kinase and its possible role as a molecular switch. PMID- 3181984 TI - Binding and uptake of glycoproteins to brain synaptosomes. PMID- 3181985 TI - Leucocytic variations in neoplastic disorders. PMID- 3181986 TI - Role of brush cytology in G.I.T. and biliary tract lesions. PMID- 3181988 TI - Histochemistry of carcinoma breast. PMID- 3181987 TI - Solitary pancreatic metastasis from renal cell carcinoma. A rare metastatic site. PMID- 3181989 TI - Apocrine cell carcinoma of the breast-cytopathology and ultrastructural appearance in fine needle aspirates. PMID- 3181990 TI - Antitumor activity of liposomal encapsulated tiazofurin and its NAD-analogue. PMID- 3181991 TI - Mesotheliomas of the pleura: a twelve year experience with fifteen cases. PMID- 3181992 TI - Interaction between luteotrophic hormone (LH) and thymosin on natural killer cell activity in BALB/c mice. AB - The present study investigates the effect of a pituitary hormone (luteotrophic hormone, LH) and a thymic factor (thymosin fraction V, TVF) on in vitro and in vivo natural killer (NK) cell activity of BALB/c mice (2, 6 and 8 months old). In vitro it was found that LH at various concentrations (0.5, 5, 50 and 500 ng/ml) significantly reduced the NK cell activity. This inhibition was not blocked by TFV. In vivo it was observed that there was a great inhibition of NK cell activity by LH (5 and 50 ng/ml) on 2- and 6-month-old mice, but a significant increase of NK cell activity on 8-month-old mice. The physiological significance of these observations points to an intimate connection between immune and endocrine system functions. PMID- 3181996 TI - Isolation and characterization of glomerular macrophages in experimental glomerulonephritis. AB - Adherent cells emigrating from glomeruli of rabbits developing anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody induced glomerulonephritis were isolated and characterized as macrophages. Glomeruli were isolated using a sterile graded sieving technique and cultured in plastic tissue culture flasks. After varying culture times, emigrating adherent cells were harvested by 'cold shock' or trypsin-versene. These cells had the morphological and functional characteristics of macrophages. They were largely mononuclear, esterase-positive, phagocytic cells, which exhibited surface Fc receptors. A mean of 4.8 +/- 2.1 X 10(4) macrophages could be isolated from 2 X 10(4) glomeruli after 1 h in tissue culture. Greater numbers of macrophages could be isolated with further time in culture. After 72 h however, intrinsic glomerular cell contamination occurred. The majority of the cells were viable by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, and Trypan Blue exclusion. Further functional studies of these cells may provide some new insights into the cellular basis of macrophage-induced glomerular injury in experimental glomerulonephritis. PMID- 3181994 TI - Detection and characterization of IgE-binding factors (IgE-BF) within supernatants of the cell line RPMI-8866, normal human sera and sera from atopic patients. AB - IgE-binding factors (IgE-BF) have been shown to be important regulatory factors for IgE induction and suppression. The analysis of IgE-binding factor activity by a modified inhibition radioimmunoassay (RIA), as well as by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) was carried out in the supernatant of the Fc epsilon RII+ cell line RPMI 8866 as well as in human sera. Kinetics of IgE-BF showed optimal release from RPMI-8866 cells after 3-4 days. Gel filtration of the supernatant indicated binding activity at less than 100,000, 45,000 and 25,000 MW. Within normal human sera two peaks of IgE-BF activity were obtained at 45,000 and 25,000 MW. In sera with high IgE levels (atopic dermatitis) a peak at less than 100,000 was MW detected. Within this peak endogenous IgE was present. Addition of sodium dodecylsulphate induced a release of IgE-BF with a MW of 60,000. PMID- 3181993 TI - Cell populations in human early pregnancy decidua: characterization and isolation of large granular lymphocytes by flow cytometry. AB - Cell populations of human pregnancy decidua, obtained by enzymic digestion from first trimester samples, were analysed by flow cytometry after labelling with monoclonal antibodies. The majority of these decidual cells (75%) were of bone marrow origin. The most abundant cell type expressed antigens characteristic of large granular lymphocytes (LGL), although macrophages and small numbers of classical T cells were also present. Three subsets of decidual LGL can be defined by single-and double-antibody labelling. Most decidual LGL are positive for NKH1, a marker of peripheral blood LGL, but negative for CD16, the Fc receptor of NK cells, and for the T-cell markers CD3 and CD5. About half the NKH1-positive cells also express CD2, associated with the E-rosette receptor, and are identical to the CD3-negative/CD2-positive cells reported previously in early pregnancy decidua. The NKH1-positive cells apparently correspond to a minor subset of peripheral blood LGL. The remaining decidual LGL are positive for CD16 and negative or only dimly positive for NKH1, and are similar to the major type of peripheral blood LGL. After purification by flow cytometry, the NKH1-positive cells were demonstrated to be of similar size to, but slightly higher granularity than, lymphocytes, whereas the CD16-positive cells were larger and more granular. The possible role of decidual LGL in modulating placental development is discussed. PMID- 3181995 TI - Harderian gland dependency of immunoglobulin A production in the lacrimal fluid of chicken. AB - Involvement of the Harderian gland (HG) in the production of lacrimal immunoglobulin (especially IgA) was investigated. The lacrimal concentration of each immunoglobulin class was not affected by surgical bursectomy but was reduced by cyclophosphamide (CY) and testosterone (TP) treatments. Surgical removal of the Harderian gland caused a remarkable reduction of both the lacrimal concentration of each immunoglobulin class and the specific antibody titre, and and IgA was almost undetectable. The lacrimal concentration of each immunoglobulin class, as well as the specific antibody titre, was not affected by surgical removal of the Lacrimal gland (LG). The route of antigen administration produced no difference in the class of lacrimal immunoglobulin produced. The results indicate that the production of immunoglobulin in chicken tears may be dependent on the HG and that lacrimal immunoglobulin may be synthesized and secreted locally in the HG. Lymphocytes of the HG are of bursa of Fabricius origin and are seeded into the HG prior to hatching and its lymphocytes do not appear to be involved in systemic immunity. PMID- 3181997 TI - Auto-anti-idiotypic antibodies in mice hyperimmunized with a chemically induced bladder carcinoma. AB - Purified immunoglobulin from the serum of mice hyperimmunized with syngeneic tumour cells was compared with a monoclonal anti-idiotope antibody, obtained by immunizing mice with antibody to the same tumour. Both the immunoglobulin and the monoclonal antibody were specifically immunogenic in syngeneic (BALB/c) mice as tested by in vitro and in vivo assays of cell-mediated immunity. In both cases the reactivity was absent in immunoglobulin heavy chain gene complex-1-(Igh) allotype congenic (CB.20) mice, indicating Igh-restriction of immunogenicity. The active material in hyperimmune serum thus has the properties of auto-anti idiotypic antibody, complementary to T cell idiotopes. PMID- 3181998 TI - AIDS and HIV infection in Costa Rica--a country in transition. PMID- 3181999 TI - [Bifonazole in superficial cutaneous mycoses]. PMID- 3182000 TI - [Eudermic activity of 2 dermo-protective products on the skin of the atopic child]. PMID- 3182001 TI - [Pilar physiopathology]. PMID- 3182002 TI - [Cutaneous divalent ions and uremic pruritus]. PMID- 3182003 TI - [Acquired localized hypertrichosis in a mentally retarded man]. PMID- 3182004 TI - [Pityriasis rotunda: study of 2 family groups. Preliminary report]. PMID- 3182005 TI - [A case of epithelioid sarcoma]. PMID- 3182006 TI - [Donovanosis. Presentation of a case]. PMID- 3182007 TI - [Pseudo-crossreactivity between aspirin and tartrazine]. PMID- 3182008 TI - [Prevention of HIV infection (AIDS) transmitted by the sexual route]. PMID- 3182009 TI - [Role of interferon alfa-2 in melanoma. Results of a phase II study in 27 patients]. PMID- 3182010 TI - [The visual system in 30 subjects with discoid lupus erythematosus treated with hydroxychloroquine]. PMID- 3182011 TI - [A case of multi-lesion scrofuloderma]. PMID- 3182012 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to dalargin--a synthetic analog of enkephalins. AB - Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) to a new drug Dalargin (Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg) enhancing ulcer healing have been produced. Dalargin is a synthetic analog of Leu enkephalin. With about 40 compounds tested in competition radioimmunoassay it has been shown that specificity of the MABs is directed against the N-terminal tetrapeptide of the molecule. The MABs are sensitive to amino acid substitutions in any of the positions of the fragment and have no cross-reactivity with endogenous opioids. Their further application in pharmacokinetic studies in humans and for characterization of opioid receptors is discussed. PMID- 3182013 TI - Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1987. PMID- 3182014 TI - The 33,000 protein precipitated by Ly-6A.2-specific antibodies is not associated with the Ly-6 polymorphism. AB - In this study, the relative mass of the Ly-6A.2 antigen was shown to be 12,000 14,000, in contrast to initial studies which showed the relative mass to be 33,000. Using polymorphic Ly-6-specific antibodies, the 33,000 molecules could be immunoprecipitated from surface-iodinated thymocytes of Ly-6A.2+, Ly-6A.2- strains and a Ly-6A.2- mutant cell line BW(Thy-1-e). This clearly demonstrated that 33,000 molecules were not associated with the Ly-6 polymorphism. By contrast, when biosynthetically labeled Ly-6A.2+ spleen cell lysates were analyzed, the major species immunoprecipitated by the polymorphic Ly-6A.2 specific antibody was 12,000-14,000, although a minor 33,000 species were also evident. The Ly-6A-specific antibody D7 which detects a monomorphic epitope on the Ly-6A molecule could immunoprecipitate the 12,000-14,000 molecules from surface-labeled cells. By contrast, the Ly-6A.2-specific antibodies detecting the polymorphic Ly-6A.2 determinant could not, though the reasons for this difference are not clear. Thus 12,000-14,000 molecules were only immunoprecipitated from Ly 6A.2+ cells, whereas 33,000 molecules were precipitated from both Ly-6A.2+ cells and Ly-6A.2- cells. These findings suggest that the 33,000 molecules immunoprecipitated by 5041-24.2 are most likely to be an unrelated protein, possibly cross-reactive with some Ly-6A.2 antibodies. PMID- 3182015 TI - Multigene control of Mlsc. AB - Festenstein originally described the Mls locus as a single dominant autosomal gene with four alleles which mapped in the 13th linkage group of chromosome 1. We subsequently presented evidence which indicated that the mixed leukocyte reaction stimulatory products of DBA/2 and CBA/J were controlled by two independently segregating Mls loci. Recently, Mlsd of CBA/J was shown to be composed of Mlsa of AKR and Mlsc of C3H. In the present report, classic segregation data is presented which indicates that Mlsc of C3H is controlled by three independently segregating loci. As defined by stimulatory patterns of numerous cell lines, we postulate the following: either one of the loci is shared with BALB.K, CE, C58, and partially with MA/MyJ, one is shared with CBA/H and CBA/J, and one is shared with BALB.K, CBA/J, and partially with CE; or the groups of shared determinants are controlled by different alleles of unique loci (or locus). In any event, Mlsc appears to be composed of at least three independently segregating loci; the number of alleles/locus is being investigated. In addition, C3H was stimulated by BALB.K (both were recently postulated to be Mlsc); this epitope was shared with CBA/J, CBA/H, AKR/Cum, Ma/MyJ, and C58/J. PMID- 3182016 TI - Proximity of the CTLA-1 serine esterase and Tcr alpha loci in mouse and man. AB - The serine esterase CTLA-1 gene was shown by in situ hybridization to map to the D segment of mouse chromosome 14, the same localization as a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, Tcr alpha. To further demonstrate the proximity of CTLA-1 and Tcr alpha, genetic linkage was tested in mouse using restriction fragment length polymorphisms and a backcross progeny, and no recombination was observed in the 100 backcross products studied. Recombination events between Tcr alpha/CTLA-1 and the markers Gdh-X and NP-1 show that the most probable order of these loci in the mouse 14D region is NP-1-Tcr alpha/Ctla-1-Gdh-X. In man, the human homologue of CTLA-1 was shown by in situ hybridization to map on chromosome 14, at 14q11-q12, where Tcr alpha also maps. Using the human cell line SUP-T1, bearing the inversion inv(14) (q11;q32), we further demonstrated the loci order in man to be centromere-NP-1-Tcr alpha-CTLA-1. To complement the cytogenetic and genetic mapping data, we tried to determine the physical distance between the two genes by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). DNA prepared from various cell types, both mouse and human, were digested with a panel of rare cutter enzymes and hybridized first with CTLA-1, then with Tcr alpha probes. None of the bands identified hybridized with both Tcr alpha and CTLA-1 probes for either mouse or human cells. Although the physical mapping by PFGE is inconclusive, the cytogenetic and genetic data support close linkage of the Tcr alpha and CTLA-1 genes in both mouse and man, suggesting homology between the D region of mouse chromosome 14 and the q11-q12 region of human chromosome 14, encompassing the Tcr alpha and CTLA-1 loci. These findings also provide another example of proximity of genes coding for a member of the Ig super-family and a serine esterase. PMID- 3182018 TI - Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to actin in cultured fibroblasts. AB - The amount of actin in cultured human skin fibroblasts was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Absorbance values (OD), resulting from specific binding of an antiactin monoclonal antibody to intracellular actin, were converted to cell concentrations (pg/cell) from an actin standard curve. Actin concentration for cultured human skin fibroblasts by this technique was estimated to be 55.5 picograms/cell and constituted approximately 3.9% of the total cellular protein. This assay procedure offers the following advantages: (1) It is time efficient, can be completed in 2-3 hours; (2) cells are unaltered except for membrane permeabilization; (3) the sensitivity is equal to or greater than previous procedures involving gel electrophoresis; and (4) the assay is easy and inexpensive to perform. PMID- 3182017 TI - Coagulation factor XIII B subunit is encoded by a gene linked to the regulator of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster in man. PMID- 3182020 TI - Total colectomy, mucosal proctectomy and straight ileo-anal anastomosis in chronic ulcerative colitis: a follow up study. PMID- 3182019 TI - Ancylostoma ceylanicum: I. Protein and antigenic composition of adult and larval stages. AB - The protein and antigenic composition of adult and larval stages of Ancylostoma ceylanicum, a human hookworm maintained in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), was studied employing immunochemical techniques. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of 47 and 43 protein bands in adult worms and infective larvae respectively in the molecular weight range of 10-170 kD. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis, using immune rabbit sera, showed the presence of 32 antigenic peaks in adults and 19 in infective larval stage. Most of the antigens were common between adult and larval stage as evidenced by cross line immunoelectrophoresis, although some stage specific antigens were also identified. These studies also demonstrate the complex nature of adult worms as compared to larvae. PMID- 3182021 TI - Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma: clinicopathological study of 32 cases. PMID- 3182022 TI - Proximal gastric vagotomy for complicated duodenal ulcer and benign gastric ulcer disease. PMID- 3182023 TI - Long term results of perforated duodenal ulcer following surgery. PMID- 3182024 TI - Pancreolauryl test--a tubeless test in chronic pancreatitis. PMID- 3182025 TI - Small bowel leiomyoma diagnosed by angiography and small bowel enema. PMID- 3182026 TI - 40,244 stones in a gallbladder. PMID- 3182027 TI - Carcinoma of stomach in childhood. PMID- 3182028 TI - Papillary cystic tumour of pancreas. PMID- 3182029 TI - Jaundice due to albendazole. PMID- 3182030 TI - Spontaneous abortion during adhesive intestinal obstruction--a sign of strangulation. PMID- 3182031 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against Mycobacterium avium/intracellulare. PMID- 3182032 TI - Citrobacter as a frequent urinary pathogen in hospitalised patients. PMID- 3182033 TI - Status of biogenic amines in lungs of Mastomys natalensis during development of Brugia malayi infection. PMID- 3182034 TI - Extracts of Indian plants as mosquito larvicides. PMID- 3182035 TI - Platelet functions in acute viral hepatitis. PMID- 3182036 TI - Hepatic functions of albino rats during lactation. PMID- 3182037 TI - Peri-anaesthetic variations in serum immunoglobulin levels. PMID- 3182038 TI - Blood biochemical changes induced by insect repellent N,N-diethylphenylacetamide in rats. PMID- 3182039 TI - Neurochemical effects of phosphamidon on lipid fractions & lipid peroxidation in the rat central nervous system. PMID- 3182040 TI - Insecticide induced acute neurobehavioural changes in rats & mice. PMID- 3182041 TI - Rehabilitative management of upper limb amputees. PMID- 3182042 TI - Cleidocranial dysostosis--case report. PMID- 3182043 TI - Environmental carcinogens. Methods of analysis and exposure measurement. Volume 10--Benzene and alkylated benzenes. PMID- 3182044 TI - Chemical waste disposal sites: sampling and analysis. PMID- 3182045 TI - Determination of benzene, toluene and xylene in industrial air by charcoal tube, solvent desorption and gas chromatography. PMID- 3182046 TI - Determination of benzene, toluene and xylene in industrial air by porous polymer adsorption tube, thermal desorption and gas chromatography. PMID- 3182047 TI - Determination of gasoline hydrocarbons in industrial air by two-stage (chromosorb/charcoal) adsorption, thermal desorption and capillary gas chromatography. PMID- 3182048 TI - Methods for industrial and ambient air. Breath sampling. PMID- 3182050 TI - Determination of phenol and its glucurono- and sulfoconjugates in urine by gas chromatography. PMID- 3182049 TI - Determination of benzene, toluene and xylene in breath samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. PMID- 3182051 TI - Determination of toluene in blood by head-space gas chromatography. PMID- 3182052 TI - Determination of 2-methylphenol in urine by gas chromatography. PMID- 3182053 TI - Determination of hippuric acid in urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. PMID- 3182054 TI - Determination of xylenes in blood by head-space gas chromatography. PMID- 3182055 TI - Determination of methylhippuric acids in urine by gas chromatography. PMID- 3182056 TI - Biochemical changes in acute noise stress in rats. AB - The effects of acute auditory stress on certain biochemical parameters like blood corticosterone, total cholesterol, triglyceride, Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were studied in albino rats. A significant increase was observed in the blood level of corticosterone, total cholesterol, SGOT and SGPT while a marked reduction was noticed in the Sr. triglyceride level. These data indicate that noise could be a potent stressor and cause disturbances in the biochemical parameters of the body. It is presumed that most of the effects are indirect, being manifested through the activation of autonomic nervous system which liberates catecholamines and hypothalamo pituitary adrenal axis responsible for the liberation of corticosteroids. PMID- 3182057 TI - Immediate effect of tobacco chewing in the form of 'paan' on certain cardio respiratory parameters. AB - Immediate effect of tobacco in the form of chewing was evaluated in 40 healthy males (mean age 26.27 yrs.) not habituated to tobacco, who were given paan containing 200 mg of tobacco to chew (group T). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were measured twice for each subject, once before chewing and again immediately after completion of chewing. Another 24 age and sex matched controls (group C) were given paan without tobacco to chew and cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded as for group T subjects. Electrocardiography was recorded in 10 group T and 10 group C subjects. Effect of tobacco chewing was also evaluated in 10 habitual tobacco chewers. Results showed statistically significant increments in HR and BP as well as a decline in T wave amplitude in ECG following tobacco chewing (group T subjects). The changes in HR and BP lasted for 15-30 mins, as observed in 10 of group T subjects. The FVC, FEV1 and PEFR showed marginal, though non-significant, increments after tobacco chewing. No significant difference in the cardiorespiratory responses to tobacco chewing could be seen between habitual and nonhabitual (group T) tobacco chewers. The changes in cardiovascular and respiratory parameters following paan (without tobacco) chewing in the control subjects were negligible and nonsignificant. PMID- 3182058 TI - Amygdalar injections of vasopressin and its antagonist do not disrupt the circadian rhythm of food and water intake in the rat. AB - There is an indication that areas of the brain other than the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the known neural circadian pacemaker, are involved in the control of circadian rhythms. The present study investigated the role of amygdala in the circadian rhythms of food and water intake. Vasopressin and its antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP were injected into the amygdala bilaterally through chronically implanted stainless steel cannulae. The results of the study have shown that neither vasopressin nor its antagonist d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP alters the circadian rhythm of food and water intake thereby showing that vasopressinergic neurons/projections to amygdala are not involved in the control of circadian rhythms of food and water intake and amygdala is not likely to be an additional oscillator. PMID- 3182060 TI - Effect of third ventricle injection of GABA to feeding responses and blood sugar in intact and ovariectomized female rats. AB - Injections into third ventricle of brain of either 4 m Molar or 8 m Molar of GABA were given to intact and ovariectomized female rats to evaluate the effects of these dosages on body weight, food intake, water intake and blood glucose levels. Statistically significant reduction in food and water intake with 8 m Molar GABA was observed in intact female rats. Very precise alterations seen in ovariectomized female rats suggested that GABA could demonstrate more profound effects on body weight, food intake and water intake. Blood glucose level was elevated in both the groups with 4 m Molar GABA, while inhibition was seen with 8 m Molar GABA. These observations have been correlated with trophic hormonal profiles, which are modulated by third ventricle GABA injection or it might have had some intervention on hypothalamic mechanisms regulating these functions. PMID- 3182059 TI - Effect of acute environmental heat stress on urinary water and electrolyte excretion in the rat. AB - Plasma cortisol and urinary excretion of water, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium have been studied in the rat after application of heat stress. There was a significant increase in plasma cortisol level after exposure to heat. During heat stress complete cessation of urine formation was observed. In the next 30 min there was statistically significant increase in the urinary excretion of water, sodium and calcium but not of potassium and magnesium. Urinary calcium/magnesium ratio was also significantly elevated. The increase in urinary water and electrolyte excretion seemed to be mediated through prostaglandins since it could be abolished by administration of indomethacin prior to the application of heat stress. On the basis of these results, the possible role of heat stress in the genesis of urolithiasis has been discussed. PMID- 3182061 TI - Evaluation of various fibro-osseous tunnel pressures (carpal, cubital and tarsal) in normal human subjects. AB - Intra carpal, cubital and tarsal tunnel pressures were measured with open bore needle technique in 170 normal subjects. The pressure in carpal tunnel with wrist in neutral position was between 2.75 to 4.46 mm Hg which increased to 20-30 mm Hg. during flexion and extension of wrist. Pressures recorded in cubital tunnel were 2-5 mm Hg with full extended elbow and rose to 10-15 mm Hg and 20-28 mm Hg during 90 degrees flexion and full flexion of elbow respectively, pressures in tarsal tunnel were between 4-7 mm Hg in neutral position of ankle joint and with dorsi and plantar flexion of ankle it rose to 15-20 and 10-15 mm Hg respectively. There was no significant pressure difference between either sides and sexes; ages and proximally situated tunnel with distaly situated tunnel in same limb (Carpal tunnel Vs. Cubital tunnel). There was significant pressure difference between Carpal tunnel and Tarsal tunnel with wrist and ankle in their anatomical positions respectively. PMID- 3182062 TI - Effect of inadequate frequency response of direct writing electrocardiograph on rat electrocardiogram. AB - Fairly good electrocardiograms of rats can be recorded by using a band width of 0.5 to 75 Hz. Change in low frequency did not alter the wave pattern or duration. Change in high frequency altered the durations and wave pattern grossly. 50 Hz filter is useful in avoiding AC interference but creates artificial notches in all the waves. PMID- 3182063 TI - Some observations on pulmonary function tests in rice mill workers. AB - A study was carried out to determine the effects of rice husk dust on pulmonary functions in Rice mill workers. The study population consisted of 150 male Rice mill workers from 6 Rice mills with 50 controls of similar age, sex, ethnic group and agricultural work background. Twenty eight Rice mill workers showed obstructive, whereas eight workers showed restrictive type of pulmonary impairment. The results show that the duration of exposure of Rice husk dust is the workers is related to the degree of decline in FVC, FEV1, FEV3, PEFR and MVV. This could be attributed to allergic inflammatory reactions of pulmonary tissue due to Rice husk dust. PMID- 3182064 TI - Effect of cholinomimetic agents on learning and memory when administered by intra cerebroventricular (ICV) and intraperitonial (ip) routes. PMID- 3182065 TI - Effect of raw deseeded fruit powder of Trichosanthes dioica (Roxb) on blood sugar, serum cholesterol, high density lipo-protein, phospholipid and triglyceride levels in the normal albino rabbits. PMID- 3182067 TI - Correlation of preoptic neuronal activity with spontaneous and induced cortical EEG changes. AB - Preoptic area has neurons which change their firing rate along with spontaneous alterations of the cortical EEG between synchronization and desynchronization. The cortical EEG synchronization and desynchronization could be induced by stimulation of the caudal and the rostral brain stem respectively. This study was aimed at finding out whether stimulation of the brain stem structures produce the same change in the unit activity as that occurring during spontaneous alteration of the EEG. The changes in unit activity showed some concordance and dissociation between spontaneous and induced EEG alterations. The possible interaction of inputs from cortex and brain stem at the level of the preoptic area is discussed. PMID- 3182066 TI - Anticonvulsant and analgesic activity of 1, 2, 4-thiadiazoles. II. PMID- 3182068 TI - Maximal expiratory flow-volume loop in a southern Indian college sportsmen. AB - Flow volume loops using computerised pulmonary function testing equipment were analysed in twenty sportsmen of Loyola College, Madras. There was no significant difference in mean P.E.F.R. (P greater than 0.2) and VE 25% (P greater than 0.2) in sportsmen, compared to Indian or American normals. On the other hand, the mean VE 50% (P less than 0.05) and VE 75% (P less than 0.001) were significantly higher in sportsmen compared to Indian values, but was similar to those reported in American normals (P greater than 0.1). Inspiratory flow rates were similar to those reported in Indians. Our results show that there is an increase in maximal expiratory flow rates at lower lung volumes in Southern Indian College Sportsmen compared to Indian normals. PMID- 3182069 TI - Protein synthesis early in the developmental cycle of Chlamydia psittaci. AB - The incorporation of [35S]methionine into protein by intracellular and host-free Chlamydia psittaci 6BC was analyzed at intervals between 15 min and 28 h postinfection by autoradiography of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The profiles of proteins synthesized in the two systems were similar at all times, indicating that the host-free system can be used to monitor the temporal expression of genes in chlamydiae. The host-free system permitted detection of synthesis of chlamydial proteins as early as 15 min postinfection. Some of the proteins synthesized during the initial phases of reorganization of elementary bodies to reticulate bodies either were not synthesized or were synthesized in greatly reduced amounts during the other phases of the developmental cycle. The effects of rifampin and actinomycin D indicated that host-free protein synthesis was at least partially dependent on the initiation and continuation of RNA synthesis in the isolated organisms. PMID- 3182071 TI - Effect of mycoplasmas on natural cytotoxic activity and release of tumor necrosis factor alpha by spleen cells. AB - It has been reported that mycoplasma-infected cells are more sensitive to lysis by natural cytotoxic (NC) effector cells and that splenic NC cells release tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) when they lyse sensitive target cells. Here we showed that spleen cells released TNF-alpha when they were incubated with NC-sensitive cells that were infected with mycoplasmas or when they were incubated with mycoplasmas alone, but did not release TNF-alpha when incubated with NC-sensitive cells that were not infected with mycoplasmas. Thus, in the presence of mycoplasmas, spleen cell cultures contain both NC effector cells and free TNF alpha. Because NC-sensitive cells are also sensitive to free TNF-alpha, when mycoplasma-infected cells were incubated with spleen cells, they were lysed by the combination of NC cells and free TNF-alpha. When NC-sensitive cells that were not infected with mycoplasmas were incubated with spleen cells, they were lysed only by NC effector cells and thus appeared to be less sensitive than mycoplasma infected cells. These results also suggested that the release of TNF-alpha may be part of a host protective response to mycoplasmas. PMID- 3182070 TI - Differential regulation of in vitro humoral and cellular immune responsiveness in Brugia pahangi-infected jirds. AB - Patent filarial infection is associated with the downregulation of parasite specific immune reactivity. In the present study, the relationship between in vitro parasite antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responsiveness was investigated in Brugia pahangi-infected jirds and in jirds immunized with soluble antigens. Spleen cells from B. pahangi-immunized jirds or from jirds with prepatent infections mounted significant in vitro proliferative and antibody responses to B. pahangi. The antigen concentration which elicited optimal antibody production was 10- to 10,000-fold lower than that required to stimulate optimal blastogenesis. Lymph node cells from both immunized and infected jirds consistently produced lower levels of parasite-specific antibody than spleen cells, yet generated higher proliferative responses to filarial antigen. A dissociation between in vitro antibody production and proliferation was also observed in experiments with spleen cells from microfilaremic jirds; spleen cells from patent animals did not proliferate when stimulated with B. pahangi antigen, but did produce significant levels of parasite-specific antibody. Depletion of adherent or histamine receptor-bearing cells restored the proliferative reactivity of spleen cells from microfilaremic jirds, but had limited effects on antibody production. In admixture experiments, spleen cells from microfilaremic animals suppressed the proliferative responsiveness of cells from keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-immunized jirds to KLH by 38%, but had no effect on KLH-specific antibody production. The present results support the hypothesis that parasite specific cellular and humoral reactivity are differentially regulated in experimental filariasis. PMID- 3182073 TI - Virulence conversion of Legionella pneumophila: a one-way phenomenon. AB - Previous investigations have shown that Legionella pneumophila converts from virulence to avirulence after passage on supplemented Mueller-Hinton (SMH) agar and may convert back to virulence after passage in guinea pigs. However, there is no additional information concerning the apparent interconversion of virulent and avirulent derivatives of L. pneumophila cultures. We investigated the stability of a parental virulent culture and its avirulent derivatives and the growth and viability of these cultures on charcoal-yeast extract (CYE) and SMH agars. Avirulent derivatives of a highly virulent L. pneumophila culture were obtained by passage of the virulent parent culture on SMH agar. The only time a virulent L. pneumophila culture was recoverable from an avirulent culture was when the avirulent culture was derived from a saline suspension of a virulent culture which had been passaged only five times on SMH agar. When an avirulent culture was derived from a virulent culture passaged 25 times on SMH agar or from an isolated colony which grew on a SMH agar plate, we were unable to recover a virulent culture after successive passage through guinea pigs. These results suggest that the conversion process which occurs between virulent and avirulent forms of L. pneumophila is a one-way phenomenon from virulence to avirulence and that stable avirulent derivatives can be isolated. Furthermore, our findings suggest that SMH agar acts as a selective medium for the growth of avirulent L. pneumophila, and growth on SMH agar may be a phenotypic marker for avirulence. Virulent cells, although unable to grow on SMH agar, may remain viable for several passages on SMH agar and propagate when inoculated into guinea pigs. PMID- 3182072 TI - Quantitative analysis and partial characterization of cytotoxin production by Salmonella strains. AB - The pathogenesis of the wide-spectrum human disease caused by Salmonella species is poorly understood. Cytotoxin production by other enteric pathogens has been increasingly investigated recently, and data are accumulating regarding the role of cytotoxins in enteric infections and hemolytic uremic syndrome. We studied the cytotoxic activity of 131 Salmonella strains of the major serotypes, including 94 strains of Salmonella enteritidis, 12 strains of Salmonella typhi, and 25 strains of Salmonella choleraesuis. Cytotoxicity was quantitatively determined in sonic extracts by a [3H]thymidine-labeled HeLa cell assay. All Salmonella strains examined showed some degree of cytotoxic activity. The geometric means +/- standard deviations of the amounts of cytotoxin produced (50% cytotoxic dose per milligram of bacterial protein) were 27 +/- 2 for S. typhi, 65 +/- 2 for S. enteritidis, and 117 +/- 2 for S. choleraesuis. Analysis of variance showed that the differences in cytotoxin production by the three species were significant (P less than 0.001). No significant differences were found between stool isolates and invasive strains of the same species. Neutralization studies showed that the cytotoxins produced by all Salmonella strains were immunologically distinct from Shiga toxin and the closely related Shiga-like toxins produced by Escherichia coli. DNA hybridization studies with DNA probes for Shiga-like toxins of types I and II showed no hybridization. In each species the cytotoxin was heat labile and sensitive to trypsin treatment, which indicated that its active component was probably protein in nature. Upon ultrafiltration with Amicon membranes and gel filtration chromatography, cytotoxic activity was found in the molecular weight range of 56,000 to 78,000. Our findings indicate that salmonellae produce cytotoxin(s) that may play a role in the manifestations of the various species. PMID- 3182075 TI - Lipooligosaccharides from Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens. AB - Lipooligosaccharides from Treponema hyodysenteriae serotypes 1 through 7, attenuated T. hyodysenteriae serotypes 1 and 2, and five strains of T. innocens were extracted with hot phenol water. The extracts were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation and analyzed by lipopolysaccharide selective silver staining and Western blot (immunoblot) immunodetection. Silver staining revealed the presence of two bands that ranged between 18,000 and 24,000 daltons and that were serotype specific for T. hyodysenteriae. Attenuation of pathogenic strains resulted in the loss of the higher-molecular-weight band. Four of five T. innocens strains also lacked this particular band. T. innocens 421 had six bands between 17,000 and 26,900 daltons. Western blots with hyperimmune rabbit sera and convalescent-phase swine sera revealed antigenic variation among serotypes of T. hyodysenteriae and attenuated serotypes of T. hyodysenteriae. Convalescent-phase swine sera failed to recognize lipopolysaccharides from T. innocens. Differences in results obtained by lipopolysaccharide selective silver staining versus immunoblotting of the lipopolysaccharide preparations probably indicate that these two methods identify separate characteristics of the same molecule. PMID- 3182074 TI - Identification of leishmanial antigens in the sera of patients with American visceral leishmaniasis. AB - Circulating immune complexes are present in the sera of patients with visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani chagasi. In order to determine whether these complexes contain parasite antigens, sera were collected from Brazilian patients with visceral leishmaniasis and from hospitalized control subjects with other diagnoses. High-molecular-weight complexes were precipitated from pooled sera with 2.5% polyethylene glycol. Approximately 140-fold-more protein was precipitated from patient sera than from control sera; 12% of the total patient serum protein was precipitated. Patient serum precipitates contained immunoglobulins G (525 mg/dl), M (27 mg/dl), and A (8 mg/dl). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the patient serum precipitates revealed multiple bands, including a prominent band at 70 kilodaltons, that were not seen in precipitates of control sera. The 70 kilodalton band was recognized by human and hamster sera with antileishmanial antibodies, but not by control sera. Finally, immunization of BALB/c mice with the high-molecular-weight precipitates from patients elicited antileishmanial antibodies against L. donovani chagasi antigens as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot (immunoblot) assay. In summary, sera of patients with American visceral leishmaniasis were found to have high-molecular weight complexes that contained one or more parasite antigens. These complexes may play a role in the immunology of the disease, and detection of circulating parasite antigens has potential diagnostic importance. PMID- 3182077 TI - Specific and nonspecific inhibition of adhesion of oral actinomyces and streptococci to erythrocytes and polystyrene by caseinoglycopeptide derivatives. AB - Various caseinoglycopeptide derivatives prepared from mammalian milk were evaluated as inhibitors of hemagglutinations mediated by Actinomyces viscosus Ny1, Streptococcus sanguis OMZ9, and, for comparative purposes, plant lectins from Arachis hypogaea and Bauhinia purpurea. It was found that recognition of the beta-D-galactose-(1----3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose carbohydrate chain by Actinomyces viscosus Ny1 organisms and Arachis hypogaea and B. purpurea agglutinins had similar structural requirements; in all cases, the desialylated bovine caseinoglycomacropeptide, on which several units of the above mentioned disaccharide are clustered, behaved as the most potent hemagglutination inhibitor. By contrast, none of the preparations tested inhibited erythrocyte agglutination by S. sanguis OMZ9. Thus, the desialylated bovine caseinoglycomacropeptide acts as a potent and specific inhibitor of oral Actinomyces adhesion to cell membranes (a soft surface) and could be used as a probe for the study of recognition mechanisms mediated by Actinomyces galactose binding lectins. During the present study, both native and desialylated variants of the same bovine glycomacropeptide also totally prevented the adhesion of Actinomyces viscosus Ny1, S. sanguis OMZ9, and S. mutans OMZ176 to polystyrene surfaces. Comparative evaluations of various structurally different compounds gave the following results. Neither mono- nor disaccharides related to caseinoglycopeptide carbohydrates prevented adhesion; highly positively or negatively charged polypeptides and polysaccharides were either not or only moderately active. Besides these glycomacropeptides, an inhibitory activity was also exhibited by other mucin-type glycoproteins carrying short O-linked carbohydrate chains (including bovine submaxillary mucin), polyethylene glycol, and bovine serum albumin. Consequently, caseinoglycopeptide prevention of oral bacterial adhesion to polystyrene tubes (a hard surface) takes place with no species specificity and can be compared to nonspecific inhibition exhibited by various polymers with very different structural characteristics. PMID- 3182076 TI - Inoculation candidiasis in a murine model of severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - To further elucidate the importance of T- and B-lymphocyte-mediated responses in host defense against systemic infection with Candida albicans, we studied this infection in a murine model of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The course of inoculation candidiasis in these mice, which lack functional T and B lymphocytes, was compared with that in immunologically normal BALB/c mice. Mice were inoculated intravenously with 10(5) yeast cells. Quantitative cultures of liver, spleen, and kidneys were performed with necropsy specimens obtained 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days after this intravenous inoculation. The differences in the time courses of recovery of organisms from liver and spleen specimens were not significantly different in the SCID mice compared with the BALB/c mice. The recovery of C. albicans from the kidneys was significantly lower in the SCID mice, indicating less persistence of the organism in the kidneys of the SCID mice than in those of the BALB/c mice. These data indicate that defense mechanisms other than T- and B-lymphocyte-mediated mechanisms are primarily responsible for host defense against inoculation candidiasis. PMID- 3182078 TI - Lack of lysosomal fusion with phagosomes containing Ehrlichia risticii in P388D1 cells: abrogation of inhibition with oxytetracycline. AB - Fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes containing Ehrlichia risticii, an obligate intracellular parasite, was evaluated in P388D1 murine macrophagelike cells. Lysosomes in cells ranging in infectivity from 30 to 70% were labeled cytochemically with acid phosphatase or via endocytosis of thorium dioxide or cationized ferritin to document phagosome-lysosome (P-L) fusion in untreated cells and cells treated with oxytetracycline. Regardless of the marker used, P-L fusion was generally not observed in E. risticii-containing vacuoles in untreated cells, while significantly greater P-L fusion with ehrlichia-containing vacuoles was observed after oxytetracycline treatment. When latex beads were introduced into uninfected cell cultures, P-L fusion was observed with vacuoles containing latex. Fusion of lysosomes with latex-containing vacuoles in cells was significantly greater than fusion of lysosomes with ehrlichia-containing vacuoles in the same infected cells. These findings indicate that E. risticii is able to inhibit P-L fusion, whereas oxytetracycline deprives organisms of this ability. PMID- 3182079 TI - Plasmid-containing strains of Streptococcus mutans cluster within family and racial cohorts: implications for natural transmission. AB - The transmission of mutans streptococci is thought to occur along familial lines based on investigations which have shown common strains within family units by using phenotypic typing methods, such as bacteriocin production and immunity profiles and serotyping. Difficulties in implementing these typing methods, coupled with conflicting interpretations of results between laboratories, led us to study the conservation of Streptococcus mutans strains within a mother-child cohort by using a genotypic marker, plasmid DNA. Plasmids (all 5.6 kilobases in size) were observed at an overall frequency of 3.3%, with a significantly different frequency in whites (1.5%) compared with blacks (6.6%). Plasmid containing strains were significantly clustered in mother-child pairs compared with nonrelated individuals (58 versus 3.3%; P less than 0.001). Moreover, the different plasmid groups (I and II) were highly conserved within racial boundaries (P = 0.007). In those instances in which we were able to characterize distinct strains by either biotype or plasmid profile, we found that mothers harbored a more heterogeneous population of mutans streptococci than did their children. This suggested, among other possibilities, that children acquire additional strains as they approach adulthood. Alternatively, we may have been unable to detect more heterogeneity of strains in children because of quantitative differences of strains in saliva. We present collective data which show that strains of S. mutans are highly conserved within not only mothers and their children but also racial groups, suggesting vertical transmission of this organism within human populations. Moreover, we show that levels of S. mutans found in the saliva of the mother correlated with levels found in her child, demonstrating a quantitative relationship within mother-child pairs. PMID- 3182081 TI - Inhibition of Chlamydia trachomatis replication in HEp-2 cells by human monocyte derived macrophages. AB - Monocytes (M) and macrophages are important components of the immune response to foreign agents. Using an in vitro system, we studied the influence of human M and M-derived macrophages (MdM) on the replication of Chlamydia trachomatis (L2/434) in HEp-2 cells. M or MdM were added to infected cells at a ratio of 4:1, and the resultant chlamydial yield was evaluated in one-step growth experiments. Chlamydial DNA production was evaluated by dot hybridization. Both M and MdM reduced chlamydial yield and DNA production, but the reductions caused by MdM were more pronounced. Electron microscopy showed that while control HEp-2 cells at 48 h postinfection contained large inclusions in which most particles were elementary bodies, the infected HEp-2 cells exposed to MdM contained small vacuoles with abnormal reticulate bodies and very few typical elementary bodies. Separation of the MdM from the HEp-2 cells by a membrane reduced the inhibitory effect of the MdM relative to that of MdM in direct contact with the infected cells. Addition of tumor necrosis factor antibodies to C. trachomatis-infected HEp-2 cells exposed to MdM (either in direct contact or separated by a membrane from the infected cells) reduced the inhibition of chlamydial DNA production. These data suggest the possibility that MdM may modulate C. trachomatis replication in vivo. PMID- 3182080 TI - Membrane glycoprotein M-2 protects against Leishmania amazonensis infection. AB - Previous passive antibody transfer experiments have indicated that immunity to a 46-kilodalton membrane glycoprotein (M-2) of Leishmania amazonensis may protect against infection with this parasite. In the studies described in this paper, we investigated the ability of the purified M-2 molecule to elicit a protective immune response in conjunction with Freund incomplete and complete adjuvants, saponin, and Corynebacterium parvum. Both relatively susceptible (BALB/c and CBA) and resistant (C57BL/6) strains of mice were examined. C. parvum appeared to be the most effective adjuvant in the three mouse strains tested. The level of protection varied with the mouse strain, although all animals received identical preparations of antigen and adjuvant. Immunization of CBA mice with the M-2 glycoprotein and C. parvum resulted in complete protection against a challenge infection of 10(4) and 10(6) late log-phase promastigotes of L. amazonensis. In the BALB/c strain, complete protection was observed in some of the immunized animals (28 to 50%); in the rest of the mice the onset of infection was significantly delayed. Protective immunity for C57BL/6 mice was observed only at the low infecting dose (10(4) L. amazonensis organisms). The level of protection observed is reflected by increased antibody response (immunoglobulins G1 and G2) developed to the M-2 molecule. The relationship of pure T-cell (nonantibody) immunity to this protection remains to be elucidated. PMID- 3182082 TI - Hormonal modulation of sex differences in resistance to Leishmania major systemic infections. AB - Differences in susceptibility to intravenously inoculated Leishmania major were observed in male and female mice of the BALB/cAnPt, DBA/2N, and DBA/2J strains and (BALB/cAnPt x DBA/2N)F1 hybrids. In all cases, males had significantly higher liver parasite burdens than females. Orchidectomy of BALB/c males resulted in a 20% decrease in the number of parasites in the liver compared with either normal or sham-gonadectomized controls. Additionally, testosterone treatment of female BALB/c mice resulted in an 88% increase in the number of liver amastigotes. These results suggest that the hormone testosterone can modulate systemic L. major infections in BALB/c mice. PMID- 3182083 TI - Elastase in the pathogenic free-living amoebae Naegleria and Acanthamoeba spp. AB - The data showed that pathogenic free-living amoebae contain the proteolytic enzyme elastase. The levels of enzyme were similar in Naegleria fowleri, N. australianis italica, and Acanthamoeba culbertsoni A-1. No difference was found between elastase levels in a highly pathogenic N. fowleri and those in the same organism which had lost pathogenicity as a result of long-term axenic maintenance. PMID- 3182084 TI - Plasmodium chabaudi malaria: protective immunization with surface membranes of infected erythrocytes. AB - Plasmodium chabaudi-susceptible NMRI and B10.A mice were vaccinated with host cell plasma membranes isolated from P. chabaudi-infected erythrocytes. Most of the mice were protected from the lethal consequences of challenge with the homologous parasite, although protection was unassociated with a reduction in the course or peak of parasitemia. Vaccination also induced the production of antibodies against Pc90, which is the immunodominant protein expressed by parasites in host cell plasma membranes. PMID- 3182085 TI - In vitro model for Campylobacter pylori adherence properties. AB - The adherence of 12 strains of Campylobacter pylori was studied on four cell lines. Immunofluorescence and scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to visualize the bacteria. A heavy adherence to the epithelial cell line HEp 2 and to the intestinal cell line Int-407 was noted. By transmission electron microscopy, a close association between bacteria and cells in the form of cup like structures was observed, but pedestals were not present. PMID- 3182086 TI - Serum selenium in acute infections. AB - We measured the serum selenium concentration in 64 patients with uncomplicated viral (n = 33) or bacterial (n = 31) infections during the acute state of infection, during the early convalescent phase and after a minimum recovery period of three weeks and compared it to serum iron values. Both selenium (mean +/- SEM: 70.3 +/- 2.3 micrograms/l vs 79.4 +/- 2.2 micrograms/l, p less than 0.0001) and iron (8.4 +/- 0.8 micrograms vs 16.7 +/- 0.9 micrograms/l, p less than 0.0001) concentrations showed significant depressions in the acute stage of infection compared with the values after the recovery. The reduction of serum selenium did not correlate with the severity of infection measured by fever. We conclude that acute infections decrease serum levels regardless of the infective agent. The changes are of interest because of the possible connection between selenium and the immune system. PMID- 3182087 TI - Bile levels of imipenem in patients with T-drain following the administration of imipenem/cilastatin. AB - Twenty-four patients undergoing gall bladder surgery and placement of a Kehr T tube were examined for imipenem pharmacokinetics in plasma and bile fluid following an intravenous short-term infusion (20 min) of 500 mg respectively 1000 mg each of imipenem and cilastatin. In group I (500 mg; 12 patients) a mean peak concentration in bile fluid of 10.5 mg/l (range 1.5 to 16.7 mg/l) was reached just after 10 min. 60 min after the end of infusion the imipenem concentration was between 8 and 9 mg/l. In group I the half-life of imipenem in bile was 0.84 h. In group II (1000 mg; 12 patients) the mean peak level in bile fluid was 1&.5 mg/l (range 3.5 to 51.3 mg/l). The half-life in bile was 1.24 h in this group. The data indicated that 4 h after the administration of either 1000 mg or 500 mg, imipenem serum and bile concentrations were markedly above the MIC values for pathogens expected to be found in infections of the biliary tract. PMID- 3182088 TI - Chemical and biological properties of a phenol-water extract from Leptospira interrogans. Evidence for the absence of lipopolysaccharide. AB - Leptospira interrogans, serovar copenhageni was extracted by the phenol-water method and the resulting preparation examined for chemical composition and endotoxic activity. Chemical analysis revealed that a number of sugars were present, however, the amount of lipid content was very low. Further, the preparation was devoid of characteristic endotoxic properties, like lethal toxicity, pyrogenicity and the property to induce the local Shwartzman reaction. The extract, however, was active in the limulus lysate gelation test and in the induction of monocyte activation. It is concluded that the leptospira preparation is devoid of endotoxin properties, both from the chemical and from the biological point of view. PMID- 3182090 TI - Peri-pancreatic abscess and septicemia due to Salmonella dublin in a hemodialysis patient. PMID- 3182089 TI - MRI in intraventricular neurocysticercosis: a case report. AB - A young Mexican female developed neurocysticercosis presenting as a lymphocytic meningoencephalitis with eosinophilia. Parasitic cysts in the fourth ventricle and pre-pontine cistern were well visualized by magnetic resonance imaging but not by computerized tomography. The meningoencephalitis recurred despite treatment with praziquantel and dexamethasone, and obstructive hydrocephalus eventually developed. The patient remains well one year after excision of the intraventricular cyst. This case emphasizes the distinct advantages of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of intraventricular neurocysticercosis, and the potential need for surgical rather than medical intervention in this condition. PMID- 3182091 TI - Use of ciprofloxacin in biliary sepsis. PMID- 3182092 TI - Concentrations of roxithromycin (RU 28965) in serum and in sinus mucosa. PMID- 3182094 TI - Serum immunoglobulin levels in Jewish patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 3182093 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among prisoners In northeastern Italy. PMID- 3182095 TI - Brucellar pericarditis. PMID- 3182096 TI - Ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole. AB - Ciprofloxacin has a reduced activity against anaerobic pathogens. Therefore, a combination of ciprofloxacin with an antimicrobial agent active against anaerobes, such as metronidazole, seems to be interesting for the treatment of mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections. High metronidazole concentrations (10 mg/l or 40 mg/l) neither affected the bactericidal efficacy of ciprofloxacin on aerobic pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis, nor on the anaerobic pathogens Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile, as demonstrated by kill-kinetic curves. The same high concentrations, as well as lower therapeutically achievable concentration (2 mg/l or 5 mg/l) of metronidazole in combination with ciprofloxacin were slightly more potent for the tested clostridia than ciprofloxacin or metronidazole alone. PMID- 3182098 TI - [Intraindividual comparison of the elimination kinetics of Lipofundin S and Intralipid in consecutive lipid tolerance tests]. AB - Two intravenous fat tolerance tests (IVFTT) were performed in 16 healthy volunteers and 8 patients suffering from hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). We compared Lipofundin S (Braun, Melsungen) with Intralipid (Kabi Vitrum, Stockholm), using both 10- and 20% concentrations. Time intervals between the tests were 1 h for the volunteers and 2 h for the patients with HTG, respectively. Fractional elimination rates were obtained from light scattering intensity of serum samples. They were significantly higher for Lipofundin S (9.61%/min for healthy men and 12.48%/min for healthy women) compared to Intralipid (7.09%/min for healthy men and 9.41%/min for healthy women). This difference occurred independently of (1) serum triglyceride concentrations and sex of the volunteers, (2) concentrations of lipid emulsions (10 vs. 20%), and (3) the test sequence (Lipofundin S or Intralipid first). This means that the elimination kinetics during an IVFTT are not influenced by a foregoing test. Similar features of both emulsion types were: (1) Faster elimination in women compared to men, and in healthy volunteers compared to HTG patients; (2) inverse correlation between fractional elimination rates and serum triglyceride concentrations. Fractional elimination rates of Lipofundin S and Intralipid were closely interrelated. Obviously there exists an intra-individually characteristic elimination capacity for exogenous triglycerides. PMID- 3182099 TI - Recommendations on dental mercury hygiene. Revision of FDI Technical Report No. 7. PMID- 3182097 TI - Carnitine supplementation and fat emulsion clearance and utilization. AB - The aim of the present work is to learn if intravenous administration of L carnitine accelerates the clearance of a lipid emulsion. Intravenous fat tolerance tests have been done on rats (0.4 g triacylglycerols.kg-1 B.W.). Measurement of the light scattering index of the plasma permitted determination of the exogenous lipid concentration and thus allowed to represent the clearance curve of the infused emulsion. It was found that prior administration of L carnitine (110, 160 or 560 mg.kg-1 B.W.) does not modify the clearance rate either of a long chain triglyceride emulsion or of a medium chain triglyceride based emulsion. The observed clearance in L-carnitine deficient animals, resulting either from intraperitoneal injections of D-carnitine (3 g.kg-1 B.W. for four days) or from a 6-months long diet of suboptimal amounts of precursor amino acids and vitamins for carnitine biosynthesis, was not reduced relative to the clearance in corresponding control animals. Also, the in vitro activities of the two enzymes involved in the clearance of the infused lipids, lipoprotein lipase (diaphragm and adipose tissue) and hepatic endothelial lipase, were unmodified by the L-carnitine. PMID- 3182100 TI - Criteria for placement and replacement of dental restorations: an international concensus report. PMID- 3182102 TI - The changing incidence of cancer in adults in New South Wales. AB - Data from the New South Wales (NSW) Central Cancer Registry comprising all new cases of cancer registered in persons aged 15 years and over for the 10-year period 1973 to 1982 were examined using log-linear regression to determine whether the incidence of cancer had been changing in NSW. Allowing for the altered age and sex structure of the population over this period, the annual incidence rate for all sites combined increased significantly by 1.7% in men and 1.0% in women. Cancers which had increased at a rate significantly greater than that for all sites combined were those of unknown primary site (8.7% per year), lung (in women only, 5.6%), kidney (4.5%), bladder (2.7%) and rectum (2.6%) and lymphomas (2.6%). Other cancers which showed a significantly increased incidence rate per se were testis (3.5%), larynx (3.2%), prostate (2.1%), colon (1.7%), brain (1.6%), leukaemias (1.3%) and lung (in men only, 0.7%). Cancers which had decreased significantly in incidence were those of oesophagus (-2.2%), cervix uteri (-2.0%) and stomach (-1.4%). No significant change in incidence over the 10 years had occurred for cancers of the corpus uteri, breast, ovary or pancreas. PMID- 3182101 TI - Immunochemical characterization of adenocarcinoma-associated antigen YH206. AB - The antigen recognized by MAb YH206 is mainly expressed in adenocarcinomas and is also detected in the sera of cancer patients (Hinoda et al., 1987). This antigen (antigen YH206) was chemically characterized and purified by column chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed a broad component in the high molecular-weight range which was clearly detectable by carbohydrate (PAS) but not by protein (silver) stain. Agarose gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of antigen YH206 indicated that it consists of a high-molecular-weight component (more than 2,000 kDa). Treatment of antigen YH206 with alkali suggested that the antigenic determinant consists of carbohydrate chains of mucin type. Density gradient ultracentrifugation revealed that the activity of antigen YH206 is localized at a density of 1.45 g/ml, suggesting that antigen YH206 is a mucin. Neuraminidase treatment of antigen YH206 indicated that the epitope is cryptic and contains an asialocarbohydrate chain. Once antigen YH206 has been purified by affinity chromatography, neither CA19-9 antigen nor DU-PAN-II antigen can be detected, although they were present at very high levels in the crude ascitic starting material; these last two are representative carbohydrate antigens which are widely used for serodiagnosis to detect adenocarcinomas. PMID- 3182103 TI - Elevated serum CA 125 levels prior to diagnosis of ovarian neoplasia: relevance for early detection of ovarian cancer. AB - To investigate the sensitivity of the CA 125 immunoradiometric assay for occult ovarian neoplasia, serum CA 125 levels were retrospectively determined "blind" in specimens collected from 105 women who subsequently developed ovarian neoplasia, and from 323 matched controls. The distribution of CA 125 levels was very different between the case and control populations (p = 0.0001) over the entire collection-to-diagnosis interval (range 1-143 months). Median CA 125 levels for all cases, and for those collected more than 24, 36 or even 60 months prior to diagnosis, were always 18 U/ml or greater, compared with a median of 10.9 U/ml for controls. Half of the cases collected within the 18 months preceding diagnosis had CA 125 levels of more than 30 U/ml and one-third had levels greater than 65 U/ml. About one-fourth of those collected prior to 60 months before diagnosis had levels above 30 U/ml. In contrast, approximately 7% and 0.9% of controls had levels in excess of 30 or 65 U/ml, respectively. Elevations occurred in cases eventually diagnosed with localized or advanced cancer, and with borderline or obviously malignant disease. These results provide an insight into the preclinical biology of ovarian neoplasia that may help in designing methods for early detection of this disease, and demonstrate the usefulness of the JANUS serum bank as a resource in evaluating serum tests. PMID- 3182104 TI - Epidemiology of HTLV-I in Gabon (Western Equatorial Africa). AB - In 1986 a survey to determine the distribution of HTLV-I infection was conducted in Gabon in a representative sample of adults and children. Five samples were taken in adults and 2 samples in children living in urban and rural areas. Samples were taken by the cluster sampling technique, i.e., clusters of randomly selected households. Sera were tested for IgG antibodies to HTLV-I by ELISA. ELISA-positive sera were retested by Western blot. The study comprised 1,874 adults and 684 children, all apparently healthy. In the adults the crude prevalence rates of anti-HTLV-I antibodies ranged from 5.0% in urban areas to 10.5% in the southern province. In rural areas, the age-adjusted prevalence rate (9.1%) was significantly higher than in urban areas (5.0%) (p less than 0.01). In children there was no significant difference between urban (2.4%) and rural (2.0%) prevalence rates. Prevalence increased with age but was not related to sex. This survey shows that HTLV-I infection is common in Gabon but varies considerably by region. PMID- 3182105 TI - Ovarian cancer incidence and mortality in Denmark, 1943-1982. AB - Trends in ovarian cancer incidence and mortality were examined using data from the Danish Cancer Registry and national mortality statistics respectively. The study population comprised 17,956 incident cases diagnosed between 1943 and 1982 and 11,904 deaths between 1953 and 1982 due to cancer in the ovaries, Fallopian tube, and broad ligament. A significant 50% increase in incidence occurred from 1943 to 1972, whereafter a slight decrease was observed. This rise could be ascribed entirely to an increasing incidence among women born between 1863 and 1898. No change was seen in women born after 1900. Analysis of mortality confirmed the increasing ovarian cancer risk among women born during the last century, but indicated that the risk of dying from ovarian cancer decreased with time among women born after 1900. The observed trends were compatible with cohort specific changes in fertility in Danish women born between 1890 and 1934. The effect of age on ovarian cancer incidence, overall and by histologic type, agreed well with previous findings. PMID- 3182106 TI - DNA flow cytometric analysis indicates that many breast cancers detected in the first round of mammographic screening have a low malignant potential. AB - An organized mammographic screening program covered 8,690 women from selected birth cohorts (aged 50-59) in the Tampere University Central Hospital district. Forty-four breast cancer cases were detected in the first round of mammographic screening, which is 3.7 times the expected annual number of new cases in this population. To evaluate the proliferative kinetics and biological properties of these cancers, DNA flow cytometric analysis was carried out in 37 of the screen detected cancers (SDCs) using 60 clinically detected stage I-II cancers and 30 screen-detected benign lesions as reference. DNA aneuploidy was observed in 17/37 (46%) of the SDCs as compared to 41/60 (68%) in the clinical controls (p less than 0.05), while all the benign lesions were DNA-diploid. The median S-phase fraction (SPF) in the SDCs was significantly (p less than 0.001) lower (3.5%) than in the clinical controls (9.6%). Differences in SPF persisted in subgroups defined by DNA ploidy and histological type. In stage-I SDCs the median SPF value (2.5%) approached that of benign tumors (1.9%). Our epidemiological and biological data indicate that the first round of mammography predominantly detects prevalent preclinical lesions, some of which are of very low malignant potential. At present such patients may often receive too extensive treatment. DNA flow cytometry could help in the identification of cases which could be treated, for example, by breast-conserving methods. PMID- 3182107 TI - Relationship between DNA ploidy, antigen expression and survival in renal cell carcinoma. AB - Tumor ploidy and expression of renal differentiation antigens as recognized by a previously described series of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (RC2, RC3, RC4, RC38, RC69, RC154 and G250) were assessed in 48 renal-cell carcinomas. A positive association was found between aneuploidy and development of metastases. Aneuploid tumors showed a loss of antigen expression more frequently than diploid tumors. This difference was statistically significant for antigens recognized by RC3 and RC69. Loss of RC154 reactivity was associated with increased metastatic potential. Clinical stage was the most powerful single prognostic variable but ploidy and RC3 reactivity carried additional prognostic information. PMID- 3182108 TI - Relations between pH, oxygen partial pressure and growth in cultured cell spheroids. AB - The pH gradients, oxygen partial-pressure gradients and growth curves were measured for 7 different types of spheroids. Growth curves were measured in liquid overlay culture and thereafter the spheroids were attached to cover glasses and transferred to a chamber for micro-electrode measurements. The spheroids were randomly divided for pH or pO2 measurements which then were made under conditions as identical as possible. The decreases in pO2 and pH, delta pO2 and delta pH were calculated as the difference between the values in the culture medium and the values 200 micron inside the spheroids. Each type of spheroid had a certain relation between delta pO2 and delta pH. The human colon carcinoma HT29, the mouse mammary carcinoma EMT6 and the hamster lung V79-379A spheroids had high values of the quotient delta pO2/delta pH. The human thyroid carcinoma HTh7 spheroids and the 3 types of human glioma spheroids had lower quotients. There was a tendency for fast-growing spheroids to have high quotients. Two extreme types of spheroids, HT29 (high quotient) and U-118 MG (low quotient) were analyzed for lactate production and oxygen consumption. The U-118 MG spheroids produced about 3 times more lactate and consumed about 3 times less oxygen than the HT29 spheroids. The differences in lactate production could not be explained by differences in the pyruvate Km values of lactate dehydrogenase. The results indicate that there are significant metabolic differences between the spheroid systems studied. PMID- 3182109 TI - Monoclonal antibodies against doxorubicin. AB - Hybridomas which secrete monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacting with doxorubicin (DXR), a widely used anthracycline cytotoxic antibiotic, have been obtained by fusing NSO/P3 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with DXR-BSA conjugate. The best producer among the several clones obtained was expanded and the secreted MAb (MAD2) purified and characterized. MAD2 cross reacts to varying degrees with anthracycline compounds such as some DXR analogues and derivatives, but does not recognize anthracene and anthraquinone structures, with the exception of weakly reacting Mitoxantrone. MAD2 and the panel of MAbs which are at present being purified may become a tool for studying the relevance of different domains of the anthracyclin molecule in terms of biologic activity. PMID- 3182111 TI - Comparative bioavailability of two tablet preparations of metronidazole. AB - In a randomized cross-over study, eight healthy volunteers received single 200 mg doses of metronidazole tablets (as either the May and Baker or Servipharm preparation) after an overnight fast. The bioavailability of these two preparations did not differ significantly as judged from the peak plasma concentration, time to peak plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve. Metronidazole was found to have a plasma clearance of 1.05 +/- 0.14 (s.d.) and 0.98 +/- 0.17 ml min-1 kg-1, a plasma terminal half-life of elimination of 9.15 +/- 1.01 and 10.35 +/- 1.59 h, and an apparent volume of distribution of 0.83 +/- 0.06 l kg-1 (the values obtained with the May and Baker preparation being shown before the Servipharm preparation in each case). PMID- 3182110 TI - Possible role of certain antioxidant enzymes in dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver carcinogenesis. AB - An investigation was carried out to establish whether the reduction in catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity, normally observed in liver tumours, is an early event and therefore of pathogenetic importance, or whether it is a late occurrence. Experiments performed on dimethylnitrosamine treated hepatectomized and non-hepatectomized rats show that the decrease in activity of these enzymes is entirely due to hepatectomy, since the tumour inducing doses of dimethylnitrosamine failed to provoke variations in the activity of these enzymes, in either normal or regenerating liver. PMID- 3182112 TI - Pharmacokinetics of centperazine: a new antifilarial agent. AB - Blood concentration compared with time profile of centperazine, obtained after intravenous injection of a 5 mg/kg dose in male albino rats, was analysed for various parameters. The data could be interpreted best in terms of the three compartment open model system. The drug exhibited 4.4 h of half-life, with an elimination constant of 1.65. Values for the area under curve and distribution volume were determined as 14.62 micrograms h/ml and 438 ml respectively. Only 10% of centperazine present in the central compartment was available for elimination at any one time. Mean plasma clearance value was found to be 72.87 ml/h/kg body weight. PMID- 3182113 TI - Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of ofloxacin in human subjects during a multiple dose regimen. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin was studied in normal male volunteers selected from a student population. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether ofloxacin accumulated in plasma after administering six oral doses of the drug. The drug was administered in 300 mg tablets at intervals of 12 h for a total period of 72 h. The results clearly demonstrated that a modest accumulation of ofloxacin was observed between the first and second oral intake of the drug (R = 1.4); thereafter a steady-state plasma concentration was maintained at all time periods tested during the study. Furthermore, there was a broad fluctuation of approximately 80% between the Cmax and Cmin in the plasma levels of the drug during a 12-hour dosing interval. Hence demonstrating that a constant dose, repeatedly administered at a constant time interval of 12 h, ensured a broad range of concentrations of ofloxacin plasma, bile and other tissues which should favour the therapeutic success of the drug. There was agreement between the results of these studies and those in hospitalized patients suffering from severe infections. Analysis of ofloxacin after multiple dosing regimens in these patients showed measurable concentrations of the drug in the various tissues examined; hence suggesting a relative good bioavailability of the drug, which presumably reflected the high degree of success rates in these patients. PMID- 3182114 TI - Influence of food on the absorption of flurithromycin in man. AB - Oral absorption of flurithromycin, a new fluorinated macrolide, has been evaluated on eight healthy volunteers on fasting and after a standard meal. Serum levels from 0 to 8 hours, peak serum concentrations, times to peak and areas under the curves were compared using a balanced sequence cross-over design. The highest mean concentration was reached after 3 h from administration on fasting (1.36 +/- 0.31 mcg/ml) and after 1 h following a meal (1.36 +/- 0.30 mcg/ml). All the pharmacokinetic parameters considered showed no statistical change. Therefore a meal does not reduce or delay the absorption of flurithromycin, while in the presence of food other macrolides may behave differently. Moreover the tolerability to the drug was good, lacking any report of side-effects, either on fasting or after the food. PMID- 3182115 TI - Bacampicillin, amoxycillin and talampicillin concentrations in bronchial secretions. AB - There are references in the literature describing the influence of bronchial inflammation on the antibiotic concentration in bronchial secretions, including netilmicin concentrations in the bronchial secretion of patients undergoing tracheotomy. Three semi-synthetic penicillins are compared--bacampicillin, amoxicillin and talampicillin--administered frequently in the treatment of various respiratory infections. The three antibiotics were administered successively for two days each, in the same patient, irrespective of other drugs. At the same time the cytologic evaluation of the degree of bronchial inflammation was done. The antibiotic concentrations in bronchial secretions and in sera were measured at the same time. The results showed that the concentration of antibiotics in bronchial secretions of patients undergoing tracheotomy was proportional to the degree of bronchial inflammation. Among the semi-synthetic penicillins investigated the highest degree of concentration in the bronchial secretion was obtained after the bacampicillin. PMID- 3182116 TI - The effect of antimicrobial prophylaxis for thoracic noncardiac surgery: thienamycin versus cefazolin. AB - A comparison was made of the use of thienamycin and cefazolin in antimicrobial prophylaxis of patients undergoing major thoracic noncardiac surgery. Fever and failure or success of prophylaxis were used as criteria. Both cefazolin and thienamycin were of the same value in cases of lung resections, while thienamycin was clearly superior in resections of thoracic oesophagus. PMID- 3182117 TI - Double-blind study with fenticonazole or bifonazole lotions in pityriasis versicolor. AB - The efficacy of fenticonazole 2% lotion was studied in patients suffering from pityriasis versicolor in a double-blind comparison with bifonazole 1% lotion, both applied once daily for three weeks. Forty-six patients were recruited and randomly allocated to one or other treatment group. Clinical and mycological examinations, performed at baseline and at weekly intervals, have shown an excellent response to both treatments. Two cases of mild transient desquamation were reported in the fenticonazole group. Fenticonazole 2% lotion appears active in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor and its efficacy is comparable to that of bifonazole. PMID- 3182118 TI - Rifampicin-isoniazid and delayed elimination of theophylline: a case report. AB - This paper reports a case of tuberculosis relapse and chronic obstructive lung disease treated with rifampicin and isoniazid. The subsequent introduction of slow-release theophylline therapy revealed a delay in the theophylline elimination kinetics resulting in a toxic plasma level. Interference with hepatic microsomal enzymes is considered to occur. PMID- 3182120 TI - Limb lengthening in achondroplasia by Ilizarov's method. AB - In achondroplasts limb lengthening can restore the normal proportion of the body. The Ilizarov method of limb lengthening has been used in 37 patients, 23 of whom have had an adequate follow-up after operation. In this technique the cortex of the bone is partially cut, leaving the medulla intact; the two bone segments are then subjected to distraction by means of a special apparatus. The bone tissue between the two segments starts regenerating and this allows a considerable increase in length. The results and complications are reported. It is considered that this method is based on sound principles and is free of major risks. PMID- 3182119 TI - Open cross-over comparison of tulobuterol and fenoterol in asthmatic adult patients. AB - The objective of this open randomized cross-over study was to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of a recently introduced beta-2 mimetic, tulobuterol, with fenoterol in asthma patients. The study length was four weeks with each drug, with a seven-day washout period between treatment courses. Spirometric tests were carried out every 14 days; laboratory tests and an electrocardiograph were performed at the beginning and end of each treatment course, and a daily diary of salbutamol aerosol use and adverse reactions was kept. Pulmonary function tests and registration of pulse rate and arterial pressure were performed on days 1, 14 and 28 of both treatment courses, before the morning dose and 3 h after administration of the drug. No statistically significant changes were detected in laboratory tests, pulse rate or arterial pressure. The only adverse reaction noted was transient tremor which appeared in three cases with tulobuterol and in two cases with fenoterol. Spirometric tests revealed increases in all parameters with both drugs, although in the comparison between groups no overall statistically significant differences were found. All patients required inhaled salbutamol with both of the drug treatments, and there was a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in its use during the fenoterol treatment course. With both tulobuterol and fenoterol, inhaled salbutamol was mainly used within 2 h before and 1 h after each dose. It is concluded that tulobuterrol (2 mg, twice daily) was at least as effective as fenoterol (2.5 mg, thrice daily), while its clinical effect was longer-lasting. It is doubtful, however, that it provides coverage for 12 h in the type of patients selected. PMID- 3182121 TI - Radiological score in the assessment of clubfoot. AB - The clinical appearance and the radiographs of 31 patients with 47 clubfeet taken before the start of treatment have been studied. In spite of making a careful clinical evaluation, 14 feet (29.8%) remained "borderline" and could not be definitely classified into the easy or resistant groups. The radiological score of the foot, which is an objective representation of the severity of the deformities at all important levels and in all planes, has been found to be an accurate and sensitive index which enables such a distinction to be made. PMID- 3182122 TI - [Sternoclavicular dislocations. Observations on the treatment and result of 49 cases]. AB - Over a period of 19 years, 49 dislocations of the sternoclavicular joint were treated. Two were epiphyseal separations. The dislocation was an isolated injury in only 41% of the patients. There were associated injuries to the scapula in 55% and to the thorax in 37%. Forty dislocations were anterior, 8 retrosternal and one merely unstable. Seventeen were treated by operation, 15 by closed reduction and 17 were left untreated. We have been able to review 55% of these patients with an average follow up of 6.7 years; 15 were between 2 and 6 years after injury, and 12 between 6 and 16 years. The end result was achieved by 3 months; 42% of patients had an excellent result, 58% were satisfied and 25% disappointed with the final outcome. Operative treatment gave 66% of excellent results, whereas immobilisation, particularly with unreduced dislocations, accounted for most of those judged unsatisfactory. Closed treatment should be undertaken initially, but if reduction is not achieved an operation should be carried out. If old unreduced dislocations are unsatisfactory they should be stabilised by myoplasty, or by excision of the inner end of the clavicle if the articular surface is damaged. PMID- 3182123 TI - Late displacement of Colles' fractures. AB - A prospective radiological study was performed on 170 Colles' fractures which were reduced and treated in plaster. Twenty-nine fractures, which displaced and which needed a further reduction and external fixation, were excluded. The mean length of the radius decreased during plaster treatment to the same position as before the initial reduction. Radial angular compression also increased significantly during treatment. Among the seventeen fractures which were malunited, twelve had definitely displaced after the 11th day. PMID- 3182124 TI - The sequelae of Osgood-Schlatter's disease in adults. AB - Seven adults with the sequelae of Osgood-Schlatter's disease presented after experiencing symptoms for an average of eight years. In four cases a true joint had formed between an ossicle in the patellar ligament and a facet on the tibia. Surgical treatment produced good results in all of the patients. Treatment differs from that in children in whom the epiphyseal lines are open. PMID- 3182125 TI - [Medial tibial pain in runners]. AB - Pain at the site of the tibial insertion of the flexor digitorum longus and the soleus near the middle third of the medial border of the tibia may be encountered in young athletes, who have usually started to run in late adolescence. Heel valgus, abnormal mid-foot pronation and excessive tibial torsion may be seen in association. The symptoms are brought on after excessive training. Radiographs may show cortical thickening at the site of the pain, and a bone scan may demonstrate a mild increase in the uptake of the isotope at this site. The pain appears to be related to a strain of the attachment of the flexor digitorum longus and the aponeurotic insertion of the soleus into the tibia. The pressure in the deep posterior compartment of the tibia is normal. Histological examination of specimens from the flexor digitorum longus may demonstrate ischaemic changes in the muscle. Treatment is based on an understanding of the biomechanics of the foot in running, modification of training methods and the use of suitable orthotics. If these measures fail, partial division of the aponeurotic attachment of soleus and freeing of the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus is usually successful. PMID- 3182126 TI - CT-scan in the diagnosis of patellar malalignment. AB - Fifty-one knees with patellofemoral symptoms, but with normal conventional radiographs, were studied by CT-scan. All but five showed evidence of malalignment, and when operated on had an abnormality of the articular cartilage. The authors conclude that in many cases a CT-scan is the best diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of disorders of the patellofemoral joint. PMID- 3182127 TI - [*primary osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle. Unicompartmental or total replacement?]. AB - We have inserted 18 Mod II unicondylar knee replacements for idiopathic necrosis of the medial femoral condyle. The age of the patients at operation averaged 72 years, with a range of 49 to 90. The average length of follow up at review was 4 years 6 months, with a range of 2 to 8 years. The only notable complication was deterioration of the lateral compartment if operation had produced overcorrection of the tibiofemoral angle. The stability, level of pain, range of movement and function was satisfactory in 95% of the knees. The average flexion obtained was 115 degrees, and was deliberately restricted to this level to diminish stress on the lateral side. It did not result in aseptic loosening. Most knee flexion deformities were corrected at operation. Laxity and instability before operation were usually due to bone loss rather than ligament insufficiency, and were corrected by the prosthesis. A varus deformity of more than 10 degrees, a flexion deformity greater than 15 degrees or femorotibial subluxation were not considered to be contraindications to this operation. PMID- 3182128 TI - Dorsal dislocation of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint. A case report. AB - A case of dorsal dislocation of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint is reported because it is a very unusual injury, and the literature is reviewed. PMID- 3182129 TI - [Plastic surgery of the ligament for chronic lateral instability of the ankle]. AB - Ten patients with chronic lateral instability of the ankle have been treated by operation using a homograft of preserved skin and scar tissue to reinforce the lateral ligament complex. The technique is simple and cheap. We have analysed the functional stability of the ankles after operation by E. M. G. and Cybex studies of the appropriate muscle groups when standing on an unstable platform and during normal gait. The passive tension of the ligaments is of greater value in stabilising the ankle than active contraction of the muscles. The peroneus brevis has an important action in opposing varus stress, and should be preserved rather than used for ligament substitution. PMID- 3182132 TI - Traumatic dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon. AB - An unusual case of traumatic dislocation of the tibialis posterior tendon, and our method of repair, is described. PMID- 3182130 TI - Desmoid tumours of the extremities. AB - The authors report seven cases of desmoid tumors of the extremities. A tumour less than a few centimetres in size is best removed by wide local excision. Large growths should also be excised, but efforts should be made to preserve the vessels and nerves, since malignant transformation and metastases do not occur. Irradiation therapy should be considered for tumours which are surgically inaccessible. The problems of differential diagnosis between a desmoid tumour and a fibrosarcoma are discussed. PMID- 3182131 TI - Septic arthritis in sickle cell disease. AB - We report a prospective study of fourteen patients with sickle cell disease who were suffering from septic arthritis. They made up 11% of 129 patients with orthopaedic complications of the disease. The infecting organism in eleven was a staphylococcus, with salmonella in only two. The severity of the condition and its sequelae are described. The best treatment is open surgical drainage and intensive chemotherapy. PMID- 3182134 TI - The unconscious history of Vietnam in the group: an innovative multiphasic model for working through authority transferences in guilt-driven veterans. PMID- 3182133 TI - Pycnodysostosis. Case report. AB - The clinical and radiographic features of pycnodysostosis in a 17 year old Tanzanian man are described. PMID- 3182135 TI - Twinship and alter ego selfobject transferences in group therapy with the elderly: a reanalysis of the pairing phenomenon. PMID- 3182136 TI - Keeping the group alive: dealing with resistance in a long-term group of psychotic patients. PMID- 3182137 TI - Group therapy in a public sector psychiatric clinic. PMID- 3182138 TI - Preparation of individuals for participation in a treatment group: development and empirical testing of a model. PMID- 3182140 TI - Response to Dr. Morris B. Parloff's critique ... PMID- 3182139 TI - Rejoinder to the critiques of "The experience of shame ... in group psychotherapy". PMID- 3182141 TI - Reply to E. E. Mueller on "Group psychotherapy in Japan today" (April 1988) PMID- 3182142 TI - Bereavement groups: techniques and themes. PMID- 3182143 TI - Understanding defenses in group psychotherapy. PMID- 3182145 TI - A systematized method for dream analysis in a group setting. PMID- 3182144 TI - Long-term cognitive-interpersonal group therapy for eating disorders. PMID- 3182146 TI - A model of group therapist development. PMID- 3182147 TI - Debunking "video magic". PMID- 3182148 TI - On group climate's principal dimension: affiliation. PMID- 3182149 TI - Comparative study of various immunomodulators for macrophage and natural killer cell activation and antiviral efficacy against exotic RNA viruses. AB - Several immunomodulators were compared for immunomodulatory and antiviral activity in B6C3F1 female mice. Our results demonstrate that murine recombinant gamma interferon (rIFN-G), human recombinant alpha A/D interferon (rIFN-A), ampligen (a polyribonucleotide) and CL246,738 modulate nonspecific immunity and are effective antiviral agents in vivo. Administration of each of these agents 1 day before cell harvest induced high levels of splenic natural killer (NK) cell activity against YAC-1 target cells. rIFN-G was also a potent activator of peritoneal macrophages (M phi), as evidenced by high levels of antitumor activity and changes in ectoenzyme phenotype that is characteristic of tumoricidal M phi. rIFN-A, ampligen and CL246,738 induced moderate to low levels of M phi activation by these criteria. In vivo protection experiments showed that repeated therapeutic treatment with rIFN-A protected mice against i.p. infection with Venezuelan equine encephalitis (an alpha togavirus, VEE), Banzi (a flavivirus) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Similar treatment with rIFN-G was effective against VEE and HSV-2, but ineffective against Banzi virus. A single prophylactic i.p. dose of ampligen 1 day before virus challenge was very effective against Banzi virus, moderately effective against HSV-2, and ineffective against VEE and Caraparu (a bunyavirus) infection. A single prophylactic oral dose of CL246,738 provided almost complete protection of mice against VEE, Banzi, and HSV-2, and also increased the mean survival time for Caraparu infected mice. Collectively, these results indicate that rIFN-A, r-IFN G, ampligen and CL246,738 may be useful in prophylactic or early therapeutic treatment of several serious virus infections. Since these agents stimulate NK cells and M phi, their antiviral activity may result, in part, from the alterations they induce in the natural immune system. PMID- 3182150 TI - A potent inhibitor of protein kinase C inhibits natural killer activity. AB - A potent inhibitor of protein kinase C(PKC), 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2 methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H-7), dose-dependently inhibited natural killer (NK) activity in large granular lymphocytes (LGL) pretreated at 37 degrees C for 30 min. However, neither N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H-9), which inhibits more effectively cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases than other kinases, nor N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5 isoquinolinesulfonamide hydrochloride (HA1004), which was used as a control for H 7, reduced NK activity. The inhibitor effect of H-7 was not due to changes in effector cell viability or target cell binding. We also found that H-7 suppresses PKC activity in both the cytosol and membrane fractions of LGL. From these findings, PKC is considered to play an essential role in the lytic mechanism of NK cell-mediated cytolysis. PMID- 3182151 TI - Suppressive effects of transdermal clonidine administration on contact hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs. AB - In the present study, immunopharmacological effects of clonidine-TTS on allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to non-related, established contact sensitizers were investigated in guinea pigs. First, to evaluate the hypotensive effect of clonidine-TTS in guinea pigs, intra-arterial blood pressure was recorded. After 4 days of treatment with one (or two) TTS per animal, a reduction of arterial blood pressure from 71 +/- 1 to 51 +/- 2 mm Hg was observed. We subsequently assessed the effects of clonidine-TTS on contact hypersensitivity reactions to 2,4 dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and 4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-oxazolone (Ox). This study indicates that clonidine-TTS suppressed the elicitation of contact hypersensitivity reactions. The observed immunosuppressive effect of clonidine may account for the relatively weak hypersensitivity reactions to this drug in experimental animal studies. Further studies are needed to determine whether such findings are of relevance to the clinical use of clonidine in patient populations. PMID- 3182152 TI - Effect of cytosine arabinoside on the human immunosystem: metabolism and cytotoxicity studied with mitogen-stimulated normal blood lymphocytes in vitro. AB - The toxicity, metabolic effects and metabolism of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) were studied with normal human peripheral blood PHA-stimulated mononuclear cells in vitro. Clinically relevant Ara-C concentrations were toxic against mitogen stimulated blood lymphocytes. Dose-dependent effects included: (i) increased cell loss, (ii) decreased DNA synthesis assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation, (iii) decreased blastic transformation, (iv) decreased protein synthesis assessed by 14C-leucine incorporation, (v) an inhibition of the production of new cells, (vi) a delay in the proceeding of the PHA-stimulated cells to the cell cycle, (vii) an arresting of the cells in the S-phase, and (viii), a dose-dependent decrease of the number of mitoses in Ara-C-treated cultures. The mode of cell death was of the delayed type. The toxicity of Ara-C was effectively reversed by an excess of deoxycytidine, but not by cytidine or other conventional nucleosides, which is highly suggestive that the molecular mechanism of Ara-C toxicity is based on its anti-metabolic role in the salvage pathway of biosynthesis of DNA deoxycytidine. In fact, we demonstrated that Ara-C is metabolized to Ara-CTP and to a lesser extent also incorporated into DNA in human PHA-stimulated lymphocytes. Ara-C significantly decreased its own uptake and DNA incorporation. On the other hand, uracil arabinoside, which was the major catabolic product of Ara-C, was not toxic to human PHA-stimulated T-cells. The antiproliferative effect of Ara-C against human T-cells resembled that previously demonstrated with various cancer cell types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182153 TI - Excretion of 3-methylhistidine and hydroxyproline following acute weight-training exercise. AB - Changes in urine excretion of 3-methylhistidine (3MH) and hydroxyproline (OHP) were investigated following a single session of weight training that produced delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). The subjects (n = 18) maintained meat-free diets for 6 days and collected 24-h urine volume on day 4 (PRE), day 5 (POST1), and day 6 (POST2) for analysis of 3MH, OHP, and creatinine (CRE). At the end of PRE, nine subjects (EX) performed intensive weight-training exercises. The remaining subjects (NE) served as a nonexercised group. All subjects were measured for fat free weight (FFW) and rated DOMS at the end of each urine collection period, i.e., PRE, POST1, and POST2. The results were significant DOMS ratings on POST1 and POST2 compared with PRE2 for EX only. Excretion of 3MH (x +/ SE in mumol/day) by group were, for EX, PRE 271 +/- 18, POST1 243 +/- 16, POST2 259 +/- 23; for NE, PRE 203 +/- 23, POST1 209 +/- 27, POST2 225 +/- 32. Excretion of OHP (x +/- SE in mg/day) were, for EX, PRE 30.0 +/- 5.4, POST1 32.8 +/- 6.4, POST2 29.6 +/- 6.1; for NE, PRE 22.5 +/- 5.2, POST1 21.6 +/- 6.0, POST2 22.7 +/- 6.0. Changes in urine 3MH and OHP were not statistically significant, whether analyzed in absolute terms or relative to CRE and FFW. It was concluded that the acute session of weight training which produced muscle soreness did not effect excretion of 3MH or OHP. PMID- 3182154 TI - Blood lactate accumulation during exercise in older endurance runners. AB - To delineate the possible age-related differences in blood lactate response during exercise and its relations to endurance performance, 34 male runners (aged 21 to 69 years) performed an incremental treadmill running test. There were no significant differences in training distance and relative body fat among younger runners (YR), middle-aged runners (MR), and older runners (OR). The 5-km run time slowed with age, but was ranked at relatively the same level in each age group. OR had a 23% (P less than 0.001) and 12% (P less than 0.01) lower maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and a 22% (P less than 0.001) and 11% (P less than 0.001) slower 5-km run time than YR and MR, respectively. However, mean VO2 corresponding to 4 mM of blood lactate (OBLA VO2) was the same among the groups when expressed as %VO2max (YR; 84.3%, MR; 85.9%, OR; 85.9%). Significant correlations were found between OBLA VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) and 5-km run time in each group (YR; r = -0.648, P less than 0.05; MR; r = -0.658, P less than 0.01; OR; r = -0.680, P less than 0.05). These results suggest that OR attain a given blood lactate level at almost similar %VO2max to YR and MR and that OBLA VO2 in OR is useful for evaluating an endurance performance as well as in YR and in MR. PMID- 3182155 TI - Effects of repeated exhaustive exercise on myocardial subcellular membrane structures. AB - The effects of a single vs repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise on myocardial integrity were evaluated in the rodent. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: a sedentary control, single swim-to-exhaustion, and seven consecutive daily swims-to-exhaustion groups (n = 5 in each group). Overall morphology was evaluated histologically and sarcolemmal (SL), sarcotubular (ST), and mitochondrial (MITO) membranes were examined ultrastructurally using transmission electron microscopy. Neither single nor repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise produced myocardial hypoxia, as assessed by MITO morphology. However, increased interstitial space as well as significant swelling (P less than 0.01) was observed in ST from both 1- and 7-day exhausted animals. These findings were not observed at all in control myocardium. Higher magnification (x 45,000) in some instances revealed whole disruption of sarcotubular membranes in myocardium from swim-exhausted animals. The incidence of membrane disruption was higher (P less than 0.01) in 7-day vs 1-day swim-exhausted groups and not observed at all in control rats. Although in no instance did we observe disruption of SL membranes, their convoluted nature in myocardium from both exercised groups indicated exhaustion-induced fluid and/or ionic shifts within the left ventricle. These findings provide a structural basis for the reduction in myocardial sarcoplasmic reticulum and MITO Ca++ uptake previously observed following repeated bouts of exhaustive exercise. PMID- 3182156 TI - Macronutrient content of a hypoenergy diet affects nitrogen retention and muscle function in weight lifters. AB - Weight lifters (WL) attempt to achieve a low body fat while maintaining fat free mass (FFM) and muscle function. Body composition and isometric muscular endurance were tested in 19 experienced male WL at the end of a weight maintenance and exercise routine standardization week. The subjects were assigned to either a control (C), moderate-protein (0.8 g.kg-1.d-1), high-carbohydrate hypoenergy diet (MP/HC), or high-protein (1.6 g.kg-1.d-1), moderate-carbohydrate hypoenergy diet (HP/MC). Both hypoenergy diets provided 75.3 kJ (18 kcal).kg-1.d-1. Apparent nitrogen balance (NBAL) was assessed using nitrogen in the diet, urine, and sweat. Body fat and FFM loss via hydrostatic weighing were not different between the hypoenergy groups. However, lean body mass (LBM) change as assessed by NBAL showed that the MP/HC group had an average negative NBAL of -3.19 g.d-1 while the HP/MC group had a positive NBAL of 4.13 g.d-1. Macronutrient mix did not affect biceps endurance, but quadriceps endurance declined for the HP/MC group during the experimental week. In conclusion, a hypoenergy diet providing twice the RDA for protein was more effective in retaining body protein in WL than a diet with higher carbohydrate but the RDA for protein. However, the lower carbohydrate of this diet contributed to reduced muscular endurance in these athletes. PMID- 3182157 TI - Effect of exercise on plasma renin substrate. AB - Effects of physical exercise on plasma renin substrate (RS) and plasma renin activity (PRA) levels were studied during short-term and prolonged exercise. Six healthy male volunteers performed a dynamic exercise test with exercise levels of 50, 100, 150, and 200 W for 4 min at each level. Measured with direct radioimmunoassay (RIA), which measures both intact RS and des-angiotensin I-RS (des-A I-RS), a significant increase in RS was seen during short-term exercise. RS measured with indirect (enzymatic) assay, which measures intact RS only, did not change, whereas PRA increased significantly. During prolonged exercise, a 75 km cross-country ski race, PRA increased more than two fold in ten healthy males participating in the study. Measured with direct RIA, RS increased by 22%, the corresponding increase in RS measured enzymatically was 10%. The increases in RS were not significant, however. It is concluded that the increased consumption of RS by rising PRA during exercise is counterbalanced by increased synthesis or release of RS by the liver or extrahepatic tissue. During prolonged exercise, liver production rate of RS apparently reaches a plateau which can be sustained for at least 7-8 h. PMID- 3182158 TI - Peak oxygen intake and hypoxia: influence of physical fitness. AB - Eight men and eight women each performed peak oxygen intake tests on a cycle ergometer breathing ambient air and a mixture of 12% oxygen in nitrogen (equivalent to an altitude of 4400 m) in the two experiments. Hypoxia induced an average 28% decrease of peak oxygen intake, with a somewhat smaller decrease of power output. There were also small decreases in peak heart rate, peak blood pressure, peak ventilation, and peak blood lactate concentration. The major part of the impairment in oxygen transport was due to a reduction of arterial oxygen saturation, with small contributions from the decrease in heart rate and the decrease of ventilation. Subjects in good physical condition suffered a larger decrement of oxygen transport than their more sedentary colleagues, probably due to an unfavorable ratio of peak diffusing capacity to peak cardiac output. However, in the short term, this handicap could be countered by hyperventilation, and such a tactic could probably improve athletic performance over moderate distances. PMID- 3182160 TI - Habitual physical activity, strenuous exercise, and salivary immunoglobulin A levels in young adults: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study. AB - Secretory IgA (S-IgA) levels in stimulated salvia were measured before and after a maximal treadmill test in a population of 175 young adults (84 men, 91 women). Habitual physical activity levels of this population were measured by a standardized interview, and scores were obtained for the amount of time and intensity of sports activities and total activity. Before the maximal treadmill test, men and women showed no statistically significant differences in the salivary concentrations of S-IgA, but the concentration of S-IgA in women decreased and in men increased statistically significantly (P less than 0.05) after the treadmill test. Only women showed a significant correlation between absolute values of S-IgA and the weekly amount of time spent on sports activity measured by a standardized interview expressed in minutes per week. PMID- 3182159 TI - Blood lactate during exercise: time course of training adaptation in humans. AB - We determined the time course of adaptation in blood lactate concentration ([La]) during constant-load exercise in response to training. Thirteen healthy subjects (11 males, 2 females) exercised on a cycle ergometer for 30 min/day at a work rate calculated to elicit 70% of pre-training VO2max, 6 days/week for 3 weeks. VO2max and blood [La] during constant-load exercise (training work rate) were determined at the end of each week of training. Training increased VO2max 8.5% (from 48.2 +/- 1.5 ml.kg-1.min-1 pre-training to 52.3 +/- 1.4 ml.kg-1.min-1 post training, P less than 0.01) and decreased constant-load blood [La] 53% (from 7.8 +/- 0.6 mM pre-training to 3.7 +/- 0.3 mM post-training, P less than 0.01). The training-induced reduction in exercise blood [La] was well fit to an exponential (5.5e (-t/2.2) + 2.3, r = 0.99) with a half-time of 10.7 days. However, this was not the case for the time course of VO2max adaptation. The absolute decrease in blood [La] was correlated with the initial blood [La] (r = 0.88, P less than 0.01), but changes in VO2max were not significantly correlated with initial blood [La] (r = -0.14) nor with changes in blood [La] (r = -0.02). We conclude that (1) blood [La] response to constant-load exercise decreases rapidly and exponentially with training, with a t1/2 of 10.7 days, (2) the magnitude of training adaptation is positively related to the initial blood [La], and (3) the time course and extent of the training-induced adaptations of blood [La] and VO2max appear to be independent of one another. PMID- 3182161 TI - Relationship between peak torque and total work in an isokinetic contraction of the medial collateral ligament insufficient knee. AB - The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between the isometric and isokinetic peak torques (speed of movement 0, 60, and 180 degrees/s) and the total work output of multiple contractions (180 degrees/s) of the quadriceps and hamstrings in 25 subjects having a chronic, complete insufficiency of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. At every test speed the Pearson product moment (r) and the Spearman rank (rs) correlation coefficients between the peak torque and total work were highly significant for both muscle groups in the uninjured (r = 0.75-0.96, rs = 0.72-0.95) as well as in the medially unstable (r = 0.79-0.93, rs = 0.76-0.92) knees. In both knees and in both muscle groups, the correlation coefficients increased toward the highest speed of the isokinetic movement, obviously since the total work was registered at that speed. The author concludes that in the medial collateral ligament insufficient knees the total work analysis offers little additional information to that attained by more simple measurement, the peak torque analysis. PMID- 3182162 TI - Satellite cell activation in human skeletal muscle after training: evidence for muscle fiber neoformation. AB - In subjects who had undergone monopedal bicycle ergometer work for 30 min 4 days a week for 6 weeks under aerobic conditions, biopsies from the M. vastus lateralis were studied in the light and electron microscope. In some cases very small myofibers with central nuclei were found. At the ultrastructural level, these fibers turned out to be myotubes. The satellite cells occasionally appeared to be activated and to fuse with muscle fibers. It was concluded that these observations represented evidence for the development of new muscle fibers. PMID- 3182163 TI - Influence of different experimental recreation treatments on sympathoadrenergic and metabolic regulation mechanisms in repeated exercises. AB - The influence of different recreation treatments on the sympathoadrenergic regulation, heart rate, mean blood pressure, plasma lactate, and glucose levels was investigated in a study in which the 1000 m distance was performed twice by top middle- and long-distance runners. Between the two runs, executed three times in an interval of 1 week, different regeneration strategies such as active or passive recreation as well as progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) with cognitive skill (Cl) were applied. The best running times in the second run were achieved after the PMR with Cl. After this treatment heart rate (HR) and mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) were not higher than in the other forms of regeneration, although the norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) increase was significantly higher after the second run compared with other treatments. The lactate and glucose levels in plasma were significantly higher after PMR with Cl than after active and passive regeneration. After the recovery period both metabolites decreased faster after PMR with Cl. The percentage of catecholamine sulfates of the total amount decreased after the first and the second run without significant differences between the three recreation treatments. PMID- 3182164 TI - Sympathoadrenergic influence on hormonal, metabolic, and cardiovascular functions during exercise. PMID- 3182165 TI - Determination of free and sulfoconjugated catecholamines in plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The determination of free and sulfoconjugated catecholamines (CA) in serum and urine with amperometric detection after HPLC separation is described. The reliability of this method has been extensively investigated. Since in men 69-90% of the total CA are sulfoconjugated, an enzymatic hydrolysis of these conjugates with arylsulfatase VI has been elaborated and optimized for a routine assay. The reproducibility with coefficients of variation between 1% and 3% for free and 5% and 10% for conjugated CA and recovery rates of 65%-75% for both were found. The calibration plots were linear between 10 and 5000 ng/l and the smallest detectable amount of CA was 0.1 nmol/l. The sample amount of 0.75 to 1.0 ml for free and 0.2 ml for conjugated CA was lower than with the extraction method (18) which needs 3 ml of serum. Using an automatic sampler, the sampling rate was 50 60 p.d. With the Al2O3 adsorption and the same buffer eluent system, L-dopa can also be detected at the same voltage of 700 mV. The values obtained for the HPLCA described method correlated well with those of the radio enzyme assays according to Da Prada et al. The HPLCA detection of free and sulfoconjugated CA in urine was carried out after an ion exchange column procedure on Biorex 70. The validity of the urine assay was at least as reliable as the determination of free and conjugated CA in plasma. PMID- 3182166 TI - Normal values of catecholamines in blood plasma determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. AB - Norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI), and dopamine (DA) were determined in the blood plasma of 122 subjects by high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection (HPLCA). The range of normal values in the supine position was 0.15-3.50 nmol/l for NE, 0.01-0.80 nmol/l for EPI, and 0.04-4.50 nmol/l for DA. The effect induced by inserting intravenous catheters, food intake, cigarette smoking, varying body positions, and sex differences are also presented in this paper. As a modified HPLCA method was used, we were able to examine a large collective group. Thus, it was possible to compare the results of other authors which have been found in smaller collective groups. PMID- 3182167 TI - Modified syntheses of dopamine-4-sulfate, epinephrine-3-sulfate, and norepinephrine-3-sulfate: determination of the position of the sulfate group by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. AB - With respect to the growing interest in sulfoconjugated catecholamines (CAS), reliable syntheses of those substances including high purification and unequivocal identification are required. For the syntheses of the 3-O-sulfates of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI), modifications of the methods of Stolz (12) and Arakawa et al. (1) were performed. Noradrenalone and adrenalone were prepared according to the method of Stolz (12) and sulfated by reaction with pyridine-sulfurtrioxide complex in dry pyridine at 60 degrees C. After reduction of these ketosulfates by sodium borohydride in dry pyridine, NE-3-O-S and EPI-3-O S were obtained respectively. We synthesized dopamine-4-O-sulfate (DA-4-O-S) by reaction of DA hydrochloride with pyridine-sulfurtrioxide complex in dry dimethylformamide at 20 degrees C (Harbeson et al., 1983). The highly purified products (DA-4-O-S, NE-3-O-S, EPI-3-O-S) were characterized by their melting points (mp), infrared spectra (IR), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), elemental analysis, and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). PMID- 3182168 TI - Hemorrhagic cellular leiomyomas ("apoplectic leiomyoma") of the uterus associated with pregnancy and oral contraceptives. AB - The clinical and pathological findings in 22 women with a distinctive hemorrhagic cellular (HC) leiomyoma of the uterus are described. Characterized by a dense cellularity accompanied by hemorrhage and edema, 17 occurred in women taking oral contraceptives, three occurred in pregnant women, and one was found in a woman 3 days postpartum. One woman, not pregnant or taking steroids, was using hydrochlorothiazide. Recognition of this special form of leiomyoma associated with the use of reproductive steroids is needed to avoid confusing it with leiomyosarcoma. The major differences with leiomyosarcoma are that HC leiomyomas are generally small, often multiple, and have discrete areas of hemorrhage and tearing artifact, but little or no atypia. Also, their mitotic activity is confined to a narrow zone adjacent to the hemorrhage. PMID- 3182169 TI - An immunohistochemical study of lymphoid tissue in human endometrium. AB - An immunohistochemical study of human endometrium has been carried out using a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against T cells and their subsets, B cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic reticulum cells, human leucocyte antigen class II, leucocyte common antigen, and proliferating cells. Normal endometrium at different phases of the menstrual cycle and abnormal endometrium were examined and the number of cells of each type was counted. Throughout the menstrual cycle, T-lymphocytes and macrophages form a significant proportion of the normal stromal population (mean 4 and 5%, respectively). They are seen in basal aggregates, scattered through the stroma, located between epithelial cells, and in gland lumina. B cells are rare except in basal aggregates. In late secretory phase, large numbers of T cells of an unusual phenotype appear (mean 16% stromal cells). These bear early (OKT 11 and 3A1) but not mature (UCHT 1, OKT 4, and OKT 8) T cell markers. They correspond to stromal granulocytes, which are prominent in paraffin-embedded tissue at this phase of the cycle. PMID- 3182170 TI - Glycoconjugate distribution in normal human endometrium. A lectin histochemical study. AB - A battery of nine lectins was applied to routinely processed endometrial biopsies to evaluate changes in glycoconjugate expression during the menstrual cycle and early gestation. Specific staining patterns emerged for glands, surface epithelium, predecidual and decidual cells, stromal granulocytes, and endothelium. Three lectins--wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ricinus communis-I (RCA I), and Concanavalin ensiformis (Con-A)--showed consistent binding to epithelial and stromal cells in the menstrual cycle. WGA and RCA were bound to gland secretions whereas Con-A labeled epithelial cytoplasm. These three lectins stained occasional stromal cells early in the cycle, but WGA and RCA marked granulocytes whereas Con-A labeled predecidua in the late secretory phase. Succinylated WGA had a distribution similar to WGA but lacked its consistency and intensity. In the menstrual cycle peanut agglutinin reacted with ciliated cells. In addition, this lectin along with soybean agglutinin and Dolichos biflorus labeled gland secretions in pregnancy. The remaining lectins, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutin and Ulex europaeus, marked some components, especially endothelium, but generally had less reactivity than the other lectins did. The results indicate that glycoconjugate production is correlated with the functional status of the endometrium. Presumably these glycoconjugates play a role in endometrial development necessary for nidation, and alterations in lectin distribution may reflect functional abnormalities not apparent by light microscopic study. PMID- 3182171 TI - DNA cytometry of pure dysgerminomas of the ovary. AB - The value of DNA cytometry for predicting the malignant potential of pure dysgerminomas of the ovary was investigated. Feulgen-thionin DNA image cytometry and propidium iodide DNA flow cytometry were performed in isolated nuclei from paraffin-embedded tissue of 25 dysgerminomas. Nineteen were in clinical stage Ia1, and six were in stage III (two in IIIa and four in IIIb). Eight patients showed recurrences during a 5-year follow-up period and one patient died of the disease. The DNA index (DI; the modal DNA value compared with that of normal cells) of the tumor cells was computed from the image and flow DNA histograms. Comparable DI values, ranging from 1.29 and 3.23, were found with both types of cytometry. No correlation was found with the clinical stage or the recurrence state. Furthermore, it was striking that, although values were found strongly deviating from the normal diploid content (DI = 1.0) suggesting an unfavorable prognosis, the survival rate was relatively high. It can be concluded that prediction of the clinical course of pure dysgerminomas by DNA cytometry does not seem feasible. PMID- 3182172 TI - An immunohistochemical study of primary ovarian sarcoma. An evaluation of nine tumors. AB - Nine cases of primary ovarian sarcoma were studied with a panel of 10 antibodies by using the avidin-biotin-complex immunoperoxidase technique. Original diagnoses included five mixed mullerian tumors (MMT) homologous type, two MMT heterologous type, and two pure sarcomas (PS). Cytokeratin immunoreactivity was observed in epithelial components of all MMTs, but was not observed in PS. Two tumors originally classified as MMT also showed cytokeratin positivity in spindle-cell components. All the PSs and the spindle-cell components in six of seven MMTs showed positive staining for vimentin. Positive staining for desmin and myoglobin was found in one MMT in which cells with cytoplasmic cross-striations were identified on hematoxylin and eosin sections. However, less differentiated rhabdomyoblastic cells also stained for desmin and myoglobin, facilitating their recognition. Immunoreactivity for epithelial membrane antigen was noted in well differentiated epithelial components of six MMT cases. One case stained with antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen, four with S-100 protein, five with alpha 1-antitrypsin, and four with muramidase. No staining of stromal hyaline droplets was observed with any antibodies. Because of the immunohistochemical staining pattern, two of the original diagnoses were changed. Application of immunohistochemistry to spindle tumors of ovary is discussed. PMID- 3182173 TI - High field resolution magnetic resonance imaging of malignant choroidal melanoma. AB - High resolution surface receiver coil nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the eye and paraorbital areas was performed in a patient with a malignant choroidal melanoma before and after local radiotherapy using ruthenium application. The resulting improvement in signal-to-noise ratio allows for a reduction in the imaging voxel size to 0.31 X 0.31 X 3 mm3 which provided useful morphological information with respect to delineation of tumoral mass. In the same MRI session using a standard head coil imaging method, T1 and T2 relaxation time values were calculated in regions of interest of 3 X 3 mm by means of transversal scan images of orbital and cranial tissues performed in scan times of 7 to 9 minutes. The procedure presented here combines in one single session high resolution imaging performance, previously unobservable in MRI and in other noninvasive imaging techniques, with fast and reliable measurement of T1 and T2 relaxation times within small regions of interest. MRI, a non ionizing technique, offers within reasonable acquisition times not only a good multiplanar description of the site, size and volume of normal and pathologic orbital structures, but, in addition, the prospect of soft tissue differentiation and of accurately documenting the response to and side effects of the therapy of ocular tumors. PMID- 3182174 TI - Pattern dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium with vitelliform macular lesion: evolution in ten years. AB - We report an unusual case of primary dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in which a vitelliform macular appearance was associated with reticular hyperpigmentation resembling the pattern dystrophies of the RPE. The entire evolution of the disease was observed and documented step-by-step during a 10 year follow-up. During the progressive change of the lesions morphologic characteristics of butterfly, reticular and macroreticular dystrophy as well as Best's macular dystrophy could be seen. Pathogenetic relationships between all of these dystrophies of the RPE can be supposed. PMID- 3182175 TI - Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa associated with exfoliation syndrome. AB - A case of a 71-year-old woman showing pigmentary degeneration of the retina associated with posterior subcapsular cataract in one eye, with a normal fellow eye, is presented. Clinical examinations of the patient were performed in order to rule out the various causes which are known to produce funduscopic features that mimic retinitis pigmentosa. Since these investigations were all negative, the fundus changes were interpreted as a unilateral retinitis pigmentosa. One year later, the patient was re-examined and an exfoliation syndrome was discovered in the affected eye, while the fellow eye was unchanged. An association of unilateral retinitis pigmentosa and exfoliation syndrome in the same eye can be regarded as exceptional. The possibility of a correlation of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the development of both conditions is discussed. PMID- 3182176 TI - Bullous retinal detachment in diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy. AB - Central serous choroidopathy can occur in an atypical, severe clinical expression also known as diffuse retinal pigment epitheliopathy. We report two cases in which this affection was complicated by a bullous retinal detachment of the lower quadrants. In one case the subretinal leaking point was photocoagulated. The evolution was favourable in both cases with resolution of the detachment and partial recovery of the visual acuity. PMID- 3182179 TI - Abstracts and selected papers: IV European conference of the International Society for Research on Aggression. Seville, Spain, April 20-24, 1987. PMID- 3182177 TI - The ocular ischemic syndrome. Clinical, fluorescein angiographic and carotid angiographic features. AB - The records of 43 consecutive patients (51 eyes) with the ocular ischemic syndrome (ocular symptoms and signs attributable to severe carotid artery obstruction) were studied in a retrospective fashion. Men comprised 67% of the group and the mean age at presentation was 64.5 years. In the anterior segment, neovascularization of the iris was observed in 66% of eyes and iritis was noted in 18%. Posterior segment signs included narrowed retinal arteries and dilated, but not tortuous, retinal veins. Mid-peripheral retinal hemorrhages were seen in 80% of eyes, posterior segment neovascularization was observed in 37%, and a cherry red spot was noted in 12%. Fluorescein angiography commonly revealed delayed choroidal and retinal filling, while electroretinography generally demonstrated a reduction in the amplitude of both the a- and b-waves. PMID- 3182178 TI - Test of the prevention of blindness health education programme for Ethiopian primary schools. AB - Trachoma is a major cause of blindness in Ethiopia and is widespread throughout the country. No health education for blindness prevention is conducted in schools even though 62% of the eligible children attend primary school. Because of the low cost and potential benefit of such a strategy, we developed a programme of health education for eye infections targeted to primary schools and tested it in the rural town of Metahara. Students were given examinations before and after the programme. Their knowledge improved from a mean score of 4.3/9 to 6.2/9 (p less than 0.005). The prevalence of moderate and severe Trachoma decreased from 12.1% to 3.3% (p less than 0.001) in one year, and the prevalence of conjunctivitis from 7.5% to 0.4% (p less than 0.001). Health education for the prevention of blindness in primary schools should be a priority in Ethiopia and yearly eye examinations of school children by local health staff should be reinstated. PMID- 3182180 TI - The potential of antiestrogens as centrally-acting antihostility agents: recent animal data. AB - Recent studies suggest that motivations for certain forms of masculine behavior including social aggression are mediated by central estrogen receptors. Two studies using antiestrogens in rodent species were performed. Intact male LH rats were given Tamoxifen or vehicle for 4 or 8 days. The three possible pairings were videotaped for 60 min. Intact male OF1 mice were given CI-680 or vehicle over 25 days. Similar pairings were carried out but some CI-680 or vehicle animals were paired with anosmic opponents. Encounters were videotaped for 10 min. In both experiments evidence was obtained that the antiestrogen markedly reduced time allocated to offense. Any variations in defense were a consequence of the level of attack to which animals were subjected. Neither compound greatly influenced the androgen-dependent sex accessory glands. Antiestrogens consequently have potential as antihostility agents in some forms of attack. PMID- 3182181 TI - Behavioral effect of scopolamine in cats. AB - An ethological study was performed on a colony of cats. Their spontaneous behavior was observed following the chronic administration of scopolamine hydrobromide (0.3 mg/kg/day). Forty-four behavioral units grouped under four categories--resting postures, individual actions, grooming and social interactions--were coded. A general decrease of the frequency of the tested behaviors was observed; this was particularly true of those behaviors in response to individual or social stimulus of an affiliative or agonistic type. The results were consistent with former reports in other species suggesting the changes in attention underlie this lack of response. PMID- 3182182 TI - Offense and defense after lateral septal lesions in Columba livia. AB - It is generally agreed that there are several different types of animal aggression that may be distinguished in terms of their neural organization and that discrete lesions, in particular brain areas, may affect one but not other types of aggression. In this study the effects of electrolytic, bilateral lesions in lateral septum on offense and defense were examined in pigeons. Subjects were tested by introducing an adult conspecific stranger into their home cage. A postoperative increase in offensive patterns and a long-lasting drop in defense were observed in the lesioned birds. Its remarkable resemblance to the effects of antianxiety drugs, as well as the difference between the behavioral effects of medial septal damage are also discussed. PMID- 3182183 TI - Effect of embryonic treatment with estradiol benzoate on the aggressive behavior of cockerels. AB - The purpose of this work was to study the effects of early embryonic treatment with estradiol on the aggressive behavior of cockerels, following castration and administration of testosterone or estradiol in adult life. Embryonal estradiol eliminated adult aggressive behavior. However estradiol activation after castration resulted in typical male cock fighting. PMID- 3182184 TI - Changes in the aggressive behavior of cats treated with amphetamine. AB - Male, adult cats were tested in three different experimental conditions which might lead to aggressive display: (1) Cat-mouse interaction, (2) Predatory competition between two mice killers, (3) Conspecific interactions. DL amphetamine in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg was administered every day for three weeks to one group of cats, whereas the other group was treated with saline. The following results were observed in amphetamine treated cats: (1) Inhibition or at least a prolonged latency of predatory attack, (2) loss of the dominant status, (3) total lack of offensive behavior and decrease of defensive postures. The results indicate that amphetamine in moderate doses acts to inhibit predatory attack and aggressive behavior in social situations. PMID- 3182185 TI - Skin penetration of CoQ10 in the rat. AB - Skin penetration of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) was investigated after topical treatment in the rat. The drug was suspended in olive oil and administered at two different concentrations. Coenzyme levels were found to be directly related to the concentrations employed and the contact time. CoQ10 topical treatment might therefore be proposed as a good pharmacological tool in dermatology and cosmetology. PMID- 3182186 TI - A possible role of the creatine phosphate-creatine pool in the regulation of the adenylate pool. AB - Human lymphoblastoid Raji cells and mouse hybridoma ascites cells incubated with 20 mM creatine showed significant increases in creatine, creatine phosphate and adenine nucleotide levels and in the energy charge. In human erythrocytes in which no variation of the creatine phosphate-creatine pool was observed because of a very low creatine kinase activity, the adenine nucleotide pool and the energy charge were not modified. These observations suggest not only a relationship among the creatine phosphate-creatine pool, the energy charge and the adenylate pool, but also the possibility to increase the energy charge and the adenylate pool in cells with creatine kinase activity by expanding the creatine phosphate-creatine pool. PMID- 3182187 TI - HEV-like vessels in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. AB - High endothelial venules (HEV) are vessels characteristic of lymph nodes specialized for promoting lymphocyte migration between blood and the nodal parenchyma. The studies outlined in this article constitute an overview of work done in my laboratory to investigate some functional aspects of HEV and a group of venules that develop in sites in lymphocyte accumulation in non-lymphoid tissues which resemble HEV in many ways and are therefore known as HEV-like vessels. This is followed by a hypothesis to explain the development of HEV-like vessels and its importance for lymphocyte traffic. PMID- 3182188 TI - Plasma and tissue concentrations of coenzyme Q10 in the rat after its oral administration. AB - Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) kinetics was investigated in rat tissues after oral treatment. CoQ10 passes quickly from plasma into the tissue examined, reaching levels higher than physiological ones; the liver shows the maximal CoQ10 concentrations. Our results indicate that oral treatment makes it possible to obtain good tissue levels of CoQ10 that might be of clinical value against endogenous CoQ10 insufficiencies due either to pathological alterations and/or to drug administration. PMID- 3182190 TI - WHO/ILO: statement on AIDS in the workplace. PMID- 3182189 TI - Plasma and tissue concentrations of coenzyme Q10 in the rat after intravenous administration by a microsphere delivery system or in a new type of solution. AB - Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) distribution into rat liver, heart, kidney, and plasma was investigated after intravenous administration in microsphere delivery system and in solution. The liver represented the target organ for this compound in both cases. Higher plasma levels of CoQ10 were achieved after solution treatment. No significant differences were detected in the other tissues examined. PMID- 3182191 TI - Dispelling nurses' fears about primary health care. AB - While many nurses react positively to the Primary Health Care movement, some continue to express doubt and criticism. For example, in the May 1987 issue of the Dutch nurses' association's journal Het Beterschap, a nurse stated frankly that she was afraid that primary health care (PHC) would destroy the knowledge and skills of present maternity care personnel. She specifically asked that this aspect of the subject be covered at the association's upcoming PHC congress in September. The following lecture given at the congress answers this request for more light on the subject, after the presentation of relevant findings to back the argument for the nursing profession's need to adapt to patients' present needs--i.e. primary health care. PMID- 3182192 TI - WHO recognizes changing role of nurses. PMID- 3182193 TI - Following the leaders in Health for All. AB - "Leadership Development for Health for All," the theme of the technical discussions at the 41st World Health Assembly in May, was explored by leaders in health and health-related fields, including eminent persons from all walks of life and decisionmakers from the national to the community level. Two prominent nurses were among those who led the debates: Dame Nita Barrow, Permanent Representative of Barbados to the UN, who chaired the discussions, and Eunice Muringo Kiereini, Chairperson of the African Regional Nursing Task Force, who moderated the working group on educational institutions. The principal thrust of the discussions was to engage these leaders in a lively debate, specifically on the issues evolving from three major questions: 1) Why leadership is needed for health for all? 2) What can leadership do in support of health for all? and 3) How can leadership be developed and enhanced? Excerpts from their main conclusions follow. PMID- 3182195 TI - Scotopic threshold response (STR) of the human electroretinogram. AB - We recorded the human ERG using full-field stimuli at light intensities near absolute threshold to examine characteristics of the scotopic threshold response (STR). The human STR was seen below PII threshold and was the only component of the ERG evident near absolute rod psychophysical threshold. The human STR was detectable in the corneal ERG at stimulus intensities 0.6-1.0 log units above psychophysical threshold and had about a 2 log unit range to apparent saturation. Maximum STR amplitude was 12-20 microV. The STR latency ranged from 100-185 msec, depending on stimulus duration and intensity. The STR returned to baseline by 300 msec after onset, for very brief flashes, but it was prolonged with longer flashes. The spectral characteristics of the human STR matched rods and not cones. The STR followed Bloch's law and exhibited temporal integration for at least 80 msec. At 2.5-3 log units above visual threshold, corneal positive PII (b wave and d.c. component) progressively obscured the negative STR. We propose that the human STR reflects post receptor processing in the retina. This is based on the similarity of the human STR to the STR of the cat and monkey, both of which originate at postreceptoral sites. Thus the human STR may find clinical use to evaluate the rod pathway in the proximal retina. PMID- 3182194 TI - S-antigen in a hereditary visual cell disease. Immunocytochemical and immunological studies. AB - S-antigen is a photoreceptor-specific and potentially autoantigenic protein. Using light microscopic immunocytochemistry, the localization of S-antigen was studied in the retinas of normal dogs and Irish setters affected with rod-cone dysplasia, a hereditary retinal degeneration characterized by abnormal cGMP metabolism and arrested outer segment differentiation. Normal and affected dogs were also tested for the presence of humoral and cellular immunity to S-antigen. S-antigen was present in both rods and cones during inner and outer segment differentiation, but there was an apparent loss of immunoreactivity in cones as the retina matured. The developmental appearance and localization of S-antigen in affected retinas was similar to that of normals. S-antigen immunoreactivity decreased during the early stages of rod loss (39-57 days), but was still present in photoreceptor somata in the late stages of retinal degeneration. No significant difference was found between normal and affected setters in humoral immunity to S-antigen, indicating that it probably does not stimulate autoimmunity in red 1. Because normal dog lymphocytes failed to respond when sensitized to bovine S-antigen, cellular immunity to S-antigen in this disease cannot be ruled out. PMID- 3182197 TI - Effects of oxygen rearing on the electroretinogram and GFA-protein in the rat. AB - Albino rats were maintained in 60% oxygen from birth through 14 days of age. Control rats were simultaneously maintained in room air. At the end of the exposure period some animals from both groups were prepared for electroretinography and, following this analysis, were sacrificed for histological scrutiny of retinal vasculature. The rest of the rats were removed to room air and allowed to remain for various periods of time before electroretinography and sacrifice. Some of the retinas from the latter group were analyzed for the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by immunocytochemistry. Oxygen exposed rats had a permanent reduction of the b-wave of the electroretinogram (ERG). The a-waves of the two groups were indistinguishable. Control rats showed GFAP reactivity in the retinal astrocytes at all times. The oxygen-treated rats showed positive GFAP-staining in astrocytes at all times and in Muller cells from 2 weeks post-treatment through 8 weeks post treatment, the last time point. Immunoblot analysis confirmed that the anti-GFAP reacted with a protein having a molecular weight and solubility characteristics like those of GFAP. These results indicate that Muller cells produce GFAP in response to oxygen-rearing in newborn rats and that this production occurs in the absence of any detectable neuronal cell death. PMID- 3182196 TI - Aspartate separation of the scotopic threshold response (STR) from the photoreceptor a-wave of the cat and monkey ERG. AB - We recorded ERG responses at the cornea of cat and monkey and identified the initial negative wave elicited by very dim stimuli as the scotopic threshold response (STR) comparable to that previously recognized by intraretinal recordings of cat. The STR, but not the photoreceptor a-wave, was eliminated by intravitreal aspartate in both cat and monkey, which demonstrated that the STR origin was post-photoreceptoral. Intraretinal recordings before and after aspartate confirmed that the a-wave of cat with bright light was fast-PIII from photoreceptors, and further showed that there was minimal or no extracellular activity recordable near the photoreceptors with very dim stimuli after aspartate. This study showed practical ways to separate the STR from the photoreceptor a-wave in corneal records, by the range of stimulus intensity (STR with dim stimuli; photoreceptor a-wave with bright stimuli) and by response latency (STR, long latency; photoreceptor a-wave, short latency). These recordings provide the first evidence that the monkey has an STR, and that it is post-photoreceptoral like the STR of cat. Further, this provides support to consider that the corneal negative STR wave of the human ERG with dim light may also be post-photoreceptoral. PMID- 3182198 TI - Oscillatory potentials in electroretinograms of the human macular region. AB - Using focal stimuli, we successfully recorded oscillatory potentials (OPs) in electroretinograms of the macular regions of 72 normal volunteers. The OPs consisted of three to four wavelets with a mean peak interval of approximately 6.5 msec, consistent with that recorded with conventional full-field stimuli over the entire retina. The changes of amplitude in response to the spot sizes and ring stimuli suggested that the distribution of OPs is different from that in a- and b-waves in human macular region. PMID- 3182199 TI - Experimental ocular onchocerciasis in cynomolgus monkeys. II. Chorioretinitis elicited by intravitreal Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae. AB - Chorioretinitis due to onchocerciasis is a major cause of blindness, and the pathogenesis is poorly understood. We have developed an experimental model for onchocercal chorioretinitis using cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Two normal monkeys and two monkeys which had received prior sensitization with subcutaneous injections of live Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae were given intravitreal injections of either 0, 10, 50 or 500 live microfilariae. Posterior segment changes included disc edema, venous engorgement, retinal vasculitis, intraretinal hemorrhage, and progressive retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) disturbances. Histopathological findings included perivascular infiltrates with eosinophils, eosinophilic choroiditis, and RPE hypertrophy, hyperplasia and loss of pigment. Microfilariae in the retina had no surrounding inflammation but were found adjacent to areas of RPE alterations. Overall the inflammatory reaction in the two unsensitized monkeys was more severe than that seen in the sensitized monkeys. The retinal appearance of the monkeys resembled that found in human onchocerciasis, and this model appears to be a promising one for future investigations. PMID- 3182200 TI - Volume flow across the isolated retinal pigment epithelium of cynomolgus monkey eyes. AB - The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid was isolated from cynomolgus monkey eyes with experimental retinal detachments and the volume flow was determined in vitro using Ussing-type chambers. With zero pressure difference across the membrane, retina-to-choroid volume flow was 5.0 microliter/hr/cm2 in eyes with subacute retinal detachments (1-2 weeks). In eyes with chronic retinal detachment (8-20 months), the flow was 7.3 microliter/hr/cm2. Volume flow was not affected by the elimination of ambient bicarbonate. Transepithelial potential difference and resistance were 8.9 mV, retinal side positive, and 339 ohm-cm2, respectively, in chronic retinal detachments. It is concluded that there is a posteriorly directed flow of fluid across the RPE in cynomolgus monkey eyes with chronic retinal detachments. PMID- 3182201 TI - Isolation and long-term cultivation of human corneal endothelial cells. AB - Human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) were isolated by means of enzymatic treatment of excised corneas. The corneas were incubated for 1.5 hr together with a high concentration of collagenase (0.5%), followed by a long-term incubation (up to 16 hr) using a low concentration of the enzyme (0.04%). Endothelial cells were enriched against contaminating fibroblasts by using a selective L-valine free medium which inhibited fibroblast growth during the first passages. Subcultures of HCEC were passaged for more than 20 generations without showing signs of senescence. Laminin and chondroitin sulfate functioned as a substrate for HCEC, promoting proliferation and allowing the cells to grow in monolayer formation. The inclusion of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) as well as chondroitin sulfate in the medium led to an additional increase in the rate of proliferation. PMID- 3182202 TI - Response of ocular surface epithelium to corneal wounding in retinol-deficient rabbits. AB - The purpose of this study was to explore the nature and time course of the functional effects of early retinol deficiency on the ocular surface epithelium. To this end, the conjunctival epithelial healing rate, mitotic rate, and goblet cell frequency were determined following experimental ocular surface epithelial wounding in 15 rabbits sustained on a retinol-deficient diet and in 12 pair-fed controls. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 7, and 14 days after wound closure. The mean serum retinol level (+/- SEM) prior to wounding was 6.0 +/- 0.9 microgram/dl for the group fed the deficient diet. The mean serum and liver retinol levels for this group following defect closure were 4.0 +/- 0.5 micrograms/dl and 0 micrograms/g, respectively. These values are all significantly less than the analogous respective control values of 83.2 +/- 2.4 micrograms/dl, 77.6 +/- 2.3 micrograms/dl and 35.1 +/- 3.0 micrograms/g (P less than 0.001 for each pair, student t-test). In the retinol-deficient animals, the unwounded eyes had an abnormally high rate of conjunctival epithelial cell mitosis, the earliest ocular surface cellular abnormality detected. Hypermitosis of the unwounded corneal epithelium was also noted, though somewhat later than in the conjunctiva. Epithelial wound healing was delayed considerably in the retinol deficient group, with only 33% of eyes in this group healed within the same time period as the controls (P less than 0.05, Chi-square). Normal numbers of goblet cells were noted in the conjunctiva of retinol-deficient animals, despite at least 5, and up to 8 weeks of profoundly depleted retinol stores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182203 TI - Corneal endothelial changes following minor trauma. AB - The healing processes that occur when corneal endothelial cells are subjected to only mild trauma are not known. To study these processes we have developed a system that enables only a few endothelial cells to be traumatized or destroyed under continuous specular microscopic observation in vitro. Experiments in which a small group of cells were traumatized by gentle wounding with a microglass tip produced an immediate and distinct dark area having the same size as the tip. Using this method we have produced and observed two types of wound by controlling the force of wounding. The first type of wound, produced by a gentle touch, recovered within 1 hr. The second type of wound, produced by moderate touch, took about 24 hr to recover completely from the trauma. In the second type of wound, we observed migration, elongation, coalescence and mitosis during the healing process. Histological examination revealed that in the first type of wound, the cells remained intact with no apparent damage seen by vital staining and light microscopy. For the second type of wound, the cells were completely missing although there was no apparent damage to Descemet's membrane. PMID- 3182204 TI - Short-pulsed neodymium-YAG laser trabeculotomy. An in vivo morphological study in the human eye. AB - The in vivo response to short-pulsed Nd-YAG laser damage to the trabecular meshwork has not been studied in the human eye. The nature of the response will determine the potential efficacy of this treatment for glaucoma. We have investigated short-pulsed laser trabeculotomy lesions created in the trabecular meshwork of four human eyes within 18 hr prior to enucleation for intraocular melanoma. Scanning electron micrographs showed irregular craters (150-300 micron diameter) in the trabecular meshwork surrounded by trabecular beams which were splayed towards the anterior chamber. The adjacent damage to trabecular and corneal tissues was characterized by denudation of endothelial cells and deposition of debris. Light and transmission electron micrographs of the edge of the trabeculotomy lesions revealed fragmentation of the endothelial cells and splitting of the trabecular beams. Preservation of normal morphology was noted in the deeper tissues within 50 micron of the edge of the crater. Neutrophils were present within 20 min of laser treatment whilst macrophages characterised the inflammatory response at later stages. Perforation of the canal of Schlemm was only obtained with lesions in the middle of the trabecular meshwork but not with lesions placed more anteriorly. PMID- 3182205 TI - Effect of phorbol esters on rat lacrimal gland protein secretion. AB - To identify a role for protein kinase C in lacrimal gland protein secretion, we incubated rat exorbital lacrimal gland acini in the ester 4-beta-phorbol 12, 13 dibutyrate (beta-phorbol dibutyrate), its inactive isomer 4-alpha-phorbol 12, 13 dibutyrate (alpha-phorbol dibutyrate), and the diacylglycerol analog 1,2-oleoyl acetylglycerol (OAG). We determined protein secretion by measuring the activity of peroxidase, a protein secreted by lacrimal gland acini. beta-phorbol dibutyrate, but not alpha-phorbol dibutyrate, stimulated peroxidase secretion in a concentration-dependent manner with 3 X 10(-8) M producing maximal secretion. OAG (10(-6) M) also stimulated peroxidase secretion. To determine whether muscarinic and alpha 1-adrenergic agonists activate protein kinase C, we added beta-phorbol dibutyrate (10(-7) M) simultaneously with carbachol (10(-5) M) or phenylephrine (10(-4) M); under both conditions, secretion was less than additive. Protein secretion in the presence of beta-phorbol dibutyrate (10(-7) M) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) (10(-8) M), the latter that acts through cAMP, was additive, and when the beta-phorbol dibutyrate but not the VIP concentration was decreased to 10(-8) M, secretion was potentiated. We conclude that muscarinic and alpha 1-adrenergic agonists, but not VIP, stimulated lacrimal gland protein secretion by activating protein kinase C. PMID- 3182206 TI - Voluntary effort as a stimulus to accommodation and vergence. AB - Voluntary effort can be used to elicit changes in accommodation and vergence. We investigated the potential cross-coupling interactions of accommodative vergence/accommodation (AC/A) and vergence accommodation/vergence (CA/C) in response to voluntary effort. The responses of accommodation and vergence were measured simultaneously with a dual Purkinje image eye tracker and infrared optometer while subjects viewed a Maltese cross monocularly through a pinhole pupil and made voluntary efforts to imaginary changes in target distance. The accommodation and vergence evoked by voluntary efforts occurred in a ratio that was similar to the response AC/A ratio and different from the response CA/C ratio. One exceptional subject was found who could voluntarily accommodate with one eye occluded without the usual concomitant change in vergence. These results indicate that it is primarily the focusing response that is adjusted during voluntary efforts in the near response. PMID- 3182207 TI - Effect of plasma osmolality and intraocular pressure on fluid movement across the blood-retinal barrier. AB - The inward permeability of the blood-retinal barrier to carboxyfluorescein was determined in monkey eyes with and without rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD). In the absence of changes in the diffusional permeability of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), inward permeability changes reflect changes in fluid flow across the RPE. Intravenous injection of mannitol resulted in a 15 mosmol/kg increase in plasma osmolality which decreased inward permeability 37% in eyes with RD and 21% in eyes with vitrectomy alone. When the intraocular pressure was raised 20 mm Hg above normal, inward permeability decreased 29% in eyes with RD and 32% in normal eyes. It is concluded that fluid flow across the blood-retinal barrier is influenced by both plasma osmolality and intraocular pressure. PMID- 3182208 TI - Effect of ouabain on lens equatorial currents. AB - The equatorial potassium current measured with the vibrating probe is a segment of the potassium electrical loop. The equatorial current, J, was measured simultaneously with the PD and with the response to an injected current, I. The injection of sufficient inward current, I, made the PD more negative and increased the electrical gradient so that the current J became zero. The PD at which this occurs (PDJ-0) is the reversal potential. Following treatment with ouabain, the PD and PDJ-0 both become less negative. Since the driving force for the current, J, is equal to the difference between PD and PDJ-0, J may increase, stay the same or decrease depending on the relative changes in PD and PDJ-0. In the presence of ouabain, the PDJ-0 changes in parallel with or more rapidly than the PD. PMID- 3182210 TI - Photokeratitis: laboratory versus solar exposure. PMID- 3182209 TI - The complement system in sclera. AB - Sclera from donor globes was eluted in phosphate-buffered saline at 4 degrees C for 24 hr. Hemolytic assays were used to measure functional C1, C4, C2, C3, C5 and C6 in scleral eluates. Radial immunodiffusion was used to measure Factor B, a component of the alternative complement pathway, and albumin in scleral eluates. Molecular weight appeared to be a factor in determining the hemolytic activities of complement components C1-C6 in the sclera, because complement components with higher molecular weights had lower percentages of hemolytic activity in sclera relative to serum, while complement components with lower molecular weights had higher levels of hemolytic activity in sclera relative to serum. The sclera contains complement which could be activated by immune complexes that may be important in the pathogenesis of scleritis. PMID- 3182211 TI - Abstracts: 36th annual meeting of the Association of University Radiologists. New Orleans, Louisiana, April 17-21, 1988. PMID- 3182212 TI - Current status of radiology image management systems. PMID- 3182213 TI - Computer-aided detection of microcalcifications in mammograms. Methodology and preliminary clinical study. AB - The authors investigated the feasibility of using computer methods for automated detection of clustered microcalcifications on clinical mammograms. A new difference-image approach using a matched filter/box-rim filter combination effectively removed the structured background from the image. A locally adaptive gray-level thresholding technique was then used for extraction of the signals from the resulting difference image. Signal-extraction criteria based on the size, contrast, number, and clustering properties of microcalcifications were next imposed on the detected signals to distinguish true signals from noise or artifacts. The detection accuracy of the computer scheme was evaluated by means of a free response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis. It was found that, for simulated subtle microcalcifications superimposed on normal mammograms, the difference-image approach with a matched filter/box-rim filter combination could yield a true-positive cluster detection rate of 80% at a false positive detection rate of one cluster per image. In a study of 20 clinical images containing moderately subtle microcalcifications, the automated computer scheme obtained an 82% true-positive cluster detection rate at a false-positive detection rate of one cluster per image. These results indicate that the automated method has the potential to aid radiologists in screening mammograms for clustered microcalcifications. PMID- 3182214 TI - Sources of error in arterial morphometric measurements. AB - The authors used radiopaque vascular casts to test a new computer-based analysis method that employs a densitometric profile to determine arterial diameters. Results from this method were compared with those obtained with caliper measurements of overhead projection images of the radiograph and direct caliper measurements of the vascular cast. In addition, the corresponding in vivo angiograms were compared with the measurements obtained from the vascular casts. Vessel diameters obtained from cast radiographs by caliper measurement, operator determined and automated densitometric curve fitting showed excellent correlations with acceptable intraobserver and interobserver variation. All methods, however, underestimated arterial diameters by about 7% compared with diameters obtained from casts by direct caliper measurements. In vivo angiograms revealed smaller arterial diameters than those obtained from specimens. However, we observed higher correlations for measurements at stenotic sites than in non stenotic regions. Our results suggest definite limitations for the often used direct comparison between in vivo angiographic and postmortem findings. PMID- 3182215 TI - 9.4 T imaging studies of human tumor xenografts in nude mice. AB - To evaluate the potential of 9.4 T imaging in distinguishing normal and neoplastic tissues, we examined the progressive growth of human colon and prostate adenocarcinoma xenografts in nude mice. Images were obtained with a resolution of 100 X 100 X 650 micron, and tumors were clearly distinguished from normal tissue with high contrast. These results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting small human tumors in live nude mice with microscopic resolution at 9.4 T. PMID- 3182216 TI - Effects of the magnetic resonance contrast medium ferrioxamine methanesulfonate on systemic and renal hemodynamics in the anesthetized dog. AB - Ferrioxamine methanesulfonate (S-FDF) is a new magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent developed to improve magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and pelvis. This stable complex of deferoxamine methanesulfonate and iron is excreted in the urine by glomerular filtration modified by active renal tubular resorption. This study examines the acute systemic and renal hemodynamic responses to this agent after intravenous administration either as an infusion of 25 mg/kg over 5 minutes or as a rapid bolus at a dose of 50 mg/kg. In eight anesthetized dogs, renal plasma flow (RPF) was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter, and GFR was determined by the renal extraction of technetium-99m-DTPA. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse rate, and a lead II ECG were assessed. At a dose of 25 mg/kg over 5 minutes, MAP decreased significantly (control 146.0 +/- 6.5 mm Hg vs. 107 +/- 18 mm Hg at 2 minutes; P less than .05). In two of the eight animals, the MAP dropped below 60 mm Hg. Significant decreases in GFR and RPF also were noted. All four of the animals receiving the rapid injection of S-FDF experienced profound hypotension (MAP less than 50 mm Hg). The drop in heart rate from 152 +/- 11.6 bpm to 121 +/- 4.9 bpm was associated with a marked depression of the ST wave in the lead II ECG. Further animal studies are needed to assess the mechanism of toxicity and a potential synergism of action with pentobarbital anesthesia. PMID- 3182218 TI - Hilar masses: evaluation with CT-guided biopsy after negative bronchoscopic examination. PMID- 3182217 TI - Prior ethical review of animal versus human subjects research. AB - During the last decade the animal rights movement has garnered widespread support that now threatens the existence of animal research. Current public sentiment demands researcher accountability and documentation of the potential value of animal research that was largely assumed in the past. One way this can be accomplished is through prior review and approval of animal research protocols by the federally mandated institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC). IACUCs, however, face more difficulty in arriving at consistent and ethically correct decisions than human subject review committees or institutional review boards (IRBs). This article explains why and draws a comparison between animal and human subjects review. PMID- 3182219 TI - The HMO contract and quality of care. PMID- 3182220 TI - AMA efforts in quality assurance. PMID- 3182221 TI - Giant ruptured thyroglossal cyst. PMID- 3182223 TI - The case of the Budd-Chiari mimic. PMID- 3182222 TI - Controversies in resuscitation. PMID- 3182224 TI - Quality of care. PMID- 3182225 TI - Right to life should prevail. PMID- 3182226 TI - Therapeutic drug substitution. PMID- 3182227 TI - A terrible beauty. PMID- 3182228 TI - Cash management. PMID- 3182229 TI - In vitro studies on the nucleocapsid-associated RNA polymerase of wheat rosette stunt virus. AB - RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity was detected in both virion and nucleocapsid preparations of wheat rosette stunt virus, a plant rhabdovirus. The presence of nonionic detergent such as Nonidet P40 was essential for activity in reaction mixtures containing virions. The polymerase product was proved to be single-stranded RNA. By two-step controlled dissociation of the nucleocapsids, four subviral fractions (L protein, NS-N-RNA complex, NS protein, and N-RNA complex) were prepared. None of these fractions showed RNA polymerase activity when assayed individually. In experiments combining the various fractions, RNA synthesis was observed only when the L and NS proteins and the N-RNA complex were present in reaction mixtures. PMID- 3182230 TI - Characterization of potato yellow mosaic virus as a geminivirus with a bipartite genome. AB - A whitefly-transmitted virus from Venezuela, potato yellow mosaic virus, has been propagated, isolated and characterized as a member of the Geminivirus group. The virus was transmitted to several species of Nicotiana and to Petunia hybrida by mechanical inoculation, and to potato and tomato plants by grafting. Purified virus possessed typical geminate particle morphology and encapsidated both genomic and subgenomic species consisting of single-stranded DNA. The genome of the virus was cloned into both bacteriophage and plasmid vectors following restriction of supercoiled double-stranded DNA species isolated from infected plant extracts. Two distinct classes of cloned DNA were generated, both about 2,500-2,600 base pairs in length and designated A and B, which when inoculated in combination to Nicotiana benthamiana were infectious after excision from the recombinant clones. The subgenomic DNA was shown to be related to DNA B. PMID- 3182231 TI - Single- and double-stranded viral RNAs in plants infected with the potexviruses papaya mosaic virus and foxtail mosaic virus. AB - Three classes of viral RNA were recovered from polyribosomes purified from papaya leaves infected with papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) and from barley leaves infected with foxtail mosaic virus (FoMV): full-length viral RNAs [6.8 and 6.2 kilobases (kb), respectively]; less abundant intermediate subgenomic RNAs (2.2 and 1.9 kb), and abundant, small subgenomic RNAs (1 and 0.9 kb). Small amounts of the PapMV specified 1.0-kb subgenomic RNA were encapsidated, whereas no encapsidated subgenomic RNAs could be found in preparations of FoMV. Immunoprecipitation of the products of in vitro translation of the small subgenomic RNA of both viruses showed that it codes for the corresponding viral coat protein. FoMV genomic RNA isolated from polyribosomes also directed the efficient synthesis of a 37- to 38 kilodalton protein which was immunoprecipitated by an antiserum raised against the coat protein. We presume this product to be a readthrough protein initiated to the 5' side of and in the same reading frame as the coat protein-coding sequences in FoMV RNA. The predominant double-stranded viral-specified RNAs in tissues infected with PapMV, FoMV, and clover yellow mosaic virus were genome sized (6.8, 6.2, and 7.0 kb pairs, respectively). If double-stranded RNAs corresponding to coat protein subgenomic RNAs exist, they must be present in much lower relative abundances. PMID- 3182232 TI - Characteristics of a persistent infection in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells with influenza C virus. AB - Influenza C/Ann Arbor/1/50 was used to establish a persistent infection in Madin Darby canine kidney cells. The persistent state has been stable for more than 4 years (over 66 passages), with infected cells differing from controls in morphology and growth characteristics. In addition, virus recovered from the media of persistent cultures (passage 58) differed from parental wild-type virus C/Ann Arbor/1/50 in (i) antigenicity by the hemagglutination-inhibition test; (ii) its ability to produce plaques in different host cells; (iii) hemagglutination of chicken erythrocytes at different temperatures; (iv) receptor destroying enzyme activity, and (v) by sensitivity to hemagglutination inhibitors present in rat serum. PMID- 3182233 TI - Langerhans' cells are an actual site of HIV-1 replication. AB - Human epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) are HLA-DR+/DQ+, CD1+, CD4+ dendritic antigen-presenting leukocytes. Based on the observation that in certain human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals, LC are the only epidermal cells to react with monoclonal antibodies against HIV-1 isolate termed human T-lymphotropic virus IIIB/83 core proteins p17 and p24, we have proposed that LC can serve as a target for HIV-1. This contention was strengthened by the ultrastructural finding of HIV-1-like particles in the close proximity of LC and by the demonstration of signs of moderate to severe LC damage. Detailed electron microscopic analysis of skin and mucosal biopsies from an AIDS patient with p17/p24-positive LC now revealed not only mature HIV-1-like virions in the extracellular space surrounding LC and in intracytoplasmic LC vacuoles, but also developmental forms of HIV-1-like particles budding from LC surface membranes. Using peripheral blood derived monocytes/macrophages as targets for HIV-1 isolation, a virus isolate, designated human T-lymphotropic virus III WR-SK/86, was recovered from skin tissue from this patient by cocultivation and identified as unique by nucleic acid hybridization analysis. These findings now conclusively show that HIV-1 replicates in and is released from LC and support the concept that antigen-presenting cells (mononuclear phagocytes, LC) can serve as a reservoir for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus. PMID- 3182234 TI - Electron microscopic and physicochemical analysis of a reo-like virus of the planthopper Peregrinus maidis. AB - A virus, determined to be a member of the Reoviridae, was found naturally infecting colonies of Peregrinus maidis, the maize planthopper. The virus, referred to as peregrinus maidis-virus (PgMV), was found by electron microscopy throughout all P. maidis tissues examined, including salivary glands, testes, ovaries, and intestines. The virus particles were associated with fibrillar viroplasmic inclusions in the cytoplasm, of a type characteristic of the Reoviridae. The particles, purified from P. maidis, had morphologies typical of the Reoviridae, with a mean diameter of 68.7 nm. The purified virus contained 12 double-stranded (ds)RNAs, while dsRNA extracts of PgMV-infected P. maidis showed these, plus one additional high-molecular weight dsRNA. No similar dsRNAs were present in extracts of another planthopper. Perkinsiella saccharicida, the corn leafhopper (Dalbulus maidis), or from Zea mays upon which the P. maidis had been reared. Six major and four minor proteins were identified in purified PgMV preparations, but we were unable to determine which of these were definitely of viral or host origin. PgMV was found to be serologically unrelated to three other members of the Reoviridae. The similarities of PgMV to other members of the Reoviridae are discussed. PMID- 3182235 TI - Characterization of a spontaneously segregating Cf16-v1 lysogen of Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri. AB - Filamentous phage Cf16 undergoes a unique neolysogenic infectious cycle in Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri and generates stable lysogens. In contrast, we have isolated a distinctive unstable lysogen, designated LW. This new lysogen segregated spontaneously into three nonparental types, each with a unique combination of colony morphology, phage-producing capacity, and phage genome content. In a given population of LW lysogens the segregation frequency of these types varied randomly with drastic fluctuations from experiment to experiment. Heat and UV treatment failed to increase the segregation frequency with a magnitude matching the sporadic intrinsic fluctuations. The characteristics of an LW lysogen were transmitted through the phage it released. Designated as Cf16-v1, this phage, which produced clear instead of turbid plaques as its progenitor Cf16, was exceedingly unstable in the host cell. Only 4% of the infected cells, rather than 95% as in the case of Cf16, retained the phage genome and completed the neolysogenization process. The prophage integration site on the host chromosome, however, appeared to be the same for both phages. PMID- 3182236 TI - Cervical cancer--changing perspectives. PMID- 3182238 TI - A comparative study of arthroscopic and open meniscectomy. PMID- 3182237 TI - Clinicopathological patterns of invasive and superficial fungal infection. PMID- 3182239 TI - The value of a domiciliary nurse as part of a hospital diabetes service--report on a 12 month study. PMID- 3182241 TI - Irish Society of Gastroenterology--summer and winter meetings, 1987. Abstracts. PMID- 3182240 TI - Spontaneous internal iliac arteriovenous fistula--a clinical syndrome. PMID- 3182242 TI - Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland--Section on Radiology. Proceedings of the Registrars prize meeting. Ireland, October 28th, 1987. Abstracts. PMID- 3182243 TI - Intrinsic and extrinsic wrist ligaments: biomechanical and functional differences. AB - The human wrist is a complex arrangement of bones and ligaments and functions to position the hand and transfer forces between the hand and forearm. The carpal ligaments (extrinsic - connect carpal bones and forearm; and intrinsic - interconnect carpals) are vitally important for wrist function and still incompletely understood biomechanically. Our previous investigations have described the rate-dependent viscoelastic behavior of the scapholunate (intrinsic) ligament. This study demonstrates significant differences in the biomechanical behavior between the intrinsic and extrinsic classes of ligaments. Bone-ligament-bone preparations were obtained by dissecting fresh and fresh frozen cadaveric specimens. Two intrinsic (IL) [scapholunate (SL, 7) and lunotriquetral (LT, 9)] and two extrinsic (EL) [radiolunate (RL, 2) and radioscaphocapitate (RC, 3)] ligaments were extensively tested on a Monsanto Tensometer testing apparatus in axial loading at 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mm/min. Significant differences in behavior were noted between the intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments in (1) maximum stress at ultimate yield (IL greater than EL), (2) maximum strain at ultimate yield (IL greater than EL), (3) strain level for onset of plasticity (IL greater than EL), and (4) rate and amount of stress relaxation (IL greater than EL). These results indicate that the intrinsic ligaments are biomechanically quite different than the extrinsic ligaments. These distinctions have important implications for wrist function and pathomechanics. PMID- 3182245 TI - Abstracts: meetings of groups of the Italian Biochemical Society. 1987. PMID- 3182246 TI - The war on drugs: wrong target, wrong approach. PMID- 3182244 TI - Glycoprotein distribution in non-histone chromatin proteins from pig liver. AB - Carbohydrate content of non-histone proteins from pig liver chromatin has been measured in different groups of chromatin fractions and does not seem to be related to the affinity of the proteins for DNA. Glycoproteins are preferentially located in the nuclease-sensitive fractions of chromatin. A 59,000 dalton glycoprotein has been identified as a characteristic components of a chromatin fraction solubilized by DNAase II. PMID- 3182247 TI - First and second childhoods. PMID- 3182248 TI - The medical home comes of age. PMID- 3182249 TI - Red blood count: a valuable clue in the diagnosis of thalassemia. PMID- 3182250 TI - The tiger and the Shaman: towards an understanding of why we tolerate a major cause for death and disability. PMID- 3182251 TI - The new woman physician: her growing numbers are not yet represented in organized medicine. American Medical Association. PMID- 3182252 TI - The appropriate use of diagnostic services: (xvi). Nuclear medicine and the skeleton. PMID- 3182253 TI - Computerisation of screening for cervical cancer. The OCCURS Group. PMID- 3182254 TI - Is there a need for a place-of-work cervical smear service? PMID- 3182255 TI - Cervical screening: the potential contribution of workplace examinations. PMID- 3182256 TI - The anti-smoking campaign: progress by Scottish Health Boards. PMID- 3182257 TI - Smoking in the workplace--the Greater Glasgow Health Board policy. PMID- 3182258 TI - Medical problems and care needs of elderly patients in a mental handicap hospital. PMID- 3182259 TI - The work of the family practice nurse: an audit in an inner city practice. PMID- 3182261 TI - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). PMID- 3182260 TI - Rubella immunisation: improving the uptake. PMID- 3182262 TI - The appropriate use of diagnostic services: (xvii). Nuclear medicine and cardiac function. PMID- 3182263 TI - Changes in public awareness of coronary risk factors. PMID- 3182264 TI - An evaluation of the role of geriatric orthopaedic rehabilitation units in Edinburgh. PMID- 3182265 TI - Haematological indices in elderly patients with epistaxis. PMID- 3182266 TI - Nursing homes: expansion, assessment of need and the cost of care--a Scottish perspective. PMID- 3182267 TI - Psychiatric clinics in different settings--default rates. PMID- 3182268 TI - Is a functionally orientated discharge summary of use to general practitioners? PMID- 3182269 TI - The Chief Scientist reports ... marketing health. PMID- 3182270 TI - [The surgical concept of malignant melanoma with special reference to lymphatic drainage scintigraphy]. AB - Scintigraphy of the lymphatic vessels was performed in 29 patients with malignant melanoma of the skin (stage I) prior to operation. In 20 cases this procedure was a means of determining the course of the lymphatic vessels leading from the tumor to the respective lymphatic nodules. The lymphatic vessels were indicated by marks on the skin surface and could thus be taken into consideration in the surgical procedure. The parts of the lymphatic vessels adjacent to the tumor were removed without substantially prolonging the operation. This procedure is intended to help minimize the risk of metastases evolving. PMID- 3182271 TI - [Case report of a fungating basalioma]. AB - A report is given on a fungating basal cell carcinoma in an 80-year-old man. This rare tumor variant is discussed and compared with already known cases. PMID- 3182272 TI - [Plaque-formed cutaneous mucinosis with telangiectasis]. AB - We report the case of a 71-year-old man with a combination of circumscribed euthyroid myxodermia and clinically visible telangiectasias. We excluded the possibility of a sympathetic lesion being the cause of the telangiectasias by using a new method, transcutaneous PO2 measurement. Different possible reasons for the simultaneous occurrence of mucinosis and telangiectasias are discussed. PMID- 3182273 TI - [Neck appendages--branchiogenic surplus malformations (choristoma)]. AB - Congenital cartilaginous rests of the neck are branchiogenic surplus malformations that are very rare. They arise from epithelial growth in a false place and frequently contain elastic cartilage. Congenital cartilaginous rests of the neck are only rarely associated with other congenital malformations. PMID- 3182274 TI - [Wegener's granulomatosis]. PMID- 3182275 TI - [Chilblain lupus erythematosus]. AB - Chilblain lupus erythematosus is a chronic form of lupus erythematosus that is seen predominantly in women and first manifests itself during cold weather as painful purplish acral swellings. These symptoms and possible progression to systemic lupus erythematosus are discussed with regard to two cases. Patients with recurrent or persistent "chilblains" should be investigated histologically and serologically as well as by immunofluorescence. PMID- 3182276 TI - [Cutaneous myxoma (focal dermal mucinosis)]. AB - Two cases of cutaneous myxoma are presented. In case 1 the cutaneous myxoma was localized on the left thumb and clinically resembled a pyogenic granuloma. In case 2 it was found at the left nipple. The benign cutaneous tumor may herald a cardiac myxoma and other conditions. Thus, a cutaneous myxoma should be accepted as an indication for thorough investigation of the whole body at regular intervals. As there are neither clinically nor histologically adequate criteria for differentiation, cutaneous myxoma and focal dermal mucinosis can be considered as variants of a single entity. PMID- 3182277 TI - A small, multi-element fingertip dosimeter for beta radiation. AB - Many occupations involve potential exposures, directly or indirectly, to sources of beta radiation. The region of highest exposure, in many cases, will be the extremities and in particular the fingertips of people handling beta sources. Because current extremity dosimeters can significantly underestimate beta doses to the fingertips, an improved fingertip beta dosimeter was developed. The dosimeter employs a multi-element, multi-filter concept by stacking four or five thin (0.13 mm) LiF-Teflon TLDs to form the beta detector element. The entire dosimeter is approximately 1 mm thick, flexible and rugged enough for field use without interference of the user's manual dexterity. The fingertip dosimeter provides data for determining the beta energy of each exposure. The beta energy can be used to determine the TLD correction factor for converting the TLD output to beta dose. The data can be used to reconstruct the beta depth dose curve and the depth dose curve can be used to calculate the beta dose in tissue at 7 mg cm 2, for legal reporting purposes, or at any other desired depth within the range of the beta radiation. Relationships between the effective mass absorption coefficient and beta energy and between the beta correction factor and beta energy were determined for use in this study. Beta sources were fabricated for these studies, and an extrapolation chamber was used to determine reference beta doses. Tests of the fingertip dosimeter were performed by exposing it to single beta sources and to multiple beta sources. The dosimeter should be useful for monitoring exposures to beta energies ranging from 0.29-2.5 MeV. PMID- 3182278 TI - Beta-gamma point source on the skin problem--activity estimation and dose analysis. AB - This paper presents the analytical approaches used and results obtained by the authors in the evaluation of the dose significance of maintaining a microscopic particle of beta-gamma emitting radionuclides on the skin for a finite time interval. The correlation of the response of a portable measuring instrument with radioactivity content of the particle is discussed along with the subsequent evaluation of dose to a limited skin area. Examples are given to show how two independent theoretical approaches were used to estimate the activity of 60Co from a single poor geometry measurement made with a thin window ionization chamber and how the results compared with empirical results from laboratory measurements on a prepared 60Co source. The application of Loevinger's point beta source dose distribution function and other dosimetric information is presented. A summary table and simplified equations to predict beta dose rates to 1 cm2 of tissue at a depth of 7 mg cm-2 for 3.7 X 10(4) Bq point isotropic sources of hypothetical beta emitters ranging in end point energies from 0.2 to 3 MeV and in atomic number from 10 to 90 are also included. PMID- 3182279 TI - Calculations for beta dosimetry using Monte Carlo code (OREC) for electron transport in water. AB - A Monte Carlo computer code (OREC) for calculating the detailed transport and energy deposition for primary electrons and all of their secondaries in liquid water has been investigated for use in beta-ray dosimetry. Some modifications have been made in the original code for its application to tissue and tissue equivalent materials. The code gives reasonably good agreement with beta spectral data and depth-dose curves measured in tissue-equivalent plastics for several calibrated beta sources. The calculations permit a direct evaluation of the skin dose equivalent, i.e., the dose equivalent, Hs (0.07), at a depth of 0.070 mm in tissue. Calculations are presented for monoenergetic electrons, showing the distributions in the maximum depth of penetration and in the total pathlength traveled. Direct comparisons are made between depth-dose curves calculated for 99Tc and 147Pm plaque sources and measurements made with extrapolation chambers. The energy spectrum of beta particles emerging from a thick 99Tc plaque source also is calculated, and the angular distribution is found to be almost independent of the energy. The pulse-height spectrum in a tissue-equivalent plastic scintillator calculated for this source shows good agreement with the measured spectrum. The calculations also provide the Hs(0.07) dose equivalent for the 99Tc source, which is found to be consistent with that inferred independently from the spectral measurements. A calculated curve for converting spectrometer measurements to Hs(0.07) dose equivalent is in good agreement with a semi empirical curve that was developed independently. It appears that calculations made with the electron transport code for water can provide useful information for beta dosimetry. PMID- 3182280 TI - Concentration factors used in the assessment of radiation dose to consumers of fish: a review of 27 radionuclides. AB - Concentration factors (CFs) for 27 radionuclides in marine and freshwater fish were reviewed, as were factors that may influence the dose commitment to man resulting from the consumption of fish. These factors include environmental partitioning, ecological trophic level discrimination and specific tissue accumulation (tropism). Our recommendations are based first on field data for radioisotopes of each element; second, on data for stable elements for which data on radioisotopes are lacking; and third, on the potential for bioaccumulation, which is influenced most by the established biological significance of the element or its chemical similarity to biologically active elements in the same chemical group. Only radionuclides of elements with known biological functions or their analogues accumulate to significant levels in fish tissue. The environmental data that exist for Cs, Sr, Co, Fe, Mn, I, P, Am, Cm, Np and Pu were used for adjusting CFs based on water quality or trophic status of fish. Separate CFs have been listed for particular groups of fish that showed a high propensity for certain radionuclides to accumulate in tissue at higher specific activity than that found in water. PMID- 3182281 TI - Monitoring of 131I in milk and rain water in Japan following the reactor accident at Chernobyl and estimates of human thyroidal dose equivalents. AB - Iodine-131 in milk and in rain water in Nagoya, Japan, (a location 8,000 km from Chernobyl) was monitored between May and July 1986. The 131I concentration in rain water ranged from 43.1 Bq L-1 on 4 May to 15 mBq L-1 on 12 July, and that in milk ranged from 21.8 Bq L-1 on 19 May to 11 mBq L-1 on 14 July. Iodine-131 concentrations in milk were estimated to be 4 to 6 times greater than those in rain water during the first few weeks after the accident. Both concentrations decreased with approximately the same effective half-life of 5.9 +/- 0.3 d for rain water and 5.0 +/- 0.2 d for milk. The 131I concentration in milk sold in markets varied from dairy to dairy and ranged from 0.07 to 0.2 times that in fresh milk. The maximum thyroidal dose equivalents estimated for an adult man and for a baby were far lower than the population annual dose equivalent to the thyroid from natural radiation. PMID- 3182282 TI - Deposition velocity of gaseous I to rice grains. AB - Among the routes of gaseous I transfer to rice grains, direct deposition to the hull of rice plants and the subsequent transfer to brown rice and polished rice should be more critical than leaf absorption-translocation. A grain number normalized deposition velocity (Vs) is recommended as a key parameter to assess the amount of gaseous I deposited on the rough rice. This parameter is given as "iodine content per unit number of grain per unit time" divided by "iodine concentration per unit volume of the air." After the heading period the surface area of rough rice is almost constant but weight increases with time. Therefore, mass normalized deposition velocity (VD) varies with time. By introducing Vs instead of VD, the variations could be converged into narrow ranges. The contribution of gaseous I from the atmosphere to rough rice, brown rice and polished rice were estimated using Vs values obtained experimentally and gaseous I concentration in the air. PMID- 3182283 TI - The environmental behavior of 131I in northwestern Greece following the nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl. AB - A three compartment (air-grass-milk) milk contamination model for 131I has been applied to atmospheric, grass and milk data, following the April 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl. Samples of ovine and bovine milk collected daily by a large dairy company in Ioannina (northwestern Greece), throughout the month of May 1986 have been employed. The contamination impulse in the area, which provides the input to the model, has been approximated by a first order gamma variate curve. Transfer rates and decay constants have been extracted by fitting predictions of the model independently to each set of data (air, grass and milk). All model parameters obtained from more than one set of data show remarkable consistency. These parameters are used to calculate the transfer coefficients fm for the transport of radioiodine at equilibrium for sheep and cows. The results are also employed for the extraction of radiation dose estimates sustained through ingestion and inhalation by the population in the area. PMID- 3182284 TI - Three-dimensional treatment of steady-state 222Rn diffusion in building materials: introducing a practical modified one-dimensional approach. AB - A three dimensional solution of the steady state diffusion equation, with boundary conditions applicable to closed can 222Rn exhalation measurements is described. A modified one-dimensional formalism is introduced which allows the interpretation of the results from exhalation measurements in terms of one dimensional 222Rn exhalation from walls. PMID- 3182285 TI - Cesium-137 and 131I in thyroids of cattle and sheep after nuclear accidents and weapons tests. PMID- 3182286 TI - On inclusion of the dose to skin in the effective dose equivalent. PMID- 3182287 TI - Comments on 'A proposal for a generally applicable de minimis dose'. PMID- 3182288 TI - Cigarettes, Rn, cancer and health physics. PMID- 3182289 TI - Cancer, population density and environmental radiation in India. PMID- 3182291 TI - The changing nature of physicians' office visits. AB - Although there is a general feeling that, into the early 1980s, overall improvement was occurring in the content and quality of physicians' services, no time-series documentation to date has appeared to support this assumption. This article provides empirical evidence that physicians' office visits were in fact changing over time, though not in ways that one might expect. Rather than involving more diagnostic services, such as laboratory tests and x-rays, the typical office visit had come to include more therapeutic services, especially counseling. This is consistent with the observed increase in time spent with patients: between 1974 and 1981, the average office visit increased in length by nearly one full minute. Multivariate analysis indicates that the typical office visit was changing largely because physicians themselves were changing. Not only were physicians becoming increasingly specialized, but they were also more likely to be female, in group practice, and board-certified. PMID- 3182290 TI - Inst-Risk II: an approach to forecasting relative risk of future institutional placement. AB - This article describes a model development process that represents a useful step in classifying populations in terms of risk of institutionalization (Inst-Risk II). A four-category risk classification system--"High risk, Some risk, Low risk, and Very Low Risk"--was developed, based on combinations of measures of functional status, age, health status, demographics, and social supports. Our review of variables found by other researchers to be related to high risk of institutional placement, as well as our own research with Massachusetts elderly, confirmed functional impairment, diagnostic conditions, and advanced age to be major predictors of institutional placement. At the other extreme, Very Low risk status was indicated by combinations of functional independence, absence of health problems, and relatively younger age. Using baseline data of the kind that can be easily gathered and are often obtained in social agency screening interviews, our research indicates that this instrument differentiates among these risk status groups for two- to four-year periods. PMID- 3182292 TI - Health visiting--the way forward. PMID- 3182293 TI - Stress in health visiting: a quantitative assessment. PMID- 3182294 TI - Connections and adaptations. A group experience with health visitors in their first year of practice. PMID- 3182295 TI - Health visitors' perspectives on working in a multiethnic society. PMID- 3182296 TI - Weaning practices of Asians in Britain. PMID- 3182297 TI - Ignorance, poverty and health care. PMID- 3182298 TI - Griffiths and the NHS. PMID- 3182299 TI - The elderly today and tomorrow. Safety in the home in old age. PMID- 3182300 TI - The importance of professional advice in achieving high immunisation uptake. PMID- 3182301 TI - Development of an instrument to measure infrared radiation. PMID- 3182302 TI - Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of mercury in undigested biological samples. PMID- 3182303 TI - A report of a worker suffering from pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis following trichloroethylene exposure. PMID- 3182304 TI - Distribution of nickel in diethylmaleate (DEM) pre-treated rats: protective role of glutathione and histidine. PMID- 3182305 TI - Determination of S-methylcysteine in mouse hemoglobin following exposure to methyl bromide. PMID- 3182306 TI - Effects of bicycle exercise on occipital EEG amplitude in male students. PMID- 3182307 TI - Exposure indices for painters exposed to toluene and xylene at low concentrations. PMID- 3182308 TI - Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after 1800 cGy cranial radiation. AB - The relationship between intensity of central nervous system preventive therapy and the development of hypothalamic pituitary dysfunction is unclear in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In a previous report, we demonstrated uniform decreases in spontaneous secretion of growth hormone following 2400 cGy whole brain radiation. In this study, we measured basal growth hormone levels every 20 minutes over 24 hr in five survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with 1800 cGy cranial radiation. Four of the patients had been off therapy 2 9/12-4 3/12 years. Growth hormone secretion in these patients, as indicated by mean growth hormone concentration, pulse amplitude and frequency, was clearly greater than that seen following 2400 cGy and appeared to be normal compared with sex- and Tanner stage-matched literature controls. However, serial growth measurements showed significant decreases in height percentiles in two of these children. The fifth patient, who had already approached her adult height at the time of diagnosis, had been off therapy only 1 year and had a mean growth hormone level intermediate between those of normal controls and previously reported children treated with 2400 cGy. These data suggest (a) that the effect of radiation therapy on spontaneous pulsatile growth hormone secretion may be dose related, and (b) that short stature in a given patient may not be indicative of subnormal basal growth hormone levels. Further longitudinal investigation may clarify whether early transient changes in GH secretion occur that may normalize over time. PMID- 3182309 TI - Melphalan and prednisone plus total bone marrow irradiation as initial treatment for multiple myeloma. AB - Patients who have received radiation to localized areas of marrow eventually regenerate marrow in the irradiated area, if the dose is 2,400 centigrays (cGy) or less. This trial was designed to deliver a radiation dose of 1500 cGy to all marrow containing sites in patients with multiple myeloma, a technique we refer to as total bone marrow irradiation, or TBMI. Patients with previously untreated myeloma received 12 weeks of melphalan (L-PAM) and prednisone (pred) therapy. Four weeks later, sequential irradiation was administered using the 3-2 technique with rest periods to permit recovery from radiation-induced cytopenia. This was followed by electron beam irradiation of the rib and skull fields. Following completion of TBMI, patients were untreated until relapse. Twenty patients were entered. At entry 5, 8, and 7 patients had low, intermediate and high tumor cell loads, respectively. Two patients had a serum Ca in excess of 12 mg/dl; 3 had an increased creatinine. The median performance (ECOG) was 1. At week 16, immediately prior to TBMI, 5 of the 20 patients fulfilled the Myeloma Task Force criteria for response and 5 others had improved. Six patients did not begin the radiation therapy portion of the protocol. Three had rapidly progressive disease, one persistent leukopenia, one refused radiation therapy and one was withdrawn by his physician. Only 6 of the fourteen patients receiving the radiation treatment phase of the protocol were able to tolerate the intended course of 1500 cGy to all areas. Eight other patients received lower doses. Patients completing the radiation phase of the protocol failed to have further reductions in M-protein or improvement in other parameters beyond those obtained on the chemotherapy phase of the protocol. The median duration of response and survival was 12.0 and 42 months, respectively. We suggest possible reasons for the disappointing results of this trial and conclude that this approach to the primary treatment of myeloma holds little promise. PMID- 3182310 TI - Surgery with intraoperative radiotherapy for sarcomas of the pelvic girdle: a pilot experience. AB - Sarcomas of the pelvic girdle represent difficult treatment problems. Many are not treatable for cure, and among the patients who are technically resectable, there is high risk for local tumor recurrence and distant spread. Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) has been used in conjunction with surgical resection in five patients with extensive sarcomas of the pelvic girdle. Patients underwent a hemipelvectomy and IORT (dose 20-30 Gy) to the sacral resection margin and surrounding soft tissues. Three patients developed pulmonary metastases within 3 months and eventually died from metastatic disease (8-38 months). Two patients have remained disease-free (43 and 53 months). Four patients (80%) have remained locally free of tumor with follow-ups of 8-53 months. The only treatment complication was late osteonecrosis of the coccyx which appeared 7 months after treatment. By contrast, six historical control patients with sarcomas of the pelvic girdle treated with resection alone showed a local control rate of only 27% over a 40-month follow-up. On the basis of this preliminary experience, it appears that IORT may substantially help to control local disease in patients with grossly resectable sarcomas of the bony pelvis. PMID- 3182312 TI - Energy as well as applicator size and shape utilized in over 200 intraoperative electron beam procedures. PMID- 3182313 TI - Vaginal recurrences in endometrial cancer. PMID- 3182311 TI - The utilization of I-125 seeds as a substitute for Ir-192 seeds in temporary interstitial implants: an overview and a description of the William Beaumont Hospital technique. AB - In August of 1986, the Department of Radiation Oncology at William Beaumont Hospital (WBH) initiated the routine use of high activity I-125 seeds as a substitute for Ir-192 seeds in temporary implants where the afterloading plastic tube technique was used. Through March 6, 1987, 42 temporary I-125 implants were performed as a boost for curative therapy (38 breasts, 2 sarcomas, 2 tongues). Thus far, we have observed no differences in acute toxicity. Sources ranging from 2 to 5 mCi were utilized. The advantages of I-125 are as follows: (a) Easy to shield; (b) Radiation safety; (c) Decreased exposure to sensitive organs in close proximity to the implanted site; (d) Dosimetric advantages both intrinsic and extrinsic; and (e) Any private room can be used for these patients allowing a central brachytherapy ward to be established. While the advantages were obvious, we anticipated potential disadvantages and shortcomings and these will be discussed in detail. Furthermore because of significant differences in tube and ribbon construction, the I-125 afterloading plastic tube technique has important differences from that technique used with Ir-192. These modifications must be fully understood to maintain the integrity of the I-125 seed-ribbon afterloading tube assembly. A detailed description of the technique will be emphasized. PMID- 3182314 TI - Post-operative irradiation in stage IB carcinoma of cervix. PMID- 3182315 TI - TDF and L-Q formulations used for hyperfractionated treatments. PMID- 3182316 TI - Dose prescription dilemma. PMID- 3182317 TI - Pleural irradiation in thoracic malignancies. PMID- 3182318 TI - Radiotherapy in the treatment of ovarian dysgerminoma. PMID- 3182319 TI - Vaginal recurrences of endometrial carcinoma: the prognostic value of staging by a primary vaginal carcinoma system. AB - Fifty-five of 1716 women with endometrial carcinoma seen consecutively at three institutions prior to 1986 were found to have an isolated post-hysterectomy vaginal recurrence. Their therapy included external radiation therapy (RT) and brachytherapy for 26 women, external RT alone for 17, brachytherapy only for 4, and no RT for 8. Combined external RT/brachytherapy doses ranged from 2000 to 10,000 cGy with a median of 6000 cGy. The 3- and 5-year actuarial survival rates are 48% and 31% for the entire group, and the 3- and 5-year pelvic control rates are 52% and 42%. The 5-year survival and pelvic control rates for those who received greater than or equal to 6000 cGy in total RT dose are 47% and 68%, compared with 12% and 10% for those receiving less than 6000 cGy (p = 0.002 and p = 0.004). For patients receiving their second RT course, the 5-year survival rate is 16%, compared with 48% for those not previously irradiated. The Perez modification of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system for primary vaginal carcinoma was applied to each recurrence. There were 15 Stage I cases (vaginal mucosa), 32 Stage II cases divided between 15 Stage IIA (subvaginal infiltration) and 17 in Stage IIB (parametrial infiltration), and 8 Stage III cases (pelvic wall involvement). The 3-year actuarial survival and pelvic control rates using this staging system are: Stage I: 85%/100%; Stage II: 41%/43%, Stage IIA: 59%/53%, Stage IIB: 26%/35%; Stage III: 13%/0%. These outcome endpoints are significantly better for Stage I than Stage II patients (p = 0.01 & 0.0004) and for Stages I and IIA compared to Stages IIB and III (p = 0.0005 & 0.002). The pre-treatment variables of age, interval since hysterectomy, initial stage, and location did not predict for survival, but a higher rate of pelvic control was observed for apical than for suburethral recurrences (56% vs. 20%). Grade III histology was highly correlated with poor survival (p = 0.0006). This vaginal carcinoma staging system appears to have value in predicting treatment outcome for patients with post-hysterectomy vaginal recurrences. PMID- 3182320 TI - The salvage of recurrent endometrial carcinoma in the vagina and pelvis. AB - A retrospective analysis was performed on 93 patients who developed recurrent endometrial carcinoma in the pelvis, vaginal vault, and lower 1/3 vagina. There were 12 lower 1/3 vaginal recurrences, 24 vault recurrences and 57 pelvic recurrences from the 1005 patients treated between 1960 and 1976. Median time to recurrence was 30 months. Twenty-six patients had distant metastases also present at the time of recurrence in the sites mentioned above. Thirty-three percent of lower 1/3 vaginal recurrences, 12.5% of vault recurrences, and 5.3% of pelvic recurrences were salvaged with further treatment. The 10-year actuarial survival rates of isolated lower 1/3 vaginal, vaginal vault, and pelvic recurrences were 50%, 45%, and 24% respectively. PMID- 3182321 TI - Peritoneal fluid cytology in endometrial cancer: its significance and the role of chromic phosphate (32P) therapy. AB - Between 1978 and 1986, 243 patients (all stages) had peritoneal fluid cytology performed while undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy for endometrial carcinoma; 39 (16%) were found to be positive. At 3 years (median follow-up of 30 months) the disease-free survival (DFS) for the 165 negative cytology clinical Stage I patients was 91% compared to only 56% for the 25 positive cytology patients (p less than .001). Of the 25 Stage I positive cytology patients, 14 with greater than one-third myometrial invasion had a DFS of 30% at 3 years as compared to 87% for negative cytology patients with comparable depth of invasion (p less than .001). There was no difference in DFS between the negative and positive cytology Stage I patients who had one-third or less myometrial invasion. Stage I patients with histologic Grade 2 and 3 had a lower 3 year DFS when cytology positive, 49% and 22%, versus 92% and 79% when cytology negative (p less than .001 and p = .03 respectively). In clinical Stage II patients the 3-year DFS was 21% for those with a positive cytology and 59% with a negative cytology. Fourteen of the 25 clinical Stage I positive cytology patients received 15 mCi of intraperitoneal 32P. At 3 years they had a 68% DFS as compared to 27% for those not receiving 32P (p = 0.01). All 11 patients with superficial myometrial invasion (9 received 32P) remained disease-free. The 4 Stage I patients with deep invasion who received 32P therapy had an improvement in abdominal/pelvic control and DFS when compared to 9 similar patients who did not receive 32P (p = .02). For histologic Grade 2 and 3 patients, there was a 64% 3-year DFS in the 32P treated group and 16% for those not receiving 32P (p = 0.02). Although 32P therapy improved DFS in Stage I positive cytology patients its use along with pelvic radiation therapy can lead to complications. Of 9 Stage I patients receiving 32P as well as pelvic irradiation, 4 experienced serious bowel complications requiring surgery. None of the 5 patients receiving 32P only had a complication. PMID- 3182322 TI - High level expression of fms proto-oncogene mRNA is observed in clinically aggressive human endometrial adenocarcinomas. AB - Six micron paraffin sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed endometrial currettings of 21 benign and neoplastic endometrial specimens were assayed for tumor cell specific oncogene expression by in situ hybridization with probes for six oncogenes, beta-actin, and the E. coli plasmid pBR322. In the benign hyperplasias and invasive adenocarcinomas, multiple oncogenes, including erbB, fms, c-myc, and Ki-ras were expressed at significant levels. For the adenocarcinomas, statistical analysis demonstrated that high levels of expression of fms-complementary mRNA correlated strongly with clinicopathologic features (high FIGO histologic grade, high FIGO clinical stage, deep myometrial penetration) predictive of aggressive clinical behavior and poor outcome. The authors discuss the role which M-CSF receptor (the fms gene product) and locally-produced M-CSF may play in the development of the observed aggressively-malignant phenotypes. They also propose that pre-hysterectomy assay of fms gene expression in endometrial currettings in FIGO Stage I patients might be clinically useful to help identify preoperatively those patients with deep myometrial penetration or other locoregional spread. PMID- 3182323 TI - Analysis of treatment modalities and their failures in stage IB cancer of the cervix. AB - This is a retrospective analysis of 240 patients who had clinical Stage IB cancer of the cervix treated with radiation between 1969 and 1980. Of these, 186 patients were treated with a combination of external and intracavitary radiation therapy, and 54 patients received adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy. The minimum follow-up was 5 years. In the group who received only radiation therapy, the overall recurrence in 170 patients (excluding 16 patients found at laparotomy to have unresectable disease) was 17% (29 of 170); pelvic recurrence was 9% and distant metastases alone was 6%. In the group who received the adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy, 16 patients had a simple hysterectomy followed by vaginal ovoid and/or external pelvic irradiation for an unexpected Stage IB cancer of the cervix. Their overall recurrence was 37.5% (6 of 16). Pelvic recurrence was the most common treatment failure with a recurrence of 31%. Significant prognostic factors were depth of stromal invasion and status of surgical margins. Thirty-eight patients had a radical hysterectomy followed by postoperative radiation therapy because of positive pelvic lymph nodes and/or close surgical margins. In patients with positive pelvic lymph nodes, the overall recurrence was 39% (9 of 23); pelvic recurrence was 13%. Distant metastases, the most common treatment failure, was 26%. In seven patients with close surgical margins, five recurred in the pelvis. There was no distant metastases without pelvic failure. Five of eight patients with close paracervical margins recurred in the pelvis. All five of these patients were treated with vaginal ovoid irradiation alone. Whole pelvic irradiation plus vaginal ovoid irradiation is necessary in those with close paracervical margins. The vaginal ovoid irradiation alone should be limited to very selected patients with positive vaginal margins only. PMID- 3182324 TI - Cancer of the supraglottic larynx treated by radiotherapy exclusively. AB - Seventy-six cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx treated by radiotherapy exclusively and followed for at least 3 years are reported. High doses, close to the maximum tolerable, were used with the shrinking field technique with no attempt at prophylactic whole neck irradiation. T1 and T2 cases represented 40% of the whole group and 40% of the patients presented clinically positive neck disease. This latter group had a significantly lower cure rate (42.8%) than the N0 patients (88.3%). Disease control depended also on the T stage: all 30 T1 and T2 lesions, 18/22 (81.8%) of the T3, and 6/17 (35.3%) of the T4 lesions were controlled. Cord fixation and early cartilage destruction were not a major obstacle for tumor control. Base of tongue involvement and especially the T4 and N3 association were indications of poor prognosis. Adenopathies smaller than 3 cm were controlled in 14/16 cases while nodes greater than or equal to 3 cm were controlled in 5/11 cases. Failures in neck nodes outside the treatment field were encountered in 7% of the cases but as the sole element of failure they represented 5.6%. Absolute survival at 3 years was 69.7% for the whole series while loco-regional control was 74.6%. No patient was salvaged by surgery. Three loco-regional recurrences occurred 3 years after the treatment. Although no lethal complications were encountered severe late reactions were noted in about 20% of the patients with controlled primary lesion, requiring tracheostomy in 4 cases (7%). Treatment guidelines are suggested: T1, T2, & T3 lesions associated with adenopathy smaller than 3 cm should be treated by radiotherapy. Limited extra laryngeal extension especially to cartilage can still be controlled by irradiation. More advanced cases, especially the subcategory of T4 N3 patients, should have a multidisciplinary approach. After high doses of irradiation only limited surgery is permissible. PMID- 3182325 TI - Radiotherapy and conservative surgery in the management of musculo-aponeurotic fibromatosis. AB - Fifty-four patients with musculo-aponeurotic fibromatosis treated with surgery, surgery and planned post-operative radiotherapy, or radiotherapy alone between 1936 and 1982 have been retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-seven patients had a previous excision before definitive treatment. All patients in whom surgery was known to be incomplete and who had no further treatment relapsed. Nine patients had a complete surgical excision alone and 1 relapsed. Twenty-nine patients were treated with surgery and post-operative radiotherapy and 7 relapsed. Relapse was associated with small field size, orthovoltage irradiation, and doses less than 50 Gy. Radiotherapy was effective in preventing relapse in 6 of 8 cases incompletely excised and in all of these cases the total dose was more than 50 Gy. In 13 assessable patients with clinically evident disease, 14 fields were treated with radiotherapy. Complete response was achieved in 9 fields (although one subsequently relapsed and 2 had a marginal relapse), partial response in 4, and disease stasis in one. Complete resolution took up to 21 months and total doses ranged from 35.2 Gy to 64 Gy. Radiotherapy is indicated in cases of incomplete excision and inoperable disease. Doses should be radical and fields should be sufficiently generous to encompass the anatomical limits of the infiltrated tissues. PMID- 3182326 TI - Role of ionizing irradiation for 393 keloids. AB - Between 1928 and 1986, 393 keloid sites on 250 patients were presented. Three hundred seventy-five sites received superficial quality therapeutic irradiation. Etiologies were determined. The majority were excised prior to irradiation, and in these, histologic confirmation was obtained. Recurrence rate after irradiation was low, 9/375 (2.4%). When 7 of 9 recurrences are eliminated for post irradiation ear lobe repiercing, true recurrence is only 2/375 (0.53%). Cosmetic result was considered excellent without recurrence in 92%; favorably improved with hypertrophic scar, nodule or altered pigment in 5.6%; and marginally improved with smaller, less symptomatic keloid in 2.4%. Significant complications were limited to persistent pigment disturbance in only 1 patient, and pre irradiation hemorrhage in 1 patient (unrelated to radiotherapy). There was no wound dehiscence nor failure to heal irradiated incision site. Transient hyperpigmentation occurred in 91/375 (24%). Recurrence after irradiation was too rare to associate with etiology, specific technical factors, keloid configuration or velocity of initiating the post-operative radiotherapy. An unexpected finding was that 22/250 (9%) were Caucasian subjects. Our null (0%) carcinogenicity rate to date and the one-half of one percent true recurrence rate supports continued use of post-operative irradiation to prevent keloid formation in this group of documented troublesome keloid formers. Configuration subtypes are proposed, post operative irradiation protocol is listed, and mechanism of action is explained in accordance with the dynamic pathophysiology of keloid. PMID- 3182327 TI - Preliminary results of treatment of invasive bladder carcinoma with radiotherapy and cisplatin. AB - From October 1985 to February 1988, 41 patients with invasive bladder cancers were treated with transurethral resection (TUR) and radiotherapy with simultaneous cisplatin chemotherapy at the University Hospital in Erlangen. Radiotherapy was performed as primary treatment in case of macroscopic residual tumor after TUR (n = 22) or as adjuvant treatment in patients with macroscopically complete transurethral resection (n = 19). Age ranged from 44 to 77 years. Radiotherapy was given in daily fractions of 1.8 Gy. The pelvis was treated with a box up to 41.4 Gy and the bladder was boosted up to 50.4 Gy by a rotation technique. Cisplatin was administered in the first and fifth treatment week on five consecutive days with 25 mg cisplatin/m2 per day as short infusion. Pathohistologic response was examined by control cystoscopy with biopsies from the deep layers 6 weeks after completing radiochemotherapy. Maximum follow-up is 24 months after control cystoscopy. After TUR plus radiochemotherapy, histologically confirmed complete remission rates according to T-stage were: 7/8 T1-, 26/31 T2-3-, and 2/2 T4-tumors. In patients with macroscopic tumor prior to radiochemotherapy, histological and cytological complete remission was achieved in 2/3 T1-, 14/18 T2-3-, and 1/1 T4-cancers with an overall complete response rate of 77%. In complete responders, 3 isolated local recurrences (2 T1- and one T3-recurrence) and two local recurrences with distant metastases have occurred until now. Six patients had only partial response. Mild to moderate side effects occurred frequently, but overall treatment tolerance was good even in older patients. Complications did not occur. So far, 7 cystectomies have been performed, 6 were a result of persistent or recurrent tumor and one a result of a contracted bladder after multiple TURs. Thirty-four of forty-one patients (83%!) maintained their bladder and normal bladder function. In conclusion, moderate dose radiation therapy (50 Gy) in combination with simultaneous cisplatin chemotherapy is a well-tolerated treatment and highly effective for controlling local disease and preservation of bladder function in invasive bladder cancers. PMID- 3182328 TI - Invasive bladder carcinoma: preliminary report of selective bladder conservation by transurethral surgery, upfront MCV (methotrexate, cisplatin, and vinblastine) chemotherapy and pelvic irradiation plus cisplatin. AB - Methotrexate, Cisplatin, and Vinblastine (MCV) was followed by Cisplatin plus radiation therapy in 19 patients with muscle-invading clinical Stage T2-4NXM0 transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (including cystectomy candidates), to achieve local control and prevent distant metastases. Radical cystectomy was recommended for all patients who failed to reach a complete response (CR = biopsy negative and cytology not positive) following MCV and Cisplatin X 2 plus 4000 cGy. Completely responding patients, and those partially responding patients unsuited for cystectomy, were selected for bladder conservation treated with additional irradiation to the bladder tumor volume (total 6,480 cGy) plus one additional Cisplatin treatment. Dose reductions were required for stomatitis in 26%, mild bone marrow depression in 58%, and renal toxicity in 5% of the patients. During the Cisplatin/4000 cGy, mild dysuria occurred in 68% of patients and 36% had mild bowel hyperactivity. Serious complications have occurred in two patients to date. One patient had recurrent pulmonary emboli, marked reduction in bladder capacity, and diarrhea. A second had bladder perforation during cystoscopic evaluation after MCV and a small bowel obstruction after Cisplatin and 4000 cGy. There was no treatment-related sepsis. Three patients had initial complete transurethral resection of their tumors and therefore 16 patients are evaluable for tumor responsiveness to this protocol. Four patients (25%) were biopsy negative and cytology negative, whereas three additional patients (19%) were biopsy negative but cytology positive following initial MCV. Six patients (38%) were biopsy negative and cytology negative whereas three additional patients (19%) were biopsy negative and cytology positive following MCV and Cisplatin X 2 plus 4000 cGy pelvic radiation. Of the entire group, 9 patients were treated with full-dose radiotherapy. All of these patients are alive without evidence of tumor on rebiopsy of the original tumor site, but one has a persistent positive cytology. Seven patients had a radical cystectomy and 6 are disease free. The treatment of 3 patients deviated from the protocol. Overall, only one patient has developed distant metastases and currently 84% of the patients are disease-free, although follow-up is short. To date, this feasibility study has been clinically practical and well tolerated. The proportion of CR's suggests that this program may prove to be an organ sparing and curative approach for a significant number of patients, but more experience and follow-up are required. PMID- 3182329 TI - Phase I-II pilot of whole abdominal radiation and concomitant 5-FU as an adjuvant in colon cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. AB - Thirty-eight patients with Stage B2, C1 or C2 colon cancer (Astler-Coller Modification of Dukes) received 3000 rads whole abdominal radiation and concomitant intermittent bolus 5-FU as part of a phase I-II adjuvant trial. Patients whose tumor penetrated the serosa (B2 or C2) in addition received a 1600 rad boost to the tumor bed. 5-FU was administered only during radiation. It was given at a dose of 300 mg/m2 days 1-5 and 28-32 in 21 patients (Group A) and day 1-3 and 28-31 in 17 patients (Group B). Median follow-up time for Group A is 44 months. Group A patients have a disease-free survival of 66% and overall survival of 73% at 44 months. The 16 C2 patients in Group A have a disease-free survival of 54% and overall survival of 65% at 44 months. There was a 26% incidence of moderate to severe acute toxicity in Group A but no long term bowel, liver, or hematologic toxicity. One patient developed acute myelogenous leukemia 2 years after treatment. Group B patients had only a 6% incidence of moderate to severe toxicity, but had a disease-free survival of 60% and overall survival of 100% at median follow-up of 23 months. Group B Stage C2 patients had a disease-free survival of 53% and overall survival of 100% at this same follow-up period. Disease-free and overall survival in Group A Stage C2 patients is superior to that in several published trials. Given the manageable toxicity, adjuvant whole abdominal radiation with concomitant 5-FU and tumor bed boost should be tested in a randomized fashion for possible therapeutic benefits. PMID- 3182330 TI - Faster repair of DNA double-strand breaks in radioresistant human tumor cells. AB - To investigate the molecular basis of radiation resistance in human tumor cells, the induction and repair of radiation-induced DNA single- and double-strand breaks was determined by DNA elution analysis in two normal human cell lines and 12 early-passage human tumor cell lines of varying radiosensitivities. The radiosensitivities (D0) of the cell lines ranged from 1 to 2.9 Gy. Inherent cellular radiosensitivity was found to directly correlate with the rate at which the DNA double-strand breaks were repaired. Radioresistant cell lines repaired approximately 90% of their radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks within 1 hr of irradiation while more radiosensitive cell lines required 2-4 hr to repair the same fraction of damage. Radioresistant cell lines also had lower initial DNA double-strand break frequencies. DNA single-strand break induction and repair was not found to be an important factor in the radiation response of human tumor and normal cell lines. Therefore, the rate at which DNA double strand breaks are repaired is a critical factor underlying radioresistance in human tumor cell lines. PMID- 3182331 TI - Radiation sensitivity of human ovarian carcinoma cell lines in vitro: effects of growth factors and hormones, basement membrane, and intercellular contact. AB - The radiation sensitivity of six established human ovarian carcinoma cell lines was determined in vitro under five different experimental conditions. Cells from exponentially growing monolayer cultures were assayed under three different post irradiation culture conditions, i.e., conventional conditions on a plastic surface, in the presence of growth factors and hormones, and on a basement membrane. Multicellular aggregates were dissociated either immediately before or immediately after irradiation and assayed under conventional conditions. The radiation sensitivity differed considerably among the cell lines; the initial slope alpha ranged from 0.05 +/- 0.03 Gy-1 to 0.36 +/- 0.07 Gy-1 and the surviving fraction at 2.0 Gy from 0.32 +/- 0.06 to 0.78 +/- 0.06 under conventional conditions. There was no significant effect of the growth factors and hormones and of the basement membrane on the survival curves for any of the cell lines. Only one of the lines showed a significant intercellular contact effect. The presence of this effect required that the cells were grown as aggregates, but was independent of whether the irradiation was performed on dissociated or intact aggregates. The present work with established cell lines indicates that the outcome of an in vitro predictive assay for clinical radioresponsiveness of ovarian carcinomas would probably not vary significantly among the five experimental conditions studied here. However, further studies using cells isolated directly from human ovarian carcinoma surgical specimens are warranted. PMID- 3182332 TI - Radiation resistance in a multidrug resistant human T-cell leukemia line. AB - In clinical practice, cancers refractory to chemotherapy commonly appear to be comparatively radioresistant. One mechanism by which cancer cells become resistant to chemotherapy is pleiotropic multidrug resistance, characterized by cross resistance to a number of otherwise unrelated heterocyclic antineoplastic agents, including vinca alkaloids, anthracyclines, dactinomycin, and others. We have studied a drug sensitive human leukemia cell line, CEM; a pleiotropic multidrug resistant subline of CEM, CEM/VLB100; VLB-1, a drug sensitive revertant subline arising during in vivo passage of CEM/VLB100; and a methotrexate resistant subline of CEM, CEM-MTX. Using soft-agar colony formation after graded doses of X rays as an endpoint, we found that CEM, CEM-MTX, and CEM/VLB100 had similar terminal slopes (D0 = 0.66 Gy). However, the CEM/VLB100 survival curve had a broader initial shoulder (n = 3.0, Dq = 0.75 Gy) than did CEM (n = 1.6, Dq = 0.25 Gy) or CEM/MTX (n = 1.0, Dq = 0 Gy), suggesting that CEM/VLB100 has an increased capacity to repair radiation-induced DNA damage. This was tested by comparing the cell lines' abilities to accumulate sublethal damage. In split dose recovery experiments, CEM/VLB100 demonstrated increased ability to repair sublethal radiation damage following fractionated irradiation compared with the CEM parental line. Although it no longer demonstrated multidrug resistance, VLB-1 still displayed diminished radiation sensitivity. On the basis of these and other investigators' results, we suggest that diminished radiation sensitivity is separate from, but can be closely associated with, the multidrug-resistant phenotype. PMID- 3182333 TI - In vitro radiobiological parameters of human sarcoma cell lines. AB - In vitro radiobiologic survival parameters have been determined for 7 human osteosarcoma, 5 human soft tissue and bone sarcomas, and 4 Ewing's sarcoma cell lines. The mean D0 values were 99.5 +/- 11.6 cGy, 90.5 +/- 7.7 cGy and 95.8 +/- 7.9 cGy for osteosarcomas, soft tissue and bone sarcomas and Ewing's sarcomas, respectively. These in vitro survival data do not predict the clinical radiation resistance generally attributed to osteosarcomas and soft tissue and bone sarcomas, and do not differ substantially from the results obtained with the clinically radioresponsive Ewing's sarcomas. PMID- 3182334 TI - Residual skin injury after repeated irradiation: differences observed using healing, macrocolony, and microcolony endpoints. AB - Following three repeated tolerance doses to mouse tail skin, residual injury was characterized by a 35% reduction in the iso-effective dose compared to age matched controls, using healing or macrocolony endpoints. In contrast, the reduction was only 9%, measured using microcolony formation. The colony data showed that the reduction was a constant dose, not a dose-modifying effect. The residual injury is interpreted as due to a reduced density of microcolony-forming cells in the epidermis, and these are less capable of macrocolony formation and hence of re-epithelialization in the repeatedly-irradiated epidermis. PMID- 3182335 TI - Potentiation of X ray sensitivity by combinations of sodium butyrate and buthionine sulfoximine. AB - The ability of various concentrations of the differentiation-inducing agent sodium butyrate (NAB, 0-2 mM) to produce radiosensitization in human colon tumor cells when combined with varying concentrations of the irreversible inhibitor of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase, buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, 0-0.75 mM) was studied. We have previously shown that high concentrations of each agent in combination (2 mM NAB + 0.5 mM BSO) produced a supra-additive effect in terms of radiosensitization as indicated by a decrease in the quasi-threshold value (Dq) of the single dose survival curve; we wished to define responses at other concentrations. Cells were adapted in vitro to growth in medium containing NAB for 3 passages prior to x-irradiation and BSO was given acutely 24 hrs before the x-irradiations. The most effective combination was 0.3 mM NAB + 0.75 mM BSO. These data suggest that adaptation of tumor cells to chronic low levels of a differentiation-inducing agent such as NAB followed by administration of BSO just prior to irradiation might be an effective combination in producing increased response of solid tumors. PMID- 3182337 TI - Radiotherapy for superficial skin cancer at the Queensland Radium Institute: famine in the land of plenty. AB - Superficial skin cancer is the most common malignancy in man, and radiotherapy has played an important curative role since the early part of the 20th century. We present an overview of the changing pattern of care for patients with superficial skin cancer at the Queensland Radium Institute (QRI), Brisbane--the skin cancer "capital" of the world. Although some 90,000 clinically-diagnosed skin cancers have been treated by radiotherapy at the QRI during the period 1944 1985, we document a dramatic decline in radiotherapy usage for superficial skin cancers over the past 10-15 years. We identify and discuss the major reasons for this changing pattern of care: (a) policy changes initiated by radiation oncologists because of unsightly radiation scars caused by the Queensland climate, (b) improvements in the availability and technical aspects of surgery and dermatology, and (c) surgical preference. PMID- 3182336 TI - Ouabain sensitizes tumor cells but not normal cells to radiation. AB - Ouabain is a cardiac glycoside that blocks the sodium, potassium-pump (Na,K Pump). When A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells were treated with 10(-6) M ouabain for 4 hr starting 1 hr before irradiation, they were sensitized (enhancement ratio at 1% survival 1.46 +/- .07, N = 5). Ouabain affected radiation repair because it decreased the shoulder of the cell survival curve and it sensitized cells when added after radiation. CCL-210 normal human lung fibroblasts were not radiosensitized by ouabain concentrations from 10(-8) M to 10(-5) M. These results suggest that it may be possible to exploit differences in the Na,K-pumps of normal cells and tumor cells to improve the therapeutic index of radiation. PMID- 3182338 TI - The effect of transurethral resection on prognosis in carcinoma of the prostate: real or imaginary? AB - From January 1970 to June 1983, a total of 702 patients received radical external beam radiation therapy for carcinoma of the prostate. The estimated 5- to 10-year disease-free survival are 67% and 52%. A comparison was made between those patients whose diagnosis was established by needle biopsy as compared with those who had a positive transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Within Stages B & C combined, the 5-year disease-free survival was 65% for needle biopsy as compared with 59% for TURP. The corresponding figures at 10 years are 50% and 43%. This difference is significant with a p-value of less than 0.01. In addition to histological grade, identifiable prognostic factors in the literature are clinical stage, serum acid phosphatase, and extent of radiation (local only or prophylactic pelvic nodal radiation). Assessment of histological grade using the Gleason method has been carried out in all except 7 cases. The amount of tissue from a needle biopsy constitutes less than 3% of the material obtained from a TURP. As a result, there is a potential sampling error. The Gleason grading can be used in at least three ways: (a) the conventional Gleason score, (b) the most malignant grade identified, or, (c) the primary (most frequent) grade identified. Analyzing use of these three methods of histological stratification yields conflicting results. The difference between the needle and TURP groups is present in late stage disease when the primary grade is used for stratification but absent when the worst grade is used. The significance of these results remains more or less constant irrespective of end point (uncorrected, disease specific or disease-free survival). However, when stratified by Gleason score, it is significant for disease specific survival, approaches significance for uncorrected survival but not for disease free survival. Since the significance can be altered by changing one stratification factor, there must be some doubt about the validity of other studies which either confirm or refute the hypothesis that TURP has an adverse influence on the disease process. PMID- 3182339 TI - Sphincter preservation for cancer of the distal rectum using high dose preoperative radiation. AB - Sphincter preservation surgery for cancer of the distal rectum is recognized as being associated with a high incidence of local recurrence. High dose preoperative radiation with new surgical techniques is described as an attempt to widen the scope of sphincter preservation in patients who by conventional management would have an abdomino-perineal resection and permanent colostomy and to reduce the incidence of local recurrence. Since 1976, 121 patients with cancers of the rectum have selectively been treated with high dose preoperative radiation (4000 cGy to 6000 cGy) followed by combined abdominotranssacral resection (56); transanal abdominotransanal resection (28); anterior resection (21), or a full thickness wide local excision (16). This report details the results of 43 patients observed for a minimum of 2 years whose tumors were located from 0-6 cm of the dentate line. All patients received the full course of preoperative radiation, a minimum dose of 4000-4500 cGy in approximately 4 1/2 weeks that was delivered using 180-250 cGy per fraction. Patients with tumor fixation were given an additional boost of 1000-1500 cGy preoperatively. Surgery was carried out 4-6 weeks following the completion of radiation. There was no perioperative mortality. Anastomotic failure occurred in 3 patients and was reconstituted in two. Sphincter function was maintained in all but 6 patients (86%), 2 of these had a subsequent abdominoperineal resection, and 3 a diverting colostomy. Seven of 43 (16%) patients with tumors below 6 cm developed a local recurrence, and 6 of the 7 recurrences occurred in patients with fixed tumors, especially those located from 0-3 cm from the dentate line. Eleven patients are dead of disease. The 5-year actuarial survival rate for this group is 72%. Results indicate that high dose preoperative radiation can significantly extend the scope of sphincter preservation to selected cancers of the disal rectum with excellent survival without increasing the risk of pelvic perineal recurrence. PMID- 3182340 TI - Efficacy of radiation therapy alone for limited squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. AB - From 1973-1986, thirty-five patients with limited squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal underwent definitive radiation therapy only. There were twenty females and fifteen males with average ages of 65 and 53 years, respectively. Twelve of the fifteen males were admittedly homosexual. The primary lesions were less than 5 cm in maximum dimension and were confined to the anal canal. Two patients presented with regional adenopathy. Chemotherapy was not used in any case. Treatment plans were individualized but usually included whole pelvis and boost external beam irradiation. The average tumor dose was 6395 cGy (range 4525-7550 cGy). One interstitial Ir-192 implant was performed. Local control was 77% (27/35) following radiation therapy alone. Seven of the eight failures were salvaged surgically, five by abdominoperineal resection and two by local excision, for an overall rate of 97% (34/35). The 5-year actuarial disease-free survival is 92%. Only two patients have disseminated and/or died of neoplasm. Anal continence was retained in 80% (28/35). Early and late complication rates were acceptable. PMID- 3182341 TI - Radiotherapy alone for oropharyngeal carcinomas: the role of fraction size (2 Gy vs 2.5 Gy) on local control and early and late complications. AB - This retrospective study involved 150 patients treated for oropharyngeal carcinoma by external radiotherapy alone at the Institut Gustave-Roussy. The midplane tumor dose was 70 Gy delivered in 7 weeks. During 1981, 63 patients were treated with 5 fractions (5 F) of 2 Gy per week. The following year, 87 patients, were treated with 4 fractions (4 F) of 2.5 Gy per week. Prognostic factors were equally distributed in both groups. The locoregional tumor control was 83% for the 4 F patients and 83% for the 5 F patients. Degree and incidence of acute reactions with both fractionation regimens were similar. Necrosis of the oropharyngeal mucosa and trismus were significantly more severe and more frequent in the 4 F group (23% and 20% respectively) than in the 5 F group (10% and 5% respectively) (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01). Other late effects such as skin necrosis (6% in the 4 F group versus 0% in the 5 F group) and severe cervical sclerosis (12 vs 5%) were also more frequent in the 4 F group than in the 5 F group but the difference was not significant. The results suggest a greater sensitivity of late compared to early normal tissue effects and of tumor response to an increase in dose per fraction (from 2 Gy to 2.5 Gy) in oropharyngeal carcinoma. PMID- 3182342 TI - Prognostic factors and results of radiotherapy alone in the management of pituitary adenomas. AB - Prognostic factors and results of therapy were analyzed in a retrospective review of 70 patients with pituitary adenomas treated with radiotherapy alone from January 1954 through December 1982 at the Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology. The 10-year overall and disease-free survival was 77.8 and 76.0%. The expected survival for an age-, sex-, and race-matched population was not significantly greater at 87.2%. The 10-year disease-free survival for the distinct tumor types was 100% for Cushing's disease, 82.3% for patients with amenorrhea/galactorrhea, 79.6% for non-functioning adenomas, 69.0% for acromegaly, and 66.7% for Nelson's syndrome. Prognostic variables analyzed were age, race, sex, tumor type, tumor extent, visual field defects at diagnosis, and volume irradiated. Only the presence of visual field defects at diagnosis conferred a poor prognosis (p less than 0.001). There was a tendency toward superior tumor control with radiation doses greater than 4500 cGy (p = 0.15). The median time to progression of disease was 4.2 years, with the last failure occurring at 12 years following the completion of radiotherapy. Severe complications were apparent in 5 patients (7.1%), including one death from central nervous system radionecrosis. PMID- 3182343 TI - Prognostic factors of stage I and II non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the head and neck: the value of the working formulation and need for chemotherapy. AB - From 1966 through 1984, 142 patients with early stage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the head and neck were treated. Histologic slides were reviewed and reclassified according to Rappaport's classification and the Working Formulation. Patients were clinically staged; 82 Stage I, and 60 Stage II. Five-year freedom from relapse was 53% for Stage I and 48% for Stage II patients with no statistically significant difference. No patients with favorable histologies of Rappaport's classification or low grade malignancy of the Working Formulation relapsed. By univariate analyses, stage, primary site, the Working Formulation, Rappaport's classification, extent of radiation field, radiation dose, tumor bulkiness and addition of multiple-agent chemotherapy seemed to be prognostic factors for predicting relapse. Multivariate regression analyses (MVA) showed primary site and multiple-agent chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors. Tumor bulkiness provided marginal prognostic significance. Waldeyer's ring lymphomas fared better than nodal or extralymphatic lymphomas; it seems necessary to report Waldeyer's ring lymphomas independently from nodal or extralymphatic lymphomas. Patients receiving more than 3 chemotherapeutic agents had better prognosis than those receiving 3 or less agents, or no chemotherapy. Pathologic grade was another prognostic factor when the Working Formulation was used in MVA. When Rappaport's classification was used, division of unfavorable histologies into histiocytic and non-histiocytic groups provided only marginal significance in MVA. We conclude that Stage I-II non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the head and neck with favorable histologies of Rappaport's classification or low grade malignancy of the Working Formulation be treated with radiation therapy only; and patients with other histologies should be treated with multiple-agent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. PMID- 3182344 TI - Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Saudi Arabia: a retrospective study of 166 cases treated with curative intent. AB - A retrospective review was performed of the medical records of 166 adult patients with biopsy-proven carcinomas of the nasopharynx treated with curative intent at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All patients were treated between June 1975 and December 1985 using megavoltage therapy equipment. Most patients presented with advanced nodal disease: 23 patients (13.9%) were N0, 16 patients (9.6%) were N1, 29 patients (17.5%) were N2, and 98 patients (59%) were N3. The overwhelming majority of patients had nonkeratinizing lesions (158/166). At the time of analysis, mean follow-up time was 24.2 months (range 2-108). Actuarial curves are presented for local/regional control as a function of T-stage and N-stage and for survival and time to development of distant metastases as a function of N-stage. At 4 years local/regional control was 70% for T1 lesions, 59% for T2 lesions, 30% for T3 lesions, and 35% for T4 lesions. There was little correlation between local/regional control and N-stage being about 50% at 4 years for all nodal subgroups. Only six patients exhibited an isolated first failure in the regional nodes alone, whereas 60 patients failed initially at the primary site (either alone or in conjunction with a simultaneous nodal failure). The development of distant metastases correlated to some extent with nodal disease ranging from 20% at 4 years for T1/T2 N0 patients to 70% for patients who initially presented with N3 disease. Survival data was more difficult to obtain due to cultural biases in a medically unsophisticated patient population. True survival curves are bounded by calculating actuarial curves in two ways: death as the failure endpoint and death plus lost-with-active-disease as failure endpoints. In terms of the latter curves, at 4 years "survival" ranged from 39% for patients with T1/T2 N0 lesions to 23% for patients with N3 lesions. PMID- 3182345 TI - Radiation therapy alone for medically inoperable patients with adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. AB - Surgery with adjuvant radiation is the definitive method for treating patients with Stage I and II FIGO endometrial carcinoma. However, radiation therapy alone becomes the only curative alternative for patients who presented with severe, acute, and chronic medical illnesses which prevented surgical management. We report on 104 such patients treated at Centre Alexis Vautrin in Nancy (FRANCE) between 1975 and 1984. The minimum follow-up was 2 years, the maximum was 11 years. Fifty-two patients were treated by association of external irradiation (RT) and curietherapy (CUR), and 52 by curietherapy alone. The median age of the patients was 68.8 years with a minimum of 43 and maximum of 89 years old. Ninety six patients (92.3%) were obese. Forty-nine (47.1%) were hypertensive. Forty-one (39.4%) had cardiovascular diseases, 25 (24%) had diabetes mellitus, and 13 (12.5%) had history of phlebitis. Seventy-nine patients (75.9%) were Stage I FIGO, 15 (14.4%) were Stage II, 4 patients (3.8%) were Stage III, and 6 patients (5.7%) were Stage IV. The 5- and 10-year overall absolute survival was 51.6% and 35.9% respectively. The 5- and 10-year determinate survival was 65.9% and 58.6% respectively. The 5- and 10-year absolute survival of patients treated by combination RT + CUR was 59.6 and 49.8% respectively. The 5- and 10-year survival of patients treated by CUR alone was 42.3% and 27% significantly worse (p = 0.025). The 5- and 10-year determinate survival for Stage Ia was 82.1%, 71.4% and for Stage Ib 64.6% and 64.6% respectively. The difference was not significant (p = 0.18). While the 5- and 10-year determinate survival for Stage II was 56.2% and 56.3%, significantly worse than Stage I patients (p = 0.043). Tumor differentiation (G) was found to be a significant prognostic factor in survival (p less than 0.05). Local failure was seen in 9 patients (8.6%) 5 in association with distant metastasis (DM). The 5- and 10-year actuarial local control were 87.6% and 85.1% respectively. Severe complications occurred in 18 patients (17.3%). Five of these patients are still alive with a mean follow-up of 8.8 years (minimum 6 years and maximum 11 years). The rate of complications had considerably diminished after 1980, as techniques improved and computerized dosimetry was used. PMID- 3182346 TI - The influence of dose on the long-term control of Classic (non-AIDS associated) Kaposi's sarcoma by radiotherapy. AB - Between 1972 and 1985, 82 Classic Kaposi's Sarcomas were treated by radiotherapy in the Division of Radiation Oncology at NYU Medical Center. Doses ranged from 650 cGy in 1 fraction to 3,500 cGy in 10 fractions, reflecting the judgement of the responsible physician. A correlation was observed between the treatment given and the likelihood of long-term response. Doses of 2750 cGy or more delivered in 10 fractions over 2 weeks, or their equivalent, were associated with significantly better long-term local control. We therefore conclude that doses of this magnitude are appropriate for the long-term care of Classic Kaposi's sarcoma. PMID- 3182347 TI - Repair and proliferation: major determinants of the multifraction radiation response. AB - An analysis of multifraction radiation survival data for V79 monolayers and spheroids, in which measured responses to each treatment were intercompared with the alpha/beta ratio derived using the common "reciprocal-dose" methodology at selected survival levels, resulted in quantitatively and qualitatively different conclusions. These discrepancies were the result of non-constant toxicity of each radiation dose in the multifraction scheme, which was obvious in the multifraction dose response curves, but not in the reciprocal dose plots. These data appear to indicate incomplete recovery between radiation exposures. However, under some circumstances, lack of repair was offset by cell proliferation, thus emphasizing the roles of repair, repopulation, and redistribution in the multifraction radiation response. PMID- 3182348 TI - Radiosensitivity of permanent human bone marrow stromal cell lines: effect of dose rate. AB - In contrast to the dose-rate independent X ray killing observed with human bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow adherent stromal cells from the same fresh marrow harvests demonstrate increased radiation resistance at low dose rate (LDR) (5 cGy/min), compared to high dose rate (HDR) irradiation (120-200 cGy/min). Physiologic changes observed in plateau phase bone marrow cells after LDR irradiation in vivo and in vitro suggested that marrow stromal cells might be heterogeneous in LDR irradiation repair. Five permanent clonal bone marrow stromal lines were derived from a single human marrow donor. Each cell line was positive for markers of fibroblasts including: immunohistochemically detectable fibronectin, collagen, acid phosphatase, and nonspecific esterase, and was negative for Factor VIII, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme and several markers of marrow macrophages. The x-irradiation survival curve of each cell line was determined at LDR and HDR in vitro. Cell lines KM102, KM103, KM104, and KM105 each demonstrated a significant (p less than .05) increase in radioresistance at LDR (D0 = 142, n = 2.9; D0 = 131, n = 2.5; D0 = 145, n = 2.1 and D0 = 127, n = 2.1 respectively) compared to HDR: (D0 = 111, n = 2.1; D0 = 94, n = 3.5; D0 = 99, n = 3.5 and D0 = 95, n = 2.1 respectively). In contrast, cell line KM101 demonstrated no significant change in radiosensitivity relative to dose rate at LDR (D0 = 113, n = 3.3) compared to HDR, D0 = 114, n = 3.3. Cell line KM101 was more supportive than the other lines of cocultivated hemopoietic cells in vitro. Subclones of KM101 and KM104 selected by retroviral vector transfer of the neor gene for growth in the antibiotic neomycin-analogue G418, maintained the stably associated radiobiologic properties of each parent clonal line. These data indicate significant heterogeneity in the LDR irradiation response of clonal stromal cell lines derived from human bone marrow. PMID- 3182349 TI - Effects of multifraction irradiation on the rat kidney. AB - Wag/Rij female rats were irradiated to the left kidney with single doses or 2, 4, 10, 20, or 40 equal dose fractions. The right kidney was removed 4 weeks after the last fraction. The kidney function was determined using three different parameters. The serum urea content indicated glomerular function. Urine osmolality and the total volume of urine excreted in 24 hr indicated tubular function. The onset as well as the rate of expression of radiation-induced kidney damage was dose-dependent. The kidney function decreased continuously. Differences in expression of damage between glomerular and tubular parameters were not observed. All parameters indicated marked sparing of the kidney by fractionation. In general, the data could be fitted to the linear-quadratic model, if the single dose data were not included in the analyses. However, the fit greatly improved when data obtained with high and low doses per fraction were analyzed separately. The Direct Analysis method was used to determine the alpha/beta ratios. No significant differences were observed between the alpha/beta ratios calculated for the different parameters. The ratios also did not change with increasing time after treatment. The alpha/beta for high doses per fraction was between 0.6 and 2.7 Gy, and that for low doses per fraction, with fractional doses in the clinical range, was between 0.5 and 3.8 Gy. The alpha/beta values for low doses per fraction were generally lower than those for high doses per fraction. These observations indicate a strong dependence of radiation-induced damage in the rat kidney on the size of the dose per fraction. PMID- 3182350 TI - Behavioral changes and structural defects in rats irradiated in utero. AB - Pregnant rats were irradiated with whole-body doses (0.25-1.25 Gy) of Cs-137 gamma-rays on gestational day 15, or with 1.0 Gy on gestational days 11, 13, 15, or 17. Postnatal growth (body weight) and several preweaning behaviors (righting reflex, negative geotaxis, reflex suspension, modified open field activity, spatial maze exploration, continuous corridor activity, and gait) of the offspring were monitored prior to sacrifice on post-parturition day 28. Brain (sensorimotor cortex) and pituitary tissues were processed for histological evaluation and morphometric analysis. For most behavioral endpoints, there were dose-dependent changes produced by irradiation on gestational day 15, with one endpoint (continuous corridor activity) demonstrating changes after 0.25 Gy that were significantly different from control values. The data indicate that the most sensitive organ showing radiation-induced alterations changes from the pituitary at gestational day 11 to the primitive cortex of the brain at days 13 to 17 with a peak of sensitivity at day 15. These results demonstrate that a spectrum of related functional and morphological deficits can be produced by even low-dose in utero irradiation, with the specific endpoint showing the greatest change being determined by the specific day of gestation on which irradiation occurs. Extrapolating from these experimental data with rats to the human situation, it is recommended that care be taken, when possible, to avoid exposure of the fetus, even after the early stages of organogenesis. PMID- 3182351 TI - Repair of radiation induced damage--dependence on oxygen and energy status. AB - Repair of radiation-induced sublethal damage by Chinese hamster V-79 cells is studied under conditions of different pO2 (15 ppm to 21%) and cellular energy status. Cellular ATP content and energy charge are drastically reduced when cells are deprived of both oxygen and nutrient. Both indices are within normal range when cells are provided with nutrients or trace levels of oxygen (300 ppm). When deprived of nutrient, hypoxic (15 ppm O2) cells do not repair SLD, while cells in 300 ppm O2 do. Thus, cellular SLD repair appears to be dependent on cellular energy status which in turn is sensitive to oxygen concentration. Relatedly, nutrient deprived hypoxic cells are sensitized to radiation with storage under 23 degrees C, a phenomenon which may stem from a decrease of endogenous glutathione content. PMID- 3182352 TI - Scanned focussed ultrasound hyperthermia: initial clinical results. AB - Between November 1986 and July, 1987, a preliminary study to determine the feasibility of scanned focussed ultrasound for clinical hyperthermia at various sites was conducted. Fourteen patient (17 tumors) have been treated using a microprocessor-controlled apparatus developed at the University of Arizona by modifying a commercially available diagnostic ultrasound unit. We have treated nine pelvic tumors, four extremity tumors, two brain tumors, and two extracranial head and neck tumors for a total of 42 treatments. Multipoint thermometry was achieved for all patients, with 2-25 (mean = 10) points monitored during each treatments within the scanned tumor volume. Average maximum temperature within the scanned tumor volume was 44.2, 44.7, 44.8, and 42.0 degrees C for pelvic, extremity brain, and extracranial head and neck tumors, respectively; similarly, 55%, 45%, 71%, and 0 of monitored points exceeded 42.5 degrees C. Pain limited applied power in 15 of 42 treatments, and bone pain with a periodicity similar to the scanning periodicity was seen in 11 treatments. A non-randomized comparison of temperatures achieved using scanned focussed ultrasound to those achieved using the microwave annular array and the CDRH Helix suggests that scanned focussed ultrasound may have promise and potential advantages in heating selected pelvic tumors. PMID- 3182353 TI - Thermal distribution studies of helical coil microwave antennas for interstitial hyperthermia. AB - An implantable 915 MHz helical coil antenna was developed for improved localization and control of interstitial microwave hyperthermia. The radiating element consisted of a fine wire coil wound back over the inner conductor of a miniature semi-rigid coaxial cable in place of the terminal portion of outer conductor. The power deposition profiles from single helical coil antennas were studied both in homogeneous phantom and in muscle tissue in vivo and compared to those of single half-wavelength linear dipole antennas. The effects of variable coil length, turn density, and antenna insertion depth in tissue were characterized. The helical coil antennas produced a well-localized heating pattern with a sharp falloff of temperature in both directions axially from the coil element. One of the best heating patterns was obtained with a 35 turn, 35 mm long helical coil element which was separated from the antenna feedline outer conductor by a 1 mm gap (HCS-35(1)/36). This antenna showed a marked shift of the effectively heated volume toward the antenna tip and essentially no dependence of the heating pattern on insertion depth. In contrast, the axial power deposition profiles of dipole antennas were strongly affected by insertion depth and exhibited an inadequately heated area at the antenna tip even with 1/2-3/4 wavelength insertion. Thermal distribution studies showed that the single helical coil microwave antenna provided more predictable, well-localized heating of deep seated tissues, with minimal requirement for over-implanting of the treatment volume. PMID- 3182354 TI - Summary results of the ACR (American College of Radiology) experience with an in training examination for residents in radiation oncology. AB - In 1984, the American College of Radiology administered its first in-training examination to residents in radiation oncology. This paper provides a summary of the overall results of the first 4 years of experience with this evaluatory instrument. PMID- 3182355 TI - Small-cell osteosarcoma: correlation of in vitro and clinical radiation response. AB - Small-cell osteosarcoma is an entity which shares some clinical and pathological features with both classic osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma of bone. While noted to be "not radiosensitive" when first described, a retrospective review the National Cancer Institute experience of five patients with small-cell osteosarcoma treated with radiation therapy following biopsy (three pts) or limited excision (two pts) showed local control in all five patients with two long-term disease-free survivors (12, 18 years). This compares to three patients treated with surgery alone where one patient failed locally and one patient is a long-term disease-free survivor (7 years). We have studied the in vitro radiation response of a recently established small-cell osteosarcoma cell line (TC-252) and compared its response with that of a classic osteosarcoma cell line (U2-OS) and an Ewing's sarcoma cell line (5838). The small-cell osteosarcoma line responded with a similar Do and extent of PLDR compared to the Ewing's line and was different from the in vitro radiation response of classic osteosarcoma. Based on this small clinical series and the in vitro radiation studies, we conclude that small-cell osteosarcoma is a radioresponsive tumor. Definitive radiation therapy or conservative surgery plus radiation therapy are effective alternative therapeutic options, compared to ablative surgery, for the local treatment of this uncommon bone tumor of children and young adults. PMID- 3182356 TI - Quadtrees as a representation for irregularly shaped fields in radiotherapy applications. AB - The choice of data representations in treatment planning software impacts on the accuracy of the treatment plan and the total computation time. We present the quadtree data structure as one such representation for irregularly shaped fields in a three-dimensional electron pencil-beam algorithm. The quadtree subdivides the irregular field into pencil-beams of unequal size and considerably reduces the number of pencil-beams needed in the dose calculation while preserving the calculational accuracy. Small pencil-beams are concentrated around the field edges to provide optimal resolution and computational accuracy in penumbra regions. The quadtree simplifies the evaluation of the pencil-beam fluence at a given depth, and removes systematic errors present in alternative implementations. The quadtree algorithm results in a ten-fold performance improvement when compared to alternative implementations for the irregular field. PMID- 3182357 TI - Postoperative irradiation in stage IB carcinoma of cervix. PMID- 3182358 TI - Blood pressure and self-assessment of female sexual maturation. AB - The relationship of sexual maturation to blood pressure was investigated in a sample (n = 361) of white, non-Hispanic females, aged 7-18 years. Sexual maturation was determined by self-assessment. Systolic and fourth- and fifth phase diastolic blood pressures increased significantly with increasing maturation. Body mass index, breast development, and pubic hair growth explained 29% of the systolic blood pressure variance and 23% of the fourth- and fifth phase diastolic blood pressure variances. The interpretation of a child's or adolescent's blood pressure should take into account his or her stage of sexual maturation and body size. A consideration of growth and maturation may contribute to studies of the natural history of blood pressure. PMID- 3182359 TI - The relationship between sexual maturity rating, age, and increased blood pressure in adolescents. AB - Blood pressure values are known to vary with age and body size. The effect of sexual maturity was explored in 746 patients in an adolescent clinic. Systolic blood pressure for boys and girls showed an increase with a change from Tanner stage 2 to 3. Diastolic blood pressure did not increase. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures showed a weight effect that was generally maintained within the Tanner stages. The gradual increase in blood pressure for large groups of adolescents would appear to be the result of the aggregate increase in size (weight) resulting from the asynchronous growth spurts of individuals studied. Consequently, those individuals with a strikingly early or late onset of maturation may have erroneous interpretations of their blood pressure. As biologic outliers, the borderline hypertensive who matures early may be overidentified, while the late maturer might go unrecognized. PMID- 3182360 TI - Factors influencing breast-feeding among adolescents. AB - During a 15-month study period, 244 adolescent mothers under 18 years of age were surveyed, of whom 53% elected to breast-feed. A subset of 60 primiparous breast feeding adolescents were studied regarding the influence of several factors on the duration of breast-feeding. An attitude questionnaire was administered in the hospital within 48 hours of delivery. Follow-up interviews were obtained by telephone or in person at approximately 2 weeks and 2 months after birth. Eighty three percent made the decision to breast-feed before the third trimester. Thirty five percent discontinued breast-feeding within the first postpartum month, the most common reason being "nipple confusion" in the infant; 22% nursed for more than 1 month but less than 2 months, and 43% breast-fed for 2 months or more. None of the variables examined (maternal age, ethnic group, education level, involvement of the baby's father, timing of the breast-feeding decision, intended duration of breast-feeding, age at which formula supplementation was started, or availability of maternal support) was predictive of the duration of breast feeding. Contrary to adolescent stereotypes, 65% of mothers chose breast-feeding because it was "good for the baby," and 67% identified the "closeness" of the nursing relationship as the most enjoyable part of breast-feeding. Twenty-eight percent cited modesty issues about breast-feeding as the greatest disadvantage, and 17% returned to work or school within the first 2 postpartum months, posing additional obstacles to breast-feeding. Our data suggest that adolescents are receptive to breast-feeding, but they may require close follow-up and anticipatory guidance tailored to their individual needs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182361 TI - Testicular cancer. Adolescent knowledge and attitudes. AB - To study what adolescents know or feel about testicular cancer (TC), 1,364 males, mean age 14.9 years, were given an 85-item pretest questionnaire. Although 28% had heard of TC, none knew how to perform a testicular self-examination (TSE). Analysis of the attitude questions showed that adolescents are afraid of getting TC, are unsure about whether it can be self-diagnosed, and do not know whether recovery is more likely with early diagnosis. Black adolescents were less knowledgeable about and more afraid of getting TC than white adolescents; males of lower socioeconomic status (SES) and males with more contact with cancer were also more afraid of getting TC than higher SES and low-cancer contact groups. Although 75% reported having a complete physical examination by a physician within the previous 15 months, less than 2% reported being taught TSE. Having had a recent physical examination made no difference in the knowledge of or attitudes toward TC. PMID- 3182362 TI - Adolescent self-assessment of sexual maturation. Effects of fatness classification and actual sexual maturation stage. AB - Accuracy of self-assessed staging of sexual maturation was studied on 96 adolescents (49 boys and 47 girls) to validate previous studies and evaluate the effects of an adolescent's fatness level and actual sexual maturation stage on their ability to assess their level of sexual maturation. Correlation between the adolescents' self-assessments and physician assessments was moderately high (Kendall's tau-b = 0.65-0.82). Boys tended to overestimate, while girls underestimated their level of sexual maturation. Differences between physician and subject ratings by fatness classification or by actual sexual maturation stage was not significant. This study supports previous studies showing that adolescents can accurately assess their own stage of sexual maturation regardless of their fatness classification or actual sexual maturation stage. PMID- 3182363 TI - The timing of menarche in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. AB - A study of the age of menarche in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) patients was undertaken to determine what factors affect the timing of menarche. There was a significant difference between the mean age of menarche for the 68 JRA patients and 46 controls (p = 0.015). No clear etiology for this difference was elucidated. Polyarticular-onset JRA patients had the oldest age of menarche, but this finding was of marginal statistical significance (p less than 0.05,pcorr less than 0.25). The multivariate model that included onset type, steroid use, and duration of disease weakly predicted age of menarche in the JRA group. This model suggests that, exclusive of height and weight parameters, duration of disease was the most important predictor of menarche in JRA. PMID- 3182364 TI - The influence of oral contraceptives on hormonal and metabolic homeostasis in young adolescents. AB - In order to evaluate the effects of oral contraceptives on metabolic and endocrine function in teenagers, Norinyl 1/50 was begun in 46 12-17-year-old girls after a 16-hour-fasting blood sample was obtained for glucose, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, gluconeogenic substrates, total lipids, and cholesterol. Sampling was repeated at 6 and 12 months of therapy. Of the 46 patients enrolled in the study, 23 returned for follow-up after 6 months, and 13 completed the study. Blood sampling after 6 and 12 months of therapy demonstrated no significant changes (p greater than 0.05). Our results suggest that there were no changes in the metabolic or endocrine functions studied at 6 and 12 months on a medium-dose contraceptive agent. PMID- 3182365 TI - Overt behavior of adolescent suicide attempters hospitalized on a general pediatrics floor. AB - The usefulness of a direct observation assessment in evaluating adolescents hospitalized following a suicide attempt was investigated. Attempters hospitalized for medical stabilization were compared to adolescents hospitalized on the same pediatric floor by use of a modified version of the Hospitalized Adolescent Interaction Scale. Contrary to expectation, the adolescent suicide attempters did not differ significantly from medical patients regarding the activities they engaged in, interactions with others, out-of-bed behavior, or location on the floor. There were, however, significant differences between the two groups regarding affect, with the suicide attempters being rated as having more sullen facial expressions. A modest relationship was found between the self report of depression and the activity level of the suicide attempters. These results are discussed in relation to behavior and depression during hospitalization and the role of behavior during hospitalization in disposition planning for adolescent suicide attempters. PMID- 3182366 TI - Smoking among kibbutz youth. Patterns, perceptions, and determinants. AB - A population of 54 high-school-aged kibbutz youth in Israel were studied to assess their smoking habits. Twenty (37%) were smokers. Among the smokers, 15 (75%) smoked daily, with four smoking as many as 10-20 cigarettes per day. Nearly half of the group believed smoking affected their health and were interested in stopping their use of cigarettes. Smokers when compared to nonsmokers had more positive peer relations (chi 2 = 9.308; p less than 0.01), less positive relations with parents (chi 2 = 8.293; p less than 0.01), more boredom with kibbutz life (chi 2 = 3.468; p less than 0.10), and less involvement with a hobby, sport, or reading (chi 2 = 3.133, p less than 0.10). Parents' smoking habits, marital status of the parents, students' self-evaluation of their academic performance, and youths' age and sex did not differentiate smokers from nonsmokers. PMID- 3182367 TI - Atypical idiopathic hypercalciuria in an adolescent. AB - Idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) in adults is recognized as a cause of urolithiasis. If IH is symptomatic, the symptoms are hematuria, renal colic, or obstructive uropathy with or without infection. In children, IH has been linked to the spectrum of urinary symptoms including hematuria, pyuria, dysuria, recurrent urinary infections, abdominal or suprapubic pain, proteinuria, and the frequency-urgency syndrome. Hematuria may appear prior to the appearance of stones, and thiazide therapy appears to prevent stone formation by decreasing urinary calcium excretion. This report describes an older adolescent with hematuria and flank pain. His urinary chemistry values were not consistently typical of IH, but a thiazide trial with withdrawal challenge was diagnostic. His case is remarkable because, though essentially an adult, his disease was typical of prepubertal disease. Adolescents with unexplained urinary symptoms should be evaluated for IH. The urinary calcium-creatinine ratio may not be elevated, and timed urinary calcium may be equivocal. In some cases a thiazide trial may be valuable and cost effective. PMID- 3182368 TI - XO/XY mosaicism in delayed puberty. AB - Two adolescent boys with 45,X/46,XY (XO/XY mosaicism), presented in adolescence with pubertal delay and short stature. Both patients had a history of hypospadias repair, but otherwise normal male genitalia. Scrotal testes were present bilaterally, and no Mullerian structures were identified by pelvic ultrasound. The XO/XY mosaicism suggests that this chromosomal abnormality might be more common in phenotypic males than previously recognized. Because of the increased incidence of testicular neoplasia in patients with XO/XY mosaicism, it is important to document this chromosomal abnormality. We recommend cytogenetic analyses for boys with pubertal delay and hypospadias. If XO/XY mosaicism is documented, the patient must be closely followed for possible development of testicular failure and/or gonadoblastoma. PMID- 3182369 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis presenting as hematuria in an adolescent male. PMID- 3182370 TI - Consolidation of psychosocial scales. PMID- 3182371 TI - Position paper on school-based health clinics. The Society for Adolescent Medicine. PMID- 3182372 TI - Health futures of youth. Proceedings of a conference. Daytona Beach, Florida, April 1986. PMID- 3182373 TI - Hormonal aspects of normal and abnormal behavior in adolescents. Study group report. AB - As stated initially, a significant proportion of health problems of youths have genetic predispositions and potentially identifiable antecedents of disease during childhood and adolescence. Until there is advancement in delineating the multiple dimensions and relationships of a psychobiologic developmental framework, interventions may fall short of their potential to either prevent or ameliorate these problems. To date, research has been limited by narrow definitions, lack of uniformity among measures, small samples, and homogenous populations. As a forward step, longitudinal investigations of subpopulations of youths may provide an opportunity for definitive study of the basic processes of puberty and be fruitful in evaluating the deleterious effects that stresses of contemporary life place on children and adolescents. In addition, efforts to communicate existing knowledge across disciplines and to approach psychobiologic research from an interdisciplinary perspective will enhance an understanding of the interplay of social, biologic, and environmental factors that are essential in the maturational process. This multidimensional approach with newer, broader perspectives is critical to advancing the development of a psychobiologic framework that will shed further light on the mechanisms of maturation and the interferences of this pubertal process that is the hallmark of adolescence. PMID- 3182374 TI - Chronic physical and social conditions of youth. Study group report. PMID- 3182375 TI - Organization of adolescent health services. Study group report. PMID- 3182376 TI - Integrated community health delivery programs for youth. Study group report. PMID- 3182377 TI - Community education. Study group report. PMID- 3182379 TI - Gossypol toxicosis. PMID- 3182380 TI - More on veterinary manpower. PMID- 3182378 TI - Training of health professionals in adolescent health care. Study group report. PMID- 3182381 TI - Legal status of veterinary dentistry. PMID- 3182382 TI - ECG of the month. Sinus rhythm with complete heart block. PMID- 3182383 TI - Antibody titers in domestic ferret jills and their kits to canine distemper virus vaccine. AB - Antibody titers were measured in domestic or European ferret (Mustela putorius furo) jills vaccinated with modified-live canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine and in their kits. The half-life of maternal antibody to CDV in ferrets was 9.43 days. Ferret kits should be vaccinated against CDV at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. PMID- 3182384 TI - Nonsurgical treatment of uterine torsion in seven mares. AB - Nonsurgical correction of uterine torsion was performed in 7 mares, and 6 foals were subsequently born alive. Uterine rupture necessitated euthanasia in 1 mare. Correction was achieved by rolling of the mares after general anesthesia had been induced. Previously, this technique was believed to be associated with a high prevalence of fetal and maternal mortality. Nonsurgical correction may be a satisfactory alternative to abdominal surgery in treating uterine torsion in mares. PMID- 3182385 TI - Treatment of bacterial endocarditis in a horse. AB - Using echocardiography, mitral valve bacterial endocarditis was diagnosed in a yearling Thoroughbred filly with a history of periodic fever and intermittent hind limb lameness. Streptococcus sp were isolated from blood, and the filly was treated with penicillin, resulting in a bacteriologic cure. Severe mitral regurgitation developed secondary to scarring of the valve, which resulted in the filly's death. A poor prognosis usually is indicated in horses with bacterial endocarditis, as bacteriologic cures are infrequent and severe valvular insufficiency often develops. PMID- 3182386 TI - Intraocular silicone prosthesis in a horse. AB - A 40-mm intraocular silicone prosthesis was placed in a horse's globe to control glaucoma. The glaucoma was suspected to be associated with a lens subluxation, but primary glaucoma could not be ruled out. Medical treatment and cyclocryotherapy had been attempted, but failed to decrease the intraocular pressure to a normal value. The prosthesis was placed, via a dorsal scleral incision, after removal of the intraocular contents. The size of the prosthesis was estimated from measurements of the horse's normal left globe and an enucleated, age-matched globe. Silicone prostheses offer a cosmetic alternative to enucleation of blind, sensitive globes in horses. PMID- 3182387 TI - Diarrhea associated with myenteric ganglionitis in a dog. AB - Diarrhea in a Border Terrier was associated with inflammatory lesions of the myenteric plexus. This lesion has been documented rarely in dogs. It is speculated that the myenteric plexus lesions were responsible for an autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which resulted in extreme intestinal hypermotility and subsequent diarrhea. Suggested tests for dogs suspected to have autonomic dysfunction are given. PMID- 3182388 TI - Blindness in a dog with IgA-forming myeloma. AB - A 9-year-old dog with a 2-month history of weight loss and a 1-week history of blindness had an IgA-forming myeloma. Seemingly, the blindness was a result of bilaterally detached retinas. The dog also had leukopenia, anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, and proteinuria as well as lytic lesions in the cervical portion of the spine and high IgA concentrations in serum and urine. Evaluation of aspirates from the subretinal spaces revealed lymphocytes in a proteinaceous fluid. Histologically, retinal lesions consisted of vascular endothelial cell damage and intraretinal cysts and hemorrhages. PMID- 3182389 TI - Slab fractures of the third carpal bone in standardbreds and thoroughbreds: 155 cases (1977-1984). AB - Case records and radiographs of 155 horses with third carpal bone (C3) slab fractures were reviewed. Of these cases, race records were obtained for 72 Thoroughbreds and 61 Standardbreds. Three performance criteria were examined: ability to make 1 start, ability to make 10 starts or earn $2,000 (within 1 year of first start after the fracture), and earnings per start. Treatment distribution (lag screw fixation, fragment excision, or rest) was similar in both breeds. Significant differences between breeds were identified in age and sex distributions, fracture displacement, and postinjury performance. In Thoroughbreds, there was a tendency for fractures to occur in the right C3 (59%); in Standardbreds, forelimbs were affected equally. The dorsomedial aspect of C3 was the site of fracture in 87% (135/155) of the cases. Horses referred for treatment were predominantly 2-year-old Standardbreds and 3-year-old Thoroughbreds. Females of both breeds were less likely to race after injury than males (46 vs 90%). In Standardbreds, all 38 horses with racing starts before fracture were able to race again. Prior racing starts were not related to outcome in Thoroughbreds. The effects of treatment on outcome were not significantly different. Fracture characteristics did not significantly affect outcome, but did influence treatment selection. Convalescent time was not correlated with any of the variables examined (including treatment) or related to outcome; time from admission to first start averaged 11 months. In STandardbreds, 77% of the horses with C3 slab fracture raced after injury; in Thoroughbreds, 65% raced. Earnings per start declined in each breed, but the decline was more pronounced in Thoroughbreds. PMID- 3182390 TI - Thyroid carcinoma causing hyperthyroidism in cats: 14 cases (1981-1986). AB - The medical records of 14 hyperthyroid cats with thyroid carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively regarding historical, physical, laboratory, and thyroid scintiscan findings, treatment, and treatment outcome. Breed predilection was not detected, and older castrated male cats were most commonly affected. The most common clinical signs detected by owners were weight loss, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, hyperactivity, and anorexia. Physical examination findings included tachycardia, palpable cervical mass, hyperactivity, cardiac murmur, and abnormal coat. Common abnormal laboratory findings were high serum thyroxine and triiodo thyronine concentrations and high serum alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate transaminase activities. Azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperglycemia were noticed less frequently. The most common thyroid scintiscan findings were multiple nodular areas of high radionuclide uptake in the cervical region, thoracic inlet, and cranial mediastinum. The most common morphologic diagnosis was mixed compact and follicular carcinoma, with follicular and papillary carcinomas being less common. Most cats responded well to treatment of the thyroid tumor, with rapid resolution of the historical and physical examination findings. The most common necropsy findings were local tumor invasion, regional lymph node metastases, cardiomyopathy, and interstitial nephritis. PMID- 3182391 TI - Granulomatous uveitis in an owl. AB - Granulomatous lens-induced uveitis was diagnosed in a mature male barred owl. Initial ocular examination revealed a large white mass in the left eye. Differential diagnoses for the mass included intraocular granuloma, neoplasia, foreign body, bacterial or fungal enophthalmitis, and fibrotic hematoma. After enucleation of the left globe, histologic examination revealed the mass to be a granulomatous inflammatory reaction to a posteriorly luxated, traumatized lens. Lens-induced uveitis should be considered whenever a bird has suffered lenticular trauma. PMID- 3182392 TI - Gangrenous dermatitis caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans in Richardson ground squirrels. AB - Gangrenous dermatitis caused by Corynebacterium ulcerans developed in 63 of 350 wild Richardson ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii). Six squirrels died of toxemia and/or septicemia, but 57 responded to topical and parenteral administration of antibiotics. The epizo-otic was believed to be associated with fighting; infected and carrier ground squirrels most likely transmitted the C ulcerans through bite wounds. Individuals handling ground squirrels should be cautioned that C ulcerans may produce a diphtheria-like disease in human beings. PMID- 3182393 TI - Effects of chronic sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia on plasma testosterone and its responses to hCG in normal men. AB - To elucidate the effects of sulpiride-induced (300 mg daily) long-term (64 days) hyperprolactinemia on basal and hCG-stimulated plasma testosterone (T), hCG was given to five normal men five times at 2-week intervals (before sulpiride administration and at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks). Mean integrated hCG responses of plasma T did not change significantly as compared with baseline. However, mean (+/- SEM) basal plasma levels of T decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) from 1011 +/- 148 ng/dl to 852 +/- 13 at 2 weeks, 520 +/- 53 at 4 weeks, 572 +/- 137 at 6 weeks and 554 +/- 140 at 8 weeks. These results suggest that sulpiride induced hyperprolactinemia (73.8 ng/ml, the average of mean values obtained at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks) for 64 days does not suppress secretion of T in response to hCG in spite of a decrease in basal plasma T concentrations. It is unlikely that the low concentrations of plasma T are due to direct effects of hyperprolactinemia on the testis. PMID- 3182394 TI - The relationship between the motility and morphology of spermatozoa in human semen. AB - High-speed videomicrography was used to assess simultaneously the morphology and motility of seminal spermatozoa from 10 fertile donors and 10 patients being evaluated for infertility. In both donors and patients, morphologically normal spermatozoa were more likely to be motile and had significantly higher straight line velocity, greater rolling frequency and flagellar beat frequency than abnormally shaped cells. For donors and patients there were highly significant, linear correlations (R = 0.7 to R = 0.98) between the movement characteristics of morphologically normal and abnormal spermatozoa within an ejaculate. A greater percentage of normal donor spermatozoa were motile than were the normal spermatozoa from patients (56% vs. 28%, respectively, P less than 0.005) and normal donor spermatozoa also swam faster than normal patient spermatozoa (49.1 +/- 3.2 microns/sec vs. 37.4 +/- 4.3 microns/sec, mean +/- sem, respectively, P less than 0.05). Overall, a multivariate analysis of variance, including straight line velocity, rolling frequency, beat frequency, and flagellar beat amplitude, demonstrated that these movement characteristics were significantly greater for the normal cells from donors than for the normal spermatozoa from patients. These biologic distinctions notwithstanding, the discrimination between semen from donors and patients was not improved when only morphologically normal cells were analyzed for motility. PMID- 3182395 TI - Localization of the human prostatic secretory protein PSP94 and its mRNA in the epithelial cells of the prostate. AB - The histologic distribution of a prostatic secretory protein of 94 amino acids (PSP94) and its mRNA were examined simultaneously by conventional immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization histochemistry. The results show localization of immunoreactive PSP94 and its mRNA in the epithelial cells of the prostate gland, thus providing strong evidence of PSP94 synthesis in these cells. Preliminary analysis of PSP94 by radioimmunoassay and of its mRNA by Northern blot analysis indicates that PSP94 biosynthesis in pathologic prostatic tissues is variable. The value of PSP94 as a marker of prostate gland secretory activity is discussed. PMID- 3182396 TI - Effects of ethanol consumption on the morphology of the rat seminiferous epithelium. AB - The effects of ethanol consumption on the morphology of the seminiferous epithelium, with particular emphasis on Sertoli cell ultrastructure, were examined during and following pubertal development. Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on chronically high levels of ethanol for 7 weeks beginning at 29 days of age. Animals in Group 1 were fed a liquid diet containing ethanol (36% ethanol derived calories) ad libitum. Group 2 animals were paired with animals in Group 1 and fed a liquid control diet in the amount consumed by their ethanol partners (g/kg body wt/day). Animals in Group 3 were fed Purina rodent chow ad libitum. Blood samples were collected at 60 days for determination of plasma testosterone levels. On day 79, each epididymis, the adrenals and the right testis were removed from anesthetized animals and weighed; the left testis was removed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Blood alcohol levels were consistently high throughout the feeding period, averaging 272.6 +/- 9.7 mg/100 ml at 1900 hours (1 hour after lights off) and 178.8 +/- 20.8 mg/100 ml at 1330 hours. Testosterone levels were lower in ethanol-consuming animals than in pair fed or control subjects. Testis weight was also somewhat reduced in ethanol consuming animals; however, when adjusted for body weight, relative testis weights were found to be increased in ethanol and pair-fed animals. Epididymal weights were reduced in both ethanol and pair-fed animals. Relative adrenal weights were increased by ethanol. The most dramatic effect of ethanol consumption was on the morphology of the seminiferous tubules.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182397 TI - Differential effects of (+) and (-) gossypol enantiomers on mitochondrial function and proliferation of cultured TM4 cells. AB - The in vitro effects of (+) and (-)gossypol enantiomers on the mitochondrial functions of mouse transformed Sertoli, TM4 cells were investigated by monitoring mitochondrial rhodamine 123 accumulation. When TM4 cells were cultured in medium without fetal calf serum, 5 micrograms/ml of both enantiomers caused similar declines in mitochondrial rhodamine 123 staining. By contrast, (-)gossypol had a greater adverse action than did (+)gossypol on the mitochondrial of TM4 cells that were cultured in medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. Construction of dose response curves for the effects of the two enantiomers on rhodamine 123 accumulation by TM4 cells after 5 hr of drug treatment gave an EC50 of 7.5 micrograms/ml for the (-)gossypol isomer compared with 18 micrograms/ml for the (+)gossypol isomer. Similarly, TM4 cell proliferation was also more disturbed by (-)gossypol in medium supplemented with other concentrations of fetal calf serum. The results suggest that the lower effect of (+)gossypol on TM4 cells may be attributed to its higher affinity to serum components, which may impede its entrance into TM4 cells. PMID- 3182399 TI - Metabolic products of microorganisms. 244. Colabomycins, new antibiotics of the manumycin group from Streptomyces griseoflavus. I. Isolation, characterization and biological properties. AB - The yellow colabomycins A to C, three new antibiotics of the manumycin group produced by Streptomyces griseoflavus (strain Tu 2880), were detected by chemical screening. They were isolated from mycelium extracts by column chromatography on various adsorbents, followed by preparative reversed phase HPLC. The main compound, colabomycin A (1), was characterized and shown to be chiefly biologically active against Gram-positive bacteria and stem cells of murine L1210 leukemia. PMID- 3182400 TI - Metabolic products of microorganisms. 245. Colabomycins, new antibiotics of the manumycin group from Streptomyces griseoflavus. II. Structure of colabomycin A. AB - The structure of colabomycin A (1) was elucidated by a detailed spectroscopic analysis. Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy experiments provided assignments of the proton and carbon resonances of the tetraene carboxamide chains occurring in 1. The configurations of eight out of nine double bonds were determined by analysis of their coupling constants. The absolute configurations of C-4 (4S), C 5 (5R) and C-6 (6S) were established from the CD spectra of the parent compound and of 2-(6-oxo-2,4-hexadienoylamino)-5,6-epoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (2), which was obtained from 1 by mild chromic acid oxidation. PMID- 3182398 TI - 16-Deethylindanomycin (A83094A), a novel pyrrole-ether antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces setonii. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and characterization. AB - 16-Deethylindanomycin (A83094A) is a novel pyrrole-ether antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces setonii. The antibiotic, which is structurally similar to indanomycin (X-14547A), is active in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria as well as coccidia. PMID- 3182402 TI - Structure-activity relationship of a novel antitumor ansamycin antibiotic trienomycin A and related compounds. AB - Various derivatives of trienomycin A (1) were prepared and tested for cytocidal activities. All the derivatives except for 22-O-methyltrienomycin A (5) showed reduced cytotoxicity compared with 1. It is concluded that the existence of a triene moiety, free 13-OH and an acyl group at C-11 owe important role for cytocidal activity. PMID- 3182401 TI - Arizonins, a new complex of antibiotics related to kalafungin. I. Taxonomy of the producing culture, fermentation and biological activity. AB - The arizonins, a novel complex of antibiotics related to kalafungin, were discovered in the fermentation broth of Actinoplanes sp. AB660D-122. Comparative taxonomic studies indicated that the culture is a new species and therefore has been designated Actinoplanes arizonaensis sp. nov. Two members of the complex, arizonins A1 and B1, exhibit moderate to potent in vitro antimicrobial activity against pathogenic strains of Gram-positive bacteria. PMID- 3182403 TI - The biosynthetic implications of acetate and glutamate incorporation into (3R,5R) carbapenam-3-carboxylic acid and (5R)-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid by Serratia sp. AB - Two new beta-lactams have been isolated from strains of Serratia and Erwinia sp. and identified as (3R,5R)- and (3S,5R)-carbapenam-3-carboxylic acid. These novel carbapenams lack antibacterial activity, are resistant to both beta-lactamases I and II from Bacillus cereus and are not detected by the lactamase induction assay. Radiolabelled and stable isotope experiments have established that both metabolites together with the antibiotic 5R-carbapenem-3-carboxylic acid are glutamate and acetate derived. A number of possible pathways for the biosynthesis of these compounds as well as their relationship to the more complex members of the carbapenem family of beta-lactam antibiotics are discussed. PMID- 3182404 TI - Ionization of penem beta-lactam antibiotics using thermospray (filament-on) mass spectrometry. PMID- 3182405 TI - Sibanomicin, a new pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotic produced by a Micromonospora sp. PMID- 3182406 TI - The structure of nystatin A3, a component of nystatin complex. PMID- 3182407 TI - Neuronal discharge rate is unsuitable for encoding sound intensity at the inferior-colliculus level. AB - Rate-intensity functions from single neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) of the cat in response to tone bursts and continuous noise were recorded. Only 6% of 64 quantitatively studied neurons had monotonic functions in response to tone bursts, 12.5% in response to continuous noise. The other neurons had functions with a single peak which could occur at any super threshold level tested (3-80 dB), or with multiple peaks. In 78% of the neurons the rate-intensity functions in response to tones and noise were of different shape. We interpret this stimulus dependency of the shape of rate-intensity functions of most neurons as evidence against sound-intensity coding only on the basis of the shape of rate-intensity functions at the ICC level. Rate-intensity functions averaged from neurons with similar characteristic frequencies or from all neurons of our sample indicate a constant average discharge over at least 60 dB sound intensity. This excludes sound-intensity coding by means of an average neuronal discharge rate in the ICC. PMID- 3182408 TI - Early effects of gentamicin on inner ear glycocalyx cytochemistry. AB - The early effects of gentamicin treatment on the inner ear glycocalyx were investigated using two cationic probes, colloidal thorium and cationized ferritin. Gentamicin treatment resulted in a diminished thorium reactivity of both the endolymphatic and perilymphatic glycocalyx of the hair cells after 1 day and complete abolishment of reactivity after 5 days. Cationized ferritin reactivity of the perilymphatic and endolymphatic glycocalyx was not significantly influenced. The cytochemistry of the inner ear glycocalyx and the possible biochemical changes induced by gentamicin are discussed. PMID- 3182409 TI - Components of monaural envelope correlation perception. AB - The ability of listeners to discriminate between simultaneously presented bands of noise whose envelopes were either the same or statistically independent was determined. Bands of 100-Hz wide noise were employed which had low and high center frequencies of (2500, 2750), (2500, 3000), (2500, 3500) and (4000, 4400) Hz. Average discriminations were above 90% correct except for the (2500, 3500) Hz condition, which yielded an average of 77% correct. Next, a factorial stimulus design was employed in order to determine the relative importance of envelope and power spectrum cues. The results indicate that in the absence of power spectrum cues, bands with the same envelopes could be discriminated from bands with statistically independent envelopes. When the envelopes were always the same, listeners were able to discriminate between power spectra that were either the same or different. In contrast, when the envelopes were always different, listeners were unable to discriminate between the same and different power spectra. PMID- 3182410 TI - Acoustically induced hearing loss: intracellular studies in the guinea pig cochlea. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from both inner and outer hair cells (IHC, OHC) in the basal coil of the guinea pig cochlea before, during and after the animal was exposed to loud, pure tones. Following multiple loud tones both types of sensory cells demonstrate a culmulative decrease in their voltage responses to a test tone. A loss in sensitivity of the compound action potential (CAP) of the eighth nerve co-incides with a decrease in both the amplitude of the IHC receptor potential and the positive summating potential (+SP) recorded at the round window. The largest decreases in sensitivity of IHCs are found at the characteristic or best frequency (CF) of each cell and this frequency selective loss of sensitivity results in a decrease in the tuning of the hair cell. During and following a loud tone the nonlinear properties of IHCs are also reduced. PMID- 3182411 TI - Complex interactions between pairs of forward maskers. AB - The present study was conducted to determine to what extent the combined effects of two forward maskers can be predicted from addition of their individual effects. The maskers were 50-Hz wide noise bands with center frequencies ranging from 1.8 to 2.2 kHz. The signal was a brief, 2.0-kHz tone burst. When the maskers were gated on and off together, the combination produced sometimes more and sometimes less masking than predicted depending on the particular pair and the relative amounts of masking produced by the individual members of the pair. The greatest discrepancy occurred, however, when the masker pair was presented simultaneously with the signal or when the forward maskers were presented in sequence. In the latter case, the obtained threshold exceeded the predicted threshold by as much as 34 dB. PMID- 3182412 TI - Effects of cisplatin and thiosulfate upon auditory brainstem responses of guinea pigs. AB - Two side effects which limit the use of cisplatin in cancer chemotherapy are severe nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. The concurrent administration of sodium thiosulfate with cisplatin reportedly protects from cisplatin nephrotoxicity, however, protection from ototoxicity has not been documented. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of using thiosulfate to ameliorate the ototoxic effects of cisplatin. Toward this end, the effects of cisplatin alone, cisplatin administered concurrently with sodium thiosulfate (CIS/THIO), and sodium thiosulfate alone on the auditory brainstem response (ABR) of guinea pigs were compared. ABR waveforms, comparing latencies, amplitudes and response thresholds, were monitored before, immediately after, and 30 days post treatment. Sodium thiosulfate administered with cisplatin (CIS/THIO) consistently protected animals from hearing loss and surprisingly yielded significant increases in amplitude when compared to baseline and saline controls. However, ABRs of CIS/THIO animals returned toward baseline values after 30 days. PMID- 3182413 TI - Binaural interaction in brainstem auditory evoked potentials elicited by frequency-specific stimuli. AB - The frequency specificity of the binaural interaction in brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) was investigated in ten normal-hearing young adults. A novel stimulus paradigm was devised to reduce the influence of the acoustic reflex (middle ear muscle contraction) on the BAEP, and to minimize the effect of variations in noise level. Sequences of six stimuli (rarefaction clicks or Gaussian-shaped tone pulses with carrier frequencies of 1, 2, 4 and 6 kHz) were periodically presented in the following order: right monaural, left monaural, binaural, left monaural, right monaural, binaural, with an interstimulus interval of 22 ms. Since the sequence of monaural stimuli with binaural stimuli interposed produces a uniform loudness and since the acoustic reflex is a consensual reflex, the relative high stimulus repetition rate (approx. 45/s) causes a muscle contraction which is equal on both sides and rather constant in time. This paradigm turned out to be usable for stimulus intensities as high as 80 dB nHL. The binaural difference potential (BDP) was computed by subtracting the sum of the monaurally (ipsilateral and contralateral) evoked potentials from the binaurally evoked potential. The major binaural interaction occurred in the latency range of BAEP waves V and VI, and there was no evidence of interaction in the earlier portion of the BAEP. Both latency and amplitude of the BDP components were evaluated statistically. The latency of the BDP components - except of the lasted one - showed an almost linear dependence both on stimulus intensity and stimulus frequency. The amplitude grew larger with decreasing frequency, and the visual detection threshold elevated as the stimulus frequency increased. Click stimuli, however, produced the largest amplitudes with lowest visual detection threshold. This novel stimulus paradigm appears to be most suitable for routine clinical investigations since high stimulus intensities can be used. PMID- 3182414 TI - Further observations on the fine structure of tip links between stereocilia of the guinea pig cochlea. AB - Stereocilia of the guinea pig organ of Corti were examined by transmission electron microscopy, after fixation in glutaraldehyde and tannic acid, and postfixation and en bloc staining in osmium tetroxide, tannic acid, uranyl acetate, and phosphotungstic acid. Tip links were observed between the stereocilia. The links emerged from the tips of the shorter stereocilia in the hair bundle, running nearly at right angles to the cuticular plate, to join the side-wall of the adjacent taller stereocilium of the next row. The tip links had a fine filamentous core, approximately 6 nm in diameter. The core was surrounded by positively-staining amorphous material, which had a variable appearance from link to link. The central filament inserted into membrane specialisations at both its upper and lower ends. The results suggest that tip links have two components, and that the central filament, which has the same diameter as an actin filament, is suitable for transmitting stimulus-induced movements to the transducer channels of the stereocilium. The central filament would therefore concentrate the stimulus-induced forces onto a small area of cell membrane. PMID- 3182415 TI - Time course of the antibacterial activity of erythromycin stearate and erythromycin acistrate against two Staphylococcus aureus strains in vitro. AB - The antibacterial efficacy of erythromycin stearate (ES) and a new erythromycin prodrug, erythromycin acistrate (EA, 2'-acetyl erythromycin stearate), was compared in two Staphylococcus aureus strains, one sensitive and the other resistant to erythromycin. The growth was continuously monitored turbidometrically for 24 h. With the sensitive S. aureus, the inhibitory effects of both ES and EA were visible within 1-2 h when the antibiotics were added at 0 or 1.5 h after the beginning of the incubation. When they were added at 3 h, their action was immediate at 0.5 and 1 mg/l, and 5 mg/l caused a complete inhibition of the growth. At 0.5 and 1 mg/l, however, ES was much more effective than EA. When EA and ES (1, 5 or 10 mg/l) were added at 0 or 1.5 h to the resistant staphylococcal culture, the lag phases (no detectable growth) were prolonged as a function of drug concentration but eventually the growth was restored. The action of EA was weaker and the lag phases were 2-5 h shorter than those after ES. When the compounds were added at 3 h, the antibacterial effect was visible immediately. The increase of absorbance was slowed down even by 1 mg/l of ES and almost prevented by 5 mg/l. At these concentrations EA was less effective than ES, but the two erythromycins were equally active at 10 mg/l. These results show that addition of EA acts on both staphylococci as rapidly as addition of ES but to a lesser extent. Evidently EA is antibacterially weaker than ES, or rapidly hydrolyzed to erythromycin after it has been added to the test system. PMID- 3182416 TI - The in-vitro activity of PD127,391, a new quinolone. AB - MICs of PD127,391 a new 4-quinolone, and of CI934 and ciprofloxacin, two previously reported 4-quinolones, were determined for common clinical bacterial isolates by an agar-dilution method. PD127,391 was the most active drug against Enterobacteriaceae and Acinetobacter spp (MICs less than 0.12 mg/l) and as active as ciprofloxacin against Aeromonas spp. (MICs less than 0.008 mg/l) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MICs less than 1 mg/l). It was more active than ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas spp. including Ps. maltophilia (MICs less than 0.25 mg/l). All three drugs had high activity, with PD129,391 again the best, against Haemophilus influenzae Brahmamella catarrhalis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. PD127,391 was much more active than the other drugs against Campylobacter coli/jejuni (PD127,391 MICs less than 0.03 mg/l) and Gardnerella vaginalis (PD127,391 MICs less than 0.25 mg/l). PD127,391 inhibited all staphylococci at less than 0.06 mg/l and streptococci at less than 0.5 mg/l, thus being more active than CI934 or ciprofloxacin. PD127,391 was much more active against anaerobic cocci, Bacteroides spp. and clostridia (including Clostridium difficile) (MICs less than 1 mg/l) than was CI934 (MICs less than 16 mg/l) or ciprofloxacin (MICs less than 64 mg/l). No bacterium that we examined required more than 1 mg/l of PD127,391 for inhibition, and there was no cross resistance with unrelated antibiotics. PMID- 3182417 TI - In-vitro and in-vivo activities of T-3262, a new pyridone carboxylic acid. AB - T-3262[p-toluenesulfonic acid salt of dl-7-(3-amino-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-(2,4 difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-1, 4-dihydro-4-oxo-1, 8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid monohydrate] is a new pyridone carboxylic acid with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The activity of T-3262 against most Enterobacteriaceae was comparable with that of ciprofloxacin except Proteus spp. and Providencia rettgeri and exceeded that of ofloxacin and norfloxacin. The activity of T-3262 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable with that of ciprofloxacin, and T-3262 was more active than the other new quinolones against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Branhamella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenzae, and also against staphylococci, streptococci, and Bacteroides fragilis. The protective effects of a single oral dose of T-3262 on systemic infection in mice were greater than norfloxacin. T-3262 was as effective as ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against systemic infections in an animal model with Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and more active against Ps. aeruginosa infections. T-3262 showed excellent activity against staphylococcal and streptococcal infections. PMID- 3182418 TI - Cefodizime in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease. AB - Clinical, microbiological and pharmacokinetic studies were carried out after 1 or 2 g intramuscular injections bd of cefodizime (HR 221), a new aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, in 41 patients hospitalized for acute purulent exacerbations of chronic respiratory disease. Treatment was for 10 days. Serum Cmax values of 54.8 and 84.7 mg/l were recorded approximately 2 hours after the injections, the corresponding sputum values averaging 1.01 and 2.58 mg/l. Penetration from blood to sputum was 2 to 3.6%. The elimination phase half-life in serum was approximately 4.5 h. Clinical, microbiological and pharmacokinetic studies were carried out after 1 or 2 g intramuscular injections bd of cefodizime (HR 221), a new aminothiazolyl cephalosporin, in 41 patients hospitalized for acute purulent exacerbations of chronic respirators disease. Treatment was for 10 days. Serum Cmax values of 54.8 and 84.7 mg/l were recorded approximately 2 hours after the injections, the corresponding sputum values averaging 1.01 and 2.58 mg/l. Penetration from blood to sputum was 2 to 3.6%. The elimination phase half-life in serum was approximately 4.5 h. PMID- 3182419 TI - Rational use of antimicrobial agents and diagnostic microbiology facilities. AB - During a two month period doctors' motives for prescribing antimicrobial chemotherapy were studied. Of the 1775 patients admitted, 374 (21%) received antimicrobial agents for 384 infective episodes. In 44 (11.5%) no infection could be subsequently proven. Of the remaining 340, drug selection was based on a susceptibility report in 120 (35%), on the advice of a medical microbiologist with the aid of a Gram stain in 66 (19%), and without this assistance in 51 (15%). In 103 (30%) episodes the clinician selected the agent without advice and laboratory tests. Infection was proven in 237 of 238 episodes in which therapy was started following a known susceptibility result or the advice of the microbiologist. Four (1.7%) of these later required a change of therapy, compared with 22 (21%) of the 103 courses started without such help (P less than 0.0005). This study has shown that the use of the laboratory and consultation with a medical microbiologist improves the rational prescribing of antimicrobial chemotherapy. PMID- 3182420 TI - Fusidic acid and human phagocyte function. PMID- 3182421 TI - Ofloxacin penetration into cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 3182422 TI - CSF vancomycin concentrations. PMID- 3182423 TI - Serum concentrations of cephalosporins and the cell saver in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. PMID- 3182424 TI - Selective decontamination of the digestive tract and prevention of infection in intensive care units. PMID- 3182425 TI - Use of quinolones in general practice. PMID- 3182426 TI - Activity of glucosidase inhibitors against HIV infections. PMID- 3182427 TI - Biotinylated DNA probes for trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductases types IV and V. AB - DNA probes for trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductases types IV and V were constructed and characterized. The type IV probe consisted of a 1.7 kb ClaI fragment of recombinant plasmid pUK1148, while the type V probe was a 0.5 kb HincII fragment of plasmid pLK09. Each probe was biotinylated and tested in non isotopic hybridization experiments with control plasmids carrying genes for known dihydrofolate reductase types. Both probes were highly specific and will therefore be useful in epidemiological studies for monitoring the spread of these unusual plasmid-encoded enzymes. PMID- 3182428 TI - Comparative in-vitro activity of tigemonam, a new monobactam. AB - The in-vitro activity against Gram-negative aerobic bacterial pathogens of a new oral monobactam, tigemonam, was compared with those of amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, aztreonam, cefaclor, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole and gentamicin, by an agar-dilution method. Tigemonam inhibited 90% of strains tested of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Salmonella spp., Haemophilus influenzae and Branhamella catarrhalis at concentrations of 0.25 mg/l or below. The MIC90 for Enterobacter spp. was 16 mg/l and for Citrobacter 4 mg/l. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to tigemonam but susceptible to aztreonam. In comparison with the other oral antibiotics tested, tigemonam was generally more active. Tigemonam showed minimal inoculum dependence, between 10(2) and 10(6) cfu per spot. It is concluded that tigemonam is a candidate for clinical trials in patients with infections caused by Gram-negative aerobes other than pseudomonas and acinetobacter. PMID- 3182429 TI - Antimicrobial activity of LY163892, an orally administered 1-carbacephem. AB - LY163892 was found to be similar to cefaclor and slightly superior to cephalexin in antimicrobial activity and spectrum. Bacteria with MIC50 less than or equal to 8.0 mg/l included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter diversus, Haemophilus influenzae, Branhamella catarrhalis, pathogenic Neisseria spp., oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci, and Streptococcus spp. Strains that produced plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases generally remained susceptible to LY163892. LY163892 was found to be bactericidal in general, but its MICs for some bacterial strains were adversely affected by increased inocula. PMID- 3182430 TI - Oral treatment of peritonitis in CAPD patients with two dosage regimens of ofloxacin. AB - Two open studies of oral treatment of peritonitis in CAPD patients with ofloxacin are described. The first study included 10 episodes of peritonitis treated with ofloxacin 400 mg followed by 200 mg daily for a total of seven days. In the second study of 18 peritonitis episodes, the treatment was ofloxacin 400 mg followed by 300 mg daily for a total of ten days. The cure rate was 50% in the first study and 83% in the second. There was significant accumulation of ofloxacin in the serum but the mean serum trough level with the second treatment regimen plateaued at 6 mg/l on day 10. Peritoneal effluent ofloxacin levels correlated well with the prevailing serum concentrations of the antibiotic and, except on day 1, the mean peritoneal effluent ofloxacin levels all exceeded 3 mg/l with the second dosing scheme. Side effects were mainly nausea and dizziness. PMID- 3182431 TI - Activity of penems against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 3182432 TI - Failure of treatment of legionella pneumonia with ciprofloxacin. PMID- 3182433 TI - Spiramycin reassessed. Based on a symposium. Singapore, 17-18 January 1988. Proceedings. PMID- 3182434 TI - A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of spiramycin and erythromycin. AB - The pharmacokinetics of two orally administered macrolides, spiramycin and erythromycin, were compared in six healthy male volunteers in a single dose cross over study. Penetration of these antimicrobial agents into inflammatory fluid was studied. Spiramycin was administered in a 2 g dose and erythromycin in a 500 mg dose. Spiramycin (Tmax = 3.3 h) and erythromycin (Tmax = 1.2 h) were well absorbed reaching mean plasma Cmax of 3.1 mg/l and 2.1 mg/l, respectively. The relative bioavailability of erythromycin compared to spiramycin appeared to be three- to four-fold greater. The mean plasma elimination half-life was 3.8 h for spiramycin and 1.6 h for erythromycin. The percentage penetration of the antibiotics into inflammatory fluid was good, being 66% for spiramycin and 54% for erythromycin. Both antimicrobial agents attained inflammatory fluid Cmax of 0.7 mg/l by 4-4.8 h. Spiramycin persisted in the inflammatory fluid with a mean elimination half-life of 7.7 h compared to 2.2 h for erythromycin. Twenty-four hour urinary recovery of the administered dose of each antimicrobial agent was less than 5%. PMID- 3182435 TI - Spiramycin concentrations in female pelvic tissues, determined by HPLC: a preliminary report. AB - An automated high performance liquid chromatographic method with remote controlled column switching was used to measure the concentration of spiramycin in pelvic tissues and plasma after oral administration of the antibiotic. Three oral doses of 2 g spiramycin were given to patients scheduled for elective gynaecological surgery over the 14 h before 6 a.m. on the day of surgery. Spiramycin concentrations in serum ranged from 7.4 to 12.5 mg/l between 3 h 20 min and 9 h 20 min after the last dose of spiramycin. Spiramycin pelvic tissue concentrations were determined in five of the eleven females and ranged from 4.4 to 33.3 mg/kg. The highest concentrations were observed in the Fallopian tube. These preliminary results suggest that spiramycin has good diffusion into female pelvic tissues. PMID- 3182436 TI - Spiramycin concentrations in lung tissue. AB - Spiramycin concentrations in lung tissue were studied in patients undergoing pulmonary surgical procedures. The first group of six patients received 500 mg spiramycin iv 16 h before surgery and 500 mg at anaesthetic induction (total 1 g). The second group of six patients received three doses of 500 mg spiramycin iv 24, 16 and 8 h before surgery, and 500 mg at anaesthetic induction (total 2 g). Samples were taken from lung tissue, pleura, fat tissue and muscle. In group 1, the mean lung tissue concentration of spiramycin was 1.15 +/- 0.14 mg/kg and 7.99 +/- 2.02 mg/kg in group 2 (P less than 0.02). The differences in concentration in pleura, fat tissue and muscle samples between treatment groups 1 and 2 were not statistically significant. PMID- 3182437 TI - 3H-spiramycin penetration into fibrin vegetations in an experimental model of streptococcal endocarditis. AB - In-vivo diffusion of labelled spiramycin into fibrin was investigated in a rabbit model of left sided subacute endocarditis caused by a nutritionally variant streptococcus that produces large fibrin vegetations. Animals received one 30 min infusion of different doses of 3H spiramycin alone (73.4 +/- 3.5 microCi and 846 microCi) or 57.5 +/- 3.5 microCi in combination with 50 mg/kg 'cold' spiramycin. Thirty minutes after the end of infusion (T30) these vegetation/blood and vegetation/muscle ratios were between 1 and 2 and the vegetation/plasma ratio was between 2 and 4 for the three doses tested. Autoradiography showed that 3H spiramycin was homogeneously distributed throughout the vegetation in comparison with some other drugs. On the other hand, there were considerable differences in antibiotic concentration among different vegetations in a single animal. PMID- 3182438 TI - Spiramycin uptake by alveolar macrophages. AB - The in-vitro and in-vivo uptake of spiramycin by human and animal alveolar macrophages was studied. In-vitro penetration was studied in guinea pig and human alveolar macrophages incubated in medium 199 at 37 degrees C containing spiramycin at various concentrations. Results were expressed as the cellular/extracellular concentration ratio (C/E). The in-vivo study was performed in patients receiving 500 or 1000 mg spiramycin every 8 h as a 1-h infusion on day 1. A single infusion was given on day 2, 2 h before serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sampling. Spiramycin was assayed by HPLC, and by a microbiological assay. In guinea pig alveolar macrophages, the C/E ratio of spiramycin after 60 min at 37 degrees C was 20.3 +/- 6.5 when the concentration was 10 mg/l. In human alveolar macrophages, the C/E ratio was 21.3 +/- 8.7 at 5 mg/l spiramycin and 23.8 +/- 8.7 at 50 mg/l. The accumulated spiramycin was slowly released when the cells (guinea pig alveolar macrophages) were washed and re-incubated in antibiotic free medium. Spiramycin was able to penetrate the alveolar space. In BAL supernatant, spiramycin levels were about 24-fold the serum level (n = 6 patients), when the BAL/serum glucose ratios were used as the dilution estimate. Alveolar macrophage levels ranged from 17 to 210 mg/l (n = 6 patients receiving 500 mg spiramycin infusion). These results are consistent with the in-vitro data. PMID- 3182439 TI - Comparison of spiramycin and doxycycline in the empirical treatment of acute sinusitis: preliminary results. AB - In an open randomized comparative study, the clinical and bacteriological efficacy and safety of spiramycin were compared with those of doxycycline in patients with acute sinusitis. Spiramycin was given at a dose of 1 g bd for 10 days and doxycycline at 200 mg once a day on day 1 and 100 mg once a day from day 2 to day 10. Clinical and bacteriological evaluations of efficacy were carried out at the end of therapy. In case of clinical cure, a last follow-up visit was made 15 days after the end of therapy. Adverse effects were recorded. To date 12 assessable patients have been treated with spiramycin and 15 with doxycycline. In the spiramycin group, nine patients were clinically cured at the end of therapy (with no relapse at the last follow-up visit). In the doxycycline group, nine patients were clinically cured at the end of therapy (with no relapse at the last follow-up visit). The data so far available from this study suggest that spiramycin presents an alternative to doxycycline in the treatment of acute sinusitis. PMID- 3182440 TI - Comparison of spiramycin and tetracycline used adjunctively in the treatment of advanced chronic periodontitis. AB - This study was designed to compare both clinical and microbiological changes during the treatment of advanced periodontal disease with mechanical debridement, with or without the adjunctive use of either spiramycin or tetracycline. The study, which included 96 patients with advanced periodontitis, was performed as a controlled double-blind parallel randomized trial. All patients received thorough scaling and root planing as well as adjunctive placebo or spiramycin or tetracycline. Probing depth measurements, attachment level changes, plaque level, gingival crevicular fluid, bleeding on probing and microbiological evaluation were carried out at baseline, 2-, 8-, 12- and 24-week visits. Seventy-nine patients (24 placebo, 27 tetracycline and 28 spiramycin) completed the study. At 24 weeks there were no intergroup differences in the improvement of any of the clinical parameters. Spiramycin was the only antibiotic which produced a significantly greater decrease in the proportion of spirochaetes than the placebo group at the 24-week visit. It was concluded that mechanical debridement alone was sufficient in decreasing the subgingival bacteria to a level which would result in the return to periodontal health. The study was not long enough to determine whether or not the difference in spirochaete level was an indication that the spiramycin group would have maintained the benefits of treatment for a longer time. PMID- 3182441 TI - Efficacy of intravenous spiramycin in the treatment of severe Legionnaires' disease. AB - Spiramycin is a 16-membered macrolide that has been shown in cell and animal models to be active against Legionella spp. The activity of the injectable form of spiramycin was evaluated in the treatment of severe Legionnaires' disease in seven immunocompromised and three previously healthy patients. Seven of the ten patients were cured. Three patients died primarily from the underlying disease or from intercurrent complications. This result and the better tolerance of spiramycin compared with 14-membered macrolides suggest that spiramycin may be a suitable alternative to erythromycin for the treatment of Legionnaires' disease. PMID- 3182442 TI - Spiramycin therapy for cryptosporidial diarrhoea in immunocompromised patients. AB - Spiramycin, 3 g daily, was used to treat immunocompromised patients with chronic diarrhoea due to Cryptosporidium. Most patients treated had acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Among 37 patients evaluated, 28 had a favourable response, defined as a reduction in the daily number of bowel movements to less than 50% of baseline and fewer than five. Twelve of these individuals had Cryptosporidium oocysts eradicated from stool. Spiramycin was well tolerated. These data suggest that spiramycin is effective in alleviating cryptosporidial diarrhoea in some immunocompromised patients and may lead to eradication of cryptosporidial oocysts. PMID- 3182443 TI - Prophylaxis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Effects of spiramycin on placental infection. AB - The results of parasitological investigation of the placenta for toxoplasma in 223 cases with documented congenital toxoplasmosis were analysed according to whether the mother had been treated, or not, with spiramycin during pregnancy. The investigation was negative in 10-11% of the cases when the mother had not been treated or had been inadequately treated; in 25% of the cases with a treatment of 3 g spiramycin day; and in 50% with spiramycin plus the combination of pyrimethamine with sulphonamide. This series is compared with a previous group of 321 women whose placental investigation was negative in 50% of untreated cases and 81% of treated women. The treatment categories are not directly comparable, because it is not possible to have a randomly assigned 'no treatment' group, for ethical reasons. Correlation between spiramycin treatment and negative results of mouse inoculation of placental material suggests that spiramycin might decrease the risk of materno-fetal transmission of toxoplasma by reducing the severity and duration of toxoplasmic placentitis. Current use of spiramycin in infected pregnant women is recommended because of its activity and lack of side effects. The dosage must not be lower than 3 g/day. Additional pyrimethamine plus sulphonamide should be restricted to selected cases with fetal abnormality diagnosed during pregnancy. Some data on pharmacology of spiramycin in mothers, placentas and fetuses are reviewed. They suggest that monitoring of maternal serum antibody titres for a dosage more adapted to individual cases may be desirable. PMID- 3182444 TI - Effect of spiramycin on adhesiveness and phagocytosis of gram-positive cocci. AB - Three strains of Staphylococcus aureus, serotype 18, Cowan I and serotype 66438, and different species of streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes, Str, mutans, Str. sanguis and Str. faecalis) were tested for their adherence to buccal cells (as measured by interference contrast microscopy) and phagocytosis by rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) (as measured by fluorescence microscopy with a vital fluorochrome, acridine orange). Pretreatment of cocci with serial two fold dilutions of spiramycin (from 1/2 to 1/1024 the MIC), increased the diameter of bacterial cells and decreased the adherence of staphylococci and streptococci to buccal cells. Exposure of streptococci to 1/4 the MIC of spiramycin led to an increase of the phagocytic capacity of PMNs. Pretreatment of PMNs with a therapeutic concentration (2 mg/l) also stimulated the phagocytosis of streptococci. Action of spiramycin on the phagocytosis of staphylococci varied according to the strain tested. Although in-vitro results cannot be directly compared with in-vivo data, it is of interest that spiramycin decreases adherence of different Gram-positive cocci and enhances phagocytic capacity of PMNs. PMID- 3182445 TI - Sub-inhibitory and post-antibiotic effects of spiramycin and erythromycin on Staphylococcus aureus. AB - The antibacterial responses of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus to spiramycin and erythromycin were compared. Conventional MICs showed erythromycin sensitive strains to be 16-32 times less sensitive to spiramycin. MBCs were only four to eight times higher for spiramycin. Erythromycin resistant S. aureus were more frequently encountered. Concentrations of both macrolides at 1/4 MIC produced antibacterial effects. Post-antibiotic effects were more marked with spiramycin. After 3 h exposure to 4 x MIC of antibiotic the delay in regrowth of S. aureus was 5 h for erythromycin and 9 h for spiramycin. In a continuous cultivation model, spiramycin produced an inhibitory effect on S. aureus for 12 h whereas the effect of erythromycin was only apparent for 6 h. In conclusion, spiramycin is more active against staphylococci in vitro than would be expected by its modest MICs. PMID- 3182446 TI - A seventeen-year epidemiological survey of antimicrobial resistance in pneumococci in two hospitals. AB - During a 17 year period (1970-1986), 2753 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in two hospitals were serotyped and tested for antibiotic susceptibility. In the last ten years the number of multiply resistant strains has increased to 60% of the resistant isolates. Resistance to tetracycline was already present in 14% of the isolates in 1970, and was the most frequent resistance encountered during this study (30% of the strains). Resistance to chloramphenicol was first detected in 1972, but this resistance has remained infrequent (3%). Resistance to penicillin is extremely rare and since 1978, only six strains with relative penicillin resistance (MIC 0.1-1.0 mg/l) have been isolated. Resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramin B (MLSB resistant phenotype) was first detected in 1976. From 1983 to 1986, 131 isolates were MLSB resistant strains. These strains belonged to 20 different serotypes but 75% of the MLSB resistant pneumococci belonged to serotypes 6, 23, 19 and 14 which were among the most frequently isolated serotypes. In contrast serotypes 3 and 9 were epidemic but not resistant during the same period. Resistance markers in S. pneumoniae are often related to particular serotypes. The large monthly fluctuation in the isolation of resistant strains might explain the variable clinical results of empirical treatment of respiratory infections with macrolides. PMID- 3182448 TI - Comparison of spiramycin and erythromycin in the treatment of experimental guinea pig legionellosis. AB - Spiramycin was compared with erythromycin in a guinea pig model of severe Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 infection. Male guinea pigs weighting 264-321 g were infected by the intraperitoneal route with 1.2 x 10(7) virulent L. pneumophila serogroup 1. Forty eight h after infection, animals that had lost greater than or equal to 9% of their body weight were randomly assigned to receive 48, 54 and 72 h after infection intraperitoneal injections of (1) distilled water (n = 20), (2) erythromycin lactobionate, 30 mg/kg per injection, (n = 22) or (3) the injectable form of spiramycin adipate, 30 mg/kg per injection (n = 22). Animals were observed daily for 15 days. All infected animals treated with distilled water died within four days of infection. Of the 22 animals treated with spiramycin, 10 (45.5%) died, and of the 22 animals treated with erythromycin, 11 (50.0%) died of disseminated L. pneumophila infection. In this animal model of very severe L. pneumophila infection, the injectable forms of erythromycin and of spiramycin gave similar results. Spiramycin should therefore be considered for the treatment of Legionnaires' disease in man. PMID- 3182449 TI - Activity of spiramycin against chlamydia, in vitro and in vivo. AB - In-vitro and in-vivo studies were performed to assess the activity of spiramycin against chlamydiae. In tissue culture spiramycin exhibited very good activity against Chlamydia trachomatis but less against C. psittaci. C. psittaci was also studied in a mouse experimental model. There was 100% clinical cure of the mice with 50 mg/kg, demonstrating excellent in-vivo activity. The livers of mice recovering after therapy showed less chlamydial antigen than controls. These results show good in-vitro and in-vivo activity of spiramycin against chlamydiae, suggesting that clinical trials are warranted. PMID- 3182447 TI - Efficacy of spiramycin on experimental airborne legionellosis in guinea pigs. AB - The effect of preventive and curative spiramycin therapy was studied in guinea pigs infected by aerosol with the experimental model previously tested. The infectious aerosol was obtained from a virulent strain of Legionella pneumophila (Philadelphia ATCC 33 152). Male guinea pigs (Dunkin-Hartley) weighing 250-300 g were exposed for 30 min to an aerosol of 1 or 10 LD50 (10(3) or 10(4) viable inhaled organisms). Spiramycin was administered intraperitoneally (150 mg/kg/day) 18 h after infection for five days for curative therapy; for preventive therapy it was administered on the day before and on the day of aerosol administration (10 LD50). The animals were observed during seven days for weight and temperature and 28 days for survival; bacterial (lungs, spleen) and serological tests were performed. Spiramycin levels (lungs, serum) were evaluated during treatment by a microbiological method. The survival rate in the treated guinea pigs after inhalation of 1 LD50 was 100%. For the 10 LD50 aerosol, curative and preventive therapy gave a survival rate of 87.5%; these results are significant when compared with results of non-treated animals, P less than 0.05. Spiramycin merits further study in experimental and human legionellosis. PMID- 3182450 TI - Activity of spiramycin against Toxoplasma gondii in vitro, in experimental infections and in human infection. AB - The in-vitro, experimental and clinical activities of spiramycin against Toxoplasma gondii have been reviewed. In mammalian cells infected by T. gondii as in various experimental models, spiramycin definitively exerts an inhibitory antitoxoplasmic effect which, clinically, seems useful for preventing congenital toxoplasma infection during pregnancy or for reducing the inflammation in toxoplasmic chorioretinitis. However, spiramycin does not kill the parasite efficiently, and cannot be recommended for eradicating the most severe forms of toxoplasmosis. PMID- 3182451 TI - Pharmacokinetics of spiramycin in man. AB - The pharmacokinetics of spiramycin were studied after single and repeated administration by iv and oral routes. Following iv administration of a 500-mg dose in a one-hour infusion, peak serum concentrations were 1.54-3.10 mg/l. These concentrations are higher than MICs of spiramycin for various infectious agents. Eight hours after the end of infusion, the mean serum concentration was close to 0.25 mg/l. Spiramycin is rapidly and widely distributed throughout the body and achieves high ratios of tissue to serum concentrations in bucco-dental, pulmonary and prostatic tissues and skin. The distribution half-life of spiramycin was 10 min. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) and the tissue distribution volume were 5.6 and 4.5 l/kg. The absolute bioavailability of spiramycin was 36% (S.D. +/- 14). Oral doses of spiramycin between 1 and 2 g resulted in linear increase in the peak serum levels and areas under the serum concentration-time curve. Spiramycin does not appear to undergo important metabolic conversion and is mainly excreted via the biliary route. Indeed, in man, the urinary excretion of active compounds represents only 7.6 to 20% of the administered dose. Spiramycin had a terminal elimination half-life of approximately 5 h. Renal clearance (144 ml/min) was much lower than non-renal clearance (887 ml/min). The total body clearance of spiramycin in young adults was 1.42 l/min (S.D. +/- 0.5) but only 0.53 l/min (S.D. +/- 14) in elderly subjects. During repeated iv administration (500 mg tid), steady state was achieved after four doses. Cmax and Cmin were 3.0 and 0.5 mg/l in young adults and 4.5 and 1.75 mg/l in elderly patients. Spiramycin's kinetics differ in several important respects from erythromycin's, notably the larger volume of distribution of spiramycin which reflects the higher tissue concentration. The reduced spiramycin clearance in elderly subjects requires further investigation. PMID- 3182452 TI - Focus on ofloxacin--a new 4-quinolone antimicrobial agent. An international workshop. London, 11-12 January 1988. PMID- 3182453 TI - Pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin and the effect on the faecal flora of healthy volunteers. AB - Pharmacokinetic studies using a new oral quinolone ofloxacin were carried out in 12 healthy volunteers. The mean Cmax was 2.7 mg/l after the first dose of 200 mg ofloxacin rising to 3.4 mg/l after the seventh dose. The Tmax was between 1-2 h and the serum half life 5 h. Saliva concentrations matched serum levels but the absolute values were lower. Urinary concentrations ranged from 141 to 330 mg/l and the 12 h excretion was 62% after the seventh dose. Faecal concentrations were high and persisted for up to five days after the last dose. The major effect of ofloxacin on the faecal flora was the rapid and complete elimination of aerobic Gram-negative bacilli. Streptococci were generally increased but there was no change in the total anaerobic bacterial count. Pre-treatment composition of the faecal flora was re-established between 3 and 26 days after the last dose. Ofloxacin was well tolerated by the volunteers and only two complained of significant side effects, gastrointestinal disturbance and insomnia. Ofloxacin is a valuable addition to the range of antimicrobial agents available for the oral treatment of bacterial infection. PMID- 3182454 TI - Gut decontamination by oral ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers. AB - The selectivity of enterobacterial decontamination during oral ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin was studied in 15 volunteers. Dilution studies of 294 faecal samples were made to monitor concentrations of enterobacteria, yeasts and enterococci. Detection of beta-aspartylglycine content was used for evaluation of interaction with the indigenous (mostly anaerobic) flora. Inactivation of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin by faeces was studied to explain the effects of gut decontamination. Escherichia coli was successfully eliminated from the gut in all volunteers during treatment. Decontamination was found to be more or less selective with both quinolones, although yeast overgrowth and decrease of enterococci was significantly higher with ciprofloxacin. This may be explained by the higher intrinsic activity of ciprofloxacin against anaerobic flora, the inactivation by faeces being low for both agents. Ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are two new quinolones of value in the therapy of infections between 'waist and knee' (e.g. cystitis, enteritis, prostatitis) because of the elimination of the infection focus combined with the eradication of the source. PMID- 3182455 TI - Efficacy of ofloxacin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in general practice. AB - General practitioners assessed the efficacy and safety of ofloxacin in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in 100 patients. Treatment consisted of ofloxacin 200 mg twice daily for seven days. Evaluation of therapy was based on clinical and bacteriological parameters. Two patients were withdrawn from the study because of gastro-intestinal symptoms of nausea and vomiting. There were no significant drug-related alterations in haematological or biochemical parameters following treatment. Pathogens present in pre-treatment sputum specimens were eradicated from 63 of 66 patients. The overall assessment of response to treatment in the 98 evaluable patients was recorded as cured (45), much improved (47), slightly better (3), same (2) and slightly worse (1). It was concluded from these results that ofloxacin was both safe and effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. PMID- 3182456 TI - A clinical comparative study of ofloxacin and pivampicillin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. AB - A controlled clinical study employing a double-blind, double-dummy technique was carried out on 84 patients with purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Ofloxacin (200 mg x 2 daily) and pivampicillin (700 mg x 3 daily), were compared for efficacy, safety, and adverse reactions. Both regimens had high bacteriological elimination rates (94.1, 97.2%) and clinical cure rates (97.4, 97.6%). However, there were fewer adverse reactions and a greater patient acceptance in the ofloxacin treated group. PMID- 3182457 TI - Ofloxacin compared with ciprofloxacin in the treatment of complicated lower urinary tract infections. AB - In a double-blind, double-dummy study 61 patients with structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract and verified infection were treated for 7 days with ofloxacin 100 mg bd or ciprofloxacin 250 mg bd by mouth. Of 62 isolated strains none was resistant to ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin in vitro. Nineteen patients (63%) in both groups were free from infection ten days after therapy. Clinical resolution of symptoms occurred in 83% in the ofloxacin group and 68% in the ciprofloxacin group. Adverse reactions were reported in four patients (6.5%), two with skin rash, one with gastrointestinal disturbance and one with influenza like symptoms. This study demonstrates that ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin are effective in the treatment of complicated lower urinary tract infection. PMID- 3182458 TI - The efficacy of ofloxacin against infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - Ofloxacin was used to treat patients with gonorrhoea and/or Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Gonorrhoea was treated with a single 400 mg dose and chlamydial infection with a seven day course (200 mg bd). Fifty of 84 patients with gonorrhoea (60 men and 24 women) returned for two follow-up examinations 7 and 14 days after treatment, 17 patients returned for only one follow-up examination and 17 defaulted. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was re-isolated from three patients who had probably become re-infected. Treatment was successful in 64 patients, 58 of whom were assessed after a single 400 mg dose of ofloxacin. Chlamydial infection was identified in 30 patients with gonorrhoea (13 men and 17 women) and in 35 other patients (17 men and 18 women). C. trachomatis was not recovered from any of the 49 patients who returned for two follow-up examinations, or from the ten patients who attended for one follow-up visit only. Sixteen patients did not return for follow-up examination. Our results suggest a seven day course of ofloxacin would eradicate N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis in patients infected with both organisms. Such treatment may be advisable in patients with gonorrhoea if microbiological tests for C. trachomatis are not available. PMID- 3182459 TI - Efficacy of ofloxacin in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in men and genital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis in men and women. AB - The efficacy of ofloxacin was evaluated in 30 men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) and 17 women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the cervix. All were treated with ofloxacin 200 mg twice daily for seven days. Before treatment, Ch. trachomatis was isolated from 11 (37%) of the 30 men with NGU. Of these 30 men, the symptoms and signs of urethritis were eliminated in 20 (67%) two weeks after completion of ofloxacin therapy. Ch. trachomatis was not re-isolated from any of the 11 men with positive isolation before treatment. All of the group of 17 women with Ch. trachomatis infection of the cervix had complete cure two weeks after completion of ofloxacin treatment. Ofloxacin appears to be an effective treatment for lower genital tract infections with Ch. trachomatis in men and women and its efficacy in NGU appears to be comparable to standard tetracycline therapy. PMID- 3182460 TI - Resistance studies with ofloxacin. AB - The selection of ofloxacin-resistant mutants from susceptible wild-type bacterial populations was investigated by three methods. Resistant mutants selected from populations of Escherichia coli (NCTC 10418) and Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) by single-step passage at either four or eight times the MIC occurred at a frequency of less than 1 x 10(-10). Ofloxacin-resistant mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCTC 10662), selected at four times the MIC, occurred with a 100-fold greater frequency at 3.3 X 10(-8), however, mutants of this species selected at eight times the MIC, occurred at a frequency of less than 1 X 10(-10). Sequential selection of ofloxacin-resistant mutants during multiple passages at 1/2 MIC, resulted in a 16- to 32-fold increase in MICs for isolates of P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella aerogenes, a four- to eight-fold increase in MICs for some strains of E. coli and a two- to four-fold increase in MICs for Staph. aureus and Streptococcus spp. During prolonged exposure of populations of E. coli (NCTC 10418) and Staph. aureus (NCTC 6571) to concentrations of ofloxacin at 1, 10 and 100 times the MIC no resistant-mutants were selected after seven days incubation. In similar experiments with P. aeruginosa (NCTC 10662) ofloxacin-resistant mutants were selected from populations exposed to the MIC which required 64 mg/l ofloxacin for inhibition. No ofloxacin-resistant mutants were selected from populations of P. aeruginosa (NCTC 10662) exposed to either ten or 100 times the MIC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182461 TI - The selection and frequency of streptococci with decreased susceptibility to ofloxacin compared with other quinolones. AB - Three strains each of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Lancefield group A streptococci, Lancefield group B streptococci and Lancefield group D streptococci were examined for the frequency of spontaneous mutation to give decreased susceptibility at two, four and six times the minimum inhibitory concentration of ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin and norfloxacin. Any putative mutants were examined for stability of resistance and susceptibility to all quinolones in the study, erythromycin and benzyl penicillin. All strains yielded mutants to twice the MIC of each quinolone at a frequency associated with a mutation at a single gene. Each species in the study responded differently at four and six times the MIC of each quinolone. Group B streptococci yielded most mutants and resistant Str. pneumoniae were the most difficult to select. Most mutants were cross-resistant to quinolones only, probably owing to an altered DNA gyrase. Fewer resistant mutants of Str. pneumoniae were selected using ofloxacin compared to ciprofloxacin. PMID- 3182462 TI - The effect of ofloxacin on the intracellular growth of Legionella pneumophila in guinea pig alveolar phagocytes. AB - Ofloxacin was evaluated as an antibiotic for possible use in the therapy of Legionnaires' disease in relation to its ability to penetrate alveolar phagocytes and inhibit Legionella pneumophila intracellular replication. A comparison with two other antibiotics used in the treatment of Legionnaires' disease, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin, was also made. Ofloxacin was found to be the most effective antibiotic, eliminating viable L. pneumophila from alveolar phagocytes at 0.001 mg/l. This was followed by ciprofloxacin, eliminating intracellular organisms at 0.01 mg/l. Erythromycin was shown to be much less effective, requiring a much higher concentration, of 0.1 mg/l. All three antibiotics had approximately similar MIC values and the considerable differences in intracellular penetration shown by these antibiotics indicate how discrepancies between in-vitro and in-vivo estimates of efficacy can occur. PMID- 3182463 TI - The pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin and a review of its tissue penetration. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin were studied in six healthy volunteers following a 600 mg oral dose. The concentration of the compound was measured in serum, inflammatory fluid and urine. Ofloxacin was rapidly absorbed, the mean maximum concentration of ofloxacin being 10.7 mg/l at 1.2 h. The mean serum elimination half-life was 7 h and 80.3% of the administered compound was recovered in the urine by 48 h. Ofloxacin penetrated the inflammatory fluid well, the mean peak level being 5.2 mg/l at 5.3 h. A review of the tissue penetration is presented which indicates that the high volume of distribution of ofloxacin is associated with good tissue penetration. PMID- 3182464 TI - The pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin, desmethyl ofloxacin and ofloxacin N-oxide in haemodialysis patients with end-stage renal failure. AB - Six patients with end-stage chronic renal failure undergoing haemodialysis were given ofloxacin (600 mg) orally and blood samples were taken at intervals up to 32 h. In four patients samples were also taken before and after haemodialysis. Serum concentrations of ofloxacin, desmethyl ofloxacin and ofloxacin N-oxide were measured by HPLC. The drug was well tolerated. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters for ofloxacin were Cmax 5.5 h (S.D. 1.97 h), Tmax 3.9 h (S.D. 3.25 h), T1/2 28 h (S.D. 17.37 h), AUC0-24 83.1 mg/1 h (S.D. 32.69 mg/l h). The desmethyl metabolite was produced in all patients but only half produced N-oxide. Cmax values were 0.21 mg/l (desmethyl) and 0.37 mg/l (N-oxide). Ofloxacin and desmethyl ofloxacin were variably and only slightly removed by haemodialysis whilst ofloxacin N-oxide was not removed at all. These results confirm that dosage reduction of ofloxacin is required in haemodialysis patients. Therapeutic drug monitoring by HPLC is recommended because of the observed variability in absorption and plasma half life. PMID- 3182465 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. AB - In ten volunteers the pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were determined after crossover administration of 100 and 200 mg intravenously (30 min constant infusion). Concentrations in serum and urine were measured by HPLC. Concentrations in serum following parenteral ofloxacin dosages demonstrated dose dependency with long biological half-lives. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated on the basis of an open three-compartment model, which resulted in a high volume of distribution for both substances (166-246 1 for ofloxacin, 178 2611 for ciprofloxacin). AUC for ofloxacin was three times higher than that for ciprofloxacin. Approximately 80% of ofloxacin and 57% of ciprofloxacin were eliminated through the kidneys. Ciprofloxacin had a considerable amount of extrarenal clearance, whereas only 19% of ofloxacin were eliminated by extrarenal mechanisms. Only 4.3% of ofloxacin after iv dosing could be detected as metabolites in urine. PMID- 3182466 TI - Pharmacokinetic evaluation of ofloxacin in serum and tonsils. AB - The bioavailability of ofloxacin in tonsil tissue, after a single oral dose of 200 mg 2 h before surgery, was evaluated in 14 patients undergoing tonsillectomy for recurrent or chronic infection. A blood specimen was obtained just before drug administration and at the time of tonsillectomy, together with a specimen of tonsil tissue. The mean values of the serum and tonsil concentrations 2 h after a single dose of 200 mg were 1.17 mg/l +/- 0.47 and 1.61 mg/l +/- 0.62 respectively with a mean tonsil/serum ratio of 1.40 +/- 0.19. These values indicate good penetration of ofloxacin into tonsil tissue. No clinical or biological side effects were observed. PMID- 3182467 TI - The penetration of ofloxacin into lung tissue. AB - After a single oral 600 mg dose, ofloxacin concentrations were measured in lung tissue, whole blood and plasma in 11 patients undergoing thoracotomy for a bronchial malignancy. To correct for blood contamination in the tissue samples, the tissue haemoglobin content was measured using a method based on the binding of haemoglobin by haptoglobin. Ofloxacin concentrations in plasma and whole blood did not differ significantly. The calculated blood content in the tissue samples was 0.12 +/- 0.05 ml/g lung tissue. After correction for blood admixture, the mean lung tissue concentration 2 h after administration of ofloxacin was 17.7 +/- 9.2 micrograms/g. At the same time the mean plasma concentration was 8.7 +/- 4.2 mg/l (P less than 0.02). The high concentration of ofloxacin obtained in lung tissue does not result from the preparation technique. After a single 600 mg dose the tissue concentrations proved to exceed MIC values for most pathogens frequently involved in respiratory tract infections. PMID- 3182468 TI - The comparative in-vitro activity of ofloxacin. AB - The antibacterial activity of ofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, was evaluated against a wide range of clinical bacterial isolates and compared with that of nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, enoxacin, pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin by determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Ofloxacin was very active against nalidixic acid-susceptible isolates of the Enterobacteriaceae (MIC less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l) and was also active against strains resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l). The activity was similar to norfloxacin, enoxacin and pefloxacin but some four-fold less than that of ciprofloxacin. All of the fluoroquinolones were highly active against Vibrio cholerae (MIC less than or equal to 0.015 mg/l), V. parahaemolyticus (MIC less than or equal to 0.12 mg/l) Aeromonas hydrophila (MIC less than or equal to 0.03 mg/l), Plesiomonas shigelloides (MIC less than or equal to 0.015 mg/l), Campylobacter jejuni (MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l), Neisseria spp., Haemophilus influenzae, H. ducreyi, Bordetella pertussis and Legionella pneumophila (MIC less than or equal to 0.06 mg/l for all species). Ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and pefloxacin (MIC less than or equal to 1, 2 and 2 mg/l, respectively) showed similar activity against Staphylococcus spp. and were somewhat more active than enoxacin (MIC less than or equal to 4 mg/l) and norfloxacin (MIC less than or equal to 8 mg/l). Ofloxacin was moderately active against beta-haemolytic Streptococcus spp. (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) and Cory. jeikeium (MIC less than or equal to 2 mg/l) and somewhat less active against alpha- and non-haemolytic Streptococcus spp., Str. pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes (MIC less than or equal to 4 mg/l for all species) and Str. faecalis (MIC less than or equal to 8 mg/l). The activity of ofloxacin, against these species, was similar to ciprofloxacin and four to eight times greater than norfloxacin, enoxacin and pefloxacin. Ofloxacin, and all of the fluoroquinolones, were less active against anaerobic than aerobic bacteria. Clostridium perfringens (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) was more susceptible to ofloxacin than were other anaerobic species and Cl. difficile (MIC less than or equal to 16 mg/l) was more resistant. Ofloxacin was the most active compound tested against Chlamydia trachomatis SA2f (MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/l) with only ciprofloxacin (MIC less than or equal to 1 mg/l) approaching similar activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3182471 TI - Importance of vagal afferents in determining ventilation in newborn rats. AB - We studied the effect of acute bilateral vagotomy on ventilation and ventilatory pattern in rats. In 1- to 6-day-old unanesthetized rats, vagotomy resulted in a substantial decrease (38%) in ventilation during air breathing. After vagotomy there was a threefold increase in tidal volume (VT), inspiratory time (TI) doubled, and expiratory time (TE) was six times longer. When studied under isoflurane anesthesia, newborn rats showed decreases in ventilation similar to that observed without anesthesia, whereas anesthetized adult rats had no consistent changes in ventilation. Adult and newborn rats had nearly identical proportionate increases in VT and TI after vagotomy, but TE lengthened to a greater extent in the newborns. Additionally, we demonstrated a significant decrease in ventilation when 100% O2 rather than air was supplied to nonvagotomized unanesthetized newborn rats. Ventilation decreased by 19% after vagotomy under hyperoxic conditions. We conclude that vagal afferent input, probably of pulmonary mechanoreceptor origin, provides positive feedback to respiration in newborn rats and that newborn rats greater than 24 h old also have a degree of peripheral chemoreceptor drive during air breathing. PMID- 3182470 TI - Ibuprofen reduces the progression of permeability edema in an animal model of hyperdynamic sepsis. AB - Since severity of acute lung injury (ALI) is reduced by pretreatment with non steroidal agents, we hypothesized that ibuprofen would ameliorate ALI when administered after the onset of septic lung injury. Twenty-four hours after cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) in 23 sheep during a 4 h study period (period S), pulmonary lymph flow (QL) increased 16.2 +/- 12.1 ml/min (P less than 0.01) from base line, whereas lymph-to-plasma total protein concentration ratios ([L/P]TP) remained unchanged. During the subsequent 24 h of study (period D), 10 sheep received parenteral ibuprofen, 12.5 mg/kg every 6 h, and 13 sheep served as untreated septic controls. Throughout period D, a progressive increase in QL (16.2 +/- 16.3 ml/60 min) from period S was greater in the untreated than in the ibuprofen (2.5 +/- 9.0 ml/60 min, P less than 0.02) group. Between base line and period D, increase in lung wet-to-dry weight ratios was greater in the untreated group than in the ibuprofen group (P less than 0.05). Concurrently mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased 4.7 +/- 7.3 mmHg in the untreated group (P less than 0.05) during period D vs. 0.0 +/- 5.2 mmHg in the ibuprofen group (NS). When administered after septic ALI had been established by CLP, ibuprofen reduced an otherwise progressive increase in both fluid flux and extravascular lung water. PMID- 3182469 TI - The penetration of ofloxacin into bronchial secretions. AB - Penetration of ofloxacin into bronchial secretions following a single 400 mg oral dose was studied in 52 patients. Bronchial secretions were aspirated at bronchoscopy between one and 24 h after dosing and blood was collected at the same time. Mean bronchial secretion concentrations between 2 and 2.6 mg/l were measured in 36 patients between 1 and 6 h but there was considerable individual variation in both serum and bronchial aspirate concentrations. Concentrations declined slowly between 9 and 24 h to a mean value of 0.4 mg/l at 24 h. Correlation between serum and sputum concentrations of ofloxacin was fairly good despite marked deviation in some individuals. The ratios of the concentration in bronchial secretion to serum were remarkably constant at 1 to 6 h, varying between 0.96 during the third and fourth hours and 0.81 in the sixth hour. The results suggest that ofloxacin in a 400 mg oral dose is likely to achieve therapeutic activity against respiratory pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae, with sustained activity against more sensitive organisms for up to 24 h. PMID- 3182472 TI - Comparison of diaphragmatic fatigue in newborn and older rabbits. AB - The ability to maintain occlusion pressure (i.e., fatigability) during activation of the diaphragm via phrenic nerve stimulation was compared in newborn (less than 14 days old) and older (greater than 30 days old) rabbits. The younger animals had lower maximum inspiratory pressures (MIP) and markedly greater falls in pressure during sustained diaphragmatic contractions at greater than 40% MIP than did the older animals. Histological analysis showed a paucity of high-oxidative type I fibers in the diaphragms of the young animals. We therefore conclude that the newborn rabbit diaphragm is extremely susceptible to fatigue and that this susceptibility correlates with the distribution of muscle fiber types. PMID- 3182473 TI - Induced lactacidemia does not affect postexercise O2 consumption. AB - To study the effects of circulatory occlusion on the time course and magnitude of postexercise O2 consumption (VO2) and blood lactate responses, nine male subjects were studied twice for 50 min on a cycle ergometer. On one occasion, leg blood flow was occluded with surgical thigh cuffs placed below the buttocks and inflated to 200 mmHg. The protocol consisted of a 10-min rest, 12 min of exercise at 40% peak O2 consumption (VO2 peak), and a 28-min resting recovery while respiratory gas exchange was determined breath by breath. Occlusion (OCC) spanned min 6-8 during the 12-min work bout and elicited mean blood lactate of 5.2 +/- 0.8 mM, which was 380% greater than control (CON). During 18 min of recovery, blood lactate after OCC remained significantly above CON values. VO2 was significantly lower during exercise with OCC compared with CON but was significantly higher during the 4 min of exercise after cuff release. VO2 was higher after OCC during the first 4 min of recovery but was not significantly different thereafter. Neither total recovery VO2 (gross recovery VO2 with no base line subtraction) nor excess postexercise VO2 (net recovery VO2 above an asymptotic base line) was significantly different for OCC and CON conditions (13.71 +/- 0.45 vs. 13.44 +/- 0.61 liters and 4.93 +/- 0.26 vs. 4.17 +/- 0.35 liters, respectively). Manipulation of exercise blood lactate levels had no significant effect on the slow ("lactacid") component of the recovery VO2. PMID- 3182474 TI - Mechanism of improvement in pulmonary gas exchange during growth in awake piglets. AB - Previous studies have shown a lower arterial PO2 (PaO2) in infants and young animals than in adults. To investigate the mechanism of this impairment of gas exchange we studied 13 piglets from 12 to 65 days of age. Two days after instrumentation we measured the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratios (VA/Q) by use of the multiple inert gas technique on awake animals. We showed that PaO2 is lower in young animals, increasing from 72 +/- 11.5 Torr before 2 wk to 102 Torr at 2 mo. This hypoxemia is due to an enlarged alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference that significantly decreases with age. This impairment in gas exchange is not due to shunting (0.6 +/- 1.3%). Mean dead space (36 +/- 11%) was not related to age. Mean modes of perfusion and ventilation did not differ significantly between age groups. However, the dispersion of perfusion as expressed by its logSD decreased significantly with age, whereas dispersion of ventilation remained constant. Furthermore, in the young animals only, a significant difference was evidenced between measured alveolar-arterial PO2 gradient and the value predicted by the inert gas model. We therefore conclude that the impairment of gas exchange in piglets is due to two mechanisms: VA/Q mismatch and diffusion limitation for O2. PMID- 3182475 TI - Respiratory reflex responses to stimulation of tracheal mucosa in enflurane anesthetized humans. AB - We investigated respiratory reflex responses to tracheal mucosa stimulation induced by injection of distilled water in 13 female patients under three different depths of enflurane anesthesia (0.7, 1.0, and 1.3 minimum alveolar concentration). Detailed analysis of the types of reflex responses revealed that there are at least six different responses: 1) the apneic reflex, 2) the expiration reflex, 3) spasmodic, panting breathing, 4) the cough reflex, 5) slowing of breathing, and 6) rapid, shallow breathing. Among these reflex responses, the cough reflex was the most sensitive and the apneic reflex followed by slowing of breathing was the most resistant to deepening anesthesia, whereas the sensitivity of other types of reflex responses was in between. Our results indicate that the types of respiratory reflex responses to tracheal mucosa stimulation are associated with depths of anesthesia and that the differences in sensitivity to anesthesia may be a valuable sign in clinical assessment of depth of anesthesia. PMID- 3182476 TI - Effects of ischemia on VO2, tension, and vascular resistance in contracting canine skeletal muscle. AB - This study examined the changes in O2 consumption (VO2), vascular resistance, and tension development during skeletal muscle contractions at reduced flow. We tested the hypothesis that when VO2 is limited by O2 supply, the skeletal muscle vasculature is not maximally dilated because of the fall in contractile force that accompanies the decrease in O2 supply. During 30 min of ischemic contractions, tension fell by 45 +/- 4% and VO2 fell 54 +/- 1% from preischemic levels. The O2 cost per unit tension did not change compared with nonischemic muscles. After the initial flow reduction, flow fell an additional 16 +/- 3% over 30 min. Adenosine infusion after 30 min of ischemic contractions increased flow by 42 +/- 3% but increased VO2 by only 9.8 +/- 2.3% and had no effect on tension development. When perfusion pressure was returned to normal after 30 min of ischemic contractions, twitch tension did not begin to recover within 20 min but tetanic tension showed a small improvement. VO2, although increased, remained well below the preischemic level. These results suggest that because of the reduced tension during ischemic contractions, the O2 supply-to-consumption ratio is nearly normal, which could explain the presence of the vasodilator reserve. The defect in tension development is long lived, producing a "stunned" muscle in which excess O2 supply does not restore function or VO2 to normal. PMID- 3182477 TI - Methylcholine-activated eccrine sweat gland density and output as a function of age. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to examine eccrine sweat gland responsiveness to intradermal injections of methylcholine (MCh) across three age groups of men [young (Y) = 22-24; middle (M) = 33-40; older (O) = 58-67 yr old, n = 5 per group]. Subjects were matched with respect to maximum O2 consumption, body size, and body composition, and were thoroughly heat acclimated before participation. Randomly ordered concentrations of acetyl-beta-methylcholine chloride ranging from 0% (saline) to 0.1% (5 x 10(-3) M) were injected into the skin of the dorsal thigh in a thermoneutral environment, and activated sweat glands were photographed at 30-s intervals for the next 8 min. Density of MCh activated glands was independent of both age and [MCh] (e.g., 2 min after injection of 5 x 10(-3) M [MCh]: Y = 45 +/- 7, M = 46 +/- 12, O = 42 +/- 5 glands/cm2). However, sweat gland output (SGO) per active gland was significantly lower for the O group and failed to increase with increasing [MCh] above 5 x 10( 4) M. When MCh (5 x 10(-3) M) was injected after 1 h of exercise in the heat, higher SGO's were elicited in each group; however, the SGO of the O group was again significantly lower than that of the Y group (91 +/- 11 vs. 39 +/- 4 ng/gland, P less than 0.02) with the M group intermediate (69 +/- 11 nl/gland; 2 min postinjection data).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182478 TI - Effect of stimulation of pulmonary C-fiber receptors on canine respiratory muscles. AB - The effects of stimulation of pulmonary C-fiber receptors on the distribution of motor activity to upper airway, rib cage, and abdominal muscles were studied in anesthetized, tracheotomized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Stimulation of pulmonary C-fiber receptors by injection of capsaicin (3-20 micrograms/kg) into the right atrium resulted in complete cessation of electrical activity of the upper airway dilating muscles (UADM) and the inspiratory chest wall pumping muscles. The activity of abdominal muscles was also inhibited. The duration of electrical silence was longer for the diaphragm than for the UADM. Upper airway constricting muscles and expiratory intercostal muscles, including the triangularis sterni, remained tonically active during the apneic period. The responses of these muscles were qualitatively the same when the animals breathed 100% O2, 7% CO2 in O2, or 12% O2 in N2, and without or in the presence of an expiratory threshold load. Bilateral vagotomy abolished the inhibitory effects of capsaicin on UADM, chest wall, and abdominal muscle activity, suggesting that the vagus is the major afferent pathway for the reflex. The qualitative difference in the response of intercostal expiratory muscles and abdominal muscles suggests that these two groups of synergistic muscles may be independently regulated. PMID- 3182480 TI - Temperature profiles with respect to inhomogeneity and geometry of the human body. AB - Temperature profiles within the human body are highly dependent on the geometry and inhomogeneity of the body. Physical parameters such as density and heat conductivity of the various tissues and variables such as blood flow and metabolic heat production of different organs are spatially distributed and thereby influence the temperature profiles within the human body. Actual physiological knowledge allows one to take into account up to 54 different spatially distributed values for each parameter. An adequate representation of the anatomy of the body requires a spatial three-dimensional grid of at least 0.5 1.0 cm. This is achieved by photogrammetric treatment of three-dimensional anatomic models of the human body. As a first essential result, the simulation system has produced a realistic picture of the topography of temperatures under neutral conditions. Compatibility of reality and simulation was achieved solely on the basis of physical considerations and physiological data base. Therefore the simulation is suited to the extrapolation of temperature profiles that cannot be obtained experimentally. PMID- 3182479 TI - Direct measurement of static chest wall compliance in animal and human neonates. AB - The measurement of pulmonary mechanics has been developed extensively for adults, and these techniques have been applied directly to neonates and infants. However, the compliant chest wall of the infant frequently predisposes to chest wall distortion, especially when there is a low dynamic lung compliance (CL,dyn). We describe a technique of directly measuring the static chest wall compliance (Cw,st), developed initially in the newborn lamb and subsequently applied to the premature neonate with chest wall distortion. The mean CL,dyn in seven intubated newborn lambs in normoxia was 2.45 +/- 0.41 ml.cmH2O-1.kg-1, whereas Cw,st was 11.81 +/- 0.25 ml.cmH2O-1.kg-1. These values did not change significantly in seven animals breathing through a tight-fitting face mask or with hypercapnia induced tachypnea. For the eight premature infants the mean CL,dyn was 1.35 +/- 0.36 ml.cmH2O-1.kg-1, whereas the mean Cw,st was 3.16 +/- 1.01 ml.cmH2O-1.kg-1. This study shows that, under relaxed conditions when measurements of static compliance are performed, the chest wall is more compliant than the lung. The measurement of Cw,st may thus be used to determine the contribution of the respiratory musculature in stabilizing the chest wall. PMID- 3182481 TI - Effect of inhaled and systemic opiates on responses to inhaled capsaicin in humans. AB - To determine the site of action of opiates in humans, we have studied the effect of systemic and inhaled opiates on cough and increase in respiratory resistance (Rrs) caused by inhaled capsaicin. In 13 subjects, a range of doses of capsaicin inhaled in single breaths given in random order produced a reproducible dose cough response. Inhalation of a dose of capsaicin that caused fewer than two coughs increased Rrs by 28% (21-35, mean 95% confidence interval). Inhaled codeine (50 mg) and morphine (10 mg) did not alter the cough response. In contrast, both drugs increased base-line Rrs by 24% (16-44) and 13% (3-23), respectively, and significantly reduced the increase in Rrs after inhaled capsaicin (P less than 0.05). Oral codeine (60 mg) significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced the number of coughs at 1 and 2 h but did not alter base-line Rrs or its increase after capsaicin. Intravenous morphine (0.15 mg/kg) significantly reduced the sensitivity of the cough response (P less than 0.05), which was reversed by naloxone. However, there was no significant drug effect on either the base-line Rrs or its increase after capsaicin. Systemic dosing of opiates is therefore required to reduce the cough reflex, whereas inhaled opiates may reduce the increase in Rrs after inhaled capsaicin. PMID- 3182482 TI - Measurement of bronchial blood flow with radioactive microspheres in awake sheep. AB - Distribution of bronchial blood flow was measured in unanesthetized sheep by the use of two modifications of the microsphere reference sample technique that correct for peripheral shunting of microspheres: 1) A double microsphere method in which simultaneous left and right atrial injections of 15-microns microspheres tagged with different isotopes allowed measurement of both pulmonary blood flow and shunt-corrected bronchial blood flow, and 2) a pulmonary arterial occlusion method in which left atrial injection and transient occlusion of the left pulmonary artery prevented delivery to the lung of microspheres shunted through the peripheral circulation and allowed systemic blood flow to the left lung to be measured. Both methods can be performed in unanesthetized sheep. The pulmonary arterial occlusion method is less costly and requires fewer calculations. The double microsphere method requires less surgical preparation and allows measurement without perturbation of pulmonary hemodynamics. There was no statistically significant difference between bronchial blood flow measured with the two methods. However, total bronchial blood flow measured during pulmonary arterial occlusion (1.52 +/- 0.98% of cardiac output, n = 9) was slightly higher than that measured with the double microsphere method (1.39 +/- 0.88% of cardiac output, n = 9). In another series of experiments in which sequential measurements of bronchial blood flow were made, there was a significant increase of 15% in left lung bronchial blood flow during the first minute of occlusion of the left pulmonary artery. Thus pulmonary arterial occlusion should be performed 5 s after microsphere injection as originally described by Baile et al. (1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182483 TI - Increase in pulmonary capillary permeability in dogs exposed to 100% O2. AB - Changes in pulmonary capillary filtration induced by hyperoxia were investigated in 15 dogs. After 12 h of normobaric hyperoxic exposure, animals were anesthetized and artificially ventilated with 100% O2. A pulmonary lymphatic vessel was cannulated, and lymph flow and protein content were measured together with pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics. An increase in pulmonary capillary filtration was found when compared with reference data (normoxic dogs in similar conditions) gathered from available literature: lymph flow increased from 21.8 +/ 13.4 to 125.2 +/- 131.6 microliter/min, and the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio increased from 0.67 +/- 0.08 to 0.78 +/- 0.08. To characterize the mechanisms involved, left atrial pressure was increased in two stages (approximately 10 and approximately 25 mmHg). The results clearly indicated an increase in pulmonary capillary permeability as evidenced by a decrease of the minimal estimate of the protein reflection coefficient from 0.62 +/- 0.05 to 0.42 +/- 0.05. PMID- 3182484 TI - Role of muscle loss in the age-associated reduction in VO2 max. AB - A progressive decline in maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) expressed traditionally as per kilogram body weight generally occurs with advancing age. To investigate the extent to which this decline could be attributable to the age-associated loss of metabolically active tissue, i.e., muscle, we measured 24-h urinary creatinine excretion, an index of muscle mass, in 184 healthy nonobese volunteers, ages 22 87 yr, from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who had achieved a true VO2max during graded treadmill exercise. A positive correlation was found between VO2max and creatinine excretion in both men (r = 0.64, P less than 0.001) and women (r = 0.47, P less than 0.001). As anticipated, VO2max showed a strong negative linear relationship with age in both men and women. Creatinine excretion also declined with age in men and women. When VO2max was normalized for creatinine excretion, the variance in the VO2max decline attributable to age declined from 60 to 14% in men and from 50 to 8% in women. Thus comparing the standard age regression of VO2max per kilogram body weight with that in which VO2max is normalized per milligram creatinine excretion, the decline in VO2max between a hypothetical 30 yr old and a 70 yr old was reduced from 39 to 18% in men and from 30 to 14% in women. We conclude that in both sexes, a large portion of the age-associated decline in VO2max in non-endurance-trained individuals is explicable by the loss of muscle mass, which is observed with advancing age. PMID- 3182486 TI - Effect of 100% O2 on hypoxic eucapnic ventilation. AB - We measured ventilation in nine young adults while they breathed pure O2 after breathing room air and after 5 and 25 min of hypoxia. With isocapnic hypoxia (arterial O2 saturation 80 +/- 2%) mean ventilation increased at 5 min and then declined, so that at 25 min values did not differ from those on room air. After 3 min of O2 breathing, ventilation was greater than that on room air or after 25 min of isocapnic hypoxia, whether the hyperoxia had been preceded by hypoxia or normoxia. During transitions to pure O2 breathing, ventilation was analyzed breath by breath with a moving average technique, searching for nadirs before and after increases in PO2. After both 5 and 25 min of hypoxia, O2 breathing was associated with transient depressions of ventilation, which were greater after 25 min than after 5 min. Significant depressions were not observed when hyperoxia followed room air breathing, and O2-induced nadirs after hypoxia were lower than those observed during room air breathing. O2 transiently depressed ventilation after hypoxia but not after room air breathing. These results suggest that the normal ventilatory response to isocapnic hypoxia has two components, an excitatory one from peripheral chemoreceptors, which is turned off by O2 breathing, and a slower inhibitory one, probably of central origin, which is affected less promptly by O2 breathing. PMID- 3182485 TI - Carotid body control of bronchial circulation in sheep. AB - The bronchial vascular response to chemoreceptor stimulation was studied in sheep anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, paralyzed with pancuronium, and artificially ventilated with room air. Blood flow through the common bronchial artery was measured with an electromagnetic flow-meter. Pressures were measured in the left atrium and aorta using appropriately placed catheters connected to pressure transducers. The carotid body was vascularly isolated and perfused at aortic pressure with blood of varied PO2 and PCO2. The viability of our preparation was assessed by the occurrence of a bradycardia in response to carotid body stimulation, and only data from animals demonstrating a bradycardia were analyzed. During hypoxic perfusion of the carotid body, heart rate decreased 6% (P less than 0.05). Bronchial blood flow increased by 46% and bronchial vascular resistance decreased by 23%, both of which were significant changes (P less than 0.05). During control experiments in which the carotid body was perfused with normoxic blood, there were no significant (P greater than 0.05) changes in any of the parameters. These data suggest that carotid body stimulation results in a reflex bronchial vasodilation. PMID- 3182487 TI - Experimental respiratory decompression sickness in sheep. AB - Respiratory decompression sickness (RDCS, "the chokes") is a potentially lethal consequence of ambient pressure reduction. Lack of a clearly suitable animal model has impeded understanding of this condition. RDCS, unaccompanied by central nervous system signs, occurred in 17 of 18 unanesthetized sheep exposed to compressed air at 230 kPa (2.27 ATA) for 22 h, returned to normal pressure for approximately 40 min, and taken to simulated altitude (0.75 ATA, 570 Torr). Respiratory signs, including tachypnea, sporadic apnea, and labored breathing, were accompanied by precordial Doppler ultrasound evidence of marked venous bubble loading. Pulmonary arterial pressures exceeded 30 Torr in five catheterized sheep that died or became moribund. Hypoxemia (arterial Po2 less than 40 Torr), neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were observed. Peribronchovascular edema was the most prominent necropsy finding. Chest radiography indicated interstitial edema in most affected sheep. High body weight and catheterization predisposed the sheep to severe RDCS. It appears that this protocol reliably provides a useful animal model for studies of RDCS and obstructive pulmonary hypertension, that the precipitating event is massive pulmonary embolization by bubbles, and that venous bubbles, detected by Doppler ultrasound, can signal impending RDCS. PMID- 3182488 TI - Lung hyperinflation in isolated dog lungs during high-frequency oscillation. AB - To study the phenomenon of lung hyperinflation (LHI), i.e., an increase in lung volume without a concomitant rise in airway pressure, we measured lung volume changes in isolated dog lungs during high-frequency oscillation (HFO) with air, He, and SF6 and with mean tracheal pressure controlled at 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 cmH2O. The tidal volume and frequency used were 1.5 ml/kg body wt and 20 Hz, respectively. LHI was observed during HFO in all cases except for a few trials with He. The degree of LHI was inversely related to mean tracheal pressure and varied directly with gas density. Maximum expiratory flow rate (Vmax) was measured during forced expiration induced by a vacuum source (-150 cmH2O) at the trachea. Vmax was consistently higher than the peak oscillatory flow rate (Vosc) during HFO, demonstrating that overall expiratory flow limitation did not cause LHI in isolated dog lungs. Asymmetry of inspiratory and expiratory impedances seems to be one cause of LHI, although other factors are involved. PMID- 3182490 TI - Mucus transport by high-frequency nonsymmetrical oscillatory airflow. AB - To study air-mucus interaction as a possible mechanism of tracheal mucus transport and to test the validity of using surface tracer displacement to indicate bulk mucus transport, we performed a combined experimental-theoretical study. We hypothesized that the mucus mass is moved by the difference between expiratory and inspiratory velocities. The rate of transport of a layer of simulated mucus lining the bottom of a rectangular trough was measured in two ways during oscillatory air flow. Peak velocity ratios (R) from 1.0 to 2.0, frequencies (f) between 7 and 13 Hz, and tidal volumes (VT) between 50 and 100 ml were generated by a custom-made pump. The experimental results demonstrate that measuring the displacement of a tracer deposited on the surface of the mucus layer is equivalent to measuring bulk mucus movement by weight. Moreover the measured mucus velocities (micron) correlate well with a theoretical model which predicts that micron is proportional to delta VT f1.5 (R-1). These results suggest that shearing at the air-mucus interface could be a significant factor in the enhanced tracheal mucus clearance during high-frequency chest wall oscillation. PMID- 3182489 TI - Changes in compartmental ventilation in association with eye movements during REM sleep. AB - The effect of phasic eye movement activity on ventilation during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep was studied in seven healthy young adults by use of the respiratory inductive plethysmograph. Mean ventilation (VE) and ventilatory components during REM sleep were not significantly different from that seen in either stages 1-2 or 3-4 sleep. The percent of rib cage contribution to ventilation in REM sleep, 29.3 +/- 5.1%, was reduced compared with 54.4 +/- 5.8% in stage 1-2 and 52.2 +/- 4.3% in stage 3-4 sleep (P less than 0.005). When one separated breaths by the degree of associated phasic eye movement activity, it became apparent that breathing during REM sleep is very heterogeneous. Increasing eye movement activity was associated with inhibition of ventilation with a reduction in VE from 5.1 +/- 0.3 to 3.8 +/- 0.3 l/min. Tidal volume and frequency both fell, whereas inspiratory duration was unchanged. Compartmental ventilation was also affected, with the fall in the rib cage contribution from 37.8 +/- 6.4 to 15.3 +/- 5.6%. Chest wall and abdominal movement became more asynchronous as phasic-eye-movement activity increased and frank paradoxical breathing was seen. PMID- 3182491 TI - Catalase prevents prostanoid release and lung lipid peroxidation after endotoxemia in sheep. AB - We determined the effect of H2O2 on both the physiological and biochemical lung changes seen in the adult sheep after endotoxin. Fourteen unanesthetized adult sheep with chronic lung lymph fistula were given Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 microgram/kg) over 30 min. Seven sheep were given catalase (32,500 U/kg body wt) as an intravenous bolus 30 min before endotoxin. Four sheep were given catalase alone. Oxidant lung changes were measured using arterial plasma conjugated dienes and lung tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) content, both reflecting the lipid peroxidation process. Animals were killed 5 h after endotoxin. We found that endotoxin alone caused an early increase in pulmonary arterial pressure lung lymph flow (QL), plasma thromboxane B2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha, and plasma conjugated dienes. A decrease in cardiac output and arterial PO2 was also seen. A three- to four-fold increase in protein-rich QL was noted at 3-4 h as well as a continued increase in arterial conjugated dienes. Lung MDA and water content were also significantly increased from base line. Catalase pretreatment significantly attenuated both the physiological changes and the prostanoid and conjugated diene release. Lung MDA and water content also remained at base line. We conclude that H2O2 plays a major role in endotoxin-induced lung injury as well as the resulting lipid peroxidation process. PMID- 3182492 TI - Erythrocyte transit and neutrophil concentration in the dog lung. AB - We subdivided regional erythrocyte (RBC) transit time into the fraction spent in the large (greater than 50 microns), small (20-50 microns), and capillary (less than 20 microns) vessels of canine lungs. Using a combination of physiological and morphological techniques, the number of RBC and granulocytes in each vessel size was obtained by dividing the aggregate volume of the cell by the calculated volume of a single cell. The data show that the average transit time was 0.60 s in large vessels, 0.10 s in small vessels, and 1.37 s in capillary vessels and was longer (P less than 0.05) in the upper lung regions for small vessels and capillaries. RBCs pass through approximately 60 capillary segments at an average velocity of approximately 550 micron/s. Pulmonary hematocrit averaged 0.95 of the systemic hematocrit and was lower in capillaries than small vessels. PMN's were concentrated approximately 10-fold in the small vessels and 100-fold in the capillaries compared with peripheral blood. The multisegmented nature of the capillary bed allows this concentration because RBCs find pathways to stream around the slower moving PMNs. PMID- 3182493 TI - Baroreceptor-mediated suppression of osmotically stimulated vasopressin in normal humans. AB - Increases in central venous pressure and arterial pressure have been reported to have variable effects on normal arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels in healthy humans. To test the hypothesis that baroreceptor suppression of AVP secretion might be more likely if AVP were subjected to a prior osmotic stimulus, we investigated the response of plasma AVP to increased central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure after hypertonic saline in six normal volunteers. Plasma AVP, serum osmolality, heart rate, central venous pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure were assessed before and after a 0.06 ml.kg-1.min-1 infusion of 5% saline give over 90 min and then after 10 min of 30 degrees head down tilt and 10 min of head-down tilt plus lower-body positive pressure. Hypertonic saline increased plasma AVP. After head-down tilt, which did not change heart rate, pulse pressure, or mean arterial pressure but did increase central venous pressure, plasma AVP fell. Heart rate, pulse pressure, and central venous pressure were unchanged from head-down tilt values during lower-body positive pressure, whereas mean arterial pressure increased. Plasma AVP during lower-body positive pressure was not different from that during tilt. Osmolality increased during the saline infusion but was stable throughout the remainder of the study. These data therefore suggest that an osmotically stimulated plasma AVP level can be suppressed by baroreflex activation. Either the low-pressure cardiopulmonary receptors (subjected to a rise in central venous pressure during head-down tilt) or the sinoaortic baroreceptors (subjected to hydrostatic effects during head-down tilt) could have been responsible for the suppression of AVP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182494 TI - Release of epithelium-derived relaxing factor after ozone inhalation in dogs. AB - Airway epithelium has been reported to release epithelium-derived relaxing factor (EpDRF), which inhibits contraction of airway smooth muscle. This study tested the hypothesis that airway hyperresponsiveness after inhalation of ozone in dogs results from an inability to produce EpDRF. Two groups of five dogs each were studied; one group inhaled ozone, the other dry room air. Ozone-treated dogs developed airway hyperresponsiveness, whereas the control group did not. The acetylcholine provocative concentration decreased from 4.17 (%SE 1.35) to 0.56 mg/ml (%SE 1.24) (P = 0.0006) in the ozone-treated dogs and was 18.76 (%SE 2.04) and 29.77 mg/ml (%SE 2.07) in the air-treated dogs (P = 0.47). In vitro the presence of airway epithelium reduced the constrictor responses to acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, and KCl in trachealis strips from the control dogs. This effect of epithelium was still present in trachealis strips from dogs with airway hyperresponsiveness. These results demonstrate that EpDRF is released from canine tracheal epithelium, that this function is not impaired in dogs with airway hyperresponsiveness after inhaled ozone, and that loss of EpDRF is not responsible for the development of airway hyperresponsiveness after inhaled ozone in dogs. PMID- 3182495 TI - Human platelets attenuate oxidant injury in isolated rabbit lungs. AB - Because platelets contain active antioxidant systems, the capacity of platelets to attenuate oxidant lung injury was investigated. Purine and xanthine oxidase were infused into isolated perfused rabbit lungs (IPL) to generate H2O2, thereby causing increased membrane permeability edema. The coinfusion of washed human platelets (1.20 +/- 0.07 x 10(10) cells) attenuated the degree of edema formation as measured by lung weight gain and lung lavage albumin concentration. Electron microscopy of lung preparations demonstrated platelet adherence to capillary endothelial luminal surfaces of oxidant-injured lungs, but there was no evidence of vascular plugging with platelet macroaggregates. The platelet glutathione redox cycle or platelet catalase were inhibited before infusion of platelets into the IPL with purine and xanthine oxidase. Inhibition of the glutathione redox cycle with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, or buthionine sulfoximine prevented platelet attenuation of lung injury. Inactivation of platelet catalase with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, however, did not significantly reduce the platelet-induced lung protection. We conclude that the platelet glutathione redox cycle plays a major role in reducing enzymatically generated toxic O2 metabolites and attenuating lung injury. PMID- 3182496 TI - Collapse of intercellular spaces of canine tracheal mucosa by epinephrine. AB - Variations in the volume and width of lateral intercellular spaces (LICS) of dog tracheal mucosa in vitro were investigated by use of stereological and linear measurements of electron micrographs. Alterations in the volume or width of LICS were then correlated with physiological conditions and electrical parameters. LICS were quite narrow between the ciliated cells compared with those around the nonciliated dark cells (goblet, brush, and basal cells). LICS comprised 6.8 +/- 2.9% of tissue volume in preparations that were mounted in an Ussing chamber and short-circuited, whereas in unmounted and open-circuited tissues it occupied only 1 +/- 0.2% of the volume of the preparations (P less than 0.016, n = 5). The effects of stimulation of Cl secretion by 1 microM epinephrine were tested. In seven epinephrine-treated tissues LICS volume was 2.9 +/- 0.9% of total epithelial volume compared with 8.7 +/- 2.9% in control tissues (P less than 0.015). The width of LICS around dark cells in epinephrine-treated tissues was 0.42 +/- 0.06 micron compared with 0.98 +/- 0.13 micron in control tissues (P less than 0.001). The data suggest that LICS act as pliable fluid reservoirs that empty and collapse on stimulation of Cl secretion. PMID- 3182497 TI - Measurement of alveolar gas volume by ambient pressure changes in isolated lungs. AB - Alveolar gas volume (AGV) may be measured in humans (Peslin et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 359-363, 1987) by applying very slow sinusoidal variations of ambient pressure (delta Pam) around the body and studying the relationship between delta Pam and the resulting gas displacement at the mouth (delta Vaw): AGVapc = (PB.delta Vaw)/(delta Pam.cos phi), where AGVapc is AGV measured by ambient pressure changes, PB is barometric minus alveolar water vapor pressure, and phi is the phase angle between Pam and Vaw. The applicability of this method to excised lungs at various transpulmonary pressures was assessed in six rabbit lungs and three dog lobes by reference to AGV measurements by He dilution (AGVdil) and by a volumetric method (AGVvol). Except in one instance, AGVapc did not change significantly when the frequency of delta Pam was varied from 0.02 to 0.2 Hz. AGVapc was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) to both AGVdil and AGVvol. It did not differ significantly from AGVdil (81.4 +/- 50.6 vs. 80.2 +/- 44.2 ml) and was only marginally higher than AGVvol (64.6 +/- 26.9 vs. 62.4 +/- 24.4 ml, P less than 0.05). We conclude that the method usually provides accurate results in excised lung preparations. Its main advantages are that it does not require manipulating the lung or changing its volume and that the measurement takes less than 1 min. PMID- 3182498 TI - Pleural pressure between diaphragm and rib cage during inspiratory muscle activity. AB - We measured the changes in pleural surface pressure (delta Ppl) in the area of apposition of the rib cage to the diaphragm (Aap) in anesthetized dogs during spontaneous breathing, inspiratory efforts after airway occlusion at functional residual capacity, and phrenic stimulation. Intact dogs were in supine or lateral posture; partially eviscerated dogs were in lateral posture. delta Ppl,ap often differed significantly from changes in abdominal pressure (delta Pab); sometimes they differed in sign (except during phrenic stimulation). Changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure in Aap (delta Pdi,ap) could be positive or negative and were less in eviscerated than in intact dogs. delta Pdi,ap could differ in sign among respiratory maneuvers and over different parts of Aap. Hence average delta Pdi,ap should be closer to zero than delta Pdi,ap at a given site. Since delta Ppl,ap = delta Prc,ap, where Prc,ap represents rib cage pressure in Aap, delta Pdi,ap = delta Pab - delta Prc,ap. Hence, considering that delta Pab and delta Prc depend on different factors, delta Pdi,ap may differ from zero. This pressure difference seems related to the interaction between two semisolid structures (contracted diaphragm and rib cage in Aap) constrained to the same shape and position. PMID- 3182499 TI - Transdiaphragmatic pressure and rib motion in area of apposition during paralysis. AB - Changes in pleural surface pressure in area of apposition of diaphragm to rib cage (delta Ppl,ap), changes in abdominal pressure (delta Pab), and redial displacement of the 11th rib have been recorded in anesthetized, paralyzed dogs during lung inflation or deflation. Above functional residual capacity (FRC) changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure in area of apposition (delta Pdi,ap) were essentially nil in intact (INT) dogs either in lateral or supine posture, and in partially eviscerated (EVS) dogs in lateral posture, either in the 10th or 11th intercostal space. Below FRC delta Pdi,ap could be positive (INT lateral and EVS), nil (EVS), or negative (INT supine and EVS); it could be different in the 10th and 11th intercostal spaces. Hence, with stretched (like with contracted) diaphragm, delta Ppl,ap measured at one site often differs from delta Pab and is not representative of average pressure acting on area of apposition. With volume increase above FRC, the 11th rib moved slightly in and then out in EVS and linearly out in INT. With volume decrease below FRC it moved out progressively in EVS, and it moved in and eventually reversed in INT. In paralyzed dogs in lateral posture the factor having the greatest influence on displacement of the abdominal rib cage is Pab. Mechanical linkage with pulmonary rib cage becomes relevant at large volume, whereas insertional traction of diaphragm becomes relevant at low volume. PMID- 3182501 TI - Slowing of relaxation in the fatiguing hamster diaphragm is enhanced by theophylline. AB - Hamster diaphragm muscle strips were treated with theophylline (100 mg/l) or caffeine (100 mg/l) to study the effect on the time constant of relaxation (tau) during repeated contractions and with recovery. Two stimulation protocols were used: a high-tension time index (TTI, 60 Hz, 160 ms, 2/s) and a low TTI (25 Hz, 160 ms, 1/s). In the high TTI protocol an early increase in the tau was noted in theophylline but not in caffeine or control. In the low TTI protocol there was no difference in tau with theophylline. The combination of theophylline (100 mg/l) and verapamil (5 microM) was also studied. Verapamil decreased force in contractions of 300-ms duration but not in those lasting 160 ms and had no effect on tau. It did not block the prolongation of tau seen with theophylline. These studies suggest that theophylline has a direct effect on relaxation of skeletal muscle, which is not prevented by verapamil, and also that external calcium may be important for sustained contractions of skeletal muscle. PMID- 3182500 TI - Catalase pretreatment attenuates oleic acid-induced edema in isolated rabbit lung. AB - Because reactive O2 metabolites have been demonstrated to be potent mediators of vascular dysfunction and are synthesized by lung tissue, their involvement as mediators of oleic acid (OA)-induced pulmonary edema in the isolated Krebs perfused rabbit lung was assessed. Injection of OA (0.1 ml) into the pulmonary artery after vehicle pretreatment induced marked increases in lung weight [50.4 +/- 13.9 vs. 4.2 +/- 2.0 (SE) g 45 min after OA or vehicle, respectively, P less than 0.05], an index of pulmonary edema, and airway pressure. OA also caused a significant though minimal increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. Pretreatment with catalase (1,000 U/ml), a scavenger of H2O2, significantly (P less than 0.05, Friedman's) attenuated the increases in lung weight (50.4 +/- 13.9 vs. 15.1 +/- 4.9 g), airway pressure, and pulmonary arterial pressure. In contrast to catalase, pretreatment with Cu-tryptophan (40 microM), a lipid-soluble scavenger of superoxide, provided no protective effect by itself, nor was there any potentiation of protection when combined with catalase. Further evidence implicating O2 metabolites in OA-induced edema was obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of perfusate samples to which the spin trap, sodium 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonate (10 mM), was added. Analysis of these samples revealed the presence of free radicals after OA. Pretreatment with catalase (1,000 U/ml) and superoxide dismutase (250 U/ml) attenuated the EPR signal, indicating that proximal formation of O2 free radicals was in part responsible for the signal. These results suggest that reactive O2 metabolites are mediators of OA-induced pulmonary edema in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. PMID- 3182503 TI - Thyroarytenoid muscle activity during wakefulness and sleep in normal adults. AB - To determine the respiratory-related activity of the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle in normal adults, intramuscular electromyographic recordings were performed in eight normal adult males during wakefulness and sleep. Phasic expiratory TA activity was present during normal tidal breathing in all subjects during wakefulness. Tonic activity was frequently present during inspiration. After an initial rapid rise in activity near the onset of expiration, phasic TA activity generally exhibited one of three different discharge patterns: a plateau, a progressive increase, or, less commonly, a progressive decrease in activity. In four of five subjects examined, peak TA activity during quiet breathing in wakefulness appeared to be directly related to time of expiration. At a particular lung volume above end-expiratory volume during wakefulness, measurements of expiratory resistance were directly related to the level of TA activity. TA activity disappeared during stable periods of non-rapid-eye-movement sleep and exhibited paroxysmal bursts of activity during rapid-eye-movement sleep. The results during wakefulness indicate that the TA contributes to an active adduction of the vocal cords in expiration and suggest the presence of an active laryngeal braking mechanism during exhalation. PMID- 3182502 TI - Role of brain lactic acidosis in hypoxic depression of respiration. AB - The role of lactic acidosis of progressive brain hypoxia (PBH) as both a central chemoreceptor stimulant and a general respiratory depressant was assessed by preventing lactate formation both locally and globally with dichloroacetate (DCA). Phrenic nerve activity (PN) and ventral medullary pH (Vm pH) responses to PBH (1% CO-40% O2-balance N2) were determined in anesthetized, paralyzed, peripherally chemodenervated, vagotomized cats while fraction of end-tidal CO2 (FETCO2) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) were maintained constant. Topical DCA near the central chemoreceptors prevented the progressive Vm acidosis of PBH and was associated with a slightly greater depression of PN for any given level of brain hypoxia [75 +/- 12% base-line mock cerebrospinal fluid compared with 63 +/- 11% base-line topical DCA at O2 content of arterial blood (CaO2) of 7.5 ml O2/dl]. Systemic DCA also prevented the progressive acidosis of PBH and significantly altered the profile of depression with PBH. Before DCA, PBH produced a progressive reduction in PN after reducing CaO2 by 20%. After DCA, PN was not significantly depressed until CaO2 was reduced to very low levels, whereupon there was a sharp decline in PN. Before DCA, reducing CaO2 to 6 ml O2/dl reduced PN by 41 +/- 16%, whereas after DCA there was no significant reduction in PN (4 +/- 5%). We conclude that 1) lactic acidosis near the central chemosensitive regions does produce a small stimulation of respiration during PBH but that 2) the overwhelming response to central lactic acidosis of PBH is respiratory depression. PMID- 3182504 TI - Serum potassium during exercise in Hereford calves: influence of physical conditioning. AB - We determined how rapidly serum potassium concentration ([K+]) increased, its magnitude, and how quickly it decreased during and after a 3.5-min exercise bout at maximal speed capability in eight Hereford steers, before and after physical conditioning. Serum [K+] values rose rapidly after the start of exercise and declined rapidly to within 7% of preexercise values 5 min after exercise ceased. Before physical conditioning, serum [K+] increased from an average of 4.19 meq/l at rest to 6.71 meq/l at the highest treadmill speed the animals could sustain (1.8-2.4 m/s at a 3 degrees incline). After physical conditioning, the serum [K+] increase at comparable treadmill speeds was approximately 5% lower than before conditioning (average of 6.37 meq/l); however, the animals could now exercise from 0.6 to 0.8 m/s faster than before conditioning, and their maximal serum [K+] rose to an average of 7.47 meq/l, a 10% increase over preconditioned maximal values. We conclude that higher speeds and accompanying increases in serum [K+] attained by conditioned animals may place them at greater risk of cardiotoxicity than before conditioning. PMID- 3182505 TI - Effect of papaverine on pulmonary vascular permeability to proteins. AB - Previous studies have suggested that papaverine, a drug commonly used in studies of transvascular fluid and solute exchange to eliminate confounding effects of changes in vascular tone, may itself increase vascular permeability. In this study, we determined the ability of papaverine to alter pulmonary vascular protein permeability by measuring the osmotic reflection coefficient (sigma) for total proteins in a canine isolated perfused left lower lung lobe (LLL) preparation. The reflection coefficient, determined by the hematocrit-protein double-indicator technique, for control LLL's was 0.83 +/- 0.04 (SE) (n = 7). In separate groups of LLL's, blood papaverine HCl concentrations of 10(-5), 10(-4), and 10(-3) M resulted in sigma's of 0.84 +/- 0.02 (n = 6), 0.73 +/- 0.04 (n = 7), and 0.53 +/- 0.04 (n = 6), respectively. When two LLL's from the 10(-4) M group with sigma's of 0.56 and 0.57 were excluded from the analysis, the average sigma for this group was 0.79 +/- 0.02. We conclude that papaverine increases protein permeability at a concentration of 10(-3) M but does so in only some lobes at 10( 4) M. These results suggest that caution be taken when using high concentrations of papaverine in fluid balance studies. PMID- 3182506 TI - Effect of endotoxin on systemic and skeletal muscle O2 extraction. AB - Patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) show a pathological dependence of O2 consumption (VO2) on O2 delivery (QO2, blood flow X arterial O2 content). In these patients, a defect in tissues' ability to extract O2 from blood can leave tissue O2 needs unmet, even at a normal QO2. Endotoxin administration produces a similar state in dogs, and we used this model to study mechanisms that may contribute to human pathology. We measured systemic and hindlimb VO2 and QO2 while reducing cardiac output by blood withdrawal. At the onset of supply dependence, the systemic QO2 was 11.4 +/- 2.7 ml.kg-1.min-1 in the endotoxin group vs. 8.0 +/- 0.7 in controls (P less than 0.05). At this point, the endotoxin-treated animals extracted only 61 +/- 11% of the arterial O2, whereas control animals extracted 70 +/- 7% (P less than 0.05). Systemic VO2 rose by 15% after endotoxin (P less than 0.05) but did not change in controls. Despite this poorer systemic ability to extract O2 by the endotoxin-treated dogs, isolated hindlimb O2 extraction at the onset of supply dependence was the same in endotoxin-treated and control dogs. At normal levels of QO2, hindlimb VO2 in endotoxin-treated dogs was 23% higher than in controls (P less than 0.05). Fractional blood flow to skeletal muscle did not differ between control and endotoxin-treated dogs. Thus skeletal muscle was not overperfused in endotoxemia and did not contribute to a systemic extraction defect by stealing blood flow from other tissues. Skeletal muscle in endotoxin-treated dogs demonstrated an increase in VO2 but no defect in O2 extraction, differing in both respects from the intestine. PMID- 3182508 TI - Aerobic power and cardiovascular response to stress. AB - The relationship between aerobic fitness as measured by maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) and the cardiovascular response to laboratory stressors was examined in two experiments. First, 34 male college students were screened on the basis of their heart rate (HR) response to a reaction time-shock avoidance (RT-AV) task. The six individuals showing an average HR increase of 45 beats/min (reactives) and the six subjects showing an average increase of 8 beats/min (nonreactives) did not differ in VO2max (47.7 +/- 2 vs. 48.7 +/- 1 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively). However, a statistically significant association between a reported family history of hypertension and peak HR response to RT-AV was seen. In the second series of experiments, the plasma catecholamine and cardiovascular responses of eight elite endurance-trained athletes (VO2max 70.6 +/- 1 ml.kg-1.min-1) and eight untrained volunteers (VO2max 45.5 +/- 1 ml.kg-1.min-1) were compared on the following: RT-AV, reaction time for monetary reward (RT-AP), cold pressor, isometric handgrip, and orthostatic challenge (standing). The trained group exhibited a significantly lower mean HR at rest (P less than 0.05), otherwise there were no significant differences between the two groups. The results indicate that although individual differences (e.g., family history of hypertension and high resting HR) can be related to the potential for cardiovascular responses to novel laboratory challenges, the contribution of fitness to this characteristic is much less clear. Further exploration of questions pertaining to fitness and stress should focus on individuals with a predisposition to stress reactivity. PMID- 3182507 TI - Effect of theophylline on the velocity of diaphragmatic muscle shortening. AB - The present study examined the effect of theophylline on the shortening velocity of submaximally activated diaphragmatic muscle (i.e., muscles were activated by the use of a level of stimulation, 50 Hz, within the range of phrenic neural firing frequencies achieved during breathing, whereas maximum activation is achieved at 300 Hz). Experiments were performed in vitro on strips of diaphragmatic muscle obtained from 21 Syrian hamsters. Muscle shortening velocity was assessed during isotonic contractions against a range of afterloads, and Hill's characteristic equation was used to calculate velocity at zero load. In addition, unloaded shortening velocity was also measured by the slack test, i.e., from the time required for muscles to take up slack after a sudden reduction in muscle length. Theophylline (160 mg/l) increased the velocity of muscle shortening against a wide range of external loads (0-14 N/cm2) and increased the extrapolated unloaded velocity of shortening from 6.4 +/- 0.9 to 7.9 +/- 1.1 (SE) lengths/s (P less than 0.01). Theophylline reduced the time required to take up slack for any given step change in muscle length, increasing the unloaded velocity of shortening assessed by the slack test from 7.6 +/- 0.9 to 9.3 +/- 1.1 lengths/s (P less than 0.002). The effect of theophylline on diaphragmatic shortening velocity was evident at concentrations as low as 40 mg/l and increased progressively as theophylline concentrations were increased to 320 mg/l. Theophylline increased the shortening velocity of fatigued as well as fresh muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182509 TI - Differential responses of tissue viscance and collateral resistance to histamine and leukotriene C4. AB - Alterations in tissue viscance (Vti) and collateral resistance (Rcoll) are both used as indexes of peripheral lung responses. However, it is not known whether the two responses reflect the effects of activation of the same contractile elements. We measured differential responses in Vti and Rcoll to histamine and leukotriene (LT) C4 to determine whether each evoked a similar pattern of response. Using the wedged bronchoscope constant-flow technique, we measured Rcoll in lobar segments of anesthetized, paralyzed, open-chest, mechanically ventilated mongrel dogs. In addition, we measured (with an alveolar capsule) alveolar pressure (PA) within the segment under study. This allowed us to calculate Vti, the component of the PA change in phase with segment flow. Rcoll and Vti measurements were obtained under base-line conditions and after local delivery of aerosols generated from histamine and LTC4. In five out of five lobes studied with both histamine and LTC4, the fractional Rcoll response to histamine was greater than the fractional Rcoll response to LTC4. In contrast, in four out of five lobes examined, the fractional increase in Vti accompanying the histamine response was less than the fractional increase in Vti accompanying LTC4 administration. These data suggest that anatomically distinct contractile elements influence Vti and Rcoll insofar as LTC4 and histamine evoke quantitatively different changes in these two indexes of peripheral lung responses. PMID- 3182510 TI - A compensation method for membrane-covered (Clark) electrodes. AB - Membrane-covered electrodes (Clark electrodes) are widely used for monitoring blood gases, particularly PO2. A method of compensating for the inherently limited speed of response of Clark electrodes is presented. The theoretical response in the time domain is related to that in the frequency domain, and the latter is deduced from measurement of the former. Although the response functions are both infinite series, both responses are nevertheless completely defined by a single time parameter Te characteristic of the electrode under given measurement conditions. Practical verification was performed using electrodes in the double pulsed mode, but the theory is applicable equally to direct-current-polarized and simply pulsed electrodes. PMID- 3182511 TI - A new experimental approach for the study of cardiopulmonary physiology during early development. AB - In this report, an experimental approach and newly designed apparatus for liquid ventilation of preterm animals are described. Findings of age-related changes in cardiopulmonary function of this animal preparation are presented. Thirty-one lambs, 102-137 days gestation (term 147 +/- 3 days), were studied. The carotid artery, jugular vein, and trachea of the exteriorized fetus were cannulated under local anesthesia. Immediately after cesarean section delivery, ventilation commenced; warmed (39 degrees C) and oxygenated (PIO2 greater than 500 Torr) liquid fluorocarbon (RIMAR 101) was delivered to the lung by a mechanically assisted liquid ventilation system. Skeletal muscle paralysis, low-dose exogenous buffering, and thermal support were maintained during the 3-h experiment. Pulmonary gas exchange, acid-base status, and cardiopulmonary and metabolic function were assessed. By utilizing these techniques, effective arterial oxygenation, CO2 elimination, acid-base status, and cardiovascular stability were supported independent of gestational age. The results demonstrate a developmental increase in specific lung compliance and mean arterial pressure and decrease in heart rate and systemic O2 consumption per kilogram with advancing gestational age. These findings demonstrate that liquid ventilation negates the dependency of effective pulmonary gas exchange on surfactant development, thereby extending the limits of viability of the immature extrauterine lamb. As such this new experimental approach is useful for the study of physiological development over an age range previously limited to fetal animal preparations and, therefore, may provide insight regarding adaptation of the premature to the extrauterine environment. PMID- 3182512 TI - Thoracic gas volume in rabbits by low-frequency ambient pressure changes. AB - R. Peslin et al. measured thoracic gas volume (TGV) in adults using a new method employing low-frequency ambient pressure changes (APC) (J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 359 363, 1987). We extended that methodology and then tested the hypothesis that this technique was applicable to small mammals. TGV [at functional residual capacity (FRC)] by APC and by conventional Boyle's law was compared in 12 rabbits. The rabbits were anesthetized, tracheostomized, intubated, and placed in a pressure plethysmograph. Although in the method of Peslin et al. box pressure was oscillated at a single frequency, in our extension box pressure was oscillated simultaneously at two frequencies (0.1 and 0.2 Hz). Flow at the airway opening consisted of rapid events due to spontaneous breathing, superposed on slower events due to the alveolar gas compression. The slower events were analyzed to yield alveolar gas compliance and, by Boyle's law, FRC. FRC by APC was highly correlated to FRC by conventional plethysmography (r = 0.85). Compared with the methodology of Peslin et al., our extension relaxes a key limitation and yields systematically higher estimates of FRC. We conclude that this method is applicable to small mammals, despite an inherently more compliant chest wall, and that the methodological extension improves the estimate of FRC. PMID- 3182514 TI - Effect of amrinone on diaphragm blood flow. AB - The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of amrinone, a drug known to augment cardiac output and dilate peripheral vascular beds, on diaphragm blood flow. Studies were performed on 12 anesthetized mechanically ventilated dogs in which strips of left costal diaphragm were developed in situ. Strip blood flow was assessed with a drop counter attached to a catheter tied into the phrenic veins' draining strips. Strip tension was measured with an isometric force transducer. Amrinone was administered as an intravenous bolus of 2 mg/kg followed by a continuous infusion of 25 micrograms.kg-1.min-1. Amrinone increased cardiac output and resting diaphragm blood flow [from 1.8 +/- 0.1 to 3.2 +/- 3 (SE) l/min and from 13 +/- 2 to 29 +/- 6 (SE) ml.100 g-1.min-1, respectively, P less than 0.001 for both comparisons]. Amrinone also increased blood flow during periods of rhythmic contraction (tension time indexes of 0.1-0.4, P less than 0.05 for comparisons of flow with and without amrinone at each tension time index) and increased the magnitude of the postcontraction hyperemia (P less than 0.02 for comparisons of hyperemic flow with and without amrinone at tension time indexes of 0.3 and 0.4). Graded occlusion of the inferior vena cava produced reductions in arterial pressure, cardiac output, and diaphragm blood flow both before and after amrinone. Both cardiac output and diaphragm blood flow were greater after amrinone, however, at all levels of blood pressure examined. These findings indicate that amrinone can override diaphragm vasoregulatory systems and augment diaphragm blood flow.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182513 TI - Energy cost and fatigue during intermittent electrical stimulation of human skeletal muscle. AB - Force generation and ATP utilization under anaerobic conditions were studied in the quadriceps femoris muscle of six volunteers. Electrical stimulation (20 Hz) was used to produce contractions with a duration of 0.8 s in one leg and contractions with a duration of 3.2 s in the other leg. The two procedures were designed to give the same total contraction time of 51 s and used the same number of stimulation pulses. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest and after 22 and 51 s of work and analyzed for ATP, phosphocreatine, and glucolytic intermediates. The results were compared with previous studies on continuous and intermittent stimulation. Fatigue developed significantly faster with contractions of short duration, and the energy cost was higher. Since force at the end of stimulation had a negative correlation to ATP utilization, there is no indication that the energy resources limit force generation. By comparison of stimulations producing the same amount of isometric work but with a different number of contractions, we estimate that the energy cost for activation and relaxation of a 1-s contraction is approximately 37% of the total ATP consumption. PMID- 3182515 TI - Costal vs. crural diaphragmatic blood flow during submaximal and near-maximal exercise in ponies. AB - The present study was carried out 1) to compare blood flow in the costal and crural regions of the equine diaphragm during quiet breathing at rest and during graded exercise and 2) to determine the fraction of cardiac output needed to perfuse the diaphragm during near-maximal exercise. By the use of radionuclide labeled 15-micron-diam microspheres injected into the left atrium, diaphragmatic and intercostal muscle blood flow was studied in 10 healthy ponies at rest and during three levels of exercise (moderate: 12 mph, heavy: 15 mph, and near maximal: 19-20 mph) performed on a treadmill. At rest, in eucapnic ponies, costal (13 +/- 3 ml.min-1.100 g-1) and crural (13 +/- 2 ml.min-1.100 g-1) phrenic blood flows were similar, but the costal diaphragm received a much larger percentage of cardiac output (0.51 +/- 0.12% vs. 0.15 +/- 0.03% for crural diaphragm). Intercostal muscle perfusion at rest was significantly less than in either phrenic region. Graded exercise resulted in significant progressive increments in perfusion to these tissues. Although during exercise, crural diaphragmatic blood flow was not different from intercostal muscle blood flow, these values remained significantly less (P less than 0.01) than in the costal diaphragm. At moderate, heavy, and near-maximal exercise, costal diaphragmatic blood flow (123 +/- 12, 190 +/- 12, and 245 +/- 18 ml.min-1.100 g-1) was 143%, 162%, and 162%, respectively, of that for the crural diaphragm (86 +/- 10, 117 +/- 8, and 151 +/- 14 ml.min-1.100 g-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182516 TI - Mechanism of afterdrop after cold water immersion. AB - It was hypothesized that if afterdrop is a purely conductive phenomenon, the afterdrop during rewarming should proceed initially at a rate equal to the rate of cooling. Eight male subjects were cooled on three occasions in 22 degrees C water and rewarmed once by each of three procedures: spontaneous shivering, inhalation of heated (45 degrees C) and humidified air, and immersion up to the neck in 40 degrees C water. Deep body temperature was recorded at three sites: esophagus, auditory canal, and rectum. During spontaneous and inhalation rewarming, there were no significant differences between the cooling (final 30 min) and afterdrop (initial 10 min) rates as calculated for each deep body temperature site, thus supporting the hypothesis. During rapid rewarming, the afterdrop rate was significantly greater than during the preceding cooling, suggesting a convective component contributing to the increased rate of fall. The rapid reversal of the afterdrop also indicates that a convective component contributes to the rewarming process as well. PMID- 3182517 TI - Reflex effect of skeletal muscle mechanoreceptor stimulation on the cardiovascular system. AB - To determine the potential for mechanical stimulation of skeletal muscle to contribute to the reflex cardiovascular response to static contraction (exercise reflex), we examined the cardiovascular effects caused by either passive stretch or external pressure applied to the triceps surae muscles. First, the triceps surae were stretched to an average developed tension of 4.8 +/- 0.3 kg. This resulted in increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 28 +/- 7 mmHg, dP/dt of 1,060 +/- 676 mmHg/s, and heart rate (HR) of 6 +/- 2 beats/min (P less than 0.05). Additionally, increments of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 kg of tension produced by passive stretch elicited pressor responses of -6 +/- 1, 7 +/- 1, 16 +/- 3, 21 +/- 8, 28 +/- 6, and 54 +/- 9 mmHg, respectively. External pressure, applied with a cuff to the triceps surae to produce intramuscular pressures (125 300 mmHg) that were similar to those seen during static contraction, also elicited small increases in MAP (4 +/- 1 to 10 +/- 1 mmHg) but did not alter HR. Transection of dorsal roots L5-L7 and S1 abolished the responses to passive stretch and external pressure. Moreover, when the triceps surae were stretched passively to produce a pattern and amount of tension similar to that seen during static hindlimb contraction, a significant reflex cardiovascular response occurred. During this maneuver, the pressor response averaged 51% of that seen during contraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182518 TI - Responses in muscle sympathetic activity to acute hypoxia in humans. AB - Responses in muscle sympathetic activity (MSA) to acute hypoxia were studied in 13 healthy male subjects under hypobaric hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 4,000, 5,000, and 6,000 m. Efferent postganglionic MSA was recorded directly with a tungsten microelectrode inserted percutaneously into the tibial nerve. Heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were counted respectively from the R wave of an electrocardiogram and from the respiratory tracing recorded by the strain-gauge method. The average values of the MSA burst rate and total activity of MSA (burst rate x mean burst amplitude) at 4,000, 5,000, and 6,000 m were 36.4 +/- 2.6, 39.1 +/- 3.1, and 40.2 +/- 4.2 (SE) bursts/min and 616 +/- 138, 794 +/- 190, and 764 +/- 227 arbitrary units, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the values of 27.1 +/- 2.9 bursts/min and 446 +/- 28 at sea level. HR increased significantly at altitudes, but RR did not show significant change. Under severe hypoxic conditions beyond 5,000 m, there were large interindividual differences in the MSA responsiveness to hypoxia. The results indicate that MSA is activated under hypoxia by stimulating the chemoreceptors. However, the central controlling mechanisms that would be affected by hypoxia may also influence the MSA responsiveness under severe hypoxia. PMID- 3182519 TI - Effect of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise metabolism. AB - Five male cyclists were studied during 2 h of cycle ergometer exercise (70% VO2 max) on two occasions to examine the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization. In the experimental trial (CHO) subjects ingested 250 ml of a glucose polymer solution containing 30 g of carbohydrate at 0, 30, 60, and 90 min of exercise; in the control trial (CON) they received an equal volume of a sweet placebo. No differences between trials were seen in O2 uptake or heart rate during exercise. Venous blood glucose was similar before exercise in both trials, but, on average, was higher during exercise in CHO [5.2 +/- 0.2 (SE) mmol/l] compared with CON (4.8 +/- 0.1, P less than 0.05). Plasma insulin levels were similar in both trials. Muscle glycogen levels were also similar in CHO and CON both before and after exercise; accordingly, there was no difference between trials in the amount of glycogen used during the 2 h of exercise (CHO = 62.8 +/- 10.1 mmol/kg wet wt, CON = 56.9 +/- 10.1). The results of this study indicate that carbohydrate ingestion does not influence the utilization of muscle glycogen during prolonged strenuous exercise. PMID- 3182520 TI - Arterial hemodynamics during head-up tilt in conscious dogs. AB - The purpose of this study was to measure the major arterial hemodynamic responses to head-up tilt in the conscious dog. After recovery from surgery for instrumentation, and after habituation to tilt, the dogs were tilted from horizontal to 75 degrees for 5 min. The arterial hemodynamic response after the initial cardiovascular adjustments to the tilt consisted of no change in heart rate and significantly increased arterial blood pressure, with significantly reduced stroke volume and cardiac output. Both renal blood flow and terminal aorta blood flow declined significantly, even more than cardiac output. Muscular exertion was not part of the tilt response because upright standing on the hindlimbs elicited a sustained increase in heart rate and a significantly smaller increase in estimated total peripheral resistance. When compared with the orthostatic response in humans, the increase in arterial pressure was exaggerated in the dogs. PMID- 3182521 TI - Respiratory resetting induced by spinal cord stimulation in the cat. AB - Electrical stimulation (50-150 microA, 0.5-ms duration, 3-300 Hz) was performed within three different regions (lateral, ventrolateral, and ventral) of the C2-C3 spinal cord of decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated cats. Spinal cord stimulation sites were located by inserting monopolar or bipolar stimulating electrodes either at the dorsolateral sulcus or at least 1 mm medial or lateral to the sulcus. With stimulation at each site, alterations in respiratory rhythm, orthodromic phrenic nerve responses, and antidromic activation of medullary respiratory-modulated neurons were examined. Phrenic nerve responses to cervical spinal cord stimulation consisted of an early excitation (2-4 ms) and/or a late excitation (4-8 ms). Stimulation of the lateral region evoked the greatest amplitude early response and stimulation of the ventrolateral region produced the greatest late excitation. All three stimulus sites elicited antidromic activation of some respiratory-modulated neurons in the dorsal (DRG) and ventral respiratory groups (VRG). The lateral region was the least effective resetting site, and it had the highest incidence of antidromic activation of both DRG and VRG neurons. The ventrolateral region of the cervical spinal cord was the most effective resetting site, but it had the lowest incidence of antidromic activation of DRG respiratory-modulated neurons. In addition, resetting responses were observed with spinal cord stimulation at similar sites in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord regions thought to be devoid of inspiratory bulbospinal axons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182522 TI - Morphometric measurement of local curvature of the alveolar ducts in lung mechanics. AB - We have performed partial serial reconstructions of an acinus of the rabbit lung and determined the apparent existence of numerous heterogeneities in length, diameter, and local curvature in individual generation branches of the lung. We believe that structural changes during respiratory movements may include changes in the length and diameter of the whole duct. Alveoli are seen to be side differentiations secondary to the ducts in the gas-exchanging parenchyma of the rabbit lung. We have developed a technique for measuring local curvature in simple reconstructed ducts from the average of the integral curvation of the section contour. The contour curvature is measured from the chain code representation of the sampled contour from digital image analysis. The stereological requirements of an unbiased and random selection of contours is approached here by the random orientation of the individual alveoli of a single duct. Over 700 sections through the last four airway generations (alveolar ducts) at 3-micron intervals were analyzed. The average integral curvature ranges from 7.7 to 9.5 (mean 8.9) mm-1 for sixth- and seventh-generation branches from the start with volumes for the segments from 0.022 to 1.198 (mean 0.497) mm3. PMID- 3182523 TI - Correction of inert gas washin or washout for gas solubility in blood. AB - We show that when an inert gas is washed into the lungs its retention in the blood during any one breath is approximately proportional to its solubility. This relationship makes possible the correction of washin or washout data for blood uptake or release, provided that two gases of different solubility are used simultaneously. The method automatically allows for the characteristics of an individual washin or washout and for the occurrence of recirculation within a fairly short washin or washout period. It has been tested in models with nonuniform ventilation and perfusion and closely approximates the behavior of a truly insoluble gas. In the derived ventilation distribution, gas solubility appears as ventilation to units of low turnover. In the case of N2 this effect is small but causes appreciable overestimation of lung volume. The recovered dead space and main alveolar distribution are insignificantly affected. PMID- 3182524 TI - Aortic input impedance during Mueller maneuver: an evaluation of "effective length". AB - Aortic input impedance was calculated in seven subjects in the control state (normal reflection) and during the Mueller maneuver (increased reflection) to evaluate "effective arterial length" under altered physiological conditions. Regional foot-to-foot pulse wave velocities and pressure waveforms along the aorta were used to define an "apparent anatomic length" or distance to a dominant discrete site of reflection "seen" by the ejecting ventricle. Time of wave travel was taken to be one-half the interval from the foot of the incident wave to the midsystolic inflection point. Knowing the time of travel from the returning reflection and velocity, distances calculated to the "apparent anatomic length" were 35 +/- 2 and 34 +/- 2 during control and Mueller maneuver, respectively (P = NS). The frequency of the first minimum of the modulus (fmin) and the first zero crossing of the phase angle (f phi) were determined from the input impedance spectra. During baseline conditions, fmin (3.9 +/- 0.2 Hz) approximately equaled f phi (4.2 +/- 0.2 Hz), and the resulting "effective lengths" calculated using the quarter-wavelength formula were similar to the apparent anatomic length. These data suggested that the aortic region incorporating the renal arterial branches as a site of discrete reflection and that terminal load was not significantly frequency dependent. During Mueller maneuver, however, f min (3.3 +/- 0.2 Hz) and f phi (5.1 +/- 0.2 Hz) were significantly discordant, the terminal load became strongly frequency dependent, and effective length calculated from f min was dissimilar (P less than 0.05) from the unchanged apparent anatomic length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182525 TI - Effects of ethanol on in vitro ciliary motility. AB - Consumption of ethanol can impair lung function and slow total lung clearance. High concentrations of ethanol have been shown to slow or arrest ciliary beating. This study examined the effects of concentrations of alcohol comparable to blood levels achieved from social drinking on ciliary beat frequency. We obtained ciliated cells by brushing the trachea of unanesthetized sheep during fiber-optic bronchoscopy. The cells were suspended in a perfusion chamber and physiological conditions were maintained in vitro. Ciliary beat frequency and synchrony were determined by slow-motion analysis of video images obtained by interference contrast microscopy. Metachronal ciliary coordination was observed in all preparations. The ciliary beat frequency was stimulated at ethanol concentrations from 0.01 up to but not including 0.1%, unchanged at 0.5 and 1%, and slowed at 2%. While confirming inhibition of ciliary motility at very high ethanol levels, we observed no acute impairment of ciliary function at ethanol concentrations comparable to those achieved from social drinking. Indeed, we found an unexpected stimulation of ciliary beating at low levels of ethanol. How this alteration in ciliary beating would affect pulmonary clearance remains unknown at this time. PMID- 3182526 TI - Ventilatory and diaphragmatic EMG responses to negative-pressure ventilation in airflow obstruction. AB - To assess the responses of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) to negative-pressure ventilation (NPV), we studied eight naive patients with moderate to severe COLD before (control) and during NPV with "low" (-10-cmH2O) and "high" (-30-cmH2O) pressure swings in a Drinker tank respirator. Tidal volume (VT) and minute ventilation (VE) were recorded from a Respitrace and diaphragmatic electromyogram (DEMG) from a bipolar esophageal electrode. During short, 5-min runs of "low" and "high" NPV, VT did not change and VE increased in a borderline significant way at -30-cmH2O NPV. Peak integrated DEMG amplitude did not change with respect to control during short runs of NPV. However, when NPV was maintained for 20-60 min, a significant (though small, 20%) decrease in peak DEMG amplitude was observed with respect to control. By contrast, in a ninth patient habituated to NPV, the decrease in peak DEMG amplitude during a 5-min run of NPV was 60%. Significant increases in arterial PO2 (at -10- and -30-cmH2O NPV) and decreases in arterial PCO2 (at -30-cmH2O NPV) were found during NPV for the whole group of patients. One-to-one phase locking between the respirator and patients was the most common pattern of entrainment observed. However, 1:1 phase locking did not preclude the presence of dissociation between the two pacemakers. We conclude that short runs of NPV in naive patients do not result in changes in DEMG, as opposed to immediate and nearly complete cessation of inspiratory activity in trained patients. PMID- 3182527 TI - Effect of hypoxia on bronchial circulation. AB - We studied the effect of systemic hypoxia on the bronchial vascular pressure-flow relationship in anesthetized ventilated sheep. The bronchial artery, a branch of the bronchoesophageal artery, was cannulated and perfused with a pump with blood from a femoral artery. Bronchial blood flow was set so bronchial arterial pressure approximated systemic arterial pressure. For the group of 25 sheep, control bronchial blood flow was 22 ml/min or 0.7 ml.min-1.kg-1. During the hypoxic exposure, animals were ventilated with a mixture of N2 and air to achieve an arterial PO2 (PaO2) of 30 or 45 Torr. For the more severe hypoxic challenge, bronchial vascular resistance (BVR), as determined by the slope of the linearized pressure-flow curve, decreased acutely from 3.8 +/- 0.4 mmHg.ml-1.min to 2.9 +/- 0.3 mmHg.ml-1.min after 5 min of hypoxia. However, this vasodilation was not sustained, and BVR measured at 30 min of hypoxia was 4.2 +/- 0.8 mmHg.ml-1.min. The zero flow intercept, an index of downstream pressure, remained unaltered during the hypoxic exposure. Under conditions of moderate hypoxia (PaO2 = 45 Torr), BVR decreased from 4.6 +/- 0.3 to 3.8 +/- 0.4 mmHg.ml-1.min at 5 min and remained dilated at 30 min (3.6 +/- 0.5 mmHg.ml-1.min). To determine whether dilator prostaglandins were responsible for the initial bronchial vascular dilation under conditions of severe hypoxia (PaO2 approximately equal to 30 Torr), we studied an additional group of animals with pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin (2 mg/kg) and ibuprofen (12.5 mg/kg).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182528 TI - Erythrocyte deformability and segmental pulmonary vascular resistance: osmolarity and heat treatment. AB - The site and nature of change in resistance to blood flow in canine left lung lobe preparation after changes in blood viscosity were assessed by using the arterial and venous occlusion (AVO) technique and the vascular pressure-flow relationship. Blood viscosity was changed by erythrocyte (RBC) shrinkage and swelling with hypertonic and hypotonic NaCl solutions and by RBC membrane rigidification with heat treatment (49 degrees C for 1 h). The results show that although all three methods of changing blood viscosity increased the pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) by 15-50%, the site and nature of the change in PVR were different in each case. The AVO data showed that the increase in PVR with heat treatment of RBC's was due entirely (100%) to increased resistance of the middle microvascular segment, whereas deviation from normal osmolarity potentiated the resistance in arterial, middle, and venous segments. By examining the effect of osmolarity in plasma-perfused lobes, it was possible to separate the increase in PVR due to changes in RBC deformability from those due to other factors. The increase in arterial and venous resistances with hypertonic solution was attributed in part (approximately 50%) to factors other than RBC's; however, the increase in middle resistance was entirely due to RBC crenation. The increase in arterial and venous resistances with hypotonic solutions was small and was apparently caused by factors other than RBC swelling, whereas the increase in middle resistance was partially (approximately 50%) due to RBC swelling and partially to other factors (e.g., endothelial cell hydration).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182529 TI - Effects of changes in left ventricular loading and pleural pressure on mitral flow. AB - The cause of the fall in left ventricular (LV) stroke volume (SV) during a fall in pleural pressure (Pp1) has been in dispute for over a century. We have defined the changes in the temporal relationship between LV inflow (Qm) and outflow (Qa) in a canine preparation to test the mutually exclusive hypotheses that the fall in LVSV is caused only by changes during diastole (e.g., ventricular interdependence) or only by changes during systole (e.g., afterload). The ability of the experimental preparation to measure the results of acute changes in right heart volume or output and acute changes in LV afterload was validated in open chest studies with and without pericardial constraint. In closed-chest studies, with a fall in Pp1 during a Mueller maneuver Qm reached both its inspiratory minimum and expiratory maximum before Qa in 80% of the Mueller maneuvers, invalidating both hypotheses, which each required that one flow lead the other in 100% of the Mueller maneuvers. Review of individual records suggested that if the rapid changes in Pp1 occurred during systole, Qa could vary in a manner independent of the preceding Qm. These studies suggest that both diastolic and systolic events may contribute to the fall in SV, while causing opposite changes in LV volumes. PMID- 3182530 TI - Bronchial distribution of gas mixing in a model of the upper and central airways. AB - Longitudinal mixing of He, O2, and sulfur hexafluoride boluses with air flowing through a three-generation tracheobronchial airway model was evaluated as the increase in volume variance of gas concentration distributions monitored at upstream and downstream sampling ports. Mixing was partitioned between tracheal and branched regions of the model at steady inspiratory and expiratory airflows from 0.044 to 0.884 l/s, both in the absence and in the presence of a removable larynx cast. During inspiration in the absence of the larynx, mixing increased as airflow increased, reaching a peak value at 0.2 l/s, and decreasing as airflow increased further. This mixing peak was higher in the branched region than in the tracheal region and was inversely related to the diffusion coefficient of the indicator gas-air mixture. During inspiration in the presence of the larynx, a mixing peak was observed in the tracheal region, but mixing peaks in the branched region were eliminated by turbulence propagated downstream from the larynx. During expiration, laryngeal turbulence was propagated far enough downstream (i.e., proximal to the trachea) that mixing peaks could be observed in both tracheal and branched regions whether or not the larynx cast was present. PMID- 3182531 TI - Inhibition by colchicine of phospholipid secretion induced by lung distension. AB - The effect of colchicine, a microtubule disruptor, on phospholipid secretion stimulated by distension of fetal rabbit lungs was investigated. After colchicine injection and breathing for 45 min, pups were killed and their lungs were lavaged with colchicine. Controls were injected and lavaged with saline. All lungs were given static air inflation and a final lavage, and the returns were analyzed for phospholipid DNA, and lactate dehydrogenase. The first lavage after breathing yielded 33% less phospholipid with colchicine, 3.83 compared with 5.72 mg/g dry lung wt (P less than 0.05). The postinflation phospholipid yield was also significantly reduced with colchicine from 1.04 to 0.70 mg/g dry lung wt (P less than 0.05). The postinflation DNA was significantly reduced with colchicine, from 1.26 to 0.44 micrograms (P less than 0.01), suggesting reduced alveolar macrophages. Colchicine did not change the recovery by lavage of exogenous radioactive phospholipid. As reflected by ATP and lactate levels, tissue metabolism was well maintained. The results are interpreted to mean that colchicine reduced simultaneously lavage-associated phospholipid secretion, inflation-produced phospholipid secretion, and macrophage migration. PMID- 3182532 TI - Determinants of platelet kinetics: effects of pulmonary microembolism. AB - We examined the mechanisms of platelet uptake in the lungs after alpha-thrombin induced pulmonary microembolism. Platelets labeled with 111In-oxine were reinfused into chronically prepared sheep. Pulmonary microembolism resulted in an increase in lung platelet radioactivity (95.5 +/- 15.3%; n = 4), which was followed by an exponential washout (half-life = 115 +/- 4 min). Platelet uptake in the lungs was more sustained after prior fibrinolytic inhibition with tranexamic acid (half-life = 178 +/- 11 min), although the initial increase was similar (90.7 +/- 9.6%; n = 7). Prior depletion of fibrinogen with ancrod (Arvin), blunted the initial increase in lung platelet uptake after alpha thrombin challenge (31.7 +/- 11.3%, n = 5), indicating that the effect of thrombin was markedly dependent on fibrinogen. We examined the role of circulating granulocytes, since platelets may bind to subendothelial matrix exposed after granulocyte-mediated lung vascular injury. Maximal pulmonary platelet uptake after thrombin in granulocytopenic sheep was not different from control (71.7 +/- 14.4%; n = 4). The results indicate that pulmonary microembolism results in lung platelet sequestration. Platelet uptake is not dependent on granulocyte-mediated vascular injury but requires fibrin deposition and is sustained if fibrinolysis is inhibited. PMID- 3182533 TI - Costal diaphragmatic O2 and lactate extraction in laryngeal hemiplegic ponies during exercise. AB - Diaphragmatic O2 and lactate extraction were examined in seven healthy ponies during maximal exercise (ME) carried out without, as well as with, inspiratory resistive breathing. Arterial and diaphragmatic venous blood were sampled simultaneously at rest and at 30-s intervals during the 4 min of ME. Experiments were carried out before and after left laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) was produced. During ME, normal ponies exhibited hypocapnia, hemoconcentration, and a decrease in arterial PO2 (PaO2) with insignificant change in O2 saturation. In LH ponies, PaO2 and O2 saturation decreased well below that in normal ponies, but because of higher hemoglobin concentration, arterial O2 content exceeded that in normal ponies. Because of their high PaCO2 during ME, acidosis was more pronounced in LH animals despite similar lactate values. Diaphragmatic venous PO2 and O2 saturation decreased with ME to 15.5 +/- 0.9 Torr and 18 +/- 0.5%, respectively, at 120 s of exercise in normal ponies. In LH ponies, corresponding values were significantly less: 12.4 +/- 1.3 Torr and 15.5 +/- 0.7% at 120 s and 9.8 +/- 1.4 Torr and 14.3 +/- 0.6% at 240 s of ME. Mean phrenic O2 extraction plateaued at 81 and 83% in normal and LH animals, respectively. Significant differences in lactate concentration between arterial and phrenic-venous blood were not observed during ME. It is concluded that PO2 and O2 saturation in the phrenic-venous blood of normal ponies do not reach their lowest possible values even during ME. Also, the healthy equine diaphragm, even with the added stress of inspiratory resistive breathing, did not engage in net lactate production. PMID- 3182534 TI - Treatment of canine aspiration pneumonitis: fluid volume reduction vs. fluid volume expansion. AB - The aspiration of gastric acid causes pulmonary edema and hypoxemia. One approach to the management of this syndrome is to raise cardiac output (Qt) and O2 delivery (QO2) to ensure tissue oxygenation (VO2) at the risk of increasing the edema. Another approach reduces the edema by reducing pulmonary microvascular pressure (Pmv) at the risk of reducing QO2 and VO2. We compared these approaches in 24 anesthetized, ventilated dogs with pulmonary wedge pressure (Ppw), a clinical approximation of Pmv, of 12.5 mmHg. Before and again 1 h after endobronchial instillation of 0.1 N HCl, we measured Qt, QO2, VO2, venous admixture, and in vivo extravascular lung liquid. The dogs were then randomly divided into four equal groups: 1) 12.5 mmHg Ppw, high Qt; 2) 7.5 mmHg Ppw, intermediate Qt; 3) 4.5 mmHg Ppw, low Qt; and 4) 4.5 mmHg Ppw plus dopamine, intermediate Qt. Measured values were followed for 4 more h, after which the lungs were excised to compare wet weight-to-body weight ratios (W/B). When plasmapheresis reduced Ppw at 1 h, edema did not increase further and W/B of groups 2 (21 +/- 3), 3 (18 +/- 3), and 4 (22 +/- 3) were significantly less than in group 1 (27 +/- 3) (P less than 0.001). Although Qt decreased with Ppw, increased hematocrit and reduced venous admixture maintained QO2 in group 2 but not in group 3. In group 4 an intermediate Qt maintained QO2 even at 4.5 mmHg Ppw but edema increased to the group 2 level presumably because Pmv rose with Qt on dopamine. VO2 remained constant over time in each group. These data demonstrate that canine HCl-induced pulmonary edema, measured in vivo or gravimetrically, is very sensitive to reductions in Pmv. Moreover, the lowest Pmv (and QO2) was well tolerated because an O2 supply dependency of VO2 was not observed. PMID- 3182536 TI - Association of sex and age with responses to lower-body negative pressure. AB - Responses of 21 women and 29 men (29-56 yr of age) to -50 Torr lower body negative pressure (LBNP) were examined for differences due to sex or age. Responses to LBNP were normal, including fluid shift from thorax to lower body, increased heart rate and peripheral resistance, and decreased stroke volume, cardiac output, and Heather index of ventricular function. Mean arterial blood pressure did not change. Comparison of responses of the women to responses of an age-matched subset of the men (n = 26) indicated the men had larger relative increases in calf circumference and greater increases in peripheral resistance during LBNP than the women, whereas the women experienced greater increases in thoracic impedance and heart rate. Analyses of responses of the 29 men for age related differences indicated older subjects had greater increases in peripheral resistance and less heart rate elevation in response to LBNP (P less than 0.05 for all differences, except sex-related heart rate difference, where P less than 0.10). Based on these data and the data of other investigators, we hypothesize the age-related circulatory differences in response to LBNP are due to a reduction in vagal response and a switch to predominant sympathetic nervous system influence in older men. We cannot exclude the possibility that diminished responsiveness in the afferent arm of the baroreceptor reflex also plays a role in the attenuated heart rate response of older men to LBNP. PMID- 3182535 TI - Burn injury to trunk of rat causes denervation-like responses in the gastrocnemius muscle. AB - Thermal injury results in dystropic changes in skeletal muscle and abnormal pharmacological responses to neuromuscular relaxants, each of which suggests a denervation-like phenomenon. In the rat thermal injury model we examined whether, as in denervation states, increases in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and hyposensitivity to d-tubocurarine (dTc) are found. While anesthetized, thermal injury was imposed to trunk only. At 10, 14, and 21 days after injury the effective doses of dTc for left gastrocnemius tension suppression to 95% of control tension (ED95) were 0.213 +/- 0.039, 0.305 +/- 0.070, and 0.214 +/- 0.032 mg/kg, respectively. These values were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than control values (0.155 +/- 0.006 mg/kg). The AChR concentrations in the left gastrocnemius, quantitated by 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin binding, increased at 10, 14, and 21 days to 182 +/- 20% (P less than 0.001), 166 +/- 22% (P less than 0.03), and 164 +/- 18% (P less than 0.001) of control, respectively. AChR concentrations in the right gastrocnemius also increased subsequent to thermal injury. Changes in effective dose of dTc for 50 and 95% twitch suppression in the left gastrocnemius correlated significantly with changes in AChR concentrations for the same muscle (r = 0.73 and 0.81, P less than 0.001, respectively). This study confirms the hypothesis that the systemic effects of thermal injury include an increase in AChR at sites distant from thermal injury, which may account for the skeletal muscle dysfunction and aberrant responses to neuromuscular relaxants. PMID- 3182538 TI - Inhomogeneity during deflation of excised canine lungs. II. Alveolar volumes. AB - We have previously demonstrated appreciable inhomogeneity of alveolar pressures measured by a capsule technique in excised canine lobes deflated at submaximal flows (J. Appl. Physiol. 65: 1757-1765, 1988). We further analyzed the results of these experiments by estimating alveolar volumes (VA) and regional flows from regional transpulmonary pressures, assuming that regional pressure-volume relationships were homogeneous. Deflation at submaximal flows of lungs suspended in air caused significant flow-dependent inhomogeneity of VA that increased as lung volume decreased. Immersion of lungs in stable foams that simulated the gradient of pleural pressure modified the pattern of emptying, but not always to a gravity-dependent sequence. Limitation of regional expiratory flow was often asynchronous during both air suspension and foam immersion. There was no evidence of a common regional flow-volume curve. Submaximal deflation is a complex heterogeneous process, with the interregional pattern of emptying determined by the interaction of factors that are both intrinsic and extrinsic to the lungs. PMID- 3182537 TI - Inhomogeneity during deflation of excised canine lungs. I. Alveolar pressures. AB - Factors both intrinsic and extrinsic to the lung may cause inhomogeneity of alveolar pressures during deflation. Wilson et al. (J. Appl. Physiol. 59: 1924 1928, 1985) predicted that any such inhomogeneity would be limited by interdependence of regional expiratory flows. To test this hypothesis and to explore how the pleural pressure gradient might affect inhomogeneity of alveolar pressures, we deflated at submaximal flows excised canine lobes that first were suspended in air and then were immersed in foams that simulated the vertical gradient of pleural pressure. Interregional inhomogeneity of regional transpulmonary pressures was measured with use of an alveolar capsule technique. Flow-dependent inhomogeneity of alveolar pressures was present, with differences in alveolar pressure quickly relaxing to a constant limiting value at each flow. Foam immersion increased inhomogeneity at a given flow. We conclude that factors intrinsic to the lung cause significant inhomogeneity of alveolar pressures at submaximal expiratory flows and that this inhomogeneity is enhanced by the extrinsic gradient of pleural pressure. These observations are consistent with the interdependence of flow proposed by Wilson et al. PMID- 3182539 TI - Inhomogeneity during deflation of excised canine lungs. III. Single-breath O2 tests. AB - Both interregional and intraregional mechanisms may cause changes in N2 concentration of expired gas during the phases of the single-breath O2 test (SBO2) that follow dead-space washout. To evaluate the possible importance of each mechanism, we performed the SBO2 in excised canine lungs that were first suspended in air and then immersed in stable foams that simulated the vertical gradient of pleural pressure. The lungs were deflated at constant submaximal flows. The slope of phase III diminished with increasing expiratory flow and increased with foam immersion. The onset of phase IV depended on flow, and a terminal decrease in N2 concentration (phase V) was often observed. Simultaneously measured estimates of regional flows and volumes (J. Appl. Physiol. 65: 1764-1774, 1988) were used to further interpret these results. The onset of phase IV at flows greater than quasi-static signified the onset of flow limitation of dependent regions. The onset of phase V corresponded to flow limitation of nondependent regions. PMID- 3182540 TI - Redistribution of blood flow after thermal injury and hemorrhagic shock. AB - Diminished mucosal mass and a diminished rate of DNA synthesis by the intestinal mucosa have been identified in the rat after thermal injury. Because these changes may be associated with ischemia, the distribution of intestinal blood flow was studied after a thermal injury and compared with the blood flow distribution after hemorrhagic shock. For the thermal injury, anesthetized animals received a standardized 20% body surface area, full-thickness injury and were given intraperitoneal saline resuscitation. By the use of 46Sc- or 141Ce labeled microspheres, no changes in intestinal and hepatic blood flow occurred after thermal injury. In contrast, a marked redistribution of blood flow was identified after hemorrhagic shock in which a decrease in arterial blood flow was identified to the stomach and to the small and large intestine. Although clinical shock was not present, the cardiac output decreased to a comparable degree in the hemorrhagic shock and the thermal injury. These studies indicate that although physiological changes in intestinal mucosa can be demonstrated after burn injury, these changes are not due to decreases in mesenteric arterial blood flow. PMID- 3182541 TI - Comparison of particle clearance and macrophage phagosomal motion in liver and lungs of rats. AB - Magnetic particles and magnetometry were used to noninvasively measure motion of particle-containing organelles in macrophages as well as to monitor the disappearance of particles from tissues. We compared these parameters in the liver (where macrophages are attached to the endothelium) and in the lungs (where macrophages were mobile on epithelial surfaces). Submicrometric magnetic particles were injected intravenously (1.5 mg/kg) into rats; 94% was taken up by the liver. Rats were also instilled intratracheally (1.0 mg/kg) with the same particles. Ultrastructural analyses showed that almost all particles were ingested by macrophages in both organs. Periodically, the retained particles were magnetized and aligned with an external magnet. After the magnet was removed, the decay of the resulting remanent field (relaxation) was followed for 25 min. Relaxation parameters (t1/2 and lambda 0) in the liver were constant from 30 min to 30 days after particle administration, but relaxation in lungs showed a time dependent increase during the 1st day due to the slower rate of particle phagocytosis. Relaxation in both organs primarily reflects the motion of particle containing organelles as they are rotated by the cytoskeleton. Relaxation in the lungs may also reflect cell translocation or even changes in alveolar shape. Clearance of particles from the lungs or liver was measured by following B0 (initial magnetic field strength). After correction for growth, the clearance t1/2 was 17.7 and 27.3 days for the lungs and liver, respectively. Bulk transport of particles is probably a more important clearance mechanism in the lungs than in the liver. PMID- 3182543 TI - Role of cardiopulmonary baroreflexes during dynamic exercise. AB - To examine the role of cardiopulmonary (CP) mechanoreceptors in the regulation of arterial blood pressure during dynamic exercise in humans, we measured mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (Q), and forearm blood flow (FBF) during mild cycle ergometer exercise (77 W) in 14 volunteers in the supine position with and without lower-body negative pressure (LBNP). During exercise, MAP averaged 103 +/- 2 mmHg and was not altered by LBNP (-10, -20, or -40 mmHg). Steady-state Q during exercise was reduced from 10.2 +/- 0.5 to 9.2 +/- 0.5 l/min (P less than 0.05) by application of -10 mmHg LBNP, whereas heart rate (97 +/- 3 beats/min) was unchanged. MAP was maintained during -10 mmHg LBNP by an increase in total systemic vascular resistance (TSVR) from 10.3 +/- 0.5 to 11.4 +/- 0.6 U and forearm vascular resistance (FVR) from 17.5 +/- 1.9 to 23.3 +/- 2.6 U. The absence of a reflex tachycardia or reduction in arterial pulse pressure during 10 mmHg LBNP supports the hypothesis that the increase in TSVR and FVR results primarily from the unloading of CP mechanoreceptors. Because CP mechanoreceptor unloading during exercise stimulates reflex circulatory adjustments that act to defend the elevated MAP, we conclude that the elevation in MAP during exercise is regulated and not merely the consequence of differential changes in Q and TSVR. In addition, a major portion of the reduction in FBF in our experimental conditions occurs in the cutaneous circulation. As such, these data support the hypothesis that CP baroreflex control of cutaneous vasomotor tone is preserved during mild dynamic exercise. PMID- 3182542 TI - Phosphate supplementation, cardiovascular function, and exercise performance in humans. AB - The use of oral phosphate (Pi) supplements to improve muscular work performance has long been proposed without substantiating data. In a double-blind, crossover experiment 11 male runners ingested calcium Pi (176 mmol/day) or placebo for 4 days. On the 3rd treatment day, subjects ran an incremental maximal aerobic capacity test (VO2 max) on a treadmill, and on the 4th day a treadmill run to exhaustion at approximately 70% VO2max. By the 4th day of Pi loading, plasma Pi was significantly higher than control (P less than 0.05); however, erythrocyte Pi, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and O2 half-saturation pressure of hemoglobin (P50) were not elevated. VO2 max was not changed by the treatments (mean 62.9, 64.2, 64.9 ml.kg-1.min-1 for control, Pi, and placebo bouts, respectively) nor was submaximal run time to exhaustion (61.6 min for Pi, 65.5 min for placebo). Stroke volume at steady-state VO2 was decreased with Pi (P less than 0.05), whereas cardiac output tended (P = 0.07) to be lower. Greater arteriovenous O2 difference (P less than 0.05) with Pi suggested a peripheral effect that increased O2 extraction. We concluded that in healthy individuals Pi loading produced no improvement in work tolerance or aerobic capacity but did alter some aspects of cardiovascular function. PMID- 3182544 TI - Airway blood flow distribution and lung edema after histamine infusion in awake sheep. AB - The present study was designed to evaluate the distribution of bronchial blood flow to major airways and peripheral lung and to quantitate lung edema during a 2 h histamine infusion (2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) in unanesthetized sheep. By the use of radioactive microspheres, the blood flow to trachea and to tracheal cartilage, smooth muscle, and mucosa/submucosa was determined along with measurements of blood flow to different sized airway segments and the systemic blood flow to lung parenchyma. Histamine greatly increased blood flow to medium sized (5- to 10-mm-diam) central airways in which blood flow increased 5-10 times base line, whereas in small (1- to 5-mm-diam) central airways the increase was 10 15 times. Blood flow in tracheal mucosa/submucosa increased six times base line, but in tracheal smooth muscle the increase was only three times base line, and in cartilage it remained at base line. Most of the systemic blood flow to the lung perfuses less than 1-mm-diam peripheral airways, and these airways demonstrated less vasodilation during histamine infusion. Mean blood flow to whole-lung parenchyma (whole lung minus trachea) was only two times base line during histamine infusion. Water content of trachea and main stem bronchi was significantly increased after histamine. Histopathologic findings after histamine infusions included congestion and edema of airways with only minor effects noted in alveoli. We conclude that histamine is a potent and selective vasodilator of bronchial vessels and particularly affects blood flow to central airways and to airway mucosal/submucosa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182545 TI - Energy dependence of enzyme release from hypoxic isolated perfused rat heart tissue. AB - There is a sudden release of intracellular constituents upon reoxygenation of isolated perfused hypoxic heart tissue (O2 paradox) or on perfusion with calcium free medium after a period of hypoxia. Rat hearts were perfused by the method of Langendorff (Pfluegers Arch. 61: 291-332, 1895) with Krebs-Henseleit medium containing 10 mM glucose. Hearts were equilibrated for 30 min, followed by 90 min of hypoxia or 60 min of hypoxia and 30 min of reoxygenation. The massive enzyme release observed upon reoxygenation after 60 min of hypoxia was prevented by infusing 0.5 or 5 mM cyanide 5 min before reoxygenation. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release commenced immediately upon withdrawal of cyanide. Hearts perfused with calcium-free medium throughout hypoxia did not release increased amounts of LDH at reoxygenation. Perfusing heart tissue with medium containing 0 or 25 microM calcium, but not 0.25 or 2.5 mM, after 50 min of hypoxia initiated a release of cardiac LDH, which was not further enhanced by reoxygenation. Enzyme release was significantly inhibited when the calcium-free perfusion medium included 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose (replacing glucose), 0.5 mM dinitrophenol, or 2.5 mM cyanide. Histologically, hearts perfused with calcium-free medium after 50 min of hypoxia showed areas of severe necrosis and contracture without any evidence of the contraction bands that were seen in hearts reoxygenated in the presence of calcium. Cardiac ATP and creatine phosphate (PCr) levels were significantly decreased after 50-60 min of hypoxia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182546 TI - Neutrophil retention in model capillaries: deformability, geometry, and hydrodynamic forces. AB - The initial retention of neutrophils within the pulmonary microvascular bed occurs in both physiological and pathological states, yet the factors responsible for this retention are poorly understood. Because the diameter of the neutrophil is approximately 7.03 micron and the mean pulmonary capillary diameter is 5.5 micron, we postulated that geometric constraints imposed by the microvascular bed, the deformability of the neutrophil, and the hydrodynamic characteristics of blood were important determinants of neutrophil retention. We used a filtration system wherein 111In-labeled human neutrophils (111In-N) suspended in a serum containing buffer were passed through Nuclepore filters of known pore size. Compared with 99mTc-labeled erythrocytes (99mTc-RBC), the passage of 111In-N was delayed and a higher percentage was retained within the filter. Because the neutrophil and RBC are approximately equal in diameter, the deformability of the neutrophil must be less than that of RBC. As the flow rate increased, retention in the filters decreased logarithmically from 72 +/- 5% (flow rate 0.5 ml/min) to 15 +/- 4% (10.0 ml/min). As the number of RBC in the buffer increased, neutrophil retention in 5-micron filters decreased in a linear fashion from 65 +/- 6% at hematocrit of 0 to 33 +/- 2% at hematocrit of 10. The perfusion pressure and shear stress were of critical importance, and there was a logarithmic relationship between retention and perfusion pressure or shear stress (tau), whether the increase in pressure or tau was generated by increasing flow or by increasing the hematocrit of the perfusate. As the pore size of the filter increased, the retention of neutrophils decreased in a logarithmic fashion: from 75 +/- 5% in the 3-micron filter to 4 +/- 1.3% in the 12-micron filter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182547 TI - In vitro tracheal mechanics by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. AB - Images of rabbit tracheal cross sections were obtained at a series of transmural pressures ranging from 22 to -95 cmH2O by use of a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging microscope. The excised, washed tracheas were immersed in a solution of phosphate-buffered saline made up in deuterium oxide (D2O, pH 7.3). The images are maps of proton density in the image slice (2.5 mm thick). All but one series of images showed a collapse process in which the trachealis muscle invaginated asymmetrically, i.e., the muscle appeared to favor one side of the cartilage ring system more than the other. The connecting tissue between the cartilage rings appeared to be more compliant than the rings themselves, thus suggesting that the tracheal lumen became corrugated at negative pressures. In the plane of a cartilage ring, the lumen appeared to remain patent at pressures as low as -95 cmH2O. However, between rings, where the tracheal wall was more compliant, the lumen appeared to be totally occluded at -53 cmH2O. Lumen areas in both the plane of the cartilage rings and in a plane between rings were measured from each series of printed images for six tracheas. These measurements, when normalized, averaged, and plotted against transmural pressure gave asymptotic logarithmic compliances (n1 in the model of Lambert et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 52: 44-56, 1982) of 1.2 +/- 0.4 and 20 +/- 7 for the interring and ring regions, respectively. These values are greater than the critical value of 0.5 (J. Appl. Physiol. 62: 2426-2435, 1987) and are thus consistent with wave speed flow limitation being possible anywhere in the trachea during forced expiration. PMID- 3182548 TI - Eyewitnesses show hypermnesia for details about a violent event. PMID- 3182549 TI - Effectiveness of cigarette advertisements on women: an experimental study. PMID- 3182550 TI - Measurement of kinship responsibility for organizational research. PMID- 3182551 TI - Curative strategies for advanced solid tumors. PMID- 3182553 TI - Interactions of extracellular collagen and corneal fibroblasts: morphologic and biochemical changes of rabbit corneal cells cultured in a collagen matrix. AB - Corneal fibroblasts, also known as keratocytes are surrounded by an extracellular matrix of collagen in vivo. To understand the physiology and pathology of these corneal fibroblasts, it is important to study their interactions with this extracellular matrix. We cultured rabbit corneal fibroblasts on tissue culture plastic dishes or in a hydrated collagen gel and compared the changes in morphology and mitotic activity. Corneal fibroblasts on plastic dishes were flattened and widely spread, whereas those in collagen gel became spindle-shaped with long processes. Examination with an electron microscope revealed that the corneal fibroblasts in collagen gel formed gap junctions with neighboring cells. Gap junctions were hardly ever observed between corneal fibroblasts cultured on plastic dishes. Corneal fibroblasts cultured in a collagen matrix showed much less incorporation of [3H]thymidine than did corneal fibroblasts cultured on plastic, and this incorporation decreased with increasing concentration of collagen. Our present results suggest that the morphologic and biochemical characteristics of corneal fibroblasts cultured in collagen gel are different from those cultured on plastic. PMID- 3182552 TI - Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) by activated human monocytes and the cell lines U937 and HL60. AB - Human peripheral blood monocytes, upon activation, have the capacity to oxidize low density lipoprotein (LDL) and render the LDL toxic to cultured cells. Previous studies by our laboratory indicate that this process is mediated by free radicals in that it can be prevented by addition of free radical scavengers and antioxidants during the incubation of monocytes with LDL. Here we report that optimal modification of LDL by monocytes was influenced by media composition. In the absence of added metal ions, oxidation was distinctly dependent on the concentration of monocytes as well as LDL concentration. Exposure of monocytes to lipopolysaccharide or stimulation of phagocytosis by opsonized zymosan resulted in marked enhancement of LDL oxidation compared to other activating agents. After exposure to activated monocytes, lipid oxidation products in the supernatant were found both in a high molecular weight fraction containing LDL (greater than 30,000 Daltons) and in a lipoprotein-free, low molecular weight fraction (less than 30,000 Daltons), yet only the high molecular weight, LDL-containing fraction was toxic to target cells. In addition, human myelomonocytic cell lines U937 and HL60 were shown to mediate oxidation of LDL. As with monocytes, exposing these cells to opsonized zymosan caused the level of LDL oxidation to be significantly enhanced. These findings offer further insight into the mechanisms of monocyte mediated oxidation of lipoproteins and will facilitate studies investigating the role of monocyte-modified LDL in tissue injury. PMID- 3182555 TI - Gland formation from human endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. AB - We have developed methods for the culture of human endometrial glandular epithelia in vitro. The culture medium is serum-free and is used in combination with Matrigel, an extracellular matrix material applied as a coating on cell culture plates. Cell growth begins as a monolayer, but the cells subsequently form glandular or organoid structures. The glands are composed of polar columnar cells facing a central lumen, which is enclosed by the apical surfaces of cells displaying numerous microvilli and sealed by tight junction complexes. The ability to study in vitro the complex process of glandular morphogenesis represents an important new tool in cell biology which may be used to investigate growth regulation, hormone production and dependency, and cellular recognition and interactions. Ultimately, these characteristics may be applied to study the alterations of glandular epithelia associated with neoplasia. PMID- 3182554 TI - Serum proteins enhance aggregate formation of dissociated fetal rat brain cells in an aggregating culture. AB - Dissociated fetal rat brain cells (Day 14.5 of gestation) reaggregated into small cell clusters and formed large aggregates in a medium supplemented with serum or dialyzed serum in an aggregating culture. In contrast, only small aggregates were produced in a serum-free medium. The present results indicated that albumin, fetuin, transferrin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin enhanced the aggregate formation. Small aggregates produced in a serum-free medium elongated neurites when they were cultured within a collagen gel matrix. Total DNA per flask was almost the same in small and large aggregates. Thus, these serum proteins may well play an important role in the adhesion of small cell clusters and cause the formation of large aggregates in this short-term aggregating culture. PMID- 3182556 TI - Replication of rat virus in neonatal calvaria in culture. AB - Rat Virus, a parvovirus of rodents that produces a variety of developmental disturbances of the head and face in neonatal animals, was examined for its ability to replicate in neonatal calvariae in vitro. The bones were isolated and infected with RV within 1 d of birth and cultured for up to 7 d. Virus from the bones and supernatant was titered, and the cellular location of replication determined using in situ hybridization. The virus readily replicated in the isolated bony tissues, reaching titers of nearly 10(7) plaque-forming units/ml. Using viral and complementary strand-specific probes, replication sites were located in the sutures and calvarial bones, as well as in cartilages thought to be part of the neurocranium. Results suggest that the virus localizes and replicates in cells necessary for the normal growth and development of the skull. PMID- 3182557 TI - Production of IGF-II-related peptide by an anaplastic cell line (AT-3) established from the Dunning prostatic carcinoma of rats. AB - AT-3 cells, one of anaplastic cell lines established from the Dunning prostatic carcinoma of rats, were able to grow under serum-free conditions in a state of suspension detached from a substratum. Radioimmunoassay using monoclonal antibody against rat insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) revealed the presence of IGF II-related peptide in acid-ethanol extracts of lyophilized serum-free media conditioned by AT-3 cells. The peptide contents in the culture media increased with increase in cell number; 71 ng at 3.0 X 10(6) cells and 449 ng at 4.6 X 10(7) cells. IGF-II-related peptide was hardly detectable in acid-ethanol extracts of AT-3 cells harvested after 13-days culture. These results indicate that AT-3 cells produce IGF-II-related peptide and may release it into the culture media. PMID- 3182558 TI - Norepinephrine-induced enlargement of nucleus in cultured myocardial cells. AB - The change in the nuclear size of neonatal rat myocardial cells was evaluated under the culture conditions of exposure to norepinephrine (NE). Daily administration for 1 week of 0.2, 2, and 20 ng/ml NE induced a significant increase in nuclear size as a result of the dose-dependent quality of the nuclei. NE also stimulated a beating response in the cultured myocardial cells because of this dose dependency. A good correlation was found between the two markers and the NE dose dependency. Single or mononucleated myocardial cells often appeared in the NE-treated groups. Ornithine decarboxylase activity was not acutely stimulated even by 20 ng/ml NE. These observations suggest that administration of NE induces nuclear enlargement and enhances nuclear function through the stimulation of beating. Further, there may not be a direct relation between nuclear enlargement and the polyamine synthesis pathways. PMID- 3182559 TI - High flow attenuates relaxation by acetylcholine in isolated perfused canine femoral arteries. AB - The effect of changes in flow on endothelial-dependent and -independent dilation of isolated perfused arteries was determined. Femoral arteries from ten dogs were excised and mounted in a vessel bath containing a physiological salt solution (PSS) at 37 degrees C, bubbled with 95% O2-5% CO2. The vessel outer diameter was measured using an ultrasonic crystal dimension system. Arteries were perfused with PSS at a steady flow of 1 ml/s at 90 mmHg. Tone was induced in the arteries by the addition of phenylephrine to the vessel bath. Acetylcholine (six dogs) and sodium nitroprusside (four dogs) were added to the perfusate in a cumulative fashion and changes in vessel diameter were recorded until maximum vasodilation was achieved. Dose-response relationships to the agents were determined with each vessel perfused at 1 and 4 ml/s. Sensitivity to each agent was measured as the ED50 value calculated from the respective dose-response relationships. Sensitivity to acetylcholine, but not sodium nitroprusside, was significantly decreased in arteries perfused at 4 ml/s versus 1 ml/s [acetylcholine ED50: 1 ml/s = (0.79 +/- 0.31) x 10(-8) mol/l, 4 ml/s = (1.55 +/- 0.60) x 10(-8) mol/l, P less than 0.05; sodium nitroprusside ED50: 1 ml/s = (2.57 +/- 0.12) x 10(-7) mol/l, 4 ml/s = (2.69 +/- 0.60) x 10(-7) mol/l, not significant]. We conclude that high flow decreases sensitivity to acetylcholine in canine femoral arteries and suggest that vascular reactivity to this agent may be modified by changes in shear on the vascular endothelium. PMID- 3182560 TI - Cardiac chamber growth pattern determined by two-dimensional echocardiography. AB - Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of the right and left ventricles from the parasternal long-axis and apical four-chamber views and an estimated right ventricular-left ventricular dimensional ratio were obtained in 173 normal subjects, ranging from 1 day to 15 years of age. The end-diastolic dimensions of both the right and left ventricles increases in proportion to the logarithmic function of body surface area. The right ventricular-left ventricular dimensional ratio decreases immediately after birth and continues to decrease during the first months of life. Newborns have altered ventricular shapes as seen in the pathological conditions of right ventricular volume or pressure overload. After the first months of life, the ventricular shapes remain constant throughout childhood. The 95% prediction intervals for the data were computed, and we suggest that the confidence limits of the normal data may be useful for quantitative echocardiographic evaluation in childhood. PMID- 3182561 TI - Left ventricular characteristics during exercise in patients after Fontan's operation for tricuspid atresia. AB - Left ventricular function during supine bicycle exercise was studied using multigated blood pool imaging in ten patients with tricuspid atresia after Fontan's operation and in 13 children and adults (control group). The mean age of the patients was 16 years and the mean interval between operation and study was 5 years. The peak work loads that the patients could perform were similar to those in the control group. Work loads and heart rates during radionuclide study in the operated group were also similar to those in the control group. The left ventricular ejection fraction at rest and during exercise in the operated group was less than in the control group, although the net increase during exercise was similar in the two groups. During exercise, left ventricular end-diastolic volume decreased significantly in the operated group. In the control group, this variable did not change significantly. Left ventricular stroke volume increased during exercise in the control group but it did not change significantly in the operated group. These data indicate that in patients after Fontan's operation, left ventricular performance remains low during exercise, which is in part due to diminished left ventricular preload reserve, and this in turn may be caused by reduced reserve of right heart output. PMID- 3182562 TI - Noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery fistula by two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. AB - In a 48-year-old woman, the diagnosis of a right coronary arteriovenous fistula communicating with the coronary sinus was made noninvasively using two dimensional, pulsed and color Doppler echocardiography. These noninvasive techniques were superior to angiography in delineating the cardiac chamber into which the fistula emptied. PMID- 3182564 TI - Lasers in cardiovascular diseases--abstracts of the 2nd International Symposium. October 3 and 4, 1988, Vienna, Austria. PMID- 3182563 TI - Tricuspid regurgitation due to chest trauma: an unusual laceration around the annulus of the anterior leaflet. AB - A 70-year-old male with tricuspid regurgitation due to a blunt chest trauma inflicted 16 years previously underwent prosthetic valve replacement. At surgery, a tear, which produced tricuspid regurgitation, was found around the annulus of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. Since this area has not been reported as a location for heart trauma-producing tricuspid regurgitation, a possible mechanism of tricuspid regurgitation is discussed in this patient. PMID- 3182566 TI - Operated versus non-operated hip fractures in a geriatric rehabilitation hospital. AB - A comparative study between 53 non-operated and 170 operated hip fractures was conducted in a geriatric rehabilitation hospital. The non-operated fractures were mainly of the trochanteric type. Time interval between the fracture and admission date to rehabilitation was shorter than 1 month for both groups. At the end of the rehabilitation treatment, 39.6% of the non-operated cases and 64.1% of the operated regained full walking independence. Fifteen per cent of the non-operated patients and 12.3% of the operated were able to walk with assistance, and 35% of non-operated cases versus 17.6% of operated cases remained unable to walk. Mortality rate was greater among the non-operated patients. Despite significant between-group difference in ambulatory capacity in favour of the operated group, the results support the view that a substantial percentage of non-operated patients can regain ambulation. Extraneous factors to the fracture itself such as mental status and motivation probably play a role in successful rehabilitation of the latter. PMID- 3182567 TI - The contribution of informal care to the management of stroke. AB - This paper looks at the contribution made by family carers and self-help groups to coping with chronic illness. Data from a longitudinal community study of stroke patients and their informal carers are used to identify the main sources of help and support used by stroke patients. Formal services contribute particularly for help with bathing and other self-care tasks but most help comes from the patient's family, specifically whoever is living at home with the stroke patient. Voluntary services and self-help groups reach only a small proportion of patients and their families, but there is a relatively high level of unmet demand for support groups. PMID- 3182565 TI - Extra- and intracellular calcium in vanadate-induced contraction of vascular smooth muscle. AB - The effects of extracellular Ca and Ca antagonists on vanadate-induced contractions of vascular smooth muscles of aortae and mesenteric arteries from rabbits, guinea pigs, and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) were studied. Vanadate-induced contractions of aortae were greatly diminished by extracellular Ca removal; the size of the remaining contraction was variable. Vanadate-induced contractions of mesenteric arteries, which were only observed in the presence of elevated K, were suppressed by the removal of Ca. Verapamil and nifedipine depressed vanadate-induced contractions of aortae from WKY and SHRSP, whereas they produced no or only slight inhibition of responses in guinea pig and rabbit aortae. Ca uptake into smooth muscle cell increased in the presence of vanadate, but the increase was much less than that induced by high K. In saponin-skinned smooth muscle, vanadate depressed the Ca induced contraction. It is concluded that the vanadate-induced contraction utilizes both extracellular and intracellularly bound Ca, the relative contribution of which varies from preparation to preparation. PMID- 3182568 TI - Managing symptoms in chronic disease: some dimensions of patients' experience. AB - This paper is a review of strategies that patients use to manage their symptoms in chronic conditions, with particular reference to multiple sclerosis. It emphasizes the complex and socially conditioned process through which symptoms come to be recognized and managed by patients. This process is compared and contrasted with that of medical recognition of symptoms. A range of patient-based strategies and their implications is then discussed. PMID- 3182569 TI - Loosening the bonds of cancer: how feasible? AB - This paper assesses the scope that exists for increasing the personal autonomy of people with cancer. Current organization of cancer services does little to promote autonomy. However, coping theory suggests that autonomy can be enhanced by complementary therapies, by changing perceptions of cancer, and by techniques which minimize the emotional response to the stress of this disease. PMID- 3182570 TI - Sailing single-handed: autonomy in the control of diabetes. AB - Someone with diabetes is seldom entirely on his or her own as far as coping with the condition is concerned. The medical management of diabetes generally needs to be a shared enterprise in which the doctor and patient contribute different types of expertise. The outpatient clinic is a forum for exchange of information between doctor and patient, and for negotiations over the patient's degree of autonomy, with some doctors encouraging more autonomy, and some patients wanting more autonomy than others. Meeting other people with diabetes provides an opportunity for sharing experiential information, for giving and receiving support. PMID- 3182571 TI - Coming to terms with chronic illness: the negotiation of autonomy in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - This paper examines ways in which daily life is sustained in the face of chronic illness. Using data from interviews with people with rheumatoid arthritis, we try to capture the complexity of the interdependence between individuals with chronic illness and society. The main areas focused on cover the disordered body, disruption of relationships, and management of a deviant identity. What emerges is the relativities in everyday negotiations involved as people assimilate or come to terms with the circumstances of disablement. A great deal of research by rehabilitation specialists and advocates of independent living makes use of an abstract notion of the individual and a categorical definition of independence. We suggest that through the subtle relativities individuals in fact sustain considerably more self-determination than is suggested by prevalent notions of independence. This state of affairs is more appropriately referred to as autonomy. The implications of this perspective for health care professionals are discussed. PMID- 3182572 TI - Traditional Chinese rehabilitative therapy in the process of modernization. AB - In the past few years modalities of traditional Chinese rehabilitative therapy have changed from an experimental approach towards the shaping of a modernized and scientific system. The landmark of this process is characterized by adoption of scientific methods in the appraisal of efficacy, provision of experimental evidence to unveil the mechanisms for the treatments and development of new modalities by innovation with modern technology. Recent advances in clinical and experimental studies on acupuncture, Chinese massage and manipulation, qigong, and Tai Ji exercise are reviewed, with a focus on new findings in physiological mechanisms and effects on anti-senility. Comments are made on new modalities such as 'physical therapy on acupoints'. Progress in the use of qigong (meditation therapy) in tapping mental potentials and remediating mental deficiency is also reported. PMID- 3182573 TI - Phenol block of the tibial nerve for spasticity: a long-term follow-up study. AB - Ninety-two tibial nerve blocks with phenol were performed in 59 patients for treatment of severe spasticity of the foot. The Achilles tendon reflex was abolished, ankle clonus was eliminated and resistance to passive stretch was reduced substantially following the procedure in all patients. Significant functional gains were observed as a result of decrease in spasticity with long term follow-up averaging 28.7 months (range 14-60). The simplicity of the procedure, the functional results observed with long-lasting effects, and the lack of serious complications, would suggest the more widespread use of this procedure in the treatment of the spastic foot. PMID- 3182575 TI - Kirlian photography--a tool in the diagnosing of psychopathology. PMID- 3182574 TI - A scientific photographic laboratory for the International Rice Research--the Philippines. PMID- 3182576 TI - Photomicrography: a translation into the vernacular. Part IV: Producing high quality photomicrographs. PMID- 3182577 TI - Efficacy and duration of action of placebo responses in the prevention of exercise-induced asthma in children. AB - Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, a common phenomenon in asthmatic children, may be prevented by the administration of appropriate drugs. In this study we evaluated the effect and duration of action of placebo (Freon gasses) administered to the patients as a protective drug. The maximum decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) after exercise testing was 40.3% +/- 3.10 at the initial screening session and, on different study days, 23.3% +/- 3.57, 28.8% +/- 3.86, and 33.7% +/- 3.71 30, 120, and 240 minutes, respectively, after the administration of Freon gasses. There was a linear trend indicating a reduction in protection with time. The placebo effect was marked 30-120 minutes after treatment (p less than 0.01) and completely disappeared after 4 hours. The placebo effect should always be considered in the evaluation of any new antiasthmatic drug. PMID- 3182578 TI - Correlation between serum IgE and specific IgE antibody titer to house dust mite in children with asthma. AB - Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgE specific to mites, we evaluated the relationship between total serum IgE levels and IgE antibodies specific to mite in 58 asthmatic children. Our results showed that there was a positive correlation between total serum IgE and IgE antibody specific to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (r = 0.57; p less than 0.001) and Dermatophagoides farinae (r = 0.59; p less than 0.001). There was also a significant correlation between D. pteronyssinus-specific IgE and D. farinae-specific IgE (r = 0.68; p less than 0.001). This suggests that there are common allergens between the two species. The close correlation between the ELISA assay and skin test suggests that the former will be useful for the diagnosis of mite allergy in asthma. PMID- 3182579 TI - Re: Airway effects of MSG. PMID- 3182581 TI - Prevalence of childhood asthma in Taipei, Taiwan, and other Asian Pacific countries. AB - Two epidemiological surveys of the prevalence of bronchial asthma in schoolchildren in Taipei, Taiwan, were conducted in 1974 and 1985. The same questionnaire and school, and schoolchildren of the same age (7-15 years), were studied in these two surveys. Bronchial asthma was defined as at least three paroxysmal, recurrent attacks of wheezing and dyspnea in the previous 12 months. A total of 23,678 children were studied in 1974 and 147,373 children in 1985. Data from other Asian Pacific countries were also reviewed. THE RESULTS: 1) The questionnaire was able to differentiate asthmatics from nonasthmatics on the basis of differences in methacholine challenge, intracutaneous skin testing, total eosinophil count, total serum IgE, and RAST between the two groups. 2) The prevalence of childhood asthma increased from 1.30% in 1974 to 5.07% in 1985, with boys dominating in both studies. 3) The increase in asthma prevalence could not be explained by air pollution or exposure to new allergens. 4) The prevalence of childhood asthma in the Asian Pacific countries are generally comparable to those of Western countries, and the present study and studies from Japan and New Guinea showed an increasing tendency. Thus childhood asthma is a major problem in the Asian Pacific countries as well as in Western countries. PMID- 3182580 TI - Comparative studies on interaction between theophylline and quinolones. AB - A comparative study of the pharmacokinetic and metabolic interactions between theophylline and a newly developed quinolone, T-3262, was carried out under steady-state conditions in seven healthy male volunteers, using enoxacin as the reference drug. A sustained-release theophylline formulation (200 mg twice daily) was given as monotherapy and coadministered with T-3262 (150 mg three times a day) or enoxacin (200 mg three times a day). The total and free concentrations of theophylline in the plasma and the excreted concentration of theophylline and its metabolites in the urine were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. The mean steady-state plasma theophylline concentration significantly increased by approximately 1.5-fold and threefold after coadministration of T-3262 and enoxacin, respectively. In both cases, a significant decrease in the total body clearance was found for T-3262 (34%) and enoxacin (63%), but the plasma protein binding of theophylline remained unchanged. There was a significant increase in urinary theophylline and a decrease in urinary 3-methylxanthine after coadministration of T-3262 or enoxacin. The degree of change in the steady-state plasma theophylline concentration as a result of coadministration of T-3262 was small compared to that of enoxacin. A decrease in the total body clearance in the case of coadministration of a quinolone probably resulted from inhibition of the 1 demethylation metabolic pathway. PMID- 3182583 TI - Thromboxane A2 production in allergen-induced immediate and late asthmatic responses. Its possible role in inducing the late response. AB - To determine whether thromboxane A2 (TXA2) participates in allergen-induced asthmatic responses, we measured plasma TXB2 levels during allergen-induced immediate and late asthmatic responses (IAR and LAR) in atopic asthmatics. We also examined the effect of a TXA2 synthetase inhibitor, OKY-046, on the responses. Plasma TXB2 levels increased in both IAR and LAR, being 2.2 times higher in LAR than in IAR. Plasma TXB2 levels in LAR reached the peak 4 hours after allergen challenge when FEV1 had just begun to decrease in LAR. OKY-046 inhibited both IAR and LAR with decreased plasma TXB2 levels. We conclude that TXA2 is produced in allergen-induced asthmatic responses and participates in the responses, especially in inducing LAR. PMID- 3182584 TI - Asthma and wheezy bronchitis in adolescents: biosocial correlates. AB - This study examined the epidemiological aspects of asthma and wheezy bronchitis at 16 years of age in children of a large British National cohort previously studied at the time of birth and when they were 7 and 11. It confirmed, for age 16, the steady decline in numbers of children suffering from asthma or wheezy bronchitis previously seen between ages 7 and 11. Significantly more boys than girls continued to report having these ailments. At age 16, children with asthma were more likely than those without to suffer from such allergy-related conditions as eczema and to come from homes where the principal wage-earner has a nonmanual job and where both mother and child smoke. PMID- 3182582 TI - Detection of house dust mite allergens and immunoblot analysis in asthmatic children. AB - The mite allergen extracts (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae), were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The molecular weight of the most apparent proteins of D. pteronyssinus was between 27,000 and 35,000, and the protein components of D. farinae were in the 9-100 kilodalton range. Specific IgE antibodies directed against mite allergens were utilized as probes to detect the allergens. Using immunoblot analysis and radiostained technique, D. pteronyssinus-sensitive patient sera displayed the major protein of allergens with molecular weights of 15,800 and 27,000-31,000, while D. farinae-sensitive patients' sera displayed the major protein of allergens with molecular weights of 12,000, 15,800 and 26,000-29,000. The electroblotting technique is fast, convenient, and highly suitable for both allergen composition studies and screening of antibody specificities. PMID- 3182585 TI - Ability of asthmatics with and without respiratory arrest to detect added resistive loads. AB - Asthmatics who sometimes experience respiratory arrest during an exacerbation are a particular concern. To date no adequate explanation exists for this phenomenon. Impaired perception of resistive loads is considered a factor in the development of hypercapnic respiratory failure, especially during exacerbation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. We analyzed the perception of resistive loads in 10 asthmatics who had suffered two or more respiratory arrests during an acute exacerbation. A group of eight asthmatics (same mean age and basal bronchial obstruction) who had never developed respiratory arrest or acidosis during their exacerbations was also studied. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in the perception of resistive loads. This negative result seems to exclude a deficiency in the ability to detect resistive loads as a cause of respiratory arrest in asthmatic patients. PMID- 3182586 TI - Human seminal plasma allergy in India. AB - Human seminal plasma allergy (HSPA) in women has been documented in the West. We describe here the first case of HSPA reported in India. An 18-year-old married woman presented with a 2-year history of episodic wheezing dyspnea. She had always had local postcoital symptoms since her first intercourse. Systemic symptoms developed subsequently. Despite more than 2 years of unprotected coitus, the patient had not conceived. The intradermal tests with seminal plasma antigen prepared from her husband's semen and from a healthy volunteer were markedly positive in the patient. Similar tests on her husband were negative. HSPA, especially the local forms, may be difficult to identify in our social conditions. PMID- 3182587 TI - Psychological treatment of an asthmatic patient in crisis. Dreams, biofeedback, and pain behavior modification. AB - The purpose of this paper is to discuss a unique, integrated combination of various psychological methods that can be used in the treatment of asthma during an acute episode, as well as in long-term management. Illustrated by a case presentation, the therapeutic approach, totaling 14 treatment sessions for the patient and his wife, included: a psychological evaluation, the use of pain behavior-modification procedures usually performed conjointly with the patient's wife, the analytical use of dreams, the desensitization of anxiety present in dream material, and autogenic therapy combined with thermal biofeedback (i.e., using digital temperature to measure relaxation) both at the medical center and at home. Electromyography (EMG)--a measurement of tension--and electrodermal (EDR)--a measurement of galvanic skin response--biofeedback instruments were used nosologically and therapeutically to measure psychophysiological changes, as well as to reduce emotional stresses related to the patient's asthmatic condition. PMID- 3182588 TI - Human castor bean allergy and HLA-A, B, C, DR. AB - Our results in 27 castor bean-allergic patients typed for HLA-A, B, C, DR antigens show (although the observed difference did not reach a statistical significance after correction for the number of tested specificities) an increase of A2 cross-reacting group antigens and, on the other hand, of HLA-A29, B39, CW2, B12, DR2, and especially DR5 (48.1% vs. 26.9% - chi 2 = 5.579; uncorrected p: 0.01 less than p less than 0.02), which possibly participate in haplotypic combinations. The facts that the markers of the haplotype segments involved are more frequent in northern European populations (e.g., A3,B7--Scandinavian; A29,B12--English) and that regional haplotypes are decreased (e.g., A11,B35) suggest that the allergics could in some geographical areas be less genetically adapted to their environment. In the same way, the fact that although the global number of assigned HLA antigens was increased, the percentage of only some alleles (among these those belonging to the A2-CREG) was increased suggests not only a recessive model but a diminution of the polymorphism in allergics. This is in agreement with the physiological role of the HLA system, the polymorphism of which, according to the numerous restriction phenomena allowed at the cellular level, represents broad possibilities of adapted immune response in man. In any event, these findings clearly suggest that HLA-DR5 and B39 may be the markers of castor bean allergy in the Mediterranean area, to which are superimposed the HLA alleles linked to the general atopic susceptibility. PMID- 3182589 TI - The asthma specialist and the law. PMID- 3182590 TI - Contribution of impedance measurement of the respiratory system to bronchial challenge tests. AB - The contribution of impedance measurement of the respiratory system to bronchial challenge tests was studied in 64 asthmatics and 23 control subjects. After histamine challenge, resistance values increased significantly at all frequencies but most markedly at the lower frequencies in the asthmatic group; reactance values significantly decreased at all frequencies. In the control group, resistance significantly increased at 8 and 12 Hz. However, reactance decreased significantly at all frequencies. By multiple logistic model analysis, a simple discriminant score was found with great discriminating power to differentiate asthmatics and nonasthmatics. The discriminating score equals 9 X FEV1 aft - 7 X FEV1 bef. Adding the forced oscillation technique to the equipment for measuring the bronchial response after challenging procedures can give information about the localization of the response to the challenge in the respiratory system. PMID- 3182591 TI - Comparison of a new sustained-release theophylline preparation, TheoBeads, with Theo-Dur tablets in children with asthma. AB - A new, slow-release theophylline formulation for children, TheoBeads, which has the potential for once-daily dosing, has become available. We report the results of a study of pediatric patients whose medication was changed from Theo-Dur tablets b.i.d. to TheoBeads q.d. Forty-nine children with asthma (aged 6-12 years) were treated with b.i.d. Theo-Dur to produce therapeutic maximum and minimum concentration levels (i.e., 8-20 micrograms/ml). Approximately half the patients were then transferred to TheoBeads given q.d. at the same total daily dose and retitrated; seven patients needed to be changed to b.i.d. dosing due to unacceptable fluctuations. The other half of the patients continued on b.i.d. Theo-Dur. Following at least 5 days of steady-state dosing, serum theophylline levels were assayed over a 24-hour period. It was found that: 1. Children changed to q.d. TheoBeads showed no change in their overall asthma control based on clinical diary entries and peak flow measurements. 2. Lower Cmax and Cmin theophylline levels and a smaller area under the curve were noted for patients taking q.d. TheoBeads compared to those taking b.i.d. Theo-Dur. 3. Administration of TheoBeads q.d. resulted in a significantly larger overall peak-to-trough fluctuation and a higher percentage of patients with subtherapeutic theophylline levels in the second 12-hour period than did b.i.d. Theo-Dur administration. In summary, when children receiving b.i.d. Theo-Dur were transferred to q.d. TheoBeads, they did not maintain even and sustained therapeutic theophylline levels, although asthma control was not adversely affected during the short period of observation. PMID- 3182592 TI - Effect of prior medication on intradermal test response in patients with respiratory allergies. AB - In a single-blind study of 23 patients with respiratory allergic disorders, we studied the effect of different antiallergic drugs on intradermal (ID) skin test response. After discontinuing the medication prescribed to patients, ID skin tests were done to determine the baseline values. The subjects were then randomly assigned different doses of different drugs orally, including theophylline (200 mg), salbutamol (4 mg), ephedrine (24 mg), and prednisolone (10 mg). Only epinephrine (1:1000) was injected subcutaneously (0.5 ml). ID skin tests were repeated 2 hours after the administration of the medicines that were taken orally. In the case of epinephrine, the tests were repeated 30 minutes after the injection. No significant differences could be observed in ID skin tests before and after the medication, irrespective of the test allergens. PMID- 3182593 TI - Occupational asthma. PMID- 3182594 TI - Characteristics of senior medical students planning to subspecialize in child psychiatry. PMID- 3182596 TI - Behavior disorder and attention deficits in boys with Tourette syndrome. PMID- 3182595 TI - Tourette's syndrome: clinical and neurochemical correlates. PMID- 3182597 TI - Obstetrical suboptimality in autistic children. PMID- 3182598 TI - Recognition of environmental sounds in autistic children. PMID- 3182599 TI - WISC-R and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale scores in autistic children. PMID- 3182600 TI - Child psychopathology rating scales and interrater agreement: I. Parents' gender and psychiatric symptoms. PMID- 3182602 TI - Hallucinations in children: a follow-up study. PMID- 3182601 TI - Child psychopathology rating scales and interrater agreement: II. Child and family characteristics. PMID- 3182603 TI - Schizophrenia in a 48,XXXX child. PMID- 3182604 TI - Day treatment outcome with severely disturbed children. PMID- 3182605 TI - Psychotic features in adolescents with major depression. PMID- 3182606 TI - Bipolar disorder in mentally retarded adolescents. PMID- 3182608 TI - Children's knowledge and attitudes about AIDS. PMID- 3182607 TI - Mania and neuropsychiatric excitation following carbamazepine. PMID- 3182609 TI - Panic and nausea instead of grief in an adolescent. PMID- 3182610 TI - Statistical differences. PMID- 3182611 TI - Fear of choking and food refusal. PMID- 3182612 TI - Depression and substance abuse. PMID- 3182613 TI - Methylphenidate side effects. PMID- 3182614 TI - Mother-infant interactions in infantile anorexia nervosa. PMID- 3182615 TI - Reliability testing of a children's version of the Eating Attitude Test. PMID- 3182616 TI - Relationships within subtypes of anorexic, bulimic, and normal families. PMID- 3182617 TI - Obesity-hypoventilation in childhood. PMID- 3182618 TI - Should children attend their parent's funeral? PMID- 3182619 TI - Children's reactions to loss of parent through violence. PMID- 3182620 TI - Children who witness the sexual assaults of their mothers. PMID- 3182621 TI - The "haunted" child: grief, hallucinations, and family dynamics. PMID- 3182622 TI - Intrinsic and environmental characteristics of juvenile murderers. PMID- 3182624 TI - Characteristics and treatment of four homicidal adolescents. PMID- 3182623 TI - Plasma neurochemistry in juvenile offenders. PMID- 3182625 TI - Community treatment of violent youth: seven years of experience with a class action suit. PMID- 3182626 TI - Very low birthweight: behavioral sequelae at nine years of age. PMID- 3182627 TI - A Parent Practices Scale and its relation to parent and child mental health. PMID- 3182628 TI - Frequencies and stability of temperament types in childhood. PMID- 3182629 TI - Psychopathology in hospitalized, adopted children. PMID- 3182630 TI - The Child Behavior Checklist: normative information for inpatients. PMID- 3182631 TI - Adaptive functioning in children hospitalized for psychiatric disturbances. PMID- 3182632 TI - Use of a quiet room on an inpatient unit. PMID- 3182634 TI - Perspective. Guidelines for the clinical evaluation of child and adolescent sexual abuse. Position statement of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. PMID- 3182633 TI - Post-traumatic stress disorder in sexually abused children. PMID- 3182635 TI - Resolved: child and adolescent psychiatry should stand separate from general psychiatry. PMID- 3182636 TI - Anatomically correct dolls: research vs. clinical practice. PMID- 3182637 TI - Delusion or obsession: implications for treatment. PMID- 3182638 TI - Allegations of sexual abuse: then and now. PMID- 3182639 TI - Campylobacter pylori: what is it doing there? PMID- 3182640 TI - Mites in house dust as a cause of bronchial asthma. PMID- 3182641 TI - Sensitivity of nuclear imaging in detecting hepatic space occupying lesions. PMID- 3182642 TI - "Effect of manganese on regression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits". PMID- 3182643 TI - Paediatric sarcoidosis. PMID- 3182644 TI - A fatal case of acute polymyositis with persistent myoglobinuria and progressive renal failure. PMID- 3182645 TI - Role of contrast echocardiography in diagnosis of pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas. PMID- 3182646 TI - "HBV status among mentally retarded". PMID- 3182647 TI - Human intestinal myiasis. PMID- 3182648 TI - Praziquantel in neurocysticercosis. PMID- 3182649 TI - An unusual case of tuberous sclerosis with family study. PMID- 3182650 TI - Inflammatory polyarthritis as a presenting feature of acute leukaemia in an adult. PMID- 3182651 TI - Fatty diarrhoea due to spontaneous cholecystocolonic fistula. PMID- 3182652 TI - A non-coronary prone man. PMID- 3182654 TI - Pan Masala. PMID- 3182653 TI - Doctors' dilemma? Practical answer to a pertinent problem. PMID- 3182655 TI - Blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukaemia. PMID- 3182656 TI - Gentamycin ototoxicity. PMID- 3182657 TI - Indeterminate splenomegaly in fourteen cases. PMID- 3182658 TI - Tear glucose level in diabetes mellitus--a preliminary study. PMID- 3182659 TI - Carbenicillin induced tremors. PMID- 3182660 TI - Triglyceride tolerance test: is it useful. PMID- 3182661 TI - Unintentional accidents--who is responsible. PMID- 3182662 TI - Is serum prolactin of prognostic value in hepatic encephalopathy? PMID- 3182663 TI - Study of effect of guar gum on long term glycaemic control in patients of diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3182664 TI - Significance of prolactin levels in protosystemic encephalopathy. PMID- 3182665 TI - Organophosphorus and carbamate poisoning in Punjab. PMID- 3182666 TI - Role of fibresigmoidoscopy in colorectal disorders. PMID- 3182667 TI - Fibreoptic examination of the colon: a review of 328 colonoscopies. PMID- 3182668 TI - Fatal stroke following scorpion bite. PMID- 3182669 TI - Intracranial plasmacytoma. PMID- 3182670 TI - Diffuse papillomatosis of gall bladder. PMID- 3182671 TI - Left atrial clot mimicking thickened inter atrial septum. PMID- 3182672 TI - Nifedipine induced gingival hyperplasia. PMID- 3182673 TI - Collapse of the left lung secondary to bronchial carcinoid tumour. PMID- 3182675 TI - Morbidity in sickle cell trait. PMID- 3182674 TI - Coronary risk factors and ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 3182676 TI - Subarachnoid haemorrhage in tubercular meningitis. PMID- 3182677 TI - Can ranitidine induce porphyria. PMID- 3182678 TI - Behcet's syndrome in north India. PMID- 3182679 TI - Ataxic hemiparesis. PMID- 3182680 TI - A patient with progressive muscle wasting. PMID- 3182682 TI - Thyrotoxicosis secondary to TSH secreting pituitary tumour. PMID- 3182681 TI - Pyridoxine responsive anaemia. PMID- 3182683 TI - Cerebral abscess due to Salmonella typhi. PMID- 3182684 TI - Hyper-eosinophilic syndrome with lepromatous leprosy. PMID- 3182685 TI - Muscle involvement in aluminium phosphide poisoning. PMID- 3182686 TI - Blood pressure recording at high altitude simultaneously with mercury and aneroid sphygmomanometer. PMID- 3182687 TI - Removal of tooth from bronchus: role of fiberoptic bronchoscope. PMID- 3182688 TI - Tolosa Hunt syndrome. PMID- 3182689 TI - Brain CT scan in ischaemic stroke. PMID- 3182690 TI - Ranitidine and acute intermittent porphyria. PMID- 3182691 TI - Metacarpal index. PMID- 3182692 TI - Is clinical medicine being replaced by commercial medicine. PMID- 3182693 TI - Right ventricular infarction: a clinico-electrocardiographic study. PMID- 3182694 TI - Evaluation of right ventricular functions by radio nuclide angiography in myocardial infarction. PMID- 3182695 TI - Zoster-varicella infection in Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3182696 TI - Laurence Moon Biedl Bardet syndrome. PMID- 3182697 TI - Optic glioma masquerading as optic neuritis. PMID- 3182698 TI - Midline granuloma. PMID- 3182699 TI - Hernia uteri inguinale: an unusual form of male pseudohermaphroditism. PMID- 3182700 TI - Guillain Barre syndrome as a sequela of organophosphorus poisoning. PMID- 3182701 TI - Carrier state in dogs. PMID- 3182702 TI - Respiratory manifestations of viral hepatitis. PMID- 3182703 TI - Bochdalek diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 3182704 TI - Factors precipitating cardiac failure in rheumatic heart disease. PMID- 3182705 TI - Chloramphenicol and preleukaemia/leukaemia. PMID- 3182707 TI - Alkaptonuria--a rare presentation. PMID- 3182706 TI - Enteric fever complicated by myocarditis, hepatitis and shock. PMID- 3182708 TI - Atrial fibrillation with inferior wall myocardial ischaemia following lightning. PMID- 3182709 TI - Central nervous system involvement in adult acute myeloblastic leukaemia. PMID- 3182710 TI - Rifampicin and drug interactions. PMID- 3182711 TI - Rifampicin-aluminium antacid interaction. PMID- 3182713 TI - A study of wall motion abnormalities by radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) and correlation with electrocardiographic changes in acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3182712 TI - Plasma rifampicin levels during oral contraception. PMID- 3182715 TI - Solitary cyst of kidney in a geriatric patient presenting with haematuria. PMID- 3182714 TI - Lipid profile in polycythaemia of high altitude. PMID- 3182716 TI - Chronic neutrophilic leukaemia: a case report. PMID- 3182717 TI - Endoscopic removal of long foreign bodies from stomach. PMID- 3182718 TI - Facial hemiatrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3182719 TI - Tetanus with leprosy. PMID- 3182721 TI - Aleukaemic leukaemia presenting as angina pectoris. PMID- 3182720 TI - Retroperitoneal haemorrhage following femoral vein catheterization for hemodialysis. PMID- 3182722 TI - Spontaneous rupture of spleen in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) PMID- 3182723 TI - Unique indication for doing tracheostomy. PMID- 3182724 TI - Combined postgraduate medical entrance examination: a modification suggested. PMID- 3182725 TI - Morbidity in sickle cell trait and histology of surgical specimens. PMID- 3182726 TI - Substrate utilization by Ehrlichia sennetsu and Ehrlichia risticii separated from host constituents by renografin gradient centrifugation. AB - The in vitro metabolic activities of two monocytic species of Ehrlichia were investigated. The Miyayama strain of Ehrlichia sennetsu and two strains of Ehrlichia risticii, isolated in Illinois and Maryland, were cultivated in a P388D1 mouse macrophage cell line. The ehrlichia particles from heavily infected cultures were separated from host constituents by a Renografin gradient centrifugation procedure modified from those employed for rickettsiae and chlamydiae. The metabolic activities of the isolated ehrlichiae were measured by their formation of CO2 after incubation for 1 h or longer at 34 degrees C with 14C-labeled substrates. Of the substrates tested, glutamine was utilized most vigorously. The greatest activity was obtained at pH 7.2 to 8.0, while the activity rapidly declined at pH below 7. The most favorable buffer was one that contained 0.05 M potassium phosphate as well as 0.2 M sucrose, thus affording some osmotic protection. Glutamate was utilized to a much lesser extent than glutamine, and glucose was not utilized at all. No consistent differences in metabolic activities among the three strains were observed. PMID- 3182727 TI - Isolation and characterization of valine dehydrogenase from Streptomyces aureofaciens. AB - Valine dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from the crude extracts of Streptomyces aureofaciens. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was 116,000 by equilibrium ultracentrifugation and 118,000 by size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography. The enzyme was composed of four subunits with molecular weights of 29,000. The isoelectric point was 5.1. The enzyme required NAD+ as a cofactor, which could not be replaced by NADP+. Sulfhydryl reagents inhibited the enzyme activity. The pH optimum was 10.7 for oxidative deamination of L-valine and 9.0 for reductive amination of alpha-ketoisovalerate. The Michaelis constants were 2.5 mM for L-valine and 0.10 mM for NAD+. For reductive amination the Km values were 1.25 mM for alpha-ketoisovalerate, 0.023 mM for NADH, and 18.2 mM for NH4Cl. PMID- 3182728 TI - Purification and properties of the gamma-butyrobetaine-binding protein from an Agrobacterium sp. AB - A binding protein for gamma-butyrobetaine was purified from osmotic shock fluid of an Agrobacterium sp. It was a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular weight of 52,000 or 53,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration, respectively. The isoelectric point was 4.3, as determined by isoelectric focusing. Amino acid analysis of the protein showed that Asx and Glx were predominant components and that the protein contained no cysteine. The dissociation constant of this protein for gamma butyrobetaine was found to be 0.7 microM by equilibrium dialysis. Attempts to sequence the amino-terminal end with the Edman method failed, suggesting that this region of the protein is blocked. PMID- 3182729 TI - Regulation of carbon flow in Selenomonas ruminantium grown in glucose-limited continuous culture. AB - We have applied a model that permits the estimation of the sensitivity of flux through branch point enzymes (D. C. LaPorte, K. Walsh, and D. E. Koshland, J. Biol. Chem. 259:14068-14075, 1984) in order to analyze the control of flux through the lactate-acetate branch point of Selenomonas ruminantium grown in glucose-limited continuous culture. At this branch point, pyruvate is the substrate of both the NAD-dependent L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFOR). The LDH was purified, and it exhibited positive cooperativity for the binding of pyruvate. The LDH had an [S].5 for pyruvate of 0.43 mM, a Hill coefficient of 2.4, and a K' equal to 0.13 mM. The PFOR, assayed in cell extracts, exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics for pyruvate, with a Km of 0.49 mM. Carbon flux through the LDH and the PFOR increased 80-fold and 3-fold, respectively, as the dilution rate was increased from 0.07 to 0.52 h 1 in glucose-limited continuous culture. There was nearly a twofold increase, from 6.5 to 11.2 mumol min-1 mg of protein-1 in the specific activity (i.e., maximum velocity) of the LDH at dilution rates of 0.11 and 0.52 h-1, respectively. A flux equation was used to calculate the intracellular concentration of pyruvate; a fourfold increase in pyruvate, from 0.023 to 0.093 mM, was thereby predicted as the dilution rate was increased from 0.07 to 0.52 h 1. When these calculated values of intracellular pyruvate concentration were inserted into the flux equation, the predicted values of flux through the LDH and the PFOR were found to match closely the flux actually measured in the chemostat grown cells. Thus, the 80-fold increase in flux through the LDH was due to a twofold increase in the maximum velocity of the LDH and a fourfold increase in the intracellular pyruvate concentration. In addition, the flux through the LDH exhibited ultrasensitivity to changes in both the maximum velocity of the LDH and the intracellular concentration of pyruvate. The flux through the PFOR exhibited ultrasensitivity to changes in the maximum velocity of the LDH and hyperbolic sensitivity to changes in the intracellular concentration of pyruvate. PMID- 3182730 TI - Dependence of nitrogenase switch-off upon oxygen stress on the nitrogenase activity in Azotobacter vinelandii. AB - Azotobacter vinelandii was grown diazotrophically in chemostat cultures limited by sucrose, citrate, or acetate. Specific activities of cellular oxygen consumption (qO2) and nitrogenase (acetylene reduction) were measured in situ at different dilution rates (D, representing the specific growth rate mu at steady state). Sucrose-limited cultures exhibited linear relationships between qO2 and D, each of which, however, depended on the dissolved oxygen concentration in the range of 12 to 192 microM O2. From these plots, qO2 required for maintenance processes (mO2) were extrapolated. mO2 values did not increase linearly with increasing dissolved oxygen concentrations. With citrate- or acetate-limited cultures qO2 also depended on D. At 108 microM O2, however, qO2 and mO2 of the latter cultures were significantly lower than those of sucrose-limited cultures. Specific rates of acetylene reduction increased linearly with D, irrespective of the type of limitation and of the dissolved oxygen concentration (J. Kuhla and J. Oelze, Arch. Microbiol. 149:509-514, 1988). The reversible switch-off of nitrogenase activity under oxygen stress also depended on D and was independent of qO2, mO2, or the limiting substrate. Increased switch-off effects resulting from increased stress heights could be compensated for by increasing D. Since D represents not only the supply of the carbon source but also the supply of electrons and energy, the results suggest that the flux of electrons to the nitrogenase complex, rather than qO2, stabilizes nitrogenase activity against oxygen inactivation in aerobically growing A. vinelandii. PMID- 3182731 TI - Isolation and characterization of Azospirillum brasilense loci that correct Rhizobium meliloti exoB and exoC mutations. AB - The occurrence in Azospirillum brasilense of genes that code for exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis was investigated through complementation studies of Rhizobium meliloti Exo- mutants. These mutants are deficient in the synthesis of the major acidic EPS of Rhizobium species and form empty, non nitrogen-fixing root nodules on alfalfa (J. A. Leigh, E. R. Signer, and G. C. Walker, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6231-6235, 1985). We demonstrated that the exoC mutation of R. meliloti could be corrected for EPS production by several cosmid clones of a clone bank of A. brasilense ATCC 29145. However, the EPS produced differed in structure from the wild-type R. meliloti EPS, and the symbiotic deficiency of the exoC mutation was not reversed by any of these cosmid clones. The exoB mutation could be corrected not only for EPS production but also for the ability to form nitrogen-fixing nodules on alfalfa by one particular cosmid clone of A. brasilense. Tn5 insertions in the cloned DNA were isolated and used to construct Azospirillum mutants with mutations in the corresponding loci by marker exchange. It was found that these mutants failed to produce the wild type high-molecular-weight EPS, but instead produced EPSs of lower molecular weight. PMID- 3182732 TI - Marijuana sensitivity and panic anxiety. AB - The authors explore the relationship between marijuana smoking and panic anxiety by examining the effects of marijuana smoking on patients with panic anxiety compared with marijuana's effects on both patient and nonpatient controls. Patients with panic anxiety were found to be particularly likely to experience increased anxiety while smoking marijuana. The majority of panic anxiety patients spontaneously stopped using marijuana because of increased anxiety; continued marijuana smoking in these individuals was found to be infrequent. The results suggest that current marijuana use is atypical of panic anxiety patients. PMID- 3182733 TI - Continuation and maintenance treatment trials of adjunctive imipramine therapy in patients with postpsychotic depression. AB - Four of five patients who had had an operationally defined syndrome of postpsychotic depression, which had been responsive to adjunctive imipramine added to an ongoing regimen of fluphenazine decanoate and benztropine, suffered a return of depressive symptomatology following the tapering of the adjunctive imipramine 6 months after the initial response to imipramine therapy. Four comparison patients who were not tapered experienced no such reexacerbations (p = .04). The authors discuss implications of this finding for maintenance adjunctive antidepressant treatment strategies. PMID- 3182734 TI - Panic disorder and depression in female alcoholics. AB - Eight (32%) of 25 alcoholic women on an inpatient detoxification unit met modified DSM-III criteria for panic disorder, 2 (8%) of 25 met criteria for depressive illness, and 7 (28%) of 25 met criteria for both disorders. These findings replicate the findings of other recent studies and lend preliminary support to the self-medication model of alcoholism. PMID- 3182735 TI - Carbamazepine-induced reduction of plasma alprazolam concentrations: a clinical case report. AB - A patient with atypical bipolar disorder and panic attacks treated with alprazolam 7.5 mg/day showed a greater than 50% reduction in plasma alprazolam concentrations after carbamazepine treatment was initiated and experienced a corresponding clinical deterioration. Clinical and plasma concentration data are presented. PMID- 3182736 TI - Tolerance to the therapeutic effect of phenelzine in patients with panic disorder. AB - Tolerance to the therapeutic effects of phenelzine developed in three patients with panic disorder. A central dysfunction of neurotransmitters or a change in receptor function may have been involved. PMID- 3182738 TI - Bran binging: a variant of laxative abuse in a bulimic patient. PMID- 3182737 TI - Convalescent phase of bipolar disorder. AB - The interepisode interval in bipolar disorder has been relatively unstudied, in part because patients are generally considered to be well during that period. The author proposes that a symptomatic convalescent phase follows acute episodes of mania and depression and precedes the return to the entirely well state. A case is presented of a 15-month convalescence that followed a manic episode. The most prominent features of the convalescence were its long duration, its saw-toothed pattern of remitting and recurring symptoms, and the presence of dysphoria. The fluctuation of dysphoric symptoms was at times associated with and at times independent of life events and was independent of lithium levels. Supportive psychotherapy is apparently a critical element in the management of this phase. Questions about the nature and optimal management of the convalescent period are raised. PMID- 3182739 TI - QRS interval in tricyclic antidepressant overdose. PMID- 3182740 TI - Abuse of caffeine in substance abusers. PMID- 3182741 TI - Haldol decanoate and thyroid disease. PMID- 3182742 TI - The course and treatment of manic-depressive illness: an update. May 31, 1988, Key Biscayne, Florida. Proceedings. PMID- 3182743 TI - The course and treatment of manic-depressive illness: an update. PMID- 3182744 TI - The course of manic-depressive illness. AB - Despite the important contribution of lithium to the treatment of manic depressive illness, its notable relapse and recurrence rates make the development of new therapies a high priority. The author presents data on the course of illness in bipolar I disorder patients whose index episodes reflected manic symptoms only, depressed symptoms only, or a combination, either mixed or cycling. The patients received different types of treatment. To be considered recovered, the patients either had to have been asymptomatic or had to have had only one or two symptoms of minimal severity for 8 consecutive weeks. The patients with purely manic index episodes recovered at a much faster rate than did those whose index episodes were mixed or cycling. The patients who were purely depressed at entry had intermediate courses. By 8 weeks, 61% of the pure manics were recovered, compared with 44% of the pure depressives and 33% of the mixed and cycling patients. PMID- 3182745 TI - Mode of activation and kinetic properties of three distinct forms of protein kinase C from rat brain. AB - Three types of protein kinase C, designated types I, II, and III, were purified from rat brain cytosol, and have been shown to correspond to the cDNA clones gamma, beta, and alpha, respectively. Their relative activities in the whole brain tissue were roughly 26, 49, and 25% with H1 histone as a substrate. Type II enzyme was an unequal mixture of two subspecies (roughly 1:7) encoded by beta I and beta II sequences which differ from each other only in a short range of their carboxyl-terminal end regions. Although the three types have closely similar structures, they showed slightly different modes of activation and kinetic properties. Type I enzyme was less sensitive to diacylglycerol but was significantly activated by low concentrations of free arachidonic acid. Type II enzyme exhibited substantial activity without elevated Ca2+ levels, and responded well to diacylglycerol and, to some extent, arachidonic acid. The type III enzyme responded to diacylglycerol as well as to arachidonic acid. The mode of activation of the enzyme by arachidonic acid required elevated levels of Ca2+ but not phospholipid. In the presence of phospholipid, phorbol esters could activate all three types in a manner similar to diacylglycerol. Among various phospholipids tested, phosphatidylserine was the most effective for all three types. Type III enzyme was most sensitive to 1-stearoyl-2-arachidonylglycerol for activation. Conversely, type I enzyme was activated most efficiently by synthetic permeable diacylglycerols, such as 1,2-didecanoylglycerol and 1,2 dioctanoylglycerol. Many heavy metal ions exerted variable and distinct effects on the catalytic activities of these three types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182746 TI - Human serum biotinidase is a thiol-type enzyme. AB - The effects of a disulfide reducing agent and sulfhydryl blocking agents on the biotinidase activity in human serum and on the purified biotinidase have been extensively studied by using a newly developed HPLC assay method. This HPLC method directly measures the product (p-aminobenzoate, PAB), and is not interfered with by sulfhydryl-reactive agents. Further, because the substrate solution of this HPLC assay method contains only substrate (biotin 4 amidobenzoate) and phosphate buffer, accurate studies on the effects of sulfhydryl blocking reagents on the purified enzyme could be performed. Biotinidase activities in human sera (n = 83) were always enhanced by 2 mercaptoethanol (ME). The optimum concentration was found to be 1 mM. The degree of activation was variable (100 to 400% of the original) depending on the serum sample. Sulfhydryl blocking reagents such as organic mercurials were tested on fresh serum and purified enzyme. Mercuric agents were found to inhibit the activity of fresh serum and purified enzyme at 0.05 and 0.005 mM, respectively. Sulfhydryl alkylating agents, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and dithiobis(2 nitro)benzoic acid (DTNB), inhibited 100 and 64% of the activity of the purified enzyme at 0.1 and 1.0 mM, respectively. However, lower concentrations (less than 5 nM) of organic mercurials and mercuric ion exhibited a slight enhancement (20 30%) of the activity of the purified enzyme. These results indicate the presence of an essential sulfhydryl residue at the active center. The enzyme contains 2.5 sulfhydryls per molecule, as determined by using Ellman's assay method. Serine protease inhibitors such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) did not inhibit the enzyme activity at 0.05 mM or higher concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182747 TI - Effect of bile duct ligation on bile acid and cholesterol metabolism in rats. AB - The effects of bile duct ligation on bile acid and cholesterol metabolism were examined in male Wistar strain rats. Quantitative and qualitative changes of bile acids and cholesterol in serum and urine occurred; beta-muricholic acid predominantly increased in serum and urine and the ratio of urinary cholic acid and beta-muricholic acid changed from about 5:3 on day 1 to about 1:8 on day 5 under biliary obstruction. The form of the increased urinary bile acids was mainly taurine-conjugated and partly sulfated. Under conditions of bile duct ligation on day 5, 14C-labeled 3 beta-hydroxy-5-cholenoic, lithocholic, and chenodeoxycholic acids were intragastrically administered to the rats after pretreatment with antibiotics and the metabolites of these three acids were investigated. 3 beta-Hydroxy-5-cholenoic acid was most efficiently converted to beta-muricholic acid. The present study strongly suggested the presence of an alternative metabolic pathway induced by bile duct ligation, which caused the change in composition of urinary bile acids, and especially the marked increase in beta-muricholic acid formation. A possible alternative pathway for bile acid biosynthesis under biliary obstruction in rats is postulated. PMID- 3182749 TI - Heat-induced thiol-disulfide interchange reaction on the third component of human complement, C3. AB - The third component of human complement, C3 is composed of two disulfide-bridged polypeptide chains of Mr 120,000 (alpha chain) and Mr 70,000 (beta chain). C3 has a thioester bond that serves as a binding site for targets when C3 is activated. Heat treatment of C3 induces autolytic peptide bond cleavage at the thioester site in the alpha chain as well as rupture of the thioester bond. The alpha chain fragments are linked to each other and beta chain via disulfide bonds. This study, however, documented that prolonged heating gave rise to liberation of several fragments including beta and the larger fragment of alpha chain. Using a fluorescent thiol reagent and [14C]iodoacetamide, we analyzed thiol residues present on each fragment, and elucidated that the thiol residue exposed by rupture of the thioester bond shifts in turn to another fragment resulting in the liberation of the fragments. The results were compatible with those on C4, and suggested that the generated thiol residue induces thiol-disulfide interchange reaction. On heating of plasma, fragments of C3 were not released, while the cleavage of the alpha chain occurred more effectively. The heated C3 (56 degrees C, 15 min) became insusceptible to C3b inactivator (I) and factor H, suggesting that additional conformational change is accompanied with cleavage of the thioester bond. PMID- 3182748 TI - Thrombin-induced membrane depolarization of platelets and its inhibition by cetiedil. AB - When 50 microM cetiedil alone was added to a platelet suspension, increase in Na+ content, decrease in K+ content, and depolarization of platelet membrane were observed without change in the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]1) or in the morphology of platelets. The cetiedil-induced depolarization was attenuated by the reduction of extracellular sodium concentration, while sodium transport inhibitors such as procaine and tetrodotoxin failed to modify the depolarization. On the other hand, thrombin caused such changes in platelets as increases in Na+ content, 22Na space and [Ca2+]1, decrease in K+ content, and membrane depolarization. All these changes caused by thrombin were inhibited by cetiedil. It is suggested that cetiedil brought the increased ion transport and subsequent partial depolarization, which might lead to modification of the reaction of platelet membrane induced by thrombin. PMID- 3182750 TI - Rat cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase: regulation of its mRNA and contribution to gluconeogenesis. AB - Induction of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase (cAspAT) was observed in rat liver on administration of a high-protein diet, or glucagon and during fasting. The enzyme activity in the liver of rats given 80% protein diet or glucagon injection during starvation increased to 2- to 2.4-fold that in the liver of rats maintained on 20% protein diet, with about 2-fold increases in the levels of hybridizable cAspAT mRNA, measured by blot analysis using the cloned rat cAspAT cDNA as a probe. No increase in the enzyme was detected in kidney, heart, brain, or skeletal muscle. The activity of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAspAT) did not increase. Induction of cAspAT was observed when glucose metabolism tended toward gluconeogenesis. The physiological function of the induction of cAspAT is considered to be to increase the supply of oxaloacetate as a substrate for cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) [EC 4.1.1.32] for gluconeogenesis. PMID- 3182751 TI - Hydrolysis of platelet activating factor and its methylated analogs by acetylhydrolases. AB - We examined the substrate specificity of PAF-degrading enzymes from various sources using platelet activating factor (PAF) and its synthetic analogs. The results were as follows: 1) Tissue-originated acetylhydrolases, such as rat kidney soluble enzyme, deacetylated 1S-methyl-1-O-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine (1S-Me-PAF) slightly more rapidly than PAF, whereas plasma acetylhydrolase hydrolyzed PAF more effectively than 1S-Me-PAF. 2) Rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes homogenates showed an appreciable acetylhydrolase activity, the substrate specificity of which resembled that of the plasma enzyme. 3) Pleural exudates in an experimental pleurisy induced in rats by carrageenan contained an acetylhydrolase activity, the properties of which were similar to those of the plasma enzyme. 4) An extracellular phospholipase A2 activity, which was also observed in the pleural exudate and required Ca2+ ion for maximum activity, seemed not to participate in the deacetylation of PAF, since addition of EDTA did not affect the PAF deacetylation catalyzed by the pleural exudate. These findings indicate that the inactivation reaction of PAF present in the extracellular space is mainly catalyzed by plasma acetylhydrolase, which yields lysoPAF. PMID- 3182752 TI - Different stability of N- and C-domain of diferric ovotransferrin in urea and application to the determination of iron distribution between the two domains. AB - The study of guanidine-HCl or thermal denaturation of diferric ovotransferrin (Fe2Tf) has revealed a simultaneous unfolding of the two domains of the protein (Ikeda et al. (1985) FEBS Lett. 182, 305-309). In urea denaturation of Fe2Tf, however, two distinct steps of unfolding were observed in the urea concentration range from 4.5 to 9 M at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees C by measuring the residual iron bound protein (absorbance at 465 nm) and the remaining folded structures (circular dichroism at 222 nm). From a study of urea denaturation of partially iron-saturated Tf whose iron preferentially occupied the N-domain, it was found that the first and the second steps of denaturation corresponded to those of the N-terminal (4.5-6 M urea) and C-terminal domains (over 7 M urea), respectively. The N-domain of Fe2Tf was selectively unfolded in 7 M urea and digested with trypsin to provide an iron-bound C-terminal fragment (42 kDa) in good yield (about 80% of theoretical). The kinetic analysis of the decrease in A465 of Fe2Tf in 9 M urea showed that the N-domain unfolded 3 x 10(2) times faster than the C domain. With partially iron-saturated Tf, the decrease of A465 in 9 M urea also proceeded in a biphasic manner and the ratio, the decrement in A465 of the rapid phase/the decrement in A465 of the slow phase, gave the value of iron distribution as Fe at the N-site/Fe at the C-site. PMID- 3182753 TI - Studies on furan fatty acids of salmon roe phospholipids. AB - Mature salmon roe lipids were found to consist of triacylglycerols (63%), phospholipids (30%), sterols (4.2%), steryl esters (0.7%), and other minor components. In the steryl esters and phospholipids, furan fatty acids were detected instead of the triacylglycerols of the testes lipids in male fish. The representative 12,15-epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoic acid (F6) amounted to 3.8% and 0.6% of the total fatty acids in each fraction, respectively. However, the absolute amount of the acid in the phospholipid was much more than that contained in the steryl esters. The characteristic distribution of the furan acids found in the phospholipids was common to the steryl esters in the liver. Large amounts of furan acids were contained in phosphatidylcholine (PC) rather than in phosphatidylethanolamine. For positional analysis of furan fatty acids in PC, furan-containing species in the molecule were concentrated fourteenfold by using selective hydrogenation and repeated silica gel column chromatography. A series of furan fatty acids in PC was found to be exclusively linked to the sn-1 position. The amount of the acids in the roe exclusively linked to the sn-1 position. The amount of the acids in the roe phospholipids was comparable with that in the testes triacylglycerols. The physiological roles of furan fatty acids are discussed. PMID- 3182754 TI - Effect of paratropomyosin on the increase in sarcomere length of rigor-shortened skeletal muscles. AB - Paratropomyosin is a myofibrillar protein believed to weaken rigor linkages formed between actin and myosin. Using glycerinated fibers of rabbit psoas muscles, we studied the effect of paratropomyosin on the weakening of rigor linkages, which was followed in terms of the increase in sarcomere length of rigor-shortened muscles. The rigor tension developed was reduced to about 65% of the initial value within 10 min after the addition of purified paratropomyosin, whereas it remained constant for at least 3.5 h in control fibers. Paratropomyosin showed a stronger effect on the increase in sarcomere length of passively stretched fibers, which developed weaker rigor-tensions. The purpose of our research was to establish a rigor solution which would best permit the observation of the workings of paratropomyosin. The most successful rigor solution contained 0.2-0.25 M KCl, pH 5.5, at 5-10 degrees C. Under these conditions, the sarcomere length was easily increased from 2.4 to 3.6 micron, if rigor-contracted fibers were passively stretched after the addition of purified paratropomyosin. Because the experimental conditions coincide well with those of postmortem muscles, it is very probable that paratropomyosin plays an important role in restoration of the sarcomere length of rigor-shortened muscles, resulting in tenderization of meat during postrigor ageing. PMID- 3182755 TI - Undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase from Micrococcus luteus B-P 26: essential factors for the enzymatic activity. AB - An undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase fraction, which was free of other prenyltransferases and was active without the addition of detergent or phospholipid, was obtained by Sephadex G-100 chromatography of cell-free extracts of Micrococcus luteus B-P 26 cells. The addition of small amounts of Triton X-100 to this fraction caused a marked loss of the enzyme activity, but the activity was gradually restored as further detergent was added. When the enzyme fraction was chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose, the synthase was partially purified, but the activity was not detected unless assayed with addition of the detergent or a lipid fraction of this bacterium. Among the three phospholipids isolated from this bacterium, cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol had a marked effect in activating lipid-depleted undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase, but O lysylphosphatidylglycerol, which occurs prominently in this bacterium, had little effect. PMID- 3182756 TI - A novel anthraquinone ring cleavage enzyme from Aspergillus terreus. AB - An enzyme activity which catalyzes the ring cleavage of the anthraquinone questin to form benzophenone desmethylsulochrin was found in the cell-free extract of Aspergillus terreus, a (+)-geodin producer. The product was identified as desmethylsulochrin by high-resolution mass spectroscopy and chemical carrier dilution analysis. The enzyme showed an absolute requirement of NADPH and molecular oxygen. Therefore, the enzyme, named questin oxygenase, was considered to be classified as a monooxygenase. The optimum pH was around 7.5. The enzyme was very unstable and lost its activity completely after storage overnight at 4 degrees C in 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.5. The instability of the questin oxygenase was partially overcome by the addition of polyols and the non-ionic detergent Tween 80 to the buffer. By DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, two protein fractions, named DE-I and DE-II, were obtained. Neither fraction reacted with questin by itself. However, the combination of DE-I and DE-II reconstituted the questin oxygenase system to convert questin to desmethylsulochrin. This result suggested that the system is not a simple combination of oxygenase and hydrolase, but requires some additional factor(s) such as electron transfer protein. PMID- 3182757 TI - Identification of 10-methylsphinganine in cerebrosides of the guinea pig harderian gland. AB - A large amount of branched long chain bases was detected in the cerebrosides of guinea pig Harderian gland. The long chain bases of cerebrosides were analyzed by GLC as trimethylsilyl derivatives. The branched long chain bases were separated into four peaks (I, II, III, IV) according to the number of carbon atoms and the position of branching. In the present work, the structures of long chain bases in the four peaks were analyzed by GLC and GC-MS after conversion of them to aldehydes, alcohols, and fatty acids. Furthermore the main component of long chain bases (Peak II) was isolated by HPLC as N-acetyl derivatives and analyzed by NMR. The structures of branched long chain bases in Peaks I, II, III, and IV are as follows. Branched long chain bases of Peak I are 2-amino-10- (main component), 2-amino-9-, and 2-amino-8-methylhexadecane-1,3-diol. Branched long chain bases of Peak II also consist of a mixture of 2-amino-10-, 2-amino-9-, and 2-amino-8-methyl-heptadecane-1,3-diol. The branched long chain base of Peak III is 2-amino-10-methyl-octadecane-1,3-diol, while that of Peak IV is 2-amino-16 methyloctadecane-1,3-diol. Among these branched long chain bases, 10 methylsphinganines are dominant though the chain lengths are different. These branched long chain bases, in which the substituted positions exist in the middle part of aliphatic chain (10-, 9-, or 8-methylsphinganine) are novel long chain bases in mammals. PMID- 3182758 TI - Carbohydrate binding specificity of a beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma) lectin. AB - Carbohydrate binding specificity of a lectin, allo A, isolated from a beetle (Allomyrina dichotoma), was investigated by means of lectin affinity chromatography. Sialylated complex-type and hybrid-type oligosaccharides/glycopeptides, and sialyllactose were retained by the column, whereas desialylated ones were retarded but not retained by the column. The association constants of allo A for biantennary oligosaccharides from human serum transferrin, determined by frontal analysis, were 8.0 X 10(5) M-1, 4.5 X 10(5) M 1, and 2.5 X 10(5) M-1 for disialo-, monosialo-, and asialo-oligosaccharides, respectively. Removal of the beta-galactose residues markedly reduced the association constant to 3.5 X 10(3) M-1. Furthermore, allo A was found to have no affinity for mucin-type glycopeptides carrying the sialylated Gal beta 1----3 GalNAc sugar sequence (Ka: 3.5 X 10(3) M-1). The results of this study indicated that allo A strongly binds to the trisaccharide structure, NeuAc alpha 2-3(6)Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc, and that its binding potency is affected by the inner core structures of oligosaccharides and glycopeptides, because the presence of a bisecting N-acetyl-glucosamine residue and an alpha-fucose residue linked to the innermost N-acetylglucosamine residue reduced the association constants for oligosaccharides and glycopeptides. PMID- 3182759 TI - Isolation and characterization of the chick 14K beta-galactoside-binding lectin gene. AB - Vertebrate endogenous lectins have been implicated in cellular interactions that contribute to embryonic development. We have isolated a cloned segment of the gene for chick 14K type beta-galactoside-binding lectin from a genomic DNA library. Analysis of the structure of the cloned gene as well as the results of genomic Southern blot hybridization revealed that the gene is unique and that the mRNA for the lectin is encoded by four exons separated by three introns. The whole sequence spans 3.1 kilobases in the gene. The first exon encodes only two amino acid residues of the N-terminus of the mature protein and the other three exons encode, respectively, one of the three repeating sequences found in this lectin. These facts strongly support the idea that gene duplications have occurred during the evolution of this lectin. The previous study (Y. Ohyama et al. (1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 134, 51-56) suggested that this lectin is not synthesized as a precursor molecule with a cleavable signal sequence at its amino terminus, although it is known to be secreted into the extracellular matrix. Sequence determination of the upstream region of the mRNA indicated that the ATG located just before the codon for the N-terminal amino acid of the mature protein is the actual translation initiator. Thus it was proved that this lectin is synthesized without an N-terminal cleavable signal sequence, as suggested before. PMID- 3182760 TI - Some chemical properties of maitotoxin, a putative calcium channel agonist isolated from a marine dinoflagellate. AB - Maitotoxion, a putative Ca2+ channel agonist, was isolated from cultures of the marine dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus as a colorless amorphous solid. The toxin reacted positively to Dragendorff's reagent but not to ninhydrin reagent. The mouse lethality of maitotoxin determined by intraperitoneal injection was 0.13 micrograms/kg. Chemical features of the toxin were elucidated mainly by various spectroscopic measurements. The molecular weight of maitotoxin as a disodium salt was estimated to be 3,424.5 +/- 0.5 from the negative fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrum. The presence of two sulfate ester groups in the molecule was apparent from the IR and mass spectra, and from analyses of solvolysis products. Despite of its large size, maitotoxin seems to have no known repeating units, such as amino acids and sugars, no carbonyl groups, no side chains other than methyls or an exomethylenes, and no carbocycles. PMID- 3182761 TI - Rotation and protein-protein interactions of cytochrome P-450 in the inner membrane of adrenocortical mitochondria. AB - Rotational diffusion of the total cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc plus P-45011 beta) in bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was examined by observing the decay of absorption anisotropy, r(t), after photolysis of the hemo.CO complex by a vertically polarized laser flash. Analysis of r(t) was based on a "rotation-about membrane normal" model. The measurements were used to investigate intermolecular interactions of cytochrome P-450 with other membrane proteins. The absorption anisotropy decayed within 1 ms to a time-independent value. Rotational diffusion of cytochrome P-450 was dependent on the presence and absence of deoxycorticosterone (DOC), a substrate for cytochrome P-45011 beta. The observed value for the normalized time-independent anisotropy r(infinity)/r(0) and the average rotational relaxation time phi are r(infinity)/r(0) = 0.88 and phi = 233 microseconds when DOC is absent, and r(infinity)/r(0) = 0.65 and phi = 350 microseconds when DOC is present. Judging from the phi value, rotating P-450 is not a monomeric molecule, but would be a small microaggregate with an average diameter of about 120 A. A significantly high value of r(infinity)/r(0) implies co-existence immobile populations of cytochrome P-450. Based on the assumption that the heme angle tilts 55 degrees from the membrane plane (Gut et al. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8588-8594), 65% (when DOC is present) or 88% (when DOC is absent) of cytochrome P-450 in mitochondria is immobilized within the experimental time range of 2 ms due to the presence of immobile protein microaggregates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182762 TI - Amino acid sequence of ferredoxin I from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki. AB - The amino acid sequence of ferredoxin (Fd) I, purified from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki, has been established. Fd I is strikingly similar to Fd III of D. africanus Benghazi with 84% homology. Both have the sequence, -Cys-x-x-Asp-x-x Cys-x-x-x-Cys-Pro- in the N-terminal half, and the sequence, -Cys-x-x-Cys-x-x-Cys x-x-x-Cys-Glu- in the C-terminal half of the molecule, instead of the common sequences for ligation to the usual [4Fe-4S] clusters. Fd I has 76% homology to Fd II of D. desulfuricans Norway. PMID- 3182763 TI - Molecular interaction of bovine kininogen and its derivatives with papain. AB - The molecular interaction of bovine kininogen and its derivatives with papain was investigated. High-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) or low-molecular-weight kininogen (LMWK) and inactive papain treated with N-[N-(L-3-trans-carboxyoxiran-2 carbonyl)-L-leucyl]agmatine (E-64) formed, respectively, a complex, which was dissociable on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The densitometric determination of the bands separated on SDS-PAGE and amino acid analysis of the samples extracted from the electrophoresis gel revealed that the complex between kininogen and papain is formed in a molar ratio of one to one. Moreover, analysis of the inhibition of the caseinolytic activity of papain by these kininogens indicated that HMWK, LMWK, and kinin-free derivatives obtained from both kininogens inhibit active papain with a stoichiometry of 1:1. On the other hand, the papain activity was inhibited by two kinds of cyanogen bromide fragments isolated from the heavy chain of HMWK. These two fragments with Ki values of 38 and 0.64 nM corresponded, respectively, to residue Nos. 47 to 243 and Nos. 244-360 of the HMWK heavy chain. These results suggest that in the intact HMWK and LMWK, one of the two potential reactive sites interacts with papain to form a complex and that the other reactive site becomes active only after separation of the two sites. PMID- 3182764 TI - Immunochemical and histochemical studies on a phosphonoglycosphingolipid, SGL-II, isolated from the sea gastropod Aplysia kurodai. AB - Antiserum was raised against 3-O-MeGal beta 1----3GalNAc alpha 1----3[6' -O-(2 aminoethylphosphonyl)Gal alpha 1----2 (2-aminoethylphosphonyl----6)Gal beta 1--- 4Glc beta 1----1Ceramide (SGL-II) isolated from the skin of a mollusc, Aplysia kurodai. This antiserum reacted with SGL-II and other phosphonoglycosphingolipids of Aplysia such as SGL-I', F-21, and some minor glycolipids on TLC plates, but it did not react with ganglioside or globoside. The sugars recognized were 3-O methylgalactose at the non-reducing end and galactose at the branched chain of the glycolipids. One membrane glycoprotein (Mr 280,000) reacted strongly, and some other proteins reacted weakly with the antiserum. Immunohistochemical examination of the nervous tissues revealed distinct staining in the periganglionic tissue of the ganglia, and the perineural sheath of the proximal portion of the peripheral nerves. The neuropil and satellite cells were also stained. In the skin, subcutaneous connective tissues were moderately stained, and the cytoplasm of small mononuclear cells and foamy cells was also stained. The staining patterns were essentially the same in paraffin and cryostat sections. From the findings with sections pretreated with chloroform-methanol (2 : 1, v/v), it was suggested that the periganglionic and perineural stainings were due to glycoproteins, including an SDS-soluble glycoprotein of Mr 280,000, while those of the other regions were due to SGL-II and glycolipids immunologically related to SGL-II. The stainings in the skin sections were largely due to glycoproteins. PMID- 3182765 TI - Purification and some properties of membrane-bound phospholipase B from Torulaspora delbrueckii. AB - Membrane-bound phospholipase B was purified to a homogeneous state from Torulaspora delbrueckii cell homogenate. Cell homogenate was extracted with Triton X-100, and the enzyme was precipitated with acetone. The acetone powder was washed repeatedly with Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) until no phospholipae B activity was detected in the soluble fraction. The enzyme was extracted with Triton X-100 from the final residue and purified about 1,390-fold by sequential chromatofocusing, Sepharose 6B, and DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography. The final preparation showed a single broad protein band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis when stained with silver stain reagent and PAS-reagent. The molecular weight of phospholipase B was about 390,000 and 140,000-190,000 as estimated by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively, suggesting that phospholipase B is an oligomeric protein. The isoelectric point was at pH 4.5. Phospholipase B has two pH optima, one acidic (pH 2.5-3.0) and the other alkaline (pH 7.2-8.0). At acidic pH the phospholipase B activity was greatly increased in the presence of divalent metal ions, although metal ions are not a factor for enzyme activity. On the other hand, at alkaline pH the enzyme required Ca2+ or Mn2+ for activity. The pH- and thermal-stabilities at both pHs were similar. The phospholipase B hydrolyzed all diacylphospholipids tested at acidic pH, but hydrolyzed only phosphatidylcholine at alkaline pH. The hydrolysis rates of lysophospholipids were much higher (about 10-fold) than those of diacylphospholipids at both pHs. PMID- 3182766 TI - Induction of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase in serum-starved HeLa S3 cells by growth factors and its role in growth regulation. AB - When serum-starved HeLa S3 cells were stimulated to proliferate by addition of fetal calf serum (FCS), (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5A synthetase) activity was induced. Although no interferon (IFN) activity was detectable in the HeLa S3 cell-conditioned culture medium after growth stimulation, addition of anti-IFN-beta monoclonal antibody inhibited both the expression of the 2-5A synthetase gene and the production of the enzyme, suggesting that endogenous IFN beta was involved in 2-5A synthetase induction. Purified preparations of three growth factors, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and insulin, also induced 2-5A synthetase through IFN-beta. When serum-starved HeLa S3 cells were treated with FCS, DNA synthesis was initiated synchronously, with peaks after 12 and 32 h, although the level of 2-5A synthetase reached a maximum after the first peak of DNA synthesis. Inhibition of 2-5A synthetase induction by anti-IFN-beta antibody enhanced the second, but not the first cycle of DNA synthesis. These results suggested that in HeLa S3 cells, after stimulation with growth factors the IFN/2-5A synthetase system played a role in cell growth negative regulatory mechanisms. PMID- 3182767 TI - The sites on calmodulin cross-linked to myosin light chain kinase and troponin I with water-soluble carbodiimide. AB - To elucidate the interaction of calmodulin with calmodulin binding proteins, we studied the location of the interaction sites on calmodulin by using a chemical cross-linking reagent. Calmodulin prepared from wheat germ was cross-linked to myosin light chain kinase and troponin-I with 1-ethyl-3-[3 (dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide. The cross-linked products were cleaved partially with cyanogen bromide and cross-linked sites were determined by peptide mapping analysis using SDS-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Peptides which contain the cross-linked site were displaced from their position because of the attached fragments of myosin light chain kinase or troponin I. The peptide of calmodulin from the N-terminal to Met-73 in the cross-linked product with myosin light chain kinase had the same mobility as that of uncross-linked calmodulin on the map though the amount of the peptide was decreased in the cross-linked product. The peptide from the N-terminal to Met-110 in the cross-linked product was displaced from its position. Similar change in the mobility of the calmodulin peptides was also observed in the cross-linked products with troponin I. It was concluded, therefore, that at least one cross-linked site for myosin light chain kinase and one for troponin I were located between Met-73 and Met-110 of the wheat germ calmodulin. PMID- 3182768 TI - Effects of silver ion on the calcium-induced calcium release channel in isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum. AB - Ag+-induced Ca2+ release in isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was studied by the stopped flow method monitoring chlortetracycline fluorescence change. After improving the experimental procedure, the initial rate of Ca2+ release could be determined more precisely than before. Micromolar concentrations of Ag+ specifically enhanced Ca2+ efflux from heavy fraction of SR vesicles (HSR). This specific effect was referred to as Ag+-induced calcium release. The Ag+-induced Ca2+ efflux was activated by caffeine and ATP, but was inhibited by Mg2+ and procaine. Further, Ag+ enhanced the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release over the whole range of Ca2+ concentrations, similarly to ATP. Parallel to Ca2+ efflux, Mg2+ efflux, measured by the same method, was also activated by Ag+. Choline permeability determined by the light scattering method was also activated by Ag+. The results suggest that Ag+ binds to the activation site of the Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release channel and opens the channel. The Ag+ binding site is different from the Ca2+ binding site but similar to the ATP binding site. PMID- 3182769 TI - Primary structure of a non-secretory ribonuclease from bovine kidney. AB - The primary structure of a non-secretory ribonuclease from bovine kidney (RNase K2) was determined. The sequence determined was VPKGLTKARWFEIQHIQPRLLQCNKAMSGV NNYTQHCKPENTFLHNVFQDVTAVCDMPNIICKNGRHNCHQSPKPVNLTQCNFIAGRYPDC RYHDDAQYKFFIVACDPPQKTDPPYHLVPVHLDKYF. The sequence homology with human non secretory RNase, bovine pancreatic RNase, and human secretory RNase are 46, 34.6, and 32.3%, respectively. The bovine kidney RNase has two inserted sequences, a tripeptide at the N-terminus and a heptapeptide between the 113th and 114th position of bovine pancreatic RNase; on the other hand, it is deleted of the hexapeptide consisting of the 17th to the 22nd amino acid residue of RNase A. The amino acid residues assumed to be the constituents of the bovine pancreatic RNase active site are all conserved except F120 (L in RNase K2). PMID- 3182770 TI - Fluorescence titration and fluorescence stopped-flow studies of skeletal muscle troponin-nonpolymerizable tropomyosin complex. AB - The midpoint pCa value of the fluorescence titration curve of the complex of 2 [4'-iodoacetamido)anilino)-naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid-labeled troponin (IAANS Tn) and nonpolymerizable tropomyosin (NPTm) was much larger than that for the complex of Tn containing dansylaziridine-labeled troponin C (DANZ-TnC) and NPTm. The midpoint was pCa 8.25 for the former protein and 6.80 for the latter protein in 0.1 M KCl, 50 mM Na-cacodylate-HCl (pH 7.0); and pCa 7.90 for the former protein and 6.70 for the latter protein in the presence of 3 mM MgCl2 in the same solvent system. The time course of the fluorescence intensity change of the protein complex subsequent to rapid decrease of free Ca2+ concentration of the solution was measured with a stopped-flow spectrophotometer: The process was exponential and its rate constant was 9.9 s-1 for IAANS-Tn-NPTm at pCa 8.95 and 26.6 s-1 for Tn(DANZ-TnC)-NPTm at pCa 8.99 in the absence of MgCl2 in the same solvent system as in the fluorescence titration experiment. IAANS binds to Cys 133 of TnI and DANZ to Met-25 in the low affinity Ca2+-binding sites of TnC. These results suggest that IAANS bound to Cys-133 of TnI does not directly detect the Ca2+-binding to the low affinity Ca2+-binding site of TnC, but does detect the conformational change of the Tn-NPTm complex induced by the Ca2+ binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182771 TI - Overlapping transcriptional units on the same strand within the murine beta glucuronidase gene complex. AB - We have identified and partially characterized a complex transcriptional unit within the murine beta-glucuronidase gene complex on chromosome 5. On the same strand and within the first intron of the beta-glucuronidase structural gene, Gus s, we observe an RNA polymerase II promoter motif. That sequences within this carefully defined region can promote RNA polymerase II transcription is supported by results of in vitro transcriptional runoff assays and by expression of a linked reporter gene in both cultured cells and transgenic mice. Results of RNA blot hybridization and S1 nuclease protection studies reveal a 2.2-kilobase processed liver transcript which is initiated just downstream of the promoter motif and sharing little, if any, sequence with the 2.7-kilobase beta glucuronidase mRNA. Both RNA species are found in liver where beta-glucuronidase is known to be expressed in all cell types. To our knowledge, this is the first description of eukaryotic mRNAs from overlapping transcription units which share the same strand yet exhibit little, if any, sequence similarity. A possible regulatory relationship between these overlapping structural genes is discussed. PMID- 3182772 TI - The human H1 histone gene FNC16 is functionally expressed in proliferating HeLa S3 cells and is down-regulated during terminal differentiation in HL60 cells. AB - The human H1 histone gene FNC16 resides in a 2.7-kb EcoRI fragment present in a histone gene cluster that also contains one copy of each of the core (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) histone genes. The cap site for FNC16 H1 mRNA is located 58 nucleotides upstream of the ATG translational start codon, and S1 nuclease protection analysis clearly distinguishes between correctly initiated FNC16 transcripts and transcripts from other nonidentical H1 histone genes. We have observed, using S1 analysis, that the FNC16 H1 histone gene is expressed in a replication-dependent manner in HeLa cells and is expressed in proliferating, but down-regulated in differentiated, HL60 cells. Similar results were found in HeLa S3 and HL60 cells for the cell cycle-dependent human H4 histone gene FO108. Nuclear extracts derived from HeLa S3 cells are capable of directing FNC16 H1 histone gene transcription in vitro. This finding is consistent with previous work that established at least two sites for protein-DNA interaction in vitro in the proximal promoter region of this gene. We have observed a difference in the extent to which the FNC16 H1 histone gene is expressed in HeLa S3 and proliferating HL60 cells, which suggests that this H1 gene is differentially regulated in various cell types. Although results reported for a potentially identical human H1 histone gene designated Hh8C (LaBella, F., Zhong, R., and Heintz, N. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2115-2118) support differential regulation of human H1 genes in various cell types, their observations that the Hh8C gene is not expressed in HeLa cells and that the restriction patterns differ indicate that FNC16 and Hh8C are different H1 genes. PMID- 3182773 TI - Guanine nucleotide-dependent carboxyl methylation of mammalian membrane proteins. AB - A guanine nucleotide-dependent protein carboxyl methylation is demonstrated in mammalian cell membranes. The methylation of membrane proteins of Mr 20,000 23,000 requires S-adenosylmethionine, GTP or nonhydrolyzable GTP analogs, and a cytoplasmic methyltransferase. The protein methyl groups are stable at neutral pH and under basic conditions hydrolyze to produce methanol. The specific methyl acceptor proteins and methyltransferases varied between tissues and cell types, suggesting that these methylations have cell-specific functions. The guanine nucleotide-dependent carboxyl methylations provide a possible mechanism for regulating the function of GTP-binding membrane proteins in the transduction of receptor-mediated signals of eukaryotic cells. PMID- 3182774 TI - cDNA cloning and sequence of a new type of actin in mouse B16 melanoma. AB - Parent B16 melanoma and B16-F1 cell lines express a third actin (Ax) in addition to beta- and gamma-actin. It has the same molecular mass (43,000 daltons) and a more acidic isoelectric point (pI = 5.2) than the latter two actins (pI = 5.3) (Taniguchi, S., Kawano, T., Kakunaga, T., and Baba, T. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 6100-6106). We constructed a cDNA library from poly(A)+ RNA of B16-F1 and then isolated Ax actin candidate clones. According to the nucleotide sequencing analysis for one of the candidate clones, pMA 30, the predicted amino acid sequence was composed of 375 amino acids and was similar to that of beta-actin, but differed at the 28th amino acid in that leucine replaced the arginine of beta actin. When RNA synthesized from the clone pMA 30 with the SP6 transcription system was translated in vitro using reticulocyte lysate, we identified a polypeptide which had the same isoelectric point and molecular weight as Ax actin; the polypeptide had binding activity to DNase I, a common characteristic of native actin. These observations provide evidence that the clone pMA 30 encodes the mRNA for Ax actin. In the nucleotide sequence of the Ax cDNA, there are: 1) one base change in the coding region which causes a loss of the SmaI site and an amino acid exchange, as mentioned above; 2) four deletion sites in the 3' noncoding region; 3) one insertion site in the 3'-noncoding region; and 4) one base change in the 5'-noncoding region, as compared with hitherto known mouse beta-actin cDNA. These differences between Ax and beta-actin cDNA indicate that the Ax actin is encoded by an unique gene set, independent of beta-actin. PMID- 3182775 TI - Osmotic regulation of prolactin secretion. Possible role of chloride. AB - The role of osmotic pressure in the exocytosis of prolactin from rat pituitary tumor (GH) cells in culture was investigated. Reducing the osmotic strength of the medium from 300 mosm to 150 mosm by removal of NaCl did not alter basal secretion of prolactin but inhibited secretion stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and forskolin. Both basal and stimulated secretion of prolactin were inhibited by increasing the osmotic strength of the medium with NaCl (IC50 at approximately 500 mosm). The stimulated release of hormone from GH cells was independent of sodium and unaffected by replacement of sodium ion with tetramethylammonium or choline, or by addition of 500 nM tetrodotoxin. Secretagogue-stimulated release was, however, dependent upon chloride. Exchange of medium chloride with benzoate or isethionate significantly inhibited the stimulated release of prolactin (IC50 at approximately 60 mM exchange) regardless of the secretagogue utilized (phorbol ester, forskolin, depolarization plus BAY K8644, or TRH). Exchange of medium chloride with either isethionate or benzoate reduced cell volume by 10% compared to 60% for sucrose and mannitol, suggesting that inhibition of secretion by isethionate exchange was not a result of increased intracellular osmotic pressure. Complete exchange of medium chloride with isethionate did not alter equilibrium [3H]methyl-TRH binding, resting internal [Ca2+], or the [Ca2+]i response to depolarization and TRH as measured with intracellularly trapped Fura 2. Chloride removal did not change resting internal pH and recovery from an acid load as measured by the intracellular pH sensitive dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein. The stimulated secretion of prolactin was also inhibited by exchange of chloride with isethionate in normal pituitary cells in primary culture and the ability of normal cells to respond to the dopamine agonist bromocryptine was not affected by the exchange. These results suggest that exocytosis of prolactin from GH-cells and normal pituitary cells in culture is an osmotically driven process that is chloride-dependent. Stimulated release is more chloride-dependent than constitutive release. The inhibitory effect of isethionate substitution occurs after signal transduction and is distinct from the site of dopamine inhibition of prolactin release. PMID- 3182776 TI - Structure, turnover, and heme-mediated suppression of the level of mRNA encoding rat liver delta-aminolevulinate synthase. AB - lambda gt11 cDNA libraries were constructed with poly(A)+ RNA preparations from both porphyric chicken and rat livers. A cDNA which encodes chicken hepatic delta aminolevulinate synthase was cloned by screening with an anti-chicken liver delta aminolevulinate synthase antibody. Using this cDNA as a probe, cDNAs encoding the entire protein coding sequence of rat hepatic delta-aminolevulinate synthase were then cloned. The complete nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs have been determined. The result predicts that the rat hepatic pre-delta-aminolevulinate synthase comprises 642 amino acids. We measured the half-life of the hepatic delta aminolevulinate synthase mRNA by RNA blot hybridization analysis using allylisopropylacetamide-induced porphyric rats as an experimental model and the rat cDNA as a hybridization probe. The half-life of the mRNA determined by the injection of alpha-amanitin is as short as 20 min. This value is significantly shorter than the estimated half-lives of most other mRNAs in the differentiated tissues of animals. The effect of hemin administration on the level of hepatic delta-amino-levulinate synthase mRNA was also examined. The half-disappearance time of the mRNA after the hemin administration was essentially the same as that determined by alpha-amanitin or actinomycin D, and no additive effect was observed between alpha-amanitin and hemin on the half-life determination. The results provide convincing evidence that heme inhibits the transcription of delta aminolevulinate synthase mRNA. PMID- 3182777 TI - Transcription of a U6 small nuclear RNA gene in vitro. Transcription of a mouse U6 small nuclear RNA gene in vitro by RNA polymerase III is dependent on transcription factor(s) different from transcription factors IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC. AB - U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA), an essential component of the eukaryotic spliceosomes, is unique in that it is synthesized by RNA polymerase III, while all other U-snRNAs are synthesized by RNA polymerase II. U6 genes are notable for functional upstream regulatory elements which resemble RNA polymerase II regulatory sequence motifs. In this study, the optimal conditions for transcription of the U6 snRNA gene in vitro were found to be similar to conditions optimal for transcription of 5S RNA genes. To purify the trans-acting factors necessary for the transcription of the U6 RNA gene, HeLa cell extracts were fractionated on a DEAE-Sephadex column, and three fractions, designated DE 50, DE-175, and DE-500, were obtained by stepwise elution with 50, 175, and 500 mM ammonium sulfate, respectively. DE-175 fraction transcribed tRNA and 5S RNA genes but not a mouse U6 RNA gene. Complementation of the DE-175 fraction with the DE-50 fraction resulted in the transcription of the U6 RNA gene. Experiments in which the transcription factor (TFIIIA) was selectively inactivated indicated that TFIIIA is not required for the transcription of the U6 RNA gene. These results show that the U6 snRNA gene, although transcribed by RNA polymerase III, differs from tRNA and 5S RNA genes in that factors other than TFIIIA, -IIIB, and IIIC are required for U6 gene transcription in vitro. PMID- 3182778 TI - Acetyl-CoA pathway of autotrophic growth. Identification of the methyl-binding site of the CO dehydrogenase. AB - CO dehydrogenase, a key enzyme of the acetyl-CoA pathway of autotrophic growth, has been methylated using 14CH3I or 14CH3-corrinoid enzyme plus ferredoxin. Acetyl-CoA was synthesized from the resulting 14CH3-CO dehydrogenase, CO, and CoASH, with about 50% yield of the available 14C and without addition of other enzymes except CO dehydrogenase disulfide reductase. Even the reductase could be replaced by dithioerythritol. Amino acid analysis of the 14CH3-CO dehydrogenase showed two radioactive peaks, one of which migrated as S-methylcysteine but very close to the methyl ester of glutamic acid. By oxidation with H2O2, the radioactive component of this peak was identified as S-methylcysteine sulfone. Amino acid analysis of the 14CH3-CO dehydrogenase after synthesis of acetyl-CoA demonstrated that there was a large decrease in radioactivity of the peak containing the S-methyl-cysteine. The compound present in the second peak has not been identified; there was no decrease in its radioactivity. By nonreducing gel electrophoresis of the 14CH3-CO dehydrogenase, followed by autoradiography, it was shown that the beta subunit is the methyl acceptor. These results demonstrate that a cysteine of the beta subunit is the methyl acceptor and that CO dehydrogenase per se catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA. PMID- 3182779 TI - Translation of beta-tubulin mRNA in vitro generates multiple molecular forms. AB - We describe the in vitro expression and characterization of the isolated beta tubulin subunit in rabbit reticulocyte lysates and compare its assembly and chromatographic properties with that of the isolated alpha-subunit and the tubulin heterodimer. The beta-tubulin polypeptides, derived from a single chicken beta-tubulin cDNA, were found in three distinct molecular forms: a multimeric or lysate-associated form, beta I (Mr approximately 180,000); the free beta-subunit beta II (Mr approximately 55,000); and the hybrid heterodimer alpha(rabbit) beta(chick), beta III (Mr approximately 80,000-100,000). The hybrid heterodimers were 100% assembly competent, whereas beta-tubulin in the "associated" beta I and the monomeric beta II forms displayed only approximately 70 +/- 15 and 25 +/- 10% competence, respectively, in coassembly assays with bovine brain tubulin. This reduced functionality was not a consequence of diminished beta-subunit stability or protein denaturation. By comparing the elution positions of the three beta forms, the monomeric alpha-subunit, and tubulin dimer purified from bovine brain, we demonstrate that anion-exchange columns (Mono-Q) interact preferentially with the alpha-subunit and chromatograph tubulin dimer on the basis of alpha-subunit isotype. The rate of exchange of the free beta-subunit into bovine tubulin dimer was followed chromatographically. The exchange was slow at 4 degrees C and rapid at 37 degrees C where it is essentially complete in 40 min in the presence of 2.5 mg/ml bovine microtubule protein. Exogenous GTP, a potent effector of microtubule assembly, binds exchangeably to beta II and enhances the recovery of this form from the Mono-Q column, suggesting that GTP binding may occur at identical sites in the isolated beta-subunit and in the tubulin heterodimer. PMID- 3182780 TI - Intrahepatocellular site of the catabolism of heme and globin moiety of hemoglobin-haptoglobin after intravenous administration to rats. AB - The intracellular site of incorporation and degradation of heme and globin moiety of hemoglobin-haptoglobin in rat liver cells was investigated in vivo. Hemoglobin haptoglobin, administered intravenously to rats, is cleared from the circulation and incorporated exclusively into liver parenchymal cells through the receptor specific for the molecule (Kino, K., Tsunoo, H., Higa, Y., Takami, M., Hamaguchi, H., and Nakajima, H. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 9616-9620). Intracellular distribution of radioactivity was determined after intravenous administration of [3H-Heme,14C-Globin]hemoglobin-haptoglobin to rats. The doubly labeled hemoglobin haptoglobin was incorporated first in organelles of lower anodic mobility in carrier-free electrophoresis and of low density (density range, 1.05-1.07 g/ml) in Percoll density gradient centrifugation recovered in Golgi subfractions of the liver cells in a substantially intact form. In the subsequent stages, these organelles progressively acquired a higher anodic mobility as well as higher density, presumably through fusion with other organelles. In the resulting organelles of higher anodic mobility in electrophoresis and high density (density range, 1.07-1.15 g/ml) in Percoll, the hemoglobin-haptoglobin first dissociated symmetrically into two 82,000-dalton subunits having intact heme, and then the organelles containing only 3H radioactivity but no 14C radioactivity were separated by electrophoresis. Most of the 3H radioactive materials in these organelles are identified as intact [3H]heme. These investigations suggest that the heme moiety of hemoglobin-haptoglobin in the organelles is detached from globin-haptoglobin and binds to another carrier protein prior to conversion of heme to bilirubin. PMID- 3182781 TI - Ca2+ priming during vitamin D-induced monocytic differentiation of a human leukemia cell line. AB - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) induces monocytic differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia line, HL-60, and enhances Ca2+ transport in target cells of the mineral metabolism system. Hence, we determined whether the steroid's maturational effect on HL-60 involves alterations of intracellular calcium [( Ca2+]i). We found that, as detected by indo-1 fluorescence, [Ca2+]i increases in a slow tonic manner from 99 +/- 11 nM in virgin HL-60 to 182 +/- 19 nM (p less than 0.001) in those treated with 1,25-(OH)2D3 for 24 h. The first apparent rise in [Ca2+]i occurs at between 6 and 12 h and parallels expression of alpha-thrombin and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) receptors. This increase in [Ca2+]i is derived from extracellular calcium as its reduction abolishes the effect. The increase in [Ca2+]i is associated with an increase in inositol trisphosphate-stimulated Ca2+ flux from intracellular stores. Interestingly, 1,25-(OH)2D3-mediated HL-60 differentiation as manifest by expression of the macrophage-specific antigen, 63D3, is not blocked by low extracellular calcium. In contrast, the fMLP-induced superoxide ion generation is diminished if the increase in [Ca2+]i is prevented. Furthermore, fMLP-stimulated signal transduction is also reduced by limiting the stimulation of [Ca2+]i during 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment. Thus, although differentiation of HL-60 to the monocytic phenotype by 1,25-(OH)2D3 is Ca2+-independent, expression of response to regulatory stimuli requires priming of cellular Ca2+ stores. The latter appears to be induced by 1,25-(OH)2D3 via stimulated Ca2+ entry through the plasma membrane. PMID- 3182782 TI - Purification and identification of [hydroxyprolyl3]bradykinin in ascitic fluid from a patient with gastric cancer. AB - Kinins in the ascitic fluid from a patient with gastric cancer were purified by gel filtration and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two fractions (fractions I and II) showed kinin activity. Fraction I did not correspond to either bradykinin or other known kinins, whereas fraction II corresponded to bradykinin. Fraction I contained 8 amino acid residues from bradykinin minus 1 proline plus 1 additional hydroxyproline. Sequence analysis of fraction I showed that the proline at the third amino acid residue of bradykinin was replaced by hydroxyproline. The retention time of fraction I on reversed phase HPLC was exactly the same as that of synthetic [hydroxyprolyl3]bradykinin (Arg-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Phe-Ser-Pro-Phe-Arg) and was distinguishable from des-Pro3 bradykinin. Thus, these results demonstrate for the first time the presence of [hydroxyprolyl3]bradykinin in vivo. This is also the first report of the presence of bradykinin in human tumor ascites. PMID- 3182783 TI - Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene for the ribosomal protein S11 from the archaebacterium Halobacterium marismortui. AB - The gene encoding ribosomal protein S11 (Escherichia coli S15 homologue) from Halobacterium marismortui was cloned employing two synthetic oligonucleotide mixtures, 23 and 32 bases in length, as hybridization probes. The nucleotide sequence of the gene and the adjacent 5'- and 3'-flanking regions (1300 base pairs) were then determined by the dideoxy chain termination method. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the H. marismortui S11 gene with that of the E. coli S15 gene (rpsO) showed that the 3'-end of the S11 gene can be aligned with the entire E. coli S15 gene, sharing 44% identical nucleotides. It has been found that the S11 gene has a higher G + C content (G + C = 65%) than that of the E. coli S15 gene (G + C = 53%). This increase in G + C content specifically shows up as a preference for G + C in the 3rd position of the codon. Upstream of the S11 gene, an archaebacterial promoter sequence (GGACTTTCA) and a putative ribosomal binding site (GCGGT) have been found, 88 and 15 (or 24) base pairs from the initiation codon of the gene. In addition, an open reading frame could be identified immediately after the stop codon for the S11 gene. Northern blotting analysis using the S11 coding region as probe has shown that the S11 gene is located on a 2.4-kilobase mRNA, suggesting that it is cotranscribed with other downstream gene(s). PMID- 3182784 TI - A novel cGMP-dependent protein kinase from Paramecium. AB - An unusual monomeric cGMP-dependent protein kinase, enriched in cilia, was isolated from Paramecium cilia and whole cells. Cilia and whole cell extracts had relatively high ratios of cGMP-dependent to cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity (1:2). The calculated molecular weight of the native enzyme was 88,000. The enzyme was identified on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as a 77,000 molecular weight band based on copurification of this protein with enzyme activity, 8-N3-[32P]cAMP labeling, and autophosphorylation. Based on the size of the native enzyme, it was concluded that the kinase is a monomer with cGMP binding and catalytic activities on the same polypeptide. Dimer-sized cGMP dependent protein kinase, like that of the well characterized mammalian enzyme, was never seen, despite stringent efforts to control proteolysis. The structure of the Paramecium cGMP-dependent protein kinase supports a model in which the dimeric vertebrate form of the enzyme evolved from an early monomeric form. The catalytic properties of the Paramecium enzyme differed in several respects from those of the mammalian enzyme: it could use GTP or ATP as the phosphoryl donor, it did not phosphorylate Kemptide effectively, and it had poor histone kinase activity with high Mg2+ concentrations. Quercertin, 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate, indomethacin, and the isoquinolinesulfonamide drug H7 inhibited Paramecium cGMP dependent protein kinase activity. The enzyme had fast and slow binding sites (with kd values of 5-10 x 10(-3)s-1 and 0.44 x 10(-3)s-1) and showed an order of preference for cyclic nucleotides and cyclic nucleotide analogs similar to that of the mammalian enzyme. PMID- 3182785 TI - Oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic studies of carbonmonoxyperoxidases. AB - We have obtained oxygen-17 (17O) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of C17O ligands bound to ferrous horseradish peroxidase isozyme A, isozyme C, and ferrous chloroperoxidase, as a function of pH. Our results show that the peroxidases exist in two distinct states, the acidic and alkaline forms, which undergo reversible acid-base-induced transitions characterized by a single pK value. The two forms are characterized spectroscopically in much the same way in all three proteins, suggesting a similar structural origin for the transition process. In particular, the 17O NMR signal of the acidic form is approximately 7 ppm more shielded than that of the alkaline form, and the CO ligand in the acidic form appears to have a smaller 17O nuclear quadrupole coupling constant than that of the alkaline form. We have also obtained the pK values and exchange rates for all three peroxidases. The results indicate that a similar structural change may be involved in the transition process in all three peroxidases. PMID- 3182786 TI - Purification and characterization of a ribonuclease from human liver. AB - The major ribonuclease of human liver has been isolated in a four-step procedure. The protein appears homogeneous by several criteria. The amino acid composition and the amino-terminal sequence of the enzyme indicate that the protein is related to human pancreatic ribonuclease and to angiogenin, and that it may be identical with an eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and to a ribonuclease that has been isolated from urine. The catalytic activity of the liver ribonuclease and its sensitivity to iodoacetic acid inactivation also relate the enzyme to the pancreatic RNases, but the liver protein is clearly differentiated by immunological measurements. Antibodies to the liver ribonuclease inhibit its activity, but not that of the human pancreatic enzyme; cross-reactivity in a radioimmunological assay is small but measurable. Immunochemical measurements have been used to examine the distribution of the liver-type protein in other tissues. Inhibition of enzyme activity by anti-liver ribonuclease shows that a cross-reactive enzyme is predominant in extracts of spleen and is a significant component in kidney preparations, while the liver-type protein is almost absent in brain or pancreas homogenates. Cross-reactive ribonuclease is present in serum, but levels are not correlated with any of the disease states examined. PMID- 3182787 TI - Androgen dependence of specific kallikrein gene family members expressed in rat prostate. AB - We have used oligonucleotide probes specific for members of the rat kallikrein/tonin gene family (PS, S1, S2, S3, K1, and P1) to establish which arginyl esteropeptidase (kallikrein-like) genes are expressed in the prostate. We have also compared the expression and androgen dependence of these genes in prostate, submaxillary gland (SMG) and kidney. Only S3 (tonin-like) and P1 (kallikrein-like) are expressed in the prostate, with S3 very much more abundant. Prostatic S3 mRNA disappears after 8 days castration and is restored to intact levels by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) but not estradiol benzoate (EB) for 8 days. Prostate P1 mRNA levels were similarly but not identically affected. All six genes are expressed in the SMG, with PS (true kallikrein) the most abundant. Levels of PS mRNA in SMG are unaffected by castration, DHT, or EB treatment, although mRNA levels of other kallikrein-like (S1, K1, and P1), tonin (S2), and tonin-like (S3) genes fall 40-60% after castration, and are unaffected or partially restored by DHT and/or EB administration. Only PS and K1 are expressed in the kidney, at much lower levels than in the SMG and unaffected by castration or steroids. These studies thus confirm and extend the concept of tissue specificity of arginyl esteropeptidase gene expression, and further demonstrate that the same gene(s) is differentially regulated by androgens in the rat prostate, SMG, and kidney. PMID- 3182788 TI - The cooperative antioxidant role of glutathione with a lipid-soluble and a water soluble antioxidant during peroxidation of liposomes initiated in the aqueous phase and in the lipid phase. AB - A study is made of the effect of GSH as a co-antioxidant with vitamin E during free radical chain autoxidation inhibition studies of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) liposomes. Oxidations are initiated in the aqueous phase with azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) and in the bilayer phase of DLPC with azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) under known conditions of the rate of free radical chain initiation (Ri). In reactions initiated in the aqueous phase, GSH is not an efficient antioxidant when acting alone; however, in cooperation with vitamin E in the bilayers, it does effect significant extensions of the efficient induction period of vitamin E. Quantitative studies show that GSH "spares" 0.4 molecules of vitamin E in the bilayer/molecule of GSH and therefore terminates approximately 0.8 peroxyl radical chains as a co-antioxidant with vitamin E. In contrast, GSH is not an effective co-antioxidant with an efficient water-soluble antioxidant, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2 carboxylate (Trolox). GSH spares only 0.08 molecules of Trolox/molecule of GSH during autoxidation initiated in the aqueous phase with azobis(2-amidinopropane hydrochloride). The inhibition rate constant for GSH in trapping aqueous phase peroxyls is at least an order of magnitude less than that of Trolox. When peroxidation is initiated in the bilayer phase of DLPC with azobis(2,4 dimethylvaleronitrile), GSH is not an effective co-antioxidant with either vitamin E in the bilayer or Trolox in the water. Comparatively higher ratios of GSH to E (GSH/E = 50) or Trolox (GSH/Trolox = 30) are required to give significant extensions of the E or Trolox induction periods. GSH is estimated to preserve only approximately one vitamin E or Trolox molecule for a hundred GSH for peroxidations initiated in the DLPC bilayers. From the kinetic studies and GSH decay studies during inhibition periods, it is concluded that GSH does not act synergistically by regenerating ArOH from the phenoxyl, ArO, radical of vitamin E or Trolox. The mode of antioxidant action of GSH is concluded to be that of trapping peroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase and thereby indirectly sparing vitamin E in the bilayer. PMID- 3182789 TI - Asparagine-linked oligosaccharides containing poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains are preferentially bound by immobilized calf heart agglutinin. AB - We have investigated the carbohydrate-binding specificity of a mammalian lectin, calf heart agglutinin, by determining the interaction of the immobilized lectin with a variety of complex-type Asn-linked oligosaccharides. Our results demonstrate that calf-heart agglutinin binds with high affinity to oligosaccharides containing the repeating disaccharide (3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1)n or poly-N-acetyllactosamine sequence and that the presence of terminal beta linked galactosyl residues is neither sufficient nor necessary for high affinity interactions. PMID- 3182790 TI - Structural stability of the erythrocyte anion transporter, band 3, in different lipid environments. A differential scanning calorimetric study. AB - In order to understand how subtle variations in lipid structure can influence the stability of an integral membrane protein, the purified, delipidated anion transport domain of human erythrocyte band 3 was reconstituted into a series of well-defined lipids and examined by differential scanning calorimetry. From the calorimetric scans, plots of denaturation temperature (Tm), enthalpy (delta Hd), and heat capacity (delta Cdp) as a function of phospholipid chain length, degree of unsaturation, headgroup type, and cholesterol content were constructed. The data show that the stability of the 55,000-dalton membrane-spanning domain of band 3 is exquisitely sensitive to the acyl chain length of its phospholipid environment, increasing almost linearly from a Tm of 47 degrees C in dimyristoleylphosphatidylcholine (C14:1) to 66 degrees C in dinervonylphosphatidylcholine (C24:1). The integral domain was also found to be significantly stabilized by increasing the degree of saturation of the fatty acyl chains and by elevating the cholesterol content of the membrane. Although band 3 was native in all reconstituted lipid systems, the transport protein's stability was clearly much greater in zwitterionic lipids (phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine) than anionic lipids (phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol). Enthalpy and delta Cdp values were generally within the ranges expected of globular proteins in the various reconstituted systems, except the values for the anionic and polyunsaturated phospholipids were anomalously low. Much of the data can be accounted for by the hypothesis that band 3 has a long hydrophobic cross-section and that a close match between the hydrophobic zone of the membrane-spanning protein and the nonpolar region of the bilayer is necessary for maximum protein stability. Because the integral domain of band 3 may be structurally representative of a larger group of transport proteins, the data should be useful in interpreting structural observations on protein-lipid interactions in other membrane systems. PMID- 3182791 TI - Isolation and mapping of the beta-hydroxyacyl dehydratase activity of chicken liver fatty acid synthase. AB - Chicken liver fatty acid synthase is cleaved by kallikrein into polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 10,000 to 100,000. Fractionation of the digest by ammonium sulfate and chromatography on a Matrix Red A affinity column resulted in the isolation of a polypeptide (Mr = 26,000) containing the beta-hydroxyacyl dehydratase activity, but no other partial activities normally associated with the fatty acid synthase. The specific activity of the dehydratase increased 9 to 12 times in this fraction, an increase that is within the expected range based on relative molecular weight. Kinetic parameters of the purified dehydratase toward the model substrate, crotonyl-CoA, showed no change in apparent Km values and a 12-fold increase in Vmax values as compared to dehydratase activity of the intact synthase. However, the purified fragment did not catalyze the hydration of the crotonyl-N-acetylcysteamine derivative, a substrate that is readily hydrated by the intact synthase. Antibodies against the purified 26-kDa fragment cross-react with the intact synthase and the hydratase-containing fragments produced at all stages of digestion with kallikrein or trypsin as shown by Western blot analyses. The results show that the beta-hydroxyl dehydratase activity of the fatty acid synthase is located in the reduction Domain II (Tsukamoto, Y., Wong, H., Mattick, J. S., and Wakil, S. J. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 15312-15322) of the synthase subunit. PMID- 3182792 TI - Deletion analysis of the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene promoter. AB - Deletion analysis of the 5' flank of the Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene reveals a promoter region starting 48 base pairs upstream of the major transcriptional start site. A dhfr minigene containing approximately 900 base pairs of 5' flank and one small intron was used as a wild-type standard. Seven deletions were created with BAL-31. Promoter activity was measured in three ways: 1) transient expression of the dhfr gene; 2) frequence of transfection of dhfr- Chinese hamster cells to a dhfr+ phenotype; and 3) RNase protection analysis of dhfr transcripts in pooled populations of permanently transfected cells. The transient expression assay was developed in this work for the rapid analysis of dhfr promoter mutants; this assay could be of general use for analyzing constructs carrying dhfr as a reporter gene. Two of the deletions define a requirement for part or all of the sequence GGGCGT located 48 base pairs upstream of the major transcriptional start site. This site has been shown to bind transcription factor Sp1 in the mouse dhfr gene. The function of the major promoter is independent of the function of the minor promoter. These minigene constructs also contain cryptic promoters located upstream of the natural start sites, probably in the plasmid vector. Transcripts originating from these upstream sites are inefficiently spliced, but do result in messenger RNA molecules that are translated into active dihydrofolate reductase. PMID- 3182793 TI - Mutant human adenosine deaminase alleles and their expression by transfection into fibroblasts. AB - Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency in humans is one cause of severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Single base mutations affecting the ADA protein have been identified for both alleles of the ADA-deficient cell line GM2606 and for one allele of the ADA-deficient cell line GM2825A. One allele of GM2606 has a mutation altering amino acid 101 from Arg to Trp, and the other allele has a mutation altering amino acid 211 from Arg to His. As previously reported, one ADA allele of GM2825A has a single base mutation changing Ala-329 to Val-329, and the other allele has a mutation which eliminates exon 4 from the mature mRNA. Sequence analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified GM2825A DNA showed a single base change of A to G within the invariant bases of the 3' splice site of intron 3 that can account for the mis-splicing of exon 4. To test the effect on ADA catalytic activity of these mutations and the mutations previously found in the ADA-deficient line GM2756, expression vectors containing normal and mutant ADA-coding sequences under transcriptional regulation of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat were constructed and transfected into human fibroblasts. All transfected cells had levels of ADA mRNA 15-25 times higher than the endogenous ADA message. Yet, cells transfected with the normal ADA-coding sequences had ADA enzymatic levels 40 times higher than cells transfected with any of the mutant ADA sequences. This analysis demonstrates that while the mutant ADA-coding sequences are transcribed, they do not encode a functional ADA protein. PMID- 3182794 TI - A pH-dependent reversible conformational transition of the human transferrin receptor leads to self-association. AB - Human transferrin receptor (tfR) is a covalent homodimer of 90-kDa transmembrane subunits, which transits an endocytotic pathway involving exposure to low pH. Digestion of purified tfR at neutral pH generates a soluble noncovalent dimer of 70-kDa fragment subunits containing 95% of the extracellular tfR sequence, including the transferrin binding sites. Below pH 6, the 70-kDa fragment undergoes a conformational transition, which causes reversible association of the dimers in solution. Transferrin binding prevents both the conformational transition and the self-association. We suggest that tfR clustering in acidic compartments results from self-association due to a conformational change that is sensitive to transferrin binding. This and other observations support a concentration mechanism based on interactions between ectodomains in intracellular lumina. PMID- 3182795 TI - Intracellular trafficking of cell surface sialoglycoconjugates. AB - Recent reports have suggested that the majority of the molecular traffic through the Golgi apparatus is comprised of recycling, rather than newly synthesized, molecules. To evaluate the importance of this recycling pathway in greater detail, we examined the internalization and recycling of cell surface glycoproteins on EL-4 cells, a murine T-cell lymphoma, using sialic acids as covalent markers. Sialic acids were removed from the surface of living cells by exhaustive treatment with Vibrio cholerae sialidase at 4 degrees C and shown to be derived primarily from glycoproteins (93%), with only a small amount from glycolipids (7%). Cells were recultured at 37 degrees C over time and monitored for the resialylation of the cell surface using a sensitive high pressure liquid chromatography adaptation of the thiobarbituric acid assay for sialic acids. The return of sialic acid to the cell surface was found to be contingent upon de novo protein synthesis indicating that the bulk of plasma membrane sialoglycoconjugates do not recycle to an endogenous sialyltransferase-containing compartment for oligosaccharide reprocessing. Identical results were found for K562 cells, a human erythroleukemia cell line. The movement of specific glycoproteins was followed using the enzyme rat liver alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc sialyltransferase together with CMP-[3H]NeuAc as an impermeant probe of the cell surface. Surface sialoglycoproteins were internalized slowly, a process unaffected by cycloheximide treatment. Only a few of these internalized glycoproteins were found to return to a trans-Golgi compartment followed by recycling to the cell surface. Taken together, these data indicate that the majority of replacement of sialic acids on the cell surface is due to de novo synthesis of glycoproteins and that only a small number of glycoproteins recycle through a trans-Golgi compartment. PMID- 3182796 TI - The expression of a functional cDNA encoding the chicken cytochrome P-450arom (aromatase) that catalyzes the formation of estrogen from androgen. AB - A complementary DNA (cDNA) copy of the aromatase P-450 has been isolated from a chicken ovary library using as probe a partial cDNA believed to encode the human placental aromatase. The predicted amino acid sequence of the chicken aromatase cDNA possesses regions of homology to that of its human counterpart, but only limited homology to other cytochrome P-450 enzymes. The introduction of the cDNA clone into COS-1 cells results in the production of high levels of aromatase activity. The chicken enzyme is targeted to the appropriate subcellular fraction in the transfected COS cells, and the apparent Km of the chicken aromatase activity, measured in microsomes prepared from the transfected cells, is similar to that of the enzyme prepared from chicken ovary microsomes. These findings establish that the cDNA clone encodes chicken ovarian aromatase and demonstrate that this protein can catalyze the three successive oxidation reactions necessary to form estrogen from androgen. PMID- 3182797 TI - Metabolite regulation of argininosuccinate synthetase in cultured human cells. AB - We have studied the transcription of the argininosuccinate synthetase gene in cultured RPMI 2650 cells under conditions where the enzyme is subject to metabolite regulation and in canavanine-resistant variants (Canr1 cells) which overproduce the enzyme greater than 200-fold. When grown continuously in medium with citrulline substituted for arginine, the argininosuccinate synthetase activity of RPMI 2650 cells increases 5- to 10-fold. In these cells, expression of a transfected minigene containing the 5'-flanking region of the argininosuccinate synthetase gene was increased 20-fold by short term starvation for arginine and 10-fold by short term starvation for leucine. Levels of nuclear RNA from the first intron of the gene correlated with enzyme activity; i.e. RPMI 2650 cells cultured in arginine medium less than RPMI 2650 cells cultured in citrulline medium less than Canr1 cells. Run-off transcription experiments showed that the transcription of argininosuccinate synthetase increased in RPMI 2650 cells starved for either arginine or leucine. While expression of the minigene and the transcription rate for argininosuccinate synthetase were increased during 48 to 72 h of starvation, the endogenous enzyme activity did not increase in RPMI 2650 cells. Amino acid starvation did not affect the rate of transcription of argininosuccinate synthetase in Canr1 cells. The results indicate that the steady state levels of argininosuccinate synthetase expression in Canr1 cells and in citrulline-adapted RPMI 2650 cells are largely determined by the rate of transcription. The failure of increased transcription rate to correlate with increased enzyme activity during acute starvation for arginine or leucine may suggest the involvement of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms for argininosuccinate synthetase or may merely be due to amino acid deprivation. The finding that leucine starvation has effects similar to arginine starvation raises the question of whether mammalian cells have general control mechanisms which are similar to the general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PMID- 3182798 TI - The site of synthesis of the iron-sulfur subunits of the flavoprotein and iron protein fractions of human NADH dehydrogenase. AB - The site of synthesis of the iron-sulfur subunits of the flavoprotein and iron protein fractions of the human respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase has been investigated to test the possibility that any of them is synthesized in mitochondria. For this purpose, antibodies specific for individual subunits of the bovine enzyme, which cross-reacted with the homologous human subunits in immunoblot assays, were tested against HeLa cell mitochondrial proteins labeled in vivo with [35S]methionine in the absence or presence of inhibitors of mitochondrial or cytoplasmic protein synthesis. The results clearly indicated that all the iron-sulfur subunits of the flavoprotein and iron-protein fractions of human complex I are synthesized in the cytosol and are, therefore, encoded in nuclear genes. PMID- 3182799 TI - The regulatory light chain is required for folding of smooth muscle myosin. AB - Light chain phosphorylation causes the folded monomeric form of myosin to extend and assemble into filaments. This observation established the involvement of the 20-kDa regulatory light chain (LC20) in conformational transitions of smooth muscle myosin. To further assess the role of this subunit in the intramolecular folding of myosin, LC20 was removed from turkey gizzard myosin at elevated temperatures in the presence of EDTA through the use of an antibody affinity column. Metal-shadowed images showed that LC20-deficient myosin had a tendency to aggregate through the neck region. When MgATP was added to filaments formed from this myosin, less than 10% of the myosin was solubilized, indicating that myosin could not fold in the absence of light chain. Readdition of native regulatory light chain restored the myosin to its original solubility properties, thus establishing reversibility. Addition of foreign light chains from skeletal muscle myosin or a chymotryptic-cleaved gizzard light chain produced the same amount of monomeric myosin in high salt that was obtained by recombination with the homologous light chain. However, the ability of the hybrid myosins to assume the folded conformation was impaired, and only a partially folded species was obtained. Single-headed myosin, like rod and light chain-deficient myosin, remained filamentous in the presence of MgATP. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the regulatory light chain in the neck region of myosin contributes to a binding site for the myosin tail. PMID- 3182800 TI - Structures at the proteolytic processing region of cathepsin D. AB - The amino acid sequences at the "proteolytic processing regions" of cathepsin Ds have been determined for the enzymes from cows, pigs, and rats in order to deduce the sites of cleavage as well as the function of the proteolytic processing of cathepsin D. For bovine cathepsin D, the "processing region" sequence was determined from a peptide isolated from the single-chain enzyme. The COOH terminal sequence of the light chain and the NH2-terminal sequence of the heavy chain were also determined. The processing region sequence of porcine cathepsin D was determined from its cDNA structure, and the same structure from rat cathepsin D was determined from the peptide sequence of the single-chain rat enzyme. From sequence homology to other aspartic proteases whose x-ray crystallographic structures are known, such as pepsinogen and penicillopepsin, it is clear that the processing regions are insertions to form an extended beta-hairpin loop between residues 91 and 92 (porcine pepsin numbers). However, the sizes of the processing regions of cathepsin Ds from different species are considerably different. For the enzymes from rats, cows, pigs, and human, the sizes of the processing regions are 6, 9, 9, and 11 amino acid residues, respectively. The amino acid sequences within the processing regions are considerably different. In addition, the proteolytic processing sites were found to be completely different in the bovine and porcine cathepsin Ds. While in the porcine enzyme, an Asn-Ser bond and a Gly-Val bond are cleaved to release 5 residues as a consequence of the processing; in the bovine enzyme, two Ser-Ser bonds are cleaved to release 2 serine residues. These findings would argue that the in vivo proteolytic processing of the cathepsin D single chain is probably not carried out by a specific "processing protease." Model building of the cathepsin D processing region conformation was conducted utilizing the homology between procathepsin D and porcine pepsinogen. The beta-hairpin structure of the processing region was found to (i) interact with the activation peptide of the procathepsin D in a beta structure and (ii) place the Cys residue in the processing region within disulfide linkage distance to Cys-27 of cathepsin D light chain. These observations support the view that the processing region of cathepsin D may function to stabilize the conformation of procathepsin D and may play a role in its activation. PMID- 3182801 TI - Platelet-derived growth factor regulates glucose transporter expression. AB - Regulated glucose transport is necessary for controlled cellular proliferation. In this communication, we demonstrate that a growth factor, namely platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), regulates expression of the glucose transporter gene. PDGF induced a 1.7-fold increase in both the rate of glucose transport and the amount of membrane-associated glucose transporter protein in mouse fibroblasts 6 h after treatment. This was accompanied by a 5-fold increase in the accumulation of the HepG-2/rat brain glucose transporter mRNA. PDGF induced both an increase in the rate of transcription of the glucose transporter gene and an increase in the stability of its mRNA. This induction could be achieved in the presence of cycloheximide. The glucose transporter is therefore a member of the class of PDGF-inducible genes known as competence genes. PMID- 3182802 TI - Laminin, a multidomain protein. The A chain has a unique globular domain and homology with the basement membrane proteoglycan and the laminin B chains. AB - Laminin (Mr = 800,000) is a glycoprotein consisting of three chains, A, B1, and B2, and has diverse biological activities. Previously we reported the complete primary structure of the B1 and B2 chains of mouse laminin deduced from cDNA sequence (Sasaki, M., Kohno, K., Kato, S., Martin, G. R., and Yamada, Y. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 935-939; Sasaki, M., and Yamada, Y. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 17111-17117). Here we describe the isolation, characterization, and sequence of cDNA clones spanning 9,520 bases which encode the entire A chain of mouse laminin. The nucleotide sequence of the clones contains an open reading frame of 3,084 amino acids including 24 amino acids of a signal peptide. The A chain contains some eight distinct domains including alpha-helices, cysteine-rich repeats and globules. There is considerable sequence and structural homology between the A chain and the B1 and B2 chains. However, the A chain has a unique globular structure containing homologous repeats at the carboxyl terminus and constituting one third of the molecular mass of the chain. Furthermore, the A chain contains three globules and three cysteine-rich domains at the amino terminus, whereas the B1 and B2 chains have only two each of such domains. The A chain shows homology to the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan core protein and the extracellular domain of the Drosophila neurogenic protein Notch. There is an RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) sequence in one of the cysteine-rich domains of the A chain. This potential cell binding sequence could be active as another adhesion signal in addition to the previously identified cell binding sequence YIGSR (Tyr Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg) of the B1 chain. PMID- 3182803 TI - In vivo studies of cysteine metabolism. Use of D-cysteinesulfinate, a novel cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase inhibitor, to probe taurine and pyruvate synthesis. AB - Although several pathways contribute to the catabolism of L-cysteine, the products formed are few--taurine + CO2 and pyruvate + ammonia + sulfate. L Cysteinesulfinate is a key intermediate that is either decarboxylated to ultimately yield taurine or transaminated to yield pyruvate. There is strong evidence that pyruvate is also formed by several cysteinesulfinate-independent pathways collectively referred to as "cysteine desulfhydrase." The quantitative importance of cysteinesulfinate-independent pathways of taurine synthesis is less clear, but it has been suggested that taurine synthesis from the cysteamine released during phosphopantetheine and CoASH turnover accounts for the high taurine content of tissues with very low levels of cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase activity (e.g. skeletal muscle and heart). In the present studies, the metabolic flux through each of these pathways was quantitated in vivo by monitoring the formation of respiratory 14CO2 in mice administered L-[1-14C]- or L-[3-14C]cyst(e)ine. Mice given 0.05 mmol/kg of L-cystine or 0.5 or 2.5 mmol/kg of L-cysteine catabolize 35, 51, and 72% of the dose, respectively, in 6 h; the relative contribution of taurine synthesis to total catabolism decreases from 63 to 51 to 42% as the L-cyst(e)ine dose is increased. To evaluate the role of L cysteinesulfinate in taurine synthesis, D-cysteinesulfinate was characterized and used as a metabolism-resistant, potent, and specific inhibitor of cysteinesulfinate decarboxylase. Studies with L-[1-14C]- and L-[3-14C]cysteine in the presence of inhibitor indicate that 85-93% of taurine synthesis occurs from L cysteinesulfinate: the calculated contribution of the phosphopantetheine pathway is small and may approximate zero. L-Cysteinesulfinate transmamination accounts for 25% of pyruvate synthesis from L-[14C]cystine (0.05 mmol/kg) but only 11% of pyruvate synthesis from L-[14C]cysteine (2.5 mmol/kg). Cysteine desulfhydrase reactions account for most of the pyruvate synthesis. PMID- 3182804 TI - Formation and biological activity of 12-ketoeicosatetraenoic acid in the nervous system of Aplysia. AB - 12-Hydroperoxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE), a lipoxygenase product, simulates the synaptic responses produced by the modulatory transmitter, histamine, and the neuroactive peptide, Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (FMRFamide), in identified neurons of the marine mollusk, Aplysia californica (Piomelli, D., Shapiro, E., Feinmark, S. J., and Schwartz, J. H. (1987) J. Neurosci. 7, 3675 3886; Shapiro, E., Piomelli, D., Feinmark, S., Vogel, S., Chin, G., and Schwartz, J. H. (1988) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 53, in press). The 12 lipoxygenase pathway has not yet been fully characterized, but 12-HPETE is known to be metabolized further. We therefore began to search for other metabolites in order to investigate whether the actions of 12-HPETE might require its conversion to other active products. Here we report the identification of 12-keto-5,8,10,14 eicosatetraenoic acid (12-KETE), a metabolite of 12-HPETE formed by Aplysia nervous tissue. This product was identified in incubations of the tissue with arachidonic acid using high performance liquid chromatography, UV spectrometry, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. [3H]12-KETE was formed from endogenous lipid stores in nervous tissue, labeled by incubation with [3H]arachidonic acid, when stimulated by application of histamine. In L14 and L10 cells, identified neurons in the abdominal ganglion, applications of 12-KETE elicit changes in membrane potential similar to those evoked by histamine. 12(S)-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14 eicosatetraenoic acid, another metabolite of 12-HPETE, is inactive. These results support the hypothesis that 12-HPETE and its metabolite, 12-KETE, participate in transduction of histamine responses in Aplysia neurons. PMID- 3182805 TI - Further enzymatic characteristics of a thylakoid protein kinase. AB - The enzymatic characteristics of a protein kinase purified from thylakoids are further described. ATP (KM approximately 30 microM) and Mg2+ ion (greater than 1.0 mM) were required for activity, while ADP was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 100 microM). Activity was 55% inhibited by the sulfhydryl inhibitor p chloromercuribenzoate (1 mM) and was less sensitive to substituted maleimides. Lysine-rich histones (H1) were utilized as an exogenous phosphorylation substrate both by thylakoid-bound kinase and by isolated enzyme; threonine was predominantly phosphorylated by the in situ enzyme, whereas the isolated enzyme phosphorylated closely related serine residues as determined by peptide mapping. Detergents that proved useful in extracting the kinase from thylakoids markedly inhibited activity of the isolated enzyme, whereas Triton X-100 and 3-[(3 cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane-sulfonic acid had little effect. The enzyme could be freed from detergent and behaved as an active monomer on size exclusion chromatography. The phosphate contents of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex of photosystem II isolated from maximally phosphorylated thylakoid membranes of spinach and pea were equivalent to approximately 6% and approximately 19% phosphorylation, respectively. Corresponding values for nonphosphorylated membranes were approximately 3% and approximately 14.5%. PMID- 3182806 TI - Hepatic bile acid metabolism during early development revealed from the analysis of human fetal gallbladder bile. AB - A detailed study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of bile acids in human fetal gallbladder bile is described. Bile was collected during early gestation (weeks 16-19) and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment ionization mass spectrometry, and high performance liquid chromatography. Bile acids were separated into different conjugate groups by chromatography on the lipophilic anion exchange gel, diethylaminohydroxypropyl Sephadex LH-20. Quantitatively more than 80% of the bile acids were secreted into bile conjugated to taurine. Unconjugated bile acids and glycine conjugates accounted for 5-10% of the total biliary bile acids. Bile acid sulfates were present only in trace amounts indicating that quantitatively sulfation is not an important pathway in bile acid metabolism during development. Total biliary bile acid concentrations were low (0.1-0.4 mM) when compared to reported values for adult bile (greater than 10 mM). Chenodeoxycholic acid was the major biliary bile acid and exceeded cholic acid concentrations by 1.43-fold indicating either a relative immaturity in 12 alpha-hydroxylase activity during early life or a dominance of alternative pathways for chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis. A relatively large proportion of the biliary bile acids comprised metabolites not found in adult bile. The presence of relatively high proportions of hyocholic acid (often greater than cholic acid) and several 1 beta-hydroxycholanoic acid isomers indicates that C-1 and C-6 hydroxylation are important pathways in bile acid synthesis during development. We describe, for the first time, evidence for the existence of a C-4 hydroxylation pathway in the metabolism of bile acids, which may be unique to early human development. Mass spectrometry was used to confirm the identification of 3 alpha,4 beta,7 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic and 3 alpha,4 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acids. Quantitatively, these C-4 hydroxylated bile acids accounted for 5-15% of the total biliary bile acids of the fetus, suggesting that C-4 hydroxylation is quantitatively an important pathway in the bile acid metabolism during early life. PMID- 3182807 TI - Understanding bilirubin conformation and binding. Circular dichroism of human serum albumin complexes with bilirubin and its esters. AB - Human serum albumin binds tightly and noncovalently to a wide variety of hydrophobic bilirubins, including (4Z,15Z)-bilirubin-IX alpha, its dimethyl ester and mono methyl esters, its mono 2-butyl esters and amides, the dimethyl ester of (4Z,15Z)-mesobilirubin-IV alpha, and even (4Z,15Z)-etiobilirubin-IV gamma. The heteroassociation complexes formed from these highly water-insoluble pigments and the protein can be prepared in pH 7.4 aqueous by using a small quantity of dimethyl sulfoxide as amphiphilic carrier. In those solutions the protein acts as a water-soluble chiral complexation agent to induce an asymmetric transformation of the bound pigment. This is recognized by positive chirality, bisignate induced circular dichroism (CD) Cotton effects that fall in the region of the bichromophoric pigment's long wavelength UV-visible absorption band and are characteristic of intramolecular exciton coupling of the bilirubin component pyrromethenone chromophores. The same-signed CD spectra shared by all the pigments of this work indicate selection at the protein binding site for a positive chirality conformer and suggest a common binding site. The CD intensities, which are greatest ([delta epsilon[ congruent to 50) for pigments with one or two free carboxyl groups, are consistent with a binding model where one salt linkage plays a major role in the enantioselectivity of the right-handed folded conformation stabilized by inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. PMID- 3182808 TI - Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for rat liver uricase. AB - We have isolated cDNA clones for rat liver uricase using an oligonucleotide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of 8 amino acids. The nucleotide sequences of the cDNAs have been determined, and the amino acid sequence of the protein deduced. A 867-base open reading frame coding for 289 amino acids, corresponding to a molecular mass of 33,274 daltons, was confirmed by matching eight sequences of a total of 53 amino acids from peptide sequence analyses of the fragments generated by lysyl endopeptidase digestion of purified rat liver uricase. The deduced amino acid sequence of rat liver uricase shares 40% homology with that of soybean nodulin-specific uricase and has an N-terminal extension of 7 amino acids. In contrast, soybean uricase has a C-terminal extension of 12 amino acids, which is presumably the result of local gene duplication. Completely different N- and C-terminal structures of the two uricases suggest that the signals for targeting the proteins to the peroxisome are not located on the terminal continuous stretches of amino acids. PMID- 3182809 TI - The primary structure of aphrodisin. AB - Aphrodisin is a protein which is secreted in hamster vaginal discharge and acts via the vomeronasal organ of the accessory olfactory system to elicit copulatory behavior in male hamsters. The complete primary structure of aphrodisin was determined by sequence analysis of intact aphrodisin after unblocking the amino terminus with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase and from peptides generated by trypsin and Lys-C digests. Alignment of the peptides was obtained from sequence analysis of peptides from cyanogen bromide and hydroxylamine cleavages. The protein consists of 151 residues of Mr = 17,000. It has disulfide bonds linking cysteine residues at positions 38 and 42 and at 57 and 149. N-acetylglucosamine residues are linked to asparagines at positions 41 and 69. Based on its similarity to the major urinary proteins in rats and mice, aphrodisin is a putative member of the alpha 2u-globulin superfamily of extracellular proteins. PMID- 3182810 TI - Model to examine pathways of carbon flux from lactate to glucose at the first branch point in gluconeogenesis. AB - The first branch point in gluconeogenesis occurs at the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate. To determine the amount of lactate carbon reaching glucose via the direct pyruvate carboxylase pathway versus the tricarboxylic acid cycle, adult rat hepatocytes in primary culture were incubated for 2 h with one of the following isotopic substrates: [1-14C]lactate, [U-14C]lactate, or [1,2 14C]acetate. Production of 14CO2 and [14C]glucose from each substrate was assessed. The amount of lactate carbon 2 and 3 incorporated into glucose or oxidized to CO2 was determined by subtracting values using [1-14C]lactate from those using [U-14C]lactate. After quantitation of CO2 formed from carbons 2 and 3 of lactate, the amount of these carbons incorporated into glucose via the tricarboxylic acid cycle can be determined by simple proportionality from the ratio of label incorporated into glucose or CO2 from [1,2-14C]acetate. The remaining carbons 2 and 3 of lactate incorporated into glucose are derived from the pyruvate carboxylase pathway directly. Ethanol which on oxidation provides NADH and acetate decreased lactate oxidation and enhanced the pyruvate carboxylase pathway. Glucagon increased carbon flux through both pathways but primarily through the pyruvate carboxylase pathway. In summary, a simple model is presented to examine carbon flux from lactate via the pyruvate carboxylase and tricarboxylic acid pathways during gluconeogenesis. PMID- 3182811 TI - Kinetics of ATP hydrolysis and tension production in skinned cardiac muscle of the guinea pig. AB - The kinetics of ATP hydrolysis and tension responses were studied simultaneously in a permeabilized preparation of cardiac tissue of the guinea pig. This was achieved by combining laserflash photolysis of P3-1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyladenosine 5'-triphosphate ("caged-ATP") and a rapid freezing technique. In the presence of calcium ions, tension increased following the photolytic production of ATP with a half-time of 0.3 s. The timecourse of ATP hydrolysis consisted of an initial rapid phase followed by a steady-state hydrolysis rate of 0.4 s-1, indicating that the rate-limiting step of the ATPase in isometric fibers is slower and subsequent to the nucleotide hydrolysis step: the isometric steady state intermediate is probably an actomyosin-ADP complex. In the absence of calcium ions, rigor tension decreased upon the photolytic production of ATP with a half time of 0.45 s. The time course of ATP hydrolysis was biphasic with a rapid initial phase of ATP hydrolysis, followed by a steady-state hydrolysis rate which was too slow to measure over the time scale of these experiments (less than 0.04 s-1). A comparison of the results obtained in this study with those reported for rabbit skeletal muscle reveals qualitative similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle and also quantitative differences in their physiological and kinetic behavior. PMID- 3182812 TI - Trypsin destruction of the high affinity ryanodine binding sites of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum. AB - Tryptic digestion of the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes in sucrose but not NaCl buffer leads to complete loss of ryanodine binding capacity. The presence of MgCl2 in the sucrose buffer prevents the loss of ryanodine binding by the trypsin treatment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the treated membranes reveal that the 400-kDa protein band disappeared under all the different digestion conditions. However, the presence of 135-kDa tryptic fragment is observed only when ryanodine binding is retained. Quantitative analysis of the gels shows that the loss of ryanodine binding is well correlated with the cleavage of the 135-kDa tryptic fragment. This correlation is obtained when the cleavage was controlled either by the digestion time or by NaCl or MgCl2 concentrations. The same concentrations of MgCl2 and NaCl affect the ryanodine binding activity, the cleavage of the 135-kDa tryptic fragment, and the solubility and stability of the [3H]ryanodine-receptor complex in a detergent containing medium. Tryptic digestion of the ryanodine receptor/junctional Ca2+ release channel, which leads to complete loss of ryanodine binding capacity, has no effect or slightly stimulates the Ca2+ accumulation activity of these membranes. PMID- 3182813 TI - Evidence that the endogenous heat-stable glucocorticoid receptor stabilizing factor is a metal component of the untransformed receptor complex. AB - Boiled cytosols prepared from a wide variety of sources contain a low Mr factor that inhibits glucocorticoid receptor transformation to the DNA-binding state (Leach, K.L., Grippo, J.F., Housley, P.R., Dahmer, M.K., Salive, M.E., and Pratt, W.B. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 381-388). In this work, we show that this endogenous factor, which is partially purified from rat liver, produces all of the effects of the group VI-A transition metal oxyanions molybdate and vanadate on the structure and function of glucocorticoid receptors in cytosol preparations. Like molybdate, the endogenous factor behaves as a strong anion with an apparent Mr of 340 on Bio-Gel P-2, and it binds to both hydroxylapatite and Chelex 100 resins. The receptor stabilizing activity of the factor is completely stable to heating at 320 degrees C for 1 h. The small size, profound heat stability, and absorption by a metal chelating resin strongly suggest that the factor is an endogenous metal anion. As reduction of the concentration of the factor in cytosol promotes generation of the DNA-binding form of the receptor, we suggest that this endogenous metal anion interacts with the receptor to stabilize the 9 S complex and maintain the receptor in its untransformed, non-DNA-binding state. We propose that molybdate and vanadate may exert their effects on the untransformed receptor by interacting with the binding site for the endogenous metal anion. PMID- 3182815 TI - Hepatocytes and reticulocytes have different mechanisms for the uptake of iron from transferrin. AB - The uptake of iron from transferrin by isolated rat hepatocytes and rat reticulocytes has been compared. The results show the following. 1) Reticulocytes and hepatocytes express plasma membrane NADH:ferricyanide oxidoreductase activity. The activity, expressed per 10(6) cells, is approximately 60-fold higher in the hepatocyte than in the reticulocyte. 2) Hepatocyte plasma membrane NADH:ferricyanide oxidoreductase activity and uptake of iron from transferrin are stimulated by low oxygen concentration and inhibited by iodoacetate. In reticulocytes, similar changes are seen in NADH:ferricyanide oxidoreductase activity, but not on iron uptake. 3) Ferricyanide inhibits the uptake of iron from transferrin by hepatocytes, but has no effect on iron uptake by reticulocytes. 4) Perturbants of endocytosis and endosomal acidification have no inhibitory effect on hepatocyte iron uptake, but inhibit reticulocyte iron uptake. 5) Hydrophilic iron chelators effectively inhibit hepatocyte iron uptake, but have no effect on reticulocyte iron uptake. Hydrophobic iron chelators generally inhibit both hepatocyte and reticulocyte iron uptake. 6) Divalent metal cations with ionic radii similar to or less than the ferrous iron ion are effective inhibitors of hepatocyte iron uptake with no effect on reticulocyte iron uptake. The results are compatible with hepatocyte uptake of iron from transferrin by a reductive process at the cell surface and reticulocyte iron uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. PMID- 3182814 TI - Inositol metabolism and cell growth in a Chinese hamster ovary cell myo-inositol auxotroph. AB - The intracellular concentrations of polyphosphoinositides and inositol phosphates were determined, and their role in growth factor-initiated cell division was investigated in a Chinese hamster ovary cell inositol auxotroph (CHO-K1-Ins). Metabolic labeling experiments during inositol starvation of CHO-K1-Ins cells showed that 1) the lipid-linked inositol component was maintained at the expense of the soluble inositol pool, 2) the decreasing cellular content of phosphatidylinositol was replaced by phosphatidylglycerol, and 3) the concentrations of inositol polyphosphates and polyphosphoinositides were conserved at the expense of inositol and phosphatidylinositol. These data show that homeostatic mechanisms exist for the maintenance of the polyphosphoinositide and inositol phosphate pools at the expense of inositol and phosphatidylinositol. The addition of alpha-thrombin to growth-arrested (serum-starved) CHO-K1-Ins cells stimulated the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA to the same extent as that observed following serum readdition. gamma-Thrombin was also an effective mitogen, but active site-inhibited alpha-thrombin was not. Both alpha- and gamma thrombin, but not catalytic site-inhibited alpha-thrombin, initiated phosphatidylinositol turnover in vivo and increased phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate phospholipase C activity in vitro. Serum and insulin were potent CHO K1-Ins cell mitogens, but neither triggered phosphatidylinositol turnover in vivo nor activated phospholipase C in vitro. The activation of phospholipase C plays a determinant role in thrombin-initiated cell cycle progression in Chinese hamster ovary cells, although other growth factor-signaling pathways exist that are independent of polyphosphoinositide catabolism. PMID- 3182816 TI - The influence of the triglyceride content of low density lipoprotein on the interaction of apolipoprotein B-100 with cells. AB - To study the effect of triglyceride content of low density lipoprotein (LDL) on its physicochemical and biological properties, we have depleted the triglyceride by incubation with hepatic lipase (HL-LDL) and raised the triglyceride by incubation of HL-LDL with very low density lipoprotein and lipoprotein-deficient serum. HL-LDL was taken up by human monocyte-derived macrophages and by human skin fibroblasts at an increased rate compared to untreated LDL. Incubation of the various LDL preparations revealed that cellular LDL degradation as well as LDL-mediated cholesterol esterification were inversely related to the triglyceride content of the LDL preparation. Modification of the triglyceride content of LDL also was associated with changes in the free fatty acid content, but the interaction of the LDL with cells was unaffected by the level of this component. The triglyceride content of LDL was found to be reciprocally related to the number of free lysine amino groups of LDL apolipoprotein B (apoB) which could be labeled with trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. 13C-Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of native LDL and HL-LDL samples containing [13CH3]2 lysine residues formed by reductive methylation (11-13% modification) showed that the arrangement of apoB lysines is perturbed by the exposure to hepatic lipase. The ratio of labeled lysines with pK 8.9 to those with pK 10.5 exposed on the surface of LDL particles was decreased by about 40% by lipase treatment. These effects are apparently due to changes in local apoB conformation because circular dichroism spectra revealed that the average secondary structure of the entire apoB molecule is the same in native LDL and HL-LDL. The triglyceride content of LDL reciprocally affected its binding to a monoclonal antibody which recognizes epitopes around the LDL receptor binding domain of apoB. The above evidence indicates that modulation of the core triglyceride and possibly also surface phospholipid content of LDL can alter the conformation of apoB on the surface of the particle, thereby influencing the interaction with cell surface LDL receptors. PMID- 3182817 TI - Phospholipid transfer protein: full-length cDNA and amino acid sequence in maize. Amino acid sequence homologies between plant phospholipid transfer proteins. AB - We have determined the primary structure of a phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) isolated from maize seeds. This protein consists of 93 amino acids and shows internal homology originating in the repetition of (do)decapeptides. By using antibodies against maize PLTP, we have isolated from a cDNA library one positive clone (6B6) which corresponds to the incomplete nucleotide sequence. Another cDNA clone (9C2) was obtained by screening a size-selected library with 6B6. Clone 9C2 (822 base pairs) corresponds to the full-length cDNA of the phospholipid-transfer protein whose mRNA contains 0.8 kilobase. Southern blot analysis shows that the maize genome may contain several PLTP genes. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequence of clone 9C2 reveals the presence of a signal peptide. The significance of this signal peptide (27 amino acids) might be related to the function of the phospholipid-transfer protein. The amino acid sequence of maize PLTP was compared to those isolated from spinach leaves or castor bean seeds which exhibit physicochemical properties close to those of the maize protein. A high homology was observed between the three sequences. Three domains can be distinguished: a highly charged central core (around 40-60), a very hydrophobic N-terminal sequence characteristic of polypeptide-membrane interaction, and a hydrophilic C terminus. A model for plant phospholipid transfer proteins is proposed in which the phospholipid molecule is embedded within the protein with its polar moiety interacting with the central hydrophilic core of the protein, whereas the N-terminal region plunges within the membrane in the transfer process. PMID- 3182818 TI - Specificity of rat hepatic phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase for molecular species of diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine. AB - The specificity of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) N-methyltransferase for molecular species of PE has been investigated. Phosphatidylcholine (PC), synthesized by incubation of [methyl-3H]S-adenosyl-L-methionine with microsomes or pure enzyme (Ridgway, N. D., and Vance, D. E. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 17231 17239) plus microsomal PE, had a distribution of methyl label in molecular species similar to the mole percent distribution of molecular species in the precursor PE. A similar lack of specificity was observed with PE that was synthesized from egg PC by transphosphatidylation with phospholipase D. Phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PMME) and phosphatidyl-N,N dimethylethanolamine (PDME), both with the acyl composition of egg PC, were methylated by the pure enzyme and showed a distribution of labeled molecular species in PDME and PC, respectively, similar to the mole percent distribution of egg PC. Results with synthetic PEs and pure methyltransferase showed higher rates of methylation with more unsaturated species. Long chain saturated PEs (e.g. dipalmitoyl-PE) were not methylated by the enzyme. Maximal methylation rates were obtained with two or more double bonds in the substrate PE. Rates of methylation of the saturated and monoenoic PEs could be enhanced when 40 mol % polyunsaturated-rich microsomal PC was included in the mixed micelles. PC isolated from primary cultures of rat hepatocytes pulsed with [methyl 3H]methionine was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Initially, the labeling pattern of PC molecular species varied slightly from that of total hepatocyte PE and hepatocyte microsomal PE. 1-Palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-PC had the highest specific activity at the end of the pulse and was preferentially labeled relative to the mole percent distribution of hepatocyte PE molecular species. During the 24-h chase period both the percent distribution of label and specific activity of this species of PC declined. In the same time period, there was a corresponding increase in specific activity and percent distribution of label in 1-palmitoyl and 1-stearoyl species with linoleate and arachidonate in the sn-2 position. PMID- 3182819 TI - Kinetic mechanism of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. AB - We have investigated the kinetic mechanism of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) N methyltransferase purified from rat liver using PE, phosphatidyl-N monomethylethanolamine (PMME), and phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine (PDME) as substrates. We previously reported (Ridgway, N. D., and Vance, D. E. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 17231-17239) that initial velocity curves with PE, PMME, and PDME at a fixed concentration of Triton X-100 were sigmoidal, thus generating nonlinear inverse plots. Comparison with other integral membrane enzymes suggested this response resulted from the enzyme's requirement for a complete boundary layer of phospholipid. Hence, the effect of a nonsubstrate phospholipid on initial velocity patterns for PE, PMME, and PDME was examined. The sigmoidicity of initial velocity curves at constant Triton X-100 concentration and increasing PE, PMME, and PDME were converted to the more familiar hyperbolic response by the addition of egg phosphatidylcholine (PC). Hill coefficients for PE, PMME, and PDME at a fixed Triton concentration were 3.6, 2.5, and 4.7, respectively, but with the addition of 30 or 40 mol % of egg PC, coefficients were close to unity (0.9-1.2). The activation by egg PC of PE, PMME, and PDME methylation indicates that a secondary phospholipid binding site(s) plays a role in catalysis in mixed micelles. This site(s) may represent a transmembrane segment(s) in close association with a boundary layer of phospholipid. Kinetic analysis of initial velocity and product inhibition patterns for PMME and PDME methylation fit an ordered Bi Bi mechanism. Phospholipid substrates and products were the first to bind and the last to dissociate from the active site, respectively. As well, PE, PMME, and PDME compete for a single active site. The overall kinetic scheme for the methylation of PE to PC in mixed micelles involves the initial binding of PE, followed by successive steps where S-adenosyl-L methionine is bound, the sulfonium methyl group is transferred, and S-adenosyl-L homocysteine is released. PMID- 3182820 TI - Isolation and characterization of a hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase from rat kidney mitochondria. AB - A transhydrogenase that catalyzes the oxoacid-dependent oxidation of specific hydroxyacids has been found in rat kidney, liver, and brain. The hydroxyacids that have been found to be substrates for this enzyme are gamma-hydroxybutyrate, D-alpha-hydroxyglutarate, and L-beta-hydroxybutyrate. The oxoacids that are the best substrates for this enzyme are alpha-ketoglutarate and succinic semialdehyde; alpha-ketoadipate and oxalacetate are also substrates. This enzyme is located in the mitochondrial fraction of the cell and is not dependent on added NAD+ or NADP+. PMID- 3182821 TI - Membrane orientation of rat gp110 as studied by in vitro translation. AB - We have recently isolated a full-length cDNA clone for a membrane glycoprotein with apparent Mr of 110,000, denoted gp110, that is expressed in rat liver, kidney, small intestine, and lung. Analysis of the amino acid sequence derived from cDNA sequencing demonstrated that there is a highly hydrophobic domain at the amino terminus (amino acid residues 1-29) that looks like the amino-terminal signal sequence. Using in vitro transcription and translation systems, we have expressed the full-length gp110 cDNA transcript, as well as transcripts derived from truncated gp110 cDNA that terminate translation at different sites. As expected, the amino-terminal signal sequence can promote the translocation across microsomal membranes of the downstream sequence. Like most translocations, the cotranslational translocation of the downstream sequence initiated by the gp110 amino-terminal signal sequence is mediated by signal recognition particle and docking protein. Unlike most amino-terminal signal sequences of lysosomal, secretory, and membrane proteins, the amino-terminal signal sequence of gp110 is not cleaved and may be involved in anchoring the polypeptide to the membrane. We, therefore, predict that the membrane orientation of gp110 is of type II with an extremely small amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain (6 residues). PMID- 3182822 TI - Purification and properties of a small latent matrix metalloproteinase of the rat uterus. AB - A small metalloproteinase that digests Azocoll was found in the uterus of the rat. Its activity increased to high levels during the postpartum period in parallel with the breakdown of the extracellular matrix exclusive of collagen (Sellers, A., and Woessner, J.F., Jr. (1980) Biochem. J. 189, 521-531). This enzyme has now been purified almost 7,000-fold to homogeneity from 12 g of tissue using molecular sieve chromatography, blue sepharose chromatography, and zinc chelate chromatography. Gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol gives Mr = 28,000 for the latent form of the enzyme and Mr = 19,000 for the active form that arises spontaneously or by treatment with aminophenylmercuric acetate. The enzyme digests components of the extracellular matrix including gelatins of types I, III, IV, and V, fibronectin, and proteoglycan. It digests the alpha 2(I) chain of gelatin in preference to the alpha 1(I) chain and cleaves dinitrophenyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Ile-Ala-Gly-Pro-D-Arg. It cleaves the B chain of insulin at two points: Ala14-Leu15 and Tyr16-Leu17. It has no action on collagens of types I, III, IV, or V at 26 degrees C and no action on elastin or phenylazo-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-D-Arg. The pH optimum is at pH 7 and the pI at 5.9. The enzyme requires zinc and calcium ions for activity; cobalt and strontium can partially replace these metal ions. The enzyme is not inhibited by low levels of phosphoramidon or Zincov. Its properties clearly distinguish it from collagenase, gelatinase (matrix metalloproteinase 2), and stromelysin (matrix metalloproteinase 3); it therefore constitutes a further member of the family of extracellular matrix metalloendopeptidases. The name matrix metalloproteinase 7 is proposed. PMID- 3182823 TI - Native mitochondrial creatine kinase forms octameric structures. I. Isolation of two interconvertible mitochondrial creatine kinase forms, dimeric and octameric mitochondrial creatine kinase: characterization, localization, and structure function relationships. AB - The mitochondrial isoform of creatine kinase (Mi-CK, EC 2.7.3.2) purified to homogeneity from chicken cardiac muscle by the mild and efficient technique described in this article was greater than or equal to 99.5% pure and consisted of greater than or equal to 95% of a distinct, octameric Mi-CK protein species, with a Mr of 364,000 +/- 30,000 and an apparent subunit Mr of 42,000. The remaining 5% were dimeric Mi-CK with an apparent Mr of 86,000 +/- 8,000. Octamerization was not due to covalent linkages or intermolecular disulfide bonding. Upon dilution into buffers of low ionic strength and alkaline pH, octameric Mi-CK slowly dissociated in a time-dependent manner (weeks-months) into dimeric Mi-CK. However, the time scale of dimerization was reduced to minutes by the addition to diluted Mi-CK octamers of a mixture of Mg2+, ADP, creatine and nitrate known to induce a transition-state analogue complex (Milner-White, E.J., and Watts, D. C. (1971) Biochem. J. 122, 727-740). The conversion was fully reversible, and octamers were reformed by simple concentrations of Mi-CK dimer solutions to greater than or equal to 1 mg/ml at near neutral pH and physiological salt concentrations in the absence of adenine nucleotide. After separation of the two Mi-CK species by gel filtration, electron microscopic analysis revealed uniform square-shaped particles with a central negative-stain filled cavity in the octamer fractions and "banana-shaped" structures in the dimer fractions. Mi-CK was localized inside the mitochondria by immunogold labeling with polyclonal antibodies. A dynamic model of the octamer-dimer equilibrium of Mi-CK and the preferential association of the octameric Mi-CK form with the inner mitochondrial membrane is discussed in the context of regulation of Mi-CK activity, mitochondrial respiration, and the CP shuttle. PMID- 3182824 TI - Native mitochondrial creatine kinase forms octameric structures. II. Characterization of dimers and octamers by ultracentrifugation, direct mass measurements by scanning transmission electron microscopy, and image analysis of single mitochondrial creatine kinase octamers. AB - Electron micrographs of negatively stained and metal-shadowed mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK) molecules purified as described by Schlegel et al. (Schlegel, J., Zurbriggen, B., Wegmann, E., Wyss, M., Eppenberger, H. M., and Wallimann, T. (1988) J. Biol Chem. 263, 16942-16953) revealed a homogeneous population (greater than or equal to 95%) of distinctly sized square-shaped, octameric particles with a side length of 10 nm that frequently exhibited a pronounced 4-fold axis of symmetry. The cube-like molecules consist of four dimers that are arranged around a stain-accumulating central cavity of 2.5-3 nm in diameter. This interpretation is supported by single particle averaging including correlation analysis by computer. Upon prolonged storage or high dilution, the cube-like octamers tended to dissociate into "banana-shaped" dimers. Sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium experiments yielded an s value of 12.8-13.5 S and an Mr of 328,000 +/- 25,000 for the octameric cubes. An s value of 5.0 S and a Mr of 83,000 +/- 8,000 was found under conditions which revealed banana-shaped dimers. These dimers proved to be very stable, as their dissociation into monomers of 45 kDa (s value = 2.0 S) required 6 M guanidine HCl. Thus, the oligomeric structures observed in the electron microscope are identified as Mi-CK dimers (banana-shaped structures) and cubical Mi-CK octamers assembled from four Mi-CK dimers. The octameric nature of native Mi-CK and the formation of Mi-CK dimers were confirmed by direct mass measurements of individual molecules by scanning transmission electron microscopy yielding a molecular mass of 340 +/- 55 kDa for the octamer and 89 +/- 27 kDa for the dimer. A structural model of Mi-CK octamers and the possible interaction with ATP/ADP-translocator molecules as well as with the outer mitochondrial membrane is proposed. The implications with respect to the physiological function of Mi-CK as an energy-channeling molecule at the producing side of the phosphoryl creatine shuttle are discussed. PMID- 3182825 TI - Mitochondrial creatine kinase from cardiac muscle and brain are two distinct isoenzymes but both form octameric molecules. AB - Mitochondrial creatine kinase (Mi-CK) from chicken cardiac muscle and brain, recently shown to differ in their N-terminal amino acid sequences and to be encoded by multiple mRNAs (Hossle, H.P., Schlegel, J., Wegmann, G., Wyss, M., Bohlen, P., Eppenberger, H. M., Wallimann, T., and Perriard, J.C. (1988) Biochim. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151, 408-416) were separated on two-dimensional nonequilibrium pH-gradient electrophoresis gels and visualized as two distinct protein spots by immunoblotting. Analysis of the two proteins purified by specific elution from Blue-Sepharose with ADP (Wallimann, T., Zurbriggen, B., and Eppenberger, H. M. (1985) Enzyme 33, 226-231) followed by fast protein liquid chromatography cation exchange chromatography showed obvious differences in peptide maps, in immunological cross-reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, and in kinetic parameters. However, even though the two proteins were different, tissue-specific mitochondrial isoforms, both formed regularly-sized, perforated cube-like octameric structures with Mr of 364,000 +/- 25,000 and 352,000 +/- 20,000 for the cardiac and brain isoform, respectively. Electron microscopy of cardiac and brain Mi-CK octamers revealed cube-like molecules with a central cavity or transverse channel filled by negative stain. The octameric molecular structure of Mi-CK isoforms differs from the generally accepted dimeric arrangement of "cytosolic" muscle MM- and brain BB-CK. PMID- 3182826 TI - Extrachromosomal elements in the lower eukaryote Leishmania. AB - Extrachromosomal DNA elements have been identified in wild-type populations of the parasitic protozoan Leishmania. Elements from L. major and L. tropica were detected using orthogonal-field-alternation-gel electrophoresis. They are nonhomologous, supercoiled circular DNA molecules derived from different chromosomes in the Leishmania genome. Electron microscopy revealed that the elements have very similar physical properties; both are 80-kilobase supercoiled DNA molecules that contain large inverted repeat structures. The extrachromosomal DNAs are amplified in the Leishmania populations and show a fluctuation in copy number, from undetectable to around 20 copies per cell. After exposure of the L. tropica population to the drug methotrexate (MTX), a second amplified DNA was observed that is homologous to the extrachromosomal DNA found in L. major. Furthermore, wild-type Leishmania populations containing extrachromosomal DNA adapt more readily to MTX selection than populations with no amplified DNA. From these observations, there appears to be a relationship between the presence of extrachromosomal elements in wild-type Leishmania and the genesis and maintenance of MTX resistance in these organisms. PMID- 3182827 TI - The H circles of Leishmania tarentolae are a unique amplifiable system of oligomeric DNAs associated with drug resistance. AB - We have induced drug resistance against methotrexate, an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, and CB3717, an inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase in a strain of Leishmania tarentolae. The drug-resistant strains contain extrachromosomal DNA circles of 68 kilobases with a 30-kilobase inverted duplication flanked by 4- and 5 kilobase unique segments. We show that these circles are highly homologous to the drug-induced H circles of L. tropica (1). All three L. tarentolae strains analyzed contain a chromosomal copy of the H region without duplication, but two of the three strains contain extrachromosomal H circles as well, predominantly present as H circle dimers in one strain and as tetramers in the other. After induction of methotrexate resistance, monomeric circles, presumably derived from the oligomers, become the major type of circle. Our results indicate that the H region represents a genomic region that can be copied at very low frequency to yield circles by a precise, but unusual mechanism under natural conditions in wild-type cells. Although superficially analogous to the episomes of bacteria, the system is without precedent in nature. PMID- 3182828 TI - Human beta-polymerase gene. Structure of the 5'-flanking region and active promoter. AB - DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol) is a housekeeping enzyme considered to be involved in DNA repair in vertebrate cells. We cloned a fragment of genomic DNA spanning the first two exons of the human beta-pol gene and approximately 11 kilobases of the flanking region. The segment just 5' of the transcription start site can direct expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene in HeLa cells. A sequence containing only 113 base pairs of flanking DNA has promoter activity, and various constructs containing up to 4.8 kilobases of flanking sequence are expressed at a similar level, indicating that with this assay the important regulatory elements are located within or proximal to the approximately 100-bp core promoter. S1 nuclease mapping was used to show that transcription of the transfected genes is initiated at the same position as the endogenous beta-pol gene. The region upstream of the transcription start site is G + C rich and contains neither CAAT nor TATA boxes, but does have three decanucleotide elements matching high affinity binding sites for the RNA polymerase II transcription factor Sp1. Extending 5' from position -39 and surrounded by Sp1 consensus binding elements, there is a 10-nucleotide sequence with perfect dyad symmetry, GTGACGTCAC. Similar sequences are found in a number of cellular and viral promoters, including several adenovirus promoters. Experiments to test whether the core beta-pol promoter is activated by the adenovirus early region products showed that cotransfection with an adenovirus expression plasmid strongly activates expression of the beta-pol promoter. PMID- 3182829 TI - Functional reconstitution of halorhodopsin. Properties of halorhodopsin containing proteoliposomes. AB - A one-step purification method for halorhodopsin was developed. Functional proteoliposomes were prepared from this preparation using cholate, which is removed by dialysis in the presence of asolectin or the polar halobacterial lipids. Light-induced outward directed transport of chloride by halorhodopsin was followed by measuring passive proton efflux in the presence of uncoupler; initial rates and extents amounted to significant fractions of values obtained for halorhodopsin-containing cell envelope vesicles. The transport activity was much higher when cholate rather than octyl glucoside was used in the reconstitution. Since CD spectra in cholate but not in octyl glucoside showed band-splitting in the visible region, suggestive of exciton interaction between halorhodopsin monomers, the reconstitution may depend on an aggregate state of the halorhodopsin. The rate constants for three thermal steps in the halorhodopsin photocycle were greatly reduced in the detergent-solubilized samples, but they increased in the proteoliposomes to values similar to those for halorhodopsin in cell envelope vesicles. Thus, the reconstitution yields halorhodopsin with both photochemical and transport activities restored. Freeze-fracture electron micrographs of the proteoliposomes showed unilammellar liposomes with numerous particles of 100-150 A diameter at the fracture faces. These should correspond to halorhodopsin aggregates, formed in the bilayer in an apparently concentration dependent manner. PMID- 3182830 TI - Investigation of the mechanism of calcium binding to calmodulin. Use of an isofunctional mutant with a tryptophan introduced by site-directed mutagenesis. AB - A mutant calmodulin, in which phenylalanine 99 of calcium binding site III was changed to a tryptophan by using cassette-based, site-directed mutagenesis, has been used to analyze the mechanism of calcium binding. The combined study of direct calcium binding, modification of tryptophan fluorescence properties upon calcium binding, and terbium titration allows some discrimination among proposed mechanisms of cation binding to calmodulin. Calmodulin appears to have six cation binding sites, four of which are selective for calcium, that seem to be coupled. Under a given set of conditions, these calcium-selective sites are not identical. In addition to providing insight into the mechanisms of calcium modulation of calmodulin, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of using isofunctional, tryptophan-containing mutants of proteins to gain insight into protein-ligand interaction. PMID- 3182831 TI - Crystallization of amino-terminal domains and domain fragments of variant surface glycoproteins from Trypanosoma brucei brucei. AB - Crystals were produced from variant surface glycoproteins (VSG) of Trypanosoma brucei brucei antigenic variants MITat 1.2, 1.6, and ILTat 1.22, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, and 1.26. Purified VSGs had molecular weights from 60,000 to 68,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, whereas the crystals obtained were composed of polypeptides of approximate Mr 40,000-50,000. Amino-terminal amino acid sequences determined from the crystallized VSGs were identical to sequences obtained from the respective intact proteins, indicating that the crystals contained VSG amino-terminal fragments. Crystallization conditions and lattice dimensions of the crystals are given. PMID- 3182832 TI - Multiple divergent mRNAs code for a single human calmodulin. AB - The isolation of a novel complementary DNA (cDNA) clone coding for human calmodulin (CaM) is reported. Although it encodes a protein indistinguishable from the only known higher vertebrate calmodulin, its nucleotide sequence varies extensively from that of two previously reported human CaM cDNAs (Wawrzynczak and Perham, 1984; SenGupta et al., 1987). Only 82 and 81% identity, respectively, is found between the newly isolated and the two known human mRNAs in their coding regions. No striking homology is present in their noncoding regions. Codon usage in the three CaM mRNAs is also surprisingly divergent. A 2.3-kilobase mRNA corresponding to the newly isolated clone is expressed to varying extents in several human tissues, together with an approximately 0.8-kilobase mRNA species presumably arising from alternative polyadenylation of the same primary transcript. The results indicate that the human genome contains at least three divergent CaM genes that are under selective pressure to encode an identical protein while maintaining maximally divergent nucleotide sequences. Partial characterization of a genomic clone specifying the 3' portion of the newly identified CaM mRNA shows that this gene contains introns at identical positions as the previously characterized bona fide vertebrate CaM genes. Evolutionary implications of the presence of a CaM multigene family are discussed. PMID- 3182833 TI - Alpha-sarcin causes a specific cut in 28 S rRNA when microinjected into Xenopus oocytes. AB - The toxin alpha-sarcin specifically cuts 28 S rRNA at a single position 393 nucleotides from its 3' end in isolated rat liver polysomes, provided the ribosomes are pretreated with EDTA or puromycin (Endo, Y. & Wool, I. G. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 9054-9060). In addition, alpha-sarcin behaves as a purine specific RNase on deproteinized RNA, cleaving on the 3' side of purines in both single- and double-stranded RNA (Endo, Y., Huber, P. W., and Wool, I. G. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 2662-2667). Since alpha-sarcin does not readily enter tissue culture cells, we have injected it into Xenopus oocytes in order to determine whether the toxin cleaves after all purines or if it specifically makes a single cut in 28 S rRNA in intact cells. We report here that in oocytes alpha-sarcin specifically cuts 28 S rRNA 377 nucleotides from its 3' end, even when used at concentrations that would degrade deproteinized RNA. alpha-Sarcin does not behave as a general nuclease when injected into Xenopus oocytes nor does it operate by another means such as initiating proteolytic digestion of endogenous oocyte proteins. We demonstrate that injected alpha-sarcin causes a rapid decline in oocyte protein synthesis for soluble cytoplasmic proteins, similar in effect to injection of cycloheximide or puromycin. PMID- 3182834 TI - Cloning and characterization of a murine band 3-related cDNA from kidney and from a lymphoid cell line. AB - Anion exchange is a nearly ubiquitous cellular transport function which contributes to the regulation of cell pH and of cell volume. However, the only plasma membrane anion exchanger of known identity and sequence is erythroid band 3. Both hybridization and immunologic data support the presence of band 3-related mRNAs and proteins in nonerythroid tissues. We have used low stringency hybridization with the murine band 3 cDNA to clone a band 3-related cDNA from murine kidney and from 70Z/3 pre-B cells. The cDNA encodes a band 3-related protein (B3RP) of 1237 amino acids, with a predicted mass of 137 kDa. The carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic domain of B3RP has an amino acid sequence 67% identical to that of band 3, with a very similar predicted secondary structure. The amino-terminal hydrophilic domain of B3RP has two sections. The section adjacent to the putative membrane-associated segment is 33% identical in amino acid sequence to the amino-terminal, cytoplasmic domain of band 3. The other, far amino-terminal section of B3RP has no correspondent in the band 3 sequence. B3RP mRNA is present in a variety of epithelial and other tissues and probably encodes an anion exchange protein of wide distribution. PMID- 3182835 TI - Preliminary crystallographic data, primary sequence, and binding data for an anti peptide Fab and its complex with a synthetic peptide from influenza virus hemagglutinin. AB - X-ray quality crystals which diffract to high resolution (less than or equal to 1.9-2.1 A) have been grown of an anti-peptide Fab and its complex with a 9 residue peptide antigen. Both crystals are monoclinic P2(1), with unit cell dimensions a = 90.3 A, b = 82.9 A, c = 73.4 A, beta = 122.5 degrees for the native Fab and a = 63.9 A, b = 73.0 A, c = 49.1 A, beta = 120.6 degrees for the complex. The peptide sequence corresponds to residues 100-108 of all influenza virus hemagglutinins (HA1) of the H3 subtype (1968-1987). The peptide antigen has been well characterized immunologically (Wilson, I.A., Niman, H.L., Houghton, R.A., Cherenson, A.R., Connolly, M.L., and Lerner, R.A. (1984) Cell 37, 767-778; Wilson, I.A., Bergmann, K.F., and Stura, E.A. (1986) in Vaccines '86 (Channock, R.M., Lerner, R.A., and Brown, F., eds) pp. 33-37, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY), structurally, as a free peptide by NMR (Dyson, J.H., Cross, K.J., Houghton, R.A., Wilson, I.A., Wright, P.E., and Lerner, R.A. (1985) Nature 318, 480-483; Dyson, J.H., Lerner, R.A., and Wright, P.E., (1988) Annu. Rev. Biophys. Chem. 17, 305-324), as part of the intact antigen by x-ray crystallography (Wilson, I.A., Skehel, J.J., and Wiley, D. C. (1981) Nature 289, 366-373) and by binding studies to the HA molecule (White, J.M., and Wilson, I.A. (1987) J. Cell Biol. 105, 2887-2896). Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of the complex will elucidate the details of how anti-peptide antibodies recognize a small peptide antigen and provide insights into the recognition of the same sequence in the intact protein antigen. As both native Fab and the peptide-Fab complex have been crystallized, we can also determine in addition whether changes in the structure of the antibody accompany antigen binding. The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA coding region of the anti-peptide Fab has been determined to provide the amino acid sequence ultimately required for the high resolution three-dimensional structure determination. PMID- 3182836 TI - Purification of three antibacterial proteins from the culture medium of NIH-Sape 4, an embryonic cell line of Sarcophaga peregrina. AB - Three antibacterial proteins were purified from the culture medium of NIH-Sape-4, an embryonic cell line of Sarcophaga peregrina (flesh fly). Sequencing studies showed that two of these proteins belong to the sarcotoxin I family, potent antibacterial proteins purified from the hemolymph of Sarcophaga larvae, whereas the other protein, named sapecin, is a new protein consisting of 40 amino acid residues including 6 cysteine residues. Unlike sarcotoxin I, sapecin preferentially represses the growth of various Gram-positive bacteria. The proteins of the sarcotoxin I family produced by this cell line were found to have carboxyl-terminal glycine, whereas sarcotoxin I in the hemolymph has amidated amino acids. This suggests that the embryonic cells lack an enzyme that cleaves off carboxyl-terminal glycine to form a new amidated carboxyl terminus. PMID- 3182837 TI - Molecular cloning of cDNA for sapecin and unique expression of the sapecin gene during the development of Sarcophaga peregrina. AB - A cDNA clone for sapecin, an antibacterial protein produced by an embryonic cell line of Sarcophaga peregrina, was isolated and characterized. This clone was found to encode a precursor of sapecin consisting of 94 residues, with sapecin (40 residues) constituting its carboxyl-terminal half. RNA blot hybridization revealed that the gene for the sapecin precursor is activated in the hemocytes of the third instar larvae of Sarcophaga in response to body injury. Thus, sapecin is probably a defense protein synthesized by Sarcophaga to prevent bacterial infection through the damaged body wall. This gene was also found to be activated in the embryonic and early pupal stages, suggesting that sapecin also plays a role in the ontogenetic processes of Sarcophaga. PMID- 3182838 TI - Specific chemical cleavage of diphtheria toxin with hydroxylamine. Purification and characterization of the modified proteins. AB - Specific chemical cleavage of diphtheria toxin with hydroxylamine was performed to remove peptides of 10 and 7 kDa from the carboxyl terminus. The resulting modified proteins of 51 and 48 kDa (HA51DT and HA48DT, respectively) were purified and characterized with respect to structural and biological properties. The 51-kDa toxin binds to ATP-agarose, as does intact diphtheria toxin, while HA48DT does not bind to the nucleotide matrix. Neither modified toxin binds to the membranes of diptheria toxin-sensitive cells, and, consequently, neither is toxic. However, when covalently linked to a membrane binding moiety, both HA51DT and HA48DT are toxic. Cell-killing ability during a short exposure time indicated that concanavalin A (Con A) derivatives of diphtheria toxin and HA51DT are equally toxic, ConA HA48DT being somewhat less toxic, while the conjugate of ConA to A-chain kills a small number of cells only at inordinately high concentration (1 microM). We have thus separated the cell membrane binding function of diphtheria toxin from its membrane permeation function by removing specific small peptides from the carboxyl terminus. These modified toxins may have applications in the preparation of highly potent hybrid toxins. PMID- 3182839 TI - Formation of transcription preinitiation complexes with an amanitin-resistant RNA polymerase II. AB - Accurate transcription by RNA polymerase II has been shown to require multiple factors which participate in a number of intermediate steps prior to initiation. The last detectable step before initiation is the formation of an activated or rapid start complex which is template-associated. In this study we used two phenotypically distinguishable forms of mammalian RNA polymerase II to examine the requirement for specific factors in the formation of the activated complex. RNA polymerase II was purified from a mutant cell line which was resistant to levels of alpha-amanitin that are toxic for normal cells. When added to a polymerase-dependent transcription system consisting of HeLa factors and adenovirus DNA, the mutant polymerase accurately transcribed the template in an amanitin-resistant fashion. This amanitin-resistant transcription was competitively inhibited when wild-type polymerase was also added to the system. Preincubation of amanitin-resistant polymerase with DNA and factors produced a polymerase-associated complex, defined by its resistance to exchange for the amanitin-sensitive polymerase. Complex formation required the presence of polymerase, DNA, and the HeLa factors during the preincubation but did not require the presence of nucleotides. Complexes were template-associated, as shown by their inability to exchange onto a second template. Thus, prior to initiation, RNA polymerase II forms a stable association with the DNA template in an activated complex. PMID- 3182840 TI - A gene amplified in a transformed mouse cell line undergoes complex transcriptional processing and encodes a nuclear protein. AB - We have explored the structure and pattern of expression of a gene designated mdm 1, which is amplified 25-30-fold in transformed mouse cells containing numerous double minute particles. This gene is expressed in all mouse tissues examined but exhibits elevated and altered patterns of expression in the testis. Multiple transcripts are generated from the mdm-1 gene via mechanisms of alternative splicing and polyadenylation signal choice. These mRNAs have the potential to produce a minimum of three distinct protein products ranging in size from 25 to 77 kilodaltons. Antiserum generated against a synthetic peptide from the mdm-1 gene was used in immunoblotting studies and revealed that at least one of the protein products is present in the nucleus. This antiserum stained nuclear structures producing a distinct punctate or speckled pattern. PMID- 3182841 TI - Cloning and sequencing of pro-alpha 1 (XI) collagen cDNA demonstrates that type XI belongs to the fibrillar class of collagens and reveals that the expression of the gene is not restricted to cartilagenous tissue. AB - We have isolated several overlapping cDNA clones encoding alpha 1(XI) collagen chains from human and rat cDNA libraries. Together the human cDNAs code for 335 uninterrupted Gly-X-Y triplets, and a 264-amino acid C-propeptide, while the rat cDNAs cover the entire C-propeptide and about a third of the triple-helical domain. Comparison of the human and rodent nucleotide sequences showed a 95% sequence similarity. The identification of the clones as alpha 1(XI) cDNAs was based on the complete identity between the amino acid sequences of three human alpha 1(XI) cyanogen bromide peptides and the cDNA-derived sequence. Examination of and the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence showed a variety of structural features characteristic of fibrillar-forming collagens. In addition, nucleotide sequence analysis of a selected portion of the corresponding human gene revealed the characteristic 54-base pair exon motif. We conclude therefore that pro-alpha 1 (XI) collagen belongs to the group of fibrillar collagen genes. We also suggest that the expression of this gene is not restricted to cartilage, as previously thought, since the cDNA libraries from which the clones were isolated, originated from both cartilagenous and noncartilaginous tissues. PMID- 3182842 TI - Tandem duplication and divergence of a sea urchin protein belonging to the troponin C superfamily. AB - The Spec1 and Spec2 proteins of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus are related to calmodulin, troponin C, and myosin light chains by sequence similarity in their four calcium binding domains. These domains, the EF-hands, are distinct helix-loop-helix structures of about 40 amino acids. The Spec1 and Spec2 genes are expressed specifically in aboral ectoderm cells of the developing embryo; however, the function of the Spec proteins in these cells is unknown. To find conserved regions of the proteins that might be important for structure and function, Spec homologues from Lytechinus pictus, a distantly related sea urchin, were sought. L. pictus embryos do not synthesize detectable amounts of the 14,000 17,000-Da Spec proteins as determined by two-dimensional gel electro-phoresis, but do synthesize three 34,000-Da proteins that cross-react with Spec1 antibodies and display a similar ontogenetic pattern of expression. cDNA clones were isolated by hybridization to a synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the EF hand. One clone, LpS1, encodes an mRNA with developmental properties like those of the S. purpuratus Spec mRNAs. However, LpS1 contains an open reading frame for a protein of 34,000 Da rather than 17,000 Da, and antibodies raised against part of the LpS1 reading frame demonstrate that LpS1 encodes a 34,000-Da protein in L. pictus embryos. The sequence of LpS1 reveals the presence of eight EF-hand domains, which share structural homology with the Spec1 or Spec2 EF-hands; however, little else in the protein sequence is conserved. The results support the hypothesis that the LpS1 gene arose from a duplication of an ancestral Spec gene and that the overall structural features of the Spec family of proteins are more conserved than the amino acid sequences. PMID- 3182843 TI - Plasma membrane-derived vesicles containing receptor-ligand complexes are fusogenic with early endosomes in a cell-free system. AB - Receptor-mediated endocytosis involves the transport of receptor-ligand complexes from the cell surface to an intracellular endocytic compartment. This study shows that plasma membrane-derived vesicles containing receptor-bound ligands (e.g. aggregated anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) IgG bound to Fc receptors) fuse with early endosomes containing DNP-beta-glucuronidase in a cell-free system. Plasma membrane vesicles were generated by homogenization of cells that had been allowed to bind ligands at 4 degrees C. Fusion between vesicles containing the two probes was assessed by (i) the formation of anti-DNP IgG-DNP-beta-glucuronidase complexes and (ii) the colocalization within closed vesicles of two different sizes of colloidal gold coated with ligands. Fusion required ATP, cytosol, and KCl. The requirements were similar to those described for endosome-endosome fusion in in vitro systems. Mild trypsinization of vesicles prior to their addition to the assay inhibited fusion. When DNP-beta-glucuronidase was chased into more mature endocytic compartments, fusion was not observed. The results indicate that cell surface regions involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis are capable of fusing to early endosomes. This fusion event may constitute the first step in the transport of ligands to an intracellular endocytic compartment. PMID- 3182844 TI - The structural genes for alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains of human type IV collagen are divergently encoded on opposite DNA strands and have an overlapping promoter region. AB - Many of the genes of simple organisms with small genomes are encoded on opposite DNA strands so that the genes either overlap or one gene is nested within another gene (Normark, S., Bergstrom, S., Edlund, T., Grundstrom, T., Jaurin, B., Lindberg, F.P., and Olsson, D. (1983) Annu. Rev. Genet. 17, 499-525; Chen, C., Malone, T., Beckendorf, S.K., and Davis, R.L. Nature (1987) 329, 721-724). In contrast, most of the genes of complex organisms are dispersed in the genome in widely separated locations. Here, we report that the genes for the alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains of human type IV collagen are encoded on opposite DNA strands from loci that are so closely located that they may be separated by as little as 42 base pairs. The results provide the first description of two structural genes from a complex organism that code for two polypeptide chains of the same protein molecule but have overlapping 5'-flanking regions. PMID- 3182846 TI - Direct observation of singlet oxygen production by merocyanine 540 associated with phosphatidylcholine liposomes. AB - The production of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) by the photosensitizing dye merocyanine 540 (MC540) bound to phosphatidylcholine liposomes has been demonstrated by direct detection of 1O2 luminescence at 1268 nm. 1O2 phosphorescence emission was enhanced in deuterated buffer and upon saturation of the sample with oxygen and could be quenched by the addition of sodium azide to the external medium. No 1O2 luminescence was detected in nitrogen-saturated samples, in the absence of dye, or with MC540 in aqueous solution. Photobleaching of liposome-bound MC540 was also observed to be dependent on oxygen concentration. These studies are consistent with 1O2 intermediacy in the mechanism of MC540-mediated photosensitization. PMID- 3182847 TI - Conservation of central nervous system glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase in fruit eating bats with glutaric aciduria and deficient hepatic glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase. AB - The adult fruit-eating bat, Rousettus aegypticus, excretes massive amounts of glutaric acid in the urine (20-70 mumol/mg creatinine) comparable to those of humans affected with the inherited metabolic disorder, glutaric aciduria type I. Glutaric acid was quantified by sequential liquid partition chromatography and gas chromatography. Oral loading with the amino acid precursors of glutaric acid, L-lysine and L-tryptophan, resulted in significant increases in glutaric acid excretion above the base-line values. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity was assayed in adult bat tissues and compared with the same tissues in the rat using methods of 14CO2 evolution from 1,5-[14C]glutaryl-CoA. A severe deficiency of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity was found in the bat liver and kidney, whereas brain and spinal cord levels were similar to those in the rat. Reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography analysis of the metabolites in the assay mixture showed negligible hydrolysis of [14C]glutaryl-CoA to free [14C]glutaric acid and complete conversion of the product [14C]crotonyl-CoA to 3 hydroxy[14C]butyryl-CoA. The adult bat, with its huge glutaric acid excretion and deficient liver glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, metabolically mimics patients affected with glutaric aciduria type I. The bat does not, however, display the neurologic manifestations seen in patients. This may be explained by conservation of glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity in the central nervous system of the bat. PMID- 3182845 TI - Identification of hydrophobic residues in the signal sequence of mitochondrial preornithine carbamyltransferase that enhance the rate of precursor import. AB - Previous studies employing circular dichroism and resonance energy transfer techniques have demonstrated that the signal peptide of mitochondrial preornithine carbamyltransferase (pOCT) has the potential to interact with the surface of an anionic phospholipid membrane via a short amphiphilic helical domain. Here we have used predictive secondary structure computations as a guide to localize the putative membrane binding region in the pOCT signal sequence and demonstrate that replacement of leucine residues at positions 5, 8, and 9 with the less hydrophobic residue, alanine, significantly reduces the rate of precursor import (4-5-fold compared to wild type); the amino acid substitutions had little effect, however, on the ability of a mitochondrial matrix extract to process the mutant precursor polypeptide. The mutant precursor bound to anionic liposomes with a lower affinity compared to wild-type pOCT and was inhibited to a lesser extent than pOCT during import into mitochondria in the presence of varying concentrations of liposomes. Taken together, the results suggest that this small region of the pOCT signal sequence, containing a limited number of critical hydrophobic residues, contributes to the optimal rate of precursor import, perhaps by functioning as a membrane surface-seeking entity. PMID- 3182848 TI - The tyrosine-dependent oxidation of tetrahydropterins by lysolecithin-activated rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase. AB - In the presence of tyrosine, phenylalanine hydroxylase, which has been activated with lysolecithin, catalyzes the oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin at a rate 10 20% that of the parallel reaction with phenylalanine. Unlike the reaction with phenylalanine, there is no net concomitant hydroxylation of tyrosine, although the amino acid is still a necessary component. Tyrosine appears to form an abortive complex with the activated enzyme, the pterin cofactor and molecular oxygen. The Km for tetrahydrobiopterin is identical for the reactions with phenylalanine and tyrosine, whereas the Km for tyrosine is approximately 3 1/2 times greater than the Km for phenylalanine. The tyrosine-dependent oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin proceeds at both pH 6.8 and 8.2 and shows a similar dependence on the pH as that of the physiological reaction. Tetrahydrobiopterin can be replaced by the artificial cofactor, 6-methyltetrahydropterin, in the tyrosine-dependent oxidation at both pH 6.8 and 8.2. As in the parallel reaction with phenylalanine, both the Km for the cofactor and the Km for the aromatic amino acid increase with this substitution. PMID- 3182849 TI - Thyrotropin alters the utilization of thyroglobulin's hormonogenic sites. AB - We injected rabbits and guinea pigs with bovine thyrotropin (TSH) daily for 3 days, while controls received saline. All animals received sodium [125I]iodide on the second day, and thyroglobulin was purified from the thyroids of each group by gel filtration. Hormonogenic tryptic peptides from each S-cyanoethylated thyroglobulin preparation were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography, and their amino acid sequences were determined, permitting their localization within the thyroglobulin polypeptide chain by comparison with cDNA derived sequences from bovine and human thyroglobulins. Thyroglobulins from the saline-injected rabbits and guinea pigs contained the same four major hormonogenic sites, designated A-D, previously described (Dunn, J. T., Anderson, P. C., Fox, J. W., Fassler, C. A., Dunn, A. D., Hite, L. A., and Moore, R. C. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16948-16952). In both species, sites A and C were the major loci for thyroxine and triiodothyronine, respectively. However, site D in the guinea pig had a greater ratio of [125I]thyroxine to [127I]thyroxine than did site A, whereas the reverse was true in the rabbit. TSH administration produced the following changes in thyroglobulins of both species, relative to controls: 1) an increase in the ratio of [125I]triiodothyronine to [125I] thyroxine (rabbit, 0.29 versus 0.17; guinea pig, 0.19 versus 0.08), with the increase in triiodothyronine principally at site C; 2) a marked increase in 125I/127I and in thyroxine formation at site D (14.1% of thyroglobulin's thyroxine versus 9.8% in rabbits, 24 versus 13% in guinea pigs); 3) a corresponding decrease in thyroxine formation at site A (33 versus 43% in rabbits, 30 versus 46% in guinea pigs); and 4) a sharp increase in conversion of thyroglobulin's N-terminal 125I-labeled approximately 20 kDa hormone-rich iodopeptide, which contains site A, to a 125I labeled approximately 15-kDa (rabbit) or 125I-labeled approximately 13-kDa (guinea pig) form, reflecting probable peptide bond cleavage. Our results show that TSH alters both the structure of the thyroglobulin molecule and the priority of utilization of its hormonogenic sites. We conclude that these changes are important to TSH's enhancement of thyroid hormone synthesis. PMID- 3182850 TI - Biogenesis of retinoic acid from beta-carotene. Differences between the metabolism of beta-carotene and retinal. AB - The ability of beta-carotene to serve as precursor to retinoic acid was examined in vitro with cytosol prepared from rat tissues. The rate of retinoic acid synthesis from 10 microM beta-carotene ranged from 120 to 224 pmol/h/mg of protein with intestinal cytosol, and from 344 to 488 pmol/h/mg of protein with cytosols prepared from kidney, lung, testes, and liver. Retinol generated during beta-carotene metabolism was not the major substrate for retinoic acid synthesis. At low substrate concentrations (2.5 microM), the rates of retinoic acid synthesis in intestinal cytosol from beta-carotene or retinol were equivalent, and at higher concentrations (10 microM) the rates of retinoic acid synthesis from beta-carotene or retinol in intestine, testes, lung, and kidney were comparable. Thus, beta-carotene metabolism may be an important source of retinoic acid in retinoid target tissues, particularly in species such as humans that are capable of accumulating high concentrations of tissue carotenoids. Retinal, considered an initial retinoid product of beta-carotene metabolism, was not detected as a product of beta-carotene metabolism in vitro. A ratio of retinol and retinoic acid different from that observed during beta-carotene metabolism in vitro was observed with incubations of retinal under identical conditions. These data indicated that beta-carotene metabolism is not merely a simple process of producing retinal and releasing it into solution to be metabolized independently. PMID- 3182851 TI - Influence of cations on the blue to purple transition of bacteriorhodopsin. Comparison of Ca2+ and Hg2+ binding and their effect on the surface potential. AB - We have investigated the effect of Ca2+ and Hg2+ binding on various properties of the blue membrane prepared by deionization of the Halobacterium halobium purple membrane. Binding of radioactive 45Ca2+ and 203Hg2+ was monitored by a filtration technique. Five high and medium affinity sites for Ca2+ and seven low affinity sites for Hg2+ were found per bacteriorhodopsin. Competitive binding was observed only for three Ca2+ and three Hg2+. Visible absorption studies indicated that Ca2+ binding could restore the purple color of bacteriorhodopsin while Hg2+ was inefficient. Hg2- could partially reverse to blue the Ca2+-regenerated purple membrane in parallel with the displacement of three Ca2+. Effects of cation binding on the surface potential of the membrane were measured by Electron Spin Resonance spectroscopy using a cationic spin-labeled amphiphile. Cations such as La3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, or Na+ strongly increased (i.e. rendered less negative) the surface potential. An univocal correlation was found between the cation-induced variation of surface potential and the extent of regeneration of the purple color. Hg2+ induced a smaller increase in surface potential than that corresponding to the effective divalent cations. This lower effect appears to be due to binding to sites not related to those of other cations. PMID- 3182852 TI - Glutathione transferase from bovine placenta. Preparation, biochemical characterization, crystallization, and preliminary crystallographic analysis of a neutral class PI enzyme. AB - A method was developed to purify glutathione transferase from bovine placenta by affinity chromatography and fast protein liquid chromatography. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The dimeric enzyme is composed of identical subunits with a molecular weight of 23,000; its isoelectric point is 6.9. In contrast to previously described isoenzymes of glutathione transferase, the protein we have purified exists in two forms, an active reduced form and a less active oxidized form. These can be reversibly transformed into each other but behave differently in sedimentation analysis, gel chromatography, and gel electrophoresis. These differences may reflect a change in the molecular shape of glutathione transferase. Chemical modification with iodoacetate, iodoacetamide (presumably of thiol groups), phenylglyoxal, and butadione (presumably of arginyl groups), and their inhibitory effects on the activity were investigated. From substrate specificity studies and N-terminal sequence analysis it is obvious that this glutathione transferase must belong to the isoenzyme class pi. The purified enzyme could be crystallized from 1.4 M ammonium sulfate solution, pH 8.0, in the presence of S-hexyl-glutathione. The crystals are tetragonal, with space group P4(1)2(1)2 or P4(3)2(1)2. The cell constants are a = b = 6.1 nm, c = 23.7 nm, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees. The crystals diffract to 0.26-nm resolution and are suitable for x-ray structure analysis. PMID- 3182853 TI - Identification of free and [Fe2S2]-bound cysteine residues of adrenodoxin. AB - Bovine adrenodoxin was labeled with 5-iodoacetamidofluorescein to determine which of the five cysteines is free and which participate in iron coordination. Native protein was labeled at two stoichiometries, 0.15:1 and 1:1, both of which produced a single fluorescent product. Labeled tryptic peptides were isolated from both preparations and identified as residues 90-98 with 5 acetamidofluorescein cysteine at residue 95. From the preparation labeled at 0.15:1 stoichiometry, the fraction of tryptic peptide containing nonlabeled cysteines 92 and 95 was isolated and identified; this peptide was shown to be absent in the sample labeled at 1:1 stoichiometry. 5-Acetamidofluorescein-labeled adrenodoxin supported electron transport with adrenodoxin reductase and cytochromes P-450sec and P-45011 beta, demonstrating that labeling occurred without disruption of the iron-sulfur center. These results identify cysteine 95 as the most reactive and single free thiol in native adrenodoxin and imply the role of cysteine residues 46 [corrected], 52, 55, and 92 in iron-sulfur coordination. PMID- 3182854 TI - Functional significance of mitochondrial bound hexokinase in tumor cell metabolism. Evidence for preferential phosphorylation of glucose by intramitochondrially generated ATP. AB - Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that mitochondrial bound hexokinase is markedly elevated in highly glycolytic hepatoma cells (Parry, D. M., and Pedersen, P.L. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 10904-10912). A pore-forming protein, porin, within the outer membrane appears to comprise at least part of the receptor site (Nakashima, R.A., Mangan, P.S., Colombini, M., and Pedersen, P.L. (1986). Biochemistry 25, 1015-1021). In studies reported here experiments were carried out to assess the functional significance of mitochondrial bound tumor hexokinase. Two approaches were used to determine whether the bound enzyme has preferred access to mitochondrially generated ATP relative to cytosolic ATP. The first approach compared the time course of glucose 6-phosphate formation by AS-30D hepatoma mitochondria under conditions where ATP was regenerated endogenously via oxidative phosphorylation or exogenously by added pyruvate kinase and phosphoenolpyruvate. The second approach involved the measurement of the specific radioactivity of glucose 6-phosphate formed following the addition of [gamma-32P]ATP to either phosphorylating or nonphosphorylating AS-30D mitochondria. Both approaches provided results which show that the source of ATP for bound hexokinase is derived preferentially from the ATP synthase residing within the inner mitochondrial membrane compartment rather than from the medium (i.e. from the cytosolic compartment). These results provide the first direct demonstration that the exceptionally high level of hexokinase bound to mitochondria of highly glycolytic tumor cells has preferred access to mitochondrially generated ATP, a finding that may have rather profound metabolic significance for such tumors. PMID- 3182855 TI - Probing the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis on F-actin using vanadate and the structural analogs of phosphate BeF-3 and A1F-4. AB - The binding of phosphate analogs to F-ADP-actin filaments and their effect on the dynamics of the polymer have been investigated. Orthovanadate binds to F-actin with the same affinity as phosphate and, at low saturation levels, stabilizes the filament structure in a Pi-like fashion; at higher concentration, it promotes destabilization of the filament. BeF-3 and A1F-4 bind to F-ADP-actin in competition with Pi, with a stoichiometry of 1 mol/mol of F-actin subunit and an affinity 3 orders of magnitude higher than Pi (KD = 2 and 25 microM for BeF-3 and A1F-4, respectively). BeF-3 and A1F-4 mimic Pi in stabilizing F-actin and slow down the rate of actin dissociation from filaments 150-fold. Only 1% of F-ADP BeF3 subunits provide extensive stabilization of the filament. A quantitative analysis of the stabilization by BeF-3 is proposed. While Pi appears in rapid equilibrium with F-ADP-actin, BeF-3 binds to and dissociates from F-ADP-actin at very slow rates (k+ = 4 M-1 S-1; k = 8.10(-6) S-1). In addition, although functionally similar to the reconstituted F-ADP-Pi species, F-ADP-BeF3 has a different conformation as indicated by the 17% quenching of pyrenyl fluorescence linked to BeF-3 binding. We suggest that BeF-3 may be a good analog of the transition state F-ADP-P* and that Pi release following cleavage of ATP on F actin might be rate-limited by the isomerization of F-ADP-P*. PMID- 3182856 TI - Nucleotide sequence and glucocorticoid regulation of the mRNAs for the isoenzymes of rat aspartate aminotransferase. AB - Cytosolic and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase cDNAs were cloned from a lambda gt11 rat liver cDNA library. The complete coding sequence and the 3' non coding sequence of the cytosolic isozyme mRNA were obtained from two overlapping cDNA clones. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial enzyme cDNAs were found to be identical to the recently published complete sequence (Mattingly, J. R., Jr., Rodriguez-Berrocal, F. J., Gordon, J., Iriarte, A., and Martinez-Carrion, M. (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149, 859-865). A single mRNA (2.4 kb (kilobase pair] hybridizing to the mitochondrial cDNA probe was detected by Northern blot analysis, whereas the cytosolic cDNA probe labeled one major (2.1 kb) and two minor (1.8 and 4 kb) mRNAs. The 1.8-kb and the 2.1-kb cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase mRNAs differ in their 3' ends and probably result from the use of either of the two polyadenylation signals present in the 3' noncoding region of the major cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase mRNA. Glucocorticoid hormones increased the activity of cytosolic but not mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in both liver and kidney. The increase in the enzyme activity was accompanied by an increase in the amount of the three corresponding mRNAs, while the mitochondrial enzyme mRNA was not significantly modified. PMID- 3182857 TI - Carbohydrate binding specificity of immobilized Allomyrina dichotoma lectin II. AB - The carbohydrate binding specificity of Allomyrina dichotoma lectin II was investigated by analyzing the behavior of various complex type oligosaccharides and human milk oligosaccharides on an A. dichotoma lectin II-agarose column. Basically, the lectin interacts with the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc group. Substitution of their terminal galactose residues by Neu5Ac alpha 2----6 will enhance their affinity to the lectin. By contraries, substitution at the C-2 or C 3 position of their terminal galactose with other sugars including sialic acid deprives their affinity to the lectin. With this characteristic, the immobilized lectin column can be used to separate complex type oligosaccharides with the Neu5Ac alpha 2----6Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc group from their isomeric oligosaccharides with the Neu5Ac alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc group, where Neu5Ac is N-acetylneuraminic acid. PMID- 3182858 TI - Coenzyme A-dependent transacylation system in rabbit liver microsomes. AB - The activities of cofactor-independent and CoA-dependent transacylation were examined for various rabbit tissues. Liver microsomes were found to exhibit relatively high CoA-dependent transacylation activity, while the cofactor independent transacylation activity was low. The apparent Km values for CoA were 1.4 microM (acceptor, 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-acyl-GPC] and 3.8 microM (acceptor, 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (1-acyl-GPE], respectively. The apparent Vmax values were 2.6 nmol/min/mg (1-acyl-GPC) and 1.2 nmol/min/mg (1-acyl-GPE), respectively. The CoA-dependent transacylation reaction shows a distinct fatty acid specificity. [14C]18:2 and [14C]20:4 at the 2 positions and [14C]18:0 at the 1-positions of donor phospholipids were transferred to lysophospholipids in the presence of CoA. We observed the formation of considerable amounts of acyl-CoA from these fatty acids during the reaction, without the participation of ATP. The transfer of other fatty acids between phospholipids was shown to be almost nil. The very low transfer of 18:1 was in marked contrast to the effective utilization of 18:1-CoA by acyl-CoA:1 acyl-GPC acyltransferase. The effects of several compounds and heat treatment on these two acylation reactions were also examined. The CoA-dependent transacylation reaction may be important for the selective acylation of certain lysophospholipids, such as 1-acyl-GPE, in living cells with the cooperation of acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferase, which generates CoA for the former reaction. PMID- 3182859 TI - Comparative study of the asparagine-linked sugar chains of natural human interferon-beta 1 and recombinant human interferon-beta 1 produced by three different mammalian cells. AB - The asparagine-linked sugar chains of natural interferon-beta 1 secreted from human foreskin fibroblasts by poly I:poly C induction and of three recombinant human interferon-beta 1 produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells, mouse epithelial cells (C127), and human lung adenocarcinoma cells (PC8) were released quantitatively as oligosaccharides by hydrazinolysis followed by N-acetylation. After being reduced with either NaB3H4 or NaB2H4, their structures were comparatively analyzed. More than 80% of the sugar chains of natural interferon beta 1 occur as biantennary complex-type sugar chains, approximately 10% of which contain N-acetyllactosamine repeating structure in their outer chain moieties. The remainders are 2,4- and 2,6-branched triantennary complex-type sugar chains. The sugar chains of the recombinant interferon-beta 1 derived from Chinese hamster ovary cells were very similar to those of its natural counterpart. In contrast, two other recombinant proteins contain quite different sugar chains. The protein derived from C127 cells contains complex-type sugar chains with the Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc group in their outer chain moieties. Their sialic acid residues occur solely as the Sia alpha 2----6Gal group, where Sia is sialic acid. In contrast, the sialic acid residues of other interferon-beta 1 occur as the Sia alpha 2----3Gal group only. A part of the sugar chains of the protein derived from PC8 cells contains bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residue in addition to the Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc group. PMID- 3182860 TI - Glycosylation at specific sites of erythropoietin is essential for biosynthesis, secretion, and biological function. AB - The glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (Ep), the primary regulator of erythropoiesis, is synthesized by the kidney and secreted as the mature protein with three N-linked and one O-linked oligosaccharide chains. To investigate the role(s) of each carbohydrate moiety in the biosynthesis and function of Ep, we have used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of a cDNA for human Ep to alter the amino acids at each of the carbohydrate attachment sites. Each mutated cDNA construct was expressed in stably transfected sublines of a kidney cell line, baby hamster kidney. We show, by preventing attachment of N-linked carbohydrate at asparagines 38 or 83, or preventing O-linked glycosylation at serine 126, that glycosylation of each of these specific sites is critical for proper biosynthesis and secretion of Ep. Fractionation of cellular extracts demonstrated that the mutant proteins lacking glycosylation at each of these three sites, (38, 83, and 126) were associated mainly with membrane components or were degraded rapidly. Less than 10% of these three mutant proteins were processed properly and secreted from the cells. The Ep protein lacking N-linked glycosylation at asparagine 24 is synthesized and secreted as efficiently as native Ep. The carbohydrates at positions 24 and 38 may be involved in the biological activity of Ep, since the absence of either of the oligosaccharide side chains at these positions reduced the hormone's biological activity. PMID- 3182861 TI - Chemical modification of A1 adenosine receptors in rat brain membranes. Evidence for histidine in different domains of the ligand binding site. AB - Chemical modification of amino acid residues was used to probe the ligand recognition site of A1 adenosine receptors from rat brain membranes. The effect of treatment with group-specific reagents on agonist and antagonist radioligand binding was investigated. The histidine-specific reagent diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) induced a loss of binding of the agonist R-N6-[3H] phenylisopropyladenosine ([3H]PIA), which could be prevented in part by agonists, but not by antagonists. DEP treatment induced also a loss of binding of the antagonist [3H]8-cyclopentyl 1,3-dipropylxanthine ([3H]DPCPX). Antagonists protected A1 receptors from this inactivation while agonists did not. This result provided evidence for the existence of at least 2 different histidine residues involved in ligand binding. Consistent with a modification of the binding site, DEP did not alter the affinity of [3H]DPCPX, but reduced receptor number. From the selective protection of [3H] PIA and [3H]DPCPX binding from inactivation, it is concluded that agonists and antagonists occupy different domains at the binding site. Sulfhydryl modifying reagents did not influence antagonist binding, but inhibited agonist binding. This effect is explained by modification of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein. Pyridoxal 5-phosphate inactivated both [3H]PIA and [3H]DPCPX binding, but the receptors could not be protected from inactivation by ligands. Therefore, no amino group seems to be located at the ligand binding site. In addition, it was shown that no further amino acids with polar side chains are present. The absence of hydrophilic amino acids from the recognition site of the receptor apart from histidine suggests an explanation for the lack of hydrophilic ligands with high affinity for A1 receptors. PMID- 3182862 TI - The elastin associated glycoprotein gp115. Synthesis and secretion by chick cells in culture. AB - Synthesis of gp115 by aorta smooth muscle cells and tendon fibroblasts isolated from chick embryos was investigated. gp115 was specifically immunoprecipitated by both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies from cell lysates and culture medium of matrix free cells metabolically labeled with [3H]leucine and [35S]methionine. The component of gp115 isolated from the cell lysate had an apparent Mr in reduced sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels lower (105,000) than the protein isolated from the culture medium (Mr = 115,000). In immunoblot experiments, the latter corresponded in apparent Mr to the form isolated from chick tissues. gp115 was glycosylated in vitro; it was labeled with [3H]fucose, and when cells were cultured and labeled in the presence of tunicamycin, a lower Mr form with an apparent Mr = 90,000 was immunoprecipitated in both the cell lysate and the culture medium. In pulse-chase experiments, the intracellular and the extracellular forms were clearly suggestive of a direct precursor-product relationship in the absence of intermediate forms. The kinetics of secretion appeared very slow compared with that of other proteins of the extracellular matrix investigated in the same system; about 50-70% of gp115 in the form of the Mr = 105,000 species was still cell-associated after 4 h, whereas the half-time for secretion of fibronectin, type VI collagen, and tropoelastin was about 60 min, 3 h, and 60 min, respectively. Newly synthesized and processed cell associated gp115 migrated in both reduced and non-reduced gels as a monomer. On the contrary, the secreted protein was present in the culture medium as large aggregates that did not enter the gel in the absence of reducing agents. PMID- 3182863 TI - Binding of transcription factors to the promoter of the human U1 RNA gene studied by footprinting. AB - The promoter structure of the known small nuclear RNA (snRNA) genes contains two major effectors of transcriptional activity: a proximal sequence element and a distal sequence element. In addition to these two functional elements (called elements B and D), the human U1 snRNA gene contains at least three minor elements (elements A, C, and E) that contribute to overall transcriptional efficiency (Murphy, J.T., Skuzeski, J.M., Lund, E., Steinberg, T.H., Burgess, R.R., and Dahlberg, J.E. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 1795-1803). To elucidate further the function of these transcription elements, we carried out a computer search to look for sequences in the U1 gene homologous to known transcription factor consensus sequences. Where such homology was found, DNase I and MPE-Fe(II) (methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fe(II] footprinting was employed to study the interactions of these promoter regions with proteins partially purified from extracts of HeLa cells or human placenta. Footprints were observed over element D (the distal element) corresponding to sequences homologous to the octanucleotide binding protein (OCTA) and activator protein 1 (AP1). Protection was also observed over element B (the proximal element) corresponding to possible sites for stimulatory protein 1 (Sp1), enhancer core, major late transcription factor (MLTF), and a U1 specific transcription factor. Prior to this study, no specific transcription factor footprints had been observed over proximal elements of any snRNA gene. Footprints were also found over elements A and E. The results of the computer search and the footprinting are discussed in light of what is known about snRNA promoter activity. PMID- 3182864 TI - Identification of substrate and effector binding sites of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Crassula argentea. A possible role of phosphoenolpyruvate as substrate and activator. AB - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31) purified from leaves of the crassulacean acid metabolism plant (Crassula argentea) was chemically modified by the specific arginyl reagent 2,3-butanedione. Modification resulted in enzyme inactivation which followed pseudo first-order kinetics. Participation of arginyl residues involved in the binding of or response to both phosphoenolpyruvate and malate, respectively, was established. Inactivation and protection studies suggest the presence of three sites involved in the binding of the substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, the activator, glucose 6-phosphate, and the inhibitor, malate. Studies using both fluorescence measurements of binding and steady-state kinetic methods indicate that phosphoenolpyruvate can bind both to the active site and to the activator site. Evidence for stimulation of the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase upon the binding of substrate to the activation site was provided by kinetic studies using AMP, previously shown to be a specific ligand for the activation site. PMID- 3182865 TI - Purification and characterization of two forms of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine aorta. AB - Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase in extracts of bovine aortic tissue eluted from DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange resins as two distinct peaks of activity. This elution pattern was preserved when the peaks were combined, precipitated with ammonium sulfate, dialyzed, and rechromatographed. Proteolysis did not appear to account for the two forms of kinase because (i) aging of the extract did not cause interconversion of the two forms, and (ii) both forms retained cGMP sensitivity unlike the proteolytically formed monomer. In addition, treatment with saturating concentrations of cGMP (10 microM) did not cause interconversion of the two forms. The first peak of cGMP-dependent protein kinase eluting from DEAE-cellulose (form 1) had a slightly greater mobility on gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels than the second peak (form 2). On native, nondenaturing gradient polyacrylamide gels, however, form 2 displayed the greater electrophoretic mobility. Furthermore, form 1, when bound to cAMP-agarose, appeared to exchange more rapidly with cGMP than form 2 when subjected to affinity chromatography. Peptide maps generated from the two forms by protease treatment were very similar, although trypsin produced a unique peptide in form 1 and Streptomyces griseus protease gave rise to unique peptides in forms 1 and 2. Phosphorylation did not appear to account for the physical differences because both enzymes could be phosphorylated to similar extents and dephosphorylation using alkaline phosphatase did not result in the conversion of one form to the other. These results suggest that either differences in primary structure or post translational modification, other than phosphorylation, are responsible for the presence of two forms of cGMP-dependent protein kinase in aortic tissue. PMID- 3182866 TI - Positive effectors of the binding of an active site-directed amino steroid to rabbit cytochrome P-450 3c. AB - The binding of the amino steroid, 22-amino-23,24-bisnor-5-cholen-3 beta-ol (22 ABC), to rabbit liver cytochrome P-450 3c was studied using purified P-450 3c and liver microsomes prepared from rifampicin-treated B/J rabbits. 22-ABC binds to purified cytochrome P-450 3c producing a type II spectral change reflecting the coordination of the amine with the heme iron of the protein. In the absence of allosteric effectors, the binding is characterized by a Ks of 5 microM. In the presence of alpha-naphthoflavone or progesterone, the Ks decreases to 0.8 microM, indicating that these two compounds serve as positive effectors of the binding of 22-ABC to cytochrome P-450 3c. The antibiotic rifampicin induces cytochrome P-450 3c in rabbit liver microsomes, and the benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, estradiol 2 hydroxylase, and progesterone 6 beta-hydroxylase activities of these microsomes are stimulated by alpha-naphthoflavone. Moreover, the progesterone 6 beta hydroxylase activity catalyzed by these microsomes exhibits a dependence on substrate concentration that is consistent with activation of the enzyme by the substrate, progesterone. The magnitude of the type II spectral change elicited by 22-ABC for microsomes prepared from rifampicin-treated B/J rabbits is greater than that observed for microsomes from untreated rabbits. For microsomes from rifampicin-treated rabbits, the apparent binding constant for 22-ABC was decreased 5-fold in the presence of alpha-naphthoflavone. We propose that the effects of alpha-naphthoflavone and progesterone on the binding of 22-ABC to cytochrome P-450 3c mimic the effects of the two positive effectors on the metabolism of substrates by increasing the affinity of the enzyme for substrate. PMID- 3182867 TI - Molecular cloning and characterization of cDNAs coding for apo polysialoglycoprotein of rainbow trout eggs. Multiple mRNA species transcribed from multiple genes contain diverged numbers of exact 39-base (13-amino acid) repeats. AB - Polysialoglycoprotein (PSGP) of unfertilized eggs of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) consists of tandem repeats (about 25) of a glycotridecapeptide, Asp Asp-Ala-Thr*-Ser*-Glu-Ala-Ala-Thr*-Gly-Pro-Ser-Gly (* denotes the attachment site of a polysialoglycan chain) (Kitajima, K., Inoue, Y., and Inoue, S. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5262-5269). By using oligodeoxynucleotide probes based on the above sequence, we isolated a genomic clone for apoPSGP which contains 39-base pair repeats (5'-GACGACGCCACCTCTGAAGCT-GCGACCGGCCCGTCTGGC-3') encoding the tridecapeptide. Using a fragment of this genomic DNA as a probe, we next screened a cDNA library constructed with mRNA from immature ovaries of rainbow trout. Nucleotide sequencing analyses of cDNA clones thus obtained revealed that apoPSGP is encoded by multiple mRNA species consisting of diverged numbers (6-32) of the 39-base repeat encoding the tridecapeptide unit and homologous 5'- and 3' bordering regions. The encoded protein consists of three distinct regions: the N region consisting of a putative signal peptide and a pro-peptide, the R-region containing diverged numbers of the tandem repeat of 13-amino acid residues, and the C-region with six amino acid residues. Southern blot analysis showed that multiple mRNAs are transcribed from multiple genes for apoPSGP containing diverged numbers of the 39-base pair repeat. Thus, the genes for apoPSGP constitute a multigene family. Expression of the mRNAs is stage and organ specific, i.e. they are expressed only in immature ovaries and not in mature ovaries or in any other organ. PMID- 3182868 TI - Biosynthesis of a variant surface glycoprotein of Trypanosoma brucei. Processing of the glycolipid membrane anchor and N-linked oligosaccharides. AB - The variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) of the ILTat 1.3 variant of Trypanosoma brucei has two asparagine-linked glycan moieties, as well as a phosphatidylinositol glycan membrane anchor. We have investigated the structure and processing of each of these oligosaccharides through analysis of the intact protein and of glycopeptides. Processing has been examined by comparing glycan structures purified from an immature intracellular form (58 kDa) of VSG with those of the mature form (59 kDa) found on the parasite surface. We find exclusively high mannose oligosaccharides (Man4-7-GlcNAc2) at Asn-432 in both the immature 58-kDa and mature 59-kDa forms. In contrast, the "core" oligosaccharide of Asn-419 (Man3-GlcNAc2) appears to be nearly quantitatively processed to a complex biantennary structure [Gal-GlcNAc-Man)2-Man-GlcNAc2) during VSG maturation. The asparagine-linked structures at Asn-419, but not those at Asn 432, are resistant to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H within 30 s of biosynthesis. This suggests possible novel and selective mechanisms for glycosylation in African trypanosomes. Finally, we show that the carboxyl terminal glycolipid is galactosylated (3-4 residues) relatively late in VSG biosynthesis. Phosphatidylinositol glycans have been identified on a growing number of eukaryotic membrane proteins. This report provides a direct demonstration of the processing of such a glycolipid anchor following its attachment to protein. PMID- 3182869 TI - Isolation of a vesicular intermediate in the cell-free transfer of membrane from transitional elements of the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus cisternae of rat liver. AB - Preparations enriched in part-smooth (lacking ribosomes), part-rough (with ribosomes) transitional elements of the endoplasmic reticulum when incubated with ATP plus a cytosol fraction responded by the formation of blebbing profiles and approximately 60-nm vesicles. The 60-nm vesicles formed resembled closely transition vesicles in situ considered to function in the transfer of membrane materials between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The transition elements following incubation with ATP and cytosol were resolved by preparative free-flow electrophoresis into fractions of differing electronegativity. The main fraction contained the larger vesicles of the transitional membrane elements, while a less electronegative minor shoulder fraction was enriched in the 60-nm vesicles. If the vesicles concentrated by preparative free-flow electrophoresis were from material previously radiolabeled with [3H]leucine and then added to Golgi apparatus immobilized to nitrocellulose, radioactivity was transferred to the Golgi apparatus membranes. The transfer was rapid (T1/2 of about 5 min), efficient (10-30% of the total radioactivity of the transition vesicle preparations was transferred to Golgi apparatus), and independent of added ATP but facilitated by cytosol. Transfer was specific and apparently unidirectional in that Golgi apparatus membranes were ineffective as donor membranes and endoplasmic reticulum vesicles were ineffective as recipient membranes. Using a heterologous system with transition vesicles from rat liver and Golgi apparatus isolated from guinea pig liver, coalescence of the small endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicles with Golgi apparatus membranes was demonstrated using immunocytochemistry. Employed were polyclonal antibodies directed against the isolated rat transition vesicle preparations. When localized by immunogold procedures at the electron microscope level, regions of rat-derived vesicles were found fused with cisternae of guinea pig Golgi apparatus immobilized to nitrocellulose strips. Membrane transfer was demonstrated from experiments where transition vesicle membrane proteins were radioiodinated by the Bolton-Hunter procedure. Additionally, radiolabeled peptide bands not present initially in endoplasmic reticulum appeared following coalescence of the derived vesicles with Golgi apparatus. These bands, indicative of processing, required that both Golgi apparatus and transition vesicles be present and did not occur in incubated endoplasmic reticulum preparations or on nitrocellulose strips to which no Golgi apparatus were added.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3182870 TI - Nanomelic chondrocytes synthesize a glycoprotein related to chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein. AB - Chicken embryos homozygous for the autosomal recessive gene nanomelia exhibit cartilage defects, synthesize low levels of cartilage chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), and are missing the CSPG core protein (Argraves, W. S., McKeown-Longo, P. J., and Goetinck, P. F. (1981) FEBS Lett. 131, 265). In our studies of nanomelic chondrocytes in culture, we detected neither sulfate-labeled CSPG nor its Mr 370,000 core protein. However, in immunoprecipitation reactions using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against the cartilage CSPG core protein, we identified a protein of Mr 300,000 that contains an epitope found in the hyaluronic acid-binding region of the normal core protein. This protein was also detected among products synthesized by chondrocytes obtained from phenotypically normal embryos resulting from matings between parents heterozygous for nanomelia. Sensitivity to endoglycosidase H indicated that the product is a glycoprotein with attached mannose-rich oligosaccharides. Pulse chase studies revealed the disappearance of the glycoprotein after 6 h of chase, but no detectable formation of proteoglycan. Our results suggest that although nanomelic chondrocytes are deficient in the production of normal CSPG and its core protein, they do synthesize a smaller, immunologically related glycoprotein that does not undergo the post-translational processing characteristic of the normal cartilage core protein. PMID- 3182871 TI - A novel rat carboxypeptidase, CPA2: characterization, molecular cloning, and evolutionary implications on substrate specificity in the carboxypeptidase gene family. AB - A new member of the carboxypeptidase gene family, carboxypeptidase A2 (CPA2), has been identified from the predicted amino acid sequence of a rat pancreatic cDNA clone. In vivo recombination and in situ hybridization techniques employing the CPA2 cDNA resulted in the isolation of two genomic clones spanning the 25 kilobase pair rat CPA2 gene. Evolutionary trees built from the amino acid sequences of the known pancreatic carboxypeptidases show that CPA2 and carboxypeptidase A1 (CPA1) are the products of genes which duplicated before the mammalian radiation, and that bovine CPA is of the A1 type. The substrate specificities of CPA1 and CPA2 isolated from rat pancreas are similar to bovine CPA in that carboxyl-terminal amino acids with aromatic or branched aliphatic side chains are preferred. However, the substrate preference of rat CPA1 is skewed toward smaller amino acids, while that of rat CPA2 is skewed toward bulkier amino acids as compared to bovine CPA. The differences in the substrate specificities of these three carboxypeptidases are compatible with the nature of the amino acid replacements in their binding pockets for the carboxylterminal amino acid of the substrate. PMID- 3182872 TI - Structural characterization of the rat carboxypeptidase A1 and B genes. Comparative analysis of the rat carboxypeptidase gene family. AB - Nucleotide sequencing of a rat carboxypeptidase B (CPB) cDNA and direct sequencing of the CPB mRNA via primer extension on pancreatic polyadenylated RNA has yielded the complete amino acid sequence of rat CPB. The rat enzyme is synthesized as a precursor species containing a large amino-terminal fragment (108 amino acids) that contributes a putative signal sequence and an activation peptide. The mature form of rat CPB is homologous to bovine CPB (77% identity); the amino acids in bovine CPB which have been previously implicated in catalysis or ligand binding are invariant in the rat orthologue. The rat CPB cDNA was used as a probe for the isolation of the rat CPB gene. Detailed characterization of three overlapping rat genomic clones demonstrated that the coding region for the rat CPB precursor is sequestered in 11 exons which are dispersed throughout 34 kilobase pairs of genomic DNA. The nucleotide sequence of a large part of the gene has been determined including that of the exons, the exon/intron boundaries, and the 5' flanking region. We also report the partial nucleotide sequence of the rat CPA1 gene. Comparative analysis of the structural organization of the rat CPB, rat CPA1, and rat CPA2 genes (Gardell, S. J., Craik, C. S., Clauser, E., Goldsmith, E. J., Stewart, C.-B., Graf, M., and Rutter, W. J. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 17828-17836) reveals that, with one exception, the number, position, and sequence composition of the exons in these three carboxypeptidase genes are conserved in spite of considerable divergence with respect to the lengths of their corresponding intervening sequences. Conserved sequences in the 5' flanking regions of the rat CPA1, CPA2, CPB, and other pancreas-specific genes have been identified. PMID- 3182873 TI - The myoglobin protein radical. Coupling of Tyr-103 to Tyr-151 in the H2O2 mediated cross-linking of sperm whale myoglobin. AB - Sperm whale metmyoglobin, which has tyrosine residues at positions 103, 146, and 151, dimerizes in the presence of H2O2. Equine metmyoglobin, which lacks Tyr-151, and red kangaroo metmyoglobin, which lacks Tyr-103 and Tyr-151, do not dimerize in the presence of H2O2. The dityrosine content of the sperm whale myoglobin dimer shows that it is primarily held together by dityrosine cross-links, although more tyrosine residues are lost than are accounted for by dityrosine formation. Digestion of the myoglobin dimer with chymotrypsin yields a peptide with the fluorescence spectrum of dityrosine. The amino acid composition, amino acid sequence, and mass spectrum of the peptide show that cross-linking involves covalent bond formation between Tyr-103 of one myoglobin chain and Tyr-151 of the other. Replacement of the prosthetic group of sperm whale myoglobin with zinc protoporphyrin IX prevents H2O2-induced dimerization even when intact horse metmyoglobin is present in the incubation. This suggests that the tyrosine radicals required for the dimerization reaction are generated by intra- rather than intermolecular electron transfer to the ferryl heme. Rapid electron transfer from Tyr-103 to the ferryl heme followed by slower electron transfer from Tyr-151 to Tyr-103 is most consistent with the present results. PMID- 3182874 TI - A non-steady compartmental flow model of the cerebrovascular system. AB - A lumped parameter compartmental model for the cerebrovascular fluid system is constructed and solved for the general linear problem of a nonsteady flow with constant resistances and compliances. The model predicts the intracranial pressure waves in the various compartments of the brain in response to pressure changes in the vascular system. PMID- 3182875 TI - The envelope of passive knee joint motion. AB - The purpose of this study is to create an accurate experimental database for the passive (in vitro) freedom-of-motion characteristics of the human knee joint on a subject to subject basis, suitable for the verification and enhancement of mathematical knee-joint models. Knee-joint specimens in a six degree-of-freedom motion rig are moved through flexion under several combinations of external loads, including tibial torques, axial forces and AP-forces. Euler rotation angles and translation vectors, describing the relative, spatial motions of the joint are measured using an accurate Roentgen Stereo Photogrammetric system. Conceptually the joint is considered as a two degrees-of-freedom of motion mechanism (flexion-tibial rotation), whereby the limits of internal and external tibial rotation are defined at torques of +/- 3 Nm. The motion pathways along these limits are defined as the envelopes of passive knee joint motion. It is found that these envelope pathways are consistent and hardly influenced by additional axial forces up to 300 N and AP-forces of 30 N. Within the envelope of motion, however, the motion patterns are highly susceptible to small changes in the external load configuration. It is shown that the external tibial rotation during extension ('screw-home mechanism') is not an obligatory effect of the passive joint characteristics, but a direct result of the external loads. Anatomical differences notwithstanding, the inter-individual discrepancies in the motion patterns of the four specimens tested, showed to be relatively small in a qualitative sense. Quantitative differences can be explained by small differences in the alignment of the coordinate systems relative to the joint anatomy and by differences in rotatory laxity. PMID- 3182877 TI - An integrated biomechanical analysis of normal stair ascent and descent. AB - Three normal males of similar height and weight ascended and descended a five step staircase with a riser height of 22 cm and a tread of 28 cm. EMG, force plate and cine data were collected for the stride over the second to fourth step during each mode. Kinematic and kinetic analyses were integrated with EMG to yield an interpretation of the mechanics of normal stair walking. Movement from one step to the next involved simultaneous lifting and horizontal translation of the body, and each stride showed specific phases for progression. The extensor muscles about the knee played a dominant role in progression from one step to the next in both modes coupled with the ankle plantar flexors. The total lower limb extensor pattern, called the support moment, was highly correlated between subjects and to level walking. Intra- and inter-subject variability of the motor patterns were also determined. The greatest variability was seen at the hip, while stereotypic kinetic patterns emerged at the ankle and knee for all subjects across the 24 trials of each mode. PMID- 3182876 TI - Mechanical output of the cat soleus during treadmill locomotion: in vivo vs in situ characteristics. AB - To study the mechanical output of skeletal muscle, four adult cats were trained to run on a treadmill and then implanted under sterile conditions and anesthesia with a force transducer on the soleus tendon and EMG electrodes in the muscle belly. After a two-week recovery period, five consecutive step cycles were filmed at treadmill speeds of 0.8, 1.3 and 2.2 m s-1. Locomotion data in vivo included individual muscle force, length and velocity changes and EMG during each step cycle. Data for an average step cycle at each speed were compared to the force velocity properties obtained on the same muscle under maximal nerve stimulation and isotonic loading conditions in situ. Results indicate that the force and power generated at a given velocity of shortening during late stance in vivo were greater at the higher speeds of locomotion than the force and power generated at the same shortening velocity in situ. Strain energy stored in the muscle-tendon unit during the yield phase in early stance is felt to be a major contributor to the muscle's enhanced mechanical output during muscle shortening in late stance. PMID- 3182878 TI - Trauma of lung due to impact load. AB - A quantitative evaluation of lung injury due to impact loading is of general interest. Hemorrhage and edema are the usual sequelae to traumatic pulmonary impact. To gain some quantitative understanding of the phenomena, we perfused excised rabbit lung with Macrodex at isogravimetric condition and monitored lung weight continuously after impact. It is shown that a factor of importance is the rigidity of the surface on which the lung rests. The rate of lung weight increase is smaller if the lung was 'freely' supported on a soft cloth, more if it was supported on a rigid plate. This suggests the influence of stress wave reflection. The critical condition correlates with the initial velocity of impact at the surface of the lung, or with the maximum deflection. For a freely supported lung, the rate of lung weight increase was 22% of the initial total lung weight per h after impact when the impact velocity was 11.5 ms-1, 30% when the velocity was 13.2 ms-1, several 100% at 13.5 ms-1, signaling massive lung injury. Since the velocity of sound in rabbit lung is 33.3 ms-1 when the inflation (transpulmonary) pressure is 10 cm H2O, the critical velocity of 13.5 ms-1 corresponds to a Mach number of 0.4. The maximum surface displacement of the lung is almost linearly proportional to the initial velocity of impact. The exact cause of edema and hemorrhage is unknown; we hypothesize that it is due to tensile stress in the alveolar wall caused by the impact. PMID- 3182879 TI - The effects of simulated weightlessness on bone biomechanical and biochemical properties in the maturing rat. AB - Histomorphometric and biomechanical changes in bone resulting from hypogravity (simulated weightlessness) were examined in this study. Using a head-down hindlimb suspension model, three groups of six male rats underwent simulated weightlessness for periods of one, two and three weeks while a fourth recovery group was suspended for two weeks followed by two weeks of normal activity. Biomechanical data were collected during static and dynamic bending and torsion tests on intact femora. Histomorphometric values were determined from midshaft bone cross sections and material properties were obtained using ash and calcium assays. The experimental groups exhibited significantly lower geometric and material properties than the controls, resulting in structural hypotrophy; geometric and material changes contributed equally to the structural changes. Recovery following a return to normal activity was indicated, although full recovery may take longer than the weightlessness period. In the rat, altered maturation and reduced bone strength were the sequelae of weightlessness. PMID- 3182880 TI - False-negative lumbar discograms. Correlation of discographic and histological findings in postmortem and surgical specimens. AB - To investigate the causes of false-negative discograms, 181 lower thoracic and lumbar intervertebral discs that had been removed as part of en bloc specimens during thirty autopsies were studied first by discography and then histologically. Comparison of the results of the two methods showed that if fissures and cysts were present in a degenerated anulus fibrosus, but did not establish continuity between the nuclear cavity and the site of a herniation, the discogram was false-negative. Under these circumstances, the inner fiber bundles of the anulus fibrosus were intact and their orientation was often reversed, so that they bulged inward. This finding suggested that a protrusion or a prolapse of tissue from just the anulus fibrosus might have been developing. Ten of the fifty-seven discs that had such changes in the orientation of the fibers had a histologically proved protrusion or prolapse of the anulus fibrosus. However, the discograms showed protrusion in only six of the ten discs and demonstrated a false-negative result in the other four. The cases of seventy-seven patients in whom discography had been performed and a herniation had been subsequently confirmed at operation were also studied. Fifty-nine of the patients had a protrusion and eighteen had a prolapse of the disc. The discograms were falsely interpreted as negative in 32 per cent (nineteen) of the fifty-nine patients who had a protrusion and in 56 per cent (ten) of the eighteen who had a prolapse. Histologically, the prolapses were interpreted as protrusions of a portion of the anulus fibrosus. It was concluded that false-negative discograms are more frequent when a protrusion or a prolapse involves the anulus fibrosus rather than the nucleus pulposus, and that a negative discogram does not exclude the possibility of extensive degeneration of the anulus fibrosus. PMID- 3182881 TI - Progression of scoliosis after skeletal maturity in institutionalized adults who have cerebral palsy. AB - To study the natural history of scoliosis in institutionalized adults who have cerebral palsy, we reviewed retrospectively the cases of fifty-one patients. The patients were followed for at least four years (mean, 16.3 years; range, four to forty years) after they had reached skeletal maturity. The individuals in whom the curve eventually progressed the most had had the largest curves at the time of skeletal maturity. The rate of progression was 0.8 degree each year in the patients in whom the curve was less than 50 degrees at the time of skeletal maturity and 1.4 degrees in those in whom the curve was more than 50 degrees (p less than 0.04). The patients who had the largest curves at the time of skeletal maturity had spastic quadriplegia and either a thoracolumbar or a lumbar curve, and they were bedridden. PMID- 3182882 TI - Unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the hip. Treatment with Ender pins compared with a compression hip-screw. AB - In a prospective, consecutive, randomized study of the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures of the hip, the use of Ender pins was compared with the use of the compression hip-screw. There were more than 100 patients in each treatment group. The patients who were alive six months postoperatively were evaluated. The number of secondary operations was much higher in the patients who were treated with Ender pins, and a considerably higher number of those patients had loss of fixation. The use of Ender pins that were too long and a history of a fracture before the operation in which Ender pins were used were statistically significant predictors of secondary operations. PMID- 3182883 TI - Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis for arthritis and deformity of the hind part of the foot. AB - We devised a method for tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis to treat deformities or degenerative arthritis, or both, that involve the tibiotalar and talocalcaneal joints. Satisfactory results were obtained in approximately 75 per cent of twenty one patients; osseous union was radiographically evident in all but three patients. Secondary degenerative changes in the adjacent joints were not evident radiographically during a period of follow-up that ranged from 2.5 to seven years. PMID- 3182884 TI - Concurrent rupture of the rotator cuff and anterior dislocation of the shoulder in the older patient. AB - Thirty-one patients who were unable to abduct the involved arm after reduction of a primary anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint were found to have a ruptured rotator cuff. All of the patients were more than thirty-five years old. Twenty-nine of them were initially presumed to have had an injury to the axillary nerve, although this injury was confirmed in only four of the twenty patients who had electrodiagnostic studies. In eight patients, the subscapularis tendon and anterior part of the capsule had ruptured from the lesser tuberosity. Recurrent instability developed in all eight patients, and repair of these structures alone was successful in restoring stability. The association between primary anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint and rupture of the rotator cuff in the older patient who cannot abduct the arm after reduction is poorly appreciated, as it is often missed. In our series of such patients, the incidence of injury to the axillary nerve was 7.8 per cent, as compared with 100 per cent for rupture of the rotator cuff. However, the comparative rates of occurrence of these two entities in older patients who have an anterior dislocation have not been determined. PMID- 3182885 TI - Total knee arthroplasty for tuberculous arthritis. AB - Nineteen patients (twenty-two knees) who had tuberculous arthritis of the knee had a total knee arthroplasty. The interval between the subsidence of signs of infection and the arthroplasty ranged from three months to five years, and the period of follow-up ranged from twenty-four to forty-nine months. Culture of fluid that had been aspirated from the joint preoperatively and culture of a biopsy specimen were negative. Biopsies of specimens of synovial material revealed tuberculous granuloma in all patients, despite negative findings for acid-fast organisms. The prosthesis was implanted with cement in four knees and without cement in eighteen. The mean functional rating was 39 points preoperatively and 83 points at the time of final follow-up. No component loosened. One patient had an arthrodesis because of recurrent active tuberculous infection. Two other patients had recurrence of the infection, which was controlled satisfactorily in one by chemotherapy alone and in the other by chemotherapy and debridement of a sinus tract, without removal of the prosthesis. PMID- 3182886 TI - The prevention of infection in open fractures. An experimental study of the effect of antibiotic therapy. AB - Using an experimental rabbit model of a contaminated open fracture of the tibia that was fixed with an intramedullary pin, we assessed the effect of a single dose of cephradine in preventing post-traumatic osteomyelitis in which the infecting organism was Staphylococcus aureus. We paid particular attention to the effect of a delay in giving the antibiotic. The frequency of osteomyelitis in the animals in a control group (no antibiotic) was 91 per cent. When a single injection of cephradine was given one hour before inoculation with the bacteria, the rate was 30 per cent, a statistically significant reduction (p less than 0.01). When cephradine was not administered until one to four hours after inoculation with the bacteria, the average rate of osteomyelitis was 51 per cent, a 40 per cent reduction compared with the rate for the control group. The effect of the antibiotic therefore persisted even when the initial dose was delayed for four hours after bacterial inoculation. PMID- 3182887 TI - Orthopaedic clinical research. Deficiencies in experimental design and determinations of outcome. AB - The validity of the designs of some published orthopaedic clinical-research studies has been questioned. It has also been suggested that such studies should focus more on the outcome in terms of the health of the patients rather than primarily on procedural or technical concerns. To test the validity of these criticisms, ten published reports on the surgical treatment of patients who had a selected diagnosis were reviewed to evaluate the strategies that had been used in the design of the study and the outcome in terms of the patient's health. Ten articles on the long-term follow-up of patients after primary total hip arthroplasty for the treatment of osteoarthritis, published in peer-reviewed journals, were examined to determine the strategies that had been used in the design of each study and the methods of reporting the outcomes. All ten articles were found to be deficient in terms of design, to be flawed by confusing data, and to contain results of doubtful validity. The emphasis in the reported outcomes was predominantly on the status of the prosthetic device instead of on the health of the patients in whom the prosthetic device had been used. Authors, journals, program committees, and professional societies must share the blame for the publication of flawed studies that are designed using inappropriate strategies. In the future, reports on orthopaedic clinical research must focus more on the health of and the economic benefits to the patients and less on the outcome of the technology that was used in providing the services. PMID- 3182888 TI - A critique of the methodologies used in clinical studies of hip-joint arthroplasty published in the English-language orthopaedic literature. AB - In a search of the English-language orthopaedic literature that was published from 1960 through 1986, only four papers that reported on prospective studies of hip-joint arthroplasty were found. In the study presented here, the standard epidemiological methods that are applicable to the design and performance of prospective clinical trials in medicine were reviewed, and the identified papers were evaluated with respect to the use of these methods. In all four papers, grave deficiencies were identified. Finally, the effects of some controlled clinical trials in other surgical disciplines were briefly reviewed. On the basis of the findings in this study, it was concluded that adequate surgical trials should be completed before new procedures or new designs of prostheses, such as those used in hip-joint arthroplasty, are made available for general use. PMID- 3182889 TI - Refracture of bones of the forearm after the removal of compression plates. AB - Of thirty-seven patients who had sixty-two diaphyseal plates removed from the forearm after fixation of a fracture, seven patients had a refracture, two of whom refractured both bones of the forearm. Six of the seven refractures were in patients who initially had had a fracture of both bones, and all were in patients in whom the original fracture had been caused by major trauma. The interval from the time of removal of the plate to refracture ranged from forty-two to 121 days. Only one of the seven patients who had a refracture had had adequate compression of the original fracture. The average interval from the time of the original trauma to internal fixation was two days in six patients who had a refracture and who originally had had primary plating, compared with 8.5 days in the patients who did not have a refracture. One of the seven patients who had a refracture had originally had delayed plating after closed treatment had failed. In retrospect, radiolucency at the site of the original fracture was seen in most patients when the plate was removed. PMID- 3182890 TI - Palmar shelf arthroplasty. A follow-up note. AB - Palmar shelf arthroplasty was described by Albright and Chase as a successful, so called conservative surgical alternative for the treatment of subluxation of a wrist that is affected by advanced rheumatoid arthritis. Subsequent to their report, seven wrists in six patients who had been treated with a palmar shelf arthroplasty by Albright and Chase or by their trainees were studied, after an average follow-up of nine years. All of the patients had long-term relief of pain and improved motion of the wrist, and all were satisfied with the result of the procedure. All but one patient had increased function. PMID- 3182891 TI - A histological study of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis following physeal injuries in rabbits. AB - In young rabbits, the effects of an intravenous injection of Staphylococcus aureus alone, and in combination with a traumatic injury of the proximal tibial physis, were studied by light and electron microscopy. Metaphyseal osteomyelitis and radiographic changes were seen within forty-eight hours after the injury in all rabbits that had a growth-plate disruption and bacteremia. An intravenous injection of bacteria alone produced no morphological or microbiological evidence of infection. In the absence of trauma, normal tibiae were sterile after forty eight hours. Foreign-body particles have been shown to accumulate in the fine vessels that are adjacent to the growth plate, but we found no similar deposition of bacteria or evidence of phagocytic removal in this area. Phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils did not appear to be impaired in the distal third of the metaphysis, but a delayed inflammatory response that allowed proliferation of bacteria and destruction of tissue was observed in the proximal two-thirds of the metaphysis after trauma. PMID- 3182892 TI - An unusual extension injury to the cervical spine. A case report. PMID- 3182893 TI - Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia treated by a pedicled vascularized graft of the ipsilateral fibula. A case report. PMID- 3182894 TI - Cervical radiculopathy associated with an anomaly of the cervical vertebrae: successful surgical treatment. A case report. PMID- 3182895 TI - Isolated paralysis of the descending branch of the posterior interosseous nerve. Report of a case. PMID- 3182896 TI - Contracture of the chondroepitrochlearis and the axillary arch muscles. A case report. PMID- 3182897 TI - Bilateral open dislocation of the knee joint. A case report. PMID- 3182898 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis causing paraplegia. A case report. PMID- 3182899 TI - Cerebrovascular accident complicating Klippel-Feil syndrome. A case report. PMID- 3182900 TI - Late radial tunnel syndrome after excision of the radial head. A report of two cases. PMID- 3182901 TI - Intraoperative and postoperative subtrochanteric fracture of the femur associated with removal of the Zickel nail. PMID- 3182902 TI - Dynamic electromyographic analysis of the throwing shoulder with glenohumeral instability. PMID- 3182903 TI - Transcutaneous oxygen tension as a predictor of success after an amputation. PMID- 3182905 TI - Biodistribution of neoglycoproteins in mice bearing solid Ehrlich tumor. AB - Synthetic neoglycoproteins were employed for the specific detection of their corresponding cellular sugar receptors, such as endogenous lectins, by specific protein-carbohydrate interaction. A panel of 16 radioiodinated probes with defined carbohydrate content, attached to the carrier protein bovine serum albumin, disclosed marked differences in the expression of corresponding sugar receptors on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro as an exemplary tumor model. To quantify tumor uptake in the more complex in vivo situation and to assess binding to individual organs attributable to the various types of carbohydrates we determined the biodistribution of the radiolabelled neoglycoproteins 48 h after injection into tumor-bearing mice. The individual pattern of retention of radioactivity demonstrated distinct properties of the different organs that need to be accounted for in drug-targeting and tumor-imaging studies, based on protein carbohydrate interactions. Combined tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-muscle ratios of neoglycoprotein accumulation were well above 1 after covalent attachment of xylose or glucuronic acid, respectively, to the carrier protein. These data constitute the basis for further refinements of the carbohydrate part of suitable neoglycoproteins to allow a potentially rational application of neoglycoproteins as drug-targeting vehicles and tumor-imaging radiopharmaceuticals. PMID- 3182904 TI - Comparison of DNA-incising capacities in fibroblast strains from the Mannheim XP collection after treatment with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene and UV light. AB - The DNA-incising capacity was determined in 8 normal and 23 XP fibroblast strains of the Mannheim XP collection using the alkaline elution technique after treatment with both UV light and the "UV-like" carcinogen (Ac)2ONFln. Experimental conditions were chosen to allow for selective monitoring of repair specific enzyme-catalyzed breaks. In order to compare DNA-incising capacities of the various cell strains after UV irradiation with those after treatment with (Ac)2ONFln, dose-response experiments including up to 8 dose levels were performed. The elution curves were analyzed by linear regression analysis. Elution velocities (in terms of DNA single-strand breaks per 10(6) nucleotides) were plotted against the square root of the doses. The slope of the resulting regression line yielded a characteristic term, designated EO, for the DNA incising capacity of each cell strain. In contrast to normal fibroblasts, EO was found to be reduced in all XP cell strains belonging to the complementation groups A, C, D, E, F (or G) and I investigated, after treatment with both UV light or (Ac)2ONFln. Surprisingly, XP variant strains also exhibited lower EO values. A comparison of post-UV with post-(Ac)2ONFln DNA-incising capacities revealed that reduction in the EO values was very similar in all XP cell strains tested. These data suggest that the sensitivity of XP cells towards UV light or (Ac)2ONFln is due to the same enzymatic defect, namely impaired incision of DNA containing pyrimidine dimers or (Ac)2ONFln-DNA adducts. PMID- 3182906 TI - Carcinogenicity and organ specificity of N-trimethylsilylmethyl-N-nitrosourea (TMS-MNU), N-neopentyl-N-nitrosourea (neoPNU), and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in rats. AB - The carcinogenicity and organ specificity of TMS-MNU and neoPNU, a carbon analogue of TMS-MNU, in rats were investigated and compared with those of MNU. Compounds were dissolved in olive oil and rats in the experimental groups received 20 weekly intragastric intubations of 10 mg/kg of MNU or equimolar amounts of TMS-MNU or neoPNU in the same manner. The experiment was terminated when the survivors were sacrificed at the 52nd week after the final administration. In the TMS-MNU and MNU groups, tumors of the forestomach were induced and the incidence was 100% in the groups of both sexes. In addition, tumors of the glandular stomach, nervous system, kidney, and lung were also observed in these groups. Neurogenic tumors were found more frequently in the MNU group than in the TMS-MNU group. The incidence of lung tumors, however, was higher in the TMS-MNU group than in the MNU group. On the other hand, in the control and neoPNU groups, no tumor was found in these organs except the lung, and all tumors observed in these two groups were histologically similar to spontaneous ones in this strain of rats. These results indicate that the carcinogenicity of N-alkyl-N-nitrosoureas is dependent on the chemical structure of their alkyl chain. The result of the present study coincides with the previous result that the species of TMS-MNU in the alkylating step is the same as that of MNU, but different from neoPNU. The difference in the organ specificity between TMS-MNU and MNU demonstrates that the organ specificity is dominantly dependent on the distribution of the chemicals, since TMS-MNU may possibly be distributed differently from MNU because of its different partition property. PMID- 3182908 TI - Cell adhesion and migration of different human colon cell lines and primary tumors. AB - Several cell lines derived from colon tumors (HT-29, WiDr, PT4, PT5) and from human liver metastases (LM3) and primary human colon tumor cells (PTR) were compared with regard to their ability to migrate and to attach to different substrates (collagen G, laminin, fibronectin). Cells from the WiDr cell lines migrated actively, whereas the other cell lines, and LM3 and the PTs showed almost no migratory activity. The attachment efficiency was best in all cell lines assayed when tested on collagen followed by laminin and fibronectin as substrates. The HT-29 cells showed the strongest adhesion to all substrates, while the adhesiveness of PT4, PT5, and LM3 was reduced. The WiDr cells which migrated best showed the lowest adhesion to the substrates. PMID- 3182907 TI - Relation of H-2 expression on murine RCT(+) sarcoma cells to lung colonization and sensitivity to NK cells. AB - Murine RCT(+) sarcoma cells were sorted using a fluorescence-activated cell sorter with regard to the expression of H-2 antigens and then an increased H-2 expressing subclone was established, and named RCT(+)H-2+. The experimental metastasis of RCT(+) cells was compared with that of RCT(+)H-2+ cells by counting pulmonary colonies on the 21st day after i.v. inoculation of tumor cells (5-10 x 10(4)/mouse). When mice were inoculated with RCT(+) cells, mean numbers of pulmonary colonies were 2.1(range 0-6), 2.8(range 0-7) using 5 x 10(4) and 1 x 10(5) cells, respectively. On the other hand, in the mice inoculated with RCT(+)H 2+ cells, figures obtained were 7.0(range 4-16), 31.9(range 13-79), using 5 x 10(4) and 1 x 10(5) cells, respectively. The survival rate of RCT(+)H-2+ cells was higher than that of RCT(+) cells, when this was assayed in the early stage after i.v. injection of 51Cr-labeled cells (1 x 10(5) cells/mouse). In addition, RCT(+)H-2+ cells were more resistant than RCT(+) cells to lysis mediated by natural killer cells. These data suggest that an increase in metastatic ability was paralleled by an increase in the H-2 antigen expression and a decrease in sensitivity to the natural killer cells. PMID- 3182909 TI - Antitumor properties of organometallic metallocene complexes of tin and germanium. AB - The antitumor activity of the four metallocene compounds decaphenylstannocene [eta 5-(C6H5)5C5]2Sn(II), decabenzylstannocene [eta 5-(C6H5CH2)5C5]2Sn(II), decaphenylgermanocene [eta 5-(C6H5)5C5]2Ge(II), and decabenzylgermanocene [eta 5 (C6H5CH2)5C5]2Ge(II), containing the main group IV elements tin or germanium as the central metal atom and two pentasubstituted cyclopentadienyl ring ligands in sandwich arrangement, were tested against Ehrlich ascites tumor in female CF1 mice. The complexes caused cure rates of 40% to 90% of the animals treated over rather broad dose ranges. With both germanocene complexes, no strong dose activity relationship was manifest. The toxicity of all four metallocenes was low, the LD10 values of both stannocenes being 460 and 500 mg/kg, and those of both germanocenes higher than 700 mg/kg. Regarding the isolated pentasubstituted cyclopentadiene ligands (C6H5)5C5H and (C6H5CH2)5C5H, these also exhibited antitumor activity which was less pronounced than that of the metal-containing sandwich complexes. Decasubstituted stannocene and germanocene compounds represent a new type of non-platinum group metal antitumor agents structurally differing from known inorganic and organometallic cytostatics. PMID- 3182910 TI - Antimetastatic effect of bromelain with or without its proteolytic and anticoagulant activity. AB - Bromelain, a pineapple-derived plant product, added to C57Bl/6 mice laboratory chow decreased lung metastasis of Lewis lung cancer cells implanted s.c. This antimetastatic potential was demonstrated by both the active and inactive bromelain with or without proteolytic, anticoagulant properties. PMID- 3182912 TI - Increased serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in the progression of breast cancer. AB - The course of serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides was investigated in patients with advanced breast cancer. The patients studied were divided into two groups according to their clinical status: group-I consisted of 51 patients who already had metastases at the start of the investigation, but progressed further during the time of observation; group-II consisted of 14 patients in remission who experienced recurrence of disease while under observation. In group-I, 28 patients (54.9%) were found to have normal serum triglyceride levels at the beginning of the observation period; 22 patients (78.6%) from this group experienced a significant (P less than 0.0001) increase above the normal range upon further disease progression. Similarly, serum cholesterol levels were normal in 32 patients (62.8%) at the start of the investigation, but increased significantly (P less than 0.0001) above the normal range upon disease progression. In group-II, 8 patients (57.2%) had normal serum triglyceride levels at the beginning of the observation period, but the levels increased in 4 patients (50%) significantly (P less than 0.005) upon the occurrence of metastases. Within the same group, a significant increase (P less than 0.001) of initially normal serum cholesterol levels was found in 4 (44.9%) out of 9 patients. In summary, a rise in serum levels of triglycerides and/or cholesterol should receive increased attention and could indicate progression or recurrence of breast cancer. PMID- 3182911 TI - Pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin in man: dose and schedule dependence. AB - Doxorubicin serum elimination kinetics were measured by HPLC in three different patient groups. A dose of (a) 30 mg/m2; (b) 50 mg/m2, and (c) 4 x 15 mg/m2 every 10 h was administered by bolus injection to (a) 10, (b) 6, and (c) 8 patients. The results obtained provided strong evidence for a nonlinear dependence of doxorubicin serum elimination on the dose and administration schedule used. Comparing the 15 and 30 mg/m2 dose there was no significant increase in early drug levels but a marked increase in terminal half-life. At doses higher than 30 mg/m2, however, there was a steep increase in early drug levels, too. Moreover a marked cumulation of the anthracycline in the central compartment following short term (4 x 15 mg/m2 every 10 h) consecutive administration was found. To obtain an optimal concentration x time product by single bolus injection a dose equal or higher than 30 mg/m2 should be used. However, in this dose range a steep dose dependent rise in early drug levels is to be expected. As early high serum levels correlate with congestive heart failure, administration schedules reaching effective concentration x time products without high peak levels such as continuous infusion or consecutive administration of low doses seem to be necessary. PMID- 3182913 TI - Procoagulant activity of gastric, colorectal, and renal cancer is factor VII dependent. AB - The PA of GC, CC, and RC extracts was assayed by the recalcification of human normal or F VII-DP, and the PA of normal tissue was also determined. The PA of normal tissue was higher than that of the cancer tissues in all groups of specimens. Substitution of normal plasma by F VII-DP resulted in significant depression of the PA and the differences in the PA between the normal and cancer tissue samples disappeared. Preincubation of normal and cancer tissue extracts with the cysteine proteinase inhibitors, mercuric chloride and iodoacetamide, did not affect the PA of these extracts. We conclude that the PA of the investigated cancer extracts is factor VII-dependent and can be related to the presence of tissue factor within cancer tissue. PMID- 3182914 TI - Transient blindness and seizure associated with cisplatin therapy. AB - A 38-year-old woman with adenocarcinoma of unknown origin was treated with cisplatin and etoposide. After the 4th course of chemotherapy she complained of blindness and had a seizure with spontaneous recovery in 4 days. The relationship between these events and the known neurotoxicity of other heavy metals indicate cisplatin as a possible etiologic factor. PMID- 3182915 TI - Should i.m. injections be avoided during cancer chemotherapy? AB - The intravascular transit of malignant tumor cells constitutes an important step in the formation of distant metastases. The development of tumors in extravascular tissues depends upon the exit of these cells from the circulation by crossing the barriers formed by endothelium and basement membrane and their growth in the extravascular environment. Cytostatic drugs may disturb the function of these barriers and some of them, as well as antiemetic drugs, are given as i.m. injections. Thus these both mechanically and chemically induced endothelial and extravascular tissue changes might facilitate tumor cell transit to extravascular tissues. These aspects are discussed in this case report of a young female patient with a mediastinal germ cell tumor. At 4 years after complete remission induced with chemotherapy and radiotherapy she developed recurrent germ cell tumor in the form of a s.c. gluteal abscess. This gluteal region is the most common site of i.m. injections during or after cancer chemotherapy. PMID- 3182916 TI - EEG monitoring, selective shunting and patch graft angioplasty in carotid endarterectomy. Early and longterm results. AB - From March 1980 to July 1986 at the Department of Vascular Surgery of the University of Padua, 182 patients underwent 210 carotid revascularizations for atherosclerotic stenosis involving the carotid bifurcation (28 operations were bilateral). Carotid endarterectomies (CE) and patch graft angioplasty totalled 192 (166 patients); an enlarging patch graft angioplasty of the internal carotid artery (ICA) without CE was performed in 14 cases (13 patients); in the remaining four surgical procedures (3 patients), for technical reasons prohibiting CE, the operation consisted of a great saphenous vein bypass between a donor vessel and the ICA distal to the lesion. The preoperative symptoms in 182 patients were as follows: TIAs (98 cases, 54%), non-hemispheric symptoms (21 cases (12%) and fixed stroke or TIAIR (10 cases, 5%). Fifty-three patients (29%) were asymptomatic. In all cases, continuous EEG monitoring was employed. The operation was performed without a temporary intraluminal shunt in the patients showing tolerance to carotid clamping. The protection of the shunt was required only in patients with EEG changes (47 cases). The arteriotomy was routinely closed with a PTFE patch graft angioplasty. Early results of the operation were excellent: none of the patients presented permanent or transient neurological deficits in the immediate postoperative period and none of them died. All patients were reassessed with C.W. Doppler sonography and Duplex scanning in the postoperative period. In all cases, the success of the operation was demonstrated. Longterm follow-up (6-72 months, mean follow-up: 35 months) was done in 121 patients (142 operations): 107 patients were completely asymptomatic, 5 remained stable or slightly improved the preoperative status. Five patients had a new or recurrent TIAs, 3 suffered a stroke, one showed a recurrence of non-hemispheric symptoms. With the exception of two patients suffering a stroke, all had a second arteriography but none of these patients showed extracranial lesions. Two patients presented an asymptomatic restenosis of the ICA. Eight patients (8.8%) revealed a significant evolution of the disease of the contralateral unoperated ICA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3182917 TI - Isolated coarctation of the aorta: surgical treatment and late results. Eighteen years' experience. AB - From March 1967 to February 1985, ninety one patients aged from eleven months to 53 years underwent surgical treatment of isolated coarctation of the aorta. On reviewing the long term results it was found that persistence of hypertension was related to the age when the operation was performed. Dividing the patients into three age groups; group I: 0-5 years, group II: 6-15 years and group III: over 15 years, it was found that there was no late hypertension in group I while hypertension persisted in 11% in group II and 25% in group III. Fifty per cent of the patients with persistent hypertension were above the age of 20 years at the time of operation. The need for graft replacement was related to age of the patients and to the anatomy of the coarctation being used more frequently in older patients and in those where the coarctation was at the junction of the arch and the descending aorta or proximal to that site. Because of this relationship to the anatomy, the coarctations were classified into 4 types. The surgical procedures performed were: resection with end to end anastomosis, resection with replacement by a tube graft, patch and bypass grafts, in descending order of frequency. Eighty six patients have been followed up (mean 10 years). There was no hospital or late mortality (one patient committed suicide one year after operation) and none of the patients suffered from spinal cord injury. There were three recurrent coarctations in patients who had primary reconstruction under one year of age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182918 TI - Persistence of collateral circulation after correction of aortic coarctation. AB - The persistence of collateral circulation was evaluated one year after the correction of experimental aortic coarctation (CoA) by assessing renal perfusion with the Xenon 133-washout method and measuring distal aortic blood pressure during cross-clamping of the thoracic aorta. CoA was created in 7 puppies at 2 months of age and was corrected after a follow-up with a venous patch when the dogs were 9 months old. Two of the dogs were lost during the corrective operation due to anaesthetic complications. Four sham-operated dogs served as controls. One year after correction of CoA, four of the dogs had a pressure gradient of less than 5 mmHg at the site of CoA and one a pressure gradient of 15 mmHg. In renal perfusion measurements a mean decrease of 49% and 96% was found in the study and control groups, respectively. Blood pressures in the distal aorta decreased 47% and 83%, respectively. Two dogs in the study group had a distal blood pressure under 50 mmHg and their renal perfusion decreased markedly. Collateral circulation decreased with time after a good anatomic correction of CoA, so that one year after correction of experimental CoA about one half of the initial collateral capacity remained. This suggests that in most reoperations performed at least one year after the primary corrections, temporal shunting or a left side bypass is necessary to ensure sufficient circulation in the distal organs. PMID- 3182919 TI - Subtotal mesh-wrapping in the treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm. AB - A new technique for managing abdominal aortic aneurysms is described. This so called "subtotal mesh-wrapping" may be considered for high-risk patients with large or growing aneurysms even those extending proximally to the renal arteries. The results in 19 patients, treated by this method, are discussed. Poor general condition renders peri-operative mortality high. But long-term prognosis is improved and with the abandoning of appendectomy will benefit still more. PMID- 3182920 TI - Noninvasive diagnosis and quantitation of popliteal reflux in the swollen and ulcerated leg. AB - Air-plethysmography was used to study 25 normal legs (N), 25 legs with primary varicose veins (PVV) without sequelae of venous disease (chronic swelling, skin changes, ulceration), 32 legs with primary varicose veins with sequelae of venous disease (PVV/S) and 32 legs with reflux in the popliteal vein (PR). The blood volume that filled the leg veins on standing from recumbent position (venous volume [VV]) in ml and the time needed for 90% filling of the veins (venous filling time [VFT90]), in seconds were measured. The ratio 90% of VV/VFT90 was defined as venous filling index (VFI) in ml/sec. VFI is a measurement of reflux. The measurements were repeated with a 2.5 cm wide tourniquet (T) placed at the knee level to occlude the superficial veins only. The method, apart from its diagnostic accuracy, can measure reflux separately in the superficial and the deep venous system and has indicated that the magnitude of reflux is related to chronic swelling and ulceration of the leg, irrespective of whether it is in the superficial or deep system. PMID- 3182921 TI - Study of venous and lymphatic components in the production of edema following femoropopliteal by-pass. A comparative scintigraphy and radiologic study. AB - Fifteen consecutive patients who underwent femoro-popliteal reconstructions were examined comparatively by X-Ray and radionuclide lymphograms during the first postoperative week. The role of venous and lymphatic involvement and the significance of the surgical technique on the presence and extent of the postoperative edema was investigated. Patients were grouped according to the graft material (saphenous vein vs. PTFE), and the site of distal anastomosis. Edema developed in all but one patient, being more prominent in those with a saphenous graft with the popliteal anastomosis below the knee. Phlebography confirmed venous obstruction in one case. Contrast and scintigraphic lymphograms disclosed several degrees of lymphatic damage (disruption of the vessels and extravasation) in all instances, which correlated with the extent of surgical dissection and the development of postoperative edema. There was good agreement between the two lymphatic imaging techniques. PMID- 3182922 TI - Regional anatomical differences in the venographic occurrence of deep venous thrombosis and long-term follow-up. AB - The purpose of this study was to analyze the various factors that influence the anatomical site of occurrence of DVT and to determine if the clinical course differed in patients afflicted with DVT at different anatomical sites in the lower extremity. Forty four of 92 patients undergoing venography during a 4-1/2 year period had positive venograms for DVT. Patients were grouped into one of three categories: iliofemoral thrombosis (IFT) n = 9, superficial femoral vein thrombosis with or without distal thrombosis (SFV) n = 21, and popliteal/calf thrombosis (clot limited to below the knee) (PCT) n = 14. Patients in the IFT group had a significantly prolonged hospital stay (p less than .05) and a significantly lower mean weight (129 lbs) when compared to the PCT group (173 lbs) (p less than .05). Pain was present equally among the three groups. Swelling was much more common in the SFV group, whereas tenderness was most frequent in the PCT group. Of those patients with swelling, 70% were in the SFV group and of those patients with tenderness, 60% were in the PCT group. DVT as the primary diagnosis was seen in 39% of cases of which half had disease limited to the PCT region. Post-op DVT occurred equally among the groups. DVT occurred much more frequently in the PCT region after myocardial infarctions and after orthopedic procedures, whereas in patients with malignancies, the most common site was the SFV region. Pulmonary embolism developed in 11% of patients and occurred in the IFT and SFV groups only. No patient with DVT of the calf/popliteal developed a pulmonary embolism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182923 TI - Evaluation of the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (EPTFE) suture in peripheral vascular surgery using EPTFE prosthetic vascular grafts. AB - A new suture material, EPTFE, is available for use in vascular anastomoses. This study evaluated the EPTFE suture in 115 procedures on 108 patients, resulting in 198 EPTFE anastomoses. Average length of follow-up was 12.8 months with a range of two to 26 months. No incidence of suture failure resulting in infection, false aneurysm, or anastomotic dehiscence was found. Handling characteristics were found to be favorable. Anastomotic bleeding was minimal in 79%, and excessive in 5%. Available data suggest that physical and biologic characteristics of EPTFE suture are favorable. Long-term clinical follow-up is needed. PMID- 3182924 TI - Amputation as a consequence of stroke. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine if a significant correlation exists between the side of hemiplegia caused by a cerebrovascular accident and side of a subsequent major lower-extremity amputation. We also attempted to determine if a relationship exists between the time from cerebrovascular accident to the amputation, or level of amputation, and any concomitant risk factors including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, or cigarette smoking. Forty-seven patients were included in the study; 40 of the 47 had an amputation on the side of the hemiplegia, which represented a statistically significant relationship (chi 2 = 5.00, p less than 0.05). The cause of limb loss was chronic ischemia in all cases; trophic ulcers and pressure necrosis played a significant role in 23 cases. No conclusions could be made between the level of amputation or time between the cerebrovascular accident and amputation in relation to the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, or cigarette smoking. PMID- 3182925 TI - Aneurysm of the celiac artery. AB - A 50-year-old male with asymptomatic aneurysm of the celiac artery is described and the diagnosis and surgical treatment as well as problems and considerations involved in surgical management are discussed in conjunction with a review of the literature. PMID- 3182926 TI - Post-traumatic brachial artery aneurysm and arteriovenous fistulae. AB - A case of penetrating metal fragment injury to the cubital fossa with subsequent development of a false aneurysm of the brachial artery with a fistulae to the vena comitans and median basilic vein is described. Surgical management involved aneurysmectomy, interposition cephalic vein graft and lateral repair of the vena comitans. Early angiography should be considered in penetrating injuries near major limb vessels, as the initial signs and symptoms of vascular injury may be minimal. PMID- 3182927 TI - Use of spiral vein graft to bypass occluded subclavian vein. AB - A patient presented with massive swelling of left arm secondary to left radio cephalic fistula and ipsilateral subclavian vein occlusion. This was successfully treated with a spiral vein graft interposed between axillary vein and internal jugular vein. PMID- 3182929 TI - The sequential internal mammary artery graft. Long term results of a consecutive series of 364 patients. AB - Sequential, bilateral and free mammary grafts are employed in the current operative treatment of coronary pathology to maximize the benefit of the enhanced long-term patency of the internal mammary graft. This study reports the early and late results of a consecutive series of 364 patients in whom an internal mammary artery jumpgraft was performed. The total perioperative mortality was 1.6%, the cardiac perioperative mortality 1.0%. The perioperative infarct rate was 2.5%; the infarct rate in the mammary outflow field 1.4%. The total survival at 90 months (operative mortality included) was 92.2%, the cardiac survival at 90 months was 95.8% and the event-free group of the operative survivors was 85.2% at 90 months. The mammary artery jumpgraft can be performed without additional risk to the patient, it has a very good late result and it should be standard tool in the current coronary surgery technique. It is essential in coronary redo surgery and in patients after bilateral saphenectomy. PMID- 3182928 TI - Prolonged aortic cross-clamping in early infancy and method of myocardial preservation. AB - A cardioplegic solution containing blood with a low level of ionic calcium was prepared independent of pump-oxygenator perfusate blood, so as to contain a constant concentration of each component at any given time. Using this solution, Jatene's anatomic repair under prolonged periods of aortic cross-clamping ranging from 117 to 184 minutes (mean: 149 min) was performed on seven young infants with simple complete transposition. The ages of the patients ranged from 34 days to 3 months, with a median age of 2 months. Four patients, aged 39 days, 41 days, 2 months and 3 months, survived and showed uneventful postoperative hemodynamics. Two of the three non-survivors were considered retrospectively to have been unsuitable candidates for Jatene's anatomic repair due to their low left ventricular pressure (LV/RV pressure ratio less than 0.60 in both). The remaining infant who died had TGA with a large ventricular septal defect of the muscular type and developed a postoperative residual shunt. It was considered unreasonable to attribute the cause of death in this case to inadequate myocardial protection. Judging from our experience with these four survivors who underwent prolonged aortic clamping ranging from 117 to 160 minutes, our cardioplegic solution and the technique of its administration were considered to be effective and promising for heart surgery in young infants and neonates. PMID- 3182930 TI - Phrenic nerve paralysis following pediatric cardiac surgery. Role of diaphragmatic plication. AB - Eighteen children sustained unilateral phrenic nerve paralysis (PNP) after cardiac surgical procedures. Ten (Group I), under 7 months (mean: 2.9 +/- 2.2), required long-term ventilatory assistance (mean: 23.9 +/- 13.0 days); they failed to be weaned from the ventilator. All underwent diaphragmatic plication (DP). DP was performed late in 7 cases (Group Ia) with a mean time of 30.8 days between surgery and DP, and early in 3 others (Group Ib) with a mean time of 10.2 days. Eight children (Group II), older than 1 year, tolerated PNP better and could be extubated early without diaphragmatic plication. In Group Ia severe lung infections were recorded in 5 before or/and after DP, and two died at 3 and 30 days after plication. Five children from Group Ia and all 3 from Group Ib were late survivors. They could be weaned from ventilatory support in a mean time of 3 days after DP, although those with severe lung infection (Group Ia) took the longest time. All from Group II were late survivors. We conclude: PNP is well tolerated without plication in children older than 1 year. However early DP offers excellent and immediate results in infants with PNP. Early DP in these children avoids or reduces severe lung infections and death. PMID- 3182931 TI - Bilateral semilunar valvotomies using inflow occlusion in a neonate. AB - The case of a neonate with critical pulmonary and aortic valve stenosis who underwent successful sequential valvotomies using one period of inflow occlusion is reported. This valvotomy technique performed in critically ill neonates, if carried out expeditiously, can result in the same degree of success as when used for single valvotomies. PMID- 3182932 TI - Identification, by a monoclonal antibody, of a 53-kD protein associated with a tubulo-vesicular compartment at the cis-side of the Golgi apparatus. AB - Purified Golgi membranes of the human intestinal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 were used as an antigen to produce a monoclonal antibody, G1/93, which specifically labels a tubulovesicular compartment near the cis side of the Golgi apparatus, including the first cis-cisterna itself, as visualized by single and double immunoelectron microscopy with antibodies against galactosyltransferase. The antigen recognized by G1/93 was identified as a protein with a subunit size of 53 kD. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that the 53-kD protein dimerizes immediately after synthesis followed by formation of oligomers of approximately 310 kD, probably homohexamers. The protein has a transmembrane topology with only a short cytoplasmic segment as assessed by protease protection experiments. Glycosidase digestion studies indicated that the protein is probably not glycosylated. The unique subcellular distribution of the G1/93 antigen in close vicinity to the cis-Golgi is in line with the notion that this protein may delineate the biosynthetic transport pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Moreover, G1/93 is a useful marker to identify the cis side of the Golgi apparatus in a variety of human cells. PMID- 3182933 TI - Inhibition of tyrosine sulfation in the trans-Golgi retards the transport of a constitutively secreted protein to the cell surface. AB - The effect of tyrosine sulfation on the transport of a constitutively secreted protein, yolk protein 2 (YP2) of Drosophila melanogaster, to the cell surface was investigated after expression of YP2 in mouse fibroblasts. Inhibition of YP2 sulfation was achieved by two distinct approaches. First, the single site of sulfation in YP2, tyrosine 172, was changed to phenylalanine by oligonucleotide directed mutagenesis. Second, L cell clones stably expressing YP2 were treated with chlorate, a reversible inhibitor of sulfation. Pulse-chase experiments with transfected L cell clones showed that the half-time of transport from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface of the unsulfated mutant YP2 and the unsulfated wild-type YP2 produced in the presence of chlorate was 15-18 min slower than that of the sulfated wild-type YP2. Control experiments indicated (a) that the tyrosine to phenylalanine change itself did not affect YP2 transport, (b) that the retardation of YP2 transport by chlorate occurred only with sulfatable but not with unsulfatable YP2, (c) that the transport difference between wild-type and mutant YP2 was not due to the level of YP2 expression, and (d) that transport of the endogenous secretory protein fibronectin was the same in L cell clones expressing wild-type and mutant YP2. Since the half-time of transport of wild-type YP2 from the intracellular site of sulfation, the trans Golgi, to the cell surface was found to be 10 min, the 15-18-min retardation seen upon inhibition of tyrosine sulfation reflected a two- to threefold increase in the half-time of trans-Golgi to cell surface transport, which was most probably caused by an increased residence time of unsulfated YP2 in the trans-Golgi. The results demonstrate a role of tyrosine sulfation in the intracellular transport of a constitutively secreted protein. PMID- 3182934 TI - Direct observation of the budding and fusion of an enveloped virus by video microscopy of viable cells. AB - Video-enhanced microscopy and digital image processing were used to observe the assembly, budding, and fusion of Respiratory Syncytial virus. Viral filaments were seen to bud from the plasma membrane of viable infected cells to a final length of 5-10 micron with an average speed of elongation of 110-250 nm/s. The rapidity of viral assembly and its synchronous occurrence (leading to the production of several viral particles per minute from the same surface domain) suggests a directed process of recruitment of viral components to an area selected for virus maturation. Virions were also seen to adsorb to the cell surface, and to fuse with the plasma membrane. These are the first real time observations of viral morphogenesis and penetration which are crucial events in the infectious cycle of enveloped viruses. PMID- 3182935 TI - Binding and transcytosis of glycoalbumin by the microvascular endothelium of the murine myocardium: evidence that glycoalbumin behaves as a bifunctional ligand. AB - The binding and transport of glycoalbumin (gA) by the endothelium of murine myocardial microvessels were studied by perfusing in situ 125I-gA or gA-gold complexes (gA-Au) and examining the specimens by radioassays and EM, respectively. After a 3-min perfusion, the uptake of radioiodinated gA is 2.2 fold higher than that of native albumin; it is partially (approximately 55%) competed by either albumin or D-glucose, and almost completely abolished by the concomitant administration of both competitors or by gA. D-mannose and D galactose are not effective competitors. Unlike albumin-gold complexes that bind restrictively to plasmalemmal vesicles, gA-Au labels the plasma-lemma proper, plasmalemmal vesicles open on the lumen, and most coated pits. Competing albumin prevents gA-Au binding to the membrane of plasmalemmal vesicles, while glucose significantly reduces the ligand binding to plasmalemma proper. Competition with albumin and glucose gives additive effects. Transcytosis of gA-Au, already detected at 3 min, becomes substantial by 30 min. No tracer exit via intercellular junctions was detected. gA-Au progressively accumulates in multivesicular bodies. The results of the binding and competition experiments indicate that the gA behaves as a bifunctional ligand which is recognized by two distinct binding sites: one, located on the plasma membrane, binds as a lectin the glucose residues of gA; whereas the other, confined to plasmalemmal vesicles, recognizes presumably specific domains of the albumin molecule. PMID- 3182936 TI - Arrangement of myosin heads on Limulus thick filaments. AB - The two myosin heads with a single surface subunit on thick filaments from chelicerate arthropod muscle may originate from the same, or from axially sequential molecules, as suggested by three-dimensional reconstructions. The resolution attained in the reconstructions, however, does not permit one to distinguish unequivocally between these two possible arrangements. We examined the effect of 0.6 M KCl on relaxed thick filaments separated from Limulus muscle and filaments in which nearest myosin heads were cross-linked by the bifunctional agent, 3,3'-dithio-bis[3'(2')-O-[6-propionylamino)hexanoyl]adenosine 5' triphosphate (bis22ATP), in the presence of vanadate (Vi). In high salt, surface myosin dissolved from both native, relaxed filaments and those exposed to 1-2 mM dithiothreitol after cross-linking, but was retained on filaments with cross linked heads. Since bis22ATP must form intermolecular bonds between myosin heads within each subunit to prevent myosin solubilization in high salt, we conclude that each of these heads originates from a different myosin molecule, as was previously predicted by the reconstructions. PMID- 3182937 TI - The reorganization of microfilaments, centrosomes, and microtubules during in vitro small wound reendothelialization. AB - The repair of small endothelial wounds is an important process by which endothelial cells maintain endothelial integrity. An in vitro wound model system was used in which precise wounds were made in a confluent endothelial monolayer. The repair process was observed by time-lapse cinemicrophotography. Using fluorescence and immunofluorescence microscopy, the cellular morphological events were correlated with the localization and distribution of actin microfilament bundles and vinculin plaques, and centrosomes and their associated microtubules. Single to four-cell wounds underwent closure by cell spreading while wounds seven to nine cells in size closed by initially spreading which was then followed at approximately 1 h after wounding by cell migration. These two processes showed different cytoskeletal patterns. Cell spreading occurred independent of centrosome location. However, centrosome redistribution to the front of the cell occurred as the cells began to elongate and migrate. While the peripheral actin microfilament bundles (i.e., the dense peripheral band) remained intact during cell spreading, they broke down during migration and were associated with a reduction in peripheral vinculin plaque staining. Thus, the major events characterizing the closure of endothelial wounds were precise in nature, followed a specific sequence, and were associated with specific cytoskeletal patterns which most likely were important in maintaining directionality of migration and reducing the adhesion of the cells to their neighbors within the monolayer. PMID- 3182938 TI - Mapping of a cell-binding domain in the cell adhesion molecule gp80 of Dictyostelium discoideum. AB - At the aggregation stage of Dictyostelium discoideum development, a cell surface glycoprotein of Mr 80,000 (gp80) has been found to mediate the EDTA-resistant type of cell-cell adhesion via homophilic interaction (Siu, C.-H., A. Cho, and A. H. C. Choi. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 105:2523-2533). To investigate the structure function relationships of gp80, we have isolated full length cDNA clones for gp80 and determined the DNA sequence. The deduced structure of gp80 showed three major domains. An amino-terminal globular domain composed of the bulk of the protein is supported by a short stalk region, which is followed by a membrane anchor at the carboxy terminus. Structural analysis suggested that the cell-binding domain of gp80 resides within the globular domain near the amino terminus. To investigate the relationship of the cell-binding activity to this region of the polypeptide, three protein A/gp80 (PA80) gene fusions were constructed using the expression vector pRIT2T. These PA80 fusion proteins were assayed for their ability to bind to aggregation stage cells. Binding of 125I-labeled fusion proteins PA80I (containing the Val123 to Ile514 fragment of gp80) and PA80II (Val123 to Ala258) was dosage dependent and could be inhibited by precoating cells with the cell cohesion-blocking mAb 80L5C4. On the other hand, there was no appreciable binding of PA80III (Ile174 to Ile514) to cells. Reassociation of cells was significantly inhibited in the presence of PA80I or PA80II. In addition, 125I-labeled PA80II exhibited homophilic interaction with immobilized PA80I, PA80II, or gp80. The results of these studies lead to the mapping of a cell-binding domain in the region between Val123 and Leu173 of gp80 and provide direct evidence that the cell-binding activity of gp80 resides in the protein moiety. PMID- 3182939 TI - Evolutionary conservation of tissue-specific lymphocyte-endothelial cell recognition mechanisms involved in lymphocyte homing. AB - Tissue-specific interactions with specialized high endothelial venules (HEV) direct the homing of lymphocytes from the blood into peripheral lymph nodes, mucosal lymphoid organs, and tissue sites of chronic inflammation. These interactions have been demonstrated in all mammalian species examined and thus appear highly conserved. To assess the degree of evolutionary divergence in lymphocyte-HEV recognition mechanisms, we have studied the ability of lymphocytes to interact with HEV across species barriers. By using an in vitro assay of lymphocyte binding to HEV in frozen sections of lymphoid tissues, we confirm that mouse, guinea pig, and human lymphocytes bind to xenogeneic as well as homologous HEV. In addition, we show that mouse and human lymphoid cell lines that bind selectively to either peripheral lymph node or mucosal vessels (Peyer's patches, appendix) in homologous lymphoid tissues exhibit the same organ specificity in binding to xenogeneic HEV. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies that recognize lymphocyte "homing receptors" and block homologous lymphocyte binding to peripheral lymph node or to mucosal HEV, also inhibit lymphocyte interactions with xenogeneic HEV in a tissue-specific fashion. Similarly, anti-HEV antibodies against organ-specific mouse high endothelial cell "addressins" involved in lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph node or mucosal lymphoid organs, not only block the adhesion of mouse lymphocytes but also of human lymphocytes to target mouse HEV. The results illustrate a remarkable degree of functional conservation of elements mediating these cell-cell recognition events involved in organ specific lymphocyte homing. PMID- 3182940 TI - A role for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the development of thermotolerance in Xenopus laevis embryos. AB - During heat shock, Xenopus laevis embryos exhibit an increase in the rate of accumulation of lactate and a loss of ATP relative to non-heat-shocked control embryos. These results suggest that heat shock stimulates a shift in energy metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis while at the same time causing an increase in the demand for ATP. We have evidence indicating that the embryo may meet such demands placed on it by increasing the levels of some glycolytic enzymes. In this report, we show that heat shock stimulates increases in the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [( EC 1.2.1.12] GAPDH). The specific activity of GAPDH shows a significant increase after heat shock, which correlates with the accumulation of GAPDH in heat-shocked embryos as detected by immunoblotting. Increases in GAPDH-specific activity are variable, however, and are inversely proportional to the levels of specific activity in control embryos; i.e., constitutive enzyme activity. We further analyzed the heat-enhanced accumulation of GAPDH by electrophoretically separating GAPDH isozymes on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. Control embryos exhibit a single isozyme of GAPDH, whereas heat-shocked embryos exhibit two isozymes of GAPDH. When these isozymes are labeled with [35S]methionine, separated by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, and analyzed by fluorography, a heat-shock protein is found to comigrate with the isozyme unique to the heat-shocked sample. Enzyme activity assays at different temperatures suggest that this isozyme has optimum enzymatic activity only at heat-shock temperatures. We have correlated a 35-kD heat-shock protein (hsp35) with GAPDH using the following evidence: this hsp comigrates with GAPDH on one-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gels; heat-enhanced increases in GAPDH specific activity correlate with hsp35 synthesis; and hsp35 and GAPDH have similar peptide maps. This relationship also provides a compelling explanation for the restriction of hsp35 synthesis to the vegetal hemisphere cells of heat shocked early gastrulae reported previously (Nickells, R. W., and L. W. Browder. 1985. Dev. Biol. 112:391-395). PMID- 3182942 TI - Ultrastructure of type VI collagen in human skin and cartilage suggests an anchoring function for this filamentous network. AB - An mAb was used in conjunction with immunoelectron microscopy to study the ultrastructure and distribution of the type VI collagen network. Type VI collagen in femoral head and costal cartilage was found distributed throughout the matrix but concentrated in areas surrounding chondrocytes. Three-dimensional information gained from high voltage stereo pair electron microscopy showed that the type VI collagen network in skin was organized into a highly branched, open, filamentous network that encircled interstitial collagen fibers, but did not appear to interact directly with them. Type VI collagen was also found concentrated near basement membranes of nerves, blood vessels, and fat cells although in a less organized state. Labeling was conspicuously reduced close to the epithelial basement membrane in the region of the anchoring fibrils. No labeling of basement membranes was seen. Based on these observations it is suggested that the type VI collagen forms a flexible network that anchors large interstitial structures such as nerves, blood vessels, and collagen fibers into surrounding connective tissues. PMID- 3182943 TI - Cytolocalization of prosomes as a function of differentiation. AB - Prosomes, ubiquitous ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles of defined biochemical and morphological structure, first isolated as a subcomplex of the repressed globin mRNP in avian and mouse erythroblasts, were also found in the cytoplasm of other vertebrates associated with other mRNAs. Here we show that prosomes are also present in the cell nucleus and, furthermore, that the cytolocalization of specific prosomal peptides is a function of differentiation. Four monoclonal antibodies, raised against the duck prosomal proteins, p27K, p28K, p29K and p31K (K = 10(3) Mr) react to variable degree with prosomes of chicken, mouse, and human cells. Immunocytochemical and biochemical analyses show that all four antigens are present in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of avian erythroblasts and avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV)-transformed erythroleukaemic cells. Interestingly, the prosomes disappear in the course of the terminal differentiation of erythroblasts to mature erythrocytes. Although all the four prosomal antigens tested are present in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments, slight differences in the immunofluorescent patterns indicate that each antigen may have a particular cytological distribution that varies in the course of differentiation. PMID- 3182941 TI - Differentiation of cardiac myocytes after mitogen withdrawal exhibits three sequential states of the ventricular growth response. AB - During cardiac myogenesis, ventricular muscle cells lose the capacity to proliferate soon after birth. It is unknown whether this developmental block to mitotic division and DNA replication might involve irreversible repression of the cellular oncogene c-myc. Ventricular myocytes from 2 d-old rats continued to differentiate in vitro during 15 d of mitogen withdrawal, as shown by the formation of cross-striations, increased proportion of the muscle isoenzyme of creatine kinase, stable expression of alpha-cardiac actin and myosin heavy chain mRNAs, and appropriate down-regulation of alpha-skeletal actin mRNA. After mitogen withdrawal for 2 d, serum evoked both DNA synthesis and mitotic division; after 7 d, DNA replication was uncoupled from cell division; after 15 d, DNA synthesis itself was markedly attentuated. These three distinct phenotypic states resemble the sequential properties of growth found in the neonatal rat heart in vivo. Despite failure to induce DNA replication or division after 15 d of mitogen withdrawal, serum elicited both c-myc and alpha-skeletal actin as found during hypertrophy of the intact heart. The results agree with previous evidence that one or more functional pathways that transduce the effects of serum factors may persist in older cardiac muscle cells, and indicate that irreversible down regulation of c-myc cannot be the basis for the loss of growth responses. PMID- 3182945 TI - Supercoils in plant DNA: nucleoid sedimentation studies. AB - Plant nuclei have been studied with respect to the three-dimensional structure of DNA. Nucleoids derived from nuclei by non-ionic detergent and high salt treatment were analysed by sedimentation in a series of sucrose gradients containing increasing amounts of the intercalating agent ethidium bromide. In addition the nucleoid sedimentation behaviour was investigated following gamma irradiation. The results show that plant DNA is supercoiled, as is the DNA from the other eukaryotes studied, and contains approximately the same concentration of superhelical turns but probably relatively fewer DNA superhelical loops. The plant nuclear populations in all cases studied give rise to two distinct nucleoid bands. These have been characterized by electron microscopy and by their DNA and protein content. The possible origin of the two bands is discussed. PMID- 3182944 TI - Culture patterns and sorting of rat Sertoli cell secretory proteins. AB - A cocultivation chamber and two types of permeable substrates have been used to study: (1) the culture patterns of rat Sertoli and peritubular cells, and Sertoli cells cocultured with spermatogenic cells or peritubular cells; and (2) the polarized secretion of Sertoli cell-specific proteins transferrin, S70 and S45 S35 heterodimeric protein. Substrates included a nylon mesh (with openings of 100 micron) coated with extracellular matrix (ECM) material and an uncoated microporous filter (with pores of 0.45 micron). Sertoli cells cultured on ECM coated nylon mesh organized a continuous sheet of multilayered epithelial cells essentially devoid of spermatogenic cells while peritubular cells formed a layer of squamous cells. Sertoli cells cultured on uncoated microporous substrate formed a continuous sheet of cuboidal epithelial cells with numerous basal cytoplasmic processes projecting into the substrate and abundant apically located spermatogenic cells, while peritubular cells organized one or two layers of loose squamous cells. [35S]methionine-labelled secretory proteins resolved by two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography displayed cell specific patterns that were slightly influenced by the type of substrate. Sertoli cells cocultured with peritubular cells on uncoated microporous substrate under conditions that enabled separation of apical and basal surfaces, secreted proteins in a polarized fashion. While transferrin was released bidirectionally, S45-S35 heterodimeric protein was released apically. S70 was detected in both apical and basal compartments. We conclude from these studies that: (1) the number of spermatogenic cells decreases when Sertoli-spermatogenic cell cocultures are prepared on ECM-coated nylon substrate; and (2) Sertoli cells in coculture with spermatogenic or peritubular cells on uncoated microporous substrate, organize continuous sheets displaying polarized protein secretion. PMID- 3182946 TI - Induction of cybrid strains of Tetrahymena thermophila by electrofusion. AB - In this paper, the electrofusion of the ciliated protozoan, Tetrahymena thermophila, is described. Deciliated cells were brought into close membrane contact by dielectrophoresis in a weakly conductive medium. Then cell fusion was induced by application of repeated electric pulses. Up to 20 prestarved, logarithmic or stationary phase cells of the same or different mating types may form a single giant cell. The polykaryons are fully able to regenerate cilia and became motile. After an initial process of partial integration the polykaryons yield viable clones by separation of components. Cytoplasmic exchange between fused components occurs before separation. Cytoplasmically inherited chloramphenicol resistance was transmitted from one strain to another by electrofusion and drug-resistant cybrid strains were generated. PMID- 3182947 TI - DNA replication and repair of Tilapia cells. II. Effects of temperature on DNA replication and ultraviolet repair in Tilapia ovary cells. AB - TO-2 is a fish cell line derived from the Tilapia ovary. It grows over a wide range of temperature (15-34 degrees C). While most fish cells lack DNA excision repair and are hypersensitive to ultraviolet light (u.v.), Tilapia cells are more u.v.-resistant than mammalian cells. In this paper we report the effects of temperature on DNA replication and u.v. repair in TO-2 cells. When the cells were moved from 31 degrees C to the sublethal high temperature of 37 degrees C, the rate of DNA synthesis first decreased to 60%, then speedy recovery soon set in, and after 8 h at 37 degrees C the rate of DNA synthesis overshot the 31 degrees C control level by 180%. When moved to low temperature (18 degrees C) Tilapia cells also showed an initial suppression of DNA synthesis before settling at 30% of the control level. u.v. reduced but could not block DNA synthesis completely. The inhibition was overcome in 3 h at 37, 31 and 25 degrees C, but not at 18 degrees C. Initiation of nascent DNA synthesis was blocked at 4 J m-2 in TO-2 cells compared with less than or equal to 1 J m-2 in mammalian cells. After 9 J m-2 u.v. irradiation, low molecular weight DNA replication intermediates started to accumulate, and they could be chased into high molecular weight DNA with little delay. TO-2 cells showed low levels of u.v.-induced excision repair; but this was prominent compared with other fish cells. The u.v.-induced incision rate has been measured at various temperatures, and the activation energy of incision estimated to be 13 kcal mol-1 (1 cal approximately equal to 4.184 J). PMID- 3182948 TI - Shedding of cytoplasmic actins by developing muscle cells. AB - Young myotubes develop spots or macules of actin and alpha actinin under and adjacent to slender actin strands. Macules are found only before sarcomere formation. They contain cytoplasmic actin, small amounts of alpha actin, and alpha actinin but are devoid of tubulin, myosin and vimentin. In the electron microscope, they are seen to contain small filaments but no other organelles. Macules are found on the culture dish and in the culture medium, as well as on the lower and lateral surfaces of the cells. Both emetine and cycloheximide, at doses that inhibit protein synthesis, accelerate formation and shedding of macules. This presents the first observation of a cellular system in which the changeover from a generalized cytoskeleton to a tissue-specific cytoskeleton involves shedding of the cytoplasmic isoforms of cytoskeletal proteins. PMID- 3182949 TI - Use of augmented Lagrangians in the calculation of molecular conformations by distance geometry. AB - Distance geometry is a technique widely used to find atomic coordinates that agree with given upper and lower bounds on the interatomic distances. It is successful because it chooses at random some relatively good "trial coordinates" that take into account the whole molecule and all constraints at once. Customarily, these trial coordinates must be refined by minimizing a penalty function until the structure agrees with the original bounds. Here we present an alternative to minimizing the penalty function, which has the advantage of more precisely satisfying the bounds, showing more clearly when the bounds are mutually contradictory, and simultaneously optimizing an objective function subject to precise satisfaction of the bounds. PMID- 3182950 TI - ACS committee on Nomenclature: annual report for 1987. AB - Nomenclature committees, both national and international, were very active in 1987, resulting in substantial progress in many different fields. A summary of the more important meetings and accomplishments follows. PMID- 3182951 TI - Titration of avirulent Newcastle disease virus by the plaque assay method. AB - Parameters of a plaque assay for avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were optimized for reproducibility and optimum titer in LLC-MK2 cells. Plaques were visible after 2 days and maximum virus titers were reached in 3 days. Virus titers were not affected by continued incubation through 6 days, although plaque size increased. An adsorption volume of 0.1 or 0.2 ml per 60 mm Petri dish was optimal, as was an adsorption time of 45 min. Trypsin (2.5 micrograms/ml) and magnesium sulfate (0.03 M) were essential requirements of the overlay medium and the presence of DEAE-dextran (0.02%) resulted in a 30% increase in titer. The use of cell monolayers, 1, 2, or 3 days old facilitated the performance of multiple assays per week and did not affect the virus titer. PMID- 3182952 TI - Comparison of enteric adenovirus infection in various human cell lines. AB - Growth of the fastidious enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 was compared in different human cell lines. Purified virions were used to infect the following cell lines: A549; KB; Chang's conjunctiva; 293; HeLa. Both types of enteric adenovirus were infectious for each cell line, with the exception of adenovirus 40 in HeLa cells. Relatively low infectious titers were obtained from each cell type following infection with adenovirus 40 (TCID50 average = 10(-1.5)), whereas adenovirus 41 replicated to significantly higher titer (TCID50 average = 10(-3.0)). For both viruses, the highest infectious titers were obtained with A549 and KB cells. A time course experiment performed to quantitate the amount of hexon present in A549 and KB cells infected with each virus indicated that while the kinetics of accumulation were similar for both viruses, the concentration of type 41 hexon was significantly greater than that for type 40 in either cell line. The concentration of type 41 hexon was similar in each cell type; for type 40, a greater concentration of hexon was obtained in the A549 cell line than in the KB cells. The results indicate the distinct replication characteristics exhibited by adenovirus 40 are not due to a restriction in a specific host cell, and, because purified virions were used, not attributable to interference that might occur with co-infection from multiple viruses present in the same clinical specimen. We conclude the differences observed in the replication of these viruses are independent of host cell type and are associated, uniquely, with each virus. PMID- 3182954 TI - Polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization for the detection of human B-lymphotropic virus. AB - Polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) is a recently described technique that allows for the amplification of a given sequence of DNA. It can be used to reliably amplify sequences of up to 3 kb within hours. The amplified sequence can then be recognized by hybridization with a specific probe after transfer onto nitrocellulose or nylon paper. We used PCR to recognize human B-lymphotropic virus (HBLV or HHV-6) specific sequences in various tumors as well as in the blood of patients with AIDS. Sixty-three specimens of DNA extracted from peripheral blood of patients with AIDS as well as DNA extracted from various lymphoproliferative disorders were analysed; 52 out of 63 (83%) patients with AIDS were found to have amplification of the HHV-6 specific sequence; 2 out of the 63 (3%) had equivocal amplification and 9 (14%) were found to be negative. Twenty out of 23 tumors were found to have amplified HBLV-specific sequences. Only one of these tumors was positive by Southern hybridization on restriction enzyme digested genomic DNA. In situ hybridization of clinical specimens using radiolabelled RNA probes or hapten-labelled DNA probes was used to detect the presence of HBLV in tumors. Three tumors of B cell origin were found to be positive for HBLV. PMID- 3182953 TI - Molecular studies of HHV-6. AB - Methods for the purification of enveloped HHV-6 virions and the viral DNA are presented. The viral genome is estimated to be 170,000 base pairs in size and does not appear to contain inversions due to absence of submolar bands by restriction enzyme analyses. The genomes of two independent HHV-6 isolates, HHV 6GS and HHV-6Z29, showed restriction enzyme site pleomorphism. Large scale purification of enveloped HHV-6 was achieved by continuous flow centrifugation utilizing sucrose gradients, DNAse 1 treatment and banding on 10-30% Dextran T10 gradients. The viral proteins were visualized on high resolution two dimensional polyacrylamide gels and the proteins recognized by serum antibody from patient GS were detected by HR2D Western blot analysis and radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The major antigenic proteins were 200, 120, 80, 72, 30 and 19 kDa. PMID- 3182955 TI - Lack of desensitization of catecholamine-induced lipolysis in fat cells from trained and sedentary women after physical exercise. AB - A study was designed to assess whether a period of physical exercise (100 min; 60% of maximal aerobic power), known to promote sympathetic nervous system activation, had a functional impact on human fat cell responsiveness to catecholamines and beta-agonists. The lipolytic activity of isolated sc fat cells was measured before and after a period of exercise in trained and sedentary women with a similar body mass index values [20.4 +/- 0.5 (+/- SE) and 21.3 +/- 0.5 kg/m2] and an equivalent mean fat cell volume (0.216 +/- 0.022 vs. 0.278 pm 0.026 nL). Before exercise, compared with those of sedentary women, the adipocytes of trained women had greater lipolytic responsiveness to catecholamines and beta agonists; moreover, dibutyryl cAMP had greater lipolytic efficiency on the adipocytes of the trained women. These results suggest that the differences in responsiveness of the adipocytes from sedentary and trained women are due to functional differences at a postreceptor level of the lipolytic cascade. The lipolytic (beta-adrenergic) and antilipolytic (alpha 2-adrenergic) responses of the adipocytes from both groups did not change after the period of physical activity. These results demonstrate, whatever the physical condition of the subjects, that desensitization of beta- and alpha 2-adrenergic responsiveness does not occur after a period of intense physical activity which promotes physiological activation of the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 3182956 TI - Normal free thyroxine in critical nonthyroidal illnesses measured by ultrafiltration of undiluted serum and equilibrium dialysis. AB - Considerable controversy exists concerning the assessment of thyroidal state in critically ill patients with decreased serum T4 and T3 concentrations, in part because serum free T4 values are often low in such patients no matter what method of measurement is used. We developed an ultrafiltration method to measure free T4 and free T3 in undiluted serum and compared the results with those obtained using a standard equilibrium dialysis method to measure free T4 and T3. In 30 consecutive intensive care unit (ICU) patients, serum free T4 values were similar to or higher than those in 12 normal subjects by both methods in most patients and were clearly distinguishable from those in hypothyroid patients. The serum total T4 concentrations in these patients ranged from 12.9-131.3 nmol/L (mean, 68.2; normal mean, 115.8). Free T4 by equilibrium dialysis was highly correlated with free T4 by ultrafiltration in the ICU group (r = 0.91; P less than 0.001). Serum free T3 levels, however, whether measured by equilibrium dialysis or ultrafiltration, were decreased in the ICU patients, confirming other reports of lowered free T3 in critically ill clinically euthyroid patients. Our findings suggest that the use of equilibrium dialysis of undiluted serum or ultrafiltration to measure serum free T4 concentrations will distinguish euthyroid hypothyroxinemic ICU patients from those with hypothyroidism. PMID- 3182957 TI - Metabolic clearance rates of synthetic human growth hormone in lean and obese male rhesus monkeys. AB - The MCR of synthetic human GH was studied in eight adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Four monkeys were lean (less than 20% body fat), and four were obese (greater than 35% body fat). The monkeys were given a single bolus injection of GH (2.5 micrograms/kg BW), followed by a constant infusion of GH (250 micrograms/h) for 2.5 h. Venous blood samples were collected before the infusion and every 10 min during the infusion. In both groups a plateau of the plasma GH concentrations, indicating a steady state, was reached 70 min after the start of the infusion. The MCR of GH was calculated from the ratio of the constant GH infusion rate and the plateau plasma GH concentration in each monkey. The MCR of synthetic GH was 12.7 +/- 1.7 (+/- SD) L/24 h in the lean group and 19.5 +/- 2.9 L/24 h in the obese group (P less than 0.007). However, the MCR/kg ratio in the lean monkeys was the same as that in the obese animals. We conclude that 1) MCR of GH is directly proportional to body weight; and 2) the lower plasma GH levels in obesity may be due to an increase in its MCR not compensated for by an appropriate increase in the rate of GH secretion. PMID- 3182959 TI - Effect of time on measurement of hepatic glucose production. AB - Basal hepatic glucose production (HGP) was determined in obese and nonobese normal subjects and patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) using [3-3H]glucose and the nonsteady state equations of Steele. When HGP was estimated at hourly intervals from 0800-1300 h, it became evident that calculated values for HGP fell for the first 2-4 h until a plateau was reached, and this decline was quite precipitous during the first 2 h in patients with NIDDM. Furthermore, when the same patient with NIDDM was studied on two occasions, similar values for HGP were not uniformly obtained unless measurements were made at least 4 h after [3-3H] glucose administration. Since it has been the convention to use the nonsteady state equations of Steele to calculate HGP in patients with NIDDM 2 h after [3-3H] glucose administration, it is almost certain that published values for HGP in patients with NIDDM are falsely high. Based upon the data presented, we suggest that HGP using [3-3H]glucose and the nonsteady state Steele equations be measured for at least a 4-h period in patients with NIDDM in order to increase the validity of the calculated value. PMID- 3182958 TI - Temporal interrelationships between the circadian rhythms of serum parathyroid hormone and calcium concentrations. AB - The temporal relationships between the circadian rhythms of serum PTH, total calcium (Cat), and phosphate (Pi) and plasma ionized calcium (Cai) concentrations were determined in 9 normal men. Blood samples were collected every half hour for 24 h. Serum PTH was measured by an RIA specific for the midregion of the molecule. The mean circadian pattern for each variable was derived by calculating the average value across all men at concurrent time points. After the data were smoothed by the method of running means, the correlations between PTH and mineral values from concurrent time points were calculated, as were cross-correlations to 12 lag periods (6 h). Spectral and cross-spectral analyses were performed on the same data set. Both statistical methods yielded consistent results: 1) at concurrent time points (0 lag), high correlations were found between serum PTH and Cat (r = -0.74), PTH and Pi (r = 0.79), and PTH and Cai (r = -0.53); and 2) when the PTH series was lagged by 2 h, the PTH/Cai correlation improved to -0.70. A direct PTH/Cai correlation of 0.50 was found when the Cai series was lagged about 4.5 h. No improvement in the correlations were found when the other series were lagged. Spectral analyses also detected significant interrelations between PTH and Cai at 2 and 3.5 h. These data describe the timing of the bidirectional interaction between serum PTH and plasma Cai under steady state conditions in normal adult men; changes in Cai concentrations precede inverse changes in PTH levels by 2 h, whereas changes in PTH precede similar directional alterations in Cai by about 4 h. PMID- 3182960 TI - Hyperthyroidism due to selective pituitary resistance to thyroid hormones in a 15 month-old boy: efficacy of D-thyroxine therapy. AB - A 15-month-old boy had clinical features of hyperthyroidism. In spite of elevated serum thyroid hormone levels (mean serum T4, 230 nmol/L; T3, 4.2 nmol/L), serum TSH levels ranged between 3.3-5.6 mU/L and rose to 35.4 mU/L after TRH stimulation. There was no abnormal serum thyroid hormone binding or any evidence of a pituitary tumor. The boy was treated with carbimazole for 6 months and became euthyroid. However, his thyroid size enlarged, and serum TSH rose to 45 mU/L. In an attempt to suppress TSH secretion, 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid was added to carbimazole in daily doses from 0.7-1.4 mg. This combined therapy failed to suppress TSH secretion (serum TSH, 10.2 mU/L) and led to recurrence of symptoms of hyperthyroidism. A trial using highly purified dextrothyroxine (contamination by L-T4, 0.05%) as sole therapy then was carried out. Serum TSH levels promptly declined to normal, both basally and after TRH stimulation (basal, 2.4 mU/L; peak, 13.8 mU/L). During a 24-month follow-up period, the boy remained euthyroid. Serum TSH levels remained in the normal range, as did his serum L-T4 levels (93 nmol/L). Complete remission was achieved using a 5-mg daily dose of D-T4. Temporary discontinuation of D-T4 led to prompt relapse of hyperthyroidism. Our patient's TSH hypersecretion appears to be due to selective pituitary resistance to thyroid hormones. Purified D-T4 effectively inhibited TSH secretion in this patient, without inducing significant side-effects, even when the daily dose was high. The cause of partial pituitary unresponsiveness to thyroid hormones is not known. We suggest that transport of thyroid hormones into the thyrotroph cells could be deficient in our patient. PMID- 3182961 TI - The acute effects of human growth hormone administration on thyroid function in normal men. AB - GH replacement therapy may lead to alterations in serum TSH and/or thyroid hormone values in GH-deficient patients, but there is no consensus on the explanation for these changes. We examined the effect of GH administration (0.125 mg, sc, daily for 4 days) on thyroid function in 20 normal men. Serum T4 levels decreased by 8%, and serum free T4 index values decreased by 5%. In contrast, serum T3 levels increased by 21%; serum rT3 did not change. These changes were accompanied by a 54% decrease in the mean serum TSH level. While it is not possible to draw conclusions about hormone production and disposal rates from changes in serum levels, these data are most consistent with enhanced extrathyroidal (including intrapituitary) conversion of T4 to T3 and a compensatory decrease in TSH secretion. PMID- 3182962 TI - Hyperparathyroidism and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency in mild, moderate, and severe renal failure. AB - It has been postulated that hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure results from hypocalcemia, occurring, in part, from phosphate retention and/or deficient 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] synthesis. However, many studies have failed to demonstrate hyperphosphatemia or low 1,25-(OH)2D levels in patients with mild renal failure. We measured creatinine clearance (CCr), fractional excretion of phosphorus (FEP), and serum phosphorus, ionized calcium, and plasma N-terminal PTH, and 1,25-(OH)2D concentrations in 21 normal subjects and 51 patients with renal failure. Patients with mild renal failure (Ccr, greater than 40 mL/min.1.73 m2) had normal mean serum phosphorus and ionized calcium and decreased mean 1,25-(OH)2D levels compared with those in normal subjects. In patients with moderate renal failure (CCr, 20-40), the mean ionized calcium level was normal, plasma PTH levels and FEP were elevated, and the decrement in 1,25 (OH)2D was more pronounced. The mean ionized calcium level was decreased only in the group of patients with severe renal failure (CCr, less than 20). The 1,25 (OH)2D values correlated positively with CCr and negatively with the log of plasma PTH and serum phosphorus concentrations. Log of plasma PTH correlated negatively with CCr and positively with FEP. The ionized calcium concentration correlated very weakly with CCr and the log of the plasma PTH level. These data demonstrate the presence of hyperparathyroidism, normocalcemia, and 1,25-(OH)2D deficiency in renal failure and are consistent with a role for 1,25-(OH)2D in the suppression of parathyroid activity through as yet unidentified mechanisms. PMID- 3182963 TI - Luteinizing hormone secretion patterns in boys at the onset of puberty measured using a highly sensitive immunoradiometric assay. AB - Pulsatile LH secretion was studied in 3 prepubertal and 11 early pubertal boys by measuring plasma LH concentrations at 10-min intervals from 1200-1800 h and from 2400-0600 h using an immunoradiometric assay with a lower limit of detection of 0.10 IU/L. Plasma testosterone (T) was measured hourly. In the prepubertal boys plasma LH was not detectable during the daytime but at night 20- to 300-min periods of detectable, but low (less than 0.5 IU/L) plasma LH values occurred. A discrete episodic LH pattern was discernible, and the median number of pulses was 2 during the 6-h nocturnal sampling periods. Plasma T was not detectable (less than 1.0 nmol/L). In the pubertal boys most daytime plasma LH values were greater than 0.3 IU/L, with periods of values of 0.1-0.3 IU/L and short periods of undetectable levels as well. At night definite pulses, up to 4.7 IU/L, were found in all boys. The median number of pulses was 4 during the 6-h nocturnal sampling period. Plasma T was detectable at night in 5 of these 11 boys. The results strongly suggest that at the onset of puberty prepubertal boys (G1) have no LH secretion during the day but intermittent gonadotrophic activity during the night. In early puberty LH secretion increases in amplitude as well as frequency to a clear pulsatile pattern during the night, sometimes with pulses during the day as well. PMID- 3182964 TI - Low dose calcitriol versus placebo in patients with predialysis chronic renal failure. AB - The effects of a small dose of calcitriol (less than or equal to 0.50 micrograms/day) on parathyroid and renal function, bone histomorphometry, and aluminum (Al) metabolism were studied in a randomized double blind study of 30 patients with predialysis chronic renal failure. The patients were followed at least monthly for 8 months. Serum Al levels were measured, and transiliac bone biopsies, double labeled with tetracycline, were obtained at both the beginning and end of the 8-month treatment period. Serum calcium and ionized calcium concentrations increased in the treatment group, and the calcitriol dosage had to be reduced in 8 patients at least once because of hypercalcemia. Calcitriol treatment did not significantly influence either serum A1 levels or the presence of stainable Al in bone. Serum PTH, urinary cAMP excretion, and bone resorption indices decreased in the treatment group, indicating suppression of parathyroid hyperfunction. Throughout the study renal function decreased at a similar rate in both groups, suggesting that calcitriol treatment had no depressive effect on renal function. We conclude that a low dose of calcitriol may be used to preserve or even restore bone metabolism in patients with predialysis chronic renal failure if serum calcium is closely followed and hypercalcemia promptly treated. PMID- 3182967 TI - Surface modeling of craniofacial form in human embryos with a limited graphics terminal. AB - Three-dimensional morphology of the human embryo typically is visualized through computerized modeling techniques utilizing planar contours as the data base. Through this approach, tissue outlines are digitized, and contour lines are superimposed, providing a depth perspective. However, these techniques represent embryonic tissues as discontinuous surfaces and therefore ignore morphological information between sections. The purpose of this study was to develop a computerized routine for the three-dimensional surface modeling of craniofacial morphology in human embryos. Tissue outlines are digitized, thus converting contour information into x,y,z coordinate data. The three-dimensional reconstruction program BCSURF opens the data file and plots each tissue polygon. A center is determined for each contour, and this value is used to divide each polygon into four segments. Surface patches are generated by mapping each segment onto the corresponding segment of subsequent sections. A face table is constructed representing the surface patches and plane normals are generated for each patch. The normal and depth values are appended to the face table, and these measures determine the color intensity for each patch. Finally, patches are plotted providing a polygon mesh model, and each patch is filled with a dither pattern according to shading values. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the craniofacial region in Carnegie embryos (stages 15-17) are generated, and major morphological features are observed. Although bilevel shading capabilities cause discontinuous shading textures, this simple and inexpensive system can be easily upgraded for high-resolution graphics. PMID- 3182965 TI - Four monoclonal antibodies, AMH-1, -2, -3, and -4, give varied reactivities with monocytes, alveolar macrophages, and epithelioid-cell granulomas. AB - Four monoclonal antibodies, termed AMH-1, AMH-2, AMH-3, and AMH-4, raised against human lung macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavaged fluid, alveolar spaces, and interstitia of lung tissue are described. The antibodies were produced according to hybridoma technique by immunizing mice with bronchoalveolar lavaged cells. All four monoclonal antibodies reacted with macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavaged fluid and alveolar spaces by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometric analysis, but they gave different reactivity patterns with the monocyte macrophage lineage. AMH-1 did not react with peripheral blood monocytes, peritoneal macrophages, or pulmonary interstitial macrophages. Although AMH-2 reacted weakly with blood monocytes and with some of the pulmonary interstitial macrophages, it did not react with peritoneal macrophages. AMH-3 did not show reactivities with either blood monocytes or peritoneal macrophages but was positive for most of the pulmonary interstitial macrophages. AMH-4 was reactive with cells from the monocyte-macrophage lineage. There was a correlation between the reactivity patterns of all four antibodies to macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavaged fluid and the patients' smoking habits. Most significantly, epithelioid cells of lung granulomas obtained from patients with sarcoidosis and hypersensitivity pneumonitis were negative for AMH-1 but were strongly stained by AMH-2, AMH-3, and AMH-4. Differences among the four antibodies in their reactivities with macrophages and granulomas in lungs indicate that lung macrophages contain heterogeneous populations which are in various states of differentiation and maturation and that the epithelioid cells and lung macrophages share the same membrane antigens. Therefore, these antibodies would be useful reagents for investigating the subpopulations and functions of macrophages in lungs and for clarifying the pathogenesis of granulomatous lung diseases. PMID- 3182966 TI - Occurrence of polymeric IgA1 rheumatoid factor in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - The sera of 34 acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and 20 healthy male homosexuals were examined for the presence of elevated levels of IgA and IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) and compared with results obtained with sera from 23 healthy laboratory volunteers. IgA RF levels were elevated (greater than 3 standard deviation units) in 9 of 34 (26%) patients with AIDS as compared to the panel of laboratory controls. Levels of IgM RF did not differ significantly in the AIDS patients and in the controls. There were no differences in levels of either IgA RF or IgM RF when the homosexual controls were compared with the laboratory volunteers. Sucrose-gradient ultracentrifugation experiments and assays using monoclonal reagents specific for IgA subclasses indicated that the IgA RF was predominantly of the polymeric configuration and restricted to the IgA1 subclass, respectively. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitates of serum enriched for circulating immune complexes (CIC) were also assayed for the presence of IgA RF and IgM RF. Although levels of IgA RF in serum and in PEG precipitates did not correlate with levels of IgA- or IgA/IgG-containing CIC in AIDS patients, levels of IgA RF in both serum and CIC-enriched material were significantly elevated in the AIDS population when compared with the control panel. In contrast, levels of IgM RF in both serum and CIC-enriched material were low and not significantly different from those in healthy controls. These results indicate that both IgA-containing CIC and IgA RF occur in many AIDS patients and raise the possibility that IgA RF may contribute significantly to the formation of immune complexes in this disease. PMID- 3182968 TI - Cleft palate: more genetic lessons from mice. AB - Cleft palate occurred in high frequency (14%) in the F2 generation of the cross between two stocks of mice, LGG and SELH, neither of which produces more than 2% cleft palate. The cleft palate trait results from a new combination of alleles that is not present in either parental stock. The lack of cleft palate in the F2 generation after outcrosses of both parental stocks to other strains shows that this new combination of alleles has specific contributions from both parental strains, and also that there must be at least two loci involved. A deficiency of Mod-1 homozygotes in the SELH/LGG F2 adults suggests that one of the loci involved may be linked to Mod-1 and that the number of loci involved is few. Significantly more F2 males (19%) than females (9%) were affected with cleft palate. The data can be explained by a two-locus epistatic model with a dominant mutation (P) at one locus that causes cleft palate when not suppressed by or compensated for by a dominant allele (S) at a second locus. The parental stocks would be PPSS and ppss. In the F2 generation, the new combinations PPss and Ppss would express cleft palate, a total expected of 19%. Similar new combinations of alleles at two loci may explain some instances of high occurrence of cleft palate or other developmental threshold traits in previously unaffected human families. PMID- 3182970 TI - Effect of diazepam on the embryonic development of the palate in the rat. AB - The results of previous studies on the effect of diazepam on palate formation in animals have been inconclusive. Teratogen-induced cleft palate is usually caused by a delay in palatal shelf elevation. The present study investigated the effect of diazepam on palate formation in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Five groups of dams received subcutaneous doses of either 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mg/kg body weight of diazepam. Control dams received propylene glycol (vehicle). Dams in each dosage group were killed at 16.9 (16 d 9 h); 16.16, and 17.9 days of gestation, respectively, to assess delay in palatal shelf elevation. Crown rump length (CRL) of 1,283 fetuses collected from 105 dams was measured. Fetuses in each time/dosage group showed a reduction in CRL (P less than .01). With increasing dosage the number of fetuses showing delayed palatal shelf elevation was significantly increased (P less than .01). These results demonstrate that with an increase in dose there is an increased delay in palatal shelf elevation and a decrease in CRL. However, in this strain there seems to be a rapid prenatal recovery, resulting in a marked reduction in the incidence of delayed palatal shelf elevation. PMID- 3182969 TI - Inhibition of embryonic palatal shelf horizontalization and medial edge epithelial breakdown by cortisol: role of H-2 in the mouse. AB - We have investigated the effect of glucocorticoids on the development of the embryonic palate in vivo and of glucocorticoids and diphenylhydantoin (DPH) in culture in the cleft palate-sensitive B10.A strain and its resistant congenic partner strain, B10, as well as the effect of glucocorticoids in vivo in the sensitive A/J strain. The B10.A (H-2a) strain differs from its congenic partner strain, B10 (H-2b), only in the H-2 region of chromosome 17, and thus, differences between the two strains in the responses to the drugs can be ascribed to H-2-linked genes. The degree of corticoid-induced inhibition of shelf horizontalization in vivo is only slightly (if at all) greater in B10.A than in B10, but the degree of corticoid-induced inhibition of fusion following contact in vivo and the inhibition by cortisol and DPH of programmed cell death and breakdown of the medial edge epithelium (MEE) in vitro are much greater in B10.A than in B10. The corticoid-induced delay of shelf horizontalization produced in vivo in the A/J (H-2a) strain is considerably greater than that produced in either B10.A or B10. Thus, H-2-linked genes appear to influence slightly, if at all, the degree of corticoid-induced delay of shelf elevation, but they have a major effect on the corticoid-induced inhibition of fusion via the inhibition of breakdown of the medial edge epithelia. The delay of corticoid-induced shelf horizontalization appears to be a trait influenced primarily by non H-2-linked genes. PMID- 3182971 TI - Relative growth rates of maxillary mesenchyme in the chick embryo. AB - Chick embryos were injected with [3H]-thymidine at days 3-7 of incubation and were fixed and embedded in plastic. The embryos were divided into three stage groupings of development [Hamburger and Hamilton: J Morphol 88:49-92, 1951], and labeling indices were determined for each of the following delineated regions within the maxillary process at each stage: region 1, subepithelial mesenchyme located at the medial side of the maxillary process adjacent to the roof of the stomodeum; region 2, subepithelial mesenchyme at the ventral tip of the maxillary process (as seen on cross section); region 3, subepithelial mesenchyme at the lateral portion of the maxillary process below the eye; and region 4, interior mesenchyme defined as the central portion of the maxillary process and separated from the epithelium by the three other regions. Results indicated that differences exist among the regions examined and that these differences were stage specific. At stages 19-21 and stages 24-25 1/2, growth rates were higher in subepithelial regions than interiorly. At stages 28-29, however, a statistically significant difference among the regions was not found. These results suggested that there is an association between growth rates in the maxillary process mesenchyme and its proximity to the overlying epithelium and that these effects are related to the stage of development. PMID- 3182972 TI - Absence of sustained reflex vasoconstriction in women with menopausal flushes. AB - Reflex vasoconstriction was examined using the digital vasoconstrictor response to ice application in 10 flushing and six non-flushing menopausal women, 22 premenopausal women and eight men. Nine of the 10 women experiencing flushes lacked the vasoconstrictor response which was present in all the other groups examined, suggesting an abnormality of autonomic nervous control. Our observation is of particular interest since it has previously not been possible to apply any biochemical or biophysical tests which differentiate flushing from non-flushing subjects except during an actual flush. PMID- 3182973 TI - The ultrastructure of the glandular epithelium in the timed endometrial biopsy. AB - This paper reports the electron microscopic appearance of the uterine glandular epithelium in a group of 25 women of known fertility who underwent endometrial biopsies at known times after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge between LH + 2 and LH + 6. The use of these well-timed endometrial biopsies enables one to gain a clearer insight into the cellular dynamics of the glandular cells, between ovulation and the middle of the luteal phase. Under the influence of progesterone, the cells are transformed from relatively inactive cells full of free ribosomes to very active polarized cells, containing giant mitochondrial profiles, intracellular deposits of glycogen/glycoprotein-rich material and a complex intranuclear channel system. Intimate associations between organelles develop, the most notable being that between a semi-rough endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. By taking biopsies that are accurately timed, relative to the LH surge, from a group of women of known fertility, the sequences of changes in ultrastructure are established with considerably more precision than was previously available. PMID- 3182974 TI - Uteroglobin as a progesterone-binding protein in the preimplantation uterine epithelium of the rabbit: biochemical studies. AB - Progesterone binding was studied in the uterus of rabbits at two different hormonal stages; either after oestrogen priming or a short time before implantation of the blastocyst (162 h post coitum). Uterine cytosols were incubated with [3H]progesterone, or the labelled hormone was injected into the uterine lumen 1 h before killing the animals. Gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, sucrose gradient centrifugation, isoelectric focusing and saturation analysis indicate that during the period prior to implantation, the uterine progesterone receptor disappears and progesterone binding is performed by uteroglobin. These findings support the hypothesis that the physiological role of uteroglobin in the reproductive process is connected with its hormone-binding ability. PMID- 3182975 TI - An evaluation of the role of relaxin in the penetration of cervical mucus by spermatozoa. AB - Relaxin-like immunoreactivity was measured in seminal plasma from men who were separated into two groups, on the basis of a previous positive or negative result in a postcoital cervical mucus penetration test. There was no difference in the relaxin concentration between the groups. The effect of exogenous porcine relaxin (0, 10 or 100 ng/ml) on human cervical mucus penetration in vitro by washed human spermatozoa was studied using a capillary tube preparation. In the positive postcoital test group the highest relaxin concentration (100 ng/ml) tended to inhibit cervical mucus penetration, although this effect was only significant for one of the parameters measured (number of spermatozoa penetrating to the 10-mm mark). The same trend was apparent for the negative postcoital test group, but no differences were significant. The results are in direct contrast to previous reports that relaxin can stimulate human spermatozoa motility and cervical mucus penetration. PMID- 3182976 TI - Effects of antimicrobial therapy on sperm-mucus interaction. AB - Sperm-mucus interaction under in-vitro or in-vivo conditions might be affected by microorganisms colonizing the reproductive tract. In order to study the influence of antimicrobial therapy, an extensive microbial screening was performed including Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a broad spectrum of potentially pathogenic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus and yeasts. One hundred-and-six couples with a mean duration of infertility of 5.5 years (range 1 12 years) and with isolation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in semen samples and/or cervical swabs were submitted to a prospective pilot study. None of the patients displayed signs or symptoms of infection in the lower genital tract. Before and after specific therapy, based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, sperm analyses and in-vitro sperm penetration meter tests (SPMT) (Kremer) were performed. SPMT was evaluated with cervical mucus of patients' wives, collected after a standardized oral treatment with oestrogens and, additionally, in a crossed manner with cervical mucus and spermatozoa of fertile donors. The success of antimicrobial therapy was controlled by repeating the same microbial screening and was 96%. However, there was a marked change in the microbial pattern. A comparison of the results of sperm analyses before and after treatment revealed neither significant differences for sperm volume, sperm count, propulsive motility, morphology, vitality, pH, fructose concentration or number of round cells, nor was there a significant influence on the cervical index and the number of leukocytes in cervical mucus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3182977 TI - The OVEIA assay, a simultaneous measurement of oestrone and pregnanediol glucuronides, for studying the treatment of infertility patients. AB - A new simple assay developed for establishing the limits of the fertile period was evaluated in infertility patients. This assay is a colorimetric method for measuring the oestrone glucuronide/pregnanediol glucuronide ratio. Steroid levels were assayed simultaneously and an index of their ratio was obtained in this dual analyte assay (DAA). Twenty subfertile women, receiving clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction, were monitored for the DAA index using early morning urine samples. Ten of these women were also monitored in a pretreatment cycle. A further 10 patients on an in-vitro fertilization (IVF) programme were assessed with the same assay. DAA ratios were found to correlated with follicular phase serum oestradiol levels. Peak DAA ratios dropped dramatically when significant rises in urinary luteinizing hormone concentrations occurred prior to ovulation. An association between high DAA ratios and adequate luteal phase activity was also established. In addition, the total volume of the three largest ovarian follicles, as measured by ultrasound, in IVF patients was found to correlate with DAA measurements. PMID- 3182978 TI - A protocol for the recruitment and screening of semen donors for an artificial insemination by donor programme. AB - This study outlines a structured protocol for the recruitment and screening of semen donors for an artificial insemination by donor programme. One-hundred-and ninety-one potential semen donors were assessed. A step-wise analysis of these potential semen donors is presented, reasons for and rates of rejection at each stage are documented and explained. The majority of the potential donors were rejected on the basis of unacceptable semen analysis. A simple, structured approach to the assessment of potential semen donors is proposed. PMID- 3182979 TI - Comparative study of combined GIFT and IVF-ET with GIFT alone. AB - Twenty-eight couples with unexplained infertility, or with suboptimal spermatozoa were divided into two groups. One group underwent gamete intra-Fallopian transfer (GIFT), and the other had combined GIFT and in-vitro fertilization--embryo transfer (IVF-ET) (GET). There was a marked difference in pregnancy rates between the two groups, with the pregnancy rate surprisingly being less in the combined GET group; 10% for GET, as compared with 39% for GIFT alone. The results suggest that GIFT and IVF-ET are incompatible. Differences in the pregnancy rates may be explained by limitations in implantation, whereby the embryo-endometrium interaction that allows for implantation and continued embryonic development has a 'single event capacity', and once this interaction is initiated, the 'implantation window' is closed to other embryos that may arrive later in the uterus. PMID- 3182980 TI - Early ovum and embryo loss after microsurgical anastomosis of the rabbit oviduct. AB - After resection and reanastomosis, ovum recovery and fertilization were studied in the rabbit oviduct. From these data the ovum and embryo loss was calculated. Loss was most pronounced in ampullary operated tubes and after a short recovery period. PMID- 3182981 TI - Effect of cumulus cell mass and follicle quality on in-vitro maturation of cynomolgus monkey oocytes. AB - Cynomolgus monkey oocytes were recovered from healthy or atretic follicles greater than 1000 micron in diameter at day 8 of gonadotrophin stimulated cycles and cultured in vitro, cumulus enclosed or cumulus free, for 2 days. Germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) occurred in 26.7% of healthy cumulus enclosed oocytes (n = 60) compared to 52.6% of atretic cumulus enclosed oocytes (n = 38). The mechanical removal of the cumulus cell mass increased the GVBD rate of the healthy oocytes (56.5%, n = 23) and accelerated the passage of the atretic oocytes (n = 23) from metaphase I (4.3%) to metaphase II (47.8%). In the healthy primate follicle, the dictyate stage could be maintained by an inhibitory substance secreted by the cumulus; follicular atresia could either decrease the synthesis of this substance and/or induce the metabolism of a stimulatory substance. PMID- 3182982 TI - Chromosome studies on early human embryos fertilized in vitro. AB - The majority of early spontaneous abortions carry a lethal chromosomal anomaly. While it is recognized that several factors would be responsible for some IVF failures, it is important to determine the contribution of chromosomal aberrations to the preimplantation loss of embryos produced in vitro. Chromosome analysis of embryos not destined for replacement in the uterus could help to elucidate this phenomenon of early embryonic loss. Fifty-five out of 239 embryos fertilized in vitro were successfully karyotyped and amongst these the overall rate of diploidy was 25.5% in this study, which mainly comprised rejected embryos. Embryos without cleavage had mostly a chromosomal defect (20/38) and only a minority (9/38) were unfertilized. Numerical abnormalities were found in a total of 33/46 (71.7%) morphologically normal embryos. In contrast a diploid chromosomal complement was found in only 11.1% (1/9) of morphologically abnormal embryos. PMID- 3182983 TI - Factors associated with accidental fractures of the zona pellucida and multipronuclear human oocytes following in-vitro fertilization. AB - A total of 101 multipronuclear oocytes (7.4% of fertilizations) were retrospectively identified in this in-vitro fertilization programme. The use of a manual syringe suction system, instead of an electric pump, to aspirate follicles, was associated with a significant increase in the proportion of oocytes with fractured zonae pellucidae (P less than 0.001), a lower normal fertilization rate (P less than 0.05) and a higher proportion of multipronuclear fertilizations (P less than 0.001). Irrespective of the mode of follicular aspiration, significantly more multipronuclear fertilizations occurred following stimulation with a combination of clomiphene and human menopausal gonadotrophin, than after clomiphene alone (P less than 0.05). It was concluded that the aspiration pressures, created by syringe suction, were more likely to rupture the zona pellucida of some oocytes, while in others it predisposed to an increased multipronuclear fertilization rate. PMID- 3182984 TI - In vitro fertilization results from thirteen women with anti-sperm antibodies. PMID- 3182985 TI - Risks and benefits of steroid replacement therapy. PMID- 3182986 TI - Bacteriological findings of acute maxillary sinusitis in young adults. AB - Bacteriological findings in 339 sinus secretions obtained by puncture were investigated in 238 young adult patients with acute maxillary sinusitis. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were performed immediately. A total of 76% of the secretions were positive. The most common pathogens isolated were Haemophilus influenzae (50%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (19%), Streptococcus pyogenes (5%), and Branhamella catarrhalis (2%). Coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated in 8 and 1% of the specimens, respectively. The staphylococci were almost invariably present in low numbers and, therefore, probably represented nasal contamination. Other aerobic species were found only occasionally. Anaerobes were isolated in 5% of the secretions. In one-half of these, a low concentration of Propionibacterium acnes was the sole anaerobe that was found, and it was usually mixed with a facultative organism (suggestive of contamination with nasal flora). Only 2% of the sinuses were considered to have true anaerobic infections (high concentrations of several species typical of anaerobic infection), indicating that anaerobes are not a significant cause of acute maxillary sinusitis in a young adult population. The high recovery of H. influenzae in this study indicates that aminopenicillins may be more appropriate choice than conventional penicillin in the antimicrobial therapy of acute maxillary sinusitis (only 2 of 168 H. influenzae strains produced beta lactamase). PMID- 3182988 TI - Coagglutination of Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio mimicus, and Vibrio vulnificus with anti-flagellar monoclonal antibody. AB - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with serological activity for purified flagellar (H) core protein prepared from Vibrio cholerae were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Four of these MAbs reacted with the flagella of V. cholerae and V. mimicus exclusively, while eight MAbs reacted with at least 1 of 30 heterologous Vibrio species tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or coagglutination. It appears that V. cholerae and V. mimicus express similar, if not identical, H determinants unique to these two Vibrio species. Staphylococcus aureus cells or latex beads armed with the four species-specific MAbs coagglutinated each of 47 isolates identified bacteriologically as V. cholerae or V. mimicus from among 103 Vibrio isolates tested. One coagglutination reagent armed with anti-V. vulnificus H MAb exhibited species specificity in that only V. vulnificus cells were coagglutinated from among the 31 Vibrio species examined. This reagent coagglutinated 20 isolates identified bacteriologically as V. vulnificus in a serological survey. MAb coagglutination reagents offer a rapid, specific, and economical alternative to the classical bacteriological approach to identify the human pathogens V. cholerae, V. mimicus, and V. vulnificus. PMID- 3182987 TI - Macroscopic purulence, leukocyte counts, and bacterial morphotypes in relation to culture findings for sinus secretions in acute maxillary sinusitis. AB - Macroscopic purulence, leukocyte counts, and bacterial morphotypes in Gram stained smears were investigated in 335 sinus secretions (240 aspirates and 95 injection aspirates) obtained by puncture in 234 young patients with acute maxillary sinusitis. Over 90% of the 147 aspirates macroscopically classified as purulent also contained high numbers of leukocytes (greater than 20 per oil immersion field). A total of 82% of the 147 macroscopically purulent aspirates and 79% of the 156 aspirates containing high numbers of leukocytes yielded presumed sinus pathogens by culture in quantities of greater than 10(3) CFU/ml. Streptococcus pneumoniae or Streptococcus pyogenes was associated relatively more often (92 or 87%, respectively) with high numbers of leukocytes than Haemophilus influenzae, which was not infrequently (29%) recovered from the less purulent aspirates. When a bacterial morphotype was seen in the Gram-stained smear, a corresponding sinus pathogen was isolated in quantities of greater than 10(3) CFU/ml in 92% of aspirates. Other bacterial species (most often staphylococci) were usually isolated in low numbers and were almost never seen in the smear, suggesting nasal contamination. The 95 injection aspirates behaved, to a large extent, like diluted aspirates, with the exception that there was a higher frequency of probable nasal contamination. Macroscopic purulence, high leukocyte counts, and bacterial morphotypes seen in Gram-stained smears each predicted well the isolation of a presumed sinus pathogen and in some cases supported the significance of an otherwise doubtful culture finding. However, the macroscopic appearance of the secretion should not be used to screen samples for culture, because in several cases H. influenzae grew from nonpurulent samples as well. PMID- 3182989 TI - Isolation and characterization of mutant strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica lacking dermonecrotic toxin-producing ability. AB - Mutant strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica, named B-42, B-76, B-84, and B-119, were obtained after serial passages of a parent strain, L3, on Bordet-Gengou agar plates containing 20% horse blood and 200 micrograms of nalidixic acid per ml (BGN-20 agar plates) at 42 degrees C. Mutant strains completely lacked dermonecrotic toxin-producing ability, and lethal activity of the strains for mice was apparently reduced compared with that of strain L3. Mutant strains were able to grow at 42 degrees C, and the strains were nalidixic acid resistant. The mutant strains showed domed (Dom+) colony morphology with smooth texture (Scs+) and no production of zone of hemolysis (Hly-), but the agglutinability of these strains to antiserum prepared with Dom+ Scs+ Hly+ organisms of strain L3 was the same as that of strain L3. When strain B-42 was inoculated intramuscularly or intranasally into guinea pigs, all the animals survived without manifesting clinical signs and produced a high-level of serum agglutination antibodies against strain L3. These inoculated animals were protected against intranasal challenge with strain L3. These properties of mutant strains are hereditarily stable after 50 subcultures on BGN-20 agar plates or 20 passages in mice. These data suggest that the mutant strains lacking dermonecrotic toxin-producing ability can be used as a live attenuated vaccine against swine atrophic rhinitis. PMID- 3182990 TI - Characterization of Vibrio metschnikovii and Vibrio gazogenes by DNA-DNA hybridization and phenotype. AB - Vibrio metschnikovii and Vibrio gazogenes are two new Vibrio species that have been little studied. Thirteen strains of V. metschnikovii were highly related to the type strain, NCTC 8443, by DNA-DNA hybridization. Relatedness values were 83 to 90% at 60 degrees C and 75 to 84% at the more stringent 75 degrees C. Divergence values ranged from 0.7 to 1.9. Strains of V. metschnikovii were oxidase negative and did not reduce nitrate to nitrite. The other phenotypic characteristics agreed with published data. Twenty-three strains of V. gazogenes were isolated from salt marshes and marshy areas on the coast of North and South Carolina. A new medium, marine agar supplemented with an additional 2.5% agar, reduced the problem of swarming by marine Vibrio species and enhanced the isolation of V. gazogenes and other organisms. By DNA-DNA hybridization, 22 of 23 strains were 76% or more related to the type strain of V. gazogenes, ATCC 29988. However, four DNA hybridization subgroups were defined on the basis of divergence values and/or phenotype. Strains of DNA group 1 were more highly related to each other, and this group contained the type strain and six other strains. Strains of DNA group 2 were more highly related to each other, and this group contained reference strain ATCC 43942 and 14 other strains. Strains of DNA group 1 did not ferment melibiose or D-sorbitol (one strain was sorbitol positive), but strains of DNA group 2 fermented both sugars. A revised phenotypic description of V. gazogenes based on 24 strains was written on the basis of reactions (within 2 days of incubation) at 25 degrees C in media supplemented with Na+, K+, and Mg2+. Positive results (100% positive unless indicated) included motility; gas production during fermentation (96% at 2 days, 100% at 3 to 7 days); growth in nutrient broth with the addition of 1% NaCl (88%), 2% NaCl, 3.5% NaCl, 6% NaCl, 8% NaCl, and 10% NaCl (92%); dry red or orange colonies on marine agar; and fermentation of L-arabinose, cellobiose, D-galactose (88%), D-glucose, lactose (88%), maltose, D-mannitol (96%), D-mannose, salicin, sucrose, trehalose, and D xylose. Negative results included oxidase; nitrate reduction to nitrite (4% positive); indole production; lysine decarboxylase; ornithine decarboxylase; arginine dihydrolase; swarming; growth on TCBS agar; growth in nutrient broth with 0% NaCl, 0.1% NaCl, 0.2% NaCl, 0.3% NaCl, and 0.4% NaCl (8% positive); and fermentation of adonitol, D-arabitol, dulcitol, erythritol, D-galacturonate, i inositol, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, raffinose, and L-rhamnose. Variable results were found for the Voges-Proskauer reaction (62% positive), growth in nutrient broth plus 0.5% NaCl (29%) and 12% NaCL (42%), and fermentation of melibiose (71%) and D-sorbitol (71%). PMID- 3182991 TI - Detection of human calicivirus antigen and antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. AB - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed to detect human calicivirus (HCV) antigen and antibody to HCV. The ELISAs were specific for HCV and as sensitive as a previously developed radioimmunoassay. These ELISAs were used to search for evidence of HCV infection in the United States, where HCV gastroenteritis has rarely been reported. One hundred sixty-three stool samples collected from children hospitalized with diarrhea were examined; one sample was positive in the ELISA. Typical calicivirus particles were found in this stool sample, and these particles reacted with a hyperimmune guinea pig anti-HCV serum by immune electron microscopy. The age-related acquisition of antibody to HCV in hospitalized infants and children (from birth to 19 years old) without gastroenteritis and in healthy adults was also evaluated. The pattern of acquisition of antibody to HCV was similar to that for group A rotaviruses, namely, beginning in infancy and becoming 100% by the age of 4 years. These data suggest that HCV is associated with infantile gastroenteritis in the United States, that infections with HCV are common, and that many infections with HCV (Sapporo strain) may not require hospitalization. PMID- 3182992 TI - Determination of antibody response to influenza virus surface glycoproteins by kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - We modified an existing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to be able to use new spectrophotometers which can measure the rate of color development in microtiter wells. This new kinetic-based ELISA (KELISA) required only a single dilution of specimen rather than the multiple dilutions required with endpoint ELISA. In addition, 10- to 100-fold-less specimen was required to perform the KELISA than the ELISA. The level of serum or nasal wash antibody against surface glycoproteins of influenza A or influenza B viruses determined by KELISA was reproducible and correlated highly with the results of endpoint ELISA or hemagglutination inhibition tests. The difference between the KELISA rates, which indicated than an antibody response to infection had occurred, was defined and was analogous to a 2.2-fold rise in titer for serum and a 3.4-fold rise in titer for nasal wash determined by endpoint ELISA. The KELISA was similar to endpoint ELISAs in its ability to detect rises in antibody level in paired serum or nasal wash specimens obtained from volunteers who received live attenuated influenza A reassortant virus vaccines. By eliminating the need for multiple dilutions, the use of KELISA offers the advantage of increasing the number of assays that can be performed by the same personnel compared with endpoint ELISA, while it maintains sensitivity and specificity. PMID- 3182993 TI - Identification of a 17-kilodalton Fasciola hepatica immunodiagnostic antigen by the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot technique. AB - Sera obtained from human patients, calves, sheep, and rabbits infected with Fasciola hepatica were tested by the Falcon assay screening test enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (FAST-ELISA) and the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) techniques with Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory antigens in order to evaluate their immunodiagnostic potential. The study included sera from 13 patients infected with F. hepatica or a history suggesting fascioliasis, 5 patients infected and treated with bithionol or praziquantel (3 were cured with bithionol), 10 patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni, 6 infected with Trichinella spiralis, and 13 controls and sera from calves, sheep, and rabbits with a primary F. hepatica infection. By FAST-ELISA with F. hepatica excretory secretory antigens, the serum samples from fascioliasis patients gave the highest absorbance values, and the schistosomiasis patient sera gave intermediate values compared with a normal human serum control. Also by FAST-ELISA, the values for serum from patients with fascioliasis decreased steadily after cure, reaching normal levels 20 to 47 weeks postcure. In contrast, the serum from two patients who had been treated but were not yet cured had high levels of antibodies for up to 3 years of infection. By EITB, the serum samples from humans, rabbits, cattle, and sheep with fascioliasis recognized two antigenic polypeptides of 17 and 63 kilodaltons (kDa) in the form of sharp bands. For humans, this recognition lasted for at least 3 years of infection. Sera from individuals with schistosomiasis mansoni or trichinosis or from normal controls did not recognize the 17-kDa F. hepatica antigenic polypeptide. However, serum from one human with S. mansoni and one with T. spiralis infection has slight bands in the 63-kDa region, suggesting cross-reactivity. Reactivity to the 17-kDa polypeptide was absent in fascioliasis patients at 1 year postcure. Reactivity to the 63-kDa polypeptide was significantly diminished in fascioliasis patients at 1 year postcure. The sera from rabbits with a primary F. hepatica infection also recognized both the 17- and 63-kDa antigenic polypeptides by week 4 of infection. Reactivity to both antigens diminished significantly 6 weeks postcure and disappeared by 8 weeks postcure. The sera from infected cattle and sheep recognized these two antigenic polypeptides by week 8 of infection. These studies suggest that the 17-kDa F. hepatica excretory secretory antigen is an excellent candidate for the immunodiagnosis of acute and chronic fascioliasis. Purification of this antigen and its application to quantitative serologic tests will permit further analysis of its predictive value to evaluate cure. PMID- 3182994 TI - Comparison of the Quantum II, API Yeast Ident, and AutoMicrobic systems for identification of clinical yeast isolates. AB - The Quantum II Yeast Identification System (Abbott Laboratories) is a microprocessor-based spectrophotometric system for identification of clinical yeast isolates within 24 h. We compared the Quantum II system with the API Yeast Ident (Analytab Products) and the AutoMicrobic System Yeast Biochemical Card (AMS YBC; Vitek Systems, Inc.) for the identification of 221 clinical yeast isolates, including 120 common clinical isolates (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, Torulopsis glabrata, and Cryptococcus neoformans) and 101 relatively uncommon clinical isolates. The API 20C (Analytab) was used as the reference system. The Quantum II and AMS-YBC systems correctly identified 181 (82%) and 184 (83%) isolates, respectively, whereas the Yeast Ident system correctly identified 132 (60%) isolates. Of the 120 common clinical isolates, 113 (94%) were correctly identified by Quantum II, 103 (86%) were correctly identified by AMS-YBC, and 83 (69%) were correctly identified by Yeast Ident. Of the 101 uncommon clinical isolates tested, 68 (67%) were correctly identified by Quantum II, 81 (80%) were correctly identified by AMS-YBC, and 49 (49%) were correctly identified by Yeast Ident. The overall accuracy of the Quantum II, AMS YBC, and API Yeast Ident was not sufficient to recommend any of these systems for routine use in the clinical microbiology laboratory without substantial expansion of the respective data bases. PMID- 3182995 TI - Vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria isolated from human sources. AB - Recent reports of infections with vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria prompted us to study vancomycin-resistant isolates from human sources to characterize the types of bacteria displaying this phenotype. Thirty-six vancomycin-resistant gram-positive isolates, 14 from clinical specimens and 22 from stool samples, were identified. These isolates were tentatively identified as Lactobacillus spp. (25 strains), Leuconostoc spp. (6 strains), and Pediococcus spp. (3 strains) on the basis of morphology and physiological tests. Two isolates of indeterminate morphology could not be unambiguously assigned to a genus. Four isolates of vancomycin-resistant lactobacilli from normally sterile body sites were considered to be clinically significant. Vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria may represent an emerging class of nosocomial pathogens. Better methods for distinguishing the various genera in the clinical microbiology laboratory are needed. PMID- 3182996 TI - Comparative evaluation of selective media for isolation of Pseudomonas cepacia from cystic fibrosis patients and environmental sources. AB - Pseudomonas cepacia has recently emerged as an important pathogen affecting cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. We evaluated three selective media to assess their comparative potential for identification of patients colonized with P. cepacia and for efficacy of detection of P. cepacia in environmental fluids. Test organisms included P. cepacia isolates from CF patients (10 each from two CF centers), non-CF patients (10 isolates), and environmental sources (10 isolates). Microbiologic assays were done by the membrane filter procedure; filters were placed on P. cepacia medium (PCM), OFPBL, TB-T, MacConkey agar (MAC), and blood agar (BA) or Standard Methods (SM) sugar, and colonies were counted after incubation at 30 or 35 degrees C for 72 h. Mean recovery efficiencies (MREs) (mean CFU/ml on selective media compared with CFU/ml on BA controls) for environmental and non-CF P. cepacia and patient isolates from one CF center showed a rank order of PCM greater than OFPBL greater than TB-T; for isolates from a second CF center, a rank order of PCM greater than TB-T greater than OFPBL was obtained. MREs for CF center isolates were generally lower than for non-CF patients or environmental isolates on P. cepacia-selective media. With MAC, the MREs for each group of CF isolates were extremely low (14 and 2%) compared with those for non-CF patient (47%) or environmental (84%) isolates. In laboratory and field studies, PCM and OFPBL showed good selectivity against bacteria commonly associated with CF patient respiratory secretions. These findings show that selective media should be used in clinical settings where P. cepacia is sought. With environmental fluids from CF centers, P. cepacia-selective media showed low selectivity against a variety of gram-negative water bacteria and appeared to afford little advantage over SM agar for isolating P. cepacia from environmental samples. PMID- 3182997 TI - Oral infections and septicemia in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies. AB - To estimate the role of oral infections during septicemic episodes in immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies, 78 febrile episodes in 46 patients were monitored with daily clinical and microbiological investigations. The 19 septicemic episodes did not differ from the 59 other febrile episodes in the qualitative composition of the aerobic and facultatively anaerobic oral microflora or in the presence of teeth or acute oral infections on day 1. The oral prevalence rates of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were higher on days 10, 11, and 12 in the febrile episodes with septicemia when compared with those of febrile episodes without septicemia. The prevalence of a probable oral focus in septicemia was 10.5%, and the prevalence of a probable or possible oral origin in septicemia was 31.6%. The results suggest that prevention and elimination of oral infections may reduce the morbidity and perhaps even the mortality in these patients. PMID- 3182998 TI - Dermatophyte-hormone relationships: characterization of progesterone-binding specificity and growth inhibition in the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum. AB - We reported previously that Trichophyton mentagrophytes contains a cytoplasmic macromolecule which specifically binds progesterone. Progesterone is also an effective inhibitor of growth of the fungus. We report here studies which characterize more fully the specific binding properties and the functional responses of T. mentagrophytes and taxonomically related fungi to a series of mammalian steroid hormones. Scatchard analysis of [3H]progesterone binding in both the + and - mating types of Arthroderma benhamiae and in Microsporum canis revealed a single class of binding sites with approximately the same affinity as that in T. mentagrophytes (Kd, 1 X 10(-7) to 2 X 10(-7) M). Trichophyton rubrum had a protein with a higher binding affinity (Kd, 1.6 X 10(-8) M). Characterization of the [3H]progesterone-binding sites in T. mentagrophytes showed the binder to be a protein which was destroyed by trypsin and heating to 56 degrees C. Previous examination of the steroid-binding specificity in T. mentagrophytes had demonstrated that deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were effective competitors for [3H]progesterone binding. Expansion of this study to include other competitors revealed that R5020 (a synthetic progestin), androstenedione, and dehydroepiandosterone possessed relative binding affinities which were 20, 11, and 9% of that of progesterone, respectively. Other ligands tested were less effective. Competition studies for the binder in M. canis resulted in similar findings: DOC and DHT were effective competitors for [3H]progesterone binding. The growth of A. benhamiae + and -, M. canis, and T. rubrum were all inhibited by progesterone in a dose-responsive manner, with 50% inhibition achieved at concentrations of 9.8 x 10(-6), 1.2 x 10( 5), 1.5 x 10(-5), and 2.7 x 10(-6) M. respectively,. PMID- 3182999 TI - Evaluation of [3H]thymidine uptake method for studying growth of spiroplasmas under various conditions. AB - [3H]thymidine uptake and colony counts are quantitative and inexpensive methods for studying Spiroplasma growth. Using these techniques, we demonstrated subtle effects on the growth of suckling mouse cataract agent of medium alterations, inoculum size, and freezing of cultures. In addition, suckling mouse cataract agent multiplied more actively under aerobic than under anaerobic conditions. These techniques have wide application for the study of Spiroplasma growth and will be useful for the development of a defined medium. PMID- 3183000 TI - Evaluation of the KOH test and the antibiotic disk test in routine clinical anaerobic bacteriology. AB - We have evaluated the KOH test, the antibiotic disk identification test, and the Gram stain reaction for the preliminary grouping of gram-positive and gram negative anaerobes and have assessed the value of erythromycin 60-micrograms-disk resistance as a predictive index of clindamycin resistance among anaerobes. By testing 931 clinical isolates, 281 gram positive and 650 gram negative, with the KOH test and vancomycin 5-micrograms-disk test, we obtained the following parameters: sensitivity, 89.7 and 97.1%; specificity, 97.5 and 98.3%; positive predictive value, 80.4 and 98.7%; and efficiency, 92.1 and 98% for the KOH test and the vancomycin test, respectively. The KOH reaction incorrectly grouped 42 of 97 Bacteroides bivius and 12 of 50 pigmented Bacteroides strains. The vancomycin test correctly identified 63 of 67 gram-negative strains that had given a negative KOH reaction. The erythromycin disk result correctly predicted clindamycin resistance in gram-negative isolates but had a sensitivity of 85.7%, a specificity of 92.4%, and a positive predictive value of 42.8% for gram positive isolates. Therefore, the use of these preliminary identification tests can assist in the correct grouping of anaerobes and accurately predict significant clindamycin resistance in gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. PMID- 3183001 TI - Detection of antibodies to Ureaplasma urealyticum in pregnant women by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using membrane antigen and investigation of the significance of the antibodies. AB - Optimal conditions of a microenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a group specific membrane antigen of Ureaplasma urealyticum serotype 7 were established with rabbit antisera and applied for the evaluation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies in 139 serum specimens from pregnant women between 26 and 38 weeks of gestation, and the assay was compared with microorganism culture and investigated to determine the role of U. urealyticum in perinatal morbidity and mortality. U. urealyticum was isolated from 75 (54%) of 139 patients; 40 had a colonization greater than or equal to 10(6) cells per ml of swab (29%); 64 (85%) of 75 culture-positive patients had IgG antibodies (absorbance mean, 0.650), versus 4 (6%) of 64 culture-negative patients (absorbance mean, 0.103) (P less than 0.001). There was no cross-reactivity with Chlamydia trachomatis infection from patients from whom no mycoplasmas were isolated, but this cross-reactivity occurred in 24% of patients with other mycoplasma infections. There was a good correlation between quantitative evaluation of U. urealyticum colonization and antibody level (P less than 0.05). However, IgM antibody was found in 30% of culture-positive patients but also in 25% of the culture-negative group. Frequency of U. urealyticum colonization was greater in unmarried young women (less than 25 years old) with a history of genital infection, and a significantly greater frequency was detected in patients who smoked (P less than 0.01) and had a lower socioeconomic status (P less than 0.001). A lower infant birth weight was more associated with U. urealyticum colonization greater than or equal to 10(5) cells per ml. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay provided an additional means to diagnose and evaluate U. urealyticum infection in pregnant women. PMID- 3183003 TI - Evaluation of various antibiotics for induction of L forms from Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitis. AB - Forty-five strains of Staphylococcus aureus were treated with 11 antibiotics and tested for induction to L forms. Thirty-seven strains were induced to L forms with at least one antibiotic, while eight strains produced no L forms under the conditions used. L forms were induced only with beta-lactam antibiotics and with a combination of penicillin and streptomycin. Novobiocin induced no true L forms but induced intermediate forms from seven strains. Strains resistant to penicillin yielded L forms only with beta-lactam antibiotics active against penicillin-resistant organisms. Strains failing to yield L forms were susceptible to the antibiotics used, and resistance appeared to play no role in the induction of L forms with these strains. PMID- 3183002 TI - Four cases of vesicular lesions in adults caused by enterovirus infections. AB - Echovirus types 4 and 33 and coxsackievirus type B1 were recovered from vesicular lesions in four adults. Patient 1 had cutaneous localized vesicles, patient 2 had a recurrent cutaneous vesicle, and patients 3 and 4 had mucosal vesicles. Three of the patients were suspected of having herpesvirus lesions. One of the patients was a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive man, and the enterovirus infection was the first clinical manifestation. Our results underline the importance of virological diagnosis before treatment with acyclovir, especially for immunocompromised patients. PMID- 3183004 TI - Genetic confirmation of identities of neurotoxigenic Clostridium baratii and Clostridium butyricum implicated as agents of infant botulism. AB - Two unusual neurotoxigenic clostridia isolated from fecal specimens from patients with type F and type E infant botulism were phenotypically identical to the existing species Clostridium baratii and C. butyricum, respectively. DNA hybridization experiments confirmed that one strain was C. baratii and that the other was C. butyricum. These species therefore do contain neurotoxigenic strains and are possible causes of infant botulism. PMID- 3183005 TI - Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from the bile of a cholecystic patient. AB - Described is the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from the bile of a cholecystic patient admitted for abdominal pain to an intensive care unit. A cholecystectomy was performed, and the patient responded to erythromycin therapy. Details of this uncommon isolation are given. PMID- 3183006 TI - Characterization of a circular plasmid from Borrelia burgdorferi, etiologic agent of Lyme disease. AB - Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, was recently shown to contain plasmid DNA. Two plasmid species have been described in strain CT1, a Wisconsin tick isolate: a 9.2-kilobase entity; and a larger, 70-kilobase entity. Characterization of the 9.2-kilobase entity by using DNase I and restriction endonucleases demonstrated that the plasmid is supercoiled and exists as a stable dimer in this strain. The role played by the plasmid in B. burgdorferi is unknown. PMID- 3183007 TI - Antithrombin III in the diagnosis of infection in febrile neutropenic patients. AB - Antithrombin III levels in plasma were measured in 29 febrile neutropenic patients (31 episodes). They were lowest on day 2 in 62.5% of febrile patients and then increased or were normal in 81.3%. Low levels were present on day 2 in only 28.6% of patients with gram-negative infections, as compared with 33% of patients with doubtful infections. PMID- 3183008 TI - New Borrelia burgdorferi antigenic variant isolated from Ixodes dammini from upstate New York. AB - A previously undescribed Borrelia burgdorferi antigenic variant was isolated from each of four Ixodes dammini larvae removed from white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, captured in Millbrook, N.Y. This site is in the northern range of the known distribution of the tick in the northeastern United States. The molecular weights of approximately 32,500 and 35,500 for outer surface A and outer surface B proteins, respectively, were distinctly higher than those for previously characterized isolates from North American ticks, humans, and wild mammals. A prominent low-molecular-weight protein of about 23,500 was also present. All four isolates infected Syrian hamsters and retained their antigenicity after passage through these rodent hosts. Serum samples from patients with Lyme disease tended to have immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, and immunoglobulin antibodies to Connecticut B. burgdorferi 2591 at titers slightly higher than or equal to those recorded for an antigenically different strain of B. burgdorferi from Millbrook, N.Y. PMID- 3183009 TI - Dysgonic fermenter 3 bacteremia in a neutropenic patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. AB - Persistent dysgonic fermenter 3 bacteremia occurred in a granulocytopenic leukemic patient on broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. This is the first reported case of bacteremia with this fastidious gram-negative rod. Characteristic microbiology and antibiotic susceptibility testing are reviewed. Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole therapy eliminated the bacteremia. PMID- 3183010 TI - Cavitating pneumonia caused by Corynebacterium group JK. AB - Corynebacterium group JK organisms were isolated from lung fluid aspirated with a fine needle from one of four thick-walled cavitary lesions in a 72-year-old female. Cultures and stains for mycobacteria and fungi were negative. The patient was successfully treated with an 8-week course of vancomycin. PMID- 3183011 TI - Inadequate mixing in microdilution wells during preparation of antimicrobial dilutions for susceptibility testing. AB - An equation representing a twofold series of antibiotic dilutions was derived. The theoretical results were then validated with experimental observations of piperacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Insufficient mixing leads to an erroneously low MIC. It is concluded that maintaining antibiotic concentration equilibrium during microdilution is required for accurate microdilution susceptibility tests. PMID- 3183012 TI - Addition of monoclonal antibodies specific for Rickettsia akari to the rickettsial diagnostic panel. AB - Monoclonal antibodies were produced from mice infected with Rickettsia akari (the etiologic agent of rickettsialpox) and evaluated for specificity in indirect fluorescent-antibody tests with 23 different rickettsial antigens. Of the nine antibodies that were evaluated, two were specific for R. akari and four reacted with R. akari and all other spotted fever group rickettsiae. The remaining three antibodies reacted with some, but not all, members of the spotted fever group. None of the antibodies reacted with typhus, scrub typhus, trench fever, or Q fever rickettsiae. Adding these antibodies to the list of available diagnostic reagents will facilitate identification of rickettsial diseases, particularly those caused by members of the spotted fever group, where the clinical presentations are similar and the etiologic agents are closely related antigenically. PMID- 3183013 TI - Enzyme profiles of oral spirochetes in RapID-ANA system. AB - Enzyme profiles of oral Treponema species were determined by using RapID-ANA (Innovative Diagnostic System, Atlanta, Ga.), a 4-h test system which detects 18 enzymatic reactions, including aminopeptidases and glycosidases. Seventy-two clinical isolates of Treponema denticola, four reference strains of T. denticola (ATCC 35404, ATCC 35405, ATCC 35520, and ATCC 33521), one strain of T. vincentii (ATCC 35580), and two strains of T. socranskii subspecies (T. socranskii subsp. buccale ATCC 35534 and T. socranskii subsp. socranskii ATCC 35536) were used in this study. All T. denticola strains produced indole and a variety of aminopeptidases and glycosidases. These organisms could be differentiated into two groups on the basis of tetrazolium reductase and serine, phenylalanine, and glycine aminopeptidase activities. T. vincentii produced N-acetylglucosaminidase and arginine aminopeptidase, which facilitated the differentiation of this organism from T. socranskii subspecies and the T. denticola group. T. socranskii subspecies gave positive reactions for alkaline phosphatase only. These findings suggest that the RapID-ANA system is useful for enzymatic characterization and differentiation of oral spirochetes. PMID- 3183014 TI - Routine evaluation of BACTEC NR-16A and NR-17A media. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the BACTEC NR-16A and NR-17A media were more effective than the BACTEC NR-6A and NR-7A media in recovering organisms from the blood of patients undergoing antimicrobial therapy. A total of 986 sets of four blood culture bottles were compared, giving 141, 174, 93, and 104 isolates with BACTEC NR-6A, NR-16A, NR-7A, and NR-17A, respectively. BACTEC NR-6A and NR-7A media recovered 234 isolates, whereas BACTEC NR-16A and NR-17A media recovered 278 isolates. The recovery rate of bacteria when aerobic resin media were used was better than that with conventional aerobic media (P less than 0.001). The mean detection times were 51.5 and 69.7 h with NR-16A and NR-6A, respectively (P less than 0.01), whereas they were 68.2 and 71.3 h with NR-17A and NR-7A, respectively (P greater than 0.05). The small number of anaerobes recovered precluded a statistical comparison of relative recovery for that group of organisms. PMID- 3183015 TI - Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Giardia lamblia cyst antigens in formalin fixed and unfixed human stool. AB - An antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing rabbit and mouse antisera to Giardia lamblia cyst antigens was developed for the diagnosis of Giardia infection through detection of G. lamblia-specific stool antigens in cell free aqueous eluates of human stool. This is the first report of the use of anti cyst antibodies in an enzyme immunoassay for G. lamblia. The assay gave a positive result with 54 of 59 stools from patients with symptomatic, clinically diagnosed giardiasis, giving the test a sensitivity of 91.5%. A negative reading was obtained with all of 25 stools from G. lamblia-negative control patients. The assay could detect as few as 20 sonicated cysts added to control stool eluate. The assay was more sensitive to cyst-derived antigens than to trophozoite-derived antigens. With two exceptions, the assay gave a negative result with stools from patients infected with Entamoeba histolytica (seven), Cryptosporidium sp. (four), or Blastocystis hominis (seven) and thus appears to be specific for G. lamblia antigens. Storage of stool eluates for more than 6 months at 4 degrees C as unpreserved aqueous eluates or as formalinized eluates did not affect the ability of the assay to detect the giardial antigens. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay proved useful for monitoring the levels of G. lamblia-specific stool antigens in the stool of patients undergoing antigiardial chemotherapy. PMID- 3183016 TI - Salt-supplemented medium for testing methicillin-resistant staphylococci with newer beta-lactams. AB - The addition of 2% NaCl to cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth (CSMHB) was evaluated for microdilution testing of the susceptibility of staphylococci to five cephalosporins, imipenem, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and ticarcillin clavulanate. With Staphylococcus aureus, NaCl improved the recognition of methicillin (oxacillin) resistance to cefamandole, imipenem, or ticarcillin clavulanate. Resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate was readily determined, irrespective of the presence of added salt. The addition of 2% NaCl to CSMHB did not significantly improve detection of resistance to any of the beta-lactams among coagulase-negative staphylococci. Since the addition of NaCl did not have significant adverse effects on tests with coagulase-negative staphylococci, the routine addition of 2% NaCl to oxacillin or methicillin tests with staphylococci may be justifiable on the basis of convenience or standardization. However, addition of NaCl to susceptibility tests of other beta-lactams does not consistently improve recognition of resistance among staphylococci and thus cannot be recommended for routine use. PMID- 3183017 TI - Novel plate culture method to improve the microbiological diagnosis of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - A novel economical plate culture technique incorporating Tween 80 was used for the isolation of organisms from dialysis effluent in cases of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis peritonitis. It was found to be convenient for routine laboratory use and increased the yield of positive plate cultures in specimens without antibiotics from 53 to 75% (P less than 0.01) and in specimens containing antibiotics from 24 to 38% (P less than 0.05). It allowed for the identification and susceptibility testing of isolates 24 h earlier than did broth culturing and a more ready appreciation of mixed cultures and contaminants. PMID- 3183018 TI - Simple genetic method to identify viridans group streptococci by colorimetric dot hybridization and fluorometric hybridization in microdilution wells. AB - Simple dot hybridization and fluorometric hybridization methods in microdilution wells were designed and established for rapid and routine genetic identification of viridans group streptococci. Reference DNA extracted from each strain of 24 reference Streptococcus species was fixed both on a nitrocellulose filter and in a microdilution well. A 1-ml portion of the bacterial suspension which matched the turbidity of McFarland no. 2 standard was prepared when a streptococcal strain was isolated. It was lysed with achromopeptidase, and the DNA was quickly labeled with photobiotin under a sunlamp for 15 min. Dot hybridization and fluorometric hybridization were then carried out between the labeled DNA of the unknown organism and 24 unlabeled reference DNAs. Hybridized fragments on a nitrocellulose filter were detected by using alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin and analyzed with a color graphic analyzer. Hybridized fragments in microdilution wells were quantitatively detected by using an enzyme, streptavidin conjugated beta-D-galactosidase, and a fluorogenic substrate, 4 methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside. Strains belonging to each genetically distinct species could be identified by this dot blot hybridization test. However, some clinical strains cross-hybridized with two or more reference species, and then they were difficult to differentiate by dot blot hybridization. In such a case, fluorometric identification provided reliable results because the fluorometric method was more quantitative than dot blot identification. By these methods, it was possible to determine species assignment within the viridans group. PMID- 3183020 TI - Comparison of blood agar, ampicillin blood agar, MacConkey-ampicillin-Tween agar, and modified cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agar for isolation of Aeromonas spp. from stool specimens. AB - The performance of four media for the isolation of Aeromonas strains from stool specimens, the importance of ampicillin-susceptible Aeromonas strains in the selection of culture media, and the usefulness of beta-hemolysis in screening blood-containing media for Aeromonas strains were evaluated in two phases. In the first phase, 36 of 1,672 stool specimens yielded Aeromonas isolates. Ninety-seven percent of the isolates were detected on blood agar containing 20 micrograms of ampicillin per ml (ABA), and 47% were detected on MacConkey agar containing 100 micrograms of ampicillin per ml and 1% Tween 80. In the second phase of the study, 43 of 1,924 stool specimens yielded Aeromonas isolates. Fifty-one percent of the isolates were detected on blood agar and on modified cefsulodin-Irgasan novobiocin agar, and 84% were detected on ABA. The combination of ABA and modified cefsulodin-Irgasan-novobiocin agar provided 100% recovery of the Aeromonas isolates encountered. All of the Aeromonas isolates detected on blood agar were also detected on ABA, and 89% of the Aeromonas isolates detected on these media were beta-hemolytic. These results suggest that ABA is superior to the other media evaluated for the isolation of Aeromonas strains from stool specimens, but optimal recovery of the organism may require the use of more than one medium. The results also suggest that the occurrence of ampicillin susceptible strains is not a limitation on the use of ABA, but at least 10% of Aeromonas isolates will be missed if beta-hemolysis is used to screen ABA plates for these organisms. PMID- 3183019 TI - Campylobacter pylori isolated from the stomach of the monkey, Macaca nemestrina. AB - Campylobacter pylori was isolated from the gastric mucosa in 6 of 24 pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) examined by gastric biopsy and culture; 3 isolates were recovered during gastroendoscopy, and 3 were recovered at necropsy. The isolates were morphologically and biochemically similar to the human type strain NCTC 11638, differing only in colony diameter, pigmentation, and rate of growth. Identity of the isolates was confirmed by whole-genomic DNA-DNA hybridization with the type strain. Colonization of the monkey stomachs was associated with hypochlorhydria and histologic features resembling type B chronic gastritis in humans. Host animals exhibited no morbid clinical effects of colonization, although endoscopy revealed inflammation, erythema, and friable tissue in some animals. The discovery of C. pylori occurring spontaneously in M. nemestrina extends the known range of the hosts of the organism and offers the possibility of a natural or experimental model of the infection in monkeys. PMID- 3183021 TI - Optimal data processing procedure for automatic bacterial identification by gas liquid chromatography of cellular fatty acids. AB - Gas-liquid chromatography of cellular fatty acids was used in automatic identification of clinical bacterial isolates. The intraspecies variation in the occurrence of fatty acids and the variation in the relative gas-liquid chromatography peak areas of different fatty acids were evaluated and compared with the relative peak areas of these acids. A new chromatogram comparison method involving the use of an exponential function was developed to adjust to data variation optimally. This method was compared with several previously published methods of correlation analysis with data from representative clinical bacteriological isolates. The efficacies of the methods in separating different bacterial species into distinct clusters were compared. The new exponential function method was superior to the others both in its ability to separate species into different clusters and in giving a greater degree of identity to strains within a proper cluster. The results indicate that the gas-liquid chromatography of bacterial cellular fatty acids can be used effectively in the identification of clinically isolated bacteria. However, the usefulness of the analysis depends on the comparison method used and on its ability to cope with data variations. PMID- 3183022 TI - Temporal relationship of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in patients and the environment. AB - We prospectively compared the occurrence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in patients and the environment in the Pacific Northwest. Inpatient and outpatient stool and wound specimens and water samples from 10 estuarine sites were cultured for V. parahaemolyticus over a period of 3 years. V. parahaemolyticus infections were detected in 13 patients (8 with gastroenteritis; 5 with wound infections), and all of the infections were found in outpatients in physicians' offices. Ten of the infections were locally acquired, and three occurred in patients returning from tropical travel. V. parahaemolyticus was isolated from 11 to 33% of the environmental samples, and each sampling site yielded the organism at some time during the study. V. parahaemolyticus was found in the environment only during the summer months, when water temperatures were greater than or equal to 17 degrees C and salinities were less than or equal to 13% (parts per thousand), and locally acquired infections were detected only when the organism was present in large numbers in the environment. We conclude that V. parahaemolyticus causes locally acquired gastroenteritis and wound infections, as well as traveler's diarrhea, in the Pacific Northwest, that patients with V. parahaemolyticus infections are likely to be seen in physicians' offices rather than hospitals, that locally acquired V. parahaemolyticus infections occur only when the organism is present in the environment, and that the organism is likely to be present during the summer months, when warm, low-salinity water conditions prevail in the coastal marine environment. PMID- 3183024 TI - Retrospective evaluation of the Du Pont radioimmunoassay kit for detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigenuria in humans. AB - We used the Du Pont radioimmunoassay kit for soluble Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigenuria (Du Pont Co., Wilmington, Del.) to test 422 urine samples from patients with and without Legionnaires disease (LD). The urine specimens were collected from 23 patients with culture-proven LD and from 346 patients without LD. L. pneumophila serogroup 1 was isolated from 14 patients with culture proven LD, and other L. pneumophila serogroups or other Legionella species were isolated from 9 patients; 58 urine specimens were tested from these 23 patients. The non-LD group was composed of 75 bacteremic patients (35 gram-negative and 40 gram-positive bacteremias), 7 patients with candidemia, 48 patients with non-LD pneumonia, 90 patients with gram-negative bacteriuria (greater than 10(5) CFU/ml), 23 patients with gram-positive bacteriuria (greater than 10(5) CFU/ml), 14 patients with candiduria (greater than 10(5) CFU/ml), and 89 outpatients with negative urine cultures. All tests were performed in duplicate, including positive and negative controls. Sample results with values greater than or equal to 3.0 times those of the negative controls were considered positive for L. pneumophila serogroup 1 antigenuria. The average sample-to-negative ratios were 19.1 for the L. pneumophila serogroup 1 specimens, and 1.0 for both the non serogroup 1 legionella group and the non-LD specimens. All but one of the patients who were culture positive for L. pneumophila serogroup 1 had at least one specimen positive for serogroup 1 antigenuria; none of the non-L. pneumophila serogroup 1 patients had a positive urine test. The test was highly specific (100%) and sensitive (93%) for the detection of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 antigenuria. Concentrations of urine by vacuum evaporation increased test sensitivity without apparently affecting specificity. PMID- 3183023 TI - Laboratory diagnosis of peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. AB - The clinical course and laboratory diagnosis of peritonitis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was studied in 32 consecutive episodes. Peritonitis was associated with a failure in aseptic technique in eight episodes and with an exit-site infection in four episodes. Intraperitoneal vancomycin and ceftazidime were safe, effective, and convenient. Most patients administered their antibiotics at home, and symptoms usually resolved by day 4. Culture of the deposit obtained by centrifugation of 50 ml of effluent after leukocyte lysis provided the best rate of recovery (84% culture positive) but was technically demanding. Filtration of the same volume without leukocyte lysis was simple to perform and almost as effective. Enrichment was less satisfactory (65% culture positive) owing to the presence of antibiotic or infection with fastidious microorganisms. Culture of 50 ml of effluent after concentration by a commonly used laboratory technique, centrifugation without leukocyte lysis, performed poorly (59% culture positive at 48 h), as this method caused sequestration and death of microorganisms within the leukocytes. Culture of nearly 1 liter of effluent from 33 asymptomatic patients by the same techniques yielded no microorganisms. PMID- 3183025 TI - Safety of refrigerated storage of admixed parenteral fluids. AB - Many hospital pharmacies are reluctant to store admixed parenteral fluids longer than 24 to 48 h because of concern about possible microbial contamination. We evaluated the safety of prolonged refrigerated storage of admixtures by culturing mixtures in 471 bags prepared routinely in a hospital pharmacy and stored at 4 degrees C for up to 15 days. Low-level contamination (1 CFU per bag) was found in 3 of 253 solutions of saline and/or glucose into which nonantibiotic additives had been injected. None of 171 saline and/or glucose solutions with antibiotic additives or 47 parenteral nutrition fluids was culture positive. The risk of contamination did not increase with duration of storage, and none of 107 bags stored greater than or equal to 5 days was culture positive. Laboratory studies to measure growth of bacteria and fungi in glucose infusate and parenteral nutrition solutions confirmed that storage at 4 degrees C suppresses growth. Eight of twelve bacterial isolates grew in glucose solutions at 25 degrees C, while none grew at 4 degrees C. Of 13 species of bacteria and fungi inoculated in parenteral nutrition fluids, 8 proliferated at 25 degrees C and none proliferated at 4 degrees C. We conclude that refrigerated storage of parenteral fluids for up to 1 week following admixture, as permitted by Centers for Disease Control guidelines, does not appear to increase the risk of microbial contamination when standard aseptic procedures for admixing and storage are followed. PMID- 3183026 TI - Sensitive immune dot blot test for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. AB - The sensitivity and specificity of an immune dot blot test (IDBT), which relies on a 125I-labeled genus-specific monoclonal antibody to detect the Chlamydia lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen, were improved by pretreatment of specimens with proteinase K. This enzyme destroys protein A and therefore eliminates false positive reactions caused by the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. Proteinase K treatment also improved the ability of the assay to detect the Chlamydia LPS antigen. When the improved IDBT was compared with culture for detection of C. trachomatis in 1,394 urogenital specimens obtained from a genitourinary medicine clinic, the overall sensitivity was 96%, and LPS antigen was detected in 76 of 83 (92%) specimens that yielded less than 10 inclusions in culture. The specificity and positive and negative predictive values of the test were 97, 81.5, and 99%, respectively. Of 123 conjunctival swabs, 7 were positive by both tests and 4 swabs were positive only by IDBT. This improved IDBT provides a simple, reliable alternative to culture for the detection of C. trachomatis in urogenital and conjunctival specimens. PMID- 3183029 TI - Simple method of inducing sporulation by Apophysomyces elegans and Saksenaea vasiformis. AB - Apophysomyces elegans and Saksenaea vasiformis are notorious for their failure to sporulate on routine media. Agar blocks, permeated with the mycelia of A. elegans and S. vasiformis, were cut aseptically from 7-day-old colonies grown on Sabouraud dextrose agar and transferred to plates containing 20 ml of sterile distilled water supplemented with 0.2 ml of 10% filter-sterilized yeast extract solution. When the plates were incubated at 37 degrees C, all 5 isolates of A. elegans and all 10 isolates of S. vasiformis produced abundant, characteristic sporangia within 7 to 10 days. The method is simple to use and yields consistent results. PMID- 3183027 TI - Detection with monoclonal antibody of Salmonella typhi antigen 9 in specimens from patients. AB - Monoclonal antibodies were raised against Barber antigen (Ba) of Salmonella typhi 0901. Antibodies produced to antigen 9 of group D salmonellae were used in double and triple-sandwich antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for detecting antigen 9 in urine and plasma specimens from three groups of patients and 49 controls. The triple-antibody ELISA detected the antigen in urine samples from 11 of 18 (65%) patients with hemoculture-proven typhoid (group 1) and 12 of 39 (31%) patients with clinical features compatible with typhoid but whose hemocultures were negative (group 2). This ELISA was negative in three patients from whom Salmonella paratyphi A, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (group 3) were isolated by hemoculture and in all healthy controls. The double antibody sandwich ELISA was positive in 41 and 15% of urine samples from patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively, and was negative with samples from two patients from group 3 and all controls. The sensitivity and specificity compared with those for healthy controls were 65 and 100%, respectively, for the triple antibody ELISA. Although as little as 7.8 ng of homologous lipopolysaccharide could be detected, background in clinical specimens prevented accurate interpretation of the detection of this antigen in serum. Results were best with urine specimens. PMID- 3183028 TI - Screening for hepatitis B virus in healthy blood donors by molecular DNA hybridization analysis. AB - A DNA molecular hybridization technique employing a purified adw subtype hepatitis B virus (HBV) cloned DNA of 3.2 kilobase pairs as a probe was used to screen for the presence of HBV DNA in blood samples collected from 486 apparently healthy blood donors. Eighteen of 104 (17.3%) hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers and 7 of 382 (1.8%) HBsAg-negative individuals had circulating HBV DNA in their sera. Among the seven individuals who were positive for HBV DNA but negative for HBsAg, three had antibodies against both HBsAg (anti-HBsAg) and hepatitis B core antigen, one had only anti-HBsAg, one had both anti-hepatitis B core antigen and anti-hepatitis B e antigen and two were negative for all the above HBV markers. The results suggest that the absence of HBsAg in otherwise apparently healthy individuals may not be enough to ensure lack of circulating HBV. PMID- 3183030 TI - Mycobacterial cross contamination during radiometric culturing. AB - Pseudobacteremias in blood cultures performed on the BACTEC radiometric blood culture system have been reported. We report three cases of cross contamination with Mycobacterium avium that occurred when mycobacteria were cultured with the BACTEC 460 TB system. Malfunction of the needle sterilization heating block was demonstrated. PMID- 3183032 TI - Odontogenic infection secondary to Leuconostoc species. AB - Leuconostoc species are gaining importance as pathogenic organisms. We present the first case of odontogenic infection caused by Leuconostoc spp. Isolates initially identified as streptococci were found to be vancomycin resistant. Rigorous bacteriologic investigation subsequently classified these organisms as Leuconostoc mesenteroides. PMID- 3183031 TI - Skin colonization by Corynebacterium groups D2 and JK in hospitalized patients. AB - To determine the prevalence of Corynebacterium group D2 and JK organisms on the skin of different types of patients, 200 hospitalized subjects, half of them admitted to a university hospital and the others in a chronic care institution, were surveyed. Samples were taken from the axilla, groin, and abdominal wall. Corynebacterium group D2 and JK organisms were isolated from at least one of the three skin sites in both groups of patients. Only five patients harbored groups D2 and JK at the same time but a different skin sites. The rate of colonization by group D2 organisms was higher in females (43.3%) than in males (17.7%); on the contrary, group JK organisms were isolated more frequently from males (32.1%) than from females (13.5%). All these differences were statistically significant. Corynebacterium group D2 and JK organisms are widely distributed on the skin of hospitalized patients, and the prevalence is sex related. PMID- 3183033 TI - Efficacies of rapid agglutination tests for identification of methicillin resistant staphylococcal strains as Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Four commercially available rapid agglutination tests for the identification of Staphylococcus aureus were compared with the tube coagulase test for the identification of 300 methicillin-resistant isolates of staphylococci. Isolates tested included 207 methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 93 coagulase-negative staphylococci, collected from five medical centers. Strain variability was documented by phage typing and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Results of rapid identification tests ranged between 82 and 86% sensitivity, significantly poorer than the 98% sensitivity which the tube coagulase test provided. PMID- 3183034 TI - Natural killer (NK) cells in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis patients treated with lymphoblastoid interferon. AB - Natural killer (NK) cell functional activity, as defined by the lysis of 51Cr labelled K-562 cells, and number, defined phenotypically by anti-Leu-11, are significantly decreased in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) when compared to normal controls. When age- and sex-matched populations are compared, NK cell functional activity is again significantly reduced in MS compared to controls but not when compared to a control group of other medical disease (OMD). The MS group could be differentiated from the OMD group, however, when results of NK cell functional activity are combined with NK cell phenotype. With the administration of lymphoblastoid interferon daily for 6 months, NK cell activity increased significantly at 48 h and at 1 week. By 1 month, activity decreased to a level slightly above placebo treatment values. The results likely reflect interferon's enhancement of mature NK cell activity combined with a variable effect on recruitment of pre-NK cells. PMID- 3183036 TI - Abstracts: American Electroencephalographic Society, annual scientific meeting. October 2-5, 1988, San Diego, California. PMID- 3183035 TI - Expression of a developmental stage-specific antigen by neuronal precursor cells of human fetal cerebellum. AB - A monoclonal antibody that was prepared against human neuroblastoma cells was shown to react strongly with fetal brain and moderately with adult brain by quantitative absorption testing. Immunoperoxidase staining demonstrated expression of the antigen by neuronal precursor cells in the cerebellar external granular layer of a 24- to 26-week fetus but not by their mature derivatives in the granular and molecular layers of adult cerebellum. The antigen was also present on subventricular cells of fetal cerebral cortex, as well as adult and fetal astrocytes. The expression of this antigen by neuronal precursor cells in the external granular layer but not their mature derivatives suggests that it is a stage-specific marker for cerebellar neuronal development. PMID- 3183037 TI - Abstracts: AAEE/AEEGS Joint Symposium on Magnetic Stimulation and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials. October 5, 1988, San Diego, California. PMID- 3183038 TI - Meeting the needs for health workers: proportions, prerogatives, and priorities. PMID- 3183040 TI - OSHA inspection policy: a fresh start. PMID- 3183039 TI - A new OSHA: the tasks for the first 100 days. PMID- 3183041 TI - Strengthening Occupational Safety and Health enforcement. PMID- 3183042 TI - Bring back the General Duty Clause. PMID- 3183043 TI - Hazard surveillance: a proposal. PMID- 3183044 TI - Control of worker exposure. PMID- 3183045 TI - Worker training and education. PMID- 3183046 TI - Local Community Services Centers (CLSCs) in Quebec: description, evaluation, perspectives. PMID- 3183047 TI - The eclipse of health departments and local governments in American environmental regulation. PMID- 3183048 TI - Efficiency and the supply of hospital beds in metropolitan areas. PMID- 3183049 TI - The rotation of health warnings in cigarette advertisements. Compliance with the Comprehensive Smoking Education Act of 1984. PMID- 3183050 TI - Neutrophil actin dysfunction is a genetic disorder associated with partial impairment of neutrophil actin assembly in three family members. AB - A male infant with a severe neutrophil motility disorder and poorly polymerizable actin in PMN extracts was reported over a decade ago to have neutrophil actin dysfunction (NAD) (1974. N. Engl. J. Med. 291:1093-1099). Polymerized actin (F actin) content of fixed and permeabilized intact neutrophils from the father, mother, and sister of the NAD index case have been measured using nitrobenzoxadiazole-phallacidin, a fluorescent compound which binds specifically to actin filaments. F-actin content of unstimulated PMN from all three family members was significantly lower than unstimulated control PMN (mean 23.6 +/- 0.4 SEM fluorescent units vs. 32.6 +/- 0.6 for controls). After stimulation with the chemotactic peptide FMLP, maximal F-actin content of NAD family member PMN was below that of controls (52.7 +/- 1.3 vs. 72.6 +/- 1.8). F-actin content of detergent insoluble cytoskeletons after stimulation with FMLP was also significantly lower in PMN from NAD family members as compared with controls (21 +/- 6% vs. 73 +/- 8%). PMN extracts from the father and mother, when treated with 0.6 M KCl, polymerized half as much actin as controls. Whereas diisopropylfluorophosphate treatment of normal PMN decreased actin polymerizability in cell extracts, this treatment increased the assembly of actin in parental PMN extract. Addition of purified actin to NAD extracts failed to reveal an abnormal actin polymerization inhibitory activity, and no obvious structural defect in actin purified from the father's PMNs was noted by HPLC and two dimensional thin layer chromatography of tryptic digests. The present studies of actin assembly in intact PMNs confirm that NAD is associated with a true defect in PMN actin assembly and is a genetic disorder that is recessively inherited. PMID- 3183051 TI - Assessment of clonality in gastrointestinal cancer by DNA fingerprinting. AB - DNA fingerprinting with three different probes (33.15, 33.6, and alpha-globin 3'HVR) was investigated as a method for the determination of clonality in gastrointestinal tumors. In 29/44 carcinomas the tumor DNA showed clonal somatic mutations that were not seen in the corresponding peripheral blood and normal mucosa samples. The changes consisted of either novel fingerprint bands, losses of bands, or both. The probe 33.15 yielded the highest rate of abnormal DNA fingerprints (21/44 carcinomas). Sequential use of the probes increased the number of cases where clonal fingerprint markers could be detected. One out of five colorectal adenomas also showed a clonal loss of a fingerprint band. In two cases of gastric cancer, DNA from the metastatic tumor had a different DNA fingerprint from that found in the primary carcinoma. DNA fingerprinting offers a novel approach to determining clonality in tumors and may prove useful for the study of tumor progression. PMID- 3183052 TI - Pancreatic noradrenergic nerves are activated by neuroglucopenia but not by hypotension or hypoxia in the dog. Evidence for stress-specific and regionally selective activation of the sympathetic nervous system. AB - To determine if acute stress activates pancreatic noradrenergic nerves, pancreatic norepinephrine (NE) output (spillover) was measured in halothane anesthetized dogs. Central neuroglucopenia, induced by intravenous 2-deoxy-D glucose [( 2-DG] 600 mg/kg + 13.5 mg/kg-1 per min-1) increased pancreatic NE output from a baseline of 380 +/- 100 to 1,490 +/- 340 pg/min (delta = +1,110 +/- 290 pg/min, P less than 0.01). Surgical denervation of the pancreas reduced this response by 90% (delta = +120 +/- 50 pg/min, P less than 0.01 vs. intact innervation), suggesting that 2-DG activated pancreatic nerves by increasing the central sympathetic outflow to the pancreas rather than by acting directly on nerves within the pancreas itself. These experiments provide the first direct evidence of stress-induced activation of pancreatic noradrenergic nerves in vivo. In contrast, neither hemorrhagic hypotension (50 mmHg) nor hypoxia (6-8% O2) increased pancreatic NE output (delta = +80 +/- 110 and -20 +/- 60 pg/min, respectively, P less than 0.01 vs. neuroglucopenia) despite both producing increases of arterial plasma NE and epinephrine similar to glucopenia. The activation of pancreatic noradrenergic nerves is thus stress specific. Furthermore, because both glucopenia and hypotension increased arterial NE, yet only glucopenia activated pancreatic nerves, it is suggested that a regionally selective pattern of sympathetic activation can be elicited by acute stress, a condition in which sympathetic activation has traditionally been thought to be generalized and nondiscrete. PMID- 3183053 TI - Binding of straight-chain saturated dicarboxylic acids to albumin. AB - Dicarboxylic acids are prominent features of several diseases, including Reye's syndrome. Long-chain dicarboxylic acids have profound effects on the function and structure of isolated mitochondria, suggesting that they could contribute to the mitochondrial dysfunction in Reye's syndrome. Binding of fatty acids to albumin and the intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins is important in regulating the transport and metabolism of fatty acids and protects against the toxic effects of unbound fatty acids. We studied the binding of dicarboxylic acids to defatted albumin using equilibrium dialysis to assess to what extent dicarboxylic acids are likely to be bound in the plasma of patients. Dicarboxylic acids bind weakly to albumin in a molar ratio of 3.8, 4.2, 1.6, 0.8, and 0.7 to 1 for octadecanedioic, hexadecanedioic, tetradecanedioic, dodecanedioic, and decanedioic acid, respectively. The dissociation constants for long-chain dicarboxylic acids are 100-1,000-fold larger than those of comparable monocarboxylic acids. Oleate competes with dicarboxylic acid and reduces the moles of dicarboxylic acid bound per mol of albumin to less than 1. Octanoate inhibits dicarboxylic acid binding. Our observations indicate that in Reye's syndrome, substantial concentrations of dicarboxylic acids of patients may be free and potentially toxic to mitochondria and other cellular processes. PMID- 3183054 TI - Potentiation of pentazocine analgesia by low-dose naloxone. AB - The analgesia produced by combinations of low-dose naloxone with pentazocine or morphine was studied in 105 patients with moderately severe postoperative pain after standardized surgery for removal of impacted third molars. Pain intensity was quantified using a visual-analogue scale. To eliminate the release of endogenous opioids produced by the placebo component of open drug administration, all injections were made by a preprogrammed infusion pump. The analgesia produced by pentazocine, an agonist-antagonist opiate-analgesic acting predominantly at the kappa opiate receptor, was potentiated by low-dose naloxone, whereas the analgesia produced by morphine, a mu-agonist, was attenuated by low-dose naloxone. To evaluate whether similar potentiation would be present in an animal model, and specifically, in the absence of diazepam, which patients receive, we performed an analogous experiment in rats in which nociceptive threshold was determined using the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal test. The results were completely analogous to the clinical results: pentazocine analgesia was potentiated by low-dose naloxone, whereas morphine analgesia was attenuated by low-dose naloxone. These data demonstrate a novel interaction between opiates, and suggest a rationale for opiate combinations to produce potent analgesia with fewer autonomic side effects and less abuse potential than presently available analgesics. PMID- 3183055 TI - Differential effect of DPI 201-106 on the sensitivity of the myofilaments to Ca2+ in intact and skinned trabeculae from control and myopathic human hearts. AB - The effects of DPI, a new inotropic agent, were compared in trabeculae carneae from control and myopathic human hearts loaded with aequorin, a bioluminescent calcium indicator that emits light when it combines with calcium, and in saponin skinned trabeculae carneae from the same hearts. The force-pCa curves in saponin skinned fibers and the peak force-peak Ca2+ curves in aequorin-loaded preparations were not significantly different between the control and myopathic tissues. The force-pCa curve in the skinned and aequorin-loaded preparations from the same control hearts displayed no significant shifts with the addition of DPI. In contrast, a leftward shift was present in the force-calcium relationship in the presence of DPI in aequorin-loaded and skinned muscles from myopathic hearts, indicating an increase in the sensitivity of the myofilaments to calcium. These differences in the modulation of calcium activation between myopathic and control tissues indicate that pharmacological agents may produce differential effects in normal and diseased hearts. PMID- 3183056 TI - Mechanism of hypercalciuria in genetic hypercalciuric rats. Inherited defect in intestinal calcium transport. AB - Excessive urine calcium excretion in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria may involve a primary increase in intestinal calcium absorption, overproduction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or a defect in renal tubular calcium reabsorption. To determine the mechanism of hypercalciuria in an animal model, hypercalciuria was selected for in rats and the most hypercalciuric animals inbred. Animals from the fourth generation were utilized to study mineral balance and intestinal transport in relation to levels of serum 1,25(OH)2D3. Both urine calcium excretion and net intestinal calcium absorption were greater in hypercalciuric males (HM) than in normocalciuric males (NM) and in hypercalciuric females (HF) than in normocalciuric females (NF). However, serum 1,25(OH)2D3 was lower in HM than in NM and not different in HF than in NF. Net calcium balance was more positive in HM than in NM and in HF than in NF. In vitro duodenal calcium net flux was correlated with serum 1,25(OH)2D3 in HM and HF and in NM and NF. However, with increasing serum 1,25(OH)2D3 there was greater calcium net flux in hypercalciuric rats than in normocalciuric controls. Hypercalciuria in this colony of hypercalciuric rats is due to a primary intestinal overabsorption of dietary calcium and not an overproduction of 1,25(OH)2D3 or a defect in the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium. PMID- 3183057 TI - "Intact nephrons" as the primary origin of proteinuria in chronic renal disease. Study in the rat model of subtotal nephrectomy. AB - Single nephron filtration rate of albumin (SNGFRAlb) was measured in remnant nephrons of Munich-Wistar rats 4-6 wk after subtotal nephrectomy (NPX). Serial thin-section histological analysis was then conducted on the same glomeruli by light microscopy. SNGFRAlb ranged from 1 to 15 times normal. However, a direct relationship between abnormalities of structure and function was not seen, e.g. the glomeruli with the fewest structural abnormalities and marked hyperfiltration often had the highest SNGFRAlb. Moreover, the majority of glomeruli had minimal structural abnormalities. Normalization of the markedly elevated glomerular capillary pressure (PGC) in these glomeruli was accomplished by acute intravenous infusion of verapamil, which decreased SNGFRAlb by 9-83% without affecting the single nephron filtration rate of water (SNGFRH2O). 1-2 wk after subtotal NPX, all glomeruli were hyperfiltering and had elevated PGC. The fractional clearance of larger (greater than 36 A) dextrans was selectively increased in these glomeruli that lacked discernible damage by light microscopy. Verapamil normalized PGC, reduced proteinuria to 48 +/- 4% of baseline, and improved glomerular size selectivity without altering SNGFRH2O. Proteinuria after subtotal NPX thus originates largely from glomeruli with minimal structural abnormalities. The defect in size selectivity is largely attributed to the prevailing high PGC, producing large, nonselective channels on the glomerular capillary wall. The observations raise the possibility that in chronic renal diseases, the reduction in proteinuria often seen after therapeutic measures, including antihypertensive medication, may reflect their functional effect on the relatively intact glomeruli rather than their structure-sparing effect on severely damaged glomeruli, which contribute little to the proteinuria. PMID- 3183058 TI - Effect of selective aldosterone deficiency on acidification in nephron segments of the rat inner medulla. AB - Mineralocorticoid plays a role in urinary acidification and acid-base balance, but the response of the inner medulla to aldosterone has not been elucidated. A model of selective aldosterone deficiency (SAD) with hyperkalemia and hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis was employed to assess segmental acidification by measuring in situ pH, titratable acidity (TA) and total ammonia (Am). Hydrogen ion secretion was also examined as a function of the increment in in situ PCO2 in the collecting duct during bicarbonate loading. SAD rats were compared to ADX controls that received adrenalectomy and chronic replacement of gluco- and mineralocorticoid and to rats with chronic metabolic acidosis induced by oral NH4Cl (CMA). Both fractional and absolute delivery of Am to the loop of Henle was lower in SAD vs. CMA rats (1.34 to 3.63 mM, P less than 0.01). Delivery of Am to the base and tip collecting duct (BCD and TCD) was also markedly lower in SAD (1.50 vs. 0.52 and 1.77 vs. 0.47 mM, respectively, P less than 0.01). Net addition of Am and net acid between BCD and TCD, observed in CMA rats, was not observed in SAD despite equivalent degrees of systemic metabolic acidosis. Similarly, the concentration gradient favoring transfer of NH3 between loop of Henle and CD was reduced in SAD. During bicarbonate loading the increment in PCO2 at BCD, TCD and in final urine was significantly lower in SAD rats than in adrenal intact bicarbonate-loaded rats. Therefore, the acidification defect in this model of SAD appears to be a result of a decrease in ammonia production and delivery to the loop of Henle, impaired transfer from loop to collecting duct and reduction in the rate of H+ secretion by the collecting duct. PMID- 3183059 TI - Distinct murine macrophage receptor pathway for human triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. AB - Murine P388D1 macrophages have a receptor pathway that binds human hypertriglyceridemic very low density lipoproteins (HTG-VLDL) that is fundamentally distinct from the LDL receptor pathway. Trypsin-treated HTG-VLDL (tryp-VLDL), devoid of apolipoprotein (apo)-E, fail to bind to the LDL receptor, yet tryp-VLDL and HTG-VLDL cross-compete for binding to P388D1 macrophage receptors, indicating that these lipoproteins bind to the same sites. The specific, high affinity binding of tryp-VLDL and HTG-VLDL to macrophages at 4 degrees C is equivalent and at 37 degrees C both produce rapid, massive, curvilinear (receptor-mediated) triglyceride accumulation in macrophages. Ligand blots show that P388D1 macrophages express a membrane protein of approximately 190 kD (MBP190) that binds both tryp-VLDL and HTG-VLDL; this binding is competed by HTG-VLDL, trypsinized HTG-VLDL, and trypsinized normal VLDL but not by normal VLDL or LDL. The macrophage LDL receptor (approximately 130 kD) and cellular uptake of beta-VLDL, but not MBP 190 nor uptake of tryp-VLDL, are induced when cells are exposed to lipoprotein-deficient medium and decreased when cells are cholesterol loaded. Unlike the macrophage LDL receptor, MBP 190 partitions into the aqueous phase after phase separation of Triton X-114 extracts. An anti-LDL receptor polyclonal antibody blocks binding of HTG-VLDL to the LDL receptor and blocks receptor-mediated uptake of beta-VLDL by P388D1 cells but fails to inhibit specific cellular uptake of tryp-VLDL or to block binding of tryp-VLDL to MBP 190. Human monocytes, but not human fibroblasts, also express a binding protein for HTG-VLDL and tryp-VLDL similar to MBP 190. We conclude that macrophages possess receptors for abnormal human triglyceride-rich lipoproteins that are distinct from LDL receptors in ligand specificity, regulation, immunological characteristics, and cellular distribution. MBP 190 shares these properties and is a likely receptor candidate for the high affinity uptake of TG-rich lipoproteins by macrophages. PMID- 3183060 TI - Depression of systolic and diastolic myocardial reserve during atrial pacing tachycardia in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. AB - Previous reports have shown that increases in heart rate may result in enhanced left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic performance. To assess whether this phenomenon occurs in the presence of depressed LV function, the effects of pacing on LV pressure and volume were compared in seven patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (LV ejection fraction 0.19 +/- 0.11) and six patients with no or minimal coronary artery disease (LV ejection fraction 0.69 +/- 0.11). Patients with normal LV function demonstrated significant increases in LV peak-positive dP/dt, LV end-systolic pressure-volume ratio, LV peak filling rate, and a progressive leftward and downward shift of their pressure-volume diagrams, compatible with increased contractility and distensibility in response to pacing tachycardia. There was no change in LV peak-negative dP/dt or tau. Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, in contrast, demonstrated no increase in either LV peak positive dP/dt or the end-systolic pressure-volume ratio, and absence of a progressive leftward shift of their pressure-volume diagrams. Moreover, cardiomyopathy patients demonstrated no increase in LV peak-negative dP/dt or LV peak filling rate and a blunted downward shift of the diastolic limb of their pressure-volume diagrams. Tau, as determined from a derivative method, became abbreviated although never reaching control values. We conclude that patients with dilated cardiomyopathy may demonstrate little or no significant enhancement in systolic and diastolic function during atrial pacing tachycardia, suggesting a depression of both inotropic and lusitropic reserve. PMID- 3183062 TI - Local extrahepatic expression of complement genes C3, factor B, C2, and C4 is increased in murine lupus nephritis. AB - Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the presence of complement proteins and immune complexes in affected organs. Since complement proteins are synthesized in hepatic and extrahepatic sites, we studied a murine model of SLE to ascertain the relative importance of local and humoral (liver) synthesis of complement. C3, C4, and C2 mRNA increase in kidney coincident with the development of nephritis in the MRL lpr/lpr mouse, a strain that spontaneously develops SLE. Two factor B messenger RNA transcripts are expressed in kidney and intestine; SLE nephritis is associated with decrease in the long factor B mRNA and increase in the short form. Increased local synthesis of C3 and B protein and a concomitant glomerular and renal interstitial macrophage infiltrate paralleled the increase in mRNA content in the (lpr/lpr) mice. In addition to kidney, an increase in C3, C4, C2 and factor B mRNA was noted in the lung, heart and intestine and to a lesser extent in liver of (lpr/lpr) in comparison to the MRL (+/+) animals. These results suggest that in SLE local expression of complement genes plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic glomerulonephritis and in the autoimmune arteritis of other organs. PMID- 3183061 TI - Human serum amyloid A. Three hepatic mRNAs and the corresponding proteins in one person. AB - Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) is a major acute-phase protein in humans and most other mammals. In addition, it is the serum precursor of the major protein constituent of reactive amyloid fibrils. Sequence analyses have identified a number of polymorphic forms of human SAA and amyloid A protein (AA), but the question of the number of genes encoding SAA in the human has not been addressed. In addition, there are insufficient data to predict whether one form of SAA predisposes to amyloid fibril formation. In the present study three separate SAA proteins have been isolated from the plasma of one individual and completely sequenced. While two of the SAA forms (SAA2 alpha and SAA2 beta) differ from each other only at position 71, they differ from the most abundant form (SAA1) at seven and eight other positions, respectively. Nucleotide sequencing of cDNAs from a liver library of this individual identified all three mRNs coding for these proteins and proved that: (a) the often-reported absence of arginine at the amino terminus of SAA proteins must result from proteolytic processing of the protein; (b) the polymorphism involving histidine and arginine at position 71 is present at the DNA level and therefore is not due to an event at the translational level; (c) there are at least two genes coding for human SAA. Comparison of these data to published sequences of SAA and AA proteins may help in identifying genetically determined forms of SAA which predispose to reactive amyloid fibril formation. PMID- 3183063 TI - Alveolar macrophages release an insulin-like growth factor I-type molecule. AB - Human alveolar macrophages, when activated, release a progression-type growth factor for fibroblasts that signals "competent" fibroblasts to replicate. The present study demonstrates that this growth activity is an insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-type molecule. Partial purification of medium conditioned by activated alveolar macrophages using ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography revealed an IGF-I molecule as detected by an anti-IGF-I polyclonal antibody and that the specific activity of the progression-type growth activity tracked with the amount of IGF-I present. In a serum-free complementation test, the increase in fibroblast proliferation by alveolar macrophage IGF-I was reduced in a dose-response manner with an anti-IGF-I monoclonal antibody. The alveolar macrophage IGF-I displaced 125I-IGF-I from its receptor in a binding assay utilizing human lung fibroblasts and it stimulated type I IGF receptors purified from human lung fibroblasts to phosphorylate a tyrosine-containing artificial substrate. In contrast to the 7.6-kD serum IGF-I, gel chromatography revealed that the alveolar macrophage IGF-I had an apparent molecular mass of 26 kD, similar to other tissue IGF-Is. Alveolar macrophages expressed IGF-I mRNA transcripts as detected by solution hybridization using a 32P-labeled riboprobe complementary to exons I-II-III of the IGF-I gene. In the context of the known functions of the family of IGF-I molecules in cell growth, IGF-I released by activated alveolar macrophages may play a role in acute and chronic inflammatory disorders. PMID- 3183064 TI - Prostaglandin endoperoxides modulate the response to thromboxane synthase inhibition during coronary thrombosis. AB - Prostaglandin endoperoxides (PGG2/PGH2), precursors of thromboxane (TX) A2 and prostaglandins, may accumulate sufficiently in the presence of a TXA2 synthase inhibitor to exert biological activity. To address whether this modulates the response to TXA2 synthase inhibition in the setting of thrombosis in vivo, we examined the interaction of a TXA2 synthase inhibitor (U63,557a) and a TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist (L636,499) in a canine model of coronary thrombosis after electrically induced endothelial injury. U63,557a exerted little inhibitory effect in this model despite a marked reduction in serum TXB2 and urinary 2,3-dinor-TXB2, an index of TXA2 biosynthesis. Combination of the two drugs was more effective than either drug alone. The enhanced effect achieved upon addition of the TXA2/prostaglandin endoperoxide receptor antagonist to the TXA2 synthase inhibitor suggests that the response to the latter compound was limited by the proaggregatory effects of prostaglandin endoperoxides. The increased effect of the combination over the receptor antagonist alone may reflect metabolism of PGG2/PGH2 to platelet inhibitory prostaglandins. This is supported by the following findings: (a) urinary 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha, an index of prostacyclin biosynthesis, increased after administration of the synthase inhibitor, an effect that was exaggerated in the presence of thrombosis; (b) inhibition of arachidonate-induced platelet aggregation by U63,557a was dependent on the formation of a platelet-inhibitory prostaglandin; and (c) pretreatment with aspirin abolished the synergism between these compounds. These studies demonstrate that prostaglandin endoperoxides modulate the response to TXA2 synthase inhibition in vivo and identify a drug combination of potential therapeutic efficacy in the prevention of thrombosis. PMID- 3183065 TI - Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal microvascular lesions leading to acute diarrhea. AB - Subcutaneous challenge of mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram negative bacteria, produced an intestinal microvascular lesion causing fluid exudation into the lumen of the intestine and diarrhea. The microvascular lesion was characterized by endothelial cell damage and microthrombi in the venules and capillaries of the intestinal lamina propria. Marker organisms, given orally to challenged mice, grew in the exuded fluid and could invade the mucosa. Intravenous transfer of postchallenge plasma produced the lesion in normal mice and absorption of such plasma by Sepharose coupled to LPS-antibody abolished this effect. Instillation of large quantities of LPS into the lumen of the intestine produced scattered microvascular lesions, although none of these animals developed diarrhea. Since a similar microvascular lesion has been described in the rectal mucosal lamina propria of adults with acute diarrhea, it is suggested that LPS-induced vascular damage may be a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of acute diarrhea. PMID- 3183067 TI - The mechanism of action of chlorhexidine. A study of plaque growth on enamel inserts in vivo. AB - Controversy exists concerning the mode of action of chlorhexidine in plaque inhibition. This study attempted to determine whether an oral reservoir of chlorhexidine was necessary for plaque inhibition. Plaque growth on enamel under the influence of topically applied or rinsed chlorhexidine was closely monitored by clinical scoring, bacterial culturing and scanning electron microscopy. Thus, 3 subjects wore removable acrylic appliances containing enamel inserts. In the first regimen, inserts on one side of the appliances were exposed to 0.2% chlorhexidine and on the other, water for 1 min twice a day for 14 days. In the second regimen, subjects rinsed with 0.2% chlorhexidine for 1 min twice a day for 14 days with the appliances in situ. Results demonstrated that plaque growth assessed by the 3 study methods was very small on chlorhexidine-treated inserts by comparison with water-treated specimens. Importantly, inserts treated with chlorhexidine topically or by rinsing could not be distinguished by any method of evaluation. It is concluded that chlorhexidine achieves plaque inhibition as a result of an immediate bactericidal action during the time of application and a prolonged bacteriostatic action as a result of adsorption to the pellicle coated enamel surface. Consistent with other clinical studies, it is apparent that a progressively desorbing oral reservoir of antiseptic is not the mechanism by which chlorhexidine achieves plaque inhibition on teeth. PMID- 3183066 TI - Regulation of lipolysis during the neonatal period. Importance of thyrotropin. AB - We investigated the lipolytic effect of several hormones on isolated human adipocytes obtained at different donor ages. In neonates, noradrenaline and adrenaline had an insignificant lipolytic effect (70% over basal). In this age group only thyrotropin (TSH) had a significant effect in physiological concentrations, and the maximal lipolytic effect (700% over basal) was the same as that of isoprenaline. The lipolytic effect of TSH was the same in premature 4 10-wk-old infants with a gestational age of 27-33 wk as in neonates, but fat cells from infants 4-10 wk old, born at term, showed a significantly lower effect. In children and adults, the lipolytic effect of TSH gradually decreased further and was present only in unphysiological concentrations. The catecholamine induced lipolysis was pronounced and was similar in children and adults (350% over basal). TSH is the dominating lipolytic hormone in vitro during the neonatal period. Thus, the peak elevation of circulating TSH, which is seen immediately after birth, may be essential to lipolysis during this part of life. PMID- 3183070 TI - Effects of chronic drug use: defining our terms. PMID- 3183068 TI - Methods of evaluating periodontal disease data in epidemiological research. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the use of different methods of data analysis to examine the pattern of periodontal tissue destruction in a group of adults. A clinical examination was carried out on 319 subjects, 20 79 years of age, randomly selected from the population of the city of Ushiku, Japan. The following parameters were studied: missing teeth, plaque, gingivitis, probing pocket depth and probing attachment level. All surfaces of all teeth were examined. The data obtained were evaluated in 3 ways: (i) mean values for each of the clinical parameters were computed for each subject and age group, (ii) the frequency of subjects with one or more sites of attachment loss above certain thresholds was assessed, (iii) percentile plots were generated in such a way that for each age group the percent of sites in subjects with varying attachment levels could be determined. The results revealed that the subjects included in the study had poor oral hygiene, high frequency of gingivitis and loss of probing attachment which increased with age. The mean annual attachment loss for all tooth surfaces was calculated to be less than 0.1 mm. Severe periodontal tissue breakdown was not as common as might have been expected. Hence, the majority of the subjects in the 20-59 year age group had very little evidence of destructive periodontal disease. In these age groups, a comparatively small subfraction accounted for most of the disease detected. After the age of 60, periodontal disease appeared to be more widespread among the subjects examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183069 TI - Relationship of subgingival microbial complexes to clinical features at the sampled sites. AB - Subgingival plaque samples from 100 active destructive periodontal lesions and 150 inactive subgingival sites in 33 subjects were analyzed by predominant cultivable microbiota techniques. 50 isolates were characterized from each sample and where possible, the isolate was placed in 1 of 134 microbial species or groups. The sites were clustered on the basis of the proportions of all of the species detected in each sample using a minimum similarity matching coefficient and an average unweighted linkage sort. 10 clusters containing 166 sites were formed which exhibited greater than 35% minimum similarities. All clusters were made up of sites from multiple subjects and were formed on the basis of different combinations of micro-organisms. Certain complexes of micro-organisms appeared to relate to the severity of periodontal destruction and the activity of the sampled site. The combination of F. nucleatum, B. forsyth and W. recta (cluster VII) or B. gingivalis, B. intermedius and S. intermedius (cluster VIII) distinguished clusters made up of sites which on average had the most attachment loss and the deepest pockets. These clusters contained the highest proportions of active sites and sites which lost greater than 3 mm of attachment after therapy. Clusters dominated by V. parvula (cluster III), the Actinomyces sp. (cluster X) or the combination of S. sanguis II, S. mitis, V. parvula and S. intermedius (cluster II) were made up of sites which exhibited less active disease and responded more favorably to therapy. Sites in other clusters exhibited moderate levels of prior destructive disease and disease activity status closer to the mean values for all 250 sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183071 TI - Metabolism of thioridazine in the elderly. AB - Metabolism of drugs may change with age. Yet, there are few studies that provide data to help define appropriate doses of neuroleptic drugs in the treatment of the elderly. To address this issue, we determined serum concentrations of thioridazine and its active metabolites, mesoridazine and sulforidazine, by high performance liquid chromatography in young adult (mean age, 28 +/- 7.6 years) and elderly (mean age, 76 +/- 7.7 years) patients after single 25-mg oral doses of thioridazine. At both times measured, 4 and 8 hours after dosing, the concentrations of parent compound and metabolites in serum were 1.5- to twofold higher, and side effects (especially postural hypotension and dry mouth) were more frequent and severe in the elderly patients. These results, along with those reported in a small number of studies of serum drug levels during extended treatment of the elderly, support the practice of using smaller doses of phenothiazine neuroleptics in older patients. PMID- 3183072 TI - Diazepam: effects on sleep and withdrawal phenomena. AB - Diazepam 10 mg was evaluated in a sleep laboratory study of six insomniac subjects. The protocol, which lasted for 18 consecutive nights, including four placebo-baseline, seven drug, and seven placebo-withdrawal nights, allowed for assessment of initial and short-term drug effects, side effects, and any withdrawal effects. With initial drug use, there was a significant improvement in sleep. Further, there was little evidence of tolerance developing at the end of the 1-week drug administration period. During drug administration there was a mild degree of daytime sedation reported. After abrupt termination of diazepam, there was a moderate degree of sleep difficulty on the sixth withdrawal night when total wake time was increased by 34% above baseline (not significant). On other nights, mild withdrawal changes were noted. These findings for the short term administration and withdrawal of diazepam contrast with those for rapidly eliminated benzodiazepine drugs. The latter are characterized by a rapid development of tolerance and more frequent and intense withdrawal sleep disturbances. PMID- 3183073 TI - Paradoxical worsening of depressive symptomatology caused by antidepressants. AB - Major depressive episodes can be precipitated by a variety of mechanisms, including the administration of medications. We report four cases in which antidepressant medication appeared to exacerbate a major depressive episode to the point of suicide. Subsequent withdrawal of the initially prescribed antidepressant medication led to a partial remission in each case. These case reports point out the possibility of antidepressant medication precipitating suicidal behavior in depressed patients and underscore the need for careful monitoring of symptomatology during the initial weeks of medication prescription in this population. PMID- 3183074 TI - Effects of clomipramine on sleep EEG and nocturnal penile tumescence: a long-term study in a healthy man. AB - The effects of the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine on sleep EEG and nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) were investigated during a long-term study in a normal male control subject. During 21 consecutive days the subject received first placebo for 3 days, then stepwise increasing dosages of clomipramine for 10 days, and finally placebo after withdrawal for 8 days. Under clomipramine, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was suppressed markedly; an REM rebound occurred after withdrawal. Awake and stages 1 and 2 increased while slow wave sleep was diminished under clomipramine. Those non-REM parameters returned to baseline values after drug cessation. NPT was reduced simultaneously with REM sleep under clomipramine 30 to 75 mg. Under this dosage range, full erections occurred during the later hours of sleep in association with the delayed REM periods. Clomipramine 100 mg prompted a further decrease of NPT, which exceeded the REM suppression. Most of the changes and NPT parameters depended significantly on the dosage and the plasma concentration of clomipramine. After withdrawal, NPT needed 6 days to normalize. Although NPT was disturbed distinctly, no erectile dysfunction, but a decrease of sexual interest and, once, a lack of ejaculation, were reported. PMID- 3183075 TI - View from the Nation's Capital. Proposed legislation would extend medical device reporting requirements to health care facilities. PMID- 3183076 TI - View from the Nation's Courts. PMID- 3183077 TI - The effect of carbamazepine on hematological hepatic function in chronic schizophrenia. PMID- 3183078 TI - Tranylcypromine withdrawal delirium. PMID- 3183079 TI - Anticonvulsant cotreatment may increase toxic metabolites of antidepressants and other psychotropic drugs. PMID- 3183080 TI - Phenelzine toxicity: case report of an electroencephalographically defined biphasic syndrome. PMID- 3183081 TI - Can yohimbine be used to treat orthostatic hypotension associated with the use of desipramine and other antidepressants? What general and/or specific strategy do you recommend for treating orthostatic hypotension? PMID- 3183082 TI - The Lombard effect on alaryngeal speech. AB - The need to train alaryngeal speakers to use increased vocal intensity has been noted in the literature. One untested technique is to evoke an intensity increase by applying masking noise to the ears of the talker. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Lombard effect on the speech of esophageal talkers, artificial larynx users, and normal speakers. The subjects read aloud a variety of materials first in quiet then while being subjected to 100 dB SPL noise delivered through earphones. The resulting sound pressure values were obtained by measuring the peak values of all syllables spoken by each talker. The results indicated that the esophageal talkers produced the highest intensity increase in the noise condition followed by the normal talkers and the artificial larynx talkers. Coarticulatory and duration effects on alaryngeal and normal speech are also reported. Clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 3183084 TI - Voice therapy techniques adapted to treatment of habit cough: a pilot study. AB - Patients with long-standing habit cough having no organic basis can be successfully treated with a combination of psychotherapy and speech therapy. Techniques for speech therapy are adapted from those used with hyperfunctional voice disorders to fit this debilitating laryngeal disorder. PMID- 3183083 TI - Listeners' perceptions of nonspeech characteristics of normal and dysarthric children. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to compare listeners' evaluations of nonspeech characteristics of dysarthric and normal speakers. A total of 16 speakers, eight cerebral-palsied and eight normal children ranging in age from 6 to 11 years, recorded six three-word phrases. The cerebral-palsied speakers were judged to have disorders in at least two of the three areas of articulation, phonation, and resonance, and all were judged to have an articulation disorder as one of the two disordered areas. All normal speakers were found to have normal speech characteristics. A master tape containing the 16 speakers' recordings was presented to 25 listeners, who were asked to rate each of the speakers on a 24 item semantic differential scale that contained polarized adjective pairs concerned with personality and physical-appearance traits. Results of their ratings indicated that for all but two of the 24 adjective pairs, the normal speakers were judged more favorably than the dysarthric speakers, and for all but one of the 24 adjective pairs there were significant differences in judges' ratings between the normal and dysarthric speakers. It appears, therefore, that dysarthric speech adversely affected listeners' perceptions of the dysarthric speakers' personality and physical-appearance characteristics. PMID- 3183085 TI - Communication of adults with learning disabilities: self and others' perceptions. AB - This study investigated perceptions of the communication performance of 31 young adults with severe learning disabilities enrolled in a vocational-education program. Communication assessment questionnaires, designed to rate communication skills of these students, were completed by the students themselves and vocational educators. These questionnaires included items in the areas of comprehension, verbal expression, social communication, and problem solving. Overall, the students' perceptions of their own communication performance were remarkably similar to those of the vocational educators. However, students perceived their communicative performance as less problematic than did others. Of the four areas pertinent to communication, students and vocational educators perceived problem solving as most difficult. Implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the development of assessment procedures for adults with learning disabilities. PMID- 3183086 TI - The distribution of mucosal lymphoid nodules in the equine respiratory tract. AB - Mucosal lymphoid nodules were identified within the equine respiratory tract by an acetic acid fixation technique. Nodules were identified in foetuses from nine months gestational age, and estimates of total and regional nodule populations were made in foetal, neonatal and adult horses. Nodules occurred at specific sites within the tract, which probably relate to areas where inhaled antigens accumulate. The largest populations of nodules occurred in the nasopharynx and larynx, with smaller numbers in the nasal cavity, trachea and bronchi. There was an age-related change in the size of these nodule populations, with an increase in number from late gestation to the neonatal period to early adulthood (up to 5 years of age), followed by a decrease in older adults. PMID- 3183087 TI - The distribution of ferritin, lactoferrin and transferrin in granulomatous lymphadenitis of bovine paratuberculosis. AB - Immunohistochemical examination of iron-binding proteins was carried out in the formalin-fixed mesenteric lymph nodes of normal cattle and of cattle with paratuberculosis. Ferritin (FT) and lactoferrin (LF) were found in the granulomas in ileal lymph nodes from six infected cattle. A weak reaction for transferrin (TF) was found in granulomas of a lymph node from one of the infected cattle. FT was found in the macrophages in the medullary sinuses of normal and infected nodes; however, the reaction in infected nodes was generally stronger than that in normal ones. LF in the macrophages was found in only two infected nodes. Neutrophils in both normal and infected cattle always reacted strongly for LF. The TF was always found in the blood vessels and intracellular space. These results suggest that: (1) FT and LF may be important in vivo sources of iron for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, since their own iron-binding compounds are considered to acquire iron from FT and LF in vitro; (2) the increase in FT and LF in the granulomas may be related to inflammatory hyposideraemia associated with paratuberculosis and (3) epithelioid and giant cells may have a different iron metabolism, from normal macrophages. PMID- 3183088 TI - Bizarre lymphoid cells in serous effusion of a dog with mediastinal lymphoma. AB - An 8-year-old collie dog was examined because of dyspnoea. Thoracocentesis revealed a modified transudate containing a predominance of large (10 to 15 microns diameter) unusual-appearing mononuclear cells showing cloverleaf-shaped nuclei. These cells were categorized as lymphoid in origin on the basis of ultrastructural and cytochemical methods. Subsequent necropsy examination revealed lymphoma, localized primarily to the cranial mediastinum, but also infiltrating tissues surrounding the thyroid, parathyroid and adrenal glands. PMID- 3183089 TI - Giant-cell tumour of soft tissue in two Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Two cases of soft tissue giant-cell tumours are reported in Sprague-Dawley rats. The lesions had the characteristic appearance of multinucleate tumour giant cells and were unassociated with bone. A search of the literature failed to reveal any previous report of this lesion in the rat. PMID- 3183090 TI - Tinea pedis in prepubertal children: does it occur? AB - Fifteen children who had foot dermatitis were evaluated by examinations with potassium hydroxide and fungal cultures. In eight cases dermatophyte infection was identified. Tinea pedis in prepubertal children is more common than previously reported. PMID- 3183091 TI - Psoriasis and drugs: influence of tetracyclines on the course of psoriasis. AB - Patients with psoriasis vulgaris (462) were studied by questionnaire to find the effect on psoriasis of drug therapy for intercurrent diseases or focal infections. Of 462 patients with psoriasis, in 76 (16.45%) the disease became more severe during drug therapy. Of these, 19 worsened after administration of tetracyclines, and in five psoriasis was precipitated after therapy with drugs of the tetracycline family. We suggest that tetracyclines should be avoided in patients with psoriasis and in healthy persons with a genetic predisposition (positive family history, human leukocyte antigens B13, B17, B27). PMID- 3183093 TI - The Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: recognition, characterization, and importance of a milder variant of the classic form. A preliminary study. AB - The diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is based on the clinical criteria of joint hypermobility, increased skin extensibility, abnormal scarring, and easy bruisibility. The literature reports this syndrome as rare, yet our experience dictated to the contrary. The present study of the prevalence of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in a general dermatology population revealed (1) a milder variant of the classic mitis form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome was common and present in 9% of the population studied, (2) these patients could be easily identified by the use of a defined clinical scoring system, and (3) a statistically significant association existed between clinical findings in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and electron microscopic collagen abnormalities. The identification of this syndrome may be important prognostically in patients with diseases or conditions in which collagen plays a major role, such as joint disease (dislocations), bruising disease (pigmented purpura), and potentially scarring diseases (acne, patients undergoing cutaneous surgery). PMID- 3183092 TI - Congenital dyschromia with erythrocyte, platelet, and tryptophan metabolism abnormalities. AB - The case of a female child with a unique generalized congenital dyschromia is reported. She had hypopimented skin, with hypomelanosis and hypomelanocytosis, and many pigmented macules, which consisted of epidermal and dermal hypermelanosis without hypermelanocytosis. Biochemical investigations revealed normal catecholamine metabolism but abnormal tryptophan metabolism, including a decrease in blood serotonin and melatonin. A slight platelet storage pool disease was demonstrated, and a recurrent megaloblastic folate-related anemia occurred. The possible relationship between the pigmentary disease and the biochemical abnormalities is discussed. We suggest that this case represents a previously undescribed association of dyschromia, erythrocyte, platelet, and tryptophan metabolism abnormalities. PMID- 3183094 TI - Topical mechlorethamine therapy for early stage mycosis fungoides. AB - One hundred seventeen patients with mycosis fungoides were treated with topical mechlorethamine hydrochloride. The probability of achieving a clinically apparent remission within 2 years of therapy was 75.8% in patients with stage I disease, 44.6% in patients with stage II disease, and 48.6% in patients with stage III disease. Patients with stage I disease achieved complete remission sooner (median, 6.5 months) than patients with stage II (median, 41.1 months) or stage III (median, 39.1 months) disease. The median time to relapse was 44.5 months. Sixty-eight patients (58.1%) developed a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, but only one patient had to discontinue therapy as a consequence. No appreciable differences were seen in the probability to achieve complete remission or time to complete remission as stratified by gender, substage, or the development of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Survival analysis revealed that the probability of surviving at 5 years was 89% for all patients. These findings compare favorably with results with other treatments for early stage mycosis fungoides. PMID- 3183095 TI - The fate of hypodermis after liposuction surgery. AB - Liposuction surgery can be viewed as a trauma to the hypodermis. With histologic, morphometric, and autoradiographic examination and the use of tritiated thymidine, uridine, and proline, we have studied the fate of adipose tissue at various intervals after liposuction; however, we have never seen a reparative proliferation of the residual lipocytes. Moreover, the metabolic activity of adipocytes apparently is not increased. Inflammatory reaction is minimal in the early weeks, but fibrosis takes place in some lobules of the hypodermis. Our data support the view that liposuction has a long-term effect on the structure of the hypodermis, without any stimulation in the proliferative and biosynthetic activity of residual adipocytes. PMID- 3183096 TI - Comparison of preoperative skin preparations for the face. AB - Antiseptic preparation of the skin before dermatologic surgical procedures should provide maximal reduction of cutaneous microflora for the duration of the operation. No data currently exist concerning the efficacy of topical antimicrobials on the most common site of cutaneous surgery, the face. In this study the potency and temporal characteristics of three antimicrobials were tested on the faces of 14 volunteers. A 10-second wipe of 70% isopropyl alcohol was as effective in reducing aerobic microflora at the 5-minute postoperative period as a 60-second alcohol wipe or a 60-second povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine tincture application. At 60 minutes after the application, aerobic bacterial reduction possibly was better maintained by the povidone than by the 10 or 60-second alcohol preparation. None of the antiseptics tested were capable of a profound reduction of the anaerobic flora present on the sebaceous facial regions. PMID- 3183097 TI - The histology of "congenital features" in early acquired melanocytic nevi. AB - To test the specificity of certain histologic features claimed to be frequent in congenital melanocytic nevi, 66 of 313 consecutive newborn infants without congenital nevi (verified by perinatal examination) were addressed in a questionnaire 2 1/2 years after birth. Fifty children with acquired melanocytic nevi were reexamined clinically and biopsies were performed in 15. Congenital features were found in seven biopsy specimens from the indubitably acquired melanocytic nevi. These nevi were larger and more speckled in color than melanocytic nevi without "congenital features." It is concluded that the histologic features said to be specific for congenital nevi are, in fact, not specific. The possible relationship between these features and an increased melanoma risk cannot be refuted by the present study, but the risk of misinterpretation based on congenital features as the sole criterion in the prediction of the potential malignancy of melanocytic nevi is real. PMID- 3183098 TI - An unusual case of dyskeratosis congenita with intracranial calcifications. PMID- 3183099 TI - Herpes simplex virus infections and cimetidine therapy. PMID- 3183100 TI - Vulvar and esophageal leiomyoma. PMID- 3183101 TI - Pyogenic myositis: CT evaluation. AB - Computed tomography and gallium scintigraphy uncovered clinically occult muscle infection in eight patients. The CT findings included enlargement of the muscle, effacement of the intramuscular fat planes, fluid density, rim enhancement, and involvement of the underlying bone. Computed tomography suggested the diagnosis in seven of eight cases. Gallium scintigraphy was positive in all seven cases in which it was performed. PMID- 3183102 TI - Low field (0.02 T) MR imaging of the whole body. AB - The diagnostic utility of extremely low field magnetic resonance (MR) (0.02 T) was evaluated in various parts of the body outside the head. The areas investigated included the spine (104 patients), kidneys (19 patients), female pelvis (21 patients), and hips (15 patients). The results were compared with those of other imaging modalities, e.g., ultrasound, CT, and scintigraphy. Available pulse sequences and typical examination times for different types of studies are reported. Poor spatial resolution and long imaging times limit the application of this technique to the whole body. Due to poor signal-to-noise ratio, image quality is not comparable with that obtained at higher field strengths. In spite of these restrictions it was possible to demonstrate lumbar disk herniations, to differentiate renal and ovarian cysts from tumors, and to detect early avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Extremely low field MR imaging may eventually be used in screening spinal pathology and in the diagnosis of early avascular necrosis of the femoral head. At present, this technique can not replace ultrasound or CT in abdominal examinations. PMID- 3183104 TI - Filtered backprojection and spectral width of MR signal. AB - Reconstructed images obtained by filtered backprojection are altered when the projections are distorted by an attenuation of the high frequency components of the demodulated magnetic resonance (MR) signal. This attenuation occurs if the spectral width of the MR signal is reduced by the bandwidth of the receiver radiofrequency coil as well as by the use of imperfect refocusing pulses. This signal spectrum has to be wide when the sampling bandwidth is wide, because the sampling time is very short, for instance in the case of very short interpulse delay such as 6 ms. A short interpulse delay is needed when many images are required, to enable the transverse magnetization decay of each pixel to be recorded accurately. This paper presents an analysis of backprojection reconstruction for such a case and demonstrates a contamination of each pixel by surrounding pixels. The consequence on the results of T2 measurement and biexponential decomposition of transverse magnetization decay curves are discussed. A method for correction of such artifacts is described. PMID- 3183103 TI - MR imaging of normal nasal cycle: comparison with sinus pathology. AB - Sequential MR examinations of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were performed within a 6-8 h period in five normal volunteers. The nasal mucosal volume and signal intensities (T2 weighted) were shown to alternate from one side to the other during this period. When a topical vasoconstrictor was applied, this cycle was interrupted. These cyclical changes were limited to the mucosa of the turbinates, nasal cavity, and ethmoid sinus, representative of the nasal cycle. The maxillary, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses were not affected. The hyperintensity of the nasal cycle on T2-weighted images was similar to that shown by inflammatory mucosa. Squamous cell carcinoma within the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses has characteristically demonstrated a lower signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Awareness of these cyclical nasal and paranasal appearances reduces the likelihood of inflammatory disease being confused with normal physiologic changes within the nasal area. PMID- 3183106 TI - Computed tomography of rounded atelectasis. AB - High resolution CT of a fixed-inflated air-dried lung was obtained from a patient with rounded atelectasis. The dense periphery of the mass was shown to correspond to an invagination of the pleura, and the central lucency to slightly aerated atelectatic lung parenchyma. PMID- 3183107 TI - CT diagnosis of bronchial rupture. AB - Computed tomography in a patient with unsuspected rupture of the left mainstem bronchus revealed shift of the trachea to the right, with the remainder of the mediastinum being shifted to the left. The left mainstem bronchus was visualized only in its most proximal course. The combination of deviation of the trachea from the remainder of the mediastinum and abrupt cut off of the left mainstem bronchus suggested the diagnosis of ruptured bronchus. PMID- 3183105 TI - SIMA: simultaneous multislice acquisition of MR images by Hadamard-encoded excitation. AB - We present a method of multislice magnetic resonance imaging that utilizes simultaneous binary-encoded excitation. Signals are acquired from all slices at once, and the images are separated in the reconstruction process. This simultaneous multislice acquisition method has been implemented for multislice spin-echo imaging, and the results are compared with those for a standard interleaved multislice method. Advantages include improved signal-to-noise ratios and flexible slice placement. Phantom and volunteer studies are presented and evaluated in comparison with competing methods. PMID- 3183108 TI - CT demonstration of "ectopic" thymoma. AB - Computed tomography of a large pedunculated "ectopic" thymoma clearly demonstrated an elongated pedicle, thus establishing the mediastinal origin of the mass. PMID- 3183109 TI - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy and tracheobronchial lesions: CT and MR findings. AB - The CT and magnetic resonance findings are presented in a case of tracheal occlusion due to sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. PMID- 3183110 TI - Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the esophagus: CT features. AB - Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the esophagus is a rare, benign esophageal disease, characterized by hyperplasia of all layers of the wall and, in particular, muscle layers. The authors describe the CT findings and review the relevant literature. PMID- 3183111 TI - Computed tomography of angioedema of small bowel due to reaction to radiographic contrast medium. AB - Although urticaria and facial and peripheral edema are well recognized idiosyncratic reactions to ionic contrast medium, to our knowledge, isolated angioedema of the small bowel has not been reported previously. We present a case of acute onset of small bowel edema and ascites during the infusion of iodiated contrast medium. PMID- 3183112 TI - CT findings in venous intravasation complicating diverticulitis. AB - A case of venous intravasation mimicking coloureteral fistula in a patient with sigmoid diverticulitis is reported. Venous intravasation is a rare but serious complication of barium examination of the colon. PMID- 3183114 TI - MR imaging of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. AB - Serial magnetic resonance (MR) findings (2 weeks and 7 weeks after onset of symptoms) in a case of bilateral adrenal hemorrhage, complicating severe infection are reported. Spin echo 600/20 images initially showed triangular enlarged adrenal glands with intermediate intensity centers and concentric high intensity outer rings. Spin echo 2,000/60 images showed inhomogeneous intensity. Follow-up MR examination 5 weeks later demonstrated that the hematomas decreased in size, and the signal intensity changes showed resolving hematomas (i.e., increased signal intensity centrally, decreased peripherally). PMID- 3183115 TI - Computed tomography of renal sarcoidosis. AB - Radiographic evidence of renal involvement by sarcoidosis is usually demonstrated as nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis. We present a case of renal sarcoidosis manifested as noncalcified masses on contrast enhanced CT. PMID- 3183113 TI - CT demonstration of pancreatic atrophy following acute pancreatitis. AB - Atrophy of the exocrine pancreas is a classic feature of chronic pancreatitis, but this finding has not been reported following acute pancreatitis. We have observed four cases of pancreatic atrophy following single episodes of acute pancreatitis. PMID- 3183116 TI - Aneurysms of superior mesenteric artery: CT demonstration. AB - A case of double aneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery diagnosed by CT is reported. PMID- 3183117 TI - Craniopharyngioma presenting as a nasopharyngeal mass: CT and MR findings. AB - Craniopharyngiomas usually arise in the suprasellar or parasellar region. The occurrence of the tumors in other locations is rare and they have to be distinguished from lesions in the suprasellar or sellar region with unusual extension. Thus far, few craniopharyngiomas of infrasellar origin have been described. We report a case in which the tumor presented as a nasopharyngeal mass and CT and magnetic resonance were used for evaluation. Review of the pertinent embryology and literature is also included. PMID- 3183118 TI - Middle fossa arachnoid cyst and subdural hematoma: CT studies. AB - A patient with a history of previous head injury presented with an isodense subdural hematoma with extension into a preexisting middle fossa arachnoid cyst. The latter, suspected on the basis of findings pointing to chronic expansion of the middle fossa, was confirmed in a repeat CT study carried out after evacuation of the hematoma. PMID- 3183119 TI - Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration: MR similarity with Wilson disease. AB - Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD) is a neurologic syndrome occurring in the presence of chronic hepatic disease, which results in permanent neurologic aberrations. The syndrome shares many of the clinical manifestations of Wilson disease, however, distinction can be made with slit lamp examination and biochemical studies. Cranial magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of a patient with AHD revealed increased signal intensity in the dentate nuclei bilaterally on T2 weighted images indistinguishable from Wilson disease. The MR findings of Wilson disease as described in the literature are not specific and further investigation with slit lamp examination and biochemical studies is warranted to distinguish between the two entities. PMID- 3183121 TI - Unusual cholesteatoma shell: CT findings. PMID- 3183120 TI - Reversible cerebral lesions associated with tiazofurin usage: MR demonstration. AB - Tiazofurin is an experimental chemotherapeutic agent currently undergoing clinical evaluation. We report our results with magnetic resonance (MR) in demonstrating reversible cerebral abnormalities concurrent with the use of this drug. The abnormalities on MR were correlated with findings on CT as well as with cerebral angiography. The utility of MR in the evaluation of patients receiving this new agent is illustrated. PMID- 3183122 TI - Tracheal chondroma: CT appearance. PMID- 3183123 TI - Unusually low CT density in a peripheral neurofibroma. PMID- 3183124 TI - Combined 1H-MR imaging and localized 31P-spectroscopy of intracranial tumors in 43 patients. AB - Combined imaging and volume-selective spectroscopy of normal human brain tissue and tumors located anywhere in the brain could be obtained routinely in a clinical setting. Image-guided localized phosphorus MR spectra of healthy brain tissue have been reproducible, but further examinations seem necessary to determine individual physiologic variations. Compared with healthy brain tissue, spectra from meningiomas demonstrated the most obvious differences: the phosphocreatine peak decreased below the level of adenosine triphosphate, and the phosphodiester signal was reduced, whereas the phosphomonoester peak increased in some cases. Malignant gliomas showed less distinct changes: in particular, the phosphodiester peak was reduced and, in several cases, seemed to split. Often the phosphocreatine signal was diminished. In tumors with cystic components a poor signal-to-noise ratio was found. Four nonmalignant astrocytomas could not be differentiated from normal brain tissue spectroscopically. It has to be proved by an increased number of cases and quantification whether the observed spectral patterns can be correlated to histology. In three patients, follow-up studies during and after radiotherapy were performed. Metabolic changes were observed in one patient in a time frame in which imaging methods did not detect any change. Phosphorous spectroscopy has the potential to emerge as a useful tool in this field. PMID- 3183125 TI - Developmental stages of human brain: an MR study. AB - The differentiation of the telencephalon (TC) gyri and the myelination of TC and diencephalon were analyzed quantitatively in 50 children, 32-240 weeks' postconceptional age (PCA). For this purpose, a four-stage grading system was developed by correlating magnetic resonance images from age-matched postmortem brains with subsequently prepared myelin-stained macroslices. Gyration and myelination progressed in a occipito-rostral direction. Stages 3 and 4 myelination were recognized earlier on T1-weighted images [spin echo (SE) 500/30] than on T2-weighted images (SE 3,000/120). However, long repetition time/echo time sequences yielded better contrast and allowed finer differentiation between myelinated and nonmyelinated structures. At term, the posterior limb of the internal capsule was generally myelinated (stage 2), whereas in 50% of the children, myelin appeared in the TC between 55 and 65 weeks' PCA, e.g., between 3 and 6 months postnatally. The morphological differentiation of the brain surface preceded the biochemical maturation (myelination) by an average of 12 months. Applying such a grading system to a larger population will help establish normal standards for brain maturation and a "brain age" scale during the first 4 years of life. PMID- 3183127 TI - MR imaging of neurocysticercosis. AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) was performed in 50 patients with neurocysticercosis. Comparison was made with other neuroradiological imaging modalities including CT, myelography, CT ventriculography, and CT myelocisternography. Eighteen patients were found to have intraventricular cysts. In several patients, these were multiple and 22 intraventricular cysts were discovered. Although 4 of the 22 ventricular cysts were missed by MR, T1-weighted images can play a significant role in the early detection of intraventricular cysticercosis cysts, showing the cyst wall (9 of 22), a high intensity mural nodule (6 of 22), and increased signal intensity of the cyst fluid (5 of 22). Cisternal cysts (14 cysts in 10 patients) could be identified; they appear similar to intraventricular cysts, but mural nodules are infrequently seen (1 of 14). Twenty-nine patients had 69 parenchymal cysts. An attempt was made to assess the viability of these parenchymal lesions by matching the CT and MR findings with the Escobar pathologic staging system. Neuroimaging findings seemed compatible with early parenchymal lesions in the vesicular stage in 11 instances. Findings in cases with later stage cysts tend to support the concept that a dying larva provokes pronounced inflammatory reaction in the adjacent brain. Computed tomography remains the superior modality for depicting parenchymal calcifications within dead larvae. A case of a spinal cysticercosis cyst demonstrated with MR (in a patient with extensive intracranial cisternal cysts and a fourth ventricular cyst) is described. PMID- 3183128 TI - Herpes encephalitis: MR monitoring of response to acyclovir therapy. AB - Viral encephalitis secondary to herpes simplex virus type I is thought to be the single most important cause of fatal, sporadic encephalitis in the United States. Magnetic resonance not only improves early diagnosis of herpes encephalitis but also is effective in documenting response to antiviral therapy. PMID- 3183126 TI - Cardiac-gated phase MR imaging of aqueductal CSF flow. AB - The direction of CSF flow within the cerebral aqueduct was studied by cardiac gated magnetic resonance (MR) phase images in five healthy volunteers and 10 patients with presumably normal cerebral CSF circulation. Caudal CSF flow was observed during systole and cranial flow during diastole. Using phantom based calibrations of the imager, aqueductal CSF velocities of 3-5 mm/s were calculated. Cardiac-gated phase MR is a potentially major tool for the investigation of the CSF circulation. PMID- 3183129 TI - MR imaging of intrasellar meningiomas simulating pituitary adenomas. AB - Over 3 1/2 years, 401 magnetic resonance studies were performed for suspected sellar-parasellar masses. Twenty-nine pituitary macroadenomas and 12 meningiomas were detected. Among the meningiomas there were three whose MR appearance simulated that of a pituitary tumor. In none of these cases was the diaphragma sellae visualized. Furthermore, in one case the prolactin level was elevated. A preoperative diagnosis of pituitary tumor resulted in an inappropriate surgical approach being used initially for its removal (transsphenoidal). Thus, nonvisualization of the diaphragma sellae and elevated prolactin levels do not exclude a nonpituitary origin of a sellar-parasellar tumor. Other methods for preoperative differentiation are discussed. PMID- 3183130 TI - Quantification of cord deformation and dynamics during flexion and extension of the cervical spine using MR imaging. AB - The magnetic resonance (MR) cine display of flexion and extension (F/E) manoeuvres in the cervical spine has proved useful in the evaluation of cord compression due to bone and joint instability, spondylosis, and multiple tumours. It has advantages over X-ray F/E and CT myelography in that it is noninvasive and produces images with high soft tissue contrast. The MR F/E technique does have its limitations, however, in that each structure in the images has a degree of independent movement and rotation that can make visual interpretation difficult. It also does not address the problem of assessing the relative significance of each lesion where numerous lesions may be present, for example, in compression due to spondylosis, rheumatoid arthritis, or neurofibromatosis. In this paper a novel technique is described that produces quantitative indices of cord deformation and dynamics during MR F/E. A computer program automatically calculates a series of contiguous profiles perpendicular to the cord throughout its length and for each image in the manoeuvre. Orthogonal polynomial curve fitting techniques are used to fit these profiles and extract statistical parameters that are quantitative indices of deformation and dynamics. The four main parameters calculated are kurtosis as an index of bilateral cord compression, skewness as an index of unilateral or asymmetric contact pressure, angulation as a measure of cord deformation about a lesion, and anteroposterior cord width as a direct measure of indentation and attenuation. Illustrative examples of results from normal volunteers and patients suffering from cervical myelopathy are presented. The technique may prove particularly useful to the spinal surgeon in assessing the relative significance of individual lesions and may also be a powerful research tool in the study of cord biomechanics in the living body. PMID- 3183131 TI - Comparison of vertical and oblique CT in evaluation of bronchial tree. AB - A prospective evaluation of segmental and subsegmental bronchi of 104 right and 109 left lungs was made from oblique CT scans of patients with normal airways. The frequency of identification of each of these bronchi was compared with the results of a similar retrospective analysis of 107 right and 113 left lungs, studied with standard vertical CT slices. The percent visualization of all bronchial ramifications is tabulated, allowing us to state that the 20 degrees cranially oblique slice considerably improves CT analysis of the bronchial tree. Several potential uses of oblique CT are discussed and applied to bronchial disease evaluation. PMID- 3183133 TI - CT and MR imaging of postnecrotic liver scars. AB - Four cases of postnecrotic liver scar were examined by dynamic CT or MR imaging or both. Postnecrotic scars appeared as low-density areas on plain CT, showed marked and prolonged enhancement on single level dynamic CT, and became isodense on postcontrast scan. On T2-weighted images, postnecrotic scar were as hyperintense as the spleen. Postnecrotic liver scar is an example of localized attenuation or intensity difference not corresponding to mass lesion. It should be distinguished from mass lesions associated with lobar or segmental attenuation (or intensity) difference of the liver as well as nonmass lesions such as irregular fatty infiltration, radiation hepatitis, and hepatic infarction. PMID- 3183132 TI - CT diagnosis of type A aortic dissections not demonstrated by aortography. AB - False-negative aortography in a patient with a type A dissection is an unusual and serious diagnostic error. We report three cases of type A thoracic dissections with negative aortography but positive CT or magnetic resonance. The factors that might account for this discrepancy and the implications in the evaluation of these patients are discussed. PMID- 3183134 TI - Dynamic CT in superior mesenteric artery syndrome. AB - In superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome the third portion of the duodenum is entrapped by the aorta and the SMA. We used dynamic CT to study five patients with SMA syndrome due to cachexia, cast syndrome, scleroderma, trauma, and periaortic adenopathy. This method provides diagnostic insight into the etiology and possible therapeutic options in the care of these patients. PMID- 3183135 TI - The painful shoulder: MR imaging of the glenohumeral joint. AB - We used magnetic resonance imaging in 41 patients with shoulder pain. Magnetic resonance was found useful in depicting the spectrum of rotator cuff abnormalities associated with mechanical impingement including both large and small rotator cuff tears as well as tendinitis. Abnormalities of the capsular mechanism, osseous tumors, osteonecrosis, and injuries to the supporting musculature are also well depicted. PMID- 3183136 TI - Follicular occurrence of prurigo nodularis. AB - Thirty-eight biopsies of prurigo lesions (22 large, mature nodules and 16 smaller, intermediately developed nodules) were obtained from 17 patients with idiopathic prurigo nodularis Hyde who had not been bitten by insects, nor had other underlying diseases. Each biopsy was serially sectioned to reveal its histological structure. In 88% (14/16) of the smaller nodules and in 55% (12/22) of the large ones, a hair follicle was observed in the center of the prurigo lesion. The follicular epidermis and the adjacent surface epidermis showed various degrees of acanthosis and spongiosis. The dermal infiltrates extended from the superficial dermis into the middle dermis in a triangular fashion around the involved hair follicle. It is suggested that idiopathic prurigo nodularis most frequently occurs in connection with a hair follicle. PMID- 3183137 TI - Elastic fibers in striae distensae. AB - Eight cases with striae distensae associated with obesity or prolonged corticosteroid intake were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Fine elastic fibers predominated in early lesions, while thick elastic fibers predominated in older lesions. In early lesions the periphery showed thick and tortuous elastic fibers, but in older lesions it was of normal appearance. It is suggested the elastic fibers in striae were newly synthesized and gradually increased and thickened with age. PMID- 3183138 TI - Balloon cell melanoma: a report of two cases. AB - Two cases of balloon cell malignant melanoma of the skin are reported. The first lesion was pigmented, the second was amelanotic. Histologically, the tumor mass was dermal and intraepidermal and almost exclusively composed of balloon cells. Many of the clear cells demonstrated postivity with the S-100 protein immunostaining. The problems of clear-cell tumor differential diagnosis are discussed. PMID- 3183139 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma arising in Hailey-Hailey disease. AB - A case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising in a lesion of Hailey-Hailey disease at the penoscrotal junction is reported. The patient was treated with arsphenamine (Salvarsan 606) early in the disease. It is possible that this carcinogen, as well as friction and the local irritation of long-standing Hailey Hailey skin lesions, may be the predisposing factors for the development of SCC in this case. PMID- 3183140 TI - Spinous, follicular lichen nitidus associated with perifollicular granulomas. AB - This is the first report of spinous and follicular lichen nitidus associated with perifollicular granuloma formation. Clinicians and pathologists need to distinguish this stage of the disease from lichen scrofulosorum. PMID- 3183141 TI - Effect of disc moistening method on Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay zone diameters. AB - Effect of disc moistening method on the Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay zone size was studied. Pasteurized homogenized milk was subdivided and three levels of US Pharmacopeial reference standard penicillin G were added. Disc assay filter paper discs were moistened using the standard capillary action procedure and a method incorporating the use of a 90-microliters micropipetter. Amount of milk sample absorbed by discs prepared by the capillary action method was correlated with disc mass. Variation in amount of milk absorbed by discs was significantly greater when discs were prepared by capillary action. Zone diameter means and standard errors across all penicillin G concentrations tested were not significantly different for the two methods. The 90-microliters micropipetter method is recommended as an alternative to the capillary action method. PMID- 3183142 TI - Effect of calcium salts of long-chain fatty-acids on dairy cows in early lactation. AB - Twenty dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to one of two dietary treatment groups based on milk production and days in milk. Treatments were a total mixed ration containing 13.2% whole cottonseed on a DM basis with or without added Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids. Treatments were fed ad libitum for 11 wk. Dry matter intake and body weight were not affected by treatment. The addition of Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids had no effect on yield of actual and FCM. Percent milk fat, lactose, and SCC did not differ between treatments. Percent milk protein tended to be lower for cows fed the diet containing calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids. Milk production efficiencies and NDF and ADF digestibilities were unaffected by treatment. Results indicate that diets containing high amounts of cottonseed may mask th affects of energy provided by Ca salts of long-chain fatty acids. PMID- 3183143 TI - Hormonal alterations in the lactating dairy cow in response to thermal stress. AB - The influence of acute exposure to thermal stress on the secretion of progesterone, estradiol, cortisol, and LH was monitored in 14 lactating Holstein cows. Eight cows were maintained throughout the summer in a refrigerated air conditioned tie stall barn. An additional eight cows were maintained in outdoor corrals with access only to shade. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates of cows under heat stress conditions were elevated above the cows maintained under air conditioning. Cows in both environments exhibited similar serum concentrations of progesterone and estradiol throughout the estrous cycle. Serum cortisol concentrations were higher in heat-stressed cows compared to cows maintained under cooling. The number of LH pulses on d 5 of the estrous cycle was greatly reduced in the heat-stressed cows compared to the cows under cooling. No differences in the number of pulses of LH were observed on d 12 of the estrous cycle between cows in the two environments. Data suggest that heat stress can suppress anterior pituitary release of LH without having a measurable influence on ovarian steroid hormone secretion. PMID- 3183144 TI - Genetic analysis of dystocia and calf mortality in Israeli-Holsteins by threshold and linear models. AB - Calvings of 106,751 Israeli Holstein heifers were analyzed for dystocia and calf mortality, scored dichotomously, and a composite trait, scored trichotomously. Dystocia was also studied with 146,973 second and third parity records. Models fitted included herd-year-season, sex of calf, calving age, calving month, sire of cow, sire of calf, and groups of sire of cow and of calf. Herd-year-season, sire of cow and calf, and residuals were random with diagonal variance-covariance matrices. Herd-year-season variance was assume to be 10% of the residual component. Other variance components were estimated by REML for linear models and by the counterpart of REML for threshold models. Heritability estimates were two to five times greater in threshold than in linear models, but correlations between corresponding sire evaluations were all greater than .9. Linear model sire evaluations were skewed positively, whereas threshold model evaluations had symmetrical distributions. Heritability for dystocia was greater in first than in later parities. Correlations between first and later parity sire evaluations were less than .5. Thus, the genetic control of dystocia seems to be different for heifers and cows. Correlations between sire of cow and calf evaluations were less than .3. Correlations between dystocia and calf mortality evaluations were about .7. PMID- 3183145 TI - An alternative model for additive and cytoplasmic genetic and maternal effects on lactation. AB - Results from a recent study that presented evidence suggesting a lack of cytoplasmic inheritance of lactation traits were reexamined using a model that included effects of additive genotype, cytoplasmic genotype, their interaction, and maternal influences. Under this model, equivalent estimates of heritability from daughter-dam and grand-daughter-grand-dam regression that exceed those from paternal half-sib correlation were consistent with the presence of cytoplasmic inheritance. A definitive answer to the question of cytoplasmic inheritance of lactation traits awaits a designed experiment, likely employing transfer of identical nuclei into varying cytoplasmic backgrounds. PMID- 3183146 TI - Rate of environmental mastitis in quarters infected with Corynebacterium bovis and Staphylococcus species. AB - Rates of environmental streptococcal and coliform intramammary infections were compared among quarters uninfected and infected with either Corynebacterium bovis or Staphylococcus species. Rate of environmental streptococcal intramammary infections was 3.9 times greater in C. bovis-infected quarters than in uninfected quarters. Rate of environmental streptococcal infections was 2.6 times greater in quarters infected with Staphylococcus species than in uninfected quarters. Rate of coliform intramammary infections did not differ among quarters with differing bacteriological infection statuses. Quarters infected with either C. bovis or Staphylococcus species had higher milk SCC than did uninfected quarters. Intramammary infection with either Corynebacterium bovis or Staphylococcus species did not protect quarters against coliform infection. Rate of environmental streptococcal infections was enhanced in quarters infected with either C. bovis or Staphylococcus species. PMID- 3183147 TI - Survey of milking management practices on large dairies and their relationship to udder health and production variables. AB - A survey of 91 milking management practices and 5 measures of udder health and production was conducted on 50 randomly selected dairies in Tulare County, CA. Data were collected by a combination of interview and site visit. On many dairies, there was inconsistent application of recommended milking practices such as careful teat dipping attending liner slips, maintaining treatment records, efficient parlor usage as measured by throughput, and use of paper towels. Thirteen of 91 practices were associated with at least one measure of udder health or production; the categories of practices that appear to have the most influence ae practices related to environmental management and practices related to milking procedures. the implications of the study are that better preventive medicine education programs are needed as well as better analytical tools to permit producers to evaluate quantitatively the economic benefit of preventive medicine practices. PMID- 3183148 TI - Orotic acid in guinea pig milk: changes in concentration during lactation. AB - The orotic acid concentration in guinea pig milk decreased rectilinearly beginning on d 1 through a lactation duration of 21 d. Concentration was 29 micrograms/ml on d 1 and 5 micrograms/ml on d 17. On d 18 to 21 it was less than 1 microgram/ml. The regression equation of orotic acid on day of lactation was: Y(micrograms orotic acid per milliliter milk) equals 32.3 - 1.6X (day of lactation) with a correlation coefficient of .94. Total orotic acid on a daily basis peaked on d 6 at 950 micrograms and declined to less than 5 micrograms by d 21. The rectilinear regression equation from d 6 to 21 was as follows: Y(micrograms orotic acid per milliliter milk) equals -1.64 + .68X (grams of milk production per day) with a correlation coefficient of .97. This may be used as a marker for persistency of lactation. PMID- 3183149 TI - The relationship between loss of first permanent molar teeth and the prevalence of caries and restorations in adjacent teeth: a study of 15-16- year-old children. PMID- 3183150 TI - Adsorption of aminefluorides on human enamel. PMID- 3183151 TI - The polymerization contraction of visible-light activated composite resins. PMID- 3183152 TI - The temperature rise beneath a light-cured cement lining during light curing. PMID- 3183153 TI - Microleakage of root fillings: thermoplastic injection compared with lateral condensation. PMID- 3183155 TI - The effects of partial demineralization and fibronectin on migration and growth of gingival epithelial cells on cementum in vitro. AB - The capacity of mineralized cementum to support epithelial cell migration and growth and the effect that fibronectin and partial demineralization of cementum have on these processes were assessed in vitro. Dog gingival explants, 1 X 2 mm, were cultured on the cementum surfaces of pig root pieces in a defined medium consisting of DMEM and F12 (1V/1V), transferrin, insulin, epidermal growth factor, cortisone, selenium, and high-density lipoprotein. Sixty root pieces were divided into four equal groups according to the treatment: (1) untreated mineralized cementum; (2) treated with 5 micrograms of fibronectin; (3) partially demineralized in 18% EDTA for 30 min; and (4) both partially demineralized and fibronectin-treated as above. Epithelial cell migration and growth on each of the four differently treated cementum surfaces were assessed histomorphometrically by means of scanning electron microscopy. The defined culture medium supported the selective migration and growth of epithelial cells from the gingival explants onto the mineralized cementum. This was confirmed by the positive immunostaining of these cells with antikeratin antibodies. Partial demineralization of cementum inhibited epithelial migration and growth by 83% and 91%, respectively. Fibronectin treatment did not affect epithelial cell migration and growth on mineralized cementum, but it decreased the degree of epithelial cell migration and growth inhibition on partially demineralized cementum to 57% and 43%, respectively. The results indicate that: (i) mineralized cementum may consist of components that are recognized by gingival epithelial cells and support their migration and growth in vitro; (ii) these components can be removed by demineralization; and (iii) fibronectin partially restores epithelial cell migration and growth on partial demineralized cementum in vitro. PMID- 3183154 TI - Effects of distance from the pulp and thickness on the hydraulic conductance of human radicular dentin. AB - The purposes of this study were: (1) to measure the effect of distance from the pulp on the hydraulic conductance of human radicular dentin; (2) to determine the influence of dentin thickness on the rates of fluid flow; and (3) to attempt to correlate dentinal tubule densities and diameters with root dentin hydraulic conductance. Dentin slabs prepared from extracted, unerupted, human third molar teeth were placed in a split-chamber device to permit quantitation of fluid filtration rate (hydraulic conductance). In the SEM portion of the study, dentinal tubule numbers and diameters were recorded. The results indicated that radicular dentin hydraulic conductance decreased with distance from the pulp and with increasing dentin thickness. Tubule density and diameter correlated well with the measured hydraulic conductances. The relatively low hydraulic conductance of outer root dentin makes it a significant barrier to fluid movement across root structure. PMID- 3183156 TI - Analysis of site-specific data in dental studies. AB - Much attention has been given recently to issues in the statistical analysis of site data arising from clinical trials in periodontics. As pointed out by Imrey (1986) and Fleiss et al. (1987), it is unreasonable to expect sites within the same patient to respond independently, and thus conventional statistical methods are not directly applicable. In this paper we develop a procedure for comparing the percentage of sites showing a given characteristic across two or more groups of patients that accounts for this lack of independence. The procedure is a straightforward extension of the standard Pearson chi-square test. Two examples are given. PMID- 3183157 TI - A scanning electron microscope study of monkey maturation-stage ameloblasts. AB - The maturation-stage enamel organs of Macaca arctoides and Macaca mulatta were examined in order to determine whether the cells were similar to those of the continuously erupting rat incisor. Tooth buds of the permanent dentition were fixed in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde and post-fixed in OsO4. The enamel organs were separated from the enamel during dehydration, critical-point-dried, metal coated, and examined in a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that there were few differences in the morphology of maturation-stage ameloblasts of these primates compared with those of other species reported in the literature. The apical plasma membranes were either smooth- or ruffle-ended, while the later membranes had maze, microvillous, or ridge configurations, also seen in rats, and an additional configuration of interdigitating bulbous extensions. The blood vessels of the papillary layer in monkeys were about 7 micron in diameter, considerably larger than those of the rat. PMID- 3183158 TI - Changes of secretory ameloblasts in mini-pig fetuses exposed to ethanol in vivo. AB - After addition of ethanol to the ordinary fodder of pregnant mini-pigs, ultrastructural changes were found in secretory ameloblasts from tooth germs of their mid-term fetuses. Compared with controls, many mitochondria showed abnormal shape and size, and some exhibited deposition of paracrystalline material in the matrix. An abnormal deposition of stippled material intercellularly was also observed. These changes were interpreted as signs of an abnormal secretory function. PMID- 3183161 TI - Bisphosphonate effects on alveolar bone during rat molar drifting. AB - The remodeling of bone during molar drifting and cortical growth in the rat maxilla and the effects of dichloromethylene bisphosphonate (Cl2MBP) on these processes were investigated in 30 age-matched rats. A control group of six rats was killed at 10 weeks of age. Beginning at 10 weeks of age, 12 rats were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of Cl2MBP (10 mg/kg), and 12 control rats were injected daily with normal saline. Six rats of each group were killed at 12 and at 20 weeks of age. All rats were injected with fluorescent bone labels eight and one days before termination. Calcified and decalcified vertical sections through the lingual roots of maxillary molars were prepared for histomorphometry. Bone apposition rates, remodeling activity, and bone cell populations were quantified by image analysis on depository and resorptive surfaces of alveolar bone and on cortical bone surfaces. The drift rates of the first and second molars were calculated. Results showed that in control animals the drift rate of the first molar exceeded that of the second molar (p less than 0.05), supporting a previously proposed mechanism for age-dependent narrowing of interdental bone. Cl2MBP treatment decreased remodeling activity on resorptive surfaces of alveolar bone, despite a transient increase in osteoclasts. Cl2MBP also decreased the osteoblast number and bone apposition rate on depository surfaces of alveolar bone, and reduced the rate of molar drifting (p less than 0.05). However, Cl2MBP treatment had no detectable effect on osteoblast number or bone apposition on cortical bone surfaces. These results support the concept that bisphosphonates influence bone formation indirectly through a coupling mechanism which links formation with resorption. PMID- 3183160 TI - The acute effects of smokeless tobacco on transport and barrier function of buccal mucosa. AB - The acute effects of smokeless tobacco (ST) on buccal mucosal transport and barrier function were studied by means of in vivo and in vitro techniques. In humans, in vivo exposure to 0.5 g ST transiently increased the transmural electrical potential difference (PD). However, despite continued exposure, PD returned to baseline within 20 min. The mechanisms for these changes were explored by use of dog buccal mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers. Luminal exposure to a Ringer-extract of ST (EOST) increased PD and short-circuit current (Isc) and decreased electrical resistance (R), with changes reversible upon removal of EOST from the bath. Further, radioisotopic fluxes showed that the increase in Isc in EOST-exposed tissues was accompanied by increased absorption of electrolytes (Na, Cl, and other ions), and the decrease in R was accompanied by increased permeability to mannitol. Light microscopy of tissues exposed to EOST showed no morphological changes after exposure to 0.5 g of ST, but after exposure to 1.5 2.5 g of ST, dilated intercellular spaces were identified. Contact of aqueous media with ST led to the release of electrolytes and other soluble compounds into solution. To determine the effect of electrolyte release on buccal function, we exposed mucosae luminally to a solution with ion composition and/or osmolality similar to EOST or to one with an EOST previously dialyzed against Ringer. Solutions with similar ion composition and/or osmolarity changed PD, Isc, and R in a manner similar to EOST, while dialyzed-EOST had no effect. In addition, luminal nicotine produced effects different from EOST, decreasing PD and Isc and increasing R.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183159 TI - Analytical and physiological variability of salivary microbial counts. AB - Quantitation of mutans streptococci (MS) and Lactobacillus has been proposed as a method for the identification of patients at high risk for dental caries. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the analytical and physiological variability of this procedure. Variability due to specimen collection and processing was investigated by repeated sampling studies. Sample stability was investigated over storage periods of up to 72 hr at 5 degrees C, room temperature, and 37 degrees C. Physiological variability was investigated by performance of serial analyses on ten individuals, who collected six samples at intervals on a single day, and rising and noon samples on ten subsequent days. Sample collection, rather than sample processing, was found to be the major factor determining the imprecision of salivary microbial analysis in the majority of cases. However, individual subjects varied considerably in the consistency with which they provided saliva samples. Imprecision due to sample processing was relatively small, with coefficients of variations of 2.3% for MS counts and 2.1% for Lactobacillus counts. Samples were generally stable over a wide temperature range for at least 72 hours, although there was some loss of viability of lactobacilli on prolonged storage at room temperature or 37 degrees C in one experiment. Rising samples yielded higher counts than samples collected after breakfast and toothbrushing. Day-to-day variability was considerable, with 95% confidence limits exceeding 1 log in 28% of data sets for MS count and 39% of data sets for Lactobacillus. PMID- 3183162 TI - The effect of previous diet on plaque pH response to different foods. AB - In this study we investigated the effect of previous diet on the response of plaque pH to three test foods. The study population consisted of 11 dental students. Plaque pH was measured, by means of the touch electrode method, on the first two upper molars. The study was conducted at two sessions, one week apart. Subjects followed a 48-hour high-sugar diet before the first test session and a 48-hour low-sugar diet before the second test session. During both 48-hour periods, students refrained from all oral hygiene practices and fluoride utilization. At each session, three foods were ingested at one-hour intervals: cola, beer, and chocolate bar. pH measurements at baseline and at selected times after food ingestion were recorded and analyzed. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant independent effects of food, previous diet, and their interaction on plaque pH. After the same foods were ingested, plaque pH response after a previous high-sugar diet was significantly more acidic than after a previous low-sugar diet. PMID- 3183164 TI - Uses and abuses of the news release/press conference. PMID- 3183163 TI - 1H and 13C NMR studies of the interaction of eugenol, phenol, and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate with phospholipid liposomes as a model system for odontoblast membranes. AB - To clarify the mechanism of the interaction of eugenol with odontoblast membranes compared with that of phenol and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), we employed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes as a model system for odontoblast membranes. 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) was used as the spectroscopic approach in the study of this interaction. No signals of 1H and 13C due to eugenol in the DPPC/eugenol liposomes were observed, indicating that the mobility of eugenol was strongly disturbed by DPPC and that eugenol did not diffuse from the liposomes once it was incorporated. The change in chemical shifts due to phenol between the free state and the DPPC/phenol liposomes was not found, indicating that phenol resides in the aqueous phase or near the surfaces of liposomes, its interaction being markedly weaker than that of eugenol. The signals due to TEGDMA in the DPPC/TEGDMA liposomes were split into two peaks: a lower-field peak (free TEGDMA) and a higher-field one (membrane bound TEGDMA). TEGDMA with ethyleneglycol groups seemed to be activated on the liposomes as a surfactant-like agent. PMID- 3183165 TI - Proceedings of the sixth annual conference, The Robert Wood Johnson Dental Services Research Scholars Program. Princeton, New Jersey, June 1-2, 1988. PMID- 3183166 TI - The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and dental care. PMID- 3183167 TI - Chemoprophylaxis of dental patients with prosthetic joints: a simulation model. AB - A computer simulation model was created to assess the risks and effects of no prophylaxis, oral penicillin, and oral cephalexin regimens for dental patients at risk for late prosthetic joint infection (LPJI). Given the assumptions made, this analysis suggests that there is a very small risk of LPJI (29-68 cases per 10(6) dental visits), which is outweighed by a greater risk of death from a fatal antibiotic reaction. Thus, routine predental antibiotic prophylaxis for all dental patients with prosthetic joints may lead to higher mortality. However, clinical experience suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis may be appropriate in "high risk" patients. PMID- 3183168 TI - A comparison of potential treatment costs for group capitation versus voluntary individual enrollment plans. AB - As competition among insurance companies for increased market share intensifies, dental plans designed for new markets have begun to appear. One such plan is marketed to individuals not eligible for group plans. The purpose of this study was to determine if differences in potential treatment costs exist between patients enrolling in individual-targeted plans and those in group-based plans. The cost of treatment plans to eliminate dental disease and replace missing teeth whenever possible and/or practical was calculated for 119 patient pairs from both types of plans. Individually targeted patients had significantly higher levels of potential treatment costs, which were due primarily to significantly greater needs for operative, periodontal surgery, and endodontic services. These findings are important to insurance companies in designing plans that are both equitable and attractive to consumers and potential providers of care, who must weigh their costs of providing care against anticipated revenues. PMID- 3183169 TI - The associations of age and dentition status with caries treatment in adult males. AB - This study explores patterns of treatment for caries in adults. Data were collected as part of the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study. The 698 subjects received comprehensive dental examinations at three-year intervals for approximately ten years. The subjects were classified into three age groups and three dentition status categories. Total need for treatment was defined as the number of surfaces that initially had caries plus those developing caries over the three subsequent examinations. Analysis of variance was used to determine if there were significant associations between age or dentition status groups and the percent of total need that was treated by extraction, treated by restoration, or remained untreated. Significant associations were noted: (1) between age and the percent of carious surfaces extracted, (2) between dentition status and the percent of carious surfaces restored, and (3) between dentition status and the percent of surfaces extracted. These findings were interpreted to indicate that future cohorts of older patients with greater numbers of teeth are likely to seek operative treatment for diagnosed caries. PMID- 3183170 TI - A comparative analysis of the influence of financing on Boston's neighborhood health center dental programs in 1979 and 1985. AB - This study determined whether or not income and other structural components of 15 Boston neighborhood health centers in 1979 and 1985 had a systematic influence on their dental productivity as measured by dental visits. Health center revenue sources, health center costs, dental program costs, dental and medical manpower, and type of facility license were analyzed in relation to dental visits using secondary data from multiple sources. Dental costs and dental manpower were substantial predictors of dental visits for both periods of time. Stepwise regression analyses suggest that in 1979, the type of license and the type of grants received also were associated with the number of dental visits. In 1985, however, none of the revenue variables showed an association with dental visits when controlling for dental manpower and dental costs. PMID- 3183171 TI - The reliability of diagnosing root caries using oral examinations. PMID- 3183172 TI - Selecting the optimal threshold for the radiographic diagnosis of interproximal caries. AB - The declining prevalence of dental caries and changes in understanding about the progressive nature of this disease have led to recommendations that new diagnostic criteria be adopted. Selecting the optimum diagnostic threshold requires consideration of the probability of disease, distribution of true and false diagnoses at different test thresholds, and estimates of the consequences of treatment based on these diagnoses. Data from the Veterans Administration Dental Longitudinal Study were used to determine the distribution of true and false diagnoses at progressively more stringent diagnostic thresholds. Estimates of the consequences of treatment provided on the basis of true and false diagnoses were obtained from a randomly selected group of clinicians. The data were combined in a decision analysis to determine the "expected value" of operative treatment at each threshold under varying assumptions about the prevalence of disease, rate of disease progression, and value of treatment. No single diagnostic threshold consistently maximized the benefits of treatment. While patients with a high caries prevalence who experience infrequent recalls would benefit from a diagnostic threshold that includes early lesions, patients with a low caries prevalence who follow good recall schedules should benefit from a more conservative diagnostic threshold. PMID- 3183173 TI - Older Americans' access to oral health care. AB - To determine whether older Americans have difficulty obtaining access to dental care, we studied 7,265 adults nationwide. The objectives of this analysis are to: (1) determine the proportion of older Americans receiving dental services, (2) identify the types of services received, and (3) examine barriers to access to dental care in this population. Almost half of the respondents over the age of 60 reported a dental visit in the past year. This is consistent with the national trend of increasing utilization of dental services by older adults in the United States. However, older respondents reported significantly fewer dental visits in the past year than respondents aged 25-59. The mean time since the respondent's last dental visit increased with increasing age. Minority elders and those older adults with lower incomes, lower educational achievement, poorer perceived health status, chronic diseases, transportation problems, and those living in rural areas had disproportionately fewer dental visits than more socially advantaged respondents. In multivariate analyses, less education, lower income, increasing age, and poorer self-perceived health status were identified as independent risk factors for not having a dental visit, suggesting that certain subpopulations of older Americans are at risk for not receiving necessary oral health services. PMID- 3183174 TI - Relationships among structure, process, and outcome scores derived from evaluations of 300 general dental practices. AB - Analyses were undertaken to examine relationships among measures of structure, process, and outcome using data obtained during field testing of the Development of Evaluation Methods and Computer Applications in Dentistry (DEMCAD) office assessment instrument in 300 general dental practices. Correlation coefficients between scores for the structure dimension and scores for the process/outcome dimensions were 0.50 and 0.40, respectively, while process and outcome dimension scores were correlated at an even higher level (r = 0.79). Thus the DEMCAD instrument demonstrated a relatively high degree of interrelationship among these three major dimensions compared to other reports in the health care evaluation literature. Additional analyses were conducted to compare relationships between structure and process measures and various components of outcome, and to compare results across different types of practices (urban group, rural and urban nongroup). Correlations between the patient satisfaction component of outcome and scores for the structure/process dimensions were considerably lower than the corresponding correlations involving outcome components other than patient satisfaction. Ordinary least squares regression models demonstrated that structure scores were not significantly related to outcomes when controlling for process and that relationships were quite consistent across practice types. PMID- 3183175 TI - Relationships among dental functional status, clinical dental measures, and generic health measures. AB - Current measures of dental health status are primarily clinical in nature and rely on clinical and radiographic assessment of the patient's dental health. Information about a patient's ability to perform usual activities related to good dental health--for example, chewing, speaking, and smiling--is not routinely collected. This study investigated what measures contribute to dental functional status, how they are related to traditional clinical measures, whether dental factors contribute to other generic measures of health, and the extent to which dental factors contribute to overall quality of life. Regression analyses of interview and clinical data from 159 dental patients show that while periodontal status and the number of dental symptoms do explain some of dental functional status, the clinical measures of decayed, missing, and filled teeth do not. Severity of medical condition is correlated with decayed/missing teeth and periodontal health. Quality of life is explained by medical functional status, perceived medical health, and perceived dental health. The dental functional status index may be useful in clarifying the relationship between dental health and overall health and quality of life measures. PMID- 3183176 TI - Microcystic adnexal carcinoma: a case showing eccrine duct differentiation. AB - Microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a cutaneous neoplasm comprised of pilar and sweat duct structures. Characteristically, the ductal structures manifest immunoreactivity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on immunostaining. The case of MAC discussed here shows strictly sweat duct differentiation. Using a monoclonal antibody to salivary mucin (CF-1) that is specific for eccrine duct, we identify the neoplastic structures to be of eccrine sweat duct histogenesis. PMID- 3183177 TI - Lichen planus of the nail presenting as a tumor: diagnosis by longitudinal nail bed biopsy. AB - Our patient presented with a keratotic tumor of the nail bed that simulated a neoplasm. Longitudinal nail bed biopsy showed lichen planus, sparing the patient excisional surgery. We review the differential diagnosis of nail bed tumors, nail biopsy techniques, and the findings of lichen planus of the nail. PMID- 3183178 TI - Retinoic acid in the treatment of keloids. AB - Since retinoids affect collagen metabolism, nine females and two males with keloids were treated with 0.05% tretinoin topically for 12 weeks. The lesions had been present for an average of 7 years prior to therapy. Changes in size were evaluated by serial kodachromes, tape measurements, and appreciation of volume using dental moulages. Two patients abandoned the study due to irritant contact dermatitis. A significant decrease in weight (p less than 0.04) and size (p less than 0.01) was found when comparing the status of the lesions at the beginning of the study and at week 12. PMID- 3183179 TI - Razor blade excision of Mohs specimens for superficial basal cell carcinomas of the distal nose. AB - This article describes the excision of tissue for Mohs micrographic surgery utilizing a razor blade. The blade allows the maximum amount of normal tissue to be conserved. This is important when excising a relatively small, superficial basal cell carcinoma arising in an important cosmetic area such as the nose, which is also a region at high risk for recurrence. This technique often produces a wound that will heal secondarily with an excellent cosmetic result. PMID- 3183180 TI - Surgical excision of trauma-induced verrucous lupus erythematosus. AB - Verrucous papulonodules are an uncommon manifestation of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. The differential diagnosis and pathogenesis of this rare entity are discussed. This is the first report of successful surgical excision of trauma induced lesions of verrucous lupus erythematosus. PMID- 3183181 TI - Excellence in outpatient surgery. PMID- 3183182 TI - Prevention of postdermabrasion milia. PMID- 3183183 TI - [Theoretical prerequisites for determining the individual biological age of animals based on physiological indices]. PMID- 3183184 TI - [Structure of the epidermis in people of various races (light and electron microscopic research)]. PMID- 3183185 TI - [Fluid and protein transport across the walls of alveolar capillaries based on a membrane model study]. PMID- 3183186 TI - [Degradation of alpha-methylstyrene and toluene by plasmid-containing bacterial strains of the genus Pseudomonas]. PMID- 3183187 TI - Cough-induced syncope. PMID- 3183188 TI - Distribution and function of alveolar cells in multiply injured patients with trauma-induced ARDS. AB - To determine whether alveolar cells are involved in the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we assessed the distribution and function of alveolar cells from 30 polytraumatized patients with trauma-induced respiratory failure, 5 of whom also had lung contusion. Cells were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage performed daily beginning on the day of trauma and continuing for 14 days. Neutrophils constituted about 60% of lavage cells in ARDS patients with lung contusion 0-2 days after polytrauma and about 50% in ARDS patients without lung contusion. In ARDS patients with lung contusion the neutrophil fraction decreased to 52% 3-6 days after trauma and to 40% 7-14 days after trauma. In patients without lung contusion the neutrophil fraction increased to 77% and then decreased to 60% at these times. Total cell counts in ARDS patients with lung contusion were more than twice as high as in patients without lung contusion 0-2 days after trauma. The difference in total cell counts decreased during days 3-6 and disappeared by day 7. In all patients morphologically altered alveolar cells were observed 4 days and more after trauma. In non-survivors significantly more altered cells were found. The chemiluminescence-response pattern of the alveolar cells was enhanced throughout the study and correlated with the neutrophil fraction (r = 0.6). The neutrophil fraction also correlated with the pulmonary vascular resistance during the first two days after trauma (r = 0.53). We conclude that alveolar cells are involved in the pathogenesis of trauma-induced ARDS and that the alveolar cell distribution is different in patients with and without lung contusion during the development of posttraumatic respiratory failure. PMID- 3183189 TI - Protective cardiovascular effects of diazepam in experimental acute chloroquine poisoning. AB - To assess the effects of diazepam in chloroquine poisoning, we studied pentobarbital anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs. All the pigs received 50 mg.kg-1 chloroquine given intravenously for 25 min. Eight pigs acted as control (group C). Another 7 were treated with diazepam given intravenously 5 min after the end of chloroquine infusion: 2 mg.kg-1 of diazepam for 2 min, then 1 mg.kg.h-1 for 25 min (group D). Thereafter, all pigs were sacrificed. In both groups the chloroquine infusion induced a large fall in arterial pressure, a decrease in heart rate, and an increase in QRS duration. No difference was observed between the 2 groups for weight, systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, heart rate, QRS and QT durations before diazepam. After diazepam, systolic and diastolic arterial pressures, heart rate, urine volume, urinary excretion of chloroquine, plasma and blood cell chloroquine levels were higher, whereas QRS duration was lower, in group D compared to group C. No difference was observed between the 2 groups for urinary concentration of chloroquine, the ratio between plasma and blood cell chloroquine levels, hepatic, cardiac, and skeletal muscle chloroquine levels, and QT duration. After diazepam, the slope of the regression curve between QRS duration and plasma chloroquine levels was reversed in group D compared to group C. We conclude that diazepam counteracts some haemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes, and increases urinary excretion of chloroquine, in acute experimental chloroquine poisoning. PMID- 3183190 TI - Thiamine status after major trauma. AB - A prospective study of thiamine status in patients with severe injuries (injury severity scores greater than 12) showed that they all developed signs of severe thiamine deficiency on the basis of transketolase activity, the standard biochemical test for thiamine deficiency. This occurred within the first week after their injuries despite routine enteral or parenteral feeding including vitamin supplements. This may be due to increased requirements secondary to increased metabolic activity or increased cellular losses. An increased awareness of thiamine requirements and metabolism is essential to avoid the appearance of deficiency syndromes. PMID- 3183191 TI - The admission cardiorespiratory performance in relation to outcome in pediatric ICU patients. AB - We tested the hypothesis that the admission cardiorespiratory performance determines the outcome in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. We studied 331 patients who were assigned to one of the three commonly encountered PICU clinical entities: respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and head trauma. All patients were evaluated by a simple cardiorespiratory scoring system which we named "Rule of 60" (RO60), and their highest score within the first 24 h of arrival in the PICU was used for the study. This scoring system includes 6 cardiorespiratory parameters where a value of 60 represents a cut-off point above or below which 0 points (low risk) or 10 points (high risk) are assigned. The relationship between score and mortality rate revealed that the higher the score the higher is the mortality rate. We determined two categories of severity of illness in our patients. Patients at severity level A had scores ranging from 0 through 30 and the mortality rate in this category ranged from 2% to 5%. Patients at severity level B had scores ranging from 40 through 60 and had a higher mortality rate: 30% to 80%. The overall mortality rates for patients at severity level A and B were 2% and 54% respectively. Patients with respiratory disease at severity level B had the lowest mortality rate (20%), whereas patients with cardiovascular disease and head trauma had mortality rates of 52% and 80% respectively. We found that our cardiorespiratory scoring system was as good as the Glasgow Coma Scale for indicating prognosis and outcome in head trauma patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183193 TI - Pulmonary edema due to partial upper airway obstruction in a child. AB - The case of an 8-year-old boy is reported, who developed acute pulmonary edema associated with acute subglottic swelling and subsequent partial upper airway obstruction after extubation and recovery from anaesthesia. The main factors responsible for the formation of pulmonary edema presumably are a large subatmospheric transpulmonary pressure gradient and hypoxia leading to translocation of circulating blood volume into the pulmonary vasculature and fluid shift across the alveolar-capillary membrane. Application of oxygen and CPAP or PEEP plus diuretic therapy will promote rapid clearance of the pulmonary edema. PMID- 3183192 TI - Transfusion-related acute lung injury. AB - Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema after transfusion therapy is an infrequent but hazardous complication. The occurrence of this entity is linked to the presence of circulating leukoagglutinins. The clinical features are described on the basis of four cases. The hemodynamic changes, underlying mechanisms and therapeutic strategies are discussed. PMID- 3183194 TI - Dopexamine hydrochloride, a novel drug with renal vasodilator properties: two case studies. AB - Two patients who received an infusion of dopexamine hydrochloride are presented. The dopexamine infusion was associated with a useful increase in urine output. The mechanisms for these effects are discussed and the renovascular dilatation associated with dopexamine highlighted. PMID- 3183195 TI - Hallucination and visual disturbances in transurethral prostatic resection. AB - The successful treatment of a patient who developed the TUR syndrome is described. Glycine 2.2% in water was used as irrigating fluid. Initial symptoms were visual disturbances and hypertension. Repeated blood chemistry analyses revealed elevations in the serum concentrations of most non-essential amino acids. Later on the patient experienced vivid hallucinations. PMID- 3183196 TI - Miliary tuberculosis presenting as adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - We report the history of a 27-year-old Caucasian girl who died of adult respiratory distress syndrome secondary to miliary tuberculosis (MTB), after treatment with antibiotics to which the organism was sensitive, and a long period of ventilation. This case emphasises the importance of considering MTB as the cause of respiratory failure when another aetiology is not apparent. PMID- 3183197 TI - Intracapillary colloid osmotic pressure. PMID- 3183198 TI - Comments on outcome prediction in critically ill patients. PMID- 3183199 TI - Ketanserin as an adjunct to burn treatment. PMID- 3183200 TI - Use of the Swan-Ganz catheter in amniotic fluid embolism. PMID- 3183201 TI - ARDS associated with nosocomial legionellosis: dramatic effect of indomethacin. PMID- 3183202 TI - Distribution of short-term rms levels in conversational speech. AB - For 30 male and 30 female talkers, distributions of short-term rms speech levels, relative to the corresponding long-term rms levels, were determined in each of eight 1/3-oct bands for six short-term measurement intervals. Consecutive, Hanning-windowed, 20-ms time records were combined to produce nominal measurement intervals ranging from 20 to 120 ms. For each measurement interval, mean distributions of short-term rms speech levels relative to long-term levels were very similar for male and female talkers, and intertalker differences were small, especially for short-term amplitudes above the median level. The distribution of short-term rms speech levels relative to long-term rms speech levels varied with measurement interval for the short-term measurements. The effects of measurement interval was least for the highest amplitude speech levels and increased as speech levels decreased. For short-term amplitudes above the median level, the effect of measurement interval was greater in higher frequency regions, whereas for short-term amplitudes below the median level, measurement interval had the greatest effect on the lower frequency bands. These data may facilitate comparisons among investigations using different measurement intervals. In addition, they have implications for amplification strategies. PMID- 3183203 TI - The timbre of sung vowels. AB - The perception of timbre differences in a vowel sung by eight male and seven female singers has been investigated by means of two types of listening experiments: (1) using the paradigm of the comparison of similarity, and (2) using judgments on 21 semantic bipolar scales. Using INDSCAL analysis for the similarity-comparison data and MDPREF analysis for the semantic-scale judgments, vowel configurations in a multidimensional perceptual space were derived, as well as a space that showed the weighting of perceptual dimensions by individual listeners (INDSCAL). The interpretation of semantic scales was represented by directions in the perceptual space (MDPREF). The perceptual vowel configurations, either based on timbre similarities or semantic scales judgments, were comparable. Broadly, semantic scales clustered into the categories vocal technique, general evaluation, vibrato, clarity, and sharpness. These five clusters were not independent and could be described in two dimensions. Timbre differences could be predicted on the basis of differences in 1/3-oct spectra of the vowels. It showed up that only sharpness had a constant interpretation for the various stimulus sets and was roughly related to the slope of the spectrum. One experiment, using a song phrase, extended the results to a more general domain. PMID- 3183204 TI - On the role of the amplitude of the fricative noise in the perception of place of articulation in voiceless fricative consonants. AB - The current study explores the role of the amplitude of the fricative noise in the perception of place of articulation in voiceless fricative consonants. The amplitude of the fricative noise in naturally produced fricative-vowel utterances was varied relative to the vowel and potential changes in perceptual responses were investigated. The amplitude of the fricative noise for [s] and [s] was reduced such that the amplitude of the noise relative to the vowel was similar to [f] and [O], and, conversely, the amplitude of the fricative noise of [f] and [O] was increased such that the amplitude of the noise relative to the vowel was similar to [s] and [s]. The fricative noise was presented to listeners in both its vowel context and in isolation. Results indicated that, when the spectral properties of the fricative noise and formant transitions are compatible, the perceptual effects of the amplitude manipulation of the amplitude of the noise had a small effect on the overall identification of place of articulation, and when effects emerged, they varied across the different fricative stimuli. Moreover, although decreasing the amplitude of [s] and [s] resulted in an increase in [f] and [O] responses, increasing the amplitude of [f] and [O] did not result in an increase in [s] and [s] responses. Implications of these findings for phonetic feature theories are considered. PMID- 3183205 TI - Cues for intervocalic /t/ and /d/ in children and adults. AB - One naturally spoken token of each of the words petal and pedal was computer edited to produce stimuli varying in voice onset time (VOT), silent closure duration, and initial /e/ vowel duration. These stimuli were then played, in the sentence frame "Push the button for the----," to four adult and four 6-year-old listeners who responded by pressing a button associated with a flower (petal) or a bicycle (pedal). Among the findings of interest were the following: (a) VOT was statistically the strongest cue for both listener groups, followed by closure duration and initial vowel duration; (b) VOT was relatively stronger for children than for adults, whereas closure and initial vowel durations were relatively stronger for adults than for children; (c) except for a probable ceiling/floor effect, there were no statistically significant interactions among the three acoustic cues, although there were interactions between those cues and both listener group (adults versus children) and the token for which the stimulus had been derived (petal versus pedal). PMID- 3183206 TI - Synthetic vowel studies on cochlear implant patients. AB - Speech perception studies were conducted on three cochlear implant patients to investigate the relative merits of six speech processing schemes for presenting speech information to these patients. Electrical stimuli, described in this article as synthetic vowels, were constructed using tabulated data of formant frequencies of natural vowels. The six schemes differed in the number of formant frequencies encoded on the electrical signal dimension of electrode position, and/or in the range of electrode position used for encoding each formant frequency. Eleven synthetic vowels (i, I, E, ae, a, c, U, u, v, E, D) were used and were presented in a single-interval procedure for absolute identification. Single-formant vowels were used in two of the six schemes, two-formant vowels in three schemes, and three-formant vowels in the remaining scheme. The confusion matrices were subjected to conditional information transmission analysis on the basis of previous psychophysiological findings. Comparisons among the schemes in terms of the analyzed results showed that training, experience, and adaptability to new speech processing schemes were major factors influencing the identification of synthetic vowels. For vowels containing more than one formant, the information about each formant affected the perception of the other formants. In addition, there appeared to be differences between the perceptual processes for vowels containing more than one formant and the processes for single-formant vowels. Taking into consideration the effects of training, experience, and adaptability, the three-formant speech processing scheme appeared, on the basis of perceptual performance comparisons among the six schemes, to be the logical choice for implementation in speech processors for cochlear implant patients. PMID- 3183207 TI - On the measurement of glottal flow. AB - For developing a comprehensive description of voiced speech sounds in terms of a phonation and an articulation component, it is necessary to know to what extent the volume flow modulations at the entrance of the vocal tract are due to vocal fold motions and to what extent they are due to variations in the transglottal pressure. In order to be able to study this problem, it is important that the flow at the glottis can be measured during normal speech production in a reliable fashion. In this article, a flow measurement technique is described that differs from the more usual inverse filtering approach to the extent that the flow is not measured at the mouth, but much closer to the glottis. The technique is based on the measurement of pressure gradient. It is shown that the proposed method also leads to an inverse filtering problem, but that, since this problem is much simpler, the gradient method yields more reliable estimates of the shape of the glottal flow waveform, though without the zero flow level (dc component) and without a magnitude scale. By means of theoretical considerations about velocity profiles in pulsatile flow in cylindrical tubes, it is shown that the method for measuring flow during phonation proposed in this article may be expected to yield reasonable flow waveform estimates in a frequency region from any normal fundamental frequency to an upper frequency determined by the transducer sensitivity and separation and vocal tract geometry. In this case, the frequency limitation was estimated to be 1000 Hz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183208 TI - Effects of speaking rate on tongue position and velocity of movement in vowel production. AB - This study used glossometry to examine the position of the tongue and the velocity of its movements in vowels spoken normally and at a self-selected fast rate. The subject in experiment 1 showed lingual undershoot for stressed vowels in "a big again" and "a bob again." The tongue was lower for /I/ and higher for /a/ at the fast rate than at the normal rate. The stressed vowels exerted an affect on unstressed vowels: The tongue was lower in the schwas that preceded and followed /a/ than /I/. Only one of the three subjects in experiment 2 showed no lingual undershoot for fast-rate /I/. The tongue was higher at the fast rate than at the normal rate in the schwas flanking /I/ so that the displacement was less at the fast rate than at the normal rate. Another talker increased the peak velocity of tongue movements at the fast rate and showed no undershoot for /a/. Multiple regression analyses showed that the timing of movements for successive phonetic segments accounted well for undershoot in only one of the three subjects. The results suggest that in order to model the effects of speaking rate on the tongue movements used in forming stressed vowels, it will be necessary to take into account: (1) how much vowels are shortened at a fast rate: (2) how much the peak velocity of tongue movements is increased, if at all; and (3) the position of the tongue before and after the stressed vowels. All three factors are likely to be influenced by how clearly the talker wishes to speak. PMID- 3183209 TI - Effects of noise on speech production: acoustic and perceptual analyses. AB - Acoustical analyses were carried out on a set of utterances produced by two male speakers talking in quiet and in 80, 90, and 100 dB SPL of masking noise. In addition to replicating previous studies demonstrating increases in amplitude, duration, and vocal pitch while talking in noise, these analyses also found reliable differences in the formant frequencies and short-term spectra of vowels. Perceptual experiments were also conducted to assess the intelligibility of utterances produced in quiet and in noise when they were presented at equal S/N ratios for identification. In each experiment, utterances originally produced in noise were found to be more intelligible than utterances produced in the quiet. The results of the acoustic analyses showed clear and consistent differences in the acoustic-phonetic characteristics of speech produced in quiet versus noisy environments. Moreover, these accounts differences produced reliable effects on intelligibility. The findings are discussed in terms of: (1) the nature of the acoustic changes that taken place when speakers produce speech under adverse conditions such as noise, psychological stress, or high cognitive load: (2) the role of training and feedback in controlling and modifying a talker's speech to improve performance of current speech recognizers; and (3) the development of robust algorithms for recognition of speech in noise. PMID- 3183210 TI - Recognition of low-level alcohol intoxication from speech signal. AB - Eleven male subjects were required to read a text in both sober and alcohol intoxicated conditions. By means of statistical signal analysis, frequency distributions of fundamental frequency (F0), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), ratio of first- to second-formant frequencies (F1/F2), variation speed of the frequencies F0, F1, F2, and the long-term average spectrum (LTAS) were determined. The distributions were examined for their suitability in discriminating between sober and intoxicated conditions. The SNR and F0 distributions as well as the LTAS discriminated with an error rate less than 5%. Combination of SNR and F0 profiles enabled correct discrimination in all cases. The parameter F1/F2 describing the articulation varied strongly among individuals. It was modified only with high levels of blood alcohol. Frequency variation speeds were not altered by intoxication. Speaker recognition by means of LTAS was interpreted as a perturbation of laryngeal movement control, where long-term voice effort was found to produce similar effects to alcohol intoxication. On the basis of the present results and various other factors (ambiguity of the sources of the acoustic effects, expense of the procedure), application of acoustic analysis in forensic medicine for recognition of low level alcohol intoxication is considered inexpedient. PMID- 3183211 TI - Underwater audiogram of a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens). AB - Underwater audiograms are available for only a few odontocete species. A false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) was trained at Sea Life Park in Oahu, Hawaii for an underwater hearing test using a go/no-go response paradigm. Over a 6-month period, auditory thresholds from 2-115 kHz were measured using an up/down staircase psychometric technique. The resulting audiogram showed hearing sensitivities below 64 kHz similar to those of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) and Atlantic bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Above 64 kHz, this Pseudorca had a rapid decrease in sensitivity of about 150 dB per octave. A similar decrease in sensitivity occurs at 32 kHz in the killer whale, at 50 kHz in the Amazon River dolphin, at 120 kHz in the beluga, at 140 kHz in the bottlenosed dolphin, and at 140 kHz in the harbor porpoise. The most sensitive range of hearing was from 16-64 kHz (a range of 10 dB from the maximum sensitivity). This range corresponds with the peak frequency of echolocation pulses recorded from captive Pseudorca. PMID- 3183212 TI - Threshold recovery functions following impulse noise trauma. AB - An analysis of the pure-tone threshold recovery functions obtained from 118 chinchillas exposed to high-level impulse noise showed that there are at least three distinctly different types of recovery function: type I--a recovery function for which the initial threshold shift recovers monotonically with increasing postexposure time; type II--a delayed recovery; i.e., for a period as long as 6 h following removal from noise, the pure-tone threshold remains elevated and stable before thresholds begin to follow a monotonic course of recovery; and type III--the growth function; i.e., over a period of at least 6 h following removal from the noise, pure-tone thresholds continue to get worse before they begin to follow a monotonic course of recovery. There is more permanent threshold shift (PTS), more sensory cell loss, and predictions of PTS and cell loss based upon initial measures of threshold shift are less accurate at those frequencies characterized by a type III recovery process than at those frequencies characterized by a type I recovery process. PMID- 3183213 TI - Perceptual studies on cochlear implant patients with early onset of profound hearing impairment prior to normal development of auditory, speech, and language skills. AB - Psychophysical studies were conducted on three prelingual and two postlingual cochlear implant patients. Auditory sensations were produced by electrical stimulation of the residual nerve fibers of the auditory nerve by means of a multiple-electrode cochlear implant. The psychophysical performance of the prelinguals was, in general, poorer than that of the postlinguals; prelingual performance was poorer for repetition rate and electrode position identification, gap detection, and durational and numerosity judgments. Improved performance with time, however, was consistently observed for the prelinguals in the above mentioned psychophysical tasks. There were significant individual differences in the amount of improvement among the three prelinguals. Speech perception studies were also conducted on the three prelingual patients. The speech perception performance of the three prelingual patients was much poorer than that of postlingual patients in general, and was consistent with their poorer psychophysical performance described above. PMID- 3183215 TI - Changing attitudes about death. PMID- 3183214 TI - Wagons in a circle. PMID- 3183216 TI - An invitation to laugh. PMID- 3183217 TI - Opportunity from adversity. PMID- 3183218 TI - Election year maneuvering, 1988. PMID- 3183219 TI - Faculty practice and knowledge development: will there be a linkage? PMID- 3183220 TI - The legitimacy of being a novice. PMID- 3183221 TI - Are we in the United States committed to world health? PMID- 3183222 TI - The relationship of characteristics, experiences, and attitudes of nursing alumnae to their giving behavior. PMID- 3183223 TI - The willingness of nursing personnel to care for patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a survey study and recommendations. PMID- 3183224 TI - Curricular considerations for teaching nursing theory. PMID- 3183225 TI - Evaluation for the Nursing Research Emphasis Grants for Doctoral Programs in Nursing Grant Program, 1979 to 1984. PMID- 3183226 TI - Dental history is important. PMID- 3183227 TI - Leading true professional lives. PMID- 3183228 TI - Favorable economic predictions. PMID- 3183229 TI - Patients' attitudes toward dentists and hygienists. PMID- 3183230 TI - A bereavement group for college students. PMID- 3183231 TI - Quality of care and the accreditation of health services: what is the relationship? PMID- 3183232 TI - General statement on Institutional response to AIDS revised January 1988. Task Force on the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). PMID- 3183233 TI - College students and AIDS: a preliminary survey of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. PMID- 3183234 TI - Testicular self-examination: reaching the college male. PMID- 3183235 TI - The collaborative model: a multidisciplinary approach to student health care. PMID- 3183236 TI - Sexual harassment: a challenge to college health service delivery. PMID- 3183237 TI - Intervening with collegiate COAs: can we afford no to? PMID- 3183238 TI - Compassion or conflict. PMID- 3183239 TI - Serious CDE. PMID- 3183240 TI - It's the real world. PMID- 3183241 TI - Giving credit. PMID- 3183242 TI - State standards: local government influences on dental practice. PMID- 3183243 TI - When not to restore. PMID- 3183244 TI - Newly described muscle attachments to the anterior band of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint. AB - The presence of these two muscle attachments will be helpful in treating TM disorders. Why they have not been previously described is a mystery, but it is more understandable when the difficulty of dissection is noted. Freeing the disk while investigating the retrodiskal area, and then performing fiber-by-fiber dissection of the deep masseter muscle are uncommon procedures. Muscle fibers often exist from the deep masseter muscle to the capsule of the TMJ, and these muscles could easily be mistaken for the fibers already known and, therefore, ignored when the masseter was removed in dissection. If the first specimen dissected had not been a well-developed male with strong tendon attachment, the attachments would have been missed in this case as well. PMID- 3183245 TI - Arteriovenous malformation of the mandible: report of case. AB - Arteriovenous malformations are rare, but, considering the life-threatening consequences of these lesions, they must constantly be considered in a differential diagnosis. The management of this patient from the initial symptoms emphasizes the need for a methodical approach to oral diagnosis using the fundamental techniques of inspection, auscultation, and palpation, as well as the more recent techniques of laboratory and radiographic evaluation. PMID- 3183246 TI - Brain abscess from chronic odontogenic cause: report of case. AB - A case of a chronic odontogenic abscess that probably precipitated a frontopatrietal brain abscess by hematogenous spread has been presented. A thorough examination of the patient showed no other source of infection. Peptostreptococcus sp was found as the common pathogen despite 6 days of broad spectrum antibiotic therapy. This case emphasizes the important role of dentistry in medical diagnosis and treatment implemented in the hospital setting. PMID- 3183247 TI - Long-term status of TMJ clicking in patients with myofascial pain and dysfunction. AB - This study evaluated the long-term changes in TMJ clicking and general TM disorder symptoms in 190 subjects originally treated by conservative, nonsurgical modalities that were not specifically directed to the problems of TMJ noise or disk derangement. The findings are detailed and support the concept that if the symptoms of pain and dysfunction in patients with clicking can be treated successfully by conservative, nonsurgical modalities, it is generally not necessary to correct the internal derangement with surgery. PMID- 3183248 TI - Clinical technique for the removal of root canal obstructions. AB - A technique was described that allows root canal obstructions to be exposed, secured, and removed. This technique suggests limited and careful use of a cyanoacrylate adhesive to bond a sized, hollow tube to the exposed tip of an obstruction. This method has been used clinically and has been found efficient and effective. It allows root canal obstructions to be removed without further breakage, while avoiding unnecessary mutilation of tooth structure. PMID- 3183249 TI - Ethics and esthetics. PMID- 3183250 TI - National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: dental implants. PMID- 3183251 TI - Council on Dental Therapeutics accepts Listerine. PMID- 3183252 TI - Council on Dental Therapeutics accepts Peridex. PMID- 3183253 TI - Anterior composite resins and veneers: treatment planning, preparation, and finishing. AB - Today's esthetic dental restorations are limited only by the practitioner's artistic ability and imagination. Less invasive procedures such as bleaching, bonding, and veneer placement are useful adjuncts and economic alternatives to more extensive procedures such as crown placement, orthodontic treatment, and orthognathic surgery. In addition to a discussion of the considerations when planning esthetic restorative treatment, technique and material selection, tooth preparation, material placement, and finishing are presented. PMID- 3183254 TI - Orthognathic surgery: a significant contribution to facial and dental esthetics. AB - Esthetic dentistry was once a specialty of the family dentist and the orthodontist. Today it is a field for the prosthodontist, periodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, and others. When jawbones are malpositioned, unesthetic facial contours can result, and dental compensations occur that can be additionally unattractive. Orthodontic attempts to correct malocclusion or other disharmonies of the dentition in affected individuals without surgical intervention can cause tooth instability and result in less than satisfactory cosmetic results. The treatment of orthognathic surgeons is especially well suited for full-face esthetic appearance--the picture the patient views each day in the mirror. PMID- 3183255 TI - Professional ethics and esthetic dentistry. AB - Esthetic dentistry has assumed an integral position in the provision of oral health care for society. Esthetics is a branch of philosophy dealing with beauty. Beauty is both enjoyable (subjective and cosmetic), and admirable (objective and definable). Ethics is a branch of philosophy dealing with morality. Morality relates humans to one another in a responsible way using rationality. Dentists assume unique moral duties in presenting themselves to society as being uniquely qualified to care for their oral health. Three principles of ethics relate directly to professional duties in esthetic dentistry: beneficence, autonomy, and justice. These principles have moral force in committing dentists to gain informed consent and to execute therapy in keeping with professional standards of care. Practical application of issues deriving from esthetics and ethics suggests that dentists must be sensitive to esthetics in their diagnosis and treatment planning and that a structured, formal consultation with a patient must be conducted to educate the patient regarding the goals of treatment, alternative therapies, prognosis, and costs. Only through such an effort can dentists gain informed consent. The goal of esthetic dentistry is the achievement of admirable (objective) and enjoyable (subjective) beauty, which is possible only through patient participation in decision making and excellence in technical performance. PMID- 3183256 TI - Delayed hypersensitivity on a surgical service. AB - Two hundred patients assessed for nutritional deficiencies were analyzed for reaction to skin testing with common antigens and the incidence of sepsis and death. Only 39% of all skin tests were positive, though 50% of the patients had at least one positive test. Associated diagnoses revealed a high incidence of malnutrition, cancer, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Analysis using Chi square and Gamma shows good statistical correlation between skin tests and sepsis and death. Those with negative tests (anergic) using PPD, Candida, and mumps had a threefold higher mortality. Major sepsis also increased in the skin negative group (+80%), but here the incidence varied directly with the number of positive skin tests. Mortality, unlike sepsis, was influenced only by the presence of delayed hypersensitivity and was not related to the number of positive reactions. The basic rate of infection or mortality was not influenced by major surgery. PMID- 3183257 TI - Symposium on Advances in Clinical Nutrition. The American College of Nutrition's 29th annual meeting. September 14-16, 1988, New Orleans, Louisiana. Abstracts. PMID- 3183258 TI - New opportunities to expand the role of the dietitian: can we meet the challenge? PMID- 3183259 TI - ADA's commitment to cholesterol reduction. PMID- 3183260 TI - The National Cholesterol Education Program: implications for dietetic practitioners from the Adult Treatment Panel recommendations. AB - The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) was initiated to contribute to the prevention of illness and death from coronary heart disease by reducing the prevalence of high blood cholesterol. The report of an expert panel of this program provides guidelines for the treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults 20 years of age and over. Dietary therapy is the primary treatment. The goal of the recommended dietary therapy is to lower the LDL-cholesterol concentration, although measurement of total blood cholesterol can be used to monitor the response to diet. Dietary modification involves a progressive decrease in intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. The Step-One Diet calls for an intake of total fat less than 30% of calories, saturated fatty acids less than 10% of calories, and cholesterol less than 300 mg/day. If the desired decrease in LDL cholesterol is not achieved with that dietary change, then the Step-Two Diet is begun. It requires a reduction in saturated fatty acids to less than 7% of calories and cholesterol to less than 200 mg/day. This article provides background information on the organization and objectives of the NCEP and focuses on the recommendations of the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP), e.g., classification of risk for developing coronary heart disease based on total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and recommendations for treatment of patients with high blood cholesterol. The emphasis of the discussion is on dietary treatment. The implications of the recommendations for the dietetic practitioner are discussed. These include an expanded leadership role to meet the education needs of health professionals and patients. PMID- 3183261 TI - Nutrition promotion in a university foodservice: reduced fat, sodium, and energy content of menus. AB - Fitness- and weight-conscious students might be more interested in participating in feeding plans in colleges and universities if menus providing lower levels of energy, fat, and sodium, as well as nutrition information about the menus, were available. This study was done to determine the feasibility of developing a program that incorporated modified menus and nutrition information and that was based upon selections from existing menus. The modified menus planned for each day of the 5-week cycle provided approximately 1,200 kcal, 30% energy from fat, 250 mg cholesterol, and 3 gm sodium, as compared with 2,600 kcal, 35% energy from fat, 400 mg cholesterol, and 6 gm sodium in the original foodservice menus. Student response to the programs was assessed. Of the 97 students who responded, 35% reported regularly referring to information on the menus and displays, and 18% stated that they had followed the menus. Of the latter group, five (30%) attributed a weight loss to use of the program. Women were much more likely to use the program than were men. The prevalence of women who wanted to lose weight did not differ between those who were greater than 10% above desirable weight and those who were not. Three-fourths of the students wanted the program to continue. A nutrition program such as the one described might encourage students to eat in university foodservices. PMID- 3183262 TI - Early childhood diet: recommendations of pediatric health care providers. AB - With the abundance of literature on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention during childhood, recommendations for restricted dietary sodium and fat intakes during infancy and childhood are both advocated for preventive health care and criticized because the safety is undetermined. Dietitians, nurse practitioners, and pediatricians were surveyed to determine what dietary recommendations they give to parents and what source of information most influenced their decisions. A fourth group, pediatricians with particular expertise in nutrition, were surveyed as well. The overall response rate was 76%, with a total usable sample of 252. In all professional groups, 54% had no preference for any one commercially prepared formula. More importance was given to sodium content than to fat composition of formulas. On the choice of whole, low-fat, or non-fat milk for both 1- and 6-year old children, professional groups differed significantly. Dietitians and the subgroup of pediatricians with nutrition expertise were more likely to recommend milk with higher fat content than other professional groups. Recommendations for both sodium- and fat-modified diets for children depended on CVD risk, and opinions varied between groups. Pediatricians and nurse practitioners were more likely to recommend dietary modifications for children with higher CVD risk. The variation in dietary recommendations within and between professional groups strongly indicates the need for research on the safety and efficacy of dietary restrictions in childhood. PMID- 3183263 TI - Factors that influence learner readiness. AB - Dietitians and nutrition educators can better decide what and how to teach if they first determine what the client or student is ready to learn. This article describes four major factors that influence learner readiness in short one-to-one interactions. The factors include information processing capacity, affective state, prior learning and experience, and the learner's "way of knowing" or philosophy of learning. Important aspects of the factors can be revealed quickly with 2 to 3 minutes of respectful, interested questioning to determine whether the learner is in a negative mood or oppressed affective state and to determine his or her experiential or knowledge background and approach or reaction to learning new material. The most common mistake educators make is "information overload." The human capacity to process information is limited. Instruction should be made to fit the learner's capacity (i.e., a maximum of seven +/- two concepts should be addressed in a 15-minute period). When nutritionists adjust their teaching style to better fit individual variations, they will maximize their impact as educators. PMID- 3183264 TI - Integration of the nutrition care review in a coordinated undergraduate program. AB - The nutrition care review is viewed by today's dietitian as a vital tool in assuring quality care and effective utilization of health care facilities and resources. This project sought to include the principles and process of a nutrition care review in the curriculum of a coordinated undergraduate dietetics program. Didactic instruction included discussion of the components and steps in the process, with emphasis on peer review. Building on this knowledge, students developed general standards and criteria for assigned review topics. As accepted by the entire class, the criteria represented measurable characteristics used for peer evaluations of case study presentations made by each student. All students agreed that involvement in the process assisted them in recognizing problems in nutrition care delivery and in developing corrective and/or more efficient alternatives. PMID- 3183265 TI - Does the sodium level in drinking water affect blood pressure levels? AB - Sodium consumed in excess may make a significant contribution to the causes of many diseases, especially for those who suffer from hypertension. More than 90% of hypertension is essential hypertension. Drinking water may contribute 10% to one's total sodium intake; for patients on sodium restricted regimens, drinking water may account for 64% of total intake. At present, insufficient evidence is available to conclude whether sodium in drinking water causes elevation of blood pressure. It is possible that reducing sodium intake early in life may minimize the risk of hypertension in the later years. Dietitians play a key role in the control of hypertension. Many communities in the U.S. exceed the recommended 20 mg/L or less sodium in drinking water; this may present a hazard to some members of our population. PMID- 3183266 TI - Adapting a community group weight reduction program to a work-site setting. PMID- 3183267 TI - A dynamic family approach for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. AB - Social and behavioral learning methods, combined with nutrition counseling and innovative education modules, provide a well-rounded approach to eating behavior intervention. Dietitians can apply this multifaceted approach in various settings to maximize eating behavior change. PMID- 3183268 TI - Optometric comanagement centers: are they working? PMID- 3183269 TI - Optometry in transition: are its values in transition? PMID- 3183270 TI - Blepharochalasis and dermatochalasis. PMID- 3183271 TI - Hydrogen peroxide systems. PMID- 3183272 TI - Vision therapy in optometric practice. PMID- 3183273 TI - Optometric utilization and level of satisfaction with a comanagement center. AB - Optometrists in many communities are responding to increased competitive pressures by reevaluating their delivery methods in order to successfully preserve and expand their patient base. One response has been the establishment of comanagement centers that provide secondary and tertiary ophthalmic services, continuing education, and other support services. This study examined the level of satisfaction of optometrists with a community comanagement center, the level of participation by practitioners, and the reasons why practitioners do or do not participate. It was found that the center was serving as an important support structure for the practitioners who use it; the practitioners were very satisfied with the services provided; and the center was an alternative to the traditional optometric/ophthalmologic referral system. PMID- 3183274 TI - Iris microhemangiomas. AB - Iris microhemangiomas (IM) are benign proliferations of small, twisted blood vessels along the pupillary margin. They are usually bilateral and appear to be developmental in nature. IMs most commonly occur in patients with myotonic dystrophy and adult-onset diabetes mellitus, but have also been associated with respiratory disease, congential heart disease, and central retinal vein occlusion. Additionally, they may be found in individuals without obvious ocular or systemic abnormality. The etiology remains obscure. In this report, illustrative cases are followed by a brief discussion outlining typical clinical manifestations, etiological considerations, and possible implications. PMID- 3183275 TI - Corning CPF filters for the preoperative cataract patient. AB - Visual acuity and subjective responses of 19 cataract patients were recorded to study the effect of the Corning CPF 511 and 527 filters in a simulated glare environment and outdoors in the "real world." The CPF filters did not produce a statistically significant improvement in visual acuity in the contraglare environment but subjectively, 68% of the participants felt that the CPF filters improved their vision and were interested in wearing the filters. This study suggests that the Corning CPF filters may provide visual enhancement for the cataract patient by improving subjective contrast and comfort, and reducing glare. PMID- 3183276 TI - Atypical foveomacular vitelliform degeneration, adult type. AB - Foveomacular vitelliform degeneration, adult type (FVDAT) is a disciform, macular degeneration that is usually encountered in the fifth to seventh decade of life. It appears ophthalmoscopically similar to the vitelliform or "egg-yolk" stage of Best's disease (vitelliform degeneration), but shows no inheritance pattern. Electrooculographic (EOG) testing reveals a normal or only slightly reduced Arden ratio (light peak/dark trough). The prognosis is optimistic, as most patients retain reading vision throughout life. This case report describes an atypical case in which the signs and symptoms of FVDAT are not exactly those regularly seen. However, it does closely resemble the disease sufficiently to warrant this diagnosis. PMID- 3183277 TI - 1987 survey of military optometrists: activities, roles and attitudes. AB - A worldwide survey of active duty military optometrists (Air Force, Army and Navy) was conducted in the spring of 1987. The survey response rate was 79%. Statistically significant differences (alpha = 0.01) in their roles, activities and attitudes are presented and discussed. Significant interservice differences were found in: types of duties, profession/status of immediate supervisors, work assignments, frequency and types of patient encounters, awareness of therapeutic drug policies, access to specific clinical instruments, and frequency of routine clinical tests. Attitude and opinion tabulations suggest an overall satisfaction with professional experiences and interprofessional working relationships. However, there was a common perception that optometrists did not receive appropriate promotional consideration or career opportunities within this multidisciplinary setting. Implications of survey results for non-military multidisciplinary health care institutions are also discussed. PMID- 3183278 TI - Employment of optometrists by ophthalmologists. PMID- 3183279 TI - The Vision Care Section of the American Public Health Association. PMID- 3183280 TI - Binocular vision therapy. PMID- 3183281 TI - Visual skills of athletes versus nonathletes: development of a sports vision testing battery. AB - The field of sports vision has a fundamental premise that athletes require superior visual abilities to succeed in their sporting activity. This study takes a scientific look at what appear to be sports-related visual abilities using a clinical battery of vision tests to compare the visual performances of athletes to nonathletes. Significantly better visual performances were found to exist in the athletic population for certain visual skills: vergence facility, saccades, visual reaction time, peripheral awareness and near point of convergence. The tests for accommodative facility, visual proaction time, span of recognition distance phoria and distance stereopsis did not yield a statistically significant difference between the groups. These results provide a foundation for the development of a research-based sports vision testing battery. PMID- 3183282 TI - Conjunctival hemorrhagic lymphangiectasis. AB - Conjunctival hemorrhagic lymphangiectasis is a benign condition resulting from an abnormal communication between conjunctival lymphatics and conjunctival blood vessels. In this paper, two cases of conjunctival hemorrhagic lymphangiectasis are presented and the possible mechanisms giving rise to this entity are discussed. To aid in clinical differential diagnosis, a short discussion of conjunctival lymphangioma is also presented. PMID- 3183283 TI - Refractive error and preferential looking visual acuity in infants 12-24 months of age: year 2 of a longitudinal study. AB - This paper presents data from year 2 of a study assessing changes in visual acuity and refractive error in normal, healthy infants between birth and 24 months of age. Visual acuity and refractive error measurements were taken at 2 month intervals on 18 infants, 12-24 months of age. The acuity card preferential looking procedure and Mohindra's near retinoscopy were used for acuity and refractive error measurement. Response to the Stereo Fly was also observed. Mean acuity improved from 6.4 cycles per degree (cpd) (20/93) at 12 months to 20.5 cpd (20/29) at 24 months (SD = 0.5 octave). Refractive error remained in low hyperopia (X = 0.4D, SD = 0.5D). Amount and frequency of astigmatism showed little change. Response to the Stereo Fly improved from 0% at 12 months to 87% at 24 months. The acuity card procedure was easily accomplished, but more difficult with these children at 12-24 months of age than when previously tested between 0 12 months of age. PMID- 3183285 TI - Cell sloughing with proparacaine. AB - The corneal epithelium sloughs cells directly into the pre-corneal tears. By irrigating tears from the surface of the cornea under different circumstances it is possible to compare the rates at which cells are sloughed. In this experiment the rate of appearance of cells following one drop of topical anesthetic was compared with the same eye without the drop. Initially the anesthetized cornea sloughed less, but later more cells were sloughed. This effect lasted for at least 6 hours, and showed that the return of normal sensation is only the initial part of a recovery process which takes much longer. PMID- 3183284 TI - Symptoms in video display terminal operators and the presence of small refractive errors. AB - Although the effects of using video display terminals (VDTs) have been examined from a number of perspectives, there has been relatively little study of the effect of small uncorrected refractive errors in the production of visual discomfort. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of six commonly assessed symptoms in a sample of 32 VDT operators via a questionnaire and to determine whether these were related to their habitual small refractive errors. The subjects reported substantial prevalence (55-81%) of each of the symptoms except double vision (16%). After a complete vision examination, the VDT operators were classified as relative myopes, hyperopes, astigmats or emmetropes. The criterion was a minimum of 0.50 D in the most ameotropic eye. Using this criterion, analysis showed that small refractive errors were significantly related to the reported level of symptoms of VDT operators. These results suggest the utility of proper refractive correction for the comfortable use of a VDT and the value of further research into this putative causal relationship. PMID- 3183287 TI - Contact lens prescriptions: a clinicolegal view. AB - The release of contact lens prescriptions is regulated by a variety of laws, and optometrists need to be familiar with these requirements to determine when prescriptions must be provided to patients or third parties. We recommend that contact lens prescriptions include the refractive data, lens parameters, lens manufacturer, expiration date, number of permissible refills, the notation "for daily wear only" if the lenses are not intended for extended wear, and other appropriate information intended to ensure that the patient will obtain the lenses prescribed if the prescription is presented to a dispenser. PMID- 3183286 TI - Diagnosis and management of angioid streaks. AB - Angioid streaks are asymptomatic breaks in Bruch's membrane developing later in life. Secondary macular degeneration and other fundus abnormalities often accompany their development. Angioid streaks are frequently associated with systemic diseases such as pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease of bone, and the sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. The clinical manifestations of angioid streaks, related fundus changes, and these three systemic disorders are discussed as well as principles of treatment and management. Two case reports are presented which illustrate some of the important characteristics of angioid streaks. PMID- 3183289 TI - A subchronic inhalation study with unleaded petrol in rats. AB - The effect of intermittent 2 months' exposure to 2 g/m3 unleaded petrol on the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid-adrenal system was evaluated by measuring hypothalamic noradrenaline (NA), serum corticosterone (CS), thyroxine (T4) and adrenal catecholamine (CA) levels in male rats. Serum CS and adrenal CA were increased and hypothalamic NA was decreased by exposure. No changes were observed in serum T4. Exposure induced an increase in spleen, kidney, liver and lung weights; weights of adrenals and hypothalamus were not changed. All the petrol induced effects depended on the length of exposure. Rats exposed to petrol gained less weight than controls. The results suggest a non-specific stress response in the rat. PMID- 3183288 TI - The evaluation of HBDH and LDH isoenzymes in cardiac cell necrosis of the rat. AB - The total LDH, HBDH and LDH isoenzyme activities were assessed in a number of rat tissues. HBDH did not correlate with LD1 and LD2 isoenzyme activity in tissues with high HBDH activity. HBDH therefore cannot be used as a marker for cardiac necrosis in the rat. In rats treated with isoprenaline and SK&F 94120 at doses producing myocardial necrosis, only the LD1 isoenzymes showed any significant change but only within the first 24 h of treatment. No statistically significant differences were seen in the plasma AST, CK, CK-MB and total LDH activities. PMID- 3183290 TI - In vitro mutagenicity of water contaminants in complex mixtures. AB - Trihalomethanes, Carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene were tested in single, binary and multi-complex mixtures using standard tester strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella typhimurium with and without addition of an in vitro metabolizing fraction S-9. Chloroform (CHCl3) was found to be mutagenic in all strains without S-9 activation. However, when tested with Bromoform (15%), which was nonmutagenic singly, the combined effect of the mixture was nonmutagenic. CCl4 was a direct mutagen (without S-9) in all strains except TA 1535. When combined with 85% CHCl3, only strains TA1535 and TA1537 were mutagenic. When tested with mammalian activation (S-9), CCl4 was mutagenic in all strains. However, when tested with CHCl3 (CHCl3 and CCl4-85:15), the mutagenic capability was lost. With or without S-9 Activation multi-complex mixture of CHCl3, CCl4 and TCE (85:8:7) was mutagenic for a narrow range of doses in all strains. PMID- 3183292 TI - Do cage effects influence tumor incidence? An examination of laboratory animal carcinogenicity studies utilizing Fischer 344 rats. AB - Approximately 125 carcinogenicity studies in Fischer 344 rats conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) were examined to determine the frequency with which cage effects were associated with observed carcinogenic responses. All studies involving groups of 50 rats housed five per cage and showing evidence of chemically-related carcinogenicity were considered. For each of these experiments, two statistical analyses were carried out for each dosed and control group: (i) a test to determine whether or not the occurrence of tumors clustered within cages; and (ii) an evaluation to determine whether or not tumor incidences differed significantly between differing cage shelf levels. These analyses showed that the numbers of statistically significant (P less than 0.05 or P less than 0.01) effects were consistent with the number expected by chance alone. Thus, cage-related factors appeared to have little or no impact upon tumor incidence in these particular studies. Experimental design protocols now used by the NTP (which include random assignment of animals to cages; random assignment of columns of cages to dosed and control groups; and periodic rotation of cage location) further reduce the likelihood that factors associated with the housing of the animals could influence tumor incidence in current studies. PMID- 3183291 TI - Experimental design for the C3H/10T1/2 CL8 cell transformation assay. AB - The C3H/10T1/2 CL8(10T1/2) cell transformation assay has been used as an important in vitro tool for screening potential carcinogens. In this paper we describe an experimental design that increases the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. One half of the total dishes was allocated to the solvent control and the other half was equally subdivided into four treatment dose groups of low to high cytotoxic effects. The transformation frequency was calculated on the basis of the number of dishes with Type III foci. Each treatment group, as well as the pooled treatment groups, was compared to the solvent control using Fisher's exact test. The sensitivity of our design, as evaluated by power analyses, greatly exceeded that of a standard test design in which about 20 dishes are allocated to each of the control and treatment groups. Furthermore, our use of an expanded number of control and treatment dishes reduces the chance for both false positive and false negative responses. Our experimental design is illustrated with data from experiments in which the transforming potential of two drugs, dimenhydrinate and SC-32006, was examined. PMID- 3183294 TI - Immunotoxicology, AIDS and toxic chemicals. PMID- 3183293 TI - Three-generation reproduction study with caprolactam in rats. AB - In a three-generation reproduction study, rats were given caprolactam in the diet of 0, 1000, 5000 and 10,000 ppm. No treatment-related effects were observed in the parental animals with respect to mortality, clinical signs, reproductive performance or gross pathology findings. Consistently lower body weights were noted in the P2 and P3 mid- and high-dose males and females. Consistently lower mean food consumption values were noted in the P2 and P3 mid- and high-dose males and the high-dose females. These differences were generally significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) in the high-dose group of both sexes. Compound-related histopathologic findings noted in the high-dose P1 males consisted of a slight increase in the severity of spontaneous nephropathies, occasionally accompanied by granular casts. The offspring data revealed no treatment-related effect with respect to gross appearance, gross pathology, survival, number of pups, percentage of male pups or kidney weight. Analysis of the offspring body weights on Days 1, 7 and 21 of lactation revealed consistently and generally significant lower mean values in the high-dose male and female animals of all filial generations. The mean body weights of both sexes in the mid-dose group were generally lower than those of the controls. The effects on mean body weight, mean food consumption and the group increases in the severity of nephropathy, accompanied by the presence of granular casts in some animals, are considered to be related to the administration of caprolactam. PMID- 3183295 TI - Off-air recording are you breaking the law? PMID- 3183296 TI - The challenge of medical illustration today. PMID- 3183297 TI - Aspects of confidentiality, copyright, and accreditation. PMID- 3183299 TI - Correlation between endometrial biopsy and luteal phase plasma progesterone in women complaining for couple infertility. AB - One hundred forty-three women complaining for couple infertility (more than 2 yr), were investigated for luteal phase deficiency (i.e. insufficient endometrial luteinization) by endometrial biopsy and serial determinations (in days -10, -7 and -4 respect the onset of the next menses) of plasma progesterone during luteal phase. One hundred-three women had the first endometrial biopsy in phase (IP), 36 had the biopsy "out of phase" (OOP). Among them 13 did not repeat endometrial biopsy, 12 had the second biopsy out of phase (and then classified as Luteal Phase Deficiency) and 11 had the second biopsy "in phase". Only the women affected by luteal phase deficiency had the plasma progesterone (mean of 3 samples) significantly lower than that of infertile women with normal endometrial luteinization. However the majority of the individual progesterone values of these two groups overlapped. The endometrial biopsy seems to be the most practicable method for investigating luteal phase deficiency in women complaining for couple infertility. PMID- 3183298 TI - Furosemide, fenclofenac, diclofenac, mefenamic acid and meclofenamic acid inhibit specific T3 binding in isolated rat hepatic nuclei. AB - Previous studies with phenytoin (DPH) show that this inhibitor of thyroid hormone binding to plasma proteins also interacts with specific nuclear T3 binding sites. In order to further define the nuclear effects of drugs that inhibit plasma protein binding of thyroid hormones, we assessed furosemide and a number of non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs using isolated rat liver nuclei. The effects were compared with those of DPH, ipodate and amiodarone. The T3 binding site in isolated nuclei (Ka 1.2 X 10(9)M-1) showed relative affinity triac approximately equal to T3 greater than T4. Drugs were studied over the concentration range 10( 3)-10(-7)M, approximating the known therapeutic total plasma concentrations, in competition with 125I-T3 0.1 nM, expressing inhibition as the percent decrement from maximum specific binding of 125I-T3 in drug vehicle (assay buffer or thanol 1-10%). Specific T3 binding was inhibited by furosemide to 78.8 +/- 3.5% at 2 mM, by fenclofenac to 37.6 +/- 2.8% at 1 mM, by meclofenamic acid to 70.2 +/- 2.4% at 0.1 mM, by mefenamic acid to 60.6 +/- 4.6% at 0.05 mM (each p less than 0.02) and by diclofenac to 87.4 +/- 5.6% at 0.2 mM (p less than 0.05). In comparison, DPH inhibited T3 binding to only 88.1 +/- 0.6% at 0.3 mM, as did calcium ipodate (68 +/- 3.5% at 1 mM, p less than 0.02). Amiodarone (0.3 mM), sodium salicylate (1 mM) and phenylbutazone (0.1 mM) were inactive. In order to achieve a level of nuclear receptor occupancy that approaches in vivo occupancy, the concentration 125I-T3 was increased over the range 0.1-0.5 nM.2+t PMID- 3183300 TI - Long term thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. AB - Between 1973 and 1980, 93 patients with Graves' disease underwent subtotal thyroidectomy by the same surgeon (the size of thyroid remnant was 4 g per side). No case of operative mortality, no case of thyroid storm nor of surgical complications occurred. Three months after surgery 40% of patients were euthyroid, 25% had overt hypothyroidism, 35% had subclinical hypothyroidism. In the following yr important variations of thyroid function were observed. The number of patients with subclinical hypothyroidism decreased slowly (22% and 9% at 3 and 6 yr, respectively), and some became euthyroid, some hypothyroid, others relapsed. Seven patients had recurrent hyperthyroidism. In particular at 3 yr 45% of patients were euthyroid, 28% had overt hypothyroidism, 22% had subclinical hypothyroidism, 4% had recurrence; at 6 yr 56% were euthyroid, 32% had overt hypothyroidism, 9% had subclinical hypothyroidism, 3% had recurrence. Four out of the 8 patients operated under 20-yr-old became hypothyroid in comparison with only 2 out of the 15 patients over 50-yr-old. Relapses were present only in patients operated at less than 40-yr and only in females. No correlation was found between thyroid lymphocytic infiltration and thyroid function after surgery, nor between the presence of antithyroid antibodies and hypothyroidism. All cases who relapsed had high TMA titers both before and after operation. This study confirms the need for accurate follow-up after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. PMID- 3183301 TI - Mass screening for hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma in men. AB - To determine the incidence of hyperprolactinemia and prolactinoma without symptoms in men, the serum levels of prolactin were measured in 4803 men. Of these, 14 had hyperprolactinemia with prolactin level of over 50 ng/ml, and 3 had prolactin levels of more than 500 ng/ml. Of these 3 subjects, 2 were found to have pituitary prolactinoma by computed tomograph scanning and surgery, the other subject, who was highly suspected to have prolactinoma, refused further examinations. The serum prolactin levels of 51-100 ng/ml in 11 subjects may have been induced by drugs (sulpiride) or unknown factors. The present survey suggests that the incidence of prolactinoma in men in the general population might be estimated to be 1:1600, and that mass screening is useful for early diagnosis of asymptomatic prolactinoma. PMID- 3183303 TI - Serum hormones in diet-restricted gnotobiotic and conventional Lobund-Wistar rats. AB - In order to clarify the reasons for life extension due to the germ-free state and mild dietary restriction, serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, prolactin, and testosterone were determined in conventional and gnotobiotic (single microbe contaminations) Lobund-Wistar rats fed either ad libitum or restricted to 12 grams (70% of ad libitum) of diet per day from weaning. Thyroid hormone levels were slightly higher in gnotobiotic rats, declined between 7 and 30 months of age in all rats, and were not affected by dietary restriction. Prolactin showed a significant rise with age within the ad libitum rats only. Testosterone levels declined significantly with age in all rats, but were significantly higher in restricted rats at all ages. These results indicate that mild dietary restriction extends life span without reducing circulating levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, or testosterone in mature Lobund-Wistar rats, and prevents the age-associated rise in serum prolactin. Life extension in germ-free rats is not related to differences in endocrine function. PMID- 3183302 TI - Retinal laser photocoagulation in diabetic patients causes prolactin, growth hormone and cortisol release. AB - Stress of many kinds (psychological, physical, metabolic) is able to induce endocrine modifications in humans, such as growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), glucagon and cortisol release. Argon laser photocoagulation of the retina (RP), the treatment of choice for diabetic retinopathy, is a painful and stressful maneuvre and represents a direct injury onto a nervous tissue. Therefore it was decided to evaluate the possible endocrine modifications induced by RP in diabetic patients affected by retinopathy. In 19 insulin-dependent diabetic patients (12 men and 7 women), RP induced cortisol release in all cases, GH and PRL release in men, but not in women, and no modification of LH and glucagon plasma levels; in 12 similar patients receiving saline infusions without RP, no endocrine modifications were observed. It is concluded that RP elicits GH, PRL and cortisol release in diabetic patients. PMID- 3183304 TI - Calorie and nutrient intakes of elderly and young subjects measured under identical conditions. AB - The calorie and nutrient intakes of elderly and young healthy males and females were monitored for four days at the MIT Clinical Research Center. Subjects were free to select foods for meals and snacks from among a variety of high protein and high carbohydrate foods; when necessary, fat was added to make the foods isocaloric. The elderly subjects consumed significantly fewer calories, carbohydrates, and fat than the young subjects, both absolutely and when adjusted for differences in body weight (p less than .001). Mealtime protein intake when adjusted for body weight was similar among males of both age groups and significantly greater than the intakes of both young and elderly females (p less than .001). However, young males consumed more protein from snacks than young females or older adults and thus exhibited the highest daily protein intakes. The two age groups differed significantly in their pattern of food intake from meals and snacks. Elderly adults consumed almost 85% of their total calories from meals, whereas the younger adults consumed about 72% (p less than .001) from meals. Both groups snacked mainly on carbohydrate-rich foods. The elderly subjects consumed significantly fewer snacks than the young; their daily average consumption was 2.2 and that of the young, 4.5 (p less than .001). The persistence of different patterns of food intake between young and elderly individuals when measured under identical clinical conditions suggests that age per se, in addition to age-associated lifestyle changes, may affect eating behavior. PMID- 3183305 TI - In vivo probe of central cholinergic systems. AB - Age-related cognitive impairments and dementia of Alzheimer type have been linked to alterations in the cholinergic system. In the present study, evoked potentials and neuropsychological testing were obtained in healthy subjects during neuropharmacological manipulations including: scopolamine (anticholinergic), scopolamine plus physostigmine (anticholinesterase), scopolamine plus methylphenidate (adrenergic), and placebo. Scopolamine prolonged P3 latency and reduced spectral power of long latency evoked potentials without significantly altering earlier components. Physostigmine partially reversed these effects, but methylphenidate did not. Motor speed was slowed by scopolamine, but not by scopolamine plus methylphenidate. Cholinergic systems appear to be involved in generation or modulation of the P3 potential, possibly secondary to the cholinergic role in selective attention. Similar techniques may be useful as in vivo probes of central cholinergic function and thus as research and diagnostic aids in aging and disease. PMID- 3183306 TI - Age-related alterations in the circadian rhythms of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in healthy men. AB - The effect of advancing age on the chronobiology of testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in healthy men was investigated. Twenty young (average age 30.4 yrs) and 14 elderly (average age 70.4 yrs) men underwent 10 min blood sampling for 25 hrs to evaluate the circadian periodicity of LH, LH pulse frequency, and T. Using cosinor regression analysis, young men were found to have a significant (p less than .05) circadian variation in LH pulse frequency, with slowing of LH pulses during the night (maximum slowing at 2230 hr). There was also a tendency for LH pulse amplitude to increase at night (p = .06) in young men. However, no significant circadian pattern in LH pulse frequency or amplitude was detected in the elderly men. Mean LH by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and bioassay did not vary over the 24-hr period in either age group. Both young and elderly men had significant circadian rhythms in serum T, although the rhythm in elderly men was considerably blunted and was shifted in time compared to the young. These data provide evidence for age-related changes in the circadian rhythms of LH pulse frequency and T secretion and suggest that the LHRH pulse generator loses its circadian rhythmicity with normal aging in men. PMID- 3183307 TI - Effect of skinfold levels on lipids and blood pressure in younger and older adults. AB - As shown in 5507 white participants in a total population sample, the level of fatness is systematically related to lipid levels and to blood pressure levels in older adolescents, younger adults, and older adults of both sexes. At all three age levels, the fatter subjects were highest in serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and more often hypertensive. The effect of fatness level on the four risk factors was similar for all four skinfolds regardless of location. Fatness level is thus related to lipid levels and blood pressure levels in both younger and older subjects, and there is no evidence that "central" or "peripheral" or upper body and truncal skinfolds are more directly related to these risk factors even after the sixth decade. PMID- 3183309 TI - Is terminal drop pervasive or specific? AB - The terminal drop hypothesis states that death is preceded by a decrease in cognitive functioning over an approximately five-year period prior to death (Riegel & Riegel, 1972); there is some disagreement as to whether this decrease is pervasive or restricted to specific abilities. The present study assessed the relationship between distance from death and tests of vocabulary, numerical facility, and perceptual speed for 97 subjects who had died within seven years of testing. Only vocabulary scores for those who died at age 70 or less and within two years of testing were affected by terminal drop. An additional analysis comparing the performance of the deceased subjects with a still-living sample matched for age, gender, and education produced nonsignificant results but a trend consistent with the initial analyses. Thus the terminal drop phenomenon may be limited to abilities that typically are relatively unaffected by age, such as vocabulary or other verbal abilities. Furthermore, the effects may be restricted to a time period much closer to death than had been originally proposed. PMID- 3183308 TI - Aging, stress, and chronic disease interact to suppress plasma testosterone in Syrian hamsters. AB - The effects of old age, chronic disease, and stress on testicular function were examined in Syrian hamsters living on a 12-hr photoperiod. Plasma testosterone concentrations and testes weights were maintained in healthy hamsters 16-19 months of age, but chronic stress decreased plasma testosterone in these old hamsters and not in younger ones (8-11 months of age). Chronic disease in the form of congestive heart failure (CHF) in cardiomyopathic hamsters also decreased plasma testosterone and testes weights, although it is not clear what aspects of this disease affected testicular function. There was an interaction between disease and stress, in that chronic stress produced lower plasma testosterone and testes weights in hamsters with heart failure than in age-matched stressed, healthy hamsters. It appears that younger hamsters can maintain reproductive function during stress, but older ones may not be able to do so. Congestive heart failure in hamsters clearly impairs normal reproductive function by itself; it also makes them more susceptible to stress, so that combining stress and disease results in almost complete suppression of plasma testosterone levels. PMID- 3183310 TI - Age differences in encoding specificity. AB - In two experiments (one under full attention, the other under divided attention), old and young adults were presented with a cued recall task in an encoding specificity paradigm. Targets and associated cues were either pictures or matched words, and there was either a strong or weak semantic relationship between targets and cues. Additionally, cues presented at recall were either the same as or different from those presented at encoding, resulting in four encoding cue- retrieval cue combinations: (a) strong encoding cue and (same) strong retrieval cue; (b) weak encoding cue and (same) weak retrieval cue; (c) weak encoding cue and (different) strong retrieval cue; (d) strong encoding cue and (different) weak retrieval cue. For the most part, the results revealed strong encoding specificity effects for both age groups, as both old and young participants recalled more when the same cues were presented at encoding and retrieval than when different cues were presented. However, when elderly participants received verbal cues under divided attention conditions, evidence for general encoding rather than encoding specificity occurred. Results are discussed in terms of both the encoding specificity principle as well as a more process-oriented interpretation. PMID- 3183312 TI - Perceptual attention in aging and dementia measured by Gottschaldt's Hidden Figure Test. AB - Gottschaldt's Hidden Figure Test (GHFT) calls for figure-ground discrimination abilities. The aim of this study was to provide a perceptual attention test for the cognitive assessment of demented patients. In Experiment 1, GHFT normal baselines on 190 healthy controls are achieved, and age-education score correction as well as transformation of the original scores into "Equivalent Scores" is established. On the inferential percentile allocation of 45 mildly moderately deteriorated DAT patients, 65% of them performed in the critically low range of the score distribution. In Experiment 2, the discriminant power of GHFT between DAT patients and healthy controls matched by age and Experiment 2, the discriminant power of GHFT between DAT patients and healthy controls matched by age and education is assessed. Overall correct classification reached 90%. This experiment shows that GHFT in demented patients works chiefly as an attentional task. The discussion is based largely on methodological and statistical issues. PMID- 3183311 TI - Age differences in divided attention in a simulated driving task. AB - The ability of young, middle-aged, and old adults to divide attention was examined using a dual task experiment involving two continuous performance tasks. The first task was a compensatory tracking task modeled after the important everyday activity of car driving. The second task was a self-paced visual choice reaction time task requiring analysis of a small visual display presented in such a way that no eye movements were required when the two tasks had to be performed simultaneously. Single-task difficulty was individually adjusted for each subject. Performance-Operating-Characteristics were used to control for individual differences in attention allocation strategies. Even when individual differences in single task performance were adequately controlled for, elderly adults showed a significantly decreased ability to divide attention when compared with young and middle-aged adults. Young and middle-aged adults did not differ in the ability to divide attention. PMID- 3183313 TI - Psychometric assessment of the Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects (MOSES). AB - The factor structure of the MOSES proposed by Helmes et al. (1987) was tested using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis procedures. Results indicated that although the number of factors suggested was appropriate, the manifest variables proposed for each latent factor were not stable. A modified 5 factor model using 24 of the original 40 variables was proposed and tested. Confirmation of the modified model suggests factorial invariance across two independent samples. Internal consistency for the five scales measured by coefficient alphas ranged from 0.62 to 0.92. Difficulties in scoring MOSES items are discussed, and solutions offered for alleviating the problems. The 5-factor MOSES model is suggested as a useful research and clinical tool. PMID- 3183314 TI - Reconsideration of fear of personal aging and subjective well-being in later life. AB - In a study of older Alabamians, Klemmack and Roff (1984) identified fear of aging as both an important correlate of subjective well-being and an intervening process through which physical health influences well-being. The present study examined the possibility that fear of aging, as a reflection of personal worries (frequently designated as "negative affect"), is actually an indicator rather than a determinant of subjective well-being. According to this alternative explanation, fear of aging was essentially used to predict itself. A factor analysis of Klemmack and Roff's original data supported this alternative interpretation. As predicted, fear of aging items loaded as a factor with other indicators of "negative affect" and, thus, should have been designated as part of the dependent variable. Furthermore, and contrary to Klemmack and Roff's treatment of subjective well-being as unidimensional, the factor analysis indicated two additional dimensions of well-being--Happiness and Plans for the Future. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of subjecting items to factor analysis and related techniques when developing and validating constructs. PMID- 3183315 TI - Age, personality, and the spontaneous self-concept. AB - Kuhn and McPartland's (1954) Twenty Statements Test (TST) was examined as a measure of the spontaneous self-concept. In the first study, using 60 men and 60 women aged 32 to 84, responses were scored to indicate the salience of different aspects of self-concept content; global ratings of five personality dimensions and self-esteem were also made and compared to scores on the NEO Personality Inventory. Although age itself was infrequently mentioned, there were some age differences in the salience of different elements of the self-concept, and older individuals scored somewhat lower on TST-rated Neuroticism. In the second study, age identification and self-esteem were considered in the responses of 245 men and women. As in Study 1, self-esteem was related to low Neuroticism and high Extraversion, but was unrelated to age. Social structural variables like age are reflected in the content of the spontaneous self-concept, but personality traits appear to be more important in explaining self-esteem. PMID- 3183316 TI - Older driver involvement in fatal and severe traffic crashes. AB - The question of the risks older drivers face, and impose on others, was addressed by examining as a function of age and sex: (a) driver involvement in crashes in the same high severity range; (b) the threat drivers pose to pedestrians; and (c) the contribution of motor vehicle fatalities to overall mortality. National data files provide source information on traffic fatalities, population, number of licensed drivers, distance of travel, and mortality from all causes. Involvement rates in severe crashes are inferred from fatality data using recently published relations linking occupant survivability to age and sex. In no case among 14 measures examined did the value at the oldest age for which data were available (varied from source to source) exceed that for young drivers. Although some risks that drivers face may increase at older ages to levels above their minimum values, the increases are small compared to the substantial reductions in distances driven with increasing age; thus, reductions in mobility may be a more dominant correlate of aging than reductions in driving safety. PMID- 3183317 TI - Recent changes in mortality and labor force behavior among older Americans: consequences for nonworking life expectancy. AB - Increment-decrement working life tables for 1972 and 1980 are used to assess the relative impact of recent changes in mortality and labor force behavior on the number of years older men and women can expect to spend out of the labor force (nonworking life expectancy). The life tables are based on data from the Current Population Surveys and pertain to the population aged 55 and older for the two observation points. The results indicate that nonworking life expectancy increased dramatically between 1972 and 1980 for both men and women. Although labor force behavior changed markedly for both population groups during the observation period, the results clearly identify that changes in mortality were responsible for the increases in nonworking life expectancy. Implications of the findings for social policy are briefly discussed. PMID- 3183318 TI - Age and response rates to interview sample surveys. AB - The relationship between response rate--a basic indicator of the quality of survey data--and age is investigated. Standard definitions of general and age specific response rates are presented first. In a systematic assessment of response rates by age, data from several large interview sample surveys and panel resurveys are then examined. Response rates are found to decline linearly with increasing age in both types of surveys, although the decline is not always statistically significant. Potential causes and consequences of low response rates among elderly persons are discussed. PMID- 3183319 TI - Emotional problems and widowhood. AB - In 1979, 1,144 married women between the ages of 65 and 75 were interviewed about their health and social support networks. During the next two-and-a-half years, 150 of them were widowed; 128 were interviewed six months after bereavement. Among the 115 women who had denied needing help for an emotional problem at the initial interview, 25 admitted the need for such help after the deaths of their husbands. Predictive factors for needing emotional counseling six months after bereavement were recent disability, having few friends, and not feeling close to one's children. PMID- 3183320 TI - Sexual practice by elders: the forgotten aspect of functional health. PMID- 3183321 TI - Audiological assessment program. PMID- 3183323 TI - Medication regimens and the elderly home care client. PMID- 3183322 TI - The homeless elderly in America. PMID- 3183324 TI - Outdoor walking lowers fatigue. PMID- 3183325 TI - Miniscopes--a technology in search of an application. AB - Despite the progressive decrease in caliber of conventional endoscopes over the past several years, gastrointestinal endoscopists remain frustrated by normally small or abnormally stenosed areas of the gut. The technology is now available to manufacture both single fiber visual probes and conventional fiber bundles, miniaturizing these systems into endoscopes ranging from 1 to 15 French in diameter. Such instruments have the capacity to be passed directly or through the biopsy channel of a conventional instrument, thereby allowing improved diagnostic capability. The potential to apply therapy through miniscopes is limited in instruments without tip deflection, suction, and automatic air and water insufflation; all features that increase both production expense and instrument size. PMID- 3183326 TI - Medical decompression of toxic megacolon by "rolling". A new technique of decompression with favorable long-term follow-up. AB - We treated 19 consecutive patients with toxic megacolon complicating inflammatory bowel disease with the usual intensive medical regimen, but also added a new technique, namely, the frequent rolling of the patient to the prone position in order to redistribute colonic gas and thereby promote decompression. In all 19 patients (100%) the colon was decompressed within 1-13 days (mean 4.9 days). Two patients (10.5%) died. In long-term follow-up (mean 6.5 years), only 4 of the 17 survivors (21%) ultimately required colectomy; the remaining 13 (68%) were either completely well or only minimally symptomatic and did not require steroids. Most reports on the management of toxic megacolon stress the need for early surgical intervention, but our success in decompression with the addition of the "rolling technique" suggests an improvement in the nonoperative management of toxic megacolon. PMID- 3183327 TI - Rapid growth of a pseudosarcoma of the esophagus. AB - The growth of a pseudosarcoma of the esophagus was observed chronologically by serial esophagography. Esophagograms taken 12 and 6 months prior to diagnosis showed no abnormalities. At diagnosis, the tumor in the lower esophagus had a polypoid and nodular surface with a stalk, and it was approximately 3 cm in diameter. Four months later, the tumor had increased in size to 4 cm in diameter. The tumor was 5 cm in length and incarcerated into the stomach with an elongated stalk at operation. The growth curve was linear on semilogarithmic paper; its doubling time was calculated as 2.2 months. The surgical specimen showed squamous cell carcinoma and spindle cell sarcoma-like elements that comprised the greater part of the tumor. The sarcoma-like elements had metastasized to the abdominal lymph nodes. These findings confirm that this polypoid tumor grows rapidly. PMID- 3183329 TI - Huge splenic artery aneurysm after portocaval shunt. AB - A 64-year-old man with cirrhosis of the liver had a palpable, pulsatile palm-size mass over the upper abdomen. Splenic artery aneurysm was diagnosed by sonography, computed tomography scan, and celiac angiography. Operative findings showed a huge splenic artery aneurysm (20 X 30 X 20 cm) over the middle portion of the splenic artery. Such a huge splenic artery aneurysm may develop because changes in splenic circulatory dynamics after a portocaval shunt, resulting in compression of the splenic vein and congestive splenomegaly. PMID- 3183328 TI - Erythromycin-induced dynamic ileus? AB - A 39-year-old man and a 79-year-old woman developed dynamic ileus soon after erythromycin stearate was administered for a respiratory tract infection. Both had had prior uncomplicated abdominal operations: the man, vagotomy and pyloroplasty for bleeding duodenal ulcer, 3 years earlier; and the woman, an appendectomy some 44 years before. The temporal association with erythromycin therapy, resolution of signs and symptoms when the drug was stopped, an uneventful recovery, and the absence of other causes, suggest a possible role of erythromycin in the pathogenesis of dynamic ileus in these patients. Disturbed gastrointestinal motility patterns caused by erythromycin, in the presence of structural changes of the alimentary tract due to prior surgical procedures, may have contributed and we review these events. PMID- 3183331 TI - Barrett's esophagus after total gastrectomy. PMID- 3183330 TI - Cholangitis glandularis proliferans. A histologic variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis with distinctive clinical and pathological features. AB - This is the first report in the American literature of a recently described histologic variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Only six examples of this unique entity, called cholangitis glandularis proliferans (CGP), or proliferative cholangitis, have previously been reported. This disorder typically presents as painless jaundice but differs clinically from PSC by occurring predominantly in females and lacking an association with inflammatory bowel disease. The unique histological features are characterized by florid intramural proliferation of glandular elements in addition to an intense inflammatory component. Anatomically, the lesion is confined to the extrahepatic biliary tree, which enables its successful surgical extirpation since it does not appear to be progressive. PMID- 3183333 TI - The First Shimoda International Symposium on Gastroduodenal Mucosal Protection. Proceedings of a symposium. Shimoda, Shizouka, Japan, October 1-2, 1987. PMID- 3183332 TI - Alcohol-induced proctitis in a human. PMID- 3183334 TI - Cell kinetics and secretion of mucus in the gastrointestinal mucosa, and their diurnal rhythm. AB - The surface lining cells in the gastric and the intestinal mucosa, arising from the proliferative cell zone at the neck region of glands and in the crypts, respectively, are renewed in 3-5 days. There is a diurnal rhythm in the proliferation of the precursor cells; more surface lining cells arise in the daytime. This results in sloughing of more cells. In the gastrointestinal mucosa, there are two modes of mucus secretion. One is a slow secretion of jelly-like visible mucus, which is produced in the gastric surface epithelial cells and in the intestinal goblet cells. It is secreted when the cells reach the surface and become sloughed off into the lumen; the secretion time is equal to their life span, on the order of 3-5 days. The other mode is a rapid but persistent secretion of invisible mucus, which can be traced by autoradiography with 35SO4 and [3H]glucose; the mucus is secreted every 2-3 h. This is seen in gastric foveolar cells, in pyloric gland cells, in Brunner's gland cells, and in intestinal absorptive cells. More mucus is produced and secreted in the daytime. PMID- 3183335 TI - Gastric mucosal blood flow and mucosal protection. AB - Prostaglandins (PGs) and omeprazole, both applied intraluminally, have been shown to induce mucosal protion, independently of their inhibitory effects on acid secretion. To investigate the influence of these groups of agents on the gastric mucosal microcirculation, quantitative intravital microscopy of the rat gastric mucosal microcirculation was performed. Single vessel blood flow, calculated from red blood cell velocity and diameter measurements, increased when PGE1, PGE2, 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2, or omeprazole were applied intraluminally. These results suggest that the increase in blood flow may, at least in part, be the reason for the protective action of these substances. A considerably reduced blood flow, such as occurs during hemorrhagic shock, is known to induce gastric bleeding, and also to induce neutrophil adherence to the endothelial wall. Neutrophil antiserum was used to determine whether neutropenia offered protection against hemorrhagic shock-induced gastric bleeding in anesthetized rats. Depletion of neutrophils resulted in higher blood flow during the ischemic period and also attenuated reperfusion-induced gastric damage. Maintenance of blood flow at the same level in untreated rats resulted in a similar reduction of mucosal damage. Thus, the major mechanism by which neutrophils appeared to increase damage in this model of gastric mucosal injury was by increasing microvascular resistance, thereby presumably intensifying tissue hypoxia. This paper is a summary review of previous studies. PMID- 3183336 TI - Impairment of gastric microcirculation in stress. AB - Gastric mucosal blood flow and microvascular patterns were studied in normal and stressed rats. In addition, various regulating factors of gastric mucosal blood flow, such as autonomic nervous system and biogenic amines, were investigated by histochemical procedures. Gastric mucosal blood flow was determined by the hydrogen gas clearance method as well as the hydrogen gas electrolytic method, and the microvascular structure was observed by the infusion method with two colored silicon rubber. The gastric mucosal blood flow decreased significantly in the early period after induction of burn stress. The incidence of acute gastric mucosal lesions had a highly correlative relation with the decrease in mucosal blood flow. Reduction of mucosal blood flow was consequently due to opening of an arteriovenous shunt and hyperpermeability of true capillaries. This hemodynamic change, regulated by biogenic amines and autonomic nerves, was followed by ischemia and congestion of the gastric mucosa. The results of these studies demonstrated the importance of defensive factors; that reduction of mucosal blood flow resulted in the sequence of events that led to formation of acute gastric mucosal lesions. PMID- 3183337 TI - Microvascular basis of gastric mucosal protection. AB - The gastric microcirculation was investigated with the in vivo microscopic analyzing system and reflectance spectrophotometry. The topical administration of either ethanol (greater than or equal to 20%), indomethacin (0.1 mg/kg), leukotriene C4 (0.1 microgram), and platelet activating factor (PAF) (125 micrograms) decreased mucosal blood flow and mucosal blood oxygenation. The subsequent reperfusion of blood and/or addition of hydrocholoride (0.2 N) induced the gastric bleeding and ulceration. Pretreatment with calcium channel blockers (verapamil, flunaridine, and diltiazem) significantly reduced the gastric lesions induced by mucosal ischemia followed by reperfusion. Lipid peroxidation increased only after reperfusion, which was also blocked by pretreatment with calcium channel blockers. Thus, the calcium ion influx and the membrane lipid peroxidation followed by mucosal hypoxia might have a role in the mucosal cell death. The results indicate that the gastric surface mucosal circulation plays an important role in the mucosal protection against high concentrations of ethanol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), PAF, and leukotriene C4. PMID- 3183338 TI - Secretagogues stimulate prostaglandin synthesis and inhibit mucosal damage induced by a necrotizing agent in rat gastric mucosa. AB - The effects of three kinds of secretagogues on the concentration and biosynthetic activity of prostaglandin (PG) E2 in rat gastric mucosa were examined. We also studied whether these secretagogues can protect gastric mucosa against 0.6 N HCl induced mucosal damage. Histamine, carbamylcholine chloride (carbachol), or tetragastrin were given subcutaneously 30 or 60 min before the rats were killed. The PGE2 level in the fundic mucosa was measured. PGE2 synthesis in isolated gastric mucosa incubated with histamine, carbachol, or tetragastrin was also assayed. Gastric mucosal injury and protection was assessed according to Robert's method. The level of mucosal PGE2 was increased by histamine, carbachol, or tetragastrin in a dose-related way. The synthesis of PGE2 was increased by histamine, and this effect was inhibited by the addition of cimetidine. Carbachol slightly stimulated PGE2 synthesis, but tetragastrin had no such effect. Histamine (4-20 mg/kg) significantly prevented gastric damage induced by 0.6 N HCl judged macroscopically; this effect was overcome by cimetidine. Carbachol protected the rat gastric mucosa from damage induced by 0.6N HCl, and this effect was diminished by pirenzepine. Tetragastrin (4 micrograms/kg) significantly reduced gastric necrosis caused by 0.6 N HCl in a dose-related manner. We concluded that secretagogues such as histamine, carbachol, or tetragastrin through increasing endogenous PGE2 protect the gastric mucosa. PMID- 3183339 TI - Mucus glycoprotein and mucosal protection. AB - For assessing the participation of mucus glycoproteins in the cytoprotective process, mucus glycoprotein content in the rat gastric mucosa was measured after treatment with 70% ethanol with or without prostaglandin (PG) E derivatives or 20% ethanol pretreatment. Oral administration of two synthetic PGE derivatives did not cause any significant changes in mucus glycoprotein content. Seventy percent ethanol administration caused marked reduction in mucus glycoprotein content (about 50% of control) as well as severe gastric mucosal damage. Treatment with two PGE derivatives (10-100 micrograms/kg) prior to 70% ethanol administration markedly inhibited the gross mucosal lesion, whereas the glycoprotein content under these conditions was significantly less than that in the untreated control group (ranging from 67-88% of control). Pretreatment with 20% ethanol markedly inhibited the gross mucosal damage caused by 70% ethanol dosing but the inhibition in the reduction of mucus glycoprotein content was restricted to about 80% of the untreated controls. In summary, cytoprotection induced by PG was not accompanied by entire conservation of intramucosal mucus glycoprotein in the gastric mucosa. PMID- 3183340 TI - Protection of isolated rat gastric cells by prostaglandins from damage caused by ethanol. Preliminary report. AB - The direct effects of exogenous and endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) on damage to isolated gastric cells caused by ethanol were assessed in rats. 16,16-Dimethyl PGE2 (dmPGE2) significantly inhibited cellular damage caused by 15% ethanol in three fractions rich in surface epithelial cells, rich in parietal cells, and rich in chief cells at the concentration of 10(-6) M but it was less effective either at a lower concentration (10(-7) M) or a higher concentration (10(-5) M). The surface epithelial cells synthesized 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane (TX) B2 predominantly, and less PGE2. Indomethacin completely inhibited synthesis of these prostanoids. This agent induced cellular damage in a dose-related way and this damage was inhibited by 10(-6) M dmPGE2. Indomethacin alone at the dose of 10(-4) M, at which synthesis of prostanoids was completely inhibited, did not affect the viability of the cells, but made the cells susceptible to damage caused by 15% ethanol. This effect of a minimum dose of indomethacin was inhibited by 10(-6) M dmPGE2. These results suggest that dmPGE2 has a direct protective effect on the isolated gastric cells in rats, and this effect is not limited to a specific cell type. That endogenous prostanoids have a possible role in the maintenance of cellular integrity is also postulated. PMID- 3183342 TI - Gastric surface epithelial cell damage induced by restraint and water-immersion stress in rats. Protective effects of 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2. AB - The time course of gastric mucosal surface epithelial cell damage and macroscopically visible lesions in response to restraint and water-immersion stress (22 degrees C) in rats was examined, and the prophylactic effects on it of 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 (dmPGE2) were compared with those of papaverine, timoprazole, and atropine. The stress produced surface epithelial cell damage prior to visible lesion, the former increasing in severity with time and reaching a plateau 60 min later, by which time exfoliation of surface epithelial cells was observable along the mucosal folds. In contrast, macroscopically visible lesions appeared 2 h after stress, and severity continued to increase with time. Pretreatment injections (s.c.) of dmPGE2 (3 and 30 micrograms/kg), papaverine (100 mg/kg), and atropine (1 mg/kg) protected the surface cells against stress induced (1 h) damage, and inhibited visible lesion formation after 4 h stress. Timoprazole (30 mg/kg s.c.) did not protect the surface cells, but did markedly inhibit visible lesion formation. DmPGE2, papaverine, and atropine, but not timoprazole, inhibited stress-induced increases in gastric contractions. DmPGE2, timoprazole, and atropine, but not papaverine, inhibited acid secretion in stress conditions. These results indicated that stress induced damage to the gastric mucosa within 1 h due to increased gastric contractions, and the surface epithelial cell damage developed into macroscopically visible lesions in the presence of acid, and that dmPGE2 protected the surface epithelium against stress induced damage probably by inhibiting gastric contractions. PMID- 3183341 TI - Cellular aspects of alcohol-induced injury and prostaglandin protection of the human gastric mucosa. Focus on the mucosal microvessels. AB - In healthy volunteers, we studied the cellular target sites of alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury and prostaglandin-induced protection with special emphasis on the mucosal microvascular ultrastructure. Subjects received pretreatment with saline or 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 1 micrograms/kg b.w. and 15 min later 40 ml of 60% alcohol were sprayed on the gastric mucosa through an endoscope. Mucosal biopsies were obtained at 15 and 30 min after alcohol administration for assessment of injury by light and transmission electron microscopy. Alcohol administration to saline-pretreated subjects produced severe damage to gastric mucosal microvascular endothelium. Injury consisted of rupture of the microvessels with formation of intramucosal hemorrhages, platelet aggregation and fibrin deposition, and on occasion total necrosis of the microvessels. In contrast, in the prostaglandin-pretreated group, alcohol-induced damage to the mucosal microvessels and hemorrhages were greatly reduced at both 15 and 30 min after alcohol administration. In separate group of subjects, we investigated the effect of prostaglandin alone (without alcohol) on the gastric mucosal microvessel ultrastructure. We found that prostaglandin produced prominent ultrastructural changes in the capillaries, which may be the basis for its protective action. This study demonstrated that the human gastric mucosal microvasculature is an important target site of alcohol injury and prostaglandin protection. The direct effect of prostaglandin on endothelial ultrastructure may render it more resistant to alcohol injury. While protection of the endothelial cell lining of the mucosal microvasculature represents an example of a broader phenomenon of protective action of prostaglandin on various cells, the crucial strategic role of the microvasculature makes preservation (protection) of its integrity of special importance for the gastric mucosa. PMID- 3183343 TI - Effects of 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 on ammonia- and ethanol-induced mucosal lesions in the rat. AB - The effect of necrotizing agents, such as ammonia and ethanol, on the gastric mucosa was compared. Intragastric administration of ammonia (0.6-1.0%) and ethanol (60-100%) produced hemorrhagic necrosis of gastric mucosa in a concentration-dependent manner. In the anesthetized rat, the macroscopic lesions induced by ethanol were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with 3 or 10 micrograms/kg of 16,16-dmPGE2, but the lesions induced by ammonia were not inhibited by either 3 or 10 micrograms/kg of 16,16-dmPGE2 in the anesthetized rat. The decrease of gastric transmucosal potential difference and mucosal blood flow produced by ethanol (100%) were significantly attenuated by 16,16-dmPGE2; however, those produced by ammonia (1%) were not inhibited by 16,16-dmPGE2 in the anesthetized rat. In conscious rats, ammonia-induced lesions were not inhibited by pretreatment with 3 micrograms/kg of 16,16-dmPGE2 but they were significantly reduced by the pretreatment of 10 micrograms/kg of 16,16-dmPGE2. These results show that 16,16-dmPGE2 afforded little protection against ammonia-induced gastric lesions in the anesthetized rat and suggest that a different mechanism is involved in the development of gastric mucosal lesions between those induced by ethanol and those induced by ammonia. PMID- 3183344 TI - Effects of water-immersion restraint stress on rat gastric epithelial cell loss and migration. AB - The effect of water-immersion restraint stress on cell loss and migration was studied in rats. In order to label the proliferating cells, tritiated thymidine was injected 72 h prior to the stress. Histoautoradiography was prepared for the measurement of cell migration and residual mucosal DNA-bound radioactivity by means of liquid scintillation count for cell loss. Residual DNA-bound radioactivity was significantly decreased in fundic mucosa, but not in antral mucosa, after 60-90 min of water-immersion restraint stress. Cell migration was also found to be accelerated in fundic mucosa after 90 min of stress. These results indicate that water-immersion restraint stress results in an increase of cell loss, which is accompanied by compensated acceleration of cell migration, in fundic mucosa of rats before the development of gastric erosions. In view of the previous observation that stress for the same short-term duration inhibits fundic epithelial proliferation in rats, this combination, increased cell loss with depressed epithelial proliferation, may contribute to stress-related gastric mucosal lesions in rats. PMID- 3183345 TI - Ultrastructural aspects of prostaglandin cytoprotection in an alcohol injury model. AB - The effects of absolute ethanol (EtOH) and 16,16-dimethyl-prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on the ultrastructure of rat gastric mucosa were assessed using standard electron microscopic techniques. Fasted rats were injected subcutaneously with 10 micrograms/kg body weight of PGE2 or saline. After 30 min, animals received orally 100% EtOH or an equal volume of saline. Gastric mucosa was sampled at 5 min and 1, 2, 8, and 24 h post-EtOH and tissues procured for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Both mucosal epithelial and connective tissue compartments were assessed. At 5 min after EtOH, in saline-pretreated animals, tissues showed extensive destruction of epithelium and connective tissue; major breaks in the basal laminae were coincident with hemorrhage. Deep-lying epithelial cells and most of the basal lamina were spared in tissues exposed to PGE2 prior to EtOH, permitting nearly complete repair within 24 h. Restitution proceeded over small breaks or pleats of basal lamina but failed in regions of total destruction of this structure. These data indicate that PGE2 protects not only deep-lying epithelial cells from EtOH damage but associated connective tissue as well and that sparing of both compartments leads to orderly and rapid epithelial restitution. PMID- 3183346 TI - Selected abstracts from the meeting of the British Association for the Study of the Liver. London, U.K., 19 February, 1988. PMID- 3183347 TI - Selected abstracts from the XIIIth meeting of the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver (AEEH). Madrid, Spain, 2 and 3 June, 1988. PMID- 3183348 TI - Etiologic factors of jaundice in severely ill patients. A retrospective study in patients admitted to an intensive care unit with severe trauma or with septic intra-abdominal complications following surgery and without evidence of bile duct obstruction. AB - In order to understand the pathophysiology of jaundice in severely ill patients, we have examined several possible promoting factors in a retrospective study of 86 patients with multiple organ failure admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Patients with bile duct obstruction were excluded from this study. Cholestatic jaundice had developed in 19 of 54 patients after trauma and in 20 of 32 patients after septic intra-abdominal complications. No differences were found between the icteric and non-icteric groups of patients with regard to median age, sex distribution, duration of stay in the ICU, number of operations, utilization of gaseous and/or intravenously administered anaesthetics and lipid, and administration of potential hepatotoxic drugs. Twenty-six of 39 icteric patients had a normal renal function. However, a significantly higher number of blood transfusions was found in the icteric as compared to the non-icteric patients. The higher number of blood transfusions and the incidence of initial shock in the icteric trauma patients were probably related to the higher injury severity score. Furthermore, sepsis was found significantly more frequently in the icteric trauma patients, while the number of organ failures when the presence of jaundice was not accounted for was the same in both groups. Nevertheless, the severity of jaundice correlated well with the increasing number of failing organs and the increasing mortality. From these findings we can therefore conclude that jaundice occurring in patients with multiple organ failure is usually not due to the administration of potential hepatotoxic drugs. However, the number of blood transfusions may be an important associated factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183350 TI - Cultured Kupffer cells, isolated from human and rat liver biopsies, ingest endotoxin. AB - A technique is described for the isolation and culture of Kupffer cells (Kc) from needle and surgical liver biopsies of humans and rats. The isolation procedure is based on puncture perfusion of the specimen with collagenase and pronase, and subsequent gradient centrifugation. The ultrastructure of the cultured cells is comparable to that of Kc in situ or cell cultures prepared from intact liver. Further investigation revealed that endotoxin is ingested by cultured human and rat Kc, indicating an endotoxin-clearing function of human Kc in vivo. Endotoxin is not taken up by rat endothelial and fat-storing cells in vitro. Human sinusoidal endothelial cells could not be cultured. From the results obtained in this study, the isolation and culture technique described seems to be a promising method for the in vitro study of human or rodent Kc when total intact livers are not available. PMID- 3183349 TI - Serum markers of hepatitis B virus replication, liver histology and intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B core antigen. AB - The presence and distribution of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) was studied in the liver of 227 chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to investigate its relationship with serum HBV-DNA, the status of hepatitis B 'e' antigen/antibody (HBeAg/anti-HBe) and the underlying liver disease. HBcAg was detected in 144 of the 227 (63%) liver specimens and HBV-DNA in 132 (58%) of the corresponding sera. Serum HBV-DNA showed a constant link with intrahepatic HBcAg. Out of 96 HBeAg-positive patients, 91 (95%) had HBcAg in the liver and 85 (89%) had HBV-DNA in serum. Overall there was a significant link between HBeAg and HBV DNA in serum, but there was no correlation in 58 out of 227 (26%) cases. In HBeAg/HBV-DNA-positive carriers, HBcAg expression was predominantly nuclear. It was nuclear and cytoplasmic in patients with the highest levels of viremia. Eleven out of 13 (85%) HBV-DNA-positive patients who had only cytoplasmic HBcAg were HBcAg-negative and had low levels of HBV-DNA. Nine of 13 (69%) patients with exclusively cytoplasmic HBcAg had severe chronic liver disease. Neither the presence of HBV-DNA and HBeAg in serum nor the nuclear localization of HBcAg were associated with the severity of liver damage. In the group of HBV-DNA-positive patients (132), the presence of liver disease was significantly connected with the absence of HBeAg in serum (P less than 0.05; C.L. 3-35).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183351 TI - Effect of various bile salts on calcium concentration and calcium carbonate saturation of rat bile. AB - To establish whether the calcium-binding capacities of the bile salts play an essential role in their stimulatory effects on biliary calcium secretion, we compared (1) the effects of tauro- and glycoconjugates of ursodeoxycholate (TUDC GUDC) and cholate (TC-GC) on biliary calcium in bile fistula rats, and (2) the in vitro calcium-binding capacities of mixed micelles containing the same bile salts. The increase of biliary calcium depended on the infused bile salt in the following order: GUDC greater than GC = TUDC greater than GC). The same order was obtained in vitro, so that there was a linear relationship between the slopes of the [Ca] vs. [bile salts] regression lines in vivo and the binding percentages of the four bile salts. Biliary ionized calcium concentration was almost independent of bile salt concentration. However, hepatic bile was supersaturated with calcium carbonate in the presence of the four bile salts. Our results suggest that biliary calcium concentration increases in relation to the calcium-binding capacity of the various bile acids so that ionized biliary calcium remains in equilibrium with plasma. As a result, bile saturation with calcium is almost completely independent of bile salt secretion. PMID- 3183352 TI - Canalicular bile flow and bile salt secretion are maintained in rats with liver cirrhosis. Further evidence for the intact cell hypothesis. AB - Different aspects of biliary physiology were studied in rat model of liver cirrhosis induced by CCl4/phenobarbitone. We measured bile flow, bile salt secretion, biliary secretion pressure and bile-to-plasma ratios of inert solutes under basal conditions and during infusion of taurocholate (0.4 and 0.8 mumol.min 1.100 g body wt.-1) in 11 cirrhotic and 10 control male Sprague-Dawley rats. Bile flow and biliary bile salt secretion did not differ between the two groups. Analyzing the relationship between bile salt secretion and bile flow, however, we found an increased slope (P less than 0.02) in the cirrhotic animals, suggesting a higher apparent osmotic activity of the bile salts secreted. Maximal biliary secretion pressure was maintained in cirrhotic animals (22.5 +/- 2.5 vs. 25.0 +/- 2.9 cmH2O) in the absence of exogenous bile salt. During taurocholate infusion it decreased to a lesser extent (P less than 0.001) in cirrhotic animals (13.5 +/- 3.4 vs. 19.3 +/- 3.8 cmH2O). Bile-to-plasma ratios of [3H]sucrose and [14C]ferrocyanide were markedly increased in cirrhotic rats. Biliary [14C]erythritol clearance was equal to bile flow in both groups. In the cirrhotic group, the [3H]sucrose bile/plasma ratio was positively correlated with spleen weight (r = 0.744, P less than 0.01), serum concentration of alkaline phosphatase (r = 0.583, P less than 0.05) and basal maximum biliary secretion pressure (r = 0.801, P less than 0.001). We conclude that chronic portal hypertension is associated with increased permeability of the blood/bile barrier. Nevertheless, bile flow and bile salt secretion are maintained in cirrhotic rats, giving support to the intact cell hypothesis for this important hepatocellular function. PMID- 3183353 TI - Anti-HBs- and anti-HBc-containing plasma cells in livers of patients with chronic type B hepatitis. AB - Plasma cells are commonly found in liver biopsies in acute and chronic type B hepatitis. Their specificities have not hitherto been examined. In this study, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were looked for in paraffin sections of liver biopsies from 16 patients with chronic type B hepatitis, all seropositive for HBeAg. The technique used was a reversed immunoperoxidase procedure in which purified antigens were applied to sections and detected by means of a further layer of the appropriate monoclonal antibody. Small numbers of plasma cells stained for anti HBs and anti-HBc in 6 and 4 of 16 biopsies, respectively. Some plasma cells appeared to contain neither antibody. The two antibodies were detected together in only one biopsy. In spite of the small numbers of positive cells as revealed by the technique used, antiviral antibodies produced locally by plasma cells may play a part in the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis. PMID- 3183354 TI - A proposed mechanism for chlorpromazine jaundice--defective hepatic sulphoxidation combined with rapid hydroxylation. AB - On the basis of previous experimental studies we postulated that individuals who were phenotypically good hydroxylators but poor sulphoxidisers would be susceptible to chlorpromazine jaundice. Sulphoxidation capacity was assessed in 12 subjects with a history of chlorpromazine jaundice, using S-carboxymethyl-L cysteine as an in vivo probe. Following an oral dose of 750 mg, unchanged compound and sulphoxide metabolites were measured in urine. All 12 subjects (100%) were shown to be poor sulphoxidisers compared to 22% of normal controls (P less than 0.001) and 23.8% of liver disease controls (P less than 0.001). No subjects with a history of chlorpromazine jaundice had an impaired hydroxylation capacity as assessed by recovery of 4-hydroxydebrisoquine in urine following oral debrisoquine. The results support the hypothesis and demonstrate an inherent metabolic basis of susceptibility to chlorpromazine jaundice. PMID- 3183355 TI - Plasma heparin cofactor II in alcoholic liver disease. AB - The coagulation inhibitor heparin cofactor II (HC II) was measured in various liver diseases and compared with antithrombin (AT), Normotest (NT), albumin and bilirubin. The lowest mean HC II level was found in alcoholic cirrhosis and the reduction reflected the degree of liver failure. A statistically significant association was found between HC II and AT (r = 0.79), NT (r = 0.71) and albumin (r = 0.66) (P less than 0.001), and there was a negative association between HC II and bilirubin (r = -0.55, P less than 0.001). HC II values below 42% in alcoholic cirrhosis seem to indicate a poor prognosis, since nine out of 18 patients with such recordings died. In contrast, no association between mortality and AT, NT and albumin levels was observed. In conclusion, HC II seems to be a reliable liver function test. It may serve as a prognostic indicator and in that respect it may be superior to NT and AT. The site of production is most probably the hepatocyte. PMID- 3183356 TI - Is alcohol hepatotoxic in the baboon? AB - The baboon is the only animal in which alcoholic fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver has been produced with a nutritionally adequate diet. Zinc deficiency is associated with alcoholic liver disease and may contribute to liver damage. We have therefore investigated whether zinc supplementation would reduce liver damage in ten baboons receiving ethanol and an adequate diet. Eight received ethanol at up to 25 g/kg/day (70% of calories) for up to 60 months (four were supplemented with 50 mg zinc/day). All animals gained weight, and blood concentrations of ethanol were 63-342 mg/dl. Changes in liver blood tests were slight. Liver histology only showed fatty change in six animals, severe in two, and minor inflammatory changes but no significant fibrosis or cirrhosis. In one of the animals with severe fatty change there were also degenerative changes in parenchymal cells. There was thus no significant hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis in baboons given large amounts of ethanol and an adequate diet for up to 5 years. PMID- 3183357 TI - Abnormal tissue oxygenation in patients with cirrhosis and liver failure. AB - Systemic haemodynamic and hepatic venous pressures, arterial and mixed venous gases and arterial lactate concentration were measured in 35 patients with histologically proven alcoholic cirrhosis who had been classified into three groups (A, B and C). Eight alcoholic patients without cirrhosis on liver biopsy were also studied. Compared with group A patients, group C patients had significantly higher hepatic venous pressure gradient, cardiac index, O2 transport and arterial lactate concentration and significantly lower systemic vascular resistance, arteriovenous O2 content difference and O2 uptake. In group B patients, corresponding values fell between those of groups A and C. Group A patients, unlike group C patients, were not significantly different from patients without cirrhosis with respect to cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, O2 uptake and arterial lactate concentration. Our results suggest that in patients with cirrhosis, liver failure-associated hyperdynamic circulation may be accompanied by an abnormal tissue oxygenation. PMID- 3183358 TI - Genetic diversity within and between natural populations of Rattus norvegicus. AB - The levels of gene diversity for 17 polymorphic loci in natural populations of wild rats were examined for three separate locations in North and South America. The level of gene diversity in the total sample for the RT1.A locus, the dominant class I histocompatibility locus in the major histocompatibility (RT1) complex of the rat, was 0.807. The degree of gene diversity for nonalloantigenic loci scattered throughout the rat genome was 0.215, a level comparable to, if not slightly higher than, that for other mammalian species. The large and consistent levels of diversity for individuals within each population suggest that significant deviations from random mating have occurred within each group. Conclusions from analyzing genetic distance and the index of genetic differentiation between the three populations are consistent with these populations' geographic isolation and small effective population size. Assuming that the separation of the North and South American groups has existed for approximately 300 years, the effective size of these populations is estimated to be approximately 1,500 individuals. Apparent differences in the distribution of the number and frequency of alleles in the major histocompatibility complexes of mice and rats and the level of genetic differentiation among separate rat populations may be due to the effects of genetic drift in small populations. PMID- 3183359 TI - HK/LK polymorphism and its genetic determination in Speke's gazelle. AB - Concentrations of potassium (K) and sodium (Na) were determined in the erythrocytes of 28 members of an interbreeding herd of Speke's gazelle. The distribution of K concentrations and Na/K concentration ratios suggested the presence of the high-K/low-K (HK/LK) polymorphism known in erythrocytes of domestic bovids. The pedigree of the herd of gazelles is known completely, permitting examination of the inheritance of HK/LK polymorphism by overlaying the distribution of phenotypes on the pedigree. Statistical analyses clearly indicate a strong genetic component in the phenotypic variability that is entirely consistent with a single autosomal locus, two-allele mode of inheritance, with the LK allele being dominant. This is the first demonstration of HK/LK polymorphism in a wild bovid species. The evidence indicates that HK/LK polymorphism is of considerable evolutionary age, is of monophyletic origin, and is maintained by selection. PMID- 3183360 TI - [Fluctuations in neuronal activity and sexual dimorphism in the medial preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus during postnatal development of the rat]. AB - The medial preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus of the rat is characterized by a sexual dimorphism of one of its substructures, the "sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA)" (Gorski et al. 1980), which becomes light microscopically visible at lower magnification. The SDN-POA, showing up as a concentration of perikarya, is principally larger in males than in females. Furthermore, the sexual dimorphism of the medial preoptic nucleus is reflected in temporary significant differences of the nuclear size of its neurons, which again are discussed as the correlate of differences of the neuronal activities. Karyovolumetrically verified variations of activities of the medial preoptic nucleus were observed during continuous studies at totally 180 rats (90 females and 90 males), aged between 5 (P 5) and 60 (P 60) days. These are already known in other cerebral structures and also typical for the comparably studied neurons of the granular layer. They are especially distinct during the first 3-4 days of the postnatal development and characterized by larger amplitudes in male than in female rats. Typical are peaks of activities at P 10 and P 20 as also--especially in males--at P 45. The variations of the neuronal activities are discussed as summarizing reflection of gene activities, correlated with cytological processes of development and differentiation, which again are superimposed by a total of age related and sex specific performances of the Nucleus-preopticus-medialis neurons. The karyovolumetrically verified sexual dimorphism of the medial preoptic nucleus, appearing as a differently developed SDN-POA, is a reflection of the sex specific morphological-functional differentiation of the central nervous system. A more for-reaching, specifying discussion of the results, complicated by the functional complexity of the medial preoptic nucleus, will be obtained by directed experimental studies. PMID- 3183361 TI - The monoaminergic system in the diencephalon of the newt tadpole, Triturus alpestris (Mert). A histofluorescence study. AB - The distribution of monoamines in the brain of Triturus alpestris tadpoles was investigated with the Falck-Hillarp histofluorescence method. This study concerns especially the diencephalon where is observed the major part of the monoaminergic (MA) neurons. MA fiber tracts are found in the striatum, the septal nucleus and the medial and lateral forebrain bundles of the telencephalon. In the anterior diencephalon cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)--contacting catecholaminergic cells are localized within the preoptic recess organ (PRO) and fibers in the preoptic nucleus. More caudally both CSF-contacting catecholaminergic and serotonergic cells can be demonstrated in the paraventricular organ (PVO) and in the nucleus infundibularis dorsalis (NID). In the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract, numerous catecholaminergic (CA) fibers occur in the median eminence and in the pars intermedia. The origin of these fibers is not elucidated but a participation of the PRO, PVO and NID seems possible. CA cells without contact with the CSF are localized laterally to the PVO, PVO-accompanying cells, and in the nucleus reticularis mesencephali (NRM). The distribution of MA neurons in the brain of Triturus alpestris appears more similar to that of anurans than that of the primitive urodeles. PMID- 3183362 TI - Fine structure of synapses in the vestibular ganglion of the cat. AB - The vestibular ganglion of cat contains two distinguishable cell types, the larger and myelinated of which are much more numerous. The smaller and unmyelinated are represented by two cell populations: the first population displays complete Schwann cell ensheathment. The sheath of the second population is usually discontinuous at more than one point. Few axosomatic synapses are present on either cell type and profiles with clear synaptic vesicles predominate on each. The populations of presynaptic profiles in general are one type: a large variety with round synaptic vesicles and an asymmetrical contact. This type contacts the cell soma or the axon hillock surface. Those containing myelinated cells are covered on one side by the myelin sheath of the cell soma. Potential origins for the presynaptic profiles and possible functional significance of the synapses is discussed. PMID- 3183363 TI - Light and electron microscope observations of aspartate aminotransferase (AATase) in the hippocampus revealed by histoenzymological and immunocytochemical methods. AB - Immunocytochemical and histoenzymological were used to determine the localization and activity of AATase respectively at light and electron microscopic levels. Ths histoenzymological method revealed AATase activity in synaptic vesicles and in mitochondria. Both methods detected AATase presence and activity in pre and post synaptic sites. No simultaneous positive reaction was observed at pre and post synaptic zones of a given synapses. The significance of these results are discussed in the present paper. PMID- 3183364 TI - [Anatomy of the nucleus magnocellularis in the basal forebrain of rodents and rabbits]. AB - 1. We have investigated the topographic organization and the extend of the magnocellular nuclei in the basal forebrain in 7 species of rodents and in the hare and the rabbit. 2. These nuclei, extending in rostro-caudal direction and forming a more or less continuous complex, are termed as follows: Nc. tractus diagonalis with pars medialis septi, pars verticalis and pars horizontalis, Nc. praeopticus magnocellularis, Substantia innominata, Nc. basalis Meynert, large cells lying along the lateral, ventral and medial borders of the globus pallidus, within the nucleus ansae lenticularis and the nucleus entopeduncularis. 3. Despite the multiplicity of nomenclature used by several authors for the same or different species, the magnocellular basal forebrain complex is present in all mammalian species investigated up to now. 4. We found that the nucleus medialis septi is not a separate nucleus. As a part of the pars verticalis of the diagonal band it is a subdivision of this nucleus. Indications for this result are: Agreeing positions of the cells among the fibers of the diagonal band of Broca, identical types of neurons in Golgi-preparations, the same efferent projection regions (mainly hippocampus). 5. In most of the rodents the nucleus basalis of Meynert can not be recognized in Nissl-preparations. Large interdigitated, cells as well in the substantia innominata as in the boundaries of the globus pallidus may probably be homologous to those in this nucleus. 6. In the squirrel we observed an accumulation of large cells at the ventral border of the globus pallidus interpreting this as a nuclear formation homologous or analogous to the nucleus basalis of Meynert in primates. 7. The hare and the rabbit form also an accumulation of large cells interpreted as nucleus basalis of Meynert. A dense arrangement already can be seen in the magnocellular praeoptic nucleus. It continuous through the ventral pallidum and the substantia innominata to the ventral border of the globus pallidus. 8. To elucidate the interrelations between the formation of a distinct nucleus basalis of Meynert and the mesencephalization process in the mammalian phylogeny more comparative investigations are necessary. PMID- 3183366 TI - Brain angiotensin in the developing spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - There are several factors in the manifestation of high blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) which implicate a central role for brain angiotensin II (Ang II). We have measured levels of angiotensin in the brain of SHR and rats of the Wistar-Kyoto strain (WKY). The experiments were carried out in 2-, 4-, 14- and 20-week-old rats. Areas of brain from rats were homogenized and purified with SepPak C-18 cartridges. The levels were measured by radio immunoassay whose detection limit was 1.95 pg/tube. Significant differences were found between the different age groups and between SHR and controls. In the hypothalamus, there was a consistent elevation of brain Ang II in SHR as compared to WKY in all age groups. Cerebellum also had higher levels in SHR, especially in rats at 2 and 4 weeks of age. Brainstem levels were significantly higher in SHR only in the 14-week-old age group. Plasma levels during these time periods did not differ significantly between the strains. The results demonstrate changes in brain Ang II with development. At an early age, there are high levels of Ang II in the hypothalamus and cerebellum which do not correlate with hypertension but may be important for the development of hypertension. The higher levels of brain Ang II in SHR support the hypothesis that hypertension in SHR is related to brain Ang II activity. PMID- 3183365 TI - A biochemical and immunohistological study of calmodulin in rat brain structures. AB - Calmodulin content and immunoreactivity in rat brain structures, believed to be essential site involved in plasticity events, were determined by using biochemical and immunohistochemical methods, respectively. The levels of cytosolic and membrane-bound calmodulin paralleled the overall distribution pattern of calmodulin immunoreactivity. Very intense immunoreactivity was observed in neuronal structures of hippocampus, striatum and mesencephalon. White matter structures and, especially, myelinated nerve fibres did not reveal calmodulin immunoreactivity. Thus, the present findings are consistent with data reported in the literature that calmodulin, unlike to other calcium-binding proteins, is primarily associated with neuronal elements. The present findings support the usefulness of calmodulin studies in elucidating of cellular mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity. PMID- 3183367 TI - A randomized crossover study to compare the blood pressure response to sodium loading with and without chloride in patients with essential hypertension. AB - Six patients with essential hypertension underwent a randomized cross over design study to investigate the effect of supplementing a 10 mmol/day sodium diet for a period of 5 days with either 120 mmol sodium chloride (Slow Sodium, Ciba, Horsham, UK) or 122 mmol sodium in the presence of other anions, mainly phosphate (Phosphate, Sandoz, Feltham, UK). With both sodium salts, urinary sodium excretion was increased. The calculated amount of sodium retained was similar for both the sodium chloride and sodium phosphate periods. However, with the addition of sodium chloride to the low-salt diet, there were increases in supine mean blood pressure whereas with the addition of sodium phosphate no change in mean blood pressure occurred. The supine mean blood pressure after supplementation with sodium chloride (119.8 +/- 4.3 mmHg) was significantly greater than that after sodium phosphate (113.3 +/- 4.5 mmHg), similarly, the standing mean blood pressure was greater after addition of sodium chloride than of sodium phosphate (122.3 +/- 4.20 versus 115.4 +/- 3.0 mmHg). With both salts there were similar but non-significant increases in weight and reductions in plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA). PMID- 3183368 TI - Treated blood pressure, rather than pretreatment, predicts survival in hypertensive patients. A report from the DHSS Hypertension Care Computing Project (DHCCP). AB - A group of hypertensive patients (n = 2855) with an untreated diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 90 mmHg were followed in the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) Hypertension Care Computing Project (DHCCP) for periods of up to 10 years. During this period 191 of these patients died. Survival was assessed in relation to pretreatment blood pressure levels and blood pressure achieved during treatment. The blood pressure during treatment was a useful predictor of mortality, but the pretreatment pressure was not. After adjusting for age, mortality was particularly related to the height of the systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the second and third years of treatment. In men, age-standardized 5-year mortality was greater than 10% in those with a first year treated systolic pressure greater than 150 mmHg or a diastolic pressure greater than 95 mmHg. In women, age standardized 5-year mortality was greater than 5% with the same levels of treated blood pressure. The longest survival occurred with the lowest bands of treated pressure, i.e. systolic pressure less than 140 and diastolic pressure less than 90 mmHg; the 5 year mortality being less than 7% in men and less than 3% in women. Treated systolic and diastolic pressures were useful in predicting death from ischaemic heart disease (IHD). PMID- 3183369 TI - Compensatory pressor role of vasopressin following acute diuresis. AB - Recent interest has focused on the role of vasopressin (AVP) in blood pressure (BP) regulation. This study was performed to determine if vasopressin has a compensatory pressor role following acute diuresis in both normal rats and in rats with subtotal nephrectomy (SN) or in rats with SN-salt induced hypertension. An inhibitor (AVP-I), specific for the AVP vascular smooth muscle receptor, was administered intravenously to assess the AVP dependency of the BP. Furosemide administration significantly increased plasma AVP levels in all rats. Administration of AVP-I did not change BP in the normal rats with or without prior furosemide administration or in the SN rats without furosemide administration. In contrast, after furosemide administration, AVP-I significantly decreased mean BP in the SN rats. The administration of AVP-I to the SN-salt hypertensive rats, with or without furosemide administration, significantly decreased mean BP. In conclusion, AVP has a compensatory pressor role in SN rats after acute diuresis, with or without salt-induced hypertension, but not in the normal rat. PMID- 3183370 TI - Erythrocyte and leucocyte sodium and potassium transport systems during long-term diuretic administration in men. AB - The effect of xipamide on the intracellular concentration and transmembrane fluxes of Na+ and K+ was studied in 12 normal male subjects, using a double-blind cross-over design. After a run-in period on placebo for 1 week, the subjects were treated with either placebo (n = 6) or xipamide 20 mg once a day (n = 6) for 16 weeks and were then switched to the alternative medication for another 16 weeks. The intra-erythrocyte and intra-leucocyte Na+ concentration was increased by 11 and 7%, respectively, during xipamide administration, while the intracellular K+ concentration was decreased by 3 and 4%, respectively. No significant effect of xipamide could however be demonstrated on the ouabain-sensitive, bumetanide sensitive or ouabain-bumetanide-resistant 86Rb uptake and on the maximal 3H ouabain binding in erythrocytes and leucocytes. The red cell Na+-Li+ countertransport was also not changed in the xipamide-treated subjects. Our data suggest that the increased intracellular Na+ concentration and the decreased K+ concentration in red and white blood cells of xipamide-treated subjects cannot be attributed to changes in the activity of the Na+ pump, the Na+-K+ cotransport or Na+-Li+ countertransport system or to changes in the number of active Na+ pump units. PMID- 3183371 TI - Resistance vessel structure and function in the etiology of hypertension studied in F2-generation hypertensive-normotensive rats. AB - The role of certain resistance vessel characteristics in the etiology of hypertension has been investigated using F2-generation hypertensive/normotensive rats. The F2 populations were bred from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) as well as from stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) and outbred Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYO), and are denoted SHR/WKY and SHRSP/WKYO, respectively. Mesenteric resistance vessels (lumen diameter ca 200 micron) were taken from rats in the highest and lowest blood pressure quartiles of 14-week SHR/WKY and 18-week SHRSP/WKYO, as well as from 15-week pure SHR and WKY and from 18-week pure SHRSP and WKYO. The vessels were mounted on a myograph for determination of their structural and contractile characteristics. The structure of the vessels, as expressed for example by their media : lumen ratio, was greatest in the vessels from the SHR and the SHRSP compared to those from the WKY and WKYO. Increased structure was seen in the vessels from the rats in the high blood pressure quartiles of each group of F2 populations, compared to the vessels from the rats in the low blood pressure quartiles, although in the SHR/WKY the difference was smaller than expected if structure were a major determinant of blood pressure. Vascular sensitivity to calcium and the effect of cocaine on noradrenaline sensitivity were increased in the vessels from the SHR and SHRSP, but were the same in the high and low blood pressure quartiles of the F2 populations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183372 TI - Increased renal fatty acid binding protein in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The level of renal fatty acid binding protein (FABP) was quantified by a specific radial immunodiffusion method using an antibody to cytosolic FABP in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) at 5, 10, 20 and 40 weeks of age. Increased levels were found in the SHRSP medulla, but not in the WKY medulla. The increase occurred in the hypertension development period, reaching a peak at 20 weeks of age. This increase was confirmed by immunoblotting. There was no significant change of FABP in the cortex. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for these changes in the FABP level, three antihypertensive drugs (nicardipine, hydralazine and enalapril) were given to SHRSP at 20 weeks of age for a period of four weeks. Antihypertensive treatment significantly inhibited the development of hypertension and the increase in the medullary FABP level. The differential response of FABP in SHRSP and WKY suggests that this protein may play an important role in the cellular metabolism of fatty acids under the pathological condition of high blood pressure. PMID- 3183373 TI - Cardiovascular baroreceptor control during angiotensin-induced acute hypertension in the dog. AB - Central and regional cardiovascular responses to step changes in carotid sinus pressure were evaluated in dogs before and after increasing carotid sinus reflex set point pressure, by approximately 30%, via an intravenous infusion of angiotensin II at three anesthetic levels (isoflurane). With respect to overall cardiovascular behavior, angiotensin inhibited both the interaction of carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation and anesthesia upon mean arterial pressure and total resistance, together with the inverse relationship between iliac resistance and carotid sinus pressure. At the set point pressure of the carotid sinus reflex, angiotensin increased set point levels of aortic, celiac, mesenteric and renal resistances, reduced corresponding set point flows, and increased the range of arterial pressure control together with the maximum capacity of the carotid sinus reflex to increase mean aortic pressure and power for all anesthetic levels. Angiotensin increased the set point sensitivity of mean arterial pressure (gain), heart rate, iliac blood flow, aortic, celiac, mesenteric and renal resistance, to changes in carotid sinus pressure for intermediate anesthetic levels. While reflex gain was unchanged by angiotensin, peak gain was significantly increased at lower anesthetic levels. The maximum capacity of the carotid sinus reflex to decrease mean aortic pressure and power was reduced. Thus, intravenous angiotensin infusion producing moderate increases in mean arterial pressure facilitates the ability of the carotid sinus baroreceptors to control mean arterial pressure and heart rate, and results in an increased overall vasoconstrictor capacity. Corresponding increased ability to control regional blood flow was confined to the iliac bed. PMID- 3183374 TI - Sympathetic predominance in essential hypertension: a study employing spectral analysis of heart rate variability. AB - In this study on 91 subjects we tested the hypothesis of an enhanced sympathetic activity in uncomplicated essential hypertension employing spectral analysis of heart rate variability. With this technique the tonic sympathetic and vagal activities and their changes are respectively assessed by the power of approximately 0.1 Hz (low frequency, LF) and approximately 0.25 Hz (respiratory linked, high frequency, HF) components of the spectrum of the beat by beat variability of RR interval. When comparing the 40 subjects with diastolic blood pressure consistently greater than 95 mmHg (hypertensives, Ht), with 35 age matched controls (diastolic arterial pressure less than 90 mmHg, Nt), we observed that LF was greater and HF smaller in Ht as compared to Nt, thus suggesting an enhanced sympathetic activity and a reduce vagal activity in Ht. Additionally, passive tilt, which in Nt enhances LF [delta = 26 +/- 2 normalized units (nu)] and reduces HF (delta = -22 +/- 2, nu), produced smaller (P less than 0.05) changes in Ht (delta LF = 6.3 +/- 2.7 and delta HF = -7.5 +/- 2.3 nu). Furthermore, the values of LF at rest and the altered effects of tilt on LF and HF were significantly correlated with the degree of the hypertensive state. Chronic beta-adrenergic blockade (atenolol 100 mg once daily for 2 weeks, n = 13) reduced heart rate and blood pressure (from 162/103 to 136/88 mmHg) together with a significant diminution of LF and an increase of HF. Thus, spectral analysis of RR variability appears to be a convenient non-invasive technique to follow the progressive alterations in sympatho-vagal balance present in essential hypertension. PMID- 3183375 TI - Renal and systemic vascular conductances in renal wrap hypertension in rabbits. AB - The contribution of renal vascular conductance to the fall in total peripheral conductance during the development of renal wrap hypertension was determined in conscious rabbits. Measurements were made 28 days after renal wrap (n = 9) or sham operation (n = 8). Blood pressure was about 50 mmHg higher in the wrapped group as compared to the sham-operated group. This was due to a fall in total peripheral conductance of about 42%. Cardiac output was not significantly different between wrap and sham groups. Renal vascular conductance was 0.42 ml/min per mmHg lower in the wrap compared to the sham-operated group (P less than 0.001). Total peripheral conductance was 3.93 ml/min per mmHg lower in the wrap compared to the sham group (P less than 0.01). The reduction in renal vascular conductance in wrapped rabbits, which is probably due to compression caused by the thickening renal capsule, accounts for about 10% of the fall in total peripheral conductance. We suggest that this mechanically induced reduction in renal conductance is involved in the initiation and maintenance of the hypertension, but is only a minor contributor to the overall change in blood pressure. PMID- 3183376 TI - Suppression of hypertension during chronic reduction of brain acetylcholine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of chronic depletion of brain acetylcholine (ACh) on the development and maintenance of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Synthesis of brain ACh was inhibited by chronic infusion of hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) into the cerebral ventricles, and systolic blood pressure was monitored by tail cuff occlusion. In 5-week-old SHR, infusion of HC-3 (0.25 micrograms/h) suppressed development of hypertension when compared to saline-infused control SHR during the 21 days of infusion (140 versus 190 mmHg on day 21). Hypothalamic and brain-stem ACh during this period was reduced by 50% and by 60-75%, respectively. In 18-week-old SHR with established hypertension, HC-3 (0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/h) reduced systolic blood pressure by 35-40 mmHg for 8 days, after which pressures returned to control hypertensive levels (191 mmHg) by day 14. The increase in blood pressure was accompanied by recovery of hypothalamic ACh levels to 75% of control. The specificity and physiological effectiveness of HC-3 was shown by its ability to inhibit the centrally mediated pressor response to physostigmine but not to oxotremorine. Infusion of HC-3 did not affect body growth, water consumption, body temperature or gross behavior. From this study, it can be concluded that brain cholinergic neurons are an important component in the development and the maintenance of hypertension in the SHR. PMID- 3183377 TI - Repeated measurements of ambulatory blood pressure. AB - Automated non-invasive recorders allow repeated measurement of blood pressure, 24 h a day; the question of how often to sample blood pressure remains unanswered. Interrupting the patients for a reading more often than necessary may elevate blood pressure or compromise patient cooperation. Thirty-two normotensive subjects were each monitored for 24 h at two measurement rates, one and four readings per h, on 2 work days, to determine whether the rates affected blood pressure and behaviour. The blood pressure level at home and at work and most behaviours were indistinguishable on the 2 monitoring days. The heart rate was slightly higher and subjects reported greater disruption of their daily routine on the four/h monitoring day. The results suggest that blood pressure can be read as often as four times an hour without falsely elevating blood pressure, inducing emotional distress or impairing cooperation with the monitoring procedure. PMID- 3183378 TI - Physiological increases in circulating noradrenaline are antinatriuretic in man. AB - Low-dose (0.025 micrograms/kg per min) noradrenaline infusion, resulting in a physiological plasma increment (280 pg/ml), was antinatriuretic in normal salt replete male subjects. The reduction in sodium excretion (-20%, P less than 0.01) occurred without any change in the glomerular filtration rate but was associated with a significant (P less than 0.02) decline in lithium clearance. These results suggest that changes in circulating noradrenaline, within the physiological range, can decrease sodium excretion in man by enhancing proximal tubular sodium reabsorption. These findings extend previous investigations in man which used pharmacological doses of noradrenaline and are in agreement with animal evidence for a renal tubular antinatriuretic effect of the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 3183379 TI - An 80 to 85 kilodalton human phosphoglycoprotein associated with cell activation. AB - This report describes the identification and biochemical characterization of a new proliferation- and activation-associated membrane Ag. The M21C5 Ag (Mr 80 to 85 kDa) initially was immunoprecipitated from 125I-cell surface-labeled HT29 human tissue culture colon cancer cells by using a monoclonal antibody (M21C5) prepared from HT-29 immunized BALB/c mice. The M21C5 Ag is a glycoprotein as shown by metabolic labeling with 3H-leucine and 2-[3H]-mannose. It has a broad distribution on most proliferating tissue culture cell lines tested, but is absent from several normal human tissues that were examined. Although not detected on unstimulated PBL, the expression of the M21C5 Ag could be induced by stimulation of PBL with the T cell mitogens PHA or Con A. Two-color fluorescence analysis showed that M21C5 is expressed on both CD4 and CD8 activated T cells. After mitogen stimulation, the expression of the M21C5 Ag was delayed relative to the expression of IL-2 and transferrin receptors. M21C5 glycoprotein was shown to be an integral membrane protein that is phosphorylated primarily on serine residues. Based on its biochemical and tissue distribution properties, M21C5 phosphoglycoprotein appears distinct from other known proliferation and activation-associated molecules. PMID- 3183380 TI - Identification and partial characterization of human platelet C1q binding sites. AB - We recently showed that human blood platelets bind the complement component, C1q, and mAb directed against lymphoblastoid C1q receptors in a specific and saturable manner. To identify and further characterize platelet C1q binding sites, human platelets were washed, solubilized in Triton X-100 and either subjected to SDS PAGE and Western blotting by using monoclonal (II1/D1) and polyclonal antibodies recognizing C1qR on lymphoblastoid cells, or applied to a C1q-Sepharose affinity column under low ionic strength conditions (20 mM NaCl). Adherent proteins were eluted with buffer containing 300 mM NaCl. Western blotting with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against C1qR showed exclusive reactivity with a 67,000 m.w. protein possessing intrachain disulfide bonds. SDS-PAGE of C1q Sepharose eluates also revealed the presence of a 67,000 protein which was accompanied to varying degrees by a 94,000 constituent. Because similar m.w., 125I-labeled proteins were recovered from C1q-Sepharose columns to which lysed, surface-labeled platelets had been applied, both 94,000 and 67,000 components appear to be platelet membrane constituents. The 94,000 and 67,000 species, however, appear to be antigenically distinct. The 94,000 protein was immunoprecipitated by polyclonal antibodies against platelet membrane glycoprotein IIIa but not polyclonal antibodies against C1qR, whereas the 67,000 protein was immunoprecipitated exclusively by the polyclonal anti-C1qR antibody. The 67,000 protein thus appears to represent platelet C1q binding sites resembling C1qR on lymphoblastoid cells. PMID- 3183381 TI - Human C5a and C5a des Arg exhibit chemotactic activity for fibroblasts. AB - C5a and C5a des Arg are chemotactic factors for inflammatory cells but it is not known whether these agents are chemoattractants for fibroblasts. Accordingly, C5a, purified from zymosan-activated human, and C5a des Arg, prepared by incubating C5a with immobilized porcine carboxypeptidase B, were studied for fibroblast chemotactic activity. We observed that both C5a and C5a des Arg stimulated human skin fibroblasts and fetal bovine ligament fibroblasts to migrate in a concentration-dependent fashion, and that the migratory responses were similar in magnitude to the responses achieved with optimal concentrations of two known fibroblast chemoattractants, platelet-derived growth factor and human fibrinopeptide B. The peak responses to C5a and C5a des Arg occurred at approximately 10(-9)M. With ligament fibroblasts, there was a greater response to C5a des Arg than to C5a, but with human fibroblasts there was no difference. Cochemotaxin, which enhances the chemotactic activity of C5a des Arg for neutrophils, had no effect on C5a des Arg fibroblast chemotactic activity but appeared to increase the fibroblast chemotactic activity of C5a. These results indicate that the effects of C5a and C5a des Arg in vivo may extend to the recruitment of mesenchymal cells. Moreover, the findings represent another example of an activity retained by C5a after removal of its carboxyl terminal arginine. PMID- 3183382 TI - Molecular analysis of the gene encoding the major surface antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. AB - The complete sequence of P30, the major surface Ag of the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, has been deduced through the cloning and analysis of its gene. Using polyclonal serum specific for P30, we have isolated a P30 cDNA clone from a lambda gt11 cDNA expression library derived from tachyzoites of T. gondii (RH strain). This clone produces a beta-galactosidase fusion protein which reacts with several anti-P30 mAb. In addition, polyclonal anti-serum raised to the fusion protein reacts with purified P30 protein and exclusively with P30 in a whole cell lysate of T. gondii. This cDNA clone was used to isolate near full length cDNA molecules and a cosmid clone containing the P30 gene. Sequence analysis of the cDNA reveals a single open reading frame with coding capacity for 34.7 kDa of primary translation product (consistent with the apparent Mr of P30 on SDS-acrylamide gels) including a presumptive hydrophobic signal sequence. The P30 primary translation product also has a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic tail which is predictive of a posttranslational cleavage and modification with a glycolipid anchor. We have identified the apparent 5' and 3' ends of the P30 mRNA transcript which is extremely abundant, 1500 nucleotides in length, and polyadenylated. The P30 gene is single copy and contains no introns. PMID- 3183383 TI - Isolation and analysis of murine serum amyloid P component cDNA clones. AB - In contrast to other animals, the biosynthesis of serum amyloid P component in mice is regulated as an acute-phase protein. As a first step in studying the regulation and biosynthesis of serum amyloid P component in the mouse, cDNA clones have been isolated from a liver cDNA library and sequenced. The largest of these clones was 960 bp in length, and contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of 224 amino acids. Comparison of the mouse cDNA sequence to that published for humans (Mantzouranis, E. C., S. B. Dowton, A. S. Whitehead, M. D. Edge, G. A. P. Bruns, and H. R. Colten, 1985. J. Biol. Chem. 260:7752.) revealed 74% identity for nucleotides in the translated region. Northern-blot analysis demonstrated that murine serum amyloid P component synthesis in the liver is directed by a 1.2-kb mRNA that is elevated in high responder (C57BL/6J) mice after thioglycollate-induced inflammation. PMID- 3183384 TI - C5 convertase of the alternative complement pathway: covalent linkage between two C3b molecules within the trimolecular complex enzyme. AB - C5 convertase of the alternative C pathway is a complex enzyme consisting of three C fragments--one molecule of a major fragment of factor B (Bb) and two molecules of a major fragment of C3 (C3b). Within this C3bBbC3b complex, the first C3b binds covalently to the target surface, and Bb, which bears a catalytic site, binds noncovalently to the first C3b. In the present investigation, we studied the nature of the convertase that is assembled on E surfaces and obtained evidence that the second C3b binds directly to the alpha'-chain of the first through an ester bond rather than to the target surface. Thus, the alternative pathway C5 convertase could be described as a trimolecular complex in which Bb binds noncovalently to a covalently linked C3b dimer. We also obtained evidence that not only the second C3b but also the first C3b participates in binding C5, that is, covalently-linked C3b dimer acts as a substrate-binding site. Because of this two-site binding, the convertase has a much higher affinity for C5 than the surrounding monomeric C3b molecules. Based on this evidence, a new model of the alternative pathway C5 convertase is proposed. Covalent association of two subunits and the bivalent binding of the substrate are then common properties of the alternative and classical pathway C5 convertases. PMID- 3183385 TI - A mechanism for the spontaneous activation of the first component of complement, C1, and its regulation by C1-inhibitor. AB - We have developed a method to initiate spontaneous activation of the first component of complement in serum, by the removal of C1-inhibitor through complexation with added C1s. Preliminary experiments to test this method using C1 reconstituted from its purified subcomponents led to an unexpected result: pre incubation of the reassembled subcomponents with C1-inhibitor, followed by its removal with C1s, altered the subsequent pattern of spontaneous activation. Thus, pre-incubation with C1-inhibitor at 37 degrees C for 1 h resulted in sigmoidal activation of C1 with a prolonged lag phase. In contrast, pre-incubation with C1 inhibitor on ice for the same time resulted in subsequent rapid, pseudo first order activation of C1 with a half-life of about 5 min. We have examined the activation kinetics under a variety of conditions, and our data are consistent with a model proposed by Lepow and coworkers in 1965, involving both spontaneous activation and C1 catalyzed activation: (1) C1----k1 C1 (2) C1----k2C1 C1 According to this model, the role of C1-inhibitor is to eliminate the second step by rapidly forming a tight complex with C1 which becomes irreversible at 37 degrees C. When C1s was added to normal human serum, activation at 37 degrees C was also sigmoidal, similar to that of reconstituted C1. PMID- 3183386 TI - Demonstration of a novel tumor-killing factor secreted from human macrophage monocyte hybridomas. AB - We constructed human macrophage-monocyte hybridomas between a thymidine kinase deficient human macrophage-like cell line, designated as TAM-2, and human peripheral blood monocytes in order for the study of cytokines from human monocytes. The hybrid and macrophage-monocyte nature of the growing cells was confirmed by the following facts: 1) All of the hybridomas established possess TK activity, whereas the TAM-2 cells are TK negative. 2) Most but not all of the hybridomas express the MaG-1 Ag which was shown to be a human macrophage granulocyte specific Ag, but not T- and B-specific Ag. In the assay for cytokine, a few of the hybridomas produced a novel tumor-killing factor (TKF) after stimulation with PMA, polypeptone, and retinoic acid. Chemical nature of the TKF from the 3-63 hybrid clone was characterized and compared to those of well-known TNF and lymphotoxin. The TKF from a hybridoma was basic protein and had binding capacity to Con A-Sepharose, whereas TNF had an opposite nature. Moreover, TKF activity was not neutralized by both a murine monoclonal antibody against human TNF and rabbit antisera against human lymphotoxin. Thus, these results strongly indicate that the TKF is a novel TKF produced by human monocytic cells. PMID- 3183387 TI - An assessment of urease-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - The use of urease in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) offers the advantages of convenience and safety. However, urease-based ELISA, performed in standard microtitre format, could result in false positive reactions upon prolonged incubation. False positive reactions appeared when wells containing substrate solution absorbed ammonia liberated from a reactive well nearby. Thus, the intensity of the false reaction was proportional to that of the urease reaction. The transfer of ammonia was demonstrated by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry. When urease conjugates were compared with peroxidase conjugates in the detection of IgG and IgM, there was no evidence that one enzyme was superior to the other in terms of increasing the sensitivity or the speed of ELISA. PMID- 3183388 TI - Efficient hybridoma production using previously frozen splenocytes. AB - Splenocytes from immunized mice and rats can be frozen, thawed, and fused with myeloma cells to generate monoclonal antibody-secreting hybridoma cell lines. The hybridoma yield per splenocyte is comparable to, and often better than, the yield when fresh splenocytes are used. Practical advantages of the technique include the ability to utilize all splenocytes from a given mouse or rat, greater scheduling flexibility, and the opportunity to perform small-scale 'test fusions' to monitor the immune responses of a number of immunized animals. PMID- 3183389 TI - A novel approach to monoclonal antibody separation using high performance liquid affinity chromatography (HPLAC) with SelectiSpher-10 protein G. AB - Protein G, a bacterial cell wall protein extracted from strains of Streptococci, has been employed as a ligand in high performance liquid affinity chromatography (HPLAC) for separation of monoclonal antibodies. Examples are given of rapid high resolution separations of rat and mouse monoclonal antibodies belonging to various subclasses. In comparison with protein A chromatography, we were able to show superior binding characteristics for SelectiSpher-10 protein G columns under conditions of 'low' ionic strength (about 0.1 M) and neutral pH (pH approximately 7). The monoclonal antibodies were isolated in high purity (greater than 90%) and with good recovery of specific activity (80-100%). We believe that the HPLAC technology based on SelectiSpher-10 protein G is of potential value in the analysis and purification of monoclonal antibodies from various species and subclasses. PMID- 3183390 TI - High performance liquid chromatography immunoaffinity purification of antibodies and antibody fragments. AB - A rapid antibody purification method is described which combines high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) resolution with affinity chromatography specificity. The antigen used as immobilized ligand is bound to the HPLC column matrix by reacting the amino groups of the protein with the active epoxy groups of the latter. Once the reaction has finished, the unreacted groups of the column are saturated with an appropriate scavenger. Unrelated proteins are then washed out and the specific antibodies recovered by lowering the pH of the elution buffer. PMID- 3183391 TI - An 'antigen capture' ELISA for secretory immunoglobulin A antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen in human saliva. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed which permits the assay of specific secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in saliva. The assay is based on the binding of sIgA antibodies present in saliva to microtitre plates coated with excess of F(ab')2 anti-secretory component antibodies, followed by the addition of specific antigen, HBsAg and finally peroxidase-labelled anti-HBsAg. The assay is fast, simple, reproducible and antigen specific as shown by total absence of inhibition of specific antigen by unrelated antigens but significant inhibition of labelled anti-HBsAg by unlabelled anti-HBsAg. The values obtained for hospital personnel exposed to hepatitis infections (0.068 +/- 0.083 U/ml) and for post-icteric hepatitis B patients (0.062 +/- 0.033 U/ml) were significantly higher than values in control subjects (0.013 +/- 0.006 U/ml). PMID- 3183392 TI - The use of mouse serum and the presence of non-adherent cells for the culture of mouse macrophages. AB - Mouse serum (MS) was investigated as an alternative to fetal calf serum (FCS) as a medium supplement for the culture of murine macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages were successfully cultured in medium supplemented with 1-20% MS and were able to produce superoxide anions in response to stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and to phagocytose antibody-coated erythrocytes effectively. Macrophages cultured in the presence of 5% or 20% FCS showed a generally augmented response to PMA, raising the possibility that they had been 'primed' by constituents or contaminants of FCS. Lipopolysaccharide-elicited macrophages initially showed vigorous in vitro responses to PMA which decreased with increasing culture time in MS-supplemented medium. This 'de-differentiation' of elicited macrophages could be due to the absence of LPS contamination and foreign protein when autologous serum is used as a medium supplement. In all cultures the presence of non-adherent cells for the first 24 h increased the number and superoxide response of adherent cells. MS is a convenient, reliable and inexpensive alternative to FCS as a medium supplement for murine macrophage cultures. PMID- 3183393 TI - Isolation and in vitro translation of mRNA from rat peritoneal mast cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells. AB - In the absence of any specific literature on the isolation of RNA from mast cells, our initial attempts established that unusual measures would be needed to prepare acceptable yields of high quality RNA from peritoneal mast cells of normal adult rats. Accordingly, we developed procedures for the isolation and characterization of RNA from rat peritoneal mast cells (PMC) and basophilic leukemia cells (RBL). The significant components of the procedures include: separation and removal of mast cell granules to minimize contamination of RNA with proteins and proteoglycans; use of bentonite in phenol extractions; and repetition of extractions and precipitation. The amounts of total RNA extracted from PMC were about 15% of those from RBL, although the percentage mRNA of total RNA in PMC and RBL was similar (1.8 and 2.0%). Ribosomal RNA banding patterns in agarose gel electrophoresis and in vitro translation experiments indicate that the isolated RNA can be employed for analysis of molecular mechanisms of mast cell function and heterogeneity. PMID- 3183394 TI - Identification of autoantibody reactive integral brain membrane antigens. A two dimensional analysis. AB - A procedure to identify murine autoantibody reactive, integral membrane antigens of brain is described. This involved the isolation of integral membrane antigens from whole brain followed by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoretic separation and transfer to nitrocellulose (NC) membrane. A 2D 'map' was then constructed by an effective total protein staining procedure. This 'map' was subsequently compared with similar blots that were reacted with autoimmune sera, stained for immunoglobulin and the reactive antigens identified. Advantages of this procedure include economy in the reagents and sera used, not having to use radioactive substances and much shorter working time. This technique will permit the identification of brain reactive autoantibodies. PMID- 3183395 TI - Enhancement of anti-phospholipid antibody activity by Tween 20. PMID- 3183397 TI - A sensitive test for the detection of NK activity. Plasma clot clonogenic assay. AB - Natural killer (NK) activity, which has been implicated in the immune response against viral infections and neoplasias, is currently evaluated by means of a chromium (51Cr) release assay. However, criticisms have been raised with regard to the reliability and reproducibility of the test. We have developed a different in vitro method for measuring NK activity, based on the inhibition of the target clone growth in plasma clot semisolid medium. This method overcomes the limitations inherent to the 51Cr release test and more closely mimics the in vivo situation. The inhibitory activity revealed by the cloning assay was always greater than the lytic activity in the 51Cr release assay. Moreover, effector/target ratios of 3:1 and 1.5:1 still produced clonal inhibition. B-CLL cells, used as effectors, showed no inhibitory activity and the Raji cell line employed as target was resistant in both techniques. Thus, the clonogenic assay appears to be more sensitive for the evaluation of low levels of NK activity, for basic studies on the effector/target interactions, for the evaluation of LAK cell activity, and in diseases in which an involvement of the NK compartment has been hypothesized. PMID- 3183396 TI - A semi-automated microassay for complement activity. AB - A simple, automated microassay for the serum complement-dependent hemolytic activity is described here. In contrast to the traditional titration hemolysis assay, the new method depends on a single experimental step using a fixed volume of serum specimen and sheep erythrocytes. The assay is based on the change in light scattering properties of erythrocytes upon hemolysis. It relies on the spectrophotometric reading of microtiter well samples at 700 nm by using a microplate reader. The measured absorbance correlates proportionally with the extent of hemolysis. A good correlation between the results obtained using this technique and those obtained by the traditional CH50 titration method is observed. This simple procedure can be applied to the rapid, semi-quantitative diagnostic screening of complement activities of a large number of serum specimens. PMID- 3183398 TI - Use of xenograft tissue for the initial screening of human monoclonal antibodies by immunohistological technique. AB - An indirect avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase complex (ABC) method was employed to detect binding activity of human monoclonal antibodies at their early state of production to tissue antigens in either fresh-frozen or formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The tissues were obtained from xenograft of human tissues that were grown in immune suppressed BALB/c mice. The reaction was visualized by the use of aminoethylcarbazole (AEC) as chromogen. The procedure described here was as sensitive and, most importantly eliminated an inherent problem associated with the use of human tissue section namely the difficulty in distinguishing binding of the primary human monoclonal antibody from endogenous human immunoglobulins in tissue section. PMID- 3183399 TI - Monoclonal antibody ELISA for cotinine in saliva and urine of active and passive smokers. AB - The value of a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA for measuring cotinine in saliva and urine of active and passive smokers was assessed. Cotinine (mean +/- SEM) was detected in all 26 saliva (392 +/- 74 ng/ml) and 27 urine (4264 +/- 508 ng/mg creatinine; 2566 +/- 364 ng/ml) samples from smoking parents, but in only two of 36 salivas and one of 37 urines from nonsmokers (P less than 0.001). Similarly, mean cotinine levels in 30 salivas (4.67 +/- 1.10 ng/ml) and 33 urines (35.5 +/- 8.8 ng/mg creatinine; 25.3 +/- 8.1 ng/ml) from passively exposed children were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than in fluids of 36 unexposed children. Children's levels showed a strong correlation (P less than 0.001) with the number of cigarettes smoked in the home, but only when data from nonsmoking households were included in the analysis. In adult smokers there was a positive correlation between salivary and urinary cotinine (P = 0.002) and a close relationship between urinary cotinine and cigarettes smoked per day (P = 0.066). The ELISA gives a reliable quantitative measure of cotinine as an indicator of active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke. However, correlations with cotinine can be overestimated if large numbers of nonsmokers are included in the comparison. PMID- 3183400 TI - A general reagent for amplifying ELISAs. AB - This paper describes a method to enhance the sensitivity of enzyme immunoassays by the use of solid tagged latex beads. Various bead sizes (0.21 and 0.81 micron) were tested using particles which had been covalently modified (or coated) with biotinylated rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin antibodies. Detection limits of mouse monoclonal antibodies or antigens (which have been reacted with specific mouse antibodies) were compared to those obtained using the general homogeneous 'sandwich' ELISA assay. Compared to the homogeneous biotin-avidin ELISA an increase in sensitivity level of about 6-10 times was observed in antigen detection assays. The stability of the reagent was excellent. The method gave low backgrounds and was as simple to use as the standard procedure. PMID- 3183402 TI - Lactobacillus plantarum endocarditis in a patient with benign monoclonal gammopathy. AB - A patient with Lactobacillus plantarum endocarditis who responded to initial treatment with penicillin G and netilmicin without relapse is reported. Bacteriological and clinical aspects of lactobacillus endocarditis and the finding of benign monoclonal gammopathy in the patient are discussed. PMID- 3183401 TI - The microbial causes of diarrhoea in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. AB - Diarrhoea is common in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We sought the cause of diarrhoea in all HIV antibody-positive patients with diarrhoea who presented at St Stephen's Hospital, London over a period of 15 months. Altogether, 441 specimens from 179 patients were examined. Infective causes were found in 86 (48%) patients. Protozoa were the most common infecting organisms (30% patients). Of these, Cryptosporidium sp. was the most frequent (9.5% patients), followed by Entamoeba histolytica and Giarda lamblia. 'Non pathogenic' protozoa (NPP) were also common (15% patients), often in the absence of generally recognised pathogens. A case controlled study failed to show a significant difference in the rate of isolation of NPP in HIV antibody-positive patients with diarrhoea compared with HIV antibody-positive patients without diarrhoea. Bacterial causes of diarrhoea were found as follows: Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shigella sonnei; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) was isolated from the faeces of eight (4.5%) patients. Isolation of MAI from faeces was associated with disseminated MAI infection. This study has shown that two commonly isolated pathogens, namely Cryptosporidium sp. and MAI, can be identified quickly and reliably by the same modified Ziehl-Neelson staining of concentrated faeces. PMID- 3183403 TI - Septicaemia due to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans with endocarditis and spinal epidural abscess. AB - A case of tricuspid valve endocarditis with spinal epidural abscess caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans is reported in a 74-year-old male with an endocardial pacemaker. Despite antibiotic treatment, removal of the endocardial wire was necessary for recovery. PMID- 3183404 TI - Septicaemia caused by Vibrio vulnificus. AB - Vibrio vulnificus is an uncommon cause of septicaemia. A few reports suggest that patients with chronic liver disease are more susceptible. We report two cases of septicaemia caused by this organism and emphasise the need for early empirical therapy. PMID- 3183405 TI - Human gnathostomiasis. AB - Following a meal that included raw fish in Bangladesh, a woman aged 40 years had symptoms suggestive of gnathostomiasis. The presentation of her illness and the results of investigations are reported. PMID- 3183406 TI - Drug-related recurrent meningitis. AB - A 56-year-old man presented with recurrent smear and culture-negative meningitis having ingested Ibuprofen before each episode. The association between Ibuprofen and meningitis has been well established in systemic lupus erythematosus but has been reported only rarely in previously healthy patients. PMID- 3183407 TI - Rabies presenting with myocarditis and encephalitis. AB - We report a case of rabies acquired in Zambia by a 45-year-old woman who presented with a history of an influenza-like illness, abnormal behaviour and signs of myocarditis. A provisional diagnosis of systemic viral infection was made. Within 12 h of admission the patient developed features of rabies that included hydrophobia. She was artificially paralysed and ventilated electively. Empirical antibiotic therapy was given also. Signs of myocarditis and fever disappeared within 48 h. Her clinical condition remained stable but she required heavy sedation. On the ninth day after admission the patient developed features of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone and gradually became water logged. Intake of fluid was therefore restricted. Her level of consciousness deteriorated progressively to the point where sedation was no longer required. Brain death was diagnosed 14 days after admission. PMID- 3183408 TI - Infection-associated haemophagocytic syndrome in an infant. AB - We describe the case of an infant with haemophagocytic syndrome initiated by severe infection. The difficulties of diagnosing and managing the condition as well as its pathogenesis are discussed. PMID- 3183409 TI - An outbreak of food-borne Campylobacter jejuni infection and the possible role of cross-contamination. AB - A point-source outbreak or campylobacter infection affected 24 of 51 delegates attending a business lunch. Failure to detect any specific vehicle for the infection led to observations of kitchen practice. Experiments demonstrated that cross-contamination as a result of handling raw and cooked food consecutively was a possible cause of the outbreak. PMID- 3183410 TI - Optic neuropathy in Borrelia infection. PMID- 3183411 TI - Corynebacterium group JK endocarditis after dental extraction under antibiotic cover. PMID- 3183412 TI - Infection with Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter fetus in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3183413 TI - Failure to find antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type I in Libya. PMID- 3183415 TI - An electron microscope study of the toxic action of Bacillus sphaericus in Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. PMID- 3183414 TI - Kidney and hemocytes of Mya arenaria (Bivalvia): normal and pollution-related ultrastructural morphologies. PMID- 3183416 TI - Molluscicidal effect of ivermectin on Biomphalaria glabrata. PMID- 3183417 TI - Pathogenicity of fungi isolated from field-collected larvae of the Western treehole mosquito, Aedes sierrensis (Diptera: Culicidae). PMID- 3183418 TI - An emulsion formulation of amphotericin B improves the therapeutic index when treating systemic murine candidiasis. AB - Incorporating amphotericin B into liposomes was reported to decrease amphotericin B toxicity without a concomitant loss of antifungal efficacy. We formulated an alternative emulsion-based delivery system for amphotericin B and compared it with Fungizone. The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) in mice was 1 mg of Fungizone/kg; however, the MTD was greater than 9 mg of the Intralipid emulsion formulation/kg. The emulsion formulation and Fungizone were equipotent for treating systemic candidiasis in mice. Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity, as manifested by polyuria that was resistant to antidiuretic hormone, was markedly diminished when amphotericin B was administered as an emulsion to rats. Loss of potassium from human red blood cells was also reduced by formulating this agent within emulsions. The emulsion formulation extended the survival time of mice that had established Candida albicans infections, when compared with the Fungizone treatment. The efficacy and reduced toxicity of the amphotericin B emulsion are findings suggesting that the emulsion formulation is preferable to Fungizone. PMID- 3183419 TI - Clinical and microbiological features of persistent or recurrent nongonococcal urethritis in men. PMID- 3183420 TI - Effects of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on leukocyte function in patients receiving chronic hemodialysis. PMID- 3183421 TI - Staphylococcal enterotoxin antibodies in pediatric patients from Utah. PMID- 3183423 TI - A large common-source outbreak of ciguatera fish poisoning. PMID- 3183424 TI - Rapid rebound of serum human immunodeficiency virus antigen after discontinuing zidovudine therapy. PMID- 3183422 TI - Rotavirus as a cause of diarrheal morbidity and mortality in the United States. PMID- 3183425 TI - Use of steroids and heparin to treat retinal arterial occlusion in Mediterranean spotted fever. PMID- 3183426 TI - Kinetics of intraventricular vancomycin in infections of cerebrospinal fluid shunts. PMID- 3183427 TI - Failure of parenteral metronidazole in the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis. PMID- 3183428 TI - Epidemiological studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: antibody to types 3, 6, 14, and 23 in the first two years of life. AB - Antibodies to pneumococcal types 3, 6, 14, and 23 were measured in sera from 78 infants prospectively studied from birth. Mean levels of antibodies to capsular antigens were 2-4 micrograms/mL, with no overall differences between carriers and noncarriers of given types. Serial serum samples were studied in selected infants to more precisely define the antibody response in relation to specific pneumococcal colonization and infection. Although some infants had little antibody, and made little in response to exposure, others had demonstrable antibody at the onset of acute otitis media. The highest levels were seen following repeated exposure. After an initial or secondary response, levels declined with or without continued nasopharyngeal carriage. PMID- 3183429 TI - Drug resistance patterns and serogroups or serotypes of pneumococcal isolates from cerebrospinal fluid or blood, 1979-1986. AB - In an analysis of 4766 consecutive strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from cultures of blood from 1979 to 1986 and of 1157 isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), resistance was found in 380 (8%) of blood and 107 (9.2%) of CSF isolates to one or more of the following antibiotics: penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, rifampin, and chloramphenicol. Resistance increased from 3.8% to 14.1% among isolates from blood and from 6.8% to 14.1% among CSF isolates during this period. Comparing 1979-1982 with 1983-1986, we found that significant increases (P less than .01) have occurred in penicillin resistance alone, rifampin resistance alone, and in strains showing multiple resistance. Resistance was found in 15 different serogroups and/or serotypes, although 92.2% of resistant strains belonged to serogroups 6 or 19 or to serotype 14. Of the serogrouped or serotyped strains, 97.4% are represented in the 23-valent vaccine by a vaccine or vaccine-related strain. PMID- 3183430 TI - Class-specific antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides in men infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. AB - We characterized the effect of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) on levels of total immunoglobulins and pneumococcal vaccine-specific immunoglobulins in 28 heterosexual and 25 homosexual men seronegative for HIV; 27 asymptomatic, seropositive homosexual men; and 21 patients with AIDS. Total serum IgG levels were increased in both HIV-seropositive groups compared with the HIV seronegative men (P less than .001). Total IgM levels, however, were elevated only in the asymptomatic, HIV-seropositive men (P less than .08); total IgA levels were elevated only in the patients with AIDS (P less than .05). Vaccine specific serum IgG, IgM, and IgA significantly increased over baseline three and six weeks after immunization in all groups (P less than .05). Responses to vaccine among the HIV-seronegative groups were similar but were greater for all antibody classes than were responses among the HIV-seropositive groups (P less than .05). PMID- 3183432 TI - Phenotypic instability of tumor cell clones: clonal expression of Fc receptors in the human leukemic K562 cell line and its relationship with hemoglobin expression. AB - Membrane expression of Fc receptors (FcR) was studied in clones of human K562 cells during short- and long-term culture. Using a manual cloning method, well defined clones were generated either from FcR-positive or FcR-negative cells. The fourth day after cloning, the majority of cloned cells manifested shifts in FcR expression without evidence of an orderly pattern. After long-term culture (about 34 passages), most clones expressed FcR values close to those found in the cell line. In addition, the selection of six clones expressing a stable FcR phenotype suggested that the presence of FcR is correlated to a low hemoglobinization of the multipotential K562 cells. PMID- 3183431 TI - Toxin-neutralizing antibodies in patients with pertussis, as determined by an assay using Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Antibodies to pertussis toxin were measured by a neutralization test (Chinese hamster ovary cell assay) in paired serum samples from 122 patients with whooping cough. The results were compared with previously published titers of IgG, IgM, and IgA measured by ELISA. Significant (fourfold or more) increases in neutralizing antibodies developed in 69 patients. Sixty-eight of them also had significant increases in at least one antibody class as measured by ELISA. Seventeen patients had significant increases in at least one antibody class without increases in neutralizing antibodies. All 163 serum samples with neutralizing antibodies also had detectable IgG, whereas 14 samples with IgG and 18 with IgM were negative by neutralization test. Thus, toxin-neutralizing serum antibodies develop in most patients with pertussis. Our ELISA, however, was more sensitive in detecting low levels of antibodies and in demonstrating significant increases between acute- and convalescent-phase serum samples. PMID- 3183433 TI - [The treatment of chylothorax following pulmonary resection in lung cancer]. PMID- 3183434 TI - [The effect of cardioplegic solution on the function of the myocardial cell membrane]. PMID- 3183435 TI - [28 cases of spontaneous hemopneumothorax]. PMID- 3183437 TI - [The surgical treatment of tricuspid insufficiency associated with acquired valvular disease--a comparative study of tricuspid annuloplasty and tricuspid valve supra-annular imposition]. PMID- 3183439 TI - [A study on the alteration of hemodynamics in patients with pulmonary operation and the signification of unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion test--using hemodynamogram]. PMID- 3183436 TI - [Functional and metabolic effects of carbohydrate substrate, magnesium and calcium channel blockers on the ischemic rat hearts with multidose potassium cardioplegia]. PMID- 3183440 TI - [Myocardial protection--a comparison of non-oxygenated and oxygenated cardioplegia]. PMID- 3183441 TI - [Acute liver dysfunction following modified Fontan operation in complex cardiac lesions--analysis of the contributing hemodynamic factors]. PMID- 3183442 TI - [Surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma]. PMID- 3183443 TI - [Simultaneous procedure of ascending and arch aortic replacement and aortic valve replacement for annuloaortic ectasia and fusiform aneurysm of the arch portion of the aorta--a case report]. PMID- 3183438 TI - [Pneumonectomy in lung cancer in patients over 70 years old--prediction of postpneumonectomy pulmonary function]. PMID- 3183444 TI - [A case report of difficult sternal closure after open heart surgery--useful method of using bone cement as a sternal spacer]. PMID- 3183445 TI - [Successful re-reconstruction for traumatic bronchial disruption of the right main bronchus]. PMID- 3183446 TI - [A case report of surgical correction of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage of entire left lung without atrial septal defect]. PMID- 3183447 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute pulmonary embolism--report of a case]. PMID- 3183449 TI - [Surgical management of intra-atrial free-floating thrombus in four patients]. PMID- 3183448 TI - [A rare case of eosinophilic pleuritis treated by means of decortication]. PMID- 3183450 TI - The pharmacological, pharmacodynamic and clinical properties of a new vasoactive agent: A meeting on Dalfon 500 mg. Held during the IVth European-American Symposium on Venous Diseases. Washington, D.C., March 31-April 2, 1987. PMID- 3183452 TI - Effect of a flavonoid preparation (S 5682) on experimental capillary permeability increase in rat paw and rabbit skin. AB - S 5682 is constituted by a flavonoid mixture of 90% diosmin and 10% hesperidin. Its action has been studied in vivo on microcirculation by measuring experimental alterations of capillary permeability and of venous pressure. Rats were pretreated by IV injection of 25 mg S 5682/kg, one hour before being submitted to a transitory compression of the posterior paw, resulting in reversible oedema that was estimated by plethysmography. The swelling of the paw in pretreated rats was lower than in controls (p less than 0.02), indicating a smaller increase of capillary permeability in rats treated with S 5682. A direct action on capillary permeability has been examined by measuring accumulation of IV injected Evans blue at the site of injection of zymosan, this accumulation was lower in pretreated rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). Similarly, in CFY rats, the pressure required to evoke capillary fragilisation was higher in S 5682 pretreated rats. Evans blue extravasation was also studied in the rabbit in which skin was irritated by topical application of chloroform of by gamma rays. Subcutaneous accumulation of Evans blue was lower in animals pretreated either IV or by oral route than in controls (p less than 0.05). S 5682 has a complex effect on microcirculation as indicated by a smaller increase in femoral venous pressure after ligation of homolateral iliac vein. The above experimental results indicate that S 5682 is acting at the venous side of the microcirculation. PMID- 3183451 TI - Action of S 5682 on the complement system. In vitro and in vivo study. AB - Activation of the complement system during the early phase of inflammation is partly responsible for increased vascular permeability, white blood cell margination and stimulation of phagocytosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of S 5682 in terms of inactivation of the serum complement system. Serum complement was measured by the method of Mayer modified. In vitro, S 5682 was tested on human and rabbit sera with increasing concentrations from 10 to 5.10(-8) g in the presence of different complement pathways activators. In vivo, serum anticomplement activity was evaluated is the N.Z. rabbit after administration of a single dose (100 mg/kg) of S 5682. In vitro, the anticomplement action of S 5682 was effective, starting at the concentration 1.10(-9) g for both classical (IC50 = 6.19.10(-9) g) and alternative pathways (IC50 = 7.69.10(-9) g). This dose-dependent anticomplement action was statistically significant (p less than 0.01) and involved fraction Clq and C3. In vivo, there was a statistically significant decrease (p less than 0.01) of complement activation which reached a maximum of 74%, 180 minutes after the administration of S 5682. This decrease was still significant after 5 hours (p greater than 0.01). These data suggest that the anti-oedematous effect of S 5682 can be partly explained by anti-inflammatory properties in relation with an anticomplement action. PMID- 3183453 TI - Hemorheological improvement after Daflon 500 mg treatment in diabetes. AB - Rheological disorders, such as blood hyperviscosity, red blood cell (RBC) hyperaggregation or hypodeformability, may be responsible for vascular complications in diabetes. As pointed out by many reports, flavonoids are known to act on RBC rheology in relation with venous thrombosis. These disorders were evaluated by viscometry in order to follow the hemorheological impact of a flavonoid (Daflon 500 mg). Hemorheological effects of Daflon 500 mg, 6 tablets per day for 28 days, were tested in 18 diabetic patients by viscometric measurements carried out on 2 ml blood sample withdrawn on EDTA. Measurements, before and after treatment, were compared with usual statistical tests. The following results were obtained: (1) a decrease of blood viscosity, more pronounced at low shear rate; (2) a better RBC disaggregability process under shear. Therefore, the main conclusion was that the hemorheological improvement, observed after Daflon 500 mg treatment, due to a decrease of RBC aggregation, can induce a decrease of blood flow resistance and a reduction in stasis and resulting ischemia. PMID- 3183454 TI - Skin perfusion pressure in leg ulcers assessed by photoplethysmography. AB - The aetiology of lower limb ulcers is often the result of intricate vascular pathology and the quality of the peri-ulcer microcirculation is a major factor in the prognosis of the disease. We measured the skin perfusion pressure (S.P.P.) using an infra-red photoplethysmograph of the PPG type (ESM, Mauguio, France). The study included 30 healthy subjects, 25 patients with leg ulcers of varied etiology (venous: 14, arterial: 11), and 15 patients with uncomplicated varicose veins. Measurements were undertaken in dorsal decubitus position after a 15 minute rest. The S.P.P. was expressed as the percentage of humeral blood pressure. The results showed an important decrease of S.P.P. in patients with arterial ulcers when compared to patients with healthy legs (39.9 +/- 16.4% and 82.8 +/- 10.0% respectively). The S.P.P. values were intermediate (54.4 +/- 19.3%) in patients with venous ulcers while they were normal in the patients with uncomplicated varicose veins (87.3 +/- 12.3%). Among this population, 18 patients (11 with uncomplicated varicose veins and 7 with venous ulcers) were investigated before and after a one month treatment with a flavonoid (Daflon 500 mg, 2 tablets per day). An increase of S.P.P. to normal values after treatment was found in patients with venous ulcers though not in patients with varicose veins. This non invasive procedure appreciating the microcirculation status in peri-ulcerous skin could be of predictive value for the healing potential. It could be a good method to assess the efficacy of vasculotropic agents. PMID- 3183455 TI - [Intermediate dose of Ara-C (IDAra-C) for the treatment of refractory and relapsed lymphoid malignancies]. PMID- 3183456 TI - [Surgical treatment of renal carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus]. PMID- 3183457 TI - [The pharmacokinetics and clinical toxicities following intraperitoneal infusion of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) with simultaneous sodium thiosulfate rescue in patients with ovarian cancer]. PMID- 3183459 TI - [Antitumor activity of neutrophils induced by a nonspecific immunopotentiator OK 432. II. Experimental study using human malignant ascites]. PMID- 3183458 TI - [Effect of mitomycin given in massive dose intraoperatively in cases of gastric cancer as assessed in terms of postoperative serum LDH isoenzyme patterns]. PMID- 3183460 TI - [Antitumor activity of neutrophils induced by a nonspecific immunopotentiator OK 432. III. Experimental study using human peripheral neutrophils]. PMID- 3183462 TI - Chemopreventive effect of antineoplaston A-10 on urethane-induced pulmonary neoplasm in mice. PMID- 3183461 TI - [Studies on cell cycle analysis using a monoclonal antibody to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU labeling method)]. PMID- 3183463 TI - The in vitro manipulation of terminology. PMID- 3183464 TI - Failure of fertilization in in vitro fertilization: the "occult" male factor. AB - Failure of fertilization in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) deserves extensive analysis for better prediction of the success or failure of this therapeutic modality. Consequently, we retrospectively studied the 52 couples in whom fertilization failed during Norfolk series 18 to 25, in an effort to establish the precise causes of failure. In the initial evaluation, pure oocyte abnormalities were identified in 19.2% of the cases; 32.6% showed sperm abnormalities, and a combination of oocyte and sperm anomalies was found in 7.7%. In 40.4% of the cases, failure of fertilization could not be explained. Reassessment of sperm morphology by new, strict criteria increased the identification of sperm abnormalities to 61.5% and of combined sperm and oocyte anomalies to 13.4%, for a total of 74.9% of sperm factors involved, as opposed to 40.3% in the original evaluation. The incidence of unexplained failed fertilization was substantially reduced, to 11.5%. In a control group (tubal infertility) matched by age, date, and stimulation, in whom fertilization occurred, 83.3% had normal sperm parameters as judged by the new criteria for morphology evaluation. This paper emphasizes the need for a more accurate diagnosis of sperm abnormalities to establish the true incidence of this factor in failed fertilization and to obtain information of prognostic value to patients and clinicians. PMID- 3183465 TI - A Mobile Oocyte Incubation Unit (MOIU): a device for improvement of the gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) program. AB - Forty couples with infertility due to various causes were selected for the gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) program at our hospital. When the first 21 couples (Group A) had been treated in the program, the rate of pregnancy achieved was 23.8%, which did not seem satisfactory. This might have been caused by the distance between the embryo laboratory and the operating room. To eliminate this defect, a Mobile Oocyte Incubation Unit (MOIU) was designed. This is actually a compact laboratory that can be placed in the operating room. After the MOIU was utilized, the rate of pregnancy for the following 19 couples (Group B) increased to 42.1%. The MOIU has helped improve the performance of the GIFT program by increasing the stability of the pH value of the culture medium (Chetkowski R, et al.: J Vitro Fert Embryo Transfer 1985;2:207), lessening the exposure of the gametes to air and room temperature, and most importantly, shortening the time required for a GIFT procedure from 45-100 to 15-30 min. We expect that the MOIU will eventually become an integral part of the standard equipment for the GIFT program and make the program more successful and reliable in the treatment of infertility. PMID- 3183466 TI - Results of in vitro fertilization in women with antisperm antibodies in serum, cervical mucus, and follicular fluid. AB - This study was undertaken to investigate the presence of antisperm antibodies (ASA) in serum, cervical mucus, and follicular fluid (FF) of women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). IgG and IgA ASA directed mostly against sperm head were found at similar concentrations in serum, cervical mucus, and FF of 2 of 34 patients. Ninety-one percent fertilization and 100% cleavage rates, respectively, were observed in one of the two patients. No fertilization occurred in the second patient. In both women, in vitro sperm penetration tests revealed hostile mucus and repeated postcoital tests were poor. It is concluded that the sperm-cervical mucus penetration test and mucus ASA measurements are useful in establishing the diagnosis of immunological infertility. PMID- 3183468 TI - Culture of rabbit embryos and isolated blastomeres in hydrogel chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of intermediate mouse recipients. AB - Chambers made from polymerized 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate were used for the in vivo culture of rabbit embryos or isolated blastomeres. In Experiment 1, culture of 119, one-cell embryos for 72 hr in saline-filled chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of male mice resulted in 72 morulae and 25 blastocysts. Transfer of these 97 embryos to recipient does resulted in the birth of 3 live offspring (3%). Culture of 119, one-cell embryos for 72 hr in saline-filled chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of female mice resulted in 23 morulae and 68 blastocysts. Transfer of these 91 embryos to recipient does resulted in the birth of 20 live offspring (22%). All of the 119 control, one-cell embryos had degenerated after 72 hr of in vitro culture in saline-filled chambers. In Experiment 2, culture of 80 blastomeres isolated from four-cell embryos for 72 hr in compartmentalized, medium-filled chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of female mice resulted in 21 morulae and 43 blastocysts. For both experiments, the recovery rate for embryos or isolated blastomeres after in vivo culture was 100%. PMID- 3183467 TI - Variables affecting toxicity of human sera in mouse embryo cultures. AB - It has been reported that sera from women with reproductive disorders can inhibit mouse embryo development. While performing tests on this subject in our laboratory, two unexpected variables were identified that can influence the effect of human serum on mouse embryo cultures. In a standard embryo culture system in which heat-inactivated sera (10% final concentration) were added to two cell mouse embryos and percentage blastocyst development was scored after 4 days, sera that had been collected into standard clinical Monoject blood collection red stopper tubes were significantly more embryotoxic than sera collected from the same subjects into 15-ml Falcon centrifuge tubes (P less than 0.005). Furthermore, we observed that sera from laboratory personnel that worked with mice often inhibited mouse embryo development. To study this effect further, sera were collected from five fertile individuals who were routinely exposed to mice and from fertile women with no previous exposure to rodents. Sera from the mouse exposed group were significantly more inhibitory than sera from the nonexposed control group (P less than 0.005). The effect was observed in the ammonium sulfate-precipitated immunoglobulin fraction of the mouse-exposed group's sera, and high titers of antibodies reactive with mouse spleen cells were detected in sera and immunoglobulin fractions from this group by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Embryotoxic activity was neutralized by absorption with mouse lymphocytes, but not with rabbit or human lymphocytes, suggesting that a heterophilic antimouse antibody is the factor responsible for this effect. These data emphasize the importance of including extensive controls in experiments addressing toxic effects of human sera on mouse embryos. PMID- 3183469 TI - Significance of the recovery of fractured-zona oocytes in an in vitro fertilization program. AB - Recovery of fractured-zona oocytes (FZOs) from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF/ET) has been previously reported. The present study was undertaken to determine the possible influence of different stimulation protocols and retrieval techniques on the incidence of FZOs, to analyze possible causes, and to evaluate the significance of FZOs in terms of IVF/ET results. Four hundred thirty-three cycles in which one or more FZOs were recovered (fractured-zona cycles; FZCs) and 1114 cycles in which FZOs were not obtained (intact-zona cycles; IZCs) were studied. A significantly higher number of follicles was aspirated in FZCs (7.16 +/- 3.5) than in IZCs (6.43 +/- 3.56), yielding significantly fewer immature oocytes in FZCs (1.58 +/- 1.93 vs 1.88 +/- 2.16) and a significantly higher number of atretic oocytes in FZCs (2.06 +/- 1.36 vs 0.73 +/- 1.21). No statistically significant difference was observed when the number of preovulatory oocytes obtained was compared. Nor were statistically significant differences observed as a result of either the type of stimulation [human chorionic gonadotropin (hMG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), or a combination] or the aspiration technique utilized (laparoscopy vs ultrasonically guided puncture). Peripheral estradiol and progesterone and follicular fluid estradiol, progesterone, and androstenedione comparisons showed no significant differences. However, endocrine and morphologic findings (higher follicular androstenedione levels and estradiol/progesterone ratio, degenerated ooplasms) suggested some degree of late oocyte atresia, possibly due to slight hyperstimulation. In an experimental study, two healthy immature oocytes matured in vitro to the metaphase II stage showed degenerative changes in the ooplasm within 20 min after being subjected to mechanical zona pellucida (ZP) damage (mechanical fracture).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183470 TI - Effects of aging on the zona pellucida surface of mouse oocytes. AB - In a scanning microscopy study of mouse oocytes from immature, young, and aged females and of oocytes aged in vivo or in vitro, we have observed four types of zona pellucida, which we classify as types A, B, C, and D. Oocyte aging gives rise to a significant increase in predegenerative (type C) oocytes; this type of zona pellucida surface could result from a zona hardening effect and decrease the rate of fertilization of the oocytes affected. PMID- 3183471 TI - In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program at Kaplan Hospital, Rehovot, Israel. PMID- 3183472 TI - In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program at the Instituto de Fertilidad, Buenos Aires, Argentina. PMID- 3183473 TI - Absorbable mesh in the treatment of rectal prolapse. AB - Transabdominal rectopexy is a widely used method with excellent results in the treatment of rectal prolapse; a variety of absorbable and non-absorbable materials has been described in the literature. In the Department of Surgery in the University of Munster we have been using absorbable mesh (Vicryl/Dexon) routinely to perform rectopexy. These materials are practically identical in their mode of degradation. Both are absorbed completely, releasing glycolic acid which is believed to be bacteriostatic. In this series of 62 cases absorbable mesh was used to fix the mobilised rectum to the sacrum. The operations were performed using one-dose antibiotic prophylaxis. There were no deaths. Two recurrences developed within two weeks of operation, one complete and one incomplete. Both cases, however, had been operated upon by inexperienced surgeons. Two further recurrences occurred after 36 and 45 months; thus the overall rate of recurrence was 6.4%. In no case was there abdominal or pelvic infection. We believe that absorbable mesh is a suitable material for performing rectopexy, reducing the rate of abdominal and particularly pelvic infection without increasing recurrence rate. PMID- 3183474 TI - Mortality from colorectal and breast cancer in gastric-surgery patients. AB - In a preliminary "years at risk" analysis of 5018 patients treated surgically for peptic ulcer at St. James Hospital, Balham, between 1940 and 1960, there was an increase in mortality from colorectal cancer 20 or more years after operation (1.6 fold; p less than 0.05) and an increase in mortality from breast cancer (4.0 fold; p less than 0.001). During the first 20 post-operative years there was an apparent decrease in mortality from both cancers (relative rate = 0.7 (NS) for colorectal and 0.5 (p less than 0.01), for breast cancer). The excess risk of colorectal cancer after a 20 year latency was almost entirely due to the 9.5 fold (p less than 0.001) excess risk in the 381 female gastric ulcer patients treated by Billroth I operation, and the 8.0 fold (p less than 0.05) excess mortality for the small group of 123 female patients who had vagotomy for duodenal ulcer. The apparent decreased risk during the first 20 post-operative years was entirely due to the 5-fold decrease (p less than 0.01) in risk in the 659 male patients treated by Billroth I surgery for gastric ulcer. The ratio of colon: rectal cancers was very much higher in gastric ulcer than in duodenal ulcer patients (5.6 compared to 1.8) and higher in females than in males (6.0 compared to 2.4). The excess risk of breast cancer after a 20 year latency was 4-fold in both gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183475 TI - Postoperative intra-abdominal and pelvic sepsis complicating ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. AB - In a series of 500 patients who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis or polyposis coli, significant intra-abdominal or pelvic sepsis developed in 30 (6%). Among the patients who did not require laparotomy because they responded to treatment with antibiotics or local drainage (surgical or radiologically guided) or both, no pouches were excised and the ileostomy closure rate (92%) was similar to that for the patients who did not have sepsis. The 17 patients whose sepsis did require laparotomy had a high rate of pouch excision (41%) (p less than 0.0001) and a low rate of ileostomy closure (29%) (p less than 0.0001). Factors identified as possibly associated with severe sepsis included female gender and ulcerative colitis complicated by toxicity or malignancy. PMID- 3183476 TI - Does balloon dilatation and anal sphincter training improve ileoanal-pouch function? AB - Although patients' satisfaction may be high after restorative proctocolectomy the functional results are still far from perfect. Increased bowel frequency and imperfection in continence are common. Pouch volume and anal sphincter status are important determinants for the outcome. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if balloon dilatation of the pouch and sphincter biofeedback training might improve the results. Forty patients with an ileo-pouch anal anastomosis were randomized into a control and a treatment group. During the interval with a diverting ileostomy, patients in the latter group were subjected to balloon dilatation of the pouch and sphincter biofeedback training by using a manovolumetric technique. All patients were functionally assessed and anorectal manovolumetry performed preoperatively and at regular intervals postoperatively. Follow-up time was at least 12 months. Immediately before ileostomy take down patients in the treatment group showed a significant initial increase in pouch compliance compared with controls. However, a rapid and pronounced increase in pouch volume occurring after ileostomy closure in the control group equalized this initial difference. Anal resting tone and maximum squeezing capacity were at all intervals similar in the two groups. Bowel frequency per 24 h was similar and mucus soiling occurred to a similar extent in both groups, and the overall functional result as assessed according to a scoring system was equal at each interval. Balloon dilatation of the pouch and sphincter exercises appear not to be essential measures in these patients. PMID- 3183477 TI - Asymmetrical pudendal nerve damage in pelvic floor disorders. AB - Differences in the left and right pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies have been observed in patients with pelvic floor disorders. Until now the mean value of the left and right pudendal latencies has been used as the index of pudendal neuropathy. In 22 patients of a group of 156 patients studied the pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was abnormally raised on one side only. These patients are thought to have pudendal neuropathy whether or not the mean value of the left and right pudendal latencies is also raised. This observation may have therapeutic implications. PMID- 3183478 TI - Quality of life in ileostomy patients before and after conversion to the continent ileostomy. AB - In a prospective study the quality of life was evaluated in 31 consecutive patients before and after conversion from a conventional to a continent ileostomy. Patient expectations, immediate emotional reactions after the operation and attitudes at the time of the interview were more positive towards the continent ileostomy than the conventional ileostomy. An improved working capacity was affirmed after conversion to the continent ileostomy. Leisure activities and the quality of sexual life were most positively influenced by the continent ileostomy, whereas established family and social relations were not considerably influenced by either type of ileostomy. In conclusion the continent ileostomy improves the quality of life in patients requesting conversion from a conventional ileostomy. PMID- 3183480 TI - How I do it. Medical management of severe ulcerative colitis. PMID- 3183479 TI - Late presentation of ulcerative colitis in ex-smokers. AB - Details of the smoking history were obtained from 288 patients with ulcerative colitis who were more than 15 years of age when colitis developed. Men who had previously smoked presented with colitis at a later age than lifelong non-smokers (mean age difference 15.2 years). The proportion of ex-smokers in this group of patients with colitis was more than twice that expected in the general population. The interval between cessation of smoking and subsequent onset of colitis in ex-smokers was found to be relatively short and in two-thirds of patients occurred within seven years. A tentative model to explain the association between smoking and subsequent colitis is proposed. We suggest that whilst current smokers may have a lower incidence of colitis, ex-smokers appear to be at increased risk of developing the disease. An alternative explanation is that smoking may act in a manner analogous to sulphasalazine. PMID- 3183481 TI - ECG of the month. Twisting and turning. Torsades de pointes. PMID- 3183482 TI - Practical management of diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 3183483 TI - Foundations of decision-making: the necessity for philosophical considerations in the physician-patient relationship. PMID- 3183484 TI - Diagnosis and management of adult epiglottitis. PMID- 3183485 TI - The ethics of human experimentation. PMID- 3183486 TI - Interpretation of the xylose absorption test made simple: finally? PMID- 3183488 TI - Hyperventilation with hypoproteinemia. AB - Hypoproteinemia by itself produces a metabolic alkalosis. It is not clear whether a respiratory compensation (hypercapnia) develops with this alkalosis; patients with liver cirrhosis, most of them with hypoproteinemia, are known to hyperventilate. We studied 23 clinically stable patients with hypoproteinemia, with very low albumin-to-globulin ratios (range 0.4 to 1.1), who had either liver cirrhosis (n = 12) or other medical conditions (n = 11). In both groups, there was marked hypocapnia, accompanied by alkalemia (PaCO2 values (mean +/- SD) 31 +/ 2 and 32 +/- 3 torr; pH (mean +/- SD) 7.45 +/- 0.03 and 7.47 +/- 0.03, for the patients with cirrhosis and those without, respectively). Hypoxemia was not the stimulus provoking hyperventilation. The lowering of PaCO2 was proportional to the reduction of serum albumin and total protein concentrations; no detectable difference was seen between the patients with cirrhosis and those without cirrhosis in this apparent dependence of PaCO2 on the concentration of serum proteins. Many of these clinically stable patients with hypoproteinemia, with or without liver cirrhosis, had appreciable concentrations of unidentified anions in plasma (inappropriately high anion gap). Whatever the nonrespiratory acid-base status of the patients with hypoproteinemia, their pulmonary ventilation (hypocapnia) appeared excessive when compared with subjects (presumably) without proteinemia who had similar nonrespiratory acid-base states. The mechanism responsible for the hyperventilation in hypoproteinemia and the nature of the unidentified anions in this condition are obscure. PMID- 3183487 TI - Use of kinetic methods to evaluate D-xylose malabsorption in patients. AB - D-Xylose kinetics were studied after administering 25 gm oral and 10 gm intravenous doses to six normal subjects and to 12 patients who were being evaluated for the presence of intestinal malabsorption. D-Xylose absorption was characterized by an absorption rate constant (ka) and a rate constant reflecting nonabsorptive removal of D-xylose from the small bowel (ko). In normal subjects, mean ka was 0.915 +/- 0.228/hr (+/- SD), and the extent of oral D-xylose absorption averaged 81.0% +/- 11.6%. In seven of the 12 patients, D-xylose absorption was less than 60% complete. In four of them, ka was below the normal limit of 0.367/hr and was consistent with a primary defect in intestinal D-xylose absorption. Two patients with low ka values and the remaining three patients with less than 60% D-xylose absorption had ko values exceeding 0.650/hr, suggesting that excessive nonabsorptive loss contributed to low D-xylose bioavailability. We found that standard tests may identify some patients as having primary defects in D-xylose absorption rate or nonabsorptive loss and propose that breath H2 concentration measurements may also help distinguish between bacterial overgrowth and rapid intestinal transit as causes of excessive nonabsorptive loss. PMID- 3183489 TI - Know your cholesterol: population screening. AB - To facilitate the goal that all adult Americans know their total serum cholesterol levels, our specific aim was to evaluate the effectiveness, practicality, and cost of total cholesterol sampling in nonfasting self-referred subjects with use of venous blood and mailed results (n = 3844), and to compare these results with capillary blood total cholesterol levels (n = 1167), with immediate turnaround. We used consensus cut points of total cholesterol levels greater than 200, greater than 220, and greater than 240 mg/dl for moderate risk of coronary heart disease and greater than 220, greater than 240, and greater than 260 for high risk for aged 20 through 29, 30 through 39, and greater than 40 years. Total cholesterol level was in the moderate- or high-risk range in 45% and 37% of the venous and capillary cohorts, respectively. Median venous and capillary total cholesterol values were approximately 20 and 10 mg/dl greater than the total cholesterol values in the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study, a difference contributed to by nonfasting versus fasting conditions, use of serum versus plasma, and self-referral bias for subjects with a family history of premature coronary heart disease. The cost per subject in the venous and capillary studies was $5.09 and $7.12 respectively, and $11.40 and $ 18.63 for each subject in the moderate- to high-risk range. Resampling with the subject fasting and follow-up were stressed, and were made available for moderate- and high-risk subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183490 TI - Hepatic regenerative enzyme activity after diffuse injury with galactosamine: relationship to histologic alterations. AB - Massive liver injury with 1000 mg/kg D-galactosamine was followed by a broad peak of thymidine kinase (TK) activity over 62 to 120 hours. The highest mean value was a 29-fold increase in activity. Three peaks of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity were observed over the same time span. The first peak occurred at 45 hours, showing a sevenfold to eightfold increase in activity. Histologic evidence of necrosis peaked at 12 to 24 hours and was prominent over 54 hours. Periportal inflammation in response to the cellular injury was prominent from 12 to 96 hours and peaked at 45 to 62 hours. The curve of mitoses peaked at the same time as that of TK activity but was only 68% as extensive. The first peak of ODC activity occurred before there was any significant presence of mitoses or of TK activity. A smaller dose of 400 mg/kg resulted in a narrow peak of TK activity at 62 hours that was a 37-fold increase in activity. The total TK response was 43% of that seen after the larger dose, about in proportion to the dose given. The first ODC peak, representing the earliest evidence of regeneration, was earlier and more prominent after the 400 mg/kg dose. On the basis of areas under the curves, the amounts of necrosis and of periportal inflammation after 400 mg/kg were 36% of those seen after 1000 mg/kg. Corresponding figures for other response curves were 29% for mitoses, 33% for serum SGPT, and 71% for total ODC activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183491 TI - Inhibition of ticlopidine of platelet adhesion to human venous subendothelium in patients with diabetes. AB - To elucidate the bleeding tendency that follows the administration of ticlopidine, we investigated the skin bleeding time and some ex vivo functions of platelets from nine patients with insulin-dependent diabetes before and 2 weeks after daily doses of 500 mg ticlopidine. Ticlopidine significantly prolonged bleeding time and reduced platelet reactivity to fixed, relatively high concentrations of aggregating agents, without interfering with thromboxane B2 formation. We used a rotating probe device at a relatively low shear rate (570 sec-1) to measure platelet adhesion to human subendothelium. This system was able to detect an impairment of platelet adhesion dependent on glycoprotein (GP) Ib defect (Bernard Soulier syndrome) or on low platelet von Willebrand factor content, but was insensitive to platelet GPIIb-IIIa defect (Glanzmann's thrombasthenia). In our patients, platelet adhesion was consistently reduced after the administration of ticlopidine. We conclude that ticlopidine is an inhibitor of platelet function that modulates the interaction between platelets. The drug also appears to interfere with mechanisms that modulate platelet subendothelium interaction at relatively low shear rates. This double action could be relevant in the prevention of vasculopathy in patients with diabetes. PMID- 3183492 TI - Effect of epinephrine on rapid ADP-induced aggregation, protein phosphorylation, and cytoplasmic calcium dynamics of platelets: a quenched-flow study. AB - We have used a general quenched-flow approach to study platelet function as early as 0.3 seconds after stimulation with a low concentration of adenosine 5' diphosphate (ADP) (0.5 mumol/L), epinephrine (15 mumol/L), or a combination of the two. Compared with ADP alone, the combination nearly doubled the rate of aggregation as measured by the loss of single particles. Our aim was to determine whether the aggregation, protein phosphorylation, and cytoplasmic calcium responses to this potentiating combination of ADP and epinephrine were analogous to those caused by a maximal concentration of ADP (10 mumol/L) and also to determine whether cyclooxygenase was involved in this potentiation. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) and the 47 kd protein were analyzed during the first 5 seconds of platelet response and were related to the progress of aggregation. Unlike aggregation, ADP-induced phosphorylations of both MLC and the 47 kd protein were inhibited rather than potentiated by epinephrine. Pretreatment of the platelets with indomethacin did not affect aggregation or MLC phosphorylation, but increased 47 kd phosphorylation at 0.6 seconds and eliminated it at 3 seconds. Cytoplasmic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) of indo-1-loaded platelets were monitored with our continuous-flow fluorescence approach. Although epinephrine itself did not change [Ca2+]i, it potentiated the [Ca2+]i rise induced by a low dose of ADP. A comparison of these results with platelet activation caused by 10 mumol/L ADP indicates that MLC and 47 kd phosphorylations are not correlated with [Ca2+]i dynamics and are not required or directly involved in platelet aggregation. PMID- 3183493 TI - Gender differences of human tissue kallikrein and an erythrocyte kallikrein-like enzyme in essential hypertension. AB - The level of tissue kallikrein in serum and urine, and of an erythrocyte kallikrein-like enzyme, were compared in 10 subjects without hypertension and in 10 patients with hypertension with normal renin levels. Each group consisted of five men and five women. All subjects were observed at a general clinical research center for consecutive 5- to 6-day periods of daily dietary sodium intake of 109, 9, and 259 mEq. Tissue kallikrein levels in serum and urine and levels of the erythrocyte kallikrein-like enzyme were measured with specific radioimmunoassays or with an activity assay, respectively. Mean active and total urinary kallikrein excretion rates were higher in women than in men (both with and without hypertension) when they were given all diets (p less than 0.05 to 0.025), and these rates varied inversely with sodium intake. The serum immunoreactive tissue kallikrein level was higher in men than in women when they were given all diets (p less than 0.05 to 0.001), but there was no difference between subjects with and without hypertension. There were no consistent changes in levels with altered sodium intake. Erythrocyte kallikrein-like esterase activity was greater in women without hypertension than in men without hypertension (p less than 0.05 to 0.001) when receiving the 9 and 109 mEq sodium diets, but values were similar in all groups receiving the 259 mEq sodium diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183494 TI - Human lymphocyte messenger RNA activity profiles in type I and type II diabetes: a tool for classification of metabolic disease. AB - We have previously used rat hepatic messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) activity profiles to categorize various pathophysiologic states. To test the hypothesis that similar techniques can be used to categorize disease states in humans, we examined the mRNA activity profiles by using in vitro translational assays of Ficoll-Hypaque-separated mononuclear cells obtained from six normal volunteers, six patients with type I diabetes, and five patients with type II diabetes as example of different disease states. Translated proteins were labeled with sulfur 35-labeled methionine, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and quantitated by videodensitometry of autoradiographs derived from the two dimensional gels. Of approximately 160 quantitated mRNAs, the levels of 12 were found to be altered in one of the diabetic states. The values of nine were changed in patients with type I diabetes and the values of 11 were altered in patients with type II diabetes. Although the values of most mRNAs increased, significant decreases were also observed. Moreover, four spots showed significant differences in response between the two diabetic states. Discriminant analysis allowed the separation of all three states. Finally, several mRNAs also displayed an age-related correlation. We have demonstrated that unstimulated mononuclear cell mRNAs can be used to study the effects of pathophysiologic states on gene expression in humans. Furthermore, our results support the potential use of this issue to study the effect of a wide variety of disease states on gene expression. PMID- 3183495 TI - The half-lives of IgG subclasses and specific antibodies in patients with primary immunodeficiency who are receiving intravenously administered immunoglobulin. AB - With the increased use of immunoglobulin for intravenous use (IGIV) as replacement therapy for patients with primary immunodeficiencies, a natural concern is whether such preparations demonstrate a normal turnover rate with regard to total IgG, individual IgG subclasses, and specific antibody titers. We have conducted such a pharmacokinetic study on a cohort of eight patients with an IGIV preparation, Gammagard. For total IgG, the half-life found was 25.8 days; for IgG1 it was 29.7 days; for IgG2 it was 26.9 days; and for IgG3 it was 15.7 days. The results are similar to those reported for endogeneous IgG. Half-lives for antibodies to S. minnesota (Re 595 mutant), cytomegalovirus, and S. pneumoniae were of the same order of magnitude as that for total IgG. We conclude that this IGIV preparation is catabolized in patients with primary immunodeficiency at a rate similar to that of native IgG in normal individuals. PMID- 3183496 TI - Standard assays underestimate the concentration of heparin in neonatal plasma. AB - Heparin is commonly used to treat neonatal thrombosis. Drug monitoring often involves assays that measure the inhibition of added factor Xa or thrombin by the antithrombin III (AT-III) heparin complex. We examined whether the neonatal AT III deficiency affects heparin recovery in such assays at therapeutic drug concentrations (0.1 to 0.6 U/ml). The chromogenic anti-factor Xa assay (Teien AN, Lie M, Abildgaard U. Thromb Res 1976;8:413-6) and the protamine titration test were performed in eight pooled cord plasma samples and in normal adult plasma. Only 65% to 70% of heparin activity detected in adult plasma was recovered by the assay of Teien et al. In cord plasma; recovery by the protamine test was 80% or less. Heparin recovery in cord plasma was significantly improved by raising the AT-III concentration to normal adult levels in both assays. We conclude that heparin assays underestimate drug levels in neonatal plasma unless the neonatal AT-III deficiency is fully corrected in the test system. The use of standard assays may lead to over-heparinization of newborn infants, thereby placing them at a higher risk of bleeding. PMID- 3183498 TI - Vision therapy. PMID- 3183497 TI - Does hyperprolactinemia affect hepatic regeneration independent of sex steroids? AB - Prolactin, administered exogenously, has been shown to be trophic to the liver, causing increases in the liver weight-to-body weight ratio. In ornithine decarboxylase activity, and in thymidine kinase activity. To investigate the effect of endogenous hyperprolactinemia on hepatic regeneration, pituitary isografts were placed beneath the renal capsule in rats 2 weeks before the rats underwent a two-thirds partial hepatectomy. Prolactin levels 2 weeks after the transplant were greater in the animals with the pituitary isografts compared with levels in controls. The increase in the liver weight-to-body weight ratio after hepatectomy was similar in the rats with pituitary transplant and the controls. However, chronic hyperprolactinemia was associated with increased basal levels of ornithine decarboxylase activity and thymidine kinase activity. Both ornithine decarboxylase activity and thymidine kinase activity increased after partial hepatectomy, and the magnitude of the changes was similar for both groups of animals. The levels of estrogen receptor activity before the partial hepatectomy and the reduction in receptor activity that follows partial hepatectomy were similar in the two groups of animals. Moreover, the levels of androgen receptor activity within the liver before partial hepatectomy and the increase in receptor activity after hepatectomy were similar in the two groups of animals. Thus, chronic sustained hyperprolactinemia has no beneficial effect on the hepatic regenerative response, despite induction of both basal ornithine decarboxylase and thymidine kinase activities. PMID- 3183499 TI - Regular education initiative. PMID- 3183500 TI - Legal challenges in educating traumatic brain injured students. PMID- 3183501 TI - Accidental head injury: a real life experience. PMID- 3183502 TI - Concerns respecting the regular education initiative. PMID- 3183503 TI - Computer aptitude: an investigation of differences among junior high students with learning disabilities and their non-learning-disabled peers. PMID- 3183504 TI - A comparison of listening and reading performance with children in three educational placements. PMID- 3183506 TI - A cross-validation study of patterns of cognitive ability in children with learning difficulties, as described by factorially defined WISC-R verbal and performance IQs. PMID- 3183505 TI - Teacher perceptions of temperament characteristics of children classified as learning disabled. PMID- 3183507 TI - Relationship between the K-ABC and WISC-R for students referred for severe learning disabilities. PMID- 3183508 TI - Differential diagnosis of learning disability versus emotional disturbance using the WISC-R. PMID- 3183509 TI - Hampered production of words as a characteristic of school failure. PMID- 3183510 TI - Isolation and identification of feline peritoneal macrophages for in vitro studies of coronavirus-macrophage interactions. AB - Feline peritoneal cells were collected by lavage with isotonic saline without the use of irritants or need for euthanasia of the cats. Macrophages were purified by centrifugation on Percoll followed by selective adherence. Although few macrophages could be obtained from an initial lavage, a second lavage performed on the same cat 9-11 days later yielded six times as many macrophages as the first lavage, providing sufficient numbers of cells for characterization and infection experiments. Macrophages from these subsequent lavages were not more functionally activated in phagocytosis assays than the resident macrophages from the initial lavage, and they were equally susceptible to infection with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). Infected cultures produced peak titers of 10(5.0) TCID50 per ml, and FIPV antigen was detected in a small subset (0.1-1.0%) of cells by indirect immunofluorescence. The FIPV-infected cells were identified as macrophages by their characteristic morphology and ability to phagocytize rhodamine-labeled latex beads. The successful isolation of large numbers of unactivated feline macrophages will permit in vitro studies of feline coronavirus macrophage interactions that otherwise would not have been possible. Such studies will undoubtedly provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis, an invariably fatal disease of domestic and exotic cats. PMID- 3183511 TI - Two distinct cytolytic mechanisms of macrophages and monocytes activated by phorbol myristate acetate. AB - Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and peripheral blood monocytes (PBMO) of the miniature swine can be converted to cytolytically active effector cells by treating with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) as determined by enhancement of cytotoxicity to various target cells. Kinetics of the PMA-activated PAM and PBMO in cytotoxicity show that the effective PMA concentration ranges from 10 to 1,000 ng/ml. Induction of cytotoxic macrophages and monocytes occurred as early as 30 min and to their maximum cytotoxicity after 1 hr exposure to PMA and the enhanced cytotoxic activity persisted up to 24 to 40 hr when PMA was removed by washing after 1 hr exposure, but prolonged exposure to PMA for more than 6 hr resulted in a drastic decrease of cytolytic activities suggesting the prolonged exposure to PMA causes macrophages and monocytes to become refractory to PMA stimulation. Target cells displayed varying degrees of cytotoxic sensitivity to the PMA activated PAM and PBMO; PRBC, SRBC, and K562 were sensitive, WEHI-164 and U937 were relatively sensitive, and SB was very resistant to these activated effector cells. The mechanisms of PMA-induced cytotoxicity could largely be divided into two categories. One was the H2O2 mediated killing as shown by complete reduction of cytotoxicity after adding catalase in the assay. The other was the proteases mediated cytolysis, which could be blocked by protease inhibitors, Phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), and N- alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK). H2O2 was the only mediator produced in large enough quantities from PBMO to kill target cells, whereas PAM could produce both mediators (H2O2 and proteases). PRBC, SRBC, and K562 appeared to be killed by H2O2 produced by PAM and PBMO. In contrast, U937 and WEHI-164 appeared to be killed by proteases in PAM mediated cytolysis but by H2O2 in PBMO-mediated cytolysis. These results suggest that the observed cytolytic mechanisms can be differed by type of target cells as well as the source of mononuclear phagocytes within the individual animal. PMID- 3183512 TI - Merocyanine 540 as a flow cytometric probe of membrane lipid organization in leukocytes. AB - Merocyanine 540 (MC540) is a fluorescent probe that binds preferentially to membranes with loosely packed lipids. When combined with flow cytometry, it provides a novel methodology for rapidly and quantitatively assessing lipid organization in individual leukocytes. Analysis of cells stained simultaneously with MC540 and 1-[4-trimethylammoniumphenyl]-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, to normalize for surface area, revealed that all leukocytes in peripheral blood bind equivalent amounts of dye per unit surface area. This result indicates that the lipids of the plasma membranes of all types of circulating cells are organized similarly. Upon activation with appropriate stimuli, lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils all bound increased amounts of dye per unit surface area, indicating a change in lipid organization to a less-ordered state. Cells stained with MC540 were sorted on the basis of their fluorescence intensity yielding populations homogeneous with respect to lipid organization. Thus not only can MC540 and flow cytometry be combined for analyzing the organization of lipids in individual leukocytes, but sorted populations can be obtained for further biochemical, structural, and functional analyses. PMID- 3183513 TI - Are serine proteases involved in immune complex activation of neutrophils? AB - Soybean polypeptides and diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) have been reported to inhibit neutrophil functions such as the oxidative burst, chemotaxis, and/or phagocytosis in response to soluble stimuli; these observations would be compatible with the involvement of an active serine protease in neutrophil stimulation. We have investigated the possibility of such involvement when particulate stimuli such as immune complexes are utilized. The depolarization of the neutrophils' membrane potential, one of the earliest indicators of stimulation, and superoxide production, which is detectable 30-45 sec later, were our indicators of neutrophil response to immune complexes. The neutrophils were equilibrated with, and after 5 min washed free of, up to 60 mM DFP, a potent covalent serine protease inhibitor. At DFP concentrations below 24 mM, such treatment did not perturb neutrophil activation as measured by either of the above parameters, nor did F- alone under comparable conditions. Additionally, the immune complex induced responses of neutrophils preincubated for 3 min with N alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone (TLCK), L-1-tosylamido-2-phenyl-ethyl chloromethylketone (TPCK), or phenyl-methyl-sulfonyl-fluoride (PMSF), covalent serine protease inhibitors which have, however, been shown to function in other capacities, e.g., as superoxide dismutases; 1 mM PMSF or 0.5 mM TLCK consistently reduced the observed membrane depolarization, one of the earliest consequences of neutrophil activation, by 20-30%, while 0.1 mM TLCK and 0.01 mM TPCK had little or no effect. The inhibition of superoxide production, a slightly later stimulus response, by PMSF, TLCK, and TPCK was more profound (50-75%); these compounds have, however, been shown to have activities other than serine protease inhibitors--for example, as superoxide dismutases. Since DFP is purely a serine protease inhibitor, and since the three other compounds do not affect depolarization (the earlier and superoxide independent event), our results indicate that active serine proteases do not appear to be necessary for immune complex-initiated neutrophil stimulation. Other stimuli, which are known to activate neutrophils by different pathways, were not investigated. PMID- 3183515 TI - Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between active and inactive forms of human postheparin plasma hepatic triglyceride lipase. AB - Hepatic triglyceride lipase (H-TGL) was purified from human postheparin plasma. Specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced that discriminate between active (native) and inactive (denatured) forms of the enzyme. Mice immunized with native H-TGL resulted in MAbs that recognized only the native protein. The antibodies did not react with H-TGL treated with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate or heated at 60 degrees C. The loss of immunoreactivity with heating correlated directly with the loss of enzyme activity and there was a corresponding increase in immunoreactivity with the MAbs prepared against the denatured enzyme. Western blot analysis of postheparin plasma with the MAbs against denatured H-TGL gave a single protein band of 65 kD; preheparin plasma showed no detectable immunoreactivity with either MAb. These immunochemical studies suggest that there are no circulating active or inactive forms of H-TGL in man. Furthermore, the MAbs provide the necessary reagents for development of immunoassays for H-TGL. PMID- 3183514 TI - Cholesterol increase in mitochondria: a new method of cholesterol incorporation. AB - In this study, we report a new method for cholesterol incorporation in mitochondria. This method is based on the coupling of cholesterol to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to form a structure with a spherical shape (designated C-BSA-C). The results show that C-BSA-C induces a specific cholesterol incorporation in mitochondria without interference from BSA. The cholesterol increase is complete in 1 minute, and is dose-related and pH-dependent. Temperature also has an effect. In mitochondria from dog adrenal glands, pregnenolone biosynthesis induced by C-BSA-C is increased, indicating that only cholesterol is transferred to the membrane. PMID- 3183516 TI - Assay of unesterified cholesterol-5,6-epoxide in human serum by isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Levels in the healthy state and in hyperlipoproteinemia. AB - Accurate methods based on isotope dilution-mass spectrometry were developed for assay of free cholesterol-5,6-epoxide (sum of 5 alpha,6 alpha- and 5 beta,6 beta epimer) and cholestane-3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta-triol in human serum. In all serum samples tested, the level of cholesterol epoxides was well above the detection limit (about 10 ng/ml) whereas the level of cholestane-3 beta,5 alpha,6 beta triol was below or near the detection limit in most cases. Immediate addition of antioxidant was found to be necessary in order to obtain reproducible results in the serum analyses, and prolonged storage of frozen samples had to be avoided. The level of cholesterol epoxide in healthy subjects 23-35 years of age ranged from 67 ng/ml to 293 ng/ml (mean 131 ng/ml, n = 9). There was a tendency to higher levels with increasing age, but there was no correlation to serum cholesterol. In marked contrast to results previously reported with a less accurate method, patients with various forms of hyperlipoproteinemia did not have increased levels of cholesterol epoxide. On the contrary, many of these patients had levels lower than normal. PMID- 3183518 TI - Biliary proteins: assessment of quantitative techniques and comparison in gallstone and nongallstone subjects. AB - Although protein is the third most abundant solid in bile and is important in cholesterol crystal formation, methods for quantitating the concentration of total protein in bile have not been systematically evaluated. To establish a reliable protein assay for bile, we evaluated three protein assays (Lowry's method and the fluorescamine and Coomassie blue methods), and employed amino acid analysis as a reference technique. Large protein-to-protein variations were observed with the fluorescamine and Coomassie blue methods. Although all assays were affected by interfering substances, Lowry's method and the fluorescamine technique (after trichloroacetic acid precipitation and delipidation of bile) and the Coomassie blue method with native bile showed excellent correlations (P less than 0.0001) with those obtained by amino acid analysis. Using these reliable protein assays, we examined gallbladder bile obtained at surgery from subjects with and without gallstones. No differences in the concentrations of total biliary proteins were observed among patients with cholesterol (n = 23) or pigment (n = 7) gallstones and subjects without gallstones (n = 10). Protein values obtained by amino acid analysis also did not differ among groups. As expected, bile from patients with cholesterol gallstones was supersaturated with cholesterol while bile from nongallstone subjects and those with pigment stones was unsaturated. These results indicate that it is not possible to separate patients with and without gallstones on the basis of the total protein concentration of gallbladder bile. PMID- 3183517 TI - 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one, a potent regulator of cholesterol metabolism: occurrence in rat skin. AB - 5 alpha-Cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one is a potent inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis which has significant hypocholesterolemic activity upon oral administration to animals. Described herein are the results of experiments that indicate the presence of the 15-ketosterol in rat skin. The 15-ketosterol was, after purification by medium pressure liquid chromatography on Lichroprep RP-8 columns, thin-layer chromatography on silica gel G, and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, characterized by gas-liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in the form of its trimethylsilyl ether derivative. The use of an internal standard containing both tritium and deuterium permitted the determination of the levels of the 15-ketosterol by mass fragmentography. The results of five separate analyses of portions of the skin of a male Sprague Dawley rat showed a mean value of 84.5 +/- 4.1 (SEM) ng per g. Analyses of hair samples of ten male Sprague Dawley rats indicated a mean level of 143 +/- 19 (SEM) ng per g of hair. Most (approximately 72%) of the 15-ketosterol in hair was esterified. This report constitutes the first isolation of the 15-ketosterol from animal tissues. PMID- 3183519 TI - Fatty acids of pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylcholine from fetal rabbit lung tissue in culture. Biosynthesis of n-10 monoenoic fatty acids. AB - We have previously reported that fetal rabbit lung tissue in organ culture produces a lamellar body material (pulmonary surfactant) with a lower percentage of disaturated phosphatidylcholine than is typically found in rabbit lung in vivo (Longmuir, K.J., C. Resele-Tiden, and L. Sykes. 1985. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 833: 135-143). This investigation was conducted to identify all fatty acids present in the lamellar body phosphatidylcholine, and to determine whether the low level of disaturated phosphatidylcholine is due to excessive unsaturated fatty acid at position sn-1, sn-2, or both. Fetal rabbit lung tissue, 23 days gestation, was maintained in culture for 7 days in defined (serum-free) medium. Phospholipids were labeled in culture with [1-14C]acetate or [U-14C]glycerol (to follow de novo fatty acid biosynthesis), or with [1-14C]palmitic acid (to follow incorporation of exogenously supplied fatty acid). Radiolabeled fatty acid methyl esters obtained from lamellar body phosphatidylcholine were first separated by reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography (TLC) into two fractions of 1) 14:0 + 16:1 and 2) 16:0 + 18:1. Complete separation of the individual saturated and monoenoic fatty acids was achieved by silver nitrate TLC of the two fractions. Monoenoic fatty acid double bond position was determined by permanganate periodate oxidation followed by HPLC of the carboxylic acid phenacyl esters. Lamellar body phosphatidylcholine contained four monoenoic fatty acids: 1) palmitoleic acid, 16:1 cis-9; 2) oleic acid, 18:1 cis-9; 3) cis-vaccenic acid, 18:1 cis-11; and 4) 6-hexadecenoic acid, 16:1 cis-6. In addition, 8-octadecenoic acid, 18:1 cis-8, was found in the fatty acids of the tissue homogenate. The abnormally low disaturated phosphatidylcholine content in lamellar body material was the result of abnormally high levels of monoenoic fatty acid (principally 16:1 cis-9) found at position sn-2. Position sn-1 contained normal levels of saturated fatty acid. The biosynthesis of the unusual n-10 fatty acids was observed from the start of culture throughout the entire 7-day culture period, and was observed in incubations of tissue slices of day 23 fetal rabbit lung. This is the first report of the biosynthesis of n-10 fatty acids (16:1 cis-6 and 18:1 cis-8) in a mammalian tissue other than skin, where these fatty acids are found in the secretory product (sebum) of sebaceous glands. PMID- 3183520 TI - Uptake of chylomicron remnants by the liver: further evidence for the modulating role of phospholipids. AB - Rat lymph chylomicrons were treated with rat heparin-releasable hepatic lipase (HL) or with bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (LPL). The ability of the resulting particles to be taken up by the liver in vivo was assessed following their infusion into the portal vein of partially hepatectomized animals. The following observations were made: a) the rate of phospholipid depletion, relative to the rate of triglyceride hydrolysis, induced by HL was two- to threefold higher than that observed for LPL; b) the depletion of at least 57% of phospholipids from the surface of HL-treated chylomicrons caused no major alterations in the apoprotein profile of the particles; c) for the same extent of triglyceride hydrolysis, HL treated chylomicrons were taken up by liver at a rate significantly higher (P less than 0.005) than LPL-treated particles; d) the liver uptake of HL-treated chylomicrons was competitively inhibited by endogenously generated chylomicron remnants, indicating that these two types of lipoproteins share the same process of recognition and uptake by liver cells. It is concluded that the in vivo changes in phospholipid content, or composition, on the surface of chylomicrons during their transformation into remnants, modulate the differentiation of these two particles by the hepatic remnant receptor. PMID- 3183521 TI - A facile one-step synthesis of delta 1,4-3-keto bile acid esters by iodoxybenzene and benzeneselenic anhydride. AB - A facile one-step conversion of stereoisomeric methyl 3-hydroxycholanoates to 1,4 dien-3-one, by treatment in boiling toluene with iodoxybenzene catalyzed by benzeneselenic anhydride, is described. The direct oxidation-dehydrogenation at C 3 is applicable to other cholanoates (hyodeoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, and cholic) when the hydroxyl groups at C-6, C-7, or C-12 are protected. Without protection at C-6 and C-7, the products from hyodeoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, ursodeoxycholic, and cholic esters are complex mixtures, whereas, methyl deoxycholate yields the 1,4-dien-3,12-dione cleanly. PMID- 3183522 TI - Apolipoproteins of the orotic acid fatty liver: implications for the biogenesis of plasma lipoproteins. AB - Rats fed orotic acid develop fatty livers characterized by triglyceride-laden, membrane-bounded vesicles designated "liposomes." We have measured the levels of apolipoproteins in isolated liposomes and other subcellular fractions by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electrotransfer, and immunodecoration. Apolipoproteins Bh, Bl, E, and C appear to cofractionate; for these proteins, the liposomal pool represents a large portion of their total intracellular mass. However, liposomes are deficient in both variants of apoB relative to apoE and apoC when compared with rat plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Albumin and apolipoproteins A-I and A-IV are also found in liposomes, but this organelle represents a minor fraction of their total intracellular mass. The liposomal apolipoproteins show varying degrees of association with cisternal lipid and with organelle membranes. Orotic acid may selectively block VLDL production at the level of particle assembly or transorganellar movement. We conclude that liposomal contents probably represent exaggerated accumulations of VLDL assembly intermediates, and that the intracellular partitioning of high density lipoprotein-destined from VLDL-destined components occurs at an early stage in particle biogenesis. Moreover, some unique structural feature of apoB may effect movement of VLDL assembly intermediates through secretory organelles. PMID- 3183523 TI - Subcellular localization of 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy- and 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoyl-coenzyme A ligase(s) in rat liver. AB - Liver peroxisomes from both rat and humans have previously been shown to contain enzymes that catalyze the oxidative cleavage of the C27-steroid side chain in the formation of bile acids. It has not been clear, however, whether the initial step, formation of the CoA-esters of the 5 beta-cholestanoic acids, also occurs in these organelles. In the present work the subcellular localization of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoyl-CoA (THCA-CoA) ligase (THCA CoA synthetase) and of 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoyl-CoA (DHCA CoA) ligase in rat liver has been investigated. Main subcellular fractions and peroxisome-rich density gradient fractions from rat liver were incubated with THCA or DHCA, CoA, ATP, and Mg2+. Formation of THCA-CoA and DHCA-CoA was determined after high pressure liquid chromatography of the incubation extracts. The microsomal fraction contained the highest specific (and also relative specific) activity both for the formation of THCA-CoA and DHCA-CoA. The rates of THCA-CoA formation were further increased from 124-159 nmol/mg.hr-1 in crude microsomal fractions to 184-220 nmol/mg.hr-1 when studied in purified rough endoplasmic reticulum fractions. Formation of THCA-CoA in peroxisomal fractions prepared in Nycodenz density gradients could be accounted for by a small contamination (3-7%) by microsomal protein. The distribution of THCA-CoA ligase was different from that of palmitoyl-CoA ligase that was found to be localized also to the peroxisomal fractions. PMID- 3183524 TI - Serum lathosterol concentration is an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis in humans. AB - The power of serum lathosterol concentration as an indicator of whole-body cholesterol synthesis was investigated in 47 human volunteers consuming two diets differing in fatty acid composition. The cholesterol balance (fecal excretion of neutral and acid steroids minus cholesterol intake) was strongly correlated with the serum level of total (free plus esterified) lathosterol and also with the ratio of serum lathosterol over serum cholesterol, both on a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (r = 0.74 for the ratio) and one containing mainly saturated fatty acids (r = 0.70 for the ratio). In a subgroup for which the serum levels of free lanosterol and other free methylsterols were also quantitated, the correlations of these levels (expressed relative to serum free cholesterol) with the cholesterol balance were lower than that found for total lathosterol (expressed relative to serum total cholesterol). A further corroboration was obtained by measuring the lathosterol/cholesterol ratio in 20 patients with familial hypercholesterolemia before and during treatment with the hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor Mk-733. The ratio was lowered by 47% during drug treatment, suggesting a significant decrease of the cholesterol balance in these patients. We conclude, from the various indicators proposed to monitor whole-body cholesterol synthesis, that the lathosterol/cholesterol ratio in serum appears preferable with respect to indicative power and ease of quantitation. PMID- 3183525 TI - Effect of different molecular species of phosphatidylcholine on the clearance of emulsion particle lipids. AB - Studies were performed to assess the effect of changes in the molecular species composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) on the clearance of emulsion particles that were made to approximate chylomicrons in size and lipid composition. Emulsions were prepared with free [14C]cholesterol, [3H]cholesteryl oleate, triolein, and one of four single PCs that differed in hydrophilic strength (as assessed by the relative rate of elution of these PCs from a reverse phase column). Emulsions were injected as an intravenous bolus into unanesthetized rats and the clearance of lipids was determined at 2-min intervals for 10 min. All emulsion lipids were cleared from the serum in parallel and in an order that closely corresponded to the relative hydrophilic strength of the particular PC that was administered. Fractional rates of clearance, calculated from log-linear plots, were 2- to 10-fold greater for all lipids for the emulsion that was made with the most hydrophilic PC compared to the least hydrophilic PC. Although hepatectomy, performed in acutely anesthetized animals, generally slowed the clearance of lipids, hepatectomy did not abolish differences in the clearance of triolein or specific PCs from emulsions prepared with the most and least hydrophilic PCs. These results indicate that a change in the composition of emulsion particle PCs, independent of any other change in the lipid composition of these particles, can significantly change the metabolism of the whole emulsion particle in the live animal. More specifically, these studies show that the rate of clearance of all emulsion lipids closely corresponds to the hydrophilic strength of the PCs that occupy the emulsion particle surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183526 TI - Polarity of neutral glycolipids, gangliosides, and sulfated lipids in MDCK epithelial cells. AB - Confluent monolayers of MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells provide a widely used model system for studying epithelial cell polarity. We determined the polarity of epithelial cell plasma membrane glycolipids and sulfated lipids by analyzing the lipids released from both sides of monolayers of metabolically labeled MDCK cells. These lipids were released either as endogenously shed material or in budding viruses. All of the glycolipids were detected in both the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. However, galactosylceramide was more basally oriented than any of the other glycolipids; thus, the ratio of glucosylceramide to galactosylceramide was more than twice as great in the apical domain as in the basolateral domain. A sulfated sterol, which comigrated with cholesterol sulfate, was released in a more basally polarized manner than any of the glycolipids. These results indicate the presence of mechanisms which can produce different degrees of polarity for specific lipids in polarized epithelial cells. PMID- 3183527 TI - Identification of apolipoprotein E polymorphism by using synthetic oligonucleotides. AB - A procedure based on selective hybridization with allele-specific oligonucleotides was developed for typing apolipoprotein E variants from human genomic DNAs. Two sets of oligonucleotides were synthesized and used to discriminate either between epsilon 3 and epsilon 4 alleles or between epsilon 3 and epsilon 2 alleles. Combination of the allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization with the method for in vitro DNA amplification (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Saiki, R. K. et al. 1985. Science, 230: 1350-1354) (1) dramatically improved the sensitivity and the reliability of the procedure. Adaptation of a simple strategy involving direct cloning and DNA sequencing of in vitro amplified DNA enables rapid identification of any mutation within the apoE gene area encoding the receptor binding domain. PMID- 3183528 TI - Phosphorus NMR analysis of human white matter in mixed non-ionic detergent micelles. AB - In order to study the lipid composition of human white matter, we have developed a 31P NMR spectroscopy method, which allows the determination and quantitation of the main phospholipids found in biological membranes. The technique is based upon the use of a non-ionic detergent (Triton X-100) which induces, in aqueous media, the formation of mixed micelles that are magnetically isotropic. The linewidths and chemical shifts depend on both the molar ratio detergent/phospholipid and the pH of the suspension. After determination of the optimum values for these two parameters, 31P NMR spectra were recorded, in which all phospholipid resonances were resolved. After determining precise chemical shifts for each phospholipid, concentrations were measured by comparing the peak areas with that of an internal standard. Analysis of the complex phospholipid composition of human white matter using this method gave values very close to that found in the literature for such tissue. Moreover this nondestructive method proved to be very sensitive since less than 1 mg of a mixture of phospholipids was needed. PMID- 3183530 TI - Successful use of sealants in the dental office. PMID- 3183531 TI - Age variances in anatomical root development of permanent first premolar teeth--a five-year study. PMID- 3183529 TI - Modification of the Recalde method for the isolation of human monocytes. AB - A modification of the method for monocyte isolation reported by Recalde (1984. J. Immunol. Methods. 69: 71-77) is described. Application of the modified method to 36 consecutive healthy adult donors gave a monocyte purity of 73 +/- 8% monocytes with less than 1% polymorphonuclear leukocytes and a yield of 3.44 +/- 0.93 x 10(5) monocytes/ml blood. While the monocyte purity of the modified Recalde method was lower than that obtained by elutriation (method BB in Fogelman et al. 1981. J. Lipid Res. 22: 1131-1141) in 15 donors (71 +/- 10% vs. 83 +/- 6%) the monocyte yield and the viability of the cells before and after culture were similar in both methods. The modified Recalde method does not require the expensive or complicated equipment required for elutriation and permits the isolation of human monocytes for culture in autologous serum from multiple donors in a single day. PMID- 3183532 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus as a possible cofactor in the development of fulminant hepatitis B in intravenous drug abusers. AB - Fulminant hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is often attributable to co-infection with the delta agent. However, delta produces a variable pattern of illness in HBsAg-positive addicts. It is often not detectable in fulminant cases of hepatitis B, and other cofactors have been conjectured regarding the pathogenesis of fulminant HBV disease. We present the case of an intravenous drug abuser with severe hepatitis B and concomitant infection with human immunodeficiency virus. We conclude that dual infection with these two viruses may be a factor in the development of fulminant hepatitis B in i.v. drug abusers, and might account for the atypical clinical course often observed. PMID- 3183533 TI - Use of a predictor for total body potassium content: application to nutrition and hypertension. AB - Total body potassium (TBK), measured at different institutions, has no reference standard for comparison. A useful reference formula, however, based on body size and age, has been derived at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. This formula was used to help calibrate a simple whole body counter for measuring total potassium and applied to nutrition and hypertension studies. A sodium iodide detector was used for counting gamma rays emitted by potassium-40 to estimate TBK. The mean ratio (+/- S.D.) of adjusted TBK measurements to predicted values was 1.002 +/- 0.047. The ratio of lean body mass estimated by the TBK measurement to that derived from skin fold thickness was 1.069 +/- 0.056. In hypertensives on low dose thiazide, the ratio of TBK measurements to predicted values was 0.994 +/- 0.052. Thus, our TBK measurements were adjusted in close agreement with a predictor formula, provided higher estimates of lean body mass than did skin fold thickness, and showed no change in thiazide treated hypertensives. PMID- 3183534 TI - Pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome. AB - In order to identify factors that influence the outcome from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in children, we studied 69 children (mean age 2.5 +/- 0.4 years) who were apneic and pulseless prior to resuscitation, and treated in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) following CPR. Immediate success (restoration of spontaneous circulation and normal sinus rhythm) was noted in 54 (78%) patients. Forty-one (59%) were short-term survivors (greater than 24 h), and ten (14.5%) became long-term survivors (five recovered well, three moderately disabled, and two severely disabled). Fifty-nine (85%) died. Outcome was positively influenced by: 1) CPR duration; when less than five min., 54% were long-term survivors compared to 5% of patients resuscitated for more than five min (p less than 0.001). 2) Number of epinephrine doses: 38% of 24 patients receiving one dose became long-term survivors versus 0% of 26 receiving more than one dose (p less than 0.001). 3) Location of arrest; Fifty percent of patients resuscitated in the operation suite or catherization laboratory survived long term compared to only 8% resuscitated in the PICU (p less than 0.03). Age, sex, cardiac rhythm, as well as metabolic and acid-base variables during resuscitation, did not significantly affect the outcome. Overall good neurologic survival was rare. PMID- 3183536 TI - Transplantation: today's decisions. PMID- 3183535 TI - Definite and sustained improvement with pimozide of two patients with severe trigeminal neuralgia. Some neurochemical, neurophysiological and neuroendocrinological findings. AB - In the present study we report two typical cases of trigeminal neuralgia in whom all conventional drug treatments were attempted without success, and in whom low doses of pimozide, a dopaminergic blocking agent, provoked a definite and sustained improvement. All biological markers used in these cases provided indirect evidence that a central serotonergic hypoactivity is an underlying mechanism in this disease. A low intestinal tone, raised levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, platelet serotonin and non-platelet plasma serotonin were registered during relapses and normalized during improvement periods. Pimozide was not able to improve the depressive state diagnosed in these two cases, nor in 13 other trigeminal neuralgia patients (not reported in this study). PMID- 3183537 TI - Organ and tissue procurement. A limiting factor in health care for Georgians. PMID- 3183538 TI - Georgia's two organ procurement programs. PMID- 3183539 TI - Health care in juvenile justice facilities in Georgia. PMID- 3183540 TI - Endobronchial brachytherapy. PMID- 3183541 TI - Follow up on Emory University v. Houston. PMID- 3183542 TI - Multimodality image display: desirable frame buffer characteristics. AB - The intent of this paper is to understand the characteristics of those frame buffers currently used to display images, versus more ideal frame buffers for medical image display purposes. This study is based on current needs and what characteristics might be desirable. Two case examples are presented: (1) a system developed for high quality computer graphics and (2) a system developed for nuclear medicine and radiation therapy treatment planning. Our study considers: (1) defining a pixel depth sufficient to hold data, (2) the desirability of multiple color look-up tables, (3) how cine loops are managed, and (4) display memory size. PMID- 3183543 TI - X-ray image compression using run length coding. AB - The recent availability of a special-purpose IC implementing the standard CCITT run length coder/decoder has made it possible for distortion free image compression to be done economically and quickly with a personal computer plug-in circuit card. Although the code table implemented is designed for bit-mapped document images at one bit per pixel, an experiment has been undertaken to investigate its role in compressing multiple bit per pixel images such as radiographs. Representative x-ray images of various body parts are processed; the average compression ratio and standard deviation is 2.37 and 0.28, respectively, for CCITT group 4 compression, and 2.21 and 0.29, for CCITT group 3 compression. PMID- 3183544 TI - An estimation of a model explaining the mechanism causing neurotic disorders using a theory of fuzzy sets. AB - Constructing and estimating a model to explain the mechanism of neurotic disorders is important and significant. The model helps the rearrangement or representation of knowledge obtained from professional physicians. However, it is a very difficult problem, because the objects requiring analysis are mental activities of human beings, and they originally include a comparatively large variance between individuals. The object data were obtained from patients with neurotic disorders who were diagnosed by several doctors for 10 years in a subagricultural areas in Japan. We analyzed the data and calculated the weights attached for personal information depending upon the similarity between the information and the kinds of neurotic disorders using the theory of fuzzy sets. From the results of our analysis, we constructed and estimated a model explaining the mechanism causing neurotic disorders as several linear equations. From data processing points of view, the estimation we attempted is placed in a kind of effective data compression with respect to discrete statistical data. PMID- 3183545 TI - A model for capacity planning of a comprehensive integrated information system for hospitals and clinics. AB - Appropriate system sizing is essential to ensuring a reasonable computer response time for end users. A model is discussed that describes the type and number of interactions between user terminals and printers and the central processor for a comprehensive, integrated medical information system. The system modeled includes support to inpatient and outpatient order entry and results reporting for clinical services; registration; admission, disposition, and transfer; patient appointing; pharmacy, clinical laboratory, and radiology; medical record management; and electronic messages. Originally developed for use in benchmark testing of comprehensive systems designed for military hospitals and clinics, the model has been generalized to be applicable to other systems and settings. Results are presented for a routine busy day in a 200-bed teaching hospital providing extensive outpatient services, and a large free-standing clinic. The model results can be applied to several facets of system planning, including sizing of the central processor and communications network, determining the optimal number of storage devices and user devices, and fine tuning the user interface. PMID- 3183546 TI - Mapping techniques for document processing. AB - An information retrieval system should provide references to the set of documents the user must evaluate in order to satisfy his/her information requirements. A major concern in this evaluation process is whether or not a document meets the user's needs. In many document retrieval systems there is no relevant information regarding the content of the documents. This makes it very difficult to evaluate if a document is relevant to the user's initial query. This suggests the need for a method to compare the documents on a word by word basis. Fully automated methods are too complex and difficult to generalize upon. A semiautomated user driven method for document mapping is described in this paper. It should decrease the amount of time required to validate the information content of a query. PMID- 3183547 TI - Relationship of maternal height and weight at first prenatal visit with type of delivery in primipara. PMID- 3183548 TI - The maternal age associated with maximal newborn birthweight: Thailand 1982-1983. PMID- 3183549 TI - Prolapse of the umbilical cord: a 5 year review in Ramathibodi Hospital. PMID- 3183550 TI - Rubella: a serologic study in pregnant women at Ramathibodi Hospital (1984-1985). PMID- 3183551 TI - Acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy at Ramathibodi Hospital: a descriptive epidemiological study. PMID- 3183552 TI - The use of glycosylated hemoglobin level in screening for gestational diabetes. PMID- 3183553 TI - Coital position during pregnancy. PMID- 3183554 TI - Coital experiences among Thai male teenagers in technical school and high school in Bangkok. PMID- 3183555 TI - Subtotal hysterectomy in Ramathibodi Hospital, 1977-1986. PMID- 3183556 TI - Split dose metronidazole in the treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. PMID- 3183557 TI - The efficacy of tramadol in the interval laparoscopic sterilization: a comparison of two dosage regimen. PMID- 3183559 TI - The effect of type and screen for preoperative blood requesting program in obstetrics and gynaecology. PMID- 3183558 TI - Amnesic effect of midazolam as premedication in interval laparoscopic sterilization. PMID- 3183560 TI - The use of antenatal beds in Ramathibodi Hospital. PMID- 3183561 TI - The use of gynecologic beds in Ramathibodi Hospital 1985-1986. PMID- 3183562 TI - Massive ascites following induction of ovulation with clomiphene citrate: a case report. PMID- 3183563 TI - Early stages of hemostatic plug formation studied by thin-sectioning and freeze fracturing electron microscopy. PMID- 3183566 TI - An electron microscopic estimation of geometric properties of cells. PMID- 3183564 TI - Aminoglycoside-binding sites in Staphylococcus aureus as revealed by neomycin gold labeling. PMID- 3183567 TI - Ultrastructure of elastic fibers in the rat aorta as revealed by the deep-etching technique. PMID- 3183568 TI - A simple method to observe intracellular organelles with the scanning electron microscope. PMID- 3183565 TI - Sex differences and changes in the three-dimensional structure of growth hormone cells during the estrous cycle in adult mouse adenohypophysis. PMID- 3183569 TI - Influence of germ cells upon transferrin secretion by rat Sertoli cells in vitro. AB - Indirect approach (hypotonic treatment) and direct approaches (co-cultures and conditioned media) were used in order to investigate the effects of germ cells from adult rats upon transferrin secretion by Sertoli cell cultures prepared from 20-day-old rats. Removal of germ cells contaminating the Sertoli cell cultures resulted in a significant decrease in transferrin secretion whereas the addition of crude germ cell preparations or of enriched preparations of pachytene spermatocytes, early spermatids and of liver epithelial cells (LEC) markedly stimulated this parameter. Furthermore, spent media of pachytene spermatocytes and of early spermatids, but not of LEC, also stimulated transferrin production. It is concluded that germ cells normally located within the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous tubules may be capable of controlling their own supply of iron via their influence upon transferrin secretion by the Sertoli cells. PMID- 3183570 TI - Is oxytocin of conceptus origin involved in inhibition of luteal regression in early pregnancy in ewes? AB - This study describes the presence in and production by the ovine conceptus of an oxytocin-like peptide during the early stages of development. Oxytocin was measured by radioimmunoassay in ovine conceptuses from days 14 to 30 of pregnancy. Tissue concentrations of oxytocin increased from day 14 (24.8 +/- 5 pg/100 mg) until day 19 (122.9 +/- 52 pg/100 mg) and then decreased (3 +/- 1 pg/100 mg). Oxytocin was released into culture medium by day-15 ovine conceptuses at a rate of 262 +/- 55 pg/24 h. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of peptides extracted from a pool of ovine conceptuses was conducted using chromatographic conditions developed to separate oxytocin from other nonapeptides. Radioimmunoassay of HPLC fractions for oxytocin revealed an immunoactive conceptus peptide in a single fraction at the same retention time as chromatographed authentic oxytocin. Radioimmunoassay and chromatographic data therefore suggest that this oxytocin-like peptide is similar, if not identical, to authentic oxytocin. Concentrations of oxytocin in conceptus tissue were maximal during the period of inhibition of luteal regression (days 14-19). It is proposed that conceptus oxytocin is involved in the maintenance of luteal function in early pregnancy. PMID- 3183572 TI - Activation of the adrenal cortex or the peripheral sympatho-adrenomedullary system does not necessarily influence milk ejection in the rat. AB - Following a 5-h isolation period, primiparous rats have the same milk supply on days 8/9 and 13/14 post partum, yet in response to suckling they release a greater amount of milk at the latter time. Inasmuch as stress is known to inhibit lactation and handling of the pups is stressful to the dams, the question arose as to whether separation from pups before nursing constitutes a greater stress for the dam at the earlier stage of lactation. This possibility was explored in the present study: As an index of stress, changes in plasma corticosterone were measured from chronically cannulated dams. In addition, the role of adrenal hormones and the peripheral sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of milk ejection under these experimental conditions was assessed following bilateral adrenalectomy and treatment with pentolinium, a ganglionic blocker which does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Corticosterone pellets were implanted subcutaneously following adrenalectomy in order to maintain proper lactation. From the results obtained, lactators demonstrated a greater increase in plasma adrenocorticosteroid levels in response to nursing on day 8/9 than on day 13/14 post partum, but milk yield was significantly less at the earlier than at the later stage of lactation. Adrenalectomy in conjunction with corticosterone replacement pellets did not alter milk supply or milk release. The subsequent treatment with pentolinium did not affect milk ejection. Pups still ingested less milk on day 9 than on day 13/14. It is suggested here that the isolation/suckling condition imposed on lactators may be more stressful earlier in lactation. Inasmuch as removal of the adrenal hormones along with ganglionic blockade did not modify the amount of milk ingested by the pups, it is concluded that the smaller milk release observed on day 9 post partum does not result from a direct suppression by the adrenal hormones or by the peripheral sympathetic nervous system on milk ejection. PMID- 3183571 TI - Involvement of the cytoskeleton in the steroidogenic response of frog adrenal glands to angiotensin II, acetylcholine and serotonin. AB - In order to determine the role of the cytoskeleton in adrenal steroidogenesis, we have studied the effect of cytochalasin B (a microfilament-disrupting agent) and vinblastine (an antimicrotubular drug) on corticosteroid secretion by frog interrenal tissue in vitro. Perifusion of interrenal fragments with cytochalasin B (50 mumol/l) induced a marked inhibition of basal corticosteroid output. In addition, stimulation of corticosteroidogenesis by all corticotrophic factors was also inhibited by cytochalasin B. Using an immunohistochemical technique and specific anti-tubulin antiserum, we verified that vinblastine (10 mumol/l) was responsible for the disappearance of the microtubular network in adrenocortical cells. Administration of vinblastine (10 mumol/l) did not affect the spontaneous secretion of corticosterone and aldosterone and had no effect on the steroidogenic response of interrenal glands to angiotensin II and acetylcholine. In contrast, vinblastine was responsible for a marked decrease in serotonin induced stimulation of corticosteroid production. On the other hand, data from high-performance liquid chromatography showed that infusion of cytochalasin B or vinblastine was not associated with the production of any new steroid which could interfere in the radioimmunoassays. Taken together, these data suggest that microfilaments are involved in a late and common step of corticosteroidogenesis while microtubules are only required for the coupling of the secretory response to certain corticotrophic factors such as ACTH and serotonin. PMID- 3183573 TI - Glucocorticoids in the blood plasma of the platypus Ornithorynchus anatinus. AB - Blood samples were obtained from two male and two female platypuses at various times after capture and anaesthesia for other experimental purposes. In samples obtained during ketamine-xylazine or pregnanediol anaesthesia 15-24 h after capture, the concentration of total glucocorticoids, measured as 'cortisol equivalent' in a radioligand assay, was 207-620 nmol/l. In samples taken 14-35 h after injection of dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg) total glucocorticoid concentration was 79-88 nmol/l. Individual glucocorticoids were isolated on columns of Sephadex LH-20 and measured separately against appropriate standards. In all except two haemolysed samples obtained from a male that died 25 h after capture, the major glucocorticoid behaved as cortisol, contributing 77-94% of the total. The remainder was made up of varying proportions of substances behaving as corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol and cortisone. In the haemolysed samples from the moribund animal the major reactive substance, contributing 52-54% of the total, behaved as cortisone. The total adrenal gland weight of this animal was 747 mg, compared with 200-286 mg in two others, suggesting preceding exposure to stress. Equilibrium dialysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed no evidence for a transcortin-like glucocorticoid- and progesterone binding protein in platypus plasma. However, as in the echidna, there was a heat labile, high-capacity binding system migrating with albumin on PAGE. Glucose was undetectable in the plasma of the moribund animal and only 1.7-2.8 mmol/l in the initial plasma samples from the others. In two animals, injection of glucose i.p. and dexamethasone i.m. was followed by an increase in the plasma concentration of glucose to the range 3.8-9.9 mmol/l and commencement of normal swimming and feeding activity for the next 36-48 h. PMID- 3183574 TI - Electronmicroscopic and electrophysiological studies of the teat branch of the XIII thoracic nerve: relationship with lactation in the rat. AB - Electrical stimulation of the XIII thoracic nerve (the 'mammary nerve') causes milk ejection and the release of prolactin and other hormones. We have analysed the route of the suckling stimulus at the level of different subgroups of fibres of the teat branch of the XIII thoracic nerve (TBTN), which innervates the nipple and surrounding skin, and assessed the micromorphology of the TBTN in relation to lactation. There were 844 +/- 63 and 868 +/- 141 (S.E.M.) nerve fibres in the TBTN (85% non-myelinated) in virgin and lactating rats respectively. Non myelinated fibres were enlarged in lactating rats; the modal value being 0.3-0.4 micron 2 for virgin and 0.4-0.5 micron 2 for lactating rats (P greater than 0.001; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). The modal value for myelinated fibres was 3-6 micron 2 in both groups. The compound action potential of the TBTN in response to electrical stimulation showed two early volleys produced by the A alpha- and A delta-subgroups of myelinated fibres (conduction velocity rate of 60 and 14 m/s respectively), and a late third volley originated in non-myelinated fibres ('C') group; conduction velocity rate 1.4 m/s). Before milk ejection the suckling pups caused 'double bursts' of fibre activity in the A delta fibres of the TBTN. Each 'double burst' consisted of low amplitude action potentials and comprised two multiple discharges (33-37 ms each) separated by a silent period of around 35 ms. The 'double bursts' occurred at a frequency of 3-4/s, were triggered by the stimulation of the nipple and were related to fast cheek movements visible only by watching the pups closely. In contrast, the A alpha fibres of the TBTN showed brief bursts of high amplitude potentials before milk ejection. These were triggered by the stimulation of cutaneous receptors during gross slow sucking motions of the pup (jaw movements). Immediately before the triggering of milk ejection the mother was always asleep and a low nerve activity was recorded in the TBTN at this time. When reflex milk ejection occurred, the mother woke and a brisk increase in nerve activity was detected; this decreased when milk ejection was accomplished. In conscious rats the double-burst type of discharges in A delta fibres was not observed, possibly because this activity cannot be detected by the recording methods currently employed in conscious animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3183576 TI - Discrimination of temporal relations by pigeons. AB - In four experiments, pigeons were tested on a duration comparison task involving the successive presentation of two visual stimuli that varied in duration from trial to trial. Following presentation of the durations, two choice keys were lit, and reinforcement for choices was based on the temporal relation between duration of the pair. In Experiment 1, the range of durations was varied over conditions. Responding changed as an orderly function of the ratio of the two durations. There was a decrease in discrimination accuracy as average duration increased over condition but no difference in accuracy between shorter and longer problems within a duration range. There was no systematic response bias over conditions for all problems within a range, but there was a bias to report the second duration longer than the first for "long" problems within a range. In Experiment 2, the pigeons were transferred from a task involving spatially differentiated choices to one involving hue-differentiated choices. Performance was similar to that of the spatial procedure of Experiment 1. Additional analyses revealed that although information provided by a single duration of the pair was sometimes predictive of the temporal relation between pair members, responding was also based on the relation and comparison of both durations. In Experiment 3, the pigeons were exposed to a single duration range that included many durations from the four ranges of Experiment 1. Discrimination accuracy was comparable in the fourth and longest category. Manipulation of absolute reinforcement rate in Experiment 4 resulted in no chang in discrimination accuracy, suggesting that the decline in accuracy over conditions of Experiment 1 could not be attributed to decreases in reinforcement rate that accompanied lengthier durations. The results are discussed in terms of theories of animal timing, with Staddon's (1983, 1984) temporal perspective model providing the most systematic account of all aspects of performance. PMID- 3183577 TI - Sources of visual interference in delayed matching-to-sample with pigeons. AB - In two experiments, independent groups of pigeons were trained on an identity matching task involving line orientations as sample and comparison stimuli. For some birds an overhead houselight was illuminated continuously throughout each training session. For other birds the houselight was never illuminated during training sessions. During subsequent testing, the lighting conditions during the delay were the same as in training on some trials, but on other trials they were opposite those of training during either the entire delay (Experiment 1) or during a portion of the delay (Experiment 2). In birds trained with the houselight off, turning the houselight on during the delay produced a large and enduring disruption in matching accuracy. On the other hand, in birds trained with the houselight on, turning the houselight off during the delay produced only a moderate and temporary disruption in matching accuracy. These findings are inconsistent with the prevailing view that retroactive interference in pigeons is a function of a change in illumination level relative to that which prevailed during training. In pigeons, as in monkeys, sustained retoactive interference effects obtain only when the level of illumination is increase during the delay interval. PMID- 3183578 TI - Changes in pain reactivity induced by unconditioned and conditioned excitatory and inhibitory stimuli. AB - In three experiments we investigated the effects of aversive-conditioning components on the reactivity of rats to pain. After training in Experiment 1 with a discrete conditioned stimulus (CS) for a shock unconditioned stimulus (US), different groups were exposed to the CS, US, CS/Us compound, just the training context, or none of those immediately prior to a hot-plate test assessing the latency of a paw-lick response. Relative to no exposure and context alone, the CS produced a shorter latency--that is, an apparent sensitization effect--whereas the US produced a longer latency--that is, a hypoalgesic effect--that was actually augmented by the CS/US compound. Furthermore, whereas the US-induced hypoalgesia was unaffected by the opiate antagonist, naloxone, hypoalgesia produced by the CS/US compound was appreciably decremented by the drug. Experiment 2 showed the same effects with parameters more typical of conditioning research. Experiment 3 compared signals for the presence (CS+) and absence (CS-) of the US. The CS- did not itself affect pain reactivity, but in inhibited the effects of the CS+, US, and CS+/US compound. Collectively, the results suggest that a CS+sensitizes the animal to imminent events and also potentiates an opioid reaction that supplants the less effective nonopioid hypoalgesia induced by the US. In contrast, a CS- functions as a general moderator of excitation, inhibiting both sensitization and hypoalgesic effects, whether opioid or nonopioid. PMID- 3183575 TI - The selective binding and transmigration of monocytes through the junctional complexes of human endothelium. AB - Human monocytes show a high affinity for vascular endothelium both in vitro and in vivo. To explore monocyte-endothelial interaction in greater detail, we have developed a new in vitro model for growth of human endothelial cells (EC). Human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) cultured upon collagen gels form confluent monolayers of EC that bind silver at their intercellular border similar to cells in situ. Intercellular junctional structures, both adherens and tight junctions, were identified. In contrast, HUVEC grown on plastic surfaces did not stain with silver. The silver-staining characteristic of EC-collagen monolayers was reversible and related to their in vitro maturation and senescence. Silver staining of EC borders provided a grid by which the location of monocyte binding to the luminal surface of individual EC could be assessed. Using this technique, we found that monocytes preferentially bound to the margins of EC, in approximation to the silver-staining junctions. These results suggest that EC determinants recognized by monocytes occur in a unique topographical distribution on the apical face of EC. After binding, monocytes migrated through the EC monolayers at high basal rates. The lack of penetration of collagen gels in the absence of an EC monolayer suggested the generation of EC-specific chemotactic signal(s). Monocytes were observed to pass between EC without evidence of disruption of the monolayer. Silver stain remained present during all phases of migration, and under transmission electron microscopy, junctional complexes were found proximal to monocytes that had just completed their passage through the monolayer. After orientation to the basal surface of the EC monolayer, monocytes migrated randomly into the underlying collagen gel. Monocyte adherence, penetration, migration, and long term survival can be studied under these conditions. PMID- 3183579 TI - Effects of signaling inescapable shock on subsequent escape learning: implications for theories of coping and "learned helplessness". AB - The present experiments reveal that shuttle-escape performance deficits are eliminated when exteroceptive cues are paired with inescapable shock. Experiment 1 indicated that, as in instrumental control, a signal following inescapable shock eliminated later escape performance deficits. Subsequent experiments revealed that both forward and backward pairings between signals and inescapable shock attenuated performance deficits. However, the data also suggest that the impact of these temporal relations may be modulated by qualitative aspects of the cues because the effects of these relations depended upon whether an increase or decrease in illumination (Experiment 2) or a compound auditory cue (Experiment 4) was used. Preliminary evidence suggests that the ability of illumination cues to block escape learning deficits may be related to their to reduce contextual fear (Experiment 3). The implications of these data for conceptions of instrumental control and the role of fear in the etiology of effects of inescapable shock exposure are discussed. PMID- 3183580 TI - Formation of tone-US associations does not interfere with the formation of context-US associations in pigeons. AB - In four experiments we investigated whether signaled and unsignaled US presentations resulted in differential context conditioning. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the presence of a tone during grain presentation facilitated the formation of tone-food associations in pigeons. Experiment 2 also showed that the acquisition of associative value by the tone did not diminish associations between context and the unconditioned stimulus (US). Experiment 3 showed that signaled USs did not interfere with the acquisition of context-US associations, and Experiment 4 showed that even when the signal was extensively pretrained, context-US associations could not be blocked. The results of these experiments are inconsistent with conditioning models that require competition between cues and contexts for associative value. PMID- 3183581 TI - Testing response generation rules. AB - Robbins (1988) reported data that he viewed as inconsistent with Miller and Schachtman's (1985a) comparator hypothesis of conditioned response generation. Here we explain why we do not find his experiments a compelling test of the comparator hypothesis. We also briefly review other studies that tested the same predictions of the comparator hypothesis that Robbins examined. We conclude that there is considerable evidence that following excitatory or inhibitory conditioning with a target conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US), extinction of other cues that were present during CS training ordinarily increases excitatory responding and decreases inhibitory responding to the CS. However, consistent with Robbins's conclusion, there is scant evidence that after CS-US training, enhancing the associative value of other cues that were present during CS training influences excitatory or inhibitory responding to the CS. The implications of these conclusions for the comparator hypothesis as an explanation of differences in acquired behavior and as a heuristic tool are considered. PMID- 3183583 TI - A quantitative study of command elements for abdominal positioning behavior in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. AB - We develop a statistical method to estimate the total number of command elements devoted to abdominal positioning behavior in crayfish. We assumed that all command elements can be identified, that each identified cell is equivalent to a tagged individual in a population, and that the cells were sampled randomly. Samples of 29, 30, 20, and 35 cells from abdominal ganglia A3, A4, A5, and A6, respectively, were taken from our catalog. We characterized each cell using several morphological and physiological criteria, determined how many times each identified cell was present in the sample, and estimated the total number of command elements using both a maximum likelihood method and a modification of the Lincoln index. The larger the proportion of identified cells seen only once in the sample, the more identified cells there were that were unrepresented in the sample. We estimate there are approximately 34, 60, 86, and 98 command elements in ganglia A3, A4, A5, and A6, respectively. Using a slightly different data set we show that the motor output of unipolar cells is more often stronger in the direction of the cell's axonal projection. In bipolar command elements, the output strength was uncorrelated with the relative sizes of the two projecting axons. No two cells in our sample were completely identical, and this morphological variability sometimes made it difficult to determine whether or not two cells obtained from different individuals were the same identified cell. We discuss why caution should be exercised in studies requiring precision in cell identification. PMID- 3183582 TI - Evidence that regenerative ability is an intrinsic property of limb cells in Xenopus. AB - Xenopus laevis exhibits an ontogenetic decline in the ability to regenerate its limbs: Young tadpoles can completely regenerate an amputated limb, whereas post metamorphic froglets regenerate at most a cartilagenous "spike." We have tested the regenerative competence of normally regenerating limb buds of stage 52-53 Xenopus tadpoles grafted onto limb stumps of postmetamorphic froglets. The limb buds become vascularized and innervated by the host and, when amputated, regenerate limbs with normal or slightly less than normal numbers of tadpole hindlimb digits. Reciprocal grafts of froglet forelimb blastemas onto tadpole hindlimb stumps resulted in either autonomous development of tadpole hindlimb structures and/or formation of a cartilaginous spike typical of froglet forelimb regeneration. Our results suggest that the Xenopus froglet host environment is completely permissive for regeneration and that the ability to regenerate a complete limb pattern is an intrinsic property of young tadpole limb cells, a property that is lost during ontogenesis. PMID- 3183584 TI - Treatment of brachial nerves with colchicine inhibits limb regeneration in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. AB - In urodele amphibians, limb regeneration is dependent on innervation and is blocked by the administration of colchicine. The objective of this experiment was to determine if colchicine blocks limb regeneration by a direct action on the blastema cells or by an indirect action on the nerves, specifically, if colchicine treatment of the brachial nerves would inhibit limb regeneration in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Colchicine was applied to the nerves by implanting a colchicine-loaded silastin block adjacent to the brachial nerves of an amputated newt limb. With appropriate dose levels of colchicine, limb regeneration was completely inhibited. Contralateral control limbs, carrying unloaded silastin blocks, and control limbs with colchicine-loaded blocks implanted equidistant from the blastema, but not adjacent to the brachial nerves, regenerated normally. Thus, the results indicate that the colchicine inhibition of limb regeneration is mediated by colchicine effects on the nerves. The possible mechanism of colchicine action on nerves may involve either wallerian degeneration, or inhibition of axoplasmic transport, or both. PMID- 3183585 TI - Patterns of cholinesterase staining during neural crest cell morphogenesis in mouse and chick embryos. AB - Cholinesterase (ChE) activity has been reported previously in nonneuronal tissues of a variety of avian and mammalian embryos. We report here a comparison study of ChE staining in chick and mouse embryos. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the distribution of this activity in neuroepithelial, neural crest, somite, and ectodermal cells. Our cytochemical studies show that the distribution of nonspecific ChE staining in these tissues during neurulation is similar in the two species but that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining, previously shown to be intense in the chick, is absent in the mouse; the only cells showing the presence of this enzyme at these stages of development in mouse are blood cells. However, AChE staining does appear later in the brain, in neural tissues derived from the neural crest and, perhaps, in some migratory neural crest cells. The differences between AChE distribution in these two species (and that reported previously in the rabbit) indicate that the timing of first appearance of AChE is unrelated to neuroepithelial morphogenesis or to neural crest cell motility. The correlation between nonspecific cholinesterases and morphogenetic movements, however, is supported by these studies. PMID- 3183586 TI - Culture of newt cells from different tissues and their expression of a regeneration-associated antigen. AB - We have established culture conditions for cells from normal limb, early limb regenerate (blastema), heart, and liver of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Whereas heart and liver cells had a relatively short life in culture, limb cells have shown no sign of senescence over more than 1 year in culture. Cultured cells from all these tissues express to differing extents the regeneration-associated antigen 22/18. The antigen is intracellular and filamentous, and its expression appears to be regulated by culture density. Furthermore, 22/18 antigen is turned off in limb and blastemal cultures following differentiation into muscle, as also occurs in vivo. PMID- 3183587 TI - Intracellular voltage recordings in the opercular epithelium of Fundus heteroclitus. AB - Opercular epithelial cells of Fundus heteroclitus were investigated using conventional microelectrodes. The area of interest was the cells lining the inside of the opercular epithelium closest to the gill arches, an area with a high density of chloride cells. Only one cell type could be discerned from the values of 60 opercular cells measured with the opercular epithelium in open circuit conditions. A mean apical voltage of -18.0 +/- 0.6 mV was observed with intracellular values ranging from -10 to -30 mV. The predicted intracellular chloride content was 59 mM/liter. Apical fractional resistance (faR) was 0.78 +/- 0.02. The intracellular potential measurements were typically difficult to maintain for extended periods (longer than 3 min). The opercular cells depolarize with serosal isoproterenol treatment (10(-6) M) corresponding to the increase in opercular transepithelial potential. The opercular cell apical fR decreased with isoproterenol treatment. These data indicate the observed opercular cells were involved in opercular chloride transport. PMID- 3183588 TI - Sperm nuclear enlargement in fertilized hamster eggs is related to meiotic maturation of the maternal chromatin. AB - Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that sperm nuclear expansion in fertilized hamster eggs is correlated with meiotic processing of the maternal chromatin. In vitro fertilized hamster eggs were fixed at regular intervals following insemination, stained with the DNA specific fluorochrome, Hoechst 33342, and the extent of sperm nuclear expansion measured. Sperm nuclei enlarged in multiple, distinct phases (A-E) that were temporally correlated with meiotic processing of the maternal chromosomes: phase A, metaphase II; phase B, early anaphase II; phase C, late anaphase II, and phases D and E, female pronuclear development and expansion. During phase A, sperm nuclei were unchanged but enlarged at different rates during phases B (272 microns2/min), D (106 microns2/min) and E (29 microns2/min), and condensed during phase C (rate = -102 microns2/min). Area increases of both sperm nuclei and female pronuclei during phase D were significantly less in polyspermic and polygynic zygotes. If sperm nuclear enlargement and the status/activity of the maternal chromatin were correlated, it would be anticipated that alterations in the normal progression of meiotic maturation would be manifested in sperm nuclear expansion. The following agents affected both meiotic maturation and sperm nuclear enlargement: colchicine, antimycin A, and puromycin. These observations suggest that processes attending sperm nuclear transformations, the completion of maternal meiotic maturation, and development of the female pronucleus are coupled and may be linked by common regulatory agents. PMID- 3183589 TI - Protein-free culture medium containing polyvinylalcohol, vitamins, and amino acids supports development of eight-cell hamster embryos to hatching blastocysts. AB - In vitro development of eight-cell hamster embryos to hatching blastocysts requires the presence of amino acids and a group of water-soluble vitamins in the culture medium. The present studies investigated the effect of type of macromolecule on blastocyst hatching and on the requirement for vitamins. Embryos were cultured for 3 days in the presence of the synthetic macromolecule polyvinylalcohol (PVA) and of different types of bovine serum albumin (BSA), both with and without vitamins. The results showed th at eight-cell embryos develop to hatching blastocysts in the presence of vitamins and amino acids with PVA as the only macromolecule in the medium. The presence of certain types of BSA reduced but did not eliminate the need for vitamins. Glutamine alone was as efficient as a complete amino acid supplement in supporting blastocyst hatching. These results demonstrate for the first time that eight-cell hamster embryos can be cultured to hatching blastocysts in a chemically defined medium. PMID- 3183590 TI - Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in brain and liver of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). AB - Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was measured in brain and liver of rainbow trout by using 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL, the biogenic aldehyde derived from dopamine) as the substrate. The amount of the corresponding acid produced was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Both in brain and liver, the ALDH activity showed a high affinity for the substrate with an apparent Km of 3.7 microM in brain and 2.4 microM in liver. The kinetic experiments with brain ALDH also indicated the presence of an isozyme with a low affinity for DOPAL with a Km around 150 microM. The Vmax of the liver ALDH activity varied between 179 and 536 nmol/min.g, i.e., about 25-75 times higher than that of the low-Km activity in brain. The ALDH activity showed a maximum around pH 8.5, it was stimulated by Mg2+, and disulfiram was found to be a potent inhibitor of the enzyme. The results suggested that the majority of the ALDH activity was located in mitochondria (60 70% with regard to the brain and 70-80% with regard to the liver), while the remaining activity appeared to be cytosolic in both organs. No microsomal ALDH activity could be found. PMID- 3183591 TI - Characterization of a pseudocholinesterase purified from surgeonfish tissues confirms the atypical nature of this enzyme. AB - The sialated, presumed-globular form of an atypical pseudocholinesterase (pseudo ChE) previously described from surgeonfish tissues (Leibel: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1988) has been purified to apparent homogeneity using a combination of salt fractionation along with ion-exchange and concanavalin A Sepharose affinity chromatographic techniques. An overall 1,400-fold purification has been achieved with a 24% final yield of a cholinesterase (ChE) whose final specific activity is 50 mumol/min-mg. The purified enzyme was subjected to detailed biochemical and physical analysis. The purified pseudo-ChE is a sialated, globular, tetrameric enzyme with an apparent sedimentation coefficient of 11.5 S (+/- 0.5 S) and a molecular weight of 250 kilodaltons. The monomers are apparently not secured by disulfide bridges. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzes acetyl(thio)choline but also hydrolyzes propionyl(thio)choline at reduced but comparable rates along with a wide variety of other noncholine esters. As such, it demonstrates the relative nonspecificity associated with classical pseudo ChEs. However, the enzyme exhibits limited, but real, substrate inhibition with all choline esters as does true acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The enzyme is insensitive to the AChE inhibitor BW 284C51, sensitive to one (RO2-0683) of two (RO2-1250) pseudo-ChE inhibitors, and particularly sensitive to paraoxon inhibition (10(3)-10(4)-fold more so than AChE). It exhibits the short thermal half-life characteristic of pseudo-ChEs but not the expected ionic activation/inhibition profile. It is clear from this and other studies of atypical extrasynaptic cholinesterase activities occurring in other vertebrates that the orthodox categorization of cholinesterase as either "true" ("specific"; E.C. 3.1.1.7) or "pseudo" ("nonspecific"; E.C. 3.1.1.8) is inadequate to accommodate the increasing instances of ChE activities that exhibit atypical, intermediate properties. PMID- 3183592 TI - Antisera probes to an atypical pseudocholinesterase from surgeonfish reveal immunochemical variability and tissue-specific molecular polymorphism. AB - Polyclonal antisera were raised in rabbits against the purified sialated, presumed-globular tetrameric pseudocholinesterase (pseudo-ChE) from surgeonfish (Leibel: Journal of Experimental Zoology 1988b) and against commercially obtained Electrophorus electroplax AChE. The resulting antisera probes were absolutely specific for their respective antigens and failed to titrate ChE activities heterologously. However, each antisera probe did crossreact with its other respective globular and asymmetric aggregational isozymes. The resultant specific probes were then used to examine interspecific evolutionary conservation of the two ChE activities and, in conjunction with velocity sedimentation analysis and differential paraoxon inhibition, the tissue distribution and molecular polymorphism of these same two enzyme systems in surgeonfish. These experiments suggest the tight evolutionary conservation of AChE in contrast to the apparent high variability of pseudo-ChE amongst the wide range of teleost fishes tested. The native atypical pseudo-ChE was shown to exist, like AChE, as a series of sialated and asialated globular and asymmetric aggregational isozymes whose relative distribution exhibits marked tissue specificity. The extremely high levels of pseudo-ChE characteristic of white skeletal (epaxial) muscle, in particular, was conspicuous, and its occurrence in the sarcolemma is discussed in the context of its possible function and in relation to the apparent lack of evolutionary conservation amongst marine teleosts. PMID- 3183593 TI - Appearance and regulation of an antigen associated with limb regeneration in Notophthalmus viridescens. AB - Previous reports from this laboratory have documented a cellular antigen, 22/18, associated with regeneration of forelimbs in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens (Kintner and Brockes: Nature 308:67-69, 1984; Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 89:37-55, 1985; Brockes: Science 225:1280-1287, 1984; Kintner et al.: Molecular Basis of Neural Development, 1985). The antigen is expressed at various stages of regeneration in several types of cells including Schwann cells and muscle cells. We report here that, in addition to the previous results, the expression of 22/18 occurs very early in the regeneration process and is initially confined to an apparently nonmuscle, non-neural population of cells. The well-defined context of the antigen's first appearance has allowed us to investigate the regulation of its expression. In particular, injury is sufficient to elicit the appearance of 22/18. It can appear prior to mitosis and despite denervation. In circumstances where regeneration is inhibited, expression of 22/18 can persist. PMID- 3183594 TI - Sites and trend of erythropoiesis in anemic, normal, and splenectomized newts. AB - Newts, Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laurenti), were anesthetized by submersion in 2% chlorbutol in tap water for 15 min, splenectomized and then rendered totally anemic two months later by treatment with acetylphenylhydrazine (APH) diluted in their tanks (25 mg/liter for 36 h, changing the solution every 12 h). In the 14 weeks following hemolysis, erythron restoration occurred with the same intermittence as it did in whole animals rendered anemic by APH treatment: Beginning the second week the red blood cell count progressively increases for about one month, followed by a period of stasis which lasts about three weeks, then by a new increase, and then by a final period of stasis. Histological examination shows that erythropoietic activity occurs partly in the circulating blood and partly in erythroblasts nestled in the crypts between the muscular trabeculae of the ventricle as well as in the atrial walls. These cells, which are not part of the freely circulating elements in the blood stream, become very abundant in both whole and splenectomized anemic newts but are also present in normal animals. Newts, thus, have three sites for erythropoiesis: the spleen, the blood stream, and the heart. The other components compensate for the elimination of the spleen without determining any lack of, or delay in, erythropoietic response. PMID- 3183596 TI - Autoreactive blood cells and programmed cell death in growth and development of protochordates. AB - The tunicate Botryllus is a marine protochordate whose clonal colonies undergo regulated natural transplantations when they come into contact in nature. The outcome of these transplantations (fusion or rejection) is controlled by genes of a highly polymorphic histocompatibility system that resembles in many respects the mammalian major histocompatibility complex (MHC). While fusion or rejection reactions are often completed within 24 hr after transplantation, resorption of one partner of a pair of fused semiallogeneic colonies may occur days to weeks after initial contact. The latter process is similar to the degeneration of old individuals, or zooids, that precedes maturation of each new generation of asexual buds. Here we describe comparisons of in vitro reactions of a) mixtures of cells from allogeneic animals and b) cells taken from animals at the zooid resorption ("takeover") stage of colony development. In vitro autoreactivity of cells from resorbing colonies may reflect in vivo responses to senescent cells, which in turn may be related to allorecognition events that govern fusion or rejection between colonies. PMID- 3183595 TI - Strain differences in early mouse embryo development in vitro: role of the nucleus. AB - Mouse embryos of many strains are blocked in development at the two-cell stage when placed in culture at the one-cell stage. If, however, they are placed in culture at the two-cell stage, they develop to blastocysts at a high rate. We investigated the transcriptional and translational systems in blocked embryos by assaying enzymatic activity of the protein product of an injected gene and found these systems to be functioning normally. The role of the nucleus was investigated by reciprocal nuclear transplants between blocked and nonblocked embryos. The results indicate that the source of the nucleus was of equal importance to that of the cytoplasm for the successful development of embryos cultured from the one-cell stage. When cultured from the two-cell stage, however, the nucleus was solely responsible for strain differences in culture rates. PMID- 3183598 TI - Renal structural flexibility in response to environmental water stress in feral hogs. AB - Several morphological characteristics of the kidney were studied to determine the degree of acclimatization that may occur in three groups of feral hogs raised under different environmental conditions. Two groups of hogs were living in the wild, while another was raised in captivity for three generations and was directly descended from one of the wild-living groups. The two groups of wild hogs were living under two different types of water stress conditions. One group experienced periodic drought, and the other ate a high salt diet. The captive hogs were given food and water ad libitum. The captive-raised hogs had significantly lower relative medullary thickness (RMT) and relative medullary area (RMA) values (RMT of 2.35; RMA of 0.35) than either group of hogs living in the wild (RMT of 2.70 and 2.69; RMA of 0.41 and 0.44). Since the feral hogs living in the wild were exposed to a higher degree of water stress than the captive-raised hogs, it was concluded that the differences in observed kidney structure were due to acclimatization. PMID- 3183597 TI - S6 phosphorylation is regulated at multiple levels in Xenopus laevis oocytes. AB - It is known that the 40s ribosomal protein S6 undergoes a dramatic increase in its level of phosphorylation during Xenopus oocyte meiotic maturation in response to progesterone stimulation. During prophase arrest, the majority of S6 has 0 moles phosphate per mole protein; this increases to 4-5 moles phosphate per mole protein by the time of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). Our in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the accumulation of phosphate on S6 is the net result of a 4-5-fold increase in S6 kinase activity and a 30-50% decrease in the rate of dephosphorylation and/or turnover of phosphate groups on S6 in maturing oocytes. In addition, the level of phosphorylation of S6 on 80s monosomes injected into non-hormone-stimulated oocytes was unexpectedly high. This indicates that the S6 kinase/phosphatase ratio in prophase arrested oocytes is higher than anticipated from previous studies. This observation implies that the majority of the oocyte ribosomes may be sequestered from any S6 kinase during meiotic prophase. Furthermore, these observations suggest that a portion of the increased accumulation of phosphate on S6 may be the result of increased accessibility of the ribosomes to S6 kinase during oocyte meiotic maturation. PMID- 3183599 TI - Immediate response to repeated capture and handling of wild impala. AB - The composition of blood from veld and boma (enclosure)-kept impala, obtained immediately after the animals were manually restrained, was compared to control values. Statistically significant differences existed between the values for hematocrit, lactate, glucose, and osmolarity of veld and boma-kept animals compared to control data. Cortisol values were significantly greater (P less than .05) in boma-kept animals (93 +/- 21 nmol/liter) but not in veld impala (11 +/- 3 nmol/liter). It is suggested that the high cortisol and other values measured in boma-kept impala were due to an anticipatory conditioned response in these animals which occurred prior to them actually being caught. Repeated capture and handling, over a period of several months, of boma-kept impala resulted in statistically insignificant decreases in the mean values of several variables. Although this is indicative of adaptation it is doubtful whether the animals would ever fully adapt to the procedures involved. PMID- 3183600 TI - Infertility in transgenic female mice with human growth hormone expression: evidence for luteal failure. AB - Introduction of the human growth hormone (hGH) gene fused with mouse metallothionein I promoter into domestic mice leads to ectopic synthesis of hGH, marked stimulation of somatic growth, and female sterility. Transgenic females (produced by mating transgenic males to normal females) mated but failed to become pregnant or pseudopregnant as evidenced by the recurrence of vaginal plugs every 5-7 days. Daily injections of 1 mg progesterone, starting on day 1 postcoitum (p.c.), maintained pregnancy, suggesting that the sterility of these animals is due to inadequate luteal function. In ovariectomized female transgenic mice, median eminence (ME) turnover of dopamine (DA) was increased, and plasma prolactin (PRL) levels were reduced, presumably because of the known lactogenic activity of hGH in rodents. From these observations we suspected that either 1) the corpora lutea of these animals are unresponsive to lactogenic hormones, or 2) hGH by stimulating tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurons interferes with the increase in PRL release that normally follows mating and this, in turn, leads to luteal failure. To distinguish between these possibilities, transgenic females were treated with PRL-secreting ectopic pituitary transplants from normal females of the same strain on day 1 p.c. Eight of ten treated females became pregnant and delivered litters. We conclude that infertility of transgenic female mice with hGH expression is due to activation of the TIDA system, suppression of endogenous PRL release, and luteal deficiency. PMID- 3183601 TI - Influence of postovulatory aging on chromosome segregation during the second meiotic division in mouse oocytes: a parthenogenetic analysis. AB - A high incidence of parthenogenetic activation was observed when postovulatory aged mouse oocytes were exposed briefly to hyaluronidase in culture medium at 18 26 h after the human chorionic gonadotropin injection for inducing superovulation. The majority of the activated oocytes extruded a second polar body and developed a single haploid pronucleus. Cytogenetic analysis of this class of parthenogenone at metaphase of the first-cleavage mitosis has clearly demonstrated that the completion of the second meiotic division in activated aged oocytes is not associated with a significant increase in the incidence of chromosome segregation errors. The increasing postovulatory age of oocytes prior to activation was observed to significantly decrease the capacity of activated oocytes to extrude the second polar body. PMID- 3183602 TI - Stage-specific response of preimplantation mouse embryos to W-7, a calmodulin antagonist. AB - Involvement of calmodulin-dependent processes in preimplantation development of mouse embryos was studied with the use of N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1 naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7), a specific antagonist of calmodulin. At 25 microM, W-7 interfered with compaction of eight-cell embryos, caused decompaction of compacted eight-cell embryos, inhibited cavitation of late morulae, and caused collapse and degeneration of blastocysts. These effects of W-7 appear to be due to specific inhibition of calmodulin-dependent processes, because W-5, a less active analogue of W-7, was less effective in interfering with development; at 25 microM, W-5 had only a slight effect on compaction and had no effect on blastocyst formation, maintenance of blastocoels, or post-blastocyst development. In addition to the developmental effects just described, W-7 inhibited cell proliferation in four-cell embryos and reduced cell numbers of morulae after treatment at the two- to eight-cell stages. There was a marked increase in embryos' sensitivity to W-7 at the late morula stage, and the sensitivity increased further as embryos developed into blastocysts; the effects of W-7 were largely reversible after treatment at the two-cell through the compacted eight cell stages, but not after treatment at the late morula or blastocyst stage. At the blastocyst stage, inner cell mass cells appeared to be slightly more resistant to W-7 than trophectoderm cells. This differential sensitivity became more pronounced at the late blastocyst stage: after 3.5-4-h exposure of late blastocysts to 25 microM W-7, all trophectoderm cells degenerated but most of the inner cell masses survived. From these results it appears that calmodulin dependent processes are involved in development of mouse embryos at all of the preimplantation stages examined. PMID- 3183603 TI - Directional cell movement during early development of the teleost Blennius pholis: II. Transformation of the cells of epithelial clusters into dendritic melanocytes, their dissociation from each other, and their migration to and invasion of the pectoral fin buds. AB - After clusters of pigmented epithelial cells have rested immobile in the yolk sac of Blennius pholis for 2-4 days (Trinkaus, '88), their constituent cells transform into mesenchymal, dendritic melanocytes. Then these melanocytes dissociate from one another and migrate directionally toward the developing pectoral fin bud (PFB) on either side. Each of these changes takes place in a proximodistal sequence, starting with the epithelial cluster closest to each PFB. Even individual clusters conform to this sequence, the proximal side dissociating first. Eventually, all melanocytes reach and invade the PFB. This is a 100% efficient morphogenetic cell movement. At the completion of this developmental sequence, each PFB is filled with melanocytes arranged in an arc with their filopodia extending outward and the yolk sac is bereft of pigment cells. The form and surface activity of these cells in relation to their motility and to their rate of movement are considered in detail. Attempts to understand the forces involved in giving directionality to these cell migrations are described. Finally, the significance of these observations for morphogenetic cell movements generally and for the relation between epithelial and mesenchymal cells is discussed briefly. PMID- 3183605 TI - The message is loud and clear. PMID- 3183606 TI - Empty lockers. PMID- 3183604 TI - Effect of hyperoxia acclimation on catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities and in vivo peroxidation products in various tissues of the frog Rana ridibunda perezi. AB - Among vertebrates, adult amphibians are known to be especially tolerant to exposure to high environmental oxygen tensions. To clarify the basis for this high O2 tolerance, adult Rana ridibunda perezi frogs were acclimated for 15 days to water-air phases with either 149 mm Hg O2 (normoxia) or 710 mm Hg O2 (hyperoxia). At the end of the acclimation, various morphometric and biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress were measured in seven organs and tissues. Hyperoxia acclimation did not change either the total weight of the animals or the total and relative wet weights of the organs studied, except for the brain, which showed weight increases in the hyperoxic group. In vivo tissue peroxidation increased in the kidney; decreased in the skeletal muscle and skin; and did not change in the liver, lung, brain, and heart after hyperoxic exposures. Whereas liver, lung, and skin showed glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities with both cumene hydroperoxide (cumene-OOH) and H2O2 as substrates, skeletal muscle only showed H2O2 GSH-Px activity. Hyperoxia acclimation did not change either catalase (CAT) or GSH-Px activities in any organ, except for the liver in which CAT activity was induced by hyperoxia. Thus hyperoxia tolerance in this species does not need the induction of H2O2-detoxifying enzymes in the majority of the organs. It is suggested that the high O2 tolerance of this amphibian species is related to its comparatively high constitutive GSH-Px activities. PMID- 3183607 TI - Who will be emptying bedpans. PMID- 3183608 TI - Surgical management of bilateral carotid body tumors with carotid artery stenosis. PMID- 3183609 TI - Brainstem cryptic arteriovenous malformations. PMID- 3183611 TI - "Zero tolerance". PMID- 3183610 TI - Hemophilia and AIDS: the community and the pediatrician. PMID- 3183612 TI - Advancements change nature of medicine. PMID- 3183613 TI - Purification and characterization of the isopenicillin N synthase of Streptomyces lactamdurans. AB - The isopenicillin N synthase (cyclase) of Streptomyces lactamdurans (syn. Nocardia lactamdurans) has been purified to near homogeneity as judged by SDS PAGE and isoelectric focusing. This enzyme catalyses the oxidative cyclization of the tripeptide delta-(L-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine to isopenicillin N. The enzyme required DTT, Fe2+ and oxygen and it was greatly stimulated by ascorbic acid. It was strongly inhibited by Co2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+. Optimal pH and temperature were 7.0 and 25 degrees C (with the assay conditions used), respectively. The apparent Km of isopenicillin N synthase for delta-(L-alpha aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine was 0.18 mM. The enzyme is a monomer with an Mr of 26,500 +/- 1000 and a pI of 6.55. PMID- 3183614 TI - Influence of oxygen tension on the respiratory activity of Mycobacterium phlei. AB - Growth of Mycobacterium phlei under low oxygen tension resulted in specific activities two to twenty times lower for formate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, lactate oxidase and NADH dehydrogenase than when cultures were grown under high aeration. An increase in fumarate reductase and succinate dehydrogenase occurred with M. phlei grown under low oxygen tension. Malate: vitamin K dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were not significantly affected by the oxygen tension used to grow the bacteria, and neither culture contained a lactate dehydrogenase. With growth of M. phlei in conditions of low oxygen tension, cytochrome a was not detected, but cytochrome b was prominent in membranes and cytochrome c was present in the soluble fraction. PMID- 3183615 TI - Molecular cloning and expression of the coagulase gene of Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4. AB - The gene coding for coagulase (coa) was cloned from Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4 in a lambda replacement vector in Escherichia coli. Coagulase (plasma-clotting) activity was measured in lambda coa lysates and an immunoreactive protein of 60 kDa was detected by Western immunoblotting with anti-coagulase serum. This protein comigrated with the major immunoreactive protein in supernatants of S. aureus 8325-4. The coa gene was subcloned in pUC vectors. One recombinant expressed a 60 kDa immunoreactive protein and plasma-clotting activity. A putative beta-galactosidase-coagulase fusion protein and truncated peptides were expressed by variants formed by subcloning. These results are consistent with previously published biochemical data that the prothrombin-binding domain of coagulase is located in the N-terminus of the protein. The cloned coa gene was transferred into S. aureus on a shuttle plasmid. Expression of coagulase was higher in a strain with a mutation in the agr locus, which controls the level of several exoproteins in S. aureus, suggesting that agr normally regulates coagulase expression negatively. PMID- 3183616 TI - Distribution of plasmid sequences in avian and mammalian strains of Chlamydia psittaci. AB - Plasmid DNA from an avian strain of Chlamydia psittaci was purified and estimated to be 7.9 kb in size using restriction endonuclease analysis. A 5.9 kb fragment of this plasmid was cloned, mapped and used to screen a range of chlamydial strains. Hybridizing DNA was absent from ovine abortion and arthritis isolates and also from the Cal 10 strain but related sequences were detected in C. psittaci strains of feline pneumonitis, guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis, ovine conjunctivitis and C. trachomatis serovar L2. The plasmid DNA from the feline strain was shown to have a distinct restriction endonuclease profile. Similar plasmid sequences were detected in all avian isolates tested: thus the clone may have a useful diagnostic role for the detection of the pathogen in its natural host and in zoonotic episodes. PMID- 3183617 TI - DNA hybridization with hardjobovis-specific recombinant probes as a method for type discrimination of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. AB - Restriction endonuclease analysis of DNA of Leptospira interrogans, serovar hardjo, showed two distinct types within this serovar. These two types, hardjoprajitno and hardjobovis, cannot be differentiated by monoclonal antibodies. Application of 32P- or biotin-labelled total DNA probes in dot-blot or in situ hybridization assays showed a high sensitivity of the assays but also considerable cross-hybridization. Therefore, a genomic library of hardjobovis was constructed and a number of hardjobovis-specific recombinant clones were isolated. Finally, four clones were selected on the basis of a strong hybridization signal and a high specificity for hardjobovis as compared to hardjoprajitno. In a dot-blot assay as well as in in situ hybridization experiments all four clones gave strong signals, and no cross-hybridization with hardjoprajitno was observed in either type of assay. Our results indicate that specific recombinant DNA probes might provide tools for routine diagnosis and classification in cases of hardjo infections. PMID- 3183618 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the pilin gene of Bacteroides nodosus 340 (serogroup D) and implications for the relatedness of serogroups. AB - The gene encoding pilin of Bacteroides nodosus 340 has been isolated and the nucleotide sequence determined. The gene is present as a single copy within the B. nodosus genome and a protein of Mr 16683 can be predicted from the proposed coding region. A comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence with pilin from other strains of B. nodosus indicated that the protein of strain 340 (serogroup D) has a high degree of similarity with pilin of strain 265 (serogroup H). The degree of similarity between pilins from these strains and from other B. nodosus serogroups is no greater than that between B. nodosus pilins and the homologous proteins of several different bacterial species. These findings suggest that serogroups D and H may form a subset of B. nodosus serogroups. PMID- 3183619 TI - DNA sequencing of the eta gene coding for staphylococcal exfoliative toxin serotype A. AB - We report the nucleotide sequence of a 1.45 kb segment containing the eta gene, coding for staphylococcal exfoliative toxin A (ETA), isolated from the recombinant plasmid pETA-J3. The coding region of 840 bp specified a polypeptide of 280 amino acid residues which included a putative 38 residue signal sequence. The amino acid composition deduced from the structural gene was in agreement with the results of peptide analysis of the ETA molecule reported by others. The sequence of the 35 N-terminal amino acid residues of ETA derived from Staphylococcus aureus strain ZM was also consistent with that deduced from the DNA sequencing. PMID- 3183620 TI - Effect of dilution rate and Mg2+ limitation on toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 production by Staphylococcus aureus grown in defined continuous culture. AB - A toxic shock syndrome isolate of Staphylococcus aureus was grown in a chemostat, in a defined synthetic medium of six amino acids, glucose, two vitamins and salts. Steady states were achieved under limiting and replete Mg2+ conditions and at a range of relative specific growth rates. The biomass and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) were estimated at each condition. Under Mg2+ limitation the biomass and TSST-1 production rates were reduced compared to Mg2+ replete conditions. Optimal TSST-1 production occurred at 0.81 relative specific growth rate. PMID- 3183622 TI - Toxigenicity of some fusaria associated with plant and human diseases in the Malaysian peninsula. AB - In the course of a plant disease survey of the Malaysian Peninsula (Malaysia comprises the Malaysian Peninsula, Sabah and Sarawak) during the period 1981 1986, more than 1000 isolates of Fusarium were obtained from diseased plants and seeds. Two further isolates were obtained from patients admitted to hospitals in the same area. The occurrences of F. proliferatum, F. nygamai and F. longipes are new records for the Malaysian Peninsula and the association of F. solani and F. oxysporum var. redolens with human diseases does not seem to have been reported previously. Ten representative species which could be classified into seven sections of the genus were selected for studies of their toxigenicity in liquid cultures and/or on rice. Crude toxin preparations from culture filtrates or extracts of the inoculated rice were tested for toxicity to brine shrimp larvae and tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. The protoplasts were more sensitive than the brine shrimp larvae to the toxin preparations, except those from the isolates of F. solani and F. oxysporum var. redolens obtained from either humans or tobacco. The toxicity of the preparations from rice cultures per g rice was always greater than the toxicity per ml of culture filtrates from cultures grown on Czapek-Dox broth, Czapek-Dox supplemented with 1% (w/v) peptone or Czapek-Dox supplemented with 5% (w/v) tobacco extract. The activity of all toxin preparations was stable to heat. It is concluded that the occurrence of toxigenic species of Fusarium in the Malaysian Peninsula is widespread and that they may pose a serious threat to the health of human, animal and plant populations. PMID- 3183623 TI - Selective isolation of mycobacteria from soil: a statistical analysis approach. AB - We compared four decontamination methods for the isolation of mycobacteria from soil specimens. Different media were used: Lowenstein-Jensen, Ogawa and various modified Ogawa media. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the best results (low contamination and high positivity rates) were obtained when the specimens were incubated in trypticase soy broth, treated with solutions containing malachite green and cycloheximide, then decontaminated with sodium hydroxide and inoculated onto Ogawa media. The lowest contamination rates were obtained with Ogawa medium containing 500 micrograms cycloheximide ml-1. The use of these techniques is proposed for the isolation of mycobacteria from heavily contaminated clinical specimens as well as from soil. PMID- 3183621 TI - Levels of polyamines, glutathione and glutathione-spermidine conjugates during growth of the insect trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. AB - Levels of the polyamines spermidine and putrescine and the major intracellular thiols glutathione (GSH), glutathionylspermidine (GSH-SPD) and dihydrotrypanothione [bis-(glutathionyl)spermidine); T[SH]2] were measured by high performance liquid chromatography throughout the growth cycle of the insect trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata. The amount of total spermidine, putrescine and glutathione (free and conjugated to spermidine) was found to be elevated during growth. Of the total spermidine, 30 to 50% was found conjugated to glutathione during the exponential growth phase, increasing to 60 to 70% at stationary phase. T[SH]2 was the principal intracellular thiol during exponential growth (12.1 to 17.4 nmol per 10(8) cells), whereas GSH-SPD was the major thiol in stationary phase (26.2 nmol per 10(8) cells). GSH levels changed little during the growth cycle and represented a constant proportion (10 to 12%) of the total intracellular glutathione. On dilution of stationary phase cells into fresh medium, a rapid decrease in GSH-SPD levels was observed to be associated with synthesis of T[SH]2. This process reached 90% completion by 15 min, with steady state achieved by 120 min. As the total spermidine and glutathione pools did not increase during this interval, it could be calculated that this rapid redistribution of metabolites resulted in the release of 13 nmol per 10(8) cells unconjugated spermidine without de novo synthesis. This mechanism for rapidly elevating the intracellular concentration of free spermidine may be advantageous to this organism in rapidly adapting to favourable growth conditions. PMID- 3183624 TI - Symbiotic phenotypes of auxotrophic mutants of Rhizobium meliloti 104A14. AB - Auxotrophic mutants of Rhizobium meliloti 104A14 were isolated using nitrous acid mutagenesis followed by penicillin enrichment. Mutants in ornithine transcarbamylase, argininosuccinate synthetase or serine-glycine biosynthesis formed nitrogen-fixing (Fix-nodules on the roost of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Mutants with defects in ornithine, pyrimidine, purine, asparagine, leucine, methionine or tyrosine biosynthesis, in one-carbon metabolism or in carbamoylphosphate synthetase formed nodules but these nodules were unable to fix nitrogen. Prototrophic revertants were always Fix?Plasmids that would complement many of these auxotrophs were isolated by transduction with a P2 cosmid gene bank of R. meliloti 104A14. These plasmids were then introduced into mutants of the same and different classes and the growth and symbiotic phenotypes of the new strains were determined. In all cases, complementation of the nutritional defect restored symbiotic nitrogen fixation. PMID- 3183625 TI - Developmental regulation of the cysteine-rich outer-membrane proteins of murine Chlamydia trachomatis. AB - The developmental cycle of the obligate intracellular prokaryote Chlamydia trachomatis involves the serial alternation of two distinct morphological forms of the organism. To examine the basis of chlamydial differentiation we have searched for developmentally regulated gene products in this species. Chlamydia infected cells were pulse-labelled with [35S] cysteine at various stages of development and the products of synthesis examined by SDS-PAGE. Our results indicate that the synthesis of the cysteine-rich outer-membrane proteins is developmentally regulated, occurring only late in the cycle during the conversion of reticulate bodies to elementary bodies. Both hydroxyurea and ampicillin block this conversion; as a result of this blockade the cysteine-rich outer-membrane proteins are not produced in the presence of either drug. PMID- 3183626 TI - Teratogenicity of the Semliki Forest virus mutant ts22 for the foetal mouse: induction of skeletal and skin defects. AB - The maximum proportion of skeletal and/or skin defects induced by the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) mutant ts22 in the 17-day-old foetal mouse occurred following infection of the mother at day 10 of pregnancy. The skeletal defects were detected using a combination of Alcian blue staining for cartilage and Alizarin red staining for bone. Using immunogold-silver staining with anti-SFV IgG and in situ hybridization with a cDNA probe to SFV non-structural sequences, we have shown that mesenchymal cells in the dermis and surrounding developing cartilaginous plates were heavily infected in most foetuses at day 17 of pregnancy, following infection of the mother at day 10. Other infected foetal tissues contained less viral antigen and nucleic acid; they included the liver, muscle (including myocardium), lung and kidney. The central nervous system contained only small amounts of viral antigen and nucleic acid. It is proposed that the skeletal and skin defects induced in mouse foetuses by ts22 infection result from the tropism of the virus for mesenchymal cells involved in the development of such tissue. PMID- 3183627 TI - Induction, persistence and strain specificity of haemagglutinin-specific secretory antibodies in lungs of mice after intragastric administration of inactivated influenza virus vaccines. AB - Two split influenza virus vaccines administered intragastrically induced lower titres of haemagglutinin (HA)-specific antibodies in pulmonary secretions than whole virus vaccine or a third split virus vaccine. IgA antibody was the predominant HA-specific Ig class. HA-specific IgA titres decayed substantially within 2 weeks following booster immunization, but persisted for at least another 3.5 months. In contrast, HA-specific IgG was maintained at low titres throughout the 4 month study period. When the total vaccine antigenic mass was administered as one dose or as equally divided doses spread over several days, pulmonary antibody responses were comparable. Mice immunized intragastrically with whole virus vaccine were completely protected against intranasal challenge with a homologous virulent virus of the H3 subtype. Partial protection was obtained when the vaccine used for immunization was a distantly related, antigenically variant strain of the same subtype, but no protection was obtained with a monovalent vaccine of an influenza A subtype different to the challenge virus. These characteristics of the response to intragastric immunization against influenza are consistent with features of a useful vaccine. PMID- 3183628 TI - Studies on the structure of the influenza virus haemagglutinin at the pH of membrane fusion. AB - At the pH required to trigger the membrane fusion activity of the influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) the soluble ectodomain of the molecule, BHA, which is released from virus by bromelain digestion, aggregates into rosettes. Analyses of soluble proteolytic fragments derived from the rosettes indicated that aggregation is mediated by association of the conserved hydrophobic amino terminal region of BHA2, the smaller glycopolypeptide component of each BHA subunit. Further analyses of the structure of the soluble fragments and of HA in its low pH conformation by electron microscopy, spectroscopy and in crosslinking experiments showed that, although the membrane distal globular domains lose their trimer structure at the pH of fusion, the central fibrous stem of the molecule remains trimeric and assumes a more stable conformation. The increase in length of BHA2 at low pH observed microscopically appears to result from movement of the amino-terminal region to the membrane proximal end of the molecule and in virus incubated at low pH the amino terminus may insert into the virus membrane. The consequences of these possibilities for the mechanism of membrane fusion are discussed. PMID- 3183629 TI - Low pH-induced conformational change of rubella virus envelope proteins. AB - Fusion of rubella virus-infected cells was induced by their brief treatment at pH below 6.0. Exposure of rubella virus to pH 5 caused an irreversible conformational change of the viral envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2. The change was manifested in the marked reduction in both infectivity and haemagglutinating activity of the virus, the increased resistance of E1 and decreased resistance of E2 polypeptides to proteolytic digestion with trypsin, and the acquisition of liposome-binding activity of the virus. The above changes are presumed to mimic the events occurring in the acidic environment within endosomes following endocytosis of the virus. PMID- 3183630 TI - Molecular cloning and characterization of six genes, determination of gene order and intergenic sequences and leader sequence of mumps virus. AB - mRNA isolated from mumps virus-infected Vero cells was converted into cDNA and cloned into the PstI site of the plasmid pBR322. After screening with 32P labelled cDNA synthesized from poly(A)+ RNA of uninfected or mumps virus-infected Vero cells, five different groups of virus-specific clones were obtained. The virus specificity of the clones was confirmed by Northern blot analysis, in which the cDNA inserts from the five different groups hybridized to mRNAs of about 2100, 1500, 1450, 2000 and 2200 nucleotides. By the use of oligonucleotides synthesized on the basis of sequences obtained from the five cDNA clones and mRNAs, the sequence of the intergenic and surrounding areas was determined. During genome sequencing, a separate gene was identified between the fusion protein (F) gene and the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein (HN) gene. Using oligonucleotides synthesized on the basis of the new gene sequence, cDNA clones with poly(A) were isolated from the cDNA library. The gene order was determined to be 3' NC-P-M-F-SH-HN-L 5' (where NC, P, M, SH, and L represent the genes for the nucleocapsid, phosphoprotein or polymerase-associated, matrix or membrane, small hydrophobic and large proteins respectively). There is one nucleotide between the P and M (A), M and F (A), and HN and L genes (G), two between the NC and P (AA) and SH and HN (3'-CG) genes, and seven between the F and SH genes (3' GAUUUUA) as intergenic sequence. The leader sequence at the 3' end of the genome has been determined by sequencing the dicistronic leader-NC mRNA using oligonucleotide primers. The sequence from the 3' terminus to the NC gene start of the mumps virus genome is similar in length (55 nucleotides) to that present in Sendai virus, Newcastle disease virus and parainfluenza virus type 3, and the first five nucleotides are conserved in all negative-stranded RNA virus genomes sequenced to date. PMID- 3183631 TI - The A and B subgroups of human respiratory syncytial virus: comparison of intergenic and gene-overlap sequences. AB - Intergenic and flanking gene regions for the 1C-1B, 1B-N, N-P, M-1A, G-F and F 22K gene junctions of respiratory syncytial virus strain 18537, representing antigenic subgroup B, were determined by dideoxynucleotide sequencing of polycistronic cDNAs and mRNAs. Comparison with their counterparts from the subgroup A strain A2 showed that the intergenic sequences were not conserved within or between the strains. Flanking non-coding gene sequences also were generally not conserved except for the highly conserved gene-start and gene-end transcription signals. The sequence of the overlap between the 22K and L genes was conserved almost exactly between the two subgroups. PMID- 3183632 TI - Heat-shock induction of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat. AB - Rat cell lines were established in which the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under control of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat (LTR) was stably integrated. The cell lines showed a repressed phenotype for CAT expression, but could be induced for it by inhibition of protein synthesis, as well as by heat-shock and chemical inducers of the cellular stress response, such as sodium arsenite, 8-hydroxyquinoline and the heavy metals cadmium and copper. A decameric sequence present in the NF-kB binding sites in the HIV LTR (GGGACTTTCC) resembles the cellular heat-shock core sequence and may therefore be involved in the heat-shock response. PMID- 3183633 TI - Effects of long-term acyclovir chemosuppression on serum IgG antibody to herpes simplex virus. AB - Patients with severe or frequent recurrent genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection can be managed either by treating each recurrence with acyclovir or by suppressing recurrences with daily administration of the drug. To determine the effects of long-term acyclovir therapy on the immune response to HSV, we studied the change in IgG antibody concentration to HSV in 46 individuals with recurrent genital HSV-2 infection who received acyclovir for 1 year, Twenty-seven subjects received daily acyclovir chemosuppression, while 19 subjects received daily placebo (with acyclovir administered intermittently only during recurrences). Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to HSV was determined before medication began, at completion of 1 year of therapy, and 22 weeks following the first untreated HSV recurrence. Daily acyclovir chemosuppression for 1 year reduced mean IgG antibody concentration by 10% from baseline values (P less than 0.01), whereas in patients receiving intermittent therapy no significant decline was observed. In both groups, however, the first untreated recurrence produced a rise in mean antibody concentrations. We conclude that prolonged daily acyclovir chemosuppression reduces humoral immunity to HSV, but antibody concentrations increase following the first untreated recurrence. PMID- 3183635 TI - Elevation of serum sex hormone-binding globulin in females with fulminant hepatitis B virus infection. AB - Amongst adults exposed to the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the infection pursues a fulminant course more frequently in females, while conversely a chronic carrier state is more frequent in males. Because of these differences in sex ratio, we investigated the relationship between the outcome of HBV infection and serum concentrations of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a circulating glycoprotein that exerts an important influence on the balance of free sex hormones. SHBG levels were significantly elevated in females with fulminant HBV infection compared to females with either uncomplicated acute or chronic HBV infection (P less than .05 and P less than .001, respectively). That this was not a nonspecific effect of fulminant hepatitis was confirmed by the significantly higher levels in this group than in age-matched females with fulminant hepatitis unrelated to HBV (P less than .05). In contrast, four of 15 female HBsAg carriers had SHBG values in the male range, and these included three of four patients who had acquired HBV as adults. SHBG levels were normal in all male groups. These results suggested that for adults the hormonal environment may be important in determining the course of HBV infection. PMID- 3183634 TI - Influence of hepatitis delta virus superinfection on the clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers in HBV carriers in Japan. AB - To elucidate the influence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) superinfection on the clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) associated antigens in HBV carriers, we examined for antibody to hepatitis delta antigen (anti-HD) serial sera collected from 1,029 HBV carriers in Kure, Japan. Of the 242 HBV carriers with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), 28 became seropositive for anti-HD, of whom 18 (64.3%) cleared HBeAg; 214 did not become seropositive for anti-HD, of whom 70 (32.7%) cleared HBeAg. Thus, HBeAg clearance was observed in a significantly higher proportion of HDV-superinfected carriers as compared with carriers without HDV infection (P less than 0.005). In the 56 HBV carriers who cleared hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HD was detected in three cases with increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity preceding HBsAg clearance. The duration of anti-HD seropositive state was less than 5 years, and the titer of anti-HD was relatively low in every case. These data suggest that the HDV infection rate in Japan is higher than previously reported, that HDV superinfection can be one of the factors that induce the HBeAg clearance and HBsAg clearance in HBV carriers, and also that the most likely outcome of HDV superinfection in HBV carriers in Japan may be acute self-limited infection. PMID- 3183636 TI - Monte Carlo simulation of the heterosexual selective spread of the human immunodeficiency virus. AB - The spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by heterosexual intercourse, during the first 2 years following the introduction of the virus among a sexually active and unprotected group of men and women, is modelled by Monte Carlo simulation. A beta distribution of the infectee's risks of infection per infected partner-month is assumed, with the same coefficient of variation as used in previous studies for risk of conception (natural fecundability), but with a mean of 0.04 per infected partner-month, after scaling the distribution. The number of sexual partners that one sex has (here, the women), is assumed to be more variable than for the other, with a mean of 2 partners each. The individual infection risks per infected partner-month are generated initially and do not change, but some random gains and losses of partners occur each month. Infections are updated each month. It is found in this simple model that women who become infected by 2 years had a mean risk of infection (not counting the original infector) only about 13% higher than the others. Some implications of the low selection are noted. Very great variability in the number of infections subsequently due to an index seropositive is found, which prevents easy discrimination in the characteristics of "at-risk" persons. PMID- 3183637 TI - Hematologic dysfunction in Lassa fever. AB - Lassa fever is widespread in West Africa, where the case fatality is about 16% in hospitalized adult patients. The clinical course is highly variable, with a few patients developing severe disease with bleeding, adult respiratory distress syndrome, encephalopathy and hypovolemic shock. We studied 70 patients admitted with suspected Lassa fever to a hospital in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Fourteen patients classified as having severe Lassa fever on the basis of serum aspartate amino transferase (AST) greater than 150 IU/L or viremia of greater than 10(3.6) tissue culture infective dose (TCID) 50/ml were found to have statistically significantly depressed lymphocyte counts when compared with patients with mild Lassa fever (AST less than 150 IU/L or viremia, less than 10(3.6)TCID50/ml), (P less than 0.0001) and with febrile control patients, in whom Lassa infection had been excluded by laboratory criteria (P less than 0.0008). Maximum depression occurred a mean of 10.9 days post onset. Patients with severe Lassa fever also had moderate thrombocytopenia, which was statistically significant when compared with febrile control patients (P less than 0.0003) and this occurred a mean of 10.8 days postonset. The most significant changes were in platelet function, which was markedly depressed in patients with severe Lassa fever (P less than 0.0035 in response to ADP and P = 0.0081 for collagen) when compared with patients with mild Lassa fever, and when compared with febrile controls, (P = 0.0013 for ADP and P less than 0.00001 for collagen). This abnormality was usually maximal on admission to hospital, and probably is an early event, preceding hospitalization in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183638 TI - Recombinant DNA related to hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency viruses in mononuclear cells of patients with AIDS. AB - Sixty-eight of 73 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were positive when tested for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related DNA sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by the dot blot method. Twenty-two of the positive DNAs were examined by Southern hybridization and all exhibited a 3.2 kb extrachromosomal DNA fragment that hybridized to HBV DNA. This DNA was isolated from agarose gels and cloned into the EcoRI site of pBR322 DNA. The cloned DNA (pHBI) hybridized to both HBV DNA and HIV cDNA; HBV DNA did not hybridize to HIV cDNA under the same conditions. The results of restriction enzyme analyses indicated that pHBI contains: 1) a large deletion of HBV sequences spanning the 3' end of the HBV surface antigen gene; 2) a small deletion near the 5' end of the HBV core antigen gene; and 3) a region of homology to a one kb central section of the HIV pol gene. These data suggest that the 3.2 kb DNA found in the PBMCs is a natural recombinant between HBV and HIV DNAs raising the possibility not only that this DNA plays a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS but also that other viral recombinant DNAs may be pathogenic in human disease. PMID- 3183639 TI - Primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. AB - A mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is described. A high titered, large-volume inoculum results in replication of RSV to a high titer in lungs of BALB/c mice. Mice older than 15 weeks of age are more susceptible to RSV infection. Titers up to 10(6.9) plaque-forming units (pfu)/gram lung can be attained in 32-week-old mice. Older mice experience a clinical illness manifested by ruffled fur, reduced activity, and weight loss. Lung histology of older mice infected with RSV shows bronchiolitis and increased number of lymphocytes and macrophages in alveolar spaces compared with that of mice less than 8 weeks old. This model will serve as the basis for investigating immunodeterminants of recovery and protection from RSV infection. PMID- 3183640 TI - Analysis of virus and host factors in a study of A/Peking/2/79 (H3N2) cold adapted vaccine recombinant in which vaccine-associated illness occurred in normal volunteers. AB - Live attenuated cold-adapted influenza vaccine is undergoing evaluation in man. Several strains have proven to be safe, immunogenic, nontransmissible, and protective against experimental challenge. In this study of A/Peking/2/79(H3N2), with six internal genes from the cold-adapted (Ca) parent A/Ann Arbor/6/60(H2N2), we encountered at the highest input multiplicity, 28% illness rate among individuals infected with vaccine. Reversion to wild type and excessive viral replication did not occur. Physical characteristics of the vaccine were similar to nonreactogenic vaccine A/Washington/897/80(H3N2). At ten- and 100-fold lower input multiplicities, infection frequency was maintained, but reactions did not occur. We compared the observations in this study with those made in a similar study of A/Scotland/840/74(H3N2), a cold-adapted vaccine with five genes from the Ca parent in which reactogenicity also was noted. The dose of vaccine virus in relation to tissue culture infectious doses required to infect 50% of susceptibles (HID50) was proportionally lower for both A/Peking/2/79(H3N2) and A/Scotland/80(H3N2). Hence, when the vaccine was undiluted the recipients were inoculated with more than 100 HID50. We concluded that the very high input could be avoided if vaccines were screened beginning at 1/1,000 of maximum titers. Ca vaccines must be safe before they undergo field trials. PMID- 3183641 TI - Psychiatry and its poor relations: "less than warmly embraced, more than misunderstood". A response to Paul McHugh. PMID- 3183642 TI - Diagnosis of severely ill inpatients in China. A collaborative project using the structured clinical interview for DSM-III (SCID). AB - The purpose of this project was to investigate any differences in diagnostic practice between Chinese psychiatry and Western psychiatry with regard to severe psychiatric illness among Chinese inpatients. Specifically, the project aimed to look at differences between the Chinese diagnostic system and DSM-III. This study stemmed partly from a desire to investigate the supposed "overdiagnosis" of schizophrenia in China relative to the West. A second objective was to use a structured interview format to obtain clinical data for DSM-III and to decide whether a translated version of such an interview offered promise for future transcultural psychiatric research. Forty-two inpatients on a psychiatric ward in China were interviewed by an American psychiatrist assisted by a Chinese faculty translator and a diagnosis was made using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III. A Chinese professor of psychiatry who was blind to the structured interview results interviewed each patient independently and assigned a diagnosis within the current Chinese system. Follow-up data was obtained on 69% of the patients after 16 months to check for stability of diagnosis. Results of the study pointed to less diagnostic disagreement than previous work had predicted. On cases where there was disagreement, DSM-III diagnoses tended toward affective disorders or atypical forms of psychosis while the Chinese diagnosis tended towards schizophrenia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183643 TI - Social class and psychiatric disorder. The examination of an extreme. AB - Relationships between social status and various aspects of mental disorder have been of long-standing interest to both clinicians and researchers, and a large body of literature exists attesting to the importance of social status in understanding psychiatric illness and disability. Reports examining social status and schizophrenia suggest that relationships between socioeconomic status and psychiatric illness may rest heavily upon differences between the lowest socioeconomic stratum and the remainder of society. To investigate the extent to which relationships between socioeconomic status and psychiatric illness and disability reflect differences between a deviant lowest socioeconomic stratum and the remainder of society, data from 217 patients hospitalized for psychiatric disorder and reassessed at a 2-year follow-up were examined. At initial assessment, 17 patient characteristics were found to be associated with socioeconomic status; for seven of these 17 characteristics, the largest difference between classes was found between the lowest and the adjacent (next lowest) social class. At follow-up, for five of 15 characteristics found to be related to social class, the greatest interclass difference occurred between the lowest and the adjacent social class. Both initially and at follow-up, significant associations between patient characteristics and social class remained when the lowest social class patients were excluded from the analyses. PMID- 3183644 TI - A rating scale for alcoholic denial. AB - Denial of alcoholism is a serious obstacle to the successful treatment of an alcoholic. If clinicians can conceptualize and focus on this denial, they may be able to make more effective interventions with alcoholics. Denial in alcoholism, as in other illnesses such as cancer and heart disease, may encompass denial of the entire illness or only denial of some aspect, such as the loss of control over alcohol consumption. The Denial Rating Scale (DRS) has been developed to aid in the identification of denial of alcoholism, as well as to help specify which aspect of alcoholism is being denied. The present report describes the DRS and presents early reliability and validity data in support of its use. Preliminary interrater reliability is adequate, and construct and predictive validity appear promising. Several case studies were included to demonstrate the use of the scale. PMID- 3183645 TI - Early separation anxiety and adult agoraphobia. AB - The authors compared 137 adult patients who had agoraphobia with 81 patients who had either simple or social phobia for a history of childhood and adolescent separation anxiety. Female agoraphobics reported significantly more childhood separation anxiety than female combined simple and social phobics; males showed no significant difference between diagnostic groups. The reported prevalence of separation anxiety in adolescence was relatively low, but agoraphobics of both sexes reported significantly more separation anxiety than combined simple and social phobics. There were no significant differences between groups for parental losses or severe family disruption during childhood. The results suggest that childhood separation anxiety is a risk factor in females but not in males for the later development of agoraphobia. PMID- 3183646 TI - Distressed transvestites. Psychometric characteristics. AB - Transvestic fetishism is characterized by eroticized cross-dressing in a heterosexual male. Twenty-one transvestites who were seeking psychiatric consultation were evaluated using the Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). They were compared with 45 heterosexual married males. The transvestic group was significantly more distressed on most dimensions of the BSI. The transvestic group displayed a more negative body image, a more feminine gender role perception, and less experience than the comparison group on the DSFI. Those transvestites who had no homosexual experience were less frequently gender dysphoric but more frequently had a concurrent axis I disorder. The transvestite with recent homosexual experience reported an earlier age when cross-dressing began. These findings are discussed in the context of previous research on transvestism. PMID- 3183647 TI - Suicide upon recovery from depression. A clinical note. AB - We present two cases of suicide upon recovery from severe depression. In both cases a hypomanic phase followed by a switch down into depression appeared to be the clinical context of the impulsive suicidal act. We offer a critique of the hypothesis that accounts for suicidality during early remission from depression in terms of "mobilization of energy." PMID- 3183648 TI - Schizophrenic patients suffer from a cognitive disorder. PMID- 3183649 TI - Creativity and schizotypal traits. Creativity test scores and perceptual aberration, magical ideation, and impulsive nonconformity. AB - Using a nonclinical and noneminent population, this study demonstrates an overlap in creative and schizotypal traits in the areas of perceptual functioning, behavioral and personality styles, and interests. No such overlap is observed in the area of divergent thinking. A battery containing five creativity measures was administered to a group of college student subjects scoring high on either the Perceptual Aberration Scale or the Magical Ideation Scale (N = 52) and to a group of control subjects (N = 65). A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that subjects high on the schizotypal traits of Perceptual Aberration or Magical Ideation (Per-Mag subjects) differed significantly from control subjects on the five creativity tests. Per-Mag subjects scored significantly higher than control subjects on the Barron-Welsh Revised Art Scale, a measure of preferences for figures, and the How Do You Think, a biographical and personality measure. There was a tendency for female Per-Mag subjects to score higher than female control subjects on the Domino Creativity Scale of the Adjective Check List. Per-Mag and control subjects did not differ on the Gough Creative Personality Scale of the Adjective Check List or on the Alternate Uses test, a test of divergent thinking. Per-Mag subjects who scored above the median for their group and gender on the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale received the highest creativity scores on the Barron-Welsh Revised Art Scale and the How Do You Think, although these results only approached significance. These findings argue for the specificity of areas of similarity and difference in schizotypy and creativity. PMID- 3183651 TI - A study of clinical suicide. AB - A retrospective analysis of the clinical records of 149 patients suicide subjects and the same number of control subjects representative of the entire admitted clinical population was carried out using a larger set of demographic, psychosocial, and clinical variables. The results of the univariate analysis of the data indicated a serious and incapacitating course of the mental illness in the suicide group. The multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis yielded a set of five variables including sex, Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnosis, previous and recent suicidal behavior, and social exits that discriminated best between both groups. These findings have to be taken into consideration when estimating the suicidal risk. The assessment of the suicidal danger, however, remains an individualized procedure. PMID- 3183650 TI - A longitudinal study of an untreated sample of predominantly late onset characterological dysthymia. AB - The current study represents one of the first psychological investigations that attempts to describe the untreated course of late onset characterological dysthymia. Of 34 dysthymic subjects who were studied for 9 months, six women remitted (18%). Twenty-eight subjects (82%) remained unchanged. Among the nonremitters, we found stable patterns of functioning in the cognitive, coping, personality, interpersonal, and environmental spheres. The destructive nature of these refractory patterns appeared to predispose the individual to a depressionogenic lifestyle. These unchanging features were not found among the remitters. The small size of the remitting group makes our speculations tentative but we did find consistent changes over time across measures of functioning. While the symptom-affective features of the nonremitters remained at clinically significant levels throughout, the depressive symptom levels of the six remitters decreased to nonsignificant clinical levels during the last half of the study. It was noted that, based on these preliminary data, DSM-III-R may be "underdescriptive" in regard to relevant symptom features of characterological dysthymia. PMID- 3183652 TI - Cognitive screening tests for organic mental disorders in psychiatric inpatients. A hopeless task? AB - Bedside cognitive screening tests have been suggested as a way to quickly determine the likelihood of a patient's having an organic mental disorder (OMD). The Mini-Mental State (MMS) examination and a number of separate bedside neurobehavioral tests were administered to 206 patients who were consecutively admitted to the University of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital. Both examinations were completed by 150 subjects. Of the sample, 7% had an OMD diagnosis. The most frequent neurological causes of OMD were probable Alzheimer's and closed head trauma. The predictive value positive, predictive value negative, specificity, and sensitivity of the MMS were examined for a number of different cutoff scores. The maximum sensitivity was 75% with a cutoff score of 30. The maximum specificity was 100% with a cutoff of 12. However, only two OMD patients had scores less than 12. There was no cutoff that resulted in a clinically useful screening test. A stepwise multiple logistic regression model using the separately administered bedside tests as independent variables and OMD as the dependent variable resulted in two significant predictors of an OMD diagnosis: the alternating sequence test and a reading test. This model was not appreciably better than the MMS in predicting an OMD diagnosis. A number of problems make the development of a clinically useful cognitive screening test for OMD in inpatients unlikely. These include poor cooperation of the patients, the rarity of OMD in psychiatric inpatients, the heterogeneity of OMD etiologies, and the confounding neuropsychological deficits of a number of common psychiatric disorders. PMID- 3183653 TI - Psychogenic sensory loss. AB - One hundred consecutive patients complaining of hemifacial numbness were tested for two features commonly thought to indicate psychogenic sensory loss: a) exact splitting of the midline to pinprick, and b) diminished vibratory sensation on the affected forehead. Twenty patients had purely psychogenic complaints, while 80 had organic lesions. Sensory loss split the midline in four patients (20%) with psychogenic complaints but also in six patients (7.5%) with structural lesions (p = NS). Vibration was diminished in 19 patients (95%) with psychiatric disease but also in 69 patients (86%) with organic lesions (p = NS). Contrary to popular beliefs, these "nonphysiologic" findings do not distinguish psychogenic from organic sensory loss. PMID- 3183654 TI - Obsessive-compulsive disorder occurring as a complication in benzodiazepine withdrawal. AB - A case history of obsessive-compulsive disorder occurring in a 32-year-old woman after benzodiazepine withdrawal is presented. The possible biochemical and neuropsychological mechanisms involved in the etiology and maintenance of this condition are reviewed. PMID- 3183655 TI - Ganser symptoms, dissociation, and dysprosody. AB - Approximate answers (vorbeireden) are considered pathognomonic of the Ganser syndrome. Controversy has always surrounded the nosological status of this syndrome. Its recent inclusion in the DSM-III-R as a dissociative disorder is supported by this case report. The association of approximate answers, psychogenic amnesia, and dysprosody is reported here for the first time. PMID- 3183656 TI - Evaluation of the Ca2+ concentration in purified nerve terminals: relationship between Ca2+ homeostasis and synaptosomal preparation. AB - The presynaptic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca]i) was evaluated by studying intracellular free Ca2+ with quin-2 and fura-2 in synaptosomal preparations. The synaptosomal preparations were purified with hyperosmotic (sucrose) and isoosmotic (Percoll) density gradient centrifugation. Synaptosomes are most viable in the heavier fractions of the density gradients. These synaptosomal fractions exhibit the lowest [Ca]i, [204 +/- 2 nM for Percoll (C-band) synaptosomes, loaded at 30 degrees C with the acetoxymethyl ester of fura-2 (fura 2-AM)], a high stability during prolonged incubations at 37 degrees C, and a more potent response to membrane depolarization by elevated extracellular [K+]. [Ca]i measurement was critically dependent on dye loading, calibration, type of dye used, synaptosomal preparation, and incubation temperature (30 degrees or 37 degrees C). Loading quin-2 in synaptosomes inserts a considerable buffer component in the synaptosomal [Ca]i regulation, and consequently there is a quin 2 dependency of [Ca]i, independent of endogenous heavy metal ions. Use of fura-2 is preferable in synaptosomes, although above a critical fura-2-AM/protein ratio during loading ester hydrolysis is not complete, giving rise to errors in [Ca]i determination. Ionomycin is a selective tool to detect the presence of partially hydrolyzed esters and saturate indicators in the cytosol with Ca2+ for calibration. Parallel studies on lactate dehydrogenase and fura-2 fluorescence indicate that synaptosomal viability is very sensitive to prolonged incubations at 37 degrees C. This study shows the applicability of measuring steady-state [Ca]i and dynamic [Ca]i changes quantitatively in fura-2-loaded synaptosomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183657 TI - Binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 to the high-affinity choline transporter in electric organ synaptosomal membranes. AB - Sodium-dependent binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 was observed to be 10-fold higher with presynaptic membranes from the electric organ than with electroplaque membranes and this binding site copurified with synaptosomal membranes. The KD for specific [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding was found to be 31 +/- 4 nM and the Bmax, 5.0 +/- 0.2 pmol/mg protein; a Ki of 16 nM was estimated for hemicholinium 3 as a competitive inhibitor of high-affinity choline transport in electric organ synaptosomes. Choline and choline analogues were equally potent as inhibitors of [3H]choline uptake and [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding. Tubocurarine and oxotremorine also inhibited uptake and binding, but carbachol was without effect in both tests. These findings suggest that [3H]hemicholinium binds to the high-affinity choline transporter present at the cholinergic nerve terminal membrane. A comparison of maximal velocities for choline transport and the maximal number of hemicholinium-3 binding sites indicated that the high-affinity choline transporter has an apparent turnover number of about 3s-1 at 20 degrees C under resting conditions. The high transport rates observed in electric organ synaptosomes are likely due to the high density of high-affinity choline transporters in this tissue, estimated on the basis of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding to be of the order of 100/micron2 of synaptosomal membrane. PMID- 3183658 TI - An immunochemical analysis of the distribution of a brain-specific polypeptide, PEP-19. AB - Immunochemical and immunohistochemical techniques were used to map the tissue distribution and cellular localization of a rat brain-specific polypeptide, termed PEP-19. PEP-19 was found to be abundant in the cerebellum and olfactory bulbs but was present at much lower levels in other gross brain regions. It was undetectable in all nonneural tissues examined but was present in the cerebellum of several vertebrates, including rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, and human. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that PEP-19 was localized to the soma, axon, and dendritic processes of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells with no demonstrable immunoreactivity in nonneuronal cell types. Furthermore, mutant mice showing degeneration of Purkinje cells exhibit markedly decreased levels of PEP 19. Because PEP-19 appears during the final stages of maturation of Purkinje cells, it may be utilized as a probe to monitor the development of these neurons in vivo. PMID- 3183659 TI - Brain slice glucose utilization. AB - The metabolism of 2-deoxyglucose has been studied in 540 micron and 1,000 micron hypothalamic brain slices. Slice 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) and 2-deoxyglucose-6 phosphate (2DG6P) levels were measured after tissue homogenization and perchloric acid extraction. By analyzing the uptake and washout kinetics with nonlinear least-squares methods, we have determined the rate constants for three-, four-, or five-parameter kinetic models and obtained a value for the in vitro lumped constant (LC). The kinetic analysis reveals a small, slowly decaying, 2DG component that is not predicted by any of the models. If this component is treated as a separate, parallel compartment, then the four- and five-parameter models are essentially equivalent. To compare our data to prior in vivo data, we combined 2DG and 2DG6P to produce Ci*, the total slice radioactivity, and analyzed the first 45 min of uptake. These data were fit best by a three parameter model and the slowly decaying pool was not identified. Calculation of glucose utilization from total tissue radioactivity, measured by whole slice homogenization and by image analysis of autoradiograms, showed excellent correlation between the two methods. Image analysis of radioactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is present in these slices, revealed a spontaneous diurnal variation in in vitro glucose utilization in close quantitative agreement with prior in vivo measurements. The kinetic analysis of the 1,000 micron slice was qualitatively similar to that of the 540 micron slice but revealed an increase in the LC and a large decrease in k1 as well as the expected large increase in the hexokinase rate constant, k3. Overall, in vitro glucose utilization increased by about 60%. These results are consistent with our prior studies of the 1,000 micron slice and support our interpretation that the 1,000 micron slice is an excellent in vitro model for brain ischemia without infarction. PMID- 3183660 TI - Effects of increased extracellular K on the elemental composition and water content of neuron and glial cells in leech CNS. AB - Elemental (Na, Cl, K) and water contents of leech (Macrobdella decora) neurons and glial cells were determined under steady-state exposure to 4, 10, and 20 mM KCl concentrations (bathing media) using x-ray microanalysis for quantitative digital imaging of frozen hydrated and dried cryosections. Effects of furosemide, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and ouabain on elemental distribution changes, induced by exposure to 20 mM K, were also determined. Results demonstrated that packet glial cells and neurons accumulated substantial amounts of K that appeared evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Cell water content also increased as a function of increased cytoplasmic K so that the net effect was an unchanged wet weight K concentration (expressed as millimoles per kilogram wet weight). Dry weight Na and Cl concentration (expressed as millimoles per kilogram dry weight) increased slightly in glial cells; however, because cell water increased, both Na and Cl (wet-weight) concentrations decreased. Neurons, in contrast, had no significant change in either Na or K on a wet-weight basis, so a relatively constant Na/K ratio was maintained despite a small, but significant, increase in K (dry weight) and cell water. These increases, like those in packet glia, were a function of exposure to different concentrations of extracellular space K. These changes were completely abolished by 10(-4) M ouabain. Neither furosemide nor 5 HT appeared to affect neuronal or glial K wet-weight concentrations. These data show that both glial cells and neurons can act as substantial reservoirs for K while maintaining stable K concentrations (by altering cell water content and elemental composition). This process appears to depend on a functioning Na+, K+ ATPase system. PMID- 3183661 TI - Subcellular localization of functionally differentiated microtubules in squid neurons: regional distribution of microtubule-associated proteins and beta tubulin isotypes. AB - The subcellular localization of microtubule proteins in the neurons of squid (Doryteuthis bleekeri) was immunologically studied using monoclonal antibodies against the microtubule proteins. We found that (1) the squid neurons contained three kinds of high-molecular-weight microtubule-associated proteins [MAP A of approximately 300 kilodaltons (kD), MAP B of 260 kD, and axolinin of 260 kD] and two kinds of beta-tubulin isotypes (beta 1 and beta 2); (2) the cell body of the squid giant neuron contained MAP A, MAP B, and the two beta-tubulin isotypes (beta 1 and beta 2); (3) axolinin and the beta 1 isotype were present exclusively in the peripheral axoplasm of the giant axon; and (4) a small amount of axolinin, MAP A, and the beta 1 isotype was found in the insoluble aspect of the central axoplasm, whereas the soluble aspect of the central axoplasm contained an abundant amount of MAP A along with the modified form of the beta 1 isotype. The regional difference of the distribution of the microtubule protein components may explain the differences in stability among axonal microtubules. Microtubules in the soluble aspect of the central axoplasm are sensitive to any treatment with colchicine, cold temperature, and high ionic strength but those both in the insoluble aspect of the central axoplasm and in the peripheral axoplasm are highly insensitive to the treatment. PMID- 3183662 TI - High ammonia levels in brain induce tubulin in cerebrum but not in cerebellum. AB - Ingestion of large amounts of ammonium increases markedly the content of tubulin in brain. The effect on tubulin induction of ammonium ingestion for up to 100 days was investigated. Brain tubulin content showed a rapid initial increase (28%) at 2 days and reached 50% after 100 days on the diet. To discern if ammonia, the increase in urea synthesis, or both was responsible for tubulin induction, rats were maintained at several levels of uremia (by administering diets containing 0 to 80% protein) or in hyperammonemia (by urease treatment). Only ammonium administration in the diet and urease injection induced tubulin in brain. Tubulin was quantified in three different brain regions. There was a regional selectivity of tubulin induction by ammonia in rat brain. Whereas the cerebellum remained unaltered, the paleencephalon showed the highest increase, and the cerebral cortex exhibited only a modest increase. PMID- 3183663 TI - Conservation of amino acid sequences between human and porcine choline acetyltransferase. AB - The amino acid sequence of 11 peptides generated from human placental choline acetyltransferase was compared to the corresponding amino acid sequences predicted from the nucleotide sequence of a recently cloned porcine choline acetyltransferase cDNA. These peptides, which were generated by cyanogen bromide cleavage or tryptic digestion, accounted for 23% of the amino acids in the enzyme. Of the 145 amino acids sequenced eight differed between the two species, yielding an identity of 94% over the regions sampled. Of the eight amino acids that differed six could represent single base changes in the DNA sequence. These findings demonstrate strong sequence similarity between porcine and human choline acetyltransferase and indicate that they are closely related evolutionarily. PMID- 3183664 TI - Effects of extracellular potassium on glycogen stores of astrocytes in vitro. AB - Astrocyte-enriched and meningeal cell cultures of the rat cerebral cortex were prepared, and their glycogen content was measured after 10-90 min under control (2.5 mM) concentrations of potassium after prefeeding with 20 mM glucose. No net change in glycogen level was noted in either culture over this period. Cell cultures were then exposed to increased concentrations of potassium (5, 10, and 15 mM), and their glycogen content was measured after 10-90 min. Both types of cell culture showed complex and variable changes in glycogen content. In general, increased potassium concentrations caused astrocyte glycogen stores to be reduced at physiological increases of potassium levels (from 2.5 to 5 mM and above), although a period of resynthesis was evident at all potassium concentrations. Meningeal cell glycogen levels were highly variable and only affected by high (10 and 15 mM) levels of potassium. These results are discussed with respect to the theory that changes in the external potassium concentration caused by neuronal activity might act as a signal controlling astrocyte glycogen stores. PMID- 3183665 TI - Xanthine and uric acid levels in rat brain following focal ischemia. AB - Changes of the xanthine and uric acid (UA) levels in rat forebrain following focal cerebral ischemia were studied by reversed-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. Focal ischemia was induced by occluding the left middle cerebral artery in the rat. The xanthine level in the normal group was 11.50 nmol/g tissue. In the ischemic group, the xanthine concentration in the ischemic hemisphere progressively increased after occlusion and reached a maximum value of 59.42 nmol/g tissue 4 h after operation. The UA level in the normal group was 2.20 nmol/g tissue, whereas in the ischemic group the UA concentration in the ischemic hemisphere gradually increased after occlusion, reaching a value of 38.53 nmol/g tissue 24 h after ischemia. The concentration of UA remained elevated in the ischemic hemisphere until 48 h after occlusion, and reached a maximum value of 38.98 nmol/g tissue. The xanthine and UA levels in the contralateral hemisphere remained unchanged. The xanthine and UA concentrations in the sham-operated group did not show a significant increase after operation. The time course of xanthine and UA levels suggests that in ischemic forebrain UA is formed from xanthine as a product of purine metabolism. PMID- 3183666 TI - Stability and activation of glutamate apodecarboxylase from pig brain. AB - The stability and activation of glutamate apodecarboxylase was studied with three forms of the enzyme from pig brain (referred to as the alpha, beta, and gamma forms). Apoenzyme was prepared by incubating the holoenzyme with aspartate followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-25. Apoenzyme was much less stable than holoenzyme to inactivation by heat (for beta-glutamate decarboxylase (beta-GAD) at 30 degrees C, t1/2 values of apo- and holoenzyme were 17 and greater than 100 min). ATP protected holoenzyme and apoenzyme against heat inactivation. The kinetics of reactivation of apoenzyme by pyridoxal-P was consistent with a two step mechanism comprised of a rapid, reversible association of the cofactor with apoenzyme followed by a slow conversion of the complex to active holoenzyme. The reactivation rate constant (kr) and apparent dissociation constant (KD) for the binding of pyridoxal-P to apoenzyme differed substantially among the forms (for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-GAD, kr = 0.032, 0.17, and 0.27 min-1, and KD = 0.014, 0.018, and 0.04 microM). ATP was a strong competitive inhibitor of activation (Ki = 0.45, 0.18, and 0.39 microM for alpha-, beta-, and gamma-GAD). In contrast, Pi stimulated activation at 1-5 mM but inhibited at much higher concentrations. The results suggest that ATP is important in stabilizing the apoenzyme in brain and that ATP, Pi, and other compounds regulate its activation. PMID- 3183668 TI - Vascular perfusion and blood-brain glucose transport in acute and chronic hyperglycemia. AB - We studied the effects of acute and streptozotocin-induced chronic hyperglycemia on regional brain blood flow and perfusion characteristics, and on the regional transport of glucose across the blood-brain barrier in awake rats. We found (1) a generalized decrease in regional brain blood flow in both acute and chronic hyperglycemia; (2) that chronic, but not acute, hyperglycemia is associated with a marked and diffuse decrease in brain L-glucose space; and (3) that chronic hyperglycemia does not alter blood-to-brain glucose transport. Taken together, these results suggest that in streptozotocin-induced chronic hyperglycemia, there is a reduction in the proportion of perfused brain capillaries and/or an alteration in brain endothelial membrane properties resulting in decreased noncarrier diffusion of glucose. PMID- 3183667 TI - Release of N-acetylaspartylglutamate on depolarization of rat brain slices. AB - In a great number of investigations, evidence in favor of a neurotransmitter role of the N-terminal-blocked, acidic dipeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) has been accumulating. In fact, in some systems of the mammalian brain, almost all of the classical criteria for neurotransmitters have been fulfilled by NAAG except for the demonstration of its release from nervous tissue on depolarization. For quantification of NAAG in superfusates of brain slices, we have developed an analytical procedure consisting of an ion exchange prepurification, followed by a derivatization procedure and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with chemical ionization and selected ion monitoring. Deuterated NAAG was used as an internal standard to provide a high degree of reliability for the analytical method. Detection limits of less than 1 pmol were achieved. A statistically highly significant increase of NAAG concentration in superfusates from rat neocortex, piriform cortex/amygdala, and hippocampus on depolarization with 50 mM K+ could be demonstrated and was shown to be largely Ca2+ dependent. These results support the hypothesis that NAAG is a neurotransmitter. Especially with respect to the piriform cortex, the present demonstration of NAAG release is consistent with electrophysiological and immunohistochemical evidence for its neurotransmitter function at terminals of the lateral olfactory tract. PMID- 3183669 TI - Glucose transporter of the blood-brain barrier and brain in chronic hyperglycemia. AB - The effect of chronic hyperglycemia on the glucose transporter moiety of the blood-brain barrier and cerebral cortex was studied in rats 3 weeks after the administration of a single intravenous dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), using specific [3H]cytochalasin B binding methods. Streptozotocin-treated rats developed hyperglycemia, as well as polydipsia and polyuria, and failed to gain weight. The density of D-glucose-displaceable cytochalasin B binding sites in the brain microvessels of streptozotocin-treated hyperglycemic rats was increased by about 30% compared with those of control rats, without change in the affinity of binding. Chronic hyperglycemia had no effect on the density or affinity of specific binding of cytochalasin B to cerebral cortical membranes. These findings do not support the hypothesis that glucose transporters in brain microvessels comprising the blood-brain barrier are "down-regulated" in chronic hyperglycemia. PMID- 3183670 TI - Affinity labelling and identification of the high-affinity choline carrier from synaptic membranes of Torpedo electromotor nerve terminals with [3H]choline mustard. AB - The physiological mechanisms regulating activity of the sodium-dependent, high affinity choline transporter and the molecular events in the translocation process remain unclear; the protein has not been purified or characterized biochemically. In the present study, [3H]choline mustard aziridinium ion [( 3H]ChM Az), a nitrogen mustard analogue of choline, bound irreversibly to presynaptic plasma membranes from Torpedo electric organ in a hemicholinium sensitive, and sodium-, time-, and temperature-dependent manner. Specific binding of this ligand was greatest when it was incubated with membranes in the presence of sodium at 30 degrees C. Separation of the 3H-labelled membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that most of the radiolabel was associated with a polypeptide of apparent molecular mass of approximately 42,000 daltons; labelling of this species was abolished in membranes incubated with ligand in the presence of HC-3. Two other 3H-labelled polypeptides were detected, with apparent molecular masses of approximately 58,000 and 90,000 daltons; radiolabelling of the former was also HC-3 sensitive. [3H]ChM Az may be a useful affinity ligand in the purification of the choline carrier from cholinergic neurons. PMID- 3183671 TI - Methylation deficiency causes vitamin B12-associated neuropathy in the pig. AB - Pigs were treated with N2O which is known to impair vitamin B12 function in vivo. Such pigs demonstrated an inability to gain weight, progressive ataxia, and spinal neuropathy. The ataxia was totally and the neuropathy partially preventable by dietary methionine supplementation. Methionine synthase activity was inhibited in both the liver and brain. There was a marked elevation of S adenosylhomocysteine in the neural tissues and a concomitant failure of S adenosylmethionine to rise and thus maintain the methylation ratio, except when supplementary dietary methionine was added. In contrast, the methylation ratio in the rat was affected to a lesser extent. The neuropathy, it is suggested, is caused by raised S-adenosylhomocysteine levels in neural tissue; as a result, the methylation ratio is inverted and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methylation reactions are inhibited. PMID- 3183672 TI - Calcium-dependent evoked release of N-[3H]acetylaspartylglutamate from the optic pathway. AB - N-Acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) is a neuropeptide localized to several putative glutamatergic neuronal systems, including the rodent optic pathway. To determine whether the peptide is released by depolarization, the superior colliculus of the rat was perfused with 2 microCi of [3H]NAAG, then with Krebs-bicarbonate buffer for 1 h, using a microdialysis system. Subsequently, 10-min fractions were collected and analyzed by HPLC for [3H]NAAG. Addition of 100 microM veratridine resulted in a several-fold increase in the evoked release of [3H]NAAG that was virtually abolished by coperfusion with Ca2+-free Krebs buffer containing 1 mM EGTA. When [3H]glutamate was used as the precursor, veratridine depolarization resulted in only an 80% increase in the release of [3H]NAAG. Prior enucleation of the right eye reduced the spontaneous release of [3H]NAAG by 50%, and the veratridine-evoked release by greater than 85%, from the left superior colliculus. These results suggest that NAAG is released upon depolarization and may serve as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the optic tract. PMID- 3183674 TI - Polyethylene insert dislocation in a screw-in acetabular cup. A case report. AB - An isolated case of prosthetic failure occurred in a total hip arthroplasty. This case involved dislocation of the polyethylene portion of a screw-in acetabular cup. The clinical and radiographic findings were subtle. The radiographic measurements that help to distinguish this complication are discussed. Successful treatment was provided with surgical replacement of the polyethylene insert. PMID- 3183673 TI - RM isoelastic total hip arthroplasty. A review of 34 cases. AB - Thirty-four cases of RM isoelastic total hip arthroplasty were followed for an average period of 42 months after surgery. Eleven (32%) were revised because of purely mechanical loosening of the femoral stem. Of the remaining cases, 16 (69%) had poor Mayo hip scores and only 2 (9%) had good results. Radiologic evidence of loosening of the uncemented femoral stem, as exemplified by radiopaque lines within radiolucent zones, the so-called "pedestal sign" of increased density at the stem tip, and proximal bony overgrowth around the collar were present in all 11 cases that were revised. Marked stem shift and localized cortical hypertrophy were noted in nine revised cases. Radiopaque lines were observed in 11 nonrevised cases, all with poor Mayo hip scores. PMID- 3183675 TI - Long-term results of silicone trapezial implant arthroplasty. AB - The senior author has performed the Swanson implant arthroplasty for arthritis of the basal joint of the thumb for the past 12 years. Fifty-two patients with a total of 64 arthroplasties of the thumb were reviewed, with follow-up periods of 12-156 months (average, 4.4 years). The majority (80%) of the arthroplasties were performed for osteoarthritis; 11% were performed for rheumatoid arthritis, 6% for traumatic arthritis, and 3% for mixed connective tissue disease. Subjective and objective hand functional measurements and radiographic examinations were performed in the majority of patients (77%). The overall results were good both subjectively and objectively. Although degenerative changes involving the implant occurred with increasing frequency as the follow-up period increased, these changes were not symptomatic in the majority of cases. PMID- 3183676 TI - Preoperative lower limb venography in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. AB - Using bilateral ascending venography, the authors examined 93 consecutive patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty for the presence of asymptomatic preoperative leg vein thrombosis. Radiologic abnormalities were seen in only four patients, and this was not statistically significant (P greater than .1). There were no complications from the procedure. It is suggested that routine preoperative screening for deep vein thrombosis prior to hip arthroplasty is unnecessary but may be appropriate in patients at particularly high risk for thromboembolic complications. PMID- 3183677 TI - Effect of the position of the greater trochanter on the rate of union after trochanteric osteotomy for total hip arthroplasty. AB - The correlation between the position of the greater trochanter and the rate of union of the trochanteric osteotomy was assessed in 85 patients who had unilateral total hip arthroplasty using U-bolt fixation of the trochanter. The position of the trochanter was assessed radiologically immediately after operation and at 3-month intervals for 1 year to ascertain the rate of union of the trochanteric osteotomy. The initial postoperative position of the trochanter was classified as either: group 1, trochanter anatomically reduced; group 2, trochanter reattached with some distal displacement; group 3, superomedial tilt of the trochanter (ie, loss of contact with the femoral shaft distally); or group 4, combination of distal displacement and superomedial tilt of the trochanter. The original reduction of the greater trochanter appears to influence its rate of union to the femoral shaft directly. Anatomic reduction or slight distal overlap of the trochanter resulted in union of the osteotomy within 6 months. Fixation of the trochanter in a tilted position invariably led to a delay in union and in nine cases (10.6%) led to a nonunion. PMID- 3183678 TI - Revision of nonseptic, loose, cemented femoral components using modern cementing techniques. AB - A series of 43 hips (41 patients) in which a cemented revision arthroplasty was performed for a symptomatic, nonseptic, loose (42) or broken (1) femoral component was reviewed clinically and radiographically. The operation was done using femoral components of contemporary design, a trochanteric osteotomy, a cement gun, and a PMMA femoral plug. The femoral compactor and water pic were used once they became available (36%). The average follow-up period was 74 months (range, 60-111 months). The primary diagnoses included osteoarthritis (52%), CDH (32%), posttraumatic arthritis (6%), AVN (6%), and SCFE (4%). The average age of the patients at the time of the operation that failed was 52.2 years and at revision was 57.4 years. Only one revised cemented femoral component (2% of hips) required rerevision surgery for septic loosening. The average postoperative Harris hip score was 87 points. Four hips (9%) were classified radiographically as definitely loose, one (2%) as probably loose, and one (2%) as possibly loose, but all of these patients had a good or excellent clinical rating. Complications included deep venous thrombosis in 16 patients, trochanteric nonunion in 3 hips, femoral shaft perforations in eight hips, and postoperative dislocations in 6 hips. These techniques appear to represent an improvement over prior techniques. PMID- 3183679 TI - Quantitative analysis of tissue growth into human porous total hip components. AB - Histologic and radiographic analysis was performed on 36 porous-coated total hip components (22 femoral and 14 acetabular) retrieved from 30 patients. The average patient age was 53.0 years (range, 28-78 years) for femoral components and 56.9 years (range, 28-78 years) for acetabular components. The average time in situ was 13.6 months (range, 2-36 months) for femoral components and 5.5 months (range, 1-18 months) for acetabular components. Fourteen implants were retrieved for instability or dislocation, 12 for late infection, and 8 for persistent pain, and 2 were retrieved after the patient died. Radiographs were reviewed for Singh index, heterotopic bone, implant fit, subsidence, and presence of lucent and sclerotic zones. Histologic and microradiographic sections of the implant and adherent tissue were examined for type, amount, and anatomic distribution of tissue ingrowth. Four femoral stems had no bone ingrowth, 10 had minimal bone growth into the available pore volume (less than 2%), 3 had moderate bone ingrowth (2-5%), and 5 had more extensive bone ingrowth (5-10%). Bone ingrowth tended to occur where the implant made direct contact with the endosteal cortical surface and was rarely seen in proximal metaphyseal bone. Bone ingrowth was completely absent in eight acetabular components, minimal (less than 2%) in three, moderate (2-5%) in two, and more extensive (5-10%) in one and tended to occur adjacent to fixation pegs, spikes, or screws. Radiographic or clinical findings were unreliable in predicting the presence or extent of bone ingrowth in either femoral or acetabular components. PMID- 3183680 TI - Fracture of a metal-backed acetabular cup. A case report. AB - In this case of fracture of a metal-backed polyethylene acetabular component after a total hip arthroplasty, there was no history of difficulties prior to the component fracture and no history of trauma. PMID- 3183681 TI - Clinical experience with a triradiate exposure of the hip for difficult total hip arthroplasty. AB - A triradiate exposure of the hip was developed to facilitate the performance of certain difficult primary and revision total hip arthroplasties. Using this triradiate skin and fascial incision, complete anterior and posterior exposure of the hip capsule can be performed with relative ease. Between October 1980 and January 1985, this exposure was used 50 times in selected cases, including 9 of 320 (3%) primary total hip arthroplasties. All of these cases involved obesity, acetabular protrusion, and/or fragile femoral bone, conditions that would have made safe, adequate exposure without trochanteric osteotomy considerably more difficult through a routine anterolateral or posterior approach. Over this period, the majority of revision hip arthroplasties were performed using triradiate exposure; trochanteric osteotomy was routinely performed in these revision cases. Excellent wound healing was observed in every case, despite unfavorable factors such as advanced age, prednisone therapy, and the presence of prior incisional scars. The triradiate incision offers safe, controlled, and improved exposure in selected primary and revision total hip arthroplasties. It has become nearly the routine incision for the senior author for revision cases. PMID- 3183682 TI - Comparison of functional outcome of total hip arthroplasties involving four surgical approaches. AB - One hundred thirty-seven total hip arthroplasty patients had a follow-up evaluation consisting of an orthopaedic physical evaluation, isokinetic strength testing, and collection of demographic and surgical information from medical records. The intraoperative variables of surgical time and blood loss and the functional outcome status of the subjects, as demonstrated by D'Aubigne--Postel ratings and isokinetic strength tests, were compared for various trochanteric management techniques: no osteotomy; complete Charnley-type osteotomy; sharp abductor release; and a wafer technique, in which a wafer of bone was osteotomized from the trochanter to release the abductors. A comparison of the mean values for the variables indicated that the wafer and sharp techniques were superior to the complete and no osteotomy techniques. The wafer technique resulted in statistically significant superior isokinetic strength measured in adduction, flexion, and extension. Surgical time was significantly greater in the complete osteotomy cases and blood loss was least in the wafer cases, although these differences were not significant. PMID- 3183683 TI - Phase I study of 24-hour continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. AB - Sixteen patients with cancer were treated with a 24-h continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rHuTNF) to investigate the spectrum of side-effects, the maximum tolerated dose, the pharmacokinetics, and possible antitumor effects. Fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms were the most common side-effects. The maximum tolerated dose was 6 x 10(5) U/m2 (261 micrograms/m2). Severe hypotension, fluid retention, watery diarrhea, and central nervous deficits culminated in a profound prostration as the dose-limiting toxicity. No allergic reactions, positive skin tests, or antibodies against rHuTNF were observed. Plasma levels of rHuTNF were detected at doses of greater than or equal to 3 x 10(5) U/ml2. Maximal plasma levels were 19 U/ml (8.2 ng/ml). No objective tumor responses were observed. PMID- 3183684 TI - Minimal antigenicity of intron A in human recipients demonstrated by three analytical methods. AB - Antibodies to recombinant human interferon alpha 2b (Intron A) were detected in only a small number of 101 Intron A recipients. This group of cancer patients received Intron A for a mean treatment time of 4.3 months and were selected from disease categories in which subjects were expected to be immunocompetent. Three methods for the detection of antibodies were employed: (a) a bioassay measuring the neutralizing activity of the sera for the antiviral action of interferon alpha 2b, (b) a radioimmunological assay measuring the ability of the sera to prevent the detection of interferon alpha 2b by an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), and (c) an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that measures the binding of immunoglobulins to interferon alpha 2b attached to a solid support. Three of the 101 patients developed neutralizing activity during treatment. Two of these exhibited low neutralizing titers of 1:6-1:9 and were unreactive in the IRMA and ELISA, while only one was positive by bioassay, IRMA, and ELISA. An additional seven patients were positive only in the ELISA. Six of these were borderline positive, i.e., the posttreatment:pretreatment ratio was less than or equal to 5. The results of this study confirm that Intron A is minimally antigenic in human subjects. PMID- 3183686 TI - Oral use of human alpha interferon in cats. AB - Low doses (0.5 or 5.0 U) of human alpha interferon (HuIFN alpha) given orally prevented the experimental development of fatal feline leukemia virus (FeLV) related disease. Twenty-one FeLV-susceptible cats were inoculated with the Rickard strain of FeLV. Cats given oral HuIFN alpha survived significantly (p less than 0.001) longer than untreated FeLV-infected cats. Moreover, only 4 of 13 (30.8%) HuIFN alpha-treated cats developed clinical disease during the course of the study, whereas 100% of the untreated control cats developed fatal FeLV related disease. Thus, in experimental retroviral disease, heterologous species HuIFN alpha provided significant clinical benefits. PMID- 3183685 TI - Modulation of human alveolar macrophage tumoricidal activity by C-reactive protein. AB - In previous reports, we have shown that purified human C-reactive protein (CRP) enhances tumoricidal activity of murine macrophages and human blood monocytes. In the present study, we wished to determine whether CRP induced similar activity in human macrophages. We evaluated the effect of CRP on the generation of in vitro tumoricidal activity in alveolar macrophages from 24 normal volunteers, among whom 10 were smokers and 14 were nonsmokers. CRP, in concentrations comparable with those found in blood during acute inflammation, induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in nonsmoker alveolar macrophages against tritiated thymidine labeled human tumor cells. Tumoricidal responses of smoker and nonsmoker macrophages did not significantly differ after exposure to lipopolysaccharide although smoker responses tended to be lower. Responses to CRP, however, were significantly (p less than 0.01) depressed in smokers. These findings suggest that during acute inflammation, CRP may enhance the tumoricidal properties of human alveolar macrophages. Macrophage responsiveness to CRP, however, appears to be detrimentally affected by smoking. PMID- 3183687 TI - Thoughts on interdisciplinary research. PMID- 3183688 TI - Cardiovascular risk factor change--1973-74 to 1980-82: the Minnesota Heart Survey. AB - Reductions in population risk factor levels, including blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and cigarette smoking may be associated with the observed decline in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rates. However, few recent population based comparisons of risk trends are available. To evaluate changes in these risk characteristics in the recent period, data were compared from two surveys performed in the same metropolitan area using similar methods. The Lipid Research Clinic (LRC) Prevalence Study surveyed a population sample of 4185 adults aged 25 59 in 1973-74. The Minnesota Heart Survey (MHS) surveyed a population sample of 2914 adults of the same age in the same metropolitan area in 1980-82. The average systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lower in the 1980-82 survey averaging 1.5/3.8 mmHg for men and 1.6/2.8 mmHg for women. The use of anti hypertensive medications increased significantly over the period while the prevalence of hypertension was similar. Significant declines in mean serum cholesterol were also observed in 1980-82, averaging 3.3 mg/dl for men and 5.5 mg/dl women. The prevalence of regular cigarette smoking in men was also lower in 1980-82, 36.3 vs 42.1% in 1973-74. Women had a lower prevalence of smoking (38.8 35.6%) but the average woman smoker increased consumption of cigarettes while the average man did not. These observations suggest that population risk defined by these characteristics is declining which may explain part of recent Minnesota trends in CVD mortality and could have a favorable effect on future disease patterns. PMID- 3183689 TI - Glucose tolerance in middle-aged Japanese males with uncomplicated hypertension. AB - Plasma glucose levels in 50 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were compared between uncomplicated hypertensives (n = 507, mean age = 48 +/- 0.3 years) and normotensives (n = 378, mean age = 46 +/- 0.3 years). The subjects were selected in a systematic way from 10,120 male employees in a work-site population in Japan. None of hypertensives took any antihypertensive drugs. Plasma glucose levels at each time point of OGTT were significantly higher in the hypertensives than in the normotensives when the differences in age, obesity, and other factors that might influence glucose metabolism were adjusted, using multiple linear regression analysis. Similarly, multiple regression analysis for subjects including both normotensives and hypertensives revealed a significant relationship between plasma glucose levels and blood pressure, which was independent of age and body mass index. These findings indicate a more direct association between hypertension and hyperglycemia, which is not mediated via aging or obesity. PMID- 3183690 TI - Strengths and limitations of the Apgar score: a critical appraisal. AB - The Apgar score is widely used for several purposes: to discriminate between infants who require resuscitation at birth and those who do not; to predict outcome; and to evaluate change in the condition of the newly born over the first minutes of life. Using published evidence of its clinical reliability and validity, this article explores whether the Apgar score serves all three measurement purposes equally well. Methodologic guidelines for assessing health indices are applied to examine the structure of the Apgar score as well as its function where performance data are lacking or inadequate. Despite the advent of modern technology, the Apgar score remains the best tool for the identification of newly born infants in need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. For predicting later death or handicap, the Apgar score is insensitive but fairly specific. The ability of the Apgar score to measure change over time has not been studied systematically; however, available data suggest that serial Apgar ratings in infants with early low scores detect clinically important recovery of lack thereof. PMID- 3183691 TI - Designing clinical trials for paroxysmal atrial tachycardia and other paroxysmal arrhythmias. AB - Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia may be useful as a model for designing clinical trials of paroxysmal tachycardia. Individual occurrences of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia are clinically independent events, and the time periods between events follow an exponential probability distribution; i.e. paroxysmal atrial tachycardia behaves like a Poisson process. We propose that treatment of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia can be studied efficiently using a clinical trial with a two period cross-over design in which placebo and investigational therapy are delivered in random order. A screening phase, dose ranging phase, and both limbs of a cross-over plane can be completed in 180 days or less in each patient. PMID- 3183692 TI - Does lacrimal duct occlusion decrease intraocular pressure in patients refractory to medical treatment for glaucoma? A randomized, sham-controlled, crossover trial. AB - We temporarily occluded lacrimal ducts with dissolvable collagen inserts in a randomized, double masked, sham-controlled crossover trial to test whether longer ocular contact of eye drops lowers intraocular pressure in patients with refractory glaucoma. Patients were randomized to the sequence temporary lacrimal duct occlusion----21 day washout----sham occlusion (6 patients), or the reverse order (5 patients); all maintained their usual medication. Compliance was greater than 90% for every patient as assessed by medication diaries kept by each patient's medication partner. There was no treatment effect (bivariate Wilcoxon chi 2 = 0.10, p = 0.95) or treatment-period interaction (chi 2 = 2.87, p = 0.24). However, whichever treatment was received first significantly lowered intraocular pressure (left eye first period X:[ipr50] = 3.0: [-6.0, -1.0] mmHg, right eye = 3.0:[-6.0, -1.0] mmHg, bivariate response chi 2 = 5.92, p = 0.05). Although lacrimal duct occlusion appears to have no clinical benefit, more careful supervision of eye drop administration may be efficacious for treating some patients with medically refractory glaucoma. PMID- 3183693 TI - Weight history and hypertension. AB - The relationship between weight change and hypertension was examined among men and women 25-64 years of age surveyed in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-I). Any single weight measurement (current weight, weight at an earlier age, or the difference between these two weights) was found to be a significant univariate predictor of hypertension, with current weight being most predictive. Initial weight and weight change were not associated with increased blood pressure, however, when controlling for current weight. These results do not distinguish a difference in risk of hypertension in adults with overweight or obesity of long-standing vs that of adults with overweight or obesity of more recent onset. PMID- 3183694 TI - A comparison of problems reported by persons with cancer and their same sex siblings. AB - Problem reporting rates of 180 persons with cancer (PWC) were compared with those of their closest in age same sex cancer-free siblings living outside their households for the same time periods. PWC had significantly higher reporting rates for physical, activities of daily living, nutrition, and emotional problems and a significantly lower rate for family problems. Sibling problem reporting rates, which indicate the likelihood that PWC would have experienced similar problems without a diagnosis of cancer, were highest for physical, emotional, employment, and family problems suggesting that noncancer factors are especially likely to play a role in those types of problems. Regression analyses showed that female and younger PWCs tended to report more problems than their siblings suggesting that they were more affected by cancer and its treatments than were other types of PWC. PMID- 3183695 TI - Selection of chronic schizophrenic patients for rehabilitation. AB - A study was carried out to look for factors that would make useful predictors for the rehabilitation of long stay schizophrenic patients. The results showed that after 36 months of rehabilitation, the variables that were related to favourable outcome were (1) shorter duration of illness, (2) milder form of illness according to Wing's classification, (3) family acceptance, (4) less negative symptoms, and (5) less social withdrawal. Other variables like age, education, occupation, and symptoms like delusion, hallucination, thought disorder were not related to the final rehabilitation status 36 months later. Only 15% were rehabilitated at the end of 12 months and 19% at the end of 36 months. This was not unexpected as the subjects were very chronic schizophrenic patients. PMID- 3183696 TI - Relationships between body fatness, adipose tissue distribution and blood pressure in men and women. AB - The relationships between body fatness, fat distribution and blood pressure (BP) were studied in 234 women and 238 men, aged 18-50 years. In both sexes, subcutaneous (s.c.) fat (assessed by the measurement of s.c. skinfolds) and percent body fat (measured by underwater weighing) were correlated significantly with diastolic (0.27 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 0.37, p less than 0.0005) and systolic (0.17 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 0.29, p less than 0.01) BP. In either sex, the proportion of s.c. trunk fat as reflected by the ratio of trunk/extremity skinfolds showed significant associations with diastolic (men: r = 0.35, women: r = 0.20, p less than 0.01) and systolic BP (men: r = 0.15, women: r = 0.17, p less than 0.05). Control for the effects of covariables potentially affecting BP (energy intake, energy expenditure, maximal oxygen consumption, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake and age) revealed significant effects of age and alcohol intake on BP in men. In women, only age appeared to be associated with BP variation. Partial correlations after control for age and alcohol intake indicated a significant association between the trunk/extremity skinfolds ratio and diastolic BP in men. Such a correlation was not found in women after control for the effect of age. Analysis of variance (2 x 2 factorial with fixed effects) confirmed that, in men, the distribution of s.c. body fat was, per se, associated with diastolic BP (F = 8.43, p less than 0.01), whereas the proportional of s.c. trunk fat was not related to systolic BP in both sexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183697 TI - The statistical analysis of multiple binary measurements. AB - Epidemiologic studies often compare several groups of subjects for the presence or absence of a specified biological trait, where each subject in a group contributes two or more observations to the analysis. Examples occur in ophthalmologic studies, where each subject contributes observations on each of two eyes, and dental studies, where observations on each of several teeth may be contributed. Application of the standard Pearson chi-square test to such data is not valid, since the resulting sample observations are not statistically independent. In this paper we show how simple adjustments can be made to the Pearson chi-square statistic that adjust for the within-subject clustering. Application to other types of investigations involving clustered data is also discussed. PMID- 3183698 TI - Smoking and adult leukemia: a case-control study. AB - Existing data from a large case-control study of tobacco-related cancers were used to examine the relationship between smoking history and leukemia as a whole, as well as specific morphologic types of leukemia. A total of 342 male and 220 female leukemia cases and two series of patients with non-tobacco related conditions (non-cancer controls: N = 9349 and cancer controls: N = 9846) were available for study. Analyses were carried out for all leukemia cases combined and for ANLL (N = 249), ALL (N = 52), CML (N = 78), and CLL (N = 57) separately vs both control groups. In addition to crude and age-adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals, logistic regression models including potential confounding variables were used. No positive association with smoking was seen either for all cases combined or for any of the four specific morphologic types. PMID- 3183699 TI - The notion of "acceptable risk": comment. PMID- 3183700 TI - Surgically documented response to intraperitoneal cisplatin, cytarabine, and bleomycin after intravenous cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced ovarian adenocarcinoma. AB - Thirty-one evaluable patients with stages III and IV invasive ovarian adenocarcinoma were treated on a phase II protocol of second-line intraperitoneal cisplatin, cytarabine, and bleomycin. All 31 patients received first-line intravenous (IV) cisplatin-based chemotherapy; the size of the residual cancer was documented surgically before intraperitoneal chemotherapy in all patients. Response to intraperitoneal chemotherapy was documented by a third-look laparotomy in all patients not evidencing progression of disease clinically. There were eight responses (26%): five surgical complete responses and three surgical partial responses. Responders were patients with stage III ovarian cancer, small residual disease of less than or equal to 1 cm (primarily less than or equal to 5 mm), and patients who previously had responded to cisplatin-based IV chemotherapy. Of the 15 patients with stage III ovarian cancer, residual disease less than or equal to 1 cm, and those who had responded to first-line IV cisplatin-based chemotherapy, 53% (eight) responded to second-line intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy as used in this phase II protocol would appear to be an effective second-line treatment in advanced ovarian cancer in this specific subset of patients. PMID- 3183701 TI - Use of routine chest radiography in the evaluation of fever in neutropenic pediatric oncology patients. AB - Evaluation of febrile episodes in children who have become neutropenic during treatment for malignant disease has traditionally included radiography of the chest. It has been our impression that the yield of such examination is low. To test this hypothesis we reviewed all chest radiographs (CXRs) obtained in the above setting in our institution over the last 3 years. These radiographs were independently reviewed by two of us (R.C., J.F.). Sixty-one patients experienced 134 febrile neutropenic episodes for which a CXR was obtained. Only eight (6%) of these films revealed any abnormality. After careful review it was apparent that four of these radiographs did not represent a infectious process. Thus only four of 134 films (2.9%) indicated pulmonary infection as the probable cause of fever in the patient. All four of these patients had prominent respiratory signs or symptoms. Of patients who were febrile but without pulmonary signs/symptoms, only one of 49 had an abnormal radiograph. We feel that such a low yield (at most 2%) calls into question the routine practice of obtaining a CXR in the febrile neutropenic child who is otherwise asymptomatic. PMID- 3183703 TI - A prospective study of topical dimethyl sulfoxide for treating anthracycline extravasation. AB - Twenty patients with extravasation of anthracyclines were treated on a single-arm pilot study with topical 99% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and observed for 3 months with regular examinations and photographs. DMSO was applied to approximately twice the area affected by the extravasation and allowed to air dry. This was repeated every six hours for 14 days. The initial signs of extravasation included swelling in 17 patients, erythema in 15, and pain in 12. The median area of damage was 8.25 cm2 and a median of 25 minutes elapsed between extravasation and application of DMSO with one patient not treated until seven days postextravasation. Sixteen patients were observed for 3 months, two died of disease earlier after receiving 2 weeks of DMSO and three days of DMSO, respectively, and two were lost to follow-up having received one day and five days of DMSO. In no patient did extravasation progress to ulceration or require surgical intervention, suggesting with 95% confidence a true ulceration rate of between 1% and 17%. At 3 months there was no sign of residual damage in six patients, while a pigmented indurated area remained in ten. Two patients had a recall reaction with increased pain at the extravasation site when further intravenous (IV) doxorubicin was administered. The only toxicities of DMSO included a burning feeling on application subsequently associated with itch, erythema, and mild scaling. Blisters occurred in four patients. Six patients reported a characteristic breath odor associated with DMSO. Topical DMSO appears to be a safe and effective treatment for anthracycline extravasation. PMID- 3183702 TI - Invasive thymoma: the role of mediastinal irradiation following complete or incomplete surgical resection. AB - To evaluate the role of mediastinal irradiation (RT) following surgery for invasive thymomas, a clinical and pathologic review of 117 patients with the diagnosis of thymoma was completed. Fourteen cases were excluded because of the lack of histologic criteria for a thymic tumor, and the remaining 103 were classified according to a staging system as follows: stage I, completely encapsulated (43); stage II, extension through the capsule or pericapsular fat invasion (21); stage III, invasion of adjacent structures (36); and stage IV, thoracic dissemination or metastases (3). The 5-year actuarial survival and relapse-free survival rates were 67% and 100% for stage I, 86% and 58% for stage II, and 69% and 53% for stage III. No recurrences occurred among stage I patients after total resection without RT. However, eight of 21 patients with invasive (stage II or III) thymomas had mediastinal recurrence as the first site of failure following total resection without RT. The 5-year actuarial mediastinal relapse rate of 53% in this group compares unfavorably with the mediastinal relapse rate seen among stage II or III cases following total resection with RT (0%) or following subtotal resection/biopsy with RT (21%). Despite attempted salvage therapy, five of eight patients with mediastinal relapse following total resection alone died of progressive disease. No significant difference was observed in the local relapse rate, overall relapse rate, or survival between those patients undergoing biopsy and RT v subtotal resection and RT for invasive thymomas (stages II and III). Total resection alone appears to be inadequate therapy resulting in an unacceptably high local failure rate with poor salvage therapy results. PMID- 3183704 TI - The influence of symptoms of disease and side effects of treatment on compliance with cancer therapy. AB - To provide a systematic analysis of how adverse symptoms of disease and side effects of cancer therapy relate to patient noncompliance with treatment, we interviewed 107 patients with hematologic malignancies at the initiation of therapy and 6 months later to collect information on the type, frequency, and difficulty of unpleasant physical effects experienced. Level of compliance was monitored (biochemically and with self-report) on a monthly basis for oral self administration of allopurinol and prednisone. Appointment-keeping to receive infused chemotherapy was also monitored. Nausea was the most frequent side effect experienced. Nausea, fever, and pain were the most difficult physical effects to tolerate when they occurred. Complex treatment regimens and severe diseases related to reports of more physical effects. Younger patients had a more difficult time dealing with these effects than did older patients. Neither the occurrence, frequency, or difficulty dealing with any of the effects related to noncompliance with either of the two self-administered medications. Difficulty with particular effects did relate to noncompliance with clinic appointments to receive infused chemotherapy. PMID- 3183705 TI - Psychosocial correlates of cancer survival: a subsequent report 3 to 8 years after cancer diagnosis. AB - Professional and public interest in possible relationships between psychosocial factors and disease outcome continues to increase. Published research in this area, however, is marked by contradictory results. Positive relationships between a variety of psychosocial factors and length of survival from cancer are reported, but other studies uncover no such associations. In a previously reported prospective investigation of 359 patients with newly diagnosed malignant diseases, we found no relationship between clinical outcome and any psychosocial factor studied. We have continued to observe these patients, who are now up to 8 years post-diagnosis, and report here additional data on their disease outcomes as they relate to psychosocial factors assessed at diagnosis. Two groups of patients were studied: 204 patients with advanced, prognostically poor malignant disease at diagnosis; and 155 patients with intermediate or high-risk melanoma or breast cancer. Shortly after diagnosis, patients completed a self-report questionnaire that assessed seven psychosocial factors previously reported to predict longevity in the general population. Factors included social ties and marital history, job satisfaction, use of psychotropic drugs, general life satisfaction, subjective view of adult health, hopelessness, and perception of amount of adjustment required to cope with the new diagnosis. Clinical factors- performance status and extent of disease at diagnosis--predicted clinical outcome. No psychosocial factor consistently was associated with length of survival or remission. Results of additional exploratory analyses also are reported. PMID- 3183706 TI - Computerized telephone assessment of the "concrete" needs of chemotherapy outpatients: a feasibility study. AB - The feasibility of using a computer-automated telephone outreach system to routinely assess the needs of chemotherapy outpatients was evaluated. The automated intervention was designed as a cost-efficient strategy for assessing patients' needs on a periodic basis so that emerging needs could be identified in a timely way. Ninety-seven chemotherapy outpatients were surveyed at least once over the telephone by a computer in a high-quality, digitally stored voice asking 12 questions regarding the patients' "concrete" needs. Early results of this larger ongoing study, in which patients are scheduled to be called every 4 to 6 weeks for approximately four months, indicated that computer-automated surveys had broad-based acceptance among our outpatients and that patients were able to comply accurately with the survey's instructions. Furthermore, the speech recognition system was found to be reliable, and patients' response patterns to the automated surveys valid. Nonparticipation in this study (28.0%) was not substantially higher than in our previous research within this patient population and neither nonparticipation nor attrition appeared significantly attributable to the automation itself. This method offers the potential for cost-efficient, universal, and ongoing assessment of patient needs, facilitating timely intervention, and efficient use of professional staff. PMID- 3183707 TI - Mitomycin for treatment of brain parenchymal disease. PMID- 3183708 TI - Activation of muscle fibers in individual motor units revealed by 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate. AB - Motor units of the cat tibialis posterior muscle were selectively activated by prolonged electrical stimulation of functionally isolated motor axons in situ. During the activation, the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (DG) was administered systemically. Single muscle fibers were subsequently examined for accumulation of the metabolite 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (DG6P) by an analytical assay and for depletion of glycogen by a PAS glycogen-specific staining reaction (periodic acid Schiff; PAS). In general, levels of DG6P were 20 times greater in unstained (PAS negative) fibers compared with stained (PAS-positive) fibers. However, some glycogen-depleted fibers, particularly in putative ischemic fascicles of the muscle, did not have elevated DG6P, suggesting that depletion of glycogen is not always a reliable indicator of fiber activation. Furthermore, the PAS-staining reaction was not necessarily indicative of quantitative glycogen levels in single fibers. Thus, this report shows that DG6P accumulation enhances the identification of motor-unit fibers selectively activated via their common motor nerve axon. Evidence is also presented for differential glucose uptake in muscle fibers of different phenotype, thereby indicating that the DG6P measurement in muscle has broad applicability to the investigation of cellular glucose utilization. PMID- 3183709 TI - Differential biosynthesis and posttranslational processing of vasopressin and oxytocin in rat brain during embryonic and postnatal development. AB - The biosynthesis and posttranslational processing of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) peptides in the developing rat brain and pituitary were studied using antibodies and complementary separation methods that permitted a quantitative radioimmunoassay (RIA) analysis of precursor, intermediate, and completely processed forms of the peptides. Precursor forms of the peptides were first detected in rat brain as early as embryonic day (E) 15 for AVP and E17 for OT. Proteolytic cleavage products of the precursors were detected 1 d later for both peptides. AVP was present in a fully processed (amidated) from immediately (E16) and throughout fetal development. OT was cleaved from its precursor starting on E18 but remained in an intermediate (C-terminal extended) form until E21, when amidated OT was first detected in the pituitary. Hence, Pro-AVP processing in the fetus was immediate and complete, whereas Pro-OT processing in the fetus was much slower and incomplete, resulting in the generation of partially processed, nonamidated stable forms of the peptide (OT-Gly10, OT-Gly10 Lys11, and OT-Gly10-Lys11-Arg12). The presence of OT-Gly10-Lys11-Arg12 as a major, stable intermediate form, indicated that the in vivo pattern of endoproteolytic cleavage occurred principally at the C-terminus of the pair of basic amino acids at the tripeptide spacer sequence (Gly-Lys-Arg) in the precursor. Although both precursors were first expressed nearly simultaneously in the brain, the steady-state levels of the precursors were very different throughout fetal life. From E16-E21, the quantities of AVP precursors and peptides were 5- to 10-fold greater than those of OT, suggesting a much higher level of precursor biosynthesis in the AVP neurons. In addition to these differences in the regulation of biosynthesis and processing, AVP peptides were axonally transported to the pituitary 3 d earlier than OT peptides, and in far greater (20-fold) abundance. The early presence and abundance of amidated AVP in the brain and pituitary suggests a trophic function for this peptide during development. PMID- 3183710 TI - Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat. AB - EEG and single-unit techniques have been used to study the EEG correlates of cellular firing in the neocortex, n. reticularis (RT) and "specific" thalamic nuclei, and the cholinergic forebrain area (nucleus basalis, NB). Neuronal firing was related to the ongoing behavior of the rat. In addition, using a 16-channel neocortical recording/mapping system, we studied the effects of ibotenic acid lesion of NB, RT, and other thalamic nuclei on the patterns and spatial distribution of neocortical electrical activity. The majority of neurons in neocortex, NB, and RT increased their firing rates during walking, as compared to during immobility, with concurrent decrease of delta power in the neocortical EEG. During immobility, high-voltage spindles (HVS; greater than 1 mV) were occasionally recorded from the neocortex. Depth profiles of HVS and slow delta waves were different in the neocortex. Neocortical cells decreased their discharge frequency during the positive portion of delta waves recorded in layers V and VI. All cells in the neocortex and specific thalamic nuclei fired rhythmically and phase-locked to the spike component of HVS. RT neurons showed an opposite phase relationship and fired mainly during the wave component of HVS. Half of the NB neurons also showed phasic modulation with HVS. Circumscribed lesion of RT and extensive damage of other thalamic regions, including the intralaminar nuclei, suppressed HVS but had no effect on the neocortical EEG correlates of behavior. In sharp contrast, damage to the NB resulted in a dramatic increase of slow delta waves on the side of the lesion, mimicking the effect of scopolamine administration. We suggest that the NB plays a key role in neocortical arousal by directly activating the neocortex and by suppressing the rhythm generation in the RT-thalamocortical circuitry. We further suggest that the NB system may serve as a structural basis for the concept of the generalized ascending activation of Moruzzi and Magoun (1949). PMID- 3183711 TI - Dopamine-sensitive anticonvulsant site in the rat striatum. AB - The basal ganglia are involved in the organization of movement and function in the initiation and expression of generalized and limbic seizures. Dopamine is the principal neurotransmitter of the mesencephalic efferent pathways terminating in the mammalian striatum. No function has been ascribed to mesostriatal dopamine in the control of seizure spread in the brain. This work presents evidence that bilateral application of picomole amounts of apomorphine (a dopamine agonist) into the striatum confers protection against seizures produced by pilocarpine (a cholinergic agonist) in rats. The anticonvulsant effect of apomorphine is topographically confined to the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, and olfactory tubercle. Bilateral application of nanomolar amounts of haloperidol (a dopamine antagonist) into the caudate-putamen or systemic application of haloperidol both lower the threshold for pilocarpine-induced seizures. Local application of an excitatory amino acid N-methyl-D-aspartate, into the substantia nigra pars compacta, ventral tegmental area, or retrorubral area, sites of origin of mesostriatal dopaminergic pathways, protects rats against seizures produced by pilocarpine. These results suggest that dopaminergic transmission in the striatum may be operative in complex neuronal networks modulating the seizure threshold. PMID- 3183712 TI - Early development of two types of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. AB - Functional changes of acetylcholine receptor (AChR) channels in embryonic Xenopus myotomal muscle cells were examined during their development in culture. Single channel currents evoked by 50 or 500 nM ACh were measured using the patch-clamp technique. In Xenopus myocytes the first emergence of AChRs takes place at about stage 20 (Nieuwkoop and Faber). Myotomes were dissociated at very early stages and plated in culture. Single-channel currents through AChRs were recorded at times ranging from a few hours (stage 21) to several days (stage 47) after the first emergence of AChRs. Two classes of AChR channel were recorded: One class had a low conductance with a long burst duration (low-conductance channel), and the other had a high conductance with a short burst duration (high-conductance channel). Both of these classes were active from the earliest time recorded (stages 21-24). One effect of development was a shift in the relative activity of the low- and high-conductance channels. Initially (stages 21-24), the low conductance channels predominated, accounting for over 95% of the observed events. After 3 d in culture, however, high- and low-conductance events occurred with roughly equal frequency. The other effect of development was a 4-fold decrease in the mean burst length of the low-conductance channel. The decrease in burst length took place rapidly, with about 60% of the change occurring within 24 hr in culture. The burst length of the high-conductance channel remained virtually constant during development, as did the unitary conductance of both channels and the voltage dependence of their mean burst lengths. The developmental change in the proportion of low- and high-conductance channels is likely due to the increased insertion of new high-conductance channels. However, the molecular mechanism of the shortening of burst length of the low-conductance channel is unknown. PMID- 3183713 TI - Characteristics of hippocampal primed burst potentiation in vitro and in the awake rat. AB - A pattern of electrical stimulation based on 2 prominent physiological features of the hippocampus, complex spike discharge and theta rhythm, was used to induce lasting increases in responses recorded in area CA1 of hippocampal slices maintained in vitro and from the hippocampus of behaving rats. This effect, termed primed burst (PB) potentiation, was elicited by as few as 3 stimuli delivered to the commissural/associational afferents to CA1. The patterns of stimulus presentation consisted of a single priming pulse followed either 140 or 170 msec later by a high-frequency burst of 2-10 pulses; control stimulation composed of unprimed high-frequency trains of up to 10 pulses had no enduring effect. Of all intervals tested, only 140 and 170 msec delays between the priming and burst stimuli were effective. PB potentiation could be induced both homo- and heterosynaptically. In the latter case, the priming pulse and burst stimuli were delivered to different dendritic fields; under these conditions, the PB effect was confined to the "burst" pathway. PB potentiation is not dependent on somal spiking; dendritic activation appears to be both necessary and sufficient for lasting changes to occur. Two findings indicate that PB potentiation and LTP have common mechanisms: (1) The effects of PB stimulation and LTP were not additive, in that saturation of the enhancement by PB stimulation eliminated any further increases in response with LTP stimulation; and (2) both PB potentiation and LTP were prevented if the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid or phencyclidine were added to the in vitro perfusion medium. Recordings from the hippocampus of awake rats demonstrated that PB potentiation of the CA1 population spike and slope of the EPSP are reliably induced under physiological conditions. This extensive characterization of PB stimulation provides novel information regarding the physiological and pharmacological basis of a possible role of endogenous rhythms in the processing and storage of information. PMID- 3183714 TI - Regulation of calcium homeostasis in sensory neurons by bradykinin. AB - The nonapeptide bradykinin (BK) activates sensory neurons and stimulates the transmission of nociceptive information into the CNS. We investigated the effect of this peptide on rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRG) grown in vitro. BK stimulated the synthesis of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, the synthesis of diacylglycerol, and the release of arachidonic acid from DRG cells. The release of IP3 and arachidonic acid was not inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin. BK also mobilized intracellular Ca2+ stores in DRG cells as assessed by fura-2-based microfluorimetry. Two types of Ca2+ stores appeared to exist in DRG neurons. One type could be mobilized by caffeine (10(-2) M), and this effect could be blocked by ryanodine in a use-dependent manner. These stores occurred primarily in the cell soma and were virtually absent from cell processes. A second type of store could be mobilized by BK, presumably through the mediation of IP3. These latter stores were distributed equally between the cell soma and processes. Experiments with combinations of caffeine and BK suggested that the stores mobilized by these 2 agents may be separate entities. Both the caffeine and BK sensitive Ca2+ storage sites appeared to participate in buffering a Ca2+ load induced in DRG neurons by cell depolarization. The relevance of these observations to the mechanism of action of BK on sensory neurons is discussed. PMID- 3183715 TI - Evidence for two functionally distinct subpopulations of neurons within the rat striatum. AB - Type I and Type II extracellular action potential waveforms were recorded from the rat striatum and studied with respect to their dependence on recording conditions, response to paired impulse stimulation of the corticostriatal pathway, and iontophoretic application of dopamine (DA). Results showed that the distinguishing characteristics of Type I and Type II waveforms are relatively independent of the degree of filtering, distance of the electrode tip from the target neuron, type of recording electrode, and firing rate of the neuron. Very low impedance electrodes, however, were found to mask the difference in spike shape. Electrical stimulation of cortical afferents results in excitation of both action potential waveforms, though the Type II class exhibits a significantly shorter latency than the Type I class. Paired impulse analyses revealed that both waveforms exhibit variation in the probability of discharge (facilitation or inhibition) to the second impulse of each impulse pair that are a function of the interimpulse interval. Most importantly, however, the probabilities of discharge of Type I and Type II neurons to the second impulse are inversely related, i.e., when one cell type exhibits facilitation, the other displays inhibition. These data demonstrate that Type I and Type II waveforms represent the activity of functionally different subpopulations of striatal neurons. Moreover, Type II neurons are found much more often than Type I cells, suggesting that the 2 cell classes may be represented with different frequencies within striatum. Finally, Type II neurons display at least a 5 times greater sensitivity to iontophoretically applied DA than Type I cells, suggesting that the 2 cell populations also are affected differentially by dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra. PMID- 3183716 TI - A selective mnemonic role for the hippocampus in monkeys: memory for the location of objects. AB - Monkeys were trained preoperatively on a one-trial learning task in which they were required to associate in memory a novel object and the place in which it had just appeared. After learning the task to a level of 80% correct responses, they received bilateral ablations of either the hippocampal formation or the amygdaloid complex. The monkeys with amygdalectomy showed a small drop in performance initially but then regained their preoperative level. By contrast, the monkeys with hippocampectomy dropped to near-chance levels of performance and remained there throughout postoperative testing. Both groups performed at better than 90% correct responses on a test of recognition memory. These results, taken together with earlier work, suggest that although the hippocampus and amygdala appear to participate equally in object recognition, only the hippocampus is critical for the rapid formation of object-place associations. PMID- 3183717 TI - Androgen regulates synaptic input to motoneurons of the adult rat spinal cord. AB - Adult male rats (Sprague-Dawley) were castrated and implanted subcutaneously with Silastic capsules containing testosterone or nothing. Sham-castrated males served as controls. Four weeks following castration, cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP) was injected bilaterally into the bulbocavernosus muscles and animals were sacrificed 2 d later. The spinal cords containing the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) were dissected, processed with a modified tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) method for visualization of retrogradely transported CT-HRP, and examined at the ultrastructural level. Neuronal structures apposing the membranes of 150 TMB-labeled SNB neurons were analyzed by measuring the percentage of somatic and proximal dendritic membranes covered by synaptic contacts, synaptoid contacts, and neuron-neuron contacts. Most of the neuronal structures in the control and experimental SNB motoneurons consisted of synaptic contacts. The mean percentage of somatic and proximal dendritic membranes covered by synapses 4 weeks after castration was reduced to approximately 30% of those in control animals. However, treatment with testosterone for 4 weeks after castration prevented this decline. Castration and testosterone treatment also influenced the size and number of synaptic contacts per unit length of somatic and proximal dendritic membranes, and the incidence of neuron-neuron contacts and double synapses onto SNB motoneurons. These results indicate that androgen is critical for maintaining the organization of synaptic inputs to these spinal motoneurons in adult male rats. PMID- 3183718 TI - Androgenic regulation of gap junctions between motoneurons in the rat spinal cord. AB - Gap junctional plaques were found between androgen-sensitive motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), using thin-section and freeze fracture techniques. The somata and proximal dendrites of SNB motoneurons were studied after retrograde labeling with cholera toxin conjugated to HRP. Of the gap junctions observed, 45% were somatodendritic, 35% were dendrodendritic, and 20% were somatosomatic. The removal of testosterone by castration dramatically reduced the number and diameter of the junctional plaques, and these changes were prevented by testosterone treatment. The results are the first demonstration of hormonal regulation of morphologically identified gap junctions in the CNS. The occurrence and hormonal dependence of gap junctional plaques between motoneurons of the lumbar spinal cord indicate that androgens regulate the degree of coupling between these cells, which may allow for the synchronization and amplification of the electrical activity in the nucleus. PMID- 3183719 TI - Isolation, characterization, and evolutionary aspects of a cDNA clone encoding multiple neuropeptides involved in the stereotyped egg-laying behavior of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. AB - The cerebral neurosecretory caudodorsal cells (CDCs) of the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis control egg laying, an event that involves a pattern of stereotyped behaviors. The CDCs synthesize and release multiple peptides, among which is the ovulation hormone (CDCH). It is thought that each peptide controls a specific aspect of the processes involved in egg laying. We isolated and characterized a CDC-specific cDNA clone that encodes the ovulation hormone (CDCH). RNA blot analysis and in situ hybridization experiments demonstrated that the CDCs are the major cell groups in the cerebral ganglia that transcribe the CDCH gene. In addition to CDCH, the 259-amino acid-long CDCH preprohormone contains 11 other predicted peptides. The overall homology of the CDCH preprohormone with the egg-laying hormone (ELH) preprohormones of the marine opisthobranch snails Aplysia californica and A. parvula is very low (29 and 26%, respectively). However, a more detailed comparison revealed a highly differential pattern of conservation of peptide regions. Significant homology was found between the regions containing (1) CDCH and ELH, (2) repeated pentapeptides, (3) alpha-caudodorsal cell peptide and alpha-bag cell peptide, and (4) 2 regions representing as yet unidentified peptides. Insignificant homology was found when comparing regions containing the other predicted peptides. The conserved peptides probably control similar aspects of the egg-laying fixed action patterns in these distantly related gastropod species. The pentapeptide region exhibits the highest level of homology (75%); in addition, an extra pentapeptide has been generated on the CDCH precursor. This indicates a vital function of these peptides in Aplysia, as well as in Lymnaea species. PMID- 3183720 TI - Identification of motoneurons and interneurons in the spinal network for escapes initiated by the mauthner cell in goldfish. AB - We used intracellular recording and staining techniques to study the spinal circuitry of the escape behavior (C-start) initiated by the Mauthner axon (M axon) in goldfish. Simultaneous intracellular recordings from one or both M-axons and a spinal neuron, followed by HRP labeling of the spinal cell, show that each M-axon makes monosynaptic, chemical excitatory synapses onto 2 populations of ipsilateral spinal neurons. The first consists of the large primary motoneurons that, based on earlier work (Fetcho, 1986), innervate exclusively the faster, white muscle fiber types in the myomeres. The second group of cells is formed by previously undescribed descending interneurons with ipsilateral axonal branches that have contacts with primary and secondary motoneurons spread over 2 or more body segments. Indirect evidence suggests that these descending interneurons are excitatory, and they may explain the polysynaptic activation of motoneurons observed in earlier studies of the spinal circuitry (Diamond, 1971). Both classes of neurons excited by the ipsilateral M-axon are disynaptically inhibited by the contralateral one. The morphology and physiology indicate that this inhibition is mediated by interneurons that are electrotonically coupled to one M-axon and have processes that cross the cord to inhibit contralateral neurons in the region where these postsynaptic cells receive excitatory input from the other M-axon. We have identified interneurons with the physiological and morphological features of these predicted crossed inhibitory interneurons. These cells are electrotonically coupled to the ipsilateral M-axon and receive a chloride-dependent disynaptic inhibitory input from the contralateral M-axon. Their very simple somata give rise to a process that crosses the spinal cord between the 2 M-axons. Once on the opposite side of the cord, the crossing process sends myelinated branches that run rostrally and caudally, roughly parallel to the contralateral M-axon. Processes that arise from these longitudinal branches terminate in a striking association with collaterals of the M-axon; nearly every M-axon collateral along the longitudinal course of an interneuron is met by a branch or branches of the interneuron whose terminals are apposed to neurons postsynaptic to the collateral.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3183721 TI - Localization of acetylcholine receptors on isolated CNS neurons: cellular and subcellular differentiation. AB - Significant progress has been made in determining regional expression of neurotransmitter receptors within the CNS, but little information is available at the neuronal level. In the current study, to begin characterizing cellular and subcellular aspects of receptor differentiation, we have localized ACh receptors on neurons isolated from the chicken CNS. Localization was determined autoradiographically using 2 cholinergic receptor probes: 3H propylbenzilylcholine mustard (PrBCM) a muscarinic antagonist, and 125I-alpha bungarotoxin (BTX), a putative nicotinic ligand in the avian CNS. To isolate neurons, we incubated embryonic chicken retinas (E13-E19) in Ca2+/Mg2+-free buffer containing 8 units/ml papain for 20 min and then gently agitated the tissue by trituration. Large numbers of dendrite-rich neurons, belonging to recognizable morphological subpopulations (e.g., multipolar neurons of various sizes, small bipolar and unipolar neurons), were collected on slides for autoradiography. Cell isolation had no effect on ligand binding levels, and a high ratio of specific to nonspecific binding allowed us to associate silver grains with receptor position. Muscarinic-receptor-positive cells comprised a recognizable subpopulation that had small rounded cell bodies (6-7 micron) and a single emergent arbor. The cells had an axial or elongated appearance. Muscarinic receptors were abundant over dendrites but absent from cell bodies. Segregation to dendrites was complete by E13, the age when synapses reportedly first begin to appear. Cells labeled with 125I-BTX were more heterogeneous in morphology. The most striking BTX-positive cells comprised neurons with large cell bodies (approximately 15 micron) and multiple processes. Dendrites were profusely labeled, but only sporadic labeling was seen on cell bodies, and often this was at sites crossed by labeled dendrites. Maximum labeling occurred in the distal, smallest-caliber ends of the dendritic arbors. All limbs of BTX-positive multipolar neurons expressed abundant receptors. Occasionally, a thin uniform caliber process was seen branching from a primary dendrite, and such processes, which may have been axons, were never labeled. Very small neurons with bipolar morphology also showed minimal or no labeling on one process, despite dense labeling on the other. Photoreceptors and Mueller cells were never labeled with BTX or PrBCM. The data show that, within a discrete CNS region, specific subpopulations of neurons independently regulate expression of ACh receptors and that, even early in development, control mechanisms segregate receptors to physiologically appropriate regions of the cell surface. PMID- 3183722 TI - Dendritic growth and remodeling of cat retinal ganglion cells during fetal and postnatal development. AB - We have studied the development of retinal ganglion cell morphology in the cat's visual system from early fetal to postnatal times. In particular, we have examined the contribution of growth and remodeling to the establishment of mature retinal ganglion cell form. Ganglion cells were identified by retrograde labeling with rhodamine latex microspheres deposited in the superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus between embryonic day 34 (E34; birth = E65) and adulthood. To reveal the fine morphological details of retrogradely labeled ganglion cells, 48 hr later Lucifer yellow was injected intracellularly in living retinae that had been dissected and maintained in vitro. Our results show that at E35-37 the majority of ganglion cells are very simple in morphology, with a few dendritic processes that are generally aligned in a radial direction towards or away from the optic disc. During the ensuing 2 week period, there is a progressive growth and elaboration of dendrites. By E50, some ganglion cells resembling the adult alpha, beta, and gamma classes can be identified based on comparisons of the appearance and dimensions of their dendritic trees and somata with neighboring filled cells. However, ganglion cell dendrites and axons at this age express several transient morphological features. The axons of ganglion cells give rise to delicate processes originating from the intraretinal portion of the axon, including side branches, present in about half of the cells, and occasionally bifurcations that give rise to axon collaterals. These transient axonal features are present throughout development, including the neonatal period; no axon collaterals were observed after postnatal day 15, while axonal side branches persisted even at P31 but were gone by adulthood. Ganglion cell dendrites exhibit excessive branches and exuberant somatic and dendritic spines. Quantitative analysis of these processes shows that after E45 dendritic trees increase dramatically in complexity, reaching the peak number of spines and branch points by the first week of postnatal life. The number of dendritic processes then falls abruptly to reach near-adult levels by the end of the first postnatal month. Even though dendritic morphology closely resembles that seen in the adult at this age, ganglion cell bodies and dendrites must continue to grow to reach their adult size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3183723 TI - Electron microscopic localization of type I protein kinase C in rat Purkinje cells. AB - A monoclonal antibody against protein kinase C (PKC) was used for immunocytochemical studies of the type I PKC encoded by gamma-cDNA sequence (gamma-subspecies) in rat Purkinje cells. Dense gamma-subspecies-like immunoreactivity was found on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm except within cell organelles of the perikaryon, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals. The nucleus was also stained but less heavily, and the nucleoli remained unstained. Synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals were densely stained. The results suggest that gamma-subspecies might be functionally involved in modulation of nuclear function and of pre- and postsynaptic functions including transmitter release in the rat Purkinje cells. PMID- 3183724 TI - Anatomic and functional development of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the gray short-tailed opossum. AB - The anatomic and functional development of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) was studied in the gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica. To provide a background for developmental studies, daily patterns of wheel-running behavior and SCN metabolic activity were studied in adult animals. Adult opossums manifested robust circadian rhythms in locomotor activity that were entrained by the daily light-dark cycle. The temporal course of SCN metabolic activity, studied by the 14C-labeled deoxyglucose autoradiographic technique, showed that the adult SCN were metabolically active throughout subjective day and relatively inactive during subjective night. SCN neurogenesis, determined using 3H-thymidine autoradiography, was active at postnatal day 3, the earliest age studied, and continued until postnatal day 7. It was not until postnatal day 16 that the SCN appeared as distinct nuclei by light microscopy. Study of the ontogeny of the daily rhythm in SCN metabolic activity showed that the nuclei were metabolically active during both day and night at postnatal day 16. On day 20, a clear day night rhythm in SCN metabolic activity was first observed; the rhythm was even more pronounced on day 27. These results indicate that the gray short-tailed opossum has a functioning circadian timing system and that the anatomic and functional development of the SCN in this species occurs during the postnatal period. PMID- 3183725 TI - Do the relative mapping densities of the magno- and parvocellular systems vary with eccentricity? AB - Two recent papers on the macaque visual system have concluded that in the lateral geniculate body the ratio of the number of cells in the magnocellular system to the number in the parvocellular system representing the same area of visual field increases by a factor of 20 between the fovea and the far periphery. In the primary visual cortex the relative cell densities of the 2 systems change little with eccentricity. These calculations therefore predict a 20-fold change in the relative densities of the inputs to the visual cortex from the 2 subdivisions of the lateral geniculate body. To test this prediction, we asked if the following vary with eccentricity: (1) the ratio of the number of magnocellular to parvocellular neurons innervating a given area of striate cortex and (2) the relative density, in the magno- and parvo-recipient sublaminae of layer 4C, of radioactivity transported from the eye to the cortex. Neither of these ratios showed any significant variation with eccentricity. These results seem to throw doubt on the contention that the ratio between the magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the number of cells per degree2 of visual field varies significantly with eccentricity. PMID- 3183726 TI - Korsakoff's syndrome: radiological (CT) findings and neuropsychological correlates. AB - Quantitative analyses were performed on computer tomography (CT) scans from 7 patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, 7 age-matched alcoholic subjects, and 7 age matched healthy control subjects. CT values were used to estimate tissue density and fluid volume in specified brain areas. Tissue density was assessed by averaging CT values in small (5 x 5 mm) areas sampled bilaterally in 6 specified areas--thalamus, head of the caudate nucleus, putamen, anterior white matter, posterior white matter, and centrum semiovale. We assessed fluid volume using a semiautomated computer algorithm that estimated the proportion of fluid in 7 brain regions--total ventricular space, third ventricle, interventricular region, frontal sulci, peri-Sylvian region, medial cerebellum, and vertex. For the patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, we also assessed the correlation between CT measures and performance on 6 cognitive and 12 memory tests. Compared with alcoholic subjects and healthy control subjects, patients with Korsakoff's syndrome had lower CT density values bilaterally in the region of the thalamus and had greater estimated fluid bilaterally in the region of the third ventricle. Alcoholic and healthy control subjects did not differ on these measures. Significant cortical atrophy in frontal sulcal and peri-Sylvian areas was detected both in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome and in alcoholic subjects. For patients with Korsakoff's syndrome, impairment on behavioral tests, and on memory tests in particular, was correlated with low-density values in the thalamus and with high fluid values in the region of the frontal sulci. Damage to diencephalic and frontal areas may especially contribute to the memory and cognitive impairment exhibited by patients with Korsakoff's syndrome. PMID- 3183727 TI - Changes in radicular function following low-back surgery. AB - Results of neurological assessment 1 year following surgical treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral discs and lumbar stenosis are reported in 443 patients. The data were collected using separate series of questionnaires to be completed by the patient and the surgeon. Preoperatively, motor loss was reported by 12% of patients, while surgeons found motor weakness in 28%. Postoperative motor loss was still present in 24% and 25% of these cases, respectively; the operation had caused or aggravated motor loss in 5% and 3% of cases, respectively. Sensory phenomena were reported by 53% of the patients, while surgeons found sensory loss in 45%. Sensation was reported as abnormal 1 year after surgery both by patients and by surgeons in one-third of these cases. Sensory loss, considered by the patient to be caused or aggravated by operation, occurred in 15% of cases and in 12% of cases the surgeons agreed. Preoperatively, unilaterally diminished knee and Achilles tendon reflexes were found in 9% and 42%, respectively; at 1 year after surgery, these had recovered in 65% and 57% of cases, respectively. Surgery caused or aggravated unilaterally diminished knee or ankle jerks in 3% and 10% of cases, respectively. PMID- 3183728 TI - A comparative study of brain-stem auditory evoked potentials and blink reflexes in posterior fossa tumor patients. AB - Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP's) and blink reflexes (BR's) were recorded from 40 patients with clinical and radiological evidence of posterior fossa tumors. They were examined in three groups according to the anatomical location of the lesion: Group A included 15 patients with midline tumors; Group B included 14 patients with cerebellar hemispheric tumors; and Group C included 11 patients with cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors. More of the 40 patients had BAEP abnormalities (32) than BR abnormalities (24). All of the 11 patients with CPA tumors had some kind of BAEP and BR abnormalities. The 14 patients with cerebellar tumors showed the next most frequent abnormalities: 12 related to the BAEP's and seven to the BR's. The 15 patients with midline tumors showed the least number of abnormalities: nine related to BAEP's and six to the BR's. In the analysis of BAEP wave latencies and interpeak latencies, a wave III latency delay occurred in all groups; latencies of waves IV and V were more significantly delayed in patients with CPA and cerebellar hemispheric tumors, and the interpeak latencies of waves III-V and I-V were markedly prolonged only in patients with CPA tumors (p less than 0.01). In all tumor groups, early response (R1) of BR's was significantly delayed in comparison to a healthy volunteer control group (p less than 0.01), but R1 was more pronounced in cases of CPA tumors when compared with the other tumor groups. Although significant delays in direct and consensual late reflex components (R2) of BR's were noted in comparison to the control group, this delay could not differentiate one tumor group from another. In can be concluded that, while these tests reflect the functions of different cranial nerves and brain-stem tracts, BAEP monitoring is more sensitive than BR testing for the detection of brain-stem involvement in posterior fossa tumors. Cerebellopontine angle tumors almost always cause severe abnormalities in both tests. Cerebellar hemispheric tumors and midline tumors cause fewer changes in both BAEP's and BR's. PMID- 3183729 TI - Differentiation of aseptic and bacterial meningitis in postoperative neurosurgical patients. AB - The differentiation of bacterial from aseptic meningitis in postoperative neurosurgical patients has traditionally been based on the clinical setting, a recent history of steroid administration, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies, including the total and differential leukocyte counts, Gram stain, glucose, and total protein. Recent reports questioning both the validity of a relative CSF lymphocytosis in excluding bacterial meningitis and the usefulness of standard CSF testing prompted the authors to reevaluate these standard criteria. The type of operation, the presence of a foreign body, use of steroids, postoperative day on which symptoms developed, altered mental status, neck stiffness, headache, and nausea were not helpful in the differential diagnosis. High fever, new neurological deficits, an active CSF leak, and elevated leukocyte counts in the CSF and peripheral blood favored a bacterial etiology. The CSF glucose level and the differential leukocyte count were less helpful. No criterion or combination of criteria was sensitive and specific enough to reliably differentiate aseptic from bacterial meningitis in the majority of patients. The possibility of improving diagnostic accuracy with newer tests, such as CSF lactate, ferritin, total amino acids, C-reactive protein, and amyloid-A, should be assessed. PMID- 3183730 TI - MR imaging of CSF pulsatory flow and its relation to intracranial pressure. AB - In a retrospective study of magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in 289 neurosurgical patients, loss of signal intensity (signal-void phenomenon, SVP) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the mesencephalic aqueduct was observed in 77 patients. This SVP was noted in the MR studies of 12 of 14 patients with communicating hydrocephalus who showed a normal mean intracranial pressure (ICP) and normal pulse pressure, but in only seven of 50 patients with high mean ICP and high pulse pressure (such as those with a supratentorial tumor). The difference in the incidence of SVP between these two disease groups was statistically significant by Fisher's direct probability test. Based on MR images triggered by electrocardiography (EKG) waves, graphs were plotted to show the signal intensity of ventricular CSF versus time after the EKG R-wave. These graphs showed six distinct patterns which changed after the ICP was lowered by the withdrawal of CSF via a lumbar puncture. It is known that CSF in the cranial cavity flows toward the spinal space in a to-and-fro manner in response to the pulsations of the brain. The SVP reflects the capacity of the craniospinal cavity to buffer pressure changes within it. It may be possible to differentiate normal from increased ICP by the MR signal intensity of the CSF in the ventricular system. PMID- 3183731 TI - Study and clinical application of a porcine biomembrane for the repair of dural defects. AB - A biomembrane was developed from pig peritoneum treated with 0.65% glutaraldehyde. This was evaluated for use as a dural substitute in an animal model and in a patient population. After being treated with the glutaraldehyde solution, the biomembrane lost its antigenicity while its collagen underwent an irreversible cross-linking reaction, causing it to become a stable nonviable polymer resistant to absorption by the host. The biomembrane was used experimentally in 43 procedures on 20 dogs and was applied clinically in 614 patients. The results demonstrated that it is an acceptable material for the repair of dural defects, with the following advantages: 1) it is nontoxic to the body and brain tissues, with minimal tissue reaction; 2) its biophysical properties facilitate watertight closure with sutures; 3) its distensibility makes it suitable for decompressive surgical dural repair; and 4) its visceral surface is extremely smooth, causing virtually no adhesions with the brain tissue while the outer surface readily heals with the subcutaneous tissue. PMID- 3183732 TI - Effect of subarachnoid hemorrhage on intracranial pulse waves in cats. AB - The influence of vasoconstrictors of intracranial arteries on the amplitude and configuration of the intracranial pulse wave (ICPW) was investigated. Continuous pressure recordings from the descending aorta (systemic arterial pressure) and the third cerebral ventricle (intracranial pressure) were obtained from anesthetized cats. Computerized analysis of the configuration, amplitude, and frequency spectrum of ventricular wave (ICPW) and aortic pulse wave (SAPW) was performed. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT) was injected intracisternally. In 24 control cats, 2 ml artificial CSF was injected into the cisterna magna. This produced a significant increase in amplitude of the ICPW but no change in the SAPW. Ten animals received 14 intracisternal injections of 2 ml autologous blood which caused narrowing of the amplitude of the ICPW as well as of all its components (P1, P2, and P3), with no significant change in the SAPW's. Eight animals were also subjected to cisternal injection of 2 ml of a 10(-4)-M solution of 5-HT, resulting in findings similar to those produced by autologous blood. Frequency spectrum of the intracranial and aortic pulse waves showed a high degree of correlation between wave amplitudes and height of the fundamental wave in the FFT record. These results suggest that the cerebral vasospasm that follows cisternal injections of blood and 5-HT in cats can be diagnosed by analysis of the ICPW. This method may allow early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of cerebral vasospasm in humans. PMID- 3183733 TI - In situ fixation of the spinal cord using microwave radiation. AB - Due to its investiture with bone, the spinal cord can be difficult to study anatomically and histologically. Tissue degradation during immersion fixation or mechanical trauma during extraction of unfixed tissue often produces confusing artifacts. Perfusion fixation eliminates many of these problems, but it is a slow, tedious, and technically demanding procedure. This report demonstrates that microwave irradiation of the spinal cord before its removal from the spine is a rapid and easy method of tissue fixation with an absence of artifacts comparable to that with perfusion fixation. PMID- 3183735 TI - Bilateral proptosis from a subgaleal hematoma. Case report. AB - A case of bilateral proptosis due to orbital extension of a subgaleal hematoma is reported. It was produced by a compressive dressing applied for treatment of the hematoma. Orbital entry seemed to be via the lateral canthal region. PMID- 3183734 TI - Production and clearance of lactate from brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum following experimental brain injury. AB - Lactate dynamics in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and serum were studied in 20 chloralose-anesthetized cats following fluid-percussion trauma. Brain lactate and brain tissue pH were measured by hydrogen-1 and phophorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The CSF, arterial, and cerebrovenous serum lactate levels as well as serum glucose concentration were quantified. In the six sham-operated control animals, brain, CSF, cerebrovenous, and arterial lactate levels as well as brain pH remained at normal values. In the five animals in the mild-trauma group (1.6 atm), brain and CSF lactate levels were moderately elevated, although the brain pH and serum lactate content remained at control values. Severe trauma (3.1 atm) in nine cats produced an 82% increase in the brain lactate index and a reduction in brain tissue pH (7.02 +/- 0.02 to 6.95 +/- 0.02; mean +/- standard error of the mean), indicating brain tissue acidosis caused by excessive lactate accumulation. Brain lactate levels reached a peak 1 1/2 hours after severe trauma, then steadily decreased to normal levels by 8 hours posttrauma. Maximum increases of CSF and arterial lactate levels (from 1.4 +/- 0.2 to 4.1 +/- 0.4 and from 1.6 +/- 0.2 to 4.1 to 0.6 mmol/liter, respectively) were observed 15 minutes after trauma, and the values decreased during the next 2 hours. The response was biphasic, with a secondary rise observed in both CSF and serum lactate levels during the remaining 4 hours of the experiment. The difference between the arterial and venous lactate levels (A-Vlact) gradually increased and reached a peak 2 hours postinjury (from -0.05 +/- 0.10 to -0.41 +/- 0.09 mmol/liter). The results of this study show that the production of lactate in brain tissue, CSF, and blood increased in proportion to the severity of the injury. The observation that lactate levels in blood and CSF are maximum immediately following impact while brain lactate and A-Vlact are gradually increasing suggests that the brain tissue production of lactate fails to account for the rapid appearance of lactate in CSF and blood. It is speculated that the initial elevation of CSF lactate values reflects the systemic response of trauma, and the secondary rise of CSF lactate levels following severe trauma is due to slow seepage of lactate produced by brain tissue into the CSF space. These studies are the first to describe the temporal profile of brain lactate production and eventual clearance by CSF and blood in fluid-percussion injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3183736 TI - Cervical spinal intramedullary myxoma in childhood. Case report. AB - A unique case is reported of a cervical intramedullary myxoma in an 18-month-old boy who presented with torticollis and monoparesis. Radical removal of the tumor by a planned two-stage procedure was curative. PMID- 3183737 TI - Mycotic vasculitis with repeated intracranial aneurysmal hemorrhage. Case report. AB - A case of repeated intracranial aneurysmal rupture occurring despite successful treatment of infective endocarditis is reported. While the valvular source of emboli was eradicated and serial angiograms documented no further aneurysms after resection of the primary lesion, the formation and rupture of multiple septic aneurysms occurred 9 months later in the opposite hemisphere. A relationship to damage of the cerebral vasculature by immune complexes is suggested as one possible explanation for this unusual occurrence. This implies that some patients with infective endocarditis may be at permanent risk for the formation and rupture of mycotic intracranial aneurysms, despite successful treatment of the primary cardiac lesion. PMID- 3183738 TI - Primary intracranial plasma-cell granuloma. Case report. AB - The authors report the fourth case of primary intracranial plasma-cell granuloma. The patient was a 16-year-old girl who presented with loss of vision as the major clinical feature. The tumor resembled a meningioma both preoperatively and grossly at surgery. Because the tumor did not respond to steroid treatment following subtotal surgical excision, radiation therapy was administered to the affected area. Major considerations in the differential diagnosis of this neoplasm are discussed. PMID- 3183740 TI - Foundation for International Education in Neurological Surgery, Inc. report of activities, 1986-1988. PMID- 3183739 TI - Signet-ring cell lymphoma of the central nervous system. Case report. AB - Signet-ring cell lymphoma is a rare tumor described in the lymph nodes, skin, tonsils, thyroid, salivary gland, and ocular orbit. This is the first case report of a B-cell signet-ring cell lymphoma in the central nervous system with Dutcher and Russell bodies, signet-ring nuclei, intracisternal crystalline inclusions, and immunoglobulin M positivity. The patient is doing well 2 years after surgery and postoperative radiation therapy. No definitive prognostic characteristics have been elucidated. This disease entity can only be suspected on histological grounds and confirmed by immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies. PMID- 3183741 TI - Possible role of complement peptides in SAH. PMID- 3183742 TI - Managing proximal shunt obstruction. PMID- 3183743 TI - TGF-beta-like activity in CNS tumors. PMID- 3183744 TI - Neural transplantation for Parkinson's disease. PMID- 3183745 TI - The need for radioisotope production LINAC. PMID- 3183746 TI - Detection of obstructive uropathy by bone scintigraphy. AB - We prospectively evaluated routine bone scintigraphs to determine the prevalence of radiotracer retention in the renal collecting system, and to test the reliability of this finding as an indicator of obstructive uropathy. Post diuretic renal washout was also measured, to evaluate the use of this procedure after bone scintigraphy. Stasis occurring only in the supine position was excluded by obtaining upright images. The findings on bone scintigraphy were compared with the results of renal sonography. Patients showing persistent pelvicaliceal concentration in the upright position after bone scintigraphy were found to have evidence of obstructive uropathy by sonography or other studies. Furosemide administration was followed by washout of the bone tracer from all kidneys with proven partial ureteral obstruction. Persistent renal pelvicaliceal concentration, in upright images after bone scintigraphy, appears to be a reliable indicator of obstructive uropathy. However, measurement of post-diuretic renal washout, after bone scintigraphy, does not reliably detect obstructive uropathy, and may be misleading if interpreted in the same way as the standard diuretic renogram. PMID- 3183747 TI - Diastolic function in acute myocardial infarction: a radionuclide study. AB - We studied left ventricular diastolic function by equilibrium gated radionuclide angiography in patients as follows: 75 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 35 with anterior or anteroseptal necrosis (Group A) and 40 with inferior, inferolateral, or posterior necrosis (Group I). The ejection fraction (EF) was lower in Group A than Group I (41.9 +/- 2.5 vs. 57.1 +/- 2.0%, p less than 0.001), as was peak diastolic filling rate normalized to end diastolic volume (PDFR-EDV/sec) (1.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.4 +/- 0.1 EDV/sec, p less than 0.05). PDFR normalized to stroke volume was similar in both groups. An excellent linear correlation was found between EF and PDFR-EDV/sec in the total study population. Isovolumic relaxation period (IRP) was beyond our upper normal value of 94 msec in 64% of patients and it was shorter in Group A than I (95.8 +/- 12.7 vs. 147.0 +/- 13.6 msec, p less than 0.05). The presence of shorter IRP in Group A than in I is probably a result of an earlier mitral valve opening as a consequence of higher left atrial pressure. PMID- 3183748 TI - Detection and treatment of lung metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in patients with normal chest X-rays. AB - Lung metastases were demonstrated by total-body 131I scans in 23 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, at a time when chest x-ray was normal. This total-body 131I scan was performed after the administration of 2 mCi (in 11 patients) or 100 mCi (in 12 patients). Overall uptake of 131I in lungs was less than 1% of the administered dose in 11 patients. All patients were treated with radioiodine. No lung uptake was found in 20 patients at the last 100 mCi post therapy scan. Among them, Tg level became undetectable during T4 treatment in eight, lung CT scan showed the disappearance of the micronodules in seven, and lung biopsy did not show evidence of disease in two patients. No patient developed radiation lung fibrosis. In conclusion, favorable responses to radioiodine treatment were observed despite relatively low overall uptake, in relation to the small size of lung metastases. This provides high concentrations of radioiodine and therefore high radiation doses. PMID- 3183749 TI - Improved sarcoma imaging and reduced hepatic activity with indium-111-SCN-Bz-DTPA linked to MoAb 19-24. AB - A murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb 19-24) directed against a human sarcoma antigen was prepared and labeled with 111In by use of the linker 1-(p isothiocyanatobenzyl)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (SCN-Bz-DTPA). Imaging and biodistribution of this radioimmunocomplex were evaluated. MoAb P3 was similarly labeled as a negative control. Of 24 athymic mice bearing s.c. human fibrosarcoma, 12 received 10 microCi of [111In]MoAb 19-24 and 12 received 10 microCi of [111In]MoAb P3. The mice were imaged at 24, 48, 68, or 168 hr, after i.p. injection. Region of interest and biodistribution analysis showed maximum localization of MoAb 19-24 in the tumor at 72 hr with maximum liver localization of 24 hr. Analysis of MoAb P3 showed maximum tumor and liver activity at 24 hr. Tumor specificity studies were also conducted in three nude mice bearing a sarcoma in the left flank and a Burkitt's lymphoma in the right flank. Selective uptake was seen in the sarcoma but not in the lymphoma. The excellent uptake of [111In]SCN-Bz-DTPA-MoAb 19-24 in sarcoma without appreciable liver activity indicates that it may be a useful tumor imaging agent in man. PMID- 3183750 TI - Accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in reperfused ischemic canine myocardium: relation with tissue viability assessed by fluorine-18-2-deoxyglucose uptake. AB - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes may participate in reperfusion injury. Whether leukocytes affect viable or only irreversibly injured tissue is not known. Therefore, we assessed the accumulation of 111In-labeled leukocytes in tissue samples characterized as either ischemic but viable or necrotic by metabolic, histochemical, and ultrastructural criteria. Six open-chest dogs received left anterior descending coronary occlusion for 2 hr followed by 4 hr reperfusion. Myocardial blood flow was determined by microspheres and autologous 111In-labeled leukocytes were injected intravenously. Fluorine-18-2-deoxyglucose, a tracer of exogenous glucose utilization, was injected 3 hr after reperfusion. The dogs were killed 4 hr after reperfusion. The risk and the necrotic regions were assessed following in vivo dye injection and postmortem tetrazolium staining. Myocardial samples were obtained in the ischemic but viable, necrotic and normal zones, and counted for 111In and 18F activity. Compared to normal, leukocytes were entrapped in necrotic regions (111In activity: 207 +/- 73%) where glucose uptake was decreased (26 +/- 15%). A persistent glucose uptake, marker of viability, was mainly seen in risk region (135 +/- 85%) where leukocytes accumulation was moderate in comparison to normal zone (146 +/- 44%). Thus, the glucose uptake observed in viable tissue is mainly related to myocytes metabolism and not to leukocytes metabolism. PMID- 3183751 TI - Dynamic ventilation scintigraphy: a comparison of parameter estimation gating models. AB - Two procedures for providing the synchronization of ventilation scintigraphic data to create dynamic displays of the pulmonary cycle are described and compared. These techniques are based on estimating instantaneous lung volume by pneumotachometry and by scintigraphy. Twenty-three patients were studied by these two techniques. The results indicate that the estimation of the times of end inspiration and end-expiration are equivalent by the two techniques but the morphologies of the two estimated time-volume waveforms are not equivalent. Ventilation cinescintigraphy based on time division gating but not on isovolume division gating can be equivalently generated from list mode acquired data by employing either technique described. PMID- 3183752 TI - Simultaneous acquisition of physiological data and nuclear medicine images. AB - A technique has been developed that allows the simultaneous acquisition of both image and physiological data into a standard nuclear medicine computer system. The physiological data can be displayed along with the nuclear medicine images allowing temporal correlation between the two. This technique has been used to acquire images of gastroesophageal reflux simultaneously with the intraluminal esophageal pH. The resulting data are displayed either as a standard dynamic sequence with the physiological data appearing in a corner of the image or as condensed dynamic images. PMID- 3183753 TI - Accuracy of dual photon absorptiometry in excised femurs. AB - We investigated the accuracy of assessment of bone mineral content (BMC) by dual photon absorptiometry (DPA). Measurements were compared between BMC and ashed weight using two related scanners. The BMC in different locations of the femur was determined. Twelve cadaver femurs were cleaned of all soft tissue, divided into four parts (head, neck, trochanteric region, and shaft), and measured for BMC in an ethanol/water solution. The bones were then ashed and weighed. Volumetric density was also determined. The correlation coefficient between ash weight and BMC was 0.99 with an s.e.e. of 0.51 g and relative error of 4.8%. Similar correlations were seen within each region. The correlation between the machines was 0.99. Differences in volumetric density were found, with the density of the shaft greater than other regions, and the neck greater than the head or trochanteric regions. PMID- 3183754 TI - The line resolution pattern: a new intrinsic resolution test pattern for nuclear medicine. AB - Routine measurement of spatial resolution of a gamma camera is normally performed through the use of a four-quadrant bar phantom or one of several commercially available resolution phantoms. These phantoms all provide a qualitative index of system resolution with the inherent assumption that any change in intrinsic resolution would be apparent in the bar/hole pattern image. However on nine gamma cameras, comparison of intrinsic resolution determined from the line spread function by NEMA standards and from visual estimation of a four-quadrant bar phantom image showed poor correlation. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a new test pattern which would provide a more accurate estimate of resolution. We developed a line resolution phantom (LRP) which consisted of a 16 cm-diameter lead disk with a series of horizontal and vertical slits. This phantom permits a quantitative estimate of intrinsic resolution (to within 0.5 mm) from a visual examination of the LRP image. Evaluation on nine gamma cameras showed good agreement between results obtained with the LRP and measurement of resolution from the line spread function. The LRP is a simple and inexpensive test phantom which should find applications in quality control and acceptance testing. PMID- 3183755 TI - Intracardiac malignant lymphoma detected by gallium-67 citrate and thallium-201 chloride. AB - An abnormal uptake of 67Ga and 201Tl in the right atrium was observed initially in a 77-yr-old man with superior vena cava syndrome. The pathological diagnosis of the surgically resected specimen was non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma in the right atrium. Thallium-201 is used as an imaging agent for malignant tumors. However, previous reports suggested that 201Tl scintigraphy may not be a useful method to detect cardiac involvement in patients with malignant neoplasms. In this case both 201Tl and 67Ga accumulation was observed in the intracardiac tumor by scintigraphy. PMID- 3183756 TI - Indium-111-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy: diagnosis of subperiosteal abscesses complicating osteomyelitis in a child. AB - Preoperative 111In-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy demonstrated extensive subperiosteal abscesses complicating acute bilateral tibial osteomyelitis in a child. Plain radiographs showed only marked soft-tissue swelling; three-phase bone scintigraphy depicted both "hot" and "cold" areas consistent with acute osteomyelitis. PMID- 3183757 TI - Understanding organizational culture: a key to management decision-making. AB - Organizational culture is a significant element in today's health care environment. Understanding work culture can assist the nursing administrator in hiring personnel, orienting newcomers, facilitating organizational change, and promoting learning. The authors report a study that identified the work group culture of two nursing units and suggest that differences between these cultures affect a variety of nursing administration decisions. PMID- 3183758 TI - Nursing in a service line organization. AB - Thoreau has said that change's sake is not progress. Clarity of purpose and desired outcomes; the provision of sufficient time to educate and ensure cooperation; refocusing and reanalysis; support for staff in leadership positions; and high visibility throughout the organization on the part of top level management are mandatory in bringing about a radical change such as our organization has experienced. The Alta Bates-Herrick Hospital has a rich tradition of high quality care in Berkeley and, indeed, throughout Northern California. The founders of both campuses, Alta Bates, RN, and Leroy Herrick, MD, established a heritage of concern, compassion, and caring. Streamlining the structure of the hospital to ensure fiscal viability, efficiency, and the ability to respond quickly to challenges coupled with the ongoing internal efforts to articulate and retain high quality care will continue to serve the people of our community well. PMID- 3183759 TI - An administrative marketing strategy: a different perspective on the nursing process. AB - Through the methods of the nursing process, nurse administrators were able to sell nursing to nurses. The use of marketing to link the business world with nursing stimulated professional dedication, skill, and responsibility. The program helped to encourage habits of flexibility, ensure continuous learning, acceptance of change, and the opportunity for individuals and institutions to grow and advance. It promoted autonomous, collaborative, and consultative practice. Nurturing the nurse had become a reality. PMID- 3183760 TI - Association of management style with job satisfaction of nursing caregivers. PMID- 3183761 TI - Professionalism of hospital nurses linked to staff structure. PMID- 3183762 TI - Incorporating patient satisfaction standards into quality of care measures. PMID- 3183763 TI - One more time--solutions to the nursing shortage. AB - The shortage of registered nurses continues nationwide. Reviewing factors that contribute to the recurring crisis, the authors recommend short- and long-term solutions, which focus on retention as more effective and less expensive than recruitment. The authors also discuss the complex issues of employing agency RNs and recruiting of foreign-educated RNs. PMID- 3183764 TI - Effect of diet during pregnancy and lactation on the activity of HMG-CoA reductase in the developing rat. AB - Wistar rats were fed a control diet or a diet containing either cholestyramine or high fat and cholesterol throughout gestation and the first 14 d of lactation. New-born litters were cross-fostered from rats fed the control diet to rats fed either cholestyramine or high fat and cholesterol, or from rats fed cholestyramine to rats fed the control diet. Hepatic hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were assayed on gestation d 20 and postnatal d 8, 14, 22 and 30. Cholestyramine had no effect on maternal or fetal plasma lipid levels but increased fetal hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity by approximately 50%. The increased reductase activity persisted on postnatal d 8 and 14. Control pups suckled by dams fed cholestyramine also had significantly increased HMG-CoA reductase activities on postnatal d 8 and 14. The high fat and cholesterol diet significantly increased maternal plasma cholesterol but had no effect on HMG-CoA reductase activity in the fetus or suckling pups. Neither cholestyramine nor high fat and cholesterol altered the rat milk cholesterol levels. The studies demonstrate that HMG-CoA reductase activity in the developing rat can be altered by factors dependent on maternal diet. They do not support a hypothesis for regulation by maternal dietary or milk cholesterol supply. PMID- 3183765 TI - Diet, alcohol and coronary heart disease in men. AB - It is well known that there is a significant positive correlation between consumption of saturated fat and cholesterol and international mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD). It is less well appreciated that there is a strong negative correlation between alcohol consumption and CHD, as might be expected from the effect of alcohol on high density lipoprotein levels. Neither of the simple correlations, however, account for CHD in many countries. We examined dietary and alcohol consumption data from 18 countries. The simple correlations with CHD are as follows: saturated fat, r = 0.71; polyunsaturated fat, r = -0.34; total alcohol consumption, r = -0.58. A multiple-regression equation incorporating the dietary and alcohol data, however, yields an r of 0.92. PMID- 3183766 TI - Serum lipoprotein profiles in mice: effects of early over- and undernutrition. AB - Effects of early over- and undernutrition on lipoprotein profiles of adult Swiss male mice reared in litters of different sizes were investigated. Lipoproteins were isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation and defined by chemical composition. Protein moieties were defined by their changes. The lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in epididymal adipose tissue, heart and diaphragm was measured. Early feeding patterns induced permanent body weight differences in adult mice. Serum phospholipid content was significantly higher in obese than in control mice. Overfeeding led to significantly higher activity of LPL in adipose tissue; inversely, undernutrition induced a lower LPL activity. There was a trend toward variations of lipoprotein concentrations in relation to litter size, with significant differences being observed only between obese and undernourished mice for LDL-HDL1 (low density lipoprotein--high density lipoprotein) and HDL2 concentrations. Compared with normally fed mice the most notable alterations in plasma lipoprotein composition were, in LDL-HDL1, greater cholesteryl ester in obese and less phospholipid in undernourished mice. In contrast, tetramethylurea soluble apolipoprotein distribution was unaffected by litter size. Although moderate differences were observed in lipoprotein compositions and levels in over or undernourished mice, further investigations of lipoprotein metabolism and metabolic abnormalities in this animal model are required. PMID- 3183767 TI - Influence of dietary calcium:phosphorus ratio on mineral excretion and nephrocalcinosis in female rats. AB - The effects of dietary calcium (Ca) concentration and calcium: phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio on mineral balance and nephrocalcinosis were studied in female rats. In the first experiment there were two dietary Ca concentrations (0.25 and 0.50%, wt/wt) at two different Ca:P ratios (0.6 and 1.3). In the second experiment the diets were formulated to contain 0.40% P and either 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75% Ca. The diets contained 0.03% magnesium (Mg). The fecal outputs of Ca, P and Mg were lower (P less than 0.01) after feeding low Ca diets than after feeding high Ca diets. Urinary excretion of P decreased with increasing dietary Ca and increased with increasing P intake. In rats fed the 0.25% Ca diets whole-body retentions of Ca and P were lower than in the rats fed 0.50% Ca. Both increases in dietary Ca from 0.13 to 0.50% and P from 0.20 to 0.40% elevated Ca and P content of kidneys as well as the degree of nephrocalcinosis. However, after feeding the highest Ca concentration (0.75%) nephrocalcinosis was essentially absent while kidney concentrations of Ca and P were relatively low. When compared with 0.50% Ca in the diet, 0.75% Ca increased group mean whole-body retention of Ca but lowered that of P. In individual rats the degree of nephrocalcinosis and the concentrations of minerals in kidney were positively correlated. PMID- 3183768 TI - The effect of dietary calcium on bone metabolism in young and aged female rats using a short-term in vivo model. AB - The use of high dietary calcium supplementation in the treatment of patients with osteoporosis is controversial. The present study examined the mechanisms underlying the effects of calcium supplementation by investigating the influence of dietary calcium on bone dynamics in young and aged rats. A 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design was utilized with 0.2% (low) or 1.0% (high) calcium, 2- or 24-m-old female Long-Evans rats that were implanted subcutaneously with demineralized (DB) and mineralized (MB) bone powder. The four groups of rats were fed each of the respective diets for 11 wk and then implanted with one #5 gelatin capsule containing 30 mg of DB and another containing 100 mg of MB powder. The animals were injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 microCi/g body weight with 45Ca 14 h before the end of experiment. The ectopic bone as well as the right femurs were harvested 14 d after the rats were implanted. Marker enzyme activities (alkaline formation and acid-resorption phosphatase), 45Ca uptake and calcium content were measured in the implants and the distal epiphyses of the right femurs. Bone turnover was higher in the young rats than in the old animals, and high dietary calcium in the young animals increased bone formation, as indicated by alkaline phosphatase activity. Dietary calcium level did not affect ectopic bone formation or resorption in the aged rats. The results indicate that high dietary intake of calcium does not affect bone dynamics in aged female rats but does increase bone formation in young rats. PMID- 3183769 TI - Comparative response of lean or genetically obese swine and their progeny to severe feed restriction during gestation. AB - Genetically obese (O) or lean (L) primiparous gilts were assigned on the day of mating to an adequate [control (C) or restricted (R)] intake of feed. Body weight and ultrasonically estimated backfat depth were recorded at wk 0 (mating), 4, 8, 12 and 16 of pregnancy, and at d 2-3, 21 and 28 of lactation. Number of pigs born, survival rate to 28 d of age and piglet body weight at 0, 14, 21 and 28 d of age were recorded. Four male and four female progeny from each diet group of each genetic strain were slaughtered at 6 mo of age for carcass and organ weight measurements. OR and LR gilts responded similarly to feed restriction in body weight change, backfat depth and plasma traits. Body weight increased throughout gestation in OC and LC gilts but decreased about 6 kg in OR and LR gilts. Backfat remained relatively constant throughout gestation in OC and LC gilts but declined steadily in LR and OR gilts. There were no genetic group x diet interactions for any trait measured. Litter size and piglet survival were not affected by diet or genetic group, but piglet birth weight and daily gain to d 28 and to wk 25 were lower in both R groups. Backfat accretion and other indices of carcass fatness were reduced in progeny of R dams.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183770 TI - Energy metabolism in genetically fat and lean chickens: diet- and cold-induced thermogenesis. AB - Energy metabolism was investigated by using indirect calorimetry in growing chickens of similar body weight but genetically selected for high (fat line, FL) or low (lean line, LL) abdominal fat content. Twelve 5- and 7-wk-old male chickens of each line were exposed at two different ambient temperatures, 10 and 25 degrees C. Two birds from the same line were placed in each calorimeter chamber for a 6-d period (2 d fasting and 4 d feeding). Similar food intakes and metabolizabilities of diet corrected for nitrogen balance revealed that FL and LL chickens ingested the same amount of metabolizable energy (ME). Moreover diet induced thermogenesis did not appear to be defective in FL birds, and the maintenance ME requirement was similar in both lines. However, the partition of retained energy between fat and protein did differ with increased protein deposition and conversely, decreased fat retention in LL chickens, irrespective of age or ambient temperature. FL birds catabolized a greater proportion of dietary amino acids as confirmed by the increase in uric acid excretion. Finally, energy expenditure was significantly and similarly enhanced in both genotypes by cold exposure. PMID- 3183771 TI - Fish oil and tocopherol-induced changes in natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and PGE2 synthesis in young and old mice. AB - Natural killer cell (NK) activity decreases and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level increases in aged mice. Because PGE2 is involved in control of NK activity this study was conducted to investigate whether or not decreasing PGE2 level by changing the type of dietary fat or increasing the level of vitamin E (vit. E) modulates NK activity of young and old mice. Mice were fed either a corn oil (CO) or a fish oil (FO) diet supplemented with 30 or 500 mg/kg diet of vit. E for 6 wk. To study the effect of vit. E during active immune response and oxidative stress, groups of old mice fed CO and either 30 or 500 mg/kg diet of vit. E were injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) prior to assessment of their NK activity. As reported by others regarding mice fed a nonpurified diet, the old mice in all dietary groups had significantly less NK activity and tended to synthesize more PGE2 than young mice. FO-fed mice synthesized less PGE2 than CO fed mice; however, their NK activity was not higher than that of CO-fed mice. By contrast young mice fed FO had a moderately lower NK activity than those fed CO. Vit. E supplementation did not change NK activity in nonimmunized mice but was effective in preventing SRBC-induced decrease in NK activity of old mice. PMID- 3183772 TI - Transport and metabolism of pyridoxine in the intestine of the mouse. AB - The absorption of pyridoxine from the intestine of the mouse was studied in whole animals. [3H]Pyridoxine was orally administered and the distribution of isotope between the six recognized forms of vitamin B6 was determined in portal and peripheral blood after the administration. When small doses (1.4 or 14 nmol) were administered, labeled pyridoxine could hardly be found in the portal blood as well as in the peripheral blood, although labeled pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate were found both in the portal and peripheral blood. However, when a large amount (46 or 140 nmol) was given, a significant amount of labeled pyridoxine was found with labeled pyridoxal and pyridoxal phosphate both in the portal and peripheral blood. These results suggest that a physiological dose of pyridoxine is transformed to pyridoxal in the intestinal tissues and then is released in the form of pyridoxal into the portal blood. PMID- 3183773 TI - The bioavailability of calcium in spinach and calcium-oxalate to calcium deficient rats. AB - We estimated the utilization of calcium in spinach and calcium-oxalate to calcium deficient rats, and the effect of oxalic acid on absorption of dietary calcium by using calcium-deficient rats. The body weight gain of the calcium-deficient rats for 8 days receiving a calcium-deficient diet supplemented with raw-powdered spinach (R-sp), boiled-powdered spinach (B-sp), or calcium-oxalate (Ca-ox), and a control diet supplemented with oxalic acid (OX-C) were 4.8, 2.8, 4.9, and 5.1 g, respectively. The calcium content in the liver and kidney of the rats receiving R sp, B-sp, Ca-ox, and OX-C diets significantly increased as compared with the calcium-deficient rats. Significant differences in the liver calcium levels were not observed among the rats receiving various additional diets, though the content in the kidneys of the rats receiving R-sp, B-sp, Ca-ox, and OX-C diets were 28.0, 21.5, 0.11, and 0.59 mg, respectively. An especially large amount of calcium was accumulated in the kidneys of the rats receiving R-sp and B-sp diets. The calcium concentration in the serum of the rats receiving Ca-ox and OX-C diets was higher than the calcium concentration in the serum of the R-sp, B-sp, and calcium-deficient rats. The calcium content in the left tibiae of the rats receiving Ca-ox and OX-C diets was higher than that of the rats receiving R-sp and B-sp diets. The breaking force of the right tibiae of the rats was highest in the OX-C group, and higher in the R-sp and Ca-ox groups than the breaking force of the right tibiae of the rats fed on B-sp diet. The alkaline phosphatase activity in the small intestines of the rats rose in the order of the R-sp, B-sp, and Ca-ox groups, although significant differences of the activity were not observed between the Ca-ox and the OX-C groups. The calcium retention of the rats receiving the calcium-deficient, R-sp, B-sp, Ca-ox, and OX-C diets was -18.5, 35.2, 25.6, 41.6, and 45.8%, respectively. About 35% of the calcium in the spinach was absorbed by the calcium-deficient rats, and oxalic acid depressed the calcium absorption in the rats. PMID- 3183774 TI - Minerals and vitamin-A status in relation to gustatory functions for salt in healthy female college students. AB - Twenty-five healthy female college students were studied for the gustatory function tests for salt (NaCl) and some selected biochemical parameters including plasma retinol and plasma retinol-binding protein (PRBP). Plasma zinc (PZn) and retinol levels were comparable with those of good responders in tests of discrimination between two levels of NaCl in the previous report, but PRBP was lower in the present subjects. From the results of correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis, the individual student's discriminability of NaCl concentrations was related to the parameters regarding metabolic status of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and selenium (Se). The detection threshold of NaCl concentration ranged from 1 to 60 mmol/liter and was related to PRBP. Plasma Zn was significantly positively correlated with both plasma retinol and PRBP, but significantly negatively correlated only for the detection threshold of NaCl concentration. On the basis of these results, the importance of vitamin-A nutrition and the relation of minerals such as Na, Ca, Mg, and Zn to the gustatory functions of NaCl was confirmed and a possible participation of Se to the functions was suggested. PMID- 3183775 TI - Effect of pyridoxine deficiency and prednisolone on beta-alanine-oxoglutarate aminotransferase and D-3-aminoisobutyrate aminotransferase in rat liver and kidney. AB - beta-Alanine-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (beta-Ala-TI) was found to be distributed mainly in liver, brain, kidney, and testis (decreasing order of enzyme activity in the rat). D-3-Aminoisobutyrate aminotransferase (beta-Ala-T II) was distributed in kidney and liver. Both beta-Ala-T I and beta-Ala-T II were localized in the mitochondrial fraction in rat kidney. beta-Ala-T I in the liver of rats fed on pyridoxine-deficient or control diets was induced by injecting with prednisolone, while beta-Ala-T II in the liver of these rats was unaffected by prednisolone injection. The activities of beta-Ala-T I and beta-Ala-T II in the liver of rats fed on pyridoxine deficient diet did not change. However, in kidney, pyridoxine deficiency suppressed both enzyme activities, while treatment with prednisolone did not induce either enzyme. The ratios of the apo- to holo enzyme for beta-Ala-T I and beta-Ala-T II in control rat kidney were 1.04 and 0.11, respectively. The values increased to 2.69 and 1.53, respectively, in pyridoxine-deficient rat kidney. These experiments indicate that pyridoxine deficiency and prednisolone affect the activities of beta-alanine degrading enzymes, but that the degree is different between liver and kidney. PMID- 3183776 TI - Identification of delta-aminovaleric acid in feces of SPF-rats and its absence in those of germ-free rats. PMID- 3183777 TI - Intestinal absorption of riboflavin, studied by an in situ circulation system using radioactive analogues. AB - The intestinal absorption of riboflavin was studied using radioactive riboflavin and its analogues 8-demethylriboflavin, 3-methylriboflavin, 5'-deoxyriboflavin, 2'-deoxyriboflavin, 7,8-dimethyl-10-hydroxyethylisoalloxazine, lumiflavin, lumichrome, and riboflavin-5'-monosulfate, which were synthesized with high specific radioactivity. A specific absorption of riboflavin at dietary concentrations was confirmed using an in situ circulation system. The relation between the chemical structure of flavins and the absorption mechanism was studied using this system. The 8-demethylriboflavin, an analogue modified at benzene moiety of the isoalloxazine ring, was absorbed in a similar way to riboflavin, by dual kinetics: by a process specific for riboflavin at dietary concentrations and by simple diffusion (nonspecific absorption) predominating at higher concentrations (over 100 microM). However, 3-methylriboflavin and analogues modified at the ribityl group, including 5'-deoxyriboflavin, were absorbed only via simple diffusion even at dietary concentrations. Many flavins examined, except for 3-isobutylriboflavin, 3-carboxymethylriboflavin, lumichrome, and riboflavin-5'-monosulfate, interfered with the specific absorption of riboflavin. It was concluded from these results that one of the specific absorption processes for riboflavin is a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation process. Four water-soluble vitamins did not interfere with the specific absorption of riboflavin, indicating that these vitamins do not share a common specific absorption pathway with riboflavin. PMID- 3183778 TI - A nutritional evaluation of vitamin E status in very low birth weight infants with respect to changes in plasma and red blood cell tocopherol levels. AB - Nutritional status of vitamin E was assessed in very low birth weight infants of less than 1,500 g, with respect to changes in plasma and red blood cell (RBC) tocopherol concentrations. The forty infants examined were divided into two groups in terms of their birth weight: group A, less than 1,000 g; and group B, 1,000-1,500 g. Immediately after birth, plasma tocopherol level was 335 +/- 101 micrograms/dl in group A and 316 +/- 103 micrograms/dl in group B, while RBC tocopherol was 187 +/- 48 micrograms/dl and 231 +/- 72 micrograms/dl packed PBCs, in groups A and B, respectively. In two infants, RBC tocopherol concentrations were less than 115 micrograms/dl, this level being reported as the lowest of the normal range. After birth, plasma and RBC tocopherol levels decreased markedly during 4 to 6 weeks of life especially in group A, while no decrease below normal range was documented in RBC levels in group B. A fine granule preparation of tocopheryl nicotinate (20 mg/kg/day) was administered in seven other infants, three in group A and four in group B. All three infants in group A showed no elevation of plasma and RBC tocopherol levels during the first 4 or 5 weeks of the administration, but a marked elevation thereafter. In three of the four infants in group B, an elevation of plasma and RBC tocopherol concentrations was documented after 2 weeks of the administration. The above findings indicate that no deficiency exists even in very low birth weight infants immediately after birth, while the deficiency may develop after birth, due to a poor ability to absorb fat. PMID- 3183779 TI - Effects of dietary casein and soybean protein on triglyceride turnover in rat liver. AB - We previously found that hepatic lipogenic enzyme induction, fatty acid synthesis, and triglyceride level were markedly lower in rats fed soybean protein than in those fed casein (Iritani et al. (1986): J. Nutr., 116: 190). After labeling triglycerides with tritiated water, the effects of dietary protein on the triglyceride degradation have been investigated. After the injection of tritiated water into rats, the radioactivities of fatty acids and triglycerides reached a plateau in 1-2 days and were markedly lower in the soybean protein group than in the casein group. The decreasing rates of triglyceride radioactivities were similar between the casein and soybean protein groups. The enzyme activities in glycerolipid synthesis were similar between the groups. Therefore, the lowering effects of soybean protein on triglyceride levels appear to be ascribed to triglyceride synthesis (due to fatty acid synthesis) rather than to the degradation. PMID- 3183780 TI - Development of the epididymal adipose tissue in monosodium glutamate-induced obese mice. AB - Obesity was induced in neonatal mice by subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (MSG) at an early neonatal stage. The process of adipocyte formation was studied comparatively in the developing epididymal adipose tissue of the MSG treated mice and in normal mice during the period from the 6th to the 100th postnatal day. Tritiated thymidine autoradiographic studies showed that cell proliferation activity was the highest on the 6th postnatal day both in the MSG treated and the control mice. In normal mice, however, cell proliferation took place less frequently after 6 days and had almost ceased after 49 days. In the obese mice, as evidenced by relatively high labeling indices, cell proliferation continued to occur even after 49 days. Ultimately there was no difference in the number of adipocytes counted by Hirsch's method in the MSG-treated and the control mice at the 100th postnatal day. The storage of fat droplets became more noticeable in obese mice than in normal mice after 35 days. The mean size of fat droplets of the obese mice was twice as large as that in normal mice on the 49th postnatal day. These results indicate that the MSG-induced obesity is of the hypertrophic type. PMID- 3183781 TI - Changes in glucose uptake by and phlorizin binding to brush-border membrane vesicles of small intestine from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. AB - The changes in the intestinal glucose transport in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats have been demonstrated with brush-border membrane vesicles. When Na+-dependent D-glucose uptake and phlorizin binding activities were compared, both significantly increased either in the jejunum or ileum of diabetic rats compared with those of control. Kinetic studies showed the increases in the Vmax of glucose transport and the maximum binding of phlorizin (Bmax), whereas the Kt and Kd remained unchanged, respectively. These results suggested that the increase in glucose transport in diabetic rat intestine was due to the increase in the number of the intact glucose transporters. PMID- 3183782 TI - "Adjusting the ratio" in simulation of mixed solvent exposure. PMID- 3183783 TI - Use of oblique chest roentgenograms in detecting pleural disease in asbestos exposed workers. AB - Oblique chest roentgenograms have been recommended by some for use in screening programs of asbestos-exposed workers to increase detection of pleural fibrosis not evident on posteroanterior (PA) films. As a screening test, identification of pleural abnormalities with oblique films is especially important in subjects without evidence of other asbestos-induced abnormalities on PA films, namely, parenchymal fibrosis. To evaluate the incremental value of oblique films in the identification of pleural fibrosis, a comparison was made between PA films read alone and PA films read with both oblique views in a systematic evaluation of 489 male pipefitters examined in a screening program. Analysis of the subsets of pipefitters with and without parenchymal fibrosis showed that 2.5% of workers with normal PA films (n = 326) and 13.0% of subjects with isolated parenchymal fibrosis on PA films (n = 46) had pleural fibrosis detectable only on oblique films. In only eight (1.6%) did the oblique view represent the sole evidence of an asbestos-related roentgenographic abnormality. We conclude that oblique films should not be routinely used in screening workers for evidence of asbestos induced disease. PMID- 3183784 TI - Health and occupational correlates of perceived occupational stress in symphony orchestra musicians. AB - The authors examined the relationship between perceived occupational stress and the prevalence of a number of psychologic and physical ailments in a sample of professional symphony orchestra musicians and related musicians' self-reports of stress to demographic and occupational characteristics. Results of a survey of 2,212 musicians from 47 symphony orchestras revealed a significant relationship between perceived occupational stress and prevalence of a number of psychologic as well as physical medical problems. Age and occupational factors, such as the orchestra in which the musician plays, the instrument played, and status as a soloist, were also found to be significant correlates of perceived stress. PMID- 3183785 TI - Liver function testing in a working population: three strategies to reduce false positive results. AB - A very high rate of mildly abnormal results on a liver panel of five serum chemistries was observed when these tests were performed on a group of asymptomatic, normal workers. These results often led to lengthy delays in hiring, which benefited neither worker nor employer. Three strategies which markedly reduce the number of false-positive examinations with little or no reduction in test sensitivity are available. PMID- 3183786 TI - Mortality in the US rayon industry. AB - A retrospective cohort study was undertaken of the mortality of men exposed to carbon disulfide in the US rayon industry. The cohort consisted of 10,418 men employed between 1957 and 1979. Deaths to mid-1983 were ascertained by the Social Security Administration and the National Death Index. Total mortality in the group was slightly lower than that of the comparable US population. There was no significant difference in overall mortality between the 4,448 employees who had held jobs with the greatest potential for exposure to carbon disulfide and the 3,311 workers who had no exposure. However, there was an excess of deaths from arteriosclerotic heart disease among the potentially most heavily exposed (242 deaths observed, 195.6 expected). An excess of deaths from suicide (29 observed, 18.8 expected) was seen in only one of the four plants. PMID- 3183788 TI - Respiratory symptoms and alterations in pulmonary function tests in swine producers in Saskatchewan: results of a survey of farmers. AB - To determine whether farmers who produced swine in animal confinement chambers in Saskatchewan were at increased risk of developing respiratory dysfunction, we carried out a respiratory health questionnaire and spirometric pulmonary function test measurements, including forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the ratio of FEV1 to FVC (FEV1/FVC x 100), on 504 farmers who indicated that they raised swine, and 448 rural-dwelling nonfarming control subjects. Swine producers had lower values for FVC and FEV1 than did the control subjects. However, FEV1/FVC x 100 was somewhat higher in the swine producers. The reduction in FEV1 with retained FEV1/FVC ratio is suggestive of restrictive disease. However, the fact that the FEV1/FVC ratio is only modestly higher in swine producers than in control subjects suggests that there may be a mixed restrictive/obstructive condition in these workers. PMID- 3183787 TI - Mortality among bearing plant workers exposed to metalworking fluids and abrasives. AB - Epidemiologic studies have reported associations between gastrointestinal cancer mortality and exposure to cutting fluids and abrasives in metal machining and precision grinding operations. Two previous studies found excess stomach cancer among workers exposed to water-based cutting fluids in bearing plants. This study reports similar findings in a third and larger population. Cause of death and work histories were determined for 1,766 bearing plant workers who died between Jan 1, 1950 and June 30, 1982. Mortality odds ratios (SMOR) and proportional mortality ratios (PMR) revealed significant excesses of gastrointestinal malignancies. The proportional mortality excess for stomach cancer among white men was greatest among those with more than 10 years' exposure in the major grinding group (PMR = 13/3.8 = 3.39; P less than .001). The SMOR by logistic regression for stomach cancer among white men was 2.3 (P = .02) for 25 years' grinding experience. For cancer of the pancreas among white men, there were significant associations with both machining and grinding jobs in straight oil (SMOR = 9.9 and 3.2, respectively, for 25 years duration). These findings could not be explained by confounding due to the ethnic background of the decedents. This study confirms previous evidence that grinding operations using water-based cutting fluids increase the risk for stomach cancer and provides moderate evidence that exposures to straight oil-cutting fluids increase the risk for cancer of the pancreas. There were indications, meriting further investigation, that non-malignant liver disease is associated with cutting fluid exposures and that lung cancer is associated with oil smoke from operations such as forging or heat treating. PMID- 3183789 TI - Mislocalization of diplopic images. AB - When observers dichoptically view bar stimuli at disparities beyond the fusion limit, the bars are perceived as being closer together than they really are. When 6.0-cycle/deg vertical derivative-of-Gaussian bars are adjusted into apparent alignment with binocularly presented spots, the mislocalization of each bar's half-image is typically 2-5 arcmin for disparities below 60 arcmin. The effect does not generalize to an additional monocular probe bar at more-eccentric locations, thus excluding reflex vergence eye movements as an explanation. Instead, the results indicate a process of interocular matching that seeks to attribute similar directions as well as depths to matching half-images. PMID- 3183790 TI - Sudden infant death syndrome: four deaths in one family. PMID- 3183791 TI - Clinical features of HIV infections. PMID- 3183792 TI - HIV infections become reportable on June 1. PMID- 3183793 TI - Hospitals' HIV testing policies vary widely. PMID- 3183794 TI - Inpatient vs outpatient treatment of renal calculi utilizing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. PMID- 3183795 TI - Effect of an intensive control program in a countywide pertussis outbreak. PMID- 3183797 TI - Campylobacter: etiologic agent of bacterial enteritis. PMID- 3183796 TI - Rural physicians make good economic sense. PMID- 3183798 TI - Anaphylaxis a liability risk, advises letter from PLICO (Physicians Liability Insurance Company) PMID- 3183799 TI - Complications encountered during LeFort I osteotomy in a patient with mandibulofacial dysostosis. PMID- 3183800 TI - Management of internal maxillary artery hemorrhage from temporomandibular joint surgery via selective embolization. PMID- 3183801 TI - Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of the palate: report of a case with electron microscopy. AB - A case of polymorphous, low-grade adenocarcinoma of the palate is presented with special emphasis on the histologic and ultrastructural features of this recently described entity. PMID- 3183802 TI - Augmentation of the maxillary alveolar ridge with hydroxylapatite and fibrin glue. PMID- 3183804 TI - Achieving educational uniformity. PMID- 3183803 TI - A simple method to prevent bony contamination with amalgam during retrograde root canal filling. PMID- 3183805 TI - Invention of the infraorbital rim staple. PMID- 3183806 TI - Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint using FLASH sequences. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a suitable modality for the visualization of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in both normal and pathologic conditions. Until recently, MRI had been unable to provide diagnostic dynamic images of the TMJ during opening. A series of 30 TMJ MRI examinations of 17 symptomatic patients and two normal volunteers (15 to 43 years old; 14 men and five women) was performed. Fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequences were used to provide a series of dynamic images of the TMJ in various phases of opening. In 30% of the joint examined, FLASH sequences contributed clinically significant information not available with standard T1-weighted sequences. These results suggest that FLASH images are particularly useful in distinguishing normal disc variants from pathologic conditions in which the disc is displaced anteriorly to a mild extent. The short imaging time of FLASH sequences decreases motion artifact in patients who have difficulty remaining still during the examination. PMID- 3183807 TI - Video imaging for planning and counseling in orthognathic surgery. AB - With the advancements of computer knowledge today, treatment planning and counseling are becoming more efficient by means of video imaging. Using a video image of a patient, esthetic and functional decisions can be made by the surgeon, orthodontist, and patient in a consensus manner. Distortion characteristics of video hardware, software, and the video camera are established, and adoption of imaging techniques is employed to maximize accuracy of the imaging process. Patients' attitudes toward video imaging concerning expectations, value of visual prediction, and degree of realism are also discussed. This study is intended to establish some of the basic goals of video imaging with general information in regard to hardware and software requirements. PMID- 3183808 TI - Prevention of sore throat after nasotracheal intubation. AB - The influence of tube size, cuff inflation, and pharyngeal packing on development of sore throat after nasotracheal intubation was studied. Pharyngeal packing was found to be the most significant factor, followed by tube size and inflation of the cuff. PMID- 3183809 TI - Osteoarthrosis of the temporomandibular joint following experimental disc perforation in Macaca fascicularis. AB - The aim of this experiment was to study the sequela of experimental temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc perforation. Each TMJ of four Macaca fascicularis adult monkeys was surgically exposed, and a 4- to 6-mm perforation at the posterolateral portion of the avascular disc was produced by electrosurgery. Four monkeys were used as controls. The animals were killed 11 weeks (two experimental and two controls) or 12 weeks (two experimental and two controls) after disc perforation. The perforations were increased in size in five joints, and healed in one joint. In addition, two joints of one animal showed complete loss of the disc, denudation of articular surfaces, and bone-to-bone contact. In contrast to control joints, the experimental joints exhibited the following changes histopathologically: thick, highly cellular and fibrillated fibrous coverings of articular surfaces (five joints); marked hyperplasia of synovial membrane; migration of synovial cells on the surfaces of the disc and margins of perforation; multiple adhesions of disc to articular surfaces; increase in cellularity and vascularity of discs; and chondrocytic clustering in temporal fibrous covering; and osteophytes of condylar and temporal components and focal or complete denudation of articular surfaces (2 joints). Most of these changes were consistent with the diagnosis of osteoarthritis. From this study, one can conclude that disc perforation can lead to osteoarthritis. PMID- 3183810 TI - Use of bone plates to manage chronic mandibular dislocation: report of cases. PMID- 3183811 TI - [Evaluation of temporal bone pneumatization on high resolution CT (HRCT) measurements of the temporal bone in normal and otitis media group and their correlation to measurements of internal auditory meatus, vestibular or cochlear aqueduct]. PMID- 3183812 TI - [Regression analysis of recovery from idiopathic sudden hearing loss]. PMID- 3183813 TI - [Chemosurgery to inferior turbinates--trichloroacetic acid application]. PMID- 3183814 TI - [RI sialoscintigraphy in patients with Sjogren's syndrome]. PMID- 3183815 TI - [Ossicular chain injury due to the head trauma]. PMID- 3183816 TI - [Cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphocyte in patients with head and neck malignant tumor]. PMID- 3183817 TI - [A basic and clinical study on thermosurgery of the tonsils]. PMID- 3183819 TI - [The experimental study of sinal wall thickening on CT]. PMID- 3183818 TI - [The clinical and experimental study on the occurrence of the type V Bekesy audiogram]. PMID- 3183820 TI - [Process of the development of pneumatization in human fetal temporal bone- compared with the results of pneumatization by the experimental study of pigs]. PMID- 3183821 TI - [Physiological study of mechanoreceptors of cat's larynx]. PMID- 3183822 TI - [Electrophysiological study of inner ear anomaly in golden hamster]. PMID- 3183823 TI - [Evaluation of hearing results of tympanoplasty]. PMID- 3183825 TI - [The observation of noise induced temporary threshold shifts (NITTS) on the human auditory brainstem response]. PMID- 3183824 TI - [Effects of carbocysteine on the experimental otitis media with effusion]. PMID- 3183826 TI - [Extracellular field potentials in the four vestibular subnuclei evoked by stimulation of the ampullary nerve of the posterior semicircular canal in cats]. PMID- 3183827 TI - Spiritual pain. PMID- 3183828 TI - Group activities: their role screening as placement indicators in hospice volunteer training. PMID- 3183829 TI - La Maison Michel Sarrazin: from dream to reality. An experience from life. PMID- 3183830 TI - After a death ... interpreting the silence. PMID- 3183831 TI - Corynebacterium parvum as palliative treatment in malignant ascites. PMID- 3183832 TI - Mere presence. PMID- 3183833 TI - Assessing the quality of cancer pain management. PMID- 3183834 TI - Abnormal gastroduodenal motility in children and adolescents with recurrent functional abdominal pain. AB - To determine whether motor activity of the stomach and proximal small intestine is a factor in recurrent abdominal pain in adolescents, we prospectively investigated eight patients with recurrent abdominal pain and compared them with seven normal adolescents. All patients underwent a detailed examination to exclude other known organic causes of the pain. The gastroduodenal motor activity during fasting was studied with a semiconductor recording probe. The recordings were analyzed for periodicity, duration, and propagation velocity of the activity front of the migrating motor complex. The amplitude of the antral and duodenal contractions was also determined. The patients with recurrent abdominal pain had more frequent migrating motor complexes, but these were shorter in duration and moved more slowly down the intestine (slower propagation velocities). The patients also had high-pressure duodenal contractions that were associated with abdominal pain during the study period. These studies suggest that altered intestinal motility may be the underlying mechanism of recurrent abdominal pain in some children. PMID- 3183835 TI - Role of respiratory syncytial virus in early hospitalizations for respiratory distress of young infants with cystic fibrosis. AB - To determine the frequency of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as the cause of hospitalization for acute pulmonary exacerbations in young infants with cystic fibrosis (CF), and to assess the clinical effects of RSV infections, we prospectively followed 48 children with a diagnosis of CF after identification by newborn screening. At a mean follow-up age of 28.8 months (range 5 to 59), 18 infants (38%) had been hospitalized a total of 30 times for acute respiratory distress. At the time of admission, 18 infants (60%) were less than 12 months, 8 (27%) between 12 and 24 months, and 4 more than 2 years of age. The RSV was identified in seven hospitalized infants, as determined by fluorescent antibody, immunoassay, or culture. Before admission with RSV infection, one of the seven infants had chronic respiratory signs, none had Brasfield chest x-ray scores below 20, and a previous throat culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus in one infant. Hospitalizations were prolonged (mean duration 22 days), and were characterized by significant morbidity, with three infants (43%) requiring mechanical ventilation and five infants (71%) requiring home oxygen therapy for persistent hypoxemia at discharge. At a mean follow-up age of 26 months, these infants more frequently have chronic respiratory signs (p less than 0.01) and lower chest radiograph scores (p less than 0.05) than other CF infants. These findings demonstrate that RSV is an important cause of early acute respiratory tract morbidity in young infants with CF, and suggest the need for studying new strategies to implement early and aggressive antiviral therapy in young infants with CF. PMID- 3183836 TI - Risk of sudden infant death syndrome among infants with in utero exposure to cocaine. AB - To determine whether the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) among infants exposed to cocaine in utero may be elevated, we assessed the risk for SIDS in a large, well-described, prospective cohort of infants whose mothers had or had not used cocaine during pregnancy. Of 996 women consecutively enrolled while registering for prenatal care, 175 used cocaine during pregnancy. Only one infant of the mothers who used cocaine died of SIDS, a risk of 5.6 in 1000, compared with four infants among the 821 nonexposed infants, a risk of 4.9 in 1000. The relative risk for SIDS among infants whose mothers used cocaine during pregnancy compared with those whose mothers did not use cocaine was 1.17 (95% confidence interval 0.13, 10.43), suggesting that there is no increased risk of SIDS among infants exposed in utero to cocaine. PMID- 3183837 TI - Medical decisions and prognostications of pediatricians for infants with meningomyelocele. AB - To determine how pediatricians' prognostications and decisions about the treatment of infants with meningomyelocele are affected by varying degrees of hydrocephalus, we randomly selected a sample of pediatricians to receive written surveys. This questionnaire assessed the relationship between the decisions and the prognostications, and compared their accuracy with that of outcome studies. Each pediatrician completed a questionnaire for two of three possible cases, which were identically described as infants with meningomyelocele and complete paraplegia varying only in the degree of hydrocephalus at birth from none to moderate to severe. Recommendations for treatment and prognostications (the Prognostics Belief Scale of Impressions of adult functional capabilities and likely residential and vocational placements) were compared. Significantly fewer pediatricians would present information to parents in an encouraging light, and significantly fewer would treat their own child, if the case involved severe hydrocephalus in comparison with no hydrocephalus. Pediatricians' prognostications were the least optimistic for the infant with severe hydrocephalus and most optimistic for the infant without hydrocephalus, and they were considerably less optimistic than seems justified on the basis of follow-up studies. Last, physicians' less-than-optimistic prognoses were significantly related to their decisions concerning surgery for the infants with moderate and severe hydrocephalus. The major import of the findings is that pediatricians' prognoses reflect, in part, a misconception of the impact of hydrocephalus on children born with meningomyelocele and that these prognoses then have and impact on the pediatricians' decisions concerning treatment. PMID- 3183838 TI - Zellweger-like syndrome with detectable hepatic peroxisomes: a variant form of peroxisomal disorder. AB - A male infant with typical clinical and biochemical findings of Zellweger syndrome, but in whom hepatic peroxisomes were detected by electron microscopy, had profound hypotonia, hepatomegaly, typical facial appearance including large fontanelle and frontal bossing, convulsions, panaminoaciduria, and hyperammonemia. He died of liver failure at age 5 months. There were increased levels of very long chain fatty acids and trihydroxycoprostanic acid in serum, and increased excretion of dicarboxylic acids and tyrosine metabolites in the urine. Levels of peroxisomal enzymes, acyl coenzyme A oxidase, bifunctional protein, 3-ketoacyl coenzyme A thiolase, and dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in the liver tissue from the patient were all deficient, findings consistent with Zellweger syndrome. However, immunocytochemical study and electron microscopic examination of the liver at autopsy revealed that hepatic peroxisomes were present at a level similar to that in a control subject. These observations suggest further heterogeneity in Zellweger syndrome and a different pathogenesis in this variant case. PMID- 3183839 TI - Cerebrovascular accidents in children with sickle-cell disease and alpha thalassemia. PMID- 3183840 TI - Temporary protein C deficiency associated with cerebral arterial thrombosis in childhood. PMID- 3183841 TI - Johanson-Blizzard syndrome and hypopituitarism. PMID- 3183842 TI - Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome in monozygotic twins. PMID- 3183843 TI - Imaging with technetium 99m-labeled erythrocytes in evaluation of the Kasabach Merritt syndrome. PMID- 3183844 TI - Postoperative dystonia in a female patient with homocystinuria. PMID- 3183845 TI - Hepatic phosphorylase b kinase deficiency with normal enzyme activity in leukocytes. PMID- 3183846 TI - Uridine-responsive hypogammaglobulinemia and congenital heart disease in a patient with hereditary orotic aciduria. PMID- 3183847 TI - Oropharyngeal and upper respiratory tract mucosal-gland siderosis in neonatal hemochromatosis: an approach to biopsy diagnosis. PMID- 3183848 TI - Prediction of perinatal brain damage by cord plasma vasopressin, erythropoietin, and hypoxanthine values. AB - For an assessment of whether cord plasma arginine vasopressin, erythropoietin, and hypoxanthine concentrations are predictors of perinatal brain damage, these concentrations were measured in 62 infants born after preeclampsia of pregnancy, 31 acutely asphyxiated infants, and 38 control infants. Follow-up at 2 years included neurologic examination and the determination of a Bayley mental score. Clear abnormality (death, cerebral palsy, or developmental delay) was found in four infants in the preeclampsia group and five in the asphyxia group; slight abnormality was found in 12 and 6 infants, respectively; and no abnormality was found in the remainder. Neither arginine vasopressin values nor hypoxanthine values predicted adverse outcome in either study group. A high erythropoietin level was found in infants born after preeclampsia regardless of outcome: normal outcome (geometric mean (GM), 102; 95% confidence interval [CI], 69 to 153 mU/ml), slightly abnormal outcome (GM, 100; 95% CI, 37 to 270 mU/ml) or clearly abnormal outcome (GM, 84; 95% CI, 19 to 378 mU/ml). However, asphyxiated infants with clearly abnormal outcome had higher erythropoietin values (GM, 67; 95% CI, 33 to 137 mU/ml; p less than 0.05) than the normal infants (GM, 37; 95% CI, 23 to 59 mU/ml). We conclude that a high erythropoietin level after normal pregnancy, but not after preeclampsia, indicates an increased risk for cerebral palsy or death. PMID- 3183849 TI - Lean body mass in small for gestational age and appropriate for gestational age infants. AB - Dual photon absorptiometry using 153Gd in a whole-body scanner was used to measure lean body mass (LBM) in 51 newborn infants. LBM% decreased exponentially with increasing gestational age in both small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. In preterm SGA and AGA infants LBM was 104% and 103%, respectively, indicating that no fat was detectable. In term SGA infants LBM was 98%, which corresponded to 48 gm fat on average, and in term AGA infants LBM was 87%, which corresponded to 452 gm fat on average. The LBM%, ponderal index, and skinfold thickness were significantly different between AGA and SGA infants. Infants with clinical signs of intrauterine wastage had significantly higher LBM% than did infants without signs of weight loss. Our results on LBM% by dual photon absorptiometry agree with earlier dissection data; the clinically applicable methods of (1) height combined with weight (i.e., ponderal index), (2) skinfold thickness, and (3) scoring by clinical observations are useful for the estimation of lack of fat as an indicator of intrauterine growth retardation. PMID- 3183850 TI - Thoracic electric bioimpedance measurement of cardiac output in the newborn infant. AB - To evaluate thoracic electric bioimpedance as a noninvasive method for measuring cardiac output, we compared the bioimpedance measurements with those obtained by means of the thermodilution indicator cardiac output technique in seven preterm and term lambs; we also studied 17 term and preterm infants. Sixty-seven simultaneous bioimpedance and thermodilution cardiac output measurements were obtained in the animals after intravascular volume expansion (saline solution infusion) and contraction (phlebotomy). A significant correlation between the cardiac output measurements by the two methods (0.82; p less than 0.001) was observed. In neonates, the observed cardiac output was 198 +/- 46 ml/kg.min in the preterm infants and 178 +/- 46 ml/kg.min in the term infants. Extrapolating animal data to the neonates, we found the thoracic segment length recommended (the average of 29% of body length and electrode distance) to be accurate. These data indicate that bioimpedance cardiac output measurement (1) is comparable to measurement by the thermodilution indicator technique in the newborn animal and (2) may be suitable for use in infants and children. PMID- 3183851 TI - Treatment of Campylobacter pylori-associated antral gastritis in children with bismuth subsalicylate and ampicillin. AB - We evaluated the efficacy of medical therapy, consisting of liquid bismuth subsalicylate prescribed either in combination with oral ampicillin (n = 15) or alone (n = 1), in the clearing of bacterial colonization on the antrum in 16 children with Campylobacter pylori-associated antral gastritis. We also examined the effects of medical treatment on altering the severity of associated antral inflammation. Eight patients had upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage, two had acute gastric outlet obstruction, and 10 had symptoms of episodic epigastric abdominal pain. Duodenal ulcers were demonstrated in 10 of the 16 patients; in the other six, C. pylori-associated antral gastritis was documented without evidence of acute peptic ulceration. Seven days after a 6-week course of medical therapy, repeat upper endoscopy plus mucosal biopsy specimens showed that C. pylori colonization of the antrum had cleared in 12 of the 16 (75%) patients. Inflammation in the antrum improved in all patients in whom colonization by C. pylori was eradicated. In contrast, in the four with persistent colonization of the antrum, the severity of antral gastritis had not improved (p less than 0.01). Clinical symptoms improved in 9 of 12 patients in whom C. pylori colonization was no longer present, whereas subjective symptoms were unaffected in those with continued bacterial colonization of the antrum (p less than 0.05). We conclude that oral bismuth subsalicylate, in conjunction with ampicillin, can eradicate C. pylori colonization of the antrum, and that clearing of C. pylori is correlated with an improvement in the associated antral gastritis and clinical symptoms. These findings provide additional support for the hypothesis that these gastric organisms could play an etiologic role in primary antral gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 3183852 TI - Heparin plus dipyridamole in childhood hemolytic-uremic syndrome: a prospective, randomized study. AB - From 1976 to 1985, a total of 58 infants and children with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome were randomly assigned to treatment either with heparin and dipyridamole or with supportive management only. In the treatment group, two patients died in the early weeks of the disease. Analysis of clinical and laboratory data showed no significant difference between either group of patients as to the evolution of their illness except for a significantly higher incidence of anuria and a significantly faster recovery from hypertension in the treated group. Renal biopsy studies showed no differences between the two groups in terms of incidence and severity of the histologic lesions. The long-term data on blood pressure and creatinine clearance values in the survivors were similar in both groups. This study indicates that treatment with heparin and dipyridamole has no benefit over symptomatic therapy alone in the typical form of childhood hemolytic-uremic syndrome. PMID- 3183853 TI - Energy expenditure and body composition in patients with anorexia nervosa. AB - Blood biochemistry, body composition, and resting energy expenditure were studied in 25 patients with anorexia nervosa admitted to hospital during a period of 18 months. The patients' ages ranged from 12.9 to 17.2 years, and the abnormal feeding history from 3 to 12 months. Blood chemistry values were in the normal range, but fat body mass and lean body mass were reduced and extracellular water volume was expanded beyond normal values. Resting energy expenditure was reduced to 49% to 91% of values predicted by the Harris-Benedict equations. Substrate use after overnight fast indicated an abnormally high use of carbohydrates. Significant correlations were found between extracellular water volume and triceps skin-fold thickness, mid-arm muscle circumference and lean body mass, and substrate use and weight loss as a percentage of initial weight. We suggest that these simple anthropometric measurements can be used to assess and monitor the refeeding of patients with anorexia nervosa. PMID- 3183854 TI - Changes in body composition during refeeding of patients with anorexia nervosa. AB - Changes in body composition were studied in 13 girls with anorexia nervosa before and during 2 months of refeeding. Fat body mass and fat-free body mass were derived from skin-fold measurements. Total body potassium was measured by whole body counter, and intracellular water was calculated from it. Extracellular water was measured as the bromide space after oral bromide administration. A gradual increase was noted in weight, fat body mass, fat-free body mass, and total body potassium during refeeding. Extracellular water was expanded on admission and increased in all patients in the first weeks of treatment; later it fell to normal. Most of the changes in fat-free body mass over the first weeks of refeeding could be accounted for by an expansion in extracellular water. Particular care must therefore be taken with fluid balance during the first few weeks of refeeding. PMID- 3183855 TI - Analysis of contraceptive behavior of sexually active female adolescents in the United States. AB - Drawing on a theoretical model of adolescent contraceptive behavior, we examined the relationships between various social and behavioral variables and contraceptive use by sexually active female adolescents. Hypotheses were tested with the use of a national random sample of sexually active female adolescents (n = 1426), aged 15 to 20 years, from Cycle III of the National Survey of Family Growth. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression analysis. Noncompliance with the initial birth control method was the strongest predictor of the adolescents' contraceptive behavior at the time of the interview. Not acquiring birth control at the initial family planning visit and the frequency of family planning visits during the previous 12 months were the second and third best predictors of subjects' contraceptive use. Coital frequency and the length of time between first coitus and the initiation of birth control each explained a small amount of additional variation in the regression model. When combined, these five variables explained 40% of the variation in the contraceptive behavior of this representative sample of sexually active female adolescents. The findings could be useful for clinicians in providing more effective birth control counseling to adolescent patients. PMID- 3183856 TI - Respiratory distress and cyanosis in a term newborn infant. PMID- 3183857 TI - Fenthion poisoning. PMID- 3183858 TI - PCP use among adolescent marijuana users. PMID- 3183859 TI - Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in a boy with long survival. PMID- 3183860 TI - Minor morphogenetic anomalies re cerebral palsy. PMID- 3183861 TI - Transesophageal pacing for heart block. PMID- 3183862 TI - Parenteral Drug Association response to the FDA compliance policy guide, #7132a.13, entitled, "Parametric release--terminally heat sterilized drug products". PMID- 3183863 TI - Validation of computerized membrane integrity test systems. PMID- 3183864 TI - Microbiological environmental monitoring during sterile product manufacture: adaptation of methods for a research facility. PMID- 3183865 TI - PDA's response to FDA's "Guideline on sterile drug products produced by aseptic processing". PMID- 3183866 TI - Discussion of primary drying during lyophilization. PMID- 3183867 TI - Quantitative and mechanistic measurements of container/closure integrity: viscoelastic measurements of elastomeric closures. PMID- 3183868 TI - Prognostic value of serum pepsinogen I in children with peptic ulcer. AB - Serum pepsinogen I (PG I) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in 23 children with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) before and after treatment with ranitidine and in 44 children who were being investigated for recurrent abdominal pain. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed in all. No lesions were detected in controls, while 18 patients showed a duodenal ulcer, 4 had an antral ulcer, and 1 had both. An 8-week course of ranitidine healed PUD in 93.5% of them, while long-term (1-5 years) endoscopic follow-up showed a 41.9% ulcer relapse rate after stopping treatment. Gastric acid secretion after pentagastrin stimulation [maximal acid output (MAO)] was tested in all controls and in 22 PUD patients: While controls had normal MAO values for their age, 65% of patients had a secretion above the normal range. No significant correlation was detected between serum PG I and MAO either in controls or in patients. Mean serum PG I concentrations were not significantly higher in the whole patient group than in controls, but PUD patients who relapsed after discontinuing ranitidine treatment had shown on admission significantly higher PG I levels when compared both with those who did not relapse and with controls. All patients who relapsed, but only 42.8% of those who did not, had a serum PG I concentration above the normal upper limit for a pediatric population (56.7 ng/ml). None of the PUD patients who had serum PG I levels under this limit relapsed. Our results suggest that pretreatment serum PG I levels in children with PUD may predict fairly accurately which will not relapse after attaining ulcer healing by a short-term ranitidine course. PMID- 3183869 TI - Effects of feeding regimen on blood glucose levels and plasma concentrations of pancreatic hormones and gut regulatory peptides at 9 months of age: comparison between infants fed with milk formula and infants exclusively breast-fed from birth. AB - Little is known about the development of gut endocrine responses to food intake in infants after the first postnatal month. To examine this question and to ascertain whether the mode of feeding from birth affects postprandial endocrine changes, blood glucose levels and the plasma concentrations of 11 regulatory peptides were measured at 9 months of age before and after a breast feeding in 13 exclusively breast-fed infants and before and after a formula feeding in 7 infants weaned during the first 3 months of life. In the prefeeding concentrations of these substances, no significant differences were found between the two groups, with the possible exception of the plasma concentration of pancreatic polypeptide (p = 0.06). Postprandially, the responses were significantly smaller in the breast-fed infants, whose plasma concentrations of insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, and cholecystokinin were lower than in the formula-fed infants. In addition, the overall level of the insulin-glucagon ratio was lower (p = 0.03) in the breast fed infants. A difference in the opposite direction was observed for plasma gastrin levels. No significant differences appeared between the groups for blood glucose, or plasma glucagon, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, motilin, enteroglucagon, secretin, or neurotensin concentrations after feeding. It is concluded that at 9 months of age, the gut regulatory responses to milk feeding are of lower magnitude than during the neonatal period, but even at this age the response patterns still depend on the mode of feeding. PMID- 3183870 TI - Severity and extent of upper small bowel mucosal damage in cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy. AB - A series of 31 infants, 28 with cow's milk protein sensitive enteropathy (CMPSE) and 3 controls, was studied for severity and extent of mucosal damage of the upper small bowel in relation to the development of clinical symptoms. Following challenge with the offending cow's milk, 18 infants (Group 1) developed severe mucosal changes at both the proximal and distal small bowel mucosa and all of these infants presented with clinical symptoms. The other 10 infants (Group 2) who did not develop clinical symptoms following the challenge had less severe damage to the distal small bowel mucosa as compared to the proximal region. The histological score of both the proximal and distal postchallenge biopsies were significantly lower in Group 2 as compared to Group 1 infants. The mucosal disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase levels were depleted in both the proximal and distal biopsies following challenge but the depletion was greater in the proximal than the distal biopsies. It is suggested that the extent and severity of mucosal damage to the proximal duodenum and jejunum have a critical bearing on the development of clinical symptoms. PMID- 3183871 TI - Acute appendicitis in childhood in the Negev region: some epidemiological observations over an 11-year period (1973-1983). AB - In an attempt to explore the possible variation over time of acute appendicitis (AA) 406 medical files comprising all children aged 0-14 years operated on during an 11-year period (1973-1983) at the Soroka Medical Center were reviewed. Only patients that were histopathologically confirmed were included in the study. Soroka Medical Center is the only general hospital providing services to the entire population of the region. Hence, a reasonable coverage of all AA patients is expected. As a result, comparison of incidence rates among different subgroups is plausible. The annual rate of AA was 3.75 operations/10,000 children. The rates were somewhat higher for boys (5.20 versus 2.31, p less than 0.05). They were also higher for Jewish versus Bedouin children (4.44 versus 1.14, p less than 0.05). The highest rate of AA was among children in the 10- to 14-year-old age group (7.79). A gradual increase in the rates of AA during the study period was noticed, over and above the increase in the region's population. However, the ratio of change over time was higher for the Bedouins. Although this cannot be proven, the causes of AA have been hypothesized to be multifactorial. Diet is considered to have an important role in the etiology of AA. Some seasonal trends could be observed, paralleling changes in humidity, viral and bacterial infections, suggesting the involvement of these factors in the etiology of AA. PMID- 3183872 TI - Use of salivary levels to predict clearance of caffeine in patients with cystic fibrosis. AB - The quantification of liver function is possible using the approach of salivary caffeine clearance. Hepatopathy sometimes complicates cystic fibrosis (CF), thus suggesting the use of this diagnostic tool in CF as well. Since in CF some compounds are poorly absorbed or abnormally metabolized, and the function of salivary glands or renal tubuli partly impaired, caffeine was measured in urine, blood, and saliva after a single oral dose of 3 mg/kg in CF patients. The urinary excretion rate of caffeine was normal in five CF patients. The caffeine levels in plasma or saliva, measured 4 to 5 h and 16 to 17 h after caffeine intake, were normal in 34 nonhepatopatic CF patients. The calculated salivary caffeine clearance was comparable in the 34 nonhepatopatic CF patients (1.88 +/- 0.46 ml/min/kg) and in the control group (1.88 +/- 0.44 ml/min/kg). In CF patients, no correlation was found between caffeine clearance and body weight, height, relative underweight, dosage of pancreatic enzymes, or Chrispin-Norman x-ray score. The salivary caffeine clearance was reduced in seven hepatopathic CF patients (1.32 +/- 0.63 ml/min/kg, p less than 0.01); nevertheless, the salivary caffeine clearance was reduced (boundary line at 1.1 ml/min/kg) in three CF patients with proven liver cirrhosis but not in four with hepatosplenomegaly and altered liver tests. These data indicate an unaltered caffeine metabolism in CF and open the way for the use of this diagnostic procedure in CF as well. This test might be valuable in CF patients with clinical or laboratory findings suggesting liver involvement. PMID- 3183873 TI - Hypernatremic diarrheal dehydration treated with oral glucose-electrolyte solution containing 90 or 75 mEq/L of sodium. AB - Of 33 infants with hypernatremic dehydration (serum Na+ of greater than or equal to 150 mEq/L) 7 were excluded, 6 because severe alteration of the level of consciousness or shock precluded oral rehydration and 1 because he was given glucose-electrolyte solution plus water. We studied the remaining 27 infants. Twenty (group A) were treated with the World Health Organization-recommended oral rehydration solution (90 mEq/L Na+) and seven (group B) were treated with Pedialyte-RS (Abbott Laboratories Ltd.; 75 mEq/L Na+). The rehydrating solutions were administered in a volume equivalent to twice the clinically estimated fluid deficit. Initial serum sodium was 156.7 +/- 0.9 mEq/L for group A and 155.8 +/- 1.8 mEq/L for group B (mean +/- SEM). The mean time to achieve rehydration was 14.3 and 16.6 h for groups A and B, respectively. Twenty-four hours after commencing oral rehydration, serum Na+ had decreased to 144.8 +/- 1.8 mEq/L for group A and 144.5 +/- 0.9 mEq/L for group B. In two patients in group A, the serum Na+, which, had not decreased to less than 150 mEq/L at 24 h, did so at 48 h. Only in one case (group A) did the serum Na+ increase. This patient had high stool output and failed to become rehydrated after 24 h of unsuccessful oral rehydration. None of the patients had seizures or persistent CNS dysfunction. We conclude that the slow administration of oral rehydration solutions containing either 90 or 75 mEq/L Na+ is a safe and effective treatment of hypernatremic dehydration. PMID- 3183874 TI - Indirect test weighing: a new method for measuring overnight breast milk intakes in the field. AB - Indirect test weighing (ITW), a new method for measuring nighttime breast milk intake, is based on separate weighings of the mother and infant at the start and end of the nighttime sleep period. All other incidental weight changes overnight are measured, so that the corrected infant's overnight weight gain and the mother's overnight weight loss are then accounted for by breast milk transfer and evaporative water loss (EWL) alone. The combined EWL is partitioned between mother and infant on the basis of metabolic body size (body weight raised to the power of 0.73). The infant's EWL is added onto the corrected overnight weight gain to give nighttime milk intake. A field validation study on 24 northern Thai infants, conducted in the subject's homes, in which ITW was compared with nighttime direct test weighing (DTW) on the same night, gives 95% confidence intervals for the method of +/- 39 g for a range of milk intakes of 77-344 g. Confidence intervals for estimates using feeding patterns alone, or multiplying 12 h intakes by a constant, range from +/- 104 to 180 g, indicating that these methods are insufficiently accurate for individual estimates. PMID- 3183875 TI - Iron status in the first year of life. AB - The iron status of babies of different race born at term to mothers in an inner city area was studied at birth and during the first year of life and related to maternal iron status. Haemoglobin and ferritin were measured in the mother at term (n = 81) and in the baby in cord blood (n = 81), at 6 months (n = 55), and at 1 year (n = 51). No relationship was found between the iron status of mothers and their babies at birth. However, iron stores at birth did affect later iron status, cord ferritin being significantly related to ferritin at 6 months (r = 0.42, p less than 0.01) and 1 year (r = 0.55, p less than 0.01) but not to haemoglobin at these ages. No relationship was found between haemoglobin iron at birth and subsequent iron status. Introduction of full cow's milk before the age of 6 months was associated with iron deficiency at this age and at 1 year. By the age of 1 year, iron deficiency was also associated with feeding greater than 900 ml whole cow's milk a day, inadequate feeding with solids, and higher weight gain. No stool parasites were found at the age of 1 year, and the presence of occult blood in stools did not significantly affect iron status at this age. At 1 year of age, 49% of these infants had low iron stores, including 20% with iron deficiency anaemia. Considerable improvement could result from simple changes in dietary practices. PMID- 3183876 TI - The effect of antenatal betamethasone on cord blood concentrations of retinol binding protein, transthyretin, transferrin, retinol, and vitamin E. AB - We assessed the effect of short-term (less than or equal to 1 week) and prolonged (greater than 1 week) exposure to antenatal betamethasone on umbilical cord serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein (serum t 1/2 = 12 h), transthyretin (t 1/2 = 2 days), transferrin (t 1/2 = 8 days), retinol (vitamin A), and vitamin E in appropriate-for-gestational-age preterm newborn infants of less than 36 weeks' gestation. A group of 30 infants whose mothers received a single course of betamethasone less than or equal to 1 week prior to delivery had significantly elevated mean retinol-binding protein and transthyretin but not transferrin concentrations when compared with a group of 30 gestational age- and birth weight matched infants with no exposure to antenatal betamethasone. A group of eight infants whose mothers received multiple (more than two) weekly courses of betamethasone prior to delivery had significantly elevated mean serum concentrations of all three proteins when compared with eight gestational age- and weight-matched control infants with no betamethasone exposure. Serum retinol and vitamin E concentrations were measured in a group of 21 infants exposed to short-term prenatal betamethasone and were significantly greater than in a group of 21 control infants without steroid exposure. We conclude that antenatal steroids increase the umbilical cord serum concentrations of retinol-binding protein, transthyretin, transferrin, retinol, and vitamin E. The effect on the various serum proteins is dependent on the duration of exposure to steroids. PMID- 3183877 TI - Nutrient balance studies in the preterm infant: crossover and parallel studies as methods of experimental design. AB - Crossover and parallel studies were compared as methods of experimental design during nutritional balance studies in the preterm infant. Twelve formula-fed infants (birth weight, 1,362 +/- 125 g, mean SD; gestational age, 32.3 +/- 1.7 weeks) were studied over 2 continuous weeks, "period" being the only obvious difference between the weeks. During each week, growth was determined, and 84-h nutrient balance was performed. Growth was adequate during both weeks. Increased absorption and retention (mg/kg/day and percent) of calcium and copper were noted during the 2nd week. Increased retention (mg/kg/day and percent) of phosphorus and magnesium was noted also, indicating increased nutrient assimilation due to a period effect. However, the variance due to the period effect (crossover) was less than that associated with "patient characteristics" (parallel study). In addition, sample size requirements were less, indicating that crossover studies are more efficient than parallel studies as a method of experimental design. PMID- 3183878 TI - Changes in the fatty acids pattern of red blood cell phospholipids induced by type of milk, dietary nucleotide supplementation, and postnatal age in preterm infants. AB - The fatty acid profile of red blood cell phospholipids and the total phospholipid and cholesterol contents of erythrocyte membrane in preterm infants in the first month of life were studied. Influences of human milk and adapted formula and dietary nucleotides supplementation at a level similar to that found in human milk were evaluated. Nineteen preterm newborn infants with adequate weight for gestational age were fed their own mother's preterm human milk, 18 with a standard milk formula and 18 with the same formula supplemented with nucleotides. Blood samples were obtained at birth from cord blood, and at 30 days of age. At 1 month of life, linoleic acid rose in formula fed infants compared to those fed human milk (p less than 0.05) and relative amounts of 20:3w6, 20:4w6, 22:4w6, 22:5w6, and total polyunsaturates of the w6 series greater than 18 carbon atoms were significantly decreased in standard milk formula fed infants (p less than 0.05-0.01). No significant differences for these fatty acids were found between human milk and nucleotide milk formula infants. Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6w3) decreased from birth to 1 month of age in formula fed infants (p less than 0.01) but not in human milk fed infants. Infants fed nucleotide milk formula showed intermediate values for 20:3w6 and 20:4w6 (p less than 0.1) between infants fed human milk and those fed standard milk formula.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183880 TI - Doxycycline-induced hemorrhagic esophagitis: a pediatric case. AB - Esophagitis induced by medications has been recognized in adults but rarely in children. A child with hemorrhagic esophagitis resulting from taking doxycycline tablets for treatment is described and the pathophysiology of this condition is discussed. In pediatric cases treated by tablets or capsules, the possibility of medication-induced esophagitis should always be considered. PMID- 3183879 TI - In vitro intestinal processing of prostaglandin F2 alpha in rats: developmental aspects. AB - Cytoprotective prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGF2 alpha are present in milk and can be absorbed intact from the gastrointestinal tract. Developmental differences in gastrointestinal PG metabolism in vivo have been previously reported. To evaluate the role of small intestinal tissue, detailed analysis of PG processing in vitro of small intestinal segments of suckling and weanling rats using everted sacs was performed. Sacs were incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, at 37 degrees C. Bathing mucosal fluid contained [3H]PGF2 alpha. Proximal and middle intestinal segment everted sacs of suckling rats exhibited greater transfer of radioactivity in comparison with those of weanling rats. Whereas in suckling rats transfer of radioactivity decreased from proximal to distal regions of the intestine, no segmental differences were seen in weanlings. Maturational differences were also present in the capacity for PG catabolism. Suckling rat everted sacs had a greater proportion of radioactivity present as intact, unmetabolized PGF2 alpha present in sac tissue and serosal fluid in all intestinal segments in comparison with those of weanling rats. Weanling everted sacs contained greater amounts of less polar metabolites. These results indicate that there are quantitative and qualitative age-related differences in transfer and processing of exogenous PGF2 alpha in small intestinal tissue of developing rats. PMID- 3183881 TI - Barrett's ulcer and Campylobacter-like organisms infection in a child. AB - Barrett's esophagus is a gastrointestinal metaplasia of the esophageal epithelium occurring frequently in adults with long-standing peptic esophagitis. Recent reports of Barrett's esophagus in children with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) showed that also at the pediatric age intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus may occur in association with peptic esophagitis. Recently a close association between Campylobacter-like organisms (CLOs) and gastritis has been found in the stomach of both adults and children with a variety of peptic diseases, but evidence of such infection in specimens of Barrett's epithelium has never been described in children. We report here a child with Barrett's esophagus and GER, treated with H2 blockers, who showed a Barrett's ulcer in association with CLO infection. The addition of amoxicillin to antireflux treatment was accompanied by healing of the ulcer, suggesting that bacterial infection of Barrett's epithelium may have an important role in determining its inflammation and possibly ulceration. PMID- 3183882 TI - Tracheal obstruction secondary to esophageal achalasia. AB - A 12-year-old girl presented with cough, emesis, and weight loss of 18-month duration. She was diagnosed as having achalasia of the esophagogastric junction. Flow-volume loops done because of the cough revealed a configuration consistent with variable intrathoracic tracheal obstruction. A barium swallow revealed the cause of obstruction to be massive dilatation of the esophagus. Balloon dilatation of the esophageal sphincter resolved all symptoms and normalized the flow-volume loops. This case illustrates that some pulmonary symptoms in achalasia can be due to direct tracheal obstruction in addition to the usual aspiration of esophageal contents. PMID- 3183883 TI - Localized intestinal perforation following intravenous indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus. AB - We describe a very low birth weight infant given intravenous indomethacin for a symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus who subsequently developed a gastrointestinal perforation. Although this is a well-known complication of enteral preparations, it has not been described with the intravenous form. Various mechanisms described in the literature by which the intravenous route of administration may compromise the bowel are presented. Although rare, gastrointestinal complications with intravenous indomethacin may become more prevalent with its increased use. PMID- 3183885 TI - Which treatment for children with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive chronic active hepatitis? PMID- 3183884 TI - Breath hydrogen testing: diseased versus normal patients. PMID- 3183886 TI - Hepatic copper level. PMID- 3183887 TI - Congenital hepatic fibrosis, bile duct abnormality, long pancreaticobiliary common channel, and pancreatitis. PMID- 3183888 TI - Branchial remnants: a review of 58 cases. AB - Most congenital lateral cervical cysts, fistulae, and skin tags are considered to be from the branchial apparatus. This is a 13-year review of 58 patients (with 66 branchial lesions) who were operated on. There were eight simple cysts and six cysts with a fistula; 43 external fistulae with or without an internal opening, and nine skin tags. Eighty-seven percent (39/45) of patients with skin tags and external fistulae were less than 5 years of age at the time of operation. On the other hand, all eight patients with cysts but no fistula were greater than 9 years of age. Eight lesions were considered to be the first branchial remnants, and 44 lesions were suspected to be from the second branchial cleft. One external fistula with an internal communication to the pharynx at the level of thyrohyoid membrane was considered to be a third (or fourth) branchial remnant. The other branchial cyst with thyroid tissue in its wall was suggested to be a fourth branchial remnant. Pathology of the excised lesions showed columnar, squamous, or a mixed epithelium. Lymphoid aggregates were documented in 31 patients. Duration of hospital stay was short, except for four patients with first cleft defects who stayed more than five days. Three of the four recurrent cases were first branchial remnants, including one case with the first operation performed at another hospital. In view of these findings, first branchial remnants must be excised with extra care. PMID- 3183889 TI - Review of bronchopulmonary foregut malformations. AB - The term bronchopulmonary foregut malformation (BFM) describes rare cases of pulmonary sequestrations that communicate with the upper gastrointestinal tract. An unusual type of BFM is described; it consisted of esophageal atresia, proximal and distal tracheoesophageal fistulae, and bilateral extralobar pulmonary sequestrations communicating with a common bronchial structure that replaced the distal esophagus. This case is related to other reported cases in the literature, and serves as the basis for a proposed theory of the embryonic development of BFM. PMID- 3183890 TI - Treatment of neonatal necrotizing tracheobronchitis with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and bronchoscopy. AB - Necrotizing tracheobronchitis has recently been described as a complication of mechanical ventilation of newborns with respiratory failure. Despite the use of bronchoscopy, 45% of the reported patients to date have died. In this study, we report the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to stabilize two patients with necrotizing tracheobronchitis. While supported by bypass, both patients underwent prolonged bronchoscopies with removal of extensive amounts of tracheal debris. ECMO provided efficient oxygenation in the face of near total airway occlusion, and permitted far more extensive bronchoscopic debridement and lavage than would have been possible if the lungs were required for oxygenation. In addition, ECMO provided a period of lung "rest" during which ventilator settings were reduced, thus minimizing further barotrauma and allowing for lung and airway healing. Both patients recovered without significant respiratory sequelae. ECMO and bronchoscopy are effective forms of therapy for patients with life-threatening necrotizing tracheobronchitis when conventional modalities of treatment have failed. PMID- 3183891 TI - Cervical repair of esophageal atresia. AB - This report describes three neonates with Type IIIb3 esophageal atresia treated by primary repair utilizing a combined thoracic and cervical approach. PMID- 3183892 TI - Management of esophageal atresia: review of 16 years' experience. AB - This report reviews 16 years' experience in the management of patients with esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), with special emphasis on long-term results and early complications in relation to the magnitude of the gap between the esophageal segments. In 94 infants with no or moderate distance between the esophageal ends (less than 2 cm), an end-to-end anastomosis was performed in 90 cases after closing the TEF. In 51 of the 90 patients, no complications were seen (57%), whereas in the remaining 39, postoperative complications were noted with anastomotic leakage (24 patients, 26%), anastomotic stricture (16 patients, 18%) and gastroesophageal reflux (5 patients, 5%). Sixteen patients (9 with and 7 without TEF) had a "long gap" between the esophageal segments (greater than 2 cm). Thirteen (9 with and 4 without TEF) of these 16 patients were subjected to an end-to-end anastomosis, 11 primarily and two secondarily after 3 and 12 weeks, respectively. All 13 patients with an end-to-end anastomosis had anastomotic leakage (100%)--nine had stricture (75%) and 5 had gastroesophageal reflux (50%). The remaining three patients in this long-gap group were subjected to colon transposition, two primarily and one secondarily. The total mortality rate decreased from 19/57 patients (33%) from 1969 to 1977, to 5/53 (9%) from 1978 to 1984. The main cause of death in both periods was associated anomalies (18% and 7%, respectively), whereas deaths related to the EA malformation as such had almost disappeared during the latter period (15% and 2%, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183893 TI - Intestinal obstruction in the newborn with congenital syphilis. AB - Four newborn patients with congenital syphilis and intestinal obstruction are discussed in this report. In three cases, the obstruction was due to inspissated meconium, simulating the features of meconium ileus in one, meconium plug in the second, and associated with perforation of the terminal ileum in the third. An exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and a motility disturbance of the intestine due to syphilitic infection during fetal life could be the probable etiologic factor. The fourth patient had multiple ileal stenoses. Ischemia due to the prenatal syphilitic arteritis of the bowel wall can be responsible for this pathology. Attention is drawn to the association between congenital syphilis and neonatal intestinal obstruction. PMID- 3183894 TI - Combined approach in the treatment of anorectal malformations: the MOPE procedure. AB - No single major procedure is able to achieve all necessary goals without problems in the treatment of anorectal malformations. The Mollard-Pena (MOPE) procedure adds the benefits of an anoplasty based on the original perineal flap described by Mollard, but slightly modified, and the precise recognition of all muscle structures as reported by Pena and De Vries. Cosmetic as well as functional early results are encouraging. PMID- 3183895 TI - Whole-gut lavage in children using an iso-osmolar solution containing polyethelene glycol (Golytely). AB - Whole-gut irrigation with an iso-osmolar solution was assessed in 53 children. The lavage was well tolerated without evidence of fluid or electrolyte shift. The rate of infusion to achieve a clear bowel within six to ten hours was 25 to 35 mL/kg/h. PMID- 3183896 TI - Splenic resection with the Contact Nd:YAG laser system. AB - Splenic resection in the dog was proven to have decreased blood loss (52%), decreased operating time (44%), and decreased surgical manipulation using the SLT Contact Nd:YAG Laser System with the synthetic sapphire probe, as compared with the noncontact CO2 laser. Tissue damage and hematologic changes were minimal and equivalent in both laser systems. The overall ease of use and operating technique was subjectively better with the contact Nd:YAG laser, and the danger of scattered and reflective beam damage was eliminated. The contact Nd:YAG laser with the synthetic sapphire probes offers a significant advantage over the noncontact CO2 laser in the resection of splenic tissue. Future applications in pediatric surgery now need to be evaluated. PMID- 3183897 TI - Shunt nephritis. AB - Six children with shunt nephritis are reported of whom two did not show complete recovery of renal function. Follow up and outcome in relation to the delay in diagnosis and renal biopsy appearances are discussed. PMID- 3183899 TI - Protection of the pediatric surgeon from heat stress caused by the overhead radiant heater during surgery. AB - To protect the pediatric surgeon from heat stress while operating on premature infants under an overhead radiant heater, we propose covering the surgeon's head with an ordinary straw hat wrapped with heavy-duty kitchen aluminum foil. The temperature under such a straw hat is approximately 37 degrees C, versus 52 degrees C under a surgical cotton cap. PMID- 3183898 TI - Vaginal neoplasms in infancy: the combined role of chemotherapy and conservative surgical resection. AB - This retrospective review of nine infants treated for vaginal tumors between 1964 and 1986 identifies the spectrum of lesions and examines the trend toward more conservative surgical therapy. Our patients' ages ranged from 1 to 30 months. Symptoms of vaginal bleeding or protruding tissue prompted examination under general anesthesia in all cases. Two children had benign protruding polypoid masses treated by simple excision. Seven had malignant tumors, two with endodermal sinus lesions and five with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Early in this series, surgical therapy for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma consisted of either anterior or complete pelvic exenteration, with adjuvant chemotherapy given in two of the three patients. One patient was operated on prior to the development of effective chemotherapy, and died of recurrent tumor 14 months after surgery. A second patient died from cardiac failure secondary to adriamycin toxicity 6 years after initial therapy. A third patient underwent total pelvic exenteration followed by successful reanastomosis of the colon to the anal verge. This patient, a female, is the oldest survivor and is free of disease 14 years after therapy. The most recent therapeutic approach used in two patients with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma consisted of local tumor excision followed by postoperative chemotherapy. Both patients are alive and disease-free 9 and 11 years after therapy. Two patients with endodermal sinus tumor were treated with chemotherapy after simple excisional biopsy. They were then followed with serial vaginal biopsies at 3-month intervals. One required a partial vaginectomy for local recurrence 21 months after initial presentation. Both patients are alive and disease-free 18 months and 4 years after surgery. PMID- 3183900 TI - Extensive multi-organ necrosis secondary to sulfuric acid ingestion. AB - This is a report of a case in which a significant quantity of sulfuric acid was ingested, causing life threatening respiratory distress, secondary to glottic injury and edema, and cardiovascular collapse. Vigorous resuscitive efforts allowed survival through the first 48 hours and two major operations. Persistent and complex surgical management eventually restored oropharyngeal competence and gastrointestinal integrity. Survival of a child from such an overwhelming injury has not been previously reported. PMID- 3183901 TI - Duodenal leiomyoma: a case report of hematemesis in a teenager. AB - A leiomyoma of the duodenum presenting in a 17-year-old girl represents an unusual cause for a massive upper gastrointestinal bleed in a teenager. PMID- 3183902 TI - A lesson in intestinal atresias. AB - A girl with an atresia of the distal ileum and another in the sigmoid colon is reported, as are the inadequacies in her management. The association of an ileal atresia with a separate colonic atresia does not seem to have been previously reported. PMID- 3183904 TI - Deterioration of renal function in a conjoined twin: lack of compensatory renal hypertrophy. AB - The renal function of conjoined twin girls was evaluated by radioisotopic, radiographic, and laboratory techniques. The smaller of the twins was shown to have severe impairment of renal function, but due to the "auto-dialysis" by her normal twin, she was able to maintain a normal BUN and creatinine. Compensatory hypertrophy was not found in the normal twin, despite renal failure and loss of renal mass in the smaller twin. PMID- 3183903 TI - Appendiceal perforation, pneumoperitoneum, and Hirschsprung's disease. AB - In this report, we describe an infant with appendiceal perforation due to total colonic Hirschsprung's disease, to emphasize this rare but important presentation of Hirschsprung's disease. Based on our own experience and a survey of similar cases, we suggest that an underlying etiology, namely long-segment Hirschsprung's disease, should be suspected in infants with a perforated appendix, especially when a radiographic pneumoperitoneum is present. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy is essential in this situation to prevent morbidity and mortality. PMID- 3183905 TI - Penetrating popliteal artery injuries in children. AB - Two children, aged 8 and 12, were seen recently at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Metropolitan Nashville General Hospital with gunshot injury to the popliteal artery. Both patients presented with late complications following missed penetrating injury to the popliteal artery. At presentation, distal pulses were palpable despite significant proximal arterial injury. Arteriography detailed traumatic popliteal artery aneurysms in both children, and an arteriovenous fistula in one child. These two children represent the youngest patients recorded in the surgical literature with gunshot trauma to the popliteal artery, subsequent formation of traumatic aneurysms, and an arteriovenous fistula. The increasing availability of guns and rifles in the household will likely increase the incidence of such injuries to children. As evidenced by these children, palpable pulses distal to an injury do not obviate the need for arteriography when arterial injury is suspected. Autogenous repair of the injured artery or reconstruction with autogenous vein graft is preferable for repair of vascular injuries in children. PMID- 3183907 TI - Corporal punishment in the schools: sanctioned abuse? PMID- 3183906 TI - Intestinal pseudoobstruction in a neonate caused by idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the entire small intestine. AB - We report a case of intestinal obstruction in a neonate caused by massive muscular hypertrophy of the entire small intestine. Furthermore, the muscularis propria consisted of three layers, in most part. The pathogenesis of this apparently unique lesion is obscure. PMID- 3183908 TI - Research involving children: ethical concerns and dilemmas. PMID- 3183909 TI - Adolescent pregnancy: factoring in the father of the baby. PMID- 3183910 TI - Look out nursing--here come the RCT! PMID- 3183911 TI - Self-management of pediatric asthma: four programs being studied. PMID- 3183912 TI - Temper tantrums. PMID- 3183913 TI - Preterm infant stimulations: the analysis of a concept. PMID- 3183914 TI - Microvascularization of the free gingival autograft. AB - Nobuto has previously reported on the initial anastomosis involved in establishing circulation between a free gingival autograft and the recipient bed. This study will present observations on the maturation of new sinusoidal vessels involved in maintaining circulation to the graft and the resulting histovascular organization. Using 56 mongrel dogs, the ongoing processes were observed periodically over 84 days after grafting. For this purpose, vascular corrosion casts were examined with the scanning electron microscope. At the same time, employing both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, histopathological and ultrastructural observation on the developing three dimensional vascular architecture were recorded with supporting photographs. Thus, the entire process from the development of a vascular plexus parallel to the bone surface on the seventh day to the transformation to a vertical dendritic vascular architecture firmly establishing the circulation to the graft by the 84th day, is provided in both descriptive and pictorial detail. PMID- 3183915 TI - Retained "hopeless" teeth. Effects on the proximal periodontium of adjacent teeth. AB - The retention of teeth diagnosed as periodontally "hopeless" may accelerate the destruction of the adjacent proximal periodontium. Studies determining the influence these teeth have on the health status of adjacent teeth appear nonexistent. It was the intent of this retrospective study to assess the status of the periodontium in adjacent teeth proximal to the periodontium of "hopeless" teeth. We evaluated 17 teeth, each being mesially adjacent to one "hopeless" tooth, in 17 subjects treated for periodontal disease. In each case, the "hopeless" and the adjacent teeth received the same treatment. Probing depths (P D), radiographic alveolar bone level (R-BL) and the width of the periodontal ligament space (W-PL) were measured for both the adjacent interproximal and the nonadjacent interproximal surface for each hopeless tooth. At both pretherapy and posttherapy, there were no significant differences for any of the variables (P-D, R-BL and W-PL) for the adjacent interproximal surfaces with the nonadjacent interproximal surfaces. However, there was a significant reduction in the mean probing depth for the adjacent interproximal surfaces, pretherapy to posttherapy. No other significant changes were found in any of the other variables for either the adjacent or nonadjacent interproximal surfaces. These data suggest that teeth considered periodontally "hopeless" and retained have no effect on the proximal periodontium of adjacent teeth prior to and following therapy. PMID- 3183916 TI - Development of gingiva following surgical exposure of a facially positioned unerupted incisor. AB - A case with a facially positioned, unerupted maxillary incisor is presented as an illustration of the potential of the periodontal tissues to establish a zone of gingiva following surgical intervention. Despite the fact that the tooth had an erupting position entirely within the area of the alveolar mucosa, a zone of keratinized gingiva developed following surgical exposure of the crown of the tooth. This healing potential should be considered when selecting the treatment for facially positioned, unerupted teeth. PMID- 3183917 TI - Histological study of the hydroxyapatite-collagen complex implants in periodontal osseous defects in dogs. AB - This study was performed to determine whether the process of wound healing, following periodontal surgery, could be improved through the combined use of collagen and grafting of hydroxyapatite (HAP) particles. Twenty-four proximal defects were made in the mandibular fourth premolars and second molars of six adult mongrel dogs. Steel wires and resin were put into the defect to enhance plaque formation. At eight weeks, the wires and resin were removed. At ten weeks, HAP or HAP-collagen complex was implanted during reconstructive surgery, along the root surface treated with acid conditioning. Dogs that received no implant following a flap operation served as controls. In these three groups of animals, differences in the extent and features of healing were histopathologically examined two months later. Animals implanted with a HAP-collagen complex showed a larger amount of new cementum formation when compared with HAP-implanted or control animals. In addition, in animals from the HAP-complex group, the interdigitation between the root surface and the gingival connective tissue fibers tended to be reinforced resulting in suppressed epithelial downgrowth. However, neither bone formation nor the reformation of the periodontium was promoted in the HAP-collagen complex group. These results suggest that implantation of an HAP-collagen complex promotes cemento-genesis of the demineralized root surface and can establish a stronger interdigitation between the root surface and the gingival connective tissue fibers. PMID- 3183918 TI - Ultrastructural changes of subepithelial capillaries following graft epithelialization. AB - This study investigated architectural changes in the nourishment-providing capillaries beneath the epithelium that accompany graft epithelialization. A total of 77 mongrel dogs underwent free gingival autografts involving the maxillary canine and its attached gingiva. Comparative investigations relating the architectural transformations and endothelial permeability of the capillaries were made histopathologically, with graft epithelialization as an indicator. Microscopic findings revealed that the subepithelial capillaries transformed from loop structure into glomus-like structures. The endothelium changed ultrastructurally from the continuous type to the fenestrated. This occurred during the most active graft epithelialization phase. By the time the epithelium of the graft had matured, the fenestrated microvascular structure reverted to the continuous type and changed from a glomus-like structure to a network capillary system. However, by the 84th postoperative day, the subepithelial capillaries, still exhibiting network structure, had not yet returned to the loop structure indigenous to the gingiva. Observations indicated that transformation of the structure of the nourishment-providing capillaries was attendant to and simultaneous with the changes brought about by graft epithelialization. PMID- 3183919 TI - Influence of pulpal treatments on cell and tissue reactions in the marginal periodontium. AB - The effects of pulpal infection and intrapulpal application of calcium hydroxide and antibiotics were evaluated with special reference to cell and tissue reactions in the marginal hard/soft tissue interface in monkeys. Results indicate the pulpal conditions and endodontic dressings influence marginal healing and repair, provided an endodontic-periodontic pathway such as patent dentin tubules is present. These results suggest that permanent endodontic treatment, with an inert material, should be performed before the protective cementum layer is removed. Pulpally aggravated periodontal lesions should therefore not be overlooked in periodontal diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 3183921 TI - The effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment on gingival tissue of patients with Behcet's disease. AB - Gingival biopsies were obtained at various intervals for a period of two years from 12 patients suffering from Behcet's disease who were under a clinical trial of cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment. The levels of nondialyzable hydroxyproline (Hypro) were determined in the medium of the cultured tissues. Histologic examinations were also performed every three months. Correlations between the CsA blood levels and the levels of nondialyzable Hypro indicated a reciprocal relationship, especially at blood levels of CsA higher than 600 ng/ml. Histologic examination of gingival sections from CsA-treated patients showed swelling of the epithelial cells, formation of perinuclear clear zones, widening of intercellular gaps and formation of several basal cell layers. In addition, foci of PAS positive material were found in both the epithelium and stroma. It is assumed that the gingival enlargement observed in the CsA-treated patients was not due to an increase in tissue collagen but rather to an increase in epithelium combined with an accumulation of noncollagenous extracellular matrix material. PMID- 3183920 TI - New attachment achieved by guided tissue regeneration in beagle dogs. AB - This study tested the effects of using a Gore-Tex periodontal material on new connective tissue attachment in beagle dogs with natural periodontitis. Seven female beagle dogs with advanced periodontitis were selected and given thorough root debridement. Under general anesthesia four weeks later, mucoperiosteal flaps were raised involving all mandibular premolars and first molars. Gore-Tex periodontal material was adapted to all premolars, and the flaps were sutured tightly, keeping the material covered. The first molars acted as controls, receiving only surgery. Some material was removed in one month, while other materials were removed eight to 10 weeks after surgery. All dogs were sacrificed at three months. After processing, descriptive histology and histometrics were carried out, evaluating new connective tissue attachment, bone response and epithelial downgrowth. Results were statistically analyzed, using paired t tests. They showed new connective tissue attachment with cementum deposition in areas where the material was used. Also, the epithelial downgrowth was reduced in these areas. In the controls, minimal connective tissue attachment was found, with the area healing by a long junctional epithelium. Statistical analysis showed significant differences (P less than 0.05) favoring experimental areas both in the increase of new connective tissue attachment and in the decrease of epithelial downgrowth. No differences were found between areas where the material was removed in one month or left longer in place. No difference in bone response was found. Gore-Tex material was effective in blocking gingival epithelial downgrowth and connective tissue proliferation, promoting new attachment according to the principle of "guided tissue regeneration." PMID- 3183922 TI - Regeneration of attachment apparatus lost due to disease of endodontic origin. AB - Osseous defects may be due to endodontic or to periodontic involvement or a combination of the two. Careful diagnosis is required to determine the correct form of treatment. PMID- 3183923 TI - Facial radicular groove in a maxillary central incisor. A case report. AB - A facial radicular groove may occur in central maxillary incisors and act as a funnel for accumulating plaque and calculus. Since it is inaccessible to routine oral hygiene efforts of the patient and to treatment manipulations of the dentist, this anomaly predisposes the tooth to localized periodontal disease. Conservative or surgical treatment of such teeth should restore periodontal health by creating an environment more favorable for plaque control. PMID- 3183924 TI - Diplomate of the American Board of Periodontology: is it in your future? PMID- 3183925 TI - Local induction of a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like cytotoxic factor in murine tissues with tumorous and nontumorous inflammation after systemic administration of antitumor polysaccharides. AB - Local induction of a cytotoxic factor (CF), which was reported by us to be a tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like molecule, in murine tumor tissues by i.v. administration of antitumor polysaccharides was studied. The CF was measured by cytolysis assay against L929 fibroblasts in vitro. The antitumor polysaccharides mannoglucan polyalcohol (MGA), lentinan, carboxymethyl-(1----3)-beta-D-linear glucan DP540 (CM-TAK) and yeast mannan induced the CF in MH134 hepatoma tissues inoculated intradermally, with MGA inducing the highest level of the CF. MGA induced the CF in MM46 mammary carcinoma, Ehrlich carcinoma, and MH134 hepatoma, the growth of which were all inhibited by MGA, but not in Lewis lung carcinoma and EL-4 lymphoma, which are therapeutically resistant to MGA. MGA induced the CF in solid MH134 hepatoma tissues inoculated subcutaneously or intramuscularly as well as intradermally, but not in ascitic fluids with intraperitoneal MH134 hepatoma on which MGA is ineffective. These findings suggest that CF induction is correlated with the antitumor activity of polysaccharides. CF induction in tumor tissues was detectable 6 h after i.d. inoculation of MH134 hepatoma. Even in nontumorous inflammatory skin tissues produced by injection of TAK, the CF was induced by MGA. Thus, the early inflammatory reaction with accumulation of host cells and MGA treatment act cooperatively in local induction of the CF. PMID- 3183926 TI - A kinetic study of chlorpromazine on the hyperglycemic response in rats. I. Effect of chlorpromazine on plasma catecholamines. AB - The effect of chlorpromazine (0.5 and 4 mg/kg) on plasma catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) concentrations was investigated in rats. After an i.v. bolus administration of chlorpromazine, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations showed a dose dependent increase. In order to clarify the pharmacokinetics of catecholamines in plasma, i.v. infusion of adrenaline or noradrenaline was also carried out. Plasma catecholamines after i.v. infusion showed typical characteristics of a one compartment model with a zero order production rate of endogenous catecholamines. From the data observed, a mathematical model was constructed to elucidate the relationship between the pharmacokinetics (brain concentrations) and the pharmacologic effect (plasma catecholamines concentrations) of chlorpromazine in rats. The results indicated that the time courses of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations after an i.v. administration of chlorpromazine were described reasonably well by a simple pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model. PMID- 3183927 TI - Antitumor activity, mitogenicity, and lethal toxicity of chemically synthesized monosaccharide analogs of lipid A. AB - Antitumor activity of three derivatives of chemically synthesized diacyloxyacylglucosamine-4-phosphate (acyl-GlcN-4P) linked 3-deoxy-D-manno-2 octulosonic acid (KDO) and 12 derivatives of acyl-GlcN-4P or acyloxyacylglucosamine-6-phosphate (acyl-GlcN-6P) with chiral acyloxyacyl groups at the C-2 and C-3 positions was examined. Ehrlich carcinoma cells (1 x 10(4] were inoculated i.p. into ddY mice on day 0, and these compounds (100 micrograms/d/mouse) were administered i.p. on days -5, -2, +1, +3, and +5. Although the antitumor activity of the acyl-GlcN-4P linked KDO was weaker than that of the natural lipopolysaccharide, groups of mice administered A-301 with di 3-hexadecanoyloxytetradecanoyl [(R)C14-O-C16] at C-2, -3, and A-303 with di-3 tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl [(R)C14-O-C14] showed longer mean survival times than the control group. However, KDO-attachment appeared not to enhance the antitumor activity of acyl-GlcN-4P. The group of mice administered acyl-GlcN-4P (A-145) or acyl-GlcN-6P (A-144 and A-146), which have an acyloxyacyl group at C 2, -3, showed prolonged survival times when compared to the control group, but the differences were not significant. On the other hand, when compound A-107 with [(S)C14-O-C14] at the C-2 position and 6-phosphate was administered to 5 mice, 3 mice survived for 25 d. Furthermore, mitogenicity for splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice and lethal toxicity in C57BL/6 mice sensitized with D-galactosamine were observed with the acyl-GlcN-4P or -6P derivatives with (R) or (S) isomers of fatty acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183928 TI - Center for Intraocular Lens Research transfers to Medical University of South Carolina. PMID- 3183929 TI - Clinical uses of collagen shields. AB - Collagen shields immersed in tobramycin solution for one minute were applied to one eye each of 60 patients who had had cataract extraction, penetrating keratoplasty, or epikeratophakia or who had nonsurgical epithelial healing problems. The shields were well tolerated; one patient had the shield removed and one patient lost the shield in the early postoperative period. The surgical patients showed more rapid healing of epithelial defects after surgery with the use of the collagen shield. Patients with acute nonsurgical epithelial problems, such as contact lens abrasions and recurrent erosion, responded to the use of the collagen shield with improved healing. Patients with chronic epithelial defects responded poorly, presumably because underlying abnormalities in Bowman's layer prevented epithelial growth in the area of the defect. No infections were noted in any of the patients. The collagen shields appear to promote enhanced healing in patients with postsurgical and acute epithelial defects and to provide adequate antibiotic prophylaxis against infection in these vulnerable eyes. PMID- 3183930 TI - Collagen shield drug delivery: therapeutic concentrations of tobramycin in the rabbit cornea and aqueous humor. AB - Collagen shields made of porcine collagen were placed in a solution containing tobramycin sulfate (40 or 200 mg/ml) for five minutes, then applied to rabbit eyes. One, four, or eight hours after application, the corneas, aqueous humor samples, and shields were assayed for antibiotic. At all intervals, the concentration of antibiotic in the corneas and aqueous humor samples exceeded the mean inhibitory concentration for tobramycin, as determined for most strains of Pseudomonas. Shields immersed in 200 mg/ml tobramycin produced significantly higher concentrations of antibiotic in the cornea at one hour than subconjunctival injections of tobramycin (20 mg) (P = .0001). Shields immersed in 40 mg/ml tobramycin produced higher, although not significantly higher, concentrations of antibiotic in the cornea at one hour than subconjunctival injections of tobramycin (20 mg) (P = .318). Shields immersed in commercially available tobramycin drops or injectable tobramycin solution (40 mg/ml) caused no epithelial damage visible by slitlamp examination. Collagen shields containing antibiotics can serve as a vehicle for drug delivery and may prove superior to current methods for preoperative and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis and the initial treatment of bacterial keratitis. PMID- 3183932 TI - In vitro evaluation of iris chafe protection afforded by hydrophilic surface modification of polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses. AB - An in vitro iris chafe test was developed to evaluate possible differences in abrasive interaction of various intraocular lens (IOL) materials with the posterior surface of the iris. The materials that were compared in initial tests with rabbit irides were high molecular weight polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), the primary IOL material in current use, and surface-modified PMMA, which had a permanent, chemically bound, hydrophilic, polymer surface. Scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, and examination of histological sections were used to assess tissue damage. A "window defect" type of abrasive damage was observed by light microscopy for PMMA lenses and is very similar in appearance to that seen for iris abrasion by human implants when viewed in vivo in slitlamp examinations. Results for both pigmented and albino rabbit irides indicate a reduction in abrasive insult to the external iris basement membrane and underlying pigment epithelium by the hydrophilic surface modification of PMMA. These results are consistent with our observation of a major reduction in corneal endothelium damage on contact with the hydrophilic surface-modified PMMA as compared with PMMA itself. This in vitro iris abrasion test, therefore, appears to be a useful technique for future evaluation of IOL surface properties. PMID- 3183931 TI - Use of collagen corneal shields versus soft contact lenses to enhance penetration of topical tobramycin. AB - We compared the corneal penetration in rabbits of topical tobramycin in the presence of collagen corneal shields and bandage soft contact lenses. A collagen corneal shield was placed on six albino rabbit eyes, while therapeutic soft contact lenses (61.4% poly-2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate/38.6% water) were placed on six eyes. Four control eyes received no shield or contact lens. Topical tobramycin was applied to all 16 eyes every five minutes for six doses. Samples of aqueous humor were removed at 15 and 60 minutes following the last dose. Collagen corneal shields allowed a significant (P less than .05) increase in tobramycin penetration into the anterior chamber at 60 minutes compared with hydrophilic soft contact lenses or controls. PMID- 3183933 TI - Intraocular lens material evaluation by iris abrasion in vitro: a scanning electron microscope study. AB - Prosthetic posterior chamber intraocular lenses can abrade the iris pigmented epithelium, resulting in pigment dispersion, callus formation, and iris adhesions. To evaluate iris abrasion from intraocular lens materials, we developed an in vitro test and studied three materials: polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), silicone, and PMMA surface-modified by covalent binding of a hydrophilic polymer (surface-modified PMMA). Each lens was rubbed 1,000 times on the posterior iris of pigmented rabbits using a total force of 0.5 gram. Scanning electron micrographs of the abraded irides were scored using a subjective, nonparametric numerical scale. Polymethyl-methacrylate lenses removed iris epithelium completely, exposing underlying connective tissue. Silicone lenses damaged an area longer and narrower than the PMMA lens and also exposed connective tissue. Surface-modified PMMA lenses caused only slight surface damage, including flattening or breaking of protruding suspensory ligaments. The test conditions used cannot precisely mimic prolonged lens implantation in living subjects. Nevertheless, the results indicate that iris-lens interaction may be reduced in vivo by using a surface-modified PMMA lens. This hypothesis should be further verified by animal implantation studies. PMID- 3183934 TI - Intraocular lens damage from Nd:YAG laser pulses focused in the vitreous. Part I: Q-switched lasers. AB - The damage resulting from laser-induced optical breakdown and plasma formation on or near an intraocular lens (IOL) has been well described, but there is another form of damage, not associated with optical breakdown, that can harm an IOL. The parameters that lead to this damage were investigated. Polymethylmethacrylate IOLs were irradiated by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser beam focused so that plasmas were formed well clear of the IOL. Damage was induced in the volume of plastic through which the laser beam passed and was cumulative, not being visible until several laser pulses had passed through the lens. The number of pulses required to produce damage varied inversely with the distance between the IOL and the site of plasma formation. This damage is most likely to occur clinically when vitreous structures are targeted in the pseudophakic eye. PMID- 3183935 TI - Intraocular lens damage from Nd:YAG laser pulses focused in the vitreous. Part II: Mode-locked lasers. AB - Damage can be induced within the interior of a plastic intraocular lens (IOL) by a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser when the beam's focus lies well behind the IOL. This type of damage, which has not been reported, is the result of cumulative, multiple exposures. The damage differs from that created by optical breakdown (plasma formation) within the plastic, which occurs only when the beam is focused within or near the IOL surface. This type of damage can be avoided clinically by minimizing the number of pulsed exposures along the same beam path. PMID- 3183937 TI - Comparison of suture materials for closure of the scleral pocket incision. AB - Eighty-five eyes had similar phacoemulsification with posterior chamber lens implantation through a scleral pocket incision. In all cases, wound closure was accomplished with a running suture closed under control of surgical keratometry with operative intraocular pressure established at 15 mm Hg. Three groups were established to determine the influence of various suture materials on the course of postoperative astigmatism; 35 eyes were closed with 10-0 nylon, 25 eyes with 9 0 nylon, and 25 eyes with 10-0 polyester. The results demonstrated a reduced iatrogenic with-the-rule astigmatic shift early after surgery in the group closed with 10-0 nylon compared to the groups closed with the other suture materials. The results for all three groups in the late postoperative period were indistinguishable. A tendency for giant papillary conjunctivitis was noted in the eyes closed with 10-0 polyester. PMID- 3183936 TI - Specular microscopy of the anterior lens capsule after endocapsular lens implantation. AB - Endocapsular phacoemulsification and complete in-the-bag intraocular lens (IOL) fixation was performed on 77 eyes. Specular microscopy of the anterior lens capsule was performed postoperatively, and the process of anterior capsule opacification after endocapsular cataract surgery was classified. Lens epithelial cells on the inner surface of the anterior lens capsule, facing the optical portion of the IOL, underwent a diffuse fibrosis. In more peripheral areas, where the anterior and posterior capsules were tightly adherent, the regularly proliferating lens epithelial cells retained their polygonal shape. These findings suggest the possibility of retaining the transparency of the anterior lens capsule postoperatively by refilling the capsular bag to apply internal pressure. PMID- 3183939 TI - How do you evaluate the corneal endothelium prior to routine cataract surgery? PMID- 3183938 TI - Anticoagulants and cataract surgery. AB - To evaluate complications resulting from increased bleeding, 2,178 cataract surgery patients, 28 of whom were on anticoagulants, were studied prospectively. The anticoagulated patients showed no increase in sight-threatening complications when compared to the nonanticoagulated cataract patients. PMID- 3183940 TI - The incidence of secondary posterior capsulotomy in convex-posterior vs. convex anterior posterior chamber intraocular lenses. PMID- 3183941 TI - The 9 diopter surprise revisited. PMID- 3183942 TI - Experience with hexagonal keratotomy. PMID- 3183943 TI - Unnecessary alarm about lovastatin and cataracts. PMID- 3183944 TI - High affinity dextromethorphan binding sites in guinea pig brain: further characterization and allosteric interactions. AB - Dextromethorphan (DM), a non-narcotic antitussive with anticonvulsant activity, binds to high (Kd, 57 nM)- and low-affinity sites (Kd, 24 microM) in the guinea pig brain. This work, done at physiological pH, expands previous results obtained at pH 8.3. Phenytoin (PHT) produces an allosteric increase in the binding of [3H]DM, which is more marked than that reported previously: PHT (100 microM,) at pH 7.4, increased the binding affinity of [3H]DM to brain homogenates 4-fold, without changing the concentration of DM sites. Moreover, ropizine (SC-13504) an anticonvulsant benzhydryl piperazine, also produced a marked concentration dependent increase in the binding of [3H]DM, which is mediated by a decrease in the dissociation rate of [3H]DM. Importantly, the effects of ropizine are fully apparent at 10 microM, 10-fold lower than those of PHT. The effects of PHT and ropizine show that the affinity of the DM sites can be increased by other ligands, suggesting that these sites are located on macromolecules that can exist in at least two conformational states. [3H]DM also binds to peripheral tissues, but the brain displays the highest affinity. Besides, the central and peripheral sites are different as determined by competition studies with caramiphen and carbetapentane, which are DM site ligands with antitussive and anticonvulsant activity. The results reported in this communication are consistent with the hypothesis that the high-affinity DM binding sites mediate antitussive and anticonvulsant activity when occupied by the appropriate ligand. PMID- 3183945 TI - A radioimmunoassay for pyridostigmine. AB - Antipyridostigmine antibodies were produced in rabbits using a pyridostigmine analog conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. These antibodies were used for development of a radioimmunoassay that has a linear standard curve (r2 = 0.986) ranging from 0.5 to 10.0 ng/ml of pyridostigmine bromide in a 0.1-ml plasma sample. This assay measures pyridostigmine in plasma with better sensitivity and much greater through-put than do current state-of-the-art high-performance liquid chromatography techniques. In addition, only small volumes (100 microliter) of the plasma samples are required. Plasma levels of pyridostigmine were determined in the rat after intramuscular administration (0.056 mg/kg) of pyridostigmine bromide. Estimates of the various pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the computer program NONLIN84. The results were as follows: apparent volume of distribution = 1.97 l/kg, absorption rate constant = 0.277 min-1, elimination rate constant = 0.0273 min-1, area under the curve = 1010 ng x min/ml, absorption rate half-life = 2.41 min, elimination rate half-life = 24.8 min, maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) = 21.3 ng/ml and time to Cmax = 9.02 min. PMID- 3183946 TI - Thromboxane A2 antagonist and diltiazem-induced enhancement of contractile function: the effect of timing of treatment. AB - We determined the ability of the thromboxane A2 antagonist SQ 29,548 or diltiazem to enhance postischemic myocardial function and if the effects of these compounds were occurring during occlusion or reperfusion periods. Anesthetized open-chest dogs were pretreated with i.v. saline, SQ 29,548 (0.20 mg/kg + 0.20 mg/kg/hr) or diltiazem (0.18 mg/kg) 15 min before the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded. In another group, animals were given saline, SQ 29,548 or diltiazem 1 min before reperfusion. The occlusion was maintained for 15 min and reperfusion instituted for 5 hr. Subendocardial segmental shortening was monitored throughout the experiment using sonomicrometry. Left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion resulted in marked systolic bulging to similar levels in all groups. Upon reperfusion, function returned immediately but, after several min, hypokinesia existed in saline-treated animals. At 5-hr postreperfusion, percentage of shortening returned to only 20% of base-line values in saline treated animals. Both diltiazem and SQ 29,548 pretreatment resulted in significant (P less than .05) improvements in function such that at 5-hr postreperfusion, shortening returned to 60% of base-line values. When given immediately before reperfusion, SQ 29,548 still resulted in significant protection of function, although this occurred much later compared to pretreated animals. Diltiazem did not improve function when given immediately before reperfusion. SQ 29,548 improves reperfusion function and, thus by inference, thromboxane A2 may play a role in postischemic hypokinesia and some of its protective effects may occur during reperfusion. Diltiazem seems to protect reperfusion function only when present during ischemia per se. PMID- 3183947 TI - Ontogeny of renal hemodynamic response to terbutaline and forskolin in sheep. AB - The renal hemodynamic response to renal arterial infusions of terbutaline and forskolin were compared in chronically instrumented fetal (129-139 days gestation; term 145 days), newborn (7-14 days old) and nonpregnant adult sheep. Infusions of terbutaline produced renal vasodilation in all age groups with maximal increases being higher in fetal (47 +/- 7%) than in newborn (30 +/- 8%) or adult sheep (24 +/- 5%). Terbutaline-mediated renal vasodilation was inhibited by the selective beta 2 adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 118,551, whereas infusion of selective beta 1 adrenoceptor antagonist, ICI 89,406, had no effect. Moreover, terbutaline effects were unchanged after phentolamine infusion to inhibit potential antagonistic effects of neuronal norepinephrine release by presynaptic beta 2 adrenoceptor stimulation. Renal arterial infusion of forskolin produced renal vasodilation of similar magnitude in all age groups, with maximal increases of 46 +/- 5, 38 +/- 3 and 38 +/- 5% in fetal, newborn and adult sheep, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that renal vasodilatory mechanisms stimulated by selective activation of beta 2 adrenoceptors (terbutaline) are greater during fetal life. However, direct activation of adenylate cyclase with forskolin produces essentially similar renal vasodilatory responses during development in sheep. Thus, reasons to explain age-dependent differences in renal vasodilation observed previously with endogenous catecholamines may be at the receptor-hormone level. PMID- 3183948 TI - Alterations in acetylcholine metabolism in rat striatal slices by a 4-methyl piperidine analog of hemicholinium-3. AB - The in vitro effects of a tertiary amine, 4-methyl piperidine analog of hemicholinium-3 (A-4), were investigated on acetylcholine (ACh) metabolism in rat striatal slices. Rat striatal slices were incubated in the presence of 1.0 microM [3H]-choline in the presence or absence of 0.1 mM A-4. High pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection was utilized to separate and measure total and [3H]-labeled ACh and choline. The effects of A-4 on [3H] choline uptake, ACh and choline content, ACh release, and specific activity of ACh and choline tissue pools were investigated. Results indicated that A-4 inhibited the uptake of [3H]-choline into the striatal slices. Addition of 0.1 mM A-4 also produced a significant reduction in ACh content and ACh release and reduced the specific activity of the tissue choline and ACh pools. The effects of A-4 were more prominent upon immediate incubation than after a 60-min preincubation. These studies demonstrate that the pharmacological effects exhibited by A-4 are consistent with inhibition of choline uptake, with subsequent reduction in ACh synthesis and release. PMID- 3183949 TI - Exposure of striatal [corrected] synaptosomes to L-dopa increases levels of oxidized glutathione. AB - Incubation of striatal synaptosomes with L-dopa and glucose in either the presence or absence of 10 microM reserpine resulted in a rise in the level of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) within the isolated tissue pellet. The rise in GSSG was concentration dependent in the range of 0.04-1.0 mM L-dopa. With 1.0 mM L dopa in the presence of reserpine, the GSSG level was elevated by 7.0 +/- 0.7 pmol/mg original striatal tissue, which corresponds to an increase of 38.0 +/- 4.5% compared with control. The rise in GSSG reflects an oxidative stress. The oxidation of dopamine by monoamine oxidase generates H2O2, which is normally detoxified by glutathione peroxidase to yield GSSG. In the presence of clorgyline or pargyline (two monoamine oxidase inhibitors), the rise in GSSG was suppressed by 88-92%, as was the formation of DOPAC. NSD-1055 and carbidopa (two inhibitors of dopa-decarboxylase) also significantly suppressed (50-60%) the rise in GSSG. These data show that the synthesis of dopamine from L-dopa, with subsequent catabolism of dopamine, can evoke a significant rise in the level of GSSG, which reflects the oxidant stress associated with monoamine oxidase activity. PMID- 3183950 TI - Characterization of a pentylenetetrazol-like interoceptive stimulus produced by ethanol withdrawal. AB - Rats were trained with food reinforcement to discriminate the anxiogenic drug pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 20 mg/kg) from saline in a two-lever-choice task. In Experiment 1, ethanol, 8.25% w/v was given by gavage (7/day) for 4 days, with doses titrated to maintain moderate intoxication. After termination of ethanol, the rats exhibited mild overt signs of withdrawal and, in discrimination tests with saline as the test substance, they selected the PTZ lever, an effect reversed by ethanol, 2 g/kg, and by diazepam, 5 mg/kg. In Experiment 2, rats drank a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing ethanol, 4.5% w/v, for 1 week. They became tolerant to the intoxicating effect of ethanol, and blood ethanol concentration mounted with continued dosing. On termination of chronic ethanol, rats selected the PTZ lever before the onset of overt physical signs of withdrawal, and both measures returned to base line within 3 days. In Experiment 3 the percentage of rats selecting the PTZ lever after termination of ethanol depended upon the dose (up to 12.5 g/kg) and duration (up to a ceiling effect by 3 days) of ethanol administered chronically. These results indicate that a PTZ like stimulus produced interoceptively can be demonstrated in the rat as an objective measure of ethanol withdrawal. This paradigm may provide insight into the symptom of anxiety associated with ethanol withdrawal. PMID- 3183951 TI - Differential effects of d- and l-pimobendan on cardiac myofilament calcium sensitivity. AB - The effects is of the optical isomers of pimobendan (UD-CG 115 BS), an inotropic agent, were studied on the electrical and mechanical activity of intact and detergent-skinned preparations of cardiac muscle from guinea pig and dog. Racemic pimobendan has been shown to increase contractile force and to potentiate slow action potentials (AP) induced by stimulation of papillary muscle partially depolarized with 25 mM [K]o. These effects are shown in this study to be mainly due to the l-optical isomer of pimobendan. When slow APs were maximally stimulated by 1 microM isoproterenol, addition of either the d- or l-isomer of pimobendan did not affect the slow AP parameters. However, under these conditions, contractile force was significantly increased to 124% of control by the d-isomer and to 184% of control by the l-isomer. These results suggest that pimobendan may have direct effects on the myofilaments and that these effects are dependent on the optical isomer of the compound. To test this directly, the effects of d- and l-pimobendan were compared on Ca++-activated force developed by detergent-skinned heart muscle fibers. Submaximal force developed at constant Ca++ was increased by both optical isomers, but the l-isomer had a significantly greater Ca++-sensitizing effect. For example at pCa 6.75 force was 270% of control in the presence of the d-isomer and 400% of control in the presence of the l-isomer. At pCa 5, there was no effect of either isomer on force developed by the skinned fiber preparations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183952 TI - Effects of buprenorphine, methadone and naloxone on acquisition of behavioral chains. AB - Buprenorphine, methadone and naloxone were administered to pigeons key pecking under a repeated acquisition procedure. Under this procedure subjects are required to emit a new sequence of responses each session to receive access to food. All three drugs reduced overall key pecking rates although naloxone's rate reducing effect was limited to the highest dose (30 mg/kg). The dose-effect curves for overall key pecking rate under buprenorphine and methadone were similar though the effective dose range for buprenorphine appeared wider. Methadone increased percentage of total errors at the highest doses, but neither buprenorphine nor naloxone affected total error levels very much. Within-session errors were increased early in the session under high methadone doses. Low buprenorphine doses also showed some tendency to increase errors early in the session. Buprenorphine and methadone reduced the number of chains completed in a dose-dependent manner. Buprenorphine was also administered daily at the most behaviorally disruptive dose (10 mg/kg/day). Under this dosing schedule, the behavior-suppressing effects of buprenorphine returned to base-line levels within 4 days. Error rates were unaffected by daily buprenorphine administration. PMID- 3183953 TI - Accumulation and clearance of morphine-3-beta-D-glucuronide in fetal lambs. AB - The time course and extent of morphine-3-beta-D-glucuronide (M3G) production from morphine (MOR) and the clearance of M3G from plasma was studied in the late gestation fetal lamb. MOR was infused at a constant rate into the fetal vena cava and plasma was sampled from the fetus and ewe. Amniotic fluid was also sampled in one animal. M3G was produced in the fetal lamb and accumulated extensively in fetal plasma and amniotic fluid. Seizure activity was observed in two fetal lambs with extremely high plasma concentrations of M3G and MOR. The molar ratio of M3G to MOR in fetal plasma was dependent upon the duration of infusion, reaching a plateau of 60 at about 3 days, but appeared to be independent of the infusion rate over the range studied, 3 to 30 mg hr-1. Maternal plasma MOR and M3G concentrations were substantially less than corresponding fetal plasma concentrations. Using the steady-state plasma concentration of M3G obtained from infusion of MOR and the clearance of M3G derived from single injection of M3G to fetal lambs, the fraction of MOR converted to M3G by the fetus was calculated to be 0.63. Although MOR is conjugated to glucuronic acid in the fetal lamb and excreted into the amniotic fluid it is not readily transferred across the epitheliochorial placenta to the ewe because of restricted permeability. PMID- 3183954 TI - The positive chronotropic effect of acetylcholine has muscarinic and nicotinic components in the neonatal rat heart. AB - Acetylcholine increases ventricular automaticity in neonatal but not adult canine Purkinje fibers. In this study, we used a rat model to investigate the mechanism for the increased automaticity, and used surface electrodes to record spontaneous rates from the ventricular septa of three different age groups: 1 to 2 days old (neonates), 6 to 9 days old (1 week old) and adults. Acetylcholine, 10(-12) and 10(-11) M, induced a significant increase in automaticity from a control of 103 +/- 6.5 beats per min to 117 +/- 9.0 and 118 +/- 10.8 beats per min, respectively, in the neonates (P less than .05). The increase was attenuated by atropine, 2 x 10(-6) M (P = .05), and eliminated by propranolol, 2 x 10(-7) M, or hexamethonium, 5 x 10(-6) M (P less than .05). In 1-week-old rats, acetylcholine, 10(-12) M, induced a lesser increase in automaticity from a control of 106 +/- 13.0 to 113 +/- 14.0 beats per min (P less than .05). The increase was blocked by atropine, 2 x 10(-6) M, propranolol, 2 x 10(-7) M, and by hexamethonium, 5 x 10( 6) M (all P less than .05). In adults, acetylcholine did not increase automaticity. Among the neonatal septa, 82% showed increased automaticity with acetylcholine alone, 78% showed increased automaticity in the presence of atropine and 13% showed increased automaticity in the presence of either propranolol or hexamethonium, suggesting a largely nicotinic mediated and catecholamine dependent component. In 1-week-old septa, 75% showed increased automaticity with acetylcholine alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183955 TI - Gallamine allosterically antagonizes muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity in the rat myocardium. AB - The ability of gallamine to modify muscarinic receptor binding properties and to antagonize muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity was investigated in the rat myocardium. Gallamine caused parallel shifts to the right in the dose-response curves for inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity by the highly efficacious muscarinic agonist oxotremorine-M and the partial agonist Bm 5 [N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino)-2-butynyl acetamide]. The nature of this effect was inconsistent with competitive inhibition, but could be explained by allosteric antagonism. Similar dissociation constants of 0.52 and 0.83 microM were estimated for gallamine on the basis of its ability to antagonize responses to oxotremorine-M and Bm 5, respectively. The maximum shift in the dose-response curve of Bm 5 caused by gallamine was 90-fold, whereas that of oxotremorine-M was only 49-fold. When measured by inhibition of the binding of the specific muscarinic antagonist [3H]N-methylscopolamine, the dissociation constant of gallamine was estimated to be 1.1 microM. The present results illustrate good agreement between the ability of gallamine to modify muscarinic receptor binding properties and to antagonize muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity in the rat heart. PMID- 3183956 TI - Morphine antinociception in different strains of mice: relationship of supraspinal-spinal multiplicative interaction to tolerance. AB - In the rat and mouse when morphine is coadministered intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) in the brain and intrathecally (i.t.) in the spinal cord, a multiplicative (synergistic) interaction occurs for the antinociceptive response. In the male Swiss Cox mouse, with the development of a high degree of systemic tolerance to morphine, this multiplicative interaction decreases (becomes additive), whereas no change occurs in the ED50 for the i.c.v. or i.t. site itself. The purpose of the present study was to extend these findings in one mouse strain to other strains in order to determine how generally applicable such findings are to the phenomenon of tolerance to morphine. Eight different strains of outbred mice were used in the antinociceptive tail-flick test to quantify the multiplicative interaction of simultaneous administration (i.c.v. and i.t.) in relation to the amount of tolerance developed to morphine administered systemically (s.c.). Even though the control ED50 values for s.c. morphine were similar among strains, the amounts of tolerance developed by 3 days of implantation of a morphine pellet were very different (2-18-fold). A relationship was found between the degree of tolerance developed to s.c. morphine and changes in the multiplicative interaction (as reflected by changes in the i.c.v. plus i.t. morphine ED50 values). In control animals, a multiplicative i.c.v.-i.t. interaction was produced in six of the eight strains, whereas an additive interaction was shown in the remaining two strains. With 3 days of morphine pellet implantation, in three strains which developed a large amount of tolerance to s.c. morphine (7-18-fold), the multiplicative interaction decreased to an additive interaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183957 TI - Effect of ibopamine and the active metabolite epinine on the catecholamine content of rat hypothalamus and brainstem in vitro. AB - The effect of ibopamine (IBO) (SB 7505, SK&F 100168-A), a new drug for the treatment of congestive heart failure, and its active metabolite epinine (EPN) (N methyldopamine), on the catecholamine content of hypothalamus and brainstem was studied in vitro after monoamine oxidase inhibition with pargyline. IBO and EPN increased levels of epinephrine (EPI) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in both brain areas without significantly affecting the concentration of other catecholamines. Inhibition of either dopamine beta-hydroxylase, the neuronal EPI and norepinephrine uptake system, or esterase hydrolysis of IBO prevented the increase of EPI, whereas inhibition of phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase, enzymatic dealkylation or the neuronal dopamine or serotonin uptake system had no influence on the increase of EPI levels. These results suggest that IBO after hydrolysis to EPN can be converted enzymatically to EPI by dopamine beta-hydroxylase in hypothalamus and brainstem. EPN seems to be accumulated into adrenergic and noradrenergic neurons by the high affinity uptake system. Changes in the EPI content of the central nervous system neurons might be responsible for some of the pharmacologic effects of IBO. PMID- 3183958 TI - Biological effects of the orally active platelet activating factor receptor antagonist SDZ 64-412. AB - SDZ 64-412 is a trimethoxyphenylethylphenyl imidazo[2,1-a] isoquinoline molecule that displays marked in vitro inhibition of platelet activating factor (PAF) induced human platelet aggregation (IC50 = 60 nM) but is without inhibition (at 100 microM) of epinephrine-, ADP- or collagen-induced aggregation. SDZ 64-412 antagonized receptor binding of radiolabeled PAF to human platelet membranes with an IC50 = 60 nM. In the rat, SDZ 64-412 inhibited 100 ng kg-1 PAF-induced hypotension when given i.v. (ED50 = 0.23 mg kg-1) or p.o. (ED50 = 13 mg kg-1). In the guinea pig, SDZ 64-412 inhibited 50 ng kg-1 PAF-induced bronchoconstriction (ED50 = 4.2 mg kg-1 p.o.) and hemoconcentration (ED50 = 5.0 mg kg-1 p.o.). SDZ 64 412 exhibited oral activity in the dog against 1.5 micrograms kg-1 PAF-induced hypotension (ED50 = 5.1 mg kg-1 p.o.) and hemoconcentration (ED50 = 4.9 mg kg-1) and 3.5 micrograms kg-1 PAF-induced hemoconcentration in the cebus primate (ED50 = 12.8 mg kg-1 p.o.). SDZ 64-412 protected in a dose-dependent manner against PAF induced lethality (LD75 = 75 micrograms kg-1 i.v.) in mice, where 20 mg kg-1 p.o. improved survival from 25 +/- 4% to 77 +/- 8%. SDZ 64-412 afforded complete protection against endotoxin-induced lethality (LD90 = 7.5 mg kg-1 endotoxin i.v.) where the ED50 was 45 mg kg-1 twice predose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183959 TI - Effect of contractile activity on muscarinic receptor density and the response to muscarinic agonists. AB - Autonomic receptor density can be modulated by alterations in neuronal activity over a relatively short period of time (hours). The current study investigates whether increased in vivo stimulation of urinary bladder smooth muscle can alter muscarinic receptor density and response to muscarinic stimulation. A high degree of reflex stimulation of the urinary bladder (rabbits) was initiated by stricture of the external urethra. Intravesical pressure and intra-abdominal pressure were monitored continuously over a 4-hr time period. At the end of the 4-hr period, the rabbits were sacrificed and isolated strips of bladder body were either mounted in isolated smooth muscle baths for contractile studies or frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen for muscarinic receptor analysis. These studies demonstrated that over 4 hr of urethral stricture there was a significant reduction in muscarinic receptor density from a Bmax of 34 +/- 3.4 fmol/mg of protein in control bladder strips to 22 +/- 2.4 fmol/mg of protein in the experimental group. In association with the decreased muscarinic receptor density, there was a significant and selective decrease in the contractile response to muscarinic stimulation. Similar to the in vivo studies, repetitive field stimulation of in vitro strips resulted in a significant decrease in muscarinic receptor density and a significant and selective decrease in the contractile response to muscarinic stimulation. The results from these studies indicate that muscarinic receptor density, and response to muscarinic stimulation, can be modulated over a relatively short period of time by alterations in the level of neuronal stimulation. PMID- 3183960 TI - Stereoisomers of quaternary and tertiary 4-methyl piperidine analogs of hemicholinium-3. AB - Previous studies have shown that quaternary and tertiary 4-methyl piperidine derivatives of hemicholinium-3 (A-5 and A-4, respectively) are potent inhibitors of choline uptake. The d-, l-, and mesostereoisomers of A-5 and A-4 were separated and the potency and reversibility were compared. Isomeric forms of each compound were found to be approximately equipotent inhibitors in the following preparations: inhibition of rabbit neuromuscular transmission using the sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle preparation, reductions in acetylcholine content in rat caudate tissue slices and inhibition of choline uptake in neuroblastoma cells, line NB41A3. Because these results show no difference in potency or reversibility for the stereoisomers of A-5 or A-4, these studies indicate that hydroxyl substitutions in these agents do not play a role in their biologic activity. Perhaps only 2-point attachment is required for inhibition of choline transport by hemicholinium-like compounds. PMID- 3183961 TI - Evaluation of enkephalinase inhibition in the living mouse, using [3H]acetorphan as a probe. AB - A novel in vivo binding test was developed in order to evaluate the degree of occupancy of enkephalinase (EC 3.4.24.11), a membrane-bound metallopeptidase, in cerebral and peripheral tissues of mice treated with enkephalinase inhibitors. The probe selected for this purpose was the prodrug [3H]acetorphan, a lipophilic diesterified derivative of the potent enkephalinase inhibitor thiorphan readily releasing the latter by tissue hydrolysis. In order to validate the in vivo binding assay, [3H]thiorphan binding to membranes was first studied in vitro. [3H]Thiorphan binding to cerebral and peripheral tissues (lung and kidney) was saturable over a low nonspecific binding, occurring with a KD of 0.6 nM consistent with the Ki of the compound as enkephalinase inhibitor. [3H]Thiorphan binding varied largely among various tissues and was highly correlated with the catalytic activity of enkephalinase, thus indicating a selective labeling of the peptidase. After the i.v. administration of [3H]acetorphan a large fraction of the radioactivity remained bound to membranes isolated by a rapid filtration assay. Bound radioactivity mainly corresponded to [3H] thiorphan as identified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of kidney membranes, whereas unchanged [3H]acetorphan was not detectable. In vivo binding generated by [3H]acetorphan was saturable, with maximum binding sites values which were in rather good agreement with corresponding maximum binding sites values of [3H]thiorphan binding in vitro, particularly in brain. Specific in vivo binding was calculated as the difference between total and a generally low, nonspecific binding evaluated in mice receiving a large dose of nonlabeled acetorphan. Specific in vivo binding varied largely among tissues and generally reflected the abundance of enkephalinase molecules in the latter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183962 TI - Central action of prostaglandin E2 and its methyl ester in the induction of hyperthermia after their systemic administration in urethane-anesthetized rats. AB - Intravenous injection of prostaglandin (PG) E2 (0.01-1.0 mg/kg) induced a dose dependent increase in the rectal temperature of urethane-anesthetized rats; the maximum change attained was 0.14 +/- 0.08 to 1.38 +/- 0.16 degrees C at 23 to 51 min after injection. The i.v. injection of PGE2 methyl ester (PGE2-Me), a lipophilic derivative of PGE2, resulted in hyperthermia 1.5-fold higher than that by PGE2 injection over the same dose range. The hyperthermia was associated with tachycardia, hypertension, cutaneous vasodilation and a rise in abdominal skin temperature. Using [3H]PGE2 and radioimmunoassay, we showed PGE2 to be transported into the brain immediately (15 sec) after the i.v. injection of the PG; the PGE2 content ranged from 2.3 +/- 0.5 to 102.6 +/- 5.5 ng/g of brain when given at 0.01 to 1.0 mg/kg, which was 0.07 to 0.13% of the administered dose. When [3H]PGE2-Me was used, the radioactivity in the brain at 15 sec after injection was 1.3- to 2.9-fold higher than that after [3H]PGE2 injection. However, 80% or more of PGE2-Me was hydrolyzed rapidly and recovered as PGE2 in the brain within 15 sec post-injection. PGE2-Me disappeared within 5 min. When PGE2 or PGE2-Me administered i.v. was followed in terms of PGE2, it decreased gradually in the brain with a half-life of 9.0 to 9.5 min in both cases, and was almost undetectable (less than 0.7 ng/g of brain) at the time when rectal temperature reached a peak. The maximum change and duration of hyperthermia were correlated closely with the PGE2 content in the brain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183963 TI - Inhibition of taurocholate transport by cyclosporin A in cultured rat hepatocytes. AB - Cyclosporin A, a powerful immunosuppressant, has been shown to interfere with the transport of bile salts and other substrates in isolated rat liver cells and to suppress bile flow and bile salt secretion in situ. Cyclosporin A was added to primary hepatocyte cultures just before taurocholate to study the immediate effects on transport. In prolonged exposure experiments cyclosporin A was dissolved in culture media. Efflux was studied by preloading cultured cells with [14C]taurocholate and then changing to sodium-free buffer containing no taurocholate. Cyclosporin A inhibited the uptake and efflux of taurocholate in a competitive manner when added just before determination of transport. Hepatocyte cultures which were pre-exposed to cyclosporin A (1-25 microM) for 18 hr and then washed, also showed a significantly lower taurocholate uptake. The longer the pre exposure time the greater was the suppression. However, the inhibition could be reversed gradually by incubation of cultured cells in fresh media, complete reversal being attained within 3 hr. These results indicate that cyclosporin A competitively inhibits the taurocholate transport system. The interaction between cyclosporin A and transport components is rapid and long lasting but reversible. PMID- 3183964 TI - Combined hepatic arterial-portal venous and hepatic arterial-hepatic venous perfusions to probe the abundance of drug metabolizing activities: perihepatic venous O-deethylation activity for phenacetin and periportal sulfation activity for acetaminophen in the once-through rat liver preparation. AB - Although normal-retrograde liver perfusion allows definition of relative distribution patterns of multienzyme systems involved in parallel, competing and sequential metabolic pathways, the technique fails to describe localization patterns for unienzyme systems. A novel method of perfusion, which can describe the relative zonal enrichment of drug metabolizing activity of unienzyme systems in periportal region and in the entire liver, is described. The rat liver was perfused once-through with combined hepatic arterial (2 ml/min/liver-containing drug) and portal or hepatic venous (10 ml/min/liver, without drug) flows [HAPV and HAHV]. Because of known enrichment of phenacetin O-deethylation and acetaminophen sulfation activities in the perihepatic venous and periportal regions, respectively, metabolic data derived with these compounds were used for validation of the method. The overall steady-state hepatic extraction ratio of [3H]phenacetin during HAPV (0.88-0.98) was decreased markedly during HAHV (0.06 0.47), but was reduced to a lesser extent for preformed [3H]acetaminophen (0.57 0.86 for HAPV to 0.23-0.62 for HAHV). Because a comparison of metabolic activities encountered by substrate(s) [estimated from extraction ratios] required normalization to the intracellular water spaces accessed during both HAPV and HAHV, the multiple indicator dilution technique (a bolus injection of noneliminated reference materials: 51Cr-labeled RBC, 125I-labeled albumin, [14C]sucrose and 3H2O) into the hepatic artery during both HAPV and HAHV was used, with outflow profiles from the hepatic vein or portal vein characterized by rapid serial collections. Sinusoidal blood volume, albumin accessible Disse space, sucrose accessible Disse space and the estimated intracellular water space reached during HAHV were 48, 56, 53 and 33% those during HAPV. The ratios of intrinsic clearances per volume of cell water space for HAHV/HAPV, representing periportal activity/whole liver activity were: phenacetin O-deethylation, 0.34 and acetaminophen sulfation, 1.13. These findings validate the use of HAHV and HAPV perfusion for the examination of relative abundances of enzymic activities across the liver acinus for substrates metabolized by unienzyme systems. PMID- 3183965 TI - Release of N-[3H]methylscopolamine from isolated guinea pig atria is controlled by diffusion and rebinding. AB - This study attempts to analyze the inter-relationship between the slow fading of muscarinic antagonist action observed in isolated tissue preparations upon washout and the dissociation kinetics at the receptor level. Isolated guinea pig left atria stimulated electrically at 3 Hz were equilibrated with N [3H]methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS) and the time course of release of [3H]NMS was studied. In parallel experiments, the fading of the antimuscarinic action of NMS was monitored by repeated determinations of the negative inotropic effect of oxotremorine. In comparison, the dissociation of [3H]NMS from muscarinic receptors was recorded in a membrane suspension of guinea pig right atria. Having been equilibrated at 10(-8) M [3H]NMS, the atria released [3H]NMS extremely slowly, when transferred into a drug-free washout bath: not even half of the initially bound [3H]NMS was lost within 3 hr. With a corresponding time course, 10(-8) M oxotremorine regained its negative inotropic action. In contrast, when 10(-4) M unlabeled NMS was present in the washout bath, it took only 5 min for the [3H]NMS binding to fall by 50%. Similarly, in a membrane-suspension of guinea pig right atria, the half-life time of the [3H]NMS receptor complexes amounted to about 5 min. It is concluded that the dissociation of NMS from its receptor sites proceeds with a half-life time of 5 min in intact atria as well as in the cardiac membrane suspension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183966 TI - Hyperexcitability of hippocampal CA1 neurons in brain slices of rats chronically administered clonazepam. AB - The neuronal manifestations and mechanisms of sedative-anticonvulsant (benzodiazepine) drug withdrawal have been investigated in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices prepared from rats administered clonazepam for 1 month. Slices from clonazepam-treated rats exhibited epileptiform activity evidenced by multiple extracellular population spikes after orthodromic stimulation. These slices also demonstrated abnormally steep and variable stimulus intensity population spike curves. Intracellular recordings showed spontaneous bursts and slow paroxysmal depolarizations. To investigate the neuronal activity before and immediately after drug withdrawal, slices from drug-naive and drug-exposed rats were maintained in solution containing the approximate concentration of clonazepam (20 nM) measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of clonazepam-treated rats. Compared to CA1 neurons in hippocampal slices from drug-naive animals, neurons from clonazepam-administered animals showed an increased tendency to fire in a bursting (i.e., epileptiform) pattern when the cell was depolarized by current injection, or by orthodromic or antidromic stimulation. Upon withdrawal of clonazepam from the perfusate, the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials and spiking activity increased in cells from clonazepam treated animals and was associated with a shortening of the long-lasting postspike train after hyperpolarization. However, no change in the dendritic gamma-aminobutyric acid response was noted. This study indicates that abnormal epileptiform activity can be detected and studied in brain slices from animals chronically treated with clonazepam. PMID- 3183967 TI - Amineptine, a tricyclic antidepressant, inhibits the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids and produces microvesicular steatosis of the liver in mice. AB - Microvesicular steatosis of the liver has been reported in two subjects receiving amineptine (a tricyclic antidepressant metabolized by beta-oxidation of its acyl chain). A similar disease is observed after ingestion of drugs which inhibit hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation, or in subjects with various inborn defects in this metabolic pathway. We therefore determined the effects of amineptine on the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids in mice. In vitro, the formation of beta-oxidation products during incubation of palmitic acid with mouse liver mitochondria and the various cofactors necessary for beta-oxidation was inhibited by 27, 33, 46 and 57% respectively, in the presence of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM of amineptine. Inhibition was reversible. Tricarboxylic acid cycle activity, assessed by the in vitro formation of [14C]CO2 from [1-14C]acetyl coenzyme A by mouse liver mitochondria, was inhibited by 22, 23, 47, 54, 60 and 62%, respectively, in the presence of 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM of amineptine. In vivo, administration of amineptine, 0.5 and 0.75 mmol.kg-1, inhibited by 70 and 84%, respectively, the exhalation of [14C] CO2 during the first 3 hr after the administration of a tracer dose of [U-14C]palmitic acid. Administration of amineptine, 0.0625, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mmol.kg-1, 6 hr before the measurement, increased hepatic triglycerides by 73, 139, 295 and 320%, respectively. After 1 mmol.kg-1, accumulation of hepatic triglycerides was maximum at 24 hr, reaching 5-fold the control value; liver histology at that time showed microvesicular steatosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183968 TI - Altered hepatic calcium homeostasis in guinea pigs with halothane-induced hepatotoxicity. AB - Exposure of guinea pigs to 1% halothane in air for 4 hr resulted in extensive centrizonal hepatic necrosis in 70% of animals examined 2 to 3 days later. In contrast, confluent hepatic necrotic lesions were not present in animals studied 24 hr after halothane exposure; only microvascular fatty change of hepatocytes with occasional necrotic cells was observed at that time (in 84% of animals). This delayed onset of lesion development afforded the opportunity to study microsomal membrane composition and indices of Ca++ homeostasis before and after the onset of halothane-induced hepatic necrosis. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P 450 levels were unaltered 24 hr after halothane exposure, but fell to approximately 50% of control values at 72 hr. This indicates that such changes were most likely the result of hepatocellular necrosis. Microsomal lipid composition, including the relative proportions of individual phospholipids, was unaltered during halothane-induced hepatotoxicity. In contrast, microsomal Ca++ sequestration, as assessed by 45Ca uptake, was reduced 24 hr after halothane exposure compared with controls (2.76 +/- 1.32 nmol/mg of protein per min, vs. 6.63 +/- 2.88 nmol/mg of protein per min, P less than .001). This early change in microsomal Ca++ uptake was associated with a 10-fold increase in total hepatic Ca++ content at 24 hr. Subsequent changes in hepatic Ca++ content were proportionate to the severity of liver necrosis. The observation that abnormalities of hepatic Ca++ homeostasis antedate the presence of liver cell necrosis is consistent with a role for altered Ca++ fluxes in the mechanism of halothane-induced liver injury. PMID- 3183970 TI - Cardiorespiratory effects produced by activation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors on the ventral surface of the medulla. AB - Our purpose was to examine the influence of inhibition of cholinesterase at the ventral surface of the medulla on cardiorespiratory activity in the chloralose anesthetized cat. Administration of the anticholinesterase agent, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) to areas responding to acetylcholine (i.e., rostral and caudal chemosensitive areas of the ventral surface of the medulla) in doses ranging from 12.5 to 50 micrograms bilaterally had minimal effects on cardiorespiratory activity. However, similar doses applied to the intermediate area of the ventral surface of the medulla produced an increase in tidal volume and hypotension. For example, a dose of 12.5 micrograms increased tidal volume by 14 +/- 3 ml (P greater than .05). Similar responses were seen with higher doses of DFP; in addition, respiratory depression (apnea) also occurred. This depression was characterized by a slowing in respiratory rate. The organophosphate compound, soman, in doses of 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms produced effects similar to those seen with DFP with the exception that an increase in respiratory rate was observed before the decrease in respiratory rate occurred. In addition, a greater degree of hypotension was observed with soman as compared to DFP. Findings comparable to those obtained with DFP were produced by the muscarinic receptor agonist, oxotremorine (0.077-10 micrograms). The effects of DFP, soman and oxotremorine were counteracted by locally applied atropine. In addition, measurements of acetylcholinesterase activity taken from the rostral, intermediate and caudal areas indicate a relatively low activity at the rostral area but a relatively high activity at the intermediate area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183969 TI - Adenosine A1 and A2 receptors of the substantia gelatinosa are located predominantly on intrinsic neurons: an autoradiography study. AB - Tissue autoradiography was used to examine the distribution of A1 and A2 adenosine receptors in the rat spinal cord. The distribution of binding sites for the A1 selective agonist, N6-[3H]-[(R)-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl]adenosine (R [3H]PIA), was similar to the distribution of binding sites for [3H]-5'-N ethylcarboxamide adenosine [( 3H]NECA), an agonist that binds to A1 and A2 receptors with nearly equal affinities. Binding site densities were highest in the substantia gelatinosa, followed by lamina 10; the remainder of the spinal cord displayed uniformly low levels of binding sites. In each of these three areas, [3H]NECA bound to more sites than R-[3H]PIA. When the A1-selective agonist, N6-(cyclopentyl)adenosine, was used to block [3H]NECA binding to A1 receptors, the autoradiograms demonstrated a band of A2 receptor density which tended to be localized in the ventral portion of the substantia gelatinosa. Unilateral dorsal rhizotomy, hemitransection and complete transection of the spinal cord failed to alter the [3H]NECA or R-[3H]PIA binding in the substantia gelatinosa. In contrast, unilateral microinjections of kainic acid into the dorsal horn decreased [3H]NECA and R-[3H]PIA binding at the level of the injections by 42 and 37%, respectively. In some areas, kainic acid injection eliminated all R-[3H]PIA and [3H]NECA binding in the substantia gelatinosa. It is therefore concluded that spinal cord A1 and A2 adenosine receptors in the substantia gelatinosa are located predominantly on intrinsic neurons. PMID- 3183971 TI - Differential effects of coadministration of aminoacetonitrile on immunosuppression and hepatotoxicity produced by dimethylnitrosamine. AB - Aminoacetonitrile (AAN) has been reported to be a dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) demethylase inhibitor which prevents the metabolic activation of DMN to a hepatotoxin. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if AAN pretreatment, which ameliorates hepatotoxicity, would also prevent the immunotoxicity associated with DMN exposure. Female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to either 3 or 6 mg/kg of DMN (in saline) or saline i.p. for 7 consecutive days. The animals were also treated (i.p.) twice daily, 1 hr before and 6 hr after DMN exposure, with either, 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg of AAN (in saline) or saline. Mice were sensitized with sheep red blood cells i.v. on day 8. On day 12, body and organ weights were determined, serum chemistry and histopathology were evaluated and day 4 immunoglobulin M antibody response was measured. Hepatotoxicity caused by DMN, as reflected by an increase in body weight attributed to the production of ascites, a 485.7% increase in the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels and histopathology was reversed by doses of AAN as low as 10 mg/kg. Conversely, doses of AAN as high as 100 mg/kg were unable to reverse the suppression of the antibody forming cells response to sheep red blood cells produced by DMN. The results of this investigation indicate that DMN-induced immunosuppression and hepatotoxicity can be separated and that an immunosuppressive metabolite of DMN is produced by an AAN-insensitive pathway. PMID- 3183972 TI - Central respiratory inhibition by angiotensin II in anesthetized cats. AB - Observations were made on respiration, alveolar concentration of CO2, arterial blood pressure and heart rate in barbiturate-anesthetized cats subjected routinely to section of the vagus and carotid sinus nerves and maintained with pure O2 for inhalation. Bolus i.v. injection of angiotensin II (AII), 0.6 to 6.0 micrograms/kg, evoked a prompt shortlasting suppression of breathing, manifested mainly as a reduction in tidal volume susceptible to the development of tachyphylaxis if injections were spaced more closely than 30 min apart. Ablation of the area postrema failed to eliminate the respiratory effect of All. The response also persisted after midbrain transection, spinal cord transection at C8, dorsal rhizotomy of spinal segments C1 to C8 and interruption of cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII. No influence of All was evident on indirectly evoked tibialis muscle contractions and on pulmonary compliance. A reduction in phrenic nerve impulse traffic coincided with the respiratory response to All. Cranial i.a. injection of All initiated the respiratory effect in its first pass through the brain, before any change occurred in the blood pressure. The degree of All-induced respiratory inhibition was relatively constant at different magnitudes of breathing produced by CO2 inhalation or by electrical stimulation of the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata. It is concluded that All given by bolus intravascular injection causes respiratory inhibition through a direct central action at the final processing step in the CO2-tidal volume controller. PMID- 3183973 TI - Role of acetone, dietary fat and total energy intake in induction of hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. AB - Chronic ethanol consumption results in the induction of a specific hepatic cytochrome P-450 (P450IIE1). However, since compounds other than ethanol (i.e., acetone) can also serve as P450IIE1 inducers, and since ethanol given with a normal fat-containing (35% of energy) diet is associated with acetonemia, hepatic steatosis and decreased body weight gain, the question has been raised whether induction is mediated specifically by ethanol or whether it might represent a nonspecific response to these other factors. This was investigated by varying both the mode of ethanol administration and the composition of the diet. By administering ethanol in the drinking water, or as part of a low-fat (5% of energy) liquid diet, a significant induction of P450IIE1 and of the activities of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and p-nitrophenol hydroxylase was demonstrated in the absence of any significant increase in blood acetone with minimal increase in liver total lipids. Induction of P450IIE1 was comparable with the low or normal fat-containing diets, but MEOS activity rose more with the latter, possibly reflecting a potentiating effect of dietary fat on ethanol oxidation by P-450 enzymes other than P450IIE1. When the lack of weight gain of the alcohol fed animals was mimicked in controls by decreasing the amount of diet ingested, no induction was observed. Varying the pattern of liquid diet feeding had no demonstrable differential effect. Thus, the induction of P450IIE1 after chronic ethanol consumption can be attributed to ethanol itself, but dietary fat can potentiate the induction of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and of p nitrophenol hydroxylase. PMID- 3183974 TI - Effects of 3-methoxycyproheptadine in a canine model of coronary thrombosis. AB - The enantiomers of 3-methoxycyproheptadine (3-MeO-Cyp) were evaluated for their ability to abolish cyclic flow reductions (CFRs) in stenosed and partially de endothelialized coronary arteries of open chest dogs. These enantiomers demonstrate differential serotonin antagonism with the levorotatory (-) enantiomer showing a selective antiserotonin profile. (+)- and (-)-3-MeO-Cyp each were evaluated in 5 dogs, at doses ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 mg/kg i.v. 1 hr after establishing CFRs, which were quantified in terms of frequency (CFR/hour) and severity (average nadir of coronary blood flow). The frequency or severity of CFRs was not affected consistently by 10 or 25 micrograms/kg of (-)-3-MeO-Cyp; however, 50 micrograms/kg practically abolished CFRs. (+)-3-MeO-Cyp was significantly less potent; complete abolition of CFRs required 0.5 mg/kg of this enantiomer in three dogs, and partial abolition occurred in the other two. These differences between (+)- and (-)-3-MeO-Cyp correlated well with a 12-fold difference in potency for inhibition of canine platelet aggregation stimulated by serotonin and ADP. The IC50's of (-)- and (+)-3-MeO-Cyp vs. ADP plus serotonin induced aggregation of canine platelet-rich plasma were 1.03 +/- 0.39 (mean +/- S.E.) and 12.92 +/- 4.28 microM, respectively. Thus, (-)-3-MeO-Cyp, a 5-HT2 antagonist devoid of anticholinergic activity and less antihistamine activity than either its enantiomer or parent drug, cyproheptadine, exerts dose-dependent antithrombotic effects in this canine model, providing further evidence that serotonin plays an important role in platelet aggregation and thrombosis. PMID- 3183975 TI - Thermal and circulatory responses during prolonged exercise at different levels of hydration. AB - After a control experiment under initial normal hydration (N), five healthy unacclimated subjects were studied to investigate the effects of initial hypo- and hyperhydration on cardiovascular and thermo-regulatory responses to prolonged intermittent exercise in the heat (To = 36 degrees C; Tdp = 10 degrees C; Va = 0.6 m.s-1). Prior hydrohydration (O) was obtained by diuretics and prior hyperhydration (R) by ingestion of 0.5 L of isotonic (ISO) electrolyte sucrose solution 30 min before the experiments (4 h) started. Exercise (70 W) lasted 3 hours, and was periodically interrupted by resting periods (5-10 min). Three dehydration (D) runs were thus performed under the three initial hydration states (O,N,R) without fluid replacement during the exercise period. Four additional rehydration runs were carried out: 2 in each initial hydration level (O, R) included ingestion (at 36 degrees C) of water or ISO-solution during the first 3 hours. Physiological measurements were continuously recorded and hourly blood samples (15 ml) were obtained. Results showed that dehydration increased core temperature and heart rate and provoked blood hypovolemia and hyperosmolarity, the latter being somewhat prevented by prior ISO-ingestion. Dehydration reduced significantly the overall sweat rate only in hypohydrated subjects and the large hyperosmolarity seemed to be responsible for this. The significant Tcore rise during dehydration is unlikely to be the result of a decrease in evaporative heat transfer, which was found only in the case of initial hypohydration. Rehydration during exercise with water or ISO-solution induced different dynamic responses depending on the initial hydration level, but it never restored plasma volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183976 TI - Local sweating responses of different body areas in dehydration-hydration experiments. AB - Five subjects performed intermittent exercise on a bicycle ergometer (25 min work, 5 min rest cycles for 2 hours, and 20 min work, 10 min rest cycles for a further hour) in a hot environment (air and wall temperatures = 36 degrees C; dew point temperature = 10 degrees C; air velocity = 0.6 m.s-1). The relative mechanical work load was of 70 W (30% of the maximal aerobic capacity). Seven experimental tests were carried out in order to induce a plasma hypovolemia associated with either a plasma hypo- or hyperosmolarity. The preexercise level of body hydration was also manipulated by giving a diuretic, or by ingestion of 500 ml of isotonic electrolyte sucrose solution before the start of exercise. Continuous measurements were made of rectal and mean skin temperatures. The sweating responses of the chest and of the thigh (over the active muscles of the leg) were monitored from 4 sweat collection capsules highly ventilated. On each of these body areas, the local skin temperatures under one of the 2 capsules was kept at a constant level (37 degrees C). The effects of the level of body hydration on the sweating response only appear when a high local thermal clamp is imposed beneath the capsule. This local effect is particularly strong over the active muscles of the thigh. The influence of the preexercise hydration appears during dehydration tests. This effect is not significant when fluid is given to the subject during the exercise. The change in the sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system is more strongly associated with plasma osmolarity than hypovolemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3183977 TI - [Relation between endurance time and maximal oxygen consumption during supramaximal running]. AB - The relationship between speed and the maximal length of time supramaximal runs can be sustained (temps-limite, tlim) has been studied in seven male subjects (physical education students). Within the range of intensity studied, tlim strictly depends on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). The relationship between tlim and the relative energy cost of the exercises per unit of time (E), calculated by subtracting the maximal power of aerobic metabolism (Emaxox) from E, removes the interindividual differences of tlim. The function tlim = f(E Emaxox) is described by an empirical equation of the form: tlim = a.exp[-b(E Emaxox)] (r = 0.979; P less than 0.001), where the parameters a and b are respectively equal to 330.8 and 0.14 and where tlim, E and Emaxox are respectively expressed in seconds and in watts per kg of body weight. PMID- 3183979 TI - [Subthalamic lesions eliminate sexual behavior in the male rat]. AB - Electrical stimulation of parts of the subthalamus and mesencephalon produces coordinated stepping movements, and for this reason these areas are sometimes referred to as the subthalamic and mesencephalic "locomotor" regions. In this study we contrast the sexual behavioral effect of electrolytic destruction of these two regions in the male rat. Lesions of the mesencephalic locomotor region had no significant effect on male sexual behavior. In contrast, subthalamic lesions centered on the caudal zona incerta just dorsal to the subthalamic nucleus eliminated sexual behavior in 6 of 15 males. The sexual behavior of the remaining males was affected to a lesser degree, for the most part in accord with the extent of destruction to this "critical zone." Subthalamic lesions produced no obvious impairment in locomotion, posture, limb use, muscle tone or sensorimotor orientation. Even so, the fact that electrical stimulation of the subthalamus elicits coordinated stepping suggests that the region is linked with systems directly concerned with movement and locomotion. These links could be particularly important in the process by which sexual motivation is translated into sexual behavior. PMID- 3183978 TI - Relations between cell volume control, microfilaments and microtubules networks in T2 and PC12 cultured cells. AB - The possible relations between cell volume, microfilaments and microtubules networks have been studied in cultured mice fibrosarcoma cells of line T2 and rat pheochromocytoma cells of line PC12. The obtained results show that: 1. Changes in volume induced by application of hypo-osmotic medium are concomitant with a modification in the organization of the microfilaments network as visualized by immunocytochemistry. The microtubules lattice is not affected in these conditions. 2. Disruption of the microfilaments network by cytochalasin B causes a significant decrease in cell volume in isosmotic conditions. It also deeply affects the volume regulation response of cells swollen in hypo-osmotic media. 3. Disruption of the microtubules lattice by colchicine has no effect on volume in isosmotic conditions nor on the volume regulation that follows application of hypo-osmotic shock. The possible role of microfilaments in cell volume control is discussed. PMID- 3183980 TI - Rapid elimination of a hyperactive gag reflex. PMID- 3183981 TI - Effect of air-powder abrasive instrument on porcelain. AB - The effects of an air-powder abrasive instrument on porcelain were evaluated. Sample disks made from two commercial porcelains and three porcelain stains were treated for 30 seconds with this instrument. Although there was no visible change in the stain or glaze of the samples, scanning electron microscopy revealed severe pitting of all of the Vita porcelain/Vita stain samples, moderate pitting of all of the Vita porcelain/Ceramco stain samples, and no pitting or effects on Willceram porcelain/Crystar stain samples. It is recommended that the air-powder abrasive instrument be used cautiously or not at all on porcelain restorations, especially those with staining and/or specific characterizations. Pitting of the surface could be a result of this treatment. PMID- 3183982 TI - Study of the retention of pins. AB - The retention of cemented and threaded pins was examined. The cemented pins were serrated and plain and the cements used were: (1) ZOE, (2) zinc phosphate, (3) glass ionomer, and (4) polycarboxylate. The decisive factors for the retention of the cemented pins were the types of cements and the external morphology of the pin. The threaded pins of the same diameter and the same depth as those of the cemented pins possessed approximately three times greater retention. PMID- 3183983 TI - Long-term monitoring of microleakage of composites. Part II: Scanning electron microscopic examination of replica patterns of composite tags. PMID- 3183984 TI - The plasticizing effect of temporary soft lining materials on polymerized acrylic resins. PMID- 3183985 TI - Template for positioning and angulation of intraosseous implants. AB - Presurgical planning for submerged implant location and angulation within bone relative to the opposing occlusion is important for the prosthodontist. This information is accurately communicated to the surgeon by using a surgical template. A technique for fabrication of the template is described. PMID- 3183986 TI - Inverted anatomic tracing: a guide to establishing orbital tissue contours for the oculofacial prosthesis. AB - A technique is described to aid the maxillofacial prosthetic technician in contouring an oculofacial prosthesis. This technique should reduce clinical time and improve prosthesis results. PMID- 3183987 TI - The effect of increasing occlusal vertical dimension on transcranial radiographic projections of the temporomandibular joints. PMID- 3183988 TI - The occlusal status of molars. PMID- 3183989 TI - A study of the height of intact alveolar bone on panoramic radiographs of adult patients. AB - This study describes a method of estimating alveolar bone height on panoramic radiographs by using constant anatomic landmarks as reference points and calculating ratios of given distances between certain of these landmarks in dentate patients with no radiographic evidence of horizontal bone loss. Measurements were performed on four different types of panoramic radiographs. Results determined for the maxillae and mandible were constant between the different types of panoramic films. Because of differences in the measurements obtained on the right and left sides on Panorex films that have been trimmed and spliced to remove anatomic overlap in the midline areas, this type of projection may not be suitable for analysis of the maxillary alveolar bone as described in this study. The use of the mental foramen as a constant anatomic landmark for analysis of mandibular alveolar bone on panoramic radiographs may not be feasible since it appears that it may not be possible to consistently determine the exact location of the foramen. The results of the present study suggest a difference of as much as 25% among patients in the same ratio in the maxillae and as much as 12% in the same ratio in the mandible. Therefore, the results may not be of significant value as "baseline" data to estimate alveolar bone loss at a given time after tooth loss. However, this method could prove valuable in serial studies where alveolar bone height for a single patient is compared at different times before and after tooth loss. PMID- 3183990 TI - Can electrical stimulation be used to establish a physiologic occlusal position? AB - An electromyographic study was undertaken to discover the mechanism by which the Myo-monitor instrument causes muscle contraction. Our data, which strongly suggest that the distal axons of the motoneurons are directly stimulated, lend support to previous studies showing that the stimulus does not cause reflex activation of the jaw closing muscles. Inasmuch as the stimulus acts only in the periphery without the participation of the central nervous system, the ability of the instrument to produce a reflexly controlled occlusal position is highly questionable. Furthermore, we believe that there is no evidence that reflex jaw closure could ever be used to establish a physiologic occlusal position. PMID- 3183991 TI - The effect of vacuum-mixed autopolymerizing acrylic resins on porosity and transverse strength. AB - Three brands of autopolymerizing acrylic resin were mixed and polymerized three different ways and tested for transverse strength and porosity. The procedures tested were bench-curing at ambient temperatures, vacuuming the mix before bench curing, and curing in a pressure device. The data indicate that both vacuuming the mix and pressure-curing are successful in reducing porosity and increasing transverse strength. These improved properties would be valuable in the fabrication of provisional restorations and occlusal splints. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Use of a pressure device decreases porosity and increases the transverse strength in samples of autopolymerizing acrylic resin. 2. Use of a vacuum device on the mixed acrylic resin works as well as pressure polymerizing. 3. Use of either technique is indicated to improve the quality and longevity of autopolymerizing acrylic resin restorations, orthodontic appliances, and occlusal splints. PMID- 3183992 TI - Modified Boley gauge for recording vertical dimension. PMID- 3183993 TI - Prevalence of Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in Oregon llamas. AB - Eimeria alpacae, E. punoensis, E. lamae, and E. macusaniensis were identified in fecal samples from 189 llama (Lama glama (L.] adults and 50 llama crias (animals less than one year of age of any species in the genus Lama) from central and western Oregon. In both adults and crias, E. alpacae was the most common species found. The least common was E. macusaniensis, which was found in only two adults. Overall prevalence and numbers of animals with mixed infections was approximately twice as high in crias as in adults. PMID- 3183994 TI - Development of Hammondia heydorni in cultured bovine and ovine cells. AB - Sporozoites were excysted from oocysts of Hammondia heydorni obtained from a naturally-infected dog and inoculated into monolayer cultures of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPA), Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, bovine monocytes (M617), or ovine monocytes (WOMO). Sporozoites penetrated all four cell lines and underwent asexual reproduction by endodyogeny (as determined by electron microscopy) to form cyst-like structures at four to nine days after sporozoite inoculation (DAI). At 4-10 DAI, considerably more zoites were harvested from M617 cultures (80.1 x 10(6) zoites) than from CPA (17.4 x 10(6], MDBK (47.3 x 10(6], and WOMO (53.5 x 10(6]. Little or no parasite multiplication occurred at 10-16 DAI. Zoites harvested at 7 DAI and transferred to freshly prepared cultures did not penetrate cells nor develop further. PMID- 3183996 TI - Ultrastructure of two types of first-generation merozoites of Eimeria bovis. AB - Eimeria bovis has two types of first-generation merozoites with distinct ultrastructural characteristics. Type I merozoites were relatively large (means = 13.2 x 1.5 micron) and crescent-shaped, contained numerous micronemes and amylopectin granules, had a posteriorly located nucleus and a conical-shaped posterior tip, and were highly motile and capable of penetrating cultured cells. Type II merozoites were small (means = 5.9 x 0.9 micron) and spindle-shaped, had a centrally-located nucleus, few micronemes, few or no amylopectin granules, a dome-shaped posterior tip and little motility, and appeared to be incapable of penetrating cultured cells. It is possible that these two types of merozoites have considerably different roles in the life cycle of E. bovis. PMID- 3183995 TI - Cryopreservation of Leucocytozoon caulleryi sporozoites. AB - Leucocytozoon caulleryi sporozoites that had been stored at -196 degrees C or -80 degrees C for 6 or 12 months in Eagle's minimum essential medium or Medium 199 supplemented with 5% glycerol and 10% chicken serum showed infectivity to chickens. Glycerol at a concentration of 10% and dimethyl sulfoxide at 10% and 5% were found to be ineffective cryoprotective agents for the low temperature preservation of sporozoites. Sporozoites isolated from the intact females of Culicoides arakawae, which had been stored at -80 degrees C for 6 or 12 months without cryoprotective agents, retained their infectivity. No differences were observed in the prepatent period, duration of parasitemia, and presence of serum soluble antigens between chickens infected with frozen sporozoites and those infected with fresh sporozoites. PMID- 3183997 TI - Ribosome-inactivating proteins from plants inhibit ribosome activity of Trypanosoma and Leishmania. AB - Ribosomes from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and from Leishmania infantum were isolated and optimal conditions for in vitro translation were established. The effect of ribosome-inactivating proteins extracted from several plants was then assessed in order to identify those suitable for the preparation of immunotoxins against these organisms. Ribosomes from both species were inactivated by some ribosome-inactivating proteins (dianthins, saporins, pokeweed antiviral proteins, and the ribosome-inactivating chain of abrin). The similarity of the effects on the ribosomes from the two species examined indicates that ribosome-inactivating proteins should also be effective in a similar way on ribosomes from other species of Trypanosoma and Leishmania. PMID- 3183998 TI - Eimeria sinaitae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the rock agama (Agama sinaita) in Saudi Arabia. AB - Eimeria sinaitae n. sp. is described from the gall bladder of Agama sinaita from Wasie, Saudi Arabia. Sporulated oocysts are elongate-ellipsoid 34.4 x 22.0 (29.0 40.0 x 17.4-24.5) micron. Oocyst wall is smooth, greenish yellow, 1.2 (1.0-1.4) micron thick, and two-layered. Micropyle, polar granule, and oocyst residuum are absent. Sporocysts are ellipsoid 11.4 x 7.6 (9.8-15.0 x 6.7-9.0) micron. Sporocyst residuum is present. The sporocysts lack a Stieda body. Sporozoites are crescent-shaped, blunt at one end and tapered at the other. Eimeria species from Agamidae are compared. PMID- 3184000 TI - Purification of plasma membrane from Acanthamoeba castellanii. AB - A simple method for isolation of plasma membrane from Acanthamoeba using self generating gradients of Percoll is described. To obtain a membrane marker, intact amoebae were radioiodinated and the distribution of the radiolabel was followed through the plasma membrane isolation procedure. The purity of isolated plasma membrane was assessed by enrichment of radiolabel, by electron microscopy, and by enzymatic assays for contaminating membranes. As judged from enrichment of radiolabel, a 37-fold purification of plasma membrane was obtained. We estimate that 80% of the total protein was from plasma membrane and 10% from membrane associated actin. PMID- 3183999 TI - A survey of lectin binding in Paramecium. AB - To better understand the general distribution of glycoproteins and the distribution of specific glycoprotein-bound sugar residues in Paramecium, a survey of the binding pattern of selected lectins was carried out in P. tetraurelia, P. caudatum, and P. multimicronucleatum. Lectins studied were concanavalin A (Con A), Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinins I and II (GS I and GS II), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), Ulex europaeus (UEA I), peanut agglutinin (PNA), Ricinis communis toxin (RCA60) and agglutinin (RCA120), soybean agglutinin (SBA), Bauhinia purpurea agglutinin (BPA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MPA). Those giving the most distinctive patterns were Con A, GS II, WGA, UEA I, and PNA. No significant differences were found between the three species. Concanavalin A, a mannose/glucose-binding lectin, diffusely labeled the cell surface and cytoplasm and, unexpectedly, the nuclear envelopes. Events of nuclear division, and nuclear size and number were thus revealed. Both WGA and GS II, which are N-acetylglucosamine-binding lectins, labeled trichocyst tips, the cell surface, and the oral region, revealing stages of stomatogenesis. The lectin WGA, in addition, labeled the compartments of the phagosome-lysosome system. The lectin PNA, an N-acetyl galactosamine/galactose binding protein, was very specific for digestive vacuoles. Finally, UEA I, a fucose-binding lectin, brightly labeled trichocysts, both their tips and body outlines. We conclude that a judicious choice of lectins can be used to localize glycoproteins and specific sugar residues as well as to study certain events of nuclear division, cellular morphogenesis, trichocyst discharge, and events in the digestive cycle of Paramecium. PMID- 3184001 TI - Calcium regulates the regeneration of cilia in Tetrahymena thermophila. AB - A study of calcium metabolism in Tetrahymena during the regeneration of cilia evidenced that the process is inhibited by nifedipine and trifluoperazine. This suggests that calcium ions play an important regulatory role in this process. This was confirmed by studies on calcium uptake and efflux which showed that there was a net increase in calcium uptake prior to the reinitiation of motility. The increase coincided with a period of sensitivity to the calcium antagonist TMB 8 and with an increase in the intracellular level of cGMP. The process was also inhibited by neomycin and stimulated by phorbol esters, which suggests that hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol phosphates may take place as part of the calcium regulatory network during the regeneration of cilia. PMID- 3184002 TI - Metamorphosis of the ecdysis motor pattern in the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta. AB - The hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, undergoes periodic molts during its growth and metamorphosis. At the end of each molt, the old cuticle is shed by means of a hormonally-activated ecdysis behavior. The pharate adult, however, must not only shed its old cuticle but also dig itself out from its underground pupation chamber. To accomplish this, the adult performs a series of abdominal retractions and extensions; the extensions are coupled with movements of the wing bases. This ecdysis motor pattern is distinct from the slowly progressing, anteriorly directed, abdominal peristalses expressed by ecdysing larvae and pupae. We have found that the ability to produce the larval-like ecdysis pattern is retained in the adult. Although this behavior is not normally expressed by the adult, larval like ecdysis could be unmasked when descending neuronal inputs, originating in the pterothoracic ganglion, were removed from the unfused abdominal ganglia. Transformation of the adult-specific ecdysis pattern to the larval-like pattern was accomplished by transecting the connectives between the pterothorax and the abdomen, or by reversibly blocking neuronal activity with a cold-block. A comparative analysis of the ecdysis motor patterns expressed by larvae and by isolated adult abdomens indicates that the two motor patterns are indistinguishable, suggesting that the larval ecdysis motor pattern is retained through metamorphosis. We speculate that its underlying neural circuitry is conserved through development and later modulated to produce the novel ecdysis pattern expressed in the adult stage. PMID- 3184003 TI - Neuronal processing of conspecific and related calls in the torus semicircularis of Rana r. ridibunda Pall. (Anura): single-unit recordings. AB - 1. Single-unit responses in the torus semicircularis of Rana ridibunda were analyzed with regard to the neuronal mechanisms underlying call identification. Particular attention was directed to the question whether discrimination among the conspecific calls (mating, territorial and release calls), and between these and the mating calls of the related species R. lessonae and of the hybrid R. esculenta, can be explained by differences in the neuronal responses. 2. 75% of the single cells responded to at least one call. 25% of the neurons in this group were selective in the sense that they failed to respond to at least one of the calls. 3. Three of the single cells were selective for one type of call alone, the conspecific mating call in each case. Most of the selective neurons responded to three calls, having a preference either for the conspecific calls or for the amplitude-modulated mating calls. Such responses can be explained by the neurons' operation as either frequency or time filters. 4. Even the neurons that were nonselective, responding in some way to all the calls, differentiated among them with regard to response magnitude; that is, either the territorial and release calls elicited higher discharge rates than the amplitude-modulated mating calls, or the reverse. 69.8% of the single cells exhibited maximal responses to the conspecific mating call. The territorial and release calls elicited maximal responses in only 7.8% of the single cells. 5. In discrimination among the three mating calls, the temporal pattern of the calls plays a role. The differences in pulse-group timing are encoded by the overall response magnitude and not by way of differences in degree of synchronization. 66% of the nonselective neurons responded maximally to one of the three mating calls and very much less intensely to the other two. 6. No correlation was found between the types of call to which the various neurons responded maximally and the CF's of those neurons. Only very few cells represented a frequency and time filter exactly tuned to a particular call. PMID- 3184004 TI - Organization of a complex movement: fixed and variable components of the cockroach escape behavior. AB - The escape behavior of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was studied by means of high speed filming (250 frames/s) and a computer-graphical analysis of the body and leg movements. The results are as follows: 1. The behavior begins with pure rotation of the body about the posteriorly located cerci, followed by rotation plus forward translation, and finally pure translation (Figs. 1, 2). 2. A consistent inter-leg coordination is used for the entire duration of the turn (Fig. 3A). At the start of the movement, five or all six legs execute their first stance phase (i.e. leg on the ground during locomotion) simultaneously. By the end of the turn the pattern has changed to the alternate 'tripod' coordination characteristic of insect walking. The change-over from all legs working together, to working alternately, occurs by means of a consistent pattern of delays in the stepping of certain legs. 3. The movements made by each leg during its initial stance phase are carried out using consistent movement components in the anterior posterior (A-P) and the medial-lateral (M-L) axes (Fig. 4A). The movement at a particular joint in each middle leg is found to be diagnostic for the direction of turn. 4. The size and direction of a given leg's M-L movement in its initial stance phase depends on the same leg's prior A-P position (Fig. 5). No such feedback effects were seen among different legs. 5. Animals that are fixed to a slick surface on which they make slipping leg movements show the same inter-leg coordination (Fig. 3B), direction of initial stance movement (Fig. 4B) and dependence of the leg's initial M-L movement on its prior A-P position (Fig. 6), as did free-ranging animals. 6. Cockroaches that are walking at the moment they begin their escape reverse those ongoing leg movements that are contrary to escape movements. 7. These results are discussed in terms of the overall coordination of the complex movements, and in terms of the known properties of the neural circuitry for escape. Possibilities for neurobiological follow-up of certain of the findings presented here are also addressed. PMID- 3184005 TI - Influence of photoperiod and gonadal steroids on hibernation in the European hamster. AB - Torpor was monitored daily in adult male and female European hamsters (Cricetus cricetus) induced to hibernate by exposure to a cold environment (6 degrees C). The effect of photoperiodic manipulations or administration of exogenous gonadal steroids was examined in gonadectomized or intact hamsters. 1. Gonadal regression occurred in all short day, but only in some long day, cold-exposed hamsters. Entry into hibernation was not observed until reproductive regression had occurred. Thus, gonadal atrophy appears to be a necessary precondition for hibernation. 2. Castrated hamsters in the short day cold condition showed a significantly greater incidence of torpor than those in the long day cold condition. Hence, photoperiod affected torpor independently of its effect on the gonadal cycle. 3. Testosterone, when administered via silastic capsules at near physiological levels, completely inhibited torpor in gonadectomized male and female hamsters hibernating in the short day cold condition. 4. In ovariectomized females, torpor was unaffected by progesterone treatment, but partially inhibited by estradiol. A greater inhibition of torpor was observed when estradiol-primed females were administered both estradiol and progesterone simultaneously. Thus, the effect of both hormones may be functionally comparable to that of the single testicular hormone. 5. Estradiol inhibited torpor to a greater extent in intact and ovariectomized female hamsters hibernating in long days than those in short days, suggesting an effect of photoperiod on responsiveness to estradiol. These results indicate an inverse relationship between the gonadal and hibernation cycles, and a probable role for gonadal steroids to influence the timing of the hibernation season. However, non-gonadal factors must also be involved in controlling hibernation, since photoperiod affected the incidence of torpor in gonadectomized animals and because hamsters were able to terminate hibernation in the absence of gonadal hormones. PMID- 3184006 TI - Crocodiles don't focus underwater. AB - Crocodilians are amphibious reptiles which hunt prey both on land and in water. Previous refractive and anatomical studies have suggested that their eyes can focus objects in air and that their ability to refocus the eye underwater may be limited. Examination of the plane of focus of six species of crocodilians both in air and underwater has revealed that they are generally well focused in air for distant targets and severely defocused underwater. These results suggest that sensory systems other than vision must play an important role in prey capture underwater. PMID- 3184007 TI - An in vitro physiological preparation of a vertebrate communicatory behavior: chirping in the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus. AB - 1. An in vitro preparation of the medullary pacemaker nucleus of the weakly electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus was studied which fires regularly and synchronously at the fish's characteristic frequency of electric organ discharge (EOD). Upon bipolar stimulation of tissue regions through which pass prepacemaker nucleus afferents to the pacemaker, a brief, transient increase in discharge frequency ensued at short-latency (Fig. 1A). 2. Intracellular recordings revealed that the acceleration was accompanied by a depolarization and decline in action potential amplitude. The magnitude of these changes was both phase- (Fig. 5) and amplitude-dependent, with the latter showing an evident threshold effect (Figs. 4 and 12). The response was reversibly blocked by high Mg2+ saline (Fig. 1B), and the magnitude of the accelerations showed marked facilitation during repeated stimulation (Fig. 6). 3. Optical and histological identification allowed characteristically different responses in the intracellular recordings to be attributed to the two cell types of the pacemaker nucleus: pacemaker and relay cells (Figs. 2 and 3). Similar responses have been observed at these respective recording locations in the intact animal during chirping (Dye and Heiligenberg 1987). 4. Simultaneous recordings of pairs of cells revealed a transient change in the phase relationship of firing during the accelerations which was most marked between relay and pacemaker cells (Fig. 7). These dual recordings also revealed that the relay cells depolarize and accelerate more than pacemaker cells (Fig. 10), suggesting that they are the principal effectors of this behavioral modulation. 5. Trains of pulses additionally elicited a long-lasting frequency elevation which occurred at a slightly higher threshold than the brief accelerations. This slow frequency change relaxed back to baseline following a biexponential time course which closely resembled that of a distinct behavior seen in intact fish, termed 'yodeling' (Dye 1987). PMID- 3184008 TI - Loss of the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity, food intake, and plasma melatonin concentration induced by constant bright light in the pigeon (Columba livia). AB - Locomotor activity and feeding activity were measured together with circulating levels of melatonin in pigeons which were exposed to constant bright light (LLbright, 2000 lux) following light-dark (LD) cycles. Although all the pigeons showed daily rhythms of locomotor activity, feeding activity, and melatonin levels under LD cycles, they lost all the rhythms in prolonged LLbright. Acute exposure to bright light (2000 lux) during darkness reduced plasma melatonin levels. The half-time for the suppression in melatonin levels was about 30 min after short-term light exposure. These results support the hypothesis that melatonin may control the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and feeding activity in the pigeon. PMID- 3184009 TI - Sex recognition and neuronal coding of electric organ discharge waveform in the pulse-type weakly electric fish, Hypopomus occidentalis. AB - 1. Hypopomus occidentalis, a weakly electric gymnotiform fish with a pulse-type discharge, has a sexually dimorphic electric organ discharge (Hagedorn 1983). The electric organ discharges (EODs) of males in the breeding season are longer in duration and have a lower peak-power frequency than the EODs of females. We tested reproductively mature fish in the field by presenting electronically generated stimuli in which the only cue for sex recognition was the waveshape of individual EOD-like pulses in a train. We found that gravid females could readily discriminate male-like from female-like EOD waveshapes, and we conclude that this feature of the electric signal is sufficient for sex recognition. 2. To understand the possible neural bases for discrimination of male and female EODs by H . occidentalis, we conducted a neurophysiological examination of both peripheral and central neurons. Our studies show that there are sets of neurons in this species which can discriminate male or female EODs by coding either temporal or spectral features of the EOD. 3. Temporal encoding of stimulus duration was observed in evoked field potential recordings from the magnocellular nucleus of the midbrain torus semicircularis. This nucleus indirectly receives pulse marker electroreceptor information. The field potentials suggest that comparison is possible between pulse marker activity on opposite sides of the body. 4. From standard frequency-threshold curves, spectral encoding of stimulus peak-power frequency was measured in burst duration coder electroreceptor afferents. In both male and female fish, the best frequencies of the narrow-band population of electroreceptors were lower than the peak-power frequency of the EOD. Based on this observation, and the presence of a population of wide-band receptors which can serve as a frequency-independent amplitude reference, a slope detection model of frequency discrimination is advanced. 5. Spectral discrimination of EOD peak-power frequency was also shown to be possible in a more natural situation similar to that present during behavioral discrimination. As the fish's EOD mimic slowly scanned through and temporally coincided with the neighbor's EOD mimic, peak spike rate in burst duration coder afferents was measured. Spike rate at the moment of coincidence changed predictably as a function of the neighbor's EOD peak-power frequency. 6. Single-unit threshold measurements were made on afferents from peripheral burst duration coder receptors in the amplitude-coding pathway, and midbrain giant cells in the time coding pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3184010 TI - Modulation of activity in sensory neurons and wind-sensitive interneurons by cercal displacement in the cockroach. AB - 1. The cockroach Periplaneta americana can modify the sensory activity received by its central nervous system from the cerci, paired abdominal wind-responsive appendages. Medial displacement of the cerci produces a reduction in the number of sensory action potentials (AP's) elicited by a wind stimulus (Fig. 2) (Libersat et al. 1987; Golstein and Camhi 1988). This movement occurs naturally, for example during flying. 2. This sensory reduction is present when measured as the integral of extracellularly recorded activity as well as when counting the number of AP's larger than a threshold voltage just larger than the background noise (Fig. 2C). 3. Histological results confirm prior physiological experiments suggesting that the reduction may be produced by mechanical forces on the sensory nerve, rather than synaptically (Fig. 4). 4. The wind-response of interneurons is significantly diminished by the sensory reduction when measured either extra- or intracellularly (Figs. 5, 6). Cells affected include identified ventral and dorsal giant interneurons (GI's), which carry directional information about wind from the abdominal cerci to the more anterior portions of the nervous system, and are involved in flying (Camhi 1980; Ritzmann 1984; Comer 1985). 5. The reduction in the interneuronal response was unaffected by the elimination of input from descending central pathways, and input from a cercal chordotonal organ that senses cercal position and inhibits some of the GI's (Fig. 5). Thus, the reduction in wind-evoked sensory activity can itself account for the modulation of interneuron activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184011 TI - Morphological and electrophysiological properties of a novel in vitro preparation: the electrosensory lateral line lobe brain slice. AB - An in vitro brain slice preparation of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of weakly electric fish was developed. The morphology of this slice was studied and revealed that most ELL neurons and synapses retained their normal appearance for at least 10 h in vitro. The electrophysiological characteristics of the main ELL output neurons, the pyramidal cells, were measured. Extracellular electrode recordings demonstrated that pyramidal cells are capable of spontaneous, rhythmic spike activity. Intracellular recordings showed that intrinsic oscillations in membrane potential underlie the bursting behavior. The majority of pyramidal cells respond to depolarizing current pulses with an initial lag in spike firing followed by a non-accommodating, higher frequency spike train. Time and voltage dependent properties of pyramidal cell responsiveness, as well as the effects of pharmacological blocking agents indicated that rhythmic activity and repetitive firing are dominated by a persistent, subthreshold sodium conductance (gNa) which activates at depolarizing levels and is the driving force behind the membrane potential oscillations and the sustained (non-accommodating) spike firing. In addition, a transient, outward potassium conductance (gA) is responsible for the lag in spike firing by acting as a 'brake' during the initial 50-200 ms of a depolarizing stimulus. Calcium currents and calcium-dependent potassium conductance add to the interval between spontaneous bursts but appear insufficient for spike frequency accommodation. The in vitro behaviour of pyramidal cells differs substantially from the behaviour of the same cell type in vivo. These observations raise possibilities that intrinsic membrane properties together with local synaptic interactions may regulate pyramidal cell responsiveness. PMID- 3184012 TI - Photoperiodic regulation of body mass, food intake, hibernation, and reproduction in intact and castrated male European hamsters, Cricetus cricetus. AB - A group of sexually active male European hamsters were raised either in short photoperiod conditions (SP; LD 8:16) or in long-photoperiod conditions (LP; LD 16:8) from their capture at the end of the hibernation period. Another group of hamsters was castrated in April and gonadectomized animals were maintained in SP and cold (7 degrees C) or in a succession of SP and LP plus cold. Another group, castrated in May or in September and raised in LP conditions, was transferred in September to SP conditions and cold. 1. Normal hamsters raised in continuous SP or LP apparently did not show signs of rhythmic behavior, except possibly in gonadal activity. 2. Body weight increased continuously, plasma testosterone levels oscillated between 1.5 and 2.5 ng/ml, and animals raised in SP and in cold did not enter hibernation. 3. Similar results were also found in castrated animals kept in SP conditions and cold. 4. The sequence LP-SP induced a decrease in food intake and body weight and a decrease in plasma testosterone levels and triggered entry into hibernation in both intact and castrated animals. 5. After 6 months continuously in SP and with exposure to cold spontaneous recrudescence in food intake and body weight occurred and hibernation ended in both intact and castrated animals. 6. In normal animals a spontaneous increase in plasma testosterone levels was observed. 7. In both normal and gonadectomized animals the phase of refractoriness could be broken by exposure to LP conditions. 8. The critical photoperiod lies between 15 and 15.5 h. These results demonstrate that the European hamster is a photoperiodic species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184013 TI - The use of thiopentone in the treatment of non-organic locomotor disorders. AB - Eleven patients who had been fully investigated and diagnosed by orthopaedic surgeons as suffering from non-organic locomotor disorders were assessed and treated by a psychiatrist (AW) using a technique involving one or more injections of thiopentone sodium. The patients had been ill for an average of 3.4 yr (3 mths to 10 yr) and suffered severe disablement. Injections of short-acting barbiturates have been used for many years to facilitate the release and discussion of repressed feelings and emotions (narcoanalysis). This paper describes the use of a similar injection but given to facilitate the movement and return to normality of muscles whose function is deranged. The authors suggest that this technique be called 'narcokinesis'. All eleven patients showed initial improvement with seven patients showing moderate or marked benefit from the treatment at the time of discharge from hospital. A detailed case study is described of the advantages of narcokinesis and possible mode of action discussed. The general practitioners of these patients were sent a questionnaire by post and all replied. At the time of follow-up (6-9 yr) the whereabouts of three patients were unknown, three had died, two remained ill and three patients remained well or moderately well. PMID- 3184014 TI - Psychological response to cancer diagnosis--I. Correlations with prognostic variables. AB - A prospective, multidisciplinary study of 168 newly diagnosed patients with early breast cancer and Hodgkin's or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was conducted. Psychological assessments were conducted at 3 and 12 months following diagnosis and correlated with clinical and pathological variables. There was no statistical association between psychological response to breast cancer and any other prognostic variable measured. In lymphoma patients of both groups there was evidence of greater psychiatric morbidity in those with more advanced disease and those who failed to respond to treatment. However there was also no statistical association between any cognitive response category and known prognostic variables. There was no evidence that the patient's gender or type of tumour affected their overall mental adjustment to cancer and the effect described in breast cancer may apply to all types of malignant disease. PMID- 3184015 TI - Psychological response to cancer diagnosis--II. Evidence for coping styles (coping styles and cancer diagnosis). AB - One hundred and seventy-eight newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer, non Hodgkin's or Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied with respect to their cognitive responses to cancer diagnosis. These were examined in relation to anxiety, depression and health locus of control as well as to clinical-pathological variables. Data analysis of cognitive responses alone did not confirm the existence of mutually exclusive categories of response. Analysis of cognitive responses and the other psychological variables combined, however, revealed that four broad coping 'styles' could be delineated: 'positive/confronting', 'fatalistic', 'hopeless-helpless' and 'denial/avoidance', which corresponded to our previously described categories. Lower psychological morbidity was associated with a positive/confronting response to diagnosis and with high internal locus of control, while higher anxiety and depression scores were associated with a hopeless-helpless response to diagnosis and with low internal locus of control. The evidence for coping 'styles' is discussed as well as the implications of the results for the psychological management of cancer patients. PMID- 3184016 TI - Changes in personality associated with changes in aerobic and anaerobic fitness in women and men. AB - Thirty-nine females and 63 males participated in a 10-week physical conditioning class involving aerobic (running) and anaerobic (weight training) exercise. Aerobic fitness, anaerobic fitness, and personality were measured before and after the 10-week training period. Multiple regression analyses revealed that changes in personality were generally associated with changes in aerobic rather than anaerobic fitness, and that the relationship were most likely to be found with women. Possible explanations were offered. PMID- 3184017 TI - A cognitive behavioural group approach for the treatment of bulimia nervosa--a preliminary study. AB - A group treatment for bulimia nervosa based on a cognitive behavioural approach is described. Eight women with a self reported average of 14 binging episodes per week attended a weekly group for 15 weeks. The techniques used in the group are described. Outcome measures included self reported frequency of binging episodes, eating attitudes, depression and anxiety. These were assessed both pre and post treatment. In addition binge frequency was assessed at 3 and 6 month follow up. Binging frequency decreased over the treatment period to an average of 1.1 per week and of 1.9 per week at 6 month follow up. Significant changes in eating attitudes, and a reduction in depression and anxiety were obtained over the treatment period. Although this study was not controlled it may represent a promising step towards the development of a cost-effective treatment for this common condition. PMID- 3184018 TI - Fears and beliefs in patients with the pelvic pain syndrome. AB - In order to explore attitudes and beliefs in patients with the pelvic pain syndrome, the authors matched gynaecological patients with this syndrome (N = 41) with other gynaecological patients. They administered the Illness Behavior Questionnaire and Illness Attitude Scales (that measure attitudes, fears and beliefs about illness) to both groups. In spite of thorough investigations, 18 patients (44%) with the pelvic pain syndrome believed that their physician had not diagnosed their illness correctly and feared that they had a serious disease. The findings appear to have implications for treatment. PMID- 3184019 TI - Life events and difficulties preceding the onset of functional dysphonia. AB - The Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule was used to determine the experiences of 56 women and 9 men who were interviewed about the 12 months before the onset of functional dysphonia. Thirty (54%) of the women had experienced a difficulty or event which involved conflict over speaking out (CSO), a dimension developed during the course of the study. Only 16% of a comparison group had such experiences. Other types of event and difficulty were no commoner in the dysphonic women than in the comparison group. PMID- 3184020 TI - Patient and spouse responses to education early after myocardial infarction. AB - The impact of a post myocardial infarction education programme was assessed by comparing the increase in knowledge of patients and spouses about CHD in two hospitals, one (A) with and the other (B) without such a programme. Subjects completed the same two questionnaires twice, once within 4 days of admission and again within 16 days of leaving hospital. Q1 contained 83 questions about CHD and Q2, consisted of seven questions of immediate practical relevance to their convalescence. When the two hospitals were compared the only significant changes were observed in the responses of spouses and patients from hospital A. Spouses in A increased their scores on Q1 by a mean of 7.13% (p 0.001) in contrast to a fall of 2.01% in B. The mean increase in scores on Q2 for patients in A was 19.3% (p 0.001). It is concluded that an education programme increases the knowledge of patients and spouses but that their learning ability differs. Whilst it is suggested that spouses are included in patient education it appears likely that their educational needs may differ from those of the patient. PMID- 3184021 TI - Host moderator variables in the promotion of cervical neoplasia--I. Personality facets. AB - Recent work has established an association between coping style (in interaction with psychosocial stress) and the degree of promotion of cervical carcinogenesis. The present study sought to expand upon these findings by attempting to identify psychosocial host variables which predicted susceptibility (greater promotion) vs resilience (less promotion) in women who were at risk due to the presence of initiating factors. A susceptible group were passive, pessimistic, conforming, avoiding, and somatically anxious, while a resilient group were more optimistic and employed more active coping styles. Results supported the notion that promotion of cervical carcinogenesis may be associated with specific host personality and coping styles. PMID- 3184022 TI - Dental hygienists and public health dentistry. PMID- 3184023 TI - Cuba and Nicaragua: socialized political systems may not share a common approach to dental care. PMID- 3184024 TI - Cuba and Nicaragua: socialized political systems may not share a common approach to dental care. PMID- 3184025 TI - The preservation of printed materials. PMID- 3184027 TI - Evaluation of a clinic-based sealant program. AB - In 1984 a comprehensive sealant program was initiated for Guamanian children in grades one through eight. The goal of the program was to reduce caries rates in children on the fluoride-deficient island to a level at or below US mainland scores. At the initiation of the program, decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS) scores on Guam were approximately double those for US mainland children under 17 years of age. For the clinic-based preventive program, children in grades one through eight were bussed to one of two public health clinics for preventive services. These services included oral health education, toothbrushing instructions, and sealant application. Baseline and follow-up dental examinations (DMFS) were conducted in 1984 and 1986 on 1,061 and 987 children respectively, in grades one through eight to evaluate program impact. From 1984 to 1986, after the advent of a pit and fissure sealant program where over 15,000 children annually had sealants applied to their teeth, DMFS scores decreased 45 percent. The entire reduction in DMFS scores occurred on pitted and grooved surfaces and the effect reduced the DMFS by 2.4 surfaces/child in two years. The overall participation rate for both the elementary and middle schools was 80 percent and the first annual follow-up showed an overall sealant retention rate of 94 percent. PMID- 3184026 TI - The Rural Dental Health Program: long-term impact of two dental delivery systems on children's oral health. AB - This paper addresses the long-term effect of two dental delivery systems established during the Rural Dental Health Program (RDHP) in 1975. At that time 725 children in grades K-2 were assigned randomly to an enriched dental health education program or regular health education program and to a SCHOOL- or COMMUNITY-based dental delivery system. Seven years after funding for RDHP ended, children originally assigned to the COMMUNITY group utilized more professional services and showed a higher level of dental knowledge than children assigned to the SCHOOL group. In addition, COMMUNITY-based children had, on average, twice as many sealed teeth. While the follow-up study did not reveal any statistically significant difference in the clinical oral health indices (DMFS, gingival index, calculus index, plaque index, periodontal probing depth, and orthodontic treatment priority index) the COMMUNITY-based children's higher level of professional dental service utilization, greater number of sealed teeth, and increased dental knowledge should lead to a higher level of oral health in the long run. PMID- 3184028 TI - The University of North Carolina Caries Risk Assessment Study. I: Rationale and content. AB - This article presents the rationale and content of a current study that seeks to improve methods to identify children at high risk to dental caries. It summarizes the results of the development of a 12-factor, preliminary caries prediction model based on data derived from the National Preventive Demonstration Program. Despite data limitations, the model produced a sensitivity of .5 and specificity of .8 for four-year caries increment prediction in first- and fifth-grade children. Data on a number of additional potential predictors are being collected in two sites to expand and improve the existing model. These factors are identified. PMID- 3184029 TI - Dental public health from the first 50 years to the second 50: dental auxiliaries in public health--increasing or decreasing responsibilities? PMID- 3184030 TI - Dental public health: changing needs of state and local health departments from the first 50 years to the second 50. PMID- 3184031 TI - Future directions for public health. PMID- 3184032 TI - Dentistry's public-private interface: a federal perspective. AB - Each dental public health worker is confronted with a wide variety of organizations with which a professional relation can be developed. Decisions about which relations should receive priority, and the kind of relations that may be expected, are easier to define if each possible organizational interface is placed in one of three categories: (1) professional associations; (2) the employing bureaucracy and its sister agencies; and (3) the organizations performing the same dental public health functions as the worker, but within different geographic parameters. A three-dimensional model is developed, using as an example the organizational interfaces of the chief dental officer, US Public Health Service; with national level associations, the federal government; and with dental public health workers at the international and state levels of government. Current issues of importance to the American Association of Public Health Dentistry are identified according to the principal relations needed with other national associations, the federal government, and international and state governments. PMID- 3184033 TI - Dentistry's public-private interface: a state perspective. PMID- 3184034 TI - The number of clonal precursors of the follicular epithelium in the mouse ovary. AB - The number of clonal precursors of granulosa cells in mouse ovarian follicles has been estimated using a technique based on the phenomenon of random X-chromosome inactivation of somatic cells and the use of an X-linked alloenzyme variant of the glycolytic enzyme PGK-1. The granulosa cells of follicles were oligoclonal in origin and founded by a small number of cells (about 5) which was consistent with histological observations. When the analysis was extended to two subcompartments of the follicle, the mural and cumulus granulosa cells, the results indicated that the cumulus and mural granulosa cells had a common origin. PMID- 3184035 TI - Secretory pattern of growth hormone regulates plasma concentration of pregnancy associated murine protein-1 in the non-pregnant rat. AB - Serum concentrations of pregnancy-associated murine protein-1 (PAMP-1) were followed in hypophysectomized adult female rats during treatment with oestradiol and continuous or intermittent human growth hormone (hGH). After hypophysectomy a rapid decrease in PAMP-1 values was recorded while concentrations of albumin and the acute phase alpha 2-macroglobulin were unaffected. PAMP-1 values were completely restored by continuous infusion of hGH (1.4 i.u./kg/day). Neither the same dose of hGH given as two daily injections nor oestrogen replacement treatment had any effect. It is concluded that the serum concentration of PAMP-1 in the non-pregnant rat is regulated by the sexually dimorphic secretory pattern of GH. PMID- 3184036 TI - Progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta and LH during the oestrous cycle of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus). AB - Progesterone, oestradiol-17 beta and LH were measured in plasma from 6 non pregnant, captive, female muskoxen during the 1984 and 1985 breeding seasons. Jugular blood samples were taken on an alternating 3/4-day schedule in 1984 and daily or at 4-h intervals over oestrus, via indwelling jugular cannulae, for 6 weeks in 1985. Oestrous cycle length was 19.6 +/- 0.96 (s.d.) days (n = 19) and did not vary between the first and subsequent cycles of the season. Progesterone was lowest at oestrus (less than or equal to 0.1 ng/ml), began to rise on Days 4 5, peaked on Days 10-12 (mean = 2.6 ng/ml) and returned to baseline 2-5 days before the next oestrus. A small rise in progesterone before the first cycle of the breeding season was observed on 7 of 12 occasions. Oestradiol-17 beta was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) 1-4 days before, or coincident with, oestrus. The average duration of the LH peak was 24.6 h (n = 7) and coincided with observations of behavioural oestrus. In one animal behavioural oestrus and an LH peak preceded a small progesterone rise at the beginning of the breeding season. The temporal relationship of these three hormones during the muskox oestrous cycle is very similar to that seen in domestic ruminants. PMID- 3184037 TI - Variability in the response of the rabbit uterus to progesterone as influenced by prolactin. AB - Ovariectomized rabbits from different breeders were treated at different times of the year with prolactin alone or with progesterone and the production of uteroglobin by the uterus was studied. There were seasonal, strain and dose variables in the uterine response to prolactin and progesterone. Treatment with prolactin (at 1 mg/day) plus progesterone generally induced higher levels of uteroglobin production than did treatment with progesterone alone. The differences were greatest in the winter for Tennessee animals and in the spring for animals from the New Mexico and North Carolina colonies. Ovariectomy produced a decrease (P less than 0.01) in the concentration of cytosolic oestrogen and progesterone receptors, and prolactin treatment restored the concentration to oestrous control values. However, there were no seasonally dependent changes in the concentration of the receptors for any of the treatment groups. Increased doses of prolactin (2 mg/day) induced high levels of uteroglobin production and new proteins to appear in uterine secretions of long-term ovariectomized rabbits but much lower levels (10-11%) when given to pregnant does. Additional ovulations were also noted plus adverse effects on the embryos. PMID- 3184038 TI - Effect of flushing of blastocysts on days 10-13 on the life-span of the corpora lutea in the pig. AB - Blastocysts were flushed out of both uterine horns of gilts on Days 10, 11, 12 or 13. In mated non-pregnant gilts flushing had no effect on progesterone profile or cycle length (20.8 +/- 0.4 versus 20.6 +/- 0.6 days in the preflush cycle, N = 6, mean +/- s.e.m.). Flushing the blastocysts out of the uterine horns on Day 10 resulted in a cycle with a normal progesterone profile and a normal length (21.2 +/- 0.4 days, N = 5). Flushing on Days 11, 12 or 13 resulted in a normal cycle or in maintenance of the CL for 3-13 days as indicated by elevated progesterone concentrations and an increased interoestrous interval of, respectively, 22.0 +/- 1.2 versus 19.8 +/- 0.6 days (Day 11; N = 6), 24.8 +/- 1.4 versus 21.0 +/- 0.6 days (Day 12; N = 5; P less than 0.05) and 26.3 +/- 2.3 versus 20.5 +/- 0.4 days (Day 13; N = 6; P less than 0.05). There was a positive relationship between the change in interoestrous interval and the interval between the first observed standing oestrus and flushing of the blastocysts (rs = 0.350; n = 22; P less than 0.1). There was a large variation in the diameter of the blastocysts flushed on the same day. Only in those gilts in which the blastocysts were greater than or equal to 8 mm or filamentous were the CL maintained for 3 or more days. These results indicate that a first signal for maternal recognition of pregnancy is generated on Day 12 and that blastocysts greater than or equal to 8 mm are required for prolongation of CL function for 3 or more days. Since CL function is only extended for a maximum of 13 days (mean 7.4 +/- 1.0), a second signal seems necessary to maintain the CL for the whole period of pregnancy. PMID- 3184039 TI - Production of oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta by different regions of the filamentous pig blastocyst. AB - Pig blastocysts aged 14, 16 and 18 days were divided into 15 cm segments representing tissue adjacent to the embryonic disc, an intermediate section and the tip region. Whenever total blastocyst length allowed, the intermediate segment was divided into proximal and distal portions for separate culture. All were rinsed with buffer and incubated with dehydroepiandrosterone for 3 h. Rinsing buffer and incubation medium were subsequently assayed for concentrations of oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta. The highest production of oestrogen was found in the embryonic disc region. The intermediate regions had the lowest synthetic ability, while the tip region produced more oestrogens than the intermediate regions but less than the disc region. The production of oestrone was higher (P less than 0.05) in 18-day-old blastocysts than in younger ones while oestradiol 17 beta production was lower (P less than 0.05) on Day 16. The proportional role of the embryonic disc region as oestrogen-producing tissue increased over time. On Day 14, each intermediate region produced over 70% as much oestrogen as the disc region. These proportions declined on Days 16 and 18 to about 50 and 30% respectively. The regional variation in the ability of blastocysts to produce oestrogens may have some influence on the ability of the blastocyst to create an adequate microenvironment within the uterus which permits successful differentiation and placentation. PMID- 3184040 TI - The fate of embryos transferred to the oviducts of entire, unilaterally ovariectomized and bilaterally ovariectomized ewes. AB - Embryos collected from donor ewes 2 days after oestrus were transferred to the oviducts of entire cyclic (Group EC), unilaterally ovariectomized and cyclic (Group UO), entire anoestrous (Group EA), and bilaterally ovariectomized (Group BO) ewes, and 4 h, 1, 3 or 5 days after transfer the oviducts and uteri were flushed to recover embryos. Ewes in Group BO were untreated or treated with regimens of progesterone and oestradiol designed to simulate ovarian secretion before, around the time of, and after oestrus in entire ewes. There were no differences in the proportions of transferred embryos that were recovered, or in their location (oviduct or uterus), between the two sides of Group UO ewes and they were similar to recovery rates and locations of embryos in Group EC ewes. At 3 days after transfer, 62% and 50%, respectively, of embryos recovered from ewes in Groups EC and UO were in the uterus and by 5 days the percentages had risen to 89% and 75%, respectively. With all treatment regimens fewer of the transferred embryos were recovered from Group BO ewes than from Group EC ewes and few were located in the uterus. In Group BO ewes low recovery rates, and failure of embryos to enter the uterus, appeared to be due to deficiencies in the treatment regimens rather than to effects of ovariectomy. Most embryos recovered from treated ewes in Group BO and those in Groups EC and UO showed apparently normal development (86% and 79%, respectively), while 65% and 75%, respectively, recovered from untreated Group BO and Group EA ewes had developed normally. Only 9 of 163 embryos recovered from the untreated Group BO and EA ewes were located in the uterus and 8 of the 9 had failed to develop normally. Clearly, the steroid hormone requirements for development in the oviducts are not critical, but this is not so for the uterus. PMID- 3184041 TI - Influence of visible light and room temperature on cell proliferation in preimplantation rabbit embryos. AB - During in-vitro culture rabbit early cleavage stages (Day 1 p.c.) and compacted morulae (Day 3 p.c.) were exposed to visible light or to room temperature (23 degrees C) for various lengths of time (0.5-24 h). The light source used resembled closely routine laboratory lighting. Controls were cultured simultaneously for 24 h under standard conditions (37 degrees C, darkness). Development was assessed by incorporation of tritiated thymidine as an indicator of cell proliferation. In comparison to non-exposed controls cell proliferation of Day-1 embryos was more impaired by light than by room temperature whereas in Day-3 embryos thymidine incorporation was more reduced following exposure to room temperature than to light. No statistically significant decrease in thymidine incorporation was detectable up to 1 h (light) and 8 h (room temperature) in Day 1 embryos. Morulae tolerated room temperature and visible light for up to 3 h and 8 h, respectively. Split-dose exposure (e.g. 4 x 1 h) to visible light or room temperature revealed no statistically significant differences compared with one long en-bloc exposure (e.g. 1 x 4 h). These results demonstrate a stage-dependent susceptibility of preimplantation embryos to physical environmental factors. The major risk, indicated by the shortest tolerance times, was provoked by visible light to early cleavage stages. PMID- 3184043 TI - Distribution of follicular growth, atresia and ovulation in the ovary of the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus) at different ages. AB - Ovaries of laying hens of 14, 18, 30, 45 and 86 weeks of age were divided transversely into two or more distinct regions. Differences in follicular populations between these regions were observed. The central segments of the ovary in birds of 14 weeks of age produced most of the visible (greater than 0.5 mg) developing follicles (P less than 0.01). This was a transient effect during ovarian maturation. In birds of 18 weeks of age, but not yet in lay, more follicles of greater than 8 mm in diameter were observed in the anterior part of the ovary than the posterior part (P less than 0.05). Follicles of this size are almost certain to ovulate. The posterior segment of the ovary of birds of 30, 45 and 86 weeks of age contained more follicles beginning the rapid growth phase, as measured by follicles of 1.4-1.8 mm in diameter, than did the anterior segment (P less than 0.01). Higher levels of atresia in the posterior segment (P less than 0.001) resulted in fewer follicles of greater than 8 mm (P less than 0.001) and fewer post-ovulatory follicles than in the anterior segment. We conclude that most of the eggs produced during the hen's laying year must be from ovulations from the anterior part of the ovary. PMID- 3184044 TI - Flow cytofluorometric analysis of granulosa cell proliferation in rats. AB - Immature rats were given PMSG followed by an ovulatory dose of hCG. Mature cyclic rats were given an ovulatory dose of hCG on the day of dioestrus, 24 h before the endogenous LH surge was expected to occur. Granulosa cells from individual follicles were subjected to flow cytometry at various times after hormone administration. Administration of PMSG to immature rats caused a marked, transient increase in 'cycling' granulosa cells (cells in S, G2, or M phases of the cell cycle). Administration of hCG to adult cyclic rats caused a slight, but significant, increase in 'cycling' granulosa cells. The results could be taken to indicate that hCG-induced luteinization is not, in fact, accompanied by cessation of cellular proliferation. However, the data lend themselves to alternative explanations. The observed phase shifts may be due to the lengthening of the duration of S and G2 phases, indicating an actual decrease in the rate of cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was found to be a rapid, inexpensive tool for the study of follicular growth in the rat, but, due to variation between follicles and the need for a minimal sample size of 2000 cells, its application is limited to large follicles. PMID- 3184042 TI - Comparison of zona cutting and zona drilling as techniques for assisted fertilization in the mouse. AB - Zona cutting and zona drilling of the mouse oocyte significantly increased the fertilization rate (3.8-90%) at low sperm concentrations (less than 200,000/ml) compared with zona-intact controls (0-45%). More oocytes were fertilized after zona drilling. Zona cutting was associated with a low loss of oocytes (less than 1%), no increase in polyspermy and normal development in vitro and in vivo after fertilization. There was a 4% oocyte loss rate after zona drilling, mostly due to extrusion of the oocyte from the zona during the procedure. Hatching of blastocysts occurred about 12 h earlier for zona-drilled than for zona-cut and zona-intact control oocytes. Zona drilling was associated with a higher, but not statistically significant, rate of polyspermy at all sperm concentrations tested. The proportion of zygotes developing to the blastocyst stage was not different between the techniques (zona cut, 77%; zona drilled, 66%; control, 71%). Similarly, no difference was found in the percentage of embryos implanting after blastocyst transfer to the uterine horns of pseudopregnant female mice (zona cut, 67%; zona drilled, 68%; control, 77%). Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the induced defects in the zona with no damage to the oocyte or oolemma. Parthenogenetic activation was not seen after either of the micromanipulative techniques. Both techniques have promise for application to the human. PMID- 3184045 TI - Identification of relaxin in the placenta of the ewe. AB - Sheep placentomes were collected at the abattoir and the stage of gestation was estimated from the crown-rump length and appearance of the fetus. Samples were extracted and either freeze dried (crude extracts) or fractionated on Sephadex G 50 and CM-cellulose. Relaxin immunoreactivity (RXN-IR) was detected in all samples by a pig relaxin RIA and diluted in parallel with the standard curve. Two patterns of RXN-IR were seen after Sephadex G50 purification: (a) a single main peak of RXN-IR eluting at a position similar to pig relaxin; or (b) a 3-peak pattern with additional higher (void volume) and lower (approximately 1000) molecular weight peaks. These peaks were all found with 4 different and specific antisera. The 6000 molecular weight peak eluted at a similar position to pig relaxin on CM cellulose and inhibited electrically stimulated rat uterine contractions in vitro. The amount of relaxin measured in crude extracts of placentomes from different ewes was very variable. Most samples were within the range 0.05-11.2 ng/g wet weight of tissue (3.0 +/- 0.45 (s.e.m.), n = 44) but a few contained much higher concentrations (25.5-61.4 ng/g, n = 3). There was no obvious variation in concentration with stage of pregnancy (20 days to term). Samples of intercotyledonary endometrium, allantochorion and whole ovaries from pregnant ewes were also extracted. All contained low concentrations of RXN-IR (0.6 +/- 0.13 ng/g, n = 4; 0.6 +/- 0.29 ng/g, n = 3; 1.0 +/- 0.66 ng/g, n = 7, respectively). We conclude that relaxin-like peptides are present in the pregnant ewe and that, as the placentomes are the largest component by weight, they represent the major source. PMID- 3184046 TI - Effect of deciduogenic stimuli on protein secretion by the mouse uterus. AB - Instillation of oil into progesterone-primed, oestrogen-sensitized uteri of mice resulted in secretion patterns which were similar, but not identical, to those found on Day 5 of pregnancy. Stimulus-dependent responses common to pregnancy and the experimental decidual cell reaction included an early but transient increase in a 40,000 Mr basic protein and decreases in two other proteins. Some of the characteristic changes were also found after oil instillation in the progesterone maintained 'non-receptive' uterus, even though subsequent decidualization did not occur. Instillation of cholera toxin, another deciduogenic substance, also resulted in patterns similar to those of pregnancy, including an increased secretion of a 25,000 Mr acidic protein which was only minimally produced during the oil-induced decidual cell reaction. PMID- 3184047 TI - Photoperiod requirements for puberty differ from those for the onset of the adult breeding season in female sheep. AB - Reproductive responses to photoperiod were directly compared in mature ewes and in their spring-born twin female lambs. All females were ovariectomized and treated with oestradiol implants before transfer into artificial photoperiod; serum LH concentrations and pulsatile LH patterns provided an index of neuroendocrine reproductive activity. Mothers were transferred from natural photoperiod to artificial long days (16 h light:8 h dark) at the summer solstice so that no decrease in photoperiod would be experienced. These ewes began reproductive activity synchronously at the expected time in the autumn. One of each pair of twin lambs was treated exactly as the mothers; to determine the normal timing of puberty the remaining twin was maintained in a photoperiod simulating the natural decrease in daylength. In all 6 control lambs experiencing the simulated natural photoperiod, reproductive activity occurred synchronously at 28 +/- 1 weeks of age (2 October +/- 7 days). However, in their twin sisters which did not experience a decrease in photoperiod, only 2 of 6 lambs had begun reproductive activity by the end of the experiment at 52 weeks of age (March), and these were both delayed relative to their twin control lambs exposed to decreasing daylength. Therefore, a decrease in photoperiod is necessary for the normal timing of puberty in the spring-born, female sheep, whereas seasonally anoestrous, mature sheep can enter the breeding season at a normal time in the absence of decreasing photoperiod. We suggest that the requirement for a decreasing photoperiod by the spring-born lamb reflects its limited photoperiodic history as compared to the adult. PMID- 3184048 TI - Analysis of the fifth cell cycle of mouse development. AB - The 5th cell cycle of mouse development was analyzed to determine the lengths of each cell cycle phase. The DNA content of Feulgen-stained blastomere nuclei was measured at various times throughout the cell cycle by microdensitometry. To achieve precise timing of the start of the 5th cell cycle, experiments utilized isolated 16-cell blastomeres and cell pairs obtained by in-vitro division of isolated 8-cell blastomeres. The following estimates were made for a mixed population of polar and apolar 16-cell blastomeres: G1, less than or equal to 2 h; S, 8-9 h; G2 + M, 2 h. No significant difference was found in the timing of DNA synthesis between polar and apolar cells or between cell pairs and whole embryos. PMID- 3184049 TI - Effects of breed, ovarian steroids and season on the pulsatile secretion of LH in ovariectomized ewes. AB - The effects of season and of oestradiol and progesterone on the tonic secretion of LH were studied in ovariectomized Merino and Suffolk ewes, two breeds which differ markedly in the seasonal pattern of their reproductive activity. In the absence of exogenous steroids, the frequency of LH pulses was lower and the amplitude of the pulses was higher in anoestrus than in the breeding season for Merino and Suffolk ewes 30 days after ovariectomy. In long-term (190 days) ovariectomized ewes, this seasonal change in LH secretion was observed in Suffolk ewes only. During seasonal anoestrus, treatment of ewes with subcutaneous oestradiol-17 beta implants (3, 6 or 12 mm in length) decreased the frequency of LH pulses in a dose-dependent manner, with Suffolk ewes being far more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of oestradiol than Merino ewes. The lowest dose of oestradiol (3 mm) had no effect on the secretion of LH in Merino ewes, but reduced secretion in Suffolk ewes. Treatment of ewes with the highest dose of oestradiol (12 mm) completely abolished LH pulses in Suffolk ewes, whereas infrequent pulses remained evident in Merino ewes. During the breeding season, oestradiol alone had no effect on the pulsatile release of LH in either breed, but in combination with progesterone there was a significant reduction in LH pulse frequency. Progesterone effectively decreased LH secretion in both breeds in both seasons. It was concluded that differences between breeds in the 'depth' of anoestrus could be related to differences in the sensitivity of the hypothalamus to both negative feedback by oestradiol and the direct effects of photoperiod. PMID- 3184050 TI - Detection of early pregnancy factor (EPF) using the rabbit ovary and oviduct perfused in vitro. AB - Two peaks of rabbit serum EPF activity were seen over the course of pregnancy. Rabbit ovaries with or without attached oviducts were perfused in vitro for 5 h beginning 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 120 h after mating. Perfused isolated ovaries did not produce EPF in vitro, but significant EPF activity was detected in the perfusate of the ovary together with oviduct. Pseudopregnant animals and those rabbits that did not ovulate exhibited no perfusate EPF activity. Perfusate EPF activity was highest at the time embryos were at the pronuclear stage and continued through the morula stage. Although the location of embryos at 72 h after mating varied between oviduct and uterus, EPF activity was maintained over the perfusion period. The results suggest that EPF release occurs within 3 h of fertilization and that the presence of the preblastocyst embryo is crucial for EPF release. PMID- 3184051 TI - Importance of non-olfactory ram stimuli in mediating ram-induced ovulation in the ewe. AB - In Exp. 1, 4 groups of 50 recently weaned ewes were exposed to various degrees of contact with rams for 65 days, followed by exposure to novel rams for 4 days. Ovarian activity in the ewes was determined by laparoscopy on Days 29, 65 and 69 of treatment. There were no treatment differences in the percentage of ewes ovulating on Day 4 whereas by Day 29 more ewes in clear fenceline and full ram contact were ovulating compared to controls (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.001). After 65 days ovarian activity was significant only in those ewes in full contact with rams (P less than 0.001). Between 89 and 95% of ewes remaining anovulatory after 65 days ovulated after 4 days of full contact with novel rams. In Exp. 2, 4 groups of about 30 anovulatory ewes were exposed to various degrees of contact with rams for 5 days. Ovarian activity was assessed before and after treatment by laparoscopy. After 5 days, more ewes were ovulating in response to full ram contact than in any other treatment (P less than 0.05) and more ewes in fenceline contact with rams or with rams plus ewes were ovulating than in the isolated control treatment (P less than 0.01). In Exp. 3, 6 groups of about 40 anovulatory ewes were exposed to face masks with and without rams' wool and/or various degrees of contact with rams for 5 days. More ewes were ovulating after 5 days in the group in full physical contact with rams than in any other group (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184052 TI - Effects of male accessory sex gland secretions on early embryonic development in the golden hamster. AB - The ventral prostates, dorsolateral prostates, coagulating glands, seminal vesicles and/or ampullary glands were bilaterally removed from adult male hamsters. Removal of these glands did not affect the fertilization rate and cleavage of the embryos at 48 h post coitum (p.c.). Air-dried preparations of the embryos showed a delay in cleavage at 72 h p.c. and a significant number of degenerated embryos was also found in females mated with males from which all the male accessory sex glands had been removed. A significant implantation loss was also observed at 122 h p.c. The results suggest that, in the golden hamster, removal of the male accessory sex gland causes a slower cleavage rate in embryonic development and a significant embryonic loss during pregnancy. PMID- 3184053 TI - Endogenous opioid actions and effects of environmental disturbance on parturition and oxytocin secretion in rats. AB - Blood samples were taken from conscious, chronically-catheterized rats during parturition for measurement of oxytocin by specific radioimmunoassay. After the birth of the 3rd pup, rats were allowed to remain in their nesting cage (undisturbed rats) or were transferred for 45 min to a glass bowl (disturbed rats); at the time of transfer, rats were given an i.v. injection of the opioid antagonist naloxone or saline vehicle. Subsequent parturition was prolonged in saline-treated disturbed rats, but not in naloxone-treated disturbed rats. Parturition was significantly hastened in naloxone-treated undisturbed rats. Naloxone injections were followed by a large rise in plasma oxytocin concentrations in disturbed and undisturbed rats. We conclude, from a statistical analysis of the relationship within experimental groups between plasma oxytocin concentration and speed of parturition, that the effects of disturbance and of naloxone upon parturition may be accounted for, at least in part, by their effects upon oxytocin release. However, the effects of disturbance on parturition may not be mediated entirely by activation of opioid pathways. Naloxone did not potentiate oxytocin release in non-pregnant rats, or on Day 1 post partum, but did potentiate oxytocin release on Day 22 of pregnancy even in rats before the onset of parturition. Endogenous opioid pathways regulating oxytocin release therefore appear to be active during late pregnancy and during parturition itself. PMID- 3184054 TI - Short and long phases of progesterone secretion during the oestrous cycle of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). AB - Serum samples were collected from 3 mature female African elephants once each week for 15-18 months. Circulating concentrations of progesterone, oestradiol and LH were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The LH RIA was validated by demonstrating parallel cross-reaction with partly purified elephant LH pituitary fractions. Changing serum progesterone concentrations indicated an oestrous cycle length of 13.3 +/- 1.3 weeks (n = 11). The presumed luteal phase, characterized by elevated serum progesterone values, was 9.1 +/- 1.1 weeks (n = 11). Two abbreviated phases of progesterone in serum lasting 2-3 weeks were observed in 2 elephants, indicating short luteal phases. Oestradiol concentrations in serum were variable, with no clear pattern of secretion. More frequent blood samples were collected during periovulatory periods and 9 distinct LH peaks were detected; all were followed by rises in serum progesterone concentrations. Periovulatory changes in progesterone and LH in sera correlated with external signs of oestrus and mating behaviour. PMID- 3184055 TI - Effect of endogenous and exogenous progesterone on the oestradiol-induced LH surge in dairy cows. AB - Four cows released an LH surge after 1.0 mg oestradiol benzoate administered i.m. during the post-partum anoestrous period with continuing low plasma progesterone. A similar response occurred in the early follicular phase when plasma progesterone concentration at the time of injection was less than 0.5 ng/ml. Cows treated with a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PRID) for 8 days were injected with cloprostenol on the 5th day to remove any endogenous source of progesterone. Oestradiol was injected on the 7th day when the plasma progesterone concentration from the PRID was between 0.7 and 1.5 ng/ml. No LH surge occurred. Similarly, oestradiol benzoate injected in the luteal phase of 3 cows (0.9-2.1 ng progesterone/ml plasma) did not provoke an LH surge. An oestradiol challenge given to 3 cows 6 days after ovariectomy induced a normal LH surge in each cow. However, when oestradiol treatment was repeated on the 7th day of PRID treatment, none released LH. It is concluded that ovaries are not necessary for progesterone to inhibit the release of LH, and cows with plasma progesterone concentrations greater than 0.5 ng/ml, whether endogenous or exogenous, did not release LH in response to oestradiol. PMID- 3184056 TI - Conceptus development in large white and prolific Chinese Meishan pigs. AB - Large White (LW) and Meishan (MS) gilts were killed on Days 8, 10, 11, 12, 14 and 30 of gestation. Mean diameters (mm) for MS and LW conceptuses, respectively, were: Day 8, 0.45 and 0.69; Day 10, 2.7 and 1.9; Day 11, 5.3 and 2.7, with the differences among days being affected by breed (P less than 0.01). Variation in diameter among conceptuses from LW gilts was greater (P less than 0.01) than that for MS gilts on Days 8-11, respectively: Day 8, 20 and 46%; Day 10, 29 and 38%; and Day 11, 22 and 44%. Conceptuses had elongated in 3 of 5 MS and 1 of 4 LW gilts on Day 11, 6 and 6 MS and 2 of 4 LW gilts on Day 12 and all gilts of both breeds on Day 14. These results indicate that conceptuses of MS gilts develop more rapidly and more uniformly between Days 8 and 14 of gestation. Overall, embryonic survival for Days 8-12 for gilts not having elongated conceptuses was 90.2% for MS and 73.2% for LW gilts (P less than 0.01). On Day 30 of gestation, embryonic survival was also higher (P less than 0.01) for MS (89%) than LW (55%) gilts. However, embryonic weight, crown-rump length, placental length, allantoic fluid volume, amniotic fluid volume, as well as total glucose, fructose and protein in allantoic fluid were not affected by breed. Placental weight was greater (P less than 0.01) for LW gilts. Uterine development at Day 30 of gestation, based on total length and weight of uterine horns, width of uterine horns, total endometrial surface area and total endometrial weight was greater (P less than 0.01) for LW gilts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184057 TI - Persistent infertility in ewes after prolonged exposure to oestradiol-17 beta. AB - Merino ewes were treated with implants which released 300 micrograms oestradiol 17 beta per day or 5 mg progesterone per day, or both, for 9 months (Months 1-9), and after an 11-month intermission were treated again for 6 months (Months 20 26). Ewes were run with rams at Months 16, 28 and 40. Fertility was not affected by the first exposure period, but the second exposure to oestradiol reduced the fertility of ewes at both subsequent mating periods. Affected ewes returned to service more frequently (P less than 0.01) and were less likely to conceive (P less than 0.05). After mating, a normal population of spermatozoa was established in the caudal cervix, but transport through the cervix was impaired in affected ewes and there were fewer spermatozoa (P less than 0.01) in the cranial cervix. In affected ewes, the spinnbarkeit of cervical mucus was reduced (P less than 0.05), and the histological appearance of the cervix changed, looking like that of the uterus. Treatment with progesterone did not affect fertility, cervical mucus or sperm transport, but diminished the histological abnormalities produced by oestradiol (P less than 0.05). These results show that oestradiol-17 beta given after puberty can cause the same kind of permanent sexual transdifferentiation that is produced by the oestrogenic isoflavones in ewes with clover disease. The results suggest that this change may require more than a single exposure to oestrogen. PMID- 3184058 TI - Hormonal changes during luteal regression in farmed fallow deer, Dama dama. AB - Concentrations of progesterone, oxytocin and PGFM (pulmonary metabolite of PGF-2 alpha) were measured in plasma from peripheral blood samples collected from 5 fallow does every hour or 2 h for 12-h periods on Days 15-20 inclusive of the oestrous cycle (i.e. luteolysis). For 3 does that exhibited oestrus on Day 21, plasma progesterone concentrations fluctuated between 3 and 10 ng/ml on Days 15 18 inclusive. Thereafter, values declined progressively to attain minimum concentrations of less than 0.05 ng/ml on Day 20. Basal concentrations of plasma oxytocin and PGFM fluctuated between 5 and 20 pg/ml and 10 and 100 pg/ml respectively. Episodic pulses of plasma oxytocin (greater than 300 pg/ml) occurred on Days 15 and 16, whereas pulses of plasma PGFM (greater than 400 pg/ml) occurred on Days 19 and 20. There was little apparent correlation between episodic pulses of the two hormones. For 2 does that exhibited oestrus on Day 22, plasma progesterone concentrations declined to minimum values of 1.0-1.5 ng/ml by Day 20. One of these does showed very high levels of oxytocin secretion throughout the sampling period while the other showed an apparent paucity of oxytocin secretory periods. Two does hysterectomized on Day 13 of their second oestrous cycle failed to exhibit further oestrous cycles. Continual elevation of plasma progesterone concentrations (2-6 ng/ml) for an 8-month period indicated persistence of the corpus luteum after hysterectomy. It is concluded that luteolysis in fallow deer involves episodic secretion of both oxytocin and PGF-2 alpha. PMID- 3184059 TI - The number of spermatozoa, the number of ovulations per ewe, and immunization against androstenedione affect fertility and prolificacy of sheep. AB - Ewes that were untreated, fed lupins or fed lupins and immunized against androstenedione were artificially inseminated. The percentage of ewes pregnant at 36-45 days after insemination (fertility) was 8% higher in ewes that had more than one ovulation than in those that had only one ovulation. Maximum fertility was achieved with 50 x 10(6) spermatozoa and this did not vary with the number of ovulations that ewes had. Among the pregnant, twin-ovulating ewes, embryo survival increased as the number of spermatozoa inseminated increased from 25 x 10(6) to 400 x 10(6). Immunization of ewes against androstenedione increased ovulation rate but reduced fertility, and reduced embryo survival among twin ovulation ewes. PMID- 3184060 TI - Reproductive effects of the anti-cancer drug procarbazine in male rats at different ages. AB - Rats aged 10 days (Exp. A), 45 days (Exp. B) and 70-90 days (Exp. C) were given procarbazine intraperitoneally at doses of 30 mg/kg/day for 5 or 9 weeks (Exps A, B, C), or by gavage at doses of 5 mg/kg/day (equivalent to the therapeutic dose in man) and 50 mg/kg/day, for 9 weeks (Exp. B). A significant mortality rate was noted in immature rats (Exp. A) and in animals receiving 50 mg/kg/day orally (Exp. B). In all groups the rate of body weight gain and the weights of the testes and epididymides were reduced. Procarbazine produced disruption of the normal spermatogenetic architecture that was very severe or total in immature rats (Exp. A) and in rats given the drug at 30 mg/kg/day for 9 weeks and the highest dose (50 mg/kg) in Exp. B. Disruption of spermatogenesis was only partial in the other experimental groups. The number of Sertoli cells was not affected by the different treatments, but a Sertoli cell dysfunction (vacuolization, decreased ABP and elevated FSH concentrations), most probably secondary to germ cell degeneration, was demonstrated in those rats presenting the most severe disruption of spermatogenesis (Exp. B: i.p. and gavage, 50 mg/kg for 9 weeks). Leydig cells, always present in the interstitium, were moderately affected (decrease in serum testosterone values) in some groups at all ages whereas epididymal sperm reserves were decreased after 9 weeks (Exp. B: 30 mg/kg, i.p.; 5 and 50 mg/kg, gavage). Moreover, there was a marked fall in the number of fetuses per female mated by males in all experimental groups. We conclude that the effects of procarbazine on male reproductive function were independent of the route of administration, greater before puberty and proportional to the dose administered as well as to the duration of the treatment. PMID- 3184061 TI - Glucose metabolism by preimplantation pig embryos. AB - Pig embryos were collected, 2-7 days after oestrus, in modified BMOC-2 containing glucose as the only energy source. Embryos were incubated individually in medium containing [5-(3)H]-, [1-(14)C]- or [6-(14)C]glucose. Total glucose metabolism, as measured by [5-(3)H]glucose use, increased steadily from the 1-cell to the 8 cell stage. Total glucose use increased (P less than 0.05) at the compacted morula stage and was highest (P less than 0.05) at the blastocyst stage. Production of 14CO2 from embryos metabolizing [1-(14)C]glucose increased steadily from the unfertilized ovum to the 8-cell stage. Metabolism of [1-(14)C]glucose increased at the compacted morula stage (P less than 0.05) and continued to increase (P less than 0.05) to the blastocyst stage. Metabolism of [6 (14)C]glucose increased steadily from the unfertilized ovum to the compacted morula stage. Metabolism of [6-(14)C]glucose was highest (P less than 0.05) for the blastocyst stage. Percentage pentose phosphate pathway activity of total glucose metabolism before the 4-cell stage was higher (greater than 5%) than that of 8-cell to blastocyst stage embryos (approximately 1%). When embryo metabolism was determined on a per cell basis for each isotope, the compacted morulae stage (16 cells) had a higher total glucose metabolism than all other embryo stages (P less than 0.05), while early blastocyst (32 cells) and blastocyst (64 cells) stage embryos metabolized more [5-(3)H]glucose than all stages except compacted morulae (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184062 TI - Elevated concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F-2 alpha in maternal plasma during prepartum luteolysis and parturition in dogs (Canis familiaris). AB - Concentrations of progesterone and of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGFM) were measured in plasma collected from 6 bitches every 3 h starting 2.8-4.6 days before parturition (birth of first pup) and continuing until 0.4-0.8 days post partum, and in additional samples collected less frequently. Progesterone concentrations at 48, 24, 12 and 3 h pre partum averaged 2.8 +/- 0.3, 2.2 +/- 0.4, 1.0 +/- 0.3 and 0.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml. At those times PGFM values averaged 380 +/- 80, 800 +/- 220, 1450 +/- 450 and 1930 +/- 580 pg/ml, respectively. Mean concentrations of PGFM increased about 2.5-fold between 48 and 15 h pre partum in association with the onset of luteolysis, and then increased another 2.5 times before parturition as progesterone fell to nadir values. Peak levels of PGFM ranged from 1060 to 7150 pg/ml (2100 +/- 600 pg/ml) and occurred within 1-9 h after the birth of the first pup and before the birth of the last pup. These results suggest that prepartum luteolysis in dogs is initiated by increases in maternal concentrations of PGF, and that progesterone withdrawal causes a further increase in PGF which completes luteolysis and provides a major portion of the uterotonic activity causing expulsion of pups. PMID- 3184063 TI - Correlation of follicular steroid hormone profiles with ovarian cyclicity in sows. AB - Ovaries were obtained from sows immediately after slaughter and were morphologically assigned to different stages of the ovarian cycle. Follicular fluid contained in the predominating follicles was analysed for ten steroid hormones by a multiple, simultaneous radioimmunoassay technique. The steroids measured were pregnenolone, progesterone, 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta. The concentrations of the steroids remained relatively low during the luteal stages until the mid-follicular stage when ovaries contained predominantly small to medium-sized (less than 5.0 mm in diam.) follicles. With the exception of 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone concentrations, which remained low regardless of the size of the follicles or the stage of the cycle, the concentrations of all the steroids were significantly elevated in the transition from the mid- to late follicular stage, a period when the ovaries contained mainly large (6-10 mm diam.) follicles. Follicles at the ovulatory stage exhibited a profound decline in the concentrations of androgens and oestrogens. In contrast, the magnitude of decline in the levels of 3 progestagens, i.e. pregnenolone, progesterone and 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone, was much less than that for androgens and oestrogens, while the concentration of 20 alpha-dihydroprogesterone was actually elevated in the ovulatory follicles. The present results agree with those of earlier studies which measured fewer steroids in follicles obtained by repeated and sequential laparotomies of sows during spontaneous cycles. In contrast, these hormone results differ from those using the PMSG/hCG-stimulated ovary, suggesting that such ovaries may not be a completely valid model for ovarian steroid hormone metabolism in the normally cycling sow. PMID- 3184064 TI - Monoclonal antibodies specific for an oviductal component associated with the hamster zona pellucida. AB - Five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against oviductal zona pellucida (ZP) of the hamster. They were purified from ascitic fluid by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) on hydroxylapatite (HPHT) and anion exchange columns. All five MAbs reacted selectively with oviductal ZP and oviductal secretions, no binding was observed to intra-ovarian ZP. A study of the tissue specificity, as evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence, revealed binding of all of these Abs only to the oviduct and, to a lesser extent, to the uterus. A cytosolic fraction from hamster oviduct was subjected to SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and electro-transfer to a nitrocellulose membrane; immuno-enzymatic staining showed a reaction with a polydispersed oviductal component of high molecular weight (approx. 200,000). The native antigen has a molecular weight higher than 400,000 as determined by molecular sieve chromatography. These results suggest that an oviductal antigen is added to the hamster ZP during its transit through the oviduct. This antigen, called oviductin, is a heavily glycosylated protein of high molecular weight. PMID- 3184065 TI - Seminal plasma antigens detected by immunoblotting with human sera from vasectomized males. AB - Eighty-seven serum samples from vasectomized men and 10 samples from normal men were analyzed by immunoblotting for auto-antibodies against seminal plasma proteins. Auto-antibodies against seminal plasma were present in 53 out of 87 vasectomy serum samples. Seminal plasma electrophoresed under non-reduced conditions revealed major antigens at 35 and 68 kDa recognized by auto antibodies. Whereas under reduced conditions auto-antibodies recognized to a variable degree many more antigens having apparent molecular weights of 20, 22, 35, 40, 45, 65, 68, 70 and 75 kDa. None of the sera reacted only with reduced or non-reduced samples. The results of sperm agglutination and sperm immobilization tests correlated with no specific molecular weight antigen. Many of the recognized antigens were glycoprotein. The reactivity of the auto-antibody to the seminal plasma antigens is specific and could not be blocked by prior adsorption of the serum samples with liver powder or human sperm. PMID- 3184066 TI - Hormonal characterization of female SL/Ni mice: a small thymus gland strain exhibiting ovarian dysgenesis. AB - Female SL/Ni mice have a small thymus gland and show accelerated aging of the reproductive system characterized by an early loss of the follicular apparatus and early onset of ovarian tumors. At 9 months of age, circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were higher in the SL/Ni animals than in controls while prolactin (PRL) was lower in the SL/Ni mice. The trends of these hormones are consistent with the loss of the follicular apparatus which is responsible for estradiol production. The high levels of gonadotropins which precede the onset of the tumors confirm the hypothesis that prolonged stimulation by gonadotropins can be a cause of ovarian tumorigenesis. Further, these data suggest that aging of the reproductive system may be a thymus dependent phenomenon. PMID- 3184067 TI - Deposition of C3 on bacteria in the mouse uterus after mating. AB - A previous study demonstrated that several species of bacteria were present in the mouse uterine lumen on the day after mating, and that many of these bacteria had immunoglobulins bound to their surface. Neutrophilic leukocytes containing phagocytosed bacteria were also present in the lumen. Since bacteria are phagocytosed efficiently only when they are opsonized by the binding of specific antibody or C3b or both to their surface, we investigated whether the uterine bacteria were coated with C3. Immunolabeling demonstrated that an antigenic portion of C3, possibly C3b, was bound to many of the uterine bacteria. This observation suggests that bacteria in the mouse uterus after mating may be opsonized by both antibody and complement and that phagocytosis of these bacteria by neutrophils may play an important role in returning the uterus to an aseptic state before implantation. PMID- 3184068 TI - HLA: linkage with rheumatoid arthritis or seropositivity. AB - HLA haplotype sharing was compared in sibships from multicase families with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), subdivided by rheumatoid factor status, to investigate the claim that HLA is linked more to RA severity than susceptibility. Considerable deviation from expected (Mendelian) inheritance towards greater sharing of inherited parental haplotypes was observed in the sibships as a whole and when subdivided according to the serological status of the sibship's members. Further, there was no evidence that linkage was stronger in the seropositive concordant than in the other sibships. Linkage was also demonstrated between HLA and seropositivity even in sibships where not all members expressed clinical RA. These results, therefore, do not support the existence of genetic heterogeneity between seropositive and seronegative RA, a possibility previously suggested from population studies of antigen associations. PMID- 3184069 TI - The value of the joint alignment and motion scale in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Spiegel, et al proposed for the first time in 1986 the inclusion of the Joint Alignment and Motion (JAM) Scale in the evaluation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Our 2-part study attempted to (1) measure the interobserver reliability of the instrument (therapist, occupational and physical vs physician) and (2) determine the relationship between it and disease severity as determined radiographically by means of the modified anatomical grading criteria, and functionally by the ARA functional class. Thirty patients were included in each part of the study. Our data indicate that the quick, inexpensive JAM Scale of Spiegel, et al is a reliable method of estimating joint motion and alignment and correlates with both functional class and disease severity. PMID- 3184070 TI - Circulating IgA producing cells in the differential diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. AB - The number of immunoglobulin producing cells was determined by a plaque forming cell assay in 23 patients with definite Henoch-Schonlein purpura, in 5 children with probable Henoch-Schonlein purpura, in 11 patients with leukocytoclastic vasculitis not associated with a collagen vascular disease, and in 2 age matched control groups of healthy individuals. In the group with leukocytoclastic vasculitis, the numbers of circulating Ig producing cells were within normal limits, and lower than those found in definite Henoch-Schonlein purpura for IgA secreting cells (t = 8.26, p less than 0.001) and IgM secreting cells (t = 2.78, p less than 0.01). The number of circulating IgA secreting cells discriminated between definite Henoch-Schonlein purpura and leukocytoclastic vasculitis with a diagnostic sensitivity of 95.7% and specificity of 90.9%. Four of the 5 patients with probable Henoch-Schonlein purpura also had an increased number of IgA secreting cells. Therefore, an increased number of circulating IgA secreting cells in a patient with hypersensitivity vasculitis without a collagen vascular disease supports the diagnosis of Henoch-Schonlein purpura. PMID- 3184072 TI - Synovial lymphocyte responses to microbial antigens differentiate the arthritis of enteric reactive arthritis from the arthritis of inflammatory bowel disease. AB - Synovial lymphocyte responses to microbial antigens were measured by the 3H thymidine uptake method in 5 patients with bacteriologically defined enteric reactive arthritis and 7 patients with arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. All the patients with enteric reactive arthritis had maximal synovial lymphocyte responses to the relevant enteric antigen; in contrast, the synovial lymphocytes of the patients with inflammatory bowel disease all responded maximally to nonenteric antigens. PMID- 3184071 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis--an analytical review of 1500 patients: the changing pattern of disease. AB - To avoid biases inherent in the study of referral patients seen at a single unit, we investigated a group of 1500 patients (males 71%), members of the UK National Ankylosing Spondylitis Society (NASS). Patients were divided into 15 cohorts by year of onset (mean size 91). The median delay in diagnosis for these cohorts was greater than 6 years until 1974. Thereafter, there was a marked improvement with the most recent cohort waiting a median of 2 years for diagnosis (e.g., 1969/72 cohorts vs 1979/82 cohorts; mean delay 7.4 years vs 2.3 years, p less than 0.0001). Until 1974 the median delay for women was 9 years compared to 6 years for men (e.g., 1956/62 cohorts 11 and 7 years, p less than 0.0015, falling to 3 and 2.5 years, respectively by 1979/82, p = NS). Major differences were seen when the 14 health regions were taken separately; the median delay ranged from 9 years for the 3 "worst" regions to 4 years for the 3 "best" (p = 0.022). This was reflected in the percentage with delay in diagnosis longer than 2 years (80 and 58%, respectively; chi 2 = 11.31, p less than 0.01). Strikingly, the median age of onset of symptoms steadily increased from 18 years in 1930/40 to 28 years in 1981/82 (e.g., 1956/62 vs 1969/72; mean ages 21.4 vs 23.5 years, p less than 0.004 and 1969/72 vs 1979/82; 23.5 years vs 28.7 years p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184073 TI - Symptoms mimicking neurologic disorders in fibromyalgia syndrome. AB - Recent reports have not emphasized the presence of paresthesias in fibromyalgia syndrome. In our retrospective review of 161 patients with fibromyalgia we found that 84% complained of numbness or tingling at initial evaluation. Most had either bilateral upper and lower extremity or bilateral upper extremity paresthesias. None had concurrent diseases commonly associated with peripheral neuropathy. Thirty-six patients with paresthesias had electromyograms performed before the diagnosis of fibromyalgia and 32 were normal. At a second assessment performed at a mean of 25 months from time of diagnosis, 56 of these 57 patients reported current paresthesias. Paresthesias are common in fibromyalgia and may mimic a neurologic disorder, although objective abnormalities are rare. Judicious use of neurodiagnostic tests are therefore indicated in the clinical setting of fibromyalgia. PMID- 3184074 TI - Pediatric rheumatology: a survey of physician practices and fellowship programs. AB - We report the results of a 1982 pilot survey of pediatric rheumatology physicians and fellowship training programs in the United States. All physicians indicating in the ARA directory that they could care for rheumatic diseases of children were surveyed, with a response rate of 57.6%. There were 35 directors of United States pediatric rheumatology programs among the respondents. The survey provided basic information concerning training and practice characteristics of respondent physicians and the sources of funding, size, and emphasis of the fellowship programs. Specific attention is given to indicators of demand for pediatric rheumatology services. PMID- 3184075 TI - Severe congestive lupus cardiomyopathy complicated by an intracavitary thrombus: a clinical and echocardiographic followup. AB - Severe congestive cardiomyopathy is an uncommon complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We describe a patient with active SLE and a circulating anticoagulant. She presented with a rapidly progressive cardiomyopathy, complicated by an intracavitary thrombus and cerebral infarction. The course of the disease is described, with special emphasis on the usefulness of consecutive echocardiographic studies. PMID- 3184077 TI - Polymyositis with tubular aggregates. AB - We report a patient with classic idiopathic polymyositis who had tubular aggregates on muscle biopsy. Tubular aggregates are distinctly rare in polymyositis although seen in a variety of other muscle disorders including myopathies associated with muscle cramping. Our patient did not have muscle cramps or severe myalgia. Moreover, the patient's disease responded to steroids, indicating that tubular aggregates were not a marker for steroid resistance. The function of the tubular aggregates in this disease is not clear. PMID- 3184076 TI - Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with lingual infarction. AB - A 73-year-old woman developed a lingual infarction, Raynaud's phenomenon, cutaneous lesions, pancytopenia, and pleuritis. Serologic studies supported a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and anticardiolipin antibodies were detected in significant titers. This is the first reported case of SLE presenting with an infarction of the tongue. PMID- 3184078 TI - Subacute perimyositis. AB - We describe a patient who developed a benign myopathy with features suggestive of subacute perimysial inflammation. There was no blood eosinophilia or infectious agent identified. Creatine phosphokinase was not significantly elevated. Electromyography showed a myopathic process. Muscle biopsy showed predominantly subacute perimysial inflammation with rare eosinophils. The patient recovered completely after therapy with glucocorticoids and a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug. The features of our case were compared to known causes of myositis with or without eosinophils. It may be part of the spectrum of relapsing eosinophilic perimyositis or may be a condition previously unreported. PMID- 3184080 TI - Goodpasture's syndrome associated with pulmonary eosinophilic vasculitis. AB - Lung hemorrhage and antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody mediated nephritis define Goodpasture's syndrome. We present the case of a 19-year-old Caucasian woman with unique clinical findings of Goodpasture's syndrome. Our patient initially presented with leukocytoclastic vasculitis of the skin followed by the development of nephritis and lung hemorrhage. An open lung biopsy done prior to diagnosing anti-GBM antibody disease demonstrated an intense eosinophilic vasculitis. Skin vasculitis has only been rarely reported, and to our knowledge this is the first reported case of pulmonary eosinophilic vasculitis associated with Goodpasture's syndrome. PMID- 3184079 TI - Penicillamine induced mammary hyperplasia: report of a case and review of the literature. AB - A 41-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis developed massive breast enlargement while taking penicillamine. Her endocrine evaluation was unremarkable, and the breast enlargement resolved with danazol therapy. Penicillamine may increase breast tissue sensitivity to steroid hormones in some patients, resulting in breast growth. This rare complication resolves spontaneously in men, but in women reversal of breast enlargement requires androgen therapy. PMID- 3184081 TI - Unilateral painful shoulder: a very unusual presenting form of giant cell arteritis. PMID- 3184082 TI - Small bowel necrosis: a rare, life threatening complication of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3184083 TI - Firework related ocular injury. PMID- 3184084 TI - Cholecystectomy: ironmasters and eggheads. PMID- 3184085 TI - Surgical training--the next forty years. PMID- 3184086 TI - Undifferentiated illness: some suggestions for approaching the polysymptomatic patient. PMID- 3184087 TI - Cholecystectomy: safe or not safe to drain? AB - The aim of this study was to determine whether drains influenced the size of subhepatic collections following cholecystectomy, and if these had any affect on complications. Eighty-five patients undergoing cholecystectomy had either no drain, a narrow bore suction drain or an open corrugated drain. Subhepatic fluid collections were measured by real time ultrasound on the first and fifth postoperative days, and thereafter if necessary. The volumes of fluid drained were also measured and clinical complications recorded. The subhepatic collections were, on average, the same whether a drain was used or not. Drains produced volumes considerably in excess of any subhepatic collection measured, but they did not appear to warn of biliary leakage. More complications (28%) were seen in the drained group compared with the undrained group (10.5%), and furthermore, the complications did not seem to occur in relation to the larger collections. One patient who had had a corrugated drain correctly placed developed biliary peritonitis. We suggest that drainage of simple cholecystectomy is unnecessary and, if an open drain is used, potentially dangerous. PMID- 3184088 TI - Fireworks and the eye. AB - A prospective study involving all casualty departments in Trent Region and 81% of the major eye units in UK was performed to determine ocular morbidity from the use of fireworks during 1986. A serious injury was defined as involving admission to hospital and/or intraocular damage. Of all the injuries from fireworks, 16.7% seen at major eye units were serious and were caused by rockets or exploding fireworks (P less than 0.001). Only 53% of all injuries and 12.5% of serious injuries involved children, and in contrast to the 1950s and early 1960s, young adults appear at greatest risk in the 1980s. Legislation to reduce ocular morbidity should concentrate on restricting the use of rockets and exploding fireworks and encouraging the use of suitable eye protection. PMID- 3184089 TI - The treatment of overuse syndrome in musicians. Results in 175 patients. AB - Overuse syndrome, a condition of pain and loss of function in muscle groups and ligaments through excessive use, is common in musicians. In this series, the less serious cases of the disorder have been successfully treated by a modification of physical activity while allowing the musician to continue to play. The more serious cases were treated by a radical rest programme, first described last century, usually up to 12 months, until the patient is pain free and the muscles and ligaments are no longer tender. Performance is then very gradually resumed. The criterion for total success is a return to music performance free of pain with sustainable practice habits. PMID- 3184090 TI - The ocular signs and complications of epidermolysis bullosa. AB - Eleven patients with the dystrophic form of epidermolysis bullosa underwent ophthalmic assessment to establish the presence, characteristics, and extent of any ocular involvement. Eight patients were found to have eye changes: these included varying degrees of symblepharon, broadening of the limbus, and corneal opacities. Taken as a group, these changes formed a characteristic pattern. The majority of patients were asymptomatic and the ocular changes appear to be only slowly progressive. Recurrent corneal abrasion and symblepharon are the most important complications. PMID- 3184091 TI - Do all minor excised lesions require histological examination? Discussion paper. PMID- 3184092 TI - Case-control studies and risk factors for cataract: discussion paper. PMID- 3184093 TI - Intracranial gumma presenting as a cerebral tumour. PMID- 3184094 TI - Hyperoxaluria and renal calculi in children: the role of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. PMID- 3184095 TI - Priapism in a 6 1/2-year-old boy with sickle cell disease. PMID- 3184096 TI - Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis. PMID- 3184097 TI - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome presenting with infarction of stomach. PMID- 3184099 TI - 'Sciences' basic to psychiatry. Teaching nutrition to medical students. PMID- 3184098 TI - Adult lead toxicity and untreated coeliac disease. PMID- 3184100 TI - AIDS: public panic. PMID- 3184101 TI - Hypothermia-induced thrombocytopenia. PMID- 3184102 TI - Which patients with arm oedema are helped by intermittent external compression therapy. PMID- 3184103 TI - Anglo-Dutch responses to drug problems. PMID- 3184104 TI - The stethoscopeless cardiologist. PMID- 3184105 TI - The 'Holy Plane' of rectal surgery. PMID- 3184107 TI - Corticosteroid replacement therapy: twice or thrice daily? AB - Although glucocorticoid replacement is conventionally administered twice daily, the pharmacokinetics of hydrocortisone would predict very low levels of plasma cortisol by mid-afternoon. This study compared plasma cortisol day profiles in 7 hypoadrenal patients while on twice daily and thrice daily hydrocortisone replacement. The twice daily regimen was associated with very low levels of cortisol at 16.00 and 18.00 h. This was eliminated by administering the same total dose in a thrice daily regimen. Furthermore, estimates of 'well-being' by visual analogue scale correlated significantly with simultaneous plasma cortisol levels and 5 of the patients expressed a preference for the thrice daily regimen. The findings suggest that thrice daily glucocorticoid replacement therapy should be adopted routinely. PMID- 3184106 TI - Quantitative exfoliative cytology of abnormal oral mucosal smears. AB - In this study quantitative techniques have been applied to smears collected from the buccal mucosa and floor of the mouth. The results display an encouraging success rate for identifying premalignant and malignant lesions. 'Intrapatient' normal smears provide a satisfactory control for comparison with pathological smears. Early results indicate that quantitative cytology could be of great value for monitoring and follow-up of suspicious lesions and provide an excellent additional diagnostic test for detecting early oral malignancy. PMID- 3184108 TI - The measurement of preoperative anxiety. AB - Preoperative anxiety was assessed using the hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, multiple affect adjective check list (MAACL) and linear analogue anxiety scale (LAAS) in 100 consecutive day case patients undergoing termination of pregnancy. The HAD scale, a recently introduced self assessment scale comprising 7 multiple choice questions, was readily accepted and easily understood by patients. There was a high degree of correlation between the HAD scale and both the MAACL (correlation coefficient 0.74) and the LAAS (correlation coefficient 0.67). There was only a moderate degree of correlation between the HAD scale and the anaesthetist's assessment of anxiety (correlation coefficient 0.46). The HAD scale is a useful method of subjective measurement of preoperative anxiety. PMID- 3184110 TI - The use of acrylic bone cement for cervical fusion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - We report on 14 patients with instability of the cervical spine secondary to rheumatoid arthritis treated by fusion using a combination of traditional bone grafting techniques and methylmethacrylate bone cement. Successful fusion was achieved in all cases with few complications. The high infection rate reported by other authors was avoided by reducing the bulk of the cement mass and the use of antibiotic impregnated cement. We recommend this method of fusion to all orthopaedic surgeons involved in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3184112 TI - Methods of epidemiological investigation: discussion paper. PMID- 3184111 TI - A preliminary report on the role of lay counselling amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease. AB - A team of lay counsellors was trained by the Nottingham Counselling Centre to provide advice to members of the East Midlands branch of the National Association for Colitis and Crohn's Disease. Initial contact was by telephone and the results of the first 25 client/counsellor discussions are presented. Twenty enquiries were made directly by the patient and 5 by a relative of the patient. All but two of the patients were women. The median age of the patients was 52 years with a median duration of symptoms of 3 years. A failure of communication between the patient and other people underlay most of the problems discussed. Eighteen people welcomed the opportunity simply to talk; in 10 cases there was little rapport with their own doctor and in 8 cases people felt too embarrassed to discuss their problems with friends or relatives. This sense of isolation had been anticipated by counsellors from their own experience and may be a substantial, but as yet unrecognized problem amongst many patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 3184109 TI - Patient access to psychiatric records: the patients' view. AB - The passing of legislation relating to subject access to personal health data has been accompanied by concern about the possible harmful effects of this development on patients. Despite the lack of substantive evidence psychiatric patients have been regarded as the group most at risk. This study investigates the subjective views of patients on access to records on two psychiatric wards. PMID- 3184113 TI - The cost of AIDS: discussion paper. PMID- 3184114 TI - Severe angioneurotic oedema causing acute airway obstruction. PMID- 3184116 TI - Faeco-pneumothorax as the presenting feature of a traumatic diaphragmatic hernia. PMID- 3184115 TI - Hashitoxicosis and autoantibody interference with thyroid function tests. PMID- 3184117 TI - Iliac and gluteal artery aneurysms presenting as sciatica. PMID- 3184118 TI - Familial dysalbuminaemic hyperthyroxinaemia and other causes of euthyroid hyperthyroxinaemia. PMID- 3184119 TI - N-sulfonyl imidates as a novel prodrug form for an ester function or a sulfonamide group. PMID- 3184120 TI - N-acylphenylalanines and related compounds. A new class of oral hypoglycemic agents. AB - N-Benzoyl-DL-phenylalanine (1) was found to possess hypoglycemic activity. A series of the analogues of compound 1 were prepared and evaluated for their blood glucose lowering activity. Both the steric effects of the phenylalanine moiety and the effects of variations in the acyl moiety were investigated. This study elucidated some of the structure-activity relationships and led to the development of N-(4-ethylbenzoyl)-D-phenylalanine (34), which was 50 times more potent than the initial compound 1. PMID- 3184121 TI - Synthesis and antileukemic activity of bis[[(carbamoyl)oxy]methyl]- substituted pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines, pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinolines, pyrrolo[2,1 a]isobenzazepines, and pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzazepines. AB - A series of bis[[(carbamoyl)oxy]methyl]-substituted pyrrole-fused tricyclic heterocycles were synthesized by using 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with a trifluoromethanesulfonate salt of an appropriate Resissert compound or with a mesoionic oxazolone intermediate. All of the bis(carbamates) were active in vivo against P388 lymphocytic leukemia with 5,6-dihydro-8-methoxy-1,2- bis(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline bis[N-(2-propyl)carbamate] (3c) showing the highest level of activity. PMID- 3184122 TI - A pyrimidine-based "flexible" bisubstrate analogue inhibitor of human thymidylate synthase. AB - The synthesis and characterization of two "flexible" bisubstrate analogues of the intermediate in the thymidylate synthase reaction are reported. Steric constraints are minimized and diasteromeric mixtures avoided by using a pyrimidine-based analogue as the folate portion of the inhibitor while retaining all known important binding sites. A preliminary assessment of certain conformational parameters by NMR is presented. The compounds are shown to be potent competitive inhibitors with respect to dUMP or 5,10-CH2-H4PteGlu but gave mixed kinetics with respect to 5,10-CH2-H4PteGlu5 for human thymidylate synthase. PMID- 3184123 TI - Synthesis and cognition activating properties of some mono- and bicyclic lactam derivatives. AB - Upon reductive cyclization cyano esters 2, 3, and 9 yielded piperidones and perhydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyridine lactams, generally as a mixture of diasteromeric cis-trans forms. X-ray crystallographic analyses were carried out on bicyclic dilactam derivatives 6 and 10, and a cis configuration at the ring junction was determined in both cases. A series of neuropsychopharmacological tests performed on the title compounds indicated that they are generally nontoxic even at high doses (up to 1000 mg/kg ip). The cognition activating properties of lactams 4, 5, 6, and 10 were evaluated in enhancing retention for passive avoidance learning in rats without and after electroconvulsive shock (ECS); compounds 5 and 10 were found to be more potent than piracetam in the amnesia-reversal testing. PMID- 3184124 TI - Synthesis and antifolate activity of 5-methyl-5,10-dideaza analogues of aminopterin and folic acid and an alternative synthesis of 5,10 dideazatetrahydrofolic acid, a potent inhibitor of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase. AB - The title compounds were prepared in extensions of a general synthetic approach used earlier to prepare 5-alkyl-5-deaza analogues of classical antifolates. Wittig condensation of 2,4-diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxaldehyde (2a) and its 5-methyl analogue 2b with [4-(methoxycarbonyl)benzylidene] triphenylphosphorane gave 9,10-ethenyl precursors 3a and 3b. Hydrogenation (DMF, ambient, 5% Pd/C) of the 9,10-ethenyl group of 3b followed by ester hydrolysis led to 4-[2-(2,4-diamino-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)ethyl]ben zoi c acid (5), which was converted to 5-methyl-5,10-dideazaaminopterin (6) via coupling with dimethyl L-glutamate (mixed-anhydride method using i-BuOCOCl) followed by ester hydrolysis. Standard hydrolytic deamination of 6 gave 5-methyl-5,10 dideazafolic acid (7). Intermediates 3a and 3b were converted through concomitant deamination and ester hydrolysis to 8a and 8b. Peptide coupling of 8a,b (using (EtO)2POCN) with diesters of L-glutamic acid gave intermediate esters 9a and 9b. Hydrogenation of both the 9,10 double bond and the pyrido ring of 9a and 9b (MeOH 0.1 N HCl, 3.5 atm, Pt) was followed by ester hydrolysis to give 5,10-dideaza 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (11a) and the 5-methyl analogue 11b. Biological evaluation of 6, 7, 11a, and 11b for inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) isolated from L1210 cells and for growth inhibition and transport characteristics toward L1210 cells revealed 6 to be less potent than methotrexate in the inhibition of DHFR and cell growth. Compounds 6, 11a, and 11b were transported into cells more efficiently than methotrexate. Growth inhibition IC50 values for 11a and 11b were 57 and 490 nM, respectively; the value for 11a is in good agreement with that previously reported (20-50 nM). In tests against other folate utilizing enzymes, 11a and 11b were found to be inhibitors of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GAR formyltransferase) from one bacterial (Lactobacillus casei) and two mammalian (Manca and L1210) sources with 11a being decidedly more inhibitory than 11b. Neither 11a nor 11b inhibited aminoimidazolecarboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase. These results support reported evidence that 11a owes its observed antitumor activity to interference with the purine de novo pathway with the site of action being GAR formyltransferase. PMID- 3184125 TI - Retinobenzoic acids. 1. Structure-activity relationships of aromatic amides with retinoidal activity. AB - Two types of aromatic amides, terephthalic monoanilides and (arylcarboxamido)benzoic acids, have been shown to possess potent retinoidal activities and can be classified as retinoids. The structure-activity relationships of these amides are discussed on the basis of differentiation inducing activity on human promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60. In generic formula 4 (X = NHCO or CONH), the necessary factors to elicit the retinoidal activities are a medium-sized alkyl group (isopropyl, tert-butyl, etc.) at the meta position and a carboxyl group at the para position of the other benzene ring. The bonding of the amide structure can be reversed, this moiety apparently having the role of locating the two benzene rings at suitable positions with respect to each other. Substitution at the ring position ortho to the amide group or N-methylation of the amide group caused loss of activity, presumably owing to the resultant change of conformation. It is clear that the mutual orientation of the benzylic methyl group(s) and the carboxyl group and their distance apart are essential factors determining the retinoidal activity. Among the synthesized compounds, 4-[(5,6,7,8 tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carbamoyl]benz oic acid (Am80) and 4-[(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)carboxamido] benzoic acid (Am580) were several times more active than retinoic acid in the assay. They are structurally related to retinoic acid, as is clear from the biological activity of the hybrid compounds (M2 and R2). PMID- 3184126 TI - Synthesis of sulfur-containing analogues of bestatin. Inhibition of aminopeptidases by alpha-thiolbestatin analogues. AB - Sulfur-containing amino acid and peptide analogues of bestatin [((2S,3R)-3-amino 2-hydroxy-4-phenyl-butanoyl)-L-leucine] (1) have been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of aminopeptidase M (AP-M), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and aminopeptidase B (AP-B). The 2-thiolbestatin analogue (6) was found to be a potent inhibitor of all three aminopeptidases (AP-M, Ki = 4.4 microM; LAP, Ki = 0.55 microM; AP-B, Ki = 4.6 nM) but only a slightly better inhibitor of these aminopeptidases than the parent hydroxy-containing compound 1. Synthetic analogues of L-leucinethiol(4), a strong inhibitor of aminopeptidases, were prepared in which the carbon alpha to the thiol groups was substituted with methyl, methyl carboxylate, and carboxamide derivatives and found to be much weaker inhibitors of all aminopeptidases. A thioamide analogue of bestatin (49) is a modest inhibitor of AP-M (Ki = 40 microM), LAP (Ki = 0.33 microM), and AP-B (Ki = 2.4 microM). These results suggest that the sulfur atoms in 2-thiolbestatin and bestatin thioamide do not interact strongly with the active-site zinc atom of these aminopeptidases when the inhibitors are bound to the enzyme. These results are not consistent with proposed models for the inhibition of aminopeptidases by bestatin and related analogues. PMID- 3184127 TI - Design of novel inhibitors of aminopeptidases. Synthesis of peptide-derived diamino thiols and sulfur replacement analogues of bestatin. AB - Investigations were directed toward inhibition of an aminopeptidase, isolated from rat brain, which has been implicated in the metabolic inactivation of enkephalins. The design rationale and synthesis of novel peptidyl diamino thiol inhibitors of rat brain aminopeptidase are presented, along with accompanying structure-activity analysis. Some of the reported compounds are highly active aminopeptidase inhibitors and possess enzyme inhibitory potency in the nanomolar range (62; I50 = 1 nM). Analysis of the data permits speculations on possible modes of binding of diamino thiols to aminopeptidase. Other investigations were directed toward understanding the mode of enzyme binding of the naturally occurring aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin. On the basis of published models of enzyme binding, replacement of the C-2 hydroxyl group of bestatin by a sulfhydryl group was anticipated to lead to enhanced inhibition due to a strengthened interaction of this group with enzymic zinc. Contrary to expectations, "thiobestatin" inhibited rat brain aminopeptidase with only the same degree of effectiveness as the corresponding alcohol. Speculations on the possible mode of enzyme-inhibitor binding of bestatin are offered. PMID- 3184128 TI - Synthesis of (aryloxy)alkylamines. 2. Novel imidazo-fused heterocycles with calcium channel blocking and local anesthetic activity. AB - A series of imidazo-fused heterocycles substituted with an aryloxy)alkylamine side chain were prepared as modifications to butoprozine (I) and found to possess calcium channel blocking activity similar in potency to that of bepridil in trachea smooth muscle and similar to that of verapamil in nitrendipine binding affinity in rabbit cardiac muscle. Of the various imidazo-fused heterocycles prepared, the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were also found to be potent local anesthetic agents. While most compounds in this series were equipotent to lidocaine in our initial screen, compounds 2 and 35 showed local anesthetic activity approximately 100 times more potent than lidocaine in our preliminary assays. These compounds represent a novel structural class of local anesthetic agents, and compound 2 is under further investigation. PMID- 3184129 TI - Euthanasia, withholding life-prolonging treatment, and moral differences between killing and letting die. PMID- 3184130 TI - Health and disease: what can medicine do for philosophy? AB - Philosophical discussions about health and disease often refer to a 'medical model' of bodily disease, in which diseases are regarded as causes of illness; diagnosis consists in identifying the disease affecting the patient, and this determines the appropriate treatment. This view is plausible only for diseases whose cause is known, though even in such instances the disease is the effect on the affected person, and must not be confused with its own cause. But in fact the medical diagnostic process which progresses from recognition of patterns of symptoms and signs, through search for abnormalities of structure and/or function, towards knowledge of causation often stops short of this desirable end point; and at whatever point it comes to a halt, its result is expressed in terms of 'diseases'. Thus in medical discourse the names of diseases are a convenient device by which the current conclusion of the diagnostic process can be stated briefly; and they have widely varying factual implications. This nominalist analysis of the medical usages of the names of diseases has consequences for definitions of health and disease, and for some problems in medical ethics. PMID- 3184131 TI - Multidisciplinary teaching in a formal medical ethics course for clinical students. PMID- 3184132 TI - What doctors should call their patients. AB - The paper discusses the moral difficulties physicians encounter when determining the level of formality they will use when addressing their patients. It is argued that physicians ought not to use a patient's first name unless the patient also uses the physician's first name. In short, physicians and patients should always address each other with the same level of formality. It is argued that this is so even when patients invite physicians to address them informally. PMID- 3184133 TI - Terminating life-sustaining treatment--recent US developments. AB - This paper reviews some recent litigation in the United States which addresses the difficult question of withdrawing food and hydration from both competent and incompetent patients. Whilst the decisions in question have manifested a trend towards favouring patient autonomy, they also indicate an underlying tension between doctors, health care facilities and their dying patients which is not yet close to resolution. The author suggests that the courts in the United States are likely to remain, for the foreseeable future, the final arbiters in that country of disputes relating to the termination of life-sustaining treatment. PMID- 3184134 TI - For whom the bells knell. AB - A 72-year-old widowed woman known to have an organic brain syndrome was hospitalised owing to gangrene of her lower limbs. The gangrene had been caused by an adduction contracture of her hip resulting in pressure on the medial surface of her left leg. In addition she had pressure sores over both trochanters and the sacrum. The smell of putrefication could be sensed from a distance and on examination large white worms could be seen slithering in the decomposing tissue. The patient was pyrexial, oblivious of her surroundings, and without pain. Surgery--limb amputations--would not restore the patient to a cognitive state nor improve here quality of life, but abstinence posed an inherent threat of sepsis, and revulsion to the attendants. The sacral pressure sore was so large that surgical closure was impossible. The question of surgical intervention is discussed. PMID- 3184135 TI - Biological processes and moral events. AB - It is often argued that the continuity of the processes of embryo development precludes the establishment of morally significant boundaries, once development is under way. These arguments typically claim that marking out any moral boundaries requires identifying particular significant events, and that in such circumstances this is either impossible or arbitrary. In this paper it is argued that arguments of this kind are not cogent. The paper concludes by indicating where the real problems lie. PMID- 3184136 TI - Raping and making love are different concepts: so are killing and voluntary euthanasia. AB - The distinction between 'kill' and 'help to die' is argued by analogy with the distinction between 'rape' and 'make love to'. The difference is the consent of the receiver of the act, therefore 'kill' is the wrong word for an act of active voluntary euthanasia. The argument that doctors must not be allowed by law to perform active voluntary euthanasia because this would recognise an infringement of the sanctity of life ('the red light principle') is countered by comparing such doctors with the drivers of emergency vehicles, who are allowed to drive through red lights. PMID- 3184137 TI - The status of anencephalic babies: should their bodies be used as donor banks? AB - In recent months there has been considerable discussion on the ethics of using organs from anencephalic babies for transplantation purposes. The heart of an anencephalic in Ireland was so used, but the recipient died very soon after the operation. Since this case came to light the Royal College of Physicians has imposed a ban on the use of these babies as donors while a working party investigates the issues involved.* This article attempts to examine the problem and reaches the conclusion that in practice it is not ethical to use the organs of anencephalics for transplants. PMID- 3184138 TI - Is AIDS a just punishment? AB - There are religious and philosophical versions of the thesis that AIDS is a punishment for homosexual behaviour. It is argued here that the religious version is seriously incomplete. Because of this incompleteness and because of the indeterminacies that ordinarily attend religious argumentation, it is concluded that the claim may be set aside as unconvincing. Homosexual behaviour is then judged for its morality against utilitarian, deontological, and natural law theories of ethics. It is argued that such behaviour involves no impediment to important moral goals and is not therefore immoral. Where natural law might be used to condemn homosexual behaviour, it is argued that the theory itself is not well established. Consequently there is a prima facie reason for rejecting the philosophical version of the punishment thesis. This conclusion is further supported by noting the lack of proportion between the purported immorality of homosexuality and a punishment as devastating as AIDS. PMID- 3184140 TI - The physician as critic. PMID- 3184139 TI - Response to Confidentiality: a modified value. PMID- 3184141 TI - A probably distinct autosomal recessive thoraco-limb dysplasia. AB - A Mexican mestizo family is reported in which two opposite sexed sibs, born to consanguineous parents, had a skeletal dysplasia. The salient features were a bell shaped thorax owing to short ribs, short limbed dwarfism, pelvic hypoplasia, dislocatable radial heads, elongated distal fibulae, and improvement with age. It is concluded that the present observation probably represents a distinct autosomal recessive thoraco-limb dysplasia identifiable at birth. PMID- 3184142 TI - Deletion of a single chromosome band 4q26 in a malformed girl: exclusion of Rieger syndrome associated gene(s) from the 4q26 segment. AB - We report a malformed girl with a single chromosome band deletion of 4q26 in peripheral lymphocytes. This patient is the fourth case reported with an interstitial deletion involving 4q26 and has the smallest deletion of those reported. Deletion mapping indicates that psychomotor retardation, coloboma, prominent forehead, epicanthus, broad based nose, and broad, thin upper lip are associated with monosomy 4q26, and that gene(s) associated with Rieger syndrome can be excluded from the 4q26 segment. PMID- 3184143 TI - Trisomy 3p23----pter and monosomy 11q23----qter in an infant with two translocation carrier parents. AB - A newborn male infant with multiple congenital abnormalities was found to be trisomic for 3p23----pter and monosomic for 11q23----qter. His parents were both carriers of a balanced reciprocal translocation. Considerable overlap in phenotype-karyotype correlations was found between the two chromosomal syndromes in the patient. PMID- 3184144 TI - Linkage analysis of manic depression in an Irish family using H-ras 1 and INS DNA markers. PMID- 3184145 TI - Prenatal diagnosis of mosaicism for del(18)(q12.2q21.1) and a normal cell line. PMID- 3184146 TI - A new centromeric heteromorphism in the short arm of chromosome 20. PMID- 3184147 TI - A national survey concerning the ethical aspects of informed consent and role of medical students. AB - The authors surveyed a national random sample of medical students (10 percent of the graduating class of 1985) to identify the ways in which the students obtained informed consent from their patients and to learn the students' views of certain issues concerning informed consent. The results showed that the students introduced themselves to patients using methods that the authors grouped by levels of forthrightness. Those students who introduced themselves as medical students differed in their views on selected informed consent issues from students who introduced themselves as physicians. In general, all the students were less forthright about their status when given the opportunity to perform invasive procedures. Student gender, type of patient, and type of hospital were statistically associated with the students' behavior, according to bivariate analysis. After multivariate regression analysis, however, only the actions of the students' role models (residents and attending physicians) remained significantly associated with the students' behavior. The authors conclude that because some aspects of student behavior are at odds with the requirements of informed consent, medical educators must scrutinize the ethical dimensions of the policies they establish. PMID- 3184148 TI - A survey of fourth-year medical students' decisions regarding family practice as a career. AB - With a decline in the proportion of medical students pursuing family practice careers, it is necessary to better understand the factors influencing their career decisions. The Fishbein model of attitude formation was used as a framework for developing a questionnaire to measure students' attitudes toward a career in family practice and the social support students perceived they had for that career. The questionnaire was administered to fourth-year-medical students a short time before residency match day. Both the attitude and social support scales had excellent psychometric characteristics. The usefulness of these scales in discriminating between career choices of family practice and other clinical careers was tested. The social support scale did not discriminate well, whereas the attitude scale discriminated quite well. The students who chose careers in family practice differed from students who chose other careers in 14 of 19 values about characteristics of family practice but differed from them in only two of 19 beliefs about family practice. The implications for advising medical students about careers in family practice are discussed. PMID- 3184149 TI - Effects of a faculty prepaid group practice in a pediatric primary care clinic. AB - Medical student and resident education at a hospital-operated pediatric primary care clinic (PPCC) was threatened by chronic financial deficits and by a state mandate that all patients receiving medical care through the state Aid to Families with Dependent Children program be enrolled in a health maintenance organization (HMO). To comply with the mandate, the PPCC was reorganized in 1984 as a faculty-operated prepaid group practice independent of the hospital. The new PPCC contracted with an HMO to provide care, with reimbursement based on capitation. The PPCC continues to serve the same patient population as before the reorganization, continues its teaching activities, and no longer has financial deficits. The experience at this clinic shows that converting to a faculty prepaid group practice can be cost-effective, promote efficiency, and improve faculty-hospital relations. Such a group practice is an appropriate organization for maintaining medical education programs while providing care in a capitation payment system. PMID- 3184150 TI - Consequences for medical education of problem-solving in science and medicine. AB - The problem-solving process used by scientists and by clinicians is compared and contrasted. The most creative step for both groups is the ability to make an association between some external stimulus or situation and concepts stored in memory. Medical education must put more emphasis on teaching that improves students' abilities to make these associations. Two teaching methods that can promote development of the necessary association skills in clinical contexts- "wait time" and "concept mapping"--are briefly reviewed. Concept mapping consists of connecting words that represent concepts with lines that represent relationships and then labeling the lines. Wait time is waiting three to five seconds between asking a group of students a question and calling on a student to answer or waiting three to five seconds before responding to the student's answer. PMID- 3184151 TI - Effect of a segregated-care system on patients' length of stay in intensive care. AB - The Internal Medicine Residency Program of the Raritan Bay Medical Center's Perth Amboy Division was changed in July 1987 from a full continuity-of-care system to a unit-isolation one. The authors compared patients' data from the first two months of the academic years 1986-87 and 1987-88 and were unable to observe any impact of the change on length of stay in intensive care. However, informal interviews with the house staff members indicated that the change had a positive impact on their education, because of their closer observation of the pathophysiology of individual disease states and greater enjoyment of the time spent in critical care. PMID- 3184152 TI - Measuring medical residents' chart-documentation practices. AB - To determine the adequacy of medical history documentation, investigators videotaped 26 clinical interviews performed by medical residents in ambulatory practice, and the contents of each videotape were compared with the corresponding entries in the medical record. The residents recorded a little over half of all medical history information observed on the videotapes. Medical issues were more often documented than psychosocial or health behaviors. The residents in their second postgraduate year had the best documentation practices regardless of their residency track (primary-care or traditional track). Also, no difference was noted between the performances of primary-care internal medicine residents and traditional internal medicine residents. For one-quarter of the patients, less than 40 percent of the information that was present on the videotapes was documented in their charts. The residents documented more-severe illnesses better than less-severe ones and documented the medical histories of older patients better than the histories of younger ones. The residents' records of health behavior and psychosocial concerns were less complete for women patients. To improve chart documentation, members of both the attending and the house staffs should review videotapes and corresponding medical records of clinical encounters to help them investigate factors causing inadequate chart-documentation. PMID- 3184153 TI - Decision factors in the choice of a surgical residency program. PMID- 3184154 TI - Analysis of a site visit by senior medical students to an internal medicine residency program. PMID- 3184155 TI - Consultation skills for residents. PMID- 3184156 TI - The municipal teaching hospital. PMID- 3184157 TI - The local mucosal immune system in intestinal lymphangiectasia. PMID- 3184158 TI - TSH receptor antibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis. AB - Out of 2,322 patients attending a thyroid clinic in north west Germany over a three year period, 123 were found to have evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis (hypothyroid, latent hypothyroid or euthyroid) and 96 were available for further analysis. TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb) were detectable by receptor assay in five of these patients (and a further two who attended the clinic later) and all the TRAb positive sera showed TSH blocking activity by bioassay. All of the patients with blocking activity were hypothyroid (on treatment) and represented 15% of this group of 34 patients. This suggests that in hypothyroid patients with autoimmune thyroiditis, the prevalence of TSH receptor antibodies with blocking activity is similar in northern Europe and Japan (21% of 43 patients; (1]. In the present study, no relationship between thyroid volume as assessed by sonography and the presence or absence of blocking antibodies was apparent. As blocking antibodies were undetectable in patients at early stages of the disease (i.e., in the euthyroid or latent hypothyroid groups) it seemed unlikely that these antibodies were a major causative factor in the development of hypothyroidism. PMID- 3184159 TI - Effect of vitamin A treatment on the immune reactivity of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Treatment of patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus with vitamin A (100,000 U daily for 2 weeks) resulted in an enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, natural killer cell activity and blastogenic response to plant mitogens and interleukin-2 (IL-2). PMID- 3184160 TI - Antitumor and antimicrobial activities of lipid A-subunit analogue GLA-27. AB - Activities for enhancing nonspecific host resistance against microbial infections and growth inhibition against tumors by a lipid A-subunit analogue GLA-27 were investigated. GLA-27, a 4-O-phosphono-D-glucosamine derivative with 2-N-3 tetradecanoyloxytetradecanoyl and 3-O-tetradecanoyl group, inhibited significantly the growth of solid-type tumors RL male 1 lymphoma and Meth A fibrosarcoma. In the case of RL male 1 lymphoma, 2.5 micrograms of GLA-27 was needed to exhibit the activity, while for Meth A fibrosarcoma, 250 micrograms of GLA-27 was needed. On the other hand, tail lesions induced by intravenous inoculation with vaccinia virus were effectively suppressed in mice injected with 1 microgram of GLA-27 1 day before the viral injection. The antiviral activity of GLA-27 was 100 times higher than that of MDP by ED50. GLA-27 also showed nonspecific protective activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection at a dose of 30 micrograms/mouse, although the activity was far less than that induced by lipid A. GLA-27 did not exhibit toxic activities such as pyrogenicity and Shwartzman reaction. PMID- 3184161 TI - The limitation of the human neutrophil chemiluminescence response by extracellular peroxidase is stimulus dependent: effect of added horse radish peroxidase on the response induced by both soluble and particulate stimuli. AB - When polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) interact with soluble and particulate stimuli, the cells increase their production of oxidative metabolites. This increased production can be measured as luminol amplified light emission or chemiluminescence (CL). The CL response of human PMNL has been investigated, and it was found that the formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and the phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induced responses were limited by the amount of available peroxidase, whereas the ionomycin induced response was unaffected by the amount of extracellular peroxidase. A small increase in the response induced by the Salmonella typhimurium MR10 bacteria upon addition of peroxidase was also observed. The results indicate that stimuli inducing an intracellular response in PMNL are insensitive to the amount of extracellularly released peroxidase, whereas the response induced by stimuli also generating an extracellularly located production of oxidative metabolites are highly influenced by the amount of peroxidase available extracellularly. Furthermore, the extracellularly localized peroxidase dependency is reduced at higher luminol concentrations. The use of the luminol-amplified chemiluminescence technique in various types of scientific investigations is discussed. PMID- 3184162 TI - Adenine nucleotide concentrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia and B-cell chronic lymphatic leukaemia. AB - The adenine nucleotide profiles (AMP, ATP, NAD and NADH2) of peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from patients with common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia (CVH) were similar to those in control cells. AMP and ATP levels were also similar in the lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL). Since CVH and CLL patients have reduced activity of plasma membrane ecto-5' nucleotidase, our data suggests that this enzyme does not regulate the levels of intracellular adenine nucleotides, at least in "resting" cells. PMID- 3184164 TI - Atrio-ventricular block in a baboon (Papio ursinus). AB - Atrio-ventricular (A-V) block occurring in an anesthetized chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) is analysed. Hemodynamic, 12-lead electrocardiographical (ECG), hematological and biochemical parameters were monitored and data before and after block are compared. Though biochemical and other abnormal values were encountered, no conclusive evidence of the cause of the block was found. PMID- 3184163 TI - Progesterone levels during pregnancy in the greater thick-tailed galago (Galago crassicaudatus). AB - Serum progesterone concentrations in Galago crassicaudatus were quantified at 3 week intervals throughout the 136-day pregnancy. Progesterone concentrations were significantly elevated over those of nonpregnant controls as early as 6 weeks after conception. Progesterone continued to increase throughout gestation. The progesterone profile in pregnant G. crassicaudatus quantitatively resembles that of chimpanzees and qualitatively resembles that of humans. In two animals that aborted, progesterone concentrations after abortion decreased to values comparable to those seen in nonpregnant animals. PMID- 3184165 TI - Hepatocystis in populations of baboons (Papio hamadryas s.l.) of Tanzania and Ethiopia. AB - Bloodsmears from 119 yellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) in six groups in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, and from 189 olive (P.h. anubis) hamadryas (P.h. hamadryas) and hybrid baboons in three groups in Awash National park, Ethiopia showed differing levels of infection with Hepatocystis simiae. 0% to 42% in the Tanzanian groups were carriers of the parasite but none of the Ethiopian baboons was positive. The remarkable absence of H. simiae in the Ethiopian baboons is believed to be related to environmental factors that exclude transmission in the absence of the Culicoides vector. PMID- 3184166 TI - Case of disseminated African histoplasmosis in a baboon. AB - An adult red baboon (Papio cynocephalus papio) had a severe disseminated case of African histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii) with skin lesions from small pustules to ulcerative granulomas. Osteolytic lesions were seen radiographically. Treatment with ketoconazole for 6 months was unsuccessful. PMID- 3184167 TI - Alphaxolone-alphadolone for anesthesia of squirrel monkeys of different ages. AB - This report describes 75 cases of reliable 1-2-hour surgical anesthesia of newborn to adult squirrel monkeys, with rapid induction and recovery, using a single intramuscular dose of alphaxolone-alphadolone (doses between 11.5 and 30 mg/kg body weight). PMID- 3184168 TI - Experimental technique for the conservation of private lands. AB - A community-based sanctuary for the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) has been established on 18 square miles of riverine forest along the Belize river, Belize. It is based on voluntary signed pledges by subsistence farmers to abide by management plans for their lands. Conservation-education programs which impact favorably on the villagers are being carried out. PMID- 3184169 TI - Regulation of cytoplasmic pH of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells in the absence and presence of bicarbonate. AB - Intracellular pH (pHi) in confluent monolayers of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells was determined using the pH-dependent absorbance of intracellularly trapped 5(and 6)carboxy-4',5'-dimethylfluorescein. Steady-state pH was 7.05 +/- 0.1 in the nominal absence of bicarbonate, and 7.15 +/- 0.1 in the presence of 28 mM HCO3-/5% CO2. Following an acid load imposed by a NH4Cl prepulse, pHi was regulated in the absence of HCO3- by a Na+-dependent process inhibitable to a large extent by 1 mM amiloride and 0.1 mM dimethylamiloride. In the presence of 28 mM HCO3-/5% CO2, this regulation was still dependent on Na+, but the inhibitory potency of amiloride was less. DIDS (1 mM) partially inhibited this regulation in the presence, but not in the absence of bicarbonate. With cells pretreated with DIDS, amiloride was as effective in inhibiting recovery from acid load as in the absence of HCO3-. The presence of intracellular Cl- did not appreciably affect this recovery, which was still sensitive to DIDS in the absence of Cl-. Removal of extracellular Na+ led to a fall of pHi, which was greatly attenuated in the absence of HCO3-. This acidification was largely reduced by 1 mM DIDS, but not by amiloride. Cl removal led to an intracellular alkalinization in the presence of HCO3-. The presence of a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger was supported by demonstrating DIDS-sensitive 36Cl- uptake into confluent cell monolayers. Thus, bovine corneal endothelial cells express three processes involved in intracellular pH regulation: an amiloride-sensitive Na+/H+ antiport, a Na+-HCO3- symport and a Cl-/HCO3- exchange, the latter two being DIDS sensitive. PMID- 3184170 TI - Inwardly rectifying whole-cell and single-channel K currents in the murine macrophage cell line J774.1. AB - Inward currents in the murine macrophage-like cell line J774.1 were studied using the whole-cell and cell-attached variations of the patch-clamp technique. When cells were bathed in Na Hanks' (KCl = 4.5 mM, NaCl = 145 mM), and the electrode contained Na-free K Hanks' (KCl = 145 mM) single-channel currents were observed at potentials below -40 mV which showed inward rectification, were K-selective, and were blocked by 2.5 mM Ba in the pipette. Single-channel conductance was 29 pS, and was proportional to the square root of [K]o. Channels manifested complex kinetics, with multiple open and closed states. The steady-state open probability of the channel was voltage dependent, and declined from 0.9 to 0.45 between -40 and -140 mV. When hyperpolarizing voltage pulses were repetitively applied in the cell-attached patch mode, averaged single-channel currents showed inactivation. Inactivation of inwardly rectifying whole-cell current was measured in Na Hanks' and in two types of Na-free Hanks': one with a normal K concentration (4.5 mM) and the other containing 145 mM K. Inactivation was shown to have Na-dependent and Na-independent components. Properties of single-channel current were found to be sufficient to account for the behavior of the macroscopic current, except that single-channel current showed a greater degree of Na-independent inactivation than whole-cell current. PMID- 3184171 TI - Calcium efflux and intracellular exchangeable calcium in mammalian nonmyelinated nerve fibers. AB - Calcium efflux was measured in desheathed rabbit vagus nerves loaded with 45Ca2+. The effects of extracellular calcium, sodium, phosphate, potassium and lanthanum ions on the calcium efflux were investigated and the distribution of intracellular calcium determined by kinetic analysis of 45Ca2+ efflux profiles. The 45Ca2+ desaturation curve can be adequately described by three exponential terms. The rate constant of the first component (0.2 min-1) corresponds to an efflux from an extracellular compartment. The two slow components had rate constants of 0.03 and 0.08 min-1 and represent the efflux from two intracellular pools. The amounts of exchangeable calcium in these two pools, after a loading period of 150 min, were 0.170 and 0.102 mmol/kg wet weight, respectively. The total calcium efflux in physiological conditions amounted to about 24 fmol cm-2 sec-1. The magnitude of the two intracellular compartments as well as the total calcium efflux were markedly affected by extracellular phosphate, sodium and lanthanum, whereas the corresponding rate constants remained almost unchanged. Phosphate reversed the effect of sodium withdrawal on the calcium efflux: in the absence of phosphate, sodium withdrawal increased the calcium efflux to 224%, but in the presence of phosphate, sodium withdrawal decreased calcium efflux to 44%. Phosphate also affected the increase in calcium efflux produced by inhibitors of mitochondrial calcium uptake, suggesting that two different mitochondrial pools contribute to the control and regulation of intracellular calcium and of the transmembrane calcium transport. PMID- 3184172 TI - Purification of proteins of the Na/Cl cotransporter from membranes of Ehrlich ascites cells using a bumetanide-sepharose affinity column. AB - Bumetanide-binding proteins were isolated from membranes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells by affinity chromatography. An affinity column was constructed with the active moiety of bumetanide as a ligand using 4'-azidobumetanide, a photoactive analogue which inhibits Na/Cl cotransport in Ehrlich cells with high specificity. Covalent binding of the 4'-azidobumetanide with Sepharose was promoted by photolysis. Membranes isolated from Ehrlich cells were solubilized with n octylglucoside. Solubilized proteins retarded by the affinity column were readily eluted by bumetanide. In reducing gels the major proteins eluted by bumetanide were approximately 76 kDa and 38-39 kDa. There were also two proteins of 32 to 35 kDa eluted in lesser amounts. No proteins retarded by the affinity column were eluted with extensive washing without bumetanide. Furthermore, bumetanide eluted no proteins from a "control" column lacking the specific ligand. Upon rechromatography with bumetanide in solution, bumetanide-eluted proteins were not retarded, but their purity was increased by the retardation of contaminating proteins. Bumetanide-binding protein purified in this manner were characterized further by electrophoresis in nonreducing, nondenaturing gels. PMID- 3184173 TI - Relation between the anion exchange protein in kidney medullary collecting duct cells and red cell band 3. AB - A membrane protein that is immunochemically similar to the red cell anion exchange protein, band 3, has been identified on the basolateral face of the outer medullary collecting duct (MCD) cells in rabbit kidney. In freshly prepared separated rabbit MCD cells, M.L. Zeidel, P. Silva and J.L. Seifter (J. Clin. Invest. 77:1682-1688, 1986) found that C1-/HCO-3 exchange was inhibited by the stilbene anion exchange inhibitor, DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene), with a K1 similar to that for the red cell. We have measured the binding affinities of a fluorescent stilbene inhibitor, DBDS (4,4'-dibenzamido 2,2'-disulfonic stilbene), to MCD cells in 28.5 mM citrate and have characterized both a high-affinity site (Ks1 = 93 +/- 24 nM) and a lower affinity site (Ks2 = 430 +/- 260 nM), which are closely similar to values for the red cell of 110 +/- 51 nM for the high-affinity site and 980 +/- 200 nM for the lower affinity site (A.S. Verkman, J.A. Dix & A.K. Solomon, J. Gen. Physiol. 81:421-449, 1983). When Cl- replaces citrate in the buffer, the two sites collapse into a single one with Ks1 = 1500 +/- 400 nM, similar to the single Ks1 = 1200 +/- 200 nM in the red cell (J.A. Dix, A.S. Verkman & A.K. Solomon, J. Membrane Biol. 89:211-223, 1986). The kinetics of DBDS binding to MCD cells at 0.25 microM-1 are characterized by a fast process, tau = 0.14 +/- 0.03 sec, similar to tau = 0.12 +/- 0.03 sec in the red cell. These similarities show that the physical chemical characteristics of stilbene inhibitor binding to MCD cell 'band 3' closely resemble those for red cell band 3, which suggests that the molecular structure is highly conserved. PMID- 3184174 TI - Effects of pH, potential, chloride and furosemide on passive Na+ and K+ effluxes from human red blood cells. AB - Ouabain-resistant effluxes from pretreated cells containing K+/Na+ = 1.5 into K+ and Na+ free media were measured. Furosemide-sensitive cation effluxes from cells with nearly normal membrane potential and pH were lower in NO3- media than in Cl- media; they were reduced when pH was lowered in Cl- media. When the membrane potential was positive inside furosemide increased the effluxes of Na+ and K+ (7 experiments). With inside-positive membrane potential the furosemide-insensitive effluxes were markedly increased, they decreased with decreasing pH at constant internal Cl- and also when internal Cl- was reduced at constant pH. The correlation between cation flux and the membrane potential was different for cells with high or low internal chloride concentrations. The data with chloride greater than or equal to 47 mM showed a better fit with the single-barrier model than with the infinite number-of-barriers model. With low chloride no significant correlation between flux and membrane potential was found. The data are not compatible with pure independent diffusion of Na+ and K+ in the presence of ouabain and furosemide. PMID- 3184175 TI - Impermeant potential-sensitive oxonol dyes: I. Evidence for an "on-off" mechanism. AB - This series of papers addresses the mechanism by which certain impermeant oxonol dyes respond to membrane-potential changes, denoted delta Em. Hemispherical oxidized cholesterol bilayer membranes provided a controlled model membrane system for determining the dependence of the light absorption signal from the dye on parameters such as the wavelength and polarization of the light illuminating the membrane, the structure of the dye, and delta Em. This paper is concerned with the determination and analysis of absorption spectral changes of the dye RGA461 during trains of step changes of Em. The wavelength dependence of the absorption signal is consistent with an "on-off" mechanism in which dye molecules are driven by potential changes between an aqueous region just off the membrane and a relatively nonpolar binding site on the membrane. Polarization data indicate that dye molecules in the membrane site tend to orient with the long axis of the chromophore perpendicular to the surface of the membrane. Experiments with hyperpolarized human red blood cells confirmed that the impermeant oxonols undergo a potential-dependent partition between the membrane and the bathing medium. PMID- 3184176 TI - Evidence implicating protein kinase C in exocytosis from electropermeabilized bovine chromaffin cells. AB - The calcium sensitivity of exocytosis from electro-permeabilized chromaffin cells is increased by activators of protein kinase C, such as TPA and certain phorbol esters, diacylglycerols, and mezerein. A range of putative inhibitors of protein kinase C block both the phorbol ester-sensitive component of secretion and also the underlying insensitive component. These inhibitors are also shown to inhibit medulla protein kinase C activity in vitro. The extent of secretion is reduced when electro-permeabilized cells are exposed to Ca2+ levels much in excess of 50 microM. The onset of inhibition is faster than the relatively slow rate of Ca dependent exocytosis and is insensitive to inhibitors of proteolysis. Adrenal medulla protein kinase C activity is also irreversibly inhibited by high Ca2+ concentrations. Both the secretory response and the protein kinase C activity in vitro have similar nucleotide and cation specificities. Although these data do not definitely establish an involvement of protein kinase C in exocytosis, none argue against it. PMID- 3184179 TI - The treatment of somatizing patients. PMID- 3184177 TI - Regeneration of resistance and ion transport in rabbit corneal epithelium after induced surface cell exfoliation. AB - Exposure of the rabbit corneal surface to a 20-microM digitonin-0.9% NaCl solution leads to permeabilization of the most superficial cells of the stratified epithelium. The devitalized cells exfoliate spontaneously from the corneal surface. Detergent exposure limited to 4-8 min leads to permeabilization and rapid exfoliation of a monolayer of surface cells. Consistent with the presence of the epithelial paracellular permeability barrier in this cell layer, their permeabilization results in complete loss of transepithelial resistance (Rt). Within minutes after detergent removal an initial recovery of Rt can be noticed indicating generation of a new paracellular permeability barrier by the viable sub-surface cells. This recovery proceeds rapidly and Rt reaches within 70 min a maximum equal to greater than 90% of the preexfoliation values (= 2.43 k omega.cm2, n = 22). The Rt recovery is fully blocked in a reversible manner by 10 microM dihydrocytochalasin B. The recovery is not affected by inhibition of protein synthesis with 5 microM cycloheximide. When the ocular surface is treated again with digitonin the permeabilization and exfoliation of a monolayer of cells and loss of Rt are repeated. After the second detergent exposure an initial recovery of Rt occurs as before within minutes. However, the pace of Rt recovery is much slower: 4-5 hr are required to reach a stable maximal Rt values amounting to about 73% of initial control. This recovery can be fully blocked by 5 microM cycloheximide indicating that protein synthesis is required for generation of tight junctions by the second subcellular layer. With only a fraction of Rt recovered, short-circuit currents amounting to, at least, 50% of control values and attributable in part to cell-to-tear movement of Cl- through the apical surface can be measured. This suggests that apical-type Cl- channels are either present in the apically facing membrane of subsurface cells or that they are rapidly inserted in it from preexisting intracellular pools immediately following the devitalization of the surface cells by digitonin. PMID- 3184178 TI - Modification of the erythrocyte membrane dielectric constant by alcohols. AB - Aliphatic alcohols are found to stimulate the transmembrane fluxes of a hydrophobic cation (tetraphenylarsonium, TPA) and anion (AN-12) 5-20 times in red blood cells. The results are analyzed using the Born-Parsegian equation (Parsegian, A., 1969, Nature (London) 221:844-846), together with the Clausius Mossotti equation to calculate membrane dielectric energy barriers. Using established literature values of membrane thickness, native membrane dielectric constant, TPA ionic radius, and alcohol properties (partition coefficient, molar volume, dielectric constant), the TPA permeability data is predicted remarkably well by theory. If the radius of AN-12 is taken as 1.9 A, its permeability in the presence of butanol is also described by our analysis. Further, the theory quantitatively accounts for the data of Gutknecht and Tosteson (Gutknecht, J., Tosteson, D.C., 1970, J. Gen. Physiol. 55:359-374) covering alcohol-induced conductivity changes of 3 orders of magnitude in artificial bilayers. Other explanations including perturbations of membrane fluidity, surface charge, membrane thickness, and dipole potential are discussed. However, the large magnitude of the stimulation, the more pronounced effect on smaller ions, and the acceleration of both anions and cations suggest membrane dielectric constant change as the primary basis of alcohol effects. PMID- 3184180 TI - Extravasation from the upper urinary tract: three case reports. PMID- 3184181 TI - Vets disabled by alcoholism not entitled to time extension for educational benefits. PMID- 3184182 TI - Fat cats. PMID- 3184183 TI - Need for the doctors to become involved in judicial elections. PMID- 3184185 TI - Structure of fatty acid synthetase from the Harderian gland of guinea pig. Proteolytic dissection and electron microscopic studies. AB - Limited proteolysis and electron microscopic observation of fatty acid synthetase from the Harderian gland of guinea pig was performed to elucidate the higher order structures of this multifunctional protein. Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease dissected the 250,000 Mr subunit of fatty acid synthetase into 120,000, 70,000, 35,000 and 30,000 Mr fragments, which were aligned in this order from the NH2 terminus. Some of the protease-resistant fragments produced with elastase, trypsin and lysyl endopeptidase were purified and fragment-specific antibodies (A40L, A33E and A25T) were prepared. A25T and A33F specifically bound the 35,000 and 30,000 Mr fragments, and A40L recognized the region between the 120,000 and 70,000 Mr fragments. Electron microscopic studies employing rotary shadowing, unidirectional shadowing and negative staining revealed that the overall dimension of the enzyme was 22 nm x 15 nm x 7 nm, and that two elongated subunits mainly composed of three subregions were in contact with each other at a few, three at most, points with two holes between them. The outer two attachment sites were often not in contact, indicating a certain flexibility of subunits at their ends. Immunocomplexes composed of fatty acid synthetase and fragment-specific antibodies were isolated and observed under the electron microscope. The attachment sites of A40L and A33E were located at the end of the minor and the major axes of the ellipsoidal contour of the molecule, respectively. Based on these results, the three-dimensional structure of animal fatty acid synthetase is discussed. PMID- 3184184 TI - Determinants for the DNase I-hypersensitive chromatin structure 5' to a human HSP70 gene. AB - A DNase I hypersensitive site was detected in chromatin formed over a human hsp70 gene segment after amplification in COS7 cells. Deletion mutant analysis was used to evaluate the sequence requirements for this chromatin structure. Determinants sufficient to form the hypersensitive site are contained in a 280 base-pair sequence corresponding approximately to the region that is hypersensitive. Deletion of sequences from either end of this region resulted in reduced hypersensitivity, suggesting that multiple genetic elements contribute to the formation of this chromatin structure. As has been reported for other heat shock genes, the hypersensitive chromatin structure is present prior to heat treatment and does not change in intensity or position after heat shock, in spite of the fact that hsp70 gene expression is completely dependent on heat induction. Sequence requirements for hypersensitivity were generally similar to those for heat-induced gene expression when mutant plasmids were tested at low copy number (e.g. in HeLa cells or in COS cells without amplification); however, deletion of sequences between -223 and -162 with respect to the start of transcription abolished the hypersensitive site but had no effect on gene expression. A barrier to exonuclease III digestion was detected within this region (near an imperfect inverted repeat sequence centered at position -202), suggesting that proteins are tightly bound to the DNA at this location. PMID- 3184186 TI - Correlation of polarized absorption spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies of crystalline cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase of pig hearts. AB - Absorption spectra of large, well-formed crystals of cytosolic aspartate aminotransferase have been recorded using plane polarized light. Making use of measurements of crystal thickness we have calculated extinction coefficients with the electric vector of the light parallel to both the a and c axes of the crystals of the enzyme in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). The spectra have been resolved into components with lognormal distribution curves and the resulting integrated intensities have been used to calculate the c/a polarization ratios for the absorption bands of the bound co-enzyme pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. From the polarization ratio and the co-ordinates of the co-enzyme ring atoms, provided by X-ray crystallography, we have assigned principal molecular directions of the transition dipole moment within the plane of the co-enzyme ring. Of two possible orientations, only one predicts the correct crystal extinction coefficients for the 436 nm band. In this orientation, when viewed from the B face of the ring (i.e. looking into the active site of the enzyme), the transition moment is related to the N-1-C-4 axis of the ring by counterclockwise rotation by 27 degrees. A tentative assignment of the principal molecular directions of the transition moment has also been made for the 368 nm band of the high pH form of the enzyme. In each case, the plane of the co-enzyme ring was located from the atomic co-ordinates of the ring atoms and of those atoms attached directly to the ring. The projection of the N-1 to C-4 axis on to this plane was used to evaluate the orientation of the transition moment, which was presumed to lie precisely within the plane of the ring. We have tilted this plane systematically to evaluate the error in transition moment direction resulting from uncertainties in the atomic co-ordinates. When 2-methylaspartate is diffused into the crystals if forms a Schiff base with the co-enzyme in which the ring has tilted about 32 degrees from its original position and the polarization ratio of the 436 nm band drops from 1.6 in the free enzyme to about 0.38. On the assumption that the orientation of the transition moment within the co-enzyme does not change during this rotation, this value of the polarization ratio is within experimental error of that predicted from X-ray structures on the two forms. The 2-methylaspartate binds only to subunit 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184187 TI - Analysis and prediction of the different types of beta-turn in proteins. AB - beta-Turns have been extracted from 59 non-identical proteins (resolution 2 A) using the standard criterion that the distance between C alpha (i) and C alpha (i + 3) is less than 7 A (1 A = 0.1 nm). The beta-turns have been classified, using phi, psi angles, into seven conventional turn types (I, I', II, II', IV, VIa, VIb) and a new class of beta-turn, designated type VIII, in which the central residues (i + 1, i + 2) adopt an alpha R beta conformation. Most beta-turn types are found in various topological environments, with the exception of I' and II' beta-turns, where 83% and 50%, respectively, are found in beta-hairpins. Sufficient data have been gathered to enable, for the first time, the separate statistical analysis of type I and II beta-turns. The two turn types have been shown to be strikingly different in their sequence preferences. Type I turns favour Asp, Asn, Ser and Cys at i; Asp, Ser, Thr and Pro at i + 1; Asp, Ser, Asn and Arg at i + 2; Gly, Trp and Met at i + 3, whilst type II turns prefer Pro at i + 1; Gly and Asn at i + 2; Gln and Arg at i + 3. These preferences have been explained by the specific side-chain interactions observed within the X-ray structures. The positional trends for type I and II beta-turns have been incorporated into the simple empirical predictive algorithm originally developed by P.N. Lewis et al. The program has improved the positional prediction of beta turns, and has enhanced and extended the method by predicting the type of beta turn. Since the observed preferences reflect local interactions these predictions are applicable not only to proteins, but also to peptides, many of which are thought to contain beta-turns. PMID- 3184188 TI - Alteration of T-state binding properties of naturally glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c. AB - The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the most abundant glycated hemoglobin in human blood, HbA1c, have been studied in detail. They display significant differences as compared to normal hemoglobin, HbA0, in that (1) the shape of the oxygen binding curve of HbA1c in the Hill plot is markedly asymmetrical, with a lower asymptote extending up to approximately 40% oxygen saturation, and the oxygen affinity of the T state being tenfold higher than in HbA0; (2) oxygen pulse experiments on HbA1c show a slower rate of ligand dissociation (k = 25 s-1) even at low levels of oxygen saturation, where the T state is largely predominant; (3) kinetics of CO combination to deoxy HbA1c followed by means of stopped-flow experiments reveal the presence of a quickly reacting component, whose fraction increases upon dilution of hemoglobin. These results show that in contrast to what has been stated by other authors, HbA1c displays functional properties markedly different from HbA0. Analysis indicates that glycation of human hemoglobin affects the T quaternary structure, bringing about a more "relaxed" T state and leading to preferential binding to one type of chain (which is unaffected by chloride ions). PMID- 3184189 TI - Conformational differences between alpha-cyclodextrin in aqueous solution and in crystalline form. A molecular dynamics study. AB - The computer simulation technique of molecular dynamics is a powerful tool to delineate the conformational differences between a molecule in different environments. As an illustration, the difference between an alpha-cyclodextrin molecule in aqueous solution and in crystalline form is determined. Two molecular dynamics simulations are compared. In one simulation, one alpha-cyclodextrin form in a "truncated octahedron box" containing 611 water molecules is simulated over 90 picoseconds to mimic the solution structure. In the other simulation, the crystalline form is modelled by a molecular dynamics simulation of four unit cells in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) containing 16 alpha-cyclodextrin molecules and 96 water molecules over a period of 15 picoseconds. The solution structure of alpha-cyclodextrin deviates by about 0.1 nm from that in the crystal and shows twice as much mobility of the atoms. The experimentally observed twist of glucose unit 5 out of alignment with the other five glucose units in the alpha cyclodextrin torus that is present in the crystal simulation, disappears in the simulation in solution, but the glucosidic torsion angles around the ring remain asymmetric. The hydrogen-bonding patterns in crystal and in solution are rather different. This means that in a crystal structure, the molecule and its (hydration) hydrogen-bonding scheme represent only one static minimum energy picture, whereas the molecular dynamics simulations yield a description of all the many hydrogen-bonding configurations that can occur in solution. PMID- 3184190 TI - Conformation of [Cd7]-metallothionein-2 from rat liver in aqueous solution determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AB - The three-dimensional structure of [Cd7]-metallothionein-2 from rat liver was determined in aqueous solution, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and distance geometry calculations. The experimental data provided proton-proton distance constraints from measurements of nuclear Overhauser effects, constraints on the geometry of the metal-cysteine clusters determined by heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy, and dihedral angle constraints derived from both coupling constants and nuclear Overhauser effects. The structure calculations were performed with the program DISMAN. As in previous studies with rabbit liver metallothionein-2a, the structure calculations were performed separately for the alpha and beta-domains containing the 4 and 3-metal clusters, respectively, since no interdomain constraints were found. For both domains, the global polypeptide fold, the location of polypeptide secondary structure elements, the architecture of the metal-sulfur cluster and the local chirality of the metal co-ordination are very similar to the solution structure of rabbit metallothionein-2a, but show considerable difference relative to the crystal structure of rat metallothionein 2. PMID- 3184192 TI - Morphology of the exocrine pancreas of the southern hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis, and changes during metamorphosis. AB - The distribution and histology of zymogen cells and the activity of digestive enzymes have been examined in the alimentary canal of larval, metamorphosing (stages 1-7), and adult Geotria australis (Geotriidae). Comparisons of the arrangement of the larval and adult zymogen cells are made with those observed in Mordacia mordax, a representative of the other Southern Hemisphere lamprey family (Mordaciidae), and with those reported elsewhere for holarctic lampreys (Petromyzontidae). In larval G. australis, epithelial zymogen cells are mainly restricted to the prominent pair of tubular diverticula which project forward from the oesophageal/intestinal junction. By contrast, zymogen cells of adults are present in the epithelium of both the anterior intestine and the intestinal caecum, a structure located at the new and more anterior oesophageal/intestinal junction which forms during metamorphosis. Amylolytic activity was greater in the larval diverticula than in the adult caecum, whereas the reverse was true for tryptic activity. This feature presumably reflects the high dietary contribution made by detritus and algae during the filter-feeding larval phase and by host muscle tissue during the predatory adult phase. The high tryptic activity in the caecum must promote the early breakdown of host tissue and thereby facilitate the digestion of lipids in the anterior intestine where lipolytic activity is high. At the commencement of metamorphosis, digestive activity and the number of zymogen cells declines markedly. By stage 4 the intestine has rotated anticlockwise almost 360 degrees; the two larval diverticula have disappeared; and the new exocrine caecum of the adult has started to develop from a forward proliferation of intestinal mucosal cells. While the exocrine pancreatic tissue of larval M. mordax is unique amongst lampreys in its location within a single, large diverticulum containing an extensive network of mucosal folds, that of the adult is found in the same position as in G. australis and holarctic lampreys. PMID- 3184193 TI - The morphogenesis of molluscan shells: a mathematical account using biological parameters. AB - In attempts to account mathematically for the morphogenesis of biological structures it is important that the parameters chosen for the purpose should be "biological," that is, they should refer directly to the growth processes through which the structure is formed. Molluscan shells are formed by accretional growth at the mantle edge, and the parameters used for the mathematical description of their formation should therefore refer to events taking place there. In the best of previous attempts to solve this problem, two out of three form parameters have met with this demand, but it was not possible to eliminate beta, half the apical angle of the cone on which lie the centers of successive whorls. It is shown here that beta may be eliminated for many forms of molluscan shells, and when this is not the case beta may indeed be referred to processes taking place at the mantle edge. PMID- 3184191 TI - Cis-acting elements involved in the regulated expression of a human HSP70 gene. AB - Expression of reporter genes under the control of upstream sequences of a human hsp70 gene was examined in microinjected Xenopus oocytes, transfected monkey COS and human HeLa cells. The genes were strictly heat-regulated in all three cell systems. A 69 nucleotide long segment of hsp70 5' non-transcribed sequence that included at least one functional heat shock regulation sequence was sufficient for heat-controlled expression in Xenopus and monkey cells but not in human HeLa cells. An additional segment of about 200 nucleotides in length was required for optimal activity. This segment contains two heat shock regulation elements, each of which appears to contribute to the overall activity in heat-treated human cells. Upstream non-transcribed sequences of the human hsp70 gene are capable of conferring heat regulation on a heterologous promoter. The potential roles in transcription regulation of a bending center in the TATA box region, a CCAAT-like sequence and some of many potential Sp1 binding sites in the hsp70 5' non transcribed region were investigated. PMID- 3184194 TI - Muscular mechanisms of snake locomotion: an electromyographic study of lateral undulation of the Florida banded water snake (Nerodia fasciata) and the yellow rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta). AB - Electromyography and cinematography were used to determine the activity of epaxial muscles of colubrid snakes during terrestrial and aquatic lateral undulatory locomotion. In both types of lateral undulation, at a given longitudinal position, segments of three muscles (Mm. semispinalis-spinalis, longissimus dorsi, and iliocostalis) usually show synchronous activity. Muscle activity propagates posteriorly and generally is unilateral. With each muscle, large numbers of adjacent segments (30 to 100) show simultaneous activity. Terrestrial and aquatic undulation differ in two major respects. (1) During terrestrial undulation, muscle activity in a particular region begins when that portion of the body has reached maximal convex flexion and ends when it is maximally concave; this phase relation is uniform along the entire snake. During swimming, however, muscle activity passes posteriorly faster than the wave of vertebral flexion, causing the relation of muscle activity to flexion to change along the length of the snake. (2) In the terrestrial mode, the block of active muscle segments remains approximately constant in size as it passes down the snake, whereas during swimming the number of adjacent active muscle segments increases posteriorly. Despite the fact that Elaphe obsoleta has nearly twice as many body vertebrate as Nerodia fasciata (240 vs. 125), the only difference observed in the swimming of these two species is that a larger number of adjacent muscle segments is simultaneously active in comparable regions of Elaphe obsoleta than in Nerodia fasciata. PMID- 3184195 TI - Inhibition of tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation and experimental tumor metastasis by the synthetic Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser peptide. AB - The mechanism by which the murine fibrosarcoma clone PAK 17.15 induces platelet aggregation [tumor cell-induced platelet aggregation (TCIPA)] was studied because platelet activation by this clone is necessary for metastasis to the lungs. PAK 17.15 TCIPA was completely inhibited by ADP-clearing enzymes, such as apyrase, or a mixture of creatine phosphate and creatine phosphokinase. Thrombin and collagen were not involved in PAK 17.15 TCIPA. Further studies showed that ADP is most likely secreted from activated platelets and that membrane protein(s) on PAK 17.15 cells are responsible for platelet activation. Inasmuch as ADP-dependent platelet aggregation requires fibrinogen and can be inhibited by the Gly-Arg-Gly Asp-Ser (GRGDS) synthetic peptide, the effect of this peptide on PAK 17.15 TCIPA was studied. PAK 17.15 TCIPA was completely inhibited by the GRGDS peptide (0.4 mM) but not by a control peptide, Gly-Arg-Gly-Glu-Ser (0.8 mM). In addition, the GRGDS peptide inhibited adhesion of PAK 17.15 cells to immobilized fibronectin. As expected, the GRGDS peptide almost completely inhibited lung colonization by iv injected PAK 17.15 cells in C57BL/6 mice. Our results indicate that GRGDS may inhibit pulmonary metastases by interfering with TCIPA as well as with tumor cell adhesion to extra-cellular matrix components in the host. PMID- 3184196 TI - Randomized trial of chemotherapy versus chemotherapy plus radiotherapy for stage I-II Hodgkin's disease. AB - A total of 277 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease, clinical stages I-II, were randomized to cyclophosphamide, vinblastine, procarbazine, and prednisone (CVPP) alone for 6 monthly cycles or to CVPP plus radiation therapy (RT), 3,000 rad, to involved areas (CVPP plus RT). One or more of the following factors were considered as unfavorable prognosis: age greater than 45 years, more than two lymph node areas involved, or bulky disease. In the favorable group, disease-free survival (77% vs. 70%) or overall survival (92% vs. 91%) at 84 months for CVPP versus RT plus CVPP was similar. Patients with unfavorable prognosis treated with RT plus CVPP had longer disease-free survival (75% vs. 34%) (P = .001) and overall survival (84% vs. 66%) than patients treated with CVPP alone. PMID- 3184197 TI - Variation between three strains of rat: inhibition of neurotoxic esterase and acetylcholinesterase by tri-o-cresyl phosphate. AB - The present study is concerned with the involvement of strain differences in rodent sensitivity to organophosphorous compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). The inhibitory effect of three doses of tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) on neurotoxic esterase (NTE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in brain was compared in three strains of rat: Long-Evans (LE) animals, which have been reported to be sensitive to the neurotoxic effects of TOCP, and Sprague-Dawley (SD) or Fischer 344 (F344) strains, with which negative results have been obtained. Differences in basal levels were found for NTE (LE greater than F344) greater than SD, with a range of 4.87-7.47 nmol phenylvalerate hydrolyzed/mg protein), but not AChE. Strain differences in inhibition by TOCP were found with both assays, with Sprague-Dawley animals being much less sensitive to esterase inhibition than either Long-Evans or Fischer 344 rats. The ED50 values for NTE inhibition were estimated to be 458, 209, and 288 mg/kg for SD, F344, and LE rats, respectively. The ED50 values for AChE inhibition were estimated to be 1007, 408, and 420 mg/kg for SD, F344, and LE rats, respectively. Liver microsomes from the Fischer animals had less cytochrome P-450 than those from the other two strains. Differences in the ability of the strains to either form or inactivate the active metabolite of TOCP may account for the variation observed. While metabolism may play a role in the differences in the level of NTE inhibition in SD rats compared to the LE strain, it cannot account for the lack of sensitivity of the F344 animals to OPIDN. These results may be important in selecting a strain for the study of the toxic effects of organophosphorous compounds in rats. PMID- 3184198 TI - Evaluation of reproductive parameters in adult male Wistar rats after subchronic exposure (gavage) to benomyl. AB - Proven-breeder 102-d-old male Wistar rats were gavaged daily with 0, 1, 5, 15, or 45 mg/kg.d benomyl. The animals were bred to untreated females after 62 d and killed after 76-79 d for evaluation of selected male reproductive end points. Minimal to moderate changes were observed in rats dosed with 45 mg/kg.d; these included decreased testis and epididymis weight, reduced cauda sperm reserves, decreased sperm production, increased numbers of decapitated spermatozoa, and increased numbers of seminiferous tubules containing multinucleated giant cells. Reproductive performance, seminal vesicle and prostate weight, sperm motility, serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and androgen binding protein were not affected by any of the dosages tested. Based on these end points, the no-effect level was 15 mg/kg.d. PMID- 3184199 TI - Evaluation of the subchronic and reproductive effects of a series of chlorinated propanes in the rat. I. Toxicity of 1,2,3-trichloropropane. AB - Repeated inhalation exposure and 1-generation reproduction studies have been conducted in the rat to address the adequacy of the 10 ppm occupational exposure limit established for 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TriCP). Groups of 5 rats per sex were exposed for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk up to 4 wk to target TriCP concentrations of 0-900 ppm. Nine of 10 rats died after a single exposure at 900 ppm. Additional deaths were seen in the 300 (1 death) and 600 (3 deaths) ppm test groups. Mean body weights for all TriCP-treated groups were lower than control values. Liver weights were increased in animals of both sexes at 600 ppm and lower. For females ovary weights for the 300 and 600 ppm groups and spleen weights for the 300 ppm group were lower than those of controls. Males exhibited decreased testes weights only at the 600 ppm TriCP level (not evaluated at 900 ppm). Results of a 13-wk exposure, 6 h/d, 5 d/wk of 15 rats/sex.group to TriCP target vapor concentrations of 5, 15, or 50 ppm also resulted in liver weight increases at all test levels. Histopathologic examination showed hepatocellular hypertrophy in male rats at all TriCP levels. Other microscopic findings related to treatment in rats exposed to 15 ppm and to 5 ppm TriCP included lung hyperplasia (both sexes) and splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis (females only) and parallel observed organ weight increases. No treatment-related deaths were observed in this study, nor were there apparent effects on the hematology or clinical chemistries. Group mean body weights at 50 ppm (both sexes) and 15 ppm (females only) TriCP were reduced when compared to controls. In a 13-wk follow-up study in rats at 0, 0.5, and 1.5 ppm TriCP, no gross or microscopic findings related to treatment were found. Groups of 10 male and 20 female rats were exposed 6 h/d, 5 d/wk to 0, 5, or 15 ppm TriCP vapor during premating and mating. Females also were exposed during gestation. Low mating performance was observed in all groups of female rats including the controls, although fewer females in the 15-ppm group mated than in other study groups. Mating and fertility indices of male rats in both treated and control groups were generally low. All measured progeny indices appeared unaffected by treatment. A follow-up study of the same design was conducted at levels of 0, 0.5, and 1.5 ppm TriCP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184200 TI - Evaluation of the subchronic and reproductive effects of a series of chlorinated propanes in the rat. II. Toxicity of 1,2,2,3-tetrachloropropane and 1,1,2,2,3 pentachloropropane. AB - Comparative subchronic and reproductive toxicity studies by inhalation exposure were conducted with 1,2,2,3-tetrachloropropane (TECP) and 1,1,2,2,3 pentachloropropane (PCP). Groups of 5 male and 5 female CD rats were exposed 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 4 wk to either TECP or PCP at target concentrations of 0, 100, 300, 600, or 900 ppm (single exposure only). Deaths occurred at and above 300 ppm PCP and 600 ppm TECP. Significant irritation of mucosal tissue was attributed to vapors of TECP and PCP. Lower group mean body weights of surviving male rats of all groups were observed after 4 wk of exposure to TECP. Liver, kidney, and ovary weights were affected by PCP treatment. Groups of 15 male and 15 female CD rats were exposed to target vapors of 0-50 ppm TECP or PCP for 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for 13 wk. Irritation about the nose and eyes was observed at all TECP, but not with PCP, test levels. Liver weights were increased at and above 5 ppm in all groups of TECP-treated males. Kidney weights were also elevated in male rats at 15 and 50 ppm PCP and females from the 50 ppm PCP group. Degenerative changes in these two corresponding tissues were seen at and above 5 ppm TECP and PCP. A treatment level of 1.5 ppm TECP or PCP was without systemic effect clinically or pathologically. Groups of 10 male and 20 female CD rats were exposed 6 h/d, 5 d/wk for a premating, mating, or gestation (F only) period to target levels of 0, 5, or 15 ppm TECP or PCP. No treatment-related effects were seen in the PCP study. While mating performance overall was poor in the TECP study, female mating performance of the 15 ppm TECP-exposed group appeared lower than control. In a follow-up study with TECP using the same study design, no effects on female or male fertility or fecundity or on offspring were seen up to 1.5 ppm TECP. PMID- 3184201 TI - Rat lung recovery from 3 days of continuous exposure to 0.75 ppm ozone. AB - The present study investigated the inflammatory responses and enzyme levels in lungs isolated from male Wistar rats after 3 d of continuous exposure to 0.75 ppm ozone and following 4 d of recovery in air. These times are associated with maximal proliferation of the alveolar type II epithelium and their subsequent transformation to new type I cells. Immediately following ozone exposure, bronchoalveolar lavage demonstrated neutrophil accumulation that was no longer present 4 d later. The number of lavaged macrophages was also found to be increased immediately following ozone exposure, and remained elevated at 4 d postexposure. Whole-lung determinations of key enzymes involved in energy generation (succinate oxidase) and maintenance of lung NADPH and reduced glutathione were corrected for changes in cell number, by use of lung DNA measurements. Immediately following ozone exposure succinate oxidase (SOX), glucose-6-phosphate (G6PD), and 6-phosphogluconate (6PGD) dehydrogenase activities per milligram DNA were significantly enhanced by 76%, 48%, and 21%, respectively. These data suggested that ozone-exposed lungs had cells with increased mitochondria and NADPH-generating capability consistent with the increased metabolic needs of a proliferating epithelium. At 4 d postexposure, only G6PD activity per milligram DNA remained higher by 22% than air-exposed controls. Although both glutathione reductase (GSSG-R) and peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities per lung were elevated in lungs immediately following exposure and 4 d later, when corrected for DNA only GSH-Px activity was significantly increased by 29% in lungs after the postexposure period. Lungs 4 d postexposure therefore had cells relatively enriched in G6PD and GSH-Px that might account for the increased ozone tolerance that has previously been associated with the formation of new type I epithelium. PMID- 3184202 TI - Corticosterone decreases toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in hypophysectomized rats. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were hypophysectomized by an established surgical technique. Hypophysectomy aggravated the toxicity (mortality and mean time to death) of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; 125 micrograms/kg ip) when compared to sham-operated rats (100% mortality with 9 +/- 1 d mean time to death vs. 90% mortality with 32 +/- 6 d mean time to death, respectively). However, administration of corticosterone (25 micrograms/ml in drinking water) to hypophysectomized rats resulted in an attenuation of the toxicity (40-60% mortality with 40-90 d mean time to death) to a range of TCDD doses (125, 250, 500 micrograms/kg) much higher than the LD50 (about 60 micrograms/kg TCDD) in nonhypophysectomized rats (about 30 d mean time to death). Furthermore, thyroid hormone supplementation in hypophysectomized rats dosed with 125 micrograms/kg TCDD restored the toxicity of TCDD to approximately "normal." Based on these data it is concluded that one or more as yet unknown key factors that are important in the modulation of the toxicity of TCDD reside in the pituitary. PMID- 3184203 TI - Distribution and elimination of [14C]octachlorostyrene in cod (Gadus morhua), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). AB - Cod (Gadus morhua) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were given a single oral dose of 100 microCi/kg b.w. of [14C]octachlorostyrene [( 14C]OCS) in peanut oil. Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) was exposed to [14C]OCS in water. The distribution and elimination of the compound was studied by liquid scintillation counting and whole-body autoradiography. The highest degree of radioactivity in the cod and rainbow trout was measured in the liver and the visceral fat, respectively. The degree of radioactivity in the brain of cod exceeded that of the rainbow trout by a factor between 2 and 4 at all survival times. In addition to bile excretion of [14C]OCS-derived radioactivity, a possible excretion over the intestinal mucosa was suggested. The rate of elimination was slow in both species, and substantial amounts of radioactivity remained in the tissues 90 d after administration. In the blue mussel, the highest degree of radioactivity was found in the hepatopancreas. Substantial amounts of radioactivity were present in the mussel tissues 60 d after administration. PMID- 3184205 TI - Effects of nitrogen dioxide and ozone on blood-borne cancer cell colonization of the lungs. AB - In this article we report inhalation effects of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) mixture as well as O3 alone on blood-borne cancer cell colonization of lungs. The findings are discussed in light of our earlier studies with NO2 exposure alone. In all of these studies the mouse B16 melanoma model was used. Animals were exposed to ambient concentrations of pollutants before melanoma-cell infusion. The results have indicated that inhalation of NO2 played a significant role in facilitation of blood-borne cancer cell spread, while O3 inhalation did not. With respect to mechanisms involved, the role of natural immunity was investigated and its was postulated that nitrogen dioxide may affect cells of the immune system and may in part account for the results. These findings may have direct bearing on dissemination of human cancer cells, since many cancer patients have circulating cancer cells and are exposed daily to noxious air pollutants. Most importantly, this effect may be preventable by reducing air pollution in urban areas. PMID- 3184204 TI - A study of mercury in the hair of dentists and dental-related professionals in 1985 and subcohort comparison of 1972 and 1985 mercury hair levels. AB - Dentists may be exposed to mercury used in dental restorations. An epidemiologic study was conducted in central New York in 1985 comparing the concentration of mercury in the hair of 85 dentists to that of 23 dental-related health professionals (mainly orthodontists and oral surgeons) who do not use mercury. Mercury in the hair of dentists was nominally higher (2.98 +/- 0.57 ppm, mean +/- SE) than that of the control group (1.84 +/- 0.20 ppm) but not significantly so. There was a significant positive linear trend in the concentration of mercury in the dentists' hair with the number of years they had been in practice. Those dentists who wore masks when removing old mercury containing fillings showed significantly (p = 0.03) lower mercury concentrations in hair (1.7 +/- 0.26 ppm, mean +/- SE) than those who did not (3.65 +/- 0.85 ppm). Mercury concentration in the hair of 23 of the above dentists analyzed in 1972 was 16.77 +/- 4.00 ppm (mean +/- SE), significantly higher (p = 0.008) than that of the same dentists in 1985 (5.27 +/- 1.85 ppm). The reduction is believed due to the currently used pre prepared disposable or reusable capsules containing the amalgam versus formerly mixing the ingredients manually. This may also account for the lack of a significant difference in mercury in the hair of the dentists versus that of the control group in 1985. The statistical relationships between mercury concentrations in hair of the two groups and reported health effects, as well as other factors including fish consumption, number of restorations per day, office floor covering, and urban or rural domicile, are discussed. PMID- 3184206 TI - Rat beta-nerve growth factor sequence and site of synthesis in the adult hippocampus. AB - A rat beta-nerve growth factor (NGF) genomic sequence encoding the entire 3' exon of preproNGF was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. Rat NGF shows very high homology with other known NGFs in both the prepropeptide and the 3' untranslated regions. The presumptive signal sequence, the cysteine residues important for tertiary structure, possible glycosylation sites, and dibasic amino acids required for proteolytic cleavage to mature NGF are conserved across species. Comparison of the hydrophobicity plots and amino acid sequences revealed an evolutionary divergent domain on the external surface of NGF, which may account for the poor immunologic crossreactivities of the various NGFs. In situ hybridization with a rat-specific oligodeoxynucleotide indicated high levels of NGF mRNA synthesis in both hippocampal granule and pyramidal cell layers. These results are consistent with one role for NGF in the CNS as a neuronally released, retrogradely transported neurotrophic factor for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. PMID- 3184207 TI - Ganglioside GM1 actions on cell-substratum adhesion and DNA synthesis by cultured astroglial cells. AB - Cultures of rat astroglial (AG) cells treated with the ganglioside GM1 in serum free medium respond with an increase in DNA labeling and cell proliferation. However, GM1 doses above 60 microM cause decreasing DNA labeling to levels even below that determined in the absence of added GM1. Quantitative determination of cell numbers in 24-hr cultures treated with various GM1 concentrations shows no loss of cells but a progressive shift in cell morphology from the usual flat to a rounded shape, suggesting a GM1-induced progressive reduction in cell-substratum adhesion. The rounded cells, which can be readily washed off the culture wells, do not carry out measurable DNA synthesis but do appear normal by several other biochemical measurements. All the GM1-treated rounded cells can regain their flat morphology and resume DNA synthesis and cell replication if fetal calf serum is added to the medium. We conclude that modulation of cell adhesion is a major component of astroglial cell responses to exogenous ganglioside treatment. PMID- 3184208 TI - Macrophage-like cells from explant cultures of rat sciatic nerve produce apolipoprotein E. AB - Apolipoprotein E is synthesized and secreted by degenerating peripheral nerve, but the role of resident endoneurial cells in this process is not clear. To exclude the involvement of nonresident cells, we examined the cellular source of endoneurial apolipoprotein E in explant cultures of rat sciatic nerve. The cellular outgrowth from these explant cultures released apolipoprotein E into the culture medium. The cellular outgrowth contained fibroblasts, Schwann cells, and a population of cells with many phenotypic characteristics of macrophages, including the production of apolipoprotein E. No other cell type in the cultures appeared to contribute to this production. These data suggest that apolipoprotein E is produced by resident endoneurial cells in explant cultures and that these cells are macrophages. PMID- 3184209 TI - Localization of ingensin in rat central nervous system and skeletal muscle. AB - A high molecular weight, fatty acid- and SDS-sensitive protease named ingensin was purified from rat brain in this study. The enzyme purified from rat brain has the same biochemical properties as those purified from other tissues, e.g., porcine skeletal muscle, human placenta, and rat liver in our laboratory, and rat skeletal muscle and bovine pituitary gland in other laboratories, independently. Immunoblot bands were detected in the same positions as those in the case of ingensin from rat liver. In addition, its topographical distribution was studied in rat brain and muscle by means of the immunohistochemical method. The cytoplasm of motor neurons of the spinal cord, pyramidal cells, and granular cells of the hippocampus, Purkinje cells, and glial cells were stained. Axons were stained. The cytoplasm of muscle was also stained, especially that of type 2 fibers. PMID- 3184210 TI - GM1 ganglioside protects nucleus basalis from excitotoxin damage: reduced cortical cholinergic losses and animal mortality. AB - Ten days after bilateral injections of ibotenic acid into the nucleus basalis, rats injected daily (i.m.) with ganglioside GM1 were protected from anterograde degeneration of cholinergic projections to the fronto-lateral cortex. This protection was reflected by reduced losses (associated with ibotenic acid lesions) of cortical acetylcholinesterase, choline acetyltransferase, and lowered animal mortality. PMID- 3184211 TI - Lipids of the developing human retina: I. Total fatty acids, plasmalogens, and fatty acid composition of ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides. AB - The total fatty acid composition of the human retina was studied during early normal development and compared to that found in infancy and in adulthood. The retina of an infant undernourished prenatally and of two malnourished postnatally were also studied and compared to the normal values for the age. The fatty acid patterns of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (EPG) and choline phosphoglycerides (CPG) were also studied. Total and ethanolamine plasmalogens (EP) were estimated by the aldehyde dimethyl acetal (DMA) content of total lipids and of EPG, respectively. After acid methanolysis, analyses of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and of DMA were effected by capillary GLC on a single 30 m long, SP-2330, capillary column. The main developmental fatty acid changes were an increase in 22:6 omega 3, 22:5 omega 3 and 20:3 omega 6 and a decrease in 20:4 omega 6. The 22:6 omega 3/20:4 omega 6 ratio increased in a very significant, parabolical way throughout development. In contrast to the brain, the proportion of ethanolamine plasmalogens decreased with maturation, whereas the ratio 18DMA/16DMA increased. The two postnatally malnourished infants had a very significant increase in retinal 22:5 omega 6, but only the child that had been fed on a very unbalanced omega 3/omega 6 diet since 25 weeks of gestation showed an important decrease in retinal 22:6 omega 3. PMID- 3184212 TI - Volume regulation in astrocytes: a role for taurine as an osmoeffector. AB - Astrocytes in culture regulate their volume under anisosmotic conditions by as yet unclear mechanisms. In a number of other cells this process involves a loss of intracellular osmotically active solutes, including taurine. The possibility that taurine participates as an osmoeffector in astrocytes was examined in cultured astrocytes exposed to hyposmolar conditions. Astrocytes responded to decreases in osmolarity by rapid swelling followed by a volume regulatory phase. Hyposmotic conditions induced a dramatic increase of 3H-taurine efflux, with a time course corresponding to the cell volume regulatory phase. Decreasing osmolarity from 310 to 254, 198 or 150 m osmoles resulted in the release of 8.2%, 17%, and 54%, respectively, of 3H-taurine previously accumulated by astrocytes. Endogenous taurine concentration decreased 64%. The efflux of 3-H GABA, 3H glycine, or 3H-D-aspartate was much less affected under similar conditions. These results suggest a role for taurine as an osmoeffector in astrocytes. PMID- 3184213 TI - Early use of the Brooker-Wills interlocking intramedullary nail (BWIIN) for femoral shaft fractures in acute trauma patients. AB - During a 33-month period, 40 multiply injured patients underwent 43 Brooker-Wills interlocking intramedullary nailings (BWIIN) for femur fractures in the setting of a Level I trauma unit. There were 12 open fractures (28%), 66% of the closed fractures underwent BWIIN within the first 24 hours of injury, and 33 fractures (77%) had comminution of Winquist-Hansen Type II or greater, and either static or dynamic locking techniques were used in 38 (88%) of the cases. There were three intraoperative technical problems. The estimated blood loss and operative times were consistent with other reported series for interlocking nailing techniques. The average followup was 65 weeks. Only one fracture went on to nonunion. There were no problems with angulation or rotation. One patient had 1.5 cm of shortening. There were four major (9%) and four minor (9%) complications. Rod removal was successful in 17 of 18 cases. Mechanical failure (deformation and/or fracture) of the proximal end of the rod was found in four (22%) of the extracted nails and caused failure of removal in one. The Brooker-Wills nail is a versatile device which can be used to treat complex fractures of the entire femoral shaft in acutely injured patients. PMID- 3184214 TI - Alterations in cerebral availability of metabolic substrates after severe head injury. AB - Cerebral and systemic metabolism of oxygen, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, beta hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and amino acids were studied in 27 comatose patients during the first 7 days after a head injury. Systemic oxygen consumption was elevated initially and gradually returned toward normal over the week of study. In contrast, cerebral oxygen consumption was depressed and decreased further over the week of study. Cardiac output and cerebral blood flow were increased with respect to systemic and cerebral metabolic requirements, and remained elevated for the entire week of study. Systemic hyperglycemia and lactic acidosis were present. The injured brain often made a sizeable contribution to the lactic acidosis. The arterial concentrations of pyruvate, beta hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were low. The early postinjury arterial amino acid profile was typically an increased level of alanine, taurine, glutamic acid, and a reduced concentration of valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, serine, ornithine, and arginine. At 3-4 days postinjury, as the early abnormalities were returning toward normal, glutamine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and methionine became elevated. These late increases in amino acids occurred at the time of the peak in plasma catecholamine concentrations. The net cerebral flux of amino acids followed the same general pattern of evolution over time as did the arterial concentration of amino acids. On days when the availability of the individual amino acid was increased, the net cerebral flux tended to be positive; when the availability was decreased, the net cerebral flux was zero or there was a net efflux of the amino acid. There was a significant linear relationship between the arterial concentration and the net flux of 13 of the 17 amino acids studied. Unlike the fasting state in normal man, in which beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are important metabolic substrates, cerebral metabolism after head injury is almost totally dependent upon the aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of glucose. This is at least in part due to injury-induced limitations in the variety of substrates that are available for the brain to extract. PMID- 3184215 TI - Safety and efficacy of mezlocillin: a single-drug therapy for penetrating abdominal trauma. AB - This study was done to determine if a single drug, mezlocillin (Mezlo), is as safe and as effective as combined clindamycin (Clind) and gentamicin (Gent) in the treatment of penetrating abdominal wounds. One hundred seventy-three patients received either Mezlo or Clind/Gent combined therapy as assigned by computer generated randomization. Of these, 147 patients were evaluable. Of 73 patients treated with Clind/Gent the mean duration of hospital stay was 8.9 +/- 4.0 days. Infectious complications developed in 18 patients of whom five failed to respond promptly, but only one required change in therapy. Of 74 patients treated with Mezlo, the mean duration of hospital stay was 9.1 +/- 5.0 days. Infectious complications occurred in 17, in whom four patients failed to eliminate their infections, and two needed changes in antibiotic therapy. None of the patients in either antibiotic group failed because of Enterococcus or Pseudomonas infections. There were no deaths. Twelve isolates of Bacteroides were found in peritoneal fluid cultures and all these patients had colon injuries. The overall therapeutic response was excellent to good in 94% on Clind/Gent and 93% on Mezlo. Azotemia developed in one patient on Clind/Genet and one on Mezlo but no other adverse reactions occurred. The differences shown between the two groups were not statistically significant. We conclude that a single drug mezlocillin is as safe and as effective in the treatment of abdominal trauma as combined clindamycin and gentamicin. PMID- 3184216 TI - Mammalian optic nerve regeneration following the application of electric fields. AB - Previous studies have shown that the application of electric fields to the damaged mammalian nervous system is efficacious in promoting regeneration of peripheral nervous system axons. The present experiments were undertaken to determine whether exogenously applied electric fields can induce regenerative responses in the damaged mammalian central nervous system (CNS). In these studies, chronically delivered direct current was applied to the optic nerve, orienting the cathode distal to the lesion site. Histologic analyses at 3 weeks revealed that the damaged optic nerve did exhibit a regenerative response following treatment. We believe that this represents the first report of regenerative effects on the mammalian visual system using chronic DC electric fields, and we suggest that such galvanic treatment may be used alone or as an adjunct to promoting regeneration of the injured mammalian central nervous system. PMID- 3184217 TI - Complex femur fractures: treatment with the Wagner external fixation device or the Grosse-Kempf interlocking nail. AB - One hundred complex femur fractures were treated with the Grosse-Kempf interlocking nail and 35 were treated with the Wagner external fixation device. Retrospectively, we analyzed the results in the two groups to determine specific indications for the future use of these nails. The Grosse-Kempf nail, although a technically demanding procedure, achieved excellent overall end results in comminuted closed fractures, and in Type I, Type II, and some Type III open fractures after appropriate wound care. We found that the Wagner apparatus was a simple, easy device for obtaining initial fracture stabilization in contaminated Type III-B and Type III-C open fractures. It does, however, require substantial postoperative care; four cases required secondary intramedullary fixation. We found a high infection rate with secondary reamed intramedullary nailing after initial stabilization with the external fixator. PMID- 3184218 TI - Displaced stress fractures of the femoral neck in young male adults: a report of twelve operative cases. AB - The results of 12 operatively treated displaced stress fractures of the femoral neck in young male adults are reported. The mean age of the patients was 19.8 years (range, 19-24 years) and the mean followup period 4.0 years (range, 1-9 years). Sliding hip compression screw was used in ten cases, Jewett nail in one and 130 degrees angled A0-plate in one case. Aseptic necrosis (AN) of the femoral head developed in five cases treated by sliding hip compression screw. It was correlated with increased operative trauma in four patients: open reduction in two, reoperation in one, and osteotomy in one case. Nonunion developed in three cases and it was combined with AN in two cases. In six cases the results were acceptable, but for the last three patients the followup period was only 1-2 years. PMID- 3184219 TI - Utility of routine pelvic X-ray during blunt trauma resuscitation. AB - To assess the utility of a routine pelvic X-ray in resuscitation of blunt trauma patients, 669 patients were studied prospectively over a 2-year period. One hundred twelve patients (16.7%) had positive pelvic X-rays (PPX). When compared with the negative pelvic X-ray group (NPX), the PPX group had a significantly higher mean Injury Severity Score, 24-hour mean requirement for blood and component therapy, and higher incidence of associated injury of chest and abdomen. Despite the higher injury parameters, the mortality between the groups was not significantly different. When compared with five standard resuscitative assessment variables, a pelvic X-ray performed as an additional predictor of injury severity and 24-hour blood requirement. A pelvic X-ray should be performed routinely in victims of blunt trauma as part of the early resuscitation X-ray protocol since a positive finding has immediate prognostic and therapeutic implications. PMID- 3184221 TI - Burn abuse: a four-year study. AB - Data are presented for 139 children assessed for abuse by burning, and findings are contrasted with previous reports in the literature. The results support assertions that burn abuse is most prevalent among children under 3 years of age, and is usually perpetrated by a caretaker who is young, single and poorly educated. The data do not support findings from other studies that boys outnumber girls as victims. Previous reports that immersion burns constitute the major burn type are also contradicted by the present study and results are examined in terms of sampling techniques. A disproportionate number of alleged abusers in this study are female, a finding which is discussed relative to the average age of the victim and the events reported as precipitating abuse. This study indicates that burn abuse is most common in families of two or more children, and that the youngest child is at highest risk. PMID- 3184220 TI - An analysis of risk factors for death at the scene following traumatic aortic rupture. AB - The hospital or medical examiner records of 75 victims of traumatic aortic rupture (TAR) were reviewed retrospectively. Among the 75 victims, 51 (68%) died at the scene. Those dead at the scene had higher Injury Severity Scores, 59.3 +/- 13.8, than those who survived to be hospitalized, 42.6 +/- 13.3 (p less than 0.001). The mean age of victims dead at the scene was not different than the mean age of those who arrived alive at the hospital. The incidence of death at the scene was significantly higher for patients with head injuries (p less than 0.01), victims with a second intrathoracic injury (p less than 0.025), and patients with associated intra-abdominal injury (p less than 0.001) compared to those without these injuries. A second fatal injury occurred in 51 (41.2%) of victims who died at the scene. PMID- 3184222 TI - An unusual presentation of splenic rupture. AB - A case is described of rupture of the spleen with a hemoperitoneum which was forced through two abdominal wall hernias to produce potentially misleading ecchymosis of the upper midline and the thigh. The diagnostic significance of the entire clinical presentation is discussed. PMID- 3184223 TI - Scaphotrapezial dislocation: a case report. AB - Traumatic dislocation of either trapezium or trapezoid is rare. We found less than 20 cases of each reported in the literature. We describe a case of traumatic dislocation of the scaphotrapezial joint associated with subluxation of the scaphotrapezoidal joint, which to our knowledge has not been reported. PMID- 3184224 TI - Central fracture-dislocation of the hip in a child. AB - A case report of a 10-year-old child with a central fracture-dislocation of the hip, managed by open reduction is presented, with a long-term result. The rarity of this injury in children is discussed, with the possible complications of inadequate joint congruity and potential growth injury. PMID- 3184225 TI - Hydrofluoric acid-induced hypocalcemia. AB - Among patients exposed to hydrofluoric acid the potentially lethal effect of calcium depletion induced by binding with fluoride ion has not been well reported. Three patients exposed to hydrofluoric acid had acute fluoride poisoning with serum calcium levels equal to or below 4.1 mgm/dl. Treatment included administration of large amounts of calcium, both intravenously and by subsechar injection, to replenish the biologically active calcium and to bind fluoride. This report describes successful treatment of two survivors, apparently the first two, of severe hypocalcemia caused by hydrofluoric acid. PMID- 3184226 TI - Traumatic anterior dislocation of the hip joint with fracture of the acetabulum: a case report. AB - A 67-year-old woman sustained a pubic-type anterior dislocation of the hip associated with a comminuted fracture of the anterosuperior part of the acetabulum and the anteroinferior iliac spine following a fall on the knee. Because of interposition of the iliopsoas tendon, closed reduction followed by skeletal traction failed to achieve reduction of the acetabular fragment. An abnormally high degree of anteversion of the femoral neck is suggested as a possible predisposing factor in this injury. PMID- 3184227 TI - Syndrome of intramedullary gunshot wound with incomplete neurologic deficit: case report. AB - A patient with a gunshot wound to the spinal cord with an incomplete neurologic deficit is presented. The neurologic examination revealed a combination of a central cord injury and the Brown-Sequard Syndrome. The authors suggest that the Brown-Sequard portion of the syndrome was caused by compression of tracts within the spinal cord caused by the mass of the bullet and the central cord injury was produced by the kinetic energy of the bullet during penetration into the spinal canal. They conclude that with incomplete neurologic lesions following gunshot wounds the bullet be removed. PMID- 3184228 TI - Traumatic false aneurysm of the radial artery. AB - A patient was referred to the hand service for treatment of a ganglion of his left distal volar forearm. History and examination revealed the mass to be an aneurysm of the left radial artery. At surgery, a false aneurysm was resected and a vein graft interposed. This case illustrates arterial aneurysms, although uncommon, must be included in the differential diagnosis of masses about the hand and wrist. PMID- 3184229 TI - Intrauterine cranial gunshot wound in a 32-week fetus. AB - Intrauterine cranial gunshot wounds are rare and usually associated with a fatal outcome for the fetus. We present a case where preterm delivery, neonatal intensive care, and later removal of the bullet resulted in a normal child without any untoward sequelae. PMID- 3184230 TI - Clearing the cervical spine: initial radiologic evaluation. PMID- 3184231 TI - Management of blunt injury to the internal carotid artery. PMID- 3184232 TI - Civilian gunshot wounds: determinants of injury. PMID- 3184233 TI - [In headache patients with normal neurologic findings, is EEG a useful screen test? As compare to CT findings]. PMID- 3184234 TI - [Bronchial arteriographic evaluation and surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis]. PMID- 3184235 TI - Spread of local anesthetics in the epidural space. PMID- 3184236 TI - Acute renal failure following Russell's viper envenomation: a report of two cases. PMID- 3184237 TI - Syndrome of plasma cell dyscrasia, polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy and skin changes with central nervous system involvement. PMID- 3184238 TI - [Brain stem toruloma presenting with ataxic hemiparesis: a case report]. PMID- 3184240 TI - Inorganic dust diseases: issues and controversies. PMID- 3184239 TI - Inorganic dust pneumoconioses. PMID- 3184241 TI - A clinical diagnostic model for the assessment of asbestosis: a new algorithmic approach. AB - Asbestosis, one of the pneumoconioses that is defined by a set of clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings, occurs as a result of exposure to asbestos fibers. Several approaches have attempted to describe the presence, progression, or extent of asbestosis. However, these approaches have attempted to describe the presence, progression, or extent of asbestosis. However, these approaches have limitations or lack correlations with other diagnostic modalities. We propose a comprehensive clinical diagnostic model that uses the sensitivities and specificities of the various clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings to generate a set of "likelihood numbers." These likelihood numbers, contribute to the calculation of a value that can indicate the probability of asbestosis. The clinical diagnostic model is heuristic in that a specific feature supportive of the diagnosis of asbestosis may be tested as to its sensitivity and specificity, and new features may be added to the model. The model also indicates how probabilistic a given set of findings is in the diagnosis of asbestosis and suggests what additional data may make the diagnosis more or less statistically probable. Regarding the radiologic considerations of asbestosis, the strength of the clinical diagnostic model is that it is capable of supporting a diagnosis of asbestosis in the presence of a normal chest radiograph and, conversely, may reject the diagnosis of asbestosis despite the radiographic finding of pulmonary fibrosis. PMID- 3184242 TI - The utilization of bacilli as larvicidal agents against anopheline and culicine mosquitoes in Turkey. I. Larvicidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H 14. AB - Standard IPS-82 and a wettable powder (Bactimos) of Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) were tested against local mosquito species, Cx. pipiens and An. sacharovi, in the laboratory in Turkey. The dose-mortality regression lines for both organisms had similar slopes with each formulation. Bactimos was less effective against both organisms, especially at higher concentrations (LC95/LC50 5.78 vs 1.95). PMID- 3184243 TI - The use of the WHO cluster survey method for evaluating the impact of the expanded programme on immunization on target disease incidence. AB - A study was performed in Quelimane City, Mozambique, using the WHO EPI cluster sampling methodology to assess its applicability for evaluating the impact of the programme on target disease incidence rates in urban areas. Though the methodology was straightforward to use, difficulties were experienced in the retrospective diagnosis of the target diseases, which were felt to limit the reliability of the data obtained. Though results of measles incidence and mortality rates were useful to compare with routine data and discuss with local health staff, the variation in measles incidence rates between epidemic and non epidemic years may make repeated surveys of this type inappropriate for evaluating programme impact, as it would be difficult to attribute any reduction found in one particular year to immunization and not to the variation in disease incidence which is known to occur in the absence of vaccination. It is suggested that resources would be more profitably used in establishing sentinel sites and improving the quality and utilization of routine data than in conducting repeated sample surveys. PMID- 3184244 TI - Bithionol (Bitin) treatment in established fascioliasis in Egyptians. AB - The present study is an evaluation of bithionol treatment in established fascioliasis. Eight patients were enrolled in the study. All were passing eggs of Fasciola spp. and seven had concomitant Schistosoma mansoni infection. The clinical and haematological findings conformed with the known picture of fascioliasis. Bitin tablets (200 mg) were administered in the dose of 30 mg kg-1 body wt every other day for five doses. Eggs were counted during and for 4 months after the end of therapy. Fasciola ova disappeared after the second or third dose giving a cure rate of 100%. Ova of S. mansoni did not show any change in number. As regards the liver function tests; bilirubin, SGOT and SGPT values were within the normal range and were not affected by treatment. A raised SAP level was observed before therapy which was significantly higher after bithionol. Creatinine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes and kidney function tests showed almost normal values and were not altered by therapy. It was concluded that Bitin was a potent fasciolicidal drug in the dose used. No side effects were observed. PMID- 3184245 TI - Melioidosis, the great mimicker: a report of 10 cases from Malaysia. AB - Between 1981 and 1986, 10 consecutive cases of melioidosis were seen at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They illustrate the amazing guises of melioidosis presenting as: abscesses of the supraspinatus muscle, psoas muscle, brain and liver; three different pulmonary forms; an acute suppurative dermal lesion; an acute septicaemia; and chronic lymphadenitis. The majority had underlying diseases: diabetes mellitus, the commonest, was present in six, out of whom three had previous pulmonary tuberculosis; other predisposing conditions were renal failure, corticosteroid therapy and malnutrition. Three patients who died had pre-existing renal impairment and developed renal failure later, suggesting that the former is a bad prognostic sign. Clinical diagnosis was difficult: all cases were diagnosed bacteriologically. A high level of clinical awareness is necessary, especially when presentation simulates pulmonary or extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with diabetes or other compromised states. PMID- 3184246 TI - The penalty throw in water polo: a cinematographic analysis. AB - Three-dimensional (3-D) high-speed cinematography was used to record the penalty throw in water polo by six elite male (M) and six elite female (F) players. The direct linear transformation technique (DLT) was used in the 3-D space reconstruction from 2-D images recorded via laterally placed phase-locked cameras operating at 200 Hz. Five of the twelve subjects lifted the ball from underneath at the start of the throw whilst the remaining subjects opted for a rotation lift. As the ball was brought behind the head the females used very little hip and shoulder rotation compared to the male players so that four of the six female subjects were square on to the target at the rear point. At the completion of the backswing the wrist was flexed to a similar angle (M-162 degrees; F-158 degrees); the elbow angle showed significantly greater flexion for females (85 degrees) than males (107 degrees). During the forward swing, from rear point to release, the wrist joint of the female players flexed from a rear point angle of 158 degrees to 148 degrees at release. The wrist movement for male subjects was different from the females in that it flexed from 162 degrees to 147 degrees, 0.10 s prior to release and then extended to 159 degrees at palmar release before again flexing to 156 degrees at release. The amount of elbow extension during the forward swing was 48 degrees for both groups; however, the females actually released the ball with the forearm vertical (89 degrees) compared to the male forearm angle of 78 degrees. Maximum angular velocity of the wrist and elbow occurred at release for 9 of the 12 subjects. Both the wrist and elbow joints (F 148 degrees; M-156 degrees at wrist and F-126 degrees; M-148 degrees at elbow) demonstrated greater flexion at release in female subjects, compared with males. Maximum linear endpoint velocities for the forearm and hand segments occurred at ball release resulting in mean ball velocities of 19.1 m s-1 and 14.7 m s-1 for male and female subjects respectively. PMID- 3184247 TI - Precompetitive anxiety and motor performance: a psychophysiological examination. AB - Male volunteer subjects (27) completed a 5-week habituation period during which practise was undertaken on three motor performance tests. Tests were of serial reaction time, visuomotor ability and muscular power. Following stabilization of performance subjects entered an experimental period where they performed the tests before an evaluative audience on one occasion, and against a matched opponent, also before an evaluative audience on the final occasion. Preperformance measures were obtained of neuroendocrine activity, anticipatory heart rate and state anxiety. Significant precompetition elevations in state anxiety, heart rate and adrenaline levels were observed, supporting the notion that the exposure was perceived as stressful by subjects. Significant correlations were obtained between adrenaline levels and both state and trait anxiety scores. Results showed a significant increase in performance compared to habituation levels for all three tests in the audience condition. In the competitive situation against a matched opponent, performance level for the visuomotor and power tests declined significantly compared to the previous session performed before an audience. Serial reaction time performance showed a continuing upward trend, although failing to achieve significance. Changes in performance are discussed with reference to cue-utilization explanations and broader cognitive resource limitations. PMID- 3184248 TI - Discriminant analysis of the physiques of schoolboy rugby players, hurlers and non-team members. AB - The subjects were 31 successful schoolboy rugby players and 25 successful schoolboy hurlers; 34 non-team members acted as controls. Thirty-one anthropometric measurements were taken on each subject: height, weight, sitting height, five skeletal lengths, six skeletal diameters, 13 muscle circumferences and four skinfolds. The non-players were significantly smaller than both the rugby players and the hurlers in weight, biacromial diameter, bideltoid, neck, chest, flexed arm, upper and lower thigh and calf circumferences. The non-players were significantly smaller than the rugby players in arm length, femur diameter and waist, hip and relaxed arm circumferences. The non-players were significantly smaller than the hurlers in femur length, biiliac and ankle diameters. There were no statistically significant differences between the rugby players and hurlers. Discriminant analysis produced a function containing terms for height, weight, fat free weight, humerus diameter and neck, bideltoid, forearm and calf circumferences which correctly assigned 83 (92%) of the subjects to 'player' and 'non-player' categories. When the function was applied to the 15 members of the rugby team of a different school, 14 were placed in the 'player' category and one subject was given a borderline classification. It is concluded that there were differences in physique between the team members and non-members and that the techniques used in the study were effective in quantifying them. PMID- 3184249 TI - Time phases and the individual psychological crisis in sports competition: theory and research findings. AB - A conceptual model of the development of an athlete's individual psychological crisis during competition has recently been proposed and applied to basketball. In this article the diagnostic value of the time dimension with regard to such a process of crisis development is investigated. The relevance of six time phases for the diagnosis of individual psychological crisis during the competition is discussed in detail. The present study was conducted on 28 basketball experts who completed a 'phases of competition' questionnaire using the components of the Bayesian likelihood ratio (diagnostic value) for each phase. Results revealed that time limits can be determined unanimously and that the proposed phases do have a considerable diagnostic relevance as predicted on theoretical grounds. Various aspects related to the validation and the practical applicability of the present research are briefly discussed. PMID- 3184250 TI - The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. AB - A maximal multistage 20 m shuttle run test was designed to determine the maximal aerobic power of schoolchildren, healthy adults attending fitness class and athletes performing in sports with frequent stops and starts (e.g. basketball, fencing and so on). Subjects run back and forth on a 20 m course and must touch the 20 m line; at the same time a sound signal is emitted from a prerecorded tape. Frequency of the sound signals is increased 0.5 km h-1 each minute from a starting speed of 8.5 km h-1. When the subject can no longer follow the pace, the last stage number announced is used to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (Y, ml kg-1 min-1) from the speed (X, km h-1) corresponding to that stage (speed = 8 + 0.5 stage no.) and age (A, year): Y = 31.025 + 3.238 X - 3.248A + 0.1536AX, r = 0.71 with 188 boys and girls aged 8-19 years. To obtain this regression, the test was performed individually. Right upon termination VO2 was measured with four 20 s samples and VO2max was estimated by retroextrapolating the O2 recovery curve at time zero of recovery. For adults, similar measurements indicated that the same equation could be used keeping age constant at 18 (r = 0.90, n = 77 men and women 18-50 years old). Test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.89 for children (139 boys and girls 6-16 years old) and 0.95 for adults (81 men and women, 20-45 years old).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184251 TI - Unusual pericardial cyst location. Value of two-dimensional echocardiography in diagnosis. PMID- 3184252 TI - Some pharmacokinetic data of aditoprim and trimethoprim in healthy and tick-borne fever infected dwarf goats. AB - Aditoprim (AP) is a new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, which is structurally related to trimethoprim (TMP). The pharmacokinetics of AP (10 mg/kg) and TMP (20 mg/kg) were assessed in healthy dwarf goats. Therapeutic efficacy against rickettsial infections was tested in tick-borne fever (TBF) infected goats. The animals were given TMP (n = 5) or AP (n = 5) by i.v. injection, and subsequently the drugs were administered orally (same groups, similar doses). Finally, both groups were infected with TBF and the i.v. experiment was repeated. Plasma concentration-time curves for both drugs followed first-order two-compartment decay. For TMP, mean t1/2 beta +/- SEM (h) was 0.84 +/- 0.06 (i.v. control) and 0.90 +/- 0.06 (i.v. infected), respectively, whereas for AP values of 8.00 +/- 0.31 (i.v. control) and 10.28 +/- 0.67 (i.v. infected) were obtained (P less than 0.05). Mean Vd beta +/- SEM values (l/kg) were 3.84 +/- 0.27 (i.v. control) and 4.07 +/- 0.85 (i.v. infected) for TMP (NS) and 7.02 +/- 0.63 vs 9.29 +/- 0.21 (P less than 0.05) for AP. After i.v. injection, rumen fluid concentrations of AP were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher and more persistent than those of TMP. For AP, the plasma and rumen fluid concentrations at 3 h were 1.20 +/- 0.06 micrograms/ml and 0.85 +/- 0.17 microgram/ml, respectively. After oral administration of TMP, Cmax in plasma was 0.12 +/- 0.01 microgram/ml and the maximum was reached after 1.2 +/- 0.16 h; systemic bioavailability (F) was 10.3% (relative to AUC i.v.). Oral treatment with AP resulted in a Cmax value of 0.21 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml with Tmax of 22.5 +/- 1.65 h and a F value of 71%. Based on WBC, serum ALP and rectal temperature responses, it was concluded that both TMP and AP were inactive against Ehrlichia phagocytophila. PMID- 3184253 TI - The effect of testosterone and rutting on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine in goats. AB - After testosterone pretreatment of castrated goats and during the rutting season of adult entire male goats, the oxidative metabolism of sulphadimidine (SDM) was inhibited markedly compared with the castrated control state of these animals. The oxidation of the 5 position (yielding 5-hydroxysulphadimidine) and of the 6 hydroxymethyl group (yielding 6-carboxysulphadimidine) was decreased equally, with that of the methyl group at the pyrimidine side chain itself being 6 hydroxymethylsulphadimidine (CH2OH), whereas the acetylation pathway was unaffected by testosterone. The consequence of altered metabolism by testosterone was a prolongation of SDM presence in the body. Effects on protein binding of the CH2OH metabolite and on the renal clearance of SDM were also investigated. PMID- 3184254 TI - Effects of paracetamol and acetylsalicylic acid on the post-operative course after experimental orthopaedic surgery in dogs. AB - In placebo-controlled cross-over trials in dogs, two 'identical' operations were performed on the forelimbs of each animal with an interval of 28 days, to evaluate how daily doses of 1.5 g paracetamol, 1.5 g acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and 0.5 g ASA might modulate an acute post-operative inflammatory reaction. On the third post-operative day the reductions in swelling compared with placebo averaged 33% with 1.5 g paracetamol (P = 0.02), 24% with 1.5 g ASA (P = 0.03) and 15% with 0.5 g ASA (P = 0.18); while the reductions in pain estimates averaged 47% with 1.5 g paracetamol (P = 0.01), 32% with 1.5 g ASA (P = 0.07) and 28% with 0.5 g ASA (P = 0.21). There were no clinical signs of adverse drug effects, such as vomiting, haematochezia, cyanosis or depression. The results disagree with the traditional view that paracetamol has little or no anti-inflammatory effect, and demonstrate that paracetamol may reduce an acute inflammatory reaction, at least as efficiently as ASA. The potential pro-inflammatory effect of ASA in low doses is discussed. It is concluded that paracetamol appears to be a valuable drug against post-operative or post-traumatic sequelae in the veterinary as well as in the human clinic. PMID- 3184255 TI - Dopamine-sensitive receptors that evoke rumination and modify reticulo-ruminal activity in sheep. AB - Dopamine (20 micrograms/kg) evoked rumination in sheep when injected as a bolus into the coeliac artery or into the left gastric artery but not when injected into the carotid artery. A mixed alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonist (phentolamine) and an alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist (yohimbine) prevented dopamine from evoking rumination, but a dopaminergic antagonist (metoclopramide) did not. These findings suggest that dopamine stimulated rumination by acting upon alpha 2 adrenoreceptors situated in the area supplied by the left gastric artery, whereas dopamine injected intracerebrally may have evoked rumination by an alpha 2 adrenoreceptor effect in the central nervous system (Bueno et al., 1983) and the actions of intrajugular dopamine were exclusively upon peripheral adrenoreceptors located specifically in the gastric area. Dopamine (1 microgram/kg/min) infused into the carotid artery reduced the frequency of reticular contractions by acting upon a centrally located dopaminergic receptor mechanism sensitive to metoclopramide but not to phentolamine. When dopamine was infused into the coeliac artery or into the left gastric artery, the amplitude of reticular contractions was reduced by a peripheral mechanism sensitive both to metoclopramide and to phentolamine. Dopamine also reduced the amplitude of reticular contractions when infused into the carotid artery but to a lesser degree than when given into the coeliac or left gastric artery. PMID- 3184256 TI - Development of a novel in vitro equine anthelmintic assay. AB - An in vitro assay involving the use of a horse strongyle (Strongylus edentatus) and the micromotility meter has been developed to test for equine anthelmintic activity. Three commercially available equine anthelmintics (dichlorvos, ivermectin, and pyrantel pamoate) and an investigational drug (p-toluoyl chloride phenylhydrazone) were evaluated in this assay at four concentrations. After a 24 h incubation, greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml of all four drug treatments significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduced the motility of ensheathed L-3 S. edentatus larvae, thereby indicating anthelmintic activity. Pyrantel pamoate also reduced motility at 1 microgram/ml, while the hydrazone significantly increased movement at this level. At 0.1 microgram/ml, none of the treatments significantly reduced motility; one treatment (dichlorvos) significantly increased larval motility. Incubation for 48 h resulted in significant activity (reduction in motility) at greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml with two drugs (ivermectin, pyrantel pamoate); dichlorvos and the hydrazone reduced motility at greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml. None of the treatments significantly reduced motility at the lowest concentration (0.1 microgram/ml); however, at 48 h, two treatments (dichlorvos, hydrazone) significantly increased motility at the lowest concentration (0.1 microgram/ml). The in vitro S. edentatus motility assay proved to be sensitive, accurate and rapid. This assay system should be a valuable addition to tests used to identify potential equine anthelmintics, monitor helminth resistance to drugs, and perhaps define the kinetics and mode of action for drugs. PMID- 3184257 TI - Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting chloramphenicol formulation administered by intramuscular and subcutaneous routes in cattle. AB - The pharmacokinetic properties of a long-acting formulation of chloramphenicol were determined in six yearling cattle after a single intravenous (i.v.) administration (40 mg/kg body weight) and after two sequential subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) administrations (90 mg/kg/48 h). The two extravascular routes were studied during a crossover trial for a bioequivalence test. After i.v. administration, the plasma concentration-time graph was characteristic of a two-compartment open model. Mean values were a half-life of 4.1 h, a volume of distribution of 0.86 l/kg and a body clearance of 0.128 l/kg/h. Plasma concentrations of chloramphenicol following i.m. and s.c. administrations increased slowly to a broad peak at 10-15 micrograms/ml between 9 and 12 h. Bioavailability was 19.1% after i.m. injection and 12.4% after s.c. administration. The extent of absorption from the two routes did not differ significantly. The rate of absorption was significantly lower after s.c. application than it was after i.m. injection. The time necessary for the plasma concentration to exceed 5 micrograms/ml was the same for the two routes. Thus, i.m. and s.c. routes are bioequivalent. PMID- 3184258 TI - The effect of various antibacterial preparations on the in vitro morphology and chemotactic response of equine neutrophils. AB - Two independent assay systems were used to study the effect of three antibacterial preparations on in vitro morphology and chemotaxis of equine neutrophils. Incubation of neutrophils with high (200 micrograms/ml) and medium (20 micrograms/ml) concentrations of neomycin impaired their response to standard chemoattractants. Trimethoprim/sulfadoxine (0.4/2.0 micrograms/ml-40/200 micrograms/ml) and benzylpenicillin (0.25-25 micrograms/ml) had no effect. Neutrophils collected from geldings 2 and 24 h after neomycin (5 mg/kg) administration had impaired responses to standard chemoattractants. Benzylpenicillin (13.2 mg/kg) had no effect. PMID- 3184259 TI - Zearanol metabolism by subcellular fractions from lamb liver. AB - Zeranol (7-alpha-zearalanol or alpha-ZAL) metabolism in vitro by subcellular fractions (microsome and cytosol) from lamb livers was investigated. The use of a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique capable of resolving epimers, revealed that when nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) was added as a co-factor to metabolic mixtures, the oxidized form, zearalanone (ZAN) was the major metabolite, although a small amount of 7-beta-zearalanol (beta-ZAL) was also produced. In order to confirm beta-ZAL as a product of ZAN reduction, the metabolism of the latter, by microsome and cytosol in the presence of NADH as co factor, was investigated. The results obtained revealed that both alpha-ZAL and beta-ZAL were present at the end of the incubation, the former at a higher concentration than the latter. When NAD and NADH were added as cofactors to incubation mixtures containing alpha-ZAL, the production of beta-ZAL was increased as a consequence of the higher ZAN reduction in the presence of the reducing co-factor. Nevertheless, ZAN remained the major metabolite produced from alpha-ZAL by both the subcellular fractions investigated. PMID- 3184260 TI - The elimination of fenbendazole and its metabolites in the chicken, turkey and duck. PMID- 3184261 TI - Multiple intravenous dose pharmacokinetics and residue depletion profile of gentamicin in pigs. PMID- 3184262 TI - Method of objective assessment of analgesia in the dog. PMID- 3184263 TI - Effect of AHR-5333 on flea antigen extract-induced skin reactions in flea allergic dogs. PMID- 3184264 TI - Periodicals in veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. PMID- 3184265 TI - Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of triclabendazole in goats with induced fascioliasis. AB - The pharmacokinetics of triclabendazole were evaluated in normal goats and in goats artificially infected with Fasciola hepatica. Triclabendazole and its metabolites were determined using a novel high performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorimetric detection after solid-phase extraction. In normal goats triclabendazole given orally was metabolized rapidly to its sulphoxide and sulphone derivatives. The maximum plasma concentrations for the sulphoxide and sulphone were similar ranging from 9 to 19 micrograms/ml and these were attained at an average 12.8 and 25.6 h, respectively, after administration. Both metabolites were eliminated slowly from plasma with elimination half-lives of 22.4 h for the sulphoxide and 19.4 h for the sulphone. They persisted at measurable concentrations in plasma for up to seven days. In milk, the two metabolites occurred in low concentrations and none of them was detectable (sulphoxide less than 0.04 microgram/ml, sulphone less than 0.02 microgram/ml) after seven days. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of triclabendazole was not altered in animals with fascioliasis. Efficacy of the drug against immature (six week) F. hepatica was 100%. PMID- 3184266 TI - The pharmacodynamics of ivermectin in sheep and cattle. AB - The concentrations of ivermectin in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep and cattle were determined after subcutaneous administration of ivermectin. Ivermectin was not detected (limit of detection 1 ng/ml) in abomasal and ruminal fluids either after a normal therapeutic dose of 200 micrograms/kg or even at an increased dose of 2000 micrograms/kg. It was also not detected in abomasal and ruminal fluids of a sheep infected with the abomasal parasite Ostertagia circumcincta. However, ivermectin was detectable at similar concentrations in abomasal mucus and in small intestinal mucus. Excretion of ivermectin was high in bile but the concentrations in small intestinal mucus, distal and proximal to the bile duct opening, were similar. It is hypothesized that the low efficacy of ivermectin against small intestinal nematodes compared with abomasal nematodes is not due to differences in ivermectin concentrations in the predilection sites but is probably due to tachyphylaxis in the nematodes allowing the small intestinal nematodes to re-establish before they have left their predilection site. Ivermectin was excreted in the milk of ewes at concentrations similar to those in plasma. Lambs suckling ivermectin-treated ewes received about 4% of a normal therapeutic dose (200 micrograms/kg) via the milk. PMID- 3184267 TI - Salmonella colonization in young chickens given feed supplemented with the growth promoting antibiotic avilamycin. AB - The feed given to young broiler chickens was contaminated artificially with Salmonella kedougou, a serotype associated with both subclinical infections in commercially reared chickens and food poisoning in humans. No evidence was obtained to suggest that the growth promoting antibiotic avilamycin, added to the feed at the rate of either 2.5 ppm or 10 ppm, had the undesirable side-effect of favouring the colonization of the intestinal tract of the birds with Salmonella kedougou when they were challenged with this organism in the feed. PMID- 3184268 TI - Pharmacokinetics of oxyphenbutazone in horses. PMID- 3184269 TI - Kinetic and insecticidal properties of ivermectin residues in the milk of dairy cows. PMID- 3184270 TI - Characterization of self-cleaving RNA sequences on the genome and antigenome of human hepatitis delta virus. AB - Recently we reported that in vitro RNA transcripts complementary to the genome of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) contain a unique site at which self-cleavage can occur. Subsequent studies showed that a similar self-cleavage site was present on in vitro RNA transcripts of genomic HDV RNA. The same self-cleavage reactions were also found to occur on HDV RNAs from the livers of infected chimpanzees. Using the in vitro RNA it was also possible to determine that the minimum length of contiguous sequence needed for self-cleavage of genomic RNA was 30 bases 5' and 74 bases 3' of the cleavage site. This sequence was not compatible with the "hammerhead" structure hypothesized to be important in the self-cleavage reactions of other RNAs. PMID- 3184271 TI - Effects and virulences of recombinant vaccinia viruses derived from attenuated strains that express the human T-cell leukemia virus type I envelope gene. AB - We constructed recombinant vaccinia viruses (RVVs) that expressed human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) envelope glycoproteins by using attenuated vaccinia viruses (VVs) which have much lower neurovirulence than the WR strain that is extensively used as a vector. The RVV produced from the LC16mO strain, one of the attenuated VVs, elicited a high titer of anti-HTLV-I antibody in rabbits and protected them against HTLV-I infection. The env gene was inserted into the VV hemagglutinin gene. The resultant inactivation of the hemagglutinin gene led to the attenuation of VVs, but the extent of their attenuation depended on the VV strain. The propagation of LC16mO and its RVV in rabbit brain was poorer than that of LO-1, a cloned derivative of Lister strain, and its RVV, although LC16mO replicated in other organs better than did LO-1. Taken together, these results suggest that LC16mO is a good candidate as a vector for vaccination of humans. PMID- 3184272 TI - Novel segregation patterns of infecting-mutant genotypes in plate complementation tests among amber mutants of bacteriophage BF23. AB - Amber mutants of bacteriophage BF23 were classified into two functional groups, types I and II, by the yields of the infecting-mutant genotypes in plate complementation tests. Type I mutants produced their genotypes at levels more than 20% of the total progeny phages, and type II mutants did so at levels of less than 5%. Comparison of the results of plate complementation tests with those of extract complementation tests revealed that all the type I mutants were defective in the tail formation, while most type II mutants were defective in the formation of either mature heads (type IIa) or both mature heads and tails (type IIb). Since in extract complementation tests the activated phages are always of genotypes corresponding to mutations defective in only the tail formation, the plate complementation test is comparable with the extract complementation test when judged on the basis of the yield of the mutant genotypes. Of 29 complementation groups, 8 type I, 14 type IIa, and 5 type IIb mutants were identified. Previously, amber mutations of BF23 were mapped on four genetic segments. These segments were ordered in one linkage map by crosses between deletion and amber mutants. PMID- 3184273 TI - Relationships among genes and gene products of bacteriophage BF23. AB - Twenty-five gene products of bacteriophage BF23 were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and their functions were studied in relation to type I and II genes classified by means of genetic complementation tests. All the type I mutants were defective in the synthesis of a tail protein, L3. In addition, 4 type I gene products, L5 (gp21), L7 (gp20), L8 (gp29), and L9 (gp25), were identified as constituents of tails (gp21 denotes that a protein is a product of gene 21). Three type IIb mutants in genes 10, 14, and 19 diminished substantially the production of late proteins, including tail and head proteins, and the two other type IIb mutants in genes 1 and 2 were defective in the synthesis of both early and late proteins. Of 14 type IIa mutants, at least 6 were defective in phage DNA synthesis and 2 were defective in the synthesis of head proteins. The defect in the head donor activities of type IIa mutants in extract complementation tests was due to the failure of the formation of mature heads containing DNA. The above results support directly the results of the genetic characterization of BF23 genes. PMID- 3184274 TI - p56lck protein-tyrosine kinase is cytoskeletal and does not bind to polyomavirus middle T antigen. AB - p56lck and p60c-src are closely related protein-tyrosine kinases that are activated by similar oncogenic mutations. We have used fibroblast cell lines that express p56lck from introduced DNA molecules to compare the subcellular localizations of p60c-src and p56lck and their abilities to bind polyomavirus middle T antigen (mT). p56lck is associated with the detergent-insoluble matrix, as defined by extraction with solutions containing nonionic detergents, whereas p60c-src is soluble under these conditions. p56lck is also associated with detergent-insoluble structures in a lymphoid cell line, LSTRA. p60c-src binds to mT, but p56lck does not bind detectably. In terms of both solubility and mT interactions, the nononcogenic p56lck more closely resembles oncogenically activated p60c-src mutants than it resembles p60c-src. Because published results show that an intact carboxy terminus is required for p60c-src to bind mT and be soluble, we tested whether the different localization and mT binding properties of p56lck and p60c-src were dictated by their different carboxy termini. A protein consisting largely of p60c-src sequences but carrying a p56lck carboxy terminus was soluble and bound to mT. We suggest that both the solubility and mT binding properties of p60c-src not only require sequences common to the carboxy termini of p60c-src and p56lck, but also require sequences unique to the body of p60c-src. PMID- 3184275 TI - The E3 protein of bovine coronavirus is a receptor-destroying enzyme with acetylesterase activity. AB - In addition to members of the Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae, several coronaviruses have been shown to possess receptor-destroying activities. Purified bovine coronavirus (BCV) preparations have an esterase activity which inactivates O-acetylsialic acid-containing receptors on erythrocytes. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) completely inhibits this receptor-destroying activity of BCV, suggesting that the viral enzyme is a serine esterase. Treatment of purified BCV with [3H]DFP and subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the proteins revealed that the E3 protein was specifically phosphorylated. This finding suggests that the esterase/receptor-destroying activity of BCV is associated with the E3 protein. Furthermore, treatment of BCV with DFP dramatically reduced its infectivity in a plaque assay. It is assumed that the esterase activity of BCV is required in an early step of virus replication, possibly during virus entry or uncoating. PMID- 3184278 TI - Papers presented at annual meeting of the Section of Urology, American Academy of Pediatrics. New Orleans, Louisiana, October 30-November 2, 1987. PMID- 3184277 TI - Homologous cellular proteins associated with simian virus 40 small T antigen and polyomavirus medium T antigen. AB - The simian virus 40 small T-associated 56,000-Mr (56K) and 32K cellular proteins were shown to be closely related to the polyomavirus medium T-associated 61K and 37K cellular proteins as demonstrated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and V8 protease peptide mapping. PMID- 3184276 TI - Recombinant vaccinia virus/Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus protects mice from peripheral VEE virus challenge. AB - Mice immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus (VACC) expressing Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus capsid protein and glycoproteins E1 and E2 or with attenuated VEE TC-83 virus vaccine developed VEE-specific neutralizing antibody and survived intraperitoneal challenge with virulent VEE virus strains including Trinidad donkey (subtype 1AB), P676 (subtype 1C), 3880 (subtype 1D), and Everglades (subtype 2). However, unlike immunization with TC-83 virus, immunization with the recombinant VACC/VEE virus did not protect mice from intranasal challenge with VEE Trinidad donkey virus. These results suggest that recombinant VACC/VEE virus is a vaccine candidate for equines and humans at risk of mosquito-transmitted VEE disease but not for laboratory workers at risk of accidental exposure to aerosol infection with VEE virus. PMID- 3184279 TI - Vesicoureteral reflux in boys. AB - The natural history of vesicoureteral reflux in children is well documented. In most series girls comprise the majority of the children followed. We reviewed the presentation and course of 86 boys with primary vesicoureteral reflux to define the nature of reflux in that selected population. Of the boys 25 per cent presented when they were less than 3 months old and the youngest tended to have the most severe reflux. Presentation was usually with urinary tract infection but 14 per cent had dysfunctional voiding symptoms without urinary tract infection. Based upon their presentation and initial evaluation the patients were allocated to 1 of 3 treatment protocols: observation, chemoprophylaxis or surgery. No renal parenchymal loss was detected in the boys on observation. Surgical therapy was free of serious complications. Over-all, this modified approach to the management of reflux in boys is acceptable although further followup will be required to confirm these initial conclusions. PMID- 3184281 TI - Fractional excretion of magnesium and renal concentrating capacity in refluxing renal units. AB - To evaluate renal function in kidney units exposed to vesicoureteral reflux we quantified the fractional renal excretion of magnesium and the maximal renal concentrating capacity in 22 renal units of infants and children who presented with grade III to V vesicoureteral reflux on standard voiding cystourethrography. The lowest normal value for maximal concentrating capacity and the highest normal value for fractional excretion of magnesium were set at 800 mOsm. per kg. and 8 per cent, respectively. Concentrating capacity was abnormal in all 22 renal units and the excretion of magnesium was abnormal in 5. Failure of a renal unit to retain magnesium normally was always associated with an inability to concentrate urine. We conclude that in cases of vesicoureteral reflux function of the distal part of the nephron is the first to become abnormal and concentrating capacity is a more sensitive indication of dysfunction than fractional excretion of magnesium. PMID- 3184280 TI - Vesicoureteral reflux in complete ureteral duplication: surgical options. AB - Vesicoureteral reflux is the most common abnormality seen with complete ureteral duplication. The majority of cases require surgical correction. The techniques used in 62 patients with 71 duplicated systems with reflux are reviewed. Reflux into the lower pole was encountered in 51 duplicated systems, both poles in 19 systems and the upper pole in 1. A total of 42 conjoint ureteral reimplantations was performed but in 8 cases only the lower pole ureter with reflux was reimplanted after it was separated from the nonrefluxing ureter. Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy was performed in 19 cases of lower pole reflux. Two patients underwent lower pole heminephrectomy. Satisfactory results were obtained by all 3 reconstructive techniques. However, for lower pole reflux we recommend ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy unless a contralateral operation also is necessary. Ureteroureterostomy proved to be a simple and safe operation free of complications, with little morbidity and requiring a shorter hospitalization. PMID- 3184282 TI - Renal growth and progression of reflux nephropathy in children with vesicoureteral reflux. AB - We analyzed renal growth and development of renal scars in 754 children with primary and 169 with secondary vesicoureteral reflux. The incidence of a small kidney was 15.5 per cent in the primary and 24.1 per cent in the secondary groups. About three-fourths of the small kidneys remained small from the first examination through followup. Catch-up renal growth was only exceptional. New scars or progression of previous scarring was observed in 7.4 and 30 per cent of the primary and secondary groups, respectively. Factors that promote formation of new scars are high grade vesicoureteral reflux, recurrent urinary tract infections and abnormal bladder function that results in high pressure reflux. We emphasized the importance of precise examination of the lower urinary tract. An early antireflux operation should be performed on children with severe reflux or recurrent urinary tract infections. PMID- 3184283 TI - Complications of pregnancy in women after reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux. AB - The physiological changes of the urinary tract during pregnancy place women at increased risk of urological problems during that time. To evaluate how patients after ureteral reimplantation fared during this high risk period we contacted 67 women who had undergone ureteroneocystostomy with a minimum of 15 years of followup. Only those who underwent an operation for primary vesicoureteral reflux were included. Of the women 30 had been pregnant with 64 total pregnancies. During pregnancy 17 of the 30 women (57 per cent) had 1 or more urinary tract infections and 5 (17 per cent) had 1 or more episodes of pyelonephritis. There were 8 spontaneous abortions and 1 severe ureteral obstruction requiring cutaneous drainage until after delivery. There appears to be an increased risk of urinary infection and fetal loss in pregnant women who have undergone ureteral reimplantation as children. More frequent urinary screening and aggressive therapy during pregnancy are recommended in this high risk group. PMID- 3184284 TI - Prepubertal yolk sac testicular tumors--report of the testicular tumor registry. AB - In 1980 the Section on Urology of the American Academy of Pediatrics established a registry of prepubertal testicular tumors. A total of 181 yolk sac tumors has been reported to the registry. Complete followup is available for 154 of these 181 patients. Most of the patients presented with low stage disease. Radical orchiectomy without adjunctive retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, chemotherapy or radiotherapy was sufficient therapy for most stage 1 cancer patients. alpha Fetoprotein is a reliable marker for this tumor. Chest x-rays and abdominal computerized tomography are reliable for staging. When metastases appeared they did so within 14 months of presentation so that 2 years of followup after any evidence of disease seems to be adequate. Approximately two-thirds of the patients with metastases were salvaged by chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or an operation. PMID- 3184285 TI - Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of bladder and prostate: nuclear DNA patterns studied by flow cytometry. AB - Nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy studies with paraffin-embedded archival tumor specimens were performed by flow cytometry on extracted nuclei from 13 embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas of the bladder and prostate. Preparation of embedded tissue specimens into single dissociated nuclei was by the Hedley technique and they were stained with propidium iodide according to the Vindelov method. Before the era of chemotherapy, 6 of 7 patients died of disease at a median of 5.5 months post-treatment. All 6 deaths occurred in patients with deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploid patterns that were stage II or greater. The 1 survivor had a deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploid pattern and stage I disease and is alive at 12 years of followup. Since 1971, 6 patients were treated with primary polychemotherapy and surgery. All 6 patients are alive without evidence of disease at a mean followup of 75 months (range 12 to 180 months). All 6 patients had deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploid tumors. One patient was stage I and 5 patients were stage III. Thus, all patients with pediatric embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the bladder and prostate had deoxyribonucleic acid aneuploid tumors. These patients responded well to treatment with the combination of chemotherapy and surgery. PMID- 3184286 TI - Chitosan: effects on wound healing in urogenital tissue: preliminary report. AB - We conducted a survey of the effect of chitosan on wounds of the genitourinary system in dogs. Wounds were made in the kidney, ureter and penile foreskin. Chitosan caused no adverse effects on urogenital wound healing. A decrease in fibrosis was seen in the wounds treated with chitosan in all tissues studied. These observations suggest that the morbidity of urogenital surgery may be decreased by treating the wounds with chitosan. PMID- 3184287 TI - Chronic renal failure and bladder augmentation: stomach versus sigmoid colon in the canine model. AB - A canine model for chronic renal failure and bladder augmentation with a segment of stomach or sigmoid colon (or control) was developed to evaluate the possible benefit of net chloride ion excretion noted in an earlier canine model for gastrocystoplasty. Gastrocystoplasty animals behaved similar to control animals relative to the sigmoid cystoplasty animals, tolerated significantly greater acid loading, did not have hyperchloremia with acidosis and had less weight loss with acidosis. Gastrocystoplasty seems to be superior to sigmoid cystoplasty in the azotemic canine. PMID- 3184288 TI - Guidelines to determine the size and shape of intestinal segments used for reconstruction. AB - The geometry of intact and detubularized intestinal segments was examined to establish guidelines in estimating the length of bowel required for urinary reconstruction and for the preferential use of bowel in its detubularized form. PMID- 3184289 TI - Gastrocystoplasty: an alternative solution to the problem of urological reconstruction in the severely compromised patient. AB - An isolated segment of stomach was used for bladder augmentation in 10 patients or construction of a continent urinary reservoir in 3. Diagnosis in these 13 patients included cloacal exstrophy (5), myelodysplasia (4), posterior urethral valves (2), radiation cystitis (1) and neurogenic bladder secondary to a rectal pull-through procedure (1). Indications for the use of stomach in bladder reconstruction were decreased renal function and acidosis (6 patients), insufficient large and small bowel (6) and decreased mucus production (1). Postoperative followup averaged 13 months (range 6 to 23 months). All patients have stable upper tracts radiographically and stable or improved renal function. Of 13 patients 10 require intermittent clean catheterization to empty and 11 are completely continent. Nine patients have remained free of infection, while 4 had asymptomatic bacteriuria. Mucus production is reduced relative to other intestinal segments and 10 patients require no bladder irrigations. Postoperative urodynamic evaluation is similar to that of ileocystoplasty or colocystoplasty. Use of stomach has protected these patients from the development of new or worsened hyperchloremic acidosis. Serum chloride values have decreased and serum total carbon dioxide values have increased after bladder reconstruction, particularly in patients with impaired renal function. Stomach should be considered when lower urinary tract reconstruction is necessary in such compromised patients. PMID- 3184290 TI - Spontaneous bladder rupture following enterocystoplasty. AB - We treated 2 male patients with spontaneous bladder rupture following enterocystoplasty. Both adolescents had neurogenic bladders that were managed with enterocystoplasty and an artificial urinary sphincter. With prompt aggressive therapy including intravenous antibiotics, laparotomy and closure of the perforation serious sequelae were averted. Cystography failed to demonstrate the lesion in either case. The failure of cystography to diagnose these ruptures is especially disturbing. These patients demonstrate that in augmented bladders a high index of suspicion may be necessary to diagnose ruptures clinically. Early diagnosis is critical so that aggressive therapy may be instituted. PMID- 3184291 TI - Diuretic radionuclide assessment of obstruction in the infant: guidelines for successful interpretation. AB - Diuretic renography frequently is used to assess obstruction in hydronephrosis of infancy but it is invalidated by poor renal function, which occurs frequently in this age group. In an attempt to establish a guideline to determine when renal function is too poor in infancy to rely on diuretic renography for an accurate diagnosis we analyzed the slope of the diuretic renographic washout curve of the normal, nonaffected kidney in 33 infants with unilateral hydronephrosis. When the T 1/2 time in the normal, nonaffected kidney was greater than 9 minutes, as occurred in 68 per cent of the infants less than 1 month old, it defined a significant renal functional impairment in both kidneys that interfered with diuretic renographic test interpretation. With time renal function improved and after 4 months of age the T 1/2 time in all nonaffected kidneys became normal and the diuretic renographic diagnosis of obstruction became accurate. Our study indicates that nonaffected kidney T 1/2 time provides a qualitative assessment of global renal function in infancy and defines a level of renal functional maturity that must be achieved to ensure diuretic renographic test accuracy. PMID- 3184292 TI - Optimal use of 99mtechnetium-glucoheptonate scintigraphy in the detection of pyelonephritic scarring in children: a preliminary report. AB - Renal scintigraphy represents the optimal modality for the detection of renal scars. 99mTechnetium-glucoheptonate is rapidly accumulated by the kidney through glomerular filtration and active transport by renal tubular cells. This permits rapid visualization of the renal parenchyma in the early phase (1 to 3-minute images) and subsequent imaging of the collecting system and ureters. About 10 to 15 per cent of the injected activity remains in the kidney, labeling the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules (late phase or 1 to 2-hour images). The late phase has been used more commonly to assess renal parenchymal damage. Early and late phase glucoheptonate scanning was performed in 42 children as part of the evaluation of recurrent febrile urinary tract infections with or without a history of vesicoureteral reflux. Inter-observer reliability to interpret glucoheptonate scans was good (early, 83 per cent agreement and late, 93 per cent agreement). The ability of glucoheptonate scanning to detect renal scarring in children with febrile urinary tract infections was equivalent with the early or late phase of the study. In 6 patients renal scarring was detected on only the early phase scan and in 7 scarring was detected only in the late phase. Although the detection rates are equivalent the over-all detection of scarring is improved by using both phases. Therefore, the early phase of the glucoheptonate scan may be a valuable adjunct to conventional glucoheptonate scan methodology used for the detection of renal scarring in children with recurrent urinary tract infections. PMID- 3184293 TI - Detection of testicular torsion by magnetic resonance imaging in a rat model. AB - Testicular torsion is one of the most common pediatric urological emergencies. Incorrect or delayed diagnosis contributes significantly to morbidity. We previously have shown that magnetic resonance displays scrotal contents with great detail using hydrogen concentration weighted and T2 weighted images. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either unilateral 720-degree testicular torsion or a sham procedure. Magnetic resonance images were obtained at intervals with a 3 or 5-inch surface coil. Scans after surgical torsion showed a characteristic spiral distortion of the fascial planes of the spermatic cord, not seen in the sham animals, as well as a decrease in testicular size with prolonged torsion. PMID- 3184294 TI - John Lattimer lecture. Lipokinins: novel phospholipase A2 activators mediate testosterone effects on embryonic genitalia. AB - Testosterone-treated calf thymocytes produce increased amounts of proteins, termed lipokinins, that stimulate phospholipase A2 from snake venom and mammalian tissue. The induction of these proteins by testosterone is blocked by cycloheximide and, thus, requires new protein synthesis. These proteins activate phospholipase A2 stoichiometrically. They are inactivated by boiling, trypsin or alkaline phosphatase but not by deoxyribonuclease or ribonuclease. Lipokinins significantly repair the failure of masculinization in the Tfm mouse with an X linked deficiency of androgen-receptor. Thus, the post-receptor effects of testosterone on embryonic genitalia may be mediated through stimulation of phospholipase A2 by lipokinins. Moreover, lipokinins may be involved as stimulators of the arachidonic acid cascade, as lipocortins are inhibitors. PMID- 3184295 TI - Epispadias and incontinence: the challenge of the small bladder. AB - The 12-year experience at our hospital with epispadias and incontinence is reviewed and attention is focused on the approach to patients with a small bladder capacity. Of 29 children 20 had incontinence associated with the epispadias (13 boys and 7 girls). A total of 15 patients underwent definitive management of the incontinence with a Young-Dees bladder neck reconstruction with or without ureteral reimplantation and they are evaluable. Nine patients (6 boys and 3 girls) had a bladder capacity that was believed to be inadequate for satisfactory bladder neck reconstruction (less than 60 ml.). To date, 7 of these children have undergone staged reconstruction with urethroplasty for epispadias as the initial operation. Bladder capacity increased 95 ml. on the average (range 60 to 140 ml.) after the urethroplasty. No child had hydronephrosis before or after bladder neck reconstruction. Review of the results of bladder neck reconstruction in all patients with a mean followup of 2.9 years (range 7 months to 13 years) demonstrates an 87 per cent satisfactory continence rate (9 of 9 boys and 4 of 6 girls). In the patients who underwent staged reconstruction the results were similar, with a 100 per cent continence rate in evaluable patients (5 of 5 boys and 2 of 2 girls). In conclusion, urethroplasty before bladder neck reconstruction in the epispadiac child with a small bladder allows an increase in capacity, thus, obviating for the most part the need for procedures such as bladder augmentation in the majority of these patients. PMID- 3184296 TI - Use of the AS800 device in exstrophy and epispadias. AB - Urinary continence is one of the more difficult goals to achieve in patients with exstrophy or epispadias. The artificial genitourinary sphincter provides an alternative to reconstruction of the bladder neck for management of this problem. Although excellent continence can be obtained with bladder neck reconstruction, results of a second procedure of this type seldom are reported. We used the AS800 device in 16 patients with exstrophy and epispadias, 13 of whom had undergone a prior bladder neck operation. We defined our results as total success and continence success, and have achieved over-all rates of 69 per cent (excludes those awaiting revision) and 90 per cent (those with an active device), respectively. Although the frequency of revision and erosion was significant, the ultimate outcome in this difficult patient group was satisfactory. PMID- 3184297 TI - A comparison of renal function in the exstrophy patient treated with staged reconstruction versus urinary diversion. AB - To assess the preservation of renal function in bladder exstrophy 91 patients with classical bladder exstrophy managed with either staged reconstruction or urinary diversion were reviewed. Renal damage was defined as the development of a renal scar or a persistent elevation in serum creatinine. Of the patients 72 have completed the bladder reconstruction; 51 (71 per cent) are continent and renal damage occurred in 10 (13 per cent) of the reconstructed patients. Median followup was 12.7 years. In a comparable group of 23 exstrophy patients managed by urinary diversion the occurrence of renal damage was notably higher: 82 per cent for ileal conduits, 22 per cent for nonrefluxing colonic conduits and 33 per cent for ureterosigmoidostomy. Based on these results we believe that staged reconstruction of the patient with classical bladder exstrophy offers a low risk for renal injury, an excellent chance for urinary continence and a more acceptable cosmetic appearance. PMID- 3184298 TI - Urological aspects of cloacal malformations. AB - Cloacal malformations occur in a spectrum of severity. In general the urethra (sometimes short or absent), vagina (often 2) and rectum converge in the urogenital sinus. Immediate colostomy is necessary. However, after colostomy the urinary tract assumes prime importance because of life-threatening obstruction and/or reflux. I treated 72 patients with complex cloacal malformations, 33 as primary and 39 as secondary cases. In 40 patients there was severe reflux with severe upper tract damage in more than half of the cases: 19 had prior urinary diversions (4 ileal loop, 5 loop ureterostomy and 10 vesicostomy). In nearly all secondary cases a definitive rectal operation had been done but the more life threatening urinary tract had not been repaired. Some patients had other urological and nonurological malformations. Review of these cases emphasizes several points. Each case should be evaluated early endoscopically and radiographically to guide immediate and later treatment. Rectal reconstruction (now done via the posterior sagittal approach) should not be done as the initial procedure, which often was practiced in the past. In some patients the urinary tract should be repaired first when there is obstruction or massive reflux to prevent upper tract deterioration. In most cases it is feasible to repair all aspects of the anomaly in a single operation, that is the urinary tract, genital tract and rectum. With a well planned and coordinated approach to all 3 organ systems a satisfactory outcome is possible in most cases. PMID- 3184299 TI - Comparison of 2 different tapering techniques in megaureters. AB - An experimental model of primary obstructive megaureter was developed in the growing minipig. This model was used to compare 2 different techniques of megaureter reduction and reimplantation. Radiographic and microangiographic studies of the excisional ureteroplasty and ureteral folding techniques were done. The folding technique was judged to be superior owing to better maintenance of blood supply. PMID- 3184300 TI - A technique for ureteral stump ablation. AB - A total of 5 children underwent successful electrofulguration of a distal ectopic ureteral stump with reflux. Electrofulguration was performed endoscopically in 4 girls and in 1 boy the stump was ablated during an open operation. The procedure, which is simple and safe, obviates the potential nidus for recurrent infection. PMID- 3184301 TI - Open catheter drainage after urethral surgery. AB - A retrospective analysis of 100 patients, each managed by an intubated urinary diversion after undergoing repair of hypospadias and/or chordee or for a complication of previous urethral surgery, was performed to determine whether there was any difference in the incidence of postoperative urinary infection relative to the technique of catheter drainage (closed or open). In group 1 (50 patients) a traditional closed urinary drainage system was used, while in group 2 (50 patients) an open drainage system into doubled diapers was used. No significant difference in occurrence of urinary tract infections could be identified. Urinary infections occurred equally (24 per cent) in each group regardless of whether antibiotics were used postoperatively. Our results suggest that open urinary drainage using the double diaper technique is a safe and effective method of short-term catheter management after pediatric urethral surgery. This technique is comfortable for the patient, and is easy for parents to understand and master. PMID- 3184302 TI - Post-hypospadias repair urethral strictures: a review of 30 cases. AB - During a 16-year period we treated 30 patients with urethral stricture after hypospadias repair. Of the patients 16 were treated successfully with 1 procedure, while 13 required 2 or more procedures and 1 was lost to followup. A good result was achieved in 83 per cent of the patients. Fourteen patients who presented with symptoms attributable to the stricture within 3 months of the original operation for hypospadias were designated as having early strictures. Those with strictures presenting later than 3 months were considered to have late strictures. Manipulative therapy (dilation and direct vision internal urethrotomy) was successful in 55 per cent of the early strictures but in only 16 per cent of the late strictures. An open operation was performed primarily in some cases or after failed manipulation in others and it was successful in 79 per cent. All 4 failures of open procedures were salvaged with manipulative therapy. We conclude that treatment of post-hypospadias repair urethral strictures initially should be manipulative. Open repair usually will be successful but should be reserved for difficult strictures, late strictures or failures of manipulation. PMID- 3184303 TI - Hypospadias repair by bladder mucosal graft: an initial report. AB - Surgical correction of major hypospadias defects is a challenging problem. Bladder mucosa has been reported as an excellent tissue for construction of a neourethra. We used bladder mucosa in 13 boys to create 15 neourethras when there was inadequate preputial skin to perform a vascularized pedicle flap or a free preputial graft. In 3 cases a bladder mucosa graft was used for initial repair of the hypospadias. All other boys had undergone prior hypospadias surgery. In 4 boys the initial result was satisfactory. Seven minor complications occurred in 5 boys, while 4 had more major complications. In 2 boys severe problems with stricture necessitated graft replacement and a satisfactory outcome has not been achieved. Our problems with stricture and stenosis seem to be related to the use of a subcutaneous tunnel for the graft bed and coring of the glans to create the meatus. Over-all, in 11 of the 13 boys the bladder mucosal graft provided an excellent resolution of the complex problem with easily managed postoperative complications. PMID- 3184304 TI - The daytime urinary frequency syndrome of childhood. AB - We reviewed retrospectively 43 completely toilet trained children who suddenly developed isolated daytime urinary frequency. Patient age ranged from 2 to 12 years. The condition lasted 2 days to 16 months and resolved spontaneously in all patients. The recurrence rate was 3 per cent unless nocturnal symptoms of nocturia or enuresis coexisted, whereupon it increased to 40 per cent. Anticholinergic medication characteristically produced no improvement in symptoms. Noninvasive investigation included a history and physical examination, urinalysis and renal ultrasonography, and appeared to be sufficient for diagnosis. The etiology is unknown but it may be predominantly behavioral. The daytime urinary frequency syndrome of childhood appears to be a benign self limited condition that does not require extensive urological evaluation. PMID- 3184305 TI - The urological manifestations of the tethered spinal cord. AB - The tethered spinal cord is an entity with potentially grave neurourological implications. Presenting urological symptoms include incontinence, symptomatic urinary tract infections and stool soiling. These symptoms may be the first to herald a tethered cord. The patients with previously repaired myelodysplastic defects are particularly prone to development of this lesion. We correlated urological history with preoperative and postoperative cystometry in 20 myelodysplastic children. In this study we noted that clinical symptomatology and urodynamic parameters improved in 60 per cent of those children who underwent cord untethering. A better result was evident in children whose condition was repaired promptly. PMID- 3184306 TI - Determinants of hydronephrosis and renal injury in patients with myelomeningocele. AB - Renal injury is a major potential complication of patients with neurogenic bladder impairment. There are many clinical, radiological and urodynamic factors that are widely available and that may aid in predicting which patients are at risk of renal injury. This study aims at achieving an objective statistical analysis of these multiple risk factors. We have applied this statistical analysis in a prospective manner to 215 patients with myelodysplasia and neurogenic bladder impairment. Potential risk factors in the lower urinary tract include bladder capacity, contractility and dyssynergia. Each of these factors was assigned a numerical score of 0 to 3, which was correlated with the presence of vesicoureteral reflux. The upper urinary tracts in these patients were assigned a numerical score according to the degree of radiological changes observed. These results then were tested with a stepwise regression analysis using p equals 0.05 as the significance level. In this analysis significant determinants of vesicoureteral reflux included a change in bladder shape, the presence of uninhibited contractions and the presence of dyssynergia. Renal deterioration was noted, and it was predicted by the presence of vesicoureteral reflux, a high ureteral pressure profile and dyssynergia. We conclude from this clinical study that risk of renal injury is present in these children. We also conclude that the risk can be predicted by urodynamic and radiological criteria and that these data can be correlated and analyzed using statistical methodologies. PMID- 3184307 TI - The effect of intravesical pressure on glomerular filtration rate in patients with myelomeningocele. AB - Numerous investigators have demonstrated the development of hydronephrosis and renal deterioration in patients with myelomeningocele who have high pressure bladders. By drawing blood at sequential intervals during 99mtechnetium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid renal scanning we are able to generate nuclide clearance curves that correlate well with glomerular filtration rate. Renal scanning is done most frequently with the bladder catheterized and left to gravity drainage. By filling the bladder under manometric control to a pressure of 35 to 40 cm. water we have followed routine scanning with continued blood sampling to generate nuclide clearance at low and high bladder pressures. In 5 myelomeningocele patients so studied we found consistent and significant decreases in glomerular filtration rate at high bladder pressures. PMID- 3184308 TI - Neurourological implications of the changing approach in management of occult spinal lesions. AB - Occult lesions of the spine in children are a rare but recognizable cause of neurogenic dysfunction involving the lower extremities, and lower urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. We report the preoperative and postoperative urodynamic findings in 40 children with varying spinal abnormalities. Of these patients 28 were neonates or infants (average age 8.7 months) and 12 were older children (average age 11.7 years). Preoperative urodynamic testing revealed normal function in 18 of 28 children (64 per cent) in the younger age group in contrast to 1 of 12 (8 per cent) in the older age group. Of the 10 infants with abnormal studies postoperative urodynamic findings returned to normal in 6, while 2 others remained abnormal but were improved. In contrast, of 11 older children with abnormal preoperative evaluations 3 (27 per cent) reverted to normal postoperatively. The neurourological changes seen in these occult lesions are variable, may occur at any age, are progressive and are potentially reversible by surgical correction but this reversibility diminishes with age. PMID- 3184309 TI - Delayed management of neonatal hydronephrosis. AB - There is healthy debate over the management and timing of surgical reconstruction in the neonate with hydronephrosis. We have seen 23 neonates (35 renal units) with antenatal or neonatal hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction or megaureter since 1984. All renal units with postnatally confirmed hydronephrosis (78 per cent) were studied initially and serially with diuretic 99mtechnetium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid renography and entered into a delayed management protocol. A total of 23 renal units followed for an average of 7 months before any surgical procedures were done demonstrated maturation of renal function. Of these cases 9 obstructed renal units (half-time greater than 20 minutes) underwent delayed reconstruction (6 with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and 3 with megaureter) at an average patient age of 6 months. In this group there was no compromise in renal function nor were any complications encountered. Two units with initially obstructive patterns on renography demonstrated improved drainage and have not required an operation to date. Twelve renal units with indeterminant (half-time 10 to 20 minutes) and nonobstructive (half-time less than 10 minutes) half-times also showed stable, maturing renal function. Delayed reconstruction in the neonate with ureteropelvic junction or megaureter obstruction and normal diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid function is safe. In addition, a period of observation may obviate the need for an operation in some cases when ureteropelvic junction stabilization results in improved drainage. These as well as the added benefits of diminished anesthetic risk, enhanced technical ease, noninterrupted maternal-infant bonding and lower operative complication rate make this approach desirable in properly selected patients. PMID- 3184310 TI - Congenital progressive hydronephrosis in mice: a new recessive mutation. AB - We describe a new autosomal recessive mutation, congenital progressive hydronephrosis (cph), that arose in the C57BL/6J inbred mouse strain. The clinical, histopathological, biochemical and radiographic characteristics, and the genetic linkage of this new mutation are discussed. Our studies indicate that the homozygous mutant mice have progressive bilateral upper urinary tract obstruction leading to azotemia and death of renal failure. The anatomical site of obstruction appears to be at the level of the ureteropelvic junction. Genetic mapping studies have localized the cph gene to the distal half of chromosome 15. The cph mouse strain provides a reproducible model for analysis of the onset and development of obstructive uropathic conditions in the neonatal period. PMID- 3184311 TI - Glomerulosclerosis in obstructive uropathy. AB - Obstructive uropathy is said to result in populations of remnant nephrons subject to hyperfiltration. We studied all obstructed renal tissue removed at our pediatric institution during a 10-year period for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which is the histological hallmark of hyperfiltration. Over all, the histological specimens from 20 patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction, 14 who underwent heminephrectomy for duplication anomalies and 5 with posterior urethral valves who underwent native nephrectomy were studied. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was one of the most common histological findings in these obstructed kidneys but it almost always was found in association with intense interstitial and periglomerular inflammation. We conclude that although focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is common in obstructive uropathological conditions it results from the inflammatory response within the renal parenchyma and not from the hyperfiltration of remnant nephron populations. PMID- 3184312 TI - Chronic ocular ischemia and neovascular glaucoma: a result of extracranial carotid artery disease. AB - Severe occlusive disease of the carotid artery may produce a rare syndrome of chronic ocular ischemia. Prolonged retinal hypoxia is associated with characteristic funduscopic changes and neovascularization of the iris, with subsequent obstruction of aqueous humor resorption. A case of neovascular glaucoma as a result of severe bilateral carotid occlusive disease and the pathophysiology involved are discussed. Definitive treatment consisted of carotid endarterectomy and aggressive control of intraocular pressure, including operative placement of a drainage implant in the anterior chamber of the eye. Seizure activity and an exacerbation of glaucoma developed after successful revascularization, exemplifying the derangements in cerebral and ocular function that may result from chronic hypoperfusion. PMID- 3184313 TI - Repair of incompetent venous valves: a new technique. AB - Current techniques for treating chronic venous disease caused by venous valve incompetence all have deficiencies. A need exists for a simple technique to restore competence to the diseased valves at multiple sites in the venous system. The Venocuff is an implantable device developed to restore venous valve competence by reducing the vein circumference. Two animal models are described that are useful in the study of venous valve incompetence; the device was tested in these two models in the jugular vein of sheep. The first model was of naturally incompetent valves. The device was implanted around 11 completely incompetent and seven partially incompetent valves in 18 veins of 11 sheep. After implantation competence was restored or improved in all valves. The second model made use of an arteriovenous fistula to produce incompetence in the jugular vein in four sheep. The implant increased the pressure difference across the valve from 16 to 68 mm Hg. The Venocuff implant was thus effective at restoring valvular competence in the two animal models studied. There is evidence that valvular incompetence in these models and the results observed may be applicable in some cases of chronic venous disease in humans. PMID- 3184314 TI - Direct approaches to the distal portions of the deep femoral artery for limb salvage bypasses. AB - This study describes a technique that facilitates lower extremity "redo" revascularizations and that may increase the number of patients who can be revascularized. By using the distal deep femoral artery for bypass outflow or inflow, we were able to revascularize patients with no other accessible patent major thigh artery, to increase the use of autologous vein for infrapopliteal bypasses, and to avoid difficult groin reoperations. Thirty-seven patients (23 men) had various distal deep femoral revascularizations for limb salvage indications only (rest pain, ischemic ulcers, and/or gangrene). Techniques to expose the distal deep femoral artery directly are described and their uses discussed. We found that the type of bypass performed (e.g., axillofemoral or aortofemoral) determined the patency rate of the reconstruction. Placement of the origin or termination of the graft in the deep femoral artery did not appear to affect the results adversely. PMID- 3184315 TI - Hemodynamics of revascularization for iliofemoral venous occlusion: a short-term canine model. AB - A short-term canine model of lower extremity venous hypertension was created to study the hemodynamics of crossfemoral venous bypass grafts (CFB). Specifically, the hemodynamic effects of bypass conduit diameter and adjunctive arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) were investigated. Unilateral hind limb venous hypertension was produced by iliofemoral venous ligation in six groups of five greyhounds each. Group I had venous ligation alone. CFBs were constructed in the remaining five groups: group II, 3 mm bypass conduit alone; group III, 3 mm bypass plus sequential AVF; group IV, 3 mm bypass plus caudad AVF; group V, 3 mm bypass plus cephalad AVF; group VI, 6 mm bypass conduit alone. Venous hypertension was significantly reduced by CFB (group II, p less than 0.025; group VI, p less than 0.001); increasing the diameter of the bypass conduit from 3 to 6 mm produced significantly greater graft flow (p less than 0.05), while completely relieving venous hypertension. Addition of adjunctive AVFs significantly augmented graft flow (p less than 0.001) but tended to aggravate ipsilateral venous hypertension (group III, p less than 0.01; group IV increase, NSS; group V, p less than 0.001). During the 4 hours of pressure monitoring, venous hypertension diminished significantly (p less than 0.05) with the sequential AVF but not with the other AVF. We conclude that (1) AVFs may be required for adequate graft flow if a small diameter (3 mm) bypass conduit is used to relieve venous hypertension; (2) adjunctive AVFs aggravate venous hypertension; (3) sequential AVFs seem to be the most hemodynamically efficacious; (4) AVFs may not be necessary if a large, isodiametric (6 mm) conduit is used. PMID- 3184316 TI - Exposure of the internal carotid artery near the skull base: the posterolateral anatomic approach. AB - Internal carotid injuries in zone III near the base of the skull are technically the most challenging of the carotid injuries. Diagnostic angiography is important to evaluate the exact site and extent of injury and the presence or absence of prograde flow in the injured segment. Vascular repair in this area is highly dependent on the adequacy of surgical exposure. Previous approaches have emphasized displacement of the mandible either by subluxation or mandibulotomy. Problems related to mandibulotomy, such as intraoral contamination, infection, and nonunion, are potential complications of this approach to the high carotid artery. In addition, it does not give adequate exposure of the internal carotid artery at the critical area, near the base of the skull. Experience gained from the extended radical neck dissection exposing the internal carotid artery up to the skull base has demonstrated that a posterolateral anatomic approach can provide superior exposure of the high carotid artery with lower morbidity and shortened operative time. This surgical approach involves cutting the sternomastoid muscle close to the mastoid and dissecting all the tissues away from the surface of the mastoid. Dividing the posterior belly of the digastric and styloid group of muscles assists in exposure of the internal carotid artery. Rarely, dissection of the facial nerve and removal of the tail of parotid add additional access to this area. This article describes the stepwise anatomic approach to the internal carotid artery near the base of the skull. PMID- 3184318 TI - Anomalous origin of the occipital artery from the cervical internal carotid artery. AB - A case is reported of the abnormal origin of the occipital artery from the right internal carotid artery in a patient admitted for carotid endarterectomy. The abnormality was demonstrated angiographically and at operation. PMID- 3184317 TI - Adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery: treatment by cyst removal. AB - Controversy still exists concerning the optimal treatment for adventitial cystic disease of the popliteal artery: complete removal of the cyst without arterectomy or arteriectomy with venous replacement. In the two cases presented here, it was possible to completely excise the cyst and to preserve a solid arterial wall despite the magnitude of lesions documented on preoperative angiograms. Good functional and anatomic outcome has been maintained for 5 and 9 years, respectively. According to the available literature on pathologic data, complete cyst excision without arterial reconstruction is often feasible. Our results, as well as those published by others, suggest that short- and long-term outcome is better after complete cyst removal without than that with arterial reconstruction. As most patients are generally young adults, cystic excision should be preferred to venous bypass whenever feasible and whenever the remaining arterial wall seems to be healthy and solid. PMID- 3184319 TI - Pentoxifylline and claudication. PMID- 3184320 TI - Diffuse arterial narrowing as a result of intimal proliferation: a delayed complication of embolectomy with the Fogarty balloon catheter. PMID- 3184321 TI - Tourette's syndrome hypothesis creates controversy among geneticists. PMID- 3184322 TI - US cities struggle to implement needle exchanges despite apparent success in European cities. PMID- 3184323 TI - Violence increasingly being viewed as problem of public health; prevention programs attempted. PMID- 3184324 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Progress toward achieving the national 1990 objectives for immunization. PMID- 3184325 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Ectopic pregnancy--United States, 1984 and 1985. PMID- 3184326 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Poliomyelitis--Israel. PMID- 3184327 TI - The poor quality of early evaluations of MRI. PMID- 3184329 TI - Physical approaches to the prevention of venous thrombosis. PMID- 3184328 TI - Fleecing the taxpayer to develop a fire-safe cigarette. PMID- 3184330 TI - Bad breath. PMID- 3184332 TI - The cabalist: carpy regurgitations concerning the antepenultimate. PMID- 3184331 TI - Fetal heart rate response to maternal exertion. PMID- 3184333 TI - The treatment of dacryostenosis. PMID- 3184334 TI - Prevention of recurrent staphylococcal skin infections with low-dose oral clindamycin therapy. AB - We conducted a double-blind, controlled trial of low-dose (150 mg/d) oral clindamycin hydrochloride vs placebo to prevent recurrent staphylococcal skin infections. Twenty-two patients (11 in both the placebo and clindamycin treatment groups) completed the trial and were assessable. The two groups did not differ as to age, sex, race, or the number of recurrent abscesses preceding the trial. In pretrial evaluations, no patient had hypogammaglobulinemia or abnormal neutrophil function. Sixty-four percent (7/11) of the placebo-treated patients had a recurrent abscess within three months of enrollment whereas 82% (9/11) of the patients treated with clindamycin were free of any infection during the three month treatment period. Of the nine patients who responded to clindamycin treatment, six did not have a recurrent infection for at least nine months after discontinuing antibiotic therapy. All patients tolerated the regimen without side effects. We conclude that a three-month course of low-dose oral clindamycin is an effective, convenient, well-tolerated, and often durable approach to prevention of recurrent staphylococcal skin infections. PMID- 3184335 TI - Group A meningococcal carriage in travelers returning from Saudi Arabia. AB - In August 1987, an outbreak of group A meningococcal meningitis occurred during the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, resulting in an attack rate among American pilgrims of 640 per 100,000. To determine risk factors for carriage, throat cultures were taken from passengers arriving on four consecutive flights from Saudi Arabia to the United States. Pilgrims were more likely to be group A meningococcal carriers than were nonpilgrims (relative risk, 11.1; 95% confidence interval, 3.7 to 33.1). Smoking, crowding, and meningococcal vaccination were not significantly associated with group A carriage. Pilgrims complaining of recent fever or sore throat, however, were more likely to be group A carriers, consistent with previous reports linking carriage and disease to preceding viral infections. Serogrouping of invasive meningococcal isolates can be used to monitor for indigenous transmission of this unusual strain in the United States, and we recommend routine vaccination of pilgrims to prevent future outbreaks of meningococcal disease. PMID- 3184336 TI - A first report of the Department of Defense external civilian peer review of medical care. AB - In mid-1985, the Department of Defense announced a plan for an external civilian peer review of selected medical and surgical cases in military hospitals. A medical advisory panel consisting of practicing clinical representatives from nine medical specialty societies helped develop written criteria and standards for specific surgical and medical cases. Abstracted data were compared with computer algorithms created from the medical standards and criteria. Those cases failing the review criteria were reviewed by a physician peer review panel. The sampled medical records represented approximately 7% to 8% of the total hospital discharges. Less than 1% of the overall sampled cases were in noncompliance with stated standards. The highest rate of noncompliance was for cases of diabetic ketoacidosis. The most frequent noncompliance event was hysterectomy. Although comparisons are not available, the quality of care among selected cases, as measured by compliance with civilian physician specialty group-endorsed standards, appeared high. PMID- 3184337 TI - Soda pop vending machine injuries. AB - Fifteen male patients, 15 to 24 years of age, sustained injuries after rocking soda machines. The machines fell onto the victims, resulting in a variety of injuries. Three were killed. The remaining 12 required hospitalization for their injuries. Unless changes are made to safeguard these machines, people will continue to suffer severe and possibly fatal injuries from what are largely preventable accidents. PMID- 3184338 TI - Goals of end-stage renal disease data collection include disseminating findings to physicians. PMID- 3184339 TI - Gene-transfer study approval awaits more data. PMID- 3184340 TI - Medical waste disposal rules expected in 1989. PMID- 3184341 TI - From the National Institutes of Health. Saliva inhibits HIV infectivity. PMID- 3184342 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Playground-related injuries in preschool-aged children- United States, 1983-1987. PMID- 3184343 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Human plague--United States, 1988. PMID- 3184344 TI - The changing treatment of breast cancer. PMID- 3184345 TI - Methadone maintenance. PMID- 3184346 TI - Reasons for decrease in sexual activity among homosexual men with HIV infection. PMID- 3184347 TI - B12 deficiency in AIDS. PMID- 3184348 TI - The physician's obligation to heal AIDS patients in Jewish law. PMID- 3184349 TI - Anesthesia and multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3184350 TI - Does anesthesia contribute to operative mortality? AB - An anesthesia follow-up program (100,000 anesthetics) and vital statistics data were used to assess the role of anesthesia in operative deaths. Four factor groups (patient, surgical, anesthesia, and "other") were assessed by logistic regression analysis to ascertain which variables were predictive of seven-day mortality. Advanced age, male gender, physical status, major surgery, emergency procedure, procedures performed in 1975 to 1979, intraoperative complications, narcotic techniques, and having one or two anesthetic drugs administered were associated with increased mortality, whereas duration of anesthesia, experience of the anesthesiologist, and inhalation techniques were not. Receiver-operator characteristic curves showed no increment in prediction of operative mortality greater than that for patient plus surgical factors when "other" or anesthetic factors were added. Patient and surgical risk factors were much more important in predicting seven-day mortality than the anesthesia factors we studied. PMID- 3184351 TI - Glycosylated hemoglobin predicts the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. AB - The relationship between hyperglycemia, measured by glycosylated hemoglobin at the initial examination, and the four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy was examined in a population-based study in Wisconsin. Younger- (n = 891) and older-onset (n = 987) persons participating in baseline and follow-up examinations were included. Glycosylated hemoglobin was measured by microcolumn. Retinopathy was determined from stereoscopic fundus photographs. In the younger onset group, comparing the highest with the lowest quartile of glycosylated hemoglobin, the relative risk for developing any diabetic retinopathy was 1.9; for proliferative retinopathy, 21.8; and for progression, 4.0. Among older-onset persons taking insulin, the corresponding relative risks were 1.9, 4.0, and 2.1. Among older-onset persons not taking insulin, relative risks were 4.0 for any retinopathy and 6.2 for progression. A positive relationship between incidence and progression of retinopathy and glycosylated hemoglobin remained after controlling for duration of diabetes, age, sex, and baseline retinopathy. These data suggest a strong and consistent relationship between hyperglycemia and incidence and progression of retinopathy. PMID- 3184352 TI - Continuous varicella-zoster infection associated with acyclovir resistance in a child with AIDS. AB - Acyclovir has become the treatment of choice for varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections in immunocompromised individuals. This article describes a 4-year-old girl congenitally infected with human immunodeficiency virus who developed a continuous cutaneous infection with VZV that persisted over a 14-month period until her death. Initial episodes of varicella and zoster were responsive to acyclovir treatment; however, subsequent recurrences necessitated administration of multiple courses of acyclovir. Lesions became markedly hyperkeratotic, slow healing, and persistent despite acyclovir therapy. Numerous attempts to isolate virus from the lesions yielded only one isolate late in the course of therapy. This virus clearly demonstrated acyclovir resistance in vitro. Bizarre manifestations of VZV infection could present both diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. Prolonged acyclovir treatment of highly immunocompromised patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and severe VZV may lead to the appearance of resistant virus. PMID- 3184353 TI - The neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. PMID- 3184354 TI - Prospective assessment of metabolic control in diabetes mellitus: the complications question. PMID- 3184355 TI - A piece of my mind. Social Darwinism. PMID- 3184356 TI - Candida fungemia diagnosed from peripheral blood smear. PMID- 3184357 TI - Dec 1 designated World AIDS Day: message is 'Join the Worldwide Effort'. PMID- 3184358 TI - Methadone maintenance treatment remains controversial even after 23 years of experience. PMID- 3184359 TI - Workload, setting of clinics often far from ideal. PMID- 3184360 TI - FDA seeks swifter approval of drugs for some life-threatening or debilitating diseases. PMID- 3184361 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Use of BCG vaccines in the control of tuberculosis: a joint statement by the ACIP and the Advisory ACIP Committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis. PMID- 3184362 TI - A piece of my mind. Food for thought. PMID- 3184363 TI - Methotrexate therapy for psoriasis. PMID- 3184364 TI - Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in a physically active man. PMID- 3184365 TI - Was Bullis fever actually ehrlichiosis? PMID- 3184366 TI - Medical liability reform. PMID- 3184367 TI - Scleroderma after silicone augmentation mammoplasty. PMID- 3184368 TI - Spark-generating properties of electrode gels used during defibrillation. A potential fire hazard. AB - After a defibrillation attempt started a fire in an oxygen-enriched intensive care unit environment, seven popular electrode gels were tested for spark generating properties by repeated 360-J electrical discharges into a 50-omega test load. Gels with low initial impedance (7 +/- 1 omega) allowed a high current flow (51 +/- 1 A), maintained a cool temperature (27 degrees C to 33 degrees C), and did not spark. Gels with high initial impedance (125 +/- 14 omega) allowed less current (26 +/- 2 A), heated to 52 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C, liquified, and generated an electrical spark after the fourth or fifth discharge. Federal standards should be developed to identify and label electrode gels that can be used safely for high-current applications such as defibrillation. PMID- 3184369 TI - The cost of hospitalization for firearm injuries. AB - The hospital records for all patients (N = 131) admitted during 1984 to San Francisco General Hospital because of firearm injuries were studied to determine the hospital costs and sources of payment for these injuries. Because San Francisco General Hospital is the regional trauma center, the sample is population based, representing all firearm victims hospitalized in San Francisco during 1984. Only hospital costs (excluding professional fees) for the first hospitalization were studied. The total costs for the year were $905,809, an average cost per patient of $6915. Public sources paid 85.6% of this cost, while private sources paid only 14.4%. These findings have important implications for legislators considering bills to restrict the availability of firearms. These legislators must be aware that the issue is not simply one of individual rights, since taxpayers pay most of the costs (estimated to be more than $1 billion per year for the United States) associated with firearm injuries. PMID- 3184370 TI - Drug regulation: quo vadis? PMID- 3184371 TI - Drugs in the institutionalized elderly: time to get it right? PMID- 3184372 TI - Study of i.v. drug users and AIDS finds differing infection rate, risk behaviors. PMID- 3184373 TI - First public service award goes to Kentucky. PMID- 3184374 TI - 'Medical care for all': questions and answers. PMID- 3184375 TI - Marfan's syndrome starting to yield secrets. PMID- 3184376 TI - Fetal tissue study panel nears conclusion. PMID- 3184377 TI - Warning label required for alcohol containers. PMID- 3184378 TI - From the Assistant Secretary for Health. PMID- 3184380 TI - It pays to stick your neck out: fifty hours for the poor. PMID- 3184379 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Trends in human immunodeficiency virus infection among civilian applicants for military service--United States, October 1985-March 1988. PMID- 3184381 TI - Radon--getting the dosimetry right. PMID- 3184382 TI - Seropositivity for HIV at alternate sites. PMID- 3184384 TI - Osteolysis of the clavicle. PMID- 3184383 TI - Must we always offer the option of CPR? The law in New York. PMID- 3184385 TI - The efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants. PMID- 3184386 TI - 'Foil tab' aspiration and retropharyngeal abscess in a toddler. PMID- 3184387 TI - Tretinoin for photoaging skin: North Carolina vs New York. PMID- 3184388 TI - Righting the medical record. PMID- 3184389 TI - On building a private practice. PMID- 3184390 TI - Crack and fatal child abuse. PMID- 3184391 TI - Teenage throwaways: how many? PMID- 3184392 TI - Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence of neural tube defects. AB - We studied the association between multivitamin use during the periconceptional period and the occurrence of neural tube defects using data from the Atlanta Birth Defects Case-Control Study. There were 347 babies with neural tube defects who were live born or stillborn to residents of metropolitan Atlanta from 1968 through 1980. The 2829 control-babies born without birth defects were randomly selected through birth certificates. Periconceptional multivitamin use was defined as reported use for each of the three months before conception through the first three months of pregnancy. Mothers who reported not using multivitamins any time during the six-month period were defined as nonusers. Fourteen percent of mothers reported periconceptional multivitamin use and 40% reported nonuse. Multivitamin users were different from nonusers in a number of demographic, health-related, and life-style characteristics. We found an overall apparent protective effect of periconceptional multivitamin use on the occurrence of neural tube defects, with a crude estimated relative risk of 0.40 (95% confidence interval, 0.25 to 0.63). At this time, it is not possible to determine whether this apparently lower risk is the direct result of multivitamin use or the result of other characteristics of women who use multivitamins. PMID- 3184393 TI - Effects of albuterol (salbutamol) on esophageal motility and gastroesophageal reflux in healthy volunteers. AB - Orally or intravenously administered beta 2-adrenergic drugs have been found to inhibit esophageal motor function. Since inhalation of these drugs results in less systemic side effects, the present double-blind study was designed to investigate the influence of inhalation of the beta 2-adrenergic agonist albuterol (salbutamol) on esophageal motor function and gastroesophageal reflux in ten healthy volunteers. Esophageal motor function was recorded using a pneumohydraulically perfused multilumen manometry tube. Twenty-four-hour pH profiles were measured while the volunteers were ambulatory using a combined glass electrode connected to a portable recorder. Inhalation decreased neither lower esophageal sphincter pressure nor esophageal peristaltic amplitudes. Gastroesophageal reflux was similar on both occasions during inhalation of albuterol (3.1% [range, 1.0% to 25.5%] median upright time, with esophageal pH less than 4; and 0.1% [range, 0.0% to 10.7%] supine time) and during placebo treatment (3.6% [range, 1.6% to 19.8%] upright and 0.0% [range, 0.0% to 2.5%] supine time). Our data support the study of inhalation of beta 2-adrenergic drugs in asthmatic patients with accompanying gastroesophageal reflux. PMID- 3184394 TI - A clinical assessment of MedisGroups. AB - Interest has focused recently on measuring severity of illness, both to improve the fairness of diagnosis related group-based reimbursement and to facilitate judgments about hospital quality of care. MedisGroups is a prominent, proprietary severity-measurement system, recently mandated for use by all Pennsylvania hospitals. We reviewed MedisGroups and its key clinical findings. MedisGroups produces admission scores, from 0 through 4, indicating increasing risk of imminent organ failure. Score computation is independent of diagnosis, but many key clinical findings are disease specific and require particular diagnostic technologies. Using a database including patients 65 years of age and older from 24 hospitals, we found that fewer than 1% of patients with scores of 0 or 1 died in-hospital, compared with 60% of those with scores of 4. Questions remain about the impact of the procedural nature of many key clinical findings and the independence from diagnosis. Further study is needed to determine the utility of MedisGroups for policy purposes. PMID- 3184396 TI - Fifty hours for the poor. PMID- 3184395 TI - Inborn errors of metabolism in children referred with Reye's syndrome. A changing pattern. AB - Genetic disorders were identified infrequently among children presenting with Reye's syndrome in the past. During a two-year period, we evaluated four consecutive patients referred for intensive care of Reye's syndrome. A standard investigation for inborn errors of metabolism revealed that two patients had enzymatic defects of fatty acid oxidation, and the other two had partial deficiencies of ornithine transcarbamoylase. None had experienced a previous episode of Reye's syndrome, and three of the four had been entirely healthy in the past. Our experience suggests that as the incidence of Reye's syndrome has decreased, patients with its clinical features are now more likely to have manageable inborn errors of metabolism (eg, disorders of ureagenesis, ketogenesis, and branched-chain amino acids). PMID- 3184397 TI - The changing epidemiology of Reye's syndrome in the United States: further evidence for a public health success. PMID- 3184398 TI - Does taking vitamins at the time of conception prevent neural tube defects? PMID- 3184399 TI - A piece of my mind. Risky business. PMID- 3184400 TI - Making the time. PMID- 3184401 TI - Serving the underserved. PMID- 3184402 TI - Does peer review work? PMID- 3184403 TI - Rural areas still need physicians. PMID- 3184404 TI - Hong Kong. PMID- 3184405 TI - If mother has insulin-dependent diabetes, is child protected? PMID- 3184406 TI - Fate of childhood cancer survivors comes under increasing scrutiny. PMID- 3184407 TI - Day-care quality and quantity become challenges for parents, politicians, and medical researchers. PMID- 3184408 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Adult immunization: knowledge, attitudes, and practices- DeKalb and Fulton Counties, Georgia, 1988. PMID- 3184409 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Sudden infant death syndrome as a cause of premature mortality--United States, 1984 and 1985. PMID- 3184410 TI - The legal limits of AIDS confidentiality. PMID- 3184411 TI - Contact tracing to control the spread of HIV. PMID- 3184413 TI - Abuse of elders: physicians are confused. PMID- 3184412 TI - Anaphylaxis to flucytosine in a patient with AIDS. PMID- 3184414 TI - Rectal pain. PMID- 3184415 TI - Wound ballistics. PMID- 3184416 TI - Diarrheal deaths in American children. Are they preventable? AB - We reviewed national mortality data for 1973 through 1983 to assess the importance of diarrheal diseases as a cause of preventable childhood death in the United States. An average of 500 children aged 1 month to 4 years died each year with diarrhea reported as the cause of death. These diarrheal deaths were most common among children who were younger than 1 year of age, black, and living in the South, and were most common during the winter. In Mississippi, review of fatal cases of diarrhea identified maternal factors--black race, young age, unmarried status, low level of education, and little prenatal care--to be most associated with diarrheal death in the child. Fifty percent of these deaths occurred after a child had reached a medical facility. Our findings suggest that diarrheal deaths may be preventable and that targeted interventions could contribute to improved child survival in the United States. PMID- 3184417 TI - The economic impact of traumatic injuries. One-year treatment-related expenditures. AB - Considerable attention has focused in recent years on developing estimates of the economic costs associated with illness and injury. Consistent throughout all of this work has been the finding that traumatic injuries rank among the most costly of conditions. This article provides detailed information on one-year charges related to the receipt of health care and rehabilitation services for a panel of 487 trauma patients aged 16 to 45 years who were injured severely enough to be initially hospitalized at one of two trauma centers. Per case one-year treatment charges ranged from an average of $8100 for those sustaining minor (Abbreviated Injury Scale severity score of 1 or 2) injuries to $105,350 for those with severe (Abbreviated Injury Scale severity score of 5) head or spinal cord injuries. When results were generalized to the population of all individuals aged 16 to 45 years who were hospitalized in Maryland hospitals in 1983 for treatment of an injury, total charges were estimated at $109 million, with 43% of the total incurred by individuals with a principal injury to one or more of the extremities. PMID- 3184418 TI - The dot plot. A starting point for evaluating test performance. AB - We suggest that evaluations of diagnostic tests start with dot plots that depict multiple test results over multiple clinical states. From this starting point we can calculate posttest probabilities for multiple clinical states at multiple test results. Also, we can project one subset of clinical states as "disease positive" and a second subset as "disease negative" to provide standard analyses such as likelihood ratios, relative operating characteristic curves, posttest/pretest probability plots, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. Finally, this starting point provides an excellent basis for comparing multiple studies of diagnostic performance. The advantages of dot plots are illustrated with data on serum ferritin levels over multiple clinical states. PMID- 3184419 TI - Too many deaths from diarrhea. PMID- 3184420 TI - A piece of my mind. Ricky. PMID- 3184421 TI - Muscle protein metabolism of rats in surgical trauma. AB - The effects of decreased food intake and degree of surgical trauma on total, myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis and degradation were assessed in two experiments (A and B). Trauma consisted of an abdominal incision with or without hysterectomy. The degree of trauma in experiment B was increased relative to that in experiment A by extending the length of the incision, operative manipulation and time required to perform the surgery. To account for postoperative diminutions in food intake on protein turnover, a group of nonoperated rats were pair-fed to the level of food consumed by hysterectomized rats. Traumatized rats in experiment B lost more weight, ate less, and had a lower muscle total protein concentration than corresponding rats in experiment A, confirming a more severe trauma in experiment B. In both experiments, trauma depressed total protein content of muscle. Synthesis was measured by the incorporation of L-[U-14C] tyrosine from a single meal into total, sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins of gastrocnemius muscle. Degradation was calculated as the difference between the growth rate and the synthetic rate. Synthetic rate (ks) of total protein was depressed by surgical trauma; the more severe the trauma, the greater the depression. In mild trauma, the depression in ks was due only to a decrease in sarcoplasmic protein synthesis (ke), whereas with more severe trauma, synthetic rates of both sarcoplasmic (kes) and myofibrillar (kem) proteins were decreased. Protein degradation (kd,) was increased on day 2 in experiments A and B, had returned to control values on day 4 in experiment A and had decreased below control values in experiment B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184422 TI - Postsurgical muscle protein turnover in perfused hindquarters of the rat. AB - Skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation were measured simultaneously in perfused hindquarters of adult female rats 0, 2, and 4 days after surgical trauma. In order to explore the role of decreased postoperative nutrient intake on muscle protein turnover, a group of rats were pair-fed to the level of food consumed by surgical traumatized animals. Protein synthesis was measured by the incorporation of 3H-L-phenylalanine into the myofibrillar (contractile) and sarcoplasmic (soluble) proteins of gastrocnemius muscle. Protein degradation rates were calculated from the release of myofibrillar 3-methyl histidine (3MH) during the perfusion. Surgical trauma significantly depressed myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthetic rates by 33 and 29%, respectively. Protein degradation, as assessed by 3MH release into perfusate, increased 25% on the second postoperative day but returned to control levels by the 4th day after surgery. Food restriction of the pair-fed control rats did not alter protein synthesis, however, protein degradation decreased significantly. In conclusion, the effect of trauma on protein turnover appears not to be due to decreased nutrient consumption. PMID- 3184423 TI - Use of hydrochloric acid to clear obstructed central venous catheters. AB - Central venous catheters are being used with increasing frequency to administer drugs, and as a result, catheter obstruction caused by precipitation of poorly soluble fluid components has become a common problem. We report our first experience using 0.1 N hydrochloric acid to restore patency to central venous catheters obstructed from insolubility-induced precipitation. Precipitation was caused by drug as well as calcium and phosphorus incompatibilities. The initial use of urokinase in two cases was unsuccessful in restoring catheter patency. In all four cases, the instillation of 0.2-1.0 ml of HCl cleared the catheters. Catheter patency usually was gained immediately. No side effects were noted. Our experience supports preliminary data (JPEN 9 (suppl):255, 1985) which suggest that 0.1 N HCl is effective in clearing insolubility-induced precipitation in central venous catheters. PMID- 3184424 TI - Subclavian catheter infections. AB - We retrospectively studied subclavian catheter infection rates involving 481 patients from October 1983 to September 1985. Over this period of time 496 subclavian catheters including 252 single lumen catheters (SLC) and 244 triple lumen catheters (TLC) were inserted. These studies involved all catheters inserted during the 24-month period. The Methodist Hospital IV Team regularly cared for and recorded catheter-related problems. Charts were then retrospectively reviewed and data accumulated. The incidence of catheter tip infections in SLC was 4/248 (1.6%) compared to an incidence of 12/232 (4.9%) for TLC, p = 0.065. There was no significant difference between the incidence of infections at the insertion site of TLCs, 1/243 and SLCs, 1/251. We believe that the increase in catheter-related infections in the TLC is related to the increased utilization afforded by the multiple injection ports. PMID- 3184426 TI - Cortical blindness after subclavian vein catheterization. AB - The occurrence of air embolism with neurologic complications during the insertion of central venous catheters is well known, but the development of a cortical blindness has not been stress. The case of a woman patient is described, who, after the puncturing of the subclavian vein, developed a state of confusion and transient left hemiplegia, followed by the loss of sight. Blindness was associated with normal pupilary light reflexes and no observable changes in the fundi, features identifying it as cortical. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 3184425 TI - Linseed and cod liver oil induce rapid growth in a 7-year-old girl with N-3- fatty acid deficiency. AB - N-3 fatty acid deficiency is described in a 7-year-old girl who had been fed solely by gastric tube from the age of 3 years. She had received the same nutrient during the last 22 months, supplying 16.2% of calories from linoleate and 0.07% from alpha-linolenate. She weighed 9.5 kg at the age of 3, and 10.3 kg at the start of the study, the weight being constant the last 15 months. She was now supplemented daily with 1.2 ml of a linseed- and cod liver-oil mixture (5:1, v/v), thereby increasing her alpha-linolenate intake to 0.71% and total N-3 fatty acids to 0.74% of total energy. Two months later, her rate of weight gain was 0.43 kg/month. After 5 months, the fatty acid supplement was changed to 7.5 ml of cod liver oil daily, thereby changing alpha-linolenate and total N-3 acid intake to 0.10% and 1.3% of total energy, respectively. Her rate of weight gain now increased to 0.64 kg/month, and her length increased from 117 to 122 cm in 5 months. The results indicate that the optimal dietary requirement for N-3 fatty acids in this child is higher than 0.74%, and extrapolation estimated the optimal requirement to be 1.1%-1.2% of total calories. The results suggest that N-3 fatty acids are required for normal growth in man. PMID- 3184427 TI - Catheter fracture and embolization in a totally implanted venous access catheter. AB - A totally implanted venous access system was placed in a 24-year-old male patient with Hodgkins disease for chemotherapy. Twelve months after implantation it was noted on chest x-ray that the catheter had fractured and the distal fragment embolized to the right ventricle. Catheter separation and embolization is a recognized but uncommon complication of Hickman catheters. It is an even rarer complication of implanted central venous catheters. With the increasing use of these new venous access systems this complication may become a more prevalent, but an avoidable complication. PMID- 3184428 TI - Calculation of metabolic expenditure. PMID- 3184429 TI - Aluminum intake by infant. PMID- 3184430 TI - Is nonobstructive cardiomyopathy in AIDS a selenium deficiency-related disease? PMID- 3184431 TI - Mitral valve and its ring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--a mechanism creating surplus mitral leaflet involved in systolic anterior motion. AB - A large surplus portion of the mitral leaflets appears to be involved in the systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). To understand the exact features and the mechanism of the surplus leaflet, we studies the mitral valve and its ring quantitatively with two-dimensional echocardiography in 17 patients with HCM (5 with large SAM, 6 with small SAM and 6 without SAM) and 10 normal subjects. In the large SAM group, the surplus length of the anterior mitral leaflet (AML) increased but that of the posterior mitral leaflet (PML) did not increase when compared to the other 3 groups. In the large SAM group, the length of AML was greater than in the normal group and the length of PML was greater than in the other 3 groups. The mid-systolic anteroposterior diameter of the mitral ring did not differ among the 4 groups. The mid-systolic position of the coaptation was more anterior in the large SAM group than in the other 3 groups. In conclusion, the surplus size of AML is actually increased in the patients with HCM and large SAM, which is caused by the elongation of both AML and PML with anteriorly displaced coaptation and with no dilation of the mitral ring. PMID- 3184432 TI - Friedewald's LDL-cholesterol estimation formula in a Japanese American population. AB - Friedewald's formula is often used to estimate low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) when direct measurement is not available. In this equation, the ratio of triglyceride (TG): cholesterol (C) in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is assumed to be 5:1. Recently it has been reported that in native Japanese the formula provided a better fit if this ratio is taken to be 4:1. The application of the formula was therefore examined in a sample of 229 second generation Japanese American (Nisei) men. In this population, the 5:1 ratio of TG:C in VLDL was found to be appropriate. Thus the findings reported for native Japanese do not appear to be generally applicable to all Japanese populations. PMID- 3184433 TI - Temporal Fourier transform of digital angiograms for left ventricular regional wall motion analysis. AB - To determine whether or not the first harmonic of a temporal Fourier transform, applied pixel-by-pixel on time-intensity curves, can detect the subtle wall motion abnormalities due to ischemia, 6 dogs were instrumented with a micromanometer in the left ventricles, a hydraulic cuff occluder around the circumflex coronary artery, and sonomicrometers on the inferior (ischemic) and anterior (non-ischemic) walls. Left ventricular images, obtained after contrast injection via the pulmonary artery, were compared with dimension signals in control and 3 progressive levels of coronary stenosis (Stenosis I, II and III). Normalized, digital functional images (512 x 512 matrix, 256 shades of gray/pixel) were divided into anterior, apical, and inferior areas to acquire regional mean phase (degrees) and amplitude (intensity units) values. After inducing stenosis, phase in ischemic region significantly increased at all 3 levels of stenosis, whereas amplitude significantly decreased at Stenosis II and III. However, amplitude images showed clearly the topographic site of ischemia. There was a progressive increase in phase and decrease in amplitude in ischemic areas as the percent wall thickening (%WTh) fell (phase vs. %WTh: r = -0.55, p less than 0.005; amplitude vs. %WTh: r = 0.71, p less than 0.001). Heart rate and peak systolic pressure showed no significant changes during stenosis. We conclude that quantitative functional images, generated from a temporal Fourier transform, are sensitive to the detection of left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities during mild, moderate, and severe degrees of ischemia. PMID- 3184434 TI - Effect of local cardiac sympathectomy on regional myocardial contraction. AB - To investigate the response of locally sympathectomized myocardium to sympathetic stimulation, 90% phenol solution was painted on the left ventricular anterior wall surface in 13 open chest anesthetized dogs. Two pairs of ultrasonic crystals were implanted into the mid-myocardium and the left ansa subclavia was stimulated (LSS) at a frequency of 4 Hz. Heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure and peak dP/dt increased following LSS before and after phenol application. After phenol application, the increase in peak dP/dt was significantly lower than before phenol application (p less than 0.01) despite similar increases in both heart rate and left ventricular systolic pressure. Before phenol application, norepinephrine (NE) overflow was observed following LSS (1.60 ng/ml) but after phenol application NE overflow decreased to 0.45 ng/ml, indicating that phenol interrupted sympathetic nerve conduction. During LSS, in both anterior and posterior walls, %shortening (%dL) increased from 13 +/- 1 (mean +/- SE) to 22 +/ 3% and 12 +/- 1 to 20 +/- 2%, respectively. After phenol application, LSS caused an increase of %dL in the posterior wall from 10 +/- 1 to 17 +/- 2%, while in the anterior wall it decreased from 15 +/- 2 to 8 +/- 3%. At the end of the experiment, when NE was infused to maintain the left ventricular systolic pressure similar to that obtained during LSS, %dL increased from 15 +/- 2 to 21 +/- 3% in the anterior wall. Pressure-length loop during LSS showed an early systolic expansion in the phenol treated anterior wall which disappeared during NE infusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184435 TI - Ultrastructural observation in clinical and experimental myocardial infarction, with reference to pathogenesis. AB - Electron microscopic investigation was carried out to confirm our hypothesis, derived from a large number of macroscopic and light-microscopic observations, that impairment of the peripheral circulation of the myocardium, and not the presence of coronary thrombi, plays the fundamental role in the development of acute myocardial infarction. The peripheral coronary vessels of 5 human hearts obtained at autopsy showed severe histolytic impairment of the endothelial cells and of the tunica media muscle cells, even though no myocardial necrosis was observed either macroscopically or microscopically. An additional experimental study using 12 rabbits was performed to ascertain the induction of myocardial necrosis without coronary occlusion, by intravenous administration of either epinephrine or endotoxin alone or a combination of both. One-third of the epinephrine group and all of the combined treatment group developed myocardial necrosis. The intramyocardial vessels of these rabbits showed similar hystolytic changes to those observed in human cases. These findings support our concept that derangement of the peripheral circulation precedes the development of a coronary thrombus in cases of acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3184436 TI - Experimental and clinical investigations for the time interval from onset of symptoms to the coronary reperfusion. AB - To clarify the relationship between time interval from the onset of coronary occlusion to the reperfusion and reperfusion rates or left ventricular function, an experiment with 113 mongrel dogs was carried out. Coronary thrombi experimentally induced within 4 hours in 63 dogs were rapidly lysed by intracoronary thrombolytic agent (Experiment 1). Infarct size was investigated in 17 dogs. The infarct size (% of left ventricle) in 9 dogs with 4-hour reperfusion following 2-hour coronary occlusion was significantly smaller than that in 8 dogs with 6-hour occlusion (12.0 +/- 7.9 vs 19.1 +/- 8.7% respectively p less than 0.05) (Experiment 2). The infarct size in 8 dogs with 7-day reperfusion following 2-hour occlusion was also significantly reduced compared to that in 7 dogs with 7 day occlusion (16.3 +/- 7.4 vs 28.5 +/- 8.9%, respectively p less than 0.02) (Experiment 3). The infarct size in 11 dogs with 4-hour reperfusion with verapamil administration following 2-hour occlusion was significantly reduced compared to that in 7 dogs with 6-hour occlusion without verapamil (5.5 +/- 1.9 vs 20.3 +/- 3.3%, respectively p less than 0.01) (Experiment 4). In experiment 3, anterior wall motion also was assessed by contrast ventriculography and infarct related areas in reperfused group was found to be improved compared to non reperfused group at 7 days after infarction. In clinical studies, 121 patients who were admitted within 12 hour of onset of symptoms, were investigated to evaluate reperfusion rates and left ventricular function. The reperfusion rate of young age thrombus within 3 hours was 89% of 18 patients with completely occluded coronary artery. It was 77% of the 52 patients with 3 to 6 hour occlusion and 72% of the 18 patients with over 6 hour occlusion. There was a tendency towards high reperfusion rates in younger thrombus. In patients who were recanalized within 3 hours from the onset of symptoms ejection fraction of left ventricle at the chronic stage had a significantly higher percentage when compared to the unsuccessful group. Wall motion of infarct-related areas in patients who were thrombolysed within 6 hours was improved compared to the unsuccessful group. Administration of verapamil during reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction suppressed rapid CK release and sigma CK. Thus, young age thrombus can be lysed easily, earlier recanalization after coronary occlusion can reduce infarct size and improve left ventricular function. Reinforced administration of verapamil during reperfusion can also reduce infarct size. PMID- 3184437 TI - Serial myocardial lactate metabolic changes after intracoronary thrombolysis in evolving myocardial infarction. AB - To investigate whether early reperfusion (less than or equal to 3 hours) preserves aerobic myocardial metabolism in acute myocardial infarction, we examined serial changes in trans-cardiac lactate extraction after thrombolysis in 43 patients with acute antero-septal myocardial infarction. In the chronic phase, we also determined abnormally contracting segments as an index of infarct size and regional ejection fraction as an index of chronic regional cardiac function. In the early reperfusion group (less than or equal to 3 hours), positive lactate extraction was restored and there were small abnormally contracting segments and a high regional ejection fraction. The intermediate reperfusion group (3-5 hours), however, had sustained anaerobic lactate extraction, large abnormally contracting segments and a low regional ejection fraction. The late reperfusion (greater than 5 hours) group showed apparently aerobic lactate extraction, but had large abnormally contracting segments and a low regional ejection fraction. Thus, early reperfusion preserves aerobic lactate metabolism and good chronic ventricular function. PMID- 3184438 TI - Intracoronary urokinase in acute myocardial infarction: prevalence of total coronary occlusion during the early hours, effects on myocardial infarct size and left ventricular function, and outcome of residual coronary stenosis. AB - The effects of intracoronary thrombolysis (ICT) were studied in 88 acute myocardial infarction patients. Total coronary occlusion was observed in 67 of the 88 patients (76.1%) who were evaluated within 6 hours of the onset of symptoms. Among these 67 patients 42 (62.7%) were successfully recanalized by intracoronary urokinase. The recanalization rate was higher in the lesion at the left anterior descending artery, in younger patients (49 years or less) and in patients with a shorter history of pre-infarction angina. Eight of 11 patients (72.7%) with subtotal coronary occlusion and 17 of 35 patients (48.6%) with recanalization after ICT showed spontaneous regression of the residual coronary stenosis at the chronic stage angiography. There was no re-occlusion in the subtotal occlusion group and only 6 cases of re-occlusion (17.1%) in the recanalization group. The majority of re-occlusions progressed from the lesion with 99% residual stenosis and delayed filling. Accordingly the true value of additional percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty would be limited to the latter cases. Reduction in infarct size and improvement in left ventricular function were limited to those patients with incomplete or subtotal coronary occlusion and were not seen in cases with total obstruction which was recanalized by ICT. PMID- 3184440 TI - [Abstracts of papers presented at meetings of local sections of the Japanese Circulation Society]. PMID- 3184439 TI - Myocardial reperfusion: beneficial or harmful? PMID- 3184441 TI - [A FOME-CUF spiral endotracheal tube with a side port airway connector for clinical use under halothane-N2O-O2 anesthesia]. PMID- 3184442 TI - [The management of multiple organ failure (MOF) due to sepsis--a retrospective study of 198 patients]. PMID- 3184443 TI - [Changes in regional cerebral blood flow and tissue PO2 due to complete cerebral ischemia]. PMID- 3184444 TI - [Quantitative determination of alcuronium in plasma and urine by high pressure liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection]. PMID- 3184446 TI - [Protective effects of a protease inhibitor, urinastatin, on endotoxin shock and its scavenging effect on oxygen-derived free radicals]. PMID- 3184445 TI - [The protective action of coenzyme Q10 on the cerebral metabolic change during hypoxic hypoxia in rabbits]. PMID- 3184448 TI - [Effects of continuous high pressure mechanical ventilation on the lung and circulation]. PMID- 3184447 TI - [Effects of urinastatin on the serum activities of granulocyte elastase, beta glucuronidase and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor in patients having open cardiac surgery]. PMID- 3184449 TI - [Anesthetic management of a patient with pemphigus vulgaris]. PMID- 3184450 TI - [Platelet hyperaggregability in a patient with pheochromocytoma]. PMID- 3184451 TI - [Hyperkalemia during surgical procedures for a thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysm- a case report]. PMID- 3184452 TI - Balloon atrial septostomy using echocardiographic monitoring. AB - Six patients with d-transposition of the great arteries and 1 patient with tricuspid atresia were diagnosed echocardiographically. Balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) was performed successfully in all cases with the aid of two-dimensional echocardiography. Echocardiography may be superior to fluoroscopy during BAS because it permits easy detection of spontaneous passage of the inflated catheter into the left ventricle spontaneously through the mitral valve (like a left atrial myxoma). With the visualization of related cardiac structures during BAS, obstruction of the IVC with the balloon was also prevented. Using this method, bedside application of BAS is possible. PMID- 3184453 TI - Changes in left ventricular dimensions after pulmonary artery banding and Jatene operation in children with complete transposition of the great arteries. Echocardiographic study. AB - Echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) dimensions in patients with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA's) were measured before and after the Jatene procedure and/or pulmonary artery banding (PAB). The LV posterior wall thickness at end-diastole (LVPWTD) increased from 3.5 +/- 0.4 to 4.9 +/- 0.9 mm (mean +/- 1SD) (p less than 0.01) after PAB, but it did not show a significant change following the Jatene procedure (from 4.5 +/- 1.0 to 5.3 +/- 0.8 mm). The LV end-diastolic internal dimension (LVIDD) increased from 17.7 +/- 4.0 to 22.6 +/- 6.5 mm after PAB (p less than 0.01), but remained unchanged after the Jatene procedure (from 24.5 +/- 5.0 to 25.0 +/- 3.0 mm). The LV shortening fraction (LVSF) decreased from 0.62 +/- 0.10 to 0.47 +/- 0.14 after PAB (p less than 0.01), but remained unchanged after the Jatene procedure (0.40 +/- 0.10 to 0.37 +/- 0.10). the a/b ratio at end-systole: (a/b)s, which indicates the flatness of the LV configuration, increased from 0.27 +/- 0.14 to 0.60 +/- 0.21 after PAB (p less than 0.01) and from 0.61 +/- 0.13 to 0.74 +/- 0.17 after the Jatene procedure (p less than 0.01). The data obtained became stable 1 month after operation. One patient died of low cardiac output with no evidence of myocardial infarction after the Jatene procedure. In this patient, LVPWTD was 5.7 mm, LVIDD was 26 mm, LVSF was 0.71 and the (a/b)s ratio was 0.55.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184454 TI - Serial analysis of spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias in a canine model of myocardial infarction. AB - To study the time course of spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction (MI), 20 dogs underwent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery and temporary occlusion and reperfusion of the obtuse marginal branch. There were 5 early deaths (less than 24 hours) due to spontaneous ventricular fibrillation (VF). All 15 survivors exhibited spontaneous ventricular tachycardia (VT) up to day 3 with the shortest cycle length occurring at 17 hours after MI (232 +/- 11 msec: mean +/- SEM). The grade of arrhythmia complexity was decreased after day 4 compared to day 1 (p = 0.049), and the number of ventricular premature complexes was reduced after day 6 (1700 +/- 1390/hour) compared to day 1 (9500 +/- 640/hour, p = 0.042). Serial electrophysiologic studies were carried out on days 8, 15, 22, and 29 via an implanted antitachycardia pacemaker using 1 to 3 extrastimuli and rapid ventricular pacing (RVP). On day 8, VT was inducible in 7 dogs (46%), VF in 4 (27%), and 4 dogs (27%) exhibited a negative response. On day 15, 3 more dogs became negative, and all previously negative dogs displayed negative responses. From day 15, the inducibility of VT/VF remained "constant" using RVP. However, inducibility by triple extrastimuli declined week by week until day 29. Stepwise logistic regression analysis of 20 variables selected the mass of the MI as the only independent predictor of inducible VT/VF by multiple extrastimuli and RVP after day 15 (p = 0.049). Thus significant time- and mode-dependent changes in inducibility of VT/VF occur during the early phase after MI. PMID- 3184456 TI - The spontaneously hypertensive rat. Proceedings of the XXIII annual scientific meeting of the Society for the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR). november 20 21, 1987, Wakayama-ken. PMID- 3184455 TI - Coronary aneurysms in a case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. AB - An asymptomatic 48 year old man had transient T-wave inversion in the anterolateral leads after nonpenetrating chest trauma. Both the patient and his 6 year old son showed the typical skin hyperelasticity and joint hyperextensibility of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, suggesting autosomal dominant inheritance. The coexisting cardiac abnormalities of the patient included multiple coronary aneurysms, mitral valve prolapse with slight regurgitation, fusiform dilatation of the ascending aorta with moderate insufficiency and left anterior hemiblock. A routine noninvasive cardiovascular evaluation should be performed in all patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in order to exclude valvular heart disease and dilatation of the aortic root or of other vessels, including the coronary arteries. PMID- 3184457 TI - [Histopathological study of a recurrent malignant glioma after an intratumor local injection of adriamycin]. AB - This paper presents interesting morphological findings, which have never been previously reported, on tumor tissues after a local injection of an anticancer agent into three patients with malignant glioma. Following a craniotomy, 0.5 mg of Adriamycin (ADM) was injected through an Ommaya reservoir into the tumor bed. Light microscopy of the recurrent tumor and surrounding necrotic tissue revealed massive coagulation necrosis of the tumor tissues and fibrinoid necrosis of vascular channels, centering at the tip of the Ommaya tube. In the surrounding area of the massive coagulation necrosis, considerable reactive collagenous tissue, infiltrating lymphocytes and foreign body giant cell were found as well as so-called "organized" necrotic tissue. Electron microscopic findings of the same specimens revealed deposits of lipofuscin, lipid droplets, lysosome, abundant myelin figures and fibrous strands. It can therefore be assumed that this or similar anticancer agents, when may be directly incorporated into the residual tumor cells, are apparently reduced by coagulation necrosis and reactive collagenous tissue. PMID- 3184458 TI - [Characterization of helical coil microwave antenna for interstitial hyperthermia]. AB - Implantable microwave antennas for interstitial hyperthermia have been constructed by using a fine wire helical coil extension of the coax feedline inner conductor. The effects of the variable coil length the winding density, and the antenna insertion depth in the tissue on the heating patterns from a single antenna were characterized in phantom models. Results indicated that the helical coil microwave antenna provided localized heat at depth near the antenna tip, and the heating patterns were easily modified by minor changes in the coil length, winding density, and altering the separation gap. The characteristics of the helical coil microwave antenna may increase its potential application to cases of interstitial hyperthermia. PMID- 3184459 TI - [Morphometrical study on prognosis of stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma]. AB - The prognostic significance of morphometry in stage I pulmonary adenocarcinoma had been examined in Papanicolaou-stained bronchial brushings, using an image analyzer. The data of long-term survivors (LTS), alive for more than 5 years, and short-term survivors (STS), who had died within 5 years, were compared. LTS were found to have a smaller nuclear area, a shorter nuclear perimeter, and a smaller nucleolar area than those of the STS. The nuclear size is considered important in any histological subtypes. The variation index of the nuclear area, the nuclear circularity, and the number of nucleoli did not differ between the two groups. These results would seem to be useful in determining the prognosis and the indication type of adjuvant therapy to be used in surgical operations. PMID- 3184460 TI - [Medical changes in preformed host arteries involved in a tumor--a morphometric study of gastric, colonic, and pancreatic carcinomas in man]. AB - We found that the performed host arteries left in the tissue of a cancer are subject to marked atrophy and the loss of medial smooth muscles, at least in the gastric, colonic, and pancreatic carcinomas that we have studied in man. Morphometry of the arterial wall tissue in surgical and autopsy material from 30 patients has revealed that the volume ratio of muscle cells dwindles toward and into a tumor from its exterior. This was considered to be responsible for causing characteristic behavior evidence in a cancer such as the abnormal profiles of arteries found on angiography or in their poor response to vasoactive drugs. These medial changes were most remarkable in scirrhous tumors. PMID- 3184461 TI - [Evaluation of double cancers of the lung and stomach]. AB - Five cases of double cancers involving the lung and the stomach cancer are reported. The final diagnosis were done by the autopsy. Through the use of sodium hypochlorite and a Millipore filter, many ferrous bodies were detected in all cases. Three of the subjects had occupational histories involving exposure to asbestos that may have had a connection with their cancers and many crocidolites were found in their autopsied lungs. The two other cases, however, did not have any such occupational history and few pathological asbestos bodies. Further, most subjects were heavy smokers. These findings suggested that a high percentage of double cancers of lung and stomach might have been induced by the expose to asbestos in this area. PMID- 3184462 TI - [Treatment of primary gastric lymphoma and factors that influence the prognosis]. AB - Twenty-two cases of primary gastric lymphoma have been clinicopathologically reviewed and factors influences the prognosis were examined. An increased tumor size of more than 10 cm, an increased tumoral penetration, a lymph node involvement, and stage IV classification decreased the survival rates. All patients given stage I classification have remained alive without having received chemotherapy. The survivors of stages III & IV amounted to only three patients who were treated by surgery and systemic chemotherapy. A radical operation is the choice of treatment for a gastric lymphoma but aggressive chemotherapy should be supplemented for advanced cases. PMID- 3184463 TI - [The application of autologous blood transfusion and hypotensive anesthesia for radical hysterectomy in uterine cancer]. AB - The homologous blood transfusion is often required for the replacement of intraoperative blood loss in the radical hysterectomy. Recently, we have tried elective autologous blood transfusion and hypotensive anesthesia to eliminate the complications caused by homologous blood transfusion. This study reports our experience at Kure National Hospital. Radical hysterectomy has been done in 27 cases with uterine cancer from June, 1985 to March, 1987. Homologous blood transfusion was required to one of 5 cases with autologous blood transfusion, none of 5 cases with autologous blood transfusion and hypotensive anesthesia, and 6 of 17 cases without either procedures. Autologous transfusion and hypotensive anesthesia seemed to be effective in reducing homologous blood transfusion. PMID- 3184464 TI - [A case of malignant lymphoma, an anemone cell tumor of the leg, arising from osteomyelitis]. AB - An 80-year-old man, complaining of multiple fungating growth on his right leg, was hospitalized. A review of his previous history revealed that he had undergone three operations because of repeating osteomyelitis. A clinical examination showed that a tumor was localized on the right leg. Light microscopy revealed that tumor was composed of diffuse large round cell proliferations. Malignant lymphoma was suspected, but was difficult to distinguish in the undifferentiated carcinoma. Electron microscopically, extensive cytoplasmic processes resembling microvilli from the circumferential surface membrane were observed, but desmosomes, tonofilaments, secretory products or basal lamina were not seen. Immunohistochemically, IgG was demonstrated on the tumor cells. These findings led us to diagnoses an anemone cell tumor, originating from a malignant lymphoma and arising from osteomyelitis. PMID- 3184465 TI - [Malignant melanoma in the anorectal region--a report of two cases]. AB - Case 1. A 61-year-old male, suffering from an anorectal tumor with anal bleeding, underwent an abdominoperineal rectal amputation with an R3 lymphadenectomy. The tumor was a Stage I (H0, P0, N0, S0) malignant melanoma. Despite DAV (DTIC, ACNU, and VCR) therapy, liver metastasis was detected 1 year later and the patient died 1.5 years after the operation. Case 2. A 80-year-old female, complaining of bloody stool, was diagnosed to have an anorectal malignant melanoma. She was at Stage IV and underwent an abdominoperineal rectal amputation with an R3 lymphadenectomy. The tumor 4.5 X 2.7 X 1.2 cm in size, was diagnosed to be at Stage IV (pm, n2+). She is still alive 4 years later without having received sufficient chemotherapy. PMID- 3184466 TI - [A case of primary carcinoid tumor of the testis]. AB - A case of a primary carcinoid tumor of the testis which occurred in a 57-year-old man is reported. The patient was treated by orchiectomy, and no clinical features of a carcinoid syndrome had been noted. The tumor measured 4.0 X 3.2 X 2.0 cm in size and was yellowish in color. Histochemically, the tumor cells were composed in part of argentaffin and in part of argyrophil. Immunohistochemically, the argentaffin tumor cells were positive for neuron-specific-enolase. No tumor cells were positive, however, for neurofilaments, vimentin, keratin, desmin, GFAP, S 100 protein, ACTH, and somatostatin. Electronmicroscopy revealed numerous neurosecretory granules. Tumorous tissue presented a histomorphology of a pure carcinoid tumor composed of parts of argentaffin and argyrophil. PMID- 3184467 TI - [Cytogenetic studies on myeloproliferative disorder]. PMID- 3184468 TI - [Molecular biologic study in chronic myelogenous leukemia and its related disorders]. PMID- 3184469 TI - [bcr rearrangement in variant Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia and unclassified myeloproliferative disorders]. PMID- 3184470 TI - [Studies of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma unresponsive to C-MOPP]. PMID- 3184471 TI - [Intermediate-dose cytosine arabinoside in combination with mitoxantrone in the treatment of refractory leukemia]. PMID- 3184472 TI - [Polycythemia vera associated with erythromelalgia]. PMID- 3184473 TI - [Acute leukemia in elliptocytosis with M-proteinemia]. PMID- 3184474 TI - [Megaloblastic anemia followed by polycythemia vera after vitamin B12 therapy]. PMID- 3184475 TI - [Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in an infant: diagnostic difficulties in differentiating from metastatic neuroblastoma]. PMID- 3184476 TI - [Normalization of platelet count following prednisolone and splenectomy in a patient with splenic hamartoma and thrombocytopenia]. PMID- 3184477 TI - [Myelodysplastic syndrome with granulocyte function abnormalities resulted in intractable cutaneous infections]. PMID- 3184478 TI - [Consumption coagulopathy associated with thrombosis of inferior vena cava: trial of intracaval filter]. PMID- 3184479 TI - [Subacute necrotizing lymphadenitis with pancytopenia and proliferation of histiocytes in bone marrow]. PMID- 3184480 TI - [Primary malignant lymphoma of the left brachial plexus]. PMID- 3184481 TI - [Clinical course and terminal features of chronic myeloproliferative syndrome]. PMID- 3184482 TI - [Serum vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 binding protein in chronic myeloproliferative disorders]. PMID- 3184483 TI - [Pathology of myeloproliferative disorders and related diseases]. PMID- 3184484 TI - [Megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro of the patients with essential thrombocythemia]. PMID- 3184485 TI - [Role of PDGF on myeloproliferative disorders]. PMID- 3184486 TI - [Analysis of chronic myeloproliferative syndromes using the technics of in vitro hematopoiesis (the origin and function of marrow stromal cells in CML)]. PMID- 3184487 TI - [Differential diagnosis of orbital tumors using cerebral angiography and radioisotope study]. PMID- 3184488 TI - [CT scan of the hypopharynx and larynx--value of phonation scans]. PMID- 3184489 TI - [Gastric ulcer in infancy and childhood in 13 cases--upper gastrointestinal radiographic findings]. PMID- 3184490 TI - [Evaluation of rapid sequence CT scan with intravenous bolus injection of a contrast medium in the diagnosis of pancreatic disease]. PMID- 3184491 TI - [Computed tomographic evaluation of metastatic and primary ovarian tumors]. PMID- 3184492 TI - [Case of the month: Epidermolysis bullosa, dystrophica-recessive type]. PMID- 3184493 TI - [Case discussion: radiologic treatment of pelvic organs. (2)]. PMID- 3184494 TI - [A case of pituitary apoplexy presented with a niveau formation on computed tomography]. PMID- 3184495 TI - [A case of acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas with increased uptake of 67Ga citrate]. PMID- 3184497 TI - [A case report of diffuse splenic hemangiomatosis]. PMID- 3184496 TI - [A case of dorsal pancreas agenesis]. PMID- 3184498 TI - [Computed tomography of retroperitoneal hematoma caused by anticoagulation therapy--report of a case]. PMID- 3184499 TI - [Experience in the use of the Maglinte balloon catheter in hypotonic duodenography]. PMID- 3184500 TI - [Angiography of the pelvis and the legs using a 4F pigtail catheter and a moving table]. PMID- 3184501 TI - Effect of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil on development of rat urinary bladder tumor induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. AB - The present study was conducted to examine the effect of 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5 fluorouracil (HCFU) on the development of urinary bladder tumors induced by N butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) in rats. One hundred twenty male Fischer 344 rats were divided into 6 groups. Sixty rats (groups 1, 2 and 3) were given 0.05% BBN in drinking water for the initial 8 weeks of the experiment and another 60 rats (groups 4, 5 and 6) served as controls. HCFU mixed in the powder diet was administered at daily doses of 100 mg per kg of body weight. Group 2 received HCFU throughout and group 3 after BBN administration for 8 weeks. All animals were sacrificed at 20 weeks from the beginning of the experiment and examined histopathologically. In groups 1, 2 and 3, urinary bladder tumors developed in 13 of 18, 0 of 20, and 4 of 19, respectively. Incidences of tumors in the 2 groups treated with HCFU were significantly lower than that of group 1 treated with BBN alone. These results indicated that HCFU was effective in suppressing the incidence of bladder tumor. PMID- 3184502 TI - Distinct differences in lipid composition between epidermis and dermis from footpad and dorsal skin of guinea pigs. AB - All lipids, including neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids, in the dermis and epidermis from footpad and dorsal skin of guinea pigs were quantitatively determined, and distinct and characteristic differences in lipid composition were observed in both regions. Ceramides, cerebrosides and cholesterol sulfate were abundant in the epidermis, the amounts being 8.8-12.0, 2.8-4.0 and 6.0-6.5 times higher than those in the dermis, respectively, whereas sulfatide was predominantly found in the dermis. Four and six bands of ceramides, and three and four bands of cerebrosides were detected for the lipids from both the epidermis and dermis on TLC, respectively, two of the ceramides and one of the cerebrosides being found to be esterified. Cerebrosides in the epidermis were predominantly glucocerebrosides, whereas those in the dermis comprised a mixture of gluco- and galactocerebrosides. In addition, an esterified cerebroside, glucosyl N-(O-linoleoyl-omega-hydroxylignoceroyl) sphingosine, was present in the epidermis as a tissue-characteristic compound and this finding seems to be common for several animal species. The marked differences in lipid components between the epidermis and dermis should be quite useful for discriminating these functionally as well as histologically different regions on a biochemical basis. PMID- 3184504 TI - [Background on the trends of cholelithiasis]. PMID- 3184503 TI - Chelation of intestinal phosphate absorption and experimental glomerulosclerosis. AB - Dietary phosphate has recently been recognized as a factor which might influence the rate of progression of a chronic renal disease. In order to examine the role of dietary phosphate, 1&3/4 partially nephrectomized rats (Nx) were fed Purina rat chow supplemented with either 15 g % dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate (DHAAA), chelator of intestinal phosphate absorption, or 15 g % of half and half mixture of glycine and gum arabic. At the end of the 7th week, renal functional parameters, blood pressure, plasma electrolytes, parathyroid glands, and renal morphology were examined. Nx with chelator demonstrated a statistically lower value of BUN, plasma creatinine, plasma phosphate, systolic blood pressure, renal weight, glomerulosclerosis index, and 24 hours' urinary protein output than Nx without chelator. Nx without chelator showed larger parathyroid glands than Nx with chelator. Under the experimental condition, the inhibition of intestinal phosphate absorption in rats with subtotal nephrectomy delayed the progression of glomerulosclerosis, preserved the renal function, and prevented the enlargement of parathyroid glands. PMID- 3184505 TI - [Mycobacteria as a possible cause of Crohn's disease]. PMID- 3184506 TI - [Effect of COOH-terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin or carbachol on free cytosolic Ca++ concentration and pepsinogen secretion in the isolated guinea pig gastric chief cells]. PMID- 3184507 TI - [The effects of famotidine and omeprazole on 24-hour intragastric pH of normal subjects]. PMID- 3184508 TI - [Effects of acid secretagogues or HCl on rat gastric mucus glycoproteins]. PMID- 3184509 TI - [Plasma amino acid in patients with alcoholic liver diseases--with special reference to the reduce of tyrosine]. PMID- 3184510 TI - [A case of small intestinal Crohn's disease with spontaneous umbilical fistula]. PMID- 3184512 TI - [Therapeutic effect of secretin on intrahepatic cholestasis. A case report]. PMID- 3184511 TI - [A case of primary biliary cirrhosis-chronic active hepatitis overlapping syndrome with improved transaminase levels by steroid treatment]. PMID- 3184513 TI - [A case of idiopathic chronic pancreatitis associated with marked dilatation of the pancreatic duct and pancreatic non-opaque concretion]. PMID- 3184514 TI - [Immunopotentiating substances in Lentinus edodes mycelial extract (LEM)- activation of macrophage and proliferation of bone marrow cell]. PMID- 3184515 TI - [A rat model of chronic pancreatic insufficiency induced by injection of zein oleic acid-linoleic acid solution into the pancreatic duct]. PMID- 3184516 TI - [Experimental stress ulcer of rat and the effect of vitamin B2]. PMID- 3184517 TI - [Changes in cytosolic free Ca++ by histamine stimulation in isolated guinea-pig parietal cells. (The 1st report)--a study of using fura-2/AM by double wave length excitation method]. PMID- 3184518 TI - [Increased mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity in carcinoma-bearing large bowel and its inhibition by indomethacin]. PMID- 3184519 TI - [Ability of cell-mediated immune production in systemic immunization of guinea pigs with mucous polysaccharides of human colonic goblet cells (PS antigen)]. PMID- 3184520 TI - [Morphometric analysis of sinusoidal endothelial fenestration of human liver tissues obtained by blind biopsy]. PMID- 3184521 TI - [The study on the etiology of serum hyper-cholinesterasemia with special reference to the contribution of idiopathic hyper-cholinesterasemia]. PMID- 3184522 TI - [Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment on nucleation time (NT)]. PMID- 3184523 TI - [Early gallbladder carcinoma associated with adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder: report of a case]. PMID- 3184524 TI - [A case of inflammatory fibroid polyp in Crohn's disease]. PMID- 3184525 TI - [Chronic pancreatitis-like syndrome in WBN/Kob rats]. PMID- 3184526 TI - [The method for stress assessment of workers (Part 1). Stress score by self rating method]. AB - In order to evaluate the grade of reaction to stressors, especially those on occupational life of workers, the following stress survey was conducted. Eighteen new items of occupational life stressors were proposed in addition to the social readjustment rating scale (S.R.R.S.) prepared by Holmes. Furthermore, two items, "own stress tolerance" and "own stress at present," were designed in addition to the foregoing 65 stressors. Marriage is given a score of 50 in reference-standard of stress strength. These 67 items of 1,630 workers were evaluated by the self rating method ranging in score from 0 to 100. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. As for each item, we examined the average value of the total sample and analyzed them by sex, age, kind of occupation, position, and length of service. We named these stress scores and analyzed the ranking of 65 stress scores. The item with the highest score was "death of spouse (score 82.7)" and the item with the lowest one was "income increase (score 24.7)." The scores of 27 out of 65 items were higher than 50. Next, 65 items were classified into 4 groups, that is, individual life, family life, occupational life, and social life. 2. Scores of the newly designed items to examine the ability to adjust oneself to place of work were "own stress tolerance (score: 73.7)" and "own stress at present (48.8)," respectively. 3. We examined the difference by sex, age, kind of occupation, position, and length of service based on the average value of stress score by t-test and the following results were obtained. 1) Scores of those in the thirties were higher than those in the twenties. 2) Section heads and leaders were under greater stress than division heads. In the same way, the differences among the four groups were analyzed and the following results were observed. 1) The only significant difference was seen in the occupational life stress group. 2) In the occupational life stress group, the scores of those in the thirties, forties, and fifties were higher than those in the twenties. Section heads and leaders were under greater stress than the staff. Workers in service for more than 21 years had higher scores than workers in service for less than 10 years. 4. The practical uses of our stress survey are also discussed in this report. PMID- 3184527 TI - [Personality traits in employees who were dismissed for delinquency]. PMID- 3184528 TI - [A schedule of 40 m nitrogen-oxygen saturation diving]. PMID- 3184529 TI - [Studies on estimation of the age by human epidermis]. PMID- 3184530 TI - [Quantitation of isohemagglutinins by the planimetry of precipitated erythrocyte patterns. 1. Application to isohemagglutinin detection in dried blood stains]. PMID- 3184531 TI - [Quantitation of isohemagglutinins by the planimetry of precipitated erythrocyte patterns. 2. Application to ABO blood group determination from forensic medical materials]. PMID- 3184532 TI - [Determination of ABO blood groups in highly diluted blood by a new method using nitrocellulose beads]. PMID- 3184533 TI - [Immunohistochemical determination of methamphetamine analogues in the animal tissue]. PMID- 3184534 TI - [Effects of asphyxia on thyroid function]. PMID- 3184535 TI - [Clinical significance of normal exercise thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy in subjects with abnormal exercise electrocardiographic findings]. PMID- 3184536 TI - [Evaluation of left ventricular function in patients with atrial fibrillation by ECG gated blood pool scintigraphy--using frame count normalization method]. PMID- 3184537 TI - [Quantitative analysis of left ventricular wall motion at exercise stress in myocardial infarction with single vessel coronary artery disease--difference in response according to site of infarction]. PMID- 3184538 TI - [Clinical study on the mechanism of abnormal accumulation in lung scanning with N isopropyl-p-123I-iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP)]. PMID- 3184539 TI - [An improved method to produce [15O]H2O with less ammonia by catalytic reaction]. PMID- 3184541 TI - [Coping theory of Lazarus]. PMID- 3184540 TI - [Fundamental and clinical evaluation of a TPA immunoradiometric assay kit]. PMID- 3184542 TI - [A stress-coping model]. PMID- 3184543 TI - [Analysis of coping by cancer patients before and after surgery]. PMID- 3184545 TI - [The "review" in the literature study]. PMID- 3184544 TI - [Study on factors related to abnormal psychiatric symptoms of aged demented patients at home and nursing assistance extended to their families]. PMID- 3184546 TI - [Therapeutic and physical touch: physiological response to stressful stimuli]. PMID- 3184547 TI - Increase of aqueous humor proteins with aging. AB - Quantitative analyses by crossed immunoelectrophoresis were carried out on 31 eyes of 26 cataract patients, age 4-80 years, to detect age changes in the human aqueous humor especially in the following aqueous humor proteins: prealbumin, albumin, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and transferrin. There was a significant correlation between age and concentration of each of the 4 proteins. The results reported in this paper may be due to senile alteration of the pathway that serum proteins follow from the leaky vessels of the ciliary body to the anterior chamber and/or to a decrease of the aqueous flow rate with advancing age. The relationship between the ages and the aqueous humor protein levels established in this study can be utilized as controls in studying the aqueous humor proteins in uveitis and other ocular diseases. PMID- 3184548 TI - Morphological features of iris fibroblasts in dilator muscle region. AB - Morphological features of iris fibroblasts in the dilator muscle region of the Japanese monkey iris were demonstrated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The iris fibroblasts in the dilator muscle region formed the boundary between the dilator muscle and the iris stroma. These iris fibroblasts were characteristically accompanied by numerous naked axonal varicosities containing synaptic vesicles on the dilator muscle side. When viewed by scanning electron microscopy, the stromal surface of the dilator muscle layer was incompletely covered by a single layer of iris fibroblasts. From the present morphological evidence, it is suggested that iris fibroblasts in the dilator muscle region play some role in the innervation of the dilator muscle. PMID- 3184549 TI - High molecular weight aggregate from cataractous and normal human lenses: characterization by antisera to lens crystallins. AB - High molecular weight and low molecular weight fractions were obtained from total soluble proteins of human cataractous and normal lens nuclei. These fractions were analyzed using a solid phase radioimmunoassay that employed monospecific antisera to alpha, beta and gamma crystallins. Relative to the high molecular weight fraction from normal lens nuclei, the high molecular weight fraction from cataractous lens nuclei showed decreased binding to antisera specific for beta and gamma crystallins. These results demonstrate that the polypeptides of the high molecular weight fraction comprise a special class of polypeptides that have preferentially undergone covalent and/or structural changes during the process of human cataractogenesis. PMID- 3184550 TI - Effect of tannin on oxidative damage of ocular lens. AB - The protective effect of geraniin (tannin from Geranium thunbergii) against oxidative damage was examined in the mouse ocular lens. Oxidative damage in the lens was induced by diamide, diazene dicarboxylic acid bis (N,N-dimethylamide); diamide oxidized the sulfhydryl groups in both the membrane and cytoplasm but did not increase lipid peroxide. Geraniin showed protective effects on the changes in the Na+/K+ ratio, GSH level, Na,K-ATPase activity, GSH reductase activity and the sulfhydryl level of the membranous protein in the diamide-treated lens, but such protective effects of geraniin were not observed in the cell-free system of the lens. In addition, geraniin itself was unable to reduce GSSG to GSH and also unable to inhibit the oxidative reaction of the sulfhydryl group to diamide. These results suggest that in the intact lens geraniin would act primarily on the lens cell membrane surface to inhibit an influx of diamide into the inner part of the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm, and consequently that geraniin may protect sulfhydryl groups in the cell membrane and cytoplasm from their oxidation by diamide and keep the redox system of the lens in a normal state. PMID- 3184551 TI - Ascorbate free radical reductase and ascorbate redox cycle in the human lens. AB - The presence of ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductase (NADH:AFR oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.5.4) in senile cataractous human lenses was demonstrated by measuring spectrophotometrically NADH oxidation in the presence of ascorbate plus ascorbate oxidase. About 80-85% of the lens AFR reductase was probably recovered in the supernatant of the lens homogenate. Michaelis constants of the reductase were about 10 microM and less than 1 microM for AFR and NADH, respectively. We also showed that AFR reductase activities in the cataractous lenses tended to decrease with increase of insoluble lens protein contents, or showed rather the possibility that the reductase activity may have decreased before the lens protein aggregation. In the highest activity group (about 120-160 nmol NADH oxidized/min/lens), it was roughly calculated that the reductase in the lens could re-reduce immediately the total (or almost total) amount of AFR produced there by ascorbate oxidation even at a high rate of 600-800 microM/min, if NADH concentration in the lens were sufficiently maintained. The above results suggested that AFR reductase in the human lens plays important roles in ascorbate regeneration of its redox cycle, and that activity loss of AFR reductase, as well as of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, may be responsible for the oxidative changes in lens proteins with the development of senile cataracts. PMID- 3184552 TI - pH dependency of effect of topically applied dipivefrine hydrochloride on intraocular pressure and pupil size in rabbits: comparative studies with epinephrine. AB - The pH and dose dependencies of topically applied dipivefrine hydrochloride (DPE) on intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and mydriasis were compared with those of epinephrine bitartrate (EPI) in normal rabbits. Statistically significantly greater IOP lowering and mydriatic effects of DPE solutions were achieved by increasing their pH from 3 to 6 or their concentrations from 0.02% to 0.1%. The ocular hypotensive and mydriatic effects of EPI also depended on their concentrations, but not on their pH. On the other hand, blink rates of rabbits following topical application of DPE tended to be reduced by the increase of pH, while they were not influenced by the concentrations. From these results, it was indicated that the pharmacological effects of DPE were augmented about 3 times by increasing the pH of its solutions from 3 to 5, which also was associated with reduction of ocular irritation, while the effects of EPI were not altered by the changes of pH. As the result of the increase of pH from 3 to 5, DPE became about 50 times more potent than EPI as a ocular hypotensive agent. PMID- 3184553 TI - Effects of laser wavelengths on experimental retinal detachments and retinal vessels. AB - We studied the effects of the yellow (577 nm), orange (595 nm) and red (630 nm) dye lasers, the argon blue-green (488, 514.5 nm) and green (514.5 nm) lasers, and the krypton red (647 nm) laser on experimentally produced serous and hemorrhagic retinal detachments and on retinal vessels in rabbits. Retinal detachments were created by either injecting balanced saline solution or partially hemolyzed blood under the retina. All laser wavelengths except the argon blue-green bypassed the sensory retina and produced no damage on either the sensory retina or the underlying retinal pigment epithelium with serous retinal detachment. Each laser wavelength, however, produced a specific effect on the detached retina with hemorrhagic fluid. Blue-green, green, yellow and orange wavelengths damaged the sensory retina more severely than the red wavelengths. Laser coagulation of the retinal vessels with the blue-green, green and orange wavelengths produced vasospasms. PMID- 3184554 TI - Ocular hypotensive effects of monoamine oxidase-A inhibitors in rabbit. AB - The effects of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) inhibitors with epinephrine on intraocular pressure in the pigmented rabbit were studied. MAO-A inhibitors were used topically with or without various concentrations of epinephrine. For the measurement of intraocular pressure, applanation pneumatonography was used and tissue MAO activities were determined by radiometric assay. After topical administration with clorgyline, MAO-A activities in the bulbar conjunctiva and the iris-ciliary body were remarkably inhibited, whereas MAO-B inhibition was minimal. Maximal reduction of intraocular pressure with 0.05% epinephrine was 3.2 mmHg. Single administration of clorgyline, amiflamine, moclobemide or CGP 11305-A caused decreases in the intraocular pressure of 2.0, 2.5, 1.8 and 2.4 mmHg, respectively. In the coadministration experiments with epinephrine, the ocular hypotensive effects of epinephrine were potentiated with clorgyline, amiflamine, moclobemide and CGP 11305-A (6.6, 4.8, 5.6 and 5.8 mmHg). On the contrary, they were not influenced by the MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl. These results indicated that MAO-A inhibitors potentiated the ocular hypotensive effects of epinephrine, and that the coadministration of a reversible MAO-A inhibitor with epinephrine might be useful for patients with glaucoma. PMID- 3184555 TI - Somatomedin-C and diabetic retinopathy. AB - To investigate the relationship between the plasma somatomedin-C level and diabetic retinopathy, especially in different stages of the disease, plasma somatomedin-C levels were measured in 72 patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus accompanied by or without retinopathy and in 37 normal control subjects. The stage of retinopathy was assessed by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography. Plasma somatomedin-C levels were significantly greater in the diabetic patients with retinopathy than in the age-matched normal controls (P less than 0.01). Plasma somatomedin-C level in the patients with proliferative retinopathy was 0.60 +/- 0.30 (mean +/- SD) IU/ml (n = 24), which was significantly greater than that in the normal controls (0.41 +/- 0.18 IU/ml) (P less than 0.01). However, the patients in different stages of diabetic retinopathy did not differ significantly from each other in their plasma somatomedin-C levels. PMID- 3184556 TI - Measurements of active and passive force of horizontal muscles in strabismus. AB - A precision device was developed for quantitative measurement of the active and passive forces of the horizontal muscles in several different types of strabismus. The device consists of a tension gauge for measuring isometric muscle tension (active force) and passive length-tension (passive force), and a circular motion guide mechanism. In normal subjects, the active force showed nearly linear changes with the eye position, as was reported in past studies. A similar relationship between the active force and the eye position was observed also in strabismus patients in our study. Normal subjects showed a stronger force in the medial than the lateral rectus muscle. Among strabismus patients, those with normal retinal correspondence (NRC)-intermittent exotropia showed a force closest to that of the normal controls. However, the force of the lateral rectus muscle was significantly greater in those with constant exotropia than in the normal controls. The active force of the medial rectus muscle was significantly smaller in those with dual retinal correspondence (DRC)-intermittent exotropia and constant exotropia. Conversely, the active force of the medial rectus muscle was significantly greater in those with esotropia, compared with the normal group. As for the passive force, there was no significant difference between the temporal passive force and the nasal passive force in the normal and esotropic groups, but the temporal passive force was significantly greater in the esotropic group. The magnitude of the force was greater in both directions when traction was applied against the muscle having the stronger active force. These results suggest that the lateral rectus muscle force is relatively stronger in patients with DRC intermittent exotropia due to a weakness of the medial rectus muscle force, and that the absolute strength of the lateral rectus muscle force is increased in patients with constant exotropia, but in NRC-intermittent exotropia the muscle forces are almost normal. Those with esotropia are considered to have an absolute increase in the medial rectus muscle force. PMID- 3184557 TI - Physiological characterization of the renal-sympathetic reflex in rabbits. AB - In urethane-anesthetized and vagotomized rabbits, electrical stimulation of the afferent renal nerve (RN) elicited reflex changes in renal nerve activity (RNA) and arterial pressure (AP). The responses were attributable mostly to excitation of nonmyelinated afferent fibers, although, in about 30% of the animals, they were contributed slightly by myelinated afferents. In about 70% of rabbits, the peristimulus time histogram (PTH) of RNA following stimulation of the RN consisted of a long-lasting inhibitory (I) component occasionally accompanied, during its recovery phase, by a transient excitatory (E) component. In these animals, tetanic stimulation of the RN resulted in a depressor response, either alone or, if an E component was present in the PTH, followed by a slight pressor response. In the remaining rabbits, the PTH was composed exclusively of an E component and tetanic stimulation caused a pressor response. Stimulation of the RN evoked reflex changes in cardiac sympathetic discharges comparable to that of RNA, whereas the change in cervical sympathetic discharges was much smaller. The sympathetic response remained intact after a total transection of the rostral medulla near the ponto-medullary junction; the I component was even augmented. However, it usually disappeared following a transection at the high cervical cord. Bilateral lesions of the nucl. tractus solitarius (NTS) near the obex failed to appreciably affect the response. Among chemical and mechanical stimuli examined, nociceptive stimulation of the kidney elicited a sympathetic response comparable to that following nerve stimulation. In conclusion, the renal sympathetic reflex in rabbits (1) originates predominantly from nonmyelinated afferent renal fibers activated effectively by nociceptive stimulation applied to the kidney; (2) depends critically on medullary structures other than the NTS; and (3) evokes changes of the same temporal pattern but of nonuniform magnitude in sympathetic discharges to different organs. PMID- 3184558 TI - Participation of ventrolateral medullary neurons in the renal-sympathetic reflex in rabbits. AB - In an effort to locate medullary structures that mediate the renal-sympathetic reflex, the effect, on the excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) components of that reflex, of certain drugs applied to the ventral surface of the medulla was investigated in urethane-anesthetized and vagotomized rabbits. Application of bicuculline, a GABA receptor antagonist, selectively abolished the I component of the renal-sympathetic reflex as well as the sympathoinhibition elicited by stimulation of the aortic nerve. The E component, on the other hand, was specifically eliminated by kynurenic acid, a glutamate receptor antagonist. Strychnine or atropine sulfate did not affect either reflex appreciably. Subsequently, within the region of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) subjacent to the site of drug applications, we searched for neurons which responded to stimulation of the renal nerve and/or the aortic nerve. Of 68 responsive VLM neurons found, 50 (73.5%) responded to stimulation of both nerves. Of the 50 neurons, 40 were tested for their antidromic activation to stimulation of the spinal cord. Twenty-four neurons (60%) were antidromically activated. Responses of these reticulospinal neurons to stimulation of the renal nerve preceded that of renal nerve activity (RNA) by about 100 ms. All the antidromically activated, VLM neurons which responded to stimulation of the renal nerve also responded to stimulation of the aortic nerve. In conclusion, the renal-sympathetic reflex appears to be mediated by the same pool of bulbospinal neurons in the ventrolateral medulla that mediates the arterial baroreceptor reflex, and the E and I components of that reflex can be selectively abolished by pharmacological intervention of the subjacent ventral surface of the medulla. PMID- 3184559 TI - Spirometric standards for non-smokers and smokers of India (eastern region). AB - Three hundred thirty-four healthy male non-smokers and 300 healthy male smokers of the age range 20-60 years were investigated for their spirometric lung functions by the method and technique recommended by American Thoracic Society. It was found that FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, FEF 200-1,200, FEF 25-75%, FEF 75-85%, MVV, and PEFR were significantly lower in smokers. When the subjects were blocked into several half decades these differences persisted. These functions deteriorated with age both in smokers and non-smokers, but in the former group the functions were reduced to a greater extent. Significant negative correlation was obtained between lung functions and smoking histories. Separate multiple regression equations were developed separately for non-smokers and smokers. The sensitivity of the tests was determined. The FEF 25-75% and FEV1 were found to be most sensitive in detecting early airway obstruction. When comparison of lung function was made among American, European, Jordanian, Negro, and Pakistani subjects, it was found that the former three groups are superior to the remaining. Negroes and Pakistanis are comparable to Indians in respect to their lung function. These differences in these functions between the nations of developed countries and the underdeveloped or developing countries might be attributable to the differences in their life-style, physical activity status, nutritional status, environmental condition, and race and ethnicity. The spirometric functions of Indians in the Eastern region of India are comparable to North-West Indians and superior to Southern Indians. PMID- 3184560 TI - Postpartum changes in the mechanical responses of the circular muscle of rat uterus. AB - The circular muscle strips were isolated from rat uterus 10-60 h after parturition, and the electrical and mechanical responses were investigated. The muscle strips exhibited a variety of contractile activity ranging from frequent spontaneous contractions generated on an elevated muscle tone to a sustained contracture, when incubated with Mg-free Krebs solution. The muscle tone was lowered, and phasic contractions were abolished when the external Ca was removed. Muscle tone was also lowered by addition of 1.2 mM Mg, 1 mM spermidine, or 1 mM tetracaine. The membrane potential was about -25 mV in a muscle which exhibited a contracture, and the membrane was hyperpolarized by 20-25 mV by the (1.5-4.5 x 10(-5) M) caused a gradual decrease in muscle tone, and the that Ca-influx was increased, for which prostaglandin(s) was membrane was hyperpolarized. In view of the above results, it is hypothesized that Ca-influx was increased, for which prostaglandin(s) was probably responsible, in the circular muscle of postpartum rat uterus, thereby elevating the muscle tone in Mg-free solution. PMID- 3184561 TI - Fade responses at neuroeffector junction to vagal stimulation in the isolated, blood-perfused dog atrium. AB - Effects of physostigmine and of beating rate on the negative chronotropic and inotropic responses to tonic intramural parasympathetic nerve stimulation at a frequency of 5 Hz for 2 min were investigated, using the isolated, blood-perfused dog atrium which was pretreated with propranolol. The responses to stimulation reached a maximum, and then "faded" back toward the control levels during stimulation. Before physostigmine, the fade of the inotropic response was consistently observed but the fade of the chronotropic response was minimal. Both the maximum effect and the fade of the chronotropic response were augmented dose dependently by physostigmine in spontaneously beating atria. Physostigmine increased the maximum chronotropic response to infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) but did not potentiate the fade response. These results suggest that the potentiation of the fade of the chronotropic response to stimulation after physostigmine is due to decreases in the amount of ACh at the neuroeffector junction. The maximum negative inotropic responses were dose-dependently potentiated similarly by physostigmine in isolated spontaneously beating or paced atria. The fade of the inotropic response in spontaneously beating atria was decreased along with reduction of the rate by physostigmine, whereas the fades in paced atria at 2 and 3 Hz were not changed, showing that decreases in rate during stimulation influenced the reduction of the fade. Increases in contractile force induced by infusion of CaCl2 did not alter the maximum and fade responses to stimulation in 2 Hz paced atria. The blood flow into an isolated atrium was not changed detectably during stimulation. These results suggest that the fade of the inotropic response to parasympathetic nerve stimulation is related subsidiarily to acetylcholinesterase or washout of ACh at the neuroeffector junction in isolated perfused atria. PMID- 3184562 TI - The functional characteristics of tendon blood circulation in the rabbit hindlimbs. AB - Neurohormonal, mechanical, and muscle exercise effects on tendon blood flow were studied in thirty-five rabbits. After anesthesia by urethane, experiments were performed on in situ preparation of the hindlimb under stable state in systemic blood pressure. Tendon and muscle blood flow were measured simultaneously by the hydrogen gas clearance method, and their temperature and PO2 were continuously observed by thermocouple and oxygen sensor, respectively. The resting blood flow in the denervated tendon tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and soleus (ml/(100 g.min] was 39.0 +/- 4.0, 34.5 +/- 8.2, and 30.2 +/- 4.3, respectively, whereas in their muscles it was 17.8 +/- 1.5, 17.1 +/- 2.1, and 12.6 +/- 1.1, respectively. The tendon tissue temperature and PO2 increased gradually until 15-20 min after cutting the sciatic nerve, and the increasing rate depended upon the initial control level before denervation. Intravenous injection of noradrenaline in the dose of 1-9.9 micrograms/kg produced a marked decrease in the tendon tissue temperature of the tibialis anterior, but a mild one in the muscle. The longitudinal tension force produced a decrease in the tendon tissue temperature of the tibialis anterior, but no change in the muscle. During muscle exercise, tendon blood flow and temperature tended to decrease, whereas the muscle blood flow and temperature increased markedly from the beginning of muscle exercise. There was no evidence to demonstrate the existence of exercise hyperemia in the tendon tissue. These data suggest that tendon blood circulation can be modified by many factors, and that mechanical and exercise effects may play a role in regulation of tendon blood flow channels and fluid transfer for the lubrication of tendon fiber movements. PMID- 3184563 TI - Ductus arteriosus in pilot whales. AB - The ductus arteriosus (DA), connecting the aorta with the pulmonary artery in the fetus, which normally closes up just after birth in terrestrial mammals, has been claimed not to close, but to remain open in normal, adult cetaceans, just as in the adult lungfish. We have examined the hearts from two Pilot Whales. In those we found no persisting DA, but an almost totally obliterated lumen. Blood flow through the ductus of these two whales could be excluded. Instead of an anatomical shunt mammals may use a functional pulmonary shunt. To the extent diving mammals can empty their alveoli for air at depth through reinforced bronchioli, and their very compliant thorax, they block alveolar gas exchange, and thus avoid decompression sickness, nitrogen narcosis and pulmonary squeeze. PMID- 3184564 TI - Gangliosides and energy substrates in brown adipose tissue of cold-acclimated rat. AB - Effect of cold acclimation on gangliosides as well as triglyceride and glycogen in brown adipose tissue was studied in rats. Ganglioside GM3 level per unit fresh weight and per unit fat-free-dry-matter was significantly higher in cold acclimated rats (CA) than in warm controls, while the tissue triglyceride and glycogen levels were lower in CA. GM3 may be involved in cold-induced proliferation and differentiation of brown adipose tissue. PMID- 3184565 TI - Effects of sucrose- or Tris-substitution for Na+ on responses to D 600, papaverine and KCN in the K+-depolarized taenia coli of guinea pigs. AB - Effects of D 600, papaverine and KCN on sustained contracture induced by 20 mM KCl in a Na+-free sucrose- or Tris-substituted solution were investigated in the taenia coli of guinea pigs. D 600 (10(-5) M) and papaverine (10(-4) M), added after 40 min incubation in the 20 mM KCl sucrose solution, relaxed the muscle by 88.2 +/- 8.0% (mean +/- S.E., n = 4) and 78.8 +/- 6.3% (n = 4), respectively. In contrast to this, KCN (10(-3) M) relaxed the muscle by 11.0 +/- 4.7% (n = 4) after a 20 min incubation in the sucrose solution. The concentration-relaxation curves for these relaxants were slightly shifted to the right in the Na+-free 20 mM KCl Tris solution. The cellular Na+ content of the taenia coli was greatly reduced by exposure to the sucrose or Tris solution, while the Ca2+ contents in both solutions were gradually increased with the exposure time. When a glucose free solution was applied 60 min after the KCl-induced sustained contracture, gradual relaxation in the normal solution was observed. This relaxation was completely inhibited in the Na+-free sucrose solution. These results suggest that the relaxing activities of the different inhibitors are changed to different degrees by the replacement of Na+ with sucrose in the guinea-pig taenia coli and that sustained KCl-contracture in a Na+-free sucrose solution may be less energy dependent as compared with that in a Na+-free Tris medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184567 TI - Vitamin K reversible hypoprothrombinemia in rats. II. Efficacy of vitamin K on latamoxef-induced coagulopathy in rats. AB - Feeding of a vitamin K-deficient diet caused the development of hypoprothrombinemic changes in rats such as prolongation of prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), decreases in plasma prothrombin and clotting factor VII levels, and an increase in the descarboxyprothrombin (PIVKA) level in both plasma and liver. Successive administrations of latamoxef (LMOX) to the vitamin K-deficient rats resulted in the further enhancement of these changes. After the development of hypoprothrombinemia with LMOX, a single subcutaneous injection of vitamin K1 normalized most of these abnormalities in blood coagulation parameters within 6 hr. When vitamin K was given at 200 micrograms/kg, PT, APTT and the plasma PIVKA level showed normal values for at least 8 days even when the animals were fed a vitamin K-deficient diet and treated with LMOX during the recovery period. The amount of vitamin K required to maintain most of the blood coagulation parameters in the normal range was about 3 micrograms/kg/day. The plasma level of vitamin K was higher than 0.3-0.5 ng/ml when the blood coagulation parameters were maintained in the normal range. PMID- 3184566 TI - Changes in platelet count and related parameters in SART-stressed mice and the action of administered neurotropin. AB - In order to hematologically characterize SART-stressed (repeated cold-stressed) animals, which are regarded as model animals of clinical dysautonomia, general hematological analyses were performed in mice subjected to various types of stress. SART-stressed mice showed significant increases in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and specific gravity of whole blood, no change in leukocyte count and a marked decrease in platelet count. Among the above changes, the decreased platelet count was particularly characteristic of SART-stressed mice. Splenectomy failed to inhibit the SART stress-induced thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow megakaryocyte counts increased following the stress. The bleeding time of SART-stressed mice was more than double that of normal mice. Consecutive administrations of Neurotropin, a sedative analgesic, completely blocked the alterations in platelet count, megakaryocyte count and bleeding time in SART stressed mice without producing any effect in unstressed mice. From the present results, it is suggested that SART-stressed mice may be characterized by thrombocytopenia, which is not attributable to enhanced function of the spleen or suppressed platelet production in the bone marrow. Moreover, Neurotropin appears to be effective for moderating SART stress. PMID- 3184568 TI - Effects of topical application of acidified omeprazole on acid secretion and transmucosal potential difference in anesthetized rat stomachs. AB - Effects of topical application of omeprazole on transmucosal potential difference (PD), luminal pH and histamine-stimulated acid secretion were examined in anesthetized rat stomachs, and they were compared with those of systemic administration. Omeprazole was suspended in 1% CMC with NaHCO3 (pH 9.0) or dissolved in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.0). Both omeprazole (30 mg/kg, pH 9.0) and cimetidine (100 mg/kg), given i.d., increased the pH and inhibited acid secretion induced by histamine (8 mg/kg/hr, i.v.), while basal gastric PD was markedly elevated only by the former. Similar responses in PD, pH and acid output were obtained dose-dependently after brief exposure of the stomach (10 min) to omeprazole (0.3-30 mg/kg), even in acidic conditions, but the effects of acidified omeprazole disappeared depending upon the latency period in 0.1 N HCl; there was no effect when applied at more than 30 min after dissolution. Of interest, subsequent exposure of the stomach to a mercaptane compound (cysteine, 100 mg/kg) for 30 min significantly reversed the antisecretory effect of omeprazole (both i.d. and i.g.) but not of cimetidine. These results suggest that omeprazole has a local antisecretory action even in acidic stomachs, probably through an inhibition of the H+/K+ATPase activity, and the increase of PD caused by omeprazole may be a characteristic phenomenon seen after the blockade of H+/K+ ATPase, but is not associated with acid inhibition itself. PMID- 3184569 TI - Immunomodulating effect of neurotropin on delayed type hypersensitivity response in mice. AB - Effect of Neurotropin on the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to sheep red blood cells was examined in mice. Neurotropin suppressed the high DTH responses in ddY and BALB/c mice, while it enhanced the low DTH response in C57BL/6 mice when administered after sensitization. In addition, Neurotropin exerted a suppressive effect on the enhanced DTH response by cyclophosphamide pretreatment in C57BL/6 mice, but had a restorative effect on the suppressed DTH response in ddY mice loaded with restraint stress. PMID- 3184570 TI - [The attitude and behavior toward superstitions and proverbs]. AB - Two hypotheses were developed: 1) People who have experienced many misfortune and calamities believe in superstitions and proverbs and often practise them as compared to those with few or no such experience; and 2) university students' attitude and behavior toward superstitions and proverbs are related to those of their parents. One hundred and three students and their 103 parents (father or mother) were asked to indicate: 1) their attitude and practice regarding each of 42 superstitions and proverbs; 2) past visits to fortunetellers and exorcism rites; and 3) past experience of misfortune and calamities. People with experience of misfortune and calamities had a higher ratio than those without such experience only in "visits to fortunetellers and exorcism rites." There was no such trend in the 42 superstitions and proverbs. There was a close parent child relation in the attitude toward superstitions. A similar relation was observed in superstitious practice in family life. However, no parent-child relationship was found for the proverb-related attitude and behavior. PMID- 3184572 TI - [The double-nail illusion revisited: commonality with the wallpaper phenomenon]. AB - The double-nail illusion occurs when the images of two nails located at different distances from the observer fall on the corresponding retinal points, giving rise to the impression that the two nails are placed side by side at an equal distance from him. Experiment 1 showed that when two stimuli located on the mid-sagittal plane and at different distances were viewed in such a way that their images fall on the corresponding points, the perceived distance of the stimuli corresponded to the convergence distance. In Experiment 2, the convergence distance was changed gradually to get the measure of the distances at which the double-nail illusion appeared or disappeared. The results indicated the same kind of hysteresis as that previously observed in the 'dynamic' wallpaper phenomenon. Experiment 3 demonstrated the "double" wallpaper illusion, in which two wallpaper stimuli located in two different frontal-parallel planes appeared in a plane between the two and parallel to them. It showed moreover that the perceived distance of the wallpaper stimuli corresponded to the perceived distance obtained in the case of the double-nail illusion. The results of the three experiments indicated the commonality of the double-nail illusion with the wallpaper phenomenon and suggested that they share the same underlying perceptual processes. The principles of egocentric visual direction and distance were discussed with respect to the results. PMID- 3184573 TI - [Distribution of spatial attention in position recognition]. AB - Spatial limitation in visual information processing was examined with dot-in matrix patterns by using a probe recognition procedure. The independent variables were the number (1-16 dots) and the position of target dots. Subjects were four undergraduate students. The data were analyzed and discussed from three points of view; span of attention, spatial limitation of recognition and visual attention. The following became clear: First, the span of position recognition was 4.8. Second, "spatial span of attention" was defined as the range of dot positions at which subjects can perceive target dots with 75% or more accuracy. It extended around the fixation point and shrinked with the increase of the number of target dots. Finally, the distribution of spatial attention was estimated for each target dot condition under the assumption that the hit RT at each probe position reflects the amount of attention allocated there. Distributions estimated were cone-shaped, and the height and extent changed with the number of target dots. It was suggested that spatial limitation (i.e. spatial span of attention) in the processing of spatial positions can be explained by the notion of distribution of spatial attention. PMID- 3184571 TI - [Interactive effects of job complexity and expectancy on internal motivation]. AB - A questionnaire administered to 1,391 nurses in big hospitals revealed that they were strongly motivated if they expected good results from their efforts and if they had enough information about what they were supposed to do and how. Satisfactory work situations were characterized by smooth feedback, role clarity and so on. Even nurses who responded to external rewards were internally motivated to carry out complex jobs if they received sufficient information about the jobs presumably because the information eliminated uncertainty about their roles. Autonomy, or delegated power and responsibility, tended to be motivating only for the nurses who placed high valence on intrinsic rewards, that is, who received encouragement from the accomplishment of the job itself. These results suggest that even those who have more extrinsic needs may be motivated by the complexity of the job. Individual differences in the response to the job may be understood as a matter of information-processing such as the extent of adaptation to the job. PMID- 3184574 TI - [Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using microexplosion (mESWL). Clinical experience on 198 cases in Tohoku University]. PMID- 3184575 TI - [An experiment to estimate creatinine clearance of chronic unilateral and completely obstructed kidney]. PMID- 3184576 TI - [Clinical statistics in patients in the past 10 years after initiation of our clinic]. PMID- 3184577 TI - [Experimental study on the development of bladder and urethral dysfunction following suprasacral spinal cord transection in the cat]. PMID- 3184578 TI - [Stereo-morphometric study on the muscular architecture of normal ureteral wall at the ureteropelvic junction]. PMID- 3184579 TI - [Relations of clinicopathological findings to expression of ABH blood group and Thomsen-Friedenrich antigens in initially superficial papillary transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder developing subsequent malignant progression]. PMID- 3184580 TI - [Nuclear morphometry and DNA content in grading of renal cell carcinoma]. PMID- 3184581 TI - [The detection of the dynamic renal function using MRI by gadolinium-DTPA]. PMID- 3184582 TI - [Experience with endourethral submucosal teflon injection]. PMID- 3184583 TI - [Usefulness of changes in urinary P/Cr ratio as a diagnostic parameter in primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 3184584 TI - [The results of the treatment in renal cell carcinoma]. PMID- 3184585 TI - [The endourological management of primary ureteropelvic junction stenosis]. PMID- 3184587 TI - [Comparison of multiple drug-resistance between Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonae]. PMID- 3184586 TI - [Immunological studies of pulmonary infection with atypical mycobacteria I. Enumeration of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood]. PMID- 3184588 TI - [A clinical study on pulmonary tuberculosis as terminal pneumonia]. PMID- 3184589 TI - [Three cases of pyrexia caused by anti-tuberculous drugs]. PMID- 3184590 TI - Professional ethics in dentistry. PMID- 3184592 TI - General anesthesia and conscious sedation. Regulations for Kentucky dentists. PMID- 3184591 TI - Temporomandibular disorders and the insurance dilemma: one consultant's view. PMID- 3184593 TI - AIDS update. PMID- 3184594 TI - Complying with the Immigration Reform Act. PMID- 3184595 TI - Increased urinary excretion of thromboxane B2 and 2,3-dinor-TxB2 in cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity. AB - Cyclosporin A (CsA) administration to rats is associated with a selective increase in urinary excretion of immunoreactive thromboxane B2 (i-TxB2), the stable breakdown product of TxA2. The exaggerated synthesis of TxA2 may play a role in the reduction of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) observed both in animals and humans undergoing CsA treatment. The present study was designed to get further insight into the origin of the abnormal i-TxB2 urinary excretion. Rats given orally CsA (50 mg/kg/day) for 30 days had a significant increase in the urinary excretion of both 2,3-dinor-TxB2 and TxB2 measured by technique of capillary column gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (HRGC-NICIMS). Urinary TxB2 is more likely to reflect the renal synthesis of the parent compound, whereas 2,3-dinor-TxB2 is considered to reflect the amount of TxB2 formed in the circulation. Experiments in isolated perfused kidney (IPK) taken from animals given CsA for 30 days showed a lower percentage increase in urinary TxB2 over vehicle treated animals. Moreover in IPK the ratio 2,3-dinor-TxB2/TxB2 was lower than in vivo. The amount of i-TxB2 detectable in serum of animals given CsA was not different from that of control animals. In contrast, isolated glomeruli taken from rats given CsA had an increase in their TxA2 synthesis measured as i-TxB2 in the supernatants. Ultrastructural studies on kidney specimens from animals given CsA showed a focal glomerular endothelial damage together with a marked infiltration of blood borne cells of monocyte macrophage type in the glomerular tuft. In contrast, kidney specimens taken from IPK preparations were devoid of inflammatory cells. In vitro CsA did not interfere with platelet arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism as shown by a normal i TxB2 generation in vitro by rat platelet-rich plasma (PRP) exposed to CsA and then challenged with AA or ADP. Similarly isolated glomeruli and isolated proximal tubules from normal rats when challenged with CsA in vitro converted AA into TxA2 normally. It is suggested that the cause of the increased urinary excretion of 2,3-dinor-TxB2 is the consequence of intrarenal platelet and macrophage activation, probably triggered by the endothelial damage. The parallel increase in the urinary excretion of unmetabolized TxB2 is likely to reflect a concomitant activation of resident renal cell AA metabolism induced by CsA. PMID- 3184596 TI - Calcium and hypoxic injury in the renal medulla of the perfused rat kidney. AB - To study the interaction between calcium and the medullary hypoxic lesions found in isolated perfused rat kidneys, the acute effects of high extracellular calcium upon renal function and morphology were evaluated in kidneys perfused with cell free medium at a total calcium concentration of 8 to 9 mg/dl (controls), 13 to 14 and 19 to 20 mg/dl (high Ca++). High Ca++ increased hypoxic damage to medullary thick ascending limbs from 58.2 +/- 4.0% of tubules in controls to 80.2 +/- 4.0% (P less than 0.005) in the deepest area of the outer medulla. Morphological changes in the cortex were minimal. The increase in damage to medullary thick limbs induced by high Ca++ was prevented by the calcium channel blocker verapamil. Addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 to controls reproduced the effects of high Ca++ with an increase in the proportion of damaged thick limbs to 92.1 +/- 4.1% (P less than 0.001 vs. controls). Addition of equimolar amounts of magnesium chloride did not reproduce the effect of high calcium perfusions. When transport activity was reduced with ouabain, high calcium perfusions were no longer associated with structural damage. In kidneys perfused with a medium enriched with amino acids, the proportion of tubules with severe, irreversible damage increased from 12 +/- 3 to 43 +/- 10% (P less than 0.01) after high calcium perfusion, and to 75 +/- 12% (P less than 0.001) after perfusion with the calcium ionophore. High extracellular and intracellular calcium appear to act in concert with hypoxia to increase the susceptibility of the renal medulla to injury by mechanisms potentially operative in hypercalcemic and ischemic nephropathy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184597 TI - Plasma protein concentration and colloid osmotic pressure in nephrotic rats. AB - Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) was related to plasma total protein concentration in rats with adriamycin nephrosis. Nephrotic rats were divided into three groups on the basis of plasma albumin concentration. Measured values for COP were 6 to 8 mm Hg below those predicted by the Landis-Pappenheimer equation in group 3 plasma samples with albumin concentrations 0.5 to 1.0 g/dl. In contrast, measured values for COP were only slightly below those predicted by the Landis-Pappenheimer equation in group 2 plasma samples with albumin concentrations 1.0 to 1.5 g/dl and in group 1 plasma samples with albumin concentrations 1.5 to 2.0 g/dl. The reduction in concentration of albumin was accompanied by an increase in the concentration of non-albumin proteins in each group of nephrotic rats. COP exerted by these non-albumin proteins partially offset the reduction in COP attributable to reduced albumin concentration. Results show that the Landis Pappenheimer equation significantly overestimates COP only in nephrotic rats whose plasma albumin concentration is very markedly reduced. PMID- 3184598 TI - Calcitriol synthesis is decreased in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - To investigate the mechanisms of abnormal calcium metabolism, such as hypocalcemia, decreased intestinal calcium absorption and hypercalciuria in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we have measured the plasma concentration of calcitriol and its synthesis in 5-, 8-, 12-, 16-, and 20-week-old normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR. Metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and production rate (PR) of calcitriol were measured by the constant isotope infusion method. Plasma concentration of calcitriol and PR of calcitriol were decreased in SHR after 12 weeks of age. MCR of calcitriol, however, was not different between WKY and SHR in any age group. Therefore, the decreased synthesis of calcitriol accounts for the lower plasma level of calcitriol in SHR after 12 weeks of age. Metabolic acidosis or decreased renal function could not account for the decreased synthesis of calcitriol, since the blood pH and pCO2 and creatinine clearance were similar between WKY and SHR at times when the calcitriol synthesis was reduced in SHR. Plasma concentration of ionized calcium was also lower in SHR after 12 weeks of age. Plasma concentration of calcitonin was significantly higher in 16-week-old SHR (41.6 +/- 1.5 pg/ml) than in age-matched WKY (30.5 +/- 1.7, P less than 0.001). The values, however, were not different between 8- and 12-week-old WKY and SHR. We believe that the decreased synthesis of calcitriol could be the pathogenetic factor for the development of abnormal calcium metabolism in SHR. Age of animals should be considered when studying the calcium metabolism in SHR. PMID- 3184599 TI - Intracellular distribution and depletion of glutathione in rabbit renal proximal tubules. AB - The intracellular compartmentation of glutathione (GSH) in rabbit renal proximal tubules under various conditions was examined using the digitonin fractionation technique. Tubules with GSH contents similar to those found in vivo (13.4 +/- 0.8 nmol . mg protein-1) and with decreasing amounts of GSH had an apparently constant mitochondrial GSH pool of 1.9 +/- 0.1 nmol . mg protein-1. This renal mitochondrial GSH pool is similar in size to that of hepatic mitochondria and represents 10 to 15 percent of the total cellular GSH. Using phorone and diethyl maleate to decrease tubular GSH concentrations, the cytosolic GSH pool could be depleted without affecting the mitochondrial GSH pool. Depletion of the cytosolic GSH pool and decreases in the mitochondrial pool of up to 42 percent were not associated with mitochondrial dysfunction nor loss of tubular viability. PMID- 3184600 TI - Outcome of patients with human immunodeficiency virus on maintenance hemodialysis. AB - Fifty-one adults with HIV infection, including 20 chronic hemodialysis patients with superimposed HIV infection and 31 patients with HIV-associated nephropathy requiring chronic maintenance hemodialysis were followed to evaluate survival on outpatient dialysis in relation to the clinical stage of the HIV infection. Regardless of when they contracted the infection, AIDS patients who required maintenance hemodialysis had a poor prognosis. All 17 patients who developed AIDS died after a mean of 93 +/- 32 days on hemodialysis (median 30 days; range 2 to 540 days). On the other hand, 12 asymptomatic HIV carriers were alive after a mean follow-up on chronic hemodialysis of 488 +/- 75 days (median 420 days; range 142 to 850 days); and five hemodialyzed patients with ARC were alive after 564 +/ 191 days (median 420 days; range 150 to 1230 days). The data confirm the lack of effectiveness of maintenance hemodialysis for prolonging life in patients with AIDS. This dismal prognosis was evident whether renal failure antedated HIV infection or whether it was HIV-associated. In asymptomatic HIV carriers and in patients with ARC, however, maintenance hemodialysis provides meaningful, long term life support. PMID- 3184602 TI - Electrolytes, hormones, and blood pressure. First Marseille-Conception Nephrology Conference, Marseille, France, April 26-29, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3184601 TI - Phosphate transport in the in vitro cultured rabbit proximal convoluted and straight tubules. PMID- 3184603 TI - Sex dependence of body fat distribution and fluid volumes in hypertension. PMID- 3184604 TI - Hypertension in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3184605 TI - Plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations in essential arterial hypertension. PMID- 3184606 TI - Renovascular responses to angiotensin II in SHR. Effect of prostaglandin synthesis blockade. PMID- 3184607 TI - Early functional effects of various antihypertensive drugs in chronically uremic rats. PMID- 3184608 TI - Early effects of dietary calcium on blood pressure, plasma volume, and vascular reactivity. PMID- 3184609 TI - Influence of sodium dialysate variation on hemodynamic stability. PMID- 3184610 TI - Abnormal parameters of acid-base balance in genetic hypertension. PMID- 3184611 TI - Inducing hyperkalemia by converting enzyme inhibitors and heparin. PMID- 3184612 TI - Role of antihypertensive drugs in the therapy of patients on regular dialysis treatment. PMID- 3184613 TI - Response of isolated renal microvessel and tubule adenylate cyclases to PTH fragments. PMID- 3184614 TI - Role of glucocorticoids in blood pressure regulation. PMID- 3184615 TI - [Clinico-immunologic comparisons of developmental defects of the large intestine in children]. PMID- 3184616 TI - [Esophagocoloplasty in esophageal atresia in newborn and young infants]. PMID- 3184617 TI - [Characteristics of surgical technics in repeat operations on the lungs in children]. PMID- 3184618 TI - [Acute suppurative peritonitis in children]. PMID- 3184619 TI - [Complications following appendectomy in children]. PMID- 3184620 TI - [Indications for surgery and the postoperative treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux in children]. PMID- 3184621 TI - [Treatment of acute testicular diseases in childhood]. PMID- 3184622 TI - [Use of anorectal manometry in studying defecation in children with functional megacolon]. PMID- 3184623 TI - [Experience with the surgical treatment of congenital rectovestibular fistulae in children]. PMID- 3184624 TI - [Pathology due to incomplete involution of the vitelline duct]. PMID- 3184625 TI - [Treatment of intestinal invagination in children]. PMID- 3184626 TI - [Treatment of peritonitis in children using thymalin and metronidazole]. PMID- 3184627 TI - [Lymphotropic antibacterial therapy and the stimulation of lymphatic drainage in the combined treatment of peritonitis in children]. PMID- 3184628 TI - [Endovascular laser irradiation of the blood in the combined treatment of suppurative-septic diseases in children]. PMID- 3184629 TI - [Use of decamethoxine in treating suppurative-inflammatory diseases in children]. PMID- 3184630 TI - [Use of proteolytic enzymes in treating suppurative diseases of the soft tissues in children]. PMID- 3184631 TI - [Use of stent-aided internal drainage in obstructive uropathy in children]. PMID- 3184632 TI - [Results of the surgical treatment of varicocele in children by the Erokhin method]. PMID- 3184633 TI - [Cryogenic treatment method in extensive cavernous hemangioma of the parotid area in children]. PMID- 3184635 TI - [Experience in training interns in pediatric surgery]. PMID- 3184634 TI - [Effect of the type of anesthesia on the blood circulation in the portal vein system of children with portal hypertension during portacaval shunting]. PMID- 3184636 TI - [Surgical treatment of secondary deformities of the anorectal area in children]. PMID- 3184638 TI - [Diagnostic and procedural errors in acute appendicitis in children]. PMID- 3184637 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic procedural miscalculations in treating congenital dilatation of the common bile duct]. PMID- 3184639 TI - [Complication of decompression intubation of the intestines in a 7-year-old child]. PMID- 3184640 TI - [Torsion of a teratoma of the right ovary simulating an appendicular infiltrate]. PMID- 3184641 TI - [Formation of megarectum and megadolichosigmoid in a child with rectoanal dyssynergia]. PMID- 3184642 TI - [A case of congenital shortening of the intestines]. PMID- 3184643 TI - [Meckel's diverticulum causing acute intestinal obstruction]. PMID- 3184644 TI - [Rectal foreign body in a 7-year-old boy]. PMID- 3184645 TI - [A case of combined intestinal obstruction in a child]. PMID- 3184646 TI - [Strangulated internal hernia in a child complicated by intestinal invagination]. PMID- 3184647 TI - [Combination of suppurative and uncomplicated cysts of the omentum majus, phlegmonous appendicitis and ascariasis]. PMID- 3184648 TI - [Incarcerated vermiform appendix in an inguinal hernia in a child]. PMID- 3184649 TI - [Splenic torsion in a 9-year-old child]. PMID- 3184650 TI - [Penetrating wound of the abdomen without damage to the internal organs]. PMID- 3184651 TI - [Penetrating gunshot wound of the abdomen without damage to the internal organs]. PMID- 3184652 TI - [A rare location of a parasitic fetus]. PMID- 3184653 TI - [A case of pheochromocytoma in a child]. PMID- 3184654 TI - [A case of bilateral primary pulmonary echinococcosis in a child with multiple developmental defects]. PMID- 3184655 TI - [Intrauterine penetrating knife wound of the chest]. PMID- 3184656 TI - [A case of testicular torsion in the inguinal canal in a child]. PMID- 3184657 TI - [Torsion of an ovarian cyst combined with phlegmonous appendicitis in a 5-month old girl]. PMID- 3184658 TI - [Gangrene of both legs in chickenpox in a child]. PMID- 3184659 TI - [Disorders of central and regional hemodynamics in patients with acute venous thrombosis and their correction]. PMID- 3184660 TI - [State of the musculo-venous pump of the lower extremities in patients with a recurrence of varicose disease]. PMID- 3184661 TI - [Efficacy of lymphovenous anastomoses in the treatment of lymphedema of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3184662 TI - [Pneumocompression in the complex treatment of patients with lymphedema of the extremities]. PMID- 3184663 TI - [Choice of a method of reconstructive surgery of the deep femoral artery]. PMID- 3184664 TI - [Effect of a modified acupuncture on regional blood flow in obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3184665 TI - [Use of the method of discriminant analysis for the prognosis of early thrombosis of Lavsan vascular prostheses following surgery of occlusions of the iliac arteries]. PMID- 3184666 TI - [State of carbohydrate metabolism and the microcirculation in ischemic muscles of the extremities in embolism of the aorta and the magistral arteries]. PMID- 3184668 TI - [Principles of diagnosis, surgical tactics and the immediate results of surgical treatment of combined disorders of the renal and carotid arteries]. PMID- 3184667 TI - [Increased viscosity of the blood in chronic arterial insufficiency of the extremities and its correction by the method of infusing the patient's own blood irradiated by ultraviolet rays]. PMID- 3184669 TI - [Choice of the method of treatment of the compressive thoracic outlet syndrome]. PMID- 3184670 TI - [Androgenic function of the adrenal glands in patients with severe stages of obliterative arteriosis before and after complex treatment using unilateral resection of the adrenal gland and lumbar sympathectomy]. PMID- 3184671 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of false aneurysms of anastomoses]. PMID- 3184672 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute superficial thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3184673 TI - [Tactics of the surgeon in acute thrombophlebitis of a great saphenous varix of the leg]. PMID- 3184674 TI - [Use of physiotherapy in the treatment of trophic ulcers]. PMID- 3184675 TI - [Surgical treatment of acute embologenic occlusion of the arteries in patients with rheumatic lesions of the mitral valve]. PMID- 3184676 TI - [Endovascular occlusion of the recanalized patent ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 3184677 TI - [Efficacy of intraoperative balloon dilatation of arteries with atherosclerotic occlusion in patients with severe ischemia of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3184678 TI - [Surgical reconstruction of the valves of the deep veins in the femoro-popliteal segment]. PMID- 3184679 TI - [Use of a polarographic method for assessing the state of the peripheral circulation in patients with obliterating diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3184680 TI - [Complex methods of preventing and treating surgical complications of diabetic angiopathy of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3184681 TI - [Evaluation of surgical approaches to the execution of thoracic sympathectomy]. PMID- 3184682 TI - [The rotation forearm flap]. PMID- 3184683 TI - [Objections to the authenticity of the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon]. PMID- 3184684 TI - [Efficacy of noninvasive study methods in assessing the state of the magistral veins in postthrombotic disease]. PMID- 3184686 TI - [Treatment of varicose ulcers]. PMID- 3184685 TI - [Iatrogenic injuries to the magistral vessels during surgery of the extremities]. PMID- 3184687 TI - [The left recurrent nerve compression syndrome during injury to the aorta in a patient with multiple trauma]. PMID- 3184688 TI - [Treatment of a long-standing traumatic arteriovenous aneurysm]. PMID- 3184689 TI - [A rare observation of vasorenal hypertension]. PMID- 3184690 TI - [Amputation of an extremity in obliterative diseases of the abdominal aorta and the magistral arteries of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3184691 TI - [Prevention of infectious complications in vascular surgery]. PMID- 3184692 TI - [Panniculitis]. PMID- 3184693 TI - [A subcutaneous continuous twisted crossing suture for obliteration of varicose veins]. PMID- 3184694 TI - [A device for disobliteration of the vessels in acute and chronic ischemia of the extremities]. PMID- 3184695 TI - [A method of amputating the hip in acute ischemia of the extremities]. PMID- 3184696 TI - [An ampule for conservation of vascular transplants]. PMID- 3184697 TI - [An apparatus for measuring the blood pressure in intramural vessels of hollow organs]. PMID- 3184698 TI - [A device for sanitizing cavities and ducts]. PMID- 3184699 TI - [Surgical treatment of the postthrombotic syndrome at the stage of decompensation of regional blood circulation]. PMID- 3184700 TI - [Immunomodulators in the complex therapy of newborn infants with suppurative surgical infections]. PMID- 3184701 TI - [Radionuclide computed diagnosis of chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis in children]. PMID- 3184702 TI - [The role of nonspecific protective factors in the prognosis of the course of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis]. PMID- 3184703 TI - [Aspiration pneumonia in newborn infants with atresia of the esophagus]. PMID- 3184704 TI - [Prevention and treatment of postoperative wound suppuration in destructive appendicitis and peritonitis in children]. PMID- 3184705 TI - [A method of creating a portacaval anastomosis in patients with portal hypertension]. PMID- 3184707 TI - [Treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of the proximal end of the femur in children]. PMID- 3184706 TI - [Prognosis of the course of abdominal adhesions in children]. PMID- 3184708 TI - [Teratoma of the membranes of a myelocele in a child]. PMID- 3184709 TI - [A rare combination of invagination and a complicated Meckel's diverticulum in a child]. PMID- 3184710 TI - [Long-term results of the treatment of destructive pneumonia in children]. PMID- 3184711 TI - [Destructive pneumonia in children]. PMID- 3184712 TI - [Study of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in bronchopulmonary suppurative diseases in children]. PMID- 3184713 TI - [Varicose disease in children]. PMID- 3184714 TI - [Early radical operations in the correction of anorectal anomalies in children]. PMID- 3184715 TI - [Treatment of injuries to the arteries in children and adolescents]. PMID- 3184716 TI - [Strangulated traumatic diaphragmatic hernias in children]. PMID- 3184717 TI - [Surgical correction of pterygium colli in children with hereditary pathology]. PMID- 3184718 TI - [Pathogenetic substantiation of operative methods in Hirschsprung's disease in children]. PMID- 3184719 TI - [Differential diagnosis of diffuse peritonitis and early adhesive intestinal obstruction following appendectomy in children]. PMID- 3184720 TI - [Surgical treatment of peptic ulcer in adolescents and young adults]. PMID- 3184721 TI - [Indications for the surgical treatment of intestinal invagination in children]. PMID- 3184722 TI - [Risk factors and means of preventing intestinal invagination in children]. PMID- 3184723 TI - [The syndrome of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction]. PMID- 3184724 TI - [Clinico-laboratory characteristics of appendicular peritonitis in children and the principles of antibacterial therapy]. PMID- 3184725 TI - [Immunologic indices in acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs in children]. PMID- 3184726 TI - [Malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract in children]. PMID- 3184727 TI - [Preoperative antibacterial preparation of the large intestine in children with a colostomy]. PMID- 3184728 TI - [Initial forms of hydronephrosis in children]. PMID- 3184729 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of tumors of the liver in children]. PMID- 3184730 TI - [Splenectomy in children]. PMID- 3184731 TI - [Acute destructive cholecystitis in children]. PMID- 3184732 TI - [Treatment of solitary cavitary formations of nonspecific etiology in the lungs of children]. PMID- 3184733 TI - [Treatment of injuries to the wrist bones and joints in children]. PMID- 3184734 TI - [An immuno-test system for determining antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus in osteomyelitis in children]. PMID- 3184735 TI - [Technical aspects of measurement for optically sophisticated eyeglasses]. AB - This paper deals with the question of how aspherical ophthalmic lenses can be measured outside the reference point given by the manufacturer in order to make a lens comparison or to test the shape faithfulness of the lens surface. Three procedures are presented with measuring examples - vertex power measurement with swiveled lens mount, probe scan in a three-coordinate measurement, and interferometer measurement using a non-ideal reference lens. The basic problem inherent in an application-related interpretation of the measuring data sets gained by these methods is shown. PMID- 3184736 TI - [Capsular lesions in extracapsular cataract operation and implantation of posterior chamber lenses]. AB - The present paper reports follow-up findings up to five years postoperatively in 41 cases following capsular-zonular rupture with implantation of a posterior chamber lens after extracapsular cataract extraction. Capsular disruption occurred most frequently (in 32 cases) during cortical aspiration. The capsular defects were localized in the periphery in 18 cases and in the central area in ten. Dialysis of the zonular fibers was seen in 13 cases. The intraocular lens (IOL) was well centered in 30 eyes and slightly off-center in seven. Only two cases with decentered IOLS required surgical centering of the lenses. In two eyes dislocation of the IOL into the vitreous was observed. Cystoid macular edema developed in two cases. In five cases retinal detachment occurred. PMID- 3184737 TI - [Intraocular lens for the correction of myopia of the phakic eye]. AB - A biconcave intraocular lens for the correction of myopia is described and preliminary results are presented. An iris claw-type lens is used as a carrier for the biconcave lens. This lens is fixed in front of the natural lens in the mid-periphery of the iris. It maintains a sufficient distance from both the natural lens and the corneal endothelium. The surgical technique is described in detail and the indications and contraindications are discussed. The authors' results so far are encouraging. PMID- 3184738 TI - [Acute recurrent uveitis and idiopathic interstitial nephritis-- a nosologic entity (tubulo-interstitial nephritis and uveitis)]. AB - So far 34 cases of idiopathic acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU syndrome) have been reported by nephrologists. The patients have mainly been girls and only female adults. The authors describe a 53-year-old woman with this nosological entity, presenting with a granulomatous anterior uveitis and chronic course of nephritis. This is the first such case reported. All other cases described in the literature are compared and an attempt is made to locate the immune deficiency. PMID- 3184740 TI - [Modification of the course of chronic intraocular inflammations by sunlight (Israel study)]. AB - Natural treatment methods are currently becoming more and more interesting, in part due to recent results of experimental and clinical research. It has been shown that light of certain wavelengths has a systemic immunosuppressive effect. It therefore seemed logical to expose patients suffering from chronic iridocyclitis or intermediate (peripheral) uveitis to high doses of solar radiation. Following a stay in Israel (Dead Sea), a transient increase in visual acuity was observed. Inflammatory activity and the number of inflammatory attacks decreased. This could be the first step toward a more "physiological" method of immunosuppression in the treatment of chronic uveitis. PMID- 3184739 TI - [Video fluorescence angiography follow-up of patients with retinal stasis syndrome]. AB - Forty-four patients were examined by video-fluorescein angiography. With the onset of the first symptoms a significant decrease in retinal blood flow was determined by prolonged arteriovenous passage time (AVP) and diminution of mean dye bolus velocity (MDV). No correlation could be found between the extent of impeded retinal perfusion in the acute phase and the severity of the clinical appearance. In 35 of the 44 patients a favorable clinical course was observed. An initially markedly reduced retinal perfusion improved under treatment by isovolemic or hypervolemic hemodilution, fibrinolysis, and panretinal laser coagulation, and remained stationary during the further course of time. Complete normalization of the AVP and the MDV could not be found in any of these patients. Sixteen percent of the patients with retinal stasis syndrome developed hemorrhagic central venous thrombosis. In the authors' opinion videoangiographic follow-up of patients with retinal stasis syndrome is essential for early detection of further-reduced retinal perfusion. It may thus be possible to prevent the transition to hemorrhagic central retinal vein occlusion in these cases by early treatment. PMID- 3184741 TI - [The parapapillary region of normal and glaucoma eyes. I. Planimetric values of 312 glaucoma and 125 normal eyes]. AB - Magnification-corrected planimetry of the parapapillary region was performed according to Littmann's method in 312 unselected eyes with chronic primary open angle glaucoma and in 125 normal eyes of an age- and refraction-matched control group using optic disk photographs. The glaucoma group was divided into five pathomorphologic subgroups. High myopics (less than -8.00 D) and "ocular hypertensives" had been excluded. The coefficient of variation ranged intraindividually from 0.0 to 0.17 and interindividually from 0.0 to 0.16. Two different morphologic variants were defined and examined: 1) Zone "Alpha" with incipient to advanced parapapillary chorio-pigmentepithelio-retinal atrophy - characterized by irregular hypo- and hyperpigmentation - was statistically proven in the control group (0.60 +/- 0.44 mm2; p less than 0.05; Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test) to be smaller than in the glaucoma group (0.81 +/- 0.70 mm2). It increased significantly (p = 0.0000) with advancing glaucoma stage. In the glaucoma and normal group it was broadest in the temporal horizontal sector (p less than 0.001; Wilcoxon test), followed by the temporal lower (p less than 0.001), temporal upper (p less than 0.001) and nasal sectors (p less than 0.001). There was no significant difference in prevalence between the two groups. 2) Zone "Beta" with subtotal to total parapapillary chorio-pigment-epithelio-retinal atrophy was also smaller in the normal eyes (0.18 +/- 0.52 mm2, prevalence: 20.0%; p = 0.0000) than in the glaucomatous ones (0.85 +/- 1.42 mm2, prevalence 66.7%) and was also, in both groups, broadest in the temporal horizontal sector, followed by the temporal lower, temporal upper and nasal sectors. In the control group it was smaller than zone "Alpha" (p less than 0.00001), while in the glaucoma group there was no difference. 3) The difference between normal eyes and earliest glaucoma stage I was for zone "Beta" (p = 0.0000); the difference between the normal eyes and those of glaucoma stage II was significant for both zones (p = 0.0000 and p less than 0.05, respectively). In both groups and in all glaucoma stages both zones were larger in the lower half of the optic disk than in the upper half. 4) "Conus pigmentosus" and the peripapillary scleral rim in normal and glaucomatous eyes showed no significant difference as regards their area and frequency. The parapapillary chorio-pigmentepithelio-retinal alterations are precursors of, or are equivalent to the so-called "halo glaucomatosus".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3184742 TI - [Ocular findings in tick borreliosis]. AB - Tick-transmitted borreliosis is by no means a rare infectious disease. It is found especially in southern parts of Germany. Eyes are seldom affected. The disease can lead to nerve palsy of the eye muscles. One case of panophthalmitis and one of optic disk edema have been described. The authors found a bilateral palsy of the abducens nerve in one patient with tick-transmitted borreliosis. Motility normalized under therapy with highly-dosed penicillin. PMID- 3184743 TI - [Pseudoneuritis pigmentosa in malignant melanoma of the choroid]. AB - In a 65-year-old woman with a choroidal melanoma of the choroid a unilateral pseudoretinitis pigmentosa was detected by ophthalmoscopy. Histological examination revealed a mixed-cell type of malignant melanoma with melanophages and proliferation of pigment epithelium spreading over the inner surface of the retina, with seedings into the vitreous. PMID- 3184745 TI - [The rotating contact glass holder]. AB - A rotating contact lens holder for the three-mirror Goldmann lens permits circular examination of the fundus or chamber angle without having to change the position of the fingers on the edge of the lens. The contact lens holder consists of an outer polygonal ring hold by the thumber and index finger. An inner rotating ring holds the contact lens. Continuous rotation of the contact lens is performed with the free middle Finger. This device permits circular examination of the retina without interruption of fixation. The instrument improves not only the speed but also the reliability of the examination. PMID- 3184744 TI - [A new early symptom of maculopathy in juvenile diabetes?]. AB - This report presents results of fluorescein angiography performed in 37 patients aged from five to 25 years and treated for diabetes for periods varying from two months to 17 years. Symptoms of microangiopathy were found in eight patients; in 18 others, functional disturbances of the macular pigment epithelium appeared in the form of "window defects." The authors stress the possibility of the occurrence of these initial signs of maculopathy even in the first years following onset of diabetes. PMID- 3184746 TI - [Optical consequences of implantation of a negative intraocular lens in myopic patients]. AB - The implantation of a concave intraocular lens (IOL) (Worst-Fechner Biconcave Lens) is a new method of correcting myopia. This paper describes how to compute the effective power of an IOL on the basis of corneal curvature and anterior chamber depth, i.e., which lens will neutralize a specific myopia. The authors also discuss the size of the retinal image of an eye corrected by an intraocular lens as compared to an eye corrected by a spectacle glass. PMID- 3184747 TI - [Pseudo- "toxic lens" syndrome over the course of 4 years caused by staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis]. AB - A 79-year-old female patient presented with recurrent severe iridocyclitis after extracapsular cataract extraction and implantation of a PMMA posterior chamber lens in 1983: In April, June, July, September, October and December 1984 as well as April and August 1985 and January and April 1987, the uveitis appeared without a hypopyon and was diagnosed as a "toxic lens syndrome". Consequently, IOL explantation followed by anti-inflammatory and - intermittently - immunosuppressive therapy was performed in October 1984 with a resulting improvement in vision. In June 1987, the patient presented with a full-blown bacterial endophthalmitis, which required immediate pars plana vitrectomy. Lens cortex material and capsule residues were removed. Staphylococcus epidermidis was cultured from the vitreous aspirate using enrichment techniques. Antibiotic topical and systemic therapy was performed according to the antibiotic sensitivity test and resulted in a complete cure of the intraocular inflammation. PMID- 3184748 TI - [Coagulation therapy of senile macular degenerations. I. Avascular pigment epithelium detachments]. AB - The fluorescein angiograms and visual acuity of 74 patients with avascular pigment epithelium detachment in age-related maculopathy were studied retrospectively. Thirty patients had received photocoagulation treatment, and 44 patients had been kept under observation without treatment. With regard to initial visual acuity, age, and follow-up time the two groups were statistically similar. After a mean follow-up time of four years no significant difference was found between the two groups as regards ultimate visual acuity (P = 0.9) or in the comparison between initial and ultimate visual acuity (P = 0.7). A deterioration in visual acuity was recorded in approximately two-thirds of the patients in both groups, while one-third showed improved or unchanged vision. Only in patients with an initial visual acuity better than 0.6 could this prognosis be significantly improved by coagulation therapy (p = 0.05). Higher age at onset and longer follow-up times are both unfavorable factors as regards the prognosis and cannot be influenced by photocoagulation treatment. PMID- 3184749 TI - [The Aulhorn flicker test. I: Concomitant neuritis in malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukodystrophy]. AB - Cases of optic nerve involvement in malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multifocal progressive leukodystrophy are reported. In both patients an optic neuropathy was diagnosed secondary to infiltration of the optic nerve and the Aulhorn flicker test was positive. Pathological and neurophysiological conditions which yield a positive flicker test are discussed in the light of these findings. PMID- 3184750 TI - [Eye position and function following late surgical correction of consecutive strabismus following primary tenotomy]. AB - Even in patients with consecutive strabismus who had a partial or total tenotomy 10 to 50 years ago, reoperation is worthwhile. In 73% of the author's cases the squint angle was reduced to between -5% degrees and +5 degrees postoperatively; adduction or abduction were improved or normalized in 66%, convergence in 20%. In 29% simultaneous vision on a normal or slightly abnormal basis was achieved. Following dissection of scars and adhesions the tonotomied muscle was advanced and in some cases resected. If the squint angle was large, the antagonist was also recessed. In addition to preoperative diagnosis, which included prolonged compensation with prisms, the indication was affected by intraoperative findings. PMID- 3184751 TI - [Results of nuclear magnetic resonance tomography studies in endocrine orbitopathy]. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (T1- and T2-weighted) was performed in 65 patients with Graves' disease. In addition, T2 relaxation times of each ocular muscle were measured. Of the muscles thus studied, 54.8% showed a thickening in coronary tomograms. An interaction between the optic nerve and the thickened ocular muscles at the apex of the orbit was suspected in 30.1%. It could not be confirmed that the thickening of the muscles and the T2 value were related. However, there was a high correlation between the rise in intraocular pressure and the T2 relaxation time. These results imply that the T2 relaxation time is extremely useful in interpreting the activity of Graves' disease and provide a diagnostic tool of prognostic value in monitoring and treating this disease. PMID- 3184752 TI - [Anesthesia for eye operations in mitochondrial encephalomyelopathy]. AB - Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy involves a disturbance of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, as a result of which the blood lactate level is elevated. In stress situations a lactate acidosis can occur. The disease may be subdivided into three main syndromes: Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KKS), "myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibers syndrome" (MERRF), and "mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and strokelike episodes syndrome" (MELAS). There are also several intermediate forms. Ophthalmological symptoms are frequent and occasionally have to be treated surgically. A 20-year-old male patient with a mixed form of these syndromes including elements of KSS and MERRF had to undergo cataract extraction. The authors decided to perform the operation under local anesthesia and sedation, with the anesthetist on standby. No problems arose. In all cases where mitochondrial encephalomyopathy is suspected the diagnosis should be confirmed by a muscle biopsy and the risk of cardiac arrest, respiratory insufficiency, and epileptic seizures ruled out prior to surgery. Local anesthesia with sedation appears to be the most favorable form of anesthesia provided the maximum dose is observed and a substance with a high convulsion threshold is chosen. Perioperative monitoring by an anesthetist and temporary provision of a cardiac pacemaker are necessary.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184753 TI - [Parapapillary region in normal and glaucoma eyes. II. Correlation of planimetric findings to intrapapillary, perimetry and general data]. AB - The planimetric values of the parapapillary region in 312 unselected eyes with chronic primary open-angle glaucoma and 125 normal eyes of an age-/and refraction matched control group were correlated to the intrapapillary, perimetric, and general data of these eyes. High myopics (less than -8.00 D) and "ocular hypertensives" were excluded. Zone "Alpha" and "Beta" incipient to advanced or subtotal to total parapapillary chorio-pigmentepithelioretinal atrophy) were significantly correlated (p less than 0.001) to: 1) area and width of the neuroretinal rim as a whole and in four different optic disk sectors; 2) cup area; 3) horizontal and vertical c/d ratios; 4) glaucoma stage; 5) age, and 6) refraction. Zone "Beta" was additionally correlated to the perimetric indices. Its correlation coefficients were generally higher than those of zone "Alpha." Sex and side showed no significant relationships. Divided into four different radial sectors, both zones "Alpha" and "Beta" were significantly larger (p less than 0.001) the smaller the neuroretinal rim area (intrapapillary) in the same sector was. Additionally, zone "Beta" was significantly (p less than 0.001) most often largest in the sector where the rim area was smallest. Thus, besides the temporal there was also a spatial correlation between the intrapapillary and parapapillary glaucomatous alterations. "Conus pigmentosus" and the peripapillary scleral rim showed no significant glaucoma-associated correlations and are thus without importance for quantified optic disk evaluation in glaucoma. Zones "Alpha" and "Beta", as regions of early to advanced of subtotal to total parapapillary, chorio-pigmentepithelioretinal atrophy, are not only chronologically but also spatially correlated to intrapapillary glaucomatous changes and are important in optic disk evaluation in glaucoma. PMID- 3184755 TI - [Cotton thread method for measuring tear secretion, suitable for soft contact lens wearers (method no. 3)]. AB - Two methods of measuring lacrimation with a cotton thread and fluorescein have been described hitherto. Method 3 is intended for testing lacrimal flow in wearers of soft contact lenses. Fluorescent paper can be used to facilitate the measuring procedure. The method has been shown to be reliable in numerous control tests on subjects with normal eyes and in comparisons with the authors' methods 1 and 2. With the test, values of less than 5 mm indicate severe lacrimal deficiencies. PMID- 3184754 TI - [Aeromonas hydrophila dacryocystitis. Case report]. AB - The present paper reports on a case of severe dacryocystitis with a dacryolith, caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. On the basis of this case the authors show that a therapy effective in vitro does not lead to elimination of bacteria in all cases, so that further therapeutic considerations are necessary. PMID- 3184756 TI - [Pacemaker therapy in children]. AB - Between 1975 and June 1987 55 children underwent first permanent pacemaker (PM) implantation. The patients' age at time of implantation ranged between 1 month and 17 1/2 years (mean 5 5/12 years). In all cases - except a 17 years old girl who received a transvenous endocardial lead - only epicardial screw-in electrodes were used. Only VVI-PM have been implanted. In 84% the indication for implantation was post-surgical brady-arrhythmia, in 16% it was an inborn or acquired disturbance of the conducting system. With our patients we have a survey of 2603 months of PM implantation. During this period 14 children underwent totally 20 revisions, in 50% the electrode was the cause of failure. The interval between two revisions calculated as a quotient from months of PM implantation and number of revisions has increased significantly during the last years and amounts now to 130 months. The relative low incidence of revisions is in our opinion mostly related to the nearly exclusive use of epicardial leads. PMID- 3184757 TI - [Long-term ambulatory EEG in pediatrics. Possibilities and limitations]. AB - 36 children aged 7 +/- 4 years with suspected seizure disorders had insufficient routine EEGs. After 54 long term EEG registrations the diagnosis and therapy had to be changed in 12 children, in 7 of them the frequency of epileptiform attacks therefore decreased. In 3 children with marked attention deficit in history during daytime and nighttime bedwetting the long term EEG showed mainly very short 3/sec spike and wave discharges (duration 0.5-2 sec). It is discussed that these bursts are EEG equivalents of attention deficit and bedwetting respectively, which disappeared by anticonvulsive treatment. Because the application of this method is very tedious we recommend the use of long term EEG recordings in children only under the following circumstances: 1. suspected attacks of seizures or episodic disturbances of behaviour and/or attention and/or enuresis at least twice a week; 2. lack of three conclusive routine EEG recordings despite of provocation procedures with full cooperation of the patient; 3. follow-up when initially abnormal. Our results are in favour of the more frequent use of a long term EEG in children having the above mentioned episodic disturbances. PMID- 3184758 TI - [Scheduled urine collection using disposable diapers with an acoustic signal emitter]. AB - Usually, urine is collected from infants by means of a urine bag. This procedure has some disadvantages, as it can cause discomfort and may even be painful for the child if repeated application of the bags is necessary. Correct placement is difficult for parents or other untrained people and bag displacement is common especially in older mobile children. Urine collection with disposable diapers followed by urine extraction for analysis might be a simple alternative procedure especially for field studies. Urine output is measured by weighing the diapers. A moisture sensor with a sound signal indicates the moment of urination. Stool contaminated diapers must not be excluded from urine collection, if the stool is quickly removed after defecation using diaper liners. Wet diapers are sealed in plastic bags and may be stored at -20 degrees C until extraction. With a hydraulic press urine is extracted from the diapers for measuring concentrations of urinary constituents. After extracting urine after 1 hour and 10 hours contact time only the pH falls significantly. Concentrations of the other constituents tested (creatinine, urea, phosphorus, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride) and total osmolality are not effected. After freezing the wet diapers for storage osmolality and the concentration of creatinine tend to be slightly lower. For clinical practice these effects can be neglected. However, they must be considered using this urine collection method in research.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184759 TI - Intracranial hemangiopericytoma in a child. AB - Hemangiopericytoma in the central nervous system is a rare tumor occurring predominantly in supratentorial sites. Classification may be confusing because the tumor may mimic the histological pattern of other vascular neoplasms. The particular feature of hemangiopericytoma are pericytes of blood vessels; they distinguish it as a separate and distinct tumor. The case of a 3 3/4-year-old child with a 3 3/4-year course is reported with a tumor in the middle fossa, the diencephalon, and the brainstem. The cystic tumor was resected twice. The child is presently alive with neurological deficit. The clinical, radiographic and histological findings are presented. The role of aggressive surgical treatment is emphasized. PMID- 3184760 TI - Evaluation of the clonidine-suppression test in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. AB - In this study we examined the preoperative value of the clonidine-suppression test in 15 patients with surgically proved pheochromocytomas. The result of the clonidine-suppression test was pathological (epinephrine plus norepinephrine above 500 ng/l 3 h after clonidine) in 10 of 15 patients (66%). These patients had relatively large tumors and higher basal norepinephrine plasma levels. Out of the 5 cases without a pathological clonidine test 4 had normal basal plasma catecholamine levels with the result that the clonidine test could not be properly applied and 1 case produced a false negative result. These 5 cases generally had smaller tumors and lower plasma catecholamine levels. Two of these cases had basally raised epinephrine values. The other three cases had either a paradoxical increase or a suspiciously low fall (less than 25%) in norepinephrine within the normal range. We conclude that the clonidine-suppression test is only reliable for the diagnosis of relatively large pheochromocytomas. PMID- 3184761 TI - Left ventricular relaxation and filling pattern in diabetic heart muscle disease: an echocardiographic study. AB - In order to study left ventricular function digitized M-mode-echocardiograms were analyzed. 34 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (mean age 37.8 years, mean diabetes history 21.5 years) were compared with 35 healthy individuals (mean age 40.9 years). Only patients with negative exercise-ECG, normal 2-D-echocardiogram and normal systemic arterial blood pressure were enclosed. In diabetics the time-constant Te of free wall endocardial retraction was significantly prolonged (76.8 +/- 21.2 ms versus 64.0 +/- 7.9 ms in normals, p less than 0.005), the dimension change during early diastole (dD DS-ERF) was significantly reduced (54.5 +/- 13.1% versus 69.8 +/- 9% in normals, p less than 0.001) and the dimension change during atrial contraction phase (dD ACP) was significantly enlarged (23.4 +/- 14.4% versus 14.3 +/- 6.4% in normals, p less than 0.001). These data suggest that impaired left ventricular diastolic function can be found in patients with long standing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3184763 TI - The clinical course of lung metastases from breast cancer. AB - The clinical course of 50 breast cancer patients whose first metastases were found in the lungs was investigated. 18 months after the start of primary treatment 50% of the patients had developed pulmonary metastases (range: 0-81 months). In 23% of patients a solitary, and in 68% more than one, lung metastases were detected. After a median time of 4 months, in 56% of patients the disease had spread to further organs with bone (25%) and liver (17%) being the most frequent sites. First line management of lung metastases employed surgery, endocrine treatment, chemotherapy or a combination of these modalities. In 24% of patients a complete response was achieved, and in 11% a partial response, with an overall response rate of 35%. Median survival from detection of lung metastases was 13 months (range 4-123+). Patients with only a solitary lung metastasis survived for a median of 11.5 months as compared to 10.5 months for patients with more than one pulmonary metastases. Patients with a disease-free interval of more than 18 months survived significantly longer than patients with a disease-free survival of 18 months or less. PMID- 3184762 TI - [Acute myocardial infarct: myosin-light-chain liberation and ventricular function]. AB - Infarct size can be estimated noninvasively by analysis of circulating CK-MB and/or cardiac myosin light chains. To investigate whether myosin light chains release is correlated with the impairment of left ventricular function in acute myocardial infarction, this marker protein was determined by liquid phase radioimmunoassay in serial blood samples of 25 patients. Likewise CK-MB was measured in the same blood samples. From the serum concentration changes the cumulative appearance was calculated as an estimate of infarct size. Left ventricular end diastolic pressure, global and regional ejection fraction were measured immediately and 3 weeks after admission. Particularly during the chronic phase of myocardial infarction a close correlation was found between serological estimates of infarct size and impairment of left ventricular function. The cumulative appearance of myosin light chains was superior to CKMB in assessing the hemodynamic impact of myocardial infarction in the acute and chronic stage. Therefore, myosin light chains are an appropriate serological indicator for the hemodynamic significance of myocardial infarction during the acute and chronic stage and might allow an assessment of the patients' risk. PMID- 3184765 TI - [Kidney replacement in diabetic nephropathy]. PMID- 3184764 TI - Complement activation in patients with renal failure as detected through the quantitation of fragments of the complement proteins C3, C5, and factor B. AB - Using sensitive and highly specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays fragments of the complement proteins C3, C5, and factor B were quantitated in patients with renal failure. During hemodialysis on new cuprophan membranes raised levels not only of C3a, but in addition of activated C3, C5a, and Ba were demonstrated. In patients with chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease plasma concentrations of Ba and activated C3 were markedly elevated independent of hemodialysis. This finding is taken as an indication of a continuous recruitment of the alternative pathway of complement in these patients. As the detected complement protein fragments are known to exert immune regulatory functions these findings may imply that these peptides are involved in the maintenance of the immune suppressed state in renal failure. PMID- 3184766 TI - [Renal and enteral elimination of coproporphyrin isomers in Rotor's syndrome. A family study]. AB - Urinary and fecal total, isomer I, and isomer III coproporphyrin excretion of a Rotor's syndrome patient and his family were determined. The propositus showed increased urinary total coproporphyrin excretion (248 micrograms/24 h) and a shift of the coproporphyrin isomer I/III relation (70%/30%). The propositus's father and two siblings also had elevated renal excretion of coproporphyrin I. Total coproporphyrin excretion was enhanced only in the propositus's father and one sibling, while being normal in another sibling. All family members that could be investigated showed considerably decreased fecal porphyrin excretion. In Rotor's syndrome porphyrin excretion is mainly renal. The coproporphyrin isomer I/III relation is shifted towards isomer I. Phenotypically normal relatives with normal bilirubin plasma levels may have alterations in both their renal and enteral coproporphyrin excretion. PMID- 3184768 TI - Research Council on Smoking and Health 1984-1987. Symposium. April 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3184767 TI - [The Huber needle as a special cannula for the puncture of implanted ports and pumps--a mistake in multiple variations]. AB - Huber-point needles, which are thought to be noncoring, are usually recommended for puncture of implanted drug-delivery devices, such as ports and pumps. Nevertheless, we found occlusion by silicone chips deriving from the silicone inlet septum to be a major technical complication. Electron microscopic investigations demonstrated substantial loss of material from the port membrane after repeated puncture with this type of needle. During an in vitro test, multiple puncture with Huber-type cannulas led to a pressure-dependent leakage of a port after only 150 to 750 insertions of a needle. In addition, the forces necessary for puncture or for withdrawal of the needle were increased with Huber point needles, possibly due to a coring effect. Another disadvantage of the available port needles is the formation of a hook at the tip, which may lead to additional lesion of the port or pump membrane. In our opinion, resterilization of Huber needles, recommended by the manufactures, is not advisable, because it is well known that safe sterilization of small lumina, e.g., the lumen of the needle, is impossible. PMID- 3184769 TI - Metabolism of benz(a)anthracene catalyzed by liver microsomes of untreated and nicotine-pretreated rats. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to determine whether nicotine causes an induction or alteration of rat liver microsomal monooxygenases (cytochromes P 450) involved in the metabolism and activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. After 2, 4, and 10 days of continuous nicotine treatment (16.8 mg/day) neither an increase of benz(a)anthracene metabolism nor an alteration of the metabolite pattern could be observed in comparison to controls. Moreover, there was no significant change of cytochrome P-450 content or benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylation rates. In further control experiments the inducibility of the rats was tested by pretreatment with benzo(k)fluoranthene. As expected, this treatment resulted in a high increase of metabolism and the formation of the ultimate carcinogen as well as other metabolites of benz(a)anthracene due to the induction corresponding to isocytochrome P-450. For nicotine it can be concluded that this alkaloid cannot cause qualitative or quantitative changes of normal rat liver cytochromes P-450. PMID- 3184771 TI - Interaction of nicotine with anticancer treatment. AB - Investigations on the in vivo interaction of nicotine and antineoplastic agents were prompted by the observation that nicotine lowered the carcinogenicity of the alkylating agent methylnitrosourea (MNU) in rats. Since alkylating agents play an important role as antitumor drugs, nicotine may influence the anticancer activity of anticancer drugs, especially alkylating agents. Two tumor models were selected: (a) autochthonous, MNU-induced mammary carcinoma and (b) transplanted rat leukemia L5222. The antitumor drugs investigated were cyclophosphamide (CPA) and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitroso-3-(2-hydroxyethyl) urea (HECNU). Nicotine was administered continuously by Alzet-osmotic minipumps, at a dose of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg daily. Under these conditions the observed nicotine and cotinine plasma levels approximated levels measured in heavy smokers (nicotine peak level, 47 ng/ml; cotinine peak level, 635 ng/ml). In MNU-induced autochthonous mammary carcinoma, a solid hormone-dependent tumor, the combination of HECNU and nicotine yielded greater tumor inhibition than HECNU alone. The anticancer activity of CPA on transplanted L5222-leukemia, on the other hand, was decreased by continuous infusion of nicotine. The interpretation of both results has to take into account the following possibilities of nicotine action: influence on (a) microcirculation, (b) cell proliferation, (c) membrane transport, (d) metabolism of cytotoxic drugs, and (e) hormonal milieu. The results demonstrate that nicotine is able to influence the outcome of antitumor treatment. The mechanism of interaction needs clarification. Additionally, further combination studies with other classes of cytotoxic drugs are warranted. PMID- 3184772 TI - Effect of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on the function and morphology of the salivary glands. AB - The effect of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on the function and the morphology of the salivary glands was studied. In smokers and drinkers there was a significantly reduced flow rate of parotid and submandibular saliva. The protein excretion in both secretions was significantly lowered. A reduced salivary flow rate and a lowered protein output also were found in rats that has been fed a liquid diet containing 36% of total calories as ethanol for 90 days. The parotid glands in these animals showed an impressive fatty degeneration. Additionally there was atrophy of the acinar cells. Rats in which nicotine was administrated orally via the drinking water (100 ml/l) did not show a reduction of salivary flow rate. However, salivary protein excretion was significantly lowered. The parotid glands of these animals showed a swelling of the acinar cells and an increase in the total number of intraacinar secretory granula. Most of these granula were immature light ones containing only small concentrations of glycoprotein, while the number of mature dark granula which contain high concentrations of glycoprotein was drastically reduced. The observed functional and morphological alterations reflect an exhaustion of salivary glands due to a nicotine-mediated chronic secretory stimulation. The results of this study indicate that mainly ethanol and to a lesser extent nicotine after chronic consumption cause severe morphological and functional alterations. PMID- 3184770 TI - The genetic variation and the expression of human glutathione transferase mu. AB - A glutathione transferase from human leukocytes (GT-tSBO) with high activity towards trans-stilbene oxide has now been found to correspond to the hepatic class Mu glutathione transferase. This class, Mu, of transferase(s) has been found in high concentration in liver, kidney, and adrenal gland, judged by he activity of GT-tSBO. This activity is only found in some individuals, approximately 46%. By using a cDNA clone derived from class Mu transferase(s) from mouse, it is suggested that this enzyme is not transcribed, depending on a deletion (of a part) of a gene in those individuals that are lacking the activity towards tSBO. PMID- 3184773 TI - Stimulation of submucosal glands by nicotine applied locally to the airway mucosa. AB - Chronic bronchitis is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus and is caused by cigarette smoking. We investigated the effect of nicotine on mucus secretion from tracheal submucosal glands, applying nicotine to the airway mucosa in vitro. We anesthetized 50 ferrets with pentobarbital (66 mg/kg), excised their tracheae and mounted tracheal segments in Ussing chambers. We added 50 microCi Na(2)35SO4 (35S) to the submucosal side and determined nondialyzable 35S in medium collected from the luminal side at 15 min intervals. Nicotine was a powerful stimulant of mucus secretion with threshold effects at 10(-5) M and peak effects at 3 x 10(-4) M. Percentage increases were the same for males and females, but absolute increases in mucus secretion were significantly larger in males than in females. Luminal nicotine was more effective than submucosal nicotine, especially when nicotine bitartrate was used (increase above baseline, 150 +/- 54 vs 22 +/- 12 cpm/15 min, 10(-4) M, n = 4, bitartrate). Effects of luminal nicotine sulfate were larger than those of luminal nicotine bitartrate (303 +/- 88 vs 120 +/- 38 cpm/15 min, P less than 0.05, n = 6, 10(-4) M). Two applications of nicotine 1.5 h apart had similar effects up to 3 x 10(-5) M. At higher concentrations the second response was significantly weaker than the first (tachyphylaxis). Secretory effects of nicotine were prevented completely by atropine and were reduced significantly by hexamethonium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184774 TI - Effect of systemic nicotine on mucus secretion from tracheal submucosal glands and on cardiovascular, pulmonary, and hematologic variables. AB - To investigate effects of systemic nicotine on mucus secretion from tracheal submucosal glands we anesthetized 13 ferrets (5 male, 8 female; average weight 1138 +/- 469 g, mean +/- SD) with pentobarbital (initial dose, 62 +/- 26, total dose, 90 +/- 26 mg/kg), cannulated the jugular vein for i.v. application of infusions and drugs and cannulated the femoral artery for determination of blood pressure, heart rate, blood cells, and blood gases. We opened the thorax, cannulated the trachea 1 cm above the carina and ventilated the lungs through the lower airways with a Harvard respirator. We placed an electromagnetic flow probe around the ascending aorta for measurement of cardiac output. We measured transpulmonary pressure as tracheal pressure with a strain gauge transducer. We created an isolated segment of trachea between the larynx and the tracheal cannula. We perfused the segment with medium M-199 containing 30 microCi/ml Na(2)35SO4 (35S) and we injected 100 microCi 35S intravenously. After 90 min we drained the radioactive solution from the luminal side and replaced it with nonradioactive medium which we collected at 5-min intervals for determination of nondialyzable radioactivity. At 25 min we injected nicotine sulfate (5 x 10(-7) 10(-5) M/kg) and continued to collect the perfusate every 5 min. Systemic nicotine had profound effects on circulatory and ventilatory variables and on gland secretion. Initial hypertension was followed by bradycardia and a fall in blood pressure and cardiac output.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184775 TI - Trans-3'-hydroxycotinine--a main metabolite in smokers. AB - Trans-3'-hydroxycotinine was found to be a main metabolite of nicotine in smokers. It is the most abundant among all nicotine metabolites, if the total urine is collected over 7 consecutive days of smoking and 5 following days without smoking. Its steady-state blood plasma concentration on the 6th day of smoking is second only to cotinine. In the experiments nine habitual smokers smoked 19 cigarettes per day on 7 days of smoking. Three runs were carried out with three types of cigarettes which differed in mainstream nicotine. After oral administration of 30 mg trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, the cumulative excretion rates of two subjects were 81% and 93% of the unchanged compound, respectively. PMID- 3184776 TI - Nicotine-induced release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y in guinea pig heart. AB - The effect of nicotine on the release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y was investigated in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts (Langendorff technique). Endogenous noradrenaline, dihydroxyphenylglycol (both determined by high pressure liquid chromatography) and neuropeptide Y (determined by radioimmunoassay) were measured in the coronary venous effluent following the addition of nicotine to the perfusate. Nicotine (2 microM to 2 mM) dose-dependently increased both noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y overflow, and the release of both transmitters was closely correlated (r = 0.81). Despite ongoing nicotine administration noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y levels returned to basal values within 6 min of continuous nicotine administration indicating rapid tachyphylaxis to the effect of nicotine. The nicotine-induced release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y required the presence of extracellular calcium, and the release of both substances was suppressed by hexamethonium or by low concentrations of the inhibitors of the neuronal noradrenaline uptake (uptake1) desipramine and nisoxetine. Nicotine did not result in a significant release of the noradrenaline metabolite dihydroxyphenylglycol which was utilized as an indicator of free axoplasmic amine levels. The close correlation between noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y release, its calcium dependence, and the lack of dihydroxyphenylglycol overflow are in agreement with the concept of a common and exocytotic release of noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y induced by nicotine. PMID- 3184777 TI - Blood platelet function after chronic treatment of rats and guinea pigs with nicotine. AB - To establish whether long-term application of nicotine can at all alter thrombocyte function, the alkaloid was administered to rats and guinea pigs for up to 8 weeks, using subcutaneously implanted ALZET minipumps. These two species were examined, since rat platelets are known to possess both alpha 2- and beta 2 adrenoceptors, whereas guinea pig platelets have practically none of either type. Platelet activity was assessed ex vivo by determining rates of ADP-induced aggregation and by applying a new in vitro technique giving a measure of primary hemostasis. Nicotine in doses of 2 mg/kg/day (rats) and 10 mg/kg/day (guinea pigs), continuously applied over 8 weeks, yielded alkaloid plasma levels in the respective species in the same range as found for smokers. This chronic in vivo pretreatment had no discernible effect on platelet function. However, platelets from rats having received the higher dose of 10 mg nicotine/kg/day for 8 weeks required a significantly higher concentration of ADP to induce the half-maximal rate of aggregation. Concomitantly, the in vitro determined bleeding time doubled. The nicotine-induced decrease in platelet sensitivity towards ADP could be prevented by simultaneously treating the rats with the beta-blocker propranolol. Adrenaline applied chronically to rats for 8 weeks stimulated platelet response instead of mimicking nicotine effects. The unexpected inhibition of rat platelet function at higher alkaloid-dosage thus seems to be an indirect nicotine action, mediated via platelet beta-adrenoceptors. Since chronic treatment with adrenaline did not exert such an effect, the action of nicotine may, rather, be attributed to increases in endogenous noradrenaline. These results could explain varying responses of human blood platelets in smokers. PMID- 3184778 TI - The effect of an acute nicotine infusion on the local cerebral glucose utilization of the awake rat. AB - The effect of acute infusion of nicotine on local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was studied in discrete regions of the central nervous system of the rat by means of the quantitative autoradiographic (14C)2-deoxy-D-glucose method described by Sokoloff et al. Nicotine was administered in three dosages: 0.5 microgram/kg/min, 1.58 micrograms/kg/min, and 5 micrograms/kg/min. The resulting plasma concentrations of nicotine were 10/39/114 ng/ml plasma. During the experiment blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, hematocrit, acid-base status, and plasma glucose concentration showed no or minor changes. Nicotine significantly increased LCGU in a dose-dependent manner in the following 9 of 45 examined structures: substantia nigra (compact part), superior colliculus (superficial grey layer), interpeduncular nucleus and cingulate cortex (P less than 0.01); lateral geniculate body, optic chiasm, anteroventral and anteromedial nucleus of thalamus and mamillary body (P less than 0.05). For most of these structures with increased LCGU, other investigators have reported a high regional receptor binding of nicotine (exception: mamillary body and optic chiasm). It is concluded that nicotine has distinct effects on the functional activity of localized brain areas. PMID- 3184779 TI - Pharmacokinetics of nicotine, cotinine, and 3'-hydroxycotinine in cigarette smokers. AB - The trans-isomer of 3'-hydroxycotinine has recently been identified as a major metabolite of nicotine in urine of cigarette smokers. We, therefore, investigated the pharmacokinetics of 3'-hydroxycotinine in six male smokers after intravenous infusion of nicotine, cotinine, and 3'-hydroxycotinine. Serum concentrations of 3'-hydroxycotinine were lower than those of cotinine throughout the observation period of 60 h after infusion of nicotine or cotinine, whereas the amounts excreted in the urine were similar or higher than those of cotinine. The following means and ranges for the pharmacokinetic parameters were derived from the 3'-hydroxycotinine infusion experiment: half-life (t1/2 beta) = 5.9 (4.2-9.5) h; apparent volume of distribution (Vd) = 0.87 (0.51-1.14) l/kg; total clearance (Cl total) = 1.79 (1.08-2.59) ml/min/kg; renal clearance (Clr) = 1.31 (0.85-1.78) ml/min/kg; percentage of renal clearance (Clr/Cl total) = 75.4 +/- 12.8 (60.3 98.2). The high percentage of renal clearance suggests that further metabolization of this compound is limited. No evidence for a mutagenic activity of 3'-hydroxycotinine or of urine extracts from subjects dosed with hydroxycotinine was found with the S. typhimurium (TA 98) microsome assay. PMID- 3184781 TI - Effects of smoking on mental performance and vegetative functions in high and low CO absorbing smokers. AB - The present study investigated effects of smoking on mental performance and concomitant psychophysiological reactions in smokers differing in the strength of their habit. Toward this goal performance in two 30-min rapid information processing (RIP) trials separated by a 10-min smoking period was compared among preselected high and low CO absorbing smokers, nonsmokers, and smokers not allowed to smoke (n = 12 per group). Heart rate, finger pulse amplitude, and respiratory frequency were continuously recorded throughout the experimental sessions in order to assess physiological arousal and to estimate nicotine absorption through smoking. The RIP test consisted in the detection (button pressing) of triads of odd or even digits out of a series of single digits presented in a subject-paced manner on a screen in a pseudorandom sequence. Performance significantly increased from the first to the second trial in all groups, and this increase tended to be greater in both the high and low CO absorbers than in the two control groups. The similar development of RIP in the low and high CO absorbers is contrasted by differential vegetative responses to smoking. Smoking increased heart rate and respiratory frequency and produced peripheral vasoconstriction in the high CO absorbers only, suggesting the absorption of nicotine, whereas no nicotinic effects were noted in the low CO absorbers. The results are discussed in the light of the observed dissociation between psychological and physiological effects of smoking in the two groups of smokers, and the possibly differential role of nicotine for smoking motivation in the two groups. PMID- 3184780 TI - The Eberbach/Wiesloch Study: lipoprotein profiles of 35- to 49-year-old men and women. AB - Plasma lipid- and lipoprotein profiles of a representative sample of men and women aged 35 to 49 years in the Federal Republik of Germany were investigated. Mean plasma cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and phospholipid levels were significantly higher in men than in women. An extensive investigation of plasma lipoproteins, including measurement of all major apolipoproteins and lipids in each density class revealed profound sex differences in the distribution and composition of lipoproteins. In men mean plasma levels of VLDL-cholesterol (33.20 mg/dl) and of VLDL-triglycerides (155 mg/dl) were three times as high as in women (11.38 mg/dl and 50.08 mg/dl, respectively). The relative amount of triglyceride was 15% higher in VLDL of men, due to decreased relative amounts of VLDL phospholipids. Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) were significantly higher in men. Men had also higher levels of Apo B in low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Interestingly, LDL-cholesterol levels of men and women were not significantly different. Women had more high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and the absolute and relative amounts of HDL2-cholesterol were significantly higher in women. In summary, besides well-known sex differences in plasma lipid levels, sex-specific differences in the levels of certain plasma lipoproteins were observed. The most important finding was that the composition of the lipoproteins showed profound differences between men and women. With regard to risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, women have more favorable lipoprotein profiles than men. These data may provide a basis for further investigations on alterations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles in respect to risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. PMID- 3184782 TI - Cardiovascular, electrocortical, and behavioral effects of nicotine chewing gum. AB - The cardiovascular, electrocortical, and behavioral effects of orally administered nicotine during rapid information processing were assessed in deprived female smokers. In a pre-post treatment design, 10 subjects received a 4 mg nicotine chewing gum and 10 subjects a placebo. The mental task required the subjects to watch single digits presented in a pseudorandom order on a screen and to press a button whenever the last three digits were either odd or even. The presentation rate decreased after each error and increased after each correct response and was used as the index of performance. Event-related brain potentials (ERP) to each of the three digits of the correctly answered triads were analyzed. The ERPs showed a distinct CNV potential for the second digit only (expectancy) and a P300 response for the third digit only (response decision). The mean EEG power spectrum was computed for each 5-min resting period, set before each trial and at the end of the session. A single administration of 4-mg nicotine chewing gum was followed by heart rate increase, acrodermal vasoconstriction, increase in theta and alpha frequency, decrease in delta power, and increase in the CNV magnitude. However, the chewing gum neither increased performance or reaction time nor decreased any ERP latencies or amplitudes, as has been reported after cigarette smoking. PMID- 3184784 TI - [Hemodilution and autologous transfusion methods. Physiologic, clinical and transfusion medicine aspects]. PMID- 3184783 TI - Inhibitory effect of nicotine on benzo(a)pyrene elimination and marked pulmonary metabolism of nicotine in isolated perfused rat lung. AB - Concomitant administration of nicotine to the perfusion medium of an isolated perfused rat lung decreased the pulmonary elimination of benzo(a)pyrene entering the lung by vascular access. This inhibitory effect of nicotine was observed at a concentration of 0.5 microM nicotine in the perfusion medium. The elimination half-life of benzo(a)pyrene given as a bolus to establish an initial concentration of 1 microM in the perfusate was increased by a factor of about 3 after the addition of nicotine at 60 min of perfusion. A comparably high increase of the benzo(a)pyrene steady-state concentration was observed during constant infusion experiments when nicotine as the interfering substrate was infused parallelly after a control period of 60 min. In perfused rat lungs the rate of metabolism of nicotine given as a bolus (initial concentration of 0.5 microM) was comparable to the rate in isolated rat livers for 5,6-benzoflavone, oil or saline pretreated animals. Induction of cytochrome P-450 by pretreatment of the rats with phenobarbital caused an eightfold increase of the nicotine clearance in isolated livers, whereas the pulmonary nicotine clearance was almost doubled. Overall, expressed per g organ weight, the isolated perfused rat lung exhibited a marked capacity to metabolize nicotine while even the maximally induced phenobarbital-stimulated rat liver reached only 60% of the corresponding clearance values (per g organ) of the isolated rat lung. For the 5,6-benzoflavone and control treatments, values of 14%-21% were estimated for the liver compared with lung.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184785 TI - [Oxygen--concentration and acid-base status of arterial blood as limiting factors in hemodilution]. AB - Normovolemic hemodilution under normoxic conditions (arterial oxygen partial pressure normal) at rest is limited by the critical arterial oxygen content of about 6 ml/dl corresponding to a hemoglobin concentration of 4.4 g/dl. This critical oxygen content is derived from the arteriovenous oxygen difference of the myocardium, assumed that the coronary blood flow is increased by 100% and the available oxygen is utilized nearly totally. Furthermore, extreme hemodilution leads to a dilution acidosis when bicarbonate free solutions are used for hemodilution. This acidosis may decrease both peripheral resistance and mean arterial blood pressure. PMID- 3184786 TI - [Preoperative plasmapheresis]. AB - Plasmapheresis is performed during the preoperative patient preparation phase of the Ulm Autologous Transfusion Concept (ATU). On an outpatient basis, weeks or months before the operation, 900 ml autologous plasma is donated per visit using the one needle technique, shock frozen, and stored at -30 degrees C or lower. During a period of approximately 1 1/4 years, 813 patients were studied in order to obtain information (in addition to the observation of the usual vital statistics) concerning the effect of plasmapheresis on homeostasis and coagulation factors directly before, directly after, 2 h after, and 24 h after (in-patients only). A complete electrolyte solution of the Ringer-lactate type was used as volume substitution (1000 ml or 1500 ml). Arterial blood pressure and heart rate showed no significant change. The transient decrease in various laboratory parameters was within tolerable limits. The parameters for blood protein, anti-thrombin III, and immunoglobulin G had already normalized within 24 h. Our more than three year experience with more than 2600 patients and the collective data indicate no reason not to perform plasmapheresis on non-fasting outpatient patients. The for the most part postoperatively transfused autologous fresh frozen plasma represents an ideal, long acting volume substitution which contains such blood components as antithrombin III, immunoglobulins, and factor XIII. These blood components could be a contributing factor for a decreased danger of thrombosis, embolie, and infection, as well as provide for better wound healing. PMID- 3184788 TI - Nutritional significance of human milk vitamin D in neonatal period. PMID- 3184787 TI - [Isovolemic hemodilution in patients with coronary heart disease]. AB - In the age of cellsavers patients suffering from coronary heart disease are diluted to a hematocrit of 20% or even less during a surgical intervention in the coronaries and they leave the operating room with a hematocrit of 30%. On the other hand, a hemodilution to a level of 30% in patients with coronary heart disease represents a contraindication due to the limited coronary reserve. On the occasion of the collection of autologue blood, before vascular surgery or for therapeutical hemodilution, the hematocrit was reduced from 45 to 35% by means of an isovolemic hemodilution with 500 ml of Haes 200/0.5 10% in 50 patients. In the load-ECG the pressure X frequency-product and the dyspnoe decreased significantly. The microcirculation in the nailfold and the systemical blood fluidity increased significantly. As in 22% of the patients a deterioration was stated, we propose to dilute all the patients who have to undergo a coronary vessel operation without exclusion criteria once isovolemically and to stress them before and afterwards. The patients having a clinical defict should be diluted intraoperatively only to 30% and postoperatively not under 35%. PMID- 3184790 TI - [Comparative evaluation of the therapeutic action of immunoglobulin preparations in viral hepatitis B]. PMID- 3184789 TI - Total femur replacement for cancer patients. Report of two cases. PMID- 3184791 TI - [Spontaneous pneumothorax simulating myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3184792 TI - [A combined mitral heart defect in a patient with Bechterew's disease]. PMID- 3184793 TI - [Familial Frederick's syndrome]. PMID- 3184794 TI - [A case of coronary artery embolism due to tumor cells]. PMID- 3184795 TI - [A case of complicated Madelung's syndrome]. PMID- 3184796 TI - [Symptomatic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum]. PMID- 3184797 TI - [Chronic duodenal obstruction]. PMID- 3184798 TI - [Late results in the surgical treatment of patients with cardiac myxoma]. PMID- 3184799 TI - [A new method of diagnosing acute myocardial infarct of the right ventricle]. PMID- 3184800 TI - [Risk factors for atherosclerosis in adolescents depending on their heredity]. PMID- 3184801 TI - [Intra-aortic counterpulsation in the treatment of cardiogenic shock and unstable stenocardia]. PMID- 3184802 TI - [Immunologic aspects of dilated cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3184803 TI - [A method of contact thermography in the diagnosis of myocarditis]. PMID- 3184804 TI - [Use of laser radiation in the combined therapy of patients with bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3184805 TI - [Indications for the use of molsidomine in patients with chronic cor pulmonale]. PMID- 3184806 TI - [The role of sulfur-containing compounds in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 3184807 TI - [Possibilities of correcting hemodynamic disorders in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis]. PMID- 3184808 TI - [Effect of calcium antagonists on esophageal motor activity in cardial achalasia]. PMID- 3184809 TI - [Clinico-immunologic characteristics of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3184810 TI - [Functiono-morphologic changes in the duodenum in cholelithiasis]. PMID- 3184811 TI - [Cholelithiasis in endogenous hypercorticism]. PMID- 3184813 TI - [Clinical characteristics of Reiter's syndrome in patients who had had an acute intestinal infection]. PMID- 3184812 TI - [Oddi's sphincter in patients operated on for cholelithiasis]. PMID- 3184814 TI - [Use of Proteus vaccine in chronic diseases of the intestines]. PMID- 3184815 TI - [Malignant transformation of gastric polyps]. PMID- 3184816 TI - [Effect of imodium on the evacuatory function of the gastric stump and the small intestine in patients with the dumping syndrome]. PMID- 3184817 TI - [Pathogenesis of chronic forms of yersiniosis]. PMID- 3184819 TI - [A familial case of primary pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 3184818 TI - [Diagnosis of multiple primary cancer of the colon]. PMID- 3184820 TI - [A bilateral successive non-traumatic chylothorax]. PMID- 3184821 TI - [A recurrence of botulism]. PMID- 3184822 TI - [A program of ambulatory instrumental screening of patients with a high risk of developing neoplasms of the gastrointestinal organs]. PMID- 3184823 TI - [The role and tasks of scientific medical societies in the development of preventive medicine]. PMID- 3184824 TI - [Use of sidnofarm in the treatment of pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency]. PMID- 3184825 TI - [The obsidan test in the diagnosis of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3184826 TI - [Circulating immune complexes in the serum of patients with SLE]. PMID- 3184827 TI - [Effect of different methods of treatment on the progress of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3184828 TI - [Metabolic criteria for the differential diagnosis of insulin-dependent and non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3184829 TI - [Indices of total and local immunity in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3184830 TI - [Therapeutic effect of enterosorption in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3184831 TI - [The role of Candida fungi in the pathogenesis of long-term non-healing gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3184832 TI - [Experience in the use of sucralfate in patients with ulcers]. PMID- 3184833 TI - [Effect of soybean flour on indices of the functional state of the stomach and ulcer healing in patients with duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 3184834 TI - [Clinico-immunologic evaluation of saparal in the treatment of recurrent ulcers]. PMID- 3184835 TI - [Regional blood flow, secretory and motor functions of the stomach and duodenum in patients with duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3184836 TI - [The evolution of ulcers]. PMID- 3184838 TI - [Value of nonspecific biochemical tests in the diagnosis of an exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3184837 TI - [State of the gastroduodenal system in patients with reflux esophagitis]. PMID- 3184839 TI - [Clinico-biochemical characteristics of hepatic insufficiency in peritonitis]. PMID- 3184840 TI - [Permeability of the intestinal wall for protein in patients with food allergy]. PMID- 3184842 TI - Morphological study of the craniofacial skeleton of the unilateral cleft lip and palate with anterior crossbite. PMID- 3184841 TI - Study of acid DNase in cow snout epidermis by micro slab electrophoresis using acidic and basic gel sheet. PMID- 3184843 TI - Surgical treatment of acute subdural hematomas in patients with low Glasgow Coma Scale scores. PMID- 3184844 TI - Influence of indoor heating on carrier state of beta-hemolytic streptococci among school children. PMID- 3184845 TI - Arthropod transmission of Eperythrozoon coccoides in mice. AB - The association of Eperythrozoon coccoides infection in laboratory mice, with commonly encountered external parasites, was examined. Transmission of E. coccoides was achieved by infesting recipient mice with as few as 10 live Polyplax serrata immediately after they were obtained from donor mice infected with E. coccoides. Polyplax serrata removed from such hosts and fasted for 24 hours also were able to initiate E. coccoides infections in recipient mice. Transovarial transmission of E. coccoides through P. serrata was not demonstrated. Transmission of E. coccoides by Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi and Radfordia affinis was not observed. PMID- 3184846 TI - Incidence of hydronephrosis among several production colonies of outbred Sprague Dawley rats. AB - The incidence of hydronephrosis was determined in nine production colonies of Crl:CD (SD) BR rats (CD rats). Kidneys from 3909 rats were examined and 79 (2.0%) had unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis. A colony with a relatively high incidence of hydronephrosis (4.1%) was chosen for further study. In unselected rats from this colony the incidence in females (87/1882, 4.6%) was not significantly different from that in males (79/1862, 4.2%). In the same group of rats, hydronephrosis was observed most frequently in the right kidney only (2.3%), followed by bilateral involvement (1.2%) and the left kidney only (0.8%). By selection and inbreeding, the incidence of hydronephrosis was increased dramatically (to 33.6%) in two generations. Hydronephrosis in the CD rat appears to be a highly heritable trait, most likely involving more than one gene. PMID- 3184847 TI - Neoplasms in NIH type II athymic (nude) mice. AB - Necropsy and histopathology were performed over an 18-month period on 173 NIH type II athymic (nude) mice and 53 NIH type II mice heterozygous at the nu locus. A total of 149 mice were used in studies of tumor transplantation while 77 mice were screened as part of the quality assurance program for the colony. Twenty nine neoplasms were found in 173 nu/nu mice. Only one neoplasm, an ovarian granulosa cell tumor, was found in 53 nu/+ mice. In nu/nu mice, there were nineteen lymphosarcomas, nine ovarian granulosa cell tumors, and one transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. A greater number of lymphosarcomas occurred in mice greater than 6 months old. A greater number of tumors, particularly lymphosarcomas, were found in nu/nu mice than in nu/+ mice. PMID- 3184848 TI - Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response in tetanus toxoid sensitized rhesus monkeys: predictor of anergy and value in tuberculin skin testing. AB - The primary problem in using the tuberculin skin test in nonhuman primates is the clinical uncertainty concerning the animal's ability to elicit a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity response. A negative tuberculin skin test can only be meaningful if the animal can produce a delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction. Veterinarians deliberately sensitize animals to antigens in the form of prophylactic vaccination. Therefore, if nonhuman primates were deliberately sensitized to an antigen capable of producing a hypersensitivity response, that antigen should serve as a positive control for delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. Tetanus toxoid was chosen because repeated immunizations with this antigen is recommended routine medical practice for nonhuman primates housed outdoors. Twenty juvenile, male rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys were selected for this study. The monkeys were assigned randomly to one of two groups of ten animals. The test group was vaccinated with tetanus toxoid intramuscularly at 1 month intervals for a total of three vaccinations. The control group was treated the same except saline was administered rather than tetanus toxoid. Following sensitization, the two groups of animals were challenged with tetanus toxoid intradermally. Eight of the ten monkeys in the test group responded to the tetanus toxoid while none of the control groups responded to the tetanus toxoid. Elicitation of a delayed cutaneous response in animals sensitized to tetanus antigen before challenge may serve as a positive control for delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity. This simple test may serve as a useful adjunct in making objective clinical decisions concerning anergy-suspect animals. PMID- 3184849 TI - Ankylosis of hock joints in group caged male B6C3F1 mice. AB - Enlarged hock joints were observed during 1983 in B6C3F1 mice of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies sponsored by the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Subsequently, approximately 9,500 B6C3F1 mice on 32 NTP chemical toxicity and carcinogenicity studies were evaluated for this condition by clinical examination. Group caged male B6C3F1 mice had thickening and reduced mobility of the hock joints at prevalences of 1.2% up to 6 months of age; 23% at 6 to 12 months of age; and 62% at 13 to 26 months of age. Group caged female B6C3F1 mice had a prevalence of 2% or less. Histologically, affected mice had periarticular exostoses on the bones of the hock joints, with formation of bony bridges around joints and deposition of new bone in joint spaces, resulting in partial or complete ankylosis. Individually caged male and female B6C3F1 mice were not affected. The cause of the ankylosis was not determined, but its occurrence in the NTP studies has been reduced by individual caging. PMID- 3184850 TI - Intravenous chloralose is a safe anesthetic for longitudinal use in beagle puppies. AB - Chloralose is an intravenous anesthetic which preserves vagal and central baroreceptor reflexes, thus rendering it useful for physiologic research. However, chloralose is recommended for terminal experiments only, due to concerns relating to long-term toxicity. We investigated the safety of chloralose in longitudinal pulmonary function studies in beagle puppies. Twelve puppies received chloralose anesthesia repeatedly (8-12 times per dog) between the ages of 80 and 300 days. Constant anesthetic depth was maintained reliably throughout the course of the experiments. Recovery lasted approximately 4 hours in each experiment and occurred in four definable stages. Following recovery, the puppies exhibited normal health and growth as compared with other colony animals. There was no biochemical evidence of acute renal, hepatic, pancreatic or cardiac toxicity prior to and immediately after anesthesia, and no evidence of chronic toxicity following completion of the study protocol, after a total cumulative dose of 1.18 g/kg chloralose. These studies demonstrate that intravenous chloralose is a safe anesthetic for longitudinal use. PMID- 3184851 TI - Effect of a purified diet on dystrophic cardiac calcinosis in mice. AB - Male and female C3H/HeNCrl mice were divided into test groups and fed either a purified diet (AIN-76A) or a natural ingredient diet (NIH-07). Lesions of dystrophic cardiac calcinosis (DCC) were found to be more prevalent and more severe in mice fed the purified diet. The cardiac changes, which were similar in nature in both groups of mice, consisted of randomly distributed foci of myocardial mineralization and fibrosis. These lesions were not associated with clinical disease or significant alterations in serum calcium, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase or creatine kinase levels. We conclude that AIN-76A purified diet should be utilized with caution in toxicology studies which use mice as experimental subjects, especially if the heart is a potential target organ. PMID- 3184852 TI - Pharmacokinetics of long acting oxytetracycline in the laboratory rat. AB - Pharmacokinetic parameters of a slow release form of oxytetracycline were determined in the rat. Triexponential pharmacokinetics were displayed after intravenous administration. The half-life of the distribution phase was 0.097 hours, the rapid elimination half-life was 3.74 hours and the slow elimination half-life was 27.26 hours. Subcutaneous and intramuscular injection resulted in a rapid elimination half-life of 6.09 and 6.02 hours, respectively. In comparison, a standard form of oxytetracycline given subcutaneously had a rapid elimination half-life of 4.22 hours. The slow release form of oxytetracycline has a half-life in the rat long enough to maintain serum levels greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration of Mycoplasma pulmonis with a dose interval of 72 hours. PMID- 3184853 TI - A labor readiness index (Bishop score) for rhesus monkeys. AB - A scoring system is presented for quantitative evaluation of labor readiness in macaque monkeys. Cervical position, length, softness and dilation are rated along with fetal head position for a total score of 13. The system is based on experience in evaluating readiness of multiparous rhesus monkeys for labor induction. Guidelines for the examination for use of the score are described. PMID- 3184854 TI - Pancreatectomized swine as a model of diabetes mellitus. AB - The development of a model of diabetes mellitus using swine offers the potential for new investigations in the study of human diabetic complications. In particular, animal models for the study of accelerated atherosclerosis associated with diabetes are important and presently lacking. Swine were selected because they have a natural susceptibility to atherosclerosis and have plasma lipoprotein patterns which are close to those of humans. Diabetes mellitus was induced in nine miniature swine by total pancreatectomy. Following surgery, they were maintained on porcine derived insulin at doses predicated on blood glucose levels. Pancreatic enzymes were replaced by dietary supplementation. Eight of the nine pigs were pancreatectomized successfully and stabilized with insulin. After initial weight loss, the pancreatectomized pigs maintained growth rates comparable to controls. Hypoglycemia and bacterial infections were the major problems experienced. Post-operative survival ranged from 50 days to 455 days. Our study shows that swine can be pancreatectomized successfully and maintained as insulin dependent animals, presenting a realistic model for research on the complications of diabetes. PMID- 3184855 TI - Platelet function testing in the pony. AB - Platelet isolation techniques and platelet function were evaluated in 35 adult ponies. Platelet recovery from whole blood was consistent and the preparation of platelet rich plasma was facilitated by an enhanced erythrocyte sedimentation rate. All platelet samples aggregated in response to 10 microM ADP. However, concentrations of ADP as high as 100 microM did not elicit significant 14C serotonin release. Collagen induced irreversible platelet aggregation and 14C serotonin release in all samples. The threshold dose for collagen in most ponies was 1.5 micrograms. Arachidonic acid (500 microM) failed to induce irreversible platelet aggregation or 14C-serotonin release in any of the samples evaluated. Pony platelets were nonresponsive to epinephrine (5.5 microM). PMID- 3184856 TI - Serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine radioimmunoassay values in the normal ferret. AB - The European ferret, Mustela putorius furo, has become increasingly popular as an animal model in biomedical research. However, certain important normal clinical data have not been established for the ferret. In this study, serum thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) values were obtained from ferrets by the use of commercial radioimmunoassays. Sera from 44 animals, 31 males (27 intact and 4 castrated) and 13 females (10 intact and 3 spayed) were assayed. Serum T4 values ranged from 1.01-8.29 micrograms/dl for males (mean = 3.24 +/- 1.65 micrograms/dl), and 0.71-3.43 micrograms/dl for females (mean = 1.87 +/- 0.79 micrograms/dl). Serum T4 values of adult female ferrets, juvenile ferrets (less than 1 year old) of either sex, and castrated males were similar to the normal T4 values of the cat, 1.20-3.80 micrograms/dl. Intact adult male ferrets had higher serum T4 values which were more comparable to those of the normal dog 1.52-3.60 micrograms/dl. Serum T3 values ranged from 0.45-0.78 ng/ml for males (mean = 0.58 +/- 0.09 ng/ml), and 0.29-0.73 ng/ml for females (mean = 0.53 +/- 0.13 ng/ml). These values are comparable to those of dogs and cats which are 0.50-1.50 ng/ml. PMID- 3184857 TI - Use of captive bolt as a method of euthanasia in larger laboratory animal species. AB - The penetrative captive bolt pistol was tested on dogs (Canis familiaris) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cunniculi) to assess if it is a humane method of euthanasia to use when a physical method is required. The bolt was placed directly on the skull at the intersection of lines drawn from the lateral canthus of each eye to the opposite ear, and fired. In all cases, consciousness appeared to be lost immediately as evidenced by motoric collapse of the animal and loss of the corneal reflex. The only movement noted appeared to be reflex in nature. In order to determine the time of onset of brain death, the auditory evoked potential (AEP) and electroencephalogram (EEG) were measured in dogs. Within 15 seconds after firing the pistol, organized AEP activity could not be detected above the medulla and EEG activity became isoelectric. These findings suggest that cerebral death occurred almost immediately and, therefore, the captive bolt pistol is a humane method of euthanasia. PMID- 3184859 TI - Chronic silastic central venous catheterization for induction, maintenance and support of persistent granulocytopenia in rabbits. AB - In order to investigate new approaches in diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious complicating chemotherapy-induced granulocytopenia, we developed and prospectively evaluated a method of chronic central venous catheterization for the induction, maintenance and support of persistent granulocytopenia in rabbits. The method entails a central venous silastic catheter with a subcutaneous tunnel and a heparin lock device for repeated non-traumatic sampling of blood and administration of medications. During the course of 10 months, 226 rabbits were studied. Mean duration of catheter placement was 27 days, 17 of which were spent in granulocytopenia. Two-way flow was sustained throughout the duration of placement in 205 rabbits (91%) and for 5,845 (95%) of a total 6,163 catheter days. All but two catheters could be flushed throughout the duration of their placement. Postoperative infectious complications related to catheter insertion developed in less than 1% of the rabbits. This method of chronic catheterization safely provides long-term venous access for studies requiring frequent venous access, including the painless induction, maintenance, and support of chronic granulocytopenia in rabbits. PMID- 3184858 TI - A technique to study splanchnic metabolism in the unrestrained conscious pig. AB - In recent years similarities recognized between porcine and human anatomy and physiology have made the pig an experimental animal of considerable value in biomedical research. We developed a pig model for unrestrained repeated sampling of portal and arterial blood, and selectively of small and large bowel veins. Catheters were inserted, under halothane anesthesia, in ten female crossbred (Yorkshire x Dutch Landrace) piglets (8 weeks; 20 +/- 2 kg). After recovery for at least 3 days the catheters were used for sampling of blood. Aortic and portal catheters patency rates were 60% at day 24. For the small bowel catheters, a patency rate of 30% was seen at day 24. The large bowel patency rate was 30% at day 10. These results are promising because they allow long-term metabolic splanchnic research in unrestrained piglets. PMID- 3184860 TI - Diagnostic exercise: diarrhea in guinea pigs. PMID- 3184861 TI - Efficacy of ivermectin against natural infection of Strongyloides spp. in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). PMID- 3184862 TI - The effect of infection with the pinworm (Syphacia muris) on rat growth. PMID- 3184863 TI - Research stanchion and transporter for small ruminants. PMID- 3184864 TI - A nylon ball device for primate environmental enrichment. PMID- 3184866 TI - Abstracts of scientific papers. Thirty-ninth annual meeting, American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. Detroit, MI, October 9-13, 1988. PMID- 3184865 TI - Comparison of colon cleansing methods for canine colon surgery. PMID- 3184867 TI - Cell surface topography of thymic microenvironments. AB - In the thymus gland, differentiating T lymphocytes interact, at various levels of differentiation, with the thymic stroma. This type of interaction is generally thought to be important in the "education" of T lymphocytes. This paper focuses on the complexity of the thymic stroma and identifies various types of lympho stromal interactions, using scanning electron microscopy as a tool. We show heterogeneity at the level of stromal cells in both thymic compartments, the cortex and medulla. In addition, specialized epithelial reticulum occurs in the subcapsular area, known to be the site where immature thymocytes proliferate and differentiate. Here "basket" type epithelial structures retain groups of thymocytes. Furthermore, virtually closed lympho-stromal complexes, resembling "thymic nurse" cells are located in this area. Lymphoid cells show signs of active migration between epithelial reticular cells. These cells even transit from or into the thymic nurse cell-like structures. The medulla is characterized by other stromal elements, such as short fat-bodied epithelial cells and bone marrow derived interdigitating reticular cells. In addition, cysts lined by ciliated columnar epithelial cells occur in the corticomedullary junction area. The physiologic significance of these various microenvironments in the various steps of T cell differentiation is discussed. PMID- 3184868 TI - Immunogold localization and analysis of IgG during immune-mediated demyelination. AB - In both experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis, receptor mediated phagocytosis of myelin debris via clathrin-coated pits on the surface of macrophages has been implicated in the disease process. Furthermore, it has been postulated that IgG serves as the ligand responsible for binding myelin fragments to the clathrin-coated pit. The present immunoelectron microscope study on acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs has examined actively demyelinating lesions with a postembedding immunogold technique, utilizing a primary antibody to the Fc portion of IgG and a secondary antibody conjugated to colloidal gold. The results have shown staining for IgG over extracellular fibrin, scattered sites on the macrophage surface, empty clathrin-coated pits and occasionally, clathrin-coated pits containing myelin droplets. Within the macrophage, the tips of whorls of myelin debris were focally labeled. These findings support the notion that IgG serves a role in the uptake of myelin during autoimmune demyelination and might serve as the ligand for receptor-mediated phagocytosis of myelin. However, based upon the relative infrequency of coated pits containing myelin, other mechanisms of phagocytosis are probably also operative. These findings might also have relevance to the pathogenesis of the multiple sclerosis plaque. PMID- 3184869 TI - Human postnatal pulmonary arterial remodeling. Ultrastructural studies of smooth muscle cell and connective tissue maturation. AB - A quantitative light and electron microscopic study of the elastic conducting, small muscular resistance arteries (accompanying or just proximal to the terminal bronchioli) and respiratory unit pulmonary arteries was carried out on the autopsy specimens of 12 children (newborn to 2 years) and three adults, who died without cardiopulmonary disease. Between birth and 1 month, in muscular and respiratory unit arteries, wall thickness decreased due to a reduction in mean smooth muscle cell diameter (p less than 0.01) and a reduction in overlap between adjacent cells. In the elastic arteries, the distance between adjacent elastic lamellae decreased as smooth muscle cell diameter decreased (p less than 0.01 for both). At birth, smooth muscle cells appeared immature, synthetic rather than contractile organelles predominating. Smooth muscle cell filament (thick, thin, and intermediate) volume density increased by 12 to 13% by 6 months in the small muscular arteries and by 2 years in the elastic arteries (p less than 0.001 for both). Surface and cytoplasmic dense bodies increased in a similar manner (p less than 0.001). The findings indicate a postnatal increase in contractile myofilament and surface dense bodies. The amount of connective tissue in the subendothelium and media increased between 1 month and adulthood, collagen finally predominating in small muscular arteries and elastin in the conducting arteries. Collagen fibrils showed regional differences in size within the media, between media and adventitia, and between different types of artery, and increased in size with age (p less than 0.001). Thus, the intrapulmonary arteries from hilum to precapillary bed adapted structurally to extrauterine life. It is suggested that the high fetal pulmonary vascular resistance is due to the shape and arrangement of smooth muscle cells within the vessel wall, rather than to an excessive contractility of each cell. After 1 month, remodeling occurred more slowly with growth, involving an increase in wall thickness, connective tissue deposition, and smooth muscle cell maturation. PMID- 3184871 TI - Transient paresis in athletes. PMID- 3184870 TI - Endoscopic laser therapy for obstructing gastrointestinal tumors: a personal experience. PMID- 3184872 TI - Local infiltration versus regional anesthesia of the face: case report and review. PMID- 3184873 TI - Quality assessment: a current perspective. PMID- 3184874 TI - "I've been there". PMID- 3184876 TI - Medical economic relativities. PMID- 3184875 TI - HIV prevalence in a medically indigent population. PMID- 3184877 TI - Summary of ASHA members' results on the ASHA AIDS Education Needs Assessment. PMID- 3184878 TI - HIV infection: educational programs and policies for school personnel. AB - Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) challenges schools as the frontline defense against this epidemic. School personnel should become knowledgeable about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and get involved in presenting quality HIV/AIDS education programs. This paper provides an epidemiological update on AIDS as it relates to the school-age population. Evidence establishing modes of transmission is emphasized, and recommendations are presented for handling students infected with HIV. Information is provided to assist school staff implement HIV/AIDS education programs, including core concepts to be emphasized. PMID- 3184879 TI - Instruction about AIDS within the school curriculum. A position paper by the Coalition of National Health Education Organizations. PMID- 3184881 TI - Report of the Presidential Commission on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic. PMID- 3184880 TI - AIDS education through schools: an address by Mary H. Futrell. PMID- 3184882 TI - AIDS education at the local level: the pragmatic issues. AB - Several documents have been published offering guidelines for implementing AIDS education. These documents generally cite the need for AIDS education, and identify issues and concerns inherent in planning AIDS education. Though such guidelines are beneficial in establishing the legitimate need for AIDS education, the information provided does not address the pragmatic issues involved in planning and implementing AIDS education at the local level. This article recommends approaches for addressing five pragmatic issues at the local level: formalizing an AIDS education policy, addressing concerns about morality, placement of AIDS instruction within comprehensive health education, formulation of a curriculum development model, and relating to the local news media. PMID- 3184883 TI - Ten consequences of the AIDS crisis for the health education profession. PMID- 3184884 TI - The impact of AIDS on school health services. PMID- 3184885 TI - Marijuana-laced brownies: behavioral effects, physiologic effects, and urinalysis in humans following ingestion. AB - Five drug-free male subjects ingested marijuana-laced brownies in a double-blind crossover study designed to test for behavioral effects, physiologic effects, and urinary cannabinoid metabolites produced as a result of consumption of marijuana plant material cooked in foodstuff. On three separate occasions, each subject consumed two brownies which contained 1.6 g of marijuana plant material. Placebo marijuana plant material (0% THC) was mixed with marijuana plant material (2.8% THC) so that each subject ingested equivalent marijuana plant material of 0, 1, and 2 marijuana cigarettes (2.8% THC). Subjects scored significantly higher on behavioral measures after consumption of brownies containing THC than with placebo; however, the effects were slow to appear and variable. Peak effects occurred 2.5 to 3.5 h after dosing. Modest changes in pulse and blood pressure also were noted. Urinalyses by EMIT d.a.u. assay and Abuscreen RIA for cannabinoids and GC/MS assay for THCCOOH indicated that substantial amounts of marijuana-related metabolites were excreted over a period of 3 to 14 days. No positives were produced as a result of ingestion of placebo brownies. PMID- 3184887 TI - Analyzing normetabolites of the fentanyls by gas chromatography/electron capture detection. AB - A selective and sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic (GC) method has been developed for analyzing the normetabolites of fentanyl and 3-methylfentanyl in urine. The method employs differential pH extraction of 1 mL samples, extractive acylation with pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA), GC separation on a fused silica capillary column (DB-1701), and detection by electron capture detector (ECD) or mass spectroscopy (MS). Limit of sensitivity for this method is 2 ng/mL for norfentanyl (NF) and nor-3-methylfentanyl (N-3-MF) using a 1-mL urine sample and a 2-microL injection from a final volume of 20 microL. Within-run precision, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV), was 14% and 5% for 4 ng/mL and 16 ng/mL of NF and 9% and 4% for the same concentrations of N-3-MF. Between-run precision was 30% and 12% for NF and 11% and 10% for N-3-MF, at 4 ng/mL and 16 ng/mL, respectively. Metabolites are stable in urine for at least one month at room temperature (25 degrees C) or -20 degrees C. PFP-derivatives of the metabolites were confirmed by high-resolution MS in the electron-impact mode. Three characteristic ions for each metabolite were identified-m/z 392 (molecular ion), m/z 336 (loss of propionyl), and m/z 244 (loss of propionanilide) for N-3 MF-PFP and m/z 378 (molecular ion), m/z 322 (loss of propionyl), and m/z 230 (loss of propionanilide) for NF-PFP, suitable for use in GC/MS with selected ion monitoring as a complimentary confirming technique. This method was validated by analyzing urine samples from individuals suspected of using fentanyl or 3 methylfentanyl.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184886 TI - GC/MS analysis of phencyclidine acid metabolite in human urine. AB - Available methods for determining PCP use are based on the presence of the parent drug in urine. PCP, however, is very potent and is extensively metabolized; it is therefore present in urine in only small quantities. This work was undertaken to determine whether an amino acid metabolite of PCP, 5-(N-(1' phenylcyclohexyl)amino)pentanoic acid, can be used to determine PCP use. A solid phase adsorption technique was developed to extract the amino acid metabolite from urine. Recovery averaged 93%, and subsequent GC/MS analysis was free from interference. Analysis of 67 urine samples demonstrated that the amino acid metabolite exists in human urine in significant quantities. PMID- 3184888 TI - Identification of cocaine in cocaine-lidocaine mixtures ("rock cocaine") and other illicit cocaine preparations using derivative absorption spectroscopy. AB - A rapid second-derivative procedure for distinguishing cocaine and other local anesthetics is described. This technique appeared to be particularly useful in the detection of cocaine in binary mixtures. It is of great value in forensic toxicology, resolving cocaine-lidocaine, cocaine-procaine, cocaine-tetracaine, and cocaine-benzocaine mixtures, for which zero-order UV spectroscopy fails. PMID- 3184889 TI - Correlation of saliva cocaine levels with plasma levels and with pharmacologic effects after intravenous cocaine administration in human subjects. AB - The behavioral and physiologic effects of single, intravenous bolus doses of cocaine in 5 male human subjects were correlated with cocaine levels in saliva and blood. All measures were performed under double-blind conditions. Two test doses of cocaine (15 mg and 40 mg) and one placebo test dose were administered to each subject in a random, cross-over design. Each test day was separated by a minimum of 48 h. Cocaine levels in saliva and blood significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) correlated with responses on self-rating scales for drug sensation (Feel Drug scale), psychotomimetic effects (LSD scale), and feelings of rush (Rush scale). Significant (p less than or equal to 0.01) correlations also were obtained with cocaine biofluid levels and pulse rate. The close relationship observed between cocaine saliva levels and cocaine-induced behavior and physiologic effects presents the opportunity for development of a new noninvasive method for detection of current cocaine use. PMID- 3184891 TI - The determination of carbon monoxide in blood by means of electrochemical pocket gas meter. AB - The Comopac electrochemical device for CO determination in the workplace was adapted for CO and COHb determination in blood. The method enables the determination of COHb from 1 to 95% in 0.5 mL of blood in 20 min. Comparison of results obtained with the Comopac, spectrophotometry, and gas chromatography showed comparable accuracy and precision. The specificity of the electrochemical method was better than spectrophotometry and comparable with gas chromatography. PMID- 3184890 TI - Application of expert systems analysis to interpretation of fatal cases involving amitriptyline. AB - Part I. Expert 4: The object of this study was to investigate the applicability of commercially available expert system shells to interpretation in forensic toxicology. Amitriptyline toxicology was selected as a pilot trial. Blood and tissue concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in fatal and nonfatal amitriptyline cases from the literature and from the Registry of Human Toxicology databank were entered into the expert system shell Expert 4 (Rivers, Elsevier). The statistical evaluation routines of the shell were used to search for patterns in the data. Successive changes in the data base were made to test for the influence of the data base on the conclusions. Finally the data base was refined, based on the evaluations, to strengthen the probabilities of the conclusions. The refined database was coupled with the Expert 4 inference engine to infer unknown parameters in the cases. The results of the expert system analysis were compared to known values and published expert opinions. The ratio of amitriptyline/nortriptyline and tissue levels of nortriptyline were found to be the most significant measures for interpretation of effect and time since ingestion. Part II. Computer Induction of Rules: Blood and tissue concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in fatal and nonfatal amitriptyline cases from the literature and from the Registry of Human Toxicology databank were entered into the expert system shell BEAGLE, (Forsyth, Machine Learning Research, Ltd.). The automatic rule induction routines of the shell were used to search for patterns in the data. The program expressed these patterns as numerical predictions or Boolean logic rules. The results were compared to those obtained with the Expert 4 (Rivers, Elsevier) using the same case knowledge base.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184892 TI - Comparison of whole blood and plasma morphine. AB - Thirty paired samples of plasma and whole hemolyzed blood were obtained from patients undergoing surgery. Morphine concentrations were measured with the DPC serum morphine kit without prior treatment. In a regression analysis, the equation to the regression line was blood = 1.02 plasma + 1.0 ng/mL, and the correlation coefficient was 0.994. Radioimmunoassay screening of postmortem blood samples can be performed without prior sample treatment. PMID- 3184893 TI - Fentanyl related overdose. AB - An accidental overdose fatality resulting from the intravenous injection of Sublimaze (fentanyl) is presented. Fentanyl was extracted from postmortem specimens by a basic extraction procedure. Benzene was used as the extraction solvent and alfentanyl as the internal standard. The drug was quantitated by electron impact gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Fentanyl concentrations were, blood, 4.0 micrograms/L; urine, 13.0 micrograms/L; liver, 9.7 micrograms/kg, and kidney, 8.6 micrograms/kg. PMID- 3184894 TI - Retention of trialkylamines on phenyl methyl silicone capillary columns. PMID- 3184896 TI - The impact of occupation, performance, and sex on sex role stereotyping. PMID- 3184895 TI - The norm of internality: social valorization of internal explanations of behavior and reinforcements in young people. PMID- 3184897 TI - Subliminal messages, persuasion, and behavior change. PMID- 3184898 TI - Ipsilateral acoustic-reflex adaptation testing for detection of facial-nerve pathology: three case studies. AB - Abnormal acoustic-reflex adaptation monitored in the same ear for both contralaterally and ipsilaterally presented tonal activators is reported in three cases. One case had Bell's palsy, whereas the other two cases had no clinically observable evidence of seventh-nerve involvement. These cases show that the existence of abnormal acoustic-reflex adaptation in the absence of Bell's palsy does not necessarily implicate the presence of eighth-nerve pathology. PMID- 3184899 TI - Responses to requests for clarification by linguistically normal and language impaired children in conversation. AB - This study compared the conversational repair strategies employed by 8 language impaired children (mean chronological age 9:2 years) and their linguistically normal age- and language-matched peers in response to a stacked series of requests for clarification. A 30-min language sample was elicited by an adult examiner from each of the subjects. During the course of the conversation, the examiner initiated 10 stacked request for clarification sequences. Each sequence consisted of three different neutral requests for clarification (Huh?, What?, and I didn't understand that.) and the subject's response to each request. All of the subjects appeared to recognize the obligatory nature of the neutral clarification requests employed. However, there were differences noted in the performance of the three groups. These included differences related to language maturity as well as differences specific to language condition. PMID- 3184900 TI - Within-clinic versus outside-of-clinic self-monitoring of articulation to promote generalization. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess the generalization of correct articulation to nontreatment environments when self-monitoring procedures were implemented within versus outside of the clinic setting. Seven children who substituted /theta/ and /o/ for /s/ and /z/ participated in this study. Data were collected in the context of a multiple baseline design replicated across subjects. The children initially self-monitored their correct articulation during conversation in the clinic setting where treatment was implemented. Then, after varying intervals, self-monitoring outside of the clinic setting was introduced as well. The results showed that when the children monitored their speech within the clinic setting only, no generalization of correct target sound production outside of the clinic setting occurred. However, after the children were required to monitor their speech outside of the clinic setting, rapid and widespread generalization was measured. These results are discussed in relation to practical and theoretical implications. Additional data collected on number of responses, the accuracy of the children's monitoring, and the percentage of correct responses are also discussed. PMID- 3184902 TI - Cohesion in the narratives of good and poor readers. AB - Reading requires the ability to process language in a manner that is decontextualized from any ongoing event. One hundred and fifty high and low achieving kindergarten and first-grade children were evaluated for differences in the use of decontextualized language. Subjects were required to retell a story to a listener. The cohesion present in the stories was evaluated for (a) propositional completeness and relevance (unity) and (b) clarity (coherence). Results indicated that low achievers in reading, irrespective of grade level, exhibit less cohesion in their use of decontextualized language. PMID- 3184901 TI - Listeners' perceptions of consonants produced by esophageal and tracheoesophageal talkers. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the consonant intelligibility of 3 esophageal (E) and 3 tracheoesophageal (TE) talkers, and 1 dual-mode (DM) talker proficient in both E and TE speech modes. Audio recordings of 24 English consonants produced by each talker in a consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel-consonant (CVCVC) context were presented in the sound field to 15 normal-hearing, naive, young adult listeners who phonetically transcribed their responses using an open response paradigm. Listeners' pooled responses were converted to confusion matrices and analyzed for overall intelligibility, voicing and manner features, and consonant omissions. Ratings of speech proficiency were also obtained. Overall, the intelligibility of the TE talkers was significantly better than that of the E talkers. The DM talker was also more intelligible in the TE mode. Voiced consonants, plosives, fricatives, nasals, and liquid-glides were significantly more intelligible when produced by TE talkers. Affricates were also more intelligible for the DM talker in his TE mode. The different patterns of intelligibility observed between the E and TE talkers studied may be due to temporal speech distinctions evolving from the influence of dissimilar driving sources upon the vibratory characteristics of the pharyngoesophageal segment. Clinical implications are presented. PMID- 3184903 TI - Otitis media in early childhood and its relationship to later phonological development. AB - The relationship between otitis media during the first 3 years of life and subsequent speech development was examined in 55 socioeconomically disadvantaged children who attended a research day-care program. The children were participants in a longitudinal study of child development in which the number of episodes of otitis media and the duration of each otitis episode were reported prospectively from infancy. Standardized tests of speech were administered between the ages of 2 1/2 and 8 years. No significant relationship was found between otitis media in early childhood and number of common phonological processes or consonants in error used during the preschool years. However, the number of days of otitis media before age 3 was associated with the total number of phonological processes used by children between the ages of 4 1/2 and 8 years. Although these findings suggest that phonological processes after age 4 1/2 tend to drop out more slowly for children with a history of otitis media than of children without histories, no consistent patterns were observed for individual phonological processes or for the total number of consonants in error in this age range. PMID- 3184904 TI - Proportional and functional analogical reasoning in normal and language-impaired children. AB - Teachers often use analogies in classroom settings to clarify new concepts for their students. However, analogies may inadvertently confuse the youngster who has difficulty identifying the one-to-one comparisons underlying them. Although analogical reasoning has been studied extensively in normal children, no information was available concerning this construct in children having a specific language impairment. Thus, it was unknown to what extent they might be deficient in analogical reasoning. Therefore, in the present study, 20 children ages 6-8 years (mean age = 7:6) having normal nonverbal intelligence but deficits in language comprehension were administered tasks of verbal and perceptual proportional analogical reasoning and a problem-solving task of functional analogical reasoning. Compared to a normal-language control group matched on the basis of chronological age and sex, the language-impaired group was deficient in all three tasks of analogical reasoning. However, when the factor of nonverbal intelligence was controlled statistically, the differences between the groups on each of the tasks were removed. Additional findings were that verbal proportional analogical reasoning was significantly correlated to perceptual proportional analogical reasoning and to functional analogical reasoning. Implications for assessment and intervention with young school-age language-impaired children are discussed. PMID- 3184906 TI - Object transformations in the play of language-impaired children. AB - The play behavior of 10 language-impaired children was observed. Their performances in play were compared to those of 10 normal-language children matched for chronological age as well as to those of 10 normal-language children matched for mean length of utterance. The children were observed as they played spontaneously with a standard group of toys and as they played with objects that required object transformations for successful play. The chronological age matched normal subjects showed a trend toward performance of more object transformations in play than either the language-impaired or younger normal language children. Additionally, although object transformations were observed in both segments, all children performed more object transformations with objects than with toys. PMID- 3184905 TI - Acoustic phonetic effects of two types of verbal feedback in dysarthric subjects. AB - The effects of two different forms of verbal feedback on speech production were studied in 7 dysarthric speakers. Both forms of verbal feedback signaled that the listener failed to understand the message. The more general form of feedback gave no specific cues regarding the reason the listener failed to understand. The more specific feedback indicated that a voiceless initial consonant was perceived as its voiced cognate. The subjects studied had inconsistent voicing errors. Voice onset times (VOTs) and syllabic intensity, duration, and rate were measured in the phrases produced prior to and after verbal feedback. The results showed a significant change in VOT after the specific feedback and no significant change in VOT after the more general feedback. The use of specific feedback to induce articulatory change during speech treatment is discussed. PMID- 3184907 TI - Questions about oropharyngeal motor development in young children. PMID- 3184908 TI - Dysfluency isn't always stuttering. PMID- 3184909 TI - Lactate elimination from the blood during active recovery. PMID- 3184911 TI - Joint moments and work in pull-ups. PMID- 3184910 TI - Assessment of left ventricular function during dynamic and isometric exercise in normal subjects and myocardial infarct patients. PMID- 3184912 TI - Factor analysis of various anaerobic power tests. PMID- 3184913 TI - Relationship of estrogen to strength, percent body fat and oxygen uptake in women. PMID- 3184914 TI - The effects of aerobic dance training on serum lipids, lipoproteins and cardiopulmonary function. PMID- 3184915 TI - Comparison of two intense interval training programs on maximum oxygen uptake and running performance. PMID- 3184916 TI - Fictitious disappearance of the anaerobic threshold: a fact to remember. PMID- 3184917 TI - Comparison of male and female functional capacity in pull-ups. PMID- 3184918 TI - Effect of physical training on exercise induced sweating in men. PMID- 3184919 TI - Adherence to exercise and sports classes by college women. PMID- 3184920 TI - Physiological and performance comparisons of running flat and hill routes as applied to orienteering navigation. PMID- 3184921 TI - Somatic constitution of athletes in India. PMID- 3184922 TI - Neuroendocrine innervation of the hepatic vessels in the rat and in man. AB - An extensive array of nerve fibers ramify around the afferent blood vessels of the liver and the extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary pathways, and are thought to be involved in regulation of blood flow. Although the role of sympathetic innervation is established, little is known about the location or role of regulatory peptidergic innervation in the liver. We examined the anatomic distribution of a wide variety of regulatory peptides and several neural antigens by in situ immunohistochemistry in the rat and in man. A rich peptidergic plexus of nerve fibers and ganglion cells was observed around the arterial vessels in both species, with intense immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase, neurofilaments, neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. S-100 protein immunoreactivity was seen principally in large nerve bundles, suggesting that the majority of nerves in this area were unmyelinated. In contrast, the portal vessels revealed very little peptidergic innervation. No staining was observed with antibodies directed against insulin, glucagon, gastrin, serotonin, met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, cholecystokinin, or growth hormone. These findings indicate the presence of a rich, although selective, peptidergic plexus surrounding afferent hepatic blood vessels. This plexus may play an important role in regulation of hepatic blood flow. PMID- 3184923 TI - Intestinal anastomosis in the rat facilitated by a rapidly digested internal splint and indigestible but absorbable sutures. AB - A stenosis is produced when a rat's transected small intestine is repaired with a conventional inverting line of silk or catgut sutures. In the new technique, the cut surfaces are apposed over a splint made of dry macaroni of suitable diameter, and then joined end-to-end with polyglactin stitches. The internal splint is quickly softened and digested. The suture material is absorbed without concomitant inflammation, and does not interfere with the cutting of sections for histology. Examination revealed, in every case, a fully patent anastomosis with alignment of the layers of the intestinal wall. This is preferable to an inverting anastomosis for investigations of intestinal wound healing and for physiological studies of the propagation of movements along the gut. PMID- 3184924 TI - Site-directed metastasis: a model to study site variations in treatment response. AB - A model for the site-directed metastasis of a transplantable rat mammary carcinoma is described. The R3230AC tumor is a moderately well differentiated, phenotypically stable tumor which arose in a Fischer 344 rat and resembles human breast carcinoma in being hormonally sensitive, poorly immunogenic, and sensitive to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents. Metastases with this tumor can be consistently produced at specific sites (lung, liver, or subcutaneous) in a reproducible manner by the methods described in this paper. This model appears ideal for the evaluation of site-specific variation in response to treatment modalities. PMID- 3184925 TI - Incorporation of thymidine by fibroblasts: evidence for complex regulation by postsurgical macrophages. AB - Macrophages and fibroblasts are major components of the postsurgical repair process. In order to understand more fully the interaction between these two cell types, we studied the modulation by macrophages of the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into postsurgical fibroblasts recovered from the site of peritoneal injury. Peritoneal exudate cells (PEC):(greater than 95% macrophages) were collected from rabbits 4 and 7 days after resection and reanastomosis of the small intestine. PEC were suspended in Medium 199 (M-199) with 3% fetal calf serum (FCS) and incubated for 48 hr. Fibroblasts were obtained from rabbits that underwent abrasion of the parietal peritoneum 7 days previously, and were cultured for 7 days in M-199 with 3% FCS. Fibroblasts were then replated and incubated with macrophage-spent medium. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into fibroblasts was significantly suppressed after 24 hr of incubation with macrophage-spent media compared to the incorporation by fibroblasts incubated with fresh medium (control). This suppression was most profound when fibroblasts were incubated with resident (nonsurgical) macrophage-spent medium. The incorporation of thymidine by macrophage-spent media groups then increased rapidly and reached control levels at 48 hr of incubation. After 54 hr of incubation, the incorporation of thymidine by fibroblasts incubated with media from postsurgical macrophages was significantly higher than that of control. Morphological changes in fibroblasts also appeared as the culture with macrophage spent media progressed. Initially, fibroblasts were shaped like pine needles, but after 7 days of culture, fibroblasts assumed a spherical shape. Round-shaped fibroblasts returned to the original morphology (pine needle shape) after incubation for 48 hr with macrophage-spent medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3184926 TI - Surface-induced hypothermia: effects on coronary blood flow autoregulation and vascular reserve. AB - Surface-induced hypothermia has been shown to exert a protective effect in canine models of myocardial infarction. However, its effects on coronary blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and coronary vascular reserve (CVR) have not been investigated. The effects of mild (32 degrees C) and moderate (27 degrees C) hypothermia on CBF autoregulation and CVR (at 60 mm Hg diastolic pressure) were studied using a chronically instrumented canine preparation. Coronary artery pressure-flow relations were obtained over a wide range of coronary diastolic pressures (10 to 106 mm Hg) with autoregulation intact and during adenosine induced maximal coronary conductance (MCC) at 37, 32, 27 degrees C (n = 7 dogs), and after rewarming (n = 5 dogs). Halothane (1 MAC end-tidal concentration, temperature adjusted) was the anesthetic. Autoregulation remained intact during hypothermia. CBF remained relatively constant between diastolic pressures of 43.1 +/- 9.0 and 84.0 +/- 14.4 mm Hg (mean +/- SD). No significant differences were observed between temperatures in the autoregulated pressure range. CBF correlated well with myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) (r2 = 0.81, P less than 0.0001). There were no significant changes in MVO2, CBF, MCC, or CVR at 32 degrees C. At 27 degrees C, MVO2 (3.65 +/- 1.3 at 37 degrees C vs 2.35 +/- 1.4 ml O2.min-1 at 27 degrees C), autoregulated CBF (34.9 +/- 15.1 vs 19.5 +/- 10.8 ml.min-1), the slope of the line of MCC (4.31 +/- 0.7 vs 2.7 +/- 0.4 ml.mm-1.min-1), and CVR (147.1 +/- 24.6 vs 90.1 +/- 27.3 ml.min-1) were all less than control (P less than 0.05). After rewarming to 37 degrees C, no significant changes from control were noted. The authors conclude that coronary autoregulation remains intact at both 32 and 27 degrees C, although MCC and CVR are significantly decreased at 27 degrees C. PMID- 3184927 TI - Progesterone receptors regulate gallbladder motility. AB - The increased incidence of gallstones in multiparous women may be related to hormonal effects on the gallbladder and its contractility. The occurrence of estrogen and progesterone receptors were studied in the gallbladders of three groups of female guinea pigs (normals, oophorectomized, and oophorectomized treated with estrogen + progesterone for 14 days). Gallbladder contractile response in vivo to cholecystokinin (CCK) was related to the presence of these receptors. The gallbladders from normal females showed low progesterone and estrogen binding activity (4.9 +/- 2.0 and 2.4 +/- 0.8 fmoles/mg cytosol protein). Oophorectomized females had no detectable progesterone or estrogen receptors, but after treating oophorectomized females for 14 days with estrogen + progesterone, gallbladder concentrations of progesterone receptors increased significantly to 14.7 +/- 5.9 fmoles/mg and estrogen binding activity was minimally detectable at 1.4 +/- 0.8 fmoles/mg. The gallbladder contractile response to CCK was inversely related to the concentration of progesterone receptors in the gallbladder wall. These data suggest that the gallbladder contains progesterone receptors which are susceptible to circulating hormonal conditions and which have a regulatory effect on gallbladder contractility. PMID- 3184928 TI - The effect of bile diversion on satiety and fat absorption from liquid and solid dietary sources. AB - In previous studies, liquid fat has been used to determine the effect of bile diversion on fat absorption. Since protein digests, in addition to bile salts, are capable of solubilizing lipids, we hypothesized that fat incorporated in the protein-rich matrix of solid food would be less sensitive to bile diversion than fat ingested as an oil or liquid. Using [3H]glycerol triether as a nonabsorbable fat recovery marker, we determined how much [14C]triolein was absorbed from solid (chicken liver) and liquid (margarine) dietary sources. After a standard liquid/solid meal with either the chicken liver or margarine labeled, midintestinal chyme was collected for 6 hr, extracted, and counted for 14C and 3H activity. Zero, eighty, or one hundred percent of endogenous bile was diverted. Fat absorption from both chicken liver and margarine was nearly complete by midintestine with 0% diversion and was little affected by diversion of 80% of bile. Complete biliary diversion significantly decreased fat absorption from margarine (87.9 +/- 4.4 to 37.2 +/- 9.2%, P less than 0.05) but reduced [14C]triolein absorption from chicken liver less consistently and insignificantly (78.8 +/- 6.9 to 43.9 +/- 10.6%). These data indicate that fat absorption is not solely dependent on bile and support the hypothesis that fat ingested in a cellular matrix is less dependent on bile than liquid fat. Using these same animals but with the midintestinal cannulas plugged to expose the distal intestine to unabsorbed luminal nutrients, we also demonstrated that bile diversion of an initial meal reduced food consumption at a meal offered 3 hr later. PMID- 3184929 TI - Common bile duct ligation in rabbit: a new model of acute cholecystitis description of histology and bile analysis. AB - The early stages of acute cholecystitis have been difficult to investigate due to the animal models developed and utilized over the past 60 years. A new model of animal acute cholecystitis induced by common bile duct ligation in the rabbit for 1 to 4 days produces histologic changes which are nearly identical to acute human cholecystitis. These changes include subserosal edema, hemorrhage, white cell infiltration, and dilatation of lymphatics. An inflammation scoring system is described with a range from 0 (not present) to 11 (the most severe). The inflammation score was 2 +/- 0.7 in control rising to 6.3 +/- 1.2 at 1 day of ligation and increasing further with time of duct ligation (P less than 0.01 all groups compared to control). Analysis of bile lithogenic index and concentrations of cholesterol, bile acids, and phospholipids showed no differences among control and experimental groups. Our findings show that the model of rabbit common bile duct ligation produces a histologic picture identical to human cholecystitis without chemical or physical manipulation of the gallbladder or significant changes in the bile lithogenic index. PMID- 3184930 TI - Resistance to peritonitis following disruption of peritoneal mast cells. AB - A single ip injection of distilled water osmotically disrupts almost the entire population of peritoneal mast cells in rats. The metachromatic granules released from disrupted mast cells are phagocytosed by peritoneal macrophages increasing their chemotactic and spreading activities. On this basis a study was carried out to determine whether an ip injection of distilled water, by releasing an abundance of these granules for peritoneal macrophage stimulation, protects rats subsequently exposed to peritonitis. We found that a single ip injection of distilled water lowers the mortality in rats exposed to bacterial peritonitis 2-3 weeks later from 80 to 33%. PMID- 3184931 TI - Some mechanical properties of polypropylene sutures: relationship to the use of polypropylene in vascular surgery. AB - This study was performed to examine some mechanical properties of Polypropylene sutures. Fifty segments of 3-0, 4-0, 5-0, 6-0, and 7-0 sutures were mounted in clamps and were subjected to stepwise elongation. Results showed that suture stiffness (elastic modulus) and breaking stress (tensile strength) correlated directly and linearly with the circumference or "skin" of the filaments and inversely with the cross-sectional area or "core" of the filaments. These data suggest that the strength of the suture may reside in the outer skin. These findings are related to the handling of Polypropylene in surgery, and to suture motion in grafts in patients. PMID- 3184932 TI - Trends in the death rates of black and white youths in Tennessee, 1935 to 1985. PMID- 3184933 TI - Tuberculous empyema with bronchopleural fistula revisited. PMID- 3184934 TI - Current concepts in the management of flail chest. PMID- 3184935 TI - A man with a large abdominal mass. PMID- 3184936 TI - A case of typhoid fever. PMID- 3184937 TI - Radiology case of the month. Focal nephritis. PMID- 3184938 TI - On a clear day you can see peer review. PMID- 3184939 TI - Loss prevention case of the month. Where is that prenatal record? PMID- 3184940 TI - AIDS surveillance in Tennessee: a report of trends, 1982-1988. PMID- 3184941 TI - Approaching Social Security disability cases via "impairment listings". PMID- 3184942 TI - Bloody AIDS and AIDSy blood. PMID- 3184943 TI - Pulmonary talc granulomatosis due to intravenous ritalin. PMID- 3184944 TI - White coat hypertension--do we need ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to manage hypertensive patients? PMID- 3184945 TI - Traumatic hemobilia: etiology, diagnosis, and management. PMID- 3184946 TI - Quinine purpura. PMID- 3184947 TI - Court orders Social Security Administration to give treating physicians' opinions greater weight. PMID- 3184948 TI - Contract medicine. In which hospitals contract with health plans but their doctors don't. PMID- 3184949 TI - On being moral, ethical, and polite. PMID- 3184950 TI - Stage II malignant melanoma: presentation of a prognostic model and an assessment of specific active immunotherapy in 1,273 patients. AB - The ability to redefine risk factors and to predict prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma at the time they manifest nodal metastasis can be a benefit to the patient emotionally and to the physician therapeutically. A retrospective review of 1,273 patients with stage II malignant melanoma was performed at our institution. The most significant prognostic factors in a simultaneous hazard Cox multivariate analysis, predicting melanoma-related mortality among stage II patients, were the number of positive nodes (P less than 0.0001), age (P = 0.0004), site of the primary lesion (P = 0.0036), disease-free interval (P = 0.016), thickness of the primary lesion (P = 0.017), and sex of the patient (P = 0.0616). We have developed a model for predicting survival of stage II patients, designed for use in the clinic setting. Its application in a computer system makes it accessible and understandable. The most favorable risk group (18% of the population) has actuarial 5- and 10-year survival rates of 58% and 49%, respectively, from the time of the nodal metastasis. The least favorable risk group (7% of the population) has 5- and 10-year survival rates of 15% and 10%, respectively. There are three intermediate risk groups. All groups differ prognostically (P less than 0.04). The principal adjuvant therapy offered to these patients was specific active immunotherapy, which appears to have a 10-20% survival benefit in stage II patients with greater than one positive node, when compared with institutional controls. The apparent survival benefit of the immunotherapy supports continued clinical investigation of its therapeutic potential. PMID- 3184951 TI - Effect of blood transfusions on immune function: IV. Effect on tumor growth. AB - Blood transfusions have previously been shown in retrospective studies of oncologic surgical patients to be associated with an increased incidence of tumor metastases and decreased long-term survival rate. The possibility that these findings were due to patients with larger, more aggressive tumors requiring the transfusions could not be excluded. To eliminate this possibility, the effect of transfusions on tumor growth in a rat sarcoma model was tested. In this study it was shown that allogeneic transfusions increase the rate of tumor growth and decrease mean survival times. This effect was not demonstrated when syngeneic transfusions were used. These data indicate that the diminished long-term survival seen in transfused patients undergoing tumor resection may be due to an impaired immunologic response to the tumor. Avoidance of this effect might be possible through the use of human syngeneic (autologous) transfusions. PMID- 3184952 TI - Plasma ultrafiltration as successful therapy of rabbit VX-2 carcinoma. AB - It has been demonstrated that tumor-bearing animals elaborate a low molecular weight (less than 10,000 daltons) factor capable of inhibiting in vitro lymphocyte function. It was postulated that removal of this factor would have a favorable effect on host immune response that would translate into improved tumor control. A study was conducted in rabbits bearing the VX-2 carcinoma. Ultrafiltration (UF) was performed 10 days following IV tumor inoculation. UF was achieved by passing blood through an Amicon Diafilter (molecular weight cutoff 10 kD) positioned between the arterial and venous cannulae after heparinization. Two plasma volumes of ultrafiltrate were removed with continuous saline replacement. Two groups of animals received the nonspecific immunoadjuvant, Detox, at time of therapy. Survival in the UF group (N = 9) was compared to untreated tumor-bearing animals (N = 10), sham-operated animals (N = 6), animals receiving Detox (N = 7), and animals receiving UF plus Detox (N = 6). UF imparted a survival advantage when compared to controls (mean 35 days vs. 25 days, P less than .01). The sham group had survival identical to controls. Detox alone conferred minimal survival advantage (mean 29 days, P greater than .05). However, UF + Detox demonstrated maximal survival benefit (mean 40 days, P less than .01). We conclude that UF is an effective anticancer modality in this preclinical model. This study suggests that efforts aimed at eliminating suppressor molecules in cancer patients may be of benefit, especially when combined with biological response modifiers such as Detox. PMID- 3184953 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid. AB - Eight cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid are reviewed. The clinical features and natural history of our cases are presented. All tumours showed an aggressive biological behaviour. Two patients showed association with well differentiated thyroid cancer. It is difficult to conclude whether these tumours are de novo occurrences or were a result of a complete replacement of a previously existing condition after a change in histologic character. PMID- 3184954 TI - Peripheral carcinoid tumours of the lung: a clinicopathological study. AB - Peripheral carcinoid tumours (PCT) of the lung are a distinct entity. These tumours arise from subsegmental or distal bronchioles, are usually well circumscribed and encapsulated, and contain varying amounts of spindle cells. Their histogenesis is from the Kultchitsky or neurosecretory type of cells. Of 52 patients with carcinoid tumours of the lung, 11 (21.1%) had PCT. The mean age was 60.2 years, 9 out of 11 patients were females, and about two-thirds of tumours were in the left lung (8 out of 13). No patient developed carcinoid syndrome, but three patients had nonspecific respiratory symptoms. Bronchoscopy was not helpful in diagnosing any of these cases. Four patients required a wedge resection of the lung; the other six underwent lobectomy. One patient had tumours detected incidentally at autopsy. Mean tumour size was 2.39 cm (range 1.0-5.0 cm); four tumours were 3.0 cm or larger in diameter. Three cases (27.3%) had regional lymph node metastases, but no systemic metastasis was discovered. Apart from the patient who was discovered to have carcinoid tumours at autopsy, all others are alive and disease-free from 1 to 6 years after surgery. PMID- 3184955 TI - Implantofix vascular access system: an experience with 19 patients. AB - The use of implantable vascular access devices has increased rapidly in recent years. We have placed the new Implantofix Implantable Drug Delivery System 7500 in 19 patients. The patients reported only minor discomfort. The majority of the nurses found the Implantofix port easier to access than other ports, and some reported less swelling and soreness at the port site. Some of the physicians had difficulty visualizing the radiopaque catheter on X-ray; Burron is currently developing a more radiopaque system. The Implantofix system offers several important benefits. Its compact size assures minimal discomfort for the patient. A new peel-away sheath offers a choice of insertion methods. The system is particularly economical because it can be implanted in an ambulatory care facility or an outpatient surgery room equipped with fluoroscopic capabilities. PMID- 3184957 TI - Gene-culture coevolution: a test of the steady-state hypothesis for gene-culture translation. AB - Although there has been considerable discussion of the gene-culture theory (GCT) approach to biocultural systems, relatively little critical attention has focused on the specific approximations used in GCT, or on their improvement. Here we consider the steady-state hypothesis used in GCT models to connect activity on the level of individual choice behavior to the level of societies taken as wholes. The hypothesis is tested by using Monte Carlo techniques to estimate solutions to the dynamical equation for social order. The steady-state hypothesis is found generally to be invalid for all the categories of choice function originally considered by Lumsden and Wilson, but acceptable for the highly restricted parameter ranges used in their treatments of the gene-frequency change. The implications for the development of improved gene-culture modeling techniques are discussed. PMID- 3184956 TI - Regression of locally recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the skin following excision of a metastasis: with review of the literature. AB - The spontaneous regression of a malignant tumor subsequent to surgical excision of a distant cancer is a fascinating observation. Although rare, this dynamic tumor/host relationship may offer important insight into mechanisms of immunologic surveillance. A better understanding of that interaction may help identify specific aberrations that predisposes to cancer development. Although the literature cites several histologically distinct cancers that demonstrate this phenomenon, a report of spontaneous regression of squamous cancer of the skin has not previously appeared. The case presented serves as the focal point for discussion of current concepts pertaining to this apparent host/tumor interaction. PMID- 3184958 TI - The control of cell metabolism for homogeneous vs. heterogeneous enzyme systems. AB - Metabolic control theories, based on such parameters as "elasticity coefficients" and "flux-control coefficients", have emerged in recent years. These offer a potentially unifying, holistic paradigm for understanding the regulation of cell metabolism. Much of the foundation relies on the supposition that the system is a homogeneous bulk-phase solution of individual enzymes. We examine some of the tenets of such theories, in the light of increasing knowledge of enzyme organization in vivo. We cast the control parameters into a more general form applicable to the linear kinetic regime, using a newly defined unit--the kinetic power, which allows complete specification in terms of any and all factors which bear upon the conversion of free substrate to free product in situ. Extending the control theory to heterogeneous states of enzyme organization, we make a formal distinction between "solution connectivity" and "structural connectivity" in a multienzyme system. The use of "structural" rate expressions leads to the definition of a flux-control coefficient which specifies the interdependence of the individual rate processes in an organized system. The problems and limitations in applying the control theory to experimental analysis of real systems in situ are discussed. "We have arrived at last at a point which comes rather close to what might be defined as 'molecular control of cellular activity', only to discover that the 'controlling' molecules have themselves acquired their specific configurations, which are the key to their power of control, by virtue of their membership in the population of an organized cell, hence under 'cellular control'." (Weiss, 1963). PMID- 3184959 TI - Nonlinear waves in DNA and regulation of transcription. AB - The transmission of conformational changes along the DNA double helix is interpreted as a propagation of nonlinear solitary waves. Experimental and theoretical data in favour of this approach are presented. The possible role of nonlinear waves in regulation of transcription is discussed. PMID- 3184960 TI - Nonlinear methods for discrimination and their application to classification of protein structures. AB - Discriminant analysis assigns objects to one of several classes on the basis of attributes which characterize the objects. The success of classification depends on the selection of discriminatory attributes and on the choice of an assignment rule. In this paper we focus on the latter and discuss ways to obtain nonlinear classification rules through maximum likelihood, canonical components and projection pursuit. We use both linear and nonlinear methods to classify proteins into three secondary structural types: alpha, beta, and mixed alpha and beta or irregular. Using simple attributes, dependent on amino acid properties, we show that the rate of incorrect classification can be decreased by more than 15% when nonlinear methods are used. PMID- 3184961 TI - Applying the PDR principle to AIDS. AB - The principle of pathogen-derived resistance (the PDR principle) has been put forward as a broadly-applicable conceptual tool for use in designing genes which will confer resistance to pathogens. This paper reveals an example of how the PDR principle may be applied in the field of human medicine. Specifically it is shown how the PDR principle can be employed in designing a series of genes which should be capable of protecting human blood cells from the retrovirus causing the AIDS disease. Prospects are discussed for using such genes in gene therapy treatment of people infected with this virus. PMID- 3184962 TI - A profile of thoracic surgery from the sidelines. PMID- 3184963 TI - Total cavopulmonary connection: a logical alternative to atriopulmonary connection for complex Fontan operations. Experimental studies and early clinical experience. AB - To understand better the contribution of a right atrium in a valveless atriopulmonary connection, we performed some basic hydrodynamic studies. Pulsation of a valveless chamber in a simple continuous flow circuit was found to generate turbulence and thereby to increase resistance to net forward flow. Visualization of flow through cavities and around corners and measurements of energy losses across nonpulsatile cavities, corners, and stenoses indicated the importance of streamlining. These studies suggested ways in which hydrodynamic designs of the Fontan circulation might be improved. In parallel with these in vitro studies, we have developed a modified approach to Fontan reconstruction that entails exclusion of most or all of the right atrium (total cavopulmonary connection). The operation consists of three parts: (1) end-to-side anastomosis of the superior vena cava to the undivided right pulmonary artery; (2) construction of a composite intraatrial tunnel with the use of the posterior wall of the right atrium; and (3) use of a prosthetic patch to channel the inferior vena cava to the enlarged orifice of the transected superior vena cava that is anastomosed to the main pulmonary artery. The operation was performed in 20 patients between March 1987 and March 1988. The diagnoses were double-inlet ventricle (11 patients), hypoplastic systemic or pulmonary ventricle (seven patients), and absent right atrioventricular connection (two patients). There were two early deaths and one late death. None of the deaths was related to the actual procedure but rather to increased pulmonary vascular resistance (two patients) or systemic ventricular failure (one patient). Total cavopulmonary connections have the following advantages: (1) They are technically simple and reproducible in any atrioventricular arrangement and are away from the atrioventricular node; (2) most of the right atrial chamber remains at low pressure, which reduces the risk of early or late arrhythmias; (3) reduction of turbulence prevents energy losses and should minimize the risk of atrial thrombosis; (4) postoperative cardiac catheterization performed in 10 patients confirmed these favorable flow patterns with minimal gradients throughout the connections. These encouraging early results support the continuing use of total cavopulmonary connection, at least for patients with a nonhypertrophied right atrium. PMID- 3184965 TI - "Maximal" thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Surgical anatomy and operative technique. AB - Removal of all thymic tissue is the goal of surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis. In this report we describe an operation that predictably achieves that goal in most patients. The results of surgical-anatomic studies in 50 consecutive specimens obtained by this technique indicate that an en bloc transcervical transsternal "maximal" thymectomy is required to ensure removal of all available thymus in all patients. This procedure is recommended for all patients undergoing thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis with or without thymoma and in the treatment of thymoma with or without myasthenia gravis. PMID- 3184964 TI - Myocardial protection in cyanotic neonatal lambs. AB - To investigate the susceptibility of cyanotic neonatal myocardium to ischemia and the effectiveness of cardioplegia for protection, we induced cyanosis in 2- to 5 day-old lambs (n = 16) by connecting the left atrial appendage to the main pulmonary artery with a 4 mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft, which produced an arterial oxygen tension of 34.1 +/- 1.2 torr. Seven to 10 days after creation of the model, isolated perfused hearts from cyanotic animals were subjected to 2 hours of ischemia with topical cooling or crystalloid cardioplegia (K = 30 mEq/L) for myocardial protection (both at 15 degrees C). Identical studies were performed on hearts from 16 normoxemic neonatal lambs 5 to 14 days old. The overall effect of cyanosis was to produce a significant impairment in recovery of maximum developed pressure (p less than 0.05) after ischemia. The overall effect of cardioplegia was to produce a significant improvement in recovery of maximum developed pressure, developed pressure at V10 (the balloon volume to produce an end-diastolic pressure of 10 mm Hg during the preischemic period), and peak rate of pressure rise at V10 (p less than 0.05). The protective effect of cardioplegia was more prominent in cyanotic hearts than in normoxemic hearts for recovery of maximum of peak rate of pressure rise and peak rate of pressure rise at V10 (p less than 0.05). End-diastolic pressure at V10 and the diastolic stiffness constant at 10 and 20 mm Hg were all significantly higher after ischemia in the cyanotic hearts than in the normoxemic hearts (p less than 0.05). We conclude that in neonatal hearts cyanosis may increase the vulnerability to ischemia and cardioplegia appears to enhance the recovery of systolic but not diastolic function in these hearts. PMID- 3184966 TI - Age-related changes in the ability of hypothermia and cardioplegia to protect ischemic rabbit myocardium. AB - Hypothermia combined with pharmacologic cardioplegia protects the globally ischemic adult heart, but this benefit may not extend to children; poor postischemic recovery of function and increased mortality may result when this method of myocardial protection is used in children. The relative susceptibilities to ischemia-induced injury modified by hypothermia alone and by hypothermia plus cardioplegia were assessed in isolated perfused immature (7- to 10-day-old) and mature (6- to 24-month-old) rabbit hearts. Hearts were perfused aerobically with Krebs-Henseleit buffer in the working mode for 30 minutes, and aortic flow was recorded. This was followed by 3 minutes of hypothermic (14 degrees C) coronary perfusion with either Krebs or St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution No. 2, followed by hypothermic (14 degrees C) global ischemia (mature hearts 2 and 4 hours; immature hearts 2, 4, and 6 hours). Hearts were reperfused for 15 minutes in the Langendorff mode and 30 minutes in the working mode, and recovery of postischemic function was measured. Hypothermia alone provided excellent protection of the ischemic immature rabbit heart, with recovery of aortic flow after 2 and 4 hours of ischemia at 97% +/- 3% and 93% +/- 4% (mean +/- standard deviation) of the preischemic value. Mature hearts protected with hypothermia alone recovered only minimally, with 22% +/- 16% recovery of preischemic aortic flow after 2 hours; none were able to generate flow at 4 hours. St. Thomas' Hospital solution No. 2 improved postischemic recovery of aortic flow after 2 hours of ischemia in mature hearts from 22% +/- 16% to 65% +/- 6% (p less than 0.05), but actually decreased postischemic aortic flow in immature hearts from 97% +/- 3% to 86% +/- 10% (p less than 0.05). To investigate any dose-dependency of this effect, we subjected hearts from both age groups to reperfusion with either Krebs solution or St. Thomas' Hospital solution No. 2 for 3 minutes every 30 minutes throughout a 2-hour period of ischemia. Reexposure to Krebs solution during ischemia did not affect postischemic function in either age group. Reexposure of immature hearts to St. Thomas' Hospital solution No. 2 caused a decremental loss of postischemic function in contrast to incremental protection with multidose cardioplegia in the mature heart. We conclude that immature rabbit hearts are significantly more tolerant of ischemic injury than mature rabbit hearts and that, unexpectedly, St. Thomas' Hospital solution No. 2 damages immature rabbit hearts. PMID- 3184967 TI - Optimal myocardial protection during crystalloid cardioplegia. Interrelationship between volume and duration of infusion. AB - There is often a large difference between volumes of crystalloid cardioplegic solution used clinically (2 to 4 ml/gm myocardium) and experimentally (in rat heart preparations, volumes of 30 ml/gm or more are used). In an attempt to reconcile these differences and define the minimum volume and/or duration of infusion of the St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution consistent with maximal myocardial protection, we have used the isolated working rat heart to characterize the relationships between myocardial protection and (1) the duration of cardioplegic infusion and (2) the volume of cardioplegic infusion. Hearts (n = 6 per group, weighing 0.90 +/- 0.06 gm) were subjected to 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, or 300 seconds of cardioplegic infusion (mean infusion volumes = 0, 1.3 +/- 0.1, 2.0 +/- 0.1, 2.8 +/- 0.2, 5.0 +/- 0.1, 8.3 +/- 0.2, 10.5 +/- 0.8, 21.8 +/- 2.1, 22.7 +/- 1.3, 32.3 +/- 2.1, and 39.1 +/- 1.8 ml per heart, respectively) before 30 minutes of normothermic ischemia. They recovered 3.9% +/- 2.3%, 9.7% +/- 5.0%, 22.8% +/- 5.8%, 34.6% +/- 4.6%, 54.7% +/- 6.6%, 64.0% +/- 5.0%, 67.4% +/- 4.0%, 56.6% +/- 11.1%, 60.0% +/- 5.8%, 51.6% +/- 7.0%, and 68.0% +/- 7.8% of their preischemic cardiac output on reperfusion. Creatine kinase leakage, tissue adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate content, and other indices of cardiac function supported this observation. To assess volume of infusion rather than duration, we infused hearts (n = 6 per group) with 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 ml of cardioplegic solution over 120 seconds. Although recovery of cardiac output with 2.0 ml (56.2% +/- 6.8%) was not significantly different from that (56.6% +/- 11.1%) observed with large volumes of solution (21.9 +/- 2.1 ml), infusion of 1.5 and 1.0 ml resulted in poor recovery of cardiac output (40.1% +/- 4.6% and 21.8% +/- 3.9%, respectively). To assess duration (with low volumes) rather than volume of infusion, we infused hearts (n = 6 per group) with 2.0 ml of cardioplegic solution over 10, 30, 60, or 120 seconds. Maximal protection was observed with 30, 60, and 120 seconds of infusion (recovery of cardiac output = 56.7% +/- 5.9%, 45.1% +/- 7.9%, and 56.2% +/- 6.8%, respectively). Our results suggest that, for maximum myocardial protection, the St. Thomas' Hospital solution should be infused at a rate of not less than 2.0 ml/gm wet weight of heart and that the duration of infusion should be not less than 30 seconds. PMID- 3184969 TI - Aortic valve repair using bovine pericardium for cusp extension. AB - Aortic valve repair with the use of individually tailored bovine pericardial extensions to the native cusps was performed in 20 patients (mean age 22 years) with severe rheumatic aortic valve incompetence. After aortic valve repair, the diastolic pressures increased significantly from a mean (+/- standard deviation) of 49 +/- 14 to 73 +/- 8 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), and cardiac catheterization showed a marked reduction or total correction of the angiographic degree of aortic regurgitation. All the patients were free of symptoms over a mean follow up period of 7.5 months (1 to 23 months); the first 11 patients have had a mean follow-up period of 12 months. Attention is called to this short period of follow up. Aortic valve repair with the use of bovine pericardium for cusp extension may prove to be an effective method of treatment for rheumatic aortic valve incompetence. PMID- 3184968 TI - Cryopreserved and fresh antibiotic-sterilized valved aortic homograft conduits in a long-term sheep model. Hemodynamic, angiographic, and histologic comparisons. AB - There is a paucity of clinical and experimental data regarding the fate of cryopreserved valve aortic homografts. Fifteen lambs (mean age 4 months) underwent insertion of a valved aortic homograft between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. In eight animals, the homografts were treated with antibiotics for 48 hours followed by up to 4 days of 4 degrees C storage (group A). In the other seven animals, the homografts were treated with antibiotics and cryopreserved at -196 degrees C (group B). The 12 long-term survivors were catheterized at 6 weeks and 4 months after implantation, at which time three animals from each group were killed. The remaining six animals were catheterized and killed at 9 months. There was no significant difference in transconduit gradient (p = 0.67) or resistance indexed to weight (p = 0.81) between groups A and B. The mean increase in transconduit gradient for both groups between catheterization at 6 weeks and 4 months was 73%, and weight increased by 51%. Histologic analysis focusing particularly on valve leaflet architecture and changes in the aortic wall revealed greater differences between individual animals and according to duration of implantation than differences between groups A and B. However, focal intracuspal thrombus of unknown significance was seen only in animals from group B. Although conduit valve leaflets generally remained free of calcification, calcification was prominent within the conduit wall of all animals. In conclusion, cryopreservation does not appear to adversely affect leaflet integrity and conduit function in this accelerated animal model relative to fresh homografts. This is in contrast to past clinical experience with homografts treated by freeze-drying and irradiation. PMID- 3184970 TI - A new technique for repair of mitral insufficiency caused by ruptured chordae of the anterior leaflet. AB - Prolapse of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve is the result of ruptured chordae, elongated chordae, or elongated or ruptured papillary muscle. Several techniques have been described for the correction of mitral valve insufficiency. However, when there is severe rupture of the chordae, the most widely accepted solution is valve replacement. We describe a technique for the creation of a neochorda with a strip of tissue from the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve. This technique was used in two patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation. Formation of a neochorda and placement of a Carpentier ring to remodel the anulus obviated the need for a valve replacement. Both patients had an uneventful recovery. Studies performed 3 and 4 months postoperatively showed competent and well-functioning valves. One patient required a valve replacement for acute mitral insufficiency 5 years later, but the other patient was doing well 3 years after the operation. Despite the limited experience, we believe this technique offers a reasonable alternative to valve replacement. PMID- 3184971 TI - Long-term results of aortic valvuloplasty for aortic regurgitation associated with ventricular septal defect. AB - Long-term results in 64 patients who underwent aortic valvuloplasty for aortic regurgitation associated with ventricular septal defect are presented. The average age of the patients was 10.2 years and the average cardiothoracic ratio was 0.57 at the time of operation. The average degree of aortic regurgitation, as classified by Sellers, was 2.7. The type of ventricular septal defect was subpulmonic in 31 patients, perimembranous in 20, and was a total conal defect in five patients. Valvuloplasty was performed at one end of an aortic cusp in 23 patients, at two ends in 33, at three ends in six, and at four ends in two patients. There was one operative death (1.6%). The follow-up period was 447.7 patient-years, and there were no late deaths. The actuarial survival rate was 98.3% at 5, 10, and 15 years. Postoperative cardiac catheterization was performed in 40 patients. Valvuloplasty failure was defined as the presence of a cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.6, a loud regurgitant murmur (Levine grade 3/6 or greater), moderate or severe aortic regurgitation (Sellers grade 3 or 4), or the necessity of reoperation. There were 17 patients whose valvuloplasty failed. The freedom from valvuloplasty failure was 74.2% at 5 and 10 years and 55.3% at 15 years. Eight patients underwent reoperation because of residual aortic regurgitation, and all survived. The freedom from reoperation was 90.1% at 5 years, 80.5% at 10 years, and 63.7% at 15 years. Multiple regression analysis revealed that older age, a greater cardiothoracic ratio, perimembranous ventricular septal defect, and multiple valvuloplasties were significant contributing factors for residual regurgitation after aortic valvuloplasty. PMID- 3184972 TI - Chronic supraventricular tachycardia can cause severe ventricular dysfunction, which can be surgically repaired. AB - A 19-year-old woman with a history of chronic supraventricular tachycardia was admitted with acute left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction = 0.26). Surgical division of the accessory conduction ventriculoatrial pathway resulted in complete recovery and improved ejection fraction (0.55 one year after operation). The purpose of this report is to indicate that (1) chronic supraventricular tachycardia can cause ventricular dysfunction, (2) surgical repair of the tachycardia reverses ventricular dysfunction, and (3) progressive left ventricular dysfunction is an indication for surgical intervention in the management of chronic supraventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3184973 TI - Surgical treatment of cardiac myxomas. AB - Information of 40 patients operated on for cardiac myxoma was reviewed. The age ranges were as follows: nine patients, 20 to 30 years; seven patients, 31 to 40 years; 10 patients, 41 to 50 years; and 11 patients, over 50 years. One patient each was 14 months, 14 years, and 16 years old. Left atrial myxoma was diagnosed in 31 patients, left ventricular myxoma in one, right atrial myxoma in five, and right ventricular myxoma in two. Multiple calcified right atrial and ventricular myxomas were detected in one patient. Detailed clinical characteristics and diagnostic methods are presented. The hospital mortality rate was 7.5%. At 15 years' follow-up practically all of the patients had good late results. There were no recurrent myxomas. Rare left ventricular myxomas and multiple calcified right atrial and ventricular myxomas involving a tricuspid valve are also presented. PMID- 3184974 TI - Long-term results of the clinical use of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane as a pericardial substitute. AB - We report our long-term experience with the clinical use of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane as a pericardial substitute in 61 children with congenital heart disease. Twenty-three of these children underwent reoperation successfully, and advantages of the membrane in resternotomy and dissection of the pericardial space were recognized. We have so far experienced no major complications from the use of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane. We conclude that the clinical use of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene surgical membrane as a pericardial substitute is valuable in children with congenital heart disease who are expected to undergo reoperation in the near future. PMID- 3184975 TI - The arterial supply to the right atrium and the sinus node in classic tricuspid atresia. AB - Dissection was performed in 41 hearts from patients with classic tricuspid atresia so as to demonstrate the major arteries supplying the right atrium and the sinus node. A right anterior atrial artery was identified in 85.4% of the hearts, a right lateral atrial artery was seen in 68.3%, a right posterior atrial artery in 41.5%, and a left anterior atrial artery in 78.0% of the specimens. The artery to the sinus node, identified in 34 hearts, originated from the right coronary artery in 38% of the cases, from the left coronary artery in 59%, and had a dual origin in 3% of cases. The relative importance of these arteries is discussed with regard to the atriopulmonary anastomosis of the Fontan procedure. Special consideration is given to the incisions employed in different variations of this operation and the arterial distribution is compared to that found in the normal heart. PMID- 3184976 TI - Invited letter concerning: total cavopulmonary connection. PMID- 3184977 TI - Successful surgical management of mitral valve endocarditis in a 13-month-old child. PMID- 3184978 TI - Possible prognostic value of plasma activity augmenting polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) adherence estimations in untreated patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. AB - Plasma activity augmenting polymorphonuclear neutrophils adherence was evaluated in 30 untreated patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. The estimations were done by the use of cells isolated from healthy persons. The plasma of some patients with CML induced the intensive adherence of PMN to plastic surface. Further observations suggested, that these patients were characterized by earlier blast crisis occurrence and poorer prognosis. PMID- 3184979 TI - In-vivo and in-vitro association between leukemic cells and marrow stromal cells: a murine model. AB - Several reports indicate that marrow stromal cells are conducive to development of both myeloid and lymphoid leukemic cell lines in vitro. We present data on an in-vitro/in-vivo murine model that establishes that: (i) murine LL cell lines (L5178Y, P388 and L1210) invade the bone marrow when injected via the tail vein; (ii) degree of marrow invasion by LL can be determined quantitatively; (iii) there is a close association or adherence between MSC and LL cells in vivo; and (iv) in-vitro adherence of murine LL cells to MSC can be quantitated. This in vitro/in-vivo murine model will be helpful in deciphering the importance of heterotypic adherence between marrow stromal cells and leukemic cells in vivo. PMID- 3184980 TI - Sustained viability of acute myelogenous leukemia cells in liquid suspension culture correlates with occurrence of differentiation. AB - To examine the relationship between viability of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) blasts in liquid suspension culture and the occurrence of myeloid maturation in culture, total and differential cell counts and viability as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion were followed over 21 days of culture. A significant positive correlation was found between viability of cells on day 21 of culture and percentage of mature cells present. These data suggest that myeloid maturation may be a mechanism by which AML cells maintain viability in an adverse environment. PMID- 3184981 TI - Erythromyeloid lineage fidelity is conserved in erythroleukaemia. AB - Blast cells from eight patients with erythroleukaemia and one with erythroid blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia were studied for the co-expression of cell surface myeloid and erythroid markers, and the phenotype compared with that of erythroblasts from two patients with megaloblastic anaemia. The technique of dual indirect immunofluorescence was used with a panel of seven mouse monoclonal antibodies against well-defined myeloid antigens (CD11b, 13, 14, 15, 33 and HLA DR) and a rat antibody, YTH89.1, specific for glycophorin A. No dual fluorescence, emanating from myeloid or erythroid lineage markers, was found to occur in either the neoplastic or non-neoplastic erythroid cells studied. These data support the hypothesis that lineage fidelity is conserved in leukaemia. PMID- 3184982 TI - The effect of recombinant cytokines on the proliferative potential and phenotype of cells of the human myelomonocytic leukaemia line, RC-2A. AB - Cells of the human myelomonocytic line RC-2A can be induced to differentiate towards mature monocytes by culture in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin treated lymphocyte conditioned medium (Lyons and Ashman, Leukemia Res. 11, 797, 1987). We have now examined the effect on RC-2A cells of some (recombinant) cytokines which might be present in conditioned medium. Gamma interferon most closely mimicked the effect of conditioned medium in inducing clonogenic suppression and the induction of monocytic maturation over 7 days of culture. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor induced enhancement of proliferation followed by clonogenic suppression, while granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor had a purely stimulatory effect on proliferation over a 7-day period. Tumour necrosis factor alpha failed to affect cell proliferation or to induce characteristic monocytic differentiation, but did increase the expression of C3bi receptors. We conclude that RC-2A cells have receptors for all four cytokines studied, and that gamma interferon is a major differentiation-inducing stimulus for these cells. PMID- 3184983 TI - Effect of fagaronine on cell cycle progression of human erythroleukemia K562 cells. AB - Fagaronine (Fine) is a novel antileukemic drug extracted from Fagara xanthoxyloides Lam. (Rutaceae). In an attempt to know more about its mechanism of action we describe here its inhibitory activity on cell division, 3H-thymidine incorporation and on cell cycle progression. Fine inhibits cell proliferation of K562 cells by 50% at a concentration of 3 x 10(-6) mol/l at day 4. It stimulates incorporation of labelled macromolecular thymidine on day 1, but decreases incorporation on days 2, 3 and 4. Fine induces a cell accumulation in G2 and late S phases. This accumulation (i) increases with Fine concentration, but a complete blockade is not observed, (ii) reaches a plateau after approximately 48 h, (iii) is reversible, whereas we have previously shown that cell growth inhibition and differentiation were not reversible. PMID- 3184984 TI - Immunological subtypes of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in north India. AB - Pretreatment immunologic marker analysis in 152 adult and childhood patients of ALL and ALL/lymphoma employing multiple monoclonal antibodies and hetero-antisera revealed three major subgroups, i.e. T-ALL (37.7%), N-ALL (33.1%) and C-ALL (21.5%). The early age peak was absent, males predominated in all the subgroups and T-ALL had increased incidence of thymic mass. Leucocyte counts of 50,000 X 10(6)/l were equally frequent in the three groups. T-ALL showed marked heterogeneity by showing a variety of markers such as T-helper/inducer, T suppressor/cytotoxic, p-24, Ia and CALLA. These results show a high prevalence of unfavourable prognostic factors in ALL in our geographic region which might be related to socioeconomic and/or environmental factors. PMID- 3184985 TI - Graded increase in probability of eosinophilic differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by culture under alkaline conditions. AB - HL-60 cells differentiate primarily to eosinophils instead of neutrophils when cultured with butyric acid if they have previously been cultured under alkaline conditions (pH 7.6). To determine the nature of the process by which this occurs, a group of single-cell derived clones was produced from HL-60 cells after prolonged passage under alkaline conditions. When these clones were induced to mature with butyric acid, each clone demonstrated a characteristic proportion of mature eosinophils and neutrophils. This property was stable for multiple passages. Subclones derived from these clones also demonstrated the same probability of differentiating to an eosinophil as their parent clones. Reversion toward neutrophilic differentiation gradually occurred after several months of culture under conditions of reduced pH. The most highly directed clones demonstrated 90-95% eosinophilic differentiation and continued to differentiate primarily to eosinophils after seven months of culture at the reduced pH. Thus, in HL-60 cells, the tendency to differentiate to an eosinophil is a long-lived, heritable, continuously variable phenotype that is inducible in cells by culture under alkaline conditions. This tendency persists for prolonged periods after the alkaline conditions are removed, but may gradually revert toward neutrophilic differentiation with time. PMID- 3184986 TI - Heterogeneous colony forming ability in vitro of the abnormal clone-derived granulocyte-macrophage precursors in myelodysplastic syndromes. AB - The clonal origin of granulocyte-macrophage colony forming cells (CFU-GM) in the myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) was cytogenetically studied. Chromosome analysis was carried out on single GM-colonies from six patients with MDS, whose bone marrow cells had chromosome abnormalities. Abnormal clone-derived CFU-GM were grown in four patients under the presence of human placental conditioned medium. In the remaining two, all analysed colonies revealed a normal karyotype, although the majority of metaphase cells showed an abnormal karyotype in bone marrow preparations. These results indicate that the abnormal clone-derived CFU-GM in MDS have a clone-by-clone variation in colony forming ability in vitro. PMID- 3184987 TI - The 8p11 anomaly in "monoblastic" leukaemia. AB - We report on three cases of monoblastic leukaemia with a chromosomal breakpoint at 8p11. One of our cases exhibited a translocation t(8;16) as has been described in 12 previous cases reported in 1987. The two other cases showed respectively t(6;8) and t(8;19) and they seem to be the first two reports of variant translocation in this disease. The available cases serve to define the main characteristics of this new subtype of non lymphocytic acute leukaemia: phagocytosis in most of the cases, the possible involvement of a granulomonocytic precursor, and a common breakpoint in 8p11. PMID- 3184988 TI - [Effects of revised reimbursement schedules for medical care or nursing]. PMID- 3184989 TI - [Problems in nursing management. Problems associated with selection of nursing supervisors and training of personnel: a management system not necessarily based on seniority]. PMID- 3184990 TI - [Problems in nursing management. Reassignment of members distrusted by others due to their dishonesty: a need for investigation of the circumstances and thoughtful guidance]. PMID- 3184992 TI - [Problems in nursing education. General understanding of the curriculum and awareness of one's own role]. PMID- 3184991 TI - [Keywords in nursing management. Objectivity in nursing and awareness of the nursing costs]. PMID- 3184993 TI - [Problems in clinical training. Need for special consideration for the sexual aspect in nursing planning for aged female patients: constant need for awareness of human sexuality]. PMID- 3184994 TI - [Problems in clinical training. One-sided attitude of the instructor and the silence of students: a need for comprehensive search for the keypoints]. PMID- 3184995 TI - [The problem of curricula in the training of nursing instructors. A discussion]. PMID- 3184996 TI - [Curricula for the training of nursing instructors--the contents and application. At the Ministry of Health and Welfare Nursing Study Center]. PMID- 3184997 TI - [Curricula for the training of nursing instructors--the contents and application. At seminars for the training of nursing instructors (a 6-month program)]. PMID- 3184999 TI - [Curricula for the training of nursing instructors--contents and application. At the Kanagawa Prefectural College of Nursing Education, Department of Nursing Education]. PMID- 3184998 TI - [Curricula for the training of nursing instructors--contents and application. At the Japanese Nursing Association School for Nursing Study]. PMID- 3185000 TI - [Curricula for the training of nursing instructors--contents and application. At the Seminar for the training of nursing instructors, Tokyo Junior College for Medical Technology]. PMID- 3185001 TI - [Curricula for the training of nursing instructors--contents and application. Training of nursing instructors at the Kumamoto University Department of Education]. PMID- 3185002 TI - [Expanding legal responsibility of the nurse]. PMID- 3185003 TI - [Changing nursing profession and related matters reflected in statistics. 6. Reemployment of nurses]. PMID- 3185005 TI - [Keypoints in training of nursing staff observed in actual examples. Training in developing communication skills]. PMID- 3185004 TI - [Nursing statistics. Nursing standards]. PMID- 3185006 TI - [Introduction of primary nursing at the St. Luke's International Hospital]. PMID- 3185007 TI - [Directions in educational studies. 7. On the study of methodology in teaching attitudes--various studies in psychology]. PMID- 3185008 TI - [A report on nursing education. From the focus on the silent scene to self analysis. (2) Silence of the patient facing nursing students]. PMID- 3185009 TI - [Man and nursing: aging. 7. The mind and body of the aged. (2) A discussion]. PMID- 3185010 TI - [Better patient care through nursing research. 7]. PMID- 3185011 TI - [Evaluation of the contents of professional nursing education. 1. Comments at the start of the series--outline of the studies used as the basis of the feature series]. PMID- 3185012 TI - Sixth International Lymphokine Workshop. October 23-27, 1988, Evian, Savoie, France. PMID- 3185013 TI - Dietary magnesium, manganese and boron affect the response of rats to high dietary aluminum. AB - Studies were done to ascertain whether dietary magnesium, manganese and boron affect the response of the rat to high dietary aluminum. Four factorially arranged experiments of 7 weeks duration were performed with weanling Sprague Dawley male rats. The variables were the following supplements (microgram/g fresh diet): boron as boric acid, 0 and 3; aluminum as aluminum chloride, 0 and 1,000; and magnesium as magnesium acetate, 100 and 400 (experiments 1 and 4) or 100, 200 and 400 (experiments 2 and 3). In experiments 1 and 2, the diet was supplemented with 20 micrograms manganese/g as manganese acetate, in experiments 3 and 4 the supplement was 50 micrograms/g. High dietary aluminum seemed most toxic when dietary magnesium was low enough to cause a marked growth depression (100 micrograms/g). High dietary aluminum elevated the spleen weight/body weight and liver weight/body weight ratios in magnesium-deficient, but not in magnesium adequate rats. High dietary aluminum depressed the concentrations of magnesium in bone more markedly in magnesium-deficient than adequate rats. On the other hand, aluminum seemed most toxic when dietary boron was not low. Aluminum more markedly depressed growth in boron-supplemented than boron-deprived rats. In the boron deprived rats fed 400 micrograms magnesium/g of diet, high dietary aluminum (1,000 micrograms/g) apparently was beneficial, in experiments 2 and 3, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were actually normalized by high dietary aluminum. Plasma magnesium was significantly depressed by high dietary aluminum when the manganese supplement was 50 micrograms/g diet but not when it was 20 micrograms/g diet. On the other hand, growth was more markedly depressed by high dietary aluminum in boron-supplemented rats when the manganese supplement was 20 rather than 50 micrograms/g diet. The findings indicate that the response of rats to high dietary aluminum is influenced by magnesium, boron, and manganese nutriture. PMID- 3185014 TI - Magnesium action on the stability of fluorapatite. AB - Fluorapatites with various magnesium contents (Mg-FAp) were synthesized at pH 7.4 and 80 degrees C. The contraction of their c-axis dimensions observed in X-ray diffraction analysis, together with the results of chemical analyses, suggested that Mg2+ ions may substitute into the apatite crystals to a limited extent. The apatites became less well crystallized with increase in magnesium content. At any given magnesium-calcium feed-in molar ratio (Mg/Ca)f, the magnesium uptake by Mg FAp was higher than that by the corresponding F- -free Mg-HAp. Therefore, the former became amorphous at lower (Mg/Ca)f than the latter. However, in terms of crystallographic considerations, the Mg-FAp synthesized at high (Mg/Ca)f revealed its apatitic features after pyrolysis at 1,000 degrees C, while Mg-HAp displayed the tricalcium phosphate X-ray pattern. PMID- 3185015 TI - Estimation of the upper limit of the free magnesium concentration measured with Mg-sensitive microelectrodes in ferret ventricular muscle: (1) use of the Nicolsky-Eisenman equation and (2) in calibrating solutions of the appropriate concentration. AB - Determination of intracellular free magnesium [( Mg]i) with ion-selective Mg microelectrodes filled with the neutral carrier ETH 1117 is critically dependent on the values taken for K and Na in the calibrating solutions, for intracellularly the Mg microelectrodes also respond to these ions. This study was designed to test the influence of K and Na on the measured [Mg]i in ferret ventricular muscle. To estimate the effect of these ions, two methods were used: calculation based on the Nicolsky-Eisenman equation and calibration of the electrodes in solutions containing various concentrations of K and Na. Selectivity coefficients were measured for K and Na by the fixed interference method. While the Nicolsky-Eisenman equation could describe the behavior of an electrode in a given calibrating solution, the effects of changes in either the concentration of K and/or Na could not be predicted by the equation. Comparison between calibrating solutions containing the mean values for K and Na and calibrating solutions containing the lowest measured values for K and Na showed that the mean [Mg]i in ferret ventricle would increase from 0.4 to 0.9 mmol/l. A critical appraisal of the literature values for [Mg]i in muscle tissue suggests that values over 2 mmol/l were either unphysiological or too high for methodological reasons. PMID- 3185017 TI - Hospital volume and patient outcomes. The case of hip fracture patients. AB - Patients achieve better outcomes at hospitals that treat larger numbers of patients with certain diagnoses or who are undergoing particular procedures. However, the causal direction underlying this relationship is less well understood. Do patients treated at institutions with higher volumes of patients achieve better outcomes because the hospital staff and physicians have gained expertise by practice (the "practice makes perfect" hypothesis)? Do hospitals with a community reputation for excellent results attract higher volumes of patients because primary care physicians refer patients to specialists who practice there (the "selective referral" hypothesis)? Or, are both explanations important? This article addresses this question through a detailed analysis of patients with a particular diagnosis: hip fracture. In addition, two measures of patient outcomes are compared: long hospital stays as a proxy for in-hospital complications and in-hospital death. PMID- 3185016 TI - In vitro patterns of enzymic tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.3) expression in bone marrow stromal cells. AB - The toxicity of antifolate drug therapy on microenvironmental function of hemopoietic marrow stromal cells may be critical enough to justify the development of a simple cell culture model to appraise the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)/tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.3) (4HFDH) enzymic system in individual stromal cells. The localization and pattern of expression of 4HFDH/DHFR in cultured bone marrow stromal cells were studied in situ in morphologically identifiable cells. The 4HFDH/DHFR expression varies quantitatively and qualitatively according to cell types and thus constitutes specific phenotypic patterns for fibroblastic stromal cells, endothelial cells, monocyte-macrophages, and osteoclast-like cells. Data indicate a good correlation between the labeling of the enzymic expression and the resistance of cells to methotrexate treatment. This conclusion is also supported by similar features shown by cell sublines bearing multiple DHFR gene copies. Levels of 4HFDH/DHFR expression in marrow stromal cells should provide useful markers underlining the effects of cytostatic drugs used in chemotherapy (for example, methotrexate injuries or resistance). The method can be applied to isolated cells, stromal colonies (fibroblast CFU), or whole adherent layers from marrow cultures. Moreover, with this method, enzymic reactions can be carried out in situ and visual correlations between a supportive microenvironment (hemopoietic foci) and the 4HFDH/DHFR levels on the stromal adherent layer are possible. PMID- 3185019 TI - Defining heavy use of prescription drugs. A methodological study. PMID- 3185018 TI - Quality of care during a community-wide experiment in prospective payment to hospitals. AB - To determine whether a community-wide experiment in hospital prospective payment adversely affected quality of care, availability and outcomes of care were studied in Rochester, NY from 1980 to 1984. During this 5-year period, prospective payment contained hospital expenditures in a community that was already below the national average in health-care costs. Access to necessary care was maintained, and there were increased admissions for management of maternal illness and acute myocardial infarction. Rates of inpatient elective surgery declined. Outcomes of care remained stable, including neonatal deaths, ischemic heart disease deaths, deaths from five selected surgical conditions, and rates of adverse outcomes from sentinel medical and surgical conditions. These results indicated that prospective payment programs in which incentives to decrease marginal or unneeded care are linked with a community-wide effort to plan for the delivery of services can be financially and clinically successful. PMID- 3185020 TI - Diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3185021 TI - Online support functions of prescription order system and prescription audit in an integrated hospital information system. AB - The role of the online prescription support functions of a prescription order entry system was analysed and the results of the prescription audit by pharmacists were examined. In the Kochi Medical School Hospital, an online prescription order system has been developed as part of an integrated hospital information system named IMIS (the Integrated Medical Information System), in which all the physicians enter their prescription orders into online display terminals. The prescription order entry system is provided with prescription support functions, which check the entered prescription data, issue warnings, and offer information about drugs or patients. The prescription order system reduces the incidence of simple prescription mistakes and greatly decreases the cases of inquiries by pharmacists. However, results of the analysis show that such functions as warnings of double order and repeated prescription of a drug do not work as well as expected. The system would thus require some kind of intelligence like that of the auditing pharmacists or that of the physicians with accurate knowledge of clinical pharmacology. PMID- 3185023 TI - Programming medical rosters in Prolog. AB - The Logic Programming language, Prolog, is used to schedule the medical duty roster for a French psychiatric hospital. Each of the seventeen doctors participating is asked to fill in a form indicating his preferences (prefers, can or cannot) for the slots (days and weekends) of a roster covering a period of three months. An algorithm has been designed which seems to produce an optimal solution, in the sense that as many participants as possible are satisfied. First of all, the program fills in the 'preferred' slots, then the 'possible' slots and finally the 'not-impossible' slots. A number of constraints are applied: two consecutive roster slots are not allowed and the number of allocations is limited for each person. If more than one person is a candidate for a given slot at a given preference level, then a probabilistic conflict resolution procedure is put into action. Prolog, which is modular and easily modifiable, seems, with its declarative interpretation and backtracking mechanism, to be well adapted to the solution of such problems. PMID- 3185022 TI - Capability of questionnaire of social and psychological factors to predict coronary heart disease and stroke. AB - It is well known that the incidence of stroke is higher in Japan than in the US, and that, conversely, the incidence of heart disease is higher in the US than in Japan. To clarify this fact, a socio-cultural investigation is indicated. This study was therefore conducted from that viewpoint. A questionnaire was devised and a survey conducted to investigate the effect of social, cultural, and psychological factors on coronary heart disease and stroke. The survey was based on the hypothesis that cultural differences between Japan and the US contribute heavily to differences in the incidence of stroke and heart disease between the two countries. The questionnaire was analysed and correlated with physical examination findings, using Hayashi's quantification method type II. Discrimination between two distinct groups for each disease was clear and the predictive capability of the questionnaire was thus ascertained. In this report we concentrated on use of the prediction table use of sample data, and prediction of the probability of abnormality. PMID- 3185024 TI - Artificial intelligence techniques for cancer treatment planning. AB - An artificial intelligence system, NEWCHEM, for the development of new oncology therapies is described. This system takes into account the most recent advances in molecular and cellular biology and in cell-drug interaction, and aims to guide experimentation in the design of new optimal protocols. Further work is being carried out, aimed to embody in the system all the basic knowledge of biology, physiopathology and pharmacology, to reason qualitatively from first principles so as to be able to suggest cancer therapies. PMID- 3185026 TI - [Health care--a question of choice?]. PMID- 3185025 TI - Application of fast Fourier transform to auditory evoked brainstem response. AB - The current application of fast Fourier transform (FFT) to the analysis of auditory evoked brainstem response (ABR) is reviewed under four categories: (1) digital filtering, which facilitates isolation of fast and slow components from the same ABR wave, is the most common use of FFT; (2) power spectral analysis: this seems significant in ABR for isolating and analysing slow, middle and fast components from the Fourier components around each peak of the power spectrum with a three-peak pattern by inverse fast Fourier transform; (3) cross correlation function shows the relationship between two signals being analysed from the viewpoint of their phase. Clinical applications are used in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis and for automatic detection of ABR; and (4) phase spectral analysis: the synchrony measure method (Fridman, 1984) is a type of phase spectral analysis. In this method, the phase variances of selected Fourier components are calculated, from among 10 averaging groups of 200 sweeps in the same stimulating conditions, to determine the presence or absence of a response. The clinical application of this method to the automatic evaluation of ABR is discussed. PMID- 3185027 TI - [Our health care in the year 1990!]. PMID- 3185028 TI - [Follow-up of partners of women with acute salpingitis for the prevention of sterility]. PMID- 3185029 TI - [Vibro-acoustic treatment of colic in 3-month-old infants--questions on risks and marketing]. PMID- 3185030 TI - [A retrospective study: treatment of Salmonella infections with quinoline preparations]. PMID- 3185031 TI - [Child health services, school health services and day care centers. Coordinated health check-ups of 6-year-old children make the planning of school supportive measures easier]. PMID- 3185032 TI - [Alcohol and cancer--a connection proved only for some forms of cancer]. PMID- 3185033 TI - ["Amalgam disease", does it exist?]. PMID- 3185034 TI - [Occurrence of gonorrhea, Chlamydia infection and urethritis in permanent partners of women with acute salpingitis]. PMID- 3185036 TI - [Medical ethics]. PMID- 3185035 TI - [The needs of incontinent patients. A care program for elderly women in Gothenburg]. PMID- 3185037 TI - [The conditions of clinical research are investigated. A lack of time for research and instruction]. PMID- 3185038 TI - [A sharp competition between medical education and research in France]. PMID- 3185039 TI - [A letter from Sydney: a divided medical society in which almost every member uses his right to start a private practice]. PMID- 3185040 TI - [New guidelines for the management of hyperlipidemia: change of diet is more effective than antilipemic agents]. PMID- 3185041 TI - [New discoveries in vascular physiology: vascular endothelium controls the vasomotor system]. PMID- 3185042 TI - [The needs of patients, not society benefits, should direct the prioritization of patients waiting for hip joint surgery]. PMID- 3185043 TI - [Anxiety neurosis or panic syndrome? Solving the tension between analytic and empiric psychiatry]. PMID- 3185044 TI - [Vision disorders are common in children with hemiplegia]. PMID- 3185045 TI - [Legionnaires' disease with renal insufficiency requiring dialysis as a predominant symptom]. PMID- 3185046 TI - [AIDS, plaque and cholera--false metaphors in the age of molecular biology]. PMID- 3185047 TI - [Psychosocial aspects of lung cancer--experiences from a curator's point of view]. PMID- 3185049 TI - [The National Board of Social Health and Welfare recommends: treatment of hyperlipidemia--the significance of cholesterol and triglycerides as risk factors]. PMID- 3185050 TI - [Chickenpox during pregnancy--risks for mother and child]. PMID- 3185048 TI - [2 limits of serum cholesterol levels are appropriate in the diagnosis and treatment of hypercholesterolemia]. PMID- 3185051 TI - [Changing an old faculty: renewal of medical education in Lund and Malmo]. PMID- 3185053 TI - [British academic general medicine--practice, research and education]. PMID- 3185054 TI - [Smoking after vascular surgery impairs surgical results]. PMID- 3185052 TI - [Alcoholism among physicians--seeking help]. PMID- 3185055 TI - [Management of patients with aortic valve stenosis]. PMID- 3185057 TI - [Mammography is the supreme method for early diagnosis of breast cancer]. PMID- 3185056 TI - [Estrogen in the prevention of osteoporosis--protection of or threat against the cardiovascular system?]. PMID- 3185059 TI - [Examination of patients with aortic stenosis]. PMID- 3185058 TI - [Aortic stenosis--a disease that is possible to treat. Aortic stenosis--an overlooked diagnosis]. PMID- 3185060 TI - [Long-term results after aortic valve surgery]. PMID- 3185061 TI - [Nursing routines separating mother and child cause breast feeding problems]. PMID- 3185063 TI - [Should society support the care of injuries caused by hazardous behavior?]. PMID- 3185062 TI - [Estonian physicians want to increase their contact with colleagues in the West]. PMID- 3185064 TI - [Key questions in medical ethics. How does humanism influence care?]. PMID- 3185065 TI - [Radioimmunolocalization is a new aid used in the diagnosis of tumors]. PMID- 3185066 TI - [Was it right to break secrecy? A discordant board issued a warning of intervention against an HIV-seropositive pilot]. PMID- 3185067 TI - Cephalometric airway analysis in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. AB - In obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, polysomnograms characterize the nature and severity of the disorder but, rarely, its specific site. Therefore, 90 patients with documented obstructive sleep apnea were evaluated by cephalometric technique, with special attention paid to the size and position of the soft palate and uvula, volume and position of the tongue, mandibulo-maxillary relationship, hyoid position, and size of the pharyngeal airway space. Results showed major differences between control patients and patients with obstructive sleep apnea in over 50% (30/52) of the objectively measured indices of the cephalometric airway. Further, many changes in the cephalograms of these patients can be correlated with disease severity. PMID- 3185068 TI - The pericranial flap for reconstruction of anterior skull base defects. AB - In 1981, the senior author first reported the use of the pericranial flap for support of the brain following resection of the anterior skull base. Since the initial report, considerable experience has been gained with this flap. It is currently deployed via a bifrontal craniotomy and is placed primarily as a support beneath the frontal lobes. The pericranial flap may also be used to repair dural laceration and defects. The sinonasal surface is routinely grafted with split-thickness skin or dermis. This technique provides an excellent barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the cerebrospinal fluid, establishing a tough, fibrous platform. Herniation of intracranial contents has not occurred. One major complication has been reported in which radiation necrosis occurred during postoperative therapy, leading to progressive devitalization of the pericranial flap. Ultimately, dural repair and closure with a latissimus dorsi free flap was required. The pericranial flap repair of anterior skull base defects has a 90% complication-free and 95% overall success rate. It is simple and extremely effective. Bone grafting has not been necessary in our experience. PMID- 3185069 TI - Prolonged intubation vs. tracheotomy: complications, practical and psychological considerations. AB - The charts of 52 adult patients who underwent tracheotomy (49 after intubation) were reviewed to identify early complications of both endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy. The complication rate of endotracheal intubation was 57%, and of tracheotomy, 14%. None of the complications of tracheotomy was serious. Sixty critical-care nurses were surveyed about their attitudes regarding prolonged endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy. A large majority preferred tracheotomy for patients who require airway support, for several reasons. First, they felt that tracheotomy patients were more comfortable and, therefore, required less sedation and restraint. Second, the patients could communicate more effectively. Third, airway care was simplified. Ninety-two percent of nurses stated that they would prefer a tracheotomy for themselves or a loved one if more than 10 days of ventilatory support were required. We conclude that tracheotomy can be performed safely in this group of patients, and that it offers significant practical and psychological benefits compared to prolonged endotracheal intubation. PMID- 3185070 TI - Cochlear histopathology in the labyrinthectomized ear: implications for cochlear implantation. AB - Limited damage to the cochlea and preservation of hearing after labyrinthectomy have been the subject of many case reports. One might hypothesize that, even when hearing is lost, there may be less damage to the cochlea than anticipated, and some neural elements that can be electrically stimulated may be preserved. Four labyrinthectomized temporal bones on file at the House Ear Institute were evaluated histopathologically. All had some remaining spiral ganglion cell population, the neural element that we think is stimulated by the intracochlear electrode. We also examined the population of hair cells and dendrites and the presence and extent of cochlear ossification, factors that may influence the performance of a cochlear implant. This is the first study of its type. Results indicate that cochlear implantation in the labyrinthectomized ear may be feasible. PMID- 3185071 TI - The efficacy and safety of transantral ethmoidectomy. AB - With the advent of new endoscopic instruments, rhinologists are reassessing and modifying ethmoidectomy techniques. Despite this renewed interest, the transantral ethmoidectomy has received little attention, even though this procedure has the advantages of avoiding an external incision, safely delineating the medial orbital wall, and simultaneously treating ethmoid and maxillary sinus disease. The present study compared 74 transantral ethmoidectomy procedures and 47 external ethmoidectomy procedures. The two groups of patients were comparable with respect to age and gender. There was no statistical difference between the two groups with regard to blood loss. Complications were less frequent in the transantral group. Of the 97 patients treated for ethmoid sinusitis, outcome was more successful in the transantral group than in the external ethmoidectomy group when assessed by the need for additional medical or surgical treatment. PMID- 3185072 TI - Long-term effects of destruction of the endolymphatic sac in a primate species. AB - The endolymphatic sacs of ten vervet monkeys were surgically ablated unilaterally, and the animals were assigned predetermined survival times ranging from 6 months to 5 years. The left and right ears were prepared in anatomical continuity for light microscopic study. Four experimental ears had openings in their membranous labyrinths of unknown etiology and were not considered acceptable for correlative studies. The remaining five experimental ears showed mild cochlear endolymphatic hydrops, which was localized to the apical regions or was more severe in the apical regions than elsewhere. Four ears also showed saccular endolymphatic hydrops. The sensory and neural structures in both experimental and control ears were normal, and none of the control ears showed endolymphatic hydrops. None of the animals developed severe endolymphatic hydrops or the cochleovestibular symptoms that occur in human subjects with Meniere's disease. The results of this experiment indicate that dysfunction of the endolymphatic sac may be a contributing factor, but probably is not the sole cause of Meniere's disease. PMID- 3185073 TI - Intact canal wall tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma: long-term follow-up. AB - One hundred four ears operated for cholesteatoma using the intact wall technique were studied in 1981. In the 1981 study, there was a 7% recurrence rate in adults and a 25% recurrence rate in children after a 5-year follow-up. Recognizing that chronic otitis media is often not controlled by surgery, long-term follow-up is necessary to evaluate a particular operative approach to control the disease and restore function. The purpose of this study is to reexamine the series of patients studied in 1981 and evaluate the status of the ear, as well as long-term functional results. PMID- 3185074 TI - Reflux as an etiological factor of carcinoma of the laryngopharynx. AB - This study examined charts and 16-mm pictures or videotapes of 138 patients with carcinoma of the larynx treated during the last 10 years. Among these patients, 19 were nonsmokers and nondrinkers or only light social drinkers with moderate to severe gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Serial cinephotographs are presented with follow-up of up to 10 years. The common presence of GER in these nonsmoking, nondrinking patients and the probable role of this chronic irritative disorder as a causative agent in carcinoma of the laryngopharynx are discussed. PMID- 3185075 TI - Nerve transfer versus Teflon injection for vocal cord paralysis: a comparison. AB - Teflon injection for unilateral vocal cord paralysis frequently produces an improved yet breathy voice. Ansa hypoglossi-recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis has been performed in five patients. In the four patients discussed in this paper, excellent phonatory quality has been achieved. Electroacoustic analysis indicates that this technique may produce normal phonatory function in paralyzed larynges. There have been no serious side effects or complications in our first five patients. Denervation of the sternothyroid muscle, which results from sectioning its nerve in preparation for suture to the RLN, appears to further improve the voice by medially positioning the vocal cord. Gelfoam paste is injected at the time of nerve transfer to rehabilitate the voice during the 2 months required for nerve regeneration. For younger patients, or those with professional use of their voices, this technique offers superior speech results when compared with Teflon injection. PMID- 3185077 TI - Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction of the laryngopharynx and cervical esophagus. AB - Advanced carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus is a formidable challenge to the skills of the head and neck surgeon. Radiation therapy is valuable as adjunctive therapy when combined with curative surgery, which is the primary treatment modality. The extent of anatomical disease associated with extensive neoplasia of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus is frequently not amenable to total laryngectomy with local tissue repair. Surgical ablation usually requires an extended laryngectomy, which does not permit primary local repair. A previous report by this author, comparing all techniques historically and chronologically, indicated that the present impetus is toward procedures characterized by a one-stage primary repair with shorter completion times. Presently, the three most promising procedures that meet these criteria are the gastric transposition, free microvascular bowel transfer, and regional myocutaneous flap repair. Theogaraj, et al. reported the use of a partially tubulated pectoralis muscle flap over preserved posterior wall cervical esophageal mucosa in cases of short segment stenosis. Encouraged by these results, a technique using partial tubulation for long-segment stenosis was reported. The use of this technique was expanded to include the repair of the defect left after total ablation of the laryngopharynx and cervical esophagus. Over the past 40 months, 22 patients have undergone repair using partial tubulation of the pectoralis myocutaneous flap. This paper will discuss the technical aspects of the procedure and analyze the procedure as it relates to mortality, morbidity, and completion time. Low morbidity and a completion time of 18 days competes favorably with gastric transposition and free jejunal transfer. A rational approach to reconstruction using all procedures will be discussed. PMID- 3185076 TI - 3-D CT for cranial facial and laryngeal surgery. AB - Three-dimensional imaging is a new digital technology which interpolates two dimensional computer tomography information to render a "life-like" anatomic display of the diagnostic information. We have found that this new methodology significantly improves the assessment and therapy of patients undergoing surgical procedures of the head and neck. The technique has been used in cranial-facial and laryngeal pathology, and in preoperative planning of tumor resection, particularly skull-base neoplasms. The use of three-dimensional computer tomography improves the display of the location and volume of pathology and affords accurate therapeutic and surgical planning. The choice and extent of surgery is better defined, and precise bone removal can be performed. In reconstructive surgery, an accurate prefabricated model of the bony defect can be made to aid reconstruction. Representative cases demonstrating the use of three dimensional computer tomography in head and neck surgery, and its benefits in saving operative time and improving the postoperative result, will be discussed. PMID- 3185078 TI - The relationship between nasal anatomy and human olfaction. AB - The relationship between nasal anatomy and olfactory ability was evaluated by correlating measurements from nasal cavity CT scans with the results of an established clinical measure of olfactory function (Odorant Confusion Matrix, or OCM). The most appropriate mathematical model of this relationship was developed by analyzing the logarithms of 30 anatomical measures and a logistic transform of the OCM percent correct score. Two nasal cavity regions were found to be the most important factors in accounting for the olfactory test results, with a third region modifying the effects of the first two. The results of this study suggest that nasal anatomy may play a role in controlling the access of an odorant to the olfactory receptor area. The conclusions of this study have implications for nasal surgeons who, when possible, should make attempts to repair or preserve these nasal regions which seem to be so important to olfactory function. PMID- 3185079 TI - Injuries related to all-terrain vehicular accidents: a closer look at head and neck trauma. AB - Morbidity and mortality associated with all-terrain vehicular accidents is climbing at a steady rate. These accidents frequently result in multiorgan system trauma. A retrospective study of all victims involved in three-wheel motor vehicle accidents admitted to the UCSD Trauma Unit between July 1980 and July 1985 is presented. Injury severity was assessed using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) and the Injury Severity Score (ISS). The average patient age was 23.3 years with 30% under 16 years of age. There was a male to female ratio of 14:1. The average hospital stay was 12.4 days. Six percent died as a result of their injuries. Injuries to the head and neck were sustained by 83.3% of patients, facial injuries by 46.6%, injuries to the chest by 13.3%, and injuries to the pelvis and abdomen by 13.3%. Thirty percent suffered injuries to the extremities and over 50% had abrasions, contusions, and/or lacerations. Physicians, the public, and state and federal agencies are urged to promote safer use of these recreational vehicles. PMID- 3185080 TI - Type II collagen distribution in rodents. AB - The anatomical distribution of type II collagen in animal ears was studied by immunohistochemical techniques, using defined monoclonal antibodies to type II collagen. Type II collagen was observed in the cartilage plate of the auricle and external auditory meatus, tympanic annulus, lamina propria of tympanic membrane (pars tensa), interossicular joints, stapes footplate, eustachian tube cartilage, enchondral layer and globuli interossei of the otic capsule, Rosenthal canal, cribriform base, osseous spiral lamina, spiral ligament, limbus, tectorial membrane, semicircular canal membrane and subepithelial layer of the ampullary crista, utricular and saccular maculae, and the endolymphatic duct and proximal part of the sac. PMID- 3185081 TI - Effects of tracheostomy on human tracheobronchial mucosa: a scanning electron microscopic study. AB - The protective functions missing in the upper airways of tracheostomy patients lead to functional and morphological changes in the lower respiratory tract. To obtain detailed data from the surface of the tracheobronchial mucosa, a scanning electron microscopic study was performed. Mucosal biopsies were taken from different sites of the tracheobronchial tree in 5 healthy control subjects, 5 patients with tracheostomy after laryngectomy, and 5 tracheostomy patients not affected by a history of smoking. Following scanning electron microscopic examination, the specimens were evaluated morphometrically. The percentage ciliary border and the individual mucosal surface changes depended on the biopsy site and the degree of previous damage. Individual structural alterations consisted of squamous metaplasia, giant cilia, compound cilia, and microplicae. Giant cilia represented an impressive form of differentiation in chronic bronchitis recognizable by scanning electron microscopy. PMID- 3185083 TI - Facial analysis. PMID- 3185082 TI - Contemporary surgical management of high cervical metastases: an anatomic approach. PMID- 3185084 TI - [Multiple lipomas of the colon. Case report with clinical, roentgenologic, angiographic and histologic findings]. AB - Case report on a 26 year old woman with multiple lipomas of the colon and rectum and a neurofibromatosis simultaneously. Description and discussion of clinical data and differential diagnosis. The vascularisation of the lipomas and of the overlying mucosa was proved to be good angiographically. This is the reason for the frequent bleeding of the lipomas of the colon. The coincidence of multiple lipomas and neurofibromatosis is rare. Therefore conclusions for a possible common etiology of the two diseases should be drawn only after further reports. PMID- 3185085 TI - [Dengue viruses in northeastern Croatia]. PMID- 3185086 TI - [Spontaneous seroconversion of HBeAg into anti-HBe in patients with chronic hepatitis B]. PMID- 3185087 TI - [Correlation of the clinical signs of the disease and specific serologic tests in the diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis]. PMID- 3185088 TI - [The western Pannonian nosogeography of tick-borne meningoencephalitis in Croatia]. PMID- 3185089 TI - [The moya-moya syndrome--a report of occlusive disease of the cerebral basal artery with special emphasis on the collateral circulation]. PMID- 3185090 TI - [Autopsy findings after long-term use of anticonvulsants]. PMID- 3185091 TI - [Sinus lithiasis]. PMID- 3185092 TI - [Controlled hypotension in microsurgery of the middle ear]. PMID- 3185093 TI - [Forced reduction of body weight in obese persons]. PMID- 3185095 TI - [An unfinished discussion 15 years later (1973-1988)]. PMID- 3185094 TI - [The intra-aortic balloon pump]. PMID- 3185096 TI - [The use of drugs in the neonatal period]. PMID- 3185097 TI - Increased 1,2-diacylglycerol content in myopathic hamster hearts at a prenecrotic stage. AB - 1,2-Diacylglycerol (DAG) has been suggested to be a secondary messenger. In this study, we determined the amount of 1,2-DAG in heart tissue from Syrian hamsters with hereditary cardiomyopathy at 30 days (prenecrotic stage) and 90 days of age by thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID). Myocardial triglyceride contents were higher at 30 days of age and lower at 90 days of age compared to the levels in age-matched normal hamsters. Decreases in major species of phospholipids in hearts were observed only at 90 days of age. However, elevated 1,2-DAG content in myopathic hearts was found at 30 days of age, whereas there was no difference between the two groups at 90 days of age. It is suggested that the increase in 1,2-DAG at the prenecrotic stage is involved in the pathogenesis of the cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3185098 TI - The fluorescence quantum yield of vitamin A2. AB - The fluorescence quantum yield of all-trans 3,4-didehydroretinol (vitamin A2) was measured in hexane at room temperature, using quinine sulfate as a standard. Unlike all-trans retinol (vitamin A1) which possessed a relative quantum yield of 0.0298, 3,4-didehydroretinol was 37 times lower in fluorescence (i.e. 0.0008). In addition, a significant bathochromic shift (both excitation and emission maxima) and a general broadening of the fluorescence spectra were noted for 3,4 didehydroretinol. This information is important not only for the understanding of the basic structure of vitamin A but also the photochemistry of vision. PMID- 3185099 TI - The antinociceptive effect and pharmacokinetics of olvanil following oral and subcutaneous dosing in the mouse. AB - Mice were tested for response latency on a 55 degrees C hot plate after subcutaneous (S.C.) or oral administration of olvanil (dose level 200 and 300 mg/kg, respectively). Only the S.C. injection of olvanil produced antinociception. A pharmacokinetics experiment with radiolabeled olvanil (200 mg/kg) was conducted to determine whether this antinociception difference was related to a difference in plasma concentration of olvanil following the two routes of administration. The results indicate that concentrations of radioactivity (olvanil plus metabolites) in plasma reach a peak higher and faster after oral dosing than after S.C. injection. However, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for recovery of radioactivity was slightly higher after the S.C. injection than after the oral dose of olvanil. In contrast, intact olvanil is barely measurable (10 to 30 ng/g) in plasma following an oral dose but is present in high concentration (100 to 2000 ng/g) following S.C. injection. The AUC for olvanil was also higher following a S.C. dose. These data indicate that olvanil fails to produce antinociception after oral dosing in mice not due to lack of absorption, but because it undergoes first pass metabolism. PMID- 3185100 TI - Cocaine, in contrast to D-amphetamine, does not cause axonal terminal degeneration in neostriatum and agranular frontal cortex of Long-Evans rats. AB - Continuous three day administration via implanted minipumps of cocaine hydrochloride (50-450 mg/kg/day, sc and 100-250 mg/kg/day, iv) did not produce axonal degeneration in frontal agranular cortex or neostriatum that was detectable by Fink-Heimer silver staining or tyrosine hydroxylase immunolabeling. This is in contrast to the extensive axonal degeneration detectable in these regions following d-amphetamine sulfate (10-60 mg/kg/day) administered following an identical protocol. Doses of cocaine and amphetamine were equated using three measures: 1) weight loss, 2) lethality and 3) behavioral activation. Thus, cocaine resembles other catecholamine reuptake blockers and does not cause the neurodegenerative changes characteristic of other abused drugs that interact with the brain's dopamine systems. PMID- 3185101 TI - Phorbol ester-mediated desensitization of histamine H1 receptors on a cultured smooth muscle cell line. AB - The present study was undertaken in order to examine the effect of protein kinase C (PKC) on histamine H1 receptors (H1R) present on the smooth muscle cell line, DDT1MF-2. [3H]-pyrilamine binding revealed that specific [3H]-pyrilamine binding sites were reduced by pretreatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of PKC, but not the Kd. The TPA analogue, 4 alpha phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, which does not activate PKC, failed to induce down-regulation of H1R. TPA-induced down-regulation of H1R was inhibited by pretreatment with 1 (5-Isoquinilinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride (H-7), a PKC inhibitor, in a dose dependent manner. The H-7 analogue, H-8, which is a less potent inhibitor of PKC, but a potent inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinase, had no effect on H1R. Moreover, treatment with TPA inhibited histamine-induced increases in [Ca2+]i in cells loaded with the fluorescent indicator, indo-1. These data suggest that H1R in DDT1MF-2 cells are functionally regulated by PKC. PMID- 3185103 TI - Properties of novel effective and highly selective inhibitors of catechol-O methyltransferase. AB - Novel bisubstituted catechols were found to be potent and highly selective COMT inhibitors in vitro. One of them, OR-462 (3-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-benzylidene)-2,4 pentanedione), was studied also in vivo. When administered to rats orally together with levodopa and carbidopa, OR-462 greatly improved the bioavailability of levodopa and effectively reduced the formation of 3OMD. The levels of levodopa and dopamine were increased also in the striatum, and the 3OMD levels were decreased. The metabolic profile of dopamine demonstrated that COMT inhibition occurred in the peripheral tissues but not in the striatum. OR-462 thus resembled the peripheral inhibitors of dopadecarboxylase. These potent, selective and orally active COMT inhibitors offer a new tool for interfering in the metabolism of various COMT substrates. PMID- 3185102 TI - Serotonin induced vasodilatation in the human forearm is antagonized by the selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930. AB - The role of 5-HT3 receptors in the biphasic vasodilator response to serotonin (5 hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) was investigated in the forearm of 7 young healthy volunteers (aged 22-32 years). Single dose infusions of 5-HT (1 ng/kg/min) and of acetylcholine (ACh, 500 ng/kg/min) were administered into the brachial artery. Subsequently combined infusions of 5-HT together with the selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist ICS 205-930 (350 and 700 ng/kg/min), and ACh together with ICS 205-930 (700 ng/kg/min) were given. After a pause of at least 1 hour the single infusions of 5-HT and ACh were repeated. Subsequently, 5-HT and ACh were infused together with atropine (100 ng/kg/min). Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by R-wave triggered venous occlusion plethysmography. Heart rate (HR) and i.a. blood pressure (BP) were recorded semi-continuously. None of the drugs in the doses used did induce systemic hemodynamic effects. After an initial rapid transient increase in FBF of 316 +/- 55%, 5-HT elicited a persistent increase in FBF of 90 +/- 22% (mean +/- SEM, p less than 0.05 for both). ACh induced a monophasic vasodilatation of 475 +/- 123% (p less than 0.05). Both the initial transient and the persistent dilatator response to 5-HT were attenuated by ICS 205-930 350 ng/kg/min (p = 0.057, n = 5) and 700 ng/kg/min (p less than 0.05, n = 7). The highest dose of ICS 205-930 did not significantly influence the dilatator response to ACh. Atropine abolished the ACh induced vasodilatation (p less than 0.05), but did not influence the biphasic dilatator response to 5-HT. Thus the 5 HT induced biphasic vasodilatation was antagonized by ICS 205-930, indicating that this response was mediated by 5-HT3 receptor activation. The fact that atropine did not influence the vascular response to 5-HT suggests that 5-HT did not induce vascular relaxation indirectly by the release of ACh from cholinergic nerve endings. PMID- 3185104 TI - Activity of calcium/phospholipid dependent protein kinase during rat kidney development. AB - The activity of the calcium sensitive phospholipid dependent protein kinase C (PKC) was studied in cytosol and in the proximal tubular luminal membrane of rats during growth. Cytosolic activity was elevated at 14 and 21 days of age and fell to adult levels by day 60. Luminal brush border membrane activity on the other hand was low on day 14 but reached adult levels by day 21. Changes in brush border membrane PKC activity may have important consequences for the development of electrolyte transport in proximal tubular cells. PMID- 3185106 TI - Cell membrane localization of sterols with conventional and unusual side chains in two marine demosponges. AB - Subcellular fractionation by differential centrifugation was performed on two previously unstudied marine sponges that predominantly contain either conventional (Reniera sp.) or unconventional (Pseudaxinyssa sp.) sterols. Direct evidence for the presence of unconventional sterols with C24 alkylated side chains in the cellular membranes of Pseudaxinyssa sp. is provided, but the presence of unconventional sterols in sponge membranes is shown not to be a universal feature of the Porifera. Possible structural and functional roles of unconventional lipid molecules in sponge cell membranes are discussed. PMID- 3185107 TI - Effects of 2-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)indan-1,3-dione on serum lipoprotein and lipid metabolism of rodents. AB - 2-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)indan-1,3-dione was shown to be a potent hypolipidemic agent in rodents, lowering significantly both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels at 20 mg/kg/day. The agent in vivo inhibited the enzymatic activities of ATP-dependent citrate lyase, acetyl-CoA synthetase, cholesterol-7-alpha hydroxylase, acyl-CoA cholesterol acyl transferase, sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase and phosphatidylate phosphohydrolase. Tissue lipid levels of liver and small intestine also were reduced by the agent. The rat serum lipoprotein lipid content was modulated by the drug, which should be favorable for the removable of cholesterol from peripheral tissue for conduction to the liver for clearance from the body. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were reduced after treatment, which suggests that the agent potentially reduces deposition of cholesterol in plaques. If chemotherapy for atherosclerosis is to be successful, then the high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level needs to be elevated more than 16% to 25%, the level produced by current hypolipidemic agents. 2-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl)indan-1,3-dione offers a 75% increase in HDL cholesterol levels and a 30% reduction of LDL cholesterol levels with a suppression of de novo synthesis of lipids and a reduction of tissue cholesterol deposition. PMID- 3185105 TI - Cell membrane localization of long chain C24-C30 fatty acids in two marine demosponges. AB - Subcellular fractionation by differential centrifugation was performed on two previously unstudied marine sponges (Reniera sp. and Pseudaxinyssa sp.) that represent both major subclasses of the Demospongiae. Long chain fatty acids (LCFA) with 24-30 carbon units were found as major constituents of cell membrane isolates of both sponges. Most LCFA were polyunsaturated and were constituents of the phospholipids, which are typical membrane lipids, and in particular the amino phospholipids. The LCFA composition of phospholipids from whole sponge tissue was shown to provide a reliable indication of the LCFA composition of cell membrane phospholipids in the sponges studied. An unusual triply branched C16 isoprenoid fatty acid, 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoic acid, also was identified as a cell membrane acid in the sponge Pseudaxinyssa sp. PMID- 3185108 TI - Reaction of cholesterol 5,6-epoxides with simulated gastric juice. AB - Cholesterol 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxide (alpha-epoxide) and cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta epoxide (beta-epoxide) were individually suspended in simulated gastric juice (pH 1.2) at 37 C, and their reaction was followed by gradient high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with flame ionization (FID) detection. Both epoxides reacted rapidly in the aqueous acid medium. The alpha-epoxide formed 6 beta chlorocholestane-3 beta,5 alpha-diol (alpha-chlorohydrin) and 5 alpha-cholestane 3 beta,5,6 beta-triol (triol), while the beta-epoxide formed 5 alpha chlorocholestane-3 beta,6 beta-diol (beta-chlorohydrin) and triol. The isomeric chlorohydrins reacted further to form the triol. In mildly alkaline aqueous medium, each chlorohydrin reverted to the epoxide from which it was formed. The data suggest that both epoxides, which have been reported to have adverse health effects in animals, would be largely hydrolyzed in the stomach and to the triol, which also has been reported to have biological activity. The data further suggest that residual chlorohydrins surviving stomach residence can be expected to revert to epoxide in the more alkaline intestinal environment. PMID- 3185109 TI - Dietary manipulation of macrophage phospholipid classes: selective increase of dihomogammalinolenic acid. AB - Because alterations in the dietary content of fatty acids are an important method for modulating macrophage eicosanoid production, we have quantitated the levels of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in peritoneal macrophage individual phospholipids from mice fed diets (3 wk) with either safflower oil (SAF), predominantly containing 18:2n-6, borage (BOR) containing 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-6, fish (MFO) containing 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, and borage/fish mixture (MIX) containing 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Dietary n-3 fatty acids were readily incorporated into macrophage phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylinositol (PI). The increase in n-3 fatty acid levels was accompanied by a decrease in the absolute levels of 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6 and 22:4n-6 in PC, PE and PS. Interestingly, PI 20:4n-6 levels were not significantly lowered (P greater than 0.05) in MIX and MFO macrophages relative to SAF and BOR. These data demonstrate the unique ability of this phospholipid to selectively maintain its 20:4n-6 levels. In BOR and MIX animals, 20:3n-6 levels were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) in all phospholipids relative to SAF and MFO. The combination of borage and fish oils (MIX diet) produced the highest 20:3n-6/20:4n-6 ratio in all phospholipids. These data show that the macrophage eicosanoid precursor levels of 20:3n-6, 20:4n 6 and n-3 acids can be selectively manipulated through the use of specific dietary regimens. This is noteworthy because an increase in phospholipid levels of 20:3n-6 and 20:5n-3, while concomitantly reducing 20:4n-6, may have therapeutic potential in treating inflammatory disorders. PMID- 3185110 TI - Formation of trimers of alpha-tocopherol and its model compound, 2,2,5,7,8 pentamethylchroman-6-ol, in autoxidizing methyl linoleate. AB - The reaction products of alpha-tocopherol and its model compound, 2,2,5,7,8 pentamethylchroman-6-ol, during the autoxidation of methyl linoleate at 37 C were investigated. Two isomeric trimers were obtained as the major reaction products of alpha-tocopherol, and a trimer was obtained as that of its model chroman. The structure of each trimer has been characterized by IR, UV, 1H and 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The 13C NMR spectra showed the presence of a quaternary carbon atom and a carbon atom bearing two oxy substituents in the molecule. On methanolysis of each trimer, equimolar amounts of the 5-methoxymethyl compound and the dihydroxy dimer were formed, indicating the presence of a ketal group in the molecule. From these results, new trimeric structures are proposed. The reaction products of alpha-tocopherol could be well-separated by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. When methyl linoleate was autoxidized in the presence of 1 mol% alpha-tocopherol, spirodiene dimer was the initial reaction product of alpha-tocopherol, and trimers were formed with the decrease of alpha-tocopherol. PMID- 3185111 TI - Essential fatty acid pattern of glycerolipids in rat hepatocytes in primary culture and in coculture with rat liver epithelial cells. AB - The linoleic acid content of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and triglyceride (TG) rapidly fell in rat hepatocytes in primary culture up to four days and in coculture with liver epithelial cells up to eight days. At the same time, the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially arachidonic acid, remained constant in PE, slightly decreased in PC and dropped in TG. There was no variation of the nonessential PUFA, 20:3n-9. Linoleic acid supplementation of cultures 24 hr before the harvest induced a rise in the linoleic acid level of the three lipid classes. Arachidonic acid remained constant in TG and only slightly decreased in PE and PC at day 4 of primary culture and day 8 of coculture. The level of 20:3n-9 increased in PE and PC and much more in TG. This net increase in the arachidonic acid and 20:3n-9 levels in TG could not be explained only by a transfer from the phospholipid pools of PUFA because the phospholipid content of hepatocytes and PUFA levels of phospholipids did not vary under linoleic supplementation. The low percentage of arachidonic acid in epithelial cells rules out any participation of these cells in the increase of arachidonic acid in supplemented cocultures. Triglycerides may act as a storage pool for plasma PUFA up to four days of primary culture and eight days of coculture. Besides, coculture seems more potent than primary culture to maintain the phospholipid level, to spare the essential PUFA in PE and to increase the TG synthesis in response to linoleic acid supplementation. PMID- 3185112 TI - Absorption and transport of deuterium-substituted 2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-tocopherol in human lipoproteins. AB - Oral administration of a single dose of tri- or hexadeuterium substituted 2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (d3- or d6-alpha-T-Ac) to humans was used to follow the absorption and transport of vitamin E in plasma lipoproteins. Three hr after oral administration of d3-alpha-T-Ac (15 mg) to 2 subjects, plasma levels of d3-alpha-T were detectable; these increased up to 10 hr, reached a plateau at 24 hr, then decreased. Following administration of d6-alpha-T-Ac (15-16 mg) to 2 subjects, the percentage of deuterated tocopherol relative to the total tocopherol in chylomicrons increased more rapidly than the corresponding percentage in whole plasma. Chylomicrons and plasma lipoproteins were isolated from 2 additional subjects following administration of d3-alpha-T-Ac (140 or 60 mg). The percentage of deuterated tocopherol relative to the total tocopherol increased most rapidly in chylomicrons, then in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), followed by essentially identical increases in low and high density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL, respectively) and lastly, in the red blood cells. This pattern of appearance of deuterated tocopherol is consistent with the concept that newly absorbed vitamin E is secreted by the intestine into chylomicrons; subsequently, chylomicron remnants are taken up by the liver from which the vitamin E is secreted in VLDL. The metabolism of VLDL in the circulation results in the simultaneous delivery of vitamin E into LDL and HDL. PMID- 3185113 TI - Effect of previous nutritional status on the formation of cholesterol gallstones in the prairie dog. AB - In the prairie dog model of cholesterol cholelithiasis, a high incidence of gallstones is achieved by feeding a semipurified lithogenic diet containing 0.4% cholesterol for 2 mo. On occasion, we noted a decrease in the percentage of animals with gallstones from 90-100% to 50-55%. To explain this phenomenon, we studied the effect of dietary history on gallstone formation. After weaning, animals were fed either rodent chow or alfalfa plus corn (mo 0-3) followed by a cross-over experiment at mo 4-6. Gallstone formation then was studied by feeding the lithogenic diet from mo 7 to 8. At sacrifice, the incidences of gallstones, biliary lipids and tissue cholesterol levels were correlated with dietary history. The incidence of gallstones was 100% only in animals fed the alfalfa corn diet from weaning to 3 mo. In addition, the feeding of the alfalfa-corn diet at mo 4-6 increased gallstone incidence from 65% to 86%. The lithogenic index of all groups was highest when the animals received only alfalfa-corn prior to the lithogenic stimulus. The activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase was elevated in animals fed alfalfa-corn from weaning to 8 mo, suggesting that this diet stimulates hepatic cholesterol synthesis, leading to increased biliary cholesterol secretion. It is concluded that previous nutritional conditioning affects the incidence of gallstones. The prairie dog is a useful model of cholesterol cholelithiasis, but the dietary history of the animals plays an important role in lithogenesis. PMID- 3185115 TI - Analysis of free malondialdehyde in photoirradiated corn oil and beef fat via a pyrazole derivative. AB - Malondialdehyde (MA) formed in linolenic acid, linoleic acid, corn oil and beef fat upon photoirradiation was determined by gas chromatography (GC). The MA produced was reacted with methylhydrazine to give 1-methylpyrazole and was subsequently analyzed on a GC equipped with a nitrogen-phosphorus specific detector and a fused silica capillary column. MA values determined by this method correspond to free or unbound MA levels. Linolenic and linoleic acids produced 867 micrograms MA/g and 106 micrograms MA/g, respectively. Oleic and stearic acids did not produce detectable levels of MA upon photoirradiation. Amounts of MA produced after eight hour irradiations of corn oil and beef fat were 56.24 micrograms/g and 25.01 micrograms/g, respectively. Some photoreaction products in irradiated corn oil also were identified as methylhydrazine derivatives. PMID- 3185114 TI - Location of methyl branchings in fatty acids: fatty acids in uropygial secretion of Shanghai duck by GC-MS of 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives. AB - 2-Substituted 4,4-dimethyloxazolines (DMOX) have been found to be a useful alternative to the commonly used methyl esters for the localization of unsaturated bonds and other substituents in the fatty chain by mass spectrometry. The powerful directed fragmentation coupled with good gas chromatographic ability enables the structure elucidation of modified fatty acids in complex mixtures. Continuing our previous study, 76 out of a total of 86 fatty acids obtained from the preen gland wax of Shanghai duck now have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of their oxazoline derivatives. The identification was based on the interpretation of the mass spectra and comparison with the spectra and equivalent chain lengths (ECL) of the corresponding methyl esters. Main components of this lipid mixture are straight chain fatty acids (8.22%), and 2-, 4- or 6-monomethyl branched acids (53.69%), amounting to 61.91% of the total acid fraction. In addition, a large number of dimethyl-substituted fatty acids (31.4%) also have been found. Typical mass spectra, which are easily recognizable and highly specific for fatty acids substituted at various positions, are presented and classified according to the structural feature of the chain. PMID- 3185116 TI - Phospholipid analysis of human eosinophils: high levels of alkylacylglycerophosphocholine (PAF precursor). AB - The phospholipid composition and fatty acid profiles of human eosinophils were studied. Extremely high levels of ether phospholipids were found in this type of cell, such as alkylacylglycerophosphocholine (GPC) and alkenylacylglycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE); these two ether phospholipids accounted for about three-fourths of the choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids (CGP and EGP), respectively. Fatty acid analyses revealed that very large portions of arachidonic acid (20:4) were esterified to alkylacyl GPC (92.0% in CGP) and alkenylacyl-GPE (86.6% in EGP), respectively. While high amounts of alkylacyl-GPC and the abundance of 20:4 in this ether phospholipid have been observed in other types of blood cells of various animals, these percentages for human eosinophils are the highest among such cells. These results suggest that alkyl and alkenyl ether phospholipids play essential roles in human eosinophils in various physiological and pathological conditions. PMID- 3185118 TI - Comparison of free alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl acetate as sources of vitamin E in rats and humans. AB - The uptake of alpha-tocopherol from 2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-tocopherol and 2R, 4'R, 8'R alpha-tocopheryl acetate has been compared in rats and humans. The two forms of vitamin E were compared simultaneously in each subject (rat and human) by using a combination of deuterium-substitution and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to distinguish and measure the competitive uptake of alpha-tocopherol from an orally ingested mixture of the acetate and the free phenol forms. When rats were dosed in a manner analogous to that used in traditional bioassays, i.e., providing the two forms of vitamin E once daily in tocopherol-stripped corn oil for four successive days immediately prior to sacrifice, the net uptake of alpha-tocopherol from the free phenol form was only half that from the acetate. This result is consistent with the greater activity of the acetate that had been observed previously in bioassays. However, when the two forms of tocopherol were intubated into rats as a single dose mixed in with an aqueous bolus of standard laboratory diet, the amount of alpha-tocopherol taken up from the free form after 24 hr was very similar to that derived from the acetate. In five adult humans, competitive uptake studies of the two forms after a single dose taken with a meal showed that the amount of alpha-tocopherol from the free phenol form was equal to that from the acetate in plasma and red blood cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185117 TI - Dietary fat ratios and liver plasma membrane lipid composition. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley weanling rats were fed isocaloric diets consisting of 10% (by wt) fat. The six groups differed in the ratio of corn oil and butter fat present in the diets such that: 10C, 10% corn oil (C); 8C2B, 8% C/2% butter fat (B); 6C4B, 6% C/4% B; 4C6B, 4% C/6% B; 2C8B, 2% C/8% B; and 10B, 10% B. Liver plasma membranes were analyzed for fatty acid composition and cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio. The 18:2n-6 content was constant in the 10C and 8C2B diets and then decreased linearly through the 2C8B diet. The 20:4n-6 and 18:1n-9 contents were constant except in the 10B diet, in which a significant decrease and increase, respectively, were observed. The cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio increased between the 10C and 6C4B diets and subsequently (4C6B and 10B diets) remained constant. This data indicates that changes in n-6 fatty acid content in the liver plasma membrane are directly related to dietary intake only for 18:2n-6. Arachidonic acid content in the membrane is maintained at a constant level until the linoleic acid content of the diet is reduced to 0.5% of calories. It also indicates that the cholesterol content of the membrane becomes saturated and does not increase with increasing concentrations of saturated fat in the diet. PMID- 3185119 TI - Effects of estrogen-induced hyperlipidemia on the erythrocyte membrane in chicks. AB - The effects of estrogen-induced hyperlipidemia on plasma lipid peroxidation, fatty acid composition and osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in chickens were studied. Young male chickens implanted with estrogen for three wk developed a marked hyperlipidemia. Plasma levels of triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid were elevated 68-, four- and 24-fold, respectively, over controls. There was also a two-fold increase in plasma lipid peroxidation measured by the thiobarbituric acid test. Vitamin E supplement (1,000 IU/kg diet) reduced the plasma lipid peroxidation to the control level, but had no effect on the plasma lipid content. Estrogen-induced hyperlipidemia resulted in changes in the fatty acid composition of membrane lipids of erythrocytes. The major changes were an increase in oleic acid from 10.0% to 14.2% and a decrease in linoleic acid from 31.3% to 26.0%. The erythrocytes with an altered membrane fatty acid composition were found to have an increased osmotic fragility. It was apparent that there was a direct correlation between the oleic acid content and the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes. PMID- 3185120 TI - Biosynthesis of membrane cholesterol during peripheral nerve development, degeneration and regeneration. AB - Biosynthesis of peripheral nerve cholesterol was investigated by the in vivo and in vitro incorporation of [1-14C]-acetate into sciatic endoneurium of normal rats during development, degeneration and regeneration. Labeled sterols were rapidly formed (less than 10 min) within the endoneurial portion of sciatic nerve after [1-14C]acetate administration by intraneural injection. The majority of labeled sterols were initially found in lanosterol and desmosterol. After six hr, the 14C labeling in both precursors was decreased to minimum, whereas cholesterol became the major labeled product of sterol. As myelination proceeded, the incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into endoneurial cholesterol decreased rapidly and reached a minimum after six mo. In mature adult nerve, an increased proportion of biosynthesis of lanosterol and desmosterol also was demonstrated. The in vitro incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into cholesterol was inhibited during Wallerian degeneration. Instead, cholesteryl esters were labeled as the major sterol product. Such inhibition, however, was not observed in the adult Trembler nerve (Brain Res. 325, 21-27, 1985), which is presumed to be due to a primary metabolic disorder of Schwann cells. The cholesterol biosynthesis was gradually resumed in degenerated nerve by either regeneration of crush-injured nerve or reattachment of the transected nerve. These results suggest that cholesterol biosynthesis in peripheral nerve relies on the axon to provide necessary substrates. De novo synthesis appears to be one of the major sources of endoneurial cholesterol that forms and maintains peripheral nerve myelin. PMID- 3185121 TI - Dexamethasone-induced alterations in the glycosphingolipids of rat kidney. AB - To determine whether glucocorticoids would influence the glycosphingolipid composition of the rat kidney, male albino rats of the Sherman strain were subcutaneously administered dexamethasone (100 micrograms/100 g body wt/day) or diluent for four days. The compositions of ceramide and of acidic and neutral glycosphingolipids of the kidneys of these animals were then examined and compared. The results demonstrated that dexamethasone administration: 1) increased the content of ceramide and of acidic and neutral glycosphingolipids in kidney; 2) increased the relative percentage of globotriaosyl- and globotetraosyl ceramide, but decreased the relative percentages of glucosylceramide; 3) decreased the relative percentages of GM3 and increased other gangliosides; 4) increased the relative percentages of N-glycolylneuraminic acid in GM3; 5) did not appear to influence significantly the long-chain bases of the major glycosphingolipids; and 6) altered the relative percentages and chain length of the hydroxy and nonhydroxy fatty acids of the major acidic and neutral glycosphingolipids in this tissue. The data show that dexamethasone administration induces quantitative and qualitative changes in the glycosphingolipids of the rat kidney. PMID- 3185122 TI - Characterization of skin-surface lipids from the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). AB - Skin-surface lipids from the monkey Macaca fascicularis are composed of sterol esters (38%), cholesterol (4%) and two types of wax diesters, identified as Type II (IIa and IIb, 17% and 40%, respectively). Type IIa contained diesters of 1,2 alkanediols esterified with two molecules of long-chain (C14-C34) fatty acids having straight and branched chains. In the diesters IIa, fatty acids shorter than C19 predominated in position 1, and fatty acids longer than C20 predominated in position 2. Type IIb contained diesters of 1,2-alkanediols esterified with C4 and C5 branched-chain fatty acids (predominantly isovaleric acid) at position 1 and long-chain (C14-C27) acids, having straight and branched chains, at position 2. The short-chain acids were converted to 2-nitrophenylhydrazides and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ammonia chemical ionization (CI)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) resolved the intact diesters IIb into 12 peaks corresponding to molecular weights ranging from 597 to 748, and showed that the molecular species, such as C21-C16-C5 (diol, fatty acid in position 2, fatty acid in position 1), C22-C16-C5 and C23-C16-C5, were prevalent. The fatty acids from both diesters were mostly (greater than 98%) saturated. The 1,2-alkane-diols from both diesters consisted of C16-C26 saturated straight- and branched-chain components. The acyl groups of sterol esters contained 86% C14-C34 branched-chain acids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185123 TI - Integral lipids of human hair. AB - It has long been recognized that hair is coated with nonpolar lipids originating in the sebaceous glands, and recently it has been shown that hair also contains cholesterol sulfate and small amounts of ceramides, similar to those found in the keratinized portion of the epidermis. In the present study, it is demonstrated that significant amounts of several additional lipids are tightly associated with hair in such a way as to be highly resistant to solvent extraction. These integral hair lipids included cholesterol sulfate (3.3 mg/g of extracted hair), cholesterol (0.6 mg/g), fatty alcohols (0.2 mg/g) and free fatty acids (4.3 mg/g). The principal fatty acid, comprising 40% of the total fatty acids, was identified as 18-methyl-eicosanoic acid by cochromatography with authentic standard on gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and by mass spectrometry (MS). PMID- 3185124 TI - Fatty acid metabolism in renal ischemia. AB - The increase in free fatty acids in the ischemic tissue is a consistent observation and these free fatty acids are considered to play a role in the cellular toxicity. To elucidate the cause of higher levels of free fatty acids in ischemic tissue, we examined the catabolism of fatty acids. The beta-oxidation of lignoceric (24:0), palmitic (16:0) and octanoic (8:0) acids and the peroxidation of fatty acids were measured at different times of renal ischemia in whole kidney homogenate. The enzymatic activities for the oxidation of fatty acids decreased with the increase in ischemia time. However, the lipid peroxide levels increased 2.5-fold of control with ischemic injury. Sixty min of ischemia reduced the rate of oxidation of octanoic, palmitic and lignoceric acids by 57, 59 and 69%, respectively. Almost similar loss of fatty acid oxidation activity was observed in the peroxisomes and mitochondria. These data suggest that loss of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation enzyme activities from ischemic injury may be one of the factors responsible for the higher levels of free fatty acids. PMID- 3185125 TI - Linoleic acid-induced fatty acid changes in platelet and aorta of the rat: effect of age and cholesterol. AB - The influence of age and cholesterol on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels was studied in young and old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were fed a fat free diet supplemented with 10% (by wt) safflower oil with or without 1% cholesterol for 8 wk. As a result of cholesterol feeding, proportions of linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) were increased and that of arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) was decreased in the liver and platelet phospholipids in 64-wk-old rats, suggesting inhibitory effects of cholesterol on 20:4n-6 synthesis from 18:2n-6. The prominent age-dependent effect on the levels of PUFA was a retention of C-22 n-3 PUFA, accompanied by decreased C-22 n-6 PUFA and increased 20:3n-6 in the liver and platelet phospholipids. Ratio of 20:3n 6/20:4n-6 increased in 64-wk-old rats regardless of dietary cholesterol, suggesting depressed delta 5-desaturase with age. In aorta phospholipids, 20:3n-6 content and 20:3n-6/20:4n-6 ratio increased with cholesterol supplementation, but not with age. These results suggest that changes of PUFA composition of platelet phospholipids with age are closely linked with changes in liver phospholipids. The 20:4n-6 content in both platelet and aorta phospholipids is kept constant, despite other n-6 and n-3 PUFA being affected by age. PMID- 3185127 TI - Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on de novo fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in the rat. AB - The effects of 1, 5, 10 and 20 micrograms/kg dosages of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) upon de novo fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in liver and adipose tissue were determined in pair-fed rats. The incorporation of tritium from 3H2O into tissue lipids was measured. Hepatic and adipose fatty acid synthetic rates (mumoles acetyl units g-1 hr-1) in the control groups were 19.6 +/- 4 and 75.7 +/- 18.5, respectively, and the liver cholesterol synthetic rate was 2.9 +/- 0.5. TCDD (1 microgram/kg) inhibited fatty acid synthesis in the liver and adipose tissue, by 44% and 41%, respectively, and the liver cholesterol synthesis was inhibited by 37%. The extent of these inhibitions increased with increasing dosages of TCDD. The effect of TCDD on sterol synthesis in adipose tissue could not be determined, because the tritium incorporation into the sterol fraction in this tissue was not detectable. PMID- 3185128 TI - Imaging sequences in NMR. PMID- 3185126 TI - Accumulation of (n-9)-eicosatrienoic and docosatrienoic acids in human fibroblast phospholipids. AB - An essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency-like profile of fatty acids has been observed in HF-1 human skin fibroblasts cultured at clonal densities in MCDB 110 and 0.4% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The profile was characterized by an accumulation of 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9, 20:3n-9 and 22:3n-9, a reduction of n-6 fatty acids and a reduction in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The fatty acid composition of sphingomyelin (SPH), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was determined and, except for SPH, each displayed an EFA deficiency-like profile. The triene to tetraene ratio (20:3n-9/20:4n-6) ranged from 5.3 in PI to 0.9 in PE. In addition, the highest percentage of 20:3n-9 was present in the PI and the highest percentage of 22:3n-9, in PE. Other human fibroblasts (normal, transformed and at different population doubling number levels [PDL]) were grown under the same conditions and were found to display triene to tetraene ratios (20:3n-9/20:4n-6) in total cellular lipids ranging from 0.7 to 4.5. The accumulation of 20:3n-9 and 22:3n-9 is due primarily to the existence of a basal nutrient medium (MCDB 110) that allows for the rapid clonal growth of human fibroblasts at reduced serum levels (0.4%). This culture procedure can be exploited to further elucidate various aspects of lipid metabolism in human fibroblasts. PMID- 3185129 TI - Papers presented at the 1987 Topical Conference on Fast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques. May 15-17, 1987, Cleveland, Ohio. PMID- 3185130 TI - Fast and exact flow measurements with the fast Fourier flow technique. AB - The fast Fourier flow technique offers a convenient way for extremely exact flow measurements. In combination with ECG gating, arterial flow can be studied. The total acquisition time for a single measurement is about 10 s, an ECG-gated cine sequence can be acquired in about 4 min. Fast Fourier flow can, therefore, be easily combined with a conventional imaging examination. PMID- 3185131 TI - A comparison of fast spin echo and gradient field echo sequences. AB - Optimal angle, fast repeat time, gradient field echo imaging techniques such as FISP (Fast Imaging with Steady Precession) and FLASH (Fast Low Angle Shot) often fail to discriminate disease from healthy tissue for two main reasons. First, T1 and T2 of the affected tissue may increase such that the ratio of T1 to T2 remains nearly unchanged, hence there is no contrast change with FISP. Second, T2 weighted gradient field echo images suffer severely from T2* signal and resolution loss leading to a reduction in C/N. Although FLASH imaging with two separate angles can, in principle, extract the longer T1 tumors, contrast is often not good. To overcome the inhomogeneity and contrast problems, we have implemented a FAst optimal angle spin-echo sequence with a short TE(FATE). For the first echo, FATE has the same contrast properties as FLASH with a slight decrease in signal intensity. The advantage is that the intensity of the signal does not suffer from T2* signal decay, hence improved contrast and disease detection via T2 weighted FATE images is possible. Contrast-to-noise in lesion detection is also considered for CE FAST (Contrast Enhanced Fast), a T2-weighted version of FISP, and HYBRID. PMID- 3185132 TI - Clinical applications and methodological developments of the RARE technique. AB - The RARE technique is an extremely useful tool for clinical diagnosis, since it delivers images comparable to those produced by X-ray myelography and X-ray urography. Contrary to these methods, RARE does not use the application of contrast agents. A low-flip-angle variant called FLARE (fast low angle refocused echo imaging) makes this technique accessible for high-field systems. PMID- 3185133 TI - Clinical experience with rapid 2DFT SSFP imaging at low field strength. AB - A retrospective analysis of clinical imaging using 2DFT SSFP at 0.14 T is presented. The technique's potential for tissue characterization and its utility for clinical diagnosis were tested by both in vitro measurements of various tissues and in vivo clinical images. Different pulse angles not only influenced image contrast, but also helped characterize lesions, particularly those containing fat. In addition, the pulse angle changed the signal from venous flow perpendicular to the imaged slice. The slow flow sensitivity of the 2DFT SSFP technique was demonstrated in the detection of CSF motion. Rapid SSFP offers flow sensitivity and adequate lesion detecting ability, along with high patient throughput. PMID- 3185134 TI - Some factors that influence the steady state in steady-state free precession. AB - Steady-state free precession (SSFP) and particularly the spatially periodic magnetization response with wavelength lambda that results in the presence of an applied gradient is discussed. The maximum SSFP magnetization does not always occur at the Larmor frequency but rather depends on both the phase cycling of the rf pulses and on the rf tip angle. The slow flow sensitivity of SSFP also depends on lambda. Experimental data of the flow sensitivity is shown to be parameterized by a dimensionless dephasing parameter phi defined as the ratio of the distance traveled by a spin in one cycle of the SSFP sequence as compared to lambda. An example of the creation of a moving reference frame with the SSFP sequence is given. The modulation in image intensity that results when the gradients are nearly but not exactly compensated and lambda becomes large (i.e., tens of pixels long) is demonstrated. The pixel length must be an integral number of lambda's in order to have a uniform image intensity from a uniform phantom. PMID- 3185135 TI - The application of steady-state free precession in rapid 2DFT NMR imaging: FAST and CE-FAST sequences. AB - In the classic spectroscopic steady-state free precession (SSFP) experiment, a regular sequence of phase-coherent radio frequency pulses is applied with constant flip angle and a repetition time shorter than the NMR relaxation times of the sample. As the steady state is reached, an NMR signal appears between pulses that consists of two distinct components: a free induction signal following the RF pulses and decaying during the repetition interval and a spin echo-like signal forming at its end prior to the subsequent RF pulse. Both signals may be exploited for NMR imaging if the gradient schemes fulfill the phase coherence requirements of SSFP. This article describes two Fourier acquired steady-state sequences dubbed FAST and CE-FAST, which may be used for the rapid acquisition of NMR images from the SSFP signals. PMID- 3185137 TI - In vivo measurements of relaxation process in the human liver by MRI. The role of respiratory gating/triggering. AB - In vivo estimation of relaxation processes in the liver by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be helpful for characterization of various pathological conditions in the liver. However, such measurements may be significantly hampered by movement of the liver with the respiration. The effect of synchronization of data acquisition to the respiratory cycle on measured T1- and T2-relaxation curves was studied in normal subjects, patients with diffuse liver disease, and patients with focal liver pathology. Multi spin echo sequences with five different repetition times were used. The measurements were carried out with and without respiratory gating/triggering. In the healthy subjects as well as in the patients with diffuse liver diseases respiratory synchronization did not alter the obtained relaxation curves. However, in the patients with focal pathology the relaxation curves were significantly different, when respiratory synchronization was employed. The results indicate that respiratory synchronization is only necessary for estimation of relaxation processes in the liver with focal pathology. PMID- 3185138 TI - A mathematical model for signal from spins flowing during the application of spin echo pulse sequences. AB - Models are presented for both laminar and plug flow that predict the signal from spins flowing during the application of slice-selective spin echo pulse sequences. The models permit calculation of the total signal from a cylindrical vessel lying perpendicular to the slice and incorporate the effect of the physical displacement of the spins between successive excitations. This time-of flight effect gives a signal which is composed of contributions from a finite number of spin populations, with each population signal weighted by the fractional volume of that spin population within the cylindrical vessel segment. The signal and fractional volume from each spin population are derived analytically for ten different spin echo pulse sequences. The models for plug and laminar flow have important application for predicting and interpreting flow effects observed in clinical images. They are shown to be useful for selecting pairs of pulse sequences that can be used to obtain digitally subtracted MR images which provide optimum contrast for flowing blood with essentially complete suppression of stationary anatomy. These models provide a means for quantitatively comparing the expected signal from flowing spins for the many techniques presently being investigated for MR angiography. PMID- 3185136 TI - A comparison of selective saturation and selective echo chemical shift imaging techniques. AB - We report on a comparative study of two methods of chemical shift imaging which can be used to selectively image fat and water in vivo. Both methods require a B0 field sufficiently homogenous to resolve the methylene and water spectral lines. One method, called CHESS, uses a chemically selective pulse to saturate the unwanted spectral line. The other method, called SECSI, achieves chemical selectivity by using a soft 180 degree RF pulse in forming a spin echo image. Both methods require that the strength of the B1 RF field be accurately calibrated and homogenous. We show by theoretical analysis that the suppression of unwanted spectral lines is sensitive to the first power of B1 errors in the CHESS method but to the second power of B1 errors in the SECSI method. Experiments with phantoms confirmed the expected non linearity of the SECSI method, and showed superior water suppression factors in phantoms with it. Experiments with a large phantom and a living rabbit showed superior results using the SECSI method, and the best results were obtained using a combination of the two techniques. PMID- 3185139 TI - Tissue characterization of benign brain tumors: use of NMR-tissue parameters. AB - To evaluate the potentials of NMR tissue parameters for tissue characterization we investigated 68 patients with benign brain tumors. Tissue parameters were accurately measured by a recently developed interlaced triple sequence. Each individual tumor was characterized by a set of three numbers (relaxation times T1 and T2 and proton density Rho). Different tumors exhibited significant overlaps of the three tissue parameters. Therefore a reliable prediction of the histological diagnosis based on the quantitative analysis of tissue parameters alone was not possible. T2-prolongation correlated well with water content and "regressive changes" in meningiomas and neuromas. PMID- 3185140 TI - Fast magnetic resonance in vascular diseases of the abdomen. AB - Fast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging provides a consistent and predictable appearance of vascular abnormalities as shown by four patients with thrombi, dissection and aneurysm. Fast MR images are obtained during breath-holding, resulting in an absence of respiratory motion artifacts. The time of MR study is much less with fast MR than with spin echo sequences. PMID- 3185141 TI - Patients' dissatisfaction with medical treatment and their reaction. PMID- 3185143 TI - A discriminant analysis of the relationship between drug abuse patterns and social maladjustment variables in imprisoned juvenile male delinquents. PMID- 3185142 TI - Personality and social attitude correlates of violent prisoners. PMID- 3185144 TI - Unreasonable refusal of medical treatment. PMID- 3185145 TI - The lessons of selectcare. PMID- 3185146 TI - Inequities/inequalities in the outcome of rehabilitation. PMID- 3185147 TI - New guidelines for high blood pressure management: special considerations, drug interactions, and adverse drug effects. PMID- 3185148 TI - Influenza vaccine efficacy in a Maryland nursing home. PMID- 3185149 TI - Fluid replacement after blood donation: implications for elderly and autologous blood donors. PMID- 3185150 TI - Driving and epilepsy. PMID- 3185151 TI - Influenza program 1988-1989. PMID- 3185152 TI - November 1988. Pneumococcal vaccine--an increased emphasis. PMID- 3185153 TI - Maryland AIDS update. PMID- 3185154 TI - AIDS Testing and Counseling Bill. PMID- 3185155 TI - Community based cardiovascular risk reduction programs. PMID- 3185156 TI - Whose blood is safe? PMID- 3185158 TI - Kidney stones, urine, and cement. PMID- 3185157 TI - Hyperoxaluria in idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. PMID- 3185159 TI - Estrogens and bone cell models. PMID- 3185161 TI - Generalized drug dispensing by physicians: an ethical dilemma. PMID- 3185160 TI - Long-term survival in anaplastic thyroid cancer. PMID- 3185162 TI - Morbidity and mortality associated with anesthesia--5-year survey. PMID- 3185163 TI - Computerized feedback autoregulation of neuromuscular blockade. PMID- 3185164 TI - The inhibitory effects of nifedipine and fentanyl on circulatory response during laryngoscopy and intubation in patients pretreated with neosynephrine eye drops for mydriasis. PMID- 3185165 TI - The use of atracurium in Chinese myasthenic patients undergoing thymectomy. PMID- 3185166 TI - Awareness of intubation with thiopental as induction agent. PMID- 3185167 TI - High frequency jet ventilation during one-lung anesthesia. PMID- 3185168 TI - [Selective high-frequency jet ventilation of the operative lung improves oxygenation during thoracic surgery]. PMID- 3185169 TI - Intraocular pressure during endotracheal intubation with atracurium and succinylcholine as muscle relaxant. PMID- 3185170 TI - Percutaneous cervical central venous placement: an evaluation from neck vein routes. PMID- 3185171 TI - Simultaneous C-section and removal of pheochromocytoma at term under general anesthesia. PMID- 3185172 TI - [Use of continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia of low concentration and dosage in a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis]. PMID- 3185173 TI - Subcarinal pheochromocytoma--a case report. PMID- 3185174 TI - [Acute hepatitis in an uremic patient following isoflurane anesthesia]. PMID- 3185176 TI - [Accidental injection of tranexamic acid (Transamin) during spinal anesthesia]. PMID- 3185175 TI - [An iatrogenic overdose of epinephrine induced toxic reaction during general anesthesia--a case report]. PMID- 3185177 TI - [The basic operation manual of using gas cylinders--a report of an oxygen accident]. PMID- 3185178 TI - Hindsight bias: an impediment to accurate probability estimation in clinicopathologic conferences. AB - Although clinicopathologic conferences (CPCs) have been valued for teaching differential diagnosis, their instructional value may be compromised by hindsight bias. This bias occurs when those who know the actual diagnosis overestimate the likelihood that they would have been able to predict the correct diagnosis had they been asked to do so beforehand. Evidence for the presence of the hindsight bias was sought among 160 physicians and trainees attending four CPCs. Before the correct diagnosis was announced, half of the conference audience estimated the probability that each of five possible diagnoses was correct (foresight subjects). After the correct diagnosis was announced the remaining (hindsight) subjects estimated the probability they would have assigned to each of the five possible diagnoses had they been making the initial differential diagnosis. Only 30% of the foresight subjects ranked the correct diagnosis as first, versus 50% of the hindsight subjects (p less than 0.02). Although less experienced physicians consistently demonstrated the hindsight bias, more experienced physicians succumbed only on easier cases. PMID- 3185179 TI - On the significance of judgment studies. PMID- 3185180 TI - Focusing technology assessment using medical decision theory. AB - Combining medical decision theory and epidemiologic information, the authors have developed a strategy to assess diagnostic technologies. For any patient, patient utilities with new diagnostic information are compared with the preferred fallback action absent that diagnostic information. After determination of whether the expected value of diagnostic information (EVDI) justifies its cost, the method adds across the eligible population to determine whether the global EVDI justifies the technology's deployment, employing a screen (Hurdle 1) that assumes that the diagnostic device has perfect accuracy. This preliminary evaluation relies on published data on treatment efficacy, population probabilities of illness, etc., but not on new clinical trials. If the technology is not sufficiently cost-effective, even with this optimistic assumption, the strategy recommends against its use. Otherwise, the next step is Hurdle II, in which the critical clinical studies, identified by the decision-theory model, are undertaken. These commonly include measuring the actual diagnostic accuracy of a device, with which the cost-effectiveness is recalculated. These studies in general do not require randomized controlled trials. PMID- 3185182 TI - Objective criteria for in-vitro responses in human tumor colony-forming assays. AB - The application of rigorous statistical criteria to the design and analysis of in vitro assay techniques can lead to more reliable assessments of their utility. The authors demonstrate that an objective criterion for in-vitro drug sensitivity would yield less pronounced false-negative error rates than a fixed-cutoff rule, and would therefore be more suitable for screening of putative chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 3185181 TI - A methodology for generating computer-based explanations of decision-theoretic advice. AB - Decision analysis is an appealing methodology with which to provide decision support to the practicing physician. However, its use in the clinical setting is impeded because computer-based explanations of decision-theoretic advice are difficult to generate without resorting to mathematical arguments. Nevertheless, human decision analysts generate useful and intuitive explanations based on decision trees. To facilitate the use of decision theory in a computer-based decision support system, the authors developed a computer program that uses symbolic reasoning techniques to generate nonquantitative explanations of the results of decision analyses. A combined approach has been implemented to explain the differences in expected utility among branches of a decision tree. First, the mathematical relationships inherent in the structure of the tree are used to find any asymmetries in tree structure or inequalities among analogous decision variables that are responsible for a difference in expected utility. Next, an explanation technique is selected and applied to the most significant variables, creating a symbolic expression that justifies the decision. Finally, the symbolic expression is converted to English-language text, thereby generating an explanation that justifies the desirability of the choice with the greater expected utility. The explanation does not refer to mathematical formulas, nor does it include probability or utility values. The results suggest that explanations produced by a combination of decision analysis and symbolic processing techniques may be more persuasive and acceptable to clinicians than those produced by either technique alone. PMID- 3185183 TI - [Radiation control in roentgenologic studies]. AB - A program named KODR (dosimetric monitoring of irradiation in radiodiagnosis) was developed for the SM-4 computer to ensure regional radiation monitoring. On the basis of statistical data on the distribution of x-ray studies the program made it possible to define collective effective equivalent doses and a mean value of an effective equivalent dose for one person in a given region. PMID- 3185184 TI - [Comprehensive teaching of radiodiagnosis in a medical institute]. PMID- 3185185 TI - [The TDF (time-dose-fractionation) model in brachytherapy]. AB - A method to determine TDF values by standard tables with account of RBE of low energy x-radiation and a small area of irradiation fields was proposed. Corresponding formulas confirmed by the authors' clinical data, were developed. The authors outlined ways of using these data for assessment and design of courses of brachytherapy to minimize the risk of development of skin radiation damages. PMID- 3185186 TI - [Spectrometric characteristics and phantom studies of 199Tl]. AB - Spectrometric phantom studies on 199Tl were conducted. They showed that for this radionuclide low-energy parallel collimators should be used, the peak of a differential discriminator being adjusted to 72 keV. Image resolution of this radionuclide was no inferior to that of the commonly used radionuclide 99mTc. PMID- 3185187 TI - [Local radiation reactions and injuries in neutron and combined therapy of tumors using the U-120 cyclotron]. AB - Early local radiation reactions and radiation damage during fast neutron therapy of head and neck tumors were studied. The frequency of moist epidermitis in a radical course of neutron therapy was 33%, that in combined neutron and photon irradiation was 21%. Mucosal reactions were observed in 30-35% of the patients with tumors of the oral mucosa. The most frequent radiation damage in a long-term period were fibrotic changes of the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue. PMID- 3185188 TI - [Hyperthermia in combined radiotherapy of cancer of the mouth mucosa]. AB - Combined treatment of patients with cancer of the oral mucosa using a dynamic course of irradiation in combination with local hyperthermia was proposed. Altogether 55 patients were treated, of them in 51 (92.7%) complete tumor regression was achieved. The short-term results were indicative of the efficacy of the above method. PMID- 3185189 TI - [Prognosis of survival time in year prior to the start of radiotherapy of epidermoid carcinoma]. AB - The results of radiation therapy of 117 patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma taking into account yearly survival were analyzed. Clinico-laboratory and roentgenological factors of prognosis were identified. The use of methods of mathematical statistics and a method of structural risk minimization made it possible to work out a decision rule permitting prognosis of yearly outcome of disease with the minimal probability of 72% even before the start of radiation therapy. PMID- 3185190 TI - [The respiratory function in patients with breast cancer during combination therapy using 60Co]. PMID- 3185191 TI - [Hemodynamics in dogs during external (60Co) and internal (239Pu) irradiation]. AB - The author described an experiment on 34 dogs aged 2 to 4, of both sexes, with the body mass of 14.8-0.6 kg. 8 animals entered into the age control group, the rest of the animals were exposed to single combined irradiation (9 dogs), to isolated gamma-irradiation at a dose of 25.8 mC/kg (7 dogs) and submicron 239Pu oxide irradiation at doses less than 7 kBq/kg (10 dogs). Methods of electrocardiography and tetrapolar chest rheography were also used. The results of the experiment have demonstrated that 239Pu inhalation causes hemodynamic shifts (a decrease in stroke, cardiac and rheographic indices). External gamma irradiation at the above dose produces no significant effect on hemodynamic indices. Combined exposure to external and internal irradiation contributes to earlier formation of hemodynamic shifts as compared to radionuclide action. Combined and isolated effects of external and internal irradiation result in cardiac rhythm destabilization manifested in increased development of sinus arrhythmia and enhancement of its degree as compared to those in the control group. PMID- 3185192 TI - [Detection of reflux esophagitis following gastrectomy using cholescintigraphy]. AB - A total of 53 patients after gastrectomy were examined by hepatobiliary scintigraphy with i.v. administration of 25 MBq of 99mTc-BIDA. Evacuation of the duodenal content proximally of enteroenteroanastomosis was revealed in 24 patients. Reflux-esophagitis was noted in 14 patients, in 10 of 11 patients, duodenal content got into the esophagus. The results of hepatobiliary scintigraphy were compared with those of endoscopic and x-ray diagnostic methods. A high informative value and significance of the results of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the detection of reflux-esophagitis after gastrectomy were noted. PMID- 3185193 TI - [Early changes in the integrative systems of the brain in rats during the combined action of ethanol and gamma-irradiation]. AB - A study was made of Wistar male rats with the body mass of 250-270 g using neurohistological, electron microscopic and biochemical methods. The animals' heads were irradiated with gamma-quanta at a dose of 50 Gy, the rate of 6.7 cGy/s. Two minutes before or right after irradiation 15% ethanol solution (0.28 and 2.25 g/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. It was established that changes of interneuronal contacts in gamma-irradiation of the head were similar in nature to those caused by ethanol (2.25 g/kg). The effects of combined action of the above factors depended on the succession of exposure and a dose of ethanol. Slightly more noticeable synaptic changes, probably associated with mitochondrion affection and hyperhydration, were noted in ethanol administration (2.25 g/kg) after irradiation of the head. PMID- 3185194 TI - [Changes in the ECG following a session of regional intra-arterial hyperglycemia]. AB - ECG changes after a session of regional intraarterial hyperglycemia (RIH) in 13 patients (the mean age of 49 years) with locally advanced cancer of the tongue, oral mucosa and oropharynx were presented. The time course of ECG resulted from a noticeable decrease in the T wave amplitude or a shift of the ST-T segment below the isoline. The results of quantitative ECG changes were the following. The area of the R, AVR, AVF wave and QRS, AVR, AVF complex was decreased. Besides, a significant diversity of changes of the area of ST-T segment, its increase in AVR and AVF and decrease in the V2 leads were noted in this group of patients. Taking into account the mean age of patients and the negative ECG time course after a RIH session, the necessity of patients' examination (including ECG after a RIH session and, when indicated, a consultation by a cardiologist) was emphasized. PMID- 3185195 TI - [Probability of the occurrence of radiation complications in tissues as a function of the probability of the death of their constituent cells]. AB - The author considers some theoretical aspects of the problem of development of mathematical models to describe probabilities of the absence of radiation complications in tissues as function of the probability of a cell to survive. Since the number of tissue cells in great, a mathematical model based on an assumption of the existence of the maximum number of cells associated with development of radiation complication, leads to a sharp change in dependence of probability of radiation complications in tissues as dose function, which becomes steadier and more adequate to actual functions if one assumes the existence of reparable and irreparable spacious structures which form cells survived after irradiation and characterize cell tissue organization. PMID- 3185196 TI - [An automated device for x-ray fluorescence analysis and its use in space and clinical medicine]. AB - An experimental unit for radiofluorescent analysis using the REIS-I x-ray emitter, a Si (Li) detector, an analyser with the NOIKA LP-4900 microprocessor and appropriate soft ware was devised for a study of some aspects of metabolism and kinetics of a number of electrolytes playing an important role in the state of water-salt homeostasis of the organism of man and animals. Methodological approaches to quantitative determination of the native content of plasma trace elements and macrocells: S, Cl, K, Ca and stable bromine administered for determination of extracellular fluid volume--were developed. This method can be used for determination of quantitative indices of the above functions in healthy men and animals during outer space flights, ground mock-up experiments, for clinical investigations in diagnosis of subpathological conditions and for control of therapeutic efficacy. PMID- 3185197 TI - [Electrophotographic microfilming for archiving roentgenograms and electroroentgenograms]. AB - A method of electrophotographic microfilming was proposed for keeping radiograms and electroradiograms in archives. Some experimental studies on microfilming positive and negative electroradiograms of phantom materials and various body tissues were carried out using the Soviet AE-1524 camera. An attempt was made to set up a scientific archive of electroradiograms and radiograms on electrographic microreels. Obvious advantages of the method of electrographic microfilming in setting up compact and convenient archives of X-ray images were shown. PMID- 3185198 TI - [Biomathematical approaches to the problems of radiation biology and medicine]. AB - A vast experience in the introduction of modern mathematical methods into research activities of the Central Research Roentgenoradiology Institute was accumulated in the Department of Biomathematics. The Information-retrieval System for Storage and Analysis of Data on the Activities of X-ray Service in the USSR, a package of applied programs for statistical analysis of radiation therapy effectiveness, a controlled data base on 6 cancer sites, 2 systems for simulation of radiation effects on heterogeneous cell systems were worked out. Some priority results in the fields of mathematical biology and statistical analysis of incomplete selective data were obtained. The Department is heading the work on the problem "Mathematics and computer technology in radiobiology and radiation biophysics". PMID- 3185199 TI - [A system of automated analysis of the efficacy of radiation therapy]. PMID- 3185200 TI - [Priority therapeutic methods in hepatology, gastroenterology and urologic oncology]. AB - The author briefly describes endovascular surgical methods; some of them were developed and used in clinical practice for the treatment of portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis and tumors, renal and bladder cancer. Besides, priority methods of endoscopic surgery employed in the treatment of peptic ulcer, are described. PMID- 3185201 TI - [Departmental metrological service of the USSR Ministry of Public Health in the field of measurement of ionizing radiation]. AB - Metrological service in the USSR was the first of its kind in the world. The Central Research Roentgenoradiology Institute is a base of the USSR Ministry of Health in the field of ionizing radiation measurements; it was set up on its initiative in 1961. Seven years later WHO experts in Geneva raised a question of the organization of a similar world service. At present the USSR metrological service comprises 2 bases (at the Central Research Roentgenoradiology Institute and at the Moscow Research Roentgenoradiology Institute) and 11 territorial testing dosimetric laboratories in the majority of the USSR regions. They are responsible for testing gamma-therapeutic apparatus. Owing to this service the quality of radiation therapy in the USSR was improved. PMID- 3185202 TI - [International relations of the Central Scientific Research Roentgenoradiology Institute of the USSR Ministry of Public Health]. AB - The main directions of the international cooperation of the Institute since its foundation are presented. Information on the agreements with institutions abroad and WHO collaborating centers is provided. PMID- 3185203 TI - [Functional changes in the bronchoalveolar macrophages during the development of long-term radiation-induced pulmonary complications]. AB - The right hemithorax of albino rats was subjected to irradiation of 14.3 Gy at a single dose of 2.2 Gy/min. Local macrophages (BM) were lavaged and studied at different time-points (1 day to 6 mos.) following irradiation. During the phase of radiation pneumonitis, BM activation was revealed, according to an increase in the spreading index, DNA relaxation, enhanced phagocytic capacity of isologous thymocytes. Six months after treatment (the phase of lung fibrosis), the yield of BM from affected lungs was increased along with a diminished percentage of cells capable of phagocytizing dead thymocytes. A phasic time-dependence of BM changes in the postirradiation period was discussed. PMID- 3185204 TI - [Optimization of the intracavitary irradiation of patients with cancer of the endometrium]. AB - Twelve variants of uterine cavity structure were defined on analysis of 52 hysterocervicograms performed in patients with cancer of the uterine body. Using the method of linear programming, the most effective schemes for the location of radiation sources were proposed to ensure optimum dose distribution in intracavitary irradiation. Sources I and II were the main contributors to dose distribution. The use of sequential radiation sources was appropriate in considerable sizes of the uterine cavity. In a spherically shaped uterine cavity dose distribution could be ensured by using only one source, located in the center. PMID- 3185206 TI - Understanding and managing conflict in the dental office. PMID- 3185205 TI - Different types of dental practices require different staffing strategies. PMID- 3185207 TI - Motivation and actualization in the workplace: cornerstones of a team-based practice. PMID- 3185209 TI - Success formulas for the dentist. PMID- 3185208 TI - Auxiliary utilization in dental practice. PMID- 3185210 TI - Dental staffing: where to look, how to interview. PMID- 3185211 TI - Handling insurance claims. PMID- 3185212 TI - Managed health care. PMID- 3185213 TI - Staffing for success. PMID- 3185214 TI - Battleground of the practice. PMID- 3185215 TI - Subleasing dental space. PMID- 3185216 TI - Computer imaging: dentistry's next diagnostic tool. PMID- 3185218 TI - Retain and retrain. PMID- 3185217 TI - Expressly for the staff. Ways the staff can improve cash flow. Part 2. PMID- 3185219 TI - [Social rehabilitation of mental patients in an open industrial enterprise]. PMID- 3185220 TI - [Social rehabilitation of mental patients in the clinic of a research institute]. PMID- 3185221 TI - [Art therapy, its role and place in the social rehabilitation of mental patients]. PMID- 3185222 TI - [Heredity and the health of children]. PMID- 3185223 TI - [Medical genetic counseling]. PMID- 3185224 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis of hereditary diseases]. PMID- 3185225 TI - [Characteristics of the care of patients with spinal cord diseases]. PMID- 3185226 TI - [Poisoning by actively poisonous marine animals and its prevention]. PMID- 3185227 TI - [Causes of thermal injury in children]. PMID- 3185228 TI - [Side effects of drugs. The role of the nurse in preventing drug disease]. PMID- 3185229 TI - [Deontological problems of scientific and technical progress]. PMID- 3185231 TI - [Lambliasis]. PMID- 3185230 TI - [The behavior and actions of medical personnel in the perception of mental patients]. PMID- 3185232 TI - [Health is in your hands]. PMID- 3185233 TI - [A habit that takes away health]. PMID- 3185234 TI - [Use of physical education methods for conducting active disease prophylaxis]. PMID- 3185235 TI - [Health education work among parents to prevent injuries in young preschoolers]. PMID- 3185236 TI - [Alcoholism and demographic processes]. PMID- 3185238 TI - [Children with osteogenesis imperfecta]. PMID- 3185237 TI - [Resuscitation measures in intensive therapy wards (the team method)]. PMID- 3185239 TI - [Physiotherapy methods in the combined treatment of viral hepatitis and its sequelae in children]. PMID- 3185241 TI - [Multiple primary malignant neoplasms]. PMID- 3185240 TI - [Chronic enterocolitis]. PMID- 3185242 TI - [Low-weight infants and the characteristics of their care]. PMID- 3185243 TI - [The role of the nurse in resuscitation]. PMID- 3185244 TI - [Digitalis]. PMID- 3185245 TI - [Jupiter flower (wild pansy, Viola tricolor)]. PMID- 3185247 TI - [Training of paramedical personnel in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]. PMID- 3185248 TI - [Characteristics of nurses' training in socialist countries]. PMID- 3185246 TI - [Deontological principles in the work of a nurse in a department for neuroses]. PMID- 3185249 TI - [Development of a technic and methodology of myoventriculoplasty using programmable cardio-synchronized electro-neurostimulation]. AB - The present work provides the basis for the technique of myoventriculoplastics, first applied in this country, with the use of programmable cardiosynchronized electroneuropacing. The characteristics of a first Soviet implantable electroneuropacemaker, and original electrodes for electrostimulation of the neuromuscular tissue is presented and the surgical technique suggested. Data of 25 experiments on 8 dogs are included. The maximal follow-up period was 7.5 months. PMID- 3185251 TI - [Choice of the limits of allowable random errors of measurement of the basic indices of respiration]. AB - Modern methods for the evaluation of principal respiration indexes were analysed to formulate the demands for methodological characteristics of the devices used in lung functional diagnosis. As a result the extent of measurement random errors of main respiration indexes, which guarantee the prescribed level of right diagnosis probability are established. PMID- 3185250 TI - [An actinometric method for comparing the parameters of equipment for the ultraviolet irradiation of the blood]. AB - Actinometry of devices for ultraviolet irradiation of blood for the first time. Water solutions of diazonium salts as sensitive materials are used. Outlooks for optimization of above devices are discussed. PMID- 3185252 TI - [An apparatus for diagnosing necrotic areas of the skeletal musculature of man and animals]. AB - Modern methods for the evaluation of principal respiration indexes were analysed to formulate the demands for methodological characteristics of the devices used in lung functional diagnosis. As a result the extent of measurement random errors of main respiration indexes, which guarantee the prescribed level of right diagnosis probability are established. PMID- 3185253 TI - [An automated system of preventive care of the juvenile population: structure and functions]. AB - Automated system of prophylactic medical examination to be used on three levels of service, with a polyclinic as a starting point. The developed system includes: management of preventive check-ups, formation of groups with risk for pathologic conditions and management of a second-time medical examination. Use of this medico-technological system, according to its results, permits to increase the effect and purposefulness of prophylactic medical examinations in children. PMID- 3185254 TI - [The medical technology industry: current status and outlook]. PMID- 3185255 TI - [An ophthalmic microsurgical instrumental complex]. PMID- 3185256 TI - [Transmitters for autotranslation of electrocardiographic signals via telephone communication channels]. AB - Each of the three described transmitters for ECG signals autotransmitting via telephone lines has its own design peculiarities and its own ways of application. Serial production and wide use of the transmitters will considerably improve medical service for cardiologic patients. PMID- 3185257 TI - [Experimental endofluorimeters for evaluating the intensity of luminescence of tissues in normal and pathological conditions during endoscopic studies and surgical interventions]. AB - Various analogs of devices recording the fluorescence intensity of tissues directly in the body chambers (fluorescent endoscopes/photometers, microfluorometers for investigation of biopsies and intraoperative probes) are described. PMID- 3185258 TI - [An experimental biotechnical system for determining an index of toxicity]. AB - The system of bioengineering for determination of toxicity index with bovine spermatozoal suspension as a primary transducer was developed. The toxicity index is determined according to a change in spermatozoal suspension mobility defined with the help of an optoelectronic device. The system of bioengineering is used for determination of toxicity index of polymers for medical applications. PMID- 3185259 TI - [A vortical mixer]. PMID- 3185260 TI - [An apparatus for vortical mixing of reagents]. PMID- 3185261 TI - [An electrocardiographic electrode for the extremities]. AB - A design of electrocardiographic electrode for extremities is described. It contains a double-sided grip (from the insulating material) in the form of a truncated ellipse with the ends smoothly diverged. The results of tests are adduced. PMID- 3185262 TI - [Use of a transformer-adaptor when using Soviet halogen lamps in endoscopic sources of cold light of non-Soviet origin]. AB - Application of transformer-attachment for use of Soviet halogen lamps KGM 24-150, KGM 24-250, KGM 30-300 in sources of cold light CLE (Japan), 1010A (USA) permits reducing the import of halogen lamps from capitalist countries as well as improving the conditions of endoscopic research. PMID- 3185263 TI - [The FK-3,5 blood fractionator]. PMID- 3185264 TI - [Use of the ATU-3 aerotherapeutic equipment]. AB - Constructive features of a newer Soviet aerotherapeutic plant ATU-3 are considered. Original noise silence system in the air preparation plant item permits to achieve a high-rate vibroacoustic comfort. Individual stand control electron system makes it possible to keep up the parameters of bacterial-free medium in automated operation. The plant ATU-3 is used for treatment of patients with thermic lesions, purulent wounds and trophic ulcers of various etiology. PMID- 3185265 TI - [Comparative study of the malaria indices in Nanga-Eboko, Yaounde and Edea (Cameroon)]. AB - The authors report the results of sample surveys carried out in september 1986 in Yaounde and Nanga-Eboko and in january 1987 in Edea (Cameroon) to evaluate the main malarial indexes among 0-15 years old children. These investigations suggest that malaria is hypoendemic in Yaounde and mesoendemic in Nanga-Eboko during the rainy months. In Edea malaria is hyperendemic. PMID- 3185266 TI - [Infant mortality in the town of Djibouti--risks, risk factors and risk markers]. AB - The authors report the results of the first survey on infancy mortality rate carried out in the town of Djibouti since the Republic of Djibouti became independent. Infancy mortality rate is 141 +/- 11o/00, and in correlation with some risk factors well identified: jobless, lack of fecal hygiene, bottle-feeding of infant, vaccinal coverage not adequate. It is mainly a post-natal mortality of exogenous origin and therefore possible to be reduced in the framework of the strategy of Primary Health Cares progressively set up by the Government of the Republic of Djibouti. PMID- 3185267 TI - [Clinical study of diabetes mellitus in hospital practice in Northern Rwanda (apropos of 86 case reports)]. AB - Records of 86 patients in Ruhengeri Hospital North of Rwanda (east Africa) during nine months, revealed that diabetes was present in about 4% of all these patients. First of all, malnutrition was noted in about 9% of these diabetics. But, features of the diabetes mellitus were usually as described by Sankale as the "Cosmopolitan Diabetes".--67% of all the patients were male persons from 31 to 49 years old--Typical symptoms as: thirst, polyuria and weight loss were noted in most all patients,--Insulin requirement was noted in 65% of the patients,- Only few patients were diabetic for more than 10 years,--Neuropathy, retinopathy were usually shown,--17.5% of the patients had abnormally high blood pressure (Hypertension). Diabetes mellitus cannot be considered as a preferred share in Africa but malnutrition and obesity, at the opposite side of the nutritional spectrum, are the striking originality of this disease in developing countries. PMID- 3185268 TI - [Study of the sensitivity of non-typhoid salmonellae isolated at Sfax (Tunisia)]. AB - From 1982 to 1986, 122 strains of non-typhoid Salmonellae were isolated at the University Hospital of Sfax (Tunisia). Both tests: serotype classification and sensitivity have demonstrated that the most frequent serotypes: S. wien and S. typhimurium have the highest degree of multiresistance. Ampicillin, cotrimoxazole and chloramphenicol are the most affected while cefotaxime, amikacin and colistin are still saved. Facing these facts, the authors insist on the seriousness of the excessive use of antibiotherapy which leads to the selection of such strains. PMID- 3185269 TI - [Antibiotic sensitivity of strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in Lome]. AB - Use of antibiotics in infectious diseases is frequent. But such a use is not always based on antibiograms and is often not justified. One of the serious consequences of it against public health is the selection of multiresistant strains. So, the authors carried out some researches to determine the profiles of resistance against antibiotics of the strains of S. aureus which is a pathogen frequent in Togo. Sensitivity of the strains was studied in vitro by diffusion method with gelose. The results show that out of 29 antibiotics tested, the 7 most efficient are: rifampicin (91.5 p.c.), sisomicin (91 p.c.), gentamicin (85.64 p.c.), dibekacin (85.8 p.c.), rifamycin (85.71 p.c.). On the contrary, these strains are resistant against tetracycline (96.02 p.c.), colistin (93.39 p.c.) and doxycycline (92.39 p.c.). consequently, selective pressure of these three antibiotics is very high at Lome. Restriction or temporary suppression of their use commands attention in view of preventing the spread of such resistances. PMID- 3185271 TI - [Impact of the African year of vaccination on vaccine coverage in Cameroon]. AB - The efficiency of the African Year of Immunization has been studied in Cameroon by the evaluation of the nationwide coverage thanks to two cluster sample surveys carried out in rural and urban areas. The results are compared to those of previous surveys. PMID- 3185270 TI - [Evaluation of the incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in children with sickle cell anemia in Brazzaville (Congo)]. AB - Following a survey on prevalence of sickle-cell anemia in Brazzaville's Region, the authors surveyed, in the same population, the incidence of Glucose-6 Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) and the sharing of enzyme deficiency among sickle cell anemia patients (AA). This survey was carried out among children from 0 to 3 years of age, thanks to a very close collaboration between the Laboratory of bio-chemistry of the Faculty of Sciences, Maternity Hospitals of Blanche-Gomez, Makelekele, and Maternity Ward of the Brazzaville General Hospital. 214 children were examined in these Health Units. Blood samples were analysed by the thin layer isoelectric focusing technics. 128 children were safe from hemoglobin abnormalities, 44 had heterozygous and 42 homozygous sickle cell anemia, i.e. 19.6 p.c. of the total population surveyed. Measurement of the G6PD activity in these children revealed that 25.8 p.c. of the AA had an incomplete deficiency in G6PD, 31.8 p.c. of the AS and 45.2 p.c. of the SS were G6PD deficient (table I). These results, although fragmentary, demonstrate that G6PD deficiency does exist in the Congolese population, and that this enzyme deficiency might be more frequent in the carriers of sickle cell trait, evaluated by the authors at 22.4 p.c. of the population. PMID- 3185272 TI - [A focus of kala-azar in Air (Niger): first confirmed autochthonous Nigerian case]. AB - From 9 cases personally observed by the authors, of which the first Nigerian case confirmed by the presence of Leishmaniae on a smear of medulla, a focus of Kala Azar has been revealed. PMID- 3185274 TI - [Uterine rupture. Apropos of a series of 52 cases from the brush]. AB - Study of a new series of 52 cases of hysterorrhexis observed at Oddiene, county town in the North-West of Ivory Coast, underlines the pejorative impact of isolation and of the insufficiency of monitoring of the pregnancies in remote areas. The paper details causes and consequences of such an obstetrical catastrophic event, and reports some conclusions of the surgical treatment in which suturing is the most frequent act. PMID- 3185273 TI - [Diabetes and pancreatic calcifications. Results of a survey in a Cameroon hospital]. AB - Case finding of pancreatic calcification by an X Ray of abdomen without preparation was systematically made for 183 diabetics treated in Cameroonese hospitals. Found 8 times (4.4%), these calcifications were detected usually in patients among them diabetes started before the age of 30 (35%), whatever sex or ethnic groups may be. All of them passed their childhood in rural environment. Alcoholic origin was obvious for 3 patients. For the 5 others, no etiology was formerly blamed. However, a woman had drunk traditional spirits from her childhood and an other has suffered from kwashiorkor. These 5 diabetics all had acetonuria and were poorly balanced. Only one presented some clinical stigmata f a pancreatic lesion. These results point out the existence in Cameroon of fibrocalcific pancreatic diabetes (FPD) considered as linked to malnutrition. Based on their observations, the authors discuss the classical features of such diabetes, and underline the role of alcoholic beverages in the genesis of these FPD. They also take into consideration the recent developments of physiopathology implicating the role of casava and of protein malnutrition. PMID- 3185275 TI - [Development in and epidemiology of African human trypanosomiasis in Zaire]. AB - The authors describe in bulk, with the support of some maps, the main traditional groups of foci in Zaire, extreme situations compared with the period 1930-1987. They indicate the distribution of glossinae according to the ultimate knowledge, as well as the evolution by groups of foci of sleeping sickness endemic for the last 10 years. Based on the most commonly accepted hypothesis, they explain the heterogeneous distribution of the active foci despite the omnipresence of glossinae, the low prevalence usually met, and why outbreaks occurred. Taking into account the actual development of the biochemical, immunological and biological technics as well as the fact that Zaire, important endemic area, has not been yet correctly studied in such a field, the authors call for deeper epidemiological research. PMID- 3185276 TI - Refined microneurovascular free muscle transplantation for reanimation of paralyzed face. AB - Our first clinical success in microneurovascular free muscle transplantation for treatment of long-standing facial paralysis was in 1973. The author introduces his recent technical refinements of this clinical procedure and the results obtained. PMID- 3185277 TI - Neurolized nerve padding in actinic lesions: omentum versus muscle use. An experimental study. AB - Free microvascular greater omentum flap to pad brachial plexus after neurolysis for actinic lesions is a major operation. Thus several authors have suggested a simple padding by means of traditional muscle flaps. As contouring the brachial plexus elements is difficult using muscle, we wished to evaluate the formation of perineural fibrosis with either omentum or muscle, following neurolysis. An experimental model in rats was set up, dividing the two femoral nerves and wrapping one of them with the greater omentum and the other with abdominal muscles. The degree of perineural fibrosis at light microscopy observation was fivefold greater when muscle, rather than omentum, was used. PMID- 3185278 TI - Emergency intracranial thromboendarterectomy for acute middle cerebral artery embolus. AB - Clinical application of microvascular techniques in emergency intracranial thromboembolectomy of middle cerebral artery bifurcation subsequent to angiography is presented. Blood flow was re-established with 5-7 hours of the onset of the focal cerebral ischemic symptoms. Review of the literature supports a role for acute intracranial embolectomy in a selected group of patients in the absence of more effective medical therapy. PMID- 3185279 TI - Mural repair following obliteration of aneurysms: II. Pathomorphology of treated aneurysms. AB - Mural vascular repair following experimental and clinical aneurysm obliteration was studied using the scanning electron microscope and standard histological techniques. Two of the more frequently utilized clinical obliteration techniques, clipping and coagulation, were examined. A chronological description of the mural reparative process reveals that clipping is superior to coagulation in most instances, that coagulation results in satisfactory obliteration of the aneurysmal orifice only in very selected circumstances, and that a combination of coagulation and clipping may be the best overall obliteration technique. PMID- 3185280 TI - Microvascular replantation in a seven-month-old girl: a case report. AB - Replantation of an amputated digit in a child demands special techniques for success. Our experiences with replantation in this age group have shown that although these patients have a lower viability rate after digital replantation, those digits that do survive develop excellent function. In this case report of a 7-month-old with an amputated thumb, the indications, techniques, and prognosis of replantation in children are discussed. PMID- 3185281 TI - The venous flow augmentation pump: a solution to venous congestion. AB - Venous congestion is a well-recognized cause of failure of survival of replanted digits. When re-exploration of a venous congested digit is not possible, an alternate solution is presented. A description of the venous flow augmentation pump is provided, along with a preliminary case report of its successful use. PMID- 3185282 TI - Application of electroporation for transfer of plasmid DNA to Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Listeria, Pediococcus, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and Propionibacterium. AB - Plasmid DNA was introduced by electroporation into Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Listeria, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium and Staphylococcus as an alternative to competent-cell or protoplast transformation. Plasmid-containing transformants were recovered in these recipients at frequencies ranging from 10(1) to 10(5) transformants micrograms-1 of pGK12. Several parameters of the protocol, including DNA concentration, voltage, plating regimen and electroporation buffers were evaluated to determine conditions that improved transformation frequencies for Lactobacillus acidophilus. Using optimized conditions, the following plasmids were introduced into L. acidophilus: pAMB1, pC194, pGB354, pGKV1, pSA3, pTRK13, pTV1 and pVA797. The ability to transfer plasmid DNA via eletroporation will greatly facilitate the application of recombinant DNA methodology and transposon technology to Gram positive bacteria for cloning and analysis of significant genes. PMID- 3185283 TI - Insulin autoantibodies at diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes: effect on the antibody response to insulin treatment. AB - Insulin autoantibodies (IAA) are frequently found in newly diagnosed untreated insulin-dependent diabetics. We evaluated whether the insulin antibody response over the first year of treatment with insulin was different in individuals with IAA v those without IAA. One hundred five previously untreated type I diabetics were randomly assigned to treatment with either pure porcine or mixed bovine/porcine insulin. Twenty-one in each group had detectable IAA at diagnosis. Percent binding rose in all patients after commencing insulin therapy and was significantly greater in those with IAA at diagnosis irrespective of the type of insulin administered. The elevated binding in the IAA positive patients at all time points was equivalent to the binding that could be attributed to the insulin autoantibodies. Two different mechanisms could explain this greater insulin antibody binding during insulin therapy in the IAA positive patients. First, there may be summation of binding due to insulin autoantibodies and binding due to insulin antibodies formed in response to the exogenous insulin. Alternatively, the insulin antibodies formed in response to exogenous insulin could replace the IAA, with those individuals positive for IAA at diagnosis having a proportionately greater antibody response to injected insulin. Irrespective of the mechanism, patients with IAA at diagnosis develop higher insulin antibody measurements when subsequently treated with exogenous insulin. PMID- 3185284 TI - Metabolic response to starvation at late gestation in chronically ethanol-treated and pair-fed undernourished rats. AB - To study the role of undernourishment in the negative effects of ethanol during pregnancy and to determine whether maternal ethanol intake modifies metabolic response to starvation at late gestation, female rats receiving ethanol in their drinking water before and during pregnancy (ethanol group) were compared with animals that received the same amount of solid diet as the ethanol group rats (pair-fed group) and with normal rats fed ad libitum (control group). All animals were killed on the 21st day of gestation, either in the fed state or after 24 hours fasting. The body weight of ethanol rats was lower than that of controls but higher than that of pair-fed rats. When compared with controls, ethanol and pair-fed rats had reduced fetal body weights, whereas fetal body length was reduced only in the former. In the fed state, blood glucose concentration was lower in the ethanol and pair-fed rats and fetuses than in controls. Twenty-four hour starvation caused a reduction in this parameter only in control and ethanol mothers. In the fed state, maternal liver glycogen concentration was lower in ethanol and higher in pair-fed mothers than in controls. Blood beta hydroxybutyrate levels were higher in ethanol-treated mothers than in the others, and 24-hour starvation increased this parameter in ethanol and control rats to a greater extent than in the pair-fed ones. Liver triacylglyceride concentration was higher in ethanol-treated mothers than in the other two groups, and starvation caused this concentration to increase in ethanol and control groups but not in the pair-fed group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185285 TI - The effects of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acid-enriched diets on plasma lipoproteins and apoproteins in familial combined hyperlipidemia. AB - There is abundant evidence that dietary omega 3 fatty acids effect a favorable change in lipoprotein profiles of normolipidemic individuals. However, there is relatively little information available on the lipoprotein responses of hyperlipidemic individuals at risk for premature coronary artery disease. We studied a group of subjects with familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), as well as a group of normal controls, on three rigidly controlled diets differing primarily in their fatty acid composition. The normal subjects demonstrated significant reductions in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and total apolipoprotein B (apo B) levels on both an omega 3 (salmon) and omega 6 (safflower) fatty acid-enriched diet when these were compared with a basal diet high in saturated fat. The primary difference in response to the polyunsaturated diets was the potent triglyceride-lowering effect of the salmon diet. The FCHL subjects demonstrated a response to the safflower diet similar to that observed in normals and also manifested a marked triglyceride lowering with the salmon diet. However, total cholesterol and total apo B levels were not lowered by the salmon diet, and LDL cholesterol and apo B levels exhibited an upward trend. Thus, individuals with FCHL, a common disorder associated with premature coronary artery disease, do not appear to have a favorable lipoprotein response to diets enriched in omega 3 fatty acids. PMID- 3185286 TI - In vivo glucose utilization in rat tissues during the three phases of starvation. AB - Three phases of starvation have been described from changes in protein and lipid utilization in birds and mammals. In the present study, tissue glucose utilization was measured in vivo during these three phases, using a 2-deoxy-[1 3H]glucose technique in the anesthetized rat. According to this technique, the term glucose utilization therefore refers to transport and phosphorylation of glucose in tissues, ie, whatever is the fate of glucose. Whole-body glucose turnover rate, which was determined by a continuous infusion of [3-3H]glucose, decreased by 40% during the first two days of starvation (phase 1); it did not change thereafter, neither in the protein-sparing phase 2 nor in phase 3, which is marked by an increase in net protein breakdown. Two days of starvation caused a marked decrease in the glucose utilization in skeletal muscles; this decrease was higher in oxidative muscles (65% in diaphragm, 66% in soleus) than in glycolytic muscles (31% in extensor digitorum longus, 34% in epitrochlearis). Glucose utilization also decreased in heart atria (75%), heart ventricles (93%), and white adipose tissue (54%); by contrast, there was a two-fold increase in glucose utilization in brown adipose tissue and no change in brain and skin. No variations were observed in glucose utilization in any of the tissues from phase 1 to phase 2. However, phase 3 was marked by a decrease in glucose utilization in extensor digitorum longus (45%), brown adipose tissue (76%), brain (29%), and skin (40%), whereas there was a 2.3- and 3.4-fold increase in glucose utilization in diaphragm and heart ventricles, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185287 TI - DNA polymerase beta in human thyroid of Graves' disease and thyroid tumors. AB - We have shown that the level of DNA polymerase beta of rat adrenal cortex is regulated by pituitary trophic hormones and may correlate with their endocrine function. Here we measured DNA polymerase beta activity in human thyroid tissues of various benign and malignant thyroid disorders in order to verify the correlation between DNA polymerase beta activity and endocrine function. In Graves' disease (hyperfunction), the level of DNA polymerase beta per cell was three times higher than in normal thyroid, while in undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas this enzyme level was lower than normal. Furthermore, DNA polymerase beta in the crude extracts of cancer cells showed larger molecular forms, ranging from five to 12S, upon sucrose gradient sedimentation. These observations further support the hypothesis that the activity of DNA polymerase beta correlates, in part, with the functional level of the endocrine organ and with cell differentiation. PMID- 3185288 TI - Prednisone increases very low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein in healthy men. AB - To determine the effect of corticosteroids on lipoprotein metabolism in healthy subjects, we measured lipoprotein lipid and apoprotein levels in eight normolipidemic healthy men before, during, and after administration of oral prednisone 0.35 mg/kg/d. After 14 days of prednisone, there was a significant increase in levels (mg/dL) of very low density lipoprotein-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) (51 +/- 9 v 92 +/- 11, P less than .01), very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) (19 +/- 2 v 28 +/- 3, P less than .01), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (39 +/- 1 v 50 +/- 4, P less than .05), apolipoprotein (apo) AI (124 +/- 7 v 147 +/- 8, P less than .01), and apo E (3.1 +/- 0.4 v 4.1 +/- 0.4, P less than .01). In addition, the activity of lipoprotein lipase but not hepatic lipase in postheparin plasma also was higher after prednisone treatment. All values returned to baseline within 2 weeks after discontinuation of prednisone. Short-term administration of corticosteroids has a consistent effect on the metabolism of both VLDL and HDL. PMID- 3185290 TI - Altered fatty acid composition in the plasma, platelets, and aorta of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. AB - Decreased arachidonate levels have been described in various tissues of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. However, reported arachidonate changes in platelets from diabetic patients have been variable. In this communication, we describe experiments that indicate that in the short-term streptozotocin diabetic rat (2 to 3 weeks), the fatty acid composition of plasma and red blood cell lipids was altered but remained unchanged in platelet and aorta phospholipids. The altered fatty acid composition of the diabetic red blood cells and plasma cholesterol esters and phospholipids was similar to that previously found in the diabetic liver. However, in long-term diabetes (6 weeks), the phospholipid fatty acid composition of the platelet and aorta became significantly altered. Thus, in the 6-week diabetic platelet, there were increases of linoleate, dihomo-gamma linolenate, docosapentaenoate (C22:5n-3), and docosahexaenoate, and decreases of oleate, arachidonate, and docosatetraenoate. In the aorta, there were increases of linoleate, eicosapentaenoate, and docosahexaenoate, and decreases of arachidonate, docosatetraenoate, and docosapentaenoate (C22:5n-6). Results from these experiments indicate that the fatty acid composition of plasma and red blood cell lipids was altered in short-term diabetes (2 to 3 weeks), but that of platelet and aorta phospholipids was not changed until more prolonged diabetes was present. Insulin treatment of the diabetic rat increased the levels of palmitoleate and oleate and decreased the levels of linoleate in platelet and aorta lipids from insulin-treated diabetic rats, suggesting an overcorrection of diminished delta 9 and delta 6 fatty acid desaturation as compared with the nondiabetic control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185289 TI - Resting energy expenditure in lung and colon cancer. AB - Elevated resting energy expenditure (REE) is a possible mechanism of cancer cachexia. We measured REE by whole-body direct calorimetry in patients with colon and non-small cell lung cancer and compared the results with REE in groups of healthy subjects and in patients with anorexia nervosa, with nonmalignant gastrointestinal (GI) disease, with miscellaneous reasons for weight loss, and with chronic lung disease. The mean REE of the cancer patients was not different from healthy subjects, those with GI disease, miscellaneous causes of cachexia, and chronic lung disease, and there was no significant difference in REE between those cancer patients with weight loss and controls with weight loss, except for the anorexia nervosa patients. The REE of the anorexia nervosa patients (female) was significantly lower than the REE of females with lung cancer. Weight loss correlated with REE in female lung cancer patients. Serial comparison of REE of ten cancer patients who lost 5% to 18% of their body weight during study showed no consistent change in REE. We conclude that patients with colon and non-small cell lung cancer, including those with weight loss, have REE similar to normal controls. Relative hypermetabolism may contribute to cancer cachexia, as may absolute hypermetabolism in some subsets of cancer patients. PMID- 3185291 TI - Carnitine palmitoyltransferase: effects of diabetes, fasting, and pH on the reaction that generates acyl CoA. AB - Although carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) has received considerable attention, particularly its regulation by malonyl CoA, most studies have monitored the forward reaction, ie, the formation of acylcarnitine. We examined the opposite or reverse reaction, in which palmitoyl CoA is generated, in osmotically-disrupted rat hepatic mitochondria. Specifically, the effects of pH, fasting, and untreated recent-onset diabetes were investigated. As with the forward (f) reaction, the CPT reverse (r) velocity v pH curve was somewhat parabolic with a pH maximum at approximately 7.2 (except the CPT that was from the diabetic rats). However, as the pH rose, the CPT reverse and forward curves diverged due to a precipitous decline in the forward reaction. This discordance in rates in the alkaline range was apparent in all three groups of CPT but was most prominent in the diabetic preparation (for example, as the pH increased from 7.3 to 8.8, the respective declines in the f and r velocities were 74% and 2%). In addition, under our assay conditions the CPTr from diabetic rats not only had a higher velocity (55.4 +/- 1.4 nmol/min/mg protein) than that from the fed (32.1 +/- 3.1) or fasted (43.1 +/- 3.4) animals, but also the Vmax was found to be twofold greater, even though there was no difference in the Km for palmitoylcarnitine. In summary, diabetes affects the kinetics of the reverse reaction and, regardless of the animal's premortem condition, but more so in the diabetes, this reaction is less attenuated than the forward one as the pH rises. PMID- 3185292 TI - Endometrial and vaginal response to three different oestrogen preparations administered by the transdermal and oral routes. AB - In a randomized, cross-over study endometrial and vaginal response to transdermal 17 beta-oestradiol (TTS-oestradiol 50 micrograms) and two forms of oral oestrogen replacement therapy (conjugated oestrogens 1.25 mg and oestradiol valerate 2 mg) were studied in 13 peri-menopausal and post-menopausal women. Five (5) of the women exhibited periodic ovarian function as evidenced by peripheral oestradiol and progesterone levels and were considered to be peri-menopausal. In the post menopausal group of 8 women the bleeding pattern was more regular than among the peri-menopausal women. In the case of the post-menopausal group the number of days on which spotting and bleeding occurred was significantly lower during the administration of TTS-oestradiol than during treatment with conjugated oestrogens. This finding was paralleled by a significantly higher karyopyknotic index in the vaginal epithelium and significantly increased deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in the endometrial cells during treatment with equine oestrogens. No significant difference was seen in these indices when the effect of TTS oestradiol was compared with that of oestradiol valerate. The study results in the post-menopausal group suggested a relationship between the intensity of the oestrogen treatment and not only the proliferation and maturation of the oestrogen target-organ cells but also the number of days on which bleeding occurred. It was concluded that a clear distinction needs to be made between peri menopausal and post-menopausal women. In the present study the irregular ovarian activity among the peri-menopausal subjects precluded an unbiased assessment of the exogenous oestrogens. It is also likely that exogenous oestrogens exert a cumulative action with oestrogen secreted endogenously, interfere with the physiological events at the target organ level and induce uncontrollable endometrial bleeding. The complete cessation of ovarian activity may therefore have to be established before exogenous oestrogens are administered to climacteric patients. PMID- 3185293 TI - Climacteric symptoms among women aged 60-62 in Linkoping, Sweden, in 1986. AB - By means of a simple postal questionnaire, all women aged 60, 61 and 62 (n = 2015) living in the community of Linkoping, Sweden, were screened for vasomotor symptoms and local vaginal complaints. After one reminder, answers were received from 73% of the women. At the time of the survey (April 1986) all the women were post-menopausal, the median period since menopause being 11 yr. Slightly over one in four of the women (27%) were suffering from sweating and hot flushes. Ten percent (10%) of the women who were more than 15 yr post-menopausal still had moderate to severe climacteric symptoms. Vasomotor symptoms were significantly more common among oophorectomized women than among those whose ovaries were intact. Local vaginal symptoms were positively correlated with urinary problems, repeated urinary tract infections and a high risk of disturbance of sexual activity. It was concluded that climacteric symptoms often persist for more than 15 yr after the menopause. PMID- 3185294 TI - Clinical and hormonal effects of long-term veralipride treatment in post menopausal women. AB - The clinical and hormonal effects of long-term, continuous treatment with veralipride, a benzamide derivative, were investigated in 10 post-menopausal women. The efficacy of veralipride in relieving hot flushes was confirmed. No significant change was detected in depressive mood scores. Except for the late appearance of moderate extrapyramidal side effects in one patient, the clinical tolerance of veralipride was good. As regards hormonal effects, veralipride, by virtue of its antidopaminergic action, raised prolactin levels. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels declined significantly, while the serum concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) increased. These hormonal changes were presumably secondary to the chronic hyperprolactinaemia. PMID- 3185295 TI - Bone mineral content of the forearm in healthy Dutch women. AB - Single energy photon absorptiometry is a reliable technique for assessing the bone mineral content (BMC) of cortical bone in the forearm. It can also be used for BMC measurement in the ultradistal part of the forearm, where there is a considerable proportion of trabecular bone. The results of a BMC survey at both sites in healthy Dutch women, aged 26-75 yr, are reported, and the differences and changes with age are discussed. The technique offers possibilities for a rational screening programme in post-menopausal women, because of its high precision, low radiation dose, speed and low cost. The validity of the ultradistal measurement for the detection of abnormally fast bone mineral loss from trabecular bone in the individual patient has yet to be proven. PMID- 3185297 TI - Capillary density and fine structure in rabbit papillary muscles after a high dose of norepinephrine. AB - Two days after an iv infusion of norepinephrine (NE) (4 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 X 60 min) in rabbits, patchy myocardial damage in frozen cross sections of right and left papillary muscles was associated with loss of staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an enzyme present in normal capillary endothelium, whereas a regular pattern of staining was observed in control normal muscles. Semithin cross sections of the same muscles after resin embedment gave comparable estimates of capillary density in control muscles and undamaged regions of norepinephrine-treated muscles. In damaged regions the complete absence of ALP staining corresponded with an apparent reduction in number, but not absence, of capillaries identifiable in semithin sections with light microscopy. Electron microscopy, however, revealed capillaries present in these regions in numbers similar to control undamaged tissue. Around 90% of these capillaries exhibited marked morphological abnormalities, with an 18% increase in endothelial cell volume density and a corresponding reduction in luminal volume density. These changes are similar to those reported after ischemia in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Myocardial damage induced by a high dose of NE is therefore associated 48 hr later with loss of ALP staining and endothelial cell disruption and edema, which may impair capillary perfusion and contribute to limited working cardiac performance observed previously. PMID- 3185296 TI - Effect of capsular material from Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans on bone collagen synthesis in vitro. AB - Capsular material was extracted from Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans, an organism associated with localised juvenile periodontitis, and examined for its effect on the in vitro synthesis of collagen and DNA in mouse calvaria. The material was found to cause a significant inhibition of both collagen and DNA synthesis at concentrations as low as 10 ng ml-1. The ability of capsular material to inhibit bone formation, together with its previously described bone resorbing activity, suggests that it may contribute to the rapid alveolar bone loss which is characteristic of localised juvenile periodontitis. PMID- 3185299 TI - Vascular permeability and interstitial diffusion in superfused tissues: a two dimensional model. PMID- 3185298 TI - Importance of light dose in fluorescent microscopy. PMID- 3185300 TI - Spontaneous cyclic contractions of the capillary wall in vivo, impeding red cell flow: a quantitative analysis. Evidence for endothelial contractility. AB - We have videorecorded spontaneous cyclic contractions of capillary walls which often stopped the flow of blood cells, in spleens of rat and mouse. An inverted microscope and oblique lighting were key elements in obtaining images in which the boundaries of cells composing vessel walls were clearly distinguishable. Using slow motion replay, we measured the widths of endothelial cells (C), pericytes (P, when present) and capillary lumens (L; at the site of constriction; U; 15-20 micron upstream), throughout 11-12 min sequences containing many contraction/relaxation cycles. In roughly 50% of contractions L decreased to 0-1 micron, such luminal "closures" occurring within 2-12 sec and lasting for less than 1 sec to greater than 1 min. Intervals between contractions ranged from 12 sec to 3 min (average 1 min). Documentation of one such cycle by sequential photographs from the video monitor is presented, showing dramatic bulging of an endothelial cell into the lumen. Comparison of records of L and C versus time showed that almost invariably when L decreased C increased, and vice versa; highly significant correlations existed between C and L in every case (P less than 0.0005). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that changes in C were responsible for 18-77% of the total variance in L, whereas P contributed only 0 4%; changes in U, covariance between C, P, and U, and unexplained variance were responsible for 0-20, 11-30, and 11-53%, respectively, of the total variance in L. We conclude that these spontaneous capillary contractions were primarily due to endothelial contractility. PMID- 3185301 TI - Conditions for the occurrence of large near-wall excesses of small particles during blood flow. AB - Prior work showed that the near-wall concentration of platelet-sized latex beads (2.38 microns diam) in flowing blood suspensions can be greater than three times the concentration in the central region of the flow. Similar methods were used to explore the dependence of the near-wall excess (NWE) of beads on the channel height and suspension composition. The bead diameter, suspending fluid viscosity, and red blood cell deformability were varied; the hematocrit was fixed at 15%. Results showed that NWEs greater than or equal to three times the central concentration were associated with shear stress, rather than with strain rate, required red cell deformability, and occurred with bead diameters of 2.2 microns or larger. The amplitude of NWEs observed in the 30- and 50-microns channels changed sharply from small to large as the wall shear rate (WSR) was increased, while those observed in 100-microns channels exhibited a more gradual dependence on WSR. PMID- 3185302 TI - Capillary configuration and fiber shortening in muscles of the rat hindlimb: correlation between corrosion casts and stereological measurements. AB - It has been a matter of discussion whether the dramatic increase in capillary tortuosity visualized in shortened muscles by vascular cast represents in vivo situations. In this study, we combined vascular cast and stereological methods in the same samples, in order to obtain (1) measurements of sarcomere length in the same muscles from which corrosion casts were prepared, and (2) scanning electron micrographs of the three-dimensional arrangement of capillaries in the same muscles where capillary anisotrophy was estimated by morphometry. Various rat skeletal muscles (soleus, gastrocnemius, and gracilis) were examined at lengths ranging from full shortening to full extension. We found a very good correlation between capillary geometry in material prepared for vascular casts and in muscles perfusion-fixed in situ. All muscles, cast and noncast, showed the same progressive curvilinear decrease in capillary anisotropy with decreasing sarcomere length. Capillary tortuosity visualized by corrosion casts in shortened muscles is a consequence of fiber shortening, within physiological sarcomere lengths; it does not represent an artifact related to the casting procedure. PMID- 3185303 TI - Vascular isolation of the rat cremaster muscle. AB - The vascular supply to the rat cremaster muscle was completely isolated to provide a microvascular preparation with a controllable blood flow. The anatomy of the cremaster vascular supply and the surgical approach to isolate the cremaster muscle on its neurovascular pedicle are described. The functional integrity of this isolated cremaster preparation was tested using intravital video microscopy to evaluate the tissue's response to vasoactive agents and to peripheral nerve stimulation. The isolated cremaster muscle was positioned in situ in a controlled tissue bath and concentration response curves to the topical application of norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (Ach) were determined. Vasoconstriction elicited by the topical application of NE or by stimulation of the genitofemoral nerve trunk was similar for both the isolated and standard cremaster preparations. Application of 10(-5) M Ach caused maximal vasodilation equal to that produced by 10(-3) M papaverine in both preparations. In summary, the isolated cremaster muscle of the rat is an acceptable model of a skeletal muscle microcirculation which can be used to investigate microvascular function when precise monitoring or control of perfusion to the entire muscle is needed. PMID- 3185304 TI - Numerical study of asymmetric flows of red blood cells in capillaries. AB - Experimental studies have shown that red blood cells in capillaries may flow in single-file or multifile arrangements. To model multifile rheological behavior, the asymmetric flows of rigid circular cylinders in a two-dimensional channel are studied by numerical analysis. The rigid circular cylinders are arranged off center in a channel in a row or two rows with equal spacings. The motion of the suspending fluid is analyzed by the finite element method applied to the Stokes equation, and the motions of the particles are simultaneously determined under the zero force and zero moment conditions appropriate to neutorally buoyant particles. The velocity difference between the particles and the bulk flow is significantly affected by the arrangement of the particles. The particle velocity is reduced as the particles are moved away from the centerline of the channel. At a constant concentration of the particles, the relative apparent viscosity of an off-center arrangement is considerably higher than that of a single-file flow of the particles located on the centerline of the channel. The present results suggest that changes of the radial distribution of red cells flowing through narrow vessels may lead to alterations of the Fahraeus and Fahraeus-Lindqvist effects. PMID- 3185305 TI - The influence of circulatory overload on extraalveolar microvessel endothelium of dog lung in vivo. AB - In an earlier study from this laboratory, morphometric evaluations of the alveolar capillary endothelium of the lungs of intact dogs were recorded after periods of sustained increases of pulmonary microvascular pressures (D. O. DeFouw, W. O. Cua, and F. P. Chinard, 1983, Microvasc. Res. 25, 56-67). In the present study ultrastructural characteristics of the extraalveolar microvessel endothelium of these dog lungs were evaluated. Small (25- to 50-microns luminal diameter) nonmuscular vessels, which adjoin the alveolar capillaries, and larger (51-200 microns) partially muscular and muscular microvessels were assessed. After increased microvascular filtration, to be expected from the increased hydrostatic pressures, fluid accumulation was found only in the connective tissue sleeves of the larger microvessels. The endothelium of these partially muscular and muscular vessels was markedly affected by fluid distension of the periendothelial interstitium. The endothelial response included the appearance of basal (abluminal) surface invaginations, de novo plasmalemmal vesicle formation, and increased numbers of cytoplasmic vacuoles. The small nonmuscular microvessels lacked both the fluid cuffs and the alterations of endothelial ultrastructure. This latter observation is consistent with the previous report from this laboratory that indicated an absence of both alveolar septal edema and increased capillary endothelial vesicle densities in these lungs (DeFouw et al., 1983). Thus, it seems likely that the conformational changes of the endothelium of the larger microvessels were related to the formation of the periendothelial fluid cuffs. The mechanisms responsible for this endothelial response have not been determined but can be explained on the basis of the testable hypothesis that they are secondary to an increase of tissue pressure associated with accumulation of tissue fluid. These changes may thus represent a secondary structural adaptation to the increased tissue pressures and may serve as a potential vesicular-vacuolar pathway across the endothelium. PMID- 3185306 TI - Topological analysis of the three-dimensional structure of the human renal glomerulus using a computer-aided reconstruction system. AB - A quantitative topological analysis of human renal glomerular capillaries reconstructed from serial sections was performed with the aid of a computer system. The peripheral portions of five glomeruli from each of the subcapsular, midcortical, and juxtamedullary zones were reconstructed, each portion corresponding to about one-sixth the diameter of a glomerulus. Statistically, there was no significant difference in the cycle rank (number of independent cycles) of the glomerular capillary network per unit volume of glomerular capillaries or Bowman's capsule among the three renal zones. It was proved that, irrespective of the location of the glomerulus, the glomerular capillary network possessed a larger cycle rank as the volume of the glomerular capillaries or Bowman's capsule increased. This finding strongly suggests that the mean cycle rank per single glomerulus is largest in the juxtamedullary zone. PMID- 3185307 TI - Contribution of capillary recruitment to regulation of tissue oxygenation in rat cremaster muscle. AB - Microvascular regulation of tissue oxygenation can be thought of as being accomplished through the interaction of two basic mechanisms: (1) control of tissue blood flow rate (rate of O2 convection) and (2) control of oxygen diffusion distance by alterations in intercapillary distance (exchange control or capillary recruitment). The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of the capillary recruitment mechanism to regulation of tissue oxygenation in response to alterations in the tissue perfusion pressure under varying prevailing local PO2 conditions. The cremaster muscle of anesthetized rats (Nembutal, 50 mg/kg, ip) was surgically exposed and maintained in a controlled bath environment for in vivo television microscopy. Intercapillary distances (ICD) between flowing capillaries within the cremaster were measured directly on the face of a TV monitor. The effects of alterations in tissue oxygenation on the ICD were determined by controlling the PO2 of the cremaster bath solution at different levels: high PO2 (approx. 73 mm Hg), intermediate PO2 (approx. 21 mm Hg) or low PO2 (approx. 8 mm Hg). The ICD responses to alterations in perfusion pressure were determined with both the low and the high bath PO2 levels by reducing the cremaster perfusion pressure using a servo-controlled occluder placed around the sacral aorta. Reductions of bath PO2 significantly reduced the mean ICD and resulted in significant alterations in the shape of the ICD distribution, leading to a more homogeneous form. The mean ICD was also significantly reduced in response to reduced perfusion pressure, and the relative ICD reduction was more pronounced when the prevailing bath PO2 was high. These results support the concept of a shifting locus of vasoregulation with changing tissue metabolism, with control shifting toward the terminal precapillary portions of the microvascular network when metabolic stresses are reduced. PMID- 3185308 TI - A study of the functional elements regulating capillary perfusion in striated muscle. AB - The microcirculatory anatomy of the hamster tibialis anterior muscle is based on modules (units) consisting of groups of 12-20 capillaries which run parallel to muscle fibers. The units are supplied by a common terminal arteriole and drained by a common terminal venule; a single terminal arteriole commonly supplies two microvascular units or a "unit pair." Regulation of the tibialis muscle microcirculation was investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized hamsters using epifluorescence microscopy. We examined the patterns of capillary control in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli including elevation of superfusate oxygen content, direct muscle stimulation, and topical application of phenylephrine. Changes in capillary perfusion were rarely manifested as responses of individual capillaries. The predominant response consisted of a coordinated change in virtually all the capillaries of a unit pair. For example, gradual elevation of superfusate PO2 resulted in simultaneous arrest or "derecruitment" of capillary flow in all capillaries of a unit pair in 37 of 43 such elements studied. In the 6 unit pairs showing atypical behavior, no more than four individual capillaries showed atypical behavior. Capillaries in 28 of 29 unit pairs were also recruited during muscle stimulation as members of a unit pair. In 18 of 21 unit pairs, exposure to topical phenylephrine resulted in simultaneous arrest of capillary flow in all capillaries of a unit pair. These data suggest that in this striated muscle, regulation of capillary perfusion is accomplished by control of capillary unit pairs. Accordingly, the patterns of interdigitation of units will ultimately determine the precision of control of tissue diffusion distance as well as oxygenation. PMID- 3185309 TI - A simple colloid osmometer and determination of some factors influencing the measurement of colloid osmotic pressure in rat serum. PMID- 3185310 TI - Evidence of collateral circulation in rat cremaster muscle. PMID- 3185311 TI - [Effect of light on lipid formation and sporulation in the mucoraceous fungus Cunninghamella japonica]. PMID- 3185312 TI - [Carbohydrate metabolism in the fungus Aspergillus niger exposed to light]. PMID- 3185313 TI - [Fractional and fatty acid composition of the lipids in the fungus Fusarium solani and its oligoconidial mutants]. PMID- 3185314 TI - Human factors and design evaluation of digital blood pressure/pulse meters. AB - This study provides a comparison of self-measurement blood pressure devices, with respect to the standards published by the American National Standards Institute/Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation and statements from the American Heart Association and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. The results show a wide disparity among the recommendations of select committees, on issues of education and compliance and on design features of this instrumentation. Procedural problems in determining compliance in this study highlight the need for improved objectivity in statements in national standards and for improved awareness of those statements by manufacturers. PMID- 3185316 TI - A home-based pulmonary function monitor for cystic fibrosis. AB - As care for the chronically ill makes increasing demands upon our medical system, cost-effective methods for addressing those demands are being sought. The use of self-monitoring coupled with telecommunication of results to the health-care provider can be expected to provide a partial solution in the appropriate clinical setting. An electronic spirometer with telecommunication ability for use by cystic fibrosis patients in the home has been developed. PMID- 3185315 TI - Blood pressure reactivity and bias vary with age in a comparison of traditional and automated methods of measurement. AB - This study examined the effects of initial-reading reactivity and measurement methods of blood pressure across different age groups. Subjects were men and women (n = 132), 17 to 96 years of age. Two measurements were obtained from each subject, with a 1-min interval between trials. Each trial consisted of concurrent measurements from each arm, using a standard mercury manometer and an automated blood pressure monitor for use at home. A double-blind control procedure was used. Significant effects were obtained for age (younger, middle, and older age groups), method by trial and age by trial. The blood pressure reactivity and the effect of observer bias varied across age groups. The results support the hypotheses that blood pressure readings decline across trials; that observer bias using traditional methods is sufficient to mask this decline; and that the extent of reactivity and subsequent decline is dependent on age or an age-related increase in blood pressure. Implications of these findings for the use of automated monitoring instruments designed for use at home are discussed. PMID- 3185318 TI - Nurses' attitudes toward conventional and automated vital signs measurement methods. AB - The acceptance and assimilation of new medical technologies into the health-care arena is a complex process involving financial, humanistic, and clinical considerations. This experimental research compared nurses' attitudes regarding the clinical acceptability of conventional methods of measuring vital signs with their attitudes toward a new, automated method, using the IVAC Model 4000 Vital Check. Two studies were conducted, at different university-affiliated hospitals, involving different nursing-care-delivery models. The 102 nurses who participated in the studies generally favored the automated method with respect to provider convenience, patient acceptance, and the opportunity to simultaneously perform other nursing assessments. Conventional techniques were preferred for patients on isolation precautions and in some very specific clinical situations such as those requiring detection of abnormalities in the heart rhythm. Interviews of patients were also conducted at both sites and their comments supplemented and supported the quantitative findings for the nurses. Patients seemed to adapt very well to the new technology. They were particularly interested in being better able to monitor their own measurements with the automated process. PMID- 3185317 TI - Implementation of a home-based program for early detection of clinical deterioration in cystic fibrosis. AB - A statistical decision-making system, based on daily self measurements obtained at home, has been developed that will predict the clinical status of a patient with cystic fibrosis (CF). The data for the study were collected from patients randomly selected from those served by the University of Minnesota CF Center. Participants recorded four daily measurements (weight, vital capacity, breathing rate, and resting pulse) and one weekly measurement (height) and returned completed diaries to the coordinating center each week. The goal of the rule was to determine whether each patient's clinical status was deteriorating, remaining stable, or improving at the time of the most recent set of weekly measurements. This early detection and intervention criterion (EDIC) is being used in the clinical setting to aid in the management of patients with cystic fibrosis. The computer hardware and software, particularly the relational database, have provided an efficient basis for the continued use of EDIC. PMID- 3185319 TI - Unemployment, homelessness and health. PMID- 3185320 TI - Behavioural change in adolescence: a major challenge for skin-cancer control in Australia. PMID- 3185321 TI - Oral contraceptive agents and breast cancer: a population-based case-control study. AB - In this population-based case-control study that was conducted in Adelaide, South Australia, and which involved 395 case subjects and 386 control subjects who were aged 20 years to 69 years, the adjusted relative risk of breast cancer for women who had ever used oral contraceptive agents was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.60). Relative risks that were associated with use of oral contraceptive agents for one month to 18 months and for 19 months or more before a first pregnancy were 1.09 (95% CI, 0.45-2.62) and 1.67 (95% CI, 0.63-4.42), respectively, but the trend was not statistically significant. Relatively-little variation in risk was found in association with the total duration of the use of oral contraceptive agents and with years since the first and the last use of oral contraceptive agents. When the risk of breast cancer in association with the use of oral contraceptive agents was examined across levels of risk factors of breast cancer (history of benign breast disease, family history of breast cancer and parity), the only relative risk which deviated markedly from unity was that which was associated with use of oral contraceptive agents in women with a history of benign breast disease; however, the relative risk of 1.77 (95% CI, 0.35-8.97) was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the results of this study support those of the majority of previous studies in showing no overall relationship between the use of oral contraceptive agents and the risk of breast cancer. PMID- 3185323 TI - Bridging the gap--health care for the homeless. AB - In Australia and other countries concern exists about the extent of homelessness. Because we live in a period in which access to adequate shelter is an increasing problem for many persons, we report on the health needs of long-term homeless persons. Little attention was given to their health needs during the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless in 1987. PMID- 3185322 TI - Gynaecological cytology screening in South Australia: a 23-year experience. AB - The Cytology Laboratory at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, processed 630,131 gynaecological smears from 347,389 patients between September 1, 1959 and July 31, 1982. The data suggested a lack of compliance with the recommendations of screening frequency, with an average of only 1.8 smear-tests per woman being performed during the 23-year study period. There was a two-fold increase in the incidence of histologically-confirmed cervical dysplasia and carcinoma-in-situ from 1977, but no increase in the incidence of invasive carcinoma. The age distributions of the incidence of dysplasia and carcinoma-in-situ moved towards younger age-groups during the study period. By the end of the study period (1977 1981), the incidence peaks of dysplasia and carcinoma-in-situ were both at ages 25 to 34 years compared with 30 to 39 years of age and 35 to 44 years of age, respectively, in 1962-1966. Invasive carcinoma had a much broader age distribution, with two incidence peaks, and the distribution shifted towards older age groups. The first peak had moved from 40 to 49 years of age (1962-1966) to 50 to 59 years of age (1977-1981) and the second peak moved from 60 to 69 years of age to 75 to 84 years of age. Error rates in cytological assessment were determined by comparing the histological diagnosis with the result of the most recent smear-test. By means of this method the sensitivity was 84.6%. The sensitivity was increased to 91.4% if the estimate were based on the most abnormal result of a smear-test before the histological diagnosis. A poor correlation was found between a mildly-atypical (inflammatory) cytological result (class 2) and a benign histological diagnosis: 48% of class-2 smears were diagnosed histologically as dysplasia or worse. In very few of these cases had an elapsed time of more than five years occurred between the class-2 result of a smear-test and the subsequent diagnosis of neoplasia. Thus, the majority of these cases were either underdiagnosed by cytology or had developed within five years, which indicates the importance of the careful follow-up of women with class-2 smears. Finally, the data illustrate the ability of gynaecological cytology screening to assist in the detection of extracervical gynaecological neoplasms of the uterus, ovary, vagina and vulva, as 132 such cases were diagnosed during the study period after positive results of a smear-test led to further investigations. PMID- 3185324 TI - Unemployment and doctors: an uneasy relationship. PMID- 3185325 TI - Acute renal failure in a woman with McArdle's disease. AB - McArdle's disease was diagnosed in a 38-year-old woman when exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis, which was accompanied by acute renal failure, was observed to occur. This is the only case that is known to us of acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis in a woman with McArdle's disease. PMID- 3185326 TI - Protein-losing enteropathy and mixed connective-tissue disease. AB - A case of a person with a mixed connective-tissue disease, who subsequently developed protein-losing enteropathy with a partial response to prednisolone therapy, is presented. Protein-losing enteropathy has been reported in several patients with systemic lupus erythematosus but not in patients with mixed connective-tissue disease. This case broadens the association of protein-losing enteropathy with autoimmune diseases and suggests that the diagnosis should be considered in patients with mixed connective-tissue disease who have hypoalbuminaemia. PMID- 3185328 TI - Narcotic addiction and the sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 3185327 TI - Arterial thrombosis in Crohn's disease. AB - Four cases of arterial thrombosis in persons with Crohn's disease without other known, predisposing causes for vascular disease are described. Various types of vascular disease that are associated with inflammatory bowel disease are discussed and the risk factors for thrombotic complications in patients with active Crohn's disease are assessed. PMID- 3185329 TI - Sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome. PMID- 3185330 TI - Are your laboratory's cholesterol results reliable enough? PMID- 3185332 TI - Health care for health-care workers. PMID- 3185331 TI - Inhaled adrenaline in the treatment of anaphylaxis. PMID- 3185333 TI - A case of snake-bite with unusual features. PMID- 3185334 TI - Dying: rights and responsibilities. PMID- 3185335 TI - Generic drugs and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. PMID- 3185336 TI - Patients and clients. PMID- 3185337 TI - The naming of parts. PMID- 3185338 TI - Obstetric services in a "multicultural" Australia. PMID- 3185339 TI - The proposal to make heroin available legally to intravenous drug abusers. PMID- 3185341 TI - Children and smoking. PMID- 3185340 TI - Pregnancy outcomes in Lebanese-born women in western Sydney. AB - A sample of 400 Lebanese-born women who gave birth at Auburn District Hospital in 1987-1988 was compared with a sample of 400 Australian-born women who gave birth in the same time period. The Lebanese-born women were found to be older and of higher parity than were their Australian-born counterparts; and to have booked their hospital admission significantly later in pregnancy than did the Australian born women. Lebanese-born women also had frequently made a consanguineous marriage. Certain antenatal and intrapartum complications were more common in the Lebanese-born women, and perinatal mortality and morbidity rates were higher among their infants. The particular problems of pregnancy in Lebanese-born women, and possible ways of overcoming these, are discussed. PMID- 3185342 TI - A woman with dementia and parkinsonism unresponsive to levodopa. PMID- 3185343 TI - Myokymia of the tongue in a case of brainstem tumour that simulated motor-neuron disease. AB - The diagnosis of a brainstem tumour, which presented as progressive bulbar palsy that resembled motor-neuron disease, was suspected because of the rare electromyographic finding of myokymia of the tongue, and was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3185345 TI - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in heterosexual intravenous drug abusers in Australia. PMID- 3185344 TI - Meningitis caused by a penicillin- and chloramphenicol-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - We report here a case of a five-month-old infant with pneumococcal meningitis, which was both penicillin- and chloramphenicol-resistant, and the difficulties that arose, both in the laboratory diagnosis of the resistance and in the therapy of this infection. PMID- 3185346 TI - Potential for mechanical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus by the hut tampan, Ornithodoros moubata. PMID- 3185347 TI - The optimal management of cytotoxic-drug extravasation: solving the burning question. PMID- 3185348 TI - Metastasizing adenocarcinoma complicating acquired cystic disease of the kidney. PMID- 3185350 TI - Pseudomyxoma peritonei. PMID- 3185349 TI - Metoclopramide-induced agranulocytosis. PMID- 3185352 TI - Occurrence of mixed acid-base disorders. PMID- 3185351 TI - Stress and acute cardiovascular events. PMID- 3185354 TI - "Donations" to in-vitro fertilization programmes. PMID- 3185353 TI - Computers and clinicians. PMID- 3185355 TI - Careers in medicine. PMID- 3185356 TI - [Active against the pharmaceutical inferiority complex]. PMID- 3185357 TI - [Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase inhibitors. A new group of substances for lowering a high cholesterol level]. PMID- 3185358 TI - [Influenza virus infection. Influenza preventive vaccination and chemoprevention]. PMID- 3185359 TI - Measles and rubella antibody status in previously vaccinated children with cancer. AB - Measles and rubella antibody status were determined by ELISA for 115 previously vaccinated children with cancer. Seventy subjects were receiving chemotherapy, and 45 had successfully completed treatment for their malignancy. Overall, 18% of the subjects were seronegative for measles antibody and 8% for rubella antibody. Only 3% of patients lacked both. In general, seronegative individuals were over age 10 years. Subjects born before 1976 were significantly more likely to be seronegative to measles, 29% vs. 11% (P = 0.02) and to rubella, 16% vs. 4% (P = 0.03) than those born afterwards. Antibody status showed no apparent relationship to the duration of anticancer therapy. Stored serum samples were available for nine seronegative subjects, of whom five were initially seropositive and then lost antibody during or after the completion of anticancer therapy. Our observations suggest that cancer and its associated therapy interfere with antibody production. In view of the increasing survival rates for childhood cancers, additional studies are needed to assess the immune status of these subjects for all vaccine-preventable infections. Pending the outcome of further studies, we suggest that long-term survivors, particularly those born before 1976, or known to be vaccinated at less than 13 months of age, be tested after the completion of therapy for antibody to measles and rubella (and mumps). Also, immune serum globulin should be considered for any previously immunized patient with a close exposure to an active case of measles. PMID- 3185360 TI - Educational achievement of long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer. AB - In a retrospective cohort study, the level of education attained by 2,283 long term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer was investigated and compared with that of 3,270 sibling controls. Survivors of central nervous system tumors were significantly less likely than controls to complete eight grades of school or, if they completed high school, to enter college. No significant differences in educational achievement were found for survivors of non-central nervous system cancers. The educational deficit of survivors of brain tumors was especially striking for tumors of the ventricles or cerebral hemispheres, and the deficit was more severe for those treated with radiation therapy than by surgery alone. Early age at diagnosis of a central nervous system tumor was associated with a larger educational deficit than late age at diagnosis. These findings are reassuring for the majority of long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancers given therapies used prior to 1975. PMID- 3185361 TI - I-131 metaiodobenzylguanidine: diagnostic use in neuroblastoma patients in relapse. AB - Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) has been used for the detection and treatment of neuroectodermal tumors, including neuroblastoma. We report our experience with 131I-MIBG used diagnostically in neuroblastoma patients with relapse. Thirty eight studies were performed in 26 patients. There were 24 children (range 3 months-14 years) and two adults. While the study was found to be both sensitive and specific for the presence of disease, there are instances of discordance. False-negative studies were found with a markedly anaplastic tumor and with two mature ganglioneuromas. A bone lesion was negative with 131I-MIBG, but positive on bone scan. A biopsy confirmed the presence of neuroblastoma. Caution should be exercised when scanning pretreated patients, and perhaps with newly diagnosed patients as well. PMID- 3185362 TI - Trichobezoar. PMID- 3185363 TI - Marginal analysis applied to the dose-response curve. AB - To improve on drug dosage decisions, the method of "marginal analysis," traditionally found in the economics literature, is applied to the dose-response curve. Marginal analysis is first defined and explained, next the technique is redefined for the clinical setting of dose determination subject to drug efficacy and side effects, and finally an example using adjuvant adriamycin chemotherapy in osteosarcoma is presented. By not using "marginal analysis," clinicians may not be maximizing overall therapeutic success or patient survival. Implications for future clinical trials are discussed, and a suggestion for estimating dose response is proposed. The technique described should be readily applicable to many dosing problems, and need not be restricted to chemotherapy dosing decisions. PMID- 3185364 TI - Chemotherapy-associated eccrine hidradenitis: neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis reevaluated: the role of neutrophilic infiltration. AB - Two cases of chemotherapy-associated eccrine hidradenitis are presented. Previous cases have been labeled "neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis" (NEH). Both cases reported herein involve neutropenic patients and are notable for the absence of neutrophils on histologic examination. Oncologists need to be aware of this newly described process, and this rash must be added to the differential diagnosis of the neutropenic oncology patient. The role of neutrophils in this disorder is discussed, and a new term, "chemotherapy-associated eccrine hidradenitis," is suggested for this unusual process. PMID- 3185365 TI - Infantile myofibromatosis causing biliary and pancreatic obstruction: a case report. AB - A case of obstructive jaundice caused by a solitary myofibroma in an 18-week-old infant is presented. Preoperative investigations demonstrated total biliary and partial pancreatic obstruction, although no obstructing lesion was identified radiologically. At operation a 3-cm solitary myofibroma was found in the head of the pancreas. Because of the morbidity associated with resection at this site, a bypass procedure was performed in the hope that the lesion will regress. PMID- 3185366 TI - Testicular adhesion: a potential complication from wedge testicular biopsy in childhood leukemia. AB - Elective bilateral wedge testicular biopsy is frequently performed in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Acute and delayed complications of this procedure are rarely encountered. We report on two children with testicular adhesions 16 and 20 months postsurgery. In each instance there were resultant diagnostic and management difficulties. The possible cause and potential side effects of testicular adhesions are discussed. PMID- 3185367 TI - Ototoxicity of high-dose cis-platinum in children. PMID- 3185368 TI - [Risk in uncontrolled diabetes in relation to the manifestations and prognosis of diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 3185369 TI - [Rheumatic fever in the 80s. Incidence, clinical picture, diagnosis and secondary prevention in Serbia excluding the provinces]. PMID- 3185370 TI - [A modified method for sensory neurography of the lumbar spinal nerves (saphenous nerve and superficial peroneal nerve)]. PMID- 3185371 TI - [Menarche in schoolgirls in the city of Bissau]. PMID- 3185372 TI - [The effect of histamine and histamine receptor blockers on smooth muscle tone of the human appendix, oviduct and uterus]. PMID- 3185373 TI - [Morphologic characteristics of the vascular network of the heart in white rats after hypoxia]. PMID- 3185374 TI - [Tuberculosis of the kidney and pregnancy]. PMID- 3185375 TI - [Factors in the development of mild mental retardation]. PMID- 3185376 TI - [Surgical treatment of periapical disease of the tooth root; indications and contraindications]. PMID- 3185377 TI - [Circumcision in childhood using Plastibel]. PMID- 3185378 TI - [Administration of Trodon in the postoperative period after gynecologic operations]. PMID- 3185379 TI - [Psychology of invalids and the process of psychological adaptation to invalidism]. PMID- 3185380 TI - [Rubella in Vojvodina. IV. Serologic reactivity in patients after acute rubella]. PMID- 3185381 TI - [Biomechanics of the inner arch of the sole]. PMID- 3185382 TI - [Alcohol and suicide]. PMID- 3185383 TI - [Clinical significance of the determination of biochemico-enzymic and morphologic factors in the etiopathogenesis and diagnosis of chronic alcoholic liver diseases]. PMID- 3185385 TI - [Pelvic presentation of the neonate with congenital anomalies]. PMID- 3185384 TI - [Anthropometric parameters in persons with acute myocardial infarct]. PMID- 3185386 TI - [Comparison of laryngo-microscopic and operative findings in laryngectomy patients]. PMID- 3185387 TI - [Pelvic parameters in women before and after the end of the reproductive cycle in Guinea Bissau]. PMID- 3185388 TI - [Histochemical analysis of noradrenaline and adrenaline cells in the adrenal gland during hypoxic stress in relation to the time of sacrifice]. PMID- 3185389 TI - [Traumatic rupture of a renal cyst]. PMID- 3185390 TI - [Malignant melanomas of the nasal mucosa and paranasal sinuses]. PMID- 3185391 TI - [Possibilities of the use of hysterothermometry in modern gynecologic studies]. PMID- 3185392 TI - [Emotional aspects of obesity]. PMID- 3185394 TI - [The effect of anxiety neuroses on success in studies in students at the Novi Sad University]. PMID- 3185393 TI - [Diabetes mellitus and the reproductive function in women]. PMID- 3185395 TI - [Modern social care institutions and their neuropsychiatric needs]. PMID- 3185397 TI - [Absenteeism up to 30 days due to gynecologic and obstetrical diseases in individual regions of Vojvodina]. PMID- 3185396 TI - [Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease using the modified Nesbit technic]. PMID- 3185398 TI - [Pathogenesis, clinical aspects and therapy of tremor]. PMID- 3185399 TI - [Fructosamine--a new indicator in the monitoring of metabolic control in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3185400 TI - A convolution method for constructing primary beam profiles in the presence of beam modifiers. AB - Empirical functions that describe primary beam profiles for radiotherapy treatment planning systems generally account for finite source size only on beams unmodified by blocks, wedges, or compensating filters. To incorporate the effects of extended sources on such modified beams and to treat the effect of an extended source consistent with the manner in which the unmodified beam is treated, the unmodified beam profile can be written as a convolution of an unknown source function with a collimator transmission profile. Using Fourier transforms, one can then solve for the source function. This source function is then convolved with a beam transmission function that has been modified by blocks, wedges, or compensating filters to obtain a primary beam profile. A number of examples are presented that demonstrate the calculations of the effects of beam modifiers on primary beam profiles. PMID- 3185401 TI - A multiray model for calculating electron pencil beam distribution. AB - Based on the Fermi-Eyges theory, a set of recursion relations was derived for calculating electron distributions in the layered geometry. The electron distribution at a specific depth was obtained by convolving the upstream electron distribution with a kernel determined by the scattering parameters of the layer. Modifications were made to overcome some inherent limitations of the Fermi-Eyges theory. For each point in the medium, the most probable, or mean, path traversed by the electrons in reaching the point was derived. The skewness of the mean paths and the related energy degradation were included in a multiray model for pencil beam calculations. The resultant electron planar fluence distributions are no longer Gaussian as predicted by the original theory. The effects of edges or localized inhomogeneities are also included. Comparisons between our calculations and Monte Carlo simulations show good agreement. PMID- 3185402 TI - Analysis of tissue-maximum ratio/scatter-maximum ratio model relative to the prediction of tissue-maximum ratio in asymmetrically collimated fields. AB - The tissue-maximum ratio/scatter-maximum ratio model has been examined as an empirical model capable of predicting the variation in tissue-maximum ratio observed in fields shifted off-axis by independent collimators. This model has been assessed for its sensitivity to the necessary extrapolation of percentage depth dose data and phantom-scatter factors to zero field size and to large field sizes. This model was found to yield good results for both 6- and 24-MV x rays and to be relatively insensitive to the assumptions made regarding unmeasurable beam parameters. PMID- 3185403 TI - Monte Carlo evaluation of specific dose constants in water for 125I seeds. AB - To clinically utilize relative three-dimensional dose distribution data for 125I seeds in water, the specific dose constant must be known. This constant is the ratio of absolute dose rate in medium, 1 cm from the source on its transverse bisector, to source strength. We have used the Monte Carlo method to calculate specific dose constants in water for three types of 125I seeds (models 6711, 6701, and 6702). Our photon transport code realistically models the complex internal structure of these interstitial sources as well as the exposure standardization experiments conducted at the National Bureau of Standards which form the basis of 125I source strength specification. In addition, relative attenuation factors for the three seed types are presented. Our results indicate that published data overestimate the specific dose constant by 10% to 14%. PMID- 3185404 TI - A comparison of solid phantoms with water for dosimetry of 125I brachytherapy sources. AB - Dosimetry of brachytherapy sources is critically dependent on precise measurement of the source-detector distance. A solid phantom can be precisely machined and hence distances can be accurately determined. In this work LiF thermoluminescent chips are used for absolute dose rate measurements in solid water, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and polystyrene. These media are examined for their suitability in the dosimetry of 125I by comparing depth doses in each phantom. Measurements and Monte Carlo calculations show that solid water is equivalent to water for the dosimetry of 125I seeds, however, polystyrene and PMMA are not equivalent to water. Also, photon energy spectra for several depths in each phantom material have been calculated and are used to determine average photon energy and mass energy absorption coefficients as a function of depth. PMID- 3185406 TI - A Monte Carlo study of multiple scatter effects in Compton scatter densitometry. AB - The contribution of multiple scatter to the measured signal in x- and gamma-ray Compton scatter densitometry has been investigated theoretically by the use of Monte Carlo techniques to follow individual photon life histories. A three component phantom was employed in the computer model to simulate the patient at three examination sites; the radius/ulna, the femoral neck, and the lumbar spine. Monoenergetic radiation beams of 60- and 100-keV photons and polyenergetic x-ray spectra of 100 and 140 kVp were used. Scattered events were detected over 360 degrees and classified according to their origin and frequency of scatter. The single scatter in bone to multiple scatter ratio was studied as an indication of the signal-to-noise ratio and this was found to vary with phantom size but was independent of photon energy. Correction factors to be used in a clinical densitometer to account for the inclusion of multiple scatter events were computed. These were found to be 0.65-0.58 at the optimum scattering angles for the phantoms considered. PMID- 3185405 TI - Experimental verification of cesium brachytherapy line source emission using a semiconductor detector. AB - Described is an experimental verification technique for cesium brachytherapy line source emission. The dose rate levels produced by a line source algorithm are compared with measurements taken around J-series stainless-steel sheathed cesium sources with a p-type semiconductor diode detector. Further study of isodensity contours is undertaken using a film dosimetry technique. The errors involved in using these techniques are assessed. PMID- 3185407 TI - Monte Carlo simulation of the scattered radiation distribution in diagnostic radiology. AB - Monte Carlo techniques were employed to evaluate the point spread function (PSF) of scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology. The Monte Carlo procedure is described and shown to compare well with Monte Carlo scatter analysis of other authors. The intensity and distribution of the PSF are described independently. The effects of object thickness, air gap, and beam spectra are examined. An analytic derivation of the scatter PSF is presented in a companion article, and the Monte Carlo results discussed herein are used for comparison. PMID- 3185408 TI - An analytical model of the scattered radiation distribution in diagnostic radiology. AB - A simple scatter model is used to analytically derive the point spread function (PSF) for scattered radiation in diagnostic radiology. The resulting equation is a function of four physical parameters; object thickness, object-to-detector distance (air gap), and the linear attenuation coefficients for both primary and scatter radiation. Though the model is based upon single scattering, it is shown that by reducing the scatter attenuation coefficient the analytic model compares well to the multiple scattering PSF determined using Monte Carlo analysis. PMID- 3185409 TI - Correction for scattered radiation and other background signals in dual-energy computed tomography material thickness measurements. AB - Both beam hardening and the detection of scattered radiation cause nonlinearity errors in x-ray computed tomography (CT), leading to artifacts and CT number inaccuracies. Dual-energy measurements can be used to correct beam hardening effects to a high degree of accuracy. However, in the imaging of thick body sections the transmitted intensity of the primary beam is low, making scatter the most significant cause of CT number inaccuracy. Furthermore, the scatter-to primary ratio is energy dependent, causing a shift in the apparent effective atomic number of the absorbing material. We have measured scatter under a variety of conditions on a third generation CT scanner with dual-energy capability in order to determine its effect on the accuracy of quantitative measurements. The effects of off focus radiation, detector cross-talk, and detector dark current were also accounted for in the analysis of the measured scatter data. Our results indicate that on this well collimated system, an accurate correction for scatter can be made based on the detected intensity in projections. PMID- 3185410 TI - Dual-energy x-ray projection imaging: two sampling schemes for the correction of scattered radiation. AB - In addition to the familiar problems of reduced contrast and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the single energy case, dual-energy subtractions in the presence of scattered radiation suffer further degradations from: (1) artifacts due to nonuniform subtraction of scatter, and (2) a serious deterioration of the signal of interest. To determine the expected performance of scatter correcting schemes, we simulated energy subtractions performed in the presence of scatter. We discuss scatter's detrimental effects on contrast and SNR in these simulations and the expected improvements from scatter corrections to within 5% to 10%. We introduce two sampling schemes for the correction of scatter. Each scheme requires two measurements, and each involves placing an x-ray opaque sampling grid between the source and the object. In the first method, the grid is an array of lead disks present only during one measurement. Using these samples we generate an estimate of the scatter field and then subtract it from the second measurement yielding a scatter corrected image. In the second method, the grid is an array of lead strips present during both measurements but displaced between measurements by one half of a strip spacing to completely sample the image. From the two measurements we generate an image to be corrected, an estimate of the scatter field, and a scatter corrected image. In phantom studies implemented on a digital fluoroscopy system, we observed for single energy images of blood vessel phantoms improved contrast and field uniformity. For scatter corrected selective material cancellations in human phantoms we observed improved contrast and significant reduction in artifacts. In both cases we observed no significant loss in SNR. These results facilitate the implementation of efficient large area detectors for dual-energy imaging. PMID- 3185411 TI - Energy and rate dependence of diagnostic x-ray exposure meters. AB - Variations in x-ray exposure measurements among a variety of contemporary diagnostic exposure meters are investigated. Variations may result from systematic errors due to calibration, beam-quality dependence and exposure-rate dependence. It is concluded that the majority of general purpose diagnostic meters will agree to within 10% of each other if exposure rates are below 1.3 mC kg-1S-1 of air (5 R s-1) and beam qualities are typical for general purpose radiology, excluding mammography. For exposure rates comparable to those in barium enema radiography the variations can range up to 25% or more. Variations up to 40% were observed among general purpose exposure meters at mammographic beam qualities. In the mammographic range, mammographic (thin window) exposure meters varied by no more than 2%. PMID- 3185412 TI - Source continuity and boundary discontinuity considerations in Bayesian image processing. AB - This paper extends the Bayesian image processing (BIP) formalism by considering the effect of simple source continuity and boundary discontinuity and a priori information in estimating an optimal source distribution from observed data. The a priori source information is formulated in terms of probability density functions of source element strengths and spatial correlations. The estimation is carried out iteratively by a BIP algorithm derived by applying the expectation maximization technique to the a priori source probability density functions and assuming the data obey Poisson statistics. The suppression of boundary oscillations and enhancement of overall image are demonstrated for computer generated ideal and Poisson randomized data. PMID- 3185413 TI - Calibration and use of the Wisconsin kVp test cassette. AB - The Ardran-Crooks kVp test cassette is widely used in diagnostic radiology to provide a rapid, simple, noninvasive measurement of x-ray tube potential. A modified version of this cassette called the Wisconsin kVp Test Cassette was introduced commercially in the U. S. in 1972. Since then, the method of calibration of these cassettes has changed significantly. Wisconsin kVp Test Cassettes calibrated by the manufacturer prior to August 1982 may yield underestimates of kVp measurements, particularly when using the 90-110 and 110 130 kVp regions with single-phase units. In August 1982 significant improvements in the calibration methods were implemented. The resultant change in calibration is demonstrated by data from the Centers for Radiological Physics. Present calibration methods are believed to be accurate within the greater of +/- 2 kVp or 2% of actual peak tube potential. Proper use of the cassette is necessary to achieve this level of accuracy. PMID- 3185414 TI - Determination of the relative angle between orthogonal films for radioactive implants. AB - Dose calculations for radioactive seed implants require knowledge of the three dimensional source coordinates. These are usually determined from a pair of orthogonal radiographs. However, occasionally localization films are taken with portable, and/or nonisocentric x-ray units, and no assurances can be made as to whether or not the films were truly exposed in an orthogonal geometry. A three dimensional magnification ring is described (consisting of three mutually orthogonal rings) which permits the treatment planner to accurately establish the exact source rotation angle used when exposing the films. This angle can in turn be used when reconstructing source coordinates, to insure accuracy in treatment planning. PMID- 3185416 TI - [Campylobacter pylori colonization of duodenal and gastric mucosa in duodenitis and duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 3185415 TI - Contamination of ionization chambers by talcum powder. AB - This is a word of caution to anyone using ionization chambers protected by thin rubber sheaths in water. Four Farmer-type ionization chambers contaminated with talcum powder were received for calibration by the Accredited Dosimetry Calibration Laboratory at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. The chambers show a marked energy dependence (5% to 20%) to soft orthovoltage x rays. The response of the contaminated chambers is compared with the chambers' response before contamination and after cleaning. Techniques for identifying contaminated chambers and suggestions for cleaning them are presented. PMID- 3185417 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of Basedow hyperthyroidism. Results of a 1987 West German survey]. PMID- 3185418 TI - [Clinico-pathologic conference. Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo obstruction]. PMID- 3185419 TI - [Therapy of brain abscess, caused by Nocardia farcinica]. PMID- 3185420 TI - [So-called primary (idiopathic) osteomyelofibrosis/-sclerosis (OMF) within the scope of chronic myeloproliferative diseases. I. Initial clinical and histologic findings in 102 patients with special reference to early hyperplastic and advanced fibrosclerotic stages]. PMID- 3185421 TI - [So-called primary (idiopathic) osteomyelofibrosis/-sclerosis (OMF) within the scope of chronic myeloproliferative diseases. II. Course and therapy in 102 patients with special reference to early hyperplastic and advanced fibrosclerotic stages]. PMID- 3185422 TI - [The significance of histopathology of bone marrow for the life expectancy of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia]. PMID- 3185423 TI - [Urothelial carcinoma of the kidney pelvis 51 years after retrograde ureteropyelography with Thorotrast. An autoradiography study]. PMID- 3185424 TI - Measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization before and after V-P shunt in congenital hydrocephalus in rats. AB - Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was measured by the [14C]deoxyglucose autoradiographic method in rats with congenital hydrocephalus before and after a V-P shunt. LCGU was decreased throughout the brain in hydrocephalus. The most severely affected regions were found in the cortex, with which a marked degree of subcortical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) edema was associated; regions in the brain stem structures were less affected. These metabolic disturbances were improved in many regions after a V-P shunt. However, no improvement was found in the cortex; therefore, damage was considered irreversible. CSF edema was also found in the periaqueductal gray matter in which impaired LCGU was observed; however, this metabolic disturbance was normalized after a V-P shunt. This study suggests that regional differences in the brain seen in hydrocephalus and CSF edema may have varying ill effects on cerebral metabolism. Without prompt treatment, metabolic damage progresses and becomes irreversible. It is suggested that metabolic impairment in the brain stem which is reversible is due mainly to increased intracranial pressure (ICP). PMID- 3185425 TI - Metabolic alterations in fiber layers of the CA 1 region of the gerbil hippocampus following short-term ischemia: high-energy phosphates, glucose related metabolites, and amino acids. AB - The CA 1 neurons of the gerbil hippocampus die at 4 days following 5 min of bilateral ischemia. The fiber and somal layers of the CA 1 region of the gerbil hippocampus were analyzed for high-energy phosphates, glucose-related metabolites, and amino acids from 0.75 hr to 4 days of postischemia. The results were compared to those from two layers of the CA 3 region and the cerebral cortex. The metabolite changes in the fiber layers of the CA 1 region were qualitatively similar to those in the somal layer. The energy status of the tissues taken from the CA 1 region was never compromised for up to 2 days of recirculation, after which the ATP and P-creatine in the somal layer decreased to 43 and 56% of the control, respectively, whereas the average decreases in the CA 1 fiber layers were only 71 and 88% of the control, respectively. Thus, the high energy phosphate response of the neuronal elements in the fiber layers was temporally similar to that found in the somal layer of the CA 1 region. The biphasic increases in glycogen, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, and high-energy phosphates to values greater than the control indicated that the metabolic restoration following transient ischemia is a dynamic process which persists for up to 2 days of recirculation, even in resistant tissues. A similar pattern of delayed changes was observed in glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamine, but the change in each amino acid appeared to be independent of the others despite their close metabolic relationship. The delayed decreases in GABA would favor a loss of inhibition to the CA 1 neurons and may be related to the phenomenon of delayed neuronal death. PMID- 3185427 TI - Large medical group-practice organizations and employed physicians: a relationship in transition. AB - Out of the revolution in medical practice is being forged a new type of group practice organization--larger and more complex, more tightly administered, and more strategically aware than its antecedents. A typology is offered to contribute to an understanding of the changing physician/group-practice relationship. Drawing upon historical and contemporary literature, initial and following-up field observations, and extensive interviews, large medical group practice organizations are analyzed according to basic orientation toward the health care market, and to a belief in how medical practice should be organized. The revolution in practice will be stamped on future health care arrangements, and will be transmitted into the professional culture of medicine. PMID- 3185428 TI - Projecting the older population of the United States: lessons from the past and prospects for the future. AB - Projections of future populations are fraught with uncertainties based on past fertility and immigration trends, and assumptions about medical science and lifestyles. The U.S. Census Bureau and the Social Security Administration may be unduly cautious in their assumption that the mortality decline of the past two decades cannot continue; it may be sustained for the next half century. Alternative assumptions about rates of mortality and morbidity all indicate that the needs for health services, institutionalization, and home care of the disabled elderly--especially among the oldest old--will make ever greater relative and absolute demands on the nation's health care resources. PMID- 3185426 TI - Mitochondrial enzymes in hereditary ataxias. AB - As a test of the hypothesis that mitochondrial abnormalities are common in patients with hereditary ataxias, the activities of two mitochondrial enzymes were studied in platelets from an unselected series of patients. For the group of ataxics, the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) was 68% of the control (P less than 0.01) and that of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was 81% of the control (P less than 0.05). Of the ataxics studied, 30% had activities of either or both mitochondrial enzymes more than 2 SD below the control mean. Immunoblots of PDHC revealed antibody cross-reacting material in platelets and fibroblasts very similar to those in human brain and appeared normal in platelets from patients with ataxias. Immunoblots of GDH showed a single antibody cross reacting material in brain but at least two species in normal fibroblasts and platelets. The pathophysiology of hereditary ataxias may often involve mitochondrial damage associated with secondary decreases in the activities of mitochondrial enzymes. PMID- 3185429 TI - Governing the health sector: power and policy making in the English and Swedish health services. AB - Although both are publicly owned and financed, the health care systems of England and Sweden are widely different in levels of funding, patterns of resource allocation, and types of planning and management. In England, control is more closely tied to national government; in Sweden, it is shared between national and local governments. A comparative analysis of decision making in the two systems reveals critical differences in determinations of how resources are allocated among competing interests, and how resources are used. Interestingly, as the English move toward more decentralization, the Swedes are considering greater central controls, but, in any event, convergence is unlikely. PMID- 3185430 TI - [Intrauterine growth curves at 34 to 42 weeks of gestation in the Province of Sassari]. PMID- 3185431 TI - [Usefulness of ECG in the early diagnosis of infantile spinal muscular dystrophy]. PMID- 3185433 TI - [Use of ambroxol in the therapy of neonatal respiratory insufficiency]. PMID- 3185434 TI - [Iron deficiency and food habits in the 1st year of life]. PMID- 3185432 TI - [Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. 29 Sicilian cases]. PMID- 3185435 TI - [Breast feeding in 3 outlying communities of the Province of Padua in 1986. Comparison with 1978-79 and 1982]. PMID- 3185437 TI - [Congenital foramina parietalia. Description of a clinical case]. PMID- 3185436 TI - [Caudal regression syndrome with complete absence of lumbo-sacral spine in a son of a diabetic woman. Presentation of a case]. PMID- 3185438 TI - The Massachusetts medical morass: A conversation with Joseph O'Connor. Interview by Richard L. Reece. PMID- 3185439 TI - Countdown at Boston's Countway Medical Library: an interview with Arnold Relman. Interview by Richard L. Reece. PMID- 3185440 TI - AIDS: the need to stop transmission. PMID- 3185441 TI - Quality assurance and health care: the responsibility is ours. PMID- 3185442 TI - The PRO. Another knife in the heart. PMID- 3185443 TI - Torture victims. A pathway to recovery. PMID- 3185444 TI - How to treat torture victims. PMID- 3185445 TI - Percutaneous renal biopsy using CT guidance. PMID- 3185446 TI - Minnesota's physician reporting law: when am I my brother's or sister's keeper? Part I. PMID- 3185447 TI - MMIE OB risk management guidelines approved. PMID- 3185448 TI - Serving the chronically mentally ill in an urban setting. The Massachusetts Mental Health Center experience. PMID- 3185449 TI - Organizing the system. PMID- 3185450 TI - The evolution of a public psychiatric hospital and its system of care. PMID- 3185451 TI - The day hospital. PMID- 3185452 TI - The intensive care unit. PMID- 3185453 TI - The Fenwood Inn. PMID- 3185454 TI - Emergency/outpatient services. PMID- 3185455 TI - The day hospital/inn model. PMID- 3185456 TI - The Continuing Care Service. PMID- 3185457 TI - Housing for the mentally ill: how to find it, fund it, and fight for it. PMID- 3185458 TI - [EEG recordings in 19 cases of AIDS with encephalic involvement]. AB - Between 1983 and 1987, 19 patients presenting with encephalic involvement of AIDS had an EEG recording during the early neurological examination. In 8 patients, EEGs were repeated 1 to 11 times during the course of the disease. All recordings were abnormal. A good EEG correlation existed with clinical, virological and bacteriological (SF), radiological, and histological data (10 cases). EEG recordings are useful to study the encephalic pathology of AIDS, not only for its secondary, but even more for its primary involvement. PMID- 3185459 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux during++ sleep in obese patients]. AB - Evidence of relationship between gastrooesophageal reflux (GER) and obstructive apneas in some near-miss children, led us to investigate its possibility in adults. Our purpose was to look for 1) sleep stages of GER occurrence, and 2) the possible chronological link between sleep apneas and GER. Eight obese patients were investigated. Esophageal pHmetry was carried out on two consecutive nights. On the second night, sleep polygraphy was performed including EEG, EOG, EMG, nasal and buccal flows, thoracic and abdominal motions. Esophageal pHmetry was analyzed between the onset of sleep and the definite waking. Fifteen GER episodes occurred in 4 of the 8 patients. Fourteen of them occurred during wakefulness or transient arousals. Only 1 occurred during REM sleep. Four hundred forty five apneas were recorded in 7 patients. None of the obstructive apneas, or mixed apneas followed or preceded a GER. In 1 patient, 2 central apneas succeeded to GER during REM sleep. We conclude that 1) GER, as in healthy subjects, occurs essentially during wakefulness or transient arousals; 2) in these patients, we did not establish a causal relationship between GER and obstructive apneas nor between apneas and GER. PMID- 3185460 TI - [Relationship between dexamethasone suppression test and contingent negative variation in major depressive patients]. AB - We tried to relate two different indexes sensitive to the perturbations induced by major depression: the Dexamethasone Suppression Test or DST (Caroll, 1982) and the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV). The question was whether abnormalities in cortisol levels, following dexamethasone would enlight the modifications observed in CNV parameters and other electrophysiological indexes (EEG spectrum, reaction time). In 61 major depressive patients, 29 being DST-non-suppressors, we calculated differences in electrophysiological variables according to DST suppression or not, but we were not able to evidence significant differences between the groups. However, there were correlations between log-transformed levels of cortisol and on the one hand, CNV slope (r = -0.34, P less than 0.03) and on the other hand, reaction time (r = 0.45, P less than 0.01). Correlations between electrophysiological variables appeared in the sole suppressors group (e.g. CNV amplitude and alpha rythm reactivity; post-imperative variation and percent beta of the EEG spectrum). These results underline the complementary aspect of the two methods. PMID- 3185462 TI - [Electrophysiological study of tianeptine, a new enhancer of serotonin uptake with antidepressant activity]. AB - Tianeptine is a clinically effective antidepressant, not chemically related to classical tricyclic compounds. Its mechanism of action preferentially involves central serotoninergic transmissions, by increasing uptake after acute and chronic administration in rat brain and platelets and in human platelets. We studied the effects of tianeptine on three currently used electrophysiological methods: Ro4-1284 induced PGO waves in the cat, neocortical EEG activity in the acute rat preparation and sleep-wakefulness modifications in chronically implanted rats. Density of Ro4-1284 induced PGO waves was reduced by tianeptine, the minimal effective dose being 2 mg.kg-1i.v. (ED50 = 2.9 mg.kg-1i.v.). In acute rat preparation, the low voltage fast waves basal EEG pattern was not modified by tianeptine in a dose range of 1.25 to 20 mg.kg-1i.p. Higher dosage (25 mg.kg 1i.p.) induced high amplitude episodes with few or no delta waves. Low doses which did not apparently modify acute EEG have been tested on sleep-wakefulness cycle in implanted rats. Tianeptine, after single administration, did not modify sleep states up to 2.5 mg.kg-1i.p. An increased wakefulness was observed during the first hour after 5-10 mg.kg-1i.p., afterwards sleep states returned to control values up to 12 h. A subsequent 12 h recording performed 24 h after treatment did not show any change compared to pretreatment baseline. After sub chronic administration (2.5 mg.kg-1i.p./day, 9 days) no change was observed in sleepwake pattern during or after cessation of treatment. Tianeptine EEG profile is radically different from those usually induced by classical tricyclic antidepressants. PMID- 3185461 TI - [Caffeine and EEG mapping: effects of visuo-spatial task in healthy volunteers]. AB - A group of 10 subjects, normal volunteers (6 men, 4 women), mean age 27.2 years, right-handers, has been selected for a double-blind study of caffeine effects (400 mg per os) versus placebo. One week delay separated the two EEG sessions quantified by spectral analysis. During each session (16 EEG channels, common reference), each subject was recorded four times: 2.5 min, in eyes-closed condition, under diffuse attention, followed by 2.5 min, during a visuo-spatial task ("eyes open" condition: presentation of a picture). These two EEG recordings were obtained before the oral administration and repeated 1 hr after the administration of caffeine or placebo. Individual and group results presented globally: 1) an increase in mean frequencies of alpha activity in "eyes closed" condition, and of delta activity in "eyes open" condition; 2) a decrease of alpha activity amplitudes (both RMS and % values) in both conditions; 3) a decrease of total RMS amplitudes in "eyes closed" condition; 4) an increase of relative % amplitudes for beta 2% fast activity in the "eyes open condition". These results characterize the psycho-stimulant effects of caffeine, especially over the left temporal area which was confirming an initial statistical hypothesis of specific cerebral local activation. The non-parametric permutation tests of Fisher, were not always reaching statistical significance for the same EEG channel quantified by one of the 17 analyzed spectral parameters, except on the left temporal area. During the visuo-spatial task, the decrease in alpha amplitudes (RMS and %) was also statistically significant, but over larger areas: over left and right temporal, central and parietal regions. In both conditions, eyes closed and eyes open, the alpha RMS amplitude was also decreased over the right anterior frontal area. PMID- 3185463 TI - [Circadian regulation of the sleep-wake cycle]. AB - A review of the studies considering the sleep/wake alternation as a biological circadian cycle is presented. The methods designed to evaluate respectively the role of both the endogenous component and the external synchronizers of isolation (free-running protocols). There are mutual relations between wake/sleep cycle and some other circadian rhythms, particularly body temperature rhythm. When sleep is subjected to any time manipulation, the homeostatic regulation of some sleep characteristics (REM-sleep amount, sleep onset probability, sleep length) remains very strong. Alertness appears to be linked both to sleep characteristics and to internal temperature evolution. In addition, it proved to present some degree of independence of the two afore mentioned factors, specially when motivation and/or other psychological factors are involved. The afternoon nap, far from being simply after lunch reaction, is a normal manifestation of circadian rhythmicity. PMID- 3185464 TI - [Cyclic alternating pattern. A new approach to the pharmacology of sleep disorders]. AB - The Cyclic Alternating Pattern (CAP) is an intrinsic component of normal NREM sleep. This periodic activity is organized in biphasic 40-sec cycles clustered in sequences. CAP sequences are functionally correlated to long lasting arousal instability. CAP is induced by endogenous stimuli (change in sleep stage, body movements) but it is considerably increased by exogenous impulses (noise). CAP rate (CAPR) is a novel polysomnographic variable that measures the amount of CAP during sleep, and it may be calculated for total sleep time and total NREM sleep. We demonstrated that all-night exposure to a 45 dB(A) white noise induced a significant CAPR increase, correlated with impaired sleep quality, even without changes in sleep architecture. We hypothesized that administration of an hypnotic should attenuate this CAPR rise. This hypothesis was verified in a double-blind placebo study, in which 12 healthy young adults received zolpidem, a new imidazopyridine hypnotic. During the noise perturbed nights, zolpidem clearly demonstrated a protective effect on CAPR (mainly during slow wave sleep) and on sleep quality. CAPR appears to be a sensitive indicator of sleep quality, and the cumulative distribution of CAPR throughout the night represents a new method to evaluate the effects of an hypnotic in sleep. PMID- 3185465 TI - [Magnetic resonance imaging in Bourneville's disease: relation to the EEG]. AB - Six children affected by tuberous sclerosis and severe multifocal epilepsy were studied by MRI. In all cases, MRI disclosed multiple cortical lesions and the relationship between these lesions and the EEG localization of epileptogenic foci has been studied. In all cases, a relationship between the localization of persistent EEG foci and the site of the major MRI lesions was found. The presence of frontal cortical tubers, mainly localized in the parasagittal region, was related to more intractable seizures. PMID- 3185466 TI - [Advances in and outlook for pancreatic surgery]. PMID- 3185467 TI - [A clinicopathological study of prognostic factors in esophageal cancer]. AB - To evaluate the malignancy of esophageal cancer, we made a statistical clinicopathological study on 66 patients resected with definite operative and histological findings. The cumulative 5-year survival rate was 26.1%. By Cox's proportional hazard model depth and lymph node metastases were the prognostic factors in "Guide Lines for the Clinical and Pathological Studies on Carcinoma of the Esophagus". New histological factors for quantity idea: 1) depth judged by presence of cancer cells before irradiation; 2) intramural spreading characteristics; 3) volume of tumor measuring the infiltrating area of each layer; 4) distribution of metastatic lymph nodes set up by anatomical restriction and surgical risk; 5) number of metastatic lymph nodes. By analyzing the interaction of these 5 factors, the depth was correlated with the volume and the intramural spreading characteristics. The lymph node metastases were correlated significantly with the volume but not with the depth. The depth and the distribution of metastatic lymph nodes influenced prognosis according to Cox's proportional hazard model. Estimated survival rates of these factors were fitted to actual survival rates respectively. Postsurgical survival and adjuvant therapy may be determined by histological factor analysis. PMID- 3185468 TI - [Effect of nutritional treatment of esophageal cancer patients on pre and post operative hemodynamic changes and postoperative lung complications]. AB - In 35 patients with esophageal cancer, preoperative nutritional state and hemodynamic changes on exercise test using Swan-Ganz catheter were studied. Thirty-five patients were divided into two groups. Group 1; preoperative daily calorie intake was less than 1.75 X BEE (basal energy expenditure), Group 2; preoperative daily calorie intake was more than 1.75 X BEE. There were significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2 in preoperative daily calorie intake, serum transferrin, retinal binding protein, pre-albumin and total lymphocyte count. From this result, Group 1 was thought to be malnutritional state, but nutritional state of Group 2 was thought to be improved. From the analysis of the hemodynamic changes on exercise test using Swan-ganz catheter, the cardiac function was better in Group 2 than in Group 1. The difference of the cardiac function was thought to be brought by the difference of nutritional state. In postoperative hemodynamic changes, Group 2 was better than Group 1 and in the occurrence of lung complications, Group 2 was much less than Group 1. These results was thought to be due to the difference of cardiac function brought by differences of nutritional state. PMID- 3185469 TI - [Effects of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on an experimental ulcer system induced by cysteamine in rats--dopaminergic mechanism vs pathogenesis of peptic ulceration]. AB - The physiological roles of sympathetic nerve system in the stomach has been thought to be very important in the pathogenesis of peptic ulceration. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of dopamine receptor agonists and antagonists on gastric acid secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer formation induced by cysteamine injection in rats. Cysteamine was given by subcutaneous injection as 400mg/kg in doses. Dopamine was given by continuous iv infusion as 2, 4 and 8 micrograms/kg/min in doses. Domperidone regarded as antagonists of D2 receptor was given by continuous iv infusion as 2 micrograms/kg/min in doses. As a result of acid output measured during infusion of dopamine alone or dopamine with domperidone in non-vagotomized or vagotomized rats, increasing effects of dopamine on acid output were depended on dopaminergic mechanism, and decreasing effects of dopamine on acid output were depended on dopaminergic mechanism in rami vagus. As a result of duodenal and gastric ulcer index, ulcerogenicity of cysteamine in the stomach was concerned with dopaminergic mechanism more than that of in the duodenum. These results suggested that the pathogenesis of experimental ulcer induced by cysteamine injection was depended on dopamine receptor in the stomach. PMID- 3185470 TI - [Correlation between the anterior antral branches of the vagus nerve and the antral-fundic boundary in duodenal ulcer]. AB - The distances from the pylorus to the most proximal branch (proximal branch) and the most distal branch (distal branch) of the anterior antral branches were measured in 37 duodenal ulcer patients. The resected specimens were examined histologically to determine the antral-fundic boundary (F-line) and the distance from the pylorus to F-line was calculated. The distances from the pylorus to proximal branch, distal branch and F-line were 7.8 +/- 1.6 cm, 5.1 +/- 1.2 cm, 6.7 +/- 1.4 cm (M +/- SD), respectively. The mucosal area of proximal branch was fundic in 77% and pyloric in 23%. The mucosal area of distal branch was fundic in 14% and pyloric in 86%. There were three types of distribution of anterior antral branches in relation to F-line. In fundic type both proximal and distal branches intersect fundic mucosa. In ordinary type proximal branch intersects fundic mucosa whereas distal branch intersects pyloric mucosa. In pyloric type both proximal and distal branches intersect pyloric mucosa. The numbers of each type were 5(14%), 22(63%) and 8(23%), respectively. In conclusion, selective proximal vagotomy is not indicated for cases of fundic type in which the entire anterior antral branches intersect fundic mucosa. PMID- 3185471 TI - [Histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies on the elevation mechanism of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in gastric cancer patients]. AB - Correlation between carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels of peripheral and draining venous blood, and 11 histopathologic and 2 immunohistochemical variables, was examined in 53 gastric cancer patients and 8 patients with benign diseases. CEA levels of draining blood (with a mean of 136.5 ng/ml and positive rate greater than 5 ng/ml, 58, 3%) were significantly higher than those (30.3 ng/ml, 22.9%) of peripheral blood in patients with CEA producing cancer. However, CEA levels of draining blood were as low as 5 ng/ml and were not different from those of peripheral blood in all of the patients with CEA non-producing cancer and benign diseases. Elevation of CEA levels in draining and peripheral blood was most highly correlated with the venous invasion, although the levels in draining blood were related to other histopathologic variables including tumor size, macro and microscopic types, invasive layer of gastric wall, peritoneal dissemination, liver and node metastasis, lymphatic invasion and stage classification except tumor location. These variables relating to CEA elevation in the blood were highly correlated with venous invasion. However, tumor location was not found the relation with venous invasion. These results suggest that CEA may be haematogenously drained by the portal system via the draining vein from the CEA producing cancer cells in the invasive veins but not by the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system, and that histopathologic CEA elevation-relating variables may affect secondarily the CEA elevation in the blood in association with the venous invasion. PMID- 3185472 TI - [Lymphatic flow of the remnant stomach]. AB - Aiming at establishing an appropriate lymph node dissection for carcinoma of the remnant stomach and of the lower esophageal carcinoma in the status post gastrectomy, lymphatic flow was investigated clinically as well as experimentally. Nineteen cases of carcinoma of the remnant stomach and 8 cases of esophageal carcinoma after partial gastrectomy were studied. Lymph node metastasis of the remnant stomach carcinoma were more frequently seen at perigastrium, splenic hilum, and along splenic artery. Those further extended to para-aortic and diaphragmatic nodes. Three cases of lower esophageal carcinoma after gastrectomy had massive nodal involvement at perigastrium, as well as intra thoracic lymph nodes. Experimentally 5-Fu emulsion was injected submucosally under endoscope in 25 dogs and subserosally in 6 rabbits. 5-Fu contents in lymph nodes were measured 30 minutes after injection. The most prominent difference in lymphatic flow from the remnant stomach was increase in ascending flow into intrathoracic lymph nodes through para-aorta. This increment was seen irrespective of Billroth I or II anastomosis. On the contrary, descending lymphatic flow from the lower esophagus into the intra-abdominal lymph nodes was not disturbed by gastrectomy. Cardiac lymph node dissection in rabbits accelerated ascending flow. Those results would indicate the necessity of complete block of ascending flow in cases of the remnant stomach carcinoma and of intra-abdominal lymph node dissection in those of the lower esophageal carcinoma after gastrectomy. PMID- 3185473 TI - [Clinical and experimental studies on ligation of the draining vein in the remnant liver during hepatectomy]. AB - In recent 8 years we experienced 6 cases of No. 7 and 8 segmentectomies in 140 hepatectomies. In 4 of them resection of the right hepatic vein (RHV) was unavoidable and two were released from RHV resection by using ultrasonic aspiration method. In the former cases non-cirrhotic patients had transient elevation of transaminases after surgery, while cirrhotic patients demonstrated severe liver dysfunction. The latter cases were uneventful after surgery. In the experimental study, the two groups of rats were made by Group-I (Gr-I) with only 40% hepatectomy and Group-II (Gr-II) in which the hepatic veins draining a remnant lobe were ligated after 40% hepatectomy. The remaining liver lobes with intact veins in Gr-I and Gr-II showed normal hepatic regeneration. However, the parenchyma without draining veins in Gr-II revealed severe congestion and necrosis and transaminases in Gr-II elevated significantly higher than Gr-I soon after operation. Thereafter, DNA synthesis of the hepatocytes with 3H-thymidine had a peak value before collateral vessel formation. Consequently, however, the hepatic volume of the vein-ligated region decreased considerably. Thus, clinical and experimental results suggest that the vein-ligated region can not be expected to share the liver function after hepatic lobectomy and hepatic failure may occur in the cirrhotic patients. PMID- 3185474 TI - [An experimental study of PGE1 infusion into the liver circulation]. AB - The present study was performed to determine the effects of PGE1 on the liver circulations. Adult mongrel dogs were used for this experimental study. Following the continuous infusion of PGE1 to the hepatic artery (HA) and portal vein (PV), the change of hepatic arterial flow (HAF) and portal venous flow (PVF) was measured by the electromagnetic flow meter, and hepatic tissue flow (HTF) by the hydrogen clearance meter. Hepatic enzymes were also measured at the same time. A single infusion of saline was done for the control. HAF and HTF increased significantly by the continuous infusion of over 0.5ng/Kg/min of PGE1 to HA. PVF and HTF also showed an increase by the continuous infusion of 100ng/Kg/min of PGE1 to PV. Compared with the control group, lactate acid and pyruvate acid levels remained low in the PGE1 infused group. The optimum dose of PGE1 to HA was thought to be 1.0-2.0ng/Kg/min. The results of experimental studies suggest that the direct infusion of PGE1 to the liver may prevent the ischemic change of hepatic metabolism during and after the surgical interventions. PMID- 3185476 TI - [Thymidine kinase and its isozyme activities in human thyroid diseases]. AB - An increase in DNA synthesis runs parallel with an increase in the activity of cytoplasmic thymidine kinase (TK), an enzyme that catalyses the phosphorylation of deoxythymidine via the pyrimidine salvage pathway. In this work, I measured TK and its isozyme activities in normal thyroid tissue, Basedow's disease, adenomatous goiter, adenoma and adenocarcinoma of human thyroid glands. TK activity was assayed by the method of Taylor et al. The average TK activities in Basedow's disease, adenomatous goiter, adenoma and adenocarcinoma were 1.78, 1.75, 2.98 and 3.33 times than that in normal thyroid tissue, respectively. TK isozymes were separated by DEAE cellulose (DE-52, Whatman, Kent, UK) column chromatography (1.5 X 5.0 cm). The activities eluted at NaCl concentrations of 0M, 0.1M and 0. 2 M were named peak A,B and C, respectively. The average activities in peaks A and C were not significantly different from each other in these diseases. But the average activity of peak B in the thyroid adenocarcinoma was significantly higher (2.3 fold) than that in normal thyroid tissue. As the activity of this isozyme was not affected by deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), it may be involved in DNA replication closely. PMID- 3185477 TI - [Arterial grafts for myocardial revascularization; experience of 65 internal mammary artery and gastroepiploic artery graftings]. AB - From November, 1984, to February 1987, internal mammary artery (IMA) and gastroepiploic artery (GEA) graftings to coronary arteries were performed in 65 patients. Of these patients, 58 unilateral IMAs, 6 bilateral IMAs, 2 GEAs were utilized. The hospital mortality was 3.2% but no cardiogenic death occurred. Fifty-eight (89%) patients became asymptomatic after surgery. Postoperative angiography performed from 1 to 3 months after operation showed excellent patency in 57 (96%) IMAs and 2 (100%) GEAs. On the other hand, the patency of saphenous vein graft done at the same period were 88%. GEAs were used for 2 reoperated cases and revealed good patency and relief of symptoms without surgical complication. Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) was used to dissect IMA from the chest wall, which was useful to shorten the operative time. In conclusion, arterial grafts, such as IMA and GEA were thought to be excellent coronary bypass conduits even for the small Japanese patient. PMID- 3185475 TI - [Effect of cyclosporin on the thymus and spleen in rats]. AB - Cyclosporin is a potent immunosuppressive agent. When cyclosporin is administered at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day i.p. for 2 weeks and 8 weeks, 15 mg/kg/day i.p. for 2 weeks, and 30 mg/kg/day i.p. for 1 week to normal Fischer rats, all thymuses were atrophic and their weight and number of thymocytes decreased dose dependently. However, no change was observed in spleen size. Histologically, thymic medulla was severely atrophic and the cellularity of thymic cortex, and splenic periarterial sheath and splenic marginal zone were decreased. Thymic cortex was more atrophic in the high dose group. All components recovered to near normal morphology 2 to 3 weeks after drug withdrawal, but recovery of splenic change was delayed in many rats. A reduction of T lymphocytes, particularly, helper T lymphocytes was detected by avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method using the monoclonal antibodies, W3/13, W3/25, OX8 and OX6. Many of the rats administered cyclosporin developed infection. Because of these changes in the immune response, precaution must be taken to prevent infection. PMID- 3185478 TI - [Treatment of renal vein thrombosis associated with nephrotic syndrome]. AB - Renal vein thrombosis is a rare entity in which true incidence is unknown. The disease occurs most frequently in patients with nephrotic syndrome, but it also can occur in the presence of other hypercoagulable state. Two cases of renal vein thrombosis with nephrotic syndrome which were treated by thrombectomy are reported here. One patient was successfully treated by renal vein and inferior vena cava thrombectomy before developing severe pulmonary embolism. The other was treated by renal vein thrombectomy by which fatal shock was able to be prevented. In those cases, immediate operation was indicated, primarily to prevent additional, possibly fatal, pulmonary embolism and also to improve perfusion of the kidney. In the hope of salvaging the kidney, thrombectomy may be the treatment of choice for acute renal vein thrombosis, complication of pulmonary embolism and inferior vena cava thrombosis, right renal vein thrombosis without collateral flow and acute renal vein thrombosis with shock. PMID- 3185479 TI - [A valved conduit replacement for a calcified homograft 12 years following a Rastelli operation: a case report]. AB - A 25 year-old male with transposition of great arteries, ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis successfully underwent Rastelli procedure with aortic homograft in 1969. After the procedure he grew up and became an engineer without any complaints. However, gradually his homograft degenerated with calcification and the pressure gradient between pulmonary artery and right ventricle increased to 77 mmHg in systolic phase. Twelve years after the conduit repair, we operated upon and enlarged the ventricular septal defect, repaired the residual interventricular shunt, removed his homograft and, replaced it with the Hancock valved conduit from the right ventricular outflow tract through cardiopulmonary bypass. On postoperative cardiac catheterization, the pressure gradient decreased, and the patient returned to his work. PMID- 3185481 TI - [A tumor inhibitory substance from panax ginseng]. PMID- 3185480 TI - [Newly designed approach to an aneurysm eroding the sternum and protruding over the sternum]. AB - A 54-year old man was admitted with a complaint of a pulsating tumor (7 x 6 x 2 cm) above the sternum accompanied by dysphagia. DSA showed the pulsating tumor was an aneurysm arising from the ascending aorta. CT gram of the sternum showed that the sternum was destroyed partially at the level of the 1st rib. We did the Y shaped skin incision. The clavicles, 1st and 2nd ribs were dissected out periosteally and perichondrially. We cut the clavicles and ribs, and dissected the mediastinum median to the internal mammary artery. Under the perfusion, F-F bypass and brain perfusion, the upper half of the sternum was dissected safely from the aneurysm. The aneurysm was false aneurysm and the perforating ostium was 3.5 cm in diameter. The margin of the perforating ostium had a deposit of calcium. Using an occlusion balloon catheter from the ostium, patch closure was done. The postoperative course was uneventful. We believe that this new approach is preferable to the severe erosion of the sternum by the aneurysm. PMID- 3185482 TI - [3D analysis of the aortic arch aneurysm: importance of the transverse arch curve from the horizontal view]. PMID- 3185484 TI - [Surgery and plastic surgery]. PMID- 3185483 TI - [Immunohistochemical study of epidermal growth factor receptor in gastric carcinoma]. PMID- 3185486 TI - [Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies on the elevation mechanism of cancer associated antigens, CEA and CA19-9, in gastric cancer patients]. AB - Correlation between CEA and CA19-9 levels of peripheral and draining venous blood, and 11 histopathologic and 2 immunohistochemical variables, was examined in 53 gastric cancer patients. CEA levels of draining blood were significantly higher than those of peripheral blood in 48 patients with CEA producing cancer. CA19-9 levels of draining blood were not different from those of peripheral blood in 33 patients with CA19-9 producing cancer. Elevation of CEA levels in the blood was most highly correlated with venous invasion, though the levels in draining blood were related to other 10 variables except tumor location and CEA distributed patterns of cancer lesions. These 10 variables relating to CEA elevation were highly associated with venous invasion. However, tumor location and CEA distributed patterns were not associated with venous invasion. While, elevation of CA19-9 levels in the blood was most highly correlated with lymphatic invasion and node metastasis, though the levels were related to the almost same variables which were highly associated with lymphatic invasion and node metastasis as CEA elevation-relating variables. These results suggest that CEA may be hematogenously drained by the portal system via the draining vein from the CEA producing cancer cells in the invasive veins, and that CA19-9 may be drained by the thoracic duct of lymphatic system. PMID- 3185485 TI - [Pathophysiology following biliary reconstruction procedures, with special reference to gastric acid secretion, peptic ulcer, metabolism of carbohydrate and fat, and gastrointestinal hormone release]. AB - Pathophysiological effects following biliary tract reconstruction for benign biliary diseases were investigated from the standpoint of gastric acid secretion, metabolism of nutrients and gastrointestinal hormone release. Patients undergoing Roux-Y hepaticojejunostomy showed a significant increase in maximum acid output at follow-up, although only one case of peptic ulcer was observed. In addition, the frequency of cases showing gastric acid hypersecretion was higher than for jejunal interposition hepaticoduodenostomy. Two kinds of test meals (carbohydrate rich or fat-rich) were given, on different days, to each patient before and about four weeks after surgery. Plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones and glucose or triglyceride were determined. Fasting concentrations of gut hormones (gastrin, GIP, insulin and GLI) were similar to those before surgery, and increased after the ingestion of the test meals. Gastrin and total GLI levels tended to be higher in the Roux-Y than in the interposition group, and vice versa for both insulin and GIP. The changes in plasma glucose and triglyceride, following the Roux-Y procedure, suggest disturbances in carbohydrate tolerance, fat digestion, and in the anabolic phase of absorbed fat. Patients undergoing the Roux-Y procedure should be carefully followed up, since gastric acid hypersecretion induced by a postprandial augmented release of gastrin was observed. PMID- 3185487 TI - [Effects of various energy substrates on the recovery of the hepatic energy level after cold storage]. AB - Effects of various energy substrates on the recovery of the hepatic energy level after 2 hour's cold storage were investigated. The following results were obtained. 1) Hepatic energy charge (EC) changed from 0.85 (normal value) to 0.42 after the end of 2 hour's cold stage. Hepatic EC recovered partially to about 0.65 due to reperfusion with the perfusate containing glucose (100 mg/dl). However, hepatic EC recovered no longer even with the perfusate containing glucose (200 mg/dl). 2) Hepatic EC recovered to almost normal value with the perfusate containing 3.3 mM alanine and glucose (100 mg/dl). In addition, the same recovery was observed with the perfusate containing 0.5mM palmitate and glucose (100 mg/dl). At the same time, increase of oxygen consumption was observed due to the addition of alanine on palmitate as compared with glucose in the perfusate. 3) No recovery was observed with the perfusate containing 1 mM palmitate and glucose. Also, more increase was observed in the oxygen consumption with the perfusate containing 1 mM palmitate than 0.5 mM palmitate. It is likely that uncoupling of mitochondria happened by high concentration of palmitate. As a result, glucose is is not sufficient for the recovery of hepatic EC after cold storage, however, physiological concentration of alanine or palmitate seemed to promote the recovery of the energy level to almost the normal level. PMID- 3185488 TI - [Experimental study on therapeutic plasmapheresis with the biliary decompression in the treatment of obstructive jaundice]. AB - The effectiveness of therapeutic plasmapheresis with the biliary decompression was evaluated using animal model in the treatment of obstructive jaundice. Plasma exchange (PE) using fresh frozen plasma was carried out with biliary decompression on canine jaundice model made by means of ligation and resection of bile duct. Routine biochemical analysis was performed following the PE and biliary drainage and the result was compared with the external biliary drainage group. Plasma level of total bilirubin decreased after PE and kept lower level while plasma level of bilirubin in external biliary drainage group decreased slowly. M-GOT and GOT level, those are the indicators of liver cell injury, was lower in PE group. Mitochondrial function of liver cell was evaluated following partial hepatectomy carried out two days after PE with biliary decompression on jaundiced rat. Mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and ADP/O ratio was improved in PE group. The effectiveness of PE is speculated as the combined mechanism of the removal of hepatotoxic factors in the jaundiced plasma and the addition of hepatotrophic factors within the fresh frozen plasma. These results support the effectiveness of PE to shorten the biliary drainage period and to improve the hepatic function for perioperative management. PMID- 3185489 TI - [Study on mechanism of onset of endogenous endotoxemia during obstructive jaundice--with special reference to involvement of biliary infection]. AB - To clarify how biliary infections affect onset of endogenous endotoxemia during obstructive jaundice, I tried to review the clinical result of 104 cases of obstructive jaundice, and conducted a Limulus test of portal and peripheral blood in 20 cases of obstructive jaundice and an animal study using 38 rabbits. In cases of obstructive jaundice complicated by biliary infections, clinical improvement of jaundice became significantly unfavorable, and the outcome of surgical operation was significantly inferior to the cases without biliary infections. The endotoxin positive rate in the portal blood of obstructive jaundice was 65% (13 of 20 cases), among which 10 cases (79.6%) was also positive in the peripheral blood. Of these 10 cases, 7 cases manifested endogenous endotoxemia with no infectious focus, and prognosis of these cases was poor. The endotoxin positive rate in portal blood of obstructive jaundice group was also significantly higher than that of non-jaundice group in animal study, and when the reticuloendothelial system was blocked, the endotoxin positive rate in the peripheral blood showed an increasing tendency. In the animal group with experimental cholangitis, all the endotoxin positive animals in the portal blood were also positive in the peripheral blood. This result suggests that biliary infections accelerate a decrease in the reticuloendothelial function during obstructive jaundice. From these results, endogenous endotoxemia seems to affect the onset of various complications during obstructive jaundice and unfavorable prognosis. PMID- 3185490 TI - [Experimental study of the intra-operative radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer]. AB - The radiosensitivity of pancreatic cancer, optimum dose of irradiation and the effect of 1-[(4'-Hydroxy-2'-Butenoxy) Methyl]-2-Nitrosoimidazole (RK-28) on irradiation were investigated using an experimental pancreatic cancer of hamster and the following results were obtained: i) The mean lethal dose (Do) and the 50% tumor control dose (TCD50) against the pancreatic cancer were 3.5 Gy and 73.7 +/- 6.9 Gy, respectively. These results indicate that the pancreatic cancer is resistant to irradiation, which could be explained by the existence of hypoxic cells consisting of 35% of the tumor. ii) The dose of intraoperative irradiation (10-40 Gy) seemed to be insufficient to bring long-term anti-tumor effect and long-term survival since that dose resulted in only temporary regression of the tumor. iii) The hypoxic cell sensitizer (RK28), which is known to specifically enhance the sensitivity of hypoxic cells to irradiation, lowered TCD50 of the pancreatic cancer to 53.8 +/- 1.57Gy. Therefore, RK-28 was effective in the treatment of the experimental pancreatic cancer (the enhancement ratio: 1.37). When combined with 30 or 40 Gy of irradiation, which is applicable to intraoperative irradiation, RK-28 induced a longer period of tumor suppression and a higher tumor regression ratio than irradiation alone. These results indicate that RK-28 significantly increases the effect of intraoperative irradiation and this combination therapy could possibly induce remarkable effect on tumor regression and long-term survival. PMID- 3185491 TI - [Clinical and experimental study on reconstruction after pancreatectomy--Part II. Myoelectric activity of small intestine after pancreatoduodenectomy]. AB - The aim of the study was to investigate the intestinal motility on I-type of reconstruction (e.g. Imanaga procedure) and II-type of reconstruction (e.g. Whipple procedure) following pancreatoduodenectomy in conscious dogs by chronically implanted electrodes along the reestablishing small intestine. During fasting, the interdigestive myoelectric complexes (IMCs) were initiated at a variety of electrode sites in either type of reconstruction. Seventy-six percent of the IMCs which were recorded in I-type dogs were propagated in sequence aborad. On the other hand, in II-type dogs, only 49% of the IMCs was propagated aborad. Furthermore the IMC cycles were more irregular in II-type dogs than in I type dogs. After a meal, a characteristic fed pattern was induced in I-type dogs, whereas in II-type dogs the response of the small intestine to a meal was suppressed. This study shows that the intestinal myoelectric activity after pancreatoduodenectomy is more markedly disturbed in II-type of reconstruction than in I-type of reconstruction. Such disturbance of the intestinal activity may be a cause of postoperative malnutrition. PMID- 3185492 TI - [Improvement of selectivity of distal splenorenal shunt and its clinical analysis]. AB - Follow up studies of 96 patients who underwent distal splenorenal shunt (DSRS) were performed and the loss of selectivity of DSRS was evaluated. We have established the indications for DSRS since 1980 and modified the procedures for DSRS--complete or incomplete splenopancreatic disconnection of the splenic vein (SPD)--since 1981. Twenty two of 47 patients operated before 1980 and 9 of 49 patients operated after 1980 were died of liver failure, being statistically significant (p less than 0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence of development of encephalopathy before and after 1980 (7 patients before 1980 and 6 patients after 1980). Twenty eight of 69 patients without SPD and one of 16 patients with incomplete SPD were died of liver failure, being statistically significant (p less than 0.025). Twelve of 69 patients without SPD developed encephalopathy, while none of 27 patients with complete or incomplete SPD developed encephalopathy (p less than 0.05). It was suggested, therefore, that our established indications and DSRS with complete or incomplete SPD might be suitable for the selective shunt operation for esophageal varices. PMID- 3185493 TI - [Assessment of the discriminant analysis concerning the prognostic factors in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer]. AB - We reported the result of our discriminant analysis concerning prognostic factors in differentiated thyroid cancer, which based on 134 cases obtained from three hospitals. The sensitivity, specificity and false-negative rate were 59%, 61% and 22%, respectively. When these values were estimated individually in each hospital, the figures were better than those obtained from a whole group of patients. The purpose of this paper is to assess the reliability of the previous result. Simulation was done to assess the relationship between the number of patients and the ratio of criterion variables. New groups were made from the 134 patients by random sampling. In each group, discriminant analysis was done by using the same nine explanatory variables as in the previous report (age, sex, diameter of tumor, site of tumor, histology, local invasion, lymph node metastasis, operative method and lymph node dissection). The results revealed that sensitivity was relatively stable but specificity and false-negative rate were better in the smaller group of patients. The ratio of criterion variables had an effect on the results. In the higher ratio, sensitivity was higher and the false-negative rate was lower. PMID- 3185494 TI - [Serum estrone sulfate levels in patients with breast cancer]. AB - Estrone and estradiol-17 beta concentration in breast cancer tissue are reported to be an order of magnitude higher than those of circulating plasma in breast cancer patients. This high level of estrogen is provided by local production from estrone sulfate (E1-S) through the sulfatase pathway. Then serum E1-S level was determined using direct radioimmunoassay method in order to monitor the estrogen kinetics of post-operative breast cancer patients. Peri-operative sequential E1-S determination was carried out in 10 patients. Among them, extremely higher level, as compared with normal menstruating level of 625-2670pg/ml, was observed just after an administration of tamoxifen (three weeks after operation) in two of 5 pre-menopausal patients. In order to evaluate the effect of tamoxifen on serum level of E1-S in post-operative pre-menopausal patients, serum E1-S level in 42 post-operative outpatients was examined. Although there was no difference in the average level of E1-S in post-menopausal patients treated with or without tamoxifen, average E1-S level in pre-menopausal patients treated with tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy was significantly higher than that in patients without tamoxifen. These results suggests that the administration of tamoxifen to premenopausal patients should be reconsidered from a view point of the estrogen kinetics. PMID- 3185495 TI - [Operative results of acquired valvular disease with blood cardioplegia followed by terminal cardioplegia]. AB - Cold blood cardioplegia followed by terminal cardioplegia was employed as a method of myocardial protection for acquired valvular disease. Postoperative clinical results of both cardiac iso-enzyme and cardiac function were discussed from the effect of the myocardial protection. In operative procedures of 62 cases, 30 cases underwent mitral valve replacement and other mitral repair, 17 cases aortic valve replacement, 10 cases double valve replacement and 5 cases modified Bentall operation. Iso-enzymes of Creatine-Kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured by the constant time-interval. Cardiac function was estimated in acute postoperative phase and late phase. Hospital mortality was 1.5%. The cause of death was thought to be postoperative Graft Versus Host Disease with skin rash and pancytopenia. Cardiac function during acute phase well recovered in 62 cases of which two cases were controlled with intra-aortic balloon pumping. The values of CK-MB were measured during aortic cross-clamp, 30 min, 3 hours, 6 hours and 24 hours after cross-clamp release. Peak CK-MB value was detected 3 hours or 6 hours in almost cases. In contrast, peak LDH-1 value was detected 24 hours after cross-clamp release. Perioperative myocardial infarction was occurred in one case with modified Bentall operation whose CK-MB value was elevated over 150 IU/L at 3rd hour and 24th hour. However, the cardiac radio-isotope data of this case revealed good cardiac function with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 76% by cardiac pool imaging in spite of small postero-lateral perfusion defect by Thallium 201 scintigram.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185497 TI - [Two cases of cloacogenic carcinoma of the anal canal: chemotherapeutic effect of cis-dichlorodiammine-platinum]. AB - Cloacogenic carcinoma, originating from the remnant of the cloaca, is a rare malignant tumor, comprising 2-3% of cancers of the anal canal. We reported here two cases of cloacogenic carcinoma whose pulmonary and hepatic metastases were successfully treated with CDDP administration, in spite of limited effect on primary lesions of the rectum. The promising usage of CDDP for cloacogenic carcinoma, especially for distant metastasis was discussed. PMID- 3185496 TI - [Intraoperative fiber optic angioscopy during cardiovascular surgery]. AB - The usefulness and limitation of intraoperative angioscopy in the field of cardiovascular surgery were investigated based on our clinical experience. Considerable leakage of cardioplegic solution through the aortic valve due to valve regurgitation was angioscopically demonstrated when the infusion pressure in the aortic root was less than 10 mmHg. This indicates that the cardioplegia must be infused with an aortic pressure of above 20 mmHg for appropriate myocardial protection. After thromboendarterectomy on the arteriosclerosis obliterans, fixation with the edge of the residual intimal flap to the arterial wall was performed correctly under direct visualization. The status of thrombus organization in deep vein thrombosis was evaluated. Even after complete thrombectomy, iliac compression was still demonstrated. Blood in the cardiovascular lumen can be easily cleaned by saline flushing. However, careful attention to fluid overloading must be employed when the observation period is prolonged. PMID- 3185498 TI - [A case of advanced gallbladder carcinoma of a 77-year-old female successfully resected with extended right hepatic lobectomy with caudate lobectomy and pancreatoduodenectomy]. AB - A 77-year-old woman was admitted with obstructive jaundice. US and CT demonstrated a solid mass 2.5cm in diameter in the hepatic hilum. Cholangiography revealed not only severe stenosis of the hilar hepatic duct but also involvement of the right-posterior-inferior-ventral branch and right caudal branch. Angiography showed almost normal appearance except cystic artery. Duodenal invasion was also detected by per oral duodenography. These findings forced to plan extended right hepatic lobectomy with caudate lobectomy and pancreatoduodenectomy for radicality. In spite of the aged and her complications such as DM, hypertension, scoliosis and bradyacusia, liver function was good and she was mentally very active for life. Therefore, planned operation was performed and the suitability of this operation was proved by histological examination. She underwent resection of the abdominal wall for recurrence 8 months after and now alive without the disease 27 months after the first operation. It is stressed that the most suitable operation should be selected conceiving the mode and severity of cancer extension which is revealed by precise preoperative examinations and extended operation may be indicated in even the elderly if various conditions are good. PMID- 3185499 TI - [A case of A-V fistula with severe hemolysis following internal jugular venipuncture]. AB - Severe hemoglobinuria was observed in a case with abdominal aortic aneurysm on the 23rd postoperative day. The typical continuous murmur was heard on the right upper chest, and IADSA revealed an A-V fistula connecting between the right subclavian artery and the internal jugular vein. This A-V fistula was thought to have been caused by an inadvertent arteriopuncture during the central venous cannulation at the time of the operation. Poloxamer 188 (a non-ionic surfactant) and haptoglobin were given intravenously, and they proved to be quite effective in improving intravascular mechanical hemolysis and hemoglobinuria. A division of the A-V fistula was done successfully, which was facilitated by the median sternotomy combined with the extension of the skin incision to the neck. It cannot be overemphasized that utmost care should be taken to prevent any complication at the time of the central venous cannulation. PMID- 3185500 TI - [A microspectrophotometric study of the nuclear DNA content of colorectal adenoma with reference to its grade of atypia]. PMID- 3185501 TI - Organization and characterization of the virCD genes from Agrobacterium rhizogenes. AB - We have precisely localized virulent (vir) genes of the hairy root-inducing plasmid pRiA4b on the basis of sequence similarity with the tumor-inducing plasmid pTiA6NC, and shown that the overall organizations of vir genes in both plasmids are fairly analogous, although sizes and spacer lengths in some genes differ from each other. Among the vir genes thus mapped, the virC and virD loci were characterized in detail. Transposon insertions in virD led to loss of tumorigenicity on Kalanchoe stems and carrot discs, and one within virC exhibited an attenuated pathogenicity. The avirulent phenotype of the virD2 strain among these mutants was due to the lack of ability to recombine T-DNA border repeats in Agrobacterium cells. The nucleotide sequence of most parts of the virCD loci were similar in both plasmids. The virCD genes of these two plasmids, therefore, seem comparable both functionally and structurally. Phylogeny of pRi and pTi has also been discussed from the sequence data. PMID- 3185502 TI - Conservation of nif sequences in Frankia. AB - Southern blots of Frankia total DNAs were hybridized with nifHDK probes from Rhizobium meliloti, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Frankia strain Arl3. Differences between strains were noted in the size of the hybridizing restriction fragments. These differences were more pronounced among Elaeagnus-compatible strains than among Alnus- or Casuarina-compatible strains. Gene banks constructed for Frankia strains EUN1f, HRN18a, CeD and ACoN24d were used to isolate nif-hybridizing restriction fragments for subsequent mapping and comparisons. The nifH zone had the highest sequence conservation and the nifH and nifD genes were found to be contiguous. The complete nucleotide sequence of the nifH open reading frame (ORF) from Frankia strain Arl3 is 861 bp in length and encodes a polypeptide of 287 amino acids. Comparisons of these nucleic acid and amino acid sequences with other published nifH sequences suggest that Frankia is most similar to Anabaena and Azotobacter spp. and K. pneumoniae and least similar to the Gram-positive Clostridium pasteurianum and to the archaebacterium Methanococcus voltae. PMID- 3185503 TI - Rice mitochondrial genome contains a rearranged chloroplast gene cluster. AB - We have previously reported the isolation and partial sequence analysis of a rice mitochondrial DNA fragment (6.9 kb) which contains a transferred copy of a chloroplast gene cluster coding for the large subunit of ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), beta and epsilon subunits of ATPase (atpB and atpE), methionine tRNA (trnM) and valine tRNA (trnV). We have now completely sequenced this 6.9 kb fragment and found it to also contain a sequence homologous to the chloroplast gene coding for the ribosomal protein L2 (rpl2), beginning at a site 430 bp downstream from the termination codon of rbcL. In the chloroplast genome, two copies of rpl2 are located at distances of 20 kb and 40 kb, respectively, from rbcL. We have sequenced these two copies of rice chloroplast rpl2 and found their sequences to be identical. In addition, a 151 bp sequence located upstream of the chloroplast rpl2 coding region is also found in the 3' noncoding region of chloroplast rbcL and other as yet undefined locations in the rice chloroplast genome. Hybridization analysis revealed that this 151 bp repeat sequence identified in rice is also present in several copies in 11 other plant species we have examined. Findings from these studies suggest that the translocation of rpl2 to the rbcL gene cluster found in the rice mitochondrial genome might have occurred through homologous recombination between the 151 bp repeat sequence present in both rpl2 and rbcL. PMID- 3185504 TI - The repressor gene (c) of the Streptomyces temperate phage phi c31: nucleotide sequence, analysis and functional cloning. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the 3.4 kb SphI-G fragment that contained the repressor gene (c) of the temperate Streptomyces phage phi c31 was determined. Analysis of this sequence revealed a large open reading frame with protein coding character and sequence changes in c gene point and deletion mutants identified this as the coding region of the repressor. Two of the mutants studied had undergone deletions of 1.1 kb and 1.4 kb that had occurred across short direct repeats of 6 bp and 11 bp, respectively. Coupled in vitro transcription translation experiments using the cloned SphI-G fragment and Streptomyces lividans cell free extracts identified a protein product of approximately 72 kDa, in close agreement with that predicted from the nucleotide sequence. A strongly predicted helix-turn-helix motif that may be involved in DNA binding occurred towards the carboxy-terminus of the amino acid sequence. Initial attempts to clone the SphI-G fragment in Streptomyces failed; using information gained from the sequence analysis a smaller segment of this DNA fragment was cloned in S. lividans and conferred immunity to a clear plaque mutant (c1) of phi c31. PMID- 3185505 TI - Organization and structure of Volvox beta-tubulin genes. AB - Genomic clones encoding two Volvox beta-tubulin genes have been isolated and shown to represent the only two beta-tubulin genes in the genome. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to demonstrate that the two genes are genetically linked. One of these genes was sequenced and the mRNA start site(s) determined by primer extension. A comparison of its sequence to those of the two beta-tubulin genes of Chlamydomonas revealed: (1) a high degree of conservation of the coding region, with the predicted amino acid sequence differing only in the C-terminal residue; (2) extensive sequence conservation in the 5' untranslated leader region and a 16 bp (putative regulatory) sequence in the promoter region; (3) the same number and location of introns, with a short region of homology in intron 1, but little significant homology in introns 2 and 3. PMID- 3185506 TI - Identification and germline transformation of the ribosomal protein rp21 gene of Drosophila: complementation analysis with the Minute QIII locus reveals nonidentity. AB - Minute loci represent a class of about 50 different Drosophila genes that appear to be functionally related. These genes may code for components of the protein synthetic apparatus. While one Minute locus has been recently shown to code for a ribosomal protein, it is not yet known whether any of the other Minute loci also code for ribosomal proteins. We have addressed this question by a combined molecular and genetic approach. In this report, a cloned DNA encoding the ribosomal protein rp21 is partially characterized. The rp21 gene maps to the same region (region 80 of chromosome 3L) as the temperature-sensitive Minute QIII gene. Using P-element mediated transformation, the rp21 gene was transformed into the germline of Drosophila. RNA blot experiments revealed that the transformed gene is expressed in transgenic flies. However, genetic complementation analysis indicated that the QIII locus and the rp21 gene are not identical. Implications of these findings for the relationship between Minutes and ribosomal protein genes are discussed. PMID- 3185507 TI - Non-mendelian inheritance of mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal DNA in the myxomycete, Didymium iridis. AB - The inheritance of both the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the nuclear-encoded extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA (rDNA) has been studied in the myxomycete, Didymium iridis, by DNA-DNA hybridization of labeled probes to total DNA at various stages of the life cycle. Both the mtDNA and rDNA populations rapidly become homogeneous in individuals, but there is a qualitative difference in the patterns of inheritance of these two molecules. One parental rDNA type was preferentially inherited in all crosses; selective replication of this molecule is tentatively proposed as the mechanism of inheritance. In contrast, either parental mtDNA type could be inherited. Since the inherited population of parental mtDNA molecules are not partitioned into cells in this coenocytic organism, no known mechanism of inheritance can explain the rapid and apparently random loss of one parental mtDNA type in individuals. PMID- 3185508 TI - Imazaquin and chlorsulfuron resistance and cross resistance in mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. AB - Chlorsulfuron and/or imazaquin resistant mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain CW15 have been obtained and shown to have actolactate synthase (ALS) with altered sensitivity to one or both of these herbicides. Herbicide resistance in the three mutants described is allelic, and resistance appears to result from a dominant or semidominant mutation in a single, nuclear gene. Imazaquin and chlorsulfuron resistant ALS from imazaquin and chlorsulfuron resistant mutants, together with single-gene Mendelian inheritance of these phenotypes, suggests that ALS is the sole site of action of the two herbicides in Chlamydomonas. A high degree of cross resistance between the two herbicides was found in only one mutant. This mutant (IMR-13) was selected for resistance to imazaquin and has a high level of in vitro resistance to both imazaquin (270-fold increased I50) and chlorsulfuron (900-fold increased I50). In another mutant selected for resistance to imazaquin (IMR-2), hyper-sensitivity to chlorsulfuron was found. A mutant selected for resistance to chlorsulfuron (CSR-5), had a substantial degree of resistance of chlorsulfuron (80-fold increased I50), but not to imazaquin (7-fold increased I50). PMID- 3185509 TI - Comparative analysis of genes encoding methyl coenzyme M reductase in methanogenic bacteria. AB - The sequence of the gene cluster encoding the methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR) in Methanococcus voltae was determined. It contains five open reading frames (ORF), three of which encode the known enzyme subunits. Putative ribosome binding sites were found in front of all ORFs. They differ in their degrees of complementarity to the 3' end of the 16 S rRNA, which is discussed in terms of different translation efficiencies of the respective genes. The codon usage bias is different in the subunit encoding genes compared with the two other ORFs in the cluster and two other known genes of Mc. voltae. This is interpreted in terms of increased translational accuracy of the highly expressed MCR subunit genes. The derived polypeptide sequences encoded by the five ORFs of the MCR cluster were compared to those of the respective genes in Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Marburg and Methanosarcina barkeri. Conserved regions were detected in the enzyme subunits, which are candidates for factor binding domains. Conserved hydrophobic sequences found in the alpha and beta subunits are discussed with respect to the membrane association of the enzyme. PMID- 3185510 TI - Polarity of DNA entry in transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - DNA transport in Streptococcus pneumoniae was studied using donor molecules labelled either at the 3' or at the 5' end, on one strand only. In contrast to 5' end label, 3' end label was not taken up by the cells indicating that entry is a polarized process. Our results together with those of previous studies are consistent with a model for entry in which double-stranded donor DNA is nicked on binding at the cell surface. Entry of a single strand then proceeds linearly from a newly formed 3' end to the extremity of the donor fragment. PMID- 3185511 TI - Organization and structure of Volvox alpha-tubulin genes. AB - Southern analysis of Volvox genomic DNA revealed two genes homologous to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alpha-tubulin cDNA. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis indicated that the two genes are not genetically linked. Clones representing one of the alpha-tubulin genes have been isolated from a genomic library of Volvox carteri f. nagariensis. A 3153 bp BamHI fragment containing the entire alpha-tubulin gene (1802 bp) plus 707 bp of the 5'- and 644 bp of the 3'-untranslated regions has been sequenced, revealing the following features: (1) the derived alpha-tubulin primary structure of 451 amino acids is highly conserved, differing in two residues from the alpha 1- and in two additional residues from the alpha 2-tubulin of C. reinhardtii; (2) in comparison to the C. reinhardtii genes, the Volvox alpha-tubulin gene contains a third intron; positions of the other two introns are precisely conserved; (3) codon usages are biased towards G or C, and against A, in the third position; 19 codons are absent from the alpha-tubulin coding sequence, and 5 of these are not used in any of 7 compiled Volvox genes; (4) transcription begins with an A, 30 bp downstream of the putative TATA box; upstream of the TATA box is a 14 bp sequence similar to consensus sequences found in all 4 C. reinhardtii tubulin genes and believed to regulate promoter function. PMID- 3185512 TI - Two genes encoding gas vacuole proteins in Halobacterium halobium. AB - The archaebacterium Halobacterium halobium contains two related gas vacuole protein-encoding genes (vac). One of these genes encodes a protein of 76 amino acids and resides on the major plasmid. The second gene is located on the chromosome in a (G + C)-rich DNA fraction and encodes a slightly larger but highly homologous protein consisting of 79 amino acids. The plasmid encoded vac gene is transcribed constitutively throughout the growth cycle while the chromosomal vac gene is expressed during the stationary phase of growth. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the two genes indicates differences in the putative promoter regions as well as 35 single base-pair exchanges within the coding regions of the two genes. The majority of the nucleotide exchanges in the coding region occur in the third position of a codon triplet generating the codon synonym. The only differences between the two encoded proteins are the exchange of 2 amino acids (positions 8 and 29) and a deletion of 3 amino acids near the carboxy-terminus of the plasmid encoded vac protein. The genomic DNAs from other halobacterial isolates (Halobacterium sp. SB3, GN101 and YC819-9) were found to contain only a chromosomal vac gene copy. There is a high conservation of the chromosomal vac gene and the genomic region surrounding it among the halobacterial strains investigated. PMID- 3185514 TI - The role of sterility genes (ste and aff) in the initiation of sexual development in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. AB - Haploid homothallic strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe with mutations in any of nine "sterility genes" (ste) do not mate with wild-type fertile strains. Those defective in genes ste1 to ste4 and ste7 to ste9 are also deficient in meiosis and sporulation. I found that the ste1, ste3 and ste8 genes act very early in the sexual development, presumably before the pat1-controlled conjugation-specific event. ste5 and ste6 exert their function downstream of pat1 in the initiation of conjugation and do not play any role in the meiotic pathway. ste2, ste4, ste7 and ste9 are involved in both sexual pathways: they seem to act downstream of pat1 in conjugation but upstream of pat1 in the initiation of meiosis. A new gene, aff1, whose defective allele suppresses the pat1-114-provoked haploid sporulation and arrest of vegetative growth is also described. It is supposed that the aff1+ gene product participates in a cascade of regulatory events, as a factor antagonistic to pat1. PMID- 3185513 TI - Deletions/insertions, short inverted repeats, sequences resembling att-lambda, and frame shift mutated open reading frames are involved in chloroplast DNA differences in the genus Oenothera subsection Munzia. AB - A restriction fragment length mutation has been mapped in the large single copy region of the chloroplast DNA from two Munzi-Oenothera species. Fragments containing the deletion/insertion were cloned, further analysed by additional restriction enzymes, and sequenced. A deleted/inserted 136 bp sequence was identified upstream of the 5' end of a tRNA-Leu (UAA) gene and presumably is located in the spacer between this gene and a tRNA-Thr (UGU) gene. The endpoints of the 136 bp sequence are covered by short inverted repeats. Complementary inverted repeats are present in the middle of the deleted/inserted sequence. The repeats are part of sequences resembling the lambda chromosomal attachment site (att-lambda) which is essential for site specific recombination in the lambda/Escherichia coli system. Possible interactions of the repeats during the deletion/insertion process are discussed. The spacer also contains a 1 bp deletion/insertion within an open reading frame (ORF). Due to this frame shift mutation the ORF sizes are quite different between the two Oenothera species. PMID- 3185515 TI - Constitutive appearance of peroxisomes in a regulatory mutant of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha. AB - A selection by glucosamine for mutants of Hansenula polymorpha insensitive to glucose repression of methanol assimilation is described. Constitutive synthesis of enzymes is established in standard batch cultures of glucose-grown cells. Upon prolonged glucose metabolism the phenotype is masked by catabolite inactivation and degradation of enzymes. Addition of the substrate methanol remarkably improves constitutive synthesis by preventing catabolite inactivation and delaying degradation. Regular peroxisomes of reduced number are formed in mutant cells under repressed conditions. No constitutive synthesis is detectable using ethanol as a carbon source. In addition, this alcohol is detrimental to growth of the mutants, indicating that H. polymorpha is constrained to repress synthesis of enzymes involved in the C1-metabolism when ethanol is present as a substrate. PMID- 3185516 TI - Regulation of transport mechanisms. First Membrane Biophysics Subgroup meeting. September 27-30, 1987, Pivers Island, NC. Proceedings. PMID- 3185517 TI - Lysosomal lipolytic enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and injury. AB - We have used highly purified lysosomes to investigate three models of hydrolytic injury by lysosomal phospholipases. Lysosomes, enriched up to 70-fold in marker enzyme activities, can be isolated from homogenized hepatic tissue by differential centrifugation and subsequent free flow electrophoresis. These organelles remain latent and can also be utilized to obtain 'lysosol', the soluble fraction of the lysosomes tissue containing acid active phospholipases. The first model investigated the effect of lysosol on non-lysosomal membranes. When this soluble fraction was incubated with plasmalemma (sarcolemma) from cardiac cells, selective hydrolysis of the phospholipids was observed: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin were the preferred substrates, and only lysophosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylethanolamine accumulated in significant amounts. Hydrolysis of sphingomyelin was enhanced significantly by Triton-X-100. In the second model, when intact lysosomes were incubated at acid pH, hydrolysis of phospholipids by the endogenous lipases was observed. Once again this lipolysis was specific for phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin: significant amounts of lysophospholipids also accumulated in this model. Concurrent with these lipid changes, an increase in lysosomal permeability also occurred and pH 5.0 was optimal for this lipolytic activity. However, no phospholipase activity was detected when lysosomes were incubated at pH ranges found in acidotic tissue (pH 6.0 or higher). In the third model, lysosomes were incubated at pH 6.0 in the presence of exogenously generated free radicals (dihydroxyfumarate FeADP).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185518 TI - AFDX-116 discriminates between muscarinic M2 receptors of the heart and the iris smooth muscle. AB - Studies with the atypical muscarinic antagonist pirenzepine provide convincing evidence for the classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) into two subtypes, M1 and M2. The present study examines the heterogeneity of the M2 subtype employing the newly developed competitive muscarinic antagonist, AFDX 116. Comparison of the binding affinities of pirenzepine, atropine, and AFDX-116 to mAChRs in microsomes from the rabbit cerebral cortex, heart, and iris smooth muscle shows that iris mAChRs, which are pharmacologically of the M2 subtype, can be distinguished from M2 cardiac receptors based on their affinity for AFDX-116. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the M2 receptor subtype consists of a heterogeneous population of receptors. PMID- 3185519 TI - Regulation of calcium handling by rat parotid acinar cells. AB - Salivary gland fluid secretion following neurotransmitter stimulation is Ca2+ dependent. We have studied the control of cellular Ca2+ following secretory stimuli in rat parotid gland acinar cells. After muscarinic-cholinergic receptor activation, cytosolic Ca2+ is elevated 4-5 fold, due to both intracellular Ca2+ pool mobilization and extracellular Ca2+ entry. Fluid movement ensues due to the Ca2+-activated enhancement of membrane permeability to K+ and Cl-. Basal cytosolic Ca2+ levels are tightly controlled at approximately 150-200 nM through the action of high affinity and high capacity ATP-dependent Ca2+ transporters in the basolateral and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Activity of these Ca2+ transporters can be modulated to facilitate rapid responsiveness and a sustained fluid secretory response necessary for alimentary function. PMID- 3185520 TI - Sulfhydryl oxidation and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum. AB - Our interest in the role of sulfhydryl groups (SH) in regulating or altering transport across biological membranes has focused on the significance of a critical SH group associated with the Ca2+-release protein from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). We have shown that binding of heavy metals to this group or oxidation of this sulfhydryl to a disulfide induces rapid Ca2+ release from SR vesicles and induces contraction in skinned muscle fibers. Several models are described in which oxidation and reduction might control the state of the Ca2+-release channel from SR. PMID- 3185521 TI - Topography and functions of sulfhydryl groups of the human erythrocyte glucose transport mechanism. AB - Membrane-impermeant and -permeant maleimides were applied to characterize the location and function of the sulfhydryl (SH) groups essential for the facilitated diffusion mediated by the human erythrocyte glucose transport protein. Three such classes have been identified. Type I SH is accessible to membrane-impermeant reagents at the outer (exofacial) surface of the intact erythrocyte. Alkylation of this class inhibits glucose transport; D-glucose and cytochalasin B protect against the alkylation. Type II SH is located at the inner (endofacial) surface of the membrane and is accessible to the membrane-impermeant reagent glutathione maleimide only after lysis of the erythrocyte. D-glucose enhances, while cytochalasin B reduces, the alkylation of Type II SH by maleimides. Reaction of Types I and II SH with an impermeant maleimide increases the half-saturation concentration for binding of D-glucose to erythrocyte membranes. By contrast, inactivation of Type III SH markedly decreases the half-saturation concentration for the binding of D-glucose and other transported sugars. Type III SH is inactivated by the relatively lipid-soluble reagents N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and dipyridyl disulfide, but not by the impermeant glutathione maleimide. Type III SH is thus located in a hydrophobic membrane domain. A kinetic model constructed to explain these observations indicates that Type III SH is required for the translocation event in a hydrophobic membrane domain which leads to the dissociation of glucose bound to transport sites at the membrane surfaces. PMID- 3185523 TI - [The structure of toxic protein, the mistletoe lectin, at different pH: the study using intrinsic fluorescence method]. AB - The effects of pH on the conformation of mistletoe lectin I and its isolated A- and B-subunits has been investigated by using the methods of intrinsic fluorescence. By the denaturating action of guanidine hydrochloride and the influence of the quenchers (I-, Cs+, acrylamide) the structural stability of the native protein and its isolated subunits was estimated. Treatment of the protein with the denaturant and quenchers revealed its different structure at pH 7.0 and 4.0. At pH 4.0 tryptophan residues become more accessible to quenchers, positive charge of the surrounding area increases and the protein becomes more stable to the action of denaturant. The structure of the isolated A- and B-chains of mistletoe lectin I differs considerably from that of the whole protein: a) its stability to the action of guanidine hydrochloride is lower; b) it depends on the ionic strength of the solvent; c) it is characterized by increased accessibility of tryptophan residues to quenchers (for B-chain). Differences between the conformations of the isolated chains at pH 7.0 and 4.0 are marked more strongly; moreover, at pH 4.5 the B-chain undergoes structural transition. The possible relationship between structural peculiarities of mistletoe lectin I and the mechanism of its transmembrane transfer is discussed. PMID- 3185522 TI - Kinetic comparison of ouabain-resistant K:Cl fluxes (K:Cl [Co]-transport) stimulated in sheep erythrocytes by membrane thiol oxidation and alkylation. AB - The stimulatory effects of two thiol (SH) group oxidants, methylmethane thiosulfonate (MMTS) and diazene dicarboxylic acid bis [N,N-dimethylamide] (diamide), on the kinetics of ouabain-resistant (OR) K:Cl [co]-transport in low K (LK) sheep red blood cells were compared with the effects of alkylating agents, notably N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). At low concentrations, both MMTS and diamide stimulated K:Cl [co]-transport, and with a latency period, as measured by OR zero trans K efflux and OR uptake of external Rb, Rbo, as K congener in Cl and NO3 media. At high concentrations the effect of diamide saturated, and that of MMTS disappeared. The stimulatory effect of MMTS was partially reversed by the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) known to fully restore the diamide-activated K flux (Lauf, J. Memb. Biol. 101:179-188, 1988). In diamide preequilibrated LK sheep red cells, the Km of K:Cl [co]-transport for external Cl, Clo, was 84.3 mM, and 18.7 mM for Rbo, with nearly identical Vmax values around 4 mmol Rb/L cells x h for K (Rb) fluxes in Cl and after correction for the small Cl-independent component. Zero net K (Rb) flux existed at Kc (cell K)/Rbo concentration ratios, [K]c/[Rb]c, of 0.8 i.e. when the electrochemical driving forces across the membrane were about equal. The measured K efflux/Rb influx ratios were almost twice those predicted from [K]c/[Rb]o and the Cl equilibrium potential suggesting that the diamide-stimulated K (Rb) flux may occur through non-diffusional, carrier-mediated transport.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185524 TI - [T4-DNA ligase: substrate properties of synthetic DNA-duplexes with structural anomalies]. AB - Structural defects, affecting T4 DNA ligase function, were revealed with the help of synthetic DNA duplexes, containing modifications at single nick. Changes of configuration at C2' and C3' atoms of furanose in the acceptor terminus lead to total blocking of the nick sealing activity of T4 DNA ligase. On the contrary, substitution of 3'-terminal deoxyribonucleotide for ribonucleotide doesn't affect the enzyme's action. The duplex looses all of it's substrate activity if the next from the nick G.C pair is substituted for the noncomplementary G.C pair. In DNA duplexes containing an unpaired base in the nick, elimination of the extrahelical nucleotide proceeds the ligation step. In these cases the duplex substrate activity decreases depending on the extent of extrahelical base stacking into the double stranded DNA. PMID- 3185525 TI - [Dynamic aspect of kinetics of reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase]. AB - The influence of solvent viscosity on the kinetic parameters of the pyruvate reduction reaction catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase has been investigated. The viscosity was adjusted by sucrose and glycerol solutions at concentrations from 0 to 44% and from 0 to 63%, respectively. The reaction rate decreased abruptly with an increase in viscosity. The study of different reaction stages (enzyme substrate complex formation, catalysis, inhibitory complex decomposition, competitive inhibition by chlorine ions) revealed that the catalysis (and the related conformational changes) is the only stage (of the above mentioned) that depends markedly on the solvent viscosity. The reaction is insensitive to the changes in the dielectric properties of the solution induced by the addition of alcohols and dioxane. The observed power dependence of the rate constant on viscosity is explained in terms of Kramer's theory which considers the proton transition through the activation barrier to be a diffusion in the field of random forces. The influence of solvent viscosity on enzymic kinetics indicates a direct relation between solvent dynamics and relevant protein conformational movements. PMID- 3185526 TI - [Gamma-cystathionase: the non-ideal gel filtration high performance liquid chromatography. Physico-chemical and immunochemical characteristics of the enzyme]. AB - The rapid method for gamma-cystathionase purification was developed. It is based on the non-ideal gel filtration HPLC. The isolated homogeneous enzyme was used for immunization and immunosorbent preparation. A monospecific polyclonal antibody was prepared. The substrate specificity of the isolated enzyme was studied. PMID- 3185528 TI - [Morphometric study of nucleolus-organizing regions of chromosomes from swine embryo kidney cells during Go-, G2-period and mitosis]. AB - Quantitative characteristics of nucleolus-organizing regions of chromosomes (NORs, or fibrillar centers, FCs) and some other nucleolar components have been studied with the aid of complete series of ultrathin sections of PK-cells. It has been found that: 1) the number of FCs per cell in the G0-period, in the G2-period and at metaphase is equal to 7.0, 33.7 and 8.0, respectively; 2) volumes of individual FCs in the G0-period (0.033 micron 3), G2-period (0.014 micron 3) and at metaphase (0.025 micron 3) are different; 3) the total volume of FCs, calculated for a haploid set of chromosomes, do not differ in the G0 (0.105 micron 3) and G2 (0.107 micron 3) periods, but exceed twice the FCs volume at metaphase (0.04-0.05 micron 3). These data show that the activation and inactivation of ribosomal genes in interphase PK-cells are not accompanied by a change in the total volumes of FCs and are probably connected with the "fragmentation" and fusion of FCs. Complete inactivation of ribosomal genes at mitosis leads to a decrease in the total volumes of FCs; 4) the nucleolus volume is proportional to the volume of the dense fibrillar RNP-component; in the G2 period the nucleolus volume also correlates with the number of FCs (r = 0.99); 5) the volume of the dense fibrillar component within individual fibrillar complexes -the structures corresponding to one nucleolus-organizing region--is not constant. This is an indirect evidence for the differences in the functional activity of NORs of different chromosomes. PMID- 3185527 TI - [Combined effect of heat shock and glucocorticoid hormones on cultured mammalian cells]. AB - The combined effect of heat shock and glucocorticoid hormone (dexamethasone--DM) on plasmacytoma culture cells has been investigated. Fibroblasts and splenocytes were used as control cell types. Heat shock failed to induce the main hsp68 in plasmacytoma cells, however, the rate of synthesis of a constitutive protein (c hsp70) increased significantly. In general, plasmacytoma cells exhibit hyperthermosensitivity as compared to control. DM treatment before heat shock did not protect plasmacytoma cells against heat damage. Moreover, if DM was present in culture medium for 3 days before heat shock, the synthesis of c-hsp70 was not increased. Heat-shock treatment leads to some decrease in the number of intact glucocorticoid hormone gc-receptors and binding sites in the nucleus. However, the preserved number of intact receptors after heat shock is quite enough for the realization of all glucocorticoid hormone effects. Interestingly, DM itself inhibits the proliferation of plasmacytoma cells. Furthermore, the combined action of heat shock and DM leads to more pronounced inhibition of plasmacytoma cells, depending on the DM doze and the time of heat shock treatment. The role of increased expression of c-myc gene, characteristic for plasmacytoma cells, in all the phenomena observed is discussed. PMID- 3185529 TI - [Structural analysis of translating ribosomes. Proton magnetic resonance method]. AB - Comparison has been made of the proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra of translating ribosomes in the pre-translocation and post-translocation states as well as of the complexes of translating ribosomes with elongation factors Tu (EF Tu) or G (EF-G) in the presence of the uncleavable analogue of GTP--guanylyl imidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP). It is shown that proteins L7/L12 within the translating ribosomes possess a high intramolecular mobility both in the pre translocation and in the post-translocation states. The interaction of EF-G with translating ribosomes results in a decrease of the mobility of the L7/L12 proteins. The interaction of EF-Tu with translating ribosomes leads to slight changes in the PMR spectra different from the changes caused by EF-G. PMID- 3185531 TI - [The type of interaction of histone H5 wo ith DNA changes significantly at various stages of chromatin condensation]. AB - Histones were covalently bound to DNA by dimethylsulfate-induced crosslinking and DNA-contacting peptides of histone H5, thus modified, were mapped by a combination of peptide cleavage reactions and peptide gel electrophoresis. In the nucleosome, the only strong crosslinking point is His-25 which resides near the ends of nucleosomal DNA. This contact point persists throughout different steps of chromatin condensation--decondensation. In decondensed chromatin, it is supplemented by the contact with DNA of the N-terminus of the histone H5 molecule. The high level of chromatin condensation existing in the nuclei or induced by bivalent cations results in a new and considerably stronger crosslinking point His-62, which is also characteristic for cooperative H5-DNA complexes. This structural change is observed only on oligonucleosomal chains containing no less than 3 contiguous nucleosomes, and is absent in isolated mono- or dinucleosomes. We propose that the formation of the 30-nm chromatin fibre, typical for the nuclei, is accomplished in part by the histone H5-linker DNA cooperative interactions, manifested by strong His-62--linker DNA contact. PMID- 3185532 TI - [Identification of the stable DNA-matrix complex (type II) as a site of replication fork]. AB - The two types of DNA-matrix complexes (the weak and tight ones, or type I and type II, respectively) identified in our previous work were studied with respect to their involvement in DNA replication. Nuclei isolated from human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell line were treated with either restriction endonucleases or ultrasonic desintegrator and afterwards subjected to the triple-gradient Nucleoprotein- Celite chromatography. This permitted fractionation of nuclear DNA into fragments not attached, weakly attached, and tightly attached to the nuclear matrix (DNA 0, DNA I, and DNA II, respectively). It was shown that pulse labelled RNA migrates from DNA II fraction where it resides initially to DNA 0 and further to DNA I during the 2 h chase period. This finding allowed us to consider the tight DNA matrix complex as the replicative one. The experiments aiming to follow the movements of specific DNA sequences (histone genes) in relation to the DNA-matrix attachment sites were conducted on synchronous HT1080 cells progressing through S phase. The histone sequences appeared to undergo similar movements during the first 30 min of S phase. They reside initially in DNA 0 and DNA I fractions, but as soon as DNA synthesis was restored they migrate consequently to DNA II and DNA 0 fractions. This approach can appear to be a useful tool for studying the schedule of replication of specific genes during S phase. PMID- 3185530 TI - [Electron microscope study of chromatin in nuclei of rat hepatocytes during age related changes in the genome]. AB - On ultrathin liver sections, condensed chromatin of rat hepatocyte nuclei was studied. The animals were 2 days, 6 and 28 months old. It was established that neither maturation nor senescence were accompanied by the change of the relative square of total condensed chromatin. Relative square of perimembrane, nucleoplasmic and perinucleolar condensed chromatin were non changed either. Intensively proliferating hepatocytes of nascent animals were characteristic of maximal values of the following parameters (i) the relative length of the perimembrane condensed chromatin boundary with nucleoplasma. (ii) amount of chromatin clumps, (iii) the relative length of the nuclear membrane without condensed chromatin. For mature animals all these parameters are significantly decreased. For old rats as compared with mature ones the following parameters are significantly diminished: (i) the relative length of the perimembrane chromatin boundary with nucleoplasma, (ii) the relative length of the nuclear membrane without condensed chromatin, (iii) the mean square of the nucleolus. So, the known diminishing of the RNA synthesis at senescence is expressed morphologically in margination of condensed chromatin, in smoothing of the condensed chromatin surface responsible for the hnRNA synthesis and also in diminishing of the nucleolus responsible for the rRNA synthesis. PMID- 3185533 TI - [Study of the reorientation of coenzyme in active sites of aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes using linear dichroism method]. AB - Cytosolic and mitochondrial pig aspartate aminotransferases (cAAT and mAAT) and chicken cAAT were oriented in a compressed slab of polyacrylamide gel. Linear dichroism (LD) spectra of the pyridoxal and pyridoxamine forms of AATs and of complexes of the pyridoxal form with substrate analogues have been recorded. The tilt angles of the coenzyme at the intermediary steps of the transamination reaction have been calculated on the basis of reduced LD values (delta A/A), atomic coordinates of the coenzyme and directions of the transition dipole moments in the coenzyme ring. It was assumed that rotation of the coenzyme ring occurs around the C2-C5 axis in all cases except the enzyme complex with glutarate: in the latter case the direction N1-C4 was assumed to be a rotation axis. It has been found that formation of the enzyme complex with glutarate and protonation of the internal aldimine induce dissimilar reorientations of the coenzyme. As a result of protonation, the coenzyme tilts by 27 degrees in cAAT and 13 degrees in mAAT. Formation of the external aldimine with 2-methylaspartate is accompanied by tilting of the coenzyme ring by 44 degrees in cAAT and 39 degrees in mAAT. For the quinonoid complex with erythro-3-hydroxyaspartate, the tilt angles were found to be 63 degrees in cAAT and 53 degrees in mAAT. It was inferred that the basic features of the active site dynamics are similar in three AATs studied. The differences in the coenzyme tilt angles between cAAT and mAAT might be linked to catalytic peculiarities of the isoenzymes. PMID- 3185534 TI - [Interaction of ethidium bromide with synthetic double-stranded polyribonucleotides]. AB - The interaction of ethidium bromide (EtBr) with double helical synthetic polyribonucleotides poly(G).poly(C), poly(A).poly(U) and poly(I).poly(C) has been investigated by the method of isothermal microcalorimetry and according to the character of changes on the spectra of circular dichroism, absorption and fluorescence at binding. The calculations showed that at binding of EtBr with poly(A).poly(U) the saturation stechiometry was one EtBr molecule per 2 base pairs with binding constant (2.5 +/- 0.5).10(6) M-1 at 30 degrees C and 0.1 M. NaCl. In the case of binding of EtBr with poly(G).poly(C) and poly(I).poly(C) the saturation stechiometry was not less than 0.2 EtBr molecule per 1 base pair with binding constant (4 +/- 1).10(3) M-1 and (1.5 +/- 0.3).10(4) M-1 respectively, at 25 degrees C and 0.1 M NaCl. The binding enthalpies of EtBr with poly(A).poly(U) and poly(G).poly(C) have been determined to be (-7.5 +/- 0.5) Kcal per 1 mol of bound EtBr in average for both polymers. It has been shown that the observed strong selectivity of EtBr binding with polyribonucleotides is of entropic origin. PMID- 3185535 TI - [Molecular organization of copolymers of fibrinogen-fibrin fragment]. AB - In this study we have produced for the first time a native fibrinogen copolymer with a fragment of fibrin E. and the molecular mechanism of its formation was studied by different physicochemical methods. Based on the data of angular dependency of the Debay scattering factor, the average molecular mass, coefficients of translational diffusion and the intrinsic viscosity it was shown that the primary interaction comprised the "end-to-end" fibrinogen dimerization through the D-D contacts with the following fragment E specific binding. It resulted in the stable three-domain D-E-D knot formation. The structural flexibility of the copolymer determines the tendency to their folding and the strong intermolecular hydrodynamic interaction indicates the structural compactization. This correlates as we think, with the presence of the centers of lateral binding in the fibrinogen molecule. Single-strand copolymers aggregate when they reach their critical sweep length resulting in microgel formation with the raise of the molecular mass. We came to the conclusion that fibrinogen molecules are capable to associate due to the stable native conformation shift into the active state, thus demasking the reaction groups in the D-domain. Possible reasons for the lack of fibrinogen heteropolymer rigidity characteristic for the fibrin polymers are discussed. PMID- 3185536 TI - [Structural state of active and inactive genes during chromatin decondensation]. AB - Chromatin structure of globin and ovalbumin genes in chicken erythrocyte nuclei has been investigated by means of the "nuclease criterion" (described earlier). In intact nuclei (i.e. in the presence of 3 mM MgCl2) DNase I cleaves chromatin of both genes generating fragments multiple of a double-nucleosome repeat (2N periodicity). However, in the case of the globin gene, apart from the 2N periodicity, fragments were observed that are multiple of 100 b.p. and are characteristic for partially unfolded chromatin. This distinction in nuclease cleavage patterns correlates with a higher sensitivity of the globin gene as compared with the inactive ovalbumin gene. At 0.5-0.7 mM MgCl2 the transition from dinucleosomal fragmentation with DNase I and DNase II to fragmentation via a 100 b.p. interval occurs and the difference in digestibility of both genes is dramatically increased. If chromatin has been decondensed by incubation of nuclei in 10 mM Tris-buffer DNase Il generates an usual nucleosomal repeat, and in this ionic conditions one may not observe any difference in nuclease sensitivity of the analyzed genes. The data allow to suggest that the high nuclease sensitivity of potentially active genes can be conditioned by more relaxed arrangement of nucleosomes in higher order chromatin structure. PMID- 3185537 TI - [Characteristics of complex-formation of chlorine e6 with human and bovine serum albumins]. AB - Pigment-protein complexes of chlorin e6 (Chl e6) with human (HSA) and bovine serum albumines (BSA) have been investigated by spectral-luminescent methods. Fluorescence quenching of tryptophan residues caused by the inductive-resonance energy transfer to pigment molecules and the rise of the polarization degree of Chl e6 emission were observed upon incorporation of Chl e6 in the protein globula. The obtained data on spectral-energetic parameters of protein tryptophanyls and Chl e6 permitted us to calculate the energy transfer critical distances R0 in complexes of Chl e6 with HSA (R0 = 32 A) and BSA (R0 = 35A). The binding constants (K) and the number of binding sites (N) of Chl e6 with HSA and BSA have been obtained from the experiments on tryptophanyl fluorescence quenching of the investigated proteins and polarization measurements of pigment emission (KHSA = 1.2.10(6) mole-1, KBSA = 3.6.10(6) mole-1, NHSA = NBSA = 1). On the basis of the measured values of electronic excitation energy transfer efficiency (phi greater than or equal to 99%) the average distances between the protein chromophores and the incorporated Chl e6 molecules have been calculated (RHSA = 15-17 A, RBSA = 16.5-18 A). The questions connected with pigment localization sites in the protein globula and specific features of pigment protein interaction are discussed. PMID- 3185538 TI - [Interaction of copper nd zinc cations with calcium-binding proteins]. AB - Interactions of the calcium binding proteins, parvalbumin from cod muscles, alpha lactalbumin from cow milk and calmodulin from bovine brain, with Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions have been studied by intrinsic fluorescence and microcalorimetry methods. It was revealed that parvalbumin binds one Cu2+ ion per molecule with association constant from 10(5) to 10(6) M-1. Zn2+ ions seem to compete for the same site which does not coincide with the two Ca2+ and Mg2+ binding sites. alpha Lactalbumin contains from 2 to 4 Cu2+ and Zn2+ binding sites, the number and affinities of which depend on Ca2+ concentration. Calmodulin has similar Cu2+ and Zn2+ binding sites. The binding of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions to parvalbumin and alpha lactalbumin changes the shape and position of their thermal denaturation transitions. The results obtained together with the literature data show that the ability to interact with Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions is a property inherent to many calcium-binding proteins, which may play a physiological role for some of them. PMID- 3185539 TI - [The study of the structure of active center of membrane-bound cytochrome p-450 using 1-naphthoxyalcanthiols]. AB - Homologous 1-naphtoxyalcanthiols of the type 1-C10H7O(CH2)nSH (n = 2-7) are used for structural studies of the microsomal cytochrome P450 active centre. It was found that the strongest complex of thiol with P450 is formed for n = 3. Microsomal oxidation of P450 substrates aminopyrine and benz(a) pyrene is inhibited by the 1-naphtoxyalcanthiols studied. A non-monotonous dependence of pI50 on n was found, the compound with a chain length n = 3 appeared to be the most effective inhibitor. The interaction of this thiol (n = 3) with both the heme group of P450 and the hydrophobic substrate zone is supposed and the distance between these points was estimated. It is possible to employ this approach for structural studies on the active centers of different isoforms of P450. PMID- 3185540 TI - Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II: purification, genetic specificity, and TATA box-promoter interactions of TFIID. AB - Selective and accurate transcription of purified genes by RNA polymerase II requires multiple factors. The factor designated TFIID was purified extensively from HeLa cell nuclear extracts by using a simple and novel complementation assay. Thus, TFIID was preferentially inactivated by mild heat treatment of a nuclear extract, and supplementation of the heat-treated extract with TFIID containing fractions restored adenovirus major late (ML) promoter-dependent transcription. By using this assay, TFIID was purified approximately 300-fold by conventional chromatographic methods. The most purified TFIID fraction was demonstrated to be required for transcription of a number of other cellular and viral class II genes. This factor showed specific interactions with both the adenovirus ML promoter and a human heat shock 70 (hsp-70) promoter. On the ML promoter, the DNase I-protected region extended from around position -40 to position +35, although some discontinuities (and associated hypersensitive sites) were apparent near the initiation site and near position +27; the upstream and downstream boundaries of the TFIID-binding site were also confirmed by exonuclease III digestion experiments. In contrast to these results, the DNase I protected regions on the human hsp-70 promoter were confined to a smaller area that extended from positions -35 to -19. DNase I hypersensitive sites were observed in both the adenovirus ML and hsp-70 promoters, most notably in the region at position -47. These results indicate either that there are different forms of TFIID or that a single TFIID can interact differently with distinct promoters. PMID- 3185541 TI - Polymorphism in the procyclic acidic repetitive protein gene family of Trypanosoma brucei. AB - The expression of procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) by Trypanosoma brucei is strongly induced during the transition of bloodstream form to cultured procyclic trypomastigotes in vitro. The membrane-associated protein is distinguished by a central domain consisting of tandemly repeated glutamate proline dipeptides. The trypanosome genome contains eight PARP genes, at least four of which are expressed. A minimum of four distinct PARP mRNA species comprises two classes of PARP mRNA, based upon divergent 3' untranslated region sequences, and these mRNAs encode polypeptides that exhibited an inverse relation between molecular weight and isoelectric point. Comparative analysis of PARP gene structure indicated that these polypeptides differ by variation in size of the dipeptide repeat domain. Comparison of PARP genes and polypeptides of three independent T. brucei isolates suggested that PARP is not a homogeneous species but instead represents a family of polymorphic proteins. PMID- 3185542 TI - Interaction of nuclear proteins with muscle-specific regulatory sequences of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter. AB - The human cardiac alpha-actin promoter is involved in the muscle-specific transcriptional regulation of the gene. In this study, we utilized gel mobility shift, methylation interference, and DNase I protection assays to examine protein factor interaction with the promoter in vitro. All assays demonstrated specific interaction of nuclear factors with a region of the promoter encompassed by nucleotides -93 to -113 base pairs from the transcriptional start site. This region contains a CC(A + T-rich)6GG element, termed a CArG box, which has previously been implicated in the muscle-specific transcriptional regulation of the gene by functional assays. Although the gene is only expressed in muscle cells, identical binding activity was present in nuclear extracts of all cell types examined, including those of muscle (C2, L8, and L6 cells) and nonmuscle (HeLa, NIH 3T3, HuT12, and L cells) origin. Furthermore, methylation interference assays showed that identical nucleotides interacted with factors isolated from C2 and HeLa cells. Competition studies showed that the CArG-binding factor, designated as CBF, also interacts with the c-fos serum responsive element, which contains a CArG element, but not with the simian virus 40 enhancer and early promoter. Thus, a region of the human cardiac alpha-actin promoter known to be functionally involved in muscle-specific regulation of the gene appears to interact in vitro, and in an identical manner, with a factor(s) which is neither muscle nor gene specific, suggesting a more complex mode of regulation than previously envisioned. PMID- 3185543 TI - A common factor regulates skeletal and cardiac alpha-actin gene transcription in muscle. AB - The skeletal and cardiac alpha-actin genes are coexpressed in muscle development but exhibit distinctive tissue-specific patterns of expression. We used an in vivo competition assay and an in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay to demonstrate that both genes interact with a common trans-acting factor(s). However, there was at least one gene-specific cis-acting sequence in the skeletal alpha-actin gene that interacted with a trans-acting factor which was not rate limiting in the expression of the cardiac alpha-actin gene. The common factor(s) interacted with several cis-acting regions that corresponded to sequences that are required for the transcriptional modulation of these sarcomeric alpha-actin genes in muscle cells. These regulatory regions contained the sequence motif CC(A + T-rich)6GG, which is known as a CArG box. Results of in vivo competition assays demonstrated that the factor(s) bound by the skeletal alpha-actin gene is also essential for the maximal activity of the cardiac alpha-actin, simian virus 40 (SV40), alpha 2(I)-collagen, and the beta-actin promoters in muscle cells. In contrast, fibroblastic cells contained functionally distinct transcription factor(s) that were used by the SV40 enhancer but that did not interact with the sarcomeric alpha-actin cis-acting sequences. The existence of functionally different factors in these cell types may explain the myogenic specificity of these sarcomeric alpha-actin genes. Results of in vitro studies suggested that both the sarcomeric alpha-actin genes interact with the CArG box-binding factor CBF and that the skeletal alpha-actin promoter contains multiple CBF-binding sites. In contrast, CBF did not interact in vitro with a classical CAAT box, the SV40 enhancer, or a linker scanner mutation of an alpha-actin CArG box. Furthermore, methylation interference and DNase I footprinting assays demonstrated the precise sites of interaction of CBF with three CArG motifs at positions -98, -179, and -225 in the human skeletal alpha-actin gene. PMID- 3185544 TI - Expression of the troponin complex genes: transcriptional coactivation during myoblast differentiation and independent control in heart and skeletal muscles. AB - We compared the developmental regulation of the three troponin genes that encode the proteins of the Ca2+ regulatory complex in striated muscles of the Japanese quail. Nuclear run-on transcription and RNA protection analyses showed that the fast skeletal troponin I, the fast skeletal troponin T, and the slow skeletal cardiac troponin C genes were transcriptionally coactivated and that transcripts rapidly accumulated within 6 to 12 h after the initiation of myoblast differentiation. The fast-isoform mRNAs of troponin I and troponin T were coexpressed at similar levels in different skeletal muscles, whereas the slow cardiac troponin C mRNA varied independently and was the only one of these genes expressed in embryonic and adult heart. We conclude that these troponin genes are transcriptionally coactivated during skeletal myoblast differentiation, indicating that their transcription is under precise temporal control. However, this troponin C gene is regulated independently is specialized striated muscles. PMID- 3185545 TI - Molecular events in the processing of recombinant type 1 pre-pro-transforming growth factor beta to the mature polypeptide. AB - Recently, the simian type 1 transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta 1) cDNA was expressed at high levels in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by dihydrofolate reductase-induced gene amplification (L.E. Gentry, N.R. Webb, G.J. Lim, A.M. Brunner, J.E. Ranchalis, D.R. Twardzik, M.N. Lioubin, H. Marquardt, and A.F. Purchio, Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:3418-3427, 1987). We have now purified and characterized the recombinant proteins released by these cells. Analyses of the precursor proteins by amino acid sequencing identified potentially important proteolytic processing sites. Signal peptide cleavage occurs at the Gly-29-Leu-30 peptide bond of pre-pro-TGF-beta 1, yielding pro-TGF-beta 1 (30 to 390). In addition, proteolytic processing of the precursor to yield mature TGF-beta 1 occurs at the dibasic cleavage site immediately preceding Ala-279, indicating that CHO cells possess the appropriate processing enzyme. Greater than 95% of the biological activity detected in the conditioned medium of the CHO transfectant was due to mature, properly processed growth factor. Highly purified recombinant TGF-beta 1 had the same specific biological activity as natural TGF-beta 1. The concentration of TGF-beta 1 required for half-maximal inhibition of Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cell growth was approximately 1 to 2 pM. Purified precursor inhibited mink lung cell proliferation at 50 to 60 pM concentrations. The purified precursor preparation was shown to consist of pro-TGF-beta 1 (30 to 390), the pro region of the precursor (30 to 278), and mature TGF-beta 1 (279 to 390) interlinked by at least one disulfide bond with the pro portion of the precursor. These recombinant forms of TGF-beta1 should prove useful for further structural and functional studies. PMID- 3185546 TI - Molecular analysis of ethyl methanesulfonate-induced reversion of a chromosomally integrated mutant shuttle vector gene in mammalian cells. AB - The molecular mechanisms of ethyl methanesulfonate-induced reversion in mammalian cells were studied by using as a target a gpt gene that was integrated chromosomally as part of a shuttle vector. Murine cells containing mutant gpt genes with single base changes were mutagenized with ethyl methanesulfonate, and revertant colonies were isolated. Ethyl methanesulfonate failed to increase the frequency of revertants for cell lines with mutant gpt genes carrying GC----AT transitions or AT----TA transversions, whereas it increased the frequency 50-fold to greater than 800-fold for cell lines with mutant gpt genes carrying AT----GC transitions and for one cell line with a GC----CG transversion. The gpt genes of 15 independent revertants derived from the ethyl methanesulfonate-revertible cell lines were recovered and sequenced. All revertants derived from cell lines with AT----GC transitions had mutated back to the wild-type gpt sequence via GC----AT transitions at their original sites of mutation. Five of six revertants derived from the cell line carrying a gpt gene with a GC----CG transversion had mutated via GC----AT transition at the site of the original mutation or at the adjacent base in the same triplet; these changes generated non-wild-type DNA sequences that code for non-wild-type amino acids that are apparently compatible with xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. The sixth revertant had mutated via CG----GC transversion back to the wild-type sequence. The results of this study define certain amino acid substitutions in the xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase polypeptide that are compatible with enzyme activity. These results also establish mutagen-induced reversion analysis as a sensitive and specific assay for mutagenesis in mammalian cells. PMID- 3185547 TI - Isolation of a cDNA corresponding to a developmentally regulated transcript in rat intestine. AB - We report the isolation of a cDNA clone corresponding to a transcript that is accumulated differentially in rat intestine during development. Clone OCI-5 was selected from the rat intestinal cell line IEC-18, which represents primitive intestinal epithelial crypt cells. Expression was high in rat fetal intestine between 15 and 19 days of development and thereafter was progressively down regulated, becoming undetectable after weaning. Clone OCI-5 detected homologous sequences in human and murine cells. In particular, a high level of expression was detected in CaCo-2, a human colon carcinoma cell line, which is known to express molecules characteristic of fetal small intestinal cells. Expression of a homologous gene was also detected in F9 murine teratocarcinoma cells when they were induced to differentiate into parietal or visceral endodermlike cells. When IEC-18 cells were transformed by activated H-ras or v-src genes, expression of clone OCI-5 was suppressed; the degree of down-regulation correlated with the extent of morphological change induced in the transformed IEC-18 cells. The sequence of clone OCI-5 showed an open reading frame that was capable of encoding a protein of 597 amino acids, but no strong homology was found with any of the proteins registered in the protein sequence data base. PMID- 3185550 TI - Sequence elements essential for function of the Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA enhancers. AB - The intergenic spacer region of the Xenopus laevis ribosomal DNA contains multiple elements which are either 60 or 81 base pairs long. Clusters of these elements have previously been shown to act as position- and distance-independent enhancers on an RNA polymerase I promoter when located in cis. By a combination of deletion and linker scanner mutagenesis we show that the sequences essential for enhancer function are located within a 56-base-pair region that is present in both the 60- and 81-base-pair repeats. Within the 56-base-pair region one linker scanner mutation was found to be relatively neutral, suggesting that each enhancer element may be composed of two smaller domains. Each 56-base-pair region appears to be an independent enhancer with multiple enhancers being additive in effect. We review the current evidence concerning the mechanism of action of these enhancers. PMID- 3185548 TI - Characterization of the repressed 5S DNA minichromosomes assembled in vitro with a high-speed supernatant of Xenopus laevis oocytes. AB - We describe an in vitro system, based on the Xenopus laevis oocyte supernatant of Glikin et al. (G. Glikin, I. Ruberti, and A. Worcel, Cell 37:33-41, 1984), that packages DNA into minichromosomes with regularly spaced nucleosomes containing histones H3, H4, H2A, and H2B but no histone H1. The same supernatant also assembles the 5S RNA transcription complex; however, under the conditions that favor chromatin assembly, transcription is inhibited and a phased nucleosome forms over the 5S RNA gene. The minichromosomes that are fully loaded with nucleosomes remain refractory to transcriptional activation by 5S RNA transcription factors. Our data suggest that this repression is caused by a nucleosome covering the 5S RNA gene and that histone H1 is not required for regular nucleosome spacing or for gene repression in this system. PMID- 3185549 TI - Purification of multiple erythroid cell proteins that bind the promoter of the alpha-globin gene. AB - Three erythroid cell factors that bind the murine alpha-globin promoter were enriched more than 1,000-fold by conventional and DNA sequence affinity chromatography. Visualization of enriched polypeptides revealed simple patterns suggesting that each binding activity was purified. Two of the purified proteins, alpha-CP1 and alpha-CP2, have been shown previously to interact with distinct binding sites that overlap in the alpha-globin CCAAT box. Affinity purification of alpha-CP1 revealed seven polypeptides with Mrs raging from 27,000 to 38,000. In contrast, purified alpha-CP2 was made up of a polypeptide doublet with Mrs of 64,000 and 66,000. The third purified binding activity, alpha-IRP, interacted with sequences that formed an inverted repeat (IR) between the alpha-globin CCAAT and TATAA boxes. Affinity-purified alpha-IRP was made up of a single polypeptide with an Mr of 85,000. We confirmed that the purified polypeptides corresponded to alpha-CP1-, alpha-CP2-, and alpha-IRP-binding activities by UV cross-linking experiments (alpha-CP2 and alpha-IRP) or by renaturation of binding activity after elution of polypeptides from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels (alpha-CP1 and alpha-CP2). The apparent complexity of the polypeptides accounting for alpha-CP1 binding activity prompted a further physical characterization of this factor. Sedimentation of affinity-purified alpha-CP1 in glycerol gradients containing 100 mM KCl showed that all seven polypeptides migrated as a complex that cosedimented with alpha-CP1-binding activity. In contrast, when sedimented in glycerol gradients containing 500 mM KCl, alpha-CP1 dissociated into at least two components. Under these conditions, alpha-CP1-binding activity was reduced or lost. Activity was reconstituted, however, by combining fractions that were enriched in the two components. These results were confirmed by experiments in which we showed that alpha-CP1-binding activity can be recovered only by combining distinct sets of polypeptides that were isolated and renatured from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Our results suggest that the seven polypeptides visualized after affinity purification of alpha-CP1 interact to form a heterotypic complex (or set of complexes) required for alpha-CP1-binding activity. PMID- 3185551 TI - Formation of an inverted duplication can be an initial step in gene amplification. AB - We have developed a gene transfer approach to facilitate the identification and isolation of chromosomal regions which are prone to high-frequency gene amplification. Such regions are identified by assaying for transformants which show high-frequency resistance to PALA and/or methotrexate by amplification of a vector containing the genes which encode the enzyme targets of these antiproliferative agents. We identified 2 of 47 transformants which displayed high-frequency amplification of the transfected genes, and in this report we describe the analysis of one of them (L46). Molecular analysis of the integration site in transformant L46 revealed that the donated genes were at the center of an inverted duplication which spanned more than 70 kilobase pairs and consisted largely of host DNA. The data suggest that integration of the transfected sequences generates a submicroscopic molecule containing the inverted duplication and at least 750 kilobases of additional sequences. The donated sequences and the host sequences were readily amplified and lost in exponentially growing cultures in the absence of drug selection, which suggests that the extrachromosomal elements are acentric. In contrast to the instability of this region following gene insertion, the preinsertion site was maintained at single copy level under growth conditions which produced copy number heterogeneity in L46. The implications of our results for mechanisms of genetic instability and mammalian gene amplification are discussed. PMID- 3185552 TI - Microrecombinations generate sequence diversity in the murine major histocompatibility complex: analysis of the Kbm3, Kbm4, Kbm10, and Kbm11 mutants. AB - The mechanism that generates spontaneous mutants of the Kb histocompatibility gene was analyzed. Nucleotide sequence analysis of four mutant genes (Kbm3, Kbm4, Kbm10, and Kbm11) revealed that each mutant K gene contains clustered, multiple nucleotide substitutions. Hybridization analyses of parental B6 genomic DNA and cloned class I genes with mutant-specific oligonucleotide probes, followed by sequence analyses, have identified major histocompatibility complex class I genes in the K, D, and Tla regions (K1, Db, and T5, respectively) that contain the exact sequences as substituted into mutant Kb genes. These data provide evidence for the hypothesis that the mutant Kb genes are generated by a microrecombination (gene conversion) mechanism that results in the transfer of small DNA segments from class I genes of all four regions of the major histocompatibility complex (K, D, Qa, and Tla) to Kb. Many of the nucleotides substituted into the mutant Kb genes were identical to those found in other naturally occurring K alleles such as Kd. Thus, we propose that the accumulation of microrecombination products within the K genes of a mouse population is responsible for the high sequence diversity among H-2 alleles. PMID- 3185553 TI - Comparison of intron-dependent and intron-independent gene expression. AB - Recombinant simian virus 40 viruses carrying rabbit beta-globin cDNA failed to express the beta-globin sequence unless an intron was included in the transcription unit. The addition of either beta-globin IVS1 or IVS2 caused a 400 fold increase in RNA production. Stable beta-globin RNA production required sequences in IVS2 that were very close to the splice sites and that coincided with those needed for mRNA splicing. In addition to the recombinant viruses, intron-dependent expression was observed with both replicating and nonreplicating plasmid vectors in short-term transfections of cultured animal cells. Unlike transcriptional enhancer elements, IVS2 failed to increase stable RNA production when it was placed downstream of the polyadenylation site. Using a plasmid vector system to survey different inserted sequences for their dependence on introns for expression, we found that the presence of IVS2 stimulated the expression of these sequences 2- to 500-fold. Sequences from the transcribed region of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, a gene that lacks an intervening sequence, permitted substantial intron-independent expression (greater than 100-fold increase) in the plasmid vector system. PMID- 3185554 TI - Histone gene switching in murine erythroleukemia cells is differentiation specific and occurs without loss of cell cycle regulation. AB - We investigated the expression characteristics of the fully replication-dependent (FRD) and the partially replication-dependent (PRD) histone gene variants by measuring changes in steady-state mRNA levels during hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA)-induced differentiation of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. Between 24 and 60 h after induction, there was a dramatic switch in histone gene expression, such that the ratio of PRD to FRD transcripts increased severalfold over that found in uninduced MEL cells. We demonstrated that this gene switching was not simply a partial or complete uncoupling of PRD gene expression from DNA synthesis. PRD and FRD transcript levels were regulated coordinately upon treatment of uninduced or induced MEL cells with inhibitors of DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, or both. Using several criteria, we were unable to detect any difference in PRD and FRD gene expression under any conditions except in cells undergoing differentiation. MEL cells were arrested at a precommitment stage of differentiation by induction with HMBA in the presence of dexamethasone (DEX). If DEX was subsequently removed, DNA synthesis resumed, the cells underwent commitment, and histone gene switching was observed. In contrast, if both DEX and HMBA were removed, DNA synthesis still resumed, but commitment did not occur and no gene switching was observed. These results imply that histone gene switching is intimately related to the differentiation process. PMID- 3185555 TI - Two different mRNAs are transcribed from a single genomic locus encoding the chicken erythrocyte anion transport proteins (band 3). AB - The chicken erythrocyte anion transport protein (band 3 of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton) is a central component taking part in two widely divergent functions of erythroid cells; it is a primary determinant of cytoskeletal architecture and responsible for electroneutral Cl-/HCO3- exchange across the plasma membrane. To analyze interesting aspects of the developmental regulation of this gene, we have cloned the cDNA and genomic counterparts of the erythroid specific anion transport protein. We show that a single genetic locus for band 3 encodes two different erythroid cell-specific mRNAs, with different translational initiation sites, which predict polypeptides of sizes very close to those observed in vivo. In vitro translation and immune precipitation of synthetic mRNA derived from one putative fully encoding cDNA clone demonstrate that this clone gives rise to a protein which is identical in size and antigenicity to bona fide chicken erythroid band 3. PMID- 3185556 TI - Telomeric repeats of Tetrahymena malaccensis mitochondrial DNA: a multimodal distribution that fluctuates erratically during growth. AB - The linear mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Tetrahymena malaccensis has tandem 52 base-pair repeats at its telomeres. The mtDNA has a multimodal distribution of telomeres. Different groups in the distribution have different numbers of telomeric repeats. The standard deviation of the size of each end group is independent of the mean size of the end group. The two sides of the mtDNA have different multimodal distributions of repeats. Cloned cell lines have multimodal distributions of mtDNA telomeres distinct from that of the original cell line. The number of telomere end groups and the average size of the end groups change in an erratic fashion as the cells are passaged and do not reach a stable equilibrium distribution in 185 generations. We propose that the mean size of a telomere end group and the size distribution of an end group are independently regulated. The system controlling the average size of end groups may be defective in T. malaccensis, since a closely related species (T. thermophila) does not have a multimodal distribution of mtDNA telomeres. T. hyperangularis, which has different telomeric repeats on each side of its mtDNA, has a multimodal distribution of mtDNA telomeres on only one side, suggesting that the mechanism controlling the average number of repeats in an end group can be sequence specific. These mitochondrial telomeres provide a new example of the more general phenomenon of expansion and contraction of arrays of repeated sequences seen, for example, with simple-sequence "satellite" DNAs; however, the mitochondrial telomeres change on a very short time scale. PMID- 3185557 TI - Structure of the rainbow trout metallothionein B gene and characterization of its metal-responsive region. AB - The trout metallothionein (MT) genes consist of two members. We describe the structure of the first fish MT (tMT-B) gene which shows an overall resemblance but some remarkable differences with mammalian MT genes. The similarities included (i) tripartite structure of the gene, (ii) conservation of cysteine residues, and (iii) a TATAAA signal and two copies of metal-responsive elements (MREs). The differences consisted of (i) an AT-rich tMT-B promoter compared with highly GC-rich mammalian MT promoters and (ii) a lack of SP1-binding sites in the tMT-B promoter. Functional analysis of the tMT-B 5'-flanking region following fusion with the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene and its transfection into the rainbow trout hepatoma cell line revealed that sequences from positions -600 to +8 are sufficient for regulation by metals. Further deletion analyses of this fragment suggested that a minimum of 100 nucleotides upstream of the transcription initiation site are required for induction by cadmium and zinc. The tMT-B promoter was also functional in the human hepatoblastoma cell line, suggesting that an MT regulatory factor(s) is conserved in phylogenetically distant species like humans and fish. PMID- 3185558 TI - Short donor site sequences inserted within the intron of beta-globin pre-mRNA serve for splicing in vitro. AB - We constructed SP6-human beta-globin derivative plasmids that included possible donor site (5' splice site) sequences at a specified position within the first intron. The runoff transcripts from these templates truncated in the second exon were examined for splicing in a nuclear extract from HeLa cells. In addition to the products from the authentic donor site, a corresponding set of novel products from the inserted, alternative donor site was generated. Thus, a short sequence inserted within an intron can be an active donor site signal in the presence of an authentic donor site. The active donor site sequences included a 9-nucleotide consensus sequence, 14- or 16-nucleotide sequences at the human beta-globin first or second donor, and those at simian virus 40 large T antigen or small t antigen donor. These included 3 to 8 nucleotides of an exon and 6 to 8 nucleotides of an intron. The activity of the inserted donor site relative to that of the authentic donor site depended on the donor sequence inserted. The relative activity also strongly depended on the concentrations of both KCl (40 to 100 mM) and MgCl2 (1.6 to 6.4 mM). At the higher KCl concentrations tested, all the inserted, or proximate, donor sites were more efficiently used. Under several conditions, some inserted donor sites were more active than was the authentic donor site. Our system provides an in vitro assay for donor site activity of a sequence to be tested. PMID- 3185559 TI - A tridecamer DNA sequence supports human mitochondrial RNA 3'-end formation in vitro. AB - Vertebrate mitochondrial genomes contain a putative transcription termination site at the boundary between the genes for 16S rRNA and leucyl-tRNA. We have described previously an in vitro transcription system from human cells with the capacity to generate RNA 3' ends with the same map positions as those synthesized in vivo. By assaying the ability of variously truncated templates to support 3' end formation, we demonstrated that the tridecamer sequence 5'-TGGCAGAGCCCCGG-3', contained entirely within the gene for leucyl-tRNA, is necessary to direct accurate termination. When two tridecamer sequences and their immediate flanking regions were placed in tandem, termination occurred at both promoter-proximal and promoter-distal sites. Furthermore, termination was competitively inhibited, in a concentration-dependent manner, by DNA containing the tridecamer sequence. These results suggest a modest sequence requirement for transcription termination that is contingent on a factor capable of recognizing the presence of the tridecamer DNA sequence. PMID- 3185560 TI - Estrogen-inducible binding of a nuclear factor to the vitellogenin upstream region. AB - The estrogen-dependent binding of a protein to the upstream region of the chicken vitellogenin gene was detected by using in vivo dimethyl sulfate, genomic DNase I, and in vitro exonuclease III footprinting. The site is located between base pairs -848 and -824, and its sequence resembles that of the nuclear factor I binding site. The results suggest that a nuclear factor binding to this site is involved in the regulation of the vitellogenin gene. PMID- 3185561 TI - Recently amplified Alu family members share a common parental Alu sequence. AB - Three of the most recently inserted primate Alu family members are exceptionally closely related. Therefore, one, or a few, Alu family members are dominating the amplification process and the vast majority are not actively involved in retroposition. Although individual Alu family members are not under any apparent evolutionary constraint, the sequences of these active members are being moderately conserved. PMID- 3185562 TI - Tumor promoter-inducible genes are differentially expressed in the developing mouse. AB - TIS genes are rapidly and transiently induced by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate in 3T3 cells. We analyzed the developmental appearance of a number of the TIS genes to determine whether, in a normal physiological context, these genes have common or distinct mechanisms of regulation. Each TIS gene has a distinct tissue specificity and/or developmental profile. PMID- 3185563 TI - Maximal binding levels of an H1 histone gene-specific factor in S-phase correlate with maximal H1 gene transcription. AB - Levels of trans-acting factor (H1-SF) binding to the histone H1 gene-specific motif (5'-AAACACA-3' [L. S. Coles and J. R. E. Wells, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:585 594, 1985]) increase 12-fold from G1 to S-phase in synchronized cells and decrease again in G2 phase of the cell cycle. Since the H1 element is required for S-phase expression of H1 genes (S. Dalton and J. R. E. Wells, EMBO J. 7:49 56, 1988), it is likely that the increased levels of H1-SF binding component play an important role in S-phase regulation of H1 gene transcription. PMID- 3185564 TI - Identification of highly conserved regulatory domains and protein-binding sites in the promoters of the rat and human genes encoding the stress-inducible 78 kilodalton glucose-regulated protein. AB - The gene encoding GRP78 has been shown to be constitutively expressed in many cell types and is inducible by the calcium ionophore A23187. To understand the regulation of GRP78 transcription, we analyzed the components that control its basal-level expression. By transfecting deletions into cells, we have identified a 54-nucleotide cis-acting regulatory element important for high basal-level expression and a contiguous 50-nucleotide element for both basal-level expression and A23187 induction. Using DNase footprinting assays with both rat and human GRP78 promoters, we demonstrated that the protein factors present in the HeLa cell nuclear extracts bind to the regulatory regions identified by the deletion studies. This domain contains a palindromic sequence and is highly conserved among GRP genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, chicks, rats, and humans. PMID- 3185565 TI - A multidrug-resistant MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line which exhibits cross resistance to antiestrogens and hormone-independent tumor growth in vivo. AB - MCF-7 human breast cancer cells provide a useful in vitro model system to study hormone-responsive breast cancer as they contain receptors for estrogen and progesterone, and estrogen both induces the synthesis of specific proteins in these cells and increases their rate of proliferation. An MCF-7 cell line which was selected for resistance to adriamycin (MCF-7/AdrR) exhibits the phenotype of multidrug resistance (MDR), and displays multiple biochemical changes. MDR in MCF 7/AdrR is also associated with a loss of mitogenic response to estrogen and the development of cross-resistance to the antiestrogen 4-hydroxytamoxifen. In addition, while the parental MCF-7 cell line responds to estrogen with increased levels of progesterone receptors and the secretion of specific proteins, these estrogen responses are lost in MCF-7/AdrR. Furthermore, while the formation of tumors in nude mice by wild-type MCF-7 cells is dependent upon the presence of estrogen, MCF-7/AdrR cells form tumors in the absence of exogenous estrogen administration. These changes in hormonal sensitivity and estrogen-independent tumorigenicity of the multidrug-resistant MCF-7 cell line are associated with a loss of the estrogen receptor and a concomitant increase in the level of receptors for epidermal growth factor. Thus, in MCF-7/AdrR cells, the development of MDR is associated with alterations in the expression of both cytosolic and membrane receptors, resulting in resistance to hormonal agents and the expression of hormone-independent tumor formation. PMID- 3185566 TI - A third prolactin-like protein expressed by the developing rat placenta: complementary deoxyribonucleic acid sequence and partial structure of the gene. AB - We have previously reported on the isolation and characterization of two PRL related cDNA clones, rat placental lactogen II and rat PRL-like protein A which are among the more abundant mRNAs expressed int he late term rat placenta. In this paper we report the isolation and characterization of cDNA clones of a third abundant placental protein, the predicted amino acid sequence of which shows a 44% homology to rPRL. This protein which we have called rPRL-like protein B (rPLP B) is different from, but related to, the other PRL related proteins which have been identified in the rat, mouse, and bovine placentas. Two rPLP-B mRNA transcripts of 0.9 and 1.2 kilobases are strongly expressed in essentially equal amounts from day 14 of pregnancy until term. Nucleotide sequence and hybrid select translation data predict one secreted, potentially glycosylated protein of approximately mol wt 27,000. Hybridization and primer extension studies show that the two transcripts differ in their 5'-untranslated regions. One of the cDNA clones isolated represents a portion of the unprocessed rPLP-B mRNA. All intron/exon boundaries in this clone are of the same splice class and occur in identical locations within the coding region as in the rPRL gene. PMID- 3185568 TI - Accumulation of epidermal growth factor receptors in retinoic acid-treated fetal rat lung cells is due to enhanced receptor synthesis. AB - 125I-Epidermal growth factor (EGF) binding capacity in fetal rat lung (FRL) cells is increased approximately 2 to 3-fold within 18 h of retinoic acid addition. Analysis of 125I-EGF binding assays at 0 C reveals approximately 25,000 receptors per cell, while analysis of growth factor binding to retinoic acid-treated cells demonstrates an increase in receptor levels to approximately 70,000 receptors per cell with no detectable changes in receptor affinities. We show by immunoprecipitation of 35S-methionine labeled EGF receptors that retinoic acid addition produces an increase in the accumulation of EGF receptor protein. Using brief pulses of 35S-methionine, an increase in EGF receptor synthesis can be identified within 3 h after retinoic acid addition. These results are the first to demonstrate that a retinoic acid-induced increase in 125I-EGF binding capacity is due to increased EGF receptor protein synthesis. Also, we find that a transient decrease in the rate of EGF receptor turnover occurs when retinoic acid is initially added to FRL cells. On the basis of our data, we conclude that the retinoic acid-induced accumulation of EGF receptors in FRL cells is primarily due to increased receptor synthesis. The effect of retinoic acid on EGF receptor turnover may be a secondary factor, influencing the rate at which receptors accumulate. PMID- 3185567 TI - Glucocorticoid- and nerve growth factor-induced changes in chromogranin A expression define two different neuronal phenotypes in PC12 cells. AB - The regulation of chromogranin A mRNA was examined in PC12 cells after treatment with nerve growth factor, dexamethasone, or a combination of the two agents. PC12 cells have low levels of chromogranin A mRNA, and this does not change upon treatment with nerve growth factor. Dexamethasone treatment of these cells results in a 4-fold increase in the amount of chromogranin A mRNA. The dexamethasone-stimulated increase in chromogranin A mRNA is not apparent until at least 16 h after the addition of the drug and is maintained only with continuous culture in the presence of the drug. Dexamethasone and nerve growth factor together increase chromogranin A mRNA to the level seen with dexamethasone alone. Immunohistochemistry shows a similar pattern of protein accumulation within individual cells. Chromogranin B mRNA levels are unaltered by any of the drug treatments described. Treatment with dexamethasone plus NGF seems to be required for full expression of the adrenergic, neuronal phenotype in PC12 cells. Measurement of chromogranin A mRNA provides more specific delineation of neural differentiation and how it is influenced by hormones and growth factors. PMID- 3185569 TI - IgA-mediated clearance and tissue deposition of dinitrophenylated human serum albumin at various DNP:HSA ratios. AB - Dinitrophenylated human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) with various DNP:HSA ratios was prepared by direct conjugation with dinitrobenzene sulfate or with a caproic acid spacer group (DNP-cap-HSA) using DNP-epsilon-amino-caproic acid N-hydroxy succinimide ester. The substitution ratio and chemical linkage (presence of a spacer group) were shown to affect the degree of murine anti-DNP antibody binding to antigen, and hence the tissue deposition and efficiency of hepatobiliary transport. DNP-HSA (4.5:1), which poorly binds to IgA anti-DNP antibody, is inefficiently transported into mouse bile. In contrast, 9:1 DNP-cap-HSA readily forms complexes and is more effectively cleared by the hepatobiliary route. The IgA-mediated increase in liver deposition of DNP-cap-HSA (9:1) was found to be associated with an increase in antigen uptake by hepatocytes. In contrast, large complexes formed between DNP-HSA (49:1) and IgA anti-DNP antibody are taken up by nonparenchymal cells of the liver and thus are inefficiently transported into bile. These results suggest that the IgA-mediated uptake by phagocytic cells or hepatocytes of haptenated protein strongly depends on the degree of haptenation. PMID- 3185570 TI - Polyclonal antibodies specific for liganded active site (metatype) of a high affinity anti-hapten monoclonal antibody. AB - Syngeneic polyclonal antibodies were elicited to an affinity labeled high affinity (2-3 X 10(10) M-1) anti-fluorescein murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody. Hyperimmune ascites fluid was tested for reactivity with homologous liganded, affinity labeled and non-liganded Fab fragments derived from the high affinity antibody. Binding results demonstrated antibody specificity for the liganded or affinity labeled site, but no reactivity with either the non-liganded form or the fluorescyl ligand. Kinetic analysis showed that the rate of dissociation of the fluorescein ligand was slowed down significantly upon binding of the anti affinity labeled reagent to the liganded antibody. Antibodies specific for the affinity labeled prototype were not reactive with the liganded form of an IgM monoclonal anti-fluorescyl antibody of the same affinity but idiotypically unrelated. Results of the immunological studies suggested that the antibody active site stabilized by bound ligand differed from the idiotype of the antibody. The term "metatype" was proposed for the immunological definition of the liganded active site to distinguish it from idiotype (non-liganded). The general nature of metatopes is discussed in terms of conformational or sequential epitopes. PMID- 3185571 TI - Characterization of two highly phosphorylated cytoskeleton-associated proteins, pp58 and pp60, in tumoricidal murine peritoneal macrophages and their comparison with vimentin. AB - Two TX-insoluble cytoskeleton-associated proteins, pp58 and pp60, become highly phosphorylated in tumoricidal murine peritoneal macrophages. Results suggest that pp58 (pI 5.00) is phosphovimentin because it is highly insoluble in TX, shares the same mol. wt as vimentin, has a more acidic isoelectric point than vimentin, is phosphorylated primarily at serine, and generates the same V-8 protease peptide map as vimentin. pp60 generates at slightly different peptide map than pp58 and has a slightly less acidic isoelectric point (pI 5.02) than pp58 (pI 5.00), but is similar to pp58 by being highly insoluble in TX and being phosphorylated primarily at serine residues. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrate that pp58 is not a precursor to or breakdown product of pp60, or vice versa because they show similar rates of [32P]-phosphate incorporation and turnover. PMID- 3185572 TI - [Transitional cell Merkel carcinoma]. PMID- 3185573 TI - [Inflammatory changes in the lung in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3185574 TI - [Pathogenesis of interstitial pneumonitis in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3185575 TI - [Cytophotometric study of chronic tubular nephropathy simulating a premalignant state]. PMID- 3185576 TI - [Simultaneous occurrence of bronchogenic carcinoma and bronchioloalveolar dysplasia]. PMID- 3185577 TI - [Mass-surface ration of the tibia and fibula]. PMID- 3185578 TI - [Histopathologic observations on acute liver lesions in patients taking Nizoralt (ketokonazol)]. PMID- 3185580 TI - [Benign changes in a subcutaneous dermoid cyst]. PMID- 3185579 TI - [Fibronektin and laminin in intact and ruptured human Achilles tendon]. PMID- 3185581 TI - DNA double-strand damage and repair following gamma-irradiation in isolated spermatogenic cells. AB - Various cell types in spermatogenesis exhibit differential sensitivity to radiation-induced DNA damage. The investigation of DNA radiosensitivity in vitro is complicated by the heterogeneous population of male germ cells (MGC) present in isolated single-cell suspensions. In the present investigation, the neutral elution technique was used to assess gamma-irradiation-induced DNA double-strand damage (DSD) in spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes (SG/PL), pachytene spermatocytes and spermatid spermatocytes, as well as in MGC. In addition, the capability of these cell types to repair DNA double-strand damage was investigated. Based on the well established timing of the rat spermatogenic cycle, the DNA of specific cell populations was labeled using tritiated thymidine. DNA from labeled cells was determined isotopically, whereas total DNA was quantitated using a fluorometric method. DSD was induced in a dose-dependent manner in the heterogeneous population as well as in the labeled cell populations. SG/PL were more sensitive to gamma-irradiation-induced DSD than either the heterogeneous MGC population, pachytene or spermatid spermatocytes. Each cell type exhibited a similar capability to repair DSD following exposure to 3000 rad; repair was rapid (maximal within 45 min) and incomplete (less than 40%). Only pachytene spermatocytes exhibited significant repair following exposure to 6000 rad. Since a difference in sensitivity to radiation-induced DSD was demonstrated, the capability of each cell type to repair a similar initial frequency of strand damage was investigated. SG/PL, pachytene and spermatid spermatocytes differed in their capability to repair similar levels of strand damage. However, the difference in dose required to achieve equal damage may have contributed to other cellular effects, thus altering repair. In summary, a model is described that permits the evaluation of genotoxic responses in specific populations of spermatogenic cells within a heterogeneous cell suspension. The ability of specific cell types to repair gamma-irradiation-induced DNA double strand damage is demonstrated. PMID- 3185583 TI - Fundamentals and molecular mechanisms of mutagenesis. PMID- 3185582 TI - The induction and repair of lesions produced by the photolysis of (6-4) photoproducts in normal and UV-hypersensitive human cells. AB - A radioimmunoassay was used to study the induction and repair of damage produced by the photolysis of (6-4) photoproducts in normal and UV-sensitive human cells. Photochemical conditions were established to optimize the production of photolyzed (6-4) photoproducts in human cell DNA with minimal induction of other photoproducts. The repair of this photoproduct, presumed to be a Dewar pyrimidinone, was similar to that determined for the (6-4) photoproduct, with most of the antibody-binding sites removed within 4 h post-photolysis. Whereas xeroderma pigmentosum group A cells were deficient in the repair of this lesion, an XP variant and two cell lines selectively hypersensitive to UVB-irradiation were shown to have normal repair. The radioimmunoassay was further used to demonstrate the alkali-lability of the (6-4) photolysis product. PMID- 3185584 TI - Simultaneous detection of DNA strand breaks and unscheduled DNA synthesis in mutagen-treated human lymphocytes in the absence of hydroxyurea. AB - Human lymphocytes in the quiescent state were exposed to UVC radiation. After irradiation the cells were allowed to repair for various times in the presence of [3H]thymidine or [3H]deoxycytidine in the culture medium. Hydroxyurea was not used to suppress semiconservative DNA replication in the small number of growing cells. After incubation DNA strand breaks were detected by the DNA-unwinding method and the amount of 3H incorporation in DNA was measured by liquid scintillation counting. The results show that the yield of DNA strand breaks and the amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) can be measured from the same lymphocyte sample. A low background 3H incorporation in untreated cells could be achieved even in the absence of hydroxyurea. This requires, however, that 3H incorporation is measured only in the double-stranded DNA and that [3H]dCyd is used instead of [3H]dThd as the labelled deoxynucleoside. PMID- 3185585 TI - Binding of cisplatin to specific sequences of human DNA in vitro. AB - Cisplatin was reacted with a 184-base-pair sequence, exon 3, of human HPRT DNA in vitro. The binding sites were mapped by a primer extension method with T4 DNA polymerase and radioactive dCTP. Binding sites of cisplatin were indicated by the lengths of synthesized polynucleotides as determined by gel electrophoresis. Neighboring GG dinucleotides were highly preferred sites of binding by cisplatin, while less binding was noted to GXG, GA, AAA, and GXA. Analysis by densitometry revealed a 5-fold difference in binding among the GG sequences. The relative binding to a GGG sequence exceeded that of a GGGGGG sequence, suggesting that the number of Gs in a run did not determine the relative binding. PMID- 3185586 TI - Induction of specific-locus mutations in female mice by 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea and procarbazine. AB - Using the specific-locus method, the ability of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea (ENU) and procarbazine hydrochloride (procarbazine) to induce gene mutations in mouse oocytes was tested and confirmed. The sensitive stage for the induction of mutations in oocytes with 160 mg/kg of ENU is 2-4 weeks post treatment. The induced mutation frequency in this mating interval was 5.1 X 10(-7) mutations/locus/gamete/mg/kg. The induction of mutations by procarbazine occurred 8-33 weeks after treatment. The induced mutation frequency in this mating interval for the 400 mg/kg group was 0.4 X 10(-7) mutations/locus/gamete/mg/kg. One third of the induced mutations was lethal in homozygous condition in both experiments. ENU and procarbazine have a lower mutational response in oocytes than in stem-cell spermatogonia. PMID- 3185587 TI - Modulating effects of beta-naphthoflavone on the induction of SCEs by model compounds with emphasis on benzo[a]pyrene. AB - The inducing capability of the synthetic flavonol beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF) on cytochrome P-450 content was studied in primary chick embryo hepatocytes. In addition, the modulating effects of pretreatment with beta-NF on the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in V79 cells by mutagens from different chemical classes were investigated in a co-cultivation system consisting of primary chick embryo hepatocytes and V79 Chinese hamster cells. Finally, the effects of pretreatment on benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) metabolism were studied in more detail. Pretreatment of cultured primary chick embryo hepatocytes with beta-NF resulted in a large increase in cytochrome P-450 content (a 2.8-fold increase after 31 h). Pretreatment with beta-NF had no effect on the level of SCEs induced by N-nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA) and 2-aminoanthracene (2AA). Pretreatment with beta-NF resulted in a decrease in B(a)P-induced SCEs. This inhibitory potential was positively related to the beta-NF dose. However, there was an inverse relationship between the inhibitory action of beta-NF and the dose of B(a)P, at higher doses less inhibition was observed. When beta-NF was applied simultaneously with B(a)P the percentage of decrease was about the same as for pretreatment. Pretreatment with beta-NF followed by simultaneous application of beta-NF and B(a)P did not result in larger effects. In addition, subcellular fractions were prepared from chick embryos pretreated with beta-NF in ovo. The use of the S9 fraction resulted in a large decrease (80%) in the induction of SCEs in V79 cells by B(a)P whereas the use of the microsomal fraction resulted in a 70% increase in SCE induction compared with non-pretreated microsomes. Pretreatment with beta-NF in ovo gave rise to a large increase in aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in the hepatic microsomal fraction. Increases were observed in the formation of all B(a)P metabolites. In particular the formation of the proximate carcinogenic and mutagenic metabolite B(a)P-7,8 dihydrodiol was increased 7-fold. The data strongly suggest that the inhibitory effects of pretreatment of cultured primary chick embryo hepatocytes with beta-NF cannot be ascribed to its inducing capabilities but instead seem to be due to the formation of an intracellular pool of beta-NF which acts as a competitive inhibitor for B(a)P metabolism. PMID- 3185588 TI - Effects of vinyl acetate and acetaldehyde on sperm morphology and meiotic micronuclei in mice. AB - The testicular genotoxic effects of vinylacetate (VA) and its hydrolysis product, acetaldehyde (AA), were studied in mice by analyzing the induction of morphologically abnormal sperm and meiotic micronuclei. VA significantly increased the frequency of sperm abnormalities at 500 mg/kg/day while lower doses were ineffective. AA did not induce abnormal sperm. Neither of the compounds influenced the frequency of meiotic micronuclei. VA, but not AA, caused a dose dependent decrease in sperm production and a reduction of testicular weight at 500 and 125 mg/kg/day. PMID- 3185589 TI - Suppression of UV mutagenicity by human interferon. AB - Effects of human interferon (HuIFN)-alpha on UV mutagenicity were examined in a human cell strain, RSa, and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)-derived fibroblasts (XP1KY). The frequency of ouabain-resistance mutation in UV-irradiated RSa cells was unusually high (Suzuki et al., 1985), but that in cells pretreated with HuIFN alpha before irradiation was reduced. 6-Thioguanine-resistance mutation was also depressed in XP1KY cells treated with HuIFN-alpha before irradiation. However, the depression of UV mutagenicity by HuIFN-alpha was lessened by treatment with cycloheximide immediately after UV irradiation. The relationship between HuIFN depressed UV mutagenicity and HuIFN-affected DNA-repair and repair-related functions is discussed. PMID- 3185590 TI - A genetic analysis of the adenine phosphoribosyl transferase locus in Chinese hamster V79-AP4 cells: relevance to mutagenesis studies. AB - The chromosomal location of the autosomal locus aprt has been investigated in the permanent Chinese hamster cell line V79-AP4 by standard somatic cell genetics methodologies. Aprt is functionally dizygous in V79-AP4 and the 2 alleles map on 2 chromosome 3 homologs, in agreement with the chromosome assignment of the gene in Chinese hamster primary cells. Chromosome G-banding and a Southern blot analysis of V79-AP4 DNA, using as a probe the cloned Chinese hamster aprt gene, have not revealed any structural alteration at either of the 2 aprt alleles. One of the chromosomes 3 has, however, a terminal deletion in its long arm and is therefore morphologically marked. These findings could make V79-AP4 an interesting cell system for the study of mutational mechanisms at the aprt locus in Chinese hamster. PMID- 3185591 TI - Meiotic arrest and aneuploidy induced by vinblastine in mouse oocytes. AB - Young superovulated female mice were injected i.p. with single doses of vinblastine sulfate just before the onset of the first meiotic division. Secondary oocytes, fixed one by one on a slide, were cytogenetically scored. Evidence of the meiotic arresting activity of vinblastine was produced by the observation of increasing frequencies of M1-arrested oocytes and by the presence of undegenerated chromosome sets of first polar bodies. When the first meiotic division could be undertaken chromosome malsegregation occurred with high frequency, both in terms of aneuploidy and polyploidy. M1-blocked and polyploid oocytes have been interpreted as the consequence of irreversible damage to the spindle induced by vinblastine through its binding on tubulin low-affinity sites; this reaction, in fact, causes microtubule crystallization. According to this mechanism, dose-effect relationships of both phenomena show a threshold at 0.45 mg/kg. On the other hand, the incidence of aneuploid oocytes is correlated with meiotic delay, as detected by the delayed degeneration of polar bodies, and increases linearly with dose. Both phenomena are, therefore, stochastic and can be referred to the binding of the chemical on tubulin high-affinity sites, which is known to cause tubulin depolymerization in a colchicine-like way. PMID- 3185592 TI - Formation and removal of DNA adducts after treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with N-methyl- and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. AB - We have studied formation and stability of alkylguanines following treatment of Chinese hamster ovary cells with either N-[3H]methyl-N-nitrosourea (MeNOUr) (applied at 50 microM and 40 microM concentrations) or N-[3H]ethyl-N-nitrosourea (EtNOUr) (applied at 43.1 microM). Analyses of acid hydrolysates of the methylated DNA revealed that 9.3% and 57.0% of the total DNA were O6 methylguanine (m6Gua) and 7-methylguanine (m7Gua), respectively. Analysis of enzymic hydrolysate resulted in 8.2% m6Gua and 50.3% m7Gua. For ethylation, the % of ethylated purines identified as O6-ethylguanine (e6Gua) and 7-ethylguanine (e7Gua) were 20.4% and 31.3%, respectively. Half-lives of the main alkylated purines were determined by analysing DNA of dividing cultures over a time interval of 48 h after treatment with carcinogens. Half-lives measured for methylated DNA bases were: m1Ade, 20.6 h; m3Ade, 25.5 h; m7Ade, 0.9 h; m3Gua, 1.1 h; m6Gua, infinity; m7Gua, 39.1 h. Determinations at the level of deoxyribonucleosides resulted in similar half-lives: m3dA, 15.2 h; m7dA, 2.7 h; m3dG, 2.3 h; m6dG, 224 h; m7dG, 25.6 h. The corresponding values for ethylated purines were: e3Ade, 2.9 h; e7Ade, 7.1 h; e3Gua, 1.4 h; e6Gua, infinity; e7Gua, 42.6 h. The relatively high yields of the premutagenic m6Gua and e6Gua, and their long half-lives (greater than or equal to 224 h) are consistent with the suggestion that these adducts play a dominant role in mutation induction at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) locus in CHO cells. PMID- 3185593 TI - Congenital defects in the offspring of male mice treated with ethylnitrosourea. AB - Daily doses of ENU (25-100 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally into ICR strain male mice for 5 days. The males were mated to untreated virgin females of the same strain on days 1-16 and 64-80 after the last dose. Copulations during these periods involve, respectively, treated postmeiotic cells and spermatogonial stem cells. The uterine contents were examined on day 18 of pregnancy for evidence of dominant lethal effects. The fetuses were examined for external and skeletal abnormalities. ENU treatment of either postmeiotic cells or spermatogonial stem cells caused dose-dependent significant increases in the incidence of abnormal fetuses over the control level. The induction rate per live fetus per unit dose in mg/kg by treating spermatogonial stem cells was estimated to be 1.0 X 10(-4), which is 3-fold lower than the rate previously estimated for the same endpoint at the same germ cell stage with MNU. Cleft palate was the most frequent external abnormality in the ENU-treated and the control series. Malformed vertebrae was the most frequent skeletal abnormality in the treated series. Rib fusion was the only skeletal malformation seen in the control series. Dominant lethals were clearly induced when germ cells were treated as postmeiotic cells. PMID- 3185594 TI - Influence of nalidixic acid on killing and mutation of V79 cells exposed to different damaging agents. AB - The effect of treatment with nalidixic acid, an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase, after exposure of V79 cells to different DNA-damaging agents on the induction of killing and mutation has been studied. The DNA-damaging agents were ultraviolet light, gamma-rays and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). It was seen that treatment with nalidixic acid potentiated the killing by MNNG and suppressed the induction of mutation. However, it had no influence upon killing and mutation by UV light and gamma-rays. The difference in the observed results could be due to the nature of the damage induced and its repair in relation to the function of topoisomerases. PMID- 3185596 TI - Rhode Island State Nurses Association position paper on alternative care providers. PMID- 3185595 TI - Heritable protein variants induced by exposure to ethylnitrosourea: heritability, subcellular location, and tissue distribution. AB - The heritability, subcellular location, and tissue distribution of liver protein alterations found in the two-dimensional electrophoresis patterns of 4 offspring from male mice treated with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) were studied. Mice homozygous for each of the 4 ENU-induced protein variants were found to be viable and fertile, although the number of homozygous offspring from crosses between heterozygous carriers of one variant (ENU 2) was less than that expected for a nondetrimental trait. Two of the proteins altered by ENU-induced mutations were associated with the crude mitochondrial fraction, another was found predominantly in the microsomal fraction, and the fourth was associated with the mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosol fractions. All of the ENU-induced mutations affected proteins that were not liver-specific; i.e., the proteins were found in other tissues in addition to the liver. PMID- 3185597 TI - Reversible proximal conduction block underlies rapid recovery in Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - Three patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome underwent electrophysiological examination prior to and during a period of rapid clinical recovery. In each case, improved strength of the abductor digiti minimi coincided with electrophysiologic evidence of a marked reversal of proximal conduction block. In contrast, the degree of distal conduction block remained relatively unchanged after stimulation at the wrist, elbow, axilla, and Erb's point. These findings indicate that rapid motor recovery, early in the course of Guillain-Barre syndrome, can result from reversal of proximal conduction block and explains the often noted dissociation between clinical improvement and conventional distal nerve conduction studies. PMID- 3185598 TI - The distribution of slow myosin in rat muscles after neonatal nerve crush. AB - Following neonatal nerve injury fast skeletal muscles recover less well than slow ones. This is because many muscle fibers are lost during reinnervation. Since fast muscles normally contain a small population of slow muscle fibers, we have used a monoclonal antibody to slow myosin heavy chains (SMHC) to study their number and pattern of distribution in fast muscles following temporary denervation at 5-6 days of age and subsequent reinnervation. During this time the original distribution of slow fibers changed to one showing irregular grouping, indicating that reinnervation of muscles after neonatal nerve injury is as nonselective as it is after nerve injury in adults. Despite a large reduction in the total number of muscle fibers during reinnervation, the number of slow fibers did not decrease. Thus muscle fiber loss was at the expense of the fast motor units alone. PMID- 3185599 TI - Properties of motor unit action potentials recorded with concentric and monopolar needle electrodes: ADEMG analysis. AB - We compared the configurational and firing properties of 7270 motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) recorded with either concentric (CNE) or monopolar (MNE) needle electrodes from the brachial biceps and anterior tibial muscles of 10 healthy young adults (mean age 27 +/- 4.5 years) using automatic decomposition electromyography (ADEMG). In both muscles, mean MUAP amplitude, rise rate, and number of turns were significantly greater when recorded with MNE (paired t-test, P less than 0.001 in each case). Similar findings were observed at all three tested levels of isometric contractile force: threshold, 10% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and 30% MVC. In contrast, there was no significant difference between electrode types on measurements of mean MUAP duration or firing rate (P greater than 0.05 in each case). These findings indicate that it is acceptable to generalize normative data on MUAP duration and firing rate from one electrode type to another, but that measures of MUAP amplitude and complexity require independent normative databases. PMID- 3185600 TI - Muscular dystrophy in a litter of golden retriever dogs. AB - Clinicopathologic findings from two golden retriever dogs with an inherited, progressive, degenerative muscle disease that were studied until 27 and 40 months of age are described. Initial clinical signs included stilted gait and simultaneous advancement of their pelvic limbs. Further gait restriction and muscle hypertrophy eventually occurred. Serum creatine kinase was dramatically elevated (greater than 10,000 U/L). There were persistent "spontaneous" high frequency discharges (pseudomyotonia) on electromyographic evaluation. Features of both muscle fiber degeneration (hyaline fibers, myophagocytosis) and regeneration (small basophilic fibers) were seen on light microscopy. Similar ultrastructural changes (fiber hypercontraction, increased myoblasts) were present. On morphometric histochemical evaluation, mean fiber diameter of both type 1 and 2 fibers was increased compared with controls in two of three muscles examined. There was no apparent fiber type predominance. Scattered ragged red fibers were seen, but this appeared to be a nonspecific finding of either muscle fiber regeneration or degeneration. These findings and potential contributing pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed in relation to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3185602 TI - The utility of magnetic stimulation for routine peripheral nerve conduction studies. AB - The magnetic stimulator was compared with percutaneous electrical stimulation for activation of the median nerve at the wrist in four volunteers. Magnetic stimulation was unable to achieve supramaximal stimulation without activation of the ulnar nerve. The point of nerve depolarization could not be reliably estimated from the relationship of the stimulator head to the nerve. We conclude that the magnetic stimulator coil is as yet not suitable for routine electrodiagnostic use in the peripheral nervous system. PMID- 3185601 TI - Cold-induced peripheral nerve damage: involvement of touch receptors of the foot. AB - A 31-year-old male developed paresthesia and numbness of mainly the right foot following exposure to nonfreezing temperatures under moist conditions over a period of 1 week. The symptoms gradually improved over several months. When seen for electrophysiological studies 6 months after the injury, there was no sensory loss on clinical examination, although he continued to complain of distal numbness of the right foot. The right extensor digitorum brevis muscle was atrophic, and the distal motor latency in the peroneal nerve was prolonged. Conduction studies of the right sural nerve showed a predominantly distal diminution of the SAP evoked by electrical stimulation at the dorsum pedis. Action potentials evoked by tactile stimulation of Pacinian corpuscles showed a prolonged latency on the symptomatic side, suggesting that the most pronounced pathological changes in immersion injury may be localized to the very distal portion of the nerve at the nerve fiber-receptor junction. PMID- 3185604 TI - Brachial plexopathy complicating thoracic outlet syndrome surgery. PMID- 3185603 TI - Nonlinear force addition of newly recruited motor units in the cat hindlimb. AB - The present experiments were designed to examine the interaction of simultaneously active motor units. Pairs of medial gastrocnemius (MG) or soleus (Sol) units were stimulated individually and then together with constant frequency trains of 5-40 pulses per second. Stimulating two units asynchronously produced a smoother contraction than synchronous stimulation, but rarely a force increase. This contrasts with similar experiments on whole muscle bundles. A force increase may require that adjacent muscle fibers be active. The combined force of two motor units exceeded the algebraic sum of their separate forces by 12% in MG and 5% in Sol on average. The force a unit could sustain after a second unit fell silent was greater than the force the unit produced alone (21% in MG and 8% in Sol). We conclude that motor units produce more force when interacting than alone. During derecruitment the units remaining active produce more force than when recruited. PMID- 3185605 TI - Familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis. PMID- 3185606 TI - Xth ISHAM Congress in Barcelona: new antifungals. PMID- 3185607 TI - [Visceral paracoccidioidomycosis in a gold miner from Brazil]. PMID- 3185608 TI - [Disseminated mucormycosis in a premature infant]. PMID- 3185609 TI - [Histologic fungal infection in skin tumors]. PMID- 3185610 TI - [The relation of Candida pulcherrima and Laspeyresia pomonella]. PMID- 3185611 TI - [The evaluation of the Cand-Tec latex agglutination test (Ramco) in disseminated candidiasis]. PMID- 3185612 TI - Cloning and characterization of a species-specific repetitive DNA sequence from Onchocerca armillata. AB - Two clones, pOA1 and pOA5, have been isolated from a genomic DNA library prepared from pools of Onchocerca armillata adults in the plasmid vector pUC12. In dot blot hybridisations, these two clones do not cross-hybridise significantly with total genomic DNA from O. volvulus, O. gutturosa, O. ochengi, O. gibsoni, O. lienalis, bovine, human, Culicoides nubeculosus, Simulium species or Brugia pahangi, but do hybridise with as little as 100 pg of DNA from two separate geographic isolates of O. armillata. The sequence of pOA1 and pOA5 has been determined and found to contain a repetitive DNA sequence 147 bp in length. These clones can be used as specific and sensitive DNA probes for the identification of O. armillata capable of identifying a single L3 larva. PMID- 3185613 TI - Purification and characterization of uridine (thymidine) phosphorylase from Giardia lamblia. AB - Giardia lamblia is totally dependent on salvage synthesis for its pyrimidine requirements. The salvage pathway enzyme, uridine phosphorylase (pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase) was purified to apparent homogeneity from G. lamblia crude extracts by fast protein liquid chromatography and gel filtration on a Superose 12 column, resulting in an overall 3500 fold purification and a recovery of 7.5%. Mono P chromatofocusing gave rise to a major activity peak eluting from the column at pH 5.9, indicating that the enzyme has an isoelectric point (pI) at approximately this value. The molecular weight was found to be 43,000 +/- 2000 from the Superose 12 column, while sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme gave a single protein band with a subunit molecular weight of 38,000 +/- 2000, indicating that it is a monomer. The activities of uridine, deoxyuridine and thymidine phosphorylases from G. lamblia remained associated throughout the purification procedure, suggesting that one enzyme is responsible for the three enzyme activities. The ratio of activities was consistent throughout the purification procedure. In the reverse (anabolic) direction, the enzyme could use both uracil and thymine as substrates. The properties of the phosphorylase differ significantly from those of the mammalian host. PMID- 3185614 TI - Selective inhibition of Leishmania dihydrofolate reductase and Leishmania growth by 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines. AB - The classical anti-microbial antifolates trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cycloguanil are poor inhibitors of purified dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Leishmania major. They show no selectivity for Leishmania DHFR relative to the human enzyme, and it is not surprising that they are ineffectual as anti leishmanial agents. Several 5-(substituted-benzyl)-2,4-diaminopyrimidines have been screened as inhibitors for purified L. major and human DHFRs. These compounds inhibit Leishmania DHFR with I50 values ranging from 0.2 to 11 microM, and show about 5 to greater than 100-fold greater selectivity for the parasite DHFR than the human enzyme. These pyrimidine analogs are more potent inhibitors of Leishmania promastigote and amastigote growth than the classical anti microbial antifolates, and serve as lead compounds for the development of new selective antileishmanial agents. PMID- 3185615 TI - Binding of tritiated hycanthone and hycanthone N-methylcarbamate to macromolecules of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant schistosomes. AB - Adult Schistosoma mansoni of the hycanthone-sensitive and of the hycanthone resistant strain were exposed in vitro to tritium-labeled hycanthone. The drug was taken up in similar amounts by the two strains, a result which is not compatible with hypothetical mechanisms of resistance based on reduced drug entry into the schistosomes. Labeled hycanthone was found to bind irreversibly to macromolecules of sensitive schistosomes, whereas the binding was minimal in resistant worms. In particular, the DNA of sensitive schistosomes showed high levels of tightly bound hycanthone, while the corresponding fraction of resistant schistosomes failed to do so. Female schistosomes and immature worms, which are less sensitive to hycanthone, showed a diminished drug-DNA binding with respect to adult males. Tritiated hycanthone N-methylcarbamate, which is effective against sensitive and resistant schistosomes, bound in similar amounts to the DNA of both strains. These results strongly support a previously proposed mechanism of action of hycanthone, which is based essentially on the alkylation of worm macromolecules by a drug derivative produced in sensitive schistosomes. PMID- 3185617 TI - Production of a recombinant antigen of Echinococcus multilocularis with high immunodiagnostic sensitivity and specificity. AB - A cDNA library derived from mRNA of metacestodes from Echinococcus multilocularis was constructed in the Escherichia coli expression vector lambda gt11 and screened with human patients' sera. The recombinant proteins of 11 positive phages were further evaluated for their potential as immunodiagnostic reagent. One isolated clone (from lysogen II/3) synthesized a fusion protein which was rapidly degraded. This intracellular degradation process provided two distinct polypeptides with Mr of about 31,000 and 33,000, both showing strong binding activity with specific patients' antibodies. The diagnostic value of the II/3 antigen was evaluated by mini-Western-blot with sera from 41 patients infected with E. multilocularis and sera from 77 patients with other helminthic infections, resulting in a diagnostic sensitivity of 98% and an over-all specificity of 96%. These results suggest the usefulness of the recombinant II/3 antigen for immunodiagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis. PMID- 3185616 TI - Beta tubulin gene of the parasitic protozoan Leishmania mexicana. AB - A genomic DNA library was generated with Sau3A cut DNA derived from promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana amazonensis and the lambda vector EMBL3. The library was screened for beta tubulin clones using 32P-labeled heterologous probe of chicken beta tubulin cDNA. From the various genomic clones the one designated 23.1, which gave the simplest hybridization banding pattern, was further characterized. The leishmanial insert DNA was subcloned into plasmid vectors and the resulting clones were designated as T11, T28 and T50. Using these clones leishmanial beta tubulin coding region was sequenced by the dideoxy method. The result shows that the beta tubulin has 445 amino acids, a carboxyl terminal tyrosine, and no intron. Leishmanial beta tubulin has 93% amino acid sequence similarity with that of trypanosome and 82% with that of man: and there is a strong bias in codon usage for codons possessing guanine or cytosine in the third base. PMID- 3185619 TI - Purification in a single step and kinetic characterization of the pyruvate kinase of Trypanosoma brucei. AB - The pyruvate kinase of Trypanosoma brucei can be purified to homogeneity in one step by affinity elution from a phosphocellulose column with the substrate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and the allosteric activator fructose-2,6-diphosphate (FDP). The purified enzyme has a specific activity of 175 mumol min-1 (mg protein)-1 and a subunit molecular mass of 59 kDa as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kinetic studies of the pure enzyme show that an increase in the PEP concentration decreases the apparent Km for adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and that an increase in the ADP concentration decreases the half saturation point (S0.5) for PEP. Likewise, the allosteric activator FDP decreases both the apparent Km for ADP and the S0.5 for PEP. ADP concentrations above 0.2 mM inhibit trypanosomal pyruvate kinase. PMID- 3185618 TI - Nucleoside analysis of DNA from Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma equiperdum. AB - We have digested trypanosome DNA with a combination of pancreatic DNase I, nuclease P1 and bovine alkaline phosphatase and fractionated the resulting nucleosides on a Supelcosil LC-18-S column by high pressure liquid chromatography. We find less than 0.1% unusual nucleosides, both in Trypanosoma brucei and in a Trypanosoma equiperdum stock, in contrast to a previous report of an unusual nucleoside replacing dC at 1.3% of total nucleosides in T. equiperdum. Our results agree with previous suggestions that the modification of inactive telomeric expression sites for variant-specific surface glycoprotein genes in T. brucei only affects a very small fraction of the total DNA. PMID- 3185620 TI - Biochemical properties of a 24 kilodalton membrane glycoprotein antigen complex from Schistosoma mansoni. AB - Antibodies were affinity purified from crude antiserum by elution from the 24 kDa region of preparative one-dimensional Western blots containing immobilized adult Schistosoma mansoni inner bilayer membrane proteins. They were shown to be specific for a single acidic polypeptide complex, Smgp24, following immunoblotting from two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels. These antibodies were then used to detect the presence of the Smgp24 complex in fractions prepared from lectin affinity chromatography, phase separation in Triton X-114 and chemical and enzymatic carbohydrate modification treatments. The 24 kDa antigen was bound and specifically eluted from both concanavalin A and lentil lectin affinity matrices. In addition, the electrophoretic mobility of the antigen was shifted to approximately 20 kDa after treatment with endoglycosidase F and N-glycanase, but was not appreciably altered following treatment with endoglycosidase H, neuraminidase, or sodium meta-periodate. The 20 kDa species produced by endoglycosidase F or N-glycanase treatment no longer bound to the lectin affinity resins. The Smgp24 complex also partitioned almost quantitatively into the detergent-enriched phase after phase separation in Triton X-114 solutions. These results indicate that the Smgp24 complex is an antigenic integral membrane glycoprotein and may consist of a single polypeptide backbone which is extensively post- or co-translationally modified. PMID- 3185621 TI - A prospective randomized trial of outpatient versus inpatient cardiac catheterization. AB - To evaluate the safety and cost of outpatient cardiac catheterization, we conducted a randomized trial at three hospitals of outpatient (n = 192) as compared with inpatient (n = 189) cardiac catheterization in low-risk patients. Outpatients had the following complication rates as compared with inpatients: hematoma, 12 versus 8.5 percent; numbness or weakness of extremity, 0.5 versus 1.6 percent; cold or blue extremity, 1.6 versus 1.1 percent; and acute myocardial infarction, 1.6 versus 0.5 percent. None of these differences were statistically significant. No deaths or strokes occurred in either group. Twenty-three patients (12 percent) assigned to the outpatient group required hospitalization because of complications of catheterization. In the outpatient group, the relative risk for hematoma was 1.42 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.77 to 2.29), and the relative risk for myocardial infarction within one week was 2.95 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.3 to 28.1). There were no significant differences between the two groups in whether they resumed normal activities or in the rates of rehospitalization within one week of the procedure. Total catheterization-related charges per patient were $679 lower for outpatients, with a savings in total hospital charges (including charges for subsequent therapeutic procedures) of $885 per patient. We conclude that elective cardiac catheterization as an outpatient procedure for selected patients is feasible and safe. Given the small size of our sample, however, we urge caution in interpreting these findings, since they do not exclude a small increase in complication rates with outpatient cardiac catheterization. PMID- 3185622 TI - Handgun regulations, crime, assaults, and homicide. A tale of two cities. AB - To investigate the associations among handgun regulations, assault and other crimes, and homicide, we studied robberies, burglaries, assaults, and homicides in Seattle, Washington, and Vancouver, British Columbia, from 1980 through 1986. Although similar to Seattle in many ways, Vancouver has adopted a more restrictive approach to the regulation of handguns. During the study period, both cities had similar rates of burglary and robbery. In Seattle, the annual rate of assault was modestly higher than that in Vancouver (simple assault: relative risk, 1.18; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.20; aggravated assault: relative risk, 1.16; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.19). However, the rate of assaults involving firearms was seven times higher in Seattle than in Vancouver. Despite similar overall rates of criminal activity and assault, the relative risk of death from homicide, adjusted for age and sex, was significantly higher in Seattle than in Vancouver (relative risk, 1.63; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.28 to 2.08). Virtually all of this excess risk was explained by a 4.8 fold higher risk of being murdered with a handgun in Seattle as compared with Vancouver. Rates of homicide by means other than guns were not substantially different in the two study communities. We conclude that restricting access to handguns may reduce the rate of homicide in a community. PMID- 3185623 TI - A thrombotic state due to an abnormal protein C. PMID- 3185624 TI - Outpatient cardiac catheterization. PMID- 3185625 TI - Firearm injuries: a call for science. PMID- 3185626 TI - Facilitation of levodopa-induced dyskinesias by dietary carbohydrates. PMID- 3185627 TI - Gentamicin volumes of distribution in patients with hematologic disorders. PMID- 3185629 TI - Cost estimates of diagnostic procedures. PMID- 3185628 TI - Sporotrichosis in association with Arbor Day activities. PMID- 3185630 TI - Financing health insurance for displaced workers. PMID- 3185631 TI - The Feldene connection: drug dealing in the doctor's parking lot? PMID- 3185632 TI - Canine contributes to cancer care. PMID- 3185633 TI - Angina due to coronary microvascular disease in hypertensive patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. AB - When angina occurs in patients with hypertension, it is usually attributed to coronary artery disease or left ventricular hypertrophy. To determine the contribution of coronary microvascular abnormalities to angina in patients with hypertension, we evaluated hypertensive patients without coronary artery disease or left ventricular hypertrophy by measuring the coronary responses to rapid atrial pacing before and after administration of ergonovine. We compared 12 hypertensive patients who had pacing-induced angina with 13 normotensive subjects without such angina. The two groups had similar coronary flow (in the great cardiac vein) at rest; however, pacing increased coronary flow less in hypertensive patients with angina than in normotensive subjects (48 vs. 83 percent; P = 0.05). In the hypertensive patients with angina, pacing after ergonovine increased coronary flow by only 32 percent (as compared with 48 percent before ergonovine; P less than 0.05) and decreased coronary resistance by 15 percent (as compared with 28 percent before ergonovine; P less than 0.05), indicating the presence of ergonovine-induced vasoconstriction. In normotensive subjects, in contrast, cardiac pacing after ergonovine increased coronary flow by 112 percent (P less than 0.001), and its effect on coronary resistance was not different from that of pacing before ergonovine. The hypertensive patients with angina had a significant increase in myocardial oxygen extraction during pacing after ergonovine and less of an increase in myocardial lactate consumption - a response consistent with the presence of myocardial ischemia. Thus, angina in hypertensive patients without epicardial coronary disease may be caused by myocardial ischemia, which appears to be due to an abnormally elevated resistance of the coronary microvasculature. PMID- 3185635 TI - Primary carnitine deficiency due to a failure of carnitine transport in kidney, muscle, and fibroblasts. PMID- 3185636 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 46-1988. A 59-year-old man with angina pectoris, variable hypertension, and an adrenal mass. PMID- 3185634 TI - A prospective study of past use of oral contraceptive agents and risk of cardiovascular diseases. AB - We evaluated the effects of past use of oral contraceptive agents on the risk of various cardiovascular diseases among women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort. We studied 119,061 women who were 30 to 55 years of age in 1976, who provided information on their use of oral contraceptives, and who at entry had had no previous coronary disease or stroke. End points were documented by medical records. During eight years of follow-up (484,096 person-years among those who had never used oral contraceptives, 415,488 among past users, and 22,376 among current users), there were 485 new cases of major coronary disease (380 nonfatal myocardial infarctions and 105 deaths from coronary disease), 282 strokes (205 nonfatal and 77 fatal), and 48 other deaths from cardiovascular causes. We found no evidence to suggest an increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases among past users of oral contraceptives, even with prolonged previous use. After adjustment for a variety of risk factors, the relative risk of major coronary disease for women who had used oral contraceptives in the past, as compared with those who had never used such agents, was 0.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.6 to 1.0); of stroke, 1.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 1.3); and of death from all cardiovascular causes, 0.9 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.7 to 1.2). We found neither evidence of increased risk with longer use nor any trend with the amount of time since the last use. According to these prospective data, the use of oral contraceptive agents in the past does not materially raise a woman's risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease. PMID- 3185637 TI - Abnormalities of fatty acid oxidation. PMID- 3185638 TI - Oral-rehydration therapy--the role of polymeric substrates. PMID- 3185639 TI - Euthanasia. PMID- 3185640 TI - Hypothyroidism and tumor regression. PMID- 3185641 TI - "Swan-kabob": a new complication of central venous cannulation. PMID- 3185642 TI - Measurement of the quality of life in end-stage renal failure. PMID- 3185643 TI - Baclofen for intractable hiccups. PMID- 3185645 TI - Effects of regulation, competition, and ownership on mortality rates among hospital inpatients. PMID- 3185644 TI - The plastered kidney. PMID- 3185646 TI - Beneficial six-year outcome of smoking cessation in older men and women with coronary artery disease. Results from the CASS registry. AB - We investigated the effects of cigarette smoking and cessation of smoking in a cohort of 1893 men and women from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry who were 55 years of age or older and had angiographically documented coronary artery disease. The six-year mortality rate was greater among continuing smokers (n = 1086) than among those who quit smoking during the year before enrollment in the study and abstained throughout the study (n = 807) (relative risk, 1.7 [95 percent confidence limits, 1.4, 2.0]). Continuing smokers were also at higher risk of either myocardial infarction or death (1.5 [1.2, 1.7]). There was no diminution of the beneficial effect with increasing age. The relative risks of death were 1.7 (1.4, 2.1) and 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) for the groups 55 to 64 years old and 65 or older, respectively, and 1.6 (1.4, 1.9) for comparable subgroups among CASS subjects 35 to 54 years of age. When subjects were arrayed according to risk quartile, the benefits of smoking cessation were greatest in those at moderate risk. We conclude that smoking cessation lessens the risk of death or myocardial infarction in older as well as younger persons with coronary artery disease. PMID- 3185647 TI - Diminished perception of inspiratory-resistive loads in insulin-dependent diabetics. AB - Diabetes mellitus is known to be associated with impaired perception of sensory input from organs such as the heart. To determine whether diabetics have a diminished ability to perceive respiratory sensations, we compared the abilities of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (n = 17) and nondiabetic controls (n = 13) to detect inspiratory-resistive loads. The subjects were evaluated as they breathed through a tube-manifold apparatus with resistance that was varied randomly. They indicated whenever they perceived increased resistance to inspiration. The threshold for detecting added inspiratory resistance was expressed as a fraction of the background resistance of the subject plus that of the apparatus. This fraction, known as the Weber fraction, was 0.53 +/- 0.19 (mean +/- SD) in diabetics with neuropathy, 0.38 +/- 0.24 in diabetics without neuropathy, and 0.29 +/- 0.15 in nondiabetic controls. The differences in the mean value of the Weber fraction among the three groups were significantly different from zero (F = 4.57, P less than 0.025). There was not a significant correlation between the Weber fraction and age, degree of autonomic dysfunction, pulmonary function, cigarette smoking, or degree of diabetic control. The Weber fraction correlated with the duration of diabetes (r = 0.57, P less than 0.02). We conclude that patients with insulin-dependent diabetes may have an impaired ability to perceive inspiratory-resistive loads. This increased threshold for the perception of respiratory sensations may lead to delayed recognition of pulmonary disease in diabetics. PMID- 3185648 TI - Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men. The Lipid Research Clinics Mortality Follow-up Study. AB - Limited data are available on the relation between physical fitness and mortality from cardiovascular disease. We examined this question in a study of 4276 men, 30 to 69 years of age, whom we followed for an average of 8.5 years. Examinations at base line included assessment of conventional coronary risk factors and treadmill exercise testing. The heart rate during submaximal exercise (stage 2 of the exercise test) and the duration of exercise were used as measures of physical fitness. Men with incomplete data (n = 308) or who were using cardiovascular drugs (n = 213) were excluded from the analysis. Men who had clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease at base line (n = 649) were analyzed separately. Forty five deaths from cardiovascular causes occurred among the remaining 3106 men. A lower level of physical fitness was associated with a higher risk of death from cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, after adjustment for age and cardiovascular risk factors. The relative risk of death from cardiovascular causes was 2.7 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 5.1; P = 0.003) for healthy men with an increment of 35 beats per minute in the heart rate during stage 2, and 3.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.6 to 5.5; P = 0.0004) for those with a decrement of 4.4 minutes in the exercise time spent on the treadmill. The corresponding values for death from coronary heart disease were 3.2 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 6.7; P = 0.003) and 2.8 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 6.1; P = 0.007), respectively. We conclude that a lower level of physical fitness is associated with a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease in clinically healthy men, independent of conventional coronary risk factors. PMID- 3185649 TI - The differential effect of prenatal care on the incidence of low birth weight among blacks and whites in a prepaid health care plan. AB - Black infants are born with low birth weights (less than 2500 g) and very low birth weights (less than 1500 g) at twice the rate of white infants. We investigated the effect of prenatal care delivered in a health maintenance organization on the birth weights of black and white infants at normal risk for low birth weight. Using birth certificates for all children born in 1978 in the California Kaiser-Permanente hospitals, we studied data on more than 31,000 black and white newborns whose mothers' ages and levels of education were comparable. The data show that black mothers used prenatal care less extensively and had a higher incidence of infants with low birth weights (8.4 vs. 3.6 percent) and very low birth weights (2.0 vs. 0.7 percent) than white mothers. The difference in the use of prenatal care, however, accounted for less than 15 percent of the difference in the incidence of low birth weight. The rates of low birth weight, very low birth weight, and preterm birth (less than 260 days' gestation) decreased with increasing levels of prenatal care for both blacks and whites. However, increasing levels of care were associated with a greater reduction among black infants than among white infants in low birth weight, very low birth weight, and low birth weight at term (greater than or equal to 260 days' gestation). When we compared mothers who received adequate care with those who received inadequate care, the relative risk of giving birth to a very-low-birth weight infant was reduced 3.6-fold (95 percent confidence interval, 2.0 to 6.6) for black mothers and 2.1-fold (confidence interval, 1.3 to 3.4) for white mothers; the relative risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant at term was reduced 3.4-fold (95 percent confidence interval, 2.2 to 5.4) for black mothers and 1.6-fold (confidence interval, 1.1 to 2.3) for white mothers. We conclude that even in a population of women at low risk for giving birth to low birth-weight infants, prenatal care is more beneficial for blacks than for whites. PMID- 3185651 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 47-1988. An 86-year-old man with nodular pulmonary densities. PMID- 3185650 TI - The care of elderly patients with hip fracture. Changes since implementation of the prospective payment system. AB - We hypothesized that the care provided to elderly patients with hip fracture in community hospitals has changed since the implementation of prospective payment systems (PPS) in 1983. We reviewed records of elderly patients admitted with hip fracture to a large community hospital from 1981 to 1986. During that period, the mean length of hospitalization decreased (from 21.9 to 12.6 days; P less than 0.0001), inpatient physical therapy decreased (from 7.6 to 6.3 sessions; P less than 0.04), and the maximal distance walked before discharge fell (from 27 to 11 m [93 to 38 ft]; P less than 0.0001). Concomitantly, the proportion of patients discharged to nursing homes rose (from 38 to 60 percent; P less than 0.0001), as did the proportion remaining in nursing homes one year after hospitalization (from 9 to 33 percent; P less than 0.0001). Neither in-hospital mortality nor one year mortality changed significantly. As compared with beneficiaries of conventional Medicare after the implementation of PPS, HMO enrollees had shorter hospitalizations (7.3 vs. 14.0 days; P less than 0.0001), received less physical therapy (3.5 vs. 7.1 sessions; P less than 0.0001), walked shorter distances at discharge (3 vs. 13 m [11 vs. 44 ft]; P less than 0.01), and were more frequently transferred to nursing homes (83 vs. 55 percent; P less than 0.01). One year later, however, fewer HMO patients remained in nursing homes (16 vs. 35 percent; P less than 0.07). We conclude that since the implementation of PPS, hospitals have reduced the amount of care given to patients with hip fracture and have shifted much of the rehabilitation burden to nursing homes. The increase in the number of such patients remaining in nursing homes one year after the fracture suggests that the overall quality of care for these patients may have deteriorated. PMID- 3185652 TI - Hospital prospective payment and the quality of care. PMID- 3185653 TI - South African psychiatrists and the Royal College of Psychiatrists. PMID- 3185654 TI - Cerebral cavernous malformations. PMID- 3185655 TI - More on sudden infant death syndrome and water beds. PMID- 3185656 TI - Clinical rubella with virus transmission to the fetus in a pregnant woman considered to be immune. PMID- 3185657 TI - Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies. PMID- 3185658 TI - Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. PMID- 3185659 TI - Smooth-muscle involvement in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3185660 TI - Oropharyngeal injury possibly due to free-base cocaine. PMID- 3185661 TI - Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation. AB - To investigate the relation of ultraviolet radiation and cataract formation, we undertook an epidemiologic survey of 838 watermen (mean age, 53 years) who worked on Chesapeake Bay. The annual ocular exposure was calculated from the age of 16 for each waterman by combining a detailed occupational history with laboratory and field measurements of sun exposure. Cataracts were graded by ophthalmologic examination for both type and severity. Some degree of cortical cataract was found in 111 of the watermen (13 percent), and some degree of nuclear cataract in 229 (27 percent). Logistic regression analysis showed that high cumulative levels of ultraviolet B exposure significantly increased the risk of cortical cataract (regression coefficient, 0.70; P = 0.04). A doubling of cumulative exposure increased the risk of cortical cataract by a factor of 1.60 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.01 to 2.64). Those whose annual average exposure was in the upper quartile had a risk increased by 3.30 (confidence interval, 0.90 to 9.97) as compared with those in the lowest quartile. Analysis using a serially additive expected-dose model showed that watermen with cortical lens opacities had a 21 percent higher average annual exposure to ultraviolet B (t-test, 2.23; P = 0.03). No association was found between nuclear cataracts and ultraviolet B exposure or between cataracts and ultraviolet A exposure. We conclude that there is an association between exposure to ultraviolet B radiation and cataract formation, which supports the need for ocular protection from ultraviolet B. PMID- 3185662 TI - Synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor II by a leiomyosarcoma with associated hypoglycemia. AB - We describe a case of recurrent hypoglycemia apparently caused by secretion of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) by a leiomyosarcoma. A 67-year-old woman presented with recurrent severe hypoglycemia and a large mass in the thorax. During hypoglycemia, plasma cortisol was elevated, but insulin and growth hormone levels were low. After resection of a large leiomyosarcoma, the hypoglycemia resolved. After an eight-year remission, both the tumor and symptomatic hypoglycemia recurred. During a second operation a second large tumor was removed, with relief of the patient's hypoglycemia. The tumor contained high concentrations of IGF-II mRNA and 2100 ng of IGF-II immunoreactive peptide per gram. Filtration through a BioGel P-60 gel column established that 77 percent of the IGF-II was present as a larger molecule, demonstrating incomplete processing of the pro-IGF-II peptides. A similar fraction of high-molecular-weight IGF-II was present in the serum, indicating that the tumor was the chief source of IGF II. The high-molecular-weight IGF-II found in both the tumor and serum was fully reactive with the IGF-II receptor. Radioimmunoassay showed that the concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in tumor and serum were low, suggesting feedback inhibition of growth hormone secretion by IGF-II. Eight months after reoperation, plasma concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II were normal, and high-molecular-weight IGF-II was virtually undetectable. We conclude that the most likely cause of this patient's recurrent hypoglycemia was IGF-II produced by the leiomyosarcoma. PMID- 3185663 TI - Myopathy and cystine storage in muscles in a patient with nephropathic cystinosis. PMID- 3185664 TI - Ocular phototoxicity. PMID- 3185665 TI - Insulin-like growth factor II and the riddle of tumor-induced hypoglycemia. PMID- 3185666 TI - Type A behavior and mortality from coronary disease in the Framingham study. PMID- 3185667 TI - Balloon valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis. PMID- 3185668 TI - Thrombocytopenia during pregnancy. PMID- 3185669 TI - Incidence of early loss of pregnancy. PMID- 3185670 TI - Effects of indomethacin on the fetus. PMID- 3185671 TI - A warning about nonsterile rubber gloves. PMID- 3185672 TI - Candidal epididymitis treated with ketoconazole. PMID- 3185673 TI - Setting the record straight: are voluntary hospitals caring for the poor? PMID- 3185674 TI - Vegas neuropathy. PMID- 3185675 TI - A successful program to lower cesarean-section rates. AB - Despite the consensus that national cesarean-section rates are excessive, they continue to rise. Currently, approximately one of every four deliveries is by cesarean section. We developed an initiative to reduce the number of cesarean deliveries to a rate of 11 percent of all deliveries at our inner-city hospital. Participation by attending physicians was voluntary and not linked to any sanction. The program included a stringent requirement for a second opinion, objective criteria for the four most common indications for cesarean section, and a detailed review of all cesarean sections and of individual physicians' rates of performing them. During the first two years of the program, the cesarean-section rate fell from 17.5 percent of 1697 deliveries in 1985 to 11.5 percent of 2301 deliveries in 1987 (P less than 0.05). The proportion of infants with five-minute Apgar scores lower than 7 increased from 3 percent in 1985 to 4.9 percent in 1987 (P less than 0.05), but neither the fetal mortality rate (11.9 per 1000) nor the neonatal mortality rate (11.2 per 1000) in 1987 differed significantly from the rates in 1985. A single maternal death, unrelated to cesarean delivery, occurred during the study. Rates of both primary and repeat cesarean sections decreased, although only the decline in the rate of primary cesarean sections, from 12 to 6.8 percent, was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). During the same period, operative vaginal deliveries (i.e., forceps deliveries and midpelvic procedures) declined from 10.4 to 4.3 percent (P less than 0.05) of total deliveries. We conclude that an initiative within an obstetrics department can reduce cesarean-section rates substantially without adverse effects on the outcome for mother or infant. PMID- 3185677 TI - Chemoprophylaxis and treatment of malaria. PMID- 3185678 TI - Reducing the cesarean-section rate safely. PMID- 3185676 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 49-1988. A 40-year-old man with a persistent nodular density in the left lower lobe. PMID- 3185679 TI - The place of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. PMID- 3185680 TI - Progression of renal disease. PMID- 3185681 TI - Prevalence of hemochromatosis. PMID- 3185682 TI - Quaternary neurosyphilis. PMID- 3185683 TI - Severe ventilatory depression reversed with aromatic ammonia inhalation. PMID- 3185684 TI - Prospective payment. PMID- 3185685 TI - [Unforgettable nursing conferences]. PMID- 3185686 TI - [Conference system to support dynamic medical care and nursing--an example at Misato Kenwa Hospital]. PMID- 3185687 TI - ["Originality in nursing" with nursing conferences at its nucleus: the results of studies for the past 5 years]. PMID- 3185689 TI - [Experience by a nurse of a NICU (newborn intensive care unit) with a close tie with the local area--a joint conference of physicians, public health nurses and the hospital nursing staff]. PMID- 3185688 TI - [Creation of a nursing environment with unrestricted communication among the staff: progress toward establishment of a conference system]. PMID- 3185690 TI - [Nursing conferences: a power to promote reliable care]. PMID- 3185691 TI - [For the improvement of the capacity to conduct nursing conferences: trials and their effect at comprehensive clinical training]. PMID- 3185692 TI - [A letter by personnel involved in regional rehabilitation programs to "professionals"--promotion of the "strange trend": a response to a letter by Mr. Yasushi Matsuda (Vol. 17, No. 3)]. PMID- 3185693 TI - [Laughter and humor in nursing]. PMID- 3185695 TI - [Social rehabilitation at a psychiatric ward--impression on "practice and problems of day care", the theme of the PHS (Partial Hospitalization Service) Tokyo Workshop]. PMID- 3185694 TI - [Anti-alcohol campaign at Kotobuki-cho, Yokohama-shi for the past 7 years- viewpoints of health facilities, public health clinics, local service centers and patients]. PMID- 3185696 TI - 1988 Nobel prizes announced for physics and for chemistry. PMID- 3185697 TI - Conflict of interest over Harvard drug. PMID- 3185698 TI - NIH delay first gene transfer. PMID- 3185699 TI - US anger over accusations of trafficking in infant organs. PMID- 3185701 TI - Generic drug manufacturers lose patent protection battle. PMID- 3185702 TI - Use of fetal tissue deemed acceptable. PMID- 3185700 TI - AIDS reagent repository opens. PMID- 3185703 TI - Aflatoxin contamination of US corn. PMID- 3185704 TI - Benveniste on the Benveniste affair. PMID- 3185705 TI - Waves caused by extreme dilution. PMID- 3185706 TI - Muscle function in locomotion. PMID- 3185707 TI - Are racehorses becoming faster? PMID- 3185708 TI - Short but faithful pieces of ancient DNA. PMID- 3185709 TI - Structure of a phage 434 Cro/DNA complex. AB - Comparison of the crystal structure of a complex of the phage 434 Cro protein and a synthetic DNA operator with the complex of the same operator and the 434 repressor DNA-binding domain shows different DNA conformations in the two structures. Binding of the protein determines the precise conformation of the DNA in each case. PMID- 3185710 TI - Inhibition contributes to orientation selectivity in visual cortex of cat. AB - Neurons in the visual cortex are selectively responsive to light or dark bars presented at particular orientations. On the basis of physiological data, this orientation selectivity is hypothesized as being due at least partially to intracortical inhibitory mechanisms. But this hypothesis has been challenged by intracellular recordings indicating that excitatory inputs themselves are orientation-selective, so inhibition may not contribute to the observed selectivity. Also, there is controversy about the presence of intracortical horizontal connections mediating inhibition for selectivity and about the theoretical validity of such inhibitory connections. Using cross-correlation analysis of the activities of two neurons recorded simultaneously, we find that inhibitory interactions exist between cells with somewhat different, but not orthogonal, orientation preferences. This suggests that intracortical horizontal inhibition operates between 'orientation columns' to sharpen the orientation tuning of cortical neurons. PMID- 3185711 TI - Neuronal correlate of visual associative long-term memory in the primate temporal cortex. AB - In human long-term memory, ideas and concepts become associated in the learning process. No neuronal correlate for this cognitive function has so far been described, except that memory traces are thought to be localized in the cerebral cortex; the temporal lobe has been assigned as the site for visual experience because electric stimulation of this area results in imagery recall and lesions produce deficits in visual recognition of objects. We previously reported that in the anterior ventral temporal cortex of monkeys, individual neurons have a sustained activity that is highly selective for a few of the 100 coloured fractal patterns used in a visual working-memory task. Here I report the development of this selectivity through repeated trials involving the working memory. The few patterns for which a neuron was conjointly selective were frequently related to each other through stimulus-stimulus association imposed during training. The results indicate that the selectivity acquired by these cells represents a neuronal correlate of the associative long-term memory of pictures. PMID- 3185712 TI - Why animals have different muscle fibre types. AB - Animals have different muscle fibre types: slow fibres with a low maximum velocity of shortening (Vmax) and fast fibres with a high Vmax. An advantage conferred by the use of different fibre types during locomotion has been proposed solely on the basis of their in vitro properties. Isolated muscle experiments show that force generation, mechanical power production and efficiency are all functions of V/Vmax, where V is the velocity of muscle shortening. But it is not known whether animals actually use the different fibres at shortening velocities that are optimal for mechanical power production and efficiency. Here we compare the V of muscle fibres during locomotion with their Vmax. This comparison shows that during slow locomotion, the slow fibres shorten at a velocity that gives peak mechanical power and efficiency and the fast fibres shorten at their optimal velocity when powering maximal movements. Our results also show that maximal movements are impossible without fast fibres because the slow ones cannot shorten rapidly enough. PMID- 3185714 TI - Cell physiology. Answer in a flash. PMID- 3185713 TI - Viral myb oncogene encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding activity. AB - The retroviral oncogene v-myb and its cellular progenitor c-myb encode nuclear DNA-binding proteins. Myb genes have been identified in a broad range of species, including vertebrates, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the plant Zea mays. The localization of the DNA-binding domain of the v-MYB protein to the highly conserved amino-terminal region suggests that the MYB/DNA interaction is important for MYB function. We show here that v-MYB specifically recognizes the nucleotide sequence pyAACG/TG. So like other nuclear transforming proteins, v-MYB seems to be a member of the class of sequence-specific DNA-binding factors presumably involved in gene regulation. PMID- 3185715 TI - Lens proteins. More molecular opportunism. PMID- 3185716 TI - Did virus transfer from harp seals to common seals? PMID- 3185717 TI - Viral distemper now found in porpoises. PMID- 3185718 TI - Is bacterial evolution random or selective? PMID- 3185719 TI - All collaborators held to be responsible for errors. PMID- 3185720 TI - Volte-face on controversial French abortion pill. PMID- 3185722 TI - Five years of French AIDS coverage. PMID- 3185721 TI - A peptide model of a protein folding intermediate. AB - It is difficult to determine the structures of protein folding intermediates because folding is a highly cooperative process. A disulphide-bonded peptide pair, designed to mimic the first crucial intermediate in the folding of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, contains secondary and tertiary structure similar to that found in the native protein. Peptide models like this circumvent the problem of cooperativity and permit characterization of structures of folding intermediates. PMID- 3185723 TI - Paris AIDS retrovirus conference. PMID- 3185724 TI - US sea lions join casualties. PMID- 3185725 TI - Squid major lens polypeptides are homologous to glutathione S-transferases subunits. AB - The eye lenses of cephalopods and vertebrates evolved relatively recently and by independent routes. They provide a good experimental model for the study of convergent evolution at the protein level. One proposal is that pre-existing proteins were recruited as structural eye lens proteins during evolution. This has been confirmed for the vertebrate eye lens structural proteins, or crystallins, which have been intensively studied. Despite the limited information about cephalopod eye lenses, it has been suggested that glutathione S transferases (GSTs) are a possible evolutionary ancestor of the squid major lens proteins. Recently, the N-terminal sequence of the squid major lens protein was shown to be 55% homologous with that of the Ya subunit of the rat GST. Here, we demonstrate that the squid major lens polypeptides are encoded by a gene family of at least three members. We characterize two cDNAs corresponding to these genes and show they probably either are GST subunits themselves, or share an evolutionary ancestor with them. PMID- 3185726 TI - Imaging plate illuminates many fields. AB - The erasable phosphor imaging plate developed for medical radiography has found new uses in the laboratory. X-ray diffraction, protein crystallography and autoradiography have all benefited from this technology transfer from the clinic. PMID- 3185728 TI - Leukaemia in UK. PMID- 3185727 TI - NIH on the market. PMID- 3185729 TI - Genetic code. Modified bases and aminoacylation. PMID- 3185730 TI - Muscle disease and molecular cloning. PMID- 3185731 TI - Characterization of a seal morbillivirus. PMID- 3185732 TI - Sperm competition in grey whales. PMID- 3185733 TI - Loss of information in genetic distances. PMID- 3185734 TI - Histidine phosphorylation and phosphoryl group transfer in bacterial chemotaxis. AB - A cascade of protein phosphorylation, initiated by autophosphorylation of the CheA protein, may be important in the signal transduction pathway of bacterial chemotaxis. A proteolytic fragment of CheA cannot autophosphorylate, but can still transfer phosphate to proteins that generate excitation and adaptation signals. The site of CheA phosphorylation is His 48; mutants altered at this position are non-chemotactic. Similar mechanisms of transient protein phosphorylation and phosphoryl group transfer seem to be involved in processing sensory data and in activating specific gene expression. PMID- 3185735 TI - GABA-containing neurons in the septum control inhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus. AB - The hippocampus, in particular the neocortex-hippocampus-neocortex circuit, is widely believed to be crucial in memory. Information flow in this circuit is strongly influenced by relatively sparse afferents derived from subcortical centres, such as the septum, involved in arousal, emotions and autonomic control. A powerful mechanism, by which numerically small inputs can produce profound effects, is feed-forward inhibition, that is, the activation of local inhibitory interneurons, which, in turn, control the activity of large populations of principal cells in the hippocampus. An example is the cholinergic input to the hippocampus from the septum, which is likely to be involved in feed-forward operations. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a circuit underlying another powerful mechanism of subcortical control of hippocampal information processing. We show that GABA-containing afferents originating in the septum innervate most of the GABA-containing interneurons in the hippocampus, making many synaptic contacts with each of them. Activation of the GABA-containing neurons in the septum is likely to lead to disinhibition of the principal neurons in the hippocampal formation and so this pathway is probably crucial in the induction of hippocampal electrical activity patterns, and may be involved in NMDA (N-methyl-D aspartate) receptor-mediated functions, such as memory, in a permissive manner. PMID- 3185736 TI - Developments in neuronal cell culture. AB - The ability to grow neurons in culture has made possible great strides in the field of neuroscience. Advances in optical microscopy, together with techniques involving the retroviral transformation of neuronal precursors and cell fusion, will pave the way for further developments. PMID- 3185737 TI - Where next with psychiatric illness? PMID- 3185738 TI - Smokeless cigarettes in trouble. PMID- 3185739 TI - Long-awaited French anti-AIDS campaign is launched. PMID- 3185740 TI - US-Soviet talks on psychiatry. PMID- 3185741 TI - Phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, an activator of protein kinase C, stimulates both contraction and Ca2+ fluxes in dog saphenous vein. AB - The vascular effects of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) were studied in the dog saphenous vein. PDBu (1 microM) caused contraction (0.58 +/- 0.22 g/mg wet wt.) and Ca uptake (74.2 +/- 41.2 mumol/kg wet wt.) which were unaffected by 10 microM phentolamine (N = 6). The PDBu-induced contraction was greatly (60-80%) inhibited in Ca2+-free solution. 45Ca efflux measurements performed in Ca2+-free solution showed that PDBu did not cause Ca release from intracellular storage sites. The contractile response to PDBu (1 nM-1 microM) was significantly correlated with the magnitude of Ca uptake; contraction and the rise in tissue Ca2+ also had a similar time course. Correlation between the two measures persisted when the responses to PDBu were augmented by co-administration with 20 mM KCl. However, no synergism occurred between the two agonists. Both the contraction and Ca uptake responses to PDBu were reduced by nifedipine and verapamil, each at 1 microM. In the Triton X-100 skinned saphenous vein, where the voltage-dependent Ca channel is not functional, 10 microM PDBu did not cause contractions in the presence of 0.1 microM Ca2+. Thus, contraction of the intact saphenous vein by PDBu characteristically exhibits great Ca dependence and PDBu seems to activate the voltage-dependent Ca channel, presumably through stimulation of protein kinase C; the ensuing Ca entry is primarily responsible for contraction. However, the mechanism responsible for the PDBu-induced contractions that are resistant to Ca2+-free PSS or Ca entry blockers remains to be defined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185742 TI - Transient outward current (IA) in clonal anterior pituitary cells: blockade by aminopyridine analogs. AB - Whole cell voltage-clamp recordings from GH3 cells, a clonal cell line derived from a rat anterior pituitary tumor, demonstrated a rapidly activating and inactivating ("transient") voltage-dependent outward current. This current, referred to as IA, was elicited by step depolarization from holding potentials negative to -50 mV, showed strong outward rectification at potentials positive to -30 mV, and exhibited steady state inactivation with V 1/2 near -64 mV. The current rose to a peak within less than 10-20 ms following depolarization and decayed in two exponential phases, IAf and IAs, with time constants of 30-50 and 500-700 ms, respectively. Both IA components exhibited similar voltage dependencies for activation and inactivation. Aminopyridines (2 mumol/1-5 mmol/l) produced a dose dependent, reversible blockade of IA (70% inhibition at 0.5 to 2 mmol/l) with the following rank order of potencies: 4-aminopyridine greater than 3,4-diaminopyridine = 3-aminopyridine greater than 2-aminopyridine. These drugs reduced the peak conductance of IA, and produced complex effects on its time dependent decay. With submaximal degrees of block, there was an increase in the inactivation rate, suggesting that open channels are preferentially blocked by the drugs. It is concluded that GH3 pituitary cells possess an aminopyridine sensitive transient outward current comparable to the A-current in neural cells. However, this cell line is unusual in that it expresses both rapidly and slowly decaying A-current components. PMID- 3185743 TI - Effects of the facilitatory compounds catechol, guanidine, noradrenaline and phencyclidine on presynaptic currents of mouse motor nerve terminals. AB - Catechol, guanidine, noradrenaline, and phencyclidine can increase acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions. To determine if they act by affecting nerve terminal action potentials, the electrical activity of the terminal regions of motor nerves was recorded with an extracellular electrode inserted in the perineural sheaths of nerves in the mouse triangularis sterni preparation. Catechol (from 10 microM) and guanidine (from 1 mM) produced a selective reduction in the component of the perineural waveform associated with voltage dependent K+ currents, without significant effects on Na+, Ca2+, or Ca2+ activated K+ currents. A selective block of K+ channels in nerve terminals would cause a prolonged depolarization and hence a large influx of Ca2+ to trigger acetylcholine release; this could explain the facilitatory effects of guanidine and catechol. Noradrenaline produced a slight increase in the amplitude of the perineural waveform. This is consistent with hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential of the nerve, which could lead to facilitation of acetylcholine release. Phencyclidine blocked Na+- and K+-related portions of the signal. PMID- 3185744 TI - Antagonism of the nicotine-induced changes of the striatal dopamine metabolism in mice by mecamylamine and pempidine. AB - The ability of nicotinic receptor blockers, mecamylamine and pempidine, to antagonize the changes in striatal dopamine (DA) metabolism induced by repeated nicotine administration was studied. The contents of DA and its metabolites 3 methoxytyramine (3-MT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured. Mice kept at 20-22 degrees C were given nicotine, 3 mg/kg, s.c., four times, at 30 min intervals, and sacrificed 20 min after the last dose. Hexamethonium, 10 mg/kg, i.p., was administered at 30 min before the first nicotine dose in order to prevent the peripheral effects of nicotine. Mecamylamine, 0.6 or 10 mg/kg, i.p., and pempidine, 0.6 or 20 mg/kg, i.p., were given at 60 min before sacrifice. Mecamylamine and pempidine decreased clearly the striatal 3-MT content, which suggests that the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons are physiologically controlled by a stimulatory nicotinic mechanism. The repeatedly administered nicotine caused deep hypothermia, and increased the striatal DOPAC content but decreased the 3-MT and HVA contents. The small dose of mecamylamine, which was the only dose found to effectively antagonize the nicotine-induced hypothermia, antagonized the decrease of HVA content. The large but not the small doses of mecamylamine and pempidine antagonized the nicotine induced increase of DOPAC content but none of the doses studied antagonized the decrease of 3-MT content. Thus it seems that nicotine decreases the 3-MT content by a mechanism distinct from the mechanism mediating the increase of the DOPAC content. The decreased 3-MT content most probably results from desensitization of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR) and following decrease of cholinergic regulation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185745 TI - Comparison of the cardiodynamic and metabolic effects of dobutamine with those of norepinephrine and dopamine in the dog isolated heart. AB - A comparative study of the cardiodynamic and metabolic effects of norepinephrine, dopamine and dobutamine was carried out on the isolated heart-lung preparation from dogs, modified to measure coronary outflow and myocardial oxygen consumption. Infusions of the three sympathomimetic drugs which increased myocardial contractility, as reflected by maximal rate of rise of left ventricular pressure, dp/dt, by 24%, produced comparable increases in heart rate of 5 to 7% with the three drugs, comparable increases in myocardial oxygen consumption of 11% with dopamine and 19% with dobutamine and a decrease in mechanical efficiency of 13% with dobutamine. At higher doses which increased dp/dt by an average of 68%, heart rate increased by 9%, 19% and 26% following norepinephrine, dopamine and dobutamine, respectively, the increase produced by dobutamine being significantly higher than that produced by norepinephrine. Myocardial oxygen consumption increased significantly following dopamine by 39% and dobutamine by 46% but not following norepinephrine. Mechanical efficiency decreased following dobutamine by 24%. At average increases in dp/dt of 123% and 166%, there were further increases in heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption and decreases in mechanical efficiency, the changes in each parameter being similar for all three drugs. The increase in coronary outflow was compared with the spontaneous increase which is regularly observed with time in the isolated heart-lung preparation. Only dobutamine was found to increase coronary outflow by 49%, 117% and 137% at increases in dp/dt of 71%, 118% and 173%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185746 TI - Lack of differences between the neuronal and extraneuronal handling of 3H-7- and 3H-ring-2,5,6-(-)noradrenaline. AB - The neuronal disposition of the side chain-labelled 3H-7-(-)noradrenaline and the ring-labelled 3H-2,5,6-(-)noradrenaline of relatively high specific activity was compared in the (incubated) rabbit aorta, the extraneuronal one in the (perfused) rat heart. Furthermore, the metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O methyl transferase (COMT) of the labelled amines was studied in rat heart homogenates. In addition, some of the experiments were also carried out with the side chain-labelled 3H-7,8-(-)noradrenaline that is an inferior substrate of MAO. 1. In agreement with several other studies, the present results revealed the known differences between the two side chain-labelled amines brought about by the poorer deamination of 3H-7,8-(-)noradrenaline. This finding also indicated that the 3H-7-(-)noradrenaline used in this study was of the desired quality, i.e. was labelled exclusively in position 7. 2. In contrast to earlier findings, no differences between the side chain-labelled 3H-7-(-)noradrenaline and the ring labelled 3H-2,5,6-(-)noradrenaline were observed with regard to neuronal and extraneuronal amine handling (intact tissues) and metabolism by MAO and COMT in rat heart homogenates. Hence, there is no reason to avoid the ring-labelled amine with high specific activity and, consequently, with slightly more than one tritium substituent per catecholamine molecule in experiments designed to analyse the neuronal and extraneuronal fate of (-)noradrenaline. PMID- 3185747 TI - Dose-response curves of pirenzepine in man in relation to M1- and M2 cholinoceptor occupancy. AB - The aim of the present study was to investigate the M-cholinoceptor subtype selectivity of pirenzepine in man. In parallel with effects on the heart rate and salivary flow, M-cholinoceptor subtype occupancy by antagonist present in plasma samples was detected in radioreceptor assays. Bovine cerebral cortex membranes labelled with 3H-pirenzepine (M1) and rat salivary gland membranes labelled with 3H-N-methylscopolamine (M2) were used in these in vitro assays. A half-maximal occupancy of M1-cholinoceptors in the in vitro assay of plasma samples was detected after 0.25 mg of pirenzepine i.v. The respective half-maximal M2 cholinoceptor occupancy was observed after 10 mg. Doses less than 3 mg decreased the heart rate by maximally 10.7 beats/min with an ED50 of about 0.1 mg. An increase in heart rate (relative to control values) was observed at doses greater than 10 mg. This bivalent dose-response relationship was also observed after beta blockade. Salivary flow tended to increase at doses less than 1 mg and was half maximally inhibited after 10 mg. Combining the in vitro and in vivo results, the typical antimuscarinic effects (tachycardia and inhibition of salivary flow) can be attributed to the blockade of M2-cholinoceptors, whereas the reduction of heart rate coincides with the blockade of the M1-subtype. With respect to the typical antimuscarinic effects, pirenzepine was 70-fold less potent than atropine; in contrast, with respect to the reduction of heart rate, pirenzepine was equipotent with atropine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185749 TI - Psychiatric aspects of AIDS for the non-psychiatrist. PMID- 3185748 TI - Positive inotropic effects of calcium channel antagonists are not necessarily caused by partial calcium channel agonism. AB - Recently it has been reported that some dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists (nifedipine, nimodipine, nitrendipine) are able to produce positive inotropic effects in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. We studied the effects of nifedipine in isolated perfused paced rat hearts under constant pressure and constant flow perfusion conditions. We found that nifedipine is able to produce a positive inotropic effect under constant pressure conditions but not under constant flow conditions. We conclude that nifedipine does not have partial calcium channel agonistic properties and that the positive inotropic effect seen under constant pressure conditions is a result of the vasodilating properties of the drug. Positive inotropic effects caused by vasodilatation can be explained by the "garden-hose-effect". PMID- 3185750 TI - Approaches to insomnia. Helping patients, avoiding pitfalls, doing no harm. PMID- 3185751 TI - The mental illness awakening. PMID- 3185752 TI - Psychotherapy: one perspective. PMID- 3185753 TI - Panic disorder with agoraphobia. PMID- 3185754 TI - Two responses to Dr. Stead's article. PMID- 3185755 TI - On NC doctors and AIDS patients. PMID- 3185756 TI - Inaugural address of the President of the AMA. PMID- 3185757 TI - Address of the president-elect of the North Carolina Medical Society. PMID- 3185758 TI - A doctor interviews the candidates for Governor. Interview by Edward C. Halperin. PMID- 3185759 TI - George Bush, Michael Dukakis, and health policy issues in the 1988 presidential campaign. PMID- 3185760 TI - Heart attack. PMID- 3185762 TI - One doctor's experience with Tagamet. PMID- 3185761 TI - Conjoint report to the North Carolina Medical Society and the North Carolina Commission for Health Services. PMID- 3185764 TI - [Choice and prescription of antimicrobial agents in family practice]. PMID- 3185763 TI - [Diagnostic problems in children treated for brain tumors]. PMID- 3185765 TI - [The primary resuscitation competence of the family practitioner]. PMID- 3185767 TI - [Repatriation of psychotic patients from their vacation address abroad]. PMID- 3185766 TI - [An unusual form of primary tuberculosis: skin tuberculosis]. PMID- 3185768 TI - [Consensus follow-up studies following surgery for colon or rectal carcinoma]. PMID- 3185769 TI - [Digoxin]. PMID- 3185770 TI - [Medications against gout]. PMID- 3185771 TI - [Tetrahydroaminoacridine: a promising 'therapy' for Alzheimer's disease?]. PMID- 3185772 TI - [Minor symptoms in family practice; blemishes under the breast]. PMID- 3185773 TI - [Surgery of gangrene of the legs and of conditions which may lead to gangrene]. PMID- 3185774 TI - [Transient cholelithiasis with the use of ceftriaxone]. PMID- 3185775 TI - [Increase of in-situ cervix uteri carcinoma in women younger than 35 years; analysis of data from general practice 1974-1986]. PMID- 3185776 TI - [Biological markers of suicidal behavior]. PMID- 3185778 TI - [Persistent extrauterine pregnancy]. PMID- 3185777 TI - [The doctor and the yellow girl]. PMID- 3185779 TI - [Anal disorders as the initial and only expression of Crohn's disease]. PMID- 3185780 TI - [Participation in sports during pregnancy]. PMID- 3185781 TI - [Is otitis media with effusion harmful for language development in young children]. PMID- 3185782 TI - [Epilepsy and the family physician: accident or main point?]. PMID- 3185783 TI - [Newborn infants with disordered genital development assigned the female sex; counseling of parents]. PMID- 3185784 TI - [Necrotizing fasciitis]. PMID- 3185785 TI - [Potassium supplementation with diuretics]. PMID- 3185786 TI - [Short- and long-acting benzodiazepines]. PMID- 3185787 TI - [The omission of medical action]. PMID- 3185788 TI - [Patients in a coma, a solvable problem]. PMID- 3185789 TI - [Esophageal echocardiography]. PMID- 3185790 TI - [Artificial ventilation in patients with bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3185791 TI - [Castleman's disease]. PMID- 3185792 TI - [Extrapyramidal movement disorders following the use of flunarizine]. PMID- 3185793 TI - [Does the cultural revolution last longer in The Netherlands than in China?]. PMID- 3185794 TI - [Testing for HIV infection in cardiology]. PMID- 3185795 TI - [The course of child development and hyperactivity]. PMID- 3185796 TI - [The significance of increased serum creatine kinase activity in patients without primary neuromuscular disease]. PMID- 3185798 TI - [Treatment of gallstones in the choledochus duct using extracorporeal shock waves]. PMID- 3185797 TI - [The Statement on Psychogeriatric Diseases; advice from the Public Health Council]. PMID- 3185800 TI - [Ureter obstruction due to a polypous colon tumor following ureterosigmoidostomy]. PMID- 3185799 TI - [Extracorporeal crushing of kidney stones: experiences with a first-generation lithotriptor]. PMID- 3185801 TI - [Acute extrapyramidal movement disorders in young children and adults during administration of domperidone]. PMID- 3185802 TI - [The physician-patient relation as seen by a specialist: "Am I my brother's keeper?"]. PMID- 3185804 TI - [The revised uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals]. PMID- 3185803 TI - [The determination of adenosine deaminase activity in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis]. PMID- 3185805 TI - [Complications of acute abdomen in children]. PMID- 3185806 TI - [Fundamentals of intervention research]. PMID- 3185807 TI - [Clinical drug research: feasibility, performance and evaluation in practice]. PMID- 3185808 TI - [The role of clinical experiments in medicine]. PMID- 3185809 TI - [A spleen-preserving method in splenic rupture using an absorbable net]. PMID- 3185810 TI - [Reye syndrome in The Netherlands: report of a survey in 1981-1984]. PMID- 3185811 TI - [A patient with psychosocial growth retardation]. PMID- 3185812 TI - [2 patients with Reye syndrome?]. PMID- 3185813 TI - [Specialist and superspecialistic consultation]. PMID- 3185814 TI - [[Allergic reactions in the nasal mucosa]. PMID- 3185815 TI - [Clenbuterol: the 'redistribution' agent]. PMID- 3185816 TI - [Breast-preserving treatment in patients with stage I and II breast carcinoma]. PMID- 3185817 TI - [Injuries of the oral mucosa]. PMID- 3185818 TI - [The sprained ankle]. PMID- 3185819 TI - [Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of hysteroscopy]. PMID- 3185820 TI - [That's why parents should not smoke]. PMID- 3185821 TI - [Smoking by young secondary school students and their parents; does it make a difference when a child has COPD?]. PMID- 3185822 TI - [Surgical treatment of recurrent breast carcinoma in the axilla]. PMID- 3185823 TI - [Neurotoxicity of lithium with normal lithium levels]. PMID- 3185824 TI - [When does an incubator infant go home?]. PMID- 3185825 TI - [The prediction of the day of ovulation with a do-it-yourself test]. PMID- 3185826 TI - [Acute upper airway obstruction in adults]. PMID- 3185827 TI - Economic factors in medicine, specifically the market determination of fees. PMID- 3185828 TI - Clinical diagnostic imaging. Bronchiectasis. PMID- 3185829 TI - Field Medical Service School. Training a different kind of corpsman. PMID- 3185830 TI - Medical Department LMET: the pay-offs. PMID- 3185831 TI - Multiple applications for tissue expanders. PMID- 3185832 TI - Shipboard investigation of intestinal salmonellosis. PMID- 3185833 TI - Navy emergency medicine. PMID- 3185835 TI - Creating the Navy medical photographer. PMID- 3185834 TI - Survey of physical training facilities and programs on board Navy vessels. PMID- 3185836 TI - Operation IOWA: battleship surgery at its best. PMID- 3185837 TI - Casualty decontamination during amphibious assault. PMID- 3185838 TI - Correlation of steroid receptors with histopathologic characteristics in breast carcinoma. AB - Estrogen and progesterone receptors were correlated to histologic variables in 288 breast cancer patients from western India. The progesterone receptors (PR) were significantly elevated as compared to estrogen receptors (ER) amongst primary pre- and peri-menopausal breast carcinomas. ER positivity was correlated significantly to nuclear grade. Lymphatic invasion and vascular permeation were not found to be linked to ER, while PR positivity could be linked to lymphatic invasion and inversely to vascular permeation. Higher frequency of ER positivity was observed in lobular carcinomas. PR concentrations of the tumor had better correlations with histologic variables as compared to ER. PMID- 3185841 TI - Diagnosis, size, and operation results in 41 acoustic neurinomas. AB - The diagnosis, size and operation results in 41 acoustic neurinomas (26 females and 15 males) are presented. In one case the tumor was bilateral. Out of the total of 41 tumors, 12.5% were small acoustic neurinomas. As a rule, at diagnosis the tumors were larger in females than in males. Ten of the small and medium size acoustic neurinomas had no brain stem and cerebellar symptoms or signs at all, only the 8th cranial nerve was affected. All large tumors already had brain stem symptoms and one-third of them also had cerebellar symptoms, lesions of further cranial nerves and increasing intracranial pressure. All these findings were always present in giant tumors. Neurootological functional laboratory examinations cannot be replaced by CT because of the possibility of false negative findings in the smallest acoustic neurinomas. CT and functional neurootological laboratory examinations are complementary to each other and they are not screening procedures at all. As regards morbidity and mortality, the surgical results are comparable with those of other authors using microsurgical techniques. As regards the preservation of hearing, the results are among the best particularly in tumors that were diagnosed as small or medium in this series. Thus it is apparent that the size of a diagnosed acoustic neurinoma is more important for surgical results than the chosen approach to the tumor. PMID- 3185840 TI - The influence of patients age, type of tumor growth, hematocrit, and radiation induced tumor regression on the prognosis of advanced uterine cervix carcinoma. AB - The age of patients, type of tumor growth, pretreatment hematocrit, and radiation induced tumor regression were evaluated as possible prognostic factors in 222 patients with advanced cervical cancer treated at the Institute of Clinical Oncology in Bratislava in the period from 1960 through 1980. The five-year disease-free survival rate for Stage IIb patients was 50%, for Stage III patients 23.1%, and for Stage IV patients 13%. Radiation-induced tumor regression and type of tumor growth were noted to be a significant prognostic factor with regard to the control of disease in the pelvis. Age of the patients and pretreatment hematocrit were found to be a weak prognostic factor. PMID- 3185839 TI - Serum sialic acid forms as markers for head and neck malignancies. AB - The value of protein-bound (PSA), lipid-bound (LSA) and free sialic acid (FSA) levels in the serum as marker was assessed together with its use as a prognostic indicator for head and neck cancers in 165 patients followed-up for over 18 months. Elevated PSA levels were found in 57% of patients with benign disorders, 52% with primary head and neck cancers, and 75% with metastatic cancer. Strong correlation was found between PSA and the regression/progression of the disease. The PSA level essentially returned to normal in patients with favorable prognosis and PSA levels showed a tendency to increase or remain at high levels in patients with a poor prognosis. These results suggest that PSA level is a better prognostic indicator in head and neck cancers, for which there is no available tumor marker. PMID- 3185843 TI - [Etiology, prognosis and therapy of isolated oculomotor paralysis]. PMID- 3185845 TI - [Clinical aspects and pathologico-anatomic findings in AIDS patients with Cryptococcus neoformans meningoencephalitis]. PMID- 3185844 TI - [Chronic neuropathy of the suprascapular nerve in high performance athletes]. AB - The clinical and electrophysiological examination of 36 top-level volleyball players showed a suprascapular neuropathy in 28% of the subjects. The most commonly observed clinical symptom was a focal severe atrophy of the m. infraspinatus, combined with loss of strength of the arm in abduction and external rotation. In contrast to previous reports on suprascapular neuropathies in volleyball players, the present investigation demonstrates an additional milder affection also of the nerve fibres supplying the m. supraspinatus. PMID- 3185846 TI - [Vasospasm and ischemia in a series of 60 aneurysms treated quickly surgically]. AB - Sixty patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms were operated during the first 3 days after the onset of bleeding. In all cases the following investigations were performed: before surgery and 10 days after surgery angiography and CTScan, two months later a control CTScan. The first CTScans have been classified according to the staging defined by Fisher. Vasospasms (VS) were assessed comparing the arteriographies before and after surgery and classified as narrow or moderate; ischemia were assessed on post surgical CTScans. VS were found in any of the Fisher grades but were more frequent in grade 4; they occurred in 50% of cases (30 cases). Narrow VS were found 17 times in any Fisher grade. Ischemia occurred in 7 cases (1 death); following narrow VS in 6 cases. The high incidence of VS demonstration is emphasized: it is probably due to the lag time between bleeding and angiography and to the fact that angiographic controls were systematically performed. On the other hand ischemia occurred in 7 patients: the respective role of normalized intracranial pressure, hypervolemia, drug use and surgical procedure are discussed as candidate factors of this low incidence. PMID- 3185847 TI - [Monitoring of intracranial pressure during the postoperative period of aneurysms]. AB - The authors present the results of the postoperative I.C.P. records in 35 patients. The results emphasize the relationship between the clinical grading and the degree of the intracranial pressure: 4/7 grades III (Hunt and Hess grading) and all the grades IV (4/4) had an abnormal intracranial pressure. The location of the aneurysm does not clearly appear as a significant factor of increased intracranial pressure in the postoperative period. PMID- 3185842 TI - Optimization of radiation therapy in prostatic cancer. AB - The results of a study on the optimization of external irradiation of prostatic cancer are discussed. The study was performed with the aid of an automatic water phantom, an automatic densitometer, and a computerized treatment planning system using an anthropometric phantom Alderson. The following parameters were studied: Dose gradient, the size of areas of selected isodoses, and the shape of the 90% isodose. At present, we consider that the twosector biaxial arc technique characterized by an arc angle of 120 degrees, a distance of the arc axes of 3 cm, employing a 20 MeV X-ray of a linear accelerator is the optimal technique for target irradiation of carcinomas of the prostate. PMID- 3185850 TI - [Myelo-radicular involvement in a lumbar foramen disk hernia]. AB - The authors report a case of L4-L5 foraminal disc herniation revealed by symptoms of bi-radicular and medullary lesions. Anatomical study allows to understand such association of symptoms. PMID- 3185848 TI - [MRI and surgery of epilepsy]. AB - The evaluation of M.R.I. in the presurgical management of epilepsies requires establishing the significance of the abnormal signals. In 15 cases, correlations among M.R.I., electrophysiological data obtained by chronic intracerebral recordings and histological examination were studied. Abnormalities were detected by M.R.I. in 12 cases (80%). An accurate epileptic-focus topographical orientation was obtained by M.R.I. in 10 cases. But M.R.I. findings did not coincide with functional data obtained by S.E.E.G. recordings. Abnormalities detected by M.R.I. led to rectify the previous hypothesis about the epileptic focus localization in two cases. One false positive and one case of incomplete data would have been misleading if S.E.E.G. had not been performed. M.R.I. abnormalities included two morphological changes and ten high intensity T2 signals. The increased T2 intensity was more often focal (9) than diffuse (1). Among the 8 cases of increased T2 intensity correlated to the epileptic focus, 1 was histologically normal, 3 corresponded to specific lesions (astrocytoma: 1, hamartoma: 2) and 4 corresponded to non specific lesions (gliosis: 2, spongiosis: 2). When M.R.I. was normal at the site of the epileptic focus, either no alteration (2) or non specific lesions (2) were found. Uncus herniation could not be identified with M.R.I. M.R.I. has proven sensitive, detecting small epileptogenic lesions missed by C.T. Moreover in some cases, high T2 signals have been correlated topographically with the epileptic focus and histologically with non specific lesions. These signals are more likely related to a functional phenomenon such as an increase in water content than to the histopathological findings themselves. PMID- 3185852 TI - [Terminal cone traction syndrome. Attached cord and sacral lipoma]. PMID- 3185849 TI - [Intrathecal analgesia. Apropos of 50 cases]. AB - Fifty patients with intractable pain, mainly of neoplastic origin, were treated by morphine through unidose drug delivery system. Criteria of selection of the patients and technical procedures are reported. Most common side effects are nausea and dysuria but can be effectively prevented. The most severe complications are leakage of cerebro spinal fluid with or without meningitis. The success rate at 20 days is 80% as well in pelvic pain as in subdiaphragmatic extra cephalic pain. PMID- 3185851 TI - [Treatment of the bladder in myelomeningocele]. PMID- 3185853 TI - Tetrahydroaminoacridine, 3,4 diaminopyridine and physostigmine: direct comparison of effects on memory in aged primates. AB - The effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA), 3,4 diaminopyridine (3,4 DAP) and physostigmine were evaluated for their ability to reduce memory impairments in aged, test-sophisticated cebus monkeys (18 to 26 years old). Several doses of each drug were tested (PO) in each of ten different monkeys, allowing for direct and extensive comparison of each drug's efficacy in this model. The results of this comparative test revealed several potentially interesting findings: (1) all drugs produced improvement in a portion of the monkeys tested; (2) as in many past tests with aged monkeys and humans, wide variations in most effective dose, per subject, were observed; (3) different monkeys responded more effectively to one drug than another; and (4) under these tightly controlled conditions, physostigmine produced the most reliable and robust effects (p less than 0.005), in more monkeys, than did either THA (p less than 0.05) or 3,4 DAP (p less than 0.10). PMID- 3185854 TI - Decrease of brain acetylcholine release in aging freely-moving rats detected by microdialysis. AB - In vivo extracellular acetylcholine release from brain hemispheric areas of 2-, 9 , and 18-month-old rats was measured by intracerebral microdialysis coupled with a radioenzymatic assay. Dialysis tubing was inserted transversally through both striata, frontal cortices and dorsal hippocampi 24 hours before the experiments. In the 2-month-old rats, the net average acetylcholine output, corrected for recovery and expressed in fmoles/min/single striatum, cortex and hippocampus, was 902.4 +/- 67, 303.9 +/- 14 and 334 +/- 32, respectively. In 18-month-old rats acetylcholine output was 53, 35 and 37% lower in striatum, cortex and hippocampus, respectively, than in young rats. The release from the striatum in the 9-month-old was intermediate between those of the 2- and 18-month-old rats. The intracerebroventricular injection of hemicholinium-3 caused a marked decrease in acetylcholine release from the striata of 2- and 18-month-old rats. If the decrease with hemicholinium was expressed as percent of the basal release there was no age-related difference between the young and old rats, indicating that the differences observed were due to the lower basal release found in the old rats. The possibility that the deficit in basal acetylcholine release with age may depend on a reduction of acetylcholine synthesis is discussed. PMID- 3185856 TI - Enhanced passive avoidance retention following posttrain serotonergic receptor antagonist administration in middle-aged and aged rats. AB - The experiments examined the ability of posttrain administration of serotonergic receptor antagonists to attenuate the age-related deficits in avoidance retention normally exhibited by middle-aged (12 months) and aged (22 months) rats. Ketanserin (0, 1.0, 10.0 mg/kg) produced a significant dose-dependent increase in test step-through latencies in both age groups. The suppression of responding did not appear to be due to generalized learned aversion as nonshocked rats, injected with the highest dose of ketanserin, did not exhibit similar elevations in test latencies. In order to determine whether the ketanserin-induced effect could be generalized to other serotonergic antagonists, middle-aged and aged animals were injected with a single dose of mianserin (10.0 mg/kg). This antagonist also significantly increased step-through latencies in both age groups, while not affecting the performance of nonshocked animals. The results provide additional evidence for a role of the serotonergic nervous system in memory, and may have important implications in the development of effective treatment strategies for geriatric-related cognitive disorders. PMID- 3185855 TI - An age-related spatial learning deficit: choline uptake distinguishes "impaired" and "unimpaired" rats. AB - A functional decline in the hippocampal formation may underlie the emergence of spatial learning deficits in aged rodents. In this study, sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake (HACU) was used to monitor hippocampal function in response to training on a spatial task. The subjects were male Long-Evans rats at either 4 months or 22-24 months of age. Animals were trained to locate a camouflaged escape platform in the Morris water maze. Each animal that received place training had a yoked counterpart that was exposed to swimming in the maze but was not required to learn the task. Animals, both young and aged, were sacrificed after attaining a criterion performance. Relative to animals in the yoked condition, place training significantly reduced HACU in both the young rats and in a subpopulation of the aged animals that learned the task rapidly. In contrast, for aged rats that had an impaired rate of acquisition, no effect of place training on HACU was observed. These results provide evidence for a relationship between the behavioral capacities of aged rats and changes in the status of hippocampal function. PMID- 3185857 TI - Lack of evidence for dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease: an immunohistochemical study. AB - With immunohistoperoxidase techniques the presence of plasma (serum) proteins was investigated in senile plaques, congophilic angiopathy, neurons and glial cells in brains of patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Other investigators have found plasma proteins in brain parenchyma and suggested that blood-brain barrier dysfunction might be a primary factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's dementia. These studies were performed on formol-fixed brains of patients with Alzheimer's dementia. In the present study we investigated both frozen and formol fixed brain tissues. The influence of post-mortem delay, prolonged formol fixation and differences in clinical course on detection of plasma proteins by immunocytochemical techniques was also studied. Findings in cases with Alzheimer's dementia were compared with findings in nondemented controls with or without neurological disorders. Plasma proteins could not be demonstrated in the neuropil of a number of patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Moreover, plasma proteins were also found in neuronal cells and astrocytes in brains of nondemented controls. We discussed whether or not cytochemical detection of plasma proteins in the neuropil of post-mortem obtained brains is a reliable technique to investigate blood-brain barrier dysfunction. In our opinion there are, at the moment, no convincing arguments for blood-brain barrier dysfunction in Alzheimer's dementia. PMID- 3185858 TI - Selective decline in protein F1 phosphorylation in hippocampus of senescent rats. AB - Certain forms of neuronal plasticity have been found to be expressed through alterations in brain protein phosphorylation, and its regulation by protein kinase activity. Of interest in this regard is the possibility that the decline in neuronal plasticity and cognitive function that occurs in advanced age may result in part from altered phosphorylation of specific proteins. As a first attempt to identify age-related changes in phosphoproteins, we assayed in vitro phosphorylation of proteins in hippocampus, cerebellum, entorhinal cortex, and frontal cortex from Fischer-344 rats of 5 months, 11 months, and 25 months of age. Compared to the middle-aged animals, the aged rats showed a selective 46% decline in phosphorylation of the 47 kDa protein (F1) in hippocampus, with no change in the phosphorylation of other proteins measured in this structure. Aged animals also showed decreased phosphorylation relative to young animals. No age related change was observed in any protein band for the other brain areas examined. Since protein F1 is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC), the cytosolic and membrane distribution of this enzyme was compared across age groups. The activity of PKC in hippocampus did not change across age. The explanation of this age-related decline in protein F1 phosphorylation is likely to be a decline in the substrate protein itself. The results are discussed in terms of protein F1's possible role in age-related decline of hippocampal synaptic plasticity. PMID- 3185859 TI - Olfactory tests as possible probes for detecting and monitoring Alzheimer's disease. AB - One of the characteristics of Alzheimer's disease is the early loss of neurons in pathways involved in processing olfactory information. Olfactory function was assessed in subjects with Alzheimer's disease using a conventional Smell Identification Test and a simple three odor match-to-sample problem. The patients exhibited a diminished capacity to identify common odors but were severely impaired in their ability to use novel odors in a match-to-sample task. Subjects with Parkinson's disease had a severe deficit for identifying common odors with the majority scoring as anosmic. Multiple sclerosis was not accompanied by detectable changes in olfactory functioning. The results of the Alzheimer's group are similar to recent animal studies that have shown lesions of the piriform entorhinal cortex produce a variety of memory deficits that are particularly acute in tasks involving novel odors. PMID- 3185860 TI - Lack of efficacy of clonidine on memory in aged cebus monkeys. AB - Using a dosing paradigm and an automated behavioral testing procedure designed to maximize potential drug efficacy, we evaluated the ability of clonidine to improve performance of aged monkeys on a trial-specific memory task. These results indicated that neither acutely administered (0.0025-0.04 mg/kg) or subchronically administered (0.01-0.06 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days) clonidine improved the performance of aged monkeys. These data are discussed in view of previously reported, conflicting data, as well as their implication regarding probable neurochemical factors involved in age-associated memory impairment and approaches to future palliative treatments. PMID- 3185861 TI - Differential effects of covalent compounds in aluminum toxicology. PMID- 3185862 TI - Reproductive refractoriness of the ewe to inhibitory photoperiod is not caused by alteration of the circadian secretion of melatonin. AB - The 24-hour pattern of melatonin secretion was determined in 5 Suffolk ewes during extended exposure to a long day length to assess whether the eventual loss of response (photorefractoriness) to inhibitory long days resulted from an alteration in the circadian secretion of melatonin. Determinations of the secretory profile of melatonin were made once in short days (8 h light/day) before the switch to long days, and 11 times throughout the 250-day period of exposure to long days (16 h light/day). Samples were obtained hourly for 24 or 48 h. Reproductive state was assessed by response to estradiol-negative feedback, monitored as serum LH in ovariectomized ewes bearing estradiol implants. The characteristic secretory pattern of melatonin (low during the day, high at night), the duration of the melatonin elevation, and its phase relative to the light/dark cycle did not change as ewes became refractory to the inhibitory effects of long days. These results are consonant with the hypothesis that refractoriness of the ewe to inhibitory day length does not result from an alteration of the circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion. PMID- 3185864 TI - Daily melatonin injections affect the expression of circadian rhythmicity in Djungarian hamsters kept under a long-day photoperiod. AB - Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) kept under a long-day photoperiod (16 h light:8 h dark) were injected with melatonin each day. Hamsters which responded physiologically to this treatment (gonadal regression, molt, body weight loss) phase-advanced onset and extended duration of activity. Hamsters which were physiologically insensitive to melatonin injections did not exhibit such changes in activity pattern and often failed to entrain to the light:dark cycle. Hamsters given saline injections did not alter activity or exhibit gonadal regression, weight loss and molt to the winter pelt. Melatonin-sensitive hamsters compressed duration of activity when they became physiologically refractory to the melatonin treatment (weeks 27-29). At the same time, melatonin-insensitive hamsters became entrained to the light:dark cycle. Thus, daily melatonin injections induce short day-like adjustments in activity under a long-day photoperiod. These changes in activity are correlated with melatonin-induced gonadal regression, weight loss and molt. PMID- 3185865 TI - Twenty-four-hour patterns of pineal melatonin and pituitary and plasma prolactin in male rats under 'natural' and artificial lighting conditions. AB - Natural lighting differs from usual artificial lighting mainly as follows: it has larger spectral composition, fluctuations of intensity during the day, higher intensity levels during the night (moonlight, starlight), and gradual changes of illuminance at dawn and dusk. The present experiment was performed in order to study whether these features of lighting affect the 24-hour patterns of melatonin and prolactin in male rats. The rats were kept 7 days in 'natural' lighting (sunlight through windows) or in artificial lighting (cool white fluorescent lamps) of similar periodicities (13/11 h light/dark). The samples were collected at 3-hour intervals during a 24-hour period. Pineal melatonin contents, pituitary prolactin contents, and plasma prolactin concentrations were measured radioimmunologically. The nocturnal pineal melatonin contents were higher and the daytime contents lower in natural than in artificial lighting conditions. A corresponding 'strengthening of rhythm' of prolactin was found in natural lighting. A reason for the higher amplitude variation of melatonin in the natural lighting conditions may be the gradual changes of illuminance at dawn and dusk. The different pituitary and plasma prolactin patterns of the rats kept in the two lighting conditions might partly be explained by a stimulatory effect of melatonin on the production and secretion of prolactin, but other regulatory factors had to be involved, too. PMID- 3185863 TI - Localization of cerebral protein synthesis alterations in response to water deprivation in rats. AB - The effects of 2 days of water deprivation on local rates of methionine incorporation into protein in 54 brain and 5 circumventricular structures of conscious freely moving rats have been examined by means of a recently developed quantitative autoradiographic method with L-[35S]-methionine. The results show that 2 days of water deprivation does not affect methionine metabolism in the majority of the brain areas analyzed, but reveals selective increases in the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system, in cerebral structures surrounding the third ventricle, in the locus ceruleus, raphe dorsalis, nucleus ambiguus and hippocampal CA3 layer. In contrast, decreases were observed in the central amygdala, lateral habenula and interpeduncular nucleus. Although the highest increases were located in brain areas involved in body fluid homeostasis, several aspecific responses, perhaps due to chronic stress, were also observed, notably in the locus ceruleus, raphe dorsalis and in a restricted number of limbic system structures. PMID- 3185866 TI - Can vasopressin alone act as an unconditioned stimulus to produce passive avoidance behaviour in rats in a typical memory experiment? AB - The claim that vasopressin improves memory has been largely based on results obtained from shock avoidance experiments. In the majority of these studies, "memory" was defined operationally as the hesitation of a rat to enter the darkened compartment of a box in which it had once received an electric foot shock. A single post-trial injection of arginine vasopressin (AVP) enhances such passive avoidance behaviour. In view of the recent demonstration that AVP has aversive effects, it was argued that vasopressin alone (without giving the rats foot-shock, prior to the peptide) might be a sufficient inhibitory stimulus to produce passive avoidance behaviour in a typical memory experiment. This hypothesis was tested in the present study. The results of these experiments indicate that a behaviourally active dose of AVP (10 micrograms/kg; s.c.) was a sufficient stimulus to produce passive avoidance behaviour in the rats. A small dose of AVP (1.25 micrograms/kg; s.c.) was without effect. However, AVP (10 microgram/kg) was only effective with repeated administration (Experiment 1). This result is in contrast with the post-trial effect of the peptide on inhibitory avoidance behaviour, which is obtained with just one injection in the normal single trial step-through experiment. However, it was found that if the rats were injected with AVP (10 micrograms/kg) and placed in the dark compartment of the apparatus for 20 min, thereby ensuring that the animals made the explicit connection between the aversive effects of the peptide and the dark environment, they displayed avoidance behaviour after a single trial (Experiment 2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185868 TI - Enhanced functional responsiveness of the dopaminergic system--the mechanism of anti-immobility effects of antidepressants in the behavioural despair test in the rat. AB - Imipramine, desipramine, maprotiline and atypical antidepressants such as mianserin, trimipramine and levoprotiline were tested in the behavioural despair test in rats. After chronic treatment (twice daily for 7 days), all the drugs, including trimipramine and levoprotiline, significantly reduced the immobility of rats subjected to forced swimming. Of particular interest are the findings with levoprotiline, which in contrast to other antidepressant drugs did not exert any direct or indirect influence on the metabolism of catecholamines and does not seem to interact with the known receptor systems, except the H1 receptors. However, antihistaminics, such as mepyramine and promethazine (5 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) reduced immobility after single doses but were, in contrast to levoprotiline, inactive after chronic treatment. The anti-immobility effect of levoprotiline, as reported for other antidepressants, appears to be related to enhanced dopaminergic function, since it was antagonised by haloperidol and sulpiride, but not by prazosin. The findings of this study therefore support the assumption that dopaminergic activation is critically involved in the anti immobility effects of antidepressants. Further, the findings support the predictive value of the test since antidepressant properties of levoprotiline have been observed clinically. PMID- 3185867 TI - Effects of intraperitoneal administration of apomorphine and the isomers of 3-(1 propyl-3-piperidinyl)phenol on the firing activity of substantia nigra dopamine neurons: comparison of agonist efficacies and development of acute tolerance. AB - The effects of intraperitoneal administration of apomorphine, (+)-3-PPP, and (-) 3-PPP on slow-(less than 4 spikes/sec) and fast-(greater than 4 spikes/sec) firing dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra zona compacta of rats anesthetized with chloral hydrate were assessed. All compounds completely inhibited slow-firing dopaminergic neurons. When a dose-response was determined by administering each dose in a single bolus injection, apomorphine and (+)-3-PPP produced dose-related inhibitions of fast-firing dopaminergic neurons, with the largest dose of each compound completely inhibiting nearly all cells tested. In contrast, (-)-3-PPP only partially inhibited (50%) fast-firing dopaminergic neurons. Thus, on fast-firing neurons, (-)-3-PPP had the profile of a partial agonist, while apomorphine and (+)-3-PPP demonstrated greater efficacy than (-)-3 PPP. Pretreatment while doses of apomorphine, (+)-3-PPP, or (-)-3-PPP that partially inhibited the activity of dopaminergic neurons antagonized the complete inhibitory effects of a dose of apomorphine that normally produced complete inhibition of neuronal firing. In addition, pretreatment with doses of (+)-3-PPP that partially inhibited the activity of cells antagonized the complete inhibitory effects of a dose of (+)-3-PPP that, normally produced complete inhibition of neuronal firing. From the antagonism studies alone, it was not clear if tachyphylaxis or partial agonist activity accounted for the observed antagonisms. However, since apomorphine and (+)-3-PPP completely inhibited the activity of fast-firing DA neurons, it is proposed that they antagonize by inducing a dose- and time-dependent tachyphylaxis. In contrast, (-)-3-PPP is proposed to antagonize by virtue of its partial agonist activity. PMID- 3185869 TI - Effects of glutaurine treatment on electroshock-induced amnesia. Antiamnesic action of glutaurine. AB - The effects of oral glutaurine (gamma-L-glutamyl-taurine, LitoralonR Chinoin, Budapest) treatment on electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia were studied. Oral treatment with glutaurine in a dose of 1-20 micrograms was ineffective on electroshock-induced amnesia if the treatment was applied before the electroconvulsive shock. Fifty micrograms given in the same experimental paradigm could attenuate the amnesia considerably. When the treatment with glutaurine was applied immediately after the electroconvulsive shock, even 1 and 10 micrograms doses were effective in attenuating the amnesia in both the 24h and 48h retestings. However when glutaurine was given one hour before the 24h and 48h retestings, it proved to be ineffective. The data indicate that glutaurine is able to prevent electroconvulsive shock-induced amnesia by counteracting the effect of the electroconvulsive shock on the memory consolidation phase, but it is less effective on learning or it is ineffective on retrieval processes. PMID- 3185870 TI - Isolation and characterization of human brain aminopeptidase which hydrolysis enkephalin-containing peptides. AB - A human brain aminopeptidase, which hydrolyses low molecular weight enkephalin containing peptides (ECPs), was purified to apparent homogeneity from the homogenate of human brain. The enzyme purification involved DEAE-cellulose chromatography and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified aminopeptidase hydrolyses only the Tyr1-Gly2 bond of enkephalines and of ECPs. The rate of hydrolysis of Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin was higher than the rate of hydrolysis of ECPs containing 7 to 13 aminoacid residues. Large ECPs such as peptide E and beta-endorphin were not hydrolysed. The molecular weight of this enzyme is about 100,000 daltons, as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme has an isoelectric point of pH 4.9, is activated by dithiothreitol (DTT) and inhibited by puromycin, bacitracin, p-mercuryacetate, Zn++, Cu++ and Ni++. The optimum pH for enzyme activity is 7.5. PMID- 3185871 TI - Cyclo(His-Pro) and the development of tolerance to the hypothermic effect of ethanol. AB - Acute intraperitoneal administration of ethanol to rats causes a dose-dependent transient hypothermia. On repeated exposure, however, rats develop tolerance to hypothermic effects of ethanol. Cyclo(His-Pro), an endogenous brain peptide, modifies both acute and chronic themomodulatory effects of alcohol. For example, a) acute pretreatment of rats with increasing amounts of cyclo(His-Pro) produces a progressive decrease in ethanol hypothermia, and b) chronic cyclo(His-Pro) administration augments the development of tolerance to hypothermic effects of alcohol. While the mechanism of cyclo(His-Pro) action is not clear, these data are interpreted to suggest that this peptide may play important roles in ethanol intoxication, preference, tolerance, and/or addiction. PMID- 3185872 TI - Functional recovery after decompressive craniectomy for cerebral infarction. AB - There is continuing controversy about the benefits of decompressive craniectomy in the treatment of lesions causing increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain edema. Laboratory work has shown a decrease in ICP after craniectomy, but also a paradoxical enhancement in the formation of underlying cerebral edema, which may act to the detriment of the patient. Since Rengachary et al. advocated craniectomy for massive cerebral infarction and reported their group of three patients, we have managed five patients with acute supratentorial cerebral infarction who progressed to uncal herniation and impending death from raised ICP and brain stem compression. All were treated with frontotemporal craniectomy after conventional medical therapy failed to achieve a response. All patients survived and are walking, despite a paresis appropriate to their original stroke. Two have returned to work. Good results with supratentorial craniectomy after infarction show that this procedure is life-saving and can also give acceptable functional recovery. PMID- 3185873 TI - Clinical, hemodynamic, and hemorheological effects of isovolemic hemodilution in acute cerebral infarction. AB - The effect of isovolemic hemodilution on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and neurological symptoms in 35 patients with acute ischemic stroke was evaluated. Twenty-one patients had internal carotid artery occlusion, and 14 had middle cerebral artery occlusion. Isovolemic hemodilution combined with venesection and the administration of fresh plasma to reduce the hematocrit (Hct) to 33% was performed within 72 hours of the onset of symptoms. The Hct decreased by 27% and was correlated directly with whole blood viscosity (WBV) at a shear rate of 10 sec-1 after the hemodilution. The cardiac output increased by 29% after hemodilution without significant alterations in cerebral perfusion pressure and showed a good inverse correlation with the Hct and the WBV. The rCBF of the area supplied by the ischemic middle cerebral artery (MCA) increased by 30% and was related inversely to the Hct and the WBV. The cerebrospinal fluid pressure increased by 16%, but no symptoms of raised intracranial pressure were observed. The N20 peak latency of the sensory evoked potential decreased by 5%, and the neurological score was improved by 12%. Isovolemic hemodilution thus resulted in an increase of the rCBF in the area supplied by the affected MCA, leading to significant neurological improvement. PMID- 3185874 TI - Relationship between extraluminal oxyhemoglobin and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in isolated perfused canine internal carotid arteries. AB - The stainless steel cannula insertion method was applied to investigate the endothelium-dependent relaxation of canine intracranial internal carotid arteries. The arteries were precontracted by extraluminally administrated 0.67 X 10(-4) M 5-hydroxytryptamine or 10(-5) M oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb). There was no significant difference between these groups in the dose-response curves of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation. The concentration of oxyHb used was enough to abolish the endothelium-dependent relaxation by ACh when administered intraluminally in this preparation. The blocking effect of oxyHb to endothelium derived relaxing factor (EDRF) did not appear for at least 3 hours after the extraluminal application of 10(-5) M oxyHb. These results suggest that the inactivation of EDRF by oxyHb may not play an important role in producing cerebral vasospasm in the initial stage after subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 3185876 TI - Peritumoral brain edema associated with meningiomas. AB - Although generally benign, meningiomas may be associated with extensive peritumoral brain edema, as visualized on computed tomographic (CT) scans. An analysis of 38 meningiomas indicated that severity of edema on CT scans positively correlated with tumor size and also with evidence of disruption of the cortical layer, which initially separates the tumor from the white matter, in which edema tends to accumulate. The various histological subtypes also seemed to be distinct in their tendency to induce edema, with the transitional and meningotheliomatous subtypes associated with the more severe grades of edema. There was no correlation between grade of edema and location of the tumor. Contact of the edematous area or the tumor itself with the ventricle, which is relevant to the possibility of drainage of edema fluid into the ventricle, seemed to occur in cases of the more severe grades of edema rather than in cases showing slight or no edema. PMID- 3185875 TI - Correlation between sex hormone binding and peritumoral edema in intracranial meningiomas. AB - Estrogen and progesterone receptor binding activity was measured in 22 intracranial meningioma surgical specimens. None of the tumors was estrogen receptor-positive, whereas 19 were progesterone receptor-positive. Of these 19 patients, all demonstrated significant computed tomographic (CT) evidence of peritumoral edema. None of the 3 patients who lacked progesterone receptor binding had CT evidence of peritumoral edema (P less than 0.005). Peritumoral edema associated with intracranial meningiomas seems to be related, at least in part, to progesterone binding activity. This implicates the potential use of progesterone antagonists for the treatment of incompletely resected or recurrent meningiomas. PMID- 3185877 TI - Steroid receptors in human brain and spinal cord tumors. AB - Previous investigators have shown evidence of hormonal receptor protein in human brain tumors. In spite of conflicting results, antiestrogen agents (e.g., tamoxifen) have been used in clinical trials of recurrent unresectable meningiomas. In an effort to accrue further comprehensive in vitro data on this subject, we have evaluated 50 human brain and spinal tumors for estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptor markers. Twenty-nine of the 50 tumors were meningiomas. The other 21 included 11 gliomas of various grades, 5 schwannomas, 3 metastatic carcinomas, 1 angiofibroma, and 1 craniopharyngioma. Only 8 tumors, all meningiomas, were positive for both progesterone and androgen receptors. The 8th tumor was positive for all three receptor proteins. Our study did not find a significant relationship between meningiomas and the presence of steroid receptor protein. We conclude that the use of antiestrogen agents is not indicated in the treatment of meningioma. No significant relationship to sex, menopausal status, tumor type, or tumor location was observed. PMID- 3185878 TI - Hyperthermia for brain tumors: improved delivery with a new cooling system. AB - Hyperthermia has emerged as an adjunct to other forms of brain tumor therapy. Interstitial microwave irradiation is an effective method of inducing localized brain hyperthermia. One of the problems with this technique, however, is the overheating of tissue adjacent to the antenna. In this study, a cooling system for the interstitial microwave antenna was developed for the purpose of providing uniform and accurate heating by the elimination of overheating. The ability to generate more uniform hyperthermic fields was evaluated in normal monkey brains. Six monkeys under general anesthesia and controlled respiration underwent parietooccipital craniectomies 4 x 4 cm in size. The antenna cooling system was constructed of a silicone tube 5.0 mm in outer diameter. Silicone-coated interstitial microwave antennae 1.5 mm in diameter were used. A single antenna or a square array (1.6 cm on a side) of 4 antennae was inserted into the brain with the coupled system to a depth of 2 cm. The brain tissue was heated by 2450-MHz microwave irradiation. Temperature distributions were mapped using nonperturbing thermocouples. These thermal profiles were compared with those generated without the cooling system. In the experiments with the single antenna, the antenna cooling system eliminated the overheating and rapid radial falloff in temperature, without a reduction of the hyperthermic field. In the four-antennae experiments using the cooling system, the thermal field was dramatically flattened with minimal reduction in size; however, the area maintained at a therapeutic temperature range (42-45 degrees C) was significantly enlarged by the cooling system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3185879 TI - Treatment of scaphocephaly with sagittal craniectomy and biparietal morcellation. AB - A series of 50 consecutive patients with scaphocephaly treated by a new operation are reported, and the results are reviewed in detail. The treatment consists of a broad sagittal craniectomy plus extensive morcellation of both parietal bones and, occasionally, the squamous portion of the occipital bone, without dislodging the bony fragments from their dural attachments. The procedure can be done relatively rapidly (median operative time = 55 min) and with minimal loss of blood (median transfusion = 85 ml). The results are analyzed by several criteria and are considered to be excellent. PMID- 3185880 TI - Surgical approaches to aneurysms of the vertebral and basilar arteries. AB - This report details the surgical treatment of 44 patients with aneurysms of the vertebral and basilar arteries. Three different surgical approaches were utilized depending on the location of the aneurysm. These were an anterior supratentorial approach, a lateral suboccipital approach, and a combined supratentorial and infratentorial approach along the petrous apex, with section of the lateral sinus and the tentorium. Using these operative exposures, aneurysms located anywhere on the vertebral-basilar arteries may be safely visualized and clipped. In this series, 1 patient died, 4 other patients had significant, long-lasting morbidity as a result of operation, and 32 patients returned to work and a normal life style. These data support operative intervention under proper conditions and with selection of the correct exposures for the treatment of vertebral-basilar aneurysms. PMID- 3185881 TI - Microsurgical removal of arteriovenous malformations of the basal ganglia. AB - Arteriovenous malformations in the basal ganglia region have been a problem in neurosurgical practice. We report six cases of deep-seated malformations fed mainly by the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery. There were no deaths in the series. Four patients returned to their previous activities, and the other two patients had persistent hemiparesis and dysphasia, present preoperatively, with worsening in one case. Both of these patients improved and are independent. We show the feasibility of satisfactory microsurgical treatment of these lesions based on the knowledge of microanatomical studies. PMID- 3185882 TI - Ruptured dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery revealed by repeat angiography. AB - A case of subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by the rupture of a dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery is reported. The initial angiogram was normal, and repeat angiography carried out 12 days later revealed a dissecting aneurysm of the right vertebral artery. This angiographic change seems to be due to the progression of minimal dissection that was not found at the time of first angiogram. PMID- 3185883 TI - Angiographic examination and surgical treatment of bow hunter's stroke. AB - Anatomically, the vertebral artery courses through six foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae, passing through the groove on the surface of the arch of the atlas and then penetrating the dura mater. Because of this anatomical course, the vertebral arteries are often affected by head motion. Stenotic change of the vertebral artery can occur at the atlantoaxial level in head rotation. Such a special type of stroke was named "bow hunter's stroke" by Sorensen. We report three cases of bow hunter's stroke and discuss the angiographic examinations. As surgical treatment, we performed partial transversectomy of the atlas vertebra, with favorable results. The usefulness of this surgical procedure is discussed. PMID- 3185884 TI - Unusual clinical presentation of a presumed pineal germinoma with two disseminated lesions. AB - We report a case of a presumed pineal germinoma in a 28-year-old man. Although the pineal body, the presumed primary lesion, was small, there were two disseminated tumors, one in the posterior fossa and the other in the left parietal region. The initial symptom was cerebellar ataxia. These two disseminated tumors had attachments to the inferior surface of the cerebellar tentorium and the dura mater of the parietal convexity, respectively, and they were fed by external carotid artery branches, like meningiomas. Neither angiography nor magnetic resonance imaging could provide the differential diagnosis between germinoma and meningioma. Computed tomographic scanning revealed slight enlargement of the pineal body suggestive of a germinoma. PMID- 3185885 TI - Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy due to metastatic germinoma in the neck: a ventriculoatrial shunt-related complication. AB - A 12-year-old boy with suprasellar germinoma was treated with a right-sided ventriculoatrial shunt at diagnosis. He subsequently developed a metastatic neck mass that presented with an isolated right hypoglossal nerve palsy. Radiological investigations showed a vascular tumor and thrombosis of the right internal jugular vein. It is hypothesized that thrombosis at the venous inflow channel allowed local proliferation of the tumor cells that exited from the intracranial cavity via the shunt. PMID- 3185886 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of Lhermitte-Duclos disease (dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum). AB - Lhermitte-Duclos disease is a rare disorder characterized by a slowly enlarging mass lesion in the cerebellum. The pathophysiology of the disease is poorly understood, but recent reports have suggested that a clinically significant mass may recur many years after total gross removal of the tumor. Computed tomography and angiography have been relatively insensitive in imaging the tumor either at presentation or during the postoperative period. The authors present three patients with histologically proven Lhermitte-Duclos disease who have undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the first case, preoperative T1- and T2 weighted images clearly demonstrated the location and extent of the lesion, which was verified at operation. In the other two cases, only postoperative images were obtained. These demonstrated the extent of residual tumor and indicate a high probability of lesion expansion during periods of 4 and 10 years, respectively. We conclude that MRI is an important tool in both the diagnosis and the treatment of patients with Lhermitte-Duclos disease. PMID- 3185888 TI - Transoral removal of missile fragments from the C1-C2 area: report of four cases. AB - Low velocity firearm damage to the upper cervical spine without neurological deficit occurs infrequently. Four cases of gunshot fragments involving the anterior elements of C1 and C2 are presented. In all four cases, the fragments were removed via a transoral approach without neurological complications or mechanical instability. PMID- 3185887 TI - Facial nerve palsy secondary to a dural cavernous angioma of the middle cranial fossa eroding the tegmen tympani. AB - A patient with a dural cavernous angioma of the middle cranial fossa eroding the tegmen tympani and causing an isolated palsy of the facial nerve is presented. The rarity of this lesion is stressed, as are the peculiar clinical findings and the magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3185889 TI - Intrathecal administration of hypertonic saline. PMID- 3185890 TI - Microsurgical vs. standard lumbar discectomy. PMID- 3185891 TI - Thoracic outlet syndrome. PMID- 3185892 TI - Comparison between clinician-rated and self-reported depressive symptoms in Italian psychiatric patients. AB - The Inventory for Depressive Symptomatology is a new scale for measuring depressive symptoms. The reliability, validity and correlations between self report and clinician-rated versions of the scale were examined in 86 Italian psychiatric patients. Results confirmed the validity and internal consistency of the scales. Self-ratings and clinician ratings were highly correlated. Total score on the self-rating scale was generally higher than the corresponding clinician scale score. Item analysis revealed that most items were rated slightly higher by self-report, with the items contributing most to this discrepancy being psychomotor agitation and retardation, self-outlook, and irritable mood. Both quality of mood and psychomotor agitation were more frequently endorsed by self report than by clinician rating. PMID- 3185893 TI - Individuality and stability in the transport of precursors of monoamines across the erythrocyte membrane of mentally normal subjects. AB - We evaluated to what extent the tyrosine (TYR) and tryptophan (TRP) transport by the red cells was stable in normal subjects during divers clinical conditions. Twenty-two normal subjects were studied. The values of TYR and TRP transport were found to be individually determined, showed no circadian oscillations and no changes during the menstrual cycle, but varied somewhat more during the postpartum period. A few normal subjects had low TYR and TRP transport values, as observed in patients with affective disorders. PMID- 3185894 TI - Alternate-day corticosteroid treatment, mood and plasma HVA in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - Corticosteroid therapy may produce alterations in mood. Furthermore, several monoamines, including dopamine, have been implicated in the regulation of mood. We, therefore, examined the relationship between alterations in mood and plasma homovanillic acid (HVA) levels in patients on alternate-day corticosteroid treatment. Although several patients had substantial alterations in mood, there was no significant difference in plasma HVA levels between the on- and off medication day. Furthermore alterations in depression and anxiety levels were not related to plasma HVA levels. The implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3185895 TI - Cognitive training adjunctive to pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia and depression: a pilot study on the lateralization hypothesis of schizophrenia and depression and on cognitive therapy as adjunctive to pharmacotherapy. AB - Although controversial, evidence from various experimental sources suggests a dysfunction/overactivity of the hemisphere dominant for speech - usually the left - in schizophrenia and of the other one in depression. Based on these lateralization hypotheses and on the dependency of regional cerebral blood flow on regional neuronal activity, the concept of pharmacopsychotherapy was proposed. The present double-blind pilot study tried to test this concept by cognitive training procedures tentatively relevant to the mechanisms of information processing of the left (analytical) and right (holistic) hemisphere, respectively. It was hypothesized that the outcome of patients putatively trained in mechanisms of the right hemisphere might be superior to that of those trained left in depression and the converse in schizophrenia. This hypothesis could not be verified. Apparent differences in the outcome of depressives were attributable to differences of independent variables (age, seriousness of illness). PMID- 3185896 TI - Allopurinol in severe epilepsy. A preliminary report. AB - We have studied 64 epileptic subjects aged 2-54 years. The subjects were not hyperuricemic and presented daily or weekly severe seizures not controlled by optimal therapy with antiepileptic drugs maintained at 'therapeutic' plasma concentrations. Allopurinol at doses ranging from 150 to 300 mg daily was added to a preexisting antiepileptic drug treatment which was never modified throughout a study period of 1 year. After about 1 month of therapy, a progressive decrease of the seizure frequency was observed in two thirds of the patients. At the end of follow-up, seizures; were completely controlled in 18.75% of the patients; in 34.37% seizure frequency was reduced by more than 75%; in 15.62% of the subjects, a reduction of the seizure frequency superior to 50% was observed, while 25% of the population studied was unaffected by the treatment and 7.81% worsened. PMID- 3185897 TI - Dynamic EEG changes during cigarette smoking. AB - Electroencephalograms were monitored before, during and after smoking a single cigarette. Quantitative analysis indicated that smoking produced a characteristic psychostimulant profile involving power reductions in delta and theta and increases in both alpha power and peak alpha frequency. Puff-by-puff analysis yielded similar patterns with the effects emerging by the fourth puff. Delta reductions were evident during the act of puffing and following inhalation. The results are discussed in relation to motivational theories of smoking. PMID- 3185898 TI - Sydenham's chorea and psychopathology. AB - Sydenham's chorea is a movement disorder seen in rheumatic fever with basal ganglia pathology. This disorder has been associated with an increased frequency of psychopathology in both the acute choreiform stage and later in life. We conducted a prospective study of 29 subjects with Sydenham's chorea and 29 age- and sex-matched controls. The total number of psychiatric symptoms 10 years after the initial contact was much greater in the study group than in controls (p less than 0.001). Similarly, schizophrenia was more common in the study group compared to controls (p less than 0.01). Possible neuropathological associations and treatment are discussed. PMID- 3185899 TI - (S)-emopamil, a novel calcium channel blocker and serotonin S2 antagonist, markedly reduces infarct size following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. AB - (S)-Emopamil is a novel calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, with superior blood-brain permeability and potent serotonin S2 antagonist activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of (S)-emopamil on the histopathologic consequences of permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. In three treatment protocols, intraperitoneal (S)-emopamil therapy was begun either 30 minutes prior to, immediately after, or 1 hour after MCA occlusion. Nontreated and saline-treated control groups were also studied. Cortical infarct volumes in nontreated and saline-treated control rats were 85 +/- 22 and 66 +/- 19 mm3 (mean +/- SD), respectively, and did not differ statistically from one another. Corresponding cortical infarct volume values in (S)-emopamil-pretreated rats, and in rats with post-treatment at 0 hours and 1 hour, were 33 +/- 23, 29 +/- 14, and 27 +/- 16 mm3, respectively; each of these was significantly smaller than control values. In contrast to the neocortex, striatal infarct volume was not altered by (S) emopamil treatment. The results of this study demonstrate the marked therapeutic efficacy of (S)-emopamil in focal cortical infarction, even when treatment is delayed for 1 hour following MCA occlusion. PMID- 3185900 TI - Silent stroke in the NINCDS Stroke Data Bank. AB - Previous brain infarctions seen on CT are common in the absence of history of stroke. Eleven percent of patients (135/1,203) without stroke history had ischemic lesions on their first CT, unrelated to the presenting stroke. Stroke Data Bank files were reviewed to determine whether the occurrence, location, and CT characteristics of those lesions are associated with their undetected status. Two distinct patterns were seen: (1) Small lesions of 1 cm or less were left hemisphere predominant and involved the deep structures of the brain; the majority of these were clinically silent. (2) Lesions greater than 1 cm occurred more frequently in the right hemisphere and were mostly superficial; these infarcts produced signs unrecognized by the patient or family. Risk factors for silent stroke were similar to those for stroke in general. Frequencies of in hospital complications and 30-day fatality rates from the presenting stroke were not influenced by the existence of a prior silent stroke. PMID- 3185901 TI - Unilateral hyperhidrosis after cerebral infarction. AB - Unilateral hyperhidrosis occurred contralateral to acute cerebral infarctions in six patients. Two patients had localized infarctions of opercular cortex, while the other four had large strokes involving both superficial cortical and deep subcortical structures. The unilateral hyperhidrosis typically involved the face and arm and was transient, lasting 1 to 3 days. No other autonomic dysfunction occurred. One patient died, and the others had significant residual neurologic disability, thus indicating poor prognosis when this sign is present. Disruption of a pathway of cortical origin, inhibitory to contralateral sweating, is a proposed mechanism for the hyperhidrosis seen contralateral to acute cerebral infarction in these patients. PMID- 3185902 TI - Clinico-pathologic studies in dementia: nondemented subjects with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. AB - We compared neuropsychological findings in 28 longitudinally evaluated elderly subjects with their postmortem neuropathology, including senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle counts from standardized sections. Nine of the subjects were not demented when evaluated just prior to their death. Numerous cortical senile plaques and other changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurred in six of nine nondemented old-old subjects. Five of these six subjects had shown decline on yearly neuropsychological tests but their cognitive impairment was too mild to meet clinical criteria for dementia. Whereas cortical senile plaque count did not distinguish well between demented and nondemented subjects, every subject with numerous cortical neurofibrillary tangles was demented. The nondemented subjects with Alzheimer pathology may have had "preclinical" AD, or numerous cortical plaques may occur in some elderly subjects who would never develop clinical dementia. PMID- 3185903 TI - The distribution of neuritic plaques and acetylcholinesterase staining in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease. AB - The relationship between neuritic plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease and cholinergic innervation of brain regions is unclear. Many neuritic plaques are found in the amygdala, which also receives dense cholinergic innervation from the ventral forebrain, predominantly to the basolateral complex. To determine whether the regional distribution of neuritic plaques is related to the pattern of cholinergic innervation, we studied serial sections through the amygdala of four patients with Alzheimer's disease and four neurologically normal patients. We compared acetylcholinesterase reactivity, neuritic plaques stained with thioflavine S, and cytoarchitectural features in adjacent sections. Neuritic plaque counts were high in most amygdaloid nuclei but were significantly lower in the most acetylcholinesterase-positive region, the lateral portion of the basal nucleus of the amygdala. Acetylcholinesterase reactivity was reduced in the Alzheimer's cases, but the basal nucleus was easily recognized by the characteristic large neurons. The morphology of neuritic plaques also differed in the various regions. These results show that neuritic plaques occur to varying degrees in all nuclei of the amygdala, but are significantly less frequent in the region that receives the most prominent innervation from the cholinergic ventral forebrain. PMID- 3185904 TI - Intracerebral cavernous angiomas. AB - We studied 31 patients with histologically verified intracerebral cavernous angiomas. Twenty-two patients were symptomatic; nine were asymptomatic. All 22 symptomatic patients had seizures, three had intracranial hemorrhage, and one had signs of a space-occupying lesion. Twenty-seven lesions were located in the neocortex, three in the brainstem, and one in the cerebellum; all exhibited characteristic gross and microscopic features of cavernous angiomas. CT identified the location and extent of the lesion in 16 of 27 cases. Six of seven lesions demonstrated contrast enhancement, and ten of 27 scans harbored densities consistent with intracerebral calcium. Angiography was performed in 17 cases and was completely normal in eight. MRI revealed mixed signal intensity centrally with a ring of decreased signal intensity peripherally on T2-weighted images and was diagnostic in five cases. Surgical treatment offers an excellent prognosis for seizure control in patients with such lesions. PMID- 3185905 TI - The magnetic and electric fields agree with intracranial localizations of somatosensory cortex. AB - We measured the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and electrocorticogram (ECoG) after stimulation of contralateral median nerve in four patients with partial epilepsy evaluated for surgery. Quantitative localization estimates from equivalent source modeling were compared with locations of central fissure in hand sensorimotor area determined by cortical stimulations, intraoperative photographs, and examination after excision in frontal lobe. We also measured MEG and EEG in nine control subjects. MEG and EEG localizations were within 2.5 cm of the estimated location of central fissure in all 13 subjects. In the three patients who had complete mapping of all three fields, the average distance of localizations from central fissure was approximately 4 mm in both MEG and EEG, 3 mm in ECoG, and 3 mm in combined MEG and EEG. MEG was simpler than EEG, which was simpler than ECoG. MEG resolved ambiguities in both EEG and ECoG. The combination of the three fields added information about the spatiotemporal activity of somatosensory cortex. Localization of central fissure was essential to surgical treatment. PMID- 3185907 TI - Sensory form of acute polyneuritis. AB - A patient presented with severe sensory loss and ataxia with total arreflexia, and elevation of CSF protein with pleocytosis. At autopsy there was extensive lymphocytic infiltration of nerves and posterior roots, sparing the anterior roots. Teased fiber preparation of nerve showed a demyelinating lesion. There were no abnormalities in the CNS. The condition appears to be an acute sensory polyneuritis bearing a close relationship to acute Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 3185906 TI - Neuro-Behcet's disease: CT and clinical correlates. AB - We examined the serial CTs and clinical courses of five patients with neuro Behcet's disease and reviewed ten previously reported cases, all with focal CT abnormalities. The CT lesions were in the brainstem (8 patients), basal ganglia (7), thalamus (4), or hemispheric white matter (7). Of the 13 patients who received contrast, nine had lesions that showed enhancement. In five, lesions were visualized with contrast that were not apparent without it. The CT lesions were usually accompanied by corresponding clinical deficits, although in some patients deficits were more extensive than the CT predicted. In nine patients, contrast enhancement decreased or disappeared over days to weeks, often with associated clinical improvement. In eight patients followed serially, CT abnormalities resolved completely or substantially. Based on these cases, we conclude that (1) CT abnormalities of gray and white matter occur commonly in neuro-Behcet's disease with focal deficits, and help support the diagnosis; (2) CT abnormalities, particularly contrast enhancement, correlate well with the activity of parenchymal disease; and (3) the concomitant improvement of clinical and CT abnormalities with resolution of contrast enhancement suggests that partially reversible inflammatory changes associated with breakdown of the blood brain barrier may produce some of the neurologic and radiographic deficits in this illness. PMID- 3185908 TI - Multiple sclerosis: in relapsing patients, immune functions vary with disease activity as assessed by MRI. AB - We have serially studied immunoglobulin G secretion in vitro, natural killer cell function, and concanavalin A-induced suppression in a group of seven patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. In two patients, the development of a large clinically asymptomatic MRI lesion was accompanied by reductions in natural killer cell function, immunoglobulin G secretion in vitro (after pokeweed mitogen stimulation), and concanavalin A-induced suppression without parallel change in lymphocyte markers. We did not see this type of change in matched controls nor in stable multiple sclerosis studied serially. When clinical attacks appeared, there was no significant change in immune function. We conclude that changes in immune function correlate well with the activity of the disease as recognized by MRI. We suspect that decreased natural killer cell function, immunoglobulin G secretion in vitro, and concanavalin A-induced suppression are secondary to the large lesions recognized by MRI. PMID- 3185909 TI - Facial affect recognition in children: a comparison of the performance of children with right and left hemisphere lesions. AB - This study tests the hypothesis that the right hemisphere is specialized for the processing of emotional information in children, as it is in adults. We compared the performance of eight children with right-hemisphere lesions and eight with left-hemisphere lesions on a test of facial affect recognition. The mean score of the right-hemisphere group fell significantly below that of the left-hemisphere group and normal controls, suggesting that the specialization of the right hemisphere occurs early in development. This finding is consistent with clinical observations that children with right-hemisphere dysfunction manifest a high incidence of difficulty in social interactions. PMID- 3185910 TI - Visuoperceptual function in visual agnosia. AB - Two patients with visual agnosia underwent visual recognition and neuropsychological tests to characterize their perceptual functioning. Both had an initial "apperceptive profile" and evolved from cortical blindness. One had carbon monoxide intoxication and incidental agenesis of the splenium of the corpus callosum; the other had the clinical features of MELAS (mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like syndrome). The agnosia profile showed impaired object recognition but adequate visual matching and copying of unrecognized items. The patients were successful on form discrimination, mental rotation, and visuospatial skills, but did poorly on figure-ground discrimination, visual integration, facial discrimination, and constructional tasks. Their performances were characterized by slow, serial analysis of visual features and a decreased useful field of view. The pattern of results suggests a form of visual agnosia caused by disturbances of parallel distributed processing. PMID- 3185911 TI - Acute thalamic esotropia. AB - Three men developed acute esotropia, stupor, and impaired upward gaze. Vestibulo ocular stimulation showed that the adducted eye remained immobile while the fellow eye responded normally. The alteration of consciousness, the long-tract neurologic signs, and the esotropia quickly resolved. Upgaze paresis and brief bursts of convergence-retraction nystagmus were the major residual signs. Imaging techniques demonstrated lesions of the contralateral posterior thalamus in each patient. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain the acute esotropia. Impairment of monocular projections in the contralateral posterior thalamus could disinhibit neurons in the oculomotor complex, or ischemia of inputs to neurons involved with vergence control in the midbrain could result in tonic activation of the medial rectus. The clinical and radiographic findings are consistent with infarction in the territory of penetrating branches of the basilar-communicating (mesencephalic) artery. Embolism to the top of the basilar artery is presumed to be the precipitating event. PMID- 3185912 TI - Right cerebral specialization for tactile attention as evidenced by intracarotid sodium amytal. AB - Although several components of neglect syndrome have been reported to occur more frequently following right cerebral lesions, a right cerebral predominance for directed tactile attention has not been demonstrated. The intracarotid sodium amytal procedure (ISA, or Wada test) offers the opportunity to investigate differential effects for symmetric acute dysfunction of each cerebral hemisphere in each subject. In the present study, 18 patients undergoing preoperative evaluation for epilepsy surgery were trained in a nonverbal task of tactile attention. Left/right mean ISA dosages and left/right tactile test times postinjection were matched. Results revealed more correct responses following left ISA, and greater tactile inattention with more extinction-type responses following right ISA. No effect of seizure focus, sex, order of injection, or dosage was present. The finding that tactile inattention occurs more frequently with right cerebral dysfunction is consistent with right cerebral dominance for scanning attentional mechanisms directed at the external milieu. PMID- 3185913 TI - The pattern electroretinogram: a long-term study in acute optic neuropathy. AB - We report a 2-year prospective study of the electroretinographic response to reversal of checkerboard patterns (P-ERG) obtained in 63 eyes with acute optic nerve lesions. The aim of the study was to document the value of P-ERG regarding diagnosis and prognosis of four types of optic neuropathy: optic neuritis, compressive or hereditary optic atrophy, and traumatic optic neuropathy. We documented visual loss by neuro-ophthalmologic examination and recorded pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (P-VEP). The initial P-ERG was normal to large- and medium-sized checks in 89% and the P-VEP abnormal in 94% of eyes with acute optic nerve lesions. Forty-six eyes were followed for up to 2 years. Two groups emerged. Group A (n = 17) gradually and permanently had significant reduction of the P-ERG to three separate check sizes. All 17 had no improvement in acuity better than 20/100, retained centrocecal scotomas, and developed optic atrophy. In group B (n = 29) the P-ERG remained within normal limits to one or more check sizes. Twenty-two of these eyes recovered acuity to 20/25 or better and had resolution of the field defect. The data showed that P-VEP was superior to P-ERG in diagnosis of acute and chronic optic nerve lesions. However, significant reduction of the b-wave of the P-ERG to three separate check sizes correlated closely with failure of visual recovery and the eventual development of severe optic atrophy, suggesting a prognostic value for P-ERG in optic neuropathy. PMID- 3185914 TI - Uptake of plasma IgG by CNS motoneurons: comparison of antineuronal and normal IgG. AB - We studied the uptake of antisynaptosomal and nonspecific IgG by ventral horn motoneurons in rats, using immunohistochemical and radionuclide techniques. Plasma antisynaptosomal IgG is taken up to a much greater extent than nonspecific IgG by motoneurons that project outside the blood-brain barrier, as is radiolabeled antisynaptosomal IgG injected intramuscularly. Competition with unlabeled antisynaptosomal IgG inhibits the uptake of radiolabeled antisynaptosomal IgG. By contrast, competition with unlabeled nonspecific IgG does not inhibit the uptake of radiolabeled nonspecific IgG. These results support the hypothesis that certain neurons in the CNS take up IgG from the systemic circulation, and that IgG which binds to elements of the synaptic plasma membrane is taken up in greater amounts than nonspecific IgG through a process of adsorptive endocytosis at the nerve terminus. An increase in intraneuronal IgG may serve as an index of the action of antineuronal IgG at the presynaptic membrane. PMID- 3185915 TI - Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody specificities in serum and in thymic cell culture supernatants from myasthenia gravis patients. AB - We investigated the role of the thymus in myasthenia gravis by comparing the antigenic specificities of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies (anti-AChR), defined by competition with mouse monoclonal antibodies that bind to five different regions on human muscle AChR, in thymic culture supernatants and in serum pre- and post-thymectomy. Anti-AChR specificities present in the serum were broadly unchanged in 16 non-thymoma and six thymoma patients 7-30 months after thymectomy compared with an initial sample, although total anti-AChR frequently fell. The fine specificities of the anti-AChR synthesized in vitro by cultured lymphocytes from the thymus of ten patients (without thymoma) correlated significantly with that of the anti-AChR in the serum at the same time. We conclude that AChR-specific B cells in the thymus are representative of the total AChR-specific repertoire, and that thymectomy does not selectively deplete particular B cell clones. PMID- 3185916 TI - Electrophysiology versus psychophysics in the detection of visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri. AB - This study compared visual evoked potentials (VEP) and contrast sensitivity (CS) as methods of detecting visual loss in 15 women with acute onset of pseudotumor cerebri (PTC). A total of 24 out of 30 eyes (14 of 15 patients) had a visual disturbance. Neuro-ophthalmologic examination demonstrated abnormal Goldmann visual fields in 13 of 30 eyes. CS was abnormal in 18 eyes; VEP was abnormal in five eyes. Nine eyes had visual loss detected by CS only, five by perimetry only, and one had the VEP as the sole abnormality. CS was a valuable adjunct to perimetry in PTC whereas VEP was rarely helpful. PMID- 3185918 TI - Clinical neuromythology III. Ataxic hemiparesis: special deluxe stroke or standard brand? PMID- 3185917 TI - Scales for rating impairment in multiple sclerosis: a critique. AB - We reviewed scales proposed over the past 35 years for the rating of neurologic impairment in MS. We focused on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) which has been recommended as the most useful scale for rating impairment by the International Federation of Multiple Sclerosis Societies in its Minimal Record of Disability for Multiple Sclerosis. We consider that the EDSS has important flaws that seriously limit its usefulness. In light of the widely accepted three-tier classification of dysfunction developed by the World Health Organization, the title is inappropriate. More substantial problems include inadequate precision in defining the degree of impairment in some functional categories of the scale, and the use of a mixture of neurologic signs elicited on examination and subjective information obtained from the patient in defining the overall scale. We suggest guidelines for developing a "Neurologic Impairment Scale" to rate impairment in MS. PMID- 3185920 TI - Identification of a negative bitemporal component (N300) of the event-related potentials demonstrated by noncephalic recordings. AB - We studied the scalp distribution of auditory event-related potentials (P300), using simultaneously a cephalic (linked ears) and a noncephalic (balanced sternovertebra) reference. The recordings with noncephalic reference showed that infrequent, attended auditory stimuli evoke a negative bitemporal component (N300) as well as a positive vertex component (P300). PMID- 3185919 TI - Spatial disorientation in Parkinson's disease: no effect of levodopa substitution therapy. AB - In 22 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, we tested spatial orientation with the rod orientation test, before and after levodopa substitution therapy was started. In both situations an impairment of spatial orientation could be demonstrated: levodopa did not improve this impairment. PMID- 3185921 TI - Physician prescribing patterns following hospital admission for ischemic cerebrovascular disease. AB - Functional recovery after brain injury in laboratory animals is influenced by a variety of drugs. Yet, the impact of currently prescribed drugs on recovery after human stroke remains largely unexplored. From the Duke-VA Stroke Registry, we found 77% of patients admitted to either the university hospital or the Veterans Administration hospital with cerebral infarction were taking medications at the time of their stroke. Ninety-five percent of these patients were receiving medication at the time of discharge. Antihypertensives were the most commonly prescribed agents in the study population, and platelet antiaggregants were second. Sixty-four percent of patients had a change in their antihypertensive regimens. The number of patients prescribed sedative-hypnotic agents doubled over the first 48 hours after hospital admission. The choice of a therapeutic agent for a given clinical indication may have important implications for rehabilitation of the stroke patient. PMID- 3185922 TI - Comparison of monosynaptic and polysynaptic Ia reflexes in the evaluation of hyporeflexia. PMID- 3185923 TI - Facial myokymia and unilateral basilar invagination. PMID- 3185925 TI - Brain death in children. PMID- 3185924 TI - Asymptomatic HIV. PMID- 3185926 TI - Cognition in parkinsonism. PMID- 3185928 TI - [Isoflurane and halothane. Changes in the heart rate after succinyl choline in pediatric anesthesia]. PMID- 3185927 TI - Hemiparkinsonism and hemiatrophy. PMID- 3185929 TI - [Retrospective evaluation of the results obtained in 540 sacral peridural anesthesias from 1978 to 1987]. PMID- 3185930 TI - [Evaluation of the analgesic efficacy of nefopam in postoperative pain]. PMID- 3185931 TI - [Popliteal and gluteal block of the sciatic nerve in orthopedic surgery of the lower extremity]. PMID- 3185932 TI - [Sacral epidural anesthesia in orthopedic surgery in the malformed child. Clinical review]. PMID- 3185933 TI - [Pediatric inhalation anesthesia and cardiovascular function]. PMID- 3185934 TI - [Efficacy and safety of the use of infused atracurium besylate in the aged patient]. PMID- 3185935 TI - [Atracurium in obstetric anesthesia. Comparison with pancuronium bromide]. PMID- 3185936 TI - [Intraoperative recovery of blood using a cell separator (Autotrans BT795/A) in vascular surgery and emergency traumatology]. PMID- 3185937 TI - [Subarachnoid anesthesia using a 25-gauge ultra-thin needle]. PMID- 3185938 TI - [Surgical results in the treatment of early gastric cancer]. PMID- 3185939 TI - [The psoas bladder]. PMID- 3185940 TI - [Cysts and primary tumors of the mediastinum in childhood]. PMID- 3185941 TI - [Treatment of medial and proximal penile hypospadias in childhood]. PMID- 3185942 TI - [Mesenteric and hypogastric arteriography in surgery of cancer of the rectum]. PMID- 3185943 TI - [Vascular microprosthesis: a comparative experimental study]. PMID- 3185944 TI - [Biliary cystadenoma. Description of 2 clinical cases]. PMID- 3185945 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of Meckel's diverticulum. Description of a case]. PMID- 3185946 TI - [A case of thorotrastoma of the mesentery]. PMID- 3185947 TI - [Surgical exeresis in the therapy of pulmonary aspergilloma]. PMID- 3185948 TI - [Laser Doppler flowmetry. Principles and clinical applications in vascular acro syndromes]. AB - Twenty-seven subjects with vasospastic diseases: 13 primary and 5 secondary Raynaud phenomenon (RP), 3 primary RP treated with raubasin 60 mg/day, 6 acrocyanosis and 9 normal subjects were studied in a standardized experimental set (thermostatic chamber), recording cutaneous digital micro-vascular reactions to cold and heat exposure by laser Doppler flowmetry, a relatively new method for the objective and reliable assessment of blood flow in the cutaneous microvasculature. The data suggest that patients with vasospastic disease have a defect in local microvascular flow regulation, that is revealed by low temperature exposure. The major difference between primary and secondary RF was recovery time (stop reaction) after cold test, that is easily recorded by this instrumental set. The morphology of the recording and the flow recovery time of acrocyanosis were found to be similar to those of secondary RF. PMID- 3185949 TI - [Factors correlated with arterial blood pressure. Follow-up of a young population in Rome]. AB - In order to find out whether there is any relationship between blood pressure, body mass index, weight, heart rate in youth and arterial hypertension later on in life, 212 subjects (16-26 years of age) were re-examined 2 years later. Previous blood pressure level were very significantly associated with present blood pressure levels A relationship was also discovered with the other parameters measured 2 years earlier: weight, body mass index and heart rate. These findings confirm the fact that it is possible to detect future hypertensives early in life and to take effective preventive measures. PMID- 3185950 TI - [Blood copper levels in a group of patients with asbestosis]. AB - Colorimetry was used to assay blood copper levels in 13 asbestosis patients (mean age 55.5) selected by excluding all cases with an evident clinical anamnesis of dietary imbalances or other significant pathologies. The results show increased blood copper in 11 out of 13 patients, the mean level in this group being significantly higher than that in a control group (p less than 0.01). The phenomenon, already described in other interstitial lung diseases, may well be attributable to enhanced reabsorption of the metal due to the intensified activity of a copper enzyme lysyl oxidase that is involved in collagen synthesis. PMID- 3185951 TI - [Determination of zinc and copper in patients with liver cirrhosis of diverse clinical severity]. AB - Zinc and copper levels in the blood and urine of 44 liver cirrhosis patients and 10 healthy volunteers are reported. The clinical severity of the liver disease (according to the Child classification system) was correlated with the levels of the two metals. An attempt was also made to break down the parameters on which the Child System in based in order to contribute to the pathogenic interpretation of changing zinc levels in liver disease patients. The results show a significant reduction in zinc in the blood but an increase in the urine in the various degrees of liver damage. A connection was also noted between low blood zinc and encephalopathy. PMID- 3185952 TI - The left habenular nucleus contains a discrete serotonin-immunoreactive subnucleus in the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). AB - By use of antibodies against serotonin, a discrete subnucleus of putatively serotoninergic neurons was observed in the dorsal subdivision of the left habenular nucleus in the brain of the coho salmon. The subnucleus was observed in salmon of different life-stages: in fingerlings, during smolt transformation, after smolt transformation (in seawater), and after spawning. This finding further emphasizes the close relationship between the pineal organ and the habenular nuclei-not only in terms of topographical proximity but also in terms of cytological similarities: cells of the habenular nucleus and the pineal complex have previously been shown to be immunoreactive also with antibodies directed against retinal phototransduction proteins. It also underlines the asymmetric organization of the epithalamic region. PMID- 3185953 TI - Nervus terminalis innervation of the goldfish retina and behavioral visual sensitivity. AB - The possibility that axon terminals of the nervus terminalis in the goldfish retina regulate visual sensitivity was examined psychophysically. Fish were classically conditioned to respond in darkness to a diffuse red light conditioned stimulus. Bilateral ablation of the olfactory bulb and telencephalon had no significant effect on response threshold which was measured by a staircase method. Retinopetal nervus terminalis fibres thus appear to play no role in maintaining scotopic photosensitivity. PMID- 3185954 TI - Colocalization of GABA and [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 in the rat cerebellum. AB - The distribution of [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-like immunoreactivity (MEAGL LI) in the rat cerebellum was investigated by peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunocytochemistry using specific antiserum against MEAGL. MEAGL-LI positive neuronal perikarya were distributed in the granular layer, and they seemed to correspond to Golgi cells from their size and location. In addition, diffusely and weakly stained neuronal perikarya were also observed in the molecular layer. Immunoreactive fibers and terminals were found in the granular layer. Furthermore, examination of serial frozen sections (4-6 micron in thickness) from rats pretreated with colchicine clarified the colocalization of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and MEAGL in Golgi cells but not in the stellate cells. PMID- 3185955 TI - Fluoro-Gold reveals patches of striatal neurons during development. AB - Patches of densely-labelled striatal neurons were observed following intrastriatal injection of the fluorescent dye Fluoro-Gold into rats younger than 10 days of age. These cell clusters showed precise overlap with islands of dense dopamine innervation seen only during the first week of life. The patches of labelled cells were still visible in adulthood, and were not abolished by 6 hydroxydopamine treatment before or after the Fluoro-Gold injection. Neonatal Fluoro-Gold injection may be a unique way of marking the patch compartment of the striatum that remains visible in adulthood. PMID- 3185956 TI - Antigenic characteristics of neurofibrillary tangles in progressive supranuclear palsy. AB - The antigenic components of neurofibrillary tangles in the basal forebrain and brainstem were studied in 4 cases of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) at the light and electron microscopic levels, using antibodies to neurofilaments (in the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms); the high, middle and low molecular weight neurofilament subunits; ubiquitin; the microtubule associated proteins MAP1, MAP2 and tau; isolated Alzheimer paired helical filaments and to tubulin, in the tyrosinated and detyrosinated forms. Although PSP neurofibrillary tangles appear to have most antigenic sites in common with those of Alzheimer disease, PSP tangles share epitopes with tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin, which has not been demonstrated in Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles. PMID- 3185957 TI - The rat accessory optic system: effects of cortical lesions on the directional selectivity of units within the medial terminal nucleus. AB - Single units within the medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system were recorded and examined for their responses to a moving pattern, in both intact and decorticated urethane-anesthetized rats. The preferred directions of motion in control rats were mainly upward with a temporal component and downward with a nasal component. The responses to upward motion were almost absent after cortical ablation, with most units now preferring temporal or downward-nasal directions. These data suggest that cortical structures modulate the directional selectivity of accessory optic neurons in the rat. PMID- 3185958 TI - Sleep-promoting effect following intracerebroventricular injection of a phosphorylated analogue of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP-P) in rats. AB - The effect of phosphorylated delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP-P) on sleep of rats was studied. DSIP-P (20 or 200 pmol/kg) was injected into the third cerebroventricle of male rats immediately before the onset of the dark period of a 12:12 h light-dark cycle. DSIP-P resulted in increases of slow-wave sleep (SWS) (17.3%, P less than 0.01) and paradoxical sleep (PS) (32.3%, P less than 0.05) during the subsequent dark period without shortening sleep latency in the dose of 200 pmol/kg. The SWS-promoting effect was carried over to the next light period. These changes returned to control levels on the second day. These results indicate that DSIP-P is a long-lasting sleep-promoting substance in rats. PMID- 3185959 TI - Increase of paradoxical sleep episodes after electrical stimulation of the lateral and third ventricles in the rat. AB - Electrical stimulation (0.3 mA in intensity, 80 Hz in frequency, 0.7 ms in signal duration) applied at 17.00 h in the lateral and third ventricles induced a significant increase of nocturnal paradoxical sleep (PS). This effect persisted for two consecutive days in both cases. Non-specific aspects involved in this effect are discussed and the results are commented on in terms of humoral processes and possible control of pineal gland activity. PMID- 3185960 TI - Interaction of 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) with human cortical nicotinic and muscarinic receptor binding in vitro. AB - Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) has recently been reported to be more useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease than physostigmine. A comparison of the effects of these two anticholinesterase agents on in vitro enzyme and receptor activities of human cerebral cortex (obtained at autopsy) revealed similarities in their interactions with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) but striking differences in their ability to displace both nicotinic and muscarinic radioligands from membrane preparations. IC50 values (the concentration required to reduce enzyme activity by 50%) for the inhibition of total tissue AChE were 7.9 x 10(-7) M and 4.5 x 10( 8) M for THA and physostigmine, respectively, and similar values were also obtained for individual molecular forms of AChE (monomer G1, dimer G2 and tetramer G4) separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. In contrast, IC50 values for [3H]nicotine displacement (a measure of nicotinic cholinergic receptor binding) differed 1000-fold for THA (2 x 10(-5) M) and physostigmine (2 x 10(-2) M) and 100-fold for [3H]N-methylscopolamine displacement (a measure of muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding). Differences were also noted in the inhibition of carbachol stimulated polyphosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis (a measure of muscarinic receptor induced second messenger activity) in isolated rat cortical miniprisms. It is suggested that variations in clinical efficacy of THA and physostigmine may be related less to their anticholinesterase properties and more to their interactions with other activities such as cholinergic receptors. PMID- 3185961 TI - Glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the aging rat hippocampus are more resistant to ischemia than CA1 pyramidal cells. AB - Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-immunoreactive, supposedly GABAergic inhibitory, neurons in various fields of the rat hippocampus and pyramidal cells in area CA1 were quantified 1 week after transient cerebral ischemia by 4-vessel occlusion. Whereas the number of CA1 pyramidal cells in Toluidine blue-stained semithin sections were found reduced by 50% when compared with controls there was no loss of GAD-immunoreactive cells in vibratome sections of hippocampus proper and fascia dentata. These data suggest that GABAergic hippocampal neurons are more resistant to ischemia than CA1 pyramidal cells. PMID- 3185962 TI - Electrophysiological evidence of the neurotoxic effects of apamin on auditory function in the rat. AB - Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were recorded from rats before and after injection with apamin, a polypeptide component of bee venom. Increased absolute and interpeak latencies were found in Peaks III-VII of the BAEP beginning about 30 minutes after apamin injection suggesting impaired auditory function. No change in BAEP was found when animals were injected with saline or during the baseline period before apamin administration. Results corroborate recent findings from our laboratories of decreased glucose metabolism in brainstem nuclei of the auditory system [3] after injection with the same dose of apamin. PMID- 3185964 TI - Quantitative analysis of the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive cell bodies in the mouse brain. AB - The distribution of serotonin neurons in the mouse brain was studied using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunohistochemical method to obtain quantitative data on serotonin-containing cell bodies. The average total number of perikarya of serotonin neurons was about 26,000, of which about 17,000 cells (66.9%) were situated in the raphe system. The nucleus raphe dorsalis was the main region where a large number of serotonin neurons were present, and it contained about 9000 cells. Other than the raphe system, serotonin-immunoreactive perikarya were seen in the following regions: the reticular formation (18.9%), the lemniscus medialis (8.5%), the nucleus interpeduncularis (1.5%), the subpyramidal region (4.0%) and the periaqueductal gray (0.2%). PMID- 3185963 TI - Effect of apamin on local rates of glucose utilization in the brain and the spinal cord in rats. AB - The effects of apamin on local rates of glucose utilization in the brain and spinal cord were studied employing the quantitative autoradiographic deoxyglucose method. Forty-five to 60 min after administration of apamin the animals lost exploratory behavior, remaining completely immobile, with the 4 limbs overextended, unresponsive to auditory stimuli. Out of 30 neural structures examined, glucose utilization was significantly decreased in the cochlear n., superior olivary n., lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, fastigial n., globus pallidus, caudate-putamen, n. accumbens and the lumbar ventral horn of the spinal cord. These results show that apamin specifically affects the functional activity of the auditory and motor structures. PMID- 3185965 TI - Epidermal growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in rat brain astrocytes. Response to injury. AB - Brain astroglia in normal adult rats stained weakly or not at all with an antibody to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). A dramatic change took place after injury. The astrocytes adjacent to an entorhinal ablation and in deafferented areas of the hippocampus showed prominent EGFR immunoreactivity. Cells that were EFGR-immunoreactive also stained intensely with an antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The localization and the time course of appearance of EGFR/GFAP immunoreactivity suggests that EGFR may be involved in the conversion of a normal into a reactive astrocyte. PMID- 3185966 TI - Mesencephalic innervation of the turtle retina by a single serotonin-containing neuron. AB - Co-localization of retrograde transported Nuclear yellow and serotonin immunoreactivity revealed the existence of a central serotonergic projection to the retina in the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. This serotonergic retinopetal system consists of only one fiber originating in the contralateral caudal mesencephalon. In the retina, the fiber arborizes exclusively in the temporal hemisphere, covering about one third of the total retinal surface. Interestingly this projecting area lies in the part of the retina, to which binocular perception can be attributed. PMID- 3185967 TI - Spinal projections to the dorsal column nuclei in pigeons. AB - The dorsal column (DC) system was investigated in the pigeon by electrophysiological and anatomical methods. Field potentials recorded from the dorsal column nuclei (DCN) and evoked by electrical stimulation of cutaneous nerves showed two peaks in the case of wing nerve stimulation and one peak with leg nerve stimulation. Lesions of the DC or the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) at a high cervical level (C4) indicate that a main input exists from the wing through the DC and from the leg through the DLF. With small injections of the fluorescent dye Fast blue into parts of the DCN it could be shown that aside from a primary afferent projection a well-developed postsynaptic dorsal column system exists only for the wing and that it takes its origin in the neurons of the lamina IV of the spinal dorsal horn. PMID- 3185968 TI - Bradykinin-induced stimulation of afferent fibres is mediated through protein kinase C. AB - In an in vitro preparation of the neonatal spinal cord with the tail attached, brief administration of bradykinin or capsaicin in the tail superfusate containing a normal calcium concentration, activated peripheral fibres and produced a depolarization recorded at a spinal ventral root (L3-L5). Perfusion with a phorbol ester (4 beta-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, PDBu) produced a small and inconsistent activation of peripheral fibres. In subsequent experiments calcium was omitted from the tail superfusate since under this condition responses to bradykinin and capsaicin were unchanged but PDBu evoked reproducible depolarization when applied at intervals of 60 min or more. Prolonged desensitization followed repeated administration at shorter intervals. Pretreatment of the tail with capsaicin, to impair transmission in C-fibres, abolished the effect of each agonist. Inactivation of protein kinase C with the inhibitor staurosporine (10-100 nM) attenuated the effect of bradykinin and PDBu but not that of capsaicin. Pretreatment with PDBu also attenuated the effect of bradykinin. These data suggest that a phorbol ester and bradykinin stimulate capsaicin-sensitive C-fibres by a mechanism which involves the activation of protein kinase C. PMID- 3185969 TI - Brain basic fibroblast growth factor stimulates the release of plasminogen activators by newborn rat cultured astroglial cells. AB - Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), a growth factor for many cell types including newborn rat astroglial cells, stimulates in a dose-dependent fashion the release of plasminogen activators (PAs) by these cells as measured by the fibrin-overlay method or the Coleman and Green's colorimetric assay. This effect of bFGF on PAs secretion (about 4.5-fold increase at 40 ng/ml bFGF) does not result from an aspecific stimulation of protein secretion by astrocytes and is only partly correlated with the mitogenic activity of bFGF. bFGF was also tested on two clonal glioma cell lines (C6 and LN18). Only one of those cell types (LN18) showed a stimulated PA release in the presence of bFGF. These data are discussed with respect to the putative roles of plasminogen activators in the developing nervous system. PMID- 3185970 TI - Phencyclidine reduces postischemic neuronal necrosis in rat hippocampus without changing blood flow. AB - In this report the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on physiologic variables, local cerebral blood flow (LCBF), and on hippocampal cell damage were measured in a rat model of forebrain ischemia (2-vessel occlusion and hypotension). Ischemia was induced for 10 min. LCBF was determined after 2 min of recirculation, using the [14C]iodoantipyrine technique. Hippocampal cell loss was quantified histologically 7 days postischemia as the percentage of acidic stainable neurons. Intravenous application of PCP (2 mg/kg) at 15 min prior to ischemia left postischemic LCBF unchanged, but neuronal damage was significantly reduced in hippocampal CA1 sector from 46 to 15.7%. PCP is concluded to reduce ischemic damage of neurons mainly via a direct effect on brain tissue. PMID- 3185971 TI - Cholinergic properties of embryonic chick sensory neurons. AB - Experiments were carried out to determine the cholinergic properties of sensory neurons of the chick embryo by measuring the choline acetyltransferase activity (ChAT) and [3H]choline uptake. The choline acetyltransferase activity in the dorsal root ganglia of an 8-day-old chick embryo was 24.2 +/- 2.52, which increased to 45.4 +/- 9.69 pmol ACh/mg protein/min in the ganglia of 12-day-old embryos. Sensory neurons derived from dorsal root ganglia of 10-day-old embryos and maintained in a serum-free culture medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin and nerve growth factor (NGF) also contained significant amounts of ChAT (21.9 pmol ACh/mg protein/min). Omission of NGF resulted in neuronal death, and the enzyme activity could not be measured in these cultures. A specific inhibitor of ChAT, hydroxyethyl naphthylvinyl pyridine (NVP), when added to the assay mix produced a dose-dependent inhibition of ChAT from cultured neurons. Cultured sensory neurons incubated with [3H]choline followed by repeated washouts took up and retained [3H]choline. The uptake of [3H]choline was reduced by about 45% when NaCl, in the incubation medium, was replaced by LiCl. A specific inhibitor of choline uptake, hemicholinium-3, caused about 75% inhibition of [3H]choline uptake. It is implied that sensory neurons of the chick dorsal root ganglia express cholinergic properties during development. PMID- 3185972 TI - Unit activity of ventral horn cells in spinal cord slices isolated from adult rats. AB - Using spinal cord slices isolated from adult rats, unitary action potentials were recorded extracellularly in the motor nuclei of the ventral horn following local stimulation of the adjacent site. Generation of these spikes was blocked by perfusion with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing low Ca2+ and high Mg2+ and by increasing the frequency of electrical stimulation. Generation of unitary action potentials was very sensitive to hypoxia or anesthesia. In some cells, burst spikes similar to those of Renshaw cells were also observed. Physostigmine increased the firing rate of spike discharges, whereas mecamylamine decreased it. These results suggest that the former unitary action potentials were evoked transsynaptically in motoneurons by excitation of adjacent afferent fibers and that the latter burst potentials were evoked in Renshaw cells. PMID- 3185973 TI - Altered neuronal sensitivity of lateral geniculate neurones to noradrenaline and 5-HT following exposure to continuous lighting. AB - Rats were housed in either continuous lighting (LL), an extended photoperiod of 18 h light-6 h dark (LD 18:6) or a 12 h light-12 h dark (LD 12:12) lighting cycle. The effects of these various lighting regimens on the sensitivity of dorsal lateral geniculate neurones to iontophoresed noradrenaline and serotonin (5-HT) was examined. Exposure to either continuous lighting or to an extended photoperiod (LD 18:6) resulted in the development of an enhanced responsiveness to iontophoresed noradrenaline (alpha 1-adrenoceptor) and 5-HT. The development of light-induced noradrenaline and 5-HT supersensitivity resembles the changes obtained with antidepressant treatments. PMID- 3185974 TI - Endogenous opioid inhibition of the release of oxytocin from the isolated rat neurohypophysis during high-frequency stimulation of the pituitary stalk. AB - Isolated rat neurohypophyses were superfused in vitro and the release of vasopressin and oxytocin determined by radioimmunoassays. Hormone release was evoked by short trains of electrical stimulation (10 s), at frequencies from 15 to 100 Hz. The release of oxytocin evoked by stimulation up to 80 Hz was increased 2- to 3-fold in the presence of naloxone. The evoked release of vasopressin was not significantly affected by naloxone. In conclusion, opioid inhibition of oxytocin release operates also under stimulation conditions which mimic the electrical activity (i.e. short bursts of high frequencies) of physiologically activated (e.g. by suckling) oxytocinergic neurons. PMID- 3185976 TI - Direct contacts between Auerbach's ganglia and smooth muscle cells in the small intestine of the rat. AB - The present electron microscopic study demonstrated direct contacts between Auerbach's ganglia and longitudinal smooth muscle cells in the rat small intestine. The muscle cells were often observed to extend small, foot-like processes to the Auerbach's ganglia. These processes were in contact with glial cells in the ganglia without an intervening basal lamina, or were in contact with intraganglionic axon varicosities containing many synaptic vesicles. The processes in contact with glial cells may anchor the muscle cells to the ganglia during muscle contraction and those in contact with axon varicosities may function as synaptic sites between ganglion and longitudinal muscle cells. PMID- 3185975 TI - Autoradiographic localization of glucocorticosteroid binding sites in rat brain after in vivo injection of [3H]RU 28362. AB - The autoradiographic distribution of glucocorticosteroid binding sites in the brain of adrenalectomized rats was studied following in vivo injection of a potent synthetic glucocorticosteroid agonist [3H]RU 28362. Analysis of the autoradiograms revealed a specific and dense labeling in the pyramidal cell layer of the Ammon's horn and in the granular cell layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In the hypothalamus, the labeling was particularly high in the paraventricular nucleus (site of CRF synthesis), the arcuate, periventricular and the supraoptic nuclei as well as in the median eminence. Autoradiograms also revealed the presence of [3H]RU 28362 binding sites in several brain regions including the amygdala, the pineal gland, the entorhinal cortex, the interpeduncular, interfascicular and dorsal raphe nuclei, the central grey and the substantia nigra suggesting possible effects of glucocorticosteroids in these structures. PMID- 3185977 TI - Infection of human T-lymphotropic virus type I to astrocytes in vitro with induction of the class II major histocompatibility complex. AB - To clarify the pathogenesis of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) associated myelopathy (HAM), we examined whether HTLV-I infects normal human glial cells in vitro with induction of the major histocompatibility complex (HMC) class II antigen by immunofluorescence method. It was found that about 10% of astrocytes were infected with HTLV-I with induction of class II MHC antigen. Fluorescence-conjugated HTLV-I was adsorbed to 10% of astrocytes. On the contrary, there was no class II MHC antigen expression and very few HTLV-I infection on oligodendrocytes. We speculated that in patients with HAM, HTLV-I specific, MHC class II antigen restricted, activated CD4+ cells could damage the MHC class II antigen + HTLV-I-infected astrocytes, leading to the disturbance of blood-brain barrier and to the destructive lesion in the central nervous system. PMID- 3185978 TI - Kinesthetic coordination of a movement sequence in humans. AB - This experiment examined whether kinesthetic input could be used to coordinate a 'movement sequence', a series of sequentially executed joint rotations. In this experiment, human subjects extended the elbow at a constant velocity and opened the hand as the elbow passed through a predetermined angle, as in throwing. Subjects were able to open the hand at the prescribed elbow angle, even though they received no visual feedback and they could not predict when the elbow would reach this angle. The only remaining source of information about elbow angle was kinesthetic input. Being able to control the internal timing of our movement sequences with kinesthetic input may be important to the way we move. PMID- 3185979 TI - The A-type potassium current: catechol-induced blockage in snail neurons. AB - The effects of catechol (1-12.5 mM) on membrane properties, action potential and membrane ionic currents were investigated in identified snail neurons under current- and voltage-clamp conditions. Catechol hardly influenced the resting membrane potential, or the action potential amplitude and duration, but it increased the spike voltage threshold and slightly decreased the input resistance. Catechol specifically decreased the amplitude of the potassium A currents in a dose-dependent way (Kd = 5 mM), without significant modulation of other potassium currents. The time constants of decay of A-current increased and the steady-state activation or inactivation curve shifted to more positive potentials in the catechol solutions. The blocking effect of catechol on A currents followed a one-to-one binding stoichiometry (nH = 0.8). PMID- 3185981 TI - Enkephalin-like immunoreactive principal ganglion cells and nerve fibres in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the cat. AB - The occurrence and distribution of methionine-enkephalin (ME), leucine-enkephalin (LE) and methionine-enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8 (MERGL)-like (LI) immunoreactive material in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) of the cat were studied by immunohistochemical techniques using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Numerous ME-Li, LE-Li and MERGL-Li immunoreactive fibres with the same distribution pattern were observed. They were varicose and often surrounded closely neighbouring unlabelled ganglion cell bodies. Sometimes they ran in strands between ganglion cells. ME-Li immunoreactive material was detected in a number of cell bodies, the diameter of which was similar to that of unlabelled principal ganglion cell bodies, and which were probably Enk-Li-containing principal ganglion cells. These immunoreactive cells were often surrounded by ME Li immunoreactive fibres. No LE-Li or MERGL-Li immunoreactive ganglion cell bodies were observed. The presence of ME-Li immunoreactive principal ganglion cells raises the possibility that the Enk-Li immunoreactive fibres present in the IMG may have a prevertebral ganglionic source. The possibility that the Enk-Li material present in nerve fibres might be derived from preproenkephalin-A was suggested by the occurrence of MERGL-Li immunoreactivity. PMID- 3185980 TI - Axotomy induces MHC class I antigen expression on rat nerve cells. AB - Immunomorphological staining demonstrates that class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-coded antigen expression can be selectively induced on otherwise class I-negative rat nerve cells by peripheral axotomy. Induction of class I as well as class II antigen expression was simultaneously seen on non-neural cells in the immediate vicinity of the injured nerve cells. As nerve regeneration after axotomy includes growth of new nerve cell processes and formation of new nerve cell contacts, the present findings raise the question of a role for MHC-coded molecules in cell-cell interactions during nerve cell growth. PMID- 3185982 TI - Branching axons from subcoeruleus area project to the nucleus raphe pontis and hypothalamic zona incerta, as studied with the double fluorescent retrograde tracing technique. AB - In this study we utilized a double retrograde axonal tracing technique to investigate the possible existence of collateralized axonal projections of subcoeruleus area neurons to both raphe pontis nucleus and hypothalamic zona incerta. Following microinjections of fluorescent tracers (Fast blue (FB) and Diamidino yellow (DY] within raphe pontis and zone incerta, substantial numbers of double-labeled branched neurons have been found within the subcoeruleus area. PMID- 3185983 TI - Lack of axon regeneration of isthmic neurons in juvenile Xenopus. AB - In young adult Xenopus laevis frogs the axons of isthmic neurons projecting to the contralateral tectum were severed at the postoptic commissure and the survival of such neurons was studied between 2 and 26 weeks after the operation. Pyknotic neurons were first observed in the isthmic nucleus 2 weeks after axotomy. The continued neuron loss resulted in the decrease from 2920 in intact animals to 1520 surviving isthmic neurons in animals 26 weeks after the operation. These findings suggest that (i) severed axons of the isthmic neurons are not able to regenerate to their natural target, and (ii) isthmic neurons require continuous contact with appropriate tectal target for their survival. PMID- 3185984 TI - Transferrin concentration and location during formation of chick retina: developmental correlates. AB - The amount of transferrin in chick retina was measured during development and compared to transferrin location seen immunocytochemically. Between embryonic day 6 (E6), and 5 days post hatching, two periods occur in which transferrin concentrations rise sharply and decline. During the first, transferrin concentration rises 5-fold between E6 and 10, then rapidly declines by E14. A second increase begins on E17 and peaks by E19-20. Immunocytochemical findings demonstrate that during the first rise in concentration, transferrin is located primarily in neuritic layers. Later in development, when levels again increase, newly forming photoreceptor outer segments are strongly transferrin positive. These findings are discussed in light of developmental events occurring during retinal maturation. PMID- 3185985 TI - Membrane currents activated in acutely dissociated rat pineal cells during the circadian cycle. AB - Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed in cells acutely dissociated from adult rat pineal glands in order to determine possible long lasting influences of the circadian rhythm upon voltage-activated membrane currents. Cells were dissociated either during the light or dark period. From a holding potential of -50 mV, pineal cells bathed in a normal solution responded to depolarizing potentials positive to -20 mV with a slowly rising sustained outward current. From a holding potential of -100 mV, a transient outward current was activated with command potentials positive to -50 mV. This current reached a peak within 15 ms and had a significant decay over 160 ms. In most of the cells, inward currents were not observed and no significant differences were found between the properties of the outward currents in cells dissociated during the light or dark period. This suggests that the previously reported circadian activity in the rat pineal gland is not associated with inward current or with long lasting changes in the voltage-activated membrane currents. PMID- 3185986 TI - Puberty modifies sulpiride effects on body weight in rats. AB - Sulpiride (20 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days increased body weight in prepubertal, peripubertal and adult female rats. The increment was higher in the adult group, where a significant hyperphagia was also noted. In males, the same treatment tended to decrease body weight in the peripubertal and adult groups while in the prepubertal animals an increase of body weight without a significant hyperphagia was observed. These results are discussed in terms of an hypothetical sulpiride induced reduction in serum gonadal steroid levels. PMID- 3185987 TI - Action of acetylcholine, muscarine, nicotine and antagonists on the membrane potential of astrocytes in cultured rat brainstem and spinal cord. AB - The actions of acetylcholine, muscarine and nicotine on the membrane potential of astrocytes of cultured rat brainstem and spinal cord were examined. All 3 cholinergic agonists produced hyperpolarizations of the majority of astrocytes tested, although a small number of cells was depolarized. The hyperpolarizations induced by acetylcholine and muscarine were blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine antagonized the effects by nicotine in all cells tested. In contrast, mecamylamine completely blocked the acetylcholine induced hyperpolarizations in approximately half of the astrocytes whereas in the remaining cells the response was only reduced. Our electrophysiological studies are consistent with recent autoradiographic binding studies from our laboratory, suggesting the existence of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors on astrocytes. PMID- 3185989 TI - GABA-mediated inhibition in nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the cat. AB - In decerebrate cats electrical stimulation (10-20 ms trains, 35-450 microA, 0.1 ms pulses, 450 Hz) in nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS, medial or lateral divisions) or nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) inhibited spontaneous or amino acid induced neuronal activity in nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGL) for 8 140 (mean 51) ms. Iontophoretically applied GABA (2-50 nA) also inhibited these cells. Iontophoretically applied bicuculline methiodide (10-80 nA) blocked the effects of GABA and reduced the duration of the inhibition evoked from NRM by greater than 50% (5/6 cells) but had no effect on the inhibition evoked from NTS (6/7 cells). The results are discussed in relation to the role of GABA in mediating inhibitory afferent input to PGL. PMID- 3185988 TI - Comparative extracellular current flow at dendrites and soma of dentate granule cells during long-term potentiation. AB - In the study of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate gyrus, the magnitude of the initial slope of the evoked synaptic potential (ESP) in the region of the granule cell layer, is commonly used as a measure of synaptic efficacy at the site of the perforant path (PP) input. To investigate the viability of this assumption, in rats anesthetized with either chloropent or urethane, LTP was induced by tetanic stimulation of the PP and ESPs were measured simultaneously at both the soma and dendritic site of the PP input. Following LTP, the two responses were decoupled, the somal response being greater than the dendritic in rats anesthetized with chloropent, the opposite being true in urethanized animals. We conclude that in investigating changes in synaptic efficacy following LTP, measurements should be taken at the site of the PP input. PMID- 3185990 TI - Involvement of the septum in the regulation of paraventricular vasopressin neurons by the subfornical organ in the rat. AB - Extracellular recordings were obtained from 58 phasically active neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of urethane anesthetized male rats. Of these PVN neurons, 39 exhibited an increase and 11 displayed a reduction in ongoing activity following electrical stimulation of the subfornical organ (SFO), while the remaining neurons were unresponsive. Microinjection of the local anesthetic lidocaine into the medial septum reversibly abolished the SFO stimulus-evoked reduction in 7 out of 9 PVN neurons tested, whereas similar injection was without effect on the stimulus-evoked increase in 18 out of 20 PVN neurons tested. These results suggest that the SFO efferents through the medial septum to the PVN exert a predominantly inhibitory influence on the excitability of putative vasopressin (VP)-secreting neurons in the PVN. PMID- 3185991 TI - Stimulatory effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on catecholamine secretion from isolated guinea pig adrenal chromaffin cells. AB - The stimulatory effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on catecholamine (CA) secretion from isolated guinea pig adrenal chromaffin cell was studied. VIP (1-10 microM) induced dose-dependent CA secretion, which was slow and continued for at least 30 min. This VIP-induced CA secretion was dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the medium, but no significant increase in Ca2+ uptake by the cells was observed during their stimulation with VIP. Studies on the intracellular free Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]i) using fura-2 showed that acetylcholine and muscarine induced a marked increase in the [Ca2+]i, but that VIP induced only a slight increase. Thus VIP may induce CA secretion by increasing the sensitivity of the secretion of CA to Ca2+. PMID- 3185992 TI - Stress causes an increase in endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tribulin) in rat brain. AB - Two hours of cold restraint stress in rats resulted in significantly increased brain concentrations of endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tribulin). Young and old rats showed the same order of response. Tribulin levels were also increased by immobilisation stress alone but to a lesser extent. PMID- 3185993 TI - Cerebrovascular amyloid in scrapie-affected sheep reacts with antibodies to prion protein. AB - In an immunohistochemical study of naturally-occurring and experimental scrapie in sheep, deposits of cerebrovascular amyloid were found to react with antibodies to hamster scrapie prion protein (PrP 27-30), but not with antibodies to the amyloid beta-protein of Alzheimer's disease. It is concluded that this vascular amyloid is formed from PrP and is therefore closely associated with scrapie infection. It is likely that this amyloid is formed from a host precursor protein as a specific pathological consequence of invasion by the scrapie agent. PMID- 3185994 TI - Chemical children. AB - Following the Industrial Revolution technology has led to the identification and employment of a vast variety of chemicals. This has affected both agriculture and nutrition. The body's capacity to cope with chemicals is limited. Many, obviously, are toxic. What is safe is what is serviceable. Children, long before immune defences have been properly organised, are particularly vulnerable. Body changes are apt to result--food intolerance and asthma are becoming increasingly common and behaviour has been shown to be affected. Means of dealing with the results are discussed. PMID- 3185995 TI - Bacterial contamination of dental unit water lines--a possible source of cross infection. PMID- 3185996 TI - Gingival hyperplasia of an edentulous alveolar ridge in an epileptic--a case report. PMID- 3185997 TI - Orthodontics and functional jaw orthopaedics. PMID- 3185998 TI - Caries in first permanent molars. PMID- 3186000 TI - Revised legislation. PMID- 3185999 TI - Continuing education. PMID- 3186001 TI - Presidential address. New Zealand Dental Association, 1987-1988. PMID- 3186002 TI - Parathyroid cyst and hyperparathyroidism in Auckland. AB - We have reviewed the clinical and pathological records of 4 patients presenting for treatment of parathyroid cyst in Auckland between 1970 and 1987. The mean age of the patients was 60.5 years and 3 patients presented with symptomatic hyperparathyroidism (2 male and 1 female patient) and 1 female patient presented with a neck mass and tracheal compression. All cysts were unilocular and filled with clear fluid (mean cyst diameter was 1.5 cm and mean cyst weight was 5.55 g). Four out of the 5 cysts were located in the inferior neck. Of the three patients with hyperparathyroidism, 2 patients had associated parathyroid adenoma (1 patient having bilateral cystic adenomas) and 1 patient had hyperplasia of the remaining glandular tissue. We conclude that parathyroid cyst is an uncommon clinical problem of uncertain aetiology affecting middle aged and elderly patients. PMID- 3186003 TI - Epidural anaesthesia for obstetrics: where are we? PMID- 3186004 TI - Validation of coronary heart disease death certificate diagnoses. AB - Data from a coronary heart disease register in Auckland have been used to validate routine death certificate data produced by the National Health Statistics Centre. The register used current World Health Organisation criteria for definite or possible coronary heart disease and identified all suspected events in people aged less than 65 years for the years 1983 and 1984. During this period 768 coronary heart disease cases were included in the register and in the same population 772 death certificates were coded 410-414 (coronary heart disease), according to the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases, by the National Health Statistics Centre. Ninety one percent of deaths meeting the register's criteria for definite or possible coronary heart disease were coded 410-414 in the official data. Conversely of all death certificates coded 410-414, 93% were registered as due to coronary heart disease. The validity of subcategories was considerably lower; only 49% of deaths coded 410 (acute myocardial infarction) were categorised as definite myocardial infarction by the register. These findings suggest that the broad official statistics for the category coronary heart disease mortality (codes 410-414) are accurate to within approximately 10% in New Zealand; the validity of the subcategory myocardial infarction (code 410) is considerably lower. PMID- 3186005 TI - The prevalence of mental handicap in New Zealand. AB - The administrative prevalence of mental handicap at the age of 10 years was ascertained for a group of children born 1973 and 1974. There was a birth cohort prevalence of 4.35 per 1000 live births. PMID- 3186006 TI - Sickness absence in the freezing industry. AB - A study was undertaken to determine the aetiology and incidence of sickness absence in two freezing works in the South Island. The study was carried out in a 12 month period from May 1982 to April 1983. Each participant, in addition to a sickness absence questionnaire, was given a job stress questionnaire, to determine the effect of stress factors on absenteeism. A further job involvement questionnaire was used to assess prevailing attitudes to work. It was found that sickness caused by zoonotic illness accounted for only 6.8% of all absences. The majority of sickness absences were caused by nonzoonotic viral infections 39.3%, surgical operations 17.1%; and stress related disease 15.4%. It was concluded that stress related illness was a greater cause of sickness absence than zoonotic illness in the survey period. PMID- 3186007 TI - On the continuing misplacement of New Zealand's elderly population: some suggestions. PMID- 3186009 TI - Who disciplines the disciplinary committee? PMID- 3186008 TI - Prophylactic medication for childhood asthma. PMID- 3186011 TI - New Zealand Academy of Medicine. PMID- 3186010 TI - New attitudes for a new country. PMID- 3186012 TI - Psychotic disorders. PMID- 3186013 TI - The health lark. PMID- 3186014 TI - The Cartwright report and consent. PMID- 3186015 TI - Haemorrhagic shock encephalopathy and sudden infant death syndromes. PMID- 3186016 TI - Myalgic encephalomyelitis. PMID- 3186017 TI - The blocked bed. PMID- 3186018 TI - Neighbourhood and the planning process. PMID- 3186019 TI - Primary health care in the South Pacific. PMID- 3186020 TI - Medical Research Council of New Zealand, Golden Jubilee Symposium. Challenges for medical research. 23-24 November 1987, Dunedin. Proceedings. PMID- 3186021 TI - Perinatal health. AB - The potential returns to society from an increased investment in perinatal health care delivery and research are considerable. The major areas meriting research are an understanding of congenital disorders, the mechanisms determining fetal growth, the prevention of or the amelioration of prepartum and perinatal asphyxia and the cot death syndrome. Research strategies relative to each of these areas are described. The postneonatal death rate in New Zealand is considerably higher than that in comparable societies, largely due to the high rate of cot death. The failure of health services to appropriately utilise previous research gains and to respond to previous recommendations relating to cot death are noted. PMID- 3186022 TI - The diseases of childhood. AB - Superficially it would seem no great challenge to predict the pattern of research likely to benefit the future health of New Zealand children. However, the protean nature of those things which influence child health, together with an appreciation of resource limitations, dictate that only a personal perception of priorities is put forward. These are molecular and cellular biology, cot death, asthma and some aspects of health care delivery consequent on social change. PMID- 3186023 TI - Health in adolescence. AB - This paper briefly describes some recent publications on adolescent health, one of which advocates the establishment of a database on adolescent health, and then discusses what the author considers to be the three most important adolescent health problems, namely unintentional injuries, asthma and mental health disorders. While considerable research into injuries and asthma are already being planned or carried out, this is not the case for adolescent mental health disorders. Adolescent physical and sensory disabilities, health risks and health promotion are briefly discussed in terms of research needs. The nature and prevalence of adolescent mental health problems are then discussed as well as some influences on adolescent development and mental health. Finally, it is argued that two types of research into adolescent mental health disorders are needed (basic and programme development and evaluation). It is recommended that the Medical Research Council sponsor a seminar on mental health research needs and consider the possibility of adopting more active strategies to promote research into mental health, including the mental health of adolescents. PMID- 3186024 TI - Challenges to health in working life. AB - Hospital admissions, cancer statistics, causes of death and data from general practice consultations have been reviewed to identify the challenges to health within the working life. Morbidity resulted commonly from trauma, malignant neoplasms especially of the female breast, melanoma, colorectal and cervical tumours, locomotor disorders especially of the spine, ischaemic heart disease, obstructive respiratory disorder, gynaecological problems, psychiatric disorders, hearing impairment and diabetes mellitus. Support for basic research and studies relating to approaches aimed at influencing community attitudes are discussed. Areas of particular research possibilities in New Zealand are identified in psychiatry, cost benefit studies in surgery, and health screening. A case is made for a strong improved complementary research effort within the clinical areas of the health service both in hospitals and in general practice especially in clinical conditions such as asthma and diabetes. Seeding money for voluntary societies and foundations closely involved with research and scientific merit may facilitate further financial support to such voluntary organisations and the prospect of expansion by them of the support of peer-reviewed research projects. PMID- 3186025 TI - Implications of an aging population. AB - The aging of the New Zealand population means there will be a continuing need for research into all aspects of gerontology. The Medical Research Council of New Zealand has recognised this need and for a number of years aging and health care of the elderly have been priority areas. Research workers are now recognising the attractiveness of the field. Many of the developments in the basic sciences have particular application in the study of aging. Knowledge is increasing rapidly with the development of world wide research programmes. The emphasis in research is no longer on the documentation of decremental change with age but on the teasing out of those external factors contributing to decline in function and which may be amenable to intervention. There is a need to coordinate the research efforts in gerontology. A national foundation or trust concerned with the health of elderly people would be of considerable benefit in this coordination, in linking research and policy development and in education, advocacy and fund raising. PMID- 3186026 TI - Biological control systems in health and disease. AB - Research into mammalian organ systems remains essential to proving the significance of new advances at the molecular level. Computational analysis, histology, controlled experimental conditions, require skills lying outside those of the traditional medical sciences. Medical graduates who want partnership in the research teams of the future will need formal training in science. PMID- 3186027 TI - Technology transfer: the importance of people. AB - Major advances in molecular and cell biology lead a modern biological revolution. The question we must ask concerns whether New Zealand will capture the advantages of new knowledge and technology in basic medical research, and in clinical and social medicine. The problems of applying new science to medicine require a new look at forward planning and research goals. PMID- 3186028 TI - The changing patterns of disease. AB - The pattern of disease in New Zealand is changing and will continue to do so. Some trends are predictable, while others (such as the epidemic of AIDS) may be unexpected. Analysis of past improvements in health suggests that medical research would be more productive if greater attention were paid to the external influences and personal behaviour which are the chief determinants of health. Apart from such general implications, analysis of the changing patterns of disease is vital as a stimulus and guide for medical research of all kinds. More effective monitoring of disease trends in New Zealand will require improvement in the quality and timeliness of routine health statistics, and training of adequate numbers of epidemiologists to analyse and interpret the data. Such developments are essential if medical research is to make a full contribution to the health of New Zealanders. PMID- 3186029 TI - Possibilities for the promotion of good health. AB - Health promotion seeks to effect change at the level of the population in order to prevent ill health. Some areas needing change, for example in relation to nutrition, exercise, alcohol and tobacco, are well documented. Others, particularly in the area of social processes, require further elucidation. Considerations of both efficacy and ethics are responsible for a current shift in emphasis such that the potential health impacts of public policies are seen as important health promotion tools. Research which specifically guides and supports health promotion activity is urgently needed. Such research goes beyond the provision of epidemiological data and requires an amalgam of disciplinary methods and theoretical approaches, particularly those of the social sciences. A positive commitment to the long term funding of such research is needed in New Zealand if the resources placed into health promotion are to be utilised effectively. In keeping with this symposium on Challenges for Medical Research, a major focus of this paper will be the characteristics of research specifically aimed at the development of health promotion. However, one of the characteristics of research for health promotion which differentiates it from other health-related research is a greater action-orientation and a closer link with programmes and policies. It is necessary, therefore, to consider the characteristics of health promotion itself in order to provide a context for health promotion research. PMID- 3186030 TI - Economics of health care: challenges for the immediate future. AB - A number of widely held but largely false assumptions as to the nature of health and health care contributed to the very slow growth in the demand for health economics during the formative years of our health care system. A growing realisation, however, that hard rationing decisions are unavoidable has led to an increasing appreciation of the fact that policy makers and managers often lack the necessary basic information or the techniques relevant to the purpose. This paper proposes the formation of a centre for health economics and policy and outlines in broad terms its possible nature and research agenda. PMID- 3186031 TI - Health management strategies: the need for research. AB - The future of medical research in New Zealand is closely tied to the country's economic well-being and to developments in the health sector as a whole. The government is becoming increasingly interested and concerned about priorities and efficiency in the use of health resources--including research resources. The paper explores these interests and concerns and develops ideas for the future of health research in New Zealand. PMID- 3186033 TI - Bacterial meningitis in childhood: a 13 year review. AB - One hundred and forty-five episodes of acute bacterial meningitis in children seen over a 13 year period are reviewed. The mortality rate was 1.4%. Over the study period H influenzae type b remained as the dominant causative organism, with 11% of the isolates being beta-lactamase positive. The difficulties in diagnosis in children, the sequelae of sensorineural deafness and continued morbidity in this disorder are stressed. PMID- 3186032 TI - The workload of New Zealand psychiatrists. AB - All psychiatrists in practice in New Zealand were approached for details of the last 20 patients seen prior to 1 May 1987. Sixty percent complied and gave details of consultations with 1292 patients of whom one quarter were inpatients at the time of the consultation. Only one-third of patients were employed, and less than expected were married. Mental illness is disabling and, on average, patients were judged to be 50% incapacitated. Half the patients suffered from a psychotic illness and were mostly treated with drug therapy, while the quarter of patients with a neurosis or personality disorder tended to be treated with a psychotherapy. New Zealand has 4.3 psychiatrists per 100,000 population, half the ratio recommended by the World Health Organization. Given this shortage of psychiatrists it is not unreasonable that services are directed to patients incapacitated by severe illness. It is, however, regrettable that patients with milder illnesses, and still in the workforce, are not being treated by specialist psychiatrists. PMID- 3186034 TI - Workloads in Auckland general practice 1981/82 to 1984/85. AB - A random sample of Auckland general practitioners was surveyed in 1985. Data describing their workload, practice style and practice finances for the years 1981/82 and 1984/85 was collected and analysed. The trends in general practice during this time were studied, and the results compared to national data from various sources and to data from the Department of Health for the years 1984/85 and 1986/87. The workload of practitioners has appeared to remain static despite decreasing patient: doctor ratios. The real income of general practitioners is falling. PMID- 3186035 TI - Complementary medicine and the general practitioner: a survey of general practitioners in the Wellington area. AB - A questionnaire was sent to 226 general practitioners in the Wellington region to determine the relationship between the general practitioner and complementary medicine. A 77% response rate was achieved. Twenty-four % of doctors had received training and 54% wanted further training in a complementary therapy; 27% currently practised at least one therapy. The majority of doctors (94%) knew of complementary practitioners in their locality; 77% indicated they referred to other medical practitioners for complementary therapies and 80% to nonmedical practitioners. Acupuncture, hypnosis and chiropractic were the most popular therapies. The general practitioner's role was perceived as ranging from comprehensive provider of both conventional and complementary medicine to selective practitioner of some options. It is concluded that complementary medicine is of considerable interest to general practitioners; there is demand for more training and information to be made available for doctors and for better referral networks to be developed between the practitioners. PMID- 3186036 TI - Stillbirths in Auckland 1983-1986. AB - One hundred and ninety eight stillbirth deliveries occurred in three major obstetric departments of Auckland hospitals between July, 1983 and June, 1986. Post mortem examinations were performed in 74.7% of cases. The overall stillbirth rate was 5.92 per 1000 total births and the major causes of death were fetal abnormality, fetal anoxia and unexplained fetal death. Of normally formed stillbirths, about 60% occurred in uncomplicated pregnancies. Intracranial haemorrhage was common amongst Pacific Island patients while abruptio placentae occurred more commonly in caucasians. The study suggests that stillbirths occur more commonly in small for dates infants at earlier gestations, but this trend has disappeared by term. Cord problems were rare and occurred mainly in babies over 2500 g, and the absence of post mortem evidence of anoxia in the majority of these babies may suggest that the cord complications occurred as a post mortem phenomenon. Cardiotocographs were recorded 24 hours prior to death in 16 patients. The risk of stillbirth during each subsequent week of pregnancy is calculated and it is found that this risk increases sharply after 42 weeks gestation. PMID- 3186037 TI - Myalgic encephalomyelitis. PMID- 3186038 TI - Prophylaxis for asthma. PMID- 3186039 TI - Health care in the South Pacific islands. PMID- 3186041 TI - Disagreement about primary nursing. PMID- 3186042 TI - Planning department agrees ... PMID- 3186040 TI - Smoking and health. PMID- 3186043 TI - Patient classification expertise. PMID- 3186044 TI - Written contracts as a time management tool for the clinical nurse specialist. PMID- 3186045 TI - Leveraging on the healthcare culture. PMID- 3186046 TI - New management theory. PMID- 3186047 TI - Legal problems of home care nurses. PMID- 3186048 TI - QA: a commitment to excellence. PMID- 3186049 TI - Nursing shortage: harbinger of increased litigation. PMID- 3186050 TI - Staffing pursuits: an instructional game for new nurse managers. PMID- 3186051 TI - Using surveys as a management tool. PMID- 3186052 TI - Promoting educational advancement: LVN to ADN. PMID- 3186053 TI - Verbal abuse in nursing practice. PMID- 3186054 TI - Comparing quality on eight- and twelve-hour shifts. PMID- 3186055 TI - Performance-based management of troubled nurses. PMID- 3186056 TI - Nursing units as profit centers: survey and analysis. PMID- 3186057 TI - Changing roles of nurse managers through strategic planning. PMID- 3186058 TI - Oh, sweet vengeance!? PMID- 3186059 TI - SODA: a method of charting nursing diagnoses. Subjective--Objective--Diagnostic- nursing Action. PMID- 3186060 TI - Getting together to get ahead. PMID- 3186061 TI - Critique of Orem's self-care model. PMID- 3186062 TI - Look before you leap! PMID- 3186063 TI - Assignment-making:--the objective way for staff nurses and student nurses. PMID- 3186064 TI - The health care technician: a new solution to an old problem. PMID- 3186065 TI - Acknowledging accomplishment and sharing appreciation. PMID- 3186066 TI - The seduction of substance abuse: two personal accounts. PMID- 3186067 TI - The cocaine-abusing health care professional. PMID- 3186068 TI - Low occupational risk of AIDS. PMID- 3186069 TI - AIDS not found worldwide. PMID- 3186071 TI - Differing opinions re law suits. PMID- 3186070 TI - Saliva inhibits HIV infectivity, study finds. PMID- 3186072 TI - On TMJ. PMID- 3186073 TI - Escalating malpractice insurance fees. PMID- 3186074 TI - The labial shield prosthesis. PMID- 3186075 TI - Third molar teeth: differing concepts of oral surgeons and other dentists. PMID- 3186076 TI - Knocked for a loupe. Some personal observations concerning immortality and the lack thereof. PMID- 3186077 TI - The increasing use of dental services is reflected in increased dentist income. Case report. PMID- 3186078 TI - The dentist and the nine healthcare workers who tested positive for HIV. PMID- 3186079 TI - Removal of a dental clamp from the esophagus. PMID- 3186080 TI - Global oral health and opportunities for international collaborations. PMID- 3186081 TI - A guide to the purchase of dental computer hardware. PMID- 3186082 TI - Classification of mandibular molar distal osseous lesions. PMID- 3186084 TI - Improved sensitivity in bone scintigraphy using quantitative spinal profile analysis. AB - Full-length skeletal scintiscans were acquired onto a data processor in a series of 256 X 256 matrices. A series of interactive computer programs enables the operator to select profiles down the spine and to standardize them by interpolation to a standard length and by normalization to a given count level. The counts within any section of a profile can then be calculated and the profile examined for any significant deviation from a reference 'normal' curve. In a study of 68 patients, 66% of the spinal profiles were judged abnormal, compared with 26% of scans assessed by visual inspection alone. Of 14 patients with positive profiles and negative or equivocal visually assessed scans, 11 had developed metastases within 14 months of the scan. All five patients with positive profile and raised alkaline phosphatase have died of metastatic disease. The technique appears to increase the sensitivity of bone scintigraphy. PMID- 3186083 TI - Comparison of 123I monoclonal granulocyte antibody and 99Tcm-HMPAO-labelled leucocytes in the detection of inflammation. AB - Thirteen patients with a suspicion of bacterial infection or inflammatory disease were studied with 99Tcm-HMPAO-labelled leucocytes (99Tcm-WBC) and 123I-labelled monoclonal antibodies against granulocytes (123I-MoAb-gc) within 5 days of the first study. Images were obtained at 30-40 min, 3-5 and 20-24 h. The quality of 99Tcm-WBC images was superior to that of the 123I-MoAb-gc. Eight cases were negative with both agents. Six inflammatory or infectious sites in five patients were clearly positive with 99Tcm-WBC even at 30 min, becoming moderately or strongly positive at 3-5 h but only three of them were weakly positive with 123I MoAb-gc. One cause of the poor result with 123I-MoAb-gc may be the quite low activity in granulocytes and high plasma activity. We cannot recommend 123I-MoAb gc as a primary imaging agent for inflammatory or infectious diseases for which 99Tcm-WBC seems very useful. PMID- 3186085 TI - Use of an anti-platelet monoclonal antibody F(ab')2 fragment for imaging thrombus. AB - Ten patients with suspected thrombus have been studied using 111In-labelled F(ab')2 fragments of P256, a monoclonal antibody which recognizes an epitope on the platelet membrane glycoprotein protein IIb/IIIa complex. The F(ab')2 fragment was radiolabelled with 111In via diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid to give a specific activity of up to 190 MBq (5 mCi) mg-1 without impairment of immunoreactivity. In vitro platelet aggregation studies showed that the F(ab')2 fragment caused less platelet aggregation than the whole antibody on a molar ratio and was without significant effect upon the sensitivity of platelets to a range of aggregating agents. Platelets were labelled in ten patients by intravenous injection of approximately 100 micrograms P256 F(ab')2. Of the ten patients studied, six showed localization of activity consistent with platelet accumulation. Localization was clearly seen when associated with thrombus of the lower limbs (three patients: deep vein thrombosis; one patient: aortofemoral graft), and was apparent although less marked in two other cases, one of aortic aneurysm and one of carotid stenosis. Use of radiolabelled P256 F(ab')2 offers a means of non-invasive detection of thrombus which, from in vitro studies, would appear to have less direct effect on platelet behaviour than the whole antibody. PMID- 3186086 TI - Influence of specific activity on myocardial uptake of 123I-mIBG in rats. AB - Heart and lung uptake of 123I-mIBG was studied in rats 1 h after injection as a function of specific activity (mCi mg-1) and the total loading dose (microgram kg 1) of labelled compound. Absolute lung uptake of the tracer was dependent upon specific activity, declining as the loading dose increased from 0.15 to 4300 micrograms kg-1. Uptake in the total heart was constant at 2.1% up to about 12 micrograms kg-1, at which point the heart uptake also began to decline as the loading dose increased. Myocardial uptake of 123I-mIBG, therefore, appears saturable in the rat and subject to competitive binding and/or displacement with increasing amounts of non-labelled compound. PMID- 3186087 TI - A randomized trial of intrapartum versus immediate postpartum treatment of women with intra-amniotic infection. AB - A randomized trial of intrapartum versus postpartum antibiotic treatment of women with intra-amniotic infection was conducted. Intra-amniotic infection was treated with ampicillin and gentamicin during labor (at the time of diagnosis) in 26 women and immediately after umbilical cord clamping in 19 women. Intrapartum treatment led to a lower incidence of neonatal sepsis (0 versus 21%; P = .03) and a shorter neonatal hospital stay (3.8 versus 5.7 days; P = .02) when compared with postpartum treatment. There were no significant differences in the microbiologic results, the gestational age, or the birth weight between the groups. Intrapartum-treated mothers had a shorter mean postpartum stay, a lower mean number of febrile days, and a lower mean peak postpartum temperature than did postpartum-treated mothers; these differences were all statistically significant (P = .05). The treatment of clinical intra-amniotic infection during labor results in improved outcome. PMID- 3186089 TI - Does the onset of spontaneous labor at term influence fetal biophysical test parameters? AB - Recent data suggest that fetal breathing movement incidence declines while fetal heart rate (FHR) and body movement incidence do not change within 72 hours of spontaneous term labor. We conducted a retrospective study to determine whether the length of time from testing to spontaneous labor onset could influence these biophysical test parameters. Eighty-one normal term fetuses underwent 60-minute tests 1-40 days before the onset of spontaneous labor: 41 were tested within 7 days of labor (19 within 3 days and 22 within 4-7 days) and 40 were tested more than 7 days before labor. We simultaneously acquired and analyzed FHR baseline, frequency of accelerations between ten to 14 beats per minute and more than 15 beats per minute in amplitude, percent of time spent in breathing and moving, and fetal breath rate. These biophysical parameters were not significantly different between the groups, implying that they may continue to provide clinically useful information in the prelabor period. PMID- 3186088 TI - A randomized study of antibiotic therapy in idiopathic preterm labor. AB - A randomized study was undertaken to test the effects of antibiotics as an adjunct to established methods of tocolysis. One hundred fifty patients with cervical dilation of 1 cm or more and no clinically identifiable cause for preterm labor qualified for the study. Fifty-three (35%) received 500 mg ampicillin orally every 6 hours, 50 (33%) received 500 mg erythromycin orally every 6 hours, and 47 served as controls. Antibiotics were prescribed for 10 days, and the treatment was not altered by the results of cervical cultures. Of these 150 patients, 16 (11%) had positive amniotic fluid cultures. The pregnancies with positive amniotic fluid culture were characterized by significantly less time gained after admission (2.6 versus 28.7 days) and lower birth weight (1262 versus 2470 g) than in those with negative cultures. Histologic studies of the placenta revealed chorioamnionitis in 22 (16%) of 134 patients with negative amniotic fluid cultures; these pregnancies were associated with less time gained after admission (12.5 versus 31.9 days) and lower birth weight (1680 versus 2618 g) compared with pregnancies without histologic chorioamnionitis. In patients with similar gestational age and cervical dilation, the adjunctive use of antibiotic therapy resulted in a statistically significant delay from admission to delivery (30 versus 17 days). In cases of negative amniotic fluid cultures, cervical colonization with group B streptococcus and/or Gardnerella vaginalis increased the risk of prematurity, which improved significantly when ampicillin was given. PMID- 3186090 TI - The mechanism of reduced antithrombin III activity in women with preeclampsia. AB - The cause(s) of the low plasma antithrombin III activity in women with preeclampsia is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma antithrombin III activity and both clotting parameters (platelet count and fibrinopeptide A) and renal parameters (serum creatinine and uric acid concentration). Forty-seven preeclamptic women were studied within the 2-day interval before delivery. Creatinine did not correlate significantly with any of the other study parameters. However, there were significant correlations between antithrombin III activity and platelet count (r = 0.53, P less than .005) and between antithrombin III and fibrinopeptide A (r = 0.29, P less than .05). The correlation between platelet count and fibrinopeptide A was not significant. These findings support the hypothesis that antithrombin III consumption by fibrin generation is initiated by platelet activation, and is at least one cause of the low activity level known to occur in women with preeclampsia. PMID- 3186092 TI - Epidemiologic characteristics of women with uterine fibroids: a case-control study. AB - Risk factors for uterine fibroids were analyzed in a hospital-based case-control study conducted in the greater Milan area, based on 275 women with histologically confirmed fibroids and 722 controls with acute nongynecologic or hormone-related conditions. Questions were asked about menstrual and reproductive characteristics, education, history of various diseases, and lifetime use of oral contraceptives and other hormonal treatments. The risk of uterine fibroids was reduced in parous women relative to nulliparous ones (relative risk 0.6) and in those who were postmenopausal (relative risk 0.1 compared with premenopausal women of the same age). Women with fibroids tended to have an earlier age at menarche and at the last birth, to be more educated, and to use intrauterine devices and oral contraceptives more frequently, although these findings were not statistically significant. Current smoking (but not past smoking) lowered the fibroid risk by about 40%. No associations were found with body mass index, history of spontaneous or induced abortions, and age at first birth. PMID- 3186091 TI - Change in plasma cystyl aminopeptidase (oxytocinase) between 30-34 weeks' gestation as a predictor of pregnancy-induced hypertension. AB - Ninety-two primigravidas were screened biweekly by measurement of plasma cystyl aminopeptidase from 28 weeks' gestation until delivery. Fourteen developed hypertension with or without proteinuria after 36 weeks. The hypertensive group had significantly higher levels of the enzyme at 30 weeks, although this difference was not significant at 34 weeks. The rise in the hypertensive group was less than 50% between weeks 30-34 in all cases, whereas it was over 50% in all but two of the 43 controls. The difference in the rates of increase of the enzyme and its action on antidiuretic hormone may have some bearing on the subsequent development of hypertension. PMID- 3186093 TI - Immediate and late outcome of vaginal myomectomy for prolapsed pedunculated submucous myoma. AB - During a 10-year period, vaginal myomectomy was attempted in 46 women with a symptomatic prolapsed pedunculated submucous myoma. The procedure was successful in 43 and failed in three patients, necessitating an abdominal operation. Vaginal myomectomy for this condition was simple and quick, and the postoperative course was usually uneventful. Only 8.8% of 34 patients with a median follow-up of 5.5 years required a repeat vaginal myomectomy, and only 5.9% needed a hysterectomy. Vaginal myomectomy is recommended as the initial treatment of choice for prolapsed pedunculated submucous myoma, except in those cases in which other indications necessitate an abdominal approach. PMID- 3186094 TI - Comparison of copolymer staple versus chromic suture during hysterectomy: gross, histologic, and microbiologic findings. AB - Mechanical stapling of the vaginal cuff during hysterectomy has been proposed as a way to minimize bacterial contamination, thereby reducing infectious morbidity and hospital stay. Twenty-four pathogen-free New Zealand white rabbits underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy using either chromic suture or copolymer staple to close the vaginal cuff. Aerobic and anaerobic cultures were obtained from the peritoneal cavity upon entering, and from the vaginal cuff during the initial operation and on postoperative day 3 or 8. When compared with chromic suture, stapling of the vaginal cuff during hysterectomy did not result in significant reduction of postoperative bacteria isolated from the vaginal cuff or peritoneal cavity. In addition, copolymer staples were associated with histologic evidence of more extensive necrosis and cellular exudate while significantly increasing adhesion formation between the vaginal apex and surrounding viscera. Stapling the vaginal cuff does not significantly reduce bacterial count after hysterectomy, significantly increases adhesion formation, and may interfere with normal wound healing in an animal model. PMID- 3186095 TI - The value of simultaneous hysterectomy during Burch colposuspension for urinary stress incontinence. AB - The effect of concomitant hysterectomy during colposuspension on the cure rate of genuine stress incontinence was evaluated prospectively in 45 patients. Twenty two women underwent a colposuspension only (no-hysterectomy group) and 23 had a concomitant abdominal hysterectomy and cul-de-sac obliteration (hysterectomy group). Twenty-five months postoperatively, no differences were found in the cure rate for urinary stress incontinence between the two groups (95.5 and 95.7% for the no-hysterectomy and the hysterectomy group, respectively). In the no hysterectomy group, three patients (13.6%) had enterocele formation after surgery; this complication did not occur in any of the patients in the hysterectomy group. PMID- 3186096 TI - Dynamic urethral pressure profilometry pressure transmission ratio determinations after continence surgery: understanding the mechanism of success, failure, and complications. AB - Twenty-two women who had previously undergone continence surgery for the correction of stress urinary incontinence were evaluated with dynamic urethral pressure profilometry and had bladder-to-urethra pressure transmission ratios calculated. Eight of the subjects had recurrent or persistent genuine stress incontinence (group 1), seven had detrusor instability (group 2), and seven had normal continence and detrusor function (group 3). In addition, we evaluated ten subjects with detrusor instability but no previous surgery (group 4). There were clear and significant differences in pressure transmission ratios between the four groups. These differences suggest that subjects in group 1 have the same basic mechanisms of incontinence (ie, inefficient pressure transmission to the urethra as reflected by pressure transmission ratios less than 90%) as do never operated women with genuine stress incontinence. Subjects in group 2 had pressure transmission ratios that were significantly higher than those in either group 3 or 4. This supports the hypothesis that obstruction may play a role in post continence surgery detrusor instability, but not in idiopathic detrusor instability. Group 2 subjects had pressure transmission ratios very close to the ideal of 100%. We postulate that continence procedures that consistently result in pressure transmission ratios close to 100% should have the greatest chance for success without inducing complications. PMID- 3186097 TI - The lambda fetal heart rate pattern: an assessment of its significance in the intrapartum period. AB - The "lambda" fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern was first described in 1977 as a pattern involving an acceleration followed immediately by a deceleration. However, its clinical significance has not been elucidated. During 6 months, 56 patients with this pattern were identified, representing 4% of all deliveries during this period. These were compared with a control group of 500 consecutive low-risk term patients who had been monitored electronically. The lambda pattern generally appeared early in labor and lasted for a variable period of time, but rarely persisted throughout labor. The relative rates of low Apgar scores, cesarean sections, and associated nonreassuring FHR patterns were similar between the two groups. The timing or depth of the decelerative portion of the pattern did not appear to correlate with any adverse outcome. Therefore, it does not appear that the lambda pattern is associated with any adverse outcome, nor does it predict the development of other concerning FHR patterns. PMID- 3186098 TI - Reliability of intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring in the postterm fetus with meconium passage. AB - Fifty-six postterm fetuses with intrapartum meconium passage underwent routine scalp stimulation and scalp blood sampling. Fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns were compared with blood pH. Nine fetuses (16%) had a scalp pH less than 7.20. Twenty nine fetuses (54%) demonstrated spontaneous or induced FHR accelerations; none were acidemic. Acidemia with normal variability was found only in conjunction with severe variable decelerations, and may represent respiratory acidosis. In this group, two of nine acidemic fetuses demonstrated no decelerations (pH 7.04) or mild variable decelerations only (pH 7.19). The absence of late decelerations was not as reliable as the presence of accelerations in the prediction of fetal well-being. Thirty-three percent of the fetuses who failed to exhibit spontaneous or provoked FHR accelerations were acidemic. These findings suggest that in this high-risk group of fetuses, the absence of spontaneous FHR accelerations should be followed by an attempt to induce accelerations, scalp pH assessment, or cesarean section. PMID- 3186099 TI - Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms and twin pregnancy outcome. AB - Two hundred seventy-two twin pregnancies were studied by analysis of the fetal umbilical artery waveforms recorded using continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. After the first 100 cases, a management strategy was adopted whereby all twin gestations would be studied between 28-32 weeks' gestation and the results made available to the referring obstetrician, thereby influencing clinical management. Perinatal mortality and morbidity, in pregnancies with both fetuses alive at 28 weeks' gestation, were compared between the patients studied in the first group of 100 and those studied after the Doppler examination was introduced as a clinical service. There was a decrease in perinatal mortality, both uncorrected (57.9 per 1000 to 17.9 per 1000; P less than .05) and corrected (42.1 per 1000 to 8.9 per 1000). Fetal deaths were reduced from six to one (P less than .05). This decrease in perinatal mortality was achieved without any appreciable change in the gestational age at delivery or mode of delivery between the two groups. There was a reduction in the number of infants requiring neonatal intensive care (from 38% to 24%; P less than .01). PMID- 3186100 TI - Subsequent pregnancies in previously infertile women with endometriosis. AB - Sixty-eight previously infertile patients with endometriosis who had delivered a child tried to conceive again. Fifty-two of them were successful, 28 within 1 year, and 16 were not. The ability to conceive a second child was uniformly good regardless of the stage of the previous disease, the method of treatment, the duration of the initial sterility, or the age of the patient. Patients with endometriosis and infertility who deliver should be reassured concerning their chances of completing their families. PMID- 3186101 TI - The prognosis and treatment of stage I adenocarcinoma of the cervix. AB - A review of 125 patients with stage I adenocarcinoma of the cervix is reported. The subtypes included endocervical (60), adenosquamous (38), papillary (15), clear cell (nine), and mucoid (three). The cumulative 5-year survival was 60%, and was significantly related to the following: tumor differentiation--well differentiated 80%, moderately differentiated 69%, poorly differentiated 41%; lymph node status--nodes positive 28%, nodes negative 82%; the amount of residual disease present in the cervix after radical hysterectomy; and the interval from the previous pelvic examination. Survival was not significantly influenced by histologic subtype, patient age, number of positive lymph nodes, or tumor size beyond 3 cm. Treatment included radical hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, radiation therapy, radiation therapy with hysterectomy, and hysterectomy followed by radiation therapy. The best cumulative 5-year survival (93%) was found in patients treated by radical hysterectomy without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, whereas the poorest survival (18%) was in those treated by standard hysterectomy followed by radiation therapy. Ovarian conservation seems to be an acceptable alternative to bilateral salpingo oophorectomy in the young patient undergoing radical hysterectomy. PMID- 3186102 TI - Ovarian carcinoma and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. AB - A case of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration complicating ovarian cancer is presented. This rare disorder is characterized by vertigo, nystagmus, diplopia, and ataxia. Neurologic sequelae are progressive, ultimately culminating in complete incapacitation and death. Symptoms of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration precede the diagnosis of malignancy in the majority of cases. Marked elevation in the anti-Purkinje cell antibody titer together with immunofluorescent staining techniques suggest that an autoimmune mechanism plays a role in the etiology of this disorder. PMID- 3186103 TI - An in vitro fertilization program using satellite physicians. AB - In order to provide an in vitro fertilization (IVF) service for a large geographic region, we developed the concept of Satellite IVF Centers. The goals of this program were as follows: 1) to facilitate patient participation by decreasing travel expenditures, time for screening appointments, and IVF cycle cancellations, and 2) to involve community physicians in a regionalized program. We established centers in nine cities within the Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho region serviced by the University of Washington, and in Alberta, Canada. A 2-day training session was held to provide participating physicians with a basic knowledge of IVF. We considered the roles of the satellite IVF physician to include identification of couples for IVF, initiation of ovulation induction cycles, and determination of appropriate induction cycles for oocyte recovery. The staff of the University Department of Laboratory Medicine standardized the methodologies for estradiol measurements and maintained a quality control analysis for all participating community laboratories. Satellite activity was coordinated through the IVF office at the University, which monitored physicians' decisions based on hormone and ultrasound data from days 7 and 8 of the stimulation cycle. Patients meeting specific ovarian response criteria arrived at the University on day 9 of the stimulation cycle and completed IVF. During 18 months, 72 patients were screened and initiated cycles at the nine participating centers. Forty-four of these patients were sent to the University for oocyte recovery, which resulted in 39 embryo transfers and eight pregnancies. This service has reached a large geographic community, dramatically reduced the cost of IVF for this community, and met with both patient and physician acceptance. PMID- 3186104 TI - A technique to study the passive supports of the uterus. AB - The present report concerns the position of the portio vaginalis of the uterine cervix when known amounts of downward force are applied to it under anesthesia. It is intended to provide a quantitative assessment of the passive supports of the uterus relatively independent of the active striated muscles in the pelvis. The measurements were made by connecting to the cervix a uterine insufflation cannula with a ruler attached to it and measuring the distance from the hymen to the ectocervix while varying amounts of downward traction were applied to a tenaculum with a spring scale. In 73 asymptomatic patients, the cervix lay above the hymen by the following distance with the amount of traction stated: 0 lb = 3.50 cm, 1 lb = 2.35 cm, 2 lb = 1.65 cm, 3 lb = 1.16 cm, and 4 lb = 0.81 cm. In 22 patients examined independently by two examiners, the mean difference between these measurements was 0.29 cm, and the correlation coefficient for their measurements at each level of traction ranged from 0.86-0.94, depending on the amount of force applied. This technique of measurement could be used to study the influence of such factors as age, race, parity, menopausal status, and obstetric history on the integrity of the passive support system within a population, and can provide a way to obtain objective data to study further the passive supports of the uterus. PMID- 3186105 TI - A simplified device for intraoperative autotransfusion. AB - Intraoperative autotransfusion, a widely accepted adjunct in many surgical disciplines, has been underused in obstetrics and gynecology. This report describes a new device for autotransfusion that is simpler to operate than traditional systems requiring a technician. The device was used successfully in two obstetric patients with life-threatening intraoperative hemorrhage, one with abdominal pregnancy and the other with postpartum hemorrhage. The patients received autotransfusions of 1700 and 2200 mL, respectively, without incident. Advantages of autotransfusion over banked blood include avoidance of alloimmunization, reduction of transfusion reactions and blood-borne infections, less expense, and acceptance by most religious groups. Disadvantages include potential hemolysis and limited usefulness in the presence of bacterial contamination or malignancy. On balance, the benefits of autotransfusion outweigh the risks. PMID- 3186106 TI - Molecular genetic prenatal determination of twin zygosity. AB - A method of human identity determination using synthetic oligonucleotide probes was applied to prenatal determinations of twin zygosity. Deoxyribonucleic acid "fingerprints" were obtained from chorionic villi or amniocytes. In all cases, the technique predicted twin zygosity with very small tissue samples. The accuracy and simplicity of the method far exceed those of any other currently used technique. This technique should be applicable in those situations in which prenatal determination of relationship is needed. PMID- 3186107 TI - Healthy workers can help make companies productive, profitable. PMID- 3186108 TI - Vaccines, health counseling needed when employees travel overseas. PMID- 3186109 TI - Bush, Dukakis presidential race: all quiet on health and safety front. PMID- 3186110 TI - Your worksite lunch may be lethal if you're a construction welder. PMID- 3186111 TI - Private lives of employees: how much should employers know? PMID- 3186112 TI - Comprehensive health programs should include stress management. PMID- 3186113 TI - Thorough investigation of incidents reaps rewards in improved safety. PMID- 3186114 TI - Drug/driving story needs corrections. PMID- 3186115 TI - [The development of pseudomyopia and myopia and their prevention]. PMID- 3186117 TI - [The role of hydrodynamic fluctuations in the progression of myopia]. PMID- 3186116 TI - [The role of scleral strain in the genesis of myopic vitreochorioretinal dystrophies]. PMID- 3186118 TI - [Disorders of the immune status of the body in patients with myopia]. PMID- 3186119 TI - [Reserve potentials of the cardiovascular system in healthy students with myopic refraction]. PMID- 3186120 TI - [Tissue hydrophilicity in myopia]. PMID- 3186121 TI - [Biochemical aspects of progressive myopia]. PMID- 3186122 TI - [Pupil size, its reaction to light and visual acuity in children with myopia]. PMID- 3186123 TI - [Pathogenesis of myopic maculopathy]. PMID- 3186124 TI - [Ocular refraction function of newborn infants and the effect on it of environmental factors]. PMID- 3186125 TI - [Clinical characteristics of uveitis from the viewpoint of age]. PMID- 3186126 TI - [The significance of immune system function in the pathogenesis of vernal catarrh]. PMID- 3186127 TI - [New devices for the electrophoretic diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases]. PMID- 3186128 TI - [Effectiveness of an operation for levator resection in correcting congenital blepharoptosis]. PMID- 3186129 TI - [Pathogenetic aspects of simple and proliferative diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 3186130 TI - [Electro-elimination in the study of the pathochemistry of diabetic process in the eye]. PMID- 3186131 TI - [Effects of diabetes mellitus compensation on some indices of eye hemodynamics]. PMID- 3186133 TI - [Diabetic maculopathy: expediency and tactics of preventive laser intervention. Follow-up studies]. PMID- 3186132 TI - [Argon laser coagulation in diabetic macular changes]. PMID- 3186134 TI - [Classification of endocrine (dysthyroid) ophthalmopathies]. PMID- 3186135 TI - [Early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disorders of intraocular pressure and hydrodynamics in patients with hypothyroidism in the Carpathian region]. PMID- 3186137 TI - [Ambulatory care of patients with thrombotic lesions of retinal vessels]. PMID- 3186136 TI - [Clinico-morphological diagnosis of temporal arteritis in acute optic vascular neuropathies]. PMID- 3186138 TI - [Possibilities of trans-scleral ruby laser coagulation in retinal detachment]. PMID- 3186139 TI - [A method for prevention of postoperative astigmatism]. PMID- 3186140 TI - [Experimental study of mechanical characteristics of the cornea and the adjacent parts of the sclera]. PMID- 3186141 TI - [Optical effects of the irradiation of the eye and visual cortex with lasers and light]. PMID- 3186142 TI - [Indications for radial keratotomy in mild, medium and severe myopia]. PMID- 3186143 TI - [Higher medical school at the new stage of development]. PMID- 3186144 TI - [Congenital atresia and agenesis of lacrimal ducts: clinical aspects, diagnosis, treatment]. PMID- 3186145 TI - [Complete surgical treatment of tears of the lower eyelid associated with rupture of the lacrimal duct]. PMID- 3186146 TI - [A filter for multi-purpose use of milliwatt laser]. PMID- 3186147 TI - [Self injuries of eyes in mental patients]. PMID- 3186148 TI - [A case of sarcoid uveitis believed for a long time to be tuberculous]. PMID- 3186149 TI - [A long-term symptomless remaining of a wooden foreign body in the orbit]. PMID- 3186150 TI - Elevated serum iron levels following administration of cisplatinum. AB - An increase in serum iron levels and a decrease in serum unsaturated iron binding capacity (uIBC) were noted following the administration of cisplatinum to 9 children with malignancies. The mean serum iron concentration increased from a pretreatment level of 75.7 +/- 30.5 micrograms/ml to a posttreatment level of 162.1 +/- 65.3 micrograms/ml with the first cisplatinum treatment course (p less than 0.004). The uIBC concomitantly decreased from 181.9 +/- 33.7 micrograms/ml to 86.4 +/- 44.6 micrograms/ml (p less than 0.0005). A cumulative effect was noted following subsequent courses. The levels returned to baseline values within 2-4 months following cessation of therapy in 6 children in whom follow-up data were available. It is possible that this reversal of the iron/uIBC ratio is the result of cisplatinum competition for iron binding sites to proteins. PMID- 3186151 TI - Receptors for epidermal growth factor and steroid hormones in human breast cancer. AB - Epidermal growth factor (EGF) seems to play an important role in regulating the proliferation of human breast cancer. Fifty-five primary breast tumors and 7 lymph node metastases were simultaneously assayed for the presence of EGF receptors (EGFR), estrogen receptors (ER), and progesterone receptors (PR). Overall, 42% (23/55) of the tumors were EGFR positive. EGFR were more frequently present in ER- and PR-negative than in ER- and PR-positive tumors. In particular, a negative correlation between EGFR and PR (chi 2 = 6.8; p greater than 0.01) was observed. All metastatic tumors were EGFR negative, and in all cases but 1 the levels of EGFR were higher in metastatic than in primary tumors. Our results suggest the presence of a subclass of breast tumors, the growth of which is primarily regulated by EGF or EGF-like substances rather than by steroid hormones. In this group, not amenable to endocrine therapy, EGF receptors should represent a target for therapeutic intervention. PMID- 3186152 TI - Uterine sarcomas: a clinicopathologic study. AB - A series of 48 cases with initial diagnosis of uterine sarcoma was reviewed to evaluate the validity of histologic criteria. The influence of pathologic and clinical prognostic factors and treatment modalities were examinated. The 32 patients included in this retrospective study after pathologic review had 5-year overall survival rate of 13.1%. Surgical pathological staging was demonstrated to be a significant prognostic factor, since patients with FIGO stage I-II disease had 33.5% actuarial survival rate whereas no patient with stage III-IV disease was alive at 37 months. Histological type, age and menopausal status did not significantly influence survival. Presence of heterologous elements and lymphovascular invasion were associated with a poor prognosis in the subgroup of patients with mixed mesodermal tumors. Median survival for patients receiving adjuvant treatment was 25 months compared to 19 months for those undergoing no adjuvant therapy. PMID- 3186153 TI - Sodium succinate enhances the colorimetric reaction of the in vitro chemosensitivity test: MTT assay. AB - We compared the colorimetric reactions between the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl) 2,5-diphenyl 2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test, in order to evaluate the usefulness of the SDI test for in vitro chemosensitivity testing. The addition of sodium succinate enhanced the colorimetric absorbance at 565 nm in the MTT assay in a dose- and a time dependent manner, in mouse sarcoma-180 (S-180) cells. At 10 microM of sodium succinate, a dose used in the SDI test, the absorbance of the MTT assay increased by about 2.5-fold in the S-180 cells and in 10 human tumor tissues. The absorbance in the SDI test correlated well with the viable cell number of S-180 cells (r = 0.9993). These results show that the SDI test, using MTT as a tetrazolium salt, has a higher sensitivity for predicting cell viability, compared to the MTT assay. PMID- 3186154 TI - Defective DNA repair in a large family having a high occurrence of cancer. AB - DNA repair synthesis induced by UV light was investigated in unstimulated lymphocytes of 18 healthy members of a large family. Three generations were included: the mother (82 years), her 11 surviving adult children (34-52 years) and 6 of her grandchildren (20-23 years). In the first generation on the paternal side the father and 4 of his 7 siblings had suffered from cancer, in the second generation 1 son and 1 daughter. [3H]-Thymidine incorporation was taken as the parameter for the DNA repair synthesis. DNA repair synthesis was reduced in 14 out of 18 family members; 1 in the first generation, 7 in the second generation, and all 6 in the third generation. In comparison only 14 out of 92 aged-matched controls showed a defective DNA repair. Results provide further evidence that first-degree relatives of cancer patients have an increased incidence of defective DNA repair. PMID- 3186155 TI - Replicative behaviour of ascites tumour cells transplanted in BALB C mice of different sex. AB - The present research demonstrates that cells from an ascites tumour (ATP C+) multiply more actively in the peritoneum of male mice, provided they are maintained alive in this environment for long periods of time by weekly transplants in animals of the same sex. Solid tumours obtained by inoculating ATP C+ cells, removed from the peritoneum of male mice, into the subcutaneous dorsal region of castrated male mice, grew more rapidly than those obtained by inoculating the same cells removed from the peritoneum of female mice, always provided that the cells had been passaged at length in animals of the same sex. Cytogenetical studies of these two cell subpopulations revealed that cells reproduced for 2 years in males had a less stabile karyotype and a greater incidence of acrocentric associations. PMID- 3186156 TI - A phase II trial of a new combination chemotherapy (cisplatin, bleomycin, VP-16 and methylprednisolone) in advanced recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. AB - With the aim of increasing complete responses and improving survival in advanced recurrent (after surgery and/or RXT) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, we scheduled 31 patients to receive the following regimen: VP-16, 100 mg/m2 i.v. on days 1, 3 and 5; bleomycin, 10 mg/m2 i.v. on days 4, 11 and 18; cisplatin, 120 mg/m2 on day 6, and 6-methylprednisolone, 40 mg/m2 on days 1-7. Courses were repeated every 21 days. In all, 29 patients were evaluable. RESULTS: complete responses (CR) were achieved in 7 cases (24%); partial responses (PR) in 7 cases (24%); the overall response rate was 48%; stable disease in 7 cases (24%), and progressive disease in 8 cases (27.5%). In 20 cases of the N3 category there were 4 CR (20%) and 6 PR (30%). Survival: entire groups, 32.7 weeks; CR 63.8 (22+28+72+); PR, 30.2; cases of no change, 29 weeks and in nonresponders, 10 weeks. TOXICITY: leukopenia, 5/29 (17%); thrombocytopenia, 3/29 (10.3%); anemia, 10/29 (34.4%); nephrotoxicity, 8/29 (10.3%), and alopecia, reversible, 100%. CONCLUSION: this therapeutic regimen improves the CR rate and survival time with a tolerable toxicity. PMID- 3186157 TI - Three cases of defect of the left common carotid artery in the rabbit. PMID- 3186158 TI - Synaptic formations of the corticospinal tract in the rat spinal cord. PMID- 3186159 TI - Central localization of the cervical esophageal motoneurons in the rabbit. PMID- 3186160 TI - Presence of filaments in the nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial (Clara) cell of mammalian lung. PMID- 3186161 TI - Morphometric studies on the minor calices. PMID- 3186162 TI - Do the cardiac glands exist? 3. Humans. PMID- 3186163 TI - Fine structure of the vascular system of crab-eating monkey molar pulps. PMID- 3186164 TI - [The structure of the centriolar apparatus of the endothelial cells in the embryonic and definitive human aorta]. AB - The fine structure of the centriolar system was studied on serial sections of 90 endothelial cells of human aorta (50 to 60 years) in regions without atherosclerotic platelets and with fibrous and atheromatous platelets and of 30 endothelial cells of human embryonic aorta (22-24 weeks). The vast majority (95%) of endothelial cells of the atheromatous platelets were shown to have a primary cilium over 1 micron long which gives on the basal surface in all the cells. In the regions without platelets and with fibrous platelets a cilium was observed in about 20% of cells and it gives in the vessel lumen. Endothelial cells with a cilium fully embedded in the cytoplasm and with abnormal cilium structure were found in the embryonic aorta. A suggestion is put forward that cilia of the endothelial cells of embryonic aorta and those of adult aorta differ by the mechanism of their formation and can have different functions. PMID- 3186165 TI - [Phenylalanine hydroxylase of human embryos: its homology with the enzyme from the liver of adults]. AB - Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH) activity was discovered in the liver of 7-12 week old human embryos. Embryonic and adult PHs were identical, as shown by immunoelectrophoresis. Unlike the adult liver PH, the PH content of the extract of cytoplasmic proteins of embryonic liver was reduced but the specific activity was increased more than by one order of magnitude. H (57,000 D) and L (55,000 D) subunits were detected by immunoblotting. The L subunit predominates in the extract of membrane proteins of embryonic liver. Hence, the major part of phenylalanine oxidizing activity in the embryonic liver is related to the enzyme immunochemically identical with the PH of adult liver but differing from it in some structural and functional properties. PMID- 3186166 TI - [Changes in the proliferative activity of the corneal epithelium and the regenerating liver in partial splenectomy in mice]. AB - The mitotic activity in epithelial cells of the mouse cornea was studied 4 h, 1, 2, 5, 8 and 14 days after a sham operation or partial (2/3) splenectomy. The decrease in the number of dividing cells in the corneal epithelium was observed within two days after a sham operation and within five days after partial splenectomy. On the contrary, partial hepatectomy increased the number of mitoses in the corneal epithelium. Liver regeneration against the background of a sham operation or partial splenectomy was accompanied by a lesser number of mitoses (by a factor of 2.5-4) in hepatocytes than in the animals subjected to partial hepatectomy only. PMID- 3186168 TI - [Contact polarization of the embryonic cells of the clawed toad during gastrulation. 2. The morphogenetic and differentiation consequences of relaxation polarization of the cells--relaxation morphoses]. PMID- 3186167 TI - [Cytological mechanisms of the growth and regeneration of the parathyroid glands]. AB - Contribution of proliferation and hypertrophy of the epitheliocytes to the growth and regeneration of the rat parathyroid glands was estimated using organo- and cytometry, cytophotometry of DNA content in the nuclei and determination of mitotic index. During postnatal development and in the case of hypertrophy of the adult glands following a moderate resection (50%), the gland growth is provided by mitotic divisions of the parathyroid cells, rather than by the increase in cell size. When up to 75 and 90% of the gland volume is removed, cell hyperplasia is accompanied by stable hypertrophy of the parathyroid cells unrelated to their polyploidization. The contribution of nonmitotic cell hypertrophy to the total increment of the organ volume amounts to 40-50%. PMID- 3186169 TI - [Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression. Soviet-Finnish symposium. Tashkent, 26 September-1 October 1988. Abstracts]. PMID- 3186170 TI - Hexagonal keratotomy for corneal steepening. AB - Hexagonal keratotomy is evaluated for treatment of hyperopia, presbyopia, and radial keratotomy over-response. Initial indications are that this modality appears promising. Sixteen patients were evaluated and one complication is discussed. PMID- 3186172 TI - 'Very late onset' cystoid macular edema. AB - Cystoid macular edema typically manifests 4 to 16 weeks after ocular surgery. It has only rarely been documented with an onset more than 2 years postoperatively. We report four patients who developed clinically significant cystoid macular edema between 7 and 16 years after initially successful surgery. Two patients had undergone intracapsular cataract extraction, one extracapsular cataract extraction, and one a scleral buckling procedure. Although such cases of "very late onset" cystoid macular edema are uncommon, it should be considered in patients who suffer visual loss many years after ocular surgery. PMID- 3186173 TI - Intraocular pressure following ECCE, phacoemulsification, and PC-IOL implantation. AB - Abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP), either transient or permanent, may follow extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) with phacoemulsification (PE) and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC-IOL) implantation. We retrospectively studied IOP measurements at different intervals post ECCE and PE in 242 eyes of 211 patients: 105 males, 106 females, 198 Caucasians and 13 blacks. Elevated IOP (greater than 23 mm Hg) was observed in 20 eyes (8.2%). Only two patients (0.8%) had persistent (greater than 3 months) IOP elevation and needed antiglaucoma therapy. Six more eyes (2.5%), however, developed glaucoma after 1 year. Hence, the incidence of secondary pseudophakic glaucoma at the conclusion of this study was 3.3%. No patient required laser or other mechanical surgery for IOP control. ECCE and PE with PC-IOL does not appear to adversely affect IOP. Patients, however, must be followed closely, as some may develop glaucoma months after surgery. PMID- 3186171 TI - Cataract extractions for senior surgeons. AB - Two groups of surgeons over the age of 70 were contacted to determine their personal experience with cataract surgery. One hundred fifty-three of 250 ophthalmologists and 107 of 250 members of the American College of Surgeons responded to a questionnaire. Sixteen (10.5%) ophthalmologists and nine (8.4%) FACS members had undergone cataract surgery in at least one eye. The mean age at the time of surgery was 72.7 years for the ophthalmologists and 66.4 years for the FACS members. Results were excellent, with 24 of the 25 eyes among the ophthalmologists having vision of 20/30 or better. Rates for surgery among spouses of both groups were lower than those for the surgeons. PMID- 3186174 TI - Sling markers in scleral reinforcement surgery. AB - Scleral reinforcement surgery requires a long-term controlled study to establish its efficacy in arresting the blinding complications of pathologic myopia. Only those cases with proven scleral sling reinforcement of the posterior pole should be included in such a study. Tantalum graft markers allow postoperative verification of sling position, and the exclusion of those cases with inappropriately placed reinforcement grafts. PMID- 3186175 TI - Effects of aminoproprionitrile on glaucoma filter blebs in rabbits. AB - Aminoproprionitrile was used topically in rabbits for 4 weeks following glaucoma filtration surgery in an attempt to prevent loss of the filter bleb from scarring. At 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, the outflow facility in eyes receiving aminoproprionitrile was greater than in the fellow eyes which served as controls (p less than 0.002 at 2 weeks and p less than 0.015 at 4 weeks). By 8 weeks after surgery, there was no difference in the outflow facility of the eyes in each animal. No increase in postoperative complications was attributed to aminoproprionitrile. These results suggest that aminoproprionitrile, which interferes with collagen cross-linking, may promote filter bleb formation. PMID- 3186176 TI - Intraocular lenses with posterior convex optics: a clinical review. AB - Surgidev Style 20 lenses with posterior convex optics and angulated haptics were placed in 294 consecutive eyes. Follow-up was from 2 months to 4 1/2 years, with an average of 32 months. Final acuity was 20/40 or better in 96.3%. There was no incident of persistent cystoid macular edema, and the capsular opacity rate was 5.4%. No retinal detachment has occurred to date in this series, and only one eye has required reoperation. PMID- 3186177 TI - Simultaneous bilateral conjunctival and orbital lymphoma presenting as a conjunctival lesion. AB - A 44-year-old man with the diagnosis of a conjunctival lymphoma in the left eye was also found on further evaluation to have a lymphoma in the opposite orbit. The patient had no systemic signs of the disease, and was treated with localized radiation therapy. Although simultaneous presentation of lymphoma affecting the conjunctiva in one eye and the orbit on the opposite side is rare, any patient with an isolated conjunctival lymphoma should have a careful evaluation of the opposite eye and orbit, including an orbital computed tomographic scan to rule out simultaneous involvement. PMID- 3186178 TI - Reproducibility of the Early Cataract Detector (Kowa ECD 2000). AB - We conducted a reproducibility study on the Kowa Early Cataract Detector, a laser light scattering spectroscope that determines the diameter of particles within the lens and designed to quantify changes in particle size in early cataracts. We found good reproducibility in the nuclear region (where changes are homogeneous), but found poor reproducibility in the cortical region (where changes are heterogeneous). We advise careful evaluation of other similar devices before extensive use. PMID- 3186179 TI - Intraocular pressure response after pneumatic retinopexy. AB - We measured intraocular pressure over a five-day period in ten consecutive patients undergoing pneumatic retinopexy to determine the effect of an expanding gas bubble. During treatment, all eyes received 0.3 ml perfluoropropane gas. All eyes had an immediate rise in intraocular pressure, which in four eyes was associated with absence of central retinal artery perfusion for three minutes. Once intraocular pressure fell toward baseline (30 to 60 minutes after gas injection), we did not find a high intraocular pressure during the subsequent five-day period. We conclude that intraocular pressure-reducing medication is not routinely indicated in these eyes. PMID- 3186181 TI - Lack of reading interest secondary to presbyopia. PMID- 3186182 TI - CME associated with ECCE and ICCE. PMID- 3186180 TI - Handle for +90-diopter lens. AB - This plastic handle for the +90-diopter lens holds the lens with a snap fit, facilitates manipulation, and allows storage in the shirt pocket using a half frame spectacle case. PMID- 3186183 TI - Penlight glare test. PMID- 3186184 TI - Ocular pain could be caused by occipital neuritis. PMID- 3186186 TI - PC-IOL implantation in the absence of posterior capsular support. PMID- 3186185 TI - Hyphema and vitreous hemorrhage in a newborn. PMID- 3186187 TI - Viscodissection as an adjunct to phacoemulsification. PMID- 3186189 TI - Relation of the depth of the anterior chamber to the lens thickness: clinical significance. AB - Comparative studies of the anterior eye segments of our patients have revealed an average value of 7.67 mm for the distance of the anterior surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the lens. This result is of importance for the determination of the lens thickness as regards the prognosis of the different forms of glaucoma, as well as the development of refraction and emmetropization of the eye. PMID- 3186188 TI - Accelerated heavy particles and the lens. V. Theoretical basis of cataract enhancement by dose fractionation. AB - That accelerated heavy ions are highly cataractogenic is indisputable. The basis of heavy particle effectiveness and the augmentation by fractionation, as recently demonstrated, remains less clear. There is no question, however, that these are tied to the 'track structure' and densely ionizing nature of the radiation. The unique energy deposition characteristics relating to charge and track structure are now being explored to begin to dissect the cellular response of the lens epithelium to radiation exposure. The elucidation of the basis of the cataractogenic effect of accelerated heavy ions is important not only to risk assessment, but also in the consideration of theories of radiation action and the mechanism of cortical opacification arising from a myriad of cataractotoxic agents. PMID- 3186191 TI - Long-term visual health risks from solar ultraviolet radiation. Proposals for ocular protection. AB - Several clinical observations suggest the necessity of protective measures to prevent eye damage from solar ultraviolet radiation. Recommendations for protection are given. PMID- 3186190 TI - Ascorbic acid and the eye lens. AB - Exposure of mice to hyperbaric oxygen leads to an inhibition of the mitotic activity in the germinative epithelium of the lens. This is followed by an eventual development of cataracts. Cataracts have also been observed in human beings treated with hyperbaric oxygen for different afflictions. The lens damage and cataract formation appears to be due to in situ generation of active radicals and other active species of oxygen. These oxygen derivatives may also contribute to the multifactorial process of senile cataract formation in human beings. This hypothesis is based on in vitro experiments with rat lenses cultured in medium generating oxygen radicals, the generation of the radicals being accomplished either photochemically or enzymatically. The ability of the lens to transport rubidium and amino acids from such a medium is adversely affected. This is a recognized index of the damage to the tissue physiology. Scavengers of active oxygen species have been found to protect against this damage. Ascorbate, present in concentrations similar to that in the primate aqueous and lens, is also protective. The studies, therefore, point to an antioxidant and perhaps an anti cataract effect of ascorbate. Pyruvate is another agent useful in this regard. PMID- 3186193 TI - Effect of vitamin E on the production of collagen, DNA and fibronectin in keratocytes in vitro. AB - Vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate) can inhibit collagen production in rabbit corneal keratocytes in vitro when incubated in the absence of serum. Cell growth is not appreciably affected but fibronectin synthesis is increased after exposure to vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopherol and DL-alpha-tocopherol acetate) in the absence of serum. These findings may be important in understanding how vitamin E is advocated as both an inhibitor of scar formation and as an aid to healing. PMID- 3186192 TI - Effect of glutathione depletion on cation transport and metabolism in the rabbit lens. AB - The role of reduced glutathione (GSH) in lens membrane function was studied by depleting GSH with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), a reaction catalyzed by GSH-S-transferase. Depletion of GSH in the lens epithelium by 70-90% led to a decrease in uptake and increase in efflux of 86Rb. ATP levels and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were normal while there was a slight decrease in lactate production. The results provide the first direct evidence that depletion of endogenous GSH per se does not lead to inactivation of Na+/K+-ATPase. However, lenses deficient in GSH when challenged with a normally tolerated level of H2O2 showed significant inactivation of membrane ATPase without a further increase in membrane permeability. Pretreatment with CDNB resulted in a 3-fold stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt activity which is attributed to the unexpected finding of a significant increase in the level of oxidized glutathione in the lens. It is concluded that deficiency of GSH causes a marked increase in membrane permeability and such lenses are susceptible to oxidative damage resulting in inactivation of the Na+/K+ pump, thus leading to ionic changes and cataract development. PMID- 3186194 TI - Ganglioside composition in human cataractous nuclei. AB - Gangliosides were isolated from human cataractous nuclei by solvent extraction, dialysis, and thin-layer chromatography and compared to gangliosides present in human whole normal and cataractous lenses. Three predominant gangliosides were tentatively identified as GM1, GM3, and GD1a, and several other resorcinol positive components were observed in each of the sets of lens tissue. Thin-layer chromatographic patterns were similar, although some minor and possibly significant differences in band intensities were observed when chromatograms of gangliosides from cataractous nuclei and cataractous whole lenses were visually compared with those of whole normal lenses. Total ganglioside extracts were methanolyzed and the fatty acid methyl esters extracted with hexane and resolved by gas chromatography. Nervonic acid (C-24:1) content was increased in cataractous nuclei as compared to normal and cataractous whole lenses. PMID- 3186195 TI - Metabolism of D-glucose anomers in rat lens. AB - In lens homogenates, hexokinase displayed a greater affinity for alpha-D-glucose but a higher maximal velocity with beta-D-glucose. However, in intact lenses incubated at 10 degrees C in the presence of 4-7 mM alpha- or beta-D-glucose, no anomeric difference could be found in either the intracellular content in D glucose and D-glucose 6-phosphate or the utilization of D-[5-3H]glucose and oxidation of D-[1-14C]glucose. Even the sorbitol content of the lens was not significantly different after 180 min perifusion at 37 degrees C in the presence of either alpha- or beta-D-glucose. It is proposed that the lack of anomeric specificity in D-glucose metabolism is attributable, at least in part, to the low turnover rate of glucose 6-phosphate in the lens, allowing for the interconversion of glucose 6-phosphate anomers. PMID- 3186196 TI - Regional distribution of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and alpha-L-fucosidase activities in the human retina and choroid. AB - We studied biochemically the regional distribution of N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase and alpha-L-fucosidase activities in the human retina and choroid. The N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity showed no regional difference. The alpha-L-fucosidase activity was higher in the macula than in other areas. PMID- 3186197 TI - Cilioretinal arteries in large optic disks. AB - The cilioretinal arteries form a physiologic bypass between the ciliary and retinal circulation. The evaluation of photographs of 163 normal optic nerve heads revealed a significant (p less than 0.001) correlation between the number of cilioretinal arteries and the optic disk and cup size: the larger the disk and cup the more vessels. The vessels' prevalence in all optic disks was 27.0%. It increased from 0% in disks smaller than 2.00 mm2 to 50.0% in optic nerve heads larger than 4.1 mm2. No correlations existed between cilioretinal arteries and refraction, axial length, side, sex and age, according to the missing correlations between these parameters and optic disk and cup area. The presence of two or three cilioretinal arteries indicates a congenitally large optic disk and cup in normal eyes, and can be helpful in the differentiation of physiologic macrocups in macrodisks from glaucomatous cupping. PMID- 3186198 TI - Comparison of proteins in the interphotoreceptor matrix of vertebrates. AB - Interphotoreceptor matrix (IPM) proteins from a wide range of vertebrate species were examined by gel electrophoresis. Extensive similarities in the banding patterns of the proteins were found. S antigen, serum albumin and interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) were identified immunochemically. The latter two proteins dominate the IPM obtained from the apical surface of the retinal pigment epithelium, whereas IPM prepared from the retina washes contains IRBP plus outer-segment components including S antigen. IRBP is present in IPM from the all-cone lizard (Anolis) eye, as well as from rod and cone-dominant animals. The ontogeny of IRBP in chick IPM is different from that of serum albumin in age of onset and rapidity of development. Comparison between Royal College of Surgeons rat IPM and normal rat IPM showed that several proteins are changed in amount. This study is a step toward a functional characterization of components common to the IPM of all vertebrates. PMID- 3186199 TI - Effect of sodium iodate injection on the development of galactose cataract in the rat. AB - The effect of sodium iodate injection on the development of galactose cataract in the rat was investigated clinically and biochemically. Galactose cataracts were induced in animals which had been injected with a single dose of sodium iodate and compared with those given a saline injection. The degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium was observed electron microscopically after sodium iodate injection. A slit lamp examination of the lens showed that, in animals injected with sodium iodate, galactose-associated lens alterations progressed faster, and mature cataract development was achieved earlier than in the saline-injected animals. Biochemical data which indicated a significantly higher concentration of Na+ and lower concentration of K+ in lenses of sodium iodate-injected animals confirmed the above clinical data. The level of galactitol was higher in lenses of sodium iodate-injected than those of saline-injected animals. Acceleration of the development of galactose cataract following sodium iodate injection is apparently due to the higher level of galactose entering the aqueous humor because of breakdown of blood-ocular barriers. PMID- 3186200 TI - Effects of epinephrine on retinal and choroidal blood flow through different routes of drug administration. AB - Epinephrine (1, 3 and 10 micrograms/kg) was found to increase retinal and choroidal blood flow (22, 49 and 67%) when it was administered intravenously. The increase in retinal and choroidal blood flow coincided well with the increase in systemic blood pressure (44, 65 and 96%, respectively). When epinephrine (2%) was instilled to the eyes topically the retinal and choroidal blood flow decreased (15%) while systemic blood pressure remained unchanged. It is suggested that the decrease in retinal and choroidal blood flow by topical epinephrine could be the cause of epinephrine maculopathy reported previously. L-Timolol (0.25%, topically) did not affect retinal and choroidal blood flow significantly. PMID- 3186201 TI - Correlations of the neuroretinal rim area with ocular and general parameters in normal eyes. AB - The neuroretinal rim as equivalent of the retinal nerve fibers is the target in the evaluation of glaucomatous optic nerve heads. Its area was measured in absolute size units using photographs of 234 normal optic disks and correcting the photographic magnification according to Littmann's method. High myopic eyes (less than -8.00 dptr) were excluded. The mean rim area was 2.09 +/- 0.60 (0.80 3.80 mm2). It was significantly correlated (p less than 0.00001) to the optic disk area. In optic disks without cupping, the neuroretinal rim area was identical with the disk area (r = 1.0, slope of the regression line = 1.0). In disks having cups with temporal flat slopes, the rim area increased by a factor of 0.71 with the disk size, in disks with circular steep cups, by a factor of 0.26. This interindividual variability and the correlations between rim and disk area might be clinically important for morphometry of glaucomatous optic nerve heads. There were no significant correlations between rim area and age, sex, refraction or axial length. PMID- 3186202 TI - Reducing the amount of monomers in intraocular lenses through sterilization by gamma radiation. AB - Sterile inflammatory reactions of varying degrees are a rare, but not uncommon, complication after intraocular lens implantation. At present we still do not know the cause of these processes, but we consider two chemical substances contained in the lens at least as risk factors for them: monomeric methyl methacrylate, which is present in any lens made from polymethyl methacrylate (Perspex), and ethylene oxide, an extremely toxic agent, which is absorbed by the lens during sterilization with this gas. Gas chromatographic investigations show that under sterilization of intraocular lenses by 60Co radiation the amount of monomeric methyl methacrylate in the lens can be reduced drastically. Also, any contamination of the lens by ethylene oxide is avoided. Therefore, at least two important arguments speak in favor of this alternative sterilization technique. PMID- 3186203 TI - Systemic human diseases as oxidative risk factors in cataractogenesis. I. Diabetes. AB - In this study we have investigated the oxidative metabolism of red blood cells (RBC), plasma, serum, aqueous humor, and lens of healthy subjects and of age matched cataractous patients with and without diabetes. Reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH GSSG) levels in RBC were similar among the three groups. Plasma levels of GSSG were higher in diabetics than in cataractous and control subjects. No differences in plasma content of GSH were noted among the three groups. The activity of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly diminished in diabetic patients. Controls and cataractous patients showed similar levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Although not significant the MDA content in RBC from diabetics was elevated. No differences in plasma levels of vitamin E were noted among the three groups. The biological liquid oxidant activity of serum in diabetic patients was significantly higher than in controls and cataractous patients. GSH levels in aqueous humor were similar in diabetic and nondiabetic cataractous patients. The content of GSSG in aqueous humor was highest in diabetic patients. Control clear lenses showed low levels of MDA. The MDA levels in cataractous lenses from nondiabetic patients were significantly higher than those of controls. In diabetic patients the content of MDA in the lens was approximately twice as high as the cataractous values. Our results seem to demonstrate that oxidative damage could play a role in the pathogenesis of cataract in diabetes. PMID- 3186204 TI - Measurement of hyphema: a clinical method. AB - The purpose of this study was to devise a simple and reliable method of accurately measuring hyphema in the anterior chamber. Simple measurements of specific ocular characteristics, namely the corneal diameter and the vertical height of the blood column, are all that is required. Reference tables were generated to determine the amount of blood in the anterior chamber, and the percentage of volume occupied by blood. PMID- 3186205 TI - Funduscopic alterations in SS and SC hemoglobinopathies. Study of a Brazilian population. AB - Fundus changes in sickle cell disease are well studied and documented according to their clinical and angiographic aspects. Sickle cell retinopathy was studied in a Brazilian population of 63 patients (41 with SS hemoglobinopathy, and 22 with SC hemoglobinopathy). All ophthalmoscopic changes observed in our patients were more frequent in the SC group with the exception of atrophic retinal tears, found only in the SS group. Proliferative retinopathy including its complications was seen in 54.54% of the eyes of the SC group, and in only 14.64% of the eyes of the SS group. Decreased vision is consequently greater in the SC group. Despite the great frequency of funduscopic changes in both groups, only 1 patient suffered irreversible visual loss due to retinal detachment operated on without success. PMID- 3186206 TI - Vortex veins in the macula. AB - A 54-year-old man with diabetes mellitus had abnormal choroidal vessels in the right eye. Whirled tributaries, the choroidal part of the vortex vein, and the scleral canal beneath the central foveal area were visible. This is a rare case of vortex veins in the macula. PMID- 3186207 TI - [Correction of unilateral aphakia in children, adolescents, and adults at an age when accommodation is still possible]. AB - Twenty-one patients, aged 4-42 years, with unilateral aphakia after perforating injury, were corrected with a combination of spectacles and contact lenses. While taking stereopsis and aniseikonia into consideration, each patient was corrected with the combination of contact lens and spectacles to achieve the best stereoscopic vision. Two of the five children (aged 4 and 7) achieved positive results on stereoscopic acuity. 15 of 16 patients (10-42 years old) showed good results on the TNO table test. The influence of visual acuity and age as well as the influence of the principles of the stereoacuity test are discussed. PMID- 3186208 TI - Cutting device in ocular pathology. AB - Preservation of intraocular pressure during routine opening of an eye in the pathology laboratory is important to retain the anatomic interrelationships. For this purpose we have devised a closed-chamber system by which the globe is held intact while it is bisected or while a calotte is excised. PMID- 3186209 TI - Intraocular pressure during hemodialysis. AB - In 14 patients undergoing hemodialysis, the intraocular pressure did not change significantly when measured at hourly intervals for 4 h. There was a loss in body weight because of fluid loss; also the Schirmer values decreased significantly at the conclusion of treatment. Blood osmolality decreased markedly in a linear fashion. The fluctuations of intraocular pressure during hemodialysis were likely dependent on the dynamics of dehydration and hypo-osmolality. Regulatory forces stabilized the intraocular pressure to such a degree that statistical significance in these fluctuations was not reached. PMID- 3186210 TI - Accommodative weakness and mydriasis following laser treatment at the peripheral retina. AB - Transient accommodative paresis and pupillary disturbances are some of the less known and uncommon complications of peripheral retinal laser treatment extending over at least one third of the retinal periphery. They are the result of damage by the laser applications to parasympathetic nerve fibers that lie beneath the coagulated area and innervate the ciliary body and iris sphincter. Six myopic patients who suffered from these complications following peripheral laser treatment for retinal tears are presented. A mechanism of direct damage to ciliary muscle fibers during photocoagulation is proposed. PMID- 3186211 TI - Epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion and its association with glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure. AB - A population-based study found an overall incidence rate of symptomatic retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in a 4-year period to be 2.14 per 1,000 in the 40 years and over age group. When cases found among glaucoma clinic patients were separated from the remainder of the population there was marked difference in the incidence rate of RVO in the same time period (1.85 and 17.3 per 1,000, respectively). The rate of RVO increased significantly (p less than 0.001) with age in the general population from 0.93 per 1,000 among persons under 64 years of age to 5.36 per 1,000 among persons over 65. The increase in the rate of RVO by age was less dramatic in the glaucoma clinic population. The two populations also differed in the frequency of the occlusion type: the ratio of the rate of branch vein occlusion to central vein occlusion was 3.2:1 in the general population, but equally distributed in the glaucoma clinic population. Persons with increased intraocular pressure and/or glaucoma were found to have a higher prevalence of RVO than persons with no history of elevated intraocular pressure. PMID- 3186212 TI - Therapeutic outcome of prednisone medication and of orbital irradiation in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. AB - Response to treatment was evaluated prospectively in 58 patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Prednisone, administered to 44 patients, resulted in a favourable response in 29 patients (66%): excellent in 3, good in 10 and fair in 16 subjects; 15 patients (34%) did not respond. Orbital irradiation was administered to 39 patients of whom all except 4 had been treated previously with steroids. Six months later, 25 patients (64%) had responded favourably (excellent in 0, good in 9 and fair in 16 subjects) and 14 patients had not responded (36%). A favourable response to prednisone or irradiation was reflected in a general shift to lower grades in each of the classes 2-6 of the NOSPECS system. Responders were not different from non-responders with regard to age, sex, NOSPECS classification, ophthalmopathy index, interval between the onset of eye disease (or of thyroid disease if present) and the start of treatment, or the presence of thyroid disease. In conclusion, (1) the ratio of responders to non-responders is 2:1 for both prednisone treatment and orbital irradiation in Graves' ophthalmopathy, (2) the response is seen in all classes of the NOSPECS system, and (3) the response is not dependent on age, sex, severity or duration of eye disease, or the presence of thyroid disease. PMID- 3186213 TI - Nonvisual eye position control in a patient with ocular lateropulsion. AB - For elucidating the nonvisual eye position control system, we studied the accuracy of saccades toward the remembered position (memory-guided saccades) in a patient with ocular lateropulsion having tonic bias of the eye position. Although the saccadic dysmetria caused by ocular lateropulsion was recorded during memory guided saccades in the same manner as visually guided saccades, the eyes reached precisely the intended position by corrective saccades. The mean latency of corrective saccades was significantly longer than that of corrective saccades observed for visually guided saccades. This long latency of corrective saccades supports the assumption that feedback information of the eye position is a signal generated by orbital afferents rather than a copy of the motor command. PMID- 3186215 TI - Retinoblastoma: the Saudi Arabian experience. AB - During the period March 1983-May 1987, 74 cases of retinoblastoma were evaluated at the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 60% of the cases were unilateral with a female preponderance of 59.4% noted for this series. Additionally, the mean age at diagnosis was 22 months, and delay of retinoblastoma diagnosis since the first symptoms were observed ranged from two days to 36 months. Fifty-seven eyes were enucleated, and in 21 of these patients, this was the sole form of therapy. The remainder of patients were treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with chemotherapy, cryotherapy/photocoagulation. Overall, two-year survival statistics of this group of Saudi patients is 80% which compares favorably to other reports in the West. Emphasis is placed on management of the retinoblastoma patients by a multi-disciplinary group, and public educational efforts are imperative. PMID- 3186216 TI - Use of mini-fragment bone plates for reduction of midface fractures. AB - A technique for using small plates in the management of midface fractures is presented. Principles of fracture management are similar to wire osteosynthesis. Anatomic rigid reduction allows more precise control and stabilization of the midfacial bone fragments, particularly the frontal process of the maxilla and the medial canthal region. In addition, rigid fixation aids in preventing inferomedial displacement of the zygomatic complex by the masseter muscle. The vertical dimension of the midface can be reestablished and stabilized by bone plate fixation without the need for suspension wires. Immediate opening of the mouth afforded by rigid fixation facilitates safe airway management, patient comfort, better oral hygiene, and speech and may circumvent the need for tracheostomy when concomitant nasal fractures are present. PMID- 3186217 TI - Is there a need for antibiotic prophylaxis in dental patients with prosthetic joints? PMID- 3186214 TI - Perforating ocular wounds in occupational accidents. AB - We review 77 patients with perforating ocular wounds due to occupational accidents seen in our hospital over a period of 5 years. Industrial accidents were the most frequent cause (61.04%), followed by agricultural (25.97%) and services trade (12.98%). Seventy-five patients were males (97.40%), with a mean age of 32.88 years. The cornea was statistically the most frequent location (p less than 0.001). The nasal quadrants were more frequently affected than the temporal ones (p less than 0.001) and the upper quadrants were also more affected than the lower ones, especially in the cornea (p less than 0.001). Fifty-two percent had intraocular foreign bodies; industrial accidents were responsible of 65% of these injuries. They were significantly more frequent in summer than in autumn (p less than 0.001) and spring (p less than 0.01). We discuss the prognosis of these injuries and the circumstances that may influence in their occurrence, stressing the importance of prevention programs. PMID- 3186218 TI - Is systematic antimicrobial prophylaxis justified in dental patients with prosthetic joints? PMID- 3186219 TI - Facial trismus and myofascial pain associated with infections and malignant disease. PMID- 3186220 TI - Xerostomia. Part I: Relationship to other oral symptoms and salivary gland hypofunction. AB - The prevalence of xerostomia and nine other oral symptoms was studied in 529 subjects (18 years or older) in a family health center. The findings show that (1) dry mouth and several other symptoms are common in an outpatient population and (2) they are a valid indicator of salivary gland hypofunction. PMID- 3186221 TI - Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma: a case report with ultrastructural findings. AB - A specimen of a polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of minor salivary gland origin in the nose, originally diagnosed as an adenoid cystic carcinoma, was examined by electron microscopy. The tumor cells forming narrow, anastomosing trabecular cords in histologic sections were almost exclusively well differentiated myoepithelial cells when examined with the electron microscope. Adenoidal regions within and between the columns of tumor cells resulted from the production of excessive amounts of basal lamina and glycosaminoglycans. In one focal region, glandular lumina were formed within the trabecular cords and more solid regions of the tumor. By both immunohistochemistry (anticytokeratins and anti-S 100 protein) and electron microscopy, transitions from the principal tumor cells comprising the trabecular cords (myoepithelial cells) to luminal epithelial cells could be detected. Since the patient is free of recurrence or metastases 7 years after limited surgical resection of the tumor, the designation of polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma seems quite appropriate. PMID- 3186222 TI - Localized primary amyloid tumor of the parotid gland. AB - We report a case of primary amyloid tumor (amyloidoma) of the left parotid gland. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of this tumor in a parotid gland to be reported in the English literature. Congo red staining with prior potassium permanganate incubation confirmed the localized primary type of amyloid. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated staining for immunoglobulin A, lambda and kappa light chains within the amyloid deposits and in the cytoplasm of the lymphocytes, and plasma cell aggregates. Ultrastructural examination showed characteristic findings of straight, nonbranching fibrils, measuring 80 to 100 A in length, that were diagnostic of amyloid. The patient had no symptoms and no clinical or laboratory evidence of systemic amyloidosis or multiple myeloma at a 1-year follow-up examination. PMID- 3186223 TI - The effect of varnish and pit and fissure sealants on the sealing capacity of retrofilling techniques. AB - Freshly extracted teeth with single canals were instrumented and filled with laterally condensed gutta-percha and sealer. After obturation, the tooth apices were treated with various retrograde techniques. The sealing ability of these techniques, namely laterally condensed gutta-percha, heat-sealed gutta-percha, and silver amalgam retrofilling, was compared on the basis of dye penetration. The apical foramen of the treated canals was then coated with different sealing materials--HelioSeal (light-activated sealant), Delton pit and fissure sealant (chemically activated sealant), and varnish--to examine their effect on the leakage resistance of these materials. Statistical analysis indicated that laterally condensed gutta-percha, as well as retrograde amalgam filling, produced a statistically significantly better seal than heat-sealed gutta-percha. Coating of the apical foramen with different sealing materials showed that HelioSeal had significantly improved the sealing capacity of all the materials tested at each time period. Delton pit and fissure sealant did not increase the sealing ability in the first week. However, this material has significantly improved the sealing ability after the first week. On the other hand, sealing of the apical foramen with varnish did not produce any significant change in the sealing capacity of the filling materials. Finally, dye penetration around all the filling and retrofilling materials, in the presence or absence of the apical seal, continued and increased with time. However, root canals sealed with Helioseal consistently showed the least amount of apical leakage of all the canals tested. PMID- 3186224 TI - A comparison between xeroradiography and conventional radiography in the diagnosis of endodontic lesions. AB - Detection of periapical bone pathosis is an important part of the diagnostic process in dentistry. Xeroradiographs and E-speed films were taken to evaluate and to compare the diagnostic value for the radiographic interpretation of periapical lesions. Thirty-four patients undergoing endodontic treatment were chosen. Simultaneous exposures of the radiographic film and the xeroradiographic plates were made. The samples were viewed and categorized by the examiners using the following scores: 0 = unacceptably poor, 1 = poor but diagnostic, 2 = adequate for diagnostic information, and 3 = optimal for diagnostic information. A paired sample t test was performed on the result of the evaluation by the two examiners, and both showed that there were no significant difference at p less than 0.05 between xeroradiography and conventional radiography. A two-sample t test was performed on the means of the two examiner's evaluation, and there was no significant difference at p less than 0.05 between the means. PMID- 3186225 TI - Calcium hydroxide and apexogenesis. AB - This case report describes the effect of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of traumatized immature tooth. Calcium hydroxide is used to fill the root canal after complete chemomechanical debridement has been performed. The result demonstrated the successful use of calcium hydroxide in stimulating the epithelial cells of Hertwig's sheath and the surrounding undifferentiated progenitor cells to continue formation of the apical portion of the root. Thus, the use of calcium hydroxide stimulated apical bridge formation, as well as inducing apexogenesis. PMID- 3186226 TI - A simple paralleling instrument for superimposing radiographs of the molar regions. AB - A simple, disposable paralleling device to produce identical radiographs of the maxillary and mandibular molar regions is described. Its precision was determined by taking serial radiographs of several patients. No deformations were found when enlargements of the radiographs were made. Identical tracings were produced during analysis with a computer-assisted densitometric technique. The new device is inexpensive and could be used advantageously for qualitative and quantitative longitudinal studies. PMID- 3186227 TI - Diagnostic radiology of maxillary sinus defects. AB - Simulated radiolucent and radiopaque defects were placed in the maxillary sinus. Periapical dental radiographs could detect radiopacities of 0.25 mm in diameter; however, such defects were not revealed by occlusal radiography or the posterior anterior view. Panoramic dental radiographs detected simulated radiopaque lesions more frequently than the other techniques tested, but generally distorted the position of the defect and consistently did not reveal radiolucent defects. Computerized tomography proved to be the most accurate technique used in detection of simulated lesions on all the surfaces of the maxillary sinus. PMID- 3186228 TI - The use of added erbium filtration in intraoral radiography. AB - Using D and E speed film, intraoral exposures were made of a phantom at 70 and 90 kVp, with and without erbium filtration. Measurement of surface exposures indicates substantial reduction when erbium filtration was used. However, there was a visible loss of contrast. The raters agreed that radiographs made with E speed and D speed film, both with and without erbium filtration, were all of adequate diagnostic quality. The radiographs with the highest contrast were consistently preferred by all of the raters. PMID- 3186229 TI - Relation between the onset of chronic middle ear inflammation and the development of the middle ear air cell system. AB - The relation between the onset of chronic middle ear inflammation and the degree of pneumatization was investigated in porcine tympanic bullae, which closely resemble the human mastoid air cell system. Pneumatization was inhibited in all inflamed ears, and the later the induction of otitis media, the lesser the degree of inhibition of pneumatization. It was concluded that chronic middle ear inflammation inhibits the development of the middle ear air cell system, and the time of onset plays an important role in the degree of pneumatization. PMID- 3186230 TI - Acoustic trauma caused by the telephone. Report of two cases. AB - Two patients with acoustic trauma resulting from the use of telephones have been evaluated. Both patients used a particular type of telephone which had the ringing device located in the ear receiver and no automatic gain control in the circuit. The output of the bell recorded on one of these telephones was in the 139-dB range on the A scale. The auditory insult resulted, in the case involving a cord-type telephone, from the transmission of a loud, extraneous sound probably due to a misfunction of the circuit and, in the second case, from the patient holding his cordless telephone against his ear when ringing occurred. PMID- 3186231 TI - Effects of anti-motion sickness drugs on motion sickness in rats. AB - Pica, the eating of nonnutritive substances such as kaolin, can be induced by rotation in rats. We used this rotation-induced pica as a behavioral index of motion sickness in rats and examined whether diphenhydramine, methamphetamine and scopolamine, which are anti-motion sickness drugs for humans, are effective for reducing motion sickness in rats. Intraperitoneal injection of diphenhydramine or methamphetamine suppressed the rotation-induced kaolin intake of rats. Intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine had no effect on the rotation-induced kaolin intake, but its transdermal administration reduced this kaolin intake. These findings show that human anti-motion sickness drugs also prevent motion sickness in rats. Since the pharmacological mechanisms for preventing motion sickness in rats and humans are similar, we conclude that rats are a suitable animal model for use in studies on putative anti-motion sickness drugs. PMID- 3186232 TI - Effect of long-term use of reserpine, a sympathetic neuron blocker, on muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the guinea pig nasal mucosa. AB - To evaluate whether hypofunction of the sympathetic nervous system induced by long-term reserpine treatment affects the parasympathetic system in the nasal mucosa in the receptor level, a receptor binding assay was performed using the nasal mucosa of guinea pigs which had chemical denervation produced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mg/body reserpine once daily for 4 weeks. The maximum number of muscarinic cholinergic receptor bindings to diquinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB) in the nasal mucosa of the reserpine-treated guinea pigs was increased by 46% as compared with that in the control (p less than 0.05). The present experiment shows that hypofunction of the sympathetic system in the nasal mucosa induced by reserpine may affect the parasympathetic system in the nasal mucosa. PMID- 3186233 TI - Anthropometric relevance on sublabial transseptal transsphenoidal hypophysectomy in the Asiatic type of skull. AB - In order to preoperatively estimate the width of the operating field during transphenoidal hypophysectomy, we measured the distance between the right and left medial pterygoid plates in 27 normal adults and 11 patients with pituitary adenoma from anteroposterior tomograms. In normal subjects, the mean distance was about 3.2 cm. The distance in patients with acromegaly was not wider than that in normal subjects, but 1 case with giantism showed a much wider distance of 4.1 cm. The measurement of the actual operating field was 2.0 cm in width, about 1.0 cm narrower than the preparative tomogram calculations. PMID- 3186234 TI - Use of pulse oximetry for monitoring tracheostomy tube obstruction. AB - Experimental studies were performed on dogs for monitoring postoperative tracheostomy tube obstruction using a pulse oximeter. While a 25% obstruction of the cross-sectional area of the tube did not alter the oxygen saturation, obstruction of 40% and above resulted in a drop in the oxygen saturation level which corresponded to the degree of obstruction. The greater the degree of obstruction, the sooner was the fall of oxygen saturation. Therefore a pulse oximeter could be effectively put to use to monitor tracheostomy tube obstruction. PMID- 3186235 TI - Nurses knowledge and skills can resolve the nursing shortage. PMID- 3186236 TI - What in the world is an RCT? PMID- 3186237 TI - [Immunoradiometry of serum thyrotropin as the primary laboratory test in thyroid diseases]. PMID- 3186238 TI - [Benign lipomatous tumor of the liver]. PMID- 3186239 TI - [BCG osteitis]. PMID- 3186240 TI - [Multiload CU 250 IUD: a 10-year experience]. PMID- 3186242 TI - [A case of fatal pneumonia caused by Salmonella]. PMID- 3186241 TI - [Bone marrow and bone scintigraphy in the examination of patients with malignant lymphoma]. PMID- 3186243 TI - [Symptomless cases of kidney tumors]. PMID- 3186245 TI - [Dimer formation by urea in the urine in massive proteinuria]. PMID- 3186244 TI - [Erection induced by papaverine]. PMID- 3186246 TI - [Ileus of the large intestine caused by metastatic melanoma]. PMID- 3186247 TI - [Experience of a study trip to the Surgical Clinic I. of the Vienna University School of Medicine]. PMID- 3186248 TI - [Indications and possibilities of surgical therapy in osteodystrophia deformans Paget]. AB - Among the 105 patients treated in the orthopedic department of the Balgrist university hospital in Zurich for Paget's disease of bone, a total of 353 skeletal lesions have been recorded, sited mainly in the pelvic area, in the lower extremities and in the spine. The average age of these patients at diagnosis was 64 years. In 20% of them only one bone was affected, while in 80% the condition was polyostotic. One-third of the bone changes are asymptomatic and were discovered incidentally. Deformities of the tubular bones are the most frequent pathological finding, being observed in 33% of these patients, followed by joint damage resulting from the illness in 20%. In a total of 35 patients it has been necessary to correct deformities of the tubular bones or joint malpositions because of an inherent risk of fracture, or to perform internal fixation of pathological fractures. Great importance is laid on preoperative evaluation of the pain genesis, and if it cannot be adequately determined from the history calcitonin medication is tried out. The postoperative healing tendency for bones and soft tissues is good in the vast majority of patients; there is no delay in fracture healing even with the rather long period of perioperative medication. PMID- 3186249 TI - [Hip endoprostheses in Paget's disease]. AB - When the region around the hip joint is affected by Paget's disease it takes up to 10 years for degenerative joint disease requiring treatment to develop. Medium term follow-up examination of 27 hip replacements in patients with Paget's disease revealed generally good results, though the rate of loosening, with 30%, was clearly elevated compared with that observed in a control group of patients not suffering from Paget's disease. The reduced bone stability and the increased bleeding tendency can cause complications even during the operation when Paget's disease is present. Since most of the patients affected are elderly prosthetic hip joint replacement is practically always indicated. PMID- 3186251 TI - [Biologico-mechanical behavior of bone in osteomalacia and in phosphate diabetes in adulthood]. AB - The main orthopedic complications in osteomalacia, skeletal deformities, Looser's transformation zones and fractures, are described. The limited value of a Looser's transformation zone as a radiographic diagnostic criterion for osteomalacia is mentioned, because such zones can also occur in other bone diseases with abnormal remodeling. This paper also outlines the differential diagnosis of a Looser zone against a stress fracture. In osteomalacia and phosphate diabetes the biological and mechanical properties of bone are different. In adult phosphate diabetes radiological examination is more likely to reveal osteosclerosis than a radio-opaque bone. For this reason we investigated the bone healing process in five adult patients with osteomalacia and in six with phosphate diabetes. In spite of the small number of patients we may assume that bone healing after surgery is delayed in phosphate diabetes compared with osteomalacia, in which a normal bone healing tendency is present. PMID- 3186252 TI - [Therapy of bone and joint changes in renal osteodystrophy in adulthood]. AB - The renal osteoarthropathy in patients with chronic renal disease undergoing hemodialysis is characterized by increased bone turnover. This is the consequence of secondary hyperparathyroidism and leads to fibro-osteoclasia and osteomalacia. Mineralization of the atypical bone fibers is diminished and the collagen texture is altered. The biomechanical properties of such bone are reduced, which means that the incidence of fractures is increased and fracture healing seems to be disturbed. Therapy given for renal failure leads to segmental necrosis of the epiphyses. In the growing skeleton longitudinal growth is diminished and deviations in the axes of long bones are often observed. Corrective osteotomies, treatment of fractures and artificial joint replacements are therefore necessary in patients with renal failure. Observations recorded in 13 patients (aged 16-67 years) with chronic renal insufficiency who underwent 21 surgical interventions and were followed up for 6 years have led to formulation of the following general recommendations. Corrective osteotomies should only be performed when they are absolutely essential; the rate of nonunions is very high. The same is true for fixation of fractures with plates and nails. When joint replacements are inserted because of segmental necrosis and fractures the course is almost the same as in patients without renal osteoarthropathy when bone cement is used for fixation. PMID- 3186253 TI - [Technical orthopedic management of osteopathies in adulthood]. AB - Some indications for orthopedic appliances in the treatment of bone disease in adult patients are discussed. The fit of an appliance and comfort in use are important factors in its acceptance, as are the duration of use required and the standard of maintenance available for it. The role of orthopedic appliances in the rehabilitation of adult orthopedic patients is discussed with reference to osteogenesis imperfecta. The provision of individually adapted chair seats or extension of the patients' area of activity by means of special wheel-chairs are possible ways of improving their quality of life and, indirectly, that of their families. PMID- 3186250 TI - [The mechanical behavior of bone in severe osteoporosis with special reference to the hip endoprosthesis]. AB - The mechanical properties of bone are changed by osteoporosis. A collective of 50 hip endoprostheses was examined for loosening of the acetabular cup and stem, the appearance of para-articular ossification, and the reaction of osteoporotic bone to the implant. PMID- 3186254 TI - Aspiration and swallowing disorders. PMID- 3186256 TI - Dysphagia after total laryngectomy. AB - Quantitative analysis of swallowing after total laryngectomy has been compared with the data obtained in normal subjects. Lack of negative pressure production in the PE segment has been related to the dysphagia and prolonged bolus transit times. High pressures in the oropharynx may be a cause of fistulas. PMID- 3186255 TI - Manofluorographic analysis of swallowing. AB - A quantitative evaluation of the pharyngeal swallow is described using a new method--manofluorography. Eleven parameters have been established, and the clinical significance of the most important ones has been highlighted. The propulsive tongue action and hypopharyngeal suction pump have been designated as the major bolus driving forces. PMID- 3186257 TI - Dysphagia in infants and children. AB - The evaluation of dysphagia in pediatric patients involves many special considerations. A diagnostic approach to this problem is presented. PMID- 3186258 TI - Swallowing disorders following skull base surgery. AB - The modern otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon has the technical ability to perform a wide range of surgical procedures at the skull base. Associated with some of these operations are swallowing deficits secondary to cranial nerve paralyses or anatomic disturbances. The skull base surgeon must physically and emotionally prepare patients preoperatively for these functional disabilities. PMID- 3186259 TI - Correction of late glottic insufficiency. AB - Preservation of respiration, deglutition, and phonation, as well as tumor ablation, is the objective of conservation surgery of the larynx. Immediate reconstruction may fail, leading to aspiration and aphonia. Five extralaryngeal techniques for correction of late glottic insufficiency are described. PMID- 3186260 TI - Legalities of the no code/slow code. PMID- 3186261 TI - Ethics--a new topic or new semantics. PMID- 3186262 TI - Nurse shares D.C. internship experience. PMID- 3186263 TI - State Board of Nursing responds to RCT proposal. PMID- 3186264 TI - [Nutrition of the child in relation to child development]. PMID- 3186265 TI - [Observations on neonatal infection]. AB - Among 829 consecutively treated neonatal intensive care patients during the years 1985 and 1986 46 cases of early onset type an 14 cases of late onset type (beyond the 4th day of life) of sepsis neonatorum were diagnosed. Mortality was 20%. In 40% of the cultures penicillin-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis was found. It was resistant to Penicillin however fully sensitive to Cefamandol, Netilmycine and Amicacine. Primary therapy of early onset type of sepsis has to be effective against Streptococci and against Listeria monocytogenes. Blood culture is the only way to proove or to exclude sepsis at a rational way. Good hospital hygiene can prevent a part of late onset type of sepsis. Immuntherapy is regarded as an import part of Sepsistherapy in the newborn. PMID- 3186266 TI - [The prognosis of juvenile myasthenia gravis]. AB - In 18 patients with juvenile myasthenia gravis (MG) the mean age of disease-onset was 12.1 years. The mean observation time was 6.8 years. After classification with regard to the clinical severity of the disease (Ossermann, 1958) 4 patients (22%) could be assigned to type I, 10 patients (56%) to type II A, 2 patients (11%) to type II B, and 2 patients (11%) to type III. 14 patients (77%) could be assigned to type I and type II A, both of them rather benign types. All 4 male patients belonged to this group. The tensilon test, investigated in 15 patients, showed a positive result in 13 cases (87%). The repetitive stimulation was done in 13 patients and was positive only in 6 cases (46%). Investigations in MG patients without limitation of age showed positive results in about 70%. Increased levels of acetylcholin-receptor-antibody were found in 10 of 11 patients (91%). In 8 patients with the diagnosis MG, type II A and III, a thymectomy was done, 16 patients received cholinesterase-blockers, 1 patient with type II A, and both patients in group III received additionally azathioprin. In 1 patient with type III plasmapheresis was done. 75% of all thymectic patients showed a remission or improvement. Related to all 18 patients we found in 16 cases (89%) a remission or correction of the symptoms. In summary the prognosis in the group of our patients with juvenile myasthenia gravis was good. PMID- 3186267 TI - [The initial presentation of renal tubular syndrome]. AB - History, clinical presentation and first laboratory results were analyzed in three patients with cystinosis and in three patients with distal renal tubular acidosis. Growth failure, gastrointestinal tract disturbances, polydipsia, and polyuria were the most constant findings on history. Patients with distal renal tubular acidosis had a shorter period of clinical symptoms. All patients presented with dystrophy and dehydration. First laboratory investigation uniformly showed metabolic acidosis, high urinary-pH, and in spite of dehydration a low osmolarity of the first voided urine specimen. There were lower values of serum potassium and of urine osmolarity in cystinosis. In addition, metabolic acidosis was not so pronounced. Our study shows that history, clinical presentation and the results of a few simple laboratory investigations can indicate the presence of a renal tubular disorder even on admission of the patients. PMID- 3186268 TI - [Acute foreign body aspiration as a respiratory emergency in childhood]. AB - From 1957 to 1987 altogether 206 cases of tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration were diagnosed. Two third of the patients were one or two years old. Boys prevailed with 57 per cent. 55 per cent of all foreign bodies were nuts. Only 10 per cent were radiopaque (screws, nails, needles or pieces of bones). The attempt to eliminate the foreign body via the bronchoscope was successful in 96 per cent and failed in seven cases. Six children had to undergo a thoracotomy. In one third of the cases the foreign body remained two weeks or longer in the bronchial tree. 66 children with such a "chronic" foreign body were later on examined by bronchography, which showed in 29 per cent severe deformations of the bronchial wall and in 14 per cent even bronchiectasis. An acute foreign body aspiration should always be considered and handled as an emergency. PMID- 3186269 TI - [Magnetic resonance tomography confirms the diagnosis of Hallervorden-Spatz disease]. AB - We present the second description of an early diagnosed state of Hallervorden Spatz disease (HSD) verified clinically and by means of magnet resonance imaging. Since the magnet resonance shows HSD specific transformations brain biopsy can be relinquished. In our case the early confirmation of a neurodegenerative disease (versus the presumption of a severe adjustment disorder as the case was presented) brought much relief in respect of the feelings of guilt to the family, although the long term prognosis is poor. The distinction between neurodegenerative diseases, demyelinisating diseases and HSD was possible considering the clinical signs and using the magnet resonance, which showed various pigments within the globus pallidum. PMID- 3186270 TI - [You make the diagnosis. Heterozygote factor V deficiency. Venous ectasias in the area of the Kiesselbach locus]. PMID- 3186271 TI - Effects of heterotopic conditioning stimuli on first and second pain: a psychophysical evaluation in humans. AB - Psychophysical experiments were carried out on 7 human participants to determine the extent to which experimentally produced first or second pain is reduced by concomitant nociceptive stimulation of body regions remote from those at which test stimuli are presented. This form of pain reduction has been termed diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Test stimuli used to evoke first and second pain consisted of intense electrical pulses delivered to the ankle area by subepithelial electrodes. Conditioning stimuli were 10 sec thermal stimuli (43, 47, 51 degrees C) applied to 1 cm2 areas of skin of either the dorsal surface of the contralateral foot or the abdominal region. The perceived magnitudes of first and second pains evoked by test stimuli were rated on visual analogue scales (VAS). Frankly noxious conditioning thermal stimuli (47 and 51 degrees C), but not innocuous thermal stimuli (43 degrees C), applied to the contralateral foot or abdomen reliably inhibited both first and second pain. However, the degree of inhibition was significantly greater for second pain that for first pain. In addition, the inhibitory effects did not outlast the duration of the conditioning stimulus. All of these results closely parallel electrophysiological observations about DNIC in primates. Since the extent of reduction of first pain is relatively weak and the durations of all inhibitory effects are very brief, it is unlikely that DNIC subserves the functions of relieving pain or providing a mechanism of coding pain. The spatial and temporal pattern of DNIC indicates that it may be a phenomenon associated more with the organization and production of withdrawal reflexes than with the relief of pain or pain coding. PMID- 3186272 TI - The effect of buprenorphine on the analgesic and respiratory depressant effects of pethidine: a preliminary study. AB - The effects on respiration and pain perception of giving 0.6 mg buprenorphine alone and of giving the same dose after the administration of pethidine intravenously to achieve a steady-state blood pethidine level (mean blood level 0.29-0.47 microgram/ml) were studied in 3 healthy male volunteers. Depression of ventilation occurred with both pethidine and buprenorphine, and the combination produced greater depression than did either drug alone. Times to onset of, and tolerance to, experimental pain increased with pethidine and buprenorphine, a greater increase occurring when both drugs were combined. There was no evidence that buprenorphine reversed the respiratory depression produced by pethidine, while maintaining analgesia. PMID- 3186273 TI - Cutaneous pain and detection thresholds to short CO2 laser pulses in humans: evidence on afferent mechanisms and the influence of varying stimulus conditions. AB - Pain and detection thresholds to short CO2 laser pulses were studied in healthy human subjects. Pain thresholds were significantly higher than detection thresholds in both hairy and glabrous skin; in the glabrous skin both thresholds were higher in the hairy skin. The range from detection threshold to pain threshold was larger in the glabrous skin. The minimal energy per surface area needed to produce any sensation (detection) or pain sensation decreased with increasing stimulus surface, and this spatial summation effect was to equal magnitude in the hairy and the glabrous skin. With decreasing stimulus pulse duration (from 45 to 15 msec) the detection and pain thresholds were elevated: this effect was stronger on pain thresholds. With increasing adapting skin temperature, less energy was needed to produce any sensation (detection) or pain sensation. The effect of adapting skin temperature was equal on pain and detection thresholds. The conduction velocity of fibers mediating laser evoked first sensations was in the thin fiber range (less than 10 msec), according to a reaction time study. The results suggest that short CO2 laser pulses produce both non-pain and pain sensations, but that both these sensations are based on the activation of the same primary afferent fiber population of slowly conducting nociceptive fibers. Central summation of primary afferent impulses is needed to elicit a liminal non-painful sensation, and an increased number of impulses in the same fibers produces pain. PMID- 3186274 TI - Naloxone does not alter the perception of pain induced by electrical and thermal stimulation of the skin in healthy humans. AB - It has been hypothesized that, in the absence of acute or chronic pain, a tonically active system exists involving opioid peptides, which ensures a certain level of pain insensitivity. Although various studies have failed to support this concept, it has been reported that in conditions of both experimentally induced and clinical pain, high doses of the opioid antagonist naloxone induced a state of hyperalgesia and thus seemed to set off this hypothetical system. Lower doses were, however, without effect or even acted as analgesics. This study investigated the effect of 5 and 20 mg naloxone i.v., compared to placebo, on the perception of pain in healthy humans. Pain was induced by two methods, using electrical and thermal stimulation of the skin, which have previously been shown to be sensitive to the effects of opioid as well as of non-steroidal anti inflammatory analgesics. Each of 12 males and 12 females participated in 3 experimental sessions, in which the treatments were administered double-blind according to a Latin square design. Threshold and tolerance to electrically induced pain and threshold to thermally induced pain were measured at 30 min intervals for 90 min before and 90 min after drug administration. Electrical stimuli were square wave constant current impulses of linearly increasing intensity; thermal stimuli were of constant intensity and variable duration. Threshold and tolerance to electrically induced pain were not altered by either dose of naloxone, whereas the threshold to thermally induced pain was significantly higher after both 5 and 20 mg naloxone than after placebo, the effects of the two naloxone doses not differing from each other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186275 TI - Sensitivity to cold pressor pain in dysmenorrheic and non-dysmenorrheic women as a function of menstrual cycle phase. AB - Pain responses (threshold, tolerance, and visual analog ratings) to the cold pressor task were studied in 46 normally menstruating dysmenorrheic and non dysmenorrheic women during 2 phases of the menstrual cycle. Twenty-six women provided measurements during the follicular (days 8-14) and 20 during the luteal (days 15-21) phases of the menstrual cycle. A significantly lower pain threshold was obtained during the luteal as compared to the follicular phase. Pain tolerance showed a similar but non-significant trend. Visual analog ratings were significantly lower in dysmenorrheic women during the follicular than the luteal phase. Also, these ratings were lower than those of non-dysmenorrheic women in the follicular phase. This finding may support an adaptation-levels model, in that dysmenorrheic women report less pain than do non-dysmenorrheic women because they compare cold pressor pain with internal menstrual pain. PMID- 3186276 TI - The percutaneous anterior approach to the celiac plexus using CT guidance. AB - This paper describes a new approach to the neurolytic block of the celiac plexus through the anterior abdominal wall using CT guidance. In 5 patients, CT guidance was used for needle placement and visualization of the spread of the injection. Once the pain has been relieved on completion of the neurolytic block, the radiologist proceeds with the biopsy. Pain relief was obtained in 80% of the cases after 2 weeks and in 60% after 6 months. No serious complications were observed. The anterior approach is simple and is useful in those patients with upper chronic abdominal pain scheduled for biopsy of the pancreas, and in those terminally ill patients who cannot tolerate the prone position. PMID- 3186277 TI - Spinal recordings suggest that wide-dynamic-range neurons mediate sympathetically maintained pain. AB - In order to determine which classes of spinal neurons are capable of mediating sympathetically maintained pain, recordings were made from single somatosensory neurons in spinal cords of anesthetized cats. Each neuron was functionally identified with mechanical stimuli, and its responses to electrical stimulation of the sympathetic trunk were recorded. Nearly half (45%) of the wide-dynamic range (WDR) neurons tested were activated by sympathetic stimulation, but none of the high threshold (nociceptor-specific) neurons and only 17% of the low threshold neurons were activated. Sympathetic activation was most common for WDR neurons that had the following: receptive fields proximal to the toes, low thresholds for mechanical activation, and both rapidly and slowly adapting responses to pressure. The predominant WDR response to sympathetic stimulation was long latency (greater than 1 sec) excitation. Sympathetic activation of WDR neurons was abolished by each of the following procedures: subcutaneous injection of local anesthetic, cooling of the receptive field with ice, and intravenous injection of the alpha-adrenergic blocker, phentolamine. The axons of some sympathetically activated WDR were shown to project to higher centers. These results indicate that WDR neurons are the only spinal nociceptive neurons activated by sympathetic efferent activity in this preparation. Therefore, WDR neurons, rather than high threshold neurons, are most likely to mediate the spinal component of sympathetically maintained pain. These results provide supporting evidence for our previous hypothesis that sympathetically maintained pain is mediated by myelinated mechanoreceptors acting on sensitized WDR neurons. Our results also demonstrate that sympathetic activation of WDR neurons is mediated by an alpha-adrenergic mechanism in the skin. PMID- 3186278 TI - Identification of afferents contributing to sympathetically evoked activity in wide-dynamic-range neurons. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine which types of mechanoreceptor afferents contribute to sympathetically evoked activity in wide-dynamic-range (WDR) neurons--the spinal neurons thought to mediate sympathetically maintained pain. The experimental approach was to record and compare activity evoked in single WDR neurons, hair afferents, and slowly adapting type I (SAI) afferents in anesthetized cats. During electrical stimulation of the sympathetic trunk, WDR neurons responded with either an early transient burst of activity, sustained activity, or both. The early transient response was observed only in neurons with piloerection in the receptive field; this response had a similar time course to sympathetically evoked activity in hair afferents with piloerection in the receptive field. The sustained response that occurred in some WDR neurons was independent of piloerection and was similar in time course to the response evoked in SAI afferents by sympathetic stimulation. We conclude that hair and SAI afferents contribute to different components of sympathetically evoked activity in WDR neurons and that both types of afferents are likely to be involved in sympathetically maintained pain in humans. PMID- 3186279 TI - Report of Higa et al. PMID- 3186280 TI - Pediatric update #5. Painful enlargement of the humerus in a young girl with skeletal deformity and heart failure. PMID- 3186281 TI - Works in progress #3. Recurrent symptomatic posterior glenohumeral subluxation. AB - This paper is a retrospective review of 12 patients (13 shoulders) who were treated surgically for recurrent symptomatic posterior glenohumeral subluxation. The surgical procedure was designed to "fix the pathology." Postoperatively, all patients were immobilized in a shoulder spica for six weeks with the arm in 30 degrees of abduction and 30 degrees of external rotation. This was followed by an intensive rehabilitation program. The patients were evaluated two to six years following surgery; all felt they were significantly improved. Surgical reconstruction for recurrent symptomatic posterior glenohumeral subluxation is a reliable procedure in properly selected patients (particularly those whose instability is trauma-related), provided the surgery is done carefully and the patient managed well postoperatively. PMID- 3186282 TI - Tips of the trade #5. Shoulder arthroscopy in the seated position. AB - Shoulder arthroscopy is most commonly performed in some variation of the lateral decubitus position with the arm in traction. Because of reports of neuropraxia associated with the traction, we have investigated the use of the "beachchair" or sitting position for shoulder arthroscopy. We have used this position for over 50 consecutive patients for arthroscopic debridements, arthroscopic subacromial decompressions, and arthroscopic shoulder stabilizations. PMID- 3186283 TI - Team physician #3. The relationship of low back/pelvic somatic dysfunctions to dance injuries. AB - Most dance injuries are the result of faulty technique caused by maladaptive movement patterns. This paper examines the biomechanical relationship of these cumulative microtraumatic injuries (eg, stress fractures, ankle impingement syndromes, Achilles and flexor hallucis longus tendinitis, anterior knee pain syndromes, and some medial collateral ligament and meniscal disease) to lumbopelvic dysfunction and psoas insufficiency. PMID- 3186285 TI - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy and thermography. PMID- 3186284 TI - Orthopaedic teaching. PMID- 3186286 TI - Unstable fractures of the hip. PMID- 3186287 TI - A comparison of unicompartmental knee replacement with total knee replacement. AB - The knees of 20 patients with a unicompartmental arthroplasty on one s ide and a total replacement on the other were compared at follow-ups of over two years. Length of hospitalization was slightly less with the unicompartmental knees and recovery was faster. By one year, however, there was essentially no difference between the unicompartmental knees and the total replacements in spite of the fact that the former had a better range of movement. This suggests that flexion beyond 105 degrees is not of great significance to elderly people living in the West. It also suggests that, as the posterior cruciate was resected or lengthened in the majority of the total knee replacements, the presence or absence of this ligament does not affect the activities of daily living. Complications both early and late were more frequent with a unicompartmental knee, possibly implicating inferior patient selection, instrumentation, and implant design. PMID- 3186289 TI - [Necrotizing histiocytic lymphadenitis (Kikuchi and Fujimoto's disease)]. PMID- 3186288 TI - Synovial chondromatosis of the hip joint. AB - Synovial chondromatosis of the hip joint is uncommon entity. Two cases are presented, and the spectrum of the disease is discussed. Partial synovectomy with loose body removal is recommended as the treatment of choice. Joint replacement is performed only in patients with severe secondary osteoarthritis, and used only in selected cases. PMID- 3186290 TI - Topography of coronary lesions and their relation to heart weight in infarcted patients. PMID- 3186291 TI - [Gastric sarcoidosis. Presentation of 2 apparently primary cases]. PMID- 3186293 TI - [Idiopathic glomerulonephritis with IgA deposits. Retrospective study of 45 cases with clinico-morphological correlations]. PMID- 3186292 TI - [Hemangioma of the spleen. Case contribution]. PMID- 3186294 TI - [Sporadic dysplastic nevus]. PMID- 3186295 TI - [Anatomo-pathological findings in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. PMID- 3186296 TI - [Viral hepatitis B and polymyositis. Description of a case of polymyositis associated with viral hepatitis B]. PMID- 3186298 TI - [Multiple biliary microhamartomas (von Meyenburg's complex). Description of 4 cases]. PMID- 3186297 TI - [Hamartomatous lesions of the breast simulating secreting adenomatous neoplasia]. PMID- 3186299 TI - A pediatrician's view. PMID- 3186301 TI - Foreign bodies in the pediatric aerodigestive tract. PMID- 3186300 TI - The use of tympanostomy tubes. PMID- 3186302 TI - When a child's parent dies: the PNP's role. PMID- 3186303 TI - Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in children. PMID- 3186305 TI - Chronic illness and family dynamics. PMID- 3186304 TI - Cognitive development and the chronically ill child. PMID- 3186307 TI - Forum on the future of pediatric nursing: looking toward the 21st century. PMID- 3186306 TI - Documentation in pediatric critical care: more time at the bedside. PMID- 3186308 TI - Bringing family issues into the campaign spotlight. PMID- 3186309 TI - Concerns expressed on surgical neonate article. PMID- 3186311 TI - Failure to flourish: indications for mentoring. PMID- 3186310 TI - Notes on pain. PMID- 3186312 TI - Ethical decision making in critical care. Part 1: The role of the pediatric nurse. PMID- 3186313 TI - Two inotropic agents: dopamine and dobutamine. PMID- 3186314 TI - An early parental indicator of potential maltreatment. PMID- 3186316 TI - Liability for premature discharge. PMID- 3186315 TI - Budgetary terms for nurse managers. PMID- 3186317 TI - Pediatric peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3186318 TI - Pediatric management problems (vitiligo). PMID- 3186319 TI - MRI of hypothalamic hamartomas in children. AB - Eight cases of hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) diagnosed in children by clinical, biological and CT studies have been explored by MRI and compared with a control group of twenty children without hypothalamohypophyseal signs. MRI revealed the hamartoma in all cases. Its location and position relative to the floor of the third ventricle was precisely determined. The signal intensity of the lesion was identical to that of normal grey matter on T1-weighted images (300/600.28), but an hyperintense signal was observed over T2-weighted images (1800.60/120) in seven of the eight cases. These data suggest that HH are somewhat different in structure from normal brain tissue. MRI variations in signal intensity should be taken into account in the diagnostic work-up of these lesions. PMID- 3186320 TI - Differentiating bacterial from viral pneumonias in children. AB - 58 paediatric patients with pneumonia, in whom an etiological agent had been isolated, were reviewed. The patients were designated to have either viral or bacterial pneumonia on the basis of proposed clinical and radiological criteria. These presumed diagnoses were then compared to the microbiologically proven diagnosis. When clinical features suggested a bacterial infection the chance of isolating a bacteria as opposed to a virus was 18%. Was radiological features suggested a bacterial infection the chance of isolating a bacteria as opposed to a virus was 30%. Thus the commonest cause of "bacterial" clinical and radiological features is a viral infection and the proposed criteria do not allow differentiation of bacterial from viral pneumonia. PMID- 3186321 TI - Coexistent transient pulmonary edema and pericardial effusion. AB - Eight (23%) of 35 children with acute pericardial effusions due to infection or juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) had associated transient pulmonary edema demonstrated on plain chest radiographs. The presence or absence of radiographic pulmonary edema correlated well with clinical and hemodynamic parameters in patients with JRA but not in those with infectious pericarditis. There was no definite relationship between radiographic edema and amount of pericardial fluid as estimated echocardiographically or removed at pericardiocentesis. Rapidity of pericardial fluid accumulation could not be assessed in this study. Children of young age with underlying JRA were the most likely subjects to have radiographic pulmonary edema in conjunction with an acute pericardial effusion. PMID- 3186322 TI - Upper GI examinations in older premature infants with persistent apnea: correlation with simultaneous cardiorespiratory monitoring. AB - Upper gastrointestinal examinations with simultaneous cardiorespiratory monitoring were performed in 39 older premature infants with persistent apnea. Swallowing incoordination was documented to be causatively related to persistent apnea in such infants, especially with feeding. Direct relationship between apnea and gastroesophageal reflux was not documented in this study. PMID- 3186323 TI - Pneumatic rupture of the esophagus caused by carbonated drinks. AB - Pneumatic rupture of the esophagus occurs when gas under pressure is accidentally delivered into the oral cavity. To the 4 cases previously described we add 2 pediatric patients and in both the source of the offending gas was a bottle of carbonated drink. The mild initial symptoms were followed in both by physical and radiographic findings suggesting pharyngoesophageal perforation. Early radiologic findings included free subcutaneous and mediastinal air, followed later by hydropneumothorax and mediastinal widening as well as leak of contrast material on gastrografin swallow. CT findings contributed to patient evaluation and management. PMID- 3186324 TI - A new method for assessment of skeletal maturity in the first 2 years of life. AB - We present an original scoring method for assessing skeletal maturity in the first 2 years of life. We propose a lateral radiograph of the ankle and foot. Five different bony centers were examined: the calcaneus, the cuboid, the third cuneiform, the distal tibial epiphysis and the distal fibular epiphysis. The maturity scores given to the different stages of each bony center were calculated in proportion to the coefficients of regression between the skeletal maturity and a factor that expresses the influence of weight and head circumference as high multiple correlation coefficients of skeletal maturity with the factor were obtained (0.920 for boys and 0.929 for girls). Our method was standardized in a children population of less than two years of life in Biscaye, where 1,164 radiographs were taken. The distribution of scores in this study shows the discriminative ability of our method and its validity as an adequate method for skeletal maturity assessment in children less than 2 years of age. PMID- 3186325 TI - Selective bronchial intubation for acute post-operative atelectasis in neonates and infants. AB - Selective bronchial intubation and lavage under fluoroscopic control was performed in 10 surgical neonates and infants to clear lobar atelectasis, after standard physiotherapeutic techniques had failed. Full re-expansion of the lung was obtained in all cases. The indications and techniques of selective bronchial intubation and lavage are described. This manoeuvre can be recommended in early post-operative atelectasis in neonates and infants if non-invasive measures have failed. PMID- 3186326 TI - Unusual ventilation-perfusion mismatch in partial anomalous venous return. AB - A 3-year-old girl with a complicated partial anomalous pulmonary venous return presented a scintigraphic pattern characterized by an absence of perfusion of the right lung, contrasting with normal ventilation. PMID- 3186327 TI - The CT manifestations of the primary gynecological chylous reflux syndrome in the pediatric age. AB - Gynecological chylous reflux syndrome (GCRS) is characterized by genital discharge of chyle, due to congenital lymphangiectasis and insufficiency of the pelvic lymphatic channels. A girl with genital chylous reflux is presented. The CT manifestations are described. PMID- 3186328 TI - The effect of experimental maternal hypoxia on fetal lung growth. AB - Timed-pregnant rats at a gestational age of 14 days were exposed to 10% ambient oxygen (normobaric hypoxia) and compared to pair-fed animals of the same gestation and controls fed ad libitum. The lungs of the offspring were analyzed morphometrically and biochemically at day 21 of gestation after cesarean section. The hypoxic mothers and the pair-fed mothers showed similar diminution of weight gain and their fetuses showed growth retardation, more so in those of the hypoxic mothers. The lung volumes and weights were significantly different in the offspring of hypoxic and pair-fed mothers compared to those of mothers fed ad libitum. However, the lung volume and lung weight to body weight ratios were not different between groups, including pair-fed and hypoxic, and lung size was proportional to the amount of general growth segment in all. Morphometric analysis showed the volume proportion of saccular air, saccular wall, conducting airways, and nonparenchyma to be the same in each group. The gas exchanging surface areas were also the same. Dry lung weight, DNA, and protein per lung were decreased in the offspring of hypoxic mothers compared to the two other groups. The issue of whether the offspring of the hypoxic mothers should be regarded as having specific hypoplasia because of diminished cell number is discussed. PMID- 3186329 TI - Maturation-related changes in dopamine-induced relaxation of isolated rabbit pulmonary artery. AB - Studies were performed on isolated pulmonary arterial segments to investigate dopamine receptor-mediated relaxant effects at different times during development. Dopamine receptor-mediated relaxant effects can only be observed when vessels are precontracted with prostaglandin F2 alpha and in the presence of alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and serotonergic blockade. Helical strips of pulmonary arteries from rabbits of different ages (2, 7, 14, 30, and 90 days), partially precontracted by prostaglandin F2 alpha were tested for their responses to dopamine in the presence of prazosin (10(-6) M), yohimbine (10(-6) M), propranolol (10(-6) M), and methysergide (10(-6) M). Strips from 2- and 7-day-old rabbits were not induced to relax by dopamine, whereas those from 14-, 30-, and 90-day-old animals, after cumulative application of dopamine, underwent concentration-dependent relaxation. Dopamine (half the maximum response) concentration decreased during the development of rabbits from 14 to 90 days old. Mean values for apparent dopamine ED50 (half the maximum response) concentrations in the arteries of 14-, 30-, and 90-day old animals were 4.94 +/- 0.40, 2.02 +/- 0.30, and 0.113 +/- 0.028 microM, respectively. The effects of various dopamine antagonists on dopamine-induced relaxation were not markedly different at different ages. These findings indicate that dopamine receptor function is not fully developed in the pulmonary arteries of newborn rabbits, but matures as the age of the rabbit increases. PMID- 3186330 TI - Acute hemodynamic effects of nifedipine in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypertension. AB - The acute hemodynamic effects of nifedipine were evaluated and compared to the effects of 95% oxygen in six children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary artery hypertension. The children ranged in age from 7-26 months and all were oxygen dependent. In the cardiac catheterization laboratory, hemodynamic data were collected in 95% oxygen, room air, and 15 and 30 min after nifedipine administration (0.5-0.6 mg/kg per nasogastric tube). Compared to values in room air, nifedipine resulted in a 34% decrease in pulmonary artery mean pressure (from 69.3 +/- 2.4 to 45.8 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, p = 0.03) and a 49% decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (from 14.8 +/- 1.4 to 7.5 +/- 0.9 U/m2, p = 0.03). A linear relationship was found between the arterial pO2 and the change in the ratio of pulmonary to systemic resistance after nifedipine (% decrease in Rp/Rs ratio = 86.3 - 1.3 x pO2, r = -0.95, p = 0.004) suggesting that nifedipine may act to oppose the vascular effects of arterial hypoxemia. There was no significant change in heart rate, arterial pO2, or pCO2 with nifedipine, but cardiac output increased significantly. Compared to 95% oxygen, nifedipine achieved a lower pulmonary vascular resistance (7.5 +/- 0.9 versus 10.9 +/- 1.2 U/m2, p = 0.03) and a greater cardiac output (5.25 +/- 0.71 versus 3.54 +/- 0.35 liter/min/m2, p = 0.03) with comparable systemic oxygen delivery (699 +/- 85 ml versus 698 +/- 91 ml O2/min/m2, p = 1.0). Thus, nifedipine is an acute pulmonary vasodilator in some children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186331 TI - Low levels of apolipoprotein A1 are not contributors to the low lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase activity in premature newborn infants. AB - Umbilical cord sera were obtained from three groups of newborn infants; group I (n = 8) and group II (n = 12) weighed less than 1500 g and between 1500 and 2500 g, respectively. Group III (n = 16) was full term and weighed more than 2500 g. Lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase activities, determined as the rates of esterification of [3H]cholesterol, were 0.13 +/- 0.01, 0.17 +/- 0.01, and 0.26 +/ 0.01 (mean +/- SEM) nmol/h/ml for groups I, II, and III, respectively. The adult value (n = 8) was 0.96 +/- 0.01 nmol/h/ml. The respective apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) levels were 52 +/- 6, 59 +/- 4, and 67 +/- 4 (mean +/- SEM) mg/dl. Serum level of apo-A1 in adults was 137 +/- 6 mg/dl. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased with gestational age. However, in newborn infants, high-density lipoprotein apo-lipoprotein B, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, were significantly lower than in adults. These data indicate that serum levels of lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase activity significantly (p less than 0.01) increase whereas the levels of apo-A1 do not significantly change with the gestational age. Also, in full-term newborns, lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase activity is only 27%, whereas apo-A1 levels are 49% of adult values. Therefore, lower levels of apo-A1 do not account for the significantly lower activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase in preterm as compared to full term newborn infants. PMID- 3186332 TI - Antigen absorption by the jejunal epithelium of children with cow's milk allergy. AB - To establish if intestinal permeability to exogenous antigens is involved in cow's milk allergy (CMA) in infants, 33 children 1 to 24 months old (18 controls and 15 with CMA) were tested for intestinal permeability to the protein marker horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Jejunal biopsies were performed either during the initial period of diagnosis, at the mean (and SE) age of 3 +/- 1 months, and/or 1 yr later, at the age of 13 +/- 2 months, just before and after a milk challenge. A small fragment of the biopsy was studied for histology and the remainder was mounted in an Ussing chamber for simultaneous measurement of mucosal to serosal transport of HRP in its intact and degraded forms and electrical parameters including short-circuit current and conductance. No modification in HRP absorption was noted in control children aged from 2 months to 11 yr, indicating that gut closure probably occurred earlier in life. During the initial period of CMA, transepithelial HRP fluxes were significantly higher, about 8-fold, in children with CMA (intact HRP flux = 48.5 +/- 15.2, 95% confidence interval, 11.2 to 85.7 versus 5.9 +/- 1.2, 95% confidence interval 2.9 to 8.3, in control children). In addition, short-circuit current was increased but conductance was unchanged. After several months on a milk-free diet, HRP flux and short-circuit current returned to control values. Just after the milk challenge and independently of the clinical issue, a slight rise in HRP permeability was observed but it was not significant and remained within control values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186333 TI - Pharmacological and biological effects of tin-protoporphyrin on neonatal hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats. AB - Our study was undertaken to examine the pharmacological and biological effects of tin-protoporphyrin, a competitive inhibitor of heme oxygenase, on 5- or 6-day-old homozygous (j/j) Gunn rats with hereditary unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia. When j/j neonates were injected subcutaneously with 20 mumol of tin-protoporphyrin/kg of body weight, hepatic heme oxygenase activity decreased to 30% of the initial level 2 h after administration and remained low during the next 46 h. However, the reduction of serum bilirubin was more rapid and transient, reaching the minimum value (40% of the initial level) at 1 h and increasing thereafter at a rate almost comparable to that in nontreated j/j rats. The mortality rate of j/j rats was strikingly reduced by the administration of 1 to 100 mumol of tin protoporphyrin/kg; the most effective dose was 5 mumol/kg (8% compared with 80% in non-treated j/j rats). However, the protective effect of tin-protoporphyrin on bilirubin cerebellopathy (cerebellar hypoplasia) was less marked than expected. Possible implications of our results are discussed. PMID- 3186335 TI - Adipose tissue abnormalities in cystic fibrosis: noninvasive determination of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids by carbon-13 topical magnetic resonance spectroscopy. AB - Natural abundance in vivo carbon-13 topical magnetic resonance (TMR) spectroscopy was used to assess human adipose tissue stores of essential (polyunsaturated) fatty acids. TMR spectra were obtained from 17 normal volunteers and nine cystic fibrosis patients using an Oxford TMR-32 with a surface coil that sampled tissue less than 1 cm below the surface of an extremity. Spectra were taken of lower leg adipose tissue. Polyunsaturated fatty acid content was determined by comparing peak heights of the polyunsaturated peak (internal unsaturated carbons, 128 ppm) to C-1 carboxyl groups (173 ppm). Monounsaturated fatty acid content was determined by subtracting the polyunsaturated peak from the peak observed for all unsaturated carbons (external unsaturated carbon, 130 ppm) and dividing this ratio by the carboxyl peak. In vivo TMR of normal volunteers resulted in observed polyunsaturated fatty acid content of 17.8 +/- 2.1% and a monounsaturated content of 44.8 +/- 3.8%. The polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content of adipose tissue from the cystic fibrosis patients was 15.0 +/- 2.0% (p less than 0.005 versus normal volunteers) and 47.8 +/- 6.5% (NS), respectively. One cystic fibrosis patient without fat malabsorption had decreased adipose polyunsaturates, whereas another patient on high calorie gastrostomy feeds had normal levels. Carbon-13 TMR spectroscopy is a sensitive, noninvasive technique for determining essential fatty acid status in subcutaneous adipose tissue of patients with cystic fibrosis. PMID- 3186334 TI - Intestinal mucosa of celiacs in remission is unable to abolish toxicity of gliadin peptides on in vitro developing fetal rat intestine and cultured atrophic celiac mucosa. AB - Subfraction 2R of fraction 9 from a peptic-tryptic-pancreatic digest of wheat gliadin is known to be toxic in vivo to celiac patients. We have found that fractions 9 and 2R inhibit the in vitro development of fetal rat intestine and the increase of enterocyte height occurring in organ culture of atrophic celiac mucosa (0.1-0.5 mg/ml medium). Other peptide fractions of the gliadin digest are devoid of such in vitro effects. Subfraction 2R, after incubation with morphologically normal small intestinal mucosa of celiacs in remission and ultrafiltration, was still very active in both culture systems at low concentration (0.1 mg/ml); on the contrary, subfraction 2R was inactivated after incubation with normal mucosa. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that there is a mucosal defect in handling gliadin peptides in celiac disease, and suggest that there is either a primary (or secondary) enzyme deficiency or some other mechanism operating in the intestinal mucosa of celiac patients in remission. PMID- 3186337 TI - Plenary lectures and abstracts: European Society for Pediatric Research, annual meeting. June 19-22, 1988, Oslo, Norway. PMID- 3186336 TI - Sexual differentiation of rat hepatic bile salt sulfotransferase isoenzymes. AB - The mature female rat has three times the hepatic bile salt sulfotransferase (BSS) activity compared with male rats. This study examined the changes in two hepatic BSS isoenzyme activities during sexual maturation, and the role of estrogen in development of sex differences in BSS activities in mature rats. DEAE Sephadex A-50 chromatography of hepatic cytosol from prepubescent pups revealed that more than 90% of total BSS activity was due to BSS I activity relative to BSS II, similar to postpubertal females. Sex differences in total BSS activities and the isoenzyme patterns developed after the onset of puberty at 30-35 days of age. BSS I was still the predominant isoenzyme in the adolescent female, similar to the prepubescent pup and mature female. In contrast, BSS I activity declined in adolescent males, which appeared to explain the fall in total BSS activity to only one-third of that of the female by maturity. BSS II activity was similar in both sexes at any age. Estrogen treatment of postpubertal male rats rapidly increased hepatic BSS capacity by enhancing BSS I activity producing an isoenzyme pattern similar to the mature female. This rapid enhancement of BSS I by estrogen was blocked by actinomycin D and puromycin. We concluded that 1) sex differences in BSS activities that develop during adolescence were in part due estrogen maintaining BSS I activity in females and 2) estrogen regulates the synthesis of BSS I at a translational (or pretranslational) level. PMID- 3186338 TI - Poststreptococcal arthritis. PMID- 3186339 TI - Acute cholestatic jaundice in children with sickle cell disease: hepatic crises or hepatitis? AB - Differentiating acute cholestatic jaundice resulting from hepatic vasoocclusive crises and hepatitis in children with sickle cell disease can be difficult. Both conditions result in hyperbilirubinemia, mainly of the conjugated type, and in elevation of serum transaminases. Five children with sickle cell disease, acute severe cholestatic jaundice and negative serology for hepatitis A and B presented in good general condition, with modest elevation of serum transaminases, and had an early uneventful recovery. Five children with sickle cell disease and serologically proved hepatitis A infection were sicker, exhibited a similar elevation of bilirubin concentration with marked elevation of the serum transaminases and recovered more slowly. The clinical course and outcome of hepatitis A in children with sickle cell disease was similar to that of hepatitis A in normal children. Unlike early reports acute cholestatic jaundice in our patients with sickle cell disease, whether caused by hepatitis or by hepatic vasoocclusive crises, was found to be benign with an uneventful recovery. PMID- 3186340 TI - Aeromonas-associated diarrhea in children. AB - In a 27-month prospective study, Aeromonas spp. were isolated from 7.3% of children with diarrhea and from 2.2% of controls. In 32 patients with diarrhea, ranging in age from 1 to 27 months old, Aeromonas spp. were the only potential bacterial enteropathogens isolated. Principal symptoms of Aeromonas-associated diarrhea were vomiting, fever and bloody stools. Diarrhea was often self-limiting and lasted for 10 days or less in 90% of patients. No secondary spread of diarrhea among close contacts was observed and no clear-cut seasonal patterns of Aeromonas isolation were found. Aeromonas caviae was the most frequently isolated species in fecal samples of patients (24 of 29 isolates) as well as controls (5 of 7 isolates). Cholera toxin cross-reactive cytotoxic enterotoxin was produced by a vast majority of Aeromonas isolates, as compared to a non-cholera toxin cross-reactive cytotonic enterotoxin. In addition no significant correlation was observed between severity of the diarrheal disease and different Aeromonas or the quantity of enterotoxins produced. In our geographic area Aeromonas spp., and A. caviae in particular, seem to be an important and frequent cause of diarrhea in young children. PMID- 3186342 TI - Toxic shock syndrome and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3186341 TI - Ceftriaxone treatment of Salmonella enteric fever. PMID- 3186343 TI - Pseudomonas aeruginosa supraglottitis in a six-month-old child with severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3186344 TI - Toxic shock syndrome after ear piercing. PMID- 3186345 TI - Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia in Boston. PMID- 3186346 TI - Stability of cefuroxime axetil in apple juice. PMID- 3186347 TI - Varicella-zoster immunoglobulin for patients with Kawasaki syndrome receiving daily aspirin. PMID- 3186348 TI - Genetic disorders and major extracardiac anomalies associated with the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. AB - All pediatric autopsies of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome seen during an 11-year interval were reviewed to determine the frequency of underlying chromosomal and single-gene defects and idiopathic major extracardiac anomalies associated with this common, lethal congenital heart abnormality. Of 83 patients identified, nine had underlying chromosomal abnormalities, four had single-gene defects, ten had one or more major extracardiac anomalies without an identifiable chromosomal or mendelian disorder, and two were infants of insulin-dependent diabetic mothers. Overall, 23 patients (28%) had a genetic disorder and/or major extracardiac anomaly. The substantial prevalence of genetic causes of and major extracardiac anomalies associated with hypoplastic left heart syndrome underscores the need for a detailed genetic evaluation for all patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. PMID- 3186349 TI - Persistence of occurrence of injury: can injuries of preschool children predict injuries of school-aged children? AB - Data regarding 10,394 children from the 1970 British birth cohort were used to assess the consistency of injuries reported by parents as occurring between birth and 5 years of age and injuries reported between 5 and 10 years of age. Children with three or more separate injury events reported between birth and 5 years of age were 5.9 times more likely to have three or more injuries reported between 5 and 10 years of age than children without early injuries (95% confidence interval = 4.4 to 8.0). Children with one or more injuries resulting in hospitalization before 5 years of age were 2.5 times as likely to have one or more admissions to the hospital for injuries after 5 years of age than children with no early hospitalizations for injuries (95% confidence interval = 2.0 to 3.3). Stepwise regression was used to identify other predictors of injury. The number of injuries before 5 years of age were the best predictors of injuries reported between 5 and 10 years of age, followed by male sex, aggressive child behavior, young maternal age, many older, and few younger siblings. The findings of this study are consistent with two other large studies that relied on medical records rather than parental report and that focused on more severe injuries. Children with several of the identified risk factors can be predicted to have high rates of accidental injuries and may benefit from focused intervention. PMID- 3186350 TI - Neonatal apnea: diagnosis by nurse versus computer. AB - In an effort to characterize significant neonatal apnea and evaluate the nursing diagnosis of apnea, apnea type and frequency were determined in 27 infants by continuous computer recording of heart rate, respiratory impedance, end-tidal CO2, and either or both transcutaneous oxygen and pulse oximetry. Of the 1,266 recorded apneas, 46% were central, 44% were mixed, and 10% were obstructive. Mixed apnea was associated with a longer mean duration and greater mean decrease in heart rate than central apnea. Apnea duration was positively correlated with both a decrease in heart rate and oxygen saturation (P less than .001), and a lower baseline saturation was associated with a greater decrease in oxygen saturation during apnea (P = .002). Theophylline therapy had no effect on apnea duration or oxygen desaturation but resulted in a decrease in the mean heart rate decrease associated with apnea. Overall, nurses diagnosed 54% of all apneic episodes and were significantly poorer at detecting mixed and obstructive events. Nursing detection of apnea improved with increasing apnea duration and was always associated with a greater decrease in heart rate. Nurses diagnosed significantly fewer mixed apnea following theophylline therapy. Improved monitoring techniques, particularly for mixed and obstructive apnea, are essential to increase apnea detection in the nursery. PMID- 3186351 TI - Polysomnographic studies of infants who subsequently died of sudden infant death syndrome. AB - The polygraphic findings from 11 future victims of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are reported and compared with those of matched pairs of control infants. The recordings had been done to alleviate parental anxiety about sleep apnea. Four infants had siblings who were victims of SIDS. Two infants were studied 3.5 to 9.5 weeks before their deaths because of an unexplained apparent life threatening event that had occurred during sleep. For each victim of SIDS, two control infants were selected from the 2,000 infants who had been tested in the same hospitals. They were matched for sex, gestational age, postnatal age, and weight at birth with the SIDS victims. Their polygraphic recordings had been performed within similar conditions. Each record was allocated a random code number and was analyzed without knowledge of the patient's identity by two independent scorers. Most sleep and cardiorespiratory variables studied did not differentiate SIDS victims from control infants. Only four variables significantly characterized the future SIDS victims: the maximal duration of central apneas, the number of sighs followed by a central apnea, the presence of obstructive apneas, and the presence of mixed apneas. Central apneas were longer during all sleep states in the SIDS victims compared with their matched controls, but none exceeded 14 seconds. Sighs immediately followed by an apnea were significantly less frequent in the future SIDS group. Obstructive and mixed sleep apneas were seen in eight of 11 SIDS victims and in only three of 22 control infants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186352 TI - Symptomatic hydrocephalus: initial findings in brainstem gliomas not detected on computed tomographic scans. AB - In a retrospective review of 85 patients younger than 18 years of age with a diagnosis of brainstem glioma treated between 1974 and 1987, seven (8.3%) initially had hydrocephalus and no evidence of tumor on CT scans. Intrinsic brain tumors, six in the pons and one in the diencephalon, were discovered later, either on follow-up CT scans or on magnetic resonance images obtained despite persistently normal CT scan findings. The initial radiologic study of choice for children and adolescents with hydrocephalus should be magnetic resonance imaging, including axial and sagittal T1- and T2-weighted images. If a CT scan is obtained first and hydrocephalus but not tumor is found, magnetic resonance image should be obtained to rule out the possible presence of an intrinsic brainstem tumor. PMID- 3186353 TI - Environmental overheating as a cause of transient respiratory chemoreceptor dysfunction in an infant. AB - A central hypoventilatory state developed in a 6-month-old boy with environmentally induced hyperthermia. The condition subsided within 24 hours of mechanical ventilation. Hypoxic and hypercapneic challenges performed 2 weeks later showed complete resolution of the respiratory chemoreceptor dysfunction. The damage to the CNS caused by accidental hyperthermia in general, and more specifically to the respiratory center, and its possible etiologic role in the pathophysiology of sudden infant death syndrome are discussed. PMID- 3186354 TI - Neck breathing: a form of voluntary respiration for the spine-injured ventilator dependent quadriplegic child. AB - Children with respirator-dependent quadriplegia because of C-2 spinal cord injuries are now surviving the acute stages of their injury. The major cause of mortality and morbidity in the chronic stage is due to respiratory complications. Surveillance, 24 h/d, is the best way to prevent accidental disconnection of respirator equipment from the patient and its inherent catastrophic consequences. The constant risk of disconnection adds tension to the home environment and takes away from the patient any degree of independence or privacy. Because of this, an alternative method of respiration using neck accessory muscles was developed to restore a patient-controlled, voluntary system of respiration. This method, neck breathing, is described in detail in seven children varying in age from 3 years to 16 years 3 months. All seven patients had complete paralysis of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. An eighth patient who was unable to learn the technique is also described. Neck breathing is also compared to glossopharygeal breathing, an alternative method of respiration developed during the polio era. PMID- 3186355 TI - Shallow versus deep endotracheal suctioning in young rabbits: pathologic effects on the tracheobronchial wall. AB - The traditional technique for endotracheal suctioning of intubated neonates consists of inserting a catheter until resistance is met, withdrawing slightly, and applying suction. The extent of tissue damage caused by the traditional (deep) technique v that caused by an alternative shallow technique was studied with an animal model. Six 3-week-old rabbits were anesthetized, intubated, and suctioned every 15 minutes for six hours by neonatal intensive care unit nurses who were unaware of the study purpose. Three rabbits were suctioned by means of the deep technique, whereas the other three received shallow suctioning achieved by inserting the catheter no further than a premeasured distance. Light microscopy showed significantly increased necrosis and inflammation following deep suctioning. Electron microscopy revealed greater loss of cilia and increased mucus with the deep technique. To confirm our initial assumption that the deep technique is still used extensively by neonatal intensive care units throughout the country, a mail survey was conducted. Of the 405 (43%) neonatal intensive care unit physicians who responded, 82% reported frequent or exclusive use of the deep technique for routine suctioning. In this study, the fact that deep suctioning results in significantly more tracheobronchial pathology than does a shallow, premeasured technique is shown. It is recommended that nurseries change their current practice and adopt the shallow technique for routine suctioning of intubated neonates. PMID- 3186356 TI - Pediatric residencies: differences between 1959/1960 and 1984/1985. AB - Patient, contact data, collected by two first year pediatric residents, separated in time by 25 years, were compared, and it is concluded that pediatric residency has undergone major changes throughout the past quarter century. Pediatric training has increased in length and includes more female residents. The overall intensity of patient care pediatric residents provide has increased. Children with chronic disorders that were often lethal conditions 25 years ago now make up a large portion of pediatric admissions to teaching hospitals. PMID- 3186357 TI - Acquired circulating anticoagulants in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - The mechanism underlying the prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) seen in some pediatric patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and opportunistic infections was studied. A circulating inhibitor of coagulation was demonstrated in three patients. The inhibitor appears to be an immunoglobulin that interferes with some of the phospolipid-dependent coagulation reactions of the intrinsic pathway. This "AIDS anticoagulant" does not predispose the patient to clinical bleeding despite its ability to cause a marked prolongation of the APTT. As such, careful laboratory diagnosis of the cause of abnormal coagulation test results is necessary for children with AIDS. PMID- 3186358 TI - Have there been changes in the epidemiology of sexual abuse of children during the 20th century? AB - Have there been changes in the epidemiology of sexual abuse of children during the 20th century? To explore this question, a comparison was made between the results of the survey conducted by Alfred Kinsey and colleagues in the 1940s of women in the United States, the majority of whom were born between 1900 and 1929, and the results of more recent studies of the epidemiology of sexual abuse. In Kinsey's study, 24% of 4,441 women reported at least one episode of sexual abuse before adolescence; in 49% of the episodes, the perpetrator was not known to the child and, in 50%, the abuse did not involve bodily contact. These findings are compared to the results of more recent epidemiologic surveys, particularly Russell's study conducted in San Francisco in 1978. Although there are important differences in the methodologies used by Kinsey and Russell, it is likely that changes have occurred in the prevalence and nature of sexual abuse in the 20th century. Russell described a higher prevalence of sexual abuse, a greater proportion of perpetrators who were relatives or adults known to the child, and a greater proportion of serious types of sexual abuse. PMID- 3186359 TI - Vibrio vulnificus meningitis in a boy with thalassemia after eating raw oysters. PMID- 3186360 TI - Peripheral aneurysms in children--a link to trauma. PMID- 3186361 TI - Black child care practices in the Midwest. PMID- 3186362 TI - Dietl syndrome: intermittent ureteropelvic junction obstruction as a cause of episodic abdominal pain. PMID- 3186364 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Accident and Poison Prevention: Snowmobile statement. PMID- 3186363 TI - Hospitals: unsafe environments for children. PMID- 3186365 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine: Infant exercise programs. PMID- 3186366 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Pediatric AIDS: Pediatric guidelines for infection control of human immunodeficiency virus (acquired immunodeficiency virus) in hospitals, medical offices, schools, and other settings. PMID- 3186367 TI - Bilirubin measurement problems. PMID- 3186368 TI - Varicella exposure time. PMID- 3186369 TI - Fluctuations in arterial blood pressure in premature infants. PMID- 3186370 TI - Medicating children with attention deficit disorder. PMID- 3186371 TI - Birth weight and childhood growth. AB - Most previous studies of the relationship between birth weight and childhood growth have concentrated on the growth of low birth weight infants. To examine this relationship throughout the full range of birth weights, growth data for children less than 5 years of age from the Tennessee Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children linked to birth certificate records for 1975 to 1985 were used. Growth status was compared for 500-g birth weight categories from 1,000 g to 4,999 g using mean Z scores and the percentage of children more than 2 SD above or less than 2 SD below the median for height for age, weight for age, and weight for height. Infants with lower birth weights were likely to remain shorter and lighter throughout childhood, especially those who were intrauterine growth retarded rather than premature. Conversely, those infants with higher birth weights were likely to remain taller and heavier and to have a higher risk of obesity. Birth weight is a strong predictor of weight and height in early childhood, not only for low birth weight children but also for those of normal and high birth weight. PMID- 3186372 TI - Unusual clustering of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in children with cystic fibrosis. AB - Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis has been recognized in association with cystic fibrosis in children since 1965. Since then, however, there have been a paucity of reports of pediatric cystic fibrosis complicated by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and, in most cases, these have been diagnosed retrospectively. A cluster of five acute cases seen during a 4-month period in a single cystic fibrosis center with a systemic illness and deterioration in respiratory status are described. In all five patients, reversible bronchoconstriction and infiltrative changes on x-ray films suggested the diagnosis. This was confirmed by the presence of (1) peripheral blood eosinophilia, (2) elevated total IgE and Aspergillus fumigatus-specific IgE, and (3) circulating serum precipitins against A fumigatus in all cases. All children tested had positive type 1 immediate hypersensitivity to skin tests for A fumigatus, in sputum eosinophilia, and Aspergillus cultured from sputum. Only three of five children were previously noted to be atopic and none had severe advanced suppurative lung disease. All children had previously received bronchodilator therapy and appropriate antibiotics. Following treatment with corticosteroids, acute symptoms and radiologic changes resolved for 1 to 5 months. To date, no children have had recurrence of their allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis while receiving alternate-day steroid treatment for 6 months. PMID- 3186373 TI - Olfactory deficits in boys with cleft palate. AB - An odor identification task was used to determine whether individuals with cleft palate (with or without cleft lip) also have an increased prevalence of olfactory deficits. Olfactory responses of 35 affected subjects (7 to 22 years of age) were compared with those of 68 subjects of comparable age without cleft palates. Subjects were requested to identify the smell of ten common household odors. They selected their responses from an alphabetized list of the test odorants. After a practice trial, the set of odorants was presented five times in randomized sequences. The percentage of correct responses increased with age for prepubertal and pubertal subjects without cleft palates. Although the olfactory scores of girls without cleft palates continued to increase after puberty, this trend was absent in boys. On the average, the girls with cleft palates, compared with only three of 34 boys without cleft palates, had olfactory scores less than 60% correct. There was no evidence of heterogeneity in the magnitude or direction of the relationship between any of the subtypes of cleft palate and olfactory dysfunction. In this study, cleft palate is more strongly associated with olfactory deficits in boys than in girls, suggesting the possibility that the deficit may be a sex-influenced trait. PMID- 3186374 TI - Neonatal back transport: clinical outcomes. AB - The convalescent course of 55 infants transported from a Level III hospital back to the community hospitals from which they were originally transported was compared with the course of 58 infants who convalesced in the tertiary center nurseries. The events in their prenatal course and acute neonatal course were similar, thus making comparisons of their convalescent course possible. Weight gain was greater among the transported infants for infants with birth weights greater than or equal to 2,000 g and comparable if birth weight was less than 2,000 g. Transported infants received fewer transfusions than their nontransported counterparts. Tolerance of feedings, the occurrence of apnea and bradycardia, and use and discontinuance of supplemental oxygen were similar in both groups. Major new health problems occurred in 27% of all subjects, 20% of transported infants and 32% of nontransported infants. Readmission to the tertiary center or a change in status to more intensive care in the tertiary center occurred in 10% of all infants, 7% of transported and 14% of nontransported infants. It was concluded that convalescing infants often presented new clinical problems, in similar numbers and severity whether convalescing in the tertiary center or after back transport to community hospitals. Community hospital care givers were considered alert to these new problems and to have provided appropriate care, including retransfer to the tertiary center when necessary. PMID- 3186375 TI - Growth in children with cerebral palsy fed via gastrostomy. AB - Growth characteristics of 57 children with feeding gastrostomies attending the cerebral palsy clinic at a regional medical facility were evaluated. All children had severe neuromotor and orofacial involvement and mental retardation. More than 90% of the patients were less than fifth percentile for height and weight, and 80% were underweight for height before gastrostomy tube placement. Following gastrostomy, 33% remained underweight for height and 21% became overweight for height. The majority of children remained at less than the fifth percentile for height and weight. Improvement in linear growth was much less common than improvement in weight. Children with gastrostomies placed in the first year of life were most likely to exceed the fifth percentile for height and weight. The mechanisms of growth retardation in children severely affected by cerebral palsy are not known, but poor nutrition is thought to be the major contributor. Gastrostomy feeding in children severely affected by cerebral palsy can improve nutritional status but does not eliminate growth retardation. The importance of growth and adequate nutrition in reducing morbidity in children with severe neuromotor involvement remains to be established. PMID- 3186377 TI - Progress of a harlequin fetus to nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma. AB - The term harlequin fetus is used to describe the most severe form of congenital ichthyosis. All except one previously reported patient died during the first few weeks of life. The development of one such fetus to the age of 2 years 6 months is reported, along with a photographic record of progress. Details of the progress of another harlequin fetus to 6 months of age are given. The clinical diagnosis of the former patient is nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma. PMID- 3186376 TI - Acute renal failure at onset of therapy for advanced stage Burkitt lymphoma and B cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. AB - Aggressive therapeutic maneuvers to reduce the risk for acute renal failure are routine in the management of children receiving therapy for advanced stage Burkitt lymphoma and B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The case histories of 40 children entered into a prospective treatment protocol for high-risk disease revealed that ten of 40 patients (25%) had acute renal failure, two at the time of hospital admission and eight in whom renal insufficiency developed 12 to 132 hours following initiation of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Admission values for serum lactic dehydrogenase and serum uric acid were not statistically different between patients with and without subsequent renal failure. Urine output in the 12 hours prior to antineoplastic therapy was 2.9 +/- 0.8 mL/kg/h in the eight children in whom renal failure developed and 5.3 +/- 0.4 mL/kg/h in the patients who did not (P less than .01). The urinary flow rate in the 24 hours following initiation of chemotherapy was significantly lower in children in whom renal impairment developed (1.0 +/- 0.2 mL/kg/h, mean +/- SE) compared with those who did not (3.7 +/- 0.3 mL/kg/h, P less than .001). Renal failure could not be attributed to hyperuricemia or hyperphosphatemia in the majority of patients with renal failure. One to four hemodialysis treatments (2.5 +/- 0.3) were required for the ten patients. Serum creatinine concentrations returned to normal in the nine survivors. Response to initial antineoplastic therapy was not affected by the presence of renal failure. Renal failure continues to be a major clinical problem in children with Burkitt lymphoma and B cell lymphoblastic leukemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186378 TI - Prediction of intravenous theophylline dosage based on a single, nonsteady-state concentration: a clinical study of childhood status asthmaticus. AB - A pharmacokinetic model was applied to achieve therapeutic serum theophylline concentrations rapidly in 25 children with status asthmaticus. A sustained release theophylline preparation had been taken within 36 hours by 12 children; within 14 hours, seven had taken an immediate release preparation; for six children, no theophylline was taken before hospital admission. Single serum theophylline concentrations were determined at nonsteady-state conditions within 13.5 hours of admission (median 6.75 hours). An iterative program was applied to predict the steady-state theophylline concentration as well as necessary adjustments in dosage. Measured steady-state concentrations were then compared with the predicted values. The median measured steady-state concentration was 15 mg/L, and the median predicted steady-state level was 13 mg/L. The least squares regression line was: Measured = 0.738 predicted + 4.77; r = .721, P less than .01. No patient experienced symptoms of toxicity. This technique affords the possibility of accurate prediction of steady-state theophylline concentrations and dosing requirements with a minimum number of serum concentration determinations in children with status asthmaticus. PMID- 3186379 TI - Bronchoscopic findings in infants treated with high-frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation. AB - To identify tracheobronchial abnormalities associated with assisted ventilation, 40 infants with respiratory distress syndrome randomized to receive either short term (48 hours) conventional or high-frequency jet ventilation were studied. Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (n = 13) was performed and/or clinical and radiographic assessments were used to evaluate for laryngeal, tracheal, and bronchial lesions. There was no bronchoscopic evidence of necrotizing tracheobronchitis after either high-frequency jet ventilation (n = 8) or conventional ventilation (n = 5). Laryngotracheomalacia and nodular vocal cords were the most common abnormalities noted, and they occurred with equal frequency in both groups. Study infants who were not bronchoscoped had no clinical or radiographic evidence of tracheal or mainstem bronchial obstruction. One patient did have microscopic evidence of necrotizing tracheobronchitis at autopsy, however. It is concluded that short-term treatment of respiratory distress syndrome with high-frequency jet ventilation may be performed without undue risk of tracheobronchial injury. PMID- 3186380 TI - Cocaine use during pregnancy: prevalence and correlates. AB - Cocaine use during pregnancy was assessed by interviews and urine assays obtained prenatally and immediately postpartum from 679 urban women enrolled in prenatal care. Of these, 17% were found to have used cocaine at least once during pregnancy. Eight percent had urine assays positive for cocaine metabolites using the enzyme-mediated immunoassay technique with a cut-off of 300 ng/mL of benzoylecgonine. Of the cocaine users, 24% denied use at the time of the interview and were identified solely by urine assay. Cocaine users were significantly (P less than .01) less likely than nonusers to be married, Hispanic, or black born outside of the United States and were less well nourished. Users reported significantly (P less than .01) more sexually transmitted diseases, prior low birth weight infants, spontaneous and elective abortions, and greater use of alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, opiates, and other illicit drugs during pregnancy. Because cocaine use is correlated with many potential risk factors, large sample sizes and multivariate statistical techniques are needed to determine whether cocaine use during pregnancy poses an independent risk for adverse neonatal outcomes. PMID- 3186381 TI - Socioeconomic status and low birth weight: a racial comparison. AB - The relationships between socioeconomic status, low birth weight, births to teenagers, and inadequate prenatal care were compared among white and black infants. A cohort of 127,558 singleton births, born from 1982 to 1983 in Los Angeles County, California, was evaluated. Socioeconomic status was estimated by the 1979 median family income of the census tract of maternal residence. For both racial groups the deterioration of residential area socioeconomic status was associated with a significant increase in the percentage of high-risk teenage mothers (less than 17 years of age), in the percentage of mothers with either no, only third trimester, or unknown prenatal care, and in the percentage of low birth weight infants. The rate of increase in the percentage of low birth weight in response to the socioeconomic deterioration of residential area was similar in black and in white groups. There was, however, a racial gap of 5% low birth weight that remained constant across all income areas. At the individual level, there were marked racial differences in the relative risks imposed by one's residential median family income, age, prenatal care, and pattern of interactions. PMID- 3186383 TI - Bacillus species isolates from cerebrospinal fluid in patients without shunts. AB - Of 849 CSF cultures done at Hartford Hospital, nine were positive for nonanthrax Bacillus species. Differentiation of true nonanthrax Bacillus species infection from contamination requires careful consideration of the clinical findings, the clinical course, and the laboratory data. In seven patients the nonanthrax Bacillus species represented contamination. In two patients the nonanthrax Bacillus species represented true infection. In one of these infected patients, nonanthrax Bacillus species complicated a cranial gun shot wound. Bacillus cereus meningitis developed in the second patient, a premature infant, following sepsis from a contaminated IV catheter. Nonanthrax Bacillus species, especially B cereus, can be resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins when nonanthrax Bacillus species infections are being treated, susceptibility testing should always be performed. PMID- 3186382 TI - Thrombocytopenia and human immunodeficiency virus in children. AB - Thrombocytopenia occurs in 13% of children with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The clinical and laboratory course of 19 children infected with HIV with thrombocytopenia is described. Bone marrow aspirates showed normal to increased numbers of megakaryocytes. Levels of antiplatelet antibodies were increased in 80% of the children and circulating immune complexes were found in 74%. Clinically significant hemorrhage leading to anemia occurred in five patients, and CNS bleeding led to a fatal outcome in an additional three children. Spontaneous remission of thrombocytopenia occurred in three of the 19 subjects. High-dose IV gamma-globulin was effective in increasing the platelet counts of six of 15 patients (40%) but resulted in a sustained remission in only one subject. Oral prednisone was effective in increasing the platelet count of two thirds of those whose platelet counts could not be controlled by IV gamma-globulin. Bleeding manifestations were eliminated in all patients whose platelet counts increased significantly. Of the 11 children whose counts increased either spontaneously or as a result of therapy, eight remain alive (72%). In contrast, all of the eight patients whose platelet counts did not improve have died. Thrombocytopenia in children with HIV disease is engendered by immune mechanisms and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. High-dose IV gamma-globulin and/or corticosteroids are temporarily effective in increasing the platelet count and reducing bleeding in about half of thrombocytopenic patients and are recommended for use. The ability to respond to therapy correlates with improved survival. PMID- 3186384 TI - Pediatric defibrillation: importance of paddle size in determining transthoracic impedance. AB - Transthoracic impedance is a major determinant of successful defibrillation or cardioversion, but no data are available concerning the range and determinants of transthoracic impedance in children. Transthoracic impedance was measured in ten ambulatory infants, 6 weeks to 9 months of age, and 37 children, 1.5 to 15 years of age, using a previously validated "test pulse" technique that measures transthoracic impedance without actually delivering a shock. We used hand-held "pediatric" (21 cm2) and "adult" (83 cm2) electrode paddles coated with either Redux paste or Redux creme. Transthoracic impedance in children was 108 +/- 24 omega (range 61 to 212 omega) using pediatric paddles. Using adult paddles lowered the transthoracic resistance by 47% to 57 +/- 11 omega (range 29 to 101 omega), P less than .05. In infants, transthoracic impedance (measured only with pediatric paddles) was 94 +/- 17 omega (range 74 to 124 omega). Using Redux paste as the coupling agent reduced transthoracic impedance by 13% (P less than .05). Transthoracic impedance was significantly but poorly related to body weight and body surface areas, but the correlations were not sufficiently high to be clinically useful. These data indicate that the larger adult electrode paddles will minimize transthoracic impedance and should be used when the child's thorax is large enough to permit electrode to chest contact over the entire paddle surface. This transition occurred at an approximate weight of 10 kg. PMID- 3186385 TI - Hair-thread tourniquet syndrome . AB - We have witnessed six cases of the hair-thread tourniquet syndrome, an entity characterized by strangulation of an appendage (toes, fingers, or external genitalia) by hair or hair-like fibers in the pediatric population. All six of our cases were in infants, 12 days to 5 months of age. The offending fibers were hair in three of the four patients with toe injuries and synthetic fibers from mittens in the finger cases. All six patients were treated by immediate removal of the constricting fibers, and, in spite of the worrisome appearance of the tissue distal to the constriction, all six eventually healed without significant tissue loss. A review of the literature indicated 60 similar cases of this type reported, 24 involving toes, 14 involving fingers, and 22 involving genitals. The majority of the toe and external genitalia cases were caused by hair, whereas the majority of finger strangulations were caused by thread from mittens. At greatest risk for strangulation are the middle finger and third toe, followed by the index finger and second toe. Patients with finger or penile involvement were more likely to suffer significant complications from the injuries than those patients with toe involvement. Based on our own experience and that described in the literature, we recommend prompt removal of the offending fiber, followed by prolonged conservative management of the damaged distal tissue, in the hope of maximal tissue salvage. Increased physician awareness of this syndrome is mandatory for prevention, diagnosis, and early treatment. PMID- 3186387 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Community Health Services: Health needs of homeless children. PMID- 3186386 TI - Controversial techniques in allergy. PMID- 3186388 TI - American Academy of Pediatrics. Task Force on Pediatric AIDS: Perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection. PMID- 3186389 TI - Povidone-iodine cord care. PMID- 3186390 TI - D-penicillamine and retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3186391 TI - Passive immunization against varicella in children receiving cancer chemotherapy. PMID- 3186392 TI - Caution on statistics. PMID- 3186394 TI - [An oxygen regimen in acute pneumonia and bronchitis in children]. PMID- 3186393 TI - [Enzyme status of the blood leukocytes during adaptation to school]. PMID- 3186395 TI - [HLA in children with atopic bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3186396 TI - [Cellular-humoral immunity in children with bronchial asthma with an exacerbated anamnesis]. PMID- 3186397 TI - [Indices of cell membrane destabilization of the erythrocytes and nephrons in glomerulopathies in children]. PMID- 3186398 TI - [Delta infection in children with chronic hepatitis B]. PMID- 3186399 TI - [Indices of the blood coagulation system and humoral immunity in children with hemorrhagic vasculitis depending on their blood group type within the ABO(H) system]. PMID- 3186400 TI - [Hyperuricemia in the joint syndrome in children]. PMID- 3186402 TI - [Effectiveness of combined therapy including lysozymes in chronic viral hepatitis in children]. PMID- 3186403 TI - [Use of prodigiozan and zymosan in treating children with viral hepatitis A]. PMID- 3186401 TI - [The role of genetic factors and parental HB viral infection in the development of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis in children]. PMID- 3186404 TI - [Hemostasis and the basic risk factors for atherosclerosis in children with an aggravated heredity for ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3186405 TI - [The health status of adolescents from families with an aggravated heredity for ischemic heart disease and arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3186406 TI - [The sensitive phase in the functional maturation of the cardiovascular system of adolescent girls]. PMID- 3186408 TI - [In the name of child health (on the International Child Protection Day)]. PMID- 3186409 TI - [Clinical importance of a functional test with local physical loading in children]. PMID- 3186410 TI - [Crystallographic research method in the differential diagnosis of rheumatic and nonrheumatic carditis in children]. PMID- 3186407 TI - [Criteria for the echocardiographic diagnosis of an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk (echocardiographic and anatomical comparisons)]. PMID- 3186411 TI - [The fermented milk product biofruktolakt in the treatment of children with intestinal dysfunctions of various etiologies]. PMID- 3186412 TI - [Treatment of pollinosis in children by specific peroral hyposensitization]. PMID- 3186413 TI - [Effectiveness of health promotion among frequently ill children at a preschool sanatorium, in mother-child health visits and in summertime health-promotion groups]. PMID- 3186414 TI - [Contradictions in the interpretation of the term "toxicosis"]. PMID- 3186415 TI - [Classification and terminology of periodic disease in children]. PMID- 3186416 TI - [Case of chickenpox combined with yersiniosis complicated by a delirious syndrome]. PMID- 3186418 TI - [Which challenges for pediatric intensive care?]. PMID- 3186417 TI - [Pulmonary lobectomy in a female patient with idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis]. PMID- 3186419 TI - [Traffic accidents involving children]. PMID- 3186420 TI - [Resuscitation of severe meningitis in infants and children]. AB - Meningeal penetration of bacteria induces an inflammatory response which affects mainly the endothelium of cerebral vessels. This inflammatory reaction is directly responsible for thrombosis and indirectly creates cerebral oedema and reduced cerebral blood flow. Cerebral ischemia is the result of all these phenomenons. Nowadays, control of cerebral oedema is the main goal of intensive care treatment of meningitis that needs invasive monitoring of intracranial pressure. We may hope that in a next future new therapeutic agents will be able to control inflammatory reaction and vascular process. PMID- 3186421 TI - [Phenoperidine: pharmacology and use in pediatric resuscitation]. AB - Phenoperidine is mainly metabolised in the liver, and has a biliary and urinary elimination. Because its analgesic effects are fast and prolonged, this drug is often used in pediatric intensive care units, due to its interesting pharmacologic properties (mild cardiac and respiratory depression). PMID- 3186422 TI - [Pneumococcal pneumonia and septic shock in the newborn infant]. AB - Pneumococcal sepsis and pneumonia in the neonate are rarely reported. They appear either as an early-onset respiratory distress with a high mortality rate or as a delayed infection. The authors describe 3 term neonates with an early respiratory distress syndrome and recall the main points of this severe foeto-maternal infection. Neonatal pneumococcal sepsis is strikingly similar to early-onset group B streptococcal infection. The isolation of the germ in the mother's vaginal flora is hazardous. Such cases suggest that early respiratory support and intensive circulatory resuscitation lead only to a slight decrease in the mortality rate, and thus preventive antibiotherapy is a necessity. PMID- 3186423 TI - [Fatal Yersinia enterocolitica septic shock in a child with chronic anemia]. AB - We report one case of Yersinia enterocolitica septicaemia in a child with chronic anemia. Iron overload and chelation with deferoxamine are the main factors which enhance the risk of such an infection. PMID- 3186424 TI - [Cerebro-meningeal hemorrhage in infants: shaken children? Abuse or accidents? 3 cases]. AB - Three cases of shaken baby syndrome are presented with acute neurologic symptom, retinal haemorrhage, subarachnoidal haemorrhage and subdural hematoma of predominant interhemispheric localisation. Whiplash injury is not always child abuse and one must be informed about its bad consequences. PMID- 3186425 TI - [Intracranial pressure in comatose meningitis and encephalitis in children]. AB - To determine the importance of intracranial hypertension in central nervous system acute infections, we studied intracranial pressure (ICP) in 27 patients, aged 45 days to 13 years. Fourteen had meningitis and 13 had encephalitis; all were in deep coma with a Glasgow Coma Scale 7 or less. Intracranial hypertension defined by a mean ICP above 15 mm Hg was observed in 12 patients with meningitis (86%) and in 9 with encephalitis (69%). Patients with meningitis exhibited a very early and severe intracranial hypertension. A striking difference is noted between survivors and non-survivors who had a very high maximal ICP with a severe reduction in cerebral perfusion pressure. Intracranial hypertension occurred in all patients with acute primitive encephalitis but only in 3/7 patients with post infectious encephalitis. ICP monitoring seems to be important in the comatose forms of bacterial meningitis in the early period, herpes encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis with severe status epilepticus. PMID- 3186426 TI - [Cardiac arrest in children. Causes and future after cardiopulmonary resuscitation]. AB - A 24 months retrospective study was carried out to investigate 133 patients with an unexpected cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was undertaken in all cases. 96 patients suffered CRA outside of hospital, 11 patients in the wards of the hospital, and 26 in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Sixty children (44%) responded to initial resuscitation and 20 patients (15%) survived after discharge, 12 (9%) of them with a good neurologic outcome. The best results were obtained in patients with an CRA in the PICU. The results of this study suggest that survival among resuscitated children is not better than that among adults, but can be improved with early recognition and monitoring of children at risk. PMID- 3186427 TI - [Plasma exchange in children]. AB - Plasma exchanges are indicated in several diseases in children, mainly immunologic, hematologic and nephrologic disorders. The techniques used for adult patients can be applied to children, but complications, especially infections, are more frequent. The vascular access is the main limiting factor, particularly in infants. Therefore, pediatric plasma exchanges should be performed under adequate supervision in an intensive care unit. PMID- 3186428 TI - Mn2+ activates skinned smooth muscle cells in the absence of myosin light chain phosphorylation. AB - Two effects of Mn2+ on skinned fibers from chicken gizzard smooth muscle were observed, dependent on the presence or absence of dithiothreitol (DTT) reducing agent. One involves protein oxidation (in the absence of DTT) with production of a "latch"-like state, and the other involves direct Mn2+ activation of contractile proteins. Cells activated by Mn2+ in the presence of ATP and the absence of Ca2+, Mg2+ and DTT did not relax when transferred to normal relaxing solutions. In contrast, when 5 mM DTT was included in the Mn2+ contracting solution to prevent protein oxidation by Mn2+, the cells still contracted when exposed to Mn2+, but relaxed rapidly when the Mn2+ was removed. In the presence of DTT both the Mn2+ activation and the relaxation following removal of Mn2+ were more rapid than normal Ca2+-activated contractions and relaxations. The skinned fibers activated by Mn2+ in the absence of DTT showed little active shortening unless DTT was added. This rigor-like state is probably due to oxidation of contractile proteins since the cells relaxed when exposed to a relaxing solution containing DTT (50 mM) and then contracted again in response to Ca2+ and relaxed normally. The Mn2+ activation was not associated with myosin light chain phosphorylation, in contrast to Ca2+-activated contractions. PMID- 3186429 TI - Kinetic analysis of acetylcholine-induced chloride current in isolated Aplysia neurones. AB - (1) Kinetics of activation and desensitization phases of the ACh-induced chloride current (ICl) were studied in isolated single neurones of Aplysia kurodai, using the 'concentration clamp' technique which combines internal perfusion and rapid exchange of the external solution within a few milliseconds (2) The dose-response curve for the peak ICl gave a dissociation constant of 6.7 X 10(-6) M and a Hill coefficient of 1.7. (3) The current-voltage relationship was linear in the voltage range examined (-70 to +30 mV). The reversal potential (EACh) was -7.1 +/ 1.8 mV (n = 14). The value was close to the calculated equilibrium potential for chloride ions (ECl). (4) The activation phase of the ICl was single exponential and the desensitization proceeded double exponentially to a steady state level. The time constants of both phases decreased with increasing concentrations of ACh but showed no potential dependency. The desensitizing component of the ICl was generated by activation of a single population of the receptor-channel complex. (5) The recovery from desensitization of the ICl induced by 6 X 10(-6) M ACh proceeded double exponentially, with time constants of 6.5 and 43 s at a holding potential of -30 mV. (6) Noise analysis performed on the steady state of ICl induced by low concentrations of ACh (3 X 10(-7) M to 3 X 10(-6) M) showed that the steady ICl was due to activation of a single population of the receptor channel complex with a single channel conductance of 23.3 +/- 4.3 pS (n = 9).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186431 TI - Changes in water balance and in release of arginine vasopressin during thermal adaptation in guinea-pigs. AB - The following experiments were made to investigate whether any changes in water balance and in the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) accompany the development of thermal adaptation. Twelve guinea-pigs (300-400 g initial weight) were kept in individual metabolic cages at 22 degrees C during weeks 1 and 5. During weeks 2-4, six of them were exposed to 5 degrees C, and six to 28 degrees C. Before the start of the experiment, eight animals were implanted with chronic arterial catheters for removal of blood samples. Food and water intake, body weight, and colon temperature, as well as the amounts of urine and feces, were recorded in each animal every morning. In urine and blood plasma samples (taken daily, resp. weekly), the osmolality was estimated by vapor pressure osmometry, and concentrations of AVP by a radioimmunoassay. It is apparent that the daily turnover of water increased from 94 ml in guinea-pigs adapted to 22 degrees C (N), to 111 ml in cold adapted (CA), and to 154 ml in warm adapted (WA) animals. In CA the amounts of AVP excreted in urine increased dramatically (being 10 times higher than in WA). This high release of AVP cannot be explained by changes in osmotic pressure and by alterations in volume of extracellular fluid. It is concluded that AVP is released in CA guinea-pigs mainly as a stressor hormone, in amounts which highly exceed the antidiuretic needs. The WA animals, having free access to water, did not use the AVP system to conserve water. They doubled their water intake, producing more urine of lower osmolality, corresponding to the reduced release of AVP. PMID- 3186432 TI - Changes in body temperature and vasopressin content of brain neurons, in pregnant and non-pregnant guinea pigs, during fevers produced by Poly I:Poly C. AB - The synthetic polyribonucleotide pyrogen Poly I:Poly C (800 micrograms.kg-1) was injected intramuscularly on alternate days into pregnant and non-pregnant female guinea pigs. Pregnant animals, close to term, had smaller fevers in response to the pyrogen than did non-pregnant animals. Repeated injections of the pyrogen caused sequentially smaller fevers for the first 3-4 injections, particularly in non-pregnant animals, and this appeared to be like the tolerance usually developed to repeated injections of endotoxin. Continued pyrogen injections then caused, in non-pregnant animals, fevers of increasing magnitude until the original fever levels were reached, whereas in pregnant guinea pigs the fever responses remained reduced until parturition. The development of tolerance was associated with an increase in immunoreactivity for arginine vasopressin (AVP) in some neurons in the medial part of the paraventricular nucleus, and in terminals in the lateral septum and amygdala similar to changes found in these areas at term of pregnancy. These observations raise the possibility that AVP in these regions may have a role in the development of tolerance to pyrogens, and further quantitative studies of the AVP content of, and release from, nerve terminals projecting to the limbic system seem warranted. PMID- 3186430 TI - The dual effects of ouabain on 45Ca2+ transport and contractility in adult rat ventricular myocytes. AB - We used isolated ventricular myocytes to study 45Ca2+ transport in the presence of three concentrations of ouabain (10 nM, 1 microM, and 100 microM) in Tyrode solution containing 1 mM CaCl2. The cells were quiescent and during 45Ca2+ uptake and 45Ca2+ efflux experiments, 10 nM ouabain decreased Ca2+ content, 1 microM, didn't change it appreciably, and 100 microM increased it significantly. Qualitatively, the same results were obtained at 22 degrees C and 35 degrees C. Ouabain did not significantly affect the electrical activity of isolated, electrically stimulated myocytes, but it increased the amplitude of shortenings of these myocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, the positive inotropic effect of ouabain at therapeutic doses (less than or equal to 10 nM) occurs in spite of decreased Ca2+ content, while at high toxic doses the positive inotropic effect is accompanied by an increment in Ca2+ content. These data support the hypothesis that the mechanisms of positive inotropy of ouabain are different at therapeutic and toxic concentrations of this drug. Finally, our study demonstrates that the effects of low doses of ouabain are independent of the release of endogenous catecholamines. PMID- 3186434 TI - The contractile properties and movement dynamics of pigeon eye muscle. AB - The lateral rectus (LR) muscle of the pigeon was directly stimulated in situ at 41 degrees C. The length tension relationships for active and passive tension were investigated to determine the optimum muscle length (Lo). Isometric responses to single and twin pulses, tetani and sinusoidal stimulation were measured. A linear relationship was found between length and active tension during stimulation. Increase in stimulation frequency produced a corresponding shift in tension with the slope of the curves remaining the same. At Lo (1.21 times resting length) the average contraction time of single twitches was 6.03 ms and the half-relaxation time was 7.77 ms. Stimulation frequencies of 200 Hz and over gave rise to a fused tetanus. Tension increased to a maximum at 200 Hz and rate of tension rise saturated at 600 Hz. The tension response to tetanic stimulation was linear over the range 70-180 Hz. Maximum tetanic tension was around 3.48 N/cm2 and the twitch:tetanus ratio was 0.164. Prolonged activation at fusion frequency showed a high fatigue resistance. Sinusoidal stimulation with pulse trains of 100-180 Hz produced a sinusoidal response over the frequency range 0.6-40 Hz, from which the gain and phase relationships were determined. The muscle response approximates a first order low pass filter, with a characteristic frequency of 11.2 Hz. There is an additional phase lag, equivalent to the response latency, of 2.89 ms. The results are compared to the contractile properties of mammalian eye and avian skeletal muscle. The frequency response of the LR is compared to that of cat soleus and gastrocnemius and to pigeon eye movement dynamics. PMID- 3186433 TI - Uptake of Br in mitochondria-rich and principal cells of toad skin epithelium. AB - To elucidate the route of transepithelial Cl transport across amphibian skins, electrolyte concentrations and uptake of Br in different epithelial cell types of toad skin were determined using electron microprobe analysis. Under short circuited conditions, Cl concentrations were about 10 mmol/kg ww lower in MR cells (23.9 +/- 9.6 mmol/kg ww) than in principal cells and showed a large scatter. After unilateral substitution of Br for Cl in the bathing solutions, principal cells exchanged Br for Cl only from the serosal side, whereas variable amounts of Br were gained in MR-cells from either side. The ratio of Br to Cl concentrations in MR-cells averaged 0.35 and 0.81 after incubation with NaBr Ringer's on the apical or serosal side, respectively. After activation of transepithelial anion conductance by serosa-positive voltage-clamping to 100 mV, uptake of Br from the apical side was increased in MR-cells compared with short circuited conditions. On the average, the ratio of cellular Br to Cl concentrations was 1.38, but the variation among individual MR-cells from the same tissue was considerable. In MR-cells with large uptake of Br and voltage activated conditions, the sum of Br and Cl concentrations was higher than the Cl concentration under control conditions. The increase of anion content was associated by increase of the Na and corresponding decrease of the K concentrations. The MR-cells were swollen as indicated by the decrease in the cellular dry weight content from 22.2 +/- 2.5 to 17.1 +/- 4.2 g/100 g.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186435 TI - Calcium-activated K-channels of Amphiuma early distal tubule: inhibition by ATP. PMID- 3186437 TI - Thyroid hormone deficiency and muscle metabolism during light and heavy exercise in dogs. AB - Muscle glycogen, glycolytic intermediate and high energy phosphate contents were compared in 5 intact-control (C) and thyroidectomized (THY) dogs after 30 min treadmill exercise of low (40W) and high (70W) intensities. Although after the exercise of relatively low intensity the rate of glycogenolysis and muscle lactate accumulation in THY dogs exceeded those in controls, the diminished oxidative capacity in the former was inadequately compensated, resulting in lowering of APT and CrP contents. At the higher work load the latter effects were more pronounced while the rate of glycogenolysis was similar or even lower than in controls. Inadequate fuel utilization may be considered as a factor limiting ability for heavy exercise in hypothyroidism. PMID- 3186436 TI - Effect of intracellular pH on potassium conductance in liver. PMID- 3186438 TI - 5'-Levulinyl and 2'-tetrahydrofuranyl protection for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides by the phosphoramidite approach. AB - The levulinyl group has been employed for protection of the 5'-hydroxyl group in the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides by the phosphoramidite approach, using the acid-labile 2'-tetrahydro-furanyl group. The hydrazine treatment was performed for 10 minutes in order to remove the levulinyl group on controlled pore glass. Four decaribonucleotides (AAAAAAAAAU, GGGGGGGGGU, CCCCCCCCCU and UUUUUUUUUU) and a heneicosamer (GCCUAGCUGAUGAAGGGUGAU) were prepared with an automatic synthesizer in good yields. PMID- 3186439 TI - A site-specific single strand endonuclease activity induced by NYs-1 virus infection of a Chlorella-like green alga. AB - A site-specific endonuclease was isolated from a eukaryotic Chlorella-like green alga infected with the dsDNA-containing virus NYs-1. The enzyme recognizes the sequence 5'-CC-3' and cleaves 5' to the first C. It cleaves 5'-CmC-3' sequences but not 5'-mCC-3' sequences. The enzyme creates breaks in dsDNA whenever two 5' CC-3' sequences on opposite strands are close enough for the two strands to separate; when the 5'-CC-3' sequences on opposite strands are further apart only a portion of the strands separate. Consequently, NYs-1 endonuclease does not produce a completely stable DNA digestion pattern. The enzyme probably does not cleave ssDNA and definitely does not cleave ssRNA or dsRNA. PMID- 3186440 TI - CpG islands of the X chromosome are gene associated. AB - Unmethylated CpG rich islands are a feature of vertebrate DNA: they are associated with housekeeping and many tissue specific genes. CpG islands on the active X chromosome of mammals are also unmethylated. However, islands on the inactive X chromosome are heavily methylated. We have identified a CpG island in the 5' region of the G6PD gene, and two islands forty Kb 3' from the G6PD gene, on the human X chromosome. Expression of the G6PD gene is associated with concordant demethylation of all three CpG islands. We have shown that one of the two islands is in the promoter region of a housekeeping gene, GdX. In this paper we show that the second CpG island is also associated with a gene, P3. The P3 gene has no homology to previously described genes. It is a single copy, 4 kb gene, conserved in evolution, and it has the features of a housekeeping two genes is within the CpG island and that sequences in the islands have promoter function. PMID- 3186441 TI - Structure and expression of the hsp 70 gene family of Leishmania major. AB - The parasitic protozoan Leishmania major differentiates in vitro, from the insect adapted promastigote to the mammalian infective amastigote, in response to a temperature shift from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C. We studied the genes encoding 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (hsp 70 genes) in Leishmania substocks, which vary in their capability to differentiate. In total, four hsp 70 genes are arranged in tandem with intergenic regions of about 380 bp. These hsp 70 genes are 89% conserved at the aminoacid level when compared to the T. brucei hsp 70 genes. The expression of these four hsp 70 genes is increased, in vitro and in vivo, in response to a temperature shift from 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C. The parasite thus indeed responds to the transfer between hosts like it responds to a heat shock. In contrast, the high rate of transcription of a fifth identical hsp 70 gene, located at a separate locus, is unaffected by temperature shifts. The hsp 70 mRNAs have mini-exons trans-spliced onto their 5' ends and share unusually long (1000 nt) 3' untranslated extensions containing repetitive sequences. It is unclear whether or not the intergenic regions of the L. major hsp 70 genes function in transcription initiation and/or whether transcription results in the generation of polycistronic pre-mRNAs. Since each of the hsp 70 genes that we identified is expressed normally in an L. major substock that lost the capability to differentiate in response to an in vitro temperature shift, the inability to differentiate does not result from a general defect in the temperature-dependent control of transcription. PMID- 3186442 TI - In vivo footprinting of the estrogen-inducible vitellogenin II gene from chicken. AB - Protein-DNA interactions in the promoter region of the chicken vitellogenin II gene were analyzed by in vivo dimethylsulphate footprinting with expressing and non-expressing tissues. The reactivity of G-residues is essentially the same in erythrocytes, oviduct and control liver, not expressing the gene. In the expressing estrogen-induced liver we find a number of G-residues with altered reactivities. These G's are located within distinct sequences: the estrogen responsive elements, a sequence resembling the NF-1 recognition motive, and several elements which are conserved between yolk protein genes. The expression dependent binding of proteins to these sites was confirmed by DNaseI footprinting applied to nuclei isolated from estrogen-induced and control liver. Estradiol appears to establish a transcription complex comprising a number of distinct proteins bound to different sites in the 5' flanking region of the vitellogenin II gene. PMID- 3186443 TI - Cooperative binding of m-AMSA to nucleic acids. AB - The equilibrium binding of the antitumor agent m-AMSA (4'-(9-acridinylamino) methane-sulfon-m-ansidide) has been examined by optical methods. These studies which have focused on the low bound drug concentrations (r values less than 0.02, base pairs) reveal m-AMSA to bind calf thymus DNA in a highly cooperative manner as indicated by the initial positive slope of the Scatchard plot. In contrast, the studies on the parent 9-aminoacridine under identical conditions demonstrate that this compound binds DNA in a noncooperative (neighbor exclusion) manner. The positive cooperative binding phenomenon of m-AMSA is probed as a function of ionic concentration and shown to exist over the range of salt concentrations examined (0.01 to 0.1 M); however, the magnitude of the cooperative binding is altered. This observation of cooperativity is consistent with earlier studies on biologically active compounds and may be related to such binding parameters as binding sequence selectivity and/or structural perturbations to the DNA structure. PMID- 3186444 TI - A highly conserved, 5' untranslated, inverted repeat sequence is ineffective in translational control of the alpha 1(I) collagen gene. AB - An inverted repeat sequence, extending from the 5' untranslated region of the first exon through the translation initiation codon, is highly conserved in the alpha 1(I), alpha 2(I) and alpha 1(III) collagen genes of mammals and birds. It has been suggested that this sequence functions in translational control of collagen gene expression. When the upstream axis of the dyad of symmetry was deleted, the efficiency of translation of transcripts from a human alpha 1(I) collagen-bovine growth hormone fusion gene was unchanged in either transiently or stably transfected cells. Furthermore, mRNA levels were not affected when the same deletion was transferred to a collagen-human growth hormone fusion gene in which the collagen sequence retained the first intron. Examination of human alpha 1(I) DNA, extending from the start of transcription to the start of translation, by the DNAse I protection procedure revealed evidence for protein binding to a sequence just upstream of the inverted repeat sequence but not to the inverted repeat itself. Our studies therefore indicate that this highly conserved DNA sequence does not function generally in translational or transcriptional control of type I procollagen synthesis. PMID- 3186445 TI - Mitochondrial DNA sequences from a 7000-year old brain. AB - Pieces of mitochondrial DNA from a 7000-year-old human brain were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Albumin and high concentrations of polymerase were required to overcome a factor in the brain extract that inhibits amplification. For this and other sources of ancient DNA, we find an extreme inverse dependence of the amplification efficiency on the length of the sequence to be amplified. This property of ancient DNA distinguishes it from modern DNA and thus provides a new criterion of authenticity for use in research on ancient DNA. The brain is from an individual recently excavated from Little Salt Spring in southwestern Florida and the anthropologically informative sequences it yielded are the first obtained from archaeologically retrieved remains. The sequences show that this ancient individual belonged to a mitochondrial lineage that is rare in the Old World and not previously known to exist among Native Americans. Our finding brings to three the number of maternal lineages known to have been involved in the prehistoric colonization of the New World. PMID- 3186446 TI - The Azorhizobium caulinodans nifA gene: identification of upstream-activating sequences including a new element, the 'anaerobox'. AB - From nucleotide sequencing analyses, the A. caulinodans nifA gene seems to be under dual control by the Ntr (in response to available N) and Fnr (in response to available O2) transcriptional activation/repression systems. Because it fixes N2 in two contexts, the Ntr system might regulate A. caulinodans nif gene expression ex planta, while the Fnr system might similarly regulate in planta. As nifA upstream-activating elements, we have identified: (i) a gpNifA binding site allowing autogenous nifA regulation, (ii) an Ntr-dependent transcription start, presumably the target of gpNifA activation, and (iii) an "anaerobox" tetradecameric nucleotide sequence that is precisely conserved among O2 regulated enteric bacterial genes controlled by the gpFnr transcriptional activator. Because it is precisely positioned upstream of enteric bacterial transcriptional starts, the "anaerobox" sequence may constitute the gpFnr DNA binding site. If so, then a second, Ntr-independent nifA transcription start may exist. We have also deduced the A. caulinodans nifA open reading frame and have compared the gene product (gpNifA) with those of other N2-fixing organisms. These proteins exhibit strongly conserved motifs: (i) sites conserved among ATP-binding proteins, (ii) an interdomain linker region, and (iii) a C-terminal alpha-helix turn-alpha-helix DNA binding site. PMID- 3186447 TI - Nucleotide sequence of part of Photobacterium leiognathi lux region. PMID- 3186449 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the succinyl-CoA synthetase alpha-subunit from Thermus aquaticus B. PMID- 3186448 TI - Complete sequence of murine myeloid leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). PMID- 3186450 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the threonine synthase (thrC) gene of Brevibacterium lactofermentum. PMID- 3186451 TI - Isolation and nucleotide sequence of cDNA clones for the pathogenesis-related proteins PR1a, PR1b and PR1c of Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi nc induced by TMV infection. PMID- 3186452 TI - Bacteriophage T4 gene 25. PMID- 3186453 TI - A cDNA encoding a merozoite surface protein of the protozoan Eimeria acervulina contains tandem-repeated sequences. PMID- 3186454 TI - Sequence variability in avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBV). PMID- 3186455 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the chloroplast 16S rRNA gene from the unicellular green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea. PMID- 3186456 TI - Structure-independent DNA amplification by PCR using 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine. PMID- 3186457 TI - A functional assay for enhancer-binding proteins. PMID- 3186458 TI - Complete nucleotide sequence of the xylanase gene from the yeast Cryptococcus albidus. PMID- 3186459 TI - Storage of competent cells for Agrobacterium transformation. PMID- 3186461 TI - Nucleotide sequence of rat adipose hormone sensitive lipase cDNA. PMID- 3186460 TI - A one-tube plasmid DNA mini-preparation suitable for sequencing. PMID- 3186462 TI - [99mTc-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy in the diagnosis of inflammations of the skeletal system. Initial experiences]. AB - Subsequent to orthopedic surgery 23 patients were studied by leukocyte scintiscanning using 99mTc-HMPAO to detect inflammation. 12 patients had all signs of bacterial infection. In 11 patients infection of the wound area was suspected. There was one false negative and no false positive scintigraphic finding. 2 patients with an unclear postoperative course after internal fracture fixation showed intensive uptake. Several days after the scan both patients developed severe bacterial infection. From that experience we conclude that the method may be of higher sensitivity than clinical symptoms. Further investigations are necessary for an accurate assessment of the method. PMID- 3186463 TI - Factors predicting hypothyroidism in long-term follow-up after 131I therapy. AB - 187 patients, euthyroid for more than a year after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism, were studied for 10 years; 81 (43%) became hypothyroid. The incidence of hypothyroidism was lower in patients initially presenting with large thyroids (28%) or with nodular thyroids (22%) and in those without thyroid autoantibodies (31%). During follow-up, an elevated serum TSH was present in all 81 patients when they became hypothyroid (sensitivity and negative predictive value 100%), and was present for at least a year in 98% of these. However, an elevated serum TSH was also present in 48% of 106 patients remaining euthyroid (positive predictive value 61%). FT4I was low in 94% of patients who became hypothyroid and normal in 80% of patients who remained euthyroid (positive predictive value 78%, negative predictive value 93%). Serum TSH and FT4I were the best biochemical predictors. FT3I and serum cholesterol were less satisfactory. A palpable thyroid becoming impalpable, though readily assessed, was limited in usefulness. Clinical appraisal remains important and a progressive, though perhaps less rapid, later increase in the incidence of hypothyroidism appears likely. PMID- 3186464 TI - On the role of transferrin in 67Ga uptake by tumor cells. AB - In vitro uptake of 67Ga-citrate and 59Fe-citrate by DS sarcoma cells in the presence of tumor-bearing animal blood plasma showed a dramatic inhibition of both 67Ga and 59Fe uptakes: about 1/10 of 67Ga and 1/50 of the 59Fe are taken up by the cells. Subcellular fractionation appears to indicate no specific binding to cell structures, and the difference of binding seems to be related to the transferrin chelation and transmembrane transport differences. PMID- 3186465 TI - The influence of experimental conditions on the preparation of 99mTc-pyrrolidino methyl tetracycline [99mTc-PMT] in the form of an instant kit. AB - The effects of varying the experimental conditions of the preparation of the renal scanning agent 99mTc-PMT on its organ distribution have been investigated. The stability of 99mTc-PMT was determined in vitro. A procedure for the preparation of this agent is recommended. PMID- 3186466 TI - Needed: effective national policy on AIDS/HIV infection. PMID- 3186467 TI - Slicing the salary pie. PMID- 3186469 TI - Home care in crisis: turning it around. PMID- 3186470 TI - Redefining the expanded role. PMID- 3186468 TI - Rationing health care. PMID- 3186471 TI - Learning about computers. AB - Although this first experience with computer content accomplished what the faculty had hoped for, it also raised questions that had to be answered. For example, is it feasible for a faculty member to be present at all computer practice sessions? Can a project be developed in one semester and implemented in another? Could computer technology be incorporated in all courses so that there is no time gap between its introduction and application? Should a separate course on computer use be incorporated into the curriculum? If faculty's objectives for student education in nursing include knowledge of computers in professional practice, should this also hold true for nursing educators? After evaluating the success of their efforts to incorporate computer technology into the curriculum, C. W. Post's nursing faculty believe that further planning can resolve the problems and concerns they identified and that they will be able to expand on what they have already accomplished. PMID- 3186472 TI - Lesbian nurse. PMID- 3186473 TI - Tort reform: where does nursing stand? PMID- 3186474 TI - Loneliness in early adolescents: an empirical test of alternate explanations. AB - Two alternate explanations of loneliness by Weiss (1973), the situational theory and the characterological theory, were tested in a sample of 112 boys and girls between the ages of 12 to 14. In addition to responding to the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, participants completed instruments measuring variables linked to either the situational or the characterological explanations of loneliness. Using hierarchical analysis of sets, the results indicated that the set of variables used to test the situational theory explained more variance in loneliness when entered first (62%) or second (34%) in the analysis than did the characterological set when entered first (33%) or second (5%) in the analysis. The findings suggested that the situational explanation played a more significant role than the characterological explanation in understanding loneliness in early adolescents. PMID- 3186475 TI - Hopefulness and the self-sustaining process in adolescents with cancer. AB - The purpose of this study was to explore, using grounded theory, the process through which adolescents with cancer move to achieve hopefulness. The sample, 58 adolescent oncology patients, had varying diagnoses and were in different stages of treatment. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and review of health care records. A subset of 11 adolescents was interviewed to validate study findings. Four sequential concepts (cognitive discomfort, distraction, cognitive comfort, and personal competence) emerged to represent the process adolescents experience to achieve hopefulness. The overall organizing construct, induced from the four core concepts, was labeled self-sustaining and defined as a natural progression adolescents who are experiencing serious health threats move through to comfort themselves and to achieve competence in resolving health threats. Results indicated adolescents are able to initiate effective and preferred strategies to achieve hopefulness and competence in resolving health threats. PMID- 3186477 TI - Effect of nonnutritive sucking on behavioral state in preterm infants before feeding. AB - To describe the effect of nonnutritive sucking (NNS) on behavioral state (BSt) in preterm infants before feedings 24 preterm infants were randomly assigned and studied before each of their first 16 bottle feedings. Twelve received NNS by pacifier for 5 minutes; 12 did not receive a pacifier. BSt was measured with a 12 category scale for 30 seconds before the 5-minute period (BSt1) and for 30 seconds after (BSt2). Sleep states decreased for both groups. BSts considered more optimal for feeding increased more during NNS (86 vs. 46). Restless states were three times less frequent after NNS (23 vs. 68). Differences between groups were nonsignificant at BSt1, but were significant at BSt2, p less than .001. In the absence of self-regulatory feeding policies based on early hunger cues, NNS for 5 minutes prefeeding is simple, brief, and suitable for implementation in busy neonatal intensive care units. Nonnutritive sucking was an effective modulator of behavioral state for this sample. PMID- 3186476 TI - Genetics or environment? Type A behavior and cardiovascular risk factors in twin children. AB - The heritability of Type A behavior and other cardiovascular risk factors was investigated in twin school-age children. The purpose was to differentiate those risk factors that have the potential to respond to environmental and life-style changes. The sample consisted of 71 monozygotic and 34 same-sex, dizygotic twin pairs 6 to 11 years old residing in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triceps skinfold thickness, body mass, and fasting blood specimens for lipid profiles were collected during home visits. Teachers rated the children's Type A behavior and two of its subcomponents, impatience aggression and competitive achievement-striving, using the Matthews Youth Test for Health. Statistically significant heritability estimates were found for Type A behavior and its subcomponents, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and body mass. Nevertheless, there was substantial environmental influence on these risk factors. The greatest environmental influence was observed for HDL cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, apolipoprotein-B and diastolic blood pressure. PMID- 3186478 TI - Determinants of health promotion in midlife women. AB - Health locus of control, self-esteem, and health status were analyzed for their impact on health-promoting life-style activities in 262 women between 35 and 65 years of age. Negative chance health locus of control, self-esteem, current health status, health worry/concerns, post-high-school education, and internal health locus of control explained 25% of the variance of likelihood to engage in health-promoting life-style activities. Two canonical variates explained 72.8% of the variance in the criterion set, the subscale scores of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (Walker, Sechrist, & Pender, 1987). Internal health locus of control, self-esteem, current health status, and future health status explained 36.3% of the variance of the self-actualization, interpersonal support, and exercise subscales; age, negative chance health locus of control, health worry/concern, and negative (poor) prior health status explained 36.5% of the variance of the health responsibility, nutrition, and stress management subscales. The canonical correlations for the two variates were .78 and .66, respectively. The study results support in part the relationships posited in the Pender health promotion model and previous research on women's health. PMID- 3186479 TI - Self-regulation in individuals with type II diabetes. AB - A model for self-regulation of diabetes was tested which proposed that individuals monitor their disease status by comparing their current state with their standard of well-being. When a discrepancy is experienced and associated with a change in blood glucose, action is taken to relieve the symptom and thereby regulate blood glucose. Two variables of the self-regulatory process (symptom-associating and action-taking) were tested through semi-structured interviews of 173 subjects who had Type II diabetes. Most (85%) subjects associated their symptoms with a change in blood glucose levels. Of subjects who associated symptoms with elevated blood glucose, 77% took action; of subjects who associated symptoms with lowered blood glucose, 89% took action. Only sex and insulin use were related to symptom associating and action taking. There was no relation between metabolic control measured by glycosylated hemoglobin and symptom association and action taking. PMID- 3186480 TI - The meaning of illness questionnaire: reliability and validity. AB - The reliability and validity of a recently developed Meaning of Illness Questionnaire (MIQ) is described. Questionnaire content was based on the work of Lazarus and Folkman (1984b). Three hundred twenty chronically ill subjects completed the 33-item MIQ and two open-ended questions. Subjects also completed the 45-item Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness--Self-Report Scale (PAIS-SR) described by Derogatis and Lopez (1983). Test-retest reliability for 70 subjects was, on the whole, substantial (kappa = .45 to 1.00) as was the ability of nurse clinicians to reliably categorize the qualitative component of the questionnaire into one of 12 categories (kappa = .64). The factor structure of the questionnaire supported the theoretical assumptions underlying the instrument. Three of the factors of meaning given the illness, R2 = .46, and/or three items, R2 = .60, had more power than coping behavior in explaining a person's adjustment to chronic illness. The questionnaire has accumulated reliability and validity in measuring a variety of concurrent yet divergent meanings that may be given an illness for three chronically ill populations--those with mixed cancer, rheumatological, and gastroenterological disorders. PMID- 3186482 TI - Stressed to the limit. PMID- 3186481 TI - Analysis of a decade of nursing practice research: 1977-1986. AB - The purpose of this study was to analyze the research focus, theoretical bases, research designs, statistical methods, and research findings of nursing practice research, 1977-1986. A secondary purpose was to assess the fit of nursing practice research topics within the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association's (NANDA) taxonomy. The sample consisted of 720 articles that met the definitional criteria of nursing practice research from six major refereed journals in nursing that primarily publish nursing research. Findings showed that 95% of research in nursing in the last decade was conducted by nurses as first authors, over half with doctoral degrees. Funded research increased as well as the trend toward multidisciplinary research and multisite studies. One-third of the studies focused on nursing intervention, and two-thirds were assessment oriented. Although use of nursing conceptual models increased over the decade, theories or models from psychology, physiology, and sociology were used most often. There was an increase in use of sophisticated research methods and better reporting of reliability and validity. The use of NANDA as a taxonomy for classifying nursing practice research was assessed. PMID- 3186484 TI - Small is beautiful? PMID- 3186483 TI - Meeran v. Wolf. PMID- 3186485 TI - We don't need dead heroines. PMID- 3186486 TI - Coping with stress. Sharing the load. PMID- 3186487 TI - Coping with stress. CHAT for nurses in adversity. Interview by Joanna Trevelyan. PMID- 3186488 TI - Coping with stress. Helping each other. PMID- 3186489 TI - You are what you learn. PMID- 3186490 TI - Recruit and retain. It's good to be back. PMID- 3186491 TI - Recruit and retain. Testing the test. PMID- 3186492 TI - Laboratory tests. Urinary pregnancy testing. PMID- 3186493 TI - Project 2000. A genuine art. PMID- 3186494 TI - Nursing around. On duty with the navy. PMID- 3186495 TI - Human kinetics. Conflicting ideas of movement. PMID- 3186497 TI - The Journal of Infection Control Nursing. PMID- 3186496 TI - Thanks for the memories. PMID- 3186498 TI - The Journal of Infection Control Nursing. Patient handwashing practice. PMID- 3186499 TI - The Journal of Infection Control Nursing. At the sharps end. PMID- 3186500 TI - The Journal of Infection Control Nursing. Times change. PMID- 3186502 TI - Future of nursing at a glance. PMID- 3186501 TI - Barbiturate poisoning: a study of four cases. PMID- 3186503 TI - Bringing nursing diagnosis into everyday routine. PMID- 3186504 TI - Breast is best. PMID- 3186505 TI - Improving nursing and midwifery care through primary health care: the case of Nigeria. PMID- 3186506 TI - [Chronic constipation in children]. AB - Chronic constipation in childhood, with or without megarectum, with or without encopresis is a symptom of many diseases. In the majority of this patients a detailed history and an accurate physical examination differentiate functional and aganglionic constipations by other causes of constipations. Anorectal manometry is an excellent diagnostic technique for diagnosis of ultrashort segment Hirschsprung's disease. The rectoanal inhibitory reflex is present in severe chronic functional constipations and absent in aganglionic constipations. Anorectal manometry is a simple and perfectly harmless technique. The possibility of error is very small in patients aged over two years. Surgical treatment is recommended in ultrashort segment Hirschsprung's disease. Medical treatment is recommended in chronic functional constipation and after surgical treatment. It is very important that the period of treatment is long enough to avoid relapses. PMID- 3186507 TI - [Chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathy and ectodermal dysplasia]. AB - A boy, 5 year aged, admitted in intensive therapy room because affected by respiratory insufficiency, is reported. Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections and three surgical operation in the lacrimal ducts were present in the anamnesis. Clinical and radiologic features of chronic obstructive pneumonia were present. Hypotrichosis, onychodystrophy, microdontia, associated with absence of muciparous glands and greatly reduced muciparous cells of respiratory tract, were other findings. PMID- 3186508 TI - [Circadian variations of bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children]. AB - In order to determine the magnitude of circadian variations in bronchoconstriction, we examined modifications of the spirometry observed during the 24-hr in a group of asthmatic (31 males, mean age = 8 years, 6 months). Particular attention was paid to the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC). We were thus able to compare in single patients 43 spirometry pairs between morning (between 8 and 10 am) and early afternoon (between 1 and 4 pm), 46 pairs between morning and evening (between 6 and 10 pm) and 54 between 2 consecutive mornings. The results of this study, substantially similar for the FEV1 and the FVC, show that the mean values obtained at different hours during the day and in two consecutive mornings were almost superimposable. On the other hand, the mean values and the standard deviations of the differences between two determinations in single patients are high. The percentage of patients who present significant modifications (greater than 10%) of FEV1 or of FVC at different hours of the day is also quite high. Moreover these variations seem directly related to the baseline spirometric value. Although the literature frequently outlines the existence of a circadian rhythm in the modifications or airways patency (maximum bronchoconstriction in the morning and minimum in the evening), in the asthmatic, however, the fast variations in the bronchial tone can be such as to mask this cyclic rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186509 TI - [Bronchial response to a provocation test in children allergic to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus]. AB - Bronchial provocation tests with allergens are becoming recognized as one of the most important diagnostic parameters for the detection and confirmation of the role of the allergic component directly on the reaction site. Twenty-seven children with positive skin tests and RAST for Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus were challenged with solutions of the same antigen. Twenty-one (77%) had positive responses expressed by different patterns: Six (28.5%) showed isolated early reaction, seven (33.3%) had biphasic responses. Six (28.5%) showed dual response with prolonged (1-2 hours) late reaction. One child had dual late reaction after 35 hours (ultra-late reaction). Six (28.5%) patients had negative reactions. The results suggest that bronchial provocation tests with antigens performed as outlined in this study can also be applied in the diagnosis of pediatric allergy. PMID- 3186511 TI - [Growth, skeletal and dental age in chronic diarrhea in childhood]. AB - Chronic diarrhea is a common disease in children; several etiological agents and pathogenetic mechanisms are responsible for causing the illness. In order to evaluate the long term effects of chronic diarrhea on growth, dental and bone age the authors have examined 111 children in a 7 years follow-up for coeliac disease (49 cases) and a 5 years follow-up for chronic diarrhea caused by different agents (62 cases). All the coeliac diseases show a good clinical and auxological evolution, whereas aspecific chronic diarrhea shows important changes in growth, in dental and bone age. Clinical progress of the disease is therefore strictly related to the accuracy of the diagnosis, while the duration of the illness is of little importance. Our study does not show any correlation between changes in auxological tests or in dental and bone age and the length of symptoms (r = 0.150 N.S.). The authors stress the importance of the evaluation of dental age together with bone age and auxological parameters in monitoring children with chronic diarrhea; in all observed cases dental and bone age retardation showed a positive correlation both with chronic diarrhea (r = 0.608; p less than 0.03) and coeliac disease (r = 0.411; p less than 0.02). PMID- 3186510 TI - [Correlations between blood pressure values, familial hypertension and anthropometric parameters in a sample of 3-year-old children]. AB - Nowadays evaluation of blood pressure in children is almost routine. In fact hypertension in adults may be preceded by high blood pressure values in childhood. In this study the authors examined systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), height, weight, ponderosity index and family history of hypertension, in 261 3-year-old children, 139 boys and 122 girls. Average values of SBP were slightly but not significantly higher in males. Coefficients of linear regression and correlation for any pair of the different parameters (SBP-DBP and weight, SBP-DBP and height, SBP-DPB and ponderosity index) were all significantly positive for males, but not for females. The most significant value (r = 0.43) was in the correlation DBP-weight. In studying the family history of hypertension all children were divided into three groups: negative (F.I.-), positive with brothers and/or parents affected (F.I. I+) and positive with other relatives affected (F.I. II+). Average SBP and DPB in the second group were higher than in the third, and much higher than in the first group. These results suggest the importance of prevention in early childhood with alimentary education and serial blood pressure measurements. The individuation of borderline values is also very important. PMID- 3186512 TI - [An anthropometric study of a Sassari population 3 to 6 years of age]. AB - The average values (+/- SD) for height and weight of 812 males and 686 females between 3 and 6 years of age from the city of Sassari (Sardinia) have been determined. Numerical values and smooth curves from the 3rd to the 97th percentile for height and weight have also been calculated. The results were compared with those of the literature and particularly with those published by De Toni et Al. 20 years ago. The data show a significant increase in height and weight among Sardinian children during the past 20 years. The availability of these new curves will permit a more correct evaluation of growth in Sardinian children. PMID- 3186513 TI - [Palmar dermatoglyphics. Analysis carried out on 315 subjects of western Sicily]. AB - The study of dermatoglyphics is one of particular diagnostic interest in many diseases, especially in the identification of some chromosomal aberration syndromes. The frequent occurrence for observation of this pathology and the need for comparison of the relevant dermatoglyphics with those of an adequate control group, caused us to carry a dermatoglyphic analysis of our population. We examined 315 normal subjects (147 males and 168 females) of Western Sicily. PMID- 3186516 TI - [A case of stenosing ureteritis in Schoenlein-Henoch purpura]. AB - A case of stenosing ureteritis in a 6 years old girl with Schonlein-Henoch purpura is described. In a careful review of the literature only a few cases results described. The authors discuss the problems concerning this rare and potentially serious complication of Schonlein-Henoch purpura. PMID- 3186514 TI - [Localized scleroderma in childhood]. AB - Scleroderma is a rare disease in children: the clinical presentation in childhood is even more varied than in adult life. It is characterized by 'hard skin' with cutaneous features including hypo- and hyperpigmentation, thickening or thinning and loss of elasticity. It ranges from circumscribed and self-limiting pigmentary disorders to disabling and disfiguring involvement of an extremity and a rapidly fatal outcome. Scleroderma must be differentiated from many scleroderma-like conditions. Therapeutic problems are also discussed. PMID- 3186515 TI - [Sjogren-Larsson syndrome. Description of a case]. AB - The authors describe a typical case of Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome showing a clear improvement of the spastic paresis after 2 years of physiotherapy and a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. PMID- 3186518 TI - [Spondylo-costal dysostosis. Description of a case and review of the literature]. AB - The Authors describe a case of spondylocostal dysostosis. The infant, born from consanguineous Caucasian parents, showed at birth marked shortening of the trunk and neck. Radiographic examination revealed severe congenital anomalies of the entire spine, associated with secondary deformities of the ribs. A review of literature's cases, with differential diagnosis and pathogenetic hypothesis, is also reported. PMID- 3186519 TI - Diagnosing appendicitis in children with acute abdominal pain. AB - Differentiating acute appendicitis from other causes of acute abdominal pain in children frequently remains unsatisfactory. To determine whether initial historical and physical examination findings might predict final diagnoses, 246 patients with complaints of nontraumatic and nonrecurrent acute abdominal pain were studied. All were between three and 18 years of age and had presented to a hospital-based pediatric emergency department. Each family was telephoned an average of 5.1 days after the visit to determine the patient's subsequent clinical course; operative notes and pathology reports were reviewed for patients receiving surgery. Of these patients with acute abdominal pain, both fever and vomiting were present in 18 of the 24 who eventually had diagnoses of appendicitis, compared with 49 of 222 patients with other final diagnoses (P less than 0.01, with negative predictive value 0.97, sensitivity 0.75, and specificity 0.78, but positive predictive value only 0.27). The duration of the pain at presentation and the frequency of other symptoms (eg, diarrhea, dysuria, anorexia, and lethargy) were unrelated, however, to final diagnosis, as was the duration of the pain and whether abdominal tenderness initially was localized or generalized. Nonruptured appendicitis was generally indistinguishable from ruptured appendicitis preoperatively, by both duration and symptoms. Boys were found more likely to have appendicitis (with or without rupture) than girls (18/118 or 15%, vs. 6/128 or 5%, P less than 0.05). In conclusion, fever and vomiting were noted at presentation more frequently in children with appendicitis than in children with other causes of acute abdominal pain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186517 TI - [A case of transitory Fanconi syndrome associated with acute renal insufficiency and hypoplasia of the bone marrow]. AB - The authors report a case of an eight-years old child, who presented with transient Fanconi syndrome, mild renal failure and hypoplastic bone marrow. No recognized etiology of the Fanconi syndrome was demonstrated in the patient. Laboratory data and clinical course are consistent with the hypothesis of a tubulo-interstitial lesion caused, directly or through an abnormal immune response, by an unknown etiologic agent. PMID- 3186520 TI - Pediatric sexual abuse management in a sample of children's hospitals. AB - Medical directors of pediatric emergency departments were surveyed by mail to determine the present role of their pediatric hospitals in general, and emergency departments in particular, in the evaluation and management of pediatric sexual assault and abuse. Seventy-four percent of the responses were from communities with an estimated yearly incidence of sexual abuse cases greater than 500. Sixty eight percent of the communities had a designated pediatric sexual assault center. Thirty-two percent were affiliated with adult facilities and 68% with pediatric facilities. Of those hospitals responding, initial evaluation was most often performed in the emergency department in 77%. Most initial evaluations were performed by resident (PL-2 or above) level physicians (59%). The availability of non-physician professionals, eg, social workers, was felt to be always or usually adequate in 57% and occasionally, rarely, or never adequate in 43%. Estimated physician time required for evaluations averaged less than 60 minutes in 52%, 60 to 90 minutes in 32%, and greater than 90 minutes in 16%. Other patients were felt to be always or frequently compromised in 34% and occasionally compromised in another 44%. The directors rated the abilities of their respective departments to evaluate and manage these patients as excellent in 33%, good in 33%, adequate in 29%, and inadequate in 4%. PMID- 3186522 TI - Anticholinergics and the emergency management of bronchial asthma. PMID- 3186521 TI - Significance of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in CSF of bacteremic children. AB - A retrospective study was performed of 32 bacteremic children not receiving preadmission antibiotic therapy who had a diagnostic lumbar puncture for analysis of cerebrospinal fluid at the time of initial evaluation for an acute illness. In each instance, the CSF contained polymorphonuclear leukocytes without pleocytosis. Of these 32 bacteremic patients, 88% had a CSF differential cell count with 20% or fewer polymorphonuclear cells, and greater than 90% had glucose and protein concentration within the range of normal limits. All patients had a Gram-stained smear of CSF which revealed no organisms. In no instance was a CSF culture positive for a bacterial pathogen. In the bacteremic child not pretreated with antibiotics, cerebrospinal fluid which contains total white blood cell, glucose, and protein concentrations within limits of normal, a differential cell count with 20% or fewer polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and Gram-stained smear which reveals no organisms is not indicative of risk for bacterial meningitis. PMID- 3186523 TI - The case of the slandered hamburgers. AB - Carbon monoxide poisoning is a common occurrence, especially during cold months. It can be overlooked, because its history and symptoms are often vague. We report a case of two children with carbon monoxide poisoning who typify the need for obtaining a careful history. A review of the literature, including clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment, follows. PMID- 3186524 TI - Phytobezoar following raisin ingestion in children. AB - A rare childhood phytobezoar is reported in a two-and-one-half-year-old male infant with bowel obstruction, following raisin ingestion. Complete recovery followed conservative treatment. It was preceded by passage of a large, bulky stool, containing numerous undigested, fluid-filled raisins. PMID- 3186525 TI - Lactobezoar causing an abdominal triad of colicky pain, emesis, and mass. AB - A case of lactobezoar is described in a toddler with an acute history of abdominal pain, vomiting, and lethargy. Despite normal dietary habits, he had developed a gastric milk coagulum which led to a palpable epigastric tumor. Intussusception was suspected but disproven by barium enema. In retrospect, plain abdominal radiographs demonstrated characteristic mottled filling defects in the stomach from a lactobezoar. Conservative therapy led to prompt disintegration of the lactobezoar. PMID- 3186526 TI - An efficient, inexpensive teaching model for venous cut down procedures. PMID- 3186527 TI - Should x-rays be ordered to find a bee's stinger? AB - On several occasions, we have been asked to locate bee stingers so that they could be removed. The studies were negative, and we did not know if identification was even possible. An experiment was done using both film screen studies and xerograms at various techniques to attempt to locate a honey bee stinger. The stinger could not be identified. PMID- 3186528 TI - The emergency physician's role in injury prevention. AB - New Mexico's successful campaign in establishing seat belt legislation is described, as is a unique program of alcohol and substance abuse prevention based in the emergency department. Results of a local study investigating hospital and emergency department costs of victims injured in automobile crashes are presented. A strategy is proposed that encourages joint efforts to influence public opinion and awareness, support necessary legislation, develop epidemiologic and intervention research, and encourage emergency medicine practitioners to act as a clearing house for outreach and prevention activities. PMID- 3186529 TI - Pediatric emergency office equipment. PMID- 3186530 TI - Foreign bodies of the eye, ear, and nose. PMID- 3186531 TI - Neck pain after trauma. PMID- 3186532 TI - Febrile convulsion is a common pediatric disorder. PMID- 3186534 TI - The child requiring critical care transport. PMID- 3186533 TI - Packaging and storage of TAC to avoid medication dispensing errors. PMID- 3186535 TI - Pulmonary and systemic vascular response to promethazine in conscious lambs. AB - Promethazine is an antihistamine commonly used for sedation in clinical pediatric medicine. We studied the cardiovascular effects of promethazine in normoxic, conscious, chronically instrumented neonatal lambs. Eight lambs received 1.3 mg/kg of promethazine intravenously (i.v.) while at rest. In all lambs, promethazine led to elevations of pulmonary vascular resistance, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, mean transpulmonary pressure, mean left atrial pressure, and the ratio of pulmonary-to-systemic vascular resistance. In addition, five (63%) of the lambs demonstrated an increase in mean systemic arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance to promethazine. A subgroup of three lambs, which tended to be younger, failed to demonstrate the systemic vascular response to promethazine. Promethazine given i.v. has important cardiovascular effects. We hypothesize that promethazine used for sedation before cardiac catheterization in children may alter subsequent hemodynamic observations. PMID- 3186536 TI - Interventricular septal motion and left ventricular function in patients with atrial septal defect. AB - In order to assess whether the paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum seen in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) is due to a true abnormality in septal contraction, eight patients with ASD (age, 1.6-17 years) and eight age matched control patients were studied using qualitative and quantitative two dimensional (2D) and M-mode echocardiography. 2-D-echocardiographic images recorded from the parasternal short-axis projection at the level of the papillary muscles and 2D-directed M-mode tracings at this level were obtained. Comprehensive wall motion analysis of the left ventricular (LV) endocardial and epicardial borders was performed using both fixed reference and center of mass (floating reference) models. Our results indicate that interventricular septal wall motion and function are normal in patients with ASD. The apparent "paradoxical" motion is due to excessive anterior motion of the entire left ventricle, and is present only when a fixed reference system is used to assess myocardial motion, but is not present when a center of mass (floating reference system) is employed. Left ventricular function assessed by % area and perimeter change, mean radial shortening fraction, and mean radial wall thickening (2D) as well as LV shortening fraction and septal and posterior wall thickening (M-mode) was not significantly different between the two groups. Standard M-mode tracings can therefore be used to assess LV function despite this apparent abnormal septal motion. PMID- 3186537 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of cor triatriatum. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging utilizing spin echo sequences was used to demonstrate cor triatriatum in an 18-year-old boy. Phase map images aided the diagnosis by demonstrating the presence of slowly flowing blood in the accessory atrial chamber. Magnetic resonance is an excellent modality for the noninvasive diagnosis of cor triatriatum. PMID- 3186538 TI - Development of a benign intrapericardial tumor between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation. AB - A case of a massive benign intrapericardial teratoma that presented at two weeks of age with significant respiratory distress is described. In retrospect, it was discovered that this infant had been evaluated by fetal echocardiography while in utero at 20 weeks of gestation due to a maternal history of surgically corrected tetralogy of Fallot. The fetal echocardiogram demonstrated normal intracardiac anatomy and no evidence of either a pericardial mass or effusion. It is concluded that this tumor spontaneously enlarged some time between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation. PMID- 3186539 TI - Recovery from congenital complete atrioventricular block. AB - Congenital complete atrioventricular block without any other intracardiac anomaly reverted to sinus rhythm at the age of 7 years. The girl had had heart failure and Adams-Stokes attacks when aged 1 year, requiring pacemaker implantation. Electrocardiography confirmed sinus rhythm for the first time at the age of 7 years. At the same time, a treadmill test yielded a normal tracing without any arrhythmias. PMID- 3186540 TI - Late pulmonary venous obstruction after surgical repair of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return. AB - Twelve years after an apparently successful surgical correction of infradiaphragmatic (obstructed) total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, a 12 year-old boy developed evidence of pulmonary artery hypertension secondary to pulmonary venous obstruction due to an apparent lack of growth at the anastomotic site. PMID- 3186542 TI - Simultaneous expression of activated lymphoid cell-associated and granulocytic cell-associated antigens on Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease. AB - The surface antigens of Hodgkin cells and Reed-Sternberg cells (H- and R-S cells), including lacunar cells, were analyzed with a large panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies by an immunohistochemical method and an immunoelectron microscopic technique. H- and R-S cells in each histologic subtype of nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depletion were stained similarly with anti-Leu-M1, anti-Leu-11b, TG8, anti-HLA-DR, anti IL-2R, RSC-1 (Ki-1) and anti alpha-1-antitrypsin, but not with other antibodies examined. These findings suggest the following: (1) H- and R-S cells of nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depletion are not heterogeneous, at least in terms of surface antigen expression, and (2) H- and R-S cells may be lymphoid cells which simultaneously express activated lymphoid cell-associated antigens (e.g., HLA-DR, RSC-1 and IL-2R) and granulocytic cell-associated antigens (e.g., Leu-M1 and TG8). PMID- 3186543 TI - The spleen in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AB - 72 spleens from AIDS patients were studied by histologic and immunohistochemical methods. Apart from the opportunistic infections and malignancies typically occurring in AIDS patients (malignant lymphomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, mycobacterial infections, cryptococcosis, cytomegalovirus infections) morphological changes probably directly attributable to HIV infection were noted that progressed from follicular hyperplasia with nearly normal periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths to atrophy of follicles and severe cellular depletion of T cell areas with concomitant plasmacytosis and occurrence of small giant cells. At the same time the number of Protein S-100 positive cells markedly increased; in some cases almost all pulp cord macrophages expressed the antigen. In addition, the sinus endothelia strongly expressed protease inhibitors. PMID- 3186541 TI - The morphology of ciliogenesis in the developing fetal human respiratory epithelium. AB - Segmental imaging studies of the respiratory epithelium from human embryos and fetuses of normal karyotype have demonstrated that ciliogenesis and ciliation of the respiratory epithelium starts at 7 weeks of gestation. Ciliated cell differentiation follows a pre-determined pattern of distribution. It starts exclusively in the upper segment of the membranous trachea and spreads distally. Ciliation of the carinal angle takes place at 8 weeks of gestation. Three patterns of basal body formation were identified. The various morphological features encountered are described and compared with those observed in cases of Immotile Cilia Syndrome and other pathological conditions. Ciliation of the respiratory epithelium in the cartilaginous trachea does not take place until after the 12th week of gestation. The morphological findings identified in our case material are in agreement with those observed in the developing respiratory epithelium of other higher mammals. PMID- 3186544 TI - Follow-up studies with sequential bone marrow biopsies in chronic myeloid leukaemia and so-called primary (idiopathic) osteo-myelofibrosis. Evolution of histopathological lesions and clinical course in 40 patients. AB - A clinicopathological follow-up study was performed on 17 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) and 23 cases with so-called primary (idiopathic) osteo /myelofibrosis (OMF) concentrating on a comparison between clinical data and multiple sequential biopsies of the bone marrow. Histological classification of bone marrow lesions was done according to the subtypes proposed by Georgii et al. At clinical diagnosis initial trephine biopsies in CML showed in only 6/17 cases a pronounced granulocytic proliferation or CGL. In 9/23 patients with OMF a so called hyperplastic or early hypercellular stage was encountered with a mixed megakaryocytic-granulocytic pattern without or with minimal reticulin fibres (CMGM/EMS). The histopathology of this early stage OMF as well as the later evolving advanced fibrosclerotic lesions (AMS/OMS) were by morphological aspects alone not distinguishable from cases with CML showing prominent fibrosclerotic alterations. At presentation 5/17 patients with CML displayed already some degree of reticulin fibre formation (EMS). Following serial trephine biopsies in CML with an increased megakaryocyte proliferation (CMGM), a remarkable tendency for myelofibrosis was present. The dynamics of this fibrosclerotic transformation seem to be variable in CML and OMF likewise. However, they are related to abnormal megakaryopoiesis as well as to duration respectively progress of disease, paralleled by corresponding haematological parameters. This longitudinal case control study emphasizes that histopathology of the bone marrow taken at clinical diagnosis may reflect different stages of chronic myeloproliferative diseases and therefore should be always accompanied by relevant clinical and cytogenetic findings to enable a correct diagnosis. PMID- 3186545 TI - Association of splenoma, peliosis and lipid histiocytosis in spleen or accessory spleen removed in 2 patients with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura after long term treatment with steroids. AB - In 2 patients with a long lasting cortico-dependent chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, splenectomy in one and ablation of an accessory spleen in the other, disclosed a complex association of splenoma, peliosis and lipidosis of the spleen, with a secondary sea blue histiocytosis in one case. The relation of this curious association with thrombocytopenia and with the long treatment with corticosteroids is discussed, with a review of the literature. PMID- 3186546 TI - Interaction between mast cells and perineurial fibroblasts in neurofibroma. New insights into mast cell function. AB - Transmission electron microscopy was performed on seven neurofibromata to study the relationship between the frequently occurring mast cells and the other cell types present in the tumour. Intimate association was observed between mast cells and perineurial fibroblasts, but not between mast cells and Schwann cells. At the contact interface between mast cells and perineurial fibroblasts, numerous vesicle-like structures were observed with corresponding endocytotic vesicles in the fibroblast plasma membrane. The authors regard this close morphological relationship as in vivo evidence for a possible role of mast cells in fibroblast metabolism, a conclusion which has already been drawn from in vitro studies, but until now inadequately supported by observations in vivo. PMID- 3186548 TI - Does quantitative histology of rectal biopsy improve the differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in adults? AB - The aim of this study was to clear up, whether in adults morphometric investigation of rectal biopsies could improve the differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Rectal biopsies were available of 63 normal controls, of 65 patients suffering from Crohn's disease and 72 patients with ulcerative colitis. The serially cut biopsies were investigated histologically both by morphometric methods and by subjective rules of daily practice in five randomly chosen sections. The data were evaluated by multivariate discriminate analysis. Morphometric analysis on the basis of 16 variables brought a significantly better discrimination between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis than evaluation by means of 5 criteria of conventional daily routine. This improved discrimination, however, is at least partially produced by incidental variations between the subsets under study. Therefore, the functions of our multivariate discriminate analyses cannot be used for differentiation of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in daily routine. But the variables, most effective in these analyses, may be helpful for valid discrimination of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in adults. These variables are "deformation of crypt", "stromal fibrosis" and "number of eosinophils". PMID- 3186547 TI - Trichoblastic fibroma (fibromatoid trichoepithelioma). AB - Six examples of so-called trichoblastic fibroma occurred in five females and one male. The age of the patients ranged from 46 to 70 years (mean: 61 years). Three tumours were on the back, one each on the left gluteus, right skull and left thigh; they were present one to 20 years and varied in size from 1.8 to 6 cm. The tumour nodules were easily shelled out at operation, and the macroscopic aspect was that of fibroma. Although there seems to be a close relationship to trichoepitheliomas, this tumour deserves a separation from classical conventional trichoepitheliomas and differs from these by size, consistency, involvement of deeper tissues, nodular character, unusual location, age of patients and additional histopathologic findings. In our opinion, these rare tumours may also be classified as fibromatoid trichoepitheliomas. PMID- 3186550 TI - The pediatrician and the under toad. PMID- 3186551 TI - Epidemic of polypharmacy and suggestions to control it. PMID- 3186549 TI - Amphicrine tumor of the vulva. AB - We resected a vulvar tumor, present for five years, from a 75-year-old female, and performed light and electron microscopy. Simultaneous proliferation of exo-, endo- and amphicrine cells was demonstrated. Based on histological evidence, the case is considered as a hitherto undescribed amphicrine tumor of the vulva. PMID- 3186552 TI - Kawasaki disease: cardiac problems and management. PMID- 3186553 TI - Colds that were colds and those that were not. PMID- 3186554 TI - Gross hematuria from renal metastasis. PMID- 3186555 TI - Thyroid disease in the elderly. How is it different than in other age-groups? PMID- 3186556 TI - Breath-holding attacks in children. AB - Both cyanotic breath-holding and pallid infantile syncope are dramatic but benign nonepileptic conditions that can usually be easily diagnosed with the help of a detailed history. In both conditions, providing parents with reassurance and a careful explanation of the events is the best treatment. PMID- 3186557 TI - Should the mentally ill adopt children? How physicians can influence the decision. AB - No established criteria exist for determining whether a person with a mental illness should or should not be allowed to adopt children. The basis for opinion in such cases can be derived from previous custody cases described in the literature. The interest of the potential parent, as well as the child, must be a primary consideration. Physicians are often called on to make recommendations regarding the parental fitness of a mentally ill person. An intensive assessment of the potential adoptive parent, including a thorough history and investigation of the person's resources and support systems, is necessary before a recommendation can be made. PMID- 3186558 TI - Drugs used in cardiac arrest. PMID- 3186559 TI - The new relative value system may help you. PMID- 3186560 TI - Practical tips on prescribing home oxygen therapy. AB - Oxygen therapy is tremendously valuable for patients with chronic respiratory insufficiency. A physician's prescription is needed to obtain Medicare, Medicaid, or insurance-company reimbursement, and certain guidelines must be followed: Patients are selected if significant hypoxemia is present, appropriate pharmacologic therapy has already been tried, and the blood gas criterion is met (ie, PO2 is less than or equal to 55 mm Hg, oxygen saturation is less than or equal to 88%, or PO2 is less than or equal to 59 mm Hg with additional evidence of adverse organ system response). A portable oxygen-delivery system should be used whenever possible, because participation in activities of daily living is promoted by the mobility it allows. However, stationary systems are appropriate for housebound patients and are widely available. PMID- 3186561 TI - Help for the hearing-impaired. Early evaluation, advanced technology, improved management. AB - Nearly one in ten Americans has some degree of hearing loss. The primary care physician generally is the first to evaluate patients who complain of hearing loss and thus has the first opportunity to determine the need for treatment or referral to an otolaryngologist or otologist. New technology provides better management of hearing loss than ever before. Virtually every case of hearing loss can now be corrected or improved. PMID- 3186563 TI - President Bush and you. PMID- 3186562 TI - Common mistakes in managing metabolic disorders. AB - Three mistakes are commonly made in managing metabolic disorders. 1. Oral fluids may be pushed to treat simple volume depletion. However, almost all fluids used for this purpose are sodium-poor and do not restore salt and water balance. 2. The physician may not be aware of common causes of hypophosphatemia, such as hyperventilation, sepsis, stress, use of antacids or diuretics, and alcoholism. If the patient is not monitored adequately, severe hypophosphatemia may develop with serious consequences. 3. Low serum bicarbonate levels may be attributed to metabolic acidosis only, when in actuality metabolic acidosis may coexist with respiratory alkalosis. Arterial blood gas studies differentiate the conditions and direct attention to the cause of respiratory alkalosis when present. PMID- 3186564 TI - Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. PMID- 3186565 TI - Rehabilitative services for hip fractures. PMID- 3186566 TI - An unusual cause of hip pain in a child. AB - In this perplexing case, a child with signs of apparent hip pain was treated for a sewing needle embedded in the sole of the foot. The diagnosis of foreign body easily could have been missed, because the external signs were minimal and the clinical findings indicated hip disease. However, the child's extreme distress seemed inconsistent with the initial normal findings. Only reexamination and looking beyond the obvious led to the diagnosis. PMID- 3186567 TI - The low plasma testosterone levels of young Indian infarct survivors are not due to a primary testicular defect. AB - A case control study was performed to determine whether the hypotestosteronaemia described in men with coronary artery disease could be the result of primary testicular dysfunction. Testicular function was assessed by comparing the response of 10 young Indian men with myocardial infarction to human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) injection to that of 10 healthy age and weight matched controls. The basal testosterone levels in the patients were significantly lower (12.71 +/- 1.36 nmol/l vs 16.51 +/- 0.79 nmol/l; P = 0.01) and the basal oestradiol levels significantly higher than the controls (120.67 +/- 8.81 pmol/l vs 94.05 +/- 8.23 pmol/l; P = 0.02). There was no difference in the sex hormone binding globulin concentrations. However, following HCG stimulation the patients demonstrated a normal response with a 2-fold increase in testosterone. There was no difference in the testosterone and oestradiol levels of the patients and controls following HCG stimulation. This normal response in our patients demonstrates that the hypotestosteronaemia in Indian men with myocardial infarction is not due to a primary testicular dysfunction but probably is a result of increased aromatization of testosterone to oestradiol. PMID- 3186569 TI - Hyperaldosteronism combined with hypercortisolaemia in a patient with adrenal carcinoma. AB - A patient with adrenal carcinoma who initially presented with features suggestive of Conn's syndrome, but subsequently was shown to produce excess cortisol and other steroids, is described. PMID- 3186568 TI - Trends in splenectomy in the Trent region 1972-85. AB - During the period 1972-85, 3712 splenectomies were performed in the Trent region giving a mean splenectomy rate of 5.8 per 100,000 population per year. Of these, 37.4% were incidental to other surgical operations and 23.4% were as a result of trauma. During this period there was a marked reduction in the splenectomy rate in children aged under 10 years for trauma and for haematological diseases. No such reduction was observed in older patients for these indications. Splenectomy for lymphoma fell progressively after 1977. PMID- 3186570 TI - Abdominal epilepsy misdiagnosed as psychogenic pain. AB - The authors present the case report of a child with abdominal epilepsy who had suffered from abdominal pain for several months under the label of psychogenic pain. The important historical clues were pallor and cold sweating during the paroxysm, followed by lethargy and prolonged sleep. An abnormal electroencephalogram and a remarkable response to anticovulsants confirmed the diagnosis. This condition must be considered in a child with undiagnosed recurrent abdominal pain. PMID- 3186571 TI - Cardiac tamponade complicating central venous catheter. AB - Cardiac tamponade complicating central venous catheters is usually fatal. We present a 23 year old woman who developed cardiac tamponade 12 hours after the insertion of a subclavian line. Early recognition of this complication and urgent pericardiocentesis led to her survival. PMID- 3186573 TI - Cranial diabetes insipidus secondary to arrested hydrocephalus. AB - An unusual case is described linking cranial diabetes insipidus with longstanding arrested hydrocephalus. The latter was demonstrated by computed tomographic (CT) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scans and cerebrospinal fluid pressure measurements. The increasing use of CT and NMR scans may result in this association of cranial diabetes and hydrocephalus being better defined. PMID- 3186572 TI - The use of digoxin in 55 residential homes for elderly people. AB - Data relating to the use of digoxin from a descriptive epidemiological study of drug use in residential homes for elderly people were analysed. Of the 1,888 residents in the study homes, 212 were receiving cardiac glycosides. The ratio of females to males who received cardiac glycosides was 2.8:1; however, this was not statistically significant as it reflected the overall population. The median age of recipients of cardiac glycosides was 85.2 years and they were significantly older than non-recipients (P less than 0.001). The cardiac glycosides were almost exclusively prescribed as digoxin, the median dose was 125 micrograms with a range of 62.5 to 250 micrograms, and the median duration of treatment was 2.3 years, range less than 0.1 to 10.1 years. Digoxin was involved in a total of 152 potential drug interactions, 12 of which were potentially highly significant clinically. PMID- 3186574 TI - Progressive multiple cranial neuropathies presenting as a delayed complication of radiotherapy in infancy. AB - A 38 year old woman who had undergone irradiation during infancy for a left facial cutaneous arteriovenous malformation sequentially developed complete palsies of the ipsilateral VII, V, XI, IX, X, XII and VI cranial nerves. Apart from optic and olfactory nerve damage there are few reports of radiotherapy causing cranial nerve injury. We link the unusually extensive and progressive neural damage and the prolonged latency to the patient's age at time of irradiation. PMID- 3186575 TI - Neuropsychiatric symptoms following bismuth intoxication. AB - A number of seemingly neurotic symptoms, similar to those reported in bismuth intoxication, occurred in a patient taking a proprietary dyspeptic preparation, tri-potassium dicitrate bismuthate (De-Nol), over 2 years. The symptoms remitted over 10-12 months after stopping the drug - a similar period to that described in bismuth intoxication and the patient has remained symptom-free for 7 years. Possible mechanisms are discussed. PMID- 3186576 TI - The shaking limb--a lacunar syndrome. AB - A 76 year old man with shaking movements of the fingers, weakness of the arm and lacunar infarctions on computed tomographic scan is described. The shaking limb should be included in the group of lacunar syndromes. PMID- 3186577 TI - Angiotropic large cell lymphoma (angioendotheliomatosis) presenting with protein losing enteropathy. AB - A 73 year old female presented with progressive hypoproteinaemic oedema which was resistant to treatment. The cause was not established until post-mortem, when it was found that she had angiotropic large cell lymphoma involving the vessels of the large intestine with mucosal ulceration. To our knowledge, this is the first report of angiotropic large cell lymphoma, which usually presents with neurological and skin involvement, presenting with protein-losing enteropathy. PMID- 3186578 TI - Acquired hernias of the diaphragm. AB - We present our experience over five and a half years of acquired hernias of the diaphragm. Each case represents a different presentation of this condition, which may follow blunt or penetrating trauma or iatrogenic injury. Diaphragmatic hernia may present in the acute phase after injury but late presentation may occur after many years, with chronic abdominal or respiratory symptoms, or with acute intestinal obstruction. The problems in diagnosis and management are discussed. PMID- 3186579 TI - Idiopathic spontaneous haemoperitoneum. AB - A case is described of bleeding arising from the falciform ligament which occurred in the absence of obvious local pathology. Spontaneous bleeding from this site hitherto has not been reported. Previously described cases of idiopathic spontaneous haemoperitoneum and factors implicated in the aetiology of this rare condition are reviewed. PMID- 3186580 TI - Fulminant hepatic failure in nephrotic syndrome related to withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy. AB - Two patients with nephrotic syndrome developed fatal fulminant hepatitis B following withdrawal of prednisolone or cyclophosphamide. Immunosuppressive therapy probably enhanced hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and widespread infection of hepatocytes; its withdrawal permitted a return of immune competence resulting in massive destruction of infected hepatocytes. Prior screening of all patients for hepatitis B surface antigen, gradual withdrawal of immunosuppressive drugs with careful monitoring, and prompt intervention with corticosteroids at the first clinical or biochemical signs of liver cell damage may prevent this complication. PMID- 3186582 TI - Words. PMID- 3186581 TI - Spontaneous duodenocutaneous fistula: a rare complication of duodenal ulcer. AB - Fistula formation between the duodenum and the skin of the anterior abdominal wall is a rare complication of duodenal ulcer disease, most often felt to occur following ulcer surgery. The development of a spontaneous duodenocutaneous fistula in association with duodenal ulcer has not been hitherto reported. A middle aged man with a history of peptic ulcer for more than 10 years, and a vagotomy and pyloroplasty 15 months earlier, presented with an asymptomatic duodenocutaneous fistula, presumably secondary to a perforated duodenal bulb ulcer. Successful healing of the fistula was accomplished by non-surgical therapy consisting of nasogastric suction, intravenous alimentation and parenteral cimetidine over a 4-week period. PMID- 3186583 TI - Lightning injury causing prolongation of the O-T interval. PMID- 3186584 TI - Subcutaneous insulin pump therapy in a diabetic patient submitted to major surgery. PMID- 3186585 TI - Coeliac disease in association with inflammatory bowel disease. PMID- 3186586 TI - Hypomagnesaemia on antibiotic therapy. PMID- 3186587 TI - Transfer from recovery room to ward. PMID- 3186588 TI - Relationships between age, body weight, and season of the year and the incidence of sudden death syndrome in male broiler chickens. AB - The aim of this study was to examine relationships between the incidence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) in male broiler chickens and age, body weight, and season of the year. The data used were from 23 experiments conducted from July 1982 to June 1987 involving a total of 89,988 chickens aged 1-day to a maximum of 70 days. All chickens that died during the experiments were necropsied and the incidence of SDS noted. Incidence of death from SDS as a percentage of mortality ranged from 1.31 to 9.62% among experiments. Death rate from SDS showed a significant increase with body weight. The SDS mortality rate reached a maximum when birds were between 21 and 27 days of age. Death rate from SDS increased up to about 21 days and remained between 80 and 86/100,000 chickens per day to 39 days, with a gradual decline to the end of the observation period (63 days), when it was 54/100,000 per day. Death rate from SDS may be related to the month in which the experiment started, with the highest mortality occurring in January and the lowest in July. Correlations between death rates from SDS and other causes were not significant. PMID- 3186589 TI - Biotin bioavailability of protein supplements and cereal grains for starting turkey poults. AB - Biotin bioavailability was estimated in canola meal (CM), various cereal grains, and protein supplements using turkey poults in a growth bioassay study. Following a 10-day pretest period to deplete the biotin reserves of newly hatched poults, triplicate groups (seven poults each) were fed a basal diet without added biotin, or supplemented with graded levels of d-biotin (100, 200, and 400 micrograms/kg) for 21 days. Poult growth (y, g/day) was positively related to biotin intake (x, micrograms/day), as follows: y = 3.05x + 4.32, r = .997 (P less than .01). Similar groups of poults were fed test ingredients: CM, soybean meal (SBM), or soyprotein isolate (SPI) incorporated at levels of 25% into the diet by partial replacement of casein and carbohydrates; other poult groups were given cereal grain (25%) or cereal grain (25%) + CM (25%) included in the SPI-based diet. Use of the regression equation to compute bioavailable biotin gave bioavailability values (in percentages) that were low for triticale (15.9), wheat (17.0), barley (19.2), and sorghum (29.5), moderate for CM (65.4) and SBM (76.8), and high for corn (95.2). The combination of CM and cereal substantially increased the total biotin available for poult growth, with individual biotin contribution being strongly additive for CM plus barley, sorghum, or wheat, but less so in case of CM plus corn or triticale diets. Therefore, CM seems to be a good source of bioavailable biotin for starting poults. Increased levels of bioavailable biotin reduced the incidence of pathological signs (dermatitis, hock disorders, and broken feathers) and also poult mortality.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186590 TI - Effects of varying fat and protein in diets of growing large white turkeys. 1. Body weights and feed efficiencies. AB - An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of varying levels of dietary fat and protein in corn-soybean meal diets on body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency (gain:feed ratio) of Nicholas Large White male turkeys between 8 and 22 wk of age. Diets containing 0, 5, 10, or 15% added fat from one of three sources and 18, 21, or 24% protein were fed. At 12 and 16 wk of age, protein levels of all diets were decreased by 2%. A total of 917 turkeys in 36 pens was used. Additions of 5, 10, and 15% fat increased body weight gains 3.3, 7.5, and 6.0%, respectively. Feed consumption decreased 1.3% and feed efficiency increased 2.1% for each 1% fat added to the standard and high protein diets. The fat containing 15% free fatty acids and 1.5% moisture, impurities, and unsaponifiables (MIU) decreased feed consumption 1.5% and increased feed efficiency 2.3% for each 1% added fat, and the two fat sources containing 48% free fatty acids and 5% MIU decreased feed consumption 1.2 or 1.1% and increased feed efficiency 2.1 or 2.0% for each 1% added fat. The former fat source was estimated to contain 7.7% more metabolizable energy than the average of the latter two fat sources. Cumulative body weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency decreased 13.2, 5.7, and 8.1%, respectively, from feeding low protein diets in comparison with results of feeding standard and high protein diets. Maximum increases in body weight gains were obtained with 10% added fat at all levels of protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186591 TI - Estimation of the relative bioavailability of inorganic selenium sources for poultry. 1. Effect of time and high dietary selenium on tissue selenium uptake. AB - An experiment was conducted with male broiler-type chicks to study the effect of time and high dietary Se concentration on tissue Se uptake. A basal corn-soybean meal diet (.2 mg/kg Se, DM basis) was supplemented with 0, 3, 6, or 9 mg/kg Se (as-fed basis) as Na2SeO3 and fed ad libitum for 1, 2, or 3 wk. No toxic effect of Se was observed as expressed by mortality; however, there was a reduction in daily feed intake (P less than .01) at 6 and 9 mg/kg added Se, particularly at 3 wk, suggesting developing toxicosis. Selenium concentration in all tissues studied increased linearly (P less than .001) as dietary Se increased, especially in kidney and liver. Coefficients of determination and lambda criterion values were greatest in plasma, followed by liver, muscle, and kidney. It appeared that 1 wk would be an adequate length of time for further Se bioavailability studies based on tissue Se uptake from diets containing 3 to 9 mg/kg added Se. PMID- 3186592 TI - Precipitated bone phosphate in broiler chick diets. AB - Day-old Cobb x Cobb broiler chicks were housed in battery brooders for 21-day feeding periods during two experiments. Dietary treatments consisted of a corn soybean starter feed (.37% total; .14% nonphytin phosphorus) supplemented with 0, .05, .10, .15, or .28% phosphorus in the form of dicalcium phosphate, precipitated bone phosphate, or a mixture of soft and precipitated phosphates (each providing 50% of the phosphorus addition). Total dietary calcium was held constant at .90%. Comparable dietary phosphorus from precipitated bone and the soft-precipitated mixture supported body weights statistically equivalent to those of dicalcium phosphate treatments. Tibia ash results at suboptimal phosphorus levels, with one exception, indicated statistically equal utilization from the soft-precipitated combination. Slope-ratio techniques using tibia ash and total nonphytin phosphorus intake established the bioavailability of phosphorus from precipitated bone was 120% when dicalcium phosphate was the standard. The data indicate that precipitated bone phosphate for broilers was fully equivalent in performance to dicalcium phosphate. Providing one-half the supplemental phosphorus from both soft phosphate and precipitated bone seemed to be an acceptable method of meeting practical phosphorus requirements. PMID- 3186593 TI - Absorption of 14C-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (Alimet) from the hindgut of the broiler chick. AB - The purpose of these studies was to examine the role of the hindgut of the broiler chick in the absorption of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMB). When 14C-HMB was delivered directly into the hindgut, the rate of absorption from this gastrointestinal site was about 40% of the administered dose per hour. Plasma radiolabel appearance indicated that the 14C-HMB lost from the hindgut was being absorbed into the bloodstream of the bird. Decarboxylation experiments using cecal microorganisms showed that the loss of 14C-HMB could not be accounted for by bacterial metabolism. When birds were dosed with radiolabelled HMB and tissue samples were tested, results showed that the 14C-HMB that was absorbed from the hindgut was incorporated into protein in a dose-related manner. In addition, an equimolar, equal specific activity intraperitoneal dose of HMB did not alter the rate of HMB adsorption from the hindgut. This indicates that HMB absorption from the gut is not limited by HMB already in the body tissues. This result confirmed that the rate of HMB diffusion into the blood and its conversion to methionine in body tissues were sufficient to maintain the concentration gradient required for the continued absorption of HMB. Finally, whole body autoradiography comparing 35S-HMB and 35S-DL-methionine showed no substantial differences in terms of label density or distribution. These studies demonstrate that 14C-HMB disappears from the lumen of the large intestine and ceca when it is administered directly into the hindgut. This research confirms that HMB is absorbed throughout the entire gastrointestinal system. PMID- 3186594 TI - Adipose cellularity in nonselected and selected broiler stocks: measurements at equal weights and ages. AB - A population of nonselected broilers (AC) and a stock of commercial broilers (C) differ in growth characteristics. The two stocks of broilers were examined for differences in adipose tissue at equal ages at 28 and 54 days of age and at equal body weights. Body composition and abdominal adipose tissue were measured. Total adipocyte number, adipocyte size distributions, and DNA content of the abdominal fat pad were determined. Partial correlations of abdominal fat, expressed as a percentage of body weight, with mean adipocyte volume and abdominal adipocyte number were calculated. Body weights of C birds were greater than body weights of AC birds at 28 days of age (903 +/- 21 and 355 +/- 12 g; X +/- SE) and at 54 days of age (2,410 +/- 45 and 892 +/- 31 g). Abdominal fat pads were heavier in C birds than in AC birds on an absolute basis (P less than .01) and as a proportion of body weight (P less than .01). The C birds had more and larger adipocytes than AC birds at equal weights (P less than .05) and equal ages (P less than .01). Age did not significantly affect adipocyte size in AC birds, but adipocytes were larger in C birds at 28 days of age (117.3 vs. 78.8 pL, P less than .01) and further increased in size at 54 days (177.3 vs. 79.1 pL, P less than .01) when compared with those in AC birds at the same age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186596 TI - Improving our prescribing. PMID- 3186595 TI - Corticosterone implants and supplemental dietary ascorbic acid effects on lipid metabolism in broiler chicks. AB - Male broiler chicks were fed diets containing either 0 or 300 ppm ascorbic acid from hatch to 49 days of age. At 35 days of age, chicks were implanted with 50 mg of corticosterone to study a possible interaction between dietary ascorbic acid and corticosterone on body, liver, adrenal, and abdominal fat pad weights. In vitro lipogenesis was determined from the incorporation of 20 mM [2-14C] sodium acetate into hepatic lipids during a 2-h incubation at 37 C. The corticosterone implants increased (P less than .05) liver and abdominal fat pad weights and in vitro lipogenesis but decreased (P less than .05) body and adrenal weights. Dietary ascorbic acid had little affect upon these traits. PMID- 3186597 TI - GPs handle most asthma in children. PMID- 3186598 TI - Could anti-sense genes cancel out AIDS? PMID- 3186599 TI - Glaucoma. PMID- 3186600 TI - Ocular emergencies. PMID- 3186601 TI - Ocular trauma. PMID- 3186602 TI - Helping the visually handicapped. PMID- 3186603 TI - Patients should take more responsibility for their own medical management. PMID- 3186604 TI - The impact of a microcomputer on a general practice immunisation clinic. PMID- 3186605 TI - Infertility: the patient's first approach to the medical profession. PMID- 3186606 TI - Chlormethiazole and alcohol abuse. PMID- 3186607 TI - Hemiplegic migraine in childhood. PMID- 3186608 TI - Relationship of blood pressure to food in 100 healthy medical students. PMID- 3186609 TI - Setting up your practice for minor surgery. PMID- 3186610 TI - Minor surgical procedures. PMID- 3186611 TI - The treatment of infections and abscesses. PMID- 3186612 TI - Preventing the "final epidemic'. PMID- 3186613 TI - Radiological investigation of the musculoskeletal system and trauma. PMID- 3186614 TI - Today's techniques for the surgical treatment of hip fractures. PMID- 3186615 TI - Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil in patients with hypertension: a comparison of oral conventional and sustained release formulations. AB - A double blind, double dummy, randomized cross-over pharmacokinetic study comparing verapamil 120 mg, conventional tablets administered twice daily and verapamil 240 mg sustained release tablets once daily was performed in 12 patients with essential hypertension. After frequent blood sampling, analyses of verapamil and norverapamil were made with high pressure liquid chromatography. The absorption rate of the sustained release formulation was significantly slower than for the conventional formulation. Also the mean residence time was significantly longer for the sustained release tablet. It can be concluded that verapamil sustained release tablets meet with the following requirements for these formulations: (1) a slower absorption with an acceptable bioavailability relative to conventional tablets (89%); (2) no initial high peak concentration; (3) little fluctuation in the plasma concentration compared to the conventional formulation; (4) no differences in the elimination half lives for the two formulations; (5) maintenance of a therapeutic plasma level for a longer period of time than for the conventional formulation; (6) no increase in unwanted side effects. PMID- 3186616 TI - Lithium-induced morphological changes in the rat kidney at different levels of urine flow. AB - Lithium treated rats become polyuric and at the same time develop pronounced dilatations of distal tubular segments and characteristics enzyme histochemical changes. In the present study we have compared lithium-polyuric Wistar rats with lithium treated rats in which the polyuria was prevented either by administration of a vasopressin analogue or by water restriction. The kidneys were studied using enzyme histochemistry and light microscope morphometry. The characteristic lithium induced changes were present in all groups irrespective of the presence or absence of polyuria. It is concluded therefore, that the morphological and enzyme histochemical changes are induced by the lithium ion per se and not by the accompanying polyuria. PMID- 3186617 TI - Increased duration of dopamine receptor antagonist-induced effects on both behaviour and striatal dopamine turnover by repeated testing in rats. AB - The present results show that the effects on striatal dopamine (DA) turnover of a single dose of the DA receptor antagonists haloperidol or raclopride in the rat, are dependent on the activity level of the animal during treatment. Thus, animals tested for treadmill locomotion 30 and 60 min. after injection display an increased striatal DA turnover at 90 or 120 min. (raclopride and haloperidol, respectively) compared with control animals which were administered the same dose of the DA antagonist, but which did not have the treadmill tests. The relevance of these findings with respect to individual differences in clinical response and occurrence of side effects as well as the reported difficulties in obtaining good correlations between plasma levels and clinical response with DA-receptor blocking antipsychotic drugs are discussed. PMID- 3186618 TI - Pharmacokinetics of biosynthetic and pituitary human growth hormones in rats. AB - The pharmacokinetics of biosynthetic and pituitary human growth hormones (B-hGH and P-hGH) was compared in rats. Normal and hypophysectomized male and female rats were subcutaneously and intramuscularly injected with 100 micrograms/kg B hGH and P-hGH and intravenously with 60 micrograms/kg B-hGH and P-hGH. A statistically significantly smaller distribution volume and a slower metabolic clearance rate (MCR) was found for B-hGH compared to P-hGH. A statistically significantly smaller distribution volume and MCR was found for hypophysectomized rats compared to normal rats. The plasma half lives were estimated to be about 3 7 min. (alpha 1/2) and 29 min. (beta 1/2). The plasma levels of hGH were higher after subcutaneous compared to intramuscular administration. The data imply that an extensive local degradation took place at the subcutaneous and intramuscular injection sites. Comparative tissue distribution studies were performed with radioiodinated B-hGH and P-hGH. No differences were observed between the growth hormones. It was found that most of the labelled TCA precipitable material was cleared through the liver. The females cleared relatively more through the liver than the males, while the males cleared relatively more through the kidneys. PMID- 3186619 TI - Convulsions and cerebral inositol-1-phosphate levels in rats treated with diisopropyl fluorophosphate. AB - In order to examine the relationship of organophosphate-induced cholinergic stimulation to phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis in the brain, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP; 1.3 or 1.5 mg/kg subcutaneously) was given to rats pretreated with saline or LiCl (5 meq/kg subcutaneously). Behaviour was monitored 60 min. after the administration of DFP, and inositol-1-phosphate (IP1), an intermediate in PI metabolism, was measured in the brain DFP alone caused tremors, whereas with LiCl pretreatment, DFP caused tremors and tonic-clonic convulsions. DFP alone did not increase IP1 above control levels. LiCl alone elevated IP1 2-5 fold but did not alter rat behavior. With LiCl pretreatment, DFP caused IP1 to increase 2-4 fold above LiCl control values in convulsing rats. LiCl increased the potential of DFP to induce convulsions and greatly amplified IP1 elevations induced by DFP. PMID- 3186620 TI - Influence of concomitant administration of cefotaxim on gentamicin uptake into the renal cortex of the rat. PMID- 3186621 TI - Halothane decreases uptake of noradrenaline in sliced rat lungs. PMID- 3186622 TI - Further studies of serotonergic activity in the regulation of the cold stimulated thyrotropin secretion in male rats. AB - Serotonergic agonists and antagonists were used to study the role of 5-HT in the regulation of thyrotropin (TSH) secretion in male rats. When given peripherally, the agonists like 5-HT, quipazine and m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) decreased dose-dependently the cold-stimulated TSH-secretion. The action of 5-HT was antagonized by metergoline but not by ketanserin. The effect of quipazine was counteracted by both antagonists. Small intraperitoneal doses of ketanserin seemed to be stimulatory on the TSH secretion while high doses of both ketanserin and metergoline clearly decreased the cold-stimulated TSH levels. Infusion of quipazine into the 3rd ventricle inhibited significantly the TSH cold-response whereas 5-HT and mCPP did not. The action of quipazine was only partially antagonized by ketanserin pretreatment. 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) was used to make serotonergic lesions into different regions of the brain. The TSH lowering effects of intraperitoneal quipazine and mCPP were potentiated in the rats lesioned in the 3rd ventricle or bilaterally into the posterior hypothalamus but not in the rats lesioned bilaterally into the anterior hypothalamus. Hence serotonergic activity in the vicinity of the posterior part of the 3rd ventricle seems to decrease the cold-stimulated TSH secretion. Both 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors appear to participate in this regulation. PMID- 3186623 TI - Pharmacokinetics of 7-hydroxy-methotrexate and methotrexate in the rat. AB - To investigate the pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite of methotrexate (MTX), 7-hydroxy-methotrexate (7-OH-MTX), 1 mg/kg of the compound was administered as single intravenous bolus injections to 6 unanaesthetized rats. For comparison, 1 mg/kg of the parent drug MTX was given to the same number of animals. Venous blood samples were drawn at intervals for a total of 120 min., and thereafter the rats were sacrificed and tissue samples were obtained from the brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, testes, fat, and muscle. Pharmacokinetics of 7-OH MTX and MTX were biphasic, with a significantly (P less than 0.05) smaller central compartment of distribution (Vc) and a longer second phase half-life (t1/2(beta)) for 7-OH-MTX. MTX tissue concentrations exceeded those of 7-OH-MTX in all tissues examined. The highest 7-OH-MTX concentrations were found in renal tissue. It is implied that 7-OH-MTX is less extensively distributed than the parent compound. PMID- 3186624 TI - Relationship between forskolin and calcium-calmodulin stimulation of rat cerebral cortex adenylate cyclase: enzyme activation modulates substrate (MgATP) affinity. AB - In membranes prepared from the rat cerebral cortex EGTA 0.4-100 mumol/l was found to dose-dependently inhibit adenylate cyclase activity, both during basal conditions and when the cyclase activity had been stimulated with 10 mumol/l forskolin. Addition of calcium 2-30 mumol/l (in excess of EGTA) totally prevented the inhibition induced by EGTA, both in the absence and presence of forskolin. These data are consistent with the notion that in the absence of EGTA the rat cortex adenylate cyclase is considerably stimulated by endogenous calcium calmodulin. The data also show that stimulation with endogenous calcium calmodulin is more than additive with that of forskolin indicating an action on identical cyclase units. The kinetics of the rat cortex adenylate cyclase for its substrate (MgATP) was also investigated. Activation of the cyclase with endogenous calcium-calmodulin, induced a marked increase in the Vmax of the enzyme and a concomitant almost 2-fold increase in the Km. Stimulation with 10 microM forskolin also induced a marked increase in the Vmax as well as an almost 3-fold increase in the Km. A combination of the two stimulants caused a further increase in Vmax as well as Km; the Vmax being increased more than 17-fold and the Km being increased 3.5-fold over the basal. The data indicates that both calcium-calmodulin and forskolin induces a similar type of activation of the adenylate cyclase which is associated with a lowered affinity for its substrate. PMID- 3186625 TI - Anaesthetic properties of pregnanolone in mice in an emulsion preparation for intravenous administration: a comparison with thiopentone. AB - The anaesthetic properties of pregnanolone emulsion, which is a new pharmaceutically and clinically acceptable preparation of pregnanolone, have been evaluated and compared with those of thiopentone in the mouse. "Loss of the righting reflex" for 15 sec. was used as a criterion for the anaesthetic effect. The range for the optimal infusion rate to reach the threshold anaesthetic dose was 0.25-1.0 mg/kg/min. for pregnanolone and 10-40 mg/kg/min. for thiopentone. Potency, measured at the optimal infusion rate as the mean anaesthetic dose, AD50, or as the threshold anaesthetic dose, was about six times higher for pregnanolone than for thiopentone. The induction of anaesthesia, which ensured directly after a complete dose was given, and the duration of anaesthesia were similar for pregnanolone and thiopentone in equipotent doses. The approximate therapeutic index for pregnanolone was about four times higher than that for thiopentone. The range for the time of anaesthesia was about 150 min. for pregnanolone emulsion but only about 50 min. for thiopentone. Recovery of the mice from anaesthesia occurred within minutes after pregnanolone, whereas it took hours following thiopentone. In conclusion, these results show that the advantage of pregnanolone emulsion over thiopentone include a higher therapeutic index, a wider range for the duration of anaesthesia and a shorter recovery period. PMID- 3186626 TI - Determination of thyroxine release in vivo: a simple, specific and sensitive method in mice. AB - When thyroid hormone secretion in vivo was studied by the release of 125I from thyroid to blood after TSH in mice preloaded with the isotope, only 54.4 +/- 2.0% (+/- SE) of plasma 125I was butanol extractable, indicating low specificity for thyroid hormones. To improve specificity plasma 125I was bound to anti-T4 rabbit antibodies and precipitated with goat antirabbit serum. The intraassay coefficient of variation was 2.5%, and anti-T4 bound radioactivity correlated well with that extractable with butanol (r = 0.95, P less than 0.001). The effect of 40-1000 microU TSH intravenously in mice pretreated with 1 microgram T3 3 times during 2 days to suppress endogenous TSH was evaluated 2 hrs after the injection of TSH by 1) conventional radioimmunoassays of total and free stable T4 in plasma (no preloading with 125I), 2) total blood 125I in mice preloaded with 125I, and 3) anti-T4 bound 125I in plasma in mice preloaded with 125I. Stable T4 increased with TSH doses of 70 microU or higher, but the slope was low and the relation between error variance and slope did not permit a useful bioassay. Total blood 125I responded significantly to 40 microU TSH and showed a favourable relation between error variance and slope, but the specificity may be questioned. Anti-T4 bound 125I in plasma also responded significantly to 40 microU TSH and showed a very good relation between error variance and slope. The new technique of measuring anti-T4 bound radioactivity seems to combine the specificity of radioimmunoassay with a precision and sensitivity well comparable to that of the conventional radioiodine release technique. PMID- 3186627 TI - Effect of cadmium chloride on hepatic lipid peroxidation in mice. AB - Intraperitoneal administration of cadmium chloride to 8-12 weeks old CBA-mice enhanced hepatic lipid peroxidation. A positive correlation between cadmium chloride dose and level of peroxidation was observed in both male and female mice. A sex-related difference in mortality was not observed but at a dose of 25 mumol CdCl2/kg the level of hepatic lipid peroxidation was higher in male mice than in female mice. The hepatic lipid peroxidation was not increased above the control level in 3 weeks old mice, while 6 weeks old mice responded with increased peroxidation as did 8-12 weeks old mice. The mortality after an acute toxic dose of cadmium chloride was the same in the three age groups. Pretreatment of mice with several low intraperitoneal doses of cadmium chloride alleviated cadmium induced mortality and lipid peroxidation. The results demonstrate both age dependency and a protective effect of metallothionein induction on cadmium chloride induced hepatic lipid peroxidation. PMID- 3186629 TI - Selenium deficiency and cardiac electrophysiological and mechanical function in the rat. AB - Earlier studies have shown that selenium and vitamin E are important in maintaining normal cardiac function. The present study was designed to test the effect of sole selenium deficiency on electrophysiological and mechanical characteristics of the rat heart. Male weanling rats were fed a standardized vitamin E adequate but selenium deficient diet, or a control diet. Deficiency of selenium was verified by direct (tissue selenium analyses) and indirect (glutathione-peroxidase tissue analyses) methods. In vivo electrocardiographic recordings as well as in vitro electrophysiological and mechanical recordings did not reveal abnormalities in any of the two groups. In conclusion, earlier studies have shown that the combined deficiency of selenium and vitamin E leads to abnormal cardiac function. Selenium deficiency alone, however, does not appear to significantly affect cardiac function in the rat. PMID- 3186628 TI - Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of enprofylline and theophylline in the isolated rabbit heart. AB - The direct effects of theophylline and enprofylline, a new anti-asthma xanthine derivative without adenosine receptor blocking action, were studied in the isolated, spontaneously beating rabbit heart. At increasing concentrations from 2 x 10(-5)-5 x 10(-4) M both drugs produced increases in heart rate up to 143% and 162% and in contractility up to 135% and 147% from control values (100%), respectively. At concentrations higher than 10(-3) M contractures and heart block occured. Enprofylline showed a potency about 2.3 times higher than theophylline. Coronary flowrate did not increase. Myocardial oxygen consumption was moderately increased by the drugs. The myocardial pharmacokinetics showed two-compartment characteristics for both drugs. Half-times of the two phases of accumulation were for theophylline 0.28 and 0.98 min. and for enprofylline 0.31 and 0.78 min. The terminal disposition half-time for enprofylline was, however, 2.7 times higher than that of 0.91 min. for theophylline, apparently due to a stronger binding of the former drug intracellularly. Both xanthines accumulated against a concentration gradient showing myocardial tissue-perfusion liquid ratios of about 2.9 for theophylline and 3.7 for enprofylline. The drugs seem to exert their primary action on sarcolemmal binding sites which probably are unrelated to adenosine receptors. PMID- 3186630 TI - Acute tolerance to and distribution of hexobarbital in relation to depth and duration of anaesthesia in rats. AB - The development of acute tolerance to hexobarbital was investigated with an EEG threshold method in rats. Hexobarbital was infused in a tail vein and the effect was monitored either by continuous EEG-recording (using the criterion "silent second") or by continuous observation. Anaesthesia was maintained at the level of "the silent second" for periods of up to 120 min. After different time intervals the last infusion period to the EEG-criterion was followed by decapitation and samples from blood, brain, muscle and fat were analysed for hexobarbital content. Brain concentrations at the EEG criterion increased and were notable after 10 min. but statistically significant at 30 min. when a 40% increase in concentration was needed to reach the criterion. Another group of rats kept at a lower level of anaesthesia (i.e. the righting reflex) showed a slight but not always significant increase in concentration when measured in different parts of the brain at "silent second". The dose of hexobarbital needed to maintain anaesthesia for intervals up to 120 min. increased almost linearly with time. Analysis of serum, muscle and fat tissue showed that concentration in fat tissue increased linearly during this whole interval and served as the final depot in redistribution. Muscle tissue shows an increase up to 60 min. but a very small increase thereafter, which is consistent with a function as temporary storage compartment. PMID- 3186631 TI - Effect of acetylsalicylic acid on postural stability. PMID- 3186632 TI - [Chronic respiratory tract diseases--onset of the disease]. PMID- 3186633 TI - [Proceedings of the 19th annual meeting of the Austrian Society of Lung Diseases and Tuberculosis. Chronic respiratory tract diseases--tuberculosis- rehabilitation. Vienna, 28-31 May 1987]. PMID- 3186634 TI - [Disposition amd environment of children with asthma--a comparison of 2 ethnic groups]. PMID- 3186635 TI - [Minor infection--obstructive symptoms--asthma]. PMID- 3186636 TI - [Measuring nonspecific airway hyperreactivity before and following acupuncture]. PMID- 3186637 TI - [Chronic obstructive respiratory tract diseases in childhood: prevention and intervention by psychological-medical ratings]. PMID- 3186638 TI - [Sports therapy in the treatment of pediatric bronchial asthma. Comparison of interval and continuous training]. PMID- 3186639 TI - [Electron microscopy findings in chronic respiratory tract infections]. PMID- 3186640 TI - [Abnormalities of the ciliated epithelium--interaction with bacterial infections]. PMID- 3186641 TI - [Are turning points to chronic disease detectable?]. PMID- 3186642 TI - [Attempt at quantifying chronic respiratory tract disease]. PMID- 3186643 TI - [Chronic bronchitis: causes of critical deterioration necessitating inpatient treatment]. PMID- 3186644 TI - [The role of infection]. PMID- 3186645 TI - [The significance of the cholinergic system for respiratory tract obstruction]. PMID- 3186646 TI - [Clinically relevant mechanisms of mucus gland hypertrophy]. PMID- 3186647 TI - [IgG subclass distribution in selected patients with long-term and severe chronic obstructive respiratory tract disease]. PMID- 3186648 TI - [Right ventricular function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with and without pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 3186649 TI - [Effect of prostaglandin El (alprostadil) on pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive respiratory tract diseases (COPD)]. PMID- 3186650 TI - [Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the viewpoint of a specialist practice]. PMID- 3186651 TI - [How definite is the long-term prognosis in obstructive lung diseases?]. PMID- 3186652 TI - [Chronic obstructive respiratory tract diseases: standards and trends of antibiotic therapy]. PMID- 3186653 TI - [Heart therapy in patients with lung diseases]. PMID- 3186655 TI - [The patient of the pneumologist in 4 decades. Epidemiologic and socioeconomic viewpoints]. PMID- 3186654 TI - [Compliance improving measures in the treatment of obstructive lung diseases]. PMID- 3186656 TI - [Predisposition and environment in the development of the exogenous allergic alveolitis disease picture]. PMID- 3186657 TI - [Congenital and acquired cystic lung changes]. PMID- 3186658 TI - [Changes in lung function in patients with chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3186659 TI - [Pulmonary embolism and peri-(epi-)carditis]. PMID- 3186660 TI - [Toxic lung edema following inhalation of polyurethane vapors--a case report]. PMID- 3186661 TI - [Differential diagnosis of congenital pneumonia and hyaline membrane disease in the newborn infant]. PMID- 3186662 TI - [Progress in clinical respiratory physiology]. PMID- 3186663 TI - [The value of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in noninvasive assessment of pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]. PMID- 3186664 TI - [Noninvasive assessment of pulmonary hypertension using pulsed Doppler sonography in adult patients with cystic fibrosis]. PMID- 3186665 TI - [Circumferential, segmental tracheal replacement by transplantation of autologous rib cartilage]. PMID- 3186666 TI - [Infections of the lower respiratory tract--effectiveness of beta- lactam antibiotics on bacterial isolates from sputum and bronchial secretions]. PMID- 3186668 TI - [Controlled treatment with a retard theophylline preparation]. PMID- 3186667 TI - [Prevention of nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity by inhalation of fenoterol]. PMID- 3186669 TI - [Problems in relation to chemotherapy of mycobacterioses caused by so-called atypical Mycobacteria]. PMID- 3186670 TI - [Atypical mycobacterioses--a discussion]. PMID- 3186672 TI - [The treatment of tuberculosis in pregnancy]. PMID- 3186671 TI - [Treatment of alcoholic patients with tuberculosis]. PMID- 3186674 TI - [Physical training in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic respiratory tract disease]. PMID- 3186673 TI - [Local bronchoscopic treatment and surgical drainage of lymph node abscesses in bronchial lymph node tuberculosis in childhood]. PMID- 3186676 TI - [Respiratory therapy using "resistive breathing"]. PMID- 3186675 TI - [Training results exemplified by 3 patient groups]. PMID- 3186677 TI - [Bronchial clearance by physical therapy]. PMID- 3186678 TI - [Physical respiratory therapy with intrapulmonary percussion]. PMID- 3186679 TI - [Hidden inhalation and food allergens: legume proteins]. PMID- 3186680 TI - [Paracoccidioidomycosis infections caused by an adventure vacation in the Amazon]. PMID- 3186681 TI - [Species composition of methane bacteria in fermented cattle manure]. AB - The species composition of methanogenic bacteria taking part in thermophilic and mesophilic methanogenesis of cattle manure was studied. In both cases methanogenic bacteria belonging to the genera Methanosarcina, Methanothrix, and Methanobacterium were identified. The description of Methanosarcina thermophila, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanothrix thermoacetophila and Methanobacterium thermoformicicum are given. The methanogenic bacteria are able to utilize all the methane procursors known to date. In methanetanks fermenting cattle manure acetate-utilizing methanogenic bacteria play the leading role in contrast to the rumen microflora. PMID- 3186682 TI - Synthesis and secretion of rat pancreatic proteins by Xenopus laevis oocytes. AB - An in vivo translation system, the Xenopus laevis oocyte, was employed to study the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic proteins. RNA was purified from normal and diabetic rat pancreas and normal rat liver by use of guanidine isothiocyanate lysis and cesium chloride gradient centrifugation. The presence of functional mRNA was documented by translation in a reticulocyte lysate that yielded precursors of all major secretory proteins, i.e., slightly higher Mr than proteins synthesized in situ by pancreatic acini. Mature X. laevis oocytes were then microinjected with either total RNA or purified mRNA. When oocytes were subsequently incubated with 35S-methionine, pancreatic secretory proteins or hepatic albumin could be immunoprecipitated from oocyte lysate with specific polyclonal antibodies against amylase, trypsin, ribonuclease, and albumin. Amylase was shown to be enzymatically active. Moreover, oocytes released pancreatic secretory proteins into the medium when injected with pancreatic RNA in a time-dependent manner. Only the mature form of amylase was secreted and secretion was not regulated by secretagogues. When a comparison was made after injection of RNA from diabetic pancreas known to contain altered amounts of individual mRNAs, there was a decrease in amylase and an increase in trypsinogen synthesis in oocytes that was comparable to the results of cell free translation. The oocyte expression system, therefore, should be useful not only for studies of protein synthesis but also for processing and secretion. PMID- 3186683 TI - Secretin receptors in human pancreatic membranes. AB - Crude membranes (27,000 g pellets) from five normal human pancreases were prepared. In the presence of GTP, the peptides of the secretin family stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, their order of potency being: secretin greater than helodermin greater than peptide histidine isoleucinamide (PHI) greater than or equal to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) greater than growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) (1-29)-NH2. In addition, helodermin and PHI were more efficient than secretin. Secretin (3-27) inhibited fully the secretin stimulation and partially only the helodermin and PHI stimulation of the enzyme. Secretin receptors were investigated by the ability of secretin and related peptides to inhibit tracer binding. [125I]Secretin binding was fully inhibited by secretin (Kd 0.8 nM), helodermin (Kd 200 nM), and PHI (Kd 250 nM). VIP and GRF(1-29)-NH2 induced partial (20%) inhibition at a high 10 microM concentration. The fragments secretin (2-27), (3-27), (4-27), and (7-27) showed the same low potency and efficacy based on their ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase and to occupy secretin receptors. The analogues [Val5]secretin and [Ala2]secretin had a higher potency than secretin. Based on this comparison of adenylate cyclase stimulation and [125I]secretin binding inhibition, it is tempting to conclude that the human pancreas: (a) possesses highly specific secretin receptors and (b) such receptors could not fully account for the whole pattern of adenylate cyclase activation by related peptides, so that the presence of an added type of "helodermin-PHI preferring" receptors is suggested. PMID- 3186684 TI - Interaction between secretin and a cholecystokinin-like peptide on pancreatic protein secretion and synthesis in the rat. AB - The effects of secretin and a cholecystokinin-like peptide alone and in combination on pancreatic protein secretion and synthesis were examined in anesthetized rats. L-[75Se]selenomethionine was given as an i.v. shot (5 microCi) followed by a continuous infusion (1 microCi/h). Pancreatic juice was collected basally for 1 h and then during a 4-h i.v. infusion of 0.5, 2.5, and 12.5 micrograms/kg/h of Thr28Nle31CCK25-33 (CCK-LP) alone or combined with 5 micrograms/kg/h of secretin, as well as during an infusion of secretin alone. The protein-bound radioactivity in pancreatic juice was taken to indicate secretion of newly synthesized proteins. The free and protein-bound radioactivity remaining in the gland after 2 h of stimulation was also investigated. Secretin alone slightly increased both protein secretion and secretion of newly synthesized proteins. Considerably greater effects were found with CCK-LP. The two lowest doses behaved similarly, whereas the volume and protein responses to 12.5 micrograms/kg/h were significantly lower and associated with large amounts of free radioactivity in pancreatic juice, suggesting leakage and cell damage. The addition of secretin transiently potentiated protein discharge and secretion of newly synthesized proteins and permanently increased the amount of protein-bound radioactivity per milligram of protein in response to all doses of CCK-LP. Secretin markedly increased volume and reduced the amount of free radioactivity in pancreatic juice with the largest dose of CCK-LP. The peptides were not found to influence amino acid uptake or incorporation of radioactivity into tissue proteins. This study demonstrates an interaction between the effects of secretin and those of CCK-LP on pancreatic protein secretion and synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3186685 TI - Increased CCK-response to proteinase inhibitor feeding after induction of pancreatic hypertrophy in rats. AB - Repeated intragastric instillation of a trypsin inhibitor (camostate) to rats resulted in pancreatic growth. This was ascribed to the trophic effect of endogenously released cholecystokinin (CCK). We evaluated the CCK-releasing potency of different doses of camostate (50-400 mg/kg body weight administered perorally) during the course of experimentally induced pancreatic growth. Significant increments of pancreatic weight and protein and trypsin content of the pancreata were observed after 5 days of camostate treatment; changes were further pronounced after 10 days. Juice flow and protein and trypsin output from the hypertrophied pancreata were enhanced after 5 days. These effects were diminished after 10 days of camostate treatment. The direct increase in plasma CCK in response to camostate after pretreatments by daily oral doses of 200 mg/kg camostate over 5 or 10 days was more pronounced in rats with pancreatic hypertrophy compared with untreated controls. These findings mirror possible adaptation of CCK-releasing cells to "desensitisation" of acinar cells after pancreatic hypertrophy. PMID- 3186686 TI - Lipomatosis of the pancreas: an unusual cause of massive steatorrhea. AB - Fat replacement of the exocrine pancreas is a rare cause of exocrine pancreatic failure. We report two adult patients (a 25-year-old woman and a 63-year-old man) with weight loss and massive steatorrhea in whom abdominal computed tomograms were diagnostic of pancreatic lipomatosis. In both patients, oral pancreatic enzyme replacement in association with cimetidine led to a marked reduction of steatorrhea and weight gain. Pancreatic lipomatosis should be suspected in cases of severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the absence of abdominal pain and diabetes. Computed tomogram scanning should lead to an increasing detection rate of this unusual condition. PMID- 3186688 TI - Abstracts: American Pancreatic Association. October 27-28, 1988, Chicago, Illinois. PMID- 3186687 TI - Sulfonamide-induced pancreatitis. AB - While reported cases of sulfonamide-induced pancreatitis meet many criteria for an allergic drug reaction, antibody or lymphocyte recognition of the offending drug or its metabolite has yet to be demonstrated. A patient with sulfonamide induced pancreatitis is reported in whom lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro by sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, and sulfasalazine. Lymphocytes from a normal volunteer were not stimulated. This in vitro lymphocyte recognition of sulfonamides provides further evidence that sulfonamide-induced pancreatitis is an allergic drug reaction. PMID- 3186690 TI - Criteria that discriminate between native proteins and incorrectly folded models. AB - Various theoretical concepts, such as free energy potentials, electrostatic interaction potentials, atomic packing, solvent-exposed surface, and surface charge distribution, were tested for their ability to discriminate between native proteins and misfolded protein models. Misfolded models were constructed by introducing incorrect side chains onto polypeptide backbones: side chains of the alpha-helical hemerythrin were modeled on the beta-sheeted backbone of immunoglobulin VL domain, whereas those of the VL domain were similarly modeled on the hemerythrin backbone. CONGEN, a conformational space sampling program, was used to construct the side chains, in contrast to the previous work, where incorrect side chains were modeled in all trans conformations. Capability of the conformational search procedure to reproduce native conformations was gauged first by rebuilding (the correct) side chains in hemerythrin and the VL domain: constructs with r.m.s. differences from the x-ray side chains 2.2-2.4 A were produced, and many calculated conformations matched the native ones quite well. Incorrectly folded models were then constructed by the same conformational protocol applied to incorrect amino acid sequences. All CONGEN constructs, both correctly and incorrectly folded, were characterized by exceptionally small molecular surfaces and low potential energies. Surface charge density, atomic packing, and Coulomb formula-based electrostatic interactions of the misfolded structures and the correctly folded proteins were similar, and therefore of little interest for diagnosing incorrect folds. The following criteria clearly favored the native structures over the misfolded ones: 1) solvent-exposed side chain nonpolar surface, 2) number of buried ionizable groups, and 3) empirical free energy functions that incorporate solvent effects. PMID- 3186689 TI - Photochemical crosslinking of bacteriophage T4 single-stranded DNA-binding protein (gp32) to oligo-p(dT)8: identification of phenylalanine-183 as the site of crosslinking. AB - Using ultraviolet light, both the 33,000-dalton single-stranded DNA-binding protein from T4 bacteriophage (gp32) as well as a 25,000-dalton limited trypsin cleavage product of gp32 (core gp32*) that retains high affinity for single stranded DNA can be crosslinked to an oligodeoxynucleotide, p(dT)8. After photolysis, a single tryptic peptide crosslinked to p(dT)8 was isolated by anion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. Gas-phase sequencing of this modified peptide gave the following sequence: Gln-Val-Ser-Gly-(X)-Ser-Asn-Tyr-Asp Glu-Ser-Lys, which corresponds to residues 179-190 in gp32. Based on the absence of the expected phenylthiohydantoin derivative of phenylalanine 183 at cycle 5 (X) we infer that crosslinking has occurred at this position and that phenylalanine 183 is at the interface of the gp32:p(dT)8 complex in an orientation that allows covalent bond formation with the thymine radical produced by ultraviolet irradiation. PMID- 3186691 TI - Preferred conformational state of the N-terminus section of a bovine growth hormone fragment (residues 96-133) in water is an omega loop. AB - The solution structure of a 38-amino-acid-residue, biologically active fragment of bovine growth hormone (bGH96-133) was investigated with a combined nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and computer modeling approach. With the distance geometry program DISGEO and distance constraints derived from nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) experiments, it was found that residues Ser-100 to Tyr-110 circumscribe and omega-loop, a recently categorized feature of nonregular secondary protein structure. PMID- 3186692 TI - Calculation of the total electrostatic energy of a macromolecular system: solvation energies, binding energies, and conformational analysis. AB - In this report we describe an accurate numerical method for calculating the total electrostatic energy of molecules of arbitrary shape and charge distribution, accounting for both Coulombic and solvent polarization terms. In addition to the solvation energies of individual molecules, the method can be used to calculate the electrostatic energy associated with conformational changes in proteins as well as changes in solvation energy that accompany the binding of charged substrates. The validity of the method is examined by calculating the hydration energies of acetate, methyl ammonium, ammonium, and methanol. The method is then used to study the relationship between the depth of a charge within a protein and its interaction with the solvent. Calculations of the relative electrostatic energies of crystal and misfolded conformations of Themiste dyscritum hemerythrin and the VL domain of an antibody are also presented. The results indicate that electrostatic charge-solvent interactions strongly favor the crystal structures. More generally, it is found that charge-solvent interactions, which are frequently neglected in protein structure analysis, can make large contributions to the total energy of a macromolecular system. PMID- 3186693 TI - Covalent binding of the endogenous estrogen 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone to estradiol receptor in human breast cancer cells: characterization and intranuclear localization. AB - The interactions of 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone (16 alpha-OHE1), a metabolite of estradiol (E2), with estrogen receptors (ERs) were compared in this study to the classic E2-receptor mechanism in human breast cancer cells MCF-7 in culture. When MCF-7 cells were incubated with radioinert 16 alpha-OHE1 or its 3H-labeled form for 4 weeks, the estrogen bound extensively and irreversibly in a time-dependent fashion to nuclear protein species that correspond to the ER. Here we show that the interactions of 16 alpha-OHE1 with the ER are different from those of E2 with the receptor. Dissociation of tritiated E2-ER or 16 alpha-OHE1-ER complexes, salt extraction, DNase and proteinase K digestion, and ethanol treatment demonstrated that the binding of 16 alpha-OHE1 to the ER corresponds to two different forms: a classical noncovalent interaction similar to that of E2, and a covalent adduct formation between the metabolite and the ER. These complexes localized preferentially in nuclear matrix components as revealed by cell fractionation and probing with a monoclonal anti-ER antibody. [3H]16 alpha-OHE1-ER complexes analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated a radiolabeled band at approximately 66 kDa that was absent when the exposure of cells was done in the presence of E2 in competition and that was also absent in [3H]E2 incubations. The present results when considered together with our previous findings of elevated activities of estrogen 16 alpha-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for the formation of 16 alpha-OHE1, in breast cancer patients and in women at enhanced risk for the disease, suggest that covalent modification of the ER may be one mechanism of malignant transformation in estrogen target tissues. PMID- 3186694 TI - Intracellular pH in human skeletal muscle by 1H NMR. AB - We report here the in vivo observation of the imidazole protons (C-2 and C-4) of carnosine (beta-Ala-His) by 1H NMR at 4.7 T in human skeletal muscle. The relationship between the pH and chemical shift of the C-2 and C-4 resonances was determined analytically. These titration curves were used to measure the resting pH of human muscle in vivo, 7.01 x 0.04 (C-2 proton) and 6.97 +/- 0.10 (C-4 proton). An in vivo titration curve of the C-2 proton resonance was determined by interleaving 1H and 31P NMR spectra after exhaustive exercise, during which muscle pH recovers from an acidic value of 6.1. We observed excellent agreement between the pH values as determined by the C-2 resonance of carnosine and that of inorganic phosphate. Carnosine provides an excellent pH indicator since (i) its concentration is relatively stable and (ii) it allows measurement of proton metabolites and pH to be achieved through the same coil, thus enabling a better signal/noise ratio and better localization. PMID- 3186695 TI - Purification of an N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive protein catalyzing vesicular transport. AB - N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM) inhibits protein transport between successive compartments of the Golgi stack in a cell-free system. After inactivation of the Golgi membranes by NEM, transport can be rescued by adding back an appropriately prepared cytosol fraction. This complementation assay has allowed us to purify the NEM-sensitive factor, which we term NSF. The NEM-sensitive factor is a tetramer of 76-kDa subunits, and appears to act catalytically, one tetramer leading to the metabolism of numerous transport vesicles. PMID- 3186696 TI - Viral cysteine proteases are homologous to the trypsin-like family of serine proteases: structural and functional implications. AB - Proteases that are encoded by animal picornaviruses and plant como- and potyviruses form a related group of cysteine-active-center enzymes that are essential for virus maturation. We show that these proteins are homologous to the family of trypsin-like serine proteases. In our model, the active-site nucleophile of the trypsin catalytic triad, Ser-195, is changed to a Cys residue in these viral proteases. The other two residues of the triad, His-57 and Asp 102, are otherwise absolutely conserved in all the viral protease sequences. Secondary structure analysis of aligned sequences suggests the location of the component strands of the twin beta-barrel trypsin fold in the viral proteases. Unexpectedly, the 2a and 3c subclasses of viral cysteine proteases are, respectively, homologous to the small and large structural subclasses of trypsin like serine proteases. This classification allows the molecular mapping of residues from viral sequences onto related tertiary structures; we precisely identify amino acids that are strong determinants of specificity for both small and large viral cysteine proteases. PMID- 3186697 TI - Thermotolerance and synthesis of heat shock proteins: these responses are present in Hydra attenuata but absent in Hydra oligactis. AB - Organisms respond to environmental stress by synthesizing a small number of highly conserved heat shock proteins. In organisms as diverse as bacteria, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, synthesis of these proteins is directly correlated with the acquisition of thermotolerance. While studying the freshwater coelenterate hydra, we observed that Hydra oligactis was extremely sensitive to thermal stress. In contrast, the related species Hydra attenuata survives short term exposure to high temperatures. Furthermore, after incubation at an elevated but nonlethal temperature, H. oligactis did not become thermotolerant. H. attenuata, however, acquired thermotolerance after such a preincubation. In H. attenuata the major heat shock protein was found to be 60 kDa in size. H. oligactis did not synthesize detectable levels of this protein or any new species of proteins in response to stress. Several other species of hydra were found to behave like H. oligactis in response to stress. Thus, these findings provide direct support for the hypothesis that heat shock proteins are required for stress tolerance and that the major heat shock protein in hydra does not have any effects on normal growth or physiology. The findings also indicate that the presence of a heat shock response might be related to the natural environment in which an organism lives. PMID- 3186698 TI - A 22-nucleotide spliced leader sequence in the human parasitic nematode Brugia malayi is identical to the trans-spliced leader exon in Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - The mRNAs encoding a 63-kDa antigen in the human parasitic nematode Brugia Malayi contain a spliced leader sequence of 22 nucleotides (nt) that is identical to the trans-spliced leader found on certain actin mRNAs in the distantly related nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The 22-nt sequence does not appear to be encoded near the 63-kDa genes but is present in multiple copies in several locations within the parasite genome, including the 5S rRNA gene repeat. The 5S-linked copies of the 22-nt sequence are transcribed to yield a 109-nt nonpolyadenylated RNA with the 22-nt leader sequence at its 5' end. We suggest that the 22-nt leader is acquired by 63-kDa antigen mRNAs through trans-splicing. These results indicate that trans-splicing is widespread in nematodes and argue for the functional significance of the 22-nt spliced leader exon in nematode mRNA metabolism. PMID- 3186699 TI - Recognition helices of lac and lambda repressor are oriented in opposite directions and recognize similar DNA sequences. AB - Exchanges in positions 1 and 2 of the putative recognition helix allow lac repressor to bind to ideal lac operator variants in which base pair 4 has been replaced. We show here that an Arg-22----Asn exchange in position 6 of the putative recognition helix of lac repressor abolishes lac repressor binding to ideal lac operator. This lac repressor variant, however, binds to a variant of the ideal lac operator 5' TTTGAGCGCTCAAA 3' in which the original G.C of position 6 has been replaced by T.A. This result and our previous data confirm our suggestion that the N terminus of the recognition helix of lac repressor enters the major groove close to the center of symmetry of lac operator and that its C terminus leaves the major groove further away from the center of symmetry. The consequences of this model are discussed in regard to various phage and bacterial repressor operator systems. PMID- 3186700 TI - Translation of the sequence AGG-AGG yields 50% ribosomal frameshift. AB - We have inserted the sequence 5'-AAG-GAGGU-3', which is complementary to the 3' terminus of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA, in a reading frame and analyzed its effect on the accuracy and overall rate of translation in vivo. Translation over the sequence yields a 50% ribosomal frameshift if the reading phase is A-AGG-AGG-U. The other two possible frames do not give shifts. The introduction of a UAA stop codon before (UAA-AGG-AGG-U) but not after (A-AGG-AGG-UAA) the AGG codons abolishes the frameshift. The change in the reading phase occurs exclusively to the +1 direction. Efficient frameshifting is also induced by the sequence A-AGA AGA-U. The arginine codons AGG and AGA are read by minor tRNA. Suppression of frameshifting takes place when a gene for minor tRNA(Arg) is introduced on a multicopy plasmid. We suggest that frameshifting during translation of the A-AGG AGG-U sequence is due to the erroneous decoding of the tandem AGG codons and arises by depletion of tRNA(Arg). The complementarity of tandem AGG codons to the 3' terminus of 16S rRNA is a coincidence and apparently not related to the shift. Replacing the AGG-AGG sequence by the optimal arginine codons CGU-CGU does not increase the overall rate of translation. PMID- 3186701 TI - Extracellular ATP induces a large nonselective conductance in macrophage plasma membranes. AB - Extracellular ATP in its tetra-anionic form (ATP4-) induces ion fluxes and membrane depolarization in the mouse macrophage-like cell line J774.2 and in resident mouse macrophages. We analyzed the effects of extracellular ATP4- by both patch-clamp and intracellular microelectrode techniques. Whole-cell patch configuration membrane potential measurements on J774.2 cells revealed that ATP4- -induced depolarization occurred within 40 ms of pulsed application of ATP and was completely reversible. The depolarizations were accompanied by a dramatic increase in membrane conductance and showed no sign of adaptation to ATP over a period of 30 min. At 5 mM total ATP (ATPt) the whole-cell conductance was approximately 10 nS, and an upper limit of 20 pS for a single-channel conductance has been established. The reversal potential associated with the ATP-induced depolarization at asymmetric K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- concentrations across the membrane was 0 mV. In patch-clamped cells depolarization was complete at 20 microM ATP4-, and repolarization from full depolarization occurred in approximately 5 s. In contrast, in intact cells measured by microelectrode impalement, complete depolarization occurred at approximately 2 mM ATP4- and repolarization was much slower (approximately 100 min). These findings indicate that the changes in intracellular ionic composition that occur after ATP treatment affect the rate of cell repolarization. At lower concentrations of ATP, potassium conductances modulated the depolarizing effect of ATP. ATP also depolarized mouse peritoneal macrophages, but a variant cell line (ATPR B2), derived from J774.2 cells by prolonged exposure to ATP, was insensitive to ATP. Our results provide a membrane electrophysiological description and analysis of a large nonselective plasma membrane conductance of macrophages induced by extracellular ATP. PMID- 3186702 TI - Structure of the reaction center from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 and 2.4.1: protein-cofactor (bacteriochlorophyll, bacteriopheophytin, and carotenoid) interactions. AB - The three-dimensional structures of the cofactors and protein subunits of the reaction center (RC) from the carotenoidless mutant strain of Rhodobacter sphaeroides R-26 and the wild-type strain 2.4.1 have been determined by x-ray diffraction to resolutions of 2.8 A and 3.0 A with R values of 24% and 26%, respectively. The bacteriochlorophyll dimer (D), bacteriochlorophyll monomers (B), and bacteriopheophytin monomers (phi) form two branches, A and B, that are approximately related by a twofold symmetry axis. The cofactors are located in hydrophobic environments formed by the L and M subunits. Differences in the cofactor-protein interactions between the A and B cofactors, as well as between the corresponding cofactors of Rb, sphaeroides and Rhodopseudomonas viridis [Michel, H., Epp, O. & Deisenhofer, J. (1986) EMBO J. 3, 2445-2451], are delineated. The roles of several structural features in the preferential electron transfer along the A branch are discussed. Two bound detergent molecules of beta octyl glucoside have been located near BA and BB. The environment of the carotenoid, C, that is present in RCs from Rb. sphaeroides 2.4.1 consists largely of aromatic residues of the M subunit. A role of BB in the triplet energy transfer from D to C and the reason for the preferential ease of removal of BB from the RC is proposed. PMID- 3186703 TI - Type-C Niemann-Pick disease: low density lipoprotein uptake is associated with premature cholesterol accumulation in the Golgi complex and excessive cholesterol storage in lysosomes. AB - Incubation of fibroblasts derived from patients with type-C Niemann-Pick disease with low density lipoprotein results in excessive intracellular accumulation of unesterified cholesterol. Cytochemical techniques revealed that this abnormal cholesterol accumulation is associated not only with a massive storage of cholesterol in lysosomes but also with a premature cholesterol enrichment of the Golgi complex. Cholesterol appeared also in the Golgi complex of some normal fibroblasts after 24 hr of low density lipoprotein loading. These findings indicate that components of the Golgi complex play a role in the intracellular translocation of exogenously derived cholesterol and that disruptions of the cholesterol transport pathway at the Golgi may, in part, be responsible for the deficiency in cholesterol utilization in type-C Niemann-Pick fibroblasts. PMID- 3186705 TI - Replacement of insulin receptor tyrosine residues 1162 and 1163 does not alter the mitogenic effect of the hormone. AB - Chinese hamster ovary transfectants that express insulin receptors in which tyrosine residues 1162 and 1163 were replaced by phenylalanine exhibit a total inhibition of the insulin-mediated tyrosine kinase activity toward exogenous substrates [histone, casein, and poly(Glu/Tyr)]; this latter activity is associated with total inhibition of the hypersensitivity reported for insulin in promoting 2-deoxyglucose uptake. We now present evidence that the twin tyrosines also control the insulin-mediated stimulation of glycogen synthesis. Surprisingly, this type of Chinese hamster ovary transfectant is as hypersensitive to insulin for its mitogenic effect as are Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing many intact insulin receptors. Such data suggest that (i) the insulin mitogenic effect routes through a different pathway than insulin uses to activate the transport and metabolism of glucose and (ii) the mitogenic effect of insulin is not controlled by the twin tyrosines. At the molecular level, the solubilized mutated receptor has no insulin-dependent tyrosine kinase activity, whereas this receptor displays measurable insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of its beta subunit in 32P-labeled cells. We therefore propose that the autocatalytic phosphorylating activity of the receptor reports a cryptic tyrosine kinase activity that cannot be visualized by the use of classical exogenous substrates. PMID- 3186704 TI - Gene transfer from targeted liposomes to specific lymphoid cells by electroporation. AB - Large unilamellar liposomes, coated with protein A and encapsulating the gene that confers resistance to mycophenolic acid, were used as a model system to demonstrate gene transfer into specific lymphoid cells. Protein A, which selectively recognizes mouse IgG2a antibodies, was coupled to liposomes to target them specifically to defined cell types coated with IgG2a antibody. Protein A coated liposomes bound human B lymphoblastoid cells preincubated with a mouse IgG2a anti-HLA monoclonal antibody but failed to adhere to cells challenged with an irrelevant (anti-H-2) antibody of the same isotype or to cells incubated in the absence of antibody. Transfection of target cells bound to protein A-coated liposomes was achieved by electroporation. This step was essential since only electroporated cells survived in a selective medium containing mycophenolic acid. Transfection efficiency with electroporation and targeted liposomes was as efficient as conventional procedures that used unencapsulated plasmids free in solution but, in the latter case, cell selectivity is not possible. This technique provides a methodology for introducing defined biological macromolecules into specific cell types. PMID- 3186706 TI - Dissection of Semliki Forest virus glycoprotein delivery from the trans-Golgi network to the cell surface in permeabilized BHK cells. AB - In this paper mechanically permeabilized cells have been used to dissect the transport of Semliki Forest virus glycoproteins from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane. Transport from the Golgi complex was monitored by measuring the proteolytic cleavage of the Semliki Forest virus p62 glycoprotein into the E2 and E3 polypeptide chains. Cell surface appearance was measured by the exposure of the exoplasmic domain to antibodies directed against the viral glycoprotein. Both the cleavage of the p62 protein and the transport of the glycoprotein to the cell surface were reconstituted in permeabilized BHK cells when calcium and glucose were present in the medium. Detailed analysis showed that the cleavage of the p62 protein occurred before arrival to the plasma membrane. PMID- 3186707 TI - Phosphatidylserine as a determinant of reticuloendothelial recognition of liposome models of the erythrocyte surface. AB - Liposomes formulated to resemble the outer leaflet of the erythrocyte membrane were found to substantially avoid recognition and clearance by the reticuloendothelial system. When these models of the erythrocyte surface were modified by the incorporation of greater than 2 mol % of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer), their ability to remain in the circulation of mice was greatly reduced. To examine whether this altered behavior was the consequence of an alteration in bilayer organization induced by PtdSer, a method utilizing the fluorescent dye merocyanine 540 was used to assess the packing of external phospholipids. No significant difference in overall membrane lipid organization was detected between liposomes containing 2 or 3 mol % of PtdSer, at which dramatic differences in recognition and clearance occurred. These results exclude alterations in phospholipid packing as an indirect cause of increased clearance of PtdSer-containing liposomes and implicate PtdSer directly in recognition by the reticuloendothelial system. PMID- 3186708 TI - Sodium butyrate increases glucose transporter expression in LLC-PK1 cells. AB - The effect of sodium butyrate on the expression of the facilitated glucose transporter (GT) was investigated in the pig kidney cell line LLC-PK1. When cells were treated with butyrate, GT mRNA expression was remarkably enhanced with a maximal effect at 5 mM. Levels of GT mRNA were increased at 1 day after butyrate treatment and continued to increase for at least 4 days; however, acetate and propionate did not affect GT mRNA levels significantly. The induction of GT mRNA by butyrate was accompanied by an increase in GT function. The expression of GT mRNA decreased in HepG2, HT-29, and COS cells by treatment with butyrate for 1 day. Interestingly, glucose deprivation of LLC-PK1 cells reduced the induction of GT mRNA by butyrate, although starvation itself slightly enhanced steady-state GT mRNA levels. Therefore, expression of GT in LLC-PK1 cells is strongly induced by butyrate by a pathway that apparently depends on the presence of glucose in culture medium. PMID- 3186709 TI - Asynchronous DNA replication within the human beta-globin gene locus. AB - The timing of DNA replication of the human beta-globin gene locus has been studied by blot hybridization of newly synthesized BrdUrd-substituted DNA from cells in different stages of the S phase. Using probes that span greater than 120 kilobases across the human beta-globin gene locus, we show that the majority of this domain replicates in early S phase in the human erythroleukemia cell line K562 and in middle-to-late S phase in the lymphoid cell line Manca. However, in K562 cells three small regions display a strikingly different replication pattern than adjacent sequences. These islands, located in the inter-gamma-globin gene region and approximately 20 kilobases 5' to the epsilon-globin gene and 20 kilobases 3' to the beta-globin gene, replicate later and throughout S phase. A similar area is also present in the alpha-globin gene region in K562 cells. We suggest that these regions may represent sites of termination of replication forks. PMID- 3186710 TI - Gene expression in the embryonic nervous system of Xenopus laevis. AB - Development of the nervous system in the amphibian embryo is initiated during gastrulation by an inductive interaction between chordamesoderm and dorsal ectoderm. The induced ectoderm forms the neural plate while uninduced ectoderm generates epidermis. We screened for genes activated during gastrulation and expressed specifically in the nervous system of Xenopus laevis in the expectation that clones representing such genes will constitute useful markers for the study of early neurogenesis. Probes were prepared from adult brain RNA by subtraction with RNA from ovary and from different combinations of adult kidney, muscle, and skin; cDNA libraries prepared from early to late neurula embryo RNA were screened with these probes. Six clones were chosen for further study. Three of these clones are not represented in the maternal RNA population but are activated at the late gastrula stage; the other three increase from a maternal base. Expression of five of the genes is restricted to the neural plate during embryogenesis, and all six are restricted to the central nervous system in premetamorphic tadpoles and adults. One of the clones encodes an apparently neurospecific isoform of beta-tubulin; the identity of the other clones is unknown. Expression of all six genes is suppressed in axis-deficient embryos that lack dorsal structures including the brain. PMID- 3186711 TI - Developmental changes in fibroblast growth factor in the chicken embryo limb bud. AB - Cell proliferation is a major event during early limb development. Significant levels of growth factor activity, as measured by stimulation of DNA synthesis in mouse BALB/c 3T3 cells, were found in extracts of chicken embryo limb buds at early stages of development. Extracts from stage-18 limbs (3 days of incubation) were 2 to 3 times more potent than were extracts from older stages, namely 22-24 (4 days), 26 (5 days), and 28 (6 days). Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was measured specifically using an RIA, and the amounts of factor obtained corresponded to the activities measured by the 3T3 cell-growth assay. In addition, most growth factor in the extracts bound with high affinity to heparin Sepharose columns. Western (immunologic) blotting and immunoprecipitation with an antibody specific for bFGF revealed a protein of identical size to bFGF--i.e., 18 kDa, in the extracts. Thus, a growth factor with the properties of bFGF is present in the early limb, and the level of this factor is highest when proliferation is a predominant cellular event in the developing limb. These and other data suggest that fibroblast growth factor is a key regulatory factor in embryonic growth and morphogenesis. PMID- 3186712 TI - Experimental control of the differentiation of Leydig cells in the rat fetal testis. AB - In the developing fetal testis, in vitro as well as in vivo, two kinds of endocrine cells differentiate successively: Sertoli cells, which produce the Mullerian inhibitor (or anti-Mullerian hormone) and aggregate with germ cells into seminiferous cords; and Leydig cells, which release androgens. Serum added to the synthetic culture medium prevents the morphogenesis of the seminiferous cords but not the cytodifferentiation of the endocrine cells. L-Azetidine 2 carboxylic acid (LACA), a proline competitor, introduced into the medium also prevents differentiation of seminiferous cords. In the present experiments, the effects of LACA on the endocrine cells were studied. It did not suppress production of the Mullerian inhibitor, but it opposed differentiation of Leydig cells. Histochemically detectable 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta HSD) was virtually absent and the release of testosterone, delta 4 androstenedione, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, or progesterone into the medium became undetectable. Moreover, dibutyryl cAMP added to the medium during the final day in vitro had very little effect on the parameters of steroidogenesis. An excess of proline added to the LACA-containing medium permitted normal morphogenesis of seminiferous cords, normal steroidogenesis, and normal response to cAMP. LACA did not prevent the appearance of 3 beta-HSD activity in the adrenals, nor did it reduce the expression of laminin and fibronectin (data not shown) in the mesonephric structures as much as in the testes. The differentiation of the testis and especially of the Leydig cells appears to have special requirements for proline. PMID- 3186713 TI - Evolution to predominance of swine influenza virus hemagglutinin mutants of predictable phenotype during single infections of the natural host. AB - L and H2 mutants of the A/NJ/11/76 H1N1 strain of swine influenza virus differ by having either a lysine or a glutamic acid at position 153 of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein of the virus. In two separate experiments, experimental infection of swine with various doses of the H2 mutant resulted in the emergence in 11 of 20 animals of virus with the L phenotype. All evidence indicates that the H2----L mutation, selection, and evolution to predominance occurred within the 7-day span of individual infections. L and H2 mutations appear to act as alleles in the adaptation of virus, respectively, to natural and laboratory hosts. Although the gradual evolution of mutants during sequential infections is commonplace, the present recognition of rapid and predictable evolution of mutants of increased replication efficiency and specific phenotype in the natural host, to our knowledge, is unprecedented. PMID- 3186714 TI - Aspartic acid at position 57 of the HLA-DQ beta chain protects against type I diabetes: a family study. AB - One hundred seventy-two members from 27 randomly selected multiple case Caucasian families of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were studied at the DNA level to ascertain the reliability of codon 57 of the HLA-DQ beta chain gene as a disease protection/susceptibility marker. The analysis was carried out by polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA encoding the first domain of the DQ beta chain and by dot blot analysis of the amplified material with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. One hundred twenty-three randomly selected healthy Caucasian donors were also tested. The results demonstrated that haplotypes carrying an aspartic acid in position 57 (Asp-57) of their DQ beta chain were significantly increased in frequency among nondiabetic haplotypes (23/38), while non-Asp-57 haplotypes were significantly increased in frequency among diabetic haplotypes (65/69). Ninety-six percent of the diabetic probands in our study were homozygous non-Asp/non-Asp as compared to 19.5% of healthy unrelated controls. This conferred a relative risk of 107 (chi 2 = 54.97; P = 0.00003) for non-Asp-57 homozygous individuals. Even though the inheritance and genetic features of IDDM are complex and are not necessarily fully explained by DQ beta chain polymorphism, this approach is much more sensitive than HLA serolog in assessing risk for IDDM. PMID- 3186715 TI - Chromosomal location of three spectrin genes: relationship to the inherited hemolytic anemias of mouse and man. AB - Three genetic loci in the mouse affect the synthesis and assembly of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. The spherocytosis and jaundiced loci affect the membrane skeletal protein known as spectrin. The normoblastosis locus affects the spectrin binding protein called ankyrin. We have obtained genetic data that define the linkage relationships among three spectrin genes and the spherocytosis and jaundiced loci. The erythroid alpha-spectrin gene is tightly linked to the spherocytosis locus on chromosome 1 and the jaundiced locus is on chromosome 12, tightly linked to the erythroid beta-spectrin gene. The brain alpha-spectrin (alpha-fodrin) gene is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 2 and is not closely linked to any previously mapped erythroid or neurological mutation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that defects in the alpha- and beta spectrin genes cause the spherocytosis and jaundiced hemolytic anemias in mice. All five loci studied are located within chromosomal segments that are conserved between mouse and man. Analysis of the data from the chromosome 12 study defines a new order for the genes on that chromosome and delineates the largest mouse/human conserved chromosomal segment yet known. PMID- 3186716 TI - Retroviral-mediated gene transfer and expression of human phenylalanine hydroxylase in primary mouse hepatocytes. AB - Genetic therapy for phenylketonuria (severe phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency) may require introduction of a normal phenylalanine hydroxylase gene into hepatic cells of patients. We report development of a recombinant retrovirus based on the N2 vector for gene transfer and expression of human phenylalanine hydroxylase cDNA in primary mouse hepatocytes. This construct contains an internal promoter of the human alpha 1-antitrypsin gene driving transcription of the phenylalanine hydroxylase cDNA. Primary mouse hepatocytes were isolated from newborn mice, infected with the recombinant virus, and selected for expression of the neomycin resistance gene. Hepatocytes transformed with the recombinant virus contained high levels of human phenylalanine hydroxylase mRNA transcripts originating form the retroviral and internal promoters. These results demonstrate that the transcriptional regulatory elements of the alpha 1-antitrypsin gene retain their tissue-specific function in the recombinant provirus and establish a method for efficient transfer and high-level expression of human phenylalanine hydroxylase in primary hepatocytes. PMID- 3186717 TI - Deletion of the steroid-binding domain of the human androgen receptor gene in one family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: evidence for further genetic heterogeneity in this syndrome. AB - The cloning of a cDNA for the human androgen receptor gene has resulted in the availability of cDNA probes that span various parts of the gene, including the entire steroid-binding domain and part of the DNA-binding domain, as well as part of the 5' region of the gene. The radiolabeled probes were used to screen for androgen receptor mutations on Southern blots prepared by restriction endonuclease digestion of genomic DNA from human subjects with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). In this investigation, we considered only patients presenting complete AIS and with the androgen receptor (-) form as the most probable subjects to show a gene deletion. One subject from each of six unrelated families with the receptor (-) form of complete AIS and 10 normal subjects (6 females and 4 males) were studied. In the 10 normal subjects and in 5 of the 6 patients, identical DNA restriction fragment patterns were observed with EcoRI and BamHI. In one affected individual, a partial deletion of the androgen receptor gene involving the steroid-binding domain was detected. Analysis of other members of this family confirmed the apparent gene deletion. Our data provide direct proof that complete AIS in some families can result from a deletion of the androgen receptor structural gene. However, other families do not demonstrate such a deletion, suggesting that point mutations (or small, undetectable deletions) may also result in the receptor (-) form of complete AIS, adding further to the genetic heterogeneity of this syndrome. PMID- 3186719 TI - Cancer antigens are expressed in a carcinogen-transformed Bloom syndrome B lymphoblastoid cell line. AB - We have cloned malignant cells carrying specific antigens associated with ovarian cancer (OVC) and malignant lymphoma (ML) from BS-SHI-4M cells, a line derived from a 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine-treated B-lymphoblastoid cell line isolated from a patient with Bloom syndrome. Since BS-SHI-4M cells react with sera from various individual cancer patients at relatively low frequencies (2 9%), as detected by an indirect immunofluorescence technique, cell clones that specifically react with sera from patients with OVC and ML were separated by the "panning" method in which polystyrene dishes were coated with sera from OVC and ML patients and cells with the corresponding antigens bound to the dishes. Subsequent cloning by limiting dilution provided cell clones highly enriched for OVC- and ML-associated antigens. Karyotype analyses revealed that cell clones with OVC and ML antigens had common marker chromosomes, der(14)t(14;14) (p11;q11),t(6;?)(p25;?) and t(9;?)(q34;?), besides t(17;?) (q25;?) found in the OVC-antigen-positive clones and t(5;?) (p13;?),t(7;?)(q36;?) found in the ML antigen-positive clones. Interestingly, in cell clones with a strong OVC antigen response, the distal part of the Y chromosome (Yq11) was missing in 100% of the cells. Therefore the cell line BS-SHI-4M appears to be a reservoir of cell clones each of which carries a specific tumor antigen and thus provides a potential tool for rapid serological diagnosis of cancer. PMID- 3186718 TI - Genomic organization of the human T-cell antigen-receptor alpha/delta locus. AB - Two clusters of overlapping cosmid clones comprising about 100 kilobases (kb) at the human T-cell antigen-receptor alpha/delta locus were isolated from a genomic library. The structure of the germ-line V delta 1 variable gene segment was determined. V delta 1 is located 8.5 kb downstream of the V alpha 13.1 gene segment, and both V segments are arranged in the same transcriptional orientation. The V alpha 17.1 segment is located between V delta 1 and the D delta, J delta, C delta region (containing the diversity, joining, and constant gene segments). Thus, V delta and V alpha segments are interspersed along the chromosome. The germ-line organization of the D delta 2, J delta 1, and J delta 2 segments was determined. Linkage of C delta to the J alpha region was established by identification of J alpha segments within 20 kb downstream of C delta. The organization of the locus was also analyzed by field-inversion gel electrophoresis. The unrearranged V delta 1 and D delta, J delta, C delta regions are quite distant from each other, apparently separated by a minimum of 175-180 kb. PMID- 3186720 TI - Isolation and primary structure of tumor-derived peptides related to human pancreastatin and chromogranin A. AB - Using an antiserum raised against a synthetic C-terminal peptide of porcine pancreastatin, we detected pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity (PLI) in human pancreatic islets, adrenal medulla, and endocrine tumors. From a carcinoid liver metastasis, human PLI was extracted and purified by HPLC. Two C-terminally amidated peptides were isolated and characterized by sequence analysis. The first peptide, hCgA-210-301, consists of 92 amino acid residues with glycinamide as C terminus. It is identical to the cDNA-derived sequence of human chromogranin A, positions 210-301, which is preceded by two basic residues indicating a putative processing site. The C-terminal part, positions 250-301, shows 70% sequence identity to porcine pancreastatin and represents the human pancreastatin-like sequence. The second peptide, hCgA-273-301, represents a C-terminally amidated fragment of the human pancreastatin sequence, generated by an Asp-Pro cleavage at the N terminus. Peptide hCgA-273-301 was synthesized to confirm the structure of the natural peptide. Two other peptides derived from human chromogranin A were isolated and partially characterized. They are generated by proteolytic cleavage after dibasic amino acids Lys-Arg (positions 338-339) and after Trp-376 of the human chromogranin A sequence, respectively. These results indicate that chromogranin A may represent the precursor for pancreastatin-related and possibly other yet-unidentified peptides of unknown physiological function. PMID- 3186721 TI - Expression of the human growth hormone variant gene in cultured fibroblasts and transgenic mice. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the human growth hormone variant gene, one of the five members of the growth hormone gene family, predicts that it encodes a growth hormone-like protein. As a first step in determining whether this gene is functional in humans, we have expressed a mouse metallothionein I/human growth hormone variant fusion gene in mouse L cells and in transgenic mice. The growth hormone variant protein expressed in transiently transfected L cells is distinct from growth hormone itself with respect to reactivity with anti-growth hormone monoclonal antibodies, behavior during column chromatography, and isoelectric point. Transgenic mice expressing the growth hormone variant protein are 1.4- to 1.9-fold larger than nontransgenic controls, suggesting that the protein has growth-promoting properties. PMID- 3186722 TI - Antibodies against human cytochrome P-450db1 in autoimmune hepatitis type II. AB - In a subgroup of children with chronic active hepatitis, circulating autoantibodies occur that bind to liver and kidney endoplasmic reticulum (anti liver/kidney microsome antibody type I or anti-LKM1). Anti-LKM1 titers follow the severity of the disease and the presence of these antibodies serves as a diagnostic marker for this autoimmune hepatitis type II. We demonstrate that anti LKM1 IgGs specifically inhibit the hydroxylation of bufuralol in human liver microsomes. Using two assay systems with different selectivity for the two cytochrome P-450 isozymes catalyzing bufuralol metabolism in human liver, we show that anti-LKM1 exclusively recognizes cytochrome P-450db1. Immunopurification of the LKM1 antigen from solubilized human liver microsomes resulted in an electrophoretically homogenous protein that had the same molecular mass (50 kDa) as purified P-450db1 and an identical N-terminal amino acid sequence. Recognition of both purified P-450db1 and the immunoisolated protein on western blots by several monoclonal antibodies confirmed the identity of the LKM1 antigen with cytochrome P-450db1. Cytochrome P-450db1 has been identified as the target of a common genetic polymorphism of drug oxidation. However, the relationship between the polymorphic cytochrome P-450db1 and the appearance of anti-LKM1 autoantibodies as well as their role in the pathogenesis of chronic active hepatitis remains speculative. PMID- 3186723 TI - Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by the hepatitis B virus X protein. AB - Human immunodeficiency virus 1 has been implicated as the main etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. However, other infectious agents may accelerate the progression of this disease. In particular, hepatitis B virus has been suggested as one such cofactor. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of hepatitis B virus gene products on expression of the human immunodeficiency virus I in transient transfection studies of Jurkat lymphoblastic T cells, using as reporter the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene coupled to the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus I. As measured by the amount of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity, gene expression directed by the human immunodeficiency virus I long terminal repeat increased approximately 10-fold in response to the hepatitis B virus X protein. This trans-activation by the X protein is multiplicative with the effect of phorbol esters and can be accounted for by an increase in the steady-state level of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase mRNA. Analysis of deletion and clustered point mutants in the long terminal repeat indicated that the X protein exerts its effect through multiple cis-acting sites. These results provide a possible molecular basis for the association of hepatitis B virus and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and confirm that the X protein is a transcriptional transactivator. PMID- 3186724 TI - Purine metabolite inosine is an adrenergic neurotrophic substance for cultured chicken sympathetic neurons. AB - Purines are ubiquitous endogenous cellular metabolites that have been postulated as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the nervous system. Recently, we showed that a low-molecular-mass component present in liver-conditioned medium selectively enhances the adrenergic properties of dissociated chicken sympathetic neurons in culture. We report here that this substance is inosine, a purine metabolite. Indeed, analysis of the low-molecular-mass fraction of liver conditioned medium by HPLC shows that the neurotrophic activity coelutes with and has the same absorption spectrum as inosine. Inosine increases incorporation of [3H]leucine into neuronal protein and stimulates catecholamine, but not acetylcholine, production by the sympathetic neurons in a dose-dependent fashion (half-maximal stimulation at 10(-6) M). This effect can be blocked by 5 x 10(-6) M dipyridamole, an inhibitor of nucleoside transport. Inosine therefore appears to be capable of modulating adrenergic phenotypic expression in cultured sympathetic neurons by acting via an as-yet-unknown intracellular pathway. PMID- 3186725 TI - Axonal delay lines for time measurement in the owl's brainstem. AB - Interaural time difference is an important cue for sound localization. In the barn owl (Tyto alba) neuronal sensitivity to this disparity originates in the brainstem nucleus laminaris. Afferents from the ipsilateral and contralateral magnocellular cochlear nuclei enter the nucleus laminaris through its dorsal and ventral surfaces, respectively, and interdigitate in the nucleus. Intracellular recordings from these afferents show orderly changes in conduction delay with depth in the nucleus. These changes are comparable to the range of interaural time differences available to the owl. Thus, these afferent axons act as delay lines and provide anatomical and physiological bases for a neuronal map of interaural time differences in the nucleus laminaris. PMID- 3186726 TI - Glial cells develop a laminar pattern before neuronal cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus. AB - The lateral geniculate nucleus, which lies between the retina and the striate cortex in the visual pathway of mammals, is often made up of several distinctive cell layers, or laminae. We have used immunohistochemical methods to localize two glial cell intermediate filament proteins, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin, and have found that layering of glial cells is evident before neuronal cell layers develop in the lateral geniculate nucleus. The correlation between glial cell lamination and neuronal lamination is consistent with the suggestion that glia are guiding neurons not only during the early postmitotic migratory phase of development but also during the later formation of functional divisions such as layers and nuclei. PMID- 3186727 TI - A serine peptidase responsible for the inactivation of endogenous cholecystokinin in brain. AB - A serine endopeptidase was characterized as a major inactivating enzyme for endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) in brain. CCK-8 released by depolarization of slices of rat cerebral cortex, as measured by its immunoreactivity (CCK-ir), undergoes extensive degradation (approximately 85% of the amount released) before reaching the incubation medium. However, recovery of CCK-ir is enhanced up to 3 fold in the presence of serine-alkylating reagents (i.e., phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride) as well as selected active site-directed inactivators (i.e., peptide chloromethyl ketones) or transition-state inhibitors (i.e., peptide boronic acids) of serine peptidases. Among these compounds, elastase inhibitors were the most potent protecting agents, whereas trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibitors were ineffective. HPLC analysis of endogenous CCK-ir recovered in media of depolarized slices indicated that endogenous CCK-5 [CCK-(29-33)-pentapeptide] was the most abundant fragment and that its formation was strongly decreased in the presence of an elastase inhibitor. HPLC analysis of fragments formed upon incubation of exogenous CCK-8 [CCK-(26-33)-octapeptide] with brain slices showed CCK-5, Gly-Trp Met, and Trp-Met to be major metabolites of CCK-8 whose formation was prevented or at least diminished in the presence of the elastase inhibitor. It is concluded that there is an elastase-like serine endopeptidase in brain that cleaves the two peptide bonds of CCK-8 where the carboxyl group is donated by a methionine residue and constitutes a major inactivation ectoenzyme for the neuropeptide. PMID- 3186728 TI - Intracerebral xenografts of human mesencephalic tissue into athymic rats: immunochemical and in vivo electrochemical studies. AB - Intracerebral allografts of fetal neurons have been studied in both rodents and nonhuman primates. Such research has been directed towards problems in developmental neurobiology and in animal models of neurological diseases. Whether intracerebrally transplanted human fetal neurons are capable of forming synapses and releasing neurotransmitters are key questions in any application of this approach to human brain development and dysfunction. We studied these questions by examining the immunocytochemical and in vivo electrochemical properties of xenografts of human mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons placed into athymic "nude" rats. The transplanted neurons survive, continue to express human-specific Thy-1 immunoreactivity, and extend neuronal processes into the host brain where morphologically identifiable synapses form. Potassium-evoked release of monoamines occurs in the vicinity of the graft but is absent in more remote areas of the host neuropil. These results indicate that human fetal tissue fragments can provide a source of viable neuroblasts for transplantation. Further, synapses form between pre- and postsynaptic elements expressing different species-specific cell surface markers; thus, these markers do not play a determining role in synaptogenesis. PMID- 3186730 TI - Hatchling turtles survive freezing during winter hibernation. AB - Hatchlings of the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta marginata) are unique as the only reptile and highest vertebrate life form known to tolerate the natural freezing of extracellular body fluids during winter hibernation. Turtles survived frequent exposures to temperatures as low as -6 degrees C to -8 degrees C in their shallow terrestrial nests over the 1987-1988 winter. Hatchlings collected in April 1988 had a mean supercooling point of -3.28 +/- 0.24 degrees C and survived 24 hr of freezing at -4 degrees C with 53.4% +/- 1.98% of total body water as ice. Recovery appeared complete after 20 hr of thawing at 3 degrees C. However, freezing at -10.9 degrees C, resulting in 67% ice, was lethal. A survey of possible cryoprotectants revealed a 2- to 3-fold increase in glucose content of liver and blood and a 3-fold increase in blood glycerol in response to freezing. Although quantitatively low, these responses by spring turtles strongly indicate that these may be the winter-active cryoprotectants. The total amino acid pool of blood also increased 2.25-fold in freezing-exposed turtles, and taurine accounted for 52% of the increase. Most organs accumulated high concentrations of lactate during freezing, a response to the ischemic state imposed by extracellular freezing. Changes in glycogen phosphorylase activity and levels of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate were also consistent with a dependence on anaerobic glycolysis during freezing. Studies of the molecular mechanisms of natural freeze tolerance in these turtles may identify protective strategies that can be used in mammalian organ cryopreservation technology. PMID- 3186729 TI - Lipoxins A4 and B4: comparison of icosanoids having bronchoconstrictor and vasodilator actions but lacking platelet aggregatory activity. AB - Lipoxins A4 (LxA4) and B4 (LxB4), two lipoxygenase-generated icosanoids of arachidonic acid metabolism, were found to have a distinct biological profile. Both LxA4 and LxB4 slowly contracted pulmonary parenchymal strips isolated from guinea pigs, rabbits, and rats in a concentration-dependent manner over the range 0.1-1 microM. This bronchoconstrictor effect was not associated with release of peptide leukotrienes or thromboxane A2, nor was it blocked by lipoxygenase inhibitors or thromboxane receptor antagonists, suggesting it is a direct effect of lipoxins. However, the leukotriene D4 (LTD4) receptor antagonist LY-171883 reduced the LxA4 response, indicating that LTD4 and LxA4 may share the same receptor. LxA4 and LxB4 also exerted an endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in guinea pig, rat, and, to a lesser extent, rabbit aortic vascular smooth muscle. In contrast to other vasoactive icosanoids, LxA4 and LxB4 failed to aggregate rat, rabbit, or guinea pig platelets or to inhibit ADP-induced aggregation. LxA4 also enhanced the release of liver lysosomal hydrolases in a liver large granule fraction, indicating a lysosomal labilizing action of LxA4. LxA4 and LxB4 share a similar biological profile. It is not clear yet whether the lipoxins could be mediators of circulatory or pulmonary disease states. PMID- 3186731 TI - A signal peptide encoded within the precore region of hepatitis B virus directs the secretion of a heterogeneous population of e antigens in Xenopus oocytes. AB - Using synthetic hepatitis B virus (HBV) mRNAs, we have shown that expression of HBV core-antigen gene sequences in Xenopus oocytes leads to the stable accumulation of 21-kDa cytoplasmic core protein (P21). In contrast, expression of precore plus core sequences leads mainly to the secretion of a heterogeneous population of proteins ranging in size from 15 to 22 kDa that collectively display viral e antigen (HBeAg) activity. We demonstrate that the precore region contains a cleavable 19 amino acid signal peptide that targets the precore proteins to the secretory pathway. The initial product of translocation (P22) is further processed during migration through the secretory pathway, apparently by a series of cleavage events at the arginine-rich carboxyl terminus, to yield multiple proteins of 15-18 kDa (P15-P18) that are secreted along with some P22. Our results indicate that serum HBeAg is generated by a signal peptide-mediated secretion event dependent on precore sequences. PMID- 3186732 TI - Acidic intracellular pH shift during Caenorhabditis elegans larval development. AB - During recovery from the developmentally arrested, nonfeeding dauer stage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, metabolic activation is accompanied by a decrease in intracellular pH (pHi). Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) analyses of perchloric acid extracts show that inorganic phosphate predominates in dauer larvae, whereas ATP and other high-energy metabolites are abundant within 6 hr after dauer larvae have been placed in food to initiate development. Although metabolic activation has been associated with an alkaline pHi shift in other organisms, in vivo 31P NMR analysis of recovering dauer larvae shows a pHi decrease from approximately 7.3 to approximately 6.3 within 3 hr after the animals encounter food. This shift occurs before feeding begins, and it coincides with, or soon follows, the developmental commitment to recover from the dauer stage, suggesting that control of pHi may be important in the regulation of larval development in nematodes. PMID- 3186733 TI - Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for corticotropin-releasing factor precursor from the teleost fish Catostomus commersoni. AB - The sequence of a cDNA encoding the corticotropin-releasing factor precursor has been identified by screening lambda gt11 libraries constructed from poly(A)+ RNA of the hypothalamic region of the white sucker Catostomus commersoni brain with synthetic oligonucleotide probes deduced from the sequence of the rat corticotropin-releasing factor. The amino acid sequence of corticotropin releasing factor of the sucker is strikingly conserved when compared to its counterpart from rat and differs only in two positions at the carboxyl terminus; in contrast, there is little similarity between their cryptic regions. PMID- 3186734 TI - A gene inducible by serum growth factors encodes a member of the steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. AB - We previously identified, by cDNA cloning, a set of genes that are expressed during the G0/G1 transition (cell cycle reentry) in mouse fibroblasts. These immediate early genes are transcriptionally activated within minutes of addition of serum or purified growth factors, and their mRNAs are superinduced in the presence of protein-synthesis inhibitors. We report here that one of these genes, represented by nur/77 cDNA (originally called 3CH77), encodes a member of the superfamily of ligand-binding transcription factors that includes the steroid and thyroid hormone receptors. The nur/77 cDNA sequence encodes a protein of 601 amino acids containing two regions of sequence similarity to members of this nuclear receptor superfamily, corresponding to their DNA-binding and ligand binding domains. These results suggest that the growth factor-inducible immediate early gene nur/77 encodes a ligand-binding protein that regulates the genomic response to growth factors. PMID- 3186735 TI - Cysteine residues 110 and 187 are essential for the formation of correct structure in bovine rhodopsin. AB - To investigate the role of different cysteine residues in bovine rhodopsin, a series of mutants were prepared in which the cysteine residues were systematically replaced by serines. The mutant genes were expressed in monkey kidney cells (COS-1) and the mutant opsins were evaluated for their levels of expression, glycosylation patterns, and ability to form the chromophore characteristic of rhodopsin and to activate transducin. Substitution of the three cytoplasmic cysteines (Cys-316, Cys-322, and Cys-323) and the four membrane embedded cysteines (Cys-140, Cys-167, Cys-222, and Cys-264) produced proteins with wild-type phenotype. Also, single substitutions of Cys-185 gave rise to a wild-type phenotype. In contrast, substitution of the three intradiscal cysteines (Cys-110, Cys-185, and Cys-187) or single substitution of Cys-110 or Cys-187 gave proteins that were expressed at reduced levels, glycosylated abnormally, and unable to bind 11-cis-retinal. Thus, of the 10 cysteines in bovine rhodopsin, only intradiscal Cys-110 and Cys-187 are essential for the correct tertiary structure of the protein. PMID- 3186736 TI - Induction of protooncogene c-jun by serum growth factors. AB - We have previously reported that one of the genes that is rapidly induced in mouse 3T3 cells by serum growth factors (jun-B) encodes a protein related to the onco-protein v-jun. By using jun-B as a probe, we have isolated a cDNA encoding a second member of the jun family (jun-A) that is the murine version of the protooncogene c-jun, which encodes the mammalian transcription factor AP-1. jun-B and jun-A (c-jun) have two highly conserved regions and two regions with little sequence similarity. Like jun-B, jun-A (c-jun) is rapidly activated by serum, platelet-derived growth factor, or fibroblast growth factor and is superinduced by serum in the presence of an inhibitor of protein synthesis. Both jun proteins are likely to play a role in regulating the genetic program induced by growth factors. PMID- 3186737 TI - Allosteric equilibria in the binding of fibrinogen to platelets. AB - The binding of fibrinogen to platelets occurs according to the law of mass action. The platelet receptor binds reversibly a single fibrinogen molecule and undergoes a conformational transition between two allosteric states, T and R, that differ in their affinity for fibrinogen. The equilibrium between the two forms is shifted by ADP toward the R (high-affinity) state, thus promoting the aggregation process. This model opens the way to consideration of allosteric modulation of the binding of fibrinogen to its platelet receptor. PMID- 3186738 TI - Statistical effects in the absorption and optical activity of particulate suspensions. AB - The phenomenon of Duysens flattening of the absorption spectra resulting from the inhomogeneous distribution of the chromophores in the solution is analyzed. These inhomogeneities are treated as localized statistical fluctuations in the concentration of the absorbing species, by using the Gaussian distribution. A law of absorbance is obtained, and the effect of light scattering on the flattening is also characterized. The flattening in the circular dichroism spectra of particulate suspensions is then analyzed. It is shown that the degree of flattening of the circular dichroism of a suspension is, in general, different from the corresponding flattening of its absorption spectrum. A quantitative relationship between the two effects is established. PMID- 3186739 TI - Orientation of carbon monoxide and structure-function relationship in carbonmonoxymyoglobin. AB - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the CO stretch bands in carbonmonoxymyoglobin (MbCO) reveals three major bands implying that MbCO exists in three major substates, A0, A1, and A3. After photolysis at low temperatures the CO is in the heme pocket, and the resulting CO stretch bands represent the B substates. Photoselection experiments determine the orientation of CO in the A (bound) and B (photolyzed) substates: Small fractions of MbCO are photolyzed at 10 K with linearly polarized light at 540 nm. The resulting linear dichroism in the A and B IR bands yields the tilt angle between the heme normal and CO. The average angles are as follows: alpha (A0) = 15 degrees +/- 3 degrees; alpha (A1) = 28 degrees +/- 2 degrees, and alpha (A3) = 33 degrees +/- 4 degrees. The A bands are inhomogeneously broadened; the angle alpha shows a wavenumber dependence within the A bands. The wavenumber dependence is interpreted as a distribution of the tilt angle within the individually inhomogeneous A substates, thus providing a structural parameter to characterize the distribution of the conformational substates. The B substates exhibit no induced linear dichroism; in the photolyzed substates the ligand is randomly oriented with respect to the heme plane. The present results together with earlier data on static and kinetic properties of CO binding to Mb establish relations among spectroscopic, structural, energetic, and functional parameters. PMID- 3186741 TI - Amplification and increased expression of alpha class glutathione S-transferase encoding genes associated with resistance to nitrogen mustards. AB - Glutathione-dependent enzymes play a central role in the protection of cells from cytotoxic chemicals and have been implicated in the intrinsic and acquired resistance of tumors to cytotoxic drugs. We have generated a Chinese hamster ovary line resistant to bifunctional nitrogen mustards and in this report have characterized and isolated the protein that represents the major observable phenotypic difference between the drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cell lines. This purified protein is shown to be an alpha class glutathione S-transferase comprising YcYc subunits and possessing a pI value of approximately 8.0. The intracellular level of the Yc subunit is elevated greater than 40-fold in the drug-resistant cell line, which could account for the increase in glutathione S transferase (RX:glutathione R-transferase; EC 2.5.1.18) activity toward both 1 chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and cumene hydroperoxide. Other glutathione S transferase subunits within this gene family are also elevated. These changes are accompanied by a significant elevation in alpha class mRNA levels. Southern analysis indicates that the genes coding for these proteins are amplified 4- to 8 fold in the drug-resistant cell line. In addition, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase [(5-glutamyl)-peptide:amino acid 5-glutamyltransferase; EC 2.3.2.2] activity is increased 3.6-fold in the drug-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line, which may explain the increase in cellular glutathione level. In this case no gene amplification was seen. These data indicate that gene amplification may be important in drug resistance toward alkylating agents and also that other enzymes in glutathione homeostasis are involved. PMID- 3186740 TI - Ligand binding to synthetic mutant myoglobin (His-E7----Gly): role of the distal histidine. AB - Low-temperature flash photolysis with IR and visible spectroscopy was used to probe the influence of the distal histidine His-64(E7) of sperm-whale myoglobin (Mb) on the orientation of bound carbon monoxide (CO) and on the kinetics of CO rebinding. The synthesis and high-level expression of a sperm-whale myoglobin gene in Escherichia coli permits the efficient substitution of the distal histidine through site-directed mutagenesis. Substitution of His-E7 with glycine [GlyE7]Mb bound with CO (CO[GlyE7]Mb) results in one broad bound-CO IR stretch band, v(C-O), centered at 1973 cm-1 at 10 K, in contrast to three distinct bands for native and synthetic wild-type MbCO at 1966, 1945, and 1929 cm-1. After flash photolysis at 10 K, the unbound state of CO[GlyE7]Mb exhibits two CO stretch bands, whereas MbCO has three. Fourier transform IR spectroscopy measurements of the linear dichroism after photoselective flash photolysis of CO bound to [GlyE7]Mb at 10 K reveals the bound CO to be oriented at an angle of alpha = 20 degrees +/- 2 degrees with respect to the heme normal. Flash photolysis data from 10 to 300 K provide evidence for a larger distal pocket and a smaller enthalpy barrier (by approximately 4 kJ/mol) for [GlyE7]MbCO as compared with wild-type MbCO. These results reinforce the notion that the dominant control of the binding step at the heme iron comes from the proximal side through the protein structure. PMID- 3186743 TI - Evolution of B-cell malignancy: pre-B-cell leukemia resulting from MYC activation in a B-cell neoplasm with a rearranged BCL2 gene. AB - We have analyzed the molecular genetics of the breakpoints involved in the t(8;14) and t(14;18) translocations of an acute pre-B-cell leukemia from a patient with a history of follicular lymphoma. In this patient's leukemic cells, the breakpoint of the t(14;18) translocation occurred in the major breakpoint cluster region of the BCL2 gene and became linked to the JH4 joining-region gene segment of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus on the 14q+ chromosome as previously observed in follicular lymphoma. An N region and heptamer and nonamer signal sequences indicated that this translocation occurred as a mistake in VH-DH JH joining (where VH and DH are the variable and diversity segments). In the t(8;14) translocation, the breakpoint was located immediately 5' of the first exon of the MYC protooncogene, which was juxtaposed with the C gamma 2 constant gene segment of the second 14q+ chromosome. The finding of repeated sequences typical of switch regions suggested that this translocation occurred during heavy chain isotype switching, resulting in progression to pre-B-cell leukemia with both the t(8;14) and the t(14;18) translocations. The terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-positive phenotype of the patient's leukemic cells further suggests that the pre-B-cell leukemia was derived from a pre-B cell carrying a t(14;18) translocation in the original follicular lymphoma. The polymerase chain reaction method was then used to identify cancer cells in the bone marrow of the patient. PMID- 3186742 TI - Partial suppression of anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice by transfection of the H-2 class I gene H-2Ld into a human colon cancer cell line (HCT). AB - Many human tumors, particularly those of epithelial origin, appear to express greatly reduced levels of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens on their surface. It has been previously reported that the class I gene H-2Ld, introduced into adenovirus type 12-transformed mouse cells, induces reversal of oncogenesis in immunocompetent BALB/c mice. We have tested the hypothesis that the H-2Ld gene, when transfected into HCT colon cancer cells, may alter their transformed phenotype. Two H-2Ld transfectants, HCT-Ii and HCT-If, were found to exhibit a markedly reduced-to-virtually suppressed ability to form colonies in soft agar in comparison to a transfectant (HCTh) carrying only the neomycin resistance gene. We also compared the tumorigenicity of HCTh vs. HCT-If cells in two different strains of immunodeficient mice: nude (T-) and triple-deficient mutants (T-, NK-, B-). At 28 days postinjection of 10(7) and 10(6) cells, the size and growth rate of HCT-If tumors were greatly reduced compared to HCTh cells. Therefore, as assayed in immunodeficient animals, expression of the class I H-2Ld gene in HCT cells appears to correlate with partial suppression of the tumorigenic phenotype, suggesting that the expression of a transfected class I gene may by itself alter the phenotype of the recipient cell and that such phenotypic changes may be independent of the immune system. PMID- 3186744 TI - High level of accumulation of a mRNA coding for a precursor-like protein in the submaxillary gland of male rats. AB - NaDodSO4/PAGE analysis of in vitro translation products of rat submaxillary gland (SMG) mRNAs has revealed an important sexual dimorphism. Moreover, most of the rat male-specific major translation products differ in size from those translated from male mouse SMG mRNAs. To characterize proteins accumulated in the rat SMG under androgen control, a cDNA library was constructed. Here we report the nucleotide sequence of a 0.7-kilobase mRNA that is 1000-3000 times more abundant in male rats than in female rats. The predicted corresponding protein, SMR1, has a molecular weight of 16,000 and contains a signal peptide for secretion and potential signals for glycosylation. An interesting feature of SMR1 is the presence, in a hydrophilic region, of the tetrapeptide Gln-His-Asn-Pro surrounded by two pairs of basic residues that represent potential cleavage sites for maturation enzymes. In rats, the tissue distribution of the SMR1 mRNA is restricted to the SMG and the prostate. Only very low amounts of SMR1 mRNA can be detected in the SMG of male or female mice. Southern blot analysis indicates the presence of three genes in rats but only one in mice. Hypotheses on the physiological role of SMR1-derived peptides in male rats are discussed. PMID- 3186745 TI - Role of the overdrive sequence in T-DNA border cleavage in Agrobacterium. AB - The T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium is flanked by 25-base-pair imperfect direct repeats that are required in cis for transfer to the genome of the plant host. Another sequence, designated overdrive, is located adjacent to the right border repeats and functions in cis to enhance tumor formation. We have examined the effect of the overdrive sequence on the early steps in T-DNA processing. We report here that overdrive greatly enhances cleavage by the site-specific endonuclease in Agrobacterium, perhaps by directing the endonuclease to the adjacent border sequences. We also show by a gel mobility-shift assay that overdrive affinity-purified proteins from acetosyringone-induced Agrobacterium cells interact with T-DNA border and overdrive sequences. Further, we show that in vivo the virC operon enhances cleavage at the T-DNA borders, most likely by interaction between the VirC1 protein and the overdrive sequence. PMID- 3186746 TI - Construction of a genetic map of human chromosome 17 by use of chromosome mediated gene transfer. AB - We used somatic-cell hybrids, containing as their only human genetic contribution part or all of chromosome 17, as donors for chromosome-mediated gene transfer. A total of 54 independent transfectant clones were isolated and analyzed by use of probes or isoenzymes for greater than 20 loci located on chromosome 17. By combining the data from this chromosome-mediated gene transfer transfectant panel, conventional somatic-cell hybrids containing well-defined breaks on chromosome 17, and in situ hybridization, we propose the following order for these loci: pter-(TP53-RNP2-D17S1)-(MYH2-MYH1)-D17Z 1-CRYB1-(ERBA1-GCSF-NGL) acute promyelocytic leukemia breakpoint-RNU2-HOX2-(NGFR-COLIAI-MPO)-GAA-UM PH-GHC TK1-GALK-qter. Using chromosome-mediated gene transfer, we have also regionally localized the random probes D17S6 to D17S19 on chromosome 17. PMID- 3186747 TI - A genomic DNA segment from Petunia hybrida leads to increased transformation frequencies and simple integration patterns. AB - A 2-kilobase (kb) genomic fragment was selected from Petunia hybrida that increased transformation efficiencies by at least a factor of 20 after direct DNA transfer to petunia and tobacco protoplasts when supercoiled plasmid DNA was used. Because of this effect this fragment was named transformation booster sequence (TBS). Increased transformation frequencies were observed for plasmids that contained either the 2-kb fragment in dimeric or monomeric form or an internal 1.1-kb fragment of TBS. Analysis of transformants revealed that preferentially one copy of foreign DNA is integrated. Thus, TBS improves the poor transformation frequencies of direct gene transfer using circular plasmids, while it conserves the simple integration pattern that is important for practical applications. Possible mechanisms of TBS action are discussed. PMID- 3186748 TI - Intramolecular recombination of chloroplast genome mediated by short direct repeat sequences in wheat species. AB - Structural alterations of the chloroplast genome tend to occur at "hot spots" on the physical map. To clarify the mechanism of mutation of chloroplast genome structure in higher plants, we determined the nucleotide sequence of the hot-spot region of chloroplast DNAs related to length mutations (deletions/insertions) in Triticum (wheat) and Aegilops. From a comparison of this region in wheat with the corresponding region of tobacco or liverwort, it is evident that one of the open reading frames in tobacco (ORF512) has been replaced in wheat by the rpl23 gene, which is a member of the ribosomal protein gene operon. In the deleted positions and in the original genome of Triticum and Aegilops, consensus sequences forming short direct repeats were found, indicating that these deletions were a result of intramolecular recombination mediated by these short direct-repeat sequences. By two independent recombination events in the Aegilops crassa type of chloroplast genome, which is shared by Triticum monococcum, Ae. bicornis, Ae. sharonensis, Ae. comosa, and Ae. mutica, the novel chloroplast DNA sequences of T. aestivum and Ae. squarrosa were generated. This finding indicates the existence of illegitimate recombination in the chloroplast genome and presents a mechanism for producing genetic diversity of that genome. PMID- 3186749 TI - Targeted mutation of the Hprt gene in mouse embryonic stem cells. AB - The hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) gene has been mutated in mouse blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cells by site-directed homologous recombination. Embryonic stem cells were electroporated in the presence of a targeting DNA fragment containing two specific features: (i) The targeting DNA contained a promoterless neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) gene that, when located within the endogenous Hprt locus, could be transcribed from the promoter of the target locus. (ii) The targeting fragment had two short regions of homology with the endogenous Hprt gene: one, 132 base pairs long and the other, 1.2 kilobase pairs long. Targeted cells in which the designed homologous recombination event occurred were isolated either by selection with G418 followed by 6-thioguanine or by selection with 6-thioguanine alone. Even though less than 2 kilobases of homology existed between the exogenous and target DNAs, an average of 2.6 embryonic stem cells were successfully targeted for every 10(5) colonies surviving electroporation. Six of the Hprt- cell lines showed homologous recombination. These six lines were further analyzed by nucleotide sequencing a fragment that spans one crossover point after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction. Four lines had the expected sequence, whereas two lines had small deletions abutting the 132-base-pair region of homology. PMID- 3186751 TI - Identification and analysis of the major M2 autoantigens in primary biliary cirrhosis. AB - Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies in the serum. It is possible that the PBC-specific immunoreactive trypsin-sensitive antigens on the inner mitochondrial membrane, termed M2, are important in the pathogenesis of this autoimmune disease. We have previously shown that a major M2"a" antigen is the E2 component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex located within mitochondria. Analysis of the primary structure of the E2 components of all three 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes reveals a high degree of homology with a similar highly segmented structure including lipoyl domains, E3-binding domains, C-terminal catalytic domains, and interdomain linker sequences. Immunoblotting of PBC patients' sera against purified E2 protein from 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex reveals that these polypeptides are also autoantigens in this disease. Sera from 29 of 40 (72.5%) PBC patients gave a positive response against bovine 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex E2 and from 25 of 40 (62.5%) PBC patients gave a positive response against bovine branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex E2. All 40 PBC patients (100%) have autoantibodies directed against at least one of the E2 components of the family of 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complexes. Identification of these M2 mitochondrial autoantigens and detailed knowledge of their structure will allow important questions concerning this autoimmune disease to be addressed. PMID- 3186750 TI - Rapid activation of protein kinase C in isolated rat liver nuclei by prolactin, a known hepatic mitogen. AB - Rat liver nuclei pure by enzymatic and electron microscope criteria contain protein kinase C (PKC) that can be activated several hundredfold within 3 min of addition of prolactin or phorbol 12-tetradecanoate 13-acetate. Rat prolactin stimulated PKC maximally at 10(-12) M, whereas ovine prolactin was maximally stimulatory at 10(-10) M. Activation was time and dose dependent, exhibited a biphasic pattern, and was blocked by anti-prolactin antiserum, by PKC inhibitors such as 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7) and sphingosine, and by cyclosporine. Moreover, the ability of prolactin to activate nuclear PKC was inhibited totally by a monoclonal antibody to the rat liver prolactin receptor, implicating a prolactin receptor-mediated activation process. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a liver mitogen, caused a lesser but significant activation of nuclear PKC. However, EGF and suboptimal prolactin were synergistic. Human growth hormone, which has lactogenic properties, stimulated PKC activity, whereas nonlactogenic substances such as ovine growth hormone, insulin, dexamethasone, and 8-bromo-cAMP were inactive. That this may be a general mechanism for prolactin is suggested by the ability of prolactin to stimulate PKC 140-fold in rat splenocyte nuclei. Prolactin has comitogenic properties in lymphocytes. PMID- 3186753 TI - Synergism at central synapses due to lateral diffusion of transmitter. AB - Recordings of inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) Mauthner cell demonstrate nonlinear interactions when adjacent synapses are coactivated. Responses evoked by single presynaptic neurons were paired with those due to activation of a limited pool of similar inhibitory cells. In about 50% of the experiments the compound currents were substantially larger than the sum of their individual components. Potentiation was maximal when the two responses occurred nearly simultaneously, and its decay paralleled that of the conditioning current; it started with a delay of about 300 microsec, and calculations indicate that in this time transmitter molecules would diffuse laterally 0.5-1.1 micron, which equals the separation of adjacent synapses. Iontophoretically applied glycine produced a comparable enhancement of the eighth nerve evoked inhibitory current. When quantal inhibitory responses were simulated, taking into consideration glycine diffusion, transmitter-receptor interactions, and channel activation, with the latter requiring two binding steps, the results demonstrated that the facilitation when neighboring inputs are active is due to lateral diffusion of the transmitter, glycine, to fringe areas where single bound receptors are available for further interactions and channel opening. PMID- 3186752 TI - Physical linkage of the genes for platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb and IIIa. AB - The fibrinogen receptor on human platelets is a prototypic member of the integrin family and is composed of subunit glycoproteins IIb (gpIIb) and IIIa (gpIIIa) in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. We have isolated cDNA clones for gpIIb and gpIIIa and localized both genes to chromosome 17. In the current study, several approaches were used to localize and map the genes for gpIIb and gpIIIa. A preliminary evaluation of subchromosomal localization was performed by using a panel of mouse human somatic cell hybrids that contain different amounts of the long arm of human chromosome 17. Southern hybridization to the DNA of these hybrids shows that both genes map near the thymidine kinase gene. In situ hybridization to intact human chromosomes localized both genes to the 17q21-22 region. To better define the physical distance between the two genes, we examined the genomic hybridization pattern of each cDNA probe to high molecular weight restriction fragments separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Serial hybridizations of the same filter have allowed construction of long-range Mlu I and Sfi I restriction maps spanning more than 500 kilobases. Finally, nonoverlapping portions of the cDNAs for both gpIIb and gpIIIa were used to probe Sfi I digests of genomic DNA separated by field-inversion gels. This confirmed that the genes are physically linked within the same 260-kilobase Sfi I fragment and suggests that the gene for gpIIb is located on the 3' side of the gene for gpIIIa. These results suggest that coordinate expression of gpIIb and gpIIIa may depend on physical proximity. PMID- 3186754 TI - Control of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor biosynthesis in Xenopus oocytes. AB - The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) of Torpedo electroplax is a multisubunit transmembrane glycoprotein complex with a subunit stoichiometry of alpha 2 beta gamma delta. The RNAs for the separate subunits were transcribed in vitro from cDNAs inserted in pSP64T vectors and microinjected in Xenopus oocytes. Microinjected in vitro-transcribed RNAs were stable, with a half-life of 72 hr. Xenopus oocytes assembled functional AcChoRs from the subunit-specific RNAs. These receptors were inserted in the cell membrane and could be detected as early as 6 hr after RNA microinjection. The oocyte-expressed AcChoR subunits could be immunoprecipitated with anti-Torpedo AcChoR subunit antibodies. Expression of the AcChoR in oocytes proceeded linearly for 72 hr after microinjection. While the amount of RNA injected did not alter the linearity of the expression time course, the rate of receptor expression in oocytes showed a saturable dependence on RNA concentration. Varying the relative amount of alpha-subunit RNA microinjected into oocytes had a striking effect on receptor expression. This effect was specific for the alpha-subunit. These results suggest that transcript availability may control receptor expression in Xenopus oocytes. In addition, the availability of the alpha-subunit may be a limiting factor for receptor expression. PMID- 3186755 TI - Birth of projection neurons in the higher vocal center of the canary forebrain before, during, and after song learning. AB - The higher vocal center (HVc) of the canary brain projects to two forebrain nuclei: robustus archistriatalis (RA) and area X of lobus parolfactorius. The time of birth of HVc neurons projecting to these two regions was determined by combining [3H]thymidine autoradiography and retrograde fluorogold uptake. Birds were sacrificed at 13 months of age, 4 days after fluorogold injections into area X or RA. A single injection of [3H]thymidine in ovo (embryonic day 9) labeled 76% of area X-projecting cells and 0.8% of cells projecting to RA. The great majority of RA-projecting cells were produced during posthatching development (posthatching day 10-240; P10-P240), with a peak at P60 and a hiatus at P120. HVc reaches full adult size by P240, yet at that age the production of new RA projecting cells continued at a rate comparable to that recorded during posthatching development. Late production of neurons interconnecting two distant regions of the brain may regulate source to target cell population size. Male canaries start to sing at P40. During subsequent months, they imitate external models and their song becomes more structured and stereotyped. At sexual maturity (P240), song is stable. Three interpretations are offered: (i) neurogenesis of RA projecting cells is related to learning, and learning continues even after achievement of pattern stability; (ii) neurogenesis of RA-projecting cells is not related to learning; (iii) the production of RA-projecting cells serves different purposes during development and after sexual maturity. PMID- 3186756 TI - Honeybee retinal glial cells transform glucose and supply the neurons with metabolic substrate. AB - The retina of the honeybee drone is a nervous tissue in which glial cells and photoreceptor cells (sensory neurons) constitute two distinct metabolic compartments. Retinal slices incubated with 2-deoxy[3H]glucose convert this glucose analogue to 2-deoxy[3H]glucose 6-phosphate, but this conversion is made only in the glial cells. Hence, glycolysis occurs only in glial cells. In contrast, the neurons consume O2 and this consumption is sustained by the hydrolysis of glycogen, which is contained in large amounts in the glia. During photostimulation the increased oxidative metabolism of the neurons is sustained by a higher supply of carbohydrates from the glia. This clear case of metabolic interaction between neurons and glial cells supports Golgi's original hypothesis, proposed nearly 100 years ago, about the nutritive function of glial cells in the nervous system. PMID- 3186757 TI - Magnetic localization of neuronal activity in the human brain. AB - The performance of a cryogenic system that monitors the extracranial magnetic field simultaneously at 14 positions over the scalp has been evaluated to determine the accuracy with which neuronal activity can be located within the human brain. Initially, measurements were implemented on two model systems, a lucite sphere filled with saline and a model skull. With a magnetic field strength similar to that of a human brain, the measurement and analysis procedures demonstrated a position accuracy better than 3 mm, for a current dipole 3 cm beneath the surface. Subsequently, measurements of the magnetic field pattern appearing 100 ms after the onset of an auditory tone-burst stimulus were obtained in three human subjects. The location of the current dipole representing intracellular ionic current in active neurons of the brain was determined, with 3 mm accuracy, to be within the cortex forming the floor of the Sylvian fissure of the individual subjects, corresponding closely to the Heschl gyrus as determined from magnetic resonance images. With the sensors placed at appropriate positions, the locations of neuronal sources for different tone frequencies could be obtained without moving the recording instrument. Adaptation of activity in human auditory cortex was shown to reveal long-term features with a paradigm that compared response amplitudes for three tones randomly presented. PMID- 3186758 TI - Ex vivo model of an immobilized-enzyme reactor. AB - Immobilized-enzyme reactors are beginning to be studied for a variety of therapeutic applications. To facilitate the design of these devices for different clinical situations and a diverse patient population, mathematical models may be valuable. An immobilized-heparinase (EC 4.2.2.7) reactor was selected as a model system. The device removes heparin from blood that has been anticoagulated to prevent thrombus formation. Heparinase was immobilized to cross-linked agarose particles. A mathematical model was developed to describe the clearance of heparin by the reactor ex vivo and compared to experimental clearances measured in sheep. The model accounted for enzymatic degradation as well as the binding of heparin and its breakdown products to antithrombin. The device was modeled as a steady-state continuously stirred tank reactor. Molar conservation equations within the agarose particles accounted for simultaneous diffusion and chemical reaction. The model had no adjustable parameters and was able to predict the clearance of heparin within 5-25% for three different animals and 12 different perfusions. PMID- 3186759 TI - Cadmium accelerates bone loss in ovariectomized mice and fetal rat limb bones in culture. AB - Loss of bone mineral after ovariectomy was studied in mice exposed to dietary cadmium at 0.25, 5, or 50 ppm. Results show that dietary cadmium at 50 ppm increased bone mineral loss to a significantly greater extent in ovariectomized mice than in sham-operated controls. These results were obtained from two studies, one in which skeletal calcium content was determined 6 months after ovariectomy and a second in which 45Ca release from 45Ca-prelabeled bones was measured immediately after the start of dietary cadmium exposure. Furthermore, experiments with 45Ca-prelabeled fetal rat limb bones in culture demonstrated that Cd at 10 nM in the medium, a concentration estimated to be in the plasma of mice exposed to 50 ppm dietary Cd, strikingly increased bone resorption, from 27 +/- 2% (mean +/- SEM) 45Ca release in cultures with no added cadmium to 68 +/- 6% release in cultures containing cadmium (n = 4). These in vitro results indicate that cadmium may enhance bone mineral loss by a direct action on bone. Results of the in vivo studies are consistent with a significant role of cadmium in the etiology of Itai-Itai disease among postmenopausal women in Japan and may in part explain the increased risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis among women who smoke. PMID- 3186760 TI - Dependence of media cross-sectional area on circumference of aortic rings from normal and hypertensive rats. AB - The purpose of this study is to determine if cross-sectional area and media thickness depend on circumference in excised vessels. Measurements were obtained from rat aortic rings chemically fixed after excision. Rings were fixed without distention or after mounting on circular rods of different diameters. Media cross sectional area increased with circumference but thickness decreased. Thickness and area were significantly greater in the SHR than the WKY rat at all circumferences. Results of a theoretical analysis predict that cross-sectional area and thickness will depend on circumference in excised rings. Best-fit curves of the experimental data to the theoretical relationships show that neither thickness nor cross-sectional area of the aorta is consistently better correlated with circumference in SHRs and WKY rats. The following conclusions are made: (i) Media cross-sectional area and thickness depend on circumference in excised aortic rings, and (ii) for a specific method of preparation, thickness and cross sectional area are equally accurate when comparing aortic rings from normal and hypertensive rats. If an experimental determination of the relationship between circumference and cross-sectional area (or thickness) cannot be done, we suggest that a reasonable alternative is to compare these measurements at the same circumference. PMID- 3186761 TI - A comparison of the lipid-lowering and intestinal morphological effects of cholestyramine, chitosan, and oat gum in rats. AB - Cholestyramine, chitosan, and oat gum are lipid-lowering compounds. Cholestyramine use in humans may contribute to colonic adenocarcinoma; chitosan and oat gum are being studied in the rat to determine their potential for human use. To compare these compounds, we fed three groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats one of the substances at 5% of diet with 1% cholesterol and 0.2% cholic acid; two other groups were fed cellulose with and without 1% cholesterol and 0.2% cholic acid. All groups had similar food intake and weight gains. Cholesterol feeding increased total liver lipids almost 3-fold and liver cholesterol concentration almost 10-fold. Cholestyramine, oat gum, and chitosan all significantly lowered liver cholesterol with cholestyramine feeding yielding levels identical to the noncholesterol-fed basal group. Chitosan and oat gum lowered liver cholesterol moderately. Cholestyramine and chitosan both significantly lowered serum cholesterol compared to the cellulose group. Oat gum was less effective. Hemoglobin and serum iron were similar in all groups except the oat gum group, which had decreased serum iron. Histological examination of small and large bowel with morphometry revealed statistically significant increases in both proximal and distal small bowel and distal large bowel mucosal thickness in the cholestyramine-fed group. No changes were noted in the proximal large bowel. Neither chitosan nor oat gum produced mucosal change other than an increase in the distal small bowel with the oat gum diet. Chitosan may have lipid lowering effects similar to those of cholestyramine without the deleterious changes in intestinal mucosa. PMID- 3186762 TI - Phenytoin-induced stress protein synthesis in mouse embryonic tissue. AB - Several proteins have been shown to be synthesized in response to various environmental stimuli, including treatment with teratogens. The role of these proteins in the teratogenic process is unknown. Pregnant A/J mice were treated with either a teratogenic or a non-teratogenic dose of the anticonvulsant drug, phenytoin (PHT). Protein synthesis in embryonic craniofacial (target) tissue or forelimb buds (non-target) was determined by incorporation of radiolabeled leucine and analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Synthesis of three proteins in target tissue and one protein in non-target tissue was stimulated by drug treatment. These results suggest that synthesis of specific stress proteins may serve as biomarkers of drug-target tissue interaction. PMID- 3186763 TI - Thyroid status influences calcium ion accumulation and retention by rat liver mitochondria. AB - Ca2+ accumulation and retention by isolated rat liver mitochondria (RLM), measured with a Ca2+ electrode as aCa, are markedly influenced by thyroid status. RLM from propylthiouracil (PTU)-fed rats took up Ca2+ from a suspending medium (SM) until 10.26 +/- 2.51 (SD) x 10(-5) M Ca2+ had been added (n = 5). RLM from PTU rats given T3 (100 micrograms/kg daily x 6) showed uptake only until 2.37 +/- 0.59 x 10(-5) M Ca2+ had been added (n = 6) and RLM from normal rats showed uptake until 3.69 +/- 0.53 x 10(-5) M (n = 9) Ca2+ was reached. RLM from the three animal groups lowered the aCa in the SM from 9.13 +/- 1.69 x 10(-6) to 4.96 +/- 2.08 x 10(-6) M regardless of hormonal status. The time in minutes that the aCa remained below the initial level in the rat groups was PTU 94.8 +/- 26.2, PTU + T3, 11.5 +/- 3.9, and normal 26.7 +/- 3.8. All differences were significant at the 0.001 level (ANOVA). bGH did not affect Ca2+ handling by RLM from PTU rats. Administered T3 increased RLM alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity 24-36 hr before normalizing Ca2+ handling. The thyroid hormone-sensitive system described here adjusts the SM Ca2+ concentration to a level far above cytosolic so that its function may be to regulate intramitochondrial [Ca2+]. The level of intramitochondrial Ca2+ may be of importance in the mechanism of action of thyroid hormone. PMID- 3186764 TI - Influence of dietary vitamin E on the intermembrane transfer of alpha-tocopherol as mediated by an alpha-tocopherol binding protein. AB - The effect of dietary vitamin E on the intermembrane transfer of (3R)-alpha tocopherol, a spontaneous process accelerated in the presence of an alpha tocopherol binding protein (alpha TBP), was examined. The transfer activity of this cytosolic liver protein was assayed via in vitro transfer of (3R)-alpha [3H]tocopherol (alpha[3H]T) from egg lecithin liposomes to human erythrocyte ghosts (EG). Male Fisher 344 rats (1 and 20 months old) were fed diets containing 0, 30, and 500 mg/kg vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) for 15 weeks. Liver cytosol fractions were assayed for alpha[3H]T transfer activity (alpha TTA). Among young rats, those fed vitamin E-deficient diets had the highest alpha TTA, 5.02 +/- 3.10 pmole alpha[3H]T/min (mean +/- SD), which was different (P less than 0.05) from the spontaneous transfer rate of 2.10 pmole/min. Neither young rats fed 30 and 500 mg/kg vitamin E diets nor any of the aged rats showed alpha TTA which differed significantly from the spontaneous transfer rate. To examine the relationship between hepatic alpha-tocopherol levels and alpha TTA, alpha tocopherol concentration per gram of wet liver was assayed by HPLC. A steep positive slope (6.39 +/- 1.46 pmole min-1 nmole g-1) and strong correlation (r = 0.873) between hepatic alpha-tocopherol and alpha TTA were observed (P less than 0.005) among young vitamin E-deficient rats. The data indicates that alpha TTA varies directly with hepatic alpha-tocopherol concentration when total liver vitamin E stores are very low. Thus, alpha TBP-mediated transfer of alpha tocopherol may be manifest only when vitamin E status is compromised. PMID- 3186765 TI - Activated charcoal diminishes the lot difference of fetal bovine sera in erythroid colony formation of human bone marrow cells. AB - Using normal bone marrow as target cells, we assayed the colony-forming efficiency of early and late erythroid progenitor cells and granulocyte macrophage progenitor cells using several different lots of fetal bovine serum (FBS). There was a marked difference in the ability of these sera to support colony formation, particularly in erythroid colony assays. When adsorbed by activated charcoal, all these sera supported erythroid colony formation more efficiently than before adsorption. There was no significant effect of charcoal adsorption of FBS on granulocyte-macrophage colony formation. Gel-filtration study showed that charcoal adsorption diminished low-molecular-weight fractions by less than 5000 Da. The inhibitory activity of this fraction was heat labile and Pronase sensitive. Concentrated samples obtained from these fractions inhibited erythroid colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that low-molecular-weight inhibitors that are relatively specific to erythropoiesis play a critical role in the lot differences of FBS for erythroid colony formation. PMID- 3186766 TI - Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate-dependent kinase and phosphoproteins in human amnion. AB - 3',5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) modulates prostaglandin production in human amnion membranes. The major effects of cAMP are presumably mediated through the phosphorylation of specific regulatory phosphoproteins following cAMP activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphoproteins have not previously been characterized in human amnion. Total homogenates, cytosol, and membrane fractions from human amnion were examined for [3H]cAMP binding activity and cAMP-dependent kinase activity. cAMP-dependent kinase activity was barely detectable in crude amnion fractions. Cytosol was therefore partially purified by DEAE column chromatography for further examination. Two peaks of coincident [3H]cAMP binding and cAMP-dependent kinase activity were demonstrated at 70 and 140 mM NaCl, characteristic of the Type I and Type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase isozymes. [3H]cAMP binding to the material from both peak fractions was saturable and reversible. Scatchard analysis of [3H]cAMP binding to the peak fractions was linear for peak I and curvilinear for peak II. Assuming a one-site model, [3H]cAMP binding to the Type I isozyme showed a KD = 4.17 x 10(-8) M and Bmax = 73 pmole/mg protein; using a two-site model, [3H]cAMP binding to the high-affinity site for the Type II isozyme had a KD = 3.94 x 10(-8) M and Bmax = 6.3 pmole/mg protein. Other cyclic nucleotides competed for these [3H]cAMP binding sites with a potency order of cAMP much greater than cGMP greater than (BU)2cAMP.cAMP caused a dose-dependent increase in cAMP-dependent kinase activity in the peak fractions; half-maximal activation was observed with 5.0 x 10(-8) M cAMP. The ability of cAMP to increase phosphorylation of endogenous proteins in both crude amnion cytosol and cytosol from cultures of amnion epithelial cells was assessed using [32P]ATP, SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. cAMP stimulated 32P incorporation into three proteins having Mr = 80,000, 54,000, and 43,000 (P less than .01). Half-maximal 32P incorporation into these proteins occurred at 1.0 x 10(-7) M cAMP. cAMP-dependent kinase is present in human amnion; specific cAMP enhanced phosphoproteins are also present. Hormones elevating cAMP levels in amnion may exert their effects by activating cAMP-dependent kinase and phosphorylating these phosphoproteins. PMID- 3186768 TI - Vasoreactive effects of hypothalamic sodium transport inhibitor. PMID- 3186767 TI - The effect of oleate on pancreatic and bile secretion in the conscious rat. AB - The effects of sodium oleate infused into either the duodenum or the terminal ileum on bile and pancreatic secretion were examined in the conscious rat. Rats were prepared with cannulae draining pure bile and pancreatic juice separately, and with an ileal and two duodenal cannulae. A 40 mM taurocholate solution containing 7 mg/ml bovine trypsin was infused into the duodenum throughout the experiment to replace diverted bile-pancreatic juice to maintain the normal regulation of pancreatic secretion. The intraduodenal infusion of sodium oleate significantly increased pancreatic juice flow, protein, and bicarbonate outputs, whereas it did not affect bile secretion. Intravenous infusion of proglumide (300 mg/kg/hr) did not inhibit pancreatic secretion stimulated by intraduodenal infusion of sodium oleate. An intravenous infusion of atropine (100 micrograms/kg/hr) attenuated protein and fluid secretions but not that of bicarbonate in response to intraduodenal oleate. In contrast, the intraileal infusion of oleate had no effect on pancreatic secretion, whereas it decreased bile flow, bicarbonate, and bile salt outputs. In conclusion, sodium oleate introduced in the duodenum stimulates pancreatic secretion but oleate in the terminal ileum inhibits bile secretion. PMID- 3186770 TI - Advances in urologic oncology. Proceedings of a symposium. Baltimore, Maryland, April 3-4, 1987. PMID- 3186769 TI - Effect of changes in intracellular pH on the contractility of rat resistance vessels. PMID- 3186771 TI - Role of lasers in urology. PMID- 3186772 TI - Continent urinary diversion Maryland pouch. PMID- 3186773 TI - Basic and clinical perspectives of colorectal polyps and cancer. Proceedings of a meeting. Boston, Massachusetts, November 20-21, 1986. PMID- 3186774 TI - Lectin histochemistry in colorectal polyps. AB - Lectin histochemistry has permitted an assessment of the glycoconjugate expression in colorectal polyps (Table 8). The T-antigen, a cancer-associated antigen, is expressed in colorectal adenomatous polyps. The apparent expression of T-antigen is related to the methodology used for its detection. FITC-PNA does not bind to glycoconjugates in the normal colon, however it is a sensitive marker for glycoconjugates secreted by colorectal cancers. The binding of FITC-PNA in adenomatous polyps is related to size and histology. The use of biotinylated PNA (followed by avidin-biotin-peroxidase) or PNA:anti-PNA is a more sensitive technique, and the result is that binding may be seen in the normal colon as well as most neoplastic lesions. The use of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to the T-antigen are more specific than the PNA:anti-PNA technique. Binding of PAb and MAb anti-T-antigen to colorectal polyps is related to the size of the polyp for both probes, and binding is also related to the degree of dysplasia for the MAb. The future of this work may be directed at an attempt to determine whether a family of closely related antigens are expressed in colorectal neoplasia with varying degrees of affinity for different probes of the T-antigen. PMID- 3186775 TI - Follow-up colonoscopy in patients with colorectal adenomatous polyps. AB - Multiple follow-up colonoscopies were performed in 44 asymptomatic patients after polypectomy of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Twenty-six patients (59%) developed new adenomatous polyps. In 81% the new polyps were located in the same segment of the colon where a previous polyp had been totally removed. Polyps removed during follow-up, compared with the initial polyps, revealed significantly more benign and smaller polyps. The number of initial polyps together with occurrence of atypia were factors determining a short time interval for developing new adenomatous polyps. The mean time for developing a 5-mm or larger polyp was significantly longer than polyps less than 5 mm in diameter. PMID- 3186776 TI - Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase by 2-benzylaminophenols. AB - A number of 2-benzylaminophenols, prepared from the corresponding 2-aminophenols by reductive alkylation, have been identified as highly potent inhibitors of 5 lipoxygenase with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. Most compounds were also shown to inhibit the release of the peptidoleukotrienes when administered intraperitoneally in a rat model of peritoneal anaphylaxis. Two compounds evaluated for their effects on anaphylactic contractions in isolated human lung were shown to attenuate the leukotriene-induced component of the response. PMID- 3186777 TI - Effects of essential fatty acids on mild to moderate essential hypertension. AB - A double-blind placebo-controlled study with a crossover design was conducted on 25 non-obese black patients with mild-moderate uncomplicated essential hypertension. They were randomly assigned into two groups. After having received placebo capsules for 4 weeks, they received dietary supplementation with either Efamol-marine (containing desaturated n-6 and n3 essential fatty acids), or sunflower seed and linseed oil capsules for 12 weeks. Thereafter a second 4 weeks placebo phase and a subsequent second 12-week active phase were entered into during which a crossover of the dietary supplementation of the groups was brought about. The mean systolic blood pressure of patients receiving Efamol-marine was significantly lowered after 8 and 12 weeks, while those receiving sunflower/linseed oil supplementation had no significant reduction of blood pressure. This observation may indicate that defective desaturation of the essential fatty acids by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase, could play an important role in the etiology of essential hypertension. PMID- 3186778 TI - The output of uterine prostaglandins and the activity of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase are enhanced in chronic ethanol fed rats. AB - The generation and output of prostaglandins (PGs) E2 and F2 alpha into the solution suspending uterine segments from ethanol (ETOH)-fed diestrous rats and the activity of 15-OH-PG-dehydrogenase (PGDH) in uteri at diestrus, were explored and compared with normal-fed controls. Animals were fed with ETOH (35% of the total calories in a liquid diet) during 20 days before sacrifice. Paired normal fed controls were given isocaloric quantities of dextrimaltose. It was observed that the uterine outputs of PGE2 and of PGF2 alpha into the suspending solution, were significantly greater in the ETOH group. On the other hand, the PGDH activity for PGE2 in control uterine tissue, was significantly smaller than the activity detected in preparations from animals fed with the chronic ETOH diet. Results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms for the action of ethanol, either on the release of PG fatty acid precursors (activation of phospholipase A2) or on the activity of PG synthesizing enzymes. Inasmuch as in the ETOH-fed group uterine PGDH activity was greater, rather than diminished, the possibility of a reduced catabolism accounting for the augmentation of PGs in the suspending medium, does not appear feasible. In fact, results suggest that the real magnitude of higher PG generation and release is even greater than that disclosed by the present study. The finding that chronic ethanol consumption augments PG production, appears relevant, in view of the unique roles played by these eicosanoids in parturition and in the development of fetuses. PMID- 3186779 TI - Influence of the thromboxane-mimetic U-46619 and the prostacyclin metabolite 6 keto prostaglandin E1 on vasoconstriction induced by noradrenaline and 5-HT in rat mesenteric vasculature. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of U-46619, a thromboxane A2 mimetic, and 6-keto prostaglandin E1 (6-keto PGE1) a biologically active metabolite of prostacyclin, on vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline and 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). In vitro, U-46619 (3-100 nmol/l) amplified responses to both noradrenaline and 5-HT in a concentration-dependent manner. This effect was not caused by an increase in the affinity of the alpha-adrenoceptor for noradrenaline because U-46619 (100 nmol/l) did not alter the pA2 of phentolamine. In vivo, U-46619 (100 nmol/l) induced vasoconstriction and consequently significantly shifted the log-concentration-effect curves to noradrenaline and 5 HT upward in an additive manner. 6-Keto PGE1 (1 mumol/l) did not affect either perfusion pressure or vasoconstriction in response to noradrenaline in vivo. The study highlights some differences in responses between in vitro- and in vivo perfused mesentery. PMID- 3186780 TI - Effects of zinc acexamate on gastric mucosal production of prostaglandin E2 in normal and stressed rats. AB - Changes in PGE2 levels induced by zinc acexamate (ZAC) at gastricmucosal level were assessed in a rat model. Experiments were performed in normal rats and rats subjected to cold-restraint stress and in experimental conditions in which prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis was inhibited by prior administration of indomethacin. Gastric injuries after different treatments were quantified macro and microscopically. Total amount of PGE2 and mucus material recovered from gastric mucosa were increased after ZAC treatment. Indomethacin aggravated gastric damage secondary to stress and inhibited PGE2 and mucus increase appearing after ZAC treatment. These data confirm the relation between PGE2, mucus production and gastric protection. ZAC 200 mg/kg was able to reduce the gastric damage induced by stress. This decrease was also evident in the group receiving indomethacin before ZAC administration. These experiments indicate that ZAC exhibits its antiulcer action by increasing prostaglandins but other mechanisms independent of PGs synthesis are also involved. PMID- 3186781 TI - Airway responsiveness and prostaglandin generation in scorbutic guinea pigs. AB - Airway responsiveness to histamine aerosol and lung prostaglandin generation were investigated in normal, partially vitamin C deficient and scorbutic guinea pigs. The ascorbic acid content of the lung expressed as microgram/100 mg wet weight lung parenchyma decreased from 22.1 +/- 1.8 (mean +/- SE) in the control group to 9.0 +/- 1.4 and 1.8 +/- 0.4 in tissues from partially ascorbic acid deficient and scorbutic animals, respectively. Guinea pigs on low and ascorbic acid deficient diets developed significant airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine aerosol after 3 and 4 weeks. Indomethacin (30 mg/Kg, i.p.) further increased the airway hyperresponsiveness in scorbutic animals but was without effect in control animals. Prostaglandin generation from different parts of the lung was significantly changed by the diets. However, airway hyperresponsiveness was not directly attributable to altered prostanoid generation. Scorbutic conditions did not alter the electrophysiological characteristics of airway smooth muscle namely, resting membrane potential and electrogenic sodium pump activity. In summary, ascorbic acid deficiency causes airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine in guinea pigs. This alteration seems not to be related to an altered prostaglandin generation by the lung or to the electrophysiological properties of airway smooth muscle. PMID- 3186782 TI - Actions of transforming growth factors on amnion cell prostaglandin biosynthesis. PMID- 3186783 TI - Stimulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis by estradiol in rat kidneys. AB - The effect of estradiol administration on renal prostaglandin (PG) E2 biosynthetic activity in rats was studied. A specific radioimmunoassay for PGE2 was developed and applied in the quantitation of PGE2 biosynthesis in kidney. Conversion of exogenous arachidonic acid into PGE2 by renal microsomal fraction was assayed. Formation of PGE2 was linear in fashion up to 5 min incubation at 37 degrees C, and linear in fashion up to 3.5 mg of microsome used as enzyme source. The renal biosynthesis of PGE2 was significantly increased by estradiol treatment. PMID- 3186784 TI - Assessment of plasma leukotriene and prostaglandin levels during adjuvant arthritis and kaolin-induced paw oedema in rats. AB - Plasma levels of some arachidonic acid metabolites were investigated in acute and chronic models of inflammation in rats. As a model of chronic inflammation, adjuvant arthritis in rats induced by the injection of Freund's complete adjuvant, and as an acute model for inflammation, kaolin-induced paw oedama were used. Plasma leukotriene(LT) C4-like and prostaglandin(PG) E2-like activities were quantitated by bioassay in guinea-pig ileum and rat stomach fundus respectively. In the course of adjuvant arthritis, plasma levels of LTC4- and PGEi2-like activities were increased. Plasma LTC4-like activity reached a maximum within 3 weeks, while PGE2-like activity reached a maximum 10 days after adjuvant injection. In the early phase of adjuvant arthritis, levels of both LTC4- and PGE2-like activities were found to be low but both activities were increased in the late phase of inflammation. PMID- 3186785 TI - A possible mechanism of airway hyperresponsiveness induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha and thromboxane A2. AB - To elucidate the precise mechanisms of airway hyperresponsiveness induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and thromboxane A2 (TXA2), we investigated the effects of the subthreshold dose (the highest dose which does not lead to contraction) of PGF2 alpha and stable TXA2 analogue, STA2 (epithiomethano-TXA2), on the smooth muscle contraction evoked by acetylcholine (ACh) and electrical field stimulation (EFS) in the canine trachea. These prostanoids produced no changes in the contractile response to both these stimuli. Thus, neither PGF2 alpha nor TXA2 affect the smooth muscle, as the site of action for ACh is the muscarinic receptor located on smooth muscle. Neither compound affect the postganglionic vagal efferent nerve, because the EFS contracts smooth muscle via activation of the postganglionic vagal efferent neuron. This study, together with our previous observation, suggests that PGF2 alpha and TXA2 induce airway hyperresponsiveness by stimulating vagal sensory endings and by activating the reflex pathway. PMID- 3186786 TI - Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on renal papillary lipid methylation. AB - The relationship between lipid methylation and prostaglandin release was examined in rat renal papillae. Essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) was produced to deplete tissues of arachidonate precursors. The in vitro release of prostaglandin E was determined after exposure of the papillae to hypertonic sodium chloride. The EFAD animals were observed to have significantly less renal papillary lipid methylation than rats fed control diets (50%; P less than 0.05). However, stimulation of prostaglandin production in vitro was not accompanied by any detectable changes in total lipid methylation in tissues from either normal or EFAD rats. PMID- 3186787 TI - A tissue heat transfer model for relating dynamic skin temperature changes to physiological parameters. AB - A physical and mathematical model of the superficial tissues of the body is presented which takes into account tissue physiology, structure and blood supply. The model relates transient temperature changes at the skin surface to underlying physiological parameters. The analysis is based on a one-dimensional finite difference version of the bioheat equation applied to a multi-layered model of the superficial 10 mm of body tissue. Application of the model to the volar forearm predicts that under steady-state conditions skin surface temperature is maintained primarily by heat transfer from tissues below 10 mm, to a lesser extent by perfusion and to a small extent by superficial tissue metabolism. Model predictions of the reheat curve following a 15 s cold challenge to the skin agree closely with preliminary experimental data provided by thermography. The model also provides a physical explanation for the shape of the skin temperature reheat curve. Calculations further suggest that transient skin surface temperature measurements can provide a better indication of dermal perfusion than static temperature measurements as the effects of variations in environmental conditions, deep tissue temperature and tissue metabolism can be reduced. PMID- 3186788 TI - Speckle correlation technique to determine roughness in the dermatologic interval. AB - A non-invasive method is proposed to determine human skin roughness. The technique is based on measurement of the correlation between two field distributions scattered by a metallised triafol (cellulose acetate foil) replica of the epidermal area to be analysed. The two speckle patterns are produced from the same rough surface illuminated by two coherent plane waves (He-Ne laser) under two slightly different angles. The accuracy of the method is highlighted by measurements made on a set of standard samples with roughnesses previously determined by mechanical profilometry. Analysis of the results indicates a precision of around 10%, and an applicability within the interest range of very rough surfaces in excess of 4-5 microns. PMID- 3186789 TI - Production of photoneutrons in a lead shield by high-energy x-rays. PMID- 3186790 TI - Musing on diagnosis. PMID- 3186791 TI - Kinesthetic awareness in subjects with multiple ankle sprains. AB - The purposes of this study were 1) to determine whether decreased kinesthetic awareness occurs in individuals with recurrent ankle sprains and 2) to determine whether the one-legged standing balance test can be used to differentiate between ankle instability in injured and uninjured ankles. Thirty athletes between 18 and 24 years of age with multiple sprains of one ankle and no reported sprains of the other ankle were tested to compare their ability to detect passive plantar flexion and standing balance in each ankle. Luce's choice theory was used to analyze subjects' responses. Subjects had significantly greater difficulty detecting passive motion in the ankle with sprains as compared with the uninjured ankle. Subjects also performed a one-legged standing balance test on both the injured and uninjured legs. In 20 subjects, either the subject or observer reported balance deficits on the injured side as compared with the uninjured side. The results of this study demonstrate the need for clinicians to evaluate kinesthetic deficits and to design exercise programs to improve kinesthetic awareness and decrease ankle instability in individuals with multiple ankle sprains. PMID- 3186792 TI - Distribution and deposition of tritiated cortisol using phonophoresis. AB - Tritiated cortisol cream was coupled with light-microscopic autoradiography to histologically trace the distribution and deposition of a topical application of cortisol driven in by a therapeutic dose of ultrasound. Fifteen dogs were divided into four distinct groups: Group 1 consisted of two control dogs; Group 2, four dogs that received 10% radioactive cortisol and no ultrasound; Group 3, four dogs that received 5% radioactive cortisol plus ultrasound; and Group 4, five dogs that received 10% radioactive cortisol plus ultrasound. Although the cortisol applied to all dogs was limited to the epidermis, penetration occurred beyond the stratum corneum. The combination of 10% cortisol and ultrasound showed more penetration than 10% cortisol alone (p = .018), suggesting that ultrasound may be useful in the transdermal delivery of cortisol cream. The difference between the penetration of 5% and 10% cortisol when treated with ultrasound was only marginally significant (p = .062). PMID- 3186793 TI - Intertester reliability and concurrent validity of fluid-based and universal goniometers for active knee flexion. AB - This study was designed 1) to determine the intertester reliability of the universal goniometer and the fluid-based goniometer and 2) to establish the concurrent validity of the fluid-based goniometer. Two testers measured active knee flexion of 20 healthy subjects (15 women, 5 men) using both instruments. The subjects had a mean age of 24.8 years (s = 5.5) and reported no previous history of pathological conditions of the right lower extremity. Using a correlational design, high intertester reliability was established for each instrument (universal goniometer, r = .87; fluid-based goniometer, r = .83). The concurrent validity of the fluid-based goniometer was also good for both testers (tester A, r = .83; tester B, r = .82). When the data were subjected to t tests, significant differences were found between the instruments for each tester (p less than .05). The results suggest that similar measurements will be obtained between therapists using the universal and fluid-based goniometers; however, the two instruments cannot be used interchangeably in the clinic. PMID- 3186794 TI - Interrater reliability of a clinical scale of rigidity. AB - The purposes of this study were 1) to describe a clinical scale of rigidity and testing procedure for use in patients with Parkinson's disease and 2) to examine the scale's interrater reliability. Twenty subjects (3 women, 17 men; mean age = 64 years, s = 16.3) participated in the study. Criteria for participation were 1) diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, 2) physician-documented rigidity, 3) ability to follow one-step verbal directions, and 4) ability to attain at least 75% of the standard passive-range-of-motion measurements of the elbow, forearm, and wrist of the tested upper extremity. Each of two raters used a standardized set of instructions and test procedures. The degree of rigidity was assessed using a four-point scale ranging from 0 (absent) to 3 (severe). The observed agreement between raters was 16 out of 20 trials. A Cohen's weighted Kappa was used to analyze the data (Kw = .636, p = .20). Factors were identified that may have contributed to the discrepancy between agreement and the agreement beyond chance. PMID- 3186795 TI - Effect of seat angle and lumbar support on seated buttock pressure. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a lumbar support at two seat angles (0 degrees and 10 degrees of posterior tilt) on the area of highest buttock pressure. Twenty able-bodied subjects were seated on a pressure-sensing transducer incorporated into an adjustable chair (ischiobarograph). A video camera on the underside of the transducer detected changes in light levels in direct relation to pressure application. The camera output was processed by a microcomputer system that converted the signal into nine colors, each representing a distinct pressure interval in the range of 0 to more than 500 mm Hg. The microcomputer determined the area of each pressure interval before and after a 10-degree posterior tilt of the seat and lumbar support placement. The results demonstrated high test-retest reliability for each position (r = .95). A significant decrease in the six highest pressure intervals occurred when the lumbar support was used in both the upright and reclined positions (p less than .05). The results of this study have implications for wheelchair-dependent individuals. PMID- 3186796 TI - Comparison of leg movements in preterm infants at term with healthy full-term infants. AB - This study describes the differences and similarities in movement of low-risk preterm and full-term infants of comparable postgestational ages using a sensitive and quantitative measurement system, kinematic analysis. Subjects were 25 low-risk infants, 10 born at 34 to 36 weeks gestational age and 15 at term. Spontaneous leg movements were videotaped, and a 10-second segment was digitized to provide kinematic data. Data obtained were compared to evaluate the neurological maturation of preterm infants and to investigate the influence of the extrauterine environment on movement. Results showed that all infants had organized movement as determined by high interjoint correlations, small phase lags, and constrained movement durations. Pause durations and joint angles differed among infants. Infant leg movements are highly organized synergies and are not influenced by extrauterine environmental events. Differences in movements are attributed to dynamic interaction of elements in the motor control system. Additional studies with full-term infants may provide further insight into the constraints and supports of the immediate environment on movement outcome. PMID- 3186797 TI - 39th annual fall meeting of the American Physiological Society. Montreal, Canada, October 9-13, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3186798 TI - [The chief programmed directions]. PMID- 3186799 TI - [The ex libris of Polish nurses]. PMID- 3186800 TI - [My sister also will become a nurse.... Interview by Alina Ozimek]. PMID- 3186801 TI - [The Child Birth School in Lodz]. PMID- 3186802 TI - [Do patients know how to prevent a recurrent myocardial infarct?]. PMID- 3186803 TI - [Ecological education in nursing instruction programs]. PMID- 3186804 TI - [Activity is a chance]. PMID- 3186805 TI - [Diabetes and pregnancy. II]. PMID- 3186806 TI - [The interpersonal concept of human nursing care]. PMID- 3186807 TI - [The role of the midwife in decreasing the number of abortions]. PMID- 3186808 TI - [My work in a detoxification ward]. PMID- 3186809 TI - [Nursing care of children poisoned by the death cup]. PMID- 3186810 TI - [Chronic kidney failure]. PMID- 3186811 TI - [Rehabilitation after thoracic surgical procedures]. PMID- 3186812 TI - [The game over the greenery]. PMID- 3186813 TI - [Human nature]. PMID- 3186815 TI - [Chronic pain in neoplastic disease]. PMID- 3186814 TI - [Proposals for the project to reform public health and social welfare]. PMID- 3186816 TI - [Poisoning by the death cup]. PMID- 3186817 TI - [Selenium and nutrition]. PMID- 3186818 TI - [Realization of the Resolution of the 10th Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party on social health and welfare]. PMID- 3186819 TI - [Is the occupational nurse a member of the therapeutic team?]. PMID- 3186820 TI - [Modified electroshock procedures]. PMID- 3186821 TI - [The child and the hospital]. PMID- 3186822 TI - [Natural childbirth and the protection of bonds with the infant during birth. Prenatal Psychology Section, Polish Psychology Society]. PMID- 3186824 TI - [Mental disorders in the Lublin student environment]. PMID- 3186823 TI - [Functional disorders of the circulatory system as a social disease]. PMID- 3186825 TI - [Salmonellosis in children]. PMID- 3186826 TI - [A few words on the history of dialysis therapy]. PMID- 3186827 TI - [Documentation of the nursing process]. PMID- 3186828 TI - [Nursing for the "Health for Everyone in the Year 2000"]. PMID- 3186829 TI - [Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) in pleural effusions of malignant and benign origin]. PMID- 3186830 TI - [Carcinoma of the lower respiratory tract. Analysis of autopsy material]. PMID- 3186831 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis in a basal location]. PMID- 3186833 TI - [The status of tuberculosis in central Dalmatia]. PMID- 3186832 TI - [The effect of Ca2+ blockers on the response of respiratory tract smooth muscle to bronchoconstrictor and bronchodilator agents]. PMID- 3186834 TI - [Prevention of tuberculosis in Slovenia]. PMID- 3186835 TI - [The current status of patients with extrapleural pneumolysis and plombage]. PMID- 3186836 TI - [Amyloidoma of the lungs]. PMID- 3186837 TI - [Atypical branching of the bronchi in the upper right lobe of the lung]. PMID- 3186838 TI - [Analysis of endothoracic perforation of the lymph nodes in our patients over a 5 year-period]. PMID- 3186839 TI - [The role of cytology in the early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3186840 TI - [Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with allergic asthma]. PMID- 3186841 TI - [Complications of transbronchial lung biopsy]. PMID- 3186842 TI - [Primary bronchial carcinoma in the Medical Center in Zadar]. PMID- 3186843 TI - [Lung tumors in women in the area of Split with emphasis on survival]. PMID- 3186844 TI - [Guidelines for bronchoscopy with the fiberoptic bronchoscope in adults]. PMID- 3186845 TI - Office gynecology. PMID- 3186846 TI - Office pediatric gynecology. AB - The frequency and variety of gynecologic problems that can afflict young girls make the gynecologic examination an important part of every routine general medical evaluation of the child. Conversely, gynecologic problems necessitate a complete general evaluation to determine an underlying etiology and possibly associated findings elsewhere. This article will address the approach to the examination of the genitalia of the young child and the approach to diagnosis and management of the most common gynecologic conditions presenting in childhood. PMID- 3186847 TI - [Psychosocial aspects of the long-term management of Parkinson patients]. AB - 1309 hospitalised parkinsonian patients were examined in respect of mental changes and the consequences for their participation in the life of the community. The paper expresses the association of their disability with the degree of rigidity, tremor, akinesis, and the gravity of the overall disorder. PMID- 3186849 TI - [The optically evoked orbicularis oculi reflex in 9- to 11-year-old healthy and early childhood brain-damaged boys]. AB - Average negative (N) and positive (P) latent deflection of the optically elicited orbicularis oculi reflex in 9 to 11 year old boys of normal intelligence was 68 +/- 11 and 182 +/- 34 ms. This was no different to results obtained from a group parallel in respect of age, sex, and intelligence but with brain damage sustained in early childhood. PMID- 3186848 TI - [The diagnosis of borderline disorders: criteria and their empirical evaluation]. AB - Until now "Borderline-Syndrom" is a controversial diagnosis especially because of many uncertainties to determine the definition. In our examination various discrimination analyses were realised on a sampling of 62 patients (32 neurotic and 30 Borderline-Patients) and 47 variables in order to get various selective combinations of variables. Useful as a screening to separate neurotic and Borderline-Patients seems to be a combination of the items "often changing partnership", "homosexually episodes" and "incrimination/disciplinary punishment" with an error rate of 6.5 per cent. PMID- 3186850 TI - [Diagnosis of "cataphasia" based on a drawing]. AB - Drawings done by a patient before examination led to the suspicion of cataphasia, in view of previous experience of similar pictures drawn by verbigerate patients, and this proved to be so. We assume that the verbigerate affection of the thinking process is pictorially reflected in spontaneous casual drawing. In a less spontaneous situation, on other hand, the patient will not be so completely disorganised, and thus the author of an utterly confused drawing can still retain some measure of mental control in the course of tests. PMID- 3186851 TI - Effects of paweiwan on streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia in rats. AB - The ancient Chinese remedy of Paweiwan was used by patients with polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. The present study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of Paweiwan using streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats. The effects on serum glucose in a 4-day course, in a 7-week course, on the standard oral glucose tolerance test, and on the liver glycogen content were studied. In the glucose tolerance test, chlorpropamide and insulin were used as the positive controls and 0.5% CMC (Carboxymethylcellulose) was used as the negative control. We found that Paweiwan decreased the baseline glucose concentration, ameliorated the blood glucose elevation after glucose challenge, and increased liver glycogen content. The results may imply that Paweiwan increases glucose entrance into cells. PMID- 3186852 TI - Structural changes in the mouse heart one year after brain exposure to 60Co gamma ray. AB - This study was conducted to investigate the sequential structural changes in the hearts of C3H male mice 1 to 12 months after brain irradiation. A single brain dose of 8 or 20 60Co gamma Gy was given to the animals at 4 months of age. Degenerative changes in the heart occurred, firstly at 6 months after irradiation, and became progressively more severe at 12 months. The cardiac muscle showed areas of focal myofibrillolysis, myofibrillar degeneration with loss of entire myofibrils, the presence of lysosomal-like bodies, and interstitial fibrosis. Coronary artery degeneration was also found at 12 months after irradiation; the major changes included smooth muscle degeneration with fibrosis, and the accumulation of debris and extracellular matrix. Quantitative analysis indicated that the degeneration of the arterial smooth muscle after 20 Gy irradiation (18.9%) was significantly higher than that of the unirradiated control (13.2%), and shammed control (13.3%) groups, p less than 0.05. PMID- 3186853 TI - Diagnostic value of maximal treadmill exercise electrocardiogram in predicting coronary artery disease for asymptomatic Chinese male subjects. AB - The value of maximal treadmill exercise electrocardiogram (TEE) in predicting coronary artery disease was evaluated in a consecutive series of 168 asymptomatic Chinese males, aged 41 to 57 years (mean 53) during annual physical examinations. Their resting electrocardiograms (ECGs) showed no abnormal Q-waves. The end-point of TEE achieved the age-predicted maximal heart rate, and no subjects had classic angina pectoris during or after TEE. Thirty-five subjects had positive electrocardiographic changes defined as reversible horizontal or downsloping ST segment depression greater than or equal to 1.0 mv which lasted greater than or equal to 0.08 sec. Exercise thallium-201 (T1-201) myocardial imaging was performed on all 35 subjects with positive TEE; 30 subjects (86%) demonstrated normal and 5 abnormal scintigrams. Sixteen of the 30 cases with normal T1-201 scans underwent coronary arteriography, of which 14 showed normal arteriograms and two showed a less than 49% stenosis of the luminal diameter in one major artery. Of the 5 cases with abnormal scintigrams, 4 were found to have greater than 50% stenoses in at least one major artery, and only one case had a less than 49% stenosis of the right coronary artery. We concluded that TEE alone for asymptomatic individuals provided limited value in diagnosing significant coronary artery disease, especially in areas of low prevalence. PMID- 3186854 TI - [The patient care team--experiences with a problematic therapeutic interaction figure in psychiatry]. AB - Teamwork is an element of psychiatric therapy that is both necessary and risky. Closely bundled interactions between therapists and therapists must always be kept clearly in mind in everyday routine work, in so far as all types of cooperation between therapists are directly and at the same time an instrument of therapy, the more so for learning qua identification. Zones and forms of success and failure of teamwork are described on the basis of methodically not corrected experience along a few "axes" of team behaviour. This also leads to the discussion of a few ethical implications of teamwork. PMID- 3186855 TI - [Experience and interpretation--psychoanalysis in psychiatry]. AB - The author describes a psychoanalytical liaison service conducted over a period of two years on behalf of a psychiatric ward for acutely demented patients. About one-sixth of the psychiatric patients admitted during this time were subjected to psychoanalytical examination. Psychiatric inpatient treatment was suggested for about one-tenth of them, i.e. two per cent of all referrals to the ward. Due to the introduction of a psychodynamic mode of viewing the cases, together with a patient-centered interpretation of interaction patterns, the general atmosphere in the ward changed gradually. The article concludes with general considerations as to the use of the psychoanalytical approach in psychiatry. PMID- 3186856 TI - [Introduction of a new form of therapy (cognitive training) to nursing personnel]. AB - We report about a project where there is thought for some months a new kind of therapy called Cognitive Training for schizophrenic patients to male and female nurses of a big psychiatric hospital. First we explain this kind of therapy, then we tell about the organization, the experiences and the difficulties which existed when we made the training program and when the nurses tried to practice this knowledge in the daily clinical life. PMID- 3186857 TI - [Indirect forms of iatrogenic violence in clinical psychiatry]. AB - The paper tries to describe often neglected forms of iatrogenic violence in clinical psychiatry. These examples are different from those forms of violent treatment in psychiatry, which are commonly known and discussed (medication, fixation, isolation). One aim of the paper is to emphasize determinants and modalities of emotional and verbal violence used without being noticed in clinical routine work. The idea is supported that the patient may voluntarily estimate his/her closeness to the therapist, who, on the other hand, should try to abandon therapeutic overactivity. An atmosphere should be established which allows the patient to refuse therapeutic offers without fear of revenge. PMID- 3186858 TI - [Aggressive conflicts in physician-patient relations in the course of inpatient treatment--considerations based on case examples]. AB - Physical attacks of patients against the treating therapist during hospitalisation are severe complications in the treatment process, creating a variety of problems for all those involved. Partly due to taboo, literature almost does not deal with physical attacks, although they are likely to be a rather common phenomenon. Contrary to this tendency, it seems fair to say that as a treatment problem these situations deserve special attention. Causes of aggressive escalation will be examined by means of two case studies. The question as to how to prevent physical attacks as well as ways to deal with them will be reconsidered. PMID- 3186859 TI - Neutrophilia and lymphopenia in major mood disorders. AB - Alterations in peripheral blood leukocyte distribution in major depression, including lymphopenia, neutrophilia, eosinopenia, and monocytopenia, have been described. The present study was designed to replicate these results, but with methodological improvements, including age-, sex-, and race-matched control subjects; DSM-III and Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnoses based on the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia interview; objective and subjective severity of depression measured quantitatively; and consideration of psychosocial stressors (DSM-III, Axis IV). We found relative lymphopenia and absolute neutrophilia and leukocytosis in depression, but did not find decreased numbers of eosinophils or monocytes. The relative lymphopenia and absolute neutrophilia were present in the subgroup of only unipolar depressed patients, but not in the bipolar, currently depressed subgroup. However, these blood cell changes were not found in a subgroup of patients who had been medication free greater than or equal to 1 month but only in the subgroup of patients using medication at the time of phlebotomy. Groups formed on the basis of psychosocial stress levels were not found to have significant significant intergroup differences in white blood cell (WBC) counts. The clinical significance of these findings needs study. While leukocytosis and neutrophilia can be found in major depression, these changes are perhaps secondary to medication use. PMID- 3186860 TI - Response to sodium lactate in panic disorder: relationship to presenting clinical variables. AB - Sodium lactate infusion provokes more physiological and psychological symptoms of panic in patients with panic attacks than in normal controls. The relationship between response to sodium lactate infusion and presenting clinical characteristics was examined in 50 patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks. Lactate-induced panic was significantly related only to a patient-reported family history of panic. Rating of physical symptoms during lactate infusion, but not overall response to lactate, was significantly correlated with Symptom Checklist-90 somatization scores. In general, lactate response does not identify clinically distinct subpopulations of patients with panic disorder. PMID- 3186861 TI - The prediction of relapse of schizophrenic patients using emotional data obtained from their relatives. AB - The capacity of anxiety and hostility outward scores derived from the content analysis of 5-minute speech samples from the relatives of patients to predict relapse or nonrelapse was tested in three distinct groups of schizophrenic patients. Significantly correct predictions were made which compared favorably to the predictive capacity of ratings obtained by means of the Camberwell Family Interview. The latter requires 1 to 2 hours to administer and about 1 hour to score, whereas the former method requires a tape-recorded 5-minute speech sample and up to 0.5 hour to score. PMID- 3186862 TI - The four seasons: food intake frequency in seasonal affective disorder in the course of a year. AB - Patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) report atypical symptoms of increased appetite, particularly "carbohydrate craving," increased body weight, and sleepiness, during their winter depression. To document feeding behavior in detail, a Food/Drink Frequency Questionnaire (FDFQ) was given to female control subjects and SAD patients at each of the four seasons. SAD patients consumed carbohydrate-rich foods (starch and not sweets) more often than controls (annual mean) and also showed a seasonal rhythm with maximum values in winter and minimum values in summer. In contrast, protein-rich food intake was identical in both groups and did not show seasonal variation. Fiber-rich food intake was also increased in SAD patients. SAD patients ate more meals per day, both at breakfast and in the second half of the day. Again, SAD patients showed seasonal changes of meal number with a minimum in summer. Body weight and body mass index did not undergo significant seasonal changes in the group as a whole, nor did SAD patients differ from controls. These atypical symptoms in SAD can be interpreted as a "medial hypothalamus syndrome" involving alpha 2-noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms. PMID- 3186863 TI - Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides relevant to clinical research. AB - Studies of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) peptides were conducted in an attempt to broaden the utility of CSF peptide determinations in psychiatric research. Healthy volunteers had two lumbar punctures, at least 3 weeks apart, to assess reproducibility within subjects. CSF levels of eight peptides were reliably reproducible, indicating that longitudinal studies of these CSF neuropeptides are feasible. Levels of 10 peptides were determined in four sequential 8 ml aliquots of CSF. CSF rostrocaudal gradients were not found for any of these 10 peptides. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF), and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) were measured in CSF from twins and brothers. CSF NPY levels were heritable, while CRF and GHRF levels were influenced more by environment. CSF levels of CRF, beta-lipotropin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and somatostatin were highly correlated with one another, suggesting that a common factor is responsible for a significant proportion of the observed variance in their CSF levels. These results suggest that CSF peptide measurements may have a broad range of applicability to clinical psychiatric research. PMID- 3186864 TI - Noise annoyance with regard to neurophysiological sensitivity, subjective noise sensitivity and personality variables. AB - To evaluate the relation between annoyance to environmental noise, general neurophysiological sensitivity, subjective noise sensitivity and other individual characteristics, experiments were undertaken in which 93 subjects assessed their subjective annoyance after exposure to noise under laboratory conditions. Evaluations were made of the discomfort threshold for pulsating sound, the light discomfort, and heat and cold discomfort. The heart rate and discomfort after exposure to a series of impulse noises was also determined. Subjective noise sensitivity, attitudes to noise, mood and personality characteristics of the subjects were evaluated using questionnaires. The results show that the annoyance after exposure to noise was not closely related to the general neurophysiological sensitivity, measured as discomfort threshold for noise, heat, cold and light; or to the heart rate reaction or discomfort after exposure to impulse noise. The annoyance was highly correlated with subjectively reported noise sensitivity and with the attitude to noise. There was also a relationship with neuroticism, measured with the EPI scale. It is suggested that the subjective noise sensitivity, attitude and neuroticism for the definition of noise sensitivity be defined in future studies of long term effects of noise exposure. PMID- 3186865 TI - Abnormal eating attitudes in London schoolgirls--a prospective epidemiological study: factors associated with abnormal response on screening questionnaires. AB - One thousand and ten unselected London state schoolgirls were screened by questionnaire to identify an 'at risk' cohort displaying abnormal eating attitudes and two control cohorts, one with probable general psychiatric morbidity, one without. Members of all cohorts were assessed at interview for the presence of eating disorder and for putative risk factors implicated in the development of anorexia nervosa. A prevalence rate of 0.99% was detected for clinical eating disorder and 1.78% for the partial syndrome of eating disorder. Factors specifically associated with abnormal eating attitudes were identified, in particular, current or past overweight, history of amenorrhoea and perceived stress in school and social life. Some commonly accepted risk factors for eating disorders were discovered to be associations with general psychiatric morbidity. These were perceived parental pressure to eat more, taking exercise to lose weight, perceived stress at home and reporting a family history of anxiety or depression. Other well reported putative risk factors for eating disorder, including social class, birth order, age at menarche, obsessional personality and weight related career choice were not associated specifically with abnormal eating attitudes in schoolgirls. These findings represent cross-sectional data at entry into a prospective epidemiological study. PMID- 3186866 TI - The relationship between body-image and body-fat in adult women. AB - Measures of body-fat or adiposity, body-image, and other psychological variables were obtained from a sample of 100 female volunteer subjects. The measures of adiposity included surface anthropometry, underwater weighing and a new electrical impedance method. Body-image measures were derived from two experimental techniques, namely the visual-size estimation (or calliper) method and a distorting-mirror, and also from a self-report body-satisfaction scale (BSS). The main findings were that measures of adiposity were positively and significantly related to each other. But, that by contrast, measures of body image separated out into three distinct sets, namely: (i) 'mirror' accuracy, (2) 'callipers' accuracy, and (3) 'dissatisfaction/desire for change'. The 'accuracy' measures were found to be unrelated to measures of adiposity or other psychological variables: while the 'dissatisfaction' measures were found to relate to both of these. The implications of these findings for future studies of weight and eating disorder groups are discussed. PMID- 3186867 TI - Distortion of body image in the obese: a sensory phenomenon. AB - Body weight in 42 obese and normal weight subjects was measured using a video TV monitor. Tasks included a continuous task where subjects manipulated the width of their body image on TV, and a discrete task, where they judged the accuracy of their TV image which was presented as either normal, too heavy, or too thin. Subjects rated their full body, body regions which included face, waist, and thighs, and two inanimate control objects. Results from the continuous task revealed that obese subjects overestimated body size more than normals. There was also a significant difference in the ratings of the four body regions, with all regions overestimated. Judgements were more accurate for body regions and control objects on ascending trials where the subjects had to increase the width of the image. No differences were obtained between obese and normals on judgements of the control objects. On the discrete discrimination task, a signal detection analysis revealed sensory sensitivity differences between obese and normal weight subjects. Obese subjects were poorer at detecting size distortions of the body regions. The thin/normal discrimination was more difficult than the heavy/normal discrimination. No response criterion differences were found between obese and control subjects, although subjects adopted a more strict criterion with the thin/normal discriminations. Implications of these findings for clinical intervention in eating disorders are discussed. PMID- 3186868 TI - Psychiatric symptoms and related factors in a sample of Japanese workers. AB - A survey was conducted to investigate the presence of psychiatric symptoms and associated factors affecting psychiatric impairment among 2190 Japanese tax workers. The Japanese translated version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was used as a measure of psychiatric symptomatology. Several sociodemographic and psychosocial factors (interpersonal factors and perceived stress) were examined as being related to psychiatric impairment. As with all other language versions, the percentage distribution of the GHQ scores was considerably skewed. Females exhibited more psychiatric symptoms than males. No significant differences were found among four age-groups for both sexes. Perceived stress related to the workplace was correlated more with psychiatric impairment than with other psychosocial factors. It was also observed that the 'long-distance marriage' ('business bachelorhood') peculiar to Japanese occupations had little influence on the impairment levels. PMID- 3186870 TI - Base-rates, cut-points and interaction effects: the problem with dichotomized continuous variables. AB - On the background of the recent discussion about the appropriateness of linear difference and ratio models for testing interaction effects of social support and stress, it is argued that interaction effects are basically unstable when dichotomized continuous variables are analysed. A data set with known interrelationships of the continuous variables 'stress', 'social support', and 'depression' was simulated and analysed in tabular format. It is shown that the choice of cut-points for the independent variables crucially determines the size and presence of interaction effects in ratio analysis models. PMID- 3186869 TI - Autobiographical memory in depression. AB - Recent research has shown that suicidal patients are not only biased in the speed with which they can remember positive and negative events from their past, but that they also find it more difficult to be specific in their memories. That is, they tend to recall sequences of events, or time periods, rather than single episodes. This tendency has been found to be more evident with positive than with negative events. This paper examines whether the same phenomenon can be observed in patients with a diagnosis of primary Major Depressive Disorder. Twenty depressed patients and twenty matched controls were presented with positive and negative cue words and asked to retrieve specific personal memories. Results showed that depressives (unlike controls) took longer to respond to positive than to negative cues. In addition, the depressed patients were less specific in their memories, especially in response to positive cues. These results are explained within a 'descriptions' theory of autobiographical memory, and the remedial implications are discussed. PMID- 3186871 TI - Educational level differences on the Mini-Mental State: the role of test bias. AB - Less educated elderly people are commonly found to perform more poorly on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). This educational level difference has been attributed by some research workers to test bias. To assess whether the MMSE is biased against the poorly educated, its validity was assessed separately in the more- and less-educated members of a community sample. No evidence was found to indicate that the test is a biased measure of cognitive impairment. PMID- 3186872 TI - How often is multiple sclerosis mistaken for a psychiatric disorder? AB - In a defined population of 112,000, an attempt was made to discover every patient with multiple sclerosis. Using strict diagnostic criteria, 91 patients were identified. A search of psychiatric records for the same population revealed that 15 (16%) of these patients were referred to psychiatrists between the onset of their symptoms and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ten (11%) were seen with symptoms attributable to multiple sclerosis. These symptoms were recognized as neurological in only two cases, while the other eight patients received a variety of psychiatric diagnoses. Possible reasons for diagnostic error included the subjective nature of many early symptoms, histrionic behaviour, and psychiatric disturbance which drew attention away from physical symptoms. The results underline the caution needed when patients with physical symptoms are referred for psychiatric assessment. PMID- 3186873 TI - The assessment of type A behaviour pattern: results from a spouse-report approach. AB - Evidence is summarized suggesting that existing self-report questionnaires for the assessment of Type A behaviour pattern suffer from major methodological shortcomings. Type A individuals may be unwilling or unable to accurately self report. The female spouse of the male patient can potentially provide a more objective, accurate 'trait' description less contaminated by 'state' variables such as diagnosis of illness or medication. The development of a spouse-report questionnaire is described and pilot data from 41 couples are presented, including comparison of the self-report and spouse-report responses on 46 questionnaire items and five scales. Unexpectedly high levels of agreement were found between self and spouse reports. Possible explanations of such agreement are critically examined. PMID- 3186874 TI - The specificity of DSM-III schizotypal personality traits. AB - The rate of DSM-III schizotypal personality traits was evaluated in three groups of adolescent offspring (ages 15-21), defined by the psychiatric diagnosis of their parents. Parental diagnoses included schizophrenic disorder (40 adolescents), affective disorder (35 adolescents), and 'no psychiatric disorder' (normal controls) parents (82 adolescents). The presence of the eight component features of schizotypal personality disorder was assessed from video-taped semistructured psychiatric interviews, subsequently rated by trained psychiatrists, blind to the parental psychiatric status of the subjects. The effect of age, sex, and social class on the pattern of prevalence results was examined. The expected specificity of DSM-III schizotypal personality traits to schizophrenia was not supported by the prevalence pattern of the traits. Rates of 2 or more, 3 or more, and 4 or more schizotypal personality features were highest in the parental psychiatric groups. The rates of schizotypal personality traits in adolescent offspring of affective disorder parents were as high as those previously reported for relatives of schizophrenic disorder probands. PMID- 3186875 TI - Intrusion and location errors in the naming of letters in words and non-words. PMID- 3186876 TI - Visual habituation in human infants: development and rearing circumstances. PMID- 3186877 TI - Adjustment and readjustment of the relative timing of a motor pattern. PMID- 3186878 TI - The effects of advance location cueing on latencies in a single-letter recognition task. PMID- 3186879 TI - Influences of potential for hostility, type A behavior, and parental history of hypertension on adolescents' cardiovascular responses during stress. PMID- 3186881 TI - Physical versus psychological determinants of heart rate reactivity to mental arithmetic. PMID- 3186880 TI - Effects of foveal task load on visual-spatial attention: event-related brain potentials and performance. PMID- 3186882 TI - Electrodermal lability and dichotic listening. PMID- 3186883 TI - The discriminability of temporal patterns used in the Whitehead discrimination procedure. PMID- 3186884 TI - Heartbeat detection: judgments of the simultaneity of external stimuli and heartbeats. PMID- 3186885 TI - The effect of repeated tense-release sequences on EMG and self-report of muscle tension: an evaluation of Jacobsonian and post-Jacobsonian assumptions about progressive relaxation. PMID- 3186886 TI - ERP components in picture matching in children and adults. PMID- 3186887 TI - Topographic study of auditory event-related potentials in normal boys and boys with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. PMID- 3186888 TI - The startle response to acoustic stimuli near startle threshold: effects of stimulus rise and fall time, duration, and intensity. PMID- 3186889 TI - Comparing repeated measures means in factorial designs. PMID- 3186890 TI - Attributional patterns, moods, and the menstrual cycle. AB - Sixty women attending a family planning clinic completed assessments of their attributions for negative and positive mood states for an individual at different menstrual cycle stages. Negative moods occurring premenstrually were almost invariably viewed as related to health factors. Positive moods tended to be attributed to environmental events and the person's lifestyle details. Personality tended to be used as an attribution for moods occurring intermenstrually. There was no association between attributional patterns and menstrual cycle complaints or attitudes to the menstrual cycle as measured by the Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire. The results are discussed within the framework of the social cognition theory of menstrual cycle complaints. PMID- 3186891 TI - A scale for measuring the occurrence of positive states of mind: a preliminary report. AB - It may be as important to measure a failure to achieve desirable states of mind as it is to measure negative moods. The proposed measure of positive states of mind was found to be internally consistent, sensitive to degrees of life stress, well accepted, quick to administer, and amenable to use as a repeated measure in longitudinal studies. Data from 187 men and women in a college student sample are reported. PMID- 3186892 TI - The life events and coping inventory: an assessment of stress in children. AB - This article reports the development of the Life Events and Coping Inventory (LECI), an instrument that assesses the experience of life stress and the use of coping behaviors in 12-14 year old children. Six hundred eighty-one child Ss participated in item generation, item rating, reliability procedures, and validity procedures for the LECI. Indices of life stress were correlated at a statistically significant level (p less than 0.01) with measures of state and trait anxiety, psychosomatic symptoms, depression and a variety of behavior problems. A broad range of coping strategies was evidenced, with strategies that provide distraction from the stress event the most useful. The results are discussed in light of current theoretic literature on stress and well-being. PMID- 3186893 TI - Criterion validity of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. AB - The criterion validity of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) was assessed by administering the scale to 46 patients referred to a behavioral medicine outpatient clinic. Clinical ratings derived from observed interviews served as the criterion. TAS scores were significantly higher for the group of patients identified by two out of three raters as "alexithymic" than for the group identified as "nonalexithymic." On the basis of these findings, preliminary TAS cutoff scores were suggested. The results from this study and from previous investigations assessing the reliability and construct validity of the TAS indicate that it is currently the psychometrically best-validated measure of alexithymia. Further refinement and cross-validation with other clinical samples are recommended. PMID- 3186894 TI - The amplification of somatic symptoms. AB - We studied the role of somatosensory amplification, as measured by a self-report questionnaire, in symptomatology, overall discomfort, and disability in 115 patients with upper-respiratory-tract infections who visited an adult medical walk-in clinic. Multiple regression analyses indicated that amplification was a statistically significant predictor of the patients' localized but not systemic symptoms, of reported overall discomfort, and of their social and vocational disability. These relationships held true while controlling for differences in medical morbidity and sociodemographic characteristics. Amplification was closely related to, but distinct from, three measures of dysphoria: depression, anxiety, and hostility. The tendency to amplify a broad range of bodily sensations may therefore be an important factor in experiencing, reporting, and functioning with an acute and relatively mild medical illness. PMID- 3186895 TI - Survival hazards analysis in first recurrent breast cancer patients: seven-year follow-up. AB - The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of survival time in first recurrent breast cancer patients, including psychologic as well as biologic factors. Beginning in 1979, 36 women being treated at the National Institutes of Health for histologically proven recurrent disease were enrolled in this prospective study. At the time of data analysis, 24 had died from their malignancy. Through the use of a Cox proportional hazards model, four factors significantly entered the equation predicting survival time in the sample: Patients with a longer disease-free interval, who expressed more joy at baseline testing, who were predicted to live longer by their physicians, and who had fewer metastatic sites tended to live longer with recurrent disease than others in the sample (X2 = 22.9, p less than 0.0001). Findings from recent clinical and animal studies suggest that regulatory systems within the organism are linked and potentially influence one another. This study has demonstrated that factors at a number of levels--behavioral, as well as biologic--need to be considered in accounting for disease outcome variance. PMID- 3186896 TI - Women with breast cancer: perception of family functioning and adjustment to illness. AB - Fifty-seven women with breast cancer completed measures of family adaptability and cohesion, marital adjustment, and psychosocial adjustment to illness. Using a circumplex model of family systems, we examined whether subjects who perceived their families at moderate levels of cohesion and adaptability reported better psychosocial adjustment than subjects from families with extreme levels of cohesion and adaptability. The results indicated that the patients who reported the best adjustment to breast cancer and in their marriages, also reported the highest levels of family cohesion. There was not a significant relationship between adjustment to illness and adaptability. The implications for the treatment of women with breast cancer and for the families of these patients were discussed. PMID- 3186897 TI - [Psychotherapy, psychosomatics, medical psychology--or apples, pears and fruit salad]. PMID- 3186898 TI - [Treatment success in depressive patients following inpatient psychotherapy treatment]. PMID- 3186899 TI - [Bulimia in males--a controlled case study]. PMID- 3186900 TI - [Structured ambulatory group therapy in bulimia--preliminary results of a controlled therapy study]. PMID- 3186901 TI - [Evaluation of psychotherapy exemplified by a comparison of open and closed therapy groups--II]. PMID- 3186902 TI - [Unpleasant awakening--surgical intervention from the postoperative viewpoint]. PMID- 3186903 TI - [Functional aphonia--a conversion symptom as a defense against fear]. PMID- 3186904 TI - [A fragment from everyday psychotherapy--"insanity in analysis?"]. PMID- 3186905 TI - District based cervical cancer screening: are there alternative approaches? PMID- 3186906 TI - Investigating gastroenteritis: the Merseyside experience 1983-1987. PMID- 3186908 TI - Prevalence of hypertension in Sri Lanka. A large population study in the central province. PMID- 3186907 TI - Impact of health education on prostitutes' awareness and attitudes to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). PMID- 3186910 TI - Incidence of reactions to meningococcal A&C vaccine among U.K. schoolchildren. PMID- 3186909 TI - Alcohol consumption and the workplace: prospects for change? PMID- 3186911 TI - Measles vaccination in primary schools--the Colchester project. PMID- 3186912 TI - '47 varieties'. A survey of the use of Section 47 of the National Assistance Act 1948 in Bradford. PMID- 3186913 TI - Suggestions for primary health care improvement on an island in Fiji using results from a utilization study. PMID- 3186914 TI - Project 2000. PMID- 3186915 TI - A personal story. PMID- 3186916 TI - Proline binding to mouse brain synaptosomes. AB - L-proline has been shown to exert a variety of physiological and behavioral effects that are consistent with its possible role as a neuromodulator in the mammalian brain. The binding of l-proline to mouse brain synaptosomes has been partially characterized. Preliminary kinetic analysis shows the presence of at least two binding sites in the submicromolar range, and one in the nanomolar range. While more detailed studies are necessary as to determine the biological significance of proline binding to mouse brain synaptosomes, these results further support the possible role of proline as a neuromodulator. PMID- 3186917 TI - Pre- and post-synaptic muscarinic receptors of the rat vas deferens: an update. AB - The pre- and post-synaptic muscarinic receptors of the rat vas deferens are not M1 since the M1-selective antagonist pirenzepine (PZ) has low affinity for both. On this basis both the pre- and post-synaptic actions of ACh in this preparation seem to be mediated via M2-like muscarinic receptors. The following experimental observations reveal that both responses are mediated by pharmacologically distinct muscarinic receptors. The rank order of potency displayed by 3 muscarinic antagonists (Atropine, N-methyl-scopolamine [NMS] and PZ) at each of these sites is different. Atropine and PZ are selective blockers of the post synaptic smooth muscle muscarinic receptor. NMS is a selective antagonist of the pre-synaptic muscarinic receptor that facilitates norepinephrine's release. Finally, PZ and NMS are non-competitive and competitive antagonists, post- and pre-synaptically, respectively. The results suggest that the post-synaptic smooth muscle muscarinic receptor belongs to the M2B (or M3) subtypes. The pre-synaptic muscarinic receptor belongs to the M2A (or M2) subtypes or to a subclass of the M2B (or M3) muscarinic receptor subtypes. PMID- 3186918 TI - Dorsal fin and myotome muscle of the sea horse, Hippocampus. PMID- 3186919 TI - Computer graphics interface to a complex simulation. AB - The program "Cardio VascularCat" is a simulation of a laboratory experiment on the cardiovascular system of the cat, for students of physiology or pharmacology. There are two important innovations in this version, utilizing the "Macintosh environment": 1) The functioning of the program is highly interactive with the student. Any manipulation almost immediately produces some result in the (simulated) experimental animal. 2) The input from the student, and the output to the student, are handled in simple and intuitive ways. The mouse and menu system are utilized to simplify the control of the program. The keyboard is eliminated. The Macintosh graphics capabilities provide for an output display that is easily and quickly interpreted by the student. The program has been tested with a small sample of medical students. As measured by an objective test, the results are equivalent to learning from a textbook. An attitude survey revealed that the Macintosh program is clearly superior for reenforcement and review. PMID- 3186920 TI - Anaphylactic reaction in smooth muscle from the duck. AB - 1. To know if the absence of desensitization in the chicken is characteristic of avian tissues, we studied the anaphylactic reaction in the duck. The contractions elicited in pieces of small intestine of actively immunized ducks upon exposure to the specific antigen, or Schultz-Dale reaction, were compared to similar responses of sensitized chicken and guinea pig intestine. 2. The smooth muscle from chicken actively sensitized contracts, when it is exposed in vitro to the specific antigen. Maximal tension, developed during anaphylactic reaction, is kept until the preparation is washed. New exposure of the muscle to the antigen causes it to develop tension again. This means that exposure to the antigen does not desensitize chicken intestine. 3. Intestinal smooth muscle from sensitized duck developed tension when the specific antigen was added to the bath; the tension was transitory and soon reached the basal line, even before washing the antigen. Contrary to the observations in the chicken smooth muscle, a second antigen dose failed to elicit a contraction of the duck intestine. Duck smooth muscle behaved like mammalian tissue. Exposure to the antigen desensitized duck intestine. 4. On multiple sensitized duck, the order of addition of antigens and their desensitization, did not alter the anaphylactic response to each antigen. 5. These observations are discussed in terms of the known properties of duck antibodies. PMID- 3186922 TI - Institute of Neurobiology, 20th anniversary symposium "Modern Concepts in Neurobiology". San Juan, Puerto Rico, November 11-13, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3186921 TI - The butterfly fauna of Mona Island, Puerto Rico. PMID- 3186924 TI - The interaction of heat and radiation affecting the ability of nuclear DNA to undergo supercoiling changes. AB - DNA damage (putatively strand breaks) from ionizing radiation inhibits the ability of intercalating dyes to induce right-handed supercoils in the DNA loops of HeLa nucleoids [Cook and Brazelle, J. Cell Sci. 22, 287-302 (1976); Roti Roti and Wright, Cytometry 8, 461-467 (1987)] while heat-induced changes in the nuclear matrix enhance this ability [Roti Roti and Painter, Radiat. Res. 89, 166 175 (1982)]. Since heat and radiation interact synergistically or additively on most cellular functions which they affect, the rewinding of DNA supercoils is unusual in that these agents alone affect it in an antagonistic manner. When HeLa cells were exposed to 45 degrees C for 30 min and immediately irradiated with 10 Gy of 137Cs gamma rays, the rewinding response was intermediate between that for cells which had been exposed to 10 Gy only and control. When repair of this damage was assayed in control cells, 97% of the initial damage had been repaired at 30 min postirradiation; at the same time only 10% of the initial damage had been repaired in the heat-shocked cells. This apparent dose reduction effect and the inhibition of repair were interpreted to indicate that heat-induced changes in nuclear structure were masking DNA damage from the assay and the repair system. These effects correlated with the amount of heat-induced excess protein associated with the nucleus and the nucleoid. PMID- 3186923 TI - Preclinical studies of porfiromycin as an adjunct to radiotherapy. AB - The bioreductive alkylating agent porfiromycin (POR) is more toxic to EMT6 cells that are hypoxic at the time of treatment than to aerobic cells. The toxicity of POR to hypoxic EMT6 cells in vitro was similar to that of mitomycin C (MC): the aerobic toxicity of POR was considerably less than that of MC. Treatment of cells in vitro with POR before and during irradiation did not sensitize either hypoxic or aerobic cells to X rays; instead, only additive cytotoxicity was produced. In contrast, treatment of solid EMT6 tumors in vivo with POR plus radiation produced supra-additive cytotoxicity, as assessed by analyses of the complete dose response curves for the killing of tumor cells by radiation alone or by POR alone. The supra-additivity of the combination regimens appeared to reflect the preferential killing by each agent of those tumor cells which were in an environment conferring resistance to the other agent. In contrast, combinations of POR and X rays produced only additive cytotoxicities to marrow CFU-GM. Supra additive antineoplastic effects were obtained at doses of POR which produced little hematologic or other host toxicity. The complementary cytotoxicities of radiation and POR to cells in different microenvironments in solid tumors and the absence of a similar effect in normal tissue make optimized regimens combining radiotherapy and POR unusually promising for the treatment of solid tumors. PMID- 3186925 TI - Enhancement of radiation sensitivity by postirradiation hypoxia: time course and oxygen concentration dependency. AB - We have recently demonstrated that postirradiation hypoxia during colony formation in vitro enhanced the radiation sensitivity of murine tumor cells irradiated and maintained at 0.1% O2. The effect of postirradiation hypoxia was expressed by a significant reduction in the oxygen enhancement ratio. We now demonstrate that this enhancement of radiation sensitivity by postirradiation hypoxia is also observed in a human tumor cell line. The effect was observed at [O2] less than or equal to 0.1%, but was not present at [O2] greater than or equal to 0.5%. Time-course experiments suggested that this enhancement of cell killing by X rays required prolonged exposure to hypoxic conditions. PMID- 3186926 TI - Ionizing radiation induces early, sustained increases in collagen biosynthesis: a 48-week study in mouse skin and skin fibroblast cultures. AB - Groups of 10 CF1 female mice, irradiated to the thorax with a dual-head 137Cs gamma-RAY source, received single doses of 0, 5, 10, 15, or 25 Gy. One to forty eight weeks later collagen synthesis was measured in minced skin specimens incubated in medium containing [3H]proline and then assayed for radioactive hydroxyproline. A progressive, generally dose-dependent increase in collagen biosynthesis, up to 50% above control sites, was found 1, 4, and 12 weeks after radiation exposure. These changes showed further small fluctuations at 12-36 weeks, increasing again at the 48-week interval. At the same times throughout the study fibroblasts were cultured from skin explants. Following the second subculture, these cells were also incubated in medium containing [3H]proline, and collagen synthesis was again determined by [3H]hydroxyproline assay. At all radiation dose levels studied, collagen production increased threefold by 12 weeks postradiation and remained elevated for the 48-week duration of the study. In vitro radiation dose response differences were not observed. PMID- 3186927 TI - Comments on "It is time to reopen the question of thresholds in radiation exposure responses" by J.R. Totter. PMID- 3186928 TI - The BEIR IV report. PMID- 3186929 TI - Radiation dose and second cancer risk in patients treated for cancer of the cervix. AB - The risk of cancer associated with a broad range of organ doses was estimated in an international study of women with cervical cancer. Among 150,000 patients reported to one of 19 population-based cancer registries or treated in any of 20 oncology clinics, 4188 women with second cancers and 6880 matched controls were selected for detailed study. Radiation doses for selected organs were reconstructed for each patient on the basis of her original radiotherapy records. Very high doses, on the order of several hundred gray, were found to increase the risk of cancers of the bladder [relative risk (RR) = 4.0], rectum (RR = 1.8), vagina (RR = 2.7), and possibly bone (RR = 1.3), uterine corpus (RR = 1.3), cecum (RR = 1.5), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (RR = 2.5). For all female genital cancers taken together, a sharp dose-response gradient was observed, reaching fivefold for doses more than 150 Gy. Several gray increased the risk of stomach cancer (RR = 2.1) and leukemia (RR = 2.0). Although cancer of the pancreas was elevated, there was no evidence of a dose-dependent risk. Cancer of the kidney was significantly increased among 15-year survivors. A nonsignificant twofold risk of radiogenic thyroid cancer was observed following an average dose of only 0.11 Gy. Breast cancer was not increased overall, despite an average dose of 0.31 Gy and 953 cases available for evaluation (RR = 0.9); there was, however, a weak suggestion of a dose response among women whose ovaries had been surgically removed. Doses greater than 6 Gy to the ovaries reduced breast cancer risk by 44%. A significant deficit of ovarian cancer was observed within 5 years of radiotherapy; in contrast, a dose response was suggested among 10-year survivors. Radiation was not found to increase the overall risk of cancers of the small intestine, colon, ovary, vulva, connective tissue, breast, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. For most cancers associated with radiation, risks were highest among long-term survivors and appeared concentrated among women irradiated at relatively younger ages. PMID- 3186930 TI - Repair of chromatin damage in glutathione-depleted V-79 cells: comparison of oxic and hypoxic conditions. AB - We have assessed the effects of two radiomodifying conditions, glutathione (GSH) depletion and hypoxia, on the formation and repair of radiation-induced chromatin damage, specifically DNA-protein cross-links (DPC). As measured by a nitrocellulose filter-binding assay, untreated V79 cells contain a low level of DPC (1-1.5% of the cellular DNA). The background level of DPC is elevated in cells treated with L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), in hypoxic cells, and in cells treated with BSO and made hypoxic (2.98%, 2.82%, and 7.71%, respectively). The dose response for production of radiation-induced DPC is approximately 6.0% DNA bound per 100 Gy for cells irradiated in air, and the dose response is not significantly different for BSO-treated cells but increases by a factor of about 1.4 for hypoxic cells and 1.7 for BSO-pretreated hypoxic cells. DPC were also assayed by alkaline elution with or without proteinase K treatment. By this analysis, the yield of DPC appears to be elevated in irradiated hypoxic and irradiated GSH-depleted cells. It is not possible to assay for background DPC alone in unirradiated cells by alkaline elution. Cells not exposed to BSO repair 70-80% of the radiation-induced DPC in 4 h. BSO-treated cells are considerably less efficient in repair of DPC. As analyzed by alkaline elution, GSH depletion had little or no effect on the yield of radiation-induced single-strand breaks (SSB) but slowed their repair. The data suggest that depletion of GSH impairs an enzyme system(s) responsible for the turnover of both background and radiation induced DPC and that hypoxia elevates both the background level of DPC and the ratio of radiation-induced DPC to SSB. PMID- 3186931 TI - Microdosimetry near the trajectory of high-energy heavy ions. AB - Single-event energy distributions were measured in a 1.3-micron-diameter site as a function of radial distance from the trajectory of high-energy iron ions having an energy of about 600 MeV/amu. It was found that beyond distances of a few micrometers the average lineal energy of the (mostly single) secondary electrons (delta rays) is of the order of 3 keV/micron. This is similar to the value found in a medium irradiated by 170-keV photons. The frequency-mean specific energy for delta rays occurring at large distances from the path of the primary ion exceeds the calculated (radial) absorbed dose by two orders of magnitude. PMID- 3186932 TI - Intramolecular H atom abstraction from the sugar moiety by thymine radicals in oligo- and polydeoxynucleotides. AB - Hydroxyl radical addition to uracil (U) has been suggested to lead to strand breaks in polyuridylic acid, an occurrence attributed in part to H atom abstraction by .U-OH radicals from the ribose moiety [D.G.E. Lemaire et al., Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 45, 351-358 (1984)]. We have investigated this particular reaction by means of the hydroxyl radical-induced products of thymine (T), pT, TpT, TpTpT, polythymidylic acid (poly-T), (T + dR) poly-dA.poly-T, and a mixture of T and 2-deoxyribose (dR). The major monomeric product of .T-OH in TpT, TpTpT, poly-T, and poly-dA.poly-T was found to be 5-hydroxy-6-hydrothymine (H-T-OH), while that in T, pT, and T plus dR was thymine glycol (HO-T-OH). These results indicated that the intramolecular H atom abstraction from a nearby sugar (in this case, deoxyribose) moiety by base radicals, i.e., .T-OH, occurs in oligo- and polydeoxynucleotides of T. In poly-T, the yield of H-T-OH is not much greater than in TpT or TpTpT, indicating that the abstraction of an H atom from the sugar moiety of a nucleotide subunit further than two nucleotides along the chain may not be significant. Additionally, a corresponding decrease in the yield of HO-T OH with an increase in the yield of H-T-OH suggests that the formations of these two types of thymine products are competitive. PMID- 3186933 TI - Influence of cellular differentiation on repair of ultraviolet-induced DNA damage in murine proadipocytes. AB - The effects of cellular differentiation on the repair of DNA damage induced by uv radiation were investigated in the murine 3T3-T proadipocyte cell culture system. Upon exposure to human plasma, actively cycling 3T3-T cells (stem cells) undergo growth arrest, which is followed by terminal differentiation into lipid-laden adipocytes. In response to uv irradiation, the level of unscheduled DNA synthesis is significantly lower in adipocytes as compared to stem cells. The alkaline elution assay was used to monitor the appearance of repair-induced strand breaks in 3T3-T cells after uv irradiation. DNA strand breaks were detected in stem cells by 4 min post-uv with essentially no further increase after 8 min. When terminally differentiated adipocytes were irradiated and allowed to repair, however, more strand breaks were present at 4 min and, in marked contrast to stem cells, continued to accumulate in adipocytes for at least 16 min post-uv. Inhibition of repair-replication with hydroxyurea and cytosine arabinoside significantly increased accumulation of repair-induced strand breaks in stem cells, yet had little effect on this accumulation in adipocytes. For stem cells and adipocytes, incision activity was linear out to at least 10 Jm-2 without saturation. These data suggested that 3T3-T cell differentiation is accompanied by a defect in some postincision process of the excision-repair pathway. PMID- 3186934 TI - Cell cycle effect on the induction of DNA double-strand breaks by X rays. AB - Filter elution was used to compare X-ray-induced DNA single- and double-strand breaks in proliferating (P) and quiescent (Q) cells of the 66 and 67 mouse mammary tumor lines. There was no difference either between cell type or between growth states in the amount of single-strand breaks as defined by elution at pH 12.2. In contrast, Q cells appeared to sustain a much larger amount of double strand break damage per Gray than P cells, when the damage was measured by elution at either pH 7.2 or pH 9.6. Experiments which combined centrifugal elutriation with pH 7.2 elution demonstrated that G1-P cells were similar to Q (greater than or equal to 95% G1) cells in the induction of elution-detectable double-strand breaks, while the S-phase enriched fractions sustained less damage than G1-P, Q, or asynchronous P populations. Studies in which P populations were pulse labeled with [14C]thymidine confirmed this finding. Mathematical analysis of the elution kinetics of irradiated P, Q, and S-phase cells supports a model in which the complex elution profiles observed for P cells could be explained as the sum of the one-component exponential elution profiles of G1- and S-phase subpopulations. Also, the correlation between damage measured by pH 7.2 elution and cell survival was tested by examining the dose response for stimulated 66 cells (St4), which like Q cells are greater than or equal to 95% in G1 but are more resistant to X-ray-induced cytotoxicity than are the 66 Q cells. However, the induction of double-strand breaks in St4 cells was identical to that in Q cells. Thus we conclude that there is not necessarily a correlation between the amount of elution-detectable X-ray-induced double-strand breaks and cell survival. PMID- 3186935 TI - Proximity of repair patches to persistent pyrimidine dimers in DNA of normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum cells. AB - The proximity of repair patches to persistent pyrimidine dimers in normal human cells and xeroderma pigmentosum group C and D cells was analyzed by sequential digestion of repaired DNA with Micrococcus luteus UV-endonuclease and Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Although this enzymatic digestion removed one-third of the pyrimidine dimers, less than 3% of the label associated with repair patches and a similar amount of uniformly labeled DNA were removed. The repair patches therefore appear to be similarly distant from persistent dimers in all cell types, and, in particular, are not adjacent to unexcised dimers in xeroderma pigmentosum group D cells. A previous model that suggested that patches are inserted adjacent to dimers in xeroderma pigmentosum group D cells receives no support from these results. PMID- 3186936 TI - Microdistribution and local dosimetry of 226Ra in trabecular bone of the beagle. AB - Sections of lumbar vertebral bodies of young adult beagle dogs have been analyzed autoradiographically to characterize and quantify the local distribution of 226Ra by means of a scanning microscope photometer. The animals received a single injection of 355 kBq/kg body weight and were serially sacrificed at 5 to 1381 days postinjection. Hotspot concentrations decreased from about 51 kBq/g bone at 5 days to 20 kBq/g at 1381 days postinjection. The diffuse concentration changed from 8.3 to 1.9 kBq/g. The mean 226Ra concentration in the trabecular areas scanned was initially higher and at the end of the observation period lower than the average calculated for the whole lumbar vertebral column. Density and area of, and fraction of bone activity in, hotspots virtually remained constant. With time hotspots tended to become translocated into bone volume. Mean dose rates to lining cells from both hotspots and diffuse labels decreased from about 210 mGy/d at early postinjection times to 105 mGy/d. This corresponds to 2.5 to 1.1 times the average skeletal dose rate. A discussion of the level of irradiation in terms of hit frequencies shows that osteoblasts in the initial phase of hotspot formation receive about 60 hits to their nucleus for the duration of bone formation. After about 6 months, however, the 226Ra concentration in new bone and the corresponding hit frequency appears to be low enough that interference with bone formation is unlikely. Morphometric measurements showed that abnormal bone accretion and thickening of trabeculae occurred. This was interpreted as an imbalance between bone formation and resorption. Both formation and resorption seem to be substantially lowered compared to control animals. PMID- 3186937 TI - Cell progression after selective irradiation of DNA during the cell cycle. AB - Chinese hamster ovary cells were labeled with [125I]iododeoxyuridine (125IUdR, 0.1184 MBq/ml for 20 min) and the labeled mitotic cells were collected by selective detachment ("mitotic shake off"). The cells were pooled, plated into replicate flasks, and allowed to progress through the cell cycle. At several times after plating, corresponding to G1, S, late S, and G2 plus M, cells were cooled to stop cell cycle progression and to facilitate accumulation of 125I decays. Evaluation of cell progression into the subsequent mitosis indicated that accumulation of additional 125I decays during G1 or S phase was eight to nine times less effective in inducing progression delay than decays accumulated during G2. The results support our previous hypothesis that DNA damage per se is not responsible for radiation-induced progression delay. Instead, 125I-labeled DNA appears to act as a source of radiation that associates during the G2 phase of the cell cycle with another radiosensitive structure in the cell nucleus, and damage to the latter structure by overlap irradiation is responsible for progression delay (M. H. Schneiderman and K. G. Hofer, Radiat. Res. 84, 462-476 (1980]. PMID- 3186938 TI - Influence of extracellular pH on intracellular pH and cell energy status: relationship to hyperthermic sensitivity. AB - The effect of variable extracellular pH on intracellular pH, cell energy status, and thermal sensitivity was evaluated in CHO cells over the extracellular pH range of 6.0 to 8.6. Extracellular pH was adjusted with either lactic acid, HCl, or NaOH. Regardless of the method of pH adjustment, the results obtained were similar. The relationship between extracellular and intracellular pH was dependent upon the pH range examined. Intracellular pH was relatively resistant to a change in extracellular pH over the pHe range of 6.8 to 7.8 (i.e., delta pHi congruent to delta pHe X 0.33). Above and below this range, delta pHi congruent to delta pHe X 1.08 or X 0.76, respectively. Cellular survival after a 30-min heat treatment at 44 degrees C remained constant over the extracellular pH range of 7.0 to 8.4, but varied substantially over a similar intracellular pH range. The cellular concentration of the high energy phosphate reservoir, phosphocreatine, decreased with decreasing pH. However, the cellular concentrations of ATP, ADP, and AMP remained constant over the entire pH range examined. It is concluded that increased thermal sensitivity resulting from a change in extracellular pH is not due to cellular energy depletion. Furthermore, intracellular pH is a more accurate indicator of thermal sensitivity than is extracellular pH. PMID- 3186939 TI - The induction of DNA strand breaks in normal human skin fibroblasts exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation. AB - The levels of apparent DNA single-strand breaks (ssb) were measured, following a 0-20 h incubation of normal human skin fibroblasts exposed to the solar uv wavelengths produced by a fluorescent sunlamp. The ssb were determined using the alkaline elution assay, which was performed either without proteinase K (proK) or in its presence, so as to eliminate any DNA-protein crosslinks that may be present in the cells. Cells were irradiated with either 3 kJ/m2 of sunlamp uv greater than 295 nm, 150 kJ/m2 of sunlamp uv greater than 315 nm, or 150 kJ/m2 of sunlamp uv greater than 320 nm. These treatments resulted in the production of 5 10 ssb/10(10) Da. For the two shorter wavelength irradiations, the levels of ssb decreased rapidly upon incubation of the cells. However, when the elutions were performed using proK, the number of ssb increased about twofold following a 2-4 h incubation. In contrast, the levels of ssb decreased in the sunlamp uv greater than 320 nm irradiated cells for elutions performed with or without proK. These results suggest that under certain irradiation conditions, ssb are formed in cells upon incubation, which are hidden by the crosslinking of protein to DNA. PMID- 3186940 TI - Interaction of hyperthermia and pentamidine in HeLa S-3 cells. AB - Pentamidine is similar to rhodamine-123 in chemical structure and state of electron charge, and rhodamine-123 was previously shown to be a hyperthermic sensitizer under appropriate cell culture conditions. The present experiments were carried out to determine whether pentamidine would potentiate hyperthermic cell killing and, if so, under what cultural conditions. Exposure of HeLa cells to pentamidine (80 microM) up to 4 h was not cytotoxic in culture medium in the presence or absence of glucose at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4. Cells in the glucose deprived medium became progressively sensitive to killing as temperature and drug concentration were increased. On the other hand, there was a moderate level of enhanced cell killing in the glucose-fed medium at 42 degrees C. The enhanced effects of heat by the drug were most pronounced under alkaline pH of the culture medium. The cell kill under acidic pH was far less than that observed at neutral or alkaline pH; these effects may be a result of decreased cellular uptake of pentamidine. Together with our previous results on rhodamine-123 and glycolytic inhibitors, the present data with pentamidine are consistent with the concept that deprivation of cellular energy increases sensitivity to cell killing by heat. PMID- 3186941 TI - Proliferation kinetics of a murine fibrosarcoma during fractionated irradiation. AB - Accelerated growth of tumor clonogens during the course of fractionated irradiation has been considered one of the major causes of radiation treatment failure. Alterations in clonogen growth rate could occur through three basic mechanisms: changes in cell-loss factor, changes in cell-cycle time, and recruitment of previously quiescent cells into the proliferative pool. This study was designed to assess changes in the cell-cycle time of clonogens of a murine fibrosarcoma during fractionated irradiation using an artificial pulmonary micrometastasis model. Lung colonies of various ages (4 h, 1 day, or 4 days) were exposed to single doses of irradiation ranging from 5-13 Gy; the fraction of surviving colonies was used to determine the preirradiation growth kinetics. The growth kinetics during fractionated irradiation was derived from colony-survival data of 4-day-old micrometastasis exposed to single doses or to 2, 5, 9, and 15 fractions separated by 4, 12, or 24-h intervals. The size of dose fractions used ranged from 1.7 to 14 Gy. The estimated clonogen doubling times before irradiation and during overall treatment periods of up to 14 days were 0.71 and 1.1 days, respectively. This significant (P less than 0.0001) increase in the doubling time was most likely a consequence of lengthening of the overall cell cycle time of the clonogens by radiation-induced division delay. This observation suggests that accelerated growth, when it occurs in some tumors during fractionated treatment, is the result of a decreased cell-loss factor or recruitment of quiescent cells, but not a shortening of the cell-cycle time of the clonogens. PMID- 3186942 TI - Selective killing of glucose-deprived hypoxic cells by hyperthermia. I. Protection by purine ribonucleosides. AB - Energy deprivation increases sensitivity to killing by hyperthermia. Hypoxic cells become dramatically sensitive to heat under glycolytic inhibition or glucose deprivation. To define the role of glucose metabolism in hypoxic cells in the presence or absence of elevated temperatures, cell culture studies were carried out to determine whether the enhanced cell killing of glucose-deprived hypoxic cells could be reversed by nucleoside supplementation. The results with HeLa cells showed that purine ribonucleosides were capable of reversing the enhanced heat-induced cytotoxicity under appropriate cultural conditions. Pyrimidine ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides were ineffective. Based on the known metabolism of purine ribonucleosides, it is postulated that protection from hyperthermic killing by purine nucleosides comes about as a result of increased energy production via the purine nucleotide cycle. PMID- 3186943 TI - The effects of gamma radiation on chondrogenic development in vitro. AB - Gamma radiation (0.9-8.0 Gy) was used as a perturbing agent to study factors influencing in vitro chondrogenesis of embryonic chick limb bud cell culture. Chondrogenesis was measured using a number of criteria, including (1) cartilage nodule production, (2) spectrophotometric determination of the amount of bound Alcian blue dye, and (3) computer-assisted analysis of the spatial distribution (area) and density of Alcian blue present in individual micromass colonies. Gamma radiation inhibited both cell proliferation and chondrogenesis in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Administration of benzamide caused a significant increase in cell proliferation at 0.9 and 2.7 Gy, and in chondrogenesis at all doses. Cartilage nodule production was affected during the first 2 days (prior to 48 h) of culture only, suggesting that chondrocytic commitment occurs during this period. Cultures irradiated at 48 and 72 h produced the same number of nodules as controls, but bound significantly less dye, presumably because of decreased cell numbers and/or cell synthesis products. Computer analysis of micromass colonies provided data similar to those collected spectrophotometrically, but displayed the advantages of (1) increased sensitivity to individual variations, (2) the ability to collect data sets without having to pool three or more colonies, and (3) long-term storage of raw images for later analysis. PMID- 3186944 TI - Cell cycle progression in irradiated endothelial cells cultured from bovine aorta. AB - Logarithmically growing endothelial cells from bovine aortas were exposed to single doses of 0-10 Gy of 60Co gamma rays, and cell cycle phase distribution and progression were examined by flow cytometry and autoradiography. In some experiments, cells were synchronized in the cell cycle with hydroxyurea (1 mM). Cell number in sham-irradiated control cultures doubled in approximately 24 h. Estimated cycle stage times for control cells were 14.4 h for G1 phase, 7.2 h for S phase, and 2.4 h for G2 + M phase. Irradiated cells demonstrated a reduced distribution at the G1/S phase border at 4 h, and an increased distribution in G2 + M phase at 24 h postirradiation. Autoradiographs of irradiated cells after continuous [3H]thymidine labeling indicated a block in G1 phase or at the G1/S phase border. The duration of the block was dose dependent (2-3 min/cGy). Progression of the endothelial cells through S phase after removal of the hydroxyurea block also was retarded by irradiation, as demonstrated by increased distribution in early S phase and decreased distribution in late S phase. These results indicate that progression of asynchronous cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells through the DNA synthetic cycle is susceptible to radiation inhibition at specific sites in the cycle, resulting in redistribution and partial synchronization of the population. Thus aortic endothelial cells, diploid cells from a normal tissue, resemble many immortal cell types that have been examined in this regard in vitro. PMID- 3186945 TI - MPG protection and crypt cell kinetics in mouse ileum. PMID- 3186946 TI - [The course of laser-induced burns in irradiated rats]. PMID- 3186947 TI - [Orienting studies on the direct effect of various radiation types and energies on lectin binding of the human epidermis in vitro]. PMID- 3186948 TI - [Optimization of radiation planning using a combination of simulator and computed tomography]. PMID- 3186949 TI - [Results of combined surgical-radiologic therapy of bladder cancer from the point of view of optimizing dose fractionation]. PMID- 3186950 TI - [Hyperthermo-radiotherapy of recurrences of rectal cancer]. PMID- 3186952 TI - [Perfusion scintigraphy and x-ray diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3186953 TI - [Radiopharmacokinetics of 131I-antibodies against colon cancer used in immunoscintigraphy in animal experiments]. PMID- 3186951 TI - [X-ray fluorescent analytic determination of extracellular fluid in malignant tumors and adiposity]. PMID- 3186954 TI - Thyroid hormones in gamma irradiated rats. PMID- 3186955 TI - Mobilization of 85Sr by flavone derivatives (morin and ipriflavone) in normal and pregnant rats. PMID- 3186956 TI - [Postoperative telecobalt irradiation of conservatively operated rectal tumors]. PMID- 3186957 TI - [The place of computed tomography in osteology]. PMID- 3186958 TI - The value of computed tomography in the diagnosis of tumors of the nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses. PMID- 3186959 TI - [Comparative clinical, x-ray, scintigraphic and thermographic studies in psoriasis arthropathica]. PMID- 3186960 TI - [Indirect sublingual lymphography in the jaw and facial region and the neck]. PMID- 3186961 TI - [Study of the lymph nodes in the jaw and facial region and in the neck using computed tomography]. PMID- 3186962 TI - [Biphasic contrast study of the upper digestive tract]. PMID- 3186963 TI - [A more precise evaluation of coronary collateral circulation using regional flow measurements with xenon-133]. PMID- 3186964 TI - [Possibilities of the use of radioactively labeled metabolites of hemoglobin bilirubin for testing liver function. 1. Labeling of bilirubin with 99m technetium]. PMID- 3186965 TI - [Abstracts of the 24th International Nuclear Medicine Symposium. Reinhardsbrunn, 19-23 April 1987]. PMID- 3186966 TI - [Comparison of 123I-fatty acid and 201Tl myocardial scintigraphy in patients with ischemic heart disease. Assessment of the clinical value by evaluating perfusion and metabolism]. PMID- 3186967 TI - [Expanded evaluation possibilities of 123I-heptadecanoic acid metabolic studies of the myocardium using parametric scintigraphy]. PMID- 3186968 TI - [Application of discrimination analysis to the results of radionuclide ventriculography at rest and during exertion in patients with ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3186969 TI - [Nuclear medical and computed tomographic evaluation of myocardial perfusion in patients with symptoms of angina pectoris with and without coronary vessel changes]. PMID- 3186971 TI - [Optimal setting of a programmable pacemaker using radionuclide ventriculography]. PMID- 3186970 TI - [A combination of scintigraphic and echocardiographic determination of left ventricular ejection fraction]. PMID- 3186972 TI - Solitary pulmonary granuloma with marked enhancement on dynamic CT scanning. AB - A patient is described who presented with a vividly enhancing solitary pulmonary nodule during dynamic CT scanning. This mass proved to represent a granuloma due to coccidioidomycosis. The presumptive mechanism of enhancement as well as the differential diagnosis are discussed. PMID- 3186973 TI - [Ergotism of the lower extremities resulting from thrombosis prevention using DHE heparin. An angiographic follow-up study]. AB - Today ergotism is becoming more and more important as a complication in the treatment of migraine headache or thrombosis prophylaxis with DHE heparin. Although complete recovery is seldom reported in the current literature, in our case it was possible to resolve a spasm of the left lower limb completely by early diagnosis and adequate pharmacological treatment. The case was well documented by serial angiography. PMID- 3186974 TI - [Acute dysphagia]. PMID- 3186975 TI - [Acute myocardial infarct. A changing clinical picture]. AB - Acute myocardial infarction is a major complication of stenosing coronary artery disease and constitutes the most frequent single cause of death. It is caused by thrombotic occlusion of one of the major epicardial coronary arterial branches in most cases. Sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation is responsible for the majority of early fatalities. In 60% of all fatal infarcts, death occurs within 1 h of the onset of pain. The final extension of myocardial necrosis is reached within 2-4 h. An integrated programme has therefore been developed for the surveillance and treatment of patients suffering acute coronary attack; it has been shown that it can markedly lower infarct mortality. It includes mobile prehospital care, intensive care treatment in the hospital, and rehabilitative procedures for application during reconvalescence. Early antiarrhythmic treatment and myocardial reperfusion via fibrinolysis are the main therapeutic procedures in the earliest stage. In hospital an operating room and an operating team must be available round the clock for the performance of coronary angiography followed by percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery, which can be safely carried out in the acute stage providing the indications are strictly observed. Mortality and morbidity can be significantly lowered and both life expectancy and quality of life can be remarkably improved. PMID- 3186976 TI - [X-ray changes in the thoracic organs in acute heart infarct]. AB - Chest X-rays were used to evaluate the hemodynamic status of 86 patients with acute myocardial infarction. The chest films, divided into three groups depending on the degree of pulmonary venous hypertension revealed: grade 1, pulmonary venous congestion; grade 2, interstitial pulmonary edema; grade 3, diffuse alveolar edema. On clinical examination, four grades of congestive heart failure were distinguished in acute myocardial infarction. In 69% of our patients radiological and clinical grading of left ventricular failure led to precisely the same conclusions. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was measured in 31 patients with acute infarction. Radiological criteria of the degree of pulmonary vascular congestion, when related to pulmonary capillary wedge measurements, provide a basis for consistent therapy of left ventricular failure secondary to acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3186977 TI - [The vena cava superior syndrome in sarcoidosis]. AB - We report the first observation of clinical manifestations of vena cava superior syndrome (VCSS) associated with sarcoidosis. Twenty-four years after the first signs of the disease had been noted, mediastinal lymphomas penetrating the wall of the vena cava superior caused complete obstruction. It is most unusual for the vessel wall to be destroyed in this way, which explains why VCSS is often missed in sarcoidosis. The obstructed vessel was resected and successfully replaced by a Gore-Tex prosthesis. The importance of VCSS for the differential diagnosis is pointed out. Two further peculiarities are the simultaneous occurrence of elevated intraocular pressure and VCSS, and the familial incidence. PMID- 3186978 TI - [Risk of infection due to catheter reuse]. AB - Cardiac catheters assigned for reprocessing revealed only minor bacterial contamination. Random samples taken from reprocessed catheters were sterile and free from pyrogens. Among a total of 461 prospectively surveyed patients, in 16 cases a short increase of temperature up to 37.5 degrees C was observed, which appeared independent from the application of reprocessed catheters. None of the patients developed fever or symptoms of catheter-related infection. PMID- 3186979 TI - [Product of the month: SPSS statistical package for the sciences]. PMID- 3186981 TI - [Joint annual meeting of the Hessian Society of Nuclear Medicine and the Association of Southwest Germany Radiologists and Nuclear Physicians. 23-25 September 1988, Ulm. Abstracts]. PMID- 3186980 TI - [Pneumonia? Diagnosis: aortic aneurysm which has ruptured in the upper left lobe of the lung]. PMID- 3186982 TI - Asbestos-related focal lung masses: manifestations on conventional and high resolution CT scans. AB - In 260 asbestos-exposed individuals evaluated by means of computed tomography (CT), 43 unsuspected pulmonary masses were found in 27 individuals. The masses included fissural pleural plaques (n = 10), dense fibrotic bands (n = 3), round atelectasis (n = 11), carcinomas (n = 3), and other presumed benign masses (n = 16). The most helpful features in the diagnosis of rounded atelectasis with CT were (a) contiguity to areas of diffuse pleural thickening, (b) a lentiform or wedge-shaped outline, (c) evidence of volume loss in the adjacent lung, and (d) a characteristic "comet tail" of vessels and bronchi sweeping into the margins of the mass. Less advanced areas of focal atelectasis had fewer classic features. Intrafissural pleural plaques were readily identified with high-resolution CT. In asbestos-related masses, the demonstration of stability over time is necessary. Careful interpretation of CT and high-resolution CT features and close surveillance can obviate the need for biopsy in the majority of instances. PMID- 3186983 TI - Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: CT findings. AB - In pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), a proteinaceous material accumulates in the alveolar air spaces, causing hypoxemia, restrictive lung disease, and dramatic abnormalities on chest radiographs. Complications are unusual, but of the ones that do occur, infection, particularly with Nocardia asteroides, and fibrosis are the most common. Few computed tomographic (CT) studies of this condition have been reported. The CT scans of nine patients with PAP were reviewed. Varying combinations of air-space and interstitial patterns were seen. The CT appearance of air-space disease ranged from ill-defined nodules to patchy consolidation to large regions of confluence. Air-space consolidation was sometimes sharply demarcated from surrounding normal lung tissue, which created a geographic pattern. Despite the predominance of air-space patterns, air bronchograms were not a prominent feature. CT showed the interstitial component of disease and the extent of disease more clearly than did plain radiography. In two cases, CT demonstrated focal pneumonia that was not visible on the radiographs. PMID- 3186984 TI - Cancellation of preoperative breast localization procedures: analysis of 53 cases. AB - Among 603 patients scheduled for a breast biopsy at the authors' institution in 1987, the biopsy was canceled on the day of the procedure in 53 (8.8%). All had been referred from other facilities. An analysis of the original mammograms and the additional imaging procedures performed is presented. The reasons for termination of the planned biopsies include (a) no mass present (n = 22), (b) aspiration of a mass (n = 13), (c) skin calcifications (n = 9), (d) random calcifications (n = 4), (e) skin artifacts (n = 3), and (f) other (n = 2). Practicing radiologists should adapt rigid criteria for biopsy recommendation and propose radiographic follow-up for low-suspicion abnormalities detected. PMID- 3186985 TI - Colorectal carcinoma detected initially with barium enema examination: site distribution and implications. AB - The authors analyzed the site distribution of 122 consecutive cases of colorectal carcinoma in which a barium enema examination was available for review. The carcinoma was detected initially with barium enema studies in 82 cases (67%), sigmoidoscopy in 18 (15%), colonoscopy in 12 (10%), digital rectal examination in seven (6%), and computed tomography in three (3%). Thirty (37%) of the 82 cases found initially at barium examination were located in the cecum and ascending colon, which is a considerably higher proportion than that reported in studies based on cancer registry data or in surgical series. Thirty-eight (95%) of the 40 carcinomas first detected with other techniques were located distal to the hepatic flexure; 18 of those were identified initially with sigmoidoscopy. Because many distal carcinomas were first detected with nonradiologic techniques, an unusually high percentage of carcinomas in the cecum and ascending colon were found initially with barium enema studies. These findings suggest that barium enema evaluation of the right side of the colon needs to be at least as detailed as that of the rectum and sigmoid colon, areas that are increasingly assessed with sigmoidoscopy before barium enema studies are performed. PMID- 3186986 TI - Quantitation of MR relaxation effects of iron oxide particles in liver and spleen. AB - The relaxation effects and organ distribution of superparamagnetic iron oxide particles for magnetic resonance imaging were measured in rats. T1 and T2 were measured for excised organs, and tissue iron levels were quantified with radiolabeling. Approximately 70% of the injected dose is present in the liver and 10% in the spleen 1 hour after injection. At 20 MHz, the doses required to reduce liver and spleen T2 to half the normal value, as measured with a Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill sequence, were, respectively, 420 and 830 mumol iron injected per kilogram of rat. The transverse relaxation rates increase linearly with injected dose and showed no evidence of saturation. These results suggest that this material is less effective than previously suggested. PMID- 3186988 TI - Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles. PMID- 3186987 TI - Ferrite particles as an MR contrast agent. PMID- 3186990 TI - Systemic-to-pulmonary collateral vessels and shunts: treatment with embolization. AB - Abnormal collateral vessels develop frequently in patients with right ventricular outflow or pulmonary artery obstruction. Surgery is usually used to obliterate these vessels but may be difficult, involve prolonged operative time, or require a different thoracotomy than that used for correction or palliation of the cardiac anomaly. Sixteen trans-catheter embolization procedures were performed in 15 patients with systemic-to-pulmonary collateral vessels and shunts. In eight embolization procedures performed because of congestive heart failure or low oxygenation, clinical improvement was obtained in seven. In all six patients who underwent embolization preoperatively, the outcome of surgical correction or palliation was satisfactory. Hemorrhage ceased in the two patients with hemoptysis. There were two complications, one transient loss of femoral pulse and one segmental pulmonary infarction. Embolization is a useful adjunct to surgery and medical management of patients with systemic-to-pulmonary collateral vessels and shunts. PMID- 3186989 TI - Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: techniques and long-term outcome of embolotherapy. AB - Over a 10-year period, 276 pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) were occluded with balloon embolotherapy in 76 patients, 67 (88%) of whom had hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Eleven patients (14%) were discovered by means of family screening with measurement of arterial blood gases and chest radiography. Epistaxis, dyspnea, hemoptysis, and hemothorax occurred in 79%, 71%, 13%, and 9% of patients, respectively. Clinical histories of strokes and transient ischemic attacks were present in 18% and 37% of patients, respectively. Computed tomographic scans of 59 patients showed stroke in 36%. Sixty-five percent of PAVMs were located in the lower lobes, which correlated with the finding of more pronounced hypoxemia in the upright position. After embolotherapy, symptomatic hypoxemia was corrected, and serial values have remained constant for 5 years. Complications were minimal, and no patient required surgery. Balloon embolotherapy is effective long-term therapy for PAVMs, and family screening should be pursued because of the possibility of a higher frequency of paradoxical embolization (stroke) than previously recognized. PMID- 3186991 TI - Acute renal vein thrombosis: successful treatment with intraarterial urokinase. AB - When acute renal vein thrombosis is associated with renal failure, aggressive therapy to eliminate the venous obstruction is indicated. There are reports of successful treatment of this condition with thrombolytic agents administered systemically or directly into the renal vein. Renal arterial administration of urokinase was used successfully to treat acute renal vein thrombosis associated with renal failure in a 9 1/2-year-old child. PMID- 3186992 TI - Normal penile anatomy and abnormal penile conditions: evaluation with MR imaging. AB - The appearance of the normal penis and of a variety of penile abnormalities on magnetic resonance (MR) images was studied in 55 patients with either medium (0.35 T) or high (1.5 T) magnetic field strengths. Penile morphologic characteristics with anatomic detail of the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum were demonstrated in each patient. MR images clearly displayed congenital anomalies (n = 6), penile prostheses (n = 7), fibrous tissue or hematoma due to trauma (n = 8), and fibrous plaque in Peyronie disease (n = 3). MR imaging also demonstrated urethral (n = 6) and penile (n = 5) neoplasms and allowed tumor staging, thus facilitating the surgical approach. PMID- 3186993 TI - Peritoneal implants from ovarian tumors: CT findings. AB - Metastatic peritoneal implants were assessed preoperatively with computed tomography (CT) in 38 patients with ovarian tumors. In the 106 biopsy specimens of gross peritoneal implants and the 118 random biopsy specimens obtained from these patients, metastatic deposits were detected in 27 of 38 (71%) patients and in 104 biopsy sites. CT depicted metastatic lesions in 17 of 27 (63%) patients and in 63 of 104 (61%) biopsy sites. The three sites most commonly involved were the right subphrenic region, the greater omentum, and the pouch of Douglas. The usefulness of CT in detecting lesions depended mainly on the location of the implant and the presence of adjacent ascites, rather than on lesion size. PMID- 3186994 TI - MR staging of bladder carcinoma: correlation with pathologic findings. AB - Forty patients with bladder carcinoma were examined preoperatively by means of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In all patients, total cystectomy with enterocystoplasty and pelvic node dissection was performed. The surgical and pathologic findings were correlated with the MR findings. Extension through the deep muscle of the bladder wall was present in 20 of the 40 patients and was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 95%. Extension to perivesical fat was present in 18 of 40 patients and was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 66% and a specificity of 100%. Invasion of the adjacent organs was present in nine of 40 patients and was diagnosed with a sensitivity of 44% and a specificity of 96%. On the basis of the MR findings, the tumor was correctly staged, according to the TNM classification, in 24 of 40 (60%) patients, tumor extension was overestimated in three of 40 (7.5%) patients, and tumor extension was underestimated in 13 of 40 (32.5%) patients. MR imaging has been shown to be accurate in identification of macroscopic lymph node involvement and deep muscle involvement. It appears to be at least as useful as computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of perivesical fat involvement and to be superior to CT in the detection of invasion of adjacent organs. One limitation of MR imaging is in the evaluation of tumor extension into the periurethral glands. PMID- 3186995 TI - Renal thorium deposition associated with transitional cell carcinoma: radiologic demonstration in two patients. AB - Abdominal radiography, excretory urography, retrograde pyelography, and computed tomography were performed in two patients who had undergone retrograde pyelography with thorium dioxide (Thorotrast) approximately 40 years ago. Both patients developed a transitional cell carcinoma due to suburothelial thorium deposition. Typical thorium densities were demonstrated at CT in the peripelvicalyceal area as well as in retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Elderly patients in whom radiographic examination reveals retained Thorotrast in the kidney should be followed up because of the high risk of renal carcinoma. PMID- 3186996 TI - Temporomandibular joint: MR assessment of rotational and sideways disk displacements. AB - The accuracy of coronal and sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was examined in the assessment of rotational and sideways displacements of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disk. Rotational disk displacement implies a combination of anterior and medial or lateral displacements, whereas sideways displacement implies pure medial or lateral displacement without an anterior component. Multiple 3-mm-thick coronal and sagittal MR images were obtained of 18 fresh TMJ autopsy specimens and compared with the observations in corresponding coronal cryosections. MR imaging correctly delineated the mediolateral position of the disk in 15 joints (83%) and incorrectly delineated it in three joints (17%). Osseous anatomy was correctly assessed in 17 joints (94%). On cryosections, six joints (33%) showed medial disk displacement and two joints (11%) showed lateral displacement. In five of these eight joints the medial or lateral displacement occurred in conjunction with an anterior displacement, that is, rotational displacement. Clinical MR imaging in 37 patients (61 joints with coronal images) showed medial or lateral disk displacement in 16 joints (26%). This study suggests that rotational and sideways displacements of the TMJ disk are an important aspect of internal derangement. The multiplanar capabilities of MR are suitable for an assessment of these abnormalities. PMID- 3186997 TI - Cervical neural foramina: correlative anatomic and MR imaging study. AB - Accurate diagnosis of diseases affecting the cervical neural foramina with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging requires an appreciation of the normal anatomic appearance of the foramen. The MR appearance of the foramen was studied in cadavers and healthy volunteers and was correlated with cadaver cryomicrotome sections. With gradient-echo techniques, foraminal soft tissues are highlighted relative to adjacent bone, making gradient-echo images valuable for evaluating the overall size and contents of the neural foramina. Intravenously administered gadolinium DTPA produces enhancement of all foraminal soft tissues, including the dorsal root ganglion. The nerve roots do not enhance with Gd-DTPA. Gradient-echo pulse sequences and intravenous use of Gd-DTPA represent promising techniques for the evaluation of the cervical foramina. PMID- 3186998 TI - Anulus fibrosus in bulging intervertebral disks. AB - In this investigation the association of radial tears of the anulus fibrosus and bulging of the intervertebral disk was studied. An index of disk bulging was measured in sagittal anatomic sections in 149 lumbar disks from 31 cadavers. The indexes of disk bulging were correlated with stages of disk development and the presence of an annular tear. The largest disk-bulging indexes were always associated with radial tears of the anulus. Eighty-four percent of the disks with radial tears had disk-bulging indexes greater than 2.5 mm. Most normal adult disks had an index of less than 2.5 mm. The results challenge the concept that the anulus fibrosus is intact in bulging disks, although ruptured in herniated disks. PMID- 3186999 TI - Fixed spinal cord: diagnosis with MR imaging. AB - Pulsatile motion of the spinal cord was examined with phase imaging techniques. Sagittal images of the spinal cord were obtained at different times of the cardiac cycle in healthy volunteers, as well as in patients in whom the spinal cord either was tethered, was compressed, or contained an intramedullary lesion. Pulsatile velocity changes of the spinal cord, observed on the phase images, were most marked at the cervical-upper thoracic level. Cord motion was found to be significantly decreased in cases in which the cord was either tethered or compressed. Cord enlargement due to an intramedullary lesion generally did not lead to decreased cord motion. Imaging of pulsatile cord motion may be clinically useful in evaluating diseases restricting cord motion or changing the status of parenchymal compliance. PMID- 3187000 TI - Tissue characterization with T1, T2, and proton density values: results in 160 patients with brain tumors. AB - A method by which the tissue parameters - T1, T2, and proton density - can be measured simultaneously was used in 160 patients with brain tumors to test the complete potential of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for quantitative tissue characterization. MR tissue parameters of a wide variety of tumors, edema, white matter, and gray matter were determined. While normal brain tissues showed only small interindividual variations of tissue parameters, pathologic entities (tumor, edema) were characterized by wide ranges of T1, T2, and proton density values. The considerable overlapping of tissue parameters in different tumor entities, which were analyzed in a three-dimensional T1/T2/proton density space, indicates that a reliable diagnosis cannot be made on the basis of a quantitative evaluation of T1, T2, and proton density alone. PMID- 3187001 TI - Permanent inflation of detachable balloons with a low-viscosity, hydrophilic polymerizing system. AB - A polymer system was developed for use in permanent inflation of detachable balloons, to avoid long-term reliance on the integrity of balloon shells or valve mechanisms. This system is based on 2-hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate (HEMA) as the monomer, in combination with a cross-linking agent and a water-soluble curing system. The low-viscosity, hydrophilic mixture can be exchanged through a small bore catheter into a detachable balloon and polymerizes in 40-60 minutes at body temperature. Partially polymerized HEMA can cause vascular occlusion; hence, careful timing of balloon detachment is required. The evolution of the radiographic appearance of HEMA-filled balloons is predictable. The balloons remain radiopaque on plain radiographs as long as the balloon shell and valve mechanisms are competent. After rupture of the shell or failure of the valve mechanism, the balloons become invisible on plain radiographs but remain hyperattenuating on computed tomography scans. PMID- 3187002 TI - Osteomyelitis: detection with US. Work in progress. AB - Ten patients with clinically suspected osteomyelitis were studied with ultrasound (US). Five patients had abnormalities detectable on sonograms. An abnormal fluid collection was demonstrated adjacent to the bone in three of these five. US guided aspiration of the fluid in two of the three patients revealed purulent or infected fluid that was thought to represent an inflammatory exudate dissecting in a subperiosteal or extraperiosteal location. Findings from subsequent radiographic and scintigraphic studies confirmed the diagnosis of osteomyelitis in these three patients. The other two patients with abnormal sonographic results had collections of fluid that were separated from the bone by a variable amount of soft tissue. These collections were confined to the soft tissue and did not appear to arise from the bone. Aspiration revealed a soft-tissue abscess in one patient and a seroma in the second. Findings in this preliminary study suggest that fluid around the bone seen on sonograms may indicate acute osteomyelitis. PMID- 3187003 TI - Hematologic bone marrow disorders: quantitative chemical shift MR imaging. AB - Twenty-one in vivo studies of bone marrow of the lumbar spine were performed with a 0.6-T commercial MR imager and proton chemical shift imaging techniques. Six healthy volunteers served as controls. Multiple measurements in the volunteers demonstrated reproducibility within errors of 5% for fat fraction and 6% for T1 of water. Ten patients who had histologically proved leukemia or aplastic anemia were then examined. The data show that changes in fat fraction represent the underlying reason for many of the changes observed in conventional spin-echo (SE) images of these disorders. Although both conventional and chemical shift images showed differences among the pathologic groups and healthy volunteers, fat fraction determined with chemical shift imaging was the single best discriminator among them. A two-point estimate of fat fraction was also evaluated. This rapid imaging protocol performed almost as well as the complete quantitative analysis in discriminating between pathologic and healthy tissue and showed improved discrimination compared with conventional SE techniques. PMID- 3187004 TI - Whole-body MR imaging and spectroscopy with a 4-T system. AB - The clinical potential and limitations of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy at 4 T were investigated with the use of a newly constructed system, which has been in use since January 1987. The magnet has a warm bore that measures 1.25 m in diameter, and its homogeneity in a sphere with a diameter of 50 cm is better than +/- 2.5 ppm. It was hypothesized that the improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) afforded by the higher field strength would be useful in reducing imaging time and in improving spatial resolution. In experiments in human volunteers, believed to be the first in which an entire human body was exposed to a magnetic flux density of that magnitude, the subjects were exposed to 4 T for 10-30 minutes. They showed no changes in well-being or heart activity. The expected gain in spectral resolution due to chemical-shift scaling was achieved with the 4-T system, and an improvement in S/N was verified for phosphorus at 34 and 68 MHz. In sodium imaging, the high flux density appears to be useful in reducing imaging time, which should increase the usefulness of sodium imaging in evaluating brain tumors and strokes. In spectroscopy, the increase in flux density improves the quality of the spectra. PMID- 3187005 TI - Radiology reporting: attitudes of referring physicians. AB - Despite the importance of radiology reports in communicating radiologists' interpretations of imaging studies, little appears to be known about the preferences and attitudes of referring physicians regarding the format and content of such reports. The authors surveyed all physicians who referred patients to the radiology department for their opinions of radiology reports. Two hundred fifty-one physicians (42%) responded. The overall quality of the reports was rated an average of 8 on a ten-point scale, with 10 representing the highest quality. Fifty-nine percent said the reports usually were clear, but 40% thought the reports were occasionally confusing. Forty-nine percent noted the reports sometimes did not sufficiently address the clinical questions. Thirty-two percent preferred the summary statement to be at the beginning of the report, while 29% preferred this portion at the end. Forty respondents (16%) thought that it took too much time to receive the reports. This survey can serve as a model for other radiology departments interested in assessing the attitudes of referring physicians toward radiology reports. PMID- 3187006 TI - Influence of CT on radiologic utilization in The Netherlands. AB - The authors studied the influence of computed tomography (CT) on radiologic utilization in The Netherlands. Twenty-six hospitals with a CT scanner were compared with 27 hospitals without on the basis of number of radiologic procedures per clinical patient from 1977 to 1984. Changes in average length of hospitalization were also considered. The number of procedures decreased in hospitals with CT scanners (-9%), in contrast to hospitals without (+10%). The influence of CT on average length of stay appeared minimal. Although this study was limited, the authors believe that use of CT influenced changes in radiologic utilization. PMID- 3187007 TI - Head and neck tumors: dosimetric considerations of mixed-energy photon beam therapy. AB - The goal of sophisticated treatment planning in radiation therapy is to maximize dose to the tumor or target volume, while the integral dose is minimized, to reduce normal tissue morbidity. In the head and neck regions, the anatomic irregularities of individual patients and the critical structures that limit the administration of dose within the irradiated volumes often complicate the optimization of dosimetry. The availability of dual-energy accelerators that deliver beams of low- and high-energy photons allows the convenient administration of mixed-energy photon irradiation and facilitates the development of optimal treatment strategies for selected lesions. Highly lateralized carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract, in which sparing of contralateral cervicofascial tissue is desirable, are particularly well suited for this technique. Treatment plans that make use of irradiation with conventional single energy beams and mixed-energy photon therapy are compared for representative lesions of the head and neck. PMID- 3187008 TI - Bilateral stage Ib glottic carcinoma: results of radiation therapy. AB - Bilateral early carcinoma of the true vocal cords (stage T1bN0M0) makes up about 15% of all stage I carcinomas. Twenty-four patients with stage Ib glottic carcinoma (18 with involvement of the anterior commissure and six without) received a radical course of radiation therapy with the median dose of 6,600 rad (66 Gy) in 33 fractions calculated at midpoint. In 19 patients (80%) radiation therapy alone produced complete local control of the disease. In the five patients in whom treatment failed, the recurrent tumors were confined to the larynx and were noticed within 3 years of treatment. Surgery was subsequently performed in three of the five patients but was successful in only one. In 19 of the 24 patients, the voice sounded relatively normal after radiation therapy. PMID- 3187009 TI - Portal radiographs: digital enhancement of contrast. AB - The quality of low-contrast portal radiographs for radiation therapy can be improved with electronic contrast enhancement. After the image is copied digitally with a laser scanner microdensitometer into 4,096 gray-scale levels (12 bits) and 1,686 X 2,048 pixels, a special software package permits linear, logarithmic, exponential, or sigmoid transformations of the optical density. The precise representation of the portal image can then be interactively adjusted to emphasize the desired anatomy. Clinical examples demonstrate the value of the digital enhancement approach. PMID- 3187010 TI - Liver biopsy through the femoral vein. AB - A technique to perform a liver biopsy through the femoral vein with the Mansfield biopsy forceps is described. Nine liver biopsy procedures were performed in seven patients who were considered at high risk of bleeding, precluding a conventional transperitoneal biopsy. The technique is an easy, safe, and well-tolerated procedure and is an alternative to the traditional transjugular approach. PMID- 3187011 TI - Femoral stress abnormalities: improved scintigraphic detection with frog-leg view. AB - To identify a better scintigraphic imaging technique for detecting proximal femoral stress abnormalities, 51 consecutive patients with hip pain and the clinical suspicion of stress injury underwent three-phase bone scanning with technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate. Delayed scanning included anterior and frog-leg views of the hips. Fifteen patients had focal stress abnormalities of the femoral neck or lesser trochanter; all were detected with the frog-leg view, but only seven were detected with the standard anterior view. Stress abnormalities involving the lesser trochanter were depicted especially well on the frog-leg view. PMID- 3187012 TI - Retractable-barb needle for breast lesion localization: use in 60 cases. AB - A needle system with a retractable barb was developed for localization of nonpalpable breast lesions. The system can be repositioned without major adjustments and strongly anchors to breast tissue, eliminating failure due to dislodgment or transection of the localizing wire. Its use may necessitate fewer confirmatory radiographs, resulting in decreased radiation exposure. In addition, the needle can be retracted during surgery, to ease extraction of the specimen. PMID- 3187014 TI - Percutaneous retrieval of Kimray-Greenfield filter from right atrium and placement in inferior vena cava. AB - Inadvertent placement of a Kimray-Greenfield filter into the right side of the heart occurred in the operating room. With the use of intraoperative fluoroscopy while the patient remained under general anesthesia, the filter was extracted and successfully placed in the inferior vena cava. This was accomplished with standard percutaneous catheter techniques from the femoral route. PMID- 3187013 TI - CT of the bowel: use of water to enhance depiction. AB - To enhance computed tomography (CT) of the bowel walls, water was administered into the colon through the rectum in 42 patients: 16 with rectal cancer, 22 with other colon carcinomas, and four with tumors originating in the pelvic organs. The technique provided a good evaluation of the bowel walls; the presence and extension of the intestinal tumors was assessed in all cases, and infiltrations of the bowel wall from the pelvic tumors were excluded. PMID- 3187016 TI - The use of CT in the examination of asbestos-exposed persons. PMID- 3187015 TI - Liver volume measurements and three-dimensional display from MR images. AB - A method was investigated for measuring the volumes of human livers in vivo from magnetic resonance images and subsequently displaying these livers in three dimensions. Volumetric image sets of phantoms, healthy volunteers, and patients with cirrhotic livers were processed. Two image-processing approaches were compared for accuracy of liver measurements, intrasubject and interobserver variation, and speed of processing. Results indicated that both processing methods had a high degree of volume-measuring accuracy (within 8%), the interobserver measurements had a high coefficient of correlation (r = .9994), the intrasubject measurements had a low coefficient of variation (1.8%), and one method was four to five times faster than the other. The faster and easier of the two image-processing approaches provided satisfactory results for measuring liver volumes, but the slower approach provided more realistic-looking three dimensional images of the liver. PMID- 3187017 TI - Whole-body MR imaging and spectroscopy at 4 T: where do we go from here? PMID- 3187019 TI - Radiologists' roles in mammography. PMID- 3187018 TI - Modified technique for duodenal intubation. PMID- 3187020 TI - Symmetry of hip bone mineral density. PMID- 3187021 TI - The radiologist's role in treating reactions to contrast media. PMID- 3187023 TI - Physician terminated for "abusive behavior". Case in point: Ross v. Beaumont Hospital (687 F. Supp. 1115--MI (1988)). PMID- 3187022 TI - Termination: forgiveness policy & just cause. PMID- 3187024 TI - Legal case briefs for nurses. N.Y.: suture scissors stabbing; CO.: alcohol addiction and proof. PMID- 3187025 TI - Nurse attendant changes i.v. bag: termination. Case in point: Flushing Hosp. & Medical Ctr. v. Local 1199 (685 F. Supp. 55--NY (1988)). PMID- 3187026 TI - Mechano-electrical transduction of the chick hair cell. PMID- 3187027 TI - Cutaneous electroreceptors in the platypus: a new mammalian receptor. PMID- 3187029 TI - The responses of chemoreceptors with medullated and non-medullated fibres to chemical substances and the mechanical hypothesis. PMID- 3187028 TI - The effect of gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones on the activity of vagal hepatic afferent fibres. PMID- 3187030 TI - Multiple messenger candidates and marker substance in the mammalian Merkel cell axon complex: a light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study. PMID- 3187031 TI - The cortical lattice: a highly ordered system of subsurface filaments in guinea pig cochlear outer hair cells. PMID- 3187032 TI - Ruffini corpuscle--a stretch receptor in the connective tissue of the skin and locomotion apparatus. PMID- 3187033 TI - The site and distribution of mechanoreceptors in the periodontal ligament of the cat represented in the mesencephalic nucleus and their possible regeneration following tooth extraction. PMID- 3187034 TI - Functional characteristics of afferent C fibres from tooth pulp and periodontal ligament. PMID- 3187035 TI - Reinnervation of skin by polymodal nociceptors in rats. PMID- 3187036 TI - Morphological features of thin sensory afferent fibers: a new interpretation of 'nociceptor' function. PMID- 3187037 TI - Sensory receptors in a mammalian skin-nerve in vitro preparation. PMID- 3187038 TI - Measurement of intracochlear current flow. PMID- 3187039 TI - Efferent modulation of penile mechanoreceptor activity. PMID- 3187040 TI - Modulation of testicular polymodal receptor activities. PMID- 3187041 TI - Psychophysical and neurophysiological studies of chemically induced cutaneous pain and itch. The case of the missing nociceptor. PMID- 3187042 TI - Possible role of capillary permeability in the excitation of sensory receptors by chemical substances. PMID- 3187043 TI - Calcium channel blockers and Merkel cells. PMID- 3187045 TI - The ultrastructure and receptor transduction mechanisms of dentine. PMID- 3187044 TI - Responsiveness of slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors after close arterial infusion of neomycin in cats. PMID- 3187048 TI - Vision within extrageniculo-striate systems. Proceedings of a satellite symposium to the Second World Congress of Neuroscience. Szeged, 1987. PMID- 3187047 TI - Dynamic response characteristics of the ampullae of Lorenzini to thermal and electrical stimuli. PMID- 3187046 TI - Electrophysiological analysis of chemosensitive neurons within the area postrema of the rat. PMID- 3187049 TI - The role of the primate lateral terminal nucleus in visuomotor behavior. PMID- 3187050 TI - Local, horizontal connections within area 18 of the cat. PMID- 3187051 TI - Cortico-cortical callosal connectivity: evidence derived from electrophysiological studies. PMID- 3187052 TI - Lens accommodation-related and pupil-related units in the lateral suprasylvian area in cats. PMID- 3187053 TI - Retinotopic order and functional organization in a region of suprasylvian visual cortex, the Clare-Bishop area. PMID- 3187054 TI - Anterior ectosylvian visual area (AEV) of the cat: physiological properties. PMID- 3187055 TI - AEV-insular axis: connectivity. PMID- 3187056 TI - The consequences of the superior colliculus output on lateral geniculate and pulvinar responses. PMID- 3187057 TI - Potentiation of contraction of rabbit airway smooth muscle by some cyclooxygenase products. AB - An alteration in smooth muscle sensitivity may be one of the mechanisms of the airway hyperresponsiveness observed in asthma. Indomethacin inhibits experimentally induced airway hyperresponsiveness. We thus examined the effects of the cyclooxygenase products PGD2, PGF2 alpha and a thromboxane A2 analogue U46619 on contractile responses of rabbit airway smooth muscle to histamine, carbachol and electrical field stimulation (EFS). PGD2 did not potentiate any contractile responses. When PGF2 alpha (1 microM) was administered 30 min before cumulative concentration-response curves to histamine and carbachol, no potentiation was observed. However, PGF2 alpha (1 microM) added immediately before EFS and bolus doses of histamine potentiated the contractile responses. U46619 increased the cumulative concentration-responses to both histamine and carbachol. The fact that we could alter smooth muscle sensitivity in vitro with PGF2 alpha and a thromboxane analogue suggests that these mediators may be involved in the airway hyperresponsiveness observed in asthma. PMID- 3187058 TI - 12-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE) and 15-HPETE stimulate melatonin synthesis in rat pineals. AB - The role of arachidonic acid metabolites in norepinephrine (NE)-induced N acetyltransferase (NAT) activity and melatonin release was examined from 6 h incubations of rat pineal glands. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (5 x 10(-8) - 5 x 10(-6) M) was ineffective on melatonin release, in the presence of absence of NE (5 x 10(-6) M) while a lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (5 x 10(-7) -5 x 10(-5) M) had an inhibitory effect. Among the lipoxygenase metabolites, 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE) and 15-HPETE stimulated both NAT activity and melatonin release in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal effect occurring at 10(-6) M, while 5-HPETE or hydroxy derivatives of these compounds (12-HETE, 15-HETE and 5-HETE) were ineffective. These results indicate that 12-HPETE and 15-HPETE can be involved in NE-induced melatonin release. PMID- 3187059 TI - Systemic availability and abortion-inducing effects of nocloprost after intravenous, subcutaneous and intragastric administration to pregnant guinea pigs. AB - Nocloprost was administered to 3 groups of 4 pregnant guinea pigs intravenously and subcutaneously in a dose of 30 micrograms/kg and intragastrically in a dose of 100 micrograms/kg. Plasma nocloprost levels were measured at defined times up to 24 h p. adm. with a specific radioimmunoassay and induction of abortion monitored simultaneously. In one animal per group uterus pressure was recorded continuously up to 8 hours p.adm. Animals were sacrificed 7 days p.adm. and the number and state of fetuses in utero evaluated. Systemic availability of unchanged drug was 100% after intravenous (AUCi.v. = 8.6 +/- 2.0 ng h/ml) and subcutaneous (AUCs.c. = 11.5 +/- 1.2 ng h/ml) administration and approximately 30% after intragastric administration (AUCi.g. = 8.9 +/- 2.0 ng h/ml). The incidence of abortion after intragastric administration corresponded to that after subcutaneous administration. After intravenous injection the abortion rate was somewhat less, indicating that equal AUC-values do not necessarily indicate identical pharmacological effects. PMID- 3187060 TI - Amniotic fluid 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in preterm labor. AB - 5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) is an arachidonate lipoxygenase product capable of stimulating human uterine contractility in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine if preterm labor is associated with changes in the concentration of this metabolite in amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid was obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis from three groups of women with preterm labor: group 1 - women without intraamniotic infection who responded to tocolysis (n = 32); group 2 - women without intraamniotic infection who failed to respond to tocolysis (n = 22); and group 3 - women with intraamniotic infection (n = 14). 5-HETE was determined by radioimmunoassay. The median amniotic fluid concentration of 5-HETE in women who responded to tocolysis (median = 1412 pg/ml; range: 111-3547) was significantly lower than in women who delivered despite tocolysis (median = 2052 pg/ml; range: 136-7774) and women with intraamniotic infection (median = 1876 pg/ml; range: 543-7033) [p less than 0.05]). No difference in amniotic fluid concentrations' of 5-HETE were found between women in groups 2 and 3 (p greater than 0.05). PMID- 3187061 TI - Purification of the human placental NAD-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. AB - An NAD-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase has been purified 13,100-fold from human placental tissue. The specific activity of the purified enzyme ranges from 6900 to 8300 mU/mg protein depending on the method used to determine the protein concentration. On discontinuous electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate more than 95% of the protein migrates as a single band; its estimated molecular weight is 25.5-26.0 kDa. This is half the value obtained when the molecular weight is estimated under non-denaturing conditions and suggests that the enzyme is composed of two identical or nearly identical subunits. PMID- 3187063 TI - [Gratification and refusal in the psychoanalysis of a phallic- narcissistic homosexual patient. Case report of a character analysis]. PMID- 3187062 TI - Prostaglandin (PG) accumulation in vitro by mouse ovaries, oviducts, and uteri. AB - Uteri, ovaries and oviducts from mice were collected at autopsy. Tissue slices were incubated with [3H]-PGE2 in the presence or absence of a large excess (100 fold) of nonradioactive PGE2 using 0.01M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Bound and free PGs were separated by a filtration technique. PGE2 accumulation by the uteri was evaluated as a function of incubation time, wet weight of tissues, and reproductive state. The tissue to medium ratio (T/M) was greater than 1.0 for uteri as the time of incubation increased. This suggests the presence of PGE2 binding sites in mouse uterine tissue. Also, PGE2 accumulation was not observed in oviducts or in ovaries. PMID- 3187064 TI - [Dehumanizing processes in the oedipal situation]. PMID- 3187065 TI - [The beginning of individuation. A congress report]. PMID- 3187066 TI - [How did you find Freud? Or: individuation-separation from a founding father]. PMID- 3187068 TI - Survival and complications in stage I carcinoma of corpus uteri receiving post operative irradiation. AB - 243 patients with carcinoma of corpus uteri were seen between 1980 and 1985, of which 175 Stage I cases were treated by one of six treatment protocols. The survivals of all six groups were comparable. Their complications are correlated with treatment and the time-dose factor (TDF) and extrapolated response dose (ERD) units for rectal radiation dose. As a result, a treatment policy has been adopted for Stage I disease. Total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy is followed by radiotherapy, based on the pathology report. Patients with well differentiated (Grade I) adenocarcinoma infiltrating only as far as the inner third of the myometrium have 33 Gy at 0.5 cm depth from the surface of the upper 3 cm of a vaginal applicator as a single treatment, at a dose rate of l Gy/h. in 48 patients there has to date been no significant reaction nor recurrent carcinoma. Fifty-three patients with more aggressive or invasive tumours were treated by external telecobalt irradiation to the pelvis, 45 Gy in 5 weeks, followed by intravaginal application of 15 Gy at 0.5 cm depth. Six percent had significant reactions, 94% are alive at 1-3 years and none had had a pelvic recurrence. PMID- 3187067 TI - Cosmetic results following lumpectomy, axillary dissection and radiotherapy for small breast cancers. AB - Between 1970 and April 1982, 592 women with T(1), small T2, N0, N1, M0 breast cancer were managed by lumpectomy, axillary dissection and radiotherapy at the Institut Gustave-Roussy (IGR). The overall cosmetic result and the degree of asymmetry, fibrosis and telangiectasia of the treated breast were assessed by the radiation oncologist at each follow-up visit. The changes in these cosmetic parameters with time are shown. At 5 years the overall cosmetic result was excellent in 59%, good in 38% and fair or poor in 8%. A multivariate analysis was performed of the factors associated with a cosmetic defect. The most significant factors were tumour size, the presence of defect after surgery and the daily applied dose per fraction to the breast. Surgical and radiotherapy technique (especially alternate day fractionation) can significantly affect the cosmetic result obtained. PMID- 3187069 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: lack of evidence for a poor prognosis. AB - A retrospective analysis was performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of histologic type (epidermoid carcinoma versus adenocarcinoma) on local control of disease and on the development of distant metastatic disease in 1239 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with radiation therapy alone or surgery and irradiation at the Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology (MIR), Washington University Medical Center, between 1959 and 1982. The 5-year disease-free survival (all stages combined) was 68.0% for 925 patients with epidermoid carcinoma compared to 64.9% for 79 patients with adenocarcinoma treated with irradiation alone (p = 0.34). There was no significant difference in the survival rate when epidermoid carcinoma and adenocarcinoma were compared after stratification by clinical stage except for stage III. The 5-year disease free survival (all stages combined) was 73.4% for 213 patients with epidermoid carcinoma and 77.0% for 22 patients with adenocarcinoma treated with irradiation plus surgery (p= 0.74). Prognostic variables analyzed by multivariate analysis included age at diagnosis, histology, size of lesion, endometrial extension, lymph node status (as evaluated by lymphangiogram), dose to point A, and surgery. Prognostic variables that were significant (p less than 0.05) for the development of recurrent disease in the pelvis were size of the primary lesion and dose of irradiation to point A. Significant (p less than 0.05) factors for the development of distant metastatic disease were size of the primary lesion and metastatic lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187070 TI - 31P NMR spectroscopy measurements of human ovarian carcinoma xenografts: relationship to tumour volume, growth rate, necrotic fraction and differentiation status. AB - 31P NMR spectroscopy was used to study lipid and energy metabolism as well as tumour pH in three human ovarian carcinoma xenograft lines with widely differing growth rate, necrotic fraction and differentiation status. Two of the lines showed decreasing PCr (phosphocreatine) and NTP beta (nucleoside triphosphates beta) resonances and an increasing Pi (inorganic phosphate) resonance with increasing tumour volume range 100-4000 mm (3). This decrease in bioenergetic status was accompanied by a decrease in tumour pH from 7.15 to about 6.95. The volume-dependence of these spectral parameters probably reflected increased nutritional deprivation and development of hypoxia and necrosis during tumour growth. The phosphomonoesters (PME) and phosphodiesters (PDE) resonances did not change significantly with tumour volume. The third xenograft line did not show changes in the intensity of any of the resonances during tumour growth, in agreement with the observation that necrotic fraction and tumour pH (about 7.0) remained constant over the entire volume range. The spectral parameters differed significantly among the xenograft lines at given tumour volumes, but no correlations with volume-doubling time, necrotic fraction or differentiation status were found. The xenograft lines showed less extensive volume-dependence of the spectral parameters than did the KHT and RIF-1 murine tumour lines under identical experimental conditions. PMID- 3187071 TI - Proton NMR relaxation times of experimental Lewis lung carcinoma after irradiation. AB - NMR proton spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times were measured ex vivo on Lewis lung carcinoma after in vivo single irradiation with an absorbed dose of 4 Gy. The results were compared to tumoural volume evolution, pathological examinations, and cell kinetic measurements. Tumour growth decreased between the third and the sixth day after irradiation while relaxation times, especially T1, is increased 2 days before the clinical recurrence of the tumour is observed. Pathological morphometric measurements tempted to show that necrosis is less extended after irradiation. Cell cycle analysis demonstrated the G2/M phase blockade by radiation after one day, and its release 4 days later. These phenomena could be important for in vivo radiotherapy follow-up using determination of relaxation times by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PMID- 3187072 TI - Benefits expected from simple conformal radiotherapy in the treatment of pelvic tumours. AB - In 20 patients with invasive bladder cancer suitable for radical radiotherapy, a simple conformal planning technique has been compared with conventional beam arrangements in terms of normal tissue sparing. The median treatment volume for the group was reduced from 2275 to 1416 cm3 by the introduction of conformal planning. More specifically, in 13/20 patients (65%) the percentage volume of rectum irradiated to 90% of the isocentric dose was reduced by more than 30%, although the extent of rectal sparing varied greatly between patients. Overall, conformal planning appeared to be less successful at reducing the volume of large and small bowel irradiated to high dose. However, the data suggest that considerable benefit can be expected for those patients most at risk of morbidity by virtue of high bowel volumes included within the treatment length. A randomised trial is now being set up to determine the clinical impact of this planning technique in terms of reduced bowel morbidity. PMID- 3187073 TI - Adverse cardiac effects during induction chemotherapy treatment with cis-platin and 5-fluorouracil. AB - Survival for patients with advanced head and neck carcinoma and esophageal carcinoma is poor with radiotherapy and/or surgery. Obviously, there is a need for effective chemotherapy. In the present study, cis-platin (80-120 mg/m2BSA) and 5-FU (1000 mg/m2BSA daily as a continuous infusion during 5 days) were given to 76 patients before radiotherapy and surgery. The aim of the study was to clarify the incidence and severity of adverse cardiac effects to this treatment. Before treatment all patients had a cardiac evaluation and during treatment serial ECG recordings were performed. In the pre-treatment evaluation, signs of cardiovascular disease were found in 33 patients (43%). During treatment, adverse cardiac effects were observed in 14 patients (18%). The mean age of these patients was the same as for the entire group, 64 years. The incidence of cardiotoxicity was not higher in patients with signs of cardiovascular disease than in those without in the pre-treatment evaluation. The most common signs of cardiotoxicity were chest pain, ST-T wave changes and atrial fibrillation. This was followed by ventricular fibrillation in one patient and sudden death in another. It is concluded that patients on 5-FU treatment should be under close supervision and that the treatment should be discontinued if chest pain or tachyarrhythmia is observed. PMID- 3187075 TI - Bon voyage. PMID- 3187074 TI - Protective effect of hypoxia in the ram testis during single and split-dose X irradiation. AB - Spermatogonial stem-cell survival in the ram was studied after single (6 Gy) and split-dose (2 x 3 Gy, interval 21-24 h) X-irradiation both under normal and hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia was induced by inflation of an occluder implanted around the testicular artery. The occluders were inflated about 10 min before irradiation and deflated immediately after. Stem-cell survival was measured at 5 or 7 weeks after irradiation by determination of the Repopulation Index (RI) in histological testis sections. The RI-values after fractionated irradiation were only half those after single dose irradiation. Hypoxia had a protective effect on the stem-cell survival. After split-dose irradiation under hypoxic conditions two times more stem cells survived than under normal oxic conditions; the RI-values increased from 34% (oxic) to 68% (hypoxic). This effect of hypoxia was also found after single dose irradiation where the RI-values increased from 68% (oxic) to 84% (hypoxic). The development of the epithelium in repopulated tubules was also studied. Under hypoxia, a significantly higher fraction of tubules with complete epithelium was found after single (38 vs. 4%) as well as after split-dose irradiation (12 vs. 0%). PMID- 3187076 TI - N2O. PMID- 3187077 TI - The activation peptide of pancreatic procolipase decreases food intake in rats. AB - Pancreatic procolipase is a cofactor for lipase and necessary for optimal fat digestion in the intestine during a meal. It is activated by trypsin in the intestine during release of an activation peptide, with the sequence Val-Pro-Asp Pro-Arg in rat. This peptide, in the following termed VPDPR, was found to decrease food intake in rats. The human procolipase activation peptide with the sequence Ala-Pro-Gly-Pro-Arg (APGPR) had no effect on food intake in rats, nor the trypsinogen activation peptide with the sequence Phe-Pro-Val-Asp-Asp-Asp-Asp Lys (FPVDDDDK). Procolipase added to standard pellets decreased the daily food intake in rats, whereas colipase added to pellets had no effect. PMID- 3187079 TI - Abstracts of the 8th national scientific meeting of the Bayless and Starling Society. 15-16 September 1988, London, U.K. PMID- 3187078 TI - Age-related change in 7B2 (a novel pituitary polypeptide) concentrations in human cerebrospinal fluid. AB - Concentrations of 7B2 (a novel pituitary polypeptide) immunoreactivity (7B2-IR) were measured using a specific 7B2 radioimmunoassay (RIA) in cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) from 87 humans. The mean (+/- S.E.M.) concentration of 7B2-IR in CSF was 2022 +/- 68 pM and a statistically significant decrease with aging was observed in those concentrations (R = -0.28, t = 2.73, P less than 0.01), although it was not a strong relation based on the R-value. In the gel permeation chromatography of CSF on Sephadex G-100, a major peak with an apparent mol. wt. of 43 kDa (43K) and a minor peak with that of 11 kDa (11K) were observed. PMID- 3187080 TI - [The road of radiology]. PMID- 3187082 TI - [Diagnostic accuracy of thoracic radiography in infectious pathology]. AB - It is widely recognized that there may be various different reports on the same radiography, because of every single radiologist's subjective interpretation of semiological findings. The authors retrospectively reviewed the X-ray findings of 110 patients (294 chest radiographs) affected by infective pulmonary diseases. A new diagnosis was made, which was compared to the previous one. The quality of each radiograph was judged too, using a grade scale from 0 to 3. The authors confirmed the previous diagnoses in 65.30% of cases. Most of the discrepancies were in case of suspected hilar-mediastinal node involvement, and in case of evident previous pleuropathies. Statistical studies proved the quality of the radiograph not to largely affect the accuracy of the diagnosis in an extemporaneous and discontinuous judgement (P = 0.085). PMID- 3187081 TI - [Osteosarcoma. A new diagnostic approach in presurgical loco-regional staging]. AB - The value of Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging was examined in the anatomical staging of bone osteosarcomas. Eleven patients were studied--8 central and 3 parosteal osteosarcomas. The accuracy of MR imaging was compared to that of plain film, scintigraphy, CT, and angiography. MR imaging was superior to both CT and radionuclide scanning in defining intramedullary extension and in showing skip metastases. Cortical erosion in central osteosarcomas was demonstrated by MR imaging, CT, and plain film; in 1 case of parosteal osteosarcoma MR imaging was superior to CT in showing cortical penetration. In two cases MR imaging did not accurately demonstrate the relationship of the tumor to the major vessels; only angiography showed vascular involvement. MR imaging was useful in delineating extraosseous extension. The importance is stressed of a correct use of MR imaging towards an accurate diagnosis. In fact, intramedullary extension and skip metastases were better demonstrated on T1-weighted images with large fields, while T2-weighted images and small fields were needed for the best overall evaluation of extraosseous involvement. In conclusion, MR imaging should be used for preoperative staging of osteosarcomas in those cases where diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical, radiographic, and bioptic findings. PMID- 3187083 TI - [Up-to-date computed tomographic findings on the para- and perirenal spaces under normal and pathologic conditions]. AB - The anatomy of the peri- and pararenal spaces was critically reviewed, supported by high-definition CT images. In the past, CT did not allow the visualization of such structures as the perirenal septa. Nowadays, on the contrary, such anatomical structures can be demonstrated, which allows their involvement to be monitored in pathologic conditions. The perirenal septa appear thus to prevent fluid collections from spreading, while they seem to be the preferential pathways for the diffusion of malignant lesions. PMID- 3187084 TI - [Magnetic resonance imaging in the study of brain changes due to carbon monoxide poisoning]. AB - Five cases of carbon monoxide intoxication were studied with MR imaging. The main MR findings were discussed and compared with CT results. MR imaging demonstrated SNC lesions sooner and better than CT--its images corresponding to the anatomic pathological patterns described in literature. However, severe MR limitations- i.e., the very long execution time and the difficult monitoring of the patients- prevent this methodology from being more extensively employed in this kind of pathology. PMID- 3187085 TI - [Myelography in obstetrical paralysis of the brachial plexus]. AB - The use of myelography in obstetric palsies of brachial plexus is aimed at diagnosing root avulsion. This kind of lesion appears as the disappearance of the slightly transparent nerve roots which might be combined either with pseudomeningocele or with deformation of radicular pouch. In our study we considered 69 operated patients who had previously undergone myelography. In 74.2% of cases myelographic findings were confirmed at surgery. False positives and false negatives were 9.7% and 3.2%, respectively. Incorrect diagnoses were made in 12.9% of cases, because of misread lesions and incorrect evaluation of their location, usually at the cervico-dorsal junction. No side-effects were observed. Myelography appears thus to be extremely useful for both the preoperative evaluation and the choice of surgery in newborn children with obstetric palsy of the brachial plexus. PMID- 3187086 TI - [Gastrointestinal interventional radiology. Technics and preliminary results]. AB - Gastrointestinal interventional radiology allows the positioning of feeding tubes in difficult situations, as well as the balloon dilatation of stenoses and the transintestinal drainage of fistulas and collections, with some advantages over endoscopic and surgical procedures. In the present series feeding tubes were positioned in 26 patients, both to get over the strictures in the upper gastrointestinal tract and to exclude fistulous tracts or anastomotic leaks from alimentary transit. Balloon dilatation was performed in 10 patients with stenoses of different aetiologies, at different levels of the gastrointestinal tract: in all cases the clinical symptoms diminished. All the 7 non-neoplastic stenoses were successfully treated (follow-up 6-27 months). The draining of abscesses through the enteric fistulous tract did allow the reduction/resolution of all collections in a short time. These procedures are simple and safe, and help to reduce the interval between diagnosis and therapy. Their failure does not prevent the use of other therapeutic procedures. PMID- 3187088 TI - [Automation of radiotherapy plans with the use of a personal computer]. AB - A system for the automation of radiotherapy treatment planning is described, implemented by a personal computer, which can be employed with both electromagnetic and corpuscular radiation beams, once the characteristics of the beams employed have been recorded. The use of both moving-field and fixed-field techniques is considered. Along the beams, wedge filters and limitation blocks can be interposed. When calculating the radiation dose, both beam obliquity and inhomogeneous tissue structure are to be considered. Dose distribution can be optimized and adapted to the patient's needs. PMID- 3187087 TI - [Radiotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the major salivary glands]. AB - The authors conducted a retrospective study on 99 patients with malignant tumors of the major salivary glands, who had been treated by radiotherapy between 1976 and 1986: 86 cases of parotid tumors and 13 cases of submandibular gland tumors. Only 28 tumors (28%) were T1-T2, N0-N1. Local control, 3-5 and 8-year survival rates, and complications were considered. Radiation therapy alone was performed on 19 patients (19%), while combined surgical and radiation therapy was performed on 80 patients (80%). The results of radiation therapy alone and combined with surgery are discussed. Loco-regional disease control was obtained in 9 out of 19 patients (47%) by irradiation alone, and by combined irradiation and surgery in 60 out of 80 cases (75%). Distant metastases developed in 23 out of 99 patients (23%). Loco-regional metastases were the most frequent cause of death (20 out of 55 cases: 36%). Severe complications were extremely rare. The results demonstrate not only the advantages of combined treatment but also the value of radiotherapy alone in the treatment of tumors of the major salivary glands. PMID- 3187089 TI - [Optimization of the radiotherapy dosage in vertebral metastases]. AB - The authors describe the radiation therapy treatment planning used in the Department of Radiotherapy of Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, to treat bone metastases from various tumors. The study population consisted of 33 patients with vertebral metastases. Treatment with a 60Co therapy unit was performed following either a conventional or a concentrated schedule. The association of a direct posterior field and a rotational technique with the same center and swing angle varying from 120 degrees and 150 degrees is described. The dose percentage given with the two techniques, the field width and the arching angle variables related to depth and volume of the target are discussed. We present some examples elaborated with a dedicated computer by calculating the integral area dose to the whole body and to the target, towards the best treatment planning for every kind of treatment proposed in two groups of six patients with vertebral and sacral metastases. The technique allows a homogeneous dose distribution to the target, thus reducing the area dose to the whole body, which means good radiotherapeutic results. PMID- 3187090 TI - [Multiple simultaneous stratigraphy. Results with a 5-plane system for pediatric use]. AB - The authors report the results of a five-layer simultaneous multisection tomographic technique to be used in pediatric radiology, based on an appropriately selected series of Trimax rare-earth intensifying screens arranged in progressive speed order. The technique has been so far employed with excellent results in 100 children, especially during IVP, when X-ray examination is very frequently disturbed by ileocolic gas. The many advantages of the technique are emphasized: a) all sections are perfectly parallel and simultaneous, in the same respiratory phase and body position; b) film density is practically identical in all sections; c) there is considerable saving in time, machine consumption, and radiation dose. PMID- 3187091 TI - [Computed tomography of the pterygopalatine fossa. Normal anatomy and neoplastic pathology]. PMID- 3187092 TI - [The role of imaging diagnosis in chronic osteomyelitis. A case report]. PMID- 3187093 TI - [Carcinoma of the female urethra. A clinical case report]. PMID- 3187095 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder. Symposium presented at the 60th annual meeting of the S.O.F.C.O.T. Paris, November 1985. Proceedings]. PMID- 3187094 TI - [Evaluation of bone mineral content by quantitative computed tomography]. PMID- 3187096 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder. Introduction]. PMID- 3187097 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder. The acromio-coracoid arch]. PMID- 3187098 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder. The floor of the joint]. PMID- 3187099 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder. The sub-acromio-coracoid space]. PMID- 3187101 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder. Symptomology and classification]. PMID- 3187100 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder. Calcifications]. PMID- 3187102 TI - [Periarthritis of the shoulder. Radiologic study of the rotary cuff]. PMID- 3187104 TI - [Principles of rehabilitation in sub-acromio-coracoid pathology: the centered humeral head]. PMID- 3187103 TI - [Arthroscopy of the shoulder in scapulo-humeral periarthritis]. PMID- 3187105 TI - [Anterior-superior arthrolysis of the shoulder in trophic lesions of the rotary cuff, on the centered head]. PMID- 3187106 TI - [Superior arthrolysis of the shoulder in trophic lesions of the rotary cuff on the eccentric head]. PMID- 3187107 TI - [Repair using a deltoid flap of an extensive loss of substance of the rotary cuff of the shoulder]. PMID- 3187108 TI - [Anterior acromioplasty]. PMID- 3187109 TI - [Extensive anterior release in the painful shoulder caused by anterior impingement]. PMID- 3187111 TI - [Over-extension lesions]. PMID- 3187110 TI - [Repair of sub-spinal rupture (group II)]. PMID- 3187112 TI - [Repair of over-extension rupture]. PMID- 3187113 TI - [The limits of repair (group IV)]. PMID- 3187114 TI - [Aging of the shoulder]. PMID- 3187115 TI - [Development of rotary cuff ruptures in non-surgically treated shoulders]. PMID- 3187116 TI - [Comparative trial of 2 series of ruptures of surgically and non-surgically treated rotary cuffs]. PMID- 3187117 TI - [Acromio-coraco-humeral joint. Direction and extent of stress-bearing ability]. PMID- 3187118 TI - [Acromiotomy with direct sub-spinal repair. Does it still have its place?]. PMID- 3187119 TI - [Translation-rotation osteotomy. 1975-1985 experiences with anterior impingement and incomplete lesions of the rotary cuff]. PMID- 3187121 TI - [Toxic and drug-induced hepatitis]. PMID- 3187120 TI - [A hip prosthesis with a non-rigid femoral implant. The Butel iso-elastic prosthesis]. AB - A new type of femoral prosthesis is described by the authors. This non-rigid implant respects the natural elasticity of bone and, because of this, avoids excessive stress protection of the bone. In addition, bone atrophy caused by rigid components and osteolysis provoked by cement are eliminated. Experimental studies and the clinical and radiological results five years after insertion seem to confirm the value of this concept. PMID- 3187122 TI - [Liver involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Histopathological study with clinico biochemical correlation]. PMID- 3187123 TI - [Transcatheter embolization of bronchial arteries in the treatment of massive hemoptysis]. PMID- 3187124 TI - [Evaluation of the magnetic resonance images in 67 cases of syringomyelia]. PMID- 3187125 TI - [Imported malaria: 72 cases]. PMID- 3187127 TI - [Hereditary nonpolyposis carcinoma of the colon]. PMID- 3187126 TI - [Surgery of pulmonary metastases. Review of 25 cases]. PMID- 3187128 TI - [Calcification in the right iliac fossa in an 80-year-old woman with recurrent colic pains in the right hypochondrium and a palpable mass]. PMID- 3187129 TI - [Psittacosis of non-avian origin]. PMID- 3187130 TI - [Etiologic diagnosis of Turner's syndrome by radiography of the hand]. PMID- 3187131 TI - [Unusual onset of a pyogenic abscess of the psoas muscle]. PMID- 3187132 TI - [Black adenoma secreting cortisol and tuberculosis in the same adrenal gland]. PMID- 3187133 TI - [Diabetes mellitus and platelet function]. PMID- 3187134 TI - [Human leptospirosis--the infection in the inhabitants of the Aricanduva River valley, Sao Paulo city, 1984-1985. I. Aspects of the group studied and of the environment]. PMID- 3187135 TI - [Patients with acquired diseases of the mouth, nose and ear: the changed basic needs and expectations in relation to nursing care]. PMID- 3187136 TI - [Nursing care given by students to the private patient--a report on experience]. PMID- 3187137 TI - [Public health nursing in the control of Hansen's disease. An analysis of activities accomplished]. PMID- 3187138 TI - [Publications in nursing: an inquiry on priorities]. PMID- 3187139 TI - [Nursing care of the patient with hematological disorders]. PMID- 3187140 TI - [Personalized instruction system--a resource for nursing education]. PMID- 3187141 TI - [Nursing consultation for the hypertensive patient: an analysis of an instrument used and a proposal of a new mode]. PMID- 3187142 TI - A comparative study of smoking, drinking and dietary habits in population samples in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. I. Study design and dietary habits. AB - Diet, tobacco and alcohol consumption, and occupational histories have been investigated in stratified random samples of the adult population in 6 areas in France (departement of Calvados), Italy (province of Varese and city of Torino), Spain (provinces of Navarra and Zaragoza) and Switzerland (canton of Geneva), to be used as a reference group in a case-control study on cancer of the larynx and hypopharynx. Out of a total of 8,074 sampled subjects, 5,564 could be interviewed. Sampling procedures are described, and reasons for non-response are analysed. Everywhere the intake of the 4 energy providing nutrients (particularly alcohol) was much greater in men than in women. In both sexes, total caloric intake was higher in Calvados and in Italy than elsewhere. There were wide inter area variations in the consumption of butter + milk products and oils, resulting in a polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio ranging from 0.27 in Calvados to 0.54-0.65 in Spain. Among nutrients suggested to be involved in cancer aetiology, inter-area differences in daily intake were up to 3-fold for carotene and smaller for vitamin C and fibre. The proportion of lipids, fibres, vitamin C and carotene provided by different foods varied widely between areas, thus suggesting that in etiological cancer studies consideration should be given not only to nutrients but also to foods providing them. PMID- 3187144 TI - Perinatal outcome, maternal weight gain, cigarette smoking and social status in Jerusalem. AB - Past studies have reported consistent depression of birthweight among offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy, but depression of maternal weight gain and increase in perinatal mortality have been inconsistent; these have been generally associated with smoking among women of low social status. Among 8,263 pregnancies in West Jerusalem from 1974 to 1976 to women who were not religiously observant, birthweight was low among infants of smokers, but maternal weight gain was not depressed nor was perinatal mortality increased. Thus, the experience of these women in Jerusalem was similar to that of continental European, and affluent British and North American women. There appears to be no inevitable link between maternal smoking and depressed weight gain, nor with markedly increased perinatal mortality (however, since numbers of deaths were small, this observation requires replication). These results are consistent with the possibility that sustained weight gain among smokers may have contributed to the suppression of an effect of maternal smoking on increased perinatal mortality. PMID- 3187143 TI - A comparative study of smoking, drinking and dietary habits in population samples in France, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. III. Consumption of alcohol. AB - Individual present and life time intake of aethanol has been studied in population samples of six areas of Italy (Torino, Varese), Spain (Navarra, Zaragoza), Switzerland (Geneva) and France (Calvados); 2,965 men and 2,369 women were interviewed. Abstinent men were no more than 4% except in Zaragoza (11.5%); 49 to 61% drank between 20 and 80 g. aethanol a day and 21 to 26% more than 80 g. (36% in Navarra). Women drank much less and were more often abstinent: 50 to 94% of them did not drink or drank less than 20 g. a day. Wine was the most commonly consumed beverage (over 60% of total alcohol intake), except in Calvados where cider was still largely consumed (over 30%). Such differences in drinking habits by sex and region are of major public health importance. They do not appear in national sales statistics which must be complemented by surveys on individuals. PMID- 3187145 TI - [Demographic impact of AIDS mortality in France in 1990: AIDS before suicide and next to traffic accidents]. AB - This paper presents an evaluation of the demographic impact of mortality by AIDS in the next future years, in France. Future cases are predicted by using a regression technique based on an exponential model. Three demographic indicators are computed: Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL), Expectancy of Life (EL) and Expectancy of Active Life (EAL) for males. For example, in 1990 AIDS would be responsible of a loss of 0.67 and 0.38 years for EL and EAL respectively. These results would raise AIDS almost to the Accidents level and ahead of Suicide. Moreover, we consider that the estimations presented in this article are rather optimistic, taking into account the fact that there is an increasing proportion of IV drug abusers cases, younger than the other cases. PMID- 3187146 TI - [Psychosocial consequences of HIV infection]. AB - A questionnaire survey of 103 patients of the Paris Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital measures the changes in family life, work relations and in sexual behaviour occurring after an HIV infection diagnosis. Most patients choose to keep their diagnosis secret, an attitude that places them into a double bind situation. This silence, chosen as a mean of self-protection, prevents patients from making themselves understood and from mobilising the material and psychological help they need. PMID- 3187147 TI - [Detection of flat condylomata of the cervix uteri in the Department of Rhone]. AB - In France's Rhone Department, the prevalence of cervical condylomas detected through cervical smears was measured in a systematic study. The rate determined was 1.67% of the women examined. This rate declines slightly with age among women up to 50 years of age, and declines more among those over 50. The study shows a higher frequency of cases in spring (May and June) and in autumn (September and October). We found important geographical variations, with overall higher rates in urban zones. However, there were certain notable exceptions (high rates in some rural areas and low rates in some urban zones). This survey will be followed up to examine the variation of this rate in time. The study has formed the basis of new hypotheses which must be verified by subsequent surveys. PMID- 3187148 TI - Trends in mortality from major non-communicable diseases in the middle-aged population of Malta. AB - Trends in life expectancy and mortality from major non-communicable diseases in Malta were analyzed from the national vital statistics available. Most of the increased life expectancy during the 20th century in Malta took place between 1930 and 1960 and since then only a minor increase was observed. The peak in age standardized total mortality in men and women aged 40-69 years was during 1974 76. Total mortality in men was about 40% higher than that of women. The proportion of deaths from major non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes) of all deaths increased during 1968-82. In 1983-84 in the age group 45-64 cardiovascular diseases accounted for 54% of deaths in men and 43% in women, cancer 27% and 34%, and diabetes 3% and 11% in men and women, respectively. The international comparison of mortality data showed that mortality from both cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes was clearly higher than in other European Mediterranean countries ranking among the highest in the whole Europe. Public health intervention programmes have initiated in Malta to reduce these high death rates in the future. PMID- 3187149 TI - [Numeration of patients from anonymous data: a method established with the epidemiological data of public health of Paris]. AB - Anonymity in the registration of medical information for computerized data, which is imposed by French legislation, complicates the processing and utilization of epidemiological data at Paris's Public Hospitals ("Assistance Publique de Paris"). The number of patients may only be counted by linkage of anonymous data from files containing information on hospital stays. Some characteristics of this procedure are described. An original method for refusing the procedure giving anormalous results, based on probability calculation, is developed and applied to one example. PMID- 3187150 TI - [Importance of gastric acid secretion as a regulator of ingestion in the mouse]. PMID- 3187151 TI - [Evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux by continuous 24-hour pH measurement after surgical treatment of achalasia of the cardia]. PMID- 3187152 TI - [Return of esophageal peristalsis after surgical myotomy in idiopathic achalasia]. PMID- 3187153 TI - [Enterovesical fistula]. PMID- 3187155 TI - [Acute pancreatitis and hyperparathyroidism: etiologic relationship or coincidence?]. PMID- 3187154 TI - [24-hour rhythm of prolactin secretion in liver disease patients with and without signs of feminization]. PMID- 3187156 TI - [Digestive endoscopy in pediatric emergencies. Our experience over 15 years]. PMID- 3187157 TI - [Triglycerides and chylomicrons in acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 3187158 TI - [Primary leiomyosarcoma of the gallbladder]. PMID- 3187159 TI - [Rectosigmoid diffuse cavernous hemangioma]. PMID- 3187160 TI - [Diagnosis using monoclonal antibodies of an abdominal recurrence causing an anemic syndrome, after surgery for cecal cancer]. PMID- 3187161 TI - [Duodenal rupture caused by closed abdominal trauma. Apropos of 3 cases]. PMID- 3187162 TI - [Acute abdomen caused by a perforated gastric lymphoma]. PMID- 3187163 TI - [Free intestinal perforation in Crohn's disease]. PMID- 3187165 TI - [Colorectal carcinoma: diagnostic delay, clinical aspects and prognosis]. PMID- 3187164 TI - [Leukocytoclastic vasculitis and ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 3187166 TI - [Perforation of the colon in systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 3187167 TI - [Sepsis due to Yersinia enterocolitica at the onset of idiopathic hemochromatosis]. PMID- 3187168 TI - [Effects of massive resection of the ascending colon. Experimental study]. PMID- 3187169 TI - [Identification of the precise etiologic agent in occupational asthma. Constraints and necessity]. PMID- 3187170 TI - [International medico-legal aspects of occupational asthma]. AB - The authors explain the different types of legislation, according to dissimilar systems, which enable the Social Security or private services to take charge of the care required for occupationally acquired asthma. They emphasize that compensation is currently specified in the different countries by official international organisations. Also, the after-effects ought to be considered according to the particular norms in the asthmatic patient. The consequences of these facts on the necessity of a policy of prevention are described. PMID- 3187171 TI - [Sleep apnea syndrome: late sequela of poliomyelitis]. AB - A syndrome of sleep apnoea may appear 15 to 29 years after acute anterior poliomyelitis (PAA). It is generally a mixed syndrome with an association of central type and obstructive apnoea in variable proportions. We report such a case occurring in a patient who had presented 30 years before with PAA, and presenting on this occasion with resting pulmonary artery hypertension, polycythaemia but without disturbance of blood gases. Treatment with positive pressure ventilation was given by the nasal route at 10 cm of water leading to an improvement with a significant decrease in the number and duration of apnoeic episodes and a disappearance of desaturation. The sleep apnoea syndrome (SAS) should be considered as a possible late sequel of PAA. PMID- 3187172 TI - [Neoplastic pulmonary embolism. Apropos of a case diagnosed by transbronchial pulmonary biopsy]. AB - The authors report a case of micro-pulmonary emboli of malignant cells observed in a 58 year old lady who had been submitted to a mastectomy for cancer 18 months before, followed by chemotherapy for six months. The patient entered into the terminal phase of her disease with dyspnoea which became rapidly incapacitating leading to her death ten weeks later, in spite of heparin therapy and chemotherapy. The diagnosis was furnished by a transbronchial biopsy. However, the discovery of a mobile mass in the right ventricle raised the question as to the source of the micro-emboli. PMID- 3187173 TI - Nursing care of the patient with multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3187174 TI - A comparative study of impairment ratings in multiple sclerosis patients. PMID- 3187175 TI - Multiple sclerosis rehabilitation: inpatient vs. outpatient. PMID- 3187176 TI - A care plan for the family of a brain trauma client. PMID- 3187178 TI - My testimonial to Rudy and Ada. PMID- 3187177 TI - A saint I ain't. PMID- 3187179 TI - Well-being: ask the patient. PMID- 3187181 TI - Expression of asymmetric forms of acetylcholinesterase during myogenesis in vitro. AB - Chick muscle cells differentiating in vitro in the absence of nerve cells produce asymmetric forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) only if they originate from muscles which accumulate these forms in ovo (i.e. after embryonic day 5). The presence of nerve cells does not induce the synthesis of A forms in cultures of 5 day-old myoblasts and does not increase their proportion in cultures of 7 day-old myoblasts. Thus, the capacity to synthesize (or assemble) the complex polymeric forms of AChE does not reflect a direct neural influence but might rather be considered as an intrinsic property of the "late" categories of myoblasts that sequentially occur during the differentiation of leg muscles. We studied the synthesis of ChE molecular forms in the mouse muscle C2 cell line. From these experiments we suggest that the synthesis of A forms (or their assembly) can take place as soon as the cells are withdrawn from the cell cycle, but does not require cell fusion by itself. These observations are related to other recent studies that challenge the validity of A forms as topographical/physiological markers of neuromuscular interactions. PMID- 3187180 TI - [Several classes of myoblasts participate in the formation of skeletal muscles in birds]. AB - Our results show that when myoblasts, isolated at different stages during muscle development, were cultured they formed myotubes expressing distinct phenotypes. An early phenotype was expressed by myoblasts isolated from 4-5 day old embryos and this phenotype could be modulated according to the culture conditions, i.e. seeding of the myoblasts as isolated cells or as reaggregated clumps of cells. An intermediate phenotype was expressed by myoblasts isolated from 7-8 day old embryos and it was independent of culture condition. A late phenotype was expressed by myoblasts isolated from embryos older than 9 days. In this case again, it could be modulated by culture conditions but, this time, modulation was brought about by subculturing the cells before they differentiate. These various phenotypes do not result from environmental differences in the culture but reflect the existence of distinct classes of myoblasts present at these different stages. This was demonstrated by isolating homogeneous clones of myoblasts at these stages and by showing that they express the corresponding phenotype. PMID- 3187182 TI - [Regulation of the expression of alpha and beta tropomyosin genes during development of the pectoral muscle in the chicken]. AB - Accumulation of mRNAs coding for alpha and beta skeletal tropomyosins was investigated using specific probes and normalized to muscle creatine kinase (M CK) mRNA by slot-blot assays. In developing pectoralis muscle, the ratio of alpha TM messenger/M-CK remained constant until hatching, at which time the messenger disappeared within a week. However, in the leg, this ratio remained constant until 8 days after hatching, whereafter it decreased progressively to reach 30% in the adult. The alpha TM/M-CK ratios were almost the same in the embryonic leg and pectoralis muscle. After hatching, there was a large increase in pectoralis muscle (x 3 at day +4, x 0 at day +21) whereas, the increase was less pronounced and more progressive in the leg (x 3 at day 21). Run-on assays showed that nuclei isolated from 15-day in ovo leg and pectoralis muscles had similar patterns of muscle specific gene transcription whereas post-hatched pectoralis muscle nuclei were shown to have a higher rate of alpha to beta tropomyosin gene transcription. These data are in accordance with the results obtained for protein analysis of leg and pectoralis muscles and support the notion that changes in the protein pattern of developing muscle can be relevant to coordinate regulation of gene transcription. PMID- 3187184 TI - [Polymorphism of acetylcholinesterase and myosin during development of fast and slow muscles denervated in the newborn rabbit]. AB - The rabbit Semimembranosus proprius (SMp) and Semimembranosus accessorius (SMa) muscles represent good models for studying the transformations of muscle properties during postnatal differentiation. In the adult, these muscles are homogeneous in slow twitch (SMp) and fast twitch (SMa) fibers, respectively. However, they are heterogeneous at birth and express their adult characteristics from two months onwards. During this period we studied the influence of motor innervation on the development of their properties, particularly at the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) molecular forms and myosin slow (LCs) and fast (LCf) light chains. The postnatal alteration of SMa and SMp muscles was characterized by the disappearance of the neonatal heterogeneity and the acquisition of the homogeneous fast or slow fiber type pattern. The fibers of these muscles denervated at birth were altered differently: dramatic atrophy of fast twitch fibers whatever the muscles studied, preservation of SMp slow twitch fiber characteristics and fatty degeneration of SMa. At birth, both muscles presented a similar pattern of myosin fast and slow LC. In control muscles, the alteration of fiber populations to homogeneous types led to the disappearance of supernumerary chains from 15 days onwards. In the slow muscle, neonatal denervation prevented LCf disappearance. In the fast muscle, denervation influenced essentially the installation of LCf which was delayed by 15 days. At birth, the polymorphism of AChE was similar in SMp and SMa muscles. One month after denervation, the specific activity of AChE was twice that of the control. Its polymorphism was not much disturbed, while in the adult denervation induced a large increase in AChE specific activity (x 10) and particularly a great alteration in its polymorphism according to the fast or slow muscle fiber types. PMID- 3187183 TI - [Myosin isoforms synthesized during regeneration of fast contraction skeletal muscle regeneration, in the presence of motor nerve and after denervation. Study in adult rats and mice]. AB - Adult rat and mouse fast contracting skeletal muscles were injured by a cardiotoxin. New myosins of embryonic, neonatal and adult types appeared 4 and 5 days after the treatment in both innervated and denervated muscles. Although their structure remained altered, innervated--but not denervated--muscles rapidly recovered a normal isomyosin pattern. PMID- 3187185 TI - [Functional reinnervation of a skeletal muscle by means of a peripheral nerve autograft to the spinal cord by dorsal approach. Study in the adult rat]. AB - Peripheral nerve grafts were used in adult rats to join the spinal cord to a denervated skeletal muscle. From 2 to 5 months later, results of electrophysiological, histological and retrograde horseradish peroxidase labelling studies showed that spinal neurons, and especially motoneurons, were probably involved in the formation of new functional cholinergic neuromuscular junctions through these bridges. PMID- 3187186 TI - [Innervation, activity rhythm and accumulation of myosin light chains in a fast muscle of chickens]. AB - The fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscle (PLD) of the chick ceases to accumulate slow myosin light chains (MLC) during neonatal development. On day 18 of embryonic life slow MLC represented only 2% of total MLC, and LC3F was first detected. In chick embryo, spinal cord stimulation at a slow rhythm modifies PLD differentiation toward the slow type: LC3F did not accumulate and slow MLC increased. In contrast, stimulation at a fast rhythm accelerated LC3F accumulation. PLD denervation on day 2 after hatching inhibited the synthesis of LC3F. Direct stimulation at a fast rhythm led to post-hatching development into normal fast type while a slow rhythm influenced the development of denervated PLD towards the slow type. In innervated PLD, the effect of stimulation at a slow rhythm was less important than in denervated PLD. These results suggest that the rhythm of the neural and/or contractile activity plays an important role in the MLC expression during embryonic and post-natal development of the chicken fast muscle. PMID- 3187187 TI - Glucose utilization by fetal muscles during maternal fasting. AB - In utero, glucose utilization by fetal muscles (heart and hindlimb) displays important interspecies differences. In the fed state, it is 5-fold higher in rat than in rabbit fetal muscles. Maternal fasting induces a decrease in glucose utilization in fetal muscles of the rat but not of the rabbit. PMID- 3187188 TI - The retirement process among older women in the United States. Changes in the 1970s. PMID- 3187189 TI - The effects of race differences in work history, work attitudes, economic resources, and health on women's retirement. PMID- 3187190 TI - Hepatotoxicity of cyclophosphamide in man: pharmacokinetic analysis. AB - Of 44 patients with neoplasia treated with cyclophosphamide (CPA), 19 (43%) had a transient elevation of serum levels of aminotransferases. In these patients, regardless of the combination chemotherapy regimen given, the incidence of liver dysfunction was 33%, when the total CPA dose was less than 400 mg/m2 (Group A) and 73% with higher doses (Group B). Prior to the initiation of CPA treatment, pharmacokinetics of CPA were investigated in 15 patients. Plasma AUCs of CPA and phosphoramide mustard (PM) in 8 patients in Group B were higher than those in 7 Group A patients. In contrast, urinary excretion of 3-hydroxypropyl-mercapturic acid (3-HPMCA) was lower in Group B than in Group A. The ratio of urinary 3-HPMCA to plasma AUC of PM was significantly lower in Group B than in Group A (p less than 0.05). These results indicate that CPA-induced liver injury is mainly dose dependent and presumably results from impaired metabolism of CPA, and especially of its metabolite, acrolein. PMID- 3187191 TI - Research on heterocyclic compounds. XXIV. Antiinflammatory activity of some imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine derivatives. AB - A group of four acidic imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine derivatives were subjected to a series of tests in vivo in order to assess their pharmacological activity. Antiinflammatory activity was studied by means of the carrageenin-induced paw edema and pleurisy in rats. Hot plate test and writhing induced by acetic acid in mice were employed to evaluate analgesic activity, whereas the yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats was used to study antipyretic activity. The irritative and ulcerogenic action on the rat gastric mucosa was examined at higher doses. The inhibitory activity on the platelet malondialdehyde production was studied in order to obtain information about the mechanism of action of test compounds. PMID- 3187192 TI - Calcium antagonism in isolated rat uterus by methylmethacrylate. AB - Methylmethacrylate (MMA) was evaluated for the ability to block actions of calcium in the isolated rat uterine preparation. MMA blocked receptor-mediated contraction and the phasic and tonic portions of the KCl induced contraction of the uterus. The effects of MMA could be antagonized by increasing the concentration of calcium. In the Ca++-free, K-depolarized preparation, MMA produced dose related depression of contraction. PMID- 3187193 TI - Halothane-induced liver injury as a consequence of enhanced microsomal lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs. AB - We investigated the role of microsomal lipid peroxidation in halothane hepatotoxicity in guinea pigs. Animals were exposed to halothane, isoflurane or enflurane. Enhancement of microsomal lipid peroxidation was specific to halothane. The time-course of lipid peroxidation and hepatic damage following a single exposure to halothane was investigated by measuring the thiobarbituric acid (TBA)reactive products, serum transaminase activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and histopathological examination. Microsomal lipid peroxidation was enhanced most rapidly and preceded GSH depletion and hepatic injury. Metyrapone, an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450, and N-tert-butyl-alpha phenylnitrone (BPN), a radical trapping agent, inhibited halothane-induced lipid peroxidation and the incidence and severity of liver injury. The metabolism of halothane was considered to be inhibited by metyrapone and the reactivity of radical intermediates was considered to be decreased by BPN. Microsomal lipid peroxidation was initiated by radical metabolites of halothane but did not result from GSH depletion. Inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation reduced the halothane hepatotoxicity. These results demonstrated that the halothane-induced liver injury was caused by microsomal lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs. PMID- 3187194 TI - Biovailability and pulmonary first-pass removal of etretinate in rats. AB - The oral biovailability of etretinate (ET) and its presystemic loss due to pulmonary extraction were studied in the rat. The oral biovailability was found to be 15%. The percentage of a dose of ET escaping pulmonary extraction was estimated to be 49%. These data suggest substantial presystemic loss of ET, including significant extraction by the lungs. PMID- 3187195 TI - The flavonoid silymarin increases the permeability of rat bone marrow cells to (3H)-uridine. AB - The pretreatment of rats with the flavonoid silymarin increases the in vitro uptake of (3H)-uridine to bone marrow cell RNA. This stimulatory effect is unrelated to an increase in the activity of cellular polymerases. It is proposed that the flavonoid enhances the permeability of the cell to (3H)-uridine acting at the membrane level. PMID- 3187196 TI - Effects of chronic inhalation of ethylene oxide on lipid peroxidation and glutathione redox cycle in rat liver. AB - The chronic effects of ethylene oxide (EO) on hepatic metabolism were investigated. Both reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione in liver were not changed during chronic exposure to EO for 13 weeks. On the other hand, increased levels of malondialdehyde were detected at 6 weeks and at the end of exposure periods, as compared with those of control livers. The activity of glutathione reductase was decreased at 6 and 13 weeks and therefore in inverse proportion to the lipid peroxide, although the reduced form of glutathione did not decrease probably due to the increase of de novo synthesis. These results indicate that EO treatment enhances lipid peroxidation and also affects glutathione redox cycle, but glutathione did not play a causative role in the induction of lipid peroxidation under the present conditions. PMID- 3187197 TI - Comparison of the effects of bifemelane hydrochloride, idebenone and indeloxazine hydrochloride on ischemia-induced depletion of brain acetylcholine levels in gerbils. AB - Effects of bifemelane hydrochloride, idebenone and indeloxazin hydrochloride on ischemia-induced decrease in acetylcholine (ACh) levels were studied in gerbils. Among these three drugs, only bifemelane hydrochloride significantly inhibited the decrease in ACh concentration in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and striatum of ischemic gerbils. This suggests that bifemelane hydrochloride has an anti-ischemic action and beneficial effects on various symptoms induced by ischemia. PMID- 3187198 TI - Central effects of N-substituted derivatives of 2,6-dioxopiperidine in mice. AB - Pharmacological activities of N-allyl, N-benzyl and N-o-xylyl derivatives of both 2,6-dioxopiperidine (DOP = glutarimide) and 4-ethyl-4-methyl-2,6-dioxopiperidine [bemegride(BG)] were studied in mice. Convulsant activity, hypnotic activity, anticonvulsant activity, acute toxicity and interactions with some hypnotics were used as pharmacological indexes. N-Benzyl-2,6-dioxopiperidine (ByDOP) and N-o xylyl-2,6-dioxopiperidine (o-XyDOP) exhibited some hypnotic activity. N-Allyl-2,6 dioxopiperidine (ADOP), ByDOP and o-XyDOP prolonged the pentobarbital (PB) induced sleep by 2.5-, 9- and 4-fold, respectively, as compared with the control at a dose of 80 mg/kg, i.p. On the other hand, N-allylbemegride (ABG) exhibited convulsant activity at a high dose. N-Benzylbemegride (ByBG) and N-o xylylbemegride (o-XyBG) also showed some hypnotic and anticonvulsant activities. BG (20 mg/kg, i.p.) shortened the amobarbital (AB)- and thiopental (TP)-induced sleep, whereas ABG (80 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly shortened only the barbital (B) induced sleep, in spite of showing with 20 and 80 mg/kg, i.p. the prolonging effect on the AB- and PB-induced sleep. At a dose of 80 mg/kg, i.p., ByBG significantly prolonged the phenobarbital (PheB)-, AB-, PB-, TP- and glutethimide (GI)-induced sleep, and o-XyBG also showed the prolonging effect on the PheB-, AB , TP- and GI-induced sleep. These results indicate that ByDOP and o-XyDOP possess some central depressant effect, ABG has antagonistic effect on the B-induced sleep and that substitution of aromatic groups on the N position of BG reduces the convulsant activity but increases the depressant activity. PMID- 3187199 TI - Chronic primidone treatment in the rat: an animal model of primidone therapy. AB - A continuously protective, nontoxic, oral model of chronic treatment with primidone was developed in the rat. Rats were treated with primidone (100 mg/kg) by gastric gavage twice daily for up to 8 weeks. This treatment was continuously protective as measured by seizures induced by hexafluorodiethyl ether and minimally toxic as measured by weight gain. Plasma primidone concentration reached a peak (13 micrograms/ml) 2 hours after gavage and was almost undetectable by 12 hours. Plasma phenobarbital concentration peaked (52 micrograms/ml) at 6 hours postgavage after reaching a minimum (19 micrograms/ml) at one hour postgavage. Phenobarbital concentrations measured in plasma, brain and liver after 8 weeks of chronic treatment correlated significantly between each tissue and plasma. PMID- 3187200 TI - Prolonged survival time of sarcoma 180-bearing mice treated with lipid microspheres-entrapped antitumor marine coral prostanoids. AB - Antitumor marine coral prostanoids (clavulone II and chlorovulone I) were entrapped into lipid microspheres of 0.2 micron diameter to make lipo-drugs. Daily treatment with lipo-chlorovulone I (1.6 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and lipo-clavulone II (12.5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) on days 1 through 5 markedly prolonged the survival time (135% ILS and 73% ILS, respectively) of mice inoculated with sarcoma 180 as compared with that of a corresponding dose of respective free chlorovulone I and clavulone II. These results suggest that lipid microspheres may be used as drug delivery carriers for antitumor coral prostanoids in vivo. PMID- 3187202 TI - Blood flow distribution and its temporal variability in stimulated dog gastrocnemius muscle. AB - The distribution of blood flow in skeletal muscle stimulated to rhythmic isotonic contractions was studied by injections of radioactive microspheres into the arterial supply in 8 gastrocnemius muscles (mean weight 84 g) of 6 anesthetized dogs (20-25 kg body weight). The distribution of 10 micron microspheres in regions of about 0.5 g was very similar to that of the standard 15 micron microspheres, whereas that of 25 micron microspheres was more uneven. The coefficient of variation (CV = SD/mean) of the ratio of simultaneously injected 10 micron and 15 micron microspheres, 0.12, was taken as the inherent scatter of the method. The average spatial distribution inequality of 10-15 micron microspheres corresponded to a CV of 0.45 and the specific local blood flow inhomogeneity to a CV = 0.43 ( = square root 0.45(2) - 0.12(2], but there were marked differences between muscles. At equal blood flow levels, the inhomogeneity during reactive hyperemia was similar to that observed during stimulation. The temporal variability of blood flow in individual muscle pieces was obtained from the comparison of fractional trapping of 4 to 5 differently labeled microspheres injected at intervals of 2 min into steadily stimulated muscles. The mean CV for the variations in time was 0.23 and that corrected for methodological scatter, 0.19, but the differences in the extent of temporal blood flow changes among muscle pieces within a muscle and between different muscles were large. The presence of considerable spatial and temporal variations of blood flow in exercising muscle during apparent steady state may be important in limiting and/or modulating tissue O2 supply. PMID- 3187201 TI - Effect of glycerol treatment on pulmonary lipid metabolism in mice. AB - In this study, we demonstrated that glycerol treatment caused the alterations of pulmonary lipid compositions in ddY mice. The increases of total phospholipid (TPL), diacylglyceride (DG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) + phosphatidylglycerol (PG) contents in the lung were observed by oral administration of 5% glycerol in drinking water for 2 weeks. However, other pulmonary lipid components measured in this study were almost unchanged by this treatment. These results suggest that glycerol treatment might induce changes of pulmonary lipid metabolism in mice. PMID- 3187203 TI - Laryngeal paralysis on receptor and reflex responses to negative pressure in the upper airway. AB - Mechanoreceptors affected by changes in transmural pressure and/or contraction of intrinsic muscles are present in the larynx. This study is designed to test the hypothesis that laryngeal paralysis alters laryngeal mechanoreceptor and reflex responses to collapsing pressure. Experiments were carried out on anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. The activity of 65 mechanoreceptors was recorded from the superior laryngeal nerve during upper airway occlusion before and during laryngeal paralysis induced by cold block of both recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLN). Esophageal and upper airway pressures were also recorded. Thirty-three laryngeal mechanoreceptors stimulated by negative pressure decreased their inspiratory activity during upper airway occlusion from 48.1 to 30.4 imp/sec when the RLNs were blocked. In contrast, 21 inspiratory modulated mechanoreceptors inhibited by negative pressure and 11 responding only to negative pressure did not change their activity during RLN block. The effect of laryngeal paralysis on the cricothyroid muscle response to negative pressure was assessed in 7 dogs and found to be minimal. These results suggest that 'drive' receptors stimulated by negative pressure do not play a significant role in the reflex activation of upper airway dilating muscles. PMID- 3187204 TI - Respiratory and vasomotor responses to focal cooling of the ventral medullary surface (VMS) of the rat. AB - Experiments were performed on anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated rats after denervation of the vagus and carotid sinus nerves. The electrical activity of the phrenic and cervical sympathetic nerves (CS) along with the arterial blood pressure (BP) were monitored. Graded unilateral cooling of the ventral lateral surface (VMS) from 37 degrees C to 10 degrees C between 6th and 12th nerve rootlets did not affect the phrenic activity. Whereas, a significant depression or apnea was seen with cooling of an area between 1st cervical and 12th nerve rootlets. Bilateral cooling also produced similar respiratory responses. Respiratory depression could also be obtained during higher respiratory drive (7% CO2 in O2). On the other hand, a significant fall in BP and reduction in CS activity were observed with unilateral cooling in any of these VMS areas. However, the magnitude of BP decrease was less with 7% CO2 in O2 compared to 100% O2 breathing. PMID- 3187205 TI - Metabolic energy production during adrenergic pH regulation in red cells of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. AB - Whole blood from Atlantic salmon was incubated anaerobically at 10 degrees C so as to measure the metabolic activity of the nucleated erythrocytes. An acute extracellular acidosis was produced by adding either an acid solution (sham) or an acid solution with adrenaline (final concentration, 5 x 10(-4) M). The extracellular acidosis produced by the sham solution was transferred to the erythrocytes, whereas with adrenaline, intracellular pH actually increased in the face of a plasma acidosis. Indeed, the extracellular acidosis in the adrenaline treated blood was significantly higher than that of the sham as a result of net H+ excretion from the erythrocyte. This pH response of the erythrocyte was accompanied by a proportional increase in the O2 consumption of the blood, with no change in lactate production. In comparison to sham-treated cells, the content of erythrocytic nucleotide triphosphates initially decreased upon addition of adrenaline but was thereafter maintained at a constant NTP/Hb ratio presumably due to an increased ATP turnover. In conclusion, it appears that the aerobic rather than anaerobic metabolism of erythrocytes is accelerated upon addition of adrenaline to blood, and that this increased metabolism is involved in fueling the membrane transport processes involved in adrenergic pH regulation of salmonid red cells. PMID- 3187206 TI - Adaptive respiratory responses of trout to acute hypoxia. I. Effects of water ionic composition on blood acid-base status response and gill morphology. AB - The effects of various levels of hypoxia (PWO2 ranging from 10 to 60 Torr) on arterial blood gases (PaO2 and PaCO2) and acid-base status were investigated in trout at 15 degrees C. The hypoxic responses of two stocks of trout living in natural waters having very different levels of NaCl (1.0 mmol.L-1 and 0.1 mmol.L 1) and carbonate alkalinity (0.4 mmol.L-1 and 2.4 mmol.L-1) were compared. The use of an extracorporeal circulation method made it possible to continuously monitor the pH changes. The different patterns of the acid-base status observed in response to hypoxia depend on the evolution of PaO2. Two critical PaO2 thresholds were defined. Crossing the upper (about 15 Torr) induces metabolic acidosis which is normally followed by pH recovery, while crossing the lower (about 10 Torr) promotes loss of capacity to compensate acidosis. The NaCl concentration of the water drastically modifies the fish sensitivity to hypoxia: fish living in water with a low NaCl concentration have less resistance to hypoxic exposure. This may be explained by the fact that in fish living in low NaCl concentrations, the secondary gill lamellae are surrounded by chloride cells, which considerably reduce the surface area available for gas exchange. Consequently a modest fall in PWO2 induces a drastic reduction of the arterial oxygen tension which crosses the lower critical PaO2 threshold. PMID- 3187207 TI - [Classification of retraction pockets]. PMID- 3187208 TI - [Fixed retraction pockets and their treatment]. PMID- 3187209 TI - [Fibro-adhesive otitis. Definition. Clinical and anatomopathologic data, value of surgical treatment]. PMID- 3187210 TI - [Pre-cholesteatoma status]. PMID- 3187211 TI - [Secondary retraction pockets]. PMID- 3187212 TI - [Round table: retraction pockets, surgical point of view]. PMID- 3187213 TI - [The striking hammer]. PMID- 3187214 TI - [Surgical indications in Meniere's disease: value of electrocochleography]. PMID- 3187215 TI - [Round table: acute laryngeal dyspnea in children]. PMID- 3187216 TI - [Vascular corditis and micro-angioma]. PMID- 3187217 TI - [Tonsillectomy and allergic and/or asthmatic disorders in children and young adults: current practices]. PMID- 3187218 TI - [An unusual tumor of the petrous bone: an epidermoid cyst]. PMID- 3187219 TI - [Otorhinolaryngologic sulfurated crenotherapy. Biological and statistical arguments]. PMID- 3187220 TI - [The Prelco mono-canal extra-cochlear implant]. PMID- 3187221 TI - [Anesthesia problems posed by uvulo-palato-pharyngoplasty (UPPP)]. PMID- 3187222 TI - [Congenital fistula of the neck. Technical notes apropos of 20 cases]. PMID- 3187223 TI - Noninfectious pulmonary infiltrates. PMID- 3187224 TI - Urogenital problems in neurology. PMID- 3187225 TI - Sexual functioning of persons with neurologic disorders. PMID- 3187226 TI - Neurologic basis of voiding disorders in patients with cerebrovascular accident. PMID- 3187227 TI - ["Current status and perspectives of methodologies of drug control". 30-31 October 1987, Iasi. Abstracts]. PMID- 3187228 TI - [Pharmacologic interactions and the therapeutic implications of leukotrienes (II)]. PMID- 3187229 TI - [Evaluation of risk factors and their correlation with aspects of cardiovascular pathology]. PMID- 3187230 TI - [Cardiac dynamics in atrial fibrillation]. PMID- 3187231 TI - [Postglucagon evolution of blood glucose, a test for treatment stabilization and prognosis in diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3187232 TI - [Objective diagnosis of mixed angina pectoris]. PMID- 3187233 TI - [Characteristics of the evolution of myocardial infarct in young people]. PMID- 3187234 TI - [Coordinates and the outlook for public psychiatric care]. PMID- 3187235 TI - [Forensic psychiatric criteria of posttraumatic craniocerebral syndromes (with reference to the subjective syndrome of the brain-injured)]. PMID- 3187236 TI - [Assessment of the limits of tolerance for frustration in disharmonic personality syndromes]. PMID- 3187237 TI - [Integrative dynamics of cases of discordant psychosis seen as outpatients]. PMID- 3187238 TI - [The nephritogenic role of Streptococcus group C zooepidemicus, a recognized priority in Iasi]. PMID- 3187239 TI - [The contributions of Iasi to the study of acute diarrheal diseases (ADD)]. PMID- 3187240 TI - [The physicochemical composition of mineral waters of the territory of Moldavia used therapeutically]. PMID- 3187241 TI - [Effect of chronic alcoholism on male fertility]. PMID- 3187242 TI - [Ultrastructural aspects of chronic superficial marginal periodontopathies]. PMID- 3187243 TI - Investigations and new hypotheses on the biophysical bases of the action mechanisms of acupuncture. PMID- 3187244 TI - [Buccodental lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3187246 TI - Semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins. PMID- 3187245 TI - [Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characteristics of trimag tablets]. PMID- 3187247 TI - [Numerical evaluation of expressions of probability used in medical language]. PMID- 3187248 TI - [Carcinoid of the small intestine]. PMID- 3187249 TI - [Optimization of the diagnosis of gastric cancer: cytology via endoscopic fine needle aspiration]. PMID- 3187250 TI - [Current developments in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3187251 TI - [The cardiac veins. IV. The branches of the coronary sinus. The great cardiac vein]. PMID- 3187252 TI - [Pneumology and thoracopulmonary surgery]. PMID- 3187253 TI - [Comments on the essence of man]. PMID- 3187254 TI - [The effect of 300 mg ranitidine, 800 mg cimetidine and a placebo administered after the evening meal on 24-hour gastric pH in duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 3187255 TI - [Anticoagulation in pregnant women with a cardiac valve prosthesis]. PMID- 3187256 TI - [Delays in hospitalization in acute myocardial infarction. Comparison between data recorded in Brussels and in Charleroi-La Louviere]. PMID- 3187257 TI - [The treatment with prostaglandin E1 of a suspected hepatic veno-occlusive disease in a leukemic patient]. PMID- 3187258 TI - [Recurrent fevers]. PMID- 3187259 TI - [Liposomes and infection. Therapeutic possibilities and current clinical findings]. PMID- 3187260 TI - [Temporal perspectives and diabetes in children]. PMID- 3187261 TI - [Pediculosis of the hairy skin]. PMID- 3187263 TI - [Alteration in general status and polyadenopathies in a 66-year-old man]. PMID- 3187262 TI - [The plasma contact system towards a different vision of blood coagulation]. PMID- 3187264 TI - [Epidemiology of Lyme disease]. PMID- 3187265 TI - [The depressed and sleep disturbed patient. Symposium. 24 October 1987, Lucerne. Proceedings]. PMID- 3187266 TI - [Sleep disorders in depressive states. Neurophysiological generalities]. PMID- 3187267 TI - [L-5-HTP in the treatment of sleep disorders in patients with depression and anxiety states]. PMID- 3187268 TI - [Etiopathogenetic mechanism of depression]. PMID- 3187269 TI - [Epileptic and non-epileptic disorders related to the sleep-wake cycle]. PMID- 3187270 TI - [Differential diagnosis of abnormal daytime drowsiness]. PMID- 3187271 TI - [Insomnia: causes and assessment]. PMID- 3187272 TI - [Possibilities of drug therapy for spinal diseases]. PMID- 3187273 TI - [Persistent pruritus ani]. PMID- 3187275 TI - [Heat therapy of first and second-degree internal hemorrhoids in comparison to other forms of therapy]. PMID- 3187274 TI - [A new concept in the suppository therapy of proctological diseases--aluminum hydroxychloride foam suppository]. PMID- 3187276 TI - [Lord and Millar method of treatment of pilonidal fistula. Experiences following 133 operations 1980-1987]. PMID- 3187277 TI - [The diagnosis of acute (deep venous thrombosis) amd of chronic venous circulatory disorders *chronic venous insufficiency) using light reflection rheography (LRR) in clinical and hospital practice]. PMID- 3187278 TI - [Transient one-sided blindness]. PMID- 3187279 TI - [A case from practice. Patient: W.P., born 1931, real estate manager]. PMID- 3187280 TI - [Evolution in the choice of antibiotics from 1982 to 1987 in the Fribourg cantonal hospital]. PMID- 3187281 TI - [Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: experimental basis and practical management]. PMID- 3187283 TI - [Acute and chronic infections due to Coxiella burnetti (Q fever): from diagnosis to treatment]. PMID- 3187282 TI - [Tularemia in Switzerland. Observation of 3 cases]. PMID- 3187284 TI - [Leptospirosis]. PMID- 3187285 TI - [Infections related to intravenous catheters]. PMID- 3187287 TI - [Angiology and vascular surgery]. PMID- 3187286 TI - [Open question to those responsible for the measles-mumps-rubella vaccination program]. PMID- 3187288 TI - [Chronic arteriopathy of the lower limbs: current therapeutic trends]. PMID- 3187289 TI - [Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta: diagnosis and surgical indication]. PMID- 3187290 TI - [Arterial and venous vascular reconstruction following trauma]. PMID- 3187291 TI - [Meningitis in adults at the Vaudois University Hospital Center. Diagnosis, management and development of 112 cases]. PMID- 3187292 TI - Proceedings of UICC International Symposium on the Status of Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Vienna, Austria: Part II. PMID- 3187293 TI - Prognostic factors of adult metastatic renal carcinoma: a multivariate analysis. AB - In order to define the prognostic factors for metastatic renal carcinoma, we reviewed 134 patients who were treated from 1971 through 1986. Survival rates were 72, 45, and 25% at 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. Seventeen variables were tested using the logrank test. Improved survival was correlated with normal performance status, and an absence of fever, weight loss, hepatic metastasis, and lung metastasis (or, if lung metastasis was present, less than 2 cm in diameter and limited to one site), a disease-free interval, sedimentation rate less than 100, and renal surgery. Four variables retained significant value in the multivariate analysis: hepatic metastasis, lung metastasis, disease-free interval, and a variable combining the sedimentation rate and the weight loss (SWRL). Predictive survival rates based on these variables were calculated from the Cox model. Six subgroups of patients were identified. The estimation of survival is clinically of value for future phase II trials of chemotherapy in patients with adult metastatic renal carcinoma. PMID- 3187294 TI - Deoxyribonucleic acid content in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: clinical implications. AB - Tumor DNA content was analysed in 26 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The primary tumors were homogenously diploid in ten patients (38%). In 16 patients (62%) an aneuploid DNA content was found in at least one of eight tumor samples analyzed. Patients with diploid tumors survived significantly longer (P less than 0.001) than patients with aneuploid primary tumors (median 32.5 and 6 months, respectively). The DNA content of the metastases seems to give additional prognostic information. The results indicate that DNA content is a useful prognostic predictor in renal cell carcinoma. Patients with homogenously diploid tumors might be treated aggressively with nephrectomy and excision of apparent metastases, particularly solitary, since these patients seem to have a chance for prolonged survival time. Aneuploidy in metastases, solitary and multiple, indicates that nephrectomy is not meaningful. PMID- 3187295 TI - Immunotherapy of metastatic renal cancer. AB - Various reports in the literature suggested active specific immunotherapy to be highly efficient in metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC). Thirty five patients with tumor stage III or IV, according to Robson, were treated with autologous or homologous cell vaccine after radical nephrectomy had been performed. In stage III tumors immunotherapy was administered as prophylaxis or after an interval, when metastases occurred. Clinical results during a 3-year follow-up period revealed no statistically significant differences in comparison to an age-matched control group. There was no advantage in employing autologous instead of homologous therapy. Three-year survival rate in stage IV tumors with autologous vaccination was 11% vs. 6% in tumors with homologous therapy. Two complete and two partial tumor remissions occurred. PMID- 3187296 TI - Adverse reactions in long-term interferon treatment. AB - Adverse reactions in interferon treatment were studied in long-term treatment schedules. Thirteen patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with 10(7) units interferon-2b s.c. daily for 6 months showed serious side effects. The general condition worsened in 10 patients. The average weight loss was 7 kg per patient. The remissions achieved (1 complete, 2 partial) were seen after 2-3 months of treatment. In 11 patients treated in an adjunctive setting (10(7) units interferon-2b s.c. 3 times weekly) side effects were less severe. Generally the treatment was tolerated well. In one patient the general condition worsened, weight loss was mild and restricted to the first treatment month. PMID- 3187298 TI - [Confusional states of epileptic origin. Value of emergency EEG]. AB - Fifty-two patients having suffered 60 episodes of non convulsive Status Epilepticus (SE) proven by electroencephalography between 1976 and 1986 are reported. According to electroclinical criteria, these SE were classified into three groups: Petit Mal Status (PM St), Psychomotor Status (Ps M St) and Frontal Polar Status (F St). The exact diagnosis could not be accurately established by the clinical examination alone. It required the analysis of the ictal EEG. However, some clinical signs might suggest the correct diagnosis. Thus, a fluctuating confusional state associated with myoclonus suggested a PM St. A state of confusion with alteration of the emotional sphere evoked especially a Ps M St. A confusional state associated with behavioural disorders of euphoric type and to programmation difficulties was seen mainly in F St. PMID- 3187297 TI - [Borrelia burgdorferi encephalomyelitis]. AB - We report two patients with chronic encephalomyelitis due to Borrelia burgdorferi in whom the definite diagnosis was delayed because of atypical clinical features. The first patient presented with chronic spastic paraparesis, slight ataxia and nystagmus of several years' duration. A tentative diagnosis of multiple sclerosis was made in spite of important abnormalities of the CSF biological characteristics. The second patient presented with an acute aphasia and a bilateral Babinski's sign. He was thought to suffer from benign herpetic meningoencephalitis. Several months later, as the patient experienced relapses with cerebellar and spinal cord involvement, falsely positive tests for syphilis were found and an antibiotic treatment was given. High protein content, low glucose levels, pleocytosis and oligoclonal bands were observed in all CSF samples, but the definite diagnosis was based on the detection of serum and CSF antibodies against B. burgdorferi. PMID- 3187299 TI - [Continuous muscular activity. Clinical aspects and neurophysiological differences from Isaacs' syndrome]. AB - We report a case of continuous muscle activity, unusual from both the clinical and neurophysiological point of views. The neurological examination revealed a continuous rippling of muscles, but limited to the lower part of the face, to the forearm and to the muscles of the thenar eminence. All deep reflexes were normal. Hyperperspiration, spasms and stiffness of abnormal postures were absent. Electromyography displayed continuous motor unit discharges. An abnormal F wave was elicited only from the affected territories. The disappearances of the spontaneous activity and of the F wave occurred not only after the motor nerve block, but also after the block of the afferent sensitive fibres. Therapy with carbamazepine, hydantoin, diazepam and baclofen did not bring improvement. PMID- 3187300 TI - [Value and limitations of the study of gamma-enolase in cerebrospinal fluid as evidence of neuronal degeneration]. AB - Elevation of the gamma-chain of the glycolytic enzyme enolase in the cerebrospinal fluid has previously been reported as a parameter for neuronal damage. The authors evaluated this by measuring gamma-enolase in the CSF of a number of patients with neurological disease known to produce neuronal damage, using a commercial radioimmuno-assay test kit. All measurements were done when gamma-enolase levels had been reported to be maximal during the course of the disease. The results suggest that, as a parameter for neuronal damage, gamma enolase is not as reliable as reported. An elevation of gamma-enolase in the CSF seems to reflect serious disease; this could be important in differentiating encephalitis caused by Herpes Simplex virus from other viral encephalitides. A normal level of gamma-enolase does not exclude severe neuronal damage. PMID- 3187301 TI - [Combined medullary hemangioblastoma and syringomyelia in a patient with von Hippel-Lindau disease: pathological study]. AB - A patient presented with what was clinically diagnosed as a solitary medullary haemangioblastoma. One year later she was operated from a cerebellar haemangioblastoma. The neuro-radiologic findings showed all the characteristics of von Hippel-Lindau's disease, except the retinal haemangioblastoma. The patient died five years later as a result of deglutition problems with aspiration pneumonia. Post-mortem examination showed that the tumor level was in the posterior right side of the dorsal spinal cord. A syringomyelic cavity spread above the tumor up to the medulla - without communicating with the fourth ventricle and beneath the tumor down to the lowest part of the thoracic spinal cord. A large venous pia mater stasis and a thick glial wall of the cavity - mostly below the tumor - suggested a lack of reabsorption of liquids produced by the tumor. PMID- 3187302 TI - [Distal infarction of the left superior cerebellar artery presenting with dysarthria and unsteadiness]. AB - Small cerebellar infarction with a benign outcome occurs more frequently than a massive infarction with brainstem compression. Retrospective CT studies have shown it. These infarcts are more often localized in the superior hemisphere of the cerebellum which semiology is not well known. Some reports pointed out that an acute cerebellar infarction in the PICA territory may mimic labyrinthine lesion. The authors report a case of an acute small cerebellar infarction in the SCA territory presenting as a dysarthria and unsteadiness, involving the left lobulus semilunaris superior, in a paravermal zone, on CT scan. PMID- 3187303 TI - [Cerebrovascular complications of sickle-cell anemia]. AB - Cerebrovascular disorders are frequent in sickle-cell anemia. They occur mainly in homozygous children. Traditionally, they were believed to result from an arteriolar sickle-cell thrombosis, the "sludge" phenomenon, which is generally responsible for sickle cell anemia disorders. It is now well known that several other kinds of cerebral damages are involved such as moya-moya syndrome, cerebral hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, extra-dural hematoma and cerebral thrombophlebitis. In this disease, the identification of these different processes cannot be always made by a simple clinical examination. However, specific therapies are sometimes necessary, such as neurosurgical intervention in the case of aneurysm or hematoma, and, according to some authors, the necessity of repeated appropriate transfusions, in the case of moya-moya. So it is imperative to carry out without delay a complete neuroradiological assessment of the lesions. At present, the most widely accepted theory to explain the arteriolar lesions, is that they result from a sickle-cell thrombosis of the vasa vasorum, but, we think it is not the only valid hypothesis and we think that other phenomena may be involved with a genetic factor (patients with connective tissue disorders may have a particular genotype), and with infectious or autoimmune or coagulation disorders, the latter being frequently observed in this disease. PMID- 3187304 TI - [Postero-medial bulbar hematoma with a favorable outcome. Study of dysautonomia]. AB - A case of postero-medial medullary hematoma in a 21 year-old woman is reported. An initial neurovegetative severe disregulation had a favorable outcome after surgery. Late deficits, characterizing the postero-medial medullary syndrome have been studied: paresis of the tongue, suppression of the nauseous reflex, instability with retropulsion, and downbeating nystagmus in primary position of the eyes were noted. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure analysis showed explosive tachycardic reactions and transitory disappearance of oculo-cardiac reflexes, suggesting the involvement of the efferent parasympathetic system coming from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. PMID- 3187305 TI - [The Parsonage-Turner syndrome and similar diseases. 29 cases]. AB - Twenty nine cases of acute inflammatory brachial neuropathy were collected from 1969 to 1985. Only five cases could be considered as definite Parsonage Turner's "shoulder girdle" syndrome. The twenty four other cases were atypical with respect to this entity and were classified as symptomatic, evolutive, biological and/or associated forms. Symptomatic variants were present in twenty cases, consisting in distal or global motor deficit, or in painlessness. Evolution was atypical in four cases, with no recovery of motor deficit or relapsing course. Thirteen cases had abnormal CSF, usually with increase of protein content. Association with cutaneous manifestations or systemic diseases was found in nine cases. Beyond their individual differences, these twenty nine cases shared a common general profile of clinical presentation and evolution. This led to recognize the nosological relationships of these atypical cases with Parsonage Turner's syndrome and to emphasize the similarities with Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 3187306 TI - [Alzheimer's disease with early association of a hemi-parkinsonian syndrome]. AB - A 66 year-old woman presented with severe memory disorders followed several months later with tremor of Parkinsonian type of the right upper limb totally relieved by treatment with levodopa-benserazide. Four years later she was admitted with memory disturbances, temporospatial disorientation, constructional and ideatory apraxia, dressing apraxia and language difficulties. Eight years later she had become bed-ridden, with deviation of head and eyes towards the left, hypertonus tremor and stereotyped movements. Neuropathologic examination showed neuronal loss in substantia nigra and left locus ceruleus, dorsal nucleus of the pneumogastric nerve and Meynert's basal nuclei on both sides. Neurofibrillary tangles affected the peri-aqueductal grey matter and Lewy's bodies were observed in the substantia nigra. Neurofibrillary tangles and granulovacuolar degeneration together with senile plaques were numerous in the hippocampus, but senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles were rare in the remainder of the cortex. Combined Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease could be due to simple coincidence, one of the diseases possibly predisposing to the appearance of the other. PMID- 3187307 TI - [Spontaneous dissecting aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. Magnetic resonance imaging]. AB - A man underwent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the left carotid artery 11 days after a spontaneous dissection of this vessel. T1 weighed images were obtained in the frontal and axial planes. There was a hyperintense lesion expanding the arterial wall due to the hematoma. The image of the lumen was narrowed. These findings corresponded to the angiographic abnormalities. In this case MRI was able to diagnose specifically and non invasively carotid artery dissections. Its sensitivity remains to be evaluated. PMID- 3187308 TI - [Electro-oculographic study of reading in hemianopic patients]. AB - Recordings of ocular movements during reading in hemianopic patients showed an increase in global reading time related mainly to the increase in number of movements of progression and regression in left hemianopsia and to the time to return to the line in right hemianopsia. Comparison of these changes with those noted in the same patients during recordings of elementary ocular movements and reading simulation suggests that they are not only of a linguistic and/or cognitive type but that they may also be related to altered sensorial data such as size of words or place of spaces between words. PMID- 3187309 TI - [Identification of asymptomatic forms of type I amyloid neuropathy]. AB - Results of DNA analysis in 8 patients with type I amyloid neuropathy (ANI) are reported. A direct link exists between the mutated gene of the prealbumin and the ANI. Carriers of the gene mutating for prealbumin were identified. Autoradiographs after hybridization with a prealbumin probe allowed detection of children who will develop the disease. The molecular probe used was developed for the Japanese form of NAI and allowed affirmation of the identical nature of the neuropathy identified by Araki in Kiu-Shiu and the Portuguese form of Porto. PMID- 3187310 TI - [Alcock's canal syndrome and perineal neuralgia]. AB - Fifteen cases of perineal neuralgia are reviewed, the lesion arising from a canal syndrome due to compression of the pudendal nerve in the ischiorectal fossa (Alcock's canal syndrome). The clinical characteristic of the pain syndrome was its postural nature with the existence of a true Tinel sign (increased pain on sitting). Diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by a perineal electrophysiological which showed peripheral neurogenic signs on examination of perineal muscles and an increase in sacral evoked potentials latencies (latency of bulbocavernous or clitorido-anal reflexes, cortical somesthetic evoked potential from pudendal nerve). Treatment was infiltration of cortisone derivatives into the pudendal nerve canal, under CT guidance because of the difficulty of infiltrating the pudendal nerve by an external perineal approach. Results were satisfactory in 9 of the 15 patients. PMID- 3187311 TI - [Conference at Salpetriere. October 1986. Sudden akinetic mutism and EEG abnormalities in a 89-year-old woman]. PMID- 3187312 TI - New developments in resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among nonfastidious gram-negative organisms. Proceedings of a symposium. Bowness-on-Windermere, U.K., 14-16 September 1987. PMID- 3187314 TI - Further evidence for the existence of AIDS in the pre-AIDS era. PMID- 3187313 TI - Fever, hypotension, and pulmonary infiltrates in a young Haitian man. PMID- 3187315 TI - Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae endocarditis. PMID- 3187316 TI - Dysgonic fermenter 2 septicemia. PMID- 3187318 TI - Microbial surfaces: determinants of virulence and host responsiveness. A symposium. Oakland, California, 18-20 October 1986. Proceedings. PMID- 3187317 TI - Endocarditis due to Kingella species. PMID- 3187319 TI - Outer-membrane antigens of gram-negative pathogens: summary of session. PMID- 3187320 TI - Surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Crude cell walls of Staphylococcus aureus of potential immunologic or epidemiologic importance were prepared for study by mechanically disrupting whole cells and applying differential centrifugation. Cell-wall proteins were then released from the wall by lysostaphin digestion and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Distinct electrophoretic protein patterns were found for each of the 12 serologically distinct strains examined. There were two major groups of cell-wall proteins identified in the 45-57 kilodalton (kdal) and 100-190-kdal range, respectively. Proteins in the 45-57 kdal range appeared to represent protein A variants of different apparent molecular mass. Localization experiments with 125I labeling demonstrated the surface location of most of the proteins. These data suggest that selected surface-exposed proteins may be important in defining host immune responses to S. aureus infections. PMID- 3187323 TI - The Rhode Island Cancer Registry. PMID- 3187321 TI - Role of pneumococcal surface protein A in the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. AB - Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a cell-surface protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae that is present on a number of clinical isolates as well as on the nonencapsulated laboratory strain Rx1. PspA was originally identified by monoclonal antibodies that can protect mice against intravenous challenge with some pneumococcal strains. A gene, pspA, required for the production of PspA was inactivated with use of insertional inactivation. By immunizing CBA/N (Xid) mice with congenic PspA+ and PspA- pneumococci, it was possible to demonstrate that PspA can elicit protective antipneumococcal antibodies. This result may be significant to future vaccine research, since Xid mice, like children, are not responsive to the present pneumococcal vaccine. When pspA was inactivated in three virulent, encapsulated strains of pneumococci, all three strains showed a reduction in virulence and two became totally avirulent: the 50% lethal dose was less than 10 colony-forming units (cfu) for the parents and greater than 5 x 10(4) cfu for the PspA- mutants. PMID- 3187322 TI - Macrophage toxicity and complement sensitivity of virulent and avirulent strains of Legionella pneumophila. AB - Virulent strains of Legionella pneumophila that are preincubated with specific antiserum are cytotoxic for alveolar macrophages when added at a multiplicity of infection of 100 L. pneumophila per macrophage. Under the same conditions, avirulent strains exhibit little cytotoxic activity. Virulent strains are also resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum and fail to bind complement components on the cell surface. In contrast, avirulent strains are serum-sensitive and both C3 and C9 are deposited on the surface. Results of experiments suggest that the shift from virulence to avirulence of L. pneumophila may be the result of the selection of a small number of avirulent cells present in the population of a virulent culture. PMID- 3187324 TI - Increasing organ donor awareness. PMID- 3187326 TI - The challenge of medicine: the joy of life. A commencement address. PMID- 3187325 TI - Assuring the quality of cancer registration in Rhode Island. Evaluation of early returns indicates future measures for enhancing reliability. PMID- 3187327 TI - AMA report of the Board of Trustees. Organ procurement system. PMID- 3187328 TI - Electrical charge of a protein determines penetration and localization in hyaline articular cartilage. Quantitative and autoradiographic studies on cartilage of different species, including man. AB - Sufficient antigen retention in joint structures is a prerequisite for sustained antigen-induced arthritis. In this in vitro study we investigated the retention of native and charge-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) with patellar cartilage of different species (mouse, rat, rabbit, and man). Association of BSA with cartilage due to charge of the protein with that due to immune complex formation was compared. Using radiolabeled proteins we showed quantitatively that the retention of highly positively charged BSA is considerably higher (200-500 times) than retention of the anionic BSA in all cartilage species examined. Mouse, rat, and human cartilage bind more protein per mg dry weight, compared to rabbit cartilage. No clear-cut relation was found with the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) contents. Retention of native BSA by anti-BSA antibodies was low in the dense hyaline patellar cartilage in all species. Enhanced immune-complex formation was found in marginal regions of rabbit patellar cartilage, consisting of fibrous like cartilage. Localization studies by autoradiography showed that cationic BSA penetrates deeply into the cartilage matrix. Even in a thick cartilage specimen, such as rabbit cartilage, very deep penetration into the calcified zone was demonstrated. This study indicates that binding and deep penetration of cationized protein in cartilage is not restricted to mouse specimen, as had been found previously, but is a general phenomenon. PMID- 3187329 TI - Spontaneous and induced immunoglobulin synthesis and anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies in Wegener's granulomatosis: relation to leukocyte subpopulations in blood and active lesions. AB - Using a reverse plaque forming cell (PFC) assay the production of immunoglobulin (Ig) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) in vitro was studied in 12 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). Spontaneous IgG production was increased in two of six untreated patients. The IgG response of MNCs from eight untreated patients to pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) stimulation was significantly depressed. The IgM and IgA production followed the individual pattern of IgG. Blood B-cell and T-cell subset concentrations were normal before therapy, whereas the monocyte concentration was increased in four of six patients. Titers of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibodies (ANCAs) did not correlate with spontaneous or induced Ig production nor with blood leukocyte subset concentrations. Biopsy specimens from upper respiratory tract lesions in seven untreated patients showed numerous macrophages, activated T lymphocytes, and plasma cells, suggesting a pathogenetic role of these cells in the development of lesions and local production of ANCAs. PMID- 3187330 TI - Ultrastructural characterisation of macrophages (type A cells) in the synovial lining. AB - The ultrastructural localisation of class II and macrophage antigens has been sought in the intimal layer of the human synovium. The cells described as type A in early morphological studies are shown to express both class II antigens and two markers of the macrophage/monocyte lineage of cells, OKM1 and MAB 24. The morphological type B cells were found to express none of these antigens. The findings are consistent with the idea that the synovial lining comprises two cell types, bone-marrow derived macrophages and mesenchymal fibroblasts. PMID- 3187332 TI - [Information processing management in nursing units]. PMID- 3187331 TI - Colchicine treatment in a case of pachydermoperiostosis with acroosteolysis. AB - We report a case of pachydermoperiostosis with arthralgia, acroosteolysis, and recurrent staphylococcal folliculitis of the face, treated with colchicine (0.5 mg once daily for the 1st week and 0.5 mg twice daily for the next 3 weeks). The evaluation of arthralgia, hyponchial angle, folliculitis, and pachyderma, performed at basal time and once weekly, showed improvement of symptoms and signs after 7-15 days of treatment. Neutrophilic chemotaxis, evaluated before starting the treatment and after 15 and 30 days of therapy, showed a progressive decrease of the initial very high index. Colchicine provided a beneficial therapeutic response in both inhibiting increased chemotactic activity and in reducing tissular oedema in our patient. PMID- 3187333 TI - [Continuing education. 28. Subject: community nursing and administration. Topic: The planning of changes in a primary care course]. PMID- 3187334 TI - [Southern Sudan: health project in the middle of a civil war. Nursing; open to multiple health possibilities]. PMID- 3187335 TI - [As we were saying tomorrow ... 4th World Conference brought together 7,000 specialist in Stockholm. AIDS: research, the only hope]. PMID- 3187337 TI - [Hepatitis B. Whom and how to vaccinate]. PMID- 3187336 TI - [Nursing management in the hospital. Intermediate governing bodies of nursing organization. Adjustment in the definition of coordination-control]. PMID- 3187338 TI - ["Plaisir". A system of continuous evaluation]. PMID- 3187339 TI - [The PRN method]. PMID- 3187340 TI - [Antineoplastic chemotherapy]. PMID- 3187341 TI - [Dietitians in Spain. Past, present and future]. PMID- 3187342 TI - [Alimentation-nutrition. A pedagogical experience]. PMID- 3187343 TI - [From learning to caring]. PMID- 3187344 TI - [The electrical bistoury]. PMID- 3187345 TI - [Hospital informatics]. PMID- 3187346 TI - [Nursing management and the quality of hospital care]. PMID- 3187347 TI - [Basic knowledge of electrocardiography]. PMID- 3187348 TI - [Psychological skills and nursing]. PMID- 3187349 TI - [Education for health in university nursing schools]. PMID- 3187350 TI - [Percussion and postural drainage. The effects on gas exchange]. PMID- 3187351 TI - [Design and implementation of a database for primary health care]. PMID- 3187352 TI - [The low-flow thoracic catheter]. PMID- 3187353 TI - [Continuing education. 29. Subject: mother-infant. Topic: nursing care of the premature infant]. PMID- 3187354 TI - Morphological characteristics of prostaglandin cytoprotection. AB - The term "cytoprotection" originally described the ability of prostaglandins, independent of their known antisecretory activity, to prevent macroscopic evidence of gastric injury induced in different animal models under various experimental conditions. Several recent reports have challenged this concept because the apparent macroscopic protection could not be confirmed microscopically. To determine whether prostaglandins do indeed possess cytoprotective properties, and if such effects are dependent on the dose and the route of prostaglandin administration, studies were performed using 16,16 dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the known gastric damaging agent, ethanol. Fasted rats received either oral or subcutaneous PGE2 in doses of 10 or 20 micrograms/kg or equal volumes of saline. Thirty minutes later, animals were given a 1-ml oral bolus of 50% or 100% ethanol or an equal volume of saline. At 5 minutes to 24 hours following ethanol, animals were sacrificed, and tissues from the glandular portion of the stomach were removed for histologic quantification of injury. At 5 minutes following ethanol, PGE2 reduced the depth of injury, but had no protective effects against surface cell damage when compared with control animals. By 24 hours after ethanol, most of the PGE2-treated mucosa was repaired. Oral administration of 10 micrograms/kg PGE2 was more cytoprotective at 5 minutes after ethanol than when administered by subcutaneous injection. This relationship was not true for the 20 micrograms/kg dose. We conclude that cytoprotection can be confirmed histologically, but is limited primarily to the deep mucosa. The ability of PGE2 to enhance healing is probably related to the prevention of deep mucosal injury, which thereby allows epithelial reconstitution to occur. Lastly, the effectiveness of PGE2 as a cytoprotective agent is dose- and route-dependent. PMID- 3187356 TI - Standard nomenclature and diagnostic criteria in toxicologic pathology. PMID- 3187355 TI - Omeprazole: its influence on gastric acid secretion, gastrin and ECL cells. AB - The H+,K+-ATPase inhibitor omeprazole is a highly effective gastric antisecretory agent, both in animals and man, with a long duration of action. These properties are shared by a number of recently described histamine H2-receptor antagonists. In life-long oncogenicity studies of these H2-receptor antagonists, as well as with the H+,K+-ATPase inhibitor omeprazole, gastric enterochromaffin-like cell (ECL cell) hyperplasia and carcinoids have been found. The purpose of this paper is to summarize available evidence for the "Gastrin Hypothesis" to explain the development of ECL-cell hyperplasia. The hypothesis may be outlined as follows: 1) Inhibition of gastric acid secretion leads to elevated antral pH and, secondarily, to release of gastrin from the antral gastrin cells into the blood stream. 2) Gastrin causes both general hypertrophy of the oxyntic mucosa and hyperplasia of the ECL cells in the oxyntic mucosa. That this sequence of events occurs not only with omeprazole but also with other effective gastric antisecretory agents has been verified in the rat by giving the H2-receptor antagonist ranitidine as a continuous infusion. Ranitidine caused a hypergastrinemia of a similar magnitude as that seen after omeprazole, provided that the acid secretion was inhibited to a similar degree. At similar gastrin levels, ECL-cell hyperplasia of the same magnitude developed during both ranitidine and omeprazole treatment. Antrectomy prevented the development of ECL cell hyperplasia during omeprazole treatment, indicating that the hyperplasia was not due to the drug treatment per se, but rather to the hypergastrinemia. Both the hypergastrinemia and the ECL-cell hyperplasia were found to be reversible.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187357 TI - Methylnitrosourea induction of rat odontomas. PMID- 3187358 TI - [Cortical atrophy as the differential diagnosis of subdural hematoma in elderly patients based on cerebral angiography--a case presentation]. PMID- 3187359 TI - Clinical studies on plasma antithrombin III using an antiserum prepared in our laboratories. AB - Using an antiserum obtained in rabbits injected with antithrombin III purified in our laboratories, the plasma level of this inhibitor of coagulation was found to be significantly (p less than 0.001) decreased in 8 patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the liver (15.66 mg/dl +/- 2.22) and in 18 nephrotic patients (21.74 mg/dl +/- 1.75). When compared to values noted in 22 normal-weight normolipidemic control subjects (31.54 mg/dl +/- 0.81), the plasma level of antithrombin III was slightly (p less than 0.05) higher in the 18 hyperlipidemic subjects (36.11 mg/dl +/- 1.9). Owing to an extremely wide dispersion of individual values, the mean level of antithrombin III noted in 16 critically ill postoperative patients (28.16 mg/dl +/- 2.98) did not significantly differ from control values, although this protease inhibitor was obviously decreased in those postoperative patients who developed multiple organ failure or disseminated intravascular-coagulation. Among the 11 patients with recurrent venous thrombosis, two subjects with familial deficiency in antithrombin III were detected. The results provide evidence that the antiserum prepared in our laboratories is a useful tool for detecting acquired and inherited antithrombin III deficiencies. PMID- 3187360 TI - A further study on the influence exerted by vascular geometry on coronary atherosclerotic involvement. AB - A further study was carried out on the relationship between coronary artery geometry and atherosclerotic involvement. The results show that: a) the coronary artery geometry may expose an individual at an early age to an increased risk for developing atherosclerotic lesions; b) the presence, in the coronary arterial bed of vessels with large diameters (greater than 2 mm) and the succession of numerous branching points also appeared as atherogenic conditions; c) the type of atherosclerotic lesion (proliferative, insudative, necrotic, lipid-rich) was, in our material strongly influenced by the geometry of branch sites. PMID- 3187362 TI - Immediate and delayed results in complicated cancer of the colon. AB - In 34 patients operated on in emergency for complications of cancer of the colon (CC) it was found that complications prevailed in stage III of disease and were mainly represented by occlusions which were more frequent in left colon cancer. Radical surgery proved preferable to the palliative one. The mean survival time in months after emergency surgery for complications of CC was longer for right colon localizations and after radical surgery. The survival after 5 years was of 13%. PMID- 3187361 TI - The effect of the association of calcium channel inhibitors with antagonists of H2 histamine receptors on the gastric secretion in duodenal ulcer patients. AB - The effect of the association of verapamil (isoptin), a calcium channel inhibitor, with a cimetidine-like inhibitor of histamine receptors, on stimulated basal gastric secretion was studied in a group of 8 patients with duodenal ulcer. It was observed that by associating verapamil the effect of cimetidine was enhanced in most of the patients. The association of cimetidine with verapamil or other calcium channel inhibitors should be used especially in coronary patients with concomitant duodenal ulcer. PMID- 3187363 TI - Effects of different levels of vitamin C intake on the vitamin C concentration in guinea pigs plasma and the effect of vitamin C intake on anaphylaxis. AB - The plasma ascorbate level after a single intraperitoneal dose of 25, 100 or 250 mg Na-ascorbate was followed up in vivo over a period of 24 hours. Intraperitoneal administration of Na-ascorbate caused a rapid increase of ascorbic acid plasma concentration. Maximum ascorbic acid plasma level was obtained 30 minutes after parenteral administration of the test dose. No great difference was found between the 12- and 24-hour ascorbic acid plasma values. The effect of Na-ascorbate on fatal anaphylaxis was also investigated in 18 guinea pigs. The animals treated with 281 mg/day Na-ascorbate rarely developed anaphylactic shock or the shock was of weaker intensity. Mortality was reduced from 40% (control group) to 11% when Vitamin C was given for four days before and one day after passive transfer of rabbit anti-HGG (human gamma globulin) antibody. A possible protective role of ascorbic acid by preventing anaphylaxis is discussed. Passive administration of ascorbic acid was found to protect guinea pigs from fatal anaphylaxis. PMID- 3187364 TI - Intracerebral neural grafting. PMID- 3187365 TI - Category, semantic field and naming in aphasics. PMID- 3187366 TI - The difference between biological heredity and cultural heredity. Preliminary findings in assessment of parental rearing practice by EMBU-inventory in primary alcoholism. PMID- 3187367 TI - EEG study of piracetam effects on recovery from hyperventilation in patients with ischemic cerebral damage. PMID- 3187368 TI - [X-ray computed tomography of phalangeal osteoid osteoma]. PMID- 3187369 TI - [Acute recurrent urticaria in Wissler-Fanconi syndrome in adult. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3187370 TI - [Non-secreting, hyposecreting multiple myeloma, simulating cancer of the base of skull]. PMID- 3187371 TI - [Unusual calcifications in scleroderma. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3187372 TI - [Prevalence of hypercalcemia in adults in a hospital milieu. 1-year systematic survey]. PMID- 3187373 TI - Contralateral routing of signals in unilateral hearing impairment. A better method of fitting. AB - Unilaterally severely hearing impaired persons, who may experience substantial communication problems in situations of high acoustic demands, would in theory benefit from contralateral routing of signals (CROS). However, reports of failure because of too much disturbing noise and distortion have been common. The reason for a low success rate in CROS, though, is an inappropriate fitting procedure, due to lack of understanding of the basic principle of CROS among both patients and audiologists. The precondition for success in CROS is an accurate description of the individual hearing deficit and a correctly balanced adjustment of the CROS aid through testing under sound field conditions, combined with a comprehensive follow-up. PMID- 3187374 TI - Phase-intensity effects on the ABR. AB - Auditory brain-stem responses (ABR) to condensation and rarefaction clicks were recorded at six intensity levels in 6 normal subjects. A phase-intensity interaction was apparent for both latency and waveform morphology. These results are in agreement with earlier studies that sampled fewer intensities. The importance of determining both phase and intensity in clinical applications of the ABR is demonstrated in this investigation. PMID- 3187375 TI - The applicability of the modified bivariate plotting procedure to subjects with functional hearing loss. AB - The applicability of the modified bivariate plotting procedure proposed by Silman, Silverman, Showers, and Gelfand, 1984, was evaluated on a group of functional hearing-loss subjects under age 44 years. The false-positive rate was 17% and the false-negative rate was 0% for both significant and mild or high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. PMID- 3187376 TI - The site of the lesion causing deafness in multiple sclerosis. AB - A patient with multiple sclerosis who developed sequential hearing loss, first on the right, with recovery is discussed. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated lesions in the VIII nerve root entry zones which were thought to be responsible for the hearing loss. PMID- 3187377 TI - Network model for the human middle ear. AB - The purpose of this work is to offer a contribution to network modelling of the human middle ear. The model proposed has been successfully adapted to the following empirical frequency characteristics: 1) stapes displacement per unit sound pressure at the eardrum, 2) sound pressure increase from ear canal entrance to the tympanic membrane, 3) acoustic impedance at the eardrum for a normal ear, an otosclerotic ear, and an ear with interrupted incudo-stapedial joint. The acoustical energy reflectance at the eardrum, as calculated from a model of the ear canal when terminated by the middle ear model, agrees reasonably well with experimental data up to about 12 kHz. Satisfactory agreement between model results and experimental data has also been achieved for the sound pressure transformation in the middle ear. Stapedius muscle contraction is simulated by changing a single parameter. It is concluded that further progress in middle ear model development requires a strengthening of the empirical basis. PMID- 3187378 TI - Individual differences in auditory electric responses: comparisons of between subject and within-subject variability. II. Amplitude of brainstem Vertex positive peaks. AB - Recently, we (Lauter & Loomis, 1986) reported variability measures of the latency of five vertex-positive auditory brainstem response (ABR) peaks collected under a repeated-measures experimental design. Seven subjects were tested, each on eight separate sessions, for brainstem auditory evoked response to monaural right, monaural left, and binaural stimulus presentation. This paper presents variability measures for amplitudes of the same series of responses. Three types of variability measurement were made: 1) amplitude of each peak of the response to monaural right, monaural left, and binaural stimulation; 2) amplitude difference for each peak comparing binaural with right, and binaural with left; and 3) amplitude difference comparing binaural with the sum of the amplitudes of the two monaural responses. As in the previous report, between-subject variability and within-subject variability were expressed using a ratio of mean divided by standard deviation (this is the reciprocal of Pearson's Coefficient of Variation, and will here be referred to as the Coefficient of Stability, or Cs). For all amplitude comparisons, Cs profiles indicate that: 1) within-subject stability (i.e., consistency) is significantly greater than between-subject stability, 2) both within- and between-subject stability measures are sensitive to both peak and ear of presentation, and 3) stability profiles for individual subjects show individual differences and similarities, and are replicable over time. The variability measure also provides evidence of an ear asymmetry at peak III which has been noted in other ABR studies. PMID- 3187379 TI - Assessment of sound in the ear canal caused by movement of the jaw relative to the skull. AB - To assess whether or not the reduction of threshold to bone-conducted sound on occlusion of the ears (the occlusion effect) is due to compression of the auditory meatus by the jaw, measurements of movement of the skull and mandible and sound in the ear canal are reported from four subjects. The change in bone conducted sound in the ear canal was also measured when the mandible was moved out and in (presenting more or less of the mandible to compress the auditory meatus) and when vibration was applied directly to the mandible. Sound pressure increased when the jaw was moved out and when vibration was applied to the mandible. PMID- 3187380 TI - Interaction of click polarity, stimulus level, and repetition rate on the auditory brainstem response. AB - The present study investigated the interaction of click polarity (compression, rarefaction, alternating), repetition rate (2.3 and 9.2 clicks per second), and stimulus level (60, 75, and 90 dB nHL) on auditory brainstem responses. Two tracings (trials) were obtained for each condition using 45 normally hearing subjects. Although no systematic Wave I, III, or V latency or amplitude differences were observed among polarities or repetition rates at the three intensities, statistically significant differences were observed for the following conditions: (1) Wave III latency at 90 dB nHL was longer for the 9.2 repetition rate than for the 2.3 rate, and latencies for compression clicks were shorter than rarefaction clicks; (2) Wave V latencies at 75 dB nHL were longer with compression clicks than with rarefaction clicks; (3) mean Wave V latencies at 60 and 75 dB nHL were slightly longer for the 2.3 click rate than for the 9.2 rate; and (4) Wave V amplitudes at 90 dB nHL were larger for rarefaction clicks than for compression clicks. Because latency and amplitude differences were small and only found in a few conditions, the results indicate that polarity is not a significant variable in normally hearing subjects when using slow repetition rates (less than or equal to 10 clicks per second) at moderate to high intensities (60 to 90 dB nHL). Because repetition rates of less than 10 clicks per second increases examination time but does not improve wave morphology, rates of 10 per second or faster are recommended for gathering normative data. Absolute amplitudes showed considerable intersubject variability, especially for Waves I and III. Intrasubject variability (test-retest) also was substantial. These findings suggest that absolute amplitudes may be of little use for distinguishing normal from pathologic populations. PMID- 3187381 TI - The promotion of public health ear care in developing countries. PMID- 3187382 TI - The promotion of public health audiology, and oto-rhino-laryngology in developing countries. An international cooperation project. PMID- 3187384 TI - International cooperation in Europe in the fields of audiology and phoniatrics. PMID- 3187383 TI - School screening for hearing loss in developing countries. PMID- 3187386 TI - Global action against hearing impairment. PMID- 3187385 TI - Steps and the future of the IFOS Standing Committee on Care of Hearing Impaired Children. PMID- 3187387 TI - Deafness in developing countries. Approaches to a global programme of prevention. PMID- 3187388 TI - Audiological development in South-East Asia. Thailand health profile. AB - The Otological Centre:Bangkok Unit has been established since March 13, 1985 on the initiation of ISA and IFOS as one of the planned three Centres for each continent of the world. Bangkok Centre serves the Asian countries on the Global Programme on Prevention of Hearing Impairment and Deafness. It was the first of the planned three centres to be established and operative. The Centre has already run Annual Training Courses to upgrade oto-audiological knowledge of ENT doctors and personnel engaged in this field. Three courses were run with a very successful result. The epidemiological survey and services of ear diseases and hearing problems were carried out in various parts of Thailand rural areas as well as in the Bangkok metropolitan area in cooperation with the Provincial Health Offices and Provincial and District Hospitals and Bangkok Metropolitan Health Centres. Emphasis was placed on the early detection, management and preventive measures to the early diseases and hearing disorders. The Centre's mobile team is run on a voluntary basis without any financial support. The problem cases found were treated and referred to the appropriate health units, health centres or hospitals according to convenience and suitability. Some difficult cases in need of further investigation were recommended to seek specialist attention at the closest hearing centre. Essential for services at the spot is hearing aids provision free of charge or as cheap as possible, since more than 50% of congenital hearing impaired children have never before used hearing aids as this is either not affordable or not available in rural areas. Financial support is crucial for further development and running of the Centre. International help will also be needed for training of personnel both at the site of the Centre and overseas. An acoustic laboratory is essential for the future development of the Centre. The Ear Foundation (Thailand) was set up in January 1987. Some personal as well as international support in all aspects is essential for the further development as well as to cope with the maintenance costs of the Bangkok Centre. Our hope is that "Hearing for All by the Year 2000" will be true for all sectors. PMID- 3187389 TI - International cooperation and audiology in D-countries. Latin American panorama. PMID- 3187390 TI - Audiological activities in Arabic countries. An Italian-Jordanian project. PMID- 3187391 TI - Development of hearing and speech services in the Kuwait-Arabian Gulf. PMID- 3187392 TI - Audiology and Otology Pilot Centre for the countries of the Mediterranean area. PMID- 3187393 TI - Helping the deaf in Kenya. PMID- 3187394 TI - Delayed oto-acoustic emissions evoked by bone-conduction stimulation: experimental data on their origin, characteristics and transfer to the external ear in man. AB - 1) BCEOE have been obtained in subjects with normal hearing by 1 kHz tone-bursts; 2) the morphology of BCEOE varies from one subject to another, and is stable over the course of time. BCEOE do not display a linear relation between their amplitude and the intensity of the stimulus, whose spectral composition is the same as theirs; 3) by contrast with ACEOE, whose mean threshold is the same as that of the subjective tonal threshold for the same stimulus presented by the same stimulation modality, BCEOE threshold, on overage, is about 10 dB HTL higher; 4) this difference in threshold is not due to interference on the part of the controlateral ear, via the efferent fibres, since it is also observed in persons with unilateral anacusis. It is probably the outcome of unilateral competitive inhibition between two stimuli presented to the same ear at the same time. By bone-conduction stimulation in fact, when the meatus is occluded by the probe, as in our experimental situations, Corti's organ is reached by a supplementary contingent of mechanical energy generated by the vibration of the bony part of the meatus and transmitted by air conduction; 5) ACEOE cannot be obtained in otosclerotic subjects whereas they appear after surgery. BCEOE are obtained before surgery and increase in amplitude post-operatively; 6) the findings mentioned in point 5) clearly demonstrate that the ossicular chain plays an important, but not an essential role in the transfer of EOE from the inner to the external ear. PMID- 3187396 TI - Scandinavian Association of Urology. Proceedings of the XVIth congress. Uppsala, May 21-23, 1987. PMID- 3187395 TI - Rapid etiological diagnosis of pneumonia in young men. AB - The major findings and conclusions of the present study are: 1. Evidence of the etiology of the pneumonia was established in 86% of 106 young men with pneumonia. Pneumococcus was the most common etiologic agent; it was detected definitely in 30% of the pneumonia patients, and possibly in another 20%, by blood culture, sputum culture, antigen detection, and serological methods. 2. Pneumococcal antigen detection from purulent pretreatment sputum samples was the best rapid diagnostic method for pneumococcus; it was capable of identifying 90% of the pneumococcal pneumonias definite by our criteria, whereas sputum Gram stain was positive in 65% of these. 3. Detection of adenoviral antigens from nasopharyngeal specimens (NPS) by EIA or IF method or adenovirus DNA by HYB method showed good specificity but a somewhat lower sensitivity than did adenovirus isolation from NPS. 4. Adenovirus antigens and DNA can be demonstrated also from sputum specimens. 5. EIA is slightly superior to the CF method in detecting antibody responses to adenovirus, but the detection of different antibody classes offers no additional diagnostic possibilities. 6. Isolation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae from bronchoalveolar fluid in pneumonia patients is a specific and sensitive method in the diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia. 7. It seems possible to differentiate by clinical signs and symptoms and by high CRP (over 85mg/1) and WBC (over 10 x 10(9)/1) values pneumococcal pneumonias from viral, mycoplasmal and mixed pneumonias and from upper respiratory infections. Moderately elevated CRP values were observed in adenoviral (Mean 50 mg/1) and in mycoplasma (mean 59 mg/l) pneumonias, as well as in MRI (mean 44 mg/l). PMID- 3187397 TI - Orchiectomy, estrogen therapy and radiotherapy in locally advanced (T3-4 M0) prostatic cancer. AB - In this randomized trial 151 patients with locally advanced prostatic carcinoma (T3-4 M0) were treated with orchiectomy, estrogens or radiotherapy. In comparison of these therapy modalities attention was paid to the progression free survival and to the complications associated with these therapies. There was no significant difference in the progression free survival during the four-year follow-up period. The frequency of cardiovascular complications was highest in the estrogen group, where 13 of 50 patients had 19 complications. In the radiotherapy group 19 of 45 patients had bowel or bladder complications. PMID- 3187398 TI - Radioimaging of lymph node involvement in prostatic carcinoma. AB - We have previously shown that Tc-99m- or In-111-labelled derivatives of monoclonal antibodies against prostatic acid phosphatase can be used to reveal bone metastases of prostatic carcinoma. In this study, seven patients who were candidates for radical prostatectomy and two patients with bone metastases, were investigated to evaluate the applicability of this technique for preoperative staging of the patients. One milligram of monoclonal antibodies was injected bilaterally into the periprostatic space, and the patients were subjected to measurements by gamma camera. In one patient metastases were detected in the left para-aortic, iliac and obturator lymph nodes by this technique. The lesions incorporating radioactivity were confirmed to be metastases of prostatic cancer following staging pelvic lymphadenectomy. In the other four patients, radioimaging did not show any lymph node metastases, and this negative finding was confirmed at the operation. These early data indicate the possibility of preoperative staging of prostatic cancer by means of radiolabelled derivates of monoclonal antibodies, raised against prostatic acid phosphatase and injected into the periprostatic area. PMID- 3187399 TI - Modal DNA as prognostic indicator in untreated prostatic cancer. PMID- 3187400 TI - General tumour biology. PMID- 3187401 TI - Pretreatment hormone levels in prostatic cancer. AB - Pretreatment plasma concentrations of total testosterone, prolactin, and total estradiol-17 beta (E2) were measured in 123 prostatic cancer patients who were categorized into groups according to the UICC classification. Patients with intracapsular tumour without metastases had significantly higher (p less than 0.05) pretreatment total estradiol levels than those with more advanced disease. The patients were treated either by orchiectomy or estrogens. The mean follow-up time was 48 months. Higher pretreatment estradiol and testosterone levels were associated with better survival. Prolactin assays seemed to be of no value in this respect. PMID- 3187402 TI - The effects of castration, testosterone and oestrogen on epithelial and stromal growth and morphology of the Dunning (R3327H) prostatic adenocarcinoma. PMID- 3187403 TI - Strategies for control of prostatic cancer mortality with some methodologic comments. PMID- 3187404 TI - Radical retropubic prostatectomy--the Walsh' modification. PMID- 3187405 TI - Radical prostatectomy by the method of Walsh--experiences with a new operation technique. PMID- 3187406 TI - Cystectomy: ureteroileal anastomosis without stenting. PMID- 3187407 TI - Ileocystoplasty at cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder. Criteria for patient selection. PMID- 3187408 TI - Ureteropyeloscopic tumour treatment. AB - Ureteropyeloscopy was used to follow-up two patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell tumours treated by topical chemotherapy. Epodyl was instilled into the pelvis and ureter through a ureteric catheter. There were no complications. The ureteric tumours responded completely, whereas a pelvic papilloma diminished in size to about 1 mm. PMID- 3187409 TI - Deletion of ABH blood group isoantigen and prognosis in patients with transitional cell bladder carcinoma. PMID- 3187410 TI - Clonal heterogeneity of aneuploid cell populations in carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a flow cytometric study. PMID- 3187411 TI - DNA pattern and histopathology in carcinoma of the penis. A prospective study. PMID- 3187412 TI - Classical urethral resistance compared with Schafer concept. PMID- 3187413 TI - The natural history of prostatic carcinoma. PMID- 3187414 TI - Intravesically instilled prostaglandin F2-alpha for the promotion of bladder emptying after surgery for female stress incontinence. PMID- 3187415 TI - Flexible fiberoptic versus conventional cystourethroscopy in bladder tumor patients. A prospective study. AB - In 30 bladder tumor patients flexible fiberoptic and conventional cystourethroscopy was undertaken by two urologists in a random sequence. The findings at conventional cystoscopy, including histologic findings in biopsy and operative specimens, were taken to represent the true pathologic condition. Concordance was found in all but three patients, with solitary superficial grade II bladder tumors less than 2 mm in diameter that were overlooked at flexible cystoscopy. No discordance was observed in the evaluation of grade III or invasive bladder tumors. Flexible fiberoptic cystourethroscopy with urine cytology is recommended 1) as a follow-up investigation under local anesthesia in patients with non invasive bladder tumors and negative random biopsies, and 2) as a diagnostic procedure in poor-risk patients as an alternative to transabdominal ultrasonography. PMID- 3187416 TI - High frequency positive pressure ventilation reduces renal movements during rigid ureteropyeloscopy. PMID- 3187417 TI - Ureterorenoscopy (URS) in pregnancy. PMID- 3187418 TI - Endourologic balloon dilatation of strictures in the upper urinary tract. PMID- 3187419 TI - Which examinations are useful in erectile failure? PMID- 3187420 TI - Corporeal self-injection for erectile failure. PMID- 3187421 TI - Abnormal venous drainage from the penis examined by dynamic cavernosography and surgically treated. PMID- 3187422 TI - Renal stone surgery in Scandinavia during 1985. PMID- 3187423 TI - Renal acidification defects in patients with their first renal stone episode. AB - To rule out renal acidification defects, 40 consecutive patients with their first renal stone episode were evaluated by measurement of fasting morning urine pH levels followed by a short ammonium chloride loading test in cases with high levels. Two patients (5%) exhibited incomplete distal renal tubular acidosis, the rest had normal urinary acidification. In view of the short duration of stone disease in the patients studied, the acidification defects were considered to be primary, and the stone formation secondary. The results justify extension of these simple screening procedures for unmasking renal acidification defects to include all patients with renal stone disease. PMID- 3187424 TI - Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) at Aker Hospital, Oslo. PMID- 3187425 TI - Urinary peristalsis investigated by radionuclide and X-ray methods: a comparison. PMID- 3187426 TI - Surgical treatment of ureteric obstruction in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. AB - Thirteen patients who received surgical treatment for histologically proven retroperitoneal fibrosis were reviewed retrospectively. All patients had idiopathic disease, bilateral in 11 patients. Elevated ESR occurred in 12 patients and in eight patients the hemoglobin value was decreased preoperatively. Intravenous urography on admission was normal in six kidneys, excretion was delayed in four kidneys and another four upper urinary tracts were dilated. No excretion was seen in four kidneys and eight kidneys were not examined urographically because of uremia. Ureteric obstruction was treated surgically by ureterolysis alone in two ureters, by ureterolysis and lateral displacement in eight ureters, by ureterolysis and intraperitonealization in 12 ureters and by ureterolysis and omental wrapping in two ureters. After primary surgery one nephrectomy was performed because of a nonfunctioning kidney. Postoperatively 19 kidneys are functioning well, in three the function is poor and there is no function in three kidneys. According to our experience the cornerstone of the surgical treatment is complete and extensive ureterolysis and permanent displacement of the ureter from the area of fibrosis. PMID- 3187427 TI - Short term urethral catheterization. PMID- 3187428 TI - Expression of estramustine-binding protein (EMBP) and the proliferation associated antigen Ki-67 in prostatic carcinomas. AB - The expression of EMBP and the proliferation-associated antigen Ki-67 was studied in in vitro cultured prostatic carcinoma cells and in tumor tissues removed by transurethral electroresection (TUR). EMBP was found to be expressed predominantly in the moderately differentiated carcinomas. A technique based on the immunohistochemical analysis of fine needle specimens was also evaluated. This technique is of potential interest in prospective studies and in monitoring the effect of therapy. Ki-67 was found to be expressed in the prostatic carcinoma cell line (DU-145) studied, as well as in TUR specimens. This antigen reflects the proliferative characteristics of the tumor and may prove useful with respect to prognostic information and choice of appropriate therapy. PMID- 3187429 TI - Continent bladder replacement: the Mayo pouch. PMID- 3187430 TI - Occlusion of the duct system as a cause of sterility--diagnosis and results of treatment. PMID- 3187431 TI - Immune subfertility in men caused by anti-sperm antibodies. PMID- 3187432 TI - Preparation of semen and insemination or in vitro fertilization--could this improve the chances of conception? PMID- 3187433 TI - Wait and see in early prostatic cancer. Preliminary report of a 7-year material of 223 patients. PMID- 3187434 TI - Combined TUR and laser in the treatment of localized prostatic cancer. PMID- 3187435 TI - Treatment of localized prostatic cancer. Radical prostatectomy versus placebo. A 15-year follow-up. PMID- 3187436 TI - The intracavernous injection of papaverine as a diagnostic procedure in patients with erectile dysfunction. AB - To evaluate the use of papaverine-induced erection as a diagnostic test in men with erectile dysfunction, 24 patients had papaverine injected into the corpus cavernosum. The results of the papaverine test in combination with the tentative diagnosis, based upon patient history, clinical examination and peno-brachial pressure index, gave in most cases sufficient information about the function of the penile vessels to decide in which patients a selective arteriography or a cavernosography was indicated. Two patients developed priapism after the papaverine injection. PMID- 3187438 TI - Ureteroscopic stone manipulation in the upper third of ureter and the pelvicaliceal system. AB - During the period of January 1984 to March 1987, a total of 15 patients with upper third ureteric calculi and 115 patients with renal calculi were treated by percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), transurethral ureteroscopy (TUU) or open surgery. In all patients, endoscopic techniques were the primary modalities of therapy. In 15 patients with upper third ureteric calculi and in 22 patients with 27 calculi in the pelvicaliceal system (five had bilateral calculi), TUU was carried out. The success rate was 67% for calculi in the upper third of ureter and 44% for calculi in the pelvicaliceal system. No persistent strictures or other serious complications were encountered. We conclude, that TUU, in experienced hands, could be considered for proximal ureteric calculi and for certain renal calculi, especially in poor risk patients and patients with only one kidney. PMID- 3187437 TI - Influence of alcoholism on morbidity after transurethral prostatectomy. AB - Morbidity after transurethral resection of the prostate gland was retrospectively investigated by comparing 73 alcoholics with 73 controls (daily alcohol consumption greater than or equal to 60 g vs. less than 25 g). The compared groups derived from 1,172 patients and were matched for diagnosis, age, weight, smoking habits, treatment for cardiovascular, pulmonary or endocrine diseases, anaesthesia and weight of resected tissue. The postoperative morbidity was significantly higher in the alcohol group than in the controls (62% vs. 20%). Follow-up at 1, 3 and 12 months revealed significantly more complications among the alcoholics and also more frequent requirement of supplementary procedures than in the controls. PMID- 3187439 TI - Hospitalization for renal diseases in Finland 1969-1982. AB - The number of hospitalized renal patients and the number of days they stayed in hospitals were studied in Finland 1969-1982. In 1969 3.3% and in 1982 1.7% of all bed-days available were occupied by renal patients. The number of hospitalized renal patients first decreased and after 1976 no notable changes were observed. A rising trend in the number of patients as well as in the corresponding bed-days was seen in diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephropathy, renal amyloidosis and polycystic kidney disease. A declining trend, in contrast, was observed in renal infections and nephritis. The proportion of patients over 70 years increased during the study period. An approximation of the outcome of renal diseases was made using the ratio of the number of deaths against the number of hospitalized renal patients. The outcome of patients under 50 years has improved. A slight improvement was observed in most renal diseases, partially due to the increased capacity of dialysis treatment and renal transplantations. PMID- 3187440 TI - Pulmonary embolism in renal cell carcinoma with vena cava extension. AB - Of 18 patients with renal cell carcinoma extending into the inferior caval vein, 11 underwent nephrectomy and cavathrombectomy and were examined by pulmonary scintigraphy pre- and postoperatively. In 7 patients, who underwent non-radical surgery or no surgery at all and had died of generalized tumour, the postmortem examination reports were scrutinised. On pulmonary scintigraphy, altogether 6 patients (55%) were free from perfusion defects preoperatively. Between the pre- and postoperative examination, perfusion defects appeared, disappeared, varied in size or were unchanged. Only 4 patients (36%) had acquired new defects. The total number of defects preoperatively was 14 and postoperatively 12. Most defects engaged less than a pulmonary segment and only 2 a whole segment. None gave clinical symptoms. No macroscopic pulmonary emboli were found in any patient at the postmortem examination. PMID- 3187441 TI - A pilot study of metabolic effects of intravenously given alpha-calcidol in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - Disturbances of calcium homeostasis might be involved in the pathogenesis of the metabolic derangements associated with uraemia. Indices of glucose and lipoprotein metabolism as well as blood pressure were measured in nine patients with chronic renal failure who were on regular hemodialysis. Seven of them thereafter received alpha-calcidol (a synthetic analogue to active vitamin D) intravenously for three months. Prior to therapy the patients had, compared with age and sex matched controls, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperlipoporteinemia and raised blood pressure. Treatment with alpha-calcidol reduced elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). Concomitantly there was a reduction of fasting blood glucose and HbA1C (glycosylated hemoglobin) concentrations and an improvement of the glucose tolerance, whereas insulin concentrations were unaffected. There was a reduction of whole serum triglycerides and an increase of HDL cholesterol. A significant decrease was also observed for systolic blood pressure. This pilot study suggests that treatment with active vitamin D, probably through its effects on calcium metabolism, is beneficial with regard to the metabolic disturbances in uraemia. PMID- 3187442 TI - Clinical experience with an alloplastic stoma prosthesis (Biocarbon) for urinary conduits and cutaneous ureterostomy. AB - An alloplastic stoma prosthesis, Biocarbon, composed of 99.9% pure carbon in vitreous form, was used in six patients with conduit urinary diversion and in seven with cutaneous ureterostomy. The patients were thereafter observed for 2-86 months. Complications were subcutaneous infection, urinary fistula and ureteral stenosis, which necessitated removal of the prosthesis in most cases. The permanent stoma, without need for adhesive collecting device, was appreciated by the patients. Problems relating to biocompatibility remain to be solved before the place of the stoma prosthesis in urinary diversion can be determined. PMID- 3187443 TI - Urinary diversion to the augmented and valved rectum. An experimental study in dogs. AB - A new model for diverting urine to the rectum was tried in dogs. An intussusception valve was constructed at the junction of the sigmoid colon and the rectum allowing passage only in aboral direction. The rectum was augmented by patching it with an opened and folded ileal segment. The ureters were implanted into the rectum by a new anti-reflux method. All three dogs survived the operation. The volume of the augmented rectum increased from 80-150 ml at operation to a maximum of 750 ml six months after the operation. The pressure in the rectum did not exceed 18 cm of water during maximal filling. No reflux to the bowel proximal to the intussusception valve or to the ureters could be observed even during maximal filling of the augmented rectum. No signs of obstruction of the fecal stream by the intussusception valve were seen. In three out of five implanted renal units strictures developed at the implantation sites and resulted in impaired renal function. In the two renal units without strictures, no impairment of kidney function was found. Involuntary leak from the anus was not observed and no masceration was found around the anus. These experiments are regarded as very encouraging an a clinical trial is now under way. PMID- 3187444 TI - Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma contiguous with the seminal vesicle. AB - A 25-year-old man presented with acute pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen and a locally palpable mass. The tumour was extirpated together with the right seminal vesicle, adjacent ureter and bladder wall. The histologic diagnosis was extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma. No tumour tissue was seen within the seminal vesicle. Intensive postoperative chemotherapy was given and at 18-months follow up the patient was apparently tumour-free. PMID- 3187445 TI - Influence of direct currents on bone vascular supply. AB - Electrical stimulation with a DC of 5 microA was found to result in macromolecular leakages in the microcirculation of rabbit metaphyseal bone. The blood flow rate of living bone did not change during 2.5 hours of electrical stimulation. Over a follow-up time of up to 11 weeks it was observed that vessels close to bone borders increased in size and that the number of bone capillaries increased, simultaneous with an increase in bone formation. PMID- 3187446 TI - Silicon in human breast tissue surrounding silicone gel prostheses. A scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray investigation of normal, fibrocystic and peri-prosthetic breast tissue. AB - Implanted silicone breast prostheses leak silicone gel through the intact membrane. In order to determine the exact location and to achieve a semiquantitative estimation of the amount of silicone in the surrounding tissue, a method involving scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) was used. By this method we were able to demonstrate the presence of the element silicon (Si) (main component of silicone, a polymer with a general formula e.g. (CH3[Si(CH3)2O]n Si(CH3)3 along the inner border of vacuoles corresponding to the light microscopic localization of droplets and in macrophages. The tissue adjacent to the prostheses had a higher silicon content than the control tissue. PMID- 3187447 TI - Natural killer cell activity following thermal injury. AB - The role of natural killer cell activity in immunosurveillance following thermal injury remains unknown. We utilize a chromium-51-release assay of K562 targets to monitor NK activity. NK activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of severely burned patients (BSA greater than 20%) was determined once a week until the convalescence period was completed. From the second week after thermal injury, impairment of NK activity was demonstrated, but the differences did not reach statistical significance. However, a correlation was found between decline of NK activity and incidences of septic complications. Surprisingly, no decline in NK activity was observed in the first week after thermal injury. PMID- 3187448 TI - Validity of laser Doppler flowmetry for measuring the effect of the tissue expander pressure on skin circulation. Simultaneous measurement of tissue pressure and laser Doppler flowmetry. AB - Intermittent Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) was used in five patients to measure changes in the dermal blood flow when changing intraluminal pressures in tissue expanders (TE). In another patient, continuous monitoring of the intraluminal pressure in the TE and simultaneous LDF was used. Our finding is that LDF is a suitable method for the registration of reactions in dermal circulation, caused by TE pressure changes. A statistically significant association between the changes of the LDF values and the intraluminal pressure in the TE was observed. PMID- 3187449 TI - The advantage of wide subperiosteal exposure in primary surgical correction of labial maxillary clefts. AB - Wide subperiosteal undermining in primary surgical correction of labio-maxillary clefts not only enhances the osteogenic activity of the periosteum but in addition, if the exposure is extended from the superior limit of the ascending maxillary process and the nasal bone to the inferior orbital rim above the infra orbital foramen and the malar eminence, good suppleness of the overlying muscles can be achieved. PMID- 3187450 TI - "The open sky rhinoplasty" for correction of secondary cleft lip nose deformity, Technique and recent results. AB - The typical nose deformity after cleft-lip repair still represents great challenge for the plastic surgeon in this field. Many methods have been designed in attempts to correct the deformity, either during primary closure of the lip or as a secondary procedure when growth of the nose is complete. In this paper the author's own technique of secondary rhinoseptoplasty in cleft-lip patients is presented. The different cartilaginous and osseous structures are approached through a transcolumellar incision and the skin of the nose completely reflected upwards. This so-called "open sky view" gives a total perspective on the entire pathology of the cleft-lip nose deformity and makes it possible to correct it accordingly. Emphasis is put on some important surgical manoeuvers. Recent results are presented and the pros and cons of this procedure discussed. PMID- 3187451 TI - Caudal musculocutaneous trapezius flaps for reconstruction of soft tissue defects. AB - To date trapezius flaps have been utilized only to a limited extent in reconstructive surgery. We present the experience we have gained of caudal trapezius flaps in the reconstruction of tissue defects on the neck and shoulders. We have operated on a total of 6 patients. The anatomy of the trapezius muscle and its function are presented in brief. The surgical technique is explained and case studies of 3 patients are presented. PMID- 3187452 TI - Capsulotomy of the distal radio ulnar joint. AB - In 18 patients, of whom the majority had sequelae after fractures to the distal radius, a capsulotomy of the distal radio ulnar joint was performed. Their main complaints were painful restricted forearm rotation combined with reduced grip strength. All patients were examined at least one year after surgery. 15 had improved forearm rotation and reduced pain while 14 had improved grip strength. It is concluded that capsulotomy of the distal radio ulnar joint might be effective treatment in cases of restricted painful forearm rotation after injuries to the distal radio ulnar joint. PMID- 3187453 TI - Subcutaneous silicone implants in pectus excavatum. AB - In seventeen patients presenting funnel chest a subcutaneous implantation of silicone prostheses was performed. In nine patients seromas were aspirated postoperatively. Five patients were reoperated, one for correction of a displacement of the prosthesis, one for size reduction and one for implant removal, because of various complaints not related to the prosthesis. At the final evaluation sixteen out of seventeen patients expressed satisfaction with the result. PMID- 3187454 TI - Subungual keratoacanthoma. Case report. AB - A case of subungual keratoacanthoma in a 64-year-old man with psoriasis is described. Important differential diagnoses are squamous cell carcinoma and epidermoid cyst. The treatment recommended is local removal. Follow up should be prolonged, as recurrence has been reported more than two years after primary operation. PMID- 3187455 TI - Isolated carpometacarpal dislocation of the thumb. Case report. AB - Traumatic isolated dislocation of the first carpometacarpal joint, treated with internal fixation and immobilisation for 6 weeks, yielded satisfactory results. However, clinical and X-ray examination at 18 months follow-up demonstrated slight instability. Open reduction and suture of ligament and capsule should be considered. PMID- 3187456 TI - Tubed free flap combined with split-rib-graft for reconstruction of multiple oral cavity defects. A case report. AB - The successful use of a conventional bone graft for mandibular reconstruction in combination with a free forearm flap is described. Two separate intraoral mucosal defects, one in the mandible and one in the palate, were covered, using the same flap and partial tubing of the flap. Three weeks post-flap-transfer the flap was successfully divided. A safe reliable and versatile technique combining nonvascularized bone graft and free flap for simultaneous reconstruction of mandibular and intraoral mucosal defects is described. Simultaneous coverage of multiple intraoral defects with tubing of the flap is found to be possible. PMID- 3187457 TI - Assessing disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Use of a Swedish version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. AB - The validity and reliability under Swedish conditions of a translated and slightly modified version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), referred to here as the ADL questionnaire, was studied. Sixty-four patients with definite/classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA) participated in the major part of the investigation. In addition, inter-observer reliability was studied in the testing of 15 other patients with RA. The questionnaire was filled in by the patients twice (ADL Tests 1 and 2) with a one-week interval between. A physiotherapist or occupational therapist also assessed each of the patients on a sample of ADL functions (ADL Test 3). Joint mobility, grip-strength, pain, Ritchie index and ESR were likewise checked. Results indicated inter-observer reliability to be high for the ADL (r(S) = 0.98), for joint mobility (r(S) = 0.86), and for the Ritchie index (r(S) = 0.83). The test-retest reliability for the ADL questionnaire which the patients filled in (Tests 1 and 2) was high r(S) = 0.91. Results of the ADL questionnaires the patients completed were found to correlate fairly closely with the observations of the therapists, r(S) = 0.71. The validity of the scoring system was found to be sufficient, using Ward's cluster analysis for comparing the original HAQ scores with scores on all the questions included in the questionnaire. Thus, the translated and somewhat modified version of the ADL questionnaire studied here appears to possess a high degree of reliability and validity in assessing patients with RA. PMID- 3187458 TI - Upper airway obstruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and temporomandibular joint destruction. AB - Among 400 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and measurable ramus height there were 76 patients with mutilating arthritis of the temporomandibular joints. In 30 of these 400 patients, episodes of upper airway obstruction had occurred, mostly when the patient lay supine. Laryngoscopy had been performed in only 7 patients, and in 3 of those a laryngeal arthritis was detected. Upper airway obstruction had occurred significantly more often in patients with arthritis of the temporomandibular joints than in those with normal joints. In 70% of the patients with a severe arthritic destruction of the temporomandibular joints, episodes of airway obstruction had occurred. Upper airway obstruction is assumed to occur in those patients due to a pharyngeal obstruction, as in other patients with micrognathia or sleep apnea syndrome. PMID- 3187459 TI - Enhancement of protein kinase C-mediated EGF receptor phosphorylation by auranofin. PMID- 3187460 TI - Giant rheumatoid cyst of the calf simulating a soft tissue tumour. PMID- 3187461 TI - Muscle function in women with rheumatoid arthritis--the influence of glucocorticosteroids. A clinical and morphological investigation. PMID- 3187462 TI - Evaluation of functional capacity after stroke as a basis for active intervention. Presentation of a modified chart for motor capacity assessment and its reliability. AB - For patients with cerebrovascular disease a chart for motor capacity assessment modified after that of Fugl-Meyer et al. has been developed. The chart comprises assessment of the ability to perform active movements and rapid movement changes, mobility, balance, sensation, joint pain and passive range of motion. Both the paretic and the non-paretic sides are evaluated. An internal consistency reliability test was performed, using the standardized item alpha coefficient calculated from the values of 231 patients with stroke on admission. The coefficients were between 0.84 and 0.99 for all the different parts of the chart, except for pain, for which they were somewhat lower. This confirms that the chart and its different parts have high homogeneity and that the test situations were adequate. Bilateral evaluation provides important information on the functional ability, especially when the "non-paretic" side is also impaired. PMID- 3187463 TI - Evaluation of functional capacity after stroke as a basis for active intervention. Validation of a modified chart for motor capacity assessment. AB - A chart for assessing motor capacity after acute stroke modified after Fugl-Meyer et al. (3) has been constructed. Construct validity was investigated by factor analysis performed on admission values of 231 patients with acute stroke. Three factors representing upper and lower extremity function and standing leg movements, respectively, explained 90-92% of the variance of the variables. On estimation of the convergent/concurrent validity by the Spearman's rank difference correlation method, high coefficients were found between the modified chart and the other main instruments used in the study. The predictive validity of the motor scoring on admission was significant. In addition, functional group on admission gave some information concerning what type of care the patients might need after discharge. The modified chart for assessment of motor capacity has proved to be a valid tool with a satisfactory predictive capacity for survival and the outcome of the motor function. PMID- 3187464 TI - Activity levels during isometric test contractions of neck and shoulder muscles. AB - In order to analyse isometric muscle test contractions in the neck and shoulder region, an electromyographic (EMG) study of ten healthy females was undertaken. A series of 13 standardized isometric contractions with manual resistance was performed in the sitting position. Rectified time-averaged EMG was recorded, using surface electrodes. All tests activated all muscles studied to some extent and at various levels, but four different patterns of activation could be identified. Maximum level of activity was obtained: 1) in the cervical erector spinae muscles during neck extension, 2) in the splenius and levator scapulae muscles during lateral flexion of the cervical spine, 3) in the trapezius, pars descendens muscle during abduction of the arm in the plane of the scapula, 4) in the thoracic erector spinae/rhomboids muscles during shoulder elevation or scapular retraction/elevation. PMID- 3187465 TI - The effect of voluntary diaphragmatic activation on back lifting. AB - The effect of increased intraabdominal pressure upon the activation of the erector spinae muscles during back lifting was studied in 10 healthy volunteers. The intraabdominal pressure was increased by voluntary prelifting coactivation of the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles. EMG was recorded with surface electrodes over the diaphragm and the erector spinae, abdominal and intercostal muscles. The EMG signals were rectified and averaged from 20 lifts of 10 kg with and without pressurization to give mean level of activity during 2 s before lifting and during successive angular positions of the trunk during lifting. In 7 of the 10 subjects the pre-lifting coactivation of diaphragm and abdominal muscles reduced erector spinae activity at lift-off and/or during the trunc erecting movement. An increased intraabdominal pressure thus often has an unloading effect on the erector spinae muscle during back lifting. PMID- 3187466 TI - A comparative study of continuous ultrasound, placebo ultrasound and rest in epicondylalgia. AB - In this study the pain alleviating effects of continuous ultrasound treatment in epicondylalgia has been compared to placebo ultrasound and to rest. Of 99 patients 33 were randomly allocated to receive continuous ultrasound treatment, 33 to placebo ultrasound treatment and 33 were recommended only rest. The 66 patients treated were each given 10 treatments over 5 to 6 weeks. The condition was significantly improved in the group treated with continuous ultrasound in 36%, in 30% given placebo, and in 24% of those recommended rest. A significant improvement was noted when the effect of continuous ultrasound was compared with rest, but continuous ultrasound treatment was not significantly better than placebo ultrasound. PMID- 3187467 TI - [Surgical therapy of vascular impotence]. AB - Improved diagnostic methods have increased the importance of surgery in the treatment of vascular impotence. The various surgical techniques and their limitations are reviewed. It is concluded that 50% of patients undergoing surgery regain their potency. PMID- 3187469 TI - [68th annual meeting of the Swiss Society of Pneumology and The Swiss Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases. Berne, 22-23 April 1988. Proceedings]. PMID- 3187468 TI - The role of sleep and sleep states on breathing disorders. PMID- 3187470 TI - Pathogenic aspects of snoring and obstructive apnea syndrome. AB - Snoring (inspiratory noise related to narrowing of the upper airways) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are two aspects of the same basic disorder: sleep related narrowing of the upper airways. Patients with OSA have been heavy snorers for years and even decades. Lying supine induces snoring and mild OSA in heavy snorers due to hypotonia of pharyngeal dilator muscles, decreasing waking neural drive and recumbent position, which contribute to functional narrowing of the upper airways. Functional factors in obstruction during sleep include (a) respiratory instability prevalent in the male sex, (b) increased extensibility of the lax tissues surrounding the oro-pharynx and (c) deficient contraction of the pharyngeal dilator muscles during inspiration. These effects are worsened by sleep deprivation and fragmentation, alcohol intake and sedatives. Anatomical factors favoring narrowing of the upper airways in snorers and OSA patients are (a) abnormally narrow airways as well as (b) increased thickness and length of the velum palatinum in snorers and OSA patients, (c) tonsillar and adenoid hypertrophy, micro- and retrognathia, and nasal insufficiency, (d) obesity with fat infiltration of the soft tissues and in particular of the oropharynx, (e) relatively open mandibular angle, hypertrophy and thickness of the tongue, and lowered hyoid bone (as shown by MRI imaging). It is possible that many anatomical abnormalities may be the consequence of snoring and obstructive apnea. During NREM sleep the ineffective inspiratory efforts progressively increase with worsening hypoxia and hypercapnia. The upper airways become patent again when arousal induces phasic activation of the dilator pharyngeal muscles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187471 TI - [Conventional tomography, computerized tomography and proton spin tomography in lung disorders]. AB - In addition to conventional tomography, CT and MRI have been introduced into clinical pulmonary radiology in recent years. Involving little or no ionizing radiation, these two digital imaging methods offer well-defined sections that can be post-processed to analyze different anatomical compartments. MRI of the lung currently faces technical problems, in particular motion artifacts and low proton density, and is more expensive. Thus, it is still reserved for selected problems, e.g. lesion characterization or vascular pathology. CT has replaced conventional tomography for many indications. The performance of these imaging methods in clinical problem situations, such as obstruction of the central bronchial tree, solitary pulmonary nodules, metastases, larger focal lesions, or diffuse disease, is discussed. A rational approach to percutaneous lung biopsy is suggested. PMID- 3187472 TI - [Is there a risk of global respiratory insufficiency with the use of intramuscular midazolam as premedication for bronchoscopy?]. AB - To determine whether midazolam i.m. as premedication for bronchoscopy involves a risk of overall respiratory failure, we compared hydrocodonum (15 mg i.m.) with midazolam (5-7.5 mg i.m., weight related) as premedication in flexible bronchoscopy in two groups of 30 patients. The two groups were comparable. Arterial blood gases were measured before premedication, before bronchoscopy, and 10 and 60 minutes after the procedure. Significant respiratory depression did not occur in either group. Side effects were rare and similar. Confusional states, as reported with midazolam given orally, were not noted. Midazolam administered as reported above is of value as premedication in flexible bronchoscopy. PMID- 3187473 TI - [The effect of hyperosmolar mixed solution of sodium chloride and beta 2 sympathomimetics on lung function in asthmatic children and adolescents]. AB - In infants paradoxical bronchoconstriction instead of dilatation was observed after beta-2-agonist inhalation and was thought to be due to an osmolality and pH change of the inhalation mixture in the nebuliser cup. Therefore, we measured lung function in 11 asthmatic children and adolescents, and in a healthy control group, after inhalation of a hyperosmolar beta-2-NaCl mixture. 0.5 ml salbutamol in 1.5 ml physiological saline (2 ml total) or 1.0 ml salbutamol in 3 ml NaCl, respectively, were nebulised for 10 minutes. Following nebulisation the patients were asked to inhale for 5 minutes from the residue in the cup. Before and after this procedure lung function was measured. All the patients were symptom-free and were tested on two days at the same time after being off medication for at least 24 hours. Baseline osmolality of the mixtures at the start of nebulisation was 235 +/- 5.0 mmol/kg and increased in the cup after 10 minutes to 322 +/- 7.5 mmol/kg for the low initial volume (2 ml) and to 261 +/- 2.0 mmol/kg for the high initial volume (4 ml). After the 5 minutes' inhalation session osmolality rose further to 460 +/- 25.0 mmol/kg (2 ml) and 278 +/- 1.0 mmol/kg (4 ml), respectively. In all asthmatic children significant changes (p less than 0.01, paired t-test) before and after inhalation occurred (decrease of airway resistance, increase of FEV1, increase of maximal expiratory flows at 75%, 50% and 25% of vital capacity, increase of peak expiratory flow. Thoracic gas volume, residual volume and vital capacity remained unchanged). No changes were seen in the control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187474 TI - [Evaluation of the reliability of 2 portable electronic spirometers]. AB - Two portable electronic spirometers, Vitalograph Compact (C) and Vitalograph Alpha (A), were evaluated for measurement of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), slow vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) compared with a high quality Gould 2400 spirometer (G). Ten normal subjects and 10 patients with obstructive lung disease performed spirometry at the same time of day and in randomized order. The results showed a close agreement between G and C or A for FEV1 (r = 0.99 and 0.97 respectively); for VC (r = 0.99 and 0.98 respectively); for FVC (r = 0.99 and 0.97 respectively), and for PEF (r = 0.95 and 0.93 respectively). The results show that these 2 portable spirometers are highly accurate for the parameters measured. PMID- 3187475 TI - [Cerebrovascular incidents in 4 hemodialysis patients treated with erythropoietin]. AB - Human recombinant erythropoietin (r-huEPO) is very effective in the treatment of anemia of hemodialyzed patients. We describe 4 patients who developed symptoms of central nervous dysfunction during r-huEPO therapy. Three exhibited typical hypertensive encephalopathy, whereas signs of cerebral ischemia were found in the fourth. The increase in blood viscosity with r-huEPO treatment, leading to a rise in peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure especially in previously hypertensive patients, may be of importance in the pathogenesis of these cerebrovascular incidents; preexistent arteriosclerosis is an possible additional risk factor. PMID- 3187476 TI - [Juvenile obesity and fitness for military service]. AB - In a prospective-catamnestic study among 21,978 19-20-year-old Swiss males at the time of military recruitment, a total of 412 (2.6%) obese young men were registered during the years of 1979-1981 for medical follow-up. They were matched for comparison with a group of 318 normal weight controls and studied for discharge rate from military service as well as rate and type of medical problems. After median follow-up of 3 years (basic military training and at least 1 annual repetition course) the obese group showed a discharge rate of 9% (37/412), 3.6 times higher than the normal weight group (2.5%, 8/318; p less than 0.001). There was no correlation between the extent of overweight and discharge rate within the obese group of young males. However, considerable differences for discharge rates showed up between military incorporations/functions (with values for the normal weight group in parenthesis). "Low-risk" incorporation subgroups for obese servicemen were: kitchen/logistics 2.7% (11.5%) and drivers 5.2% (2.6%), possibly due to overlap of professional and military functions. "High risk" incorporation subgroups for obese servicemen were: medical corps/air defense 14.8% (0%) and artillery/technical functions 14.1% (2.7%), with infantry 7.8% (2.7%) in an intermediate position. The result of the gymnastic training test at military recruitment correlated best with the discharge rate from military service. The distribution of medical reasons (diagnoses) did not differ basically between obese and normal weight young servicemen. Diseases of the spine/joints and feet with 46% (37.5%) ranked first, followed by psychological problems with 22% (37.5%) and cardiovascular and other diseases with 8% (0%). Illness was the cause of discharge from military service in 7% (29/412) of the obese group compared to 1.6% (5/318) in the normal weight group (p less than 0.001), while the respective values for accident-derived discharges (1.9% vs 0.9%) showed no statistically significant difference. Impairment of fitness for military service due to minor medical problems, as well as median days at military infirmary (1.4 vs 1.6 days) and dispensation from physical exercise (0.7% vs 0.7%), were not more frequent in the obese cohort. In nearly one third of medically discharged servicemen the relevant diagnosis was already present at military recruitment. The chances of military promotion for obese servicemen were comparable to those of their normal weight peers, at least during the time interval studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3187477 TI - [The treatment of heart infarct in comparison: attempt at quality control]. AB - Treatment of patients with acute coronary artery disease in a medium-sized hospital (with multidisciplinary intensive care unit) is compared with treatment in a university hospital. Two groups of 68 patients (under 70 years of age, without preexisting infarction) are comparable in history, physical findings, infarct size and localization, and complications. Quality or care is assessed on the basis of the findings at discharge and the length of hospital stay. We conclude that the quality of care in a medium-sized community hospital (in collaboration with the university hospital) is satisfactory. PMID- 3187478 TI - [Post-traumatic hypoliquorrhea syndrome]. AB - A case of traumatic low pressure headache syndrome after a fall on the buttocks is described. This rare syndrome is probably caused by unusual cerebrospinal fluid leakage. The headaches are characterized by accentuation in the erect position and relieved by recumbency, and may be associated with nausea, vomiting, dizziness, photophobia and vertigo. Carefully executed lumbar puncture in the lateral recumbent position shows absent CSF pressure and even spontaneous aspiration of air through the lumbar puncture needle. Intracranial air resulting from puncture may be demonstrated on routine roentgenogram. In computed tomography the syndrome is associated with extremely small ventricles and tight basal cisterns. Management consists in bedrest and fluid substitution. PMID- 3187479 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of pleural empyema]. AB - 21 patients with thoracic empyema were treated at this clinic over a period of 3 years. 15 patients had metapneumonic empyema, 2 empyema associated with sepsis, and 4 postsurgical empyema. In 12 patients the underlying illness was chronic disease while 9 patients were thus far in good health. The most frequent causative pathogens were staphylococci and streptococci, together with anaerobic bacteria. One patient died of the underlying disease. Three cases of metapneumonic empyema healed completely with antibiotics only. Closed chest tube drainage with small chest tube was performed 13 times and was successful 11 times with a mean drainage duration of 13 days. Six patients underwent surgery (early decortication in 4 instances, late decortication in 2). The surgical indication was in 4 instances multilocular of the empyema which inhibited chest tube drainage, imminent loss of function in 1 case and unsuccessful drainage in a case of bronchopleural fistula in 1 instance. Apart from high-dose antibiotic therapy, earliest possible drainage is of crucial importance in the treatment of thoracic empyema. Surgery should be considered only in uncomplicated empyema if drainage is impossible for technical reasons. PMID- 3187480 TI - [Reversal of positive serology for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Apropos of 2 case reports]. AB - The medical history and laboratory data of two persons who have been in contact with HIV-I positive carrier individuals are reported. The serologic data of successive serum samples collected from these persons were first negative, then positive (including antibodies directed against Gag and Env gene products), and finally negative for presence of anti-HIV-I antibodies. Physical examination and other laboratory data, including absolute number of CD4 lymphocytes/mm3, were within the normal range in these two individuals, who presented a reversal of positive serology for HIV-I. PMID- 3187481 TI - [Oxygen saturation during sleep in chronic obstructive lung diseases before and after bronchodilator therapy. A controlled, prospective study in 36 patients]. AB - In a study of nocturnal oxygen saturation by transcutaneous oximetry in 36 patients, 26 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of varying degrees were compared with 10 patients without lung disease. The oxygen measurements were performed in all COPD patients before and after an 8-10 days' course of anti-obstructive therapy on an inpatient basis. COPD patients had more severe desaturation during night-time than those without lung disease. The severity of nocturnal desaturation correlates with severity of the obstructive lung disease. Anti-obstructive therapy significantly improves nocturnal oxygenation in patients with COPD. We conclude that strictly performed anti obstructive therapy may diminish nocturnal oxygen desaturation and its negative sequelae, and therefore could have a positive effect on the prognosis of COPD patients. PMID- 3187483 TI - ["The future dentist would be a generalist who has a mastery of all of dentistry"]. PMID- 3187482 TI - [Myocardial infarct following cocaine abuse]. AB - The case is reported of a young male who presented with massive anterior myocardial infarction after sniffing cocaine. The cardiovascular complications of cocaine abuse are numerous (sudden death, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, myocarditis) and are being reported more and more frequently in the literature. Thoracic or abdominal pain in any patient known to abuse cocaine should be thoroughly investigated, despite the youth of these patients. PMID- 3187485 TI - [The professional image of veterinarians in 1988]. PMID- 3187484 TI - [Removable dentures--modest advances?]. PMID- 3187486 TI - [Reflections of a French-speaking practitioner of the veterinary arts in Switzerland]. PMID- 3187487 TI - [The profession of veterinarian: opinions of a practitioner in Ticino]. PMID- 3187488 TI - [Changes in the agriculture in the Engadine and Surselva valleys--the consequences for the veterinarian]. PMID- 3187489 TI - Exonerating sodium. PMID- 3187490 TI - New genes for old. PMID- 3187491 TI - Supertests. PMID- 3187492 TI - Why octopuses? Have we learned anything from studying their brains? PMID- 3187493 TI - Budding bacteria: their importance in the study of bacterial growth and differentiation. PMID- 3187494 TI - HIV infection and AIDS--implications for medical care. PMID- 3187495 TI - Scottish AIDS research appeal--a new charity in Scotland. PMID- 3187496 TI - The dynamics of an illicit drug scene. PMID- 3187497 TI - HIV testing in Glasgow Genito-Urinary Medicine Clinics 1985-1987. AB - Between 1 March 1985 and 28 February 1987, 1659 patients attending Glasgow Genito Urinary Medicine (GUM) Clinics were tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Forty (2.4%) were positive. Thirty-seven of these were homosexual (36/37) or bisexual (1/37) males. The overall prevalence of antibodies to HIV in this group was 3.9% (37/940) and showed no significant increase over the two year period. Following the extensive media campaign in October 1986, the total numbers tested each month rose from an average of around 50, to 144 in December 1986. There was a further rise to 220 in March 1987 coinciding with AIDS week in March 1987. Since then the numbers have again declined. Before the October campaign, 70% of these tested (692/990) were homo/bisexual males. After the campaign the number of heterosexual males and females rose sharply, accounting for 68% of these tested. PMID- 3187498 TI - Sports injuries as seen at an accident and emergency department. AB - We present certain characteristics of 1,000 consecutive patients who attended an Accident and Emergency Department (A&E) with an injury sustained as a result of sport. The majority of injuries occurred as a result of football. Sports injuries had a higher requirement of X-ray than general trauma patients. A minority were treated at the site of injury. A fifth of patients required no treatment or a simple dressing. Commonest treatment was a support bandage. Only 2% required immediate in-patient treatment. Those affected by sports injuries tend to be young and of working age and may lose work time as a result of their injuries and therefore appropriate treatment is justified. PMID- 3187499 TI - Effects of venesection on leg blood flow in claudicants with high-normal haematocrit. AB - Patients with intermittent claudication frequently have high-normal levels of haematocrit and hence blood viscosity, which may contribute to decreased calf blood flow on exercise, and hence to the symptom of claudication. Reduction in haematocrit and viscosity by serial venesection in eight patients with stable claudication and high-normal haematocrit (mean 0.50) was performed, and the effects on claudication, calf blood flow, and calf oxygen delivery were studied. Following reduction in haematocrit to low-normal levels (mean 0.44), resting calf blood flow was unchanged; peak flow after ischaemic exercise increased slightly (+17%), but peak oxygen delivery (peak flow X haemoglobin concentration) was unchanged. Hence any increase in calf blood flow in the symptomatic leg is balanced by a decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity after venesection. No increase in claudication time would therefore be expected, and none was observed in the present study. PMID- 3187500 TI - Tolerance of Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia: report of 1235 infusions. AB - A total of 1235 immunoglobulin infusions were carried out as replacement therapy in 37 patients suffering from primary hypogammaglobulinaemia from 1983 to 1987, using Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS) IV IgG, manufactured by cold ethanol fractionation of plasma, ultrafiltration and mild pepsin proteolysis at pH4. Ten patients experienced adverse reactions during 34 infusions (2.8% of all infusions) and all but five were mild; 21 (62%) of the adverse reactions were encountered in the patients' first five infusions. A maximum immunoglobulin infusion rate of 5 mg/kg/min was tolerated without adverse reaction. PMID- 3187501 TI - Hypoglycaemia and metabolic acidosis in a patient with an acute leukaemia. AB - A young woman presented with a short history of fatigue and confusion. Investigation showed that she was hypoglycaemic with a metabolic acidosis due to acute monocytic leukaemia. She died before specific treatment could be given for her leukaemia, but illustrates some of the problems in treating the metabolic complications of neoplastic disease. PMID- 3187502 TI - Gastric lipoma and intussusception in a child. AB - Gastroduodenal intussusception and gastric lipoma are exceedingly rare conditions in childhood. We report the first case of intussusception due to a gastric lipoma in this age group. PMID- 3187503 TI - Essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia presenting with chronic perianal skin ulceration. PMID- 3187504 TI - Does non-acetylated salicylate inhibit thromboxane biosynthesis in human platelets? AB - Ingestion of aspirin (acetyl salicylic acid: ASA) may promote bleeding complications due to inhibition of thromboxane biosynthesis, which results in the prolongation of bleeding time. The effect is believed to be achieved by the irreversible acetylation of the enzyme cyclooxygenase by aspirin. This alteration in platelet function by aspirin prohibits its use in patients with bleeding disorders such as haemophiliacs. Choline magnesium trisalicylate (CMT; Napp Laboratories Ltd) is a non-acetylated salicylate with analgesic and anti inflammatory effects similar to that of aspirin. However, despite a comparable salicylate absorption from the two drugs, CMT is found to have no inhibitory action in platelet aggregation and to cause less gastric mucosal damage and gastrointestinal blood loss than aspirin. To investigate the role of the acetyl moiety in the inhibition of platelet thromboxane biosynthesis, we studied the effect of CMT and ASA on bleeding time, serum thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and thromboxane (Tx) generation in healthy volunteers. PMID- 3187505 TI - Frontiers in neuroscience. PMID- 3187506 TI - Methods and molecules. PMID- 3187507 TI - Radon hazard. PMID- 3187508 TI - Psychiatric diagnosis. PMID- 3187509 TI - Malformations in chicken embryos in the Northeast. AB - In Deborah Barnes' article "Joint Soviet-U.S. attack on heart muscle dogma" (Research News, 14 Oct., page 193), credit for a photograph was inadvertently omitted. John Oberpriller of the University of North Dakota graciously supplied the photograph of a newt ventricular myocyte dividing in culture. PMID- 3187510 TI - Random audit of papers proposed. PMID- 3187511 TI - Authorship, data ownership examined. PMID- 3187512 TI - Stanford inquiry casts doubt on 11 papers. PMID- 3187513 TI - NIH holds a science fair. PMID- 3187514 TI - Billion dollar price tag for new animal rules. PMID- 3187515 TI - Curbing Soviet disinformation. PMID- 3187516 TI - Research resources merger. PMID- 3187517 TI - Subtleties of mating competition. PMID- 3187518 TI - Family relationships are a biological conundrum. PMID- 3187519 TI - Growth cone guidance in insects: fasciclin II is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. AB - The cellular cues that guide neuronal growth cones toward their targets are highly conserved in such diverse organisms as insects and vertebrates. Evidence presented here suggests that the molecular mechanisms underlying these events may be equally conserved. This article describes the structure and function of fasciclin II, a glycoprotein expressed on a subset of fasciculating axons in the grasshopper embryo. Antibody perturbation experiments suggest that fasciclin II functions in mediating one form of neuronal recognition: selective fasciculation. Fasciclin II is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and is homologous in structure and function to the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM and to several other vertebrate cell adhesion molecules. PMID- 3187520 TI - Behavioral neurophysiology: insights into seeing and grasping. AB - One marvels at a batter's ability to hit a baseball traveling at 150 kilometers per hour or a monkey's skill in snatching a flying insect. Indeed, the ability of many animals to reach out, grasp, and manipulate objects is a feat of biological engineering unmatched by even state-of-the-art robots. But how are the objects of our attention chosen and how are the eyes and hands directed to it? Recent progress in behavioral neurophysiology has clarified some of the brain mechanisms at work. PMID- 3187521 TI - Growth and transparency in the lens, an epithelial tissue, stimulated by pulses of PDGF. AB - The rat lens undergoes dramatic growth during early postnatal development. Lens weight increased by a factor of 23 in 26 days. Growth rate per day oscillated between 0 and 87 percent. A new culture system was designed to study the oscillations in growth during development. Lens growth and transparency in vitro required pulsatile delivery of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in HL-1 serum-free medium. Continuous delivery of HL-1 medium with PDGF or pulsatile delivery of HL-1 medium without PDGF resulted in lens opacity and no growth. These results provide direct evidence that PDGF stimulates an epithelial tissue and that oscillations in growth occur during normal development of the rat lens. PMID- 3187522 TI - The use of animals in research. PMID- 3187523 TI - Pork barreling. PMID- 3187525 TI - Journals and data disclosure. PMID- 3187524 TI - NIH delays gene transfer experiment. PMID- 3187526 TI - No longer ignored, AIDS funds just keep growing. PMID- 3187527 TI - France boosts AIDS funds. PMID- 3187528 TI - . . . and grant-getters. PMID- 3187529 TI - Crossing the border. PMID- 3187530 TI - Structure of the lambda complex at 2.5 A resolution: details of the repressor operator interactions. AB - The crystal structure of a complex containing the DNA-binding domain of lambda repressor and a lambda operator site was determined at 2.5 A resolution and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 24.2 percent. The complex is stabilized by an extensive network of hydrogen bonds between the protein and the sugar phosphate backbone. Several side chains form hydrogen bonds with sites in the major groove, and hydrophobic contacts also contribute to the specificity of binding. The overall arrangement of the complex is quite similar to that predicted from earlier modeling studies, which fit the protein dimer against linear B-form DNA. However, the cocrystal structure reveals important side chain side chain interactions that were not predicted from the modeling or from previous genetic and biochemical studies. PMID- 3187531 TI - Recognition of a DNA operator by the repressor of phage 434: a view at high resolution. AB - The repressors of temperate bacteriophages such as 434 and lambda control transcription by binding to a set of DNA operator sites. The different affinity of repressor for each of these sites ensures efficient regulation. High resolution x-ray crystallography was used to study the DNA-binding domain of phage 434 repressor in complex with a synthetic DNA operator. The structure shows recognition of the operator by direct interactions with base pairs in the major groove, combined with the sequence-dependent ability of DNA to adopt the required conformation on binding repressor. In particular, a network of three-centered bifurcated hydrogen bonds among base pairs in the operator helps explain why 434 repressor prefers certain sites over others. These bonds, which stabilize the conformation of the bound DNA, can form only with certain sequences. PMID- 3187534 TI - Toward a universal law of generalization. PMID- 3187533 TI - Ovothiol replaces glutathione peroxidase as a hydrogen peroxide scavenger in sea urchin eggs. AB - Despite its potential toxicity, H2O2 is used as an extracellular oxidant by Stronglylocentrotus purpuratus eggs to cross-link their fertilization envelopes. These eggs contain 5 mM 1-methyl-N alpha,N alpha-dimethyl-4-mercaptohistidine (ovothiol C), which reacts with H2O2. In consuming H2O2 and being reduced by glutathione, ovothiol acts as a glutathione peroxidase and replaces the function of the enzyme in eggs. The ovothiol system is more effective than egg catalase in destroying H2O2 at concentrations produced during fertilization and constitutes a principal mechanism for preventing oxidative damage at fertilization. PMID- 3187532 TI - A larger spectrum of severe HIV-1--related disease in intravenous drug users in New York City. AB - Increasing mortality in intravenous (IV) drug users not reported to surveillance as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has occurred in New York City coincident with the AIDS epidemic. From 1981 to 1986, narcotics-related deaths increased on average 32% per year from 492 in 1981 to 1996 in 1986. This increase included deaths from AIDS increasing from 0 to 905 and deaths from other causes, many of which were infectious diseases, increasing from 492 to 1091. Investigations of these deaths suggest a causal association with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These deaths may represent a spectrum of HIV-related disease that has not been identified through AIDS surveillance and has resulted in a large underestimation of the impact of AIDS on IV drug users and blacks and Hispanics. PMID- 3187536 TI - New horizons in medicine. PMID- 3187537 TI - Animal research: a choice. PMID- 3187535 TI - Diabetic mouse incorrectly typed. PMID- 3187538 TI - Global stratospheric ozone and UVB radiation. PMID- 3187540 TI - Genome project. PMID- 3187539 TI - Europe split on embryo research. PMID- 3187541 TI - An in vitro system for accurate methylation of internal adenosine residues in messenger RNA. AB - Some internal adenosine residues in messenger RNA are methylated posttranscriptionally in the nucleus. Most of the methylated adenosine residues in prolactin mRNA are in the 3' untranslated region. The site of methylation in the 3' end of prolactin mRNA was determined. This methylation reaction is highly specific; of the three adenosine residues in consensus sequences located in the 3' end, only one is methylated. An in vitro methylation system was developed in which bovine prolactin mRNA, synthesized in vitro with T7 RNA polymerase, was accurately methylated in a HeLa cell nuclear extract. The adenosine residue that was methylated in vitro was the same as the one methylated in vivo. This cell free system, which accurately methylates the N6-position of adenosine residues in mRNA, will allow further study of the mechanism of adenosine methylation. PMID- 3187542 TI - Progressive systemic sclerosis: mode of presentation, rapidly progressive disease course, and mortality based on an analysis of 91 patients. AB - The overwhelming majority of patients with PSS present with combinations of Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, polyarthralgias, or swelling of an extremity. However, the clinical presentation of PSS may be atypical; 14% of patients in the present series initially sought medical attention for symptoms other than Raynaud's phenomenon, tight skin, or joint pain. In the present series, only 31% of patients fulfilled the ARA criteria for PSS at the time of initial medical evaluation. Most patients manifested advanced disease by the time the criteria were fulfilled. The ARA criteria for the classification of PSS appear to have limited value with regard to making the diagnosis in an individual patient. Rapidly progressive PSS occurred in 17.6% of patients in this series and represents a particularly fulminant form of the disease whose course may not be predictable on clinical grounds at the time of initial medical evaluation or diagnosis. Patients destined to develop renal or cardiorespiratory failure usually do so in the first 3 years of disease. Close observation of PSS patients during the first 12 to 18 months may serve to identify those individuals who will undergo an accelerated disease course. Prognosis for patients with rapidly progressive PSS is poor and is associated with significantly higher mortality compared with patients with a more protracted disease course. Future therapeutic trials in PSS should be designed with the recognition that a subgroup of patients with this disorder will have a rapidly progressive disease course. PMID- 3187543 TI - Adverse impact of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis on prognosis in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. AB - Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis occurs in approximately 9% of patients with PM/DM, yet its effect on the course of PM/DM has been scarcely noted. In this report, two patients with PM/DM and IPF were presented to highlight the fact that pulmonary disease can overshadow the primary muscle disorder and progress despite therapy with corticosteroids and nonsteroidal immunosuppression. Our patients were added to previously reported cases and an overview of PM/DM and IPF was presented. Sixty-seven patients with the diagnosis of PM/DM and IPF, with a mean age of 60 +/- 18 years, were identified. Pulmonary complaints were present in 64 cases. Fever was present in 18, arthritis or arthralgias in 11, and Raynaud's phenomenon in 9. Forty percent died after followup of 31 +/- 32 months. This mortality was significantly higher (P less than .05) than that in 745 historical controls with PM/DM without IPF. Progressive IPF was the immediate cause of death in 58% of those who died. A subgroup of 29 patients who had histologic documentation of both myositis and IPF had a mortality of 62% after 22 +/- 25 months. In this latter group, six patients had RP; five of these died. Patients who were not treated with corticosteroids also appeared to fare worse but, given the small number of patients involved, definite conclusions cannot be drawn. We conclude that patients with PM/DM can be adversely affected by the presence of IPF and that this negative impact may be exaggerated by RP and perhaps by lack of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187544 TI - Hidden 19S IgM rheumatoid factors. PMID- 3187545 TI - [Plate osteosynthesis of femoral shaft fracture with reference to biological aspects]. PMID- 3187546 TI - [Reosteosyntheses of the tibial shaft. Status of indications--choice of procedure -results of treatment]. PMID- 3187547 TI - [The interposition technic. A possibility for avoiding the end-to- side technic in free microvascular myocutaneous flap transfer of the latissimus dorsi muscle]. PMID- 3187548 TI - [Intraneural ganglion of the ulnar nerve. A case report]. PMID- 3187549 TI - [Local antibiotic therapy in postoperative and post-traumatic osteitis with the Septopal chain]. PMID- 3187550 TI - [The significance of thoracic trauma as single or concomitant injuries in polytrauma]. PMID- 3187552 TI - Foreign bodies I have known. PMID- 3187551 TI - [Pathogenesis of pulmonary complications following intramedullary nailing osteosyntheses]. PMID- 3187555 TI - The adrenals. PMID- 3187554 TI - Intraperitoneal lipoblastoma. PMID- 3187553 TI - Adrenal calcifications. PMID- 3187556 TI - [Effects of secretin and cholecystokinin-family hormones on hepatic bile secretion in guinea pigs]. PMID- 3187557 TI - [Effect of dorsal raphe nucleus stimulation on nociceptive response of dorsal horn neurons and efferent pathway analysis in rats]. PMID- 3187558 TI - [Effects of blockade of medullary region on respiration in the rabbit]. PMID- 3187559 TI - [A liquid culture system for in vitro production of platelets]. PMID- 3187560 TI - [The role of the ventral medulla oblongata in the vasopressor reaction induced by habenular nucleus stimulation]. PMID- 3187561 TI - [Mechanism of the change in low shear viscosity of whole blood following coronary occlusion]. PMID- 3187562 TI - [Effects of acute myocardial ischemia on changes in hemorheology and heart contractile function]. PMID- 3187563 TI - [Effect of twenty-one kinds of amino acids on progesterone production of rat luteal cells induced by hCG]. PMID- 3187564 TI - [Responses of hypothalamic paraventricular neurons to locus coeruleus (LC) and dorsal raphe (DR) stimulation in rats]. PMID- 3187565 TI - [High performance liquid chromatographic determination of amino acids in brain by precolumn derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde]. PMID- 3187567 TI - The prevention of cancer--a prudent approach. PMID- 3187566 TI - Myopia in young Singaporeans. PMID- 3187568 TI - Treatment of idiopathic scoliosis by preoperative localiser cast followed by Harrington rod fixation and posterior spinal fusion. PMID- 3187569 TI - Cryptococcosis. PMID- 3187570 TI - The pattern of myopia in young Singaporean men. PMID- 3187571 TI - Dietary vitamin A, beta-carotene and risk of epidermoid lung cancer among Chinese males. PMID- 3187572 TI - Idiopathic scoliosis--treatment by pre-operative Risser's localiser cast followed by Harrington rodding and posterior spinal fusion. PMID- 3187573 TI - Pulmonary cryptococcosis. PMID- 3187574 TI - The impact of the anti-smoking campaign in Singapore. PMID- 3187575 TI - Comparison of efficacy of and tolerance to ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3187577 TI - Cases of brain metastasis presenting as the first sign of systemic cancer. PMID- 3187576 TI - In search of a diabetic cardiopathy--a study of left ventricular function in 25 asymptomatic diabetics using M mode echocardiography--a pilot study. PMID- 3187578 TI - Management of invasive bladder carcinoma--a five year review. PMID- 3187579 TI - Initial experience in treatment of female genital warts and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia with laser. PMID- 3187580 TI - Tuberculosis of the breast. PMID- 3187581 TI - Operative treatment of the intercondylar fracture of the femur. PMID- 3187582 TI - Emergency hysterectomies in obstetrics. PMID- 3187583 TI - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome--a study of 4 cases. PMID- 3187584 TI - Sore throat following short term endotracheal intubation. PMID- 3187585 TI - Normal cerebrospinal fluid cellularity in childhood pyogenic meningitis. PMID- 3187586 TI - Reversible hepatic and renal damage from rifampin overdose--a case report. PMID- 3187587 TI - Cryptococcosis of the liver in a systemic lupus erythematosus patient. PMID- 3187588 TI - [Care of enterostomies]. PMID- 3187589 TI - [Functional exploration of the anterior pituitary gland]. PMID- 3187590 TI - [The nurse's role in pituitary testing]. PMID- 3187591 TI - [Pituitary adenomas: general facts]. PMID- 3187592 TI - [The prolactin adenomas or prolactinomas]. PMID- 3187593 TI - [Cushing's syndrome]. PMID- 3187595 TI - [Nursing education on a university basis at Hadassah-Jerusalem]. PMID- 3187594 TI - [The other pituitary adenomas]. PMID- 3187596 TI - [Continuing professional education of private duty nurses]. PMID- 3187597 TI - [Anatomy of the pituitary gland]. PMID- 3187598 TI - [The nurse and the micro-computer]. PMID- 3187599 TI - [Allowances for complete loss of employment (2)]. PMID- 3187600 TI - [Physiology of the anterior pituitary gland]. PMID- 3187601 TI - [The positions of patients in bed]. PMID- 3187602 TI - [Breast cancer in metastatic development. Rotation therapy]. PMID- 3187603 TI - [New anthracyclines]. PMID- 3187604 TI - [Peroperative radiotherapy]. PMID- 3187605 TI - [Problems of hemostasis in hemato-oncology]. PMID- 3187606 TI - [Relationship between care-giver and patient in hematology]. PMID- 3187607 TI - [The sun, a friend ... who only means well!]. PMID- 3187608 TI - [Gastric lavage in acute poisonings]. PMID- 3187609 TI - [Director of a nursing school--exciting work...]. PMID- 3187610 TI - [The nurses obligation with regard to the dying]. PMID- 3187611 TI - [Admission and management of patients on referral]. PMID- 3187612 TI - [The place of surgery in the treatment of inflammatory breast cancers]. PMID- 3187613 TI - [Care of hospitalized patients]. PMID- 3187614 TI - [Unusual addictions]. PMID- 3187615 TI - [The personalities of drug addicts]. PMID- 3187616 TI - [Psychiatric complications in substance dependence]. PMID- 3187617 TI - [Withdrawal therapies]. PMID- 3187619 TI - [Deviant behavior with multiple appearances]. PMID- 3187618 TI - [Medical complications in drug dependence]. PMID- 3187620 TI - [Role of the nurse in a unit for the care of drug addicts]. PMID- 3187621 TI - [Research in and epidemiology of substance abuse]. PMID- 3187622 TI - [The care of addicts during withdrawal therapy]. PMID- 3187623 TI - [Substance dependence: what kind of nursing education?]. PMID- 3187624 TI - [Dare to be tender. Apropos of the nurse's touch in geriatric nursing]. PMID- 3187625 TI - [Drugs used by addicts]. PMID- 3187626 TI - Your patient's keeper. PMID- 3187627 TI - Morbidity of Hurricane Elena. AB - On Sept 2, 1985, Hurricane Elena struck the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. We conducted a retrospective review of Emergency Department logs for a one-week period before and a two-week period after the storm to determine what additional support would be needed to manage such a disaster. There was a significant increase in the number of patients treated for psychiatric problems and trauma. These findings are similar to the results obtained in a study at the same hospital after Hurricane Frederic in 1979. PMID- 3187628 TI - Traumatic perforation of the diaphragm. AB - To ascertain our experience with traumatic perforations of the diaphragm, we reviewed the charts of 72 patients treated over a ten-year period. From January 1975 through June 1984, 58 male patients and 14 female patients, ranging in age from 6 to 72 years, were treated for traumatic perforations of the diaphragm. These injuries resulted from gunshot wounds in 44 patients (61%), stab wounds in 13 (18%), blunt trauma in 11 (15%), and shotgun wounds in four (6%). Seventy three percent of the injuries were to the left hemidiaphragm, 26% to the right, and 1% to both. Signs and symptoms were unreliable for making the diagnosis of perforation. Diagnosis depended mainly on preoperative chest roentgenograms (especially for those caused by blunt trauma), thorough intraoperative exploration, and a high index of suspicion. Overall mortality was 7%, but death was usually more readily attributable to associated injuries than to the diaphragmatic injuries. PMID- 3187630 TI - Panretinal photocoagulation in the management of neovascular glaucoma. AB - We report a retrospective evaluation of the role of panretinal photocoagulation in the primary treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Thirty-six eyes (32 patients) received aggressive argon laser panretinal photocoagulation beginning as soon as feasible after diagnosis of the developing neovascular glaucoma. Thirty eyes were stabilized by photocoagulation, though 25 required long-term glaucoma medications. Six eyes required additional procedures. Vision deteriorated in 21 of the 36 eyes (nine eyes finally having "no light perception") during the 32.8 month follow-up. Intraocular pressure averaged 39.0 mm Hg before photocoagulation and 21.2 mm Hg at study's end. All 36 eyes were retained and remain comfortable. We conclude that panretinal photocoagulation plays an important role in the management of neovascular glaucoma. PMID- 3187629 TI - Routine bile cultures during elective cholecystectomy. AB - To assess antibiotic usage and the value of routine intraoperative bile cultures, we retrospectively reviewed 79 patients who had elective cholecystectomy from January to December 1986. Forty patients (57%) received perioperative antibiotics, and 15 (19%) had positive intraoperative bile cultures. During follow-up, the only septic complications identified were wound infections in two patients (3%); one of them had received antibiotics and one had not. Each bile culture cost $60 to $80, and the cultures were not clinically useful. In the absence of risk factors associated with positive bile cultures, the incidence of wound infections or septic complications after cholecystectomy is low. We conclude that routine intraoperative bile cultures and prophylactic antibiotics are not indicated for elective cholecystectomy in low-risk patients. PMID- 3187632 TI - Measles: clinical and laboratory observations in young adults during an epidemic. AB - We describe the spectrum of clinical and laboratory findings in 130 young nonvaccinated adults who had measles during an epidemic, and give special emphasis to liver involvement. The data from these cases are compared to those of other selected groups of hospitalized young adults. Since measles seems to cause severe morbidity in adults, active measures should be taken to identify and vaccinate vulnerable nonimmunized individuals. PMID- 3187631 TI - Tortuosity of the right common carotid artery simulating aneurysm. AB - Among the problems that confront the vascular surgeon, a pulsatile, right-sided neck mass requires a careful and logical evaluation. It has long been known that tortuosity of the right common carotid artery, frequently associated with advanced hypertension, can physically mimic a right carotid aneurysm. The question, then, is whether carotid angiography, with a higher attendant risk of morbidity and mortality, is preferable to less invasive diagnostic modalities such as computerized tomography (CT) and ultrasonography for initial evaluation. In our study, 31 consecutive patients with a pulsatile right neck mass, indistinguishable on physical examination from a carotid aneurysm, were evaluated using CT scan of the neck and either radionuclide scan or angiography. In all of the patients, the masses were confirmed to be tortuous right common carotid arteries and not aneurysms. Because a kinked carotid artery simulating an aneurysm occurs so frequently, noninvasive diagnostic techniques, such as CT and ultrasonography, should precede angiography. We also discuss demographic characteristics commonly associated with tortuosity of the right common carotid artery. PMID- 3187634 TI - Childhood AIDS: an unusual presentation. AB - We have reported the case of a child with AIDS manifested by an acute episode of stridor associated with candidal esophagitis. Stridor is uncommon in candidal esophagitis, and we believe this is the first report of it as a presenting symptom in childhood AIDS. PMID- 3187633 TI - On being diagnosed a "leper": a paradigm of archetypal thinking. PMID- 3187636 TI - Acute ammonia intoxication 37 years after ureterosigmoidostomy. AB - Ureterosigmoidostomy causes hyperammonemia, which can, especially in the presence of hepatic disease, lead to metabolic encephalopathy and coma. In the case reported here, acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy developed 37 years after the operation, and responded promptly to oral neomycin therapy, with clinical and electroencephalographic resolution. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, not previously reported in this disorder, showed symmetric lesions of the white matter. PMID- 3187635 TI - Infectious mononucleosis with pleural effusion. AB - We have described a 10-year-old child in whom a pleural effusion complicated an otherwise typical case of IM. Although rare, pleural effusions are a possible complication of infectious mononucleosis, and IM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusions in children. PMID- 3187637 TI - Recanalization of autogenous vein grafts. AB - I have documented the recanalization of a venous graft placed in the peripheral venous system to replace a severely disrupted peripheral vein. This case demonstrates the feasibility of such a maneuver, where indicated, to preclude large vein ligation or permanent venous obstruction resulting from inappropriate venography. PMID- 3187638 TI - Defunctionalized jejunal limb for long-term access to the biliary tree. AB - The morbidity associated with repeated operations for recurrent biliary disease is well recognized. It has been postulated that symptomatic relief could be provided nonoperatively using radiologic and endoscopic techniques via a defunctionalized jejunal limb brought out to the subcutaneous space at the time of choledochojejunostomy, and later reached by local cutdown. We have described the nonoperative management of multiple intrahepatic and common bile duct stones successfully removed via such a defunctionalized jejunal limb. Our results suggest that this technique can effectively allow nonoperative access to the biliary tree for treatment of recurrent biliary disease. PMID- 3187639 TI - Age and cervical dysplasia. PMID- 3187640 TI - Thyrotoxicosis manifested as mania. AB - Clinicians should be on the alert for the possibility of underlying thyrotoxicosis in patients having an affective disturbance. An initial detailed medical history and complete physical examination is essential even in severely agitated, threatening patients. The danger of inappropriate diagnosis and treatment of these patients requires a high index of suspicion in detecting the underlying thyroid disturbance. PMID- 3187642 TI - AIDS can be cured. PMID- 3187641 TI - Recurrent sulindac-induced aseptic meningitis in a patient tolerant to other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. AB - The association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and recurrent aseptic meningitis has been only rarely noted in patients without underlying connective tissue disease. I have described a patient who had four episodes of unexplained meningitis for which no auto-inflammatory or infectious cause could be found. Three of the episodes were found to have been immediately preceded by sulindac doses. The patient has tolerated aspirin, indomethacin, naproxyn, fenoprofen, diflunisal, and ibuprofen before and since this association was noted, implying an immunologic hypersensitivity to sulindac and not a pharmacologic effect of the entire class of such drugs. PMID- 3187643 TI - AIDS epidemic: salient need for comprehensive legislation. PMID- 3187645 TI - The art of publishing original medical observations. PMID- 3187644 TI - Upside-down epilepsy: a manifestation of second sensory seizures. PMID- 3187646 TI - [Model of an automated system for selection and differential fluorographic examination]. PMID- 3187647 TI - [Comprehensive system of dispensary care for the population by dentists]. PMID- 3187648 TI - [Antitobacco propaganda among schoolchildren]. PMID- 3187649 TI - [Relationship between industrial environmental factors and the state of general and mental health]. PMID- 3187650 TI - [The developmental prospects of rural public health]. PMID- 3187651 TI - [Training of a reserve of public health management personnel]. PMID- 3187652 TI - [Ways to enhance the effectiveness of the professional training of physicians]. PMID- 3187653 TI - [Training of medical institute students for management activities in the public health field]. PMID- 3187654 TI - [Training of the general practice physician in the problems of emergency surgical care]. PMID- 3187655 TI - [Soviet-Afghan cooperation in the field of public health]. PMID- 3187656 TI - [Evaluation of the contribution of different categories of medical workers to the activities of a hospital]. PMID- 3187658 TI - [Prospective forms of the development of hospital institutions]. PMID- 3187657 TI - [Statistical data. The system of the Ministry of Public Health of the USSR]. PMID- 3187659 TI - [Clinical significance of determining the circadian uropepsinogen profile of peptic ulcer patients]. PMID- 3187660 TI - [Reasons for an untimely diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 3187661 TI - [Early diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2]. PMID- 3187662 TI - [An outpatient variant of radiation therapy in the combined treatment of rectal cancer]. PMID- 3187663 TI - [Dosage methods for drug compounds in chronic kidney failure]. PMID- 3187664 TI - [Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis with pulmonary hypertension syndrome]. PMID- 3187665 TI - [Lyell's syndrome]. PMID- 3187666 TI - [Prolactin, gonadotropic hormone and estradiol secretion in the hyperprolactinemia syndrome]. PMID- 3187667 TI - [Clinico-pathomorphologic changes in the nervous system during overheating]. PMID- 3187669 TI - [Thermography in the early diagnosis and assessment of treatment results in microcirculatory disorders in alcoholism]. PMID- 3187668 TI - [A trial of reduction of arterial hepatic blood flow in cardial cirrhosis of the liver]. PMID- 3187670 TI - [Problems in the development of methods for extracorporeal detoxication]. PMID- 3187671 TI - [Exocrine secretion of the pancreas during endoscopic catheterization of its duct]. PMID- 3187672 TI - [Local hypothermia in the combined therapy of chronic osteomyelitis of the tubular bones]. PMID- 3187673 TI - [Detectability of chronic diseases depending on sex and age]. PMID- 3187674 TI - [Myocardial contractile capacity of the right ventricle in the decompensation of chronic cor pulmonale]. PMID- 3187675 TI - [Reasons for a decrease in the work capacity of patients after the radical treatment of breast cancer]. PMID- 3187676 TI - [Work experience of the Association of the All-Union Research Center on Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and the Department of Hospital Surgery of the I. M. Sechenov 1st Moscow Medical Institute]. PMID- 3187677 TI - [Laser therapy and immune system indices in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3187679 TI - [Use of klofenil in heart failure]. PMID- 3187678 TI - [Reflexotherapy in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3187680 TI - [Morphologic changes in the myocardium in infectious-allergic myocarditis with heart rhythm disorders]. PMID- 3187681 TI - [Chronotherapy of hypertension with dopegit]. PMID- 3187682 TI - [Problems in improving the diagnosis of tumors of the large intestine]. PMID- 3187683 TI - [Preoperative preparation of patients with gastric peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3187684 TI - [Giant ulcers of the stomach]. PMID- 3187685 TI - [Protease inhibitors in the combined therapy of acute pneumonia]. PMID- 3187686 TI - [Recurrent bronchitis in adolescents]. PMID- 3187687 TI - [Campylobacter pyloridis in chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3187688 TI - The vertical stability of the cervical spine. AB - The concept of the three-column cervical spine and load transmission through each column was experimentally tested. Material consisted of five cervical columns removed from cadavers. The experiment was conducted on an Instron load testing machine. Load was applied on superior articular surfaces of the axis vertebra and was recorded below from each column separately at the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. It was found that 36% of the total load applied on the top of the specimen is transmitted through the anterior column formed by bodies and intervertebral discs and 32% each through the two posterior cervical columns formed by the articular processes. The experiment very strongly supported the role of neural arch in transmission of vertebral compressive forces. PMID- 3187689 TI - Fractures of the atlas: classification, treatment and morbidity. AB - Fractures of the atlas vertebra are generally considered to be innocuous injuries. A review of 35 patients with C1 fractures treated in the Acute Spinal Cord Injury Unit of Shaughnessy Hospital indicated that long-term morbidity is not as low as was previously thought. Thirteen of 23 patients (56%) followed up a minimum of 1 year post-trauma had significant symptoms of scalp dysesthesia, neck pain, and/or neck stiffness. A classification is presented, and the results of treatment modalities used are reviewed. Based on the findings, the simplest orthosis consistent with appropriate treatment of any of the often associated other spine fractures is recommended. Surgery is reserved for late instability or pain. PMID- 3187690 TI - Biomechanical comparisons of spinal fracture models and the stabilizing effects of posterior instrumentations. AB - In this study, the authors evaluated the stiffness of motion segments in intact spines in two spine fracture models, and with each of five implant systems used for posterior fixation of thoracolumbar spine fractures. The devices represented a cross-section of types, including those employing sublaminar wires with and without laminar hooks, pedicle screws, plates, and rods. Two spine fracture models, one partially and one totally destabilized, were used in the tests of the instrumentation. Stiffness, or the magnitude of load needed to produce a unit displacement of the construct in the direction of the applied load, was measured in flexion, extension, lateral bending, and torsion in combination with a compressive force. Both horizontal plane shear and angular displacements were measured in the two fracture patterns. All evaluations were made by testing the difference in stiffness for statistical significance among groups. The results showed significant differences in stiffness without instrumentation among intact spines, partly destabilized spines (anterior two-thirds of disk and posterior ligaments removed), and totally destabilized spines (only anterior longitudinal ligament intact). The implant/spine constructs were least stiff relative to the intact spine in torsion, followed in increasing order of stiffness with flexion, lateral bending, and extension. In the Roy-Camille plate with six-screw fixation was found to produce the stiffest construct, followed by wired Harrington rods, C rods and J-rods, and the Vermont internal fixator.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187692 TI - Orthotic results in adolescent kyphosis. AB - Seventy-five patients with adolescent kyphosis, treated with Boston lumbar or the modified Milwaukee orthosis, were reviewed. For compliant patients, the average improvement in kyphosis was 27% in the Boston orthosis group and 35% in the Milwaukee orthosis group, despite the fact that the former group were younger and had smaller, more flexible curves. Compliance with orthosis wearing and, therefore, effective treatment was twice as likely with the Boston orthosis (61% compliance vs. 29% with the Milwaukee). Results in patients who wore their orthoses at least 16 hours per day were equal to results in patients with 23 hours of daily wear. In a small group of compliant patients with kyphotic deformities greater than 75 degrees, the Milwaukee orthosis was surprisingly effective. The Boston lumbar kyphosis orthosis offers a satisfactory alternative to the modified Milwaukee brace in adolescent kyphosis patients whose curves measure less than 70 degrees, especially if satisfactory compliance with brace wear is suspect. PMID- 3187691 TI - Experimental scoliosis in the rat. II. Biomechanical analysis of the forces during Harrington distraction. AB - The purpose of this study was to characterize the forces resulting from Harrington distraction of the spine in an experimental model of scoliosis in the rat, in order to establish both the similarity of this model to human scoliosis and identify potential force parameters that may be useful for clinical decision making. Harrington distraction was performed in 36 rats that had been made scoliotic 9-12 weeks earlier by the method described in the previous paper. Distractions were carried out in discrete and timed steps until separation of the vertebral laminae (mechanical failure) occurred at the upper hook site. Distractive forces were monitored continuously by a strain gauge mounted on the tension side of the upper arm of the outrigger. The resulting data were compared among the various curvature groups. The relationship between the length of distraction and the maximum force produced was similar for all animals regardless of curvature. This relationship was quadratic and was characterized by an inflection point where forces increased rapidly with each distraction. The amount of distraction necessary to reach both the inflection and failure points differed only for curves above 100 degrees. The amount of force required to reach failure was lower for curves above 75 degrees. Curves above 50 degrees had a lower percent correction at the inflection point. Bending and tensile forces were calculated by vector analysis. Axial load efficiencies were greater for curves above 50 degrees, as evidenced by increased bending forces in these animals. The viscoelasticity of the spine decreased after inflection in all animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187693 TI - The effect of trimethaphan-induced hypotension on canine spinal cord blood flow. Measurement at different cord levels using radiolabelled microspheres. AB - Controlled hypotension which is used during scoliosis surgery to improve operating conditions and minimize transfusion requirements may decrease spinal cord blood flow (SCBF). Previous studies using hydrogen washout, an invasive technique, have shown that trimethaphan-induced hypotension is associated with a decrease in SCBF, whereas hypotension induced with sodium nitroprusside or nitroglycerin is not. To determine whether the decrease seen with trimethaphan represented a generalized rather than regional spinal cord phenomenon, SCBF was measured at three separate cord levels (T2-3, 7-8, L2-3) using a noninvasive radionuclide-labelled microsphere technique. When the mean arterial pressure was reduced by 50%, SCBF decreased 35 to 45% at all levels of the cord examined, and remained at this reduced level during the period of hypotension. The results confirm that trimethaphan-induced hypotension is associated with a significant reduction in SCBF and that this occurs throughout the spinal cord during the period of hypotension. PMID- 3187694 TI - Intrathecal morphine for spinal fusion in children. AB - Intrathecal morphine (0.025 mg/kg) was administered preoperatively to 20 children undergoing major surgery of the rachis, ie, either posterior (16 cases) or anterior (4 cases) spinal fusions. During the surgical procedure, hemodynamic control was easily maintained. Blood loss was slightly less than 50% of blood volume and the mean infusion rate of blood was 6.3 +/- 4.5 ml/kg/hour for the duration of surgery. The technique did not significantly interfere with wake-up tests, and memory of awakening was only observed in one case. The postoperative course was also positively affected. The children could be extubated within the 30 minutes following completion of surgery, and they could perform effective breathing exercises early on. High degree and long duration (36 to 72 hours) of pain relief were obtained in every case. No major adverse effect was observed. Thus, the administration of intrathecal morphine prior to spinal fusion appears to be safe, easy, and reliable. We think it should be recommended for major surgery of the rachis. PMID- 3187695 TI - The chronic local effects of sublaminar wires. An animal model. AB - An animal model was established to determine the chronic effects of sublaminar wires. Nine dogs were instrumented with sublaminar wires, sacrificed at intervals up to 155 days, then subjected to wire removal under cineradiographic myelography and histologic analysis. Common dural sac indentation by the wires during extraction averaged 47% of the total myelographic column width, with no correlation to time implanted. Epidural, subdural, and intramedullary hemorrhage, epidural adhesions, dural lacerations, cord indentations, and neural damage were all present with no correlation to time implanted. Dural thinning was more pronounced in later specimens. These data suggest that sublaminar wires are not innocuous to the dural sac and its contents in this canine experimental model. PMID- 3187696 TI - Depth of intraspinal wire penetration during passage of sublaminar wires. AB - A major concern with the use of sublaminar wires for segmental spinal instrumentation is the risk of neurologic compromise associated with repeated passage of wires through the epidural space. Because of the inability to visualize the wire tip during its sublaminar passage, the surgeon is unable to appreciate the depth of wire penetration (DOWP). The purpose of this investigation was to determine, through direct measurement, the depth of intraspinal penetration during the passage of sublaminar wires. Using their model, the authors have been able to define the optimal parameters for safe wire passage. Careful attention to maintaining contact between the wire tip and the under-surface of the lamina, using a wire of optimal configuration, will result in minimal DOWP and reduce the possibility of neurologic compromise. PMID- 3187697 TI - Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation in adults. A preliminary report. AB - In an attempt to assess the value of the Cotrel-Dubousset (CD) system for adult spinal disorders, the first 50 adult cases performed at Johns Hopkins were reviewed. Treatment of adult scoliosis with the CD system yielded results comparable to standard techniques. Curve correction was directly proportional to the preoperative flexibility with no loss of correction in any case. All patients went on to a solid arthrodesis, with only three patients requiring the use of postoperative orthoses. Operative time was initially prolonged during the phase of acquiring expertise with the system; however, blood loss and hospitalization were comparable. In both the scoliosis and kyphosis groups instrumentation and fusion incorporated the same number of levels as would have been required for conventional instrumentation systems. In the spondylolisthesis, tumor and trauma groups a total of 88 transpedicle screws was used in 18 patients without neurologic complications. Pedicle screws provided a fixation alternative in cases requiring laminectomies. In the 25 cases with tumors, spondylolisthesis, and trauma, CD instrumentation reduced the number of vertebral levels required for fixation. Compared to Harrington or Luque systems, the average number of motion segments spared per patient was 1.3 in the spondylolisthesis group, 2 in the tumor group and 2.1 in the trauma group. This study suggests that the CD system, although initially developed for idiopathic adolescent scoliosis, is versatile and can be safely and effectively applied to a variety of adult spinal conditions. In cases of spinal pathology due to neoplasm, spondylolisthesis, and trauma, CD instrumentation with the option of transpedicle fixation appeared to offer significant advantages over conventional methods, and an average of 1.6 lumbar motion segments could be preserved per case. PMID- 3187698 TI - Tensile strength of spinal ligaments. AB - Spinal ligaments from 41 fresh human male cadavers were tested. The ligaments were tested in situ by sectioning all elements except the one under study. The force deflection curves demonstrated a sigmoidal shape, and the point at which an increase in deflection was obtained with decreasing force was taken as failure. The force and deformation at failure are shown for each ligament as a function of spinal level. PMID- 3187699 TI - A three-dimensional digitization method to measure trunk muscle lines of action. AB - A method is presented to obtain lines of action of nine major trunk muscles acting on the lumbar spine. The muscles are modeled as one or several linear or curvilinear lines of action obtained by digitizing the origins and insertions of main bundles of muscles. For curvilinear lines of action, points were also digitized along the length of the bundles, and a curve-fitting method was used. Lines of action are displayed graphically for one embalmed cadaver. Tabulated data for unit force vectors and unit moment vectors about the L3-L4 and L4-L5 discs are also presented. PMID- 3187700 TI - Postural alignment in barefoot and high-heeled stance. AB - The posture of nineteen subjects under two conditions of footwear was analyzed for differences in the location of the line of gravity of the body with respect to anatomical landmarks. Intrasubject comparison of barefoot and high-heeled stance showed that the wearing of high heels caused lumbar flattening, a backward tilting pelvis, a reduction of the distance of the knee and ankle from the line of gravity, and a posterior displacement of the head and thoracic spine. The alignment at the greater trochanter did not vary with heel height, perhaps indicating a need to maintain a constant extending moment loading at the hip joint. The change in lumbar lordosis measured in high-heeled stance is inconsistent with clinical findings of hyperlordosis in habitual wearers of high heeled shoes. It is possible, however, that changes in postural muscle tone due to the altered pelvic inclination may, in the long term, result in hyperlordosis of the lumbar spine. PMID- 3187701 TI - Safety and efficacy of chymopapain (Discase) in the treatment of sciatica due to a herniated nucleus pulposus. Results of a randomized, double-blind study. AB - A prospective, multiinstitutional, double-blind trial comparing the effect of chymopapain (Discase) vs. placebo (cysteine-edetate-iothalamate: CEI) for lumbar intervertebral disc rupture with sciatica was carried out on 173 patients, the largest such study reported to date. Patients were matched with respect to age, sex, physical habitus, and level of injection. The procedure was carried out under local anaesthesia. The success rate was superior in the chymopapain group regardless of the method used to assess outcome or the time over the first 6 months at which the two groups were compared: 71% vs. 45% if code breaks were analyzed at 6 months, and 67% vs. 44% if code breaks were defined as lost to follow-up. A single case of anaphylaxis and one case of septic discitis were the only serious complications noted. This study supports the role of chymopapain in the treatment of lumbar disc rupture with sciatica. PMID- 3187702 TI - The role of anterior lumbar fusion for internal disc disruption. AB - Internal disc disruption is a syndrome of traumatically induced low-back pain arising from the intervertebral disc. The diagnosis is confirmed by abnormal discography with concordant pain reproduction at the affected level or levels. Thirty-four patients with internal disc disruption at one level were followed for an average of 29 months. Eighteen (53%) underwent anterior lumbar fusion at the L4-5 disc, 11 (32%) at the L5-S1 disc and the remainder at the L3-4 or L2-3 disc. Bank bone was used in all but seven patients for interbody fusion. Treatment was judged a success by the patient returning to work or normal activities and requiring either no medications or an antiinflammatory drug only. By the above criteria 25 patients (74%) had successful outcome of treatment. The average time to return to work or normal activities was 6.1 months. The overall union rate was 73% with an average time to union of approximately 12 months. Complications consisted of graft extrusion requiring revision and retrograde ejaculation. These occurred in one patient and were the only complications in the series. We concluded that disc excision and anterior interbody fusion is an effective treatment for internal disc disruption. PMID- 3187704 TI - CT-guided biopsy of sacral metastatic carcinoma not visible on CT scan. PMID- 3187703 TI - Closed reduction of spondylolisthesis. An experience in 22 patients. AB - Twenty-two patients with spondylolisthesis were treated by closed reduction techniques with posterolateral arthrodesis. Ages ranged from 6 to 30 years, with an average of 18 years. Six patients were treated in skeletal traction. Postoperatively, two patients were immobilized in an ambulatory extension brace, 15 patients in a body cast incorporating one thigh, and five patients in a body cast incorporating Hoffman iliac pins and lumbar spinous process wires attached to an outrigger on the plaster. At an average of 40 months follow-up (range: 12 80 months), preoperative slip angle averaged 33 degrees, postreduction 12 degrees, and at follow-up, 11 degrees. The percent slip preoperative averaged 50%, postoperative 43%, and at follow-up, 40%. Complications included transient L5 radiculopathy in two patients treated in skeletal traction and loss of correction requiring anterior interbody fusion. PMID- 3187705 TI - C2 neurofibroma. A case report. PMID- 3187706 TI - Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the lumbar spine. PMID- 3187707 TI - Rotation of the cervical spine by using computerized-tomography (CT) PMID- 3187708 TI - Critique of the optimum spine. PMID- 3187709 TI - Treatment of cervical kyphosis in children. AB - Children with severe cervical kyphosis present a difficult treatment challenge. The most common etiology of this deformity is extensive laminectomies, especially associated with postlaminectomy irradiation. The deformity can be rapidly progressive leading to neurologic involvement. With intact posterior elements, kyphosis can occur as a result of congenital, traumatic, metabolic or neoplastic processes. Treatment is directed towards early recognition, arrest of the progression of deformity, and improvement of neurologic symptoms. Patients with loss of posterior elements can be treated effectively by preoperative traction and a single-staged anterior release with strut fusion. Patients with intact posterior elements require preoperative traction, initial posterior osteotomies with intraoperative traction, then an anterior release with strut fusion. All patients need rigid postoperative halo immobilization for a minimum of 3 to 4 months to maintain position. Using these techniques, nine patients were treated surgically with satisfactory outcomes. PMID- 3187710 TI - Anterior plate stabilization for bursting teardrop fractures of the cervical spine. AB - This report details eight patients who had bursting teardrop fractures of the cervical spinal column treated by decompressive vertebral corpectomy and anterior fusion with plate stabilization. The fracture involved C5 in six patients, C6 in one patient, and C7 in one patient. The neurologic deficit was complete in five and incomplete in three patients. At an average follow-up of 3 years, all grafts were fully incorporated, all cervical spinal columns were stable and had no deformity, and none of the fixation devices had loosened. All complete neurologic deficits have remained complete, and all patients with incomplete deficits have had significant recovery and are walking independently. There were no operative complications. After decompressive vertebral corpectomy, anterior plate stabilization followed by short-term halo-vest fixation is a safe and useful alternative for unstable bursting teardrop fractures of the cervical spinal column. PMID- 3187711 TI - Thoracic cord compression in Scheuermann's disease. AB - A 29-year-old man with spastic paraparesis of insidious onset was discovered to have thoracic cord compression by a combination of kyphosis and thoracic disc herniation. Radiologic evaluation showed evidence of Scheuermann's disease, of which thoracic kyphosis is one manifestation. Neurologic signs are uncommon in Scheuermann's disease and few cases have been successfully managed with resolution of neurologic deficit. This patient made a virtually complete recovery after thoracic cord decompressions by costrotransversectomy and transthoracic approaches. PMID- 3187712 TI - Scoliosis associated with lumbar spondylolisthesis. A clinical survey of 190 young patients. AB - A series of 190 patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis treated operatively during the years 1948-80 at the mean age of 15.2 years (8-19 years) and reexamined 4-36 years (mean 11.2 years) later are presented. In 92 of them (48%) scoliosis (more than 5 degrees) in association with olisthesis was seen. The slipping affected the fifth segment in 90 and fourth segment in two patients. The female predominance was characteristic in the scoliotic group. Dysplastic changes of the posterior arc were more often seen in the group of patients with scoliosis than in the nonscoliotic group, and they also presented a more severe grade of slipping and lumbosacral kyphosis. The curve was usually mild and was situated in the lumbar area. Patients with a higher degree of lumbosacral kyphosis and more severe slipping also had a statistically higher degree of lumbar scoliosis. Operative treatment of spondylolisthesis consisted of posterior or posterolateral fusion in situ, but two patients were treated using ventral fusion and three severe cases with removal of loose posterior element. Lumbar scoliosis classified as sciatic type disappeared in 25 out of 39 patients after lumbosacral fusion, suggesting the "sciatic muscle spasm" as an etiologic factor. The torsional type of curve resulting from asymmetrical slipping of the vertebra was also corrected in 19 out of 28 cases after fusion. At follow-up patients with remaining lumbar scoliosis represented more low-back pain than those without any curve. In our opinion lumbosacral fusion is indicated before lumbar curve changes to structural scoliosis in symptomatic patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187713 TI - Femoral obturator and sciatic neurectomy with iliacus and psoas muscle section for spasticity following spinal cord injury. AB - The treatment of severe refractory spasticity following spinal cord injury may raise challenging therapeutic problems. Classical approaches involve various types of myelotomies, rhizotomies and intrathecal injections of neurolytic substances. Alternative approaches include percutaneous rhizotomies and, more recently, the possible use of electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. Certain cases, however, may not be amenable to commonly accepted techniques. An operative technique is presented which involves a suprapubic incision for an infraperitoneal approach to a femoral and obturator neurectomy and an incision of the iliacus and psoas muscles bilaterally. This may be followed, when indicated, by a bilateral infragluteal section of the sciatic nerves. This technique offers a viable surgical alternative to the treatment of spasticity following spinal cord injury in cases where other traditional methods are contraindicated or have failed. PMID- 3187714 TI - Identification of IgG in the canine intervertebral disc. AB - Nucleus pulposus was taken at necropsy from five mongrel dogs and tested in an enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) system designed to indicate the presence of IgG and IgM. This assay positively identified IgG. Agarose-bound Protein A was used to treat the nucleus pulposus material to extract the IgG. Repeating the ELISA using Protein A-treated nucleus pulposus showed that the ELISA was greatly diminished in activity, confirming the presence of whole molecules of IgG in nucleus pulposus. Investigators have postulated an immunologic basis for spinal pain syndromes. None to date has demonstrated IgG in the nucleus pulposus. This IgG may be a mediator by which an inflammatory response is activated which contributes to the clinical picture of chronic back and radicular pain. PMID- 3187715 TI - Intrinsic disc pressure as a measure of integrity of the lumbar spine. AB - Intradiscal pressure and volume measurements were made in 84 fresh cadaveric lumbar spine disc spaces. The nucleus was injected with a roentgenographic contrast agent under fluoroscopic examination. The intrinsic pressure, the pressure at which the agent entered the disc, and the maximum pressure that the disc could hold were measured. The discs were graded for degeneration. The intrinsic and maximum pressures were found to be inversely related to disc degeneration grade, and directly related to each other. Relatively greater degeneration was found at lower levels of the lumbar spine as compared to the upper levels. The intrinsic disc pressure may prove to be a useful clinical tool in the evaluation of spinal integrity. PMID- 3187716 TI - Influence of dynamic factors and external loads on the moment at the lumbar spine in lifting. AB - Flexion-extension moments occurring at the L5-S1 level of the spine were calculated when subjects lifted a box weighing from 50 to 250 N. Lifting was performed at normal and fast speed, and the lifts were performed using a freestyle and a leglifting technique. The peak moment increased linearly with increasing load. The moment/load relationship was significantly influenced by lifting speed, and a higher moment occurred at each load level when lifting fast. Lifting speed was reduced when the external load was increased, particularly when the load was 150 N and higher. Moments when lifting using the leglifting technique were lower than when lifting freestyle. PMID- 3187717 TI - MRI diagnosis of traumatic Schmorl's node. A case report. PMID- 3187718 TI - Short-stepped Harrington rod distractor. PMID- 3187719 TI - "Dynamic" MRI scanning of the cervical spine. PMID- 3187721 TI - Extruded nucleus pulposus causing osseous erosion of a lumbar vertebral body. A report of three cases. PMID- 3187720 TI - Spinal stenosis and disc herniation in a 14-year-old male. A case report. AB - Spinal stenosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of disc disease when evaluating an adolescent presenting with unrelenting back and leg pain. Although they typically exhibit mechanical signs alone without neurological findings, they nevertheless may prove more vulnerable to rapidly progressive neurological changes. If motor deficits occur, protracted courses of conservative care should be avoided, and proper surgical management considered. Our recent experience with a 14-year-old boy with disc disease and stenosis indicated that aggressive surgical management facilitates a rapid return to an asymptomatic existence. PMID- 3187722 TI - Post-traumatic lumbar extra-arachnoid mass with radiculopathy responding to conservative therapy in a patient with bilateral laminar fractures. PMID- 3187723 TI - Spinal stenosis following anterior spinal fusion. A case report. PMID- 3187725 TI - Topographic anatomical aspects of lumbar disc puncture. PMID- 3187724 TI - Unilateral dislocation of a lumbosacral facet. PMID- 3187726 TI - Biomechanical analysis of cervical distraction. PMID- 3187727 TI - Gunshot wound to the odontoid process: a case report. PMID- 3187728 TI - [Survival in childhood in the context of health reform in Mexico]. PMID- 3187729 TI - [Survival in childhood: problems and priorities]. PMID- 3187730 TI - [Child survival: magnitude of the problem in Latin America]. PMID- 3187731 TI - [Biological and socioeconomic determinants of child survival]. PMID- 3187732 TI - [Infant mortality in Mexico: trends and determinant factors]. PMID- 3187733 TI - [Infections preventable by vaccination]. PMID- 3187734 TI - [Magnitude and control of acute respiratory infections in children]. PMID- 3187735 TI - [Prevention of low birth weight]. PMID- 3187738 TI - [Effects of the quality of medical care on perinatal survival]. PMID- 3187736 TI - [Use of maternal health services in rural Mexico]. PMID- 3187737 TI - [Bases for the evaluation of the technology and quality of health care]. PMID- 3187741 TI - [Model for the analysis of child survival]. PMID- 3187739 TI - [Minimal interventions during primary health care for child survival]. PMID- 3187742 TI - [Problems and priorities in child survival]. PMID- 3187743 TI - [AIDS in Mexico: characteristics and perspectives]. PMID- 3187740 TI - [Scope of the system of selected packages in primary health care programs]. PMID- 3187744 TI - [AIDS: general characteristics of a public health problem]. PMID- 3187745 TI - [Epidemiological and cognitive characteristics of the transmission of HIV in Mexico]. PMID- 3187747 TI - [Risk factors associated with HIV infection in homosexual and bisexual men]. PMID- 3187746 TI - [The first 5 years of the AIDS outbreak in Mexico]. PMID- 3187748 TI - [Epidemiologic patterns and predictions of AIDS in Mexico]. PMID- 3187749 TI - [Blood transmission of AIDS; preventive actions]. PMID- 3187750 TI - [The cost of AIDS in the near future]. PMID- 3187751 TI - [Migration and AIDS in Mexico]. PMID- 3187752 TI - [Implications of AIDS in the work force in Mexico]. PMID- 3187753 TI - [Psychosocial aspects of AIDS: stigma and prejudice]. PMID- 3187754 TI - [Dilemmas of the new disease]. PMID- 3187755 TI - [Thyroid function in children treated for malignant diseases]. PMID- 3187756 TI - [Tamponade of the presacral and perineal region with an omental flap in proctectomy]. PMID- 3187757 TI - [Treatment of herpes simplex virus infections with topical administration of acyclovir]. PMID- 3187758 TI - [Manifestations of the QT syndrome in patients with idiopathic prolapse of the mitral valve]. PMID- 3187759 TI - [Hemolytic-uremic syndrome]. PMID- 3187760 TI - [Manifestations of achondroplasia in a family, description of the family tree and anthropometric studies]. PMID- 3187761 TI - [Development of myocardiopathy during treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with anthracycline antibiotics]. PMID- 3187762 TI - [Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism regulation in an experimental model of acute uremia]. PMID- 3187763 TI - [Arthrography of the shoulder]. PMID- 3187764 TI - [A new contrast medium for gastrointestinal diagnosis: Solutrast Gastro: clinical trial in pediatric radiology]. PMID- 3187765 TI - [Contrast enhancement of the upper gastrointestinal tract for computed tomography using a negative-density lipid emulsion]. PMID- 3187766 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of the upper gastrointestinal tract at risk for aspiration using a nonionic iso-osmolar contrast medium]. PMID- 3187767 TI - [Laser imaging: modern radiologic picture documentation]. PMID- 3187768 TI - [Technic and clinical benefit of respiratory gating in magnetic resonance tomography]. PMID- 3187770 TI - [Research tasks in Czechoslovak traumatology]. PMID- 3187769 TI - [The cerebral circulation in xenon-CT]. PMID- 3187771 TI - [Organization of emergency surgical care in mass disasters and catastrophes]. PMID- 3187772 TI - [Incidence and problems in brain concussion. I. Classification of brain concussion]. PMID- 3187773 TI - [Incidence and problems in brain concussion. II. Analysis of our group, conclusions]. PMID- 3187774 TI - [Surgical treatment of injuries of the cervical spine]. PMID- 3187775 TI - [Fractures of the humeral shaft]. PMID- 3187776 TI - [Less common reconstructions in the area of the upper extremity]. PMID- 3187777 TI - [Fractures of the upper end of the humerus]. PMID- 3187778 TI - [Fixed nailing of fractures of the long bones, particularly the femur]. PMID- 3187779 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of multiple injuries in the abdominal and retroperitoneal region in polytrauma]. PMID- 3187780 TI - [Distal epiphyseolysis of the femur and its treatment]. PMID- 3187781 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of injuries of the external talar ligaments]. PMID- 3187782 TI - [Control of rheumatic heart disease through international cooperative study]. PMID- 3187783 TI - [Clinical significance of plethysmogram in collagen disease--relation to sclerosis of finger skin]. PMID- 3187784 TI - [Spontaneous fusion of atlanto-axial joint in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3187785 TI - [A male patient with lupus cystitis complicated by ascites]. PMID- 3187786 TI - [Joint deformity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus]. PMID- 3187787 TI - [The diagnostic criteria for chronic rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3187788 TI - The pectoralis major flap for reconstruction of septic wounds. PMID- 3187789 TI - [Quantitative pressure measurement as a diagnostic aid in thermal hand injuries]. PMID- 3187790 TI - Phlegmonous necrotising cellulitis after reduction mammoplasty. A report of 4 cases. PMID- 3187791 TI - Fibrosarcoma of the hand. A case report. PMID- 3187792 TI - Treatment of frontal sinus and supra-orbital fractures by Kirschner wire. PMID- 3187793 TI - Le Fort II osteotomy in the treatment of maxillonasal dysostosis (Binder's syndrome). PMID- 3187794 TI - Versatility of soft-tissue free tissue transfers. PMID- 3187795 TI - Urbanisation in South Africa--consequences for health. PMID- 3187796 TI - Health services and nursing--a time for leadership and vision. PMID- 3187797 TI - Coronary heart disease avoidance--the dilemma. PMID- 3187799 TI - Accuracy and reproducibility of cholesterol assay in the western Cape. AB - The accuracy and precision of cholesterol assay in the western Cape region is reported. The survey was carried out over 15 weeks utilising three human EDTA plasma pools with normal, borderline high and high cholesterol levels respectively. All 11 laboratories in the region providing a service to academic, provincial or military hospitals or to the private medical sector were included in the study. Ten of the 11 laboratories utilised automated enzymatic methods of cholesterol assay whereas 1 used a manual procedure based on the Liebermann Burchard reaction. Methods were standardised by means of a variety of commercial calibrator material in all except 1 laboratory which used reference sera from the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta. The performance of the 4 best laboratories met the standard of precision recommended for cholesterol assay, viz. total coefficient of variation of less than or equal to 2.5%. However, only 2 of the 11 laboratories achieved the optimum objective of an overall bias of less than 2.0% together with precision of less than or equal to 2.5%. Rational use of cholesterol assay for diagnosis and management will therefore require standardisation of cholesterol assay on a common reference material and greater attention to analytical factors influencing the reproducibility of results. Intrinsic biological variation also contributes uncertainty to the interpretation of a single value. Thus important clinical decisions must be based on two or more assays carried out using appropriate methodology. PMID- 3187798 TI - Towards standardisation of pre- and post-analytical variables in the assessment of lipid risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. AB - A wide disparity exists between statistical and optimal reference ranges for total cholesterol (TC) levels in South Africa. The haphazard downward adjustments by some laboratories over the years have resulted in highly variable and confusing 'normal cholesterol' values. Using essentially the same enzymatic method and equipment the TC upper limits varied by almost 50% (5.7-8.5 mmol/l) in 24 private laboratories, while it ranged from 5.7 mmol/l to 6.7 mmol/l in 6 academic hospital laboratories. The greatest disparity occurred in the lower limits of 'normal' for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), which ranged from 0.45 mmol/l to 1.43 mmol/l. Although triglycerides may not be an independent risk factor for ischaemic heart disease, the upper limit ranged from 1.69 mmol/l to 2.5 mmol/l despite comparable methods and equipment used. Lipid data obtained on approximately 5,000 healthy adults from the Transvaal, Natal and the Orange Free State revealed remarkable similarities to those obtained in the CORIS study. It therefore confirms the applicability of the CORIS epidemiological findings to other westernized groups in different regions of South Africa. This congruency in blood lipid values and methodologies used in different laboratories should also enable all state and private laboratories to use the same age-specific limits for desirable TC and HDLC levels. PMID- 3187801 TI - Relationship between milk lactose tolerance and body mass in teenage Tswana schoolchildren. AB - The Tswana and other black races of southern Africa have a high prevalence of the adult type of primary lactose intolerance. It is possible that nutritional status may affect lactose absorption, so that lactose malabsorbers may be less well nourished than lactose absorbers. However, such a poor nutritional status may have caused, or have been caused by, the lactose malabsorption. It is also possible that another factor, such as chronic diarrhoea, may cause both poor nutrition and lactose intolerance. A random sample of 92 Tswana pupils was taken from a school population of 486. Their heights and weights were measured, and the relative weight and body mass index (weight/height2) calculated for each subject. A milk tolerance test was administered to each subject to establish whether they were lactose tolerant or intolerant. There were 79 (85.9%) lactose intolerant subjects, 7 (7.6%) were probably intolerant and only 6 (6.5%) were lactose tolerant. The nutritional status of the lactose intolerant and tolerant subjects were compared. The two groups did not differ in nutritional status, as measured by their relative weights and body mass indices, and were nutritionally similar to a reference population of Tswana schoolchildren. PMID- 3187800 TI - Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among young children attending a day-care centre in Durban. AB - During an outbreak of an enteric illness occurring among infants and toddlers in a day-care centre in Durban, Cryptosporidium was detected in 51 (73%) of 70 children. Two (10%) of 20 staff members were also found to have cryptosporidiosis. Symptoms occurred in all but 4 of the Cryptosporidium-positive infants and toddlers and lasted for 1-33 days. Oocyst excretion often persisted after cessation of symptoms and continued for up to 50 days in some children. Transmission is considered to have occurred predominantly by person-to-person spread. Measures to prevent transmission of enteric-type diseases were implemented and coincided with cessation of the outbreak. PMID- 3187802 TI - Posterior peribulbar anaesthesia for intra-ocular surgery. AB - Posterior peribulbar anaesthesia is a safe alternative to the better-known retrobulbar route because the local anaesthetic agent is deposited outside the ocular muscle cone and away from the retrobulbar nerves and blood vessels. The potential dangers of a retrobulbar injection are therefore greatly reduced but the same degree of anaesthesia and akinesia is achieved. The much safer and easier posterior peribulbar technique for intra-ocular surgery is described with reference to more than 400 cases. PMID- 3187803 TI - The use of stimulant medication in the treatment of childhood behavioural and learning disorders. A descriptive survey. AB - The use of stimulant medication in a sample of 435 high-school pupils was investigated. Twenty-seven parents (6.2%) reported that their child had in the past been, or currently was being, treated with methylphenidate for childhood behavioural or learning disorders. The findings suggest that guidelines for the rational use of stimulant medication are not being followed in a significant proportion of cases. PMID- 3187804 TI - A geographical profile of the South African population as a basis for epidemiological cancer research. AB - Because people do not necessarily become ill proportionally, particular subgroups of the population are more susceptible to certain types of diseases than others. It is also essential to take spatial distribution and accessibility of the population into account when considering the optimal location of medical facilities. A geographical profile of the heterogeneous population of South Africa with regard to demographic and socioeconomic composition and urbanisation patterns is therefore presented. Analysis of the composition of the population by tabulating and mapping population census results reveals a complexity which arises from the diversity between the developed white profile and the developing black and coloured communities with their escalating numbers, relative youth and socio-economic backlog. Examination of the maps shows up an unbalanced spatial urbanisation profile with overconcentration in the five metropolitan core areas. Although such a population framework usually fits best to cancer epidemiology, most other diseases could benefit from such an approach. PMID- 3187805 TI - Cardiac rupture caused by blunt trauma as well as false angiographic aortic rupture. A case report. AB - A patient with a ruptured heart as a result of severe blunt trauma is described. There was also a false angiographic appearance of a ruptured aorta due to a ductal diverticulum. The association of aortic and cardiac rupture is discussed. PMID- 3187806 TI - Cerebral blastomycosis. A report of 2 cases. AB - Following recent documentation of blastomycosis in the RSA, a report of a further 2 cases in Natal is presented. The unusual feature of both cases was the presence of central nervous system involvement. In the first patient intracerebral involvement occurred after apparent good response to ketoconazole when he defaulted from therapy after 3 months. The second patient presented with cerebral involvement and died soon after admission to hospital. PMID- 3187807 TI - Desmoplastic fibroma. A case report. AB - A desmoplastic fibroma occurring in the distal forearm of a 14-year-old black boy is described and the historical background of the tumour together with an outline of the disease emphasizes the differential diagnosis between this condition and other fibrous lesions of soft tissue and bone. The clinical and radiological features as well as the treatment of desmoplastic fibroma are discussed. It is believed that this is the first such patient reported in Africa. PMID- 3187808 TI - Haemorrhage due to rupture of the kidney with intraparenchymal calculi, chronic pyelonephritis and acute obstructive uropathy. A case report. AB - Massive left perirenal haemorrhage due to rupture of the kidney with intrarenal calculi has not been previously described and in this case is thought to have been due to erosion of small vessels by intraparenchymal calculi aggravated by oedema and ischaemia caused by associated acute obstructive uropathy. PMID- 3187809 TI - Orbital varix--an unusual cause of proptosis. A case report. AB - An orbital varix is a pathological enlargement of the venous channels within the orbit. It is an unusual cause of proptosis, the proptosis being unilateral, painless and intermittent. The diagnosis is established by means of orbital venography, an investigation seldom performed. PMID- 3187811 TI - Surveillance of communicable diseases--physicians versus medical laboratories. PMID- 3187810 TI - Sexual abuse of children. PMID- 3187812 TI - A critical assessment of the width coefficient, K, as an indicator of nutritional status. PMID- 3187813 TI - Safe testing of live oral poliovirus vaccine. PMID- 3187814 TI - The importance of breast-feeding support groups. PMID- 3187815 TI - The genesis of chronic pancreatitis in the South African black population. AB - Pancreatitis was previously an unknown disease among black South Africans but has recently emerged as a common clinical problem. This has taken place pari passu with a change in the pattern of alcoholic consumption--Western-type spirits in addition to home-brews. Seventy patients with chronic alcoholic pancreatitis manifesting as clinically acute pancreatitis, and 90 patients with chronic calcific pancreatitis were studied. A high alcohol intake was associated with the pancreatitis in all cases. The prognosis in clinically acute pancreatitis was good, whereas chronic calcific pancreatitis has a high morbidity and mortality rate. PMID- 3187816 TI - Imipenem/cilastatin in the treatment of severe nosocomial pneumonia. AB - Imipenem/cilastatin (Tienam 500; Logos) 1 g, administered intravenously every 8 hours, was evaluated in an open clinical trial in 35 patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia. In 84.4% of cases there was a favourable clinical response; microbiological success was achieved in 63.3% and partial success in 20% of patients. The majority of Gram-negative and Gram positive organisms were sensitive to imipenem, including those resistant to the aminoglycosides. Although colonisation was frequent, superinfection was uncommon. Imipenem was well tolerated in these critically ill patients, many of whom had renal and other organ failure. The wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and minimal side effects made it a useful agent in patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia. PMID- 3187818 TI - Breast-feeding practices in a private maternity hospital. AB - An interview questionnaire study of 51 breast-feeding mothers was conducted to assess the stated policy of breast-feeding promotion in a private maternity hospital. A mean period of 20.6 hours elapsed after delivery before initiation of breast-feeding, and 39.9 hours elapsed before rooming-in took place. At least 47.1% of babies received prelacteal feeds, 94.1% were routinely test-weighed, and 56.9% received complementary feeds. A patient-administered questionnaire is proposed to provide hospital management and attendant medical practitioners with essential feedback that could assist them to close the gap between policy and practice. PMID- 3187817 TI - Infant feeding in an urban community. AB - Two hundred randomly selected mothers were interviewed approximately 1 year post partum to establish how they had fed their babies and the number of attacks of gastro-enteritis these infants had had; 129 of the babies were examined, primarily for their nutritional status. The majority of mothers (97%) began by breast-feeding and 50% were still doing so at 20 weeks. By 4 weeks 20% had introduced formula feeds. Although some mothers introduced solids very early, the overall pattern was very similar to UK data. The infants' mean weight and length compared well with the 50th centile on the Boston Growth Chart. Infants on prolonged breast-feeding were no better off nutritionally than those in whom breast-feeding was stopped before 12 weeks. It could not be demonstrated that prolonged breast-feeding in this community protected infants against gastro enteritis, probably because few babies were exclusively breast-fed. PMID- 3187819 TI - Somatosensory evoked potentials quantify clinical improvement of cerebral vasospasm after intravenous administration of nimodipine. AB - The calcium antagonist nimodipine (Nimotop; Bayer AG Leverkusen) has been shown to prevent cerebral vasospasm after aneurysm surgery. Ten patients with clinical and angiographic evidence of vasospasm showed accompanying delays in central conduction time, quantified by somatosensory evoked potential measurements, but nimodipine infusion markedly improved neurological status and level of consciousness in all cases within 10-60 minutes. Conduction time was simultaneously reduced on the affected side. No focal deficits developed during therapy (mean 7.1 days) with nimodipine, which also appears to be effective in relieving existing vasospasm. Evoked potentials provided a noninvasive quantitative parameter that correlated well with vasospastically induced clinical signs. PMID- 3187820 TI - Comparative morphological study of the pituitary gland by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. AB - A prospective study was undertaken to compare the morphology of the pituitary gland by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 27 consecutive patients. CT is an accepted imaging modality but this study suggested that MRI has certain advantages. MRI is proposed as the imaging modality of choice for lesions of the pituitary gland. PMID- 3187821 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis impact survey. AB - A survey was undertaken to determine the effects of rheumatoid arthritis on the daily lives of patients. A randomly selected group of 135 Indians and blacks with rheumatoid arthritis were interviewed. Only 24% were employed and 35% were dependent on financial support from the state. Twenty-two per cent did not know the name of their illness and 89% expressed a desire to learn more about it. The most important problems encountered were pain (96%), stiffness (80%) and financial (58%). Activities such as toilet after-care, combing hair, bathing and dressing presented problems for a significant proportion of patients. The majority (73%) reported improvement on therapy. The survey showed that in rheumatoid arthritis, there is a great need for education and counselling of patients, there is a high unemployment rate and there is also a need for total patient care by a team of health professionals. PMID- 3187822 TI - Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva. A report of 2 cases. AB - Two cases of inferior myocardial infarction associated with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva are described. PMID- 3187823 TI - Ants in the woodpile--a cause of explosion injury. PMID- 3187825 TI - Malaria in north-eastern Botswana. PMID- 3187824 TI - A case of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after antimony exposure. PMID- 3187826 TI - Inadvertent intravenous administration of a long-acting depot penicillin preparation. PMID- 3187827 TI - Serum calcium and phosphate levels in normal gravid black women. PMID- 3187828 TI - Children in detention. PMID- 3187830 TI - A microbiological study of acute maxillary sinusitis in Bloemfontein. AB - Microbiological analyses and antibiotic sensitivity tests were done on 26 patients with acute maxillary sinusitis during the first 9 months of 1986. Positive cultures were obtained in 23 of the patients, with anaerobes cultured in 13 (50%). Haemophilus influenzae was cultured in all non-producers of beta lactamase. Therapy with erythromycin and chloromycetin appeared to be equally effective in aerobic cases and metronidazole was effective in all anaerobic cases. PMID- 3187829 TI - The health care of detainees--the law, professional ethics and reality. PMID- 3187831 TI - Ethical responsibilities of health professionals in caring for detainees and prisoners. AB - The provision of humane and effective health care for prisoners presents formidable challenges. The practical and ethical problems encountered are even greater in the provision of such care for detainees under a State of Emergency. The extent to which these challenges are faced and met reflect the level of civilisation of a society, the ethical integrity of prison medical services and the degree of support they receive from their colleagues and professional associations. The need to recognise these dilemmas, to discuss them openly and to seek humane solutions, including the abolition of detention without trial, are ongoing challenges for our society, in which the legal and medical professions can and should provide leadership. PMID- 3187832 TI - Liability for the health of detainees. AB - District surgeons have a statutory duty to provide medical treatment to detainees held in terms of the State of Emergency. District surgeons enjoy no special protection or immunity by reason of their position. Accordingly, they may be held legally liable for the consequences of negligent treatment or the failure to treat when circumstances so demand. In addition, a district surgeon who behaves unethically in the course of his or her statutory duties would be subject to the disciplinary jurisdiction of the Medical and Dental Council. PMID- 3187834 TI - Solitary gumma in a neonate. A case report. AB - An unusual case of congenital syphilis is reported. A week-old baby presented with abdominal distension, small-bowel obstruction, bilious vomiting and a large left upper quadrant mass. Histopathological examination of a specimen of the mass confirmed the clinical diagnosis of gumma formation. Primary resection with end to-end anastomosis was carried out. The baby made an uneventful recovery. PMID- 3187833 TI - Intervention in detention. Psychological, ethical and professional aspects. AB - The psychological stressors in detention, besides being a frequent cause of distress, are also significant obstacles to effective intervention. Conditions for detention in South Africa, laid down by law, have been described as psychological torture. These legal conditions for detention conflict with the ethical principles of autonomy, non-maleficence and beneficence and by compromising ethical principles result in inadequate clinical standards. It is therefore not possible to provide an adequate mental health service for detainees. Attempts to formulate minimum standards for the psychological treatment of detainees do not address the problem that the conditions of indefinite detention are incompatible with providing mental health care services. Professional ethics are subverted by legalising unethical practice, and attempts to criminalise ethical practice should be resisted. It is important for the mental health professional to address these issues so as not to abrogate his responsibilities to himself, his patients, and his profession. PMID- 3187835 TI - Spontaneous bile duct perforation in an infant. A case report. AB - A case of spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct in a 4-month-old girl is described. Perforation of the biliary tract is rare, but must be suspected in a child with pale stools, minimal or no jaundice and biliary ascites. Treatment is surgical. Patency of the distal biliary tract must be demonstrated by intra operative cholecystocholangiography; drainage without repair of the perforation is then appropriate. If there is distal biliary tract obstruction, a biliary intestinal anastomosis is needed. The difficulty of diagnosis is highlighted by the time between presentation and operation reported in many published cases; suggestions are made to aid a more rapid diagnosis. PMID- 3187836 TI - AIDS and the dentist. PMID- 3187837 TI - Contraction of HIV infection during mutual masturbation. PMID- 3187838 TI - Worm bolus and herbal toxins masquerading as abruptio placentae. PMID- 3187839 TI - Imipenem-cilastatin. A new dimension. AB - Imipenem/cilastatin (Tienam 500; Logos) 1 g, administered intravenously every 8 hours, was evaluated in an open clinical trial in 35 patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia. In 84.4% of cases there was a favourable clinical response; microbiological success was achieved in 63.3% and partial success in 20% of patients. The majority of Gram-negative and Gram positive organisms were sensitive to imipenem, including those resistant to the aminoglycosides. Although colonisation was frequent, superinfection was uncommon. Imipenem was well tolerated in these critically ill patients, many of whom had renal and other organ failure. The wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity and minimal side effects made it a useful agent in patients with severe nosocomial pneumonia. PMID- 3187840 TI - [Mepartricin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis]. PMID- 3187841 TI - [Clinical use of mepartricin: effects on obstruction due to chronic inflammation of the prostate]. PMID- 3187842 TI - [Mepartricin in the symptomatic therapy of prostatitis]. PMID- 3187843 TI - [Glycophorin A: study on the dimer-monomer interconversion caused by temperature and concentration]. PMID- 3187844 TI - [In-vitro change in CFU-GM in chronic myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Its implication in the dysfunction of the hematologic barrier]. PMID- 3187845 TI - [Evaluation and practical utility of the QBC II system of hematologic analysis]. PMID- 3187846 TI - [Splenectomy of chronic lymphatic leukemia]. PMID- 3187847 TI - [Comparative study of the FAB classification and an immunologic classification model for the acute myeloid leukemias]. PMID- 3187848 TI - [Chronic B-cell lymphatic leukemia: autoimmune hemolytic anemias versus anemias caused by marrow failure]. PMID- 3187849 TI - [General methodology in cyto-hematologic diagnosis]. PMID- 3187850 TI - [Fy (a-b-) phenotype in a Spanish family of the Caucasoid race]. PMID- 3187851 TI - [Analysis of the proliferative response to PHA, LPS, PWM, and con A in various inbred mouse strains]. PMID- 3187854 TI - SSI and the low-income population. PMID- 3187853 TI - [Manual technic using hexadimethrine bromide (polybrene) for the determination of cryoagglutinins]. PMID- 3187855 TI - International social security agreements: the U.S. experience. AB - International social security agreements are advantageous both for persons who are working now and for those whose working careers are over. For current workers, the agreements eliminate the dual contributions they might otherwise be paying to the social security systems of both the United States and another country. They also favorably affect the profitability and competitive position of American companies with foreign operations by reducing their cost of doing business. For persons who have worked both in the United States and abroad, and who are now retired, disabled, or deceased, the agreements often result in the payment of benefits to which the worker or the worker's family members would not otherwise have become entitled. Credit for social security coverage the worker earned in the United States and the other country can be combined, if necessary, to meet eligibility requirements, and partial benefits can be paid by one or both countries. Because international social security agreements benefit both workers and employers, the agreements program is supported by organized labor and the international business community. Since the first agreement was signed 15 years ago, every Presidential administration has endorsed the program. In view of this support, and the fact that the agreements enhance the image of the United States as a socially progressive member of the international community, it is expected that totalization agreements will be concluded with additional countries in the future. PMID- 3187852 TI - [Abnormal drainage of the pulmonary vessels in a patient with Fanconi's aplasia]. PMID- 3187856 TI - [Oral contraception: estrogen-progestational hormone combinations]. PMID- 3187857 TI - [What care and therapy for an HIV positive child today?]. PMID- 3187858 TI - [Hospitalized infants, victims of HIV infection or AIDS. Psychosocial care]. PMID- 3187859 TI - [The story of Pierre and his mother]. PMID- 3187860 TI - [Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children]. PMID- 3187861 TI - [The materno-fetal HIV infection]. PMID- 3187863 TI - [Venous access in pediatric oncology and hematology]. PMID- 3187862 TI - [The leukemic child and its family. Role of the psychologist]. PMID- 3187864 TI - [Abused children. A problem of society and methods of placement]. PMID- 3187865 TI - [Epidemiology of HIV infection]. PMID- 3187866 TI - [My experience at the Carcassonne children's home]. PMID- 3187867 TI - [Facts on AIDS]. PMID- 3187868 TI - [Complementary tests in HIV infection in children]. PMID- 3187869 TI - [Clinical manifestations of materno-fetal HIV infection]. PMID- 3187870 TI - Electromyographic evaluation of the inguinal region in patients with hernia of the groin. AB - Electromyographic studies were performed upon 25 patients prior to repair of primary inguinal hernias. Abnormality signifying partial denervation was found in only three patients and did not correlate with prior appendectomy, other abdominal operations or type of hernia. The low frequency of this abnormality in this small series of patients is taken as evidence that relative denervation does not play a significant role in the development of primary inguinal hernia. PMID- 3187871 TI - Hyperlipidemia, pregnancy and pancreatitis. AB - Hypertriglyceridemia is a recognized complication of pregnancy. In patients with familial hypertriglyceridemia, the biochemical changes are greatly enhanced during pregnancy and may be associated with acute pancreatitis, a potentially fatal triad. Three patients were studied, in one of whom previously undiagnosed hyperlipidemia resulted in a fatal attack of fulminant acute pancreatitis. In the other two patients, this complication was avoided by close monitoring and restriction of dietary facts. A history of episodic abdominal cramps, often beginning in early childhood, or the presence of lipemic fasting plasma should alert the clinician to the presence of severe familial hypertriglyceridemia. Early diagnosis allows for the institution of relatively simple management strategies, which diminish the risk of pancreatitis. PMID- 3187873 TI - A simple collecting system for leakage of ascitic fluid. PMID- 3187874 TI - A guided chest tube for safe thoracostomy. PMID- 3187872 TI - Correction of malnutrition and maldigestion with enzyme supplementation in patients with surgical suppression of exocrine pancreatic function. AB - We studied the occurrence and extent of malnutrition and maldigestion in 13 patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) and injection of Neoprene (polychloroprene) (NI) into the duct of Wirsung, which results in sclerosis of hte acinar pancreatic tissue, but spares the endocrine function. At discharge, patients under took an enzyme supplementation regimen with pancreatin (18, 00 United States Pharmacopoeia units of lipase per meal). Patients were rehospitalized 24.9 months after PD plus NI to undergo nutritional and metabolic evaluation (hospital control). Nutritional status was evaluated by measuring the serum albumin level, total iron binding capacity and total lymphocyte count. Digestive function was assessed by the D-xylose tolerance test and determination of fecal fat excretion. Patients were then discharged with pancrelipase, enteric coated microspheres (ECM) supplementation (16,050 United States Pharmacopoeia units of lipase per meal). Malnutrition, defined as the occurrence of at least two abnormal nutritional parameters, was observed in six patients at hospital control. After six months on pancrelipase ECM, the nutritional status was re evaluated in nine patients (three previously malnourished) who were all well nourished. The mean body weight was 84.7 per cent of usual body weight at discharge after PD plus NI and raised to 88.0 per cent at the hospital control (p less than 0.01) and to 93.7 per cent )p less than 0.05) after six months on pancrelipase ECM. At hospital control, results from the D-xylose test were normal in all patients, and steatorrhea dropped from 33.6 grams per day without enzyme supplementation to 15.3 grams per day with pancrelipase ECM (16,050 United States Pharmacopoeia units of lipase per meal). Steatorrhea was incompletely but satisfactorily corrected by pancrelipase ECM. On supplementation therapy with pancrelipase ECM, patients recover a good deal of the body weight and normalize the biochemical indices of malnutrition. PMID- 3187875 TI - An easy approach to the slit catheter technique in intracompartmental pressure measurement. AB - Herein, we present an easy, well tolerated method for direct measurement of intracompartmental tissue pressures using readily available and relatively inexpensive equipment. This provides objectivation of intracompartmental pressures in situations in which the physical findings are less reliable and allows recording of changes in pressure during the period after the injury occurs. Although final decision for operative decompression should be based on clinical findings as well as on the direct measurements, the increased availability of this monitoring system could allow us to understand better the pathophysiologic basis of compartment syndrome. This would make earlier detection or even prevention of this condition possible. PMID- 3187876 TI - Maintaining chest tube patency. AB - This method of maintaining patency of the chest tube has been found to be safe and efficient with little discomfort to the patient. It is especially helpful when dealing with hemothorax and with subsequent formation of clots in the pleural space. PMID- 3187878 TI - Rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3187877 TI - Radical block resection of hepatoduodenal ligament for carcinoma of the bile duct with double catheter bypass for portal circulation. AB - A new concept of radical block resection of the hepatoduodenal ligament for carcinoma of the bile duct and new double bypass technique of portal circulation for the procedure were introduced. Clinical experiences of six patients were reported. By combined use of radical block resection of the hepatoduodenal ligament and double bypass technique, the radical resectability of carcinoma of the bile duct became a reality, and improvement of postoperative survival rate is expected. PMID- 3187879 TI - Venous angiomas: an underestimated cause of intracranial hemorrhage. AB - Cerebral venous angiomas are considered by many investigators as infrequent and incidental. Our experience, however, has been different. Since 1975, we have compiled a group of 21 patients with 23 venous angiomas. Nine patients (43%) presented with intracranial hemorrhage, and two in this group had recurrent hemorrhage. Surgical extirpation of the venous angioma was performed in all nine cases. An additional resection of a frontal venous angioma was performed in a woman with intractable seizures and headache. We experienced limited morbidity and no mortality. Although venous angiomas may be uncommon clinically, they have a significant potential for hemorrhage, and particularly, rehemorrhage if left untreated. PMID- 3187880 TI - Elective major lumbar spinal surgery in the elderly. AB - A series of patients, aged 80 years or over, have undergone major elective spinal procedures. The gratifying results in this series were achieved with minimal complications. The author concludes that indicated spinal surgical procedures in the elderly should not be withheld on the basis of age alone. PMID- 3187881 TI - Skull fracture as a factor of increased risk in minor head injuries. Indication for a broader use of cerebral computed tomography scanning. AB - Two series of patients with a minor head injury (for a total of 182 cases), differing only in the presence and absence of a linear skull fracture, were admitted to a nonspecialized hospital and prospectively examined by computed tomography scanning. The presence of a fracture line proved to be significant, inasmuch as it was accompanied by approximately 38% of intracranial abnormalities versus 6% in the nonfracture cases. Early detection of any intracranial pathology that was still asymptomatic allowed prompt transfer of patients to the neurosurgical center, where operative treatment was carried out, when indicated, without mortality or morbidity. All operations (11 cases) were performed on patients with a fracture (105 cases) whereas none of the nonfracture patients (77 cases) required surgery. It is proposed that adult patients with minor head injuries with a skull fracture be submitted to computed tomography scanning in order that intracranial lesions may be detected, and treated, before the onset of clinical deterioration. PMID- 3187882 TI - Surgery of tumors invading the cavernous sinus. AB - Potential injury to neurovascular structures within the cavernous sinus often prohibits total removal of various cranial base tumors. This report discusses the rationale of direct cavernous sinus surgery and describes a surgical technique refinement as evolved from experience in 18 histologically benign operative cases. The nature of tumor extension mandated entry to the sinus, either through the superior or lateral wall or both. The operative microscope facilitated dissecting and preserving the carotid artery and cranial nerves transversing the sinus. Venous bleeding was controlled by packing. There was one death unrelated to cavernous sinus surgery. Five patients, however, had complications related to cavernous sinus surgery, including hemiplegia in one patient and cranial nerve palsy in four. PMID- 3187883 TI - Treatment of a giant carotid ophthalmic artery aneurysm by intravascular balloon embolization therapy. AB - This report describes the successful treatment by detachable balloon embolization therapy of a giant aneurysm arising at the left carotid-ophthalmic artery junction. Two previous surgical attempts to clip the aneurysm were unsuccessful and the aneurysm continued to enlarge leading to complete loss of light perception. After the placement of two detachable balloons within the aneurysm, there was thrombosis of the aneurysm with diminished mass effect. After 2 months the patient regained light perception and was able to count fingers in the nasal hemifield of her right eye. Detachable balloon embolization therapy may offer a form of alternative treatment for surgically difficult and inaccessible intracranial aneurysms. PMID- 3187884 TI - Traumatic arteriovenous fistulae of the scalp at the area of previous craniotomy. AB - We treated a man with injury-related multi-channeled arteriovenous fistulae of the scalp presented at the site of a previous craniotomy. PMID- 3187886 TI - Animal rights versus human rights. PMID- 3187885 TI - Historical vignette. Problems, progress and change of perception. PMID- 3187887 TI - Intrasellar arachnoid cysts. PMID- 3187888 TI - Surgical management of acoustic neuromas during the last five years: Parts I and II. PMID- 3187889 TI - [Radiotherapy of carcinoma of the auditory canal]. AB - From 1973 through 1986, twelve patients suffering from carcinomas of the outer auditory canal were irradiated at the Radiologic Hospital of Essen. The five-year survival was 64% after postoperative irradiation and 0% after irradiation alone. Considering the data communicated by other authors, the following therapy recommendations can be deduced: early stages where bones or cartilages are not involved represent an indication for sole operation. These tumors can be successfully treated by sole radiotherapy, too. In case of greater tumors, combined surgery and postoperative radiotherapy is the most favorable method. Besides a high total dose (50 to 60 Gy for microscopic tumor residues, about 70 Gy for macroscopic tumor residues), a sufficiently great target volume has to be chosen which includes the ear, the temporal bone, the preauricular lymph nodes and the angle of mandible. To prevent bone and cartilage necroses, it is recommended to restrict the individual doses to 1.8 to 2 Gy each. PMID- 3187890 TI - [The knowledge of cancer patients about their disease]. AB - 160 patients suffering from malignant tumors were interviewed by means of a questionnaire. Most of them had been treated by radiotherapy in a curative intent. The treatment had been finished about one year before, all patients submitted to curative therapy were free from recurrences. 80% out of them knew about their diseases, benignity or malignancy, sites of the primary tumors, and extent of lymph node metastases. Only 5% of the patients had to be informed about their disease at the Radio-oncology Hospital, 88% had been informed already by the physicians before. About 90% of the patients were of the opinion that a complete information was suitable and desired by them. As our patients got older, their desire for information diminished considerably. Even one year after the end of their disease, 34% did not speak frankly with other persons about their disease. The study showed furthermore that the hope of being cured is not affected by information. In this context, 90% of the patients were of the opinion that information should not exceed a certain degree. PMID- 3187891 TI - [Computed tomography guided positioning of catheters for temperature measurement in hyperthermia of malignant tumors]. AB - Prior to a combined treatment with ionizing radiation and hyperthermia, 38 patients with superficial, semi-deep, and deep tumors received catheters for temperature measuring probes which were introduced under CT control. After having established a localization diagnosis and determined the angle for the puncture as well as the length of the puncture canal, a puncture needle containing a closed teflon catheter was introduced subsequent to local anaesthesia and puncture incision of the skin. None of the patients needed a general analgetic and sedative treatment. 10% of the patients presented a dislocation making necessary a reimplantation. Local infections at the catheter insertion point were observed in three cases, a phlegmonous inflammation was seen only in one patient who had undergone an immunosuppression by means of cytostatic drugs. In one patient a temporary bleeding led to a slight haemoglobin reduction which, however, did not require further therapeutic measures. The insertion of catheters for intratumoral temperature measurement was well tolerated by the patients. It could be performed in out-patients with good general condition and no further risk factors. PMID- 3187892 TI - [Radiation and hyperthermia in the treatment of superficial and semi-deep tumors: heat profile, heat doses, tumor remission]. AB - Between August, 1986 and October, 1987, 364 hyperthermia treatments combined with radiotherapy were performed in mostly locally advanced and recurrent tumors. Half of the patients could only be exposed to relatively small radiation doses of 20 to 36 Gy. The therapy results of 24 patients with 26 treated tumor sites showed complete remission in 22% and partial remission in 42% of the sites. The dependence of tumor remission on the dose of radiation and heat and the inhomogeneity of the temperature distribution are discussed. PMID- 3187893 TI - [Recent application methods of high dose-rate brachytherapy in head and neck tumors]. AB - A striking development has been made in intracavitary and interstitial brachytherapy of head and neck tumors by the use of very active and very small ray emitters and, last but not least, by the step movement of the source developed 1974 in Essen and its computer optimization. The present study mentions 22 different sites of the head and neck area which have been treated by 31 different intracavitary or interstitial techniques, frequently under general anaesthesia. All application methods used here follow uniform rules for the dosage of the single application. Furthermore, generally accepted rules can be defined for the contra-indications of brachytherapy which, according to our experiences, should be strictly observed. The observance of these rules as well as the use of a radiobiological gap were among the reasons for the complete recovery of some cases of local recurrence which could be no longer treated by other methods. PMID- 3187894 TI - Pigmented tumor and acute visual loss. AB - A 22-year-old man presents with a history of blurring of vision in his right eye. Ophthalmologic examination reveals a pigmented mass obscuring his optic disc. Two weeks later the patient experienced the apoplectic onset of visual loss to light perception. Discussions center around the presumed diagnosis of melanocytoma of the optic nerve. PMID- 3187895 TI - Zygomaticofrontal suture defect associated with orbital dermoid cyst. AB - The zygomaticofrontal suture is a strong joint needed for protection of the orbit. During infancy its development can be altered by local mechanical factors which prevent its complete union. The following case report of a man with a slowly growing lesion of the left orbit was found to have a large dermoid cyst communicating with the temporal fossa. Presumably, the presence of choristomatous tissue at the junction of the zygomatic and frontal bones prevented normal closure of the joint during infancy. The computed tomographic findings in this condition are pathognomonic of dermoid cyst. PMID- 3187896 TI - Cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. PMID- 3187897 TI - The role of tissue ischemia in the pathogenesis of anastomotic stricture. AB - In a chronic dog model, colocolostomies with intact blood supplies were constructed with the circular stapler. By means of "tight" stapling, an ischemic suture line was induced (suture line blood flow reduced to less than 10% of baseline mucosal blood flow). Under these conditions, only one of 20 anastomoses resulted in stenosis at 1 month. Correctly stapled colocolostomies were then performed in bowels rendered ischemic by removal of all mesenteric arcades for 4 to 6 cm. Mucosal blood flow in such ischemic bowels was reduced to 30% and 16% of control, respectively, and suture line blood flow was as low as that of the tightly stapled anastomoses. Significant stenosis (more than 68% reduction of the lumen) was observed in the group with 6 cm of mesenteric clearance. In no dogs did peritonitis or colonic gangrene develop. Gross and histologic revascularization was evident when dogs were killed at 6 weeks. These findings suggest that it is ischemia of the bowel, rather than ischemia at the suture line itself, that leads to anastomotic stricture. In view of the known susceptibility of the human intestine to ischemia, the model may have overstated the degree of ischemia necessary to produce strictures in clinical practice. Since the induced acute ischemia did not persist in the chronic state, we conclude that it is the adequacy of collateral development that determines the outcome in this model. PMID- 3187898 TI - Gastrin-producing ovarian mucinous cystadenomas: a cause of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. AB - An ovarian gastrinoma would appear to be an extremely rare cause of the Zollinger Ellison syndrome. Nevertheless, two consecutive cases of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome seen at our institution each proved to be caused by a gastrin-producing ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. That the ovarian tumor was the source of gastrin production was established by preoperative and postoperative gastrin and gastric secretory studies and by specific immunocytochemistry of the excised tissue. After oophorectomy, each patient was apparently cured of the disease. Ovarian gastrinomas may not be as uncommon as is generally believed and should be considered as a possible cause of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in any female patient in whom a primary gastrointestinal or pancreatic tumor cannot be located. PMID- 3187899 TI - Role of anaerobic bacteria in aortofemoral graft infection. AB - A 10-year review of specimens of aortofemoral graft infection sent to the microbiology laboratory for cultures of anaerobic bacteria revealed the presence of these organisms in 13 of 16 specimens. Nineteen organisms (1.5 per patient) were isolated: 16 anaerobes and 3 aerobes. The predominant bacteria were anaerobic gram-positive cocci (six isolates), Propionibacterium acnes (five), and Bacteroides fragilis group (four). Polymicrobial infection was present in three patients, all with decubitus ulcers. Conditions predisposing to the infections were present in nine patients and included the presence of preoperative infections in the form of ulcer or toe gangrene in four, decubitus ulcer in three, reoperation in two, and diabetes mellitus in one. These data illustrate the potential importance of anaerobic bacteria in aortofemoral graft infection. PMID- 3187900 TI - Effect of partial burn excision and closure on postburn oxygen consumption. AB - We studied the effect of partial excision and wound closure on the postburn hypermetabolic state. A 25% of total body surface burn was produced in seven sheep. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was significantly increased to 215 +/- 44 ml/min/M2 by day 3 compared with baseline of 125 +/- 21 ml/min/M2. The calculated increase was the result of the increased cardiac index as the average oxygen (AvO2) difference remained relatively constant. Body temperature was not significantly increased. Plasma and burn lymph thromboxane B2 were significantly increased. On day 7, 60% of the burn was completely excised to fascia and covered with a full-thickness graft from a donor animal. The VO2 decreased to below preburn levels during the period of anesthesia but returned completely to the preexcision hypermetabolic state by 2 hours after anesthesia and remained at this level for the remaining 2-day postexcision period. Quantitative cultures of burn hide at day 7 postburn and of the remaining 10% of total body surface burn at 2 days after excision revealed values less than 10(5) bacteria/gram eschar. No positive blood cultures were evident. We conclude that postburn hypermetabolism, once developed, may be perpetuated by a burn of lesser size. Partial excision, therefore, does not appear to significantly decrease the hypermetabolic state if a substantial inflammatory wound remains. Infection is not necessary to perpetuate the increased VO2. PMID- 3187901 TI - Surgical treatment of hydatid disease of the liver: a survey of 69 patients. AB - Sixty-nine patients were operated on because of hydatid disease of the liver from 1960 to 1986. There were 32 male and 37 female patients, with a mean age of 38 years at operation (range, 13 to 76 years). Forty-two cysts were solitary, 20 multiple, and 7 bilateral; 45 were located in the left lobe. Radical surgical procedures were carried out in 45 patients and consisted of cystectomy in six, pericystectomy in 25, and hepatectomy in 14; a conservative approach was used in 11 (resection of prominent part, internal or external drainage). The remaining 13 patients underwent a combination of both techniques. There were no deaths. Postoperative morbidity was low and equally distributed whether surgery was radical or conservative. Local complications occurred in six patients (9%), and seven other patients (10%) had systemic disorders. Four patients required reoperation: two for hemostasis and two for persistent fistulae (one biliary and one bronchobiliary). Of the 42 patients available for follow-up (61%), four (9%) had recurrent disease. One had undergone a pericystectomy and three, conservative procedures, at the time of primary surgery. Our results support the view that excisional surgery is a safe and valid option for patients with hydatid liver disease. PMID- 3187903 TI - Sternal blood flow after median sternotomy and mobilization of the internal mammary arteries. AB - Although the internal mammary artery (IMA) is superior to the saphenous vein graft for bypassing certain coronary arterial obstructive lesions, such operations may predispose the patient to sternal infection or dehiscence- presumably as a result of sternal ischemia. This study was designed to measure sternal blood flow before and after median sternotomy and IMA mobilization in order to quantify the hemodynamic effects of these procedures. Rhesus primates were randomized into control, unilateral IMA-harvested, and bilateral IMA harvested groups. After selective angiography enabled confirmation of IMA patency, 15 micron microscopheres, labeled with specific-spectra radioactive isotopes, were injected at baseline, after sternotomy, and after IMA harvesting. The sternal halves were subjected to gamma counting, and sternal circulation was accurately quantified. Our results showed that blood flow to the sternal halves in which the IMA was harvested decreased precipitously (from 4.5 to 0.8 ml/gm/min; p less than or equal to 0.001), although it remained unchanged in response to median sternotomy. This represented a 90% decrease in the mean rate of flow within the IMA-harvested sterna versus a stable flow rate for the unharvested sides. We conclude that mobilization of the internal mammary artery, as in coronary bypass procedures, significantly devascularizes the sternal half from which it was harvested. PMID- 3187902 TI - Release of vasoactive intestinal peptide during hyperdynamic sepsis in dogs. AB - Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a potent vasodilator that has been reported to be a mediator of the hemodynamic changes in endotoxin-induced hypodynamic septic shock. We investigated the release of VIP in a hyperdynamic model of sepsis in awake, conscious dogs similar to that of sepsis in human beings. Sepsis was induced by intraperitoneal implantation of a fibrin clot containing live Escherichia coli (0.9 +/- 0.2 X 10(9) organisms per kilogram of body weight). All dogs developed hyperdynamic sepsis with increased cardiac output and decreased systemic vascular resistance. During the first 24 hours of sepsis, VIP was released without a concomitant decrease in blood pressure, suggesting that during septic shock it was released by a direct mechanism rather than as a result of hypotension. During peak VIP release (2 to 4 hours after induction of sepsis) no decreases in systemic vascular resistance or mean arterial pressure were observed. This suggests that mediators other than VIP may be responsible for the vasodilation observed during sepsis. The precise role of VIP during sepsis is therefore yet to be clarified. PMID- 3187904 TI - Acalculous hypersensitivity cholecystitis: hypothesis of a new clinicopathologic entity. AB - Acute acalculous cholecystitis is common, accounting for 5% to 10% of cases of acute cholecystitis. Although originally attributed to stasis and inspissated bile with subsequent obstruction of the cystic duct, acalculous cholecystitis has more recently been attributed to gallbladder ischemia from such conditions as hypotension or vasculitis. However, a significant number of cases of acute acalculous cholecystitis occur with no obvious cause. This report notes acute acalculous cholecystitis, diagnosed in 12 patients from 1982 to 1987, that was apparently precipitated by initiation of antibiotic therapy. Histologic sections of these gallbladders each disclosed a massive eosinophilic infiltrate. Two of the patients had identical signs, symptoms, and abnormal laboratory values during a previous course of erythromycin. These findings subsided when the antibiotic therapy was discontinued. We hypothesize that a significant cause of acute acalculous cholecystitis may be a hypersensitivity reaction to concurrent antibiotic therapy. Such patients should have antibiotic therapy halted or altered, which, it is hoped, will result in resolution of symptoms and avoidance of unnecessary laparotomy. PMID- 3187905 TI - Cholecystectomy and sphincter of Oddi hormonal response. PMID- 3187906 TI - Recurrence or persistence? PMID- 3187907 TI - Ultrastructural changes in acetylcholinesterase activity in the deafferented spinal trigeminal nucleus. AB - Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was investigated in synaptic areas of the cat spinal trigeminal nucleus (pars interpolaris and pars caudalis) ipsilateral and contralateral to complete retrogasserian rhizotomy. Vibratome sections of tissue taken from animals of 1, 3, 6, 14, and 21 days survival were examined by electron microscopy following a histochemical reaction for AChE activity employing a method based on the Karnovsky-Roots technique for demonstrating reaction product. As degeneration progressed with survival time, enzymatic activity was initially reduced in synaptic clefts of injured afferent terminals and subsequently was enhanced throughout the extracellular space, including within synaptic clefts of possibly reinnervated sites. These changes in enzymatic activity with primary deafferentation are discussed in relation to the process of reinnervation, the development of neuronal hyperactivity, and possible noncholinergic functions of AChE. PMID- 3187908 TI - Ultrastructure of stratum lacunosum-moleculare interneurons of hippocampal CA1 region. AB - Intracellular recordings were obtained from nonpyramidal neurons (interneurons) in stratum lacunosum-moleculare (L-M) of the CA1 region of guinea pig hippocampal slices. These interneurons had response characteristics that distinguish them from pyramidal cells and other interneuron types: the L-M neurons had relatively broad action potentials with large spike afterhyperpolarizations, high input resistance and little spike-firing adaptation, and low spontaneous activity. Lucifer Yellow (LY) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected intracellularly into physiologically identified L-M interneurons, and the cells were characterized morphologically using light and electron microscopy. L-M somata were fusiform-shaped (15 x 25 micron), had multiple processes, and were located at the border between stratum (str.) lacunosum-moleculare and str. radiatum. L-M dendrites coursed through str. lacunosum-moleculare and projected into str. radiatum. L-M axons made axodendritic synaptic contacts primarily in str. lacunosum-moleculare and str. radiatum, but also in str. moleculare of the dentate gyrus. These axodendritic synaptic contacts were made onto spiny dendritic processes (presumably pyramidal cell and granule cell dendrites) and onto aspinous dendrites (presumably interneuron dendrites), and appeared to be of the symmetric type (type 2), characteristic of inhibitory synapses. In separate groups of animals, selective lesions were made of afferents to the CA1 and dentate regions of hippocampus, and subsequent degeneration of contacts and L-M interneuron somata and dendrites was examined at the ultrastructural level. Fibers originating from contralateral and ipsilateral CA3 region, and from ipsilateral entorhinal cortex, were found to make synaptic contact onto presumed L-M interneurons. Degenerating terminals appeared to be of the asymmetric type (type 1), characteristic of excitatory synapses. These morphological data are consistent with electrophysiological results showing that L-M interneurons can mediate feedforward inhibition of CA1 pyramidal cells. PMID- 3187910 TI - The recent increases in dentists' net incomes: should society be concerned? PMID- 3187909 TI - Evidence for release of copper in the brain: depolarization-induced release of newly taken-up 67copper. AB - The potential importance of copper (Cu) in neurosecretion can be inferred from the demonstration that extracellular Cu modulates the secretory function of peptidergic neurons (in vitro studies) and from the presence of high Cu concentrations in nerve terminals and secretory vesicles, primarily within the soluble matrix of the latter. We have previously hypothesized that vesicular Cu is released from neurons undergoing exocytosis and that such extracellular Cu plays an important modulatory role in the central nervous system. To test this Cu release hypothesis, rat hypothalami were incubated under in vitro conditions for 1 or 2 hr with 20 nM radiolabeled Cu (67Cu), and then 67Cu release was stimulated by a depolarizing concentration (60 mM) of K+. K+ markedly (P less than 0.001) stimulated 67Cu release in a Ca2+-dependent manner (stimulated release was 95 fmol/10 min/mg protein after 1 hr 67Cu loading and 160 after 2 hr). These amounts of released 67Cu account for about 10% of the total 67Cu taken up by the tissue. These results indicate that part of the 67Cu taken up by hypothalamic explants is directed into an intracellular compartment from where it can be released by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism, thus providing strong support to our hypothesis that release of copper is operative in situ in the brain. PMID- 3187911 TI - Shear bond strength of posterior composites to a visible light-cured calcium hydroxide liner. PMID- 3187913 TI - Human trials of AIDS vaccine. PMID- 3187912 TI - A Class I malocclusion with four congenitally missing teeth. PMID- 3187914 TI - [HIV--virological and biological aspects and their significance for diagnosis, prevention and therapy]. PMID- 3187915 TI - [Therapy and immunoprophylaxis of HIV infection]. PMID- 3187916 TI - [Ambulatory care of HIV-infected patients]. PMID- 3187917 TI - [HIV infections in hemophilia patients in Switzerland]. PMID- 3187918 TI - [HIV--pregnancy, mother and child]. PMID- 3187919 TI - [Counseling, care and treatment of drug-dependent patients]. PMID- 3187921 TI - [AIDS prevention in Switzerland]. PMID- 3187920 TI - [Epidemiology of AIDS and HIV infections in Switzerland]. PMID- 3187922 TI - [AIDS. Legal principles]. PMID- 3187923 TI - [AIDS--physicians' role]. PMID- 3187924 TI - [Chronopharmacokinetics of digoxin in patients over 70 years of age]. PMID- 3187925 TI - [Dihydroquinidine metabolites after the administration in man of a delayed-action preparation]. PMID- 3187926 TI - [Drugs and traffic accidents. Evaluation of a survey realized in a hospital environment]. PMID- 3187927 TI - Bleeding time and platelet volume in acute myocardial infarction--a 2 year follow up study. AB - The bleeding time is shortened and the mean platelet volume is increased in the acute phase of myocardial infarction. In this follow-up study we repeated the measurement of the bleeding time, the platelet count and the platelet volume distribution in 18 patients who had suffered from a definite acute myocardial infarction two years before and in 16 control patients who had been admitted with chest pain but no definite myocardial infarction at that time. At the time of follow-up the bleeding time was significantly lengthened in the myocardial infarction group (median values = 169 s and 209 s respectively), whereas it had shortened in the control group (median values = 258 s and 228 s respectively). Comparison of the platelet volume distribution curves of the myocardial infarction patients at time of infarction and 2 years later revealed a significantly higher percentage of small platelets and significantly lower percentages of both medium-sized and large platelets at the time of infarction. These changes in the platelet volume distribution could indicate consumption of medium-sized and large platelets at the time of myocardial infarction. None of the measured variables predicted which of the patients with acute myocardial infarction would subsequently re-infarct or die. In the patients studied with definite ischaemic heart disease (n = 26) a significant negative correlation between bleeding time and mean platelet volume was found. The shortened bleeding time in myocardial infarction is related to the acute event itself or proceeds it, but is reversed two years later. PMID- 3187928 TI - The bleeding time is inversely related to megakaryocyte nuclear DNA content and size in man. AB - The relation between the bleeding time and the megakaryocyte nuclear DNA content and size was evaluated in eleven consecutive patients with normal steady state thrombopoiesis undergoing thoracotomy. A statistically significant inverse correlation was found between the bleeding time and both megakaryocyte DNA content (r = -0.71, p less than 0.05), megakaryocyte total size (r = -0.58, p less than 0.05), megakaryocyte cytoplasmic size (r = -0.64, p less than 0.05) and megakaryocyte nuclear size (r = -0.58, p less than 0.05). The megakaryocyte total size and the megakaryocyte cytoplasmic size were statistically significantly larger in men than women (p less than 0.02 and p less than 0.03 respectively). Changes in the megakaryocytes in the bone marrow are associated with changes in primary haemostasis in normal individuals. PMID- 3187929 TI - Neutrophil secretion during blood coagulation: evidence for a prekallikrein independent pathway. AB - In association with blood coagulation, neutrophils undergo a secretory response (Plow, J Clin Invest 69: 564, 1982) and it has been suggested that plasma kallikrein is responsible for inducing this reaction (Wachtfogel et al., J Clin Invest 72: 1672, 1983). To assess the contribution of kallikrein to this response, the capacity of normal and prekallikrein-deficient blood and plasma to support secretion has been compared utilizing elastase as a marker of secretion. Serial dilutions of prekallikrein-deficient plasma were as effective as normal plasma in supporting neutrophil release of elastase. The extent of elastase release in spontaneously clotting normal and prekallikrein-deficient blood was similar. At 37 degrees C in whole blood or at 22 degrees C in plasma, prekallikrein activators had the same effect in neutrophil secretion in normal and prekallikrein-deficient blood and plasma samples. Taken together, these results provide evidence for the existence of a prekallikrein independent pathway that can function as a predominant mechanism for induction of neutrophil secretion during blood coagulation. PMID- 3187931 TI - Slow clearance of acylated, hybrid thrombolytic enzymes. AB - Two hybrid plasminogen activators, plasmin A-chain/t-PA B-chain and plasmin A chain/u-PA B-chain have been synthesized and purified in sufficient yield to permit measurement of clearance in small laboratory animals. Each hybrid enzyme was reversibly acylated at the active centre to allow the pharmacokinetic profile to be followed using an activity-based method without interference from plasma inhibitors. The acylated plasmin/u-PA hybrid had a clearance half-life (t1/2) in guinea pigs of approximately 80 min, whereas acyl u-PA had a t1/2 of 3 min. The pharmacokinetic profile of the acylated plasmin/t-PA hybrid was measured in guinea pigs, rats and rabbits; the half-lives in all three species were 60-80 min compared to half-lives of acylated, native t-PA that were in the range 0.5-1.0 min. Thus, plasmin A-chain-containing, acylated hybrid enzymes are cleared some 30- to 100-fold more slowly than the acylated parent activators. PMID- 3187930 TI - Purification of human brain tissue factor. AB - Tissue factor (thromboplastin or Factor III), a glycoprotein cofactor, is required for Factor VII to express its catalytic activity, thereby initiating the extrinsic as well as intrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Human brain tissue factor was purified 2,500-fold to 98% homogeneity from 2% Triton X-100 extraction of acetone dried brain powder with an overall yield of 36%. The method was based upon affinity chromatography utilizing the high affinity binding of tissue factor to Factor VII noncovalently complexed to immobilized anti-Factor VII-agarose beads. The apparent molecular weight of the purified tissue factor is 45,000 as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and its isoelectric point is 4.8-5.1 by column chromatofocussing and flat bed agarose isoelectric focussing. PMID- 3187932 TI - Effects of reagent and instrument on prothrombin times, activated partial thromboplastin times and patient/control ratios. AB - Activated partial thromboplastin times accumulated from two proficiency testing surveys were analyzed to determine simultaneously the effects of the method and reagent used. Prothrombin time results were reevaluated concomitantly for comparison. A robust two-way analysis of variance was applied to determine the effect of method and reagent on APTT results. The effect of the reagent and method on the ratio of abnormal to normal plasma clotting times was determined. We found a substantial difference in ratios for the PT using different reagents on the same instrument. There was an even larger effect of reagents on APTT ratios. Our finding of substantial reagent effects for the PT and APTT clearly support the need for standardization. We found standardization to be feasible only for the PT, and only if applied in a form consistent with the inherent error structure of the data. For the APTT, the present methodology and plasma samples did not achieve consistent standardization. PMID- 3187933 TI - Standardization of protein C in plasma: establishment of an international standard. AB - An international collaborative study, involving 18 laboratories, was carried out to establish an international standard for protein C in plasma. The proposed standard, which consisted of a freeze-dried ampouled plasma preparation coded 86/622, was assayed against fresh normal plasma and the participants' local standards. Protein C activity assays were placed in four groups, depending on the method of activation and detection of protein C. The combined potencies (units per ampoule) for the proposed international standard were: thrombin activation/clotting assays, 0.86; thrombin activation/chromogenic assays, 0.81; snake venom activation/clotting assays, 0.81 and snake venom activation/chromogenic assays, 0.82. Measurement of protein C antigen gave potency estimates of 0.81 and 0.82 unites per ampoule for the Laurell electroimmunoassay and ELISA techniques, respectively. The good agreement in potency estimates between the different methods indicates that the overall combined figure (226 assays) for the international standard of 0.82 international units per ampoule should serve for all methods. Accelerated degradation studies have indicated that the standard should be suitably stable when stored at -20 degrees C. The freeze-dried plasma 86/622 has been established by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization as the 1st International Standard for Protein C in Plasma; with an assigned unitage of 0.82 international units per ampoule. PMID- 3187934 TI - Elasticity of fibrin and protofibrin gels is differentially modulated by calcium and zinc. AB - The mechanical properties of fibrin and protofibrin gels in the presence of physiologic levels of Ca(II) and Zn(II) are described. As monitored with a thrombelastograph, Ca(II) (0.5-2 mM) increases the rate of development and the maximum level of gel elastic modulus (G) of fibrin and protofibrin gels. Zn(II) (10-50 microM) decreases the elastic modulus of those gels, even in the presence of a large excess of Ca(II). This contrasts with the ability of both divalent cations to increase fibrin and protofibrin gel turbidity. Unlike the turbidity or fibre thickness of fibrin and protofibrin gels, both of which are increased by these cations, gel elasticity is increased by Ca(II) but decreased by Zn(II). It is demonstrated that Ca(II) and Zn(II) modulate fibrin and protofibrin gels independently of one another, and that they have opposing effects on the mechanical properties of the gels. The disparity between the visual (turbidity, TEM) and the mechanical (elasticity) properties of (proto)fibrin gels indicates the need for new conceptual and analytic paradigms. PMID- 3187936 TI - Effect of a moderate fish intake on platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma. AB - This paper describes the results of an international study to investigate the effect of a reasonable amount of dietary fish on platelet aggregation in platelet rich plasma (PRP) induced by collagen and thrombin. In Maastricht, Tromso, and Zeist two groups of healthy male volunteers were given a daily dietary supplement consisting of 135 g of canned mackerel paste (experimental group, n = 40) or meat paste (control group, n = 42) for a 6-week period. Compliance, calculated on the basis of the urinary excretion of lithium, added to the supplements, was about 80%. Platelet number in PRP decreased significantly in the fish group. Collagen induced platelet aggregation in PRP differed widely between the three centres despite the attempt to use exactly the same conditions. Nonetheless, aggregation decreased significantly in the fish group. The mackerel effect on thrombin induced aggregation was inconsistent. PMID- 3187935 TI - Resolution and reconstitution of interplatelet recognition during aggregation. AB - In previous studies it was shown that fixed platelets bearing covalently-bound fibrinogen participate passively in release-related aggregation, and that thrombospondin is the released compound which specifically and selectively recognizes the affixed fibrinogen. The present study demonstrates that the phenomenon of passive participation is also obtained with fixed platelets bearing covalently-bound thrombospondin. Moreover, a full resolution and reconstitution of interplatelet recognition during aggregation was obtained with two different systems: (a) fixed platelets bearing affixed fibrinogen were caused to aggregate when stirred and supplemented with soluble thrombospondin; (b) fixed platelets bearing fibrinogen and fixed platelets bearing thrombospondin, each uncapable of undergoing aggregation, aggregated when combined and stirred. It is concluded that fibrinogen and thrombospondin play a major role in the molecular mechanism of interplatelet recognition during aggregation. PMID- 3187937 TI - Fibrin formed in plasma is composed of fibers more massive than those formed from purified fibrinogen. AB - Reports of altered fibrin resulting from interactions with plasma proteins and cellular release products have raised the possibility that plasma fibrin may differ from purified fibrin. To investigate this possibility, the structures of thrombin-induced gels formed from platelet poor plasma and from purified fibrinogen were compared using turbidity and gel perfusion techniques. Plasma gels formed more slowly and were composed of fibers two to four times more massive than gels formed from purified fibrinogen. Increasing calcium concentration, decreasing ionic strength, decreasing thrombin concentration, or increasing fibrinogen concentration resulted in increasing fiber size. Addition of excess thrombin accelerated plasma gel formation and decreased gel fiber size, but did not totally eliminate the structural differences between the two systems. Thus, antithrombin activity, while possibly contributory, is not solely responsible for the altered gel structure. Penetration of plasma gels by fibrinolytic agents, egress to areas of injury by inflammatory cells, and gel removal by plasmin are processes at least partially dependent on gel fiber and pore size. PMID- 3187938 TI - Effect of oral aspirin on plasma levels of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors- studies in healthy volunteers. PMID- 3187939 TI - Increased thrombin activity during thrombolysis. PMID- 3187941 TI - Treatment of gray platelet syndrome. PMID- 3187940 TI - Spuriously low levels of protein C with a Protac activation clotting assay. PMID- 3187943 TI - Thrombophilia with a combination of antithrombin III and factor XII deficiency. PMID- 3187942 TI - Megakaryocyte response to thrombin. PMID- 3187944 TI - A simple nomogram for the derivation of international normalised ratios for the standardisation of prothrombin times. AB - The WHO international scale of reporting prothrombin time results is based on the calibration of local and commercial thromboplastin reagents used in the test against an international reference preparation to derive an International Sensitivity Index (ISI) for each batch of local reagent. This quantifies an individual reagent's responsiveness to the coumarin induced defect. Once the ISI has been assigned, the derivation of International Normalised Ratios (INR) for reporting results depends on the use of a scientific calculator by which the local ratio is raised to the power of the ISI of the local reagent or use of an alternative formula and logarithms. A system for interpretation of INR, without the need for calculations, is presented for the known range of thromboplastins between 1.0 and 3.0 ISI in nomogram form. This chart may facilitate the general application of the INR system. PMID- 3187945 TI - 4-Hydroxycoumarin oral anticoagulants: pharmacokinetics-response relationship. AB - The blood coagulating factors II and VII and prothrombin times (Thrombotest) were followed during a dosage interval (= 24 h) in patients on acenocoumarol (n = 6) and on phenprocoumon (n = 6) therapy. The patients were on stable anticoagulation (%TT: 7-13%) for at least 6 months. The study was performed to investigate the concentration-response relationship of the 4-hydroxycoumarin-type oral anticoagulants. The three parameters were stable during the 24-h interval for patients on phenprocoumon therapy. Patients on acenoumarol showed fluctuations in their factor VII levels; peak activities were observed at about 2 h, trough activities at about 16 h after acenocoumarol intake. Factor II and Thrombotest activities were stable. Plasma levels of phenprocoumon were stable during daytime whereas acenocoumarol levels declined exponentially (t1/2 about 12 h). The results indicate the oral anticoagulants to exhibit a concentration-response relationship common to drug-receptor interactions. The results also suggest that for stable and long-lasting anticoagulant therapy oral anticoagulants with half lives beyond the dosage interval (t1/2 greater than 24 h) should be preferred. PMID- 3187947 TI - Morphometric analysis of density subpopulations of normal human platelets. AB - Platelets from seven normal subjects were fractionated on continuous Percoll density gradients and low density (LD), intermediate, and high density (HD) platelets were prepared for transmission electron microscopy followed by computerised morphometric analysis. Normal ultrastructural appearance and discoid shape were preserved by incubation of the platelets in nutrient medium at 37 degrees C immediately before fixation. HD platelet sections had a larger mean cross-sectional area but a lower ratio of the major to the minor axis compared to LD platelet sections. HD platelets contained more alpha granules, dense granules and mitochondria per square micron of section area than LD platelets. The percentage of section area occupied by open canalicular system was greater in the LD platelets while the percentage area occupied by glycogen fields was over ten fold higher in the HD platelets. The mean cross-sectional areas of individual alpha granules and dense granules increased with density while the opposite trend was found for mitochondria. It is suggested that these ultrastructural differences mainly arise during thrombopoiesis and may indicate some functional specialization among platelets. PMID- 3187946 TI - Placental transfer of vitamin K1 and its implications in fetal hemostasis. AB - Vitamin K status was evaluated using coagulation studies and/or vitamin K1 assays in a total of 53 normal fetuses and 47 neonates. Second trimester fetal blood samples were obtained for prenatal diagnosis under ultrasound guidance. Endogenous vitamin K1 concentrations (determined by high performance liquid chromatography) were substantially lower than maternal levels. The mean maternal fetal gradient was 14-fold at mid trimester and 18-fold at birth. Despite low vitamin K levels, descarboxy prothrombin, detected by a staphylocoagulase assay, was elevated in only a single fetus and a single neonate. After maternal oral supplementation with vitamin K1, cord vitamin K1 levels were boosted 30-fold at mid trimester and 60-fold at term, demonstrating placental transfer. However, these levels were substantially lower than corresponding supplemented maternal levels. Despite elevated vitamin K1 concentrations, supplemented fetuses and neonates showed no increase in total or coagulant prothrombin activity. These results suggest that the low prothrombin levels found during intrauterine life are not due to vitamin K deficiency. PMID- 3187948 TI - Aging and diabetes increase the aggregating potency of rat skin collagen towards normal platelets. AB - Acid-soluble collagen samples were prepared from individual skins of 24 month old rats (n = 8), 2 month old young controls (n = 8) and from 6 month old streptozotocin-diabetic rats (n = 5) and their age-matched controls (n = 10). Less collagen was obtained by acid extraction and salt precipitations from skins of diabetic and aged rats than from those of their respective controls. The collagen preparations from diabetic and aged rats showed an increased ratio of beta/alpha components. The rate of "in vitro" fibrillogenesis was less for collagen from diabetic rats than from controls. It was not modified for collagens from aged rats. The aggregating potency towards normal human platelets was markedly increased for collagens from aged and diabetic rats: reduced latency time (p less than 0.01) and increased velocity (p less than 0.01) were observed for collagens from aged rats when compared with young rats (16.5 micrograms/ml). Increased velocity (p less than 0.01) was also observed for collagens from diabetic rats (8.25, 11 and 16.5 micrograms/ml), without modification of latency time. PMID- 3187949 TI - Antithrombin III molecular variants with defective binding to heparin or to serine proteases: evidence of two different abnormal patterns identified by crossed immunoelectrofocusing. AB - Molecular heterogeneity of antithrombin III (AT III) was investigated by a technique of crossed immunoelectrofocusing (CIEF) in plasma samples of patients from 16 families with AT III congenital defect, including 8 AT III molecular variants. The AT III CIEF pattern was normal in all the patients with AT III quantitative deficiency, showing a balanced decrease of all the peaks. Out of the 8 AT III variants investigated, 6 had an abnormal pattern: the three variants with defective binding to heparin (AT III Roma, AT III Barcelona, AT III Malmo) shared a similar abnormal pattern; three variants with defective binding to serine proteases (AT III Pescara, AT III Milano, AT III Tampere) had a common abnormal pattern clearly different from the first one, whereas the other two variants deficient in the inactivation of the serine proteases (AT III Chicago, AT III Milano 2) showed a normal pattern. The first type of pathological pattern (type Roma) was characterized by the presence of an abnormal peak overlapping the normal isoforms present at pH 4.8-4.6 and by an additional peak at pH 4.5. The second type of pattern (type Pescara) showed an additional peak at pH 4.5 and an abnormal quantitative distribution of the isoantithrombins all throughout the pH range (5.2-4.6). In order to separate the abnormal AT III fraction from the normal one, plasma of a patient with Roma defect and serum of a patient with Pescara defect were passed throughout an heparin-ultrogel column.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187950 TI - Platelet function and the bleeding time in progressive renal failure. AB - Bleeding time and platelet function tests were performed on 31 patients with progressive chronic renal failure (CRF) due to non-immunological (urological) causes, and compared with 22 healthy controls. Patients were classified as mild (plasma creatinine less than 300 mumol/l), moderate (300-600 mumol/l) or severe renal failure (greater than 600 mumol/l). Bleeding time was rarely prolonged in mild and moderate CRF and mean bleeding time significantly elevated only in severe CRF (p less than 0.005). Haematocrit was the only index which correlated with bleeding time (r = -0.40). Platelet counts, collagen stimulated thromboxane generation, and platelet aggregation responses to ADP, collagen and ristocetin were all either normal or increased in all three CRF groups, but thromboxane production in clotting blood was reduced. Plasma fibrinogen, C reactive protein and von Willebrand factor (vWF) were elevated in proportion to CRF. We found no evidence that defects in platelet aggregation or platelet interaction with vWF prolong the bleeding time in patients with progressive CRF. PMID- 3187951 TI - Antithrombin III Avranches, a new variant with defective serine-protease inhibition--comparison with antithrombin III Charleville. AB - A decreased plasma antithrombin activity in presence or in absence of heparin was discovered in a 47-year-old patient presenting with recurrent venous thromboembolism. The immunoreactive material (AT III-IR) was normal. The same biological abnormalities were found in two relatives of the patient, leading to the diagnosis of hereditary qualitative AT III deficiency. The propositus' AT III was coeluted with normal AT III from an heparin-sepharose column. An additional step of ion-exchange chromatography on a Mono Q column using a FPLC system (Pharmacia, St-Quentin en Yvelines, France) allowed the purification of a protein which was homogenous in SDS-10% polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel (PAGE). AT III purified from propositus' plasma, normal plasma and the plasma of the patient known to have an AT III variant with defective protease binding (AT III Charleville) were compared. The specific activities measured as heparin cofactor antithrombin or factor Xa inhibition in absence of heparin were decreased to half the normal value. Kinetic studies confirmed a decreased rate of thrombin inhibition for both abnormal AT III preparations. SDS-PAGE experiments performed in purified system and immunoblots obtained from plasma showed that the two variants have different behaviour: in the case of AT III Charleville thrombin induced an apparent 5 k delta increase in molecular mass, probably due to a conformational change. AT III Avranches did not form stoechiometric complexes with thrombin, but was unmodified by the protease. PMID- 3187952 TI - The effect of fish oil consumption on platelet aggregation responses in washed human platelet suspensions. AB - Although the biochemical mechanisms relating to the inhibitory action of eicosapentaenoic acid on platelet function have previously been investigated in washed platelet suspensions, there is little existing evidence in washed platelet suspensions to indicate that dietary fish oil consumption reduces platelet aggregation responses. In the present work, eight healthy male volunteers consumed 20 fish oil capsules (MaxEPA) per day for a period of six weeks followed by a six week "dry-out" period during which no fish oil was consumed. Washed platelet suspensions were prepared and aggregation responses to collagen, platelet activating factor (PAF), and thrombin were assessed initially at week 0 and subsequently at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks of the experimental period. Three weeks of fish oil consumption did not produce any marked alterations in aggregation responses; however, six weeks of dietary fish oil supplementation resulted in decreased maximum aggregation responses to collagen and PAF by 50.1% and 27.2%, respectively. These results provide evidence, in washed platelet suspensions, that dietary fish oil consumption significantly diminishes platelet responses to collagen and PAF. The significance of these observations remains to be explored and interpreted. PMID- 3187954 TI - Adenine nucleotide metabolism of blood platelets in human liver cirrhosis. AB - The adenylate energy charge of human platelets was measured in normal subjects and cirrhotic patients using a method by labelling the adenine nucleotide pool of platelets with radioactive adenine. Using the above method, it was demonstrated that a reliable value for the adenylate energy charge can be obtained from platelet rich plasma containing more than 10(4) platelets per microliter after 30 minutes incubation. A significant difference was found in the distribution of adenine nucleotide metabolites between normal subjects and cirrhotic patients. However, no significant difference was found in the adenylate energy charge between two groups. These results indicate that energy metabolism of platelets is impaired to some extent in liver cirrhosis. PMID- 3187953 TI - Combined factor VII and protein C deficiency found in a patient with peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis accompanied by progressive pulmonary hypertension and hemoptysis. AB - A congenital deficiency of factor VII and protein C was found in a 21-year-old female suffering from recurrent and progressive attacks of dyspnea and hemoptysis over the last four years. She has been followed in our Department since the age of 17 under a diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis and pulmonary hypertension as confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiography. Prolonged prothrombin time repeatedly examined during this time period prompted us to perform detailed coagulation studies. We found that factor VII and protein C were both half normal in activity as well as in antigen. Three other members of her immediate family were also found to be affected with this combined deficiency. Since the genes encoding factor VII and protein C are located in different chromosomes, the 13th and the second chromosomes, respectively, expression of the combined hereditary deficiency is a random and very rare association on the basis of frequencies of 1:50,000 for factor VII and 1:16,000 for protein C deficiencies. PMID- 3187955 TI - Heparin binding to normal and abnormal platelets. AB - The binding of porcine heparin to human platelets was studied using [3H] heparin and various concentrations of unlabeled heparin. The binding was readily reversible and included saturable (Kd approximately 1.5 mg/L, R approximately 500 mg/10(15) cells) and unsaturable components. Approximately normal binding also occurred to platelets from patients with the Bernard-Soulier syndrome and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Competitive inhibition studies were performed with a variety of sulfated polysaccharides. Inhibitory potency correlated with charge density but not with the fundamental sugar composition of the tested compounds. PMID- 3187956 TI - Physical exercise provokes platelet desensitization in men who smoke cigarettes- involvement of sympathoadrenergic mechanisms--a study of monozygotic twin pairs discordant for smoking. AB - Since chronic smoking is known to be a dominant risk factor for morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular diseases related to enhanced atherogenesis and arterial thrombogenesis, the mechanisms causing these effects are of interest. The present study aims to assess the basic biochemical and haemorheological parameters among male monozygotic twinpairs, who have been discordant for smoking in average for over 20 years. Because smoking is known to cause enhanced sympathoadrenergic activation, the study was designed to further stimulate this by means of physical exercise. The platelet aggregation in vitro and serum thromboxane B2 (S-TxB2) did not differ at rest, but after exercise smokers' platelets were desensitized to all doses of adrenaline and low doses of ADP as well as collagen and the levels of S-TxB2 were lower than among nonsmokers. This finding was supported by the decreased release of serotonin and TxB2 during aggregation induced with adrenaline. The leucocyte counts were significantly higher among smokers at rest and haematocrit as well as platelet counts showed the same tendency. Fibrinogen tended to be be elevated among smokers after exercise and together with haematocrit levels implicated increased blood viscosity. FVIII, vWF and beta-thromboglobulin did not differ. In conclusion we suggest that in smokers the significant exhaustion of platelets to in vitro stimulation might be a consequence of continuous platelet activation during physical stress. This phenomenon together with our other findings implies that the sympathoadrenergic system has a multiple role in vivo, which needs further research to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the effects of smoking on cardiovascular diseases. PMID- 3187957 TI - Importance of fibrinogen and platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in shear induced platelet aggregation. AB - The mechanism of shear-induced platelet aggregation was investigated using a polycarbonate cone and plate viscometer. After exposed to shear stress of 54-90 dyne/cm2 for 2 min. at 37 degrees C, platelets aggregated without a significant amount of serotonin release and lactic dehydrogenase leakage from platelets. Under this conditions, platelets from 2 patients with thrombasthenia and a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia failed to aggregate. When fibrinogen was added to platelet rich plasma from a patient with afibrinogenemia, shear-induced platelet aggregation occurred at the same extent of aggregation as observed in normal platelets. Shear-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by monoclonal antibody to GPIIb/IIIa (1 microgram/ml) and synthetic peptide, Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) (1 mM). Apyrase and hirudin showed no effect on this aggregation. Indomethacin (100 microM) and thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor, OKY-046 (100 microM) markedly inhibited aggregation, while thromboxane A2 competitive inhibitor, ONO-3708 (100 microM) exhibited only partial inhibition. These results indicate that fibrinogen and GPIIb/IIIa are important for shear-induced platelet aggregation and that the induction of fibrinogen receptor on GPIIb/IIIa may partially depend upon thromboxane A2 synthesis in platelets. PMID- 3187958 TI - Factor VII hyperactivity in acute myocardial thrombosis. A relation to the coagulation activation. AB - It has been shown that coagulation factor VII (FVII) has an increased coagulant activity (FVIIc) in cardiovascular high risk patients and that it is a important risk factor for the development of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and cardiovascular death. In this study, we measured FVII coagulant (FVIIc) and immunological (FVIIag) activities during the acute phase of unstable angina (UA) and acute uncomplicated and complicated myocardial infarction (AMI). We have also studied its changes in relation to thrombin formation and coagulation activation, as assessed by determination of thrombin-antithrombin circulating complexes (T AT) at the same time. Our results show a marked increase in FVIIc in all patients, with highest significant levels in complicated AMI. In fact, this increase was also different between groups, complicated AMI showing a significant degree of increase in FVIIc in relation to UA and uncomplicated AMI. FVIIag did not vary between groups and controls, implicating a progressive activation of FVII. As expected, we found comparable levels of T-AT in UA and in AMI patients, suggesting that a common thrombotic process is involved in both situations. FVIIc was strongly correlated to T-AT in all patients (r = 0. 750; p less than 0.001) and also within groups. This study underlines the important positive contribution of FVIIc to IHD and to the prognosis of its thrombotic acute events, and shows that the increase in FVII activity is associated with an increase of a thrombotic marker (thrombin-antithrombin). Further studies are needed to evaluate if FVII activation is the cause or the consequence of the thrombotic processes. PMID- 3187959 TI - The thieno-triazolodiazepine WEB 2086 inhibits platelet aggregation and ATP release from porcine platelets induced by platelet activating factor (PAF). PMID- 3187960 TI - An improved method for measuring endogenous serotonin in platelets of patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. PMID- 3187961 TI - Characterization of anti-tissue factor antibody and its use in immunoaffinity purification of human tissue factor. AB - Human brain tissue factor apoprotein was recently purified to homogeneity in this laboratory by affinity chromatography utilizing factor VII bound to immobilized anti-factor VII (Anal Biochem 165, 365-370, 1987). A potent polyclonal anti tissue factor antibody has now been raised to the purified apoprotein. Immunostaining of purified tissue factor with this polyclonal IgG yielded a single major band with an apparent molecular weight of 47,000, which corresponds to the mobility on SDS-PAGE of tissue factor apoprotein. Immunostaining of a crude Triton extract of brain tissue yielded two additional bands, with apparent molecular weights of 54,000 and 40,000 Da. An anti-tissue factor IgG was coupled to Affi-Gel-15 to prepare an immunoadsorbant column. The two additional proteins in the crude Triton extract recognized by Western blotting did not bind to the column. This permitted its use to develop a simple, efficient technique for purification of human tissue factor apoprotein. PMID- 3187962 TI - Plasma cross-linked fibrin degradation products fraction D in patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery. AB - In 18 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery we measured the plasma D-dimer concentration (EIA d-dimer kit) preoperatively, postoperatively, and on postoperative day 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The patients received thromboembolic prophylaxis with low-molecular weight heparin. All patients were screened with the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test. Preoperatively, the median plasma D-dimer concentration was 500 ng/ml (200-3200 ng/ml) rising to 1800 ng/ml (500-4600 ng/ml) (p less than 0.05) immediately postoperatively. The plasma D-dimer level increased further during the following days to a maximum of 4800 ng/ml (1600-8600 ng/ml) on the 6th postoperative day (p less than 0.01). One patient developed deep-venous thrombosis. The plasma D-dimer concentration of this patients was within the range of the other patients. In conclusion, the EIA D-dimer test does not seem to be a potential screening procedure for postoperative thrombosis. PMID- 3187964 TI - Inhibition of platelet aggregation by an irreversible local anesthetic. AB - Three known local anesthetic agents were examined for their ability to inhibit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate or epinephrine. Drug treated platelet-rich plasma samples were filtered through agarose gel to remove free drug, and the ability of the platelets to aggregate was again determined. One of the local anesthetics contained a "one-armed" nitrogen mustard structure and appeared to produce an irreversible inhibition of aggregation. The other two agents gave a block of aggregation that was reversed upon gel filtration. PMID- 3187963 TI - A model system for the in vivo determination of the thrombolytic effect of plasminogen activators. AB - An in vivo model system for measuring the thrombolytic efficiency of plasminogen activators was used. The formation of radiolabelled microthrombi was induced by infusion with I-125 labelled fibrinogen and thrombin. Reactive fibrinolysis was inhibited by administration of suboptimal levels of e-aminocaproic acid. The thrombolytic and subsequent fibrinolytic events were followed in the capillary bed of the lungs of anesthetized rats by external monitoring of the I-125 activity over the lung field. The model was successfully employed to demonstrate the thrombolytic effect of plasminogen activator produced by a transplanted spontaneous rat prostate adenocarcinoma cell line (PA III). The system proved to be reproducible with detection limits of 6000 I.U. using the PA-III cell line derived activator. PMID- 3187965 TI - In-vitro platelet sensitivity to collagen-induced aggregation and in-vitro platelet deterioration rate during storage, are both inversely proportional to the in-vivo blood platelet concentration in normal individuals: preliminary documentation of these theoretically predictable relationships. AB - This preliminary study documents two new functional relationships for platelets obtained from normal subjects, whose individual blood platelet concentrations (IBPCs) are in the normal range. Firstly, platelets from subjects (or donors) with high-normal IBPCs are the least sensitive to collagen-induced aggregation (a significant inverse correlation). This may be of importance in determining the likely efficacy of fresh platelet transfusions obtained from donors with different IBPCs within the normal range. Secondly, platelets from subjects/donors with high-normal IBPCs deteriorate less rapidly during storage (a significant inverse correlation), perhaps due to differences in platelet biochemical activity between individuals. Such measurements of platelet deterioration rate were based upon the development of a new experimental technique, in which sterile test-PRP was incubated at 37 degrees C with continuous (quarter-hourly) indirect measurements of changes in platelet morphology. This tube-based method is described in detail. The functional relationships observed do have a theoretical basis within the work of others, which is appopriately outlined. Particular discussion pivots around the possibility of using the deterioration rate relationship to predict how therapeutic platelet concentrates prepared from a given donor of know IBPC, may retain their morphological integrity during routine blood bank storage. PMID- 3187966 TI - Prevention of thrombin/antithrombin III reaction in the presence of protamine or polybrene. AB - The rate of the thrombin/antithrombin III (AT III) reaction was decreased in the presence of free polybrene or protamine. The reaction rate was also decreased in protamine-coated tubes and tubes on which polybrene was absorbed nonspecifically. The reaction was also prevented when either thrombin or AT III was transferred into noncoated tubes after instantaneous contact with protamine-coated tubes or tubes with polybrene. These facts suggest that the thrombin/AT III reaction rate is determined with concentrations of reactive protein species. PMID- 3187968 TI - A hirudin catching ELISA for quantitating the anticoagulant in biological fluids. AB - A catching ELISA has been developed that permits a quantitation of the anticoagulant hirudin in buffer, urine and plasma. In plasma hirudin can be determined in concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 25 ng/ml (2.4 X 10(-3) to 0.3 AT U/ml), in urine between 0.8 and 200 ng/ml (0.01 and 2.4 AT-U/ml). The enzyme immunoassay allows a rapid, sensitive and reproducible quantitation of hirudin, and can thus be used to assess the pharmacokinetics of the anticoagulant in patients after parenteral and/or topic administration. PMID- 3187967 TI - Alterations of haemostasis parameters with special reference to fibrin stabilization, factor XIII and fibronectin in patients with obliterative atherosclerosis. AB - Intravascular and endoparietal fibrin deposition are thought to be involved in atherosclerotic process, especially when fibrin is stabilized by factor XIII of coagulation system. The study carried out on a group of 50 patients with obliterative atherosclerosis of the lower limbs revealed an increased plasma fibrin stabilizing activity apparently due to an increased F.XIII level. Furthermore, alterations in coagulation and fibrinolysis indicating hypercoagulable tendency were found. It is concluded, that the observed changes may contribute to the development of atherosclerotic process. PMID- 3187969 TI - [1988 annual address at the Annual Congress of the Royal Society for Veterinary Medicine, Groningen, 30 September 1988]. PMID- 3187970 TI - [Blood titers of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus]. AB - The variations in titre of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus were determined in young calves. As soon as maternal immunity was no longer detectable, the calves were inoculated. Inoculations in animals which were less than four months of age gave rise to only a slight increase in titres. The increases in titre in calves over this age varied markedly. PMID- 3187971 TI - [Trends in research related to the health of pigs]. AB - The intensification of pig husbandry has important consequences for pig health care. More attention must not only be paid to clinical outbreaks of disease but also to subclinical problems and disturbances of production. More research must be done to improve the efficiency of disease control and beyond this to the optimalization of prevention. The roles of etiology, biotechnology, the research on pathogenesis, epidemiology and immunology in meeting these goals are roughly outlined and illustrated with concrete examples derived from the program of the C.V.I. (Central Veterinary Institute) in the Netherlands. How this research will affect research immediately connected with health care is explored at the end of this article. PMID- 3187972 TI - [Practical experience with the triple pelvic osteotomy as treatment of hip instability in young dogs]. AB - Experience with triple pelvic osteotomy in twenty instable hip joints in thirteen young dogs, is reported in the present paper. A few years' follow-up showed that arthrosis may be reduced or even completely arrested by stabilising the hip joint and increasing the load-bearing articular surface. Indications for this operation can still be improved, as many dogs with coxarthrosis diagnosed by X-ray and caused by chronic subluxation are found to have adequately functioning hip joints. Preventive measures in the developmental stage of the hip joint should precede any decision to operate! PMID- 3187973 TI - [Doxycycline: pharmacokinetics and suggested dosage in dogs and cats]. AB - Data on the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in dogs and cats are reported. Doxycycline was given orally in the form of palatable tablets of Ronaxan. Tablets of 100 mg of doxycycline (as hyclate) were used in dogs, whereas cats were given tablets of 20 mg. The doses administered were 10 mg/kg in both species. The pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in dogs and cats were compared with those obtained in man (at a dosage of 3 mg/kg/day). It is concluded that a dosage of 10 mg/kg/day of doxycycline is required to obtain effective plasma concentrations in dogs and cats for 24 hours, when this dose is administered once daily. PMID- 3187974 TI - [Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)]. PMID- 3187975 TI - [Aujeszky's disease in fur-bearing animals]. PMID- 3187976 TI - [Posterior paresis/paralysis]. PMID- 3187977 TI - [A new drug for hip dysplasia? (2)]. PMID- 3187978 TI - Interference with the prostaglandin system as a therapeutical concept to protect the myocardium during ischemic stress: experimental studies with inhibition of thromboxane synthesis. AB - The characterization of thromboxane A2 as vasoconstrictor and potent stimulus of platelet aggregation has led to attempts to overcome these effects obviously unfavourable in ischemia. As an attractive approach, we examined potentially protective results of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on canine myocardium stressed by transient ischemia, using as inhibitor the imidazole derivative UK 38.485. On anaesthetized open-chest mongrel-dogs (n = 5) repeated ischemia (3 min) was produced by proximal, intermittent occlusion of the LAD artery. In each experiment 3-4 control occlusions were compared to 3-4 occlusions under therapy. The efficiency of the drug (5 mg/kg body weight, i.v., 30 min before therapy occlusion) was examined (a) by quantification of the energy deficit occurring as the difference between oxygen demand and uptake during occlusion, (b) by the amounts of potassium, inorganic phosphate, and lactate released in the postischemic reperfusion and (c) by changes of the regional myocardial wall function in the central- and peripheral ischemic zone. Compared to control, premedication with UK 38.485 led to a reduced energy deficit (-39.1%; p less than 0.01) combined with a significant decrease in the release of potassium (-15.7%; p less than 0.001), inorganic phosphate (-20.2%; p less than 0.002), and lactate ( 20.7%; p less than 0.01). Regional myocardial wall function was improved in the central and peripheral ischemic region as demonstrated by a significantly reduced systolic bulging. The protective effects seem to be mainly due to enhanced flow to ischemic areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3187979 TI - Repair of traumatic aortic transection: a management protocol and review of twenty-one patients. AB - Between 1970 and 1987, 21 patients at St. Vincent Hospital and Medical Center underwent surgery for repair of a transected descending aorta. Nineteen of the transections were a result of trauma secondary to motor vehicle accidents, 1 was secondary to compression injury of the chest, and 1 was the result of a fall. All of the patients had diagnostic chest X-rays and all but one X-ray showed a widened mediastinum. Aortography was carried out in 20 cases. Atrio-femoral bypass was used for all but 2 patients, who had femoro-femoral bypass. The mean cross-clamp time was 53 minutes. Interposition graft was used in 16 patients, an intraluminal graft in 1 patient, and primary repair was performed in 2 patients. Survival was 71%, with 4 of the 21 patients expiring in the operating room (2 before the repair could be undertaken), one patient expiring during a laparotomy 2 days after the aortic repair, and one patient expiring 4 days after the repair. Fifteen patients were discharged alive. Survival and patient care could be improved by careful diagnostic assessment and by following a protocol agreed upon by a team of surgeons. PMID- 3187980 TI - The role of intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiography in the assessment of thoracic aorta pathology. AB - The role of intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiography is discussed in 15 consecutive patients with thoracic aorta pathology undergoing cardiac surgery. A 5 MHz mechanical scanner was used before and immediately after cardiopulmonary bypass. In 5 patients intraoperative two-dimensional studies revealed crucial morphologic information which, consequently, had a marked influence on their planned surgical procedure. In 3 patients the findings provided additional information whereas in the remaining patients the intraoperative echocardiographic findings confirmed the preoperative diagnosis. Following surgery the adequacy of cardiac repair was assessed and, in one patient, epicardial echocardiography indicated the necessity for reoperation. The application of intraoperative two-dimensional echocardiography leads to a better understanding of the pathology involved and facilitates a more appropriate decision concerning the surgical procedure. PMID- 3187981 TI - Candida sp. infection-late complication of a double valve replacement. AB - Severe complications prolonged the original hospital stay to over 2 months. After 5 months intermittent fever lead to readmission, but no cause could be found. After 7 months severe fever and heart failure developed. Initially valve endocarditis was suspected. After a blood culture had revealed Candida sp. antimycotic therapy was carried out. The reoperation showed surprisingly no valve endocarditis, but a mycotic lesion of the aortic suture. PMID- 3187982 TI - Cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CRC) in carotid artery disease: a routine test in selection for surgical treatment? AB - An increase of arterial carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure induces an increase of cerebral blood flow by dilatation of the resistance vessels. By the Transcranial Doppler sonographic technique (TCD) blood flow velocity as a correlate of flow volume can be measured within the great basal intracranial arteries. We investigated 8 patients with an internal carotid artery occlusion or high-grade stenosis and 5 cerebrovascular diseased patients without extracranial stenosis. 12 healthy volunteers and patients without vascular disease served as the control group. Blood flow velocities in the middle cerebral arteries were evaluated before and after 5 minutes of breathing a 5% CO2 gas mixture. In a prestudy the end tidal pCO2 was monitored during this procedure. As a result of the close parallelity of pCO2 increase in the prestudy group we planned to standardize the CO2 reactivity tests without consideration of the individual pCO2 values. The CO2 inhalation provoked a flow velocity increase of at least 20% in the control subjects (47.1 +/- 17.3%). The vascular diseased without extracranial stenosis responded with 34.8 +/- 17.4% (minimum: 23.5%, n. s.). The CO2 reactivity in cases of occlusion or greater than 50% stenosis was significantly decreased (p less than 0.001) both when considering only the affected sides (12.4 +/- 7.5%, maximum: 20%) and when including the non affected sides (22.6 +/- 15.0%). It is concluded that the CO2 reactivity test is a simple and valid method to evaluate the cerebrovascular reserve capacity in any case of uncertainty about the benefits of surgical treatment of a carotid stenosis. In future this technique might become one fundamental argument beside others in selecting adequate treatment. PMID- 3187983 TI - Patency rate of small caliber fibrous polyurethane vascular prostheses implanted in the dog carotid and femoral artery improved by use of acetylsalicylic acid and dipyridamol. AB - Segments of 3 mm diameter fibrous polyurethane vascular prosthesis of length 3-4 cm were prepared. They were bilaterally implanted in the carotid and femoral arteries of male and female beagles. Four groups consisting of animals receiving either no medication or thrombocyte aggregation drugs were studied: Group A (8 dogs), no medication: group B (19 dogs), 500 mg acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) once daily and 25 mg dipyridamol (DIP) three times daily orally for 6 weeks after the implantation operation; group C (14 dogs), 250 mg ASA and 25 mg DIP three times daily orally for 6 weeks after the implantation operation; group D (12 dogs), 250 mg ASA and 25 mg DIP three times daily orally for 25 weeks after the implantation operation. Medication was started one week prior to the implantation operation. In group A, all prostheses were occluded at week 6. There was a significant difference in patency rates between groups B-D and C-D. No significant differences in patency rates could be found between groups B and C. The best patency rates were obtained 25 weeks after implantation in group D for both the right and left carotid and right and left femoral implantation sites. Highest patency rates were observed when ASA and DIP were given for 25 weeks. PMID- 3187984 TI - Median sternotomy as an approach for pulmonary surgery. AB - A median sternotomy incision was employed in 73 cases of pulmonary surgery instead of posterolateral thoracotomy. An anterior mediastinal approach was used in three groups of patients: group 1 patients (47 cases) underwent simultaneous bilateral surgery for pulmonary disorders on both sides, in group 2 patients (15 cases), this approach was selected to facilitate surgery on the involved mediastinal structures, and group 3 patients (11 cases) had left lung cancer with extensive dissection of lymph nodes done via median sternotomy, as well as routine dissection of nodes by posterolateral thoracotomy. A median sternotomy approach for pulmonary surgery provided an excellent operative field, and most patients experienced less postoperative pain and a quicker recovery. The surgical indications for this approach, the surgical procedure, the results, and the advantages and disadvantages of using a median sternotomy incision are discussed. PMID- 3187985 TI - Solitary coin lesion in patients with malignant melanoma: an indication for thoracotomy? AB - In five patients solitary pulmonary lesions were detected radiographically during routine follow up after malignant melanoma. Surgical removal was done in each case under the tentative diagnosis of metastases. Histologically, two lesions turned out as benign chondroma, one as organized pulmonary infarction and one as bronchogenic carcinoma. Only in one patient was a melanoma metastasis present. The findings underline the usefulness also in malignant melanoma of a surgical approach in suspected solitary pulmonary metastases. PMID- 3187986 TI - Massive systemic venous thrombosis after Fontan operation: report of a case. AB - A 7 year old boy with single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis underwent a modified Fontan procedure. He had a very stormy postoperative course complicated by continued pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, and chylothorax. He eventually died after an atrial septum reopening. At autopsy, massive thrombi were found in the inferior vena cava, right atrium, and pulmonary artery. This complication was probably due to multiple factors, but a routine anticoagulation therapy may be required after Fontan procedure. PMID- 3187987 TI - Infective endocarditis related to acute cholecystitis. AB - A 30-year-old woman with a homologous dura-mater valve prosthesis developed infective endocarditis related to acute purulent cholecystitis occurring in chronic cholelithiasis. During anti-bacterial treatment refractory heart failure ensued which compelled replacement of the infected prosthesis. She died in the post-operative period. Autopsy revealed endocarditis on the implanted bioprosthesis, purulent cholecystitis and a gallbladder stone. It is warningly concluded that the surgical treatment of endocarditis was unsuccessful because of persistence of purulent cholecystitis that led to reinfection of the inserted prosthesis. PMID- 3187988 TI - Aneurysms of the coronary arteries: one case report. AB - True aneurysms of the coronary arteries are very uncommon. In our institution, from December 1982 to April 1987, in more than 2500 coronarographies, we observed only one case whose angiographic findings revealed a real fusiform aneurysm (at least 3 times the diameter of the original vessel) of the right coronary artery. The same patient exhibited a left anterior descending artery ectasia too, as we already noted in other cases not included in the present report. The other coronary arteries showed no associated lesions. Clinical findings included a previous myocardial inferior infarction and typical precordial effort pain with a basal and stress ECG showing non specific ST-T wave abnormalities. The patient underwent right coronary endoaneurysmectomy with interposition of a saphenous vein graft. Postoperative course was uneventful and 8 months after surgery the patient was asymptomatic, and basal and effort ECG showed no ischemic modification. Control angiogram revealed an optimal anatomical reconstruction with no further evolution of the left anterior descending artery dilatation. The distinction between vessel dilation and an aneurysm is discussed. PMID- 3187989 TI - Endobronchial lipoma. AB - The endobronchial lipoma is one of the rarest tumours of the tracheobronchial tree. They are histologically benign tumours. But, they can produce pulmonary damage or irreversible bronchiectasis if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. The treatment of choice in most cases is bronchoscopic removal. A case report of this rare tumour is presented with its clinical features, early clinical course, and treatment. PMID- 3187990 TI - HLA A,B,C and DR association with insulin-dependent diabetes in Martinique. AB - HLA-A,B,C, and DR frequencies have been determined in 34 Coloured Martinican IDDM patients to establish the HLA and IDDM associations. HLA A3, B15, B18, Cw3 and DR4 antigens associations with IDDM are confirmed by this study. We found an increase of B21 similar to that found in Asiatic Indians. As in some African Black populations and in Cape coloured people, A1, B8, and DR3 are not increased in our population. We should point out that our patients' ages of onset were low, and that some studies have found DR4 association in young patients and DR3 in older ones. The protective role of DR2 is confirmed here. B35 and Cw4 negative associations have been found. We have observed that the antigens associated with IDDM are decreased in our control population, except DR4, and that the negative associated DR/ and Cw4 antigens are increased compared to the Continental French population. This corresponds with the low IDDM incidence in Blacks and Coloured people. PMID- 3187991 TI - HLA-A,B,C, and DR antigens, GLO I and Bf marker profiles in 75 Cape coloured patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). AB - HLA-A,B,C and DR antigens were tested in 75 Cape Coloured systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, and the GLO I and Bf markers in 51. The patients with HLA-DR2 had a relative risk significantly greater than one (p=0.0005). Twenty-two (29%) patients had only one detectable DR antigen. Of these, 11 (50%) were found to have DR2 only. The HLA-DR7 antigen was associated with severe disease (p less than 0.02). Bf and GLO I markers were not associated with SLE. PMID- 3187992 TI - Immune response to H-2 class I antigens on platelets. I. Immunogenicity of platelet class I antigens. AB - Purified allogeneic murine platelet suspensions were found unable to induce primary anti-H-2 class I antibody or T cell proliferative responses. In contrast, the same platelet suspensions could elicit secondary anti-class I responses. The secondary responses were not due to contaminating leucocytes. Possible explanations, the lack of acolyte determinants (class II or non- H-2) on platelets or inappropriate layout and/or structure of their class I antigens, are discussed. These findings emphasize the importance of sufficient leucocyte depletion before platelet transfusion in the human. PMID- 3187994 TI - [Legal regulations and practical implementation of inspection of slaughter animals and their meat, concerning fur-bearing game]. AB - Meat regulations also involve game inspection. This publication deals with the regulations concerning furred game intended for slaughter and furred game hunted for food. PMID- 3187993 TI - Characterization of a new murine monoclonal antibody against human DP antigens. AB - Murine Hybridoma cell line BraFB6 was prepared producing monoclonal antibody reactive with an antigen identified as DP. This identification is based on the results of immunoprecipitation from radiolabeled cell lysates, competitive binding-inhibition assay with a reference anti-DP antibody B7/21, sequential immunoprecipitation and specific binding to the purified DP glycoprotein. In addition to this anti-DP monoclonal antibody, two anti-DR and two anti-DR +DP monoclonals were obtained. PMID- 3187995 TI - [A clinical case. Infectious anemia of cats]. PMID- 3187996 TI - [Situs inversus of the lungs, heart and liver in a bull]. AB - It is reported on a situs inversus in the thoracic cavity as well as the liver of a 18 months old fattened bull. The position of the organs is the reflected image to their position in the situs solitus. Up to now a situs inversus in the thorax of the bovine race has not been described yet. PMID- 3187997 TI - [Renal capsular arteries in Pudu pudu]. AB - In this essay for the first time capsular arteries in the Chilean deer-species "Pudu pudu" are described. They arise from the renal artery in the hilus area, and are independent of the arterial vascular-tree of the parenchyma. Accompanying veins don't exist. There are venae stellatae. PMID- 3187998 TI - [Normal cyclical morphology of the endometrium and ovary of swine]. AB - 43 sows selected from registered herds without reproductive problems were slaughtered on fixed days of the sexual cycle. The macroscopic appearance of the endometrium and of the ovaries was judged. Endometrial samples from the corpus uteri as well as from the middle part and apex of uterine horns were then examined histologically (optical microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy) especially concerning the epithelia of surface and glands. The variation of endometrial and ovarian morphology during the sexual cycle is described, presented in a summarizing table, documented by illustration and discussed. PMID- 3187999 TI - [Osteosarcoma of the distal femur, combined with multiple bone infarcts: the case of a 10-year-old poodle]. AB - A ten-year-old female poodle was presented for left hindlimb lameness. Radiographically, irregular intramedullary densities of long bones (bone infarcts) and a lytic lesion in the left distal femur were detected. Two years after the first examination, the lesions in the distal femur were definitely identified as osteosarcoma and the dog was euthanized. Pathological and histological changes of the bone infarcts as well as of the osteosarcoma are described. Regarding bibliographical data, occurrence and aetiopathogenesis of osteosarcoma associated with multifocal bone infarction in man and dog are discussed. PMID- 3188000 TI - [Tumors of the exocrine pancreas in the cat]. AB - Five cases of carcinoma and one case of lymphosarcoma of the pancreas in cats are reported. Duration of clinical signs ranged between three days and ten weeks, the mean age was 10.2 years. Anorexia, depression, and cachexia were the mean symptoms, in four animals a palpable mass in the cranial abdomen was noted. Laboratory evaluation was unspecific, in all cases diagnosis was performed by necropsy. Further diagnostical and therapeutical possibilities are discussed critically. PMID- 3188001 TI - Effects of calcium antagonists on low density lipoprotein metabolism in human arterial smooth muscle cells. AB - Human arterial smooth muscle cells were used to study the effects of calcium antagonists on cellular interactions with iodinated human low density lipoprotein ([125I]LDL). Both verapamil and nicardipine inhibited the degradation of internalized LDL, and as a result, facilitated the intracellular accumulation of LDL without accompanying the change in receptor binding of LDL. These results suggest that the effectiveness of calcium antagonists in improvement of atherosclerosis might not be due to the improvement of LDL metabolism against atherogenesis. PMID- 3188002 TI - Effect of warning signal on reaction time and EMG activity of the biceps brachii muscle in elbow flexion and forearm supination. AB - Using a reaction time (RT) task, the biceps brachii muscle was investigated in five healthy subjects to determine whether EMG in the initial phase of activity is dependent upon the direction of movement, i.e., elbow flexion and forearm supination, and/or influenced by the presence or absence of warning signal. Results showed that in the presence of warning EMG-RT of forearm supination was faster than that of elbow flexion, and that the reverse occurred in the absence of warning. The warning signal significantly reduced EMG-RT of both movements and the reduction of EMG-RT was larger in supination than flexion. Compared to forearm supination, large amplitude potentials were observed during elbow flexion. The warning suppressed EMG activities of both movements within 30 msec after their initiation. The present study indicates that the biceps brachii muscle exhibits a motor response program specific to the direction of movements and that preparatory set conditioned by warning shortens RT and also suppresses EMG activities. PMID- 3188003 TI - Twenty four-hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and urea in Japanese children. AB - The general profile of sodium and potassium intake during childhood was studied by the analysis of excretion in 24-hr urine samples collected from 119 healthy Japanese children at the ages of 1 to 18 years. In order to analyze sodium and potassium excretion under the changing body size and diet during growth, sodium and potassium were further expressed as values relative to creatinine and urea, as the reflection of body muscle mass and protein intake, respectively. Both of sodium and potassium (mEq/24-hr) increased significantly with age. Sodium/creatinine and potassium/creatinine, however, decreased significantly with age, suggesting that the increase in muscle mass exceed that in dietary intakes of sodium and potassium. When urinary sodium and potassium were expressed as ratios to urea-N, sodium/urea-N increased, but potassium/urea-N decreased with age. Sodium/potassium ratio increased with age. Thus, the results suggest that, in the given population of Japanese children, the amount of sodium per calorie or per protein in the diet increase, and that of potassium decrease with age. PMID- 3188005 TI - The receptor mechanisms for histamine actions in proximal portion differ from those in distal portion in human coronary artery. AB - While most distal human coronary arteries markedly relaxed in response to histamine, nearly half the proximal ones contracted only. Thus, we investigated the receptor mechanisms for those heterogeneous histamine actions. After a combination of cimetidine-treatment and endothelial removal, but neither one alone, proximal and distal rings contracted to histamine to the same degree. It is suggested that histamine hypercontractility in proximal human coronary artery is due to a lack of both direct (H2-receptor) and endothelial-mediated (H1 receptor) relaxant actions. PMID- 3188004 TI - A case-control study of lung cancer in nonsmoking women. AB - A case-control study of Japanese women in Nagoya was conducted to investigate the significance of passive smoking and other factors in relation to the etiology of female lung cancer. A total of 90 nonsmoking patients with primary lung cancer and their age- and hospital-matched female controls were asked to fill in a questionnaire in the hospital. Elevated relative risk (RR) of lung cancer was observed for passive smoking from mother (RR = 4.0; p less than 0.05) and from husband's father (RR = 3.2; p less than 0.05). No association was observed between the risk of lung cancer and smoking of husband or passive smoke exposure at work. Occupational exposure to iron or other metals also showed high risk (RR = 4.8; p less than 0.05). No appreciable differences in food intakes were observed between cases and controls. PMID- 3188006 TI - Free radical mechanisms in chemical pathogenesis. Summary of the symposium presented at the 1988 annual meeting of the Society of Toxicology. PMID- 3188007 TI - Protection against diisopropylfluorophosphate intoxication by meptazinol. AB - The protective action of meptazinol against diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) was evaluated in mice which were not receiving any other therapy and in preparations of electric eel AChE and horse serum BuChE. Meptazinol injected subcutaneously in mice produced a dose-dependent reduction in the mortality resulting from a LD99.1 (8 mg/kg sc) of DFP administered later. The effectiveness of protection was inversely correlated to the time between meptazinol and DFP administrations. Under these conditions, the ED50s (95% confidence limits) of meptazinol given 15, 30, and 60 min before poisoning were 7.2 (6.4-8.1), 15.8 (13.7-18.2), and 28 (23.5-33.3) mg/kg, respectively, while full protection (100% of survivors) was obtained with 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg drug doses, respectively. Meptazinol was completely ineffective against DFP-induced lethality when administered 3 min after the poison. The protective ratio of 30 mg/kg meptazinol injected 15 min before DFP was 5.0. Pretreatment of mice with 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg meptazinol 15 min before DFP (8 mg/kg) increased brain AChE activity in DFP-treated mice from 5 +/- 0.5% to 16.2 +/- 2.5%, 42.5 +/- 4%, and 81.2 +/- 4% of control values, respectively, while it failed to increase plasma BuChE activity. Finally, concentrations of meptazinol ranging between 0.1 and 10 microM were found to afford complete protection of eel AChE against irreversible inhibition by 40 microM DFP. By contrast, horse serum BuChE was not protected against the same inhibitor by concentrations of meptazinol up to 1 mM. It is concluded that protection against DFP intoxication by meptazinol is most probably due to its protective action toward AChE. PMID- 3188008 TI - bis-(beta-chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES)-induced changes in epidermal cell homeostasis in vitro. AB - A rat cutaneous keratinocyte culture system was developed to study the effects of the vesicant bis-(beta-chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES) on the homeostasis of cell proliferation and differentiation. Lectins were used to reveal cell surface carbohydrate changes as the keratinocytes differentiate. In the newborn rat epidermis, the isolectin, Griffonia simplicifolia I-B4 (GS I-B4), binds to basal cell surfaces. Ulex europeus agglutinin I (UEA) binds to the surfaces of spinous and lower granular cells and is therefore considered an indicator of keratinocyte differentiation. A fluorometric assay was developed which determines the ratio of bound UEA to bound GS I-B4 (the UEA/B4 ratio) in primary monolayer cultures of rat cutaneous keratinocytes maintained in low Ca2+ medium. The UEA/B4 ratio was found to be a representation of the relative sizes of the differentiating and proliferating cell compartments in the monolayer cultures, respectively (W.W. Ku and I.A. Bernstein, 1988, Exp. Cell Res., 175, 298-316). Monolayer cultures exposed for 1 hr to BCES at Day 1 exhibited a dose-related increase in the UEA/B4 ratio at Day 7 when compared to solvent controls. The results from the analysis of lectin binding sites showed a decrease in GS I-B4 binding with little or no change in UEA binding as a result of BCES exposure, contributing to the increase in the UEA/B4 ratio. BCES-exposed monolayers also showed early perturbations in replicative DNA synthesis as revealed by autoradiography. Subsequent to the perturbations in replicative DNA synthesis was an inability of BCES-exposed cultures to produce cells into the monolayer through mitosis. In addition to an increase in the UEA/B4 ratio, BCES-exposed monolayers also showed a dose-related loss of DNA, with the appearance of enlarged cells at Day 7. These enlarged cells failed to show evidence of DNA synthesis, with groups of these cells showing intense UEA staining with only faint GS I-B4 staining. Overall, exposure to low concentrations of BCES appeared to disrupt the normal homeostasis of cell proliferation and differentiation in this monolayer culture system. This disruption was primarily through a reduction in the fraction of germinative (basal) cells with concomitant retention of some early differentiated cells, presumably early spinous or spinous cells. PMID- 3188009 TI - Teratogenic effects of nitrofen on cellular and functional maturation of the rat lung. AB - The herbicide nitrofen was administered to pregnant Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats on Days 10-13 of gestation (po, 20 or 40 mg/kg daily) and the effects of maturation of the perinatal lung were evaluated. Nitrofen interfered with the ontogenetic acquisition of lung cells as DNA, RNA, and protein content were subnormal. The hypoplastic lungs in the newborns were associated with structural deficits, resulting in a profound reduction of surface area available for gas exchange and depressed lung compliance. Other factors which influence pulmonary function and systemic delivery of oxygen were also considered. Adrenal catecholamines, which play an important role in surfactant production and fluid resorption in the lung during the transition to air-breathing, were markedly reduced. In addition, red blood cell concentration was significantly diminished. Taken together, these results suggest that the neonatal mortality observed in the nitrofen-treated rats is likely associated with respiratory distress caused by a number of cellular and functional aberrations. These include (a) hypoplasia and structural defects in the lung leading to deficient pulmonary function, (b) deficits in adrenal catecholamines potentially impeding the transition of the lung to air-breathing, and (c) impaired systemic delivery of oxygen due to reduced hemoglobin concentration. PMID- 3188010 TI - Protection by clonidine from the cardiovascular changes and lethality following soman administration in the rat: role of brain acetylcholine. AB - The organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor soman produced a dramatic increase in arterial blood pressure of up to 60 mm Hg in the unanesthetized rat with variable changes in heart rate. Pretreatment with clonidine resulted in a dose related inhibition of soman-induced cardiovascular changes and enhanced the time of survival as well as the number of animals surviving 24 hr after soman injection. High doses of clonidine itself produced a transient pressor response; however, the peripheral actions of clonidine were not important for its protective actions. The paradigm of repeated injections of a sublethal dose of soman at regular intervals produced the most reliable cardiovascular changes and degree of lethality. The development of the pressor response under these conditions paralleled the increase in regional brain acetylcholine levels. Pretreatment with a protective dose of clonidine did not alter steady-state levels of acetylcholine, but did inhibit the soman-induced increase in cerebral cortex, medulla-pons, and midbrain, but not that in the striatum. These results are consistent with the ability of clonidine to offer protection against centrally acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as a result of marked inhibition of cholinergic function in certain brain regions. PMID- 3188012 TI - Disposition of 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in the rat. AB - 1,2,3,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran (1PeCDF) is one of several toxic polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) which are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. Related in structure and toxicity to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin (TCDD), PCDFs have been detected in municipal and industrial effluents, PCB mixtures, and in a variety of antiseptics and preservative solutions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution and elimination of 1PeCDF in the rat and to compare these parameters with that of 2,3,4,7,8 pentachlorodibenzofuran (4PeCDF) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF). After iv administration of 0.1 mumol [3H]1PeCDF/kg, 1PeCDF was rapidly cleared from the blood and distributed to the liver, muscle, skin, and adipose tissue in a manner similar to that for other dibenzofurans. The initial pool sizes of 1PeCDF-derived radioactivity in the liver, muscle, skin, and adipose tissue were 43,35,10, and 7% of the administered dose, respectively. In all cases, loss of radioactivity from these tissues could be described by exponential decay and the initial half-lives for these tissues were 1.36, 0.03, 13, and 1 day, respectively. After redistribution from the muscle, skin, and adipose tissues to the liver, 1PeCDF was metabolized to a polar metabolite(s) and excreted from the body via the bile into the feces. No parent compound was detected in the bile and fecal excretion was the major route of elimination. Most of the radioactivity in the urine was excreted within the first day, after which less than 0.5% of the dose/day was detected. More than half of the administered dose was excreted in the urine and feces within 2 days. The whole-body half-life of related compounds is 4PeCDF much greater than 1PeCDF greater than or equal to TCDF. Therefore, persistence appears to be inversely related to the metabolism of these compounds and metabolism is inhibited by chlorine-substituted carbon atoms adjacent to the oxygen atom in the dibenzofuran ring. PMID- 3188011 TI - Diminished regulation of mesolimbic dopaminergic activity in rat after chronic inorganic lead exposure. AB - Previous studies in this laboratory have indicated that chronic lead (Pb) exposure during development induces a neurotoxicity in dopamine (DA) neurons that is primarily presynaptic in nature and at least partially related to altered regulation of DA synthesis. A primary form of DA synthesis regulation is the inhibition exerted on synaptic tyrosine hydroxylase activity via dopaminergic autoreceptors. This study assessed the functional status of this mechanism in Pb exposed rats employing a pharmacological model. At parturition dams received 0.2% Pb acetate (1090 ppm) in the drinking water while control dams received distilled water. Offspring were weaned to and maintained on the same solution given their dams until termination at 125 days. Rats were given saline or 6,7-dihydroxy-2 dimethylaminotetralin (TL-99, 2.5-20 mg/kg ip) 40 min before termination followed 10 min later by 750 mg/kg ip of gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) or saline. The ability of TL-99 to prevent the GBL-induced increase in DA content was significantly diminished in nucleus accumbens (NAc) of exposed rats compared to controls, indicating that chronic Pb impairs receptor-mediated regulation of DA synthesis in mesolimbic neurons. No effect of Pb was observed in caudate-putamen. In animals receiving only saline injections concentrations of the DA metabolites, homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, were significantly decreased by Pb in the range of 17-31% and 12-24%, respectively. DA content was also significantly diminished by Pb in ventral tegmental area of these latter groups. These findings suggest that chronic Pb has multiple actions on central nervous system dopaminergic neurons consisting of an impaired regulation of DA synthesis that is apparently independent of a decrease in DA release. PMID- 3188013 TI - The effect of molecular weight/lipophilicity on clearance of organic compounds from lungs. AB - The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that lipophilicity (as measured by the octanol/water partition coefficient, P) and/or molecular weight are determining factors in the rate of clearance of organic compounds from the lung. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that organic-soluble compounds such as pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, 1-nitropyrene, 2-aminoanthracene, phenanthridone, dibenzo[c,g]carbazole, 1,3-dichloropropene, and methyl bromide, all of which have a log P less than 6.1, clear the lung rapidly (t 1/2 less than 12 hr). In the present study, organic compounds (mainly anthraquinone dyes) having a wider range of log P's (1.95-8.65) were instilled into rat lungs and the percentage of the compound retained in the lungs at 24 hr was determined. A positive correlation between the log of the theoretical P and the percentage of the compound retained in lungs at 24 hr was found. The lipophilicity of the series of compounds studied was highly dependent on the molecular weight, so that there was also a positive correlation between the molecular weight of the compounds and the percentage of the compound retained in the lung at 24 hr. To help understand the relative importance of lipophilicity and molecular weight in determining lung retention, an additional compound with a high molecular weight but containing a polar functional group [1,5-di(2-sulfo-p-toluidino)anthraquinone] was studied. The results indicated that the lipophilicity was the more important factor in whether the material was retained in the lung. On the basis of the results of this study, organic-soluble compounds with molecular weights less than 300 Da can be expected to clear the lungs rapidly. Nonpolar, organic-soluble compounds with a molecular weight greater than 300 Da can be expected to clear the lungs more slowly. PMID- 3188014 TI - Preparing for the twenty-first century: report of the TOX-90's Commission. Planning Committee. AB - A clear consensus developed that toxicology will be driven by advances in related fields. New technology and knowledge developed by all relevant disciplines, therefore, must be integrated into toxicology; progress in toxicology demands that the discipline must increasingly address good science and the scientific method. Issues of critical importance to the field, such as risk estimation of the health effects of chemical and physical agents and the education of toxicologists, can only be addressed by meeting these objectives. PMID- 3188015 TI - Vitamin E, membrane order, and antioxidant behavior in lung microsomes and reconstituted lipid vesicles. AB - Vitamin E, a dietary antioxidant, is known to inhibit peroxidation of membrane lipids and to protect the lungs of vitamin E-deficient animals and to a lesser extent vitamin E-sufficient animals from oxidant injury. Since the protective interaction between vitamin E and biological membranes may be related to alterations in composition and physical state of membrane lipids, we evaluated the effect of vitamin E deficiency on lung microsomal lipids and membrane fluidity. Both intact microsomes and lipid vesicles prepared from the total lipid extracts of these microsomes were used. The percentage incorporation of vitamin E and cholesterol, membrane fluidity, and lipid peroxidation were measured in microsomes as well as their lipid vesicles. Fluidity was measured by monitoring changes in fluorescence anisotropy for 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). Lipid peroxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid reaction. There were significant increases in the phospholipid (p less than 0.01), the total cholesterol (p less than 0.05), and the total saturated fatty acids (p less than 0.05) and decreases in total polyunsaturated fatty acid (p less than 0.01) content of vitamin E deficient microsomes. There were no detectable peroxidative products in freshly isolated microsomes from either vitamin E-sufficient or -deficient lungs. However, lipids from vitamin E-deficient microsomal membranes were more susceptible to free radical initiated peroxidation than lipids from vitamin E sufficient microsomes. Fluidity in vitamin E-deficient microsomes or in their lipid vesicles was significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased compared to the respective controls. In vitamin E-deficient microsomes or their lipid vesicles, the incorporation rate of vitamin E was two- to three-fold greater than in vesicles of vitamin E-sufficient microsomes or their lipid vesicles. However, the percentage incorporation of cholesterol was identical in both vitamin E-deficient and vitamin E-sufficient microsomes or in their respective lipid vesicles. As a result of vitamin E incorporation, fluidity was significantly decreased (p less than 0.05) in vitamin E-sufficient vesicles and was further decreased (p less than 0.001) in vitamin E-deficient vesicles. Incorporation of cholesterol also decreased fluidity in both vitamin E-deficient and vitamin E-sufficient vesicles but to the same extent (p less than 0.001). Lipid peroxide formation was two-fold greater in the vitamin E-deficient than in the vitamin E-sufficient vesicles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3188016 TI - Enhancement of butylated hydroxytoluene-induced mouse lung damage by butylated hydroxyanisole. AB - The phenolic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is known to produce a dose-dependent increase in mouse lung weight which is characterized by the necrosis of pulmonary type I and endothelial cells. We studied the ability of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) to modify BHT-induced changes in lung weight in male CD-1 mice. BHA alone had no effect on lung weight up to a dose of 500 mg/kg (sc). However, when injected 30 minutes prior to sub-threshold doses of BHT (0 250 mg/kg, ip), BHA significantly enhanced lung weight in a dose-dependent manner. The ability of BHA to enhance BHT-induced changes in lung weight was dependent on both the time and the route of administration of BHA relative to BHT. Deuteration of BHT abolished the in vivo toxicity from the combination of BHA and BHT. These results suggest that the toxicity resulting from the combination of BHA and BHT is due to the formation of BHT-quinone methide and that the role of BHA might be either to deplete some protective mechanism in the target pulmonary cells or to enhance the biotransformation of BHT into BHT quinone methide. PMID- 3188017 TI - Studies on the mechanism of enhancement of butylated hydroxytoluene-induced mouse lung toxicity by butylated hydroxyanisole. AB - The studies described in this report were designed to probe possible mechanisms whereby butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is able to enhance butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-induced mouse lung toxicity. In experiments with mouse lung slices, BHA enhanced the covalent binding of BHT to protein, indicating that the interaction between BHA and BHT takes place in the lung. Subcutaneous administration of either BHA (250 mg/kg) or diethyl maleate (DEM, 1 ml/kg) to male CD-1 mice produced a similar enhancement of BHT-induced lung toxicity. In contrast to DEM, the administration of BHA (250 or 1500 mg/kg) did not decrease mouse lung glutathione levels, suggesting that the effect of BHA is not due to the depletion of glutathione levels. We previously observed that in the presence of model peroxidases a unique interaction occurs between BHA and BHT, resulting in the increased metabolic activation of BHT. Upon the addition of hydrogen peroxide or various hydroperoxides to mouse lung microsomes, BHA significantly increased the covalent binding of BHT to protein. BHA also stimulated the rate of formation of hydrogen peroxide by 4.7-fold in mouse lung microsomes. Likewise, hydrogen peroxide resulting from the NADPH cytochrome P-450 (c) reductase catalyzed redox cycling of tert-butylhydroquinone, a microsomal metabolite of BHA, supported the peroxidase-dependent BHA-enhanced formation of BHT-quinone methide. These results suggest that BHA could facilitate the activation of BHT in the lung as a result of both the increased formation of hydrogen peroxide and the subsequent peroxidase-dependent formation of BHT-quinone methide from the direct interaction of BHA with BHT. PMID- 3188018 TI - Lead activates protein kinase C in immature rat brain microvessels. AB - We investigated the effects of inorganic lead upon calcium-, phospholipid dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) in brain microvessels isolated from 6 day-old rat pups. We found that (a) in broken cell preparations, lead at micromolar concentrations activates this enzyme to an extent equivalent to that of micromolar calcium (10.3 +/- 1.3 and 9.2 +/- 1.6 pmol/mg/min, respectively) and (b) preincubation of intact microvessels with lead results in a translocation of protein kinase C from the soluble to the particulate fraction. The cytosolic kinase activity stimulated by lead has the same requirements for diacylglycerol and phospholipid as the calcium-stimulated enzyme, suggesting that lead activates the kinase by mimicking calcium. The hypothesis that lead affects protein kinase C activity through a mechanism similar to that of calcium is supported by the similar time courses of substrate phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mediated by lead and calcium. When intact microvessels are preincubated with micromolar concentrations of lead, the translocation of protein kinase C occurs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The relocalization is virtually complete at 0.1 microM lead and by 30 min of exposure. We propose that the sensitivity of protein kinase C to lead, described here in immature brain microvessels, makes this regulatory enzyme a potential mediator of lead toxicity. PMID- 3188019 TI - Comparative study of ozone (O3) uptake in three strains of rats and in the guinea pig. AB - Ozone uptake was assessed in awake, spontaneously breathing Fischer-344 Sprague Dawley, and Long-Evans rats and Hartley guinea pigs to provide data on the dosimetry of O3 in small laboratory animals. This information is needed for extrapolation of O3 toxicity data from experimental animals to man. Breathing measurements and O3 exposure data were obtained using a head-out body plethysmograph connected to a nose-only exposure system. The fractional uptake of O3 was computed by measuring flow and O3 concentration both upstream and downstream from the nose. The quantity of O3 removed by the animal, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and tidal breathing measurements were automatically recorded once each minute. All animal types were exposed for 1 hr to 0.3 ppm O3. Other Fischer-344 rats were also exposed for 1 hr to 0.0 or to 0.6 ppm O3. Exposure concentrations of O3 had no significant effect on percentage O3 uptake in Fischer-344 rats. Results showed that percentage O3 uptake (47%) did not differ significantly among the three strains of rats nor between the rats and the guinea pigs. Similarly, percentage O3 uptake was independent of animal age, lung weight, and lung volume as well as normal variations encountered in the resting breathing measures. However, species-specific ventilation and O3 concentration were the primary determinants of the accumulated lung dose of O3 during the exposures. PMID- 3188020 TI - Oxygen tolerance in mice following exposure to butylated hydroxytoluene. AB - Adult BALB/c mice, which are sensitive to hyperoxia (LT50 = 4.5 days 100% O2), were made tolerant to 100% O2 after treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Following a single ip dose of 400 mg/kg, mice survived longer periods in O2 when exposed to O2 at 7, 14, and 21, but not 2 days, following BHT injection. The tolerance was most pronounced on Day 7 (LT50 = 9.6 days) and decreased with time (LT50 7.7 days on Day 14 and 7.3 days on Day 21). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels of whole lung homogenates following BHT exposure were elevated on Day 7 when expressed as per milligram of protein or DNA. Other antioxidant defenses were generally increased only when expressed on a per lung basis. Histopathology of lungs from BHT-treated mice revealed typical BHT-induced lung lesions. BHT treatment followed by long-term hyperoxic exposure produced additional damage to the lung manifested by the exudative phase of diffuse alveolar damage with 1 week of exposure. This was followed by the proliferative phase, then chronic interstitial pneumonitis and fibrosis with 2 and 6 weeks of exposure, respectively. Mice continued to survive in 100% O2 despite this damage. We conclude that pretreatment with BHT enhances O2 tolerance in mice, which may be mediated by induction of antioxidant defenses and also by cell renewal induced by BHT damage. PMID- 3188021 TI - Localization of cytochrome P-450 in the head and trunk kidney of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). AB - Mature, untreated rainbow trout display a marked sex difference in the level and activity of the P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase system with males demonstrating higher levels than females. This difference is accentuated in the trunk kidney, is specific for endogenous substrates such as lauric acid and sex steroids, and is correlated with greater levels of the constitutive cytochrome P 450 isozyme, LM2. Using an immunohistochemical technique, the cellular localization of P-450 LM2 and P-450 LM4b, the major beta-naphthoflavone inducible isozyme, in the head and trunk kidney of male, female, and juvenile trout has been demonstrated. Immunostaining for P-450 LM2 was observed in the cytoplasm of cells in the second portion (P2) of the proximal tubules of both male and female trout. In male fish, staining appeared to be more intense and involved most of the P2 segments in a tissue section. In female fish, P2 staining was moderate and involved fewer segments. Low staining intensity for P-450 LM4b was observed in the cytoplasm of cells both in the first portion of the proximal tubules and in P2 of male and female fish. Sexual dimorphism was not apparent. The finding of greater amounts of P-450 LM2 in males and low levels of P-450 LM4b in untreated male and female trout confirms previous biochemical studies. Localization of P 450 isozymes in the proximal tubules is consistent with findings in mammalian species. Moderate immunostaining by anti-P-450 LM4b IgG also was observed in the interrenal cells of the head kidney of male, female, and juvenile trout. PMID- 3188022 TI - The role of glutathione in the detoxification of the insecticides methyl parathion and azinphos-methyl in the mouse. AB - The dimethyl-substituted organothiophosphate insecticides methyl parathion and azinphos-methyl are thought to undergo glutathione-mediated detoxification in mammals. In the present study, depletion of hepatic glutathione in the mouse by pretreatment with diethyl maleate potentiated the acute toxicities of methyl parathion and azinphos-methyl, whereas depletion of hepatic glutathione by pretreatment with buthionine sulfoximine did not. Furthermore incubation of 50 microM methyl parathion with mouse hepatic microsomes for 5 min in the presence of 1 mM diethyl maleate led to significantly greater (p less than 0.05) production of methyl paraoxon, compared to incubations in the absence of diethyl maleate. Conversely, 1 mM diethyl maleate had no effect on metabolic activation of azinphos-methyl by mouse hepatic microsomes, while 10 mM inhibited slightly production of azinphos-methyl oxon from azinphos-methyl. These results suggest normal levels of hepatic glutathione are not required for detoxification of methyl parathion or azinphos-methyl in the mouse. Moreover the potentiation of the acute toxicity of methyl parathion following diethyl maleate pretreatment could result, at least in part, from enhanced production of methyl paraoxon. However, diethyl maleate likely acts through another mechanism(s) as well since it did not enhance the metabolic activation of azinphos-methyl in vitro. These data raise serious doubts about the participation of glutathione in the detoxification of methyl parathion and azinphos-methyl in vivo in the mouse. PMID- 3188023 TI - Alterations in maternal plasma corticosterone levels following treatment with phenytoin. AB - The mechanisms of the embryotoxic effects of the anticonvulsant drug, phenytoin (PHT), are unknown. Glucocorticoids and PHT demonstrate similar embryopathic effects and strain sensitivity in that A/J mice are very sensitive to the embryopathic effects of synthetic glucocorticoids and PHT while C57BL/6 (B6) mice are comparatively resistant to both. It is possible that teratogenic consequences of PHT are not a result of drug interaction at the target site but are mediated indirectly by glucocorticoids. In this study, PHT was administered by intraperitoneal injection at 25 (a nonteratogenic dose) or 75 mg/kg body weight (a teratogenic dose) to pregnant A/J mice on Day 10 of gestation. Mice of the B6 strain received the drug at 75 mg/kg on Day 10. Control mice received vehicle (pH 11.0 distilled water). Dams were killed at various times after the injection; plasma samples were obtained, and corticosterone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. In control animals, maternal plasma corticosterone levels were elevated soon after dosing but gradually declined, except for an apparent circadian rhythm effect seen in samples obtained in the afternoon. Administration of a nonteratogenic dose of PHT to A/J mice caused a temporary increase in plasma corticosterone levels which decreased to the control level between 6 and 24 hr following dosing. Treatment with a teratogenic dose in A/J mice led to plasma levels that remained elevated for the entire 48-hr period examined in this study. In B6 mice, treatment with 75 mg/kg increased plasma corticosterone levels for 24 hr, after which they declined to the control value by 30 hr. The adrenal corticosteroid response of A/J mice to PHT appeared to be much more sensitive than that of B6 mice, and there appeared to be a relationship between plasma levels of PHT and corticosterone. The lengthy increase in plasma corticosterone during organogenesis may be a factor in the increased incidence of cleft lip and palate seen after administration of PHT to A/J mice. PMID- 3188024 TI - Induction of antioxidant enzyme activities by a phenylurea derivative, EDU. AB - Oxygen free radicals have the potential to mediate cell injury. Defenses against such radicals include the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). The purposes of this study were (1) to develop an in vitro model using human cells in which to investigate a potential pharmacologic agent as an inducer of these antioxidant enzymes; (2) to investigate the phenylurea derivative N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolindinyl)ethyl]-N phenylurea (EDU) in this model with paraquat (PQ) serving as the positive control; and (3) to determine if induction of the antioxidant enzymes by EDU occurs in vivo. Human gingival fibroblasts (Gin-1) were used as the target cell in vitro; PQ and EDU, an inducer of SOD and CAT activities in plants, were evaluated as antioxidant enzyme inducers. Total SOD activity in Gin-1 cells increased 2-fold (p less than 0.05) in the presence of 1.0 mM PQ for 18-48 hr compared with untreated controls. Gin-1 cells incubated with 0.25-2.0 mM PQ for 24 hr had significantly increased total SOD (1.5 to 2.0-fold; p less than 0.05). CAT activity increased with 1.0 and 2.0 mM PQ (p less than 0.05). In the presence of PQ, GSH-PX activity decreased (p less than 0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating inactivation of this enzyme. No toxicity, indicated by lactate dehydrogenase released into the incubation medium, was noted at PQ concentrations below 5.0 mM. In the presence of 0.125-2.0 mM EDU, total SOD activity in Gin-1 cells significantly increased (1.5 to 2.0-fold; p less than 0.05). CAT activity significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner (p less than 0.05), while GSH PX activity remained constant following exposure to 0.125-2.0 mM EDU. Intraperitoneal administration of EDU to rats twice a day for 2 days at 100 mg/kg induced SOD activity in heart, liver, and lung compared to controls (p less than 0.05). CAT activity increased in the liver 56% and in the lung 36% (p less than 0.05). GSH-PX activity remained constant. Our findings indicate that Gin-1 cells are a useful model in which to study inducers of antioxidant enzymes in vitro and that the phenylurea compound EDU induces SOD and CAT activities both in vitro and in vivo. PMID- 3188025 TI - Nitrite-induced iron deficiency in the neonatal rat. AB - Neonatal rats from dams receiving 2 or 3 g NaNO2/liter in the drinking water through -gestation and lactation suffered severe microcytic anemia as well as growth retardation and high mortality. Lipemia, fatty liver damage, decreased erythropoiesis of spleen and bone marrow, and reduced plasma and tissue iron levels were noted in affected pups. These effects were all consistent with and characteristic of iron deficiency. Experiments presented here were designed to show that the maternally mediated toxicity of nitrite is actually an iron deficiency syndrome in the pups caused by inadequate iron transfer from dam to pup. It was found that administration of exogenous iron supplement to pups of treated mothers reversed the anemia and other effects of nitrite toxicity noted both in previous studies and in unsupplemented littermates. Mothers of affected pups were themselves anemic. Finally, we fully documented severe iron deficiency in pups of nitrite-treated mothers and showed that these mothers produced milk of reduced iron content. It appears then that nitrite-consuming dams have a reduced capacity to transfer iron to their pups. The nitrite-associated toxicities in the pups are actually a result of an iron deficiency. PMID- 3188026 TI - Inhibitory effects of cadmium on in vitro calcification of a clonal osteogenic cell, MC3T3-E1. AB - To examine an inhibitory mechanism of Cd on bone formation, the effects of Cd on calcification were investigated in a culture of a clonal osteogenic cell line, MC3T3-E1. At 3 days after inoculation, Cd was added to the medium containing 7 mM beta-glycerophosphate, and culture was continued for 8 days. Cd at 1.78 microM and above caused a significant decrease in 45Ca accumulation. The decrease in mineralization by Cd was similar to that in collagen content or alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Histologically, the cell density and the mineralization degree were lower than those of the controls. Ultrastructurally, degenerated cells were observed with undifferentiated cells which had fewer rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and many mitochondria. This suggests that Cd may inhibit the differentiation into osteoblasts as well as the cell function. On the other hand, calcification of cells at 8 days after inoculation was inhibited by Cd at 1.78 microM and above. The decrease in collagen content and ALP activity by Cd was much lower than that in calcification. Cd-treated cells were well differentiated into osteoblasts morphologically, but the mineralization degree was lower than that of the controls. Ultrastructurally, cell damage was not recognized so strongly compared with long-term Cd treatment. The mineralization of osteoblasts was also inhibited by Zn levels which left both collagen content and ALP activity unaffected. From these results, it was suggested that the inhibitory effect of Cd on in vitro calcification of MC3T3-E1 cells may be due to both a depression of cell-mediated calcification and a decrease in physiochemical mineral deposition. PMID- 3188028 TI - Reduction of hepatic and renal nonprotein sulfhydryl content and increased toxicity of rubratoxin B in the Syrian hamster and Mongolian gerbil. AB - Studies were undertaken to determine if the toxicity and pathology of rubratoxin B, a nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic mycotoxin, could be altered by increasing or decreasing the tissue concentrations of nonprotein sulfhydryls in the liver and kidneys. Rubratoxin B dissolved in DMSO was administered ip to weanling male Syrian hamsters and Mongolian gerbils at doses of 0.4 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg, respectively. Rubratoxin B caused a 70% decrease in hepatic and a 60% decrease in renal cortical nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) concentration, an index of tissue reduced glutathione concentration, in both species. Treatment with cysteine prior to rubratoxin B administration did not greatly alter the decreases in NPSH concentration, but did decrease the severity of renal lesions. Treatment with diethyl maleate prior to rubratoxin B administration caused an 80% reduction in hepatic and a 70% reduction in renal NPSH concentration, which was prolonged by rubratoxin B treatment. The incidence and severity of renal lesions was increased in rubratoxin B-treated hamsters and gerbils given diethyl maleate compared to animals given rubratoxin B alone. Additionally, hepatic lesions were seen in hamsters and were more frequent and severe in gerbils that were treated with diethyl maleate prior to rubratoxin B dosing compared to animals given rubratoxin B alone. Renal and hepatocellular NPSH concentration appears to decrease during rubratoxin B toxicosis in the hamster and gerbil, and appears to be contributory in lesion development, since lesions in the liver and kidneys were more severe in animals in which NPSH concentrations were reduced by treatment with diethyl maleate. PMID- 3188027 TI - Cyanide-induced neurotoxicity: mechanisms of attenuation by chlorpromazine. AB - Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is an effective cyanide antidote, with its greatest efficacy displayed when combined with the antidotes, sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate. Since the central nervous system is a primary target organ in cyanide toxicity, the objective of the present study was to determine the mechanisms by which CPZ prevents cyanide-induced damage in neural systems. KCN (10 mM) increased cytosolic free calcium in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells as indicated by the fluorescent dye quin 2. This was blocked by addition of CPZ (0.1 mM) to the cells 15 min prior to addition of KCN. Incubation of cells with KCN (0.1 mM) increased the levels of lipid conjugated dienes and this was blocked by addition of CPZ (1 microM). Peroxidation of brain lipids in mice administered KCN (7-15 mg/kg, sc) was also attenuated by pretreatment with CPZ. Furthermore, production of lipid peroxidation in fresh mouse brain slices, following incubation with 0.1 mM KCN, was blocked by simultaneous addition of CPZ. These observations indicate CPZ prevents cyanide-induced calcium influx and decreases peroxidation of membrane lipids. Thus the antidotal activity of CPZ in cyanide toxicity appears to be related to maintenance of cellular calcium homeostasis and membrane integrity. PMID- 3188029 TI - Inhaled soluble aerosols insolubilised by lysosomes of alveolar cells. Application to some toxic compounds; electron microprobe and ion microprobe studies. AB - Our previous investigations have shown that, after systemic injection, certain toxic aluminium, chromium, uranium, and cerium salts are reabsorbed and eliminated by the renal cells by an identical process in which lysosomes play a special role. The elements are precipitated in these organelles in the form of insoluble phosphate due to the activity of acid phosphatase. In this work we have studied the disposition of the same elements after aerosol inhalation of water soluble particles. The microanalytic methods used, electronic probe and ionic microanalysis, enable the chemical composition of mineral intracellular inclusions and the distribution of elements in the tissues to be determined. The elements studied are precipitated in the lysosomes of alveolar cells (macrophages and type 1 pneumocytes) in the form of insoluble phosphate due to the action of acid phosphatase. These toxic elements do not cross the alveolar-capillary barrier and do not cause any lesion in the organism. Thus a new mechanism for the elimination of hydrosoluble particles has been demonstrated that is of great interest in the overall process of defensive reactions of the organism. PMID- 3188030 TI - Prevention of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by dimethyl sulfoxide. AB - Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has previously been shown to protect against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, but the mechanism of this effect was not clear. Treatment of mice with 1 mg/kg DMSO 4 h before 250 mg/kg APAP resulted in significantly less hepatotoxicity than with APAP alone, as measured by serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) content 24 h after APAP. Protection was also evident when 1 ml/kg DMSO was given 4, but not 8 h after 250 mg/kg APAP. The APAP induced depletion of liver glutathione was prevented in mice pretreated with DMSO, although DMSO alone had no effect on liver glutathione levels. The hepatic concentration of cytochrome P-450 (P450) 4 h after treatment of mice with 1 ml/kg DMSO, was significantly decreased compared to saline-treated animals. However, while this DMSO pretreatment significantly decreased the activity of cytochrome P 450-linked aminopyrine-N-demethylase, it increased the activity of aniline hydroxylase. Covalent binding of [14C]APAP to hepatic protein in vivo was significantly decreased in mice pretreated with DMSO. Covalent binding of [14C]APAP to hepatic microsomal protein in vitro was not significantly altered after in vivo treatment with DMSO. However, the presence of DMSO in the in vitro incubation mixture significantly decreased covalent binding of [14C]APAP in a dose-dependent manner compared to microsomal fractions from untreated, saline treated or DMSO pretreated animals. These data suggest that the DMSO-induced alterations in cytochrome P-450 content and activity may not be the cause of the observed protective action of this chemical. The ability to competitively inhibit APAP bioactivation or to directly scavenge free radicals produced during APAP metabolism, including the activated species which covalently binds to protein, may account for the hepatoprotection afforded by DMSO. PMID- 3188031 TI - Influence of glutathione on the formation of cysteine alkylation products in human hemoglobin. AB - Human blood samples were treated in vitro with iodoacetamide. At low concentrations - less than 1 mM - only a low fraction of the beta 93 cysteine in hemoglobin was alkylated, whereas the alkylating reaction with glutathione was extensive. At higher iodoacetamide concentrations the glutathione pool became exhausted leading to more than proportional increases in the alkylation of the sulfhydryl group in hemoglobin. When diethyl maleate was used as a glutathione depletor prior to incubation with iodoacetamide, low concentrations of iodoacetamide were sufficient to obtain high degrees of hemoglobin sulfhydryl alkylation. N-Ethylmaleimide could not be used as glutathione depletor because the reaction with glutathione appeared to be reversible. The lower reactivity of the thiol group in hemoglobin in comparison with that of glutathione was also found for the isolated biomolecules. The protection of hemoglobin by glutathione present in the human erythrocyte renders the measurement of hemoglobin alkylation less attractive for biological effect monitoring. The sensitivity of such methods is lowered, while the important relation between the alkylation of hemoglobin and that of DNA in the target tissues is affected by interindividual differences in the ratios of the effectiveness of glutathione protection between erythrocytes and target cells. PMID- 3188032 TI - Cardiotoxicity of Kenyan green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps) venom and its fractionated components in primary cultures of rat myocardial cells. AB - The cardiotoxic actions of Kenyan green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps) venom have been investigated using primary myocardial cell cultures isolated from neonatal rat hearts. The cardiotoxic actions of the whole venom and its fractionated components were evaluated on the basis of leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), changes in morphology, cell membrane lysis, decreases in viability and inhibition of spontaneous beating activity. The whole venom caused time- and concentration-dependent arrest of myocardial contraction, leakage of LDH, extensive disruption of cell monolayer, and decreases in viability. The venom was separated into 6 (DaI to DaVI) fractions by gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-50. Spontaneous beating activity was abolished by DaI to DaVI at high concentrations, while at lower doses they induced progressive depression of beating frequency after a 3-h treatment period. DaI to DaIV caused significant leakage of LDH, morphological damage, and decreases in viability after a 6-h incubation period. The most cardiotoxic fraction (DaIV), which also contains about 54% of the total protein of the whole venom, was fractionated into 18 polypeptides (Da1 to Da18) by ion exchange chromatography on Bio-Rex 70. On the basis of their ability to abolish myocardial contractility, release LDH, alter cellular structure, lyse cell membranes and reduce viability, the 18 fractions have been divided into 4 arbitrary subgroups of cytotoxins: cardiotoxins, Da1 to Da3; cardiotoxin-like polypeptides, Da4 to Da12, Da14; less active membrane lytic polypeptides, Da13, Da15 to Da17; and membrane lytic polypeptide, Da18. Marked synergistic cell membrane lysis occurred in myocardial cell cultures treated simultaneously with 2 cardiotoxin-like polypeptides, Da7 and Da11. It is suggested that the additive and synergistic cardiotoxic effects of high molecular weight cytotoxic proteins (DaI to DaIII), very low molecular weight cholinomimetic substances (DaV to DaVI) and the 4 subgroups of cardiotoxins may directly contribute to the pronounced cardiovascular problems observed in victims of green mamba bites. PMID- 3188033 TI - Uptake of ochratoxin A by slices of pig kidney cortex. AB - Ochratoxin A (OCT A) is a nephrotoxin causing selective necrosis of the proximal tubule. Being an organic anion OCT A might be expected to enter the tubule cells by the organic anion transport system. Pig renal cortical slices were used to characterize the OCT A transport. OCT A (5 X 10(-3) mM) was accumulated against a concentration gradient with a slice to medium ratio of 8.9 +/- 2.9 in the presence of oxygen. This accumulation was markedly reduced in a nitrogen atmosphere (S/M ratio = 2.9 +/- 0.5). OCT A accumulation was dependent on medium concentration. With increasing concentration (5 X 10(-4)-5 X 10(-1) mM), slice to medium ratio initially rose from 6.9 +/- 2.0 to 11.7 +/- 1.2 whereupon it declined to 5.4 +/- 1.1. This pattern indicates that both carrier mediated transport and intracellular metabolism may contribute to the net accumulation of the toxin. OCT A (10(-4) to 1 mM) inhibited p-aminohippurate (PAH) and phenolsulphophthalein (PSP) uptake in a dose-dependent manner. Up to 10(-1) mM, OCT A did not inhibit acetylation of PAH suggesting that aerobic metabolism and the energy supply for the transport process were unaffected. Kinetic studies revealed a competitive inhibition of the PSP transport. It is concluded that OCT A enters the proximal tubule cells by the common organic anion transport system. PMID- 3188034 TI - Correlation between cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and cytotoxicity in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress. AB - To investigate the relationship between alterations of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and development of cytotoxicity, isolated rat hepatocytes were loaded with the fluorescent indicator Quin-2 AM and then incubated with non-toxic or toxic levels of menadione (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BH). The resulting changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration were compared to those seen upon exposure of the hepatocytes to an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, as well as to those induced by menadione and t-BH in hepatocytes pretreated with agents that modify their toxicity. Exposure of hepatocytes to phenylephrine or non-toxic levels of menadione caused a moderate and transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ (less than or equal to 0.7 microM), whereas a toxic concentration of menadione produced a marked, sustained increase in Ca2+ which fully saturated the binding capacity of Quin-2 (greater than 1.5 microM). Treatment of the hepatocytes with the protective agent, dithiothreitol, prevented both the increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and the cytotoxicity induced by menadione. On the other hand, pretreatment of cells with diethylmaleate to deplete intracellular glutathione made otherwise non-toxic concentrations of menadione cause both a sustained increase in cytosolic Ca2+ and cytotoxicity. Similarly, toxic concentrations of t-BH also caused a sustained increase in cytosolic Ca2+. The iron chelator, desferrioxamine, and dithiothreitol (DTT), which protected the cells from t-BH toxicity, also prevented the sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+. Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that a perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is an early and critical event in the development of toxicity in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress. PMID- 3188035 TI - Induction and exacerbation of hyaline droplet formation in the proximal tubular cells of the kidneys from male rats receiving a variety of pharmacological agents. AB - Kidneys from male and female Wistar rats dosed with 1 of 3 chemically unrelated pharmacological agents, a pyrazoline BW540C, a naphthoquinone BW58C and the levoisomer of tetramisole, levamisole or the light hydrocarbon Decalin, were examined by light and electron microscopy. Paraffin histology showed that all 4 agents induced and exacerbated hyaline droplet accumulation in the renal proximal tubular cells of the male rats. Resin histology at both the light and electron microscope level, along with cytochemical procedures for acid phosphatase and the protein 'alpha 2U globulin', helped further in the characterisation of these cytoplasmic inclusions. These techniques confirmed that the accumulation of hyaline droplets seen by paraffin histology represented an increase in the size and number of secondary lysosomes which have been shown to be involved in protein uptake and metabolism. Time course studies showed that increased numbers of small dense lysosomes appear first, which then increase in size, presumably by fusion. Crystalloid bodies form in these large lysosomes eventually giving rise to rectilinear bodies. The accumulation of these protein laden secondary lysosomes took place primarily in the cells of the S1 and S2 segments of the proximal tubules. In extreme cases of lysosomal accumulation however, loading of the S3 segments was noted. In tubules where cellular inclusion loading was heavy, there was evidence of increased cell turnover. The kidneys of female rats dosed with any one of the 4 agents appeared normal. PMID- 3188036 TI - Choleresis and increased biliary efflux of glutathione induced by phenolic antioxidants in rats. AB - The mechanism by which high doses of the synthetic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) raise hepatic glutathione levels above physiological values was investigated in rats. A single dose of an antioxidant (200 mg/kg; p.o.) reduced the hepatic glutathione content by 17% (BHA) or 36% (BHT) after 5 h, but in contrast levels of 55% (BHA) or 34% (BHT) above controls (7.1 +/- 0.5 mumol GSH-equivalents/g liver wt) were measured 48 h after dosing. Both antioxidants increased basal bile flow (1.37 +/- 0.11 microliter/min per g liver wt) and biliary efflux of total glutathione, i.e. GSH and GSSG, (4.18 +/- 0.97 nmol GSH-eq./min per g) severalfold (up to 250%) over controls 24 h after in vivo antioxidant treatment. The sinusoidal efflux of reduced glutathione (14.9 +/- 2.2 nmol GSH-eq./min per g) was significantly reduced (BHA: 23%; BHT: 41%). The increased glutathione excretion into bile is likely to be independent of the induction of the choleresis. The secretion of bile salts was unaffected by BHA treatment and only temporarily reduced by BHT. CONCLUSION: phenolic antioxidants increase the hepatic turnover of glutathione by stimulating the biliary efflux of GSH. The resulting shift from a predominantly sinusoidal efflux of GSH in controls (hepato-renal circulation) to a predominantly biliary efflux of GSH in antioxidant-treated animals (entero hepatic circulation) may lead to increased concentrations of cysteine, glycine and glutamic acid in the portal vein and consequently may stimulate the biosynthesis of GSH by enhanced substrate availability in the liver. PMID- 3188037 TI - Two-year inhalation carcinogenesis studies of methyl methacrylate in rats and mice: inflammation and degeneration of nasal epithelium. AB - Methyl methacrylate (MMA), a liquid monomer, is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of plexiglass and other acrylic products and as "bone cement" in orthopedic and dental surgery. Toxicology and carcinogenesis inhalation studies of MMA were conducted because of: (1) widespread human exposure; (2) evidence of mutagenicity; and (3) inadequacy of previously conducted long-term oral, dermal, and inhalation studies. Groups of 50 male F344/N rats were exposed to MMA by inhalation at 0, 500, or 1000 ppm, female F344/N rats at 0, 250, or 500 ppm, and male and female B6C3F1 mice at 0, 500, or 1000 ppm, 6 h a day, 5 days a week for 102 weeks. Survival rates of male and female rats and mice exposed to MMA were similar to those of their respective controls. Body weights were reduced in the low and high dose male (3-6% and 5-10%, respectively) and female (5-7% and 8-10%) rats exposed to MMA for more than 80 weeks and in male (7-19% and 6-17%) and female (0-13% and 0-17%) mice for more than 20 weeks. Inhalation exposure of MMA for 102 weeks did not induce any increased incidences of neoplasms in male or female rats or mice. Non-neoplastic lesions in the nasal cavity of MMA-exposed rats and mice were significantly increased and these included inflammation and degeneration of the olfactory epithelium of MMA-exposed male and female rats and inflammation, hyperplasia, cytoplasmic inclusions in the respiratory epithelium, and degeneration of the olfactory epithelium in male and female mice. PMID- 3188038 TI - Inhibitory effect of zinc on nickel subsulfide carcinogenesis in Fischer rats. AB - The effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc acetate (ZnAcet) administered i.m. together with nickel subsulfide (Ni3S2), a potent muscle carcinogen, were observed over 66 weeks in male F344/NCr rats. The rats (20/group) received a single injection of 2.5 mg Ni3S2 (equal to 31 mumol Ni) alone or combined with different molar proportions of ZnO or ZnAcet (8-60 mumol Zn) into both thighs. One more group of rats given i.m. Ni3S2 received s.c. ZnO (60 mumol Zn) at the nape of the neck. Control rats were treated with i.m. ZnO (60 mumol Zn) or the injection vehicle, water. In rats given Ni3S2 alone the incidence of local tumors reached 100% in 40 weeks. In rats treated locally with Ni3S2 + ZnO or ZnAcet, the tumor incidence at week 40 was only 40-60%; it reached 85-100% in 66 weeks, with no significant differences among the treatments. Treatment with i.m. Ni3S2 + s.c. ZnO resulted in 100% muscle tumors at week 58. One local tumor was found in rats given ZnO alone and none in the water injected animals. Statistical analysis revealed highly significant differences in the tumor occurrence rates between rats treated with Ni3S2 alone and rats treated with Ni3S2 combined with ZnO or ZnAcet, whereas the final tumor incidences at week 66 were not different. The first tumors were found at weeks 24-31 regardless of the treatment. Hence, administration of zinc slows the carcinogenic process induced by nickel. This effect has a systemic character and is produced by both water-soluble and insoluble zinc compounds despite their different retention times in the muscle. The half-lives of ZnO and ZnAcet in the muscle were approx. 24 days and 2.5 days, respectively; that of Ni3S2 was 21 days. Zinc in either form exerted no apparent influence upon the retention of nickel at the injection site and did not significantly affect the early local cellular reactions to nickel. PMID- 3188039 TI - Intracytoplasmic triglyceride accumulation produced by dexamethasone in adult rat hepatocytes cultivated on 3T3 cells. AB - Glucocorticoids, such as hydrocortisone (HC) and dexamethasone (DEX), when administered to rats, induce lipid accumulation within hepatocytes (fatty liver). To investigate whether glucocorticoids can produce triglyceride (TG) accumulation as they do in vivo and the involved mechanisms, we have used primary cultures of rat hepatocytes which synthesized and secrete triglycerides into the culture medium. Hepatocytes cultivated on a feeder layer of lethally treated 3T3 cells were exposed for 2 weeks to micromolar concentrations of DEX. This glucocorticoid caused morphological alterations and cells accumulated lipid droplets in their cytoplasm; the TG content increased up to 6-fold in a concentration- and time dependent manner. The removal of [14C]acetic or [14C]oleic acid from the culture medium was not altered in the cultures treated with 50 micrograms/ml DEX but the incorporation of [14C]acetic and [14C]oleic acid into TG in these cultures was about 13-fold and 60% higher than in non-treated cells, respectively. On the other hand, hepatocytes treated with 50 micrograms/ml DEX for 2 weeks showed a 16 fold decrease in TG release and 40% inhibition in protein export, whereas synthesis of total cellular proteins was not altered. Our results show that corticosteroids, such as DEX, caused lipid accumulation in liver cells through an increased synthesis and/or esterification of fatty acids, but mostly through a decrease in the secretion of TG. PMID- 3188040 TI - Comparison of the effects of ascorbyl palmitate and L-ascorbic acid on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in the mouse. AB - The effects of ascorbyl palmitate (ASCP) and free L-ascorbic acid (LAA) on the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and the in vivo covalent binding of reactive paracetamol metabolites to hepatic proteins has been studied in male MF1 mice. The oral administration of [3H(G)]paracetamol (600 mg/kg) resulted in covalent binding to hepatic proteins, a depletion of hepatic non-protein sulphydryl (NPS) groups after 2 h, and a marked elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) activity after 24 h. The co-administration of paracetamol and ASCP (1412 mg/kg, equivalent to 600 mg/kg free LAA), but not paracetamol and LAA (600 mg/kg), significantly reduced covalent binding of paracetamol metabolites at 2 and 4 h after treatment. In addition ASCP, but not LAA, significantly reduced the depletion of NPS groups and the elevation of plasma ALAT activity. ASCP also completely prevented the 35% mortality observed at 24 h in paracetamol treated mice. These results demonstrate that ASCP, but not LAA, when co-administered orally with the analgesic is an effective inhibitor of paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in the mouse. The mechanism by which ASCP prevents liver injury appears to involve destruction of reactive paracetamol metabolites which is associated with a sparing action on hepatic reduced glutathione levels. PMID- 3188041 TI - Hematologic effects of benzene: a thirty-five year longitudinal study of rubber workers. AB - We studied over 17,000 peripheral blood counts, accumulated during surveillance from 1940 through 1975, from a cohort of 459 benzene-exposed workers. Linear regressions demonstrated significant decreases in white and red cell counts, as well as hemoglobin, for workers exposed during the 1940's, without persistent trends over the ensuing 25 years. Strongly positive correlations were observed between these blood count fluctuations and fluctuations in retrospective estimates of benzene exposures for this plant for the earlier periods of surveillance (mean estimated exposure 1940 to 1948, 75 ppm), but not for later years (mean estimated exposure 1948 to 1975, 15 to 20 ppm). These data suggest substantial limitations of hematologic examination of populations to detect abnormalities in populations currently exposed to benzene. The data also demonstrate a novel approach to the biological validation of exposure estimates based upon limited industrial hygiene and historical record data. PMID- 3188042 TI - The metabolism of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and liver peroxisome proliferation in the hamster. AB - This study has investigated the in vivo metabolism of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the initial metabolite of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in mammals, and the hepatic peroxisome proliferation induced by this compound following multiple oral administration to hamsters. Hamsters received [14C]-MEHP, by gavage, at doses of 50 and 500 mg/kg body wt on each of three consecutive days. Urine was collected every 24 hours and metabolite profiles were determined using capillary gas-chromatography. Multiple high doses of MEHP (500 mg/kg) induced a change in the relative proportions of metabolites produced. As previously reported for the rat, metabolites derived from sequential omega- following by beta-oxidation were increased. This increase was correlated with a parallel 3-fold increase in peroxisomal beta-oxidation--a marker for peroxisome proliferation. Hamsters were less responsive than rats to peroxisome proliferation elicited by MEHP. In contrast to the rat, a large proportion of hamster omega-1 oxidation products of MEHP (metabolites 6 and 9, mono (2 ethylhexyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate and mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, respectively) were found as their glucuronide conjugates. This metabolic species difference may relate to differences in sensitivity to MEHP as a peroxisome proliferator. The relationship between metabolite conjugation, peroxisome proliferation and production of omega-oxidation metabolites is discussed. PMID- 3188043 TI - Applicability of cancer risk assessment techniques to other toxic effects. AB - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the applicability of cancer risk assessment techniques to other endpoints. The discussion is limited to the problem of high to low dose extrapolation. Although developed to describe cancer data, the multistage model has a general sigmoidal shape which makes it amenable to describe the dose-response of many non-cancer endpoints. At low doses the multistage model is essentially a general polynomial model. Low-dose linear extrapolation provides an upper limit on convex (curving upward) dose-response curves. Low-dose linearity is expected if exposure to a toxic substance augments a disease process which is already operating in unexposed animals. Incorporation of pharmacokinetic information may prove useful in simplifying dose-response relationships and may result in lower estimates of risk. A descriptive model can be used to estimate a lower confidence limit on a dose expected to produce a disease incidence, for example, of 1% of the animals (LED01). Then, the LED01/100 provides an estimate of the dose for which the risk is estimated to be less than 10(-4). It appears that some of the techniques used for cancer risk assessment can be used or modified for quantal non-cancer endpoints. PMID- 3188044 TI - Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to predict mammalian acute lethality to metallic salts. AB - The acute lethality of the salts of eight metals--HgCl2, BeSO4.4H2O, Al(NO3)3.9H2O, CuCl2.2H2O, ZnCl2, Pb(NO3)2, CdCl2, and Sr(NO3)2--was determined using a type of free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The LC50 values were compared to the published mammalian oral LD50 values for salts of the same metals. Within this set of chemicals, C. elegans was found to be a predictor of mammalian acute lethality, generating LC50 values parallel to the rat and mouse LD50 values. The total expenses for this testing are about 10% of the cost for mammalian acute lethality testing. The method is considered to have great promise, but further study is needed. PMID- 3188045 TI - An overview of structure-activity relationships as an alternative to testing in animals for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, dermal and eye irritation, and acute oral toxicity. AB - The use of structure-activity relationships (SAR) has proven practical for the development of equations which can be used to estimate the above-listed endpoints for a large variety of chemicals. The SAR models predict these endpoints correctly in 85 to 97% of the cases and often surpass in their predictive ability the results obtainable from the equivalent biological assays. These SAR models are being used at several levels: drug, or more generally, chemical discovery; prioritization for testing; regulatory affairs; investigation of detoxification mechanisms; and risk estimation. In the new compound (discovery) use, potential toxic effects of a set of related compounds are investigated before synthesis to select those chemicals with the lesser probabilities of producing toxic effects for further investigation, at considerable savings in research expenditure since fewer compounds need to be synthesized, and the avoidance of blind alleys. Prioritization for testing is used in numerous instances, such as selecting those chemicals in an environment which are most likely to have toxic effects for priority attention. SAR models are used by regulatory agencies to determine the possible toxic effects of chemicals for which data insufficient to render decisions have been submitted, and to gain insight into possible toxicity problems. SAR models are also used to investigate possible metabolites, and toxicity mechanisms due to the ability of making computer-based structural modifications and observing the effects on the modelled toxic endpoints. Risk analysis is a natural outgrowth of several of the above applications, and is particularly useful for SAR models of carcinogenicity. SAR models as alternatives to animal bioassays should be used in the context of other information for the chemicals of concern. Just as bioassays and in vitro methods have their limitations, so do SAR models. These include the sometimes limited data base on which to base an SAR model, the temptation to extrapolate beyond the confines of the model, and the noise inherent in the bioassays on which the models are based. Within these constraints SAR models have a considerable potential in reducing the number of animals used in toxicity testing. PMID- 3188046 TI - Prolonged red blood cell glycerol hemolysis in mice inhaling benzene. AB - Inhalation of benzene produces a prolongation of mouse red blood cell glycerol hemolysis time. This was not observed in red blood cells directly incubated in benzene. Increased resistance to the hemolytic action of glycerol should be explored as a potentially useful biological monitoring procedure in the red blood cells of benzene-exposed humans. PMID- 3188047 TI - Repeated laboratory ozone exposures of volunteer Los Angeles residents: an apparent seasonal variation in response. AB - This study was intended to help explain individual differences in susceptibility to irritant effects of ozone (O3), by determining whether prior ambient O3 exposures and/or recent acute respiratory illness modified response to laboratory O3 exposures. Response was measured in terms of lung function changes and irritant symptoms. Initially, 59 adult volunteer Los Angeles area residents underwent screening exposures in spring, before the season of frequent high ambient O3 levels. Unusually responsive and nonresponsive individuals (N = 12 and 13 respectively) underwent followup exposures in autumn (late in the high-O3 season) and in winter (low-O3 season). All exposures were to 0.18 ppm O3 for 2 hr with intermittent heavy exercise at 31 degrees C and 35% relative humidity. Nonresponders tended to remain nonresponsive throughout. In fall, responders had lost much of their reactivity, as if they had "adapted" to summer ambient O3 exposures. They did not regain reactivity by winter. Clinical laboratory findings suggestive of acute respiratory illness did not appear to correlate with O3 response. Eight responders and 9 nonresponders underwent another followup exposure in spring, about 1 yr after screening. By that time most responders had regained their reactivity; individual function changes were significantly correlated with changes 1 yr earlier. These results suggest that response to O3 is a persistent individual characteristic, but can be modified by repeated ambient exposures. PMID- 3188048 TI - The pulmonary effects of ozone and nitrogen dioxide alone and combined in healthy and asthmatic adolescent subjects. AB - Separate exposures to 0.12 ppm ozone (O3) or 0.18 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have not demonstrated consistent changes in pulmonary function in adolescent subjects. However, in polluted urban air, O3 and NO2 occur in combination. Therefore, this project was designed to investigate the pulmonary effects of combined O3 and NO2 exposures during intermittent exercise in adolescent subjects. Twelve healthy and twelve well-characterized asthmatic adolescent subjects were exposed randomly to clean air or 0.12 ppm O3 and 0.30 ppm NO2 alone or in combination during 60 minutes of intermittent moderate exercise (32.5 1/min). The inhalation exposures were carried out while the subjects breathed on a rubber mouthpiece with nose clips in place. The following pulmonary functional values were measured before and after exposure: peak flow, total respiratory resistance, maximal flow at 50 and 75 percent of expired vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity (FVC). Statistical significance of pulmonary function changes was tested by analysis of covariance for repeated measures. After exposure to 0.12 ppm O3 a significant decrease was seen in maximal flow at 50% of FVC in asthmatic subjects. After exposure to 0.30 ppm NO2 a significant decrease was seen in FVC also in the asthmatic subjects. One possible explanation for these changes is the multiple comparison effect. No significant changes in any parameters were seen in the asthmatic subjects after the combined O3-NO2 exposure or in the healthy subjects after any of the exposures. PMID- 3188049 TI - CASE, the computer-automated structure evaluation system, as an alternative to extensive animal testing. AB - CASE, an artificial intelligence system with demonstrated ability to predict biological activity based on structural considerations, correctly predicts animal carcinogenicity. It can, therefore, play a pivotal role in classifying chemicals as carcinogens and prioritizing them for further testing. Additionally, CASE shows promise in the design of pharmacologically active agents by reducing the number of drugs that need to be synthesized and tested. For both of these applications, CASE provides a mechanism to conserve animal and other testing resources. PMID- 3188050 TI - Detecting dominant transforming genes in cells transformed in utero. PMID- 3188051 TI - DNA damage from ozone and radiation in human epithelial cells. PMID- 3188052 TI - Classification of myonecrosis induced by snake venoms: venoms from the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis), western diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) and the Indian cobra (Naja naja naja). AB - The pathogenesis of myonecrosis induced by three different snake venoms was studied by light microscopic examination of skeletal muscle tissue taken at time periods ranging from 0.25 hr to 4 weeks after an intramuscular injection of the venom into mice. It was possible to identify different types of myonecrosis based on the abnormal morphologic states of the damaged cells. The types of myonecrosis observed correlated with the types of components present in the venom injected. Venoms containing direct acting toxins such as myotoxin a or phospholipase A2 induced specific types of myonecrosis. Also, venoms containing hemorrhagic toxins produced a type of myonecrosis similar to that induced by pure hemorrhagic toxins. The pathogenesis of each type of myonecrosis could be divided into the same four phases based on the pathologic states of the affected cells and the time after injection. During the 'early phase' (0.25-3 hr) affected muscle cells were in several different pathologic states reflecting the types of components present in the venom injected. During the 'intermediate phase' (6-24 hr) the pathologic state of the damaged cells had changed and depending on the venom new states might be present. By the 'late phase' (48-96 hr) all damaged cells have reached a common pathologic state of necrosis. The 'final phase' (1-4 weeks) is characterized by regeneration (partial or complete) of muscle cells. Although the number of different types of myonecrosis depended on the type of venom injected, i.e. Naja naja naja venom produced only two different types whereas Crotalus atrox venom produced at least four different types, cells of each tpe of myonecrosis progressed through the same four phases. In studies of the myotoxicity of snake venoms it is important to examine tissues taken during the early and intermediate phases to obtain accurate and useful information on the types of myonecrosis caused by the venom. PMID- 3188053 TI - Correlation between the surface hydrophobicities and elution orders of elapid neurotoxins and cardiotoxins on hydrophobic-interaction high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions were predicted for Elapid neuro- and cardiotoxins. The contribution of these regions to the retention times of neuro- and cardiotoxins on hydrophobic-interaction HPLC was assessed from the known surface accessibilities of amino acid side-chains within these regions. Differences in retention times between neuro- and cardiotoxins on hydrophobic interaction HPLC could be attributed to differences in hydrophobicity of regions 6-12 and 22-26 between these two types of toxins. Smaller differences in retention times between cardiotoxins were due to the variable hydrophobicities of regions 1-4 and 26-36. PMID- 3188054 TI - Resistance of nerves from certain toxic crabs to paralytic shellfish poison and tetrodotoxin. AB - The inhibitory effect of paralytic shellfish poison and tetrodotoxin on nerves from toxic and nontoxic crabs was examined. The toxins at concentrations of 10( 3) - 10(-4) M partially or completely inhibited the action potential of nerves isolated from the legs of toxic crab species (Zosimus aeneus, Atergatis floridus and Platypodia granulosa), but had no effect at 10(-6) M, the concentration at which the action potential of nerves from a nontoxic crab (Plagusia dentipes) was inhibited completely. A xanthid crab Daira perlata was intermediate in respect to the resistance to toxins. These results agree with the previous results obtained by i.p. administration of both toxins into those crabs. PMID- 3188055 TI - Strongly enhanced toxicity of the mushroom toxin alpha-amanitin by an amatoxin specific Fab or monoclonal antibody. AB - A monoclonal antibody, with high affinity against the mushroom toxin alpha amanitin, was prepared. Administration of the Fab fragment of the monoclonal antibody to mice caused a 50-fold increase in alpha-amanitin toxicity. Electron micrographs showed normal appearance of hepatocytes but typical, amanitin-induced lesions in cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. The pronounced nephrotoxicity is mainly explained by glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption of the Fab-amatoxin complex and, to a lesser extent, of the immunoglobulin-amatoxin complex, which is still c. Twice as toxic as free alpha amanitin. To our knowledge this is the first reported case where immunoglobulins or their fragments enhance rather than decrease the activity of a toxin. Accordingly, immunotherapy of Amanita mushroom poisoning in humans does not appear promising. PMID- 3188056 TI - Preliminary studies of the effects of a Peruvian snake Bothrops pictus (jergon of the coast) venom upon fibrinogen. AB - Bothrops pictus (jergon of the coast) venom has a coagulant effect in vitro on both canine fibrinogen and on human and canine plasma, with a greater affinity for canine plasma. In vivo a single dose of venom produced partial defibrinogenation in conscious dogs, plasma fibrinogen being reduced to about 60% of control values after 6 hr. PMID- 3188057 TI - Partial purification of acetylcholinesterase from the venom of the shore pit viper (Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus). AB - Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus venom acetylcholinesterase has been partially purified by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography and DEAE Sephacel ion exchange chromatography. The enzyme has a mol. wt of 58,600. It was strongly inhibited by physostigmine salicylate and edrophonium chloride and exhibited substrate inhibition at high substrate concentration. The content of acetylcholinesterase in Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus venom was estimated to be much less than 0.3%. PMID- 3188059 TI - Purification and characterization of L-amino acid oxidase from the venom of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus (Taiwan habu snake). AB - L-Amino acid oxidase (EC.1.4.3.2) was purified to homogeneity via four steps consisting of Sephadex G-100, CM-Toyopearl 650M, and first and second granulated hydroxyapatite column chromatographies. The mol. wt of the enzyme was 140,000 when estimated by analytical gel filtration and was 70,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, suggesting that the enzyme is composed of two identical subunits. The enzyme has an absorption spectrum characteristic of flavoprotein, contains 2 moles of FMN per mole of enzyme and has an isoelectric point of 5.4. The enzyme oxidatively deaminated hydrophobic amino acids such as Leu, Met, Phe, and Tyr while basic amino acids except for Lys were also oxidized though at slower rates. This specificity was generally similar, with some exceptions, to that of the enzyme from Trimeresurus flavoviridis venom. For oxidative deamination of Leu, Km and maximum velocity of the enzyme were 1.17 mM and 9.9 units/mg, respectively, at pH 7.6. The activity was inhibited almost completely by heavy metal ions, some aromatic benzoates and sulfhydryl reagents but not by metal-chelating agents. PMID- 3188058 TI - beta-Bungarotoxin-induced phospholipid hydrolysis in rat brain synaptosomes: effect of replacement of calcium by strontium. AB - We tested whether, upon substitution of Ca2+ by Sr2+ in a medium containing beta bungarotoxin, sufficient Ca2+ remained bound to the tissue to support phospholipid hydrolysis in rat brain synaptosomes. The phrenic nerve--diaphragm preparation could not be used, since replacement of Ca2+ by Sr2+ prolonged time to block of indirectly evoked contractions; however, no phospholipid hydrolysis could be detected (either in the presence of Ca2+ or Sr2+), due to the small amounts of presynaptic terminals. Following initial exposure of synaptosomes to a Ca2+ containing medium and then removal of Ca2+, incubation with beta bungarotoxin (1 or 10 micrograms/ml) caused significant phospholipid hydrolysis whether or not Sr2+ was present. Therefore, conclusions as to whether phospholipase A2 activity is required for presynaptic actions of beta bungarotoxin cannot be derived from studies in which Sr2+ is used to inhibit enzymatic activity. PMID- 3188060 TI - Protogonyaulax cohorticula, a toxic dinoflagellate found in the Gulf of Thailand. AB - Two clones of Protogonyaulax cohorticula were isolated from the Gulf of Thailand. The extracts of these clones killed mice with typical signs of paralytic shellfish poisoning. The toxicities corresponded to those of strongly toxic clones of P. tamarensis. In the HPLC and electrophoretic analyses, gonyautoxins and saxitoxin were detected. About 80% of the toxins consisted of gonyautoxin I. These results show that P. cohorticula is a toxic species of Protogonyaulax and that it is at least one of the causative organisms of paralytic shellfish poisoning in Thailand. PMID- 3188061 TI - Purification and partial biochemical characterization of an edema inducing phospholipase A2 from Vipera russelli (Russell's viper) snake venom. AB - A phospholipase A2 (VRV PL-VI) from Vipera russelli venom was purified to homogeneity in a single step on CM-Sephadex C-25 column. VRV PL-VI is a basic protein with a mol. wt of about 12,000 and showed a basic pH optimum and a high temperature maximum. It hydrolysed purified phospholipids in the order of phosphatidylethanolamine greater than phosphatidylcholine much greater than phosphatidylserine greater than phosphatidylinositol = 0. It is toxic with an LD50 value (i.p.) of 3.5 micrograms/g body weight in mice and it induced persistent edema in the mouse foot pad. PMID- 3188062 TI - Role of the N-terminal region in phospholipases A2 from Naja naja atra (Taiwan cobra) and Naja nigricollis (spitting cobra) venoms. AB - The N-terminal alpha-amino groups of two phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from Naja naja atra and Naja nigricollis venoms were selectively modified with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, and the modified derivatives were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Trinitrophenylated (TNP) derivatives contained only one TNP group in the alpha-amino group of Asn-1 and showed a marked decrease in enzymatic activity. PLA2 enzymes were cleaved with CNBr, and the N-terminal octapeptide was separated from the large C-terminal fragment by HPLC. Removal of the N-terminal octapeptide from PLA2 enzymes caused a precipitous decrease in enzymatic activity. Enzyme immunoassay and double immunodiffusion revealed that the N-terminal octapeptide is one of the antigenic determinants of PLA2 enzymes. The presence of dihexanoyllecithin influenced the interaction between PLA2 enzymes and 8-anilinonaphthalene sulfonate (ANS), indicating that ANS-binding site of PLA2 enzymes is at or near the substrate binding site. Modification of the N-terminal region perturbed the substrate binding and the binding ability for ANS. The modified derivatives retained their affinity for Ca2+, indicating that the N-terminal region is not involved in Ca2+-binding. A fluorescence study revealed that the alpha-amino group is near Trp residue(s) and that the N terminal region is important for stabilizing the architectural environment of the Trp residue(s). The results, together with the proposal that Trp residues in PLA2 enzymes are involved in substrate binding, suggest that the N-terminal region of PLA2 enzymes is involved in substrate binding and in maintaining a functional active site. PMID- 3188063 TI - Isolation of a hemolysin from a spore-crystal mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (serotype H-14). AB - A hemolytic toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis was obtained by alkaline extraction and fast protein liquid chromatography (chromatofocusing followed by gel filtration). The toxin displayed a pI of 4.6-4.8 and an Mr of 26,000. Amino acid analysis demonstrated large amounts of serine, glycine and glutamic acid. The toxin was strongly lytic for rabbit, human and non-human primate erythrocytes, and was weakly lytic toward equine, feline, canine, bovine, amphibian and reptilian erythrocytes. It was weakly entomocidal as indicated by a lethal potency (LC50) of 25 micrograms/ml for second instar larvae of Anopheles stephansi. Direct micro-ELISA indicated that the toxin lacked antigenic identity with numerous eukaryotic and prokaryotic toxins and venoms. PMID- 3188064 TI - Correction of amino acid sequence of phospholipase A2 I from the venom of Laticauda semifasciata (Erabu sea snake). AB - The amino acid sequence of phospholipase A2 I from the venom of the sea snake Laticauda semifasciata was reinvestigated. The previously reported sequence at positions 70-80 was corrected to Asp-Cys-Ser-Thr-Glu-Glu-Pro-Asn-Cys-Ser-Thr. The positions of half-cystine residues in the corrected sequence agree with most other phospholipases A2. PMID- 3188065 TI - Comparison of effects of anatoxin-a(s) and paraoxon, physostigmine and pyridostigmine on mouse brain cholinesterase activity. AB - Anatoxin-a(s), an alkaloid neurotoxin from the freshwater cyanobacterium, Anabaena flos-aquae NRC-525-17, was compared to paraoxon, physostigmine and pyridostigmine for effects on brain cholinesterase after i.p. injection into Balb/c mice. The duration of clinical signs in mice injected with anatoxin-a(s) persisted longer than in mice given the carbamates and was comparable with that of paraoxon. Anatoxin-a(s) did not inhibit brain cholinesterase activity suggesting that this toxin is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 3188066 TI - Selective activation of striatal output nuclei by organophosphorus intoxication in the rat: EEG and 2-deoxy[3H]glucose metabolic mapping. AB - Central effects of paraoxon (an organophosphate, inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase) treatment were investigated using 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and EEG methods. Six rat brain structures (external globus pallidus, ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus, entopeduncular nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and superior colliculus) presented an increase of 2-DG labelling after acute injection of this toxic compound. The EEG recordings showed hippocampal slow theta rhythm which preceded an increase of cortical rhythm frequency. Rats with 2 DG mapping modifications presented also EEG seizures. PMID- 3188067 TI - Urinary atrazine metabolites as indicators for rat and human exposure to atrazine. AB - Rats were given atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine) in drinking water for 1 or 3 weeks at 0.1 (0.45 mM), 0.2 (0.9 mM) or 0.5 g/l (2.3 mM) concentrations of the commercial agent. They excreted at both time points as the principal metabolite 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-amino-s-trazine in a dose dependent fashion. The same urine test was applied on 6 railway men engaged in the weeding operation of railway lines with known atrazine exposure measured with hygienic techniques in their breathing zone. The spectrum of their atrazine metabolites was comprised of fully N-dealkylated atrazine and 2-chloro-4 ethylamino-6-amino-s-triazine. The sum of the two urinary metabolites reflected quantitatively the exposure. PMID- 3188068 TI - Intestinal absorption of oxalate by xylitol-treated rats and mice. AB - The absorption of 14C-labelled oxalic acid was studied in Wistar rats, CD-1 mice and NMRI mice. Oxalic acid in solution was given to the animals by gavage either with water alone or with 0.625 g/kg b.w. of xylitol. Both xylitol-adapted animals and animals not previously exposed to xylitol were used. Adaptation to xylitol diets enhanced the absorption and urinary excretion of the label (oxalic acid) in both strains of mice but not in rats. Earlier studies have indicated a high incidence of bladder calculi in mice but not in rats fed high amounts of xylitol. The results of the present study offer one likely explanation for the increased formation of bladder calculi as a result of oversaturation of urine with oxalate. PMID- 3188069 TI - A sensitive cadmium-affinity assay for the determination of thionein in urine. AB - A sensitive cadmium-affinity assay was developed for measurement of urinary thionein (Th) level. Acidification with HCl (2.5 M) was used to remove metal ions from purified urinary metallothionein (MTh), adsorbed on activated polystyrene tubes. It was found that the amount of 109Cd bound to standard Th (rabbit Th) was proportional to that of Th in the concentration range of 20-6000 ng/ml. The method exhibited a sensitivity below 20 ng/ml and a precision of about 5%. The results of the Cd-affinity assay were unaffected by dilution of, or addition of standard Th to urine samples. Under the latter circumstances, the Cd-affinity assay was performed with a mean analytical recovery of 100.3 +/- 4%. Addition of Cd, Zn, Hg and Cu (50 micrograms each) or glutathione and cysteine (0.1 mmol) to urine specimens (1 ml) did not interfere with the determination of Th. The mean values of urinary Th in healthy subjects were 200 +/- 53 micrograms/g creatinine (n = 9) and 256 +/- 97 micrograms/g creatinine (n = 8) for men and women respectively. The mean daily excretions of Th by non-fasting female and male healthy adult rats were 9.95 +/- 2.7 micrograms (n = 10) and 18.2 +/- 3.9 micrograms, respectively. The Cd-affinity assay succeeded in indicating Cd exposure and/or development of Cd toxicity in rats. PMID- 3188071 TI - Effect of ofloxacin on the uptake of [3H]thymidine by articular cartilage cells in the rat. AB - Ofloxacin (900 mg/kg) was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats aged 4 weeks. A single dosage induced chondrocyte degeneration in the middle zone of the articular cartilage 5 h later and cavity formation 12 and 24 h later. The number of cells labeled with [3H]thymidine was decreased in histologically normal and abnormal cartilage at 5 h. Incorporation rate of [3H]thymidine into the articular cartilage was gradually decreased until 12 h later, but increased above the control level at 24 h. Another experiment showed that labeled cells were retained for a longer period than in control rats in the middle zone at the predilection site of osteochondrosis. PMID- 3188070 TI - Aviation gasoline: comparative subchronic nephrotoxicity study in the male rat. AB - Biochemical and histopathologic parameters of nephrotoxicity were measured in groups of male Fischer-344 rats after a 2-week, 5-days-a-week schedule of oral administration (0.5 ml/kg) of the following substances: aviation gasoline (grade 100) (AVG), automobile regular unleaded gasoline (ULG) and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (TMP). Results of renal histopathologic examinations and biochemical parameters were compatible with the following order of increasing nephrotoxicity: ULG less than TMP less than AVG. The high nephrotoxic potential of aviation gasoline may be related to its elevated content in branched hydrocarbons. PMID- 3188072 TI - Metabolism of 1,3-butadiene by lung and liver microsomes of rats and mice repeatedly exposed by inhalation to 1,3-butadiene. AB - 1,3-Butadiene, a colorless gas widely used as an intermediate in the production of synthetic rubber, is carcinogenic in rats and mice. Species differences exist in the sensitivity to inhaled 1,3-butadiene and the target tissue specificity for tumor formation. We examined whether repeated inhalation exposure of rats and mice to 1,3-butadiene would affect the rate of metabolism of 1,3-butadiene by lung and liver microsomes in these species. Male Sprague-Dawley rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed nose-only to air (control) or 7600 +/- 170 ppm 1,3-butadiene (13,600 +/- 300 micrograms/l) and 740 +/- 10 ppm 1,3-butadiene (1300 +/- 20 micrograms/l), respectively, for 6 h/day for 5 days. After the last exposure, nasal tissue (rats only), lungs and livers were removed from the animals and microsomes were prepared. Microsomes from the different tissues were incubated with 6 mumol 1,3-butadiene and 10 mumol NADPH for 30 min and the rate of disappearance of 1,3-butadiene from the reaction flasks was quantitated. There was a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) depression in the rate of 1,3 butadiene metabolism (50%) in microsomes from lungs of both rats and mice that were exposed repeatedly to 1,3-butadiene compared to control animals. There was no effect of repeated 1,3-butadiene exposure on liver or nasal tissue (rats only) metabolism of 1,3-butadiene in rats or mice. The data from these studies indicate that it is unlikely that species differences in sensitivity or tissue susceptibility are due to an inductive or inhibitory effect of 1,3-butadiene on its own metabolism in the tissues examined. PMID- 3188073 TI - Genotoxic effects of MeCCNU on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. AB - MeCCNU (semustine, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, NSC 95441) is successfully used in the treatment of various human malignancies. The drug was tested for its in vitro genotoxic effects on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Several drug concentrations were studied considering mean plasma level achieved in patients after the receipt of MeCCNU therapy. Induction of chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchange frequency had shown dose effect relationship. Reduced mitotic activity and prolonged average generation time was observed in MeCCNU treated cultures. The results suggest that 'therapeutic' MeCCNU concentrations have genotoxic effects on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. PMID- 3188074 TI - Effect of continuous administration of nicotine on urinary histamine and N tau methylhistamine levels in the guinea pig. AB - The effect of continuous subcutaneous administration of S-(-)- and R-(+) nicotines on urinary excretion levels of histamine and N tau-methylhistamine in guinea pigs, over a 23-day period, has been studied. Urinary levels of these endogenous compounds were measured utilizing paired-ion reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with flow-through electrochemical detection. Urinary histamine levels of animals that had been administered either of these nicotine isomers were not significantly different from control values. Initial levels of urinary N tau-methylhistamine (days 2-3) in R-(+)- and S-(-)-nicotine treated animals were, 2-fold and 8-fold higher, respectively than control levels but in both cases these levels returned to control values over the remainder of the time course examined (days 6-23). These results suggest that exposure to S-( )-nicotine results in initial histamine release and/or inhibition of histamine uptake. However, longer term exposure to S-(-)-nicotine may not result in significantly altered levels of circulating histamine. PMID- 3188075 TI - Effects of different levels of caffeine supplemented to the maternal diet on the brains of newborn rats and their dams. AB - At birth, dams with 8 randomly assigned pups were divided into three groups. Dams of group 1 were fed a control diet. Dams of groups 2 and 3 were fed the control diet supplemented with caffeine (1 mg and 2 mg/100 g body weight, respectively). Pups were killed at day 15 and their brains removed. After weighing, brains were analyzed for DNA, protein, cholesterol, zinc and alkaline phosphatase activity. Brain and plasma caffeine levels were also determined on groups 2 and 3. The dams were milked to measure caffeine levels. The brains from the dams were analyzed for the same parameters as the pups. Caffeine levels in group 3 were consistently higher than in group 2. In the pups, body and brain weights were heavier in group 3 than in the controls. Protein and cholesterol concentrations in group 2 were less than either controls or group 3. Alkaline phosphatase activity in group 2 was higher than either controls or group 3. In the dams, DNA concentration in groups 2 and 3 was less than the controls. Protein and cholesterol concentration in group 2 was less than group 3. It was concluded that low levels of caffeine in the maternal diet during lactation could affect various parameters in the newborn brain. These effects were different from those when the dietary caffeine level was doubled. In contrast, the effects of caffeine on brains of the dams were relatively minor. PMID- 3188076 TI - Hepatotoxicity of gardenia yellow color in rats. AB - Acute toxicity by gardenia yellow color was studied in rats. Oral administration of the colorant at doses of 800 mg/kg up to 5000 mg/kg caused diarrhea and increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in a dose-dependent manner. After 24 h of oral treatment with 2000 mg/kg of the colorant, liver showed partially hemorrhagic changes and the intestinal tract, especially the duodenum, appeared blue. The toxicity induced by the colorant was stronger by oral administration than by intraperitoneal administration. The content of geniposide, an iridoid compound, was estimated to be 28% of the colorant, and this iridoid accounted for almost all the hepatotoxic activity of the colorant. PMID- 3188077 TI - Distribution of radiolabelled [2-14C]IQ and MeIQx in the mouse. AB - The kinetics of distribution of radiolabelled [2-14C]IQ (2-amino-3 methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) and [2-14C]MeIQx (2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoxaline) following the oral administration to BALB/c mice of single doses were studied. Both compounds were taken up into the blood-stream and other tissues rapidly after administration and approximately 20-25% of the radioactive dose of IQ or MeIQx was excreted in urine over 6 h, reflecting the rapid absorption of the mutagens. Significantly greater levels of MeIQx than IQ were isolated from the lungs and blood of treated mice. In studies of the uptake of IQ from closed sections of the gut, little IQ was absorbed from the stomach. Although there was some evidence that it could be absorbed from the large intestine, the primary site of IQ absorption was the small intestine. PMID- 3188078 TI - Effect of subacute dosage of fluoride on male mice. AB - A sublethal concentration (one-tenth of the LD50) of fluoride (F) (5.2 mg F/kg body weight) was administered to Swiss albino mice (male) daily for 35 days. These mice showed a decrease in body weight gain, and food and water consumption. A significant decrease in red blood cell counts and an increase in white blood cell counts were seen in fluoride-administered mice. These animals also showed a decline in albumin, total protein, cholesterol, glucose and alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum. The fluoride content significantly increased in different organs of these animals. Sperm did not show any abnormalities due to fluoride toxicity. PMID- 3188079 TI - Effect of nitroxazepine on bone marrow cells of mice. AB - The antidepressant drug, nitroxazepine, was tested in mice for mutagenicity in bone marrow cells by a micronucleus test. The drug was administered orally at a dose of 4.5, 9, and 13.5 mg per mouse. The results show that the drug is found to be mutagenic in mouse bone marrow cells. PMID- 3188080 TI - Role of zinc in protection against cadmium-induced toxicity in formation of embryonic chick bone in tissue culture. AB - To clarify a possible mechanism of zinc (Zn)-induced tolerance to cadmium (Cd) toxicity on bone formation, femurs from 9-day-old chick embryos were cultured for 6 days by the roller-tube method in the presence of Cd (2, 4 or 9 microM) and/or Zn (60 microM). Zn prevented a decrease in bone growth caused by Cd at 4 and 9 microM. An increase in calcium (Ca) content of diaphysis was inhibited by Zn in both the presence and absence of Cd. Histologically, Zn protected a Cd-induced degenerative change of mesenchymal cells in the periosteum and that of osteoblasts around the trabecula at each Cd level. At 60 microM Zn, Cd accumulated less in the bone at 2 microM but more at 9 microM. From these results, it was concluded that Zn prevented Cd-induced toxicity in the process of ossification except calcification in a culture system by two different mechanisms, i.e. a decreasing Cd accumulation at a low level of Cd and probably an induction of metallothionein (MT)-like protein at a high level of Cd. PMID- 3188081 TI - Physiological antioxidants and antioxidative enzymes in vitamin E-deficient rats. AB - The effects of feeding vitamin E-deficient diets to rats for one year were investigated to analyse the relationship of the vitamin with other antioxidants and some antioxidative enzymes. Long-term vitamin E deficiency lowered the levels of antioxidants like vitamin E, ascorbic acid and glutathione (GSH) in all tissues analysed and thus increasing the extent of tissue peroxidisability. Vitamin E deficiency had also influenced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase, the enzymes that are involved in detoxification mechanisms of products arising from free radical metabolism. PMID- 3188082 TI - Alkane production by isolated rat heart and lung. AB - Ethane and pentane have been measured as an index of lipid peroxidation occurring in the isolated perfused rat heart as well as lung preparations. In order to initiate lipid peroxidation cumene hydroperoxide was infused. The results show a significant enhancement of both ethane and pentane evolution from both isolated organs by cumene hydroperoxide. The production of alkanes by perfusion of high doses of cumene hydroperoxide in lungs is about one-half that of the isolated heart. Such reduced production of alkanes by the lungs can be explained by the fact that lung lipids, which contain mostly saturated fatty acids, might have resisted the peroxidative degradation. In comparison to cumene hydroperoxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide also increased alkane production, caused a reduction of glutathione content and increased oxidized glutathione in hearts. 4 Hydroxynonenal infusion was much less effective in causing alkane release but caused profound depletion of cardiac glutathione. Paraquat had relatively insignificant effects on cardiac lipid peroxidation and glutathione content. PMID- 3188083 TI - Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on hepatic monooxygenases and serum transferases in rats. AB - The effect of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) on the activities of liver monooxygenases and serum transferases was investigated in male rats. AITC was given in oral doses of 0, 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg bw for 3 consecutive days. Increased relative liver weights and decreased activities of hepatic aminopyrine N-demethylase, p-nitroanisole-O-demethylase and aniline-p-hydroxylase were observed in all treatment groups. The administration of AITC at dose levels of 100 and 150 mg/kg caused a statistically significant increase in the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity. PMID- 3188084 TI - Genotoxic potential of diethylcarbamazine, an antifilarial drug. AB - The mutagenic potential of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) was evaluated by metaphase chromosome analysis and the micronucleus test in bone marrow cells of mice. Both assay systems revealed clastogenicity, although not severe. The time-response study of metaphase chromosomes exhibited an early effect; at 72 h post-treatment the effect came down to the control level. The dose-response analysis showed significantly elevated frequencies of micronuclei (MN) for all the doses tested, but failed to show any influence of the dose on the induction of MN. Data on mitotic index (MI) indicated a lack of cell cycle inhibition. The decrease in aberration frequency with the lapse of time can be probably attributed to the elimination of the drug and its metabolites from the body. PMID- 3188085 TI - Dithiocarbamate treatment of chronic cadmium intoxication in mice. AB - The dithiocarbamate analogs, N-benzyl-N-dithiocarboxy-D-glucamine (BDCG) and N cyclohexyl-N-(2-hydroxy-3-sulfonatopropyl)dithiocarbamate (CAPSO-DTC), were evaluated as cadmium (Cd) antagonists in mice which had received repetitive injections of Cd to effect accumulation of substantial levels of metallothionein bound Cd in kidneys and livers. BDCG was highly effective in lowering whole body Cd stores and renal Cd concentrations. While the percent of renal Cd mobilized decreased with increasing Cd concentrations, the total amount of Cd mobilized increased. CAPSO-DTC was also effective in reducing whole body Cd levels, but appeared to have less affinity for renal Cd than did BDCG. Treatment of Cd-laden mice with BDCG provoked only a modest elevation of serum creatinine levels, suggesting that the complex of Cd with BDCG may be less nephrotoxic than the complex of Cd with EDTA or dimercaprol. The log of the percent reduction of renal Cd by BDCG was found to be a linear function of the pretreatment renal Cd concentration, and reductions of whole body Cd burdens correlated closely with reductions of liver and kidney Cd concentrations. It was suggested that a Cd complexing agent of the dithiocarbamate class may have ultimate application in a provocative methodology to estimate body or organ Cd stores based upon the amount of Cd excreted following a standard dose of the chelator. PMID- 3188086 TI - Effect of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity on hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal calcium contents in mice. AB - The effect of toxic doses of acetaminophen on hepatic intracellular calcium compartmentation were studied in mice. No effects on the calcium contents of the mitochondria, microsomes or cytosol were observed 4 h after the administration of 175 and 375 mg/kg acetaminophen when compared to saline-treated controls. However, doses of 500 and 750 mg/kg of acetaminophen increased mitochondrial calcium contents at this time. Also, the 750 mg/kg dose caused marked alterations in the calcium contents of microsomal and cytosolic compartments. The time-course of the onset of these effects was examined using a 500 mg/kg dose. No changes in either mitochondrial, microsomal or cytosolic calcium contents were observed in the livers of mice treated with acetaminophen compared to saline-treated controls at either 1 or 2 h after dose administration. However, at 3, 4 and 24 h after acetaminophen, mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium contents were significantly increased above control values. The increases in mitochondrial and cytosolic calcium contents observed in the acetaminophen-intoxicated mouse liver appear to occur at the same time as the appearance of plasma membrane damage, as measured by sorbitol dehydrogenase leakage. The data suggest that a perturbation in hepatic calcium compartmentation is not an early event in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the mouse. PMID- 3188088 TI - [Effect of tobacco, herpes simplex virus and antioxidants on free-radical oxidation in the oral mucosa]. PMID- 3188087 TI - [Macro- and microelements as affected by a cariogenic diet and physical exertion]. PMID- 3188089 TI - [Viability of embryonic teeth harvested from donors after death and intended for transplantation]. PMID- 3188090 TI - [Leptotrichosis of the oral mucosa]. PMID- 3188091 TI - [Mechanism of action of catamine AB on the microorganisms of dental plaque]. PMID- 3188093 TI - [State of the autonomic nervous system in patients with glossalgia based on functional data of the salivary glands]. PMID- 3188092 TI - [Clinico-laboratory evaluation of the efficacy of substances used in the treatment of the early stages of caries]. PMID- 3188094 TI - [Extraction of teeth in patients with hemophilia]. PMID- 3188096 TI - [Surgical treatment of patients with chronic inflammatory diseases of the parotid gland]. PMID- 3188095 TI - [Intraarterial antibiotic therapy in comprehensive therapeutic and preventive measures against inflammatory processes in the maxillofacial area]. PMID- 3188097 TI - [Characteristics of the regional muscular blood flow and the activity of mineralization processes in the callus as affected by different methods of fixation of fractures of the lower jaw]. PMID- 3188098 TI - [Use of wire fixators with a thermomechanical memory in the treatment of patients with fractures of the facial bones]. PMID- 3188099 TI - [Differences in the relief of the masticatory surfaces of intact and carious molars]. PMID- 3188100 TI - [Use of splint prostheses for the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with fractures of the lower jaw]. PMID- 3188101 TI - [Evaluation of the efficacy of different regimens of treating patients with cancer of the organs of the oral cavity]. PMID- 3188102 TI - [A new method of x-ray diagnosis of palatopharyngeal functional disorders following uranoplasty]. PMID- 3188104 TI - [Reasons for patients refraining from treatment by an orthodontist]. PMID- 3188103 TI - [Premedication of middle-aged and elderly patients undergoing ambulatory dental surgery under local anesthesia]. PMID- 3188105 TI - [Age characteristics of the remnants of the tooth-forming epithelium in man and their reactions in chronic periodontitis]. PMID- 3188106 TI - [Results of horizontal and vertical transposition of teeth in children as affected by the action of ultrasonics on the bony tissue of the lower jaw]. PMID- 3188107 TI - [Effect of ontogenetic factors on the formation of acid-resistant or acid susceptible enamel in children's teeth]. PMID- 3188108 TI - [Experience in the use of an ultrasonic scalpel in the ambulatory practice of a dental surgeon]. PMID- 3188109 TI - [A method of correcting ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint using an isolated muscle flap]. PMID- 3188110 TI - [Replacement of bone cavities in the lower jaw by a pedicled muscle flap]. PMID- 3188111 TI - [Treatment of fractures of the bones in the central zone of the face]. PMID- 3188112 TI - [Osteosynthesis of high fractures of the condyloid process of the lower jaw, accompanied by displacement of the fragments and dislocation of the capitulum]. PMID- 3188113 TI - [A new method of surgical treatment of fractures of the cheek bone and zygomatic arch]. PMID- 3188114 TI - [Experience in the use of an endodontal measuring device in the treatment of pulpitis and periodontitis]. PMID- 3188116 TI - [Means for ameliorating the chemical content of the air in dental offices]. PMID- 3188115 TI - [Experience in the work of a regional dental polyclinic in maximizing the amount of service in a single visit]. PMID- 3188118 TI - Carotid endarterectomy. Clinical results in a community-based teaching hospital. AB - Since 1971, 688 consecutive carotid endarterectomies were performed in 612 patients in a community-based teaching hospital by 16 surgeons; 82% of the procedures were performed in patients who had suffered a transient ischemic attack, amaurosis fugax, or a previous stroke. Seven patients (1%) died, five of perioperative stroke and two of myocardial infarction. Thirty-one patients suffered a perioperative stroke (4.5% of the 688 endarterectomies); 20 patients (2.9% of 688) were left with moderate to severe neurologic deficits. The combined mortality/major neurologic deficit morbidity rate (number of patients divided by number of endarterectomies) is 3.2%. Both operative mortality and morbidity have progressively declined in successive 5-year periods, with no deaths and a 2.7% stroke rate in 148 endarterectomies performed after 1984. Our results indicate that carotid endarterectomy as practiced in a community-based teaching hospital can be performed without excessive risk. PMID- 3188117 TI - [A new organizational form for increasing the efficiency of treatment of the principal dental diseases]. PMID- 3188119 TI - Stroke incidence and risk factors for stroke in Copenhagen, Denmark. AB - Stroke incidence in Copenhagen, Denmark was recorded in a random population sample of 19,327 persons invited for two health examinations with 5 years' interval from 1976 to 1983. Stroke incidence increased exponentially with age. After adjustment to the age and sex distribution of the Danish population in 1980, the estimated incidence of first stroke was 1.41/1000 women and 2.48/1000 men; the total incidence was 1.94/1000 population. Risk factor analysis was based on the initial examination of 13,088 persons greater than 35 years old without previous stroke who responded to the first invitation, in whom 295 first strokes were subsequently observed. We used the regression model of Cox. However, our use of this model differs from the somewhat automatic procedures normally used to develop prognostic models. Evaluation of the causative effect of a particular risk factor requires that the direction of mutual influences between the factor in question and other risk factors is established/postulated. Among the 16 potential risk factors for stroke we examined, significant effects were found for age, sex, household income, smoking habits, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, plasma cholesterol concentration, ischemic heart disease, and atrial fibrillation. No significant effect could be demonstrated for a positive family history of stroke, years of school education, marital status, alcohol consumption, daily use of tranquilizers, body mass index, or postmenopausal hormone treatment. PMID- 3188120 TI - Rehabilitation outcome following initial unilateral hemispheric stroke. Life table analysis approach. AB - Life table analysis is a powerful statistical tool that has become the preferred technique for studying both the natural history of and the effect of treatment on disease outcome. We have found only one report using life table analysis to study rehabilitation outcome after stroke. We assessed the recovery of both independent ambulation and overall self-care function in 95 consecutive patients with unilateral hemispheric stroke using life table analysis. Our results support the segregation of patients into the following prognostic subgroups at the time of entry into the rehabilitation program (mean +/- SD 5 +/- 3 weeks after stroke): 1) motor deficit only, 2) motor deficit plus somatic sensory deficit, and 3) motor deficit plus somatic sensory deficit plus homonymous visual deficit. The probabilities of reaching independence in ambulation, being able to walk 150 feet with assistance, reaching independence in self-care function, and reaching a point of assisted self care (Barthel Index score of greater than or equal to 60) are highly significantly different among subgroups. The interval after stroke required to reach the plateau phase of recovery is also significantly different among subgroups. We propose that life table analysis can be used 1) to define patient outcome goals, 2) to define the time required to reach such goals, 3) to identify patients with medical or behavioral comorbidity who are functioning below their expected level, and 4) to assess the effect of alternative treatment regimens on both final outcome and time to reach that outcome. PMID- 3188121 TI - Hyperglycemia is a stress response in acute stroke. AB - To explore further the relation between admission glucose concentration and outcome in stroke, we measured glucose, fructosamine, and glycosylated hemoglobin concentrations on admission in 216 patients seen within 24 hours after the onset of their first stroke. Fructosamine concentration reflects the degree of glycemia in the preceding 4-6 weeks and glycosylated hemoglobin concentration reflects that in the preceding 3 months. Based on clinical, computed tomographic, and necropsy findings, strokes were classified as cortical infarction, lacunar infarction, or intracerebral hemorrhage. Analyses were done including and excluding 47 diabetic patients. No correlation between neurologic outcome as mortality and fructosamine or glycosylated hemoglobin concentration was found. Survival showed a significant correlation with admission glucose concentration only for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Our results suggest that hyperglycemia is unlikely to worsen the outcome of acute stroke and that hyperglycemia probably represents either a latent diabetic state or a stress response. PMID- 3188122 TI - Effect of the aminosteroid U74006F after cardiopulmonary arrest in dogs. AB - The oxygen free radical-induced lipid peroxidative reactions that occur during resuscitation from normothermic cardiac arrest may contribute to the degree of neurologic dysfunction sustained. A blinded, randomized experimental trial was performed to determine whether U74006F, a potent inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, reduces morbidity and 24-hour mortality after 10 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary arrest; ventricular fibrillation was induced by electrical stimulation in 24 open-chest, halothane-anesthetized dogs, and circulation was reestablished by direct cardiac compressions, administration of a standardized drug regime, and internal countershocks. When spontaneous circulation was restored, a bolus injection of 1.5 mg/kg U74006F (n = 12) or 25 mM citrate vehicle (n = 12) was infused intravenously in 15 minutes and an infusion was continued at 0.125 mg/kg/hr for the next 12 hours. In the drug-treated group, plasma U74006F concentration averaged 0.13 microgram/ml between 3 and 12 hours after cardiac arrest. By 24 hours after arrest, 10 of 12 (83%) vehicle-treated dogs had died but only four of 12 (33%) U74006F-treated dogs had died (p = 0.017). U74006F-treated dogs survived significantly longer (mean +/- SEM 22 +/- 1 hr) than vehicle-treated dogs (18 +/- 1 hr), with significantly better neurologic function 1, 2, and 24 hours after arrest. Plasma fatty acid hydroperoxide concentrations 12 hours after arrest were 88 +/- 81 pmol/ml in U74006F-treated and 241 +/- 49 pmol/ml in vehicle-treated dogs (p less than 0.05). Vitamin E concentrations were significantly higher in the plasma of U74006F-treated dogs 2, 3, and 6 hours after arrest compared with vehicle-treated dogs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3188123 TI - Global cerebral ischemia and intracellular pH during hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia in cats. AB - In 27 cats treated to vary arterial serum glucose concentrations, we measured cerebral high-energy phosphate metabolite concentration and intracellular pH using in vivo phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy during transient global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Hypoglycemia was induced with 4 units/kg i.v. insulin in six cats before ischemia; hyperglycemia was induced with 1.5 g/kg i.v. glucose in six cats before and in six cats during ischemia. Nine untreated cats subjected to ischemia without manipulation of blood glucose concentration served as controls. During ischemia, intracellular pH fell to similar levels in the control and both hyperglycemic groups. During reperfusion, the hyperglycemic before ischemia group initially exhibited a severe further decline in intracellular pH (p less than 0.003); this further decline was not observed in the control or the hyperglycemic during ischemia groups. Intracellular acidosis was attenuated both during ischemia and early after reperfusion in the hypoglycemic before ischemia group. In all groups, cerebral high-energy phosphate metabolite concentrations were depleted during ischemia and then recovered to the same degree during reperfusion. Our data suggest that brain glucose stores before ischemia determine the severity and time course of intracellular acidosis during ischemia and reperfusion. PMID- 3188124 TI - Indomethacin ameliorates ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 sector. AB - The purpose of our experiment was to examine whether the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin ameliorates neuronal injury in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 sector following 5 minutes of forebrain ischemia. Thirty minutes before bilateral carotid artery occlusion, Mongolian gerbils were injected intraperitoneally with 1 (n = 10), 2 (n = 10), 5 (n = 12), or 10 (n = 7) mg/kg of indomethacin. Seven days after occlusion, the gerbils were perfusion-fixed and neuronal density in the hippocampal CA1 sector was assessed. The mean +/- SEM neuronal density in nine unoperated normal gerbils was 307 +/- 9/mm, in 10 untreated ischemic gerbils 55 +/- 21/mm, and in seven vehicle-treated ischemic gerbils 15 +/- 9/mm. The mean +/- SEM neuronal density in ischemic gerbils treated with 1, 2, 5, or 10 mg/kg indomethacin was 132 +/- 28/mm, 154 +/- 29/mm, 176 +/- 30/mm, and 136 +/- 39/mm, respectively. Indomethacin at any dose significantly ameliorated ischemic neuronal damage in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 sector. PMID- 3188125 TI - Comparison of [125I]HIPDm and [125I]iodoantipyrine in quantifying regional cerebral blood flow in rats. AB - We determined regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using [125I]HIPDm [N,N,N' trimethyl-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3-propanediamin e] and [125I]iodoantipyrine autoradiography under control and pathologic conditions (hypercapnia [acidosis], hypocapnia [alkalosis], and disrupted blood-brain barrier) conditions in 35 rats. In control rats, HIPDm rCBF (indicator fractionation method, n = 5) was lower than the corresponding IAP rCBF (diffusible indicator method, n = 4), most notably in the infratentorial regions and subcortical nuclei. In hypercapnia, rCBF increased by 100% and 37% in the HIPDm (n = 5) and IAP (n = 5) groups, respectively. In hypocapnia, IAP rCBF (n = 4) decreased 34% but HIPDm rCBF (n = 4) did not change. Following disruption of the blood-brain barrier by intracarotid infusion of mannitol in eight rats, both radiotracers (HIPDm n = 4, IAP n = 4) showed decreased rCBF to regions of disruption as defined by trypan blue extravasation. Our work indicates that modeling HIPDm uptake to quantify rCBF using the indicator fractionation method will underestimate blood flow and that HIPDm kinetics are influenced by compartmental pH dynamics that will limit the accuracy of this method in quantifying rCBF in pathologic conditions. PMID- 3188126 TI - Experimental model of symptomatic vasospasm in rabbits. AB - The common carotid arteries were ligated bilaterally 2 weeks before induction of subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. The rabbits were observed closely for clinical symptoms, and angiographic and pathologic investigations were performed. Thirteen experimental rabbits showed a progressing neurologic deficit that was worst on the fourth or fifth day after the subarachnoid hemorrhage. This symptomatic change did not occur in five rabbits without previous carotid ligation. Presumably, the rabbits with carotid ligation became symptomatic because they no longer had a collateral blood flow to compensate for the reduced blood flow in the basilar artery after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Our model of symptomatic vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage may be beneficial for future studies. PMID- 3188127 TI - Superior cerebellar artery infarction and vertebral artery dissection. AB - Isolated superior cerebellar artery infarction is rare, and the mechanism is often not readily apparent. We describe a patient with an isolated superior cerebellar artery infarction resulting from an ipsilateral vertebral artery dissection. Angiography demonstrated intraluminal clot in the superior cerebellar artery, suggesting artery-to-artery embolus as a mechanism of this uncommon stroke syndrome. PMID- 3188128 TI - Neurologic manifestations of atrial myxoma. A 12-year experience and review. AB - We present the results of a 12-year retrospective analysis of 11 patients, eight women and three men, aged 16-76 years, with pathologically documented atrial myxomas. Nine of the 11 patients were found to have a left atrial myxoma; right atrial myxomas were identified in two. Five of the 11 patients (45%) had abnormalities on neurologic examination, and five of five had computed tomographic evidence of nonhemorrhagic cerebral infarction. Neurologic symptoms were the initial presentation in four patients. Six patients reported a history of cardiac disease; eight of the 11 had abnormalities on cardiac auscultation. Echocardiography in 10 patients was diagnostic in all but one. Gated magnetic resonance imaging of the heart in two patients demonstrated myxoma position and movement. Follow-up examinations (varying from 1 month to 7 years after tumor resection) in nine of 11 patients demonstrated no recurrent neurologic symptoms. Cerebral infarction is a common complication of atrial myxomas and may be the presenting feature. Recurrent cerebral emboli before surgery is not uncommon. Cardiac auscultation may be normal, and electrocardiographic changes are often nonspecific. Delayed neurologic events following surgery are rare. PMID- 3188129 TI - Cerebral vasopasm and eclampsia. PMID- 3188130 TI - Antiplatelet agents in stroke prevention. PMID- 3188131 TI - Transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography and embolic stroke. PMID- 3188132 TI - The demand for family planning: a new approach. AB - A new "supply-demand" measure of family planning demand is compared with others commonly used to target prospective family planning clients. In analyses of data from six cross-sectional surveys the new measure consistently explains past contraceptive use better than the others. Time series analysis for two countries yields similar results. Family planning program officials may wish to consider exploring the use of this measure to target prospective clients. PMID- 3188133 TI - Contraceptive use and fertility in Paraguay, 1987. AB - In 1987, 38 percent of married Paraguayan women aged 15-44 were practicing contraception, with oral contraceptives being the most prevalent method. Fertility rates for the population were at corresponding levels, with an overall fertility rate of 5.4 births per woman. Fertility has not changed substantially for the nation as a whole since 1979, and contraceptive use has increased by only 6 percentage points. Findings from the present study are consistent with the lack of a public sector family planning program in the country. Pharmacies are the principal source of contraceptives in the country. Twenty-two percent of all women and one-third of married women are at risk of having an unplanned pregnancy. The greatest impact on contraceptive use can be made if new and continued program efforts focus n the interior of the Oriental region of the country. PMID- 3188134 TI - The domestic servant as family planning innovator: an Indian case study. AB - This paper reports on the relatively low fertility of female domestic servants in India. domestic servant have fewer numbers of ever-born and living children than women working in other occupations and women who are unemployed. This low fertility, which appears to be volitional, may have its roots in the incompatibility between the servant's reproductive and the productive roles, as well as in the changing values generated by continued exposure to a wealthier lifestyle. It is suggested that family planning messages aimed at and elicited by more "elite" classes may have a greater impact on fertility behavior than message from prompters with a socioeconomic background similar to the clients', which tend to concentrate on the harsher day-to-day realities of poverty. PMID- 3188135 TI - Characteristics of ovulation method acceptors: a cross-cultural assessment. AB - Five programs of instruction in the ovulation method (OM) in diverse geographic and cultural settings are described, and characteristics of approximately 200 consecutive OM acceptors in each program are examined. Major findings include: the religious background and family size of acceptors are variable, as is the level of previous contraceptive use. Acceptors are drawn from a wide range of socioeconomic and religious backgrounds; however, family planning intention was similarly distributed in all five countries. In sum, the ovulation method is accepted by persons from a variety of backgrounds within and between cultural setting. PMID- 3188136 TI - Colombia 1986: results from the Demographic and Health Survey. PMID- 3188138 TI - Miscounting suicides. AB - A review of research on the classification and counting of deaths reveals little hard evidence supporting claims that suicides are seriously underreported in the United States. The literature contains hints that much of what underreporting does occur is counterbalanced by "overcounting" (i.e., erroneous certifications of false suicides). An analysis of detailed cause-of-death mortality data for the United States indicates that the maximum likely undercount possible, using generous assumptions concerning misclassification frequency and leaving aside the issue of overcounts, was about 26% for 1980. The maximum likely net undercount, taking compensating overcounts into account, is estimated to be under 10%. PMID- 3188137 TI - Suicide ideation and attempts in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites: demographic and psychiatric disorder issues. AB - This study examined the lifetime prevalence of suicide ideation and attempts in a community sample of 1,425 Hispanics and 1,309 non-Hispanic whites. The relationship between psychiatric disorder (as assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, or DIS) and suicide ideation and attempts was also examined. Fewer Hispanics reported suicide ideation (8.8% vs. 18.9%; p less than .001) and suicide attempts (3.2% vs. 5.1%; p less than .001) than non-Hispanic whites. More women of both ethnic groups reported suicide attempts than men of either ethnic group (p less than .001). Disrupted marital bonds were typically associated with higher rates of ideation and attempts. Individuals with any DIS diagnosis were more than four times as likely to think about killing themselves (p less than .01) and more than seven times as likely to attempt suicide (p less than .01) as those without a psychiatric disorder. PMID- 3188139 TI - The underrecording of suicides in state and national records, Alaska, 1983-1984. AB - Information on Alaskan suicides has come primarily from studies based upon records obtained from the Alaska Bureau of Vital Statistics and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). To evaluate the accuracy of these statistics, state and national (NCHS) vital statistics records were searched for suicide deaths in Alaska in 1983-1984. Of 195 deaths meeting our case definition of suicide, only 141 (72%) appeared in state records and 112 (57%) appeared in NCHS records. Native suicides were more likely to be underrecorded than non Native suicides, even after differences in recording district personnel were adjusted for. Errors resulted primarily from delayed determinations of the cause of death and failure to update the records. PMID- 3188140 TI - A prospective investigation of suicidal ideation in college students: a test of a model. AB - In order to test the predictive validity of a stress--vulnerability model of suicide ideation and behavior, a longitudinal study was conducted with college undergraduates. Based on previous research (Bonner & Rich, 1987; Rich & Bonner, 1987a), measures of social/emotional alienation, adaptive resources for living, and cognitive rigidity were taken at the beginning of the semester and combined to develop a vulnerability score. Then, at midterm, measures of midterm stress and cumulative negative life stress were obtained from the same subjects. It was hypothesized that the vulnerability factor would interact with midterm and negative life stress to predict suicide ideation. Instead of an interactive model, a linear, compensatory model of suicide ideation was found. The combination of alienation, deficient adaptive resources, and life stress best predicted ideation scores. Implications for research and theory are noted. PMID- 3188141 TI - Cognitive predictors of depression and suicide ideation. AB - A total of 136 adult subjects who met the Research Diagnostic Criteria for major (unipolar) depression were assessed for intensity of depressive symptomatology (using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Beck Depression Inventory) and for lethality of current suicide ideation (using the Scale for Suicide Ideation). In addition, they were administered a variety of questionnaires assessing cognitive variables presumed to mediate depression and suicidality. Multiple regression analyses indicated that depressive symptomatology was best predicted by Beck's Hopelessness Scale in combination with the Detachment factor of the Crandell Cognitions Inventory. In addition, suicidality was significantly predicted by the Selective Abstraction and Overgeneralization factors of Lefebvre's Cognitive Error Questionnaire, when the effects of the Beck Depression Inventory were partialed out. The practical implications of these findings for discriminating suicidal from nonsuicidal depressives are discussed. PMID- 3188142 TI - Suicidal behavior in hospitalized schizophrenics. AB - A group of 131 hospitalized schizophrenics who had attempted suicide within the past year was compared with another group of 70 hospitalized schizophrenics who had not attempted suicide, using the Present State Examination (PSE) depressive symptoms. The former had a significantly higher number of symptoms indicative of a depressive disorder. PMID- 3188144 TI - A critical-mass theory of national suicide rates. AB - Suicide rates in nations of the world from 1970 to 1980 were examined to see whether absolute increases were related to the size of the suicide rates. It was found that nations with higher suicide rates experienced greater increases in their suicide rates. The results are seen as supporting a "critical-mass" theory and are consistent with an explanation in terms of suggestion. PMID- 3188143 TI - The participation of females in the labor force and rates of personal violence (suicide and homicide). AB - This study explored the relationship between the participation of married women in the labor force, both part-time and full-time, and rates of personal violence (suicide and homicide) in the continental United States. The participation of married women in the labor force was related to homicide rates. Homicide rates were higher in states where a greater percentage of married women worked full time. In contrast, suicide rates were more strongly related to indices of social integration (e.g., interstate migration and divorce rates). These results are discussed in terms of differences in social attitudes in the various regions of the United States and the stresses created by women's working. PMID- 3188145 TI - The case against rational suicide. PMID- 3188146 TI - Treatment of severe malarial anaemia in East Africa's underfives-an unsolvable problem since the advent of AIDS? PMID- 3188147 TI - Failure of chlorpromazine or amitriptyline ointments to influence the course of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. PMID- 3188148 TI - Natural infections of phlebotomine sandflies with Trypanosomatidae in central and south Italy. AB - In a survey of Leishmania infections of phlebotomine sandflies caught in central and south Italy in 1986, zymodeme MON-1 (Montpellier 1) of Leishmania infantum was isolated from Phlebotomus perniciosus and L. tarentolae [= Trypanosoma platydactyli?] was isolated from Sergentomyia minuta, providing for mainland Italy the first direct proof of these long-suspected parasite-vector associations. The roles of P. perfiliewi and P. perniciosus in the transmission of Leishmania spp. in Italy are discussed. PMID- 3188149 TI - Detection of Leishmania donovani in live experimental hamsters. PMID- 3188150 TI - An in vitro method for long-term maintenance of Leishmania donovani chagasi. PMID- 3188152 TI - A simple semi-defined culture medium for the growth of Trypanosoma rangeli. PMID- 3188151 TI - Chemotherapy of chronic trypanosomiasis: the failure of ketoconazole to cure murine infections of Trypanosoma brucei with central nervous system involvement. PMID- 3188153 TI - Schistosoma bovis in human stools in Republic of Niger. PMID- 3188154 TI - Combination chemotherapy of Echinococcus granulosus--in vitro studies. AB - Both benzimidazole carbamates and isoquinoline compounds have activity against protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus in culture in vitro; combinations of albendazole sulphoxide and praziquantel are more effective than either agent alone. PMID- 3188155 TI - In vitro culture of Echinococcus multilocularis: protoscolicidal action of praziquantel and albendazole sulphoxide. AB - The metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis was cultured in vitro. Sensitivity of protoscoleces to the presence of albendazole sulphoxide, praziquantel and methanol was assessed. 10 micrograms/litre of praziquantel or 500 micrograms/litre of albendazole sulphoxide significantly reduced protoscolex viability. The presence of methanol (at 0.25%) had no significant effect. In vitro culture of E. multilocularis can be used to assess possible chemotherapeutic agents. PMID- 3188156 TI - Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection in tropical Venezuela. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the seroprevalence of Toxocara canis infection in different socio-economic groups of the tropical population of Venezuela. The lack of definitive independent diagnostic criteria for toxocariasis required the establishment of operational upper limits of normality for Toxocara ELISA values, based upon their log normalized distribution in a presumptive "non-toxocariasis" sub-population. Only 1.8% of urban subjects of medium-high socio-economic level were considered to be clearly positive in Toxocara ELISA, compared to 20.0% of urban slum dwellers, 25.6% rural subsistence farmers and 34.9% Amazon Indians. As the test was performed using excretory-secretory antigen, and under conditions of competitive inhibition by soluble extracts of non-homologous parasites, co-infection by common intestinal helminths, protozoa or other organisms did not give rise to false positive results. However, strong cross-reactivity with Onchocerca volvulus may have influenced the prevalence figure obtained for the Amazon Indians. These results indicate that T. canis is yet another parasite that is widely distributed in economically underprivileged tropical populations. PMID- 3188157 TI - Clustering of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections within households. AB - A survey of 428 households in a shanty town in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico, revealed high prevalences of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. The data were analysed separately for A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura in order to investigate the spatial distribution of heavy infections through the town. Within each age class, those individuals with egg counts in the upper 20% of the range for that age were classified as "heavily infected". When the data were stratified by household size, it was found that the distribution of "heavily-infected" individuals was not random in the community. "Heavily-infected" individuals were found together in households; fewer household units had a single heavily-infected individual than would be expected by chance. Such a pattern could result either from genetic similarities among family members influencing their ability to mount an effective immunological response to infection, or focal transmission in the vicinity of the home, or both. This result may have important implications for the development of community control programmes. PMID- 3188159 TI - Serological diagnosis of neurocysticercosis: evaluation of ELISA tests using cyst fluid and other components of Taenia solium cysticerci as antigens. AB - An ELISA system was developed to assist with the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. Antigens were prepared from the fluid, the protoscolex and the cyst wall of cysticerci dissected from infected pigs. The fluid antigen was tested both fresh and after freeze-drying and one year's storage. Sera from patients with proven neurocysticercosis were most reactive using the fluid and least reactive using the cyst wall antigens. Freeze-drying and prolonged storage of fluid antigen did not reduce its reactivity and repeated testing of sera with this antigen gave optical density values within 15% of the original value. Using this ELISA system positive results were obtained from all patients with active neurocysticercosis. Sera from patients with calcified cysts were usually non-reactive or marginally reactive to the fluid antigen. PMID- 3188158 TI - Age-related prevalence, intensity and frequency distribution of gastrointestinal helminth infection in urban slum children from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. AB - The gastrointestinal helminth infection status of 1574 children living in a slum area of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia was assessed by quantitative coprology. Almost two thirds were infected with Trichuris trichiura, 49.6% with Ascaris lumbricoides, and 5.3% with hookworm. Infection prevalence rose rapidly to a stable asymptote at 7 years of age, and the age-intensity profile was convex with maximal values in the 5-10 year age classes. This pattern was the same for males and females, but differed markedly between different ethnic groups. The frequency distributions of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura were highly overdispersed (k values were 0.21 and 0.27, respectively), and age-dependent over the 0-8 year age classes. This suggests that the force of infection with these nematodes is lower in infants than in older children. PMID- 3188160 TI - Traditional treatment and community control of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in St Lucia, West Indies. PMID- 3188161 TI - Evidence against high contagiousness of Lassa fever. PMID- 3188162 TI - Sequelae of epidemic meningococcal meningitis in Africa. AB - Audiological and other long-term neurological sequelae were determined in 157 cases and their controls matched for age, sex and village 6 to 12 months after an epidemic of group A meningococcal meningitis in rural West Africa. 19 cases (12.1%) and 3 controls (1.9%) had moderate or severe neurological sequelae of any type (P less than 0.001); 6 cases (3.9%) and no controls had severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss (P = 0.03). There was no difference in conductive hearing loss between cases and controls. Other cranial nerve sequelae (except visual defects) and generalized neurological and motor and co-ordination sequelae were also significantly increased in cases. Sensorineural hearing loss and other cranial nerve sequelae occurred significantly more frequently in males than in females, and co-ordination sequelae more frequently in cases aged 10 years or more than in younger cases. Sensorineural hearing loss and loss of visual acuity were found significantly more frequently in cases whose treatment was delayed for 4 d or more, compared with those who received treatment sooner. PMID- 3188163 TI - Salmonella isolations from human faeces in Tripoli, Libya. AB - Salmonella isolation was attempted from 32,336 human faecal specimens obtained between 1975 and 1980 from cases of diarrhoea in hospitals and clinics in the area of Tripoli, Libya. 34 different Salmonella serotypes were identified, by far the most common being S. wien and S. muenchen. PMID- 3188164 TI - Halophilic Vibrio spp. associated with hard clams (Mercenaria spp.) from the Calabar river estuary. AB - One hundred and ten hard clams (Mercenaria spp.) harvested from the Calabar river estuary were examined for total platable heterotrophic bacteria and Vibrio spp. in their mantle fluids using estuarine salts agar and thiosulphate citrate bile salts sucrose agar plates respectively. The mean counts of heterotrophic bacteria and vibrios were 7.9 x 10(6) organisms/ml and 2.5 x 10(2) vibrios/ml respectively. The rate of vibrio infection was 58.2%. Of the clams positive for vibrios, 54 (84%) harboured dual infections (V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus) of the moderate grade (greater than or equal to 10(3) to 10(5) vibrios/ml). Single infections due to V. alginolyticus or V. parahaemolyticus, found in 16% of clams, were either low (less than 10(3) vibrios/ml), moderate (greater than or equal to 10(3) to 10(5) vibrios/ml), or high (greater than 10(5) vibrios/ml). Dual infections only were detected in clams with mantle fluid volumes greater than 30 ml. PMID- 3188165 TI - Human toxoplasmosis in Somalia. Prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies in a village in the lower Scebelli region and in Mogadishu. AB - The acquisition of Toxoplasma antibodies in various age groups was studied in 2 populations in Somalia, inhabitants of a village in the southern part of the country and residents in Mogadishu. The overall prevalence of antibodies was 56% in the village and 40% in Mogadishu. In both populations, antibodies were acquired early in life. At the age of 10 years, 44% of the villagers and 31% of the Mogadishu children were seropositive. In Europe and the USA the highest rate of antibody acquisition has been recorded in young adults. This difference may indicate different routes of transmission. In Europe and the USA Toxoplasma is transmitted mainly by the ingestion of undercooked pork or lamb. Undercooked meat is seldom consumed in Somalia, and pork not at all. However, the soil in Somalia is heavily contaminated with cat faeces and the humid climate in the southern part of the country may contribute to long survival of oocysts. In the villages all household activities are performed on the ground and in Mogadishu children play mainly outdoors on the ground. It therefore seems that conditions in Somalia favour transmission by oocysts rather than by infected meat. The early acquisition of antibodies in Somalia suggests that infection during pregnancy and, therefore, congenital toxoplasmosis are rare. PMID- 3188166 TI - Cryptosporidiosis in Chilean children. PMID- 3188167 TI - Brucellosis in hairy cell leukaemia. PMID- 3188168 TI - Studies on the factors affecting the haemolysin production of Vibrio mimicus isolated from clinical and environmental sources. AB - The in vitro production of haemolysin by Vibrio mimicus, a newly described aetiological agent for human diarrhoea, was determined using sheep erythrocytes. The effects of medium composition and sodium chloride concentration on haemolysin production and its heat stability were investigated. The haemolysin was produced optimally in brain-heart infusion broth and was unaffected by salt concentration up to 1.5%. However, haemolysin production decreased gradually with increasing concentrations of salt above 1.5%, with no production at 5% NaCl. Haemolytic activity was completely lost when culture supernatants were heated at 56 degrees C for 30 min. In general, clinical strains were more haemolytic than environmental strains. The assay system described is simple and rapid, and can be used to study the pathogenic potential of V. mimicus and other noncholera vibrio strains. PMID- 3188169 TI - Are nulliparous sandflies light-shy? PMID- 3188170 TI - Detection of fructose in wild-caught Phlebotomus argentipes and P. papatasi in Bihar, India. PMID- 3188171 TI - Tumbu fly myiasis in a child. PMID- 3188172 TI - Myositis due to Rickettsia conorii infection. PMID- 3188173 TI - Snake bite on the scalp with rapid onset of envenomation. PMID- 3188174 TI - AIDS and leishmaniasis. PMID- 3188175 TI - Treatment of the acute (toxaemic) phase of schistosomiasis with oxamniquine. PMID- 3188176 TI - Taking the heat out of laboratories. PMID- 3188177 TI - Abstracts of papers: American Association of Blood Banks, 41st annual meeting. October 8-13, 1988, Kansas City, Missouri. PMID- 3188178 TI - Comparative analysis of pharmacological agents following small bowel ischemia. PMID- 3188179 TI - Third International Symposium on Organ Procurement. December 2-4, 1987, Barcelona (Spain). Proceedings. PMID- 3188180 TI - Pituitary function in brain-stem dead organ donors: a prospective survey. PMID- 3188181 TI - Hormonal response to experimentally induced brain death. PMID- 3188182 TI - Transmission of cancer with donor organs. PMID- 3188184 TI - Misdiagnosis of metastatic cerebral choriocarcinoma in female cadaver donors. PMID- 3188183 TI - Organ transplants from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients. PMID- 3188185 TI - US public opinion concerning the procurement and distribution of donor organs. PMID- 3188186 TI - A study of donor families' reactions to letters from organ recipients. PMID- 3188187 TI - Is donor nephrectomy a safe procedure in the elderly? PMID- 3188188 TI - Will there still be an organ shortage in the year 2000? PMID- 3188189 TI - Organ donation in three major US cities by race/ethnicity. PMID- 3188190 TI - Rapid changes in the work of an international organ exchange organization: Eurotransplant. PMID- 3188191 TI - Mexican-American and Anglo-American attitudes toward organ donation. PMID- 3188192 TI - Multiorgan donors: a limited resource. PMID- 3188193 TI - Influence of cytoprotective agents on renal function after prolonged kidney preservation. PMID- 3188194 TI - Intermediate normothermic hemoperfusion of rat kidneys: functional aspects and a study into the effect of free radical scavengers. PMID- 3188195 TI - Evaluation of continuous low-dose intravenous cyclosporine in ATN kidneys. PMID- 3188196 TI - Beneficial effect of piracetam on renal blood flow in ischemically injured kidneys in the rat. PMID- 3188197 TI - Allopurinol and superoxide dismutase administration in prevention of rat kidney ischemic injury. PMID- 3188198 TI - Protective effect of inosine administration on ischemic rat liver cell injury. PMID- 3188199 TI - Free radicals and liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. PMID- 3188200 TI - Hormonal therapy--a new concept in the management of organ donors. Proceedings of the fourth annual Christiaan N. Barnard Symposium. December 4, 1987, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. PMID- 3188201 TI - Pathophysiology of brain death: intracranial aspects. PMID- 3188202 TI - Hemodynamic and electrocardiographic responses. PMID- 3188203 TI - Myocardial and pulmonary histopathologic changes. PMID- 3188204 TI - Endocrine changes and metabolic responses. PMID- 3188205 TI - XIIth International Congress for Tropical Medicine and Malaria. Amsterdam, September 18-23, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3188206 TI - Population pressure and the medical profession. PMID- 3188207 TI - Multiple pregnancy as a risk factor in rural Tanzania. AB - The prevalence of twin pregnancies in two rural hospitals in the South Western Highlands of Tanzania ranged from 15 to 20 per 1,000 births. The literature on the generally assumed high twinning rates in the whole of Africa is reviewed. High prevalence figures can be the result of hospital selection, as most African studies are hospital-based. Only from Nigeria, one population-based study revealed a rate of 45 per 1,000. In both hospitals perinatal mortality in twin births was strikingly low, especially when birthweight was at least 1,500 g: between 30 and 40 per 1,000 births. It is argued that there is no place for a more liberal use of caesarean section to further reduce perinatal mortality. PMID- 3188208 TI - Concurrent sickle cell disease and diabetes mellitus. AB - In an attempt to test our hypothesis that a child with sickle cell disease who developed diabetes mellitus early enough, could pass through the various stages of life undetected due to the protection offered by the glycosylation of sickle Hb, we have searched for evidence of the co-existence of the two diseases in Nigerians. We were, however, unable to find any HbSS-diabetic. This study, therefore, shows the extremely low prevalence rate of diabetes mellitus in sickle cell anaemia subjects, which makes it difficult for us to test our hypothesis. PMID- 3188209 TI - Sensorineural hearing loss in Ghanaians with sickle cell anaemia. AB - The prevalence of haemoglobin S in Ghana is well documented. A study seeking to determine the prevalence of sensorineural deafness in Ghanaian sickle cell anaemia patients was conducted. About 29% of the SS-patients studied showed hearing losses ranging from 30 to 60 dB in the high frequency range of 4 to 8 kHz. This observation was favourable compared to those made by different workers among geographically different populations. PMID- 3188210 TI - Pneumococcal infections in eastern Saudi Arabia: serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity patterns. AB - The serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections were studied in 208 patients. Male to female ratio was 3 to 1. The main underlying diseases were cardiopulmonary disease (53%), sickle cell disease (13%), diabetes mellitus (11%) and malignancies (11%). The commonest infections were conjunctivitis, bronchopulmonary infections and otitis media. Serotypes 6 and 19 were the most common, especially in children, constituting 66% of the isolates. All the isolates were sensitive to penicillin, ampicillin and vancomycin, but 65% were resistant to cotrimoxazole. Penicillin, therefore, remains the best antimicrobial agent for treatment. All the serotypes are represented in the polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine available in the country; therefore some benefit can be expected from vaccination especially in the high risk patients. PMID- 3188211 TI - Thiamin intakes and erythrocyte thiamin levels in eleven-year-old children in the Western Cape. AB - Dietary intake of thiamin has been evaluated in a series of 615 eleven-year-old children in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Thiamin intakes, determined by 24-hour recall and local food composition tables, were highest in rural white children (boys 1.49 mg/day, girls 1.11 mg), followed by rural black (Xhosa) children (1.33, 1.15 mg), and lowest in rural (1.18, 1.11 mg) and urban coloured (Euro-African-Malay) subjects (1.11, 0.85 mg). The group means exceeded WHO recommended daily intakes except for urban coloured girls. Thiamin nutritional status was determined by automated microbiological assay of thiamin in erythrocytes in a subsample of 69 children. One urban coloured child was thiamin deficient. The highest mean value (69.4 micrograms/l) was found in rural coloured children, followed by their urban counterparts (64.8 micrograms/l) and black rural children (63.6 micrograms/l). Rural white children had the lowest mean value (60.3 micrograms/l). In general, thiamin stores in these children appear to be adequate. PMID- 3188213 TI - An observation of the dynamics of intestinal helminth infections in two isolated communities in south-western Nigeria. AB - School pupils aged 8-12 years with triple infections of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms at Iwaya, a large urban slum in Lagos State and Iworoko/Igbemo, a rural farming community in Ondo State, Nigeria, were given single dose treatment of levamisole (40 mg.). Subsequent worm accumulation was studied by egg counts per gram of faeces on the 2nd week, 3rd, 5th, 9th and 12th months after treatment. Worm infection rates and load were heavier at Iwaya. The rates of worm recruitment were also higher at Iwaya. The differences observed between Iwaya and Iworoko/Igbemo communities were due to the huge population concentration in the former, low level of hygiene, poor drainage and complete absence of municipal facilities. PMID- 3188212 TI - Hearing in primary school children in an iodine-deficient population in Chinamhora, Zimbabwe. AB - Chinamhora, Zimbabwe is an area of known endemic goiter and iodine deficiency. Out of 211 primary school children living in the area who had been recruited for a study of the effects of iodine administration, 121 were randomly selected for audiometric testing. All had normal hearing. One further child already noted to have hearing difficulties was tested and found to have fairly severe bilateral nerve deafness, although this was unlikely to have been due to endemic cretinism. Urine iodine/creatinine ratios in 61 out of the 211 children were mostly in the range 50-100 micrograms/g. There is no general impairment of hearing associated with mild to moderate iodine deficiency in this population. PMID- 3188214 TI - A house-to-house survey of neonatal tetanus in urban and rural areas in the Gondar region, Ethiopia. AB - A house-to-house survey of neonatal tetanus was performed in 30 population clusters in Gondar, Northwestern Ethiopia. At the end of the survey 37,219 households were visited and 2010 live births were recalled. Out of the 2010 live born children 127 had died. Eighty died during the neonatal period. Nine of the neonatal deaths were due to tetanus, giving a neonatal tetanus mortality rate of 4.5/1000 live births. The problem of neonatal tetanus in developing countries, particularly that of Ethiopia, is discussed. PMID- 3188215 TI - Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in the Luapula Valley, Zambia. AB - A community based cross-sectional study on the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment was carried out between August and December 1985 in the Luapula Valley. The study population consisted of 2503 villagers aged 6 years and above. Visual acuity was done on every participant whereas slit-lamp examination and ophthalmoscopy were done on selected individuals when indicated. The overall prevalence of monocular and bilateral blindness was 6.9% and 3.6% respectively. Cataracts and corneal opacities were the most common causes of visual loss in those aged 50 years and above. We conclude that blindness is an important public health problem in this valley and that this data provides a background that can be used to evaluate blindness prevention programmes that will be implemented in the future. PMID- 3188216 TI - Addison's disease presenting with marked eosinophilia and psychosis. AB - A 48-year-old man was admitted with hypotension, hyperpigmentation, neuromuscular dysfunction and psychiatric symptoms. Serum sodium values were low and serum potassium values high. He had marked eosinophilia. A clinical diagnosis of Addison's disease was made. He initially responded satisfactorily to corticosteroid replacement but died suddenly at home. Postmortem examination showed miliary tuberculosis. The need to treat Addison's disease in the third world with antituberculous drugs even in absence of clear evidence of active tuberculosis is stressed. PMID- 3188217 TI - Serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the ovary in a Nigerian child. AB - Serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the ovary is rare in childhood and has not hitherto been reported in Nigeria. This paper describes the first case of this neoplasm in a six-year-old Nigerian school girl. The mode of presentation and management is discussed. PMID- 3188218 TI - Kawasaki disease in an adult Trinidadian male. AB - Since Kawasaki in 1967 described the first case of mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome which presented as an acute febrile illness in young children, the syndrome has occasionally been reported in adults in the U.S.A. The present communication describes the first adult case reported from the West Indies. PMID- 3188219 TI - Beliefs and practices related to diarrhoeal diseases among mothers in Gondar region, Ethiopia. AB - A survey was carried out amongst a population of 6236 on diarrhoeal mortality and morbidity along with beliefs and practices at Addis Zemen, Northwestern Ethiopia. The prevalence (13.5%) and the proportion of diarrhoea related deaths (41.7%) were high among children below five years. Most of the mothers believed that diarrhoea was caused by the will of God (33.1%) and by sorcery (11.5%). Medication ranged from modern drugs (37.4%) oral rehydration therapy (ORT) (26.2%), and traditional medicine (22.4%). 86.1% continued breast feeding during diarrhoea. About 81.2% of mothers who used ORT believed that ORT would stop diarrhoea. The prevalent beliefs related to breast feeding and the usage of ORT are useful and should be encouraged with proper education of mothers on the significance of ORT in prevention and correction of dehydration. PMID- 3188220 TI - Self-medication with chloroquine for malaria prophylaxis in urban and rural Zimbabweans. AB - Representatives of 200 urban and 200 rural households were interviewed to determine the extent and appropriateness of the use of chloroquine obtained over the-counter for malaria prophylaxis. Malaria prophylaxis was taken by 38 urban and 65 rural respondents. Chloroquine was the only drug used and was found in 7 urban and 40 rural households. The presence of chloroquine was detected in 4/130 urban and 11/136 rural urine samples tested. Knowledge about chloroquine was unsatisfactory with 6 urban and 10 rural respondents aware that chloroquine could have harmful adverse effects. The doses of chloroquine taken for prophylaxis varied widely, and of the 103 respondents who took prophylaxis only 16% (urban) and 31% (rural) were taking the correct dose. Self-medication accounts for a substantial, little acknowledged, portion of chloroquine use. To limit appropriate use of a powerful, potentially dangerous antimalarial drug and perhaps extend the useful therapeutic life of chloroquine clear recommendations and population education are needed. PMID- 3188221 TI - Diabetes and cassava in Dominica. AB - A study of 110 non-insulin dependent diabetics and 110 controls failed to find evidence that chronic consumption of cassava flour containing significant amounts of cyanide, predisposes to diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3188222 TI - Netherlands Society for Parasitology, autumn meeting. Leiden, October 30, 1987. Abstracts. PMID- 3188223 TI - [Frequency of chromosome aberration in liver cells of rats of various ages]. AB - Frequency of chromosome aberrations in the liver cells of hepatectomized Wistar rats aged 3, 9, 12 and 18 months was studied. Changes in the number of chromosomes and damage of their structure at the metaphase stage of the first division hepatocytes are analyzed. The content of aneuploid cells was 1-3% of the total number of metaphases studied and did not change with the age of animals. Frequency of chromosomal aberrations increased with aging from 1.3 to 6.9 in rats aged 3 and 18 months, respectively, mainly due to chromatid-type aberrations. PMID- 3188224 TI - [Effect of Bac. intermedius RNAse on a cell population of ascitic lympholeukemia NKLy]. AB - RNAase of Bac. intermedius and a modification of this enzyme containing a histidine-inactivated active site were studied for their influence on the activity of proliferation of murine ascitic lympholeukemia cells (NKLy) using a 3H thymidine label. Each mouse received a single intraperitoneal injection (dosage 1 mg per kg) of the normal or inactivated enzyme. It was shown that irrespective of the catalytic activity both enzyme preparations decreased the proliferative activity of the cells, blocked G2-M, slowed the course of the prophase and metaphase of meiosis, diminished the number of cells synthetizing DNA and lowered the intensity of labelling. After 24 hours all these characteristics returned to normal. PMID- 3188226 TI - [Ultrastructure of the interphase nucleoli of pig embryonic kidney cells during their compensatory hypertrophy and degradation due to local UV microirradiation]. AB - As shown elsewhere, the ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of one of the two nucleoli of the interphase cell nucleus results in inactivation and degradation of the irradiated nucleus and in the compensatory growth and activation of the nonirradiated one. In the present work we studied the ultrastructure of degraded and hypertrophied nucleoli in PK-cells with the aid of serial ultrathin sections. The compensatory hypertrophy of the nucleoli was shown to be accompanied by a significant increase in the number of fibrillar centers (FC) and a decrease in their linear size compared with the control ones; in the degraded nucleoli, the FCs number went down, while the size of FCs increased. Overall, the structural changes of the degraded nucleoli upon their UV microirradiation corresponded to those caused by the action of other known inhibitors of rRNA. The capacity of nucleoli for compensatory hypertrophy indicates that apart from the operating ribosomal genes, the cell also contains latent r-genes which may be activated under extreme conditions so as to sustain the required level of rRNA synthesis. It is suggested that such an activation is accompanied by a "fragmentation" of the original FCs into smaller and more numerous ones. PMID- 3188225 TI - [Case of unbalanced translocation (18, 22) in a child with congenital mental retardation]. AB - A cytogenetical examination of a boy aged 4 with congenital mental deficiency and multiple anomalies of its phenotype has revealed unbalanced translocation (18, 22) (18 qter----cen----22 qter). PMID- 3188227 TI - [The surface topography of the NIH 3T3 line in proliferating and resting states]. AB - The surface topography of resting (serum-deprived) and proliferating (serum stimulated) NIH 3T3 monolayer cell cultures has been examined by scanning electron microscopy. During G1 and S periods of the cell cycle the cells exhibited well pronounced surface microvilli localized mainly in the perinuclear zone, whereas serum deprivation led to a relatively smooth surface with few microvilli. The observed differences are not likely to be associated with the degree of cell spreading over the substrate, rather reflecting metabolic peculiarities of proliferating and resting cells. PMID- 3188229 TI - [Approaches to the analysis of reciprocal chromosome distribution in the bone marrow cells of mice]. AB - A study was made of G-banding chromosome preparations made of bone marrow cells of BALB/c mouse females, injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of the antibiotic adriamycin 23 hours before sacrifice. Frequencies of different chromosome fusions in pericentromeric regions were analysed. All chromosomes were found to be involved in the interchromosomal associations, different chromosomes participating in such fusions with different frequency. No associations of homologous chromosomes were observed. For each chromosome a limited number of preferential partners for fusion was revealed, the number of such partners for different chromosomes varying. Almost for a half of chromosomes, chromosome 15 was one of the most preferred partners. Possible significance of the data obtained is discussed for the analysis of principles of the spatial chromosome arrangement in murine bone marrow cells. PMID- 3188228 TI - [The formation of an endoplasmic microfilament layer during fibroblast spreading]. AB - Spread fibroblasts contain a dense microfilament sheath under the dorsal cell surface in the endoplasmic region. The formation of the sheath during spreading of mouse embryo fibroblasts was studied using electron microscopy of platinum replicas. At the first stages of spreading the actin meshwork comprising the pseudopodial cytoskeleton arises at the cell edges. The actin of unattached pseudopodia moves centripetally and forms a circular microfilament bundle at the endoplasm periphery. Simultaneously, the microfilament cortex in the endoplasm appears to disassemble. Due to a continuous supply of polymerized actin from the periphery to the circular bundle the latter becomes wider to cover gradually the endoplasm and to form the microfilament sheath. Anchoring of centripetally moving microfilaments at the sites of cellular contacts with the substratum leads to the formation of radial actin bundles. PMID- 3188231 TI - Pulmonary tuberculosis in health service staff--is it still a problem? AB - Twenty-three new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were notified among 21,951 National Health Service staff working in the Lothian area during the 6 years 1978 1983. Eight of the 23 cases were detected by pre-employment screening. Five further cases were detected during employment by voluntary chest X-ray screening. During the same period a further 10 cases presented with symptoms, suggesting that voluntary screening during employment was relative unproductive in the detection of new cases. There was no evidence of an increased risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in most occupational groups of Health Service staff; the average annual incidence during employment was 11/10(5) overall with 9/10(5) in nurses and 23/10(5) in doctors, rates very similar to the local population of working age. However two cases occurred in 300 medical laboratory technicians giving a much higher incidence of 111/10(5) (p less than 0.005). PMID- 3188230 TI - Risk factors associated with the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among sanitary workers in Shanghai. AB - The association between potential risk factors and the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis was studied in Shanghai Bureau of Sanitation. The study identified a total of 202 cases among 30,289 subjects, and showed that smoking, in particular heavy smoking, had a strong association with tuberculosis after simultaneous adjustment for other factors. Using a multivariate binomial regression, the factors adjusted included the age, sex, history of contact, area of housing and type of work. The relative risk of heavy smokers compared with nonsmokers was 2.17 (95% confidence interval 1.29-3.63). The study showed that although males and old age were associated with a higher risk of tuberculosis than females and young age respectively, these differences were due to the smoking factor. The study also found that the risk of tuberculosis among the subjects with previous patient contacts was twice as high as that among the non-contacts. PMID- 3188233 TI - Primary tuberculous liver abscess associated with the human immunodeficiency virus. AB - Extrapulmonary tuberculosis has been noted to occur frequently in patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Tuberculous liver abscesses are rare. The following case report describes a patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) antibody who exemplifies this unusual manifestation of mycobacterial infection. PMID- 3188232 TI - Protective effect of BCG vaccination in Norway 1956-73. AB - The protective effect of BCG vaccination in Norway in the first 10 years after vaccination is estimated to have been 80%. The effect was higher during the first 5 years after vaccination than during the next 5 years. Restricting the calculation to infectious cases only the protective effect was 60%. PMID- 3188234 TI - Tuberculosis of the pancreas: a case report. AB - A 73-year-old female died of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ system failure (MOSF) after a routine cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. An autopsy revealed disseminated tuberculosis with a tuberculous abscess of the pancreas. PMID- 3188235 TI - Utilisation of ethanol as sole carbon source by Mycobacterium marinum. PMID- 3188237 TI - The management of tuberculosis in refugees along the Thai-Kampuchean border. AB - The treatment of tuberculosis in refugees living in campus along the Thai Kampuchean border has remained a controversial issue since the beginning of the Khmer relief operation in 1979. During the 1984-85 dry season, war-related disruptions forced the evacuation of the 240,000 residents of 21 camps into evacuation sites in Thailand. Seven tuberculosis treatment programmes, using a fully supervised, daily protocol of isoniazid(H), rifampicin(R), pyrazinamide(Z) and streptomycin(S) 3 HRZS/HR, (6 months for pulmonary and 9 months for extrapulmonary tuberculosis), were able to continue operation, with acceptably low rates of default from therapy. During the 18 month period beginning in July 1984, 984 patients were started on treatment: 755 completed a full course while 86 defaulted. The programme design and organisation are described. PMID- 3188236 TI - Immune status in tuberculosis and response to treatment. AB - Thirty hospitalized patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis were studied prospectively with a range of in vitro and in vivo tests of immune function. Responses were compared with those of healthy controls matched for age, sex, ethnic group and diet. A series of metabolic and immunologic abnormalities was found, including evidence of undernutrition, anaemia, neutrophil leucocytosis, monocytosis, lymphopenia, hyperglobulinaemia and raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Some patients had accelerated, others diminished, cutaneous tuberculin hypersensitivity, and some had diminished mononuclear cell proliferative and lymphokine responses to tuberculin (purified protein derivative, PPD). The patients were not uniform in their responsiveness, but could be arranged within a spectrum which showed a relationship to crude bacillary excretion and response to treatment. 27% of patients were characterized by hypersensitivity, with normal in vitro cellular responses and skin tests to PPD, scanty bacillary excretion and rapid bacteriologic sputum conversion to negative cultures with treatment. In contrast, 30% of patients were relatively anergic with negative skin tests, reduced or absent in vitro cellular reactivity to PPD, moderate or heavy bacillary excretion and later (greater than 4 weeks) bacteriologic sputum conversion. The remainder of the patients fell between these two groups. There were no correlations between cellular immunity on the one hand, and radiological extent of disease, levels of serum immunoglobulins, peripheral white cell counts or ESR on the other. In those patients followed throughout treatment, all the abnormalities with the exceptions of arm muscle circumference and serum albumin, reverted to the normal ranges established in the control group. PMID- 3188238 TI - Mortality for tracheal, bronchial and lung cancer: possibilities and limits in data quality-control. AB - Linkage of various archives (municipal, hospital, autopsy) has enabled the authors to reconstruct the flow of information regarding death due to tracheal, bronchial or lung cancer (TBL ca) for the population residing within the Municipality of Ferrara during the period 1983-1985. The authors subsequently attempted to verify the cause of death by performing quality controls on clinical charts, radiologic findings, cytohistologic examinations and autopsy findings. Analysis of the data obtained in this manner suggests that municipal records are more "accurate" than are hospital records. The authors likewise indicate the usefulness and importance of the autopsy for a correct diagnosis of cause of death. PMID- 3188239 TI - Polyamine oxidase activity in serum of cancer patients and healthy subjects. AB - Polyamine oxidase (PAO) activity was determined in the serum of cancer patients and healthy subjects. However, the data obtained showed that PAO activity was extremely low or undetectable in the serum of cancer patients and healthy subjects. The difference in PAO activity observed between the sera of cancer patients and healthy subjects was statistically insignificant. Thus, the measurement of PAO activity in serum has no value as a cancer marker. PMID- 3188240 TI - Reactive astrocytes in the morphologic composition of peripheral areas of gliomas. AB - The participation of reactive astrocytes in the morphologic composition of peripheral areas of 25 gliomas was investigated. Reactive astrocytes were studied by the immunohistochemical demonstration of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. Reactive astrocytes were more abundant around malignant gliomas than around well-differentiated astrocytomas. They underwent modifications when entrapped within the tumor proliferation and became indistinguishable from tumor astrocytes. Mitoses occurred in both types of cells. Reactive astrocytes did participate in the cell composition of gliomas. They might have contributed to tumor growth. Practically, their occurrence might lead to an erroneous diagnosis when small fragments of tissue are examined. PMID- 3188241 TI - Morphologic, immunologic, and cytogenetic characteristics of secondary acute unclassifiable leukemia in Hodgkin's disease. AB - Blast cells from five cases of secondary unclassifiable leukemia following therapy for Hodgkin's disease were studied by cytochemical, immunological and cytogenetic analyses. Cytochemical and immunological reactivity were in accordance with poorly differentiated, myeloid blasts. The four cases in which karyotype analysis was performed showed specific chromosomal abnormalities. No evidence of multiple lineage involvement was found. Problems in classifying these cases of secondary ANLL were due to the high grade of undifferentiation of the blast cells. Their low cytochemical reactivity with markers of myeloid differentiation was similar to what may be observed in patients with acute undifferentiated leukemia or with chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis. PMID- 3188242 TI - Selection criteria in colorectal cancer screening. AB - The authors report the results of a risk questionnaire (RQ) used in a population based screening program for colorectal cancer. The positive predictive value (PPV) for cancer or adenoma was evaluated for the Hemoccult test (HO) and for all RQ items (symptoms, personal and familial risk) in 8,114 cases, by univariate and multivariate analysis. A significant correlation with the presence of cancer or adenoma was observed for HO-positive tests, whereas a significant correlation was absent for most RQ variables. The use of an RQ in screening practice is disregarded since it does not improve the rate of cancer detection. Moreover, the increase in the detection rate of HO-negative adenomas does not justify the high rate (0.18) of screening responders selected for endoscopic diagnostic workup, a figure which influences negatively the overall compliance to screening. PMID- 3188243 TI - The double contrast barium enema in the identification of proximal colonic adenomas and carcinomas beyond the limits of fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy. AB - Eight hundred and twenty patients were examined by fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy (SIG) and double contrast barium enema (DCBE) to detect colonic cancers or adenomas. Cancer or adenoma in the bowel tract proximal to the upper limit of SIG insertion was detected in 4 patients and in 12 on DCBE. The DCBE detection rate of proximal colonic lesions varied according to the hemoccult (HO) outcome. This was 1.16% for cancer and 2.03% for adenoma in HO+ patients and null for cancer and 1.23% for adenoma in HO- patients. The detection rate of proximal adenomas was higher in patients who presented adenomas on endoscopy in the distal bowel (SIG+), 2.46% as compared to 0.48% in SIG- patients, independent of the HO reports. Routine DCBE is practically useless in HO-SIG- patients and questionable in HO-SIG+ patients since improvement of the detection rate is null for cancer and moderate for adenoma. It is recommended for HO+ patients because it increases the colonic cancer detection rate (10.5% in this study). PMID- 3188244 TI - Intra-arterial chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer. AB - The results of prolonged intra-arterial chemotherapy in 61 patients with locally advanced bladder cancer (T3-T4) are discussed. Regional internal iliac artery infusion of chemotherapeutic agents was done daily for 5 or 7 days at a rate of 1 to 3 ml/h over an 18-20-h period. The total dosages of each course were 60-120 mg/m2 adriamycin, 2.5-3.5 g/m2 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 20-40 mg/m2 methotrexate or 30-50 mg/m2 cisplatin. At 3 to 4 weeks after the completion of infusional chemotherapy the results were evaluated, based on data from control cystoscopy and sonography. One patient (1.6%) was free of tumor; an objective response of greater than 50% reduction in tumor size occurred in 26 (42.7%) patients; 34 (55.7%) demonstrated objective responses of less than 50%. No further increase in tumor size during the management was detected. Hematuria, dysuria and urine infection were controlled and pain was relieved. The use of cytostatics and prolonged iliac artery catheterization did not incur any serious complications. PMID- 3188245 TI - Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in advanced and recurrent cervical cancer. AB - Nineteen consecutive patients with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer were treated with cisplatin 20 mg/m2 plus 5-fluorouracil 200 mg/m2 on days 1-5 every 3 weeks. Toxicity was acceptable and manageable, with most patients treated on an outpatient basis. The most important side effect was dose-cumulative neurotoxicity. In 18 evaluable patients a 61% objective response rate (1 complete and 10 partial) was achieved. In recurrent disease the regimen was effective both in irradiated lesions and in non-irradiated ones. Two out of five patients not previously treated with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy responded to the treatment but tumor regression was insufficient for the disease to be controlled radically by subsequent surgery or radiotherapy. The median duration of response was 11 months (3-23) and the actuarial survival rate after 36 months follow-up was 43.3%. PMID- 3188246 TI - Sacral chordoma and rehabilitative treatment of urinary disorders. AB - Sacral chordoma is one of the rarest tumors of the central nervous system (less than 1% of the entire group). Mictional disorders are among the most frequent symptoms and are caused by the extrinsic compression brought to bear on the cauda equina and by surgical demolition of the sacrum. Seven patients who had undergone sacral resection for chordoma, starting from S2, were followed for at least one year. It was observed that mictional disorders were often early symptoms signalling the presence of chordoma. Several patients were affected by a complete bladder denervation (infrasacral lesion) after surgery. Early rehabilitative treatment given after surgery for one year restored normal bladder functions in all the patients whose bladder denervation seemed to be not total (negative Lapides' test). Even when a complete infrasacral lesion of the bladder has been ascertained, early rehabilitative treatment may well prevent serious renal damage. PMID- 3188248 TI - Leiomyoma of the kidney. AB - This is the report of a 27-year old woman with a symptomatic leiomyoma of the left kidney. Symptoms consisted of a mild discomfort at the left flank and a walking difficulty. A left radical nephrectomy was performed. The tumor measured 15 cm in its largest diameter and was composed of elongated cells which demonstrated positive reactivity with anti-desmin and anti-actin antisera and negative reactivity for S-100 protein and cytokeratins. Histologic differential diagnosis is with other spindle cell renal tumors such as leiomyosarcoma, mesoblastic nephroma, angiomyolipoma, fibroma, schwannoma and sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3188247 TI - Radio-hyperthermia for subcutaneous metastasis of hemangiopericytoma of the mediastinum: case report. AB - Hemangiopericytoma is a rare type of neoplasia originating from the Zimmermann pericytes and can arise in numerous sites. As it is difficult to correlate the histologic aspect with the prognosis, it was considered advisable to take account of other factors such as age and tumoral site. Aggressive surgery followed by irradiation therapy is suggested as the most suitable management. Hyperthermia also was adopted in treating subcutaneous metastasis, but its role has yet to be fully defined. PMID- 3188249 TI - Benign lipoblastoma: first case report of a mesenteric origin. AB - A case of benign lipoblastoma of the mesentery, surgically resected in a 4-year old boy, is reported, with data on its gross and histologic features. Both diffuse lipoblastomatosis and single benign lipoblastoma have been observed in different anatomical sites, mostly involving the subcutaneous tissue, and only sporadic cases of mediastinal or retroperitoneal lipoblastomas have been reported. The present case therefore appears to be the first description of a lipoblastoma arising from mesentery. The main tumoral lesions with which lipoblastoma can be confused are briefly discussed. PMID- 3188250 TI - [Vitamin D-dependent protein of smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes of rat enterocytes]. AB - DEAE-cellulose chromatography and SDS-PAAG electrophoresis were used to study proteins from endoplasmic reticulum of smooth and rough enterocyte membranes in the vitamin D-replete and deficient rat. The membrane-bound vitamin-D-dependent protein with a molecular weight of 21-25 kDa is shown to consist of the endoplasmic reticulum of smooth membranes. The intensive binding of calcium by these membranes is established. PMID- 3188251 TI - [Affinity chromatography of human gamma-thrombin on fibrin-agarose]. AB - gamma-Thrombin was produced during autolysis or limited proteolysis of coagulant gamma-thrombin. This thrombin form loses its ability to coagulate fibrinogen but preserves the esterase and amidase activity on the low-molecular-weight synthetic substrates. This evidences for the integrity of the active site of gamma-thrombin and for the integrity break of the enzyme molecule region responsible for the binding with fibrinogen. gamma-Thrombin with the minimal coagulating activity, possessing high esterase and amidase activity is obtained. Fibrin-agarose possessing affinity to gamma-thrombin and specifically not binding gamma-thrombin was used to remove admixtures of the coagulant gamma-thrombin from the preparations of gamma-thrombin obtained during the enzyme autolysis. PMID- 3188252 TI - [Isolation and properties of lysyl-tRNA-synthetase from rabbit skeletal muscles]. AB - A method is developed to isolate lysyl-tRNA-synthetase from 93-95%-purity postribosomal supernatant fraction of skeletal muscle homogenate in rabbit. Novelty of the method is the ATP usage for muscle homogenization, which permits shortening the number of operations during the enzyme isolation. The molecular weight of protein is 68 +/- 10 kDa, the monomer unit consists of 540 amino acids and contains a carbohydrate component. PMID- 3188253 TI - [Interaction of fibrinogen and fibrin with protamine sulfate]. AB - Fibrinogen and fibrin sedimentation by different protamine sulphate preparations have been studied. Ionic strength and protamine sulphate concentration are found to influence the sedimentation reaction (paracoagulation). High sedimentation activity is inherent in protamine sulphate preparations with the lower electrophoretic mobility, that is with the higher molecular weight. The protamine sulphate reaction with fibrinogen and fibrin is of electrostatic character as the long polycationic chain of protamine is coupled with the negatively charged loci either of fibrin or of fibrinogen molecules, thus evoking aggregation. In this case the fibrin molecules being brought together favour the specific mutual binding due to the active sites of polymerization, specific fibres or gel being formed. PMID- 3188254 TI - [Effect of salt composition of the medium and ethanol on cholinesterase hydrolysis of various substrates]. AB - Sodium chloride, phosphate buffer and ethanol were studied for their effect on butyryl cholinesterase hydrolysis rate of acetylcholine, acetylthiocholine, butyrylthiocholine and nonion substrate of indophenylacetate. The concentrations of 1.10(-2) = 1.10(-1) M of sodium chloride activated enzymatic hydrolysis of ion substrates at the concentrations lower than 1.10(-4) M but sodium chloride is a competitive inhibitor at higher concentrations. Phosphate buffer also activates substrates enzyme hydrolysis at the concentrations of 2.10(-4) M and lower, but it inhibits incompetitively the nonion substrate indophenylacetate hydrolysis. Ethanol activates butyrylthiocholine hydrolysis and is a competitive inhibitor in acetylthiocholine and indophenylacetate hydrolysis. The observed effects are discussed on the assumption of two forms of butyrylcholinesterase E' and E" existence. These two forms are determined by different kinetic parameters and are in equilibrium. PMID- 3188255 TI - [Structuro-functional characteristics of aldolase from rabbit muscles in diabetes]. AB - The structural peculiarities of rabbit muscle aldolase accompanying enhancement of the aldolase activity in diabetes are described from the data of tryptophan phosphorescence at the room temperature and fluorescence polarization. It is shown that the pathology-concomitant conformational changes occur in both the hydrophobic part and NAD-binding site of the enzyme. The character of the structural changes in the hydrophobic part of the protein in diabetes and an increase in the enzymic activity are similar to that observed in normal aldolase after its interaction with NADH and are believed to be associated with the enhancement of the rigidity in the Trp-147 environment. PMID- 3188256 TI - [The effect of somatotropin on adenosine deaminase activity in tissues of rats with hypo- and hyperthyroidism]. AB - It has been shown that under hypothyrosis (thyroidectomy) the adenosine deaminase activity in the total suspension of thymocytes does not change as compared with that of intact rats. When suspension of thymocytes was separated by centrifugation in the ficoll-urografin density gradient into 6 fractions the enzyme activity has been found to increase by 83 and 31%, respectively, in light fractions with the ficoll density of 1.065 and 1.071 and to decrease by 21% in the fraction with density of 1.095 as compared with the intact rats. The enzyme activity in spleen homogenate of hypothyroid rats is higher by 72% than the norm. This activity in thymocytes and spleen of hyperthyroid rats is lower by 37% and 30% respectively. Somatotropin administration to rats normalizes these changes. PMID- 3188257 TI - [Various enzymatic and nonenzymatic pathways of acetaldehyde transformation]. AB - In blood acetaldehyde is bound to hemoglobin and serum albumin and interacts with low-molecular-weight components--cysteine, glutathione. The association constants for human serum albumin and human hemoglobin are about 30 M-1 and 410 M-1, respectively. The SH-groups of hemoglobin play an essential role in the interaction of protein with acetaldehyde. The reversible complexes of acetaldehyde with proteins can transform into stable adducts after long incubation with albumin, some other blood proteins but not with immunoglobulins. Acetaldehyde participates as a substrate in the reaction of acetoin formation in homogenates of different tissues. The rate of acetoin formation is about 15 +/- 3 mmol/min per 1 gram of the tissue and essentially increases in the presence of pyruvate. PMID- 3188258 TI - [Acetoin metabolism in animal tissues]. AB - The acetoin-synthesizing activity has been studied in the skeletal muscles, brain, liver and spleen homogenates (numbered as the activity decreases). The acetoin-synthesizing activity drastically increases in case of the acetaldehyde excess and alcohol intoxication. The acetaldehyde concentrations of above 1.10( 3) M inhibit the liver pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and increase the non oxidative transformation of pyruvate. Acetoin is rapidly metabolized in the organism eliminating from blood 10 minutes after its injection. Acetoin is an effective precursor in the biosynthesis of lipids. PMID- 3188260 TI - [Characteristics of kinetics of the enzymatic oxoglutarate dehydrogenase reaction in a system with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol]. AB - The 2-oxoglutarate: 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP)--oxidoreductase reaction catalyzed by the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from bovine adrenal glands corresponds to the kinetic mechanism of a "ping-pong" type. There are signs of positive cooperativity of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase interaction with the substrate and negative cooperativity of that with the electron acceptor. The half maximal rate of the model reaction is provided by 0.01 mM concentrations of 2 oxoglutarate and DCPIP. The exceeding of the DCPIP optimum concentration (0.1 mM) results in the enzyme inhibition. PMID- 3188259 TI - [Localization of fluorescent analogs of cholesterol and its esters in lipid models of membranes and lipoproteins]. AB - The localization of the fluorescent cholesterol analogue--delta 5,7,9(11) cholestatrien-3 beta-ol (B-CTE) and its methyl (M-CTE) and stearoyl (St-CTE) esters in model lipid particles were investigated by the radiationless energy transfer. It is shown that 67-100% of B-CTE molecules localize in the phospholipid monolayer of particles containing phosphatidylcholine and triolein (1:2 w/w). The replacement of a hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl by methyl resulted in immersion of 2/3 of the M-CTE molecules to the triolein core. This fact confirmed distribution of the fluorescent probe molecules in the whole volume of lipid particles. St-CTE was practically completely localized in the core of lipid particles. The results obtained evidence for the important role of 3-OH group in keeping the B-CTE molecules in the phospholipid monolayer of the investigated particles. PMID- 3188261 TI - [Acylase distribution in animal and human tissues]. AB - Distribution of acylase in different tissues of nine species of animals was studied. The following types of nitrogen elimination were distinguished: ammoniatelic (fish), uricotelic (birds) and uriotelic (amphibians, mammalians). The enzymic activity was estimated in the tissues of the brain, lung, muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, small intestine and blood serum. The acylase activity was found in the kidney, liver and pancreas. Its level in the kidney increases with the animal weight growth, the enzyme activity being observed only in the cortical layer. PMID- 3188262 TI - [Methylglyoxal shunt of glycolysis in animal muscles]. AB - The comparative activity of the methyglyoxalic bypass of the glycolysis has been studied in muscles of vertebrates and invertebrates. An assumption is advanced that the methylglyoxalic bypass is related to the energy exchange, dissociation of catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates and proteins maintenance of the constant level of asymmetrical entropy in vivo. PMID- 3188264 TI - [Non-enzymatic deamidation and autofragmentation of lysozyme and albumin under physiological conditions]. AB - Nonenzymic deamidation of amides in proteins (lysozyme and albumin) under conditions which imitate physiological ones has been experimentally established with subsequent asparagine-dependent autofragmentation of the polypeptide chain. PMID- 3188263 TI - [Characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscles of the sea carp Diplodus annularis L]. AB - The activity of phosphorylase and glycogen level in white and red skeletal muscles of D. annularis was investigated after two minutes after swimming with the rate of 1.8 m/s. The indicated muscular load decreased the glycogen level in the white muscles by 70%. It has been found that changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of the D. annularis red muscles were negligible. PMID- 3188265 TI - [Centralized diagnosis and treatment of bone- and soft tissue sarcomas]. PMID- 3188266 TI - [Medical treatment of cancer--an elucidating report]. PMID- 3188267 TI - [Carbamazepine and heart conduction disorders]. PMID- 3188268 TI - [A special ward for elderly dementia patients]. PMID- 3188269 TI - [Displacement of colo-rectal cancer to the right. Distribution of 2063 tumors over a 20-year period]. PMID- 3188270 TI - [Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasms treated by cryocoagulation in specialist practice]. PMID- 3188271 TI - [Congenital idiopathic clubfoot. A clinical follow-up study of children treated surgically before the age of 6 months]. PMID- 3188272 TI - [Fatal acute myocardial infarction associated with postsplenectomy thrombocytosis]. PMID- 3188273 TI - [An adrenal cyst]. PMID- 3188274 TI - [Solitary (localized) fibrous mesothelioma of the pleura]. PMID- 3188275 TI - [Fibromyalgia syndrome in spondylarthritis ankylopoietica]. PMID- 3188276 TI - [Postoperative infections]. PMID- 3188277 TI - [Ciprofloxacin]. PMID- 3188278 TI - [The HIV test as a way to find an overview of the spreading of the infection. Interview by Anne Brockenhuus-Schack]. PMID- 3188279 TI - Contrast transfer for frozen-hydrated specimens: determination from pairs of defocused images. AB - Electron imaging of frozen-hydrated biological molecules allows density maps to be obtained directly, without the need for fixatives or stains. The appearance of such maps may, however, be strongly influenced by the contrast transfer properties, which have not previously been evaluated by quantitative experiments. Here we determine the contribution due to amplitude contrast in a typical (approximately 300 A thick) frozen specimen, consisting of arrays of acetylcholine receptor, by comparing pairs of images recorded with different defocuses. We find that this specimen is imaged as a "weak-phase-weak-amplitude" object and that the contribution due to amplitude contrast is 7%. PMID- 3188280 TI - Microtomography from limited projections in conventional TEM for 3D reconstruction of an intact cell. AB - It is possible to generate three-dimensional reconstructions of whole, non sectioned biological cells in conventional TEM using an 80 kV tungsten source. A TEM specimen stage was modified to accommodate a precise single-axis tilting mechanism controlled by a digital stepping motor interfaced to a computer. For image collection, a video camera was optically coupled to the TEM phosphorescent screen, and the video image was digitized by a frame buffer interfaced to a computer. Specimen tilt and projection image collection were fully computer automated. This microtomography system design could be readily adapted for most TEMs. Image reconstruction was achieved through computation on projection images from limited tilts; typically less than thirty projection images were needed for a coarse 3D reconstruction. The iterative reconstruction algorithm used certain statistical assumptions about the distribution of image gray values. Since microtomography was performed on non-sectioned whole mount cells viewed under an 80 kV electron beam, methods of embedment-free specimen preparation with chemical fixation and extraction were employed. These methods were utilized successfully to permit good image formation of the entire cell mitotic nucleus a few micrometers in thickness. The 3D reconstruction of a single kidney cell mitotic nucleus was carried out and shown to produce a reasonable microtomogram of gross features like the condensed chromosomes. PMID- 3188281 TI - High power optical fibre delivery system for the laser generation of ultrasound. AB - A plastic-clad optical fibre system has been examined as a delivery system of pulsed laser energy for the generation of ultrasound. The onset of significant optical damage caused by the laser has been investigated. By using multimode fibres of approximately 1 m length with 600 micron core size, it was found that laser power densities from the fibre were sufficient to produce ultrasonic waveforms corresponding to both the thermoelastic and plasma generation regimes. Out-of-plane acoustic displacements of greater than 250 pm can be achieved through 2.5 cm thick aluminium test samples, showing that fibre optical delivery systems may be considered in systems using laser-generated ultrasound for non destructive testing applications. PMID- 3188282 TI - [Complete androgenic blockade is perhaps not the greatest hope]. PMID- 3188283 TI - [From theory to practice: the roles of the psychiatrist and the family physician]. PMID- 3188284 TI - [Intravenous thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3188285 TI - [Intravenous thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3188286 TI - [Trends in infant mortality in Quebec]. PMID- 3188287 TI - Chromosome analysis in patients with bladder tumor. AB - Cytogenetic analysis was performed in 80 patients with bladder tumor. The mitotic activity in patients with tumor G1, G2 and G3 degree of differentiation was not significantly different among them. Most of the patients with noninvasive tumor (G1) had a diploid or nearly diploid chromosome number, but all patients with invasive (G2 and G3) tumor had polyploidy. Marker chromosomes were found in 14 patients and 9 of them developed recurrence very soon. There is a good correlation between the recurrence rate and numerical or structural chromosomal abnormalities. This study emphasizes the importance of the chromosome analysis in the evaluation of therapy and prognosis for patients with bladder tumors. PMID- 3188288 TI - Vasoactive intestinal polypeptidergic innervation of human urinary bladder in normal and pathological conditions. AB - Urinary bladder biopsies from 31 multiple sclerosis patients, 9 diabetics, 5 patients after transtrigonal phenolization and 20 control patients were stained for acetylcholinesterase, S100 and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The VIP immunoreactivity was not decreased in all neuropathic bladders and its depletion was not related to cholinergic depletion. There was no correlation between bladder over- or underactivity and VIP content. VIP can act as a modulator of detrusor function in normal conditions. The significance of its depletion in neurogenic bladders needs further elaboration. PMID- 3188289 TI - Analysis of the in vitro pharmacologic response of renal pelvis and detrusor smooth muscle to thiphenamil, oxybutynin and verapamil. AB - A new computerized methodology was used to acquire and analyze the relative pharmacologic sensitivity of the renal pelvis and urinary bladder of the rabbit to pharmacologic stimulation. Comparison was made of the effects of thiphenamil, verapamil and oxybutynin on the spontaneous contractions of isolated detrusor and renal pelvis. Data collected by computer were evaluated in terms of amplitude, frequency, and tension change to varying concentration of pharmacologic stimulation. Data were analyzed using a frequency/time domain algorithm developed specifically to evaluate the contribution of the oscillatory components of tension associated with smooth muscle tissues. For the renal pelvis the results show 6 X 10(-5) M thiphenamil, 10(-3) M oxybutynin, and 5 X 10(-6) M verapamil resulted in a 50% inhibition of the phasic contractions. Thiphenamil significantly increased the contractile frequency of the renal pelvis. For the bladder 10(-3) M thiphenamil resulted in a 50% inhibition of the phasic contractions, while 3 X 10(-4) M oxybutynin and 3 X 10(-6) M verapamil were needed to achieve the same level of inhibition. Thiphenamil at lower doses (10( 4) M to 5 X 10(-4) M) showed a biphasic effect--an increase of the bladder tissue activity followed by a relaxation phase--that oxybutynin and verapamil failed to produce. The results show that the calcium blocker suppresses the spontaneous activity of the upper and lower urinary tract at lower concentrations than the anticholinergic or thiphenamil. PMID- 3188290 TI - Morphological changes in penile vessels during erection: the mechanism of obstruction of arteries and veins at the tunica albuginea in dog corpora cavernosa. AB - The present study deals with morphological changes during erection both in the penile deep artery supplying the corpus cavernosum and in veins draining it. These vessels were shown to maintain wide lumina in the flaccid state. In the erect state induced by injection of papaverine, the postcavernous venules were compressed between the cavernous sinuses and the tunica albuginea. Simultaneously, the penile deep artery and the penetrating vein were strangulated by stretched collagen bundles in the inner layer of the tunica albuginea. Quite noteworthy was a wedge-shaped connective tissue mass between the penetrating vein and the postcavernous venules converging to it, and plugged, in the erect state, towards the penetrating vein to effectively stem the venous outflow. When the rigid state was induced by papaverine injection and following intracavernous injection of a fixative by high pressure, the arterial and venous obliteration mentioned above was so intense that the vessels almost lost their lumina, resulting in the cavernous sinuses becoming isolated from the systemic circulation. PMID- 3188291 TI - Pharmacocavernosography in the evaluation of erectile failure. AB - A total of 148 patients with erectile dysfunction underwent evaluation with Doppler sonography, cavernosography and intracavernous injections of papaverine. Arterial insufficiency was found in 63 patients (42.5%). Cavernosography following intracorporeal injection of papaverine revealed abnormal venous drainage from the cavernous bodies in 25 patients (17%) which, in 3 cases, was associated with Peyronie's disease. Results of vascular investigations were compared with the erectile response to the application of papaverine. Vascular insufficiency was observed in 39 of 55 patients (70%) with a poor response to papaverine. No patient with a venous insufficiency showed a good response. Nevertheless a poor response to papaverine did not exclude psychogenic impotence. PMID- 3188292 TI - Sexual function after colpo-urethrocystopexy in middle-aged women. AB - This is the first prospective study to analyse sexual function in women following an incontinence operation. The author has personally interviewed and examined 156 patients, first before and then 1-2 years after operation. 32% of the women with stress incontinence had had sexual problems before surgery. This proportion decreased after surgery to 10%. Colpo-urethrocystopexy elevates the anterior vaginal wall and tilts the axis of the vagina. These corrections do not affect the sexual function of the vagina. None of the patients developed dyspareunia after surgery. PMID- 3188293 TI - Preoperative symptomatology and diagnostic findings in relation to outcome of pyeloplasty in patients with primary hydronephrosis. AB - Sixty-seven patients, aged 3-71 years, with primary hydronephrosis were operated at our department during a 5-year period. All patients had Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty. The primary clinical result of surgery was excellent in 63 patients (94%). Of the patients with reduced renographic uptake fraction preoperatively, 38% had a significant gain 6 months after reconstruction, while only 1 patient had a reduction. There was no correlation between the outcome of reconstruction and preoperative history, degree of hydronephrosis on IVP, preoperative functional share on renography or the peroperative finding of aberrant vessels compressing the ureter. It was concluded that surgery should be undertaken on rather wide indications as reconstruction leads to stable or improved renal function regardless of preoperative symptoms or diagnostic findings. PMID- 3188295 TI - Office urology. PMID- 3188296 TI - The urologic office laboratory. AB - For a variety of reasons, urologists are considering and reconsidering their needs in beginning an office laboratory. Advances in technology have made many instruments available for in-office analysis of blood and urine for various purposes. Moreover, changes in microbiologic analysis have made bacteriuria screening and culture and sensitivity testing of urine possible at different levels of sophistication. The authors consider some of the available modalities, their advantages and disadvantages, and the requirements for quality assurance and quality control. PMID- 3188294 TI - Priapism in a patient with endometrioid prostatic carcinoma. A case report. AB - A case of endometrioid carcinoma of the prostate is reported in which the initial symptom was hematuria. The patient slowly developed a painless priapism, and the tumor ultimately became generalized despite orchiectomy. PMID- 3188297 TI - Obliterative pyelitis. AB - A patient with severe undiagnosed and untreated pyelitis developed mural masses in the renal pelvis and in the infundibulum of the upper pole calyx. The masses were presumed to be inflammatory. The patient developed a severe stricture of the renal pelvis and complete occlusion of the upper pole calyx. This is an example of obliterative pyelitis, as described in the era before antibiotics were available. PMID- 3188298 TI - Unusual solitary soft tissue metastases from renal cell carcinoma. AB - Adenocarcinoma of the kidney may metastasize to many organs and remain undetected for years. We present three illustrative cases of patients who had solitary recurrences in unusual locations; two of the three presented more than eight years after having undergone nephrectomy. Recognition of these unusual presentations is important in proper patient management. PMID- 3188299 TI - Urothelial microvascular response to chronic renal inflammatory disease. AB - Renal pelvocaliceal mucosal opacification has been observed clinically in patients with inflammatory disease. We studied the microvascular changes that might be responsible for this finding using barium injection and microradiographic studies of 20 human kidneys excised due to infection. There were six patients with staghorn calculi and chronic pyelonephritis, four with pyohydronephrosis, eight with acute and chronic pyelonephritis, and two with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. The microangiograms correlated with severity of inflammation. In mild cases, slight vessel hypertrophy involved the terminal arterioles and arteries supplying the urothelium. In severe cases, there was marked neovascularity with feeding vessel hypertrophy and mucosal thickening. Our studies demonstrate that abnormal pelvocaliceal vascularity is responsible for the findings seen on urography and angiography of inflammatory disease. PMID- 3188300 TI - Image quality, diagnostic certainty, and accuracy: comparison of conventional and digital urograms. AB - Our previous research showed that radiologists could interpret digital urograms with sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve performance similar to their interpretations of conventional urograms. To evaluate further the suitability of digital radiology for performing excretory urography, we investigated relationships among image quality, radiologists' certainty of diagnostic decisions, and diagnostic accuracy for digital and conventional urograms. We examined data from a study of 100 excretory urograms performed using matched film-screen and digital exposures. Three radiologists rated the quality of digital urographic images compared to film-screen images. Image quality did not correlate well with diagnostic accuracy for either modality, perhaps because of the overall high level of quality of the exposures. Radiologists' level of certainty in their diagnostic decisions decreased with poorer image quality for both modalities. The similarities of the tested relationships provides further evidence that digital technology is suitable for use in urography. PMID- 3188301 TI - Intraarterial embolization in combination with surgery in the management of congenital pelvic arteriovenous malformation. AB - A case of congenital arteriovenous fistula of the pelvis is described. Arteriovenous malformations of the pelvis are rare and can give rise to problems in diagnosis and treatment. A long history of vague complaints precedes determination of the correct diagnosis. Because recurrence is not uncommon after treatment, intraarterial embolization in combination with surgery is mandatory. PMID- 3188303 TI - Treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Factors that influence treatment selection and methods to increase acceptance of orchiectomy. AB - Orchiectomy is the preferred method for treating patients with metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate (MAP) because it is safer and more reliable than estrogen therapy. Nonetheless, a survey of Northern California urologists showed that 57 percent of their patients with MAP were treated with diethylstilbestrol (DES) rather than orchiectomy. Factors which determined treatment selection include the physician's belief that estrogen therapy was either equally (35%) or more (22%) effective than orchiectomy and the patients' rejection of orchiectomy even if it were recommended to them (20-30%). The survey also showed that previous attempts to increase the acceptability of orchiectomy by performing a subcapsular procedure have failed because urologists do not believe the procedure is effective (45%), or that subcapsular orchiectomy provides a satisfactory cosmetic result (20%). Recent laboratory and clinical investigations have shown that complete and subcapsular orchiectomy were equally effective in reducing serum testosterone. Patient acceptance of subcapsular orchiectomy may be increased by utilizing the term testicular curettage, which does not imply castration, to describe the procedure and by implantation of intracapsular testicular prostheses to restore normal testicular anatomy after the testicles' hormone-producing tissue has been removed. PMID- 3188302 TI - Significance of lipid-associated sialic acid and CA 19-9 as tumor markers for renal cell carcinoma. AB - Numerous neoplasms, including colonic, lung, stomach, and prostate, have been found to have increased concentrations of lipid-associated sialic acid (LASA). CA 19-9 is a carbohydrate antigen found on the membrane surface of pancreatic, gastric, and colonic cancers. A prospective study involving 25 patients (15 males, 10 females) with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was undertaken to examine the clinical value of these two markers. Patients' ages ranged from twenty-five to seventy-seven years (mean 56 years). The group consisted of 9 Stage I, 1 Stage II, 5 Stage III, and 10 Stage IV patients. Twenty three of the 25 had known disease present when tested. Eleven patients with no known tumor were used as an age-matched control group. Sixteen of the 23 patients with known disease (70%) had elevated LASA values. Nine of the 11 control patients (82%) had normal LASA values. Three of 7 patients with values obtained pre- and post-nephrectomy showed levels returned to normal after nephrectomy; 3 had persistent LASA elevation and were found to have either metastatic or recurrent disease, and 1 had a persistent elevation of his LASA value without known metastatic or recurrent disease. When the 23 patients with known disease were compared according to stage, 62 percent of Stages I and II, 80 percent of Stage III, and 70 percent of Stage IV had elevated LASA values. There was no statistically significant difference between LASA values and tumor stage. CA 19-9 values obtained in 15 of 25 patients with RCC were within normal range. PMID- 3188304 TI - Infrapubic incision for specific vasectomy reversal situations. AB - Routine vasectomy reversals are performed easily through scrotal incisions. However, the infrapubic incision offers easiest access to both ends of the vas deferens when the vasectomy has been performed at an unusually high level. Similarly, when unusually long segments of the vas have been removed during the vasectomy, the infrapubic incision enables the surgeon to mobilize a sufficient length of the abdominal end of the vas so that even vasoepididymostomy may be performed without tension on the anastomosis. Technical details of the infrapubic incision, which may be used with local anesthesia, are described. PMID- 3188305 TI - Penile ulcer as complication in self-induced papaverine erections. AB - We report on penile ulcus as a complication of self-induced papaverine erections in 2 patients. The ulcers which occurred after inadvertent subcutaneous injection of the drug healed in four to six weeks. The patients resumed papaverine injections without subsequent adverse effects. PMID- 3188306 TI - Urinary prophylaxis and postoperative care of children at home with an indwelling catheter after hypospadias repair. AB - This study represents our observations of 50 pediatric patients who underwent urethroplasty for hypospadias and chordee. An indwelling Silastic Foley catheter remained indwelling postoperatively for ten to fourteen days, connected to an antireflux leg drainage bag. Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy was given to all patients from the day of operation until one week after removal of the catheter. Cultures obtained from urine specimens taken directly from the drainage bag revealed that only 16 percent of the cases had a significant bacterial colony count (greater than 100,000/cc). We describe the efficacy of a closed drainage system combined with prophylactic antimicrobials in the management of children after hypospadias surgery. PMID- 3188307 TI - Treatment of renal calculus in inferior crossed renal ectopia. AB - Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is still the treatment of choice for selected cases of "surgical" stone disease. This is a case report of the surgical treatment for a renal calculus located in the inferior moiety of right-to-left inferior crossed renal ectopia. After a failed attempt at extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, a successful percutaneous nephrolithotomy was done without complication. PMID- 3188309 TI - Variation on Water-Pik technique for treatment of steinstrasse after ESWL. AB - A new variation on the Water-Pik technique for treating steinstrasse after extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy is described. This technique is simple and effective and can be adapted for use in virtually any standard cystoscopy suite. PMID- 3188310 TI - Ureteral crossover method: animal experiment for correction of reflux. AB - The ureteral crossover method for the correction of bilateral vesicoureteral reflux, characterized by ureteral overlapping in the submucosal space and directing the submucosal tunnels toward a point other than the bladder neck, has been tested in 10 dogs. The operation was successful in 18 of 20 ureters (90%). This technique has two merits: (1) availability of a sufficient length of submucosal ureter without altering the original ureteral entrance bilaterally; and (2) easy ligation of the new orifices in the middle of the operative field. It is concluded that ureteral overlapping does not harm the ureteral physiology and that the surgical validity of this method has been verified. PMID- 3188308 TI - Ureteroscopic diagnosis and treatment of urinary calculi during pregnancy. AB - Flexible ureteroscopy has been utilized in two pregnant patients. In one, the procedure was for diagnosis of symptoms simulating ureteral colic, and in the other for the removal of a distal ureteral calculus. The diagnostic procedure was completed with local anesthesia alone, and both procedures were performed without radiation to the mother or fetus. The potentially great benefit must be weighed against the risks of minimal endoscopic intervention in each patient. We advocate the early but judicious use of flexible ureteroscopy in pregnant patients with urinary calculi. PMID- 3188311 TI - Iatrogenic chordee following insertion of inflatable penile prosthesis. AB - Chordee deformity is a rare complication following insertion of the inflatable penile prosthesis through a penoscrotal incision. The deformity occurs as a result of failure to inflate and deflate the device and to maintain the penis against the abdomen in the immediate postoperative period. When this occurs it can be corrected by incision of the fibrous scar and replacement with synthetic graft material. PMID- 3188312 TI - Acute ureteral obstruction from candidal cystitis requiring bilateral percutaneous nephrostomies. AB - A case of acute bilateral ureteral obstruction due to severe candidal cystitis is described. The obstruction was due to inflammation and fungal plaque formation in the bladder, rather than the usual intraureteral fungus balls. Percutaneous nephrostomies were required bilaterally for resolution of sepsis and renal failure. The case and its management are presented. PMID- 3188314 TI - Spermatic cord metastasis from ureteral carcinoma. AB - A case of ureteral transitional cell carcinoma metastasizing to ipsilateral spermatic cord is reported. PMID- 3188313 TI - "Faux pas du coit" with associated rupture of corpora cavernosa and urethra. AB - Associated rupture of both corpora and urethra during coitus is a rare urologic emergency. When recognized early and surgically repaired, a good functional result regarding micturition and erection can be expected. PMID- 3188315 TI - Ureteroscope in managing difficult urethral problems. PMID- 3188316 TI - Improved design for microsurgery table. PMID- 3188317 TI - Comparison of angiography and computed tomography using new morphologic criteria in staging of renal cell carcinoma. AB - The staging of tumor extension, and regional lymph node and venous involvement by angiography and computed tomography (CT) using new morphologic criteria were compared with the surgical and histopathologic stage in 59 patients (60 cases) with renal cell carcinoma. A high degree of accuracy in staging of both angiography and CT was demonstrated. However, CT was more accurate and sensitive than angiography in the evaluation of tumor extension and regional lymph node involvement, and equally accurate in that of venous involvement. We emphasize that new morphologic criteria of angiography and CT are clinically useful, and CT is the primary approach for the staging of renal cell carcinoma. PMID- 3188318 TI - Primary adenocarcinoma of seminal vesicle presenting as bladder tumor. AB - A case of primary seminal vesicle carcinoma is described and is discussed in the context of current knowledge regarding the clinicopathologic features of this rare neoplasm. PMID- 3188319 TI - Urodynamic evaluation of patients with spinal stenosis. AB - Spinal stenosis, which may be congenital/developmental or acquired in origin, is a narrowing of the spinal canal, nerve root canals, or intervertebral foramina. Compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots may lead to structural neuronal damage, neuronal ischemia or edema, and axonal transport block. The most frequent symptom in patients with spinal stenosis is back pain and some have classic neurogenic claudication. We have performed urodynamic evaluations in 2 patients with combined cervical and lumbar spinal stenosis. A girl with achondroplastic dwarfism had urgency incontinence and detrusor hyperreflexia. An adult man with acquired degenerative spinal stenosis had difficulty voiding and findings compatible with the cauda equina syndrome. PMID- 3188320 TI - [Intracochlear disorders of sound conduction in chronic neurosensory hearing loss]. PMID- 3188321 TI - [Speech audiometry in the Bashkir language]. PMID- 3188322 TI - [Positional nystagmus and other otoneurological symptoms in transient vascular disorders of the vertebrobasilar system]. PMID- 3188323 TI - [Treatment of vasomotor rhinitis, trigeminal neuralgia and Sluder's syndrome by irradiation of the sphenopalatine ganglion with helium-neon lasers]. PMID- 3188324 TI - [Significance of sinus endoscopy in the diagnosis and choice of treatment tactics in recurrences of maxillary sinusitis after radical surgery]. PMID- 3188325 TI - [Electrocoagulation treatment of chronic polypous ethmoid sinusitis]. PMID- 3188326 TI - [Cerebral leptomeningitis in so-called sterile paranasal sinusitis]. PMID- 3188327 TI - [Characteristics of the bioelectrical activity of respiratory muscles in patients with occupational allergosis of the upper respiratory tract]. PMID- 3188328 TI - [Conservative surgery in the treatment of cancer of the pyriform sinus]. PMID- 3188330 TI - [Organization and current administration of emergency medical aid to children with acute neurosensory hearing loss]. PMID- 3188329 TI - [Melanoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses]. PMID- 3188332 TI - [Cementoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses]. PMID- 3188331 TI - [Statistical data on results of radiotherapy and survival of patients with cancer of the nasopharynx]. PMID- 3188333 TI - [Neurilemmoma of the vagus nerve and the cervical section of the marginal sympathetic trunk]. PMID- 3188334 TI - [Malignant transformation of Bowen's disease of the soft palate]. PMID- 3188335 TI - [Glioma of the nose in a child]. PMID- 3188336 TI - [A case of aberrant thyroid goiter in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses]. PMID- 3188337 TI - [Foreign body in the esophagus after its plastic reconstruction]. PMID- 3188338 TI - [Large foreign body in the esophagus]. PMID- 3188339 TI - [Removal of combined air cyst of the larynx using the external approach]. PMID- 3188340 TI - [Peritonsillar abscess in a 4-month-old child]. PMID- 3188341 TI - [Foreign body in the infratemporal fossa of a 13-year-old child]. PMID- 3188343 TI - [Ingrown concha of auricle]. PMID- 3188342 TI - [Recurrence of otogenic brain abscess]. PMID- 3188344 TI - [Fixed drainage in the treatment of abscesses of the nasal septum]. PMID- 3188345 TI - [Rhinogenic thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus in a 77-year-old patient with diabetes mellitus with favorable outcome]. PMID- 3188346 TI - Field observations on the control of ovine parasitic gastroenteritis in south east England. AB - Three worm control strategies, on a commercial farm in south east England, were monitored parasitologically for a grazing season. Three peaks of larval infection in June, late August and late October/early November occurred on paddocks grazed by dosed ewes and lambs on a new ley (preventive strategy). Lambs dosed and moved on to a hay aftermath in July (evasive strategy), had a mean egg count of 2090 by late August, attributable to infection with Haemonchus contortus. Three weekly drenching of lambs (suppressive strategy), suppressed faecal egg counts until September when the treatment interval was extended due to other on-farm commitments. In addition to these observations, autoinfection, with Haemonchus contortus, was seen to occur in lambs grazing summer turnips. An in vitro egg hatch assay, and critical efficacy trial, confirmed the presence of a benzimidazole resistant strain of Haemonchus contortus on this farm. The implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3188347 TI - Studies of the gait of Friesian heifer cattle. AB - Records were obtained of the vertical ground reaction forces on the hooves of Friesian maiden heifers during locomotion. Pedobarograms of the hoof pressures at the time of maximum force were also collected. The force-time curves for the forefeet possessed a single peak, with a maximum about half way through the step, while for the hindfeet the curves were generally bimodal with the first peak occurring about one quarter of the way through the step and the second (slightly smaller) peak occurring about three quarters of the way through the step. The forefeet carried maximum loads equivalent to about 60 per cent of bodyweight, while the hind legs carried loads equivalent to 50 per cent. There were generally no significant differences between the contact areas and pressures applied by the front and back feet. However, the contact area increased more quickly than might be expected according to scale, although hoof pressure appeared to be almost independent of bodyweight. The contact area may be changed if the heel of the hoof is compressible under load or if the usually non-supportive sole of the hoof is involved in ground contact. PMID- 3188348 TI - Detection of endotoxin in cases of equine colic. AB - The Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay was used to test for the presence of endotoxin in 37 clinical cases of equine colic. Positive plasma titres were detected in 10 cases and the presence of endotoxin was significantly correlated with a high heart rate, a high packed cell volume and a poor prognosis. High levels of endotoxin were detected in gut contents taken from several sites in the gastrointestinal tract of normal horses. PMID- 3188349 TI - Lathyrism in laying hens and increases in egg weight. AB - The cause of the increased egg weight in hens with lathyrism was investigated by feeding laying birds with diets containing beta-aminopropionitrile, the toxic principle of certain legume seeds in the genus Lathyrus. There was a significant increase (P less than 0.01) in the amount of albumen in the egg owing to an increased formation of thin white. The water permeability of the shell membranes demonstrated an increased porosity and a loss of tensile strength which contributed not only to a high water uptake but also to abnormalities of the shape of eggs during 'plumping'. It was concluded that a defect in the shell membrane protein system alters the membrane's general properties and that the increased egg weight in lathyrism is a result of the defect. PMID- 3188351 TI - Blowpipes and dart guns. PMID- 3188350 TI - Effect of a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device on uterine activity of heifers. PMID- 3188352 TI - Platelet counting in diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi. PMID- 3188354 TI - Professional remuneration. PMID- 3188353 TI - Tuberculosis in deer. PMID- 3188355 TI - Sow welfare. PMID- 3188356 TI - The right to prescribe. PMID- 3188357 TI - Effects of some calcium modulators on monensin toxicity. AB - Monensin is extremely toxic to some domestic animals, like the equine species, if they ingest poultry or cattle rations containing the drug. From a treatment standpoint, no specific compounds are known to alleviate or interact with monensin. Effects of some cardiovascular drugs which antagonize calcium influx in cardioskeletal and smooth muscles were evaluated in mice receiving varying lethal doses (80, 100, 120 or 140 mg/kg ip). Calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem and lidocaine), a calmodulin antagonist (chlorpromazine), adrenergic receptor blockers (yohimbine, tolazoline and propranolol), and a cardiac glycoside (digoxin) were evaluated for their effects on monensin toxicity following their 30 min pretreatments in mice ip. All the calcium modulators evaluated apart from chlorpromazine, propranolol, and digoxin, potentiated monensin toxicity significantly (p less than 0.05) by decreasing the calculated LD50 of monensin (108 mg/kg); the latter 3 drugs had no effect on monensin toxicity. This study suggests that excess calcium ion influx may not be the only factor responsible for monensin toxicosis in mice. PMID- 3188358 TI - Determination of amitriptyline and cocaine by GC and GC/MS in biological fluids. AB - A method of identification and quantitative determination of amitriptyline and cocaine at trace levels in biological fluids is described. After the extraction of both drugs from the biological material in an alkaline medium, and posterior purification and concentration of the extract, one proceeds to unequivocal identification using the combined capillary GC/MS system with the Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) technique. Quantitative determination is carried out by GC with a N-P detector. The precision of the method and limits of sensitivity are presented. PMID- 3188359 TI - The effect of serum potassium on theophylline-induced seizures. AB - Generalized seizures may be associated with therapeutic or intentional theophylline overdose. Toxic levels of theophylline are also associated with a fall in potassium which could potentiate theophylline-induced seizures. To evaluate the role of serum potassium concentration in theophylline-induced seizures we investigated the seizure threshold in normokalemic and hyperkalemic rats during theophylline infusion to toxic levels. Hyperkalemic rats were prepared with intraperitoneal amiloride and potassium chloride and had a mean +/- SEM initial potassium of 5.29 +/- 0.15 mEq/L. Control animals received either amiloride or potassium and had initial serum potassium concentrations of 4.00 +/- 0.08 and 3.93 +/- 0.16 mEq/L, respectively. Potassium levels after 30 minutes of theophylline infusion were 4.11 +/- 0.18 mEq/L in the hyperkalemic rats and 3.47 +/- 0.06 and 3.51 +/- 0.12 mEq/L in the control animals. There were no significant differences in the serum theophylline concentrations at time of seizure, nor was there a correlation between serum potassium concentration and theophylline concentration at time of seizure. Since the preservation of normokalemia does not influence the onset of seizures in theophylline toxicity, this suggests that the potassium level has little effect on seizure activity in this model. PMID- 3188360 TI - Individual animal susceptibility and its relationship to induced adaptation or tolerance in sheep to Galega officinalis L. AB - Oral administration of Galega officinalis L to sheep demonstrated a marked variation in individual animal susceptibility to the toxic effects of the plant. As little as 5 g/kg of dried ground plant induced moderate tracheal frothing in 1 ewe while nearly 5 times that amount failed to elicit any recognizable toxic effects such as frothing, pulmonary edema or hydrothorax in others. Ten g/kg induced severe effects in 3 ewes. Ewes administered levels of plant between 5 and 24 g/kg had toxic effects whose severity was often unrelated to level administered. There was no apparent difference in average severity of clinical signs of toxicity nor pathologic lesions to challenge doses of 24 g/kg of the plant between groups of ewes with an immediate previous history of increasing doses of the plant and others with no history of ingesting the plant. Previously reported apparent induced adaptation or tolerance to G officinalis L in some animals is more likely to have been a result of the extreme variation in individual animals susceptibility. PMID- 3188361 TI - Alterations in complete blood counts due to low to moderately high levels of dietary ethanol. AB - The effects of low to moderately high levels of dietary ethanol on complete blood counts over a 40-month period were examined in 15 primates divided into 3 treatment groups: Controls fed an isocaloric chemically defined liquid diet, and Low and High animals given diet with vodka substituted isocalorically for carbohydrate at 12 and 24% of total calories. Significant decreases (P less than 0.05) were noted in the High Ethanol group's while blood cell and red blood cell counts, as well as significant increases in their mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. By contrast, a significant increase was seen in the white blood cell counts of animals receiving the 12% (Low) level of dietary ethanol. Analysis of plasma enzymes revealed no differences between the 3 groups in liver function. Results of this study suggest that moderately high levels (24%) of dietary ethanol in the absence of liver malfunction and nutritional deficiencies cause significant alterations in complete blood counts, while low levels (12%) of dietary ethanol cause increases in circulating white blood cell levels. Additional research is needed to determine why different doses of dietary ethanol have opposite effects on the white blood cell population. PMID- 3188362 TI - Berry identification by emergency health care providers. AB - Emergency Department (ED) visits due to environmental toxins increase during summer and autumn months for multiple factors, including outdoor activities which permit proximity to wild berries and seeds. The Poison Center (PC) may be involved in this exposure by initial referral or by contact with emergency medicine personnel on patient arrival. Berry identification can be enhanced by considering the month and the basic berry description; positive identification can be made only be visual inspection. When, and if, the berry is identified, appropriate treatment can be instituted (as gastric emptying may not be indicated for every plant/wild berry ingestion). Regional AAPCC data was reviewed, and the most common berry exposures in this locale comprised the basis for the testing vehicle. Slides from the authors' collections were utilized in the examination. Examinees included emergency medicine physicians and nurses at an urban teaching hospital who attended a 40-minute presentation and discussion. Zero percent correctly identified all 10 specimens. Less than 10% of the berries were identified correctly by common name, and fewer examinees were able to correctly determine the presence/absence of potential toxicity. No difference in scores based on sex or professional experience was noted. An obvious implication is to increase emergency health care providers' education in locale-specific medical botany. PMID- 3188363 TI - Toxic effects of Crotalaria saltiana in mice. AB - Dry Crotalaria saltiana shoots were fed to strain ASL mice at 50, 10 and 1% of the diet. Feeding of Crotalaria shoots at 50 and 10% produced toxicity and death after 7 to 29 days. The signs of Crotalaria poisoning were inappetence, dullness, dyspnea and recumbency. The main lesions were necrosis, portal fibroplasia and hemorrhage in the liver, pulmonary congestion and emphysema, focal catarrhal enteritis, and degeneration of the cells of the renal tubules. PMID- 3188364 TI - Measurement by spectrophotometer of blood cholinesterases inactivation following single oral doses of phosphamidon in Bubalus bubalis. AB - The effect of phosphamidon on blood cholinesterases (ChE) was investigated in male buffalo calves following single oral doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body wt. Phosphamidon at all 3 doses levels significantly inactivated erythrocyte and plasma ChE (66-98 and 67-89%, respectively) within 8-12 hr of administration. The inhibition was dose dependent, and the extent of inactivation of blood ChE correlated well with severity of toxicity following all phosphamidon doses. PMID- 3188365 TI - Experimental Chrozophora plicata poisoning in goats and sheep. AB - The clinical, biochemical and pathological effects of the fresh shoots of Chrozophora plicata on Nubian goats and Desert sheep were investigated. The animals were given single or repeated daily doses of 10, 5, 1 and 0.5 g/kg of chrozophora shoots by stomach tube and died at various times post dosing. The main signs of Chrozophora poisoning in both species of ruminants were salivation, dyspnea, bloat, inappetence, dullness, diarrhea, paresis of the hind limbs, recumbency and lateral deviation of the head and neck. The main lesions were hemorrhage in the lungs, heart and kidneys, pulmonary cyanosis and edema, hepatic fatty change and depletion of glycogen, catarrhal enteritis, ascites, hydropericardium and serous atrophy of the cardiac fat and renal pelvis. An increase in the concentration of urea, ammonia and bilirubin and in the activity of GOT and a decrease in total protein were detected in the serum. Hematological changes indicated the development of anemia. PMID- 3188366 TI - Uncontrollable atmospheric conditions which can affect animal experimentation. AB - In our programs of investigation into mechanisms of molecular action of toxic substances, we have had occasion to observe the appearance of anomalous values in biochemical parameters, which we put down to cyclic rhythms or coincidences with the following phenomena: meteorological (storms), geological (earthquakes), and astronomical or phenological (eclipse and lunar phases). This work reviews such observations, which suggest that besides the environmental conditions of the animal room (illumination, humidity, temperature, noise) it is necessary to consider all the external circumstances which occur at the moment of the experiment. PMID- 3188367 TI - Occupational/environmental protocols designed for use by poison information specialists. PMID- 3188368 TI - Migration of lead in a glass-lined bottom-unloading silo. AB - Alfalfa, estimated to contain 25.89 mg lead (Pb)/kg of air dried sample, was ensiled in a glass-lined bottom-unloading silo. Three weeks later air dried haylage from the bottom of the silo contained 118.6 mg of Pb/kg. The concentration of Pb in the haylage was sufficient to induce saturnism in a dairy herd. During the disposal process, the concentration of Pb was determined in each 11.3 m3 load of silage. These data provide evidence that Pb migrated and concentrated in the bottom of the silo. PMID- 3188369 TI - An occupational/environmental services training program for poison information specialists. PMID- 3188370 TI - Financial support for poison control centers: a unique partnership with a chain drug store corporation. AB - The Oregon Poison Center has developed a unique partnership with a chain drug store corporation which sponsors the Center's poison prevention, public awareness, and professional education programs. Termed the Poison Prevention and Public Awareness Program, this affiliation offers significant financial support to the Oregon Poison Center on a continuing basis. It establishes an integral role for the drug stores in poison control activities. In addition, the program provides a mechanism for customer capture and reaps significant public and professional relation benefits for the corporation. This presentation describes the materialization of the affiliation, including the development of the program proposal, its presentation to potential participants, and the selection of a chain drug store corporation. PMID- 3188371 TI - Bilateral renal agenesis in two litters of Shetland sheepdogs. AB - Two cases of bilateral renal agenesis (1 pup from each of 2 related bitches) were observed in a purebred Shetland sheepdog breeding colony. Gross postmortem and histopathologic examinations confirmed a diagnosis of bilateral renal agenesis as the cause of death. Limited available data strongly suggests an inherited etiology for bilateral renal agenesis. (Editor's Note: This report is published as an example of a situation where circumstantial evidence suggested a cause-and effect relationship between the change in heartworm medication and the anomalies. Careful scientific data collection and review avoided falling into that trap and identified the genetic basis for the observed defects. PMID- 3188372 TI - Black smoke syndrome. PMID- 3188373 TI - Coma in a ferret after ingestion of cannabis. PMID- 3188374 TI - Teat skin normal flora and colonization with mastitis pathogen inhibitors. AB - Isolates of bacteria from normal teats were used to attempt colonization of teats of dry cows or neonatal calves. Isolates for inoculation were chosen on the basis of ability to inhibit mastitis pathogens in vitro, with the ultimate goal of in vivo inhibition of mastitis pathogens at the teat surface. Three bacterial normal flora isolates (Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus sp. and Aerococcus viridans) persisted less than 10 days on the teats of dry cows. The fourth isolate, Staphylococcus hominis 1, was studied in greatest detail because studies characterizing the normal teat flora showed staphylococci to be the predominant flora. The S. hominis 1 isolated used for inoculation was an inhibitor of Gram positive mastitis pathogens. It was a biotype not found on these teats prior to inoculation, thus facilitating identification of the inoculated isolate on sequential sampling. Colonization of newborn calves, before other bacterial flora became established, resulted in recovery of inoculated S. hominis 1 for an average of 51 days or longer. On dry cow teats it was detected for up to 28 days. On several occasions the inoculated S. hominis 1 was found in pure culture. Since many new infections occur during the dry period, the colonization of dry cow teats with S. hominis 1 organisms inhibitory for Gram-positive pathogens should be tested as an adjunct to other methods of mastitis prevention. PMID- 3188375 TI - Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for endotoxin in milk. AB - A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of endotoxin in milk samples. Bovine and rabbit antisera raised in response to vaccination with the J5 mutant of Escherichia coli 0111:B4 were used. Antiserum to this mutant has been shown to be cross-reactive with endotoxin from other gram-negative organisms. Known quantities of endotoxin were added to milk samples to generate a standard curve. Acid treatment of whole milk enhanced the detection of endotoxin as compared to untreated whole milk, skim milk and chloroform-treated milk. Milk samples from experimentally induced mastitic cows were then assayed for endotoxin content. Recovery of endotoxin, as measured by ELISA, positively correlated with the amount of endotoxin infused and the time post-infusion of sampling. However, when endotoxin from these samples was quantitated using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay, readings tended to increase, suggesting false-positive reactions with the LAL assay. Milk samples from cases of clinical mastitis were assayed by ELISA with 64% of these showing measurable levels of endotoxin. While further studies of this assay are needed, refinements may produce an assay important for clinical applications. PMID- 3188376 TI - Biochemical and toxigenic characteristics of Aeromonas spp. isolated from diseased mammals, moribund and healthy fish. AB - In this study we describe biochemical, toxigenic and surface characteristics of 33 motile Aeromonas isolated from diseased mammals, 3 from moribund marine mammals, 24 from healthy fish and 4 from moribund fish. Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae and A. sobria were isolated from both mammals and fish but at a different incidence. Aeromonas hydrophila was the predominant species isolated from clinical specimens; it was isolated from pneumonia, wound infections, septicemia and abortion in horses, cattle and pigs. Aeromonas sobria was isolated from one mammal and 11 healthy fish. Aeromonas caviae was isolated in 2 cases from healthy fish and in 9 cases from diseased mammals. Variations in some biochemical tests including sorbitol, amylase and citrate, were observed between isolates from different sources. However, these differences did not allow the differentiation of isolates from diseased mammals and healthy fish. The majority of A. hydrophila isolates produced different extracellular products; A. sobria isolates produced less exotoxin. With A. caviae isolates no hemolysin, protease, enterotoxin or elastase were detected. There was no quantitative difference in hemolysin, protease, enterotoxin or elastase production between isolates from mammals and fish. It is suggested that A. hydrophila could be a potential pathogen for domestic animals, and fish may represent a potential reservoir of infection. PMID- 3188377 TI - The humoral immune response of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) immunised by various regimes and preparations of Aeromonas salmonicida antigens. AB - Antibody production in rainbow trout to extracellular antigens was investigated. The following antigen preparations and immunisation regimes were used: native extracellular products (ECP) in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), intraperitoneally (i.p.) with and without booster; formalinized ECP in FCA, i.p. with and without booster; washed, formalinized A. salmonicida cells in FCA, i.p., with booster; native ECP in saline, i.m., four weekly injections at two different doses, 45 micrograms and 6 micrograms each injection (after the protocol of Shieh, 1985). Using crossed normal rainbow trout serum, i.p., single injection (after the protocol of Sakai, 1985). Using crossed immunoelectrophoresis all antisera contained precipitating antibodies to three to five ECP components except that from fish immunised i.m. with 6 micrograms protein where antibodies were undetectable. In no case were specific antibodies to ECP protease or haemolysin detected. In a rabbit immunised with formalinized ECP in FCA under a similar regime to the rainbow trout, antibodies to at least 15 ECP components, including protease and haemolysin, were detected. The assumption of a specific immune response to the protease, at least in respect of antibody production, in recent reports of protection afforded by vaccines composed of either crude ECP or partially purified protease (Shieh, 1985) or partially purified protease inactivated by normal serum (Sakai, 1985) is not supported by the present findings. PMID- 3188378 TI - Platelet activating factor as a mediator of equine cell locomotion. AB - Equine polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) leucocytes were separated on Percoll gradients and used to study the chemoattractant properties of the polar ether-linked phospholipid, platelet activating factor (PAF). Six concentrations of PAF ranging from 1 ng/ml to 100 micrograms/ml were studied in each of two in vitro assay systems, the agarose microdroplet and a microfilter technique. Very significant (p less than 0.01) increases in the movement of both PMN and MN cells were obtained with most concentrations of PAF. In two instances there was no apparent concentration-response relationship, although the action of PAF was approximately bell-shaped in two others. The possible significance of these findings for equine inflammatory conditions is discussed. PMID- 3188379 TI - Effects of age on erythrocyte magnesium, sodium and potassium concentrations in female dairy cattle. AB - The effect of age on erythrocyte Mg, Na and K concentrations and the correlations between these parameters (EMg, ENa and EK) and other blood parameters were studied in female dairy cattle ranging from 1 week to over 8 years of age. EMg concentration was higher than plasma Mg, the concentration being highest in calves 1 week old and lowest in cows 3-4 years old. ENa and EK concentrations were lower and higher respectively in calves 1 week of age than in older animals and did not show any significant age variation in those between 1 and 8 years of age. The EK concentration was more highly correlated with erythrocyte parameters (PCV, RCC, Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC) than was either EMg or ENa concentrations. PMID- 3188380 TI - Effect of chemotherapy on semen characteristics of Balami rams infected with Anaplasma ovis. AB - Six intact Balami rams were experimentally infected with Anaplasma ovis. Another six were infected one month after splenectomy and six others served as controls. Clinical manifestations of the disease, first observed between 5 to 7 days post infection, were more severe and prolonged in the splenectomised-infected than in the intact-infected group. There was progressive deterioration in semen quality, which was also significantly more severe and prolonged in the splenectomised than in the intact-infected rams. Following treatment with long-acting terramycine, clinical recovery occurred earlier in the intact-infected (1-4 weeks) than in the splenectomised-infected group (5-7 weeks). A similar pattern was observed in post treatment improvement in the sperimiogram. However, although the infected animals recovered clinically by 1-7 weeks post-treatment, restoration of the reproductive potential did not occur for 20 to 25 weeks. It appears that stress factors may aggravate the deliterious effects of anaplasmosis. PMID- 3188381 TI - Tolerance of goats to experimental grain engorgement and intraruminal lactic acid injection. AB - Grain overfeeding and intraruminal lactic acid injection was carried out in goats in order to induce signs of grain engorgement or laminitis. Twelve female goats of the small East African breed divided into three equal groups were either overfed with coarsely ground maize meal for 14 days or injected with an 85% syrup of lactic acid intraruminally at a single dose rate of 0.5% bodyweight, while others acted as a control. No clinical differences in the haematological picture, rumen pH, respiration and pulse rates could be observed between the treatment groups and the control. The postmortem and histopathological examinations of the claws showed no pathological changes commonly associated with laminitis. It is concluded that goats can tolerate large amounts of carbohydrates or lactic acid without any injurious effects, which may indicate a superior activity as compared to sheep and cattle. PMID- 3188383 TI - Quantitative estimation of increased vascular permeability in acute inflammatory reaction in the chicken skin. AB - An increase in vascular permeability was estimated quantitatively in acute inflammatory reaction in the chicken using passive cutaneous anaphylaxis as an experimental model. Dye exuded in the cutaneous lesion was extracted by formamide and measured spectrophotometrically. The technique, though time-consuming, worked well in the chicken. The results suggested that the method can be profitably utilised in studies relating to avian inflammation. PMID- 3188382 TI - Total and differential cell counts and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in sow milk during lactation. AB - Colostrum and milk collected from 11 sows throughout lactation were used to estimate total and differential cell counts and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity (NAGase). The mean log10 cell counts did not change significantly through the four weeks of lactation, ranging between 250,000 and 750,000 cells/ml. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) decreased from about 56% of total leukocytes at day 1 (colostrum) to 12-14% at day 14 and day 21. Macrophages were 35% at day 1 and were the predominant cell type throughout the remainder of lactation, peaking at 77-80% at day 14 and 21. The PMN were again increased on day 28 (44% PMN vs 52% macrophage). The mean lymphocyte proportions ranged between 7.0 and 11.3% during the first two weeks of lactation and were decreased to 4.6-5.6% in the second two weeks of lactation. The activity of NAGase declined 9.5 fold (p less than 0.0001) between day 1 and day 14 with the greatest decline between day 1 and day 3. The activity of NAGase remained constant through the last two weeks of lactation. NAGase activity was significantly correlated with log10 of cell counts in sow milk (r = 0.42). PMID- 3188384 TI - Suppression by mepyramine maleate of the increased vascular permeability in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the chicken. AB - Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was produced in chickens pretreated with the antihistamine mepyramine maleate. Quantitative estimation of the increased vascular permeability in the lesion revealed 79.5% suppression indicating its mediation largely by histamine. The findings suggest that the quantitative estimation of the increased vascular permeability, though time-consuming, is more precise than the visual assessment. PMID- 3188385 TI - Scrapie in sheep in central and southern Italy. AB - Seven cases of scrapie were encountered in six flocks of local breeds of sheep in central and southern Italy. Scrapie has never been reported in these areas, in which the great majority of the Italian sheep population is concentrated. The diagnosis was based on clinical and histopathological findings. PMID- 3188386 TI - The immune response of West African dwarf goats to chicken red blood cells. AB - West African dwarf (WAD) goats were immunized with chicken red blood cells and their antibody response assessed by direct haemagglutination. Kids of about 1 month old developed antibody titres (log2 5.63 +/- 0.69) which were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) than those of adults (log2 7.78 +/- 1.12) and 3 month old kids (log2 7.40 +/- 0.89). The antibody titres of the latter did not differ significantly from those of adults. It is suggested that this early immune maturity may play a role in the hardiness of WAD goats and in their relative resistance to helminth and protozoan infection as compared with local sheep. PMID- 3188387 TI - A preliminary vaccine potency trial of a Newcastle disease virus inactivated with binary ethylenimine. AB - Inactivation of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) by binary ethylenimine (BEI) is reported. The activity of an oil vaccine prepared with BEI-inactivated NDV was compared to a vaccine prepared with formalin-inactivated NDV. The BEI inactivated vaccine had almost twice the efficacy. PMID- 3188388 TI - Equine postanaesthetic myositis: thromboxanes, prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 production. AB - Arachidonic acid cyclooxygenase metabolites, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 (6-keto-PGF1) were measured in horses where anaesthesia was maintained with halothane. Two horses suffering from postanaesthetic myositis were compared with four normal horses. TXB2 and PGE2 levels were higher in mixed venous blood drawn from the myopathic horses. An increase of TXB2 and PGE2 levels appeared when myopathic horses were rolled into dorsal recumbency after a prolonged period of lateral recumbency. One hour after the end of anaesthesia, TXB2 had continued to increase whereas PGE2 decreased. By measurements on blood samples drawn from the brachial vein, we have shown that the rising level of TXB2 in mixed venous blood is mainly due to the increase of TXB2 in blood draining the dependent leg. The origin of the rise in PGE2 is not demonstrated in this study. 6-keto-PGF1 did not change during anaesthesia. An explanation of this imbalance between TXB2 and 6-keto-PGF1 production is considered. PMID- 3188390 TI - Decreased number of alpha-motoneurons in the cervical intumescence of calves with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita of both thoracic limbs. AB - The number of alpha-motoneurons in the spinal cord segments C6 to Th2 of five calves with Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC) and of five normal calves was compared. A statistically highly significant reduction in the number of alpha motoneurons in segment C6 was observed in the affected calves. Two hypotheses to explain the effect of these findings were proposed. Firstly, it was thought that AMC may result from paresis of some muscles of the girdle, shoulder and elbow. Secondly, it was postulated that the decrease in the number of alpha-motoneurons in C6 may have induced a radial nerve dysfunction resulting in AMC. PMID- 3188389 TI - Gastro-oesophageal reflux in halothane anaesthetized sheep. The effects of feeding and positioning. AB - The frequency of gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) in sheep anaesthetized with halothane was reduced by withholding food and water for 24 hours. The total reflux volume increased. The effect of body position on GOR was studied by inclining the operating table at angles to the horizontal and positioning the head up or down on sand bags. The operative positions investigated were: right and left lateral recumbency with head down, dorsal recumbency with head down and right lateral recumbency with head up. Least GOR occurred when the sheep was in right lateral recumbency with a head up tilt and the body inclined at 20 degrees from the horizontal. A cuffed oesophageal drainage tube increased the incidence of GOR but prevented the chances of the aspiration of rumen material. PMID- 3188391 TI - Pulmonary mechanics during treadmill exercise in race ponies. AB - Exercise-induced variations in their ventilatory mechanics were studied in 8 healthy ponies 4.2 +/- 1.4 years old and weighing 282 +/- 11 kg. Airflow (V), tidal volume (VT), esophageal pressure, mask pressure and electrocardiogram were simultaneously recorded before, during and after a treadmill (incline 8.3 degrees) exercise which consisted of 2 min walking (1.5 m.sec-1), 3 min slow trotting (3.0 m.sec-1) and 3 min fast trotting (3.5 m.sec-1). The results of three consecutive daily measurements were averaged for each pony. Heart rate, minute volume (Ve), respiratory frequency (f) and peak inspiratory and expiratory V, mean inspiratory and expiratory V, and peak to peak changes in transpulmonary pressure (maxdPtp) increased linearly and significantly with increasing velocity (v) (R2 = 0.99). Tidal volume and the inspiratory time to total breathing time ratio showed a curvilinar relation with v (R2 = 0.99). Minute volume, maxdPtp, total pulmonary resistance (RL) and VT increased from rest to fast trot 6.7, 5.7, 1.5 and 1.6 times respectively. When the ponies stopped all these values decreased significantly. After 5 min recovery, the Ve was approximately doubled, VT and max dPtp unchanged and RL 30% smaller than their respective resting values. The exercise-induced increase in Ve was achieved by an increase in f at both low and high intensity of work. PMID- 3188392 TI - Thoracic radiographic appearance during lung inflation in neonatal calves. AB - The effect of lung inflation on thoracic radiographic anatomy was determined in seven anesthetized calves less than one week of age. Radiographs were taken with the calves in dorsoventral (DV), ventrodorsal (VD), left and right lateral recumbency at functional residual capacity (FRC), at half inflation of the lung and at total lung capacity (TLC). Lung volumes were maintained by positive pressure ventilation. Increases in areas and linear dimensions during lung inflation were not uniform, being greatest in the caudal and especially the caudal ventral regions of the thorax. With inflation, heart size decreased and the heart shadow moved caudad as the diaphragm flattened. When the calf was shifted from the DV to the VD position, the heart displaced toward the left thoracic wall. Lung areas were larger on VD than on DV projections with the right lung being larger than the left. On lateral radiographs the most reliable, easily observed indication of the stage of lung inflation was the area bounded by the vena cava, the caudal heart border and the diaphragm. On the DV or VD radiographs the transthoracic width at the diaphragm was the best indicator of the degree of lung inflation. PMID- 3188393 TI - Cauliflower mosaic virus 35 S RNA leader region inhibits translation of downstream genes. AB - The cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35 S RNA is a full-length transcript of the viral genome. It encodes the genes VII and I-V, arranged in tandem along the RNA, preceded by a long leader region (600 bases) containing many short open reading frames. We have examined the effects of the leader and the first gene (gene VII) on downstream gene I translation in vitro and in an in vivo transient expression system (carrot protoplasts). RNAs from constructs containing the intact leader, and from various deletion constructs, were translated in a rabbit reticulocyte system. Gene I was translated efficiently only when the long leader region and the upstream gene VII were deleted. Translational fusions of gene VII or I to the firefly luciferase reporter gene were also constructed, and a similar series of leader sequence deletion mutants were examined in vivo and in vitro. The 600-base leader region was found to repress translation of gene VII 8- to 30-fold as compared to the truncated gene lacking the leader region. Gene I expression as compared to that of gene VII was reduced an additional 7- to 20-fold by the presence of the upstream leader region including gene VII. This represented an overall reduction in gene I expression of greater than 100-fold as compared to expression in the absence of any leader sequence. The reduced translation of gene I in the context of the 35 S RNA leader region was not due to the action of the gene VII protein product but may result from efficient blocking of scanning 40 S ribosomes by translation of upstream open reading frames. PMID- 3188394 TI - Filamentous phage assembly: morphogenetically defective mutants that do not kill the host. AB - The filamentous phage virion is assembled without killing the host, by extrusion of the DNA through the envelope and concomitant acquisition of coat proteins from the inner membrane. When assembly is blocked, however, intracellular phage DNA and gene products accumulate and the host is killed. This "cell killing" is largely absent in phage fd-tet, which carries a tetracycline-resistance determinant within the origin of minus-strand synthesis; as a result of the replication defect, phage DNA does not accumulate to high levels intracellularly when virion assembly is blocked. This allows morphogenetically defective mutants except those ablating gene V to be freely propagated in tetracycline-containing medium and studied in the absence of the confounding factor of cell morbidity. Because cultures can be initiated by transfection in the complete absence of input virions, extremely low levels of phage production can be assayed. Using this system, I show that genes III, VI, I, and IV are not required to form the complex between viral DNA and gene-V protein that is the intracellular precursor to mature virions; that genes I and/or IV are absolutely (or nearly absolutely) required for assembly; and that mos, a cis-acting sequence previously shown to enhance phage yield in some circumstances, is without such effect in others. PMID- 3188395 TI - Subcellular localization of tobacco mosaic virus minus strand RNA in infected protoplasts. AB - Radioactive RNA probes were prepared which specifically hybridize with sequences complementary to 5' and 3' regions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) RNA. These probes were used in Northern hybridization to locate TMV-RNA minus strands in the subcellular fractions of infected tobacco protoplasts. When the protoplasts were lysed with Triton X-100, full-length minus strands were present in the cytoplasmic but not in the nuclear fraction. With mechanically broken protoplasts, the crude nuclear fraction (250 g pellet) contained small amount of minus strands which appeared to derive from unbroken protoplasts, but most of minus strands were recovered in a fraction sedimented between 250 and 2500 g, little if any being found in lighter fractions. The results indicate that TMV-RNA replicates in association with an extranuclear structure. PMID- 3188396 TI - Sequence and structure at the genome 3' end of the U2-strain of tobacco mosaic virus, a histidine-accepting tobamovirus. AB - The primary sequence of the 3' noncoding region of U2-TMV RNA was determined. A structural model was proposed based on chemical and enzymatic structure mapping as well as on analyses of nuclease protection by aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase. The model agrees with those proposed for TMV "vulgare" RNA and confirms their general validity for the tobamoviruses. The RNA appears to have a tRNA-like, L-shaped structure at the 3' terminus, linked to a quasi-continuous double-helical stalk, with five pseudoknots involved in the formation of the whole structure. However, the structure of U2-TMV RNA is less stringently conserved than the 3' termini of "vulgare" and other histidine-accepting tobamoviruses. This difference is reflected in the kinetics of aminoacylation of the RNA. PMID- 3188397 TI - Identification of amino acids involved in the sialidase activity of the mumps virus hemagglutinin-neuraminadase protein. AB - We previously described sialidase-deficient variants of the O'Take strain of mumps virus obtained by growth under the selective pressure of the competitive sialidase inhibitor 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-acetylneuraminic acid (DANA). In this report, we describe the production of a sialidase-deficient variant of the RW strain of mumps virus using an identical selection protocol. The biologic activities of the RW variant, RW(DANA)v1, were identical to those described for O'Take-(DANA)v1 and included a lack of detectable sialidase activity, unchanged hemagglutination activity, and expression of cell-to-cell fusion in infected cell monolayers. Analysis of the structural proteins of each virus by both two dimensional tryptic peptide mapping and monoclonal antibody binding assays suggested that limited changes occurred in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins and that only the HN proteins were altered. The complete nucleotide sequence of the RW(DANA)v1 HN was determined and compared to the HN sequence of the RW parent. Two nucleotide differences accounting for two nonconservative amino acid differences were noted; an lle to a Thr at amino acid 181 and a Gln to Lys at amino acid 261 from RW to RW(DANA)v1, respectively. By comparing the data presented here with those reported for several other paramyxoviruses, we tentatively identify amino acid 181 as a critical residue in the active site of the mumps virus sialidase enzyme. PMID- 3188398 TI - Evidence for replication of hepatitis delta virus RNA in hepatocyte nuclei after in vivo infection. AB - Examination of a naturally infected human liver and experimentally infected chimpanzee and woodchuck livers by in situ hybridization showed that hepatitis delta virus (HDV) RNA was restricted to hepatocytes. Genomic RNA was 20-30 times more abundant than antigenomic RNA and was predominantly single-stranded while antigenomic RNA was predominantly double-stranded. In acute delta hepatitis, viral RNA was a more reliable marker of virus infection in single cells than hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) while in chronic hepatitis both markers were usually present in the same cell. In all cases, viral antigen and RNA were localized predominantly to the nuclei of infected cells. Thus, replication of HDV RNA is closely associated with HDAg expression at the cellular and intracellular level and it is likely that this new class of defective animal RNA viruses replicates in the nucleus of the infected cells. PMID- 3188399 TI - Characteristics of the X gene of hepatitis B virus. AB - The 465-nucleotide sequence of the X gene from our cloned hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA (subtype adw) was determined and compared to the same gene of 10 other published HBV sequences (3 of adw, 4 of adr, 2 of ayw, and 1 of ayr). We found (i) a total of 56 base differences among the 11 sequences (without counting the 27-base deletion in one adr) which resulted in 88% nucleotide homology, and (ii) 5 pairs of repeated sequence (3 direct repeats and 2 inverted repeats) that were highly conserved. Comparison of the protein amino acid sequences indicated that (i) there is 80% amino acid homology in total, and (ii) there are four highly conserved cysteine residues. In addition, the X gene of the adw subtype is more conserved than that of adr. PMID- 3188400 TI - Expression of pre-S1, pre-S2, and C proteins in duck hepatitis B virus infection. AB - We have examined the expression of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV)-associated proteins in experimentally infected ducks by an immunoblot (Western) method. The DHBV-related core protein, C protein, was identified at the position of 35,000 Da (P35). Pre-S proteins were recognized as two major bands (P37 and P28), the former representing pre-S1 and the latter pre-S2 protein. Expression of the proteins was examined in the early phase of infection in ducklings sequentially sacrificed from 6 hr postinoculation to 10 days. C protein (P35) was detected as early as 24 hr postinoculation. This timing coincided with the exponential increase of RNA transcripts and double-stranded viral DNA. Pre-S1/S2 proteins were detected at 3 days postinoculation. The early appearance of C protein suggested that the proteins were utilized for nucleic acid packaging. On the other hand, the late appearance of pre-S1/S2 proteins suggested that they were utilized in the production of virions near the end of the replication cycle. PMID- 3188401 TI - Integrating stereopsis with monocular interpretations of planar surfaces. AB - Experiments are reported that involved spatial judgments of planar surfaces that had contradictory stereo and monocular information. Tasks included comparing the relative depths of two points on the depicted surface and judging the surface's apparent spatial orientation. It was found that for planar surfaces the 3D perception was dominated by the monocular interpretation, despite the strongly contradictory stereo information. We propose that stereo information is effectively integrated only where the surface exhibits curvature features or edge discontinuities, i.e. where the second spatial derivatives of disparity are nonzero. Planar surfaces induce constant gradients of disparity and are thus effectively featureless to stereopsis. Further observations are reported regarding nonplanar surfaces, where contradictory monocular information can still be effectively rivalrous with that suggested stereoscopically. PMID- 3188402 TI - Operant measurements of contrast sensitivity in infant macaque monkeys during normal development. AB - The development of contrast sensitivity was measured longitudinally in seven Macaca nemestrina monkeys. Operant conditioning methods were used to train and then test infant monkeys from the ages of 1 to 12 months. Several changes were observed in the contrast sensitivity function, including an overall increase in sensitivity to contrast, a shift in the peak of the function toward higher spatial frequencies, and an increase in the cutoff spatial frequency. The time courses for the changes in the contrast sensitivity function were characterized by rapid development during the first 10-20 weeks, followed by a gradual asymptotic development to adult levels over the remainder of the year. Sensitivity to contrast was found to develop with different time-courses for different spatial frequencies; sensitivity to low spatial frequencies reached adult levels much earlier than sensitivity to high spatial frequencies. PMID- 3188403 TI - Cone interaction occurs in the parafovea under pi 4 stimulus conditions. AB - This study shows that stimulus parameters that isolate Stiles' pi 4 mechanism at the fovea do not isolate pi 4 parafoveally. Instead, the parafoveal test sensitivity peaks at 520 nm and is relatively depressed at longer wavelengths. This narrowed spectral sensitivity is not due to rod intrusion or interaction but rather suggests cone interaction for a relatively wide range of spatial and temporal parameters. The anomalous shape of the parafoveal spectral sensitivity is not found in a protanope, further supporting the view that the effect seen in normal trichromats is the result of interaction between L and M cones. The study provides a unifying explanation for discrepant results by investigators studying the chromatic properties of spatial sensitization and the contrast after-flash effect. Foveal studies found independence of pi mechanisms while parafoveal studies found interaction. The present study emphasizes the importance of retinal eccentricity on color threshold experiments. PMID- 3188404 TI - Apparent size and receptive field properties. AB - A light square against a dark background besides an equisized dark square against a light background shows a difference in apparent size such that the light square seems larger than the dark one. This illusion was studied for squares of 109 x 109 min arc. Their centres were located 90 min arc out of the centre of the fovea. The apparent size appeared to be dependent on the contrast between the square and the background and not on the mean luminance in the vicinity of the contour. The addition of a small white or dark line to the luminance step that constituted the border of the square changed the illusion dramatically. It is argued that this explains the observations where an inversion of the illusion for very small contrast values was found. The results are explained on the basis of a model with receptive fields of different sizes overlapping the same retinal location and having different sensitivities. PMID- 3188405 TI - The distribution of fixation durations in infants and naive adults. AB - The distributions of durations of fixations from infants and free-viewing adults are shown to be basically exponential for different stimulus conditions. It is found that fixation duration can be divided into two periods. One, the alpha period, is a refractory period during which a saccade does not occur and fluctuates across fixations. The other, the beta-period, is a random variable intrinsic to each fixation and constitutes a waiting-time for a saccade that occurs with constant probability per unit time. It is shown that mean duration decreases when stimulus size increases. These results suggest that fixations are terminated by saccades triggered by non-foveal stimulation. PMID- 3188406 TI - Topography of the foveal cone mosaic in the living human eye. AB - Interference fringes whose spatial frequency exceeds the resolution limit form visible moire patterns with the foveal cone mosaic. This paper describes a model of foveal cone sampling that shows how these moire patterns depend on the spatial frequency and orientation of an interference fringe imaged on a triangular lattice of cones. The model is tested with two psychophysical experiments. The first experiment shows that the behavior of the moire patterns is quantitatively consistent with anatomical estimates of cone spacing across the human fovea. These patterns provide a psychophysical method for measuring cone spacing within 1.75 deg of the foveal center. In some observers, cone spacing is larger in a horizontal direction than in a vertical direction at any particular location within the fovea. The second experiment shows that the behavior of the moire patterns is consistent with the triangular packing of foveal cones observed anatomically, and allows the orientation of the cone mosaic to be determined at the foveal center. These observations demonstrate the rich information that methods based on aliasing can provide about the topography of foveal cones in the living human eye. PMID- 3188408 TI - Comparison of contrast responses across spatial mechanisms. AB - We have analysed several recent studies of suprathreshold contrast perception in terms of the normalization of CTFs originally suggested by Georgeson and Sullivan (1975). When suprathreshold responses for different spatial frequencies are compared it is necessary to consider the effects of normalization across CTFs of different spatial mechanisms. PMID- 3188407 TI - Sensation luminance: a new name to distinguish CIE luminance from luminance dependent on an individual's spectral sensitivity. AB - The term sensation luminance is proposed when light measures are made which depend on individual observer's spectral sensitivity. The unit of measure for sensation luminance is ives/m2. When sensation luminance is used to calculate retinal illuminance the term sensation trolands is proposed. PMID- 3188410 TI - [Therapy of migraine]. PMID- 3188411 TI - [The effect of nutrition and planned physical activity on the nutritional status, development and physical fitness in soldiers]. PMID- 3188409 TI - [The etiology and pathogenesis of migraine]. PMID- 3188413 TI - [Campylobacter pylori. A causative agent of gastritis and ulcer disease or a commonly associated agent?]. PMID- 3188412 TI - [Characteristics of psychophysiologic stress in the rowing of cutters]. PMID- 3188414 TI - [Malleolar fractures. Incidence, classification, diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 3188415 TI - [Hallervorden-Spatz disease in twin patients]. PMID- 3188416 TI - [Pseudotumor cerebri after surgery of lumbosacral meningocele]. PMID- 3188417 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of screening programs as a method of detection of malignant neoformations]. PMID- 3188419 TI - [Reproductive function of women and risk of the development of breast cancer]. AB - The relationship between risk for breast cancer and certain factors of reproductive function was studied on a "case-control" basis. It was demonstrated that the traditional and well-known index of age at first birth cannot be considered a universal factor for all females who have borne different numbers of children. Indexes which take into account age at all births proved more reliable in evaluating risk of cancer in bi-, tri- and multiparae. Indexes of relative risk and the role of characteristics of reproductive function are discussed. PMID- 3188418 TI - [Difficulties of differential roentgeno-diagnosis of aneurysmal cysts and tumors of flat bones and the spine]. AB - Clinico-roentgenologic data on 33 cases of aneurysmal cyst of the bone (flat bones--12, spinal cord--21) were assessed. Such peculiarities of the aneurysmal cyst of flat bones as large size, cellular--trabecular structure and a peripheral periosteal "shell" were identified. Vertebral cysts involved processes, arches and body resulting in compression fracture. They sometimes extended to adjacent vertebrae and ribs. Vertebral cysts should be differentiated mainly from giant cell tumors, metastases and myeloma. PMID- 3188420 TI - [Radiation injuries of the bones during treatment of uterine cancer]. AB - The data on 53 cases of bone injuries caused by radiation treatment for cancer of the uterus were analysed. The clinico-roentgenological signs of osteoradionecrosis (33), pathological fracture and dislocation (13), osteomyelitis (5) and radiation-induced sarcoma of bone (2) were considered. Lesions were found to occur most frequently in the upper flaring portion of the ilium and bones of the hip joints. Regular X-ray examinations of the pelvic bones are necessary for early detection of radiation injuries as well as conservative treatment to prevent such grave complications as pathologic fracture and osteomyelitis. PMID- 3188421 TI - [Morphological characteristics of normal trophoblast and choriocarcinoma]. AB - A certain ratio of cyto- and syntrophoblast cells in the chorion is known to exist during a certain third of pregnancy. It was shown that cell differentiation taking place in the placental epithelium can occur in the same order during malignant transformation of the trophoblast, too. The histological type of tumor was found to be in correlation with the pattern of pregnancy (normal or pathologic) preceding the disease as well as with the stage of pregnancy termination. A significant difference in syncytial choriocarcinoma incidence after normal pregnancy (88.7 +/- 8.8%) and pathological one (41.2 +/- 11.2%) (t = 3.2) was registered. These findings can be interpreted on the basis of morphological characteristics of the disease, which should be considered in planning therapy. The results should also be taken into account when making prognosis. PMID- 3188422 TI - [Methods of evaluating work capacity rehabilitation of cancer patients]. AB - A program for evaluating measures taken for rehabilitation of radically-treated patients with tumors of the lung, breast, ovary and endometrium is discussed. The study included patients on the cancer register for at least 6-60 months. It was based on the data on type of tumor process, treatment modality and characteristics of health status and working ability before and after therapy. The study used forms for computer evaluation of rehabilitation efficacy and encoder-type instructions for filling them. PMID- 3188423 TI - [Roentgeno-anatomical study of inguinal, pelvic and lumbar lymph nodes]. AB - Clinical anatomy of the inguinal, pelvic and lumbar lymph nodes was studied in 89 autopsies on adult males. The data on the life-time lymphographic and post mortem examination of the lymph nodes were compared. It was demonstrated that the retroperitoneal lymph nodes in an adult male include 4-20 right-side, 8-16 left side external and common iliac, 3-13 right-side lumbar, 3-29 left-side and 0-8 intermediate lumbar nodes. It is important that the skeleton-related topography and number of lymph nodes, and the relationship between these parameters and age should be taken into account in making primary and differential diagnosis of various relevant lesions. PMID- 3188424 TI - [Effects of chemotherapy on regional metastases of non-seminomatous tumors of the testis]. AB - A comparative evaluation of histologic patterns of non-seminomatous testicular tumors was carried out in 2 groups of patients: those receiving platinum derivative-based preoperative chemotherapy (31) and chemotherapy-free cases (36). Preoperative cytostatic treatment potentiated cell differentiation in retroperitoneal metastases in some patients, the latter effect being considered prognostically favorable. PMID- 3188427 TI - [Ways to improve the cancer service]. PMID- 3188425 TI - [Effects of castration and estradiol dipropionate on carcinogenesis of methylcholanthrene-induced gallbladder cancer in male hamsters]. AB - The study used 8 groups of 8-10 week-old male hamsters. Beeswax pellets containing 5 mg of 20-methylcholanthrene (group 4) or 2 mg (group 5) were injected into the gallbladder. In group 6, the latter treatment was supplemented with castration and subcutaneous injection of 40 micrograms of estradiol dipropionate (EP) once a week. Other experimental exposures included: sham operation (group 2), beeswax pellet injection into the gallbladder (group 3), beeswax pellet injection + castration + EP (group 7) and castration + EP (group 8) with the animals is group 1 being in control. The gallbladder tumor development frequency in groups 4, 5 and 6 was 58.3; 39.3 and 77.8%, respectively. The difference between the data on group 5 and 6 proved significant. The study on cumulative likelihood of tumor development showed a significant increase in tumor frequency in group 6 as compared with group 4 and 5. A strong stimulating effect of castration and EP treatment on tumorigenesis in the gallbladder was demonstrated. PMID- 3188426 TI - [Peculiarities of colonic cancer metastasis to the ovaries and the role of prophylactic ovariectomy]. AB - Colonic tumor dissemination to the ovaries was registered in 3%. The likelihood of such dissemination in locally-advanced cancer of the sigmoid colon was higher which in turn supports the hypothesis on colonic tumor dissemination to the ovary via transperitoneal implantation. The patients' condition improved and survival increased following excision of involved ovaries both during and at different stages after radical surgery. Preventive bilateral ovariectomy failed to improve 5-year survival. PMID- 3188428 TI - [Statistical information data from the State Committee on Statistics of the USSR]. PMID- 3188429 TI - [Malignant neoplasms of the skin in the population of the Dagestan ASSR]. PMID- 3188430 TI - [Evaluation of individual factors in the risk of the development of breast cancer]. AB - A new parameter--risk factor-related morbidity index--is suggested to assess the role of separate risk factors of morbidity in a population. The index based on relative risk indices and occurrence of a specific risk factor provides the "share" of the latter in the total morbidity. The risk factor-related index was identified among others involved in breast cancer morbidity on a case-control study basis. The informative value and advantages of its application in comparative analysis of separate risk factors are discussed. PMID- 3188431 TI - [The role of echinocytosis indices in the diagnosis and prognosis of the course of stomach cancer]. AB - Both malignant and benign pathology development (stomach cancer recurrence included) involved higher levels of prickle-shaped erythrocytes in peripheral blood, particularly, in cases of cancer. However, no changes in clinical blood counts of red blood cells were identified. PMID- 3188432 TI - [Neutron therapy of endometrial cancer using californium-252 sources of high activity]. AB - Endometrial cancer patients received intracavitary irradiation from the Anet-B installation using a high-energy 252-Cf source. Radical complex radiotherapy was given to 30 patients and radical-dose intracavitary irradiation--to 14 only. Incomplete palliative radiotherapy was carried out in 6 cases. Intracavitary radiation treatment preceded extirpation of the uterus and appendages in 10 cases. The complex radiotherapy proved effective in 93% of patients with stage I, II and III endometrial tumors. PMID- 3188433 TI - [Cytologic classification of precancer and cancer of the endometrium and esophagus and of malignant lymphomas]. AB - The paper discusses cytological classifications of precancer and cancer of the endometrium, esophagus and malignant lymphomas presented by cytologists from five Soviet research institutes of oncology. The classifications were based on the data of 4400 cases in conformity with WHO histologic classifications. PMID- 3188434 TI - [A method and equipment for the intraosseous implantation of sarcoma 45 for x-ray research]. AB - A procedure for sarcoma-45 suspension implantation into bone to study osteogenic tumors by X-ray and morphologic means is suggested. Isolation of growing tumors without dissemination to adjacent soft tissues is assured in 94.3% of cases if trepanation hole area is reliably sealed. Also, a special device for homogenizing tumor tissue and a trepanation needle are suggested. PMID- 3188435 TI - [Comparative study of platinum complexes in athymic mice with human tumors]. AB - Tumoricidal activity of Soviet-synthesized oxoplatinum and cycloplatam was shown to influence human tumor strains (melanoma, cancer of the kidney, Burkitt's lymphoma) transplanted to nude mice. Their therapeutic effect was associated with lymphopenia; however, they did not suppress the chemically determined activity of succinate dehydrogenase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. PMID- 3188436 TI - [Recurrent nonorganic tumors of the lesser pelvis]. AB - The authors' findings on 16 cases of small pelvis nonorganic tumor recurrence are presented and relevant recommendations on diagnosis and treatment are given. PMID- 3188437 TI - [Acute malignant histiocytosis in a patient with Liebow's lymphomatoid granulomatosis (a case report)]. PMID- 3188438 TI - [Modified albumin as a diagnostic and prognostic test]. PMID- 3188439 TI - Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1987. PMID- 3188441 TI - Effect of centrifugation on the storage properties of platelets. AB - Some of the recommended centrifugation methods for the preparation of platelet concentrates may cause accelerated deterioration of platelets stored in second generation containers. The deterioration is characterized by increasing pH, pO2 and decreasing pCO2, a high discharge of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increasing amounts of small particles which have recently been shown to have platelet factor 3 activity [Solberg, C.; Osterud, B.; Little, C.: Thrombosis Res. 48: 559-565, 1987]. A short first centrifugation (3,270 g, 2 min 15 s) yielded platelets with better storage properties than platelet-rich plasma prepared with longer centrifugation times (2,200 g, 4 min 30 s and 1,100 g, 6 min). By using multivariate data analysis the effect of different platelet concentrations and metabolic parameters can be used to predict the discharge of LDH or the change in morphology. PMID- 3188442 TI - [Scientific information support for the introduction of the achievements of medical science into practice]. PMID- 3188440 TI - The 24-hour posttransfusion survival and lifespan of autologous baboon red cells treated with inositol hexaphosphate-polyethylene glycol or inositol hexaphosphate adenosine triphosphate-polyethylene glycol to decrease oxygen affinity. AB - Baboon red cells were treated to reduce oxygen affinity by an osmotic-pulse procedure using dimethyl-sulfoxide. Inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) alone or IHP and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were incorporated into the red cells in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The procedure produced variable increases in the red cell P50 value, i.e., the partial pressure of oxygen at which 50% of the hemoglobin was saturated. The effect of treatment of autologous baboon red cells on the 24-hour posttransfusion survival value and lifespan T50 value was measured using a double-label procedure. The data demonstrate that the increase in the P50 value of treated red cells was negatively correlated with the 24-hour posttransfusion survival value; the higher the P50 value, the poorer the 24-hour posttransfusion survival value. The 24-hour posttransfusion survival value for nontreated baboon red cells was 90% and the T50 value was 14 days. The IHP-ATP PEG-treated red cells had significantly higher red cell ATP levels than did IHP PEG-treated red cells. The 24-hour posttransfusion survival value was 68% for the IHP-ATP-PEG treated red cells and 52% for the IHP-PEG-treated red cells when the increase in P50 ranged from 10 to 20 mm Hg; the lifespan T50 value for both the IHP-ATP-PEG-treated red cells and the IHP-PEG-treated red cells was 15 days. Osmotic pulse treatment produced significant red cell injury manifested by the 24 hour posttransfusion survival value. However, modification of the RBC with IHP PEG or IHP-ATP-PEG to decrease hemoglobin affinity for oxygen did not affect their lifespan. PMID- 3188443 TI - [Diagnostic importance of the Holter ECG monitoring of miners under industrial conditions]. PMID- 3188444 TI - [Effect of the working conditions in the production of iodine and its preparations on workers' health]. PMID- 3188445 TI - [Possible effect of D-51 A rubber on drinking water quality]. PMID- 3188447 TI - [Use of olivomycin for the diagnosis of Ureaplasma infection of the sperm]. PMID- 3188446 TI - [Treatment of sepsis in patients with gram-negative infection]. PMID- 3188448 TI - [Endocrine function of the duodenum in patients with viral hepatitis A]. PMID- 3188449 TI - [Dysbacteriosis in patients with viral hepatitis]. PMID- 3188450 TI - [Development of disinfection regimens for the special clothing of miners on a test object model made from different fabrics]. PMID- 3188451 TI - [Acute bronchitis morbidity in a rural medical district]. PMID- 3188452 TI - [Social aspects of the late results of treatment in ureteral fistulae]. PMID- 3188453 TI - [Diagnosis and therapeutic procedure in giant air cysts of the lungs]. PMID- 3188454 TI - [Detection, clinical course and chemotherapy of tuberculosis in adolescents]. PMID- 3188455 TI - [Rehabilitation of patients with postinfarct cardiosclerosis depending on the characteristics of the pain syndrome]. PMID- 3188456 TI - [Use of sermion in cerebral atherosclerosis patients with a history of ischemic stroke]. PMID- 3188457 TI - [Effect of kavinton on the hemodynamics and adenosine metabolism in atherosclerosis patients]. PMID- 3188458 TI - [Effectiveness of antianginal preparations in ischemic heart disease depending on the duration of the courses of treatment]. PMID- 3188459 TI - [The role of contraction asynchronism of the heart ventricles in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3188460 TI - [Characteristics of the hemodynamic reactions to physical loading in hypertension patients]. PMID- 3188461 TI - [Changes in external respiration in hypertension patients during bicycle ergometric threshold loading]. PMID- 3188462 TI - [Adaptation of patients with arterial hypertension to physical loading]. PMID- 3188463 TI - [A method for determining blood pressure]. PMID- 3188464 TI - [Assessment of echocardiographic measurements of the volumetric indices of the left ventricle]. PMID- 3188465 TI - [Bone marrow hematopoietic function based on data from the trephine biopsy of the ilium in patients with acute leukemia in relation to age]. PMID- 3188466 TI - [Methods for determining the degree of intoxication]. PMID- 3188467 TI - [Characteristics of HLA antigen distribution in glomerulonephritis patients]. PMID- 3188468 TI - [Kidney involvement in infectious mononucleosis]. PMID- 3188469 TI - [Treatment of patients who have had a cholecystectomy]. PMID- 3188470 TI - [Formation of reactive peritoneal structures as affected by low-frequency ultrasound]. PMID- 3188471 TI - [Immunoreactive structures of the blood microcirculatory bed in the peritoneum of the lesser pelvis]. PMID- 3188472 TI - [Effect of hemosorption on the clinical course of chronic liver diseases]. PMID- 3188473 TI - [Correction of the microcirculation in the pancreas in acute pancreatitis]. PMID- 3188474 TI - [Bioelectrical activity of the brain in patients with diffuse toxic goiter]. PMID- 3188476 TI - [Case of phenacetin drug dependence]. PMID- 3188477 TI - [Combined intensive pharmacotherapy in premature labor with habitual abortion and threatened abortion]. PMID- 3188475 TI - [Pharmacotherapeutic effectiveness of kvadevit]. PMID- 3188478 TI - [Clinico-morphological comparisons of the results of the combined treatment of tumors with platinum derivatives]. PMID- 3188479 TI - [Blood rheological disorders in heart failure in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 3188480 TI - [Sequelae of mild craniocerebral injury in adolescents and youths]. PMID- 3188481 TI - [Morphological data in head injuries caused by industrial and domestic traumas]. PMID- 3188483 TI - [Morphological characteristics of the double-layer skin pedicle]. PMID- 3188482 TI - [Characteristics of the ophthalmological disorders in the initial stages of disseminated sclerosis in young and older patients]. PMID- 3188484 TI - [Nodular fasciitis of the neck]. PMID- 3188485 TI - [Esterase activity of the peripheral blood phagocytes and its nonspecific correction in patients with rubromycosis pedis]. PMID- 3188486 TI - [Effect of pathogenic-modulating factors on the clinical and psychophysiological indices in mental diseases]. PMID- 3188487 TI - [Diagnosis of coniotuberculosis in coal miners]. PMID- 3188489 TI - How information-gathering, its documentation, its communication and a heads-up philosophy can reduce your exposure to malpractice claims and help you serve your patients more completely. PMID- 3188488 TI - [Expert evaluation of preliminary and periodic occupational examinations of miners in the Don Basin coal mines]. PMID- 3188491 TI - Medicine is our profession. PMID- 3188492 TI - CO2 laser surgery for oral cancer. PMID- 3188493 TI - Cervical thymic cyst: case report. PMID- 3188494 TI - Familial myalgic myopathy. PMID- 3188496 TI - RCTs. PMID- 3188490 TI - Continue the fight. PMID- 3188495 TI - Get involved. PMID- 3188498 TI - State AIDS Medical Testing, Records Confidentiality Act. PMID- 3188497 TI - Children's Inn at NIH. PMID- 3188500 TI - Uncertainty in illness and the future. PMID- 3188499 TI - Perceived uncertainty and coping post myocardial infarction. PMID- 3188502 TI - The function of feedback in psychomotor-skill learning. PMID- 3188501 TI - Magnitude estimation: issues and practical applications. PMID- 3188503 TI - Stress inoculation with nursing students. PMID- 3188504 TI - The relationship of cognitive styles and stress in nursing students. PMID- 3188505 TI - Baccalaureate nursing students' explanations of success and failure in a research course. PMID- 3188506 TI - Public perception of nursing and strategy formulation. PMID- 3188507 TI - Job effectiveness of foreign nurse graduates. PMID- 3188508 TI - The process of finding contraceptive options. PMID- 3188509 TI - Computer use and nursing research. A computerized taxonomy of nursing diagnoses for use in ambulatory care nursing education, practice, and research--Part 1: Development and major headings. PMID- 3188510 TI - Strategies for teaching nursing research. Writing to learn nursing research. PMID- 3188511 TI - Strategies for teaching nursing research. The critique. PMID- 3188512 TI - Making a difference. PMID- 3188514 TI - Social control of identity by children of gay fathers. PMID- 3188513 TI - A comparison of health responses in expectant mothers and fathers. PMID- 3188515 TI - Structures of maternal information processing for infant feeding. PMID- 3188517 TI - Power perceptions of nurse managerial personnel. PMID- 3188516 TI - Nurse-physician conflicts as barriers to the enactment of nursing roles. PMID- 3188518 TI - Sex role identity and perceptions of nurse role discrepancy. PMID- 3188519 TI - Comparison of mental health and life satisfaction of five elderly ethnic groups. PMID- 3188520 TI - Folk beliefs about high blood pressure in Hispanic immigrants. PMID- 3188521 TI - Health beliefs, health value, and positive health behaviors. PMID- 3188522 TI - Folk medicine in the health practice of Hmong refugees. PMID- 3188524 TI - Cross-lagged panel correlation analysis. PMID- 3188523 TI - Archives as sources of treasure in historical research. PMID- 3188525 TI - The newspaper as a tool for introducing research. PMID- 3188526 TI - [Tasks and organization of a pediatric intensive care unit]. AB - Paediatric intensive care medicine mainly involves infants during the neonatal period and, in particular, premature babies. 70% of the children on assisted ventilation at the paediatric hospital of Graz University in 1985 and 1986 were neonates. Older children needing mechanical ventilation comprised only 1.6% of the total number of patients at our paediatric hospital. Paediatric intensive care units are therefore almost exclusively neonatal care units. Otherwise when serving the needs of children beyond the neonatal period these units are mostly required by paediatric subspecialities (i.e. cardiology, burns unit etc.). In view of the small number of patients in this group a high-standard paediatric intensive care unit should be multidisciplinary and preferentially attached to a university hospital rather than a regional hospital so as to maximise experience in the management of these children and ensure optimal care. PMID- 3188527 TI - [The radiation accident]. AB - The reactor accident of Chernobyl in April 1986 has shown us all the dangers which are inherent ever in the peaceful use of atomic energy. The effects of exposure to ionizing radiation are dependent on biological effectiveness, on dose, on duration of exposure and on the age of the exposed person (the younger the graver). Acute ionizing radiation of the whole body leads to radiation disease or radiation syndrome of different stages of severity according to dosage. If the patient survives other consequences of ionizing radiation may arise: non-stochastic effects such as cataracts, keloid formation, fibrosis of the lungs and infertility) and stochastic effects (oncogenesis and mutagenesis). The sensitivity to ionizing radiation is especially high in childhood because of the high velocity of cell metabolism and cell growth, the large body-surface area and because their repair mechanism following radiation damage is not yet. PMID- 3188528 TI - [External ventricle drainage in newborn infants with rapidly growing posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus]. AB - 14 newborn infants (birth weight: 1830 +/- 930 gms, gestational age 33 +/- 4 wks) (mean +/- SD) with rapidly progressive posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure were treated by means of external ventricular drainage. Progression of hydrocephalus was arrested during the drainage period in each patient. The drainage was kept in place for 20 +/- 12 days, the longest drainage period being 48 days. 8 of 10 surviving patients showed recurrence of progressive ventricular dilatation, 5 required a ventriculoatrial and 3 a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The other 2 infants required no further therapy. Implantation of a permanent shunt was performed at day 28 to 88 after delivery, at the time of implantation the weight of the infants was 2400 +/- 950 gms (lowest weight 1650 gms). Bacterial cultures of ventricular liquor were negative in 66 and positive in 7 instances. Clinical and biochemical evidence of ventriculitis was absent in all patients. 4 of the 14 patients died of causes unrelated to external ventricular drainage. 10 infants survived. 7 out of 10 survivors suffered from IVH 3; 6 subsequently showed normal neurological development and one was retarded. 3 patients with parenchymal lesions (2 patients: IVH 4, 1 patient: primarily intraparenchymal haemorrhage) had neurological handicaps. We consider external ventricular drainage to be an effective form of therapy in newborn infants with rapidly progressive posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure because this treatment achieves prompt and sustained decrease in intraventricular pressure without complications. PMID- 3188529 TI - [Prognostic significance of the onset of infection in newborn infants]. AB - Between September 86 and May 87 we reviewed the case histories of 25 newborns (gestational age: 33-41 weeks, birth weight: 1280-3600 g) with septicaemia proved by positive blood cultures. Two groups are formed: Group A: onset of sepsis within the first 48 hours of life (10 newborns), group B: onset of sepsis after 48 hours of life (15 newborns). No differences in gestational age and birth weight were found between the groups. Amnionitis was found in 8 mothers (80%) of group A, however, we found only 2 (13%) mothers with amnionitis in group B. All patients in group A had signs of the respiratory distress syndrome and their clinical condition was poor. Only the CRP was helpful in the laboratory diagnosis of septicaemia. In group B sepsis was diagnosed in 11 (73%) patients by means of a raised CRP and an increased immature neutrophil count. Only 4 patients of this group showed clinical deterioration. The following bacteria were cultured: Group A: E. coli 4, b-streptococci 3, Klebsiella 3. Group B: Staph, aureus 8, Strept. faecalis 5, Pseudomonas 2. In group A 3 patients died and 3 patients developed meningitis with neurological sequelae. In group B non of the patients died, but 2 patients developed osteomyelitis. PMID- 3188530 TI - [Changes in the treatment of urogenital tuberculosis]. AB - Potent antituberculosis drugs and new endourological measures have changed the concept of management of urogenital tuberculosis. This paper presents a report on 56 patients treated with rifampicin, ethambutol and isoniazid for 1 year. Therapy was started in hospital and continued on an ambulatory basis. Reconstructive surgery was carried out as early as 4-5 weeks after commencement of therapy, whereby only destroyed organs wee removed. Follow up continued at three-monthly intervals for a period of 2-5 years after completion of chemotherapy. All patients were cured. PMID- 3188532 TI - [Value of an abbreviated intravenous urogram]. AB - 92% of patients (n = 250) were correctly diagnosed following retrospective evaluation of the plain film and one film taken 20 minutes after administration of an increased quantity of contrast medium (250 ml 30% contrast medium instead of 50 ml 58% contrast medium) for intravenous pyelography. In the remaining 8% of cases, additional information was provided by subsequent films--in 90% (of these 8%) by way of "delayed films" and only in 10% (of the 8%) by way of "early films". If information provided by 20-minute films is insufficient further films have to be obtained in any case and, thus, the patient does not escape diagnosis. In 99.2% of cases shortened intravenous urograms provided relevant information. Hence, 50% of all routinely obtained films for intravenous urograms are unnecessary if a sufficient quantity of contrast medium is administered. It appears mandatory, therefore, to change our outlook regarding this issue. PMID- 3188531 TI - [Prostatic cancer in the male under age 60]. AB - Staging, therapy and course of disease in 32 patients with carcinoma of prostate less than 60 years old were evaluated retrospectively, 87.5% of the men showed metastases before commencement of therapy. Not one case of cancer was detected during preventive check up; all patients come to urological examination because of characteristic symptoms.33.3% of carcinomas were primarily hormone-resistant. Under pure androgen deprivation (n = 21) 81% of the patients showed progression within a mean period of 9.2 months, whereas in the small group primarily given combined contrasexual cytostatic therapy (n = 5) progression occurred after a time span of 39 months on average. The importance of preventive urological examination and the possibility of primary cytostatic therapy in combination with androgen deprivation in young patients with metastatic cancer of the prostate is stressed. PMID- 3188533 TI - Diagnosis and therapeutic management of so-called complicated renal cysts: a report of 4 cases. AB - We report 4 cases of so-called "complicated cyst of the kidney". The inconclusiveness of the imaging techniques--i.e. ultrasound, ct scan and arteriography--is discussed. The need to explore the affected kidney is emphasized. We advocate a conservative approach to surgery, with the aim of preserving the kidney provided the lesion can be totally removed. PMID- 3188534 TI - [The urethral pressure profile at rest and in stress following diaphragmplasty]. AB - 56 women underwent vaginal repair because of primary genuine stress incontinence. Urodynamic investigation was carried out preoperatively and 10.9 (7-13) months after surgery. At follow-up continence was demonstrable in 44/56 patients (79%). Detrusor instability following surgery for stress incontinence was found in 2/56 patients (4%). Vaginal repair failed to rectify stress incontinence in 21% of the patients. In cured patients the postoperative urethral pressure profile at rest remained unchanged, while the postoperative urethral closure pressure profile during stress significantly increased in these patients. In incontinent patients following surgery the urodynamic parameters of both pressure profiles correlated well with the severity of the incontinence. PMID- 3188535 TI - [Heparin in deep venous thrombosis of the leg--effectiveness and safety]. AB - The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the adequacy of heparin treatment in deep venous thrombosis and the rate of symptomatic complications under the everyday conditions of a hospital. The investigation was carried out in 200 consecutive patients, 117 women and 83 men (mean age 61 +/- 17 years) with verified deep venous thrombosis. Na-heparin was given over 12 +/- 7 days; the initial daily dosage amounting to 31700 IU followed by a maintenance dosage of 36150 IU. 153 patients were treated exclusively or predominantly by the subcutaneous route (3 times daily) and 47 by continuous i.v. infusion. In the i.v. group 47% of thrombin times (TT) were prolonged to values exceeding 48 seconds in comparison with only 39% in the subcutaneous group (p less than 0.001). 34 patients developed thromboembolic complications (pulmonary embolism in 33), causing death in 13 cases. Patients with thromboembolic complications differed from those without in respect to the rate of a therapeutically prolonged TT (10% vs 44%, p less than 0.001) and signs of pulmonary embolism on admission (44% vs 8%, p less than 0.001), but not with respect to heparin dosage. Thromboembolic complications appeared in only 3 patients receiving i.v. therapy. Patients with thrombosis of the iliac or femoral veins appeared twice as likely to develop pulmonary embolism than patients with calf vein thrombosis (n.s.). Bleeding was registered in 11 patients. One patient died from retroperitoneal haemorrhage. At the time of bleeding 10 patients were on subcutaneous heparin and in 9 patients the TT was prolonged to over 2 minutes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3188537 TI - [Changes in zinc level in the serum, whole blood and erythrocytes in disorders of thyroid function]. AB - The zinc level in serum and whole blood was determined in a series of 121 patients, 20 suffering from overt hyperthyroidism, 34 with manifest hypothyroidism and a control group of 67 euthyroid subjects. The zinc content per deciliter of erythrocytes was calculated from the haematocrit. The hyperthyroid group revealed a highly significantly elevated serum zinc level (p less than 0.01), but a most significantly reduced zinc content in whole blood (p less than 0.001) in comparison with the euthyroid group. On the other hand, the reverse changes were observed in the hypothyroid group, i.e. a most significantly reduced serum zinc content (p less than 0.001) and a highly significantly increased zinc content in whole blood (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that the determination of zinc levels both in serum and in whole blood may be a useful additional parameter of peripheral thyroid hormone effect. PMID- 3188536 TI - [Drug use by 60- to 74-year-old patients of a rural community. The Tyrolean Oberperfuss Heart Project]. AB - Information on drug consumption was collected in May 1987 within the framework of the 10 year follow-up survey of a coronary risk factor detection programme in the Tyrolean village of Oberperfuss. Data were obtained from the entire cohort born between 1913 and 1927. On average, men took 1.7 and women 2.8 different types of drugs. Blood pressure lowering substances, including diuretics, were the most frequently consumed drugs, followed by digitalis. PMID- 3188538 TI - [Chlorinated hydrocarbons in breast milk]. AB - Chlorocarbons, which are used for cleaning purposes in both the home and industry, are of growing interest with respect to environmental pollution. We have therefore, compared the concentrations of chloroform (CH CL3), carbon tetrachloride (C CL4) and tetrachloroethylene (C2 CL4), determined by gas chromatography, in breast milk from 13 puerperal mothers from Innsbruck and the surrounding Tyrol with the respective data in 20 mothers from Linz and the surrounding industrial area. In fact, no elevation in chlorocarbon levels was detected in either group. PMID- 3188539 TI - [Measuring signal processing by analog/digital conversion using personal computers. I: General principles]. AB - Sampling rate, quantization noise and the number of channels to be acquired, the main concepts of computerized data acquisition, are discussed as regards their relevance to clinical research. Different setups of analog/digital conversion and signal processing, such as real-time and post-acquisition mode, are contrasted with respect to performance and installation effort. Additionally, continuous analog recording on FM coded tape is presented as a useful tool for software testing, re-evaluation and backup purposes. PMID- 3188540 TI - [Transient extra-osseous increase of isotope activity in the bone scintigram in acetolyt-induced hypercalcemia]. AB - A 66 year-old man with chronic renal failure developed hypercalcaemia during acetolyte medication. A technetium-99m phosphate bone scan at this time showed extraosseous isotope uptake in the stomach, which disappeared 2 weeks later after normalisation of the serum calcium level. This phenomenon can be interpreted as transient metatastic calcification during hypercalcaemia. PMID- 3188541 TI - [Surgery of colon and rectal cancer]. AB - The modern surgery of the colorectal carcinoma is becoming more and more standardized which is reflected by the drastic reduction of postoperative lethality. Since the curing rates have only been marginally improved in the last 20 years the new trend is going in the direction of more radical techniques. Adjuvant therapy methods such as radio-, chemo- and immunotherapy have not yet fulfilled their expectancies. The modern standard and problematic in the colorectal carcinoma surgery is discussed using the results of 257 operated carcinomas in the time from January 1st 1984 to April 28th 1987. PMID- 3188542 TI - [Surgery of resectable liver metastases]. AB - Criteria for the operability of liver-metastases are expectancies for complete cure, prolongation of life and improvement of life-quality. Results from our own department are reported. PMID- 3188543 TI - [Local recurrence after colorectal cancer]. AB - A prospective study was undertaken of the incidence, symptoms, diagnostic measures and therapy of local recurrence of colorectal carcinoma following radical surgical management. 156 (22%) out of 715 patients developed recurrence of the tumour, which was local in 90 patients. In addition, 36 patients with LR from other hospitals were treated. Half of the patients were symptom free at the time of diagnosis. 109 out of the 126 patients were treated by surgery, a radical operation being feasible in 53 cases. 50% of these have survived for at least 17 months, 30% for 36 months. The operative mortality was low (4.6%), although extensive surgery was necessary in most of the cases. The results of this study support the hypothesis that a postoperative follow-up programme for patients with colorectal cancer leads to early detection of local recurrence and improves the chance of cure by surgical treatment. PMID- 3188544 TI - [Prognostic criteria and risk groups in colorectal cancer]. AB - A normal CEA value turned out to be the most important prognostic factor on primary and secondary procedure because of colorectal carcinoma. Five-year survival after first operation was 65% and 35% after second procedure in case of negative CEA-test. Early tumour stage (pT1-3N0M0), good tumour differentiation, location in colon ascendens and age between 40 and 60 years were further relevant variables of prognosis. The history after secondary procedure was dependent of the kind of symptoms at the time of recurrence, intensity of postoperative follow up and the length of recurrence free interval. PMID- 3188545 TI - [Limits of endoscopic polypectomy]. AB - Endoscopic polypectomy has become the preferred technique for the removal of colorectal adenomas. This procedure may become difficult or impossible because of the location or the appearance (sessile versus pedunculated) of the polyps. For histopathological classification the removal of the whole lesion is necessary. There is no doubt that endoscopic polypectomy or local surgical excision is the adequate curative treatment for adenomas and "carcinomas limited to the mucosa". The local polypectomie is also an adequate treatment for "early colorectal cancer", if you define and separate a high group of patients, for whom operative endoscopy alone is not enough. Conservative therapeutic procedures such as endoscopic polypectomy require certain selection criteria regarding the cancers stage, the careful histological examination of the whole specimen and short-term controls. PMID- 3188546 TI - [Senior sports in science and general practice]. AB - Aging does not just mean diminishing of abilities. It means gain of new qualities too. Modern sports medicine as well as medicine in general has developed its own specialty: sports medicine for seniors, establishing age specific possibilities in sports, and diminishing its possible negative outcomes to a minimum. The goal is not just to achieve physical results in seniors. What counts even more are psychohygienic possibilities in the sense of contentment, integration into family society, contacts to youth. Happily enough youngsters too articulate same opinions about sports for seniors. Thus sports of the aged is by no means just a matter for a single outsider who wants to demonstrate physical top performances. It is of important social value. It does not just regard sport associations but all of us: doctors, politicians, opinion leaders, present or future seniors. PMID- 3188547 TI - [Peak performance athletes speak with physicians about common problems--a panel discussion]. AB - The sports-physician sees the necessity of a holistic view resulting out of the wishes of top ranking athletes in contrast to a quick temporary recovery of unsatisfying duration. On the other hand one must consider the short active period of the athlete and adapt less time consuming diagnosis and therapy. The sports-physician has to be aware of the stressfield resulting out of a polarity of "immediate" versus "perfect" therapy, and national and economic interests. This means an everlasting inner conflict for the sports-physician. Holistic view means also to consider the personal and the professional development. This is important in children-sports especially to prevent the loss of a playful and funny dimension and to offer different kinds of sports. Without the ambition of the parents there will be no children top ranking sports. Exaggerated parents ambitions however want cautious medical interference. There is still a big lack in permanent psychohygienic care for top athletes reaching from professional training, social contacts to mental training and/or psychotherapeutical dimensions. A permanent, interested, integrative cooperation between sports medicine, science of sports, psychology of sports, organisation and last but not least athletes themselves leads not only to better results but also to better human value of every day life before, during and post active period. PMID- 3188548 TI - [Ergospirometry and blood lactate data in the assessment of conditioning of soldiers in relation to physical activity within the scope of military service in the Austrian army]. AB - 21 soldiers completing their military service in the Austrian army were assessed before and at the finalizing of their basic military training, also to disarmament by spiroergometric and lactate tests according to their physical condition. Soldiers employed in fighting duties improved slightly in physical fitness at commencement of the basic training. By the time they reached disarmament there was significant improvement. The monitoring of administration personal significantly increased their physical fitness after the basic training, nevertheless the physical condition achieved before disarmament relapsed to the same standard as prior to military service. As a conclusion we suggest that the physical inactive group should be kept as small as possible and get an efficient training program in future. PMID- 3188549 TI - [Surgical preparation in hyperthyroidism and therapy of thyrotoxic crisis]. AB - Any type of hyperthyroidism with an indication for surgical treatment requires adequate medical preparation. A major reason for this postulate is avoidance of hyperthyroid crisis. Medical control of severe hyperthyoidism is best achieved by antithyroid drugs, mild cases of thyroid autonomy maybe sufficiently pretreated by beta-adrenergic blockers. Hyperthyroid crisis due to iodine contamination of a goiter with a considerable mass of autonomously functioning tissue may require acute and early surgery if medical control fails or does not show improvement within a few days. PMID- 3188550 TI - [Indications for subtotal thyroidectomy in patients with amiodarone- (iodine-) induced hyperthyroidism]. AB - Therapy with the antiarrhythmic drug amiodarone implies administration of free iodine in dosages between 6 and 36 mg/day. Especially patients from areas with low iodine intake are at risk to develop iodine-related hyperthyroidism. In 2 case reports the indication of subtotal thyroidectomy is discussed. In 1 patient decision for operation was made after 7 weeks of inefficient therapy with high dose methimazole. For another patient decision for operation was made but performance had to be postponed because of acute myocardial infarction. Surgical therapy has the advantage of immediate and safe effectivity, low risk of relapse and provides the possibility of further iodine administration without major problems. The risk of operation has to be evaluated against the risk of a long term treatment with antithyroid drugs preferentially from the thiomide type or against the risk of persistent hyperthyroidism. PMID- 3188552 TI - [Persistent postoperative hyperthyroidism--a surgical problem]. AB - The rate of persistent or recurrent hyperthyroidism after surgical treatment of Graves' disease correlates with the size of a thyroid remnant. Reoperation should be viewed as a last resort because of a high complication rate. A subtotal thyroidectomy with a thyroid remnant of 5 to 8 g is recommended. PMID- 3188551 TI - [Hyperthyroidism in operations for non-thyroid diseases]. AB - During a 7 years period from 1979 to 1986 subtotal thyroidectomy and a nonthyroidal operation were carried out as an one-stage procedure in 101 patients with the coincidence of a nonthyroidal surgical disease and thyrotoxicosis. In none of the patients a postoperative thyreotoxic reaction was observed. The one stage procedure was found to be especially advantageous in cases with an urgent nonthyroidal surgical indication. PMID- 3188553 TI - [Transpalpebral decompression operation in endocrine orbitopathy (exophthalmos)]. AB - A new method of transpalpebral decompression in Graves' disease (method Olivari) through removal of intra-orbital fat is introduced. First results are discussed. PMID- 3188554 TI - [Threatening preoperative conditions in hyperparathyroidism]. AB - Within 10 years in 2 out of 44 patients with pHPT (4.5%) a hypercalcemic crisis, in 3 other patients symptoms of hypercalcemic syndrome were observed. A quick diagnosis of the life threatening situation and a therapy of decreasing calcium led to an elective operation. PMID- 3188555 TI - [Perioperative intensive medical therapy of hyperparathyroidism]. AB - Between January 1st, 1984 and May 1st, 1987 160 patients with primary and 84 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism were operated in the University Hospital of Mainz. 29 patients (18%) with primary and 50 patients (70%) with secondary hyperparathyroidism were treated in the intensive care unit perioperatively. 4 patients (2.5%) showed signs of parathyrotoxicosis. Increasing diuresis the symptoms improved and all patients could be operated without complications. In 9.3% of the patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism complications were seen which needed special therapy. No patients died postoperatively. PMID- 3188556 TI - [Treatment strategies for parathyroid neoplasms]. AB - Parathyroid carcinoma, as a malignant tumour of an endocrine gland, is a rare entity. This causes difficulties in the diagnosis as well in the therapeutic approach. Some clinical courses of this malignant disease are demonstrated. The therapeutic options--surgically and medically--are reported and analysed. PMID- 3188557 TI - [Hormone active versus hormone inactive parathyroid gland cancer]. AB - Problems regarding diagnosis and treatment of hormonally active and hormonally inactive parathyroid carcinomas arise from opposite sides, as is shown in two resp. cases. In functionally active tumors parathyroid origin is clear--but how to prove malignancy in early tumor stages? In inactive tumors malignancy is sound -but how to prove their parathyroid origin? Meticulous histologic examination (semithin-Layer) and cytophotometric DNA-measurement may be helpful diagnostic tools for active tumors, immunohistochemistry and analysis of parathormone fragments in plasma and tumor-cell-culture for inactive tumors. Nevertheless the surgeon's decision for radical surgery sometimes will have to be put on the intraoperative macroscopic situs--in order to provide curative treatment. PMID- 3188558 TI - The secret in a casual parenthesis. PMID- 3188559 TI - A survey of vitamin use. PMID- 3188560 TI - Fetal-maternal hemorrhage. PMID- 3188562 TI - Clinical cancer: 27. The psycho-social aspects of cancer. PMID- 3188561 TI - Clinical cancer: 26. Interventional radiology in cancer. PMID- 3188563 TI - Abortion, euthanasia and the Malthusian theory. PMID- 3188564 TI - A shortage of bedside nurses. PMID- 3188566 TI - An opportunity missed. PMID- 3188565 TI - The costly oversight. PMID- 3188567 TI - Our most precious resource. PMID- 3188568 TI - Aspects of nutritional physiology. PMID- 3188569 TI - Metabolism of 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde in rat. III. Identification and determination of 5-methyl-2-furylmethylketone. AB - 1. Continuous extraction, column chromatography and t.l.c. were employed to isolate a minor metabolite of 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde from rat urine. 2. The metabolite was identified by mass spectrometry and independent synthesis as 5 methyl-2-furylmethylketone. 3. A method for quantitative determination of the metabolite in urine was devised. About 7% of the parent compound was metabolized to 5-methyl-2-furylmethylketone. PMID- 3188570 TI - Metabolism of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine by horseradish peroxidase. AB - 1. The peroxidatic oxidation of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine by horseradish peroxidase in the presence of H2O2 was examined spectrophotometrically and the reactivity of the spectral species were compared to those formed from the peroxidative oxidation of benzidine. 2. The horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 3,3' dichlorobenzidine yielded two transient and one stable spectral species with absorption maxima at 630 nm, 370 nm and 410 nm, respectively, whereas that of benzidine yielded three stable spectral species with absorption maxima at 610 nm, 425 nm and 370 nm, respectively. 3. The 425 nm species from benzidine, but not the 410 nm species from 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine was scavenged by butylated hydroxyanisole, glutathione, N-acetylcysteine or 2-deoxyguanosine. 4. H.p.l.c. mass spectrometric analysis, and comparative studies with potassium dichromate oxidation of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine, indicated that the major product from the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine is azo-3,3' dichlorobenzidine. 5. None of the products from enzymic or chemical oxidation of either 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine or benzidine was directly mutagenic to S. typhimurium TA98 in the Ames test; however the chemically oxidized and enzymic products from 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine were mutagenic in the presence of H2O2. 6. The data indicate that despite apparent structural similarities between the intermediates formed during the peroxidatic oxidation of all benzidines, the intermediates and products of peroxidatic oxidation of dichlorobenzidine have reactivities and stabilities different from those of other benzidines. PMID- 3188571 TI - The transfer and metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin and androstenedione during the in vitro perfusion of the human placental lobule. AB - 1. The in vitro metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin in the perfused placental lobule has been investigated and compared with that of androstenedione. 2. Perfusion studies showed that the placental lobule was capable of sustaining the metabolism of 7-ethoxycoumarin to 7-hydroxycoumarin for at least one hour but at a considerably lower rate than that for the conversion of androstenedione to oestrone under the same conditions. 3. Following perfusion with androstendione disproportionately large amounts of oestrone were found in the maternal outflow and ostradiol in the foetal outflow. 4. Appreciably more testosterone was formed when the foetal side of the lobule was perfused with androstenedione than when the maternal side was perfused. 5. The data indicate that the human placenta has only a limited capacity for the metabolism of xenobiotics. PMID- 3188572 TI - Metabolic fate of fenetylline in rat and man. AB - 1. Metabolic fate of 7-[2-(alpha-methylphenylethylamino)ethyl]theophylline hydrochloride (fenetylline) was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats and three male volunteers. 2. Six metabolites were identified in the rat urine as amphetamine(AP), p-hydroxy-AP, acetylaminoethyl-theophylline(TP), aminoethyl-TP, hydroxyethyl-TP and carboxymethyl-TP by comparison of their spectral properties and h.p.l.c. and g.l.c. characteristics with those of authentic samples. All these metabolites was also detected in the urine of humans receiving fenetylline. 3. Quantification of these metabolites using h.p.l.c. and g.l.c. showed that carboxymethyl-TP, p-hydroxy-AP and acetylaminoethyl-TP were the major metabolites in 0-24 h rat urine at 13.7%, 11.2% and 9.3% of dose, respectively. In men, carboxymethyl-TP(39-43% dose) and AP(23-33% dose) were the major metabolites in 0 48 h urine. 4. These results suggest that fenetylline metabolism proceeds via oxidative cleavage at two different sites to produce aminoethyl-TP and AP, respectively. The pathway producing AP predominates, in both man and rat, but is more predominant in the former. PMID- 3188573 TI - Intermediary metabolism of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) in chickens and growth of chickens fed dichlobenil. AB - 1. Ten 14C-labelled metabolites were isolated from either bile (6 metabolites) or urine (7 metabolites) from chickens given single oral doses of 2,6 dichlorobenzo[14C]nitrile (14C-dichlobenil). All metabolites were benzonitriles with the following ring substituents: two Cl, OH (two isomers); Cl, two OH; Cl, OH, SH; Cl, OH, S-glutathione; Cl, OH, S-cysteinylglycine; Cl, OH, S-cysteine; and Cl, OH, S-(N-acetyl)cysteine. 2. 2-(S-Glutathionyl)-3-hydroxy-6 chlorobenzo[14C]nitrile perfused through chicken kidneys in situ was excreted in urine from the perfused kidney (44% dose) as 2-mercapto-3-hydroxy-6 chlorobenzonitrile. 3. Dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) was fed at 0, 75, 150 or 225 p.p.m. in the diet to broiler and laying strains of cockerels to determine biological activity. Feed consumption and growth were not affected, but liver and kidney weights were higher in chicks fed the dichlobenil. The percentage of lipid or nitrogen in the livers and kidneys from chicks fed dichlobenil did not differ from controls and histological or ultrastructural changes were not observed in these tissues. PMID- 3188575 TI - The fate of 4-cyanoacetanilide in rats and mice; mechanism of formation of a novel electrophilic metabolite. AB - 1. The metabolic fate of 4-cyanoacetanilide (CAA), labelled with 14C and 13C in the N-acetyl group, was studied in rats (oral dose, 22.5 mg/kg) and mice (oral dose 21.7 mg/kg). 2. The metabolic profile in the urine of rats was compared with that obtained previously with 4-cyano-N,N-dimethylaniline (CDA) and confirms the intermediacy of CAA in the metabolism of CDA. 3. The precursor of a major metabolite of CDA and CAA (the mercapturic acid N-acetyl-S-[2-keto-2-(4 cyanoanilino)ethyl]cysteine, metabolite C) was identified in the urine of CAA dosed rats as the O-sulphate conjugate of N-(4-cyanophenyl)glycolamide. 4. Pretreatment of rats with the sulphotransferase inhibitor pentachlorophenol reduced the yield of the mercapturic acid metabolite C, further indicating the intermediacy of a sulphate conjugate. 5. Metabolite C was not formed from CAA by mice; thus, this species difference, also observed with CDA, occurs at the level side-chain (acetyl) hydroxylation as well as at N-acetylation of 4-cyanoaniline as previously proposed. 6. The significance of this pathway as a bioactivation reaction of CDA, CAA and other acetanilides is discussed. PMID- 3188574 TI - Kinetics of some benzothiazoles, benzoxazoles, and quinolines as substrates and inhibitors of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. AB - 1. Twelve oxygen and sulphur azaheterocycles were studied as potential substrates of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidase. Only benzoxazole and 1,2-benzisoxazole were found to be substrates. 2. Nine of the compounds inhibited the oxidation of quinazoline by aldehyde oxidase and in all cases mixed inhibition kinetics were observed. 3. pi-Excessive heterocycles consisting of a single 5- or 6-membered ring (thiazole, oxazole) were neither substrates or inhibitors. Addition of a carbocyclic ring (benzothiazole, benzoxazole, 1,2-benzisoxazole) allowed binding to the enzyme as a substrate and/or inhibitor. 4. The mixed inhibition exhibited by the pi-excessive azaheterocycles benzothiazole, 1,2-benzisoxazole, and 2 substituted benzoxazoles was characterised by a Ki/KI ratio greater than 1.0, where Ki is the inhibitor constant for binding to the free enzyme and KI is the inhibitor constant for binding to the ES complex. In contrast, five pi-deficient methyl-substituted quinolines, which are known substrates for aldehyde oxidase, exhibited a Ki/KI ratio of less than 1.0. 5. The pi-excessive heterocycles 2,3 benzthiophene and 2,3-benzfuran, which do not contain a nitrogen atom, exhibited weak inhibition with a very high Ki/KI ratio. 6. The results of the study indicated that whilst thiazoles and oxazoles are unlikely to be extensively metabolized by aldehyde oxidase, they may inhibit the metabolism of substrates of the enzyme. PMID- 3188576 TI - Foetoplacental drug clearance in the rabbit: studies with trimazosin, acebutolol and tolmesoxide. AB - 1. An animal model suitable for studying placental extraction of large numbers of drugs without the need for major surgical facilities, has been developed in the anaesthetized New Zealand white rabbit with sampling of both arterial and venous blood of the foetoplacental unit. 2. Three drugs with different routes of metabolism were studied: trimazosin, tolmesoxide and acebutolol. There was no extraction across the foetoplacental unit. 3. The clearance of acebutolol differed significantly in rabbits from different suppliers. 4. These results do not suggest a role for the placenta in drug metabolism. They do, however, suggest a previously undescribed genetic determinant of acebutolol metabolism. PMID- 3188577 TI - Comparison of covalent binding from halothane metabolism in hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-induced and hyperthyroid rats. AB - 1. Hepatic microsomal suspensions from rats pretreated with saline, phenobarbital or triiodothyronine were incubated with 14C-halothane under aerobic and anerobic conditions. 2. Metabolism of halothane by microsomes from phenobarbital-induced rats under anaerobic conditions resulted in covalent binding of 14C to microsomal lipids, and to a lesser extent, microsomal proteins, as seen in previous studies. Covalent binding was decreased with incubation under aerobic conditions. 3. Metabolism of halothane by microsomal suspensions from hyperthyroid rats produced much less covalent binding to microsomal lipids and proteins, with binding similar to, or less than, that observed with microsomes from saline-treated rats. The covalent binding of halothane to protein of microsomes from hyperthyroid rats was dependent upon metabolism, and was inhibited by SKF 525A, reduced glutathione, or cytosol. 4. The in vitro observations with respect to covalent binding are inconsistent with previous reports on halothane hepatotoxicity in hyperthyroid rats in vivo. This inconsistency and the relatively small extent of covalent binding with microsomes from hyperthyroid rats observed, suggests that covalent binding is not an important mechanism of halothane hepatotoxicity in the hyperthyroid rat model. PMID- 3188578 TI - Sixth annual Ella T. Grasso Memorial Conference. New Haven, Connecticut, November 18, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3188579 TI - [Bite and sting injuries caused by animals]. PMID- 3188580 TI - [Developments in pediatric surgery]. PMID- 3188582 TI - [Sarcoidosis in the clinic and in research]. PMID- 3188581 TI - [Methodologic aspects of developing, planning and implementing continuing education for the medical and dental specialist]. PMID- 3188583 TI - [The morphologic picture of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188585 TI - [Organ manifestations in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188584 TI - [The immunology of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188586 TI - [Biopsy procedures in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188587 TI - [The clinical picture of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188588 TI - [Myocardial sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188589 TI - [Sarcoidosis in the clinic and in research. Methods for determining disease activity]. PMID- 3188590 TI - [The Kveim test in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188592 TI - [The differential diagnosis of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188593 TI - [Wegener's granulomatosis]. PMID- 3188591 TI - [Therapy of sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188594 TI - [Effect of ergonovine and the cold stress test on time intervals of left ventricular systole and their significance for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease]. AB - In 20 healthy test persons and 44 patients with a coronary heart disease without stenocardia at rest the ergonovine and the cold pressure test were performed. During the tests the ECG in 12 standard leads and the mechanocardiogrammes were registered, from which the time intervals of the left-ventricular systole were calculated. From the analysis of the pectanginous complaints and/or from the changes of the ST segment for the diagnosis of the coronary heart disease a sensitiveness of the ergonovine test of 40% was obtained, whereas the sensitiveness of the cold tolerance test was only 10%. In healthy test persons during the ergonovine test a shortening of Q-1, a decrease of the quotient PEP/LVET and a prolongation of LVETI were established. Apart from this, in patients with coronary heart disease also shortenings of ICT and PEP and an increase of the quotient LVET/S1S2 were made evident. During the cold tolerance test in healthy test persons, besides the prolongation of LVETI, no other changes were stated. On the other hand, in the patients a decrease of the quotient PEP/LVET and a shortening of PEP were existing. The diagnostic value of the analysis of the left-ventricular time intervals was insignificantly higher during the ergonovine test than at rest. However, during the cold pressure tests no differences were stated. The application of the analysis of the left-ventricular time intervals does not essentially enlarge the sensitiveness of the two tests in comparison to the analysis of the changes of the ST segment in the ECG. PMID- 3188595 TI - [Echocardiography diagnosis of a chronic course of myocarditis]. AB - It is reported on the results of echocardiographic investigations at rest and under ergometric exercise in 36 patients in whom in particular on account of an insufficiency of physical ability under everyday conditions which appeared after an infection the suspicion of a myocarditis arose. While the echocardiographic findings at rest were not indicative, the parameters SVI and mVCFn proved to be significant on exertion. Obviously, a decrease of these values is a particularly sensitive indicator for the detection of a latent damage of the myocardium. Echocardiographic investigations on exertion are of importance particularly in adolescents, since, on the one hand, above all in adolescents the danger of a physical overstrain is given, and, on the other hand, the prerequisites for the performance of echocardiographic are particularly favourable also under conditions of exertion. Since the in general usual and accessible investigation methods such as X-ray examination of the thorax, ECG at rest and on exertion, which practically fail in the diagnostics of myocarditis, completely new prospects open in the application of the echocardiography on exertion. PMID- 3188596 TI - [Nocardiosis of the lung]. AB - A rare case of pulmonary nocardiosis is reported. The patient was a non immunodeficient Vietnamese woman. The age of the patient was 31 years. PMID- 3188597 TI - Portal hypertension: new developments in pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Working Group on the Liver, 42d meeting of the German Society of Digestive and Metabolic Diseases. Salzburg, 9-12 September 1987. PMID- 3188599 TI - [Oral tocolytic therapy with clenbuterol--determination of the plasma level]. AB - 12 pregnant women with premature labor received tocolytic treatment with clenbuterol tablets. Initially, 2 clenbuterol tablets (40 micrograms each) were to be given as loading dose (application interval = 12 hours), then a dose reduction was planned (40 micrograms), to be followed by a maintenance dose of 20 micrograms. The mean values of plasma levels of clenbuterol hydrochloride during the day ranged between 0.266 and 0.328 ng/ml on testing days 2 to 8, without significant statistical variation. Therefore, the loading dose lead to the desired rapid steady state of the plasma level. The applied dosage plan with clenbuterol tablets for oral therapy of premature labor proved to be ideal, both clinically as well as pharmacokinetically. After reaching an effective plasma level, only 20 micrograms b.i.d. is sufficient as maintenance dose, resulting in excellent patient compliance compared with oral fenoterol therapy (max. application interval: 4 hours). PMID- 3188598 TI - [Clinical and immunologic results of immunotherapy with pooled buffy coat transfusions in females with habitual abortion]. AB - In a multicenter study we have evaluated the effect of immunotherapy with pooled buffy coats on women with habitual abortions. 21 women were selected under the same criteria with respect to clinical, immunological and blood banking conditions. All women have had at least two miscarriages with the same partner and no living child (except one case). Additionally, all well-known reasons for abortions were excluded. The couples were tested for HLA-A, B and C antigens as well as for the presence of HLA-antibodies. The couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions suggested a significantly higher compatibility in two or more antigens in comparison to the control couples with children and without any abortion. Before treatment there was no case with cytotoxic HLA antibodies. 10 women received each two pooled buffy coats intravenously before pregnancy at time intervals of 3 weeks. 15 women were treated in early pregnancy until the 28th week of gestation at the same application intervals. In the meantime 10 of 15 women have delivered at term a healthy and mature child with normal weight. Four of 15 are still pregnant in the third trimester of pregnancy. In one case the pregnancy resulted in an abortion. The buffy coat transfusions were well tolerated and led in no case to the formation of antierythrocytic antibodies. 12 of 21 women treated developed HLA antibodies at various time intervals during immunotherapy, mainly with a low titre. In 7 of 10 cases the antibodies occurred in the treatment period before pregnancy, in 5 of 15 cases during pregnancy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3188600 TI - [Oral tocolytic therapy with clenbuterol--clinical facts]. AB - Clenbuterol is a betamimetic agent with a marked effect on the adrenergic beta-2 receptors relevant for tocolysis. The influence on beta-1-receptors of the heart, resulting in cardiovascular side effects is far less. The substance is resorbed almost completely enterally and has a half-life of 34 hours. Consequently, ingestion intervals of 12 hours are possible, resulting in a good acceptance of the tocolytic, therapy and a noticeable improvement of the patients compliance. Clenbuterol was applied in 37 cases in the course of a clinical test. Initially, the dose was 0.04 mg b.i.d., after 24 hours 0.02 mg b.i.d. In cases of cervix effective, premature labor, an objectively measureable tocolytic effect was achieved. Subjectively reported side effects, i.e. palpation, tachycardia and tremor, were noticeably weaker than under fenoterol therapy. There was no indication of clenbuterol-related cardiotoxicity regarding continuous measurement of heart-specific enzymes, i.e. CK-MB and serum myoglobin. No pathologic alterations were found in the EKGs. Therefore, regarding indications and contraindications for beta-adrenergic agents, clenbuterol appears to have good tocolytic properties, with the advantages of less cardiac side effects, better compliance and a better dose-effect-ratio compared with the common oral tocolysis with fenoterol. PMID- 3188601 TI - [Obstructive intestinal occlusion in the 3d trimester of pregnancy]. AB - Abdominal pain refractory to analgetics in a II-para of third trimester pregnancy who had been operated on raised suspicion of intestinal obstruction. Diagnosis could only be established by surgical exploration after emptying the uterus by cesarean section, counteracting the even today high mortality of mother and fetus. The value of laboratory, roentgenologic and physical measures especially considering time factor as well as obstetrical management are being discussed. PMID- 3188602 TI - [Total laryngo-tracheo-esophageal cleft with situs inversus totalis, aplasia of the right diaphragm and hypoplasia of the lung on the right side]. AB - A report is presented on a newborn with congenital malformations of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract associated with total laryngo-tracheo oesophageal cleft (type III). The history, the clinical course with respiratory distress after birth, the intra vitam diagnostic procedures with x-ray and laryngoscopy and the autopsy are reported. Additionally a situs inversus totalis, an aplasia of the right diaphragm and a hypoplasia of the lung on the right side were found. To the best of our knowledge this type of association has not been previously reported. PMID- 3188603 TI - [Bloch-Sulzberger incontinentia pigmenti with associated neurologic and ophthalmologic complications]. AB - A female infant showing linear skin lesions arranged in an irregular way with bullae, vesicles, and erythema, which had predominantly affected her extremities since her birth, was examined by us at the age of one week. Histologic and immunofluorescence findings confirmed the preliminary diagnosis of incontinentia pigmenti. Electron microscopic investigations were additionally made. In the course of the disease, we observed the characteristic development of a warty and a pigmented stage. The disease was complicated by epileptic seizures, motor disturbances, and ocular defects. EEG, CT, and ultrasound revealed anomalies. Since her mother reports on similar skin lesions during her own childhood, we suspect an X-chromosomal genetic defect. PMID- 3188604 TI - [Dowling-Degos disease--an autosomal dominant genetic dermatosis]. AB - We present 2 cases of Dowling-Degos disease out of a German family with 9 affected members and discuss the autosomally dominant inheritance and clinical features of this disease. PMID- 3188605 TI - [Ultrastructural findings in tissue mast cells in urticaria pigmentosa]. AB - In a study on 10 patients suffering from urticaria pigmentosa, biopsies of skin lesions were electron microscopically investigated. In contrast to normal skin, the mast cells showed irregular, partly bilobed nuclei, prominent nucleoli, hypogranulation, and rather small granules; giant granules were rarely observed. In addition, we frequently found degranulation, and the development of microvilli was much more prominent than with normal mast cells. These deviations from normal skin represent at least in part functional alterations. However, some of the findings suggest that urticaria pigmentosa may be considered a neoplastic disease of the tissue mast cells, although clear evidence is still lacking. In any case, our findings show that mast cells in mastocytosis are not identical with those in normal skin. PMID- 3188606 TI - [Modified dithranol minute therapy of psoriasis vulgaris]. AB - A modified application of 1% and 2% dithranol was tested in 63 psoriatic patients. There were no differences in efficacy between a very short application time (on/off) and that of 5-10 minutes tried on symmetrical lesions. On the whole, higher concentrations of dithranol (2%) were more effective with both short and longer application times. The dithranol tolerance seems to be better with the on/off-application, especially when the 2% preparation is used. In addition, we found a correlation between tolerance of 2% dithranol and the patient's skin type. PMID- 3188608 TI - [Diagnostic value of serum lipid and apolipoprotein parameters for the detection of a coronary risk even in the range of nonpathological serum cholesterol and triglyceride values]. PMID- 3188607 TI - [Glutathione status and malondialdehyde content in the liver and blood of the rat in the course of reversible and irreversible endotoxic shock]. PMID- 3188609 TI - [The electrophoretic separation of the isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase on cellulose acetate films]. PMID- 3188610 TI - [A method for protein determination with fluorescamine adapted to the ultramicroliter system "SUMAL"]. PMID- 3188612 TI - [The effect of polyethylene glycol on the long term stability of control suspensions for the electronic counting and volume measuring of thrombocytes]. PMID- 3188611 TI - [The development of a simple turbidimetric immunoprecipitation test for the determination of gentamicin in serum]. PMID- 3188613 TI - [Experiences with the SUMAL PE in the determination of glucose, cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol]. PMID- 3188614 TI - Stability of oral polio vaccine at different temperatures. PMID- 3188615 TI - Persistence of antibody titres three years after vaccination with Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever. AB - After a single injection of purified Vi polysaccharide vaccine against typhoid fever, serum titres were followed in student volunteers by passive haemagglutination assay and by radioimmunoassay. Elevated Vi antibody titres were still present after 36 months. This preliminary study should be followed by further investigations on the extent and duration of protection provided by Vi vaccine, and on volunteers in endemic areas. PMID- 3188616 TI - Potency testing of BCG vaccines on white mice: influence of variables on survival time, lung findings and vaccine assessment. AB - In protection tests on white mice vaccinated with BCG vaccine and challenged with a pathogenic strain of Mycobacterium bovis, the survival times are considerably altered by several variables. In the strains of mice used mainly in this study (NMRI and Albany), the median survival time of a group was roughly doubled in the sensitive range of the test system either by a twofold increase in the immunization period, a threefold decrease in the challenge dose or a 100-fold or less increase in the vaccine dose. The shape of the survival curve of an animal group depends on the median survival time achieved. The Gaussian distributions (sum curves) of the logarithms of the individual survival times are near linearity and parallelity in groups of animals which either survive for short or very long periods. In an intermediate range, however, the survival curves show a flatter and sometimes S-shaped course. This intermediate range of survival corresponds to the time at which the lung findings shift from acute to chronic. The occurrence of acute or chronic findings depends on the individual survival time after challenge. The autopsies show that both findings are equally frequent approximately equal to 35 days after challenge. Individual survival times should be evaluated by non-parametric methods due to their non-normal (bimodal) distribution. Evaluation of the gross lung findings supports these results but is, however, less efficient. The discriminating power of the test system can be altered by changes in any of the variables and is best when animal groups attaining less than 20 days median survival time are compared with groups attaining greater than 30 days. A twofold increase in the median survival time generally provides evidence of significance that may already be obtained 30 days after challenge. With a vaccination-challenge interval of 21 days or more, a 50 microliter vaccine dose generally induces a significant increase in the survival times of the vaccinated animals versus non-vaccinated controls. With increasing immunization periods (vaccination-challenge interval), however, a difference in the efficacy of several vaccines or vaccine doses will be evened out. PMID- 3188617 TI - NIH test, a problematic method for testing potency of inactivated rabies vaccine. AB - A critical review of the NIH test is given. The results of four studies are presented which show that in the case of purified chick embryo cell inactivated rabies vaccine there is a profound difference between the result after heterologous intracerebral challenge with the prescribed CVS strain and homologous challenge with the LEP-C 26 strain. CVS strains from various laboratories produced relatively uniform results following intracerebral administration. Two in vitro tests, the single radial immunodiffusion test and the modified antibody binding test were employed in the studies. The results are discussed and alternative procedures to the NIH test are recommended for future consideration. PMID- 3188618 TI - "What did he say?" A guide to microphone users. PMID- 3188619 TI - Spurious complaints of the sexual abuse of children. PMID- 3188620 TI - Ulcerative colitis in an allergic person: case report. PMID- 3188621 TI - A clearer mirror: medical technology assessment. PMID- 3188622 TI - To a young man entering medicine. PMID- 3188623 TI - [Characteristics of HLA antigen distribution in the Lithuanian population]. PMID- 3188624 TI - [Distribution of histocompatibility antigens and their combinations in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus]. PMID- 3188625 TI - [HLA-antigens in patients with bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3188626 TI - [HLA antigens in children with suppurative-septic diseases and immune response to combined therapy]. PMID- 3188627 TI - [Traditional and nontraditional approaches to studies of HLA association with diseases]. PMID- 3188628 TI - [Statistical assessment of HLA-antigen association with diseases]. PMID- 3188629 TI - [Antigenic differentiation of tissues in phylogenesis and ontogenesis in man]. PMID- 3188631 TI - [Problems and prospects of computerization of mass processes in health services]. PMID- 3188630 TI - [Possibilities of using anti-HLA sera in modulating the functional properties of lymphocytes and passive immunotherapy]. PMID- 3188632 TI - [Methods of evaluating the effectiveness of drugs based on experimental morphologic data]. PMID- 3188633 TI - [The artificial heart and hypertension (an experimental-cybernetic study)]. PMID- 3188634 TI - [Dynamic values of the EEG factors in the human perception of sound stimuli]. AB - In 43 healthy subjects passing from the state of calm alertness to various conditions of perception of short sounds of different height, interchanging at random, the most expressed is a generalized reduction of individual values of the EEG factor I positively related to the index, mean amplitude and regularity of the alpha-activity and also to mean beta- and theta-amplitudes and negatively related to the theta-index. Maximum reaction by this factor is observed at the beginning of the stimulation; at the second minute of the stimulation, the factor values return towards the initial background level, and again, to a lesser degree, are reduced when carrying out tasks on the sound analysis of stimuli, and the more difficult is the task the stronger is the reduction. In all cases the parietal regions are more reactive than the central ones. By the EEG factor II positively related to the index, frequency and regularity of the beta-activity, the reaction is less expressed and is more local: the factor values in the parietal areas augment only at the beginning of stimulation and diminish at the second minute; and in the central parts, on the contrary, there is a tendency to increase only at the second minute of stimulation. At the sound analysis, reaction is poorly expressed by this factor. Changes of values of the EEG-factor III, positively related to the mean period of the alpha-waves and theta-index, are not great and have only a general tendency to increase at the beginning of the stimulation, and to lower to the background level at the second minute. PMID- 3188635 TI - [Sex differences of functional lateralization in the perception of verbal and emotional information in ontogeny]. AB - Experimental data show certain differences between men and women in perception of verbal and emotional information. They are revealed in the ability of correct perception of definite kind of information, in the degree of brain functional asymmetry in perception of the given information, in prevalence of domination type. The character of sex differences in functional asymmetry changes little with the age; quantitative correlations of the coefficient of asymmetry diminish with the age. PMID- 3188636 TI - [Hemispheric lateralization of the visual-spatial function in chronic alcoholic intoxication in humans]. AB - A series of behavioural and electrophysiological parameters was recorded in subjects with chronic alcohol intoxication during solving of visual-spatial nonverbalized task. It is shown that in comparison with the healthy subjects, their reaction time (RT) of correct decisions was increased; it was more expressed when stimuli were presented in the left visual field, i.e., directly to the right hemisphere, and the number of correct reactions decreased at stimuli presentation directly to the left hemisphere. During repeated tests there were no changes in the number of correct reactions and RT value in the group with chronic alcohol intoxication. It is found that long-term taking of alcohol produces an increase of latency and decrease of the amplitude of the late positive wave P300, more pronounced in the right cerebral hemisphere. PMID- 3188637 TI - [The component composition of the human cortical motor potential during static muscle loading]. AB - In summation and averaging of sections of the EEG of sensorimotor cortex of both cerebral hemispheres recorded during human static effort of definite duration, a complex of negative-positive oscillations was observed. These oscillations appear before the beginning of the effort, accompany its execution and finishing and are also recorded after cessation of muscles activity. Before the beginning, the potential of readiness is formed. The execution of the effort is accompanied by a slow negative wave which in some people may be broken by a pronounced positivity. Further a "final" potential appears; its fast positive oscillation is formed before the end of the effort, and a slow negative wave in which it turns, appears only after muscles relaxation. PMID- 3188638 TI - [Slow potentials of the prefrontal cortex in dogs and the classical secretory conditioned reflex]. AB - Slow potentials (CNV and component P300) were recorded in the medial part of the prefrontal cortex of dogs trained to classical secretory conditioned reflex and its differentiation. CNV increased when the conditioned stimulus was preceded by a signal of different meaning, as compared with CNV to the same conditioned signal following the stimulus of the same meaning; the greatest values of CNV and P300 were observed in response to differential stimulus preceded by a positive signal. PMID- 3188639 TI - [Individual behavior characteristics of dogs in conflict between the probability and the quality of reinforcement]. AB - In experiments on dogs with equiprobable right and left reinforcements in the choice of feeder in conditions of free behaviour, direct correlation was found between the strength of the nervous system and the strategy of dogs behaviour. The dogs of strong type, despite the difference in equilibration and lability, manifested one, similar strategy of behaviour with dominating preferences, definite and goal-directed actions; the dogs of the weak type displayed another strategy, characterized by uncertainty, permanent hesitations in choice reaction. In situation of competition of probability and value of reinforcement, some different aspects of animals typology appeared, presumably connected with individual characteristics of functioning of four brain structures as a basis of types of higher nervous activity (frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus). Behaviour of choleric and flegmatic was oriented to a high probability of events and that of sanguinic and melancholic--to a low one. Thus, "informational" and "motivational" factors of behaviour organization are connected with interaction of specialized brain macrostructures, and properties of this interaction become apparent in animals typology. PMID- 3188640 TI - [Ontogenetic characteristics of the acquisition and extinction of a taste aversion in dogs following damage to the dorsal area of the hippocampus]. AB - In 2-9 months dogs the influence was studied of ablation of the hippocampus dorsal area on formation and preservation of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), elaborated by combination of 30% sucrose solution with i.p. injection of 0.28 M LiCl solution. Lesion of the hippocampus dorsal area does not prevent acquisition after the first pairing of conditioned taste aversion in puppies and adult dogs. Heterogeneous influences are observed after hippocampus lesions on the process of CTA extinction in animals of different ages. Acquaintance with conditioned stimulus before CTA acquisition accelerates the process of its extinction in hippocampectomized indiviuals, but less than in animals with an intact hippocampus. PMID- 3188641 TI - [Effect of piracetam on the neuronal activity of the neocortex and on behavior in rabbits during learning]. AB - Against the background of the action of piracetam--a cyclic derivative of GABA- in a dose of 200-400 mg/kg, no significant changes were observed of probabilities of motor reactions to inhibitory and reinforced light flashes. Piracetam in that dose did not affect inhibitory pauses in responses of neurones in the visual area and corresponding late components of the evoked potential to nonreinforced light flashes, i.e. it did not intensify inhibitory hyperpolarization processes in the cerebral cortex. Piracetam administration improved differentiation of inhibitory and reinforced light flashes judging by bioelectric parameters of the brain activity as a result of intensification of pain reinforcement action on cortical neurones. The carried-out experiments revealed significant differences in neurophysiological mechanisms of action of piracetam and fenibut--GABA linear derivate related to nootropic class. PMID- 3188643 TI - [Participation of the dorsal cortex of the forebrain in the solving by turtles of an extrapolation task during its first and multiple presentations]. AB - In experiments with ablation of the forebrain dorsal cortex in turtles it has been established that this structure plays a significant role in first solving of an extrapolation task (6-19 times) and looses its integrating role at multiple test solving (40-195 times). The obtained data testify to the presence of two types of animals adaptive behaviour in solving the extrapolation task: based on operation with empirical laws of movement and manifested at first task presentations (elementary rational animals activity), and that based on learning and appearing after multiple reiterations of the experimental situation in the form of motor conditioned reflex of passing the obstacle from the corresponding side. PMID- 3188642 TI - [Hemispheric participation in the shaping of spatial-motor asymmetry in visual recognition in rats]. AB - Asymmetry of movement direction was found in Wistar rats at establishing of motor alimentary conditioned reflex to simultaneously presented visual stimuli. In the course of learning the asymmetry weakened on the whole, but some individuals retained right- or left side preference. The analysis of asymmetry change before and after unilateral cortical inactivation revealed a special role of right hemisphere influences for the formation of right-side preference and of the left hemisphere--for the choice of the left direction. The lack of asymmetry was observed at the presence of the influences from the left hemisphere cortex depressing ipsilateral nigro-striate system and activating the contralateral one. Influences of the cortex of both hemispheres reduce the absolute value of the asymmetry coefficient; the left hemisphere has a special significance for manifestation of temporal asymmetry parameters. Photic interference is a factor modulating the asymmetry. It reduces the right hemisphere activity more than that of the left one; it intensifies right hemisphere influences, contributes to the involvement of the transcallosal conduction channel in the formation of spatial motor asymmetry. PMID- 3188644 TI - [Cellular analog of instrumental behavior on single mollusk neurons during automatic intracellular electrostimulation]. AB - In experiments on spontaneously active neurones of isolated CNS of Lymnaea stagnalis the influence was studied of automatic contingent intracellular electrostimulation on the character of spike discharge of these cells. In every tested neurone in some series of stimulation only prolonged interimpulse intervals (greater than their mean background value) were selectively reinforced in other series--only short ones. It is shown that at such contingent reinforcement both of long and short intervals 35% of neurones can directly change the frequency and the pattern of their spontaneous impulse activity to "minimize" ("maximize") the number of autoreinforcements in both regimes of stimulation, what may be considered as a cellular analog of the instrumental reflex. Control rhythmical stimulation of the same cells elicited no significant changes in the character of spontaneous activity. It is suggested that such contingent intracellular electrostimulation is biologically significant for the cell, as it elicits directed reconstruction of the initial discharge pattern, leading to minimization or maximization of the frequency of autoreinforcements. A possible contribution is discussed of such endoneuronal plastic reconstructions in the activity of the neuronal network participating in the performance and regulation of conditioned acts. PMID- 3188645 TI - [Cortico-hippocampal relation of electrical activity during a motor polarization dominant in rabbits]. AB - By the method of spectral-coherent analysis, the intercentral relations were studied of the electrical activity of the sensorimotor and premotor cortices and of CAs field of the dorsal hippocampus of both hemispheres during the motor polarization dominant, created by the action of the direct current on the rabbits sensorimotor cortical area. The formation was shown of a new structure of the intercentral relations of electrical activity of the sensorimotor cortex and CA3 of the dorsal hippocampus. It should be noted that the dominant optimum and its inhibition are characterized by different interhippocampal relations: at the optimum a low range of the theta-rhythm is highly coherent while at the activation of "the non-dominant" hemisphere--a high range. PMID- 3188647 TI - [A computer ethological-pharmacological analysis of the intraspecific behavior of primates]. AB - Experiments were performed on primates (Cercopithecus sabeus, Macaca maurus, Cebus apella). Possibility to formalize the structure of normal and pathological monkey behaviour was shown by computerized technique. Rigid dominant-subordinate structures (linear type) were demonstrated on Macaca maurus, Cercopithecus sabeus, Cebus apella. These structures display some variants of normal relationship between monkeys. Raising in isolation from conspecifics determines behavioural disadaptation and pathological behaviour, e.g. "timid-defensive" syndrome. Model of "timid-defensive" syndrome in isolated primates seems to be useful for psycho-pharmacological research, for assessment of anxiolytic and antidepressive properties of drugs. PMID- 3188648 TI - [Effect of reserpine on the circadian dynamics of motor activity in rats]. AB - Administration of reserpine to rats lowers the amplitude of circadian rhythm of motor activity and shifts its acrophase to earlier hours. Efficiency of drug is higher in animals with a well expressed circadian rhythms. Some rats by the character of initial circadian mobility resemble reserpinized animals. Such initially "depressive" rats are characterized by a lesser emotionality and they reorganize with more difficulty the trajectory of avoidance response in Y-maze. PMID- 3188649 TI - [Apha-tocopherol in a complex with dimethyl sulfoxide--an agent possessing highly effective adaptogenic action in chronic emotional-pain stress in rats]. AB - Alpha-tocopherol (5 mg/kg) administered perorally with dimethyl sulfoxide (50 mg/kg) in chronic emotional pain stress in rats possesses an effective antistress action, exceeding the effects of these drugs administered separately. Their prophylactic complex administration prevents the hypertension produced by stress, disturbance of reactivity of the vegetative nervous system during functional load, change of the behaviour in the open field. Adaptogenic action of the drugs is accompanied by a reduction of the content of free-radical oxidation products and by raising of superoxide scavenging activity in the brain and blood serum, by raising of phospholipids content, lowering of cholesterol content and of the ratio of cholesterol phospholipids in the brain extracts. PMID- 3188646 TI - [Restructuring of the topical organization of the rat motor cortex after damage to the opposite hemisphere]. AB - Topical organization of the motor cortex was compared in outbred rats by the method of intracortical microstimulation in the norm and in different periods after unilateral partial decortication of the motor projection (MP) of the hind leg. Stable state of the MPs of the fore- and hind-limbs was in the norm, and within their bounds there was an individual variability of MP zones of separate joints. After the operation, the reconstruction of the motor cortex organization in the opposite hemisphered appeared in later periods, in 5-7 months. Expansion was observed of the boundaries of the excitable area in caudal direction and reduction of the part of responses of the limbs distal muscles as compared to proximal ones and of the body muscles. 8-16 months after the operation, the reactions of axial muscles, including the ipsi- and bilateral ones, became more expressed. PMID- 3188651 TI - [Conditioned reflex activity of emotionally reactive rats during aging]. PMID- 3188650 TI - [The role of the perifornix area of the hypothalamus in forming alcoholic motivation in rats]. AB - In rats with alcohol motivation on the model of water deprivation with substitution of water for 20% ethanol solution, motivatiogenic "drinking centres" of the hypothalamus initiate in response to electro- and chemostimulation (acetylcholine) behavioural reactions of search and taking of alcohol and not of water. Electrolytic ablation of "thirst centres" of the perifornical hypothalamus area in rats with a formed attraction to alcohol is accompanied by a decrease of its taking during 3-5 days of observation. Microinjections of dipsogenic peptide angiotensin II, unlike acetylcholine administration, do not initiate taking of water or alcohol, but elicit only appearance of orienting-investigating, alimentary, sexual and other behavioural reactions. It is suggested that formation of alcohol motivation in these conditions is connected with a change of neurophysiological and neurochemical properties of the hypothalamus "thirst centres" initiating an active search and taking of alcohol and not of the water in rats with experimental alcoholism. PMID- 3188652 TI - [Emotiogenic properties of the symmetrical parts of the lateral hypothalamus in rats raised in association and in isolation]. PMID- 3188653 TI - [Changes in the background impulse activity of the motor cortex neurons of waking rats in acute alcoholic intoxication]. PMID- 3188654 TI - [Effect of a cyclic analog of enkephalin on the reaction of self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus in rats]. PMID- 3188655 TI - [Structural characteristics of the brain of rats with differing capacities for the acquisition of an active avoidance conditioned reflex]. PMID- 3188656 TI - [Measurement of the ranking of the choice of route in the exploratory behavior of mice]. PMID- 3188657 TI - [A device for reinforcement by stabilized current with electrode scanning]. PMID- 3188658 TI - [Do patients with active chronic polyarthritis get "basic therapy"?]. AB - The determination of the adequacy of an individual therapeutical regimen is part of the process evaluation of medical care. To evaluate the adequacy of individual antirheumatic therapy, we developed a five step procedure: 1. Assessment of the patient's health status; 2. assessment of his/her former and current therapy; 3. determination of the adequate antirheumatic therapy following an explicit norm; 4. formal comparison of current and adequate treatment; 5. clinical evaluation of possible differences between norm and reality. Due to methodological reasons we concentrated on the current treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (rA) patients with remission inducing drugs (RIDs; e.g. Chloroquine, Gold). The study analyzed the RID treatment of 75 rA-sufferers; 25 patients were referred to our outpatient department for the first time in late 1986; 25 patients were recruited from a social-medical study covering employed but actually disabled members of a major health insurance (AOK) in Hannover; 25 subjects were derived from an ongoing population study ("prevalence and care of rheumatoid arthritis in Hannover"). Only 9 out of 49 (18%) patients with an active disease, formally in need of treatment, were currently treated with RIDs. Thus 40 out of 49 (82%) seemed to be under an inadequate treatment. From the clinical point of view this formal judgement was assumed to be false positive in 5 and false negative in 15 cases. In relation to the clinical judgements we found for the formal procedure a sensitivity of 0.70 with a specificity of 0.80 and an overall agreement of 73% (kappa 0.44). PMID- 3188659 TI - [Physician consultation and use of drugs for rheumatic symptoms]. AB - Between May 1986 and November 1987 we asked 4037 randomly sampled 25-74 year old german residents at Hannover (FRG) by a mailed questionnaire for back, neck and joint pain, for joint swelling and morning stiffness. Further we asked for the consultation of a physician during the past 12 months and for the use of drugs during the past 7 days because of rheumatoid complaints. 3426 members of the sample (85%) returned the questionnaire. 1828 (53%) reported at least one symptom "today" (= "the day you fill out this questionnaire"). The highest rate of persons suffering from complaints of the locomotor system was found among middle aged women, with the maximum of 74% in the age group 50-54 years. For the illness behavior-physician consultation, use of drugs-the extent of complaints was of decisive importance. Sex was without, age of very low influence. The rate of those who reported the consultation of a physician and/or the use of drugs was increasing with the amount of positive answers to the questions on rheumatoid complaints. Nevertheless, of those who had answered in the affirmative all questions on complaints, 10% had denied the question on physician consultation. 41% had denied the question on the use of analgetic/antirheumatic drugs. PMID- 3188660 TI - [Burden and possibility of respite for family caregivers]. AB - 70 family caregivers and non related supporters at home of impaired elderly in urban conditions were interviewed regarding the burdens imposed on them and the kind of relief that would help them. Strain connected with the physical and mental deterioration of the supported and with their insecure future is more often mentioned than physical or financial burdens. The wishes most frequently expressed concern more and better available information, personal counseling, and more substitution in the evenings, night and weekends. PMID- 3188661 TI - A pilot study of community cholesterol screening. AB - We tested the feasibility and effectiveness of population cholesterol screening in a California shopping center. Total plasma cholesterol (TC) was measured in 429 adults from capillary blood samples, using automatic analyzers (Reflotron). A self-administered questionnaire was used to ascertain demographic variables, lifestyle, and knowledge about cholesterol and heart disease. According to NIH Consensus Conference criteria, 20% of all screenees showed moderate or high risk TC levels, but over half of these had a history of hypercholesterolemia prior to testing. Follow-up of all screenees with TC levels at 220 mg/dl and greater revealed that 32% had been compliant with our advice to contact their physician. Physicians expressed no concern in 71% of those with TC elevation of 220-239 mg% and in 30% of those with TC levels 240+ mg%. Of all participants, 40% reported dietary changes in response to the screening; 78% of this group, however, made changes without a physician's advice. In our experience community cholesterol screening is popular and feasible. Efficacy, however, must be improved by better education of physician and the public. PMID- 3188662 TI - Coffee, alcohol and coronary risk factors. AB - In a number of studies coffee consumption has been shown to be related to total cholesterol levels. The finding is not consistent and the possibilities for a causal relationship is discussed. The U-shaped relation between risk of coronary heart disease and alcohol consumption is also reviewed as well as the possible relationship between some of the coronary risk factors and alcohol consumption. PMID- 3188663 TI - [Strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the German Federal Republic]. AB - The increased relevance of cardiovascular prevention for improved population health is mainly a result of recent epidemiologic research. The identification of essential risk factors of the arterio-sclerotic process as well as their interventive modification are generally accepted. The prolongation of the life expectancy has been achieved more and more by preventive successes in higher age. Participation of the individual and cooperation of institutions are essential prerequisites of the necessary life style change. The German health offices have to be prepared for essential functions in health management. PMID- 3188665 TI - [Results of a 2-year intervention for the modification of atherosclerosis precursors in school children]. AB - 801 children aged 10-11 years were examined in 1984, before an allocation in two groups (intervention vs. control). The scope of the intervention was to modify mean values of blood pressure, total cholesterol and smoking through relevant modification of knowledge and behavior. An intermediate assessment, conducted 2 years after the first exam, showed better knowledge regarding cardiovascular diseases and more sport practice in the intervention group, although smoking habits were only slightly modified. Diet, body weight, blood pressure and blood lipid levels did not show any significative differences. The study is now ongoing. PMID- 3188664 TI - [Social class and risk factors for coronary heart disease--results of the Regional DHP(German Cardiovascular Prevention) Health Surveys]. AB - Prior to the start of the intervention activities in the five study regions of the German Cardiovascular Prevention Study (GCP), health surveys of representative samples of the population (25 to 69 years) were carried out between 1984 and 1986. In all, 11,527 persons participated in the study. Important socio-structural differences existed between the five study regions. An ecological analysis relating social class characteristics to the prevalence of CHD-risk factors did not show any significant findings. However, a pooling of the data of the five study regions resulted in the demonstration, for both sexes, of a significant association of social class with cigarette smoking and overweight. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia were not related to social class. The proportion of persons with three or more CHD-risk factors was clearly higher in lower social classes. These findings point to the need for risk factor intervention strategies focusing more on the lower social classes in order to achieve more adequate prevention of coronary heart disease. PMID- 3188666 TI - [Health education in the family and schools]. AB - 1. Health education or--more concisely, education which is closely connected to health--implies all kinds of process, circumstances, and structures causing either healthy or unhealthy behavior. Support or prevention of health is on the one hand dependent on how conscious educators or superiors are of the health education and, on the other hand, what possibilities they have to act. The decisive question therefore is how that can be influenced. 2. Health education implies all which supports life, growth, and incentivates the flowing of vitality, also all which helps to overcome both rigidity and unbalanced situations. The requirements are met by basic material, social and psychic supply. In that case, health education means to stimulate life (the joy of life), keep up the feeling of what is good for oneself, to train in particular the ability to communicate and to face conflicts, and impart the necessary knowledge. 3. Health education is primarily useful to educators who teach healthy behavior. They need to be offered the opportunity of reflecting on situations of every-day life and on situations related to their work as well as having the ability of exchanging and discussing their experience. A chance is given them to stimulate healthy behavior successfully in practical life by being able to join guidance groups accompanying their professional work that do not demand troublesome application for entrance. PMID- 3188667 TI - [Parent therapy]. PMID- 3188668 TI - [Clinical practice of a child and adolescent psychiatric service as evaluated by parents]. AB - A follow-up study was conducted at an outpatient child psychiatry facility on parents' satisfaction with the quality and effectiveness of the treatment provided their children. The selection of the sample (N = 105), the methods used and the high response rate of 80% are discussed. The parents who did not return the questionnaire were interviewed later by telephone. For the sample as a whole, about 75% of the parents made a positive assessment of the service provided by the clinic and the improvement in their child's situation and general development. The initially non-responding parents were less positive in their assessment than the responders. The conclusions to be drawn from these findings are discussed. PMID- 3188669 TI - [Not superior achievement--but a form of developmental delay]. PMID- 3188670 TI - [Quantitative morphologic studies of so-called dynamic, eccentric coronary stenoses in cases of acute coronary death]. AB - The residual normal wall segment of an eccentric stenosis of the coronary artery can reduce the residual lumen by spastic contraction of the media. Such dynamic coronary artery stenoses may consequently cause or intensify myocardial ischemia or may lead to sudden coronary death due to dysrhythmia. In 39 cases of sudden coronary death, the histological cross section of extramural coronary arteries were measured by planimetry after postmortem coronary angiography. Of a total of 382 stenoses wit more than 45% narrowing, 178 (48.6%) were of the eccentric kind. These eccentric stenoses of the coronary artery were localized in the RIVA in 48%. On average, 4.5 eccentric stenoses were found in each case of coronary death. Eccentric stenoses with round (49.4) or elliptically situated (35,3%) restenoses was on average 30.5% of the residual lumen wall. The quantitative findings show that the high percentage of eccentric stenoses with a larger normal wall segment is of functional significance with regard to acute coronary deficiency. The morphological description and evaluation of the coronary sclerosis should also take into consideration the kind of stenosis. PMID- 3188671 TI - Neoplastic disease in a medicolegal autopsy material. A retrospective study in northern Sweden. AB - Only a small fraction of sudden unexpected deaths are caused by neoplastic disease and thus subject ot medicolegal autopsy. The medicolegal autopsy forms an opportunity to study not only medically diagnosed and treated neoplasms, but also the natural evolution of untreated disease. In a series of 7,020 consecutive medicolegal autopsies in northern Sweden, we found 171 cases with malignant and/or intracranial neoplasms. In 41 cases, sudden death was caused by previously unknown tumors. The most common mechanisms of death in this group were disseminated cancer, intracranial tumors, pulmonary thromboembolism, hemoptysis, and aspiration of blood, and the most common locations were the bronchi and the lung. In some of these cases, the mechanism was sometimes dramatic, raising a question of violent death or intoxication. In 30 cases, sudden unexpected death was caused by previously known tumors, and also in this group disseminated cancer was the most common cause of death, and the most common locations were the bronchi and the lung. In 22 cases, tumors were found suicidal cases; in 14 of these, the tumor was considered to be a major causative factor to the suicide, while in eight cases the tumor was considered to be an incidental finding. The expected number of cancers in the 1,060 suicides investigated in this series was 27, according to the official cancer prevalence data. Thus, a possible over representation of suicides among persons with cancer seems doubtful and needs further exploration. PMID- 3188673 TI - Properdin factor B(Bf) polymorphism in the population of Veneto, Italy. AB - The distribution of Bf phenotypes in the population of Veneto was investigated by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. In our sample (n = 592), the seven common phenotypes F, S, F-S, S-S0.7, S-F1, F-S0.7, F-F1 were observed and the following gene frequencies calculated: Bf*S = 0.7399; Bf*F = 0.2280; Bf*F1 = 0.0177; Bf*S0.7 = 0.0144. These gene frequencies are compared to those found in other populations. Analysis of 21 mother-child pairs was in agreement with an autosomal codominant inheritance. PMID- 3188672 TI - Sudden death from left atrial pressure line wedging into cardiac valve prosthesis: pathologic findings and forensic significance. AB - The case of a sudden death from late valve entrapment of a left atrial pressure monitoring line not removed postoperatively is considered from both biomechanical and pathological points of view because of its forensic significance in terms of malpractice liability. PMID- 3188674 TI - Diatoms and drowning. AB - An examination is made of the applicability of quantitative and qualitative diatom analysis to the diagnosis of death by drowning, definition of the environment in which drowning occurred, and delimitation of the area where it occurred. the material comprises 107 bodies of subjects known or suspected to have died by drowning together with a control series of 15 bodies of subjects over 30 years of age who had died of various diseases on land. Whenever diatoms were found in the greater circulatory organs they were also found in the lungs, and when none were present in the lungs none were found in the other organs either. No diatoms or fragments of diatoms were found in the samples from the control subjects. All the fresh, well-preserved bodies for which death by drowning could be regarded as certain from the macroscopic autopsy findings and police reports, the cases used to test the method, gave quantitative diatom results that supported a diagnosis of water aspiration. The diatoms identified in the qualitative analyses served well to describe the ecological properties of the environments in which death had taken place, and the site of drowning could be defined by means of comparative water samples provided that sufficient diatoms were present, the local environment was not too homogeneous or the diatoms were not of quite different species due to a completely unknown location of death. PMID- 3188675 TI - Further evidence of a silent plasminogen (PLG) allele in two paternity cases. AB - Routine paternity testing has yielded two different cases of an apparent inverse homozygosity in the plasminogen (PLG) system. In one case, the child presented the phenotype PLG A and his putative father the type PLG B. The alleged father could not be excluded from the paternity in 25 additional blood group marker systems (biostatistical probability of paternity W greater than 99.75%). In the other case an incompatibility was found in a mother- child pair. Analysis of PLG was carried out by isoelectric focusing on neuraminidase-treated sera. In both cases the immunologic and functional detection showed weaker banding pattern of the affected PLG types. The assumption of a silent allele in the PLG system was confirmed by quantitative investigations. The allele frequency of PLG*Q0 in the South German population was estimated to be 0.0013. In the same sample the variant PLG A3 has been shown to be polymorphic. PMID- 3188677 TI - [Scintigraphic studies of gonadal burden in radiosynoviortheses of the knee joint with yttrium 90]. AB - Yttrium-90 radiosynoviorthesis of the knee joint in rheumatic inflammatory diseases shows favourable results. Because of the supposed exposure of the patients gonads, Yttrium synoviorthesis has rarely been performed in patients below the age of 40. Scintigraphic studies in 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed no significant leakage of the radionuclide from the knee joint. Gamma camera measurements both phantom and in vivo in the regions of ovary and testes revealed a local dose of 1.05 microGy/MBq (3.9 mrd/mCi) or 1.1 microGy/MBq (4.1 mrd/mCi) of the injected radioactivity. Calculation of the maximum possible load of the gonads, supposing even total leakage of the injected 90-Yttrium from the knee joint, yielded a maximum possible dose of 6 mGy (600 mrd). We conclude from these studies and calculations that Yttrium-90 synoviorthesis of the knee joint can safely be carried out in patients below the age of 40. PMID- 3188676 TI - [Clinical value of histomorphologic studies of joint capsules]. AB - The clinical significance of the histomorphological evaluation of synovial tissue from 389 patients with joint diseases was studied. From these data we conclude: (1) the histomorphological diagnosis in joint diseases is rarely of decisive value (6.2%); (2) in 23.1% of cases the histomorphological diagnosis is judged to be of clinical assistance; (3) the histomorphological grading of the inflammatory reaction in the joint under study corresponds in approximately two out of three cases to the clinical judgement. PMID- 3188678 TI - [Exo- and endomarginal sclerosis of the metacarpal heads as a special reaction in chronic polyarthritis]. AB - In the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis, sclerotic reactions - especially at the metacarpal heads - may sometimes occur at both sides of the bone with an irregular widening of the calcified cartilage layer or of the subchondral bone margin, despite simultaneous demineralization of the subchondral trabecular spongiosa. PMID- 3188679 TI - [Axisless knee endoprosthesis in patients with chronic polyarthritis]. AB - Axial-free knee prostheses have proved their worth in the treatment of arthritic knees. Normal axial alignment and physiological ligamentous guidance can be accomplished by this type of prosthesis, even in cases of severe deformity and instability. In addition, unconstrained prostheses show some important advantages in comparison to constrained prostheses. PMID- 3188680 TI - [Pathogenesis of spontaneous chronic polyarthritis in MRL mice]. AB - In a sequential study the pathogenesis of chronic polyarthritis occurring spontaneously in MRL mice was analysed by light microscopy. A total of 128 MRL mice of both substrains (MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr and +/+) and different age groups was studied. In 50 lpr/lpr mice, tinctorial and histochemical methods were applied for the identification of fibrin/fibrinoid, iron compounds, amyloid, and proteoglycan. The earliest lesions seen in mice of substrain lpr/lpr at the age of 2 months were proliferation of synovial lining cells and loss of tinctorially demonstrable proteoglycan in the articular cartilage. Beginning at 3 months, severe joint destruction associated with pannus formation was encountered usually in knee, carpal and tarsal joints. Besides inflammatory processes in tendons, nerves and musculature fibrinoid-necrotising panarteritis occurred in the intra- and extraarticular tissue. Furthermore, fibrin-containing exudations and deposits of fibrinoid material, occurred in the synovium of large joints and in the periarticular connective tissue of phalangeal joints. The occurrence of these morphological changes, destructive arthritis, vasculitis and periarticular inflammatory changes, was, at the age of 3 months, associated with a highly significant increase of circulating immune complexes. In mice of substrain +/+ aged 1 year and older, arthritic changes with synovial lining cell proliferation, cartilage destruction and inflammatory periarticular lesions developed. PMID- 3188681 TI - [Measuring the spontaneous activity of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri) with passive infrared detectors]. PMID- 3188682 TI - Orbital puncture may not influence open field behaviour in rats. PMID- 3188683 TI - [Circadian fluctuations in the development of carrageenan-induced paw edema in the rat and in its inhibition by indomethacin]. PMID- 3188684 TI - [Reproductive behavior of the Mexican swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri)]. PMID- 3188686 TI - XXIVth International Symposium on Biological Models. Spindleruv Mlyn/Czechoslovakia, April 12-14, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3188685 TI - Incomplete herniation of liver lobes through the diaphragm in Han: WIST rats. PMID- 3188687 TI - [Histological grading of neuroblastomas. 25 cases]. AB - Histological studies were conducted into 25 cases of neuroblastoma selected from consecutive biopsy material. They were 4 grade I, 5 grade II and 16 grade III tumours, according to the classification of Hughes et al. Two of the grade I neuroblastomas exhibited diffuse growth patterns. The other two were diagnosed as composite types. The histological signs of differentiation and their prognostic value are discussed. PMID- 3188688 TI - Coronary atherosclerotic lesion: its characterization applying an atherometric system, using discriminant analysis. AB - A given set of autopsies (total 2043) divided into high and low atherosclerosis groups (HAG, LAG) according to the primary cause of death 1171 and 872 cases, respectively, was studied by an atherometric system. The variables of this system characterize the pathomorphological changes, i.e. fatty streaks (X), fibrous plaques (Y) and severe (complicated and calcified) plaques (Z) of atherosclerosis. In the present study were also included two indices, stenosis (P) and benignity (B), applicable for estimation of the severity of the process. In order to verify the discrimination between the HAG and LAG groups the utility of the classification should be demonstrated. The three main branches of the coronary arteries, right (RC), left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LC), were examined. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the different vascular changes were made by means of a digitizer coupled to a personal computer NEC 9801 (Japan). The data were processed in a computer EC-1040 (GDR). The multivariate statistical techniques, including discriminant analysis were used applying the "SPSS" commercial statistical package programme. The atherometric system proved to be useful to distinguish between HAG and LAG. Correct classification was in all cases greater than 70% except for LC (68%). The three variables X, Y and Z were capable to separate the groups. The stenosis and benignity indices proved to be the most effective for discrimination. The sign of benignity index discriminating function is always the same of the LAG. This variable is indeed one to indicate benignity. The coherence and consistency of the atherometric system developed was proved by discriminant analysis. PMID- 3188689 TI - [Small intestine biopsies in children with malabsorption syndrome. Autoradiographic studies with 3H-thymidine]. AB - Bioptic material of the small intestine is suitable for short-time in-vitro incubation in 3H-thymidine labelled medium followed by autoradiography. Histological and autoradiographic investigations of the small intestine of 45 children yielded the following characteristic findings: 1. 93 per cent of the healthy controls (n = 14) showed normal mucous membrane (Type I according to Shmerling) and a mean 3H-thymidine labelling index of 13 per cent. 2. Normal histological findings but a mean autoradiographic labelling index of 22 per cent were recorded from 87 per cent of children with cow's milk or fructose incompatibility (n = 12). 3. Mucous membrane of Shmerling Type I and a labelling index of enterocytes of 32 per cent was recorded from 50 per cent of children with coeliac disease (n = 19) after diet periods of seven or three to five months. Other children with coeliac disease but without therapy up to that time showed in 80 per cent the Shmerlings Type III and in 20 per cent Type II accompanied by the highest labelling index of 35 per cent. The increase of proliferative activity of enterocytes in coeliac disease shown by autoradiography and histological observations (villous atrophy) suggested an increased rate of cell death which led to the need for high cell replacement. This autoradiographic method used complementarily to usual histological diagnosis, has proved to help saving an enormous amount of time in the diagnosis of coeliac disease. PMID- 3188690 TI - [Neuropathology of hypertensive encephalopathy]. AB - An account is given of hypertensive encephalopathy on the basis of neurohistological studies into 54 brains, with additional reference being made to autopsies. Vasculopathy of peripheral arteries and arterioles along with thickening of vascular walls, change of media, and lumen stenosis were primarily recorded by means of optical light and electron microscopy. A difference of more than seven per cent was found to exist between wall thicknesses of arterioles in hypertensive brains, on the one hand, and those in normotensive brains, on the other. Vessels with thickened walls were not rigid but were rather capable of dilation just as under normotensive conditions. Their inner diameters, however, were below normal. Vascular wall fibrosis, to which little attention had been given in the past, was repeatedly recordable from the venous and capillary systems. Impairment of the endothelial barrier function was quite often recorded, with lipid deposits being incorporated in peripheral arterioles and capillaries. No relevance to pathogenesis can be reliably attributed at present to detection of IgG in the arterial system. Microinfarction, micro-haemorrhage as well as disseminated damage to nerve cells are recordable from roughly one third of all hypertensive brains and are primarily located in brain stem ganglia. Demyelinisation and cerebral oedema are quite infrequent. High-protein cerebral oedema was found in some rare cases. Hypertensive encephalopathy should be considered as a nosological entity in which morphological and clinical phenomena are not always correlated to each other. PMID- 3188691 TI - [Histology and cytology of a rare dysplastic adenosis of the cervix uteri with formation of a highly differentiated adenocarcinoma ("adenoma malignum")]. AB - Extremely well-differentiated adenocarcinomas of the cervix are rare neoplasms and are often termed "adenoma malignum". Histology and cytology of the tumor are described in a 37 year old woman. Such adenocarcinomas are of four histological types: endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell and mixed. The cytological evaluation should be useful in some cases, a substantial number of cases show a normal smear or moderate dysplasia. When this disease is identified at an early stage and treated appropriately, the prognosis is not as unfavourable as earlier reports suggest. PMID- 3188692 TI - [Algae as the cause of irritation cough]. AB - Cases of irritation-cough in personnel and patients of a physiotherapeutical department during treatment by under-water massage were found out as to be due to mass vegetation of a population of Staurastrum gracile Ralfs 1848 in the raw water a no-contaminated surface water. Algae passed the filter element. Outbreak of such an illness in man caused by green algae were unknown hitherto. PMID- 3188693 TI - [The femoral neck fracture in childhood]. AB - A retrospective study into fracture of the femoral neck in childhood was compiled from 18 hospitals by the Working Group on Paediatric Traumatology, since conditions of that kind were found to be very rare. Thirty-eight fractures were kept under observation, with follow-up checks being made on 29 of them. An account is first given of peculiarities of the proximal femur in childhood. Results are communicated, and therapeutic approaches are compared. A therapeutic proposal has been derived from these findings as well as from literature data. PMID- 3188695 TI - [Traumatic basilar impression--a special form of atlanto- occipital lesions. Case report]. PMID- 3188696 TI - [The technic of temporary metal band cerclage]. PMID- 3188697 TI - [Northwest German Surgery Association. 139th meeting. 11-13 June 1987, Neumunster. Abstracts]. PMID- 3188698 TI - [Acute infrarenal aortic and bilateral pelvic artery occlusion]. AB - Operations were performed on 75 cases of acute occlusion of the aorta and bilateral iliac arteries, between 1972 and 1987. The occlusions had been caused by embolisation in 48.6 per cent of these cases and by thrombosis in 31.4 per cent. Amputations had to be performed on 22 per cent, while the mortality rate at hospital amounted to 42.8 per cent. Surgical and anaesthetic risks were extremely high in 71 per cent of all patients. Complete ischaemia lasted more than six hours in 48 per cent. Intraoperative angioplasty was applied to twelve patients to control occlusion-induced stenoses and is believed to be capable of reducing hospital mortality. PMID- 3188700 TI - [Surgical aspects of venous puncture]. PMID- 3188699 TI - [The paradoxical embolism]. PMID- 3188701 TI - [Proceedings of the Surgical Oncology Section of the East German Society of Surgery. 1st meeting. 6 November 1987, Rostock]. PMID- 3188694 TI - [Dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint--conservative or surgical therapy?]. AB - Reported in this paper are therapeutic results obtained from 54 hospitalised patients who had been treated for acromioclavicular dislocation. Indications, tactical approaches to treatment, and results are described and discussed in some detail. Good results were obtained from conservative treatment of Tossy-I injuries. However, surgery in the first place is recommended, when it comes to Tossy-II and Tossy-III serverities (ligament suture and temporary arthrodesis of the AC joint), as this has proved to yield results which were superior to secondary plastic ligament repair. Poorest results were recorded from conservative treatment of patients with Tossy-III injuries. PMID- 3188702 TI - [Controversies in the after-care of colon cancer]. AB - A recurrence rate of 37 per cent (n = 155) was recorded from 414 patients who had undergone curative operations for colon carcinoma, between 1970 and 1980. Reoperation was performed on 100 patients and was successfully completed in 33 per cent. The five-year survival rate amounted to 24 per cent, following curative reoperation. No patient in a group without regular follow-up after reoperation survived 5 additional years. Related to all cases of recurrence, 5 year survival was recorded from only 5 per cent. 10 year survival rates of all patients with follow-up differed significantly from those without. PMID- 3188703 TI - [Cryosurgery of the healthy rat liver]. AB - Cryosurgical treatment was applied to normal liver tissue of 13 clinically intact rats, with a view to investigating effects of freezing temperatures upon normal liver tissue. The animals were sacrificed after different intervals from surgery, and their liver tissue was macroscopically and histologically examined. Major postoperative complications were not observed but for one animal which died of wound healing disorder. The method seems to be suitable also for treatment of liver cell carcinoma or liver metastases. PMID- 3188704 TI - [Animal experiment studies of cryosurgical treatment of DS sarcomas and Morris hepatomas implanted in the liver]. AB - Cryosurgical treatment was applied to solid liver tumours of rats with a view to studying the effects of freezing temperatures upon liver carcinoma. Such treatment was applied to twelve rats to which carcinomas, 0.5 cm to 3.0 cm in size, had been implanted. Cryosurgical treatment was successful in one case. Many of the animals died of complications which resulted from freezing of surrounding organs, such as stomach or greater liver vessels. PMID- 3188705 TI - [Northwest German Surgery Association. 140 meeting. 3-5 December 1987, Hamburg. Abstracts]. PMID- 3188706 TI - [Recent physiologic and pathophysiologic studies in heart function in the perinatal period]. AB - Recent investigations of the cardiac output in fetal lambs have shown that left ventricular output reaches nearly exclusively the upper circulation of the body (head, neck, forelegs) via the ascending aorta. Right ventricular output supplies predominantly the descending aorta via the ductus arteriosus. Increasing afterload results in reductions of stroke volumes in the fetus as well as in the neonate. The Frank-Starling-mechanism is only weakly developed in lambs before and after birth. Immediately after birth the rise of myocardial contractility in the newborn is related to his important endogenic sympathoadrenergic stimulation. This large postnatal increase of contractility depends strictly on a normally functioning thyroid gland during the last trimester of gestation. Presumably, T3 influences the prenatal development of the cardiac beta-receptors. PMID- 3188707 TI - [Percentiles of newborns in the DDR--1985. 1. Percentiles of birth weight and birth height]. AB - Body measures of newborn infants and their parents were comprehended and statistically revised in 30 hospitals of German Democratic Republic in 1984-1985. There were records of 52,570 single livebirths without birth defects of women living in the GDR (51.3 per cent boys and 48.7 per cent girls). Percentiles were calculated and demonstrated in tables and figures. Base of calculation of percentiles was a pregnancy week final diagnosis. It was determined by the physician resulting from three investigations of pregnancy week (methods Naegele; ultrasound; maturity index). Percentiles of birthweight and birthlength of newborn infants in GDR in 1984-1985 are lower than those in 1973-1974. Causes are discussed. Our results are compared with two Middle European curves and with Lubchenco curve (1963). PMID- 3188708 TI - [Postpartum curettage--is it always indicated?]. AB - Within five years (1982-1986) there were in the Dept. Obstet. Gynec., Main Hospital of Suhl 382 curettements after 7,462 term deriveries (greater than 37. week of pregnancy). This is a frequency of 5.2%. Only in 25% there was a histologic confirmation of placental tissue. Discussion about possibilities to reduce the frequency of such curettements post partum without neglecting necessary interferences. PMID- 3188709 TI - [Chlorhexidine as a vaginal antiseptic in obstetrics]. AB - The antimicrobial efficiency of a chlorhexidine containing emulsion which is used as gliding or antiseptic remedy is examined. The killer-time for germs within the suspension test as well as the testing in clinical use confirm the efficiency known from literature. The use of chlorhexidine containing emulsions serving as antiseptic gliding remedy is recommended. PMID- 3188710 TI - [Delivery of the second twin by cesarean section]. AB - Caesarean operation is a very rare event for delivery of the second twin, after the first one had been delivered by vaginal route. In the following a caesarean section on the second twin will be exhibited after spontaneous delivery of the first one, because a complete extraction was unsuccessful. PMID- 3188711 TI - [Amniotic fluid embolism]. AB - A case of amniotic fluid embolism during the second stage of labor is reported. Mother and newborn survived. Etiology, symptoms and therapy are discussed. PMID- 3188712 TI - [Treatment of invasive vulvar cancer (results of therapy 1970-1981)]. AB - Between 1970 and 1981 we saw 108 patients with vulvar carcinoma stages I-IV at the university clinic of Graz. 93 of them we could follow up at a minimum of 5 years. 15 patients died intercurrently. A radical vulvectomy with inguino-femoral lymphonodectomy could be done in 49 patients (45.4 per cent), a local excision or a simple vulvectomy in 27 patients (25 per cent). 7 patients have been irradiated primarily, 14 patients had no treatment. The best 5-year survival rate had the patients stage I operated on and/or irradiated postoperatively. Survival rate of stage II was 60.7 per cent, in stage III 18.5 per cent. Only 17 of 27 patients in this stage could be operated on. PMID- 3188713 TI - [CEA determination in aspired fluid of cystic ovarian tumors and ovarian cysts and in ascites and serum samples of patients with ovarian tumors]. AB - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was assayed by radioimmunoassay in serum of 47 patients with cystic ovarian tumors, in 51 cases of cyst fluids of ovarian tumors and ovarian cysts, and in 16 cases of peritoneal effusions (ascites). In order to differentiate between cystic tumors and retentional cysts there was found, in consideration of a changed prevalence (0.65), a sensitivity of 55% and a specificity of 94%. The predictive value in regard to a positive assay result was 94% and in regard to a negative one was 53%. Elevated CEA-levels in ovarian tumor cyst fluids are mainly diagnostic for mucinous ovarian tumors. In regard to elevated CEA-levels in cyst fluids of ovarian tumors it is claimed the laparotomy and histological investigation. PMID- 3188714 TI - [Significance of initial weight and weight development for the course and outcome of pregnancy]. AB - In a retrospective analysis the connection between pregravide weight and development of weight of the pregnant woman with regard to the duration of pregnancy and the birth weight of the child have been investigated, by means of the three-dimensional contingence-table-procedure. The rise in weight up to the 28th week of pregnancy as well as up to the end of pregnancy influence the characteristics of the child (duration of pregnancy and birth weight) in a significant measure. A rise in weight of more than 6 kg till the 28th week of pregnancy indicates with a high degree of probability a further normal progress of pregnancy. In the second part of the study tables showing normal values for the rise in weight during pregnancy are prepared on the basis of the tables showing optimal values according to Moehr. PMID- 3188715 TI - [The possibility of stimulating the ureters with hexoprenaline following radical abdominal surgery of cervix cancer]. AB - After the intravenous injection of a betamimeticum hexoprenaline a significant improvement of the motility of the ureter was noted by intravenous pyelogram in the majority of radically operated patients. In 60.1% of subjects an increase in the frequency as well as a qualitative improvement of contractions was noted. A decrease of motility (22.6%) was never qualitative but ever only quantitative. The incidence of these changes (-28.4%) was significantly less than the improvement (+51.4%). This prospective study was carried out in 136 patients and showed that hexoprenaline (Ipradol) increases the motility of the ureter. This leads to preventive consequences. PMID- 3188716 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of dystrophic vulvar diseases]. AB - Mainly women in the postmenopause suffer from dystrophic diseases of the vulva which develop in a chronically progressive way. Because of the often very irritating pruritus and the secondary alterations of the skin these diseases are mainly a therapeutical problem which can become very annoying both, the patient and the doctor. In 32 patients, the progressive development of the diseases could be stopped. Very satisfying results could be obtained by a combined treatment of a local testosterone application and the systemic regulation of the metabolism. PMID- 3188717 TI - [Fetofetal transfusion syndrome. A case report]. AB - Report about a twin pregnancy with an urgent necessary caesarean section because of a silent curve in the antenatal cardiotocography. The diagnosis of the fetofetal transfusion syndrome was made postnatally. The anastomosis between the two vessel areas of the placenta with respect to the donator--and acceptor- placenta has been visualized by x-ray. Discussion of all clinical problems and of the prognosis of the donator twin. PMID- 3188718 TI - [Lipid- (lipoid-) cell tumor of the ovary]. AB - A case of lipid (lipoid) cell tumor of the ovary without masculinization is reported. The age of the patient was 46 years. PMID- 3188719 TI - [What pathogenetic mechanisms are responsible for hot flushes in pre- and postmenopause?]. PMID- 3188720 TI - Compartmentalization of milk N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase). Release of NAGase from the cellular compartment by storage, freezing and thawing, detergent and using cell stimulants. PMID- 3188722 TI - Moraxella ovis in cases of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in Israel. PMID- 3188721 TI - The effects of dietary T-2 toxin on the NK-cell activity and on the reactivation of pseudorabies virus in NMRI mice. PMID- 3188723 TI - In vitro stimulation of pony peripheral blood lymphocytes by a soluble fraction of Trypanosoma evansi. PMID- 3188724 TI - [Seal deaths in the Wadden Sea by Sylt in 1988: significance of the high degree of lungworm cases with a hypersensitivity reaction]. PMID- 3188725 TI - Sensitivity of different cell lines for rabies virus isolation. PMID- 3188727 TI - Location and pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally infected mice. PMID- 3188726 TI - Effects of intravenous corticosteroid on the pathogenicity of Babesia equi infection of donkeys (Equus asinus). PMID- 3188728 TI - Experimental infection of sheep and goats with Muellerius capillaris (Protostrongylidae, Nematoda). PMID- 3188729 TI - The effect of vitamin E on the cell-mediated immune response in pigs. PMID- 3188730 TI - [Qualitative and quantitative composition of acids formed by bifidobacteria]. AB - The dynamics of acid production in 18 strains of bifidobacteria, belonging to 5 different species, has been studied Bifidobacteria have been found to produce 3 acids, lactic, acetic and formic, in the process of their metabolism. The lactic acid/acetic acid quantitative ratio varies, depending on the culture medium on the average, 1:2 in Blaurock medium, 1:5 in milk hydrolysate medium. Various strains have also been found to differ in the dynamics of acid production with respect to the amounts of lactic and acetic acids. The study has shown that, despite the active production of acids for a period of up to 72 hours, a decrease in the pH of the medium is observed for not more than 48 hours. The existence of a specific mechanism permitting bifidobacteria to regulate the acidity of their environment is supposed. PMID- 3188731 TI - [Biological characterization of ecovars of gram-negative bacteria circulating in the burn ward]. AB - In 44 isolated cultures of Gram-negative bacteria, besides commonly known pathogenicity factors, their adhesive activity towards the cells of the buccal epithelium and their interrelations with the representatives of normal microflora which determine natural resistance to colonization have been studied. The artificial adhesion of target cells is accompanied by the inhibition on the natural colonization of epithelial cells by Streptococcus salivarius; it is, therefore, evident that adhesiveness is one of the factors which determine the behavior of microorganisms in cenoses. The circulation of adhesive strains of Gram-negative bacteria has been noted in the burn ward. PMID- 3188732 TI - [Comparative characterization of the morphologic changes induced by the cytotoxic action of a filtrate of Clostridium difficile strain B in cell cultures]. AB - Investigations carried out by the authors have demonstrated the possibility of the simultaneous evaluation of the results of the quantitative and qualitative characterization of the cytotoxic action of the filtrate of C. difficile strain B in the cultures of diploid human cells and cells Fl. The action of the filtrate used in the same dilution (1:1,000) over equal incubation periods (15 minutes) has resulted in the appearance of different morphological changes in each of these cultures. The degree of the manifestation of the cytotoxic action of the filtrate and the consequences of this action depend not only on the dose of the filtrate and the duration of the contact, but also on the kind of cell cultures used in the experiment. The 15-minute contact of human diploid cell culture with the filtrate leads to irreversible lesions of the cells. The rounding of cells Fl, observed during the first 15 minutes of the action of the filtrate, is not fatal for them; in the overwhelming majority of these cells the capacity for proliferation restores at the expiration of a certain period (about 3 weeks), and their adhesive properties increase. PMID- 3188733 TI - [Grigor'ev-Shiga dysentery: a new epidemic threat. Its global tendencies and features of its spread]. AB - In this article, based on the data contained in literature, the development of the pandemic of Grigor'ev-Shiga dysentery, which began in 1960-ies, is followed. The stages of the formation of three powerful hyperpandemic foci in Central America, South-East Asia and Central Africa are characterized. The characterization of the epidemiological features of the spread of this disease and its clinical distinction are presented. The biological properties of the causative agent, and in particular its multiple medicinal resistance facilitating the spread of the disease throughout the world, is considered. The stable character of the foci of infection in developing countries, which actually present a threat also for this country, is pointed out. For this reason, the epidemiological surveillance on Grigor'ev-Shiga dysentery should be drastically strengthened. PMID- 3188734 TI - [Interserovar antitoxic immunity to Vibrio cholerae toxins]. AB - The immunochemical affinity of V. cholerae enterotoxins, serovars Inaba and Ogawa, has been shown in animal experiments on cross antitoxic immunity in the small intestine, the passive hemagglutination test and the toxin neutralization test. However, antitoxic interaction with both enterotoxins is characteristic only for antibodies to V. cholerae of serovar Inaba, while in animals immune to Ogawa toxin the choleragenic effect of enterotoxins produced by V. cholerae of both serovars in retained. The possible mechanisms of one-sided cross interserovar antitoxic immunity in cholera are discussed. PMID- 3188735 TI - [Influence of the oral administration of indigenous microorganisms on the resistance of mice to Salmonella infection]. AB - The influence of the oral administration of killed bifidobacteria, lactobacteria, bacteroids and fusobacteria on the anti- Salmonella resistance of mice, infected orally with S. dublin, was studied. Bifidobacteria and lactobacteria were shown to produce a dose-dependent immunostimulating effect. The oral administration of killed bifidobacteria and lactobacteria led to the enhanced resistance of mice to Salmonella infection. The oral administration of killed bifidobacteria was conductive to the normalization of the intestinal microflora in dysbacteriosis developing in cases of Salmonella infection. Bacteroids and fusobacteria were found to possess no such effect. PMID- 3188736 TI - [Protective activity of preparations of blood plasma from donors with a high titer of natural antibodies to Re-glycolipid of gram-negative bacteria]. AB - The screening of the preparations of blood plasma obtained from 1,608 donors made it possible to establish the presence of high titers of natural antibodies to Re glycolipid in 3% of the donors. Donor plasma containing antibodies to Re glycolipid in a titer of 1:128 ensured a high level of protection for mice in experimental fecal peritonitis. The treatment of 10 patients having commonly occurring forms of peritonitis, caused by Gram-negative bacteria, with the use of such plasma yielded a positive clinical effect. The presence of correlation between the titers of antibodies to Re-glycolipid in blood plasma preparations and the content of high-density lipoproteids, expressed in per cent, was noted. PMID- 3188737 TI - [Regulation of cell function in the macrophagal phagocytic system with salmozan]. AB - Salmozan has been shown to bring about changes in the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages, to produce a labilizing effect on the state of lysosomal membranes and to enhance the intensity of protein synthesis in peritoneal macrophages. The presence of relationship between the functional activity of the cells of the macrophagal phagocytic system, the resistance of the body to infections and the capacity for response to an antigenic stimulus has been revealed. The character of changes observed in this investigation has been found to depend on the interval between the injection of salmozan and the injection of sheep red blood cells or challenge with Listeria. The differences in the functional activity of the cells of the macrophagal phagocytic system, appearing under the influence of salmozan, can be attriduted to the action of this immunomodulating agent on various populations of peritoneal macrophages. PMID- 3188738 TI - [Cyclothymia of advanced age (based on data from observations at the geriatric psychiatry office of a general-type polyclinic)]. AB - Cyclothymia was studied in 129 patients aged over 60 in the gerontology unit of an outpatient clinic in Moscow. Premanifest period of the disease was analyzed clinically to single out the functional and somatic disorders. The typology of the first cyclothymic phases and conditions of their development are described as related to the ages of the disease manifestation under 60 vs over 60. The data evidencing the polar nature of the affective disorders are presented to characterize the natural history of the ailment in senile cyclothymic patients. PMID- 3188739 TI - [Characteristics of the nature and dynamics of neuropsychic disorders in patients with newly detected pulmonary tuberculosis undergoing intensive chemotherapy]. AB - Using a clinical and psychopathological technique of examination the authors have investigated the mental condition of 232 patients with new cases of tuberculosis. Neurotic disturbances have been diagnosed in 64.7% of the patients, with asthenic and depressive syndromes constituting 84.7% of all mental disorders. Premorbid personality peculiarities are significantly correlated (p less than 0.001) with the incidence and nature of mental disorders, being most frequent in individuals with asthenic and psychoasthenic features. Specific antituberculosis therapy fails to control neurotic disturbances by the end of the main course of the inpatient treatment in 51.5% of the patients which poses a question about the necessity of psychotropic therapy. PMID- 3188740 TI - [The generalized form of Rendu-Osler-Weber disease (a practical case)]. AB - The article presents clinical and pathomorphological findings related to a case of the Rendu-Osler-Weber disease and demonstrates the difficulties of its differential diagnosis. PMID- 3188741 TI - [A method for long-term electroencephalographic monitoring in the diagnosis of pseudoseizures]. AB - Fifty-eight patients with psychogenic attacks were studied using continuous monitoring for 3-24 hours. A total of 81 attacks lasting from 5 to 30 min were recorded. The diagnostic value of long-distance, outpatient cassette EEG and video recorder monitoring is undoubted, since it creates the opportunity of simultaneous registration of electroclinical manifestations of paroxysmal and interparoxysmal conditions. The data obtained have shown that the differential diagnosis should be based on the complex of all clinical and electrographic manifestations. PMID- 3188742 TI - [Elevated kynurenine concentration in the blood serum of children with epilepsy and bronchial asthma]. AB - A total of 84 children were investigated: 15 with bronchial asthma, 41 with combined seizure and bronchial obstruction syndrome, 14 with epilepsy. The kynurenine blood level was found to correlate with seizures. It was highest in epilepsy (5.27 +/- 0.99 nM/ml) together with the lowest dioxygenase activity (0.53 +/- 0.29 nM/ml) as measured with the tryptophane loading. The data suggest that kynurenine being a major tryptophane metabolite plays a role in pathogenesis of convulsive states. PMID- 3188743 TI - [The role of environmental factors in the etiology of epilepsy (based on data from epidemiological genetic research)]. AB - Genetic-epidemiological analysis of the role of ante-, peri- and postnatal exogenous adversities in the development of epilepsy was performed on the representative sample of 365 families using the multifactor and single locus models. The relationship was established of the genetic factors with ante- and perinatal factors on the one hand, and with postnatal ones on the other. An ecogenetic hypothesis of the epilepsy etiology was put forward. PMID- 3188744 TI - [Reorganization of the synaptic architectonics of the cerebral cortex in antigenic sensitization of the brain and in convulsive paroxysms]. AB - In Krushinskii-Molodkina rats sensibilized for 5 days with brain extract antigens (BEA) and/or subjected to repetitive seizures (S), the synaptic architectonics of the molecular layer was studied in the sensorimotor cortex preparations treated with phosphotungstic acid. Unlike the S effect, BEA-sensibilization and BEA+S action sharply reduced the number of interneuronal contacts, especially the symmetric ones, and the structure relations of the subsynaptic units system with the surrounding cytoskeleton with decrease in the number of very small, small and medium-size synapses. In any effects the major compensatory mechanism was the hypertrophy and splitting of the interneuronal contacts. Only S action resulted in the compensatory enhancement of the new synapses formation. Possible mechanisms of the "immune" lesion of the interneuronal contacts are discussed. PMID- 3188745 TI - [Procedures of the physician in relation to persons with a hereditary history at risk of epilepsy]. AB - Studied were 150 children born to epileptic parents. Clinical investigation and long-lasting follow-up resulted in singling out the groups of children with psychoneurological disorders, normals and a group at risk of epilepsy. The latter was analysed in detail and the neurologist's tactics with respect to every group was elaborated. PMID- 3188746 TI - [A new approach to the diagnosis of epilepsy]. AB - Clinical and biochemical investigation was performed in 49 patients with epilepsy of different etiology and clinical course, 10 patients with nonepileptic forms of neurologic and psychic disorders and 50 normal subjects. An additional blood serum protein fraction was found in epileptic patients as compared with the normals using the electrophoretic investigation on the acetate-cellulose plates and devices produced by Helene France company. Additional biochemical study is suggested as a diagnostic tool in epilepsy. PMID- 3188748 TI - [Hyposexuality in men with epilepsy]. AB - Sexual disorders were studied in male epileptic patients. High hyposexuality rate was shown to be related with the early onset of the disease and localization of the epileptic focus in the temporal lobe. Putative links in the pathogenesis of sexual disorders in epileptic patients are described and the importance of their early detection stressed. PMID- 3188747 TI - [Stages in the course of temporal lobe epilepsy]. AB - The data obtained in combined investigation of 128 patients with temporal epilepsy allowed establishment of most informative criteria differentiating between the stages of the disease. Mental and affective disorders or brain local potentials changes in these patients were found to be more reliable in determining the pathologic process stages than the disease duration, attack patterns, neurologic and pneumoencephalographic findings polymorphism. Taking into account the psychic disorders and electroencephalographic changes, three stages were established featuring (1) restricted, (2) spread and (3) wide-spread epileptic brain involvement. PMID- 3188750 TI - [Experimental and clinical study of the effectiveness of the combined use of anticonvulsants and tranquilizers in epilepsy]. AB - Using experimental and clinical methods, the authors studied the efficacy of combined use of anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, hexamidine, chloracon, trimetin, benzonal, diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine) and tranquilizers (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, meprotan, trioxazine, mebicar) in epilepsy treatment. The experimental findings showed that 13 combinations of the above drugs had a synergic effect. Five of these combinations (hexamidine-chlordiazepoxide, benzonal-chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbital-diazepam, phenobarbital-trioxazine, and phenobarbital-mebicar also proved clinically more effective than the use of anticonvulsants alone. PMID- 3188749 TI - [Pharmacokinetic aspects of anticonvulsant therapy with benzonal]. AB - Major pharmacokinetic parameters of the Soviet anticonvulsive drug benzobarbital used with different regimens of administration (single and prolonged) are described. The authors have studied the interrelationship between benzobarbital and carbamazepine when these drugs are used in combination and drawn a conclusion as to their weak pharmacokinetic synergism. On the basis of the established pharmacokinetic parameters a number of practical inferences pertaining to the mode of benzobarbital administration have been made. PMID- 3188753 TI - [Electrolyte composition of the cerebrospinal fluid and neuromuscular excitability in epilepsy]. AB - Clinical (Chvostek symptom and Trousseau-Bonsdorf test) and electromyographical investigations of the neuromuscular excitability were performed in patients with different forms of epilepsy. Ionized Ca, Na, K, Cl, and total Mg were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Seventy-five percent of the patients showed clinical and electromyographic signs of the tetanic syndrome. In patients with general seizures the CSF ionized Ca content was decreased as related to that of normal subjects. Brain and neuromuscular excitability increase was related with the shifts in Ca metabolism. PMID- 3188752 TI - [Allopurinol in the combined therapy of severe forms of epilepsy in children]. AB - Allopurinol was tested as an antiepileptic drug (AED) in children with progressive history of the disease, frequent severe seizures and ineffective conventional AED treatment. A total of 38 children aged 4 months to 10 years were given allopurinol at daily doses of 4 to 5 mg/kg body weight. The drug had positive effects in 10 out of 28 patients having frequent seizures. Complications were not observed. Allopurinol increased serotonin content in platelets. Biochemical investigations proved the therapy with allopurinol alone or combined with other AEDs to be effective. PMID- 3188754 TI - [Social compensation problems of children and adolescents suffering from epilepsy against a background of neural infection]. AB - Five hundred individuals with a history of neural infection in childhood or adolescence have been followed-up. Lower indicators, in particular with regard to academic performance, have been found in persons with CNS pathology, risk factors of epilepsy, and especially in epileptic patients, as compared to clinically healthy subjects. This is explained by psychic and neurologic abnormalities, above all by the presence of the cerebral asthenic, hypertensive CSF syndrome and affective aberrations, as well as by the rate and severity of attacks. The factors contributing to the improvement of social compensation include above all psychoneurologic and pedagogical observation over children with a history of neural infection attended by residual abnormalities, intensification of health education of teachers and parents and adequate individual professional orientation and employment. PMID- 3188751 TI - [Hexamidine content of the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with epilepsy]. AB - In 74 patients with different attack rates and patterns mean levels of hexamidine in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were 15.9 micrograms/ml and 7.86 micrograms/ml, respectively, the former almost twice as high as the latter. Both were found to correlate with the drug daily doses and other anticonvulsants administration. PMID- 3188755 TI - [The behavior of pupils suffering from epilepsy]. AB - From a total of 292 schoolchildren convalescing from neuroinfections observed for over 5 years, 42 had epilepsy. Different types of behavioral changes were detected. Psychomotor excitement and psychic depression were among the most frequent ones. Behavior changes were more pronounced in children studying in special aid school. Bringing up these children in an appropriate way is a matter of individual approach and joint efforts of parents, teachers and medical personnel to monitor and correct the patients' behavior. PMID- 3188756 TI - [Hysterical hyperkineses]. AB - A clinico-laboratory study has involved 42 patients with hysterical hyperkineses. The data obtained have made it possible to identify four stages of the diagnosis which are important fo clinical identification and differential diagnosis. Correlation between the pathogenetic mechanisms of hysterical hyperkineses and the mechanisms of the psychogenesis of hysterical neurosis has been demonstrated. The results obtained have made it possible to come closer to the understanding of the complex neurophysiological and psychophysiological substrate participating in the symptom formation of hysterical hyperkineses. PMID- 3188757 TI - [The complex diagnosis of brain edema--swelling in patients in critical states]. AB - In an intensive care unit, 181 patients were electrophysiologically investigated (impedance measuring, rheoencephalography, echoencephalography) and ophthalmoscopied, their plasma and red blood cells electrolytes, red blood cells ATP, levels of histamine, serotonin, and monoamine oxidase activity measured and the state of the lipid peroxidation system determined. The combined investigation ensured the early detection of brain edema or swelling and assessment of preponderance of either process. Increase in serotonin, histamine levels and activation of lipid peroxidation system were shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of these disorders. PMID- 3188760 TI - [Criteria for assessing the reliability and information value of diagnostic data in neurological studies]. AB - Clinical and experimental studies of the central nervous system diseases with electroencephalographic recording processed using statistical techniques are described. Criteria are offered for the evaluation of the data reproducibility, specificity and sensitivity with special reference to their use in outpatient and hospital practice of the long term follow-up. PMID- 3188758 TI - [Electrophysiologic assessment of the spastic syndrome in patients with a traumatic lesion of the spinal cord]. AB - In 34 patients general electromyography was used to assess the duration of muscle spastic contraction. H-reflex values ratio before and after vibration was calculated. These 2 techniques allowed a quantitative evaluation of spasticity. PMID- 3188759 TI - [Comparative age-related clinical characteristics of the initial stage in the course of Alzheimer's disease]. AB - The relation of progressive course of Alzheimer's disease with the age of its onset was established by a retrospective analysis of the psychopathological structure and initial signs of the disease. The overall duration of the disease decreased as the age of its onset increased. This was mainly due to a reduced duration of the initial stage and to a lesser extent to shortening the pronounced dementia stage. Aphasia and apraxia showed different characteristics and rate of occurrence at the initial phase of the ailment. Early initial appearance of motor disorders was characteristic of the disease started before 60. In these cases the distinct cortical functions could be deteriorated in a relatively independent manner. Three major clinical types of the initial stage of the disease are described which correlated with its progression rate and the onset age. PMID- 3188761 TI - [Problems of the regulation of mental activity in schizophrenia]. AB - In schizophrenic patients, performance was compared in cognitive tasks differing in the role played by social mediation in their structure. Worsening performance was regularly observed in activities including the assessment of social factors: past social experience, common social patterns, concepts and modes of action, orientation to other people. The patients' performance increased with introduction of motivating cues. The data are consistent with the initial hypothesis of the need-motivation component of social regulation of psychic activity being reduced in schizophrenic patients. PMID- 3188762 TI - [Psychological research on the cognitive aspect of emotional processes in schizophrenia patients]. AB - Cognitive aspects of emotionality were psychologically investigated in 250 patients with continuous and paroxysmal progredient schizophrenia and differently pronounced defect. The control group consisted of 100 normal subjects. A set of 7 techniques was applied. In cases of the patient's defect accentuated, cognitive emotional disorder was marked with the emotions and emotiogenic situations underestimation in dealing with other people and cognitive activities. This underestimation was not a uniform one concerning to a larger extent the strong emotions in other subjects, patients' own positive emotions, success in individual problem solving and degree of success in cooperative performance. Weak emotions, negative ones and failure situations were underestimated to a lesser degree, as was the success rating in competitive paradigms. PMID- 3188763 TI - [Synaptic function of the cerebral cortex in gamma irradiation]. AB - In adult rats 1.6 to 4.3 hrs after a single dose of gamma-irradiation (200 Gy), with developing neurological disorders, destructive changes were found in most of the synapses of brain sensorimotor cortex. All functionally important parts on the axonal and dendritic sides of the synapses were altered: mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, pre- and postsynaptic membranes, synaptic complexes and subsynaptic consolidations axonal and dendritic plasma and their incorporations. These changes are possibly causing the neurons disconnection and provide a structural basis for neurological deficits after substantial ionizing irradiation. PMID- 3188764 TI - [Complex experimental psychological research on the delimitation of continuous schizophrenia and schizoid psychopathy]. AB - Comparative experimental psychological investigation of continuous schizophrenia and schizoid psychopathy was performed in 60 and 35 patients, respectively aged 16 to 30. Clinical diagnosis was confirmed in catamnestic follow-up. A set of 11 psychological techniques was employed. Differential diagnostic indices were derived from the study of psychic processes in both diseases. Diagnostic significance and informative values were assessed for individual techniques with special reference to their relevance to differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizoid psychopathy. PMID- 3188765 TI - [Clinico-psychological study of deaf children and adolescents with residual organic syndromes and oligophrenia]. AB - Standard methods were employed to study clinically and psychologically 70 deaf schoolchildren with psychic developmental defects. These techniques allowed assignment of the schoolchildren to different groups by mental and cognitive capacity. Comparative assessment of clinical and psychological findings contributed to differentiation of dysontogenetic variants: mental retardation, encephalopathic forms of borderline intellectual deficiency and oligophrenia. A specific pattern of cognitive functions in deaf children should be accounted for when making differential diagnosis of clinical forms of mental deficiency in congenital and early acquired deafness. PMID- 3188766 TI - [A psycholinguistic method in the complex differential diagnostic examination of patients with abdominal pain syndromes]. AB - Speech traits were studied in 48 patients with abdominal pain. In cases of somatic pain the total number of associations in the speech was reduced and associations with notions "life" and "man" actualized. With psychogenic mechanisms participating in the pain syndromes the number of associations increased and these with notions "pain" and "disease" actualized. These traits may have the differential diagnostic and forensic value. PMID- 3188767 TI - [Ultrastructure of the cerebral cortical neurons in hypoxic hypoxia]. AB - Electron microscopy was utilized in the studies of neurons in anteroparietal brain cortex of rats 30 and 130 days after their exposure to hypoxic hypoxia (HH). Besides normal neurons, dystrophic ones were found 30 days after the challenge. The changes were of either reversible (in most cells) or irreversible nature featuring chromatolysis and hyperchromatosis. Organelles distortions (structural changes in the nucleus, mitochondrial cristae destruction with vacuolization, cistern dilatation in Golgi complex, canalicular swelling of endoplasmic reticulum, polysomal disintegration in the perikaryon) were of an unspecific nature and persisted by the 130-th post-HH day. Compensatory and reparative events were only fairly pronounced. HH proves to be a reliable model to study neuron ultrastructure recovery after a considerable and diffuse lesion of the cells. PMID- 3188769 TI - [Extracellular inclusions in the tissue of the vascular plexus of the human brain (scanning electron microscopy of the psammoma bodies)]. AB - Three-dimension psammoma bodies imaging was performed utilizing the scanning electron microscopy. Spheric psammoma bodies had fibers woven at different angles at their surface. The dense nucleus approximately 30 micron in diameter was positioned at their center. The data conform with the earlier offered hypotheses postulating the stromal cells of the choroid plexus to play an active part in these bodies formation, and regarding the whole process as a result of the organ mineral dystrophy. PMID- 3188768 TI - [Effect of L-DOPA on the function of the brain neuromediator systems]. AB - L-DOPA effects on the activities of enzymes controlling the neurotransmitters utilization: monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were demonstrated in synaptosomes and mitochondria of the cells in sensorimotor cortex and caudate nucleus. Sixty minutes after a single dose of L-DOPA the MAO and AChE activities were virtually unchanged in subfractions of both brain regions. After a prolonged (30 days) treatment (1000 mg/kg total dose) MAO B activity increased whereas the MAO B and AChE activities decreased only in cortical synaptosomes and mitochondria. The data suggest that under effect of L DOPA a definite reciprocity arises in the neurotransmitter catabolic systems in a specific manner for each brain structure. PMID- 3188770 TI - [Morphology and pathogenesis of changes in the substantia alba of the cerebral hemispheres in arterial hypertension]. AB - Morphological examination of the brain in 17 autopsies of patients with arterial hypertension and cerebral stroke has revealed damage of the white matter of the large cerebral hemispheres of a focal and diffuse nature. The main role in stroke development is ascribed to changes in the intracerebral cortico-medullar arteries manifested in hypertension and persistent brain edema. The following 3 forms of white matter damage associated with arterial hypertension have been described: (1) multi-infarctional; (2) periventricular (periventricular spongiosis); (3) combined (diffuse). PMID- 3188771 TI - [Structuro-functional organization of thalamic insufficiency]. AB - The role of thalamic parafascicular complex in the intellectual processes was studied in freely behaving cats using an original model of alternative choice with different signal systems generalization based on the principle of preverbal notions formation. Lateral and medial parts of the thalamic parafascicular complex represent two systems of different information processing. These were connected, on the one hand, with the conditioned reflex activity of the brain and on the other, with the generalization function. PMID- 3188772 TI - [Nucleic acids of the cerebrospinal fluid in acute disorders of cerebral circulation]. AB - In normal subjects the overall contents of nucleic acids (NA) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was about 14 micrograms % of P as measured using the Spirin technique. This level was sharply increased in patients with stroke, cerebral arachnoiditis and brain tumors suggesting its possible use as an index in stroke differential diagnosis or a prognostic factor. Most substantial rise in NA levels (4 to 6-fold as compared with normal) was characteristic of the hemorrhagic stroke, the ischemic one eliciting only a rise by a factor of 2 to 3. In cases of a favorable outcome the CSF NA level was steadily decreasing, and in fatal cases it was increasing. The authors discuss the questions as to the sources of CSF NA in pathology, the nature and role of the nucleic factors in shaping the absorption spectra of the native CSF in a 250-300 nm band. PMID- 3188773 TI - [Cytoarchitectonic characteristics of the fields of the human cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia]. AB - Quantitative studies of the cytoarchitectonics were conducted in speech-motor (fields 44 and 45), motor (fields 4 and 6), limbic (fields 23, 24, 25) and temporal (field 37) areas in patients with Alzheimer disease and senile dementia. Pronounced atrophic alterations were identified in the brain cortex, especially in layers II and III. Cytoarchitectonic patterns were changed in the areas under study: cytoarchitectonic layers shifted, radial striae disappeared. PMID- 3188774 TI - [Structural changes in the neuropil of the frontal cortex in schizophrenia]. AB - Samples of the prefrontal cortex neuropile autopsied from schizophrenic patients were subjected to electron microscopy. Dystrophic changes were found in the dendrites: pronounced swelling with microtubuli reduced in number or totally absent and mitochondria swollen. Synaptic changes were generally of a functional nature but presynaptic endings were found degenerating with a dense type. Myelinated fibers of various diameters showed pathologic changes. These findings are seen as a structural background for integrative and informative processes deterioration in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic patients. PMID- 3188775 TI - [Pathologico-anatomic changes of the myocardium in febrile schizophrenia]. AB - During the autopsies of 12 young (18 to 30 years) patients with febrile schizophrenia a heart dissection has been specially designed so as to improve the evaluation of the heart muscle state. In 11 cases this technique allowed the author to identify the extended infarction sites in the left ventricle myocardium. These were triangular in shape with the basis turned towards the interventricular septum. Histologically, these sites were identified as ischemic prenecrotic myocardial changes. The findings are considered as major causes of the patients' death which were not mentioned in their postmortem reports because they were masked by severity of the patients' general somatic status. PMID- 3188776 TI - [Disorders of brain development in embryos obtained from mothers who abused alcohol]. AB - Nineteen 5 to 12-weeks-old embryos from women abusing alcohol during pregnancy (alcoholism, habitual drinking) were studied. In 15 (79%) the brain development disorders were detected. Most frequently concerned were the brain hemispheres. Defective development signs were also noted in the midbrain, choroidal plexus and diencephalon. Microdysplasias were found in different brain regions. In one case embryonal signs of the capsula interna, nucleus caudatus, putamen, epiphysis cerebri, habenular nuclei, chiasma, optical tracts were absent. Six groups presenting most typical deviations were identified. The degree of embryonal brain disorders correlated with its mother's alcohol abuse severity. PMID- 3188777 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in the thalamus in chronic morphine intoxication and abstinence]. AB - Electron microscopy was utilised to study the course of ultrastructure changes in Wistar rats' dorsomedial thalamus under the effect of chronic morphine intoxication (LD50 and increasing doses) and abstinence. Medial hypothalamic neurons proved highly vulnerable during dependence formation. Neurons, large dendrites and glia displayed various degrees of destruction increasing with the intoxication time. Synapses destruction paralleled the intoxication severity. In abstinence, the nerve tissue destructive processes were ousted by reparative ones. Small axon terminals emerged and large granular vesicles became hyperplastic under the adverse effect of morphinization and the morphine dependence formation. PMID- 3188778 TI - [Ultrastructure of the prefrontal cortex in long-term amphetamine administration]. AB - In animals three weeks of chronic amphetamine administration at 2.5 mg/kg daily doses elicited either functional or dense-type degenerative changes in nerve cells. The former were prevailing, the latter rarely occurred in the single cells. Morphometric analysis showed sharp density increase in axodendritic synapses and density decrease in axospinal ones at the spine's neck. Apart of this, the postsynaptic dense structures were expanded considerably in axodendritic and axospinal synapses. The authors believe this ultrastructural reorganization to result from the amphetamine-elicited dopaminergic hyperfunction. PMID- 3188779 TI - [Clinico-morphologic and histochemical changes in the neuromuscular apparatus in acute carbophos poisoning]. AB - Clinical analysis of 378 acute cases of Malathion insecticide intoxication and pathological and histochemical investigation of skeletal muscles in 7 autopsied victims of acute poisoning have revealed the pronounced neuromuscular disorders. Generalized paresis and paralysis of muscles were observed in trunk and limbs. Muscular fasciculation, hypotonia and hyporeflexia were also generalized. Multiple foci of muscular fibers necrosis and necrobiosis were found with intermuscular nerves and motor endings degenerated, neuromuscular junctions cholinesterase sharply inactivated. PMID- 3188780 TI - [Reorganization of the lateral geniculate body after deafferentation (experimento morphologic research)]. AB - One year after surgical section of the optical tract, the degenerative changes were found in the deafferented lateral geniculate bodies (LGB). The changes were species-dependent. In cats, the cytoarchitectonics was preserved, local neuronal losses and layers thinning absent. In night-active apes, with cytoarchitectonic image preserved and focal neuron necrosis absent, the layers were more substantially thinned. In apes with a primate-like LGB structure pattern, the extended zones of neurons degeneration were found in the layers. The most prominent deafferentation-induced structural LGB alterations were shown in the central vision projection zones. PMID- 3188781 TI - [A simplified method of preparing a nerve tissue culture for electron microscopy purposes]. AB - A new technique is offered for nerve tissue cultivation using plastic flasks without additional underneath media, glass or polymeric films. All the stages of preparation for electron microscopy (fixation, rinsing, dehydration, resin impregnation and polymerization) are performed just in the same flasks containing the tissue explants. PMID- 3188783 TI - [Imipramine antibodies in endogenous depression in young people]. AB - The drug antibodies were radioimmunologically detected in 58.3% of depressive patients treated with Imipramine. A group of patients with the antibodies permanently present either proved fully resistant or showed a minor effect. A group with antibodies arising just at the start of the treatment displayed either complete remission or substantial improvement. Antibodies were not found in patients exhibiting full recovery or considerable improvement. PMID- 3188782 TI - [Decreased capacity of the peripheral blood lymphocytes for excisional DNA repair in disseminated sclerosis]. AB - In patients with multiple sclerosis the reduction of DNA excision reparation capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes was found to correlate with the disease severity but not with its duration. These changes and the increase in the DNA reparative synthesis along with the lymphocytes DNA structural changes are considered as the evidence of impaired lymphocytes genome stability in this ailment. Their possible role in the development of immunodeficiency in multiple sclerosis is discussed. PMID- 3188785 TI - [Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia, ganglioneuritis of the pterygopalatine ganglion and other types of prosopalgias by helium-neon laser irradiation of the pterygopalatine ganglion]. AB - The authors describe a method of contact helium-neon laser irradiation of the pterygopalatine node through lateral wall of the nasal cavity. The technique was employed in patients with trigeminal neuralgia, ganglioneuritis of pterygopalatine node, other forms of prosopalgia. Altogether 78 patients were treated. The initial course relieved pain in 56 patients. In 44 patients the remission has been persisting for 2 years. PMID- 3188784 TI - [Metabolism of the anticonvulsant preparation Benzonal in the human body]. AB - One of the metabolites of the anticonvulsant drug Benzonal (BZL) has been isolated and its chemical structure studied. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized for isolation of the metabolite from the blood plasma in patients after a single oral BZL dose of 100 mg. Using this technique and ultraviolet, infrared and mass spectrometries BZL was found to be partially metabolized into phenobarbital by human organism. PMID- 3188786 TI - [Evoked potentials in experimental neuritis (neuropathies) of the trigeminal nerve]. AB - On the basis of an analysis of evoked potentials (EPs) the authors have studied alterations in the bioelectrical activity in experimental trigeminal neurites (neuropathies). The results have shown that the most important electrophysiological signs of experimental trigeminal neurites is a decrease in the amplitude of the positive phase of the vertex potential. This appears to reflect a weakened conductivity function of the nerve due to its pathomorphological changes and a higher amplitude of the negative phase of evoked potentials indicating hyperactivation of the nonspecific system. PMID- 3188787 TI - Parathyroid surgery in Scandinavia. AB - A review of the organization and practice of parathyroid surgery in Scandinavia indicated that it was undertaken in about half of the surgical clinics. About half of these clinics treated only primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT), and in the great majority all parathyroid operations were done by one or two surgeons. The results of surgical treatment were compared in two large Scandinavian series of primary HPT, one based on a general survey of parathyroid surgery in 1975, and the other on results obtained during 1971-1980 in centres specializing in endocrine surgery (Bergen, Stockholm, Uppsala). In the latter series 90% of the patients were normocalcaemic at follow-up averaging 4.4 years after parathyroid surgery whereas in the general survey the rate of normocalcaemia was 76%. At hospitals performing less than ten parathyroid operations per year it was only 70% and there was high incidence of persistent HPT (15%) and presumed permanent hypoparathyroidism (14%). The findings strongly advocate special training and interest in parathyroid surgery in order to ensure success. PMID- 3188788 TI - Pre- and postoperative respiratory muscle strength in primary hyperparathyroidism. AB - Muscle function in ten hyperparathyroid patients and six patients with benign thyroid disease was assessed by measuring maximal expiratory (Pe max) and inspiratory (Pi max) pressures before and 6-12 months after neck surgery. Pe max was improved in all the hyperparathyroid patients postoperatively (p less than 0.002), while the median value of Pi max was unchanged. In the control (thyroid) group there was no significant postoperative change in either Pe max or Pi max. It is concluded that normalization of hypercalcemia improves respiratory muscular capacity, which can be quantified by measuring maximal expiratory pressure. PMID- 3188789 TI - Clinical applicability of an amino-terminal radioimmunoassay for determination of parathyroid hormone. AB - With a radioimmunoassay using hPTH 1-34 for antibody production, for radioiodination and as a standard, hPTH 1-34 was detectable (detection limit 40 pg/ml) preoperatively in peripheral blood in 14 of 29 patients with hyperparathyroidism, but in no controls. In all patients with parathyroid adenoma and detectable hPTH 1-34 preoperatively, the values fell after parathyroid surgery. Contrastingly, three of four patients with diffuse parathyroid hyperplasia and two of three with normal parathyroid glands showed a rise in hPTH 1-34 postoperatively, which was concomitant with very low serum calcium levels. In studies of hPTH 1-34 in central venous blood (3 patients), levels were detectable in all samples, but not in simultaneously drawn peripheral blood. Values for hPTh 1-34 in central blood correlated to PTH determined from a bovine assay, but the peripheral samples showed no correlation. The low levels of circulating N-terminal immunoreactivity in peripheral blood make this assay inapplicable for routine diagnostic purposes. These low levels are due not only to low secretion rates, but also to rapid peripheral metabolization. PMID- 3188792 TI - Evaluation of the effects of lymph drainage by a thoracic duct fistula in experimental peritonitis. AB - Previous studies suggest that systemic endotoxemia in peritonitis is mainly related to lymphatic transport via the thoracic duct. Rats with fecal peritonitis but with or without a lymph draining thoracic duct fistula were studied with reference to the concentrations of endogenously produced endotoxin in arterial plasma, hemodynamic parameters, organ blood flow, blood corpuscle parameters, glucose and lactate metabolism and survival. Lymph drainage significantly reduced the endotoxin concentrations in arterial plasma, but did not totally prevent systemic endotoxemia, and was related to maintained total peripheral vascular resistance. On the other hand, peritonitic rats without lymph drainage, and consequently higher endotoxin concentrations, had a significant fall in vascular resistance combined with a compensatory rise in cardiac output. Lymph drainage also contributed to a smaller decrease of platelet and leucocyte counts while no effect was observed on glucose metabolism. Despite the effect of lymph drainage on hemodynamic and hematologic responses no effect on survival time was recorded. PMID- 3188791 TI - Abdominal aortic dilatation in patients operated on for carotid artery stenosis. AB - The prevalence of abdominal aortic dilatation among 201 men and 86 women who underwent carotid endarterectomy in 1971-1982 was studied from the date of operation to the end of 1984. Of the 109 patients who died during this time, 96 were autopsied, and 13 (13.5%) of them had aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. Ultrasonographic screening of the abdominal aorta was performed on 154 survivors, and showed dilatation in 17 (11%), 12/100 men and 5/54 women. The prevalence of hypertension, intermittent claudication, diabetes mellitus and coronary insufficiency at the time of endarterectomy did not differ between the patients with or without aortic aneurysm or dilatation. Patients who have undergone endarterectomy of the internal carotid artery constitute a group with high prevalence of abdominal aortic dilatation. PMID- 3188790 TI - Effect of perioperative blood transfusion on recurrence and death after mastectomy for breast cancer. AB - A recent report suggested that perioperative blood transfusion doubles the recurrence rate of breast cancer after mastectomy. In the present retrospective study the effect of transfusion on cancer recurrence and death after mastectomy was investigated in 96 women, 27 with and 69 without blood transfusion. The overall survival rates, the breast-cancer-specific survival and the recurrence free survival rates were similar in the two groups. The study thus does not support the hypothesis that perioperative blood transfusion promotes recurrence of breast cancer. PMID- 3188793 TI - The role of computed tomography in the management of acute pancreatitis. AB - Sixty-three patients with the clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis were submitted to contrast enhanced CT examination. As compared to Ranson's objective clinical parameters, CT grading according to Hill et al. as modified by Balthazar et al. was found to reflect accurately the severity of acute pancreatitis. Evaluation of serial CT examination did not reveal any significant progression in classification during the course of acute pancreatitis. The presence of hypodense areas in the pancreas as a single parameter seems to have a distinct prognostic value. In only one out of five pancreatic abscesses was the presence of gas bubbles observed on CT. It is concluded that contrast enhanced CT has a definite place in the management of acute pancreatitis. PMID- 3188794 TI - The value of physiotherapy for faecal continence after correction of high anal atresia. A clinical and electromyographic study. AB - A follow-up study of 12 patients who had undergone Stephens rectoplasty for high imperforate anus is presented. Clinical assessment and anal electromyography were performed more than 7 years after surgery, both before and after a year's physiotherapeutic training of the perianal musculature. Electromyography showed correlation between faecal continence and tonus of the anal sphincter, the anocutaneous reflex and maximal voluntary activity in the perianal muscles. After the physiotherapeutic training there was significant improvement of faecal continence. This effect was electromyographically corroborated. The results confirmed clinical observations that postoperative physiotherapy and training of the voluntary muscles in the perianal region is of value for the achievement of faecal continence. PMID- 3188795 TI - Massive gastrointestinal bleeding due to cholecystoduodenal fistula. Case report. AB - A young man presenting with massive haematemesis and melaena was found to have a cholecystoduodenal fistula secondary to duodenal ulcer. Surgical treatment was successful. PMID- 3188796 TI - Late occlusion of expanded Teflon femoropopliteal graft due to calcification and fracture of implant. Case report. AB - A case of occlusion and thrombosis in a femoropopliteal Teflon implant is presented. The mechanism was fracture of the calcified capsule around the graft, intermittent stenosis at the fracture site and gradual thrombus formation. PMID- 3188798 TI - Intussusception at four separate locations in the small intestine. Case report. AB - A case of intussusception at four different locations in the small intestine is reported. Operative reduction of the interponates were performed with an uneventful postoperative course. The treatment of intussusception in adults is discussed and the literature is reviewed. PMID- 3188799 TI - Autologous transfusion. PMID- 3188797 TI - Triple synchronous malignant tumors. Hepatic leiomyosarcoma, splenic hemangiosarcoma and sigmoid colon cancer. Case report. AB - Malignant tumors of three types were synchronous in the same patient--sigmoid colon cancer and two extremely rare sarcomas, viz. hepatic leiomyosarcoma and hemangiosarcoma of the spleen. All tumors could be radically resected in one operation. PMID- 3188801 TI - [Icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis: apropos of 5 case reports]. PMID- 3188800 TI - A survey on modalities of the treatment of hyperthyroidism with radioiodine in Belgium. PMID- 3188802 TI - The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the examination of the cardiovascular system. PMID- 3188803 TI - Right atrial thrombus complicating Port-a-Cath system. PMID- 3188804 TI - Primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenum: report of two cases. PMID- 3188806 TI - Contact allergy to colophony. Chemical identifications of allergens, sensitization experiments and clinical experiences. AB - Colophony (rosin) is a widespread material which is obtained from species of the family Pinaceae. It has a complex chemical composition, which differs depending mainly on the recovery process. The global production is about one million tons a year and the largest single consumption is in the sizing of paper and paper board. Rosin is a common cause of contact allergy and is included in the standard tray for patch testing at dermatological clinics. Unmodified gum rosin is the material mainly used in the routine series. It is desirable to test with identified allergens in order to make the testing and diagnosis more reliable and establish a strategy for prevention. The principal aims of the present study were to compare the allergenicity of rosin of different origins, to isolate and identify some of the allergens in unmodified gum rosin, and to attempt to diminish the allergenic potential of rosin preparations. Tall oil rosin and different types of gum rosin were tested in guinea pigs and in man. The test reactivity corresponded well when comparing gum rosin from different sources, while tall oil rosin showed a lower reactivity. However, testing with more than one rosin preparation in the routine series detected additional cases. A clear dose-response relationship was obtained by patch testing with gum rosin, implying that a concentration of 10% in petrolatum is well worth considering for routine testing. Unmodified Portuguese gum rosin was fractionated by chromatographic methods. Isolated fractions and components were tested for eliciting activity in guinea pigs sensitive to gum rosin. Pure compounds were also tested in patients with known allergy to gum rosin. The structures of the isolated allergens were elucidated using spectroscopic methods. Abietic acid, the classical colophony allergen, was found not to be allergenic, while oxidation products of abietic acid and dehydroabietic acid were identified as allergens. The isolated allergens showed a pattern of cross-reactivity in the animal experiments as well as among patients with known allergy to gum rosin. 15-Hydroperoxyabietic acid was identified as one of the main allergens, apparently formed by air oxidation of abietic acid. Gum rosin was hydrogenated in order to minimize the content of easily oxidized acids of the abietic type. The hydrogenated gum rosin showed a reduced allergenic activity compared to unmodified rosin both in animal experiments and patch testing in man. PMID- 3188805 TI - Diagnostic approach to the jaundiced patient. PMID- 3188808 TI - A comparison of IGF-I levels measured by two commercially available radioimmunoassays. AB - Insulin-like growth factor I levels were measured in a parallel fashion in 77 extracted sera using the INCSTAR RIA (radioimmunoassay) and in the EDTA plasma of the same subjects by the NICHOLS RIA. The subjects suffered from untreated hGH deficiency, short stature, delayed and precocious puberty and acromegaly. Significant differences (P less than 0.05) were found between the mean IGF-I levels of all groups using both RIA systems. However, using the INCSTAR RIA, 85% of IGF-I values in untreated hGH deficiency were below normal, and a rise in IGF I detected in the sera of all 5 patients who were treated with hGH. Using NICHOLS RIA, 55% of basal IGF-I values were below normal and a hGH-stimulated rise in IGF I was found in only two of the treated patients. The INCSTAR RIA seems more precise and reproducible than the NICHOLS RIA and enables better discrimination of hGH-deficient patients from age-matched controls. PMID- 3188807 TI - Bioactivity and immunoactivity of growth hormone during dynamic testing of patients with acromegaly. AB - We have used the Nb2 cell proliferation bioassay for lactogenic hormones to investigate the biological activity of hGH in sera of patients with acromegaly. The specificity of the assay has been improved by the use of monoclonal antibodies to block the activity of individual lactogenic hormones. Disease activity in patients was assessed by scoring signs and symptoms, and by measuring IGF-I concentrations in some patients. Patients with a wide spectrum of disease activity were studied using a TRH test. hGH concentrations were measured by bioassay, RIA and immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) at 0, 20 and 60 min after injection of TRH. There was a high degree of correlation between log10 of all hGH concentrations measured by bioassay and RIA (r = 0.995, P less than 0.0001), between bioassay and IRMA (r = 0.990, P less than 0.0001), and between RIA and IRMA (r = 0.995, P less than 0.0001). In contrast to previous reports, we found no evidence for changes in the bioactivity of hGH secreted after pituitary stimulation. PMID- 3188809 TI - Effects of heparin treatments in vivo and in vitro on adrenal angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II-induced aldosterone production in rats. AB - To evaluate the heparin effects in vivo and in vitro on adrenal angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II-induced aldosterone production, we examined the angiotensin II binding and the maximum angiotensin II-induced aldosterone production using adrenal glomerulosa cells from rats treated with a heparin preparation containing benzyl alcohol (1500 IU/kg, twice daily for 6 weeks) or cells to which heparin (300 IU/l) was directly added. Comparison was made using the cells from rats treated with vehicle or the cells to which vehicle was directly added. Specific binding of [125I]iodo-angiotensin II was decreased in the cells from heparin-treated rats or in the heparin-treated cells. Scatchard analysis showed that the decrease in binding was due to a decrease in both the number and the affinity of angiotensin II receptors in the cells from heparin treated rats and a decrease in the number, but not the affinity, of the receptors in the heparin-treated cells. Heparin also caused a decrease in the maximum angiotensin II-induced production, but not the basal production, of aldosterone in the cells from heparin-treated rats and in the heparin-treated cells. These data suggest that heparin interacts with adrenal angiotensin II receptors to inhibit the angiotensin II-induced aldosterone production. PMID- 3188810 TI - Thyroid autoantibodies in thyroid cancer: incidence and relationship with tumour outcome. AB - In the present investigation we studied serum anti-thyroglobulin and anti-thyroid microsomal autoantibodies, measured by hemagglutination technique, in 600 patients with thyroid cancer seen by us from 1975 to 1985 (mean follow-up 46 months). Positive thyroglobulin antibodies and/or microsomal antibodies were found in 138 (23%) patients (23.9% with papillary, 25% with follicular, 16.1% with anaplastic, and 4.1% with medullary thyroid carcinomas). The incidence of positive tests was similar in each decade of life (ranging between 21.9% and 27.9%), whereas in a normal sex-matched population with no evidence of thyroid disease, the frequency of positive tests was very low in young people and increased to 23% in people older than 60. In 64 patients with no evidence of residual or metastasic thyroid tissue after surgery and radioiodine, initially positive antibody titres became negative in 54.6%, decreased in 32.8%, did not change in 3.1%, and increased in 9.3%. On the contrary, antibody titres of patients with persistent disease became undetectable in 8.3%, decreased in 16.6%, remained unchanged in 25%, and increased in 50%. The clinical course of differentiated thyroid cancer was unaffected by the presence of thyroid antibodies and no difference was found in the death rate between antibody positive and antibody-negative patients (11.5% and 13.6%, respectively). In conclusion, our data indicate that: 1) autoimmune phenomena are not an infrequent finding in thyroid cancer; 2) as in non-malignant thyroid diseases, positive antibody tests are more frequently observed in females than in males; 3) at variance with normal controls, no age-dependent increase in serum anti-thyroid antibodies was found in thyroid cancer; 4) the presence of metastatic thyroid tissue seems to be necessary to perpetuate the autoantibody synthesis, and 5) anti-thyroid autoantibodies are not a protective or worsening factor in the tumour outcome. PMID- 3188811 TI - Natriuretic action of arginine vasopressin in the conscious unrestrained rat. AB - A method for studying the renal action of AVP in the saline-infused conscious unrestrained rat is described. Conscious rats infused iv with 0.077 mol/l NaCl at 150 microliter/min had a plasma AVP concentration of 0.70 +/- 0.15 mol/l. AVP administration at 6 and 24 microU/min resulted in plasma AVP levels of 0.97 +/- 0.14 and 2.27 +/- 0.30 mU/l, respectively. AVP administration at 6 microU/min increased Na+ excretion from 11.9 +/- 0.80 to 14.0 +/- 0.9 mumol/min and at 24 microU/min AVP raised Na+ excretion from 10.3 +/- 0.7 to 14.0 +/- 1.1 mumol/min. The increases were accompanied by the expected reductions in urine flow. As the changes in plasma AVP are within the range occurring in response to moderate dehydration, the observed increases in Na+ excretion provide support for the view that AVP is involved in the physiological regulation of Na+ excretion. PMID- 3188812 TI - Quantitative in-situ hybridization histochemistry of anterior pituitary hormone mRNA species in human pituitary adenomas. AB - We have examined the anterior pituitary hormone messenger (m) RNA species contained in biopsies of 41 pituitary tumours obtained at hypophysectomy using in situ hybridization histochemistry. The adenoma were grouped clinically into 12 prolactinomas, 8 somatotrope adenomas, 16 non-functioning, 4 Nelson's syndrome, and 1 thyrotrope adenoma. Of these, 10 contained no detectable anterior pituitary hormone mRNA species and 11 appeared to be expressing the gene responsible for the patients' clinical state in isolation. In a number of cases the accumulation of specific mRNA species was not accompanied by an increase in the circulating levels of the corresponding hormone or subunit. Evidence of activation of more than 1 anterior pituitary hormone gene was present in 16 adenomas of which only 7 showed a pattern of activation or amplification of gene expression which would suggest deregulation of either the inositol phospholipid or cAMP second messenger pathway. It was therefore not possible from these data to postulate that isolated deregulation of a single second messenger transduction pathway is a common etiological factor in pituitary tumour formation. PMID- 3188814 TI - Evening urinary free corticoids: a screening test in Cushing's syndrome and incidentally discovered adrenal tumours. AB - In this study, we investigated the usefulness of the determination of evening urinary free corticoids/creatinine in samples collected from 20.00 to 24.00 h as a screening test in Cushing's syndrome. In controls (N = 61) the ratio values ranged from 1.1 to 9.4 mumol/mol, whereas in patients with Cushing's syndrome (N = 20), they ranged from 27.5 to 855.5 mumol/mol. However, in 28% of patients with major obesity (greater than 50% overweight) and no hypercortisolism, the ratio values were between 9.4 to 27.8 mumol/mol. A short (10 days) hypocaloric diet induced a decrease in the values in 75% of these patients; the normal range was reached in 50% of them. In addition, the evening urinary free corticoids/creatinine was slightly abnormal in 8 out of 10 patients with incidentally discovered 'silent' adrenal adenomas, whereas it was normal in all 6 with other adrenal masses. In conclusion, evening urinary free corticoids/creatinine is easy to obtain and it reaches a higher sensitivity (100%) and specificity (97%) than the 24 h urinary free corticoids. In the case of borderline values, the presence of overweight should be taken into account. PMID- 3188813 TI - Mechanism of action of the factor(s) secreted by rat seminiferous tubules and inhibiting interstitial cell testosterone production in vitro. AB - Rat seminiferous tubules secrete a factor which inhibits LH-dependent steroidogenesis by interstitial cells. The inhibitory activity was found to be specific for the testes, as cytosols from other rat tissues such as the kidney, heart, spleen, liver and epididymis had no significant effect on testosterone production by interstitial cells. Preliminary characterization by Ultrogel AcA 44 gel chromatography demonstrated that the active substance in SMST has a molecular weight between 40-50 kD. Spent medium from incubation of seminiferous tubules (SMST) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of LH-or cholera toxin-stimulated in vitro testosterone production by rat interstitial cells. However, SMST failed to inhibit forskolin-stimulated steroidogenesis. The effect of SMST was not altered by pre-incubating the cells with the sulfhydryl reagent, N-ethylmaleimide. Considering the proposed mode of action of these modulators of adenylate cyclase activity, the present studies suggest that a high molecular weight testis specific factor acts through the guanine nucleotide-binding stimulatory regulatory protein of the adenylate cyclase complex to inhibit LH-dependent testosterone production by Leydig cells. PMID- 3188815 TI - [The risk of drug overdosage in hepatic diseases]. PMID- 3188816 TI - [Belgian experience in percutaneous peritoneal dialysis in the treatment of acute alcoholic necrotizing-hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3188817 TI - [Biochemical justification of drainage of the thoracic duct in acute necrotic hemorrhagic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3188818 TI - [Acute necrotizing pancreatitis. The treatment of sterile and of infected necrotic masses]. PMID- 3188819 TI - [Statement of the Belgian Center for Drug Monitoring concerning drug-induced hepatic involvement]. PMID- 3188820 TI - Comparison of ketamine and pentobarbital anesthesia with the conscious state in a porcine model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia. AB - Live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2.5.10(9).kg-1.h-1) were administered to awake (Group A, n = 10) and anesthetized piglets, which were given intravenous ketamine (Group K, 10 mg.kg-1.h-1, n = 8) or pentobarbital (Group P, 15 mg.kg-1.h-1, n = 8). The anesthetized animals were mechanically ventilated. In addition, a pentobarbital group (Group CP, n = 6) and a ketamine control group (Group CK, n = 6) were studied. The mean survival time was 10.5 +/- 3.0 h in Group A, 10.6 +/- 2.8 h in Group K, and 1.8 +/- 1.3 h in Group P. In Group P the arterial pressure, the cardiac output and the systemic vascular resistance declined soon after start of the bacterial infusion, whereas the pulmonary artery pressure increased. The animals died of irreversible circulatory failure. In Group K pronounced pulmonary hypertension and lethal pulmonary edema developed. There was no circulatory failure in Group A, but the animals also died of marked pulmonary edema. Groups CP and CK exhibited stable hemodynamics for a period of 8 h. The results of this study suggest a deleterious effect of pentobarbital on hemodynamics and survival time, and a minor suppressive action of ketamine on the circulation in septicemia. Therefore, data obtained from septic shock studies applying pentobarbital have to be evaluated carefully. Investigation of the effects of gram-negative bacteria or endotoxin should be performed in unanesthetized or, if anesthesia is necessary, in ketamine-anesthetized animals. PMID- 3188821 TI - Gaseous homeostasis during low-flow anaesthesia. AB - The object of this clinical study was to investigate the circle system gas homeostasis during low-flow anaesthesia using a technique designed to keep a constant inspired oxygen fraction of 0.30. Denitrogenation was adequately accomplished with mask preoxygenation, 10 l/min, for 1 min and an initial fresh gas flow of 5 l/min for 6 min after intubation. There was no need to wash out accumulated nitrogen at intervals, since the already low nitrogen concentration in the system tended to decrease after 1 h. The fresh gas flow of nitrous oxide to oxygen ratio and the inspiratory to end-expiratory oxygen concentration difference both reflected the uptake of nitrous oxide. The calculated rates of uptake of nitrous oxide, a subject of controversy, were in accordance with those found by Severinghaus and Barton & Nunn. PMID- 3188823 TI - Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of bupivacaine in postoperative epidural analgesia. AB - We describe a method, which is both specific and rapid, for the measurement of bupivacaine concentrations in plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography. Bupivacaine plasma concentrations, pharmacokinetics and protein binding in the postoperative period were investigated in seven patients (58-77 years old) following hip surgery. Postoperative analgesia was achieved by epidural bolus injections of 25 mg bupivacaine 0.25% every 6 h. Sufficient pain relief without side-effects was obtained. Total (maximum 1.13 micrograms/ml) as well as free (maximum 0.1 microgram/ml) bupivacaine plasma concentrations remained below toxic threshold levels and no cumulation occurred. Increased protein binding in the postoperative period is reported, emphasizing the importance of measuring the free fraction in addition to the total plasma concentration. The free fraction decreased from 5.4% preoperatively to 2.7% in the postoperative period (P less than 0.05). Changes in plasma protein binding of bupivacaine and changes in plasma levels of the acute phase reactant alpha-1-acid glycoprotein were correlated (r = 0.8, P less than 0.05). Difficulties in interpreting the elimination parameters following epidural administration are discussed, leading to the conclusion that the derivation of dosage regimens from kinetic parameters following epidural administration is not warranted. PMID- 3188822 TI - Alterations in the pharmacokinetic properties of amide local anaesthetics following local anaesthetic induced convulsions. AB - The comparative pharmacokinetic properties of lidocaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine and mepivacaine were investigated in convulsing and non-convulsing dogs. The same dose of a given local anaesthetic was administered as either a 30-s intravenous (IV) bolus to produce convulsions or as a 15-min IV infusion producing no convulsions. Derived pharmacokinetic data were found to be different in convulsing and non-convulsing animals. Total body clearance was found to be significantly reduced for lidocaine (29%, P less than 0.05), bupivacaine (31%, P less than 0.05), etidocaine (60%, P less than 0.01) and mepivacaine (68%, P less than 0.01) in convulsing animals. Increases in elimination half-life only achieved statistical significance in mepivacaine-treated animals (non-convulsing 45.2 min, convulsing 105.4 min, P less than 0.01). Overall, the most profound effects of convulsions on pharmacokinetic data were seen with mepivacaine. Convulsions were associated with increases in heart rate ranging from 117% (lidocaine, P less than 0.05) to 129% (mepivacaine, P less than 0.05), increases in cardiac output ranging from 78% (mepivacaine) to 232% (bupivacaine, P less than 0.05) and increases in mean arterial pressure ranging from 45% (lidocaine, P less than 0.05) to 80% (bupivacaine, P less than 0.05). The results suggest that when local anaesthetic-induced seizures occur in man, it cannot be assumed that these drugs will be distributed and eliminated as predicted by intravenous infusion of non-toxic doses. PMID- 3188824 TI - Lower limb compression using inflatable splints to prevent hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. AB - The efficacy of pneumatic compression of the lower limbs using inflatable leg splints in prevention of hypotension during spinal anaesthesia was assessed in an open study of 46 patients undergoing elective caesarean section. All patients received 15 ml/kg of Hartmann's solution before spinal anaesthesia and were tilted to the left to minimise aortocaval compression. Splints were rapidly inflated to a pressure of 5.3 kPa immediately after institution of the block in treated patients. Blood pressure was measured by a cuff method at 1-min intervals until the commencement of surgery. Hypotension was less common (P less than 0.05) and less severe (P less than 0.05) in splint-treated patients, but the incidence was unacceptably high in both treated (48%) and control (83%) groups. PMID- 3188825 TI - Particulate contamination in spinal analgesia. AB - A microscopic investigation was undertaken to quantify the amount of particulate contamination in the injectates of bupivacaine 0.5% in spinal analgesia. No differences were found between samples prepared with either a glass syringe or a disposable plastic syringe, nor could differences be documented between groups where atraumatic opening of vials, perforation of vial stoppers or opening of glass ampoules was performed. The use of commercially available bacterial filters was followed by a significant increase in the amount of particulate contamination, probably filter debris. The clinical use of such filters in spinal analgesia is therefore questionable. PMID- 3188826 TI - Vasopressor therapy for hypotension due to epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. AB - Maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal acid-base status were assessed in 127 healthy patients undergoing elective cesarean section under epidural anesthesia. An impedance cardiograph was used to measure stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF) and end-diastolic volume (EDV). In addition, neonatal umbilical venous and arterial PO2, PCO2, pH, base excess, lactate, pyruvate, excess lactate, and L/P ratio were measured at birth. Patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 53) required no vasopressor (normotensive controls). In Group 2 (n = 37), mean blood pressure (BP) decreased from 90 mmHg (13.3 kPa). In Group 3 (n = 37), BP decreased from 83 mmHg to 62 mmHg (11.1 to 8.2 kPa), and phenylephrine was administered in 100 micrograms increments to maintain systolic BP greater than 100 mmHg (13.3 kPa). In Groups 2 and 3 the SV and EDV decreased 43% and 33% respectively when hypotension developed. Both vasopressors restored BP, SV and EDV to near baseline values. Neonatal Apgar scores and acid-base profiles were not significantly different among the three groups of neonates, nor were they different between the two hypotensive groups. It is concluded that: 1) transient maternal hypotension does not affect neonatal acid-base status; 2) both ephedrine and phenylephrine increase cardiac preload; and 3) an alpha agent like phenylephrine does not cause fetal acidosis when used for treating maternal hypotension. PMID- 3188827 TI - The effect of bupivacaine paracervical block on the neurobehavioural responses of newborn infants. AB - The effects of maternal bupivacaine paracervical block on neonatal neurobehavioural responses were studied at the ages of 3 h, 1 day, 2 days and 4-5 days. Subjects were healthy, term neonates born vaginally to 10 mothers with paracervical block and to 12 mothers without analgesia. No statistically significant differences were found in the responses between the groups. It is concluded that paracervical block with a small dose of bupivacaine, applied by experienced obstetricians to non-risk parturients with healthy foetuses, has no detrimental effects on newborn behaviour or neurological recovery. PMID- 3188828 TI - Assessment of the efficiency of pulmonary oxygenation. The choice of oxygenation index. AB - Oxygen-derived indices are often used as alternatives to determination of venous admixture (Qva/Qt) when a pulmonary arterial catheter is not in use, but the question of which more accurately indicates the efficiency of oxygenation is controversial. The theoretical relationships between six measures of oxygenation (PaO2, SaO2, P(A-a)O2, PaO2/FIO2, P(A-a)O2/PaO2, PaO2/PAO2) and venous admixture were analyzed with special reference to the influence of the concentration of inspired oxygen (FIO2). In addition, the predictability of Qva/Qt was evaluated on the basis of 100 authentic sets of arterial and mixed venous blood gas data. Of the above six indices, PaO2/FIO2 was most accurate (r = 0.88), but was far from independent of the FIO2 used. However, a direct Estimate of Venous Admixture (EVA) - based on arterial blood analysis and with C(a-v)O2 assigned a value of 50 ml.l-1 - predicted Qva/Qt still better (r = 0.95). It is concluded that when mixed venous blood gas data are lacking, EVA is the preferable measure of oxygenation. PMID- 3188829 TI - The influence of position on ventilation-perfusion distribution after abdominal surgery. AB - The effects of a change in position on gas exchange and ventilation perfusion (VA/Q) distribution were studied in 12 patients, after abdominal surgery. VA/Q distribution was determined from retention and excretion curves of six inert gases of different solubilities, in supine and sitting patients, during spontaneous breathing. Changing position from supine to sitting resulted in an increase in minute ventilation and a decrease in PaCO2 without any change in PaO2. With regard to VA/Q distribution, an estimated shunt of 5.2% +/- 3.4 was documented in all the patients in the supine position, and was associated with a large percentage of low VA/Q regions (20.0% +/- 13.0) in six of them. Patients with associated estimated shunt and low VA/Q regions were those with the greatest amount of venous admixture (respectively: 27.3% +/- 7.2, and 14.9% +/- 3.0, for patients without low VA/Q regions, P less than 0.01). When patients were placed in the sitting position, the estimated shunt was not reduced, but the percentage of low VA/Q regions decreased when it was documented. Despite the improvement of VA/Q distribution in the sitting position, the lack of significant change in PaO2 may be explained by the simultaneous decrease in PVO2 caused by a decrease in cardiac output. PMID- 3188830 TI - Horner's syndrome after intrapleural anesthesia with bupivacaine for post herpetic neuralgia. AB - We observed the development of Horner's syndrome 25 min after the intrapleural administration of 30 cc of 0.5% bupivacaine to a patient with post-herpetic neuralgia in the thoracic region. The patient reported immediate relief of pain. There was no change in blood pressure or pulse rate, and no discernible level of anesthesia to pinprick was detected. PMID- 3188831 TI - Epidural versus combined spinal epidural block for caesarean section. PMID- 3188832 TI - The European diploma in anaesthesiology and intensive care. AB - An attempt has been made to outline the reasons for introducing this examination and the mechanics of running it. The examination is an international end-of training examination and it is believed that it can play an important role in those countries where a national diploma does not exist but where anaesthesiologists responsible for training believe a postgraduate examination will contribute to training programmes. In addition, it has a role in easing the movement of anaesthesiologists between various European countries and helping to attain a uniformly high standard of training within the specialty. PMID- 3188833 TI - Tenth congress of the Hungarian Society of Microbiology. Szeged, August 26-29, 1987. Abstracts. PMID- 3188834 TI - Selective quantitative determination of tobramycin from fermentation broth. AB - A derivative of Rhizobium meliloti 41 was constructed (strain GY654) which was resistant to apramycin and kanamycin but remained sensitive to tobramycin. Strain GY654 selectively measures tobramycin and 6"-O-carbamoyltobramycin in the presence of apramycin, kanamycin and 6"-O-carbamoylkanamycin B, therefore it is suitable for the rapid quantitation of 6"-O-carbamoyltobramycin and tobramycin in fermentation broths of Streptomyces tenebrarius and solvents containing antibiotic mixtures. PMID- 3188835 TI - Comparative effects of synthetic insecticides--endosulfan, phosalone and permethrin--on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algal cells. AB - Presence of insecticide-endosulfan, phosalone or permethrin in the growth medium caused concentration dependent inhibition in the vegetative growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algal cells. The rate of inhibition produced by endosulfan was two-fold higher than that of phosalone or permethrin. Endosulfan affected the cell growth completely at 100 times less concentration as compared to that of phosalone or permethrin. Non-dividing cell populations encountered significant losses in cells during their exposure (2 h) to endosulfan and did not show further loss in the 72 h post-treatment period. The populations treated with phosalone exhibited losses of considerable magnitude in the post-treatment period. Permethrin treated non-diving cell populations did not lower the cell number, either after the treatment period (2 h) or the post-treatment period (72 h). However, these populations showed reduced levels of chlorophyll following the exposure of the insecticide and did not display recovery or further reduction in the levels in the post-treatment period. The chlorophyll levels of endosulfan or phosalone treated cell populations remained unaffected. The cells remaining intact after the treatment (2 h) of endosulfan or phosalone exhibited significant decreases in their post treatment vegetative growth abilities. The growth ability of such permethrin exposed cells was similar to that of untreated cells. PMID- 3188836 TI - Correlation of DNA ploidy and morphological features of human glioma cell cultures with the establishment of cell lines. AB - Eleven gliomas were serially cultivated and examined for DNA distribution by flow cytometry and simultaneously for morphological features by light microscopy at the various passage levels until passage 50 at most. Seven gliomas (four low grade gliomas, three anaplastic gliomas) showed a similar DNA distribution pattern with a main diploid and small tetraploid peaks at various passages. In this group, only one culture formed a permanent cell line, whereas six cultures showed a limited growth ranging from 6 to 24 passages. In contrast, the other four gliomas (each an anaplastic glioma) showed a marked change of DNA distribution through passages and finally a single DNA aneuploid population prospered. Each of these four gliomas yielded established cell lines. Thus, it is suggested that the change of DNA ploidy and prosperity of DNA aneuploid populations in flow cytometry might be used as early and reliable indices for the later establishment of glioma-derived permanent cell lines. Since the changes of DNA distribution are frequently associated with the morphological changes, as seen in the latter group, careful tracing of morphological features is valuable in determining of the fate of cultures, especially in the absence of a flow cytometer. The correlation between the potential to become established cell lines and histology of the original gliomas is also discussed. PMID- 3188837 TI - Cyst formation and glial response in the brain lesions of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The brain lesions in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP) are characterised by multifocal microvascular damage, breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, massive extravasation of plasma constituents and severe brain oedema, with consequent spongy and cystic tissue destruction in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia as well as loosening of the white matter. In this paper we analyse in greater detail the pathogenetic mechanisms by which the spongy and cystic lesions are formed and the response of astrocytic cells. For this purpose, tracer (Evans blue)-stained brain lesions were examined in 8-month-old SHRSP immunohistochemically and electron microscopically. Sponginess of the neuropil in small lesions and at the periphery of larger lesions was due to swollen neuronal and astrocytic cell processes, i.e. at this stage the oedema was mainly intracellular. Cystic lesions were formed in the grey matter both by expansion of the extracellular space (ECS) containing protein-rich oedema fluid, and by rupture and subsequent loss of massively swollen cellular elements. In the white matter small slit-formed cysts along the fibre tracts were also formed by the expansion of ECS. In apparently recent lesions astrocytes displayed cyto-plasmic oedema but otherwise were still fairly normal. In more chronic lesions increased numbers of enlarged astrocytes with prominent staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein were present. Their distribution corresponded well to the spread of oedema, i.e. they were prominent around the leaky vessels in the grey matter, in the subpial zone and in the white matter. In the reparative phase the grey matter cysts became lined by astrocytic processes, a new glia limitans. Profuse sheets of glial processes in the neuropil around the cysts reestablished the compactness of the brain parenchyma. PMID- 3188838 TI - Cerebrovascular lesions in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AB - Cerebrovascular lesions were seen in 28 of 83 cases (34%) of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Cerebral hemorrhage was noted in 4 cases, cerebral infarct in 23 cases and both in 1 case. Cerebral hemorrhage was in various locations such as intraparenchymal, subarachnoid space, subdural space and epidural space. Large, clinically evident hemorrhage was noted in 2 of 5 cases and bleeding tendency was noted in 2 cases. Most of the 24 cases with cerebral infarcts were not clinically evident; they were multiple, small and mainly involved the striatum, cerebral cortex and brain stem. Mural thickening of occasional small blood vessels was seen in 12 of the cases (50%) with infarcts. Other changes in blood vessels included vasculitis in one case and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in another. In addition to thrombo-embolism and systemic ischemia/anoxia, these blood vessel changes may have a role in the development of cerebral infarcts in AIDS. PMID- 3188841 TI - Ultrastructural pathology of dermal axons and Schwann cells in lysosomal diseases. AB - Skin tissue specimens, obtained from 60 patients afflicted with a diverse range of lysosomal disorders revealed two groups of lesions within dermal axons, largely unmyelinated ones, particularly within axonal terminals: (1) non-specific mitochondria and dense bodies often enlarging the axonal terminal; and (2) disease-specific lysosomal residual bodies, the latter less frequent depending on the incidence and type of lysosomal disorders, i.e., largely only seen in GM2 gangliosidosis due to hexosaminidase A deficiency and mucolipidosis IV, while the spectrum of lysosomal residual bodies in Schwann cells appeared more variegated, especially due to the occurrence of vacuolar lysosomal residual bodies which were never seen within axons. The most frequent location of abnormal intraaxonal constituents in terminal axons indicates a functionally and morphologically impaired retrograde axonal transport but provides no further evidence as to whether the respective parent nerve cell body has also accumulated lysosomal residual bodies. When studying biopsied skin specimens for diagnosis, axonal terminals beneath the epidermis, about sweat glands, and among smooth muscle cells, ought to be incorporated into a comprehensive electron microscopic examination. PMID- 3188840 TI - Reverse pinocytosis induced in cerebral endothelial cells by injection of histamine into the cerebral ventricle. AB - Histamine dihydrochloride (10 micrograms of 500 micrograms/ml) was infused during 1 min into the lateral cerebral ventricle of rats, which resulted in a significant stimulation of pinocytosis in the endothelial cells. Systemic injections of mepyramine or metiamide could not prevent this activation. In contrast, ranitidine, injected with histamine was able to inhibit the stimulation of pinocytosis. Albumin exudation from the blood was not found. There was also no change in water and electrolyte contents of the brain tissue. The results suggest that histamine reaching the abluminal membrane can activate the pinocytosis in the cerebral endothelial cells in the reverse direction, i.e., from brain to blood, without opening the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 3188839 TI - Changes of the ratio between myelin thickness and axon diameter in human developing sural, femoral, ulnar, facial, and trochlear nerves. AB - Previous studies on sural nerves were extended to human femoral, ulnar, facial and trochlear nerves. As asynchronous development of axon diameter and myelin sheath thickness was noted in all nerves studied. Whereas axons reach their maximal diameter by or before 5 years of age, maximal myelin sheath thickness is not attained before 16-17 years of age, i.e., more than 10 years later. The slope of the regression lines for the ratio between axon diameter and myelin thickness is significantly steeper in older than in younger individuals; it also differs if small and large fibers with more or less than 50 myelin lamellae are evaluated separately. The number of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures during later stages of development is related to myelin thickness, but the length of the spiral of the myelin lamella, thought to unrolled, in relation to its width, i.e., internodal length, varies considerably during development. The changes of the relationship between axons and myelin sheath thickness during normal human development have to be taken into account if hypomyelination is considered as a significant pathological phenomenon in peripheral neuropathies, especially in children. The implications of the present findings concerning conduction velocity of peripheral nerve fibers and other electrophysiologic parameters are discussed. PMID- 3188842 TI - Immunohistochemical demonstration of transient increase in prostaglandin F2-alpha after recirculation in global ischemic rat brains. AB - The changes in prostaglandin F2-alpha (PG F2 alpha) staining over 3 days of recirculation in both fore- and hindbrains were studied. Five minutes of global ischemia was produced in 24 rats by Pulsinelli's method with hypotension around 50 mm Hg of mean arterial blood pressure. Eight rats (including three pretreated with indomethacin) were recirculated for 5 min, three for 1 h, five for 2 h and five for 3 days. Five normal rats without occlusion of vessels served as controls. The brains were snap frozen. Ten-micrometer cryosections were stained for PG F2 alpha by the indirect immunofluorescence method after fixation in carbodiimide and in Zamboni's solution. Positive staining for PG F2 alpha was noted in pial vessels in all normal and ischemic rats. Recirculated rats revealed the strongest reaction at 5 min after recirculation in blood vessels and in neuronal cytoplasm (especially in hippocampi and in Purkinje cells). The intensity of staining was markedly reduced after 1 h. Rats pretreated with indomethacin showed less increase in staining. The above results indicate that recirculation after ischemia produces a transient increase in PG F2 alpha in blood vessels and neurons of both fore- and hindbrains. PMID- 3188843 TI - Vascular innervation in human skeletal muscle with and without neuromuscular disease. A quantitative ultrastructural study with references to the effects of age and different blood pressure. AB - A quantitative ultrastructural study has been made of the innervation of 461 arterioles in 114 skeletal muscle biopsies of patients with or without neuromuscular disease excluding diabetes and autonomic neuropathy. In 18 controls the number of nerves and Schwann cells around each vessel was related to the size of the vessel, whether the vessel was within a muscle fascicle or between muscle fascicles. The innervation of arterioles increased with increased diastolic blood pressure. There was no statistically significant change in innervation with increased systolic blood pressure or with age, from 4 to 85 years. In 96 cases of neuromuscular disease and especially in motor neurone disease, axonal varicosities in cross section tended to be larger, more often contained no vesicles or only a few and had altered satellite cell cover depending on the location of the arteriole. Whilst the numerical density of Schwann cells did not change with disease, fewer varicosities were identified within Schwann cells in motor neurone disease, metabolic myopathy and neuropathy and myopathy due to toxins or vascular disease. Preterminal axons in nerve fascicles adjacent to arterioles were lost in polymyositis and muscle disease due to toxins or vascular disease. In polymyositis, metabolic myopathy and motor neurone disease there was some evidence of compensatory nerve sprouting, either in the nerve fascicles or in the adventitia of the arterioles. These structural changes may be related to the changes in blood flow or vascular reactivity described by others in motor neurone disease, polymyositis and metabolic myopathy. It is concluded that the ultrastructure of the vascular innervation of human skeletal muscle is similar to that in other mammals and is changed more with increased diastolic blood pressure and neuromuscular disease than with age. PMID- 3188844 TI - Melanotic medulloblastoma. A case report with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examination. AB - A melanotic medulloblastoma is reported with electron microscopic and immunohistochemical findings. The cerebellar tumor had seeded through the cerebrospinal fluid to cerebrum and spinal cord, spread through the dura, and metastasized to the lungs. It consisted of (i) anaplastic cells with slight neuronal differentiation, but without the fibrillary background of neuroblastomas, and (ii) epithelial islands pigments with melanin. The latter participated in the spread through the subarachnoid space, but did not extend beyond the dura. Electron microscopy revealed in the pigmented cells tight junctions and oculo-cutaneous melanin, including premelanosomes. The anaplastic cells had undistinguished organelles and only small junctions. On immunohistochemistry, the cytoplasm of the anaplastic cells was positive for neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament, and some of the nuclei were positive to S-100, confirming neuronal differentiation. The cells did not stain for glial fibrillary acidic protein, carcinoembryonic antigen, cytokeratin, alpha fetoprotein, vimentin, and epithelial membrane antigen. The melanotic cells were negative to all reagents tested, even to S-100 protein. The presence of oculo cutaneous melanin and of neuronal elements indicate a neuroectodermal or neural crest origin. PMID- 3188845 TI - Back to the nuclear bridges. PMID- 3188846 TI - Influence of saliva from 'heavy' and 'light' plaque formers on the colloidal stability of bacterial suspensions. AB - The influence of parotid saliva on the colloid stability of suspensions of Streptococcus sanguis and S. salivarius was studied in groups of previously identified 'heavy' and 'light' plaque formers. For S. sanguis it was observed that addition of parotid saliva from light plaque formers had more pronounced negative influence on the colloid stability than addition of such saliva from heavy plaque formers. No differences were observed for S. salivarius. The results indicate that saliva and bacteria might be regarded as a biological colloidal system and that the individual rate of plaque formation can perhaps be partially related to the colloid-chemical properties of bacteria and saliva. PMID- 3188848 TI - Pattern of alveolar bone loss and reliability of measurements of the radiographic technique. AB - The purposes of this paper were to study the pattern of bone loss among different teeth at the individual level and to study the effect of using different aggregated units of analysis on measurement error. Bone loss was assessed in standardized periapical radiographs from 293 subjects (18-68 years), and the mean bone loss score for each tooth type was calculated. These were then correlated by means of factor analysis to study the bone loss pattern. Reliability (measurement error) was studied by the internal consistency and the test-retest methods. The pattern of bone loss showed a unidimensional pattern, indicating that any tooth will work equally well as a dependent variable for epidemiologic descriptive purposes. However, a more thorough analysis also showed a multidimensional pattern in terms of four dimensions, which correspond to four tooth groups: 'incisors', 'upper premolars', 'lower premolars', and 'molars'. The four dimensions accounted for 80% of the total variance. The multidimensional pattern may be important for the modeling of bone loss; thus different models may explain the four dimensions (indices) used as dependent variables. The reliability (internal consistency) of the four indices was satisfactory. By the test-retest method, reliability was higher when the more aggregated unit (the individual) was used. PMID- 3188847 TI - A clinical comparison of alternative alloys. AB - For the purpose of evaluating the clinical performance of 2 alternative dental casting alloys, 17 crowns made from the low-gold alloy Midas and 14 crowns made from the silver-palladium alloy Albacast were inserted at random into 23 patients. In each patient a high-gold type-3 alloy, JS C, served as a reference alloy. The patients were examined after 1 year with regard to tarnishing and certain factors such as plaque index, gingival index, and margin index. In addition, the California Dental Association's quality evaluation of dental care was used by two independent calibrated examiners. The results of the present study showed that the crowns made of the silver-palladium alloy were tarnished and had rough occlusal surfaces more often than crowns made of the low-gold and high-gold alloys. PMID- 3188849 TI - Visual analogue scale assessment of postoperative swelling. A study of clinical inflammatory variables subsequent to third-molar surgery. AB - Subsequent to removal of impacted lower third molars the interrelationship of four postoperative variables (swelling, pain, trismus, and dysphagia) was assessed. Patient assessment of postoperative swelling using a visual analogue scale (VAS) was easily accepted by a group (n = 40) of patients aged 17 to 46 years. A significantly positive correlation (r = 0.66, p less than 0.01) existed between metric extraoral swelling and VAS-assessed swelling; however, the latter may represent a more sensitive method when swelling is discrete. Both extraorally and VAS-assessed swelling showed no correlation with dysphagia and VAS-assessed pain. Trismus correlated moderately positively with pain and extraoral swelling (r = 0.38, p less than 0.05) and dysphagia (p less than 0.01). In the present study dysphagia showed no correlation with pain. This study shows that registration of postoperative swelling by means of a VAS may be a sensitive and accurate method with obvious practical advantages. PMID- 3188850 TI - Three-year results of bracing in scoliosis. AB - We treated 107 patients with idiopathic scoliosis with the Boston brace. The primary correction was good in all the curve patterns. The follow-up time after weaning averaged 3 years. The best final result was achieved in thoracic and lumbar curves (mean 2 degrees). The final correction was worse in patients with an initial curve less than 30 degrees when compared with the patients with larger curves. Except the double major curves, there was a positive correlation between the primary correction, duration of the treatment, and the final result. The results in 14 patients with bracing for 12 hours daily did not differ from the remainder. Progression of the initial curve more than 5 degrees after the treatment was noted in 24 patients. Three patients were operated on later because of progression. We conclude that bracing can prevent progress of scoliosis. PMID- 3188851 TI - Joint surgery in severe ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Twenty-three patients with ankylosing spondylitis with severe deformities of hips, knees, and ankles were treated by a variety of surgical procedures followed by a comprehensive rehabilitation program. The surgery included 35 total hip replacements, six knee arthroplasties, and seven femoral osteotomies. Elongation of the Achilles tendon (eight procedures) was done on 6 patients. Shortening of the femur was performed in patients with long-standing flexion contractures when straightening of the limb during the operation caused traction on the vessels and the nerves. When there was both hip and knee involvement, hip arthroplasty was performed first. Preoperative planning aimed at obtaining plantigrade position of the feet and lower limb-length equality. Availability of custom-made and miniaturized components was essential. Positioning of patients on the operating table necessitated special supports. Six patients were completely bedridden before surgery and 17 were severely disabled or deformed. All the patients but 2 improved markedly, became mobile, independent, and self-supporting. Revision arthroplasty was performed in 4 patients; 3 others deteriorated functionally, but refused further treatment. Heterotopic bone formation was observed after operation in 6 patients. Surgery for severe ankylosing spondyloarthritis requires highly specialized and well-equipped centers. PMID- 3188852 TI - Recurrence of deformity after removal of Harrington's fixation of spine fracture. Seventy-six cases followed for 2 years. AB - The radiographic result was assessed in 76 patients with acute unstable fractures of the thoracic or lumbar spine admitted during the years 1977-1984, and who were managed by early reduction and stabilization using Harrington distraction rods and a three-segmental posterolateral fusion. The radiographs were analyzed for anterior and posterior heights plus sagittal and frontal widths of the fractured vertebral body and the angles of kyphosis and scoliosis of the spine. All the measurements were made at admission, immediately postoperatively, and at the latest follow-up at least 3 months after removal of the rods, which was done as a routine procedure 6-12 months after the accident. The mean follow-up was 29 months. The posterior height and sagittal width of the vertebral bodies were best restored, whereas the initially well-reduced anterior height and the angle of kyphosis often had returned to values close to those seen on admission. The best anatomic restoration was obtained in rotation-dislocation injuries of the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine, and was poorest in burst fractures of the lumbar spine. PMID- 3188853 TI - Age-related changes in the beagle spine. AB - Age-related changes were evaluated in the spines of beagle dogs by radiology, histology, and mechanical testing. Thirty healthy beagle dogs were divided into five groups having mean ages of 2-14 years. Radiographs were taken of intact spines at the time of death and of defleshed spines at necropsy. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments were tested in compression to calculate peak stress, peak strain, and elastic modulus. Adjacent spine segments were graded grossly for osteophyte development, and sections of the intervertebral discs were evaluated histologically. Histologic evidence of disc degeneration and changes in the mechanical properties of the intervertebral disc joint preceded radiographic changes. Changes in the mechanical properties of the disc space were probably a result of the disc degeneration rather than the spondylitic lesions. PMID- 3188854 TI - Acetabular dysplasia in the rat induced by injury to the triradiate growth cartilage. AB - An extraarticular lesion of the physeal component of the acetabular roof was performed by thermal cautery in young Wistar rats. Seventy-four animals were studied. The effects of the lesion on the pelvis, the hip joint, and the femur were analyzed during a 14-week period by radiographic, gross morphologic, morphometric, and histologic methods. Most hips developed dysplasia with a shallow and deformed acetabulum and a deformed and underdeveloped femoral head. PMID- 3188855 TI - Scintimetry in transient synovitis of the hip in the child. AB - Fifty-five consecutive children presenting with transient synovitis of the hip were examined with 99mTc-MDP scintigraphy and pin-hole collimator technique. Quantitative assessment was performed along a profile of interest across the hip joint. The criteria for the normal scintimetric pattern in the child's hip were established and the pathologic pattern of uptake in the acute phase, as well as in the follow-up after synovitis, was described. A decrease in isotope uptake in the proximal femoral epiphysis was observed in 13 children. This was correlated with a reduced uptake in the growth-plate, indicating a disturbance of blood supply to these regions. A characteristic pattern of isotope uptake with duration of symptoms was observed: a decrease in uptake during the first week followed by rebound hyperemia within 1 month. One child developed osteonecrosis (Legg-Calve Perthes disease). PMID- 3188857 TI - Osteonecrosis of the femoral head of growing, spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - The femoral head lesions of male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), which occur naturally and resemble Perthes' disease in man, were investigated radiographically and histologically. In the early phase of growth in SHRs, i.e., a period of 6 to 15 weeks after birth, the femur was shorter than that of control rats, and ossification in the epiphysis of the femoral head was considerably retarded. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head of SHRs appeared at the age of 9 weeks, and occurred in eight out of 12 femoral heads at 15 weeks. We suggest that osteonecrosis in the femoral head of SHRs is due to an abnormality of the cartilage in the epiphysis and metaphyseal growth plate and subsequent enchondral ossification. PMID- 3188858 TI - A device for producing experimental fractures. AB - A device is reported for the production of transverse fractures of canine tibiae by a three-point bending technique. With strain-gauged load arms, the device enables simultaneous measurement of the bend strength of the intact bone. Results from a series of 14 dogs confirm the reproducibility of this technique. PMID- 3188856 TI - Hemarthrosis after femoral neck fracture fixation. AB - In 34 femoral neck fractures, CT was performed within 1-32 days after internal fixation. All the cases except one showed an increased distance between the femoral neck and the anterior aspect of the joint capsule as compared with the intact side, indicating varying degrees of hip joint effusion and/or synovitis. Hip joint aspiration in 11 patients revealed increased intracapsular pressure varying between 10 and 112 mmHg and volumes of aspirated joint effusion up to 23 ml. Pain relief and increased joint motion after drainage of the intracapsular effusion was observed in 3 patients whose postoperative mobilization was facilitated. PMID- 3188859 TI - Knot strength of cerclage bands and wires. AB - I compared the knot strength of loop- and twist-knotted cerclage wires, and Parham and CPC bands, using a knot-slip resistance test. Two twist-knot devices and one loop-knot device were used to apply cerclage wires, and a band clamp was used to apply bands to a 5-cm-diameter split circular jaw mounted on a tensile testing machine. For all the wire sizes tested, the twisted knot provided greater resistance to knot failure than did the loop knot. Knot resistance increased with increase in wire size for all the devices tested. Neither band produced knot-slip resistance as great as 1.2-mm twist-knotted wire. PMID- 3188860 TI - Reduced energy absorption of healed fracture in the rat. AB - Mechanical testing of closed tibial fractures in rat fixed with a medullary nail was performed after 10-80 days of healing. In the three-point bending test, the maximum load at fracture and maximum stiffness of the fracture gradually increased, reaching 81 and 118 percent, respectively, of intact bone values after 80 days. The fracture failed immediately after the maximum load had been reached in contrast to intact bone, where further bending resulted in gradually decreasing load values until failure occurred at 73-85 percent of the maximum load values. Therefore, the resulting energy absorption until load at fracture and until failure of the healing bone was only 33 and 13 percent, respectively, of intact values after 80 days of healing, and thus markedly reduced even though the maximum stiffness and the load at fracture (maximum load) approximated the values of intact bone. PMID- 3188861 TI - Muscle changes in work-related chronic myalgia. AB - Muscle biopsies from the descending portion of the trapezius muscle were studied in 9 healthy subjects and in 10 patients with localized chronic myalgia related to static load during repetitive assembly work for 16 (10-31) years, with 10 (4 26) months of sick leave at the time of biopsy. Both categories showed isolated atrophic muscle fibers and occasional abnormal fibers with internally situated nuclei, some variation in fiber diameter, and fiber splitting. Fibers with a "moth-eaten" appearance due to a multifocal loss of oxidative enzyme activity were frequent both in the healthy and in the myalgic individuals. In contrast, isolated pathologic "ragged red" fibers were only found in the cases with myalgia (8 of 10), strongly suggesting mitochondrial damage. The phenomenon was confined to the Type 1 fibers. The frequency of Type 1 fibers was increased. Levels of adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate were reduced in myalgia patients, whereas lactate, pyruvate, and glycogen levels were normal, as well as phosphoryl creatine and total creatine. PMID- 3188862 TI - Epidemiology of distal forearm fractures in Danish children. AB - We recorded all the distal forearm fractures in inhabitants under 20 years of age in Frederiksborg County, Denmark, throughout 1985. The population at risk was 97,791 persons, and fractures occurred in 269 boys and 205 girls. The peak incidence in girls occurred at ages 10-12 (105 per 10,000) and in boys at ages 12 14 (100 per 10,000). Fractures occurred more often in the autumn than in the spring. PMID- 3188863 TI - Good prognosis after calcaneal fracture in childhood. AB - Fifteen children who sustained a displaced intraarticular calcaneal fracture, treated closed, were reexamined after 12 (1-29) years. All were satisfactory, although slight inconvenience was encountered as a result of the fracture. Immobilization and nonweight bearing from 4 to 6 weeks seem sufficient to treat a calcaneal fracture in children. PMID- 3188864 TI - Remodeling of the tibial plateau after knee replacement. CT bone densitometry. AB - We measured the changes of bone density by computed tomography of the proximal tibia after total knee replacement in 18 patients, 9 with arthrosis and 9 with rheumatoid arthritis. All the patients had good results after 1 and 2 years. There were no significant radiolucencies at the cement-bone interface. At the early postoperative measurements, we found abnormal mediolateral distributions of density, closely related to the preoperative tibiofemoral angle (r = -0.67). This distribution was within normal limits after 3 months in knees with preoperative valgus and after 2 years in knees with preoperative varus. The mean tibial density did not differ between patients with arthrosis and rheumatoid arthritis at the early postoperative examination, but the density in rheumatoid patients decreased by one third during the 2-year period. Although the overall change after knee replacement was loss of density, the preoperatively less loaded condyles had a slight tendency towards increasing density with time, a response that was considerable in some cases. PMID- 3188865 TI - Effect of osteochondral defects on articular cartilage. Contact pressures studied in dog knees. AB - Full thickness osteochondral defects 6 mm in diameter were created in the weight bearing regions of the femoral condyles in 5 adult mongrel dogs to study the contact pressure changes accompanying healing. A digital imaging technique employing Fuji Prescale film mapped contact pressures following 11 months of healing for comparison with contralateral normal knees, and knees with freshly made defects. Although all defects healed uneventfully with subchondral plate reconstitution and with growth restoration of the articular surface, the repair soft tissue appeared histologically to be primarily fibrous tissue, with varying degrees of a fibrocartilaginous component. The mean and peak stresses about fresh defects were not appreciably different from those about healed defects. Neither were there substantial differences in the total cartilage area making contact, except when very low loads were applied. The results suggest that the repair tissue is of poor mechanical quality, and does not contribute appreciably to weight bearing. The cartilage adjacent to the defect did not experience high stresses; neither gross nor light microscopic evidence of degeneration appeared at 11 months. If degeneration does occur following such defects, our data suggest that it is not because of elevated contact stresses. PMID- 3188866 TI - No effect of continuous passive motion after arthroplasty of the knee. AB - We randomly allocated 54 patients to active physical therapy only or this combined with 2 hours of passive knee motion twice daily from 2-12 days after total knee arthroplasty. The range of knee motion was measured on the 14th postoperative day. We found no difference between the groups. We concluded that 4 hours' passive motion daily in addition to early, active physical therapy does not improve the range of knee motion or promote mobilization after arthroplasty. PMID- 3188867 TI - Early operation of the dislocated knee in Larsen's syndrome. A report of 2 cases. AB - Two brothers with Larsen's syndrome were operated on for bilateral anterior dislocations of the tibia at the knee already in their infancy. The children were followed for 12 years and had better results than is commonly seen in Larsen's syndrome knee dislocations operated on at a later stage. PMID- 3188868 TI - Mycobacterium avium infection of the knee in a child. AB - We report a case of Mycobacterium avium infection of the knee joint in a 5-year old child. He was successfully treated by surgery and antituberculous drugs. PMID- 3188869 TI - A case of Ewing's sarcoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. Light microscopy, electron microscopy and chromosomal analysis. AB - A Ewing's sarcoma of the thigh in a 9-year-old boy was diagnosed by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and chromosomal analysis performed on fine needle aspirates. PMID- 3188870 TI - Growth factors in arthrosis. PMID- 3188871 TI - Scandinavian Orthopedic Association. Proceedings of the 44th assembly. Arhus, Denmark, June 8-11, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3188872 TI - Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3188874 TI - General principles in operative treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3188873 TI - [The physician facing surgery in rheumatoid polyarthritis]. PMID- 3188875 TI - [Philosophy, planning and priorities in surgery in rheumatoid polyarthritis]. PMID- 3188876 TI - [Osteoarticular lesions in sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3188877 TI - [Cervical and cervico-occipital spinal fusion]. PMID- 3188879 TI - [Use of the cementless RM cup in total prosthesis arthroplasty of inflammatory coxitis]. PMID- 3188878 TI - Total hip replacement with the Muller acetabular reinforcement ring in rheumatic disease. PMID- 3188881 TI - [Osteotomy-synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis of the knee]. PMID- 3188880 TI - [Synovectomy. Long-term results]. PMID- 3188882 TI - [Rupture of the extensor tendons of the fingers in inflammatory rheumatic disorders. Study of a series of 23 surgical cases]. PMID- 3188883 TI - [Current status of surgery of the rheumatoid wrist]. PMID- 3188884 TI - [Guepar's total arthroplasty of the wrist in rheumatoid polyarthritis]. PMID- 3188885 TI - Operative treatment of dorsal lesions of the wrist in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3188886 TI - [Surgery in the treatment of the rheumatoid hand]. PMID- 3188887 TI - Swanson silicone rubber interpositional arthroplasty of the wrist and of the metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3188888 TI - [The rheumatoid thumb. Clinical aspects and surgical treatment]. PMID- 3188890 TI - [Associated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament and of the meniscus. Surgical indications in the light of 163 knees studies with arthroscopy]. PMID- 3188889 TI - Shoulder bursoscopy. PMID- 3188893 TI - Noise-induced vasoconstriction in the cochlea. AB - Observation of the inner ear vessel using the casting method has the advantage of revealing the whole of the blood vessel in the one animal. This study was employed the blood vessel casting method and stylene cracking method to observe the morphological changes occurring in the inner ear vessel due to sound exposure. Results indicated vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the cochlear lateral wall and spiral lamina due to sound exposure. Sludging of the blood cells was also recognized in these blood vessels. Such morphological changes were found to be reversible. The above findings thus imply that the cause of NITTS (Noise Induced Temporary Threshold Shift) and NIPTS (Noise-Induced Permanent Threshold Shift) lies in impaired blood flow due to vasoconstriction of the inner ear capillary. PMID- 3188892 TI - Temporal bone findings in a newborn infant with multiple congenital anomalies. AB - Temporal findings were described in the case of a newborn infant with severe congenital anomalies. The autopsy demonstrated severe multiple bone abnormalities in the face and extremities, but no organ abnormalities. Middle and inner ear anomalies were characterized by columella-shaped stapes on both sides, deformed cochlea and absence of spiral ganglion cells on the left side, enlarged saccule and common crus, abnormal branch of superior vestibular nerve on the left side, and wide endolymphatic duct and sac on the right side. PMID- 3188891 TI - Temporal bone findings in cloverleaf skull syndrome. AB - Cloverleaf skull syndrome was first reported in 1960 by Holtermuller & Wiedemann as Kleeblattschadel-Syndrome. The case in the present report was that of a male infant 26 days old at the time of death. Besides a trilobed skull and abnormalities of the extremities, he had low-set ears, stenosis of both external auditory canals, a beak-like nose, microphthalmia, retentio testis and congenital dermal sinus-like anomaly at the coccygeal region. A chromosome study revealed a normal male karyotype. The right temporal bone showed some anomalies through the external and middle ears. The bony portion of the external auditory canal was narrowed. The middle ear cavity was filled by mesenchymal tissue devoid of cell components. The incus was almost attached to the lateral tympanic wall. In addition, the stapes was thickened and bent anteriorly. The sensory and neutral elements of the inner ear were normal. PMID- 3188895 TI - Epidemiological studies on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in Japan. AB - In 1980, the Research Committee of Peripheral Vestibular Disorders in Japan, which is supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, was founded by 24 members, from several districts in Japan. The Committee's first task was to draft the diagnostic criteria for several peripheral vestibular disorders, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and vestibular neuronitis. For the national epidemiological survey, they then collected the data on 101 cases of BPPV out of some 783 vestibular disorder patients. In addition, data on 103 patients of BPPV out of 559 vestibular disorder patients were also collected from the Neuro-otological Clinic of the Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital. From these epidemiological surveys, the incidence of BPPV in Japan was estimated at 10.7 per 100,000 population, while that of BPPV in Toyama was estimated at 17.3 per 100,000 population. The ratio of BPPV was higher in female than male patients in both surveys. The age at the onset of BPPV peaked in the fourth decade in both males and females. Compared with the other epidemiological features of Meniere's disease and sudden deafness with vertigo in the same surveys, it appeared that the characteristic features of BPPV are epidemiologically similar to those of Meniere's disease, but different from those of sudden deafness. PMID- 3188894 TI - Effects of blood pressure change upon brain-stem pO2 in rabbits with surgically removed baroreceptor nerve. Possible mechanisms for vertigo due to autonomic nerve dysfunction. AB - The effect of denervation of carotid sinus nerve (CSD) on the brain-stem tissue pO2 tension was studied in the awake rabbit. Tissue pO2 around the vestibular nuclei was measured in two groups of rabbits, normal and CSD, under two experimental conditions, viz. blood pressure (BP) modulation and tilt stimulation. BP was either depressed by hemorrhage (up to 50 mmHg) or elevated by intravenous injection of phenylephrine (up to 160 mmHg). In the normal rabbit, tissue pO2 showed minimum change during BP modulation (ranging between 70 and 160 mmHg. In contrast, CSD surgery resulted in the failure to maintain pO2 at a constant level when BP was elevated. However, tissue pO2 did not change when BP decreased. Head-up tilt stimulation (up to 40 degrees) also induced a transient decrease in BP and pO2 in the CSD rabbit; however, these were maintained at a constant level in the normal rabbit. These conditions were assumed to be due to the decrease in autoregulation of cerebral blood flow (CBF), which resulted in CSD. In these experiments, tissue pO2 recovered first, even when BP still remained low. Therefore, it can be proposed that the carotid baroreceptor reflex works for CBF autoregulation of brain stem primarily during an early phase of BP change. Therefore a disturbed carotid sinus reflex, as shown in the present experiment, may be a possible explanation for the mechanism of stress-related vertigo and/or orthostatic vertigo. PMID- 3188896 TI - Pursuit and saccadic eye movements in response to unpredictable constant velocity targets. AB - Pursuit eye movements in response to unpredictable reversals of constant velocity target motion at 20 degrees, 40 degrees and 60 degrees/s were analysed in 20 normal subjects. The gain in smooth pursuit was originally determined by the preceding target duration; the shorter the preceding movement, the longer was the acceleration of pursuit velocity inhibited. The ongoing target duration secondarily affected the gain at faster target velocities by restricting time for eye velocity acceleration. Whereas the saccadic reaction time was around 200 ms, the intersaccadic interval shortened as target velocity increased. The saccadic amplitude increased in direct proportion to an increase in target velocity. The present study showed that, even under irregular stimulations, pursuit eye movement is regulated in a feedforward manner by the perceptual analysis of the preceding target motion, and that corrective saccades in pursuit eye movement correspond to those observed in step displacements, except for the programming on the basis of the changing rate of position error. PMID- 3188897 TI - Clinical observations in the acute phase of cerebellar hemorrhage and infarction. AB - Three cases of cerebellar hemorrhage and 5 of cerebellar infarction, diagnosed by brain CT, were examined from the early phase of the onset. All of our cases were mild to moderate in severity and were cured satisfactorily within 3 to 8 weeks of medical treatment. Dizziness and nausea were the commonest symptoms and cerebellar and other CNS signs could be detected only for a short period in some of the cases. Although neuro-otological examinations, especially gaze nystagmus, eye tracking and positional nystagmus tests, were useful for diagnosing the central vestibular lesion, no definite indication could be drawn in order to differentiate between cerebellar hemorrhage and infarction. Therefore, it is considered difficult in such mild cerebellar strokes to establish correct diagnosis by physical examinations alone. It was concluded that if central vestibular disorder is suspected, prompt brain CT examination is necessary in order to diagnose mild cases of cerebellar vascular diseases. PMID- 3188898 TI - Internal auditory canal vascular loops and sensorineural hearing loss. AB - The relationship between vascular loops in the internal auditory canal and VIII nerve disorders was examined by performing pneumatic computerized tomographic (CT) cisternography in patients with idiopathic sudden deafness, idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss, and Meniere's disease. The incidence of vascular loops was higher in the diseased group than in the control group, viz. 19 of 61 cases (30%) in the former, compared with only 6 of 88 cases (7%) in the latter. The loops were classified as of Types I-IV according to the proximity to the fundus of the internal auditory canal. A large proportion of the loops found in the diseased group were classified as Type II or III. In most of the patients with vascular loops, the hearing loss was of the cochlear type, and in most cases, normal responses were obtained by the caloric test. Therefore, we concluded that vascular loops may be a possible cause of VIII nerve disorders and that this mechanism may involve circulatory disorder. PMID- 3188900 TI - Study of the so-called cochlear mechanical tinnitus. AB - Stimulated oto-acoustic emission (OAE) was investigated in 225 ears with normal hearing and c5 dip hearing loss. Continual OAE persisting longer than 6 ms against the sound stimulation of relatively low intensities was frequently found in ears affected by tinnitus but without hearing loss and in the tinnitus ears with c5 dip hearing loss. The results suggest that there is an abnormality of cochlear micromechanics in these ears which might be related to the 'cochlear mechanical tinnitus' described by Kemp & Wilson in 1981. PMID- 3188899 TI - An electronmicroscopic study of the lateral line organ of the guppy, Poecilia reticulatus var. AB - We examined the ultrastructure of the lateral line of the guppy, Poecilia reticulatus var. by using both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The neuromast was seen to be composed of receptor cells, supporting cells and mantle cells. The receptor cell has one kinocilium and approximately 29 stereocilia. Two kinds of nerve endings were found in the basal portion of the receptor cells. These two types of nerve endings were similar to the efferent and afferent nerves reported previously. The cytoplasm of the supporting cells contains numerous mitochondria, filaments and melanin-like granules. The lateral wall of the neuromast is covered by a few layers of crescent-shaped mantle cells. PMID- 3188903 TI - [New concepts of rhinoplasty]. PMID- 3188901 TI - [Analysis of nuclear DNA content in laryngeal tumors]. PMID- 3188904 TI - [Nasal cytogram after specific nasal provocation test]. PMID- 3188902 TI - [The value of CEA in post-therapeutic monitoring of head and neck carcinoma]. PMID- 3188905 TI - [Transmaxillary ethmoidectomy: technic and results]. PMID- 3188906 TI - Alteration of gastrin-producing cells in rat antral mucosa after truncal vagotomy. AB - Gastrin-producing cells (G cells) were studied in the rat antral mucosa after truncal vagotomy. Significant elevation of circulating gastrin levels was observed from 12 hours after the operation and this was sustained throughout the entire experimental period. Upon light microscopic observation, G cells showing positive immunostaining for G17 were significantly increased in number at 2 days, 1, 2 and 3 weeks after the operation and were a more prominent cell type than G cells containing positive reaction product for G34 throughout the entire experimental period. Ultrastructural changes occurred predominantly in G cells, which showed hypertrophy of Golgi complexes and noticeable increases in the amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum between 2 days and 3 months after the operation. During these periods, secretory granules apparently increased in number and displayed various degrees of electron density. Immature, highly electron-dense granules appearing in or near the Golgi stacks mainly showed localization of immuno-gold particles for G34, whereas mature granules with low electron-density predominantly demonstrated a positive reaction product for G17. The Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum were free of any immunoreaction for either G34 or G17. PMID- 3188907 TI - Primary adrenal lymphoma. Report of an autopsy case. AB - A rare case of malignant lymphoma of the adrenal gland in a 68-year-old male is reported. Autopsy revealed bilateral and symmetrical adrenal tumors (lt: 54 g, rt: 39 g) and almost complete effacement of both adrenal glands, while no tumors were present in other organs or systemic lymph nodes. Both adrenal tumors histologically presented a picture of diffuse malignant lymphoma of mixed cell type. Microscopic involvement in both lungs, spleen, liver, lymph node, bone marrow and both kidneys was found. Immunohistochemically, the positive reactions shown by the lymphoma cells were of B cell type, i.e., observed using antibodies to the leukocyte common antigens, MB-1, LN-1, LN-2 and LN-3, but not by anti factor VIII-related antigen or MT-1. Examination of peripheral blood obtained just before the patient died showed the presence of 18% atypical cells. This lymphoma was considered to have transformed to a leukemic phase, at least at the end stage. To the author's knowledge, this is the second case of primary adrenal lymphoma to be reported in Japan, and the first case showing formation of bilateral and symmetrical tumors. PMID- 3188908 TI - Appearance of membranocystic lesion (Nasu)-like changes in Behcet's syndrome. An electron microscopic study of erythema nodosum-like lesions. AB - Membranocystic lesion (Nasu)-like changes were seen in the subcutaneous fat tissues of erythema nodosum-like lesions in three of 18 patients with Behcet's syndrome. The membranocystic structures, which were derived from degenerative fat cells with a loss of the cell membrane, were observed in the edematous connective tissues accompanied by fibrin deposition and diapedesis of erythrocytes. Electron microscopic evaluation revealed two different patterns of peculiar membranous structures in the cytoplasm of the degenerative fat cells. One was proliferating membrane structures such as well developed Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum, and the other was minute tubular structures such as intracytoplasmic microvesicles. These degenerative fat cells are considered to be derived from abnormal fat cells which lack a cell membrane, but whose cellular and nuclear configurations appear to be normal morphologically, because the cytoplasm of these abnormal cells showed the same tubular structures as those seen in the characteristic architecture of membranocystic lesion-like change. The relation between the appearance of such abnormal cells and the pathologic conditions of erythema nodosum-like lesions in Behcet's syndrome was discussed. PMID- 3188909 TI - Gastric metaplasia in duodenal ulcer. Histochemical considerations of its pathophysiological significance. AB - Gastric metaplasia of the duodenal mucosa in biopsy specimens of healed duodenal ulcer and in surgical specimens of perforated duodenal ulcer was investigated using mucin histochemistry and the indirect immunoperoxidase method. Endoscopic methylene blue test was performed prior to biopsy. All specimens from areas showing no dye absorption revealed varying degrees of gastric metaplasia characterized by heterotopic occurrence of gastric-type foveolar cells mainly at the tips of stunted intestinal villi. On average, 31.8% of the total surface length of duodenal mucosa taken from areas showing no dye absorption was occupied by the metaplastic cells. They showed strong reactivities for periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and galactose oxidase-Schiff sequences, while alcian blue and paradoxical concanavalin A staining, class III, were negative. Immunoperoxidase PAS double staining revealed a few gastrin and somatostatin cells in foci of gastric metaplasia, but almost no cells containing motilin, secretin, cholecystokinin and gastric inhibitory peptide. Such endocrine cells were scattered in nonmetaplastic mucosa. While such metaplastic change has been regarded as a self-defence mechanism or adaptation of the duodenal mucosa against acid, a local decrease of normal endocrine cells, which allegedly function as acid receptors, may lead to alterations of gastroduodenal interaction. It is suggested that gastric metaplasia is important as one of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the recurrence of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 3188910 TI - Elastosis in meningioma. A case report and electron microscopic study. AB - A 55-year-old man underwent left frontoparietal craniotomy for total removal of a parasagittal meningioma. The tumor showed a predominant pattern of meningotheliomatous meningioma and a partial pattern of angiomatous, transitional and fibrous meningioma. A striking feature was the appearance of unusually numerous elastinophilic material in the intercellular stroma. We observed a process in which the progress of elastosis changed the appearance of meningotheliomatous meningioma to a hypocellular, and subsequently acellular fibroelastotic node. Three years after the first craniotomy, meningioma recurred at the same site. The recurrent tumor also showed the histological pattern of meningotheliomatous meningioma with stromal elastosis, as previously observed. This is the first report of a case of meningioma with stromal elastosis. The present case represents the first unequivocal demonstration of elastogenesis in meningioma. PMID- 3188911 TI - Hamartomatous solitary polyp with malignant progression in the jejunum. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study by light and electron microscopy. AB - A case of solitary hamartomatous jejunal polyp with adenomatous and carcinomatous changes in a 16-year-old girl is reported. In the hamartomatous polyp, neutral and acid non-sulfate mucosubstance was detected, principally in goblet cells; carcinoembryonic antigen was demonstrated on the surfaces of the microvilli and luminal border of the crypts and glands; absorptive columnar, goblet, argentaffin, argyrophil and Paneth cells were evident. The adenomatous and, mainly, the carcinomatous areas revealed a decreased amount of mucosubstance and a variable degree of positive intracytoplasmic staining for carcinoembryonic antigen. With electron microscopy, the adenomatous areas showed columnar absorptive cells and mucus-secreting goblet cells; also immature columnar cells were observed in the dysplastic zones. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document the histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of a hamartomatous polyp with neoplastic transformation. PMID- 3188912 TI - Metachromatic leukodystrophy. Report of siblings with the juvenile type of metachromatic leukodystrophy. AB - Two sisters with juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy are described. The patients were 17 and 20 years old. The younger sister died and an autopsy was performed. The elder sister keeps alive. A sural nerve biopsy of both cases revealed an accumulation of metachromatic lipid granules in the Schwann cells and macrophages. The autopsy also disclosed these granules especially in the brain, gallbladder, kidney and pancreas. A lipid analysis of the cerebral white matter showed sulfatide accumulation that was 1.5 times that of controls. Histochemically, the accumulated lipid was different in the brain from that in other organs. An electron microscopic examination of the accumulated metachromatic lipid granules showed various structures such as concentric lamellar, tuffstone, herringbone and hexagonal honeycomb appearances, and some ultrastructural differences between the nervous system and other organs. PMID- 3188913 TI - Ameloblastoma of mucosal origin. AB - Histopathological, histochemical and ultrastructural findings of an extraosseous ameloblastoma occurring in an 89-year-old woman are reported. Rete pegs of the gingival epithelium covering the lesion showed marked extension into the lesion, and direct continuity between the extended rete pegs and tumor follicles was evident. Ultrastructural examination showed that the rete pegs gradually became transformed into double-stranded epithelial cords as they elongated deeply, and that the ends of these epithelial cords gradually became transformed into tumor follicles. These findings suggest that the potential for differentiation is maintained in the basal cells of the gingival epithelium throughout life, and can be triggered by unknown stimuli. The ultrastructure of the tumor follicles was similar to that of intraosseous follicular ameloblastoma, but was different from that of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma. Histochemical staining for keratin protein revealed that the central cells of tumor follicles and the covering epithelium were positive, whereas the peripheral cells of tumor follicles and the elongated rete pegs were negative. PMID- 3188914 TI - Nonsyndromatic paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts in congenital syphilis. A case report. AB - The first case of nonsyndromatic paucity of the intrahepatic bile ducts is reported in congenital syphilis. The patient, a 2-week-old female, was born at the 31st week of gestation, weighing 1,910 g. She had a high titer of IgM antibody to Treponema pallidum and sera from both parents also showed a positive reaction in the hemagglutination test for Treponema pallidum. The patient had hepatosplenomegaly and increasing jaundice, and died of respiratory failure on the 70th hospital day. Autopsy examination revealed paucity of the intrahepatic bile ducts, prominent giant cell transformation of hepatocytes, cholestasis and extramedullary hematopoiesis of the liver. The ratio of the number of intrahepatic bile ducts to that of the portal tracts was approximately 0.2:1. There was marked proliferation of atypical bile ductules at the margin of the portal tracts. The exact relation of this paucity to Treponema pallidum remains unknown. PMID- 3188916 TI - [The synthesis of the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors 2,4-diamino-5 substituted-benzylpyrimidines and their inhibition on L. casei DHFR and chicken liver DHFR]. PMID- 3188915 TI - Analysis of the core of ferruginous bodies and the relationship between body type and core characteristics. AB - The cores of 164 ferruginous bodies from seven non-primary asbestos workers were analyzed by the carbon planchet method to elucidate the nature of the core mineral and the relationship between ferruginous body type and the core characteristics. One hundred and sixty-two cores, except for two talcs, were all amphibole group asbestos. Amosite and anthophyllite fibers were all finer than 0.9 micron and mainly less than 0.5 micron in diameter and had tendency to form type I asbestos bodies. On the other hand, tremolite and actinolite fibers constituted non-beaded club-like type II or type IV bodies and tended to have a larger diameter than that of amosite or anthophyllite fibers (p less than 0.005). These results suggest that the type of asbestos body depends fundamentally on the core diameter (width) rather than the type of asbestos, although the core diameter was correlated with asbestos type. For the analysis and evaluation of ferruginous body cores, which are completely coated, it is necessary to denude the ferruginous coating. This study suggested the usefulness of the carbon planchet method with Dodson's method. PMID- 3188918 TI - [Rupestonic acid, a new sesquiterpene from Artemisia rupestris L]. PMID- 3188917 TI - [Studies on alkaloids of Phlegmariurus fordii (Baker) Ching]. PMID- 3188920 TI - [The all-solid-state benzydamine ion-selective electrode and dielectric-constant effect on the electrode linearity slope]. PMID- 3188919 TI - [Study on anthraquinones of Uentilago leiocarpa]. PMID- 3188921 TI - [Analysis of ginseng. IV. HPLC determination of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng]. PMID- 3188922 TI - [Application of factor analytical spectrophotometry in the analysis of multicomponent complex preparation]. PMID- 3188924 TI - [Diffuse reflectance studies on the interaction of ascorbic acid and tablet additives]. PMID- 3188923 TI - [Synthesis of danazol derivatives and steroidal-3-oxo-2 alpha-carbonitriles]. PMID- 3188925 TI - [A colony-forming assay and preliminary application to human tumor stem cells using agar diffusion chambers]. PMID- 3188926 TI - [Effects of Adonis pseudoamuensis W. T. Wang on cardiac function]. PMID- 3188927 TI - [The anti-allergic activity of osthol extracted from the fruits of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson]. PMID- 3188928 TI - [Improving effect of huperzine A on discrimination performance in aged rats and adult rats with experimental cognitive impairment]. PMID- 3188929 TI - [Effects of protocatechuic acid and propranolol on myocardial metabolism and infarct size in dogs with acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3188930 TI - [Influence of magnesium sulfate on the sizes of myocardial infarction in rabbits]. PMID- 3188931 TI - [Effects of dauricine combined with other anti-arrhythmia agents on electrically induced ventricular fibrillation in rabbits]. PMID- 3188932 TI - Evaluation of the anti-arrhythmic potency of naltrexone in the isolated ischaemic rat heart. PMID- 3188934 TI - [Influence of the He-Ne laser on the pharmacokinetics of timolol in ocular humor of rabbits]. PMID- 3188933 TI - [Effects of m-nisoldipine and nisoldipine on hemodynamics in anesthetized dogs]. PMID- 3188935 TI - [Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on hemorrhagic shock in rabbits]. PMID- 3188936 TI - [Hypotensive effect of 1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino) propane hydrochloride]. PMID- 3188938 TI - Attenuation of pentylenetetrazol kindling of epileptogenesis in rats by dopaminergic agents. PMID- 3188937 TI - [Antihypertensive and hemodynamic effects of 3,6-dimethamidodibenzopyriodonium citrate (I-65)]. PMID- 3188940 TI - [First pass effect of gallanilide in rats]. PMID- 3188939 TI - [Improvement of cardiac systolic function in myocardial ischemic rabbit by hemodilution with fluorocarbon emulsion]. PMID- 3188941 TI - [Effects of methylflavonolamine on platelet aggregation in rabbits]. PMID- 3188942 TI - [Somatosensory evoked potentials after depletion of monoamines by reserpine]. PMID- 3188943 TI - [Potentiating effect of clonidine on the anxiolytic action of diazepam in a rat social interaction model of anxiety]. PMID- 3188944 TI - [Antagonistic effects of 6 drugs on myopathy induced by soman intoxication]. PMID- 3188946 TI - [Effects of exciting the habenula by sodium glutamate on blood pressure and heart rate in rats]. PMID- 3188945 TI - [Effects of eleven muscarinic drugs on the trachea and ileum of the guinea pig in vitro]. PMID- 3188947 TI - [Comparison of the cytotoxic effect of sulmazole with ouabain on cultured myocardial cells]. PMID- 3188948 TI - [Anti-arrhythmic action of 4'-methyl-7-([2-hydroxy-3-(beta propinamidoethyl)amino]propoxy) flavone hydrochloride (SIPI-644)]. PMID- 3188949 TI - [Effects of sophoramine on the ventricular fibrillation threshold in dogs]. PMID- 3188950 TI - [Effects of neferine on the isolated rabbit myocardium]. PMID- 3188951 TI - Cardiac anaphylaxis in the isolated working guinea pig heart. PMID- 3188952 TI - [Depressant actions of Panax notoginseng saponins on vascular smooth muscles]. PMID- 3188953 TI - [Effects of dl-tetrahydropalmatine on contractions of rabbit aorta strips]. PMID- 3188954 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of p-aminopropiophenone in rabbits]. PMID- 3188955 TI - [Absorption, distribution and excretion of gallanilide in rats and bioavailability in rabbits]. PMID- 3188957 TI - [MCPKP--a microcomputer program specialized for pharmacokinetic compartment analysis]. PMID- 3188958 TI - Reserpine increases proenkephalin mRNA content in rat corpus striatum. PMID- 3188956 TI - [Antagonistic effects of zinc on the inhibition of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by lead]. PMID- 3188960 TI - A quantitative method for evaluating the effects of drugs on bone marrow cellularity using the same experimental animal. Quantification of the effects of a single dose of busulphan. AB - A method for quantifying the cellularity of rats bone marrow per unit of weight is described. Absolute numbers of each cell type per mg of bone marrow in the left and right femurs of the same experimental animal were determined at different times. In normal rats in which both femurs were studied simultaneously it was found that the absolute counts of each cell type per mg of bone marrow in the left and right femurs did not differ, nor were differences found in absolute numbers of marrow cells when the quantitative analyses from the left femurs were compared with those of the right femurs of the same animal, 10 and 20 days later. In order to test the validity of the present method for evaluating the effects of drugs on hematopoiesis, a single oral dose of busulphan (20 mg/kg), was administered to normal rats immediately after the marrow quantitative studies of the left femurs were performed. A marked and significant reduction in total nucleated cell was seen in marrows from the right femurs, 10 days later. Cellular effects were particularly pronounced on the myeloid line. Results presented here indicate that the quantitative study employed is a simple and useful method to evaluate the effects of drugs on hematopoiesis. The novelty of this method lies in: 1) its expression of cellularity on a per mg marrow basis, thereby avoiding possible misinterpretations of data which occur when results are expressed as percentages and 2) the analysis of contralateral femoral marrow specimens obtained from the same animal before and after drugs treatment. Therefore, each animal acts as its own control avoiding possible errors in the determination of drug-induced hematopoietic changes due to inter-animal variability. PMID- 3188962 TI - [Health promotion]. PMID- 3188959 TI - Changes in the contractile activity of the male genital tract as a consequence of vasectomy. AB - The contractile activity of the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens was registered in the rat under a video camera at intervals up to 180 days after vasectomy. A rhythmic peristaltic activity was detected as early as 24 hours after operation, specially in the distal cauda epididymidis. The contractions increased progressively during the first 30 days after vasectomies. Thereafter, the activity remained stabilized as far as 180 days following the surgery. The contractions were more frequent in the genital tracts without granulomas than in those with this complication. When the ductus exhibited an excessive distention their muscle walls did not show any contractility, which was not recovered even when a partial incision was made in the vas deferens to diminish the tube dilatation. Since a normal pattern of sperm transport would be necessary to achieve sperm maturation, it could be speculated that persistence of infertility after vasovasostomies in human could be related with a loss of an adequate ductal activity. PMID- 3188961 TI - [Correlation between myocardial relaxation and phosphorylation of phospholamban]. AB - The relationship between myocardial contractility and relaxation and phospholamban phosphorylation was studied in the isolated rat heart beating at a constant rate and perfused at constant coronary flow with a Ringer solution with 32Pi. At the end of the experiments, membrane vesicles, composed primarily of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), were isolated by differential centrifugation. Electrophoresis was performed on acrylamide-SDS gels. Perfusion with isoproterenol (ISO) significantly increased developed tension (T) by 40 +/- 8% and maximal rate of rise of tension (+T) by 76 +/- 12%. The ratio between +T and maximal velocity of relaxation (+T/-T) was significantly decreased from 1.65 +/- 0.04 to 1.23 +/- 0.04. Time to half relaxation (t 1/2) and the rate constant of relaxation (Tau) were significantly decreased by 27 +/- 2 y 6 +/- 1 msec respectively. When the increase in contractility produced by ISO was restored to control levels by addition of nifedipine (ISO-NIFE) or perfusion with low calcium (ISO-Ca+2), +T/-T decreased from 1.63 +/- 0.07 to 1.47 +/- 0.07 and 1.66 +/- 0.06 to 1.41 +/- 0.06 respectively, t 1/2 and Tau significantly decreased by 16 +/- 2 and 3 +/- 1 msec with ISO-NIFE and 19 +/- 2 and 5 +/- 1 msec with ISO-Ca+2 respectively. These decreases were significantly lower than those produced by ISO. Perfusion with high calcium significantly increased T and +T, without significant alterations in relaxation parameters. Phospholamban phosphorylation, in pmoles/mg of SR protein, increased from control values, 25 +/- 6 to 110 +/- 11 (ISO-NI-FE), 117 +/- 17 (ISO-Ca+2) and 197 +/- 21 (ISO) and did not change with high calcium. Results showed a striking correlation between relaxation parameters, +T/-T, t 1/2 and Tau, and phospholamban phosphorylation (r = -0.98, 0.99 and 0.96, respectively). This correlation was much lower between T and +T and phospholamban phosphorylation. PMID- 3188964 TI - [Role of the family in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa]. AB - Previous to the first family studies on schizophrenics, some authors had already called our attention on certain peculiarities to be found among anorexic families. Out of 35 families studied between 1970 and 1981, 20 were selected that met the following conditions (1) Proven diagnosis of primary A.N., (2) A complete family study with researchers making home-visits as 'participant observers', (3) At least, a 6-month psychotherapic treatment, (4) At least, one clinical treatment. The following feature among the total results (1) These are consistant, large families where, usually, daughters outnumber sons (three to one), (2) In almost all these families, one parent suffers from a chronic illness while the healthy one exerts a unilateral domination on all family members, (3) In almost all these families, a so-called 'family mystique' is likely to be discovered. This mystical ideology--already mentioned by other authors--always stresses up (a) An overvaluation of school, job, and intellectual achievements, (b). A total rejection of sex, and (c) A strong drive to 'climbing up' along the social ladder. PMID- 3188963 TI - [Primary mental health care for the victims of the disaster in Armero, Colombia]. AB - Seven to eight months after the disastrous volcanic mudslide that destroyed the town of Armero, Colombia, 200 victims were screened up by means of the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) for emotional disorders identification. In order to assess disorders' specific nature, a 104-victim subsample was interviewed by psychiatrists. The most frequent diagnosis ranged among (a) Post-traumatic stress syndrome, (b) Depression, and (c) Generalized anxiety disorder. Our findings help us to point out that (1) In a developing country a higher prevalence of well defined emotional disorders among victims of any first-magnitude disaster is to be detected at such a level it can safely be said a real epidemic is to be tackled with, (2) Basically, the identified symptomatology confines itself to anxiety-depression disorders, (3) SRQ is indeed an apt instrument for disasters victims screening, and (4) Mental health specialized resources proved to be insufficient for an adequate coverage of the needs of the affected communities to be performed. As far as mental health is concerned, if the necessary services are to be offered so that all aspects involved are taken care of, it is imperative that victims be attended to by primary care workers. So far, mental health primary care area is still lacking a systematical research within a disaster situation framework. We understand that our paper may serve as an initial orientation for this care strategy being duly implemented and furthered up. PMID- 3188965 TI - [Theoretical pathology and medical anthropology]. AB - This paper presents the concept of theoretical pathology as mostly German authors have been developing it in recent years now, and hints at the conceptual foundation of Medicine which is deemed essential if the formulation of a unifying meta-theory bound to integrating part approaches and perspectives is to be reached at. It is suggested that both the historical and anthropological roots are convergent indeed as regards their basic tenets and fundamental aims. Although speculative such an endeavour is needed since it is an apt means to providing grounds for a program of studies on the foundations of Medicine and Psychiatry as well. Ultimately, it may heighten the awareness for basic aspects of practice, and lead to a re-appraisal of its assumptions. PMID- 3188966 TI - [Educational level and intellectual performance]. AB - This study aims at comparing performance among subjects along a series of tests dealing with verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, and reasoning. The subjects were, approximately, the same age. However theirs were different educational levels. The samples drawn were 180 male subjects, approximately 22-years old, distributed into 3 groups according to their education level, i.e. primary school, high school, and college. Three subtests, Verbal Meaning, Word Fluency, and Reasoning (SRA Primary Mental Abilities Test Ages 11 to 17-Form AH) with a high saturation of the above mentioned factors were administered. The results of the simple variation analysis on each subtest scores showed a significant principal effect on education although a strict covariation among scores and the subjects' education level were not detected. PMID- 3188967 TI - [Hallucinatory structure]. AB - Systemic methodology is restored to so that a demonstration is made which shows hallucination not being an independent element. Quite contrary, it is the author's contention that this is a structure-formed interacting group element coupled in function of an arrangement the basis pathology thus determined. I.E., hallucination is an open system at a set point with pathology. Hence--within certain limits, of course--the equilibrium establishes an arrangement whose characteristics enable any observer to identify hallucination as such. Since the methodology is in accordance with the General System Theory, the elements involved are studied like functional parts within a system. In other words, neither determinism nor simple causation are resorted to. Since--according to the GST--there is a higher relevance among connected elements which is not to be found among independent ones, thus a functional description is of a higher relevance than a particular one. So, the structure is proposed as a functional arrangement. PMID- 3188968 TI - [The individual as actor-character]. AB - Daily life is the starting point as an obvious as well as normal comprehension web of others' and the world's. Daily life appears to us as a reality interpreted by Man who thus transforms a neutral fact into a meaningful event. The author aims at showing that experiences, perceptions, and actions among humans are compromised into a significative gathering. 'A person is not a thing which exists first, and, then, in relation to others'. Constantly, we think about others and what others are thinking about others: We can, thus, move into a third, a fourth, or a fifth level of perspectives. Don't we by chance come across this reciprocal spiral perspective when two people distrust one another without actually showing it? Above all, identity is part of expectations and other definitions' definitions, originated before birth and reaching further well after death. When you perceive the other, and the other perceives you, you are doing it through typified schemes, even when facing each other. These are reciprocal schemes which in turn become progressively anonymous as they recede away from the face to face situation. PMID- 3188970 TI - Prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome: circadian rhythmicity and dynamic aspects. AB - The circadian rhythms of plasma prolactin (PRL) and cortisol and of oral temperature were simultaneously studied in 24 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The PRL response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and domperidone was also evaluated in some of these patients. The physiological circadian chrono-organization of prolactin and cortisol secretion and of oral temperature was maintained in PCOS. The PRL responsiveness to the specific stimulations fell within normal limits. These results do not support the hypothesis of an impaired central dopaminergic regulation of prolactin secretion in PCOS. PMID- 3188969 TI - [The appropriate social network: an operative instrument for the evaluation of indications for psychiatric hospitalization]. AB - The role of hospitalization in the treatment of mental disease is reviewed. In support of this paper, contributions emphasizing the role society plays in causality and reparative techniques as well are referred to. Conservation or deterioration of a patient's own social network--both primary and secondary groups--is suggested as an observable parameter in clinical practice. The extent of deterioration may suitably clarify whether hospitalization is advisable. The authors envision hospitalization as an essential means because the patient is given an artificial or substitute network--his or here reinsertion wherein being stimulated accordingly--at the same time the natural network is being restored. PMID- 3188971 TI - The activity of calcium dependent and calcium independent phospholipase A2 in normal endometrium and in endometrium from women suffering from menorrhagia and polycystic ovary syndrome. AB - The activity of 2 phospholipase A2 enzymes, PLA2(i) and PLA2(ii) was measured in endometrium in women with regular menstrual cycles without evidence of pathology and in those complaining of menstrual disturbances. There was a significant 4 fold increase in PLA2(i) activity in secretory phase endometrium (mean +/- SD: 32.7 +/- 9.5 pmol per mg protein/minute) compared to that of the proliferative and menstrual phases (9.5 +/- 4.9 and 6.1 +/- 2.6 pmol per mg protein/minute, respectively) but PLA2(ii) activity was variable and not related to the stage of the cycle (range: 4.0-97.0, 18.7-110.3 and 0.1-85.5 pmol per mg protein/minute for proliferative, secretory and menstrual phases, respectively). There was no significant difference between normal subjects and those with menorrhagia with respect to the mean activities of either isoenzyme at any stage of the cycle. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) had markedly higher endometrial PLA2(ii) activity than normal subjects. The evidence of this study suggests that PLA2(ii) is not implicated in unexplained menorrhagia, but our preliminary findings indicate that the high level of PLA2(ii) activity found in the endometrium of women with PCO might be a marker of abnormal endometrial function. PMID- 3188972 TI - Stimulation of neurite outgrowth in vitro by a glycero-ganglioside. AB - A glycerol-containing analog of ganglioside, with sialic acid attached to a diglyceride-like structure possessing two ether-linked alkyl chains, was prepared synthetically and applied exogenously to three culture systems; neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells, PC12 cells and dorsal root ganglia. This resulted in pronounced stimulation of neurite outgrowth in all three, demonstrating that sialo-lipids(s) lacking ceramide and possessing sialic acid as the sole carbohydrate are able to promote neuritogenesis in approximately the same manner as naturally occurring gangliosides. PMID- 3188973 TI - Cytoarchitecture in cultured rat neocortex explants. AB - Neocortex explants obtained from 6-day-old rat pups and cultured in a serum-free medium from 5 hr to 13 days in vitro (DIV) show preservation of cytoarchitectural characteristics. Major changes in the size of the explants and their layers occur during the first 2 DIV. A radial arrangement of neurons within layer 2-3-4, which becomes apparent between 2 and 10 DIV, suggests an advance in maturation in culture. In contrast to the situation in vivo, a distinct layer 4 cannot be consistently identified. During the first 2 DIV, a transposition of cells into the pial direction can be seen. Individual degenerated cells are spotted especially in layer 5. The presence of these cells amidst healthy neurons suggests that their death has a functional cause. Neurons at the ventricular border of layer 6 become relatively large in comparison with other neurons. Within the cultured tissue there is a marked increase in GFA reactivity compared to the situation in vivo. The described results clearly indicate that in these cultured explants, both similarities and differences are of interest for studies on the formation of neuronal circuitry within the cerebral cortex. PMID- 3188974 TI - Ontogenetic changes in the level and subcellular distribution of protein kinase C in cat visual cortex. AB - Ontogenetic changes of the total activity and the subcellular distribution of Ca2+-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) were investigated in the cat visual cortex. Following homogenization of the tissue in Ca2+-free buffer and separation of membrane-bound and soluble protein kinase C, the enzyme was partially purified by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. Total, membrane-bound and soluble enzyme activity were determined by measuring the phosphate incorporation into lysine-rich histone, a substrate for protein kinase C. It was found that the total activity level, while being low in the first 4 weeks, increased rapidly to peak values at 5 weeks of age and declined slightly thereafter. Although at all developmental stages most of the enzyme was recovered in the soluble fraction, the membrane-bound activity exhibited a considerable increase at 5 weeks of age, reflecting a relative shift of protein kinase C from the cytosol to the membranes. The increase and redistribution of protein kinase C activity coincide in time with the developmental phase during which the visual cortex is particularly susceptible to undergo use-dependent modifications. This finding is compatible with the hypothesis that protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation processes are involved in activity-dependent modifications of neuronal transmission. PMID- 3188975 TI - Immunocytochemical study of the postnatal development of 5-HT-containing neurons and fibers in the cerebroid ganglia of Cryptomphalus aspersa. AB - In this work we have studied the organization of the serotonergic system in new hatched snails and the developmental changes that occur postnatally. The serotonergic system of the new-hatched snail is not completely developed. Tracts previously described in the adult were already present at hatching; however immunoreactivity of these tracts was somewhat less intense than that in adults, but, their location was practically the same. At hatch the pro- and postcerebral serotonergic plexi were poorly developed, while the mesocerebral one was nearly absent. The procerebral plexus occupied only the caudal half of the procerebral neuropile. Growth cone profiles were found in all plexi. The paired giant dorsal serotonergic neurons were the only stained neurons constantly found at hatching; they were symmetrically located. The paired medium-sized neurons were not found in all brains examined. Sometimes only one of them was present at hatching; it was located either in the right or in the left ganglion. The small neurons were absent in most cases. They gradually appeared during the first three postnatal months. Following hatching the procerebral plexus had undergone an intense growth. By the third postnatal month it innervated completely the procerebral neuropile. At hatching the area innervated by the procerebral plexus was 4500 micron 2, by the third month this area was about 58,000 micron 2 and in the adult was 80,000 micron 2. The postnatal development of the procerebral serotonergic plexus proceeds through two different modalities of neuritic growth: expansive growth is mediated by centrifugal elongation of terminal branches while the increase in fiber density within the plexus results from lateral sprouting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3188978 TI - Experiences with continuous intraarterial administration of recombinant interferon alpha-2C (rIFN-alpha 2) for treatment of patients with advanced transitional cell bladder cancer. AB - The response of locally-advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder to intraarterial regional treatment with recombinant interferon alpha-2C (rIFN-alpha 2) was investigated. Patients received 4-weekly courses of i.a. continuous infusion of rIFN-alpha 2 (5 megaunits/24 hours administered into the a. iliaca interna via a subcutaneously implanted port-a-cath) alternating with 4 weeks i.m. treatment cycles (5 megaunits/day x 3 weekly). None of the 5 patients entered in the study showed evidence of objective tumor regression after a median of 4 i.a./i.m. treatment cycles. Constitutional, organ and local toxic effects were considerable even with that low-dosage schedule employed. The lack of efficacy and poor tolerance of the regimen suggest that i.a. administration of IFN is unlikely to yield an acceptable therapeutic index. PMID- 3188979 TI - Fats and diet. PMID- 3188977 TI - Activation of natural killer cell function during interferon-alpha treatment of patients with condyloma acuminatum is predictive of clinical response. AB - Patients with condyloma acuminatum were treated with subcutaneous injections of interferon alpha three times weekly for three weeks. Natural killer cell activity pre-treatment was the same for non-responders to interferon therapy as for responders. After two weeks of therapy, however, the natural killer cell activity of responders was significantly greater than that for non-responders. This difference in activity was also observed four weeks following therapy. It therefore appears that measurement of natural killer cell activity has value in predicting which patients with condyloma acuminatum will experience good clinical response to interferon therapy. PMID- 3188976 TI - A morphological and biochemical study of the myelin-like membrane structures formed in cultures of pure oligodendrocytes. AB - This study reports the production of myelin-like membranes in oligodendrocyte subcultures derived from 20-day-old primary glial cell cultures of newborn rat brain. These multi-layered structures show a variable number of membrane turns; up to 10 concentric lamellae are found in 3- to 4-week-old subcultures. When they are compacted, alternate dense and intraperiodic lines with a periodicity of 11.2 nm are noticeable. The most typical myelin proteins were detected straight on the multi-lammellar structures by a gold immunocytochemical method. Subcellular fractions containing these myelin-like structures were isolated by ultracentrifugation on a discontinuous sucrose gradient. They were analysed by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting; UDP galactose: ceramide galactosyltransferase and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphohydrolase activities were also measured. The results indicate that the multi-layered membrane profiles have many characteristics of the myelin found in vivo; nevertheless some differences were still apparent. Our data support the concept of the cultured oligodendrocytes expressing the intrinsic myelinogenic properties and possessing a basic developmental program of myelination, apparently in the absence of stimuli coming from other brain cells. PMID- 3188980 TI - Cardiac ruptures in northern Norway. A retrospective study of 104 cases. AB - In 4,649 autopsies performed, in 1972-1985, 824 cases of acute myocardial infarction were found. Of these, 104 (12.6%) had cardiac rupture. Ten cases had rupture of the interventricular septum. The clinical and pathological records were reviewed, and the rupture group was compared with a control group of 100 patients who died from acute myocardial infarction without rupture. Of the patients with rupture, 85% died during the first week after the onset of myocardial infarction; three patients with rupture died suddenly without previous clinical evidence of myocardial infarction. Rupture occurred only in hearts with transmural infarcts, and predominantly in the anteroseptal wall. Patients with rupture had significantly higher blood pressure, fewer previous infarcts, higher frequency of coronary thrombi, less myocardial scar tissue and lower heart weight compared to the control group. There were no significant differences regarding age and sex distribution, physical effort at the symptom debut or death, medication, previous and present diseases other than infarcts, complications or the degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries or aorta. PMID- 3188981 TI - Transient myocardial ischaemia during ambulatory monitoring out of hospital in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. AB - Transient myocardial ischaemia during daily life, detected by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, was investigated in 42 patients with chronic stable angina and documented coronary artery disease. Ambulatory monitoring was initiated for 36 hours after all prophylactic antianginal medication had been withdrawn for 5 days. There were 196 episodes of ST-segment depression, 145 (74%) of which were not accompanied by angina. As well, a tendency to more prolonged and greater ST-segment change with symptomatic ischaemic episodes was noted. A diurnal variation in transient ischaemia both with and without symptoms was observed, the highest frequency being in the morning hours. Transient myocardial ischaemia was more frequent in patients with double or triple vessel disease, compared with single vessel disease, but with a great variation. Heart rate at the onset of ischaemia during ambulatory monitoring was significantly lower than heart rate at the onset of ST-segment change during exercise testing (100.2 +/- 14.6 vs. 115.8 +/- 19.6 beats/min, p less than 0.01), which may indicate different pathophysiological mechanisms. Transient impairment in coronary oxygen supply seems to be of importance during ischaemic episodes out of hospital. PMID- 3188983 TI - The antihypertensive effect of pinacidil versus prazosin in mild to moderate hypertensive patients seen in general practice. AB - The antihypertensive effect of a new vasodilating drug, pinacidil, was compared with prazosin in a randomized, open study in general practice including 131 patients with a sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 100-115 mmHg. At inclusion 108 patients were untreated and the remaining patients were on treatment with thiazide diuretics and/or beta-blockers. The aim was to reduce the sitting DBP to less than or equal to 95 mmHg, which was achieved in 85% of the patients treated with pinacidil and in 77% of the patients treated with prazosin (NS). In the responding patients the reductions were (mean +/- SD) 16 +/- 7 mmHg (p less than 0.001) and 13 +/- 6 mmHg (p less than 0.001) in the pinacidil group (n = 60) and the prazosin group (n = 46), respectively (p less than 0.10). During 5 months of maintenance therapy no statistically significant differences in blood pressures between the two treatment groups were present. Side-effects were typical of vasodilator therapy, i.e. headache, dizziness, tachycardia and edema, leading to discontinuation of therapy in 10 patients in each treatment group. Heart rate (HR) was increased with pinacidil and unchanged with prazosin. Edema was frequently seen with pinacidil and dizziness with prazosin. Because of edema a thiazide diuretic was given to nine patients in the pinacidil group and two patients in the prazosin group. No clinically significant changes in ECG and biochemical variables were observed. In conclusion, the study has demonstrated that pinacidil is as effective an antihypertensive agent as prazosin. Pinacidil may be used as monotherapy. However, the study suggests that pinacidil should be used as add-on therapy to thiazide diuretics. PMID- 3188982 TI - Effects of nicotinic acid on concentrations of serum apolipoproteins B, C-I, C II, C-III and E in hyperlipidemic patients. AB - Twenty-four patients with Type IIa, IIb, III and IV hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) were treated with 4 g of nicotinic acid daily with the purpose to study its effect on serum apolipoprotein B, C-I, C-II, C-III and E concentrations. Triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations of whole serum and of different serum lipoprotein fractions were also determined. Analyses were performed prior to and after a drug treatment period of 6 weeks, during which all the patients were weight stable. Treatment caused a decrease in serum concentrations of apolipoproteins C-I, C-II, C-III and E. These highly significant reductions were all positively correlated to a reduction of very low density lipoprotein triglyceride levels of serum (r-values greater than 0.76, p less than 0.001). There were highly significant decreases in serum levels of apolipoprotein B and low density lipoprotein total cholesterol. These reductions were positively intercorrelated (r = 0.55; p less than 0.01). Similar effects were observed in the different HLP types and in both sexes. Treatment resulted in normolipidemia in 12 patients, who were hypercholesterolemic (7 type IIa, 3 type IIb, 2 type III hyperlipoproteinemia) prior to treatment. The serum apolipoprotein B concentrations of these 12 patients fell after therapy to values which, however, remained abnormally high. We suggest that serum lipid adjusting treatment should aim at a normalization not only of serum lipid concentrations but also of the serum apolipoprotein B concentration in order to achieve a maximal antiatherogenic effect. PMID- 3188984 TI - Non-invasive estimation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at rest and during exercise by electrocardiography, phonocardiography and Doppler echocardiography. AB - Non-invasive estimation of the mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was accomplished by simultaneous electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic and continuous wave Doppler echocardiographic recordings. The interval from the onset of the QRS complex to the Doppler determined mitral valve closure (Q-MC) and the interval from the phonocardiographic aortic component of the second heart sound to the Doppler determined mitral valve opening (A2-MO) were measured. The non invasive registrations were carried out simultaneously with direct measurements of the wedge pressure. In an initial group of 22 patients, a significant correlation was observed between the intervals alone and the wedge pressure, r = 0.60, SEE = +/- 6.9 mmHg, p less than 0.01, for the Q-MC interval and r = -0.70, SEE = 6.2 mmHg, p less than 0.001 for the A2-MO interval. A closer correlation was observed between the ratio Q-MC/A2-MO and the measured wedge pressure, r = 0.93, SEE = +/- 3.1 mmHg, p less than 0.001. The linear regression equation, PCW = 19.5 (Q-MC/A2-MO) + 3.0 (mmHg), was applied prospectively to a second group of 23 patients. Again the relationship between estimated and measured wedge pressure was highly significant, r = 0.90, SEE = +/- 3.1 mmHg, p less than 0.001. Twenty two patients were also studied during an exercise test, and acceptable non invasive recordings were obtained in 19 of them. The change in estimated wedge pressure during activity related closely to the change in actual wedge pressure, r = 0.80, SEE = +/- 5.7 mmHg, p less than 0.001. A simplified equation suitable for routine clinical practice, PCW = 24 (Q-MC/A2-MO) (mmHg), yielded almost equally accurate estimates of the wedge pressure over a wide range of pressures. The simplicity and reasonable accuracy of Doppler-assisted estimation of the wedge pressure makes it useful in the evaluation and follow-up of patients with suspected cardiac disorders. The method may assist in evaluating the effects of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures, since it is sufficiently sensitive to detect acute directional changes in wedge pressure. PMID- 3188985 TI - Echocardiographic-determined left ventricular wall characteristics in insulin dependent diabetic patients. AB - Left ventricular wall mass, thickness and movement were investigated by echocardiography in 80 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with no signs of ischaemic heart disease and in 40 healthy controls. In diabetics with a disease duration of greater than 30 yr, urinary albumin excretion rate greater than 200 micrograms/min (clinical nephropathy), proliferative retinopathy or autonomic neuropathy, both the posterior wall thickness and the septal thickness were increased compared to controls. The posterior wall thickness and the septal thickness were positively correlated to blood pressure (p less than 0.001), disease duration (p less than 0.001), urinary albumin excretion rate (p less than 0.001), and negatively correlated to the heart variation during deep respiration (p less than 0.01). The left ventricular wall mass was correlated to both blood pressure (p less than 0.01) and urinary albumin excretion rate (p less than 0.01). By multiple regression analysis urinary albumin excretion rate, disease duration and heart rate variation during deep respiration did not add significantly to the correlation between left ventricular wall mass/wall thickness and blood pressure. The septal movement was reduced in diabetics with proliferative retinopathy or clinical nephropathy. In conclusion, left ventricular wall thickness and wall mass were closely related to blood pressure in insulin-dependent diabetics. Signs of impaired cardiac function, such as reduced septal movement, were seen only in patients with severe microvascular disease. PMID- 3188987 TI - Protein C in acute renal failure. AB - In 16 patients with acute renal failure we studied protein C activity, both coagulant and amidolytic, as well as protein C antigen level. Protein C coagulant activity was markedly decreased in acute renal failure. Furthermore, changes in kidney function were paralleled by alterations in protein C coagulant activity. The amidolytic activity and antigen level of protein C were normal in most cases, and the changes observed in a few patients seem clearly related to changes in liver function. This defective protein C could contribute to the thrombotic tendency reported in patients with acute renal failure. PMID- 3188988 TI - Frequency of hepatic cysts in adult polycystic kidney disease. AB - The frequency of hepatic cysts in patients with adult polycystic kidney disease (APKD) is usually considered to average about 33%, but with great, and hitherto largely unexplained, variations between different studies. Sixty-six consecutive patients with APKD were all subjected to CT scanning of the liver and of the kidneys. In confirmation of one previous study, a clearcut correlation was found between age (= duration of disease) and the frequency of hepatic cysts. It was furthermore found that cysts in the liver, as opposed to cysts in the kidneys, continue to grow and appear de novo even after institution of renal replacement therapy. PMID- 3188986 TI - Muscle function and morphology in myotonic dystrophy. AB - Patients with myotonic dystrophy classified clinically into function groups were studied. Muscle strength for knee extension and flexion was, with few exceptions, moderately or markedly reduced with successively more severe clinical disability. The reduction in maximal walking speed showed a similar tendency. There was a large percentage of both type I and in relation to normal findings of type II C fibers in biopsies from most patients. The fiber area varied greatly even in the patients in the best function groups, some of whom had large type II fibers. The most common-histopathological changes, found in all function groups, were fiber atrophy with small angular fibers, internal nuclei, splitting, fibrosis and moth eaten fibers. A high percentage of type I fibers can already be seen in patients with practically no other morphological changes and without significant functional deterioration. PMID- 3188990 TI - Low specificity of the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis in patients with erysipelas of the leg. AB - The 125I-fibrinogen test was evaluated as a diagnostic tool for deep vein thrombosis in patients with erysipelas. In the investigated group of 43 patients, several showed an increased uptake that could not be verified by subsequent phlebography. The false positive test may have been caused by the local inflammatory process. The 125I-fibrinogen test seems to be too unspecific to be used for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis in this patient group. PMID- 3188989 TI - Prevalence of hemochromatosis in Finland. AB - Transferrin saturation was determined in 11,431 men and 10,639 women aged 15 or more drawn from different areas in southern and central Finland and attending a multiphasic health screening examination in 1967-1972. All the 163 men and 66 women with transferrin saturation greater than or equal to 70% at the initial examination and still alive at the end of 1983 were invited to a re-examination. Of the invited persons, 76% attended the re-examination. Transferrin saturation and serum ferritin were the initial screening methods in the re-examination. All persons with suspected hemochromatosis were clinically examined and a laparoscopy was performed. Four men and four women were found with unequivocal hemochromatosis. Only one of these cases was diagnosed beforehand. According to these data the prevalence of hemochromatosis in Finland is about 50/100,000. PMID- 3188991 TI - Papillary muscle rupture as a first event in acute myocardial infarction. AB - Cardiogenic shock caused by papillary muscle rupture in acute myocardial infarction is potentially reversible by surgical treatment. A case of inferior myocardial infarction in a 56-year-old previously healthy man is reported, in which the first event was papillary muscle rupture. The patient was in shock and had a mitral insufficiency murmur. The diagnosis was made by echocardiography and ventriculography. A St. Jude valve was implanted, and the patient was discharged in good health. It is suggested that routine echocardiography be carried out on patients with sudden cardiogenic shock, when a mitral murmur is present. PMID- 3188992 TI - Adrenal pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma producing catecholamines and various neuropeptides. AB - A 65-year-old woman presenting with back pain, difficulties in walking and watery diarrhea. A right adrenal tumor and high excretion of catecholamines were found. Laboratory examinations showed raised levels of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin and calcitonin. Histology showed a combined pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma. The neoplastic cell population was immunohistochemically shown to contain tyrosine hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, met enkephalin, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Postoperatively, the patient recovered fully and the hormone levels returned to normal. PMID- 3188993 TI - Feeding of partially hydrogenated fish oils to rats in comparison with partially hydrogenated soybean oil and refined rapeseed oil: a combined chronic oral toxicity and carcinogenicity study with in utero phase. AB - Partially hydrogenated fish oils (PHFO) have been widely used in human food products for many years, particularly in Europe, North and South America and in South Africa. Animal studies, mainly with rapeseed oil, suggested that erucic acid might be responsible for morphological changes in the myocardium. It was suggested that other members of the docosenoic (22:1) family of fatty acids might produce similar effects to those ascribed to erucic acid. Certain PHFO can contain relatively high levels of these other isomers. Thus it was decided to evaluate PHFO of differing 22:1 levels in comparison with partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) and refined rapeseed oil (LEAR) in a rat life span study, preceded by a breeding period in which the experimental lipids were fed to male and female parents. Two commercially produced PHFO were selected to represent the lower (PHFO-L) and upper (PHFO-U) range of 22:1 contents, 4.3 and 13.8%, respectively. A third test oil was prepared from a 50:50 blend of these (PHFO-M) to provide and intermediary 22:1 level. The control PHSBO and LEAR contained 0 and 1.0% 22:1, respectively. These experimental oils were included in semi purified diets at 8 and 16%, respectively, in the breeding and life span periods of the study, together with 4% of oil mixtures providing essential fatty acids (EFA). Specific pathogen free (SPF). Wistar weanling rats, 200 of each sex, provided the subjects for the breeding period. Sufficient numbers of offspring were obtained in suitable condition from each treatment group to allow selection of a total of 555 weanlings for allocation to the five dietary treatments of the life span period of the study. For the life span period of the study, which was terminated after 107 to 110 weeks of treatment, 50 subjects were allocated to each of the PHSBO, PHFO-L and PHFO-U dietary groups, and 50 males to each of the LEAR and PHFO-M groups. The remaining subjects were allocated to sub-groups for sacrifice four days or 26 weeks after introduction of the life span period diets. All life span group subjects were weighed and had their food intakes recorded, and were subjected to clinical examination, routinely. At designated stages, ophthalmoscopic examination of all subjects was carried out, and samples of blood and urine were obtained from sub-groups for laboratory analysis. All decedent and terminated life span group subjects were subjected to post mortem examination, with weighing of 16 organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3188994 TI - Respiratory activity of the pons and its influence on breathing in the guinea pig. AB - The localization of respiratory activity in the pons of the anaesthetized guinea pigs has been studied. The respiration related units were localized in/or close to the following anatomical structures: nucleus parabrachialis, nucleus trigemini motorius and nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis. The influence of the pontine respiratory activity on the pattern of breathing was studied by the use of a reversible pharmacological block (local anaesthetic) of these structures. The application of lignocaine to all investigated sites of the pons caused the prolongation of both respiratory phases, then an effect comparable to vagotomy. In the vagotomized animal the focal block of nucleus parabrachialis has never produced apneusis (pronounced prolongation of inspiration and very short lasting expiration). Since the removal of some pontine structures involved in the breathing control caused the depression of respiration, we concluded that the respiratory activity of the pons in the guinea pigs exerts an excitatory influence on the rhythm generating mechanism in this animal. PMID- 3188995 TI - Cue distinctiveness and response-to-change in scopolamine injected or hippocampal rats. AB - Our previous findings indicated that hippocampal lesions (H) or scopolamine' injections (Sc) affected stimulus information acquired by distant observation of the white-black T-maze arms (the passive test), but left the information intact when it was gained by T-maze exploration (the active test). Because this difference might reflect the attentional deficit in H or Sc rats, in the present experiment we attempted to investigate the effect of lowered distinctiveness of cues (dark grey vs black T-maze arms) on the performance of rats in the active test. A total of 75 rats were assigned to four groups: (i) damaged in the dorsal hippocampus (H); (ii) sham operated (C); (iii) scopolamine (Sc) injected (1.0 mg/kg i. p.) and (iv) saline injected (NaCL). Each group showed a significant preponderance of choices of the arm which was changed in brightness between the two consecutive trials, separated by 1 min break. The groups did not differ markedly among themselves in the percentage of changed arm choices (H group, 85 percent; C, 74 percent; Sc -72 percent; NaCL, 72 percent). This result indicates that H or Sc rats are able to perceive a slight difference of brightness and to retain it over a period of 1 min. Therefore, the different performance of H as well as Sc rats in the passive and active test, observed previously, cannot be accounted for by the attentional deficit hypothesis. PMID- 3188996 TI - Immobility reflex evoked by vertical lifting of the rat. AB - It is assumed that the immobility reflex (IR) evoked in adult rats by sensory stimulation does not exceed a few seconds. However, we easily achieved a longer lasting (up to 3 min or longer) immobility state in most of the tested rats when they were grasped by hand and lifted to a specific upright position. Twenty male rats originating from two different albino populations could remain immobilized continuously in such a position for average durations of 138 and 48 s respectively, while in 20 hooded male rats and 20 albino female rats the mean immobility durations were 138 s and 36 s, respectively. It is suggested that IR evoked in rats is homologous with similar reflexes in other species, the assumption that the rat is not useful for IR studies deserts reconsideration. PMID- 3188997 TI - Upright faces seem to have longer duration of presentation than inverted ones. AB - Nontemporal variables were shown to influence subjective duration. Some of these variables are known to alter recognition performance. We suggested that the ease of pattern recognition underlies the effect exerted by some nontemporal stimuli characteristics on brief duration estimation. In order to test this assumption, recognition was manipulated by presenting facial stimuli in upright and inverted position. Upright faces are known to be recognized easier than inverted ones. The results showed that the upright faces were judged to last longer than the invprted ones when presented for the same time intervals within the range of 10 to 70 ms. It was concluded that recognition performance might play an essential role in the effect of some nontemporal variables on brief duration perception. PMID- 3188998 TI - Intrinsic connections and cytoarchitectonic data of the frontal association cortex in the dog. AB - Organization of intrinsic connections of the frontal association cortex (FAC) in dogs was studied using retrograde HRP-transport method. For cytoarchitectonic observations and measurements of thickness of the cortex and its particular layers, additional sections stained with Nissl method were examined. Organization of intrinsic connections showed that within the dog's FAC two main cortical zones could be distinguished - the dorsal and the ventral one. The dorsal zone involves dorsally situated areas on the lateral and medial aspects of the hemisphere, which belong to the prefrontal and premotor regions. The vientral zone consists only of prefrontal areas situated ventrally on both aspects of the hemisphere. Each of the zones is characterized by strong mutual intrinsic connections and weak connections with the other zone. At the border there is a transitional area in which connections from both dorsal and ventral zones overlap. The cytoarchitectonic observations indicated that the dorsal and ventral zones can be distinguished in the central and caudal, but not in the rostral FAC subregion. The dorsal zone is characterized by considerable thickness of the cortex, cortical layers III and V, and the presence in these layers of scattered, large pyramidal neurons. The ventral zone has thinner cortex and layers III and V, and their pyramidal neurons are more uniform in size. In none of the zones clearly defined granular layer IV was observed. PMID- 3188999 TI - Proceedings of the 8th European Congress of Neurosurgery. Barcelona, September 6 11, 1987. PMID- 3189000 TI - 774 carotid endarterectomies for strokes and transient ischaemic attacks: comparison of results of early vs. late surgery. AB - A total of 774 carotid endarterectomies were done; 363 (47%) for completed strokes and strokes with unstable neurological status and 411 (53%) for transient ischaemic attacks. One hundred eight emergency carotid endarterectomies were done in the stroke group for either recurrent strokes or where the lumen of the internal carotid was less than 0.5 mm. Eighty-four emergency carotid endarterectomies were done in the transient ischaemic attack group for either recurrent T.I.A.s or T.I.A.s with carotid lumen less than 0.5 mm. There were 14 (3.8%) deaths in the stroke group and 3 (0.7%) in the transient ischaemic attack group. In the stroke group, the lowest mortality of 1.6% (4 deaths) was in 246 carotid endarterectomies done in the first week, while 87 done in the second week had 3.4% mortality (3 deaths) and 30 done in the third week or later had 23.3% mortality (7 deaths). The highest mortality was in patients with recurrent strokes during the same admission before surgery and in whom surgery was delayed until the third week or later. Primary cause of death was myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism but not neurological. PMID- 3189001 TI - Treatment and recurrences in 135 pituitary adenomas. AB - In 135 operated pituitary adenomas of different histological nature, seen over 20 years, the initial treatment was surgical, by trans-sphenoidal or transcranial approach depending on the tumour extent, followed by radiotherapy if necessary. In spite of modern investigation methods, diagnosis is still often made late, so that 118 of our cases already had visual symptoms. After surgery alone (87 cases) made by the same team recurrences occurred in 16%. Reoperations (14 cases) were generally more difficult and could also be followed by new recurrences needing finally radiotherapy with still positive results. Two cases had initial radiotherapy, the other 46 cases were treated by surgery and radiotherapy with a recurrence level of 8.3%. These results indicate the need to use immediate postoperative radiotherapy in every pituitary adenoma showing even the slightest invasive potential because radical surgery is hypothetical and recurrences possible. The recurrence of pituitary adenomas remains a difficult problem of anticipation and of curative management. Our position in terms of these benign tumours is to adopt readily this therapeutic course: surgery followed by radiotherapy, which provides the best prognosis without major risks. PMID- 3189002 TI - Management and surgical outcome of suprasellar meningiomas. AB - The authors analyse 22 cases of suprasellar meningiomas, drawing attention to factors influencing on the surgical outcome. In all but one case, symptomatology began with progressive visual failure in one eye. Bilateral anosmia was noted in 4 patients with large tumour. Mental disorders were conspicuous in 5 cases and 3 patients suffered from epilepsy. Headache was severe in 5 cases. Endrocrinological disorders were observed in 3 patients. The sella turcica was of normal shape in all cases. Marked hyperostosis of the planum or tuberculum existed in 7 cases. The tumour was heavy-calcified in 2 cases. CT scanning showed everytime a marked enhancement of the tumour and in 4 cases, a large hypodense area surrounded the tumour. The patients were operated on through a bifrontal approach or a unilateral frontal flap. A partial anterior frontal lobectomy was regularly performed on one side. While the tumour is piecemeal exacavated, the dural attachment at the base is reached as quickly as possible. Complications consisted in rhinorrhea of CSF in 2 cases, once in a transitory diabetes insipidus and in a secondary hydrocephalus. Post-operative mortality remains high. Among the eleven cases of large tumours, a direct postoperative death occurred, due to a severe arterial bleeding. Two other patients died 4 and 6 weeks respectively after operation. An other patient died 8 years after operation, from meningitis. Among the 5 cases of medium-sized tumours, one post operative death occurred in a young female, 30 of age, following urinary infection by Klebsiella, complicated by toxicemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189003 TI - Microsurgery of midbrain lesions. AB - Between 1973 and 1987 a total of 38 patients with midbrain lesions were encountered. In 15 cases surgical exploration was not warranted, 23 patients underwent definitive surgical exploration. The infratentorial supracerebellar approach proved to be the ideal route for the exposure of the 21 lesions which were located in the more dorsal aspect of the midbrain; in 7 cases the extension of the mass lesion reached from the cerebellum into the midbrain and, therefore, the exposure demanded a transcerebellar route. In one case with a hamartoma in the interpeduncular cistern and another case of a metastasis of the right cerebral peduncle the subtemporal approach was chosen. Three patients died as a consequence of the operation, but in the other 20 there was no increase in morbidity after surgery and the immediate postoperative course was favourable. Four cases with malignant tumours died from recurrence despite radiotherapy. The remaining 16 cases have been doing well up to 14 years after surgery. PMID- 3189004 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of pineal tumours. Kyoto University experience (1941 1984). AB - Our current policy for the treatment of pineal tumours is presented, based upon our experience of 139 cases of pineal tumours in a period of 44 years from 1941 through 1984. First of all, it should be emphasized that germinomas are extremely radiosensitive and are treated successfully by radiotherapy alone. Accordingly, the treatment of choice for germinomas would be radiotherapy without surgery, if the diagnosis could be made confidently by the modern armamentarium of investigations, including CT, cerebrospinal fluid cytology and serum level of tumour markers, such as alphafetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin. When the diagnosis of germinoma is suspected although not straightforward, CT is reexamined after a trial of diagnostic radiation of 20 Gy. If the tumour size has not been reduced at all, it is unlikely that the tumour is a germinoma and surgery should be considered for removal as well as establishment of the histological diagnosis. PMID- 3189005 TI - Infratentorial epidermoids. AB - Infratentorial epidermoids are rarely seen in the lifetime of a neurosurgeon. Most published series consist of a dozen or so cases. In a period of 20 years we operated on only 6 such patients. Five are doing excellently, one patient died two and a half months after operation of a fulminating infection. The follow-up is of 20 years, 9 years, and 3 years of the first three patients, while the remaining three were operated during the last year. Such an accelerated pace of epidermoid incidence in our department during the last year may be fortuitous, but may also be an indication that, many patients with vague complaints who had an epidermoid, had been missed in the past. Undoubtedly, the CT scan has greatly facilitated the diagnosis of epidermoid cysts, whether infra- or supratentorial. Diagnosis, however, hinges on suspicion or awareness on clinical grounds of the possibility of an infratentorial epidermoid. The analysis of the clinical presentation in our 6 cases, seems to allow the division of infratentorial epidermoids into those that are posteriorly located, which uniformly manifested at some stage of illness raised intracranial pressure, and the anterior epidermoids in the cerebello-pontine angle characterized by the insidious involvement of cranial nerves. Computerized tomography, in some cases with the adjunct of Metrizamide cisternography, confirms the diagnosis and delineates the spread of the lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189006 TI - Cystic meningiomas. AB - Four cases of cystic meningiomas were found among 194 meningiomas diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and operated on during a 7 year period, an incidence of 2%. The cysts were in all cases peritumoral. The cyst's wall was the brain itself, and the ependymal ventricular wall was part of their medial boundary. They contained xanthochromic fluid with a high protein content. Three meningiomas were parasagittal and one was adjacent to the pteryon and the external part of the sphenoid ridge. The mural nodules were in 2 cases apparent single nodes although in one it was part of multiple distant and regional growths, in another the tumour was built by the aggregation of 2 nodes, the remaining case was an "en plaque" meningioma. All were definitely attached to the dura. Histological pattern was different in every case. Those parasagittal were: one pure meningotheliomatous, one mixed meningotheliomatous with pseudo psammomatous and lipoblastic sections and one highly vascular angioblastic; the pteryonal case was psammomatous and microcystic. CT diagnosis is difficult because glial, metastatic and other tumours may look cystic and resemble cystic meningiomas. Nevertheless in 3 cases the correct diagnosis was suspected preoperatively because the solid portion of the tumour showed intense and homogeneous contrast enhancement with a sharp edge and was located adjacent to the dura. On the other hand in the remaining case, the parasagittal solid tumour was not readily apparent on CT (the "en plaque", case), and the tentative preoperative diagnosis was of an epidermoid tumour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189007 TI - Intraoperative monitoring of the motor function: experimental and clinical study. AB - Manipulation of the lesions adjacent to the primary motor area or the motor pathway is troublesome for neurosurgeons because they lack an effective method to determine the primary motor area or to monitor motor function in the operative room. It will be of great value to establish a monitoring method of the corticospinal tract under general anaesthesia. We recorded the motor evoked potential (MEP) from direct motor cortex stimulation in cats and showed that it derives almost purely from the corticospinal tract. Then we used this technique during the operation of the resection of tumours near the primary motor area or the motor pathway. 1. Experimental study: Twenty adult cats were used in this study. Recording electrodes were flexible bipolar catheter electrodes inserted into the spinal epidural space. Stimulating electrodes were silver ball electrode on the cortex (anode) and needle electrode in the temporal muscle (cathode). Stimulation of 4-24 V, 5-10 Hz and 0.2 msec in duration were done and evoked potentials signals were averaged 60 to 512 times. MEP with multiple peaks was obtained that had a 112 msec conduction velocity in the spinal cord. We found the same signals from the stimulation of ipsilateral cerebral peduncle. Radiofrequency lesioning of ipsilateral cerebral peduncle produced a loss of MEP. These results show that MEP derives from the corticospinal tract. Significant wave form change, with components of short latency, was noted by the excessively intense stimuli. We supposed that superimposition of the signals from the extrapyramidal pathways, excited in the brain stem, results in this change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189009 TI - Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa: experience with 77 cases treated surgically. AB - Arachnoid cysts of the middle cranial fossa (Sylvian cysts), represent the most common type of intracranial leptomeningeal malformation. Among the 102 intracranial arachnoid cysts operated on at the authors' institution from January 1970 to August 1986, the 77 cases (75%) located in the middle cranial fossa are reviewed. The higher incidence in the first two decades of life (51 cases) as well as the marked predilection for the male sex (60 cases) and the left hemisphere (55 cases) are confirmed in the authors' experience. As for clinical presentation cranial deformities, symptoms of raised intracranial pressure and epilepsy constituted the most frequent features. In 13 patients a complicating lesion was associated: subdural or intracystic haematomas in 7 cases, subdural hygromas in 4 cases and, extradural haematomas in 2 cases. Based on the appearance at CT scan and the results at CT cisternography the authors proposed a classification into three basic types of increasing severity and different pathophysiologic conditions. All the patients underwent craniotomy, excision of the cyst walls and perforation into the basal cisterns. There was one postoperative death (mortality rate of 1.3%) due to meningitis. The remaining clinical results were gratifying in all three types of lesion; on follow-up CT scans the cysts of type I. and II. exhibited a steady tendency to reduction or obliteration while cerebral reexpansion seemed less evident in the third, most severe, type. The authors compare and discuss the options of radical open surgery versus shunting procedures. PMID- 3189010 TI - Intracranial arachnoid cysts in adults. AB - Twenty-two cases of intracranial arachnoid cysts in adult patients have been studied and treated surgically. The authors analysed the correlation between the size and the location of the cysts and their clinical manifestations. It seems clear that the symptomatology and the problems of intracranial arachnoid cysts in the adult are quite different from those occurring with infants. The majority of our cases have been diagnosed by CT and NMR, and have been treated by open excision of the cystic membranes with the establishment of a wide communication with the basal cisterns or the subarachnoid space. With this technique the results have been very gratifying, while in cases managed with shunts the morbidity has been high. PMID- 3189008 TI - Experience of boron-neutron capture therapy for malignant brain tumours--with special reference to the problems of postoperative CT follow-ups. AB - Boron-neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is theoretically a highly selective treatment of infiltrating tumours, in that the tumoricidal heavy particle radiation is limited to a sphere of 10 microns around a tumour cell which is loaded with non-radioactive boron-10 atoms. There were 73 gliomas among the 83 cases treated by boron-neutron capture therapy. For grade III-IV cerebral gliomas, 5 and 10 year survival rates were an unimpressive 19 and 10% respectively. This was the result of technical problems such as unsatisfactory reactors and inadequate craniotomies for the majority of the patients. If the analysis was limited to those whose tumours had been irradiated with more than 2.5 x 10(12) neutrons/cm2 (yielding more than 3,000 rem or more), the 5 and 10 year survival were almost 100 and 50%. The longest surviving glioblastoma (grade IV) patient has lived in a satisfactory manner for the past 15 years. For the cases who had been treated with borderline doses (lethal or sublethal), interpretation of the postoperative CTs was frequently intriguing. Several cases had to undergo re-opening and occasionally even another BNCT, only to find no viable tumour tissue. Death occurred in some, either due to discontinuation of supportive treatments by local physicians, or due to excessive therapies by the author directly involved in the patient's care, both of whom had erroneously believed in recurrence. At autopsy, residual tumour cells were recognized only in the areas where the above-mentioned neutron fluence had not been delivered at the time of the treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189011 TI - Arachnoid cysts of the middle fossa predispose to subdural haematoma formation fact or fiction? AB - An association between arachnoid cysts of the middle fossa (ACMF) and complicating subdural haematoma (SDH) has been previously noted. More recently it has been hypothesized that ACMF may predispose to SDH formation. The Plymouth Neurosurgical Unit has treated twenty patients with ACMF between 1976-1985, seven of these being complicated by SDH. There was an age range of 11-56 years in those with SDH. Six of the seven patients with ACMF and SDH gave no significant trauma history. Four of these were males aged 11 to 20 years. The presenting histories, clinical findings and subsequent management of these patients were compared with the age-matched males with SDH alone (twelve patients). In the SDH alone group 100% suffered major skull trauma and 80% had demonstrable skull fractures. In addition the patients with ACMF were compared with patients presenting with other supratentorial arachnoid cysts in Plymouth. Only ACMF were associated with the development of SDH in our study. Three patients demonstrated total masking of the ACMF by isodense intracystic haematoma on computed tomography. In two of these patients the presence of an ACMF was suspected due to plain radiographic and CT enlargement of the middle fossa. It is advocated that with special reference to young males, in the absence of major skull trauma an ACMF should be suspected as a predisposing factor to SDH. Postoperative CT scans for at least one year are advisable in young patients with SDH as demonstration of the presence of an ACMF and SDH affects future management. PMID- 3189012 TI - Clinical and neuropsychological results after operative and conservative treatment of arachnoidal cysts of the perisylvian region. AB - Most supratentorial arachnoid cysts are found in the perisylvian region. They are thin extracerebral fluid filled pouches and occasionally symptoms are caused by space occupation. We have studied 28 cases with these cysts, with follow-up time varying from one to ten years. 8 of the cases presented with a sudden onset of seizures, while 5 cases had a history of seizures dating from childhood. 14 cases underwent surgery, of whom most had histological evidence of previous haemorrhage and some had evidence of subdural haematoma. Surgery was uneventful in all cases regardless of the method used and all had satisfactory outcome. All 28 cases were followed up systematically including intelligence testing and specific testing of memory and other temporal lobe functions. The group scored normal in standardized tests with a distribution similar to the normal population. Results did not show any deficit of function related to the localization of the cyst. Despite of the severity of their initial symptoms, postoperative cases performed just as well at psychological testing. Those cases who continued to experience seizures showed a memory disturbance and seemed to lack initiative. Most cases studied had normal error scores in the dichotic listening examinations. There was no connection between the side of the cyst and a unilateral deficit. The results are discussed. PMID- 3189013 TI - Intraoperative identification of the central sulcus: a practical method. AB - A practical method of intraoperative identification of the central sulcus using cortical evoked potentials (EP) was reported. The method herein proposed is unique with stimulation to the trigeminal and tibial nerve in addition to median nerve stimulation, depending on the location of the lesion. Thus, a wide coverage of the rolandic fissure was possible. Eighteen adult patients with peri-rolandic lesions were investigated. Fourteen cases had a malignant tumour but all except 3 showed only a minor neurological deficit preoperatively. In 13 cases, the central sulcus could be identified through the phenomenon of the phase-reversal of cortical EP across the central fissure. Of the remaining 5 cases, cortical EP were not detected in 3 (all showed hemiplegia and/or aphasia) and EP without phase-reversal were obtained in 2. As a result, in most cases showing only a trivial neurological deficit before surgery, aggressive removal of the tumour was successfully carried out without producing severe motor dysfunction. PMID- 3189017 TI - Assessment of reversible cerebral ischaemia in man: intraoperative monitoring of the somatosensory evoked response. AB - Central conduction time (CCT) has been monitored in 37 patients undergoing temporary arterial occlusion in aneurysm surgery. 17 patients had internal carotid, 17 had middle cerebral, and 4 had basilar artery occlusion. Internal carotid or middle cerebral artery occlusion lasting less than 12 minutes has not been associated with postoperative morbidity, in any case without appreciable change in CCT after occlusion. Prompt prolongation of CCT was warned the surgeon, but CCT prolongation up to 10 ms could occur without permanent neurological deficit, except in one Grade 4 patient. 10 of 18 patients who lost the N 20 cortical potential showed postoperative neurological deficit, which was promptly recoverable in 7 patients. The speed of loss or recovery of N 20 enabled a patients's prognosis to be predicted. Irrecoverable postoperative deficit is unlikely if the N 20 takes longer than 4 minutes to disappear, to reappears within 20 minutes after recirculation. PMID- 3189014 TI - RISA cisternography in the option of ventriculocisternal shunt for infantile non tumoural aqueductal stenosis. AB - Twenty cases of infantile triventricular hydrocephalus from non-tumoural aqueductal stenosis were treated by ventriculocisternal shunt following RISA cisternography. In 11 cases RISA cisternography showed a normal pattern of CSF circulation. One patient was lost to follow-up. Two had their intrathecal shunt converted into an extrathecal one because of postoperative meningeal infection. Of the remaining 8 patients, 7 had good and 1 fair long term results. In 9 cases RISA cisternography presented an abnormal pattern without indicating a definite impairment of CSF absorption. Slow flow of the tracer leading to its complete disappearance from 36 to 48 hours and 48 to 72 hours was observed respectively in 7 and 2 patients. In both the latter as well in two of the other seven an extrathecal shunt had to be employed (44%). A retrospective analysis to assess the predictive value of CSF absorption test by RISA in the selection of this kind of intrathecal shunt is made. PMID- 3189016 TI - Intraoperative monitoring of the electrocochleogram and the preservation of hearing during acoustic neuroma excision. AB - We have monitored the electrocochleogram (ECochG) of 24 patients, using a transtympanic electrode, during acoustic neuroma excision. All patients had unilateral tumours with good preoperative hearing and complete excision was achieved in each case. Of the 24 patients, seven retained some hearing, however, a further two patients had normal ECochG waveforms at the end of operation but were nevertheless deaf. Thus, there is not an invariable correlation between immediate preservation of the ECochG and hearing. As expected, tumour size was important in hearing preservation. Five of seven patients with tumours less than 1.5 cm in diameter retained some hearing after operation, whereas 15 of 17 patients with tumours greater than 1.5 cm in diameter were deaf. PMID- 3189015 TI - Intracranial CSF volumes: natural variations and physiological changes measured by MRI. AB - Cranial CSF volumes, for the first time including CSF in the subarachnoid space, can be measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The MRI sequence causes signal from the grey matter and white matter to cancel producing a contrast of 200: 1 between a unit of CSF and a unit of brain. We have assessed the variations between normal individuals and investigated some of the physiological factors that might influence cranial CSF volumes. Total CSF volumes were measured in 64 normal subjects, aged from 18-64 years (mean 38 years). Ventricular, cortical sulcal and posterior fossa volumes were also calculated separately. In 20 females with a normal menstrual cycle, CSF volumes were measured mid cycle and premenstrually; 10 post menopausal females and 10 males were rescanned after an interval of 2 weeks. Total cranial CSF volume were calculated before and during inhalation of 7% CO2 and before and during hyperventilation while breathing 60% O2, in 12 normal subjects. Total intracranial CSF volume ranged from 57.1-286.5 ml. Total intracranial and cortical sulcal CSF volumes increased more steeply with age than ventricular or posterior fossa CSF volumes. Males had more cranial CSF than females. Total CSF volume increased premenstrually in 19 females. Males and post-menopausal females did not have a significant change in CSF volume, on repeat examination. CO2 inhalation produced a mean increase of paCO2 of 17.2 mmHg and CSF volume decreased in all subjects (mean 9.4 ml). Cranial CSF volume increased in 11 subjects during O2 inhalation (range -0.5 to +26.7 ml mean 10.9 ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189018 TI - The use of EEG spectral analysis after thiopental bolus in the prognostic evaluation of comatose patients with brain injuries. AB - The value of EEG data and evoked potentials (EP), combined with the patient's clinical status, are important parameters used to document decerebration, but their reliability is at its best when the decerebration is nearly complete. Based on spectral analysis of the EEG we compiled criteria for the cerebral function with application of agents known to alter the normal EEG. We found very distinct and different pattern responses in spectral analysis of the EEG after the bolus injection of 100-500 mg Thiopental, correlating well with the patient's prognosis. In a study with 40 patients, those who showed a significant increase of power in all frequencies, especially a short lasting increase in beta (3-7 min) survived in 84%. On the other hand, all the patients who had a decrease of absolute power in all frequency band died, even when brainstem reflexes and various pain reactions were still present. Spectral analysis after Thiopental bolus injection also permits a very immediate assessment of slight improvements or deteriorations in the clinical course. PMID- 3189019 TI - Cerebral hemisphere swelling in severe head injury patients. AB - The clinical course and the intracranial pressure (ICP) changes in 66 severe head injury patients presenting bulk enlargement of one cerebral hemisphere within a few hours of trauma have been analyzed. These patients represent 11% of a series of 589 severe head injury cases studied with computerized tomography (CT). Cerebral hemisphere swelling, which was associated with an ipsilateral subdural haematoma of variable extent in 58 patients (88%), or a large epidural haematoma in 5 patients (7%), and occurred as an isolated lesion in 3 patients (4%), carried the highest incidence of uncontrollable intracranial hypertension, the highest mortality rate and the shortest survival period after trauma in the authors' severe head injury series. The high incidence of arterial hypotension and/or hypoxaemia at admission (48% of cases), and the severity of clinical presentation (82%) of patients scored 5 patients or less in the Glasgow Coma Scale, 77% had uni- or bilateral mydriasis and 82% initial ICP above normal limits) correlated with the very poor final outcome (85% mortality). Only one of the 12 patients with normal initial ICP continued to have low pressure throughout the course. High dose thiopental failed to control severe intracranial hypertension in 29 patients (44%) who had a fulminant, malignant course. A transient decrease in ICP elevation was achieved in 17 patients (26%) and a definitive control in 12 patients (18%), among them the 10 survivors in this series. In the authors experience once ICP is controlled, and unless haemodynamic instability compells action to the contrary, barbiturate should not be discontinued until a control CT scan shows complete disappearance of the mass effect. PMID- 3189020 TI - Surgical approach to giant aneurysms of the anterior circulation. AB - The surgical approach to cerebral giant aneurysms is still a source of great concern. We describe our experience with giant aneurysms of the anterior circulation and discuss the different surgical techniques adopted. During the period January 1972-December 1985, a total of 33 patients were operated upon at the Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta" of Milan for a giant aneurysm of the anterior circulation. Nineteen cases had suffered subarachnoid haemorrhage before admission; in 14 cases the hospitalization was due to evidence of mass effect on the surrounding neurovascular structures. All aneurysms were directly approached: in 24 cases the neck was occluded by a suitable clip, in 4 cases intramural thrombosis was attempted, in 3 cases the aneurysms were definitively trapped and in one case aneurysmorrhaphy was performed after resection of the sac. Operative mortality was 12%. Long-term follow-up shows good results whenever exclusion of the aneurysm from cerebral circulation had been achieved, either after removal of the sac or not; on the contrary, only fair or poor results were evident when other surgical techniques were adopted, either electively or out of necessity. The importance of intraoperative protection and monitoring of brain function is stressed. PMID- 3189021 TI - Monitoring of brain function by means of evoked potentials in cerebral aneurysm surgery. AB - Deliberate arterial hypotension is currently used to operate upon cerebral aneurysms. However, it is not ascertained whether this practice is really safe for all patients, especially those presenting with preoperative vasospasm. 50 patients, requiring surgical treatment for cerebral aneurysm, have been submitted, during surgery, to the recording of Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (SEPs) on median nerve stimulation. This technique allows the functional evaluation of neural pathways mediating the somatosensory stimuli and of primary somatosensory cortex; it is known that a decrease of cerebral perfusion may affect the SEP waveforms in terms of reduced subcortical conduction velocity (i.e., increased central conduction time, CCT) and of reduced cortical response amplitude. These changes may be apparent before a permanent neurological damage is produced. Preoperative SEP recording demonstrated a prolonged CCT, possibly related to vasospasm, in 9 patients, a normal clinical evaluation notwithstanding (grade I and II). During intraoperative deliberate hypotension, a SEP change has always been produced. No postoperative damage has been observed, however, as long as the CCT did not exceed 9 msec for 10 minutes (maximum normal CCT value is 6.7 msec) and as the cortical response had been visible throughout the whole surgical procedure. The critical value of CCT has been reached at a mean arterial pressure (MAP) lower than 60 Torr in patients with a normal preoperative SEP recording; at the opposite, in patients presenting with a prolonged preoperative CCT, the value of 9 msec was arrived at with a MAP value that is generally accepted as safe for all patients (75 Torr).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189022 TI - Treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas by embolization of the cavernous sinus through venous affluents or direct puncture. AB - Eight patients with nine carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF), one of them bilateral, have been treated in our Department by embolization of the venous components of the cavernous sinus, either through one of its venous effluents or by direct puncture of the sinus, in an effort to preserve the internal carotid artery (ICA). Five of the fistulas were of traumatic origin and four were spontaneous. In two cases the cavernous sinus was embolized through bridging temporal veins, and in another two cases embolization was carried out by catheterization of the cavernous sinus via the superior ophthalmic vein, while in the remaining five cases it was performed by direct puncture of the lateral wall of the sinus. The embolizing materials employed were bone wax mixed with an oily iodised contrast media, small pieces of oxidized cellulose or gelfoam vehicled by saline solution, and fibrin sealant. Obliteration of the CCF was complete in all but one case, in which this was accomplished only partially. On six occasions carotid patency was maintained, while in two patients failure of the technique made trapping of the ICA necessary. In one patient the ICA was ligated prior to the embolization of the cavernous sinus. The surgical techniques employed and the results achieved are exposed. PMID- 3189023 TI - Surgical management of large AVMs. AB - The surgical management of large AVMs (those greater than 6 cm in maximal diameter) should be based on a thorough understanding of the chronic hemodynamic changes produced by lesions and the acute stress placed on the cerebral vasculature by their removal. In addition to haemorrhage, seizure, and headache, these larger lesions often present with symptoms of cerebral vascular insufficiency. Angiography frequently demonstrates a high-flow arteriovenous shunt with evidence of vascular steal from the surrounding brain. In many cases there is a virtual absence of normal hemispheric filling. When the steal is sufficient to produce an area of chronic ischaemia in the brain surrounding the AVM, there is an increased risk of swelling and haemorrhage associated with complete excision. We have developed a strategy for the surgical management of these large lesions that involves a stepwise reduction of flow through the AVM using pre- and intraoperative embolization, followed by complete excision. The details of this management strategy are described, and results in 24 patients with exceptionally large AVMs are presented. PMID- 3189025 TI - [Concomitant superinfection by non-specific bacteria in urogenital tuberculosis]. PMID- 3189024 TI - [Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis]. PMID- 3189027 TI - [Diagnostic value of aspiration cytology in prostatic carcinoma. Authors' experience]. PMID- 3189026 TI - [Traumatic lesions of the posterior urethra in the follow up of 443 cases of pelvic fractures. Treatment and results]. PMID- 3189028 TI - [Superior caliceal obstruction caused by vascular compression (Fraley's syndrome)]. PMID- 3189030 TI - [Testicular metastasis of prostatic carcinoma: apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 3189029 TI - [[Eosinophilic cystitis. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3189031 TI - [Post-lymphadenectomy lymphorrhagia caused by renal adenocarcinoma]. PMID- 3189032 TI - [Intratesticular epidermoid cysts]. PMID- 3189033 TI - [Renal cyst associated with a tumor]. PMID- 3189034 TI - Aesthetic total lower eyelid reconstruction. AB - This article describes the reconstruction of the lower eyelid in two layers. Mucosa is provided by mobilizing the bulbar conjunctiva; the cutaneous layer is furnished by a laterally based myocutaneous flap from the ipsilateral upper lid. The tarsal plate is no longer taken into consideration. In 24-48 hours, the eyepad is removed and the patient can use the eye. The unaltered neurovascular supply to the flap provides good eyelid function and tone, and the aesthetic result is satisfactory. PMID- 3189035 TI - Scleral show. AB - "Scleral show" is an anatomical condition in which the sclera area is visibly exaggerated due to constitutional, evolutive, or endocrine etiology. It can also occur because of iatrogenies, and is considered one of the most complex blepharoplasty complications. Its evolution and poor response to treatment are questionable. The defect is not always linked to an ectropion, and the basic differences between the two are explained. During blepharoplasties, in order to avoid iatrogenic "scleral show," among other complications, one should take special precautions with the quantity and the exact location of the tarsal portion of orbicularis oculi muscle to be resected. PMID- 3189036 TI - Present results of fat injection. AB - Long-term results for 167 cases of the fat injection technique performed between June 1983 and June 1987 are presented. During this four-year period, stable results appear to have been obtained in only a few cases. This report also includes the disappointing preliminary findings of attempts to use fat to fill wrinkles in the face. Although these preliminary long-term results may not be encouraging, various laboratory studies seem to demonstrate the hypothetical possibility of fat cell survival and tend to encourage continued research in this field. PMID- 3189037 TI - The role of psychiatry in aesthetic surgery. AB - Twenty-five patients seeking aesthetic surgery were investigated and treated with the cooperation of the plastic surgeon and a psychiatrist. Three-fourths of the patients revealed psychiatric problems in their backgrounds. On the recommendation of the psychiatrist, eight cases underwent operations, in spite of psychiatric problems, and were satisfied with the treatment. Patients not operated on had been persuaded to abandon their operation after psychiatric therapy. In conclusion, the cooperation of the psychiatrist was found to be very effective in the treatment of those seeking aesthetic surgery. PMID- 3189038 TI - Histamine in carcinoid syndrome. AB - The exact etiology of carcinoid flushing remains unknown, but the symptoms are probably mediated through release of one or several humoral substances. Flushing seen in fore-gut carcinoids (gastric carcinoids) has been ascribed to excessive histamine release, whereas flushing seen in mid-gut carcinoids (ileal carcinoids) tentatively has been ascribed to excessive release of serotonin, bradykinin, substance P, substance K or eledoisin. In this study plasma histamine was measured in 8 patients with mid-gut carcinoids and carcinoid syndrome using an enzymatic isotopic method in order to evaluate histamine as the vasoactive agent in patients with ileal carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome. All patients had raised plasma histamine values. In patients with mid-gut carcinoids histamine may be one of the substances mediating flushing. PMID- 3189039 TI - Anti-pokeweed mitogen antiserum inhibits and enhances blastogenesis of mononuclear cells induced by pokeweed mitogen. AB - The interaction between pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was investigated using rabbit anti-PWM antiserum (anti-PWM) and 125I PWM. Incubation of PBMC with PWM in the presence of anti-PWM resulted in an inhibition of the mitogenic effect of PWM. Anti-PWM predominantly blocked the interaction of PWM with monocytes, which is essential for optimal stimulation of lymphoid cells with PWM. Addition of anti-PWM to PBMC at several time-points after incubation with PWM showed inhibition of mitogenic activity when anti-PWM was added within 8 hours. However, enhancement of PWM-induced blast cell formation was found when anti-PWM was added after 48 hours. Further analysis revealed that the inhibition of PWM stimulation was mediated by the F(ab')2 part of anti-PWM IgG. On the other hand F(ab')2-anti-PWM was not able to enhance the effect of PWM. Incubation of PBMC with 125I-PWM and anti-PWM simultaneously, decreased the binding of PWM to both lymphocytes and monocytes. In contrast, addition of anti-PWM 48 hours after the incubation of PBMC with PWM resulted in an increased binding of PWM to monocytes. These results show that anti-PWM can modulate the lymphocyte reaction to PWM and suggest two possible mechanisms by which PWM can stimulate PBMC, both of which are dependent on the interaction of PWM with monocytes. PMID- 3189040 TI - A novel method for the sampling of synovial fluid in mice. Assay of a synovial lysosomal enzyme in zymosan-induced arthritis. AB - A novel and very useful technique was developed to assay a lysosomal enzyme released into the joint synovial fluid during zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. This beta-glucuronidase activity correlated with histomorphological changes observed in the joint: vasculitis, synovitis and pannus formation. The antiarthritic drug triamcinolone acetonide improved both biochemical and histological parameters. PMID- 3189041 TI - Changes in zinc, copper and selenium status during adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. AB - Trace elements such as zinc, copper and selenium are involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. In order to obtain more information about the overall movements of these minerals during the evolution of an experimental chronic inflammatory process, trace element levels were determined in five body compartments of the rat at several time intervals after induction of adjuvant arthritis. Rapid and significant changes in plasma zinc and copper levels and in liver zinc levels were observed. These modifications occurred as early as those in biochemical parameters of inflammation such as serum fibrinogen and ceruloplasmin, and preceded the appearance of any clinical symptom of the disease. Inverse correlations were found between plasma zinc levels and these two biochemical indices. Other modifications in trace element levels were observed two weeks after disease induction, the most important being a considerable increase in liver copper levels. Although food intake of affected animals decreased with the progression of the disease, there was no evidence of depletion in zinc and copper levels over the study period. A redistribution of body zinc between different biological compartments (mainly plasma and liver) occurred simultaneously with an accumulation of copper in several organs. The decreasing selenium status of animals was not clearly related to the inflammatory process. PMID- 3189042 TI - Inhibition of the accumulation of macrophages and the generation of macrophage chemotactic activity by dexamethasone in concanavalin A-induced peritonitis of mice. AB - A delayed-type inflammatory response was evoked in mice using concanavalin A (Con A) as a stimulus, and the effect of various anti-inflammatory agents on the inflammation was examined. The intraperitoneal injection of Con A in the mouse resulted in the marked accumulation of leukocytes, especially macrophages, in the peritoneal cavity between 16 and 48 hr after the injection. Prior to the accumulation of macrophages, the chemotactic activity for macrophages appeared in the peritoneal fluid, and was associated with protein(s) in the molecular weight range from 10,000 to 100,000 daltons. When the effect of various agents on Con A induced peritonitis was examined, neither anticomplementary agents (FUT-175 and K 76 COONa), bromophenacyl bromide, nordihydroguaiaretic acid nor indomethacin affected the generation of chemotactic activity and the accumulation of macrophages, suggesting that C5a, prostaglandins and leukotriene B4 are hardly involved in the Con A-induced macrophage accumulation. On the other hand, dexamethasone suppressed both the generation of chemotactic activity and the accumulation of macrophages. Taking into consideration the observation that the synthesis of macrophage chemotactic factors by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes is inhibited by glucocorticoids, these results suggest that the macrophage chemotactic lymphokines might be involved in the accumulation of macrophages in Con A-induced peritonitis. PMID- 3189043 TI - The effect of danazol in the MRL/lpr mouse model of autoimmune disease. AB - The purpose of the study was to determine if danazol was efficacious in the treatment of lupus MRL/MpJ (lpr) mice, as measured by longevity, proteinuria and serum amyloid protein (SAP) levels. Danazol, administered at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg, significantly prolonged survival of female MRL/MpJ (lpr) mice but had no effect on the mortality of their male counterparts. Medication with danazol began 40 days after birth of the mice and resulted in a significant decrease in proteinuria in female but not male lupus mice. The concentration of SAP, an acute phase reactant, was significantly decreased in danazol-treated female lupus mice at 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 days of age when compared to vehicle-treated control mice. SAP levels in male lupus mice treated with danazol were significantly lower than normal control levels only at the 120 and 160 day time points. Measurements of mortality, proteinuria and SAP concentration indicate that danazol at 100 mg/kg is orally active in the treatment of MRL/MpJ (lpr) female, but not male mice. PMID- 3189045 TI - Cervical dislocation of mice induces rapid accumulation of platelet serotonin in the lung. AB - As much as 3-8 micrograms/g wet weight of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) has been detected in mouse lung 10 sec after the animal was sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Perfusion of the lung was carried out to determine where the majority of 5HT was located. Of the total 5HT, 84.3% was measured in the perfusate in which 90-98% was recovered in the platelet-rich fraction. When lungs were dissected from mice without cervical dislocation, either after instantaneous killing by irradiation with high power microwaves or under anesthesia, 5HT in the lung was 0.40-1.60 microgram/g tissue. These results show that cervical dislocation induces the entrapment of platelets in the pulmonary capillaries within 10 sec. The pulmonary accumulation of 5HT induced by cervical dislocation was approximately 50% inhibited by both prazosin and yohimbine, suggesting that the alpha-adrenergic receptor plays some part in the process. Norepinephrine but not isoproterenol augmented by 180% the response of pulmonary 5HT to cervical dislocation. PMID- 3189046 TI - Studies on carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins in established adjuvant induced arthritis. AB - The investigation presents the metabolic changes in the carbohydrate components of glycoproteins in several tissues of adjuvant arthritic rats. The experimental arthritis induces a significant modification of total carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins in arthritic tissues. In both acute and chronic phases of the disease, the adjuvant arthritis caused a significant increase in the levels of carbohydrate moieties of tissue glycoproteins viz. total hexose, hexosamine, fucose, sialic acid, total neutral sugar content and neutral sugar monosaccharides. In addition, the urinary excretions of hexosamine and uronic acid in arthritic rats were found to be elevated significantly. The data from the investigation clearly indicate that the experimental arthritis induces an increased glycoprotein synthesis in most of the tissues examined. PMID- 3189044 TI - Proteoglycan biosynthesis by rabbit articular chondrocytes treated with D penicillamine. AB - Rabbit articular chondrocytes in confluent monolayer cultures were treated with D Penicillamine (D-Pen) during 3 or 5 days. The [35S]-sulfate incorporation in neosynthesized proteoglycans was not modified by D-Pen doses ranging from 50 to 800 micrograms/ml. After treatment during 5 days with D-Pen concentrations of 50 or 400 micrograms/ml, the chemical characteristics of proteoglycans from medium and cell-layer were determined. The aggregation capacity of proteoglycans from medium, the monomer molecular size, the glycosaminoglycan chain length and the relative rates of the different glycosaminoglycans (chondroitins, chondroitin 6 sulfate, chondroitin 4-sulfate, hyaluronic acid) remained unchanged. These results suggest that D-Pen does not alter some of the cartilage mechanical properties due to the presence of proteoglycans. PMID- 3189047 TI - The topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of bromfenac in rodents. AB - Bromfenac [2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl)benzeneacetic acid sodium salt sesquihydrate] is an anti-inflammatory/analgesic agent that possesses potent topical activity in rats, guinea pigs, and mice. In rat models of acute (carrageenan paw edema) and chronic (adjuvant arthritis) inflammation, preparations of bromfenac at concentrations as low as 0.01-0.32% (0.01-0.32 mg bromfenac) produced significant anti-inflammatory activity when applied to the injected paw or to the backs of rats. In the acute paw edema test, topical bromfenac was more potent than indomethacin or hydrocortisone and about as active as triamcinolone acetonide. Bromfenac, at concentrations of 0.1-0.32%, showed topical analgesic activity in the acetylcholine-induced abdominal constriction test in mice. In this test, bromfenac was more potent than indomethacin (24.9X), more potent than ketoprofen (approximately 14.9X), and superior to piroxicam. In the guinea pig UV-erythema test, bromfenac was active (26.1X indomethacin) when applied to the UV-exposed site, but not when applied away from the site. The results suggest that bromfenac has activity topically because of a local and a systemic effect. Test results obtained with a long (4-7 hr) pretreatment time (paw edema, adjuvant arthritis, abdominal constriction) are due in great part to a systemic effect of topically applied bromfenac, while the UV-erythema test (1 hr treatment time) clearly indicates a local effect. PMID- 3189048 TI - A pharmacologic study of the relationship between lymphocyte function and surface antigen expression. AB - The relationship between functional activity and distribution of lymphocyte surface markers has not been clearly defined. We have examined the relationship between cell surface markers and function under the influence of immunosuppressant therapy. We found that after immunization with EL4 cells, the development of the immune response in the BALB/c mouse was accompanied by a decrease in spleen cells which stained brightly with fluorescein-labeled monoclonal anti-Thy 1 and an increase in cells which stained with rabbit anti mouse Ig as measured on the FACS. Low doses of azathioprine and cyclophosphamide, which affect functional activity of the cells, do not alter cell surface markers. However, at higher doses of the drugs normalization of immunization-induced marker changes were observed, and the Thy 1+ and Ig+ surface markers were maintained at levels seen in non-immunized mice. In spite of a nearly 3-fold increase in the total number of lymphocytes and an increase in the functional activity of cytotoxic T cells (Lyt 2+) after immunization, no alteration in the percentage of Lyt 2+T cells nor in the intensity of staining with FITC-labeled Lyt2 antibody was seen. Inhibition of the immune response with immunosuppressant also failed to change the Lyt2+-staining cell population. This study demonstrates that lymphocyte functional changes precede cell surface antigen changes, and that functional changes may occur without surface antigen changes. Thus cell surface markers are "late" indicators of functional changes. PMID- 3189051 TI - [Studies on the dynamic topography of premotor potentials preceding visually guided saccadic eye movements. 2. Topographical characteristics of the pre saccadic spike potential in horizontal, vertical and oblique saccades]. PMID- 3189050 TI - [Course of uveitis and visual functions in retarded cases of Harada's disease]. PMID- 3189049 TI - [A case of posterior ciliary artery occlusion]. PMID- 3189053 TI - [Cellular migration and morphological changes in corneal endothelial wound healing process]. PMID- 3189052 TI - [Histopathological study of experimental cataract induced by intravitreal injection of iodoacetic acid]. PMID- 3189054 TI - [Cellular responses on the intraocular lenses: a transmission electron microscopic study]. PMID- 3189055 TI - [VECP luminance threshold in pseudophakic eyes]. PMID- 3189056 TI - [Variations in the dynamic topography of short latency visual evoked potential in normal subjects]. PMID- 3189057 TI - [Fluorophotometric evaluation of aging changes in human retinal pigment epithelium]. PMID- 3189058 TI - [Choroidal circulatory changes after scleral buckling procedures]. PMID- 3189061 TI - [Conjunctival provocation test with commercial antigen extracts in cases of allergic disorders of the conjunctiva]. PMID- 3189062 TI - [Detection of C. trachomatis antigens in the epipharyngeal biopsy specimen of a case of adult inclusion conjunctivitis accompanied by an epipharyngeal infection]. PMID- 3189060 TI - [Polymorphonuclear leukocytes inhibit proliferation of epithelial cells in rabbit cornea]. PMID- 3189063 TI - [Molecular biological study of retinoblastoma hybrids between retinoblastoma and non-malignant cell]. PMID- 3189064 TI - [Effect of intraocular pressure on uveoscleral outflow at normal and cyclodialysis eye in the monkey]. PMID- 3189059 TI - [The effects of Ca2+-antagonist on visual field in low tension glaucoma]. PMID- 3189065 TI - [The effects of intraocular irrigating solutions on the spreading of cultured rabbit corneal endothelial cells on extracellular matrices]. PMID- 3189066 TI - [Studies on the maintenance of antimicrobial agents in aqueous humor following topical administration]. PMID- 3189068 TI - [Retinal heat-reducing effect of infrared filter lens]. PMID- 3189067 TI - [The pathogenesis of long-standing preretinal membrane induced by vitreous hemorrhage]. PMID- 3189069 TI - [Growth characteristics of hybrids between retinoblastoma and non-malignant cell]. PMID- 3189071 TI - [Electromyographical activity of the four horizontal rectus muscles and refraction in intermittent exotropia]. PMID- 3189070 TI - [Important factors for the appearance of sparkling substances in ocular fundi of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP)(1)]. PMID- 3189073 TI - [Permeability of the blood-ocular barrier in diabetics without retinopathy]. PMID- 3189072 TI - [Development of neurons in the rat oculomotor complex]. PMID- 3189074 TI - [Spontaneously developing subepithelial deposits in SD rat cornea]. PMID- 3189075 TI - [Finishing of intraocular lenses]. PMID- 3189076 TI - [Mercury content in the lens of rats receiving in methylmercury]. PMID- 3189077 TI - [Studies on macular changes in diabetic retinopathy--studies on macular function and macular capillary bed]. PMID- 3189078 TI - [Studies on the visual function in the brain using EEG moving topography]. PMID- 3189080 TI - [Localization of neurons giving rise to the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers passing through or bypassing the ciliary ganglion in the cat]. PMID- 3189079 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies on the active transport of substances from the vitreous cavity]. PMID- 3189081 TI - [Glycolytic oscillations in the rabbit corneal epithelium]. PMID- 3189082 TI - [Effect of fluoroquinolones on Chlamydia trachomatis as revealed by electron microscopy]. PMID- 3189083 TI - [Aging effects on accommodation measured with pattern VECPs]. PMID- 3189084 TI - [Activities related to immunological and inflammatory responses in secondary aqueous humor after injury of the rabbit cornea]. PMID- 3189085 TI - [Psychophysical studies on the pathophysiology of macular diseases]. PMID- 3189086 TI - [A biochemical approach to macular diseases: lipofuscin, lysosomes, and melanin in the human retina and choroid]. PMID- 3189087 TI - [Investigation of the movement and proliferation of basal cells by BrdU immunohistochemistry in control group of diabetic corneal epitheliopathy]. PMID- 3189088 TI - [Steroid effect on cultured retinal neuronal cells]. PMID- 3189090 TI - [Simulation of measurement error in corneal endothelial morphometry]. PMID- 3189089 TI - [Choroidal circulation in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. I. Choroidal blood flow in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis induced by S-antigen]. PMID- 3189091 TI - [Ethanol optic neuropathy in rats]. PMID- 3189092 TI - [Red blood cell aggregability in diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 3189094 TI - [The effect of pupillary area and senescence on contrast threshold as determined by human PVECP latency]. PMID- 3189093 TI - [Assessment of lens transmission in diabetic patients by autofluorescence measurement]. PMID- 3189095 TI - [Intraocular tissue accumulation during and after consecutive instillation of 1.0% AA-673 anti-allergic agent ophthalmic solution for 21 days in rabbit eyes]. PMID- 3189096 TI - [Diurnal variation of aqueous flare in normal human eyes measured with laser flare-cell meter]. PMID- 3189097 TI - [Effects on ERG and VEP of intravitreal injection of cefazolin sodium]. PMID- 3189098 TI - [Effects of panretinal photocoagulation on vitreoretinal border tissues: IV. Freeze-cracking SEM of macaca fuscata]. PMID- 3189099 TI - [Measurement of retinal mean circulation time in the diabetic eye using fluorescein video angiography and an image analysis system]. PMID- 3189100 TI - [The effect of sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs upon resting point of accommodation]. PMID- 3189101 TI - [Retinal circulation in fresh branch retinal vein occlusion demonstrated by videofluorescence angiography and image analysis]. PMID- 3189102 TI - [The effect of vortex vein occlusion on the resorption of subretinal fluid in rabbit eyes]. PMID- 3189103 TI - [Necessary and sufficient retinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 3189104 TI - [Conservative attitude in surgery of the temporomandibular joint. Indications and technics]. PMID- 3189105 TI - [Review of the functional surgical pathology of the temporomandibular joint]. PMID- 3189106 TI - [Surgical treatment of the hypertrophic frenum of the upper lip]. PMID- 3189108 TI - The management of trigeminal neuralgia with cryotherapy. PMID- 3189107 TI - [Facial localization of a retinoblastoma metastasis]. PMID- 3189109 TI - [Ankyloglossia superior syndrome: personal case report]. PMID- 3189110 TI - [Technical aspects of panoramic zonography]. PMID- 3189112 TI - [Abstracts of the 23d meeting of the Clinical Immunology Working Group of the East German Society of Clinical and Experimental Immunology organized jointly with the 16th meeting of the Working Group on Infection Immunology of the East German Society of Microbiology and Epidemiology. Berlin, 14 May 1987]. PMID- 3189111 TI - Sickle gene frequency in a southcentral Alabama family medical program. PMID- 3189113 TI - [Strain dependency of immune reactions in the mouse]. AB - Using three models of immune reactions - the DTH-reaction, the GvH-reaction, and the modulation of immune reactions by histamine - we show that the strain dependent variability between different inbred strains may exist not only on the quantitative but also on the qualitative level. For many problems it seems necessary to test the suitability of different mouse strains to avoid errors. PMID- 3189114 TI - [Comparative studies of bronchial secretion in children with chronic, nontuberculous lung diseases. 1. Methodico-technical studies of secretion collection and interpretation of the results]. AB - The aim of the present study was to estimate different proteins in 166 bronchial secretions from 63 children with chronic nontuberculous lung diseases. In a first publication some methodological problems as the age of patients, the position of the bronchoscope, the bronchoscopic and bronchographic situation resp. and the mode of extraction are analysed. With increasing age the concentration of sIgA is elevated - in contrast to the IgG concentration. Only in severe diseases albumin declines with increasing age. Some variations in the concentration of proteins have been observed in relation to the position of the bronchoscope and in regard to a repeated extraction of bronchial secretions. No important differences in the concentration of proteins have been found in secretions obtained during diverse days. The different protein patterns in the bronchial secretions could be explained only partly by variations in the course of diseases. PMID- 3189115 TI - Recent changes in the educational placement of deaf students. PMID- 3189116 TI - The impact of P.L. 94-142 on residential schools for the deaf: a follow-up to the 1977 survey. PMID- 3189117 TI - Education professionals who assist hearing-impaired students choose postsecondary education programs. PMID- 3189118 TI - Looking to the future: Commission on Education of the Deaf recommendations. PMID- 3189119 TI - Type A behavior and coronary heart disease: an update. AB - In the 1970s, Type A behavior became a popular topic of discussion after it was identified as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Although recent articles have left many physicians wondering whether Type A behavior is truly unhealthy, much evidence still supports this association. Recognition of overt Type A behavior in clinical practice is usually possible without formal testing if the physician is alert to the motor behavior, speech behavior, hostile attitude and physiologic markers that characterize Type A individuals. PMID- 3189120 TI - Fallopian tube cancer. AB - Primary carcinoma of the fallopian tube is a rare disease and has traditionally been managed in the same manner as epithelial ovarian cancer. However, unlike ovarian cancer, fallopian tube cancer is not routinely suspected and treatment may be delayed. The clinical presentations of seven cases of fallopian tube cancer emphasize the need for accurate assessment of symptoms to ensure early diagnosis and treatment of this disease. PMID- 3189121 TI - Pinworm infestation of the genital tract. AB - Extraintestinal enterobiasis has been reported in the vagina, endometrium, myometrium, ovary, fallopian tube and pelvic peritoneum. Gravid female pinworms may migrate from the perianal area to the vagina, ascend through the genital tract and exit through the fallopian tube to the peritoneum. Ectopic enterobiasis seldom causes clinical symptoms, but chronic granuloma formation may simulate other mass lesions in the pelvis. PMID- 3189122 TI - A framework for management of chronic pain. AB - The management of chronic pain requires a physician who is motivated to provide care for patients with this difficult problem. A thorough search must be made to determine the cause of the pain, the extent of psychiatric overlay, the importance of the pain to the patient (litigation, secondary gain), the extent of illness behavior and the response to previous therapy. The physician must be part of the treatment rather than part of the problem. Narcotic analgesics should be avoided except in patients with cancer pain or terminal illness. PMID- 3189124 TI - Tympanostomy tubes: long-term effects. AB - Eighty children ranging from five to 17 years of age, representing 159 ears, were evaluated for hearing loss following tympanostomy tube extrusion. The tubes had been extruded for one to eight years. Slightly more than 96 percent of the ears scored better than 20 dB on pure tone audiometry. On interview, virtually all parents or guardians indicated that they would consent to the procedure again if presented with similar circumstances. PMID- 3189123 TI - The dying elderly patient. AB - Care of the dying elderly patient is commonly regarded as a hopeless endeavor, but the patient and the family can be helped to face death. The physician must become skilled at recognizing obstacles to care and understanding the concerns of the patient and the family. With proper intervention, it is possible to diminish fears and change maladaptive behavior. Positive strategies can reduce the patient's suffering, isolation and loss of autonomy. PMID- 3189125 TI - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. AB - Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an uncommon, occasionally lethal reaction to drug therapy. Patients taking neuroleptic medication are usually the victims of this complex disorder, but others, such as patients with Parkinson's disease, are also at risk. The classic presentation includes autonomic instability, rigidity, hyperthermia, confusion and other neurologic symptoms. Family physicians may be the first to see these patients and must be able to make the diagnosis quickly to avoid delay in treatment. PMID- 3189126 TI - Pulmonary contusion. PMID- 3189127 TI - Bismuth toxicity. PMID- 3189128 TI - Photodynamic therapy improves Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS patients. PMID- 3189129 TI - Breast examination reminder. PMID- 3189130 TI - Distribution of drug samples. PMID- 3189131 TI - Drug free workplace. PMID- 3189132 TI - Lung cancer: the early detection challenge. PMID- 3189133 TI - Natural history of melanocytic nevi. AB - The natural history of common acquired nevi begins with junctional nevi, which first evolve into compound nevi and then intradermal nevi. The clinical appearance and histopathology of these lesions permit precise identification. Spitz nevi, blue nevi, congenital nevi and dysplastic nevi represent subcategories that also have easily identifiable features. An understanding of the nature of benign nevi makes it easier to identify potentially life threatening melanomas. PMID- 3189134 TI - Percutaneous mitral balloon dilatation by a new sequential single- and double balloon technique. AB - Percutaneous balloon valvotomy by means of a new sequential single- and and double-balloon dilatation procedure was performed in 23 patients (aged 13 to 53 years) with severe rheumatic mitral stenosis. The dilatation procedure was initially performed with a small balloon to primarily dilate the stenotic valve for easier passage of a second balloon catheter and to make the procedure tolerable for severely ill patients; the procedure was then followed by two balloons to further increase the mitral valve area (MVA) for effective dilatation of the stenotic mitral orifice. The dilatation was successful in all patients; the mitral valve pressure gradient decreased from 19 +/ 6 to 5 +/ 2 mm Hg, the cardiac output increased from 4.0 +/ 0.5 to 5.2 +/ 0.6 L/min, and the MVA increased from 0.8 +/ 0.2 to 1.9 +/ 0.4 cm2 (p less than 0.01 each). The MVA after dilatation was relative to the effective balloon dilatation diameter selected (r = 0.57; p less 0.01). A small atrial septal defect was observed in 3 of 23 patients immediately after the dilatation procedure. Mild mitral regurgitation was produced in 3 of 23 patients by the dilatation. We conclude that the sequential single- and double-balloon dilatation procedure can effectively increase the MVA and improve hemodynamics in severe mitral stenosis and that the larger effective balloon diameter of 24.8 mm or more (12 +/ 18 mm of two balloons) is necessary for effective dilatation. PMID- 3189135 TI - Balloon dilatation in infants and children with dysplastic pulmonary valves: short-term and intermediate-term results. AB - This study was designed to document the results of balloon valvuloplasty in patients with dysplastic pulmonary valves and to determine whether dysplastic pulmonary valves are responsible for recurrence of stenosis after balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Balloon valvuloplasty in 13 patients, aged 6 days to 12 years (median 1 year), with dysplastic pulmonary valves reduced the pulmonary valve gradient from 77.2 +/- 44.2 (mean +/- SD) to 26.8 +/- 17.0 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), which remained improved (34.9 +/- 34.6 mm Hg; p less than 0.02) at 6 to 19 months' (mean 10 months) follow-up. Valvuloplasty in 43 patients without dysplastic pulmonary valves reduced the valvar gradient from 94.3 +/- 41.0 to 31.1 +/- 22.4 mm Hg (p less than 0.001) immediately after the procedure, which at 6 to 34 months' follow-up in 23 patients was 29.2 +/- 33.5 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The right ventricular peak systolic pressures (96.2 +/- 43.3 vs 112.1 +/- 40.1 mm Hg) and pulmonary valvar gradients (77.2 +/- 44.2 vs 94.3 +/- 41.0 mm Hg) before valvuloplasty, residual right ventricular pressures (52.9 +/- 14.5 vs 56.1 +/- 24.2 mm Hg) and pulmonary valvar gradients (26.8 +/- 17.0 vs 31.1 +/- 22.4 mm Hg) immediately after valvuloplasty, and residual right ventricular pressures (59.3 +/- 30.3 vs 53.6 +/- 34.3 mm Hg) and pulmonary valvar gradients (34.9 +/- 34.6 vs 29.2 +/- 33.5 mm Hg) at follow-up catheterization were similar (p greater than 0.1) in both groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189137 TI - Early peak of creatine kinase-MB in acute myocardial infarction with a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram. AB - This study compared the time from the onset of symptoms to the peak of the creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) in 34 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction. Patients were separated into two groups: group 1 (n = 21) had diagnostic (greater than or equal to 0.1 mV) ST segment elevation on the initial ECG, and group 2 (n = 13) did not have diagnostic ST segment elevation on the initial ECG. In group 1 the time to the peak CK-MB was 16.2 +/- 50 hours vs 10.0 +/- 2.0 hours for group 2 (p = 0.0001). Peak CK-MB was 331 +/- 276 IU/L in group 1 vs 81 +/- 54 IU/L in group 2 (p less than 0.005). In group 1 there were 16 patients who subsequently had a Q wave myocardial infarction as opposed to one patient in group 2 (p = 0.0001). Patients who do not have diagnostic ST segment elevation on the initial ECG have an early but low peak of CK-MB and typically have a non-Q wave infarction. These findings are consistent with early spontaneous restoration of blood flow during the infarction process in these patients. This early restoration of blood flow may provide the substrate for the high incidence of recurrent ischemic events noted in patients with non-Q wave myocardial infarction. PMID- 3189136 TI - Unstable angina with tachycardia: clinical and therapeutic implications. AB - We prospectively evaluated 19 patients with prolonged chest pain not evolving to myocardial infarction and accompanied with reversible ST-T changes and tachycardia (heart rate greater than 100 beats/min) in order to correlate heart rate reduction with ischemic electrocardiographic (ECG) changes. Fourteen patients (74%) received previous long-term combined treatment with nifedipine and nitrates. Continuous ECG monitoring was carried out until heart rate reduction and at least one of the following occurred: (1) relief of pain or (2) resolution of ischemic ECG changes. the study protocol consisted of carotid massage in three patients (16%), intravenous propranolol in seven patients (37%), slow intravenous amiodarone infusion in two patients (10%), and intravenous verapamil in four patients (21%) with atrial fibrillation. In three patients (16%) we observed a spontaneous heart rate reduction on admission. Patients responded with heart rate reduction from a mean of 125 +/- 10.4 beats/min to 84 +/- 7.5 beats/min (p less than 0.005) and an ST segment shift of 4.3 +/- 2.13 mm to 0.89 +/- 0.74 mm (p less than 0.005) within a mean interval of 13.2 +/- 12.7 minutes. Fifteen (79%) had complete response and the other four (21%) had partial relief of pain. A significant direct correlation was observed for heart rate reduction and ST segment deviation (depression or elevation) (r = 0.7527 and 0.8739, respectively). These patients represent a unique subgroup of unstable angina, in which the mechanism responsible for ischemia is excessive increase in heart rate. Conventional vasodilator therapy may be deleterious, and heart rate reduction in mandatory. PMID- 3189138 TI - Risk identification at the time of admission to coronary care unit in patients with suspected myocardial infarction. AB - The in-hospital clinical course was evaluated in 2,162 consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of suspected myocardial infarction. Of these, 1609 patients were considered to be in the high-risk group, based on the presence of 16 clinical criteria present at the time of admission. The remaining 553 patients were classified as low risk. The overall rate of complications in the coronary care unit was greater in the high-risk group, 64%, compared to 26% in the low risk group (p less than 0.001). Similarly life-threatening events (occurrence or recurrence of ventricular fibrillation, sustained ventricular tachycardia, complete heart block, asystole, or cardiogenic shock) were more common in the high risk-group compared to the low-risk group, 11% and 0.9%, respectively (p less than 0.001). The high-risk group required significantly more interventions, such as electrical cardioversion, temporary pacing, pulmonary artery catheterization, and intraaortic balloon counterpulsation, compared to the low risk group (20% vs 2%, respectively; p less than 0.001). Myocardial infarction was confirmed in 892 patients in the high-risk group (55%) compared to 90 (16%) in the low-risk group (p less than 0.001). The coronary care unit mortality rate was greater in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group (8.2% vs 0.4%, respectively; p less than 0.0002). It is concluded that based on readily available clinical criteria at the time of admission, a subgroup of patients at low risk for developing life-threatening complications requiring coronary care unit interventions can be identified and admitted directly to an intermediate care unit. PMID- 3189139 TI - The distribution of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arterial tree: relation to cardiac risk factors. AB - Although it is often stated that proximal atherosclerotic coronary artery disease occurs more frequently than distal disease, several autopsy studies have disputed this. To examine the prevalence of proximal vs mid and distal disease and its relationship with cardiac risk factors, we studied more than 14,000 sections from 102 hearts with coronary artery disease at autopsy. After postmortem angiography, the coronary arteries were removed, divided into proximal, mid, and distal thirds, sectioned at 2.5 mm intervals, and graded for percentage reduction in cross-sectional area by atherosclerosis. Of 252 vessels in 84 patients with greater than or equal to 75% stenosis, 166 (66%) has proximal disease vs 107 (42%) with mid disease and 40 (16%) with distal disease (p less than 0.001). No patient had a mid or distal stenosis greater than 75% without proximal disease. When atherosclerosis of any severity was assessed, proximal atherosclerotic lesions were long and diffuse, whereas distal lesions were more often short and discrete. Proximal circumflex lesions were shorter in length than those in the right or left anterior descending coronary arteries. The prevalence of proximal, mid, and distal stenoses in 25 diabetic patients was similar to that in nondiabetic persons (53%, 47%, and 17%, p greater than 0.3). Similarly, hypertension, smoking, and obesity were not associated with an increase in prevalence of distal disease. Patients with distal stenoses were younger than patients without (mean age, 64 +/- 13 vs 73 +/- 10 years, p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189140 TI - Electrophysiologic and antiarrhythmic actions of nadolol: acute ischemia in the presence of previous myocardial infarction. AB - The actions of the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, d,l-nadolol, were examined in anesthetized dogs subjected to circumflex coronary artery ligation in the presence of previous anterior myocardial infarction. With circumflex ligation, control dogs (N = 18) developed premature ventricular beats and ventricular tachycardia, followed by ventricular fibrillation (N = 16, 89%). Immediate arrhythmias (2 to 5 minutes) were accompanied by activation delays and continuous diastolic electrical activity in acutely ischemic epicardial tissue. Delayed arrhythmias (6 to 12 minutes) were accompanied by delayed activation and continuous diastolic electrical activity in acutely ischemic mid-myocardium. Nadolol (8 mg/kg, intravenously) (N = 10) reduced ventricular arrhythmias during both phases of arrhythmia development and increased survival (70%, p = 0.001 vs control). Nadolol failed to after activation in acutely ischemic epicardium, but prevented beat-to-beat changes in epicardial and mid-myocardial activation. Atrial pacing of nadolol-treated animals at heart rates comparable with those of the control group reversed the beneficial effects of nadolol on the development of ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation (70%; p = 0.07 vs nadolol; p = 0.21 vs control, respectively). The beneficial effects of nadolol could not be attributed to reduced epicardial delays, but were associated with the suppression of beat-to-beat conduction abnormalities that preceded ventricular fibrillation. PMID- 3189141 TI - Mobitz type II delay. AB - Mobitz type II second-degree block manifests with several consecutive impulses conducted with a constant conduction time that are followed by block. This study reflects an entirely new concept of the Mobitz type II phenomenon, wherein consecutive impulses have constant conduction times, but instead of being followed by a block of conduction, are in fact followed by a conduction delay. The diagnosis of this manifestation at the atrioventricular (AV) junction is made by the appearance of an unexpected prolonged PR interval followed by a shorter PR interval. The recognition of this manifestation at the sinoatrial junction is suggested when, during regular sinus rhythm with manifest episodes of Mobitz type II sinoatrial block, the sinus rhythm is at times also complicated by a sudden unexpected prolongation of a P-P interval, which is followed by an shortened P-P interval. This new phenomenon is termed by Mobitz type II delay. PMID- 3189142 TI - Doppler evidence that true left ventricular-to-aortic pressure gradients exist in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AB - The etiology of systolic left ventricular-to-aortic pressure gradients in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is still controversial. While cavity obliteration has been proposed by some investigators as the cause for recording of a high left ventricular systolic pressure, the concept of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction has received more experimental support. To investigate further whether left ventricular pressure truly exceeds aortic pressure and implies obstruction, we studied, with imaging and Doppler echocardiographic techniques, five patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy and systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve occasionally causing it to abut upon the septum. All had outflow tract pressure gradients (peak 85 +/- 10 mm Hg) and trace to mild mitral regurgitation. Continuous wave Doppler study recorded peak flow velocities in the outflow tract (4.6 +/- 0.3 m/sec), and mitral regurgitant (mean 6.6 +/- 0.3 m/sec) jets. Aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured by cuff sphygmomanometry, and simultaneous carotid pulse tracings were recorded. The magnitude of systolic aortic pressure was determined at the time of peak velocity in the mitral regurgitant jet. Since the peak systolic pressure gradient across the mitral valve (left ventricular minus left atrial pressure) should equal 4 times the square of the peak velocity (V) in the mitral regurgitant jet, peak left ventricular systolic pressure should equal 4 x V2 plus the height of left atrial pressure at the time of peak mitral regurgitant velocity. In each case, calculations were made assuming an upper normal left atrial pressure of 10 mm Hg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189143 TI - Acute hemodynamic effects of pindolol and propranolol in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: relevance of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. AB - The administration of beta-blocking agents to patients with poor left ventricular (LV) function may result in clinical and hemodynamic deterioration. The beta antagonist pindolol has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) and therefore may be better tolerated. To test this hypothesis 30 patients with a precatheterization diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy were randomly assigned to three groups to receive intravenous injections of placebo, propranolol, or pindolol. The baseline ejection fraction and hemodynamics were similar for all groups. For propranolol 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, and 4 mg doses were given 5 minutes apart until a maximum dose of 10 mg was reached, until a 25% reduction in the heart rate or mean arterial pressure occurred, or until clinical deterioration developed. For pindolol, 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.3 mg, and 0.4 mg boluses were used with the same end points. Baseline hemodynamics were measured and repeated 15 minutes after the last dose of each drug was administered. The mean number of doses given was similar for both groups: 3.3 doses for the propranolol group and 3.4 for the pindolol group. Compared to propranolol, pindolol caused less of a reduction in heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume index, and stroke work index and less of an increase in the mean right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance; there was a decrease in systemic vascular resistance. These differences were statistically significant for changes in heart rate, right atrial pressure, cardiac index, and systemic vascular resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189144 TI - Late systolic indices of ventricular function: noninvasive derivation in congestive heart failure. AB - The slopes of end-systolic pressure/end-systolic dimension and volume relations have been found to be relatively load-independent indices of left ventricular contractility. Noninvasive determination of these relationships has been performed in normal subjects and has been found to reflect baseline and drug induced changes in ventricular contractility. Three late systolic indices of ventricular contractility were noninvasively determined in subjects with chronic congestive heart failure to determine the feasibility of the method and to assess the linearity and slopes of the relationships in this population. All relations were linear with individual correlation coefficients ranging from 0.86 to 0.99. The mean +/- SD slope was 42.8 +/- 26.4 mm Hg/cm for the end-systolic pressure dimension relation, 0.59 +/- .42 mm Hg/ml for the end-systolic pressure-volume relation, and 48.7 +/- 32.2 mm Hg/cm for the peak systolic pressure-end-systolic dimension relation. All slopes were markedly reduced compared to those reported in normal individuals. The relative degree of depression was greater for the pressure-volume slope than for the pressure-dimension slope, which is explained by the relationship between volume and dimension in dilated ventricles. These data indicate that measurement of late systolic indices of ventricular contractility by this noninvasive technique is feasible in subjects with congestive heart failure and yields reduced slopes consistent with the diminished contractile state of this population. Pressure-volume rather than pressure dimension relations may more accurately reflect inotropic state in dilated ventricles. PMID- 3189145 TI - Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiographic features of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. AB - Doppler, contrast, and two-dimensional echocardiograms of 12 aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva in 10 consecutive patients were analyzed in order to highlight the diagnostic features. The diagnosis were confirmed by surgical and/or catheterization findings. The aneurysms had ruptured in 7 of 12 (58%). Two dimensional echocardiography prior to the contrast studies was able to delineate the aneurysms in 7 of 12 (58%). The contrast studies outlined two additional aneurysms. The right aneurysms directed anteriorly and caudally. The noncoronary aneurysms formed an extraneous lumen at the posterior part of the aortic root, mimicking aortic dissection. Doppler examinations showed systolic and diastolic turbulence in five of six (83%) of the right aneurysms rupturing into the right ventricular outflow tract. Color Doppler echocardiography showed a left ventricular diastolic turbulence emanating from the aneurysm in a case with a noncoronary aneurysm rupturing into the left ventricle. It is concluded that the principal Doppler, contrast, and two-dimensional echocardiographic features usually allow a rapid correct diagnosis of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. PMID- 3189146 TI - Acute determinants of the hangout interval in the pulmonary circulation. AB - Previous investigations have suggested that the duration of the hangout interval is determined by long-term alterations in right ventricular systolic loading rather than the length of right ventricular systole. The factor(s) that effect short-term changes in this interval are unknown. Accordingly, we altered pulmonary artery pressure with phenylephrine and nitroprusside to achieve three peak pressures at low, medium, and high levels in each of 10 normal patients. Simultaneous biplane right ventricular volumes, high-fidelity pulmonary artery and right ventricular pressures, and pulmonary artery flow/velocity were obtained at each condition. After pharmacologic autonomic blockade (atropine and propranolol) at a constant heart rate achieved with atrial pacing (93 beats/min), peak pulmonary artery pressures differed significantly at low, medium, and high loading conditions (23 +/- 3 vs 31 +/- 7 vs 42 +/- 6 mm Hg, p less than 0.01). No associated significant change occurred in the preejection period (109 +/- 24 vs 98 +/- 14 vs 106 +/- 21 msec) and right ventricular ejection time (298 +/- 24 vs 318 +/- 23 vs 316 +/- 24 msec). The hangout interval differed significantly at each loading condition (43 +/- 16 vs 34 +/- 13 vs 23 +/- 6 msec, p less than 0.01) and correlated inversely with both the peak pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.53, p less than 0.01) and the right ventricular end-systolic pressure (r = 0.56, p less than 0.01). In contrast, the hangout interval and right ventricular ejection time were not linearly related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189147 TI - The epidemiology of the postpericardiotomy syndrome: a common complication of cardiac surgery. AB - PPS is a major cause of morbidity after cardiac surgery and may cause bypass graft closure and fatal cardiac tamponade. Little is known about its incidence and cause. To better define this syndrome characterized by postoperative fever, pericardial friction rub, and pericardial pain, we used two out of three of the preceding criteria to diagnose PPS. In a prospective epidemiologic study we followed 944 consecutive patients undergoing open-heart surgery between November 1984 and November 1985. The overall incidence was 17.8%. The incidence was increased in younger patients, in those with a history of prednisone use in the past, in patients with a past history of pericarditis, those with aortic valve replacement, and in patients who received enflurane or halothane anesthesia. PPS is a common syndrome. Knowledge of risk factors associated with PPS may allow its prevention and identification of patients who warrant early and aggressive treatment. PMID- 3189148 TI - Isolated infundibuloarterial inversion (S,D,I): a newly recognized form of congenital heart disease. AB - A newly recognized form of congenital heart disease is presented that is characterized by viscero-atrial situs solitus (S), D-loop ventricles (D), and inverted normally related great arteries (I), the segmental combination being (S,D,I). This anomaly may be called isolated infundibuloarterial inversion because only the subsemilunar infundibulum and the great arteries are inverted, whereas the atrial and the ventricles are not. All three patients had atrioventricular concordance, ventriculoatrial concordance, dextrocardia, superoinferior ventricles, crisscross atrioventricular relations, underdevelopment of the right ventricle, a large ventricular septal defect, and an inverted tetralogy of Fallot type of malformation of the infundibulum and great arteries. The condition known as crisscross atrioventricular relations was found in these three patients to be a major ventricular malposition characterized by marked clockwise rotation of the ventricles, as seen from the front. Two of these three cases were diagnosed accurately and repaired successfully. PMID- 3189149 TI - Left atrial ball thrombus: apparent detachment following initiation of anticoagulant therapy. PMID- 3189150 TI - Doppler color-flow echocardiographic recognition of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. PMID- 3189151 TI - Inferior myocardial infarction complicated by mural thrombus and systemic embolization despite anticoagulation in progressive systemic sclerosis with normal coronary arteriograms. PMID- 3189152 TI - Unusual cardiac metastasis in hypernephroma: the complementary role of echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3189153 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography in Lutembacher's syndrome. PMID- 3189154 TI - Pheochromocytoma: catecholamine-mediated electrocardiographic changes mimicking ischemia. PMID- 3189155 TI - Giant right atrial thrombus causing right ventricular inflow and outflow obstruction. PMID- 3189156 TI - Heart rate correlates with severity of coronary atherosclerosis in young postinfarction patients. PMID- 3189157 TI - Noninvasive, quantitative respirator fit testing through dynamic pressure measurement. AB - A new method has been invented for the noninvasive and quantitative determination of fit for a respirator. The test takes a few seconds and requires less expensive instrumentation than presently used for invasive testing. In this test, the breath is held at a negative pressure for a few seconds, and the leak-induced pressure decay inside the respirator cavity is monitored. A dynamic pressure sensor is attached to a modified cartridge of an air-purifying respirator or built into the respirator body or into the air supply line of an air-supplied respirator. The method is noninvasive in that the modified cartridge can be mounted onto any air-purifying respirator. The pressure decay during testing quantifies the airflow entered through the leak site. An equation has been determined which gives the air leakage as a function of pressure decay slope, respirator volume and the pressure differential during actual wear--all of which are determined by the dynamic pressure sensor. Thus, the ratio of air inhaled through the filters or via the air supply line to the leak rate is a measure of respirator fit, independent of aerosol deposition in the lung and aerosol distribution in the respirator cavity as found for quantitative fit testing with aerosols. The new method is shown to be independent of leak and sensor locations. The concentration and distribution of aerosols entered through the leak site is dependent only on the physical dimensions of the leak site and the air velocity in it, which can be determined independently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189158 TI - Quantitative respirator fit testing: dynamic pressure versus aerosol measurement. AB - A noninvasive, fast, inexpensive new fit testing method has been invented which relates the slope of the pressure decay inside a respirator during breath-holding to the fit of the respirator on the wearer's face. The dynamic pressure test has been compared with the conventional aerosol test at different leakage levels. The results of this comparison show that the sensitivity of the dynamic pressure test is similar to that of the aerosol test. The pressure test, however, is independent of leak site and probe location and can be performed on respirators before and after their use. PMID- 3189159 TI - Soil adsorption alters bioavailability of benzene in dermally exposed male rats. AB - The potential for exposure to chemically contaminated soil is a concern for chemical industry and waste disposal site workers as well as for individuals living near the contamination site. Current assessment of potential health risks from these types of exposures relies almost exclusively on extrapolations from data derived with pure chemicals. Complex interactions with soil, however, may alter greatly the way in which a chemical subsequently interacts with the body. This study was conducted to determine if soil adsorption alters the way in which benzene, a common chemical contaminant, enters and is handled by the body following dermal exposure. A shallow glass cap covering approximately a 13-cm2 area was fixed tightly to the shaved skin of each adult male rat tested; 300 microL of 14C-benzene alone or with 1 g of clay or sandy soil was introduced under the cap through an opening which was sealed immediately. Pure benzene produced the highest peak plasma concentration of radioactivity, followed closely by sandy soil-adsorbed benzene, with the lowest value exhibited by clay soil adsorbed benzene. The plasma elimination half-lives were as follows:sandy (24.5 hr), pure (23.0 hr), and clay (19.4 hr). The tissue concentrations of radioactivity 48 hr post administration were highest in treated skin (covered by the glass cap), followed by the kidney and liver in both soil-treated groups, and were highest in the kidney followed by the liver and treated skin in the pure group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189160 TI - The distribution of Student's t-statistic for small samples from lognormal exposure distributions. AB - To assess compliance with industrial hygiene exposure criteria (e.g., TLVs), it may be necessary to perform statistical tests of hypotheses based on relatively small samples. For pollutants with long biological half-lives, the parameter most relevant for determining the risk faced by workers is the long-term arithmetic average concentration of the pollutant. In industrial environments it is common for pollutant concentrations to be approximately lognormal. Unfortunately, when based on small samples from lognormal distributions, the ordinary Student's t statistic has some undesirable characteristics which are not recognized widely by practicing industrial hygienists. The difficulties in using the ordinary Student's t-statistic to evaluate the average exposure have been demonstrated. The properties of alternative test statistics have been explored. Some general observations on the implications of these findings have been made. PMID- 3189161 TI - Physiological responses to the wearing of fire fighter's turnout gear with neoprene and GORE-TEX barrier liners. AB - This study examined the physiological effects of performing moderate and high intensity work while wearing fire fighter's turnout gear with either a neoprene or GORE-TEX barrier liner. Eight healthy men, experienced with the use of respirators and protective clothing, each performed moderate and high intensity treadmill exercise (44% and 71% of maximum work capacity) in a double-blind study at 27.6 degrees C (50% RH) while wearing complete fire fighter's turnout gear (weighing 23 kg) with either a neoprene or GORE-TEX barrier liner. Physiological measurements obtained included minute ventilation, heart rate, skin temperature, rectal temperature and sweat rate. Subjective evaluations of perceived exertion, comfort, clothing breathability, temperature and perspiration also were obtained. Tests were terminated (tolerance time) when objective or subjective signs of near maximal stress were observed (i.e., 90% of the maximum heart rate, rectal temperature of 39 degrees C, dizziness, etc.). Mean tolerance times for the moderate intensity exercise were 27.4 (+/- 7.3 S.D.) and 30.9 (+/- 7.9) min, respectively, for the neoprene and GORE-TEX barrier liners and at the high intensity were 7.2 (+/- 2.1) and 7.5 (+/- 2.3) min, respectively. Analysis of variance indicated that significant differences caused by liner were observed in skin temperature (0.6 degrees C higher with the neoprene ensemble). No significant differences caused by liner were seen in tolerance time, heart rate, sweat rate or subjective ratings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189162 TI - A sampling and analytical method for airborne m-phenylenediamine (MPDA) and 4,4' methylenedianiline (MDA). AB - A method has been developed and validated for monitoring worker exposure to airborne m-phenylenediamine (MPDA) and 4,4'-methylenedianiline (MDA) in an epoxy resin manufacturing operation. Aerosol and vapor MPDA and MDA are collected on an acid-coated, glass-fiber filter to stabilize them as their amine salts. The amines are extracted from the filter with a mixture of acetonitrile in aqueous base and then treated with acetic anhydride to form the diacetamide derivatives. Studies were performed on the acetylation reaction to establish sample work-up conditions. The derivatives are analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The method was tested for precision and accuracy using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) criteria for a valid industrial hygiene method. The method may be used with confidence to measure from 0.90 to 755 micrograms of MPDA and/or 0.36 to 55 micrograms of MDA in a total air volume of 200 to 630 L, sampling at a rate of 1.5 to 2.0 L/min. Collected samples remain stable on filters for at least 1 week before analysis. The method will not suffer from interference from high relative humidity or other process volatiles, including diglycidyl ether of bisphenyl A and bis(2,3-epoxycyclopentyl) ether. Test atmospheres of the process materials were prepared in the laboratory for validation of the overall sampling and analytical method. This method can be applied to most aromatic amines and is recommended for monitoring both ambient and workplace air. PMID- 3189163 TI - A symposium: recent approaches in evaluation and management of ventricular arrhythmias. Laguna Niguel, California, November 13-14, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3189164 TI - Quinidine: an update on therapeutics, pharmacokinetics and serum concentration monitoring. AB - After 70 years of regular use, quinidine remains one of the most useful drugs in the management of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Quinidine sulfate, from conventional dosage forms, is absorbed rapidly and reaches peak levels in 1 hour. Sustained-release quinidine sulfate and gluconate are absorbed more slowly and, thus, may provide a more satisfactory response with less fluctuation in the peak and trough at quinidine concentrations. The half-life and absorption characteristics of sustained-release quinidine suggest that an 8- to 12-hour dosage regimen will produce smooth, sustained quinidine levels. Whereas quinidine and digitalis have been used concomitantly for years, dramatic elevations in blood digoxin levels have been observed. When quinidine is added to the regimen of a patient taking digitalis, these increased digoxin levels may be responsible for some of the adverse effects previously attributed to quinidine administration and can be reduced by adjustment of the digoxin dosage. Drug monitoring of serum quinidine concentrations as well as peak levels is essential to assess patient compliance and to determine that therapeutic levels are maintained. This is especially important because of the drug's relatively narrow therapeutic index and the changes in clearance that can result from drug interactions and renal and hepatic disturbances. A personal computer program is available to carry out pharmacokinetic calculations and assist in determining appropriate doses for individual patients. PMID- 3189165 TI - Angiographic morphology in unstable angina pectoris. AB - Complex morphology occurs frequently in unstable angina; however, its relation to symptomatic presentation, timing of angiography and hospital outcome has not been investigated. Accordingly, coronary angiography was performed 5 +/- 2 days after qualifying rest pain in 101 consecutive patients presenting with acute coronary insufficiency (n = 67) or crescendo angina (n = 34). Significant coronary artery disease was defined as any greater than or equal to 50% stenosis, and complex morphology as any stenosis with irregularity, overhang or thrombus. Eight of the 67 patients presenting with acute coronary insufficiency later proved to have a myocardial infarction as the qualifying event (creatine kinase twice normal with elevation of MB fraction). There were no myocardial infarctions in the crescendo angina group. Complex morphology occurred in 61% of patients. Thrombus alone occurred in 27% of patients with unstable angina without myocardial infarction, with similar frequencies between the 2 clinical groups. In contrast, intraluminal thrombi were identified in 78% of patients with acute coronary insufficiency who later proved to have a myocardial infarction as the qualifying event. The need for urgent catheterization (less than 48 hours) prompted by recurrent symptoms was associated with the angiographic findings of intraluminal thrombus (46%) and complex morphology (83%). The presence of complex morphology and intracoronary thrombus was associated with a higher incidence of in-hospital cardiac events, i.e., revascularization, myocardial infarction and death, independent of the incidence of multivessel disease. PMID- 3189166 TI - Heart rate adjustment of ST-segment depression for reduction of false positive electrocardiographic responses to exercise in asymptomatic men screened for coronary artery disease. AB - The ability of heart rate (HR) correction of exercise-induced ST-segment depression (the delta ST/HR index) to reduce the number of false positive exercise electrocardiograms during initial screening for occult coronary artery disease (CAD) was examined in active, asymptomatic men from the Army Reserve. Among 606 consecutive men given treadmill tests, 62 asymptomatic subjects with normal results on resting electrocardiograms but abnormal outcomes on standard exercise electrocardiograms underwent rest and exercise radionuclide cineangiography, and the 10 subjects with abnormal radionuclide findings then underwent coronary angiography. A previously established delta ST/HR index less than 1.6 microV/beat/min correctly identified 34 of 52 subjects (65%) who, despite abnormal standard exercise electrocardiographic findings, had no rest or exercise radionuclide abnormalities. A delta ST/HR index greater than or equal to 1.6 microV/beta/min detected 7 of 7 subjects with abnormal radionuclide cineangiograms who had CAD at cardiac catheterization, but also identified 2 of 3 subjects with an abnormal radionuclide test who had no CAD. In contrast to the 7 of 62 subjects (11%) with abnormal standard exercise test criteria who had radionuclide and angiographic evidence of CAD, a delta ST/HR index partition of 1.6 microV/beat/min separated subjects into subgroups with 0% (0 of 35) vs 26% (7 of 27) prevalences of CAD by serial diagnostic evaluation (p less than 0.01). Thus, among asymptomatic subjects with abnormal electrocardiographic responses to exercise, simple HR correction of the magnitude of ST-segment depression reduced by 56% the number of subjects with standard exercise test criteria leading to referral for additional diagnostic evaluation, without loss of sensitivity for angiographically proven CAD and with accurate negative predictive value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189167 TI - Factors affecting transthoracic impedance during electrical cardioversion. AB - Successful cardioversion is dependent on the delivery of sufficient current. Current is determined by energy and transthoracic impedance (TTI). Our purpose was to assess factors affecting TTI in humans. Twenty-eight patients undergoing elective cardioversion were monitored up to 48 hours after shock delivery. We also studied 10 normal subjects, who did not receive shocks, for comparison. TTI declined 8% in the first hour in patients who received shocks, but also 6% in the normal subjects who wore the same pads for 1 hour but received no shocks. Twenty four hours later, TTI returned to baseline in the nonshocked subjects but remained reduced (93% of control, p less than 0.05) in the shocked patients. There was a correlation between the total energy delivered and the decline in TTI (r = 0.69). TTI was 9% lower at end-expiration than at end-inspiration (55 +/- 3 vs 50 +/- 3 ohms, mean +/- standard error of the mean, p less than 0.01, paired t test). In the normal subjects, when a nonsalt-containing coupling agent (ultrasound coupling gel) was compared with a salt-containing gel (Redux paste), TTI was 20% higher (65 +/- 5 vs 54 +/- 4 ohms, p less than 0.01) with the nonsalt containing gel. When no coupling agent was used, TTI was markedly higher, 160 +/- 18 ohms (p less than 0.01 vs control). After 1 hour, TTI decreased 6% in the normal subjects when salt-containing gel was used, but did not change when a nonsalt gel was used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189168 TI - Blood pressure at rest and during maximal dynamic and isometric exercise as predictors of systemic hypertension. AB - This study sought to verify evidence that transient high blood pressure (BP) at rest and during dynamic and isometric exercise is often predictive of later hypertension. In addition these 3 predictors were compared. One hundred office patients (all men) with BPs less than 140/90 mm Hg, ages 28 to 79 years, who had little or no heart disease and were not taking medication, had BPs taken at rest and during treadmill and handgrip dynamometer. Within 14 years, 16 subjects developed hypertension and 84 remained normotensive. Multivariate statistical comparisons for systolic and diastolic BPs and their interactions were used to discriminate between later hypertensive and normotensive subjects. The best single predictor was resting diastolic BP, classifying 88% of hypertensive and 69% of normotensive subjects correctly, followed closely by handgrip and treadmill diastolic BP and resting, treadmill and handgrip systolic BP. The best prediction was by the interaction between resting diastolic BP X handgrip diastolic BP; this classified 88% of hypertensive and 80% of normotensive subjects correctly. Of the few known precursors of hypertension, high BP at rest and during dynamic and isometric stress provides a means of alerting to careful follow-up and early treatment. PMID- 3189169 TI - Long-term metabolic effects of spironolactone and thiazides combined with potassium-sparing agents for treatment of essential hypertension. AB - By using information prospectively collected in the computerized ARTEMIS databank, the long-term metabolic consequences of spironolactone, hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride combination and cyclothiazide-triamterene combination were evaluated in 100 patients for each group matched according to sex, age and blood pressure (BP). Spironolactone was prescribed at a mean dose of 98 mg, hydrochlorothiazide at 36 mg and cyclothiazide at 2 mg, during a mean follow-up of 20 months. Compared with the pretherapeutic values, BP decreased equally in both treatment groups (18/9 mm Hg on average). Creatinine increased significantly in the 3 groups (9, 8, 14 mumol/liter, p less than 0.001) as did uric acid (18, 31, 42 mumol, p less than 0.001). Plasma potassium increased with spironolactone (0.7 mmol/liter, p less than 0.001) and remained stable with the combinations of the thiazide-potassium-sparing agents. For the 3 groups, the slight and nonsignificant variations of fasting blood glucose and cholesterol were mainly the results of a phenomenon of regression to the mean. However, when both groups of thiazide-treated patients were considered, the reduction of plasma potassium was accompanied by a slight increase in glucose (0.1 mmol/liter) and cholesterol levels (0.2 mmol/liter) compared with when kalemia decreased (-0.1 and -0.1 mmol/liter, respectively, p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.05). It is concluded that in a clinical daily practice of a hypertension clinic low doses of spironolactone or of thiazides combined with potassium-sparing agents reduced BP without alteration in lipid or carbohydrate metabolism on long-term follow-up. PMID- 3189170 TI - Clinical and noninvasive hemodynamic results after aortic balloon valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis. AB - Balloon valvuloplasty has been shown to be an effective treatment for adults with aortic stenosis, typically providing a 50 to 80% increase in aortic valve area and marked improvement in exertional dyspnea, angina and syncope. However, the duration of this hemodynamic and clinical improvement is uncertain. Forty-two patients were followed for 10.2 +/- 0.5 months. Balloon valvuloplasty caused dramatic immediate reduction in the number of patients with moderate or severe dyspnea (80 to 14%), moderate or severe angina (39 to 2%) and syncope (30 to 2%). Furthermore, this improvement in symptoms continued for the duration of the follow-up period in most patients. Echocardiographic aortic valve mean gradient and area determined at 3-month intervals, however, showed a trend toward or return to prevalvuloplasty levels by 9 months' follow-up in 13 of 25 patients (52%), whereas 12 of 25 patients showed no deterioration in their hemodynamic parameters. This trend toward restenosis was accompanied by symptomatic deterioration in 5 of 13 patients (38%). This tendency toward restenosis in greater than 50% of patients by 9 months underscores the need for further technical improvements if balloon valvuloplasty is to be widely applied. Even with these limitations, however, balloon valvuloplasty seems to provide a significant improvement in actuarial survival compared with the natural history of elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis. PMID- 3189171 TI - Oral disopyramide therapy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AB - Seven patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) were treated with oral disopyramide. Left ventricular outflow tract gradients were estimated using either Doppler or M-mode echocardiography. Gradients were measured before treatment, after acute and chronic dosing, after washout and after rechallenge. Disopyramide serum levels were measured at the time of echocardiography. With the first dose, mean outflow gradient decreased from 64 to 14 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001). This decrease in gradient was still present after long-term oral treatment 23 days later, with a mean gradient of 13 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). After withdrawal from the drug, gradient returned to the pretreatment value, 79 mm Hg. After rechallenge, the gradient once again declined to 30 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). High disopyramide serum levels correlated with lower outflow tract gradients, r = -0.77 (p less than 0.0001). Even at low therapeutic drug levels, there was a 49% reduction in outflow tract gradient. Four patients were symptomatically improved and have been maintained on disopyramide for greater than 1 year. In symptomatic patients, disopyramide acutely decreases obstruction and also provides sustained pharmacologic control of obstruction. Disopyramide should be considered as a good alternative to treatment with adrenergic blockers, calcium antagonists or surgery. PMID- 3189172 TI - Catheter occlusion of the persistently patent ductus arteriosus. AB - Catheter occlusion of a persistently patent ductus arteriosus was attempted in 40 patients (11 men and 29 women, mean age 7.2 +/- 8.3 years, range 244 days to 40 years), using a transvenously placed Rashkind umbrella occluder (USCI). Thirty one 12-mm and six 17-mm diameter devices were successfully placed in the ductus (internal diameter average 3.9 mm, range 2 to 9 mm). One procedure was abandoned when fluoroscopy failed to visualize the device. There were 2 immediate embolizations subjected to surgical recovery. A residual shunt was present on the immediate postocclusion ventriculogram in 12 of 37 procedures (32%). Twenty-eight patients (75%) have had at least a follow-up at 3 months with Doppler study and 6 (21%) continued to have shunting into the pulmonary artery. Three of 4 patients have undergone successful placement of a second device and 1 patient's shunting spontaneously resolved at 1 year postimplant, leaving only 2 patients (7%) with persistent shunts. There has been 1 episode of probable prosthetic endarteritis and 1 patient has developed mild narrowing of the left pulmonary artery related to device placement. Catheter occlusion of the patent ductus arteriosus using the Rashkind umbrella appears to be a safe and effective method of non-surgical management. PMID- 3189173 TI - Effect of heart rate alterations produced by atrial pacing on the pattern of diastolic filling in normal subjects. AB - To determine the effect of heart rate alterations on diastolic timing intervals and filling parameters, 10 normal patients were paced from the right atrium at 30 and 50 beats/min above their baseline rates. M-mode echocardiograms of the aortic valve, mitral valve and left ventricle were obtained and digitized at baseline and with each pacing rate. With increased atrial pacing, left ventricular systolic time became an increasingly greater proportion of cycle length while the diastolic filling period occupied a lesser proportion of the cycle length. The time to peak filling rate and the rapid filling period occupied a greater proportion of the diastolic filling period. The peak filling rate increased progressively with increased atrial pacing (baseline 128 +/- 19 mm/s, first paced rate 146 +/- 27 mm/s, p less than 0.05 vs baseline; second paced rate 167 +/- 23 mm/s, p less than 0.01 vs baseline and first paced rate). The early diastolic filling fraction and rapid filling fraction also increased with pacing. Increasing the heart rate resulted in an alteration of the time course of diastolic filling and extent of diastolic filling during the rapid filling period. Interventions that improve diastolic filling and increase heart rate may in part be due to heart rate changes. PMID- 3189174 TI - Influence of age on left ventricular contractility. AB - Controversy exists about whether left ventricular (LV) function is affected by aging. Therefore, peak systolic pressure to end-systolic diameter, peak systolic pressure to end-systolic volume, systolic wall stress to fractional shortening and systolic wall stress to end-systolic diameter relations were calculated in the left ventricle of 10 healthy subjects greater than 65 years old (age 70 +/- 4 years) (group B). They were compared with a control group composed by 10 healthy subjects (group A, age 22 +/- 1 years). LV measurements were obtained with M-mode echocardiography and an automatic cuff was used to determine blood pressure. Changes in the load conditions were obtained by 15 mg sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. There were no differences in resting end-systolic diameter, end systolic volume, end-diastolic diameter, end-diastolic volume, fractional shortening, ejection fraction or systolic wall stress. Older subjects had higher values of resting peak systolic pressure (p less than 0.05) and lower heart rates (p less than 0.05). Young subjects had a steeper peak systolic pressure to end systolic diameter slope (92 +/- 11 vs 51 +/- 11 mm Hg/cm; p less than 0.001) and peak systolic pressure to end-systolic volume slope (3.4 +/- 0.7 vs 1.9 +/- 0.6 mm Hg/ml; p less than 0.001). There was a slight difference in systolic wall stress to fractional shortening slopes between both groups (group A -0.215 vs group B -0.49%/10(3) dynes/cm2, p = 0.02) but not between systolic wall stress to end-systolic diameter slopes (group A 0.013 vs group B 0.019 cm/10(3) dynes/cm2, difference not significant).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189175 TI - Contributions of the Framingham Study to the conquest of coronary artery disease. PMID- 3189176 TI - Transcutaneous pacing: patient tolerance, strength-interval relations and feasibility for programmed electrical stimulation. PMID- 3189178 TI - Mode of late failure of the low-profile (Liotta) porcine bioprosthesis in the mitral position. PMID- 3189177 TI - Results of simultaneous replacement of one left-sided cardiac valve with a mechanical prosthesis and the other left-sided valve with a bioprosthesis. PMID- 3189179 TI - Frequency of acute and healed myocardial infarcts in fatal cardiac amyloidosis. PMID- 3189180 TI - Morphologic features of stenosis of the pulmonary veins. PMID- 3189182 TI - Transesophageal echocardiography for assessing cause of hypotension after cardiac surgery. PMID- 3189181 TI - Prevalence of atrial septal aneurysm in patients with mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 3189184 TI - Spontaneous disappearance of blue-gray facial pigmentation during amiodarone therapy (out of the blue). PMID- 3189183 TI - Juvenile diabetes mellitus with 50-year survival. PMID- 3189187 TI - TWEedledum. PMID- 3189185 TI - Familial occurrence of congenital pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas in octogenarian siblings without telangiectasis. PMID- 3189186 TI - Maximal aortic valve pressure gradients by Doppler echocardiography. PMID- 3189188 TI - Value of programmed ventricular stimulation from the right ventricular outflow tract. PMID- 3189189 TI - Q-wave regression after transmural acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3189191 TI - Balloon valvuloplasty versus surgical commissurotomy. PMID- 3189190 TI - Art in cardiology. PMID- 3189192 TI - Prospective evaluation of clinical assessment, exercise testing and signal averaged electrocardiogram in predicting outcome after acute myocardial infarction. AB - The relative value of exercise testing, late potentials and simple clinical assessment in predicting ischemic and arrhythmic events during follow-up after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was investigated prospectively in a population of 176 consecutive patients surviving to 7 days after AMI. During 15 +/- 9 (range 3 to 24) months of follow-up, there were 23 ischemic events (2 fatal reinfarctions, 6 nonfatal reinfarctions and 16 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, 1 after reinfarction) and 11 arrhythmic events (7 symptomatic ventricular tachycardias and 4 sudden cardiac deaths). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that out of 11 variables, including exercise testing, late potentials and clinical data, exercise testing was the only independent variable predicting the occurrence of ischemic events (p less than 0.05 not including coronary artery bypass grafting and p less than 0.002 including it). Arrhythmic events were predicted, in order of importance, by Killip class (p less than 0.05), late potentials (p less than 0.005), previous AMI (p less than 0.009), occurrence of in-hospital complications (p less than 0.005) and non-Q-wave AMI (p less than 0.02). The presence of late potentials provided independent prognostic information from the Killip class and the result of exercise testing in predicting both arrhythmic and ischemic events. Exercise testing, late potentials and clinical assessment provide complementary prognostic information in postinfarction patients. PMID- 3189193 TI - Computer ranking of the sequence of appearance of 40 features of the brain and related structures in staged human embryos during the seventh week of development. AB - The sequence of events in the development of the brain in human embryos, already published for stages 8-17, is here continued for stages 18 and 19. With the aid of a computerized bubble-sort algorithm, 58 individual embryos were ranked in ascending order of the features present. The increasing structural complexity provided 40 new features in these two stages. The chief characteristics of stage 18 (approximately 44 postovulatory days) are rapidly growing basal nuclei; appearance of the extraventricular bulge of the cerebellum (flocculus), of the superior cerebellar peduncle, and of follicles in the epiphysis cerebri; and the presence of vomeronasal organ and ganglion, of the bucconasal membrane, and of isolated semicircular ducts. The main features of stage 19 (approximately 48 days) are the cochlear nuclei, the ganglion of the nervus terminalis, nuclei of the prosencephalic septum, the appearance of the subcommissural organ, the presence of villi in the choroid plexuses of the fourth and lateral ventricles, and the stria medullaris thalami. PMID- 3189194 TI - Lesions in the rat soleus muscle following eccentrically biased exercise. AB - Morphological changes in skeletal muscle related to lengthening (eccentric) contractions have been noted by several laboratories. However, a systematic examination of skeletal muscle following repetitive eccentric contractions is lacking. This study was undertaken to study lesions and determine their relative densities in rat soleus muscle 30 min following level or downhill treadmill exercise. Following fixation in situ by vascular perfusion, toluidine-blue stained 1-micron sections of the muscle samples selected at 73-micron intervals were scanned with a light microscope. Three types of lesions were noted: focal disruptions in the A-band, localized dissolution of Z-lines, and clotting of muscle fibers. Soleus muscle from the caged controls and the tibialis anterior muscle from downhill-exercised rats were essentially free of lesions. Eighty-nine percent of the soleus m. lesions in the downhill runner group and 97% of those in the level runner group were A-band disruptions. A-band lesion density was significantly higher in the soleus muscle of the downhill runners compared to level runners with the highest incidence in the distal half. A-band lesion density was lower in soleus muscles from level runners; however, the highest intramuscular incidence was in the proximal rather than the distal end. The results indicate that a disruption of the A-band is a principal change within some skeletal muscle fibers 30 min following repetitive eccentric contractions. PMID- 3189195 TI - Innervation of the C cells of chicken ultimobranchial glands studied by immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy. AB - Innervation of the ultimobranchial glands in the chicken was investigated by immunohistochemistry, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy. The nerve fibers distributed in ultimobranchial glands were clearly visualized by immunoperoxidase staining with antiserum to neurofilament triplet proteins (200K , 150K- and 68K-dalton) extracted from chicken peripheral nerves. The ultimobranchial glands received numerous nerve fibers originating from both the recurrent laryngeal nerves and direct vagal branches. The left and right sides of the ultimobranchial region were asymmetrical. The left ultimobranchial gland had intimate contact with the vagus nerve trunk, especially with the distal vagal ganglion, but was somewhat separated from the recurrent nerve. The right gland touched the recurrent nerve, the medial edge being frequently penetrated by the nerve, but the gland was separated from the vagal trunk. The left gland was innervated mainly by the branches from the distal vagal ganglion, whereas the right gland received mostly the branches from the recurrent nerve. The carotid body was located cranially near to the ultimobranchial gland. Large nerve bundles in the ultimobranchial gland ran toward and entered into the carotid body. By fluorescence microscopy, nerve fibers in ultimobranchial glands were observed associated with blood vessels. Only a few fluorescent nerve fibers were present in close proximity to C cell groups; the C cells of ultimobranchial glands may receive very few adrenergic sympathetic fibers. By electron microscopy, numerous axons ensheathed with Schwann cell cytoplasm were in close contact with the surfaces of C cells. In addition, naked axons regarded as axon terminals or "en passant" synapses came into direct contact with C cells. The morphology of these axon terminals and synaptic endings suggest that ultimobranchial C cells of chickens are supplied mainly with cholinergic efferent type fibers. In the region where large nerve bundles and complex ramifications of nerve fibers were present, Schwann cell perikarya investing the axons were closely juxtaposed with C cells; long cytoplasmic processes of Schwann cells encompassed large portions of the cell surface. All of these features suggest that C-cell activity, i.e., secretion of hormones and catecholamines, may be regulated by nerve stimuli. PMID- 3189196 TI - Growth allometry of craniomandibular muscles, tendons, and bones in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus): relationships to oromotor maturation and biomechanics of feeding. AB - This study addressed the problem of how growth of craniomandibular muscles, tendons, and bones influences the acquisition of oromotor skills and biomechanics of feeding in the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus). Rats representing a 6.6 fold size range were dissected, and muscles, tendons, and mandibles were weighed. Cross-sectional areas of tendons and bones providing attachment surfaces for muscles were estimated. Ontogenetic scaling of craniomandibular muscles, tendons, and bones was described by using linear regression models, and departures from size-required compensations were used to characterize changes in oromotor function. A two-dimensional model was developed which permitted calculation of mechanical advantages of four masticatory muscles; the model was used to show how mandibular growth and tooth eruption influence the biomechanics of rat feeding. Relative to mandible weight, most jaw muscles scaled either isometrically or positively, tendon cross-sectional areas scaled isometrically or negatively, and bone surfaces scaled negatively. With the exception of the superficial masseter and internal pterygoid muscles, mechanical advantages did not change significantly during mandible growth. Growth patterns of craniomandibular muscles, tendons, and bones contribute significantly to changes in morphology and oromotor function. PMID- 3189198 TI - Prenatal and postnatal development of the small intestine in the insectivore Suncus murinus. AB - The development of the small intestine in the insectivore Suncus murinus was noted during the period from 21 days' gestation to 20 days after birth. At 21 days of gestation, the proximal small intestine exhibited the beginning of villus formation, whereas the distal small intestine preserved the stratified epithelium. Stratified epithelium in the distal small intestine changed into a single layer by 24 days' gestation. At 26 days' gestation, each epithelial cell was immature; but by 28 days mature-looking epithelial cells were found. The shape of the villi changed from cuboid to columnar during the same period. The connective-tissue cores of the villi began to develop at 7 days after birth in the proximal small intestine and at 15 days after birth in the distal small intestine. Crypts appeared at 15 days after birth. Endocytosis of epithelial cells took place at 28 days of gestation. In the proximal small intestine, supranuclear vesicle clusters were observed first at birth; they began to decrease both in number and size at 10 days' gestation and then disappeared completely by 20 days after birth. In the distal small intestine, large supranuclear vacuoles were observed first at 28 days of gestation. Although these vacuoles invariably were found up to 15 days after birth, they also disappeared completely by 20 days. Epithelial cells showed a structure similar to those of the adult after weaning. PMID- 3189197 TI - Visualization of chromosome assembly during the S and G2 stages of the cycle and chromosome disassembly during the G1 stage in semithin sections of mouse duodenal crypt cells and other cells. AB - Previous examination of dividing cells in the isthmus of the mouse pyloric antrum by using semithin (0.5-micron-thick) Epon sections revealed that the prophasic condensation of chromosomes began early in the DNA-synthesizing (S) stage. In order to examine whether the same observation could be made in other proliferating cell types, the crypt base columnar cells in mouse duodenum and the hepatocytes of the rat 48 hr after partial hepatectomy were investigated by morphologic and radioautographic techniques. When crypt base columnar cells were studied in semithin Epon sections, the four phases of mitosis showed the characteristic features described by classical cytologists. Moreover, the proportion of cells in prophase and telophase was high. To relate the mitotic phases to the stages of the cell cycle, the "frequency of labeled mitoses method" provided the duration of the cell cycle, 12.3 hr, and of the S stage, 7.3 hr. From the frequency of the occurrence of mitotic phases, it was estimated that metaphase lasted 0.3 hr and anaphase 0.11 hr, in line with previous estimates. However, the durations of prophase and telophase were long, 5.9 and 1.9 hr, respectively. The whole mitotic process took over 8 hr. From the duration of prophase and cycle stages, it was calculated that 67% of the S stage was occupied by prophasic cells. In fair agreement with this estimate, 68% of the labeled cells 10 min after a 3H-thymidine injection were found to be in prophase. In regenerating hepatocytes, the morphological features and frequency of prophase and telophase cells were similar to those observed in duodenal crypt cells. While the cycle time was not measured and, therefore, the duration of cycle stages and mitotic phases could not be estimated, it is likely that their duration would be of the same order of magnitude. In conclusion, the mitotic process in duodenal crypt cells takes over 8 hr. Moreover, the crypt cells, like antral isthmal cells, show features of early prophase soon after they enter the S stage of the cycle. PMID- 3189199 TI - Cyclic modulation of Sertoli cell junctional complexes in a seasonal breeder: the mink (Mustela vison). AB - The development and modulation of Sertoli cell junctions was studied in newborn and adult mink during the active and inactive spermatogenic phases. The techniques used were electron microscopy of freeze-fractured replicas and thin sections of tissues infused with horseradish peroxidase as a junction permeability tracer. In the newborn, freeze-fractured developing junctions had either spherical or fibrillar particles. In addition, junctional domains where particles were associated preferentially with the E-face, and others where particles were associated preferentially with the P-face, were found developing either singly or conjointly within a given membrane segment, thus yielding a heterogeneous junctional segment. Coincidently with the development of a tubular lumen and the establishment of a competent blood-testis barrier, junctional strands were composed primarily of particulate elements associated preferentially with the E-face. In adult mink during active spermatogenesis, cell junctions were found on the entire lateral Sertoli cell plasma membrane from the basal to the luminal pole of the cell. In the basal third of the Sertoli cell, membranous segments that faced a spermatogonium or a migrating spermatocyte displayed forming tight, gap, and adherens junctions. In the middle third, abutting membrane segments localized above germ cells were involved in continuous zonules and in adherens junctions. In the apical or luminal third, the zonules were discontinuous, and the association of junctional particles with the E-face furrow was lost. Gap junctions increased in both size and numbers. Junctional vesicles that appeared as annular gap and tight-junction profiles in thin sections or as hemispheres in freeze-fracture replicas were present. Reflexive tight and gap junctions were formed through the interaction of plasma membrane segments of the same Sertoli cell. Internalized junctional vesicles were also present in mature spermatids. During the inactive spermatogenic phase, cell junctions were localized principally in the basal third of the Sertoli cell; junctional strands resembled those of the newborn mink. During the active spermatogenic phase, continuous zonules were competent in blocking passage of the protein tracer. During the inactive phase the blood-testis barrier was incompetent in blocking entry of the tracer into the seminiferous epithelium. It is proposed that modulation of the Sertoli cell zonules being formed at the base and dismantled at the apex of the seminiferous epithelium follows the direction of germ cell migration and opposes the apicobasal direction of junction formation reported for most epithelia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3189200 TI - Diet and blood cholesterol in population surveys--lessons from analysis of the data from a major survey in Israel. AB - A careful survey of the diet and serum cholesterol of civil servants in Israel covered 8829 men, aged 40-60 y born in six different areas. The authors were disappointed in their failure to find relationships between the diets and serum cholesterol of the individual men. Their report gives mean values for calories, diet fatty acids, and serum cholesterol for the men grouped by areas of birth. Regression analysis shows highly significant relations of serum cholesterol means to means of diet fatty acids for areas of birth. The relations found conform closely to expectations from dietary experiments in metabolic wards. Failure to consider intraindividual relations in the variables explains the disappointment of the authors of the report on the Israelis. Similar lack of attention to intraindividual variability is frequent in surveys and epidemiological studies and leads to error, controversy, and waste of time and money. PMID- 3189202 TI - Predictive ability of various nutritional variables for mortality in elderly people. AB - Nutritional indices (percentage ideal body weight [IBW], serum albumin, serum transferrin, total lymphocyte count [TLC] and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity [DH] response) were assessed in 80 consecutive patients (aged 85-100 y) within 24 h of admission to determine their predictive value for mortality. Nine patients died. Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that death was significantly (p less than 0.05 to less than 0.01) associated with sepsis, serum albumin less than 30 g/L, TLC less than or equal to 1500 cells/mm3, and percentage IBW less than or equal to 90%. However, when serum albumin was controlled for, logit regression analyses demonstrated that the impact of other nutritional indices on death was insignificant. The effect of serum albumin remained significant (p less than 0.05 to less than 0.01) even when age and physician's diagnosis were held constant. With the logit model, serum albumin greater than or equal to 30 g/L had a sensitivity of 0.33, specificity of 0.99, and overall predictive power of 0.91. Serum albumin is thus the simplest and best single predictor of mortality and can provide early identification of elderly people at increased risk of death. PMID- 3189203 TI - Accurate assessment of body composition in obese females. AB - Although several generalized regression equations exist for body composition assessment the accuracy of these equations for special populations is uncertain. This study examined the ability to predict body composition variables from girth measurements in obese women. Girth measurements were taken on 156 obese women at abdomen 1 and abdomen 2 (mean value of the two was used), buttocks, and right thigh. Stepwise multiple-regression analysis generated on 110 randomly assigned subjects yielded the following equations: density (g/cc) = -0.00020(mean abdomen) - 0.00032(wt) + 0.00039(ht) + 0.97783 (R = 0.76, SEE = +/- 0.00061); % fat = 0.11077(mean abdomen) - 0.17666(ht) + 0.14354(wt) + 51.03301 (R = 0.76, SEE = +/- 2.9); fat wt (kg) = 0.62039(wt) - 0.17844(ht) + 0.09495(mean abdomen) + 5.88874 (R = 0.96, SEE = +/- 2.9); and lean body wt (kg) = 0.37939(wt) + 0.17898(ht) - 0.09494(mean abdomen) - 6.00423 (R = 0.89, SEE = +/- 3.0). Data from the remaining 46 women were used for cross-validation. These equations were valid, with validity coefficients for fat weight and lean body weight of r = 0.92 (SE = +/- 3.3 kg) and r = 0.86 (SE = +/- 3.3 kg), respectively, with no significant mean differences between actual and predicted values. The use of girth measurements is a simple and practical method of estimating fat weight and lean body weight in obese women. PMID- 3189201 TI - Educational intervention for altering water-sanitation behavior to reduce childhood diarrhea in urban Bangladesh: impact on nutritional status. AB - We evaluated whether an educational intervention that was effective in reducing childhood diarrhea also improved childhood nutritional status. Fifty-one communities of 38 families each were randomized to receive the intervention or no intervention. During 1 y of follow-up the rate of diarrhea (per 100 wk) in children less than 6 y in the intervention group was 5.89 episodes whereas that in the nonintervention group was 7.55 episodes (protective efficacy 22%; p less than 0.0001). During the same follow-up period children in both groups exhibited comparable patterns of weight gain; 1 y after the intervention the mean weight for age of children in both groups was 76% of the NCHS standard. No significant differences were observed in the proportion of each group that experienced a major deterioration or improvement of nutritional status. We conclude that an intervention that reduces rates of childhood diarrhea may not necessarily also improve nutritional status. PMID- 3189204 TI - Changes in bioelectrical impedance during fasting. AB - Six obese females had daily measurements of bioelectrical impedance during a 2-wk fast and measurement of total body water (TBW) by deuterium oxide dilution before and at the end of the fast. The three related measures of resistance (R), reactance (Xc), and impedance (Z) were found to follow very similar patterns throughout the fast, increasing for the first 7 d and remaining stable for the second 7 d. Weight loss averaged 10 kg and R increased whereas height squared divided by resistance (ht2/R) decreased during the fast with opposite changes during refeeding. Changes in resistance were significantly greater during the first week of fasting than during the second. With the exception of the subject who was the most obese, changes in ht2/R correlated well with changes in TBW (r = 0.94). It is concluded that bioelectrical impedance measurements accurately reflect changes in TBW during a 2-wk fast. PMID- 3189205 TI - Prediction of energy expenditure: simplified FAO/WHO/UNU factorial method vs continuous respirometry and habitual energy intake. AB - This study assessed a simple factorial method to predict energy expenditure (EE) in confined and free-living subjects. Thirteen subjects (seven male, 6 female) were studied on four occasions each. Measurements included BMR, 24-h EE by continuous respirometry, 4-d records of intake and activities, body weight, and urine collections. Agreement between measured and predicted 24-h EE was within +/ 2% for group results and +/- 10% for most individuals. Individual agreement was improved to within +/- 5% by using measured rather than predicted BMR. Habitual energy intake was 7.3% greater (p less than 0.05) than predicted EE in males and 5.1% less (NS) in females. Validatory data suggested overrecording of intake in males and underrecording in females. Large individual differences between habitual intake and predicted EE were observed but were significantly (p less than 0.01) correlated with both weight change and protein balance. Our simple factorial method provided acceptable estimates of EE in the subjects studied. PMID- 3189207 TI - Fecal flora of infants with biliary atresia: effects of the absence of bile on fecal flora. AB - The fecal flora of nine bottle-fed infants with biliary atresia were examined to determine the effects of the absence of bile on the intestinal flora. The numbers of the following fecal flora were significantly reduced compared with healthy infants: bifidobacteria, lecithinase-negative clostridia, streptococci, and staphylococci. Bifidobacteria were reduced to the greatest extent, constituting 75% of total flora in healthy comparison infants but only 2.4% in infants with biliary atresia. The most prevalent bacteria in infants with biliary atresia were enterobacteria. PMID- 3189206 TI - Body weight loss and changes in blood lipid levels in normal men on hypocaloric diets during Ramadan fasting. AB - An investigation was conducted to study the changes in body weight and blood lipids during Ramadan fasting in men on hypocaloric diets. Sixteen healthy male college students were fed a high-carbohydrate diet for the first 2 wk (means 1696 kcal/d), followed by another 2 wk of high-fat diet (means 1834 kcal/d). Fasting blood samples were taken on days 0 (base line), 14, and 28 and were analyzed for triglycerides (TGs) and cholesterol. By the end of Ramadan, body weight, blood TGs, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol) had decreased significantly (p less than 0.05), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-chol) had increased, and total cholesterol had not changed compared with base-line values. The variance in blood lipid levels was explained by weight change through linear and curvilinear regression models. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the contrasting results reported by various investigators and they may be useful in regulating blood lipid levels through Ramadan fasting. PMID- 3189208 TI - Nutrition studies in Thailand: effects of calories, nutrient supplements, and health interventions on growth of preschool Thai village children. AB - A study of the effects of providing high-calorie and vitamin-mineral supplements to preschool village children retarded in growth and development in Chiang Mai, Thailand was done. The preschool children of 24 villages with a population of approximately 11,000 were divided into five control and intervention groups. The interventions consisted of a village health program, high-calorie snacks, and vitamin-mineral supplements. The supplements when used were provided in day care centers for preschool children. The health and nutrition interventions used did not significantly affect growth during the study period reported from December 1981 to October 1983. Monthly changes in length and weight observed in this and a previous study indicate that growth patterns in Thai children are different from those seen in industrialized societies. Factors other than lack of nutrients and infection may be responsible for the inadequate growth often reported in developing countries. PMID- 3189210 TI - Exocrine pancreatic function and protein-calorie malnutrition in Dakar and Abidjan (West Africa): silent pancreatic insufficiency. AB - Pancreatic function was measured by duodenal aspiration after injection of secretin and cholecystokinin in malnourished children from Dakar and Abidjan, West Africa, and in age- and sex-matched control subjects from Dakar, Abidjan, and Marseille, France. Compared with French control subjects, pancreatic function was moderately decreased in Abidjan control subjects and more severely in Abidjan subjects with kwashiorkor. Pancreatic insufficiency was as severe in patients as in control subjects in Dakar. After a well-balanced diet was fed for 5 d, all kwashiorkor symptoms disappeared. In Abidjan pancreatic secretion levels increased but remained lower than in control subjects. After 28 d feeding, the pancreatic secretion of kwashiorkor patients in Dakar was not modified. Pancreatic extracts had no effect on changes in pancreatic insufficiency after feeding. In West Africa there is a latent pancreatic insufficiency involving water, electrolytes, and enzymes, which is more severe in Dakar, where, in contrast to Abidjan, it is neither aggravated by kwashiorkor nor corrected by feeding. PMID- 3189209 TI - Blood pressure, dietary fats, and antioxidants. AB - We investigated the association of dietary fatty acids and antioxidants with blood pressure in 722 eastern Finnish men aged 54 y, examined in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study in 1984-86. Men with self-reported hypertension or cerebrovascular disease or under antihypertensive medication were excluded. Allowing for the major anthropometric, dietary, medical, and psychological determinants of blood pressure in multivariate regression analyses, both plasma ascorbic acid (p = 0.0008) and serum selenium (p = 0.0017) concentrations had a moderate, independent inverse association, estimated dietary intake of saturated fatty acids had a positive association (p = 0.013), and estimated dietary intake of linolenic acid had an inverse (p = 0.048) association with the mean resting blood pressure. The marked elevation of blood pressure at the lowest levels of plasma ascorbic acid and serum Se concentrations supports the hypothesis that antioxidants play a role in the etiology of hypertension. PMID- 3189212 TI - Accuracy of self-reports of food intake in obese and normal-weight individuals: effects of obesity on self-reports of dietary intake in adult females. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of self-reported 24-h dietary recalls of overweight and normal-weight adults. Forty female college students (21 overweight, 19 normal weight) consumed a lunch meal at the university cafeteria while being unobtrusively observed. The following day subjects returned to the lab and completed a 24-h recall of their food intake. Accuracy of recalls was assessed by comparing directly observed intake with self reported intake. Correlated t tests comparing observed and reported intake found a significant amount of overreporting of consumption for the entire sample. When analyses were conducted on individual groups (normal weight vs overweight), no between-group differences were found. A series of one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) (normal weight vs overweight) and a multivariate ANOVA were performed for total calories, nutrients, and the amount of over- and underreporting. No significant differences between groups were observed. PMID- 3189213 TI - Accuracy of self-reports of food intake in obese and normal-weight individuals: effects of parental obesity on reports of children's dietary intake. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the accuracy of dietary-intake information of normal-weight vs overweight parents in their reports of their children's food intake. Subjects were 36 families with either normal-weight (n = 20) or overweight (n = 16) children aged 4-9 y. Unobtrusive observers recorded the types and amounts of food eaten by the children at one meal. The next day families were visited in their homes and were asked to provide dietary-intake information from the previous day on their child. Results indicated that parental reports of the dietary intake of their children correlated significantly with the observers' measures of food intake. Neither the father's, the mother's, nor the family's obesity status had an effect on the accuracy of recalled information. The results indicated that the lack of differences consistently observed in dietary intake between obese and normal-weight children could not be explained by differential accuracy of recalled dietary information. PMID- 3189214 TI - Vitamin A supplementation and growth: a randomized community trial. AB - A randomized community trial was carried out in Aceh, Indonesia, 1982-1984, to assess the impact of semiannual vitamin A (VA) supplementation (60,000 micrograms RE) on preschool child growth: 229 villages were randomized to VA program and 221 to control status. One thousand thirty-two program and 980 control children aged 1-5 y were assessed and followed for 12 mo. VA program males gained an additional approximately 110 g weight at age 2-3 y (NS), 190 g at age 4 y (p less than 0.05), and 263 g at age 5 y over control males (p less than 0.01). Arm circumference and muscle area expanded 2 mm (p less than 0.05) and approximately 36 mm2 (p less than 0.05) more per year, respectively, from ages 3 to 5 y of age and more arm fat was retained at every age (p less than 0.05 at 1 and 3 y) in VA males. There were no group differences in ponderal growth for females or in linear growth for either sex. VA supplementation may improve growth where endemic deficiency exists. PMID- 3189215 TI - Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and vitamin A status: a controlled field trial. AB - A controlled trial of fortification of crystalline monosodium glutamate (MSG) with 810 micrograms RE vitamin A/g was undertaken in an area of endemic vitamin A deficiency in Indonesia. Powdered MSG was used to mask the yellow color of the vitamin A. Fortified MSG was marketed through ordinary channels in five villages in the program area and five nearby villages served as the control area. The product retained 84% of its potency after 4 mo and 57% after 11 mo in the marketplace. Base-line serum and breast-milk vitamin A levels were slightly higher in the control areas. Follow-up serum levels increased dramatically in program villages, 0.67 +/- 0.33 at prefortification base line to 0.92 +/- 0.33 mumol/L (p less than 0.001) at 11 mo after introduction of the fortified product. Breast-milk levels also rose, from 0.60 +/- 0.29 at base line to 0.67 +/- 0.30 mumol/L at 11 mo (p less than 0.05). Serum and breast-milk levels in control villages did not change. PMID- 3189211 TI - Very-low-calorie diets with high and low protein content: impact on triiodothyronine, energy expenditure, and nitrogen balance. AB - Optimal composition of reducing diets remains controversial. Seventeen obese inpatients received 440 kcal/d, either 41% protein plus 55% carbohydrate (CD) or 95% protein (PP), for 3 wk. There were no significant diet effects (all data CD vs PP) in weight loss (8.88 +/- 1.01 vs 8.74 +/- 0.79 kg), loss of lean mass (2.10 +/- 0.35 vs 1.61 +/- 0.39 kg), metabolic rate reduction (15.3 +/- 2.8 vs 13.0 +/- 5.2%), or meal-stimulated thermogenesis (26.6-37.9 vs 29.0-26.1 net kcal/3 h [time NS also]). Triiodothyronine (T3) responses differed (2.35 +/- 0.11 to 1.57 +/- 0.14 vs 2.43 +/- 0.11 to 1.47 +/- 0.12 nmol/L, p less than 0.01) as did free T3 (3.4 +/- 0.2 to 2.6 +/- 0.2 vs 3.2 +/- 0.2 to 2.0 +/- 0.2 pmol/L, (p less than 0.01]; thyroxine declined similarly in both groups. Subjects fed CD gained no advantage over subjects fed PP. Regression analyses revealed no relationship between thyroid hormones, energy deficit, or lean mass with nitrogen losses, suggesting that other or more complex processes govern endogenous protein metabolism during weight loss. PMID- 3189217 TI - Effect of age on changes in plasma, erythrocyte, and urinary B-6 vitamers after an oral vitamin B-6 load. AB - We investigated the effect of age on indices of vitamin B-6 metabolism in 36 fasting males aged 25-35, 45-55, and 65-75 y who ingested 17.15 mumol vitamin B 6. There were no significant differences among groups in dietary vitamin B-6 intake, base-line erythrocyte pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), and total vitamin B-6 concentrations, and 24-h and base-line urinary excretion of total vitamin B-6 and 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA). Base-line plasma PLP and total vitamin B-6 were higher (p less than 0.05) in the youngest group. Increased serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) and decreased dietary vitamin B-6 intake were correlated with decreased base line plasma PLP and total vitamin B-6. Changes in plasma and erythrocyte PLP concentrations and excretion of 4-PA and total vitamin B-6 postload were not different among groups. Indices of vitamin B-6 absorption, phosphorylation, and excretion were not affected by age. PMID- 3189216 TI - Vitamin A-fortified monosodium glutamate and health, growth, and survival of children: a controlled field trial. AB - In a controlled trial, fortification of commercially marketed monosodium glutamate (MSG) with vitamin A improved serum vitamin A levels of young children and the vitamin A content of breast milk of lactating women. These improvements in vitamin A indices were accompanied by dramatic changes in health and anthropometric status. During the course of the study, the prevalence of Bitot's spots among children in program villages fell progressively from 1.2% at base line to 0.2% 11 mo after introduction of the fortified product (p less than 0.001); xerophthalmia rates in control villages remained essentially unchanged. Linear growth was greater among program than among control children at every age. Hemoglobin levels among program children rose by approximately 10 g, from 113 +/- 16 g/L at base line to 123 +/- 16 by 5 mo (p less than 0.001); they remained essentially unchanged among children of control villages. Preschool children in control villages died at 1.8 times the rate of children in program villages. PMID- 3189218 TI - Calcium absorption from calcium carbonate and a new form of calcium (CCM) in healthy male and female adolescents. AB - Calcium absorption from two Ca salts was investigated in a crossover design using stable isotopic tracers in 12 healthy adolescents (6 males, 6 females). A Ca supplement in the form of Ca carbonate or Ca citric and malic acids (CCM) was ingested with a standardized breakfast and the order of administration was randomized. The oral supplement contained 250 mg elemental Ca, 21.8 mg of which was highly enriched 44Ca tracer. Thirty minutes later subjects received 3.6 mg 42Ca tracer intravenously. The molar concentrations of 42Ca and 44Ca tracers in a urine sample obtained 24 h after tracer administration were quantified by fast atom-bombardment mass spectrometry and used to determine fractional absorption of the Ca from the supplement. Ca in the form of CCM had an increased fractional absorption (p less than 0.03) relative to Ca carbonate in healthy adolescents (36.2 vs 26.4%). This increase was not related to body size, sex, or indices of Ca metabolism. PMID- 3189219 TI - The roles of inflammation and iron deficiency as causes of anemia. AB - Inflammatory disease as well as iron deficiency may play an important role in the cause of anemia in the United States. We evaluated the relationships between Fe deficiency, inflammatory disease, and anemia using data from of the First National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES I). Fe nutrition index was based on the ratio of serum Fe to Fe-binding capacity (Fe:TIBC) and inflammatory index was based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). Groups with the highest prevalence of anemia were younger children, young women, and elderly men. Fe deficiency (low Fe:TIBC) was most common among the anemic children and young women but rare in anemic elderly men. Conversely, inflammation (high ESR) was most common among anemic elderly individuals. The prevalence of anemia was more than twice as high in the lowest than in the highest income group. Relative contributions of Fe deficiency and inflammation to anemia did not differ substantially among income groups. PMID- 3189221 TI - Zinc in hair and serum of obese individuals in Taiwan. AB - Zinc concentrations in both serum and hair were assessed in 135 obese patients (51 males, 84 females) and in 57 controls (28 males, 29 females) to study the correlation between Zn and obesity. The body mass index (wt/ht2) was also measured to evaluate its relationship to the Zn level in obese individuals. The serum and hair Zn contents in obese patients were markedly lower than in normal control subjects by 22 and 34%, respectively. The Zn content was inversely related to the body mass index. Thus Zn may play an important metabolic role in the development of obesity. PMID- 3189220 TI - Effect of phytate removal on zinc absorption from soy formula. AB - Low zinc bioavailability from soy formula may be the result of the formula's phytate content. We assessed the effect of phytate removal from soy formula on Zn absorption using infant rhesus monkeys and suckling rat pups as animal models. Zn absorption in monkeys, as determined by whole-body counting, was 65% from human milk, 54% from monkey milk, 60% from whey-predominant formula, 46% from casein predominant formula, and only 27% from conventional soy formula (0.621 mmol phytate/L). In contrast, Zn absorption from dephytinized soy formula (0.067 mmol phytate/L) was 45%. In suckling rats, Zn absorption from conventional soy formula was only 16% vs 47% from dephytinized soy formula. Phytate concentration in a variety of experimental soy formulas was inversely correlated to Zn absorption. These results suggest that the low bioavailability of Zn from soy formula is a function of its phytate concentration and can be overcome by the removal of phytate. PMID- 3189222 TI - Nutritional survey of the US Navy SEAL trainees. AB - The nutritional status of 267 male US Navy Sea, Air, and Land (SEAL) trainees was assessed to determine dietary patterns. Diet records, blood samples, 24-h urine collections, and physical characteristics were analyzed. Energy intake was 3886 +/- 73 kcal/d (SEM) with 15.7 +/- 0.2, 42.9 +/- 0.6, and 41.2 +/- 0.5% of the energy derived from protein, carbohydrate (CHO), and fat, respectively. Mean cholesterol intake (1008 +/- 35.7 mg/d [SEM]) exceeded the US Dietary Goal (less than or equal to 300 mg/d) and serum cholesterol concentration was 5.25 +/- 0.41 mmol/L (SEM). Over 38% of the trainees had cholesterol concentrations greater than 5.3 mmol/L, an indicator of high risk for cardiovascular disease. Mean sodium intake was 250 +/- 22 mmol/d. Over 86% of the trainees consumed greater than 144 mmol/d. Urinary Na excretion was high (146.7 +/- 6.7 mmol/d [SEM]) and correlated with Na intake (r = 0.365; p = 0.001). Potassium and selected vitamin intakes approximated the Military Recommended Dietary Allowances. Fat, cholesterol, and Na intakes were high relative to the dietary goals. Whether more dietary CHO would improve performance in endurance training remains to be determined. PMID- 3189223 TI - Functional differences between central and peripheral fat. PMID- 3189224 TI - Energy balance, smoking, and fatness. PMID- 3189225 TI - Long-term results of radiotherapy in the treatment of pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents. AB - A retrospective review was performed of 11 children and adolescents (less than 19 years of age) with diagnosed pituitary adenomas. The patients were treated with subtotal resection and postoperative irradiation (S + R) or with irradiation alone (RT) at the Radiation Oncology Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University Medical Center, from January 1958 through December 1982. Patient conditions at diagnosis were acromegaly in one, Nelson's syndrome in one, prolactinoma in three, chromophobe adenoma in three, and Cushing's disease in three. Median follow-up was 15.6 years (range 6.3-29.5 years). Only two patients have had failure: one at 8.6 years and the other at 20.7 years following treatment. All four patients with visual field (VF) defects at diagnosis underwent S + R, with only one developing recurrent disease. The remaining seven patients, who did not have VF defects, received RT only, and there has been one failure in this group. None have suffered long-term visual complications. All have been able to continue school and/or work. Three of eight females have borne children. Hypopituitarism requiring medication occurred in all who received S + R and in four of seven who received RT only. PMID- 3189226 TI - Adults with Ewing's sarcoma. An analysis of 16 patients at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. AB - Between 1975 and 1985, 16 patients with Ewing's sarcoma were treated in the Adult Sarcoma Clinic at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. Of 10 patients with extraskeletal or pelvic primaries, 2 (1 pelvic, 1 extraskeletal) are surviving disease-free at 77 and 103 months from diagnosis. Of the six remaining patients, 5 are alive from 38 to 125 months from diagnosis. No relapses were documented after 18 months of disease-free survival. Adults with localized skeletal Ewing's sarcoma outside the pelvis respond well to multimodality therapy. However, pelvic and extraskeletal disease occur in a disproportionately large segment of this older population and are associated with a poor prognosis. PMID- 3189227 TI - Treatment of the blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia with high-dose cytosine arabinoside. AB - Sixteen patients with accelerated or blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia were treated with high-dose cytosine arabinoside given at 3 g/m2 every 12 h for two to eight doses per course. All patients had an immediate clearing of peripheral blood blast cells. Five patients achieved a complete response for 1-14 months, median 4.5 months. Toxicity was significant and predictable on the basis of dose given. We have identified both an effective and a toxic dosing schedule. The rapid response is dramatic but relatively short-lived, and suggests that additional agents in conjunction with reinfusion of autologous stem cells may offer these patients a greater chance of significant response. PMID- 3189228 TI - Continuous infusion homoharringtonine (NSC 141633) in refractory acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. An ECOG pilot study. AB - Single-agent homoharringtonine (HH) was evaluated as induction therapy in 20 patients with advanced acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) in a pilot study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). HH was given by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion at 3.5 mg/m2 on the first day and at 6.0 mg/m2/day on days 2-8. Fourteen men and six women with a median age of 43 years were treated. Sixteen patients had clearing of peripheral blasts, 10 patients achieved marrow hypoplasia, and 2 patients had progressive disease. No complete remission occurred. Drug-induced hypotension was the most significant toxicity, causing a delay in treatment in 8 patients. The median survival was 15 weeks (range 1-65 weeks) from the start of HH treatment. Despite a definite antileukemic effect, HH as a single agent cannot be recommended as a useful salvage regimen in patients with far advanced ANLL. PMID- 3189229 TI - Etoposide and split-dose cisplatin in bronchogenic carcinoma. AB - The Hoosier Oncology Group (HOG) treated 13 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma with an innovative schedule of cisplatin and VP-16. Unexpected toxicity was noted, with five deaths secondary to granulocytopenia and septic shock and three episodes of renal failure. Despite early closure of this study, we conclude that this schedule of cisplatin and VP-16 results in greater toxicity than comparable dosages in a more routine schedule. PMID- 3189230 TI - Pulmonary metastasizing hemangiopericytoma. AB - Hemangiopericytomas are rare tumors, originating from pericytes of the small vessels, that can appear anywhere in the body. From the histological picture it is difficult to determine whether or not they are malignant. The metastasizing rate depends upon the tumor's location and varies from 50 to 80%. Local recurrences occur in roughly 50% of the cases. Hemangiopericytoma is normally surgically treated because radio- and chemotherapy are generally less effective. There is limited experience in treating metastasizing hemangiopericytomas with chemotherapy. We treated 2 patients with pulmonal metastasizing hemangiopericytoma: In 1, the tumor originated in the brain and in the other, the left knee. Both patients had chemotherapy over an extended period of time. By means of x-ray, histological, and electronmicroscopical examinations we report on the course of the diseases. PMID- 3189232 TI - Esthesioneuroblastoma or malignant lymphoma? A case report. AB - Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon tumor arising from the olfactory epithelium of the nasal vault. Differentiation from other tumors is often difficult, but techniques like immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy can help to distinguish a neuroblastoma from a malignant lymphoma with certainty. A patient is presented in whom difficulty was experienced in deciding on the diagnosis; the pathological data are presented to illustrate why confusion about the finite diagnosis can occur despite the use of these techniques. The initial diagnosis was a malignant lymphoma of the poorly differentiated lymphocytic type. The disease responded well to chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and doxorubicin (COPA). When tumor recurred, rebiopsy of the small cell tumor was considered to be esthesioneuroblastoma, and the patient was treated with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, dacarbazine, and radiotherapy. The patient is now disease-free and has been without evidence of disease for more than 2.5 years; it is more than 5 years since the initial diagnosis of a small cell malignant neoplasm was made. This report illustrates the problems of diagnosis and treatment of this rare condition. PMID- 3189233 TI - Segmental mastectomy and irradiation in the treatment of breast cancer. PMID- 3189231 TI - Phase II trial of iproplatin (CHIP) in previously untreated patients with colorectal cancer. AB - Nineteen previously untreated patients with colorectal cancer and measurable disease were treated with iproplatin (CHIP), 75 mg/m2 daily, for 5 days every 4 weeks for at least 2 courses. Toxicities included myelosuppression, mild nausea and vomiting, and rare mild nephrotoxicity. The dose-limiting toxicity was thrombocytopenia, which appeared to be cumulative. Dose reduction was frequently necessary. There were no toxic deaths. One partial response was observed, and four patients had stable disease for a median of 2 months. Iproplatin does not appear to have significant activity against colorectal cancer. PMID- 3189235 TI - Firearm violence and the effects of gun control legislation. AB - Two gun control laws designed to reduce different types of violent crimes were evaluated. In 1981, East St. Louis, IL, imposed stricter penalties for individuals who carry firearms outside their homes for protection (individuals could keep firearms in their homes). This law had only a temporary impact in reducing firearm use in assaults and robberies. In Evanston, IL, a slightly different approach was taken with legislation that banned handguns in the entire city (i.e., individuals could not keep handguns within their homes). A temporary reduction in firearm assaults occurred a few months before the gun law took effect. The implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3189234 TI - The new sexual assault law: the victim's experience in court. AB - The questions asked of victims of sexual and physical assault by the prosecutor and defense were recorded and coded by courtroom observers. The defense in comparison to the prosecution treated both types of victims in a negative way. Sexual assault victims were subjected to more negative questions and required to give a more personal form of testimony than physical assault victims due to the strategies used by both the prosecution and the defense. Sexual assault cases were convicted less often than physical assault cases. It was concluded that the new law in Canada which replaced the offense of rape with one of "sexual assault" has not had its intended effect of reducing the burden on a victim when she testifies in court. PMID- 3189236 TI - The context of clinical judgment: the effect of resource availability on judgments of amenability to treatment in juvenile offenders. AB - One-hundred sixty-eight mental health, welfare, and juvenile court personnel from six different locales within a state rated (a) the "amenability to treatment" of four case vignettes involving juvenile offenders and (b) the effectiveness of a variety of services for youth. Locales were chosen as either low, medium, or high along a continuum of service availability, and the effects of resource availability and agency type on these judgments were examined. These factors had significant effects on both types of judgments, but the directions of the effects were not uniform. Personnel in both high and low resource conditions showed relatively lower ratings of amenability on the vignettes and significant positive correlations between the ratings of service effectiveness and the treatability of the vignette youth. The medium resource personnel in all three agencies showed a negative correlation between these ratings, thus portraying youth as more workable but services as not maximally effective. In general, the results are interpreted as evidence that clinical judgment is systematically affected more by contextual factors than assumed and that this fact bears consideration in formulating the proper role for clinical judgment in juvenile justice. PMID- 3189238 TI - Personal relationships, personal attributes, and stress resistance: mothers' reactions to their child's illness. AB - The contribution to emotional distress of mastery, intimacy, received social support, and discomfort in seeking support was examined over a year period among 107 Israeli mothers of well, acutely ill, or chronically ill children. The following was found: (a) Women initially high in mastery experienced less psychological distress and benefited more from social support than did women low in mastery. (b) The greater social support women generally received the lower their psychological distress. (c) Independent of the level of generally received support, women who experienced greater distress received greater social support at the time of crisis. (d) Intimacy with spouse was related to better stress resistance, but the opposite was found for intimacy with family. (e) Women who felt uncomfortable seeking support were more distressed at the time of initial crisis than women who were more comfortable seeking support and became less intimate with significant others. PMID- 3189237 TI - Multivariate approaches to the identification of delinquency proneness in adolescent males. AB - A sample of 337 adolescent male students were surveyed for demographic, individual, school, and familial functioning and delinquency status to investigate two questions relevant to prediction of adolescent delinquency proneness. First, three methods of scoring a delinquency self-report measure (frequency, variety, and seriousness) were compared to assess their differential relevance to the prediction of delinquency proneness. Second, a multivariate model was examined to assess its explanatory ability for identification of delinquency proneness. Findings, replicated through a series of regression analyses, demonstrate that age of onset is the best predictor. Other than family functioning, psychosocial indicators add little to the predictive model. Third, a specific factor model was preferable to a "risk count" method. Finally, the advantage of self-reports of delinquent behavior over official records is discussed as is the comparability of self-report scoring procedures. How self reported delinquency is scored is not as critical as previously thought. PMID- 3189239 TI - Maxillary impaction and advancement reduction genioplasty. PMID- 3189241 TI - The effect of a modified functional appliance on obstructive sleep apnea. AB - This study combined the use of cephalometrics and overnight polysomnographic monitoring to analyze the effects of a modified functional appliance on airway, sleep, and respiratory variables in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Twelve patients without overt anatomic or pathologic evidence of obstruction were selected on the basis of an initial single night of polysomnographic monitoring, which confirmed the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The patients subsequently were fitted with a modified functional appliance designed to securely hold the mandible in an anterior-inferior position. A subsequent overnight polysomnographic study was obtained with each patient wearing the appliance. Lateral cephalometric radiographs with and without the appliance in place were also obtained. The mean vertical and horizontal changes in mandibular position while wearing the appliance were 8.49 mm and 2.28 mm, respectively. The findings indicate that 10 of the 12 patients had decreases in the rate of complete airway obstructions from a mean of 28.86 to 18.69 events per hour, and in the total apnea index from a mean of 53.81 to 35.99 events per hour. A reduction in the rate of obstructive events is attributed to the effect of the appliance on the oropharyngeal structures. Six cephalometric measurements are presented to provide a means of assessing effects of the appliance on the oropharynx and associated structures. The modified functional appliance is a conservative, successful treatment alternative that could benefit patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. PMID- 3189240 TI - Simultaneous superior repositioning of the maxilla and mandibular advancement. A report on stability. AB - Fifty-three patients who underwent simultaneous surgical superior repositioning of the maxilla and mandibular advancement were studied cephalometrically and clinically for at least 1 year after surgery (mean 2.4 years). The pattern of change for the maxilla and the percentage of patients who had 2 mm or more movement of landmarks were consistent with that observed following isolated superior repositioning of the maxilla. Although changes similar to those observed with isolated mandibular movement occurred, because the changes in the maxilla also affected the mandible, a greater percentage of patients experienced postsurgical movement of the mandible in this group than in those undergoing mandibular advancement alone. Clinically, satisfactory or better results were observed in 42 (79%) patients at their longest follow-up examination. The only significant variable associated with clinical outcome was the presence (presurgically) of an open bite (p less than 0.04) in 10 of 11 patients with poor clinical results. There was no statistically significant relationship between cephalometric stability and clinical outcome in this series of patients. PMID- 3189242 TI - Linear changes of the maxillary and mandibular lips. AB - This investigation was designed to assess the growth effect on the linear dimensions of human lips from childhood to adulthood. By means of serial computerized cephalometry, the changes in lip length and thickness were studied in 32 untreated male and female subjects from 8 to 18 years of age. It was observed that the maxillary and mandibular lips, under the influence of growth, increase in both dimensions with the advancement of age. During the period studied, the length and thickness of the lips of the male subjects exhibited greater increases both proportionally and numerically than the corresponding dimensions of female lips. PMID- 3189243 TI - Porion and condyle as cephalometric landmarks--an error study. AB - With the recent increase in the use of functional appliances for orthodontic treatment in which condylar growth plays an important role in the final results, orthodontists and researchers should be aware of the process of growth and development of various components of the skull to see the changes of measurements on cephalometric tracings in different stages of treatment. This study was conducted to assess the reliability of the porion and condyle on the lateral cephalogram. A group of 24 patients was selected randomly from the Orthodontic Department at Tufts University. Two sagittal roentgenograms, one in habitual (centric) occlusion and one with the mouth wide open, were taken. Each cephalogram was traced by two observers to determine discrepancies in tracing the shape and position of the porion and condyle. The Pearson product-moment coefficient of correlation was performed for inter- and intraobserver reliability for locating the porion and condyle in open- and closed-mouth positions. It was concluded that the porion and condyle cannot be located accurately and consistently on sagittal roentgenograms in the closed-mouth position. Therefore it appears advisable to obtain an open-mouth cephalogram and superimpose it onto the respective closed-mouth cephalogram. This will provide greater accuracy and reliability in obtaining cephalometric measurements. PMID- 3189244 TI - Plaque accumulations caused by interdental stripping. AB - Human enamel surfaces were stripped with orthodontic grinding and finishing materials, and evaluated with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Even under in vitro conditions with the finest finishing strips, it was not possible to produce an enamel surface free of the furrows that result from the initial abrasion caused by the coarse strip. Enamel surfaces stripped gradually from coarse to superfine were left in the mouths of patients for 12 weeks and evaluated with the SEM. The edges of the furrows were found to be smoother but the furrows remained wide and deep enough to facilitate more plaque accumulations than those on untreated surfaces. The use of dental floss did not result in prevention of plaque accumulations along the bottom of the furrows. PMID- 3189246 TI - Relation of the Wits appraisal to the ANB angle: a statistical appraisal. AB - The hypothesis that the relationship between the ANB angle and the Wits appraisal can be expressed by measuring the individual variations in their reference systems and by constructing a model of regression between them and a few parameters describing the reference systems was tested with material consisting of 30 lateral cephalometric radiographs of untreated orthodontic patients with different types of skeletal and/or dentoalveolar malocclusions. The results indicated that approximately 93% of the variation of the Wits appraisal could be explained by the variation of the ANB, NSL/OL, and SNA angles. The study also showed that the results given by different measurements with different reference systems, such as the ANB angle and the Wits appraisal, cannot be directly compared. To obtain comparable interpretations, one should correct the results of both measurements in relation to the variations in their reference systems. PMID- 3189245 TI - Moment to force ratios and the center of rotation. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between moment to force (M/F) ratios and the centers of rotation by use of the finite element method (FEM). A three-dimensional FEM model was developed for the upper right central incisor on the basis of average anatomic dimensions. The center of resistance and centers of rotation were determined for varying M/F ratios applied at the midpoint of the crown. The center of resistance was located at 0.24 times the root length measured apical to the level of alveolar crest. The centers of rotation varied with the M/F ratios following a curve of hyperbola. The M/F ratio was -9.53 for root movement (Co at the incisal edge), -8.39 for translation, and 6.52 for tipping around the apex. It was found that even a small difference in the M/F ratios produced clinically significant changes in the centers of rotation. PMID- 3189247 TI - Appointment frequency versus treatment time. AB - A study is presented of 92 orthodontic patients whose treatment was completed between the years 1985 and 1987. Because of the unique situation in the clinic in which the study was undertaken, patients are seen at long intervals as compared to what normally would be considered the "standard" length of time between appointments. It is concluded that the overall length of treatment did not increase significantly, even though patients were seen much less frequently. The differences may have been partially attributable to the new high-tech appliances and materials used today and partially related to the fact that indeed it may not be necessary to see patients at 3- or 4-week intervals. PMID- 3189248 TI - The specialty of orthodontics. PMID- 3189249 TI - Cephalometric findings. PMID- 3189250 TI - Temperature-activated wires. PMID- 3189251 TI - Re: Changes in mandibular anterior alignment. PMID- 3189252 TI - Re: A retrospective study of relapse in rigidly fixated sagittal split/osteotomies: contributing factors. PMID- 3189253 TI - Alcohol use among Hispanic groups in the United States. AB - The objective of this paper is to describe drinking patterns, alcohol problems, attitudes toward drinking and drunkenness, and attitudes toward appropriate drinking among Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Cuban-Americans. Subjects were selected through a multistage probability procedure from the United States Hispanic population 18 years of age and older living in households. Data were collected in face to face interviews conducted in the respondent's home. The response rate for the survey was 72%. The results indicate that Mexican-Americans drink more and have more problems. While 22% of Mexican-American men report at least one alcohol problem, only 8% of Puerto Ricans and 3% of Cuban-Americans do so. Mexican-Americans are also more accepting of drinking than Puerto Ricans and Cuban-Americans. This is especially so when drinking means drinking enough to feel the effects of alcohol. The generalizability of these findings is somewhat limited by the small number of Cuban-Americans and Puerto Ricans interviewed in the 1984 survey analyzed here. Thus, rather than providing a definitive description of alcohol use among Cuban-Americans and Puerto Ricans on the mainland, this paper should be seen as an enticement for further research. Future studies with United States Hispanics should therefore attempt to confirm the findings in larger and more stable samples of these two groups. PMID- 3189254 TI - Alcoholics anonymous affiliation and treatment outcome among a clinical sample of problem drinkers. AB - Pretreatment and posttreatment Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) affiliation was investigated in respect to treatment outcome, demographic variables, and psychometric variables for 173 consecutive admissions to a residential behaviorally oriented, multimodal treatment program. Few variables were found to distinguish clients who chose to affiliate with AA following treatment from those who did not. However, AA attenders tended to report a higher incidence of and more severe alcohol-related problems prior to treatment. Pretreatment AA affiliation was not found to influence prognosis significantly. However, an infrequent or irregular pattern of posttreatment AA attendance was associated with a much poorer prognosis than either regular attendance or nonattendance. Success:failure ratios were statistically equivalent for the latter two groups. It is suggested that the poor outcome evident among the infrequent attenders may be the result of "misaffiliation" or incomplete affiliation with the fellowship and/or the presence of a problem which supersedes the alcohol abuse. PMID- 3189258 TI - Reasons for alcohol use in maritally violent men. AB - This study compared the contexts and reasons for drinking of a maritally violent group as compared to three nonviolent comparison groups. We found that the maritally violent group reported higher levels of alcohol consumption in all of the drinking context items with the most significant differences being on drinking at home after work, at home while playing with the kids, at recreational activities, at home by oneself, on the job, at workday lunch, and with people after work. While we did find significant differences, the mean level of consumption in all contexts was relatively low. We found that the maritally violent men tended to drink to forget worries, pains, and stresses in their lives more so than the nonviolent groups. At least half the maritally violent men reported that drinking accompanied abusive events at least occasionally, while about one-third reported it often or very often accompanied their abuse. We concluded that while our findings indicate that alcohol use may facilitate marital violence, they also suggest that alcohol use and mental abuse may be symptoms of other individual, structural, or cultural norm factors. Therapy should not focus exclusively on alcohol use, but on underlying causes of both alcohol use and spouse abuse. PMID- 3189257 TI - Suicidality among opioid addicts: 2.5 year follow-up. AB - During a 2.5-yr follow-up of 263 opioid addicts, suicidality was examined as a predictor of outcome and as an outcome to be predicted among initially nonsuicidal addicts. Suicidality predicted poor medical, psychosocial, and substance abuse outcomes, but fewer legal problems during follow-up. Among the 218 initially nonsuicidal opioid addicts, subsequent suicidality was not associated with a history of drug overdoses, and psychosocial factors predictive of future suicidality differed from factors associated with a history of overdoses. Factors associated with overdoses included alcoholism, poor social adjustment, and legal problems, while depression, neuroticism, and family problems predicted suicidality during the subsequent 2.5 yr. PMID- 3189255 TI - An application of an MMPI classification system for predicting outcome in a small clinical sample of alcoholics. AB - The purpose of this study was to apply Conley and Prioleau's MMPI classification system to predict drinking and adjustment outcome for a sample of 113 inpatient alcoholics. Although a dual grouping (termed "reactive" and "essential") of the original six MMPI subtypes was found to be more useful for this sample size, the findings, nevertheless, supported the predictive value of this MMPI classification system. The "essential" group, derived from a triad of Psychopathic and Schizoform MMPI types was rated as drinking significantly more often during 4 years after treatment than the "reactive" group, derived from a triad of Neurotic and Classic MMPI types (Fisher's p = .02). Females classified as the "essential" MMPI group were rated as having significantly poorer adjustment (Fisher's p = .007) than females classified as the "reactive" MMPI group. PMID- 3189259 TI - Substance abuse among medical trainees: current problems and evolving resources. AB - Substance abuse among medical students and residents, while not new, has increased in frequency, appears earlier, and is more apt to involve illicit drugs. In addition to these pathological changes, certain mental health resources for medical students have declined (although there is considerable variability from one location to another). These changes have stimulated certain innovative approaches to such problems. Both these recent problems as well as recent responses for dealing with them are presented. PMID- 3189256 TI - A comparison of self-reported symptoms and DSM-III-R criteria for cocaine withdrawal. AB - The frequencies of 15 self-reported symptoms of cocaine withdrawal were compared in 75 subjects to the symptoms listed as criteria by DSM-III and DSM-III-R for either amphetamine or cocaine withdrawal. Three of the four most frequently reported symptoms, depression (75%), sleep disturbance (71%), and fatigue (69%), corresponded to DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria. The only other DSM-III symptom, increased dreaming (33%), was infrequently reported, lending support to its deletion by DSM-III-R. Physical withdrawal symptoms, which are generally unappreciated in cocaine withdrawal, were reported by 64% of the sample. Neither the DSM-III criteria nor the new DSM-III-R criteria include other frequent symptoms which might contribute to relapse and impaired functioning, such as craving (69%), apathy/amotivation (67%), and restlessness (64%). Thus, these criteria may be too narrowly defined for treatment purposes. PMID- 3189260 TI - Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy by Danish women and their spouses--a potential source of fetal morbidity. AB - The relationship between cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption behavior during pregnancy was examined in a select group of Danish women and their spouses. Five-hundred consecutive women who had uncomplicated pregnancies and delivered full-term babies were interviewed 3+ days postpartum. Information was collected about smoking and drinking behavior of all household members during pregnancy. We found (1) a high percentage of Danish women (70%) and their spouses (80%) consume alcohol during pregnancy, and (2) a significant correlation between maternal and paternal smoking (r = .25, P .0001) and maternal and paternal drinking (r = .35, P .0001). These data suggest that even though the potential dangers of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy have been well publicized, there is still a high percentage of women who participate in such behaviors. There may also exist an important role for the father in affecting these two behaviors and therefore indirectly affecting fetal development. PMID- 3189261 TI - Adolescent alcohol and marijuana use: a longitudinal assessment of a social learning perspective. AB - A social learning model which incorporates measures from both the sociological perspective of differential association and the psychological perspective of behavior reinforcement is analyzed as an explanation of continued alcohol and marijuana use among youths. Data were gathered at two points in time from a sample of adolescents from New Jersey. The measurement and structural relationships among peer associations, attitudes, reinforcing and punishing consequences, and patterns of use were examined. It was found that, overall, the model fit the data for use of both substances, proving to be invariant across age and gender groups. The most pronounced difference between the alcohol and marijuana models was that differential associations exhibited the strongest relationship to maintenance of alcohol use while reinforcers were most salient to continued marijuana use. PMID- 3189262 TI - Gastric mucosal reactions in patients with food allergy. AB - The aim of our study was to determine whether patients suffering from food allergy show any pathologic reactions on the mucosa of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract after allergen contact. For this reason, we included in the study 30 patients whose food-allergic history had been proven through double-blind challenge tests; 20 healthy volunteers also were included as controls. The patients and volunteers underwent standard laboratory investigations and allergy tests with PRICK and RAST. To observe possible mucosal reactions, we applied the proposed allergens via endoscope to the gastric mucosa. Macroscopic reactions were observed blindly by two independent physicians. Biopsies were taken from the challenged areas for histological and histochemical analysis. The examinations included the estimations of tissue histamine concentrations and of mast cell and lymphocyte counts. In all 30 patients, macroscopic reactions (swelling, erosions, bleedings) were observed. Patients with food allergy had, in contrast to healthy volunteers, elevated lymphocyte counts, tissue histamine concentrations, and mast cell counts. After provocation, tissue histamine concentrations and mast cell counts fell significantly. Skin and RAST tests showed positive results in only 46.7% and 50.0%, respectively, of food-allergic patients. We conclude, first, that through intragastric provocation under endoscopic control (IPEC), food allergic reactions on the mucosa of the GI tract can be verified and, second, that the liberation of tissue histamine seems to play an important role in the establishment of food-allergic reactions on the mucosa. PMID- 3189264 TI - Serum-ascites albumin difference in tuberculous peritonitis. AB - Recent studies have shown that the serum-ascites albumin difference provides better diagnostic discrimination than the ascites total protein concentration in the separation of "transudative" (portal hypertension) ascites and "exudative" (non-portal hypertension) ascites. Published studies to date have reported the serum-ascites albumin difference in only two patients with tuberculous ascites. We looked at the serum-ascites albumin difference in our series of patients with tuberculous peritonitis. All had a low difference (less than 1.1), similar to patients with malignancy. PMID- 3189263 TI - Duodenoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with gallbladders in situ: report of a series of 1272 patients. AB - We present a prospective, unrandomized, uncontrolled series of 1272 patients in whom endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) was performed, and who had not previously undergone cholecystectomy. These patients were culled from our combined experience of a total of 4177 patients in whom ES was performed over the last 13 yr. Of the group reported here, 1208 patients had demonstrable gallbladder stones, and 64 had acalculous gallbladders. The group included 896 females and 396 males whose mean age was 73.3 yr and who ranged from 17 to 101 yr old. Cholangitis was present in 317 patients (25%), and gallstone pancreatitis in 134 (10.5%) patients. After sphincterotomy, 109 patients (8.6%) developed cholecystitis; 23 developed this within 48 h, and 86 developed this within 10 days of the procedure. Emergency surgery was performed on 25 of these patients, and 84 responded to medical therapy alone. Two deaths occurred within 30 days of sphincterotomy (0.15%), in both cases following emergency surgery in elderly patients. One hundred-eight patients underwent elective cholecystectomy within 3 yr of their sphincterotomy because of recurrent symptoms referrable to the biliary tract. In a subset of 337 patients in whom long-term followup was possible, two patients died of complications related to recurrent cholecystitis, both at approximately 2 yr after sphincterotomy. Although followup was less than optimal in this large series of patients, the data presented here suggest that an intact gallbladder is not a contraindication to ES in the management of common bile duct stones, and that the morbidity and mortality of ES compare favorably over the long and short term with surgical management. PMID- 3189265 TI - Lactose malabsorption in adult patients with Crohn's disease. AB - In order to evaluate, in adult patients with Crohn's disease (CD), the prevalence of lactose malabsorption and intolerance, and the percentage who can tolerate a physiologic amount of milk in their diet, we tested 37 patients with CD (19 with intestinal resection, and 18 without) and 67 healthy controls (C) with the H2 breath test after they had ingested increasing loads of lactose as 10% solution (12.5 g, 25 g, and 50 g). Patients with malabsorption after the 12.5-g dose were tested further with 250 ml of milk. In the total group of patients and in the subgroup of those with resection, the prevalence of malabsorption was higher than in controls at all lactose loads; in patients who had not undergone resection, no significant difference was observed with the 12.5-g dose. Eleven of 18 patients who were malabsorbers with the 12.5-g dose had malabsorption also with 250 ml milk; however, only three of them (8% of the total group) experienced symptoms of intolerance. We conclude that, in adult patients with CD, 1) the prevalence of lactose malabsorption is increased, 2) in patients who have undergone intestinal resection, malabsorption occurs at a lower dose of the sugar than in patients who did not, and 3) since only 8% of patients experienced symptoms of intolerance after the ingestion of milk 250 ml, this amount can be empirically inserted in the daily diet of an adult with CD. PMID- 3189266 TI - Endoscopic diagnosis of lymphangioma of the small intestine. AB - In three patients with lymphangioma of the small intestine, the preoperative diagnosis of lymphangioma was made by endoscopy with biopsy and radiology. A typical endoscopic finding was an elevated polypoid tumor, yellowish-white to tan. The surface was smooth, often with white specks, and could be impressed by touching lightly with biopsy forceps. Endoscopic examination revealed satellite lesions not detected radiologically. Lymphangioma has heretofore been successfully diagnosed preoperatively by endoscopy in the duodenum. This report of accurate preoperative diagnoses of lymphangioma in the small intestine, other than the duodenum, using endoscopy, may be the first to be documented. PMID- 3189267 TI - Endoscopic appearance of the intussuscepted appendix and accurate preoperative diagnosis. AB - Intussusception of the appendix in a 25-yr-old man was diagnosed preoperatively. Only six such cases have been reported. This patient presented with episodes of recurrent severe right lower abdominal pain, each episode separated by several uneventful months. The diagnosis was made by radiological visualization of a polypoid lesion with a dimple at the top in the caput cecum, and by the endoscopic appearance of the polypoid mass. A sessile polypoid mass (about 1 cm) that looked like foreskin and glans was observed by colonoscopy. The dimple at the top, like glans, was partially reddish, and the steeply sloped surface, like foreskin turned inside out, was smooth. The area of dimple at the top became discernibly smaller and the appearance changed as air was led into cecum. Appendectomy was without untoward events, and the patient no longer experienced such episodes. Although intussusception of the appendix is rare, it should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal syndrome. PMID- 3189268 TI - Adult intussusception in association with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome and intestinal Kaposi's sarcoma. AB - Visceral Kaposi's sarcoma is a common manifestation of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Most lesions are clinically silent, detected only by radiographic or endoscopic studies. We report the first instance of AIDS-related jejunal Kaposi's sarcoma presenting with small intestinal obstruction due to intussusception. Gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma is a clinical problem that may occur more frequently in the future. PMID- 3189269 TI - Digital rectal examination and resting anal canal pressure. PMID- 3189270 TI - Fulminant Wilsonian hepatitis. PMID- 3189271 TI - Esophageal dilatation: current instruments and technique. PMID- 3189272 TI - Neonatal hemochromatosis. PMID- 3189273 TI - Spontaneous peritonitis due to Klebsiella oxytoca in a patient with cardiac ascites. PMID- 3189274 TI - Acute appendicitis in a patient with nonrotation of the midgut. PMID- 3189275 TI - Toxic megacolon without diarrhea. PMID- 3189276 TI - Fried foods and the risk of colon cancer. AB - High-temperature cooking of foods produces a variety of mutagenic substances. Because of the association of such substances with carcinogenesis, the authors used a case-control study of colon cancer conducted in Utah between 1977 and 1979 with 246 cases and 484 controls to test the hypothesis that persons with colon cancer would report more frequent use of fried and broiled meats. Intake of food was measured by a food frequency questionnaire which focused on food use five years before the interview. For men, the odds ratios for the highest level of use were 1.2 (90% confidence interval (CI): 0.8-1.9) for fried meats and 0.7 (90% CI: 0.5-1.0) for broiled meats; for women, the odds ratios were 1.3 (90% CI: 0.8-2.1) for fried meats and 1.1 (90% CI: 0.7-1.7) for broiled meats. The reported use of fried and broiled vegetables was too infrequent to permit evaluation. The authors conclude that the ingestion of fried and broiled meats five years before diagnosis of colon cancer had little influence on the development of this cancer. PMID- 3189277 TI - The relations of alcoholic beverage use to colon and rectal cancer. AB - The authors prospectively studied the incidence of cancers of the colon and rectum in 106,203 men and women, both white and black, who supplied data at northern California Kaiser Permanente facilities about use of alcoholic beverages in 1978-1984. Analysis controlling for age, sex, race, body mass index, coffee use, total serum cholesterol, and education showed a positive association of alcohol use to both types of cancer, which was stronger for rectal cancer (trend test, p = 0.03) than for colon cancer (trend test, p = 0.11). When persons with a daily intake of three or more drinks were compared with abstainers, relative risk for rectal cancer was 3.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05-9.57) and relative risk for colon cancer was 1.71 (95% CI: 0.92-3.19). Women with a daily intake of three or more drinks had a relative risk for colon cancer of 2.56 (95% CI: 1.03 6.40) compared with 1.16 (95% CI: 0.46-2.90) for men. Among drinkers, preference for wine, beer, or hard liquor had no significant independent relation to either type of cancer; those who preferred beer were at slightly greater risk of rectal cancer, but those who preferred wine were more likely to develop colon cancer. These data suggest that total alcohol use, but no one specific beverage type, is associated with increased risk of rectal cancer. PMID- 3189278 TI - Detection bias in the diagnostic pursuit of lung cancer. AB - Autopsy studies have shown that lung cancer is often not detected during life and that a correct antemortem diagnosis is made preferentially in patients with pulmonary symptoms, in smokers, and in men. The current research was done as a case-control study to determine whether the autopsy suggestions of detection bias in diagnostic pursuit of lung cancer were confirmed by the way that sputum Papanicolaou smears (Pap smears) were ordered in an inpatient setting. The cases were 385 hospitalized patients in whom sputum Pap tests had been newly performed from October 1977 to September 1980. Each case was matched by age, admission date, and admission diagnosis to a control patient who had not received a Pap test. Excluded from the study were patients in whom sputum Pap tests were obligatory (e.g., those with manifestations of hemoptysis) or unnecessary (e.g., those with a previous diagnosis of lung cancer or multiple previous sputum Pap tests). Demographic data, amount and duration of cigarette smoking, and details of clinical manifestations were extracted from the patients' medical records by research assistants blind to the study hypothesis. Compared with controls, the cases had distinctive elevations in odds ratios for chronic cough, recent cough, male sex, and cigarette smoking, which also showed a distinctive dose-response relation. In multivariate analyses, all four of these "risk factors" for selective ordering of a sputum Pap smear remained independently highly significant. In the extreme category, men who smoked and coughed were 22 times more likely to have a sputum Pap test ordered than were nonsmoking women who did not cough. Clinically, the results suggest that women and nonsmokers may be deprived of appropriate diagnosis and therapy unless a diagnostic workup for lung cancer is guided mainly by radiographic findings and presenting manifestations. Statistically, detection bias has probably led to an excessively elevated magnitude for the cigarette smoking-lung cancer association and to a falsely low estimate of incidence rates in women. PMID- 3189279 TI - Racial differences in bladder cancer risk: a case-control study. AB - To determine why the incidence rate of transitional cell bladder cancer in whites in the United States is approximately twice that in blacks, the authors examined data from a large population-based case-control study of bladder cancer conducted in 1978 involving 2,982 cases and 5,782 controls. The relative risk of transitional cell carcinoma for whites compared with blacks was 1.9 before adjustment for the major bladder cancer risk factors, whereas after adjustment for cigarette smoking and occupation it was 1.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-2.1). Further adjustment for other risk factors, including history of a bladder infection and a family history of urinary tract cancer, did not alter this estimate. The elevated risk of white compared with blacks was limited, however, to cases whose disease was confined to the mucosa and submucosa. Among cases whose disease had extended to the bladder musculature or beyond, whites were at slightly reduced risk compared with blacks. This suggests that whites may be diagnosed with conditions that go undetected in blacks but that are unlikely as a group to progress to more extensive disease. Because of the population-based nature of the study, it was possible to determine that if bladder cancer incidence among whites of both sexes was reduced to the level among blacks, total incidence in the United States would fall by 36 per cent. PMID- 3189280 TI - Comparing mean levels of total cholesterol from visit 2 of the Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study with the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. AB - Mean levels of total cholesterol by sex and age were compared between groups of whites in visit 2 of the Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study and in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). NHANES II estimates were found to be higher than comparable visit 2 estimates by 3-14 mg/dl for males and by 11-21 mg/dl for females. Adjustment for the use of differing components of blood in making the lipid determinations in the two studies (plasma in visit 2 and serum in NHANES II) reduced the original differences by roughly one half. Other adjustments--for operational differences among laboratories that performed the blood sample analysis in the two studies, for educational differences in the study populations, and for inclusion of data from a Toronto clinic in the visit 2 data--were collectively found to explain most of the remaining differences between visit 2 and NHANES II, especially for males. PMID- 3189281 TI - The association of dietary fat with serum cholesterol in vegetarians: the effect of dietary assessment on the correlation coefficient. AB - The biologic relation between dietary fats and serum cholesterol established in controlled dietary studies usually has not been found in cross-sectional studies of the general population. In vegetarian groups, dietary variables and serum cholesterol have been correlated significantly. To examine the role of technique of dietary assessment versus the dietary pattern of vegetarians, the authors studied the relation of diet with total serum cholesterol in 46 predominantly vegetarian adults in the Boston, Massachusetts, area in 1973-1974. The basis of the dietary information was 10-day diet records. Total serum cholesterol was positively associated with dietary cholesterol (r = 0.53) and saturated fatty acids (r = 0.50) in partial correlation analysis adjusted for age, sex, and triceps skinfold. The use of one-day dietary records lowered these correlation coefficients to about 0.3. Analysis of the components of variation of nutrient intake demonstrated that the vegetarians had a lower within-person variance, a higher between-person variance, or both compared with nonvegetarian study groups. Biologic responsiveness to dietary fat in the vegetarians was similar to that predicted by the Keys equation derived from nonvegetarians. Therefore, multiple day averaging of dietary records and relatively smaller ratio of within-person to between-person variation in intake favor the detection of cross-sectional associations of diet with serum cholesterol. PMID- 3189282 TI - Correlates of cognitive function in an elderly community population. AB - In 1982 and 1983, brief, structured performance tests of selected areas of cognitive function were administered to 3,682 (82.1 per cent) of the residents aged 65 years and older of the geographically defined community of East Boston, Massachusetts, a center of the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly program. There was a strong inverse relation between age and performance on all four cognitive tests in analyses adjusted for sex only as well as in those adjusted for the effects of other variables. Similarly, fewer years of formal education, increasing level of disability on the modified Katz Activities of Daily Living Scale, and less prestigious occupations, as measured by the modified Duncan Socioeconomic Index, were each independently related to lower performance on all four tests. PMID- 3189283 TI - Alcohol consumption and hip fractures: the Framingham Study. AB - Alcoholics often sustain hip and other fractures. However, a detailed examination of the association between alcohol consumption and hip fractures has not been undertaken. Specifically, the effects of moderate alcohol intake, of alcohol consumption in the elderly, and of changes in consumption have not been studied. Using a retrospective cohort design, the authors evaluated this association in the population-based Framingham Heart Study cohort, a group studied over 35 years and queried repeatedly about their alcohol consumption. In 117,224 person-years of observation, 217 hip fractures occurred. Heavy current alcohol consumption (defined as seven or more ounces (207 ml or more) per week) was associated with a modestly increased risk of hip fracture for women (relative risk (RR) = 1.54) and for men (RR = 1.26) after adjustment for age. In a logistic regression analysis controlling for age, sex, weight, and smoking, current alcohol consumption was associated with a significant (p = 0.01) increase in risk of fracture. The relative risks at different ages were not uniform. For those aged less than 65 years, moderate (2-6 ounces (59.14-177.4 ml) per week) and heavy (seven or more ounces (207 ml or more) per week) were associated with a substantial and significant increased risk, but there was only a marginal and nonsignificant increase in risk in those aged 65 years or more. Examination of the effect of changing alcohol consumption over time indicated that among present heavy alcohol users, past light alcohol consumption reduced the risk (p = 0.03) of fracture, whereas in those with present light consumption, past heavy intake had little effect on fracture risk (p = nonsignificant). In conclusion, alcohol consumption, especially if long-term and heavy, increases the risk of hip fracture. PMID- 3189284 TI - Interpregnancy interval and low birth weight: findings from a case-control study. AB - In a case-control study in Natal, northeast Brazil, conducted between September 1984 and February 1986, 303 cases of intrauterine growth retardation and 282 cases of preterm delivery were compared with 1,710 normal controls to ascertain the effects of the preceding birth-to-conception interval on pregnancy outcome. The risk of intrauterine growth retardation associated with interpregnancy intervals of six months or less was 1.38 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02 1.86) after adjustment for maternal age, education, smoking, and prior fetal loss or low birth weight. When maternal postpartum body weight was introduced into the logistic model, the risk of intrauterine growth retardation decreased slightly to 1.25 and was no longer significant (95% CI: 0.91-1.72). Short interpregnancy intervals (six months or less) were more frequently observed in women with postpartum body weight of less than 45 kg (31.1%) than in women weighing 50 kg or more (18.9%), which might suggest that the effect of short intervals on the risk of intrauterine growth retardation is mediated through maternal nutritional status. No association was found between birth-to-conception intervals and preterm delivery. PMID- 3189285 TI - Validation of a self-administered questionnaire for assessing occupational and environmental exposures of pregnant women. AB - The present investigation sought to determine whether a self-administered questionnaire could be used to obtain occupational information from pregnant women attending the obstetrical clinics at the University of California, San Francisco from July to November 1986. The authors compared the accuracy of responses of 57 women on the self-administered questionnaire with those obtained on a detailed clinical interview by an occupational health professional. The self administered questionnaire and the clinical interview included information on the woman's job title, the type of company she worked for, the level of physical activity, her exposures on the job and at home, and her partner's occupation. The authors also examined whether the "validity" of the self-administered questionnaire could be improved on review by an industrial hygienist. The questionnaire took less than 20 minutes to complete, with over 90% of the women answering three-quarters of it. It was "substantially" accurate in obtaining information on number of hours worked during pregnancy, type of shift worked, and stress level in the workplace; exposure to radiation, video display terminals, fumes, gases, and cigarette smoke in the workplace; and exposure to pesticides, paint, and cigarette smoke at home. On those variables for which the responses on the self-administered questionnaire were less accurate, review by the industrial hygienist improved the level of accuracy considerably. These findings suggest that a self-administered questionnaire can be used to obtain valid information from pregnant women attending a prenatal clinic. PMID- 3189286 TI - Homicide victims in New Orleans: recent trends. AB - Data are presented on 694 criminal homicide victims killed in the city of New Orleans during four years; 1979, 1982, 1985, and 1986. The homicide rate for black males was 6.5 times higher than that for white males for the years studied. Over 70% of victims were killed by handguns. When victims were assigned to one of five socioeconomic strata, homicide rates for blacks exceeded those for whites by a factor of at least 2.5 times for each socioeconomic stratum. White victims were more likely than were black victims to be legally intoxicated at the time of death, but black victims were nearly four times more likely to have illicit drugs other than alcohol detected. During the time period investigated, there was a marked decrease in the number of victims with pentazocine and tripelennamine ("Ts and blues") detected and an abrupt increase in the number of victims with detectable phencyclidine and cocaine levels. Further studies are needed to investigate risk factors for homicide victimization so that effective intervention strategies can be employed. PMID- 3189288 TI - Ticks parasitizing humans in a Lyme disease endemic area of southern New York State. AB - A total of 126 tick specimens were submitted by tick bite victims to the Westchester County Department of Health, White Plains, New York, and to the New York Medical College, Medical Entomology Laboratory, Armonk, New York, during 1985. These included 96 (76.2%) Ixodes dammini, 26 (20.6%) Dermacentor variabilis, and two (1.6%) Amblyomma americanum. I. dammini parasitism was reported during all months of the year except December and February and involved all life stages. Only D. variabilis adults parasitized humans, with all cases occurring in the spring and summer. The mean age of I. dammini victims was 24.5 years, with 39.0% under age 10 years. This age group also accounted for 52.0% of all D. variabilis victims (mean age, 16.8 years). The majority of I. dammini and D. variabilis were though to be acquired in the victims' yards (68.6 and 64.7%, respectively). Attachment sites for these species were significantly different, with I. dammini nymphs found most frequently on the lower extremities and I. dammini adults and D. variabilis adults found primarily on the head. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment was prescribed by a physician for 40.8% of I. dammini victims, compared with 4.5% of the D. variabilis victims. Lyme disease was reported by two patients during the course of the study. Neither had received prophylactic therapy at the time of the reported tick bite. PMID- 3189287 TI - Errors in reported dietary intakes. II. Long-term recall. AB - Inconsistent results among case-control studies of diet and cancer may reflect discrepancies between dietary reports based on current habits and actual intakes from the time of cancer initiation in the distant past. To examine the validity of reported past and current diet as measures of past diet, the authors queried 873 men and women in three northern California communities about their diet 11 years earlier in 1972 and about their current diet in 1983. They used the same dietary history questionnaire that had been administered to the subjects in 1972. Retrospectively recalled and currently reported nutrient intakes and measures of body size were compared with original reports obtained in 1972. Mean values of recalled nutrient intakes agreed with mean values of intakes reported in 1972. The agreement held for each sex, community, and nutrient examined. By contrast, mean values of current intakes were smaller than those reported in 1972. Correlation coefficients showed closer agreement between recalled and original intakes than between current and original intakes. Nevertheless, recalled intakes correlated more closely with current intakes than with original ones. Analysis of variance was used to partition the variation in recalled and original intakes into components due to interpersonal variation in true intakes, errors in recall, and residual reporting error. Interpersonal variation accounted for only 20-40% of the variation in dietary intakes, with most of the balance due to reporting error. For comparison, interpersonal variation accounted for 70-85% of the variance of recalled and original reports of body size. These results suggest that inconsistencies among case-control studies of diet may be due to large random measurement errors in individual dietary intakes. The apparent validity and reproducibility of mean dietary measures, averaged over large populations, suggests the need for new designs for studies of diet and disease. PMID- 3189290 TI - Re: "Parent-offspring aggregation of plasma lipids in selected populations in North America and Israel. The Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study". PMID- 3189289 TI - Infectious states of human T lymphotropic virus type I and hepatitis B virus among Japanese immigrants in the Republic of Bolivia. AB - Serologic tests for human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and hepatitis B virus infections were conducted in 1986 in two Japanese immigrant colonies located in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. A total of 322 adults (283 Japanese and 39 Bolivians) over age 35 years and 305 children (166 Japanese, 124 Bolivians, and 15 of mixed blood) aged 8-17 years were sampled at the time of a routine health checkup. The prevalence of antibody to HTLV-I was 17% in first-generation Japanese immigrants and 6% in second- or third-generation Japanese children. Prevalences among native Bolivians were 3% and 5% in adults and children, respectively. Seropositive Japanese immigrants and mothers showed clustering according to birthplace in endemic areas of Japan. The prevalence of either hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody to HBsAg was 48% in Japanese adults, 21% in Japanese children, 13% in Bolivian adults, and 1% in Bolivian children. Seropositive adults did not show clustering according to birthplace, but children in one colony showed clustering and a narrow age range. A correlation of seropositivity between husbands and wives was found only for HTLV-I. The seropositivity was independent of whether an HTLV-I or a hepatitis B virus infection marker was present. PMID- 3189292 TI - Mortality by license class in amateur radio operators. PMID- 3189291 TI - Re: "Cytogenetic and environmental factors in the etiology of the acute leukemias in adults". PMID- 3189293 TI - Re: "Combined effect of childbearing, menstrual events, and body size on age specific breast cancer risk". PMID- 3189295 TI - Re: "Interpretation and choice of effect measures in epidemiologic analyses". PMID- 3189294 TI - Re: "Misinterpretation and misuse of the kappa statistic". PMID- 3189296 TI - Combined effect of childbearing, menstrual events, and body size on age-specific breast cancer risk. AB - Pike et al. (Nature 1983;303:767-70) and Moolgavkar et al. (JNCI 1980;65:59-69) proposed quantitative theories for the effect on age-specific breast cancer risk of ages at menarche, first childbirth, and menopause. Here the incidence rate functions predicted by these theories are fit to data for 1,884 women of all ages with breast cancer and 3,432 matched controls admitted to San Francisco Bay area hospitals in 1970-1977. A third function describing age-specific breast cancer risk based on the timing of childbearing and menstrual events is presented, and its fit to the data is compared with that of the functions of Pike et al. and Moolgavkar et al. None of the three fully accounted for the protective effects of early age at first childbirth in premenopausal women or of early age at menopause in parous postmenopausal women. To account for the effects of total parity and body mass (Quetelet) index on risk of breast cancer occurrence, the authors developed a fourth incidence rate function by extending the third. Goodness of fit to the data of the fourth function is demonstrated. Age-specific relative risks of breast cancer according to childbearing, menstrual events, and body size are estimated from the fourth function. The main qualitative findings are that 1) the protective effects of late menarche and of early first full-term pregnancy are greater in premenopausal than in postmenopausal women; 2) first full-term pregnancy initially boosts the level of risk, but incidence rates increase with age more slowly thereafter; 3) among the parous, multiparity is protective both in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, regardless of age at first full-term pregnancy; 4) both nulliparous and lean women are more protected by early menopause than are parous and overweight women; 5) increased body mass index is protective before, but detrimental after, menopause; and 6) postmenopausal incidence rates increase with age more rapidly among overweight than among lean women. PMID- 3189297 TI - Carotene intake and the risk of laryngeal cancer in coastal Texas. AB - Between 1976 and 1980, data were collected for a case-comparison study of laryngeal cancer in white males aged 30-79 years in six Texas counties using all histologically confirmed incident cases and a population-based comparison group. Dietary interviews were obtained from 151 living cases and 178 living comparison subjects. A significant inverse association (odds ratio (OR) = 2.1) was found between low carotene intake and the risk of laryngeal cancer, but no association was found with total vitamin A or retinol intake. The inverse association with carotene intake was strongest among those who had stopped smoking 2-10 years before (OR = 5.9). The same risk for vitamin A intake was found by using a short list of foods based on contribution to variation in intake as was found by using a longer list based on per cent contribution to total intake. Definition of carotene as that which comes only from plant sources gives an estimate similar to a more complex method that takes into account carotene derived from both plant and animal sources. PMID- 3189298 TI - Physical activity, diet, and risk of colon cancer in Utah. AB - A population-based case-control study was used to assess the relations of physical activity and diet to the development of colon cancer in Utah. Data were obtained for a reference period of two years prior to interview for controls (204 females and 180 males) and two years prior to the date of diagnosis for cases (119 females and 110 males). Both leisure time and occupational activities were ascertained by level of intensity and were converted to calories expended per week for analysis. Dietary data were obtained from a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Physical activity and dietary data were divided into quartiles based upon the distribution in the study population for analyses. Total physical activity was protective against the development of colon cancer for both males (odds ratio (OR) = 0.70) and females (OR = 0.48) when high and low quartiles of activity were compared. Intense physical activity was the component of activity that had the greatest protective effect for males (OR = 0.27); a similar relation was seen for females (OR = 0.55). The observed relation between physical activity and colon cancer was not confounded by dietary intake of calories, fat, or protein, nor was the diet and colon cancer relation confounded by physical activity (odds ratios for calories, protein, and fat in males were 2.40, 2.57, and 2.18, respectively). Assessment of the interrelations among physical activity, diet, and colon cancer suggests that physical activity modifies colon cancer risk associated with diet. PMID- 3189300 TI - Transient ischemic attack in a patient with congenital protein-C deficiency during treatment with stanozolol. AB - A patient with congenital protein-C deficiency was treated with stanozolol for 8 weeks to increase circulating levels of protein C. A rise in protein C was achieved, accompanied by an increase in factor II, factor X, antithrombin III, and protein S; but at the 8th week the patient suffered a transient ischemia attack. PMID- 3189299 TI - An unusual case of extramedullary blast crisis in chronic myelocytic leukaemia. AB - A 27-year-old man with chronic myelocytic leukaemia sustained two episodes of extramedullary blast transformation. The first episode was a lymphoblastic transformation in his cervical lymph nodes, which was treated and in remission for 15 months when a second blastic transformation occurred in the meninges. All the while, the bone marrow was free from blastic crisis. PMID- 3189301 TI - Complete response to antilymphocyte globulin in a case of aplastic anemia paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria syndrome. PMID- 3189302 TI - Acute myeloid leukemia in a child affected by beta-thalassemia major. PMID- 3189303 TI - Interaction of heterozygous beta zero-thalassemia with single functional alpha globin gene. AB - In this study, we analyzed the phenotypic manifestations resulting from the interaction of heterozygous beta zero-thalassemia(beta zero-39 nonsense mutation) with the functional loss of three alpha-globin structural genes in six subjects, of whom four had the [-alpha/--]alpha-globin genotype and two the [--/alpha Th alpha] alpha-globin genotype. The beta-thalassemia defect was in all cases the nonsense mutation at codon 39. The nondeletion alpha-thalassemia alpha th was the initiation codon mutation (AUG----GUG) of the alpha-2 gene. In all these subjects hypochromia and microcytosis were more marked than in beta zero-thalassemia heterozygotes with a full complement of four alpha-globin genes. All but one had moderate anemia. The alpha:beta globin chain synthesis ratios were consistently decreased. No cases had Hb H on electrophoresis. Subjects with [--/alpha Th alpha] alpha-globin genotype had more severe thalassemia-like manifestations than those with [--/-alpha] alpha-globin genotype. PMID- 3189304 TI - Zinc status of children with sickle cell disease: relationship to poor growth. AB - We examined the zinc status of 80 children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and 44 disease-free sibling controls aged 3 to 18 years. For both patients and controls, variations in serum zinc by age, type of hemoglobinopathy, and growth status were measured. The mean serum zinc concentration of patients was significantly lower than for controls (77.8 +/- 9.9 vs. 82.2 +/- 9.8 micrograms/dl, mean +/- 1SD, P less than .05). Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and retinol-binding protein (RBP), two zinc-dependent proteins, were also lower among patients (AP: 171 +/- 66 vs. 243 +/- 97 IU/L, P less than .001; RBP: 1.92 +/- .9 vs. 2.77 +/- .9 mg/dl, P less than .001). Patients greater than or equal to 12 years of age (n = 34) had significantly lower zinc levels than those less than 12 years (74.5 +/- 8.4 vs. 80.3 +/- 10.3 micrograms/dl, P less than .01), and children with homozygous SCD (Hb SS, n = 55) had a more pronounced deficiency than those with a variant hemoglobinopathy (76.3 +/- 8.9 vs. 81.5 +/- 11.5, micrograms/dl, P less than .05). Patients classified as having "poor" growth (height-for-age less than 5th percentile, n = 24) had a lower serum zinc level than those with "normal" growth (72.8 +/- 8.0 vs. 79.8 +/- 10.0 micrograms/dl, P less than .01). Dietary intake data, body mass index, and serum total protein and albumin levels were similar for patients and controls, suggesting that zinc deficiency in SCD does not relate to inadequate dietary intake. The origin of low serum zinc levels in children with SCD is more likely to relate to factors such as increased urinary zinc excretion, chronic intravascular hemolysis, and/or zinc malabsorption. PMID- 3189305 TI - Permanent neurological complications in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. AB - According to previous clinical studies, the neurological manifestations observed in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are considered to be transient. The introduction of plasma therapy in 1977 as major treatment modality for TTP has changed the prognosis of the disease. In a clinical survey of 38 patients with TTP who received plasma therapy, we have observed five patients who developed permanent neurological deficits despite their prompt recovery from TTP. In this study, we describe the new complication of TTP and summarize the neurological manifestations observed in these patients during their first episode of TTP and during the relapses, which occurred in 12 of them. PMID- 3189306 TI - Treatment of "poor risk" acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with continuously infused low-dose cytosine arabinoside. AB - There is currently little experience using a continuous intravenous infusion of low-dose cytosine arabinoside (LDARA-C) in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). We report the results in 12 patients with ANLL described as either relapsed ANLL, ANLL with a preceding myelodysplastic phase, or ANLL in the elderly treated with 14 days of continuous intravenous LDARA-C (20 mg/m2/day). Complete responses (CR) were seen in five patients (42%) and partial responses (PR) in three patients (25%). Treatment resulted in overall and clonal cytoreduction, which was evident by serial bone marrow exams and bone marrow cytogenetic analysis. The ability to obtain a CR correlated with the finding of a low initial marrow cellularity (P less than .05). This study finds that continuous intravenous infusion of LDARA-C for ANLL can achieve response rates comparable to standard induction programs in a subset of patients traditionally defined as having a poor prognosis. PMID- 3189307 TI - Totally implantable intravenous catheters in the management of sickle cell anemia. AB - Totally implantable catheters (TICs) have recently been employed for long-term central venous access in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). We have reviewed our experience with 10 TICs inserted in patients with SCD. These were compared to 33 TICs inserted in patients without SCD (controls). The primary diagnosis was malignancy in most of the controls. The SCD patients experienced a marked increase in total complications (70 vs. 24%), as well as in complications requiring catheter removal (50 vs. 3%). No variable explained these differences except the presence of SCD. The complications requiring catheter removal from SCD patients were infections, catheter thrombosis, and venous thrombosis. The increased risk of these complications must be considered before a catheter is inserted; however, the average useful life of these catheters exceeded 12 months. They remained useful in the care of patients with poor venous access and multiple complications of SCD. PMID- 3189308 TI - Probable genetic linkage between genes coding for platelet-specific antigens of the PlA and Bak systems. AB - Studies of the inheritance of the platelet-specific alloantigens PlA1/PlA2 and Baka/Bakb in informative families provided evidence that the genes determining PlA and Bak antigens are in close genetic linkage (P = .004). In 154 normal, unrelated Caucasian subjects it was found that the antigen PlA1 is associated with Baka and the antigen PlA2 with Bakb more often than would be expected by chance (P less than .05). Bak and PlA antigens are carried on platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb and IIIa, respectively, which are decreased or absent in the inherited platelet disorder Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Thus, the findings suggest that the defect in this disease involves two closely linked genes. PMID- 3189309 TI - Comparative evaluation of the bone marrow by the volumetric method, particle smears, and biopsies in pediatric disorders. AB - Bone marrow cellularity estimated by biopsy was compared to the cellularity of the aspirate particle smear and the volumetric method in two groups of children. In the first group, 101 consecutive bone marrow biopsies and aspirates were evaluated from patients with various diagnoses. In the second group, 20 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia were studied with 80 biopsies and aspirates at diagnosis and following chemotherapy. A wide discrepancy was noted between bone marrow cellularity confirmed by biopsy vs. the particle smear or the volumetric method in both groups. Neither the volumetric nor the particle method provides a good correlation of bone marrow cellularity. We also compared the volumetric method with that of the biopsy to evaluate the efficacy of the former method in detecting bone marrow infiltration by solid tumors. The volumetric method is an accurate modality of identifying solid tumor infiltration in the bone marrow. PMID- 3189310 TI - Nonspecific esterase of acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3). AB - Leukemic cells of 43 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) were investigated morphologically and cytochemically to determine the percentage of aberrant enzymes and whether or not the presence impacts on the clinical outcome. Twelve patients (27.9%) showed alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity in their leukemic cells, and two of these cases revealed remarkably low myeloperoxidase (MPO) positivity, a pattern seen in monocytic precursors. However, further cytochemical evidence for this monocytic feature, the inhibition of naphthol AS-D acetate esterase (NASDA) activity with sodium fluoride (NASDA F), was found in only five of these nine patients. In 31 cases (72.1%), there was minimal ANAE activity. Of interest, two of these were devoid of naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase (CAE), which is prominently displayed in neutrophilic granulocytes, even though these leukemic cells were 100% intensely positive for MPO activity. Between the two groups with and without ANAE activity, there were no remarkable differences in the distribution of sex and age, hematological findings, and rates of complete response. Our study has confirmed the cytochemical heterogeneity of M3 with no obvious relationship between this heterogeneity and early therapeutic outcome. PMID- 3189311 TI - Guidelines for clinical protocols for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recommendations of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored working group. AB - The National Cancer Institute (NCI)-sponsored Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) Working Group was convened to develop a set of standardized eligibility, response, and toxicity criteria for clinical trials. We recognized the previous efforts in 1967 (published again in 1973 as the report of the Chronic Leukemia Myeloma Task Force [1] and 1978 of Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) [2]). We have used these reports for guidance during the current effort. Several noteworthy developments in the past few years have made it necessary to modify the previous guidelines. First, the diagnostic criteria for CLL and its clinical staging have been developed and well defined. Second, although staging systems facilitated entry of comparable and relatively homogeneous groups of patients in clinical trials, the definitions of response (CR) and partial response (PR) were not uniformly adopted from the previous guidelines in the clinical trials (Tables IA, IB); therefore, comparisons of results obtained in different studies became difficult. Third, there has been an improvement in our understanding of the immunology and biology of CLL. Finally, we are witnessing the emergence of several chemotherapy agents that promise impressive activity in CLL (e.g., 2' deoxycoformycin [3], fludarabine monophosphate [4, 5]), and thereby offer the potential for improving survival time in this disease. To best identify regimens worthy of continued pursuit in large comparative trials, standardized guidelines for evaluation are essential. A number of laboratory investigations are also presented for which scientific interest is high yet relevance remains to be determined; thus, they are presented as companion studies to the clinical trials. This mechanism allows for flexibility in the testing of these questions and for additional ideas in the future without requiring modification of an entire treatment protocol. The following guidelines were developed to be used as a form of standardization for clinical trials, incorporating current technologies, yet remaining relevant to the general hematology/oncology community. Based on the membership of the Working Group, it is expected that these guidelines will serve as the criteria for most clinical trials in the near future. PMID- 3189312 TI - Acyclovir in the treatment of aplastic anemia. AB - Eight patients with idiopathic severe aplastic anemia received acyclovir as the initial treatment to ascertain if this antiviral therapy could be effective. Three patients showed improvement, but only one had a sustained recovery. The responses could be coincidental, but it seems that some patients can benefit from acyclovir. More studies are needed on the role of viruses and antiviral therapy in relation to severe aplastic anemia. PMID- 3189314 TI - Association of thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. PMID- 3189313 TI - Why human blood must be red. PMID- 3189315 TI - Daily exposure to forty percent oxygen causes a decrease in platelet count. AB - A study was undertaken to evaluate a previous observation made in this laboratory that hyperoxic treadmill training is associated with a decrease in the circulating platelet count (PLT). The subjects studied breathed air containing 40% oxygen for 30 min/day, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks, while at rest in the seated position. Such exposure resulted in a consistent fall in PLT between day 1 and day 5 of each week (P less than .01). In addition, there was a progressive decline in PLT over the 6 weeks of exposure to the hyperoxic air, PLT being inversely correlated with the duration of hyperoxic exposure (rs = -0.886, P less than .02). The total decrease in PLT over the 6 weeks was 56 +/- 46 x 10(9) l(-1) (P less than .025). Not surprisingly, these changes were mirrored in the plateletcrit (Pct). The decrease in PLT did not appear to be secondary to either hemodilution or reduced erythropoietic stimulation. The mechanism of production and the biological significance of these changes remain to be elucidated. PMID- 3189316 TI - The behavior of asialotransferrin-iron in the rat. AB - The effect of desialylation of rat and human transferrins on hepatocyte processing of the protein and its iron was studied in rats. No alteration in early transferrin catabolism was observed. Radioiron disappearance from the plasma and liver iron uptake were more rapid for asialotransferrins than for normal transferrins (P less than .001). Furthermore, radioiron plasma clearance of human tri-sialotransferrin was faster (P less than .05) and liver uptake higher (P less than .002) than for human pentasialotransferrin. When the asialoglycoprotein receptor was blocked by the prior injection of asialofetuin, asialotransferrin behaved like normal transferrin. When the transferrin receptor was blocked by the prior injection of 50 mg human diferric transferrin, iron uptake from all transferrins was delayed to such an extent that uptake through both receptors seemed to be affected. Approximately 90% of the hepatic radioiron from all transferrins was chelated by desferrioxamine and excreted into the bile, indicating its uptake by the hepatocyte rather than the reticuloendothelial (RE) cell. The rate of iron release into the plasma and its subsequent accumulation in the red cell mass over a 2-week period was similar for human asialotransferrin, ferritin, and hemoglobin iron. This study 1) confirmed that asialotransferrin iron uptake by the hepatocyte is mediated by both transferrin and asialoglycoprotein receptors; 2) demonstrated that not only asialotransferrin but also transferrin of low sialic acid content will increase iron turnover and lead to excessive iron loading of the hepatocyte; 3) and showed that the intrahepatocyte metabolism of asialotransferrin-iron did not differ from that of iron delivered by normal transferrin. PMID- 3189317 TI - Immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in hemophiliacs. AB - Yeast-recombinant vaccines against hepatitis B virus (HBV) are now available, but there is no information about whether or not they are immunogenic in patients with hemophilia and other congenital bleeding disorders. Twenty micrograms of a recombinant vaccine expressing the adw serotype of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were given to 41 patients negative for HBV markers and again after 1 and 6 months. Ten percent of the vaccinees had anti-hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs) responses, with titers of 10 mIU/ml or more, 1 month after the first dose of vaccine. The percentage of anti-HBs-positive patients increased to 54% after the second dose and to 98% after the third dose, with only one non responder. Hence, the recombinant vaccine was immunogenic, with percentages of seroconversion and anti-HBs titers similar to those achieved with plasma-derived vaccines. PMID- 3189318 TI - Extensive bone marrow necrosis in patients with cancer and tumor necrosis factor activity in plasma. AB - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a macrophage secretory protein produced by peripheral blood monocytes from patients with cancer, has been shown to possess cytotoxicity toward tumor cells in vitro. TNF in the blood of individuals with cancer is usually not detectable except with extremely sensitive radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. We have encountered two patients with the rare syndrome of extensive bone marrow necrosis in association with cancer. The first patient presented with marrow failure secondary to necrosis and was found to have adenocarcinoma in thoracic lymph nodes, lung, and marrow lymphatics at autopsy. Plasma tested at two dilutions (1:200 and 1:2,000) contained TNF at a concentration of 8.3 ng/ml, or 80 U/ml by a cytotoxicity assay using LM cells. The presence of TNF was confirmed with immunoblotting. The second patient had a poorly differentiated lymphoid tumor involving bone marrow, pancytopenia, and marrow necrosis. The plasma cytotoxicity assay indicated the presence of 0.7 ng/ml or 7 U/ml TNF. TNF was not detectable in plasma from six other patients with untreated cancer involving bone or bone marrow using either of our methods. The levels of TNF in the two patients with marrow necrosis were greater than those previously measured by others in patients with cancer but were comparable to those noted in patients with lethal sepsis. Since large doses of TNF have been shown to cause organ necrosis in animals, the data presented here are consistent with TNF involvement in mediating the observed marrow necrosis in our patients. PMID- 3189319 TI - Unique promotion of erythrophagocytosis by malondialdehyde. AB - Modification of the normal erythrocyte membrane by reagent malondialdehyde (MDA) promotes phagocytosis of red blood cells by human macrophages, a phenomenon previously shown to involve both IgG-dependent and IgG-independent mechanisms and to be demonstrable even at micromolar MDA concentrations. In the present studies, we demonstrate this effect using 1mM MDA prepared both by acid hydrolysis of malonaldehyde bis-(dimethyl acetal) and by enzymatic synthesis from 1,3 propanediol. Remarkably, we find that equimolar amounts of other mono- and dialdehydes fail to promote erythrophagocytosis despite similarity to MDA in size and structure and ability to cross link. Authentic MDA seems to be unique among small aldehydes in ability to promote erythrophagocytosis at low aldehyde concentration and, therefore, has a special biologic relevance among the great variety of peroxidation byproducts. PMID- 3189320 TI - Familial type II protein C deficiency associated with warfarin-induced skin necrosis and bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. AB - A family is described in which venous thromboembolic disease is associated with reduced plasma protein C activity and normal levels of protein C antigen. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of protein C antigen gave an abnormal pattern in all affected members, suggesting that the disorder is related to the presence of a structurally and functionally abnormal form of protein C. The propositus developed simultaneous warfarin-induced skin necrosis and bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. This is the first reported instance of warfarin-induced skin necrosis associated with a dysfunctional protein C molecule and the first reported instance of simultaneous warfarin-induced skin necrosis and bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. PMID- 3189321 TI - Rapid excretion of gallium-67 isotope in an iron-overloaded patient receiving high-dose intravenous deferoxamine. AB - A 23 year-old black male with homozygous sickle cell disease (Hb SS disease) and transfusional iron overload was admitted for evaluation of response to intravenous deferoxamine (DFO) therapy. Soon after admission, the patient suffered an intraventricular hemorrhage and during his subsequent hospitalization developed a persistent fever of undetermined origin (f.u.o.). Included in the diagnostic evaluation of fever was a gallium 67 scan (Ga-67), which was initially nondiagnostic because of Ga-67 citrate's preferential chelation by DFO. After DFO was discontinued, a repeat scan demonstrated a lesion above the left kidney. To our knowledge the unusual interaction in vivo of DFO with Ga-67 citrate has not been reported in the clinical literature. With the anticipated increased use of chelation therapy for patients with transfusional iron overload, this interaction may be encountered more frequently. DFO should be discontinued before the use of Ga-67 scanning in this clinical situation, or an alternative isotopic scan, such as indium-labelled white cells, should be considered. PMID- 3189322 TI - First National Symposium on IgA Nephropathy. Washington, DC, March 17-18, 1988. Proceedings. PMID- 3189323 TI - The glomerular mesangium. AB - The mesangium is more than simply a support structure for glomerular capillary circulation. Mesangial cells respond to various vasoactive mediators and probably contribute to the regulation of mesangial cell contractility and, consequently, glomerular perfusion. The surrounding extracellular matrix contains several glycoproteins and collagens that may affect the immune interactions of antigens and antibodies and may possibly influence the disposition of immune complexes. These properties may modulate the consequences of deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes in the mesangium in patients with IgA nephropathy and the consequent expression of clinical disease. PMID- 3189324 TI - Characteristics of nephritogenic IgA immune complexes. AB - Studies were undertaken to elucidate the characteristics of IgA immune complexes responsible for glomerular deposition and complement activation. Monomeric IgA antidinitrophenyl (DNP) and the antigen DNP-Ficoll tended to form small soluble complexes that circulated in the blood without localizing in glomeruli of experimental animals. In contrast, polymeric IgA formed intermediate and large sized complexes that caused glomerular immune deposits. Although covalently cross linked large-sized IgA oligomers deposited in the glomeruli, they failed to induce concomitant deposition of complement components. Only the presence of a complement-activating antigen endowed the glomerular IgA immune deposits with the ability to activate complement. Thus, the size of the IgA complexes plays a primary role in initiating glomerular localization, and the nature of the antigen causes a secondary phase of inflammation. PMID- 3189325 TI - Serum IgA and the production of IgA by peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphocytes in patients with primary IgA nephropathy: evidence for the bone marrow as the source of mesangial IgA. AB - The origin of the mesangial IgA1 in primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is unknown. The bone marrow, the prime production site of plasma IgA in healthy humans, has not been previously investigated in patients with IgAN. In patients with IgAN, we found an increased percentage of IgA plasma cells containing IgA1 in the bone marrow (89.7% +/- 2.6% v 84.3% +/- 6.6%, P = 0.01), an increased percentage of serum IgA as IgA1 (92.2% +/- 4.9% v 80.2% +/- 6.6%, P less than 0.001), and an increased percentage of IgA1 of the IgA produced by peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture (75% +/- 16% v 54% +/- 19%, P less than 0.01). These findings are compatible with the bone marrow as production site of the mesangial IgA1. The data on IgA1 polymers are more difficult to interpret because their role in the pathogenesis of IgAN is still controversial. We found an increased concentration of both polymeric and monomeric IgA1 in the sera and supernatants of cultures of bone marrow of patients, although the ratio of polymeric to total IgA1 remained normal. In our opinion, the mucosa of the digestive tract is an unlikely source of the mesangial IgA because the absence of IgA2 in the deposits contrasts to the high percentage of IgA2 plasma cells in the intestinal mucosae. Moreover, in normal individuals, the digestive mucosae contribute very little to plasma IgA. Although the respiratory tract contains a higher percentage of IgA1 plasma cells, the 25% fraction of IgA plasma cells containing IgA2 is still very substantial. This percentage argues against the respiratory mucosae as a source of the mesangial IgA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189326 TI - Where do we go from here? PMID- 3189327 TI - Renal disease epidemiology: an underdeveloped discipline. PMID- 3189328 TI - Molecular cytogenetics: toward dissection of the contiguous gene syndromes. PMID- 3189329 TI - Genetic investigations of alcohol metabolism and of alcoholism. PMID- 3189330 TI - Molecular detection of microscopic and submicroscopic deletions associated with Miller-Dieker syndrome. AB - Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS), a disorder manifesting the severe brain malformation lissencephaly ("smooth brain"), is caused, in the majority of cases, by a chromosomal microdeletion of the distal short arm of chromosome 17. Using human chromosome 17-specific DNA probes, we have begun a molecular dissection of the critical region for MDS. To localize cloned DNA sequences to the MDS critical region, a human-rodent somatic cell hybrid panel was constructed which includes hybrids containing the abnormal chromosome 17 from three MDS patients with deletions of various sizes. Three genes (myosin heavy chain 2, tumor antigen p53, and RNA polymerase II) previously mapped to 17p were excluded from the MDS deletion region and therefore are unlikely to play a role in its pathogenesis. In contrast, three highly polymorphic anonymous probes, YNZ22.1 (D17S5), YNH37.3 (D17S28), and 144-D6 (D17S34), were deleted in each of four patients with visible deletions, including one with a ring chromosome 17 that is deleted for a portion of the single telomeric prometaphase subband p13.3. In two MDS patients with normal chromosomes, a combination of somatic cell hybrid, RFLP, and densitometric studies demonstrated deletion for YNZ22.1 and YNH37.3 in the paternally derived 17's of both patients, one of whom is also deleted for 144-D6. The results indicate that MDS can be caused by submicroscopic deletion and raises the possibility that all MDS patients will prove to have deletions at a molecular level. The two probes lie within a critical region of less than 3,000 kb and constitute potential starting points in the isolation of genes implicated in the severe brain maldevelopment in MDS. PMID- 3189331 TI - Cytogenetic findings in a prospective series of patients with DiGeorge anomaly. AB - High-resolution cytogenetics analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes was done prospectively on 27 of 28 patients with features of DiGeorge anomaly. Twenty-two patients (81%) had normal chromosome studies with no detectable deletion in chromosome 22. Five patients (18%) had demonstrable chromosome abnormalities. Three patients had monosomy 22q11, one due to a 4q;22q translocation, one due to a 20q;22q translocation, and one due to an interstitial deletion of 22q11. One patient had monosomy 10p13, and one patient had monosomy 18q21.33, although the latter had subsequent resolution of T-cell defects. These findings are consistent with the heterogeneity of DiGeorge anomaly but confirm the association with monosomy 22q11 in some cases. However, monosomy 10p13 may also lead to this phenotype. Because of these associated chromosome findings, cytogenetic analyses should be done on patients with suspected DiGeorge anomaly. This is particularly important since many of the abnormalities involving chromosome 22 are translocations that can be familial with a higher recurrence risk. Since only one subtle, interstitial deletion of chromosome 22 was observed, it is not clear whether high-resolution cytogenetic analysis is cost beneficial for all such patients. PMID- 3189333 TI - Correcting for single ascertainment by truncation for a quantitative trait. AB - Two methods for correcting for single ascertainment by truncation are compared. These methods are (1) conditioning on the phenotype of the proband and (2) conditioning on the event that the proband phenotype is greater than a threshold. The use of a constraint on model parameters is considered. The lack of robustness of this method to misspecifiction of the constraint has been demonstrated by Rao et al. It is noted that the constraint on model parameters used by Rao et al. is equivalent to an encoding of knowledge derived from a random sample, and an alternative representation of this information that has superior robustness properties is proposed. PMID- 3189332 TI - Eight closely linked loci place the Wilson disease locus within 13q14-q21. AB - Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting in an accumulation of copper in the liver, brain, and other organs. The WD locus (WND) has previously been linked to esterase D (ESD) and localized to 13q14-22. With the large Centre d'Etude Polymorphisme Humain cohort, a refined map of DNA markers from this region was constructed, with the following locus order: D13S1 D13S21-D13S22-D13S10-ESD-RB-WND-D 13S26-D13S12-D13S2. A significant excess of male recombination was observed between D13S21 and D13S22. Intervals distal to D13S22 showed an excess of female recombination. When these markers were tested on 19 WD families from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, the two closest loci were shown to be RB and D13S26. The retinoblastoma gene locus (RB) was shown to be proximal to WND at a distance of 4.4 centimorgans (cM), and D13S26 was placed distal to WND at a distance of 4.0 cM. ESD was assigned proximally at a distance of 9.4 cM. In all families studied WND was linked to one or more of the loci ESD, RB, or D13S26. PMID- 3189335 TI - Dural ectasia is a common feature of the Marfan syndrome. AB - Widening of the lumbosacral spinal canal was found in 63% of 57 patients with the Marfan syndrome and in none of 57 age- and sex-matched non-Marfan control patients, who underwent CT scanning for routine clinical indications. The bony abnormalities in mild cases consisted of thinning of the pedicles and taminae and erosion of the neural foraminae and were generally limited to L5 and S1. More severe changes were present in 13 patients, two of whom had associated neurologic signs, and included meningoceles or near total erosion of a pedicle. Presence and severity of vertebral abnormalities were associated with neither any other clinical feature nor overall phenotypic severity. Dural ectasia can be added to the list of pleiotropic manifestations of the Marfan syndrome. PMID- 3189336 TI - Chromosome elimination in micronuclei: a common cause of hypoploidy. AB - An excess of hypoploid cells has repeatedly been reported in studies of aneuploidy and has often been attributed to technical artifact. We have examined at least 200 anaphase or early-telophase cells from each of 28 normal women and found that chromosome or chromatid lagging occurs in an average of 2.43% of cells. In a separate study, we have examined the frequency of micronuclei in cytochalasin B-arrested, binucleate cells and shown that a similar frequency of cells (1.6%) contain one or more micronuclei. Using in situ hybridization of an alpha centromeric probe (alpha R1), which hybridizes to 9 of the 22 human autosomes, we were able to infer that most, if not all, of the micronuclei contain whole chromosomes or chromatids. Since the loss of a chromosome by lagging will induce hypoploid daughter nuclei (two where a chromosome is lost and one where a chromatid is lost), we conclude that lagging is a major mechanism for chromosome loss in human lymphocyte cultures. This loss occurs in the cells of normal individuals under control conditions. PMID- 3189334 TI - Population amalgamation and genetic variation: observations on artificially agglomerated tribal populations of Central and South America. AB - The interpretation of data on genetic variation with regard to the relative roles of different evolutionary factors that produce and maintain genetic variation depends critically on our assumptions concerning effective population size and the level of migration between neighboring populations. In humans, recent population growth and movements of specific ethnic groups across wide geographic areas mean that any theory based on assumptions of constant population size and absence of substructure is generally untenable. We examine the effects of population subdivision on the pattern of protein genetic variation in a total sample drawn from an artificial agglomerate of 12 tribal populations of Central and South America, analyzing the pooled sample as though it were a single population. Several striking findings emerge. (1) Mean heterozygosity is not sensitive to agglomeration, but the number of different alleles (allele count) is inflated, relative to neutral mutation/drift/equilibrium expectation. (2) The inflation is most serious for rare alleles, especially those which originally occurred as tribally restricted "private" polymorphisms. (3) The degree of inflation is an increasing function of both the number of populations encompassed by the sample and of the genetic divergence among them. (4) Treating an agglomerated population as though it were a panmictic unit of long standing can lead to serious biases in estimates of mutation rates, selection pressures, and effective population sizes. Current DNA studies indicate the presence of numerous genetic variants in human populations. The findings and conclusions of this paper are all fully applicable to the study of genetic variation at the DNA level as well. PMID- 3189337 TI - Frequency of the atypical aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 gene (ALDH2(2)) in Japanese and Caucasians. AB - All Caucasians have two major aldehyde dehydrogenase isozymes--i.e., the cytosolic ALDH1 and the mitochondrial ALDH2-while approximately 50% of Orientals are atypical and lack the catalytically active ALDH2 in their tissues. The atypical ALDH2(2) gene has a nucleotide base change and produces the defective ALDH2(2) protein, which has a Glu----Lys substitution at the 14th position from the COOH-terminal (Yoshida et al. 1984; Hsu et al. 1985). With the use of a pair of synthetic oligonucleotides-one complementary to the usual ALDH1(2) and the other complementary to the atypical ALDH2(2)-genotypes of 49 unrelated Japanese individuals and 12 Caucasians were determined. The frequency of the atypical ALDH2(2) allele was found to be .35 in the Japanese samples examined. The atypical ALDH2(2) gene was not found in the Caucasians. PMID- 3189338 TI - Genotypes of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes in Japanese with alcohol liver diseases: a strong association of the usual Caucasian-type aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH1(2)) with the disease. AB - Genetic polymorphisms of two major alcohol-metabolizing enzymes-i.e., one of the class I alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes (ADH2) and the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2)-exist in Japanese and other Orientals but not in Caucasians. Liver ADH activity of about 90% of Orientals is much higher than that of most Caucasians, while approximately 50% of Orientals lack the ALDH2 activity. The genetic differences have been implicated in the high incidence of alcohol sensitivity observed in Orientals. We determined, by means of hybridization of genomic DNA samples with allele-specific synthetic oligonucleotide probes, genotypes of the ADH2 and the ALDH2 loci of Japanese with alcoholic liver diseases and of control subjects. No significant difference between the patient and control groups was found in the ADH2 genotypes. A remarkable genetic difference between the two groups was found in the ALDH2 locus. The frequency of the typical (Caucasian-type) ALDH1(2) gene was found to be .65 and that of the atypical (Oriental type) ALDH2(2) gene was .35 in the controls, while these were .93 and .07, respectively, in the patients. Thus, most (20 of 23) of the Japanese patients were homozygous Caucasian type ALDH1(2)/ALDH1(2), only three were heterozygous ALDH1(2)/ALDH2(2), and none of the patients were homozygous Oriental type ALDH2(2)/ALDH2(2). The results indicate that Japanese with the atypical ALDH2(2) allele are at a much lower risk in developing the alcoholic liver diseases than are those with homozygous, usual (Caucasian-type) ALDH1(2)/ALDH1(2), presumably owing to their sensitivity to alcohol intoxication. PMID- 3189341 TI - Polygenes versus one gene plus chance: what are the real differences? PMID- 3189339 TI - Mitochondrial import and processing of an in vitro synthesized human prebranched chain acyltransferase fragment. AB - A 1.6-kb cDNA for human liver branched-chain acyltransferase [E2b] was placed in a transcription vector under the control of the SP6 promoter. In vitro translation of transcripts from this vector produced a pre-E2b fragment of Mr 39,000. Following import into mitochondria, this protein was processed to a protein with an Mr of 36,000. The processed protein was fully protected from trypsin digestion. Import and processing did not occur in the presence of rhodamine 123 or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, suggesting that membrane potential and coupled respiration were required. Uptake and processing were species and tissue independent, since both mouse-liver and human-lymphoblast mitochondria converted the human pre-E2b protein fragment. Mitochondria from patient cells that lack E2b through an inherited defect were able to import and process the in vitro-made protein, suggesting that the inherited defect was in the gene for E2b and not in the organelle-structure function. This system now provides additional methods for investigation of mechanisms responsible for the human inherited disorders affecting the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. PMID- 3189340 TI - HLA antigens in cardiomyopathic Chilean chagasics. AB - The distribution of HLA antigens in a sample of 124 Chagas serologically positive Chilean individuals was studied. The sample was subdivided according to the presence or absence of chagasic cardiomyopathy, in order to search for genetic differences associated with this pathological condition. The frequency of antigen B40 in the presence of antigen Cw3 was found to be significantly lower in subjects with cardiomyopathy. We tentatively suggest that the presence of these antigens among noncardiomyopathics is associated with a decreased susceptibility to develop chagasic cardiomyopathy in the Chilean population. PMID- 3189342 TI - Regulate 4,4'Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline) PMID- 3189344 TI - Bladder tumors in two young males occupationally exposed to MBOCA. AB - MBOCA (4,4' methylenebis (2-chloroaniline) is a structural analogue of benzidine and is carcinogenic in mice, rats, and dogs. MBOCA has not yet been demonstrated to be carcinogenic in humans and is not regulated as an occupational carcinogen in the United States. We report two noninvasive papillary tumors of the bladder identified in a screening study of 540 workers exposed to MBOCA during its production at a Michigan chemical plant from 1968 to 1979. Both tumors occurred in men under 30 years old who had never smoked. Although the prevalence of grade 1-2 tumors among asymptomatic males in this age group is unknown, the incidence of clinically apparent tumors on U.S. males aged 25-29 is only 1 per 100,000 per year. The detection of the two tumors in young, nonsmoking males is consistent with the hypothesis that MBOCA induces bladder neoplasms in humans. PMID- 3189343 TI - Acute nickel toxicity in electroplating workers who accidently ingested a solution of nickel sulfate and nickel chloride. AB - Thirty-two workers in an electroplating plant accidently drank water contaminated with nickel sulfate and chloride (1.63 g Ni/liter). Twenty workers promptly developed symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, giddiness, lassitude, headache, cough, shortness of breath) that typically lasted a few hours but persisted 1-2 days in 7 cases. The Ni doses in workers with symptoms were estimated to range from 0.5 to 2.5 g. In 15 exposed workers who were tested on day 1 postexposure, serum Ni concentrations ranged from 13 to 1,340 micrograms/liter and urine Ni concentrations ranged from 0.15 to 12 mg/g creatinine. Ten subjects (with initial urine Ni concentrations greater than 0.8 mg/g creatinine) were hospitalized and treated for 3 days with intravenous fluids to induce diuresis, resulting in a mean elimination half-time (T1/2) for serum Ni of 27 hours (SD +/- 7 hour), which was significantly shorter (p less than .001) than the mean T1/2 of 60 hours (SD +/- 11 hours) in 11 subjects who did not receive intravenous fluids. Laboratory tests showed transiently elevated levels of blood reticulocytes (N = 7), urine albumin (N = 3), and serum bilirubin (N = 2). All subjects recovered rapidly, without evident sequellae, and returned to work by the eighth day after exposure. PMID- 3189345 TI - Obstructive and restrictive ventilatory impairment in polyvinylchloride fabrication workers. AB - Responses to a standardized respiratory symptom questionnaire, spirometry, and cross-shift decreases in lung function between 70 current employees of a polyvinylchloride (PVC) fabrication plant and a control group consisting of 48 men employed in a vegetable packing plant were compared. FEV1/FVC was significantly lower in the PVC workers. Cross-shift drops in Vmax75 of 15% or more were also more prevalent in the exposed group (p = .01). When examining the association between months of work within the exposed workforce and spirometric indices of airway obstruction, no relationship could be demonstrated. However, an inverse dose-response relationship was seen between level of FVC and duration of employment, suggesting a restrictive impairment. While the specific exposures have not been identified, it appears that employment in PVC fabrication may be associated with both obstructive and restrictive ventilatory effects. PMID- 3189346 TI - Cancer morbidity in lamp manufacturing workers. AB - A historical prospective study of cancer in lamp manufacturing workers in one plant was conducted. All men and women who worked for a total of at least 6 months and were employed at some time between 1960 and 1975 were included. Work histories were abstracted and subjects were divided according to whether they had worked in the coiling and wire drawing area (CWD). Cancer morbidity from 1964 to 1982 was ascertained via the provincial registry, and was compared with the site specific incidence in Ontario, adjusting for age, sex and calendar period. Of particular interest were primary breast and gynecological cancers in women. The cancers of a priori concern were significantly increased in women in CWD, but not elsewhere in the plant. The excess was greatest in those with more than 5 yr exposure (in CWD) and more than 15 yr since first working in CWD, with eight cases of breast and gynecological cancers observed in this category compared with 2.67 expected. Only three cancers occurred in men in CWD. Environmental measurements had not been made in the past and little information was available on substances used in the 1940s and 1950s, the period when the women with the highest excess began employment. It is known that methylene chloride and trichlorethylene have been used, but not enough is known about the dates and patterns of use to draw any conclusions about their relationship with the increase in disease. PMID- 3189348 TI - Leukemias and occupation in Sweden: a registry-based analysis. AB - A linked-registry was used to examine systematically, on a national basis, the leukemia incidence in Swedish men by industry and occupation. New associations were observed for chronic lymphocytic leukemia among cloth and pattern cutters and for chronic myelocytic leukemia among brewery workers and motor mechanics. A number of additional findings were consistent with previous observations in other countries. Although etiologic inferences are limited when using linked-registry data, this hypothesis-generating study may provide new clues to the occupational determinants of specific forms of leukemia. PMID- 3189347 TI - Paternal occupation and brain cancer in offspring: a mortality-based case-control study. AB - A mortality-based case-control study of selected risk factors for childhood brain tumors was undertaken. Ohio-born children who died from brain cancer during the 1959-1978 vicennium were compared to control children (of the same age, race, and sex) by using information obtained from the subjects' birth certificates. Differences between the case and the control children with respect to paternal occupation, the focus of the study, were examined. Controlling for the potentially confounding effects of several nonoccupational factors, case fathers were found more likely than control fathers to have been employed (at the time of birth of their children) in agriculture, in metal-related jobs, in structural work jobs in the construction industry, and in electrical assembling, installing, and repairing occupations in the machinery industry. Although the results must be interpreted with caution, the findings lend support to the hypothesis that parental occupation is a potential risk factor for childhood brain tumors. PMID- 3189349 TI - Asbestos fibers in human pulmonary and extrapulmonary tissues. AB - The association between asbestos fibers in human lung tissues and those in other extrapulmonary organs was studied by analysing three autopsied cases, one of whom had a high pulmonary asbestos burden, one an intermediate burden, and one a low burden. The amount, types and sizes of asbestos fibers in the tissues of lung, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract were identified and measured by transmission electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X ray analyser. The following results were obtained: 1) The concentrations of asbestos fibers in extrapulmonary organs tended to increase with that in lung tissues. 2) The types of fibers identified in lungs were approximately consistent with those in other organs. 3) A relatively large range of fiber length was observed in both lungs and other organs. The findings extend and support previous light microscopic studies comparing asbestos bodies in various organs, and may imply that persons with high levels of asbestos in their lungs are also likely to have the same types and high levels of asbestos in their other tissues. PMID- 3189350 TI - Using multiple cause of death coding in occupational mortality studies. AB - Conventional occupational mortality analysis, using underlying cause of death coding, underestimates the contribution of those chronic diseases which are mentioned on the death certificate but which usually do not appear as underlying cause of death. Proportionate occupational mortality analysis, using all the mentioned causes on the Washington State male death records 1968-1984, identified an excess of rheumatoid arthritis in farmers, and asbestosis in plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters. PMID- 3189351 TI - Mortality odds ratio, proportionate mortality ratio, and healthy worker effect. AB - The standardized proportionate mortality ratio (PMRi) and the mortality odds ratio (MORi) are two statistics used to approximate the cause specific standardized mortality ratio (SMRi) when death data are available but the population at risk is not known. When there is a healthy worker effect, the MORi will always overestimate the SMRi and will always be greater than the PMRi. The PMRi is influenced by the relative frequency of the cause of death. For rare causes, such as brain cancer or leukemia, the PMRi will overestimate the SMRi to essentially the same degree as the MORi. For more common conditions, such as lung cancer, the PMRi will overestimate or underestimate the SMRi depending on the magnitude of the healthy worker effect. When the SMRi = 1 and there is a healthy worker effect, both the PMRi and MORi are in excess of one (1) regardless of the disease rate. As the SMRi increases it is more likely to be bounded by the PMRi (lower) and the MORi (upper). We therefore recommend that each statistic be derived when death certificates are the only source of data used to assess risk due to occupational exposures. PMID- 3189352 TI - What's in a name? The occupational hygienist's problem with threshold limit values. PMID- 3189354 TI - Controversy in the regulation of formaldehyde. PMID- 3189353 TI - On "Corporate influence on threshold limit values" by Castleman and Ziem. PMID- 3189355 TI - Mortality among workers at a nuclear fuels production facility. AB - A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted in a population of workers employed at a facility with the primary task of production of nuclear fuels and other materials. Data for hourly and salaried employees were analyzed separately by time period of first employment and length of employment. The hourly (N = 6,687 with 728 deaths) and salaried (N = 2,745 with 294 deaths) employees had a mortality experience comparable to that of the United States and, in fact, exhibited significant fewer deaths in many categories of diseases that are traditionally associated with the healthy worker effect. Specifically, fewer deaths were noted in the categories of all causes, all cancers, cancer of the digestive organs, lung cancer, brain cancer (hourly workers only), diabetes, all diseases of the circulatory system, all respiratory diseases, all digestive system diseases, all diseases of the genitourinary system (hourly only), and all external causes of death. A statistically significant, and as yet unexplained increase in leukemia mortality (6 observed vs. 2.18 expected) appeared among a subset of the hourly employees, first hired before 1955, and employed between 5 15 years. PMID- 3189357 TI - A cohort mortality study of employees exposed to chlorinated chemicals. AB - The cohort of this historical prospective mortality study consisted of 697 male employees at a chlorination plant. A majority of the cohort was potentially exposed to benzotrichloride, benzyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, and other related chemicals. The mortality experience of the cohort was observed from 1943 through 1982. For the cohort as a whole, no statistically significant mortality excess was detected. The overall Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) was 100, and the SMR for all cancers combined was 122 (not significant). The respiratory cancer SMR for the cohort as a whole was 246 (7 observed vs. 2.8 expected). The excess was of borderline statistical significance, the lower 95% confidence limit being 99. Analysis by race showed that all 7 respiratory cancer deaths came from the white male employees, with an SMR of 265 (p less than 0.05). The respiratory cancer mortality excess was higher among employees in maintenance (SMR = 229) than among those in operations or production (SMR = 178). The lung cancer mortality excess among the laboratory employees was statistically significant (SMR = 1292). However, this observation should be viewed with caution, since it was based on only 2 deaths. Further analysis indicated that the respiratory cancer mortality excess was limited to the male employees with 15 or more years of employment (SMR = 379, p less than 0.05). Based on animal data as well as other epidemiologic studies, together with the internal consistency of analysis by length of employment, the data suggest an association between the chlorination process of toluene at the plant and an increased risk of respiratory cancer.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189356 TI - Diesel exhaust exposure and mortality among males in the American Cancer Society prospective study. AB - In 1982, the American Cancer Society enrolled over 1.2 million American men and women in a prospective mortality study of cancer and other causes in relation to different risk factors. The 2-year mortality of 461,981 males aged 40-79 years with known smoking habit has been analyzed in relation to exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) and to employment in selected occupations related to DE exposure. The relative risk (RR) for all causes of death for those exposed was 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.97-1.13). For lung cancer, the RR was 1.18 (95% CI: 0.97-1.44). A dose-response effect was present. Railroad workers, heavy equipment operators, miners, and truck drivers had a higher mortality both for all causes and for lung cancer when compared with subjects with other occupations and no exposure to DE. Truck drivers exposed to DE were not at excess risk of lung cancer if compared with truck drivers unexposed to DE, but a trend of increasing risk with duration of exposure was suggested. DE exposure was also associated with increase in mortality for accidents, cerebrovascular disease, arteriosclerosis, and cirrhosis of the liver. An association based on small numbers was also present for Hodgkin's disease and lymphoid leukemia. No association with chronic non-neoplastic pulmonary diseases or with bladder cancer was found. PMID- 3189359 TI - The use of geometric and arithmetic mean exposures in occupational epidemiology. AB - In constructing quantitative measures of exposure for the study of chronic occupational disease, researchers have generally used a cumulative exposure calculated as the sum of the products of period-specific exposure concentrations and the time each individual spent in each exposure category. There has been some disagreement and lack of clarity about the use of the geometric or arithmetic mean of exposure for this calculation. This paper explores the difference in the use of the two measures and defines a relative bias introduced with the geometric vs. the arithmetic mean. The magnitude of the bias is calculated in two linear models of possible exposure-response relationships. The theoretical basis for the choice of one mean over the other is then explored. It is suggested that when adopting a linear exposure response model, the arithmetic mean is the more appropriate measure. In other models, such as a linear-log (outcome is proportional to the logarithm of exposure) model, the geometric mean would be more appropriate. PMID- 3189358 TI - Respiratory morbidity in workers exposed to asbestos in the primary manufacture of building materials. AB - Former employees (214) of a plant that manufactured asbestos-containing building materials (wallboard and acoustic tile) from 1958 through 1974 were screened for asbestos-related pulmonary disease. Results are presented on 182 union members whose names appeared on a 1966 seniority list in one of six departments believed to have had substantial asbestos exposure. The study population demonstrated a high frequency of pulmonary abnormalities often associated with asbestos exposure: low mean forced vital capacity percent of predicted (FVC % predicted), low mean forced expiratory volume at one second percent of predicted (FEV1 % predicted), presence of parenchymal abnormalities (40.1% with profusion scores of 1/0 or higher), and 30.5% with bilateral pleural abnormalities on chest roentgenograms. In addition, rales in two or more locations were found in 22.8% on examination of the chest, 30.6% gave a history of chronic bronchitis, and 34.8% of dyspnea grade two or higher. Calculated asbestos exposure scores, based upon participant recall, were not found to be associated with these abnormalities. The abnormal findings were not adequately explained by potential confounders such as cigarette smoking. Other notable findings in this study include the presence of smoking-adjusted decrements in pulmonary function associated with moderate profusion scores (i.e., 1/0 and 1/1) and the presence of a substantial degree of obstructive lung disease (19.2%) in this population. PMID- 3189361 TI - Re: Frumkin H, Berlin J (1988): asbestos exposure and gastrointestinal malignancy: review and meta-analysis. Am J Ind Med 14: 79-85. PMID- 3189360 TI - Mutagenicity assessment of airborne particles from three polyurethane foam manufacturing facilities. PMID- 3189362 TI - Clinical significance of a single test for anti-cardiolipin antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - PURPOSE: Clinicians have difficulty interpreting results of tests for anti cardiolipin antibodies (aCL) because of conflicting reports of the clinical associations of these antibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We therefore decided to evaluate the clinical associations of aCL in an effort to facilitate interpretation of single reports of either positive or negative test results. We also assessed the role of estrogen on the development of aCL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 85 consecutive outpatients with SLE and 40 control subjects. Serum samples and clinical and laboratory data were obtained from each patient and control. Testing for aCL was performed using a standardized enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay developed at an international workshop. RESULTS: The presence of aCL was documented in 42.4 percent of patients with SLE and 7.5 percent of control subjects. In patients with SLE, these antibodies were significantly associated with thrombosis, fetal loss, and thrombocytopenia, but not with other manifestations. Measurement of all isotypes optimized clinical correlations. Titers did not add clinical utility. Fluctuations of levels of aCL occurred, making it difficult to interpret a single negative result. Among control subjects, the presence of aCL was not significantly more common in women who used oral contraceptives. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that positive results of testing for aCL correlate with a predisposition for thrombosis, fetal loss, and thrombocytopenia in patients with SLE; however, the test is not predictive for other clinical manifestations of SLE, including activity and severity of disease. We believe that measurement of all isotypes of aCL should be performed in patients with SLE considering pregnancy, to identify those with a high risk of fetal loss, and in SLE patients with a thrombotic episode. PMID- 3189363 TI - Chronic hepatitis: disease factors at diagnosis predictive of mortality. AB - PURPOSE: Chronic hepatitis is known to be a disease with substantial mortality. The purpose of this study was to identify prognostic factors in a large group of patients with chronic hepatitis. We also wanted to determine whether the aminopyrine breath test (ABT) is of additional prognostic value in evaluation of this disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 94 patients who had had a biopsy proven diagnosis and an ABT between June 1, 1977, and June 30, 1981. Clinical features and biochemical test results at the time of diagnosis were retrieved from medical records, and histologic severity was assessed by reviewing all liver biopsy specimens under code. Survival was determined at a mean of 60 months. Data were studied with a Cox proportional hazards model to identify predictors of mortality and to control for confounding variables. RESULTS: Cumulative mortality as of December 31, 1985, was 5 percent in chronic persistent hepatitis, 6 percent in chronic active hepatitis, 29 percent in chronic active hepatitis with bridging necrosis, and 53 percent in chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis. Histologic severity was a predictor of death (p less than 0.005). Other predictors of mortality were disease caused by hepatitis B virus (p less than 0.005), a high alkaline phosphatase level (p less than 0.025), a low alanine aminotransaminase level (p less than 0.001), and a depressed ABT result (p less than 0.005). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that patients with chronic hepatitis with one or more of these risk factors have an increased mortality and should be followed closely for liver failure, which may necessitate medical therapy or surgical intervention. PMID- 3189364 TI - Clinical significance and pathogenesis of hyperbilirubinemia associated with Staphylococcus aureus septicemia. AB - PURPOSE: Our goal was to examine the clinical significance of hyperbilirubinemia in patients with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. In addition, preliminary data concerning the possible mechanism of cholestasis observed during S. aureus septicemia are presented. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study had two parts: a clinical investigation and a laboratory investigation. In the former, patients with endocarditis were identified through chart review. Those with admission total serum bilirubin levels of 2.0 mg/dl or greater were considered to have hyperbilirubinemia. In the latter investigation, the hepatic storage capacity and transport maximum for sulfobromophthalein (BSP), an organic dye that is rapidly taken up and excreted by the liver, were determined by measuring the change in serum concentration and the corresponding hepatic removal rate at various BSP infusion rates. Measurements were conducted before and after the infusion of Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide in some rabbits, after the infusion of resuspended S. aureus in others, and after the infusion of lipoteichoic acid in the remainder. RESULTS: Eleven of 47 consecutive patients with S. aureus endocarditis were noted to have hyperbilirubinemia without clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatic bacterial infection. Compared with the remaining 36 patients, these 11 patients had a significantly lower mean platelet count and a higher serum creatinine level and white blood cell count. Although none of the 47 patients were hypotensive on admission, four of the 11 hyperbilirubinemic patients died of overwhelming sepsis, compared with two of the 36 remaining patients (p less than 0.05). When one of the clinical isolates of S. aureus or lipoteichoic acid was infused into conscious rabbits, there was a marked decrease in the hepatic transport maximum and an increase in the relative hepatic storage capacity of sulfobromophthalein. Similar changes were noted following the administration of lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the presence of hyperbilirubinemia in patients with S. aureus sepsis may identify persons at high risk of dying from overwhelming sepsis. It further suggests that lipoteichoic acid may play an important role in causing defective hepatic excretory function that is responsible for hyperbilirubinemia. PMID- 3189365 TI - Aggressive combined modality treatment of progressive sinonasal fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. AB - PURPOSE: Invasive fungal infections of the paranasal sinuses in immunocompromised hosts are often fatal despite therapeutic interventions. In an effort to achieve a better outcome in patients with these infections, aggressive management was combined with medical/surgical intervention. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 18 immunocompromised patients with invasive sinonasal fungal infections was retrospectively analyzed. Management consisted of a combined modality clinical approach, including aggressively sought early diagnosis; early amphotericin use; extensive surgical debridement; and liberal use of granulocyte transfusion support. RESULTS: Eight of 13 patients with eventual neutrophil recovery survived with control of all local and systemic signs of fungal infection. All patients with persisting neutropenia died of progressive infection. CONCLUSION: We conclude that meticulous surveillance of patients in high-risk groups for fungal infection should be maintained due to the apparent value of rapid intervention with a combination of surgical resection and medical management (antifungal chemotherapy and white blood cell transfusions). Infection control and survival are ultimately dependent on recovery of marrow function and circulating neutrophils. PMID- 3189366 TI - Multiple intensive care unit outbreak of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subspecies anitratus respiratory infection and colonization associated with contaminated, reusable ventilator circuits and resuscitation bags. AB - PURPOSE: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subspecies anitratus (A. anitratus) can cause nosocomially and community acquired pneumonia. Source identification of the organism is often difficult. An outbreak of respiratory infection and colonization with A. anitratus affecting 93 ventilated patients in all six of a hospital's intensive care units (ICUs) over 10 months is described. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In April 1984, the infection control staff started to review positive culture results from all patients in all ICUs. At this point, information on significant isolates was recorded by patient, site, date, genus and species, and antimicrobial susceptibility. During the month of August 1984, an increased number of A. anitratus isolates from sputum began to be detected. Information was expanded to include the date of hospital admission, ICU admission, intubation, and extubation; the dates and types of all surgical procedures; the results and dates of all prior sputum cultures; and the use of nebulized bronchodilator medications. Monthly numbers of cases were compared for four months prior to the outbreak, during the outbreak, and for seven months after the outbreak. Plasmid DNA from isolates was prepared, electrophoresed, and visualized. Isolates were designated according to the molecular weights of visualized plasmids. RESULTS: Barrier precautions and improved staff handwashing did not diminish the frequency of new cases. When pasteurized, reusable ventilator circuits and resuscitation bags were cultured for the possibility of low-level contamination, 18 percent were positive for A. anitratus. Terminal ethylene oxide sterilization of these devices was associated with prompt control of the outbreak. Plasmid DNA analysis of isolates from patients involved in the outbreak, contaminated devices, and the hands of personnel responsible for device disinfection revealed two predominant plasmid profiles. After outbreak control, isolates with these profiles were found much less frequently in patient specimens. CONCLUSION: Contaminated, reusable ventilator support equipment may be a leading cause for the extent of A. anitratus in the sputum of intubated patients. This problem is potentially correctable by the use of terminal etyhlene oxide sterilization of reusable ventilator circuits and resuscitation bags. PMID- 3189368 TI - Clinically significant valvular heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - PURPOSE: Clinically significant valvular heart disease due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has generally been considered rare, and Libman-Sacks endocarditis has been thought to be predominantly an autopsy finding. With the declining prevalence of rheumatic heart disease, however, the spectrum of valvular heart disease is changing. We retrospectively analyzed our experience with SLE between 1975 and 1987 for the presence of hemodynamically significant valvular heart disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An existing data base of 421 patients with SLE was selected for review. Patients were selected for inclusion in the study if they met four or more of the criteria of the American Rheumatism Association for SLE, they had clinically significant valvular heart disease, and tissue from the involved valve was available for review. The etiology of the valve lesion was determined by assessment of the clinical history, chart review, gross morphology, and valve histology. RESULTS: Of 14 cases with pathologic material available for review, six had anatomic features of SLE valvular heart disease such as verrucous vegetations or valvulitis with necrosis and vasculitis. Two of these patients underwent successful valve replacements and four died from complications of their valve disease. CONCLUSION: We suggest that significant morbidity and mortality may result from SLE valvular heart disease in about 1 to 2 percent of SLE patients and that the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying valve dysfunction in SLE patients are multifactorial. PMID- 3189367 TI - Significance and correlations of molecular analysis results in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. AB - PURPOSE: Several investigators have documented a rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) in selected patients with a morphologic diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) but no abnormality of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) by cytogenetic studies. Our intention was to systematically investigate the incidence of the bcr rearrangement in such patients, and to correlate the findings with patient characteristics, response to therapy (especially alpha interferon treatment), and overall prognosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Molecular analysis studies were performed in 40 patients with Ph-negative CML (23 patients) and myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML; 17 patients). RESULTS: Rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region (bcr) was detected in 11 of the 23 patients with Ph negative CML (48 percent), indicating the presence of the abnormal molecular events in Ph-positive CML without documentation of the Ph cytogenetic abnormality. None of the 17 patients with CMML had the bcr rearrangement. Patients with Ph-negative CML and the bcr rearrangement had characteristics similar to those of patients with Ph-positive disease. These included a younger age, higher white blood cell counts, a higher incidence of thrombocytosis and basophilia, and a lower occurrence of thrombocytopenia. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase score was not a helpful distinguishing feature. Among 21 patients receiving alpha interferon-based regimens, response to therapy was significantly better among patients with Ph-negative disease and the bcr rearrangement (seven of seven, 100 percent), compared with those without the bcr rearrangement (one of six, 17 percent), or patients with CMML (two of eight, 25 percent) (p less than 0.01). At this time of follow-up, only one of the 11 patients with Ph-negative CML and the bcr rearrangement had died from complications of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, compared with three deaths among the 12 patients with Ph negative CML and no bcr rearrangement, and 11 deaths among the 19 patients with CMML. CONCLUSION: We conclude that molecular studies help in better understanding the nosology of Ph-negative CML, and define a subgroup of patients with clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic correlations similar to those of patients with Ph positive CML. PMID- 3189369 TI - Increasing incidence and excellent survival of patients with early gastric cancer: experience in a United States medical center. AB - PURPOSE: In Japan, early gastric cancer has an excellent survival rate. In the United States, the disease is less well understood, and it is viewed more pessimistically, although we have previously shown in a small series of patients good short-term survival rates in early gastric cancer as compared with advanced gastric cancer. Our purpose in this study was to determine if the incidence of early gastric cancer and the associated survival rate has changed over a 24-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From the records at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, 549 patients were identified who underwent gastric resection for cancer between 1960 and 1984, 69 of whom had early gastric cancer. Survival data were obtained in 63 patients. A comparison of survival rates was conducted between patients with early gastric cancer and the 1980 census figures. RESULTS: Over the 24-year period, the total number of resections for gastric cancer at our institution declined. However, the percentage of gastric resections that satisfied the Japanese criteria for early gastric cancer increased from 9 percent between 1960 to 1974 to 17 percent between 1975 to 1984 (p less than 0.05). Of the 69 early gastric cancers, 35 percent involved the mucosa, whereas in 65 percent the malignancy invaded the submucosa. Twenty-eight percent had lymph node involvement. For the patients for whom survival data were available, survival was better than the 1980 census (p less than 0.05). The adjusted five-year survival rate was 97 percent. Neither submucosal invasion nor lymph node involvement altered survival. Patients with type III early cancers (ulcerated), however, had a significantly greater survival rate than patients with type I (polypoid) early cancers (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSION: Early gastric cancer is being diagnosed with increasing frequency and has an excellent survival rate. These findings are similar to the Japanese experience and argue for an ongoing aggressive approach to endoscopic biopsy of gastric lesions. PMID- 3189371 TI - Fever, jaundice, and anemia in a 61-year-old man. PMID- 3189370 TI - Syndrome of idiopathic hyperammonemia after high-dose chemotherapy: review of nine cases. AB - PURPOSE: The syndrome of idiopathic hyperammonemia occurs in patients who have received high-dose cytoreductive therapy for the treatment of hematologic malignancy. It is characterized by abrupt alteration in mental status and respiratory alkalosis associated with markedly elevated plasma ammonium levels in the absence of any identifiable cause, and frequently results in intractable coma and death. Our goal was to survey clinical and pathologic manifestations of the disorder and discuss treatment options. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Plasma ammonium levels were measured in patients on the acute leukemia service or on the bone marrow transplant service at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and a level more than twice normal was considered diagnostic of hyperammonemia. The syndrome was identified in nine patients; in eight, hyperammonemia occurred after administration of intensive cytoreductive therapy that resulted in profound leukopenia. The disorder occurred in the ninth patient two months after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. RESULTS: Three of the nine patients survived an episode of idiopathic hyperammonemia; one patient subsequently died of leukemia and one of recurrent idiopathic hyperammonemia. The one long-term survivor is currently alive and well without neurologic sequelae 250 days after autologous bone marrow transplantation. CONCLUSION: Because neurologic function can deteriorate rapidly, early recognition of this disorder and close monitoring of the patient's neurologic status are critical. PMID- 3189372 TI - Kingella kingae bacteremia and adult epiglottitis in a granulocytopenic host. PMID- 3189373 TI - Mycobacterium gordonae: an unusual peritoneal pathogen in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3189374 TI - Streptobacillus moniliformis polyarthritis mimicking rheumatoid arthritis: an urban case of rat bite fever. PMID- 3189375 TI - Brain abscess: association with pulmonary arteriovenous fistula and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: report of three cases. PMID- 3189376 TI - Heparin-dependent in vitro aggregation of normal platelets by plasma of a patient with heparin-induced skin necrosis: specific diagnostic test for a rare side effect. PMID- 3189377 TI - Sarcoidosis with subcutaneous nodules. PMID- 3189378 TI - Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis with high-dose, long-term combination amphotericin B and flucytosine. PMID- 3189379 TI - Flavobacterium meningosepticum meningitis in an adult. PMID- 3189380 TI - Aortic pulse wave velocity in atherosclerotic diseases. PMID- 3189381 TI - Bronchial mucosal infiltration and unilateral lung collapse: an unusual complication of multiple myeloma. PMID- 3189382 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis presenting with unilateral parotid enlargement. PMID- 3189383 TI - AIDS presenting as syncope. PMID- 3189384 TI - Zidovudine therapy for severe human immunodeficiency virus-related thrombocytopenia. PMID- 3189385 TI - Severe shaking chills and fever following hydrochlorothiazide administration. PMID- 3189387 TI - Prophylaxis of 5-fluorouracil-induced coronary vasospasm with calcium channel blockers. PMID- 3189386 TI - Penile Raynaud's phenomenon: a possible cause of erectile failure. PMID- 3189388 TI - Single kidney function: effect of acute protein and water loading on microalbuminuria. PMID- 3189389 TI - Treatable causes of dementia. PMID- 3189390 TI - Infection in a patient with polycystic kidney and liver disease: noninvasive localization and treatment. PMID- 3189391 TI - Chlorpropamide toxicity. PMID- 3189392 TI - Sex hormones and coronary artery disease. PMID- 3189393 TI - Partial aniridia, cerebellar ataxia, and mental deficiency (Gillespie syndrome) in two brothers. AB - We report on two brothers (in a sibship of three) with partial aniridia, cerebellar ataxia, and moderate mental retardation, with normal G-banded chromosomes. Both present cerebellum hypoplasia; the younger also has congenital pulmonic stenosis. A review of the literature is presented. Cause is unknown, although the possibility of an autosomal recessive gene cannot be ruled out. PMID- 3189394 TI - Autosomal recessive Robinow-like syndrome with anterior chamber cleavage anomalies. AB - We describe 2 sisters with short stature, mesomelic brachymelia, macrocephaly, hypoplastic genitalia, and anterior chamber cleavage anomalies. Many of their manifestations have been described in individuals with Robinow syndrome; however, the anterior chamber cleavage anomalies seen in both girls, hydrocephalus seen in the younger sister, and apparent autosomal recessive inheritance do not characterize the Robinow syndrome. The syndrome present in these sisters most likely represents a previously undescribed autosomal recessive syndrome. PMID- 3189395 TI - Association of double NOR variant with Turner syndrome. AB - A study was made of the possible association of double nucleolus organizers (dNORs) with Turner syndrome. Occurrence of dNORs was determined using the silver staining method of Goodpasture and Bloom [1975]. In 45 control subjects, the incidence of dNORs was 8.8%. Studies were done on 33 Turner syndrome patients. In 28 cases with 45,X or 45,X/46,XX karyotypes, the incidence of the dNOR variant was 50%. Five cases of Turner syndrome with X rings or X isochromosomes were negative for dNORs. Analysis of the data indicates an association between the dNOR variant and the occurrence of Turner syndrome. It is proposed that the presence of the dNOR variant can increase the rate of nondisjunction of the X chromosome in meiosis or in mitotic divisions during early gestation. PMID- 3189397 TI - Brief clinical report: an unusual bandlike web in an infant with lethal multiple pterygium syndrome. AB - We report on a patient with a lethal multiple pterygium syndrome who also had an unusual, bandlike web across one axilla and partial intestinal atresia. Umbilical cord wrapping with subsequent vascular compromise appears to be the most likely pathogenetic mechanism for the additional anomalies. PMID- 3189396 TI - Nager acrofacial dysostosis: evidence for apparent heterogeneity. AB - Nager acrofacial dysostosis is characterized by malar, mandibular, and maxillary hypoplasia, macrostomia, abnormal ears, and radial defects. The lower limbs are usually normal. Two patients were reported with many of these manifestations, in addition to severe facial clefts and limb deficiency. These more severely affected patients were thought to have a severe form of Nager acrofacial dysostosis or a new syndrome. We report on a patient with limb findings of intermediate severity. This patient also had hydrocephalus, micropolygyria, and tetralogy of Fallot. This may indicate apparent heterogeneity or a single condition with widely variable expression. PMID- 3189398 TI - The hand-foot-genital (hand-foot-uterus) syndrome: family report and update. AB - Four individuals from three generations of a family had the Hand-Foot-Genital (Hand-Foot-Uterus) syndrome. Affected females had urologic abnormalities confirming that the latter are part of the syndrome. PMID- 3189399 TI - Trisomy 18 associated with ectopia cordis and occipital meningocele. AB - A premature infant presented with ectopia cordis, occipital meningocele, and manifestations of trisomy 18; cytogenetic analysis confirmed a 47,XX,+18 chromosome constitution. While most cases of ectopia cordis appear as isolated, sporadic defects, careful evaluation is warranted to detect evidence of an associated chromosome abnormality. PMID- 3189400 TI - Ectopia cordis, midline defects and chromosome abnormalities: an epidemiologic perspective. PMID- 3189401 TI - A mouse malformation mutant supplement to the London Dysmorphology Database. AB - A mouse malformation mutant supplement to the London Dysmorphology Database is described. Using a microcomputer, the mouse malformation database can be searched by asking for all mutants with a specific combination of physical abnormalities. The database is available free to interested researchers on receipt of two 5 1/4" floppy disks. PMID- 3189402 TI - Absence of detectable chromosomal and molecular abnormalities in monozygotic twins discordant for the Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. AB - Monozygotic twins discordant for the Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS) were studied by cytogenetic and molecular methods to determine if a genetic lesion could be detected in the affected child. Probes known to be localized on the short arm of chromosome 11 and a low copy-repetitive probe were used. No genetic lesions could be ascertained in normal or affected tissue obtained from the WBS twin. PMID- 3189403 TI - Inheritance of cranio-fronto-nasal syndrome. PMID- 3189404 TI - Male excess among anatomically normal fetuses in spontaneous abortions. PMID- 3189405 TI - Diprosopus, anencephaly, and facial clefting. PMID- 3189407 TI - Atypical Menkes steely hair disease. AB - Menkes steely hair disease (MSHD) is a rare disorder which typically results in severe mental retardation and death in early childhood. A 21-month-old boy with an atypical milder form was presented by Procopis et al. [1981]. A second child with the atypical form is presented here who has survived to age 9 years and is doing well clinically. PMID- 3189406 TI - Opitz oculo-genital-laryngeal syndrome (Opitz BBB/G compound syndrome) PMID- 3189408 TI - The mild form of Menkes disease: progress report on the original case. PMID- 3189409 TI - Activation of fatty acid oxidation in the Silver-Russell syndrome and the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. AB - We describe a similar metabolic pattern of hyperketosis, ketonaciduria, and C6 C12 dicarboxylic aciduria in a patient with the Silver-Russell syndrome and a patient with the Brachmann-de Lange syndrome. Fasting blood levels of beta hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate were significantly higher than in age-matched controls, and both patients showed massive urinary excretion of beta hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and C6-C12 dicarboxylic acids. PMID- 3189410 TI - Duplication of a small segment of 5p due to maternal recombination within a paracentric shift. AB - Duplication of chromosome sub-bands 5p14.3 and 5p15.1 in a child resulted in mild mental retardation, apparently without other abnormalities. The duplicated region arises from recombination within a directly inserted segment following a shift within the short arm of the maternal chromosome 5 homologs. PMID- 3189411 TI - The diagnostic management of newborns with congenital contractures: a nosologic study of 75 cases. AB - A prospective clinical study is presented of 75 patients with multiple congenital contractures. With the data from medical history, child neurologic examinations, laboratory tests including chromosome and dermatoglyphic analysis, and neuropathology in 23 cases with perinatal death, a nosological or syndromal diagnosis was made in 61 cases. These cases were classified by localization of causal pathology in the categories "cerebral dysgenesis", spinal cord defects, neuromuscular disorders and miscellaneous disorders without muscle weakness. Following this concept, the various modes of inheritance of specific disorders presenting with congenital contractures, as well as possibilities for prenatal diagnosis by ultrasonography are discussed. A guideline for the child neurologic evaluation of infants with congenital contractures is proposed. It is concluded that: 1) specification of the causal lesion and proper classification of disorders with congenital contractures is crucial for genetic counseling, (prenatal) diagnosis and management; 2) the analysis of dermatoglyphics in differential diagnosis of congenital contractures should be restudied; and 3) more study and experience is required in the observation of abnormal or decreased fetal movements by ultrasonography. PMID- 3189412 TI - Asymmetric Marfan syndrome. AB - We describe a girl with Marfan syndrome in whom the clinical expression of the disease was much more evident on the left side of the body. PMID- 3189414 TI - Myelomeningocele, Arnold-Chiari anomaly and hydrocephalus in focal dermal hypoplasia. AB - Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) is an X-linked dominantly inherited syndrome of cutaneous, skeletal, dental, ocular, and soft tissue defects. We report on a female infant with FDH with the first observation of myelomeningocele with hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation. PMID- 3189413 TI - Ring chromosome 11 and cafe-au-lait spots. AB - We report on the segregation of a cytogenetically non-deleted ring chromosome 11 and cafe-au-lait spots in a family. This appears to be the largest inherited ring autosome yet reported. PMID- 3189415 TI - Single central maxillary incisor and holoprosencephaly. PMID- 3189416 TI - Autosomal dominant benign neonatal seizures. AB - Eight individuals in two generations of a family experienced seizures neonatally or in early infancy. Evaluation in two of these infants documented an EEG pattern suggestive of seizure activity without discernible pathogenesis of their seizures. Subsequently, affected individuals had a normal neurodevelopmental outcome, although one person had later epilepsy. The benign course of this disorder and its association with adult epilepsy agree with previously reported cases from the literature. PMID- 3189418 TI - Uncle-niece/aunt-nephew marriages are not existing in Muslim Arabs. PMID- 3189417 TI - First demonstration of recombination between the gene for Norrie disease and probe L1.28. AB - Norrie disease is an X-linked trait thought to be tightly linked to the anonymous probe L1.28. Here we report the first recombinational event among 24 informative meioses. This indicates there is a 4% (95% C.L. 0.1%-21%) error rate introduced by meiotic crossovers in carrier or prenatal diagnosis based on linkage between Norrie disease and L1.28. PMID- 3189419 TI - Chromosome abnormalities and Williams syndrome. PMID- 3189420 TI - Meiotic origin of autosomal trisomies. PMID- 3189421 TI - Pitfalls in the prenatal diagnosis of argininosuccinuria. PMID- 3189423 TI - Minimal-change glomerulopathy of adulthood. AB - We describe 40 adults with idiopathic minimal-change glomerulopathy. They consisted of 27 females and 13 males, mean age 40.7 +/- (SD) 19.8 years (range 15 78 years). Twenty patients were less than 40 years of age at presentation. They presented with significantly (p less than 0.05) lower serum creatinine (0.9 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.5 mg/dl) and serum albumin (1.9 +/- 0.8 vs. 2.4 +/- 0.7 g/dl) levels than patients greater than 40 years. Only 7 patients (18%) presented with a decrease in renal function (serum creatinine greater than 1.3 mg/dl). All patients had nephrotic-range proteinuria at the time of presentation or biopsy. There was no significant difference in presenting proteinuria (8.7 +/- 5.7 g/24 h) or length of follow-up (mean 63.5, range 4-176 months) between the two age groups. Microscopic hematuria and hypertension were each present in 21% of the patients. Thirty-four patients received therapy with prednisone. A complete remission was obtained in 91% of the patients treated with prednisone. The response occurred within 16 weeks in 77% of the patients. The response to prednisone therapy was similar for patients less than 40 years when compared to those greater than 40 years, with a complete remission being obtained in 88 and 94%, respectively. The rate of response, however, differed significantly with 73% of patients less than 40 years versus 32% of patients greater than 40 years achieving a complete remission by 8 weeks. Twenty patients initially responding to prednisone therapy (64.5%) relapsed. A relapse occurred within 3 months of attaining a complete remission in 70% of the patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189422 TI - Effect of the calcium channel blocker nisoldipine on the progression of chronic renal failure in man. AB - Patients with stable renal insufficiency were randomized into two groups: (1) patients given the channel blocker nisoldipine (n = 17) and (2) placebo-treated patients (n = 17) also taking their regular antihypertensive therapy which did not include calcium blockers. Patients were already on low protein diet with a protein intake of 0.80 +/- 0.2 in the nisoldipine group versus 0.85 +/- 0.25 g/kg body weight in the placebo-treated group. The monthly progression of their renal failure was assessed by the reciprocal of serum creatinine versus time in months. After a mean follow-up of 17.4 +/- 8.2 (range 6-30) months, the nisoldipine treated group had a significant decrease in their slope of progression, whereas the placebo-treated patients, after 16.94 +/- 7.2 (range 6-30) months of follow up, had no significant change in their slope. The protein intake during follow-up was similar, being 0.85 +/- 0.2 g/kg actual body weight in the nisoldipine treated group and 0.88 +/- 0.26 g/kg in the placebo group. The changes in slope did not correlate with the changes in blood pressure. PMID- 3189424 TI - Quiz of the month. Pseudohyperkalemia and excessive K intake. PMID- 3189425 TI - Cryptogenic tuberculosis as a preventable cause of end-stage renal failure. AB - A women with a history of urethral stenosis, not causing significant urinary tract obstruction but requiring dilation, presented at the age of 49 with renal failure (creatinine clearance of 16-20 ml/min). Investigations (including pyelography) directed to finding the cause of her renal failure were negative with the exception of renal biopsy which revealed granulomata, one of which showed caseation. Treatment with antituberculous drugs arrested the decline in glomerular filtration rate and was later associated with sustained improvement in renal function. Tuberculosis should always be considered as a possible cause of unexplained renal failure even if the classical pyelographic features of tuberculosis, i.e. calyceal distortion and calcification, are absent. Appropriate treatment may improve renal function and avert the need for renal replacement therapy. PMID- 3189426 TI - Bartter's syndrome with a salt reabsorption defect in the cortical part of Henle's loop. AB - The pathogenesis of Bartter's syndrome remains uncertain. The prevailing theory postulates a defect in salt reabsorption, more frequently described in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. The patient we studied presents a normal urinary concentration capacity associated with impaired dilution, a free water clearance at the lower end of normal (5.4 ml/min/100 ml glomerular filtrate), a decreased distal fractional chloride reabsorption (54%) when studied during hypotonic saline diuresis, and a normal decrease in free water clearance after furosemide (2.1 ml/min/100 ml glomerular filtrate), suggesting a defect in the cortical part of Henle's loop. When studied during oral water diuresis, the fractional chloride reabsorption was normal (82%). This could be explained by a relative inability of the cortical diluting segment to reach maximal absorptive rates for NaCl. An inappropriate kaliuria related to an excessive delivery of salt load to the distal tubule is suggested by the correlation between urinary potassium and chloride excretion (r = 0.84; p less than 0.001). Aldosterone secretion participates also partially in the urinary potassium loss. PMID- 3189428 TI - Severe metabolic acidosis in an intoxicated patient. PMID- 3189429 TI - Role of an intraperitoneal catheter implant in the pathogenesis of experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis peritoneal infection in renal failure mice. AB - The influence of a permanent peritoneal catheter implant on the response of renal failure and control mice to peritoneal inoculation with 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU) Staphylococcus epidermidis was assessed 48 h after bacterial challenge. Two weeks after the surgical induction of renal failure or sham surgery, a segment of a peritoneal dialysis catheter was implanted entirely within the confines of the peritoneal cavity of mice. One month later peritoneal S. epidermidis inoculation was performed by transcutaneous injection through the abdominal wall either directly into the peritoneal cavity (i.p.) or via the catheter lumen (i.c.). Following i.p. inoculation, minimal bacterial growth was recovered from the peritoneal structures of all mice, including the peritoneal catheter. In contrast, following i.c. S. epidermidis challenge, the catheter site remained heavily colonized while peritoneal washings and parietal peritoneum again presented minimal bacterial recoveries. S. epidermidis recovery from the catheter site of renal failure mice was significantly greater than from the respective site of sham-operated controls. Scanning electron microscopy of catheter segments recovered from mice following i.c. inoculation revealed single cocci or microcolonies associated with the catheter surface and differential leukocyte counts of fluid aspirated from the catheter lumen revealed evidence of acute inflammation. Signs of inflammatory processes in peritoneal washings and peripheral blood, however, were not observed. These results are discussed in relation to S. epidermidis peritonitis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. PMID- 3189430 TI - Microcytic hematuria is an indicator of glomerular bleeding. PMID- 3189427 TI - Nephrotic syndrome and renal failure associated with a novel glycolipid storage disorder. AB - A 57-year-old Caucasian male presented with severe nephrotic syndrome and diffuse organomegaly; he subsequently developed renal failure and died. Intracellular, crystalloid material was identified by light and electron microscopy in bone marrow, liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and kidneys. Tissue extraction analysis identified the material as glucocerebroside and its immediate precursor, ceramide lactoside. Although Gaucher's disease cannot be completely excluded, glycolipid profiles do not conform to those of known storage disorders. Additionally, electron-microscopic studies indicate that the structural features of the glycolipid deposits are different from those of previously described storage diseases. These findings suggest a unique crystalloid deposition as the probable cause of a multisystem process, which was associated with renal insufficiency and death. PMID- 3189431 TI - Mesangial deposits: is it a distinct pathological entity? PMID- 3189432 TI - Donation of blood by the pregnant patient for autologous transfusion. AB - A study was conducted to determine the safety and utility of autologous blood donation in third trimester pregnancy. Thirty-seven obstetric patients, 32 with an obstetric risk factor, donated an average of 485 ml of blood. Twenty-one of the 37 patients were expected to undergo cesarean section. Nonstress testing was performed before and after phlebotomy. Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring was maintained throughout the donation, which lasted an average of 9 minutes. All nonstress test results were normal before and after the phlebotomy except in one case. All fetal heart rates remained stable during phlebotomy and premature labor was not precipitated. All fetal outcomes were normal. One patient delivered on the day of phlebotomy, 6 hours after the procedure. Only one of the autologous units was used, in a patient who had a pelvic infection and moderate anemia. The incidence of primary cesarean section was 35%. Phlebotomy of the mother appears to be safe for the fetus at term. Further investigation is needed to determine the safety of removal of more than 1 unit of blood and blood donation at earlier gestational ages. PMID- 3189433 TI - How Swedish obstetricians manage premature rupture of the membranes in preterm gestations. AB - Fifty-two of 53 obstetric departments in Sweden answered a questionnaire concerning preterm premature rupture of membranes. The answers formed the basis for a consensus conference and a symposium, which resulted in the following recommendations. The pregnancy should be interrupted when preterm premature rupture of membranes occurs before week 20 of gestation; individualized management is needed for preterm premature rupture of membranes between 20 and 25 weeks. After 25 weeks, institute hospitalization and bed rest, with a body temperature check twice a day, electronic fetal heart rate monitoring daily, and ultrasonography every second week. Cervical and urethral flora should be cultured once a week. Antibiotic infusion and prompt delivery should be instituted if an intrauterine infection occurs, and tocolysis is called for in cases of preterm labor in which intrauterine infection and abruptio placentae can be excluded. Labor should be induced between 32 and 34 weeks' gestation if spontaneous contractions do not occur. Cesarean section should be considered in cases of breech presentation earlier than 34 weeks, with delivery in a hospital with a neonatal intensive care unit if before 32 weeks' gestation. PMID- 3189434 TI - Low-dose aspirin. I. Effect on angiotensin II pressor responses and blood prostaglandin concentrations in pregnant women sensitive to angiotensin II. AB - Decreased incidence of proteinuric hypertension after low-dose aspirin therapy is hypothesized to be a consequence of selective thromboxane A2 inhibition and sparing of prostacyclin. This study was designed to ascertain if low-dose aspirin therapy (81 mg/day for 1 week) alters vascular refractoriness to angiotensin II and the prostacyclin/thromboxane A2 ratio in pregnant women sensitive to angiotensin II (n = 17). Low-dose aspirin increased the effective pressor dose of angiotensin II from 5.9 +/- 2.4 to 10.2 +/- 5.5 ng/kg/min (p less than 0.01, mean +/- SD). Platelet-derived serum thromboxane B2 (a metabolite of thromboxane A2), a measure of therapy compliance, decreased from 1804 +/- 1771 to 132 +/- 206 pg/ml (p less than 0.01). Plasma thromboxane B2 decreased from 130 +/- 107 to 19 +/- 12 pg/ml (p less than 0.01). Inhibition was not selective because 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha (a metabolite of prostacyclin) also decreased from 243 +/- 90 to 163 +/- 90 pg/ml (p = 0.039) and prostaglandin E2 was reduced from 155 +/- 67 to 95 +/- 40 pg/ml (p = 0.014). Decreases in thromboxane B2, however, were significantly greater (75% +/- 19%) than decreases in 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (21% +/- 33%) or prostaglandin E2 (29% +/- 36%); thus the 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha/thromboxane B2 ratio increased from 3.1 +/- 2.0 to 12.4 +/ 9.9 (p less than 0.01). Although low-dose aspirin increases the effective pressor dose of angiotensin II, it does not return to normal pregnancy values. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that this represents only a partial selective prostaglandin inhibition. PMID- 3189435 TI - Preeclampsia: a microvesicular fat disease of the liver? AB - To study the interrelationship between preeclampsia, the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy, 41 liver specimens from 41 preeclamptic women with and without liver dysfunction were examined for the amount of fat deposited in hepatocytes. All 41 specimens stained with oil red O on frozen sections showed a significant amount of microvesicular fat droplets in varying degrees. In contrast, only 11 of the 41 stained conventionally (with hematoxylin-eosin) showed significant fatty infiltration. The density of hepatocellular fat correlated positively with plasma urate concentration and negatively with the platelet count. These findings suggest that preeclampsia may be one of several microvesicular fatty diseases of the liver and that acute fatty liver of pregnancy may be the most severe form. PMID- 3189437 TI - Pathologic study of the cervix after cold coagulation. AB - In 20 patients Semm cold coagulation was performed on the exocervix to determine the depth of tissue necrosis and destruction of glandular crypts. Cold coagulation at 120 degrees C for 30 seconds achieves a depth of destruction of at least 4 mm. PMID- 3189436 TI - The effects of magnesium sulfate therapy on Apgar scores. AB - When intravenous magnesium sulfate is infused in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension, the hypermagnesemia does not result in lower Apgar scores. The mean maternal serum and cord magnesium levels at delivery were 5.3 +/- 0.72 and 5.3 +/ 1.1 mEq/dl, respectively. The most common negative Apgar score was assigned for color, not for muscle tone. PMID- 3189438 TI - Erythroblastosis and reticulocytosis in anemic fetuses. AB - The fetal blood erythroblast and reticulocyte counts were determined in umbilical cord samples obtained at 17 to 36 weeks' gestation from 127 pregnancies complicated by red blood cell isoimmunization. The reticulocyte count increased linearly with fetal anemia, and the erythroblast count increased exponentially. Significant erythroblastosis was observed only when the hemoglobin concentration deficit was greater than 7 gm/dl. Of the 52 fetuses with a hemoglobin concentration deficit greater than 7 gm/dl, 35 had ultrasonographic evidence of hydrops. These data suggest that medullary hematopoiesis is stimulated by mild anemia and that recruitment of extramedullary sites occurs when anemia is severe. Extensive hepatic erythropoiesis may be the cause of fetal hydrops in red blood cell isoimmunization. PMID- 3189439 TI - The use of percutaneous umbilical blood sampling in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. AB - Maternal immune thrombocytopenic purpura has been associated with profound fetal and neonatal thrombocytopenia. Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling offers a reliable method of determining the fetal platelet count antenatally and optimizing obstetric management. We present our experience with this technique in 19 gestations. PMID- 3189440 TI - The correlation of biochemical monitoring versus umbilical flow velocity measurements of the human fetus. AB - The pulsatility index of the fetal umbilical arteries was evaluated in 14 high risk pregnant patients delivered by cesarean section between 30 and 35 weeks of gestation. Transabdominal cord sampling by ultrasonic guidance was performed on 10 of these patients. Umbilical arterial and venous blood was obtained in all patients from the doubly clamped cord at the time of cesarean section. The blood samples were analyzed for respiratory gases, acid-base balance, and lactate concentrations. A significant relationship was found between the pulsatility index and pH, PCO2, and lactate concentrations measured on umbilical venous blood sampled in utero. The pulsatility index also correlated with the same variables measured on venous and arterial blood sampled at cesarean section. Umbilical venous blood obtained transabdominally had a significantly higher oxygen content than blood obtained at cesarean section. No significant correlation was found between umbilical venous oxygen content obtained at transabdominal cord sampling and the pulsatility index. At a pulsatility index greater than 1.5, lactate concentrations in umbilical venous blood increased sharply. There would appear to be a curvilinear relationship between umbilical blood flow and these indices of fetal oxygenation, such that moderate increases in pulsatility index were not associated with a significant increase in fetal lactate concentrations. PMID- 3189441 TI - Borderline ovarian tumors. AB - Ninety-four patients with borderline ovarian tumors were retrospectively analyzed for clinical features, treatments, and survival characteristics. There were 46 patients with FIGO stage IA cancer, 7 with stage IB, 20 with stage IC, 4 with stage IIB, 5 with stage IIC, 5 with stage IIIA, 3 with stage IIIB, and 4 with stage IIIC tumors. Seventy patients had at least a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, 20 patients had conservative surgery including unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or ovarian cystectomy, and 4 patients had bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Fifteen patients with stage I disease received adjuvant melphalan therapy and 2 received external beam radiation for concomitant gynecologic cancers; 7 with stage II tumors received adjuvant melphalan therapy and 1 received external beam radiation; and 5 with stage III tumors received melphalan therapy and 6 patients received cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 117 months, with a median of 33.5 months. Eighty-seven patients were alive. Seven patients died, two of disease. The overall 5-year survival rate was 83.0%; those treated with adjuvant therapy had a 79.5% survival, whereas the others had 84.6% survival. Second-look surgery was performed in 10 patients; six results were negative after melphalan therapy, one was negative after cisplatin combination therapy, and one was negative after no adjuvant treatment. Two patients had positive second-look surgery, one with stage IIIC disease treated with a cisplatin combination and the other with stage IC disease treated with melphalan. This review did not demonstrate that patients with borderline ovarian tumors benefited from adjuvant therapy. PMID- 3189442 TI - Recurrence after negative second-look laparotomy for ovarian cancer: analysis of risk factors. AB - To determine the long-term rate of recurrence and define risk factors for recurrence, we have analyzed clinical information on 83 patients followed up for a minimum of 4 years (median, 69 months) after negative second-look laparotomy. Overall, 21 of 83 patients (25.3%) had a recurrence. Median interval to recurrence was 14 months. Stage, grade, and type of chemotherapy were significantly related to risk of recurrence. In patients with stage I disease only one of 27 (3.7%) had a recurrence. Patients with stage I disease were not included in further analysis of risk factors. In stages II, III, and IV, 20 of 56 patients (35.7%) had a recurrence. Recurrence rates by grade (excluding stage I) are as follows: grade 1, three of 21 (14.3%); grade 2, six of 17 (35.5%), and grade 3, 11 of 17 (64.7%). Platinum-treated patients in stages II, III, and IV had a 50% (12/24) recurrence rate compared with 25% in nonplatinum-treated patients (8/32) (p = 0.05). Differences in disease-free survival between platinum and nonplatinum-treated patients were significant at the p = 0.02 level. When treated with platinum-based regimens, more patients will achieve complete clinical remission and subsequently negative second-look laparotomy. However, the recurrence rate in these patients is considerably higher than that in patients treated for longer durations with nonplatinum regimens. PMID- 3189443 TI - Cytogenetic observations of a human ovarian carcinoma clinically resistant to therapy. AB - Resistance of a cancer cell to therapy represents an important problem in tumor biology. Hypotheses concerning the mechanism of resistance have included genetic instability, gene amplification, aneuploidy, and altered cell growth kinetics. Cytogenetic assays allow for the analysis of each of these parameters and provide important information concerning tumor heterogeneity. In using cytogenetic analysis, we have analyzed a human ovarian carcinoma clinically resistant to therapy. The ovarian carcinoma had a complex but stable karyotype with a mean chromosome number of 61.7 chromosomes/cell. Approximately 50% of the metaphase preparations examined had double-minute chromosomes, which have sometimes been associated with gene amplification. The frequency of double minutes varied from one pair to hundreds of pairs per cell. Cell cycle kinetic analysis revealed an average generation time of 38 hours. The cells were relatively resistant to doxorubicin in vitro, and the baseline sister chromatid exchange frequency, a measure of genetic instability, was elevated. These results suggest that cytogenetic assays have potential as predictive assays of tumor chemoresistance and may provide information regarding the biologic aggressiveness encountered clinically. PMID- 3189444 TI - Maternal weight gain: effect on infant birth weight among overweight and average weight low-income women. AB - A study was performed to compare the influence of pregnancy weight gain on infant birth weight and outcome among two groups of indigent women from the rural South: those who were highly overweight before pregnancy (greater than or equal to 135%) and those who were of average weight (90% to 120% of standard weight for height). The groups had comparable numbers of black and white subjects. Pregnancy weight gain affected birth weight in the average-weight group but did not significantly affect birth weight in the highly overweight group. Infant outcomes for both groups were similar. These findings suggest that consideration should be given to not requiring a minimum weight gain for women whose degree of overweight equals or exceeds 135% of standard body weight for height. PMID- 3189445 TI - Ginseng face cream and unexplained vaginal bleeding. AB - A case of postmenopausal bleeding attributed to the use of topical ginseng is reported. Ginseng appears to have an estrogen-like effect on genital tissues. PMID- 3189446 TI - Effect of preovulatory estradiol concentrations on luteinizing hormone diurnal secretory patterns: a hypothesis for the timing of the luteinizing hormone surge. AB - The effect of preovulatory estradiol concentrations on 24-hour patterns of luteinizing hormone secretion was studied in six women with normal menstrual cycles. Blood samples were collected every 15 minutes for 24 hours before and after 7 days of estradiol benzoate administration, which achieved mean (+/- SE) estradiol concentrations of 424 +/- 54 pg/ml. The luteinizing hormone pulse frequency decreased significantly during sleeping hours both before (p less than 0.05) and after (p less than 0.005) estradiol benzoate administration. After estradiol benzoate, there also was diurnal variation in overall mean luteinizing hormone concentrations, which markedly increased secretion in the morning hours. The diurnal changes in luteinizing hormone secretion varied inversely with those of prolactin. These findings are consonant with the observation that the onset of the preovulatory luteinizing hormone surge in women occurs most frequently in the early morning hours. PMID- 3189447 TI - Postpartum testing for antecedent gestational diabetes. AB - Gestational diabetes is a predictor of glucose intolerance in subsequent pregnancies and in the nongravid state. Many pregnant women are not tested for gestational diabetes, although they or their offspring may show signs suggestive of antecedent hyperglycemia. We examined the diagnostic utility of a postpartum (within 48 hours), 100 gm, oral glucose tolerance test and cord plasma glucose, cord plasma C-peptide, and 2-hour neonatal plasma glucose tests to detect antecedent gestational diabetes in women with documented gestational diabetes (n = 37) or with normal glucose tolerance test results late in the third trimester (n = 28). The 1-hour, 2-hour, and incremental 1-hour + 2-hour [( 1-hour - fasting] + [2-hour - fasting]) [2-hour - fasting]) glucose values of the postpartum glucose tolerance test showed significant differences between study participants with and without gestational diabetes (164 +/- 30 versus 115 +/- 22, 145 +/- 31 versus 101 +/- 21, and 153 +/- 51 versus 67 +/- 33 mg/dl, respectively, p less than 0.025). Maternal fasting and 3-hour postpartum glucose tolerance test glucose, cord plasma glucose, cord plasma C-peptide, and 2-hour neonatal plasma glucose values showed no significant between-group differences. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses for these tests indicated that the incremental 1-hour + 2-hour postpartum glucose tolerance test glucose values best sustain test specificity at the low test threshold values necessary for high test sensitivity. A threshold of 110 mg/dl for this test yielded a predicted specificity of 90% and sensitivity of 80% with regard to antecedent gestational diabetes. PMID- 3189448 TI - Acute myometritis and chorioamnionitis during cesarean section of asymptomatic women. AB - Postoperative endomyometritis develops in as many as 85% of women undergoing cesarean section, which is 10- to 30-fold higher than after vaginal delivery. The timing and mechanism by which the infecting organisms gain access to the uterine cavity are unclear. One possibility is that the infection may occur postpartum by ascending colonization of the wound. Alternatively, myometritis may be already present at the time the cesarean section is performed in asymptomatic patients. With tissue necrosis, the stage is then set for puerperal endomyometritis. To study this second alternative mechanism, myometrial and placental biopsy specimens were obtained in 91 asymptomatic patients at the time of cesarean section. Histologic evidence of chorioamnionitis was identified in 10% (9/91) of patients. Acute myometritis was present in 11% (10/91) of the myometrial biopsy specimens. Seven of the nine women (77%) with subclinical acute chorioamnionitis demonstrated extension of the inflammation into the myometrium. Thirty-two percent (8/25) of women in labor and 31% (5/16) of those with rupture of membranes for greater than 6 hours had acute chorioamnionitis or myometritis, which is significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than in women without these risk factors. These findings suggest that approximately one third of asymptomatic women with rupture of the membranes for more than 6 hours or who are in labor at the time of cesarean section demonstrate histologic evidence of subclinical chorioamnionitis. In most of these patients the myometrium is also involved. The uterine incision is then performed through infected myometrium, possibly setting the stage for puerperal endomyometritis. PMID- 3189449 TI - Abortion hysterectomy for gynecologic pathology. AB - Abortion hysterectomy has been discredited as the method of performing simultaneous pregnancy termination and elective sterilization for women with undesired pregnancies who simultaneously wish to end their child-bearing potential. The procedure continues to be advocated, however, for cases in which there is an underlying gynecologic pathologic condition. The morbidity of this procedure has not been directly compared with that for indicated hysterectomy in nonpregnant women. Between January 1976 and January 1987, 50 patients underwent abortion hysterectomy at The University of Chicago. The morbidity and mortality rates of these patients were compared with those of 50 premenopausal nonpregnant women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy for gynecologic pathologic status. There was no statistically significant different between the groups in the duration of surgery, estimated blood loss, or infectious morbidity. No operative site infections or other adverse sequelae were noted at the time of final postoperative examination. These data support the relative safety of abdominal abortion hysterectomy for women with undesired pregnancy in whom hysterectomy is indicated for an underlying gynecologic pathologic condition. PMID- 3189450 TI - Congenital arteriovenous malformation of the female pelvis: a gynecologic perspective. AB - Nine female patients with the rare congenital arteriovenous malformation of the pelvis were treated at New York University Medical Center in the past 8 years. The patients varied significantly in the anatomic location of the arteriovenous malformation, clinical presentation, and natural course of disease. A gynecologic perspective on the management of this condition is presented, which ranges from a conservative approach with preservation of childbearing potential to extensive pelvic surgery. The important role of modern interventional radiology technology and the multidisciplinary approach are stressed. The unpredictable course of disease after any intervention should be emphasized in planning the management of pelvic arteriovenous malformation. PMID- 3189451 TI - Induction of ovulation causing recurrent bloody ascites in a woman with endometriosis. AB - Massive ascites associated with endometriosis is uncommon. Recurrent episodes of bloody ascites as a result of endometriosis occurred in a woman with familial Mediterranean fever, who underwent therapy for induction of ovulation. Ovulatory agents may provoke accumulation of ascites in patients with endometriosis. PMID- 3189452 TI - Auscultated fetal heart rate accelerations. III. Use of vibratory acoustic stimulation. AB - The auscultated acceleration test has been proposed as a simple, inexpensive screening test for fetal health; previous studies of the auscultated acceleration test used external stimulation to elicit fetal movement. This study was conducted to explore the ability of the auscultated acceleration test to predict nonstress test results when vibratory acoustic stimulation is used to elicit fetal reactivity. After antepartum nonstress testing on 100 gravid women between 28 and 43 weeks' gestation, a 6-minute auscultated acceleration test protocol was performed with two vibratory acoustic stimulations to the maternal abdomen if no spontaneous fetal heart rate acceleration occurred. The ability of the auscultated acceleration test to predict nonstress test results after selected variables were controlled for was as follows: sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 97.6%; false-positive results, 14.3%; and false-negative results, 4.7%. Logistic regression analysis indicated that, in addition to the auscultated acceleration test, gestational age and race contributed significantly to the prediction of nonstress test results. Although specificity and the false-positive rate were improved, the use of vibratory acoustic stimulations to elicit fetal movement did not improve the validity of the auscultated acceleration test in terms of sensitivity and false-negative results over previous studies. However, the auscultated acceleration test continues to show potential as an initial screening test for fetal assessment. In addition to recommendations for further research, methodologic issues related to sampling techniques are identified. PMID- 3189453 TI - Utilization of red blood cell transfusion in an obstetric setting. AB - The transfusion experience for a 1-year period (September 1985 to August 1986) at a tertiary referral obstetric hospital was reviewed retrospectively. During the review period 7731 mothers were delivered and 6003 patients (83%) underwent type and-screen procedures. A total of 1057 units of red blood cells were crossmatched, and 362 of these 1057 units were transfused to 100 parturient women so that the overall crossmatch/transfusion ratio was 2.9:1. Five percent of transfused patients received 1 unit; 52% of patients received 2 units, 19% received 3 units and 24% received greater than or equal to 4 units of packed red blood cells. Major indications for transfusion were uterine atony, 27%; retained placenta, 17%; trauma, 17%, placenta previa, 7%; and abruptio placentae, 5%. In 12% of patients transfusions were done because of anemia. This study shows the value of audit and confirms that the type-and-screen procedure is an effective way of reducing the crossmatch/transfusion ratio without compromising patient care, even in high-risk patients. PMID- 3189455 TI - Combined tubal and molar pregnancy: case report. AB - A patient with combined pregnancy developed an acute condition in the abdomen 9 weeks after surgical removal of a tubal pregnancy. At laparotomy she was found to have bilateral theca-lutein cysts. After operation, the patient went into preterm labor and was delivered of a male fetus. Pathologic examination of the placenta revealed hydropic change and trophoblastic hyperplasia. PMID- 3189454 TI - Sedative and hypnotic effects of oral administration of micronized progesterone may be mediated through its metabolites. AB - Progesterone and its metabolites were measured in serum extracts by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively, after ingestion of micronized progesterone by eight postmenopausal women. One subject received 400 mg of micronized progesterone orally that induced a hypnotic state that lasted for approximately 2 hours. Blood samples were drawn periodically from all subjects for measurement of progesterone and its metabolites in serum. Levels of serum progesterone and its metabolites increased significantly from baseline values and reached a peak between 2 and 6 hours after oral progesterone administration. Significant quantities of five compounds (progesterone, 5 alpha pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one, 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one, 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha,20 beta-diol, and 5 beta-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-11,20-dione) that have been reported to possess anesthetic qualities were identified. The sedative and hypnotic effects of oral administration of progesterone may be mediated through those compounds. PMID- 3189457 TI - Radioactivity in breast milk and placentas during the year after Chernobyl. AB - After the April 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, samples of human placenta and breast milk were tested for 1 year to determine the levels of radioactivity. The radionuclide iodine 131 was never beyond the detection limit of our gamma detector for both matrices. As to cesium isotopes 134 and 137, the highest levels detected in breast milk (6 Bq.L 1) and placenta (15.8 Bq.kg-1) were recorded in March 1987. Study data for breast milk and placenta are in agreement with the values calculated by means of double compartment food-milk and food-placenta models. With regard to placental content, the cesium contribution to the average dose during the year after the Chernobyl accident was calculated to be 40 to 60 microSv. PMID- 3189458 TI - Erythrocyte morphologic features and serum chemistry studies in ovine pregnancy induced hypertension treated with thromboxane synthetase inhibitors. AB - Erythrocyte morphologic characteristics and serum chemistry results were studied in 10 gravid ewes during experimental ovine pregnancy-induced hypertension and subsequent administration of the thromboxane synthetase inhibitors CGS13080 and CGS12970. During the hypertensive period mean arterial blood pressure, plasma thromboxane B2 levels, and serum chemistry results, and electrolyte levels were significantly altered. Parameters returned to baseline values or were improved after drug administration. Erythrocyte morphologic features did not change significantly with the onset of the syndrome. Echinocytosis was present during baseline measurement and persisted throughout hypertension. However, after thromboxane synthetase inhibition, percentages of discocytes increased (p less than or equal to 0.005) with the same frequency that echinocyte numbers decreased (p less than or equal to 0.05). Schistocytes were present throughout the study, and changes in their numbers were not detected. Serum phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen, and bilirubin levels and anion gap rose significantly during hypertension and returned to normal levels after drug treatment. We speculate that CGS13080 or CGS12970, by decreasing thromboxane levels and blood pressure, promoted the normalization of erythrocyte membranes. PMID- 3189459 TI - Long-term effects on male reproductive organs of prenatal exposure to ethinyl estradiol. AB - The effects of oral contraceptives on human offspring have not been established. This study shows the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to ethinyl estradiol, a common estrogenic component of oral contraceptives, on the testes and epididymides of aged mice. Five (83%) of the six aged male mice examined showed atrophy of seminiferous tubules, four (67%) had Leydig's cell hyperplasia, and one (17%) had precancerous changes in the epididymis. These phenomena may be results of decreases in testosterone content and its drastic conversion into estradiol-17 beta in the fetal testes at critical periods induced by ethinyl estradiol. PMID- 3189456 TI - The effects of various hormones on human chorionic gonadotropin production in early and late placental explant cultures. AB - Although human chorionic gonadotropin production peaks in early pregnancy, little is known of the factors regulating it at this time. We have compared human chorionic gonadotropin output in placental explants of 6 to 12 and 37 to 40 weeks' gestational age after addition of hormones on days 4 and 5 of 8 days of culture. Human chorionic gonadotropin production was sevenfold greater in early versus late cultures. In early cultures human chorionic gonadotropin output was increased threefold to fourfold by progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and cortisol whereas late cultures responded only to progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. The output of combinations of steroids was additive or better (up to fifteenfold). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone increased human chorionic gonadotropin output only slightly (onefold to twofold) while testosterone was inhibitory (early) or ineffective (late). Estradiol had no effect. These studies demonstrate that explants of early placental tissue provide a useful model for study of human chorionic gonadotropin production, that there are many similarities but some clear differences between early and late secretion, and that steroids exert significant effects on human chorionic gonadotropin production of placental cultures. PMID- 3189460 TI - Morphologic and electrophysiologic characterization of isolated pregnant human myometrial cells. AB - Myometrium was obtained from pregnant volunteers by biopsy of the upper margin of the uterine incision at the time of cesarean section. A multistep enzymatic digestion with collagenase, trypsin, protease, and deoxyribonuclease yielded viable cells capable of contraction. Primary monolayer culture was carried out in the presence of human pregnant serum. Electron microscopic examination of freshly isolated and cultured cells revealed an ultrastructure indicative of smooth muscle cells. Intracellular microelectrode studies were performed on freshly isolated cells. Passive membrane properties were: resting membrane potential, 49.4 mV; specific membrane resistance, 6.06 kohms-cm2; specific membrane capacitance, 1.57 microfarad per square centimeter. Outward-going rectification was observed in response to depolarizing current pulses. Regenerative action potentials were not observed; however, transient voltage responses were elicited after depolarizing, but not hyperpolarizing, current pulses. These studies characterize a human tissue preparation that is applicable to electrophysiologic investigation of the control of uterine function. PMID- 3189461 TI - Stretch-induced delivery is independent of the functional fetal role and dysfunction of the amnion and decidua: a morphologic and enzyme cytochemical study. AB - The role of the fetus, amnion, and decidua in stretch-induced delivery was studied in six normal pregnant women (group 1) and six in whom the fetuses had been dead in the uteri for more than a week (group 2). The cervices were distended by laminaria for 48 hours; this was followed by balloon inflation with traction. During the balloon application, regular uterine contractions were initiated and increased in all patients, with four patients in group 1 and five in group 2 aborting or being delivered within 24 hours. Light and electron microscopic studies of the amnion obtained during apparent uterine activity or after delivery revealed normal cell morphologic features in both groups although an increased fat deposition in cytoplasm was noted in group 2. Decidua parietalis exhibited normal cell morphologic features in both groups, and cytochemical demonstration of acid-phosphatase activity in decidual cells confirmed no leakage of the lysosomal enzyme into the cell cytoplasm. These findings indicate that stretch-induced delivery is initiated independent of the functional fetal role and without dysfunction of the amnion and decidua. PMID- 3189462 TI - Mullerian inhibiting substance depresses accumulation in vitro of disaturated phosphatidylcholine in fetal rat lung. AB - Respiratory distress syndrome and associated pulmonary surfactant deficiency are more common in male neonates. Androgens have been shown to depress surfactant production. We tested the hypothesis that mullerian inhibiting substance, another fetal testicular product, might inhibit lung maturation measured as disaturated phosphatidylcholine accumulation. Initially, female fetal rat lungs were incubated with fetal testis or ovary or nanomolar concentrations of bovine mullerian inhibiting substance. Cultured lungs produced less disaturated phosphatidylcholine after incubation for 5 days with either testis (p = 0.012) or mullerian inhibiting substance than after coculture with ovary. In more comprehensive experiments, female lung fragments of 17.5 days' gestation, when incubated with nanomolar concentrations of bovine mullerian inhibiting substance or picomolar concentrations of human recombinant mullerian inhibiting substance, showed significant suppression of disaturated phosphatidylcholine accumulation (p less than 0.004) when compared with incubation with vehicle buffer. The suppression of surfactant accumulation produced in vitro by mullerian inhibiting substance, a potent male-specific fetal regressor, may be a factor in the increased susceptibility of male infants to respiratory distress syndrome. PMID- 3189464 TI - Premature rupture of the membranes and fetal sex. PMID- 3189463 TI - Hormones and cervical ripening. PMID- 3189465 TI - The Gerace reflex. PMID- 3189466 TI - Intraumbilical oxytocin for the retained placenta. PMID- 3189467 TI - A review of 324 cases of idiopathic premacular gliosis. AB - We reviewed the records of 324 patients (395 eyes) seen between 1973 and 1987 with a diagnosis of idiopathic premacular gliosis. Mean age of onset was 64.6 years, 189 (58.3%) were women, and all but six patients were white. Initial visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 214 eyes (54.2%), 20/50 to 20/100 in 136 eyes (34.4%), and poorer than 20/100 in 45 eyes (11.4%). Follow-up examinations were made in 214 eyes. After a mean follow-up period of 33.6 months, 106 (49.5%) of the 214 eyes maintained a visual acuity within one line of initial visual acuity, 28 (13.1%) were more than one line better, and 80 (37.4%) were poorer. Partial or complete posterior vitreous detachment was present in 303 (84.9%) of the 357 eyes undergoing vitreous study; 43 (14.2%) of these 303 eyes had partial vitreous detachment with vitreous adhesion to the macula. Cystoid macular edema was present on angiography in 77 (20.6%) of 373 eyes undergoing fluorescein angiography; 20 (26.0%) of these 77 eyes had partial posterior vitreous detachment with vitreous adhesion to the macula, whereas only 23 (7.8%) of the 296 eyes without cystoid macular edema had such vitreous adhesion (P less than .001). Other findings were myopia in 116 of 367 eyes (31.6%) (103, or 88.8%, of the myopic eyes had posterior vitreous detachment), and increased intraocular pressure in 56 of 324 eyes (17.3%). PMID- 3189468 TI - Clinicopathologic correlation of pigmented epiretinal membranes. AB - We performed clinicopathologic correlation on ten surgically removed pigmented epiretinal membranes causing macular pucker. All cases occurred in eyes with existing retinal holes or tears, including eight cases of macular pucker after previous retinal detachment. These cases probably represented a limited form of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. All membranes contained pigment epithelial cells with polarity, basement membrane, and melanosomes. Cytoplasmic melanin granules accounted for the clinical feature of pigmentation in these eyes. PMID- 3189469 TI - Local macular electroretinographic responses in idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy. AB - Using focal stimuli to human macular regions, we recorded electroretinograms in 24 patients with central serous chorioretinopathy of recent onset (mean visual acuity, 20/20). The stimulus spot was 10 degrees in diameter. Intact fellow eyes served as controls. The local macular electroretinograms of the affected eyes were significantly reduced and the implicit time in each component was significantly prolonged. The mean (+/- S.D.) amplitudes, expressed as percentages of mean amplitudes recorded in fellow eyes, were 64.6% +/- 22.7% (a-wave), 49.6% +/- 21.0% (b-wave), and 15.0% +/- 21.6% (oscillatory potentials). Two to five months after the macular detachment resolved, recordings in 18 patients showed remarkable recovery of a- and b-waves and shortened implicit times. However, the oscillatory potentials showed significantly small recovery in amplitude. Since oscillatory potentials and b-waves were significantly more deteriorated than a waves in the presence of macular detachment, and oscillatory potentials showed selective delay of recovery in the convalescent stage, central serous chorioretinopathy may involve functional disturbances in the inner retinal layer as well as the photoreceptors. PMID- 3189471 TI - Progressive peripheral cone dysfunction. AB - A 22-year-old man had a three-year history of progressive day blindness, most notably peripherally, and denied difficulty with central vision or color vision. Visual function studies demonstrated a diffuse dysfunction of the photopic system and normal scotopic function. The central cone function, however, was essentially normal. Visual acuity was 20/20 in each eye, results on AO-HRR and Ishihara color plate testing were normal, color naming visual fields demonstrated color discrimination in the central 10 degrees, and foveal adaptation was normal. PMID- 3189470 TI - Autosomal recessive pericentral pigmentary retinopathy. AB - A brother and sister, born to consanguineous parents, had pigmentary retinopathy in a pericentral distribution. The retinopathy was noted in infancy when the siblings were examined for strabismus. The optic disks, maculae, and retinal vessels were normal. There was mild reduction in amplitude of both scotopic and photopic electroretinographic responses. Both patients had moderate hyperopic astigmatism and esotropia. The fundus and visual acuity remained unchanged over periods of nine and 13 years in the brother and sister, respectively. Results of ocular examinations on the father, mother, and an older sister were normal. These findings support an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance in this family with pericentral pigmentary retinopathy. PMID- 3189472 TI - Visual acuities and dark-adapted thresholds of children with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. AB - We studied the visual acuities and dark-adapted sensitivities of 12 children with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. All except one child, who was seen only once, were tested serially. In the first decade of life, all visual acuities were within 2 octaves of normal. All but two final visual acuities obtained from patients in their second and third decades were more than 2 octaves poorer than normal. Dark adapted sensitivities of all patients were, or became, significantly less than normal even in those patients whose period of follow-up was limited to the first decade of life. Of the 11 patients measured serially, seven showed decreases in dark-adapted sensitivities of at least 0.5 log unit during the follow-up period, and the last measured sensitivities of all patients were at least 2 log units less than the normal mean. PMID- 3189473 TI - Treatment of acquired nystagmus with botulinum A toxin. AB - We injected botulinum A toxin into the retrobulbar space of one eye each in two patients who had acquired nystagmus with oscillopsia and decreased vision. After injection of 25 units of botulinum A toxin, visual acuity improved from 20/80 to 20/30 in one patient, and both patients were able to read and watch television. Improved vision lasted from five to 13 weeks. No adverse side effects were observed after a total of five injections in each patient. PMID- 3189474 TI - Optic disk size in ischemic optic neuropathy. AB - We measured the horizontal diameter, vertical diameter, and area of the optic disk in fellow eyes of patients with unilateral nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy and in control eyes without ocular disease. The fellow eyes of patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy had a smaller horizontal than vertical disk diameter (P less than .05), a difference not present in controls. Both the horizontal disk diameter and the disk area were significantly smaller in fellow eyes of patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy than in controls (P less than .05). There was no statistical difference in the vertical disk diameters between the two groups. Our findings suggest that a small disk area along with a horizontal shortening of the scleral canal can lead to crowding of optic nerve fibers, predisposing to a circulatory compromise of the optic nerve head in non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. PMID- 3189475 TI - Congenital idiopathic microcoria. AB - Five infants had congenital unilateral microcoria. The red reflex was absent and vision was severely reduced in all five eyes preoperatively. A pupil was created surgically in three of the eyes, resulting in a variable improvement in vision. The underlying lens was clear in all three children. The origin of the pupillary anomaly is unknown, but probably is related to remnants of the fetal pupillary membrane. Early surgical treatment and vigorous occlusion therapy can result in useful vision. PMID- 3189476 TI - Diffuse uveal melanoma in a 5-year-old child. AB - A 5-year-old white boy developed a gray-tan discoloration with nodular thickening of the iris stroma in his left eye six weeks earlier. Ophthalmologic examination demonstrated keratic precipitates, peripheral anterior synechiae, and several pale-tan choroidal infiltrates in the involved eye. Cytologic examination of the aqueous humor and results of iris biopsy were interpreted as malignant melanoma of the iris, predominantly of the epithelioid cell type. The globe was enucleated one week later. Histopathologic examination disclosed a diffuse malignant melanoma of the uvea, mixed cell type, with multiple cysts of the ciliary epithelium. Study by electron microscopy indicated bizarre neoplastic melanocytes containing numerous immature melanosomes in various stages of melanogenesis, as well as fully melanized mature melanosomes. Eight months after enucleation the patient developed metastasis to the nasopharynx and base of the skull. PMID- 3189477 TI - Intraocular pressure response to topical dexamethasone as a predictor for the development of primary open-angle glaucoma. AB - In a retrospective study we reviewed the records of 788 subjects who had been corticosteroid tested with 0.1% dexamethasone four times daily to one eye for six weeks. All subjects had normal kinetic visual fields and optic nerve heads in both eyes at the time of testing and were followed up for a minimum of five years. Some subjects had normal baseline intraocular pressures whereas others were considered to have ocular hypertension. Of 276 individuals who were high corticosteroid responders (intraocular pressure greater than 31 mm Hg during dexamethasone administration), 36 (13.0%) developed glaucomatous visual field loss during the follow-up period. Only nine of 261 individuals (3.4%) who were intermediate responders (intraocular pressure 20 to 31 mm Hg during dexamethasone administration) and none of 251 individuals who were low responders (intraocular pressure less than 20 mm Hg during dexamethasone administration) developed glaucomatous visual field loss. However, the ability of the intraocular pressure response to dexamethasone to predict the development of glaucomatous visual field loss was not as good as the predictive power of a multivariate model that included patient age, race, baseline intraocular pressure, baseline outflow facility, baseline cup/disk ratio, and systemic hypertension. PMID- 3189478 TI - Accuracy of lens power calculations with the biconvex and meniscus intraocular lenses. AB - In a prospective study, intraocular lens power calculations were within +/- 0.50 diopter of the final refraction in 77 of 88 eyes (87.5%) with a biconvex lens and in 41 of 90 eyes (45.5%) with a meniscus lens. The more precise power calculations with the biconvex intraocular lens seemed to be related to the superior optical design of the lens, with its close configuration to a normal crystalline lens. PMID- 3189479 TI - Congenital glaucoma associated with a chromosomal abnormality. PMID- 3189481 TI - Photomicrography of Acanthamoeba cysts in human cornea. PMID- 3189482 TI - Complications of intraocular lenses placed backward in the anterior chamber. PMID- 3189480 TI - A contact lens for specular microscopic observation. PMID- 3189484 TI - Lacrimal intubation during dacryocystorhinostomy. PMID- 3189483 TI - Posterior chamber hemorrhage during strabismus surgery. PMID- 3189485 TI - Lipocauterization and thermal fixation in blepharoplasty. PMID- 3189486 TI - The effect of omitting botulinum toxin from the lower eyelid in blepharospasm treatment. PMID- 3189488 TI - Managing changes in reimbursement patterns, Part 1. PMID- 3189487 TI - Normal alpha-L-fucosidase and other lysosomal enzyme activities in progressive cone dystrophy. PMID- 3189489 TI - The effect of purposeful activity on pain tolerance. AB - Purposeful and nonpurposeful tasks were performed by 30 normal college-age students (15 male, 15 female) in a study examining the effectiveness of the two types of activity in prolonging tolerance to electrically induced pain. The subjects acted as their own controls, indicated their own threshold for stimulation, and were monitored for peripheral skin temperature and heart rate. Duration of tolerance was measured in seconds from attainment of threshold until the request by the subject that stimulation be stopped. Results indicated that the subjects tolerated pain significantly longer (p = .02) while performing the activity designated as purposeful. No significant differences in peripheral skin temperature or heart rate were found under the two conditions. PMID- 3189490 TI - Perceived autonomy and job satisfaction in occupational therapists. AB - Perceived autonomy, overall job satisfaction, and specific work incentives and disincentives were surveyed in 249 occupational therapists. Respondents rated autonomy and job satisfaction moderately high. They perceived achievement, interpersonal relationships with co-workers, and the nature of the work itself as incentives. The lack of organizational support for training, opportunity for advancement, and working conditions were seen as job disincentives. Results also showed that perceived autonomy was positively related to overall job satisfaction and to each job satisfaction factor. PMID- 3189491 TI - How to read a research paper. AB - A research paper includes several sections, each section having a particular purpose and containing a particular kind of information. This paper is a guide to reading a research paper. It describes the prototypical research paper and explains the purpose for each section. Issues for the astute reader to note are indicated and illustrated with examples from a research paper published in this issue of the journal. PMID- 3189492 TI - Diversional activity: does it deserve its bad name? PMID- 3189493 TI - Pointers on purposeful activity study argued. PMID- 3189494 TI - High axial length/corneal radius ratio as a risk factor in the development of myopia. AB - Results of refractive component measurements have shown that eyes of Melanesian schoolchildren living in Vanuatu, almost all of whom are emmetropic, have relatively short axial lengths and relatively flat corneas in comparison to emmetropic eyes of children examined in England. Evidence is presented to suggest that the relation between the axial length of the eye and corneal radius--the axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR) ratio--may be a useful predictor of future refractive state. Mean axial length/corneal radius ratios for 6- to 19-year-old Melanesian school children were found to be 2.88 for boys and 2.86 for girls, as compared to mean AL/CR ratios for 6- to 19-year-old British schoolchildren of 3.05 for boys and 3.04 for girls. It is proposed that an eye having a high AL/CR ratio is at risk for the development of myopia, and that such an eye has maintained its state of emmetropia by virtue of a compensatory flattening of the crystalline lens. In order to test the proposition that an increase in axial length occurs as a precursor to the development of myopia, a prospective longitudinal study of a group of 6- to 7-year-old schoolchildren is proposed. PMID- 3189495 TI - D-15 performance with short wavelength absorbing filters in normals. AB - Short wavelength absorbing filters (SWAF's) have become very popular in the prescription and commercial sunglass markets. Like other chromatic filters SWAF's have the potential to alter color vision. Performance on the Farnsworth Panel D 15 (D-15) test was measured to determine whether any of 4 popular SWAF's, in the form of sunglasses, produced color vision changes in 22 color normal adults. Using standard illuminant C, observers were tested under the following conditions: wearing no filter, a 1.0 log unit neutral density filter (NDF), or one of the following SWAF's: Corning CPF 550; NolR Amber 40%; Blu Blocker; and Vuarnet 4006. In addition, the Vuarnets were tested outdoors in shaded daylight to determine the effects of increased illumination. The NDF served as the control and had no effect on D-15 performance. Compared to it, only the Blu Blockers and Vuarnets affected D-15 cap arrangements for these SWAF's significantly. Blu Blocker error patterns had no predominant axis, whereas the predominant axis of errors in both Vuarnet conditions was tritan. Results of quantitative analysis performed on three factors confirmed these findings and indicated the Blu Blockers and Vuarnet SWAF's caused moderate and moderate-to-severe levels of color confusion, respectively. Increasing the illumination level improved performance with the Vuarnets, but it remained significantly outside the normal range. PMID- 3189496 TI - Noncongruent stimuli and tonic adaptation. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of noncongruent stimuli on tonic accommodation and tonic vergence. Eight visually normal subjects were tested in a within-subjects design. Tonic states were measured using a haploscope-optometer immediately before and after viewing a reduced Snellen chart binocularly with suppression control in a synoptophore for 8 min. One stimulus was set at either 4 D or 4 MA, with the other set at either the maximally high (e.g., greater than 4 D or 4 MA) or low setting (e.g., less than 4 D or 4 MA) that still permitted clear and single binocular vision. Significant changes in tonic vergence but not tonic accommodation were found. The results suggest that when the oculomotor system is challenged, or stressed, under such noncongruent binocular viewing conditions, it is tonic vergence and not tonic accommodation which adapts rapidly. PMID- 3189498 TI - Parameter and environmental influences on rigid contact lens wettability. AB - The present investigation was designed to determine the effect of lens parameters and lens environment on measurements of contact angle. The sessile drop contact angle of saline on four rigid [polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and silicone/acrylate] contact lens materials was examined with a Rame-Hart goniometer to determine how front surface radius, drop size, time after drop placement, humidity, and desiccation affect measurements of lens wettability in vitro. Contact angles of Silafocon A and PMMA were relatively uninfluenced by front surface radii between 7.7 and 8.85 and 7.3 to 8.8 mm, respectively. Contact angles of Pasifocon C and modified PMMA were slightly but significantly influenced by front surface radii between 6.4 and 7.5 mm. For drop volumes from 2 to 20 microliter, all materials yielded contact angles, which were unaffected by drop size. The contact angle of lenses stored in the hydrated or dehydrated state was not affected by chamber humidity between 31 and 76%. In the ranges tested, drop size, humidity, and hydration had no significant effect on the contact angle within 1 to 6 min after drop placement. In addition, surface scratches had no effect on lens wettability. The results suggest that goniometry on contact lens surfaces, for the most part, is uninfluenced by lens parameters and environmental conditions. PMID- 3189499 TI - Laser-assisted contact angle measurements. AB - A laser beam, aimed at the solid-liquid-air interface of a sessile drop on a contact lens, produces two lines of diffraction which are theoretically normal to the profile of the fluid and solid surfaces at the point of contact. In the present experiments, the beam and the diffraction patterns were projected on a flat screen perpendicular to the beam, and the angle was measured as a contact angle. The angle was measured on curved surfaces (contact lenses) of 6.5 to 8.9 mm radius and for each material studied, the angle: (1) was independent of the front surface radius, (2) was independent of droplet volume at 2 and 10 microliter, and (3) decreased with time after drop placement. The laser-derived measurements correlated well with contact angles measured by goniometry on contact lenses and a variety of other materials (r = 0.86; p less than 0.0001). Because the diffraction lines are straight and are generated at the point of contact, the angle formed by them is measured easily with a protractor, yielding a convenient and reproducible contact angle measurement. An application of the method was demonstrated by measuring contact angles for saline-containing 0 to 2% bovine serum albumin or bovine submaxillary mucin on Silafocon-A (Polycon II), Pasifocon C (Paragon EW), and polymethyl methacrylate (generic PMMA and Paragon 18) lenses. On each material, physiological concentrations of mucin, but not of albumin, significantly (p greater than 0.01) decreased contact angles by 8 to 15 degrees.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189500 TI - Physiological variables affecting intraocular pressure in a population study. AB - Intraocular pressure (IOP) and several other parameters were measured on 560 subjects as part of a vision and health screening program. The sample included a large proportion of American Indians with diabetes (15.2%) and obesity. Multiple regression analysis showed that the percentage of ideal body weight index and average blood pressure both had independent effects on IOP, whereas age, blood sugar, sex, degree of Indian blood, and diabetes did not, although the latter three variables narrowly missed having a statistically significant effect in at least one eye. The analysis of variance showed that diabetes was associated with elevated IOP. This association was independent of random blood sugar, blood pressure, obesity index, and age. PMID- 3189501 TI - Clinical evaluation of the Non-Contact Tonometer Mark II. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to test the reliability of the American Optical Non-Contact Tonometer Mark II (NCT II) using the Goldmann Applanation Tonometer (GAT) as the validating instrument. The sample contained 102 consecutive patients from our University Eye Clinic, of whom one-half had 4 NCT II measurements first, followed by 4 GAT measurements; the other one-half had 4 GAT measurements first, followed by 4 NCT II measurements. No significant change in intraocular pressure (IOP) was noted over the measurement sequence with either instrument. There was no significant difference between paired NCT II and GAT readings when the NCT II was used first; however, a highly significant difference between paired readings was obtained when the GAT was used first, indicating that the GAT measurement produced a delayed reduction in the IOP. This effect did not occur with the NCT II. Although the NCT II is shown to have a good overall reliability when compared to the GAT in both protocols, the agreement between any two tonometers may be influenced greatly by the very process of taking a measurement and by the dynamic nature of the IOP. PMID- 3189497 TI - Extended wear contact lens movement under swimming pool conditions. AB - On site swimming pool studies have indicated that soft contact lenses adhere to the cornea when exposed to swimming pool water. It was the aim of this investigation to study, under controlled laboratory conditions, both the adherence of hydrophilic extended wear lenses and any changes in lens movement with exposure to swimming pool water. Normal saline and a hypotonic solution having a pH and osmolality identical to the pool water served as controls. Exposure to both swimming pool water and the hypotonic solution promptly caused both lenses to stop moving and adhere to the cornea. Notably, the instillation of normal saline also caused a dramatic decrease in lens movement for some subjects. PMID- 3189503 TI - Procedure for aligning nonius lines. PMID- 3189502 TI - Compressive optic neuropathy secondary to chronic sinusitis. AB - The paranasal sinuses surround the orbit on three sides. The thin bony walls of the sinuses are an ineffective barrier to the spread of infection to either the orbit or the intracranial cavity. In this report a case of compressive optic neuropathy secondary to chronic sinusitis is presented. The anatomical and physiologic relation between the sinuses and the orbit are reviewed and sinusitis is discussed. PMID- 3189504 TI - Undercorrection and myopia development. PMID- 3189505 TI - Classification and morphometric quantitation of insoluble materials from the lungs of patients with alveolar proteinosis. AB - Insoluble materials isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage from the lungs of four patients with alveolar proteinosis were examined under the electron microscope, categorized according to ultrastructural criteria, and quantitated using morphometric procedures. The major component of the insoluble accumulations was the tubular myelinlike multilamellated structure that accounted for 42.6 +/- 12.4% of the total volume of insoluble material. These structures resembled tubular myelin as found in normal human lungs, consisting of lipid bilayer membranes separated by amorphous proteinaceous material; however, tubular myelinlike multilamellated structures lacked the intersecting membranes of normal tubular myelin. The distance between membranes varied from 150 to 300 A and this was similar to that found in tubular myelin from normal human lungs. Fused membrane structures that were multilamellated but were without intervening amorphous lamellae accounted for 2.7 +/- 0.6% of the total volume of insoluble material. Crystals, identified by the presence of adhering materials, were present only in small amounts, accounting for only 0.07 +/- 0.03% of the volume of insoluble material. Neither fused-membrane structures nor crystals are present in lavage effluents from the lungs of normal humans. Membranous vesicles and electron-dense bodies, which resembled cell debris, together accounted for 21.2 +/- 10.1% of the total volume of insoluble material. Constituents of the pulmonary extracellular lining of normal human lungs such as secreted lamellar bodies and tubular myelin were minor components, together accounting for only 2.2 +/- 3.2% of the total volume of insoluble material. Amorphous material and miscellaneous structures accounted for 31.4 +/- 5.0% of the volume of insoluble material. Cellular disintegration and extracellular formation of unusual tubular myelinlike multilamellated structures appear to be major processes leading to the accumulation of insoluble materials in the alveoli and distal airways of patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. PMID- 3189506 TI - Susceptibility of irradiated bovine aortic endothelial cells to injury. AB - Using cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC), the authors attempted to determine whether prior irradiation would alter the susceptibility of these cells to three known injurious stimuli and, if so, whether the alteration would be related to radiation dose. BAEC were irradiated with 0, 5, or 10 Gy of gamma rays and, on the third postirradiation day, exposed to fibrin, nicotine, or bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). Release of prelabeled 51Cr, representing cell lysis, cell detachment, or a combination of the two, was determined. Significant differences between irradiated and control cells were determined by using paired Student's t-tests. Irradiation did not appear to have altered the sensitivity of BAEC to fibrin-induced injury. Cells irradiated with 10 Gy of gamma rays, but generally not those irradiated with half this dose, showed a heightened susceptibility to nicotine. Contrary to the nicotine results, irradiated cells showed less cell detachment and lysis after exposure to LPS. These results suggest that the susceptibility of irradiated BAEC to harmful stimuli depends largely on the nature of the stimulus as well as the radiation dose. PMID- 3189507 TI - Morphology of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema induced by Perilla ketone in sheep. AB - A single infusion of Perilla ketone (PK) into sheep causes marked increases in lung fluid and solute exchange in the absence of any alteration in either pulmonary arterial or left atrial pressures. These alterations are most compatible with increased pulmonary microvascular permeability. The present paper describes the morphologic changes that accompany the previously described alterations in lung function. In five anesthetized open-chest sheep, lung biopsy tissue was taken at baseline and at 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after the start of a single infusion of PK (15-20 mg/kg given over a 20 minute period). Biopsy tissue was taken from different lobes of the lung in random sequence, fixed, and processed for light and electron microscopic examination. Three control sheep received the vehicle, dimethyl sulfoxide, alone. Just 15 minutes after the start of PK infusion, alveolar capillary congestion, accumulation of peripheral lung neutrophils, and intraalveolar and interstitial edema were apparent. Electron microscopy revealed early evidence of damage to both the microvascular endothelial cells and Type I pneumonocytes. The damage became more severe with time. From 30 minutes, occasional nonciliated cells in the airway epithelium exhibited dilated rough and agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, PK causes rapid onset of pulmonary edema accompanied by structural evidence of damage to the microvascular endothelium and Type I pneumonocytes. Pulmonary inflammation was also evident. These structural changes occur before the described alterations in either pulmonary microvascular permeability or reduction in pulmonary compliance. PMID- 3189508 TI - Cardiac matrix alterations induced by adriamycin. AB - Adriamycin is toxic to humans and animals and causes cardiac lesions involving myocytes and the interstitial tissue. The present study used a single injection of adriamycin in rats. Focal loss of myocardial interstitial collagen occurred 2 weeks after a single injection of adriamycin. These foci become larger and more frequent through 6 weeks. Individual variation in response is evident after periods longer than 6 weeks. Concomitant with the focal loss is deposition of collagen in an abnormal distribution. Rather than the normal matrix being present, scars appear. The number and size of these scars is subject to variation from animal to animal. The collagen matrix loss is evident in some animals at 15 weeks after injection. These observations, coupled with the results of other studies on the myocardial collagen matrix, support the hypothesis that adriamycin cardiotoxicity is mediated in part by an affect on the collagen matrix. PMID- 3189509 TI - Synthesis of type I homotrimer collagen molecules by cultured human lung adenocarcinoma cells. AB - Studies have been performed to evaluate both the relative amounts and molecular forms of the collagens synthesized by a new cell line (HU1) established from a human lung adenocarcinoma. The collagens secreted into the culture medium and extracted from the cell layers of cultured HU1 cells were isolated after limited pepsin digestion and differential salt fractionation. More than 70% of the collagen synthesized by HU1 cells was secreted into the culture medium rather than remaining in the cell layer. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions of the collagens indicated the presence of components with properties corresponding to those of the chains present in the types I homotrimer, III, IV, and V collagens. Carboxymethyl-trisacryl chromatographic analysis revealed that approximately 90% of the total collagen synthesized by HU1 cells corresponded to the type I homotrimer and that the cells did not synthesize the alpha 2(I) collagen chain. Of the remaining collagen, types III, IV, and V molecules represented 6, 1, and 4%, respectively, of the total produced. These data establish the relative proportions of the collagens synthesized by cultured HU1 cells and represent one of the initial documentations of a cell line established from a carcinoma of pulmonary origin that synthesizes type I homotrimer molecules. Furthermore, these findings suggest that HU1 cells may be a useful model for investigating the molecular basis of alterations in collagen biosynthesis associated with neoplasia. PMID- 3189511 TI - Analysis of S-100 protein positive folliculo-stellate cells in rat pituitary tissues. AB - The effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) treatment and withdrawal on the folliculo stellate (FS) cells in hyperplastic pituitaries were examined in Fischer 344 (F344) and Wistar Furth (W/F) rats by immunochemistry and electron microscopy. The presence of S-100 protein positive cells was examined by immunostaining in spontaneous and in transplantable rat pituitary tumors. The pituitaries of F344 rats showed a fivefold greater increase in weight in response to 5 weeks of DES treatment compared to pituitaries from W/F rats. S-100 protein (S-100) positive cells were significantly increased in both strains with hyperplastic pituitaries (P less than 0.05) 2 days after DES withdrawal. Ultrastructural studies revealed increased phagocytic activity in FS cells. S-100 positive cells were absent in both MtT/W15 and MtT/F4 transplantable tumors even after treatment with DES. Some spontaneous pituitary tumors in aged female rats had S-100 positive cells within the tumors at the periphery of the tumor nodules (3 of 12 cases), while most of these neoplasms did not contain S-100 positive cells. Incubation of normal dissociated pituitary cells with S-100 protein increased PRL secretion in vitro. The effectiveness of S-100 protein in increasing PRL secretion in vitro was less than thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). These results indicate that S-100 positive cells are present in normal and hyperplastic pituitaries, but not in spontaneous or in transplantable rat pituitary tumors and also suggest that the FS cells may exert a paracrine type regulation on PRL secretion. PMID- 3189510 TI - Cytoskeletal injury and subsarcolemmal bleb formation in dog heart during in vitro total ischemia. AB - In previous studies a two-step hypothesis explaining the mechanism of lethal ischemic injury to cardiac myocytes has been advanced. It proposes that damage to the myocyte cytoskeleton precedes, and predisposes the cell to, mechanical injury induced by cell swelling or by ischemic contracture. This study quantitated the prevalence of breakage of the major cytoskeletal attachment between the plasmalemma and peripheral myofibers as a function of the duration (0-180 minutes) of in vitro total ischemia in dog heart papillary muscle. Breakages of Z band, plasmalemmal attachment complexes were few before 120 minutes of ischemia, but thereafter became more prevalent; the transition between the initial rate of appearance of the breaks and the later fast rates coincided with the appearance of severe cell swelling, ischemic contracture, and ultrastructural criteria of irreversible ischemic injury. Z-band, plasmalemmal attachment complex breakage and cell swelling resulted in formation of subsarcolemmal blebs. Two major bleb types have been discerned on ultrastructural appearance using as the criteria the preservation of integrity of the plasma-lemma and subplasmalemmal leptomeres. The identification of two types of blebs suggests two independent mechanisms of injury, the first directed at Z-band attachments, and the second at the cytoskeletal structures of A- and I-band regions of the plasmalemma. PMID- 3189512 TI - An anti-organelle antibody in pathology. The chromatolytic reaction studied with a monoclonal antibody against the Golgi apparatus. AB - To evaluate the use of an anti-organelle antibody in a pathologic reaction the chromatolytic reaction was chosen for study. Qualitative analysis was made of rat hypoglossal nuclei stained with a cresyl violet method for Nissl substance and a monoclonal antibody against rat Golgi apparatus (10A8) 0 and 3 days, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after section of the right hypoglossal nerve. Marked dispersion of Nissl substance was noted at 2 weeks and of Golgi apparatus at 4 weeks. Reaggregation of staining had occurred for both organelles by 6 weeks. A quantitative light microscopic analysis was carried out for both stains on randomly selected hypoglossal sections from 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. The analysis confirmed the qualitative observations and showed them to be highly significant. In addition, it revealed an increase in nuclear area from 0 to 2 weeks, an increase in cytoplasmic area at 4 weeks, decrease in the total area of Nissl substance from 0 to 2 and 4 to 6 weeks, decrease in the percent cytoplasmic areas occupied by Nissl from 0 to 2 weeks and decreases in both the total and percent cytoplasmic area occupied by Golgi apparatus maximal at 4 weeks. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses confirmed the use of this monoclonal antibody to study morphologic changes of the Golgi apparatus secondary to an experimental pathologic lesion. In addition, a previously unrecognized temporal dissociation between the changes of Nissl substance and Golgi apparatus was described. PMID- 3189515 TI - The prognostic significance of tumor vascularity in intermediate-thickness (0.76 4.0 mm thick) skin melanoma. A quantitative histologic study. AB - The vascularity of 20 primary skin melanomas was assessed histologically. These cases were selected from patients with intermediate thickness melanomas (0.76-4.0 mm thick) treated surgically to provide two groups of ten patients. One group had no evidence of recurrence with a minimum follow-up of 9 years. The second group of ten patients developed locoregional or systemic metastasis under follow-up, and seven of these patients died of disseminated melanoma. Age, sex, Breslow's tumor thickness, and Clark's level of invasion were similar in the two groups. Vascular quantitation was carried out by image analysis after vascular definition by Ulex europaeus-I agglutinin staining. The percentage vascular area at the tumor base in the recurrence group was more than twice that in the recurrence free group. This study suggests that increased vascularity at the tumor base may have prognostic significance in intermediate thickness melanomas. PMID- 3189513 TI - Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in human respiratory tract cartilages and pulmonary chondromatous hamartomas. AB - Immunocytochemical investigation was performed on a large series of adult, neonatal, and fetal respiratory tract cartilages to ascertain their immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin. Two polyclonal and six different monoclonal antibodies were used to document the presence of GFAP-immunoreactive chondrocytes in all the fetal and neonatal cartilages as well as in the adult epiglottis, arythenoids, and lobar, segmental, and subsegmental bronchi. The number of chondrocytes showing GFAP immunoreactivity decreased from fetal life to adulthood. Simultaneous immunoreactivity for GFAP and vimentin has also been ascertained in chondrocytes and in perichondrial stellate or elongated cells of the 25 chondromatous hamartomas investigated. These findings document yet another "inappropriate" pattern of intermediate filament immunoreactivity in normal and neoplastic human cells, and contradict the widely held supposition that the expression of GFAP is restricted to cells of glial origin. PMID- 3189514 TI - Endothelial adaptations in aortic stenosis. Correlation with flow parameters. AB - A 69 +/- 5% stenosis was produced in the rat aorta, with the purpose of correlating endothelial changes with local flow patterns and with levels of shear stress; the hydrodynamic data were obtained from a scaled-up model of the stenosed aorta. In the throat of the stenosis, where shear stress values were 15 25 times normal, the endothelium was stripped off within 1 hour. It regenerated at half the rate of controls but modulated into a cell type that could withstand the increased shear stress. Adaptations included changes in cell orientation, number, length, width, thickness, stress fibers, and anchoring structures, as well as changes in the length, argyrophilia, and permeability of the junctions. Areas of either elongated or "polygonal" cells consistently developed at the same sites in relation to the stenosis, but the hydrodynamic data showed that they did not always correspond (as had been anticipated) to high and low shear, respectively. It is concluded that endothelial cell shape in the living artery must be determined by some other factor(s) in addition to shear stress. PMID- 3189517 TI - Tooth scaling and evolutionary dwarfism: an investigation of allometry in human pygmies. AB - Gould has predicted that in rapidly dwarfed lineages the postcanine teeth exhibit a different scaling pattern than is the normal interspecific trend. His prediction of strong negative allometry has not been frequently tested in quantitative detail. Here we present results of scaling analyses of the molar teeth in African pygmies compared with other Africans of larger size and in Philippine pygmies compared with Filipinos of larger size. We find a pattern of strong negative allometry of tooth size to skull and body size in both these comparisons. This scaling pattern is explained by recourse to the developmental bases (known or inferred) of dwarfing in these populations. Body size decrease is related to low levels of the growth control substance insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which does not appear to affect the size of the dentition. The implications of such developmental information for our understanding of allometric patterns in general, and dwarfing events in particular, are discussed. PMID- 3189516 TI - Directional asymmetry in the forelimb of Macaca mulatta. AB - Asymmetry was investigated in the forelimbs of 150 rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) skeletons using measurements of right and left humerii, radii, ulnae, second metacarpals, and femora. Seven of the ten forelimb dimensions were larger on the right than on the left side. Paired t-tests revealed that the mean of the right side was significantly larger than that for the left for two measurements of the ulna and two of the humerus. No measurement was significantly larger on the left than on the right side. These results indicate a small but significant asymmetry in the forelimb bones of rhesus monkeys and, as is the case for humans, the direction of asymmetry favors the right side. Our findings are consistent with an interpretation of hypertrophy of certain muscles and opens the question of whether rhesus monkeys preferentially use their right forelimbs for manipulative tasks that require manual dexterity, as is the case for humans. These forelimb skeletal asymmetries are discussed in light of the recent literature on cortical asymmetry and handedness in nonhuman primates. PMID- 3189518 TI - The hipbone and Nomina Anatomica. PMID- 3189519 TI - Changes in body proportions of Japanese medical students between 1961 and 1986. AB - Since 1945, the Japanese physique has changed a great deal. Physical examinations of medical students at Kyushu University have been carried out on an annual basis since 1939. We investigated changes in body proportions using data on 813 medical students examined from 1961 to 1986. During these 26 years, standing height has increased by 4.69 cm, arm length by 2.58 cm, and sitting height by 0.79 cm. Thus, the Japanese have grown taller and their extremities are longer, yet the trunk has not changed significantly. This study also shows a 10-year delay in increase in length of the upper extremities. PMID- 3189520 TI - A radiographic technique of interest to physical anthropologists. AB - A radiographic technique for processing a large number of human crania was developed to aid in the diagnosis of porotic hyperostosis in a large skeletal population. These images are made directly onto photographic paper, thereby reducing costs and increasing the rate of processing. The technique is especially well suited for radiographing human skeletal material and gives excellent diagnostic image quality. PMID- 3189521 TI - Some additional morphological and metrical observations on Pan brain casts and their relevance to the Taung endocast. AB - Using an increased sample of chimpanzee brains and brain casts, 32 hemispheres were measured to determine the variability of OP-FP (occipital-pole) and OP-LS (occipital pole-lunate sulcus) arc dimensions and their ratios. The Taung endocast was remeasured to test Falk's assertions that the lunate sulcus is in a pongid position. The average ratio for the chimpanzee brains was 0.218, a value more than 2+ S.D.'s posterior to Falk's placement of the lunate sulcus on the Taung specimen. It is suggested that the chimpanzee and Taung occipital poles have a different morphometric pattern, the former being coincident with the caudal end of the LC (lateral calcarine) fissure. The Taung OP-LS arc consistently measured at least 42 mm, and not 40 mm as claimed by Falk. PMID- 3189522 TI - Intersex differences in craniocervical morphology and posture in southern Chinese and British Caucasians. AB - The aim of this study was to compare intersex differences in the angular relationships of the head, the cervical column, and the true vertical in natural head posture (the "postural variables") for unselected samples of southern Chinese (n = 240) and British Caucasian (n = 80) 12-year-old children in Hong Kong. For both samples the cervical spine was angulated significantly more forwardly in the females (P less than or equal to 0.001) and the head held higher relative to the spine. Cervical lordosis was also greater in the females and the cervical column of greater relative length. Our findings are in agreement with comparable data previously reported for a northern Finnish population. PMID- 3189523 TI - A functional consequence of an ossified mandibular symphysis. AB - According to most recent workers, the presence of fused symphyses in some mammals is explained by the common view that muscle force is transmitted better across a fused, as opposed to an unfused, mandibular symphysis. Recent theoretical work has cast doubt on the importance of fusion for simple force transmission by suggesting that force can also be transmitted efficiently across an unfused symphysis, an expectation that has since been confirmed by a number of observational studies. Perhaps the real significance of symphyseal fusion is that, in animals with upper and lower incisor tooth rows that apply large forces to relatively small resistant food items, muscle force from both sides of the head is reliably available only when the symphysis is fused. Independent movement between the two sides of the lower incisor row, permitted by a patent symphysis, allows the possibility that one side of the lower row will come into contact with the upper incisor row, dissipating all of the muscle force from that side. The dissipation of approximately half of the available jaw muscle force, allowed by a patent symphysis, cannot be ignored when attempting to explain the presence of fused symphyses if one accepts the idea that strong incisor biting is an important element in the masticatory apparatus of those primates and other mammals with fused mandibular symphyses. PMID- 3189524 TI - Allometric relations of teeth and jaws in man. AB - Static adult intraspecific allometry of jaws and teeth was investigated in a sample of 100 Negro crania. The relations between tooth area, postcanine surface, incisor surface, and four viscerocranial measures were examined separately for males and females. Our results indicate a marked lack of morphological integration between P-sets within the orofacial subregion and a similar lack of correspondence between jaw size and tooth size. Allometric analyses indicate that mandibular length scales negatively allometric to maxilloalveolar length and to bigonial width, that canine base area scales positively to upper and lower jaw length, and that all the other teeth scale negatively to jaw length. The postcanine surface area was found to be negatively allometric to the canine base area, which in turn scaled isometrically to incisor surface. Hence, any lengthening of the mandible will tend to be associated with a relative shortening of the maxilla, with relatively larger canines and a relative reduction of the cheek teeth. PMID- 3189525 TI - Tooth wear and the position of the mental foramen. AB - Variation in the position of the mental foramen with respect to the teeth ("apparent" position) seems to be associated with race, but in the determination of this position, factors which affect the disposition of the teeth plainly have a bearing on the results. The apparent position was investigated in a sample of southern Chinese skulls of known age which were classified by the degree of tooth wear. Controlling for "true" position and size of the mandible, a highly significant correlation between wear and position was found, age and tooth size having no significant contribution as additional explanatory variables. The effect of tooth wear on the apparent position of the foramen may partly explain racial variation. PMID- 3189527 TI - Increased heterozygosity and child growth in an isolated subsistence agricultural community in the valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. AB - Gene flow and rate of inbreeding (delta F) were calculated from demographic data for a community previously reported to be isolated from outside genetic influences of immigration. Significant child growth differences caused by gene flow among children born to native parents (n = 287) and offspring of native immigrant matings (n = 38) were found in fatness (triceps skinfold), body proportions (sitting height ratio), and size (leg length). No differences were found between the two groups in height, weight, sitting height, and arm circumference. Variation in absolute and relative leg length in this population parallels previously reported differences in adult body size and proportion associated with increased heterozygosity caused by gene flow in other populations in southern Mexico. PMID- 3189526 TI - New first metatarsal (SKX 5017) from Swartkrans and the gait of Paranthropus robustus. AB - A new complete hallucal metatarsal (SKX 5017) was recovered from the "lower bank" of Member 1 at Swartkrans (ca. 1.8 m.y. BP). The new metatarsal is attributed to Paranthropus robustus, the predominant hominid found in Member 1 (greater than 95% of hominid individuals). SKX 5017 is similar to Olduvai Hominid 8-H from bed I, Olduvai (ca. 1.76 m.y. BP), and both resemble humans most closely among extant hominoids. The base, shaft, and head of SKX 5017 suggest human-like foot posture and a human-like range of extension (= dorsiflexion) at the hallucal metatarsophalangeal joint, while at the same time the distal articular surface indicates that a human-like toe-off mechanism was absent in Paranthropus. The fossil evidence suggests that Homo habilis and Paranthropus may have attained a similar grade of bipedality at roughly 1.8 m.y. BP. PMID- 3189528 TI - Isolation by distance on the Island of Korcula: correlation analysis of distance measures. AB - Within the framework of holistic anthropological investigations of the rural populations on the Island of Korcula, various measures of biological distances between eight villages were estimated (Mahalanobis' D2 for anthropometric, physiological, and dermatoglyphic traits); socio-cultural similarities and distances were determined (kinship coefficient estimated from migrational data and Hemming similarity measure estimated from linguistic data). A matrix of Spearman's rank correlation coefficients among these measures demonstrated a pattern of interdependencies, which we analysed further by principal components analysis. The first component reflects the cumulative effect of different processes acting on the initial gene distribution over a long period of time; the second component represents initial population structure; and the third component reflects recent migration influences. PMID- 3189529 TI - Adenosine receptor-mediated calcium mobilization in cortical collecting tubule cells. AB - To investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying the epithelial actions of adenosine, we studied adenosine receptor-effector coupling in cultured rabbit cortical collecting tubule (RCCT) cells. We previously reported, in RCCT cells isolated by immunodissection, that a potent A2 adenosine analogue [5'-N ethylcarboxamideadenosine (NECA)] stimulates cAMP production [effective concentration 50% (EC50) = 1 microM], and potent A1 analogues [N6 cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) and R-N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA)] inhibit basal and AVP-stimulated cAMP production (EC50 = 5 nM). The present study was undertaken to determine whether adenosine receptors in RCCT cells are also coupled to a signal transduction system leading to the mobilization of intracellular free calcium. RCCT cells were loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator, fura-2, and were treated with the adenosine analogues NECA, CHA, and PIA. All three adenosine analogues produced dose-dependent (1 nM-0.1 mM), transient increases in intracellular calcium concentration with equal potency (EC50 = 0.5 microM). Chelation of extracellular calcium with ethyleneglycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N' tetraacetic acid (EGTA) did not abolish the increase in calcium. The adenosine receptor antagonists, 1,3-diethyl-8 propylxanthine and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine, and pretreatment of RCCT cells with pertussis toxin blocked the increase in calcium. These results demonstrate that RCCT cells have, in addition to adenosine receptors associated with the stimulation and inhibition of cAMP, a pertussis-toxin sensitive receptor system that leads to the mobilization of intracellular calcium. PMID- 3189530 TI - RVD in principal and intercalated cells of rabbit cortical collecting tubule. AB - Cells of the rabbit renal cortical collecting tubule possess significant regulatory volume decrease (RVD) capabilities. After a 100-mosmol/kg reduction in peritubular osmolality, principal and intercalated cells swell 40-45 and 30-35%, respectively, and immediately activate RVD mechanisms. Both cell types downregulate their volume to within 5-6% of control volume at initial rates of 3 6%/min. Return to isotonic saline causes both cell types to shrink (isotonic shrinkage) 25-35% below control volume due to the loss of osmotically active intracellular solutes during RVD. In most mammalian cells studied to date, RVD is mediated largely by passive KCl efflux via KCl cotransport, parallel K+ and Cl- channels, or parallel K+-H+ and Cl- -HCO3- exchange mechanisms. Peritubular application of 0.1 mM ouabain (0 Na+ lumen), bilateral CO2-HCO3- removal, or bilateral application of 0.02 mM bumetanide, 2.0 mM Ba2+, 2.0 mM anthracene-9 carboxylic acid, or 0.5 mM SITS had no significant effect on rates or magnitudes of RVD and isotonic shrinkage in either cell type. Bilateral elevation of K+ from 5 to 52.5 mM reverses or reduces the electrochemical gradient for K+ movement, causing accumulation of this ion in the cytoplasm, but had no effect on the rates or magnitude of principal and intercalated cell RVD. Principal and intercalated cells from K+- or Cl- -depleted tubules (1 h bilateral perfusion with K+- or Cl- free saline at 37 degrees C) showed normal rates and magnitudes of RVD in K+- or Cl- -free hypotonic saline. Taken together, these results argue against a significant role of passive KCl efflux pathways in mediating principal and intercalated cell RVD. PMID- 3189531 TI - Binding and internalization of a fluorescent vasopressin analogue by collecting duct cells. AB - The kinetics of binding and internalization of a fluorescent vasopressin analogue [1-desamino-8-rhodamine lysine vasopressin (rhoda LVP)] by principal cells within the microperfused rabbit cortical collecting tubule were quantitatively assessed with computer-assisted video microscopy. At 25 degrees C, binding of rhoda LVP exhibited saturation kinetics with half-maximal binding at 2 nM and maximal binding at concentrations greater than 5 nM. Rhoda LVP binding could be prevented by the simultaneous addition of a 10-fold higher concentration of arginine vasopressin (AVP) or the V2-receptor agonist, 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (desmopressin). No obvious internalization or rhoda LVP was detected at 25 degrees C, i.e., the rhoda LVP fluorescence remained localized to the basal pole of each principal cell for at least 100 min after rhoda LVP addition and could be largely reversed by the subsequent addition of AVP. Conversely, warming the cells to 38 degrees C after binding was initiated resulted in a rapid (less than 30 min) migration of the fluorescence into the cell interior and a loss of AVP displaceable binding from the cell surface. These results document the utility of this noninvasive optical strategy for quantitatively monitoring hormone binding to intact collecting tubule cells and demonstrate that rhoda LVP binds reversibly and with high affinity to V2 receptors on principal cells in the collecting tubule. The internalization (and presumed inactivation) of the hormone-receptor complex at 38 degrees C may contribute to the desensitization of collecting tubule cells to vasopressin at physiological temperature. PMID- 3189532 TI - Electrical coupling and pacemaker activity in colonic smooth muscle. AB - The effect of heptanol on electrical coupling between submucosal circular muscle cells of the dog colon and consequences for slow-wave activity were investigated. Electrotonic potentials showed exponential decay giving a length constant of 2.6 +/- 0.5 mm and a time constant of 157 +/- 48 ms. Heptanol reversibly abolished electrotonic current spread, and subsequently no slow-wave activity was recorded. The length constant decreased to less than 0.2 mm. The input resistance increased from 3 to 36 M omega, suggesting a change from tissue syncytium to electrically isolated cells. D600 (5 X 10(-6) M) also abolished slow wave activity but had opposite effects on electrotonic current spread. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that heptanol reversibly inhibits intercellular coupling, resulting in loss of spread of extracellularly applied current, uncoupling of cells, and loss of pacemaker activity. Regulation of intercellular communication may be important in the control of intestinal motility. PMID- 3189533 TI - Dexamethasone accelerates differentiation of A6 epithelia and increases response to vasopressin. AB - When seeded heavily on a porous tissue culture dish, A6 cells, derived from the kidney of Xenopus laevis, form a highly differentiated epithelium within 4-6 days. When dexamethasone is added to the culture medium, morphological differentiation is completed by day 2, a time at which the control (untreated) is still a disorganized multilayer of cells. In addition to the morphologically evident monolayer of cuboidal cells, the accelerated differentiation is expressed as high transepithelial electrical resistance, short-circuit current, and adenylate cyclase response to vasopressin. When grown on impermeable plastic tissue culture dishes, A6 epithelia are less differentiated and do not respond to vasopressin. With the addition of dexamethasone at the time of seeding on a plastic tissue culture dish, vasopressin responsive adenylate cyclase activity is expressed, albeit at a slower rate than when grown on a porous surface. In addition, dexamethasone treatment of mature epithelia grown on a porous surface results, in hours, in an increase in the adenylate cyclase response to vasopressin. These results reveal two previously unrecognized interactions between adrenal steroid hormones and vasopressin, namely, accelerated differentiation and increased responsiveness of adenylate cyclase. PMID- 3189534 TI - Continuous monitoring of Ca2+ uptake in membrane vesicles with fura-2. AB - The Ca2+-selective, fluorescent dye, fura-2, was used to monitor ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake by membrane vesicles isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. Micromolar fura-2 concentrations, added outside the vesicles, served as a high-affinity, low capacity Ca2+ buffer. Changes in fura-2 fluorescence resulted from the decline in free Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]free) owing to active Ca2+ accumulation by the vesicles. Ca2+ uptake (delta[Ca2+]total) was calculated from changes in [Ca2+]free and from the Kd value for the fura-2-Ca2+ complex. The velocity of Ca2+ uptake determined in this manner had an apparent [Ca2+]0.5 of approximately 200 nM. The Hill coefficient for dependence of uptake velocity on [Ca2+]free was congruent to 2. Changes in [Ca2+]free and Ca2+ uptake expected for Ca2+ transport by skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum were determined theoretically from known kinetic parameters and found to be similar to experimental values. This method of directly monitoring Ca2+ uptake can be used to determine the kinetic parameters for Ca2+ transport with small amounts of vesicles and with greater precision than possible with radiometric techniques. PMID- 3189535 TI - Cell uncoupling and protein kinase C: correlation in a cell line but not in a differentiated tissue. AB - Second messengers have been implicated in the control of communication between cells of various tissues and of a number of cell lines. To assess whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved in the regulation of gap junctions between primary differentiated cells, we studied the effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) on PKC translocation and junctional conductance of rat pancreatic exocrine cells. Our results show that although TPA induced the translocation of PKC from a "cytosolic" to a "microsomal" fraction within minutes, it failed to block the junctional conductance of acinar cell pairs up to 30 min after application. By contrast, analogous experiments on a liver-derived cell line (WB cells) showed that TPA-induced PKC translocation was paralleled by a marked and irreversible inhibition of intercellular coupling. These results indicate that, in contrast to the effects on transformed or dedifferentiated permanent cell lines, PKC is not involved in gating gap junctional channels between primary differentiated secretory cells of the pancreas. PMID- 3189536 TI - Adrenalectomy fails to stimulate brown adipose tissue metabolism in ob/ob mice fed glucose. AB - Adrenalectomy arrests the development of obesity in ob/ob mice fed nonpurified high-starch diets partly by stimulating the low thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, adrenalectomy fails to suppress the development of obesity in ob/ob mice fed a purified high-glucose diet. Effects of adrenalectomy on BAT metabolism in ob/ob mice fed purified high-starch or high-glucose diets were therefore examined. Adrenalectomy markedly decreased the efficiency of energy retention and increased BAT metabolism (as assessed by GDP binding to BAT mitochondria, GDP-inhibitable acetate- or chloride-induced mitochondrial swelling, and by rates of norepinephrine turnover in BAT) in ob/ob mice fed a high-starch purified diet but had only minimal effects on energy efficiency or BAT metabolism in ob/ob mice fed a high-glucose purified diet. Plasma insulin concentrations decreased and thyroxine concentrations increased in adrenalectomized ob/ob mice fed the high-starch diet; changes in these hormones were less pronounced in adrenalectomized ob/ob mice fed the high-glucose diet. Consumption of glucose mimics effects of adrenal secretions on BAT metabolism in ob/ob mice. PMID- 3189537 TI - Maternal dehydration-rehydration: fetal plasma and urinary responses. AB - Pregnant women may be exposed to exercise, thermal, or gastrointestinal (hyperemesis) water loss, all of which commonly induce a greater than 10 mosmol increase in plasma osmolality. Although fetal osmolality is dependent on maternal osmolality, the impact of maternal dehydration and subsequent maternal rehydration on the fetus has not been explored. Five pregnant ewes with singleton fetuses (136 +/- 1 day) were water deprived for 36 h resulting in a significant increase in plasma osmolality (298 +/- 3.4 to 313 +/- 5.0 mosmol). In response to maternal dehydration, fetal plasma osmolality (297.0 +/- 4.1 to 309.3 +/- 4.1 mosmol), arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels (1.5 +/- 0.2 to 7.9 +/- 1.0 pg/ml), hematocrit (35.1 to 38.6%), and urine osmolality (161.3 +/- 10.7 to 348.9 +/- 21.9 mosmol) significantly increased. Subsequently, ewes were rehydrated over 4 h with intravenously infused 0.45% saline (20 ml.kg-1.h-1). In response to maternal rehydration, maternal and fetal plasma osmolality decreased to basal values (298.9 +/- 3.2 and 300.1 +/- 3.8 mosmol, respectively) and fetal glomerular filtration rate (1.72 +/- 0.30 to 3.08 +/- 0.66 ml/min) and urine volume significantly increased (0.33 +/- 0.02 to 0.71 +/- 0.13 ml/min). However, fetal hematocrit (37.4%), plasma AVP (3.1 +/- 0.9 pg/ml), and urine osmolality (255.4 +/- 28.8 mosmol) did not return to basal levels during the observation period. These results demonstrate fetal hyperosmolality, blood volume contraction, AVP secretion, and altered urine production in response to maternal dehydration. Despite maternal rehydration and normalization of maternal and fetal plasma osmolality, fetal endocrine and fluid responses are prolonged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189538 TI - Hydrocortisone secretion: production rate and pulse characterization by numerical deconvolution. AB - Based on serial blood sampling over 24 h, hydrocortisone was shown to be secreted episodically in the horse. The purpose of the present experiment was to characterize peaks and troughs by analyzing the instantaneous secretion rate profile obtained by a deconvolution technique rather than from the plasma concentration time profile. Kinetic parameters of hydrocortisone were determined following intravenous bolus and intravenous perfusion of hydrocortisone. Stationary and nonlinearity of hydrocortisone disposition were demonstrated. With the use of clearance values calculated from constant perfusion administration, the 24-h hydrocortisone production rate was estimated at 0.46 +/- 0.08 mg.kg-1.24 h-1. The instantaneous secretory profile was reconstituted by deconvoluting the plasma concentration profile using structural parameters determined from the bolus hydrocortisone administration. When this secretory profile was subjected to a pulse analysis program, the number of detected peaks was found to be 17.25 +/- 1.26 and the mean peak duration 34.01 +/- 5.52 min. The total duration of secretory activity was estimated at 582.5 +/- 63.97 min. By comparison, when the plasma concentration profile was analyzed directly, the number of peaks was only 10.0 +/- 1.41 but their mean duration was much longer, i.e., 105.25 +/- 21.24 min. The origin of these differences and the advantages and limits of deconvolution analysis are discussed. PMID- 3189539 TI - Verapamil induces PTH resistance but increases duodenal calcium absorption in rats. AB - In vitro, verapamil inhibits duodenal Ca absorption, parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, and PTH-stimulated bone resorption. This study was designed to determine if any effects of chronic oral verapamil treatment on PTH secretion action are reflected by changes in vitamin D metabolism, duodenal Ca absorption, and bone Ca content. Rats (100 g) received verapamil in the drinking water at doses of 4, 20, or 100 mumol.kg-1.day-1 for 2 wk. Verapamil administration did not significantly affect growth, plasma Ca or phosphate, or bone Ca content. However, verapamil treatment was associated with a dose-dependent 90% increase in plasma PTH levels. The elevated PTH was accompanied by a 22% decrease in 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] levels, such that there was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.52; P less than 0.01) between PTH and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels. Despite the decreased plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 levels, verapamil treatment was associated with a dose-dependent increase in duodenal Ca absorption. The increased Ca absorption did not seem to be caused by a verapamil-induced increased intestinal sensitivity to 1,25(OH)2D3, since verapamil-treated vitamin D-deficient rats showed the same absorptive response to administered 1,25(OH)2D3 as untreated rats. Thus chronic oral verapamil treatment induces an apparent PTH resistance but does not appear to have major effects on overall Ca homeostasis in young male rats. PMID- 3189540 TI - Thermogenesis after lateral hypothalamic lesions: contributions of brown adipose tissue. AB - The role of brown adipose tissue in the thermogenic response to lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions was investigated. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) temperatures were measured during the hours following bilateral electrolytic LH lesions in male rats sedated with pentobarbital sodium. Local temperature changes were also recorded from skin and colonic sites. Consistent with the view that brown adipose tissue plays a primary role in the hyperthermia produced by LH lesions, IBAT depot temperature rose before, at a faster rate, and to a higher level than the other sites. In two subsequent experiments, oxygen consumption, activity, and core temperature were monitored in freely moving male rats with LH lesions, both in warm (25 degrees C) and cold (5 degrees C) environments. The results of these experiments provide some support for the view that LH lesions produce an increase in the regulated level of body temperature. This hyperthermic and hypermetabolic state seems to be mediated, in part, by brown fat thermogenesis and may represent a general increase in sympathetic nervous activity induced by the lesion. PMID- 3189541 TI - Regional differences in adipocyte lactate production from glucose. AB - Having shown that lactate is an important product of glucose metabolism by rat epididymal adipocytes, we investigated possible regional differences in adipocyte lactate production and the role of the animals' nutritional state and stage of development. [U-14C]glucose metabolism, lactate production, and response to insulin were measured in fat cells isolated from four adipose regions (subcutaneous, epididymal, retroperitoneal, and mesenteric) from young lean and older fatter rats, killed either in the fed state or after fasting for 48 h. In the absence of insulin, mesenteric fat cells from either age group metabolized significantly more glucose per cell and converted more glucose to lactate than cells from other depots, regardless of nutritional state. Adipocytes from fasted lean rats showed a significant increase (approximately 30%) in the relative glucose conversion to lactate in all depots when compared with cells from fed lean rats. Fasting of older fatter rats, however, had limited effects on the relative adipocyte glucose conversion to lactate since lactate production was already high (40-50% of glucose metabolized). Mesenteric fat cells had the lowest relative response to insulin, possibly due to the high basal rate of glucose metabolism. These findings indicate that differences exist among adipose regions in the rates of glucose metabolism, lactate production and response to insulin. The anatomical location of the mesenteric adipose depot, coupled with a high metabolic rate and blood perfusion, suggests that mesenteric adipocytes may provide a unique and more direct contribution of metabolic substrates for hepatic metabolism than adipocytes from other depots. PMID- 3189542 TI - Rapid and transitory stimulation of 3-O-methylglucose transport by growth hormone. AB - The regulation of hexose transport by growth hormone (GH) was investigated using isolated rat adipocytes. GH caused a rapid (less than 3 min) rise in rates of 3-O methylglucose transport that reached a maximum of two to six times the basal rates in 10-30 min. The stimulation of transport was transitory, and rates of transport started to decline 15-30 min after GH was added. Transport stimulation required a period of preincubation; no stimulation was observed in freshly isolated cells. GH stimulated hexose transport between 100 and 5,000 ng/ml, with a 50% effective dose between 200 and 300 ng/ml. Depletion of cellular ATP by 2,4 dinitrophenol blocked the ability of GH to stimulate transport but not the decline of transport rates following stimulation by GH. In contrast, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis, actinomycin D, had no effect on either the initial stimulation by GH or the initial subsequent decline of transport when added simultaneously or 15 min prior to GH. Actinomycin D did, however, cause a second rise in hexose transport at approximately 120 min that was blocked by 2,4-dinitrophenol. These results suggest that changes in glucose transport contribute to the effects of GH on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue. These changes are rapid, of substantial magnitude, and of a complex nature, suggesting that regulation of glucose transport by GH most likely involves multiple mechanisms. PMID- 3189543 TI - Microdialysis of adipose tissue and blood for in vivo lipolysis studies. AB - Glycerol levels (lipolysis index) were continuously monitored in intact rats using simultaneous microdialysis of venous blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Dialysis probes (0.5 X 4 mm) were implanted and perfused using a microinjection pump. The basal glycerol levels in perfusates of blood and adipose tissue were stable. Intravenous isoproterenol (isoprenaline) increased the glycerol levels in a similar fashion in blood perfusate as compared with plasma and the dialysate of two different adipose tissue probes implanted in the same animal. Isoproterenol included in the adipose tissue dialysis solvent increased the glycerol level in adipose tissue perfusate but not in the blood perfusate; this indicates a local lipolytic effect of catecholamines. Increases in intravenous doses of isoproterenol caused a transient and marked dose-dependent elevation of glycerol in the adipose tissue perfusate and a gradual but less marked rise of glycerol in blood perfusate. This indicates that glycerol kinetics in blood and adipose tissue differ after catecholamine stimulation. In conclusion, microdialysis of blood and subcutaneous adipose tissue offers new and unique possibilities for in vivo lipolysis studies in intact animals. PMID- 3189544 TI - Precursors to glycogen in ovine fetuses. AB - Postprandial hepatic glycogenesis in the adult animal is now felt to proceed largely through gluconeogenic pathways rather than directly from glucose. The ovine fetus, like the mature sheep, lacks specific hepatic glucokinase. Therefore, we examined the role of lactate as a fetal glycogenic precursor in seven chronically catheterized 125-day sheep fetuses. Fetuses were infused with L [U-14C]lactate and D-[3-3H]glucose (50 microCi load, 50 microCi/h for 5 h), while maternal glucose was maintained at 50 mg/dl. Mean fetal hepatic glycogen specific activity (microCi/mg x 10(3] was 0.82 +/- 0.08 for 14C and 2.6 +/- 0.4 for 3H, whereas fetal renal glycogen specific activity was 0.46 +/- 0.22 for 14C and 0.78 +/- 0.16 for 3H. In contrast, [14C]glucose specific activity was undetectable in blood (limit of detectability 1 microCi/mg x 10(3] and mean [3H]glucose specific activity was 8.9 +/- 1.3 microCi/mg x 10(3]. The least detectable specific activity of [14C]glucose did not differ significantly from the [14C]glycogen enrichment in liver, whereas [3H]glucose specific activity was significantly (P less than 0.02) greater than [3H]glycogen enrichment. We conclude that glycogenesis from glucose is partly through the indirect gluconeogenic route and that lactate may be a glycogenic precursor in the ovine fetus. PMID- 3189545 TI - Role of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs. AB - The effect of intravenous infusion of synthetic human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP) or a rabbit anti-PP serum on pancreatic exocrine secretion was studied in 10 dogs with gastric and Thomas duodenal cannulas. The infusion of HPP, at a dose of 1 microgram.kg-1.h-1, achieved a plasma PP concentration that mimicked the peak plasma concentration of PP in both interdigestive and postprandial states. This dose of HPP significantly inhibited pancreatic secretion in the interdigestive state. By contrast, immunoneutralization of circulating PP by a rabbit anti-PP serum resulted in significant increases (P less than 0.05) in both interdigestive and postprandial pancreatic secretion, including water, bicarbonate, and protein. The increase in the pancreatic secretion paralleled a decrease in circulating PP level, which lasted for as long as 5 days. Furthermore, the anti-PP serum blocked the inhibitory action of exogenous HPP on pancreatic exocrine secretion. The present study indicates that endogenous PP plays a significant role in the regulation of the pancreatic exocrine secretion in both interdigestive and digestive states. Thus we conclude that PP is another hormone regulating pancreatic exocrine secretion in dogs. PMID- 3189546 TI - Role of glucagon in intestinal hyperemia associated with early experimental diabetes mellitus. AB - The role of glucagon as a blood-borne mediator of the intestinal hyperemia associated with experimental diabetes mellitus was assessed in anesthetized fasted (18-24 h) rats 4 wk after the administration of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body wt) or its vehicle. Selective removal of pancreatic glucagon from the circulation was accomplished by the intravenous administration of a highly specific glucagon antiserum. Blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys was measured with radioactive microspheres using the reference sample technique. Blood flows were increased by at least 60% in each segment of the gastrointestinal tract of diabetic animals compared with control rats. Glucagon antiserum had no effect on blood flows in the gastrointestinal tract of control animals. However, the antiserum produced a significant reduction in blood flow to the stomach (26%), duodenum (25%), jejunum (12%), and kidneys (16%) in diabetic rats. There was no change in blood flow to the ileum or colon of diabetic animals with antiserum administration. The results of this study support the hypothesis that glucagon mediates a portion of the hyperemia noted in the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum. However, glucagon does not appear to play a role in the genesis of the hyperemia noted in more distal segments of the gastrointestinal tract (ileum and colon). A possible role for glucagon in the maintenance of renal blood flow in diabetic rats is suggested. PMID- 3189547 TI - Hepatic efflux of glutathione by the perfused rat liver: role of membrane potential difference. AB - Glutathione (GSH) is released into hepatic sinusoids by a carrier-mediated process. The importance of transmembrane potential difference (PD) as a driving force for hepatic efflux of GSH from isolated perfused rat liver was investigated. The membrane PD was measured using intracellular microelectrodes as PD was altered over the physiological range by ion substitution in the perfusate. The effect of a change in membrane PD on the rate of efflux of GSH into the perfusate was determined. Because GSH carries a net negative charge at physiological values of pH, we predicted that hyperpolarization of cells would increase efflux, whereas depolarization would decrease efflux. Three different manipulations were used to depolarize the hepatocyte membrane to a similar degree, and variable effects on GSH efflux were observed. Substitution of Cl with gluconate in the perfusate depolarized the hepatocyte but had no effect on GSH efflux, whereas substitution of Na with choline in the perfusate increased GSH efflux to 110% of basal values. Perfusion with K+ inhibited GSH efflux by 21%. The latter two manipulations were associated with evidence of hepatic injury. Hyperpolarization of the hepatocyte also had variable effects on GSH efflux. Substitution of Cl with nitrate in the perfusate transiently increased the membrane PD and decreased GSH efflux, whereas perfusion with glucagon caused a sustained increase in membrane PD but did not alter GSH efflux rates. None of the latter manipulations was associated with hepatic injury and thus no consistent relationship between membrane PD and sinusoidal efflux of GSH was demonstrated. We conclude that in the isolated perfused rat liver, efflux of GSH is not driven directly by membrane PD. PMID- 3189548 TI - Esophageal responses to transient and sustained esophageal distension. AB - With the use of intraluminal manometry in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized opossums, distal esophageal and lower esophageal sphincter responses to prolonged midesophageal balloon distension were compared with those evoked by single transient distensions, vagal efferent stimulation, and swallowing. Balloon inflation caused sphincteric relaxation that recovered during small volume but persisted during large volume-prolonged distension. The esophageal body was either quiescent or exhibited nonperistaltic contractions during prolonged distension. Balloon deflation induced non-peristaltic esophageal and sphincteric contractions as well as further sphincter relaxation. Responses to prolonged large and small volume balloon distension resembled those evoked by high- and low frequency vagal efferent stimulation, respectively. However, vagal-stimulated "on" contractions were not seen with balloon distension, and atropine did not modify excitatory responses occurring during or after prolonged distension. Although transient distension induced peristaltic esophageal contractions, the peristaltic velocity was faster than swallow-induced peristalsis. With transient distension, atropine prolonged the latency to contraction in the mid but not the distal smooth muscle segment and thus increased peristaltic velocity. These studies demonstrate that 1) esophageal distension evokes a wide spectrum of lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal body response, and 2) cholinergic neurons play a minimal role in distension-induced responses of the distal esophageal circular muscle below the distending balloon. PMID- 3189549 TI - Absorption and metabolism of orally fed arachidonic and linoleic acid in the rat. AB - [3H]arachidonic [( 3H]20:4) and [14C]linoleic acid [14C]18:2) were fed to rats in Intralipid or cream. Later (30-240 min) the stomach, small intestine, plasma, and liver were analyzed for radioactivity in different lipid classes. [3H]20:4 and [14C]18:2 were emptied from the stomach and absorbed by the intestine at similar rates. The [3H]20:4:[14C]18:2 ratio of the lipids in the small intestinal wall increased, however, with time. This was due to a higher retention of [3H]20:4 than [14C]18:2 in intestinal phospholipids. In contrast, more of the [14C]18:2 was in triacylglycerol of the small intestine and plasma. The highest 3H:14C ratios were found in phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. The 3H:14C ratio of intestinal phosphatidylcholine varied with the type of fat vehicle used, being highest in the Intralipid experiments. After feeding Intralipid (30-60 min), significantly more of the plasma [3H]20:4 than plasma [14C]18:2 was in diacylglycerol, the 3H:14C ratio of which was much higher than that of plasma free fatty acids. [3H]20:4 and [14C]18:2 of chyle triacylglycerol are thus metabolized differently. PMID- 3189550 TI - Control mechanisms of sphincter of Oddi contraction rate in the opossum. AB - Our aim in this study is to determine whether extrinsic autonomic nerves regulated spike-burst rate in the opossum sphincter of Oddi (SO) during fasting or after feeding. We implanted electrodes on the distal SO, proximal SO, gastric antrum, duodenum, and jejunum of 20 animals. A cut transection and reanastomosis was done at different levels of the SO to interrupt putative extrinsic or intrinsic nerves, or the SO was painted with phenol to impair extrinsic nerves. Like controls, animals with a cut and reanastomosis at the proximal SO or at the SO-duodenal junction showed a normal fasting pattern of cyclic changes in SO spike-burst rate. In contrast, animals treated by a distal SO cut or phenol treatment at the distal SO lost the normal cyclic pattern of SO spike bursts and had a constant rate of approximately 4/min. A cut through the middle SO uncoupled the spike bursts in the proximal and distal SO. After feeding, all animals developed an SO spike-burst rate of 5-6/min that lasted for several hours. We conclude that the normal fasting pattern of SO spike bursts is regulated by extrinsic nerves that ascend cephalad along the sphincter segment, whereas the sustained increase in SO spike-burst rate after feeding is at least in part hormonal. PMID- 3189551 TI - Functional gradients in muscle cells isolated from gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct. AB - The existence of a gradient inherent to muscle cells of the biliary tract was examined in muscle cells isolated separately from the fundus of the gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct of the dog. Muscle cells, measured in suspension or as single perfused cells, exhibited a proximal-to-distal gradient expressed by the magnitude of response and the sensitivity to hormonal cholecystokinin octapeptide and neural (acetylcholine and methionine-enkephalin) contractile agonists. Measurements in suspensions showed that cells from the fundus 1) were 7-40 times more sensitive to contractile agonists than cells from the cystic duct and 13-200 times more sensitive than cells from the common bile duct and 2) generated greater maximal contraction. The latter was expressed by the ratio of maximal responses (fundus: cystic duct cells, 1.90 +/- 0.12, P less than 0.001; fundus: common bile duct cells, 1.50 +/- 0.07 P less than 0.001), which was independent of sensitivity to agonists. Similar results were obtained in measurements on single cells with respect to relative sensitivity and to ratio of maximal responses (fundus: cystic duct cells, 1.80 +/- 0.08, P less than 0.001; fundus: common bile duct cells, 1.49 +/- 0.06, P less than 0.001). The ratio of responses to low concentrations of agonists was even higher (three- to fourfold), reflecting both the greater sensitivity and the greater contraction of muscle cells of the fundus. We conclude that a proximal-to-distal biliary gradient exists that is an inherent property of muscle cells from various regions of the biliary tract; the gradient would act to facilitate gallbladder emptying in response to hormonal and neural stimulation. PMID- 3189552 TI - Culture behavior of healthy bovine gallbladder muscularis smooth muscle cells. AB - In contrast to the extensive experience culturing vascular smooth muscle cells, little is known about the culture behavior of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells. In this work, we have studied smooth muscle cells from bovine gallbladder muscularis in culture. Properties reflecting their state of differentiation, including cellular morphology, multicellular arrangements, intermediate filament protein expression, and content of contractile proteins, were studied after dispersed cell preparations were placed into short- and long-term culture on a variety of substrates. Immunocytochemical analysis of intact healthy gallbladder wall demonstrated that the muscularis smooth muscle cells express actin and the intermediate filament protein desmin, while being vimentin-negative. In this tissue they are, however, surrounded by sheets of vimentin-positive fibroblasts. Optimal microdissection of mucosa and serosa from the muscularis therefore still produced a combination of smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts; however, multiple strategies for enriching the yield and purity of muscularis smooth muscle cells for culture were partially successful. Like vascular smooth muscle cells in culture, these visceral smooth muscle cells rapidly underwent morphological dedifferentiation, losing their contactile phenotype. By 5 days in culture, the desmin-positive muscle cells took on a spread, fibroblast-like morphology, likely representing modulation to a proliferative, dedifferentiated state. After long term culture, the muscle cells were observed to regain some markers of differentiation, but they were never observed to attain complete morphological and functional redifferentiation. PMID- 3189553 TI - Manometric investigation of high-amplitude propagated contractile activity of the human colon. AB - The motor activity of colonic segments proximal to the rectosigmoid junction are poorly understood. We investigated colonic peristalsis (high-amplitude propagated contractions; HAPCs) in 20 healthy volunteers by means of a colonoscopically positioned manometric probe and low-compliance infusion system. In all, 110 HAPCs were recorded from the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, and their features and daily distribution were analyzed and characterized. Mean frequency was 6.1 +/- 0.9 (SE) per subject per 24 h, mean amplitude was 110.37 +/ 6.3 mmHg, mean duration was 14.15 +/- 0.8 s, and mean propagation velocity was 1.11 +/- 0.1 cm/s. There were no significant differences among colonic segments. Diurnal changes of HAPCs were also noted, with a maximum frequency after meals and after awakening in the morning, and a minimum recorded in the late afternoon and during the night. These HAPCs may represent the manometric equivalent of mass movements. PMID- 3189554 TI - Corelease of amidated and glycine-extended antral gastrins after a meal. AB - Glycine-extended gastrin, the immediate precursor of bioactive (i.e., carboxyamidated) gastrin, was recently identified in antral tissue and in peripheral blood. Studies on pituitary cell lines have shown that although only bioactive peptides are released along the regulated pathway, i.e., stored at high concentrations in secretory granules and released upon appropriate stimulation, the release of precursors is constitutive, i.e., secreted continuously without secretagogue stimulation. To determine whether the secretion of glycine-extended gastrin from the antral G-cell is regulated, meal-induced release was examined. In anesthetized pigs (n = 8) the antral veins were catheterized and blood was collected continuously before and after intragastric instillation of meat extract. Surgical biopsies of antral mucosa were obtained from six animals. Glycine-extended and amidated gastrins were measured and characterized by radioimmunoanalysis and chromatography. The results demonstrate that glycine extended gastrin is released in a regulated manner from antral G-cells and furthermore the component pattern is identical in mucosa and blood. PMID- 3189555 TI - Pancreatic growth after partial resection of normal and enlarged pancreas in rats fed soya flour. AB - Pancreatic growth was studied after partial resection of the normal-sized pancreas in rats fed heated soya flour (HSF) or the enlarged gland in rats fed raw soya flour (RSF). Resection involved the removal of the splenic and gastric segments and in both the normal and enlarged gland this represents a loss of approximately 55% of total pancreatic mass. After partial resection animals were either continued on these preresected diets or changed to the alternative diets. For at least the first 8 days after resection, in all conditions studied, there was a significant increase in DNA synthesis in the pancreas, involving both parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells as shown by autoradiography. The increased cell turnover was not associated with any increase in total DNA content of the gland, indicating that the increase paralleled cell loss in response to injury caused by the surgery. By 160 days after resection of the normal pancreas, RSF feeding caused both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the remnant, but after partial resection of the enlarged gland, growth was limited to hypertrophy. These results suggest that the pancreas has a limited capacity for additional growth after that initially caused by RSF. PMID- 3189556 TI - Metabolism of gastrin and cholecystokinin by endopeptidase 24.11 from the pig stomach. AB - The purpose of this investigation is to examine the metabolism and inactivation of human and porcine gastrin 17 (nonsulfated) (G-17) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (sulfated) (CCK-8) by gastric endopeptidase 24.11. Endopeptidase 24.11 was isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody to the kidney enzyme. Peptides were incubated with endopeptidase 24.11. The digests were either fractionated by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and the products identified by amino acid analysis or they were used for bioassays. Digests of human gastrin were assayed for stimulation of acid secretion in the anesthetized rat, and cholecystokinin digests were assayed for the stimulation of amylase secretion from isolated rat pancreatic acini. Human G 17 was degraded by cleavage of the Trp4-Leu5,Ala11-Tyr12,Gly13-Trp14,Trp14 Met15, and Asp16-Phe17-NH2 bonds, and the fragments (1-16), (1-13), (1-11), (1 4), (5-11), (5-13), (12-13), (12-14), (14-16), and (17-NH2) were identified. Porcine G-17 was degraded by hydrolysis of the Ala11-Tyr12,Gly13-Trp14, and Asp16 Phe17-NH2 bonds producing (1-16), (1-13), (1-11), (12-13), (14-16), and (17-NH2) fragments. CCK-8 was degraded by hydrolysis of the Gly4-Trp5 and Asp7-Phe8-NH2 bonds, and the fragments (1-7), (1-4), (5-7), (5-8), and (8-NH2) were identified. There was a progressive decline in the biological activity with incubation time. PMID- 3189557 TI - Intestinal microvascular exchange during lipid absorption. AB - The forces and membrane coefficients governing transcapillary and lymphatic fluid fluxes were measured in the cat jejunum before and during perfusion of the gut lumen with oleic acid (5 mM) solubilized with taurocholic acid (10 mM). Net transmucosal fluid flux, lymph flow, capillary pressure (Pc), blood flow, capillary filtration coefficient (Kf,c), and lymph and plasma oncotic pressures were measured under absorptive and nonabsorptive conditions. Interstitial fluid pressure was calculated for the two conditions from measured parameters. Stimulation of lipid absorption resulted in a fivefold increase in lymph flow, a threefold increase in Kf,c, a doubling of blood flow, a 2.5 mmHg increase in Pc, and a 1.0 mmHg reduction in interstitial (lymph) oncotic pressure. Lipid absorption was associated with a 3.6 mmHg increase in interstitial fluid pressure. During lipid absorption, approximately 35% of the absorbed fluid is removed from the mucosal interstitium by lymphatics while capillaries remove the remaining 65%. The results of this study indicate that the effects of lipid absorption on microvascular and lymphatic fluid dynamics are quantitatively different than those produced by glucose absorption. These differences can be largely explained by lipid absorption-induced increases in blood flow and microvascular permeability. PMID- 3189558 TI - Methodological errors in radioisotope flux measurements. AB - We examined several sources of error in isotopic flux measurements in a commonly used experimental model: the study of 22Na and 36Cl fluxes across rat ileal tissue mounted in the Ussing flux chamber. The experiment revealed three important sources of error: the absolute counts per minute, the difference in counts per minute between serial samples, and averaging of serial samples. By computer manipulation, we then applied hypothetical changes in the experimental protocol to generalize these findings and assess the effect and interaction of the absolute counts per minute, the sampling interval, and the counting time on the magnitude of the error. We found that the error of a flux measurement will vary inversely with the counting time and the difference between the consecutive sample counts per minute used in the flux calculations and will vary directly with the absolute counts per minute of each sample. Alteration of the "hot" side specific activity, the surface area of the tissue across which flux is measured and the sample volume have a smaller impact on measurement error. Experimental protocols should be designed with these methodological considerations in mind to minimize the error inherent in measuring isotope flux. PMID- 3189559 TI - Effects of renal artery pressure on interstitial pressure and Na excretion during renal vasodilation. AB - Renal vasodilation has a marked effect on the pressure-natriuresis relationship. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) in mediating the effect of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) on urinary sodium excretion rate (UNaV) in control and vasodilated kidneys. The effects of RPP on UNaV and RIHP were determined in dogs under control conditions and during renal vasodilation with acetylcholine (Ach, 2.0 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) or secretin (SEC, 0.025 micrograms.kg-1.min-1). Decreases in RPP in control kidneys from 130 to 60 mmHg decreased UNaV from 2.9 +/- 0.1 to 0.6 +/- 0.3 microeq/min and fractional excretion of Na (FENa) from 0.15 +/- 0.08 to 0.06 +/- 0.04%. These changes were associated with significant reductions in RIHP (8.9 +/- 0.6 to 5.6 +/- 1.2 mmHg). In Ach-vasodilated kidneys, reductions in RPP from 130 to 60 mmHg decreased UNaV from 149.8 +/- 52.4 to 0.2 +/- 0.1 microeq/min and FENa from 3.42 +/- 1.18 to 0.012 +/- 0.01%. RIHP decreased from 17.8 +/- 3.4 to 8.4 +/- 1.3 mmHg, despite autoregulation of RBF. Renal vasodilation with SEC, which did not affect RIHP, had only a small effect on the relationship between RPP and UNaV. These data suggest that RIHP may be playing an important role in mediating the effect of RPP on UNaV. PMID- 3189560 TI - Importance of anion in hypotonic volume regulation of rabbit proximal straight tubule. AB - Rabbit proximal straight tubules rapidly swell to a maximum volume when abruptly immersed into hypotonic medium. However, in a second, slower phase, termed volume regulatory decrease (VRD), tubules shrink toward their basal volume due to the efflux of K, accompanying anion and water. In the present study, we investigated the nature of the anion during hypotonic volume regulation. We removed Cl and/or the HCO3 buffer to assess their relative importance in VRD, and we used furosemide, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS), and barium to investigate the nature of the transmembrane anion pathway in VRD. Isosmotic replacement of peritubular Cl with gluconate had no effect on either tubule volume in isotonic medium or the initial osmometric swelling response in hypotonic medium. However, the VRD in such Cl-depleted tubules was significantly inhibited. Control tubules regulated 81% below their maximal volume in dilute medium. By contrast, Cl-depleted tubules regulated only 39%. This inhibitory effect could not be attributed to the absence of peritubular Cl or to the presence of gluconate. The absence of the HCO3 buffer or the presence of SITS (0.5 mM) had no inhibitory effect on the rate or extent of VRD. Furosemide alone (1 mM) also had no inhibitory effect on VRD. However, whereas barium alone delays VRD, addition of furosemide to barium-treated tubules further slowed their maximal rate of fluid efflux and delayed VRD even more.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189561 TI - Ammonia loss from rat proximal tubule in vivo: effects of luminal pH and flow rate. AB - The roles of luminal pH and flow rate in determining ammonia loss from proximal tubules perfused with solutions containing 10 mM NH4Cl were examined using in vivo microperfusion. Perfusate bicarbonate concentration was varied between 5, 25, and 40 mM in tubules perfused at 50 nl/min. As expected, ammonia loss from the 25 or 40 mM bicarbonate-containing perfusates was greater than from that containing 5 mM bicarbonate. Furthermore, there was a correlation between ammonia loss and the log mean luminal bicarbonate concentration (r = 0.39, P less than 0.01). From the collected fluid ammonia and bicarbonate concentrations, the transtubular gradients for NH+4 and NH3 were estimated, allowing a calculation of the apparent permeability coefficients for NH3 (PNH3) and NH+4 (PNH+4). The calculated PNH3 of 2.2 +/- 0.5 X 10(-2) cm/s was similar to previous estimates in the rabbit; the calculated PNH+4 of 5.5 +/- 0.8 X 10(-4) cm/s was approximately 10 times that previously found in the rabbit proximal straight tubule in vitro. Next, flow rate was varied between 25 and 50 nl/min using the 5 mM bicarbonate perfusate. Ammonia loss was significantly higher from the latter. Thus these studies suggest that NH+4 loss from the proximal tubule may be an important determinant of ammonia movement along this segment. Ammonia loss is flow-rate dependent, similar to ammonia entry in previous studies. PMID- 3189562 TI - Kinetics of a novel cytosolic protein during the onset of renal epithelial cell growth. AB - Exposure of monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1 line) to medium with a reduced K concentration (3.2 mM) stimulated growth and transiently activated glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD). The increase in enzyme activity was mediated by a cytosolic modifier protein that was purified using affinity and size-exclusion chromatography, and anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. The apparent molecular mass of the protein was 62 kDa. A monospecific antibody to the protein was prepared from rabbit antiserum and used as an immunoprobe. Immunocytochemical staining and Western blotting revealed that the protein was a normal constituent of the cytosol and that it accumulated in cells exposed to low-K medium. A quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the amount of modifier protein increased progressively for up to 2 h in cells exposed to low-K medium, and then returned to the control value, a kinetic profile similar to that observed for G3PD activity. These results indicate that the modifier protein is a constituent of renal epithelial cells and accumulates transiently in the cytosol where it could regulate G3PD activity during the onset of growth induced by the low-K mitogenic signal. PMID- 3189563 TI - Glutathione protects against exogenous oxidant injury to rabbit renal proximal tubules. AB - Glutathione, comprising a major portion of cellular nonprotein thiols, plays a central role in a diverse group of cell metabolic functions. Glutathione and related enzyme systems have been shown to protect against both toxin and oxidant induced injury in several organ systems. The role of glutathione in protecting renal epithelia against oxidant stress has not been investigated previously. We report here the response of enriched, isolated rabbit renal proximal tubule segments to oxidant stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide. In addition, the effects of glutathione depletion by various biochemical means and of exogenous glutathione supplementation on the response of tubule segments to tert-butyl hydroperoxide exposure are described. Depletion of cell glutathione by several distinct methods potentiates oxidant-induced injury. Augmentation of cellular glutathione affords significant protection against exogenous oxidant stress. The protective effect of glutathione may reside in its ability, in conjunction with glutathione peroxidase, to arrest the propagation of lipid peroxidation and, therefore, to minimize alterations in plasma membrane permeability. The results of this study do not exclude the possibility that glutathione prevents tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidation of critical sulfhydryl groups of catalytic or structural proteins associated with control of cell cation homeostasis. These results confirm the important role of glutathione in protecting renal tubular epithelia against oxidant stress. PMID- 3189564 TI - Effect of an altered glutathione content on renal ischemic injury. AB - Renal ischemia and reperfusion have been shown to be associated with an enhanced renal lipid peroxidation. Because glutathione (GSH) serves to protect cells from oxidative stress, the role of GSH in renal ischemia was investigated. The content of renal GSH in the rat declined to 40% of control values during 35 min of renal artery occlusion. Renal GSH levels only partially recovered after 120 min of blood reflow. To assess the significance of this effect, renal GSH levels were altered before occlusion of the renal artery. Rats were treated with either buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) or glutathione monoethylester (GSH-ester) to lower or elevate, respectively, renal GSH levels. The ischemia-induced changes in renal ATP, ADP, and AMP after 35 min of ischemia and 90 min of blood reflow were not affected by prior alteration of renal GSH levels. The ischemia-induced decrease in the respiratory control of isolated cortex mitochondria was also unaffected. In control animals, ischemia of 35 min increased urine flow rate 3.2-fold and decreased GFR to 29% of normal values during the reflow period. Similar changes occurred in kidneys with a depleted GSH level. In kidneys with an elevated GSH, however, both urine flow rate and GFR were decreased to values 50 and 3% of normal, respectively. Morphological analysis demonstrated that ischemia produced an enhanced degree of damage with an increase in cast formation in kidneys pretreated with GSH-ester; however, the ester also produced morphological changes in nonischemic kidneys. The severity of ischemic damage was similar in kidneys with a lower GSH content when compared with controls. We conclude that renal GSH is depleted by ischemia but depletion of renal GSH with BSO before ischemia has no effect on ischemic-induced damage to the kidney. However, ischemic-induced renal dysfunction is enhanced when GSH is elevated with glutathione monoethylester before ischemia. PMID- 3189565 TI - Age-related changes in body fluid volumes in young spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - We have measured total body water (TBW, by dessiccation), extracellular fluid volume (ECF, Na2(35)SO4 space), and plasma volume (PV, radioiodinated serum albumin space) in 5-sec-butyl-5-ethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid and sodium salt (Inactin)-anesthetized spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats aged 12-60 days. Interstitial fluid volume (ISF) was calculated as ECF minus PV. Changes in TBW, ECF, and ISF were largely a function of age in both strains, which is typical of developing mammals. Further analysis revealed that although these volumes were significantly larger in SHR before 25 days of age, after 30 days no difference existed between the strains. Before 25 days of age, when SHR's TBW was expanded, no weight difference was seen between the strains. However, once TBW was normalized (after 30 days), WKY was significantly heavier than SHR. The ISF volume was preferentially enlarged in SHR, although PV was also periodically greater. ISF normalized at the time when blood pressure becomes significantly higher in SHR, when (as we have previously reported) plasma aldosterone falls to WKY values in SHR and when renal function is approaching adult levels. Thus the return of ECF (ISF) to normal values may be a result of decreased aldosterone-dependent volume retention or to diuresis induced by increasing blood pressure in an animal whose renal function is close to maturity. PMID- 3189566 TI - Enhanced cold pressor response in spontaneously hypertensive rats on high-NaCl diet. AB - This study sought to determine whether spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) on a high-NaCl diet have an enhanced pressor response to acute cold exposure and to define the peripheral mechanisms involved in the enhanced pressor response. SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats that had been on 1 and 8% NaCl diets for 3 wk were subjected to cold exposure. After a 30-min control period, animals were exposed to cold (6 +/- 2 degrees C) for 90 min. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) were measured continuously. In a separate group of SHR on 1 and 8% NaCl diets, an arginine vasopressin (AVP) V1 receptor antagonist (10 micrograms/kg iv) was given before cold exposure, and MAP was measured throughout cold exposure. Plasma AVP was measured before and during cold exposure in a separate group of SHR. During cold exposure, there was a significant increase (P less than 0.05) in MAP (25 mmHg) in SHR on the 8% NaCl diet only. In contrast, HR and LSNA increased similarly during cold exposure in both SHR and WKY on the two diets. AVP was similar in both SHR groups (7.1 pg/ml for 1% vs. 6.1 pg/ml for 8%) before cold exposure, but during cold exposure it increased in the 8% NaCl SHR only, reaching 17.6 pg/ml at 90 min. The AVP V1 antagonist completely abolished the cold stress-induced rise in MAP in SHR. Thus SHR on a high-NaCl diet have an enhanced pressor response to acute cold exposure compared with SHR on a normal NaCl diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189567 TI - Isolation of a translation-inhibiting peptide from myocardium. AB - We previously reported that an initial response to acute cardiac stress is temporary translational inhibition. Using an in vitro translational assay to follow activity, we purified a translation-inhibiting peptide (TIP) obtained from control canine hearts and hearts acutely stressed by ascending aortic banding and heat shock for 1 h. We isolated a 17-kDa peptide. The amino acid composition was determined and residues 3-20 were sequenced. Treatment of polysome preparations with TIP shifted the polysome distribution profile to that characteristic of the acutely stressed heart in which monosomes predominate. Translational inhibition acted by suppressing formation of the 80S initiation complex. Suppression curves indicate that translation is inhibited by approximately 60%, with the translation of protein over 30 kDa being highly suppressed. We postulate that translational inhibition is an essential initial reaction to acute stress that allows the cell to redirect energy into vita cell functions that permit long-term adaptation to the stress. We believe that translational inhibition is effected by intracellular activator of TIP. PMID- 3189568 TI - Total and regional blood flows in vascularized skeletal muscle grafts in rabbits. AB - The transplantation of whole skeletal muscles is a common clinical procedure. Although atypical blood flows have been reported in small free muscle grafts, the blood flow of large neurovascular-intact (NVI) and neurovascular-anastomosed (NVA) grafts have not been measured. Because the maximum specific force (N/cm2) of NVI and NVA grafts is 65% that of control muscles, we hypothesized that total and regional blood flows (ml.min-1.100g-1) of NVI and NVA grafts at rest and during twitch contractions are significantly lower than lower flows of control muscles. In rabbits, blood flows of control rectus femoris (RFM) muscles and NVI and NVA grafts of RFM muscles were measured by the radioactive-microsphere technique. In control muscles, blood flow increased linearly from 6.8 +/- 1 ml.min-1.100 g-1 at rest to 64.4 +/- 7 ml.min-1. 100 g-1 at a stimulation frequency of 3 Hz with no further increase at 4 Hz. Total blood flows in grafts were not different from the control RFM muscle values, except for a higher resting flow in NVA grafts and a lower flow at 3 Hz in NVI grafts. Minor variations in regional flows were observed. We conclude that the operative procedures of grafting and repair of blood vessels affect the vascular bed of muscles minimally, and the deficits observed in grafts do not arise from inadequate perfusion. PMID- 3189569 TI - Differential sympathetic regulation of automatic, conductile, and contractile tissue in dog heart. AB - Sympathetic pathways mediating chronotropic, dromotropic, and inotropic responses during ansae subclavia stimulation were determined by sequential dissection around major cardiac vessels. Right sympathetic (RS) projections influencing ventricular contractile force converge at the common pulmonary artery and within the pulmonary artery nerves (PAN). RS projections influencing left atrial contractile force course within the PANs. RS pathways to pacemaker and right atrial contractile tissue were localized between the superior vena cava and ascending aorta. RS projections influencing conductile tissue converge between the common pulmonary artery and proximal right pulmonary artery. Left sympathetic (LS) projections to ventricular contractile tissue were localized at the common pulmonary artery, within the PANs, and in the ventral lateral cardiac nerve (VLCN). LS pathways influencing heart rate and conductile tissue were localized at the left pulmonary artery and coursing between the right pulmonary artery and left superior pulmonary vein. LS projections to atrial contractile tissue were localized within the PANs and coursing between the right pulmonary artery and left superior pulmonary vein. We conclude that there are parallel, yet distinct, projections of sympathetic efferents to automatic, conductile, and contractile tissue of the canine heart. PMID- 3189570 TI - Acute postburn edema: role of strongly negative interstitial fluid pressure. AB - Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pif) was measured with micropipettes during the acute edema generation that followed thermal skin injury in rats. Intradermal Pif was reduced from normal level of -1 mmHg to very negative values after thermal injury. The strongly negative Pif reflects a tissue imbibition pressure created by the thermal injury. The magnitude and duration of this pressure was dependent on the extent of the injury and the availability of fluid. After in vivo injury to 10 and 40% of the total body surface area (TBSA), mean intradermal Pif was temporarily reduced to -20 and -31 mmHg, respectively. Intravenous fluid infusion resulted in a rapid return of Pif to slightly positive values. Fluid available for transfer from the circulation was reduced by inducing the injury after killing the animal (postmortem injury) and even more by the subcutaneous insertion of a plastic barrier: this led to more pronounced reductions in Pif to average minimum values of -95 and -135 mmHg, respectively. Our data show that increased tissue imbibition pressure and increased net filtration pressure (tissue mechanisms) are responsible for a major part of the acute fluid shifts into thermally injured skin. Vascular mechanisms (permeability changes and intravascular pressure) are involved in the postburn edema development but are clearly less important than hitherto believed. PMID- 3189571 TI - Pulmonary embolism: analysis of endothelial pore sizes in canine lung. AB - The effect of glass-bead microemboli (diameter 100 micron, range 77-125 micron) in the absence of fibrinolysis inhibition on pulmonary hemodynamics and microvascular permeability was determined in anesthetized, microfilaria-free dogs acutely prepared for the collection of lung lymph. Pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary capillary pressure (Pc), lymph flow (QL), and the ratio of lymph (CL) to plasma (Cp) protein concentrations were measured after 0.2 (n = 4), 0.4 (n = 6), or 0.6 (n = 3) g/kg beads. In all cases, emboli increased resistance and QL severalfold (P less than 0.05), while CL/Cp remained unchanged. In part, the increase in QL could be attributed to an increase in Pc compared with control (12.4 +/- 2.2 vs. 6.7 +/- 0.6 mmHg, P less than 0.05). Furthermore, since the solvent-drag reflection coefficient (sigma f) for total proteins approaches the osmotic reflection coefficient (sigma d) at high QL, sigma d was estimated under these conditions with sigma f approximately equal to sigma d approximately equal to 1 - (CL/Cp)min. The sigma d was decreased (P less than 0.05) after 0.4 and 0.6 g/kg beads to 0.55 +/- 0.03 and 0.50 +/- 0.07, respectively, when compared with that in control lungs (sigma d = 0.62 +/- 0.02; Parker et al., Circ. Res. 48: 549 561, 1981). A pore-stripping analysis demonstrated that after emboli the pulmonary endothelial barrier could be described by a population of small (80 A) and large (350 A) pores. However, the number of large to small pores was 1:1,195, compared with 1:195 in control lungs, suggesting an increased contribution of extra-alveolar vessels upstream of the emboli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189572 TI - Naloxone alters organ perfusion during endotoxin shock in conscious rats. AB - Antagonism of endogenous opioids has been shown to improve survival time, increase blood pressure, and attenuate acidosis during endotoxin shock. However, some of the most severe problems associated with this condition arise from the circulatory disturbances that occur. We investigated the circulatory effects of naloxone during endotoxin shock as they relate to hemodynamic parameters in conscious, unrestrained rats. Blood flow and hemodynamic variables were measured in male, Sprague-Dawley rats (300-400 g) 24 h after surgical preparation. Rats were challenged with either 10 mg/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin (100% lethal dose) or intravenous saline. Measurements were made at 0, 10, 30, and 60 min postchallenge. Naloxone (2 mg/kg) or saline was given as a treatment (intravenous bolus) at 25 min postchallenge. Cardiac output and blood distribution (%CO) and flow were measured with radiolabeled microspheres. Cardiac output was depressed and total peripheral resistance was elevated 10 min into endotoxin shock. Naloxone treatment improved blood pressure significantly during endotoxin shock, as would be expected with the observed increase in total peripheral vascular resistance and no significant change in cardiac output. Improved perfusion of skeletal muscle is a likely explanation for lower serum lactate levels that have been reported to occur in this model after naloxone administration. Our data also indicate that naloxone may improve cardiac efficiency and does not interfere with maintenance of global cerebral blood flow. Collectively, these effects would contribute to the observed improved survival time after naloxone treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189573 TI - Control of bat wing capillary pressure and blood flow during reduced perfusion pressure. AB - Regulation of blood flow depends on changes in the sum of arterial (Ra) and venous (Rv) resistances, whereas regulation of capillary pressure (Pc) depends on the ratio of Rv to Ra. If the myogenic response of the arterial system (i.e., delta Ra) is the primary mechanism for controlling pressure and flow when perfusion pressure is lowered, then Pc and total flow should be regulated to the same degree under these conditions. This hypothesis was tested by making direct measurements of Pc and flow in skin and skeletal muscle in the wings of unanesthetized bats. The box method was used to reduce perfusion pressure to the wing. Pressures were measured with a servo-null system; flows were computed from measurements of vascular diameters and red cell velocities using intravital microscopy. All branching orders of arterioles dilated significantly during decreases in box pressure (Pb). For 0 less than Pb less than or equal to -30 mmHg, total flow (1st-order arteriolar flow) remained nearly constant, whereas Pc was "regulated" only approximately 60%. These results cannot be explained by changes in arteriolar resistance alone and suggest that changes in Rv may be important. The possible consequences of flow redistribution, capillary recruitment, and micropressure sampling procedures are discussed in relationship to local regulation of capillary pressure and flow. PMID- 3189574 TI - Pulmonary and systemic blood flow contributions to upper airways in canine lung. AB - The blood flow contributions and drainage patterns of the pulmonary and systemic circulations in the upper airways (trachea and main bronchi) were assessed in anesthetized dogs by injecting 15-micron radiolabeled microspheres into the right and left heart, respectively. After the animals were killed, the tracheal cartilage, tracheal muscle-mucosa, and main bronchi were excised. The tracheal cartilage and tracheal muscle-mucosa were divided into lower, middle, and upper segments for blood flow determinations. The pulmonary contribution to tracheal blood flow was very small, averaging only 0.6 +/- 0.3 ml.min-1.100 g-1 (means +/- SE), being higher in the lower segments. The systemic contribution to these same tracheal regions was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher, averaging 20.9 +/- 5.5 ml.min-1.100 g-1 (means +/- SE) and higher in the upper segments. The pulmonary and systemic circulations each contributed approximately 50% to the main bronchi blood flow, which averaged 11.2 +/- 4.2 ml.min-1.100 g-1 (means +/- SE). The pulmonary blood flow contribution alone to the trachea and main bronchi was also determined in subsequent experiments that utilized the isolated lung, and these blood flows were not significantly different from the pulmonary contribution measured in the intact lungs. The present results indicate that the systemic (bronchial) circulation is the primary source of tracheal blood flow and that both the pulmonary and systemic circulations may contribute approximately 50% of the blood flow to the main bronchi in dog lungs. PMID- 3189575 TI - Isochronal behavior in left ventricular systolic pressure-wall thickness relations. AB - Regional left ventricular systolic pressure-thickness relations have been used to assess regional load-insensitive contractility with the assumption that they possess linear isochrones that are fundamental to the time-varying elastance model of global pressure-volume relations. We examined the shape and time-varying behavior of pressure-thickness isochrones in six open-chest canine preparations. Transmural wall thickening (sonomicrometry) and ventricular pressure were altered by abrupt preload alterations during control, dobutamine, and propranolol. In all dogs and interventions, linear isochrones (r2 mean +/- SE = 0.91 +/- 0.11) were found at 5-ms intervals. During control, linear isochrone slope rose monotonically from onset to end of systole. Thickness-axis intercepts also varied continuously in time, but peak intercept and maximal slope were asynchronous. Dobutamine caused a steeper earlier maximum slope and increased slope-intercept asynchrony. Propranolol reduced maximum slope and slope-intercept asynchrony. Isochronal data during early systole were better fitted to a parabolic than to the linear model; however, fits to linear and parabolic models were equally good near end of systole. Linear isochronal behavior exists in systolic pressure thickness relations especially near end systole and is maintained during modest inotropic alterations. PMID- 3189576 TI - Effects of arterial hypoxia and isoproterenol on in vitro postnatal intestinal circulation. AB - We have previously speculated that intestinal vasodilation and hyperemia that occur in response to moderate arterial hypoxia in newborn swine in vivo are mediated by factors intrinsic to the intestinal circulation. To test this speculation, we vascularly perfused in vitro loops of jejunum from postnatal swine with control (PO2 98 +/- 4 mmHg) and hypoxic (PO2 38 +/- 2 mmHg) blood obtained from donor swine. In response to hypoxic perfusion, jejunal vascular resistance decreased 12 +/- 2, 13 +/- 3, 33 +/- 5, and 42 +/- 3% in in vitro loops from 1-, 7-, 14-, and 30-day-old swine, respectively, whereas jejunal oxygen uptake decreased 53 +/- 6, 29 +/- 6, 31 +/- 4, and 13 +/- 6% in these age groups. To clarify whether this age-dependent vasodilation was unique to the stimulus of arterial hypoxia or a response characteristic of the postnatal swine intestine to other vasodilator stimuli, we also determined the effect of intra arterial isoproterenol infusion at rates of 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 micrograms/min on jejunal hemodynamics and oxygenation in vitro. In jejunal loops taken from 7- and 30-day-old swine, isoproterenol caused a similar degree of vasodilation at each drug-infusion rate. We conclude that vasodilation of the postnatal swine intestine in response to moderate arterial hypoxia is mediated, at least in part, by intrinsic vascular regulation. We speculate that the age dependency of hypoxic vasodilation may reflect a relative inability of the intestine from very young swine to respond to the stimulus of arterial hypoxia. PMID- 3189577 TI - Lymph flow during increases in pulmonary blood flow and microvascular pressure in dogs. AB - We studied the effects of an increase in pulmonary blood flow (PBF) on steady state lung lymph flow (QL) and protein transport in anesthetized dogs (n = 7) to estimate the effect of vascular recruitment in zone 3 on transvascular filtration. At the end of each experiment, we increased left atrial pressure to 25-30 mmHg using a balloon catheter and obtained a washdown of the lymph protein concentration. PBF was increased with an extracorporeal circuit, which pumped blood from the left to the right atrium, and increases in pulmonary capillary pressure (Pc) were minimized by lowering left atrial pressure. PBF was measured by thermodilution, and Pc was measured by transient analysis of arterial occlusion pressure with a Swan-Ganz catheter. PBF increases averaged 78% with increases ranging from 36 to 118%. Pc increases ranged from 0.5 to 6.3 mmHg, and QL increases averaged 31% with changes ranging from -2 to +138%. We observed a 16% increase in QL for each 1-mmHg increase in Pc during increased PBF, which was comparable to the relationship previously observed after an increased left atrial pressure. Lymph-to-plasma total protein concentration ratios (CL/CP) decreased from 0.71 +/- 0.04 to 0.625 +/- 0.06 during increased PBF. The relationship between CL/CP, QL, and Pc for both increased blood flow and increased left atrial pressure were within the expected range for increased pressure alone. These data suggest that there was minimal vascular recruitment for transvascular filtration in zone 3 when pulmonary blood flow was increased. Microvascular filtration pressure was the main determinant of fluid and protein transvascular filtration under these conditions. PMID- 3189578 TI - Pulmonary hypertension due to monocrotaline pyrrole is reduced by moderate thrombocytopenia. AB - To elucidate further the role of the platelet in the development of monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP)-induced lung injury and pulmonary hypertension, MCTP-treated rats were made thrombocytopenic by cotreatment with an anti-rat platelet serum (PAS). Lung injury was assessed from increases in lung weight, lavage fluid protein concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity and from accumulation in lung tissue of 125I-labeled albumin. These indexes of injury were not different in MCTP-treated rats with normal or reduced platelet numbers at day 4,8, or 14. In MCTP-treated rats not receiving the PAS, pulmonary arterial pressure was elevated by day 8. However, pulmonary arterial pressure was the same as controls at both day 8 and day 14 in MCTP-treated rats made moderately thrombocytopenic by cotreatment with PAS. More marked reduction of platelet number abolished the protective effect of thrombocytopenia against pulmonary hypertension. In a separate series of experiments, treatment with antibodies to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a potential mediator in the response to MCTP-induced injury, did not protect rats from the cardiopulmonary effects of MCTP. These data indicate that moderate reduction of the number of circulating platelets prevents MCTP-induced pulmonary hypertension but not MCTP-induced lung injury, suggesting that the platelet is involved in the pulmonary hypertensive response to MCTP induced lung injury by unknown mechanisms. PMID- 3189579 TI - Carotid sinus pressure and plasma vasopressin in anesthetized rabbits. AB - The arterial baroreceptors are known to influence the release of vasopressin, but the quantitative relationship between baroreceptor stimulation and plasma vasopressin concentration has not been defined. These experiments examine the effect of stepwise changes in carotid sinus pressure (40-160 mmHg) on the plasma concentration of vasopressin in chloralose-urethan anesthetized rabbits. Plasma vasopressin concentration (9.2 +/- 1.2 pg/ml, n = 27) did not change in response to changes in carotid sinus pressure when the aortic depressor nerves were intact. These results were unaltered by bilateral cervical vagotomy. However, after aortic depressor nerve section, decreases in carotid sinus pressure were associated with increases in plasma vasopressin concentration. There appeared to be a greater redundancy in the baroreceptor control of plasma vasopressin than in the baroreceptor control of arterial pressure or heart rate. The results provided no evidence that receptors with vagal afferents have a tonic influence on the baroreceptor control of vasopressin release in the anesthetized rabbit. PMID- 3189580 TI - An approach to measuring cardiac output with Doppler flow probes in conscious rats. AB - The continuous measurement of cardiac output in conscious rats is difficult. Previously, Doppler flow probes have been applied to the ascending aorta by means of silicone cuffs. The placement of these cuffs can conceivably introduce errors engendered by the destruction of nerve fibers that are important in cardiac autonomic innervation. We report a novel method of Doppler flow-probe attachment directly to the ascending aorta by means of a polyacrylic cement. When we compared the response with baroreceptor activation with methoxamine and nitroprusside in conscious rats equipped either with probes attached via cuffs or directly via cement, we observed that animals equipped with cuffs failed to give the expected cardiac output and heart rate responses after nitroprusside administration. In contrast, animals that had their probes attached with cement displayed the expected responses. The data not only show that probes applied with cement give a result superior to probes attached with cuffs but also verify the suspicion that the ascending aorta is associated with nerve fibers that are important in mediating baroreceptor responses. PMID- 3189581 TI - Muscarinic regulation of pulmonary intravascular volume in isolated canine lungs. AB - The influence of acetylcholine on pulmonary intravascular volume has not been clearly identified. In 14 anesthetized dogs, the pulmonary circulation was separately perfused in situ at a constant rate and drained to an extracorporeal reservoir, so that changes in total pulmonary intravascular volume could be recorded as reciprocal changes in reservoir volume. In eight animals, acetylcholine at 100 micrograms/min for 20 min was associated with increases in pulmonary intravascular volume (PIV) and pulmonary arterial pressure of 41 +/- 5 (SE) ml (P less than 0.001) and 2.0 +/- 0.0 mmHg (P less than 0.001; 11 infusions), respectively. These responses were abolished after atropine (6 infusions). In six animals, pulmonary venous pressure was also measured, so that total pulmonary (TPR), pulmonary arterial (PAR), and pulmonary venous (PVR) resistances could be calculated. TPR and PVR increased from 21 +/- 2 to 24 +/- 3 (P less than 0.001) and from 7 +/- 1 to 11 +/- 1 mmHg.min.l-1 (P less than 0.001), respectively, while PAR did not change significantly (6 infusions). In three of the six animals, these changes were abolished by atropine (6 infusions). In the other three animals, PIV increased 56 +/- 11 ml (P less than 0.001) before and 47 +/- 6 ml (P less than 0.001) after indomethacin. The acetylcholine associated increases in TPR and PVR were also not significantly attenuated after indomethacin. Hence, muscarinic receptor stimulation with acetylcholine is associated with an increase in pulmonary intravascular volume, which is mediated by an increase in resistance to pulmonary venous outflow. These changes are not due to release of prostanoids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189582 TI - Effective diameter as a determinant of local vascular resistance in presence of vasomotion. AB - The mean resistance of arterioles exhibiting rhythmic changes in diameter (vasomotion) depends on the mean vascular diameter and the amplitude and shape of the vasomotion pattern. The effective diameter, defined as the diameter of a tube with constant diameter and the same vascular resistance as the vessel showing vasomotion, was calculated using Poiseuille's law. The effective diameter was used to compare the results of model calculations of square wave, sinusoidal, and triangular vasomotion patterns with those obtained from rabbit tenuissimus muscle arterioles. Due to the variability of the actual vasomotion waveforms, approximation of the effective diameter using the mean diameter, the relative vasomotion amplitude, and an assumed waveform led to erroneous results. Therefore, effective diameter should be calculated directly from the actual arteriolar diameter tracings to take into account all irregularities in the vasomotion pattern. PMID- 3189583 TI - Concerning reflex summation. AB - A simple, linear, noninteractive model of the reflex control of blood pressure was developed to demonstrate that simple linear addition of the responses of the baroreceptor reflexes can produce observations that appear to have resulted from a redundant control system. Our analysis indicated that common experimental paradigms such as hemorrhage with sequential reflex ablation, which are often used to evaluate reflex interactions, can be simply interpreted. Complex nonlinear interactions need not be postulated to explain data that appear to indicate a redundant control system. PMID- 3189584 TI - Optimal external power or efficiency? PMID- 3189585 TI - Endogenous opiate modulation of baroreflexes in normotensive and hypertensive rats. AB - It is evident that hypertension is associated with elevated endogenous opiates. This study was designed to examine the role of endogenous opiates in the development and/or maintenance of two-kidney renovascular hypertension and in baroreceptor reflex function in conscious hypertensive rats. Naloxone administration during the onset of hypertension significantly attenuated the rise in blood pressure. After one week, systolic blood pressure in naloxone-treated rats was 27 mmHg lower than in 0.9% NaCl-treated hypertensive rats. Acute naloxone infusions in chronic hypertensive animals also significantly lowered blood pressure (-10%) and heart rate (-26%). Baroreceptor function was significantly enhanced in both normotensive (+135%) and hypertensive (+207%) rats after administration of naloxone. Furthermore, naloxone treatment also caused the baroreflex response to shift from the higher reset state toward that seen in normotensive counterparts. The inability of naloxone methyl bromide to alter baroreflex sensitivity indicates that the site(s) of action of opiates resides in the brain. These data support a role for opiates in the development and/or maintenance of renovascular hypertension, which may be related to alterations in baroreceptor reflex function. PMID- 3189586 TI - Effects of ischemic conditions and reperfusion on depolarization-induced automaticity. AB - The inducibility of slow-response automaticity was assessed during ischemic conditions and reperfusion by application of extracellular current. Isolated canine Purkinje fibers were depolarized to membrane potentials less than -65 mV to elicit depolarization-induced automaticity (DIA). Ischemic conditions increased the cycle length of DIA and, in some tissues, prevented sustained DIA or completely abolished DIA. The magnitude of depolarization required to elicit DIA also increased. Inhibition of DIA occurred at a time when action potential plateaus were abbreviated. The effect of reperfusion on DIA was biphasic. Initial reappearance of DIA was followed by inhibition and reduction of the membrane potential range over which DIA could be elicited. Plateaus of action potentials initiated at high membrane potential were abbreviated at this time. DIA returned again as reperfusion effects dissipated. Phasic changes in the inducibility of DIA may represent changes in availability of the slow inward current and may regulate the timing and types of arrhythmic activity occurring with ischemia and reperfusion. PMID- 3189587 TI - Effects of hemorrhage on vasopressin and Met-Enk releases in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in dogs. AB - To assess whether hemorrhagic shock causes simultaneous release of methionine enkephalin-like substance (MELS) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) both in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and circulating blood, continuous bleeding at a rate of 1 ml.kg-1.min-1 was undertaken for 40 min in anesthetized dogs (n = 6) and mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured. In a time control study (n = 6), hemorrhage was omitted. Plasma AVP and MELS concentrations did not differ from CSF AVP and MELS in the control period in either the hemorrhage or the control groups. In the hemorrhage group, plasma AVP increased at 20 min and thereafter during the hemorrhagic shock, and plasma MELS increased at 30 and 40 min. No changes in AVP and MELS in the CSF occurred during hemorrhage, except a rise in AVP at 40 min. In the control group, AVP and MELS in the plasma and CSF did not change during the study, except for a rise in CSF AVP at 40 min. MELS was found in three forms: its large-molecular-weight form, methionine enkephalin, and metabolite; but the large-molecular-weight form was only observed in the CSF. These results showed that hemorrhage increases circulating MELS and AVP, but not MELS and AVP in the CSF, except for a slight rise in AVP during severe hypotension. PMID- 3189588 TI - Polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid enhances rabbit slow-wave sleep. AB - Drowsiness and fever are common symptoms of many viral diseases. It has been postulated that double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during viral replication may cause these symptoms by direct toxic effects or by inducing interferon (IFN) or other cytokine production. Polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C), a pyrogenic and IFN-inducing synthetic dsRNA, and polyriboadenylic:polyribouridylic acid (poly A:U), a less effective pyrogen and IFN-inducing substance, were used as models of viral dsRNA to further characterize the physiological response to dsRNA. Poly I:C was injected either intravenously or intracerebroventricularly into rabbits, and electroencephalograph, body movement, and brain temperature were monitored over the next 6 h; blood samples were taken 24 h postinjection. Poly I:C increased slow-wave sleep duration, suppressed rapid-eye-movement sleep, and induced fever but failed to raise plasma Cu. Dose-dependent responses occurred after intravenous or intracerebroventricular injections; minimal effective doses were 0.3 micrograms/kg (iv) and 1.0 ng (icv). Poly A:U failed to alter the sleep or temperature parameters measured. Responses elicited by poly I:C were distinct from those elicited by bacterial products, e.g., endotoxin enhances plasma Cu levels, thus implying different mechanisms. We conclude that poly I:C enhances slow-wave sleep and body temperature without provoking the acute-phase rise in plasma Cu. These effects may be initiated through an IFN mediated process. PMID- 3189589 TI - Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure during pressure natriuresis in hypertension. AB - The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that changes in renal perfusion pressure (RPP) are not fully transmitted to the renal interstitium in spontaneous hypertension in comparison with normotensive states. Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were used in this study. Renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure (RIHP) was measured directly and continuously via a polyethylene matrix that was implanted chronically in the left kidney 3 wk before RIHP measurement. When RPP was allowed to increase from 136 +/ 0.5 to 162 +/- 1.3 mmHg in male spontaneously hypertensive rats, RIHP was not significantly changed from 3.7 +/- 0.9 to 4.6 +/- 1.1 mmHg, and fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) increased significantly from 0.26 +/- 0.12 to 0.65 +/- 0.15% (P less than 0.05). When RPP was allowed to change from 104 +/- 0.9 to 127 +/- 1.3 mmHg in male Wistar-Kyoto rats, RIHP increased markedly from 4.0 +/- 0.3 to 7.2 +/- 0.4 mmHg (P less than 0.05), and FENa was significantly elevated from 0.27 +/- 0.08 to 2.02 +/- 0.55% (P less than 0.05). In conclusion, spontaneously hypertensive rats have a blunted increase in RIHP and pressure natriuresis response in comparison with Wistar-Kyoto rats. Thus, in Okamoto spontaneously hypertensive rats, the effect of RPP on RIHP is attenuated, leading to a blunted pressure natriuresis response. PMID- 3189590 TI - Allometry of the kidney: implications for the ontogeny of osmoregulation. AB - In reptiles, there are two pairs of kidneys at birth: the mesonephros and the metanephros. The metanephric kidney in reptiles, as in all amniote vertebrates, is retained as the functional kidney in adults. However, the reptilian mesonephros does not degenerate until after birth, and its function during this time is unknown. In neonates of the iguanid lizard Sceloporus jarrovi, the metanephric kidney is only 63% as large as predicted from the allometric relationship between kidney mass and body mass in adults. However, the kidney mass of neonatal lizards conforms to this prediction if the mesonephric and metanephric masses are combined. Some other amniote vertebrates appear to follow this pattern as well: in marsupials, which retain the mesonephros for a short period after birth, the sum of mesonephric and metanephric mass in neonates conforms to the allometry of kidney mass on body mass for adults. In contrast, the mesonephros of eutherian mammals is degenerate at birth and the metanephric kidney alone is of the predicted size. That the scaling of kidney mass in neonatal lizards and marsupials is the same as that of adults only if the mass of both the mesonephros and metanephros are combined suggests that the mesonephric kidney in these vertebrates plays a significant role in the regulation of water and ion balance during development and for at least a short time after birth. PMID- 3189591 TI - Brain tissue elastic behavior and experimental brain compression. AB - This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the progressive expansion of an extradural mass causes detectable changes in brain mechanical response properties, in particular the nonlinear elastic behavior, before any significant changes in intracranial cerebrospinal fluid pressure can be detected. In 10 chronically prepared and anesthetized dogs, incremental inflation (0.07 ml/s) of an extradural balloon caused 1) a progressive fall in the brain nonlinear elastic parameter (G0, mmHg/mm2), 2) nonsignificant changes in brain tissue elasticity (G0, mmHg/mm), 3) a disproportionate progressive rise in subpial tension, and 4) a progressive fall in local cerebral blood flow (H2 clearance), despite a modest decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure (extracranial). In previous brain compression experiments (Brain Res. 305: 141-143, 1984) we have shown that the compression site becomes compacted and stiffer (increased G0) and its nonlinear elastic parameter (G0) increases markedly. These earlier findings, coupled with the present observation of a loss in tissue nonlinearity distally to the compression site, are most likely the major mechanisms by which, with a rapidly expanding intracranial mass, tissue pressure gradients and brain displacement, including transtentorial herniation, develop. PMID- 3189592 TI - Peak duration of serum melatonin and short-day responses in adult Siberian hamsters. AB - Long photoperiod-housed, adult Siberian hamsters were pinealectomized and given daily subcutaneous infusions of melatonin (MEL) to determine which characteristic of the MEL secretion profile is critical for short photoperiod-induced physiological responses. Long-duration MEL infusions (10 or 12 h) given for 5 wk elicited short-day-type responses [i.e., decreased body, testes, and epididymal white adipose tissue (EPIWAT) weights, EPIWAT lipoprotein lipase activity, carcass lipid content, and serum follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin levels]. In contrast, short- or intermediate-duration (5 or 8 h) MEL infusions or saline infusions were without effect. Long-duration MEL infusions elicited short day-type responses independently of both the time of day when MEL was administered and of the MEL dose if the latter was greater than or equal to 6.25 ng MEL/daily infusion. The continuity of the 10-h MEL infusions was important for triggering short-day-type responses; 10-h MEL infusions interrupted at their midpoint by 2 h of no infusion were ineffective even though dose and total duration were held constant. The body and lipid mass decreases were independent of the gonads, since castrated and gonad-intact hamsters responded similarly to the daily 10-h MEL infusions. Decreased body weight resulting from long-duration MEL infusions were never accompanied by decreased food intake. We conclude that the peak nocturnal duration of MEL is the critical parameter of the MEL secretion profile for triggering short-day-induced responses in adult Siberian hamsters. PMID- 3189593 TI - Area postrema stimulation induced cardiovascular changes in the rat. AB - The studies described here have utilized electrical stimulation techniques to examine the effects of activation of neural elements within the area postrema (AP) on cardiovascular control mechanisms. A total of 45 urethananesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in these experiments. Low-frequency electrical stimulation (10 Hz, 200 microA) in the AP resulted in rapid onset (less than 2 s), short-lasting (less than 5 s after end of stimulation) decreases in mean arterial blood pressure (-34.8 +/- 2.7 mmHg, n = 17 rats). In contrast, similar stimulation in the adjacent nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) caused similarly timed increases in blood pressure (+43.1 +/- 6.7 mmHg, n = 5 rats). Activation of neural elements within the AP was found to significantly (Student's t test, P less than 0.01) reduce heart rate, an effect that was also specific to the AP site as similar stimulation in the NTS was without effect. These data support an important role for AP in cardiovascular control mechanisms. They demonstrate that stimulation in AP results in rapid reversible decreases in mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Such findings further emphasise the potential roles of this circumventricular structure in autonomic control mechanisms. PMID- 3189594 TI - Paraventricular nucleus stimulation causes gastroduodenal mucosal necrosis in the rat. AB - The effects of stimulation in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus on the development of gastrointestinal ulceration have been examined in urethan-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Electrical stimulation (200 microA, 60 Hz, 100-microseconds pulse width) in the PVN was performed for 1 h, after which samples of the stomach and duodenum were fixed for subsequent histological assessment of damage. Such damage was scored, blindly, on a 0 (normal) to 3 (severe) scale. Stimulation in the PVN resulted in necrosis and hemorrhage in both the stomach (mean damage score of 1.8 +/- 0.3) and duodenum (1.7 +/- 0.4). In contrast, similar stimulation in regions immediately adjacent to the PVN was found to be without significant effect on the stomach (0.3 +/- 0.1) or duodenum (0.6 +/- 0.2). In a second series of studies PVN stimulation following bilateral vagotomy resulted in damage scores (stomach: 0.2 +/- 0.1; duodenum: 0.1 +/- 0.1) that were significantly reduced compared with the PVN stimulated vagal-intact group (P less than 0.05) but were not significantly different from the group stimulated in regions outside the PVN (P greater than 0.1). These data suggest an important role for PVN efferents influencing medullary vagal preganglionic neurons in the development of acute gastroduodenal ulceration. PMID- 3189595 TI - Clustering of teenage suicides after television news stories about suicides: a reconsideration. AB - A recent study reported a significant increase in teenage suicides after television newscasts about suicide in the period 1973-1979 and suggested that the increase might have resulted from an imitative effect of television. In the present study, the authors found no significant association between newscasts and subsequent teenage suicides over the period 1973-1984. Although teenage suicides increased after newscasts in 1973-1980, the authors identify reasons why this increase is not consistent with an imitative effect of television. Furthermore, during 1981-1984 teenage suicides decreased after newscasts about suicide; the reversal differs significantly from the association before 1981. PMID- 3189596 TI - Family planning and child mental health in China: the Nanjing Survey. AB - The authors studied the impact of China's one-child-per-couple family planning policy on child development in 697 preschool children in the city of Nanjing and in two rural areas surrounding Nanjing. A home-visit questionnaire survey including a Chinese version of Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist was used. The behavior problem profiles of children who were their parents' only children and those who had siblings were compared, revealing a significant difference between girls who were only children and those who had siblings. Girls who were only children tended to have slightly higher scores on the factors of depression, moody, and temper. PMID- 3189597 TI - DSM-III and DSM-III-R diagnoses of autism. AB - The authors examined the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of DSM-III and DSM-III-R criteria for autism in relation to each other and to clinical diagnoses in 114 children and adults (52 diagnosed by clinicians' best judgment as autistic and 62 as nonautistic but developmentally disordered). They used a standard, structured coding scheme to evaluate each patient. The reliability of specific criteria was generally high. Although DSM-III criteria were highly specific, they were less sensitive; the reverse was true for DSM-III-R. The authors conclude that the diagnostic concept of autism in DSM-III-R appears to have been substantially broadened. PMID- 3189599 TI - Changing diagnostic criteria. PMID- 3189598 TI - Developing minimal national standards for clinical experience in psychiatric training. AB - There are no minimum standards for the clinical training of psychiatrists with regard to the type and number of patients evaluated or treated. Interest in establishing such standards derives from a need for greater accountability, a high fail rate on the clinical portion of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology examinations, and an increasing demand for precise documentation of competence in specific areas by hospital privileging committees. Although considerable disagreement exists as to what the overall requirements should be, some minimum requirements can be agreed on. The authors discuss concerns about minimal standards and make suggestions for further development of standards. PMID- 3189600 TI - Determinants of emergency psychiatric admission for adolescents and adults. AB - The authors compared correlates of admission for 100 patients older than 18 years and 100 patients younger than 18 evaluated in a psychiatric emergency service. Stepwise linear logistic regression analysis identified a combination of variables that best predicted the odds of hospitalization for each group. For adolescents, these variables, in order of importance, were suicidal tendencies, physical abuse, a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia, age, and number of suicide attempts. For adults, the variables were delusions, aggressive behavior, suicidal tendencies, and a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia or affective disorder. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for acute psychiatric treatment of adolescents. PMID- 3189601 TI - Intent and lethality of suicide attempts among female borderline inpatients. AB - Data relevant to variations in self-destructive behavior are reported for 40 female borderline inpatients. These data were assessed in relation to measures of the patients' suicidal intent, the lethality of their attempts, and their empirically derived suicide risk. Variation in the seriousness of suicide attempts was accounted for primarily by age, number of suicide attempts, presence of an eating disorder, psychotic features, and family history variables, with generalized anxiety disorder as a mitigating factor. In addition to age and number of attempts, concomitant histrionic and antisocial features were differentially predictive of the empirically derived risk of suicide. PMID- 3189602 TI - Thyroid disorders in female psychiatric patients with panic disorder or agoraphobia. AB - The authors interviewed 144 consecutive female psychiatric patients and found that those with a lifetime history of either panic disorder or agoraphobia with panic attacks (panic/agoraphobia) were more likely than other patients to report a history of hyperthyroidism or goiter in themselves and in their first-degree relatives. A personal history of hyperthyroidism or goiter was found almost exclusively in the subgroup of patients with panic/agoraphobia who also had a lifetime history of major depression. PMID- 3189603 TI - Risk of malignant hyperthermia among patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome and their families. AB - The occurrence of malignant hyperthermia in 20 patients who had had neuroleptic malignant syndrome and in their 108 first-degree relatives was retrospectively studied. The patients had experienced a total of 20 courses of ECT and 12 surgical operations in which drugs that can cause malignant hyperthermia were used, but no cases of malignant hyperthermia had occurred, and no cases had occurred in the 37 relatives who had undergone surgery or ECT. The authors conclude that patients who have had malignant neuroleptic syndrome are not at considerably greater risk than others for developing malignant hyperthermia during surgery or ECT; the clinical data suggest that the two disorders are not related. PMID- 3189604 TI - Treatment opportunities on a consultation/liaison service. AB - The amount of time consultation psychiatrists in a large metropolitan teaching hospital spent providing direct services was studied over 1,104 consecutive consultation cases. Although the majority of cases required less than 5 hours of psychiatric time apiece, more than 10% of these cases each received more than 10 hours of direct services. This finding has important implications for understanding the types of psychiatric services provided to hospitalized medical/surgical patients. PMID- 3189605 TI - Blitz rape and confidence rape: a typology applied to 1,000 consecutive cases. AB - The case records of 1,000 consecutive rape victims seen at a crisis center were analyzed to identify important categories of rape victimization. The most noteworthy finding was a replication and extension of the blitz rape and confidence rape typology. The distinction between these two types of rape corresponded to a series of significant differences in the victims' characteristics, the rape settings, the victims' activities before they were raped, the assailants' characteristics, and the victims' immediate responses to the assaults. The authors discuss the implications of these differences with respect to specific strategies of outreach and treatment for victims of different types of rape. PMID- 3189606 TI - Cacosmia and neurobehavioral dysfunction associated with occupational exposure to mixtures of organic solvents. AB - This study examined the interrelationships among occupational exposure to mixtures of organic solvents, neurobehavioral functioning, and complaints of cacosmia. The latter was defined as nausea, headaches, and subjective distress in individuals exposed to neutral environmental odors. The authors administered a battery of cognitive tests to men with and without a history of solvent exposure and found exposed workers to be impaired across a wide range of cognitive domains. Multiple regression analyses of exposed workers demonstrated a highly significant relationship between a history of cacosmia and performance decrements on measures of learning and memory. PMID- 3189607 TI - A comparison of DSM-III and DSM-III-R schizophrenia. AB - The authors compared DSM-III and DSM-III-R definitions of schizophrenia among 532 inpatients treated in a long-term residential setting and reevaluated an average of 15 years later. Largely by excluding those with nonbizarre delusions (somatic, grandiose, or religious) without hallucinations, DSM-III-R reduced the number of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia by 10%. With the exception of the sign and symptom variables used to define them, the DSM-III schizophrenic patients included (N = 164) and excluded (N = 18) by DSM-III-R did not differ with respect to demographic, premorbid, or long-term outcome characteristics. The authors argue that frequent changes in diagnostic schemes in the absence of evidence of improved validity are likely to impede progress in research. PMID- 3189608 TI - Panic disorder in psychiatrically hospitalized children. AB - In a sample of 136 psychiatrically hospitalized children, panic disorder was identified in four boys and three girls. Six had separation anxiety disorder, and four had depressive disorders. This report documents the occurrence of panic disorder in children. PMID- 3189609 TI - A comparison of three measures for the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. AB - Three instruments for diagnosing borderline personality disorder were administered to 22 outpatients. There was poor concordance among the indexes for the identification of the disorder, and more than half of the sample received more than two DSM-III axis II diagnoses. PMID- 3189610 TI - Effect of phototherapy on spontaneous eye blink rate in subjects with seasonal affective disorder. AB - Eye blink rate was measured in four subjects with seasonal affective disorder and in four control subjects before and after phototherapy. The subjects with seasonal disorder blinked twice as often as the control subjects before therapy but no differently after phototherapy. PMID- 3189611 TI - The ear wigglers: tics of the ear in 10 patients. AB - The author describes 10 patients with tics of the ear. The pathogenesis of this disorder is uncertain, but psychological factors may play an important role. This may be the first report of this disorder in the English literature. PMID- 3189612 TI - Depression and photophobic behavior. PMID- 3189613 TI - Effect of trifluoperazine on CSF and plasma HVA levels in schizophrenic subjects. PMID- 3189614 TI - Depression and panic. PMID- 3189615 TI - Correlates of premenstrual syndrome. PMID- 3189616 TI - Polysomnography in the diagnosis of chronic insomnia. PMID- 3189617 TI - Pharmacotherapy for PTSD. PMID- 3189618 TI - Hypnotizability and PTSD. PMID- 3189619 TI - PTSD in refugees. PMID- 3189620 TI - Suicide in New York City nursing homes: 1980-1986. PMID- 3189621 TI - Depressions "secondary to" other illnesses. PMID- 3189622 TI - Early family experiences and later social supports. PMID- 3189624 TI - Beliefs and theoretical constructs in psychiatry. PMID- 3189623 TI - Problems in public psychiatric organizations. PMID- 3189625 TI - Ways of dealing with a malpractice hazard. PMID- 3189626 TI - Public health in the field--the rescue is at hand. PMID- 3189627 TI - Feelings and frequencies: two kinds of probability in public health research. PMID- 3189628 TI - HIV counseling and testing: does it work? PMID- 3189629 TI - Patterns of sexual behavior and condom use in a cohort of homosexual men. AB - To measure the magnitude of risk reduction within a cohort of homosexual men, questionnaire responses in April 1984-March 1985 were compared to those in October 1986-September 1987. A total of 361 subjects were eligible (231 seronegative, 130 seropositive). The annual number of sex partners declined significantly from a median of 8.0 to 5.0 with no difference between the serologic groups. The number of subjects reporting no receptive anal intercourse increased as did condom use during anal receptive intercourse. More seronegatives than seropositives subjects reported no condom use during receptive anal intercourse with regular partners (45.7 per cent versus 23.4 per cent), and with casual partners (14.9 per cent versus 1.5% percent). Among subjects with the most casual sexual contact at the second visit, 33.3 per cent of seronegatives and 29.2 per cent of seropositives did not report usual condom use during receptive anal intercourse with casual partners. Although we have documented marked risk reductions, safe sex practices are still not universal, and a few individuals continue to put themselves at extremely high risk. PMID- 3189630 TI - Racial/ethnic differences in the risk of AIDS in the United States. AB - We analyzed the variation in the risk of AIDS in US Blacks, Hispanics, and other racial/ethnic groups relative to that in Whites (non-Hispanic) by geographic area and mode of acquiring HIV infection, based on data reported between June 1, 1981 and January 18, 1988 to the Centers for Disease Control and 1980 US census data. Relative risks (RRs) in Blacks and Hispanics were highest in the northeast region, and higher in suburbs than in central cities of metropolitan areas. RRs in Blacks and Hispanics were greatest for AIDS directly or indirectly associated with intravenous-drug abuse by heterosexuals (range: 5.7-26.9) and were also high for AIDS associated with male bisexuality (range: 2.5-4.8), suggesting that these behaviors may be more prevalent in Blacks and Hispanics than in Whites. Prevention strategies should take into account these racial/ethnic differences. PMID- 3189631 TI - Behavioral aspects of cigarette smoking among industrial college men of Shanghai, China. AB - A questionnaire survey was conducted among 7,665 students and staff in the factory-operated industrial colleges in Shanghai, China. Response rate was 95.7 per cent. The proportion of smokers among the men was 50.5 per cent; only 0.33 per cent of the women reported they were smokers. Male smokers began smoking upon entering the work force, where social interaction encourages cigarette smoking. Seventy per cent of the male smokers smoked fewer than 10 cigarettes per day. Only 4.3 per cent perceived themselves as very addicted; 3.4 per cent reported they had no confidence in their ability to control the amount they smoke. The Chinese smokers are more likely to succeed in giving up cigarette smoking for at least one day, as well as for longer periods, compared to US smokers. The number of cigarettes smoked may be related to the individual's purchasing power. For China, strategic timeliness in legislative action and education is urgently needed to combat the high prevalence of cigarette smoking in males, at extremely high risk. PMID- 3189632 TI - Fractures and lifestyle: effect of cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and relative weight on the risk of hip and forearm fractures in middle-aged women. AB - Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and low relative weight are often cited as risk factors for osteoporosis. In a prospective cohort study of 96,508 middle aged nurses 35 to 59 years of age we found that smoking was not a risk factor for hip and forearm fracture. Women who drank more than 15 grams of alcohol per day and whose relative weight was less than 21 kg/m2 were at increased risk of fractures, but these risk factors were not independent. Only the combination of alcohol intake and thinness substantially increased the likelihood of fracture. The low weight women consuming more than one drink per day comprised but 4 per cent of our population of middle-class women and sustained 6 per cent of the fractures. PMID- 3189633 TI - Drug abuse discharges from non-federal short-stay hospitals. AB - An analysis of inpatient drug abuse cases was done using the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS). An estimated two million discharges with a drug abuse diagnosis occurred in non-federal short-stay hospitals during 1979-85, a figure which is believed to be an underestimate. Compared to other hospital inpatients, drug abuse inpatients are more likely to be male, ages 15-44, and other than White race. Increases in hospital use for drug abuse treatment were found to have occurred between 1979 and 1985, with discharge rates per 10,000 population increasing from 3.1 to 6.0 for drug dependence and from 3.8 to 7.7 for nondependent drug abuse. Concurrent increases in availability of hospital-based inpatient drug and alcohol treatment programs and insurance coverage for drug abuse treatment were found to have occurred during the same period. PMID- 3189634 TI - Evidence and scientific research. AB - This commentary reviews the arguments for and against the use of p-values put forward in the Journal and other forums, and shows that they are all missing both a measure and concept of "evidence." The mathematics and logic of evidential theory are presented, with the log-likelihood ratio used as the measure of evidence. The profoundly different philosophy behind evidential methods (as compared to traditional ones) is presented, as well as a comparative example showing the difference between the two approaches. The reasons why we mistakenly ascribe evidential meaning to p-values and related measures are discussed. Unfamiliarity with the technology and philosophy of evidence is seen as the main reason why certain arguments about p-values persist, and why they are frequently contradictory and confusing. PMID- 3189635 TI - Impact of HIV antibody testing on changes in sexual behavior among homosexual men in The Netherlands. AB - Between October 1984 and May 1986, 746 homosexual men, living in and around Amsterdam, The Netherlands, were surveyed at three consecutive six months periods regarding their sexual behavior. At the start of the study all subjects, of whom 234 (31 per cent) were HIV-Ab seropositive, were informed about their HIV antibody status. Seropositives initially reported more sexual partners than seronegatives; they also showed a greater reduction in the number of sexual partners and the number of partners with whom all forms of sexual practices were performed than did seronegatives. In both groups subjects were more likely to terminate orogenital intercourse than anogenital intercourse and masturbation. PMID- 3189636 TI - Changes in the distribution of physicians in rural areas of Minnesota, 1965-85. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess changes in the physician-population ratio in non-SMSA Minnesota counties between 1965 and 1985 using county specific data published by the American Medical Association. The physician-population ratio actually decreased by 2 per cent for primary care physicians and by 11 per cent for family practitioners in the non-SMSA counties. The large increase in the number of physicians in Minnesota has not translated into improved access to primary care physicians in Minnesota's rural areas. PMID- 3189637 TI - The accuracy of industry data from death certificates for workplace homicide victims. AB - This study compared death certificate data on usual industry for workplace homicide victims in five urban Texas counties, with medical examiners' data on the industries where victims were working when injured. The overall positive predictive value of the death certificate data was 72 per cent. Death certificate data on usual industry underestimated the number of victims working in high-risk industries when injured, partly because of victims whose usual industry was recorded as student, housewife, or military personnel. PMID- 3189638 TI - Nurse administration of sleep medication: a comparison of registered nurses and licensed practical nurses. AB - This study examines differences in the administration of PRN (pro re nata or give "as needed") sleep medication between licensed practical nurses and registered nurses working in long-term care facilities. Work characteristics, characteristics of the residents cared for, and the extent of orders and administration of PRN sleep medications were similar in the two groups. No significant differences in the administration of PRN sleep medication were found. PMID- 3189639 TI - Use of a leukocyte esterase dipstick to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae urethritis in asymptomatic adolescent male detainees. AB - We tested 91 asymptomatic adolescent male detainees in a short-stay detention facility in Seattle, Washington for the presence of leukocyte esterase in first catch urine and for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. C. trachomatis was isolated from 10 subjects (11 per cent) and N. gonorrhoeae from five (5 per cent). Dipsticks detected leukocyte esterase in the urine of all 15 subjects with either infection and of 13 subjects with neither infection. Detection of leukocyte esterase was 100 per cent sensitive, 83 per cent specific, and 54 per cent predictive for the presence of either organism. PMID- 3189640 TI - Hunting firearm injuries, North Carolina. AB - To determine the percentage of unintentional firearm-related injuries associated with hunting and to identify risk factors, we conducted a retrospective, descriptive survey of all hunting firearm injuries identified by two North Carolina surveillance systems. Almost one-third of unintentional shooting deaths are hunting-related, and young hunters appear to be at greatest risk of injury. Safety instruction and wearing highly visible clothing should be encouraged; controlled studies should test the effectiveness of these preventive measures. PMID- 3189641 TI - Smokeless tobacco use and attitudes toward smokeless tobacco among Native Americans and other adolescents in the northwest. AB - A survey of 1,180 sixth, ninth, and eleventh graders in three school districts in the State of Washington found that 34 per cent of male Native Americans, 24 per cent of female Native Americans, 20 per cent of male non-natives and 4 per cent of female non-natives are current users of smokeless tobacco products. In all areas and groups, the best predictor of whether an adolescent is a user is the use pattern of friends. PMID- 3189642 TI - Surveillance of condom distribution and usage in Baltimore, Maryland. PMID- 3189643 TI - Teenage unwanted pregnancy. PMID- 3189644 TI - Summer Olympics medical care. PMID- 3189645 TI - Inhibition of lymphocyte-mediated antibacterial activity by human seminal plasma. AB - Seminal plasma displays a suppressive function on many immunological responses. In light of recent findings on the antibacterial activity mediated by different lymphocyte subsets, we have assessed the effect of male inhibitory material (MIM) in this system. Results provide evidence that MIM pretreatment of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) leads to a significant inhibition of antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi and S. minnesota R345 (Rb). Both CD4+ and CD8+ cell-mediated activities are reduced by this treatment, while another defense mechanism (bacterial binding to PBL) is unaffected. Taken together, these results indicate a role for MIM in the depression of immune response and suggest that lymphocytes mediating antibacterial activity and bacterial cytoadherence are different entities. PMID- 3189646 TI - Bacteriology of the cervix in cases of infertility: effect on human and animal spermatozoa and role of elastase. AB - Microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans isolated from cervices of infertile human females inhibited motility and agglutinated human, cow bull, buffalo bull, and rat spermatozoa in vitro. Fifty percent of the infertile females studied carried elastase-positive microorganisms. Cell-free culture supernatants of 72-hr-old elastase-positive cultures were spermicidal within 60 min of contact with sperm, while elastase-negative cultures were spermicidal in 4-6 hr. Cultures of all the cervical isolates were spermicidal and agglutinated human, cow bull, buffalo bull, and rat spermatozoa, and these activities increased with age of the culture. Human sperm showed only tail-to-tail agglutination, while cow bull, buffalo bull, and rat spermatozoa showed mainly head-to-head agglutination. Spermicidal activity was also attributable to elastase, which was present more in 72-hr-old cultures than in 24-hr-old cultures. PMID- 3189647 TI - Special antigens on sperm from autoimmune infertile men. AB - Sera from three fertile men and four infertile men without sperm antibodies, 17 infertile men with sperm antibodies in serum and seminal plasma (S.P.), and 25 infertile men with sperm antibodies in S.P. were tested by Western Blot analysis against sperm membrane extracts and S.P. from fertile nonautoimmune men and infertile autoimmune men. Sera from fertile men reacted against common antigens with molecular weights (MW) of 28, 38, 48, 60, and 68 kD present on sperm from autoimmune and nonautoimmune men and special antigen of MW 76 kD on the sperm of fertile men. Sera from 15 of 17 (88%) autoimmune infertile men with sperm antibodies in serum and S.P. detected special antigens with MW of 58 kD (sera reactivity in 47% of these men), 43kD (in 29%), 30 kD (in 24%), 35 kD (in 18%), 52 kD (in 12%), 41 kD (in 6%), and 71 kD (in 6%) on the sperm of autoimmune men in addition to the common antigens. Sera from 15 of 25 (60%) men with sperm antibodies in their S.P. showed reactivity to special antigens with MW 52 kD (in 20%), 35 kD (in 16%), 41 kD (in 16%), 58 kD (in 8%), 70/71 kD (in 8%), 30 kD (in 8%), and 56 kD (in 4%). Sera from 18 of 42 (43%) infertile men with sperm antibodies also detected special antigens of MW 26, 46, and 76 kD present only in fertile men's sperm. Sera from only 15 of 42 (36%) autoimmune infertile men reacted against special antigens with MW 17, 20, 23, 30, 43, and 58 kD in the seminal plasma of autoimmune infertile men.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189648 TI - Studies on sperm survival and motility in the presence of cytotoxic sperm antibodies. AB - The effect of cytotoxic sperm antibodies and native complement in the serum and secretions from 40 fertile and 93 infertile couples on in vitro sperm survival and motion characteristics was studied. Sperm survival in vitro was unaffected by sera from fertile and infertile subjects without cytotoxic sperm antibodies and from infertile men with antibodies to control but not to autologous sperm. Sperm survival was reduced (P less than .001) by sera from infertile men with antibodies to autologous sperm or to antologous and control sperm and from women with cytotoxic antibodies to sperm from both. Sera from fertile couples without sperm antibodies enhanced sperm swimming speed and motility index (P less than .0001). Sera from infertile women with or without cytotoxic sperm antibodies did not affect sperm motility. Sperm survival and motility were reduced by seminal plasma from infertile men with cytotoxic antibodies to autologous and/or control sperm. Seminal plasma from fertile men enhanced sperm survival. Cervical mucus from infertile women with antibodies to autoimmune husbands' sperm or to husbands' and control sperm inhibited sperm motion, whereas cervical mucus from infertile women without sperm antibodies and women with antibodies to control sperm failed to have any effect. It is concluded that cytotoxic sperm antibodies developed through exposure to sperm antigens in autoimmune infertile men decrease in vitro sperm survival and/or motility. PMID- 3189649 TI - Antispermatozoal antibodies in three men with infertility due to congenital aplasia of the vasa deferentia. AB - Men presenting with azoospermia due to aplasia of the vas deferens have commonly been considered to be infertile without hope of treatment. With improved methods of artificial insemination however, and more particularly with the advent of in vitro fertilization, it has been suggested that unusable spermatozoa may be able to be drawn from the epididymes of such men so that fertilization is achieved. The clinical situation of such men is analogous to that of long term vasectomised patients, 60% of whom are known to produce antibodies to spermatozoa which would interfere with the fertilization process. It was therefore decided to attempt to draw fluid from the epididymes of three such patients and at the same time conduct immunological studies on their sera, seminal fluid and, where available, epididymal fluid. Unfortunately, the spermatozoa obtained from all three men lacked sufficient progressive motility for use in in vitro fertilization. In addition, all men had antispermatozoal antibodies in their sera. Two of them also had antispermatozoal antibodies in their epididymal fluid and on their sperm, one at the same titer as in his serum. Since it is known that antibodies coating sperm reduce the changes of fertilization it is suggested that their presence should be assessed in all such men being considered for treatment. In addition, these studies demonstrate that antispermatozoal antibodies can enter the male tract at the level of the epididymis or higher and there were strong suggestions of local antibody production at this level in the tract. PMID- 3189650 TI - Human placenta--an antibody sponge? AB - Maternal IgG antibodies in sera and placenta eluates were studied by a cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) method. Antibodies were not detectable in any of the serum samples obtained before or after delivery from nine normal primigravid women. Antibody activity was, however, present in five of nine placental eluates and two of nine neonatal sera tested in CELISA. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were not detected in any of the samples tested. These results support the concept that the absence of antibody activity in maternal sera may be caused by the immunosorbent effect of the placenta. PMID- 3189651 TI - Arthroscopic meniscus repair. AB - From February 1982 through July 1987, the author studied 87 patients who had a total of 116 meniscus tears, 96 of which were repaired. Seventy patients (79 meniscus repairs) had postoperative followup ranging from 12 months to 5 1/2 years (mean, 39 months). The patients' ages ranged from 14 to 51 years with a mean age of 22. The time from injury to surgery ranged from 1 week to 6 years. Twenty-five percent of the injuries were considered acute, i.e., less than 6 weeks after the injury, and 75% of the injuries were considered chronic. Nineteen patients (27%) had isolated meniscus injuries. All meniscus repairs were done arthroscopically, using an inside-outside technique. Ligament stabilizing procedures were done on all patients who had ACL deficient knees. Forty-seven patients (67%) had postoperative documentation including either an arthroscopic examination or an arthrogram done an average of 5 to 6 months after surgery. There was one case of peroneal nerve palsy from which the patient made a complete recovery in 6 months. There was one case of infection/thrombophlebitis. One patient had paresthesia and numbness along the medial aspect of the left leg corresponding to a saphenous nerve injury. The aim of this investigation was two fold, consisting of determining if an arthroscopic technique could be used successfully to repair acute as well as chronic vertical tears involving the meniscus, and also, evaluating the relationship between ACL stability and meniscus healing. The overall success rate of retained menisci following repair was 91%. The time from injury to repair did not affect meniscus healing. Associated stabilization of ACL deficiencies is imperative in patients undergoing meniscus repair. PMID- 3189652 TI - Gore-Tex prosthetic ligament in anterior cruciate deficient knees. AB - Reconstruction for symptomatic anterior cruciate deficient knees has yielded varying success rates. Prosthetic cruciate replacement has recently become a potentially attractive alternative. The results of the Gore-Tex polytetrafluoroethylene ligament, which is intended as a permanent replacement, are reported. Eighty-two patients were followed prospectively, mean age was 28 years (range, 16 to 51 years) and mean followup was 18 months (range, 12 to 30 months). Subjective scores improved in all categories, including pain, swelling, giving way, locking, and stair climbing. All patients without complications had no episodes of actual giving way, considered themselves improved, and returned to activities of daily living at 3 weeks and athletics at 8 months. Range of motion lacking at 3 months was 2 degrees of extension and 10 degrees of flexion, and at 12 months was 0 degrees of extension and 4 degrees of flexion. All mean objective data, including the anterior drawer, Lachman, and pivot shift, demonstrated improvement at final followup. Cybex testing revealed improvement in relative quadriceps strength from 88% to 99%. The KT-1000 Arthrometer showed improvement in the injured-normal knee difference score throughout the follow-up period. Of importance is that while final objective data was improved over initial data, an early nonprogressive shift toward loosening was indicated by worsening of the drawer, Lachman, pivot shift, and KT-1000 scores. This shift may be attributed to resorption of interposed soft tissue, creep, or loosening of the graft. Subjective scores remained stable after improving. Complications included four ruptures, four chronic sterile effusions with partial attenuation, one infection, and one symptomatic loose body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189653 TI - A biomechanical evaluation of tibiofemoral rotation in anterior cruciate deficient knees during walking and running. AB - ACL injury has been associated with increased instability of the knee in both in vitro and in vivo studies using passively applied forces. This study assessed tibiofemoral rotation after ACL injury during the functional activity of treadmill ambulation using a triaxial electrogoniometer. Isometric and isokinetic peak torques of the quadriceps and hamstrings were obtained using the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. Significant increases in tibiofemoral rotation were noted with increased running speed in the injured and normal knees. The degree of rotation in the injured limb did not significantly exceed that of the normal limb. Isokinetic strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings correlates significantly with the observed extent of rotation. PMID- 3189654 TI - A biomechanical analysis of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the patellar tendon. A two year followup. AB - Eleven patients, 2 years after ACL reconstruction with a patellar tendon graft, returned for follow-up testing consisting of: 1) subjective assessment and functional analysis, 2) objective examination for residual ligamentous instability, 3) isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings strength assessment, 4) radiographic assessment, 5) instrumented measurement of anterior shear displacement via a knee arthrometer, and 6) force plate and film analysis while performing cutting maneuvers in a laboratory setting. All 11 patients had been tested preoperatively through all steps except the fifth. The group subjectively rated the postoperative knee as 83% of the preinjury status, an increase from a 53% mean prior to reconstruction. Six of 11 patients were able to return to their full preinjury level of competition, with or without a brace. Four patients had positive drawer tests, five had positive Lachman examinations, and all subjects had negative pivot shifts. Significant quadriceps torque deficits remained (P less than 0.0005), with the postoperative knee extensors approximately 85% of the contralateral limb. The involved limb hamstrings were equal in strength to the nonoperated limb. Radiographic evaluation revealed four, five, and four patients with positive findings of the patellofemoral joint, medial joint space, and lateral joint space, respectively. Only one patient had normal radiographs. Instrumented knee laxity testing revealed the operated knee to be significantly looser only during maximum passive displacement (7.2 mm versus 5.3 mm, P less than 0.01) and not during the other measurements. Biomechanical analysis of the straight cut maneuver revealed no significant differences between the nonoperated and operated limbs at the 2 year postoperative mark.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189655 TI - Avulsion fractures of the tibial tuberosity in the adolescent athlete. Risk factors, mechanism of injury, and treatment. AB - Based on a review of the literature and our study of six cases, we investigated avulsion fractures of the tibial tuberosity in the athletic adolescent. A study of the mechanism of this acute injury helps to explain the different types of avulsion fractures of the tibial tuberosity. An understanding of predisposing factors and the biomechanical conditions leading to this injury may help identify those young athletes at the highest risk and may help the surgeon determine the most effective treatment for such a fracture. No complications were experienced by the patients in our study. Displaced fractures underwent open reduction and fixation with screws. This method shortens the period during which athletic activities are restricted. PMID- 3189656 TI - The durability of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the patellar tendon. AB - Thirty patients operated on because of insufficiency of the ACL were objectively evaluated twice, 2 and 5 years after operation. The results were mostly good with regard to knee stability and function. No change in the outcome could be seen over the years. PMID- 3189657 TI - Tibial collateral ligament bursitis. AB - In 91 patients evaluated between 1982 and 1985, tibial collateral ligament bursitis was diagnosed. This entity has not been described since the work of Brantigan and Voshell in 1943. The diagnosis was based on the findings of tenderness over the tibial collateral ligament at the joint line, without a history of mechanical symptoms. With a nonsurgical program, 62% of the patients improved and subsequently required no further treatment. Fifteen percent did not improve; of this group, one-third had a negative arthrogram or arthroscopy. Another 23% did not improve and ultimately underwent an arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. Tibial collateral ligament bursitis is an entity that should be considered in any patient with medial joint pain in the knee. Treatment is simple, effective, and offers low morbidity. PMID- 3189658 TI - Semimembranosus tendinitis: an overlooked cause of medial knee pain. AB - A significant number of patients presenting with nontraumatic chronic medial knee pain have been found, after careful examination, to have chronic semimembranosus tendinitis. Of 115 patients diagnosed and treated for semimembranosus tendinitis over a 5 year period, 10 patients were refractory to conservative treatment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the symptomatology and diagnosis of semi membranous tendinitis, and to relate the treatment that these 10 patients underwent, i.e., surgical exploration, drilling of the insertion site, and semitendinosus tendon transfer. Most cases of semitendinosus tendinitis respond to conservative therapy; however, if surgical treatment is considered, arthroscopy should probably be performed at the time of surgery. In this way, it is possible to determine the presence of significant intraarticular abnormalities that may have a causal relationship with the onset of semimembranosus tendinitis. PMID- 3189659 TI - Computed tomography (CT) arthrography of shoulder instabilities in athletes. AB - Sixty professional and recreational athletes underwent CT arthrography of the shoulder for evaluation of suspected shoulder joint derangement. These athletes, 46 males and 14 females ranging in age from 15 to 60 years (mean, 32 years), all had persistent pain that interfered with their sports activity and was resistant to conservative treatment. Seventeen patients had shoulder instability based on clinical manifestations and CT arthrographic findings. An additional five patients, also based on clinical manifestations and CT arthrographic findings, were considered to have an unobtrusive degree of anterior joint laxity. Patients with anterior instability (20 cases) all had an anteroinferior tear or detachment of the glenoid labrum, as well as some violation of the insertion of the joint capsule onto the scapula. Those with posterior instability (two cases) had a combination of labral and capsular tears. Two other major patterns of labral tears, both unaffiliated with shoulder instability, were identified. These included total or partial detachment of superior segments of the labrum, and anterior labral tears at the midglenoid level. Moreover, various degrees of labral attenuation (or, less often, enlargement), osteophyte formation, and alterations in articular cartilage were observed. Surgical correlation was obtained in 25 patients, with 95% accuracy of CT arthrographic findings. CT arthrography is a minimally invasive and highly accurate technique for investigation of glenohumeral derangement. Specifically, the extent of pathologic changes associated with instability can be determined and differentiated from other intraarticular causes of incapacity, such as labral tears caused by throwing, or degenerative changes. PMID- 3189660 TI - Cineradiographic studies with shoulder instabilities. AB - Thirty patients with shoulder disorders were examined with fluoroscopy under general anesthesia. Prior to this cineradiography, 20 shoulders had diagnoses of instability and 10 had diagnoses of other stable-shoulder disorders. Three patients (10%) had changes in their shoulder diagnoses after imaging: 1) One patient with an impingement syndrome also had an unstable shoulder; 2) One patient suspected of having anterior subluxations prior to imaging, demonstrated posterior subluxations instead with imaging; and 3) One patient with recurrent posterior dislocations demonstrated a multidirectional instability pattern with imaging. Fluoroscopic examination or the shoulder under anesthesia provides useful diagnostic information. Its use is recommended for documentation, especially when there is uncertainty about a diagnosis, or to confirm the proper placement of metal after reconstructive surgery. PMID- 3189661 TI - Femoral neck stress fractures. AB - Fifty-four femoral neck stress fractures were studied prospectively to evaluate treatment methods. Fifty-four fractures in 49 patients were identified in a 4 year prospective study that included 1,049 stress fractures of all types. From our evaluation of treatment methods, a modification of existing classification systems was developed based on radiographic findings and treatment. Differences from earlier studies were noted in racial diversity, in nonprogression of tension side fractures, and in return to function. PMID- 3189662 TI - Delayed unions and nonunions of stress fractures in athletes. AB - From 1971 to 1985, 369 athletes presented to us with stress fractures. Of these patients, 10% (37) were treated for development of delayed unions or nonunions. Twenty-seven of the patients were male and 10 were female. Their mean age was 23.1 years (range, 17 to 39). About half of the athletes were involved in endurance sports. The diagnostic criteria for a delayed union or nonunion were clinical and radiological evidence. There was a diagnostic delay of about 3.5 months in the series. Plain radiographs, tomography, and isotope scans were used in the diagnosis. Special radiographic views were also used. In 15 cases (10 hallux sesamoid bone fractures, 1 midtibial shaft fracture, 1 metatarsal V base fracture, 1 tarsal navicular fracture, 1 olecranon fracture, and 1 proximal tibial shaft fracture) nonoperative treatment was used. Operative treatment was used 22 times (5 sesamoid fractures, 5 midtibial fractures, 5 metatarsal V base fractures, 3 tarsal navicular fractures, 3 olecranon fractures, and 1 proximal tibial shaft fracture). Results were good or excellent in 32 cases (86.5%), moderate in 4 cases, and poor in 1 case. PMID- 3189663 TI - Medial subluxation of the patella as a complication of lateral retinacular release. AB - We examined 54 patients (60 knees) referred to us because of their failure to improve, or because of a worsening of their preoperative symptoms, following an arthroscopic lateral retinacular release. Thirty knees developed medial subluxation of the patella postoperatively. This disabling condition is new to us. It is previously unreported as a complication of arthroscopic lateral retinacular release. Anterior knee pain was the only reported preoperative symptom in 14 knees. Sixteen knees had a preoperative diagnosis of lateral patellar subluxation on the basis of a positive apprehension sign only. Eighteen of 30 knees had no surgery of the extensor mechanism other than the arthroscopic lateral release. The remainder additionally underwent varying types and numbers of operations in an attempt to resolve their disability. CAT scan evaluation of three patients who volunteered for the procedure demonstrated severe atrophy and retraction of the vastus lateralis. Loss of this dynamic lateral stabilizer contributed to the medial subluxation of the patella. PMID- 3189664 TI - Injuries in international ice hockey. A prospective, comparative study of injury incidence and injury types in international and Swedish elite ice hockey. AB - In this prospective study, we have investigated incidence, nature, and mechanisms of injury in the Swedish national hockey team during 40 international games. There were 19 injuries associated with absence from practice or games, and 17 facial lacerations. The incidence of injuries associated with absence was 79.2 per 1,000 player-game hours, compared to the corresponding incidence of 78.4 found for Swedish national hockey. The incidence of facial wounds was 70.8 per 1,000 player-game hours, compared to the incidence of 21.8 for Swedish national hockey. The high incidence of facial injuries in international hockey is due to a high rate of stick contact injuries. Stricter enforcement of rules and more widespread use of visors would reduce the number of facial injuries. PMID- 3189665 TI - Incidence, nature, and causes of ice hockey injuries. A three-year prospective study of a Swedish elite ice hockey team. AB - In this prospective study, we have investigated incidence of injuries of different severity, types of injury, and mechanisms of injury during ice hockey practice and games. One Swedish elite hockey team was closely observed during three seasons (1982 to 1985). There was a total number of 95 injuries and 29 facial lacerations. The majority of injuries were minor (73%) and only 8% were classified as major. Seventy-six percent of the injuries occurred during games and 24% during practice. The incidence of injury during practice was 1.4 per 1,000 player-practice hours and 78.4 per 1,000 player-game hours. In comparison with other sports, the incidence of injury during hockey practice is very low, while that during games is high. Eighty percent of the injuries were caused by trauma and 20% by overuse. The most common types of injury were contusions, strains, and sprains. Complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee was the most common severe injury. Most injuries resulted from body contact, predominantly tackling (checking), and from puck or stick contact. A reduction of the number of minor and moderate injuries should be possible by stricter enforcement of the hockey rules, especially against stick violations, and more widespread use of visors. PMID- 3189666 TI - A comparison of body and organ weights, physiologic parameters, and pathologic changes in target organs of rats given combinations of exercise, anabolic hormone, and protein supplementation. AB - This study was engineered to closely mimic the training protocol of a competitive athlete using repetitive exercise sessions, dietary protein supplementation, and anabolic steroids. The length of the study was 37 days. Thirty-four Sprague Dawley male rats Crl:CD(SD)BR in the weight range of 150 to 175 grams were used. These were randomly divided into four exercise groups, varying protein consumption and anabolic hormone administration. Eight nonexercised control rats were kept separate from the study to act as a comparison for organ weight, hematology, and serology. Exercise consisted of a 30 minute swim three times a week. Parameters recorded were total body weight and percent gain, wet and dry muscle weight of the isolated anterior tibialis, weights of designated organs, hematologic profiles, and serum chemistries including triglycerides, high density and low density lipids. Histopathology of known "target organs" was performed and bone marrow aspirates were taken. Body weights of rats given anabolic steroid, protein supplement, and exercise were the lowest of all groups. Testicular weight was significantly decreased in the anabolic groups. Anabolic groups had the lowest hematocrits of the exercised groups. All serology values were within normal ranges and no pathologic changes were seen in any of the tissues taken from specific "target organs." PMID- 3189667 TI - Prevalence and types of injuries in aerobic dancers. AB - A sample of 726 aerobic dancers was surveyed by questionnaire to document the prevalence, types, and severity of injuries experienced. Data were gathered on demographics, exercise behavior, and environmental conditions during a 1 week period. Most of the subjects (66%) engaged in aerobic dance classes at least every other day, with a mean exercise time of 195 minutes per week. Twenty-eight percent of the subjects had been exercising 1 to 2 years, and 26% had been exercising 2 years or longer. Forty-nine percent of the subjects reported a history of at least one injury related to aerobic dancing. Most of the injuries were to the shin (24.5%), lower back (12.9%), and ankle (12.2%). Among those subjects injured, 23% reportedly saw a physician because of their injury. The frequency with which subjects exercised was associated with a history of injury. Subjects who exercised fewer than four times per week reported fewer injuries (43%) than those who exercised four times per week (60%) or more (66%). This study is a first step toward providing data to help physicians counsel aerobic dancers regarding injury prevention. PMID- 3189668 TI - Martial arts injuries. The results of a five year national survey. AB - A 5 year national survey of martial arts was done using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Seventy-four percent of the injuries involved the extremities and 95% were mild to moderate in nature. Even though most of the injury types were contusions/abrasions (36%). lacerations (14%), and sprains/strains (28%), 15% were dislocations and fractures. Five percent of all injuries were severe, and there were 18 hospitalizations. There were no deaths. Weapon-related injuries were rare and never serious. Overall, the risk of serious injury in the sport was found to be low, especially when compared to other contact sports. PMID- 3189669 TI - Orthotic treatment of sesamoid pain. AB - The cause of pain and tenderness beneath the first metatarsal in an athlete is often very difficult to determine. When the symptoms originate from the sesamoid bone, exact diagnosis of the pathologic process may not be necessary in order to institute effective treatment. In this retrospective study, 8 of 10 athletes with this problem were successfully treated with custom-fitted orthoses which relieve sesamoid pain. The major benefit of this method of treatment is that it enables an athlete to continue participation without loss of valuable practice and competition time. PMID- 3189670 TI - Stress fracture of the metacarpal in a adolescent tennis player. PMID- 3189671 TI - Erosion of the patella secondary to gout. A case report. PMID- 3189672 TI - Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the young athlete with open physes. PMID- 3189673 TI - Direct, real time measurement of meniscal blood flow. An experimental investigation in sheep. AB - The functional microcirculatory system of the meniscus was investigated in nine sheep using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The highest blood flows recorded were found at the periphery and at the anterior and posterior horns, and this finding was confirmed by india ink injections in five sheep and by meniscal autoradiographs following intraatrial injection of 20 million Cs46 microspheres in four sheep. LDF provides accurate and reproducible assessment of meniscal blood flow. If adequate probes can be developed, this method offers great promise in the clinical assessment of blood flow within the substance of meniscal tears, thus offering the surgeon initial information in the decision to repair or resect a meniscal tear. PMID- 3189674 TI - Long-term evaluation of knee stability and function following surgical reconstruction for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. AB - Currently used measures of knee stability and function for ACL reconstructed knees have not gained universal acceptance. Clinical test results often are given more value than the patient's subjective evaluation of the surgical outcome. This study was designed to identify specific knee stability and function variables that were most predictive of the patient's rating of knee function following one of two types of combined (intraarticular and extraarticular) ACL reconstruction procedures. Individual measures of knee stability and function were also evaluated for differences between contralateral operated and nonoperated limbs. Postoperative and healthy contralateral knees of 51 male and female patients aged 18 to 49 years (mean, 23.7 years) were evaluated on a battery of tests at an average of 48.0 months after surgery (range, 24 to 101 months). All subjects possessed a normal contralateral knee for comparative purposes. The results of this retrospective study indicated that the variables selected were not highly correlated with, nor could they effectively predict, the patients' perceptions of postoperative knee status as measured by the Knee Function Rating Form (KFR). Statistically significant differences (P less than 0.001) between operated and nonoperated knees were found for 9 of 11 variables analyzed. The data suggest that patients' perceptions of postoperative knee status were independent of the results of static and dynamic clinical tests commonly used to assess knee stability and function. Postoperative deficits of up to 30% between the surgically reconstructed and normal contralateral knees on specific measures of knee stability and function did not greatly influence the patients' perceptions of knee function. Development of new, more specific dynamic tests may be necessary before stronger relationships between clinical test results and patients' perceptions of knee status in the ACL reconstructed knee can be realized. PMID- 3189675 TI - Long-term followup of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using the quadriceps tendon substitution for chronic anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency. AB - At The Hospital for Special Surgery, the quadriceps tendon substitution (QTS), as described by Marshall, was performed for ACL insufficiency from 1973 to 1980. A review of the initial 60 patients with a minimum of 4 years followup (average, 5.5 years) has been concluded. Thirty-eight patients returned for examinations, and 11 returned questionnaires. Associated medial procedures were performed in 29 of the 38 examined patients. Medial meniscus surgery was performed in 86% and lateral meniscus surgery in 28.9%. At followup, giving way, which was the main preoperative complaint, was eliminated in 30/38 examined and 9/11 questionnaire patients (79%). In the examined group, three patients were clear failures and five had mild transient instability. The pivot shift was present in 17 of 38 (45%) patients examined: 21 patients were negative, 9 were 1+ or a grind, 8 were 2+, and none were 3+. We have concluded that the QTS procedure will eliminate symptomatic instability in 79% of our patients, but the high rate of a residual pivot shift (45%) and symptoms of instability (21%) require the addition of an extraarticular sling procedure. This appears to be related to the relatively poor strength characteristics of the tissue used in the QTS substitution. PMID- 3189676 TI - Bilaterality in anterior cruciate ligament injuries: associated intercondylar notch stenosis. AB - Nonsimultaneous, bilateral ACL injuries are not uncommon. We studied a group of patients with these injuries to determine possible predisposing factors that could aid in early detection and prevention of contralateral ACL injury. Retrospective analysis of 1,120 patients with ACL ruptures who were treated between 1983 and 1987 revealed 45 patients with bilateral ruptures. Complete follow-up data were available for 41 of these patients. We examined age at initial injury, sex, interval between initial and contralateral ACL injury, mechanism of injury, activity at injury, medical and family histories, treatment of initial injury, and radiographic measurement of intercondylar notch width. The overall incidence of bilaterality was 4.01% in the 28 male and 13 female patients. Their average age was 19 years and 10 months. The average interval between initial and contralateral injury was 47 months. A noncontact cutting maneuver was the most common mechanism of injury. We devised a method to measure and compare intercondylar notch widths on plain radiographs. We compared the mean notch width index (NWI) of the bilateral group to the mean NWI of a group of 50 consecutive patients with "normal" knees and to the mean NWI of 50 consecutive patients with acute ACL ruptures. The mean NWI for the normal group was .2338, for the acute ACL group, .2248, and for the bilateral group, .1961. We noted a statistically significant difference when we compared the bilateral group to the normal and acute groups (P less than 0.0001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the NWI of the normal and acute ACL groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189677 TI - Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Long-term effects of different knee angles at primary immobilization and different modes of early training. AB - The clinical results in 29 patients who had undergone ACL reconstruction with quadriceps-patellar tendon graft over-the-top were studied at an average of 28 months postoperatively. Postoperative immobilization was at either 30 degrees (N = 17) or 70 degrees (N = 12) of knee flexion for 6 weeks. All patients then followed a common preparatory training program for 8 weeks. In the 14th postoperative week the patients were put on either progressive resistance training (N = 12) or isokinetic training (N = 17) for 6 weeks, after which all had identical training. Independent of primary knee immobilization angle or training regimens, no differences could be demonstrated with respect to stability, range of motion, function, or isokinetic mechanical output. For all patients, Lysholm knee function score improved from 60.5 to 93.6 (P less than 0.001) and activity level from 3.9 to 6.3 (P less than 0.001). Isokinetic peak torque, contractional work, and mean power of the quadriceps at 30, 90, and 180 deg/sec were lower in the injured compared to the noninjured leg (78% to 90%; P less than 0.01) both preoperatively and at followup, and there were no significant differences between the preoperative and follow-up values. Clinical stability improved (P less than 0.001) in 19 of the 29 patients (66%) and in 11 of those 17 patients with early isokinetic training (65%). Performance tests were normal in 23 of 29 patients (79%), with minor abnormalities in the rest. PMID- 3189678 TI - Postsurgical knee rehabilitation. A five year study of four methods and 5,381 patients. AB - This study was an investigation into the influences of rehabilitation procedures on the long-term success of postsurgical knee patients. In a blind retrospective paradigm, the cases of 5,381 patients (2,417 females, 2,964 males; mean age, 32.7 years; age range, 13 to 61 years) were reviewed to correlate rehabilitation methods with postsurgical success. Postsurgical success was defined as patient resumption of required activities without symptom recurrence, over a period of 5 years after surgery. The four rehabilitation methods studied were programs of no exercise, home exercise, isotonic exercise, and isokinetic exercise. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences at the P = 0.05 level for comparison of the isokinetic exercise to the other methods on the basis of rehabilitation interval (isokinetic, 8.9 +/- 3.7 weeks; isotonic, 12.3 +/- 6.1 weeks; home, 10.0 +/- 4.5 weeks) and correlation to success (isokinetic, r = 0.92, isotonic, r = 0.48, home, r = 0.09, no exercise, r = 0.00). It was concluded that rehabilitation methods that incorporate isokinetic exercise are more efficient and effective than nonisokinetic programs in the long-term successful management of postsurgical knee patients. PMID- 3189679 TI - A long-term retrospective study of the modified Bristow procedure. AB - A retrospective follow-up study is presented on the results in 51 patients who underwent the modified Bristow procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation or subluxation between 1972 and 1982. The average follow-up period was 95 months. Postoperatively, 6% of the patients had recurrent anterior dislocation and 4% had recurrent anterior subluxations. Another 4% of the patients developed posterior subluxation after surgery. Seventy-six percent of the patients felt that there was no postoperative limitation in their activities. Eighteen percent felt limited in throwing sports and 4% felt limited in swinging sports. Fourteen percent of the patients had screw complications that involved screws causing pain (6%), fractured screws (4%), bent screws (2%), and loose screws (2%). Additional surgical procedures were required in 14% of patients: screw removal (8%), hematoma drainage (2%), and reoperation using the modified Bristow procedure (4%). Ninety-two percent of the patients assessed their surgical results as excellent or good. PMID- 3189680 TI - Comprehensive functional analysis of shoulders following complete acromioclavicular separation. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the results of the two major methods of treatment of complete acromioclavicular separation: surgery and nonsurgical techniques. Twenty male patients with complete acromioclavicular separation within the preceding 13 months were retrospectively examined and tested for recovery of shoulder strength and function. Comparisons were conducted between 10 of the patients who had been treated nonsurgically (Group 1), and 10 who had been treated surgically (Group 2). An additional group of 10 uninjured male subjects as controls was also tested for comparison of strength between dominant and nondominant limbs (Group 3). All of the patients were tested for strength of both shoulders using the Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer, for shoulder flexibility using the Leighton flexometer, and for grip strength using a standard grip dynamometer. A questionnaire concerning patient evaluation of the injury was also administered to all of the subjects. The majority of strength and flexibility tests showed no significant differences between the nonsurgical and surgical groups. The nonsurgical group was statistically superior to the surgical group in the following test scores: eccentric abduction (fast speeds), concentric external rotation (slow speeds), eccentric external rotation (fast), eccentric abduction (slow), and flexibility in external rotation. These findings generally indicated that the nonsurgical treatment of a third-degree acromioclavicular separation is superior in restoring normal shoulder function in the 1st year following injury. PMID- 3189681 TI - An electromyographic analysis of shoulder function in tennis players. AB - Shoulder injuries in tennis players are common because of the repetitive, high magnitude forces generated around the shoulder during the various tennis strokes. An understanding of the complex sequences of muscle activity in this area may help reduce injury, enhance performance, and assist the rapid rehabilitation of the injured athlete. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, middle deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, and serratus anterior muscles were studied in six uninjured male Division II collegiate tennis players using dynamic electromyography (EMG) and synchronized high-speed photography. Each subject performed the tennis serve and the forehand and backhand groundstrokes, and each stroke was divided into stages. The tennis serve contains four stages. Three stages characterize the forehand and backhand groundstrokes. Our results indicate that the subscapularis, pectoralis major, and serratus anterior display the greatest activity during the serve and forehand. The middle deltoid, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus are most active in the acceleration and follow-through stages of the backhand. The biceps brachii increases its activity during cocking and follow-through in the serve with a similar pattern noted in the acceleration and follow-through stages of the forehand and backhand. The serratus anterior demonstrates intense activity in the serve and forehand, thus providing a stable platform for the humeral head and assisting in gleno-humeral-scapulothoracic synchrony. The tennis serve and forehand and backhand groundstrokes are accomplished by complex sequences of muscle activity that incorporate contributions from the lower extremities and trunk into smooth, coordinated patterns.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189682 TI - Skiers' lower leg shaft fracture. Outcome in 91 cases treated conservatively with Sarmiento's brace. AB - We report our experience using Sarmiento's method for the conservative treatment of 91 consecutive fractures of the lower leg. The mean age of the patients in our series was 34 years. One patient had an open fracture. All of the patients were followed and were evaluated clinically and radiographically 6 to 12 months after injury. After a period of immobilization by traditional methods (traction/long leg cast), the Sarmiento brace was applied at a mean of 42 days, allowing early weightbearing and mobilization. The brace was removed at a mean of 90 days. Clinical results were excellent; there was minimal persistence of knee or ankle limitation; 84% of the patients had less than 5 mm of final shortening; 96% had less than 4 degrees of final angulation. Work was resumed at a mean of 103 days. We had one nonunion, which we treated operatively 6 months after injury by osteosynthesis and autologous bone grafting. All of the patients were asked to complete a questionnaire; 51% responded, with an average followup of 5 years (range, 1 to 10 years). These patients had been able to resume sports activity 8 months after injury; 52% were skiing 1 year after injury, and 96% were satisfied with the treatment method used. One patient complained of persistent pain. PMID- 3189683 TI - Improved safety in ski jumping. AB - Among approximately 2,600 licensed Norwegian ski jumpers, only three injuries that caused a permanent medical disability of at least 10% were incurred during the 5 year period from 1982 through 1986. When compared to the previous 5 year period (1977 to 1981), a dramatic improvement in safety is seen, as both number and severity of such injuries were markedly reduced. There are several probable reasons for this improved safety record: better preparation of the jumps, the return to using only one standard heel block, and the fact that coaches are being more responsible, especially with younger jumpers. PMID- 3189684 TI - Surgical treatment of lateral ankle instability syndrome. AB - Lateral ankle instability syndrome is defined by pain and instability caused by ligament laxity. Anterior talofibular ligament laxity, with or without calcaneofibular laxity and other abnormalities, is often present in conjunction with peroneus brevis tendon tears, abnormal ligament placement, tibialis posterior tendon tears, osteochondritis dissecans, arthritis, synovitis, loose bodies, and tarsal coalition. Surgical reconstructions were performed on 43 ankles using a split peroneus brevis tendon graft routed through osseous tunnels in the talus, fibula, and calcaneus and resutured to the reconstructed anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments. The tunnel locations, transfer routes, and tendon reinforcement were modifications based on the Elmslie procedure. Good and excellent results were achieved in 91% of the patients. Ninety-eight percent of the patients achieved stability. Followup was from 9 months to 11 years. Twenty-one patients had preoperative and intraoperative findings that required additional procedures. Thorough evaluation of patients with lateral ankle instability syndrome increases the frequency of finding associated abnormalities, which if left uncorrected, may adversely affect the outcome of surgery. PMID- 3189685 TI - The stabilizing effect of the ligamentous structures in the sinus and canalis tarsi on movements in the hindfoot. An experimental study. AB - Three-plane kinesiology of hindfoot instability was studied after lesions to the ligamentous structures in the sinus and canalis tarsi in 20 amputation specimens. Neither a lesion of the cervical ligament nor of the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament resulted in an increase in the total range of movements above 2.6 degrees in any of the three planes. However, the percentage increase in the total range of movements after cutting of the ligaments was generally largest in the talocalcaneal joint compared to the increase in the total hindfoot joint complex. The largest percentage increase (43%) in the talocalcaneal joint occurred at dorsiflexion after cutting the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament. The demonstrated minor instability after experimental lesions of the ligamentous structures in the sinus and canalis tarsi may have a clinical identity in the sinus tarsi syndrome. Patients with that syndrome rarely present an objective hindfoot instability, although a major complaint is a feeling of hindfoot instability. PMID- 3189686 TI - The hamstring syndrome. A new diagnosis of gluteal sciatic pain. AB - A series of 59 patients was treated and operated on for pain felt over the area of the ischial tuberosity and radiating down the back of the thigh. This condition was labeled as the "hamstring syndrome." Pain was typically incurred by assuming a sitting position, stretching the affected posterior thigh, and running fast. The patients usually had a history of recurrent hamstring "tears." Their symptoms were caused by the tight, tendinous structures of the lateral insertion area of the hamstring muscles to the ischial tuberosity. Upon division of these structures, complete relief was obtained in 52 of the 59 patients. PMID- 3189687 TI - The results of operative treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the patella. AB - The course of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the patella and the results of operative treatment are analyzed retrospectively in a review of 31 operatively treated cases in 25 patients. Followup was obtained for 21 cases, with an average of 73 months (range, 15 months to 20 years). These 25 patients were predominantly males, and averaged 18 years of age at the time of surgery. A history of trauma was associated with the lesion in 38% of the cases, and the lesion was bilateral in one out of four patients. The most common presenting complaints were subpatellar pain and swelling. The most common initial physical findings were patellofemoral crepitus and joint effusion. Forty-four operations were performed on 31 knees. The most commonly performed procedures were curettage of the patella and removal of loose bodies, in combination or as part of another procedure. A new patellofemoral rating scale was used to evaluate results. Thirty-eight percent of the knees had a good or excellent result, while 62% had a fair or poor result. Persistent pain with restricted function and residual patellofemoral crepitus were common findings. In general, the patients who come to surgery for OCD of the patella have a guarded prognosis for full recovery of knee function. PMID- 3189688 TI - Injury surveillance at the 1985 National Boy Scout Jamboree. AB - Few studies have examined the rate of injuries for those attending summer camps and other recreational facilities. We developed a surveillance system for the 1985 National Boy Scout Jamboree to determine the incidence, nature, and cause of injuries among participants. To characterize the more severe injuries among scouts, we monitored referral visits to an onsite Army hospital. During the 9 day event there was a total of 179 injuries requiring referral visits among the 24,885 scouts, for an overall incidence of 8.5 injuries per 10,000 person-days. Twenty-eight injuries (16%) involved fractures. Ten injuries required hospitalization, for an overall rate of 0.5 per 10,000 person-days. Thirty-six (20%) of the injuries occurred during six organized athletic activities. Of these six, two new Jamboree activities, the bucking bronco and bicycle motocross racing, had the highest event-specific rates, 14.4 and 11.4 injuries per 10,000 participants, respectively. These two events also accounted for one-third of all fractures. In contrast, there were no firearm-related injuries among the 32,616 participants in riflery events. This simple and inexpensive surveillance system provided a mechanism for monitoring activity modifications, as well as useful information for the selection and planning of organized activities at future Jamborees and similar recreational events. PMID- 3189689 TI - Ethyl chloride: an ineffective bacteriostatic or cidal agent for arthrocentesis. AB - The local and general anesthetic properties of ethyl chloride have been well delineated. The purpose of this study was to determine if ethyl chloride, when used as a local anesthetic, had any bacteriostatic or cidal effects on the normal array of skin flora. Fifteen different aerobic bacteria or fungi were collected from pure cultures. A total of 30 specimens were sprayed; 2 specimens of each of the 15 bacteria were sprayed with ethyl chloride for both 5 and 10 seconds. These specimens then were restreaked once the ethyl chloride had evaporated, and were incubated for 24 hours. At 24 hours the cultures were checked and found to have no significant growth inhibitions. It is thus concluded that ethyl chloride alone does not have any bacteriostatic or cidal effects on these commonly found skin flora. PMID- 3189690 TI - Rupture of deltoid ligament without involvement of the lateral ligament. PMID- 3189691 TI - Ipsilateral carpal, metacarpal, and ankle fractures resulting from an attempted basketball slam-dunk. A case report. AB - A 23-year-old male recreational basketball player sustained an open ankle fracture and ipsilateral carpal and metacarpal fractures as a result of a fall while attempting a slam-dunk. The wrist and hand fractures were treated nonoperatively. The open ankle fracture required irrigation, debridement, and open reduction/internal fixation. In addition to the prerequisite leaping ability, long-term success in "playing above the rim" requires experience, exceptional physical agility, and the mental discipline to anticipate and avoid slam-dunk opportunities with high risk for personal injury. PMID- 3189692 TI - Serous surface papillary carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study of 10 cases and comparison with stage III-IV ovarian serous carcinoma. AB - We compared 10 patients with serous surface papillary carcinoma (SSPC) to a control group of 16 patients with serous ovarian papillary carcinoma (SOPC). By definition, the ovaries were of normal size and shape in SSPC. In six cases, however, at least one ovary had focal surface irregularities. Microscopically, SSPC and SOPC differed only in the nature of their ovarian involvement. SSPC was confined to the ovarian surface or showed focal minimal invasion. Four patients with SSPC had coexistent, nonperitoneal serous-type carcinomas; three had superficial endometrial adenocarcinomas; and one had intramucosal adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. There were no associated carcinomas in the SOPC group. SSPC had a significantly worse prognosis than SOPC, as measured by median disease free interval (SSPC: 3 months, SOPC: 9 months), median survival (SSPC: 12 months, SOPC: 24 months), and predicted 5-year survival (SSPC: all dead at 52 months, SOPC: 22.7%). SSPC is a clinicopathologically distinctive variant of serous carcinoma. Because of its more aggressive clinical course, it should be distinguished from conventional SOPC with peritoneal implants. PMID- 3189693 TI - Malignant lymphoma presenting as pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. A report of two cases. AB - The authors report two patients with cutaneous and submucosal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of probable T-cell phenotype that presented as florid pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. The first patient presented with lesions of the nasopharynx and nose that were originally misdiagnosed as invasive squamous cell carcinoma, causing a delay in appropriate treatment. In the second patient, skin lesions of the thigh and arm closely mimicked squamous cell carcinoma. To prevent misdiagnosis of these lesions, pathologists should adhere to strict morphologic criteria for the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma and be aware that malignant lymphoma may be associated with overlying pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. The pathogenesis of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia arising in association with neoplasms is still not clear, but it may be related to the production of cellular growth factors by the inciting tumor. PMID- 3189694 TI - Angiocentric T-cell lymphoma of the skin. An aggressive lymphoma distinct from mycosis fungoides. AB - Among 37 consecutive cases of malignant lymphoma in which the skin was either the only site of disease or one of the prominent sites of initial involvement, 19 cases had a distinctive histological appearance. These cases corresponded to what has been termed "angiocentric lymphoma," and all were found to exhibit a T-cell phenotype either by frozen-section immunohistochemistry or by using monoclonal antibodies reactive in paraffin sections. There were nine men and 10 women; the mean age was 48.2 years. The lesions were nodular and were either ulcerated or had intact skin. One case presented with involvement of one anatomical region of skin, five had involvement of multiple regions of skin, and 13 had concurrent extracutaneous disease. The disease pursued an aggressive course and was not uncommonly resistant to treatment. Histologically, the lymphomatous infiltrate occurred predominantly in the mid to deep dermis with involvement of the subcutaneous layer. The pattern was mainly perivascular and peri-adnexal with or without confluence; the overlying epidermis and papillary dermis were often spared. A prominent feature was invasion of small or large blood vessels by lymphoma cells. Eight cases showed extensive coagulative necrosis of the neoplastic and normal tissues, and 12 cases showed intraneural invasion. The neoplastic lymphoid cells consisted of either a monomorphous population or a variable mixture of small, medium-sized, and large cells with stippled chromatin and distinct nucleoli. Although the nuclei were often irregularly folded, few exhibited a cerebriform configuration. The cytoplasm was pale to clear. These cases exhibit a remarkable histological similarity to the T-cell lymphomas of the nasal/nasopharyngeal region; in addition, there are features that overlap with so called lymphomatoid granulomatosis of the skin. PMID- 3189695 TI - Musculo-fibrous anomaly in Barrett's mucosa with dysplasia. AB - We investigated the histological alterations occurring in the muscularis mucosae, the lamina propria mucosae, and the submucosa in areas adjacent to invasive adenocarcinoma in 32 resected esophagi with Barrett's mucosa. In 26 of the 32 specimens, we observed a thickening of the muscularis mucosae, with overgrowth of the muscle fibers into the lamina propria mucosae. In other areas, collagen-rich fibrotic tissue replaced the muscularis mucosae, the lamina propria mucosae, and even the submucosa. In 31 of the 32 specimens, we noted cystic dilatations of the esophageal glands. Normal esophageal glands and cystically dilated glands with dysplastic lining were often surrounded, compressed, and deformed by the fibrotic tissue. The compression of the glandular outlets by the collagen-rich tissue or by proliferating dysplastic cells appeared to be the two main factors in the histogenesis of these cysts. This may result in difficulty in differentiating, in biopsy specimens, between normal and dysplastic esophageal glands "trapped" in the collagen-rich fibrotic tissue and true invasive adenocarcinoma in the Barrett's mucosa. PMID- 3189696 TI - Malaria diagnosis by direct observation of centrifuged samples of blood. AB - We compared the effectiveness of malaria diagnosis by means of direct observation of centrifuged blood with that by conventional examination of Giemsa stained blood-films in a malaria clinic in Ethiopia. A commercially available, modified hematological apparatus (the QBC tube) was used for centrifugation. Red blood cells infected with diverse stages of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are lighter than noninfected cells and somewhat heavier than granulocytes; thus they can readily be detected by direct inspection of UV-illuminated tubes. About 10% of infections diagnosed by direct centrifugal microscopy in a clinical setting were not detected by conventional examination of stained thick films. Diagnosis by direct centrifugation appears to be at least 8 times as sensitive as conventional microscopy when applied to serially diluted samples of malaria infected blood. Superior sensitivity, together with the one step, solid state nature of the direct centrifugal procedure, provides important advantages for malaria diagnosis. PMID- 3189697 TI - Light, long-lasting Necator infection in a volunteer. AB - A Necator infection produced by percutaneous exposure of a volunteer to three larvae was followed with periodic egg counts for 4 months beyond 18 years when passage of eggs in the feces ceased permanently. During the 2nd year of infection, there was unintentional exposure to two additional larvae. Egg counts per gram of feces (EPG) were approximately 1,000 during the 1st year, 1,500 over the next 5 years, and less than or equal to 200 over the final 3 years, during which time there were 6 periods of approximately 1 month each when Kato thick smear examinations revealed no eggs. During 6 of the 1st 14 years, when egg counts were done by the standard direct smear method, up to 37% of the eggs were infertile. Based on the assumption that two female worms were present during the 1st year, three during the next 3 years or more, and only one during the final 3 years, the estimated output per female in this light infection was 500 EPG in the worm's prime of life, and less than 200 EPG in the final year of the 17 or 18 year life span. PMID- 3189698 TI - Induction of protective immunity in dogs to infection with Dirofilaria immitis using chemically-abbreviated infections. AB - Four dogs were immunized against Dirofilaria immitis infection by a series of 3 larval infections which were each subsequently terminated by ivermectin treatment. Two control dogs received ivermectin treatment alone. Following the final ivermectin treatment, dogs were challenged with infective larvae by subcutaneous inoculation, both free and contained within diffusion chambers. Three weeks after larval challenge the chambers were removed and live larvae were enumerated. Seven months after challenge dogs were killed and necropsied to collect and count adult D. immitis. Chambers recovered from immunized dogs had 63% fewer larvae than chambers from control dogs. At necropsy, control dogs had a mean of 28.5 adult worms whereas the immunized animals had an average of 0.5 worms (range 0-2). Sera collected from immune dogs throughout the study had elevated antibody levels to third- and fourth-larval stage antigens. Significant levels of immune protection were achieved with this immunization regimen. The data suggest that a multiple-stage parasite killing occurs in immune animals. It was not possible to associate immune protection with any of the 5 antigen subsets. PMID- 3189699 TI - Parasite excretory-secretory antigen and antibody to excretory-secretory antigen in body fluids and kidney tissue of Dirofilaria immitis infected dogs. AB - Excretory-secretory (ES) antigens of adult Dirofilaria immitis were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum and urine from each of 12 experimentally infected dogs. Excretory-secretory antigens in serum were first detected 154 days postinfection. Serum antibodies directed against parasite ES antigens were detected by ELISA in all dogs. Kidney tissue elution studies were performed in 10 dogs, and antibody and parasite ES antigens were demonstrated in each case. Antibody or parasite antigen was not detected in serum, urine, or kidney eluates from uninfected dogs. At peak concentrations of the ES antigens in serum, there were correlations with the number of adult D. immitis present in the dogs (r2 = 23.8, P less than 0.05) and with the antigen concentration in kidney eluates (r2 = 73.5, P less than 0.001). Peak serum antibody concentrations were not correlated with either the number of adult worms or the antibody concentrations in kidney eluates. This study suggests that detection of parasite antigens in urine may be an important diagnostic aid. In addition, the correlation between the concentration of D. immitis ES antigens in kidney tissue and in serum without a similar correlation between serum and kidney antibody concentrations suggests that D. immitis ES antigens adhere to kidney tissue. PMID- 3189700 TI - Penicillin therapy in icteric leptospirosis. AB - A prospective, controlled randomized study of penicillin therapy in icteric human leptospirosis was carried out between 1 October 1983 and 31 December 1986. Thirty eight patients received intravenous crystalline penicillin for 5 days, while 41 assigned to a control group received intravenous fluids only. A comparison of the results of laboratory tests made on the day of admission revealed no significant differences between the 2 groups. There was no significant difference in time for defervescence, return of biochemical parameters to normal, incidence of iritis, or mortality in the 2 groups. Three patients (7.3%) in the control group and 1 patient (2.6%) in the treatment group died. The overall mortality rate was 5.9%. Leptospira were recovered from urine cultures in 6 control patients but from none of the treated patients' post-treatment cultures. We conclude that penicillin has little effect on clinical outcome in icteric leptospirosis. PMID- 3189701 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus infection in the Republic of Panama. AB - Thirty-one documented acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases occurred in Panama during 1984-1987. Twenty-three (74%) patients were homosexual males and all but 2 patients recognized prior to June 1987 have died. To identify risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection, 287 male homosexual residents of Panama City were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. Nine had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody. Travel to the United States, homosexual relations with United States nationals in Panama, and sexual contacts in Panamanian clubs and bars were associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection by logistic regression analysis. Number of different male sex partners per year was identified but did not enter the logistic model at a significant level. To estimate seroprevalence in other high risk populations, 183 Panama City female prostitutes and 55 homosexual males from the rural Azuero peninsula were screened; none were seropositive. Eighty-four percent of Panamanian hemophiliacs had antibody; infection was related to factor VIII transfusions. Two of 182 sickle cell anemia patients and 15 of 7,720 volunteer blood donors were positive. PMID- 3189702 TI - California serogroup virus infections in Wisconsin domestic animals. AB - A serologic survey and experimental virus transmission studies were done to assess the role of domestic animals as amplifier hosts of La Crosse (LACV) and Jamestown Canyon (JCV) viruses. Serum from 319 cows, 88 dogs, 122 equines, 47 swine, 10 goats, and 4 cats were tested for neutralizing antibody to LACV, JCV, trivittatus (TVTV), and snowshoe hare (SSHV) viruses. Antibody prevalences of LACV, TVTV, and SSHV were less than 10% in all species. Antibody to JCV was detected in all species except cats. Prevalence ranged from 10% in goats and swine to 29% in dogs. No age-associated trends in JCV prevalence were noted. Two of 6 adult dogs, and 2 of 4 pigs inoculated with 6.3-6.5 log10 suckling mouse intracerebral 50% lethal doses (SMICLD50) of LACV developed viremias ranging of less than 1.0-2.9 log10 SMICLD50/ml 1-3 days after inoculation. Of 4 puppies inoculated with LACV, 3 developed fatal infections. Viremias were not detected in 4 cows, 4 ponies, 7 cats, or 6 sheep. Two cats fed LACV infected suckling mice shed virus from the oropharynx for 1 day each. All animals except 1 cow, 1 cat, and 1 sheep had greater than or equal to 4-fold rise in antibody titers. Five additional dogs fed upon by LACV-infected Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes did not develop viremias or antibody and uninfected Ae. triseriatus engorging on the dogs 1-5 days after feeding by infected mosquitoes failed to become infected. Five ponies, 6 calves, 2 ewes, 6 dogs, and 5 piglets were inoculated with 3.6-7.3 log10 SMICLD50 of JCV. None developed detectable viremias, although greater than or equal to 4-fold rises in antibody titers developed in 60% of the ponies, 17% of the calves, 50% of the dogs, and 1 of 2 ewes. None of the pigs developed corresponding rises in antibody titers. We conclude that juvenile and adult animals of the species tested are not efficient amplifier hosts of LACV or JCV, but may be useful sentinels of local virus transmission. PMID- 3189703 TI - Is this scrub necessary? PMID- 3189704 TI - Reoperative carotid surgery. AB - Fourteen patients underwent carotid reoperation for symptomatic recurrent carotid stenosis after previous ipsilateral carotid endarterectomy. Eight of these patients presented with focal transient ischemic attacks, two with strokes, and four with vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Recurrent symptoms in eight patients were similar to those prompting the initial carotid endarterectomy. Symptoms recurred early after previous carotid endarterectomy in 2 patients and late in 12 patients. Eleven patients underwent repeat endarterectomy and carotid patch angioplasty, two patients underwent patch angioplasty alone, and one patient underwent carotid artery replacement with a vein graft. Persistent or recurrent focal symptoms referable to the reoperated carotid artery were not present during follow-up (mean 27.4 months, range 4 to 79 months). Vertebrobasilar symptoms were relieved by carotid reoperation in each patient. Although the natural history of asymptomatic postoperative carotid restenosis is unknown, reluctance to reoperate on symptomatic patients is unwarranted, since carotid reoperation can be performed safely with the expectation that recurrent focal and nonfocal vertebrobasilar symptoms will be relieved. PMID- 3189705 TI - Recent clinical experience with the vena cava filter. AB - In the past at our institution, insertion of the vena cava filter was recommended almost exclusively for recurrent pulmonary emboli in anticoagulated patients or in those with emboli and contraindications to anticoagulation. More recently, prophylaxis has become a frequent indication for patients with extensive deep vein thrombosis and contraindications to anticoagulation. Herein, we review a recent series of caval filter insertions to determine if increased utilization of this technique is justified in terms of morbidity and effectiveness. Twenty-one filters were inserted in 20 patients during a 1-year period. The operative mortality rate was 0 and satisfactory filter placement was achieved in 90 percent of patients. There were no documented instances of recurrent emboli or vena cava thrombosis. These data suggest that use of the filter is justified as prophylaxis for patients at high risk for an initial pulmonary embolus in a clinical setting where heparin therapy is not appropriate. PMID- 3189706 TI - Large bowel cancer after cholecystectomy. AB - In a large, population-based case control study of colorectal cancer, 65 of 715 patients and 57 of 727 control subjects had a previous cholecystectomy (chi square = 0.6, relative risk 1.18, 95 percent confidence interval 0.81 to 1.70, p = 0.45). There was no statistically significant association between previous cholecystectomy and the risk of colorectal cancer, colon cancer, right colon cancer, any of the subsites of colon cancer, rectal cancer, age, or sex. Although there is some evidence from other studies of an association between previous cholecystectomy and right colon cancer in women, this may have resulted from confounding symptoms. Based on the present evidence, we believe that previous cholecystectomy is unlikely to be a risk factor for colorectal cancer. PMID- 3189707 TI - Hepatic resection for primary and metastatic tumors. AB - Thirty-four hepatic resections were performed on 33 patients. These included 4 trisegmentectomies, 14 lobectomies, 7 segmentectomies, and 9 wedge resections. Twenty patients had metastatic colorectal cancer, 4 had a primary liver tumor, 2 had giant cavernous hemangioma, 1 had metastatic leiomyosarcoma, 5 had various benign lesions including focal nodular hyperplasia, and 1 patient had resection for trauma. Operative morbidity included four subphrenic abscesses, one bile leak, one bile duct injury, one case of cholestasis, and one case of phlebitis. There were no operative deaths. The median survival of the patients with metastatic colorectal cancer was 40 months, and the 5-year actuarial survival rate was 35 percent. Survival rates were not significantly different between patients with a solitary metastasis and those with multiple lesions and was not influenced by size of the metastases. However, survival was significantly better in patients whose primary colorectal lesion was Dukes' B as compared with those whose lesion was Dukes' C. The results indicate that liver resection can be performed safely with acceptable morbidity and improved long-term survival. PMID- 3189708 TI - Perioperative blood transfusions and prostate cancer recurrence and survival. AB - This retrospective clinical study of patients with nonmetastatic prostate cancer demonstrates that patients transfused at the time of initial diagnosis or operation have a higher frequency of recurrence (54 percent) and death due to cancer (19 percent) than patients not receiving blood transfusions (recurrence rate 31 percent, p = 0.005; death rate 10 percent, p = 0.08). This difference is not explained by the transfused patients being older, having a less favorable clinical stage of disease, or less differentiated tumor histology. A multivariate analysis confirmed that the additional risk of dying from prostate cancer was 2.82-fold higher in transfused patients than in those not transfused. As in previous studies, the risk of recurrence may be greater in those receiving whole blood transfusions. Prospective studies of the association between perioperative blood transfusion and cancer recurrence are needed. For the present, prudent clinical practice should include avoidance of whole blood, fresh frozen plasma, and platelet transfusions and greater reliance on autologous blood transfusions. PMID- 3189709 TI - Radioimmunoguided surgery using monoclonal antibody. AB - The potential proficiency of radioimmunoguided surgery in the intraoperative detection of tumors was assessed using labeled monoclonal antibody B72.3 in 66 patients with tissue-proved tumor. Monoclonal antibody B72.3 was injected 5 to 42 days preoperatively, and the hand-held gamma-detecting probe was used intraoperatively to detect the presence of tumor. Intraoperative probe counts of less than 20 every 2 seconds, or tumor-to-adjacent normal tissue ratios less than 2:1 were considered negative (system failure). Positive probe counts were detected in 5 of 6 patients with primary colon cancer (83 percent), in 31 of 39 patients with recurrent colon cancer (79 percent), in 4 of 5 patients with gastric cancer (80 percent), in 3 of 8 patients with breast cancer (37.5 percent), and in 4 of 8 patients with ovarian cancer (50 percent) undergoing second-look procedures. Additional patients in each group were scored as borderline positive. Overall, radioimmunoguided surgery using B72.3 identified tumors in 47 patients (71.2 percent), bordered on positive in 6 patients (9.1 percent), and failed to identify tumor in 13 patients (19.7 percent). Improved selection of patients for antigen-positive tumors, the use of higher affinity second-generation antibodies, alternate routes of antibody administration, alternate radionuclides, and more sophisticatedly bioengineered antibodies and antibody combinations should all lead to improvements in radioimmunoguided surgery. PMID- 3189710 TI - Eliminating the dog-ear in modified radical mastectomy. AB - Inadequate attention has been paid to optimal closure of the postmastectomy incision in patients not desirous of breast reconstruction. Herein, we describe the use of a basic plastic surgical technique at the time of mastectomy to eliminate the dog-ear deformity at the axillary end of the incision. The technique is conceptually simple and expedient, and gives an excellent cosmetic result. PMID- 3189711 TI - Trauma--the medical term for injury. PMID- 3189712 TI - Warthin's tumor. PMID- 3189713 TI - A phase II study of diaziquone in childhood leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Study Group. AB - Diaziquone (aziridinylbenzoquinone, AZQ) was given by 30-min infusion at 25 mg/m2/day on a daily x 5 schedule to 16 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in bone marrow relapse, 16 children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) in bone marrow relapse, and 1 child with chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis. None of the children achieved bone marrow remission. Five children (four with ALL and one with ANLL) were also evaluable for the response of central nervous system leukemia; all had a significant reduction in the cerebrospinal fluid blast count. Mild transient transaminase elevation was commonly seen. Grade 3 and 4 hyperbilirubinemia was seen in association with sepsis. AZQ was ineffective for induction of bone marrow remission as utilized in this study. PMID- 3189714 TI - Screening newborn infants for sickle cell disease: participation of comprehensive centers for sickle cell disease. PMID- 3189715 TI - Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia associated with Campylobacter jejuni enteritis. AB - A 7-week-old infant with methemoglobinemia, hemolytic anemia, and inadequate weight gain was found to have a Campylobacter jejuni gastrointestinal tract infection. Known etiologies of methemoglobinemia such as oxidative drug exposure, deficiency of NADH-methemoglobin reductase, and hemoglobin M disorder were excluded. The patient had a twin brother (probably identical) who had neither methemoglobinemia nor stool cultures positive for C. jejuni. The twin essentially served as an experimental control, making other environmental or genetic causes of methemoglobinemia unlikely in the patient. Both the methemoglobinemia and the C. jejuni infection responded to adequate treatment with erythromycin. The association of a C. jejuni infection with methemoglobinemia is discussed in light of previous associations of enteritis and methemoglobinemia in infants. PMID- 3189716 TI - Serum ferritin in stage IV neuroblastoma. AB - Serum ferritin is known to be one of the tumor markers for neuroblastoma. Serum ferritin is elevated in most children with neuroblastoma who are in stages III or IV, but it is not elevated in those in stage I or II. It has also been observed that iron load caused by blood transfusion shows a greater effect on serum ferritin levels than tumor activity due to neuroblastoma. Thus, serum ferritin increases in a linear fashion in children given repeated blood transfusions but the levels increase exponentially in children who have bulky neuroblastomas. Thus, serum ferritin values must be interpreted with caution in patients with advanced stages of neuroblastoma who inevitably require blood transfusions. The authors propose that the pretransfusion and posttransfusion serum ferritin values be in comparison with other tumor markers such as urinary VMA, urinary HVA, and neuron specific enolase. The serum ferritin level should not be used as a sole indicator of tumor activity in neuroblastoma. PMID- 3189717 TI - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in an asplenic patient with hereditary spherocytosis: failure of plasmapheresis, antiplatelet therapy, and corticosteroids. AB - Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a severe multisystem disorder characterized by microangiopathic hemolysis, central nervous system and renal dysfunction, and a very poor prognosis. Recently, however, plasma exchange or infusion therapy has proven effective in the majority of patients with TTP. We report a patient who developed TTP several years after splenectomy for hereditary spherocytosis. Despite aggressive therapy with plasmapheresis (PP), plasma infusion, antiplatelet drugs, and corticosteroids, the patient had progression of TTP that eventually resulted in his death. The occurrence of TTP in an asplenic patient with an intrinsic red cell disorder, a previously unreported association, may predict a poor prognosis. PMID- 3189718 TI - Intracranial hemorrhage in congenital deficiency of factor XIII. AB - We describe a male infant with congenital deficiency of coagulation Factor XIII who presented in the immediate postnatal period with umbilical stump bleeding and suffered a severe intracranial hemorrhage at 2 months of age. Factor XIII, also known as "fibrin-stabilizing factor," is a transpeptidase that produces strong covalent bonds between soluble fibrin monomers formed during coagulation. Presumptive diagnosis of Factor XIII deficiency was made with a clot solubility screening test, and confirmation was accomplished by demonstrating the absence of cross-linked fibrin chains by electrophoresis. This patient had received replacement therapy for 2 years, initially with intravenous fresh frozen plasma, and recently with Fibrogammin (Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals), a European Factor XIII concentrate soon to be available in the United States. Factor XIII deficiency is associated with a high incidence of life-threatening complications, notably intracranial hemorrhage. In light of the long half-life of this factor and the relatively low risk associated with new Factor XIII concentrates, such as Fibrogammin, prophylactic life-long replacement therapy should be considered for patients with severe Factor XIII deficiency. PMID- 3189719 TI - Osteogenic sarcoma following acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PMID- 3189720 TI - Farm animal feeders: another group affected by cereal flour asthma. AB - Asthma induced by cereal flour is a long recognized entity. We present studies of three patients affected by asthma related to exposure to cereal flour contained in animal formula feeds. Skin prick test performed with the formula feed components showed positive reactions to cereal flours (wheat, rye and barley) and negative to the other substances in these formulas. Specific anti-wheat, rye and barley flour IgE antibodies were found by RAST. Bronchial provocation tests (BPT) with wheat flour (patients 1 and 2) and barley flour (patient 3) all showed immediate responses. These findings suggest that our patients' symptoms were caused by an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to cereal flours from animal formula feeds. We call attention to the importance of cereal flours in animal formula feeds as a cause of occupational asthma in farm and animal feeders. PMID- 3189721 TI - Effects of withdrawal of sustained-release theophylline in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. AB - In a double-blind, cross-over study, sustained-release theophylline was withdrawn to determine whether the drug was still effective after long-term treatment. Twenty adult out-patients with stable, chronic obstructive lung disease and who had been on continuous long-term treatment for at least 6 months, were studied. Lung function, plasma theophylline concentration, symptom score, number of nocturnal dyspnoea attacks, requirement for additional beta 2-stimulant aerosol, and side effects, were recorded before withdrawal, after withdrawal and after reinstitution of treatment. When theophylline was withdrawn, all parameters were significantly worsened, but after reinstitution of treatment they all improved significantly. The results show that sustained-release theophylline remains effective after at least 6 months' continuous treatment in adult patients. PMID- 3189722 TI - Intramuscular betamethasone dipropionate vs. topical beclomethasone dipropionate and placebo in hay fever. AB - A double-blind, double-dummy comparative study was made of 30 adult birch pollen allergic outpatients with seasonal rhinoconjunctivitis. They were treated with either topically applied beclomethasone dipropionate 100 micrograms in each nostril twice daily for 4 weeks, placebo, or an injection of 2 ml of a suspension containing 5 mg betamethasone dipropionate and 2 mg betamethasone disodium phosphate per ml (Diprospan) immediately prior to the birch pollen season. Placebo- and topical steroid-treated patients experienced an increase in rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms, i.e. nasal blockage, nasal itching, rhinorrhea, sneezing and eye symptoms, and placebo-treated patients used significantly more antihistamine tablets during the pollen season. Diprospan-treated patients experienced fewer symptoms on all measured parameters. We concluded that one injection of Diprospan immediately prior to the birch pollen season produces significantly fewer rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms than does placebo and topical steroid treatment. PMID- 3189723 TI - Detection of IgE antibodies to larvae and adults of chironomids by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - Using the ELISA method, IgE antibodies to chironomid midges; Tokunagayusurika akamusi larva (TAL), T. akamusi adult (TAA), Chironomus yoshimatsui larva (CYL), C. yoshimatsui adult (CYA) and Chironomus plumosus adult (CPA), were measured in the sera of 36 children with bronchial asthma who visited Tamano City Hospital near Lake Kojiima in the Okayama prefecture. IgE antibodies to adult midges (TAA, CYA and CPA) were widely detected, but only few IgE antibodies to larvae (TAL and CYL). The amount of IgE antibody to CYA and to CPA correlated (P less than 0.001), but the amount of IgE antibody to TAA and to CYA or CPA did not. This suggests that the allergenicity of CYA and CPA is similar, but the allergenicity of TAA is independent of that of CYA or CPA. On the other hand, the ELISA inhibition test showed that TAA allergenicity was independent of that of TAL, CYL, CYA, CPA and the house-dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae (Df). The inhibition test also showed that CYA and CPA had similar allergenicity, but differed from TAL, TAA, CYL and Df. This indicates that the allergenicities of chironomid midges change during the metamorphosis from larva to adult, and are not common among all species. PMID- 3189724 TI - Stability of histamine dihydrochloride in solution. AB - Histamine dihydrochloride (HC) is one of the bronchoconstrictors used for bronchial challenge. Information on the activity of HC dilutions during storage is desirable (4). Activity, bacterial, and fungal contamination of stored HC dilutions were tested after storage at 20 degrees, 4 degrees, and -18 degrees C. HC dilutions with a concentration of and below 0.25 mg/ml have a significantly reduced activity after 1 month's storage at 20 degrees C and should at present be used within 1 week to ensure the presence of the expected activity. The activity of HC dilutions stored at 4 degrees C or -18 degrees C was stable for at least 6 months. Upon delivery from a pharmacy we detected no bacterial or fungal contamination of HC dilutions by means of the method used. Before 3 months' storage, and independently of storage temperature, bacterial contamination was not found. After 3 months' storage, bacterial contamination was found in HC dilutions with a concentration below 0.5 mg/ml. No fungi were isolated. HC dilutions with a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml and below should not be stored for more than 1 month and should be used within 1 week of opening. PMID- 3189725 TI - Reproducibility of skin prick testing with allergen extracts from different manufacturers. AB - Allergen extracts for skin prick testing (SPT) are available from several manufacturers. Although these solutions are specified according to well-defined internal company standards, there is no generally accepted overall standardization. To assess the comparability of skin prick test solutions of various manufacturers, we compared extracts of nine different allergens from four companies by SPT in 29 children sensitive to one or more of the allergens, in a double blind fashion. RAST (Pharmacia) and EAST (Kallestad) were determined in simultaneous blood samples. Allergen extracts were also examined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis for their content of major allergens. Skin reactions, assessed by mean diameter of wheals, to identical allergen extracts varied significantly between the four vendors (P less than 0.05-0.001). Correlation between RAST and EAST was good for all allergens except birch pollen and mugwort. Content of the major allergen in corresponding extracts varied significantly between the different companies (less than 1%-2000%). These data underline the need for international reference extracts as intracompany standardization of test solutions alone is not enough to yield general reproducibility of skin prick test results. PMID- 3189726 TI - In vitro studies of degradation of birch and timothy pollen allergen preparations by human duodenal juice. AB - The hydrolysis of birch and timothy pollen allergen preparations by duodenal juice from an adult volunteer was studied in vitro with the aid of rocket immunoelectrophoresis, radiorocket immunoelectrophoresis and RAST-inhibition. The results achieved with all methods were similar. The duodenal juice had the capacity to hydrolyse both the grass and tree pollen proteins, and after 30 min preincubation only 10% of the original birch and timothy allergenic activity remained. Heat treatment of the duodenal juice completely destroyed the proteolytic activity (i.e. no hydrolysis occurred) while protease inhibitors only marginally prevented the hydrolysis. PMID- 3189727 TI - Hypersensitivity reaction after barium meal examination. AB - Hypersensitivity reactions can occur after the administration of barium products and all caused by one of the many additives. These reactions are extremely unusual. Authors report on a patient who developed urticaria shortly after a conventional barium examination. PMID- 3189728 TI - [Cervical spondylosis in neck pain]. PMID- 3189729 TI - [Comments on a basic publication of WHO]. PMID- 3189730 TI - [Ways to achieve health for everyone in Europe]. PMID- 3189731 TI - [Autologous blood transfusion. Goals and benefits, limitations and risks demonstrated in a practical concept]. AB - Autologous transfusion as an alternative to homologous blood is useful, but its applicability is limited to a few patients, as we have shown in the autologous program at the University Hospital of Ulm. Each concept, even more an interdisciplinary one as autologous transfusion, includes risks. Risk factors arising primarily from donation and hemodilution are determined by the patient himself. As it is impossible to evaluate these risks in advance of anesthesia and surgical procedures the program has to provide guidelines and stringent limits to guarantee safety. Should these be ignored, the risks for the patient will be even higher than the risks of homologous transfusion that provide motivation for autotransfusion. PMID- 3189732 TI - [An unusual cause of postoperative pharyngeal obstruction]. AB - In neonates, heating technics are often used to maintain body temperature during surgery. In these patients temperature monitoring is done by special thermocatheters, which are protected by single use covers. A case report of postoperative pharyngeal obstruction from such a device is presented. Severe dyspnea was caused by a part of the thermometer cover after removal of the thermocatheter and extubation of the patient. PMID- 3189733 TI - [Non-invasive Doppler ultrasonic measurement of cardiac output. Results and experiences with the ACCUCOM]. PMID- 3189734 TI - Muscle strength following anaesthesia with atracurium and pancuronium. AB - Postoperative recovery from muscle weakness was investigated by handgrip strength after general anaesthesia using short- and long-acting muscle relaxants. Handgrip strength was measured on four occasions, preoperatively, before and after premedication, and postoperatively, both as soon as the patient could sustain a five-second headlift and one hour later. Twenty patients received either atracurium 0.6 mg/kg or pancuronium 0.1 mg/kg as part of a general anaesthetic technique with neostigmine reversal. Compared with their initial preoperative hand strengths, the two relaxant groups showed only an insignificant decrease in grip strength to 92% after premedication. Postoperatively when a five-second headlift was achieved, the patients in both groups were weak. The group given atracurium had a mean of 60% of their initial grip strength and those given pancuronium had a mean of 44%. This difference in strength was statistically significant from the initial level and from each other. However, there was no difference between the groups in the time interval from administering reversal to achieving a sustained headlift. One hour later in both groups grip strength was much better, within 80% of that seen after premedication in most patients, and no significant difference in grip strength was seen between the groups. This study demonstrates that patients who receive relaxant anaesthesia have substantial muscle weakness in the recovery phase. When neostigmine reversal is used, pancuronium appears to have a similar return of voluntary muscle power to that seen with atracurium. The marked difference in elimination kinetics of these two relaxants seems to be of little importance when neostigmine reversal is used. PMID- 3189735 TI - Epidermolysis bullosa--a review of 15 years' experience, including experience with combined general and regional anaesthetic techniques. AB - Eight patients with epidermolysis bullosa received a total of 60 anaesthetics for 67 procedures over the fifteen-year period 1972 to 1986. On twenty-three occasions patients were intubated. On thirteen occasions general anaesthesia was supplemented by regional blockade, involving a total of thirty-four local anaesthetic blocks. Complications from intubation were minimal and none were seen related to regional blockade. PMID- 3189736 TI - Infusion thrombophlebitis: a prospective comparison of 645 Vialon and Teflon cannulae in anaesthetic and postoperative use. AB - A prospective study of the incidence and severity of infusion thrombophlebitis in peripheral intravenous infusions used for anaesthetic and postoperative purposes in 645 patients was conducted over a four-month period. Conditions of insertion were carefully controlled while ward management was according to standard practice. A total of 330 polyurethane Vialon and 315 FEP-A Teflon cannulae were used. The results show that the nature of the cannula was the single most important factor in the incidence and severity of infusion thrombophlebitis, Vialon cannulae being associated with a 46% lower incidence than the Teflon type. Less important but significant factors included intravenous antibiotics, duration of infusion, cannula tip damage and caesarean section. Factors not associated with infusion thrombophlebitis included potassium therapy, blood transfusion or site of insertion in the upper limb. Heparinisation increased duration of infusion without affecting the incidence of infusion thrombophlebitis. PMID- 3189737 TI - Cardiovascular responses to induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone and suxamethonium in infants and children. AB - Cardiac output, systolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured with non invasive techniques before, during and after induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone (7.5-8.5 mg/kg) and suxamethonium (1.4-1.7 mg/kg), and after intubation in unpremedicated infants and diazepam-atropine premedicated children. Cardiac output was measured with a combination of M-mode and pulsed doppler echocardiography. Significant decreases in systolic blood pressure, cardiac index and stroke volume index were observed during induction in both infants and children. Intubation caused increases above pre-induction levels of heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac index in both infants and children. Stroke volume index increased marginally in infants but remained depressed in children after intubation. Left ventricular shortening fraction decreased significantly in five other children during induction. It is concluded that thiopentone causes significant reduction in cardiac output by depression of myocardial contractility manifested by depression of blood pressure and stroke volume. Premedication with atropine may ameliorate reduction in cardiac output by permitting an increase in heart rate during induction. Induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone and premedication with diazepam does not prevent hypertension and tachycardia occurring with intubation. PMID- 3189738 TI - Cardiovascular changes during deep halothane anaesthesia in infants and children. AB - Cardiac output, blood pressure and heart rate were measured with noninvasive techniques before, during and after induction of anaesthesia with halothane and after intubation in unpremedicated infants and in diazepam-atropine premedicated children presenting for elective surgery. Cardiac output was measured with pulsed doppler echocardiography. Left ventricular shortening fraction was estimated with M-mode echocardiography during induction. Induction with halothane in infants caused significant decrements in blood pressure, cardiac index, stroke volume index and significant depression of left ventricular shortening fraction. Induction with halothane in diazepam-atropine premedicated children caused a significant increase in heart rate but significant decreases in blood pressure, stroke volume index and left ventricular shortening fraction while cardiac index decreased slightly. Intubation in infants caused a mild increase in heart rate compared with pre-induction values but blood pressure, cardiac index and stroke volume index remained below pre-induction values. Intubation in diazepam-atropine premedicated children caused significant increases in heart rate and cardiac index, and a non-significant increase in blood pressure but stroke volume index remained significantly below pre-induction values. Healthy infants and children tolerate induction of anaesthesia with halothane to a depth to permit intubation but large reductions in cardiac output and myocardial contractility are expected with subsequent reductions in blood pressure. PMID- 3189739 TI - A method of detecting oesophageal intubation or confirming tracheal intubation. AB - A method of testing the location of an endotracheal tube, in the trachea or oesophagus, was subjected to trial. The test involves drawing back on the plunger of a 50 ml syringe connected with airtight fittings to the endotracheal tube connector, with the endotracheal tube cuff deflated. The ability to withdraw 30 ml of air confirms tracheal intubation. When marked resistance to withdrawal of the plunger occurs and on release the plunger rebounds to its original position the oesophagus has been intubated. The method was 100% accurate in fifty intubations, 25 tracheal and 25 oesophageal. The technique has been in routine use by one author for several years without giving an incorrect answer and enthusiastic use by other authors is producing the same result. PMID- 3189740 TI - A study of the clinical usefulness of dobutamine administered orally. AB - Dobutamine 300 mg was administered orally to both healthy volunteers and to patients with circulatory failure. After the 300 mg dose of dobutamine, subjects were found to have a higher concentration of the drug in their plasma than the effective levels of 37.5 (SD 2.9) ng/ml (n = 5) normally seen during intravenous infusion of the clinically effective (5 micrograms/kg/min) dose. This increased concentration waned within 90 minutes. A clinical effect of dobutamine on the circulation was observed in both the healthy volunteers and the patients. An increase in the cardiac index of the patients continued longer than 90 minutes. An unidentified substance was noticed on chromatography measuring plasma dobutamine concentrations, which may have contributed to the increased cardiac index, although its chemical formula could not be determined. The results suggest that the oral administration of dobutamine may be expected to have a long-lasting and significant therapeutic effect on patients with chronic circulatory failure. PMID- 3189741 TI - Anaesthesia for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy at the Victorian Lithotripsy Service--the first 300 patients. AB - A prospective survey was undertaken of the anaesthesia for the first 300 patients at the Victorian Lithotripsy Service. The majority (71.7%) were not hospitalised on site, including four quadriplegics and two ASA grade IV patients. Two hundred and eighty-three (94.3%) patients received continuous lumbar epidural anaesthesia, sixteen (5.3%) received general anaesthesia and one received a spinal anaesthetic. Eighty-two patients (27.3%) underwent ancillary procedures at the time of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. The most common intraoperative complications were hypotension (72 patients, 25.4%) and shivering (39 patients, 13.8%). Arrhythmias occurred in nine (3%) patients. There was a 90% patient follow-up rate and the most common postoperative complication was backache (101 patients, 37.4%). The problems of anaesthesia for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy are discussed. Epidural anaesthesia offers a number of advantages for this procedure and proved very suitable for the majority of patients. PMID- 3189742 TI - Anaesthesia for closed embolisation of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. AB - Cerebral arteriovenous malformation embolisation is a therapeutic, neuroradiological procedure involving injection of bucrylate glue into the nidus of the AV malformation to obliterate the abnormal vascular network. These procedures may involve significant risks, are often long and thereby necessitate the need for some form of sedation and for adequate monitoring of the cerebral, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The anaesthetic management of a series of twenty patients undergoing embolisation of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation is outlined, seven general and nineteen neurolept anaesthetics being administered. Neurolept anaesthesia is the preferred technique as neurological assessment during the procedure is possible and complications may be diagnosed immediately. Systemic arterial hypotension may facilitate the embolisation process and various agents, including glyceryl trinitrate and sodium nitroprusside, have been employed for this purpose. PMID- 3189743 TI - Effect of continuously warmed irrigating solution during transurethral resection. AB - The effects of a continuously warmed irrigating solution on body temperature during transurethral resection of the prostate and of bladder tumours were studied in forty patients. Anaesthesia was spinal and deep body temperatures of the forehead and lower abdomen were measured, using a deep body thermometry system. Both forehead and lower abdominal deep body temperatures decreased significantly in the patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate with an irrigating solution at operating room temperature, but did not decrease in the patients who received a continuously warmed irrigating solution. The same results were obtained for the patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumour. Our results indicate that a continuously warmed irrigating solution could prevent the fall in body temperature during transurethral resection, especially prostate resection, under spinal anaesthesia. PMID- 3189744 TI - Criteria for estimating likelihood of difficulty of endotracheal intubation with the Macintosh laryngoscope. AB - Many anatomical factors in difficult intubation at direct laryngoscopy have been evaluated. Lateral radiographs were taken of nineteen patients in whom tracheal intubation proved particularly difficult, and fourteen patients whose intubation was reasonably straightforward. Stepwise discriminant analysis was used to select the best measurements for distinguishing between the difficult and straightforward groups. The variables which together are most reliable in predicting likely difficulty in intubation are reduced atlanto-occipital extension, reduced mandibular space, and lastly, increased antero-posterior thickness of the tongue. A formula and graph have been derived to relate these variables with likelihood of difficulty, and a method has been described of applying this information at the bedside, without using X-ray examination, to estimate the likelihood of difficulty in intubating a new patient. Eighteen months' experience of the application of this clinical evaluation have so far found it reliable. PMID- 3189745 TI - Central venous catheter stiffness and its relation to vascular perforation. AB - Delayed central venous perforation is an uncommon but serious complication of central venous catheter insertion. An increase in catheter stiffness may have been responsible for our association of venous perforation with use of a guidewire insertion technique. A bench model was used to investigate the stiffness characteristics of thirty-four different types of catheters. The initial stiffness is poorly described by material or catheter gauge. A large range of values is seen between apparently similar catheters--the 16 gauge polyethylene catheter associated with two perforations at our institution had an initial stiffness value 7.5 Nm2 X 10(-5) at 37 degrees C in comparison with our previous standard--the 16 gauge Deseret Intracath with an initial stiffness of 2 Nm2 X 10(-5). Multilumen catheters had a similar range of stiffness to single lumen catheters, while paediatric catheters in general were less stiff. Dialysis catheters were up to five times as stiff as the stiffest central venous catheter. Stiffness decayed at a rate and to an extent which differed from catheter to catheter. Absorption of water by the catheter appears to be one factor involved in stress relaxation. PMID- 3189746 TI - Achalasia and anaesthesia, a case report. PMID- 3189747 TI - Potential hazard with Edwards VIP pulmonary artery catheters. PMID- 3189748 TI - Hazardous misconnection. PMID- 3189749 TI - Acid aspiration in primates (a surprising experimental result) PMID- 3189750 TI - Three cases of valve incompetence in a circle system. PMID- 3189751 TI - A hazard occurring with a syringe driver pump. PMID- 3189753 TI - Monitoring perfusion in pulse oximetry. PMID- 3189752 TI - Correction--protocol for checking anaesthetic machine. PMID- 3189754 TI - Cuff seal volumes and oesophageal intubation. PMID- 3189755 TI - Isolation of soybean trypsin inhibitors by affinity chromatography on anhydrotrypsin-Sepharose 4B. AB - By repeated treatments of trypsin with phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), followed by base elimination of PMS from the PMS-trypsin, a catalytically inactive anhydrotrypsin preparation of low (less than 1%) active trypsin content was obtained. Inactive material was removed by affinity chromatography on trypsin inhibitor-Sepharose 4B and the purified anhydrotrypsin with full binding capacity for trypsin inhibitors was coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B. When used below its maximum capacity for trypsin inhibitors the anhydrotrypsin Sepharose-4B affinity column absorbed both classes of inhibitors present in soybean. When overloaded, the Kunitz type was bound preferentially. Based on this observation, conditions for the partial separation of the two types of inhibitors were worked out. PMID- 3189756 TI - Sedimentation field flow fractionation of mitochondrial and microsomal membranes from corn roots. AB - Sedimentation field flow fractionation (sed-FFF) is shown to be a valuable procedure for analysis of a wide variety of subcellular particle preparations. The principles underlying this relatively new separation procedure are described. Separation is based on differences between particles in mass and/or density. As in chromatography, the procedure involves relating on-line or off-line measurements made on the effluent from the separation chamber to the elution (retention) time. In this work effluents were monitored for absorbance at 254, 280, and/or 320 nm; collected fractions were assayed for protein content, total ATPase activity, and/or marker enzyme activities and, when appropriate, were examined by electron microscopy. The ratio of the absorbances at 254 and 320 nm was found to provide a sensitive measure of partial resolution of subcellular particles. Preparations containing all of the subcellular particles of corn roots (exclusive of nuclei, cell walls, and ribosomes), and fractions thereof enriched in mitochondria, microsomes, Golgi membranes, or plasma membranes, were examined by sed-FFF. The subcellular particles appear to remain largely intact. All of the particles observed had a mass less than 2 X 10(11) g/mol. All of the preparations were grossly heterogeneous with respect to effective mass distribution. This is due in part to heterogeneity with respect to the organelle of origin. In microsome preparations, components of low, medium, and high density were present in the unretained peak; the retained region had comparatively more high density particles. Plasma membrane preparations had a very wide effective particle mass distribution. The observations suggest that, in addition to its utility for analytic purposes, sed-FFF is likely to prove useful for micro-preparative fractionation of some subcellular particle preparations. Sed-FFF and density gradient centrifugation can be utilized as complementary methods. PMID- 3189757 TI - Electrotransfer of proteins after isoelectric focusing (with or without urea) on fabric-reinforced, immobilized pH gradient gels. AB - In the present article a procedure is described which combines the horizontal isoelectric focusing (IEF) of proteins on fabric-reinforced polyacrylamide gels with the subsequent electrophoretic transfer of the proteins to nitrocellulose or Immobilon. The application of a carrier material that is permeable for current and molecules and that serves as a physical support of the IEF gel is one of the central prerequisites for the method to work. Moreover, it is important to fix the pH gradient topographically by the use of Immobilines mainly in order to avoid distortion of the protein pattern during the electrotransfer (Western blot). The Western blot can be performed either in the submerse or in the so called "semi-dry" blotting system. Our procedure is compatible with IEF protocols employing buffer systems with or without urea. The efficacy of our method is demonstrated by the IEF and Western blotting of several known marker proteins. PMID- 3189758 TI - Iron absorption in man calculated from erythrocyte incorporation of the stable isotope iron-54 determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. AB - The methodology of precise isotope abundance determinations of erythrocyte iron by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and signal averaging is established. For the determination of the 54Fe/56Fe ratio a relative precision of 0.5% and an absolute precision of 0.03% is achieved. After oral loading with 54Fe-enriched samples in the range between 5 and 25 mg per subject, the 14-day erythrocyte incorporation of 54Fe has been determined in five individuals, namely, two adults, two children, and one infant. In the two adults, the oral dose of 54Fe was simultaneously labeled with a trace amount of carrier-free 59Fe. In these double-isotope loading tests, a good agreement was observed between the absorption data determined on the basis of whole body retention of 59Fe and on the basis of the 54Fe erythrocyte incorporation. The stable isotope methodology applied allows measurement of the iron absorption using highly enriched 54Fe at a dose of 25 mg for an adult or at a dose of 5 mg for infants of about 1 year of age. PMID- 3189759 TI - Assay of inorganic sulfate in biologic fluids by nonsuppressed (single-column) ion chromatography. AB - An assay using nonsuppressed (single-column) anion chromatography was developed to determine the concentration of inorganic sulfate in biologic fluids. A conventional HPLC system with an anion-exchange column and conductimetric detector interfaced with an automatic injector and integrator was used. The mobile phase for the chromatography of urine and serum samples is 4 mM potassium hydrogen phthalate, pH 4.5, and potassium iodide is used as the internal standard. For cerebrospinal fluid samples, the mobile phase is modified by addition of 10% of a 4 mM phthalic acid solution. Results of the HPLC assay were found to correlate well (r = 0.991 and 0.999) with those of two commonly used spectrophotometric methods for urine and serum inorganic sulfate determinations. However, the concentrations determined by ion chromatography were 2.5 to 10% lower, possibly due to less assay interference by other substances following chromatographic separation of sulfate. Anion chromatography using a single-column system is a convenient and relatively inexpensive method with sufficient sensitivity for the determination of inorganic sulfate concentrations in urine, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 3189760 TI - A competitive enzyme-linked ligand sorbent assay (ELLSA) for quantitation of folates. AB - An enzyme-linked ligand sorbent assay (ELLSA) for quantitation of folates is described. The method involves the following steps: (a) folate complexed to bovine serum albumin is adsorbed onto microtiter plates; (b) added folates compete with immobilized folate for binding to added biotinylated folate-binding protein; (c) biotinylated folate-binding protein bound to immobilized folate is detected after binding of avidin-alkaline phosphatase. The specificity of ELLSA is similar to that of conventional radioisotope dilution methods, and the sensitivity is high (lower limit of detection 20 fmol/sample). Quantitation of folates in erythrocyte lysates from 43 persons was performed by ELLSA. The results correlated fairly well with those obtained by the conventional radioisotope dilution method. PMID- 3189761 TI - Development of an automated Lowry protein assay for the Cobas-Bio centrifugal analyzer. AB - The Lowry protein assay was directly adapted for use on the Cobas-Bio centrifugal analyzer resulting in a 50% reduction of the coefficients of variation of the manual method. It was also demonstrated that the reaction need not be pursued to its endpoint and that absorbance readings taken immediately after the addition of the Folin reagent were directly related to the protein concentration. Thus the total assay time could be reduced from 30 to 3 min with no loss of accuracy or reproducibility. PMID- 3189762 TI - In vivo measurement of dihydrofolate reductase and its inhibition by antifolates. AB - The ability of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase to catalyze the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin from dihydrobiopterin was used to develop a method for measuring the activity of this enzyme in vivo. This method can be used to determine the activity of the enzyme in tissues as well as the extent and duration of inhibition of the enzyme by antifolates. Sepiapterin, which is converted to dihydrobiopterin by the enzyme sepiapterin reductase, was as effective a precursor as dihydrobiopterin and has been used in these studies because of its greater stability relative to dihydrobiopterin. Assay conditions must be established for each tissue and enzyme activity can be determined either by measuring the rate of disappearance of dihydrobiopterin or the rate of formation of tetrahydrobiopterin. PMID- 3189763 TI - Use of platinum as a modifier in the sensitive detection of tellurium in biological samples. AB - Estimation of tellurium in biological samples by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry is hindered by the high volatility of the metal. This necessitates the use of low ashing temperatures which are inadequate to thoroughly ash the samples and thereby reduce interference due to smoke during the atomization stage. The use of platinum as a chemical modifier to thermally stabilize tellurium has, therefore, been explored. Thermal stability of tellurium was dependent on the concentration of platinum; maximum enhancement in stability was achieved at a platinum concentration of 10 microgram/ml or greater, which allowed ashing temperatures to be increased from 400 to 1300 degrees C. A threefold increase in the sensitivity for tellurium determination was also obtained in the presence of platinum. The thermal stability and the sensitivity, however, were susceptible to the presence of organic, inorganic, and biological matrices. This procedure for the determination of tellurium, stabilized probably in the form of an amalgam with platinum, has been used successfully to estimate tissue levels of the metal following administration to mice of a novel tellurium containing immunostimulant agent. Detection limits in urine, plasma, and tissues were about 50, 5, and 170 ng of tellurium per milliliter or gram, respectively. PMID- 3189764 TI - Circular dichroism for the determination of amphotericin B binding to liposomes. AB - Circular dichroism (CD) of the antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) can be used to characterize the liposomal preparations of the drug with regard to the levels of drug bound to the lipids. The very intense dichroic doublet centered around 340 nm of free amphotericin B in water or the dichroism observed above 435 nm can be used to determine the percentages of bound AmB and free AmB in preparations containing high antibiotic/lipid ratios (ranging from 10(-2) to 10( 1] used in these carrier systems. Examples are given for AmB in the presence of small unilamellar vesicles prepared from four saturated fatty acyl chain phosphatidylcholines of different chain lengths, with or without cholesterol. The transfer of AmB from vesicles to two blood components, serum albumin, and lipoproteins can also be monitored by CD under particular conditions. PMID- 3189765 TI - Identification of zinc-binding sites of proteins: zinc binds to the amino terminal region of tubulin. AB - The discovery that certain proteins may require zinc for their activity, and the fact that several of them cannot be purified in large amounts, has led us to develop a rapid, sensitive method to detect these proteins in samples. This method is based on the fractionation of the proteins by gel electrophoresis, blotting onto nitrocellulose paper, and overlaying with 65Zn. We have tested the procedure with well-characterized zinc-binding proteins. In the case of tubulin, we have used this method to localize its zinc-binding site. It was found that zinc binds to the first 150 amino acids of both alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits. PMID- 3189766 TI - Conjugation of metallothionein to a murine monoclonal antibody. AB - A method of conjugation of the metal-binding protein, metallothionein, to an anticarcinoma murine monoclonal antibody, B72.3, and its F(ab')2 fragment has been developed utilizing the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagent, succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)-cyclohexane 1-carboxylate. This crosslinking reagent is first reacted with the free amines on the immunoglobulin. After removal of unreacted crosslinker, conjugation is affected through a sulfhydryl group on metallothionein. Under the conditions employed all immunoglobulin aggregates contained metallothionein. The degree of undesired aggregation is directly proportional to the number of metallothioneins attached to the immunoglobulin. This aggregation can be controlled by the amount of crosslinker and metallothionein presented to the immunoglobulin. The immunoglobulin conjugate retains full immunoreactivity and can be readily purified from the unreacted metallothionein and high molecular weight aggregates. The metallothionein-B72.3 conjugate functions as an efficient and stable chelator of radiometals. Thus metallothionein-monoclonal antibody conjugates have potential utility in cancer diagnosis and therapy. PMID- 3189767 TI - Supercritical fluid chromatography of glycosphingolipids. AB - Glucose polymers and three classes of glycosphingolipids were permethylated and studied by supercritical fluid chromatography using a DB-5 coated capillary columns and carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. Column restrictors were fabricated at each column tip as described by E.J. Guthrie and H.E. Schwartz (1986, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 24, 236). Sample elution was facilitated by a programmed increase in density and detection was by flame ionization. Compounds up to 3000 Da showed excellent resolution for structural variations in carbohydrate moieties and in alkane chain heterogeneity caused by the sphingoid or N-acyl alkane chain residues. PMID- 3189768 TI - Development of an HPLC assay for the analysis of tetrafluoroputrescine--a putrescine analog. AB - A simple reverse-phase liquid chromatographic system with ultraviolet detection at 254 nm for tetrafluoroputrescine (TFP), a putrescine analog, is described. The assay involves precolumn derivatization of TFP with dansyl chloride at pH 6.8-7.5 at 60 degrees C, followed by separation from putrescine (PUT) and quantitation. The derivatization procedure was adapted for the simultaneous analysis of TFP and PUT in whole blood components. Also, preliminary studies on protein binding of TFP are reported. PMID- 3189769 TI - Removal of dodecyl sulfate from protein solution. AB - Sodium dodecyl sulfate is one of the most widely used detergents. But, there is no good method to remove dodecyl sulfate (DS) from a small volume of protein solution. We showed that (a) DS in protein solution was removed by the addition of potassium salts with high recovery of protein, and (b) the method was useful before tryptic digestion of protein. PMID- 3189770 TI - Use of tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) for aldosterone assay at the nanogram level in complex biological mixtures. AB - Aldosterone in biological samples was measured comparatively by two methods: radioimmunoassay (RIA) and tandem mass spectrometry. The last method is described in this paper. Aldosterone was derivatized as butane boronate cyclic ester. This derivative gives an intense molecular ion under 70-eV electron impact conditions. This ion exhibits an abundant metastable decomposition in the second field free region by loss of formic acid, which can be used for the assay. A linear relationship was observed between the ionic current and the amount of aldosterone from 10 to 200 ng. A good correlation between this new method and the radioimmunological assay is observed. Aldosterone can be readily detected at the nanogram level. PMID- 3189771 TI - Covalent attachment of an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence peptide to derivatizable polyacrylamide surfaces: support of fibroblast adhesion and long-term growth. AB - A synthetic nonapeptide (Tyr-Ala-Val-Thr-Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser), which includes the adhesive Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, was covalently immobilized on chemically well-defined polyacrylamide gel surfaces utilizing N-succinimidyl active esters. The amount of peptide immobilized varied linearly with the concentration added to the gels. Immobilization was approximately 80% efficient (based on peptide added), resulting in up to 17.5 nmol peptide/cm2 gel surface. Balb/c 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells adhered readily to peptide-derivatized surfaces, even in the absence of serum. Furthermore, surfaces derivatized with 2 nmol peptide/cm2 gel supported long-term fibroblast growth at a rate and to an extent comparable to that on tissue culture plastic. Surfaces derivatized with a control nonapeptide having no RGD sequence were nonsupportive of cell attachment or growth. The immobilization technology used to derivatize the gel surfaces with adhesive nonapeptide can be modified to allow coderivatization with proteins, glycoproteins, glycosides, or other amine-containing compounds to test their effects on long-term cell behaviors. PMID- 3189772 TI - Zinc-binding proteins detected by protein blotting. AB - The Western blotting technique was used for the detection of zinc-binding proteins. Proteins were separated electrophoretically on 15% polyacrylamide sodium dodecyl sulfate minigels, the gels were soaked in a reduction buffer, and the proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose filters. Zinc-binding proteins were probed with radioactive zinc (65Zn) and were detected by autoradiography. This technique allows the detection of as little as 20 to 100 pmol of zinc metalloproteins. PMID- 3189773 TI - Bulk isolation of the 20,000-Da light chain of smooth muscle myosin: separation of the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated species. AB - The procedure of W. T. Perrie and S. V. Perry (1970, Biochem. J. 119, 31-38) has been improved and extended to allow a convenient large-scale isolation of the 20,000-Da light chain of vertebrate smooth muscle myosin. The method utilizes as source material tropomyosin-free actomyosin or myosin. The relatively pure light chain isolated from this material could be obtained in pure form by a single gel filtration step. Separation of the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated light chain species was achieved by subsequent chromatography on a DEAE column. The solubility properties of this light chain, relevant to its use in myosin light chain kinase assays, were also established. PMID- 3189774 TI - Analysis of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase isoenzymes using high-performance (pressure) liquid chromatography. AB - Methods for separation of isoenzymes using high-performance (pressure) liquid chromatography have been adapted for analysis of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) (aldehyde:NAD oxidoreductase; EC 1.2.1.3) isoenzymes in canine liver. Two major peaks (peaks 1 and 3) and one minor peak (peak 2) of ALDH activity can be detected using ion-exchange chromatography and a continuous-flow analyzer. The elution profiles of ALDH activity in liver homogenates correspond with profiles obtained from isolated ALDH isoenzymes. Varying the composition of the ALDH assay reagents results in changes in the elution profiles consistent with the kinetic properties of the individual isoenzymes. Changes in elution profiles could be detected in liver samples following either in vitro or in vivo treatment with disulfiram (Antabuse). HPLC analysis may be a useful method to identify drug and genetic effects on ALDH isoenzymes and to investigate the mechanisms of altered aldehyde oxidation in animals. PMID- 3189775 TI - Conversion of Woodward's Reagent K in an aqueous medium: mathematical analysis applied to enzyme modification. AB - A change in the optical density of Woodward's Reagent K solution at 340 nm has been shown. It is observed after the reagent has been dissolved in a weakly acidic medium. The optical density correlates with the reagent's ability to inhibit transketolase. A method for assay of the inhibitor concentration changes in the medium during enzyme modification is suggested. PMID- 3189776 TI - Mechanism of fluorescence concentration quenching of carboxyfluorescein in liposomes: energy transfer to nonfluorescent dimers. AB - When 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (6CF) is encapsulated in liposomes at 0.2 M, 97-98% of the fluorescence is quenched. We have studied the mechanism of this effect. The dye-liposome system is a special case of concentration quenching of dyes, a phenomenon recognized for 100 years. Absorption spectra of encapsulated dye show that 6CF dimerizes, and the dimer is nonfluorescent. The dimerization constant was estimated, and it was concluded that dimerization can account for only part of the quenching. In 6CF solutions, the fluorescence lifetime decreased drastically as concentration was changed over the narrow range 0.02-0.05 M, a finding which was attributed to energy transfer to dimers. Inhibition of dimerization by propylene glycol also inhibited the shortening of lifetime. Forster critical transfer distances were calculated to be 51 and 57 A for monomer monomer and monomer-dimer transfer, respectively. Monomer-monomer transfer was demonstrated directly by steady-state or time-resolved anisotropy experiments, while transfer to dimer was modeled by using sulforhodamine B, which has a critical transfer distance like that for the dimer and also quenches 6CF emission. No direct evidence for collisional self-quenching of 6CF could be found, although a model compound, salicylate, did quench weakly. For xanthene dyes, the rate of energy transfer is much faster than that for quenching collisions, implying that collisional quenching in the usual 6CF-liposome system is insignificant. The reason why 6CF is not 100% quenched in liposomes is attributed to dye interaction with lipid as evidenced by (i) multiexponential decay of 6CF in liposomes with a long component of 3-4 ns, (ii) inhibition of dimerization in liposomes, (iii) partial protection of dye from quenching by KI, (iv) differing amounts of dimerization in liposomes made from different kinds of phospholipid, and (v) enhancement of fluorescence lifetime in the presence of Triton X-100. PMID- 3189777 TI - High-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of plant proteins. AB - A technique for the analysis of plant proteins from seed, leaf, root, and coleoptile tissues by high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis is described. This technique is based primarily on the procedure of P. O'Farrell (1975, J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4007-4021); however, a number of improvements and simplifications have been introduced. We have found that resolution of polypeptides from a range of plant tissues is improved if the concentrations of nonionic detergent and ampholytes used in the isoelectric focusing (IEF) step are increased to 4 and 5% (w/v), respectively. Further increase in the concentrations of these two components results in gels of decreased resolution and low mechanical strength. We have also found that substitution of n-octyl beta-D glucopyranoside or 3-[(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate for Triton X-100 or Nonidet-P40 in the IEF dimension significantly increases the resolution of polypeptides in these gels. This technique also allows minor polypeptide differences between closely related cultivars of plants to be identified. PMID- 3189778 TI - Preparation and quantification of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phospho[35S]sulfate with high specific activity. AB - The synthesis and quantitation of the sulfate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5' phospho[35S]sulfate (PAP35S), prepared from inorganic [35S]sulfate and ATP, were studied. An enzymatic transfer method based upon the quantitative transfer of [35S]sulfate from PAP35S to 2-naphthol and 4-methylumbelliferone by the action of phenolsulfotransferase activity from rat brain cytosol was also developed. The 2 naphthyl[35S]sulfate or 35S-methylumbelliferone sulfate formed was isolated by polystyrene bead chromatography. This method allows the detection of between 0.1 pmol and 1 nmol/ml of PAP35S. PAP35S of high specific activity (75 Ci/mmol) was prepared by incubating ATP and carrier-free Na2 35SO4 with a 100,000g supernatant fraction from rat spleen. The product was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The specific activity and purity of PAP35S were estimated by examining the ratios of Km values for PAP35S of the tyrosyl protein sulfotransferase present in microsomes from rat cerebral cortex. The advantage and applications of these methods for the detection of femtomole amounts, and the synthesis of large scale quantities of PAP35S with high specific activity are discussed. PMID- 3189779 TI - A radiochemical microassay for aspartate aminotransferase activity in the nervous system. AB - A radiochemical procedure for measuring aspartate aminotransferase activity in the nervous system is described. The method is based on the exchange of tritium atoms at positions 2 and 3 of L-2,3-[3H]aspartate with water when this amino acid is transaminated in the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate to form oxaloacetate. The tritiated water is separated from the radiolabeled aspartate by passing the reaction mixture over a cation exchange column. Confirmation that the radioactivity in the product is associated with water was obtained by separating it by anion exchange HPLC and by evaporation. The product formation is linear with time up to 120 min and with tissue in the 0.05- to 10-micrograms range. The apparent Km for aspartate in the rat brain homogenate is found to be 0.83 mM and that for alpha-ketoglutarate to be 0.12 mM. Methods that further improve the sensitivity of the assay are also discussed. PMID- 3189780 TI - Use of critical point polyacrylamide sols in thermal denaturation experiments with chromatin at physiological ionic strength. AB - Low percentage highly crosslinked polyacrylamide gels just above the critical point in the chemically polymerized sol to gel transition are used to generate polyacrylamide sols at critical point concentrations, 7.4 g liter-1, by mild heating. We find that chromatin samples mixed with these sols induce the sol to gel transition in a process of complex coacervation. In this state, salt insoluble chicken erythrocyte chromatin is stabilized against large scale aggregation and precipitation during thermal denaturation at physiological sodium ion concentrations. The hyperchromic melting behavior of DNA in polyacrylamide sols is reproducible and consistent throughout a wide range of sodium chloride concentrations. Empirical spectroscopic techniques are discussed which isolate temperature-dependent hyperchromic signals at 260 nm due to conformational changes of DNA in chromatin and local environmental changes which promote anomalous light scattering. PMID- 3189781 TI - A continuous fluorometric assay for cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidases using 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin. AB - A direct fluorometric procedure for the continuous determination of cytochrome P 450-dependent mixed function oxidases, using 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin substrate, is described. The reaction product, 3-cyano-7-hydroxycoumarin, is fluorescent at neutral pH values (excitation and emission wavelength maxima: 408 and 450 nm, respectively). Using hepatic microsomal preparations from control rats, the enzyme(s) had an apparent Km of 16 microM. Vmax values (0.5 nmol/min/mg protein) were induced 6- and 21-fold by pretreatment of rats with phenobarbitone and about 50- to 100-fold more sensitive than the ethoxyresorufin deethylase assay. Reaction rates using 3-cyano-7-pentoxycoumarin as substrate were generally much lower than with the ethoxy analog. 3-Cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin can also be used as a substrate to measure mixed function oxidases in isolated hepatocytes. However, 3 cyano-7-hydroxycoumarin shows a time- and concentration-dependent loss of fluorescence when incubated with such cells. This causes an approximately 5% underestimate of the true reaction rates. PMID- 3189782 TI - Steroid receptors analysis in human mammary tumors by isoelectric focusing in agarose. AB - A high resolution and quantitative method for isoelectric focusing has been developed to separate the isoforms of estrogen and progesterone receptors in human mammary tumor cytosols stabilized by sodium molybdate. Agarose gels (0.5%) were used. Six samples can be analyzed on one gel in about 2 h, and 35 microliters samples are sufficient to determine the estrogen receptor isoform pattern. The constant yields and the reproducibility of data allow a quantitative analysis of these receptors. Four estrogen receptor isoforms have been observed (pI 4.7, 5.5, 6, and 6.5), isoforms with pI 4.7 and 6.5 being present in all tumors. After incubation at 28 degrees C in high ionic strength, the comparison of isoelectric focusing and high-performance size exclusion chromatography patterns of estrogen receptor confirms the oligomeric structure of the pI 4.7 isoform and suggests a monomeric structure for the pI 6.5 isoform. Under the same conditions of analysis, only one progesterone receptor isoform has been detected with pI 4.7. PMID- 3189783 TI - Iodo-Gen-mediated radioiodination of nucleic acids. AB - Iodo-Gen (1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3a,6a-diphenylglycoluril), widely used as an oxidizing agent for iodination of proteins, can also be used for iodination of nucleic acids. Optimal conditions were determined for efficient labeling of RNA and DNA with 125I. The proposed procedure for radioiodination of nucleic acids is more beneficial than the methods utilizing TlCl3 because of the milder reaction conditions, the simplicity and completeness of separation of reaction products from the oxidizing agents, and the absence of a toxic catalyst. Using the standard procedure for Iodo-Gen-mediated iodination a specific radioactivity of up to 1.3 X 10(9) dpm/micrograms RNA can be achieved. The proposed procedure is also suitable for radioiodination of DNA. PMID- 3189784 TI - Quantitation of aspartate and glutamate in HPLC analysis of phenylthiocarbamyl amino acids. AB - In the quantitation of amino acids by precolumn derivatization with phenylisothiocyanate, the yields of N'-phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC)-aspartate and PTC glutamate from protein hydrolysates are often suboptimal, particularly in analyses following rapid hydrolysis at 160 degrees C. In this paper we show that these losses are due to the presence of materials extracted from the glass container during hydrolysis. In the presence of these extracts, the repeated drying and neutralization steps which precede phenylthiocarbamylation result in samples not fully solubilized by the presently used derivatizing mixtures. Thus the coupling yields for the acidic residues are highly variable. A coupling buffer with the composition 35% H2O, 30% acetonitrile, 25% pyridine, and 10% triethylamine (v/v/v/v) is an efficient solvent for all amino acids in hydrolysates and permits consistent, quantitative derivatization of all amino acids, including aspartate and glutamate. PMID- 3189785 TI - Rapid fluorescence assay of glucose and neutral solute transport using an entrapped volume indicator. AB - A rapid fluorescence method is described for quantitative measurement of glucose and neutral solute transport in cells and sealed membrane vesicles based on volume changes accompanying transport. Membrane vesicles are loaded with the volume-sensitive indicator fluorescein sulfonate (FS) which undergoes concentration-dependent fluorescence self-quenching. In response to an inward solute gradient, there is a rapid decrease in vesicle volume due to osmotic water efflux, followed by solute entry and volume increase. Rates of solute influx are calculated from the time course of vesicle volume reported by FS fluorescence. To validate the method, D-glucose transport was measured in sealed red cell ghost membranes (RBC) and microvillus vesicles (MVV) isolated from human placenta. RBC D-glucose transport was stereospecific and inhibited by cytochalasin B (KI = 0.2 microM) and phloretin (KI = 4 microM). D-Glucose fluxes determined by FS fluorescence were identical to those determined by D-[3H]glucose uptake; in D [3H]glucose uptake studies, FS did not itself alter D-glucose transport. In MVV, D-glucose transport was saturable (Km = 25 +/- 1 mM, Vmax = 8 +/- 1 nmol/s.mg protein) and inhibited by cytochalasin B and phloretin. This fluorescence transport assay provides an accurate method to measure neutral solute uptake in sealed membranes (cells, vesicles liposomes), of particular use for rapid screening of large numbers of samples, when labeled solute is unavailable, or when the quantity of membrane or isolated transport protein is limited. PMID- 3189786 TI - Determination of iduronic acid and glucuronic acid in glycosaminoglycans after stoichiometric reduction and depolymerization using high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection. AB - The reduction of uronic acids in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) prior to depolymerization reactions is one way in which the uronic acid content of polysaccharides can be studied without major losses. The obtained monosaccharides can be recovered from the subsequent depolymerization with a yield better than 95%. Following reduction, depolymerization, and lyophilization, D-glucuronic acid is converted to D-Glc and L-iduronic acid to 1,6-anhydro-idose. Per-O-benzoyl derivatives of these monosaccharides can be separated and detected in nanogram amounts using reversed phase HPLC. A linear detector response was obtained for injections up to 22 nmol (4 micrograms) of Glc and 1,6-anhydro-idose and the detection limit was 5 and 7 pmol, respectively. Reduction, depolymerization, and derivatization with subsequent chromatography of various GAGs can be readily performed in the 1- to 30-micrograms range. PMID- 3189787 TI - An HPLC procedure for the analysis of proteins in lung lavage fluid. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for fractionating the protein components of the lung's extracellular lining fluid, as sampled by bronchoalveolar lavage. With this method, 10 ml (or less) of rat bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in phosphate-buffered saline can be quantitatively analyzed rapidly and reproducibly. This volume (25% of the lavage fluid volume from one rat using a standardized lavage technique) is made 0.2% with respect to trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and pumped through a microBondapak C18 Radial-PAK HPLC column equilibrated with H2O/0.2% TFA. Six fractions are then eluted with a series of acetonitrile gradients and isocratic steps that progress from H2O/0.2% TFA to 65% CH3 CN/0.2% TFA. Following this, 5 additional fractions are eluted with methanol. All 11 fractions are detected by monitoring the column effluents at 206 nm and can be recovered by lyophilization since all the components of the HPLC solvent system are volatile. Nine of the 11 fractions were found to contain protein. Three of the fractions contained proteins common to the blood compartment. The largest fraction of these was albumin, followed by a fraction containing immunoglobulins. Six other protein fractions appeared to be derived from the cells of the lung inasmuch as they were not detected in plasma. Two fractions contained no protein or phospholipids, whereas the most hydrophobic protein fraction did contain phospholipids. A major phospholipid fraction containing no protein eluted early in the chromatogram and was not detectable at 206 nm. This HPLC procedure offers significant utility for identifying and quantifying alterations in several BALF constituents during the development and progression of environmentally induced lung diseases as well as other pulmonary disorders. PMID- 3189788 TI - Measurement of biological disulfides by postcolumn sulfitolysis following separation by HPLC. AB - We developed a method to measure disulfides which is applicable to biological fluids. It consisted of two parts. First, certain thiols and disulfides were separated by HPLC. Second, the eluted materials were submitted to postcolumn reaction with 2-nitro-5-thiosulfobenzoate in the presence of sulfite. The resultant yellow product, 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate, was measured by its absorbance at 412 nm. We determined the elution characteristics of the thiols and disulfides derived from cysteine, glutathione, alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (Thiola), and cysteamine. Penicillamine and its disulfide did not react. Cystine in the urine of 22 cystinuric patients, measured by this method, was compared with results obtained by automatic amino acid analysis. PMID- 3189789 TI - Quantitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography of dansyl derivatives of biogenic amines. AB - A procedure for the separation, detection, and quantification of picomole levels of dansyl derivatives of the biogenic amines, dopamine, norepinephrine, octopamine, and serotonin, has been developed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography. The detection limit is 1 to 2 pmol. Each of the amine derivatives has been detected in insect brain tissue and a solvent system has been developed for the separation and quantification of octopamine in insect tissue samples. PMID- 3189790 TI - Isolation of monoclonal antibodies to phencyclidine from ascites fluid by preparative isoelectric focusing in the Rotofor. AB - A monoclonal antibody to phencyclidine was developed, produced in mouse ascites fluid, and purified. The purification used only preparative-scale isoelectric focusing in the Rotofor and dialysis. In 4 h, 25% (4 mg) of the antibody from 10 ml of ascites fluid was purified to homogeneity while 63% of the total antibody was recovered. PMID- 3189791 TI - Electrochemical detection for high-performance liquid chromatography of ketoconazole in plasma and saliva. AB - Ketoconazole, cis-1-acetyl-4-[4[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol- 1 ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine, a clinically used antifungal agent, is also an inhibitor of steroid hormone biosynthesis. A high performance liquid chromatographic method is described which resolves ketoconazole with selectivity and high sensitivity provided by the use of electrochemical detection. Ketoconazole can be detected in high-performance liquid chromatography by electrochemical oxidation at a glassy carbon electrode at a potential of +1.0 V. Electrochemical detection offers improved sensitivity and selectivity over ultraviolet absorbance or fluorescence detection after derivatization. The method utilizes a volatile buffer system compatible with postcolumn analyses and an internal standard which is electrochemically active. This technique provides a simple method to assay ketoconazole. Ketoconazole can be detected in human plasma and saliva after a single oral therapeutic dose. PMID- 3189792 TI - Determination of serum kynurenine and hepatic tryptophan dioxygenase activity by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - The status of the oxidative metabolism of L-tryptophan is usually evaluated by the determination of tryptophan metabolites in serum or urine and/or the activities of various oxidative enzymes in tissues. I have developed assays for serum kynurenine and hepatic tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) activity based on the determination of kynurenine (KYN) by isocratic, reverse phase HPLC with spectrophotometric detection at 365 nm. Sample pretreatment prior to HPLC requires little more than perchloric acid precipitation of serum or a TDO incubation mixture. The analytical recovery for the serum assay was 101 +/- 2%, while the run-to-run coefficient of variation at normal KYN levels was approximately 8%. Serum KYN levels in 40 apparently healthy fasting humans were normally distributed and ranged from 0.27 to 0.69 microgram/ml (mean +/- SD: 0.47 +/- 0.1). Serum KYN in predialysis specimens from a group of 20 patients with chronic renal failure demonstrated a highly significant increase (mean +/- SD: 0.83 +/- 0.35 microgram/ml; P less than 0.001) as compared to the reference population. It is possible that such an increase might contribute to the pathophysiology of the uremic state. The analytical recovery of KYN from TDO incubation mixtures was approximately 90%. There was no evidence for the onward metabolism of KYN during the assay of whole liver homogenates. The mean (+/- SD) TDO activity of rat liver homogenates preincubated with ascorbate and hematin was 2.3 +/- 0.8 mumol/h/g wet wt (30 degrees C). The sensitivity, specificity, and convenience of these two methods suggest that they are suitable for routine use in the investigation of the biology and pathology of oxidative tryptophan metabolism. PMID- 3189793 TI - Separation of ricin A- and B-chains after dithiothreitol reduction. AB - After complete cleavage of ricin interchain disulfide bridge by 0.05 M dithiothreitol in nondenaturing conditions at 37 degrees C during 1 h 30 min, A- and B-chains were separated on a lactosaminyl-aminoethyl Biogel P-150 column at 4 degrees C, in the presence of 0.01 M dithiothreitol and 0.5 M MgCl2. A- and B chains have been characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunology. Their specific activities have been tested by protein synthesis inhibition in a cell-free assay (rabbit reticulocyte lysate) and on whole cells (Zajdela hepatoma cells) and by hemagglutination. From these tests, the apparent cross contamination of the chains was about 0.1%. PMID- 3189794 TI - Development of an oxyntomodulin/glicentin C-terminal radioimmunoassay using a "thiol-maleoyl" coupling method for preparing the immunogen. AB - Oxyntomodulin (OXM) and glicentin, two peptides processed from proglucagon, both contain the glucagon sequence and a C-terminal basic octapeptide, KRNRNNIA extension. A method to produce antibodies, directed specifically toward the C terminal extension of these two peptides, was developed; it consisted of the use of thioled bovine serum albumin conjugated with the synthetic N-maleoyl C terminal octapeptide as the immunogen. Three rabbits (FAN, LEG, and PIP) generated antisera with affinity constants close to 5 X 10(10) M-1. In the radioimmunoassay system, these antisera showed a 100% cross-reactivity with OXM, partially purified rat and human glicentin, and the C-terminal 19-37 OXM fragment. They displayed no cross-reactivity toward the glucagon molecule. The cross-reactivity of C-terminal fragments of OXM demonstrated that the epitope involves the C-terminal hexapeptide and that the two last amino acid residues are essential for the binding. The high-performance liquid chromatography elution profiles of human jejunum or rat intestinal extracts obtained by radioimmunoassay with LEG antiserum showed two major peaks which had the same retention times as OXM and glicentin markers. Thus, the major end products in the human and rat small intestine are OXM and glicentin. In human or rat pancreas, the two main peaks detected were glucagon and the C-terminal hexapeptide of OXM/glicentin. Small amounts of OXM were also found in pancreas, whereas no significant quantities of glicentin could be detected. The "thiol-maleoyl" coupling method described here, and applied to produce C-terminal OXM/glicentin specific antisera, might be of general use to obtain antibodies against a well-defined epitope. PMID- 3189795 TI - An in vitro binding assay for angiogenin using placental ribonuclease inhibitor. AB - A convenient in vitro assay for angiogenin has been developed which greatly facilitates its routine detection and quantitation. The assay is based on the capacity of angiogenin to bind placental ribonuclease inhibitor (PRI); it is less tedious and more versatile than existing procedures that measure blood vessel growth or cleavage of rRNA. The test sample is added to a reaction mixture containing a known quantity of PRI, which complexes any angiogenin present in the sample. A slight excess of RNase A, relative to PRI, is then added, and the amount of RNase A which remains unbound is determined by measuring the generation of acid-soluble fragments from yeast RNA. The assay is sensitive to 30 fmol of angiogenin and is linear over a 17-fold concentration range. Use of the binding assay in parallel with a conventional RNase A assay provides a means of detecting angiogenin in chromatographic fractions and differentiating it from RNases. This procedure makes possible the isolation of angiogenin from new sources, such as nonhuman sera. It may also be applicable to other biologically active proteins with sequence homology to RNase A, e.g., eosinophil cationic protein or eosinophil derived neurotoxin. PMID- 3189796 TI - Subpicogram determination of malondialdehyde by gas-liquid chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detector. I. Standardization. AB - A method for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) using GLC with a nitrogen phosphorus detector (GLC/NPD) is described and evaluated. The method uses 2 hydrazinobenzothiazole (HBT) which forms condensation derivatives with MDA, acetoacetaldehyde, and acetylacetone (AA). GC/MS and 13C NMR studies of the three derivatives obtained showed that they are 2-(pyrazol-1'-yl)benzothiazoles and that they can be separated by GLC/NPD. Any one of these derivatives can be used as an internal standard for the measurement of the other two. The optimal conditions for the measurement of MDA were studied. At pH 2.5 and 70 degrees C, the condensation derivative is quantitatively formed in 30 min. Its extraction is obtained by a mixture of n-hexane/isoamyl alcohol 98/2 (v/v) containing HBT-AA as internal standard. The GLC detection limit is 0.04 pmol. Inter- and intrassay coefficients of variation were 2.9 and an average of 4.0%, respectively. The method is specific, and there was no interference from other carbonyl compounds. The artifactual formation of MDA from carbohydrates during the derivatization reaction is negligible. The method is proposed as a reference method for the standardization of working solutions of MDA or MDA-generating solutions. PMID- 3189797 TI - Measurement of specific radioactivity of tryptophan labeled with carbon-14 in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with a synchronized accumulating radioisotope detector. AB - Measurement of specific radioactivity by a high-performance liquid chromatograph with a synchronized accumulating radioisotope detector was conducted. Accuracy of measurement for an authentic sample containing 0.2 nCi of tryptophan labeled with carbon-14 exceeded 95%. In the case of a plasma sample obtained 120 min following intravenous administration of 15 muCi of labeled tryptophan to a rat, the coefficient of variation was 7.0%. PMID- 3189798 TI - Measurement of specific radioactivity by high-performance liquid chromatograph with a synchronized accumulating radioisotope detector: determination of turnover rate and pool size of tryptophan in rat. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatograph with a synchronized accumulating radioisotope detector was used to determine the turnover rate and pool size of tryptophan in rat. The specific radioactivity could be followed for three half lives on the final slope of the specific radioactivity curve following intravenous administration of 15 muCi of carrier free tryptophan labeled with carbon-14. Remarkable individual differences were noted in turnover rate and in pool size among rats. PMID- 3189799 TI - Reaction of low molecular weight aminothiols with o-phthalaldehyde. AB - o-Phthalaldehyde has been recently shown to be a useful reagent for chemical modification of cyclic nucleotide dependent protein kinases, hexokinase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. It reacts covalently with closely spaced (approximately 3 A) sulfhydryl and epsilon-amino functions of cysteine and lysine residues, respectively, of these enzymes to yield fluorescent isoindole derivatives. We have found the reagent to be equally useful to investigate the degree of reactivity of sulfhydryl and amino functions in substances that do not possess enzymatic activity, e.g., glutathione, homocysteine, and cysteine. The kinetics of the reaction of nonenzymatic aminothiols with o-phthalaldehyde can be followed rapidly and conveniently by continuously monitoring the increase in relative fluorescence of the isoindole derivatives. The fluorescence emission maxima of the o-phthalaldehyde adducts can be used to compute molar transition energies that provide qualitative but useful information concerning the degree of polarity of microenvironment of the sulfhydryl and amino functions participating in isoindole formation. The kinetic and spectral data obtained from the reaction between o-phthalaldehyde and nonenzymatic low molecular weight aminothiols may be helpful in comparing the reactivities of the sulfhydryl and amino functions in enzymes. PMID- 3189800 TI - Analysis of sorbitol, galactitol, and myo-inositol in lens and sciatic nerve by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Accumulation of sorbitol or galactitol and depletion of myo-inositol in hyperglycemic conditions such as diabetes and galactosemia involve the activity of aldose reductase and are implicated in hyperglycemia-induced complications such as cataract and neuropathy. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the measurement of polyols in the lens and sciatic nerve of rats. This method comprises polyol extraction from tissues, lyophilization of extracts, derivatization of polyols by the reaction with phenylisocyanate, and HPLC of derivatives with detection at 240 nm. The time needed for each run is less than 25 min, which allows the testing of a large number of samples per day. Sensitivity is very high: as low as 0.5 nmol each of sorbitol, galactitol, and myo-inositol in lyophilized extracts of tissues can be determined. The present method offers a reliable tool to evaluate the in vivo activities of aldose reductase and its inhibitors. PMID- 3189801 TI - Diphenylamine-colorimetric method for DNA assay: a shortened procedure by incubating samples at 50 degrees C. AB - We describe a modified procedure of the diphenylamine-colorimetric method for assay of DNA that is shorter than the procedure described by Burton. This improvement is achieved by raising the sample incubation temperature to 50 degrees C. The higher temperature hastens and stabilizes the diphenylamine reaction with DNA so that absorbances of samples can be measured as early as 3 h after the reaction is started. This shortened assay is able to detect as little as 3 micrograms of calf thymus DNA. This method is suitable for measuring DNA content of epidermal tissue. PMID- 3189802 TI - The spectrophotometric determination of nanomole quantities of chloride in plant tissue. AB - The determination of Cl- in plant tissues was investigated by FeSCN2+ spectrophotometry following SCN- displacement from Hg(SCN)2 by Cl-. The calibration curve was nonlinear, but consistent and reproducible. As little as 10 nmol Cl- could be measured. There was no obvious interference in color development by water-soluble components in plant tissues. Values obtained by this method were in close agreement with those obtained potentiometrically and by coulometric titration. PMID- 3189803 TI - Determination of copper and zinc in serum and whole blood by ion chromatography. AB - An ion chromatography (IC) method for the determination of copper and zinc in serum and whole blood is described. The sample treatment consists of diluting (2:3 for serum and 1:3 for whole blood) with 50% trichloroacetic acid, centrifuging, and dispensing the liquid directly into the chromatograph. The standard additions technique is used to establish the calibration. The close agreement between IC and spectrophotometric data on copper and zinc in serum and whole blood suggests that ion chromatography may be applied to complex biological matrices with minimal sample preparation. PMID- 3189804 TI - New preparation method for 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) as a fluorescent labeling reagent for fatty acids and derivatives. AB - A preparation method for 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) as a fluorescent labeling reagent for carboxylic acids is described. 9-Anthraldehyde hydrazone is oxidized with an organic oxidant, N-chlorosuccinimide, in an organic solvent such as ethyl acetate to give ADAM, and then the reaction mixture is directly used as the reagent solution for the derivatization of carboxylic acids. Both the oxidation and the derivatization reaction are carried out at room temperature, and an aliquot of the derivatization mixture is directly injected into a chromatograph. 9-Anthrylmethyl ester derivatives formed from ADAM and various carboxylic acids are sufficiently separated on a reversed-phase column and are sensitively detected fluorometrically. The present method was applied to the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of long and short chain fatty acids, keto acids, and hydroxy acids. PMID- 3189805 TI - Interference of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate with measurements of ketone body concentration and isotopic enrichment by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AB - Concentrations and 13C2 molar percentage enrichments of blood R-3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are measured by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples are treated with NaB2H4 to reduce unlabeled and labeled acetoacetate to corresponding deuterium-labeled RS-3-hydroxybutyrate species. Only the gas chromatographic peak for the tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivative of 3 hydroxybutyrate needs to be monitored. The various compounds are quantitated using an internal standard of RS-3-hydroxy-[2,2,3,4,4,4-2H6]-butyrate. Concentrations of ketone bodies are obtained by monitoring the m/z 159 to 163 fragments of tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives of labeled and unlabeled 3 hydroxybutyrate species. High correlations were obtained between ketone body concentrations assayed (i) enzymatically with R-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and (ii) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The limit of detection is about 10 nmol of substrate in blood samples. The current practice of monitoring the m/z 275 to 281 fragments overestimates the concentration of endogenous R-3 hydroxybutyrate, due to co-elution of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, a valine metabolite. The method presented is used to measure ketone body turnover in vivo in 24-h fasted dogs. PMID- 3189806 TI - A stopped-flow assay for glycogen phosphorylase appropriate to measure catalytic activity at high enzyme concentrations. AB - Glycogen phosphorylase (EC 2.4.1.1) may be assayed in the glycogen degradation direction by a continuous spectrophotometric method. The formation of glucose 1 phosphate from glycogen and phosphate produces a controlled change of pH which can be measured by the changes in absorbance of phenol red added to the system. The procedure may be conveniently applied to a stopped-flow spectrophotometer to measure the rate of the reaction. Therefore the activity of the enzyme may be determined at low conventional concentrations and, by the same technique, at high enzyme concentrations approaching those supposed to exist in vivo. PMID- 3189807 TI - Ca2+ measurement with a Ca electrode: artifacts due to some cardiotropic drugs. AB - In order to validate D. M. Bers' method ((1982) Amer. J. Physiol. 242, C404-C408) for the determination of free [Ca] in ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EG-TA)-buffered Ca solution, six cardiotropic drugs were checked for their ability to interfere with Ca2+ measurements with a Ca electrode: verapamil, diltiazem, perhexiline, amrinone, bepridil, and diproteverine. Only amrinone, up to 10(-4) M, showed no effect. With the other compounds, from 5 x 10(-6) to 10(-4) M a gradual increase of the potential was observed. Negligible with 1 mM Ca2+ in the solution, the effects increased while free Ca decreased, regardless of the presence of EGTA. Similar observations were made using a K+ electrode. Relying on the results obtained by three different techniques, potentiometric study, spectrophotometric study, and binding of 45Ca on Chelex 100 resin, it was concluded that the effects of these drugs on the potential measured with an ion-specific electrode are artifacts which are not due to a release of Ca ions from the Ca-EGTA complex. When using Bers' method for the determination of free calcium, interfering drugs should be added to the solutions only after Ca2+ measurements with the Ca electrode. PMID- 3189808 TI - Effect of buffer pH and peptide composition on the selectivity of peptide separations by capillary zone electrophoresis. AB - A series of 10 synthetic peptides containing varying degrees of charge and hydrophobicity was used to study the effects of peptide composition and buffer pH on the selectivity of separations by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). A simple model is used to explain the effect of buffer pH on the separation. It was found that pH is an important parameter affecting the selectivity of CZE separations. Furthermore, it is shown that the selectivity of the separation is such that peptides differing in neutral amino acid composition can be resolved, and that even differences in a peptide's amino acid sequence can be detected. A protease digest of beta-lactoglobulin A is shown as a practical example of a separation of a complex peptide mixture. PMID- 3189809 TI - Determination of nitrilotriacetate in biological matrices using ion exclusion chromatography. AB - A sensitive method for the determination of nitrilotriacetate in biological growth media and cell-free extracts by ion exclusion chromatography is described using HCl as an eluant. The eluant conductivity was chemically suppressed with a membrane suppressor and a conductivity detector was used for subsequent detection. The membrane was continuously regenerated with a tetrabutylammoniumhydroxide solution. The detection limit for nitrilotriacetate in cell-free extract was 11 mg/liter, while for nitrilotriacetate in growth media it was 1 mg/liter. Interference by compounds present in biological matrices with the determination is discussed. PMID- 3189810 TI - Discontinuous polyacrylamide gradient agarose gels resolve a wide range of restriction fragments and optimize the efficiency of nucleic acid transfer. AB - A vertical electrophoresis procedure utilizing a discontinuous polyacrylamide gradient agarose gel was developed to resolve DNA fragments ranging in size from over 50 kb to less than 300 bp in length. The gel consisted of a polyacrylamide plug at the base of the gel followed by a gradient of agarose ranging from 0.3 to 0.9%. Restriction fragments migrated shorter distances than in a comparable polyacrylamide-0.3% agarose gel, and small fragments were retained. Southern transfer of DNA fragments from the gradient gel onto nitrocellulose was more efficient than transfer of fragments using a nongradient gel. PMID- 3189811 TI - Microsequence analysis of peptides and proteins. IX. Manual gas-phase microsequencing of multiple samples. AB - A novel apparatus for performing manual gas-phase Edman chemistry on protein and peptide samples is described. Edman chemistry is performed in 6 to 10 Teflon continuous flow reactors (CFR), previously described by J.E. Shively et al. (1987) Anal. Biochem. 163, 517-529). The CFRs are packed with 10-15 mg of Polybrene-coated spherical silica (Porasil B, Waters Associates). The gas-phase coupling reagent and cleavage reagent are 5% aqueous triethylamine and anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid, respectively, delivered by a stream of argon gas. The delivery of the gas-phase reagents is manually controlled with Hamilton 3-way valves and 2-way valves, and that of the solvents, ethyl acetate and butyl chloride, by syringe pipetting. The average cycle time is 15-20 min for 6 to 10 samples run simultaneously. Conversion of the anilinothiazolinone to phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) amino acid derivatives is accomplished manually with 25% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid. The PTH amino acids are analyzed by reversed phase HPLC using an autosampler for handling multiple samples. Excellent results were obtained in the 100-200 pmol range. Protein samples can be sequenced from 15 20 cycles, and peptide samples usually to the COOH terminus. Initial yields ranged from 30 to 60% and repetitive yields ranged from 90 to 96%. The sample washout and size of background peaks are significantly reduced, compared to older methods of manual sequence analysis. The yields and background signal to noise are comparable to automated gas-phase Edman chemistry. The improved manual Edman described represents a low cost alternative to automated sequence analysis, and has the advantage being able to process multiple samples simultaneously. PMID- 3189812 TI - Determination of isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate in tissue samples with a comment on secondary regulation of polyisoprenoid biosynthesis. AB - A double-isotope dilution procedure is described for the determination of two isoprenoid precursors, isopentenyl and farnesyl diphosphate. Recovery of each is determined by the addition of the appropriate radioactive diphosphate to the tissue sample. After partial purification, each is coupled by a prenyltransferase with a cosubstrate of known specific activity. The products, doubly labeled farnesyl and geranylgeranyl diphosphates, are cleaved to the parent alcohols by alkaline phosphatase. The resulting polyprenols are isolated by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography and their radioisotopic content is determined. The levels of these precursors have been measured in livers of rats and mice that have been maintained on several different diets. The concentration of each was about 0.5 mumol/g wet tissue and varied as much as 10-fold under the different test conditions. The levels of isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, farnesyl diphosphate synthetase, and squalene synthetase were also measured in these animals. The changes in levels of these enzymes, in conjunction with the variation in substrate concentrations, are such that they could substantially influence the rate of cholesterol synthesis in liver. PMID- 3189813 TI - Concurrent separation of catecholamines, dihydroxyphenylglycol, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and neuropeptide Y in superfusate and tissue extract. AB - A method is described for separation and quantification of 3,4 dihydroxyphenylglycol (DO-PEG), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) from single samples of tissue homogenate and from superfusate from in vitro dog blood vessel preparations using cartridges containing 0.4 g of octadecylsilane (Sep-Pak C-18). Samples were passed through the cartridge at pH 7.4. A step-gradient system was used to first selectively desorb the catechols (DOPEG, NE, DA) with a moderately polar eluent; subsequently VIP and NPY were eluted with 2.5 ml of a mixture of 1% trifluoroacetic acid, 80% acetonitrile. Five Sep-Pak catechol eluents were tested. Catechols were quantified by HPLC with electrochemical detection and peptides by radioimmunoassay. An HPLC solvent system is described which is particularly useful for chromatography of the more hydrophilic catechols DOPEG, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine concurrently with catecholamines. For superfusion studies, sample cleanup time was reduced to about 4 min per sample by attachment of the cartridges directly to the bottom of the superfusion chamber. Superfusate was subsequently pulled through the cartridges immediately after they were passed over the tissue. Batches of 12 high-speed tissue supernates were processed through the method in about 30 min. The method was used to analyze DOPEG, NE, DA, VIP, and NPY in various rat and dog tissues. The values obtained were similar to values obtained previously by other methods. Because the catechols and peptides are separated from a single sample, the method has several advantages over those described previously; e.g., it is rapid, simple, and more sensitive. PMID- 3189814 TI - The measurement of insoluble proteins using a modified Bradford assay. AB - A technique for determining the amount of thermally denatured, insoluble protein is described. The assay has been validated using four globular proteins, bovine serum albumin, beta-lactoglobulin, lysozyme, and ovalbumin. It consists of a resolubilization protocol, using 8 M urea and 5% 2-mercaptoethanol, linked to the Bradford dye binding assay. The resolubilization protocol was carried out at 100 degrees C to enable complete recovery of all insoluble proteins. Beta Lactoglobulin resolubilization was completed after heating for 1 min, whereas samples of bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, and ovalbumin required heating for 1.5 min. The assay can measure protein concentrations as small as 10 micrograms, typically with standard deviations of 3%, thus comparing favorably with the standard Bradford assay. Other types of denaturation, such as chemical denaturation causing subsequent insolubility, may be studied with this technique providing that there is no interference with the Bradford assay. PMID- 3189815 TI - Quantification of gangliotetraose gangliosides with cholera toxin. AB - A procedure is described for assay of GM1 and other gangliotetraose-type gangliosides at the picomole level. The gangliosides are absorbed onto polystyrene microwells and treated with neuraminidase and then with cholera toxin B subunits conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Color is developed and quantified spectrophotometrically. Omission of neuraminidase gives a measure of GM1 alone. Linearity was obtained between 0.5 and 3 pmol. This procedure was applied to ganglioside mixtures isolated fron neuro-2A neuroblastoma and PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. For the latter, an additional step involving reaction with fucosidase increased the yield of GM1 due to the presence of fucosylated gangliosides. Application of the same reagents as a TLC overlay procedure to the gangliosides from neuro-2A cells revealed the presence of GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b in addition to GM1, thus confirming the presence of a family of gangliotetraose gangliosides. PMID- 3189816 TI - Two strands of DNA are not equivalent as probes in hybridizations at low stringency. AB - Only one of the two complementary strands of a restriction fragment hybridizes under low stringency conditions to a cloned Arabidopsis thaliana genomic DNA fragment. We propose that this effect is caused by the energetic nonequivalence of the two possible mismatched duplexes, resulting from the accumulation of mismatches and extrahelical bases. These mismatches will differ between the two duplexes. The choice of probe strand may therefore be important for the success of heterologous hybridizations utilizing single-stranded probes. PMID- 3189817 TI - A comparison of fluorographic methods for the detection of 35S-labeled proteins in polyacrylamide gels. AB - Eight different methods of fluorographic enhancement of sensitivity to 35S decay after gel electrophoresis were compared. Using Kodak X-Omat AR X-ray film, we found that some fluors were about equivalent to 2,5-diphenyloxazole/dimethyl sulfoxide embedding, whereas several other fluors were not quite as effective, but still were significantly more sensitive than control autoradiography. The most sensitive procedures can yield a detectable darkening of film with less than 1 dpm/mm2 of 35S after a 1-week exposure. PMID- 3189818 TI - Two-step purification and N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the rat Mr 90,000 heat shock protein. AB - A fast and efficient method for the isolation of the rat Mr approximately 90,000 heat shock protein is presented, comprising a two-step high-performance anion exchange and gel-permeation column chromatography. The Mr approximately 90,000 protein was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity in high yield (up to 2 mg per 10g of normal rat liver) in 4-5 h. The purified protein was recognized on protein immunoblots by monospecific rabbit antibodies raised against the rat glucocorticoid receptor-associated Mr approximately 90,000 non-ligand-binding protein. The N-terminal sequence of the first 25 amino acids of the purified protein showed a high degree of similarity with Mr approximately 90,000 heat shock proteins from calf, human, Drosophila, and yeast. PMID- 3189819 TI - Development of polyacrylamide gels that improve the separation of proteins and their detection by silver staining. AB - Background staining that is associated with silver detection of proteins and nucleic acids in polyacrylamide gels has been shown to be due mostly to the amide groups in methylenebisacrylamide, a commonly used gel crosslinker. In attempts to reduce this background staining, eight existing crosslinking agents were tested. All of these proved to be unsuitable. Six new crosslinking agents were synthesized and tested. Of these, diacrylylpiperazine provided increased physical strength, improved electrophoretic separation of proteins, and silver staining detection of proteins with reduced background stain. PMID- 3189820 TI - Methods for increasing the resolution of two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. AB - A two-dimensional gel elctrophoresis protocol has been developed which provides for a 1.5-to 3-fold increase in the resolution of proteins compared to other frequently used methods. The major variations from previous protocols include increased pore size in the isoelectric focusing gels; cholamidopropyldimethylhydroxypropanesulfonate, a zwitterionic detergent, replaces most of the Nonidet P-40, a nonionic detergent, in the isoelectric focusing gels; no equilibration step is employed between the first and second dimensional separation. The use of a stacking gel in the second dimension has been eliminated; a more efficient and evenly distributed cooling system has been designed for the molecular mass separation, allowing faster migration with higher current. Finally, the crosslinker diacrylylpiperazine is employed which improves protein separation and detection with ammoniacal silver staining. Silver-stained two-dimensional gel electrophoretograms of human plasma and hamster brain tissues and autoradiographs of rat liver cells are compared to the results obtained from previous methods. PMID- 3189821 TI - Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase assay: silica gel column separation of reaction products. AB - Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) assays are usually performed by incubation of the enzyme with a labeled substrate followed by thin-layer chromatography separation and subsequent quantification of cholesteryl esters (CE) formed. Herein, a method is described for rapid separation of CE from other lipids, by elution from a silica gel column with a solvent mixture of petroleum ether/diethyl ether (98:2, v/v). Silica gel column chromatography is reliable and more rapid and safer than TLC. The best results were obtained when the reaction was stopped by Dole extraction followed by CE separation on a silica gel column. Assays for ACAT from rat intestinal microsomes showed that the specific activity values obtained using this method were reproducible and in good agreement with those obtained by conventional TLC method. PMID- 3189822 TI - Resolution of enantiomers of hydroxyeicosatetraenoate derivatives by chiral phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. AB - A new method was developed for analyzing the steric configuration of hydroxyeicosatetraenoates (HETEs) and other hydroxy fatty acids. Racemic HETE methyl esters were reacted with either benzoyl or naphthoyl chloride in pyridine and the resulting aromatic ester derivatives purified by reversed phase HPLC and subsequently chromatographed on a chiral stationary phase HPLC column [(R)-(-)-N 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl-alpha-phenylglycine)]. In contrast to the enantiomers of the underivatized HETE methyl esters which were only partially resolved, the enantiomers of their aromatic ester derivatives were completely separable on this chiral phase. Chiral HETEs can be retrieved from the aromatic derivatives by alkaline hydrolysis. Thus, this method has both analytical and preparative applications. PMID- 3189823 TI - Electron microscopic study of cat meninges. AB - The intervascular portions of the encephalic dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater were studied with special reference to their spatial relationships. The cell types were analyzed at electron microscopic level. An outer dural layer, composed of typically elongated fibroblasts and large intercellular spaces was identified. The middle dural layer was composed of collagenous connective tissue matrix together with some fibrocytes scattered in it. The inner dural layer showed epithelium-like arranged cells with light cytoplasm and long processes. The electron-dense band, measuring about 20 nm in width, located between dura mater and arachnoid was not so prominent as in the previously investigated experimental animals. The intercellular contacts among the cells of the outer arachnoid layer included maculae and zonulae adherentes and gap junctions mainly, while the tight junctions observed were quite rare. Following the arachnoid trabecular layer, an inner arachnoid layer could be hardly demonstrated. The pial cells were differentiated into 2 distinct layers, bordering the narrow and discontinuous pial space. PMID- 3189824 TI - [Craniofacial growth under the influence of blood supply. 13. Local biomechanical aspects of bone morphogenesis]. AB - The origin of formative forces is to be sought in genetically controlled growth processes. The forces generated by various system components are analyzed. The forces acting in mutual opposition can be illustrated by considering the brain as an intracranial force factor and the temporalis muscle as an external force factor. Apposition and resorption of bone is governed by the interaction between the stresses. The skull's primary growth centres such as the basicranial synchondroses must, like epiphyses of tubular bones, exert growth forces to overcome the restraining forces stemming from surrounding tissues. Growth can be suppressed by excessive counter-pressure, diverted by asymmetrically acting forces, and encouraged by the removal of suppressive forces. PMID- 3189825 TI - The effect of surgical ablation of Brunner's glands on the proximal duodenal mucosa. AB - Neither macroscopic nor microscopic lesions were observed in the gastrointestinal mucosa following the surgical removal of Brunner's glands. This observation leaves some doubt concerning the traditional view that Brunner's glands function primarily in the protection of the proximal duodenal mucosa from acid-pepsin entering from the stomach. PMID- 3189826 TI - Retinal fine structure in the European eel Anguilla anguilla. V. Pigment epithelium of the sexually immature silver eel stage. AB - The fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris has been investigated in the sexually immature silver eel and compared with previous observations made at the glass and yellow eel stages of the lengthy life cycle of the European eel. As in the previous stages the retinal pigment epithelium of the sexually immature silver eel consists of a single layer of cuboidal to squamous cells joined laterally by apically located cell junctions. The basal (scleral) and lateral borders of these cells are relatively smooth while apical (vitreal) processes enclosing photoreceptor outer segments are plentiful. Internally the epithelial cells display a vesicular pleomorphic nucleus, abundant mitochondria and melanosomes as well as myeloid bodies, phagosomes and polysomes. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is abundant while rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is uncommon. Lipid droplets are also scarce. Wandering phagocytes are a regular feature amongst the retinal epithelial cells. Bruch's membrane is trilaminate and remains thin as in the previous stages investigated. The choriocapillaris is a single discontinuous layer of capillaries showing fenestrations on the side facing Bruch's membrane. A stratum argenteum remains in the choroid but separated from the retinal epithelium by pigment cells of the choroid. PMID- 3189827 TI - Origin of lingual proprioceptive afferents in Japanese monkey, M. fuscata fuscata. Studied by HRP-labeling technique. AB - The peripheral course of the axon of the lingual proprioceptive neurons in 5 Japanese monkeys was studied by injecting HRP into the distal part of the hypoglossal nerve through the proximal stump. The present authors confirmed that the HRP-labeled cell bodies appeared ipsilaterally in the C2, C3 and C4 spinal ganglia. The afferents to the C2, C3 and C4 ganglia pass through the ansa hypoglossi and direct neuronal anastomosis existing between the first cervical nerve and the hypoglossal nerve. It was confirmed that in the Japanese monkey, having abundant muscle spindles in the tongue, the lingual proprioceptive neuron soma exist in the C2, C3 and C4 spinal ganglia, their peripheral axons passing through the ansa hypoglossi and the direct neuronal anastomosis. PMID- 3189828 TI - Changes of noradrenaline content in the adrenergic nerves of the pig ovaries different periods of the oestrous cycle. AB - This paper gives a description of the morphological features of the adrenergic nerves in the pig ovary, and discusses noradrenaline content in these nerves in different periods of the oestrous cycle. Studies were carried out on 19 sexually mature virgin pigs, each weighing about 120 kg. The animals were divided into 3 groups: 1st to 2nd day of the oestrous cycle (n = 8), 13th to 14th day of the cycle (n = 5) and 16th to 18th day (n = 6). The fluorescence method by TORRE and SURGEON (1976) was used to identify the adrenergic nerves. Noradrenaline content in the ovaries was determined according to CHANG (1964) with BRODIE'S (1966) modification. Rich adrenergic innervation was observed in all parts of the ovary. The highest fluorescence of the nerve fibers was found in the pig ovaries on the 1-2 d of the oestrous cycle. The highest Na content was observed in the adrenergic nerves of the ovaries also on the 1-2 d of the cycle, its levels being twice lower in other periods. It seems that Na content in these nerves depended, among others, on the level of some steroid hormones, such as oestradiol and progesterone. PMID- 3189829 TI - An analysis of craniofacial form in cleft palate patients. AB - Lateral cephalometric form was compared between age-sex matched cleft palate and normocephalic (control) samples aged 6-12 years. Analogous arrays of 3 cephalometric datum points were subjected to finite element analysis, a rigorous geometric technique. The results showed that normocephalic craniofacial size changes were greater than those of the cleft palate sample, although the degree of contrast varied depending upon the particular finite element included in the analysis. More complex lateral cephalometric shape changes were denoted by this technique, however, again depending upon the specific finite element included in the analysis. These data therefore suggested that the differences in craniofacial size and shape changes between normocephalic and cleft palate patients were far more complex than traditionally envisaged. PMID- 3189830 TI - An analysis of orthodontically induced changes in craniofacial form. AB - Traditional cephalometric analyses facilitate only cursory craniofacial evaluation. When a more rigorous geometric technique, in the form of finite element analysis, was applied to a retrospective series of lateral cephalographs taken before and after the completion of the orthodontic therapy, however, complex craniofacial size and shape changes were apparent. Such complexities could not have been detected from conventional cephalographic appraisal. PMID- 3189831 TI - The rate of bony tissue deposition in the spongiosa of the extremities of long bones in the dog. AB - 9 mongrel dogs ranging from 5 months to 3 years of age were given 3 single endovenous Alizarin injections at 20-day intervals. In transverse sections of the epiphyses and metaphyses of the proximal and distal ends of the femur, tibia, radius and humerus, we measured the thickness of the bony tissue newly formed during the period between the 1st and 2nd Alizarin administration, and separately of that laid down between the 2nd and the 3rd. The weighted means and histograms set up by us of the values severely gathered in the tubular (peripheral) and lamellar (deeply placed) spongiosa in each metaphyseal and epiphyseal sections, are the expression of the mean linear rate of bony tissue deposition. The mean linear rate of bone deposition (1) declines with age; (2) is higher in the metaphyses than in the epiphyses; (3) in single metaphyses it is higher in the tubular than in the lamellar type of trabeculae. These differences are much marked in the animals undergoing body growth, tending to become appreciably reduced in adult specimens. Significant differences in bone deposition rates between corresponding regions of different bones from the same individual were not seen to occur. The differences in bony tissue deposition rate between the tubular and lamellar spongiosa networks seem to depend upon the action exerted by local factors functionally closely associated with the remodelling of metaphyses during growth in length of the skeletal segments, hence upon predominantly mechanical factors. PMID- 3189832 TI - A Golgi and electron microscope study of the precommissural dorsal septum in the reptile: Podarcis hispanica. AB - In reptiles the septal area is located in the medial wall of the telencephalon. It can be divided into 2 subregions: the precommissural septum and the postcommissural septum. The dorsal portion of the precommissural septum (PDS) received a massive projection from the medial cerebral cortex. It can be distinguished from the other portions of the pre- and postcommissural septum by its Timm-positivity and by its positivity to acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. PMID- 3189833 TI - Relationships between neural crest cells and serotonin in newborn mice. AB - The experimental newborn mice injected intraperitoneally with serotonin within 24 h after birth and survived up to 2-days showed multiple APUDomas, hyperplasia, heterotopic melanin pigmentation and the cell death of neural crest cells. Further, the degeneration occurred in the Auerbach, Meisner nerve plexus, autonomic ganglia. The flocculent densities were seen in the brain, and in the pulps and the periodontal membrane of teeth. It is thought that these phenomena may be associated with not only cyclic AMP but also calcium, and that neural crest cells may be autoreceptor. PMID- 3189834 TI - Retinal fine structure in the European eel Anguilla anguilla. VI. Photoreceptors of the sexually immature silver eel stage. AB - This report deals with the fine structure of the photoreceptors of the sexually immature silver eel and compares these findings with previous observations on the glass and yellow eel stages of the life cycle of the European eel. The photoreceptors of the sexually immature glass eel are readily categorized as either rods or cones. No multiple cones are observed. The rod:cone ratio is about 100:1, which is greater than that of either the glass or yellow eel stages. Rods and perhaps cones also are capable of retinomotor responses. In the light-adapted condition, rod inner segments are the same width as the outer segments but narrow abruptly below the ellipsoid to form the myoid. Rod outer segments in the immature glass eel are longer but much the same diameter as that noted for the glass and yellow eel. Cone inner segments are much wider than the outer segments which taper distally. Both rods and cones display organelles in the inner segment region indicative of protein production. Most of the cones observed at this stage showed some degenerative signs mostly as empty vacuoles within their cytoplasm. Cone nuclei are large and vesicular and in the light-adapted state are invariably located sclerad to the external limiting membrane while rod nuclei are small and dense and located vitread to this membrane. Both rods and cones display both invaginated and superficial synaptic sites. The most obvious changes noted in the immature silver eel photoreceptor population are a marked rise in the rod:cone ratio and a lengthening of rod outer segments. PMID- 3189835 TI - [The innervation of the external urethral sphincter muscle]. AB - Innervation of external urethral sphincter muscle was examined in 100 human fetuses and 10 adults of both sexes. Examined nerves take place from deep perineal nerve (branch of pudendal nerve) and, probably, from pelvic splanchnic nerves (via inferior hypogastric plexus). However, this supposition needs further microscopic research. It is also concluded that pelvic splanchnic nerves and pudendal nerve arise from the same ventral branches of spinal nerves (S2-S4). PMID- 3189836 TI - Anatomical observations of the testicular veins. AB - The medico-surgeon interests in relation to testicular veins, lead the author to realize anatomical observations of the right and left testicular veins in 40 cadavers, with the purpose to verify the number of veins to each other antimere, the variability in its modes of termination, the angles that form at the confluency levels, as well as the presence and the number of ostial and parietal venous valves. The obtained finds by the authors, are considered extremely valid and helpful to the specialists of the medical area, when of realization of testicular phlebography. The varicocele appearance in these veins was motive of discussion by the authors too. PMID- 3189837 TI - Structural features of the human testicular veins walls. AB - The authors observed the microscopic anatomy of both left and right testicular veins, of young and old subjects, as well as the structure of the ostial and parietal venous valves. They verified that the testicular veins walls are of a conjunctive muscular nature, showing at the discharge level, besides the ostial valves, the presence of a functional dispositive that modulates the blood flow into the inferior cava and left renal veins. The authors present a functional interpretation of the architectonic structure of the tissue components from these propelling veins. It is also discussed the causes that lead to the appearance of varices. PMID- 3189838 TI - Ultrastructural changes in the size of mast cell granules and in the granular matrix during an experimental anaphylactic shock. AB - A staining method for the identification and the functional characteristics of mast cells in semithin section is described. Transmission electron microscopy in the conditions of an experimental anaphylactic shock (EASh) was used to measure microplanimetrically the longest diameters of the non-secreting (NG) and the secreting (SG) granules. Determined was also the percent ratio between these 2 types of granules of the mast cells. Under normal conditions (control animals) 96.2% of the granules were NG, and nearly half of them (48.7%) had a diameter (mast cell granule diameter--McGD) shorter than 1.0 micron (1,000 nm). In the conditions of a lethal EASh 87.7% of the granules were SG, and most of them (54.4%) had McGD longer than 1.5 micron (1,500 nm). In EASh a considerable part of NG (6.2%) also had McGD longer than 1.5 micron (1,500 nm). In mast cell degranulation the electron dense or fine lamellar structure of the granular matrix was often disturbed. Tiny, oval, and randomly dispersed particles appeared. It was admitted that if the areas among the particles of a size lower than 0.2 micron (200 nm) were prevailing the granular matrix disorganization (GMD) was of type (SG1); if most of the areas were larger than 0.2 micron (200 nm) GMD was of type II (SG2) and preceded the complete fusion of the granules. PMID- 3189839 TI - Cholinergic innervation of the tongue of the one humped camel, Camelus dromedarius. AB - Distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerve profiles in the tongue of camel has been studied by histochemical methods. The tongue is richly innervated by cholinergic nerve profiles as is evidenced by the presence of numerous nerve fibres at different levels. There is noted strong cholinesterase positive reaction close to the lateral border of the circumvallate papillae (in the region of the taste buds) and the upper border of the fungiform papillae. Numerous nerve fibres have been observed in the connective tissue core of all the lingual papillae. Adrenergic nerve terminals could not be observed in the taste buds though numerous adrenergic nerve fibres could be seen in and around the blood vessels. Rich cholinergic innervation of the blood vessels has also been noted in the tongue. PMID- 3189840 TI - Coronary arterial anastomoses. Study of their distribution in adult hearts specially emphasizing the Crista supraventricularis. AB - After examining 100 hearts belonging to subjects who at the time of death had no record of coronariopathy, the presence of anastomoses between the 2 coronary systems was confirmed in 96% of the cases. Intramyocardial anastomoses located in the Crista supraventricularis accounted for 76% of the cases, 4 main types are described. The fact that crestal anastomoses always connect both coronary systems (even in cases of left dominance) is their most outstanding characteristic. The possible usefulness of this type of anastomoses was finally discussed. It was suggested that they might serve as a safety mechanism which would join areas severely affected by arteriosclerosis to others not so seriously damaged. PMID- 3189841 TI - Vascular structure of splenic autografts in the rat kidney. AB - Rat splenic tissue was autotransplanted into the kidney. 12 weeks after transplantation the autografts were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The autografts had regenerated almost completely by the end of the 12th week. A part of the splenic tissue invaded into the kidney and formed the splenic cords. Using vascular casting, 2 different types of the vascular anastomoses between the 2 tissues were recognized. One was formed into the infiltrated region, where the splenic vasculature conglomerated and connected in a complicated fashion with the renal vessels. The other type was simpler in structure; a few fine vessels formed bridges between the splenic and renal vascular structures. The results suggest that these anastomoses may play an important role in transmission of pathogenic information from the renal to the splenic tissue, resulting in a prompt immunoreaction. PMID- 3189842 TI - [The tongue as a factor in craniofacial growth. 1. Modification of the linear dimensions of the lower jaw]. AB - The influence of the tongue on craniofacial growth was studied in 96 miniature pigs MINI-LEWE. The animals were partially glossectomized at different ages and slaughtered at various post-operative intervals. The skulls were macerated for biometric analysis. Mandibular growth in length was significantly reduced in the animals glossectomized at an age of 12 weeks. Both the overall length and that of the tooth-bearing portion were affected. PMID- 3189843 TI - Fluorescent granular perithelial cells in the meninges and optic nerve of the human embryo. AB - Cells containing small dense granules were present in the meninges surrounding the human embryonic optic nerve from 8 weeks post-conception. Typical fluorescent granular perithelial cells (FGP) containing large dense granules were present in the meninges by 12 weeks post-conception and in the large perivascular space around large vessels within the optic nerve by 14-15 weeks post-conception. The time of appearance of these cells in the CNS seems to be related to the stage of vascularization rather than to the stage of CNS development. PMID- 3189844 TI - Retinal fine structure in the European eel Anguilla anguilla. VII. Pigment epithelium of the sexually mature silver eel stage. AB - This report describes the morphology of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris in the sexually mature silver eel and compares these observations with previous descriptions of this region in the glass, yellow and sexually immature silver eel stages of the lengthy life cycle of the European eel. The retinal epithelium in the sexually mature silver eel is a single layer of cuboidal to squamous cells joined laterally by apically located cell junctions. Both the basal (scleral) and lateral borders of the epithelial cells are relatively smooth while apically (vitreally) numerous processes enclose a photoreceptor inner and outer segments. The epithelial cells contain abundant profiles of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), numerous small mitochondria and melanosomes and a single pleomorphic, vesicular nucleus. Lipid droplets are large and abundant at this stage. Myeloid bodies, phagosomes and lysosomes are also present. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is not plentiful. Wandering phagocytes are a constant feature of this region. Bruch's membrane is still trilaminate but is now much thicker than at any previous stage. The choriocapillaris remains as a single layer of fenestrated capillaries adjacent to Bruch's membrane. The stratum argenteum is still present in the choroid and separated from the RPE by pigmented cells. Single cells presumed to be from the stratum argenteum are, however, often located close to Bruch's membrane. PMID- 3189845 TI - The beta astrocyte: its possible role as a central nervous system phagocyte. AB - Phagocytic cells in the normal ageing mouse brain have the structural characteristics of the cells described by Reyners et al. (1982) as beta astrocytes and are quite different from microglial cells. Like the beta astrocyte (Reyners et al. 1986) they remain mitotically active even in extreme old age. Phagocytic cells in the immature mouse central nervous system contain glycogen but no microfilaments and may be immature beta astrocytes. A re-examination of the literature indicates that many phagocytes previously unidentified or considered to be microglial cells are probably beta astrocytes. PMID- 3189846 TI - The transverse diameter of the abdominal part of the aorta: an anatomo radiological study through computerized tomography. AB - Using the computerized tomography technique in a systematic research, the authors tried to establish the most common patterns of the transverse diameter of the abdominal part of the aorta. They observed 120 cases and reached the conclusion that in both sexes the greatest transverse diameter at T11-T12 was 27 mm, at L1 L2 it was 23 mm and at L4-L5 21 mm, while the smallest diameter was 12 mm at T11 T12, 11 mm at L1-L2 and 11 mm at L4-L5. The scarcity of researches employing computerized tomography renders this contribution an important complement of anatomical and angiographic studies. PMID- 3189847 TI - Degeneration of the primary snout sensory afferents in the cervical spinal cords following the infraorbital nerve transection in some mammals. AB - To obtain the neuroanatomical information on the role of the snout sensory input in mastication, the present study was conducted on young and adult mice, young Wistar rats and adult Japanese shrew-moles. The animals were subjected to unilateral and bilateral infraorbital nerve transection. Transganglionic degeneration was studied by the Nauta method and electron microscopy including HRP application to the neck muscles. Transganglionic degeneration was found in every experimental case. 1. Transganglionic degeneration of the fibers was found not only in the main sensory nucleus and spinal tract nucleus of the trigeminal nerve but throughout the cervical and the upper part of the thoracic spinal cord. 2. These transganglionically degenerated fibers descended bilaterally through the cuneate nucleus and then caudally through the posterior funiculus at the obex level. They then entered the dorsal and ventral horns to make a synaptic contact with the degenerated synapses on the dorsal horn cells and with the multipolar cells in the ventral horns. This neuroanatomical information suggests: 1) that the trigemino-neck muscle reflex will be generated monosynaptically by the primary neurons arising from the snout sensory organs and 2) that these primary neurons may play a large role as a neuronal bridge in connecting the masticatory reflex system and the cranio-neck reflex system. PMID- 3189848 TI - Neuromelanin in the substantia nigra of adult horses. AB - The structure and histochemical properties of neuromelanin in the Substantia nigra of the horse were studied by light and electron microscopy. Morphological, histochemical and cytochemical evidences showed the presence of a melanin component in some pigment granules, even if a large quantity of granules displayed only the properties of lipofuscins. Pigment formation in the neurons of the Substantia nigra of the horse may take place through the tyrosine-tyrosinase enzymatic pathway, as shown by positive Dopa-reaction. The results obtained were discussed in reference to the possible use of melanin as a marker for catecholaminergic neurons in the brainstem of the horse. PMID- 3189849 TI - Medial and lateral arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm: attachment to the transverse process. AB - According to current anatomy textbooks, the diaphragmatic medial and lateral arcuate ligaments are attached to the transverse process of the first lumbar vertebra. In dissections of 15 human cadavers we found both arcuate ligaments attached to the transverse process of L2 (10 cases and L3 (5 cases). In no case were they attached to the transverse process of L1. PMID- 3189850 TI - Bony bridge on the hard palate anterior to greater palatine foramen. AB - An anatomical pecularity was observed in the form of a bony bridge connecting the palatal spines in front of the greater palatine foramen in 17.1% of edenticulus human skulls, while in the cadavers, these spines were seen connected by a tough fibrous band. PMID- 3189851 TI - Absence of the coronary sinus. AB - The rare absence of the coronary sinus is described in a 78 year old male cadaver. The veins of the posterior surface of the heart, including the marginal and small cardiac veins, drained into the right atrium through an ostium guarded by a valve. The great cardiac vein drained into the superior vena cava after passing upward and beneath the left coronary artery. PMID- 3189852 TI - Branches of the hepatic artery in red fox. AB - In 30 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) the origin, course and division of the branches of the hepatic artery were studied. The hepatic artery gave off 3 following branches: right lateral branch, right medial branch and left one. Most often (60% of cases) they arose as a common trunk. In 60% cases the right lateral branch supplied the right lateral hepatic lobe and caudate process of the liver while in 40% cases it supplied the right lateral hepatic lobe, only. Most often (66.7% of cases), the right medial branch supplied the right medial hepatic lobe and gall bladder. In 30% of cases the branch supplied furthermore the quadrate lobe of the liver and in few cases (3.3%) the both, right medial hepatic lobe and quadrate lobe. Rami of the left branch penetrate the left hepatic lobes, papillary process and quadrate lobe (73.3% of cases) and rarely, the left hepatic lobes and papillary process (26.7% of cases). PMID- 3189853 TI - [Functional morphology of the maxillo-mandibular apparatus in the miniature swine MINI-LEWE. 8. The development of the intramuscular nerve ramification pattern in the masticatory muscles]. AB - Postnatal changes in the intramuscular innervation pattern of the masticatory muscles of the miniature pig MINI-LEWE are only gradual. There are no definite relationships between the paths of nerves and the positions of the fasciae. The few anastomoses found were in the masseter muscle. The only other nerve found to be implicated in the motor innervation of the masticatory muscles was the motor root of the trigeminal nerve. Innervation studies are a good way of identifying the bounds of muscles: the masseter and zygomaticomandibularis muscles, for instance, are innervated jointly by the massetericus nerve, so that the zygomaticomandibularis muscle can be regarded as belonging to the masseter muscle. PMID- 3189854 TI - Retinal fine structure in the European eel Anguilla anguilla. VIII. Photoreceptors of the sexually mature silver eel stage. AB - The morphology of the photoreceptors of the sexually mature silver eel has been investigated by electron microscopy and these findings compared with observations made on the photoreceptors of the glass, yellow and sexually immature silver eel stages of the lengthy life cycle of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla). As in previous stages the photoreceptors of the sexually mature silver eel are adequately described as either rods or single cones. The rod: cone ratio at this stage is about 200: 1 which is the highest ratio of any of the stages investigated. Rods and perhaps also cones are capable of photomechanical movements. In the light-adapted stage studied, rod inner segments are the same width in the ellipsoid region as the outer segments but the rod myoid region is much thinner. Rod outer segments in the mature silver eel are slightly longer than that observed in the immature silver eel but remain much the same diameter as in previous stages. Cone outer segments taper distally and are not as wide as the inner segments. Both rods and cones display organelles in the inner segment region indicative of active protein production as it is well established that the inner segment is the synthetic center of these cells. In most cones degenerative changes were noted in the mitochondria of the ellipsoid and in the presence empty vacuoles within their cytoplasm. Cone nuclei are large and vesicular and in the light-adapted state are always located sclerad to the external limiting membrane. Rod nuclei are smaller and more electron dense and located within the outer nuclear layer. Both rods and cones still show both invaginated (ribbon) and superficial synaptic sites. In the sexually mature silver eel, therefore, the rod: cone ratio becomes higher still; the rod outer segments become somewhat longer in length and cone cell degenerative changes are even more widespread. PMID- 3189855 TI - [Do elastic corpuscles appear prenatally? Histological studies of the skin of embryos and fetuses]. AB - There have been descriptions of corpuscular structures in the human skin since the turn of the century. These bodies 3-20 micron in size are situated in the zone connecting the epidermis and corium. They can be readily visualized with resorcinol-fuchsin staining according to Weigert and are regarded as morphological variants of the elastic fiber system. According to the investigations we have carried out so far on the skin of babies, infants and adults, these elastic globes exhibit the following distribution pattern: abundant occurrence on the limbs, only scanty occurrence on the trunk and the hands. With increasing age, a numerical increase of elastic globes can be demonstrated in babies and in infants. In adults, there is an opposite tendency in the hands and feet. Here, the frequency of elastic globes decreases with increasing age. To clarify the question as to whether precursors of elastic globes are present, the skin of 35 embryos and fetuses was systematically examined for their occurrence and the results of the investigation are discussed. PMID- 3189856 TI - [Craniofacial growth under the influence of the blood supply. 14. Theoretical deductions and clinical conclusion]. AB - After eliminating the masticatory muscles as a growth factor in our animal model is was possible to analyze the blood supply to the skull in sufficient detail. The animal organism and its parts may be regarded as self-regulating, self optimizing and self-adapting systems. Open systems exchange energy and material with their surroundings. This is typical of all organisms and, since growth is one of their properties, to growth. The processes of ossification and growth of the rat skull are therefore comparable in principle with those taking place in the human. The specific features of the chewing mechanism, in contrast, are not comparable. The clinical conclusions drawn from our model studies illustrate the importance of the blood supply for craniofacial growth while simultaneously demonstrating the compensation ability and adaptability of arteries and bones. PMID- 3189857 TI - [The capacity of the sphenoid sinus]. AB - The self-solidifying resin Dentacryl was used for the casts of the sphenoidal sinus. The casts were removed from the bone and their volume was measured according to the degree of rising of water in a glass cylinder. PMID- 3189858 TI - [The healing of osteotomies of the lower jaw and the adaptation of the masticatory muscles after miniplate osteosynthesis in rabbits. I. Radiologic and histological evaluation of the lower jaw]. AB - Radiographic and histological investigations were carried out on a total of 15 rabbits after lower-jaw osteotomy and miniplate osteosynthesis. After the removal of the lower jaw (4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks) consolidation of the osteotomy surfaces without complications was observed in all animals. Radiographic examinations showed that callus formation in the operated area increased as the experiment proceeded. Histological observations made clear that only secondary bone-fracture healing resulted which must be attributed to the operation technique. These findings show that the lower jaw of the rabbit is very well suited to experimental research on miniplate osteosynthesis. PMID- 3189859 TI - Ultrastructural peculiarities of the supraoptic nucleus of Mauremys caspica (turtle): its evolutionary interest in reptiles. AB - The hypothalamic Supraoptic Nucleus (SON) supposes an evolutionary achievement in the reptiles, zoological group in which this nucleus is first differentiated. Its scarce development in the chelonian, subject of the present study, is related to their primitive brain pattern. The peculiar location and the topographical configuration of the SON in the hypothalamus of the turtle Mauremys caspica allows to evidence morphologically the successive steps in the evolutionary process from lower to higher vertebrates. The marked neurosecretory character of the chelonian SON is the unequivocal proof of its philogenetic origin derived from the magnocellular preoptic nucleus of lower vertebrates. PMID- 3189860 TI - Projections from the auditory cortex to the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. Silver impregnation and radioautographical study. AB - A monosynaptic, bilateral connection, between morphophysiological auditory cortical areas and the nucleus of the oculomotor nerve was established by means of contemporary silver impregnation methods and radioautographical technique. Degenerating (resp.--labeled) axons enter the oculomotor nucleus neuropil diffusely from rostro-dorso-laterally, and proceed caudo-ventro-medially. The number of degenerating (resp.--labeled) preterminals and terminals is larger within the territory of the nucleus, located ipsilaterally to the cortical lesion (resp.--isotope injection). The presently described projection is relatively very modest, when compared with the substantial connections of the auditory cortex with the subcortical centers of the auditory system. However, the direct temporooculomotor pathway might serve as a rapid and effective mechanism for the vision-turning reflex after auditory stimulation. PMID- 3189861 TI - The paraganglia within the carotid bifurcation regions of young and old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) after exposure to chronic hypobaric hypoxia. II. The carotid body-like organs. AB - The following paraganglia in the carotid bifurcations regions of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were studied: Endoneural paraganglia within the external carotid nerve, the carotid sinus nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve, the so-called periadventitial type I cells, and so-called miniglomera. Number and distribution of these paraganglia vary among different individuals. After chronically hypobaric hypoxia the volume of these paraganglia was increased but their number remained unchanged. The increase of volume was dependent on the duration of hypoxia. There were no differences between young and old SHR when the hypoxia-time was the same. PMID- 3189862 TI - Topographical and morphometrical study of the atrioventricular junctional area of the cardiac conduction system in the Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821. AB - The morphology of the atrioventricular (AV) junctional area is a subject for great controversies. The present work studies this region in 2 hearts of M. fascicularis adult female perfused with Bouin fluid, serial sectioned in frontal plane and stained by van Gieson trichromic method. A three-dimensional wax reconstruction of the AV specialized tissue was performed. The areas of the AV bundle and left bundle branch (LBB) cross-section were calculated by point counting. The results showed that the junctional AV region in M. fascicularis is approximately similr to the same region in the human heart. The AV node presents compact and transitional portions. The cardiac central fibrous body is well developed and gives off an incomplete septum of connective tissue interposed between the terminal portion of the AV node and the beginning of the AV bundle. The reconstruction showed that the right bundle branch (RBB) is the direct continuation of the AV bundle while the LBB is a broad left side detachment. The average diameters of the AV bundle, LBB and RBB proved to be respectively 867.08 micron and 126.65 micron. The length and the volume of the AV bundle were respectively 406.86 micron and 0.223 mm3. PMID- 3189863 TI - Absent patella and contralateral patella alta observed with scoliosis. AB - A combination of vertebral column and lower limb abnormalities was observed during routine dissection in an 85 year old female cadaver. The combination of musculoskeletal anomalies reported here has many close parallels with other reported conditions. PMID- 3189864 TI - Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural observations on the iris muscles of Gallus gallus. AB - The distribution and typology of fibers in the two muscular systems (sphincter and dilator) of the iris in Gallus gallus were determined histochemically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally. The sphincter muscle in proximity to the ciliary margin was composed predominantly of slow fibers. In the intermediate tract, a large group of fast oxidative fibers were evident and the pupillary margin was exclusively composed of slow fibers. The fast fibers had histochemical and immunohistochemical patterns similar to the alpha fibers in the skeletal control muscle (biventer cervicis). In contrast, the slow fibers were composed of at least three slow types, which were comparable to the isoforms of the different myosins in beta 1 and beta 2 skeletal fibers. In the dilator muscle, the oblique system was uniquely composed of fast oxidative fibers. The radial system was predominantly composed of slow fibers with isoforms of myosins different from the slow fibers of the sphincter and control muscles. Ultrastructural features (width of Z bands, extension of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and SR-T tubule junctions, and number of mitochondria) confirm the histochemical and immunohistochemical assessments of fiber types, even if some peculiar aspects in several fibers were observed. Smooth muscle cells separated from striated fibers were evident at the pupillary margin. The hypothesis of a mesenchymal origin for all irideal striated muscles is discussed. PMID- 3189865 TI - Effects of mevinolin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, on the morphological and functional responses of rat adrenal zona fasciculata to a prolonged treatment with 4-aminopyrazolo-pyrimidine. AB - Rat adrenocortical cells are almost completely dependent upon the continuous supply of cholesterol derived from serum lipoproteins. However, a prolonged (5 day) administration of 4-aminopyrazolo-pyrimidine (4-APP), a potent hypocholesterolaemic drug, though provoking a notable decrease in the intra adrenal concentration of esterified and free cholesterol, did not significantly affect basal plasma level of corticosterone. Morphometry showed a conspicuous hypertrophy of zona fasciculata cells, coupled with a striking proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and peroxisomes and with a profound lipid droplet depletion. The secretory response of zona fasciculata cells to ACTH was still present, but reduced by half with respect to control rats. The simultaneous administration of mevinolin, an inhibitor of cholesterol synthesis, to 4-APP treated rats caused an additional drop in the intracellular content of free cholesterol and notably lowered basal plasma corticosterone concentration. Mevinolin magnified the 4-APP-induced zona fasciculata cell hypertrophy, as well as SER and peroxisome proliferation. The secretory response to ACTH was completely suppressed. These data are compatible with the view that the morphological changes, which rat zona fasciculata cells undergo during prolonged hypocholesterolaemia, are the expression of the activation of the endogenous cholesterol synthesis. This compensatory response, enabling zona fasciculata cells to maintain a normal basal rate of hormonal output and to respond (though less efficiently) to their main physiological stimulus, seems to be completely independent of any activation of the hypothalamo-hyphophyseal axis, since dexamethasone/ACTH treated rats were used. The hypothesis is advanced that the mechanism underlying this response may involve the decrease of the intracellular free-cholesterol pool. PMID- 3189866 TI - In vivo homing of thymus-enriched bone marrow cells. AB - A population of adult CBA/J mouse bone marrow (BM) cells enriched by in vitro migration to supernatant prepared from neonatal thymus was labeled with a DNA binding fluorochrome, Hoechst dye No. 33342 (H33342). Labeled cells were injected into irradiated recipients in order to compare the in vivo localization of the migration-enriched BM (MEBM) cells to the localization of injected nonenriched BM (NEBM) cell controls. A characteristic difference in the distribution of localized cells was observed in the spleen but not in other lymphoid organs. At 2 hr after injection the MEBM cells were located in the marginal zones surrounding the periarterial lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of the splenic white pulp. At 6 hr after injection the MEBM cells were seen distributed between marginal zones and the PALS and by 16 hr they had localized almost exclusively in the white pulp. In contrast, the NEBM cells were located in the marginal zones or red pulp for the duration of the experiment. These observations show that the MEBM cells home selectively to T-cell areas of the spleen. Direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining of H33342-labeled cells obtained from the recipient spleens at 16 hr demonstrated that the MEBM cells were negative for Thy-1 antigen, indicating that acquisition of Thy-1 was not prerequisite to the observed homing. The results are compared to known localization patterns of mature lymphocytes. PMID- 3189867 TI - Ultrastructural evidence that specialized regions of the murine oviduct contribute a glycoprotein to the extracellular matrix of mouse oocytes. AB - Previous studies have identified a glycoprotein (GP215) that is secreted by the murine oviductal epithelium and subsequently becomes sequestered within the perivitelline space of oocytes and developing embryos (Kapur and Johnson, Dev. Biol. 112:89-93, 1985; J. Exp. Zool. 238:249-260, 1986). The ultrastructural localizations of GP215 in the perivitelline space of ovulated oocytes and in the oviductal epithelium are described here. The glycoprotein is shown to be associated with a morphologically discrete extracellular matrix that provides a unique microenvironment for fertilization and early developmental events. In addition, putative secretory granules that contain this glycoprotein are observed in specific segments of the murine oviductal epthelium, suggesting regional differences in the composition of oviductal secretions. PMID- 3189868 TI - Development of arteries in embryonic chick bone marrow with special reference to the appearance of periarterial granulopoietic sheaths. AB - Arterial development was studied in embryonic chick bone marrow starting on day 11 of incubation and continuing until day 18. Arteries first appear on day 11 as vessels with two components to their wall structure, namely a thin, complete endothelium and a nearly complete pericyte layer. With advancing age, three distinct layers--an endothelium, a complete muscularis, and adventitia--appear. Long, narrow endothelial cells form cellular junctions at their basal surfaces. Smooth muscle cells remain relatively undifferentiated and do not consist of more than three layers even in the largest arteries. The adventitia consists of a hypocellular zone containing fibroblasts and a collagenous extracellular matrix. Unmyelinated nerves are located at the peripheral margin of the adventitia. All of the larger arteries are surrounded by a sheath of heterophilic granulopoietic cells. These cells do not intrude into the adventitia, but basophilic or mast cells often do intrude. The stromal cells of the periarterial granulopoietic sheaths remain as either fibroblastic cells or as multilocular preadipocytes. They, unlike those stromal cells beyond the sheath, never become unilocular adipocytes. By day 18, granulopoiesis is restricted to the periarterial sheaths and to the endosteal regions of the marrow. These studies indicate that fibroblastic stromal cells and preadipocytes, but not fully developed adipocytes, support granulopoiesis in the chick marrow. The stromal cells in the periarterial sheaths either represent a subpopulation of cells that do not develop into adipocytes or represent cells whose development into adipocytes is locally inhibited. PMID- 3189869 TI - Intra and juxtavagal paraganglia: a topographical, histochemical, and ultrastructural study in the human. AB - The topographical, ultrastructural, and histochemical features of 23 human vagal paraganglia were analyzed. Nineteen of the 23 paraganglia were found in previously unreported sites; 18 of the 19 were in the cervical part of the nerve, between the carotid bifurcation and the superior thoraco-cervical inlet, and one paraganglion was located in the retrothyroidal part of the left inferior laryngeal nerve. The results of ultrastructural studies (2 cases), the histochemical and formaldehyde-induced-fluorescence studies (3 cases), and specific acetylcholinesterase activity (one case) demonstrate that these structures fulfill many of the modern criteria for paraganglionic tissue. In addition to paraganglia, single, isolated neurons or true micro-ganglia were always found along the trunk and branches of the vagus nerve when multiple sections were examined. PMID- 3189870 TI - Ultrastructural characteristics of sustentacular cells in control and odorant treated olfactory mucosae of the salamander. AB - The ultrastructural characteristics of five morphologically distinct regions of sustentacular cells in the salamander olfactory mucosa are described. 1) The apical region was characterized by a microvillar surface that lay below the level of the olfactory knob of olfactory receptor neurons and contained endosome-like vesicles and a filamentous array at the level of the zonula adherens. 2) The supranuclear region contained rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi complex, and secretory vesicles. Few sustentacular cells showed morphological signs of secretion, suggesting a low rate of baseline secretory activity. 3) The nuclear region contained the cylindrical nucleus surrounded by a thin band of cytoplasm containing bundles of filaments. 4) The central stalk contained filamentous arrays, Golgi-like cisternae, multivesicular bodies, and peroxisomes. Cytoplasmic veils that extended from the central stalk contained filamentous aggregates. 5) The basilar expansion had a complex series of lateral and basal folds. The lateral folds enveloped extracellular material and nonmyelinated axons of the receptor neurons. The basal folds formed complex interdigitations with the basal lamina, particularly in regions occupied by blood vessels and the acini of Bowman's glands in the subjacent lamina propria. These characteristics, and the presence of endosome-like vesicles and mitochondria, suggest that the basilar expansion is metabolically active and participates in cellular transport of material. Treatment with the odorant 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine caused ultrastructural changes in the apical and supranuclear regions that were associated with secretion and in the basilar expansion region that were indicative of an increase in metabolic and transport activity. PMID- 3189871 TI - Construction of a flexible airway model for teaching. AB - A method of producing flexible and strong models of canine airways is described. The animal's lungs are dried in inflation by using compressed air and then filled with silicone sealer. After this compound dries, the lung tissue is removed by corrosion by using NAOH. The result is a rugged, flexible, and anatomically faithful model of canine airways that is suitable for use in teaching. PMID- 3189872 TI - Involvement of cathepsins B and H in lysosomal degradation of horseradish peroxidase endocytosed by the proximal tubule cells of the rat kidney: I. Histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. AB - Immunohistochemical localizations of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and cathepsins B and H in the lysosomal system of the rat kidney proximal tubule cells were investigated during the internalization and degradation of HRP by these cells. At fixed intervals after intravenous injection of HRP, the kidneys were fixed by perfusion. Five to fifteen minutes after this injection, endocytosed HRP was detected in fine granules beneath the brush border. Thirty minutes later, it accumulated into large aggregates of granules (phagosomes), where both enzymatic and antigenic activities appeared to cause HRP to be lost rapidly. After 1 hour, the aggregates of phagosomes increased in number and size but soon began to decrease gradually. In the early stage, cathepsins B and H were not detected in the apical cytoplasmic granules. However, they were present in the lysosomal compartments, together with the HRP. The large aggregates of phagosomes showed a patchy reaction, especially approximately 30 minutes after injection, whereas other medium-sized phagosomes were stained heavily. Aggregates of phagosomes were present only in the S1 segment. These results suggest strongly that cathepsins B and H are involved in the cellular degradation of endocytosed HRP. PMID- 3189873 TI - Effect of colchicine on the transport of precursor enamel protein in secretory ameloblasts studied by 3H-proline radioautography in vitro. AB - The incorporation of 3H-proline into the secretory ameloblasts of rat molar tooth germs cultured with or without colchicine was studied by light and electron microscope radioautography to determine the function of microtubules in the transport of precursor enamel protein from the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (rER) to the Golgi cisternae. The grain counts over the transitional vesicles, which accumulated in various cellular regions with colchicine treatment, continued to increase with chase time, unlike in controls. At 30 and 90 min chase, these counts were significantly higher than in controls. Moreover, the total grain count over the organelles (rER, pale granules, and transitional vesicles), which are positioned before the Golgi cisternae in the synthetic pathway, maintained a significantly higher level at 90 min chase in colchicine treated tooth germs than in controls. The transport of synthesized protein to the Golgi cisternae via transitional vesicles was suppressed in colchicine-treated tooth germs. Some grains appeared with time over pale granular materials that appeared in the intercellular spaces of secretory ameloblasts with colchicine treatment. However, at each chase period, the grain count over pale granular materials was not so high as the count over the enamel in control. The present results indicate that colchicine affects the transport of newly synthesized protein from the rER to the Golgi cisterna via transitional vesicles, probably by interfering with the oriented transport related to microtubular function. It is suggested that the microtubular system may be concerned with the movement of the transitional vesicles. PMID- 3189874 TI - Development of bone-like substance in cartilaginous rat nasal septum under experimental conditions. AB - The anterior part of the mammalian nasal septum (NS) persists throughout the life span as hyaline cartilage, in contrast to cartilage in most parts of the body, which is gradually replaced by bone during development. In this study, we have cultured differentiating rat NS under various experimental conditions in an attempt to gain some insight into the osteogenic potential, if any, of the NS and its surrounding connective tissue. Differentiating NS from E15 and E19 rat embryos were dissected and grown under the following conditions: 1) organ cultured in Waymouth's medium or modified Eagle's medium, with or without serum; 2) cultured on chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM); 3) implanted under rat kidney capsule (KC). Bone-like substance (BLS) never developed in organ cultures, but was observed in CAM cultures and KC implants after 7 days. The BLS was located external to the perichondrium of the NS and was stained red by the van Gieson's technique, indicating the presence of mature collagen. Further evidence of its bone-like characteristics was demonstrated by the presence of alkaline phosphatase and type I collagen. The CAM and KC represent two experimental conditions under which progenitor cells in the nasal septum area may be induced to synthesize BLS. PMID- 3189875 TI - Anatomical basis of a passive mechanism for ovum retention at the ampulloisthmic junction. AB - The unexplained behavior of egg retention at the ampulloisthmic junction (AIJ) is a mechanical phenomenon; therefore the key to this process must lie in the anatomy of the oviduct. To investigate the concept that simple anatomical differences between ampulla and isthmus cause AIJ retention, we quantified, in these two regions of the rabbit oviduct, the structural characteristics of the tubal wall that show marked differences: wall thickness and luminal caliber. The oviductal wall greatly increases in thickness and decreases in luminal caliber abruptly at the transition from ampulla to isthmus. These passive mechanical factors predict a dramatically reduced distensibility of the isthmic wall compared to that of the ampulla, and these factors provide us with a simple model to account for the apparent sphincteric activity of the AIJ. Actual measurements of tubal distensibility confirmed our prediction. In addition, egg transport studies following microsurgical removal of the AIJ showed normal transport, an indication that no special structure need exist at the AIJ. We conclude that the contrasting morphology of the ampulla and isthmus may suffice to explain AIJ retention, and no special active mechanism need be postulated. PMID- 3189876 TI - Ultrastructural features of type II alveolar epithelial cells in early embryonic mouse lung. AB - Immunofluorescence studies of type II alveolar epithelial cells indicate that they first appear in the pseudoglandular period of mouse lung development (around day 14.2). They are the only cell type to line the prospective pulmonary acinus at this time. The ultrastructural characteristics of this cell are defined by investigating embryos aged 13-16 days with transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Early embryonic type II cells appear as low-columnar or cuboid cells having large, approximately round nuclei and distinct ultrastructural features, including a well-developed Golgi apparatus with many associated vesicles, multivesicular bodies, dense bodies, and large apical and basal glycogen fields. These fields represent a distinctive property of the cell. Frequently, they show compartmentalization due to the presence of membrane systems, and association with dense bodies of various sizes. PMID- 3189877 TI - Morphological and immunocytochemical studies of fibronectin-coated, plasma membrane-limited vesicles in the early chicken embryo. AB - Vesticles with a mean outside diameter of 32.8 nm have been observed in the early chicken embryo after fixation with a mixture of glutaraldehyde and tannic acid. Densitometric tracing has revealed that the vesicles are limited by a unit membrane. The presence of complex carbohydrates is suggested by the increased electron density of the vesticles after addition of tannic acid to the fixative. Immunocytochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody directed against chicken cellular fibronectin demonstrated the presence of this glycoprotein along the surface of the vesicles. These results suggest a cellular origin of the vesicles, since their surface shares morphological and biochemical similarities with the cell surfaces of the embryonic tissue layers. Recycling of plasma-membrane vesicles may occur, as vesicles were found in the vicinity of coated vesicles. We postulate that extracellular materials of the cell surface, which may affect cell and tissue interactions, are shed in the environment together with plasma membrane vesicles. The difficulties encountered in observing the vesicles stems from the facts that an adequate visualization method is necessary and that they are few in number. The latter reason suggests their transient nature. The vesicles probably rapidly disintegrate in the extracellular milieu or are recycled by the cell surface. PMID- 3189878 TI - Acute and chronic reactions of dental sensory nerve fibers to cavities and desiccation in rat molars. AB - We have studied the effects of air drying of exposed, acid etched dentin on the sensory innervation of rat molars. In the acute series of experiments, trigeminal nerve fibers were labeled by axonal transport of radioactive protein prior to the dentin exposure and desiccation, the anesthetized rats were fixed by aldehyde perfusion 10 min later, and the teeth were prepared for autoradiography. The results confirmed the hydrodynamic theory by showing outward movement of labeled nerve material in response to dentinal drilling and desiccation. It also showed that some odontoblasts could be separated from the dentinal nerve fibers. In the chronic series, teeth were injured 25 h, 5-7 days, or 21 days prior to fixation and nerves were labeled during the last 24 hours; the surviving vital nerve fibers were evident because of their axonal transport of the radioactive label. In that series, sensory nerve fibers were found to have been lost from areas with newly-formed reparative dentin, or from dentinal tubules that had lost their odontoblasts. In the teeth injured 25 h, 5-7 days, or 21 days earlier, an abnormal nonneuronal labeling occurred 0.2-0.3 mm into injured dentin. Our results are discussed in relation to the hydrodynamic theory, nerve-odontoblast interactions, differences between shallow and deep cavity injuries, altered nerve location in response to pulpal or dentinal injury, and characteristics of the pulp-dentin border. PMID- 3189879 TI - Existence of vocal folds in the larynx of odontoceti (toothed whales). AB - Odontocetes (toothed whales) vocalize for communication and echolocation. The mechanisms of sound production, however, remain unclear. Their larynx has long been thought to lack vocal folds and, thus, was considered incapable of generating sounds. This study investigates internal anatomy of the odontocete larynx to: 1) describe the morphology of any folds found, 2) determine any structural homologies between these folds and the vocal folds of terrestrial mammals, and 3) assess their possible function in sound production. Larynges of 24 odontocetes representing ten genera (Delphinus, Stenella, Lagenorhynchus, Tursiops, Grampus, Delphinapterus, Globicephala, Kogia, Mesoplodon, and Phocoena) were studied post mortem. Nine specimens were cut midsagittally, and the remainder were dorsally opened to reveal internal anatomy. Results show that, contrary to established belief, vocal folds are consistently present. They are not isolated bands or "cords," but appear continuous with the internal laryngeal membrane. The attachments of these folds are the same as in terrestrial mammals, thus indicating homology with true mammalian vocal folds. These folds extend from the midline of the thyroid cartilage to the base of the arytenoid cartilages, sometimes to a discrete process. The vocal folds are elongated and oriented in a vertical plane, parallel to airflow direction. Vocal fold morphology varies, appearing as true bifurcated structures, a trifurcated fold, or a single midline fold. Laryngeal ventricles and vestibular folds are also consistently found lateral to the vocal folds. The vocal folds may divide the airstream within the larynx into three separate air currents. Fold vibrations may produce initial laryngeal sound used in echolocation or communication. PMID- 3189880 TI - The mouse pericardium: it allows passage of particulate matter from the pleural to the pericardial cavity. AB - Frog erythrocytes injected into the pleural cavity of mice reached the pericardial cavity. Pericardial pores that connect the two cavities were the routes of the migration. As soon as 5 minutes after injection, frog erythrocytes were surrounded and phagocytosed by attached macrophages in milky spots facing the pericardial cavity. The pericardial pores may function in an allied self defense mechanism between the pleural and pericardial cavities in this species. PMID- 3189881 TI - An immunohistochemical study of the ontogeny of the horizontal cell in the rat retina using an antiserum against spot 35 protein, a novel Purkinje cell-specific protein, as a marker. AB - A sequence of morphological changes during the differentiation of retinal horizontal cells was studied by means of immunohistochemistry for spot 35 protein, a novel Purkinje cell-specific protein, in the rat retina. Spot 35 immunoreactive horizontal cell anlagen were first identified at embryonic day 18 (E18) in the outer zone of the neuroblastic cell layer as fusiform cells with slender inner and outer processes. As the development proceeded, the immunoreactive cells increased in number and intensity of the immunostaining, and the outer processes of the immunoreactive cells were often bifurcated close to their origin or at their periphery. At postnatal days 3 and 5 (P3 and P5), a regional difference in morphology of the immunoreactive horizontal cell anlagen was recognized: The immunoreactive cells near the ora serrata still assumed a bipolar shape, and those in the central portion of the retina had multiple processes. At P7 and P10, the immunoreactive cells in the periphery of the retina extended most of their outer processes in the plane of the retina, forming a network together with processes of adjacent immunoreactive horizontal cells. Their internally extending processes during these postnatal stages tended to be present in small numbers and to be short. At P14 all the immunoreactive horizontal cells extended their processes horizontally to form a tight bundle all the way along the outer plexiform layer. These findings indicate that spot 35 protein is a specific marker for the horizontal cells of the rat retina in the developmental process from their bipolar stage at E18 until reaching their mature configuration at P14. PMID- 3189882 TI - Lumbrical muscle function as revealed by a new and physiological approach. AB - The lumbrical muscle is clearly one of several possible extensors of the interphalangeal joints. With an origin on the flexor digitorum profundus tendon it is credited with unloading the elastic tension across the interphalangeal joints and thereby facilitating their extension. Its role at the metacarpophalangeal joint is not a matter of universal agreement. Attempts to simulate its action with weights over pulleys have not clarified this role, since true simulation would require the development of a means of applying force along the course of the lumbrical without pre-determining which end would move. Such a system is herein described; it uses a Bowden cable, which is commonly used to activate the brakes of a bicycle. After constructing length-tension curves of the profundus muscle in four fresh cadavers prior to the onset of rigor mortis, the interaction of realistic lumbrical loads with profundus elastic tension was studied. By contraction a lumbrical muscle adds a small but significant flexor force at the metacarpophalangeal joint, and thereby it is also capable of contributing to radial deviation and possibly rotation. As it runs from a flexor tendon to an extensor tendon and is endowed with a great many muscle spindles, the lumbrical could play a part in the control of finger movement by monitoring the rate of hand closing during grasp. PMID- 3189883 TI - Survival of satellite cells in whole muscle transplants. AB - The ability of satellite cells to survive the ischemic conditions at the core of orthotopically free grafted rat extensor digitorum longus muscles was examined. Cell cultures of isolated core and peripheral regions of whole muscle grafts maintained in vivo for more than 24 hours indicated that no viable cells were present in the core, whereas the number of cells from the peripheral region was greatly increased. Muscles were examined with the electron microscope to determine the fate of satellite cells of the core at various times after transplantation. The population of satellite cells in the core was reduced beginning at 18 hours and had virtually disappeared by 24-28 hours. This reduction did not appear to be the result of satellite cell death. Although there was abundant morphological evidence that myonuclei as well as myofiber cytoplasmic organelles were degenerating, there was little indication of satellite cell death in situ any time period studied. These studies suggest that satellite cells cannot survive, but migrate from the ischemic core to more peripheral regions of whole muscle transplants. In addition, they suggest that migration is an important aspect of the regeneration response in the free graft system and permits the myogenic population to contribute en masse to the centripetal wave of regeneration from the time it is initiated at the muscle periphery. PMID- 3189884 TI - Angiogenesis in the developing corpus luteum of pregnant rats: a stereologic and autoradiographic study. AB - Within the adult mammalian ovary, angiogenesis is associated with development of the corpus luteum (CL). In this study, developing luteal tissue was examined to determine whether its vascularization involves endothelial cell replication and to what extent this proliferation contributes to forming new capillaries. Five rats each at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 hr of gestation were given a subcutaneous injection of tritiated thymidine (specific activity 5 Ci/mM; 1 uCi/g body weight). One hour later they were anesthetised with sodium pentobarbitone, and the left ovary was processed for light microscopy. Sections were cut through each ovary until three newly formed CL were recognized; a 1-micron section was taken from the maximum diameter of each CL and processed for autoradiographic demonstration of thymidine labeling in endothelial cell nuclei. The same sections were also examined with stereological techniques to quantitate growth of the vascular compartment. The results show that 36.1 +/- 5.7% of endothelial cells of invading capillary sprouts divide within 12 hr of ovulation; at 24 hr, 29.0 +/- 2.8% are dividing. Within 12 hr after ovulation, blood vessels occupied 5.9 +/- 1.4% of the peripheral space of the ruptured follicle but only 1.6 +/- 0.5% in the center. However, by 36 hr these respective values were 9.3 +/- 1.6% and 8.4 +/- 1.9%. A further peak in endothelial-cell replication (31.2 +/- 5.4%), early on the 3rd day of gestation, corresponded to the very extensive anastomoses within the capillary bed established between this time (13.6% vascularity) and late on the 4th day (about 23%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189885 TI - Development of mitochondrial helical sheath in the middle piece of the mouse spermatid tail: regular dispositions and synchronized changes. AB - Morphologic changes in the development of the mitochondrial helical sheath in the mouse spermatid tail were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) using the osmium-DMSO-osmium method and classified into several stages. During late spermiogenesis, spherical mitochondria gathered around the forming spermatid tail. The shape of these mitochondria gradually changed from spheroid to long and rod-like. Mitochondria first were arranged in four longitudinal rows (stage 1) that twisted dextrally, and the mitochondria began to stagger (stage 2). They became elongated and arranged into a staggered pattern; they then attached to each other in an end-to-end fashion to form a sinistral double helix around the core of the axoneme (stage 3). These end-to-end contacts were observed in every second gyre on the four lines surrounding the core of the axoneme at stage 3. Mitochondria further elongated and end-on touching appeared with every third gyre on the five longitudinal lines that surround the core of the axoneme (stage 4). The direction of the helix, always sinistral, was clearly discernible only in the later stages. Disposition of the mitochondria in the spermatid tail was regular throughout development, which indicates that these mitochondria elongate simultaneously and also at the same rate. On any given cracked surface of the seminiferous tubule, spermatid tails with the same stage of mitochondria predominantly were observed. This ultrastructural finding appears compatible with the histologic synchronism, (termed the "wave") in differentiating germ cells. PMID- 3189886 TI - Tracheobronchial epithelium of the sheep: IV. Lectin histochemical characterization of secretory epithelial cells. AB - Conventional histochemical characterization of the mucus secretory apparatus is often difficult to reconcile with the biochemical analysis of respiratory secretions. This study was designed to examine the secretory glycoconjugates in airways using lectins with biochemically defined affinities for main sugar residues of mucus. We used five biotinylated lectins--DBA (Dolichos biflorus) and SBA (Glycine max) for N-acetyl galactosamine (galNAc), BSA I (Bandeiraea simplicifolia) and PNA (Arachis hypogea) for galactose (gal), and UEA I (Ulex europeus)--for detection of fucose (fuc) in HgCl2-fixed, paraffin-embedded, serially sectioned trachea, lobar and segmental bronchi and bronchioles of nine sheep. Lectins selectively localized the carbohydrate residues in luminal secretions, on epithelial cell surfaces, and in secretory cells. In proximal airways, the major carbohydrate residues in luminal secretions, cell surfaces, goblet cells, and glands were fuc and gal-NAc. PNA reacted mainly with apical granules of less than 10% of goblet cells, and gal residues were only detected in some of the mucous cells and on basolateral cell surfaces. Distal airways contained sparse secretion in the lumen, mucous cells contained weakly reactive fuc and gal-NAc, and the epithelial surfaces of Clara cells contained gal. Sugars abundant in the airway secretions were also the major component of cells in glands. We conclude that there is a correlation between specific sugar residues in secretory cells, glycocalyx, and luminal secretions in proximal and distal airways. This suggests that lectins may be used to obtain information about airway secretory cell composition from respiratory secretions. PMID- 3189887 TI - A quantitative study of myonuclear and satellite cell nuclear size in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, polymyositis and normal human skeletal muscle. AB - The dimensions of myonuclei and satellite cell nuclei in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD), polymyositis, and normal controls were compared in order to determine whether differences in satellite cell populations (previously reported by these and other authors) could be attributable to changes in the relative dimensions, thereby biasing the counts. The nuclei were measured directly from semithin resin sections using computerized measuring techniques, thereby avoiding errors due to photographic enlargement. In both the control and polymyositic groups, the satellite cell nuclei (8.30 microns and 8.81 microns respectively) were significantly shorter than the myonuclei (11.75 microns and 13.00 micron). Dystrophic myonuclei (10.98 microns) were significantly shorter than polymyositic myonuclei, but dystrophic satellite cell nuclei (11.62 microns) were significantly longer than both polymyositic and normal control satellite cell nuclei. The mean nuclear area in transverse sections was significantly greater in both myopathies than in the control material for both myonuclei and satellite cell nuclei. Myonuclei were significantly larger than satellite cell nuclei in all groups. When the values for the lengths of the nuclei were used to adjust previous estimates of satellite cell populations, it was found that earlier conclusions were still valid, i.e., that there is a significant increase in the number of satellite cells in the dystrophic muscle fibre population. PMID- 3189888 TI - Origin of aortic cell clusters in the chicken embryo. AB - In 3-day-old embryos the aortic cell clusters formed two parallel ridges in the ventrolateral part of the aorta. The border of the somato- and splanchnopleures close to the aorta showed a very intensive cell proliferation and a cell emigration up to the aorta. This cell flow and the bilateral appearance of the intraaortic ridges suggested that the aortic cell clusters originated from the coelomic epithelium. This intraembryonic hemopoietic stem cell formation from the splanchnopleure was comparable to that of the blood island formation in the yolk sac from extraembryonic splanchnopleure. The appearance of the white blood cells and definitive erythrocytes with adult-type hemoglobin was preceded by the aortic cell clusters. We concluded that the stem cells of the adult-type blood developed from the aortic cell clusters whereas the blood islands of the yolk sac may contribute only the primitive red blood cells. PMID- 3189889 TI - Embryological development and prevalence of thumb flexion creases. AB - A study of the embryological development and morphology of the thumb flexion creases is presented. We used 178 human fetuses, at 6-20 weeks of gestational age, and 225 normal adults, aged 19-81 years, to observe the morphology and the timing and location of the appearance of the flexion creases. Most creases, that is, the regular, extra, and oblique creases, were found to develop concurrently with the appearance of the fetal volar pads, apparently independently of the thumb flexion movements. Although the regular creases usually appear to be simple, single creases, they seem to be formed by the radial and ulnar lateral crease segments that develop inwards from each lateral side. Our observations also suggest that the oblique and extra creases on the proximal phalanx of the thumb should be considered as common or "regular" creases, rather than anomalies, because of their high frequency in fetuses and in normal healthy adults. PMID- 3189890 TI - Extragonadal distribution of primordial germ cells in the early chick embryo. AB - Chick primordial germ cells (PGCs), after separation from the endoderm in early embryonic development, temporarily circulate via the blood vascular system and finally migrate into the gonadal anlagen. It has been noted by some authors that some PGCs are present in extragonadal sites in some vertebrates. In the present study, we examined the distribution and localization of PGCs in extragonadal sites in the chick embryo. PGCs were identified by periodic acid-Schiff staining with light microscopy. In embryos at stages 20-24 (PGCs are in the settlement stage in the gonadal primordium), approximately 20% of the total number of PGCs were observed in extragonadal regions. Approximately 90% of these ectopic PGCs were found in the head, mainly in the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube. Even at stage 14 when PGCs were usually circulating in the blood vessels, some of the PGCs had emerged from the blood vessels and were detected in the extragonadal site. This pattern of distribution of ectopic PGCs in the head area is probably attributed to the earlier, dominant development of the capillary network, and to the sluggish capillary blood flow in that region, which allows intravascular PGCs to escape into the tissue. PMID- 3189891 TI - Nerve pathways between the pterygopalatine ganglion and eye in cats. AB - By dissection of thiocholine-stained orbital preparations, it has been determined that three different nerve pathways link the pterygopalatine ganglion and the eye in cats. 1) Nerves from the proximal half of the ganglion join a plexus of nerves and ganglion cells in the rete mirabile of the maxillary artery. Branches of the internal carotid nerve also supply this plexus. Fine nerves from the plexus travel to the optic nerve and then to the eye, accompanying both the nasociliary nerve that passes through the rete and the ciliary arteries that arise from the rete. 2) One or more nerves from the nerve of the pterygoid canal and from a prominent accessory ganglion near the orbital apex course to the inferior optic nerve surface at the optic foramen; these then run distally along the optic nerve to fuse with ciliary nerves or to accompany ciliary arteries entering the eye. 3) Other nerves from the pterygopalatine ganglion travel medially around the extraocular muscle cone to join the ethmoidal and infratrochlear branches of the nasociliary nerve; some nerves from the ganglion then take a retrograde course to the optic nerve, where they join ciliary nerves or arteries to the eye. All three pathways may transmit sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic sensory nerve fibers. PMID- 3189892 TI - Combined depressant effects of diltiazem and volatile anesthetics on contractility in isolated ventricular myocardium. AB - Because the volatile anesthetics depress the entry of calcium (Ca) into myocardial cells and also alter release of intracellular Ca stores, additional pharmacologic blockade of Ca entry could potentially enhance anesthetic-induced depression. The depressant effects of the calcium entry blocker diltiazem combined with the volatile anesthetics halothane, enflurane, or isoflurane were investigated in isolated guinea pig papillary muscle. Muscle contractions were studied in normal Tyrode solution after rest and at stimulation rates of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 Hz. Anesthetics were studied in the presence of 0.1 and 1 microM diltiazem, which depressed tension to approximately 85 and 55% of control at 2-3 Hz, respectively; depression at the higher concentration was frequency dependent. Depressant effects of enflurane were determined as previously done for equianesthetic concentrations (approximately 1 and 2 MAC) of halothane and isoflurane. At all stimulation rates, 1.7 and 3.5% enflurane depressed peak tension and dT/dt-max to approximately 73 and 50% of the mean control-recovery value, respectively. After control measurements of contractile characteristics, effects of 0.1 microM diltiazem were determined alone and then with the addition of halothane (0.75 or 1.5%), isoflurane (1.3 or 2.5%), or enflurane (1.7 or 3.5%), respectively. Recovery from anesthetic was then determined in the continued presence of diltiazem. After rest and at rates less than or equal to 0.5 Hz, equianesthetic concentrations of these volatile agents caused similar depression in the presence of diltiazem. At 3 Hz stimulation rate, 1.3% isoflurane caused significantly less contractile depression than did 1.7% enflurane or than 0.75% halothane. At 2-MAC concentrations, differences among the anesthetics were more apparent: 2.5% isoflurane depressed peak tension and dT/dt max less than did halothane at 1-3 Hz stimulation rates, and depressed dT/dt-max less than 3.5% enflurane at 2-3 Hz. Similar frequency-dependent differences in depression by approximately 2 MAC anesthetics were observed in the presence of 1 microM diltiazem. The patterns of depressant action by the volatile anesthetics were similar to those previously observed in the absence of diltiazem. Furthermore, when the volatile anesthetic depression of contractions was combined with the depression due to diltiazem-induced blockade of Ca entry, the resulting contractile depression did not differ significantly from a prediction that assumed simply additive effects. PMID- 3189893 TI - Comparative motor-blocking effects of bupivacaine and ropivacaine, a new amino amide local anesthetic, in the rat and dog. AB - Ropivacaine (S-(-)-1-propyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide) is a new local anesthetic that is structurally related to mepivacaine and bupivacaine. The comparative effects of ropivacaine and bupivacaine on motor function were assessed in the laboratory rat and dog. (It was not possible to accurately evaluate sensory blockade in these models.) Several concentrations of both agents were injected in the region of the sciatic nerve of the rat and into the lumbar epidural or subarachoid space in the dog. Epidural blockade was also performed utilizing solutions of ropivacaine and bupivacaine which contained epinephrine (1:200,000). The rat sciatic block studies indicate that at concentrations of 0.5 and 0.75%, ropivacaine had a slightly shorter time of onset and duration of motor blockade than did bupivacaine. In the epidural and spinal studies in the dog, ropivacaine was less potent and had a shorter duration of motor blockade than did bupivacaine at equal drug concentrations. A 1.0% solution of ropivacaine produced epidural motor blockade similar in onset and duration to that achieved with a 0.75% solution of bupivacaine. Epinephrine did not significantly prolong the duration of motor blockade of either agent after epidural administration. PMID- 3189894 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine and ropivacaine, a new amide local anesthetic. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine, a new amide local anesthetic, and bupivacaine were determined in dogs after IV and epidural administration. After 15-minute IV infusions of 3.0 mg/kg ropivacaine (n = 6) and 3.4 mg/kg bupivacaine (n = 4), the maximum arterial concentrations (Cmax) of ropivacaine averaged 2.41 +/- 0.52 micrograms/ml compared with 3.35 +/- 0.16 micrograms/ml of bupivacaine. The elimination half life (t 1/2 beta) of ropivacaine (25.9 +/- 1.7 min) was significantly shorter than for bupivacaine (39.1 +/- 13.3 min) after IV infusion. This was reflected by mean clearance values (Cl) for ropivacaine of 41.1 +/- 8.2 ml.min-1.kg-1 compared with 32.3 +/- 4.8 ml.min-1.kg-1 for bupivacaine, although the difference was not statistically significant. After epidural injections (ropivacaine n = 6; bupivacaine n = 5), a dose-related increase in Cmax was observed with both drugs. Although Cmax tended to be higher for ropivacaine, a significant difference was only attained when comparing Cmax after administration of 0.25% plain solutions of both agents. The addition of epinephrine did not consistently decrease the Cmax of either agent. The apparent t 1/2 beta of both agents was significantly longer after epidural administration than after IV infusion. No differences existed between t 1/2 beta values for ropivacaine and bupivacaine after epidural administration. Total body clearance of both agents tended to be lower after epidural administration, particularly when epinephrine containing solutions were employed. Little difference existed between the two drugs when equivalent solutions were administered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189895 TI - Nitrous oxide: cardiovascular effects in infants and small children during halothane and isoflurane anesthesia. AB - Two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography were used to measure cardiovascular function in 31 unmedicated infants and small children. In 15 patients, the cardiovascular effects of equipotent levels of halothane were compared with and without N2O. In 16 patients, the cardiovascular effects of isoflurane with and without N2O were compared. Prior to anesthesia induction, cardiovascular measurements of heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MBP), and two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography were recorded. The echocardiographic measurements were used to determine cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), and left ventricular end-diastolic and end systolic volume (LVEDV and LVESV). Twenty minutes after mask inhalation induction with halothane or isoflurane with N2O and O2 (3:2 liters/min), cardiovascular measurements were repeated with end-expired halothane or isoflurane maintained at 0.9 MAC. A third set of cardiovascular data was collected 10 minutes after the discontinuation of N2O, with inspired isoflurane or halothane levels in O2 (5 liters/min) increased to maintain 1.5 MAC end-expired levels. Ventilation was controlled throughout the study period and the study was completed before intubation and the start of elective surgery. Heart rate and MBP decreased to similar degrees below awake levels in both patient groups during N2O with halothane or isoflurane. When N2O was discontinued and end-expired levels of halothane or isoflurane increased, MBP remained at levels observed during N2O-O2 with halothane or isoflurane. Heart rate increased during isoflurane in O2. Cardiac output decreased significantly and similarly below awake levels during both halothane of isoflurane with and without N2O. PMID- 3189896 TI - Forearm vascular tone and reactivity during lumbar epidural anesthesia. AB - Forearm vascular tone and sympathetic reactivity were investigated in ten unpremedicated patients during two levels of epidural sensory blockade, neither of which levels was high enough to block cardiac sympathetic pathways. An 8-MHz pulsed Doppler blood flowmeter was used to determine brachial artery diameter and flow characteristics. Measurements were made before and during sympathetic stimulation induced by a contralateral isometric handgrip. The lower level of sensory blockade (T11) in the absence of sympathetic stimulation was associated with decreases in right atrial pressure, brachial artery diameter (3.9 +/- 0.2 vs 4.2 +/- 0.2 mm, P less than 0.05) and brachial blood flow (42 +/- 5 vs 66 +/- 7 ml.min-1, p less than 0.001), whereas forearm vascular resistance increased significantly (2.2 +/- 0.3 vs 1.5 +/- 0.2 mm Hg.ml-1.min-1, P less than 0.01). Neither heart rate nor mean arterial pressure changed. At the higher level of blockade (T7), right atrial pressure and systemic arterial pressure decreased further without change in heart rate. Brachial artery diameter (3.8 +/- 0.2 mm) remained unchanged while brachial blood flow additionally decreased (30 +/- 3 ml.min, P less than 0.05), and forearm vascular resistances further increased (3.0 +/- 0.2 mm Hg.ml-1.min-1, P less than 0.01). Changes in heart rate and in mean arterial pressure associated with isometric exercise were similar before and during epidural anesthesia at both levels of epidural blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189897 TI - Topical anesthesia of the skin by liposome-encapsulated tetracaine. AB - The potential of a liposomal local anesthetic formulation to provide topical anesthesia of the intact skin was investigated. Tetracaine base 0.5% was encapsulated into multilamellar phospholipid vesicles. The topical anesthetic effects of the liposomal and a control (Pontocaine cream) preparation were evaluated by pinprick technique in adult volunteers. Liposomal tetracaine produced anesthesia, which lasted at least 4 hours after 1 hour application under occlusion. Pontocaine cream was ineffective. The liposomal formulation appeared to be suitable to provide long lasting anesthesia of the skin with low drug concentration. PMID- 3189898 TI - A dose-response study of intrathecal morphine: efficacy, duration, optimal dose, and side effects. AB - We performed a double-blind study of the dose-response relationship of intrathecal morphine (0, 0.3, 1, and 2.5 mg) for postoperative pain relief in 33 subjects who underwent total knee or hip replacement surgery. Assessments commenced 1 hour after the opioid injection, which was given at the end of surgery, and continued for 24 hours. Pain measurements, supplementary analgesia requirements, and adverse effects were recorded. Intrathecal morphine provided effective, long-lasting pain relief. All doses delayed the initial perception of discomfort (T-Pain) and also postponed the onset of severe pain requiring analgetic supplementation (T-Morphine) (1.25 hours control with placebo injections; greater than 20 hours with intrathecal morphine 0.3, 1, and 2.5 mg: P less than 0.05). Although 0.3 mg usually provided good analgesia it was unsatisfactory in three of 10 patients (30%), whereas 1 and 2.5 mg were absolutely reliable. Respiratory depression (increased PaCO2), common after the administration of 1 or 2.5 mg intrathecal morphine, was slow in onset and prolonged. The respiratory depression after 2.5 mg was more profound than after 1 mg, and produced apnea necessitating large-dose naloxone therapy. Pruritus was unique to intrathecal morphine administration, but nausea, vomiting, and urinary retention were common in all the groups. We conclude that no ideal dose of intrathecal morphine exists because, even with small quantities, minor adverse effects are evident. Doses between 0.3 and 1 mg, however, should provide good analgesia free from the major complication, respiratory depression. PMID- 3189899 TI - ECG artifact simulating supraventricular tachycardia during automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy. PMID- 3189900 TI - Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia in an adult: accuracy of pulse oximetry with methemoglobinemia. PMID- 3189901 TI - Rectal methohexital for induction of anesthesia in children with and without rectal aspiration after sleep: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. PMID- 3189902 TI - Continuous subpleural-paravertebral block in acute thoracic herpes zoster. PMID- 3189903 TI - Diphenhydramine reversal of vancomycin-induced hypotension. PMID- 3189904 TI - Life-threatening effects of intravascular absorption of PGF2 alpha during therapeutic termination of pregnancy. PMID- 3189905 TI - Patient-controlled anxiolysis with midazolam. PMID- 3189906 TI - Management of one-lung anesthesia in an anticoagulated patient. PMID- 3189907 TI - Atracurium and pheochromocytoma: a report of three cases. PMID- 3189908 TI - Ulnar nerve palsy of unusual etiology. PMID- 3189909 TI - Flapper valve malfunction. PMID- 3189910 TI - Isoflurane and hepatic oxygenation. PMID- 3189911 TI - Bayesian dosing of anesthetic agents: esoteric or practical? PMID- 3189912 TI - Splanchnic oxygen consumption and hepatic surface oxygen tensions during isoflurane anesthesia. AB - Blood flow to and oxygen consumption of the splanchnic organs were determined together with hepatic surface oxygen tensions in 18 mongrel dogs anesthetized with the long-acting narcotic piritramid. Twelve animals also received 0.7 Vol% and 1.4 Vol% isoflurane; six time-related controls received piritramid only. Surgical preparation consisted of a left thoracotomy for inserting a catheter into the left atrium for microsphere injections and for gaining access to the hepatic surface through an incision in the diaphragm. Parameters in the animals receiving isoflurane were recorded at three stages: stage 1--piritramid anesthesia after surgical preparation; stage 2-60 min after addition of 0.7 Vol% (end-expiratory) isoflurane; stage 3-60 min after addition of 1.4 Vol% (end expiratory) isoflurane. Hepatic surface oxygen tension was determined at each stage using an eight-channel oxygen sensitive electrode. Mean arterial pressure and cardiac output decreased during both stages with isoflurane; hepatic arterial inflow remained constant. Portal blood flow and, hence, total hepatic inflow decreased significantly. An unchanged splanchnic O2 consumption induced lower hepatic venous pO2 values: 40 +/- 1 mmHg at control, 35 +/- 2 mmHg, and 31 +/- 2 mmHg (mean +/- SEM; both P less than 0.05) during isoflurane. A concomitant decrease of hepatic surface pO2 values indicated an altered tissue oxygenation. The percentage of hepatic surface pO2 values in the lowest pO2 range (0-5 mmHg) increased significantly from 8.4 to 20.3% during 1.4 Vol% isoflurane; the percentage of values of 0 mmHg increased from 2.4 to 9.8% during 1.4 Vol.%. No changes of these parameters were detected in the control animals during the 3-h observation period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189913 TI - Comparison of the in vitro myocardial depressant effects of isoflurane and halothane anesthesia. AB - The myocardial depressant effects of isoflurane and halothane were compared using feline right ventricular papillary muscles bathed in Krebs-bicarbonate solution. In experiment 1 muscles were stimulated by field electrodes (0.2 Hz) to obtain control measurements of developed tension (dt) and maximal rate of tension development (dF/dt) prior to exposing the papillary muscles to four concentrations of either isoflurane (4.0%, 2.0%, 1.0%, 0.5%) or halothane (2.0%, 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.25%). Repeat measurements of dt and dF/dt were recorded after 20 min at each concentration. Isoflurane and halothane both caused dose-dependent depression of dt and dF/dt, but at 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, halothane was significantly more depressant than isoflurane (P less than 0.01 for dt and dF/dt). Quadratic equations were fitted to the dose-response data by least squares analysis (R2 greater than .985 for both anesthetics), and the isoflurane and halothane concentrations that decreased dt to 90%, 70%, 50%, and 30% of control were determined to compare the relative myocardial depressant potency of isoflurane and halothane by linear regression analysis. This potency relationship is described by the equation: isoflurane concentration = -0.005 + 1.445 (halothane concentration). In experiment 2 papillary muscle responses at two similar cardiodepressant concentrations of isoflurane (1.25% and 2.0%) or halothane (0.80% and 1.35%) were compared at stimulus frequencies of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0, and 2.0 Hz. The concentrations of isoflurane and halothane were selected from the data obtained in experiment 1 and represent the anesthetic concentrations that diminish muscle function to approximately 70% and 50% of control.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189914 TI - Depressant effects of isoflurane and halothane on isolated human atrial fibers. AB - The present experiments were designed to study the cellular mechanism responsible for the depressant effects of halothane and isoflurane on human atrial tissues obtained at cardiac surgery. The fibers were superfused in Tyrode's solution, and transmembrane potentials were recorded with a microelectrode technique. In atrial fibers showing fast response action potential (maximum velocity of depolarization [Vmax] greater than 100 V/s), halothane (0.75 vol%, 0.44 mM) and isoflurane (1.25 vol%, 0.53 mM) decreased slightly the upstroke velocity but depressed the plateau and twitch force significantly. In atrial fibers showing slow rate of phase-0 depolarization or when atrial fibers were depolarized in high [K]0, both halothane and isoflurane decreased the upstroke of slow response and the force. The depressant effects of anesthetics partially mimicked the actions of 1 microM tetrodotoxin and diltiazem and could be reversed by epinephrine or high [Ca]0. The delayed afterdepolarizations or aftercontractions and contracture induced by epinephrine or strophanthidin were also inhibited by both anesthetics. Halothane and isoflurane may depress normal electromechanical activity and arrhythmogenic triggered activity through a reduction of cation fluxes across the cell membrane. PMID- 3189915 TI - Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in neonatal humans and lambs: effects of age. AB - To determine whether the clearance of fentanyl in neonates varies with age, the authors determined the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in 14 humans ages 1-71 days and 15 lambs ages 3-37 days. In humans, fentanyl, 54.1 +/- 2.3 (mean +/- SD) micrograms/kg, was administered as a 2-min iv infusion; in lambs, fentanyl, 50 micrograms/kg, was administered as an iv bolus. Ventilation was controlled to maintain end-tidal or arterial PCO2 normal, and potent inhaled anesthetics were not administered; in humans, additional anesthesia was provided with iv morphine. Arterial or venous samples were obtained for 12 h, and plasma concentrations of fentanyl were determined by radioimmunoassay. Plasma concentration versus time data were fitted to two- and three-compartment pharmacokinetic models, and clearance, volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss), and elimination half life were determined. Clearance increased with age in both humans and lambs. Two humans who had intraabdominal surgery had no clearance of fentanyl: plasma concentrations of fentanyl remained constant for approximately 10 h after an initial distribution phase. In lambs, but not in humans, Vdss increased with age; elimination half-life did not change with age in either lambs or humans. The authors conclude that at least two factors--postnatal age and the type of surgery -affect fentanyl clearance during the neonatal period. The effect of other factors, such as inhaled anesthetics, remains to be determined. PMID- 3189916 TI - Resistance to atracurium in thermally injured rats. The roles of time, activity, and pharmacodynamics. AB - Thermal injury induces resistance to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants in patients. Because the mechanism of the resistance is unknown, the authors have sought to establish thermally injured rats as a suitable model for subsequent detailed studies of mechanisms. Two hundred twenty-five- to 250-g rats sustained a 30% total body surface area thermal injury while anesthetized with pentobarbital. Another group had sham injury. Animal activity was monitored both by periods of direct observation and by use of activity cages. At 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, and 90 days after injury, rats were anesthetized and ventilated and the strength of contraction of their gastrocnemius produced by supramaximal stimulation of the sciatic nerve was measured before and after a bolus of atracurium (2.0 mg/kg) was administered. The plasma concentration required to diminish contraction to 50% of the preceding value (Cp50) was determined by atracurium infusion. Animals displayed the greatest resistance to atracurium at 40 days. The Cp50 value was also greatest at this time. The protein binding of atracurium was identical for both sham and injured groups. Activity for thermally injured resistant rats and for sham animals was not different. It appears that pharmacodynamic mechanisms are involved, and inactivity and disuse atrophy are not necessary in rats for development of resistance to nondepolarizing muscle relaxants after thermal injury. PMID- 3189917 TI - Magnesium and cobalt, not nimodipine, protect neurons against anoxic damage in the rat hippocampal slice. AB - Brain tissue, maintained in vitro, was used to determine whether agents that block calcium entry into neurons can improve the recovery of evoked responses after anoxia. The hippocampus was dissected from a rat brain and sliced perpendicular to its long axis such that its main neuronal circuits remain functional. A pathway in the slice was stimulated electrically, and an extracellular potential, the evoked population spike, recorded from the neurons postsynaptic to that pathway. A bipolar stimulating electrode was placed in either the perforant path or the Schaeffer collaterals and a monopolar metal microelectrode placed, respectively, in either the dentate granule cell layer or the CA1 pyramidal cell layer. The slices were maintained in vitro by superfusing them with oxygenated (95% O2, 5% CO2) artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). In order to generate anoxia, the tissue was superfused with aCSF bubbled with 95% N2, 5% CO2 for either 5 or 10 min. All drugs examined were present in the aCSF before, during, and immediately after the anoxic period. Percentage recovery was expressed as the amplitude of the evoked population spike 60 min after anoxia divided by its preanoxic amplitude. Protection in this model is defined as a significant (P less than 0.05) improvement in percentage recovery compared with the recovery of untreated slices. There was no recovery of the response recorded from untreated dentate granule cells after 10 min of anoxia (0 +/- 0%, n = 5; mean +/- SE), whereas 5 min of anoxia was sufficient to cause damage to the untreated CA1 pyramidal cells (4 +/- 3%, n = 6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189918 TI - Mechanism of age-related and nitrous oxide-associated anesthetic sensitivity: the role of brain catecholamines. AB - To provide a neurochemical basis for differences in their anesthetic requirements, the authors examined mice selectively bred for resistance (HI) and susceptibility (LO) to nitrous oxide anesthesia for brain levels of catecholamines. Concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine in whole brain were 26% and 13% higher (P less than 0.001), respectively, in HI mice than in LO mice. Whole-brain levels of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, a major metabolite of dopamine, were the same for both HI and LO groups of mice. The authors then analyzed portions of the HI and LO mice brains for concentrations of norepinephrine and dopamine. A significant correlation was found between norepinephrine content in the medulla and nitrous oxide requirement. In other regions of the brain (cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, pons, midbrain, hypothalamus), no significant differences in norepinephrine or dopamine levels could be detected. Differences in anesthetic requirements between resistant and susceptible mice decrease from 0.99 to 0.53 atm as they aged from 100 days to 600 days old, paralleling the decline in differences in norepinephrine levels in medulla oblongata between HI and LO mice from 1.6 to 0.73 ng/mg protein. Thus, the difference in anesthetic requirement between HI and LO mice may arise from alterations in catecholamine content in specific regions of the brain. PMID- 3189919 TI - The prevalence of steal-prone coronary anatomy in patients with coronary artery disease: an analysis of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study Registry. AB - Coronary steal requires a specific anatomic arrangement of coronary occlusion, collateral vessels, and stenosis of the artery supplying the collaterals. The prevalence of this anatomic variant, steal-prone coronary anatomy, was investigated in 16,249 patients with coronary artery disease whose angiograms were carefully recorded as part of the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). Almost half of the angiograms had one or more total occlusions, and, of these, about 80% had angiographically visible collateral supply to the area distal to the occlusion. Of subjects with an occlusion and collaterals, about 60% had a hemodynamically significant stenosis of the artery supplying the collateral vessels. In summary, 23% of the patients in the CASS Registry demonstrated steal prone coronary anatomy. Thus, coronary steal could possibly affect almost a quarter of the patients with coronary artery disease having anesthesia. Studies that seek clinical evidence of harm from coronary steal must be done in that subset of patients with coronary artery disease with steal-prone anatomy. PMID- 3189920 TI - Isoflurane depresses membrane currents associated with contraction in myocytes isolated from guinea-pig ventricle. AB - The influence of isoflurane on membrane currents, action potentials, and contraction was investigated in single cells isolated from guinea-pig ventricle. Isoflurane (1.65-4.45%) reduced the action potential duration at 20% and 90% repolarization times. When step depolarizations were applied under voltage-clamp conditions, there was a depression by isoflurane both of the second inward (calcium) current and of the contraction (measured by an optical method). Isoflurane also depressed "tail" currents, which were recorded on repolarization following a voltage-clamp step to 0 mV and which are thought to be activated by cytosolic calcium. Additional actions of isoflurane were investigated using a paired-pulse protocol. The observations were consistent with a reduction by isoflurane of calcium release. This action together with the reduction of calcium influx during the second inward current would contribute to the negative inotropic effect of isoflurane. PMID- 3189921 TI - Carcinogen bioassay of isoflurane in mice. AB - A carcinogen bioassay of isoflurane was performed in groups of Swiss/Webster mice exposed to either air (n = 181), 0.1% isoflurane (n = 167), or 0.4% isoflurane (n = 165), for 4 h per day, 5 days per week. After 78 weeks of exposure, mice were left untreated for 3 weeks and were then killed. Mice killed at this time when they were 86 weeks of age, and those killed or dying at other times during the study were subjected to complete gross and microscopic examination. Throughout most of the study, mean body weights of mice exposed to 0.1% isoflurane and 0.4% isoflurane were less by 1-5% and 5-8%, respectively, than that of mice exposed to air alone. Otherwise, no gross toxic treatment effects were noted. The first neoplastic lesion was detected 23 weeks after starting treatment and, by the end of the study, 190 tumors had been detected in 179 mice. However, there were no statistical differences among the groups in the number of mice with a particular tumor at a specific site, the ratio of benign to malignant tumors, or the time to tumor appearance. It was concluded that isoflurane is unlikely to have carcinogenic potential and is a remarkably non-toxic anesthetic in mice. PMID- 3189922 TI - Chemical stability of bupivacaine in pH-adjusted solutions. AB - Recent clinical studies have suggested that alkalinization of bupivacaine may shorten the time to onset and lengthen its duration of action. However, addition of sodium bicarbonate to commercially manufactured bupivacaine can rapidly produce precipitation. This study was performed to study the stability and precipitation of bupivacaine solutions 0.25% and 0.50% with and without epinephrine 1:200,000 after alkalinization. The results indicate that alkalinization does not increase precipitation above recommended limits and that the concentration of bupivacaine in solutions is maintained at least 6 h after alkalinization. PMID- 3189923 TI - Resistance to succinylcholine in myasthenia gravis: a dose-response study. PMID- 3189924 TI - Pacemaker-mediated tachycardia induced by intraoperative somatosensory evoked potential stimuli. PMID- 3189925 TI - Accuracy of two mixed venous saturation catheters during long-term use in critically ill patients. PMID- 3189926 TI - Plasma bupivacaine concentrations following ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve blockade in children. PMID- 3189927 TI - Refractory bradycardia during aspiration of a tracheal cyst in a young infant. PMID- 3189928 TI - Effects of radial artery cannulation on the function of finger blood pressure and pulse oximeter monitors. PMID- 3189929 TI - Myocardial infarction in carotid endarterectomy patients anesthetized with halothane, enflurane, or isoflurane. PMID- 3189930 TI - Lightwand intubation in children with abnormal upper airways. PMID- 3189931 TI - Cerebral and hemodynamic effects of lidocaine accidentally injected into the carotid arteries of patients having carotid endarterectomy. PMID- 3189932 TI - Failure of low pressure alarm associated with the use of a humidifier. PMID- 3189933 TI - Anatomy of the epidural space. PMID- 3189934 TI - CT-epidurography and the anatomy of the human lumbar epidural space. PMID- 3189935 TI - Carboxyhemoglobin and P50 in pregnancy. PMID- 3189936 TI - Polyvinylchloride endotracheal tubes are hazardous for CO2 laser surgery. PMID- 3189937 TI - A new complication due to the lumbar sympathetic block? PMID- 3189938 TI - ECG artifact produced by crystalloid administration through blood/fluid warming sets. PMID- 3189939 TI - Mini-dose intrathecal morphine for analgesia following cesarean section. PMID- 3189940 TI - Let's have "sympathy". PMID- 3189941 TI - A creative method for determining the immunization status of a community hospital medical staff. AB - During 1985 and 1986, 191 of the 212 (90%) medical staff members in active private practice, who were surveyed responded to a one-page report regarding the status of their immunity and immunization to important infectious illnesses. Response rates were improved by including the survey form with the hospital privilege-renewal form that was required to be returned to the medical staff office. Of the respondents 96% reported prior history of chickenpox and 95% reported prior immunization to tetanus; of the 42 who reported prior bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, only 17 reported a positive tuberculin skin test. An additional 32 medical staff members had a history of a positive tuberculin skin test with no prior BCG vaccination. Only 2 (1%) reported prior history of hepatitis B, and only 15 (8%) reported hepatitis B vaccination begun or completed at the time of the survey. This survey allows targeting of infection control activities, such as implementation of the hepatitis B vaccine promotion program and serologic testing of those with a negative history of chickenpox, to be developed for the medical staff. It allows the hospital infection control team instant access to data that can be simply obtained and updated regularly when information is needed about the immunization status of selected medical staff members during an outbreak situation. PMID- 3189942 TI - Survey of nursing personnel attitudes toward infections and their control in the elderly. AB - To better understand nursing practice in geriatric care settings as it relates to infections, a survey of nursing attitudes about a variety of infection control issues was undertaken. Nurses were recruited from four settings: a university affiliated, private nursing home (N = 46), a hospital-based nursing home (N = 33), a private nursing home (N = 20), and a home care agency (N = 26). The nurses appropriately recognized the importance of pneumonia and influenza as major threats to health in these settings and also reported some indifference regarding the notification of physicians about fevers under 38.9 degrees C (102.0 degrees F). Among the groups, similar attitudes about infection control principles were recorded, except that the ratings by the home care agency nurses were different from those of the institution-based nurses in the following areas: isolation as a means to prevent infection spread, proper waste disposal methods, and frequency of catheter change. Assessment of personnel attitudes and practices are important in detecting problems, guiding in-service programing, and revising care practices. PMID- 3189943 TI - Comparative antibacterial efficacy of a 2-minute surgical scrub with chlorhexidine gluconate, povidone-iodine, and chloroxylenol sponge-brushes. AB - Chlorhexidine gluconate (Hibiclens), povidone-iodine (E-Z Scrub 201), and chloroxylenol (ParaSoft) sponge-brushes were compared for antibacterial efficacy in 2-minute surgical scrubs. Thirty-nine volunteers completed a 7-day baseline period and a 5-day treatment period. Thirteen participants were assigned to a chlorhexidine group, 12 to a povidone-iodine group, and 14 to a chloroxylenol group. Subjects followed a standardized protocol, performing 11 scrubs during the treatment period. Bacterial counts were taken by the glove-juice procedure immediately after scrubbing and at 3 and 6 hours later on days 1, 2, and 5. The use of chlorhexidine achieved significantly (p less than 0.01) greater adjusted mean log10 bacterial count reductions than did povidone-iodine and chloroxylenol at all sampling times, with greater reductions as the study progressed. PMID- 3189944 TI - Comparative effectiveness of chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, and hexachlorophene on the bacteria of the perineum and groin of pregnant women. PMID- 3189945 TI - Germicidal test methods. PMID- 3189946 TI - Multilumen catheter sepsis and an educational program to combat it. AB - Catheter-related sepsis is a problem with many variables. A process of elimination may eventually identify the actual cause(s) of this phenomenon. We began our problem-solving approach by observing personnel inserting and caring for central lines, which showed a lack of compliance with existing protocols. A program was designed to provide the correct procedural activities. This study plans to test whether ongoing educational programs and an infection control department that maintains a high degree of visibility are effective in reducing nosocomial line-related infections. PMID- 3189947 TI - Effect of a 1.5 Tesla magnetic field on Greenfield filters in vitro and in dogs. AB - The authors have tested four Greenfield filters for deflection in a 1.5 Tesla magnetic field and found large variations in the amount of deflection among filters. They also placed two filters in dogs and checked the filter for migration by taking radiographs before and after magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. They found no evidence of migration. They conclude that, while most Greenfield filters respond to a magnetic field, the chance of migration of a filter because of an MRI scan is small. Therefore, MRI scanning of patients with Greenfield filters has little risk. PMID- 3189948 TI - No metabolic side effects of long-term treatment with verapamil in hypertension. AB - In a prospective, open study 45 patients (mean age fifty-three years) with essential hypertension were treated with verapamil for four to eight years (mean 5.3 years). Blood pressure was satisfactorily controlled (from 160/104 to 145/91) and the side effects were infrequent, mild, and often transient. Verapamil did not exert any unfavorable metabolic or hematologic effects over the years. HDL cholesterol was moderately increased (mean 24%) and the other plasma lipids were unaffected. These data suggest that the calcium channel blocker verapamil is a metabolically safe drug to use as monotherapy in essential hypertension. PMID- 3189949 TI - Hemolymphangioma in a neonate--a therapeutic problem--case history. AB - The authors present the case of a one and one-half-day-old child with a 4 X 5 cm hemolymphangioma of the left lower extremity. The mass was a violaceous, protuberant, compressible tumor covered with distended peau d'orange skin. A pressure dressing was applied to the lesion, and it was made certain that the blood supply to the foot was not cut off. The lesion began to resolve within a week and over the next few months; however, pressure may need to be continued for her lifetime. The patient had been wearing a pressure-gradient leotard as of six months of age, but this was discontinued after two weeks because of the authors' inability to converse with the child to determine how much pressure could be safely employed. This is one example of a to date successfully treated hemolymphangioma in a neonate using a pressure dressing initially followed by combined compression therapy. The proposed mechanism of this therapy, as well as comparison with other types of therapy, is discussed. PMID- 3189950 TI - Sinus node suppression in acute strokes--case reports. AB - The authors report on 5 patients, 4 of them observed over a period of only two months in one community hospital, who developed profound sinus node suppression in the early phase following acute strokes. This complication resulted in the death of 2; in the remaining 3, it was controlled by electrical cardiac pacing or intravenous atropine. In 3 patients, the strokes were due to subarachnoid hemorrhage, and in 2, they were secondary to vascular occlusion. In at least 4 patients, the prognosis seemed favorable from a neurologic standpoint. Vagally mediated sinus node arrest may, therefore, represent a potentially fatal complication of strokes and may be more frequent than currently appreciated. Continuous monitoring in the early phase of acute strokes and pacemaker therapy may be lifesaving in some patients. This and the general phenomenon of functional failure of the sinus node due to a variety of causes are discussed. PMID- 3189951 TI - Intralobar sequestration of upper lobe of right lung--case reports. AB - Two cases of intralobar sequestration of the right upper lobe, which is supplied by a major anomalous collateral artery from the descending thoracic aorta and also by the upper lobe branch of the right pulmonary artery, are presented. Both cases underwent surgical correction. The plexus of abnormal vessels in the right upper lobe of the lung communicating to the anomalous collateral artery was unexpected. The return pathway into the right pulmonary artery was most unusual. The embryologic explanation of the anomaly and the surgical implications are discussed. The return pathway of the left-to-right shunt by a branch of the pulmonary artery is most unusual and has hitherto not been reported in English literature to the best of the authors' knowledge. PMID- 3189952 TI - Who's in charge? PMID- 3189953 TI - Morphology of polycrystalline alumina brackets and its relationship to fracture toughness and strength. AB - Inherent defects seen in the morphology of polycrystalline ceramic brackets severely limit their fracture strength. Only by improving the surface characteristics can those mechanical properties which are necessary for sufficient strength and efficient orthodontic tooth movement be more fully realized. PMID- 3189954 TI - Functional and morphologic considerations of the articular eminence. AB - A study of the angulation of the posterior slope of the articular eminence as determined mechanically and from cephlometric radiographs shows a close correlation. PMID- 3189955 TI - A longitudinal study of anterior vertical overbite from eight to twenty years of age. AB - A statistical evaluation of overbite behavior during growth, finding a mean tendency for increasing overbite from age 8 to 11, then leveling off and gradually decreasing to adulthood, with little net change. Individual behavior varies widely. PMID- 3189956 TI - Generic substitution: a dilemma for the allergist. PMID- 3189957 TI - IgG subclass deficiency and recurrent infections. PMID- 3189958 TI - Incidence of digestive diseases in patients with adverse reactions to foods. AB - Adverse reactions to foods may occur when the balance between defensive mechanisms (such as enteric and gastric secretions, digestive enzymes, enteric barrier, etc) and aggressive factors (ie, gastroenteric mucosal damage, constipation, sIgA deficiency, etc) is altered. We therefore analyzed a group of patients with urticaria/angioedema syndrome due to food ingestion evaluating the association with digestive diseases. Our data provide clear evidence for high incidence of concomitant gastroenteric disorders in patients affected by adverse reactions to foods. We consider that these pathologic conditions may promote adverse reactions to foods. PMID- 3189959 TI - Acute dosing with methylprednisolone in normal subjects does not affect theophylline clearance. AB - This investigation was prompted by earlier studies that suggested that short-term corticosteroids alter the clearance of theophylline. We evaluated the kinetics of theophylline administered with and without doses of oral methylprednisolone in six normal subjects. One milligram per kilogram of methylprednisolone or placebo was administered eight hours and again one hour prior to an infusion of 6 mg/kg of aminophylline. Serum levels were monitored at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 11/2 hours, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12-14 hours. Clearance after administration of steroids in the former was 43 +/- 7 mL/kg/h (SD) and after placebo 42 +/- 10, mL/kg/h. These data indicate that at this dose and duration methylprednisolone seems to have no statistical or clinically significant impact upon the clearance of theophylline in normal subjects. PMID- 3189960 TI - Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in asthmatic children. AB - Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels were determined in 56 asthmatic children. Lowest levels were found during acute asthmatic attack (13.53 +/- 2.94 IU) which were significantly less than controls (20.4 +/- 5.44 IU) (P less than .001). Post-attack levels 1 week later rose significantly (16.77 +/- 2.63 IU), but were still less than normal values (P = .001). GPX levels (16.96 +/- 3.28 IU) were less than controls (P less than .03) even in patients with mild symptomatology. Asymptomatic patients receiving theophylline had normal levels. Low GPX activity in asthmatic patients may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. PMID- 3189961 TI - Proliferation of alveolar macrophages in hyperoxia. AB - The effect of oxygen on the proliferative response of alveolar macrophages (AMs) was investigated. Alveolar macrophages cultured in hyperoxic atmosphere (95% O2 + 5% CO2) for 18 hours showed increased incorporation of [3H]-thymidine and proliferation in contrast to those cultured in a control atmosphere (95% air + 5% CO2). The proliferating cell was shown to be a macrophage by morphology, esterase staining, and phagocytic ability. The results suggest an oxygen-induced proliferation of AMs that may play a critical role in AM influx into the alveoli particularly at times of hyperoxia, eg, the neonatal period. PMID- 3189962 TI - Pulmonary rehabilitation: the use of aerobic dance as a therapeutic exercise for asthmatic patients. PMID- 3189963 TI - Passage of food antigens into circulation of breast-fed infants with atopic dermatitis. AB - We have selected 13 babies presenting with atopic dermatitis during exclusive breast feeding. After evaluation of reaginic reaction, we detected beta lactoglobulin (BLG) in breast milk and babies sera before and after maternal elimination diet and after maternal challenge. beta-Lactoglobulin was present only in the sera of infants ingesting breast milk containing BLG. We have seen reaginic reactions to cow's milk in seven babies. The maternal elimination diet improved eczema in 11/13 infants, maternal challenge worsened atopic dermatitis in 9/9 children. We demonstrated the transport of food antigen via breast milk into infants' circulation. PMID- 3189964 TI - Late onset reactions following venom immunotherapy and venom skin tests. AB - This report describes patients who had late onset reactions following venom immunotherapy and venom skin tests. Six adult patients had symptoms of fatigue, malaise, fever, headache, and joint ache, starting four to six hours after venom immunotherapy and lasting up to four days. Two of the patients had prolonged reactions at or adjacent to the skin test sites. All of these patients had a history of venom anaphylaxis; four had severe cardiovascular symptoms. All received yellow jacket venom immunotherapy and four honeybee venom immunotherapy. In four patients, the reactions occurred following small venom doses, 0.1 to 2 micrograms. Two patients reacted after maintenance doses of 50 micrograms. There was no relationship to the serum IgE or IgG antibody titers. All but one patient had serum venom-specific IgE but the titers covered a wide range. Serum venom specific IgG was present in four patients. There was no response in lymphocyte culture to bee venom stimulation in two patients. Two of these patients stopped venom immunotherapy; one had reached the maintenance dose. In three patients, prophylactic parenteral steroids have ameliorated the reactions. After a temporary dose reduction, the sixth patient is now asymptomatic. A seventh patient developed asthma, 12 hours following a maintenance dose of 50 micrograms of yellow jacket venom. Concomitant steroid administration has effectively prevented the reaction. Another patient, a 6-year-old boy, developed fever, edema of the face and lips, erythema of the leg, and a large, tender right inguinal node eight hours following venom skin tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189965 TI - Acute effect of intravenous magnesium sulfate on airway obstruction of asthmatic patients. AB - The bronchodilating effect of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was studied in ten asthmatic patients with moderate to severe airway obstruction. Two grams of MgSO4 or saline in double-blind crossover design was administered IV for 20 minutes (0.40 mmol/min) and forced expiratory capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were studied at intervals. Only at the end of MgSO4 infusion did FEV1 increase significantly (109% of initial values). The bronchodilating effect was short lasting and far less than that observed after salbutamol. PMID- 3189967 TI - Nasal provocative testing. PMID- 3189966 TI - Comparative studies on tree pollen allergens. XIV. Characterization of the birch (Betula verrucosa) and hazel (Corylus avellana) pollen extracts by horizontal 2-D SDS-PAGE combined with electrophoretic transfer and IgE immunoautoradiography. AB - The crude aqueous extracts of birch (Betula verrucosa) and hazel (Corylus avellana) pollen were characterized by horizontal isoelectric focusing (IEF) and one-dimensional and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1-D and 2-D SDS/PAGE). Isoelectric focusing reference patterns obtained in pH 3.5 to 9.5 gradient gels contained 31 and 41 bands while the 2-D patterns consisted of 51 and 72 protein spots, respectively. Electrophoretic transfer to nitrocellulose membranes and subsequent 125I-immunoautoradiography demonstrated IgE binding in the region between pH 4.8 and 5.4 for both extracts. The main allergenic reactivities of this pH region were distributed by SDS/PAGE to the molecular weights of 29.5, 17, and 12.5 kilodaltons for birch and 15.5 and 12 kilodaltons for hazel. The high resolving power and the independence of rabbit antibodies were considered the major advantages of the described 2-D methodology as compared with conventional crossed immunoelectrophoretic and radioimmunoelectrophoretic techniques. PMID- 3189968 TI - Nasal provocation challenge--strategies for experimental design. PMID- 3189969 TI - Lipase activity and properties in serum of chronic alcoholics. AB - Serum lipase levels are much greater in cases of chronic alcoholics (without any marked symptom of pancreatitis) than in healthy subjects. In fact, about 43 p. cent of the studied samples from alcoholics exhibit a lipase activity above the reference interval (0-160 U/l). On the other hand, the lipase activity present in the serum of alcoholics exhibits different properties than lipoprotein lipase or post-heparin plasma lipase. Furthermore the enzyme from alcoholics presents similar properties to those of the serum lipase released in cases of pancreatitis mainly concerning the sensitivity versus colipase and biliary salt concentration. This similarity with the "pancreatitis" enzyme suggests a pancreatic disorder in number of cases of chronic alcoholics. Therefore, the authors think that serum lipase activity could be taken into account in the evaluation of the risk of any abnormality in the pancreatic function in all alcoholics. PMID- 3189970 TI - [Study of an optimal biological profile for demonstrating pancreatic involvement in acute abdominal syndrome]. AB - The authors have studied several seric, plasmatic and urinary constituents in patients hospitalized for an acute abdominal syndrome to be able to characterize an eventual pancreatic lesion; mainly seric and urinary amylase as well as its isoenzymes, lipase, liver profile and trypsin. In acute pancreatitis, the means of the maximal increases of seric amylase, lipase and trypsin are respectively: 10.7; 21.6 and 19.2 X N (upper normal limit) whereas in chronic pancreatitis, these elevations are 6.5 X N for amylase and 9.5 XN for lipase. The authors observed at J1 (first day of hospitalisation) and at J2 an increase in seric amylase, lipase and/or liver profile respectively in 95, 90 and 25 p. cent of acute pancreatitis; in 86, 86 and 14 p. cent of chronic pancreatitis and 43, 39 and 86 p. cent of bili duct diseases. In conclusion, it appears compulsory to run a liver profile with the pancreatic enzymes (amylase and lipase) to diagnose a pancreatitis in presence of an acute abdominal syndrome. PMID- 3189971 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis of hereditary metabolic diseases in 1987]. AB - Prenatal diagnosis currently represents the only preventive method of inherited metabolic disease for which no effective treatment is available. Several fetal samplings are currently possible, which enables to adequately select the best expression of the anomaly. Chorionic villi taken by biopsy constitute the biological material of choice for a diagnosis during the first trimester of pregnancy. An early diagnosis with the marked heterogenous nature of these genetic diseases, requires a perfect cooperation between the various specialists and between specialists and family, in order to secure a prenatal diagnosis. PMID- 3189972 TI - [7th International Colloquium on Prospective Biology. Pont-a-Mousson, 3-7 October 1988. Abstracts]. PMID- 3189973 TI - Baroreceptor responses derived from a fundamental concept. AB - A model is presented that relates the change in baroreceptor firing rate to a step change in blood pressure. This relationship is nonlinear since the alteration in rate of firing depends on the current rate of firing. It is shown that this simple relationship embodies all currently established baroreceptor response modes. The model needs refinement to allow for effects arising from the properties of the tissue matrix in which the receptors are embedded. Further analysis is precluded at present owing to paucity of quantitative experimental data. PMID- 3189974 TI - Comparison of neural damage induced by electrical stimulation with faradaic and capacitor electrodes. AB - Arrays of platinum (faradaic) and anodized, sintered tantalum pentoxide (capacitor) electrodes were implanted bilaterally in the subdural space of the parietal cortex of the cat. Two weeks after implantation both types of electrodes were pulsed for seven hours with identical waveforms consisting of controlled current, charge-balanced, symmetric, anodic-first pulse pairs, 400 microseconds/phase and a charge density of 80-100 microC/cm2 (microcoulombs per square cm) at 50 pps (pulses per second). One group of animals was sacrificed immediately following stimulation and a second smaller group one week after stimulation. Tissues beneath both types of pulsed electrodes were damaged, but the difference in damage for the two electrode types was not statistically significant. Tissue beneath unpulsed electrodes was normal. At the ultrastructural level, in animals killed immediately after stimulation, shrunken and hyperchromic neurons were intermixed with neurons showing early intracellular edema. Glial cells appeared essentially normal. In animals killed one week after stimulation most of the damaged neurons had recovered, but the presence of shrunken, vacuolated and degenerating neurons showed that some of the cells were damaged irreversibly. It is concluded that most of the neural damage from stimulations of the brain surface at the level used in this study derives from processes associated with passage of the stimulus current through tissue, such as neuronal hyperactivity rather than electrochemical reactions associated with current injection across the electrode-tissue interface, since such reactions occur only with the faradaic electrodes. PMID- 3189975 TI - Combining transmural left ventricular mechanics and energetics to predict oxygen demand. AB - This study relates to our earlier study which predicts the transmural distribution as well as the global left ventricular (LV) function and oxygen demand, based on the LV structure, geometry and sarcomere function. Here, we test the predicted global oxygen demand against experimental data in anesthetized, open chest dogs under changing working conditions. The experimental oxygen demand was calculated from the arterio-venous difference in oxygen content times the measured coronary flow. LV load was manipulated by a combination of a pressurized chamber connected to the femoral artery, phenylephrine infusion and an adjustable arteriovenous shunt. The heart was paced in two present heart rates. The study demonstrates that the global predictions, based on the local distributed oxygen demand model, are comparable to those obtained by other methods of global metabolic predictions. However, unlike other global methods, the distributed model gives spatial information and predicts an endo/epi ratio of oxygen demand ranging between 1.05 to 1.14, depending on the loading conditions, which is comparable to available experimental data. For the experimental conditions studied here (stroke volume, heart rate, aortic pressure), the theoretical analysis shows that only the end diastolic volume is significantly correlated to the endo/epi ratio of the transmural oxygen demand. PMID- 3189976 TI - Proceedings of the 1988 UAEM/IRIEM Research Symposium on Emergency Thrombolytic Therapies. PMID- 3189977 TI - Emergency department violence in United States teaching hospitals. AB - Violence in the emergency department is a common concern. However, most aspects of this problem remain unstudied because no organization or government agency tracks such data and no regulatory or administrative guidelines adequately address its management. We surveyed 170 US teaching hospital ED medical directors with respect to violence and security issues and received responses from 127 (74.7%). Among other findings, 41 institutions report at least one verbal threat each day, and 23 report at least one threat with a weapon each month. Four-point physical restraint is used by 125 of the 127 facilities. Personnel in 32 of these facilities restrain at least one patient each day. Seventeen institutions report having significantly injured a patient during restraint in the last five years, resulting in one death. Twenty institutions report involvement with litigation with respect to restraint. Only 51 institutions provide ED nurses with formal training in recognition and management of aggression and violence, and only 79 institutions have security personnel present in the ED 24 hours a day. A sizable number of facilities receiving frequent threats and batteries are not among those with 24-hour-a-day security personnel. A preventative, risk-management approach that addresses environmental factors, training policies, restraint, security arrangements, and legal precedents is suggested. PMID- 3189978 TI - Violence in the emergency department: a very real concern. PMID- 3189979 TI - Blood alcohol concentration and driving. American College of Emergency Physicians. PMID- 3189980 TI - Scientific and ethical considerations in 'no code' orders. PMID- 3189981 TI - Nonvenomous snakebite. PMID- 3189982 TI - Serum and synovial fluid steady-state concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfadiazine in horses with experimentally induced infectious arthritis. AB - The tarsocrural joints of 11 horses were inoculated with 1.2 to 2.16 x 10(6) viable Staphylococcus aureus organisms susceptible to a trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMP-SDZ) combination with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.25 micrograms of TMP/ml and 4.75 micrograms of SDZ/ml. Antimicrobial treatment consisted of oral administration of a TMP-SDZ combination--30 mg/kg of body weight given once daily (group-1 horses) or 60 mg/kg given as 30 mg/kg every 12 hours (group-2 horses). Paired serum and synovial fluid samples were obtained before intra-articular inoculation with the S aureus, after inoculation with S aureus but before antimicrobial treatment, and after inoculation at various hourly intervals after oral administration of the TMP-SDZ combination. The TMP SDZ combination was administered daily in the 2 dosages for 21 days. Samples were collected after day 3 of repetitive drug administration so that drug steady-state concentration would have been achieved. Serum and synovial fluid samples were analyzed for TMP and SDZ concentrations. Administration of the TMP-SDZ combination at a dosage of 30 mg/kg once daily was not effective in maintaining TMP or SDZ concentrations above the MIC of TMP-SDZ for the S aureus (0.25 and 4.75 micrograms/ml for TMP and SDZ, respectively) in the infected synovial fluid or in maintaining adequate TMP concentration in the serum. The alternative use of the TMP-SDZ combination at a dosage of 60 mg/kg given as 30 mg/kg every 12 hours was effective in maintaining serum and synovial fluid concentrations of TMP and SDZ that were greater than the MIC for the infective organism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189983 TI - Pharmacokinetics and estimated bioavailability of amoxicillin in mares after intravenous, intramuscular, and oral administration. AB - The pharmacokinetics and estimated bioavailability of amoxicillin were determined after IV, intragastric, and IM administration to healthy mares. After IV administration of sodium amoxicillin (10 mg/kg of body weight), the disposition of the drug was best described by a 2-compartment open model. A rapid distribution phase was followed by a rapid elimination phase, with a mean +/- SD half-life of 39.4 +/- 3.57 minutes. The mean volume of distribution was 325 +/- 68.2 ml/kg, and the mean body clearance was 5.68 +/- 0.80 ml/min.kg. It was concluded that frequent IV administration of sodium amoxicillin would be required to maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations of amoxicillin, and thus, the use of this dosage form should be limited to the initiation of treatment or to intensive care situations. After intragastric administration of amoxicillin trihydrate (20 mg/kg), 5% cherry-flavored suspension, the drug was rapidly, but incompletely, absorbed and rapidly eliminated (mean half-life of the decline phase of the plasma amoxicillin concentration-time curve, 51 minutes). The mean estimated bioavailability (fractional absorption) of the administered dose was 10.4%, and the mean peak plasma amoxicillin concentration was 2.73 micrograms/ml at 1.5 hours after dosing. In one horse with clinical signs of abdominal discomfort and diarrhea, the absorption of amoxicillin from the gastrointestinal tract was delayed and the fraction absorbed was increased. It was concluded that this oral dosage form could be recommended only for the treatment of infections caused by bacteria that are highly susceptible to amoxicillin, that frequent dosing would be necessary, and that absorption may be inconsistent in horses with gastrointestinal disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189984 TI - Efficacy of water vapor-saturated air in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses. AB - The efficacy of water vapor-saturated air as a treatment for horses with exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) was studied. Horses selected for study (n = 14) had grade 1 or greater hemorrhage in the trachea after a minimum of 4 breezes between 0.8 and 1 km, as determined by endoscopy. Nine horses were treated with water vapor-saturated air; 5 horses were not treated. When the mean and maximal EIPH scores from the pretreatment period were compared with the mean and maximal EIPH scores from the treatment period in both treated and nontreated groups, there was no significant difference between groups. There was a suggestion of a linear relationship between exercise speed and the mean EIPH score of the first 4 breezes in all 14 horses. PMID- 3189985 TI - Cardiovascular effects of acupuncture stimulation at point Governing Vessel 26 in halothane-anesthetized ponies. AB - The acupuncture point Governing Vessel (GV-26) is used commonly in the Orient to treat shock in human beings and other species. The cardiovascular effects of stimulation of GV-26 were studied in healthy ponies during 2 episodes of halothane anesthesia. During one anesthetic episode, electrical stimulation (electrostimulation) of GV-26 was performed, and during the other anesthetic episode, heat stimulation (moxibustion) of GV-26 was performed. The order of the stimulations was random. A nonacupuncture point was selected for comparable control stimulation during each experiment. Control and acupuncture stimulations were of equal intensity. There were no significant changes in cardiac output, systemic arterial pressure, or heart rate associated with either electrical or heat acupuncture stimulation. PMID- 3189986 TI - Stimulated esophageal groove closure in adult goats. AB - In healthy adult goats, closure of the esophageal groove was induced by thirst, IV administered vasopressin, and intracarotid administration of hypertonic NaCl solutions. The efficiency of stimulation was tested directly by visual inspection of the course taken by orally administered solutions through a ruminal or abomasal fistula, palpation of the lips of the esophageal groove through a ruminal fistula, and indirectly by following the glucose dynamics in the blood after oral administration of glucose solution. Esophageal groove closure was observed during drinking after a 48-hour period of water deprivation. Intracarotid administration of 1.5 ml of a saturated solution or 10.5 ml of a 1.5% solution of NaCl also stimulated groove closure; however, groove closure stimulated by administration of vasopressin is the most satisfactory procedure for passing compounds of therapeutic importance directly from the cardiac orifice to the abomasum. PMID- 3189987 TI - Prophylactic efficacy of an ivermectin sustained-release bolus against challenge exposure with gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infective larvae in calves. AB - Twelve Holstein calves were used to determine the prophylactic efficacy of ivermectin against challenge exposure with gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes. Two groups of 6 calves (mean body weight, 205 kg) each were formed by restricted randomization according to body weight. Group-1 calves served as nonmedicated controls. Each calf of group 2 was orally given one prototype sustained-release bolus designed to deliver ivermectin at a continuous daily dose of 8 mg. Third-stage nematode infective larvae were given to the calves on posttreatment days 28 and 42. The calves were euthanatized 77 or 78 days after treatment. Ivermectin was 100% effective (P less than 0.05) in preventing the establishment of infection by Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp (C punctata, C oncophora, C surnabada), Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Dictyocaulus viviparus and was greater than 99% effective against Trichostrongylus axei. Incidental infection by Trichuris spp was reduced by 94% (P = 0.08). PMID- 3189988 TI - Use of the sustained-release morantel bolus in stocker calves in southern United States. AB - Two groups of 21 mixed-breed heifers were wintered on separate permanent pastures. Each heifer from one group was administered a sustained-release morantel bolus on October 7 (day 0), and the other group remained as untreated controls. Body weights were determined and fecal samples were taken at 28-day intervals. At the onset of the trail and at every 56 days, 6 heifers were removed from each group for slaughter to determine the developmental stages and the number of gastrointestinal nematodes. In addition, 3 tracer calves that were free of gastrointestinal nematodes were released on each pasture for 28 days at the beginning of the trail and after the last experimental-group calves had been removed. The 6 calves slaughtered on day 0 of the trail had a mean of 5,544 gastrointestinal nematodes. Tracer calves released on day 0 and removed on day 28 of the trial acquired 31,143 and 30,530 gastrointestinal nematodes from the pastures containing the treated and control heifers, respectively. Throughout the trial, the number of nematodes in the control calves increased at each sampling date (mean, 126,168 worms), whereas the mean number of worms in the treated heifers was 45,458. Tracer calves placed in the pastures after the 168-day trail acquired significantly more worms (9,632 vs 2,899; P less than 0.05) from grazing the pastures with control heifers than from grazing the pastures with treated heifers. Counts of eggs per gram of feces were significantly different (P less than 0.01) between the 2 groups from day 28 through day 112.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189989 TI - Evaluation of Haemonchus contortus infections in sexually intact and ovariectomized ewes. AB - Three experiments were conducted to investigate experimentally the occurrence of periparturient nematode egg rise in ewes and the hormonal modulation of Haemonchus contortus infections. In the first experiment, fall-bred and winter bred pregnant (n = 4 and 14, respectively) and nonpregnant (n = 5 and 29, respectively) ewes were treated with anthelmintic and were pastured together on fields that were contaminated with H contortus. Three weeks before lambing, all ewes were placed in concrete pens; fecal egg counts for the winter-bred group were obtained on alternate days. Pregnant and lactating ewes had significantly larger numbers (P less than 0.01) of H contortus eggs than did the nonpregnant controls 1 week before and after lambing. Lactating, fall-bred ewes had significantly (P less than 0.01) more adult worms in their abomasum through natural acquisition than the nonpregnant controls. In the second experiment, fall bred and winter-bred, helminth-free, pregnant (n = 4 and 8, respectively) and nonpregnant (n = 3 and 15, respectively) ewes were inoculated on 5 alternate days, beginning 70 days after breeding with 20,000 infective H contortus larvae. The ewes were maintained on concrete pens throughout pregnancy. Fecal egg counts were significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in pregnant ewes, beginning 1 week before lambing until 1 week after lambing. Abomasums of lactating ewes from both lambing seasons yielded significantly (P less than 0.01) more adult worms at necropsy than nonpregnant ewes. In the third experiment, ewes were ovariectomized (n = 15) or sham-operated (n = 9); half of the control ewes were bred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189990 TI - Bacterial population and histologic changes in dogs with perianal fistula. AB - Ages of 44 dogs with perianal fistula, ranged from 6 months to 13 years (mean, 5.2 years). German Shepherd Dogs and Irish Setters were statistically (P less than 0.01) over-represented compared with those breeds in a canine hospital population (n = 22,047) for the same period. There was a 2:1 male-to-female ratio, with 38 (86.4%) of dogs sexually intact and 6 (13.6%) of dogs neutered. Eleven types of bacterial organisms were recovered from deep perianal tissues of which Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Proteus mirabilus were most common. Organisms were not recovered from 7 dogs. Of 93 isolates, 88.3% were susceptible to gentamicin, 80.5% to cephalothin, 79.2% to chloramphenicol, and 74% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Fifty-one biopsy specimens from 44 dogs were classified as having early, intermediate-, and late stage lesions based on the amount of fibrosis, severity of the inflammatory response, and, if present, depth of sinus tracts. In most biopsy specimens, all 3 stages were represented in the same histologic section. In 45 specimens, most inflamed lesions were in the dermis of the zona cutanea. Hidradenitis was present in 22 biopsy specimens and was associated with the formation of epithelial-lined sinus tracts. PMID- 3189991 TI - Thyroid and immunologic status of dogs with perianal fistula. AB - Lymphocyte-proliferation responses, absolute lymphocyte counts, and thyrotropin stimulation responses were determined in 33 dogs with perianal fistula; serum immunoglobulin values also were determined in 15 of the 33 dogs. Lymphocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and phytohemagglutinin and were cultured with medium containing normal pooled canine serum or fresh patient's autologous serum. Initially, lymphocytes from 9 dogs (27.3%) had depressed stimulation responses to greater than or equal to 1 phytomitogen, and 4 of the 9 dogs had absolute lymphopenia. One month after recovery in these 9 dogs, lymphocytes from 4 dogs (66.7%) had normal proliferation responses. Of immunoglobulin determinations in 15 dogs, serum IgA values were 32 to 185 mg/dl (mean, 69 +/- 10 mg/dl) and were low in 2 dogs (13%), and serum IgM values were 48 to 610 mg/dl (mean, 263 to 46 mg/dl) and were high in 8 dogs (53%). Serum IgG values were 1,050 to 3,220 mg/dl (mean, 2,339 +/- 165 mg/dl) and were high in 10 dogs (71%). After thyrotropin stimulation, 1 dog was considered hypothyroid. Neither pathogenesis nor prognosis of canine perianal fistula was clarified via immunoglobulin concentrations or absolute lymphocyte counts. Based on lymphocyte proliferation assays, suppression of cell-mediated immunity was probably a result of perianal fistula, rather than a cause of the fistula. PMID- 3189992 TI - Disease features in horses with induced equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever). AB - Fifty-five horses were inoculated IV and/or SC with materials containing Ehrlichia risticii, ie, infected whole blood, buffy coat cells, or cell culture, to study clinical and hematologic features of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever). Major clinical and hematologic features of induced E risticii infection were biphasic increase in rectal temperature with peak increases of 38.9 C and 39.3 C on postinoculation days (PID) 5 and 12, respectively; depression; anorexia; decreased WBC count (maximal decrease of 47% on PID 12); and diarrhea from PID 14 to PID 18. Increased WBC count was an inconsistent feature, with a maximal increase of 51.5% on PID 20. During times of decreased and increased WBC counts, lymphocyte/neutrophil ratios remained fairly constant. However, not all horses had all clinical and hematologic features, and these features were present in different degrees among horses. Increased rectal temperature, depression, anorexia, and decreased WBC count were more consistent features, whereas diarrhea developed in 73% of the horses. Of 55 horses, 39 (71%) had all clinical and hematologic features of the disease (classic disease), whereas 16 (29%) horses did not have greater than or equal to 1 of these features (nonclassic disease). The E risticii titer in the blood (ehrlichemia) was maximum during the peak increase in rectal temperature. In 55 horses, mortality was 9%. Significant differences (P greater than 0.5) in clinical and hematologic features were not detected between horses that survived and those that died of E risticii infection. PMID- 3189993 TI - Energy balance and growth rate of outbred and inbred male guinea pigs. AB - Water intake, food consumption, growth rate, and rectal temperature were measured daily for 14 days and oxygen uptake was determined weekly for 3 weeks in healthy outbred (Hartley stock) and inbred (strains 2 and 13) male guinea pigs. Body weights ranged from 300 to 465 g, and ages were approximately 6 to 10 weeks. Strain-13 guinea pigs had the lowest daily body weight gain (3.27 +/- 0.33 g), when compared with strain-2 (4.04 +/- 1.21 g) and Hartley guinea pigs (5.72 +/- 1.08 g). Outbred guinea pigs also had highest values of water intake and water/food intake ratio(s), and had significantly (P less than 0.05 and 0.01) lower oxygen uptake values than did inbred guinea pigs. The ratio of daily average body weight gain to the corresponding daily retained calories, with or without corrections of body surface area (0.05 m2), was higher in Hartley stock than in the strain-13 guinea pigs. Rectal temperatures and food consumption were similar in all guinea pigs. Data indicated that the outbred Hartley guinea pig had a faster growth rate and appeared stronger physiologically, compared with inbred strains. PMID- 3189994 TI - Topically applied cyclosporin for modulation of induced immunogenic uveitis in rabbits. AB - The experimental model of immunogenic uveitis induced by intraocular injection of human serum albumin in rabbits was inhibited by the topical application of cyclosporin A. The acute nonspecific inflammatory response that immediately follows intravitreous injection was not affected. However, the severe panuveitis that develops during the second week was markedly reduced. The safety and efficacy of topically applied cyclosporin A in this model of uveitis suggests that topical administration of this antigen-nonspecific immunosuppressor may be an effective route of therapy for certain immune-mediated forms of uveitis. PMID- 3189995 TI - Effects of ventriculectomy, prosthetic laryngoplasty, and exercise on upper airway function in horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia. AB - Effects of ventriculectomy and prosthetic laryngoplasty on upper airway flow mechanics and blood gas tensions in exercising horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia were assessed. Five adult horses were trained to stand, trot (4.5 m/s), and gallop (7.2 m/s) on a treadmill (6.38 degrees incline). Inspiratory and expiratory airflows (VImax, VEmax, respectively) were measured using a 15.2-cm diameter pneumotachograph in a face mask. Inspiratory and expiratory transupper airway pressures (PuI, PuE, respectively) were determined as pressure differences between barometric pressure and lateral tracheal pressure. Blood collected from exteriorized carotid arteries was analyzed for PaO2, PaCO2, pH, hemoglobin (Hb) content, and HCO3- values. Heart rate (HR) was determined with an HR monitor. Measurements were made with horses standing, trotting, and galloping before left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (LRLN; base line), 14 days after LRLN, 30 days after ventriculectomy (44 days after LRLN), and 14 days after prosthetic laryngoplasty (58 days after LRLN). Before LRLN (base line), increasing treadmill speed for horses from standing to the trot and gallop progressively increased HR, respiratory frequency, VImax, VEmax, PuI, PuE, Hb, and PaCO2 values and decreased PaO2, pH, and HCO3- values; inspiratory and expiratory impedances were unchanged. After LRLN, inspiratory impedance and PuI were significantly (P less than 0.05) increased in horses at the trot and gallop, and PaCO2 was significantly increased in horses at the gallop. The VImax and respiratory frequency were significantly (P less than 0.05) decreased in horses at the gallop. Left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy had no effect on PuE, VEmax, HR, PaO2, pH, Hb, or expiratory impedance values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3189996 TI - Histopathologic effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on equine endometrium. AB - Endometrial fibrosis is a major cause of infertility in broodmares. Because of the proven anti-inflammatory effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and its influence on collagen, the effect of DMSO on the endometrium was investigated in mares. Solutions of DMSO (25%, 50%, or 75%) were infused into the uterus of clinically normal mares. Examination of serially obtained biopsy specimens revealed epithelial ulceration and stromal inflammation that were proportional to the DMSO concentration infused, but vasodilatation was not observed. In all mares, the endometrium had returned to normal by day 21 after DMSO infusion. PMID- 3189997 TI - Combined treatment of arteriovenous malformations by transarterial microembolization and surgery. AB - An arteriovenous malformation is defined as a congenital lesion of dysplastic vascular origin with large feeding arteries causing decreased vascular resistance. Previously, initial attempts toward treatment by complete excision of the vascular mass were complicated by hemorrhage and infection. Cardiac failure and abnormal growth may result from the shunted blood flow. With the advancement of angiography, more defined study of the arteriovenous anomaly can be identified and a reduction of risk during treatment can be promised. Three cases of extensive arteriovenous malformations are presented. Each has been successfully treated by combining radiologic microembolization followed by surgical extirpation of the vascular mass, without complication. PMID- 3189998 TI - Natural history of subclavian steal syndrome. AB - Eighty-two patients presenting with subclavian steal syndrome (36 men, 46 women; median age, 66.5 years) were studied. All patients underwent clinical and noninvasive evaluation. Diagnosis was based on both a 20 mmHg difference in blood pressure between arms and reversed blood flow in the vertebral artery. Twenty-one patients (25.6%) had a transient ischemic attack or cerebrovascular accident before the study. In 16 patients (19.5%), the anterior circulation was involved and the vertebrobasilar circulation was effected in 5 patients (4.8%). Fifty-five patients were followed for one to six years (mean 4.1 years). During this period three patients died. Noninvasive studies showed that 39 patients (70.9%) had progression of disease in the carotid arteries and that 10 of these 39 (12.1%) exhibited a transient ischemic attack or cerebrovascular accident, and eight patients (9.7%) required carotid endarterectomy. No patient had a stroke involving the vertebrobasilar circulation, but four patients (4.8%) had a transient ischemic attack. Three other patients had revascularization procedures performed for arm ischemia. Patients with subclavian steal syndrome are more likely to experience a transient ischemic attack or cerebrovascular accident involving the carotid circulation than the vertebrobasilar circulation. Noninvasive evaluation of the carotid arteries and the posterior circulation should be included in the long-term follow-up of these patients. PMID- 3189999 TI - Modified Shouldice hernia repair: a study of 421 inguinal herniorrhaphies by a single community surgeon over ten years. AB - The evolution of a technique of inguinal hernia repair, progressively incorporating more modern materials and concepts, is described and evaluated. Anatomic precepts of hernia anatomy put forth by Condon form the foundation of this technique. The Shouldice methodology dominates the original plan of patient management but more modern suture materials and local anesthetics afford even greater ease and efficiency to this hernia repair plan. The results of 421 herniorrhaphies done by the primary author over ten years are reported with three patients lost during follow-up (0.7%). No cases are included unless a minimum of three years since surgery has elapsed. The unselected recurrence rate is 2.77 per cent. All ten recurrences are studied and related to changes in surgical technique. Cost effectiveness goals such as early discharge and same-day surgery are also discussed as they apply to this approach. PMID- 3190000 TI - Right atrial thrombus formation following central venous dialysis catheter placement. AB - Silicone rubber central venous dialysis catheters are used to provide vascular access in acute renal failure patients and in chronic dialysis patients in whom conventional vascular access cannot be achieved or maintained. The use of these catheters is not without hazard. The first reported case of right atrial thrombus formation associated with the use of a double lumen silicone rubber central hemodialysis catheter is described. This patient's course points out another potential complication of this type of vascular access and emphasizes the importance of removing such catheters in a timely fashion when they are no longer required for dialysis. PMID- 3190001 TI - Resection of metastatic lung tumor: the evaluation of histologic appearance in the lung. AB - The analysis of the data resulting from 58 operations for metastatic lung tumors is presented. The surgical procedures performed were unilateral lung tumor resection in 27 cases and bilateral lung tumor resection in 13 cases. The total cumulative five year survival rate was 41 per cent. The resected tumors were divided into two types according to the histologic appearance of the tumor margin: infiltrative and non-infiltrative (pseudo-capsulated). The cumulative five year survival rates were 14.7 per cent and 53.2 per cent, respectively. Lymph node metastasis was found in four patients with the infiltrative type of metastatic tumor. PMID- 3190002 TI - The effect of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels on free flap survival. AB - There has been experimental information suggesting that iatrogenic anemia may improve the survival of pedicled free flaps. This has been attributed to a decrease in blood viscosity secondary to hemodilution. The hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) levels of 14 successful and 6 failed free flaps at the time of operation, during hospitalization, and at discharge are reviewed. There was no difference in Hb or Hct levels between successful and failed flaps. Reconstruction of traumatic defects showed an increased risk of failure. If flaps survived longer than 10-14 days, they were unlikely to fail subsequently. In conclusion, Hb and Hct levels in clinically acceptable ranges have no effect on free flap survival. PMID- 3190003 TI - Preoperative endoscopy: the impact on planned surgical procedures. AB - Of 1,504 endoscopic procedures in a two and one half year period, 296 (20%) were performed prior to elective surgery or an invasive diagnostic procedure. From these "pre-op clearance" procedures, there were 66 (22%) positive findings. Due to these endoscopic findings, 29 patients (44% of positive findings or 10% of all pre-operative evaluations) had an alteration of planned treatment. The indications for preoperative endoscopy in these patients were: atypical symptoms of diagnosed gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease, symptoms of GI tract disease unrelated to an elective surgical procedure, history of prior GI tract disease which may complicate elective surgery, and evaluation of a portion of the GI tract prior to operating on that segment. Judicious use of preoperative endoscopy following the above guidelines can decrease adverse surgical outcomes. PMID- 3190004 TI - Abdominal operations without nasogastric tube decompression of the gastrointestinal tract. AB - The routine use of nasogastric (NG) drainage during and after abdominal surgery was examined. One hundred and fifty patients who underwent various abdominal operations with a Levine tube served as a control group (retrospective group). The tubeless study group (prospective group) of 150 patients was randomly and blindly divided into three equal subgroups. Subgroup A patients were operated on without any NG tube. The tube in subgroup B patients was inserted after induction of anesthesia and removed one hour after the operation. The tube in subgroup C was inserted as in subgroup B, but was taken out 12 hours after the operation. The total number of complications in the intubated group was significantly higher than in the tubeless group (P less than 0.01). High temperature, atelectasis and miscellaneous complications were more frequent in the control group than in the study group (P less than 0.01). Other complications such as nausea, vomiting, bronchopneumonia, and gastric dilatation, as well as the resolution of the postoperative ileus and hospital stay, were not of statistical significance. Fewer miscellaneous complications (P less than 0.05) and less patient discomfort were found in subgroup A than in the other tubeless subgroups. Complications in the study group were easily controlled by conservative treatment and no serious complications resulted. Therefore, the routine use of NG suction as adjunctive therapy following abdominal operations is not advocated by this study. PMID- 3190005 TI - Partial versus complete arterial transection, fact versus fancy. AB - Traditionally, hemorrhage from the partially transected artery exceeds that from its completely divided counterpart. The clinical significance of this distinction is pertinent to the control of the hemorrhage in the field as well as in the operating room. To test the hypothesis the femoral arterial blood flow (Q) of seven anesthetized (pentobarbital, 30 mg/kg, IV) dogs, whose average weight was 19.5 +/- 0.9 kg, was measured before and after partial (25%, 75%) and complete transection of the artery distal to the transducer of an electromagnetic blood flow meter amplifier. Systemic arterial pressure (P) was recorded. Control Q was 72 +/- 14 (S.E.) ml/min, control P was 119 +/- 9 mmHg. Flow increased to 369 +/- 24 ml/min when partial laceration (25% lumenal diameter) was accomplished sharply; this increase was significant (P = 1.7 X 10(-6]. When the arterial division was near completion (75% lumenal transection), Q was 358 +/- 30 ml/min. This value was not significantly different (P = 0.80) from the value that resulted from complete transection of the femoral artery (320 +/- 41 ml/min). Arterial pressure fell transiently (11.5 +/- 1.7, 13.5 +/- 1.6, and 13.9 +/- 2.1 mmHg respectively) as a result of each injury but the apparent differences were not significant (P = 0.25). These observations from canine experimentation indicate that hemorrhage from the partially severed femoral artery is indistinguishable from that which results from its complete transection. In view of these findings in dogs, traditional concepts regarding such injuries in man should be viewed as unproven speculation. PMID- 3190006 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis]. PMID- 3190007 TI - [Mail handling: a possible cause of error in the non-selective screening for congenital hypothyroidism]. AB - Remittance by mail of blood samples and subsequent time of permanency in mail boxes are not supposed to be best thermic conditions for dried blood samples in paper used for neonatal screening. With the idea of checking if temperatures variations can altered or not the content of TSH and T4, some samples of known concentrations of TSH and T4 has been heated to different temperatures between less than -40 degrees C and 100 degrees C during weekly periods. At such temperatures between less than -40 degrees C and 25 degrees C significant hormones losses are not observed. Nevertheless under higher temperatures the percentages of losses increases. Specifically between 37 degrees C and 60 degrees C an hormonal loss of approximately 36% is observed. T4 had also suffered losses of concentration in relation with temperature. These variations make indispensable the change of the way of managing samples that could had suffered modifications with temperatures, and that have been sent by mail. Therefore, considering that about a 40% loss can exist, limit of 40 mu UI/ml should be modified about 25 mu UI/ml. PMID- 3190008 TI - [Syndrome of left heart hypoplasia, causing hydrops fetalis and congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis]. AB - A case of hydrops fetalis and congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis due to hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum is reported. Authors analyse hydrops and lymphangiectasis physiology in relation to cardiac defect, besides the present day therapeutics possibilities. Patient died four hours after birth. PMID- 3190009 TI - [Pregnancy in adolescent mothers (between the ages of 15 and 18). Neonatal results]. AB - A total of 61 infants of adolescent mothers (aged 15 to 18 years) were compared at birth with two control groups of 78 infants born of nonadolescents (aged 19 to 30 years). Control group I were adults mothers, married, with adequate prenatal care, without gestational risk factors, and similar parity to adolescents mothers. Control group II were adult mothers with prenatal care, risk factors during pregnancy, marital status and parity in like proportions to adolescent mothers. Only statistically significant difference was that adolescent mothers delivered infants whose mean weight was 180 g less (p less than 0.01) than infants of group I, and 152 g less (p less than 0.05) than infants of group II. Prematurity, low-birth-weight, low Apgar score, and difficulties at birth, had not greater incidence in adolescent group. PMID- 3190010 TI - [Gonococcal vaginitis in a newborn infant]. PMID- 3190011 TI - [Glucantime and allopurinol in the treatment of persistent infantile visceral leishmaniasis]. PMID- 3190012 TI - [Esophagitis caused by benzalconium chloride in a newborn infant]. PMID- 3190013 TI - [Neonatal myasthenia gravis]. PMID- 3190014 TI - [Usefulness of reactive strips in the diagnosis of suppurative meningitis, at the patient's bedside]. AB - The CSF from 68 children suspected of meningitis (20 meningitis, 48 normal) was analyzed with the customary laboratory techniques (cellularity, differential count, glucose, proteins and bacteriology) and with Combur 9 test strips (glucose, proteins and leukocytes-granulocytes) in order to evaluate the suitability of the latter for the rapid diagnosis of meningitis. PMID- 3190015 TI - [Arterial pressure in 1- to 4-year-old school children]. AB - Systolic and diastolic blood pressures have been evaluated in 645 school children aged 1 to 4 years old. Mercury-gravity manometer was used, and diastolic pressure was assessed taking Korotkoff is fifth phase. Blood pressure with sex, age, body height and body weight was correlated. There was no significant difference of tension values between both sexes. Diastolic blood pressure increased progressively and notoriously for each age interval (12 months) in both sexes. Systolic blood pressure increased notoriously only in the 3 and 4 years girls group. The partial correlation and stepwise regression analyses of variables age, body height and body weight with blood pressure showed that body weight was the only variable significantly related to systolic in both sexes, while body weight and age in boys and none of them in girls with the diastolic. PMID- 3190016 TI - [Study of isochromosomes of the long arms of the X chromosome]. AB - A clinical and cytogenetic study of 10 patients with chromosome formula of isochromosome in the long arms of the X in all the cells or in a mosaic with another cell line is made. Cases os isochromosomes, so far reported, differentiating them into monocentric and dicentric, after applying techniques of C-banding to them, have been review. Finally a clinical study of the cases 46,Xi (Xq) is made. PMID- 3190017 TI - [Determining factors in the intrauterine development of twins: possible effect of gestational age, sex and type of twins]. AB - Authors present a study on 9,862 malformed newborns and 9,950 controls collected among 481,362 births monitored by Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEML) from March 1976 to March 1985. Newborn twins (malformed and controls) had a significantly lower birthweight and mortality rate within first three days of life than singletons. Difference in birthweight was not dependent on gestational age. On the other hand, males and females of unlike-sexed twin pairs were heavier than males and females of like-sexed pairs, respectively. Malformation rates in twins and singletons were not significantly different; among twins, the higher figure corresponded to like-sexed pairs, and more specifically, to those in which both members of the pair were males. Possible influence of gestational age, sex and type of twinning (like or unlike sex) on the process of intrauterine development in twins, is discussed. PMID- 3190018 TI - [Psychological evaluation of diabetic students and their families]. AB - A population of 29 diabetic school children has been studied with the purpose of evaluating the repercussion the disease has on the psychosocial development of the child. Eysenck's inventory of personality, Achembach's IPCDS and the drawing of the human figure have been employed as psychological test. The sociological aspects are valued through interviewing and questionnaires. The outstanding conclusions are: 1. Diabetes does not condition the development of a specific personality. 2. Psychiatric alterations and pathological behaviours are not present in the diabetic school child with a greater frequency than in the normal child. The most problematic is the pattern of behaviour found in preadolescent teenagers, individual cases stand out in relation to their antisocial and reserved behaviour. 3. The disease neither cuts down social life, nor does it condition the appearance of school-failure, but it does have a repercussion and a modifying effect on practical aspects of family life and the relations among its members. PMID- 3190019 TI - [Deteriorating natural killer activity in familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis]. AB - We report the occurrence of familial erythrophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis disease in a child who had greater involvement of the brain than of visceral organs. The diagnosis was made during life, allowing us to carry out biological, histological and immunological studies. The natural Killer activity was abolished in this patient. The combination chemotherapy--including systemic administration of VP 16-213, steroids and intrathecal methotrexate--, failed to stem the rapid course of the disease. PMID- 3190020 TI - [Moniletrix]. PMID- 3190021 TI - [A case of lipoid pneumonia in a 2-month-old infant]. PMID- 3190022 TI - [Nursing-bottle syndrome. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3190023 TI - [Progressive muscular dystrophy in a child with a symptomatic carrier mother]. PMID- 3190024 TI - [Severe ocular involvement in a case of boutonneuse fever]. PMID- 3190025 TI - [Primary meningococcal conjunctivitis]. PMID- 3190026 TI - [Congenital tibia vara (Blount's disease)]. PMID- 3190027 TI - [Urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, uric acid and oxalic acid in normal children]. AB - A group of normal children with a free diet was studied. Their first morning urine (n = 176) and their 24-hour-urine (n = 64) was collected, valuing the calciuria, magnesiuria, uricosuria and oxaluria, establishing their relationship with a dietetic survey. Ca/Cr rate value was 0.13 +/- 0.7 mg/mg in the morning urine, and 0.12 +/- 0.06 mg/mg in the 24-hour-urine. Calciuria (mg/kg/day) was 2.46 +/- 1.45, higher to that noticed by other authors. Prevalence of hypercalciuria was 7.8%. We haven't noticed any correlation between the calciuria (mg/kg/day) and the consumption of proteins and carbohydrates. A positive correlation was found between Ca/Cr and Na/Cr rate, together with high natriuria (3.87 +/- 1.35 mEq/kg/day); these findings could justify the elevated calciuria in the children studied. Mean values of magnesium and uric acid were 0.04 +/- 0.02 and 0.30 +/- 0.08 mg/100 ml FG, respectively and the oxaluria was 34.51 +/- 16.35 mg/day/1.73 m2. PMID- 3190028 TI - Severity of illness measures: opportunities for clinicians. PMID- 3190029 TI - New books from the College: residency curriculum, ethics bibliography, and clinical privileges. PMID- 3190030 TI - Incompetent patients with limited care in the absence of family consent. A study of socioeconomic and clinical variables. AB - To understand the factors that distinguish terminally ill, incompetent patients who are given do-not-resuscitate status by physicians against the wishes of the patient's family, I reviewed the charts of 20 such patients (cases) seen in consultation by the ethics committee at the Massachusetts General Hospital over 10 years. I also compared this group of patients with 105 patients who received do-not-resuscitate status with family consent over 3 months in 1986. Socioeconomic factors were similar between cases and controls. Selected prehospitalization characteristics such as history of alcohol or substance abuse, depression, dementia, or other psychiatric diseases were rarely present in the ethics committee group. However, these patients were likely to be incontinent (90%), incapable of any self-care (80%), and have low Glasgow Coma Scale scores (mean, 9.4). The ethics committee cases were relatively young (mean 63.6 years), were in the hospital for a long period before a do-not-resuscitate decision was reached (mean, 48.2 days), were frequently admitted to intensive care units (75%), and often received ventilatory (70%) and pressor medication (50%) support. Eighty percent of the ethics committee cases died in the hospital. The control do not-resuscitate patients were much less sick and received much less invasive support. This research suggests that the ethics committee at the study hospital was not redefining the principles of medical ethics that underlie decisions not to resuscitate when it recommended limited care in the absence of family consent, but rather was recommending such limitations only for patients in whom it appeared further care was futile. PMID- 3190031 TI - Amiodarone-induced liver toxicity. PMID- 3190032 TI - Megestrol acetate for treatment of cachexia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. PMID- 3190033 TI - Myopathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but not with zidovudine. PMID- 3190034 TI - Myonecrosis and cocaine abuse. PMID- 3190035 TI - Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia after omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. PMID- 3190036 TI - Failure of ketoconazole treatment of Blastomyces dermatitidis [corrected] due to interaction of isoniazid and rifampin. PMID- 3190037 TI - Furosemide and increases in liver enzymes. PMID- 3190038 TI - Bone mineral densitometry. Health and Public Policy Committee, American College of Physicians. PMID- 3190039 TI - Hyperplastic colon polyps--are they markers? PMID- 3190040 TI - Cyclosporin A in severe, treatment-refractory rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized study. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporin A in patients with severe, treatment-refractory rheumatoid arthritis. DESIGN: Prospective randomized, double-blind 6-month trial. PATIENTS: Thirty-one patients who had classic seropositive rheumatoid arthritis with active synovitis unresponsive to conventional therapy. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to high-dose (10 mg/kg body weight.d) or low-dose (1 mg/kg.d) cyclosporin A therapy. A reduction in the dose was permitted for adverse side effects. After 6 months of therapy, patients who showed clinically relevant improvement, defined as a 40% or greater reduction in their total joint activity score, were given the option to continue receiving the therapy for an additional 6 months. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: At 6 months, clinically relevant improvement occurred in 10 of 15 patients (95% CI, 38 to 88) receiving high-dose therapy and in 4 of 16 patients (CI, 7 to 52) receiving low-dose therapy (P = 0.02). Statistically significant improvements in individual measures were shown only in the high-dose group. Improvements were noted in the number of tender joints (-18.8; CI, -24.5 to 13.1) and swollen joints (-12.1; CI, -15.4 to -8.6), as well as in physician's global scores (-1.5; CI, -2.1 to -0.9) and patient's global scores (-1.1; CI, 1.9 to -0.5). Improvement in disease activity was maintained through 12 months in the high-dose group. The clinical responses to cyclosporin A were most evident in patients with depressed in-vitro proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocytes to soluble recall antigens. Toxicities, such as fatigue, gastrointestinal and neurologic complaints, and hypertrichosis were frequent but often reversible with a reduction in the dose. Nephrotoxicity, with a 20% increase in the serum creatinine level, was seen in 27 of 31 patients (CI, 71 to 97). CONCLUSIONS: Cyclosporin A is an effective therapy for severe, treatment refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Side effects, particularly nephrotoxicity, are common. PMID- 3190041 TI - Bone mass is low in relatives of osteoporotic patients. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the failure to attain normal bone mass in young adulthood contributes to the later development of osteoporotic fractures. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Referral-based bone clinic at a large teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Sequential sample of 35 asymptomatic relatives, aged 19 to 59 years, of patients with osteoporotic fractures, and 24 patients with osteoporotic fractures. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Bone mineral density in the spine was measured by quantitative computed tomographic scanning. Bone mineral content in the os calcis was measured in 19 of the relatives of osteoporotic patients by single-photon absorptiometry. The values for bone mineral density in the spine were corrected to age 50 years with the regression equation derived from the normal values in the controls. The values were lower in relatives of osteoporotic patients than in controls. In men, the mean values (+/- standard deviation [SD]) for relatives were 91 +/- 16 mg/cm3, and for controls, 129 +/- 21 mg/cm3 (P less than 0.001). In women, the mean values for relatives were 96 +/- 17 mg/cm3 and for controls, 126 +/- 19 mg/cm3 (P less than 0.001). In the osteoporotic patients, the corrected mean value for men was 53 +/- 12 mg/cm3, and for women, 77 +/- 20 mg/cm3. The os calcis values did not correlate with the spine values and were mostly well within the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Mean bone mass is lower in apparently healthy young and middle-aged adult relatives of osteoporotic patients than in normal persons with no family history of osteoporosis. Our findings suggest that the failure to attain an adequate peak bone mass may play an important role in the later development of osteoporotic fractures. Relatives of osteoporotic patients should be advised to have measurements of bone mass taken. This measurement should be taken at the spine, because peripheral sites do not appear to provide adequate information about early osteoporosis. PMID- 3190042 TI - Small polyps found during fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy in asymptomatic patients. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of small polyps in the rectosigmoid in an asymptomatic group and the likelihood of finding synchronous neoplastic polyps proximally at colonoscopy. DESIGN: Asymptomatic patients with polyps 9 mm or less found at screening fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy were referred for colonoscopy, at which time all polyps were removed. SETTING: Screening fiberoptic sigmoidoscopy unit. PATIENTS: Referral from Executive Health Wellness Clinic and large multispeciality clinic. RESULTS: From 3923 sigmoidoscopic examinations, 258 asymptomatic subjects (7%) were identified who had polyps 9 mm or smaller. One hundred and eighty-nine patients (73%) had colonoscopy. In 179 patients, the target lesion noted at sigmoidoscopy was identified at colonoscopy. Based on histology of the target lesion, patients were divided into three groups: Group 1 (72 patients) had only hyperplastic polyps; Group 2 (69 patients) had at least one neoplastic polyp; and Group 3 (31 patients) had polyps with normal histology. Seven patients were not classified. Neoplastic polyps were found proximally in 21 patients in Group 1 (29%; 95% CI, 19 to 39), 23 patients in Group 2 (33%; 95% CI, 22 to 44), and 4 patients in Group 3 (13%; 95% CI, 4 to 30). There was no difference in mean age between groups. The results were similar when only polyps 5 mm or smaller were analyzed. CONCLUSION: Because small polyps of any histologic type in the rectosigmoid indicate a high risk for having neoplastic polyps proximally, the guidelines of both the American College of Physicians and the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy may need to be revised. Colonoscopy seems justified in any patient in whom a small polyp is discovered at sigmoidoscopy. PMID- 3190043 TI - The doctor-patient-family relationship: a compensatory alliance. AB - Patients request health care for reasons that transcend the management of medical disease. Patients seek to create an "alliance" with the physician which "compensates" for conflict or deficit in the family system. This is particularly true for "problem," "difficult," or "hateful" patients who have significant psychosocial problems. When such a compensatory alliance evolves, it may become dysfunctional, limiting the physician's ability to make necessary medical interventions. By not explicitly including other family members, the traditional dyadic model of the doctor-patient relationship predisposes towards the formation of a compensatory alliance. The nature of the dysfunctional compensatory alliance may even remain obscure because the patient presents a distorted picture of the family situation. Therefore, to manage the compensatory alliance, the physician must perform a simple family assessment, including direct communication with other family members, early in the formation of the doctor-patient relationship. The physician should be alert to the formation of a dysfunctional compensatory alliance and the need to perform a family assessment whenever a patient explicitly or implicitly makes a request that engages the doctor with another family member. Recognition that a patient is "difficult" or awareness of a sense of helplessness, and frustration in caring for a patient may also indicate formation of a dysfunctional compensatory alliance and the need for family assessment. Recognizing key aspects of the doctor-patient-family relationship will enable the clinician to manage the compensatory alliance in a productive and therapeutic fashion. When family dysfunction requiring significant change is discovered, involvement of a family therapist should be offered. PMID- 3190044 TI - Wide QRS complex tachycardia. Reappraisal of a common clinical problem. AB - BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Despite available criteria, diagnosis of the mechanisms of wide complex tachycardia is often incorrect. We aimed in this study to identify reasons for misdiagnoses and the value and limitations of clinical and surface electrocardiographic criteria. DATA IDENTIFICATION: The analyzed data of 150 consecutive patients with wide QRS tachycardia from this study and a literature search of key papers in English since 1960 on clinical and surface electrocardiographic criteria form the basis of this report. The final correct diagnosis was made with intracardiac electrograms. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS: Among the 150 patients, 122 had ventricular tachycardia, 21 had supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction, and 7 had accessory pathway conduction. Only 39 of 122 patients with ventricular tachycardia were correctly diagnosed initially. In others, the diagnoses were supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction (43 of 122) or simply a wide QRS tachycardia (40 of 122). Misdiagnosis in patients with aberrant or accessory pathway conduction was also common. Standard electrocardiographic criteria for ventricular tachycardia had unacceptable sensitivity, poor specificity, or both. Collectively such criteria allowed a correct diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia in 92% of cases. Diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia was also suggested by its association with structural heart disease. Criteria suggestive of ventricular tachycardia included atrioventricular dissociation, positive QRS concordance, axis less than -90 deg to +/- 180 deg, combination of left bundle branch block and right axis, QRS duration of greater than 140 ms with right bundle branch block and greater than 160 ms with left bundle branch block and, a different QRS during tachycardia compared to baseline preexisting bundle branch block. CONCLUSIONS: Ventricular tachycardia is the commonest underlying mechanism for wide QRS tachycardia. A correct diagnosis can usually be made from clinical and surface electrocardiographic criteria. PMID- 3190045 TI - Silent myocardial ischemia. PMID- 3190046 TI - Calcium and the heart. PMID- 3190047 TI - Campylobacter pylori infection. PMID- 3190048 TI - Enalapril, pregnancy, and package circulars. PMID- 3190049 TI - Aerosolized pentamidine and pregnancy. PMID- 3190050 TI - Mycobacterium xenopi infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3190051 TI - Obesity and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. PMID- 3190052 TI - Parasympathetic denervation of the iris in uremia. PMID- 3190053 TI - Tort, contract, and the patient-physician relationship. PMID- 3190054 TI - Checks and balances in peer review: advice from the Patrick case. PMID- 3190056 TI - Compact Library: AIDS: medical literature moves toward its future. PMID- 3190055 TI - The periodic health examination and adolescent pregnancy: 1988. PMID- 3190057 TI - Primary sclerosing cholangitis and celiac disease. A novel association. AB - The association of primary sclerosing cholangitis and celiac disease was observed in three patients, an association not previously reported. All three patients were men who presented with chronic cholestatic liver disease at ages 32, 46, and 62 years, respectively. In each patient, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed the typical findings of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Histologic features of liver biopsy were compatible with the diagnosis. Two patients had associated chronic ulcerative colitis. All three patients complained of frequent loose stools and weight loss; subsequent testing showed severe steatorrhea (204 to 323 mmol/d of fecal fat on a 100 g fat diet). Total villous atrophy was found in all three patients on histologic examination of the small bowel. Celiac disease was diagnosed at the time of presentation in two patients who had primary sclerosing cholangitis and was diagnosed three years after the onset of primary sclerosing cholangitis in the third patient. The celiac disease responded to a gluten-free diet in each patient whereas the primary sclerosing cholangitis was not affected by dietary treatment. The possibility of a chance association of primary sclerosing cholangitis and celiac disease cannot be accurately assessed but seems unlikely given the rarity of both diseases. The relationship between the two diseases remains unknown, although an immunologic connection is suspected. Celiac disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of severe steatorrhea in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. PMID- 3190058 TI - Zidovudine for the treatment of thrombocytopenia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A prospective study. The Swiss Group for Clinical Studies on the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AB - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of zidovudine on platelet counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated thrombocytopenia. DESIGN: The study was prospective, controlled, and blinded. Each patient received active drug and placebo. Platelet counts were compared before and after receiving zidovudine. SETTING: Outpatient clinics in Geneva, Lausanne, and Zurich, Switzerland. PATIENTS: Sequential sample of ten patients (five intravenous drug addicts, four homosexual men, one Zairian) who were seropositive for HIV, and had platelet counts between 20 and 100 X 10(9)/L (20,000 to 100,000/mm3). Patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were not enrolled. None had been previously treated for thrombocytopenia, and no medication except zidovudine or placebo was administered during the trial period. INTERVENTIONS: Five patients received 8 weeks of zidovudine (2 g/d for 2 weeks, and 1 g/d for 6 weeks), followed by 8 weeks of placebo. The other five patients received placebo for 8 weeks followed by zidovudine. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Platelet counts increased in each patient while on zidovudine, but not while on placebo; the mean increase was 54.6 X 10(9)/L +/- 11.25 (SE) from 53.2 to 107.8 X 10(9)/L (P less than 0.004). After the end of zidovudine treatment, platelet counts remained elevated for more than 4 weeks in three of five patients. One patient developed granulocytopenia and anemia during treatment with zidovudine. CONCLUSIONS: Zidovudine is a potential new treatment for HIV-associated thrombocytopenia. PMID- 3190059 TI - Respiratory muscle fatigue. PMID- 3190060 TI - Maprotiline and pulmonary alveolitis. PMID- 3190062 TI - Chronic hepatitis B. PMID- 3190061 TI - Interferon and delta hepatitis. PMID- 3190063 TI - Ofloxacin and warfarin. PMID- 3190064 TI - Correction: pneumococcal vaccine and pneumococcal pneumonia. PMID- 3190065 TI - Sixth Italo-Soviet Symposium on Neuropsychopharmacology. Tashkent, USSR, October 22-23, 1986. Proceedings. PMID- 3190066 TI - Cognitive deficits and cholinergic mechanisms in aging brain: investigations on potentially useful drugs. PMID- 3190067 TI - Diazepam binding inhibitor in brain and in cerebrospinal fluid of human. PMID- 3190068 TI - Pharmacokinetic profile and metabolism of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine in rats. PMID- 3190069 TI - [Annulo-ectasing disease of the aorta: apropos of 10 cases]. AB - Ten patients were investigated and operated for severe aortic regurgitation due to dystrophic aortic dilatation. This is the third commonest cause of pure aortic regurgitation (18 p. 100) operated at Necker Hospital during the same period. This condition, comprising aneurysm of the ascending aorta, dilatation of the aortic ring and dystrophic aortic valves, is often responsible for severe aortic regurgitation and is noteworthy because of the associated risk of aortic dissection. Cardiovascular surgery is indicated and usually includes replacement of the ascending thoracic aorta with aortic valve replacement. PMID- 3190070 TI - [Hypertensive type I diabetics have a higher level of microalbuminuria than normotensives irrespective of blood glucose equilibrium]. AB - Micro-albuminuria, glycosylated haemoglobin and creatinine clearance were measured in 28 insulin dependent and 8 insulin requiring diabetic patients (17 males aged 45 +/- 14.4 and 19 females aged 40 +/- 17 years). Twelve had retinopathy and six had high blood pressure. There was no statistical difference of duration of diabetes, creatinine clearance and glycosylated haemoglobin between patients with normal microalbuminuria and patients with hyper microalbuminuria. There was no correlation between glycosylated haemoglobin and micro-albuminuria, between creatinine clearance and micro-albuminuria, and between creatinine clearance and glycosylated haemoglobin. Patients with retinopathy did not have significantly higher levels of micro-albuminuria. Hypertensive patients had a significantly higher micro-albuminuria (p = 0.03, m = 45.10 +/- 56) compared with normotensive patients (m = 15.49 +/- 17.54). Glycosylated haemoglobin did not differ whether patients were normo or hypertensive. Hypertensive patients were significantly older (p = 0.01) than normotensive. The lack of difference in glycemic control between normo and hypertensive diabetics suggests that diabetes and hypertension are two independent cumulative risk factors of micro-albuminuria. Hypermicro-albuminuria may be secondary to microangiopathy in young diabetics and secondary to hypertension in old diabetics. PMID- 3190071 TI - [Neuromuscular forms of hyperparathyroidism. Apropos of 2 cases]. AB - The authors report two cases of hyperparathyroidism presenting mainly with muscular weakness. In the first case, a 74 year old woman had become completely bed-ridden and muscular recovery was obtained in 18 months. In the second case, a 24 year old sportsman had to stop all competition. Hypercalcaemia was suspected after finding radiological muscular calcification; the patient was able to start his sporting activities again two months after excision of the adenoma. After a review of the literature the authors discuss the principal physiopathogenic mechanisms; a direct action of parathormone is the probable cause but this has not been proved. Muscular forms of hyperparathyroidism are rare but this "pseudo myopathic" presentation justifies the systematic exclusion of hyperparathyroidism in all cases of unexplained muscle weakness. PMID- 3190072 TI - [Colonic perforation disclosing primary amyloidosis]. PMID- 3190073 TI - [Mediterranean boutonneuse fever. Apropos of 2 cases contracted in Touraine]. PMID- 3190074 TI - [Sarcoidosis disclosed by involvement of the small intestine]. PMID- 3190075 TI - [Twin pregnancy in polymyositis]. PMID- 3190076 TI - [Pleural effusion and yellow nails]. PMID- 3190077 TI - [A French case of autoimmune hypoglycemia]. PMID- 3190078 TI - Steroid-protein interactions: basic and clinical aspects. Second International Symposium on Binding Proteins. Turin, Italy, September 29-October 1, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3190079 TI - Affinity labeling, molecular cloning, and comparative amino acid sequence analyses of sex steroid-binding protein of plasma. A multidisciplinary approach for understanding steroid-protein interaction and its physiological role. PMID- 3190080 TI - Alternative models for estrogen and androgen regulation of human breast cancer cell (T47D) growth. PMID- 3190081 TI - Additional binding sites for delta 5-androstenediol and estradiol in serum. AB - A graphic method called close-pair-analysis is described for determining the high affinity binding parameters in a complex system. Assumptions are that the nonspecific binding is accurately measured, and that there are two specific binding classes in which the affinities (Ka) are a factor of 5 or greater apart. Using this method and equilibrium dialysis data of delta 5-Adiol and E2 binding in serum, an apparently new binding site class was found. The average Ka for both delta 5-Adiol and E2 was 8 X 10(7) L/M, with the number of binding sites ranging from 20 to 200 nM. PMID- 3190082 TI - Molecular analyses of human corticosteroid-binding globulin. Expression and gene structure. PMID- 3190083 TI - Structure of the rat androgen-binding protein gene. AB - To study hormonal regulation of rat androgen-binding protein (ABP) we have cloned and sequenced the gene. A 5.3-kbp genomic DNA fragment was found to contain the entire coding region of the gene, which consists of 8 exons. The major site of transcription initiation in the testis was localized by primer extension and is located 36 bases upstream from the site of translation initiation. The gene does not contain a "TATA box" immediately upstream from the major start site. The sequence TACCTA occurs at residue -23, which is a functional TATA-like element in the SV40 major late gene. A sequence related to the cAMP response element is at residue -126 bp. Southern blot analysis of rat genomic DNA indicated a single gene for ABP in the rat. The existence of one gene supports the idea that sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) produced by fetal rat liver is coded by the same gene. The possibility that an alternate promoter region is active in the fetal liver is discussed. PMID- 3190084 TI - The extracellular sex steroid-binding proteins of testis and liver. Structure function studies. AB - Though the existence of extracellular sex steroid-binding proteins has been known for a number of years, we are still only on the threshold of understanding their biological role. Through efforts such as those described above, we are beginning to examine the structure of these macromolecules and correlating them with present known functions. As our understanding of the function of these proteins evolves, we will be further able to ascribe structural domains. PMID- 3190085 TI - Vitamin D-binding protein. Structure and pattern of expression. PMID- 3190086 TI - An external quality assessment scheme for the measurement of sex hormone-binding globulin. PMID- 3190087 TI - Lyme disease and related disorders. PMID- 3190088 TI - Lyme disease: antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi and immune responses to them. PMID- 3190089 TI - The genes encoding major surface proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi are located on a plasmid. PMID- 3190090 TI - Chronic neurologic manifestations of erythema migrans borreliosis. PMID- 3190091 TI - Development of Borrelia burgdorferi in ixodid tick vectors. PMID- 3190092 TI - Vector tick populations and Lyme disease. A summary of control strategies. AB - Although many aspects of Lyme disease have been intensely studied for over a decade, little research has been directed toward control of the principal tick vector, Ixodes dammini. Ecological and epidemiological investigations have provided not only an ample understanding of tick biology and behavior, they have also identified the types of areas at risk for disease transmission. The advantages and limitations of previous attempts to control I. dammini by host reduction, habitat modification, and acaricide applications have been discussed in relation to overall control strategies for high-risk areas, and an integrated approach to control proposed. PMID- 3190093 TI - Prospects for suppressing transmission of Lyme disease. AB - A variety of methods have been developed to prevent human infection by the Lyme disease spirochete in the northeastern United States, mainly based on the observations that nymphal Ixodes dammini serve as vector, that deer serve as hosts for the reproductive stage of this tick, that white-footed mice serve as the reservoir of infection, and that nymphs are most abundant in early summer and must attach for 2 days before infection is transmitted. Methods for personal protection included seasonal avoidance of infested sites, the use of repellants, and prompt removal of attached ticks. Destruction of mouse habitat, but not of mice, was locally effective. Nondestructive acaricidal treatment of deer proved ineffective, but the elimination of these hosts resulted in reduced transmission after several years. Treatment of mice by means of acaricide-impregnated bedding material effectively reduced transmission. PMID- 3190094 TI - Host responses to Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs and horses. AB - By using paired sera the IgM and IgG host responses were analyzed in dogs with ELISA and Western blot techniques. Antibodies in clinical seropositive dogs bound to 4-25 IgM and up to 40 or more IgG antigenic determinants. Early IgM response to the 41-kDa flagellin persisted for at least 9 months and involved as many as seven other peptides. IgG response expanded later in the disease and involved more immunogens than are currently recognized in late human disease. A percentage of asymptomatic dogs that later developed clinical symptoms were seropositive. Immunoblot studies suggested that B. burgdorferi is persistent in both asymptomatic and weakly reactive animals and if untreated could lead to disease expression. Clinical seropositive, asymptomatic seronegative, and experimentally infected horses were similarly studied. In experimentally inoculated animals IgG antibodies were initially bound to flagellin and later to the 34- and 31-kDa polypeptides, even though ELISA values were considered only slightly reactive. PMID- 3190095 TI - Borrelia burgdorferi infection in Wisconsin horses and cows. AB - Blood samples from Wisconsin horses and cows suspected of having clinical disease due to Borrelia burgdorferi infection were submitted by veterinary practitioners. All serum, milk, colostrum, and synovial samples were tested for B. burgdorferi antibodies by immunofluorescence. Whole blood, milk, colostrum, and synovial fluid samples were cultured for B. burgdorferi. Records were kept on the clinical signs of antibody-positive animals, date of sample, and location of the animal by county. Of the samples tested for antibodies 282/430 cow sera, 118/190 horse sera, 5/10 cow synovial fluids, 3/6 horse synovial fluids, 2/3 cow colostrums, 0/44 cow milk samples and 1 aborted fetus serum were antibody positive at a titer of 1:128 or greater. Of samples cultured 7/156 cow bloods, 2/35 horse bloods, 1/14 cow synovial fluids, 0/4 synovial fluids, 1/3 cow colostrums, 0/44 cow milk, and 2/10 cow urine samples were B. burgdorferi culture positive. For both cows and horses October and May were the two peak months for the number of antibody positive samples. The most frequent clinical signs in antibody-positive horses and cows were lameness and swollen joints, but many also had stiffness, laminitis, abortions, and fevers. Not all antibody-positive animals showed clinical signs. These findings show that B. burgdorferi infection occurs in horses and cows and can cause clinical illness in some but not all animals. Infection in cows and horses occurs most frequently 1 month after the emergence of adult I. dammini. Because spirochetes could be isolated from blood, synovial fluid, colostrum, and urine, these animals could be important in providing an infected blood meal for ticks and bringing B. burgdorferi in direct contact with humans. PMID- 3190096 TI - Nervous system abnormalities in Lyme disease. PMID- 3190097 TI - Epidemiologic studies of Lyme disease in horses and their public health significance. AB - A serologic survey of horses in the New Jersey-Pennsylvania area demonstrated that about 10% (6.2-14.2%) have significant levels of serum antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi. However, in a highly endemic area of central New Jersey, up to 60% of the mares and yearlings samples on one farm were seropositive. In 1983, sera from this same farm exhibited only 12% positives in mares and 35% positives in yearlings. Longitudinal studies of paired sera obtained from individual yearlings over a 6-month period in 1985 showed that 34% of them declined during the period. A new clinical syndrome associated with this farm has been observed in 1985-87. In 1985 only an edema of the legs and a dermatitis were noted, in 19.2% of the foals. There was a clustering of cases on one site, where one peer group of foals was sequestered after weaning, which suggested a point source of infection other than arthropods. In 1986, 14.6% of the foals were affected, four of them with arthritis, two of which resisted antibiotic treatment for over several months' time. Experimental infection of a pony with triturated B. burgdorferi infected tick material indicated low specific antibody levels starting about the ninth day that continued for a 3-week period. When this animal was challenged 6 months later with primary B. burgdorferi cultures, a rapid and significant booster effect was evidenced within 4 days. PMID- 3190098 TI - Experimental infection of the hamster with Borrelia burgdorferi. PMID- 3190099 TI - The geographic distribution of Lyme disease in the United States. AB - In 1982, national surveillance for Lyme disease was established by the Centers for Disease Control to monitor trends and determine endemic geographic areas. Initially, the endemic areas corresponded to the known distribution of Ixodes dammini, a five-state area of the northeastern seaboard (New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts) and Wisconsin and Minnesota. Increasing numbers of cases have been reported outside these areas, however, 86% of the provisional 5731 cases reported to CDC were acquired in these seven states. The number of reported cases increased from 491 in 1982 to approximately 1500 per year in 1984-1986, making Lyme disease the most commonly reported tick borne illness in the United States. The apparently widening distribution of Lyme disease indicates that physicians in all regions of the country should be familiar with its signs and symptoms. Investigations of the vector in areas endemic for Lyme disease where Ixodes ticks are not found are warranted. PMID- 3190100 TI - Occupational risk of Lyme disease in endemic areas of New York State. AB - Although Lyme disease (LD) is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States, little is known about the frequency of and risk factors for infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in occupational groups. In 1986, we recruited primarily outdoor workers from six employee groups in southeastern New York where LD is endemic. Of 414 participants who completed questionnaires and had blood samples tested for antibodies against B. burgdorferi by ELISA and Western immunoblot, 27 (6.5%) were seropositive, but only 14 of the 27 reported previous symptoms of LD. Persons who spent more than 30 hours per week outdoors during leisure were 2.5 times more likely to be seropositive than those who did not (p = .02). Those with a history of outdoor employment were twice as likely to be seropositive as those without such a history, although this finding was not statistically significant (p = .70). However, the seroprevalence rate for the employees was 5.9 times higher than the rate for a comparison group of anonymous blood donors from the same region of New York (p less than .001). These results suggest that there was a relatively high rate of seropositivity for the employee groups and that infection was frequently asymptomatic and associated with outdoor exposure. PMID- 3190101 TI - Clinical manifestations and epidemiological characteristics of Lyme disease in Hailin county, Heilongjiang Province, China. AB - Clinical manifestations and epidemiological characteristics of Lyme disease in Hailin county, Heilongjiang Province, China have been reported. The clinical picture of erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) is variable. ECM in the form of annular erythematous patch is uncommon. It is an extensive and indurated lesion. In some instances, a vesicle or necrosis appears in the center of the lesion. Secondary erythema may present in some patients. The neurologic abnormalities consist of meningitis, facial palsy, and polyneuritis. Cardiac abnormalities are rare. In addition, there were cases with lymphadenosis benigna cutis (LABC), which had heretofore only been reported in Europe. The attack rate of ECM is 8.4%. There was a significant sex difference, and most cases occurred in May and June. All patients had a history of tick bite. The prevalence rates of neurologic abnormalities and arthritis were 4.6% and 6.6%, respectively. Three strains of spirochete that are closely related to Borrelia burgdorferi were isolated from Ixodes persulcatus ticks and facial palsy patients. From the above results it is concluded that a focus of Lyme disease exists in this region. PMID- 3190102 TI - Treatment of erythema chronicum migrans of Lyme disease. AB - Between June 1981 and July 1987 the efficacy of antibiotic treatment of 215 patients with erythema chronicum migrans of Lyme disease was evaluated in terms of the necessity for retreatment and the prevention of the late manifestations of Lyme disease. The principal antibiotics utilized to treat 161 patients through 1986 were varying doses of tetracycline, or penicillin alone or in combination with probenecid. Two of 80 patients with a minor form of the illness and 17 of 81 patients with a major form of the illness required retreatment. There were four patients who did not respond to retreatment with their original medication. A 15- to 30-day course of amoxicillin (500 mg q.i.d.) and probenecid (500 mg q.i.d.) or doxycycline (100 mg t.i.d.), and on three occasions ceftriaxone (2-4 g/day i.v.), were used to treat 54 patients in 1987. Although it is too early to judge the efficacy of treatment in these patients, increases in the incidence of Herxheimer reactions and drug eruptions were observed. Strict compliance with treatment protocols and the possibility of reactions to medications should be thoroughly discussed with patients. PMID- 3190103 TI - Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of neuroborreliosis. AB - Lyme borreliosis has in a few years turned out to be a health problem not only in the United States, but also in many European countries. When it affects the nervous system, Lyme borreliosis acts as the great disease imitator. Because of this characteristic it is often difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds. Patients with neuroborreliosis might appear within all medical disciplines. Clinical markers, such as preceding tick bite and/or ECM, are important clues to the diagnosis. Mononuclear pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein are present in most patients with neuroborreliosis. Final evidence for the diagnosis is the demonstration of specific antibodies in serum and/or CSF. Measurement of antibody titers should be carried out in both serum and CSF, since these methods are complementary when trying to obtain a serological diagnosis of neuroborreliosis. PMID- 3190104 TI - Borrelia burgdorferi in the nervous system: the new "great imitator". AB - There are many obvious similarities between Lyme disease and syphilis. The major ones are their spirochetal etiology, the ability of the spirochetes to stay alive in human tissue for years, occurrence of clinical manifestations in stages, early disease in the skin and later disease in the brain, and susceptibility to antibiotic treatment. Thus, one can assume that many of the same lessons learned from the centuries of experience with syphilis will apply to Lyme disease. One of these lessons that should be constantly borne in mind is that spirochetal disease of the brain can mimic many other neurological diseases. Thus, the "effective clinician" must take special care to consider Lyme disease primarily because of the excellent response to antibiotics early in its course in relationship to some of the diseases it mimics. Lyme meningitis, occurring in the "second stage" of the disease, usually is fairly easily recognized because it occurs in the summer or early fall, often is associated with ECM or a recent history of it, and has a characteristic clinical picture of lymphocytic meningoradiculoneuritis. Many patients with Lyme meningitis or ECM have very mild symptoms, and it is likely that a large percentage of patients go undiagnosed and untreated. The frequency of progression of these patients to third-stage disease is unknown but may be quite high. This can be inferred from a similar situation in the other major late manifestation of Lyme disease: Lyme arthritis. A large number of patients present with joint involvement as their only manifestation of Lyme disease. Similarly, patients may present with symptoms of third-stage Lyme disease affecting the CNS, but they may not be recognized because of the lack of earlier stages usually associated with the disease. Thus, serology has become a very important tool for identifying patients exposed to B. burgdorferi. At the present time, serologic tests are the key to diagnosis of Lyme disease in its later stages, since, as in neurosyphilis, cultures and tests for antigen have not proven useful. Lyme arthritis and acrodermatitis atrophicans (ACA) both are associated with quite high antibody titers to the organism, while the test is understandably unreliable for identification of patients with ECM. Antibody titers in Lyme meningoradiculoneuritis are generally positive but often are not as high as those in ACA or arthritis. The antibody response in serum in CNS Lyme disease seems to be related to the presence of other manifestations; patients who have had both arthritis and CNS disease have quite high titers, while those with only CNS disease sometimes do not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3190105 TI - Bed rest versus activity ad lib in the treatment of small hyphemas. PMID- 3190106 TI - Trabeculectomy with cyclocryotherapy for infantile glaucoma in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. AB - Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of infantile glaucoma in the Sturge-Weber syndrome. We report the results of treating six patients with combined trabeculectomy and cyclocryotherapy. Successful control of the intraocular pressure occurred in all patients. Two patients required a second procedure at another site. We feel that the success of this procedure provides evidence that the glaucoma is secondary to elevated episcleral venous pressure in this condition. PMID- 3190107 TI - Changes in the diabetic choroidal vasculature: scanning electron microscopy findings. AB - Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study vascular casts of 20 cadaver eyes according to our previously described technique. All eyes were taken from patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus type I. The SEM findings in the choroidal vessels included: increased tortuosity, dilation and narrowing, hypercellularity, vascular loop and microaneurysm formation, "drop-out" of choriocapillaries, and sinus-like structure formation between choroidal lobules. To our knowledge, these are the first SEM studies of the vascular casts performed on human cadaver eyes from diabetics. PMID- 3190108 TI - Keratomycosis--a retrospective histopathologic and microbiologic analysis. AB - In this retrospective study, the results of concurrent histopathologic and microbiologic examinations of 61 corneal buttons were evaluated. These revealed histologic fungus identification in 77.04% of cases compared with culture examination which yielded fungal growth in 75.4% of cases. Mixed fungal and bacterial infection caused difficulty not only in isolation but also in demonstrating fungus in the tissue sections. Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common isolate in cases of mixed infection. Aspergillus was the most prevalent nondematiaceous fungus. Dematiaceous fungi were isolated in culture in only 10.8% of our cases, and in none of them was the histopathology positive, indicating that they might have been contaminants. PMID- 3190109 TI - Iris nevus syndrome. AB - A case of iris nevus (Cogan-Reese) syndrome is presented. Our patient's condition was recognized clinically and followed for many years. The unusual amount of proliferated endothelium and abnormal basement membrane and the pedunculated pigment nodules and ectropion uvea were most interesting. If there is a spectrum of disease that includes essential iris atrophy, Chandler's syndrome, and iris nevus syndrome, one would have to say this case fits at the iris nevus end. PMID- 3190110 TI - Visual-field function in pseudophakia. AB - An automated perimeter (Octopus 2000) was used to examine visual-field function in 52 pseudophakic eyes. Threshold sensitivity was reduced throughout the visual field by from 0.4 to 20.0 decibels from that of threshold sensitivity in age matched normal eyes. This reduction was comparable to that seen in contact-lens corrected aphakic eyes. PMID- 3190111 TI - Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in Buerger's disease. AB - A 77-year-old man with a history of Buerger's disease developed an anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. This disease, while rare in the United States at the present time, is common in other parts of the world. None the less, this appears to be the first reported case of this type of optic neuropathy in a patient with documented Buerger's disease. A possible mechanism is suggested. PMID- 3190112 TI - Assessment of malingerers' visual acuity by Lotmar's visometer test. AB - The authors, after having mentioned several methods to detect malingering, have attempted to demonstrate the reliability of Lotmar's visometer test in assessing the real visual acuity of ten malingerers (five of whom denied bilateral vision). The authors confirmed their data with several other subjective and objective methods that demonstrated the reliability of the visometer test. PMID- 3190113 TI - Corneal astigmatism after cataract extraction. AB - We studied all cataract surgery done at the ophthalmologic clinic of the University of Bari, Italy in the last 20 years (1966-85). We considered three methods of anterior-chamber incision (blade, Worsth's knife, Graefe's bistoury) and their effect on the dioptric values obtained from ophthalmometry a year after surgery. The larger corneal astigmatism occurred after opening the anterior chamber with Graefe's method; the best results were obtained using Worsth's knife. In this evaluation, the surgeon was not considered. Because postsurgical astigmatism is important for visual acuity after cataract extraction, it is desirable to keep astigmatism as minor as possible. PMID- 3190114 TI - Posterior ciliary-artery occlusion after subcutaneous silicone-oil injection. AB - Visual loss occurred after subcutaneous silicone-oil injection for cosmetic purposes. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of amaurosis caused by a subcutaneous foreign-material injection that spared the central retinal artery and affected portions of the posterior ciliary-artery distribution, including a probable cilioretinal artery. The visual-field defects produced allow a rare opportunity to view the distribution of the human posterior ciliary-artery circulation by means of this in vivo pathologic embolic process. The facial arterial anatomy pertinent to ocular embolism is also discussed. PMID- 3190115 TI - Pupil-sparing oculomotor palsy from midbrain hemorrhage. AB - Pupil-sparing oculomotor nerve palsy generally results from extraaxial lesions, but it has also been seen with intraaxial infarcts and tumors. This report of a midbrain hemorrhage in a 64-year-old man supports the idea of selective interference with widely separated oculomotor nerve fascicles as the mechanism for intraaxial pupil-sparing oculomotor nerve palsies. PMID- 3190116 TI - Downbeat nystagmus secondary to multiple sclerosis. AB - Downbeat nystagmus has been associated with an increasing number of neurologic disorders, yet, it has only rarely been described in multiple sclerosis. Two patients with downbeat nystagmus secondary to multiple sclerosis are presented. In one, the nystagmus cleared completely in three weeks. In the other, it has persisted unchanged for 2 1/2 years. PMID- 3190117 TI - A simple approach to blepharoplasty using the Angres II blepharopigmentation lid clamp. AB - Surgeons who perform blepharopigmentation will experience increased demand for blepharoplasty. Both procedures can be combined easily. A simple technique using the Angres II lid clamp is outlined. PMID- 3190118 TI - [Histopathology of the liver and kidney during malaria: relation to malaria induced dyslipoproteinemia]. AB - A kinetic study concerning histologic and cytologic alterations during Plasmodium chabaudi infection of Swiss mice has been carried out. In liver, a reversible focal and non ischemic necrosis and a vascular congestion were observed together with an accumulation of malarial pigment. The endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi saccules of hepatocytes were highly distended. Hepatocyte microvilli in biliary canaliculi and in Disse' spaces were markedly less developed and less numerous than in normal liver. Intracytoplasmic lipid globules were found in large amount in hepatocytes before the peak of parasitaemia. Their number and size gradually diminished thereafter. Hepatocytic mitochondria showed important unspecific modifications probably in relation, at last partly, to the tissue anoxia. Some hepatocytic changes (intracytoplasmic lipid globules, enlargement of endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and Golgi saccules) were consistent with an increased synthesis of lipoproteins (VLDL). The kidney showed only minor histological and ultrastructural changes. However haemosiderin was observed in proximal tubules and in their bordering cells. The deposit of immune complex reported previously do not appear associated with tissular or cellular important alterations. PMID- 3190119 TI - [The trypanosomes of birds of the family Estrildidae. I. Morphologic and systematic study]. AB - Twenty two birds belonging to the species Estrilda melpoda and E. astrild were studied. Nine birds were found infected by Trypanosomes. They belong to four different species: one is identified as Trypanosoma everetti, the other three are new species (T. chabaudi, T. davidmolyneuxi and T. gentilinii). Several mixed infections were found. Each species appears to be monomorphic in the circulating blood; it is suggested that the polymorphism of several Trypanosomes described in the literature is due to polyparasitic infections rather than to a true polymorphism. PMID- 3190120 TI - [Localization of Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense Broden, 1904 (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) in the proboscis of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood, 1850 (Diptera, Glossinidae)]. AB - Transverse sections of the proboscis of G. m. morsitans infected with T. (N.) congolense initiated after a single infective blood meal were studied. Trypanosomes were located in the lateral, dorso-ventral and latero-ventral regions of the food canal. Parasites were also found around the whole of the circumference of the canal. Such localizations influence the transmission of trypanosomes and the epidemiology of trypanosomiasis. PMID- 3190121 TI - [Anisakids and human anisakiasis. 2. Investigation of the anisakids of commercial fish in the district of Paris]. AB - 1,173 fish belonging to 13 species were examined during 1986-1987, during a survey conducted among commercial marine fish in the Paris area (France). Anisakis simplex L3 were found in 10 different species, and most frequently in herring (Clupea harengus) 82.55% of 682 fish, red fish (Sebastes marinus) 86.11% of 36 fish, and hake (Merluccius merluccius) 88.57% of 35 fish, and in high number (average 8.8, 18.4 and 31 L3 per fish). Pseudoterranova decipiens L3 were recovered from 7 different species of fish but always in small amounts. Hysterothylacium spp. larvae were found in very high number out of 11 species of fish. They were inoculated to adult rats, but failed to develop. A 30 degree C temperature killed these larvae, avoiding any risk of human infestation. Few Contracaecum larvae were found in whiting (Merlangus merlangus). PMID- 3190122 TI - [Discrimination of geographic strains of periodic Brugia malayi by the cuticular ornamentation of the male]. AB - A comparative study of five periodic human strains of Brugia malayi, originating from India, China, Korea, Malaysia and Indonesia, is given. This morphological analysis is based on males; the "standard" characters (oesophagus, papillae, spicules...) appear identical. On the contrary, the cuticular ornamentation of the posterior region--which is composed of the area rugosa and of a system of bosses and constitutes a secondary non-skid copulatory apparatus--differs following the geographical origin of the strain. A key is given, based on this character. 1(2) At 800-1,200 micron from the tip of tail, numerous cuticular bosses present on the right side of the body (fig. 2 and 8 B). 2(1) At 800-1,200 micron from the tip of tail, cuticular bosses absent or scarce on the right side of the body (fig. 8 D). 3(4) At 1,800-1,200 micron from the tip of tail (fig. 4), scarce and slightly projecting cuticular bosses on the dorsal side of the body contrasting with well projecting lateral cuticular bosses (fig. 9 E and F). Anterior extremity of the area rugosa made by a few stripes of tiny bosses linked transversally (fig. 9 A). 4(3) At 1,800-2,200 micron, numerous cuticular bosses on the dorsal side of the body (figs. 5, 6 and 7). Anterior extremity of the area rugosa made by the stripes of longitudinal rods (fig. 9C). 5(6) Oblong transversally stretched cuticular bosses on the dorsal and left sides of the body, anteriorly to the area rugosa (fig. 5); big oblong bosses on the left side (fig. 9 B). Transversal wrinkles and stripes of rods absent on the dorsal side of the body. 6(5) Round cuticular bosses on the dorsal and left sides of the body anteriorly to the area rugosa (figs. 6 and 7): no big oblong bosses on the left side. Transversal wrinkles or stripes of rods present on the dorsal side of the body (fig. 9 D). Nomenclaturally, such differences could be used in defining different taxa, but it could be useful to perform "blind determination" (material without labelling), to study conveniently the morphology of microfilariae (often an excellent indication for speciation in that group of Nematodes) and, evenly, to proceed to parallel studies on isoenzymes. However, whatever could be the taxonomical conclusion, the differences observed in Brugia malayi originating from different regions appear to the sufficient to consider the existence of four distinct diseases. PMID- 3190123 TI - [Diversity of the filaria of the genus Cercopithifilaria in baboons in Kenya]. AB - Several samples of subcutaneous filariae belonging to the genus Cercopithifilaria, collected from baboons in Kenya, were compared to type materials of the two species already described from baboons, C. kenyensis Eberhard, 1980, from P. anubis in Kenya, and C. degraaffi Bain, Baker et Chabaud, 1982, from P. ursinus in South Africa. Three species have been identified from Kenyan material: C. kenyensis collected in P. cynocephalus, at Kibwezi; C. narokensis n. sp., collected in P. anubis, at Narok; C. eberhardi n. sp. collected in one P. anubis (no locality given). The microfilariae--proved to be dermal for C. kenyensis and C. narokensis--are sheathed, dorso-ventrally flattened, and according to the species with or without refractile granules under the sheath. C. kenyensis, C. narokensis and C. degraaffi are very close by the adult morphology; however good discriminative characters are to be found in the structure of the body wall and the shape of the caudal extremity. C. eberhardi is a small species with primitive characters (cephalic papillae arranged in square, body not flattened dorso-ventrally and without internal lateral cuticular thickenings, tail with well developed median point and two tiny lateral lappets, one pair of distinctly precloacal papillae). The latter species resembles Cercopithifilaria parasites of Carnivorous, confirming that this genus is homogeneous despite its exceptionally large host spectrum and geographical distribution. These peculiarities seem to be related to the biology of their vectors, the ticks Ixodidae, which insure the infective filarial larvae a great longevity coupled to a wide dispersion. PMID- 3190124 TI - Personality assessment techniques and aptitude testing as aids to the selection of surgical trainees. Symposium. England, 18 November 1987. PMID- 3190125 TI - Posterior tibial tendon rupture--a brief report. AB - This brief report highlights the rarity of a posterior tibial tendon rupture, the problem of a progressive painful pes planus if the diagnosis is missed, and full return to sporting activities if treated early by surgical repair. PMID- 3190126 TI - An improved method for securing nasogastric tubes. PMID- 3190127 TI - A standardised approach to the insertion of Hickman catheters. AB - A standardised technique for the insertion of Hickman catheters under local anaesthetic is described. The external jugular vein is to be preferred, but if this proves too small the catheter may be introduced via the internal jugular vein using a Seldinger technique. A total of 44 Hickman catheters were inserted into 44 patients using this approach without major complication. PMID- 3190128 TI - Studies of the neurogenic bladder. AB - A series of 36 patients with specific neurological lesions affecting those parts of the nervous system thought to be involved in the control of bladder function have been studied by urodynamic, electromyographic and neurohistochemical means and the results compared with those obtained in 20 control subjects. In patients with pelvic nerve injury urethral sphincter electromyography (EMG) revealed abnormal motor units and the density of bladder innervation was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01). By contrast, in patients with distal autonomic neuropathy the innervation of the striated muscle of the urethra was unaffected and although there was an almost total loss of nerves from the bladder muscularis, the subepithelial plexus of nerves was preserved. In patients with progressive autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy, the bladder neck was incompetent in every case and the striated muscle of the urethra was affected by a process of denervation and re-innervation. These findings serve to distinguish patients with autonomic failure from those with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and influence the selection of patients for transurethral surgery. PMID- 3190129 TI - Unilateral lumbar facet joint hypertrophy causing nerve root irritation. AB - We present four cases of massive unilateral lumbar facet joint hypertrophy in an otherwise morphologically normal spine. All presented with a combination of low back pain and symptoms of entrapment of a single lumbar nerve root. The abnormality is best visualised by CT scanning and the results of surgical decompression by partial undercutting facetectomy are favourable. PMID- 3190130 TI - Continuous intravenous morphine for pain relief after abdominal surgery. AB - We studied prospectively 247 consecutive patients given morphine by continuous intravenous infusion for 24 h to provide pain relief following elective abdominal surgery. Using a dose of 1 mg/kg supplemented by additional intramuscular morphine 5 mg as necessary, only 26% required more than two additional intramuscular doses for discomfort. In 71 patients, the infusion was discontinued temporarily, mostly because of low respiratory rates. These patients were older (P less than 0.01), and their mean respiratory rate over the 24 h was significantly less (P less than 0.001) than those in whom the infusion was continuous. The technique was inexpensive, easy to use in a general surgical ward, and safe provided certain rules were observed. PMID- 3190131 TI - The role of Picolax before whole gut irrigation in the preparation of the colon for large bowel surgery. AB - Whole gut irrigation is easier for the patient and more likely to be successful if the colon is prepared before irrigation. This study compared Picolax, given the day before irrigation, with an enema regimen and showed that there was no difference in the volume of fluid required and the time taken for whole gut irrigation to produce a clear effluent between the two groups. PMID- 3190132 TI - Combined sphincter repair and postanal repair for the treatment of complicated injuries to the anal sphincters. AB - The management of seven patients with multiple injuries to the anal sphincter musculature and its nerve supply, from major pelvic trauma, anal fistula surgery, or obstetric trauma, was reviewed. All were either incontinent of solid stools or had defunctioning colostomies. Anal manometry was abnormal in all patients. Concentric needle electromyography (EMG) showed anterior division of the external sphincter in all the patients; five also had posterior division of both the external sphincter and puborectalis. EMG abnormalities were found in the lateral quadrants of these muscles, particularly the external sphincter. Single fibre needle EMG showed evidence of reinnervation in the external sphincter in six patients, and in the puborectalis in two, indicating partial denervation of the muscles. Treatment was by anterior sphincter repair using an overlapping technique, combined with postanal repair; the repairs were protected by a defunctioning colostomy. When assessed 4-60 months (mean 17 months) after colostomy closure all seven patients were continent of solid and semi-formed stools, but had urgency of defaecation. None could control liquid stool or flatus. After complicated sphincter injuries planned surgical reconstruction, based on EMG assessment of the sphincter muscles, can restore acceptable continence. PMID- 3190133 TI - Partial amputations of the foot for diabetic gangrene. AB - Over a 5-year period 68 diabetic patients underwent 102 primary partial amputations of the foot for infected diabetic gangrene. Seventy (69%) of these operations healed without further local surgery, but five patients needed seven femoropopliteal bypass grafts (two bilateral) to achieve healing. In total, 32 primary operations needed revision by further surgery to the foot or by leg amputation. Of the original operations 31% were carried out by a consultant surgeon; the rest (69%) were performed by a junior surgeon. By contrast, only four of the 32 operations needing revision (12%) had originally been done by a consultant, whereas 28/32 (88%) had been carried out by a junior surgeon. Of limbs at risk 65/80 (81%) were salvaged. Five patients died during their hospital admission, giving an overall mortality of 7%. PMID- 3190134 TI - Comparative evaluation of general, epidural, and spinal anaesthesia for extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. PMID- 3190135 TI - Correlation between gross appearance of the appendix at appendicectomy and histological examination. PMID- 3190136 TI - Tuberculosis: a surgical viewpoint. PMID- 3190137 TI - Intraoperative testing of the integrity of left-sided colorectal anastomoses: a technique of value to the surgeon in training. PMID- 3190138 TI - [Aerobic and aero-anaerobic bacterial flora of the nasal cavities of lambs]. AB - On the basis of bacteriological examinations carried out on 415 intranasal swabs, aerobic and aero-anaerobic respiratory microbes were studied in lambs. A great diversity of bacteria has been found (in total 35 bacterial species and genus have been identified). This flora is characterised by the presence of gram positive cocci with a gram negative strain included in genus Moraxella and connected with Moraxella bovis species. PMID- 3190139 TI - Evaluation of a long-acting selenium and copper preparation for intraruminal administration to cattle. AB - An intraruminal, soluble glass bolus containing selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) was evaluated for improving the Se and Cu status of pregnant cows and their calves. In the cows, there was a marked increase in the Se status following treatment with the soluble glass bolus. In the untreated cows, Se concentration in the blood (27-31 ng/g) as well as milk (5.1-6.8 ng/ml) remained low which was indicative of Se-deficiency. In the treated cows, the soluble glass bolus administration produced higher blood and milk Se concentrations, which were increased during the whole experimental period (10 months). In calves born from soluble glass treated cows, blood Se (11-28 ng/ml) and Cu (0.43-0.82 microgram/ml) concentrations were higher (except at birth for Cu) than in those from the untreated cows. Despite these differences, the status of the calves born from the treated cows was still low in both Se and Cu. PMID- 3190140 TI - Development of anti-tumoral cell-mediated cytotoxicity during the course of Marek's disease in chickens. AB - Using a 3H-proline release assay, in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxic (CMC) response of spleen lymphocytes from B13B13 chickens infected with Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV) was investigated during the course of infection. Syngeneic MD specific anti-tumoral CMC and natural killer (NK) activity was compared from one to six weeks after infection. A parallel increase in the two types of CMC responses were demonstrated and effector cells with similar characteristics seemed to be involved. Anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) treatment and depletion of macrophage-like cells, using plastic adherence or carbonyl iron treatment, slightly reduced the CMC response against both types of target cells in MDV infected chickens as well as in controls. Nevertheless, even after depletion treatment, a higher cytotoxic activity was maintained in MDV-inoculated chickens. The involvement of specific antibodies was excluded. It was concluded that the inoculation of the HPRS-16 strain of MDV in B13B13 chickens increased a splenic NK-like activity against lymphoblastoid cell lines, wether MDV-transformed or not. In chickens vaccinated with HVT (Herpes virus of turkey) at hatching, an increase of NK-activity was observed earlier, ie two weeks after MDV inoculation. PMID- 3190141 TI - [Transplacental administration of diethylstilbestrol (DES) in the rat: effects on fertility and on hormonal receptors in the endometrium]. AB - To determine the effects of transplacental exposure to diethylstilboestrol (DES) on the fertility and endometrial hormonal receptors of the offsprings, timed pregnant OFA rats were treated with DES (10, 20, 50 and 100 micrograms/kg/day, subcutaneous) on days 10 to 18 of gestation (long time) or days 13 to 18 of gestation (short time). Only the lowest dosed groups (10 micrograms/kg/day, short and long times, and 20 micrograms/kg/day, short time) gave birth to living offsprings. The fertility of the male and female offsprings was determined postnatally by a breeding technique and appeared to be strongly decreased among females of all groups (70 to 100% of sterility) and slowly decreased among males (12 to 26% of pathological fecundity). Progesterone receptor concentrations were significantly decreased for treated group (0.40 and 0.44 pmol/mg cytosol proteins) versus control group (0.74 pmol/mg cytosol proteins). Estradiol receptor concentrations were significantly higher for long time treated groups (0.26 pmol/mg cytosol proteins) versus control or short time treated groups (0.15 and 0.13 pmol/mg cytosol proteins). PMID- 3190142 TI - [Etiologic and nosologic considerations apropos of 574 cases of cardiac decompensation in Conakry]. AB - The authors analyze 574 cases of heart failure observed in the Cardiology Department of the University Hospital Ignace-Deen in Conakry, in a period of 5 years (1981-1985), from the etiological and nosological standpoints. The result is that cardiac insufficiency is very frequent in the department and the patients, in most cases, are found in stage IV of the NYHA (64.98%). There are more men (59.75%) than women (40.25%). Age varies from 15 to 80 years (mean: 49.2 years). Hypertension (37.47%), senile cardiopathies (20.20%), various myocardiopathies (17.24%), rheumatoid valvulopathies (13.95%) are the most frequently encountered etiologies. Pericarditis is rare (0.34%). PMID- 3190143 TI - [Chronic pulmonary heart. Apropos of 41 cases at the Cardiology Department of the Ignace-Deen University Hospital in Conakry]. AB - In 5 years, 41 cases of chronic pulmonary heart were observed at the University Hospital Ignace-Deen in Conakry, representing 7.14 p. cent of hospitalized patients, thus ranking 4th after Hypertension, various myocardiopathies, and valvulopathies. These patients are from a rural background in 65.21 p. cent of the cases. Chronic bronchitis, 4 p. cent of the cases, and bronchial asthma, 27 p. cent of the cases, represent the main causes. An important factor is that all patients were hospitalized with heart failure, at different stages of NYAH. PMID- 3190144 TI - [Valvular cardiopathies in Conakry. Apropos of 182 hospitalized cases]. AB - The cardiovascular pathology is dominated in Guinea, as in most third-world countries, by valve cardiopathies. These valve diseases are particularly severe and affect children and teen-agers, representing a real public health problem. The severity of these cardiopathies is also obvious because of the severe haemodynamic repercussions and the palliative nature of the medical treatment, since most of these patients are in need of a valve replacement procedure, which currently is only available to some of them. Thus, everything must be done to prevent and treat these diseases. The present study, carried out in a hospital environment, concerns 182 cases of valve cardiopathies hospitalized in the Cardiology Department of the University Hospital Ignace-Deen between January 1, 1981 and December 31, 1987. PMID- 3190145 TI - [Myocardial infarction in Conakry. Apropos of 11 cases with 4 coronarographies]. AB - The authors study 11 cases of myocardial infarction, hospitalized in the Cardiology Department of the University Hospital Ignace Deen in Conakry, between 1981 and 1987 inclusively, in a total of 842 patients. The series includes 9 men and 2 women, with ages varying from 40 to 63 years, mean 52.4 years. From this study, it results that the frequency of myocardial infarction reaches 1.28 p. cent. From the epidemiological standpoint, the patients belong to relatively well to-do socio-economic strata. The coronary disease in these areas is original in that it is infrequent. However, the risks factors are the same as elsewhere: hypercholesterolemia: 8 in 11 cases, obesity: 7 in 11 cases; and tobacco abuse: 5 in 11 cases. PMID- 3190147 TI - Surgical oncology. PMID- 3190146 TI - [Cardiac manifestations in leptospirosis. Apropos of 15 cases observed in New Caledonia]. AB - The authors report the cardiovascular manifestations observed in 15 cases of severe leptospirosis in New Caledonia. Cardiovascular collapse is frequent. Electrocardiographic alterations consist mainly of arrhythmia secondary to atrial fibrillation and repolarisation disorders. A picture of pseudo-pericarditis has also been observed. These cardiac manifestations represent a factor of gravity when associated with multi-visceral manifestations which control the prognosis. PMID- 3190148 TI - Surgical oncology. PMID- 3190149 TI - Training for surgical oncology. AB - Surgical oncology is now a defined discipline, and the training requirements require precise definition. The training period requires exposure to and understanding of tumour biology, tumour pathology and the role of surgery, together with that of the related disciplines of medical and radiation oncology. Training can be provided at three levels. The first occurs during the period of training for surgery in general for those with an interest in but not essential role in the delivery of tumour surgery. The second should be provided during subspecialty or regional specialty training where the treatment of tumours forms a major portion of the activities of that discipline. Finally, there should be a period of formal experience and training in an accredited unit for those who intend to specialize definitively in the treatment of malignant disease. PMID- 3190150 TI - Surgical treatment of primary tumours of the innominate bone. AB - 9 cases of primary malignant tumours of the pelvis were treated in our department from 1981 to 1987. There was three chondro-sarcomas, one giant cell tumour and five had soft tissue tumours. One has a classical hemipelvectomy while eight had limb preservation surgery performed. In this later group., three had type I (Enneking) resection, three combined type II/III and one a type III resection. Four patients have died since and three deaths were related to surgery and its complications. As to date, no local recurrences has occurred in those living (up to 7 years' follow up). We feel that local resection with limb preservation provides adequate local control of tumour. Various reconstructive procedures to cover skin defects, and reconstruct stability of the pelvis or create hip stability were also performed. Patients with no previous irradiation has less mobidity and tend to do well. PMID- 3190151 TI - Totally implantable central venous access for cancer patients in Singapore. AB - Sustained venous access is assuming increasing importance in clinical medical practice for the infusion of antibiotics, cytotoxic drugs, blood products and parenteral nutrition. The limitation of peripheral venous access in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy can be a major problem. Many antineoplastic drugs are vesicant and may cause chemical ulcers when infiltrated or phlebitis and thrombosis. Recent technological advances in development of non-thrombogenic silastic catheters have facilitated in-dwelling catheters to be implanted for long periods. Port-A-Cath is a totally implantable vascular access system which allows for blood to be sampled and also infusion of drugs and blood products. Between March 1985 to October 1987, 20 devices were implanted on 19 patients (14 males and 5 females). Criteria were drawn up to select these patients. The quality of life was significantly improved for these patients who receive long term chemotherapy or blood products through this device. There were 6 episodes of transitory occlusion of catheter and 1 episode of infection. Continuous infusion of drugs given through this device does not produce chemical phlebitis. It has also facilitated new methods of delivering cytotoxic drugs and analgesia. PMID- 3190152 TI - Experiences in the treatment of neuroblastoma. AB - The clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of a series of 18 cases of neuroblastoma is reviewed. About half the patients were below the age of 2 years. Fever, loss of weight and appetite appeared to be the common manifestations, underscoring the vague and non-specific symptomatology of such a grave childhood disorder. Unusual presentations included paraplegia, chronic diarrhoea, lower limb edema and respiratory distress. Management consisted of radical surgery with adjunctive chemotherapy where indicated. It is emphasised that in resectable lesions every attempt must be made to remove tumour involved tissue as thoroughly as possible. With this approach 50% of patients followed up to 4 years have survived. Comparison of characteristics of survivors against non-survivors showed that the only significant difference was in the state of the disease--survivors having generally earlier state tumours. PMID- 3190153 TI - Solitary thyroid nodules for surgery--the role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy cytology. AB - The diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology (FNAC) was assessed in 46 patients, all of whom had histological verification. In the group of patients with microscopic foci of carcinomas excluded, diagnostic sensitivity was 75% and specificity 100%. No false positives were recorded, the false negative rate was 5.0% and the overall accuracy, 95%. Although 6 of the 10 carcinomas were correctly diagnosed by cytology, the correct morphological type of tumor was only identified in three of them. Using clinical suspicion of malignancy alone as a criterion for surgery, 13% of patients would have required surgery with 50% of malignancies still remaining undetected. However using FNAC, clinical suspicion and patients above 50 years of age as combined criteria, 40% of patients would have been subjected to surgery with a resulting yield of malignancy of 100%. These promising results from a initial experience with FNAC confirm its usefulness in the appropriate selection of patients for surgery. PMID- 3190154 TI - Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder--the Singapore experience. AB - Carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder has been described since 1952. However, it was not well recognised as a clinical entity until recently when we are more aware of its clinical significance, that a large proportion progresses to muscle invasive cancer and becomes life threatening, and therefore more aggressive management is needed. From 1980 to 1984 over a period of 5 years, we studied the records of 130 patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Eighty-two (63%) were staged as superficial carcinoma while 48 (37%) were diagnosed as muscle invasive cancer (Tables II, III & IV). Out of the 82 cases of superficial carcinoma, 12 (11%) were found to have associated carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Diagnosis depends on a high index of suspicion, urinary cytology and biopsies of not only the obvious papillary or solid tumours but also any abnormal bladder mucosa and random bladder biopsy. Management is a problem and controversial. We have been using intensive intravesical chemotherapy with thiotepa and mitomycin, and if there is evidence of deep muscle invasion, then more aggressive therapy such as cystectomy would be advised. Management of these 12 cases and the problems we encountered are discussed. PMID- 3190155 TI - Radiotherapy of early glottic cancer Singapore, 1978-1981. AB - This study analyses the results of primary radiotherapy for 44 patients with early glottic cancer (Tis, T1 stage) given at the Therapeutic Radiology Department, Singapore General Hospital during the 4-year period from 1978 to 1981. Irradiation was delivered using cobalt teletherapy with free set-ups, and without "air-gap" compensation. Total doses of 55Gy to 64Gy were given in daily fractions of 1.8Gy, treating five times a week. The crude 5-year survival rate for Tis/T1a tumours was 88.9% and for T1b lesions, 81%. On correcting for deaths from intercurrent disease, the survival rates improved to 95.5% and 92.6% respectively. In 33 cases where the quality of voice after radiation was assessed, 15 patients (45.4%) retained good voice quality with an additional 11 patients (33.3%) having acceptable voice quality. In seven cases the voice after radiation was rated as poor. Nine patients had local recurrence, giving a rate of 20.4%. One other patient had cervical node metastasis and subsequently developed lung secondaries. Surgery, solely or with re-irradiation, was an effective treatment for local recurrence. Re-irradiation alone failed to control any case with recurrence. PMID- 3190156 TI - The role of surgery in advanced carcinoma of the breast. AB - The role of surgery in the management of advanced carcinoma of the breast is controversial. Locally advanced carcinoma may present as a primary tumour or as recurrent disease. Treatment should be the result of a multi-disciplinary approach and may involve one or more different modalities. Minor surgery is usually meddlesome and often followed by local recurrence which is hard to control. Major resection does have a place, often in association with other modalities of treatment, and its use in carefully selected patients is described in this paper. PMID- 3190157 TI - Five year survival following radical surgery for cancer stomach and oesophagus. AB - All 50 patients with gastric and oesophageal cancer referred to the present author between 1979 and 1982 were operated on. Resection was performed on 35 patients (70%) and of these, resection was complete and represented an attempt at cure in 25 patients (50%). In these 25 patients, one died in the immediate postoperative period and 5 patients had incomplete follow-up. Of the 19 patients who survived the operation and had a complete follow-up, 12 have died within 5 years, 3 from causes unrelated to the original malignant disease. Seven patients (5 with gastric cancer and 2 with oesophageal cancer) are alive and free of malignant disease 5-7 years after surgery. Five of these patients had no lymph node metastasis in the resected specimen but the other two patients had lymph node metastasis. Apart from the stage of disease which is the most important prognostic factor, radical surgery can achieve a high rate of complete surgical excision with an acceptable operative mortality and morbidity and appears to improve the prospects of long term survival in gastric and oesophageal cancer. PMID- 3190158 TI - Thyroid carcinoma--problems in management. AB - A retrospective review of surgically treated cases of thyroid carcinomas in this department during a 10 year period of 1976 to 1985 was performed. From a detailed analysis of 71 cases three features are highlighted. Firstly, the rising incidence of thyroid carcinomas and papillary carcinomas with age has been clearly demonstrated. Secondly, with current clinical and investigative modalities using thyroid scans, ultrasonography and frozen section histology, the preoperative and operative diagnosis of malignancy has been limited resulting in only 27% of patients confirmed to have carcinoma histologically. This resulted in 35% of patients requiring staged procedures to achieve total thyroidectomy. Finally from the prognostic factors of survival that were evaluated, age at diagnosis, local invasiveness, and distant metastases were found to be significant factors. PMID- 3190159 TI - Pulmonary function studies in healthy non-smoking men of Calcutta. AB - Pulmonary function measurements were made in 104 healthy non-smoking men from Calcutta with an age range of 20-59 years. Except for peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), all the measurements were made with the help of two 9L closed-circuit type expirographs using standard spirometric techniques. PEFR was recorded by two Wright peak flow meters. Prediction formulae were derived on the basis of age and height for all the ventilatory tests except for FEV1%, FET and PEFR. These were predicted from age only. The prediction equation for VC, FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, MVVF and PEFR were reliable, but those for forced expitatory flows and time were not. The FVC and FEV1 values of the present subjects, standardized for age and height, were much lower than those of Americans, Caucasians, Europeans and Canadians but similar to those of Pakistani healthy adults. On comparison with the data reported from other parts of our country, it was revealed that the VC and FEV1 values of the current study, after adjustment of age and height, were much higher than those of southern Indians but comparable with those of north-western Indians. PMID- 3190160 TI - Growth of aboriginal infants in the first year of life in remote communities in north-west Australia. AB - Growth in the first year of life was studied prospectively, at monthly intervals, in 49 Aboriginal babies born into 6 remote communities in the tropical north-west of Australia. Birthweights, on average, were slightly lower than international (NCHS) reference values but growth velocity in the first 3 months of life exceeded international reference values. After that, growth rates in Aboriginal infants slowed and their attained weights and lengths fell behind expected values for age. By 12 months of age the Kimberley boys were 1.35 kg lighter and 4 cm shorter than the NCHS values while the Kimberley girls were 1.04 kg and 2.8 cm less than the international reference values. Environmental factors are considered dominant in determining these growth patterns in Australian Aboriginal infants. PMID- 3190161 TI - Serum zinc binding capacity in pregnant women. AB - Zinc is an important element during the prenatal period. Since plasma zinc levels are not directly related to the nutritional status of this metal in pregnant women, we designed this study to find out if plasma protein zinc binding capacity is a more reliable parameter than total serum zinc to establish zinc nutritional status during pregnancy. We analyzed total serum zinc and zinc binding capacity in 84 normal pregnant women and in 14 nonpregnant women. Within pregnant women, samples were classified according to the gestational age. Total zinc serum was significantly decreased in pregnant women as compared to control ones. The decrease in zinc occurred slowly during the whole period of pregnancy; a negative correlation was found between serum zinc and gestational time. Protein zinc binding capacity was found to be significantly higher in pregnant women than in the control ones. This parameter was positively correlated to total serum zinc in pregnancy. We conclude that since the protein zinc binding capacity increases with advancing gestation, pregnant women take advantage of this to maintain the levels of serum-free zinc, transferable to the fetus. PMID- 3190162 TI - Hypothesis: Shwachman's syndrome of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency may be caused by neonatal copper deficiency. AB - Shwachman's syndrome is, after cystic fibrosis, the most common cause of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in childhood. The cause of the disorder is not known but we were struck by the fact that the histological appearances of pancreatic atrophy in this condition resemble those seen in experimental copper deficiency, in which the pancreatic acinar damage persists long after the copper deficiency is relieved. Other features of Shwachman's syndrome include neutropenia, anaemia and abnormalities of the ribs and of the metaphyses of long bones. All these findings have also been reported in children with copper deficiency during the 1st year of life. We suggest that some or all cases of Shwachman's syndrome are caused by a period of copper deficiency in early infancy. PMID- 3190163 TI - No effect on serum lipids by moderate and high doses of vitamin C in elderly subjects with low plasma ascorbic acid levels. AB - The influence of dietary supplementation with moderate (200 mg/day) and high (2,000 mg/day) doses of vitamin C on serum lipid levels was studied in 27 female long-stay hospital patients characterized by low plasma ascorbic acid levels during the preceding year. The two doses of vitamin C were compared with placebo in a double-blind, cross-over design during randomly determined 6-week periods followed by 2-week washout intervals. No effect was observed on serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Plasma ascorbic acid levels were highly significantly increased (p less than 0.001) by both doses of vitamin C. It is concluded that dietary supplementation with moderate or high doses of vitamin C does not affect serum lipids of persons who have low plasma ascorbic acid levels suggestive of possible marginal deficiency of vitamin C. PMID- 3190164 TI - [The value of measuring membrane potentials of urothelial cells using cytofluorometry in the study of tumors of the bladder. Preliminary analysis]. AB - In the context of investigation of a prognostic marker applicable to bladder tumours, the authors propose the cytofluorometric study of the membrane potential of malignant urothelial cells using a molecular probe, 3,3' dihexyloxacarbocyanine. This preliminary study demonstrated a significant increase in the membrane potential of malignant urothelial cells in comparison with normal cells, which leads the authors to propose this cellular parameter as a new tool in the prognostic evaluation of bladder tumours. PMID- 3190165 TI - [Voided urinary cytodiagnosis. Cyto-histologic comparison]. AB - The authors report the results of a 4 year study of voided urinary cytology by cytocentrifugation. The findings were compared with those of histology. The sensitivity of the cytological diagnosis varies with the histological grade of the tumor. Grade 1 papillary tumors are not detectable with classical cytological criteria of malignancy. However they may be evoked if finer criteria are considered. Voided urinary cytology is efficient in the detection of grade 2 and grade 3 papillary tumors as well as dysplasia and in situ carcinoma in flat mucosa. The sensitivity of urinary voided cytology is remarkably improved by repeating the examination 3 successive times. This method detects tumors of the urinary bladder as well as those of the upper urinary tract. False positive results are possible, but may be avoided by knowing the clinical history and by repeated urinary cytology. Protocols are proposed for the diagnosis and follow-up of transitional cell tumors. Systematic screening of high risk subjects is also an important indication for voided urinary cytology, but we lack experience in this domain. PMID- 3190166 TI - [Cystoplasty using a resorbable polyglactin prosthesis covered by a free peritoneal flap]. AB - The bowel is not always suitable for cystoplasty. The use of a vicryl mesh lined with a peritoneal flap was investigated as material for partial replacement of the bladder. The procedure was performed on 20 rats divided into two groups. A partial cystectomy was first performed, then a cystoplasty was done using either a free peritoneal flap (group 1) or a vicryl mesh combined with a peritoneal flap (group 2). The results were evaluated using intravenous pyelography, macroscopic examination and histological analysis within one month. In group 1 (7 cases), there was one urinary fistula. In group 2 (13 cases), no fistula was observed but stones occurred in three cases. The histological analysis revealed good reconstruction of urothelium in both groups. Partial resorption of vicryl was observed at one month with organization of neo-muscular fibers. The vicryl prosthesis was well accepted and, when covered by a peritoneal flap, provided a strong and water-tight material for bladder replacement. The vicryl mesh increased the risk of stone formation in the presence of urinary tract infection. PMID- 3190167 TI - [Kidney pelvis perforation due to a Greenfield intra-caval filter]. AB - The authors report a case of renal pelvic perforation discovered three months after insertion of a Kimray Greenfield filter on an IVP in the form of a contrast leak. This complication was favoured by the initial malposition of the filter. Computed tomography was essential in the understanding of the pathology and in the investigation of associated lesions (uric acid stone). Treatment was conservative. PMID- 3190168 TI - [Percutaneous treatment of tumors of the upper urinary tract]. AB - Modern endourology procedures were used for the percutaneous conservative treatment of four tumors of the upper urinary tract in three patients, including one with a bilateral tumor, one with a single kidney and one with an abnormal contralateral kidney. No evidence of malignancy was found on the urogram, CT scan or urinary cytology; pathologic studies showed superficial low-grade lesions. Treatment was performed using a through an Amplatz sheath. Local chemotherapy with mitomycin was given postoperatively in one patient. After six months to two years follow up, no renal or vesical recurrences have been observed. With reference to this small number of cases, the usefulness of endoscopic surgery for treating tumors of the upper urinary tract is discussed. If such a procedure is feasible, patients should be carefully selected according to local conditions, tumor grade and feasibility of monitoring. PMID- 3190169 TI - [Transrenal percutaneous treatment of urinary fistula. Apropos of 19 cases]. AB - Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) was used to treat 16 ureteral fistulas, two ileal fistulas following ileo-cystoplasty, and one pelvic fistula. Discharge resolved in all cases. PCN alone achieved complete recovery of the ileal and pelvic fistulas. Insertion of a wire-guide through the fistula into the bladder and stenting of the ureter for 5 to 20 days with a 8 to 10 F multi-side-hole catheter was possible in 12 of the ureteral fistulas and ensured complete recovery in every case. Because of complete stenosis, this procedure failed in the four other cases of ureteral fistula, and surgery was therefore required. Transrenal percutaneous treatment of urinary fistulas is a simple, effective procedure requiring only local anesthesia, and can be recommended in recently operated patients, and when retrograde catheterization is inadvisable (ileo-cystoplasty). PMID- 3190170 TI - [The value of preoperative perineal rehabilitation in radical prostatectomy and replacement entero-cystoplasty. Preliminary results]. AB - Radical surgery of the prostate and replacement entero-cystoplasty are associated with varying degrees of risk of diurnal or nocturnal incontinence, which is always poorly tolerated by the patient. In order to reduce this discomfort, perineal reeducation, commenced before the operation, appears to be a valuable aid. A survey of sphincter function easily detects patients at risk and postoperative sphincter disorders can be prevented to a large degree. The authors analyse their preliminary results in 14 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy and in another 10 patients undergoing replacement entero-cystoplasty. PMID- 3190171 TI - [Secondary tumor of the ureter. Metastasis of breast carcinoma]. AB - The authors present a case which is essentially interesting because of its rarity. A metastasis of the left pelvic ureter was discovered following an episode of renal colic in a woman treated for known breast cancer. The patient's age, 49 years, encouraged conservative treatment. The functional urological and radiological outcome were satisfactory with a follow-up of 3 years. PMID- 3190172 TI - Protein subtype polymorphisms (Gc and Tf) in a Catalan population from Gerona (northeastern Spain). AB - The Tf and Gc polymorphic subtype variants have been examined by means of isoelectric focusing in a population sample from two subpyrenean regions in the province of Gerona (Northeast Spain). The estimated allele frequencies were Tf*C1 = 0.774, Tf*C2 = 0.167, TF*C3 = 0.055, TF*B = 0.004; Gc*1F = 0.129, Gc*1S = 0.555 and Gc*2 = 0.316. These values are in general similar to those so far reported in other Spanish populations. The comparisons between our data and those published in Spain, indicate that the present sample is closer to Barcelona than to the other groups compared. PMID- 3190173 TI - The distribution of AB0 and LH blood groups in some north Indian populations. AB - The distribution of AB0 and LH blood groups among five Punjabi populations from North India (Jat Sikh, Bania, Brahmin, Sikh Khatri and Hindu Khatri) is reported. Significant differences have been found in many cases regarding the distribution of AB0 and LH systems, especially between Sikh Khatris and Hindu Khatris, who are usually pooled for population genetic studies. PMID- 3190174 TI - Dermatoglyphic configurations of proximal and middle phalanges in Spaniards: analysis of subtypes. AB - In this paper the dermatoglyphic configurations of proximal and middle phalanges in Spaniards (112 males, 135 females) have been analyzed. The particularities of 12 types were studied in a previous paper (Pons 1985). The present one completes the study with the analysis of 29 subtypes. For each hand and sex the frequencies of subtypes on different digits are analyzed as well as the directional characteristics (radial/ulnar and distal/proximal). On proximal phalanges the digits I and II display a clear radial slant. On the contrary digits IV and V show an ulnar direction. On digit III is a bimanual asymmetry in both sexes, the right hand being slanted in a radial direction, the left hand in an ulnar. The majority of configurations are distal. There are no significant sexual differences. On middle phalanges, as usually, the variability of subtypes is greater than on proximal ones. Digit II slopes in the radial course. Digits III and IV show the bimanual asymmetry already described for the proximal phalange of digit III. Digit V displays a clear ulnar slant. In distal/proximal direction of subtypes there is a greater variability than on the proximal phalanges. No important sexual differences are observed. PMID- 3190175 TI - Quantitative palmar dermatoglyphics and the assessment of population affinities: data from marine fishermen of Puri, India. AB - Variation in quantitative dermatoglyphics among three endogamous groups of marine fishermen of Puri Coast, India, is greater for the palmar variables than for the fingers. This is the case in both the sexes. The pattern of population affinities, however, differs for the males and females. In order to evaluate the importance of palmar variables in population studies, the results in males are compared with those of finger variables and anthropometrics. There is no significant heterogeneity between the groups for finger variables. Although significant intergroup variability is observed in the palmar and anthropometric traits, the two sets of results are not in the same direction. Palmar dermatoglyphic relationships reflect the caste affiliations, while the anthropometric are in line with geographic proximity. PMID- 3190176 TI - Fluctuation and directional asymmetry of the oppositely orientated finger ridge counts in Bulgarians. AB - In a sample from Northeast Bulgaria (500 males, 500 females) fluctuating and directional asymmetries of the radial and ulnar finger ridge-counts were studied, each sex separately and finger-by-finger. Neither the ridge counts nor their fluctuating asymmetries show any considerable sex difference. In contrast, the curves of the ulnar and radial directional asymmetries, each of them being similarly distributed over the digits in both sexes, are contrasted in males and females. One interpretation is that the sex chromosomes exert a considerable effect upon the mediolateral developmental gradients and so cause a set of well expressed sex differences in the directional asymmetries of the ulnar and radial finger ridge-counts. PMID- 3190177 TI - Sex differences in adult pubic hair distribution in Nigeria. AB - Pubic hair was studied in 520 men and 270 women belonging to the various parts of the Northern Nigeria. An attempt has been made to study the pubic hair pattern in three age groups. The distribution of pubic hair was classified into four types, designated as horizontal, sagittal, acuminate and disperse. The acuminate or "masculine" type is present in approximately half of the men and 10 percent of the women. It is characteristic of 39.8 per cent of 19-20 years old males, and persists in 20.2 per cent of adult males. In the majority the division into "masculine" and "feminine" types is found to be satisfactory. There is definite relationship between the age of an individual and hair pattern. In males the decrease in frequency of the horizontal pattern with age is associated with increase in general hirsutism and is associated by the development of a disperse pubic hair pattern. PMID- 3190178 TI - Body measurements and somatotypes of young adult Jat-Sikh men of Punjab, India. AB - During 1972 body measurements including height, weight, limb circumferences, skeletal diameters and skinfolds were taken on 100 unrelated and healthy Jat-Sikh men of 17 to 25 years of age, belonging to different areas of Punjab, India. The average height and weight of Jat-Sikhs is 170.4 cm and 54.5 kg, respectively. The mean Heath-Carter somatotype is 3.22-3.40-4.11. The majority of somatotypes is concentrated in endo-ectomorph and meso-ectomorph sectors of the somatochart. Comparisons with recently described data on females of the same area and population show significant sex differences in various body measurements except for the bicristal diameter. The females possess significantly more subcutaneous fat. For the rest of the measurements, the males have higher values. The Jat-Sikh males are comparable in height and weight to the contemporary pooled Punjabi, but are distinctly taller than the neighbouring populations of Himachal Pradesh and pooled all India samples. However, they are comparatively smaller and lighter as compared to European and American populations. PMID- 3190179 TI - Influence of storage and susceptibility test conditions on stability and activity of LY163892 and four other cephalosporins. AB - A new carbacephem analog of cefaclor, LY163892, was examined along with four other cephalosporins for chemical stability and for antibacterial activity under a variety of susceptibility test conditions. LY163892 was found to be markedly more stable than cefaclor during storage at 4 and 35 degrees C in human serum, human urine, and various bacteriological media. Under these conditions, LY163892 demonstrated stability equal or superior to the stabilities of cephalexin, cephalothin, and cefuroxime. Broth and agar dilution susceptibility tests did not reveal significant differences in LY163892 activity in a variety of test media, although LY163892 MICs were somewhat higher in Mueller-Hinton chocolate agar or Trypticase soy broth (BBL Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.) than in other media. The activity of LY163892 against selected pathogens was only slightly influenced by the increased or decreased pH of the test medium, in a manner similar to that of the other cephalosporins tested. Thus, the carbacephem structure of LY163892 appears to represent a more stable cephalosporin than cefaclor, while retaining a similar antimicrobial spectrum. PMID- 3190180 TI - Microanalytical high-performance liquid chromatography assay for cefpirome (HR 810) in serum. AB - We report a microanalytical high-performance liquid chromatography method for quantitation of cefpirome (HR 810) from serum. The drug was extracted from 0.05 ml of serum with 0.2 ml of isopropanol containing beta-hydroxypropyltheophylline, the internal standard. Separations were performed on a C18 column at ambient temperature with detection at 240 nm. The mobile phase consisted of acetate buffer (0.05 M sodium acetate) containing tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and methanol (pH 5.1; 70:30, vol/vol). The method was linear to 500 micrograms of cefpirome per ml and had a sensitivity of 0.6 micrograms/ml. Analytical recovery was greater than 86%, and the between-day coefficient of variation was less than 4.2%. The stability for 1 week at 4 to 8 degrees C and for 30 days at -20 degrees C was documented. Interference with commonly used antibiotics, analgesics, methylxanthines, and anticonvulsants was not found. The small sample volume and ease of preparation make this method suitable for use in pediatric pharmacokinetic investigations of cefpirome. PMID- 3190181 TI - Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of orally administered lomefloxacin. AB - The pharmacokinetics of the quinolone lomefloxacin were determined following a single 400-mg oral dose given to each of six male volunteers. Concentrations in serum, urine, and cantharidin-induced inflammatory fluid were determined by a microbiological assay. Samples from two volunteers were also assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. The mean peak level in serum, 4.7 micrograms/ml, was attained within 1 h of administration. The mean elimination half-life from serum was 7 h. Inflammatory fluid was penetrated rapidly, with a mean peak level of 3.5 micrograms/ml occurring after 2.7 h. The mean recovery of lomefloxacin from urine over 48 h was 76% of the administered dose. There was a minor peak on the high-performance liquid chromatography trace, suggesting a small amount of unidentified metabolite. This was present only in urine; no detectable metabolites were found in serum. This study suggests that either once daily or twice-daily dosage of lomefloxacin should be sufficient to treat urinary or systemic infections, respectively, caused by susceptible pathogens. PMID- 3190182 TI - Relationships between renal function and disposition of oral ciprofloxacin. AB - The relationships between creatinine clearance (CLCR) and the pharmacokinetics of oral ciprofloxacin were characterized. On the basis of these data, a dosage adjustment strategy, which incorporates the severity of infection and the size and renal function of the patient, was developed. An adaptive (feedback) control algorithm is proposed. A total of 32 subjects (8 normal, 8 anuric, and 16 with CLCR between 0.53 and 4.3 liters/h per 1.73 m2) were given a single 750-mg tablet of ciprofloxacin by mouth. Serial serum and urine samples were collected, assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, and comodeled. The population relationship between total apparent ciprofloxacin clearance (CL/f) and CLCR, both measured in liters per hour per 1.73 m2, was CL/f = 2.83 x CLCR + 21.8 (r = 0.69; P less than 0.001). The mean terminal half-life was not significantly related to CLCR but was much more variable in subjects with CLCR less than 3 liters/h per 1.73 m2 (F = 4.8; P less than 0.005). We conclude that patients with CLCR less than 1.2 liters/h per 1.73 m2 should receive two-thirds of the normal daily dose and that the dose interval should not be lengthened. PMID- 3190183 TI - Toxicity, uptake, and subcellular distribution in rat hepatocytes of roxithromycin, a new semisynthetic macrolide, and erythromycin base. AB - Rat hepatocytes were used to study the toxicity of a new semisynthetic macrolide, roxithromycin, in comparison with erythromycin base and erythromycin estolate. Roxithromycin caused lactate dehydrogenase leakage close to that of erythromycin estolate and higher than erythromycin base after 21 h of exposure to the drugs. This effect was, at least in part, explained by the higher uptake: roxithromycin was two to three times more concentrated by liver cells than erythromycin base. For both roxithromycin and erythromycin base, the uptake depended on time, temperature, and extracellular antibiotic concentration. The accumulated macrolides egressed rapidly when cells were incubated in antibiotic-free medium. No uptake and no loss of accumulated drugs were observed at 4 degrees C. After accumulation by hepatocytes, roxithromycin and erythromycin base underwent similar subcellular distribution, mostly concentrating in cytosol and lysosomes. The small amount accumulated in the other particulate fractions followed the order mitochondria much greater than nuclei greater than microsomes. Roxithromycin, however, was less concentrated than erythromycin base in the microsomes. PMID- 3190184 TI - In vitro displacement of bilirubin by antibiotics and 2-hydroxybenzoylglycine in newborns. AB - Hyperbilirubinemia is frequently observed in neonates, and serious neurological complications such as kernicterus can be precipitated when the concentration of unconjugated bilirubin is abnormally increased. The administration of drugs which bind to albumin and compete with bilirubin can increase the possibility of such a complication. To test the bilirubin-displacing activity of pharmacological agents that are used with newborns, 52 antimicrobial agents were investigated in vitro. A glycine conjugate of salicylate, 2-hydroxybenzoylglycine, which is known to be present at elevated levels in newborns and has a potent bilirubin-displacing property, was used as a positive control agent. Pooled cord serum was used as a source of hyperbilirubinemic serum. A centrifugal ultrafiltration method with semipermeable cones was employed to determine the effects of potential bilirubin displacing agents on the levels of total bilirubin. 2-Hydroxybenzoylglycine was demonstrated to be the most potent bilirubin-displacing agent. Antibiotics could be classified into four groups: high-level displacers (sulfisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, dicloxacillin, cefoperazone, and ceftriaxone), intermediate level displacers (moxalactam, nafcillin, and 14 others), low-level displacers (aztreonam, carbenicillin, and 11 others), and nondisplacers (mezlocillin, cefuroxime, kanamycin, and 15 others). It is concluded that the ultrafiltration method is a rapid and readily reproducible for the determination of bilirubin displacement and that antibiotics with a tendency to displace bilirubin should be avoided in jaundiced newborns whenever appropriate alternatives are available. PMID- 3190185 TI - Antimicrobial activity, spectrum, and recommendations for disk diffusion susceptibility testing of ceftibuten (7432-S; SCH 39720), a new orally administered cephalosporin. AB - The antimicrobial activity and spectrum of ceftibuten (7432-S; SCH 39720) was determined on a wide variety of bacterial species selected for resistance to oral and parenteral beta-lactam antimicrobial agents. Ceftibuten was found to be the most active beta-lactam tested against members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, inhibiting 81.6% of strains at less than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml compared with 75.0 and 54.8% of strains inhibited by cefixime and cefuroxime, respectively. All strains of Haemophilus influenzae (MIC for 90% of strains [MIC90], less than or equal to 0.06 microgram/ml), Branhamella catarrhalis (MIC90, 3.0 micrograms/ml), and pathogenic Neisseria spp. (MIC90, less than or equal to 0.06 and 0.019 microgram/ml) were susceptible to ceftibuten. Beta hemolytic Streptococcus spp. (serogroups A, B, C, and G) were also inhibited by ceftibuten, but penicillin-resistant pneumococci were generally resistant to cefixime and ceftibuten. The activity and spectrum of ceftibuten seem most applicable to infections of the respiratory and urinary tract plus those infections caused by pathogenic Neisseria spp. Ceftibuten disks (30 micrograms) were evaluated and found to have an acceptable correlation (r = 0.88) with ceftibuten MICs. Preliminary zone size interpretive criteria for MIC breakpoints of less than or equal to 4.0 and less than or equal to 8.0 micrograms/ml were calculated. PMID- 3190186 TI - Activities of compound G2 isolated from alfalfa roots against dermatophytes. AB - An antimycotic agent, compound G2, isolated from alfalfa roots exhibited considerable activity against the six most common dermatophytes. MICs in agar and broth dilutions ranged from 10 to 30 micrograms/ml and from 2 to 10 micrograms/ml, respectively. G2 was fungicidal at 5 to 22 micrograms/ml. Structure and toxicity relations are discussed. PMID- 3190187 TI - Pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin after single and multiple intravenous infusions in healthy subjects. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin were investigated in eight healthy male volunteers. A single infusion (200 mg over 0.5 h) was performed on day 1, followed by a washout period of 2 weeks. Repeated administrations were performed for 4 days (200 mg every 12 h). Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from the plasma decay curves of the single and the last of the multiple administrations. Ofloxacin kinetics after the single dose were best described by a two-phase curve with a total body clearance of 241.6 +/- 43.3 ml min-1, a volume of distribution of 112 +/- 23.1 liters, and an elimination half-life of 5.4 +/- 0.8 h. The extrapolated area under the curve (AUC0-infinity) was 14 +/- 2.3 mg.h liter-1. The pharmacokinetics were not significantly modified by repeated administration, demonstrated mainly by the AUC0-12 value of the last infusion (13.4 +/- 2.2 mg.h liter-1). We conclude that, with intravenous multiple doses every 12 h, the steady state is reached within 24 to 36 h and no abnormal accumulation or changes in pharmacokinetic parameters occur. PMID- 3190188 TI - In vitro activity of carumonam (Ro 17-2301; AMA-1080) versus enteropathogenic and nonfermentative gram-negative rods and Legionella pneumophila. AB - The in vitro activity of carumonam (Ro 17-2301; AMA-1080) was tested against 355 single-patient isolates, by and large enteropathogenic or nonfermentative rods. The new monobactam was inhibitory and bactericidal against the majority of diarrhea-causing members of the family Enterobacteriaceae at concentrations of less than and equal to 8 micrograms/ml. Although known to be active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, it generally did not exhibit clinically useful activity against other nonfermenters or against Legionella pneumophila, thus confirming its narrow spectrum of activity. PMID- 3190189 TI - Differences between in vitro and in vivo studies. PMID- 3190190 TI - Antibacterial properties of (2,3)-alpha- and (2,3)-beta-methylene analogs of penicillin G. AB - The penam nucleus can assume two conformations; these are designated open and closed. The synthetic (2,3)-alpha- and (2,3)-beta-methylenepenams can be regarded as analogs of the open and closed conformations, respectively. It has been shown that the beta-methylenepenams are essentially inactive, suggesting that the closed conformation of penams is also inactive. In this study, we investigated a series of beta-lactams, all of which contained phenylacetamido side chains: penicillin G, the (2,3)-alpha- and (2,3)-beta-methylenepenams, and the 3 acetoxymethyl- and 3-methylcephalosporins. The alpha-methylenepenam and penicillin G were the most active compounds, while the beta-methylene isomer was only poorly active. Results with permeability mutants suggested that the alpha methylene compound penetrated the outer membrane somewhat more readily than penicillin G did. The intrinsic potency of the alpha-methylenepenam appeared to be similar to that of penicillin G, on the basis of their affinities for penicillin-binding proteins and their abilities to inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis in ether-permeabilized Escherichia coli, while the beta-methylene analog had very poor intrinsic potency. The alpha-methylene analog was about 10 fold more efficient (Vmax/Km) than penicillin G as a substrate for the cephalosporinases from Enterobacter cloacae and Proteus vulgaris, but it was about 40-fold less efficient with penicillinase from Staphylococcus aureus. These results strongly support the hypothesis that the active conformation of penams is the open conformation and suggest that the position in space of the carboxyl group relative to the beta-lactam carbonyl is an important determinant of cephalosporinlike character, as distinct from penicillinlike character. PMID- 3190191 TI - Concentrations of erythromycin, 2'-acetyl erythromycin, and their anhydro forms in plasma and tonsillar tissue after repeated dosage of erythromycin stearate and erythromycin acistrate. AB - The concentrations of erythromycin, 2'-acetylerythromycin (2'-AE) and their anhydro forms in plasma and tonsillar tissue were analyzed after a 3-day repeated dosage regimen of erythromycin stearate (ES; 500 mg twice a day [b.i.d]) and erythromycin acistrate (EA), a new erythromycin prodrug, at two doses (400 and 500 mg b.i.d.). The tonsils of 40 patients were removed at 112 to 329 min after intake of the last dose. Blood samples were collected at the time of tonsillectomy and at 0, 2, and 6 h after the last dose. At all time points, EA produced severalfold more total antibiotic (erythromycin + 2'-AE) concentrations in plasma compared with ES. There were two nonabsorbers in the ES group, but none in the two EA groups. The mean total antibiotic levels in tonsillar tissue after EA treatment exceeded the levels after treatment with ES by a factor of 3 (for EA at 400 mg b.i.d.) and 4.5 (for EA at 500 mg b.i.d.). The ratios of erythromycin concentration in tonsil to that in plasma at the time of tissue removal were quite similar for all groups (means, 0.51 to 0.54). In the EA groups, 2 of 26 (8%) patients had no measurable erythromycin in the tonsillar tissue samples, whereas in the ES group, 3 of 14 (21%) patients had no measurable erythromycin in the same tissue. The degree of hydrolysis of 2'-AE to erythromycin was about 25% in plasma at the time of tonsillectomy for both EA groups and about 40% in tonsillar tissue. There were negligible amounts of anhydro forms in plasma after EA administration, whereas in the ES group, anhydroerythromycin levels were, from time to time, even higher than erythromycin levels. Very high levels of anhydro forms were detected in tonsillar tissue after ES treatment, whereas only low levels were found after EA administration. PMID- 3190192 TI - Gentamicin penetration into cerebrospinal fluid in experimental Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. AB - We studied the effect of meningitis and the method of parenteral gentamicin administration (intramuscular injection, a 30-min intravenous infusion, or intravenous bolus administration) on achievable concentrations of drug in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In normal animals, only intravenous bolus administration of 2 to 8 mg/kg produced a gentamicin concentration of greater than 0.1 microgram/ml in CSF in some animals. All CSF samples contained less than the limit of detection (0.1 microgram/ml) after the intramuscular administration of 6 mg/kg. In animals with meningitis, gentamicin penetration into cisternal CSF was increased significantly after a bolus administration of 6 mg/kg (mean, 0.197 +/- 0.063 microgram/ml in normal animals versus 1.68 +/- 0.38 micrograms/ml in animals with meningitis; P less than 0.01). In meningitic animals that received 6 mg/kg as an intravenous bolus, lumbar CSF had the highest maximum concentration (4.25 +/- 1.08 micrograms/ml), in comparison with ventricular CSF (3.10 +/- 0.66 micrograms/ml). The gentamicin concentration in cisternal CSF decreased more slowly than it did in serum (elimination half-life, 238.70 +/- 64.56 min in cisternal CSF versus 82.73 +/- 2.91 min in serum), yielding a relative increase in the percentage of penetration. We conclude that maximum penetration by gentamicin into CSF occurs after intravenous bolus administration and that the maximum concentration occurs in lumbar CSF. PMID- 3190193 TI - In vitro susceptibilities of Nocardia species to newer antimicrobial agents. AB - The in vitro activities of various quinolones, two newer cephalosporins, and imipenem against 23 strains of Nocardia asteroides, 4 strains of Nocardia brasiliensis, and 4 strains of Nocardia caviae were determined by an agar dilution method. PD-117558, a newer carboxyquinolone, and imipenem were the most active agents tested, inhibiting 90% of N. asteroides isolates at an MIC of 2 micrograms/ml. Of the 23 strains of N. asteroides, 15 were susceptible to cefpirome and 10 were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The N. brasiliensis and N. caviae strains were very susceptible to PD-117558 (MIC, less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml), moderately susceptible to ciprofloxacin, and resistant to most of the other tested drugs. PMID- 3190194 TI - In vitro activity of U-76,252 (CS-807), a new oral cephalosporin. AB - U-76,252 is the prodrug of U-76,253. MICs of U-76,253 were 0.015 to 0.06 microgram/ml for greater than or equal to 90% of the strains of Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus influenzae, and Proteus mirabilis; 0.25 to 1 microgram/ml for Branhamella catarrhalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Citrobacter diversus; 1 to 8 micrograms/ml for Staphylococcus spp.; and 2 to greater than 16 micrograms/ml for other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas hydrophila; for 72% of the latter group, MICs were less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml. MICs for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis were greater than 16 micrograms/ml. PMID- 3190195 TI - Antibacterial activity of HRE 664, a new parenteral penem. AB - The antibacterial activity of the new penem compound HRE 664 was evaluated in 451 clinical isolates, including ampicillin-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and beta-hemolytic streptococci, and compared with those of piperacillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, aztreonam, imipenem, and the penem compound Sch 34343. The new agent HRE 664 exhibited antibacterial activity comparable to that of the penem Sch 34343 and imipenem. The MICs of the new agent HRE 664 for 90% of the strains tested ranged from 1 to 4 micrograms/ml against Enterobacteriaceae and were 0.06 micrograms/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and 0.125 micrograms/ml for beta-hemolytic streptococci. PMID- 3190196 TI - Outer membrane permeation of Bacteroides fragilis by cephalosporins. AB - Outer membrane permeation of Bacteroides fragilis by cephalosporins was examined by a previously described method. The permeation parameters of cephalosporins in B. fragilis were close to 10(-5) cm3/min per microgram of cell dry weight. These values were about an order of magnitude lower than those in Escherichia coli. In B. fragilis, the permeation was not directly proportional to the hydrophilicity of cephalosporins, and the ion selectivity was weak. PMID- 3190197 TI - Rapid determination of amphotericin B levels in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography without interference by bilirubin. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of amphotericin B concentrations in human serum without bilirubin interference was developed and compared with a microbiological assay. The high-performance liquid chromatographic assay utilized a reversed-phase trimethyl silica column, simple sample preparation, and visible detection. Reproducibility studies yielded coefficient-of-variation ranges from 1.02 to 2.11% for within-day precision and 2.88 to 4.32% for between-day precision. The correlation coefficient with the microbiological assay was 0.984 for amphotericin B. PMID- 3190198 TI - Effects of cyclophosphamide and a metabolite, acrolein, on Naegleria fowleri in vitro and in vivo. AB - Mice challenged intranasally with Naegleria fowleri died of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Mice given 30 mg of cyclophosphamide per kg of body weight daily for 10 days starting 2 days before challenge were protected. Neither cyclophosphamide nor serum from cyclophosphamide-treated mice inhibited N. fowleri in vitro. A metabolic product of cyclophosphamide, acrolein, inhibited growth and enflagellation of N. fowleri. Acrolein at 40 microM was amoebicidal. Acrolein injured starved cells and amoebae at 5 degrees C and growing N. fowleri. PMID- 3190199 TI - Hepatobiliary kinetics and excretion of ciprofloxacin. AB - The biliary excretion and metabolism of ciprofloxacin was studied in 25 hospitalized patients: 19 undergoing routine cholecystectomy and 6 with indwelling biliary drainage catheters. An intravenous dose of 200 mg of ciprofloxacin given 2.5 to 3.0 h prior to cholecystectomy resulted in concentrations in common duct bile, gallbladder bile, and gallbladder wall of 5.69 +/- 4.8, 5.43 +/- 3.34, and 2.52 +/- 1.30 micrograms/g, respectively, all at least fourfold greater than simultaneous concentrations in serum. Ciprofloxacin concentrations in common duct bile exceeded peak concentrations in serum in all but two patients with common duct obstruction. Multiple preoperative doses of ciprofloxacin prior to cholecystectomy increased concentrations in gallbladder bile by eightfold. Six patients with indwelling biliary drainage catheters also received 200 mg of ciprofloxacin intravenously. Less than 1% of the administered dose was excreted in bile as unchanged ciprofloxacin, and there was extensive metabolism. However, peak ciprofloxacin concentrations of 2.83 +/- 0.76 micrograms/ml in serum produced peak concentrations of 10.69 +/- 5.30 micrograms/ml in bile within 1.5 h after infusion and maintained concentrations of at least 0.5 microgram/ml in common duct bile for over 12 h in all patients. It appears that ciprofloxacin concentrations in bile will exceed the MICs for most susceptible biliary pathogens for a period of at least 12 h after a 200-mg intravenous dose. PMID- 3190200 TI - Influence of hydrocortisone on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. AB - Many risk factors associated with aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity have been identified in humans and experimental animals. They include an initial high rate of creatinine clearance, high initial peak levels in serum, age, sex, duration of therapy, liver disease, and renal infection. The concomitant administration of steroids has never been investigated. We evaluated the role of hydrocortisone on gentamicin-induced nephroxicity in a model of infused rats. We showed that hydrocortisone given over 3 days after the infusion did not modify the gentamicin half-life in the renal cortex, gentamicin-induced lysosomal phospholipidosis, or histopathology but did reduce significantly the 3H/DNA ratio on day 4 after gentamicin infusion. We concluded that hydrocortisone interferes with the postnecrotic cellular regeneration process, an important step that is responsible for the recovery of normal kidney structure following toxic injuries associated with aminoglycoside therapy. PMID- 3190202 TI - Comparative activities of cefuroxime, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and ofloxacin against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from bite wounds. AB - We studied the comparative in vitro activities of 10 oral antimicrobial agents against 147 aerobic and 61 anaerobic bacteria making up species in 13 genera (Staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, Eikenella corrodens, Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus-Actinobacillus spp., M-5, EF-4, Moraxella spp., Flavobacterium IIb, Bacteroides melaninogenicus, Bacteroides spp., Fusobacterium spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp.) that were isolated from bite wounds. Cefuroxime was generally greater than fourfold more active than cephalexin and cefadroxil against all aerobic isolates, including Pasteurella multocida. The fluoroquinolones were highly active against most aerobic isolates but were less active against anaerobic isolates. Ciprofloxacin was generally more active than either enoxacin or ofloxacin. Discrepancies of greater than 30% in the interpretation of susceptibilities between break points suggested by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards and those related to oral dose peak levels (one-half to one-quarter of maximum achievable concentrations) were noted in 14% (18 of 130) of the instances. PMID- 3190201 TI - Uridine reverses the toxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine in normal human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells in vitro without impairment of antiretroviral activity. AB - We evaluated the effects of natural purine and pyrimidine nucleosides on protection from or reversal of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) cytotoxicity in human bone marrow progenitor cells by using clonogenic assays. The selectivity of the "protection" or "rescue" agents was examined in evaluating the antiretroviral activity of AZT in combination with these modulating agents and of AZT alone. Following exposure of human granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells for 2 h to 5 microM AZT (70% inhibitory concentration), increasing concentrations of potential rescue agents were added. Cells were cultured, and colony formation was assessed after 14 days. At concentrations of up to 50 microM no natural 2' deoxynucleosides, including thymidine, were able to reverse the toxic effects of AZT. Dose-dependent reversal was observed with uridine and cytidine, and essentially complete reversal was achieved with 50 microM uridine. In the protection studies, 100 microM thymidine almost completely antagonized the inhibition of granulocyte-macrophage colony formation produced by 1 microM AZT (50% inhibitory concentration), and 50 microM uridine effected 60% protection against a toxic concentration of AZT (5 microM) (70% inhibitory concentration). The antiretroviral activity of AZT in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, assessed by revere transcriptase assays, was substantially decreased in the presence of thymidine, whereas no impairment of suppression of viral replication was observed in the presence of uridine in combination with AZT at a molar ratio (uridine/AZT) as high as 10,000. This demonstration of the capacity of uridine to selectively rescue human bone marrow progenitor cells from the cytotoxicity of AZT suggests that use of uridine rescue regimen with AZT may have potential therapeutic benefit in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3190203 TI - New class of antifungal agents: jasplakinolide, a cyclodepsipeptide from the marine sponge, Jaspis species. AB - Jasplakinolide is a cyclodepsipeptide which represents a new class of antifungal agents with potent activity against Candida albicans. Jasplakinolide is fungicidal against C. albicans with both a MIC and a minimum lethal concentration of 25 micrograms/ml in a broth dilution assay. This activity compares to that of the imidazole miconazole nitrate, which had a MIC of 6.2 micrograms/ml and a minimum lethal concentration of 50 micrograms/ml in the same assay. Topical administration of 2% jasplakinolide cream against a murine vaginal C. albicans infection was equivalent in efficacy to administration of miconazole nitrate at 2%. Subcutaneous administration of jasplakinolide was not effective against a systemic murine C. albicans infection. PMID- 3190204 TI - Detection of two different kanamycin resistance genes in naturally occurring isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. AB - A total of 225 isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and 54 isolates of Campylobacter coli were screened for resistance to kanamycin. Among these, five resistant isolates of C. jejuni and six resistant isolates of C. coli, all with different plasmid patterns, were identified. Each contained at least one plasmid greater than or equal to 41 kilobases in size. The MIC of kanamycin for all 11 strains was determined to be greater than or equal to 256 micrograms/ml by an agar dilution method. In addition, all of the strains exhibited resistance to tetracycline (greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml). Eight of the 11 strains transferred the kanamycin resistance phenotype to other Campylobacter strains by conjugation. DNA from 9 of the 11 strains hybridized to a DNA probe specific for the 3'-O-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase type III gene. The remaining two strains also failed to show homology with DNA probes specific for the genes encoding 3'-O-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase types I, II, and III. The novel kanamycin resistance gene was cloned into the vector pBR322 and was expressed in Escherichia coli. Phosphocellulose paper binding assays on sonicates of the E. coli strain carrying the cloned kanamycin determinant demonstrated significant activity against kanamycin, neomycin, and amikacin but not against butirosin, gentamicin, tobramycin, or lividomycin, suggesting that the enzyme is the product of a 3'-O-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase type of aminoglycoside resistance gene. PMID- 3190206 TI - Nursing is ready for great reform. PMID- 3190205 TI - Tetracycline resistance and TetM in oral anaerobic bacteria and Neisseria perflava-N. sicca. AB - Tetracycline-resistant organisms isolated from six patients with periodontal disease included Bacteroides spp., Eubacterium spp., Fusobacterium nucleatum, Neisseria perflava-N. sicca, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, Veillonella parvula, and facultative streptococci. All but the Bacteroides spp. and Eubacterium spp. hybridized with the TetM determinant. An additional 417 bacterial strains were screened, and 4% of both the oral streptococci and the Fusobacterium spp. hybridized with the TetM probe. PMID- 3190207 TI - Repositioning during procedure disputed. PMID- 3190208 TI - Microvascular reconstruction. Nursing management. PMID- 3190209 TI - Endometriosis. Obtaining relief via 'near-contact' laparoscopy. AB - Since 1979, Dr Redwine has performed the near-contact laparoscopy for the removal of endometriosis on nearly 400 women. Data collected from Dr Redwine's follow-up studies indicate that 75% of his patients have experienced complete relief of symptoms, and 20% have experienced an improvement in their symptoms from disabling pain to minimal pain. The individualized perioperative care and the high success rate realized with the near-contact technique has attracted women seeking relief from the painful and sometimes debilitating effects of endometriosis. PMID- 3190210 TI - Body contouring. Suction-assisted lipolysis and fat transplantation techniques. AB - Suction lipolysis is a technique of blunt aspiration of fat that allows contouring and shaping of fatty distributions in a variety of areas of the body. Sufficient experience with the technique exists so that it may be considered an acceptable and safe procedure in the armamentarium of the plastic and reconstructive surgeon. It is a basically low-risk surgical procedure that usually is performed on an outpatient basis, and its results are permanent. Autologous fat transplantation or microlipoinjection is a recent outgrowth of liposuction surgery. It involves gentle aspiration of free fat cells from one area of the body and reinjection of these cells into other areas to accomplish either cosmetic or reconstructive soft-tissue augmentation. It is still investigational in nature, and accurate, reproducible data demonstrating its prolonged efficacy are not yet available. PMID- 3190211 TI - Pacemaker battery change. An outpatient procedure. PMID- 3190212 TI - OR Nurse Day: skill and compassion combine. PMID- 3190213 TI - What nurses need to know about depositions. PMID- 3190215 TI - Whistle-blowing: is it worth the consequences? PMID- 3190214 TI - Regulating disposal of infectious waste. PMID- 3190216 TI - Sweeteners, appetite and obesity. Workshop on "The effect of sweeteners on food intake". Meeting of the North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Boston, Massachusetts, 14 October 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3190217 TI - The effect of non-nutritive sweeteners on body weight in rats. AB - Artificial sweeteners are used to provide a sweet taste to a food while removing the calories associated with sugar. The importance of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) for the control of body weight has never been proved. In this long-term study, 81 rats fed ad libitum on chow and water were given either an 11% sucrose solution, a solution artificially sweetened with saccharin and aspartame or served as controls. Over an 8-week period, the sucrose rats gained considerable weight while the NNS rats showed the same weight gain as controls. When the sweetened solutions were switched, obese sucrose rats lost weight during the next 8 weeks while rats previously on NNS gained weight rapidly. The results show that substitution of artificial sweeteners for sugars prevents weight gain and promotes weight loss in rats. PMID- 3190218 TI - Comparison of the effects of aspartame and sucrose on appetite and food intake. AB - We have studied the effects of consumption of foods sweetened with either sucrose or aspartame on appetite ratings and food intake. Normal weight, non-dieting subjects ate the same amount of high- and low-calorie versions of pudding or jello and despite the resulting difference in caloric intake, showed only a non significant trend towards compensation in a lunch one or two hours later. There were no significant differences between rated hunger, fullness, desire to eat, the amount subjects wanted to eat, or sensory-specific satiety following the high and low-calorie foods. Knowing the caloric values of the foods did not influence intake or appetite ratings in that both informed and uninformed subjects responded similarly. Thus in the short term subjects tended to eat a constant amount of a particular food and this volume had a greater effect on appetite ratings and subsequent intake than the calories consumed. PMID- 3190219 TI - Use of aspartame to test the "body weight set point" hypothesis. PMID- 3190220 TI - An evaluation of the effect of aspartame on weight loss. AB - This study explores whether the addition of aspartame-sweetened foods and beverages to a low fat, hypocaloric diet enhances compliance and resulting weight loss. Fifty-nine obese (130-225% of ideal body weight), free living men and women were randomly assigned to either a Balanced Deficit Diet (BDD) or a BDD supplemented with aspartame. Over a 12-week weight loss period, volunteers attended weekly support group meetings including behavior modification training and exercise instruction. Males achieved a clinically significant weight loss (greater than 23 lb) in both study groups, while females lost an average of 12.8 lb in the control group vs. 16.5 lb in the experimental group. In both treatment groups, sleep, general energy level, level of physical activity, and feeling of well-being showed clinically meaningful improvement. This study suggests possible advantages to supplementing a BDD with aspartame-sweetened foods as part of a multidisciplinary weight loss program. The small sample size prohibits definitive conclusions but does provide the protocol for a larger, outpatient clinical trial. PMID- 3190221 TI - Patterns of artificial sweetener use and weight change in an American Cancer Society prospective study. AB - Extreme obesity and leanness are risk factors for many types of cancer. An earlier American Cancer Society study (1959-1972) found a nearly twofold increased risk for death from all causes in men and women who weighed 40% or more above average for their age and height, and found elevated cancer rates as well. A new (1982), ongoing ACS prospective study of 1.2 million men and women continues to find increased death rates from all causes and from cancer in the very heavy and the very lean. Artificial sweetener (AS) use is an important correlate of relative weight in this population. The relationship between weight change during the year preceding enrollment and AS usage was studied in a highly homogeneous subgroup of 78694 women ages 50-69 years. The percentage of users increased with body mass index (BMI) and was inversely related to age. Users were significantly more likely than non-users to gain weight, regardless of initial BMI. Among those who gained weight, the average number of lbs gained by AS users was higher (by 0.5-1.5 lb) than the amount gained by non-users. Within the entire cohort, AS users of both sexes ate chicken, fish and vegetables significantly more often than did non-users and consumed beef, butter, white bread, potatoes, ice cream and chocolate significantly less often, suggesting that our weight change results are not explicable by differences in food consumption patterns. PMID- 3190222 TI - Human studies of sweeteners and intake. PMID- 3190223 TI - Enumeration of anaerobic bacterial microflora of the equine gastrointestinal tract. AB - Samples from the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, as well as from the cecum and colon, were obtained from 11 mature grass-fed horses. Viable counts of total culturable and proteolytic bacteria were made on habitat-simulating media containing 40% clarified ruminal fluid. The mean pHs in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were 6.32, 7.10, and 7.47, respectively; the mean pH decreased to 6.7 in the hindgut. The acetate concentration increased along the length of the small intestine and was the only volatile fatty acid present in this gut segment. Molar proportions of acetate, propionate, and butyrate in the hindgut were 85:10:3. Differences in bacterial counts on habitat-simulating media containing equine cecal fluid or clarified ruminal fluid were negligible. Bacterial counts showed a substantial population in the duodenum (ca. 2.9 x 10(6) per g [wet weight] of sample), and this increased to 29.0 x 10(6) in the jejunum and 38.4 x 10(6) in the ileum. Proteolytic bacteria formed a high proportion of the total culturable bacteria, especially in duodenal samples. Counts of proteolytic bacteria per gram (wet weight) of sample were 3.0 x 10(6), 15.6 x 10(6), and 22.0 x 10(6) in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively. There was a close relationship between lumenal and mucosal bacterial counts, although actual values were lower in mucosal samples. The mucosal bacterial population in the duodenum was high relative to the lumenal population. Although the comparison of bacterial populations in the hindgut of the horse and white rhino was limited to a single animal, the results were of interest. Counts were higher in the cecum than in the colon for both the horse and the white rhino.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190224 TI - Influence of metabolic and physical factors on production of diacetoxyscirpenol by Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel. AB - Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel 8099-1 was grown on Czapek-Dox peptone-supplemented medium at 15 degrees C for 14 days, and the cultures were investigated for diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) production by liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography. The addition of 150 mg of sorbic acid, a tricarboxylic acid cycle inhibitor, per liter stimulated both fungal growth and DAS production. Among the beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A precursors tested, isovaleric acid completely inhibited fungal growth and DAS production, ethyl isovalerate did not support a significant increase in DAS production, and L-leucine partially inhibited DAS production, showing that L-leucine and isovaleric acid catabolisms do not induce trichothecene biosynthesis. Solid particles (cork powder) were necessary for DAS production in stationary cultures but did not influence DAS production in shaken cultures. Shaking strongly stimulated DAS production and fungal growth. PMID- 3190225 TI - DNA amplification to enhance detection of genetically engineered bacteria in environmental samples. AB - The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify a 1.0-kilobase (kb) probe-specific region of DNA from the herbicide-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas cepacia AC1100 in order to increase the sensitivity of detecting the organism by dot-blot analysis. The 1.0-kb region was an integral portion of a larger 1.3-kb repeat sequence which is present as 15 to 20 copies on the P. cepacia AC1100 genome. PCR was performed by melting the target DNA, annealing 24-base oligonucleotide primers to unique sequences flanking the 1.0-kb region, and performing extension reactions with DNA polymerase. After extension, the DNA was again melted, and the procedure was repeated for a total of 25 to 30 cycles. After amplification the reaction mixture was transferred to nylon filters and hybridized against radiolabeled 1.0-kb fragment probe DNA. Amplified target DNA was detectable in samples initially containing as little as 0.3 pg of target. The addition of 20 micrograms of nonspecific DNA isolated from sediment samples did not hinder amplification or detection of the target DNA. The detection of 0.3 pg of target DNA was at least a 10(3)-fold increase in the sensitivity of detecting gene sequences compared with dot-blot analysis of nonamplified samples. PCR performed after bacterial DNA was isolated from sediment samples permitted the detection of as few as 100 cells of P. cepacia AC1100 per 100 g of sediment sample against a background of 10(11) diverse nontarget organisms; that is, P. cepacia AC1100 was positively detected at a concentration of 1 cell per g of sediment. This represented a 10(3)-fold increase in sensitivity compared with nonamplified samples. PMID- 3190226 TI - Study of Vibrio anguillarum strains from different sources with emphasis on ecological and pathobiological properties. AB - A total of 317 Vibrio anguillarum strains were isolated from water, sediment, and diseased as well as healthy rainbow trout at a Danish mariculture farm and from feral fish caught close to the farm. All strains were examined serologically. Ten sera permitted determination of the O group in 66.7% of the strains from diseased rainbow trout. Furthermore, the O group could be determined in 45.1 to 65.4% of the strains from mucus, gills, and intestinal contents of healthy rainbow trout, while only 22.2 to 28.8% of the isolates from water, sediment, and gills or mucus of feral fish were groupable. Serogroup O1 and to some extent O2 appeared to be associated with trout. Strains from these serogroups were selected for analyses of hemagglutinating activity and surface hydrophobicity. Serogroup O1 comprised hemagglutinating as well as nonhemagglutinating strains; from cases of vibriosis, all O1 strains were nonhemagglutinating. The strains belonging to serogroup O2 were generally hemagglutinating. Examinations of surface hydrophobicity by salt aggregation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography suggested that the O1 strains were more hydrophobic than the O2 strains. In pathogenicity tests, O1 strains isolated from gills and mucus of healthy rainbow trout killed all trout in the test groups. A strain from the intestinal contents of healthy rainbow trout did not produce significant mortality. This strain could, however, be frequently reisolated from the pronephros of fish in the test group concerned. After challenge with strains from eel mucus and seawater, mortality was not produced, and furthermore, these strains could not be reisolated from the pronephros. PMID- 3190227 TI - T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol metabolism by Baccharis spp. AB - Hybrids resulting from crosses between Baccharis sarothroides and B. pilularis (FS1), B. sarothroides (FS2) and B. megapotamica (FS3) were tested for their tolerance to trichothecenes as well as their ability to metabolize the toxins. B. sarothroides (desert broom) was placed in an aqueous solution containing 500 ppm of T-2 toxin and showed visible signs of toxicity on the twigs at 21 h after exposure but not at 6 h, indicating some resistance. Samples of the twigs harvested 6 and 21 h after treatment contained, respectively, T-2 (0.03 and 2.2 micrograms/g), HT-2 (0.09 and 7.6 micrograms/g), and T-2-tetraol (2.1 and 2.6 micrograms/g). The hybrid FS1 showed no signs of toxicity 6 h after treatment, and its twigs contained T-2 (0.8 micrograms/g), HT-2 (10.2 micrograms/g), and T-2 tetraol (10.8 micrograms/g). The leaves at 6 h contained 0.5 micrograms of T-2, 1.7 micrograms of HT-2, 0.01 microgram of 3'-hydroxy-HT-2, and 41 micrograms of T 2-tetraol per g. At 21 h, toxic signs were apparent and the twigs contained T-2 (39 micrograms/g), HT-2 (62 micrograms/g), 3'-hydroxy-HT-2 (0.8 microgram/g), and T-2-tetraol (22 micrograms/g).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190228 TI - Toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus crystal toxin to adult mosquitoes. AB - Adult Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were killed by alkaline-solubilized Bacillus sphaericus toxin when it was introduced by enema into the midgut of the insect but not when it was administered orally. Adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were not affected by the toxin. PMID- 3190229 TI - Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to the macrocyclic trichothecene roridin A. AB - Two murine monoclonal antibodies to the macrocyclic trichothecene roridin A are described. Screening for antibody production was performed on absorbed anti-mouse immunoglobulin serum as double-antibody solid phase, and further characterization was done on affinity-purified anti-mouse IgG serum. The antibodies, designated 5G11 and 4H10, had affinity constants for roridin A of 9.25 X 10(7) and 1.7 X 10(7) liters/mol, respectively. In monoclonal antibody-based direct enzyme immunoassays, these IgG1 antibodies had detection limits for roridin A of 0.4 ng/ml (0.02 ng per assay) and 1.8 ng/ml (0.09 ng per assay), respectively. Both antibodies were most specific for the tested macrocyclic trichothecenes. The relative cross-reactivities of antibody 5G11 with roridin A, roridin J, verrucarin A, satratoxin G, and satratoxin H were 100.0, 43.8, 16.7, 3.7, and 18.9%, respectively; for antibody 4H10 they were 100.0, 6.3, 64.0, 4.4, and 4.9%, respectively. PMID- 3190230 TI - General kinetic model for protein-mediated phospholipid transfer between membranes. AB - Phospholipid transfer protein catalyzes the transfer of phospholipids between bilayer membranes. A general model is developed for describing the kinetics of this process. While previous models derive detailed expressions only for the initial rate of transfer from donor to acceptor membranes, this model takes into account donor-to-donor, acceptor-to-acceptor, and acceptor-to-donor transfers, in addition to the usual donor-to-acceptor transfer. The apparent rate of transfer along any of these specific routes is given as the product of the total rate of transfer (the sum of the rates of transfer along all four routes) and a probability function uniquely defined for each route. The model explains adequately the effects of membrane concentration on phospholipid transfer activity as well as the consequences of varying membrane surface charge and size. Using bovine liver phosphatidylcholine transfer protein, the model is applied to the kinetic analysis of phosphatidylcholine transfer between two populations of small unilamellar vesicles. Rates of protein-catalyzed phosphatidylcholine transfer between vesicles with identical phosphatidic acid content (2 or 6 mol%) are determined experimentally as a function of total vesicle concentration to calculate apparent dissociation constants and maximum rates of transfer; apparent rates of transfer between various combinations of vesicles containing 2 or 6 mol% phosphatidic acid are then deduced from the derived velocity expression. Reasonably good agreement is seen between theoretical apparent rate-vesicle concentration relationships and those measured experimentally. The results support the general treatment of the kinetics of protein-mediated phospholipid transfer and permit an estimation of useful kinetic parameters. PMID- 3190231 TI - Further characterization of RLM2 and comparison with a related form of cytochrome P-450, RLM2b. AB - We have extended the characterization of RLM2, a constitutive form of rat liver cytochrome P-450, using immunochemical means to quantitate its presence in microsomes, to follow its development in maturing male and female rats, and to determine its response to prototypical P-450 inducers. In addition, RLM2 is compared to RLM2b, a form of P-450 with similar migration on SDS-PAGE and NH2 terminal amino acid sequence. RLM2b is expressed in both sexes at a level of 0.08 nmol/mg microsomal protein at 2 weeks of age. In female rats, this level is unchanged with maturation. However, in the male, the level declined with maturation to reach 0.02 nmol/mg protein by 12 weeks of age. RLM2 is a male specific form of cytochrome P-450. Originally absent in the 2-week-old rat, it reached a level of 0.03 nmol/mg protein in the adult male, its appearance and increase coinciding with the onset of puberty. Both phenobarbital and 3 methylcholanthrene induced microsomal levels of RLM2b in the adult male and female rat. RLM2, however, was suppressed in the male rat, 58 and 42%, respectively, by the same treatments. RLM2b and RLM2 each catalyze a unique spectrum of hydroxytestosterone metabolites. RLM2b is highly site specific. In contrast, RLM2 produces several isomeric products in the same region of the testosterone molecule. Substitution of the acetyl group of progesterone for the 17-hydroxy group of testosterone did not alter the site specificity of RLM2b, but did alter it for RLM2, indicating, further, a difference in the active site conformation of the two enzymes. Although RLM2b and RLM2 responded differently to inducers and to a changing physiology during maturation, and were functionally quite distinct, the proteins showed a high degree of immunologic relatedness which is suggestive of significant structural similarities. Structural differences do exist, however, as alpha-chymotryptic digestion formed a number of peptide fragments that differed between the two proteins. PMID- 3190232 TI - Hormone-containing peptides from normal and goiter human thyroglobulins. AB - A series of low iodine human thyroglobulin samples derived from colloid-rich goiter tissue was examined by HPLC mapping of tryptic digests and compared to normal human thyroglobulin. These samples ranged in iodine content from 2 to 8 gram-atoms of iodine (g.a. I) per mole and were not further iodinated in vitro. Peptides containing the principal hormonogenic sequence were detected using the long wavelength absorbance of the iodotyrosine derivatives at 325 nm. Two such peptides were isolated and sequenced. Their thyroxine content was confirmed by radioimmunoassay. The number of 325-nm-absorbing peaks was significantly lower in the normally iodinated human thyroglobulin than that observed the thyroglobulins of cattle and dog. This suggests a more restricted iodination in the human protein. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel patterns of the reduced and alkylated proteins showed significant molecular size heterogeneity in all of the samples. Polypeptide fragments ranged in molecular size from approximately 330 to 45 kDa in the goiter derived material and from approximately 330 to 15 kDa in the normal human material. This difference between the proteins is consistent with earlier observations that peptides less than 45 kDa appear concomitantly with hormone formation. These data confirm that the human thyroglobulin molecule is capable of forming at least limited amounts of thyroid hormone at iodine levels as low as 4 g.a. I per mole. The hormone detected in this study was located at residue 5 near the amino terminus of the thyroglobulin molecule. PMID- 3190233 TI - Human brain "high Km" aldehyde dehydrogenase: purification, characterization, and identification as NAD+ -dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. AB - NAD-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.24) has been purified to homogeneity from human brain via ion-exchange chromatography and affinity chromatography employing Blue Sepharose and 5'-AMP Sepharose. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase was never previously purified to homogeneity from any species; this preparation therefore allows the determination of its molecular weight, subunit molecular weight, subunit composition, isoelectric points, and substrate specificity for the first time. The enzyme is a tetramer of Mr230,000 to 245,000 and consists of weight-nonidentical subunits (Mr 61,000 and 63,000). On isoelectric focusing the enzyme separates into five bands with the following isoelectric points: 6.3, 6.6, 6.8, 6.95, and 7.15. Its substrates include glutaric semialdehyde, nitrobenzaldehyde, and short chain aliphatic aldehydes in addition to succinic semialdehyde which is the best substrate. The Km values for succinic semialdehyde, acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde are 1,875, and 580 microM, respectively. The enzyme is inactive with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and indole-3-acetaldehyde as substrates. Its subcellular localization is in the mitochondrial fraction. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase is sensitive to inhibition by disulfiram (a drug used therapeutically to produce alcohol aversion) resembling, in this respect, aldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3). It does not, however, interact with the antibody developed in the rabbit vs aldehyde dehydrogenase, suggesting that the two enzymes are structurally distinct. PMID- 3190234 TI - Alterations in hepatocyte cytoskeleton caused by redox cycling and alkylating quinones. AB - Quinones may induce toxicity by a number of mechanisms, including alkylation and oxidative stress following redox cycling. The metabolism of quinones by isolated rat hepatocytes is associated with cytoskeletal alterations, plasma membrane blebbing, and subsequent cytotoxicity. The different mechanisms underlying the effects of alkylating (p-benzoquinone), redox cycling (2,3-dimethoxy-1,4 naphthoquinone), and mixed redox cycling/alkylating (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) quinones on hepatocyte cytoskeleton have been investigated in detail in this study. Analysis of the cytoskeletal fraction extracted from quinone-treated cells revealed a concentration-dependent increase in the amount of cytoskeletal protein and a concomitant loss of protein thiols, irrespective of the quinone employed. In the case of redox cycling quinones, these alterations were associated with an oxidation-dependent actin crosslinking (sensitive to the thiol reductant dithiothreitol). In contrast, with alkylating quinones an oxidation-independent cytoskeletal protein crosslinking (insensitive to thiol reductants) was observed. In addition to these changes, a dose-dependent increase in the relative abundance of F-actin was detected as a consequence of the metabolism of oxidizing quinones in hepatocytes. Addition of dithiothreitol solubilized a considerable amount of polypeptides from the cytoskeletal fraction isolated from hepatocytes exposed to redox cycling but not alkylating quinones. Our findings indicate that the hepatocyte cytoskeleton is an important target for the toxic effects of different quinones. However, the mechanisms underlying cytoskeletal damage differ depending on whether the quinone acts primarily by oxidative stress or alkylation. PMID- 3190235 TI - Protein acylation in Tetrahymena. AB - Examination of exhaustively delipidated Tetrahymena mimbres cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of several protein bands containing covalently linked fatty acids. Palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids together accounted for approximately 90% of the protein linked acyl chains, with myristic acid (14:0) comprising most of the remainder. Each of these three fatty acids was present mainly in alkali-stable linkage, indicating that unlike most other systems examined, fatty acids are attached to proteins of Tetrahymena principally by amide bonds. Smaller proportions of the acyl chains were susceptible to release by hydroxylaminolysis or by alkaline hydrolysis as would be expected from an ester linkage. The protein-bound acyl chains accounted for 0.3% of the cells' total fatty acids. They closely resembled in composition the highly saturated free fatty acid pool but not the vast pool of glycerolipid-associated fatty acids, which were mainly unsaturated. Cells subjected to thermal stress by rapid chilling from 39 to 15 degrees C responded by sharply increasing the ratio of palmitate to stearate in covalent association with proteins. PMID- 3190236 TI - Differential expression of alpha, mu and pi classes of isozymes of glutathione S transferase in bovine lens, cornea, and retina. AB - Isozyme characterization of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isolated from bovine ocular tissue was undertaken. Two isozymes of lens, GST 7.4 and GST 5.6, were isolated and found to be homodimers of a Mr 23,500 subunit. Amino acid sequence analysis of a 20-residue region of the amino terminus was identical for both isozymes and was identical to GST psi and GST mu of human liver. Antibodies raised against GST psi cross-reacted with both lens isozymes. Although lens GST 5.6 and GST 7.4 demonstrated chemical and immunological relatedness, they were distinctly different as evidenced by their pI and comparative peptide fingerprint. A corneal isozyme, GST 7.2, was also isolated and established to be a homodimer of Mr 24,500 subunits. Sequence analysis of the amino-terminal region indicated it to be about 67% identical with the GST pi isozyme of human placenta. Antibodies raised against GST pi cross-reacted with cornea GST 7.2. Another corneal isozyme, GST 8.7, was found to be homodimer of Mr 27,000 subunits. Sequence analysis revealed it to have a blocked amino-terminus. GST 8.7 immunologically cross-reacted with the antibodies raised against cationic isozymes of human liver indicating it to be of the alpha class. Two isozymes of retina, GST 6.8 and GST 6.3, were isolated and identified to be heterodimers of subunits of Mr 23,500 and 24,500. Amino-terminal sequence analysis gave identical results for both retina GST 6.8 and GST 6.3. The sequence analysis of the Mr 23,500 subunit was identical to that obtained for lens GSTs. Similarly, sequence analysis of the Mr 24,500 subunit was identical to that obtained for the cornea GST 7.2 isozyme. Both the retina isozymes cross-reacted with antibodies raised against human GST psi as well as GST pi. The results of these studies indicated that all three major classes of GST isozymes were expressed in bovine eye but the GST genes were differentially expressed in lens, cornea, and retina. In lens only the mu class of GST was expressed, whereas cornea expressed alpha and pi classes and retina expressed mu and pi classes of GST isozymes. PMID- 3190237 TI - Role of carbohydrate content on the properties of galactose oxidase from Dactylium dendroides. AB - The stability of intracellular, extracellular, and deglycosylated forms of galactose oxidase was compared with respect to the denaturing effects of heat, pH, and guanidine hydrochloride. The highly glycosylated forms were found to be more stable to pH and thermal inactivation. All forms were reversibly denaturated by guanidine hydrochoride, but the extent was dependent on the carbohydrate content. Deglycosylation did not affect the affinity of the enzyme for dihydroxyacetone and galactose. Exposure of different forms of galactose oxidase to proteases like pronase and trypsin resulted in a rapid degradation of the glycoenzymes with the formation of stable products. After pronase digestion of intra- and extracellular forms of galactose oxidase catalytic species were isolated by gel filtration. The species (61 and 42 kDa) isolated from pronase digested extracellular enzyme lost their ability to oxidize primary alcohols. Species (67 and 46 kDa) obtained from the intracellular enzyme kept the specificity of the original enzyme. Active pronase-derived peptides (42 and 46 kDa, respectively) had a higher carbohydrate content than the inactive ones. PMID- 3190238 TI - Increased NADPH-dependent chemiluminescence by microsomes after chronic ethanol consumption. AB - The generation of reactive oxygen intermediates by microsomes from ethanol-fed rats and pair-fed controls was determined by assaying for NADPH-dependent chemiluminescence. In the absence or presence of added ferric complexes, microsomal light emission was elevated several-fold after chronic ethanol consumption. Iron complexes such as ferric-citrate or ferric-ATP stimulated, while ferric-EDTA, inhibited microsomal chemiluminescence. Freeze-thawing the microsomes to elevate their content of lipid hydroperoxides resulted in large increases in chemiluminescence; under all conditions, the light emission remained several-fold higher with microsomes from the ethanol-fed rats. Chemiluminescence was not sensitive to superoxide dismutase, catalase, or the hydroxyl radical scavenging agent, dimethyl sulfoxide, but was inhibited by antioxidants and by glutathione. Replacing air with a mixture of 50% nitrogen-50% air or 50% carbon monoxide-50% air had no effect on chemiluminescence by microsomes from the pair fed controls. However, the chemiluminescent response by microsomes from the ethanol-fed rats was inhibited about 50% by the nitrogen mixture, and was further inhibited (about 75% of values found with 100% air, and 50% of values found with 50% nitrogen-50% air) with the carbon monoxide mixture. The sensitivity to carbon monoxide suggests the possibility that the alcohol-inducible cytochrome P-450 isozyme may contribute, in part, to the elevated light emission produced by microsomes from the ethanol-fed rats. The increase in chemiluminescence by microsomes after chronic ethanol consumption appears to reflect an elevated level of lipid hydroperoxides as well as an increased rate of generation of reactive oxygen species. PMID- 3190239 TI - The biphasic effect of calcium on lipid peroxidation. AB - Mechanisms underlying Ca2+ effects on lipid peroxidation (LPO) induced in liposomes (from egg yolk lecithin) and ufasomes (from linolenic acid and methyl linolenate) with the aid of an O2-(.) -generating system (Fe2+ + ascorbate) were studied. It was shown that stimulation of LPO by low Ca2+ concentrations (10(-6) 10(-5)M) was due to its ability to release Fe2+ ions bound to negatively charged (phosphate or carboxylic) lipid groups (of lecithin or linolenic acid), thus increasing the concentration of catalytically active Fe2+. The inhibitory effect of high Ca2+ concentrations was caused by its interaction with superoxide anion radicals and was not observed in LPO systems independent of O2- generation (e.g., Fe2+ + cumol hydroperoxide). PMID- 3190240 TI - The binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) to fish myosin and the effect of salts on the thermal transitions of fish myosin-ANS complex. AB - Myosin prepared from tilapia (Serotherodon aureus) was complexed with 8-anilino-1 naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and continuously heated at 1 degree C/min. A large increase in fluorescence was observed with a transition temperature of 34 degrees C. The effect of several salts on the transition temperature was tested. A plot based on the equation of E. E. Schrier and E. B. Schrier [(1967) J. Phys. Chem. 71, 1851-1860] gave a value of less than or equal to 500 cal/mol-deg for the change in enthalpy per residue due to exposure to solvent. The ratio of hydrophobic group to amide group exposure to solvent was intermediate compared with the ratio of RNase and gelatin. Fluorescence titrations yielded one high affinity site with a Kb of 2 X 10(6) M-1 and at least 200 low affinity sites with an average value of 1 X 10(5) M-1. The parameters did not change significantly with temperature. We propose that the increase in ANS fluorescence reflects changes in conformation of myosin as monitored by these low affinity sites, resulting in an increase in surface hydrophobicity and representing a small enthalpic change in the conformation of the myosin molecule. As a consequence, the change in conformation accelerates polymerization of myosin oligomers. PMID- 3190241 TI - Distinct long chain and very long chain fatty acyl CoA synthetases in rat liver peroxisomes and microsomes. AB - Mitochondria, peroxisomes, and microsomes were isolated from rat liver homogenates, and stearic acid and lignoceric acid beta-oxidation, as well as stearoyl CoA synthetase and lignoceroyl CoA synthetase activities in the three organelles, were compared. Stearic acid beta-oxidation in peroxisomes was sixfold greater compared to the oxidation in mitochondria. Lignoceric acid beta oxidation, observed only in peroxisomes, was fivefold lower compared to stearic acid beta-oxidation. Stearoyl CoA synthetase was present whereas lignoceroyl CoA synthetase was absent in mitochondria. Stearoyl CoA synthetase and lignoceroyl CoA synthetase activities were present in microsomes and peroxisomes, but the activity of stearoyl CoA synthetase was several-fold greater compared to lignoceroyl CoA synthetase in both organelles. The differing responses to detergents and phospholipids of stearoyl CoA and lignoceroyl CoA synthetase activities in microsomes as well as peroxisomes indicated that each activity was catalyzed by a separate enzyme. Differences in detergent and phospholipid response were also noted when either stearoyl CoA or lignoceroyl CoA synthetase activity in one organelle was compared with the corresponding activity in the other organelle, suggesting that the same activity in different organelles may be catalyzed by separate enzyme proteins. PMID- 3190242 TI - An NADP/thioredoxin system in leaves: purification and characterization of NADP thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin h from spinach. AB - An NADP/thioredoxin system, consisting of NADPH, NADP-thioredoxin reductase (NTR), and its thioredoxin, thioredoxin h, has been previously described for heterotrophic plant tissues, i.e., wheat seeds and cultured carrot cells. Until now there was no evidence for this system in green leaves. Here, we report the identification of protein components of the NADP/thioredoxin system in leaves of several species. Thioredoxin h and NTR, which were both recovered in the extrachloroplastic fraction, were purified to apparent homogeneity from spinach leaves. This represents the first time that NTR has been characterized from a plant source. Similar to that from bacterial and mammalian sources, spinach leaf NTR was a flavoprotein (Mr 68,000) composed of two subunits of identical molecular mass (Mr 33,000) that resembled Escherichia coli NTR immunologically. Spinach thioredoxin h existed in two forms (Mr of 13,500 and 12,000) and was highly specific for plant NTR. Thioredoxin h and NTR partially purified from spinach roots showed properties similar to their counterparts from leaves. Spinach cytosolic thioredoxin h differed from chloroplast thioredoxin m or f from the same source but was similar to thioredoxin h from wheat seed in immunological properties. PMID- 3190243 TI - Determination of the quaternary structural states of bovine casein by small-angle X-ray scattering: submicellar and micellar forms. AB - Whole casein occurs in milk as a spherical colloidal complex of protein and salts called the casein micelle, with approximate average radii of 650 A as determined by electron microscopy. Removal of Ca2+ is thought to result in dissociation into smaller noncolloidal protein complexes called submicelles. Hydrodynamic and light scattering studies on whole casein submicelles suggest that they are predominantly spherical particles with a hydrophobic core. To investigate whether the integrity of a hydrophobically stabilized submicellar structure is preserved in the electrostatically stabilized colloidal micellar structure, small-angle X ray scattering (SAXS) experiments were undertaken on whole casein from bovine milk under submicellar (without Ca2+) and micellar (with added 10 mM CaCl2) conditions. All SAXS results showed multiple Gaussian character and could be analyzed best by nonlinear regression in place of the customary Guinier plot. Analysis of the SAXS data for submicellar casein showed two Gaussian components which could be interpreted in terms of a particle with two concentric regions of different electron density, designated as a "compact" (subscript C) core and a "loose" (subscript L) shell, respectively. The submicelle was found to have an average molecular weight of 285,000 +/- 14,600 and a mass fraction of higher electron density core, k, of 0.212 +/- 0.028. The radius of gyration of the core, RC, was 37.98 +/- 0.01 A with an electron density difference, delta rho C, of 0.0148 +/- 0.0014 e-/A3, while the loose region had values of RL = 88.2 +/- 0.8 A with delta rho L = 0.0091 +/- 0.0003 e-/A3. Calculated distance distribution functions and normalized scattering curves also were consistent with an overall spherical particle with a concentric spherical inner core of higher electron density. These results, and in particular the remarkably low electron densities of the shells, can be interpreted in terms of a loosely packed spherical aggregate stabilized by a hydrophobic inner core and surrounded by an even more loosely packed hydrophilic region, in agreement with the results of other studies. The SAXS data for the colloidal micellar casein, which yield only cross sectional information related to a window of scattered intensity, were analyzed by a sum of three Gaussians with no residual function. The two Gaussians with the lower values of the radius of gyration were interpreted again as an indication of an inhomogeneous spherical particle of two electron densities with the same centroid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3190244 TI - An in vivo 1H and 31P NMR investigation of the effect of nitrate on hypoxic metabolism in maize roots. AB - The effect of nitrate on the short-term hypoxic response and recovery of flooded mature maize roots has been investigated in vivo by 1H and 31P NMR and in vitro by 1H NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Employing 1H NMR in addition to 31P NMR extended the number of identifiable compounds in vivo from 4 to 15, while in vitro two-dimensional NMR and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry aided rigorous in vivo 1H NMR resonance assignments and quantitation of 24 compounds. In the absence of nitrate, the concentrations of key metabolites including alanine, ethanol, gamma-aminobutyrate, lactate, succinate, and sucrose changed during 8 h of hypoxia in a manner consistent with reduced tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and diversion to glycolytic fermentation. The pH drop in the cytoplasm during hypoxia was rapid, about 0.2 unit, and diminished quickly upon recovery. Rapid recovery of ethanol, succinate, and sucrose levels was also observed, which indicates a return to normal aerobic metabolism. Although the hypoxic response itself, including pH, was not greatly affected by the presence of nitrate, nitrate reduced the amount of fermentation end products produced, helped maintain a higher free NTP concentration during hypoxia, and increased the rate of overall recovery from hypoxia. These findings suggest the presence of a nitrate-induced maintenance-level respiration in hypoxic maize roots, which helps explain the protection imparted by nitrate to flooded hypoxic maize plants. PMID- 3190245 TI - Purification of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Phycomyces blakesleanus. AB - Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase has been purified to homogeneity from the carotene-overproducing strain M1 of Phycomyces blakesleanus. Usually two activity peaks with molecular weights of 60,000 and 30,000 eluted on gel exclusion chromatography, suggesting that the enzyme consists of two subunits, with a tendency to dissociate. With homogeneous protein, a single-staining band with molecular weight of 30,000 appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, confirming a subunit molecular weight of 30,000. Only isopentenyl diphosphate and farnesyl diphosphate were accepted by this enzyme for geranylgeranyl diphosphate formation. The smaller allylic compounds, dimethylallyl and geranyl diphosphate, were utilized at less than 1/20th the rate of farnesyl diphosphate. Michaelis constants of 9 microM for isopentenyl diphosphate and 60 microM for farnesyl diphosphate were found. The isoelectric point is 4.8. PMID- 3190246 TI - Two immunologically and catalytically distinct arachidonate 12-lipoxygenases of bovine platelets and leukocytes. AB - 12-Lipoxygenases were found in the cytosol fraction of bovine leukocytes and platelets. The bovine leukocyte enzyme was immunoprecipitable by a monoclonal antibody directed to 12-lipoxygenase of porcine leukocytes, but not by a monoclonal antibody against the human platelet enzyme. In contrast, the bovine platelet enzyme cross-reacted only with antibody against the human platelet enzyme. The leukocyte and platelet enzymes were partially purified to final specific enzyme activities of 1.1 and 0.3 mumol/min/mg protein, respectively, by immunoaffinity chromatography using each cross-reacting antibody as a ligand. The leukocyte enzyme reacted with various octadecapolyenoic acids as well as eicosapolyenoic and docosapolyenoic acids, whereas the platelet enzyme was almost inactive with octadecapolyenoic acids. Moreover, the two enzymes showed different heat-instabilities and reaction time courses. Thus, the 12-lipoxygenases of bovine leukocytes and platelets were immunologically and catalytically distinct enzymes. PMID- 3190247 TI - Fluorescence from pyrene-labeled native and reconstituted chicken gizzard tropomyosins. AB - Sulfhydryl groups at Cys-36 on the beta chain and at Cys-190 on the gamma chain of chicken gizzard tropomyosin were reacted with the pyrene-containing sulfhydryl specific reagents N-(1-pyrenyl)iodoacetamide and N-(1-pyrenyl)maleimide. Tropomyosin prepared and labeled under nondenaturing conditions displayed significant pyrene monomer emission but low levels of pyrene excimer fluorescence. In contrast, tropomyosin subjected to denaturation and renaturation prior to labeling, or labeled in the denatured state prior to renaturation, displayed considerable excimer emission. Furthermore, labeling of isolated beta or gamma chains in denaturant, followed by reconstitution, gave separate samples of beta beta- and gamma gamma-tropomyosin that exhibited even greater pyrene excimer to monomer emission ratios. As pyrene excimers can form only when an excited pyrene is immediately adjacent to a ground state pyrene, i.e., when the labeled Cys residues on the two chains in a tropomyosin coiled coil share the same cross section, these results support conclusions based upon chemical crosslinking studies [C. Sanders, L. D. Burtnick, and L. B. Smillie (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 12774-12778] that native gizzard tropomyosin exists predominantly as a beta gamma-heterodimer. In addition, the low degree of labeling of native gizzard tropomyosin and the differences in degrees of labeling of beta beta- and gamma gamma-tropomyosins in the absence of denaturants reflect on the accessibilities of the sulfhydryl groups in these tropomyosin isoforms. Circular dichroism measurements indicate that the labeled proteins form stable coiled coil structures that have thermal stabilities comparable to that of the native protein. PMID- 3190248 TI - [Prevention of adriamycin-induced alopecia by scalp hypothermia with a deep frozen Duncool-Cap]. AB - In order to prevent Adriamycin (ADM)-induced alopecia, scalp hypothermia with a Duncool-Cap frozen in a freezer at -70 degrees C was carried out. Of the 18 patients studied, one patient given total ADM doses of 240 mg developed alopecia of moderate degree, and another patient treated with ADM at a dose level of 50 mg developed mild alopecia. Alopecia could be almost completely prevented in 10 of the 11 patients given total ADM doses of 100 mg or less, and in 6 of the 7 patients given total doses of 200 mg or more. PMID- 3190249 TI - [Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase and antiproliferative effect by 1 hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil]. AB - In order to estimate tumor chemosensitivity of fluoropyrimidine derivative, inhibition of thymidylate synthetase (TS) was investigated using a nude mouse experimental system. Four human tumors xenografted in nude mice; H-111, SH-8 and SH-10, each established from gastric cancer, and EH-1 from esophageal cancer, were used. When the transplanted tumor volumes reached to approximately 200 mm3, 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil (HCFU) was given for 5 days. Tumors was removed for the measurement of total and free TS at 0 hr, 6 hrs and 24 hrs after the last administrations. Simultaneously, the anti-proliferative effects were investigated according to the therapeutic protocol of NCI. No positive correlation between the inhibition rate of TS and the anti-proliferative effects was observed, although the absolute values of free TS were similar to the tumor inhibition rates. The measurement of total TS provided a highest concentration in SH-8, while extremely low in EH-1. On the analysis of free TS, a significant increase of the concentration was observed at 24 hrs after the last administration compared with at 6 hrs in SH-8. These results indicate that free TS had a potentiality as a new parameter for predicting tumor chemosensitivity of fluoropyrimidine derivative and the analysis of TS should be affected strongly by the characteristics of enzymic activity of examined tumor. PMID- 3190250 TI - [Continuous infusion of anti-cancer drug with balloon infusors]. AB - We evaluated the safety and stability of balloon infusors in which the distended elastomotor balloon acts as the energy source. Continuous intravenous administration of 5-fluorouracil with the infusor was carried out in nine patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancers. In additional two patients, morphine hydrochloride was administered continuously in the vein or in the epidural space. The patients were carefully observed and hematological and biochemical examinations were performed. Infusion volume was calculated by measuring the weight of the infusor. The present study showed that this infusor was safe and easy to handle. However, the infusion velocity was slightly unstable, being influenced by the temperature of the infusor. This infusor was used even on an ambulatory basis. According to our results, we thought this infusor is quite useful to improve the quality of life of cancer patients. PMID- 3190251 TI - [A study of 6-day subrenal capsule assay with cyclophosphamide pretreatment- histological evaluation of clinical samples]. AB - In order to suppress the host immune reaction in subrenal capsule assay (SRCA), effect of cyclophosphamide (CPM) was evaluated histologically in 25 fresh clinical samples. In 21 out of 25 clinical samples, the extent of lymphocyte infiltration was minimal, and in all samples the host reaction was suppressed significantly by CPM pretreatment. However, tumor cells were well preserved in only 10 out of 20 samples obtained from esophageal cancer patients. With the samples obtained from gastric and colorectal cancer patients, there were no tumor cells in the subrenal space on day 6. Persistence of tumor cells was well recognized in the samples having rich tumor and less stromal cells. The xenografts with moderately to well-preserved cancer cells showed an increase of the tumor size as expressed by delta TS. Though many xenografts showed a positive delta TS, preservation of tumor cells was poor. In each of the drug treated groups, a decrease of the tumor size and the histological effects were well correlated. It is suggested that 6-day SRCA with CPM pretreatment is useful as a chemosensitivity test, especially for the esophageal cancer whose tumor cells were well preserved. PMID- 3190252 TI - [Preclinical evaluation of a new anthracycline derivative, SM-5887 by subrenal capsule assay]. AB - SM-5887, a new totally synthetic anthracycline derivative was evaluated the antitumor activity by subrenal capsule assay (SRCA) and the activity was compared to that of doxorubicin. The method of SRCA was the same originally developed by Bogden et al and 200 mg/kg of bredinin was administered subcutaneously 3 times every 2 days in order to induce immunosuppression of mice. Mice were given a single intravenous dose of either 30 mg/kg of SM-5887 or 15 mg/kg of doxorubicin. Fourty-four cases out of 64 were evaluable in this assay. The mean tumor growth inhibition rate (TGIR) in either SM-5887 or doxorubicin group was similar and the TGIRs of these two groups correlated well (y = 10.4 + 0.67x, p less than 0.01). Using more than 50% decrease of TGIR to define "sensitive", the chemosensitivity rates of SM-5887 and doxorubicin were 23% (10/44) and 25% (11/44) respectively. SM-5887 was effective to sarcomas and ovarian cancer especially. These results suggest that SM-5887 might have a similar antitumor activity compared to doxorubicin in clinical use. PMID- 3190253 TI - [Alteration of immunological parameters following CDDP-5-FU chemotherapy]. PMID- 3190254 TI - The birds, the bees, and the bats. PMID- 3190255 TI - Chronic sunscreen use decreases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. A preliminary study. AB - Sunscreens block the absorption of the sunlight spectrum responsible for the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D (ultraviolet B). The present study was prompted by our observation of suppression of cutaneous vitamin D formation by a single application of sunscreening agents. We measured the index of vitamin D body store, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D) level, in 20 long-term users of p aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and in 20 controls matched by age and exposure to sunlight. Serum 25-OH-D levels were significantly lower among long-term PABA users than among normal controls: 40.2 +/- 3.2 vs 91.3 +/- 6.2 nmol/L. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency, ie, 25-OH-D levels below 20.0 nmol/L, was seen in two PABA users and in none of the controls. This preliminary study suggests that long-term use of PABA may be associated with low body stores of vitamin D in some persons. PMID- 3190256 TI - The perineal eruption of Kawasaki syndrome. AB - The occurrence of a distinctive perineal eruption that appears in infants and children early in the course of Kawasaki syndrome has received little attention in the medical literature. Medical records of patients hospitalized during the acute phase of Kawasaki syndrome were reviewed to evaluate the prevalence of an erythematous, desquamating perineal eruption. The frequency of this eruption was compared with the syndrome's other diagnostic criteria. Thirty-nine (67%) of the 58 patients who fulfilled the criteria for the diagnosis of Kawasaki syndrome had documentation of the perineal rash that usually occurred in the first week of onset of symptoms. No statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of coronary artery aneurysms. We believe that an erythematous, desquamating perineal rash is a valuable early clinical finding facilitating a more rapid diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki syndrome. PMID- 3190257 TI - Psoriasis occurring predominantly on warts. Possible involvement of interferon alfa. AB - We describe a patient who developed psoriasis predominantly on the lesions of warts. After therapy with etretinate, all psoriatic lesions resolved completely, leaving only the warts. An intralesional injection of interferon alfa resulted in the rapid development of psoriatic lesions on the warts located on the dorsal aspect of the hand, as they were before therapy was started. Two injections with interferon alfa induced onset of psoriasis on warts located on the wrist. Psoriasis had not developed in this location previously. Interferon alfa may play an important role in the development of psoriasis. PMID- 3190258 TI - Cutaneous alternariosis. AB - A 77-year-old woman had had a slowly spreading lesion of five years' duration on her left cheek. The lesion consisted of sharply demarcated, dark-red plaques with infiltration. A biopsy specimen from the lesion showed mixed-cell granulomatous infiltration in the upper to middle dermis. Hyphae were observed in the granulomatous tissue. Alternaria tenuissima was isolated from a biopsy specimen. Antimycotic susceptibility test with amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and flucytosine revealed that the isolate was sensitive to the former two drugs. The lesion was treated with intralesional infiltration of amphotericin B. PMID- 3190259 TI - Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidiasis. AB - Strongyloides stercoralis is a small intestinal nematode that has the ability to multiply within the human host. Because of the potential opportunistic behavior of this parasite, immunocompromised patients may develop fatal disseminated infections. Chronic strongyloidiasis may last decades and give rise to various dermatologic lesions, the most characteristic of which is larva currens, a serpiginous creeping urticarial eruption caused by the intradermal migration of the infective filariform larvae. Rarely recognized is the presence of widespread petechiae and purpura that may develop in patients with disseminated infections. A 64-year-old immunosuppressed man developed fatal extraintestinal S stercoralis infection with extensive purpura associated with massive invasion of the skin by migrating larvae. PMID- 3190260 TI - Purpura and gangrene in a septic patient. Purpura fulminans secondary to pneumococcal sepsis. PMID- 3190261 TI - Psoriasiform dermatitis in a cachectic man. Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica (Bazex' syndrome). PMID- 3190262 TI - Notice of duplicate publication. PMID- 3190263 TI - Digestive involvement in dystrophic recessive epidermolysis bullosa. PMID- 3190264 TI - Photosensitivity to desoximetasone emollient cream. PMID- 3190265 TI - Response of plasma cell orificial mucositis to topically applied steroids. PMID- 3190266 TI - Ultrastructural observations in port wine stains. AB - The cause for the progressive vascular dilatation in port wine stains remains unclear. We compared the histology and ultrastructure of lesional and adjacent normal skin in paired biopsy specimens of 12 and 8 patients, respectively (age range, 6 to 53 years). In semithin sections, the lesions of all patients showed ectatic vessels and a fine-fibrous or hyaline thickening of the walls of postcapillary venules, as well as in some instances a loosening of the surrounding connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, the wall material consisted predominantly of peripheral deposits of amorphous material interspersed with collagen fibrils (diameter, 35 +/- 4 nm); occasionally the number of basal laminae in the inner part was also increased. Cross-banded filamentous aggregates with a periodicity of 95 nm were observed in and around the walls. The endothelium of many patients displayed fenestrations and/or small gaps. Various kinds of alterations of the intervascular connective tissue were found. We conclude that structural alterations of the vascular and later also of the intervascular connective tissue are related to the dilatation of the vessels. These findings are in agreement with the immunopathologically demonstrated increase of basement membrane components in the same biopsy specimens, but are interpreted as secondary phenomena. Endothelial stability and permeability may also be affected. PMID- 3190267 TI - Alkane-induced edema formation and cutaneous barrier dysfunction. AB - Certain mineral oils and hydrocarbons require repeated topical application to cause irritation. A structure activity relationship of pure n-alkanes was undertaken in a mouse ear edema model to investigate the mechanism of cumulative irritancy. Alkanes were applied twice daily over a 4-day period. Dodecane was found to be non-irritating, while tridecane elicited a response only at 96 h. Tetradecane was the strongest irritant with significant increases (p less than 0.05) in ear thickness observed at 48 h. Hexadecane, octadecane, and eicosane exhibited progressively decreasing activity. Permeability of the ears to hydrocortisone was monitored in vitro during tridecane- and tetradecane-induced irritation. Significant increases in permeability were observed 24 h before edema formation. A positive correlation was found between the extent of edema formation and enhancement of permeability. Loss of barrier function would result in increased cutaneous availability of the alkanes. Increased permeability prior to edema formation indicates that induction of barrier dysfunction may be a factor in the mechanism of alkane-induced irritation. PMID- 3190268 TI - Diminished blood filterability in psoriasis. PMID- 3190269 TI - Basal levels of prostaglandins in rat skin. PMID- 3190270 TI - [Synchronous or metachronous urotheliomas of the bladder and urinary ducts. Clinical and prognostic considerations]. PMID- 3190271 TI - [Prognostic factors in renal tumors of urothelial origin]. PMID- 3190272 TI - [Urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract. Anatomoclinical correlation]. PMID- 3190273 TI - [Ureterorenoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract]. PMID- 3190274 TI - [Transurethral and percutaneous treatment of ureteropyelocaliceal tumors with electrocoagulation, resection and lasers]. PMID- 3190275 TI - [Percutaneous resection and complementary therapy in the treatment of renal pelvis tumors]. PMID- 3190276 TI - [Ureterorenoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of ureteral tumors]. PMID- 3190277 TI - [Simultaneous unilateral association of a renal angiomyolipoma and an adenocarcinoma]. PMID- 3190278 TI - [Bladder carcinosarcoma in the adult. Report of 2 new cases]. PMID- 3190279 TI - [Cutaneous metastasis of a prostatic adenocarcinoma]. PMID- 3190280 TI - [Renal oncocytoma. 2 clinical cases]. PMID- 3190281 TI - A prospective evaluation of the efficacy of preoperative coagulation testing. AB - The efficacy of routine screening coagulation tests was studied to identify occult coagulopathies in patients prior to elective general and vascular surgery procedures. The efficacy of screening tests was compared to that of indicated tests performed for predefined clinical indications, which were elicited by history and physical examination and a detailed coagulation history questionnaire. Tests were prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), platelet count (PC), and bleeding time (BT). Of 514 screening tests done in the 282 patients, 4.1% were abnormal, but none of them identified a clinically significant coagulopathy. Of the 605 indicated tests, 7.4% were abnormal, and all significant coagulopathies were found in this group. The study shows that preoperative screening tests for coagulopathies not suspected on the basis of detailed clinical information are unnecessary and should not be done. In the authors' institution 46% of screening coagulation tests could be eliminated. PMID- 3190282 TI - Liver cell adenomas. A 12-year surgical experience from a specialist hepato biliary unit. AB - Twenty-four patients with liver cell adenomas were referred to Paul Brousse Hospital between 1976 and 1987. This represents the largest reported surgical experience of this pathology from a single centre. Six patients had multiple adenomas, which were associated with glycogen storage disease in four. Two patients had polyadenomatosis, one of whom underwent successful liver transplantation after malignant transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma. Eighteen patients (median age of 33 years, range of 17-45 years) had either a solitary adenoma or two adenomas. Eighty-three per cent were women 87% of whom had received oral contraceptives or other hormone therapy before diagnosis (median duration of 11 years, range of 3-15 years). Fifty per cent of these patients presented with acute hemorrhage into an adenoma. Seventeen patients underwent surgical resection of their adenomas, with the remaining patient currently being treated by arterial embolizations to reduce the tumor size before surgery. There was no operative mortality or serious morbidity, and all patients remain well upon follow-up. Surgical excision of liver adenomas, where this can be done without causing mortality, is recommended. Resection relieves symptoms and removes both the risks of hemorrhaging into the tumour and of malignant transformation to hepatocellular carcinoma. PMID- 3190283 TI - Volvulus of the small intestine. AB - At the Mayo Clinic, six patients with primary volvulus and 51 with secondary volvulus were treated during a 10-year period. Volvulus of the small intestine must be considered when a patient presents with small-bowel obstruction, and early operative intervention should be undertaken to prevent vascular compromise. PMID- 3190284 TI - Significant reductions in mortality for children with burn injuries through the use of prompt eschar excision. AB - During the past 19 years, mortality due to burn injuries has markedly declined for children at the Boston Unit of the Shriners Burns Institute (SBI), dropping from an average of 9% of SBI admissions during 1968-1970 to an average of 1% during 1981-1986. Detailed statistical analysis using logistic regression was necessary for determining whether this decline in mortality was explained by changes in patient characteristics, such as age or burn size, which are known to strongly influence the outcome of burn injuries. This dramatic decline in mortality during the past 19 years was not the result of change in the age of the patients or their burn sizes; rather, it may be attributed to improvements in burn care. Results of this statistical analysis indicated that, for burn injury patients whose ages ranged from 11 days to 19 years, age had no demonstrable effect on survival from a burn injury. Children survived burn injuries at least as well if not better than the young adult (20-29 years of age). Also, infants (less than 1 year old) survived as well as other children (2-19 years old). Dramatic improvement in survival occurred in patients with burns covering more than 50% of the body surface area. Since 1979, mortality has been essentially eliminated for patients with burn sizes less than 70% of the total body surface area (of 296 patients with burns covering 15-69% of the total body surface area, only two patients died). During the period 1979-1986, 29 of 37 patients (78%) survived an 80% or greater total body surface area thermal injury. PMID- 3190285 TI - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the management of complex biliary tract stone disease. AB - The use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in the management of ten patients with complex biliary tract stones is described. General or epidural anesthesia was used in all cases, and stone fragmentation was performed, using an unmodified Dornier HM3 waterbath lithotripter (Dornier Medical Systems Inc., Marietta, GA). In all cases, biliary drainage was established before the procedure to allow contrast visualization during and after the procedure, as well as to ensure free drainage of the common bile duct. Indications for ESWL included failure of basket extraction (4 cases), unfavorable anatomy (duodenal diverticulum, previous Billroth II reconstruction, hepatic duct stone, gallbladder stone, cystic duct remnant stone), and immaturity of the T-tube tract (2 cases). Cholangitis was the presenting diagnosis in four cases. Fragmentation of the stones was successful in all patients; in two cases, two ESWL sessions were needed for stone disruption. Morbidity was minimal (there was a minor elevation of LDH and transaminases and asymptomatic hemobilia and hematuria); pancreatitis did not occur. After ESWL, hospital stays ranged from 1 to 13 days (mean of 5.3 days). ESWL can be a valuable adjunct in the management of patients with complex biliary stones. PMID- 3190286 TI - Comparison between Henley jejunal interposition and Roux-en-Y anastomosis as concerns enterogastric biliary reflux levels. AB - The amount of enterogastric biliary reflux was assessed in patients who previously underwent Henley operation (n = 8) or Roux-en-Y biliary diversion (n = 7) using the radiopharmaceutical 99mTechnetium-DISIDA. Two other groups were investigated: a control group consisting of patients with unoperated duodenal ulcer (n = 10) and a group of patients who underwent Billroth II gastrectomy (n = 7). The length of the interposed segment of jejunum ranged from 20 to 30 cm (median of 22.5 cm) in the Henley patients, and from 30 to 60 cm (median of 40 cm) in the Roux-en-Y group. In Henley patients, the percentage of administered 99mTechnetium-DISIDA that was recovered from the stomach (median of 0.92%) was lower (p less than 0.01) than that obtained for Billroth II patients (median of 32.28%) and did not differ (p greater than 0.10) from that of the Roux-en-Y (median of 0.36%) and duodenal ulcer groups (median of 2.53%). These results indicate that Henley operation is as effective as Roux-en-Y diversion in promoting the reduction of the amount of enterogastric biliary reflux that follows Billroth II distal gastrectomy. PMID- 3190287 TI - Transthoracic resection of esophageal cancer in patients with pulmonary dysfunction. Usefulness of high frequency ventilation during thoracotomy. AB - Although curative resection of esophageal cancer has become a safe procedure, in patients with pulmonary dysfunction, postoperative complications remain a serious problem. Of 122 patients who had transthoracic resection of esophageal cancer, 27 had pulmonary dysfunction; in six, the forced vital capacity was less than 70% (minimum of 42.8%, mean +/- SD of 56.6 +/- 8.9%); in 18, forced expiratory volume for one second (FEV1%) was less than 70% (minimum of 34.6%, mean +/- SD of 60 +/- 10%); and in three, both forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume was less than 70%. Two patients had undergone hemipneumonectomy before receiving resection of the esophagus. During the intrathoracic operative procedure, high frequency ventilation was used, providing good surgical exposure and contributing to a decrease of postoperative pulmonary complications. There were no deaths during the month after surgery. The survival curve of these patients was not significantly different from that of other patients who had had esophagectomy for cancer of the esophagus. These patients survived for an average of 24 months. The patient who survived the longest has been alive for more than 11 years. PMID- 3190288 TI - Increased incidence of cardiac contusion in patients with traumatic thoracic aortic rupture. AB - A retrospective analysis of all patients with traumatic thoracic aortic rupture (TAR) admitted to the hospital over a consecutive 10-year period was performed in order to define the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of associated cardiac contusion (CC) in patients with TAR. Of the 13 patients with TAR, eight (62%) had associated CC. All patients with CC had two or more of the following positive findings: abnormal ECG, elevated myocardial-band creatinine kinase levels, abnormal radionuclide angiography/left ventricular segmental wall motion studies, or cardiac damage seen at surgery and postmortem examination. Four patients with TAR suffered cardiac arrest; all of the latter patients had associated CC. After successful repair of the TAR, five of six patients with combined TAR and CC developed adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), whereas only one of five patients with isolated TAR had ARDS. All patients with isolated TAR survived, whereas three of eight patients suffering combined TAR and CC died perioperatively, secondary to cardiac arrest. In patients with TAR, the presence of associated CC occurs with increased frequency, is associated with increased morbidity (cardiac arrest, ARDS), and results in increased operative mortality secondary to cardiac instability. A branch-chain decision tree (clinical algorithm) was developed as a means of improving management of patients with combined TAR and CC, including indications for preoperative pulmonary artery catheterization. PMID- 3190289 TI - Spontaneous aortic dissection in the presence of coexistent or previously repaired atherosclerotic aortic aneurysm. AB - Acute aortic dissection occurred in 18 patients who had previously diagnosed atherosclerotic aneurysms of the thoracic and/or abdominal aorta. These patients were reviewed to assess the clinical course when these two forms of aortic pathology coexist. Patients were grouped according to status of their atherosclerotic aneurysm (previously repaired vs. untreated) and the segments of the aorta effected by the acute spontaneous dissection. Group 1 patients (n = 5) had previously undergone-abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy (AAA) repair, and the abdominal aortic suture line effectively terminated the dissection process. In Group 2 patients (n = 5), the acute dissection and the atherosclerotic aneurysm involved different segments of the aorta. Group 3 patients (n = 8) experienced spontaneous aortic dissection involving atherosclerotic aneurysms (five infrarenal, three thoracoabdominal), with threatened or actual rupture occurring in six patients, resulting in three deaths. In Group 3 patients, rupture occurred both at the atherosclerotic aneurysm (four patients) and at the site of the aortic intimal tear of the dissection (two patients) after AAA repair. The use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has proven to be highly accurate in delineating the nature and extent of pathology in recently encountered patients with complicated aortic disease. Coexistence of atherosclerotic aneurysm and acute dissection appears to increase the risk of aortic rupture, in both proximal and distal aortic segments. PMID- 3190290 TI - Total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. AB - One hundred twenty-eight patients with chronic renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism underwent total parathyroidectomy with forearm autograft. Postoperative clinical improvement was remarkable. In all cases, the grafted tissue functioned well, and reimplantation of the cryopreserved parathyroid tissues was unnecessary. Intact 1-84 parathyroid hormone was more sensitive than C-terminal parathyroid hormone in parathyroid hormone level (PTH) gradient assays of grafted and nongrafted forearm. The study of hypocalcemia was also helpful in obtaining more distinct PTH gradients. Five of 119 patients had supernumerary parathyroid glands (4.2%), which preoperative noninvasive image diagnosis of parathyroid glands was helpful in detecting. PMID- 3190291 TI - Increased urinary excretion of cortisol and catecholami-NES in malnourished cancer patients. AB - Excretion of cortisol and catecholamines were measured from 24-hour urine samples collected over a period of 3 days from hospitalized cancer patients suffering from malnutrition and were compared with those of control patients equally malnourished and having a similar degree of inflammation. Compared with control patients, cancer patients had a higher excretion of cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline, although noradrenaline excretion reached statistical significance only when normalized to creatinine excretion. Plasma glycerol concentrations after an overnight fast were significantly higher in cancer patients as compared with control patients, in keeping with an increased adrenal and adrenergic activity. This study demonstrates evidence of simultaneously elevated catecholamine and cortisol excretion in cancer patients, which could not be ascribed to alteration in body composition. The results may, in part, explain the mechanisms behind ongoing tissue breakdown in progressive cancer disease. PMID- 3190293 TI - The delivery of critical care in Canada. PMID- 3190292 TI - Catheter infection. A comparison of two catheter maintenance techniques. AB - Incidence of catheter-related infections was studied using two techniques: changing catheters over a guide-wire or placing a new catheter at a new site every 3 days. Patients were randomized into two groups: Group 1 (new site) and Group 2 (guide-wire). Of the 105 catheterization sites (20 arterial and 85 central lines) in patients of Group 1, none were considered infected (i.e., having 15 or more colonies at the time of semi-quantitative microbiology analysis and clinical signs of infection at the catheter site). Of the 274 catheterization sites (56 arterial and 218 central) of patients of Group 2, eight (2.9%) were infected (chi 2 = 1.89, p greater than 0.05). Colonization (15 or more cultures without clinical signs of infection) occurred in three of 105 (2.9%) and in four of 274 (1.5%) of the catheterization sites of Groups 1 and 2, respectively (chi 2 = 0.23, p greater than 0.05). Study results indicate no significant difference in infection or colonization rates between the two methods of catheter replacement. PMID- 3190294 TI - An access-oriented negotiated fee schedule: the Caterpillar experience. PMID- 3190295 TI - Treatment of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with Mohs micrographic surgery. PMID- 3190296 TI - The management of penetrating injuries of the back. PMID- 3190297 TI - Reoperation for femoral anastomotic false aneurysm: a 15-year experience. PMID- 3190298 TI - Fractures and non unions of the proximal pole of the carpal scaphoid bone. Internal fixation by a proximal to distal screw. AB - We report a new proximal to distal screw fixation technique for proximal pole fractures and non unions of the carpal scaphoid (type I of the Schernberg, Elzein and Gerard classification). Seven cases of non union with a live proximal polar fragment were operated from 1984 to 1986 with 4 excellent and 2 fair results and one failure. Three recent displaced fractures were also treated this way, with 3 excellent results. This useful technique is worth knowing and deserves a place in the treatment of scaphoid fractures, especially type I proximal pole fractures which represent a challenging problem, and are in no way comparable to other locations. PMID- 3190299 TI - Conversion to arthroplasty from proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis. AB - Fifteen patients, interested by the functional results of certain arthroplasties and discouraged by those of their arthrodesis, agreed to undergo disarthrodesis. This operation was performed by arthroplasty with Swanson implant under the following 4 conditions: excellent skin cover, an intact flexor system, articular fusion in good position with preservation of the normal length and axis of the finger, the understanding by the patient that an arthroplasty does not mean normal range of movement but, at best, recovery of a limited but functional, stable and pain-free range of movement. 12 cases operated between 1971 and 1984 have been followed for a mean of 39 postoperative months. The mean gain of active movement from a fused joint was 56.8. The postoperative course was always uneventful in these particularly motivated patients and 11 out of 12 were satisfied with their result. PMID- 3190300 TI - [Island flaps in hand surgery. Introduction]. PMID- 3190301 TI - [Cutaneous arterial supply of the hand. Application in the creation of island flaps]. PMID- 3190302 TI - [Venous drainage of Littler's neurovascular pedicle flap]. AB - The antegrade transosseous injection of the digital veins, followed by dissection enables the authors to analyse the role of various networks in drainage of the pulp. The satellite veins of the digital artery in the finger are probably not involved. The venous return of the pulp is constituted by an anatomical continuity between the superficial palmar network and the common digital veins. A narrow anastomotic channel is demonstrated in the commissure between these two systems. PMID- 3190303 TI - [The cubital flap]. AB - The authors describe a flap with a pedicle derived from the dorsal branch of the ulnar artery. The ulnar artery gives rise to the dorsal ulnar artery 2 to 5 cm before the pisiform. This artery passes under the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, accompanied by the dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve. It supplies an area 10 to 20 cm long by 5 to 9 cm wide on the ulnar side of the forearm and it also supplies the skin lying over the last three metacarpals on the dorsum of the hand and the Vth abductor. This artery also sends a branch to flexor carpi ulnaris and to the pisiform. It is now possible to trace a large flap in the forearm without interrupting the arterial axis. Large defects of the dorsum of the hand, wrist, thenar and hypothenar eminences can be covered by this pedicle or island flap. This artery is remarkably constant. Five clinical cases are presented. PMID- 3190304 TI - [The cubital island flap in surgery of the hand. Experimental study--dissection technic]. PMID- 3190305 TI - [The kite flap]. PMID- 3190306 TI - [Bipedicled rectangular palmar sliding flap in distal tissue loss of the fingers]. PMID- 3190307 TI - [Results of unipedicled island flaps to the same finger]. PMID- 3190308 TI - [Indications for small island flaps in hand surgery]. PMID- 3190309 TI - [Various aspects of tuberculosis of the hand: apropos of a series of 45 cases]. AB - Localisation of tuberculosis in the hand is a rare entity. We report here on 45 cases representing 7% of 650 cases of tuberculosis of the musculoskeletal system treated in our clinic during the past 16 years. Localisation in a joint or tendon sheath is classic but some others such as osteitis (8 cases) or soft tissue lesions (3 cases) have been seen, so the diagnosis must be proved bacteriologically by demonstrating the presence of the tubercle bacillus or, more often, histologically. A prolonged clinical course before the patient seeks medical advice is common and the clinical manifestations are numerous. Some patients were treated with a classical one year regimen. More recent cases have been treated with a short six month regiment. A comparison of the effectiveness of the two regimes is made. PMID- 3190310 TI - [Dissection technic for the superficial flexor tendon of the ring finger]. AB - Raising of the superficial flexor of the ring finger for tendon transfer may leave major sequelae, especially if the blood supply of the deep tendon is damaged. For this reason, the authors stress two important points: raising of the flap proximal to the chiasma to avoid damage to the blood supply of the deep tendon, stepped section for opening of the tendon sheath to prevent any mechanism of adherence. The intersection should be followed by gentle traction by means of a splint. PMID- 3190311 TI - A distally based dorsal and triangular tendinous flap for direct access to the proximal interphalangeal joint. AB - This dorsal approach allows for a large exposure and provides direct access to the PIP joint. A long triangular tendinous flap with a pedicle based on the insertion of the medial band in dissected from the extensor apparatus and lifted up, leaving the intact lateral bands to slip anteriorally, which exposes perfectly the PIP joint. After joint exposure is achieved and surgery accomplished, this flap is firmly sutured in place and the joint immediately allowed to move. Three cases are presented. PMID- 3190312 TI - Experimental microvascular anastomoses with a CO2 laser. A series of 240 anastomoses. AB - In order to compare conventional microvascular suture anastomoses with CO2 laser assisted anastomoses, 240 anastomoses were performed in Wistar albino rats. Average time required for anastomosis was 8.30 minutes in the laser group and 14.30 minutes using the conventional technique. Patency rate was the same in both groups for arterial anastomosis but in femoral veinous anastomoses, the patency rate was of 89% using laser and 75% when done by hand. Secondary vein thromboses amounted respectively to 2% with laser and 18% with conventional sutures. Scanning electron microscope examination revealed a better endothelialization in the laser group. T.E.M. examination showed an important inflammatory reaction around the threads in the conventional suture group, even at the end of the first month. In the laser group, a partial and transient necrosis of the media appeared between the second and fourth day. Laser assisted microvascular anastomosis seems to be a promising technique with potential clinical applications. PMID- 3190313 TI - [Cervical peridural selective sensitive anesthesia in surgery and rehabilitation of the hand]. AB - Active patient participation in the operative and postoperative programme is very important for tenolysis, tendon grafts and joint releases. Different anesthesic means can be used to perform selective sensitive analgesia. Cervical epidural anesthesia was used for fifteen cases of hand surgery. The technique is described, the results are analyzed. Indications and use of cervical epidural anesthesia for hand surgery are discussed. PMID- 3190314 TI - [Miniaturized osteosynthesis of articular fractures of the fingers. Results of a series of 60 cases]. AB - The importance of anatomical reduction of articular fractures and early mobilisation of these severe forms of trauma which frequently damage the extensor apparatus (58% of cases, led us to propose direct miniaturised osteosynthesis as described by the Nancy-Strasbourg team. Of the 1,000 cases of osteosynthesis performed between 1978 and 1985, we selected 12 fractures of the MP joint, 38 fractures of the PIP joint and 10 fractures of the DIP joint, differentiated into 4 stages according to the condition of the skin and tendons and into 9 categories according to the anatomical type and the site of the fracture. Direct osteosynthesis (screw, bolt, pin) was used in every case. The clinical results were evaluated in terms of the Total Active Range of Movements, the local trophic state, the amount of pain and return to work, for each joint. When well conducted and with effective skin cover, this technique allows almost normal reconstruction in simple fractures and is valuable in more complex fractures by preserving sliding of the tendinous apparatus due to early mobilisation. PMID- 3190315 TI - [Blocked metacarpophalangeal joint: etiologic factors and treatment]. AB - The metacarpo-phalangeal is a crucial joint and its stiffness deeply affects hand function. A series of 15 post-traumatic cases resulting in a complete and irreversible block of the joint is presented. Indication for joint release are given and the surgical technique is described. Different approaches are utilized in relationship to associated lesions. Post-operative treatment and percentages of improvement in joint excursion for each digit are reported. All working patients resumed the previous job even in presence of a limited articular gain. Best results where confined uncomplicated post-traumatic cases with crushing of surrounding soft tissues. PMID- 3190316 TI - [The Ilizarov method for lengthening and correction of the ulna in radial club hand]. AB - The revolutionary method of treatment of fractures and their complications according to Ilizarov' can also be applied in congenital deformities. Ilizarov uses "compactotomy" and distraction of 1 mm a day, in order to cause a "driving osteogenesis" and the stimulus to regenerate the bone and soft tissues near it and connected to it. In this way it is possible to obtain progressive lengthening of a limb or bone fragment. Bone stumps are fixed with crossed Kirschner wires, and such as we can obtain at the same time a lengthening of nerves, vessels, tendons, muscles; and that, in one of his patients, Ilizarov succeeded in reaching an elongation until 25 cm! Our patient is a 12 years old boy, affected by bilateral radial club hand, congenital heart and kidney diseases. After both wrist centralization requiring soft tissues release, we established that the right forearm showed persistent shortening and radial bowing of the ulna. So we used the Ilizarov's method, mending both deformities and reaching an elongation of the ulna of 7.5 cm. A remarkable both functional an aesthetic improvement of the forearm has been also obtain without any loss of function of soft tissues, such as trophic troubles, functional loss of vessels, nerves, tendons, muscles and skin. PMID- 3190317 TI - [Dorsal Dupuytren's disease]. AB - Two different manifestations of the disease are discussed: hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint through mechanical fibrous contracture or through pathological involvement of the retinacular ligaments. Surgical correction is performed by transection of the contracted structures but this manifestation tends to be found in severe disease and thus to presage a poor prognosis. Dorsal localisations of the disease itself in the form of (1) knuckle pads when localized on the dorsal aspect of the PIP joint where they do not impair flexion, or (2) distal nodules situated dorsal to the extensor tendon and the IP joints and restricting the range of flexion. Surgical excision in group 2, when requested by patients, has enabled us to determine that the histological aspect is of Dupuytren's disease and that the post-operative course has been uneventful in our 12 operated cases. PMID- 3190318 TI - [Dupuytren's disease. Review of 326 surgically treated patients]. AB - The COC (Orthopedic Society of Charleroi) has presented an analysis of operated cases. We have taken 326 files into account. The pre-operative evaluation is based upon the classification by Tubiana, Michon and Thomine. The analysis pays special attention to the post-operative results in terms of several factors: the age, the stage of illness, the extent of illness and the improvement. For this final summing up, we put forward criteria which for us are better in the evaluation of the final result. PMID- 3190319 TI - [Choice of intravenous regional anesthesia for the surgical treatment of Dupuytren's disease]. AB - The authors report their experience of the treatment of Dupuytren's disease under loco-regional intravenous anaesthesia. This form of anaesthesia, which is always effective, does not induce any surgical complications and the incidents specifically related to the technique are very minor. This is a very simple method which is particularly suitable for outpatient surgery. PMID- 3190320 TI - Rupture of left ventricle following mitral valve replacement. PMID- 3190321 TI - Rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle after mitral valve replacement: etiological and technical considerations. AB - Rupture of the posterior wall of the left ventricle after mitral valve replacement, although infrequent, may be a highly lethal complication. Controversy exists regarding the etiology of this complication. Suggested causative factors include the type and extent of the valvular disease, type and size of the prosthesis, and the surgical techniques used. Our experience over a 20-year period includes 10 patients with rupture of the left ventricle following mitral valve replacement. In all patients, both mitral leaflets were excised together with the attached chordae. Three patients survived after repair of the rupture. Repair consisted of compressing the area between the left atrium and the base of the papillary muscle using two strips of Teflon and deep mattress sutures passed beneath the coronary vessels in the atrioventricular groove. Since 1983 we have routinely preserved the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve with its attached chordae to maintain a "tethered loop" between the mitral valve and ventricle. No further ruptures have occurred. The technique used for repair represents reconstitution of the divided loop between the ventricle and the mitral valve. PMID- 3190322 TI - Current techniques for chest wall reconstruction: expanded possibilities for treatment. AB - Myocutaneous flaps and prosthetic materials have greatly facilitated reconstruction after massive chest wall resection. This series includes 112 such procedures. Latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis, omental, pectoralis major, and contralateral breast flaps were used in 80 patients. Early in the series, 3 flaps were lost because of technical problems. Minor areas of incomplete healing that resolved completely with local wound care occurred in 16 of 80 flaps. Skeletal reconstruction was performed in 82 patients without complication. Marlex mesh was used for flat surfaces, and Marlex mesh with methyl methacrylate was used for the sternum and the curved surface of the lateral chest wall. These results have allowed an expansion of the indications for chest wall resection to include the curative treatment of primary chest wall tumors and palliative treatment for breast cancer patients with osteoradionecrosis, local recurrence (in select patients), chest wall infection, and tumors metastatic to the chest wall. PMID- 3190323 TI - Surgery for scleroderma of the esophagus: a 12-year experience. AB - Twenty patients with scleroderma of the esophagus were treated with esophageal dilation, an anti-reflux procedure, or colon interposition over a 12-year period. Antireflux procedures consisted of the following: six Belsey Mark IV, two Collis Belsey, three Nissen, and one Collis-Nissen. Reflux esophagitis recurred in all patients at an average of 4 years postoperatively. Esophageal strictures were severe in 3 patients and necessitated partial esophagectomy and short-segment colon interposition. These patients had been on a regimen of long-standing high dose steroid therapy, and none showed any wound healing problems or postoperative leaks. There was 1 death, which occurred fifteen days postoperatively as a result of pulmonary complications. Control of reflux and dysphagia can be achieved with antireflux procedures, but in our experience, all will ultimately fail in time. We believe esophageal replacement should be considered as the initial step in treatment of strictures of the esophagus in patients with scleroderma. PMID- 3190324 TI - 15- to 30-year follow-up of patients undergoing repair of ruptured congenital aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva. AB - Rupture of a congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is a rare congenital cardiac malformation. Between 1956 and 1971, we operated on 14 patients aged 9 to 36 years (median, 20 years) for repair of a ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva, and have followed each patient to the present. Two operative and 4 late deaths occurred, 3 following a second cardiac operation and the other from dysrhythmia. Late complications have included development of complete heart block in 2 patients (necessitating permanent pacemaker insertion 11 and 24 years after initial repair), progression of aortic regurgitation in 2 (necessitating valve replacement 9 and 13 years after initial repair), and endocarditis in 1 patient 20 years after repair. Four of the 8 remaining long-term survivors (followed for 15 to 30 years [mean, 23.6 years]) are in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class I, and the other 4 are in NYHA Class II. Three of the 5 patients with suture closure (no pledgets or adjacent ventricular septal defect repair) of the ruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva sustained recurrent rupture and required repeat closure. Whether the lack of prosthetic material to bolster the repair or inadequate resection of redundant aneurysmal fibrous tissue was responsible for these recurrences cannot be stated. Operative management of patients with ruptured congenital aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva is discussed. PMID- 3190325 TI - Surgical repair and long-term results in ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. AB - Thirty-one patients with a ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm (SVA) were operated on between January, 1961, and December, 1987. Twenty-five patients (81%) were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class III or IV. Coexistent cardiac anomalies included a ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 16 patients (52%) and aortic valve regurgitation in 12 patients (39%). The ruptured SVA originated from the right coronary sinus in 29 patients (94%) and the noncoronary sinus in 2 patients (6%), and drained into the right ventricle in 30 patients (97%). In 6 patients treated recently, we used patches to repair the ruptured SVA and VSD through a double approach, thereby avoiding a ventriculotomy. This method resulted in no recurrent rupture or residual VSD postoperatively. There was one operative death (3%) and 4 late deaths (13%). Of the 26 surviving patients, 22 (85%) were in NYHA Class I at follow-up ranging from 6 months to 26.7 years (mean, 11.1 years). Actuarial survival at 25 years is 85.6 +/- 7.4% (mean +/- standard deviation). Repair of ruptured SVA with a patch through a double approach provides an excellent operative procedure and offers a long-term outcome. PMID- 3190326 TI - Cardiac cryolesions: factors affecting their size and a means of monitoring their formation. AB - Twenty-seven endocardial cryolesions were created in mongrel dogs and analyzed to determine the effects on cryolesion size of both the initial myocardial temperature (37 degrees C versus 12 degrees C) and the pressure within the nitrous oxide delivery line (tank pressure of more than 700 pounds per square inch [psi] versus tank pressure of less than 700 psi). In addition, local myocardial temperatures were monitored to determine their utility in the intraoperative determination of the extent of cryothermic cell death. Cryolesion volume was significantly affected by both the initial myocardial temperature (p less than 0.001) and the line pressure (p = 0.014). In a 37 degrees C myocardium, the mean lesion volume ranged from 0.501 +/- 0.183 cc at line pressures lower than 700 psi to 0.839 +/- 0.258 cc at line pressures greater than 700 psi. In a 12 degrees C myocardium, the mean volume was 1.151 +/- 0.436 cc at line pressures lower than 700 psi and 1.361 +/- 0.288 cc at line pressures higher than 700 psi. A myocardial temperature of 0 degrees C occurs at the edge of the area of cell death. When analyzing the range from -5 degrees to +5 degrees C, the probability of a point at or lower than 0 degrees C falling inside the cryolesion is 84.2%. Monitoring intramyocardial temperature will predict the border of a cryolesion. PMID- 3190327 TI - The Ionescu-Shiley pericardial valve: results in 473 patients. AB - From January 1, 1980, through December 31, 1985, 473 patients underwent valve replacement with an Ionescu-Shiley valve. Overall hospital mortality was 7.8%. Major associated procedures and preoperative New York Heart Association (NYHA) Classes IV and V influenced hospital mortality significantly. The mean follow-up was 2.6 +/- 1.3 years. Late mortality was 5.9%. Overall actuarial survival was 81% at 5 years. A chief cause of reoperation was cusp rupture of a mitral prosthesis in 5 patients (all after aortic and mitral valve replacement). The overall actuarial reoperation-free incidence was 93% at 5 years. Thromboembolic (TB) phenomena occurred at a linear incidence of 1.4 +/- 0.3% per patient-year or an actuarial thromboembolism-free incidence of 92% at 5 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that postoperative NYHA Class, rhythm at follow-up, and anticoagulant therapy significantly influenced the incidence of TE phenomena. PMID- 3190328 TI - Impairment in right ventricular performance after left ventricular aneurysm surgery. AB - To study the effect of operation for left ventricular (LV) aneurysm on right ventricular (RV) performance, we studied 50 patients before operation with right heart catheterization, RV angiography, and radionuclide ventriculography. Forty patients were followed up and underwent the same investigations 10 +/- 4 months after operation. At baseline, regional RV dysfunction was observed in 89% of the patients whereas global RV dysfunction was present in approximately a third. After operation, no changes in RV regional dysfunction or RV pressures were observed. However, a significant increase in RV end-diastolic (p less than 0.03) and end-systolic volume indices (p less than 0.02) along with a significant decrease in resting and exercise RV ejection fractions (p less than 0.05) was found. We were unable to demonstrate any significant relationship between preoperative RV dysfunction and surgical outcome. We conclude that RV dysfunction is common in patients with LV aneurysm. Current techniques of operative intervention for this type of aneurysm seem to be followed by RV dilatation and impairment in RV function. PMID- 3190329 TI - Prediction of postoperative respiratory failure in patients undergoing lung resection for lung cancer. AB - To evaluate the correlation between predicted postoperative lung function and postoperative respiratory morbidity, 156 patients with lung cancer who underwent resection were classified into four groups based on the degree of postoperative problems: Group 1--no problems (116 patients); Group 2--retention of sputum or atelectasis requiring bronchofiberscopy two or more times (17 patients); Group 3- tracheostomy or mechanical ventilation for more than 2 days or both (14 patients); and Group 4--postoperative death (9 patients). The mean ages of Groups 2, 3, and 4 were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than the mean age of Group 1. The predicted postoperative lung function (F) was assessed by the formula F = [1-(b-n)/(42-n)] x f, where f is the preoperative vital capacity or forced expiratory volume in one second, b is the number of subsegments of the resected lung lobe, and n is the number of subsegments obstructed by the tumor, which was assessed by the findings on the chest tomogram, on the bronchogram, at bronchofiberscopy, or a combination of these. The total number of subsegments was assumed to be 42. The predicted postoperative % FEV1 was 65.1 +/- 19.3% in Group 1,55.3 +/- 10.6% in Group 2,37.6 +/- 12.1% in Group 3, and 42.3 +/- 18.4% in Group 4. It was significantly (p less than 0.05) different between all the groups except between Groups 3 and 4. All 10 patients with a predicted postoperative % FEV1 of less than 30% were in Groups 3 and 4. We conclude that special attention to postoperative management is needed for patients whose predicted postoperative %FEV1 is lower than 30%. PMID- 3190330 TI - Effects of simulated intraoperative electrophysiological testing on function of the canine left ventricle. AB - With the increasing application of arrhythmia surgery, intraoperative electrophysiological study is done frequently, although its potential to cause acute depression of cardiac function remains unresolved. This study examines the acute effects of simulated electrophysiological testing on left ventricular function. Seven dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and instrumented for measurement of heart rate, mean aortic pressure, cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Systolic pressure-dimension work loops were analyzed over varying preloads. Contractility was assessed from the end-systolic pressure-dimension relationship (Ees) and from preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW). After the collection of control data, electrophysiological testing was simulated by pacing at 200 beats per minute for 30 seconds, fibrillating for 15 seconds, and finally defibrillating with a 10-J countershock. Data were recorded after 3 and 6 simulations of ventricular fibrillation (VF3, VF6). Mean heart rate and mean aortic pressure did not vary significantly during the course of the experiment. CO decreased from a control value of 2.7 +/- 0.2 L/min (+/- the standard error of the mean) to 2.0 +/- 0.1 (p less than 0.05) after VF3 and remained significantly depressed after VF6. SVR increased from a control value of 3,231 +/- 211 dyne sec cm-5 to 3,976 +/- 305 dyne sec cm-5 after VF3 (p = not significant) and increased further to 4,774 +/- 442 dyne sec cm-5 after VF6 (p less than 0.05). Neither Ees nor PRSW varied significantly even after 6 EP simulations, thereby indicating that contractility was unchanged during the experiment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190331 TI - The surgical management of empyema thoracis in substance abuse patients: a 5-year experience. AB - Postpneumonic empyema (EMP) may develop in substance abuse patients, requiring prolonged hospitalization. An algorithm that provides quality care and a rational basis for timely surgical intervention would be advantageous. We report our five year experience with EMP in substance abuse patients and present such a treatment plan. Sixty-one substance abuse patients were treated for EMP. Posteroanterior, lateral, and decubitus x-ray studies were obtained before treatment to assess fluid movement. Chest tubes were placed to drain frank pus and to obtain material for positive smears. X-ray studies and computed tomography were done 24 hours later to assess parenchymal pathology and to detect any multiple loculations. Thirty-three substance abuse patients recovered following initial tube thoracostomy and 7 after a second chest tube was introduced. Twenty-one had multiple loculations and underwent thoracotomy. Twenty of the 21 required extensive debridement or decortication, or both; 2 required lobectomy and 1 pneumonectomy. Chest tubes were removed on an average of 6 +/- 1.5 days. Average postoperative stay was 10.7 +/- 2 days. There were 2 early deaths and 1 late death and no recurrent EMP. Bacteriology findings were nonspecific and often polymicrobial. We conclude that early thoracotomy can be lifesaving in the presence of a benign clinical course. PMID- 3190332 TI - Pericardial substitutes: a survey. AB - Many thoracic surgeons have used pericardial substitutes to reduce the risk of reoperation, but there have been few reports of these procedures. Therefore, we used a questionnaire to gather information on experience with use of pericardial substitutes and to document the findings at reoperation. A six-question survey was sent to 2,344 members of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, requesting surgeons to list their experience with pericardial substitutes and at reoperation in patients with these substitutes in place. Of the 634 surgeons who responded to the survey, 120 reported the insertion of 3,828 pericardial substitutes. Two hundred thirty-six reoperations were reported by 89 surgeons. None of the pericardial substitutes was reported to be completely successful in facilitating reoperation. The experience with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) pericardial substitutes was reported to be significantly more satisfactory than that with all other substitutes (p = 0.0004 by chi-square analysis), but 14% of surgeons who used PTFE said they were dissatisfied at reoperation. Based on the results of this survey, we suggest caution, careful documentation, and long-term follow-up studies before widespread use of pericardial substitutes can be recommended. PMID- 3190333 TI - Aortic and mitral valve replacement in idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome. AB - Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome is a rare systemic manifestation of eosinophilia that may cause endocardial fibrosis. Endocardial fibrosis and overlying thrombus typically lead to a restrictive cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Occasionally mitral or tricuspid regurgitation (or both) occurs as a result of the fibrosis and thrombus formation. This report describes a patient with hypereosinophilic syndrome who was seen with an unusually localized form of cardiac involvement that resulted in predominantly aortic and mitral stenosis. This was treated with bivalvular replacement. PMID- 3190334 TI - Cardiac tamponade due to chylopericardium after cardiac surgery. AB - Chylopericardium as an isolated complication after open-heart surgery is a rare event. We present here a case of postoperative chylopericardium with cardiac tamponade and comment on the clinical course and treatment. PMID- 3190335 TI - Successful use of intraaortic balloon pumping in a 2-kilogram infant. AB - Severe low cardiac output of unknown cause that did not respond to inotropic and ventilatory support developed in a 2-kg infant. Intraaortic balloon pumping was used successfully to acutely improve her cardiac function and peripheral perfusion and to decrease the requirement for inotropic medications. We describe the technique for insertion and the equipment used, as well as our experience with intraaortic balloon pumping in children. PMID- 3190336 TI - Treatment of absent pulmonary valve syndrome with homograft. AB - We report the successful treatment of absent pulmonary valve syndrome in an infant. The treatment consisted of intracardiac repair of pulmonary regurgitation with a homograft valve, which allowed for early extubation and survival. PMID- 3190337 TI - A new pericardial sucker: Omni sucker for better aspiration of intrapericardial blood. AB - The Omni sucker was designed and made from foam silicone sheet to obtain maximum collection of blood and crystalloid solution in the pericardium and to return blood and crystalloid solution into the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit during open-heart surgery. Wall suction use was minimized so that the least amount of blood was discarded during cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 3190338 TI - Calcified mitral valve annulus: prosthesis insertion. AB - We describe a technique for insertion of a mitral valve prosthesis in the presence of a heavily calcified annulus. The valve leaflets are used for securing the prosthesis, and both the anterior and posterior chordae tendineae and papillary muscle complexes are preserved. PMID- 3190339 TI - Use of self-adhesive external defibrillator pads for complex cardiac surgical procedures. AB - We describe a useful technique for the management of life-threatening arrhythmias that occur during complex or reoperative cardiac surgical procedures when internal defibrillation cannot be achieved. Two self-adhesive external pads are attached to the patient before draping to enable the delivery of current for defibrillation or cardioversion without the need for removal of adhesive surgical drapes and the cumbersome use of external defibrillator paddles. PMID- 3190340 TI - Ventricular aneurysm after myocardial infarction: surgical excision with use of temporary cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 3190341 TI - Rupture of left ventricle following mitral valve replacement. AB - A survey of the English language literature revealed 125 cases of left ventricular rupture following mitral valve replacement. In ten larger series, the incidence averaged 1.2%. Most of the ruptures were attributed either to technical maneuvers in the operation or to stretch injury produced by the untethering of the left ventricle through removal of the mural leaflet of the mitral valve. Preventive measures include modifications in operative techniques, containing pressure-volume work by the left ventricle, and probably retention of the posterior mitral leaflet. Surgical repair of the rupture with and without the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass resulted in 50% and 7% survival, respectively. With the use of cardiopulmonary bypass, external repair was followed by a 67% survival and the internal approach, by a 27% survival. PMID- 3190342 TI - Thoracic incisions. PMID- 3190343 TI - Extrinsic obstruction of the Medtronic-Hall prosthesis. PMID- 3190344 TI - [Effect of the quality of the inoculation material on cephalosporin C biosynthesis]. AB - Parameters providing qualitative estimation of the cephalosporin C-producing organism seed material were studied. Before inoculation of the fermentation medium the seed material should have the maximum respiration intensity, maximum specific growth rate and not less than 15 per cent of the biomass. PMID- 3190345 TI - [Determination of the antiproliferative activity of human recombinant interferon (reaferon) on diploid human cells]. AB - Dependence of the antiproliferative activity of reaferon in cultures of human diploid cells on the drug dose and duration of its action on the cells was studied by counting viable cells in the Goriaev chamber. No relationship was detected. However, such dependence was clearly evident with using tumor cells. With counting of mitoses it was shown that in doses of 10(4) and 10(3) IU reaferon significantly inhibited the cell mitotic activity when the mitotic index in the control of the strain M-19 cells exceeded 25%. When the mitotic index was lower than 25% reaferon in all the doses had no inhibitory effect on the cells. On the contrary it was noted that there was even a certain tendency to stimulation of the mitotic activity. Therefore, the line of the human diploid fibroblast cells (strain M-19) may be used for assay of reaferon antiproliferative activity in case of high mitotic activity in its monolayer (the mitotic index higher than 25%). It was also demonstrated that the dose of reaferon should be not lower than 1000 IU per 1 ml of the medium. PMID- 3190346 TI - [Effect of antibiotics on the secretion and percentage yield of lysozyme from human blood monocytes]. AB - The effect of various doses of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, cephaloridine (ceporin) and exogenic lysozyme on stability of lysozyme binding to lysosomal membranes of human blood monocytes was studied with the procedure developed by the authors which included estimation of the secreted and total lysozyme and evaluation of the stability index of the lysosomal membranes (SILM). Investigation of the changes in the blood monocyte membrane stability was conducted with constant and short-term (60 minutes) exposure to the antibiotics followed by their through elimination. It was noted all the antibiotics increased the SILM which was evident of labilization of the monocyte lysosomal membranes with respect to lysozyme. However, the mechanism of labilization with respect to various antibiotics was different judging from the amount of the secreted and total lysozyme. Labilization under the effect of benzylpenicillin and streptomycin was most probably due to changes in the lysozyme functional activity in the presence of these antibiotics and that under the effect of exogenic lysozyme was probably due to penetration into the monocytes and simultaneous impairment of the monocyte secretory activity. Cephaloridine had the labilizing effect by inhibition of the lysozyme intracellular synthesis. PMID- 3190347 TI - [Accumulation in the regenerating liver of hepatocytes with pathological nuclei as affected by daunorubicin]. AB - The action of the antitumor antibiotic rubomycin on dividing cells in the regenerating liver was studied. The antibiotic was administered 2 hours before partial hepatectomy in single doses of 1 to 8 mg/kg. It was shown that any of these doses provided equal suppression of the cell division. Mitosis always started on the 5th or 6th day. Various forms of mitosis pathology were observed. On the 7th day after the partial hepatectomy there was detected a large number of pathologically changed nuclei in the liver. With an increase in the rubomycin dose their number increased. With an increase in the dose there was also observed a large number of affections associated with impairment of the mitotic apparatus. After some time the morphologically visible nuclear disorders in the population disappeared. In six months there were practically no pathological nuclei in the liver. Three aspects of the antibiotic action i.e. toxic action, cytostatic action and induction of chromosomal aberrations are discussed. The toxic action and induction of chromosomal aberrations increased with increasing the drug dose while the cytotoxic action did not change. PMID- 3190348 TI - [Effect of anabol on the functional activity indices of mononuclear phagocytes]. AB - Anabol is a biopolymer from the complex of components extracted from the surface layer of the Lactobacillus bulgaricus cell wall. Its effect on certain indices of the functional activity of mononuclear phagocytes was studied. Administration of the preparation in a dose of 20 mg/kg 24 hours before the investigation resulted in lowering of the stain half-life in the general blood flow and increasing of the fibronectin levels in blood plasma of rats. Activation of the metabolic activity estimated by nitroblue tetrazolium test as well as resident cells and induced macrophages was observed. 24 hours after the anabol administration there was noted a marked increase in the pool of the precursors of granulocytes and macrophages, the stimulating effect being preserved for up to 3 days. The results showed that anabol had an effect on various elements of the system of mononuclear phagocytes. It may be useful in complex therapy aimed at increasing the host resistance to diverse toxic substances and bacterial infection. PMID- 3190349 TI - [Comparison of the action of pristan and Freund's incomplete adjuvant on the development of ascites in mice--the recipients of hybridoma cells]. AB - Production of immunodiagnostic preparations based on monoclonal antibodies requires large amounts of such antibodies. Most frequently preparative quantities of monoclonal antibodies are provided by ascitic fluid from hybridoma-carrying mice. Prior to intraperitoneal administration of hybridoma cells mice are subjected to stimulation with pristan, a mineral oil component. The authors showed that the Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) may be as well used for this purpose. The effect of pristan and the FIA on ascites development in mice with hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to the Ia-like antigens of man was studied. The stimulants were administered in amounts of 0.5 ml per a mouse. It was shown that irrespective of the stimulant injection time and the number of the administered hybridoma cells the amount of the ascitic fluid formed in female mice BALB/c stimulated with the FIA was 1.5-3 times higher as that in the animals stimulated with Pristane, the antibody titer in the ascitic fluid being unchanged. PMID- 3190350 TI - [Antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococci isolated from the surface of the skin of the breasts in pregnant women]. AB - Nine hundred and fourty coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative strains of staphylococci isolated from the skin surface of the mammary glands of 94 pregnant women were tested by the disc agar diffusion method for their sensitivity to five antibiotics. The highest number of the isolates were sensitive to erythromycin and lincomycin (87.7 and 89.7 per cent, respectively). The highest number of moderately resistant strains were detected with respect to methicillin. 19 out of 42 cultures of Staph. aureus were resistant to benzylpenicillin and 24 cultures were resistant to tetracycline. Among staphylococci 130 strains or 13.8 per cent were polyresistant. PMID- 3190351 TI - [The performing of experimental work using animals]. PMID- 3190352 TI - Androgen environment and beta-glucuronidase activity in the human kidney. AB - Basal beta-glucuronidase activity was measured in the cytosol of renal cortex in 10 women and nine men, and its levels were correlated to the concentrations of the main circulating androgens and to the cytoplasmic androgen receptor content. beta-Glucuronidase activity in women was similar to that found in men, despite blood testosterone levels being higher in the latter. The activity of the enzyme does not appear to be related to circulating levels of either testosterone or androstenedione. Only in men the androgen receptor content and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate levels were inversely correlated to beta glucuronidase. In the human kidney cytosol there is no evidence of sexual dimorphism in basal beta-glucuronidase activity; whereas the total testosterone circulating levels do not seem to control the enzyme activity. PMID- 3190353 TI - Effects of aging on biologically active pituitary LH in rats. AB - The effects of aging in the male rat on serum testosterone and LH and on the amounts of immunoreactive and biologically active pituitary LH were studied. Animals were killed at three, six, 12 and 24 months of age and serum and pituitary extracts prepared. Serum testosterone was significantly reduced by six months of age and remained at this low level throughout the study. The serum testosterone circadian rhythm was severely blunted in old animals. Serum LH was not effected by aging. Pituitary immunoreactive LH content was significantly decreased by 24 months of age, whereas the biological to immunological (B/I) ratio was not altered. However, the absolute amount of biologically active pituitary LH declined steadily with age from six months. These age-related effects were not caused by a gross redistribution of pituitary LH charge isohormones. These results suggest that the hypostimulated testis in the aging male rat may be related to a reduced amount of biologically active LH available for secretion. PMID- 3190354 TI - Modulation of rat prostatic inhibinlike peptide (PIP) by steroids and protein hormones. AB - Prostatic inhibinlike peptide (PIP) was detected in the ventral but not in the dorsal lobe of rat prostate. On orchiectomy, PIP concentration in the ventral prostate increased significantly, whereas it decreased on testosterone administration and attained value comparable with that in intact control. Estradiol-17 beta treated animals exhibited high levels of PIP in absence of significant alterations in the protein content. The effect of prolactin and human chorionic gonadotropin on PIP concentration was not so prominent at the dose levels studied. The present study thus demonstrates negative regulation of PIP by testosterone and stimulatory effect of estradiol-17 beta on PIP in rat ventral prostrate. PMID- 3190355 TI - Correlation between sperm morphology, acrosin, and fertilization in an IVF program. AB - Acrosin, a neutral proteinase, is located within the acrosome. The aim of this study was to evaluate acrosin concentrations in patients with severe damage of the sperm head and to determine whether acrosin concentration could predict the chances of fertilization in an IVF program. Sixty patients were accepted into this study, prospectively. The patients were divided into two groups, those with a normal morphology of less than 14% (group I, n = 33) and those with normal morphology less than 14% (group II, n = 27). All patients had a sperm concentration of less than 20 million sperm/ml and less than 30% progressively motile sperm. The acrosin assays were performed on the semen sample obtained on the day of IVF. Routine IVF insemination procedures were used, and only mature oocytes were considered. The only factor that showed a significant correlation of fertilization was normal morphology (p less that 0.01). The mean acrosin level was 73.4 /+- 38.6 mED/10 million sperm in group I and 70.9 /+- 42.7 mIU/10 million sperm in group II (no significant difference). The fertilization rate in group I was 45.4% and in group II, 77.7% p less than 0.002). Acrosin levels were not significantly different in patients with and without fertilization (72.0 /+- 42.1 and 73.6 /+- mIU/10 million sperm, respectively). PMID- 3190356 TI - Evaluating glass, polystyrene, and polypropylene containers for semen collection and sperm washing. AB - The effects of glass, polystyrene, and polypropylene containers on semen parameters as measured by Cell Soft computer-assisted semen analysis and hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) tests were assessed in unwashed specimens and again after sperm washing and swim-up procedures. A superiority in unwashed specimens was observed in glass versus polystyrene concerning velocity, motility percentage, and HOS testing (p less than 0.01). Also, superiority of glass versus polystyrene was demonstrated for linearity and ALH (p less than 0.05). Glass was only superior to polypropylene in categories of motility and HOS testing (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively). There was no category in which plastic was statistically superior to glass in the unwashed specimens. Concerning washed and swim-up specimens, there were no semen parameters in which there was any superiority demonstrated of either glass or plastic. Unless some future proof that the differences in semen parameters demonstrated in this study have no clinical significance, these data suggest that the collection of semen samples for sperm analysis or therapeutic use should be performed in glass containers. PMID- 3190357 TI - Correlation of semen analysis and hypoosmotic swelling test with subsequent pregnancies. AB - The hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test was evaluated in 40 men whose wives had no apparent fertility factors. Only one of 29 men with normal semen parameters had a surbnormal HOS test, and that couple failed to conceive compared to 27 of 28 with normal HOS test who did conceive. All five couples with husbands with subnormal semen parameters but with normal HOS tests achieved a pregnancy, but none of the three with abnormal HOS tests achieved a pregnancy. The results suggest that the HOS test might be of value in predicting which couples should be more patient despite low semen parameters. PMID- 3190359 TI - Effect of sexual maturity on testicular injury subsequent to procarbazine administration in rats. AB - The present study examined the effect of age on various aspects of Leydig cell and Sertoli cell function in Sprague-Dawley rats administered procarbazine. Procarbazine was administered intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley rats aged 14, 24, and 60 days in 3 weekly injections of 200 mg/kg. Animals were sacrificed 1 week after the last injection. Severe impairment of spermatogenesis was evident in all animals. Sertoli cell function, as assessed by total testicular ABP content, was not significantly different between procarbazine-treated animals and controls in any age group. On the other hand, procarbazine administration resulted in a 60% reduction in total intratesticular testosterone content in the 14-day-old rats but not in the 24- or 60-day-old animals. Serum testosterone was significantly reduced by 50% in the group of 14-day-old animals but not in the other age groups. Serum LH values were not significantly changed from control levels in any age group. Testicular content of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cn were unaltered by procarbazine administration in any age group. Since serum LH and testicular cation content were not affected by procarbazine treatment, the significant decreases in serum and testicular testosterone in 14-day-old animals after procarbazine administration may indicate a direct age-dependent effect of procarbazine on Leydig cell function. PMID- 3190358 TI - Alpha-L-fucosidase in rat testis during sexual maturity. AB - alpha-L-fucosidase (EC 3.2.1.51) activity, concentration of testosterone (T), and its metabolite dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were tested in rat testis during the onset of puberty. This study was also carried out in testes of rats treated with 17-beta-N,N-diethylcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5-alpha-androstane-3-one (DMAA), an inhibitor of the 5-alpha-reductase-mediated conversion of T into DHT. alpha-L fucosidase activity in seminiferous tubules of control and DMAA-treated rats was found to be relatively high on the 25th day after birth (approximately 24 units) but decreased and remained relatively constant the following days (approximately 10 units). In contrast, alpha-L-fucosidase activity was nearly undetectable in the immature interstitium of the control rats but sharply increased the following days. A maximum was reached at the 55th day, followed by a rapid decrease. alpha L-fucosidase activity evolved in parallel with an increase and decrease of DHT concentration. In DMAA-treated rats with DHT levels and an alpha-L-fucosidase activity significantly lower than in the control rats between the 55th and the 65th days, this parallelism existed as well. PMID- 3190360 TI - Ca 19-9 in seminal plasma of infertile men. AB - Ca 19-9 levels were determined by radioimmunoassay in the seminal plasma of 108 men divided in (a) eight groups according to etiological diagnosis of infertility and (b) two groups on the basis of normal or abnormal spermiogram. The mean Ca 19 9 (or Ca 19-9-like activity) in the seminal plasma was 114.6 times higher than the upper limit in normal serum. A statistically significant difference was noted in the antigen levels between men with normal and those with abnormal spermiograms, although with wide overlapping of the individual values. There was no correlation between Ca 19-9 levels and the variables of the spermiogram. The prostate seems to be the main site of origin of Ca 19-9 or Ca 19-9-like activity in the seminal plasma. PMID- 3190361 TI - Effects of gossypol on the antioxidant defense system of the rat testis. AB - This study examined the effects of gossypol acetic acid on the antioxidant defense system of the rat testis. In gossypol-treated animals testis catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were decreased. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase are the two enzymes that protect against oxidative damage by hydrogen peroxide. Other antioxidants that were reduced in treated animals were glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, alpha tocopherol, and ascorbate. Gossypol, a pigment of cottonseed and cottonseed products, causes infertility in humans and many animal species, but its mechanism of action is unknown. Gossypol is known to produce reactive oxygen species in vitro. Oxidative injury caused by the generation of reactive oxygen species and a compromised antioxidant defense system may be responsible for the antifertility effects of gossypol. PMID- 3190362 TI - [Pulmonary blood volume in patients with interstitial pneumopathy and pulmonary heart disease. Its study at rest and during exercise]. AB - Pulmonary blood volume (PBV) measurements have been reported in chronic lung disease that do not include diffuse interstitial lung disease (ILD) and cor pulmonale (CP). In this study, PBV was measured using the double injection single sampling method, at rest and at exercise in ten patients with ILD due to extrinsic allergic alveolitis (n = 6) or usual interstitial pneumonia (n = 4). Lung biopsies were obtained in 8 patients, and in none of them the stage of fibrosis was predominant over inflammation. The degree of vascular lesions was in four patients grade I and in four grade II (Heath-Edwards classification). At rest, most of the patients had elevated mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and vascular resistance (PVR), (mean PAP 30 +/- 4 mmHg and 336 +/- 171 d.s. cm.-5, respectively), hypoxemia (paO2 = 48 +/- 2 mmHg) and a severely reduced PBV (53.6 +/- 11 ml.s.qm.). At exercise, pulmonary arterial hypertension worsened and, although PBV value increased significantly (rest = 53.6 +/- 11.6 ml.m2, s.qm. exercise 132 +/- 28 ml.s.qm.p less than 0.01) it remained abnormally low with respect to normal value. Comparison of the mean intravascular pressure-PBV measurements relationship in different lung diseases showed that ILD patients with CP have the greatest abnormality. Possible explanations for the severe reduction in PBV include restriction of extra-alveolar vessels as a consequence of lung volume loss, restriction of intra-alveolar vessels due to structural and functional changes imposed by the inflammation-fibrosis process and vascular restriction due to vasoactive factors (alveolar hipoxia). PMID- 3190363 TI - [10 years' experience in the use of vasodilator agents in the treatment of primary pulmonary arterial hypertension (P-PAH) (1977-1987)]. AB - We analyze the experience derived from the use of vasodilating therapy in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (PPH) at our institution in the last ten years. Important aspects such as complications, long-term hemodynamic effects and survival are particularly emphasized. We have consecutively studied forty patients (29 females, 11 males) with a mean age of 21 +/- 1.6 years. The follow-up period is 50 +/- 8 months and the drugs used were: Hydralazine (HDL) and Nifedipine (NFD). On the basis of their hemodynamic response the patients were divided into two groups: twenty responders (R) and twenty non-responders (NR). Both groups seem to have a different clinical and hemodynamic basal profile; most of the patients in the R group had a better functional class (NYHA: I-II) than those NR (III-IV). Also, the R group had a lower basal Pp (49 vs 77 mmHg, p less than 0.05), lower Rp (17 vs 29 U/m2, p less than 0.05) and lower Rp/Rs ratio (0.59 vs 1.05, p less than 0.05). The R group has continued on long-term vasodilator therapy with NFD (n-13) and HDL (n-7) and most of them showed a significant improvement in their quality of life and still maintain a good hemodynamic response. Only minor side effects were associated with the medication. The NR group, on the other hand, has shown progressive clinical deterioration. Eight patients in the NR group and three in the R group have died. The five-year probability of survival in the R group is 86% whereas it is only 45% in the NR group. We conclude that vasodilator therapy significantly improves quality of life, with minimum untoward effects, in selected patients with PPH. The R group probably reflects a different patient population or a different stage of the disease and therefore its better long-term prognosis cannot be attributable solely to the use of these drugs. PMID- 3190364 TI - [Electrocardiographic findings in pulmonary arterial hypertension in children]. AB - Pulmonary hypertension (PH) induces high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, mainly in the primary or essential type. Invasive studies are needed to confirm the diagnosis; among the non- invasive approach, the electrocardiogram has been used to suspect such entity with poor results due to inadequate diagnostic criteria. Twelve children with pulmonary hypertension of the essential type (PPH) and ten children with PH due to interventricular septal defect (VSD) were studied haemodynamically and electrocardiographically and compared to electrocardiographic data of 53 normal children. PPH showed higher resistances than VSD (17.2 +/- 1.9 vs 6 +/- 0.6 u/m2 p less than 0.01) with the same pressure level (99.5 +/- 10.3 vs 101.5 +/- 4.8 mmHg). Right axis deviation, peaked P wave, increased ventricular activation time and prominent ST-T changes were seen in PPH patients whereas in VSD the electrical axis was within normal limits, without P wave changes and in some cases, less conspicuous ST-T abnormalities were observed (p less than 0.01). Such changes showed good sensitivity (80%) and specificity (81%) to suspect PH with resistances higher than 10 u/m2 with a predictive value of 75% (p less than 0.02). P wave and ST-T changes could be of use to suspect PPH with elevated resistances instead of right ventricular hypertrophy voltage criteria. PMID- 3190365 TI - [Prognostic value of the exercise test in patients with ischemic heart disease]. AB - The objective of this study is to determine the prognostic value of stress testing in patients with coronary heart disease. We examined 95 cases followed during an average period of 33 months. The age was 52 +/- 9 years. All patients had clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia: 78 had previous myocardial infarction, 11 stable angor pectoris and six unstable angina. After the initial event 33 patients were asymptomatic and 62 with mild angina. During follow-up; 42 patients had no coronary events; 10 died, six developed non-fatal myocardial infarction and 37 had more angina, nine of these patients were treated with bypass coronary artery surgery. The annual mortality was 3.8%, all with previous myocardial infarction. In the stress testing the patients who died were distinguished by limited exercise ability and severe changes of ST-T segment. Patients with greater than or equal to 0.2 mV ST-T segment depth or effort duration less than or equal to 3 minutes had an annual mortality F 7% 13.6% respectively. PMID- 3190366 TI - [Importance of the early intravenous administration of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarct]. AB - To evaluate the importance of early initiation of fibrinolytic therapy with intravenous streptokinase (IVSK), we studied 34 consecutive patients, within less than six hours of the onset of acute myocardial infarction, who were treated with 1.5 million units of intravenous streptokinase. All the patients had coronary angiograms in the first seventy two hours. We correlated the angiograms with the time of onset of the IVSK. The patients were divided into 3 groups: Group num. 1: From zero to two hours (twelve patients); Group num. 2: From two to four hours (13 patients); and Group num. 3: From four to six hours (nine patients). We had angiographic reperfusion in twenty-four patients (70.2%) P less than 0.05. We observed reopening in the patients of group num. 1 (83.3%); in group 2, nine patients (69%) and in group num. 3, five patients, (55.5%), with statistical significance only in group num. 1 (p less than 0.05). We also demonstrated the utility of the electrocardiographic and enzymatic criteria to predict reperfusion. No mortality was related to the procedure. We concluded that a higher percentage of reperfusion is obtained the sooner intravenous streptokinase therapy is initiated. PMID- 3190367 TI - [Continuous electrocardiographic recording during a first parachute jump]. AB - The behavior of the cardiac rhythm under intense stress was studied with continuous electrocardiographic recording during the first jump with an automatic parachute in 13 members of the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico sky diving club. There were 12 male (92.3%) and one female (7.68) with an average age of 22.8 years. A complete clinical history, 12 lead electrocardiogram and a treadmill stress test were performed two weeks before jumping. A two-channel Holter recording system was hooked up 30 min. before boarding the airplane and was turned off one hour later. The heart rate values were compared two weeks prior (64.5 beats/min), before (112.8 beats/min), during (170 beats/min) and after the jump (122.8 beats/min). The mean difference between each phase was statistically significant with p less than 0.001 values. The observed cardiac rhythm was sinus tachycardia in each case. In six cases (43.6%) 22 episodes of sudden decrease of the heart rate were seen and there were no major rhythm or conduction disturbances. The urinary catecholamines were similar in nine cases (69.2%) after the jump (x 51.2 micrograms/100 ml) and two weeks later in four control cases (x 10.3 micrograms/100 ml). We concluded there were no significant rhythm disturbances in the presence of an intense but brief stress condition in young healthy people. This study was classified as longitudinally, descriptive, experimental and projective. PMID- 3190368 TI - [Informatics in cardiology: proposal for standardized terminology in clinical records and in permanent cardiac electrostimulation]. AB - To make operative two medical computerized programs, one dedicated to the cardiological clinical record (PAC) and the other to permanent cardiac stimulation (PGP), we codified about 4000 terms concerning the general medical field and particularly the cardiological area. The importance of standardization of the medico-cardiological language is emphasized, specially in relation to the systematization of the information, necessary to work with computerized systems. PMID- 3190369 TI - A new golden standard for residency training. PMID- 3190370 TI - Cortical function in elderly non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Behavioral and electrophysiologic studies. AB - Neurobehavioral and electrophysiologic studies were carried out to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on cognitive function in subjects over the age of 60 years. Forty-three non-insulin-dependent diabetic men were compared with 41 male nondiabetic age-matched controls. The diabetic patients were significantly inferior to the control group in the serial learning task and Benton's Visual Retention Test. The digit span test showed no difference between the groups. Electroencephalogram (EEG)-frequency-band analysis revealed slowing over the central cortex and reduction of alpha activity over the parietal area in diabetic patients. Acute hyperglycemia induced in healthy volunteers with the administration of 50 g of intravenous glucose did not have any effect on the dominant EEG rhythms. The checkerboard elicited P100 wave did not reveal a significant increase in latency nor were the P300 wave latencies significantly different in diabetic patients. However, a trend toward longer latencies in diabetics was evident at Fz and Cz recording sites. Acute hyperglycemia in healthy volunteers did not alter the P300 wave component. The results indicate that elderly type 2 diabetic patients have an impairment in retrieval of recently learned material with preservation of auditory attention and immediate recall. The EEG data suggest that there may be some central neural pathologic condition associated with diabetes. PMID- 3190371 TI - The 'Do not resuscitate' order. A profile of its changing use. AB - The "do not resuscitate" (DNR) order has wide-ranging ethical, legal, and economic implications. We reviewed the course of 244 patients who died during two three-month periods, in 1982 and 1986. We found that 68% of patients who died had a DNR order written, including 94% with malignancy and half of patients with cardiovascular disease. Most orders (61%) were written within three days of death, with 64% written on medical-surgical floors and 34% in critical care units. Even among patients under the age of 60 years, 57% had a DNR order written by the time of death. Ninety-one percent of DNR orders were written by attending physicians, with accompanying explanatory note in 84%. Documentation showed only 14% of patients but 77% of families being consulted. In 1983 a new two-level DNR order system defined two levels of intensity: "all but cardiopulmonary resuscitation" and "comfort measures only." Equal numbers of patients received each order in the 1986 sample. No patient was transferred to the critical care units after a DNR order had been written. The prevalence of DNR orders written for patients dying of cardiovascular disease increased from 27% to 64% over the four years. We conclude, from study of deaths in this representative community hospital, that an explicit DNR order is now the rule rather than the exception, but decisions are made late and involve family far more than the patient. PMID- 3190372 TI - Application of the ambulatory 24-hour electrocardiogram in the prediction of cardiac death in dialysis patients. AB - The value of a 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram (AmECG) in assessing the risk of cardiac death was studied in 122 stable-condition dialysis patients followed up from two to six years after monitoring. An abnormal AmECG was defined by second-degree or greater AV block or by Lown grade 3 or greater ventricular ectopy. The incidence of cardiac mortality or an abnormal AmECG was not influenced by hypokalemia or beta-blockers. Digitalis was associated with both an abnormal AmECG and a twofold increase in mortality whether or not the AmECG was normal. Cardiac mortality accounted for 26 of 33 deaths within the first year after the AmECG. In the absence of coronary artery disease, survival at six months was 100% in patients with normal AmECG vs 90% (abnormal AmECG). In the presence of coronary artery disease, survival at six months was 83% (normal AmECG) vs 54% (abnormal AmECG). PMID- 3190373 TI - The challenge of teaching occupational and environmental medicine in internal medicine residencies. AB - Using a mailed survey questionnaire directed toward division chiefs of general internal medicine, we have confirmed that despite increased interest among faculty, few medical residents currently receive required or elective training in occupational medicine. However, recent changes in societal perceptions about environmental risks, corporate health care practices, and medical reimbursement patterns favoring provision by hospitals of contractual outpatient services to healthy workers all portend expanded involvement of residents in certain occupational medicine activities in the future, in response to economic pressures on both consumers and providers. These same forces may, unfortunately, undermine the scientific and ethical quality of such training experiences, compared with emerging, more academically motivated approaches. The implications of these prospects are analyzed in the hope that a proper balance can ultimately be struck between economic and academic imperatives. PMID- 3190374 TI - Health maintenance activities of physicians and nonphysicians. AB - Studying the health maintenance attitudes and behaviors of physicians (MDs) as patients provides information about health maintenance care in a group of individuals where preventive care might flourish. The present study reports the results of a survey of such attitudes and behaviors among 144 university-based MDs and 283 nonphysician doctoral faculty members (non-MDs) from two area universities regarding their personal health maintenance care in 1983. Respondents who reported having a personal MD (44% MDs, 74% non-MDs) were twice as likely to believe they should visit a physician regularly for health maintenance and three times as likely to actually visit a physician for health maintenance as those respondents without a personal physician. Both MDs and non MDs described the need to visit the doctor more often than they actually reported doing so for health maintenance. However, MDs more often than non-MDs reported receiving the particular health maintenance procedures that are generally considered to constitute essential health maintenance care. A better understanding of health maintenance care by MDs and their non-MD colleagues provides insights into the use and misuse of clinical procedures in the asymptomatic adult. PMID- 3190375 TI - Purulent pericarditis caused by Streptococcus milleri. AB - Streptococcus milleri was isolated in pure culture from the pericardial fluid of a 42-year-old man with pulmonary tuberculosis. Pericardiectomy had to be done to cure the pericarditis. PMID- 3190376 TI - Influence of underlying disease process on the utility of cellulitis needle aspirates. AB - A prospective microbiological evaluation of 87 patients with acute cellulitis was performed. Adult patients with cellulitis with diabetes mellitus or malignant disorders had a greater frequency of positive cultures. Qualitative leukocyte disorders associated with these underlying disease states was hypothesized as a contributing factor to this higher yield. PMID- 3190377 TI - Reading the tuberculin skin test. Who, when, and how? AB - A prospective study of 806 healthy volunteers was carried out to determine the value of induration 24 hours after placement of purified protein derivative, if patients can accurately read their own tests, and if the pen and palpation methods are comparable. Subjects were actively employed health workers between 20 and 64 years of age without active tuberculosis. All subjects were tested using 5 tuberculin units of purified protein derivative via the Mantoux technique. Induration was quantitated by trained readers at 24 hours and at 48 to 72 hours. Patients were asked to read their own tests as well at 48 to 72 hours. The amount of induration at 24 hours was highly predictive of eventual findings at 48 to 72 hours. The patients' abilities to read their own tests were poor. Significant differences were noted between the pen and palpation methods. The degree of induration noted 24 hours after placement of 5 tuberculin units of purified protein derivative is valuable in a screening population. Most decisions, however, should still be based on results measured at 48 to 72 hours. Results with the pen technique must be interpreted with caution in the 5- to 14-mm range. The patients' readings of their own results are inaccurate and should never be relied on to make clinical decisions. PMID- 3190378 TI - Echocardiographic and clinical correlates in drug addicts with infective endocarditis. Implications of vegetation size. AB - Thirty-four drug addicts with endocarditis were studied to evaluate the prognostic significance of vegetation size and its short-term changes, as determined by two-dimensional echocardiography. Among 43 episodes of endocarditis, vegetations were detected in 27 (63%), confined to the tricuspid valve in 20 patients, mitral valve in one, aortic valve in two, and both tricuspid and mitral valves in four. All vegetations were large (greater than or equal to 1 cm) (mean maximal dimension, 1.7 +/- 0.5 cm). Medical cure was achieved in all 16 patients without vegetations and in 18 (90%) of 20 patients with tricuspid valve vegetations. One patient with tricuspid vegetation and polymicrobial infection died of respiratory failure. Surgery was required for one patient with tricuspid vegetation, all three patients with isolated left-sided endocarditis, and two of four patients with multivalve involvement. Short-term changes of tricuspid valve vegetations during therapy (one to eight weeks) did not correlate with clinical outcome. Although large tricuspid vegetations may occasionally identify a subset at risk for complications, most patients with isolated tricuspid valve endocarditis have a benign prognosis. PMID- 3190379 TI - Smoking cessation counseling by resident physicians in internal medicine, family practice, and pediatrics. AB - Residents in primary care specialties care for many patients who smoke cigarettes, but little is known about their smoking cessation counseling (SCC). We surveyed 309 residents (72 family practice, 171 internal medicine, and 66 pediatrics residents) in 13 programs to determine their practices, knowledge, attitudes, and training in SCC. More than 90% thought physicians are responsible for SCC, the majority routinely took smoking histories, and 80% attempted to motivate patients to quit smoking. However, 25% or fewer reported discussing obstacles to quitting, setting a quit date, prescribing nicotine gum, scheduling follow-up visits, or providing self-help materials. Family practice residents used more SCC techniques (1.8) than did internal medicine (0.8) and pediatrics (0.1) residents. Only 54% of residents reported recent SCC training and 13% reported formal SCC training. Recent training correlated with the number of counseling techniques used. Residents in primary care specialties report positive attitudes but inadequate practice and training in SCC. PMID- 3190380 TI - Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis with intravenous clindamycin. AB - At present, therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is the combination of pyrimethamine with sulfadiazine or trisulfapyrimidines. Unfortunately, due to adverse reactions to sulfonamides, many patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are unable to receive a complete course of therapy. The promising results with clindamycin phosphate therapy in a mouse model of TE prompted us to seek further information about patients with AIDS with TE who had been treated with clindamycin. Fifteen such patients were identified in whom clindamycin was used to treat 18 episodes of TE. Eleven patients showed clinical or radiologic improvement after receiving clindamycin therapy, either alone or in combination with pyrimethamine. Twelve received oral clindamycin as suppressive therapy after discharge from the hospital. Adverse reactions possibly related to clindamycin therapy included diarrhea, reversible granulocytopenia, and skin reactions. The results of this retrospective study suggest that clindamycin, either alone or in combination with pyrimethamine, may represent an effective alternative therapy for TE in patients with AIDS. Whether this supposition can be substantiated by appropriately designed studies is presently being determined. PMID- 3190381 TI - Effect of low-dose niacin on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. AB - Niacin significantly alters blood lipid concentrations but its use has been limited because of clinically disturbing side effects. In an attempt to circumvent these drawbacks, 55 patients with cardiovascular disease were given low-dose long-acting niacin, 1 g/d. Treatment was continued for a mean of 6.7 months and lipid values were compared with a non-treated group of 17 patients followed for a mean of 6.3 months. Lipid values did not change in the nontreated group. In the niacin-treated group total cholesterol and triglyceride levels also did not significantly change. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level rose 31% from 1.01 +/- 0.31 mmol/L to 1.32 +/- 0.31 mmol/L and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio was reduced 27% from 6.4 +/- 1.9 to 4.7 +/- 1.3. Despite these results, 40% of the patients left the study mainly because of side effects. Apart from one patient who developed overt diabetes, of questionable relationship to niacin, no patient developed serious side effects such as jaundice or peptic ulcer as seen with much higher doses of the drug. Although often difficult to administer to patients, niacin, particularly in low dose, deserves consideration as an inexpensive agent especially useful for elevating HDL cholesterol level and altering the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio. PMID- 3190382 TI - Regression of oral hairy leukoplakia during zidovudine therapy. AB - We describe two patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and oral hairy leukoplakia whose tongue lesions resolved on oral zidovudine therapy. During therapy, each patient had a measurable reduction in human immunodeficiency virus antigen corresponding with clinical regression of oral lesions. The clinical course suggests that zidovudine may have contributed to the resolution of these lesions either indirectly through immunologic improvement or through an antiviral effect. PMID- 3190383 TI - Failure of hypophysectomy to correct pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease in two patients. AB - One woman (patient 1), aged 27 years, and one man (patient 2), aged 26 years, had pituitary surgery for pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. An adenoma was identified and removed in both patients. Persistence of hypercortisolism characterized the response of patient 2 to surgery; transient hypoadrenalism, the response of patient 1. Patient 1 subsequently underwent a relapse. At the second surgery (total hypophysectomy for both patients), hyperplasia was demonstrated in patient 1, and scattered nests of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting cells were demonstrated in patient 2. Postoperatively, Cushing's syndrome persisted in both patients. Inferior petrosal sampling for ACTH during corticotropin releasing hormone stimulation verified a pituitary source of ACTH in patient 1. A decrease in cortisol secretion following hypophysectomy and subsequent cure by pituitary irradiation constitutes the evidence for pituitary origin in patient 2. Dexamethasone suppression and corticotropin releasing hormone-stimulation tests consistently suggested a pituitary cause throughout the clinical course of both patients. Computed tomographic scans after hypophysectomy revealed postoperative changes only. In both patients, panhypopituitarism, except for cortisol and ACTH, followed hypophysectomy. It may be concluded that patients with diffuse pituitary ACTH hyperplasia cannot, at present, be identified preoperatively by conventional clinical testing. Surgery for such patients may not be the therapy of choice. PMID- 3190384 TI - Splenectomy in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia and postpolycythemic myeloid metaplasia. A study of 34 cases. AB - A retrospective analysis of 34 successive splenectomies in 137 patients with myelofibrosis was carried out. Indications, complications, and response to splenectomy were compared between 22 patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (AMM) and 12 patients with postpolycythemic myeloid metaplasia (PPMM). Painful splenomegaly, refractory hemolytic anemia, and refractory thrombocytopenia were the common indications for surgery. The best results were obtained for painful splenomegaly. For the other indications, half to three fourths of the patients improved with splenectomy. An increased incidence of excessive hemorrhage, infected hematoma, and early mortality was more common in the PPMM group and was found to be connected with large spleens, prolonged bleeding time, and prominent thrombocytopenia. Persistent thrombocytosis after surgery was more common in the AMM group. Leukemic transformation seemed to be related to thrombocytosis and to prior therapy with alkylating agents. Median survival following splenectomy was 43 months in the AMM group and 32 months in the PPMM group. We conclude that splenectomy has a role in improving the quality of life by ameliorating mechanical discomfort and decreasing transfusion requirement in the late phase of AMM. However, in patients with PPMM, because of the high complication rate, splenectomy should be carefully considered for specific indications on an individual basis. PMID- 3190385 TI - Q fever. PMID- 3190386 TI - Science education in the preclinical curriculum. PMID- 3190387 TI - Persistent fever after recovery from granulocytopenia in acute leukemia. PMID- 3190388 TI - [Clinical measurement of blood pressure. Recommendations. French Society of Arterial Hypertension--measurement group]. PMID- 3190389 TI - [The control of the biosynthesis of cellular amino acids by pneumonia-causing agents]. PMID- 3190390 TI - [Lobar deposition of radioactively-labeled Pasteurella multocida aerosols in the lungs of piglets and calves]. PMID- 3190391 TI - [The results of experimental studies on the modification of litter size in swine by exogenous sex steroid supplementation during early pregnancy. 1. Progesterone levels in plasma without and after hormonal substitution during early pregnancy in swine]. PMID- 3190392 TI - [The results of experimental studies on the modification of litter size in swine by exogenous sex steroid supplementation in early pregnancy. 2. The effect of hormonal intervention in early pregnancy on the level of 17beta-estradiol and progesterone in plasma]. PMID- 3190393 TI - [Comparative clinical testing of Bordetella and Pasteurella adsorbate vaccines for the immunoprevention of respiratory tract diseases in swine. 1. Results from a large swine breeding unit]. PMID- 3190394 TI - [Methods for the simplification of chemico-physical testing of protein silage mixtures]. PMID- 3190396 TI - In vitro effect of protein-free diet on protein nitrogen production in ruminal fluid of Egyptian camel. PMID- 3190395 TI - [The influence of chemical noxae on the sperm quality of boars used for insemination. 2. Mercury]. PMID- 3190397 TI - Effect of in vitro addition of some metal ions on serum alkaline phosphatase in calves. PMID- 3190398 TI - Lactoferrin demonstration in thyroid follicular and papillary carcinomas. PMID- 3190399 TI - 'Benign' clear-cell tumor (sugar tumor) of the lung with hepatic metastases ten years after resection of pulmonary primary tumor. PMID- 3190400 TI - Cure of Curvularia pneumonia by amphotericin B in a patient with megakaryocytic leukemia. PMID- 3190401 TI - Surgical pathology computer systems have come of age. PMID- 3190402 TI - Managing laboratory information. PMID- 3190403 TI - The impact of new features of laboratory information systems on quality assurance in anatomic pathology. PMID- 3190404 TI - Computers in anatomic pathology. A survey of California hospitals. AB - The anatomic pathology services of 434 health care institutions in California were surveyed about their use of computers. Of 200 (46%) respondents, 106 (53%) did not use computers at all. Of 94 (47%) respondents who used computers, 77 (82%) used them for administrative purposes; 74 (79%), for any routine processing of surgical specimens; 43 (45%), for processing surgical specimens other than word processing (eg, database); 52 (55%), for processing cytology specimens; and 60 (63%), for processing autopsy specimens (including word processing). Computer use was slightly greater with higher work loads. Among nonusers, on a scale of 1 to 5 the average interest in using computers was 3.5 for surgical pathology data, 3.4 for cytology data, and 2.8 for autopsy data. The interest rate also increased with work load, and was nearly 4 for laboratories with greater than 4000 surgical or cytology cases per year. The average interest in controlling and/or making decisions about computer hardware and software was 3.9 for hardware and 4 for software. Reasons for low computer use in anatomic pathology despite interest in utilization are discussed, including the limited selection of affordable commercial software for anatomic pathology and difficulties of in-house software development. PMID- 3190405 TI - A surgical pathology reporting and encoding system using industry-standard hardware and software. AB - I describe an efficient, inexpensive, industry-standard computer system that is designed for word processing of surgical pathology reports as well as encoding in Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) and data storage. This system is capable of maintaining a large database of patient information with coded diagnoses. It is designed to be utilized with readily available stock computer hardware and software without significant customization or any additional programming. The hardware is easily purchased from and can be maintained by a retail, business-oriented computer store. The system described incorporates WordPerfect for word processing and the CAP/SNOMED system for diagnosis encoding and data storage and retrieval. PMID- 3190406 TI - Use of bar code labels on collection tubes for specimen management in the clinical laboratory. AB - A new generation in specimen handling has arrived with the introduction of bar code readers on medical laboratory equipment. The incorporation of this technology into laboratory information systems offers a streamlining of specimen workflow never before achievable in a laboratory environment. The use of evacuated collection tubes as the primary sampling container on a random-access chemistry analyzer interfaced to a laboratory information system creates a very simplified sampling/analysis system with tremendous advantages. There are significant labor savings, superior service to clinicians, and reduced chances for clerical error. PMID- 3190407 TI - The Consultative Laboratory Assessment System, the CLAS Profile. AB - The design and implementation of a profile titled Consultative Laboratory Assessment System, or CLAS Profile, is described. The profile is a pathologist directed laboratory study to assist the ordering physician with recently hospitalized patients. The goals are to provide summarized information, decrease the evaluation intervals, and assist in diagnosis and coding. PMID- 3190408 TI - Autopsy patterns in patients dying of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in New York City. AB - The autopsy rate was examined for patients dying of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in New York City from 1982 through 1986 to determine if individuals dying of AIDS had autopsy rates that differed from the general population. Using data from death certificates, verified by hospital records, autopsy rates for various diseases and causes of death were examined in persons aged 25 to 44 years, which represents the age group with the majority of AIDS deaths. The hospital autopsy rate for those patients dying of AIDS dropped from 46% in 1982 to 17% in 1986, while the rate for non-AIDS autopsies went from 23% in 1982 to 15% in 1986. These declines have occurred despite the continued presence of a major epidemic in which the pathophysiology is still under active investigation. The low autopsy rate for patients with AIDS is of concern to both epidemiologists and clinical researchers: the autopsy is vital to a better understanding of the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infection. PMID- 3190409 TI - Salivary gland lymph nodes. The site of lymphadenopathies and lymphomas associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AB - Normally, lymph nodes are intimately associated with the salivary glands, particularly the parotid gland. Several lymph nodes are embedded in the parotid gland, other lymph nodes are adjacent to the submaxillary gland, and ectopic salivary gland acini and ducts are commonly present in cervical lymph nodes. These salivary gland lymph nodes may become the primary site of the benign lymphadenopathy and the malignant lymphomas characteristically associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This report of a series of HIV associated lymphatic lesions originating in salivary gland lymph nodes comprises nine cases of salivary gland masses that were surgically excised, it includes six cases of lymphadenitides and three cases of lymphoma--all originating in salivary gland lymph nodes and showing the histologic lesions known to occur in association with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The HIV-related infections and neoplasias located in the salivary gland lymph nodes raise interesting questions about the possible etiologic role of an oral portal of entry and of the virus-infected saliva. The recognition of their clinical and pathologic features is indispensable to enable correct diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 3190410 TI - Disseminated toxoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - Fourteen cases of toxoplasmosis in subjects at autopsy with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are reviewed. Death was related to toxoplasmosis in four cases: in three from central nervous system complications and in one case from myocarditis. In six cases the infection was identified outside of the central nervous system and in only two cases was infection disseminated to multiple extracerebral organs. Review of clinical history and laboratory data revealed no specific risk factors or laboratory indicators associated with toxoplasmosis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Though inflammatory cell infiltrates often accompanied disseminated infections, diagnosis could be made with certainty only by finding characteristic Toxoplasma organisms, either as free tachyzoites, pseudocysts, or as true parasitic cysts. We found immunohistochemical staining to have limited usefulness for diagnosis in extracerebral sites. Characteristic Toxoplasma organisms were most readily identified in central nervous system tissues in our acquired immunodeficiency syndrome population, making this the most useful site for diagnosis. PMID- 3190411 TI - Dysplastic cardiac development presenting as cardiomyopathy. AB - Multiple manifestations of disordered or arrested cardiac muscle development are reported in a 14-year-old boy with clinical evidence of heart disease. These include persistent noncommunicating intramyocardial sinusoids, anomalous right ventricular muscle bands, muscular deficiency of ventricular septum, and papillary muscle underdevelopment. To our knowledge, this complex of findings has not been previously described. PMID- 3190412 TI - Diffuse axonal swellings in a case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - We report a case of a 25-year-old woman affected by the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in whom the neuropathologic examination disclosed the presence of diffuse axonal swellings in the brain stem and in selected areas of cerebral hemispheres. These lesions, although microscopically similar to those previously described as focal pontine leukoencephalopathy, differ in that their distribution was wider, there was an absence of associated necrosis of the adjacent nervous tissue, and there was a lack of calcification. It is suggested that axonal swellings represent a nonspecific reaction of the central nervous system to infection by opportunistic agents and/or human immunodeficiency virus in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3190414 TI - Benign vascular proliferation in a lymph node following acute toxoplasmosis. A differential diagnosis from Kaposi's sarcoma. AB - We describe an unusual intranodal vascular proliferation following acute toxoplasmosis in a man. This proliferation is distinct from other benign vasoformative nodal lesions. It could be interpreted as a reactive healing process that might be misdiagnosed as nodal Kaposi's sarcoma. Some criteria to avoid such misdiagnosis are presented. PMID- 3190413 TI - Disseminated penicilliosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - We describe a case of disseminated penicilliosis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Penicillium marneffei was cultured from the blood, bone marrow, sputum, stool, and skin; the yeast forms were demonstrated in skin and bone marrow biopsy specimens. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of disseminated penicilliosis described in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The differential diagnosis with Histoplasma capsulatum is reviewed. PMID- 3190415 TI - Knee flexor and extensor strength ratios with deficiency of the lateral collateral ligament. AB - This investigation studied the peak torque and total work hamstring/quadriceps (HQ) ratios of 24 lateral collateral ligament (LCL) insufficient knees, and clarified the possible associations between different HQ ratios and the long-term outcomes of patients. Peak torque values were recorded at low (60 degrees/sec) and high (180 degrees/sec) speed of isokinetic movement, and the maximal isometric extension and flexion outputs were measured at the knee angle of 60 degrees from straight. Three standardized knee scoring scales were used to determine the subjective, functional, clinical, and radiologic outcomes of these LCL insufficient knees. In every test a great interpersonal variation of the HQ ratios was noticed, even in the healthy knees (range 24% to 154%). On the injured side the HQ ratios were in every test higher than on the healthy side, because of the weaker quadriceps muscle of the injured leg. In most cases, followup scores did not differ significantly between the groups with low (less than 50%), optimal (50% to 80%), or high (greater than 80%) HQ ratios of the LCL insufficient knees. However, in every test the scores were significantly (p less than 0.005 to 0.0001) better in the patients who had the HQ ratio of the injured knee near the uninjured side (less than 15%) compared with those with a clear difference (greater than 15%). These findings suggest that the HQ ratio is a very individual parameter, and therefore any general recommendation about the optimal value is very difficult to give. With regard to long-term outcome, the most ideal HQ ratio of an LCL insufficient knee seems to be the HQ ratio of the opposite, healthy extremity. PMID- 3190416 TI - Cardiac evaluation during physical rehabilitation of the complex medical patient. AB - Many rehabilitation patients have cardiovascular disease as a primary or secondary diagnosis. Such patients require careful evaluation before institution of vigorous therapeutic exercise and activity regimens. However, conventional exercise tests are often inappropriate due to orthopedic, neurologic, or functional limitations. This article introduces a new method of cardiac assessment, called the Trendscriber Evaluation (TE). The TE uses the Trendscriber, a cardiac telemetry unit which provides a hard-copy single-lead electrocardiogram (SECG) printout and digital heart rate monitor. The TE was developed to assess SECG, hemodynamic, and symptomatic responses during preestablished submaximal levels of activity. Specially trained physical and occupational therapists conduct the evaluation, directing the patient and monitoring vital signs. Results are interpreted by a staff cardiologist. For two years this technique was evaluated for 100 patients in the form of a medical records review. Eighty-nine percent of the patients' TEs identified cardiac abnormalities with heart rhythms, hemodynamic response, or both. Arrhythmia activity not detected on the routine 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded in 49.5% of the TEs performed. Fifty-seven percent of the records revealed activity-related ventricular ectopic activity. Data uncovered by the TE resulted in alteration of medical and/or rehabilitation therapy in 63% of the patients. The review suggests that the TE is a valuable tool in identifying problems related to cardiovascular performance and in providing the health care team with information important for patient management. PMID- 3190417 TI - Cardiovascular responses to acute exercise in patients with cerebrovascular accidents. AB - Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses to isometric hand grip, exercise with the cybex arm ergometer, and cybex fitron cycle ergometer were recorded for 19 stroke subjects and 19 control subjects matched by age and gender. Mean age in both groups was 66 years. There was no significant difference in the resting HR (controls: 69 +/- 10, patients: 70 +/- 11 beats per minute) and BP measurements (systolic--controls: 140 +/- 17, patients: 135 +/- 21; diastolic- controls 80 +/- 8, patients: 75 +/- 11mmHg). There was also no significant difference in either the mean HR (controls: 79 +/- 10, patients: 81 +/- 12 beats per minute) or BP (systolic--controls: 174 +/- 23, patients: 165 +/- 27; diastolic--controls: 98 +/- 15, patients: 92 +/- 14) response to exercise. With the arm ergometer test, the control group attained a significantly higher maximum systolic (190 +/- 23 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (102 +/- 15mmHg) than the stroke group (systolic 165 +/- 23; diastolic 91 +/- 10mmHg). During the leg ergometer exercise test, results were similar in both groups except that work completed was significantly higher for the control group (3592 +/- 1162kg) than for patients (2512 +/- 1348kg). None of the patients reported symptoms of dizziness, fainting, or chest pain. Prescribed exercise in stroke patients under supervision and within patient tolerance was found to be safe. PMID- 3190418 TI - Variations in cardiovascular response accompanying differences in arm-cranking rate. AB - Arm ergometry may be the only means of exercise testing for persons who cannot perform treadmill or bicycle ergometer testing. To determine the effects of arm cranking rate on cardiovascular responses, ten healthy college students underwent maximal graded exercise testing on the arm ergometer. Each subject completed randomly ordered tests using 30-, 60-, and 70-rpm cranking rates at least seven days apart. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that both peak heart rate (HR) and rate pressure product (RPP) increased significantly with increases in cranking rate across the three tests (p less than .05). Peak systolic blood pressure (SBP) and oxygen uptake (VO2) for the 60- and 70- rpm tests was significantly higher than for the 30-rpm test (p less than .05). Peak work rate (WR) was significantly higher for the 70-rpm than for the 30-rpm test (p less than .05). Because RPP is an accepted index of myocardial oxygen consumption, the results indicated that the metabolic load on the heart was increased by increments in the cranking rate. The increases in RPP occurred as a function of the combined increases in HR and SBP as rpm increased from 60 to 70. Since increases in WR and VO2 did not occur as rpm increased from 60 to 70, the rise in HR and RPP may have occurred in response to factors other than the total-body oxygen demand. PMID- 3190419 TI - Exercise during gravity inversion: acute and chronic effects. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether gravity inversion could correctly be called an exercise, and whether inversion and inverted exercise produced safe blood pressure responses. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured in 19 healthy young men (means = 20.31 years) in seven positions: (1) standing passive (STD), (2) inverted passive (INV), (3) standing recovery postpassive inversion (SRPI), (4) standing exercise (SDE), (5) standing recovery poststanding exercise (SRPSE), (6) inverted exercise (INVE), and (7) inverted recovery postinverted exercise (IRPIE). Ten of the subjects participated in a five-week inversion training program, after which all 19 subjects were retested. Compared to STD, INV elicited significant increases in SBP/DBP and a significant decrease in HR. The average INV blood pressure was 146/97 mmHg, which was further increased during INVE to 158/101 mmHg. These responses increase the workload of the heart and may be dangerous to some populations. No physiologic adaptations occurred in any of the inverted positions as a result of inversion training. Gravity inversion should not be compared to or classified as an exercise. Some previously suggested inverted exercises are not recommended. Because of the nature of the responses, medical screening before the use of inversion devices is critical. PMID- 3190420 TI - Ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow localized by short segment stimulation. AB - The purpose of the study was to evaluate the differences in the amplitudes of the compound muscle action potentials of the hypothenar muscles and the differences in conduction times. Differences in shoot segment responses were determined by stimulating the ulnar nerve at 2-cm intervals across the elbow in 20 normal adults. Thirteen ulnar nerves on the left side and 12 nerves on the right of 14 men and six women were studied for motor nerve conduction velocity. The amplitudes of the hypothenar compound muscle action potentials and the conduction times after supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve were also determined. The distal-to-proximal reduction in the amplitude of the potentials was 6% on the left and 4.2% on the right. The maximum conduction time in a 2-cm segment on the right side was 0.63msec (mean +2SD = 0.43 + 0.20) and on the left, 0.60msec (mean +2SD = 0.44 + 0.16). Using the same short segment stimulation technique, ulnar nerve motor conduction was also studied in 13 patients with suspected ulnar neuropathy at the elbow in order to localize the nerve lesion. Conduction time only was abnormal in one patient, both conduction time and amplitude in nine, amplitude only in one, and conduction time and mild reduction in amplitude in two. It was concluded that short segment stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the elbow is useful in localizing the exact site of entrapment/compression of the nerve at the elbow. PMID- 3190421 TI - Posttraumatic syringomyelia associated with heavy weightlifting exercises: case report. AB - Posttraumatic syringomyelia is a well-recognized late sequel to spinal trauma occurring in 1% to 3.2% of spinal cord injured patients. Its clinical presentation is usually marked by pain, ascending sensory loss, increased muscle weakness, and depressed deep tendon reflexes. The case of a 25-year-old man with C8 complete quadriplegia, who developed a syrinx five years after his initial injury, is presented. This patient kept a log of his daily physical workout which consisted of lifting weights of 50 to 60 pounds with his neck extensors and biceps. The diagnosis was made clinically and confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Repeated valsalva maneuvers from daily heavy weightlifting exercises most likely predisposed this patient to the development and extension of his syringomyelia. Dramatic improvement followed surgical placement of a subarachnoid shunt. PMID- 3190422 TI - Bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis: clinical spectrum, prognosis, and diagnostic approach. AB - In a retrospective review of the clinical course of five patients with nontrauma related bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, we found that the diagnosis is generally delayed (median delay: two years) in the presence of moderate to severe respiratory insufficiencies. Orthopnea out of proportion to the underlying cardiopulmonary status and thoracoabdominal paradoxus in the supine position are the clues to the diagnosis. Pulmonary function tests showed a typical restrictive ventilatory defect, and arterial blood gas showed chronic respiratory acidosis. Failure to recognize the diaphragmatic impairment led to cardiopulmonary decompensations such as cor pulmonale and acute respiratory failure. However, with the institution of appropriate therapy, adverse effects resolved and all five patients are alive and continue to lead independent lives. We conclude that nontrauma-related bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis is an underrecognized and underdiagnosed condition. The results also indicate that early diagnosis and treatment can minimize morbidity and mortality, and that excellent long-term, good-quality survival can be expected. PMID- 3190423 TI - Millard-Gubler syndrome: electrophysiologic findings. AB - Millard-Gubler syndrome is caused by a lesion in the brainstem at the level of the facial nerve nucleus. This lesion involves the facial nerve nucleus, the abducent nerve, and the corticospinal tract. Clinical features are a weakness of all muscles innervated by the facial nerve and the lateral rectus on the involved side as well as weakness of the extremities on the contralateral side. Electrophysiologic findings are reported in this study. Conventional electrophysiologic approaches indicate a lower motor neuron type of facial involvement. Blink reflex studies indicate brainstem involvement. PMID- 3190424 TI - The case of the missing ozone: are physiatrists to blame? PMID- 3190426 TI - Fifty years of physiatry. PMID- 3190425 TI - Fifty years of physiatry...the forging of the chain. PMID- 3190427 TI - Maturation of a specialty: the early 1980s. PMID- 3190428 TI - The Academy in the space age: preparing for the 21st century. PMID- 3190429 TI - The medical practice committee of the Academy: evolution and growth. PMID- 3190430 TI - Research and the American Academy of PM&R. PMID- 3190431 TI - Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on pulmonary leukostasis and complement activation. AB - We measured white blood cell counts and complement component (C3a, C4a, and C5a) and prostacyclin levels, and studied lung biopsy specimens, in 16 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and compared them with four patients undergoing other pulmonary procedures. Bypass caused no significant elevation in peripheral venous white blood cell counts. Higher counts were present in the right atrium compared with the left atrium. Patients who underwent bypass had elevated complement component and prostacyclin concentrations before operation and these levels increased further during operation. Trapping of polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurred in pulmonary alveolar capillaries and venules after bypass. We conclude that bypass activates complement components primarily of the alternative pathway and leads to increased blood prostacyclin levels. These changes are accompanied by polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in the lungs and may be important in initiation of the adult respiratory distress syndrome in these patients. PMID- 3190432 TI - The pathogenesis of multiple organ failure. PMID- 3190433 TI - 'Anesthetic' doses of fentanyl. PMID- 3190434 TI - Conservation of the spleen with distal pancreatectomy. PMID- 3190435 TI - Dakin's solution in wound treatment. PMID- 3190436 TI - Simple ligation vs stump inversion in appendectomy. PMID- 3190437 TI - Quantitative measurement of endogenous amino acid absorption in unanaesthetized pigs. AB - The present experiment was carried out with 11 pigs (mean body weight: 53.9 +/- 1.3 kg) fitted with permanent catheters in the portal vein and carotid artery and with an electromagnetic flow probe around the portal vein. They were each subjected to 2 or 3 trials at 3 to 4-day intervals. During each trial the animals received after a previous fasting of 20 h a given amount of a protein-free diet (200 to 1200 g). The blood was collected either continuously for a quantitative determination of amino nitrogen, reducing sugars, urea and ammonia (number of meals 12, mean intake: 727 +/- 60 g) or discontinuously every 30 min between 0 and 8 h after the meal for amino acid analysis (number of meals 8; mean intake 709 +/- 105 g). A rather constant appearance (2 g/h) of amino acids in the portal blood was observed throughout the postprandial period. The intestinal absorption of each amino acid was however variable and represented between 10 and 50% of the daily requirements of the animal during the measuring period (8 h). Glutamine and to a less extent glutamic acid were exceptions as they were taken up by the gut wall from the arterial blood. There was also a marked synthesis of ornithine and citrulline by the latter. Because of the low blood level of urea, there were no apparent exchanges of urea between the blood and the intestine; in contrast, the ammonia absorption represented about 70% of that observed after ingestion of normal protein diets. Most amino acids are largely taken up by the liver and peripheral tissues, but in the case of alanine the syntheses exceed the uptake. PMID- 3190438 TI - [The effect of sugar beets in the ration on metabolism in the forestomach of 11 to 20-week-old calves]. AB - The influence of the replacement of cereals by sugar beet in the rations was tested with 6 calves supplied with re-entrant duodenal or ruminal cannulae in 4 measuring periods between their 11th and 17th weeks of life. The control ration (A) consisted of 60% mixed feed, 20% hay and 20% wilted silage, the test ration (B) consisted of 30% mixed feed, 33% sugar beet, 20% hay and 17% wilted silage. A contained 15% crude protein, 32% starch and 2% sugar, B in the same sequence 14, 12 and 24% (amounts in % of DM). The following results were achieved: The functional development of the rumen is largely completed three weeks after weaning. There were no qualitative changes between the 11th and 17th weeks of life. The fermentation of organic matter in the rumen (50...52%) and bacterial protein yield (2.4...2.6 g N per 100 g digestible organic matter) corresponded to that of adult ruminants. The partial replacement of cereals by sugar beet resulted in a significant increase of the molar butyric acid quota to 20.8% (B) in comparison to 13% (A) with the same level of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen, the decrease of the quota of acetic acid to 61.4% (B) in contrast to 73.5% (A) and the reduction of the ruminal NH3 concentration after feeding. The feeding of sugar beets had a positive influence on the passage of starch in the duodenum. The DM-degradation of straw in polyamide bags was also positively influenced. 62.6% (A) and 73.9% (B) of the feed N were degraded in the forestomachs. Per kg DM intake 29.8 g (A) and 28.0 g (B) non-ammonia-N (NAN) were detected at the duodenum. 54% (A) and 64% (B) of NAN consisted of bacteria N. In contrast to adult ruminants at nutrition level 1 (maintenance) a considerable net influx of endogenous N into the rumen was to be observed at a crude protein concentration in the feed of 14 to 15% (in the DM) in both groups. Accordingly, the minimum protein content of the ration (in the DM) should be above 15% in the rearing range studied. PMID- 3190439 TI - Activation of the sensory irritant receptor by C7-C11 n-alkanes. AB - The sensory irritation effect of vapours of n-alkanes with 7-11 carbon atoms was determined from a trigeminal reflex, decreasing the respiratory rate in mice. The maximum effect within the first 10 min of the exposure period decreased from heptane to undecane, equivalent to a decrease in intrinsic activity. The concentration which depressed the respiratory rate by 50% (RD-50) was 17,400 ppm for heptane. The n-alkanes C8-C11 were not able to produce this response level. The threshold concentration (RD-0) decreased from heptane to undecane, which corresponds to an increase in potency. The thermodynamic analysis suggests, however, that the affinity constants are equal, and thus the increase in potency is suggested to be due to altered distribution between the gas-air phase and the receptor phase. The expression 0.2. RD-0 was used to estimate the upper limits for sensory irritation which are expected to be acceptable in the industrial working environment. The corresponding limits are 1205, 605 and 125 ppm, for heptane, octane and nonane, respectively. For decane the limit is expected to be above 22 ppm. We were not able to obtain an estimate for undecane due to the low intrinsic activity. Pulmonary irritation was found to be weak, except for heptane. PMID- 3190440 TI - Activation of cyclophosphamide in mouse limb bud cultures using a reconstituted cytochrome P-450 system. AB - Purified phenobarbital-induced rat liver cytochrome P-450 was incorporated in a reconstituted system containing NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, dilauroyl phosphatidyl choline and sodium cholate. This system was added to organ cultures of limb buds from mouse embryos on day 11 of gestation. Cyclophosphamide (100 micrograms per ml) was used as a "pre-teratogen" and activation was initiated by adding an NADPH-regenerating system. Due to extensive purification, toxicity of the enzyme preparations and residual solubilisation detergents could be greatly reduced. A reconstituted system containing 10-100 pmol cytochrome P-450 per ml without cyclophosphamide caused no noticeable interference with limb development. The same assay containing cyclophosphamide, however, resulted in a pronounced impairment of cartilage differentiation and in the formation of clearly abnormal structures, especially at the paw skeleton. The activity of the reconstituted system declined under the experimental conditions used, but some activating capacity towards cyclophosphamide was still demonstrable after about 2 h of incubation. PMID- 3190441 TI - The effect of sodium chromate pretreatment on mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxicity. AB - Sodium chromate (20 mg/kg, s.c.), which in male rats inflicted necrotic damage mainly in the P1 region (proximal part of the proximal convoluted tubules), protected against proximal tubular necrosis induced by 0.5 or 3.0 mg Hg2+/kg in the P2 (distal part of the proximal convoluted tubules) and P3 (pars recta part of the proximal tubules) regions. Histochemical staining for mercury indicated that chromate increased mercury deposition in those cells of the P1 region which were unaffected by chromate (had intact brush border) but did not decrease mercury deposition in the most severely affected P3 region. Chromate pretreatment actually increased mercury deposition in the kidneys of animals killed 24 h after the injection of 0.5 mg Hg2+. The protective effect was mutual. Cellular proliferation and fibrosis observed 4-5 days after chromate were prevented by injecting 0.5 mg Hg2+/kg 3 days after chromate treatment. PMID- 3190442 TI - Effect of As2O3 on gluconeogenesis. AB - 1) The effect of As2O3 and As2O5 on gluconeogenesis from various substrates in the liver and kidney of rats was investigated. 2) A concentration-dependent inhibition by As2O3 was found. The effect was not dependent on the amount of investigated material (hepatocytes or kidney tubules). For either hepatocytes or kidney tubules the extent of inhibition depended strongly on the substrate used. The highest degree of inhibition was observed in incubations with pyruvate. The inhibition of glucose formation was accompanied to a lesser extent by a diminution in O2 consumption and ATP content. The effect was also dependent on the substrate used. Maximum effect was found in incubations with pyruvate. 3) Oleate, 0.5 mmol/l, increased gluconeogenesis from pyruvate. The effect was not abolished by As2O3. 4) A decrease in the content of acetyl-CoA, 3 hydroxybutyrate, and reduced glutathione was found in suspensions of isolated rat kidney tubules or hepatocytes incubated with As2O3. 5) About 10 times higher concentrations of As2O5 were necessary to induce a similar extent of inhibition of gluconeogenesis, decrease in O2 consumption, and in ATP content as compared with As2O3. The extent of the As2O5 effect depended on the concentration of the toxicant and on the substrate used. Gluconeogenesis from pyruvate exhibited the highest sensitivity to As2O5. 6) All findings can be largely explained by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase as the central target for arsenicals. The subsequent depletion of acetyl CoA results in impaired formation of reducing equivalents in the citric acid cycle, decrease in high energy phosphates and, acetyl CoA being a strong positive modulator of pyruvate carboxylase, in gluconeogenesis inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190443 TI - The teratogenicity of cadmium-metallothionein in the rat. AB - A single dose in the range 0.25-1.0 mg metallothionein-bound cadmium (MT-Cd)/kg body weight, when administered parenterally to the rat between day 8 and day 14 of gestation (gd 8-gd 14), is teratogenic. In vitro, the development of the isolated rat conceptus, explanted at 8.5 days of gestation, is unaffected by the addition of 1.5 microM MT-Cd to the culture medium, whereas the same concentration of ionic Cd (as CdCl2) is lethal. The incorporation of appreciable amounts of Cd into the embryo (860 pg), placenta (970 pg) and yolk sac (65.4 ng) without toxic manifestations under the former conditions suggests that the metalloprotein is incorporated pinocytotically, but without degradation, by the conceptus in vitro. It does not follow, therefore, that MT-Cd is without embryo/foetotoxicity in the pregnant rat since, in-vivo, liberation of some of the protein-bound Cd is known to occur in the blood. At short times after injection of 0.25 mg MT-Cd/kg body weight on gd 12, however, the maximal foetal and placental contents of Cd (less than 25 pg and 2 ng, respectively) are low in comparison with those after a teratogenic dose of CdCl2 and are of the same order as those in the embryo (46 pg) and placenta (100 pg) + yolk sac (3.8 ng) of the rat conceptus, cultured in the presence of the highest no-effect concentration of CdCl2 (0.065 microM). From this evidence, therefore, it is concluded that the uptake by the conceptus in vivo of either CdMT, or of Cd liberated therefrom, is unlikely to contribute to the teratogenic response. In the pregnant, as in the non-pregnant rat, the kidney appears to be the only organ that is affected directly by the metalloprotein. All doses in the range 0.25-1.0 mg MT-Cd/kg body weight are nephrotoxic and, because of this, result in prolonged anorexia in the pregnant animal. While some of the foetal deformities that occur in the CdMT dosed animal seem to be direct consequences of the renal dysfunction, others apparently are secondary to the maternal anorexia, since they are induced in pregnant, normal rats by appropriate reductions in food intake. In rats that are injected i.p. on gd 12 with 0.25 mg MT-Cd/kg body weight, renal uptake of Cd is slower, but the final concentration is higher than in animals that are given the same dose i.v.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3190444 TI - Prenatal toxicity of acyclovir in rats. AB - Pregnant rats were treated during organogenesis with s.c. injections of acyclovir and the embryos were evaluated on day 11.5 of gestation (crown-rump length, somites, protein content, score, abnormalities, histological examination). After eight injections of 50 mg/kg body wt on days 9, 10, and 11 of pregnancy a reduction of the crown-rump length was noticed. After 100 mg/kg this effect was more pronounced. With two or three applications of this dose on day 10 specific embryonic abnormalities were visible: the shape of the head was abnormal, the width of the skull had decreased resembling a beak-like visceral cranium. With a single administration of 200 mg/kg on day 10 we found a similar but slightly more pronounced outcome. A drastic change of all variables was obtained after eight injections of 100 mg/kg on days 9, 10, and 11. Comparatively we measured maternal plasma concentrations of acyclovir 1 h after the administration of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg body wt. After an injection of 50 mg/kg on days 9, 10, and 11 of gestation (three injections/day) the plasma levels ranged from 19.1 to 40.0 mg/l (1 mg/l = 4.44 microM). No cumulation was observed. In contrast, a cumulative effect was detected following a dose of 100 mg/kg. After the first injection of this dose a mean value (+/- SD) of 60.3 +/- 14.7 mg/l (n = 16) was obtained. In this case a third injection increased the mean plasma level to 124.6 +/- 16.6 mg/l (n = 5). Further injections, however, led to decreasing levels. One hour after administration of 200 mg/kg body wt acyclovir levels ranged from 120.0 to 163.9 mg/l. We conclude that acyclovir, at doses leading to plasma concentrations well above the therapeutic level in the dam, interferes with the embryonic development in the rat. Acyclovir induces typical gross structural abnormalities which have been first observed using a whole embryo culture system. PMID- 3190445 TI - Organ-specific effects of naphthalene on tissue peroxidation, glutathione peroxidases and superoxide dismutase in the rat. AB - Male, weanling Blue-Spruce rats were treated with naphthalene (p.o.) in defined dose increments up to 750 mg/kg body weight over 9 weeks. At necropsy, treated rats showed a 20% decrease in body weight compared to controls. Naphthalene treatment resulted in enhanced peroxidation (p less than 0.001) only in the liver. This increased peroxidation was associated with reductions (p less than 0.05) in the activity of the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase in hepatic cytosolic fractions and an associated increase (p less than 0.05) in the selenium independent glutathione peroxidase. No increase in peroxidation was observed in the lung, eye or heart of these rats and the activities of the selenoenzyme and the selenium-independent glutathione peroxidases were also unaffected by naphthalene in these organs. Naphthalene also did not affect superoxide dismutase activity in any of the organs examined. Thus, in addition to the known effects of naphthalene on tissue glutathione, naphthalene-induced reductions in the selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase can also contribute to peroxidation in the liver and must be considered as a contributing factor in naphthalene toxicity in vivo. PMID- 3190446 TI - N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine, a new urinary metabolite of acrylonitrile and oxiranecarbonitrile. AB - Two mercapturic acids, i.e., N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (CHEMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (HEMA), were isolated from the urine of rats dosed with four successive doses of oxiranecarbonitrile (glycidonitrile, GN), 5 mg/kg, a reactive metabolic intermediate of acrylonitrile (AN). GC-MS analysis of methylated urine extracts from both AN- and GN-dosed rats showed another mercapturate which was identified as N-acetyl-S-(1-cyanoethenyl)-L cysteine (1-CEMA) methyl ester using an authentic reference sample. The mass spectrum of this compound was very similar to that of a methylated metabolite of AN tentatively identified by Langvardt et al. (1980) as N-acetyl-3-carboxy-5 cyanothiazane (ACCT). In contrast, no ACCT was found in rats dosed with either GN or AN. Hence, there is no evidence for the formation of ACCT or its isomers in rats dosed with AN or GN. The methyl ester of 1-CEMA is formed artificially by dehydration of CHEMA methyl ester in the injector of the gas chromatograph. PMID- 3190447 TI - Effects of fusarenon-X and T-2 toxin on intestinal absorption of monosaccharide in rats. AB - In order to delineate the effects of Fusarenon-X (FX) and T-2 toxin (T-2) on intestinal absorption of monosaccharide, jejunal absorption in vivo and uptake in vitro of 3-0-methyl glucose (m-glucose) and L-glucose were studied in rats. Jejunal absorption in vivo was assessed by determining the rate of appearance of the sugars in plasma of the mesenteric vein draining the jejunal segment, which was perfused with the medium containing radiolabelled m-glucose or L-glucose. Jejunal uptake in vitro was assessed by determining the m-glucose or L-glucose uptake by the everted jejunum taken from toxin-treated rats. m-Glucose absorption was reduced 1 or 3 h after either toxin was injected into the jejunal lumen. A reduction of m-glucose absorption was also noted after intravenous injection of the toxins, although the timing and magnitude of the reduction were slightly different from those seen after the luminal injection. These results suggest that both toxins impair the jejunal function relating to monosaccharide absorption in the early stages of intoxication. The reduction in m-glucose absorption was associated with a reduction in L-glucose absorption and unchanged or increased uptake of L-glucose. The active transport component, which was indicated by the difference between absorption or uptake of the two sugars, was also reduced in association with the reduction of m-glucose absorption. These results suggest that the toxins cause specific damage in the active transport system for monosaccharides on the one hand, and impairment of their diffusional movement from the epithelial layer to the mesenteric vein on the other. PMID- 3190449 TI - Tumour induction in mice following exposure to aristolochic acid. AB - After treatment for 3 weeks with aristolochic acid (AA) in daily doses of 5.0 mg/kg mice were kept under observation for approximately 1 year. During this period papillomatous changes occurred in the forestomach. At a later stage, squamous cell carcinomas were observed in all the animals. In one case, an adenocarcinoma was found in the glandular stomach. In addition, malignant lymphomas were found, as well as adenomas of the kidneys, carcinomas of the lungs, and haemangiomas of the uteri. PMID- 3190448 TI - A study of nerve conduction velocity, late responses and neuromuscular synapse functions in organophosphate workers in India. AB - To study the effect of occupational organophosphate exposure on neuromuscular function, 24 workers exposed to fenthion [0,0-dimethyl-0(4-methyl mercapto-3 methyl phenyl)phosphorothioate], whose mean age was 31.7 years (range 22-50) and mean duration of exposure to fenthion 8.5 years (range 1-19) were subjected to detailed clinical and neurophysiological evaluation after spraying. The neurophysiological tests included motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity; F response, H reflex and electromyographic neuromuscular synapse testing. Fenthion exposure was monitored by serum acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) levels. The observations were repeated after withdrawing the workers from fenthion exposure for 3 weeks to study the reversibility of the observed changes. There was no clinical evidence of peripheral neuropathy or muscle weakness. However, peroneal motor conduction velocity (p less than 0.05) terminal motor latency of median (p less than 0.1), and peroneal nerve (p less than 0.05); F minimal latency and H reflex latency (p less than 0.01) were significantly affected. Twenty-nine per cent of workers had repetitive muscle activity. Serum AchE levels also showed significant changes (p less than 0.01). The clinical significance of these subtle neurophysiological changes requires further investigation and follow-up. PMID- 3190450 TI - A study of adverse effects on the progeny after intoxication during pregnancy. AB - The pregnancy outcomes of 109 women who were intoxicated during pregnancy due to excessive amounts of drugs and other agents were studied. Seventy per cent of the women attempted suicide, and the intoxication in 78% of all cases was caused by drugs. The stillbirth rate (4%) was higher than that in previous and subsequent pregnancies of these index females. The rate of spontaneous abortions, major congenital abnormalities, minor anomalies, infant mortality, and specific childhood diseases did not increase significantly. Seven major congenital abnormalities occurred in 96 live births; five of these definitely had no causal relation with the intoxication. The mean birthweight of the liveborn infants was not significantly lower than that of their sibs but it was significantly lower than that of sibs born previously and that of the Hungarian population. The percentage of mentally retarded offspring (6.5%) exceeded the national figure (about 3%) and the rate of sibs (2.7%); however, the difference was not significant. Three of 93 children had serious behavioral problems. PMID- 3190451 TI - The effects of prochloraz on some microsomal parameters in rat liver. PMID- 3190452 TI - Developmental disturbances of the fetal brain in guinea-pigs caused by methylmercury. AB - Pregnant guinea-pigs of Hartley strain were orally administered methylmercuric chloride once at a dose of 7.5 mg Hg/animal (weighing 500-800 g) on one of days 21, 28, 35, 42 or 49 (3-7 weeks) of gestation. They were killed on day 63 (9 weeks) and their fetuses were removed. Both maternal and fetal blood, brain, liver and kidney, and fetal hair, urine, gastric content and amniotic fluid as well, were sampled for mercury analysis. The fetal brains were also examined pathologically. The maternal kidney contained mercury at a high concentration but the fetal kidney did not. The mercury concentration was strikingly high in the fetal hair, but fairly low in the urine, gastric contents and amniotic fluid. Mercury distributed unevenly in various brain regions of both dams and fetuses after treatment at 6 and 7 weeks of pregnancy (3 and 2 weeks before sampling). The concentration was high in the neopallium and archipallium, followed by the paleopallium, diencephalon and mesencephalon, but low in the rhombencephalon, including cerebellum. Mercury contents were relatively low and distributed almost evenly in various brain regions of both the dams and fetuses following treatment at 3, 4, and 5 weeks of pregnancy. Morphologically, the fetal brains were disturbed in the development following treatment at 3, 4 and 5 weeks of pregnancy. The cerebral cortex was thinned, the nucleus caudatus putamen and the hippocampal formation were reduced in size, and the lateral ventricles were dilated. However, the histological architecture of the cerebral cortex was not strikingly maldeveloped; only a slight disarrangement of the cellular alignment was noted.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190453 TI - Structure-activity relationship of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors including paraquat. AB - The inhibitory effect of paraquat on cholinesterase activity was investigated in comparison with four paraquat derivatives, six monoquaternary ammoniums and six anticholinergic drugs. Inhibitor concentrations to cause 50% inhibition (I50) and Hill coefficients for three enzymes, human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Electrophorus electricus AChE and human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were measured. The results obtained were as follows. The I50 for erythrocyte AChE was similar to the I50 for eel AChE. Secondary to edrophonium, diethylparaquat, paraquat, morfamquat and monoquat showed lower I50 for AChE, and possessed higher inhibition selectivity (IS), expressed as the ratio of I50 for BuChE to I50 for erythrocyte AChE. However, diquat showed higher I50 for AChE and lower IS, similar to the other monoquaternary ammoniums. A negative correlation was observed between log [I50 for erythrocyte AChE] and log [IS], among paraquat and its derivatives, monoquaternary ammoniums and anticholinergic drugs, respectively. With respect to Hill coefficients, these inhibitors could be classified into four groups, [1] competitive inhibitors: diquat, edrophonium, choline, tetramethylammonium and trimethylphenylammonium, [2] inhibitors showing negative cooperativity: paraquat, diethylparaquat, morfamquat, d-tubocurarine, atropine, gallamine and nicotine, [3] moderate type inhibitors: monoquat, hexamethonium and decamethonium. [4] the other type inhibitors showing positive cooperativity for erythrocyte AChE: tetraethylammonium and ethyltrimethylammonium. PMID- 3190454 TI - Studies on the role of central catecholaminergic mechanisms in the antidotal effect of the oxime HI 6 in soman poisoned mice. AB - The effects of atropine and the oxime HI 6 on running performance, brain and plasma cholinesterase activity and brain catecholamines were investigated in mice intoxicated with sublethal doses of soman (100 micrograms/kg s.c.). The running time on a rotating mash wire drum (total running time 60 min) after injection of soman was reduced to 17.2 min. Treatment with atropine (10 mg/kg i.p.) or HI 6 (55 mg/kg i.p.) improved the running performance to 48.2 and 44.8 min, respectively. Cholinesterase activity was decreased in soman poisoned mice to 47.3% in plasma and 43.5% in brain. Therapy with the oxime HI 6 resulted in a reactivation of soman-inhibited peripheral cholinesterase to 76.6%, but failed to reactivate central cholinesterase. Dopamine levels in mice brain were elevated in soman poisoning by 23.2%, whereas noradrenaline levels remained unchanged. The increase in brain dopamine levels was antagonized by atropine as well as by HI 6. The results of this study lead to the speculation that central dopaminergic mechanisms may be involved in soman toxicity as well as in the antidotal action of atropine and the mainly peripherally acting oxime HI 6. PMID- 3190455 TI - The role of phospholipase in plasmocid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in rat hearts. AB - This study was designed to clarify the role of phospholipase in the mechanism of plasmocid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the rat heart. Rats were divided into two groups: the control group, untreated; and the plasmocid group, in which plasmocid (30 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously. In each group, the level of lipid peroxides and the phospholipase activity in heart homogenate were measured, and mitochondrial function (respiratory control index and the rate of oxygen consumption in State III) was determined polarographically. The activity of lysosomal enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase) were also measured. The plasmocid group showed significant increases in lipid peroxide levels and phospholipase activity. Administration of plasmocid also caused mitochondrial dysfunction, while no significant changes were observed in the lysosomal enzyme activity of either group. These results suggested that plasmocid induced mitochondrial dysfunction is based on the degrading of phospholipids by membrane bound phospholipase, and that lysosomal enzymes are unlikely to be involved in plasmocid-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. PMID- 3190456 TI - Trenbolone induces micronucleus formation and neoplastic transformation in Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts but not in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells. AB - The synthetic androgen 17 beta-trenbolone (beta-TBOH), used as a growth promotant in cattle, and its metabolite 17 alpha-trenbolone (alpha-TBOH) were tested for genetic toxicity in Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells and in mouse C3H10T1/2 embryo fibroblasts by measuring the induction of micronucleus formation and neoplastic cell transformation. Both beta-TBOH and alpha-TBOH, but not testosterone nor its hormonally active metabolite, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, caused a dose-related induction of micronuclei in SHE cells. In C3H10T1/2 cells, neither beta-TBOH nor alpha-TBOH gave rise to micronucleus induction. Furthermore, both beta-TBOH and alpha-TBOH, but not testosterone, were found to transform SHE cells but not C3H10T1/2 cells morphologically. The beta-TBOH transformed SHE cells proved to be neoplastic in thymus-aplastic nude mice. These data show that beta-TBOH is able to cause changes at the chromosomal level and neoplastic transformation independent of its hormonal activity in one mammalian cell system but not in another one. The implications of these data for the risk evaluation of beta-TBOH are discussed. PMID- 3190457 TI - Effects of N,N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) on mouse germ cells--sperm count and morphology, and testicular pathology. AB - The sperm count and morphology, and testicular histopathology were studied in mice over a period of 75 days following a single oral administration of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg N.N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA). With a 50 and 100 mg/kg dose, the sperm abnormality reached a maximum at 30 days, whereas the sperm count reached a minimum at 35 days. The abnormality and decrease in sperm count were both dose dependent. Following the administration of 200 mg/kg MBA, the appearance of abnormal sperm showed a diphase pattern, i.e., first at 7-15 days without any reduction of the sperm count and second at 30 days after treatment. Testicular histopathological changes showed that resting spermatocytes, succeeding leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes were either absent or reduced 1-3 days after treatment with 200 mg/kg MBA. These early histopathological changes seemed to precede both the increase in abnormal sperm and the decrease in sperm count observed 30-35 days post-treatment, and also suggested that resting spermatocytes were most sensitive to MBA exposure among various spermatogenic cells. PMID- 3190459 TI - Identification and quantification of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in plasma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. AB - A method for the gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identification and quantification of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in plasma is described. Such a method is necessary in clinical and forensic toxicology to diagnose probable intoxication and to control the efficacy of detoxification. For sample preparation, the glycols were isolated using acetone after the addition of 1,3 propylene glycol as internal standard. The glycols were then esterified by pivalic acid (pivalic acid anhydride, triethylamine and methanol, 70 degrees C, 15 min) to improve their gas chromatographic characteristics. The glycols were first identified by a comparison of the full mass spectra with reference spectra and then quantified. Therefore, the peak area ratio in the total ion chromatogram (ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol/1,3-propanediol) of the sample was compared with the calibration curve in which the peak area ratios of the standards (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 g/l), prepared in the same way, were plotted versus their concentrations. The method was linear at least from 0.05 to 2 g/l, with a detection limit of less than 0.01 g/l. The analytical recoveries were 99.2-102.9% for the different concentrations. Precision studies show coefficients of variation of 3.0-6.3% for the different concentrations. PMID- 3190458 TI - Urinalysis for detection of chemically induced renal damage (3)--Establishment and application of radioimmunoassay for lysozyme of rat urine. AB - The radioimmunoassay (RIA) as a high sensitive detection method for rat lysozyme (LZM) was established and applied to determine LZM excretion in urine from rats treated with tubulotoxic chemicals in order to establish a sensitive method of detecting minor renal damage. Rat LZM which showed a single protein band on sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was purified by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The assay sensitivity of the established RIA using the purified rat LZM was 4-256 ng/ml rat LZM and was about 20 times the turbidity method. The concentration of LZM in normal rat urine was 76.2 +/- 6.0 ng/ml (mean +/- SE, n = 50) using the RIA. In urine containing more than 100 ng/ml LZM, a high correlation between the values determined by the RIA and those by the turbidity method was observed. However, egg white LZM, human urinary LZM and guinea pig urinary LZM were not detectable by the RIA. Using the RIA, it was ascertained that urinary LZM excretion began to increase on day 5 in rats treated with gentamicin (15 or 30 mg/kg/day sc for 17 days), during the 6-9 h period in the rats treated with mercuric chloride (1 mg/kg sc), and during the 0-3 h period in the rats treated with p-aminophenol (1 mmol/kg sc). These significant increases in LZM excretion were not detectable by the turbidity method; therefore, it was concluded that this RIA for rat LZM was very useful for detection of minor renal damage. PMID- 3190460 TI - Neurofilament degradation in the nervous system of rats intoxicated with acrylamide, related compounds or 2,5-hexanedione. AB - Degradation of neurofilament (NF) proteins by Ca2+-activated neutral protease (CANP) was studied in the nervous system of rats treated with neurotoxic or non neurotoxic compounds. In the tibial nerve, the degradation of NF 68K was depressed by five neurotoxic compounds: acrylamide, N-hydroxymetylacrylamide, N isopropylacrylamide, methacrylamide and 2,5-hexanedione. A non-neurotoxic compound, diacetone acrylamide, did not show any effect on the degradation. An immunoblot analysis confirmed the reduction in the degradation and revealed a difference in the degradation pattern between the control and acrylamide-treated rats. In the spinal cord, the degradation of the three subunits of NF was depressed in animals treated with acrylamide. Although the exact mechanism of the reduction in the degradation of NF is not yet known, the present results suggest that an inhibitory effect on CANP activity might be relevant to the mechanism of neurotoxic action of acrylamide derivatives. PMID- 3190461 TI - Changes in sleep and wakefulness following single and repeated exposures to toluene vapor in rats. AB - Male rats with indwelling electrodes for electroencephalographic (EEG), electromyographic (EMG) and electrooculographic (EOG) recordings were exposed via inhalation to 900 ppm and 2700 ppm toluene vapor continuously for a 8-h period or repeatedly for 3 weeks at a rate of 8 h/day and 5 days/week. Rats exposed to a clean air-stream under the same exposure schedules served as controls. Polygraphic recordings were made on 3 consecutive days after cessation of the single 8-h and repeated 3-week exposures to 900 ppm and 2700 ppm toluene vapor or clean airstream. Amounts of time spent in wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS) and paradoxical sleep (PS) were quantified by visual inspection of the polygraphic records. Single exposure to toluene produced a prolonged PS latency and a long-lasting increase in SWS at the expense of depressed W, whereas repeated exposures prolonged both SWS and PS latencies, abolished the initial increase of SWS and increased the light-phase level of W on Days 1 and 2. The prolonged PS latency and the decreased light-phase PS on Day 2 induced by single exposure to toluene still persisted after repeated exposures. There were no statistically significant differences in attenuation of brain and blood toluene levels between single and repeated exposures to toluene vapor of 900 ppm and 2700 ppm. PMID- 3190462 TI - Gross-structural defects in rats after acyclovir application on day 10 of gestation. AB - Following three s.c. injections of acyclovir (100 mg acyclovir/kg) into rats on day 10 of pregnancy 19 litters were evaluated on day 21 of gestation and the effects were compared to the results obtained from controls (nine litters) which received the vehicle (0.1 N NaOH) only. The following results were obtained (treated group versus control group): 1) Implantations/litter: 11.2 +/- 1.3 versus 10.2 +/- 1.1; 2) resorptions/implantations: 27.7% versus 2.2%; 3) number of viable fetuses evaluated: 154 versus 90; 4) fetuses with anomalies of the skull: 78% versus 12%; 5) fetuses with anomalies of the vertebral column: 38% versus 13%; 6) gross-structural anomalies predominantly affected the skull and tail. The most frequently registered defects were: os tympanicum (smaller): 23%, os tympanicum (missing): 23%; missing tail: 7%; protruding tongue (15%); none of these defects were seen in the control fetuses. Postnatally we observed a high mortality rate among the offspring. From a total of 85 newborn (nine litters) we obtained 73 viable offspring (9.1 +/- 3.4); 81% of them had tail alterations. In the control group of eight litters (9.4 +/- 2.3) no tail alterations occurred. On day 21 postnatally 40 viable offspring were alive (mortality rate: 38.8%). Nearly all of these animals had visible alterations at multiple sites of their bodies; most frequently observed were: tail impairment, closed eyes, dragging hind-limbs, and urogenital alterations (e.g. testicular atrophy). These studies how for the first time that prenatal treatment with acyclovir induces gross-structural defects which persist postnatally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190463 TI - Toxic properties of the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus. I. Chemical characterization of the main toxin of Cortinarius orellanus (Fries) and Cortinarius speciosissimus (Kuhn & Romagn) and acute toxicity in mice. AB - The toxins of the mushrooms Cortinarius orellanus (Fries) and Cortinarius speciosissimus (Kuhn & Romagn) were isolated by extraction procedures and Sephadex chromatography. All intermediate and end products of the purification process were tested in mice for acute toxicity after oral and i.p. administration. In both species a fluorescent main toxin and a nonfluorescent compound of minor toxicity were found. The main toxin of both species was identified by mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses as the 2,2'-bipyridine-3,3',4,4'-tetrol-1,1'-dioxide, which is identical to orellanine. The purified compound was toxic when administered either orally or i.p. When given orally the LD50 was 33 mg/kg body weight in mice. The oral LD50 of Cortinarius orellanus (2.20 g dried mushroom/kg) and of Cortinarius speciosissimus (3.12 g/kg) depended on the orellanine content (14 mg/g in Cortinarius orellanus and 9 mg/g in Cortinarius speciosissimus). The second toxic component was ineffective in mice when given orally. It caused acute toxicity when administered i.p., but toxicity was low when compared to the main toxin. Thus it appears to be of minor importance. Intraperitoneal testing of both isolated toxins and of the extract containing the whole toxic potential of the mushrooms revealed that toxicity, time dependency and expression of toxicosis is accounted for by the sum of these two toxins. No peptidic main toxin as described by other mycologists could be detected. PMID- 3190464 TI - Toxic properties of the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus (Fries). II. Impairment of renal function in rats. AB - Oral administration of the toxic mushroom Cortinarius orellanus (Fr.) to male Sprague Dawley rats caused serious impairment of renal function. The signs observed were similar to those produced in humans who ingest this fungus. Administration of 2.0 g dried Cortinarius orellanus per kg body weight led to acute renal dysfunction within 48 h. The pattern of impairment included reduced glomerular filtration rate, decreased renal absorption of water, sodium and potassium, and proteinuria and glucosuria. The nephrotoxic effect was further characterized by decreased activities of the brush border enzymes alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in urine, despite a remarkable increase in protein excretion of predominantly tubular origin. These findings were substantiated by morphologic changes, which could be detected as early as 12 h after dosing. Morphologically discernible signs of renal tubular damage start with deformation of the proximal tubular brush border region. Within 48 h after toxin ingestion, prenecrotic and necrotic cells could be found in all nephron segments contained in the renal cortex. The most prominent changes were a vesiculation of the apical cell pole and a swelling of the smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and of mitochondria. The latter was accompanied by a loss in matrix material and a massive fragmentation of mitochondrial cristae membranes. Detectable quantities of the toxic principle of the mushroom, orellanine, were excreted only within the first 24 h after dosing. No impairment of liver function was detected. PMID- 3190465 TI - Effects of ingestion of lead monoxide alloy on male mouse reproduction. AB - A lead alloy powder currently employed in Iraq in the manufacture of grids for storage battery electrodes was tested for effects on the reproduction of male mice. Two concentrations (25 and 50 mg/kg chow) were fed to males for 35 or 70 days starting at weaning. Some of the males were mated individually to two untreated females, whereas the testes of other males were processed for light microscopy. The results showed a significant increase in post-implantation losses of embryos in utero, and a significant decrease in litter size of surviving pregnancies. Light microscopic examination showed a general trend towards reduced spermatogenic activity. PMID- 3190466 TI - [Results of transplanting regions of the midbrain of human embryos into the brain of adult rats]. AB - A principle possibility for transplantation of the midbrain areas of the human embryos into the brain of mature rats has been demonstrated. For successful xeno transplantations the midbrain of 7-8-week-old embryos is the most suitable. The intracerebral transplants grow predominantly along the capsule of the white substance fasciculi. Cell differentiation of the intraventricular transplants in comparison with the intramedullary ones takes less time. Manifestation of the glial scar at the borders of the transplant depends on its localization. Perspectives on applying the method of the nervous embryonal tissue transplantation into the brain of mature animals for reconstruction and formation of new centers in order to compensate cerebral defects are discussed. PMID- 3190467 TI - [Effect of gamma-radiation of an extremely high dose on the cerebral cortex of the rat (ultrastructural aspects)]. AB - For 24 h after total gamma-radiation of mature Wistar male rats (180-210 g) in the dose of 150 Gy, ultrastructural rearrangements of the cerebral sensomotor cortex are presented as small destructive changes in neurons, neuroglia and vascular endothelium. Total combination of the changes in ultrastructure of the blood capillaries and perivascular astrocytes makes it possible to suppose that permeability of the microvascular bed wall is increased. At this period, together with the destructive changes there are evidently certain compensatory-restorative processes, developing in the cerebral tissue. It is possible to suppose that already during the first hours after the radiation the ultrastructural changes of neurons are resulted not only from the direct effect of radiation, but from certain influences of the radiation damage of neuroglia and microvessels. PMID- 3190468 TI - [Efferent connections of various parts of the orbitofrontal cortex with thalamic structures in cats]. AB - By means of impregnation methods of Fink-Heimer and Kawamura-Niimi in 29 cats after unilateral extirpation of various parts of the orbitofrontal cortex (middle part, superior and inferior areas of the dorsolateral part of the proreal gyrus, anterior area of the orbital gyrus) connections with various groups of the thalamic nuclei have been studied. Essential differences have been revealed in projections of various parts of the orbitofrontal cortex to specific, nonspecific, associative and limbic nuclei of the thalamus. The most distributed system of the subcortical projections has the orbital gyrus cortex. Connections of the cortex in the superior and inferior areas of the dorsolateral part of the proreal gyrus are well manifested, the connections of the superior area being less prevalent than the inferior ones. The cortex of the medial part in the proreal gyrus has connections mainly with the subcortical limbic formations. Thus, the orbitofrontal cortex in the cat possesses a system of topographically organized, to some extent selective monosinaptic connections practically with all nuclear groups of the thalamus and influences upon the function of the most of the important subcortical structures. PMID- 3190469 TI - [Principles of the structuro-functional organization of the hemomicrocirculatory bed of the intramural nervous plexuses of organs of the gastrointestinal tract of mammals]. AB - The work deals with one of the least elaborated aspects on the system of microcirculation and is performed, taking into account the functions of histo hematic and intertissue barriers. For this certain new original investigation methods have been developed, adequate to the problems discussed. The module principle of organization with a distinct functional specialization of the ganglionar and truncal vascular micromodules has been stated. The working principle of each module is based on functional interaction of the intra- and extraneural capillary systems; this is ensured by mechanisms of the blood stream redistribution: by arteriolar, precapillary and prevenular sphincters and by pathways of the shunt blood stream. A high stability of the blood stream in the vascular constructions studied is explained as a possibility of counterstream gas exchange between the arterial and venous blood in the truncal vascular micromodule. PMID- 3190470 TI - [Ossification of the cartilage skeleton of the extremities of human embryos]. AB - Certain sequence in appearance of ossification points has been stated in the cartilage models of the superior and inferior extremities of the human embryos at the end of the embryonal and the beginning of the fetal periods of development. The change in the size (length) of the ossification points in anlages of the long tubular bones during the successive stages of embryogenesis is of linear character and can be described by means of the equation y = ax + b, where y--age of the embryo (days), x--length of the osseous points. Coefficients a and b are calculated for estimation the age of the embryos according to the length of the osseous points in the anlages of the brachial, femoral and radial bones. PMID- 3190471 TI - [Arms of the forces and elongation of the muscles of the lower extremities at various values of the joint angles]. AB - Basing on the literature data, regressive equations have been calculated for predicting arms of the forces and for elongating 9 muscle groups of the lower extremities according to the known values of the angles in the joints. PMID- 3190472 TI - [Principle of spiral arrangement of the skeletal muscles of humans and animals]. AB - It has been stated long ago, that smooth muscle elements in the vascular walls and other tubular systems in the human being and in the animals demonstrate spiral arrangement. The authors decided to show that there is a spiral formation of the skeletal musculature in the human being and in vertebrata at the level of the whole organism, its parts and separate muscles. By means of successive joining certain muscles, their parts and even separate groups of muscular fasciculi by tendons, aponeuroses, fascia and intermuscular septa, ligaments and bones kinematic chains of muscles have been revealed, those chains that have spiral direction regarding the longitudinal axes of the body and its parts. Two examples of left- and right-hand-screw types of spirals are presented and it is stressed that the spiral principle reflects biological symmetry of structural oppositions--enantiomorphism. A conclusion is made that the spiral form of the skeletal musculature is a universal regularity for the human being and for all vertebrata. The cylindric form of the vertebral body serves as a predestinated moment for this. The spiral twisting of the muscles is the most optimal for ensuring variability of movements and performing adaptive survival of the human being and animals in the Earth gravitational field. PMID- 3190473 TI - [Anatomo-experimental parallels in the elaboration of methods of increasing the viability of non-free muscle flaps used for sphincteroplasty]. AB - As demonstrate morphological investigations of transplants, obtained from thin, rectal, long adductor and semitendonous femoral muscles in 100 animals after sphincteroplasty, the methods elaborated contribute to preserve vital capacity of the muscle flaps both soon after and in a long time after the operation. Rearrangement of the blood bed in the muscle transplants and the colon sphincters formed is completely achieved by the 30th day after the operation. The blood bed becomes more powerful than the normal one. PMID- 3190474 TI - [Changes of the chief cells of the proper glands of the stomach after bilateral adrenalectomy and the role of the adrenal hormones in the development of these cells]. AB - In the experiment, performed in 150 white male rats, it has been stated, that after bilateral adrenalectomy differentiation of the chief cells is suppressed, their amount in the proper gland decreases and certain dystrophic processes develop, they involve mitochondria, lysosomes and, mainly, protein-synthesizing apparatus. Decrease in the area of the granular endoplasmic reticulum membranes, in the number of fixed forms of ribosomes, in activity of key oxidoreductases- all they essentially inhibit not only the synthesis phase of pepsinogen, but also its secretion. This results in a sharp drop of proteolytic activity of the gastric juice. Using controls (hydrocortisone--6 mg/kg; DOCA--10 mg/kg), it has been stated that these changes after adrenalectomy are chiefly ensured by deficiency of glucocorticoid hormones. PMID- 3190475 TI - [Complex analysis of the state of sinusoid vessels of the liver after disturbance of innervation]. AB - By means of light, electron microscopy and morphometry, the state of the sinusoid vessels and cells of their lining has been investigated in 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days after bilateral subdiaphragmal vagotomy. In the days mentioned the cross section area of the sinusoid vessels and amount of active labelled Kupffer cells significantly increase (except day 90 ). By the end of the 3d month these parameters decrease, but they do not reach the control level. Ultrastructure of the endothelial cells and Kupffer cells is changed, phagocytic activity of the latter is increased. The greatest destructive changes take place in Kupffer cells, especially during first two months. By the end of the 3d month there is certain tendency to normalization. PMID- 3190477 TI - [Continuity in the teaching of the sensory organs at departments of anatomy, histology, and physiology]. PMID- 3190476 TI - [Reaction of lymphocytes of the endometrium to the intrauterine administration of antigens]. AB - In the mucosal membrane of the uterine horns in Wistar white rats mainly small and middle lymphocytes (predominantly T-cells) and rather small amount of plasmocytes and macrophages are presented. After intrauterine administration of bacteria and viruses (BCG vaccine, influenza inactivated liquid vaccine of A type) the local immune reaction develops according to the cellular type with maximum at the first week, before the total immune response, with its peak occurring on the 14th day of the experiment. PMID- 3190478 TI - [Effect of serum on the intra- and extracellular bactericidal capacity of neutrophils]. AB - Donors' neutrophils are capable for inhibiting the growth of and killing staphylococci both intra- and extracellularly. In the absence of serum the rate of extracellular killing of microbes by donors' neutrophils is reaching that of killing phagocytized bacteria, while in the serum introduction the rate of intracellular killing overwhelms that of extracellular. Burnt patients' neutrophils fail to control the microbes multiplication either intra- or extracellularly without serum, while in combination with it both intra- and extracellular killing activity of neutrophils of the burnt sharply increases being superior to relevant combination of healthy subjects. PMID- 3190479 TI - [Ultrastructural manifestations of the membrane activity of neutrophilic leukocytes]. AB - Phagocytic function of neutrophils is associated with activation of cell membranes. Neutrophil membranous activity is considered for patients with inflammatory and purulent diseases. It appeared not uniform and served the basis for division the neutrophils into three groups. Group I neutrophils are inactive, being not involved in phagocytosis, but bearing bactericidal potential; their membranes are stable. Group II neutrophils show moderate activity, phagocytizing and inactivating bacteria; phagocytosis proceeds without cell destruction. Group III neutrophils cause membranes hyperactivation with resultant dysfunction of phagocytes, phagocytosis involves both bacteria and surrounding protein substrates, immature phagosomes and vacuoles are produced, membranes are unstable. With aggravation of the inflammation and suppuration, the number of blood hyperactivated neutrophils increases. PMID- 3190480 TI - [Nonspecific resistance and inflammation in patients with odontogenic phlegmons of the maxillofacial area]. AB - Presented are data on morphological characteristics of maxillofacial odontogenic phlegmons observed in 98 patients with chronic periodontitis. The phlegmons have arisen in the presence of chronic inflammation of the soft tissue. Microbial flora in the inflammation focus proved opportunistic, abundant in nonclostridial anaerobic agents. Its composition contributed to morphological varieties of the phlegmons. There is a relationship between apparent destructive fasciitides and myositides and aerobic-anaerobic associations. Mechanisms of resistance to infection involve inhibited bactericidal activity of nonenzymatic cationic proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes reflecting nonspecific resistance in inflammation. Immunity status of the organism seems normal. PMID- 3190481 TI - [Characteristics of the course of abscesses during effects on the system of phagocytosing mononuclear cells]. AB - In a series of experiments on 230 noninbred white rats the trend in the development of soft tissue abscess was investigated under stimulation and inhibition of phagocytizing mononuclear cells (PMC). The results suggest the stimulation to promote more reliable localization of the inflammation focus and encapsulation with connective tissue. The test for alpha-naphthyl esterase and quantitation of macrophages (absolute number) per infiltration area unit adjacent to the abscess suggest a direct correlation between the absolute number of macrophages and the width of the capsule. The data obtained confirm the assumptions on the role of macrophages in inflammation focus as a regulatory and controlling factor for cellular reactions. PMC system is shown to affect the process of abscess separation from adjacent tissues including formation of the capsule. PMID- 3190482 TI - [Changes in the intraorganic vessels of the liver in acute experimental peritonitis]. AB - Structural pathology and hemodynamics in the livers of 110 white rats were studied histologically, electron microscopically and histoautoradiographically during 5 days since the onset of acute experimental peritonitis. This was accompanied with distinct structural and functional derangement of histohematic barrier along with hepatic hemodynamic disturbances dependent in severity on both fecal suspension quantity and AEP course and stage. Pathologic and compensatory adaptive reactions profile was established for the animals intrahepatic circulation. Polymorphism of the vascular affections underlies the emergence of the two morphogenetic mechanisms responsible for impairment of hepatic parenchyma: 1) a direct action of toxic substances on hepatocytic cellular membranes, 2) disordered circulatory-hypoxic effect based on pronounced DIC syndrome and thrombosis. The former mechanism gives rise to disseminated necrosis of hepatocytes, while the latter entails the onset of intralobular necrotic foci, typical for the reactive and toxic stages of acute peritonitis, respectively. PMID- 3190483 TI - [Morphologic characteristics of the evolution of myocardial infarct after effective thrombolytic therapy]. AB - Stroma and vessels which remain in the zone of myocardial infarction (MI) after thrombolytic therapy has restored impaired circulation during early hours of MI onset may produce foci of necrosis responsible for accelerated MI formation both in the periphery and centre of the foci. Hemorrhagic MI development can be related to microvascular and intramural vein spasms at early stages of the blood supply recovery. Fibrinoid necrosis of the wall and thrombosis of the lumen were observed in relevant vessels later on. These were associated with disturbed blood outflow from the infarction zone and hemorrhagic saturation of the interstice and cardiomyocytes. PMID- 3190484 TI - [Iatrogenic pathology in pediatrics]. AB - Literature and original data have been analyzed concerned with iatrogenic diseases in fetuses and children at various time periods, as well as the sequelae due to iatrogenic childhood disturbances. PMID- 3190485 TI - [Pathologic anatomy in Japan (exemplified by the University of the City of Hirosaki]. PMID- 3190486 TI - Bioincompatible biomaterials for extracorporeal immunomodulation. PMID- 3190488 TI - Prognostic value of serum osmolality gap in patients with multiple organ failure treated with hemopurification. AB - Serum osmolality gap (OG), the difference between measured and predicted serum osmolality, has been shown to be an excellent parameter to express the amount of conventionally unmeasurable middle-molecular-weight substances. OG was determined on 29 patients with multiple organ failure (MOF) treated with or without hemopurification. OG significantly increased in proportion to the increase in the number of failed organs and correlated well with APACHE II score. Nonsurvivors showed persistently high OG. OG decreased with plasma exchange and hemoadsorption, but not with hemodialysis, indicating that pathogenic factors can be removed effectively with plasma exchange and hemoadsorption. The patients with OG greater than 20 mOsm/kg-H2O had very little possibility of survival. These results indicate that OG is an easily determinable, effective parameter to evaluate the severity of the patients' condition, efficacy of hemopurification in removing pathogenic middle-molecular-weight substances, and the prognosis of the patient in the treatment of MOF. PMID- 3190489 TI - Therapeutic effect of plasma exchange with the biliary drainage in the treatment of obstructive jaundice. AB - The effect of therapeutic plasmapheresis combined with biliary drainage was evaluated in obstructive jaundice animal models. Plasma exchange (PE) using fresh frozen plasma was carried out with biliary drainage (BD) on a canine jaundice model created by the ligation and resection of bile duct. Routine biochemical analyses were done following PE and BD. The result was compared with that of a BD only group. Plasma bilirubin level abruptly dropped after PE and was kept at a lower level, whereas the bilirubin level of the drainage alone group decreased gradually. Decreased plasma mitochondrial GOT level in the PE group suggests improvement of liver cell damage in obstructive jaundice. Mitochondrial function of liver tissue was evaluated following partial hepatectomy, which was carried out 2 days after PE along with BD in jaundice rat. Mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and ADP/O ratio following hepatectomy were improved in the PE group. The results suggest the improvement of hepatic functional reservoir by a single PE treatment in addition to BD treatment. These results show that PE can shorten the icteric period and may improve the hepatic functions after the treatment of malignant obstructive lesion in the biliary tract. PMID- 3190487 TI - Discrepancies between serum and erythrocyte concentrations of vitamin E in hemodialysis patients: role of HDL-bound fraction of vitamin E. AB - Recently, we have demonstrated that hemodialysis (HD) patients have higher serum and lower erythrocyte concentrations of vitamin E than controls. It is known that transfer of vitamin E from serum to erythrocyte is mostly due to high-density lipoproteins (HDL). For a better definition of the pattern of distribution of vitamin E in HD patients, we have dosed the amount of vitamin bound to serum HDL fraction. In 8 patients and in 8 healthy controls, we have determined the concentration of serum erythrocyte and HDL-bound vitamin E. The latest was obtained on an ultracentrifuged HDL fraction. HDL fractions from HD patients have been found to contain larger amounts of vitamin E than controls. The previously described higher serum and lower erythrocyte concentrations of vitamin E in HD patients have been confirmed in the study. The deficit of vitamin E in the membranes of erythrocytes from HD patients has been shown to be the result of increased consumption of the vitamin in the erythrocyte membranes, where it represents the major antioxidant agent. However, the finding of increased amounts of vitamin bound to HDL in HD patients suggests that the transfer of the vitamin to the erythrocyte membranes may also be defective. PMID- 3190490 TI - The E4T electric powered total artificial heart (TAH). AB - The E4T is a totally implantable total artificial heart (TAH) resulting from many years of research work at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) and Nimbus, Inc. It consists of four implanted subsystems: the pumping unit, the variable volume device, the transcutaneous transformer, and the internal battery. The pumping unit consists of two CCF biolized pusher plate pumps, and a Nimbus electrohydraulic energy converter. The control logic is based on a left master, alternating beating scheme. The timing difference between end right eject and end left fill determines the actuator speed adjustment. The pumps free fill, so left right flow differences are easily accommodated. A prototype system has been built and begun testing to validate and refine the design details. PMID- 3190492 TI - Use of a paracorporeal pneumatic ventricular assist device for postoperative cardiogenic shock in two children with complex cardiac lesions. AB - Pneumatic ventricular assist device (VAD) was utilized for cardiogenic shock after intracardiac operation in two children with complex cardiac anomalies based with single ventricle. In the first case (a 10-year-old), after a modified Fontan operation, VAD was placed between the functional left atrium and ascending aorta, serving as a "artificial single ventricle" with neither pumping chamber nor artificial support in the right side of the heart. The systemic circulation was maintained by keeping relatively high central venous pressure. In another child (a 3-year-old) who underwent repair of incompetent atrioventricular valve leaving intracardiac lesions, VAD was placed between the common atrium and ascending aorta, serving as a pump for both pulmonary and systemic circulation with regulation of pulmonary blood flow through an aortopulmonary Gore-Tex shunt. The circulatory assist with VAD was utilized for 5 and 6 days, respectively. Although weaning from the device was not feasible in both patients because of the pulmonary dysfunction, these experience showed the possible use of VAD for cardiogenic shock after surgery in patients with complex cardiac anomalies. PMID- 3190493 TI - Hydrodynamic investigation of mechanical bileaflet valves. AB - For hydrodynamic comparison, 11 mechanical bileaflet valves have been perfused in a mock circulation system under pulsatile flow conditions. Six St. Jude Medical valves with different sizes from No. 21 to No. 31 and five Duromedics prostheses with corresponding sizes from No. 21 to No. 29 have been investigated. Flow, pressure, and orifice area were measured, while cardiac output was varied between 2 and 6 L/min. Insufficiency (I), maximal orifice area (Amax), mean orifice area (A), discharge coefficient (CD), performance index (PI), and efficiency index (EI) were determined. The St. Jude Medical valves show higher values of orifice area when compared with the Duromedics valves. For smaller valve sizes up to No. 25, the values of the orifice area are similar. The Duromedics valves show much lower values of insufficiency; thus, for small valve sizes, the Duromedics prosthesis seems to be superior. For larger valve sizes (No. 27, No. 29, and No. 31), a decision has to be made whether higher insufficiency and higher orifice area of the St. Jude Medical valve or lower insufficiency with lower orifice area is more acceptable. PMID- 3190491 TI - Development of the Philadelphia Heart System. AB - A new pneumatic artificial heart system has been developed. The design criteria have been to produce an integrated series of blood pumps and drive systems that would reduce blood trauma and reactivity, while incorporating industrial, mass production techniques. The system attempts to reproduce the natural heart's pressure and flow waveforms and allows the prosthetic valves to be installed in a manner consistent with their design. The system's ventricles are constructed entirely of polyurethane by a combination of vacuum-forming and solution-casting techniques. The atrial cuffs and arterial grafts are permanently attached to the pumps and do not incorporate a quick connect system. The prosthetic valves are sewn into the inflow and outflow tracts using their clinical sewing rings. Besides eliminating the crevices normally found in quick connect systems, this method mounts the valves in an extremely compliant housing to increase shock absorption. The drive system produces a systolic air flow with a variable pressure rise (dP/dt) to reduce mitral valve closing velocity. This system has been implanted into 25 calves to date, of which 17 were chronic experiments. In 14 animals, St. Jude bileaflet valves were used and these animals had a mean survival of 39 days. Six of these animals survived over 30 days, with the longest being 129 days. All of the animals showed the characteristic postoperative drop in red blood cell count and hematocrit that returned to near preoperative values in about 3 weeks. The plasma free hemoglobin values generally remained below 5 mg/dl. The necropsies performed on several of the earlier animals revealed renal infarcts. However, in two of the later experiments, no kidney damage was found. The blood contacting surfaces of the atrial cuffs from the animals surviving over 100 days were covered with a fibroproliferative pseudoneointimal growth that extended from the sewing rings to the natural atrial tissue. Grossly, this appears to be the same type of tissue response seen when only a valve is implanted in a natural calf heart. PMID- 3190494 TI - A new DNA immune adsorbent for hemoperfusion in SLE therapy: a clinical trial. AB - This investigation studied the preparation and clinical trial of DNA immunoadsorbent for hemoperfusion in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) therapy. DNA was complexed with blue tetrazolium (BT), then mixed with collodion, and finally adsorbed on macroporous spherical polymeric adsorbent. The percentage of DNA thus immobilized was 98-98.5%, and no release was detected during hemoperfusion. A patient with severe SLE was treated with the above adsorbent in hemoperfusion. The patient was in coma, with high anti-DNA antibody and abnormal immune complex levels, which fell sharply from 56.34% to 0.8% after 2.5 h of whole-blood hemo perfusion. There were no major clinical complications, and 2 weeks later, her proteinuria level became normal and immune complex levels were sustained. She was then discharged from the hospital and has been in good health for more than 1 year. PMID- 3190495 TI - Twenty-third annual meeting of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs and Tissues. Tokyo, Japan, October 24-26, 1985. Abstracts. PMID- 3190496 TI - Migraineur, or migraineuse? PMID- 3190497 TI - Major depression in primary dementia. Clinical and neuropathologic correlates. AB - Cytopathologic features were quantified in seven brain regions in the brains of 37 demented patients, with or without major depression, and in those of seven controls with no history of dementia or depression. The middle frontal and superior temporal cortex, prosubiculum and entorhinal cortex of the hippocampus, nucleus basalis of Meynert, locus ceruleus, and substantia nigra were the areas evaluated. Patients with major depression had significantly more degenerative findings in the locus ceruleus and substantia nigra than demented patients who were not depressed. In contrast, these groups were similar with respect to other clinical features and indexes of global severity of dementia. A logistic regression model that included the degenerative features of both the locus ceruleus and the substantia nigra was significantly better at predicting the presence of major depression than those employing the characteristics of either pigmented nucleus alone. Our results indicate that the development of major depression in patients with primary dementia is associated with the degeneration of the locus ceruleus and substantia nigra. PMID- 3190498 TI - Personality alterations in dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - Personality alterations in dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) are common but have received little systematic or quantitative investigation. In this study, changes in personality in patients with DAT were compared with those of nondemented retirees using a personality inventory. The inventory used information obtained from each subject's spouse. No personality changes were identified in the control subjects when pre- and post-retirement inventory scores were compared, whereas patients with DAT had highly significant alterations on 12 of the 18 inventory items. The results demonstrate that patients with DAT become more passive, more coarse, and less spontaneous as a result of the disease. Personality changes are a consistent part of the clinical syndrome of DAT and occur early in the course of the disease. PMID- 3190499 TI - Slowing of cognitive processing in progressive supranuclear palsy. A comparison with Parkinson's disease. AB - To investigate central processing time in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson's disease, reaction times were measured using tasks with different levels of cognitive complexity but with the same motor response. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the additional central processing time required for more complex situations was no different from that in control subjects, suggesting that cognitive aspects of the reaction time procedures tested were possibly too simple to reveal a slowing of thought processes in these patients. Conversely, the central processing time was increased in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy compared with both Parkinson's disease and control subjects. The increase was associated with impairment in frontal lobe test performance. These results confirm that a slowing of central processing is a prominent feature of the cognitive disturbances of progressive supranuclear palsy and, furthermore, suggest that this slowing may be related to striatofrontal dysfunction. PMID- 3190500 TI - Transient tic disorder and the spectrum of Tourette's syndrome. AB - Transient tic disorder (TTD) has not generally been considered part of the spectrum of Tourette's syndrome (TS). We studied a large kindred affected by TS and identified two family members with TTD who are very likely obligate carriers of the TS gene. Our observations indicate that TTD is a possible expression of the TS gene and that individuals with TTD may transmit TS to their offspring. PMID- 3190501 TI - Completeness of callosotomy shown by magnetic resonance imaging in the long term. AB - Six individuals who had complete cerebral commissurotomy for medically intractable epilepsy participated in a magnetic resonance imaging study 20 or more years postoperatively. In all cases the completeness of callosotomy was clearly demonstrable. The status of the anterior commissure, cut in all six, could not be confirmed with the same confidence. PMID- 3190502 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging in amateur boxers. AB - Nine amateur boxers who participated in the 1985 and 1986 New York City Golden Gloves competition underwent detailed neurologic examinations and magnetic resonance (MR) scanning. All nine boxers were medically suspended secondary to a knockout or excessive head blows. Neurologic examination results and MR scans were normal in all nine boxers. Failure to detect abnormalities on the MR scan, by neurologic examination, or both in these amateur boxers may reflect several factors, including a small sample size, the duration between their last bout and neurologic evaluation, and the lower exposure to head trauma among amateur boxers compared with professionals. PMID- 3190503 TI - Improvement of cerebellar ataxia with levorotatory form of 5-hydroxytryptophan. A double-blind study with quantified data processing. AB - Some features of cerebellar ataxia have been reported to regress partially with long-term administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan or levorotatory form of 5 hydroxytryptophan. To test this effect further, 30 patients with various inherited or acquired cerebellar ataxias underwent a randomized, double-blind trial of placebo, and the levorotatory form of 5-hydroxytryptophan taken orally for four months. The levorotatory form of 5-hydroxytryptophan significantly improved the ataxia score. It also significantly modified the time of standing upright, the spread of feet, the speed of walking, speaking, and writing. In five cases in which the levorotatory form of 5-hydroxytryptophan therapy was maintained for 12 months, the effect continued progressively. PMID- 3190504 TI - A syndrome of REM and non-REM sleep reduction and lateral gaze paresis after medial tegmental pontine stroke. Computed tomographic scans and anatomical correlations in four patients. AB - A common pattern of reduction in both rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep associated with various lateral gaze paralyses was present in four cases of brain-stem stroke. From computed tomographic scan data, clinical inferences, and, in two cases, neuropathologic sections, the common lesions were localized in the medial pontine tegmentum, ie, the inner part of the gigantocellular and pontis centralis caudalis nuclei. These data in humans were compared with lesions obtained experimentally in cats. PMID- 3190505 TI - Pulmonary function and dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. AB - Pulmonary function was studied in 25 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis with a range of motor impairment. Forced vital capacity (FVC), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) were normal in the ambulatory patients (mean greater than or equal to 80% predicted) but reduced in bedridden patients (mean, 38.5%, 31.6%, and 36.3% predicted; FCV, MVV, and MEP, respectively) and wheelchair-bound patients with upper extremity involvement (mean, 69.4%, 50.4%, and 62.6% predicted; FVC, MVV, and MEP, respectively). Forced vital capacity, MVV, and MEP correlated with Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status scores (tau = -0.72, -0.70, and -0.65) and expiratory muscle weakness occurred most frequently. These findings demonstrate that marked expiratory weakness develops in severely paraparetic patients with multiple sclerosis and the weakness increases as the upper extremities become increasingly involved. PMID- 3190506 TI - Hormonal considerations in women with seizures. AB - The relationships between seizures in epileptic women and the hormones estrogen and progesterone are under increasing study. Serum concentrations of estrogen and progesterone parallel cerebrospinal concentrations, and circulating sex hormones are concentrated in specific areas of the brain that regulate sexual behavior. These centers include two potentially epileptogenic regions--the amygdala and hippocampus. Many of these structures are physiologically affected in vitro by estrogen and progesterone. Exogenous sex hormones change the seizure threshold in animal models of epilepsy. Cyclical hormonal variations may influence electroencephalographic activity and affect seizure frequency in women with epilepsy. Hormonal therapy may be appropriate adjunctive anticonvulsant treatment, particularly for women with seizures that are catamenial or associated with a menstrual or reproductive endocrine disorder. PMID- 3190507 TI - Selective unilateral absence or attenuation of wave V of brain-stem auditory evoked potentials with intrinsic brain-stem lesions. AB - The contribution of ipsilateral and contralateral auditory brain-stem structures to the generation of wave V of brain-stem auditory evoked potentials is a controversial subject. We describe two cases with an intrinsic brain-stem lesion that involved the lateral lemniscus unilaterally in the middle and upper pons. The focal nature of the auditory structures was confirmed by detailed neuropathologic data in one case and by magnetic resonance scans in the other one. In both cases, brain-stem auditory evoked potentials revealed the unilateral absence (case 1) or marked attenuation (case 2) of wave V on stimulation of the ear contralateral to the intrinsic pontine lesion. Findings in both cases strongly suggest that wave V is predominantly generated by pontine structures contralateral to the stimulated ear and that the integrity of the contralateral lateral lemniscus is essential. PMID- 3190508 TI - The effects of different foods and concentrations of citric acid on the flow rate of whole saliva in man. AB - The effects of seven different foods and three concentrations of citric acid in 16 adult subjects of each sex were evaluated. The foods were steamed rice, french fries, cheeseburger, cookie, milk chocolate, apple, and rhubarb pie. The volume of saliva was determined by subtracting the initial weight of food from that of the food bolus after subjects had chewed it normally and then spat it into a weighed container, without swallowing. The flow rates were compared with those produced in response to infusion into the mouth of 52, 156 and 260 mmol/l citric acid through a plastic tube at a constant rate of 5.0 ml/min, controlled by a peristaltic pump. Mean salivary flow rates were highest with rhubarb pie and lowest with rice; these were 70.5 +/- 11.3 and 43.2 +/- 14.4 per cent, respectively, of the maximum flow rate (7.07 +/- 2.16 ml/min) elicited by 260 mmol/l (5 per cent) citric acid. The chewing times per 10 g of food were inversely related to the water content (r = -0.82). The water content of the food bolus varied over a wide range (28-87 per cent). Thus normal foods elicit a salivary flow rate which is a high fraction of the maximum secretory rate achieved in response to acid. PMID- 3190509 TI - Myofibroblasts in healing laser wounds of rat tongue mucosa. AB - The distribution of myofibroblasts was studied in healing laser incisions compared with scalpel-incision and excision wounds in dorsal tongue mucosa and excision wounds in back skin. Myofibroblasts (m-f-b) were visualized by staining with NBD-phallacidin, a fluorescent probe specific for F-actin, and by electron microscopy. Few, randomly-orientated m-f-b were found in laser wounds over 28 days. Neither m-f-b nor contraction were seen in the scalpel-incisions. No contraction was observed in the laser wounds whereas an organized network of m-f b with substantial contraction occurred in excision wounds. It is suggested that lack of contraction in laser wounds is partially due to the fewness of m-f-b. The residual connective tissue matrix resisting the laser treatment also seems to play a role in preventing the wound contraction. PMID- 3190510 TI - Ultrastructural duality of extracellular fibrillar components of the odontoblast layer in the mouse molar. AB - The application of detergent solutions to dissociated molar dental papillae of mice permitted precise observation of the extracellular fibrillar material in the odontoblast layer and the predentine. Two types of fibrils were identified: cross banded fibrils of variable diameter (25-200 nm) and aperiodic microfibrils of regular diameter (12.5 nm) and undetermined length. If the collagenic nature of the cross-banded fibrils is evident, the composition of the aperiodic microfibrils is probably different. PMID- 3190511 TI - Antibodies to the oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans and the development of caries in children in relation to maternal dental treatment during pregnancy. AB - These factors were studied in 50 children, aged 3.6 to 5.9 years. Children of mothers who had no dental treatment during pregnancy (NTP-group, n = 25) had significantly (p less than 0.02) more serum IgG antibodies reactive with Strep. mutans than those of mothers who received such treatment (TP-group, n = 25). The children in the NTP-group had fewer Strep. mutans, a higher proportion of intact dentitions, lower dmfs/DS-index and lower caries incidence than those in the TP group. Over one year of follow-up, a significantly greater proportion of children in the TP- than in the NTP-group developed new caries (p less than 0.05). Thus, maternal dental treatment during pregnancy may affect caries development in the primary dentition of the child, possibly via transplacental immune mechanisms. PMID- 3190512 TI - Bilateral post-stimulus electromyographic complexes in human masseter muscles after stimulation of periodontal mechanoreceptors of bi- and unilaterally innervated teeth. AB - These complexes (PSECs) were studied in full-wave rectified and averaged EMG in 13 subjects, who jaw-clenched at a controlled level. The PSECs were elicited by mechanical and electrical stimulation of receptors or their afferents in the unilaterally- and bilaterally-innervated periodontium of the upper first premolars and an upper central incisor. To exclude any contribution from acoustic receptors, subjects were exposed to high-intensity noise during mechanical stimulation. Comparison of peak amplitude and area from PSEC waves in normalized EMG amplitude-time plots suggests extensive crossing of the midline by periodontal afferent information. The small variation in latency of the first inhibitory wave on the two sides suggests that there are no additional synapses in the crossed pathway. Latency differences and wave incidence on the two sides of the later inhibitory and excitatory periods varied markedly between subjects suggesting that influences from higher centres affect masseteric motoneurones. In five subjects stimulation of periodontal receptors around different teeth resulted in different PSEC wave sequences. PMID- 3190513 TI - The response characteristics of mechanoreceptors related to their position in the cat canine periodontal ligament. AB - The relation between threshold, adaptation properties and position of these receptors was studied in anaesthetized cats. Electrophysiological recordings were made from functionally single fibres teased from the inferior alveolar nerve as forces were applied to the tip of the left mandibular canine tooth. Receptors were located within the periodontal ligament by paring away the overlying bone. Threshold and adaptation properties were related to the receptor position relative to the fulcrum and apex of the tooth. These results support the hypothesis that there is only one type of periodontal-ligament mechanoreceptor, and that their response characteristics depend on position. PMID- 3190514 TI - Collagen degradation by experimentally-induced subcutaneous granulation tissue in the rat. AB - Granulation tissue provoked by implantation of cellulose sponge or a nylon bag degraded a powder of homologous collagen. This activity was located in a non filtrable tissue fraction and was associated with the appearance of mononuclear and histiocytic giant cells, following an early polymorphonuclear-cell infiltration. The activity could be manipulated experimentally, indicating that this model can be used in investigations of inflammation-induced collagen degradation. PMID- 3190515 TI - Autoradiographic, ultrastructural and biosynthetic study of the effect of colchicine on enamel matrix secretion and enamel mineralization in hamster tooth germs in vitro. AB - First upper molar tooth germs of two to three days old hamsters were exposed in vitro to colchicine in concentrations ranging between 10(-7) and 10(-4) M in the presence of 45Ca and/or [3H]-proline for various times up to 18 h. Enamel mineralization was determined by chemical extraction of in vitro incorporated 45Ca and verified ultrastructurally. Quantitative autoradiography compared with water extracts from total explants radiolabelled with [3H]-proline showed a dose dependent decrease of grain counts over the extracellular enamel to the similar extent as the decrease in radiolabelled amelogenins in water-extracts. It was concluded that water-extracts from total explants represent amelogenins from the extracellular compartment. Enamel matrix secreted in vitro during exposure to high doses of colchicine failed to mineralize and the complete loss was provoked of the distal parts of the secretory ameloblasts including the distal junctional complexes. Nevertheless, the mineralizing pre-exposure enamel neither hypermineralized nor increased uptake of 45Ca. These data do not support the hypothesis that secretory ameloblasts restrict transepithelial calcium transport by directing most of the calcium ions away from the mineralization front. The biosynthetic data furthermore suggest that enamel matrix proteins, only extractable with guanidine-HCl-EDTA, change their physico-chemical nature during secretory amelogenesis in vitro either during secretion or upon their extracellular mineralization. PMID- 3190516 TI - Age-related changes of the granular intercalated duct cells of male rat submandibular gland. AB - The granular intercalated duct (GID) cells showed a progressive increase in number from two to four months of age (p less than 0.01). Their secretory granules also increased in number. Among all the age groups (2-22 months), the number of the GID cells in submandibular gland was highest of six months; they were then also most conspicuous with many electron-dense secretory granules in the cytoplasm. From 12 to 22 months, they showed regressive changes such as a decrease in cell number and in the number of secretory granules. The significance of these age-related changes of the GID cells is unknown. PMID- 3190517 TI - Tooth crown size in human females with 45,X/46,XX chromosomes. AB - Permanent tooth sizes in 15 Finnish females with a 45,X/46,XX chromosome constitution were measured and compared with those of normal females, first degree female relatives and 45,X females. Mesiodistal crown diameters of the 45,X/46,XX mosaic females were smaller than those of normal females but similar to those of females with pure 45,X chromosome constitution. Labiolingual crown diameters of the 45,X/46,XX mosaics were near normal, being consistently larger than those of 45,X females. The mesiodistal crown sizes are consistent with a decrease in enamel thickness in 45,X/46,XX mosaic females. The difference in labiolingual dimension between teeth of 45,X/46,XX mosaic females and 45,X females may relate to a gradual normalization of growth when normal 46,XX cells are mixed with defective 45,X cells. PMID- 3190518 TI - In-vivo incorporation of omega 3 fatty acids into membrane lipids of rat salivary glands and changes in adenylate-cyclase activity. AB - Dietary omega 3 fatty acids from menhaden oil were incorporated into membrane phospholipids of submandibular salivary glands (SMSG). Eicosapentaenoic (20:5), docosapentaenoic (22:5) and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids constituted about 20 per cent of the total fatty acids in phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine fractions of the SMSG plasma membranes of rats fed for 6 weeks a diet containing 10 per cent menhaden oil. The changes in fatty-acid composition of the membrane phospholipids were accompanied by higher adenylate cyclase activity in the SMSG membranes of rats fed 10 per cent menhaden oil than in rats fed 10 per cent corn oil or 8 per cent coconut oil + 2 per cent corn oil. However, there were no diet-related differences in the fold-stimulation of adenylate-cyclase activity. PMID- 3190519 TI - The effect on intrusive tooth mobility of surgically removing the cervical periodontal ligament in monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). AB - The intrusive mobility of 10 teeth was recorded at half-hourly intervals under 4N loads following reflection of the gingiva in 2 animals. After 3 h, the periodontal ligament surrounding the coronal area of the root was removed with a steel bur to a depth of 4 to 5 mm; loadings were then continued. For 5 teeth, little or no change in mobility occurred. Displacement increased in the other teeth which could be accounted for by tilting, the teeth not being vertical. The residual healthy ligament seemed to withstand the small vertical loads as though the periodontium was intact, whereas cutting the ligament, mesially and distally in a previous experiment, but not removing it, substantially weakened the supporting mechanisms. PMID- 3190520 TI - The degradation of type I collagen and human plasma fibronectin by the trypsin like enzyme and extracellular membrane vesicles of Bacteroides gingivalis W50. AB - A soluble trypsin-like enzyme (STE) was purified from a cell- and particle-free culture supernatant of this bacterium by a combination of ultra-centrifugation, ammonium-sulphate precipitation and gel-filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S 200. Trypsin-like activity in the culture supernatant was associated with a 58 kDa peptide and also with a higher molecular-weight complex. The STE and extracellular vesicle (ECV) fraction of B. gingivalis W50 rapidly degraded human plasma fibronectin in the presence and the absence of 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). The STE yielded a range of lower molecular-weight fibronectin digestion products. Under conditions where little activity was expressed by mammalian trypsin, both STE and ECV depolymerized a denatured and a native type I collagen substrate. Quantitative and qualitative differences were observed in the patterns of digestion products generated by both STE and ECV fraction following incubation with and without 10mM DTT. Inclusion of DTT appeared to reduce the degradative effect of both ECV and STE towards the type I collagen and plasma fibronectin substrates. PMID- 3190521 TI - Tongue movement of the cat during lapping. AB - The movements of radio-opaque markers in the tongue were recorded cine radiographically. The animals were fed bariumized milk, with or without a thickening agent to increase the viscosity. The movements of the tongue markers relative to the palate were roughly elliptical and resulted from the summation of at least three components: simple movement produced within the tongue, movement imposed on the tongue by hyoid movement and movement imposed on the tongue-hyoid complex by jaw movement. Relative to the palate, the anterior markers protracted high and retracted low, whereas the posterior markers did the reverse. The movements could be explained as having utility for the intra-oral transport of liquid by two mechanisms. The transported liquids then accumulated between the soft palate and the tongue prior to swallowing. The swallow appeared as a brief interruption in the jaw-opening phase of otherwise standard lapping cycles. PMID- 3190522 TI - The use of human gingival fibroblasts in culture for studying the effects of phenytoin on testosterone metabolism. AB - In initial experiments, monolayer cultures of human gingival fibroblasts from healthy male and female subjects were incubated for various time intervals with [4-14C]-testosterone. This was rapidly taken up by the cells to reach 1.8 fmol/50,000 cells by 2 h. At 6, 12 and 24 h, the values were considerably lower (0.1-0.2 fmol/50,000 cells). In order to maintain a sufficient intracellular concentration of testosterone, unlabelled testosterone was incubated in the presence of [14C]-testosterone. This gave optimum yields of metabolites, which were separated by thin-layer chromatography and provisionally identified by comparison of their mobilities with those of authentic steroids. Final characterization of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone was achieved by combined capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The metabolites of testosterone were 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT), 4-androstenedione, 5 alpha androstanedione and 5 alpha-androstanediols, but the quantities formed varied with different cell lines. A similar pattern of metabolites was noted for minced human gingival tissue. Low concentrations of phenytoin generally increased the production of 5 alpha-DHT and 4-androstendione but there were marked variations between individual cell lines with regard to the magnitude of stimulation. Higher concentrations of phenytoin generally caused inhibition of steroid formation but the concentration required for this again varied with different cell lines. Thus human gingival fibroblasts in culture provide a suitable model for the study of testosterone metabolism and of the effects of drugs such as phenytoin. Variation in these effects may be reflected in individual susceptibility to phenytoin induced gingival overgrowth. PMID- 3190523 TI - The macroscopic and scanning electron-microscopic appearance and microhardness of the enamel, and the related histological changes in the enamel organ of erupting sheep incisors resulting from a prolonged low daily dose of fluoride. AB - The hypothesis that diffuse opacities in enamel result from a chronic, mild disturbance to ameloblast activities was tested using fluoride. Three sheep (HF) were dosed orally with 0.5, and 3 (LF) with 0.2 mg fluoride/kg body weight daily for 6 months. A control sheep (C) received no additional fluoride. The 7 sheep were killed at or close to the time of emergence of their permanent central incisors. One tooth from each sheep was sectioned longitudinally. The enamel related to the secretory (S) and maturation (M) phases of ameloblast activity at the start of fluoride dosing was determined from a tetracycline marker. The pattern of mineralization of the outer 150 micron of the cut labial enamel was assessed using microhardness testing. The SEM appearance of the acid-etched outer enamel was compared in S and M zones in 5 teeth. The enamel of the C tooth was translucent. Diffuse opacities, similar in appearance to human fluorosis, were present in all fluoride-treated teeth. Hardness values in the outer 70 micron of the enamel decreased as the fluoride dose increased and, in the HF teeth, were lower in the S zone than in the M zone. Fluoride given during the M phase induced a surface hypomineralization which increased in degree and depth when fluoride was also given during the S phase. The SEM appearance of M and S enamel was similar in 2 LF and 1 HF teeth but, in the other HF tooth, S enamel but not M enamel had a disordered prism structure and loosely-packed crystals in an abnormal organic matrix. Histological examination revealed that ameloblasts remained in only 4 of the 7 teeth and that their regression and the formation of the cementum adjacent only to the labial enamel were progressing abnormally. PMID- 3190524 TI - A theoretical model for the hydraulic conductance of human dentine. AB - A theoretical model was devised that describes the dependence of the hydraulic conductance of dentine disks on the decrease in dentine tubule radius and dentine tubule density (number per area of cross-section) in the pulp-enamel direction. A parameter that describes the decrease in tubule radius was calculated from experimental results from the literature. PMID- 3190526 TI - To admit or not to admit, that is the question. PMID- 3190525 TI - The ultrastructural distribution of proteoglycans in normal and rachitic growth cartilage from the mandibular condyle of the rat. AB - The mandibular condylar cartilages from normal and rachitic weanling rats were stained with ruthenium red to demonstrate the distribution of proteoglycan. In the rachitic animal there was an increased concentration of ruthenium-red positive granules in the pericellular region of chondrocytes from the extended hypertrophic zone when compared with the controls. These aggregates may represent unmodified proteoglycan which excludes calcium and thereby prevents matrix calcification. PMID- 3190527 TI - Methodological considerations in glare testing in patients with cataracts. PMID- 3190529 TI - Secondary posterior chamber implant. PMID- 3190528 TI - Magnetized forceps for metallic corneal foreign bodies. PMID- 3190530 TI - 'Moustache glaucoma'. PMID- 3190531 TI - Intraocular diathermy for pupilloplasty during vitreous surgery. PMID- 3190532 TI - Comparative aspects of ocular blastomycosis. PMID- 3190533 TI - Corneal toxicity from hydrogen peroxide-soaked tonometer tips. Case report. PMID- 3190534 TI - Central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with AIDS. Case report. PMID- 3190535 TI - AIDS tops cancer and blindness as 'most feared disease' in Gallup Survey. PMID- 3190536 TI - Further dissemination of ophthalmic knowledge. PMID- 3190537 TI - The evolution of argon laser photocoagulation scars in patients with the ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. AB - In 34 patients (35 eyes) with successfully treated histoplasmic choroidal neovascular membranes with a mean follow-up of 10.1 years, neither the neovascular membrane size nor the distance to the center of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) affected final visual acuity. For a subgroup of 18 patients who had a two-year follow-up visit, the average chorioretinal scar expanded in area 50.1% per year for the first two years and 4.6% per year thereafter. This corresponded to a migration rate toward the FAZ of 152 micron/y for the first two years and 22 micron/y thereafter. After ten years, the average scar was 3.23 times larger than the initial treatment area and 480 micron closer to the FAZ than the initial treatment edge. Of the eight patients whose scars expanded to involve the center of the FAZ, six had final visual acuities either equal to or better than the initial visual acuities. PMID- 3190538 TI - Assessment of visual function in patients with age-related macular degeneration and low visual acuity. AB - The visual function of 100 eyes with low visual acuity of 100 patients with age related macular degeneration was examined using measurements of visual acuity, peak contrast sensitivity, and the ability to read, to tell time, and to distinguish colors, products, and facial expressions. Visual acuity and peak contrast sensitivity were correlated (r = .62); however, a range of peak contrast sensitivities was observed at each level of acuity. When considered individually, visual acuity and peak contrast sensitivity were related to the ability to perform each of the tasks. When multivariate methods were applied, both visual acuity and peak contrast sensitivity contributed independently to the ability to read and tell time. Among patients with the same contrast sensitivity, visual acuity had little or no relationship to the ability to identify colors, products, and faces. PMID- 3190539 TI - Retinal blood velocity in patients with leukocyte disorders. AB - The blue light entoptic phenomenon was used to measure retinal blood velocity in eight patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia, six patients with leukopenia, and matched control subjects. The retinal leukocyte velocity of the leukemic patients was 0.53 +/- 0.26 (mean +/- SD) mm/s, whereas that of the matched control subjects was 0.46 +/- 0.14 mm/s. There was no significant difference between these two groups (power: 96% for a difference of 0.2 mm/s and 66% for 0.1 mm/s). There was also no significant difference between the leukocyte velocities of the leukopenic patients and control subjects (0.47 +/- 0.19 mm/s and 0.55 +/- 0.14 mm/s, respectively; 89% power for a difference of 0.2 mm/s, 59% for 0.1). There was a correlation between the leukocyte count and the number of leukocytes seen in the entoptoscope. The results suggest that retinal vascular autoregulation can compensate for changes in leukocyte numbers that might have been expected to alter retinal blood flow. PMID- 3190540 TI - Pars plana vitrectomy in the management of complications of proliferative sickle retinopathy. AB - Ten patients (11 eyes) with sickle-C hemoglobinopathy with complications of proliferative sickle retinopathy were treated using pars plana vitrectomy with or without the use of a scleral buckle. Postoperative visual acuity was improved in ten of 11 cases. Three cases of retinal detachment were managed by internal vitreoretinal techniques alone without the use of a scleral buckle. Although exchange transfusions were used in only five of the 11 cases, no cases of recognized anterior segment ischemia occurred during the postoperative course of these patients. Because of exchange transfusion risks and awareness of intraoperative and postoperative measures to reduce this complication, the use of exchange transfusions probably should be discontinued as prophylaxis for vitreoretinal surgery in these patients. PMID- 3190541 TI - The focal electroretinogram in fellow eyes of patients with idiopathic macular holes. AB - In a prospective study of macular hole formation, focal electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained from both eyes of 35 patients with a unilateral, idiopathic, full thickness macular hole. Foveal cone ERG amplitude was significantly correlated with hole diameter at the initial visit. Twenty-six patients had normal foveal cone ERGs in the fellow eye at the baseline visit and for the duration of the study (mean follow-up, 35 months; range, 24 to 56 months). None of these eyes developed a macular hole. Seven eyes had significantly reduced foveal cone ERGs in the fellow eye, despite good visual acuity and a normal-appearing macula on the initial visit. Four of these eyes subsequently developed a full-thickness macular hole during follow-up (mean follow-up, 35 months; range, 25 to 46 months). Foveal ERG amplitude was significantly related to subsequent macular hole formation, suggesting that this test can provide an objective measure of macular function to help identify eyes at risk for macular hole formation. PMID- 3190542 TI - Effects of routine pupillary dilation on functional daylight vision. AB - The visual acuity of 100 patients between the ages of 16 and 66 years, seen for routine ophthalmologic examination, was measured before and after dilation. All patients had a predilation visual acuity of 20/40 or better. Postdilation binocular visual acuity using the patients' usual correction was measured first in the office and then outdoors, both with the patient's back to and the patient facing the sun, with and without the aid of postmydriatic sunglasses. Twelve percent experienced disabling photophobia even with the use of postmydriatic sunglasses, with 3% having significant objective visual loss defined as 20/50 or worse. No objective visual loss was found in 30 controls examined outdoors before dilation, without sunglasses. We recommend that patients who have experienced significant photophobia with dilation in the past, or who have never before undergone dilation, make arrangements for transportation after a dilated examination. PMID- 3190543 TI - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis keratitis treated with vancomycin. AB - Staphylococcus epidermidis accounts for nearly one third of all cases of bacterial keratitis in certain geographic areas. Recently, the sensitivity of this organism has changed dramatically so that nearly half of nosocomially acquired systemic S epidermidis infections are resistant to methicillin sodium, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides. Methicillin-resistant and gentamicin sulfate resistant S epidermidis causing infectious blepharoconjunctivitis and endophthalmitis has previously been reported. Two cases of methicillin- and gentamicin-resistant S epidermidis keratitis occurred that were treated successfully with topical vancomycin hydrochloride. PMID- 3190544 TI - Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy with Intermedics model 024 (Hessburg) anterior chamber intraocular lenses. AB - We report the development of pseudophakic bullous keratopathy in 18 eyes following implantation of Pharmacia Intermedics Ophthalmics model 024 (Hessburg) anterior chamber intraocular lenses. Eight of these intraocular lenses were implanted during uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extractions. Mean onset of corneal edema was 21.4 months after lens implantation. Patients with this type of lens already implanted in their eyes require close follow-up for complications. PMID- 3190545 TI - Age-related loss of morphologic responses to pilocarpine in rhesus monkey ciliary muscle. AB - Ciliary muscle topography and connective tissue distribution were studied by light microscopy in atropinized, pilocarpinized, or untreated eyes from rhesus monkeys of various ages. With age, the connective tissue ground plate between ciliary muscle and ciliary processes thickens, while there is very little increase in connective tissue within the ciliary muscle. With age, the atropinized muscle becomes shorter and smaller in area while it remains unchanged in width and position. In pilocarpinized eyes, the ciliary muscle is shorter, narrower, smaller in longitudinal and total area (ie, more circular and compact), and positioned more anteriorly than in contralateral atropinized eyes. These contractile responses to pilocarpine diminish with age at a rate similar to that for accommodative decline. According to these topographic findings, physicians seeking the pathophysiologic characteristics of presbyopia, which occurs in humans and rhesus monkeys on a comparable relative time scale, should redirect their attention toward the ciliary muscle. PMID- 3190546 TI - Collagen-shield delivery of gentamicin and vancomycin. AB - The ability of collagen-shield therapeutic contact lenses to release gentamicin sulfate and vancomycin hydrochloride individually and in combination was investigated using a fluorescent polarization immunoassay. In vitro studies showed that presoaked collagen shields released the majority of gentamicin within the first 30 minutes of elution, while vancomycin was released gradually over six hours of elution. Three experiments in rabbits compared the gentamicin and vancomycin levels produced at five time points in tears, cornea, and aqueous humor by collagen shields soaked in antibiotics vs frequent-drop therapy. The collagen shields soaked in gentamicin, vancomycin, or a combination of the two produced tear, cornea, and aqueous humor levels that were generally higher or at least comparable with those achieved by frequent-drop therapy. PMID- 3190548 TI - Ultrastructural evidence for lymphatic capillaries in the primate choroid. AB - In the choroid of three cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus) and of one baboon (Papio anubis) lymphatic capillaries were demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. PMID- 3190547 TI - Photochemical initiation of thrombosis. Fluorescein angiographic, histologic, and ultrastructural alterations in the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium, and retina. AB - A new method of producing vascular occlusion, photochemical activation of intravenously injected rose bengal, was used to produce experimental thrombosis of the preretinal and choroidal blood vessels in rabbit eyes. Fluorescein angiography and light and electron microscopy were used to describe the resultant pathologic alterations over time. As early as one hour after treatment, the endothelium of both preretinal and choroidal blood vessels was severely damaged or completely obliterated, and platelet aggregates occluded the vascular lumina. Occlusion of the preretinal and choroidal blood vessels persisted for up to three days; however, endothelial regeneration and reperfusion had occurred in both vascular beds by seven days. In addition, the retinal pigment epithelium and myelin wings suffered ischemic damage. The retinal pigment epithelium began to recover by seven days, but the myelin wings appeared to be irreversibly damaged. PMID- 3190549 TI - Plasmacytoma of the orbit. PMID- 3190550 TI - Upper eyelid crease surgical approach to dermoid and epidermoid cysts in children. AB - The treatment of choice for subcutaneous and orbital dermoid and epidermoid cysts in children is surgical excision. Numerous surgical approaches have been advocated to excise these lesions from the eyelid and anterosuperior orbit. Our technique for this procedure involves an approach through an upper eyelid crease incision. The advantages over alternative methods include (1) excellent exposure of eyelid and anterior orbital structures, (2) familiarity to most eyelid surgeons, (3) minimal dissection with little risk to vital anatomic structures, (4) simple wound closure, and (5) excellent final cosmetic result with a scar that is well-hidden. We have utilized this technique in 24 patients with excellent results and no complications. PMID- 3190551 TI - Arsenic, geographical isolates, environmental epidemiology, and arteriosclerosis. PMID- 3190552 TI - Atherogenicity and carcinogenicity of high-arsenic artesian well water. Multiple risk factors and related malignant neoplasms of blackfoot disease. AB - The objective of this study was to examine multiple risk factors and correlated malignant neoplasms of blackfoot disease (BFD), a unique peripheral vascular disease related to continuous exposure to high-arsenic artesian well water. A total of 241 BFD cases, including 169 with spontaneous or surgical amputations of affected extremities, and 759 age-sex-residence-matched healthy community controls were studied to explore the risk factors of BFD. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that artesian well water consumption, arsenic poisoning, familial history of BFD, and undernourishment were significantly associated with the development of BFD. The life-table method used to analyze cancer mortality of 789 BFD patients followed for 15 years showed a significantly higher mortality from cardiovascular diseases, peripheral vascular diseases, and cancers of bladder, skin, lung, and liver among BFD patients as compared with the general population in Taiwan or residents in the BFD-endemic area. The results imply the atherogenicity and carcinogenicity of the artesian well water in the BFD-endemic area. PMID- 3190553 TI - Imaging human atherosclerosis with 99mTc-labeled low density lipoproteins. AB - The feasibility of localizing human atherosclerotic plaques by gamma scintillation camera external imaging with technetium-99m-labeled low density lipoproteins (99mTc-LDL) was tested in 17 patients who had atherosclerosis. Imaging demonstrated focal accumulation of radiolabel consistent with 99mTc-LDL sequestration by plaques in the carotid, iliac, or femoral vessels of four patients 8 to 21 hours after intravenous injection of the radiopharmaceutical. Focal accumulation of 99mTc-LDL also appeared in the location of coronary lesions in four patients, but this accumulation could not be distinguished with certainty from residual blood pool radioactivity. When carotid endarterectomy specimens from six patients who received 99mTc-LDL 1 day before endarterectomy were examined, the specimens had focal accumulations of radiolabel, with two to four times greater radioactivity in some regions of each specimen than in others; this occurred whether or not the lesions were detected on the gamma camera images. Lesion composition may have determined whether accumulation was quantitatively sufficient to produce an external image. Histologically, the imaged carotid specimen had abundant foam cells and macrophages and poorly organized intramural blood consistent with a plaque hemorrhage; in contrast, nonimaged endarterectomy specimens were mature, fibrocalcific plaques. We conclude that: 1) 99mTc-LDL did accumulate in human atherosclerotic plaques; 2) in some patients, the accumulation of 99mTc-LDL was sufficient for detection by gamma camera imaging; 3) the amount of LDL that accumulated appeared to depend on lesion composition; and 4) the design of new radiopharmaceuticals with reduced residual blood pool activity relative to plaque accumulation should lead to improved external imaging of atherosclerosis. PMID- 3190554 TI - Metabolism of apolipoproteins C-II, C-III, and B in hypertriglyceridemic men. Changes after heparin-induced lipolysis. AB - The C apolipoproteins are normally transferred to high density lipoproteins (HDL) after lipolysis of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglyceride. In previous studies, a loss of plasma C apolipoproteins was documented after heparin-induced lipolysis in hypertriglyceridemic subjects. The present studies were designed to determine if this decline in plasma C apolipoproteins was due to their clearance with VLDL remnants. Five Type IV hypertriglyceridemic and two normal subjects were injected with 125I-VLDL and 131I-low density lipoproteins (LDL) to document kinetically an excess of VLDL apolipoprotein (apo) B flux relative to LDL apo B flux in the Type IV subjects. A mean of 46% VLDL apo B was cleared from the circulation, without conversion to intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) or LDL. Heparin was then infused (9000 IU over 4 hours) to generate an excess of VLDL remnants that were not converted to IDL or LDL. VLDL triglyceride, apo B, and apo C concentrations fell at a similar rate. VLDL apo B declined by 42% (p less than 0.01). However, no increases were observed in IDL or LDL apo B in the Type IV subjects. This resulted in a 14% (p less than 0.01) decline in plasma apo B concentrations, indicating a clearance of VLDL remnants. VLDL apo C-II and C-III concentrations fell by 42% (p less than 0.025) and 52% (p less than 0.01), respectively. During the first 2.5 hours of infusion, they were almost quantitatively recovered in HDL. Thereafter, the C apolipoproteins declined in HDL during which time VLDL apo C concentrations continued to decline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190555 TI - Enhanced metabolism of normolipidemic human plasma very low density lipoprotein in cultured cells by exogenous apolipoprotein E-3. AB - In this investigation in cultured human fibroblasts, an attempt was made to determine the optimal metabolism of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 lipoproteins from normolipidemic human subjects. We supplemented culture systems containing 125I lipoproteins with exogenous recombinant or plasmatic apo E-3. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fractions I, II, and III, and low density lipoproteins (LDL) were prepared from one E 4/3 and four E 3/3 subjects. Without added apo E-3, cellular metabolism (binding, cell association, and degradation) of VLDL-I, II, and III was negligible. Exogenous apo E-3 caused a many-fold enhancement of the metabolism of the three VLDL fractions, but LDL was not affected. The effects of apo E-3 were specific, not observed with apo E-2, and not observed on receptor negative cells. Exogenous apo E-3 also enhanced down-regulation of cellular sterol synthesis by the VLDLs, but not LDL, indicating increased particle catabolism by the cells. The optimal concentrations of exogenous apo E-3 were 4 to 6 micrograms protein/15 micrograms VLDL-protein, when most of the added apo E 3 became associated with the VLDL particles. Apo E-3 failed to associate with LDL. These results demonstrate that availability and association of adequate amounts of apo E-3 are crucial for optimal cellular metabolism of apo B-100 lipoproteins along the VLDL----LDL cascade. PMID- 3190556 TI - Atherosclerosis of cynomolgus monkeys hyper- and hyporesponsive to dietary cholesterol. Lack of effect of vasectomy. AB - A moderately atherogenic diet was fed to young adult cynomolgus macaque males that were observed to be either hypo- or hyperresponsive to dietary cholesterol and who were randomized into groups to be either vasectomized or sham vasectomized. The extent of atherosclerosis was found to be considerably greater at all arterial sites studied for the monkeys that were hyperresponsive to dietary cholesterol. The differences in atherosclerosis development among the hyperresponder monkeys occurred primarily in the proximal portions of the coronary arteries, the proximal and distal portions of the common carotid arteries, and only in the most proximal portions of the femoral arteries. There were no significant effects of vasectomy or sham vasectomy on atherosclerosis extent in either the hyper- or the hyporesponding groups, although there was a suggestion of somewhat larger lesions in the left circumflex coronary artery of hyperresponder monkeys that were vasectomized and somewhat smaller atherosclerotic lesions in the left common carotid arteries of vasectomized monkeys. The data presented here do not support our first report of worsened atherosclerosis among cynomolgus monkeys fed diets high in cholesterol. The findings of the current study are consistent with recent epidemiological studies of vasectomized and nonvasectomized human males. PMID- 3190557 TI - Association between retinopathy and impaired peripheral arterial circulation in insulin-dependent diabetic patients. AB - This study was undertaken to investigate whether, in insulin-dependent diabetic patients, an association exists between microangiopathy (evaluated as retinopathy) and macroangiopathy (evaluated as impaired arterial circulation of the lower limbs). A total of 38 diabetic outpatients with either background (n = 25) or proliferative (n = 13) retinopathy, plus 18 diabetic outpatients of similar age (46.8 +/- 13.4 vs. 43.0 +/- 11.0 yrs) and duration of diabetes (16.8 +/- 5.8 vs. 14.8 +/- 15.1 yrs) without retinopathy were studied. Retinopathy was defined according to fluorescein angiography. The arterial circulation of the lower limbs was evaluated by the ankle/arm systolic pressure index with ultrasonic Doppler end-point detection and echo-Doppler examination of the pelvic vessels. The ankle/arm index was significantly lower in diabetic patients with retinopathy (0.98 +/- 0.16 vs. 1.12 +/- 0.11, p less than 0.002) and the percentage of persons with definitely impaired arterial circulation of the legs (ankle/arm systolic blood pressure less than 0.95) was significantly higher in this group (36.8% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.038). Of 14 patients with retinopathy and peripheral arterial disease, only three (21%) had detectable stenoses of the pelvic vessels. The overall profile of cardiovascular risk factors was similar in the two groups. The multivariate analysis indicated that retinopathy was the best correlate of impaired peripheral arterial circulation. In conclusion, in our study population, an association between retinopathy and impaired peripheral arterial circulation of the legs existed independently of major cardiovascular risk factors. PMID- 3190560 TI - Abstracts: 8th National Conference on Thrombosis and Hemostasis. Washington, D. C., November 1988. PMID- 3190559 TI - Abstracts: 42nd annual meeting, Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis. Washington, D.C., November 1988. PMID- 3190558 TI - Interaction of native and cell-modified low density lipoprotein with collagen gel. AB - We have examined the binding of native and cell-modified low density lipoprotein (LDL) to gels of Type I collagen. Diffusion of native 125I-LDL into the collagen gel was slow, reaching equilibrium after 24 to 48 hours, while L-3H-glucose, a low molecular weight marker, equilibrated in 6 hours. Binding of 125I-LDL was measured at 48 hours as the amount associated with the collagen after extensive washing. Binding was saturable with an increasing concentration of LDL. Prior incubation with cell-free culture medium resulted in modest, but progressive, increases in electrophoretic mobility and binding to collagen. Incubation with cells produced a marked increase in electrophoretic mobility and a 5- to 10-fold increase in collagen binding; the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene during incubation prevented both effects. These changes in LDL were induced by porcine aortic endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, human skin fibroblasts, and a variety of cell lines, as well as by acetylation. There was a curvilinear relationship between the amount of LDL protein bound and the net negative charge of the LDL; increasing net charge was associated with progressively greater increases in binding. These results suggest a potential role for collagen in trapping lipid in the extracellular matrix of arterial intima by slowing the diffusion of and by binding LDL. The data also demonstrate that binding of LDL to collagen is enhanced by modifications that increase its net negative charge. PMID- 3190561 TI - Quantification of the psychosocial disadvantages experienced by workers in a noisy industry and their nearest relatives: perspectives for rehabilitation. AB - A questionnaire of handicap was developed to assess the psychosocial disadvantages attributable to noise-induced hearing loss (temporary or permanent). Sixty-five workers in a metal product plant completed the questionnaire with their nearest relative. A principal-component analysis was applied to the answers. Results show that the disadvantages can be grouped under three dimensions, that is, (1) quality of life at home and at work; (2) isolation and self-esteem, and (3) telephone use and leisure activities. Variables that could influence the disadvantages were tested by multiple-regression analyses. Results indicate that the variable most predictive of the disadvantages is self acknowledgement of having a moderate or severe hearing problem. These findings are discussed in terms of perspectives for rehabilitation. PMID- 3190562 TI - Hearing loss and desferrioxamine in homozygous beta-thalassemia. AB - The authors present the results obtained during an audiometric screening of 153 children aged 5-18 years, affected by beta-thalassemia and treated with regular blood transfusions and iron overload chelation by means of desferrioxamine. Thirty-eight percent of the patients showed a significant sensorineural hearing loss at high frequencies with recruitment. Younger patients had a greater hearing loss, indicating that cochlear damage was not due to the disease itself. Furthermore, hearing loss appeared to be correlated with the mean and peak desferrioxamine doses administered and was higher in subjects with lower iron load. Thus, the ototoxic effect seems to have been higher when a good iron chelation had been obtained. Among our patients, conductive hearing loss was not more frequent than in patients without beta thalassemia. PMID- 3190563 TI - Stapedius reflex threshold in cochlear implant patients. AB - The contralateral stapedius reflex elicited by sinusoidal electrostimulation via cochlear implant was investigated in 12 patients. Contraction of the middle ear muscle was monitored by time-resolved synchronized digital sampling of the impedance change in the contralateral ear. The reflex was detected in all patients in whom the uncomfortable loudness level (UCLL) could be reached and who had intact middle ear function. Generally, the reflex threshold is located in the upper part of the dynamic range between the most comfortable loudness (MCL) and the UCLL. The demonstrated method may provide suitable assistance in speech processor adjustment in difficult-to-test patients. PMID- 3190564 TI - 40-Hz auditory event-related potential in normal adults. AB - 40-Hz event-related potentials (AERP) in response to 0.5-, 1-, 2- and 4-kHz tone pips were studied in 45 subjects (18 males and 27 females) in order to assess their reliability and threshold in normal adults and to study the effects of stimulus frequency and intensity on their latency and amplitude. In all subjects well-formed and reproducible 40-Hz AERP were detected, thus showing a good reliability of 40-Hz AERP to tone pips. The response was always detectable within 15 dB nHL intensity level and showed a sequence of positive (P1, P2 and P3) and negative (N1, N2 and N3) waves. It has also been observed that the latency of the first component following the acoustic stimulus decreased at increasing stimulus frequency and intensity, while the amplitude of the whole response increased upon increasing stimulus intensity. It can be suggested that the 40-Hz AERP to tone pips may represent a useful tool in assessing auditory threshold in the low frequency range. PMID- 3190565 TI - Different functional properties of on and off components in auditory brainstem responses to tone bursts. AB - Auditory brainstem responses to tone bursts of constant rise and fall time and variable plateau were obtained in 7 normal hearing adults with a vertex to mastoid electrode configuration. In all records, two vertex-positive components (A, B) were present. Peak A is probably an onset response. Peak B latency increased linearly with plateau duration (r = 0.93) and seems to be an off response. White and notched acoustic noise masking had a different effect on the two components. A greater latency shift was observed for peak A than for peak B, thus reducing the interpeak interval in the masked response. When using high-pass noise, as we lowered the cut-off points from 4 to 0.5 kHz, there was also a greater latency increment for peak A than for peak B. These results suggest a more apical cochlear origin for the off response. PMID- 3190566 TI - Brainstem response audiometry. I. Its use in distinguishing between conductive and cochlear hearing loss. AB - The auditory brainstem response thresholds and the latency-level curves, l(L)curves, for peak V were determined in 22 subjects with normal hearing, in 40 patients with conductive hearing loss and in 79 patients with cochlear hearing loss. The goal of this study was to investigate the potentials to distinguish between different types of hearing loss on the basis of these auditory brainstem responses. For this purpose the horizontal shift of the l(L) curve, the horizontal shift of its derivative and the latency of peak V at threshold level were plotted against the response threshold. For response thresholds above 30 dB nHL both the horizontal shift of the l(L) curve and the horizontal shift of its derivative give a good separation between cochlear and conductive hearing loss. The combination of the response threshold with the shift of the derivative of the l(L) curve gave a slightly better separation than that of the response threshold with the shift of the l(L) curve itself. PMID- 3190567 TI - Brainstem response audiometry. II. Classification of hearing loss by discriminant analysis. AB - In the companion paper [V.d. Drift et al.; Audiology 27: 260-270, 1988], it was shown graphically that conductive and cochlear hearing loss can be distinguished on the basis of the combinations of the auditory brainstem response threshold with the horizontal shift of the latency-level curve of peak V, its derivative or the latency of peak V at threshold level, respectively. In addition to the patient data used in the companion paper, 22 patients with mixed hearing loss were enrolled in the present study. The statistical technique of discriminant analysis was applied to find the optimum linear combination of auditory brainstem response data for classification of a hearing loss. The brainstem classification 'cochlear hearing loss' agrees with the diagnosis on the basis of the pure-tone audiogram in 85% of the cases. In cases with the brainstem classification 'conductive hearing loss', 93% showed at least a conductive component in the pure tone audiogram. PMID- 3190568 TI - Effects of electrolytic lesions of the superior olivary complex and trapezoid body on brainstem auditory-evoked potentials in the guinea pig. I. Vertex-tragus recordings. AB - Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEP) were recorded between vertex and tragus in 22 guinea pigs, after destruction of the contralateral ear in order to produce monaural stimulation. Stimuli employed were 100 dB SPL clicks and tone bursts. Normative recordings showed five positive peaks, P1-P5 and four negative peaks, N1-N4. Electrolytic lesions were then made to the superior olivary complex (SOC) ipsilateral to the stimulation (6 animals), contralateral to the stimulation (8 animals), and trapezoid body (TB) (8 animals). In each group a statistical analysis of the results (amplitudes and latencies) was made (paired t test). After lesions to the ipsilateral SOC, there was an increase in the amplitude of P1 and a decrease in P3. After lesions to the contralateral SOC, there was a larger decrease in P3, which disappeared in 2 guinea pigs which had a large lesion involving many TB fibers. After TB lesions, there was a decrease in the P2-N2 composite wave, disappearance of P3, a decrease in P4, and an increase in the latency of P1 and P1-P2 and P2-P4 intervals. After ipsilateral SOC lesions, which certainly involved the uncrossed olivocochlear efferent tract, the increase in P1 suggested a disinhibition of the efferent fibers. The large decrease or the loss of P3 after TB lesions and SOC lesions involving many TB fibers suggested that P3 could be generated by the contralateral part of the TB fibers, in the vicinity of the contralateral SOC. These data are in agreement with the predominance of fiber tracts in the generation of BAEP. PMID- 3190569 TI - Effects of electrolytic lesions of the superior olivary complex and trapezoid body on brainstem auditory-evoked potentials in the guinea pig. II. Three-channel Lissajous' trajectory analysis. AB - Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEP) were studied both with vertex (positive) - tragus (negative) derivation and three-channel Lissajous' trajectory (3-CLT) planar analysis in guinea pigs (GP) after destruction of the ipsilateral superior olivary complex (SOC) (6 GP), contralateral SOC (8 GP) referred to the stimulation side, and trapezoid body (TB) in the sagittal line (8 GP). The size of the lesion was evaluated on histological examination. The right ear was locally destroyed with aminoside instillation. The left ear was stimulated with unfiltered clicks and tone bursts of different frequencies at 100 dB SPL. Three questions were the basis of this study: (i) What are the effects of brainstem lesions on 3-CLT? (ii) Is there a relationship between planar segments and underlying sources? (iii) What is the generator of planar segment C (P3) in GP? 3 CLT analysis was made on plane A (corresponding to P1 on a vertex-tragus channel), plane B (N1-P2) and plane C (P3.) Plane C disappeared after TB lesions and remained after ipsi- and contralateral SOC destructions. However, plane C disappeared after extensive lesions to the contralateral SOC affecting the TB. Planes A and B were always observed whatever the lesion, with sometimes a modification of their orientation. A localized brainstem lesion induced a local modification of the three-dimensional trajectory. These data are in agreement with the assumption that some planes of 3-CLT reflect the activity of underlying generators. However, the loop which contains the planar segment is a better indicator of the global electrical activity of the source. Plane C (P3) would have a contralateral source which is probably not the SOC but the afferent curved fibers of the TB close to the contralateral SOC. PMID- 3190570 TI - Measures taken to reduce X-ray exposure of the patient, operator, and staff. PMID- 3190571 TI - The use of ultrasound for the removal of the smear layer. The effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration; SEM study. PMID- 3190572 TI - Comparison of denture acrylic resins cured by boiling water and microwave energy. PMID- 3190573 TI - Dental health of children in Australia, 1977-1985. PMID- 3190574 TI - Open mandibular condylotomy (osteotomy) with precision scaphoid staple osteosynthesis and meniscopexy. A description of the operation. PMID- 3190575 TI - The Brisbane Statistical Division Survey of Adult Dental Health 1984. 4. Comparisons with other surveys. PMID- 3190576 TI - Oral hygiene--why neglect the tongue? PMID- 3190577 TI - A personal filing system for indexing reprints, documents, and other items. PMID- 3190578 TI - What's in a name? PMID- 3190579 TI - General hospital residency for new dental graduates. PMID- 3190580 TI - Current Note No. 68. Radiographic processing. PMID- 3190581 TI - Clinical Note No. 7. The mixing of encapsulated glass ionomer cement restorative materials. PMID- 3190582 TI - Combined research meeting. AIDS in America. PMID- 3190583 TI - Diabetes care--a continuing challenge. PMID- 3190584 TI - DNA and clinical medicine. PMID- 3190585 TI - The Royal Australasian College of Physicians Golden Jubilee meeting. Sydney, 8-13 May 1988. Proceedings of meetings of special societies and colleges. Abstracts. PMID- 3190586 TI - Abundance and survival of infective larvae of the cattle nematodes Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei and Oesophagostomum radiatum from faecal pats in a wet tropical climate. AB - Observations were made on the abundance and survival of Haemonchus placei, Cooperia punctata and Oesophagostomum radiatum infective larvae from cattle faecal pats exposed at various times of the year in north Queensland wet tropics. Pats exposed in the hot, wet season yielded abundant larvae on herbage. In the dry season, although low numbers of infective larvae were usual, considerable numbers were produced under conditions of heavy dews on dense herbage. Irrespective of season of deposition of pats, the resulting larvae persisted generally for not longer than 10 to 12 weeks, and in large numbers for only 2 to 6 weeks. The findings suggest that prevention of contamination in the wet season, and in the dry season when light rainfalls are accompanied by heavy dews on dense herbage, will result in low levels of larval infestation on herbage. Rotational grazing in the area is suggested as a means of worm control. PMID- 3190587 TI - Infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. 4. Cardiovascular effects. AB - To determine the extent and significance of changes in heart rate and rhythm noticed previously in dogs paralysed with Ixodes holocyclus, two studies were undertaken. In one the electrocardiogram was recorded at stages throughout the disease and the traces analysed for changes, while in the second a detailed study of the effect of Ixodes holocyclus on the cardiovascular system was undertaken. The electrocardiographic changes were extremely variable between stages and between dogs. Generally, if a dysrhythmia occurred in stages 1, 2 or 3 it tended to be sinus tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia or sinus arrest. In stage 4 sinus arrest, sinus bradycardia, or sinus or ventricular tachycardia were the prominent dysrhythmias, whereas in stage 5 sinus bradycardia predominated. Cardiovascular measurements indicated an increase in peripheral vascular resistance leading to a significant elevation in mean arterial pressure at all stages of the disease. Cardiac output was decreased significantly only at stage 2, although it was below the control measurements at all stages. Pulmonary arterial pressure was significantly elevated at stages 2, 3 and 4 due most probably to an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. Myocardial contractility was not significantly changed throughout the disease. The changes observed in the electrocardiogram and the cardiovascular system in stages 1, 2 and 3 are unlikely to be due to hypoxia and could represent dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. During stages 4 and 5 oxygen levels were below normal and the bradycardia seen terminally is almost certainly due to hypoxaemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190588 TI - Infestation in the dog by the paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus. 5. Treatment. AB - In this study the value of drugs administered with hyperimmune serum in the treatment of advanced disease produced by Ixodes holocyclus was compared under controlled conditions. All control dogs died rapidly whereas one dog survived and 3 dogs died after receiving hyperimmune serum alone. When promethazine hydrochloride was administered with hyperimmune serum 2 dogs recovered rapidly while the remaining 2 died. Administration of dexamethasone and hyperimmune serum allowed 3 dogs to survive while administration of phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride in conjunction with hyperimmune serum allowed rapid recovery of all 4 dogs. Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride, an alpha-adrenergic blocking drug, was chosen because of its potential to attenuate the arterial hypertension previously reported (Ilkiw et al 1988). The survival of all dogs together with the rapid return to normality indicated that this drug was beneficial in the treatment of dogs with advanced signs of tick paralysis. PMID- 3190589 TI - The effect of artificial photoperiod at the end of the breeding season on plasma testosterone concentrations in stallions. AB - Testosterone concentrations in stallions showed a seasonal trend with peak concentrations in the spring (April and May in Britain) and lowest concentrations in the period from December to February. The effect on this pattern of changing the length of the photoperiod at the end of the normal breeding season (mid summer's day) was studied in 2 experiments. In the first experiment artificial illumination was organised from 21 June to mimic the effect of transfer to a southern hemisphere spring and summer, that is short days becoming longer. The stallions had low concentrations of testosterone in February and high concentrations in April. Concentrations in July, August and September were extremely low with a return to high values in late November/early December. In the second experiment, illumination was maintained at the equivalent of a 16 1/2 hour day from 21 June to mid December. These stallions had high testosterone concentrations in April, after which they fell until August, later rising to a maximum in October. These results are discussed in relation to transfer of stallions between the northern and southern hemispheres. PMID- 3190590 TI - Pathological findings in the bulbourethral glands of bulls. AB - The bulbourethral glands of 323 Bos indicus or B. indicus crossbred bulls more than 1 1/2 years old were examined in an abattoir study. Bulbourethral adenitis was diagnosed grossly and confirmed by histological examination in 4 (1.2%). Unilateral chronic interstitial inflammation was seen in 2 cases; one of these was associated with a degenerative-type seminal vesiculitis. In the others adenitis was bilateral; in one case it was associated with a concretion and foreign (plant) material in the principal duct of the left bulbourethral gland; in the other bilateral case, numerous calculi were present and microscopically, a chronic active and diffuse inflammation was observed. Chemical analysis of the calculi showed calcium oxalate and tricalcium phosphate to be the most important components. Corynebacterium spp was isolated from the lesion with multiple calculi but attempts to isolate Chlamydia spp, Mycoplasma spp and Brucella abortus from the 4 adenitis cases were unsuccessful. Congenital abnormalities such as glandular fusion (2.2%) or unilateral aplasia (0.6%) were also observed. Cysts were the most common finding (19.2%), and duct dilation was frequent (7.1%). The significance of these findings in relation to fertility is considered. PMID- 3190591 TI - Canine congenital portosystemic encephalopathy. AB - The case records of 21 dogs with congenital portosystemic encephalopathy are reviewed. The disorder was most common in Australian cattledogs (blue heelers; 8 cases), Old English sheepdogs (3 cases) and Maltese terriers (3 cases). Extra hepatic shunts occurred in small breeds, with the exception of 1 cattledog, while intra-hepatic shunts occurred in the medium to large breeds. The most common clinical pathology abnormalities were abnormal ammonia tolerance, mild to moderate increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase concentrations, decreased total serum protein concentrations, increased fasting ammonia concentrations and ammonium biurate crystalluria. Radiological examination revealed that all the dogs had a small liver. The kidneys were enlarged in 5 of 10 dogs in which kidney size could be estimated. Surgical ligation of an extra-hepatic shunt was successful in 2 of 4 dogs in which it was attempted. Medical management resulted in alleviation of clinical signs in 5 of 8 dogs. The period of successful treatment ranged from a few months to over a year. PMID- 3190593 TI - Coccidiosis in goats and aspects of epidemiology. PMID- 3190592 TI - Serotypes of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Australian pigs, small ruminants, poultry, and captive wild birds and animals. AB - Serotypes of 93 Australian isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae from diseased domestic animals and poultry and a variety of captive wild birds and animals were determined by double diffusion gel precipitation. Two isolates, from the faeces of a swallow were also examined. Serotypes 1a, 1b and 2 were isolated from pigs and serotypes 1a, 1b, 2, 5, 15 and 21 from sheep or goats. Erysipelas in poultry was attributed to serotypes 1b, 5, 15 and 16. In captive wild birds serotypes 1b, 5, 6, 8, 14, 21 and an isolate reactive with antiserum to strain Seehecht were associated with septicaemic deaths. Single isolates from tissues of a bilby (Macrotis lagotis), black rat (Rattus rattus), brown snake (Pseudechis australis) and a bandicoot (Isoodon macrouris) were classified as serotypes 4, 4, 7, and 10 respectively. Six isolates were not able to be typed. Serotype 1b was the most widely distributed and most common (28%), being associated with disease in pigs, sheep, poultry and wild birds. Serotypes 1a or 2 were found in a more restricted range of animals, being commonly associated with erysipelas in pigs, less commonly in sheep and infrequently in other species. From diseased pigs, 26 of 33 isolates (79%) were serotypes 1a and 1b. PMID- 3190594 TI - Effect of foot paring of sheep affected with footrot on response to zinc sulphate/sodium lauryl sulphate foot bathing treatment. PMID- 3190595 TI - Knemidocoptes intermedius identified in forest ravens (Corvus tasmanicus). PMID- 3190596 TI - Macrocytosis in poodles--appeal for cases. PMID- 3190597 TI - Evaluation of four serological tests for the diagnosis of caprine melioidosis. AB - A complement fixation (CF) test, 2 indirect haemagglutination (IHA-A; IHA-L) tests which differed in antigen preparation and technique, and a microtitre agglutination (MA) test were compared in the serodiagnosis of melioidosis in goats. One hundred and eighteen experimental serums and 3143 field serums from goats in endemic and non-endemic areas of north Queensland were used in the evaluation. Culture of samples for Pseudomonas pseudomallei from 112 goats provided substantiating evidence of infection. The IHA-A test was the most sensitive, and the CF test the most specific. We advocate the use of the IHA-A as a screening test followed by the CF test for confirmation of active melioidosis. The IHA-A test is the better indicator of past infection. PMID- 3190598 TI - Pathogenicity of field isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in mice, rats and pigs. AB - Eight field isolates of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae serotypes 1 and 2, from different sources, were examined for their pathogenicities for mice and pigs. Arthritogenicity for pigs correlated with virulence for mice at the highest and lowest levels, but not with strains of intermediate virulence. The most virulent strain was also arthritogenic in rats. In pigs, after repeated intravenous challenge the number of affected joints ranged from 0 to 11 of 12 examined. For the 8 strains, the mean number of affected joints ranged from 1 to 7.7 per pig. Clinical course and pathological findings were correlated, but the onset, severity and duration of lameness was variable both within and between groups. Clinical lameness, joint swelling and urticariae were of limited use as indicators of joint changes. The more virulent strains caused lameness as early as 2 days, whereas strains of low virulence took up to 8 weeks. PMID- 3190599 TI - Isolation and typing of a strain of Chlamydia psittaci from Angora goats. PMID- 3190600 TI - Prevention of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona infection in domestic pigs by vaccination. PMID- 3190602 TI - Improving the annual general meeting. A survey of the opinions of the Royal Australasian College of Radiologists members conducted by postal questionnaire 1985. PMID- 3190601 TI - Animal welfare issues and veterinary education. PMID- 3190603 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances of syringohydromyelia. PMID- 3190604 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pseudosyrinxes. PMID- 3190605 TI - Paediatric MR imaging--current clinical applications. PMID- 3190606 TI - Dynamic CT discography: an evaluation of a new technique. PMID- 3190607 TI - Value of CT scanning in assessing location and extent of epidural and paraspinal inflammatory conditions. PMID- 3190608 TI - Dual energy CT estimation of liver iron content in thalassaemic children. PMID- 3190609 TI - Left gastric and coeliac lymph nodes: a problem area for C.T. staging of carcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction. PMID- 3190610 TI - Cavernous transformation of the portal vein. PMID- 3190611 TI - Skeletal manifestations of idiopathic bone sclerosis. PMID- 3190612 TI - Cranio-metaphyseal dysplasia (report of 3 cases--two infants and one adult). PMID- 3190613 TI - Unclassified osteochondrodystrophies with extreme platyspondyly (report of two cases). PMID- 3190614 TI - Sporadic non-African Burkitt's lymphoma. A case report. PMID- 3190615 TI - C.T. measurement of spinal mineral--initial Australian experience using the U.C.S.F. phantom. PMID- 3190616 TI - Air accidents, pilot experience, and disease-related inflight sudden incapacitation. PMID- 3190617 TI - Pilots' attitudes toward alcohol use and flying. AB - Questionnaires were sent to a national sample of licensed pilots. Respondents reported their flying experience and their drinking behavior. They also indicated the number of drinks that they believed could be safely consumed 3 hours (h) before flying or driving, and estimated the numbers of hours a person should wait, after drinking, before attempting to fly or drive. Similar questions were included regarding marijuana use. Respondents were much more conservative in their attitudes toward the use of alcohol prior to flying than prior to driving. This relationship held both for the number of drinks judged safe 3 h prior to flying or driving and for estimates of the waiting interval that would be appropriate following alcohol consumption. In addition, attitudes toward alcohol use were related to respondents' own drinking behavior, with moderate and heavy drinkers more tolerant of alcohol use in flying and driving situations than abstainers. PMID- 3190618 TI - Effect of different body postures on the pressures generated during an L-1 maneuver. AB - Changes in blood pressure, intrathoracic pressure, heart rate and the electromyographic activity of various muscle groups were determined while nine male subjects performed 15-s L-1 straining maneuvers at four spine-to-thigh angles (70, 84, 94, and 105 degrees) and two seatback angles (30 and 60 degrees). There was no significant difference between the changes in these variables due to the different body positions. At the onset of the L-1, arterial pressure immediately increased to 195 +/- 5 mm Hg, but fell progressively during the next 5 s to 160 +/- 5 mm Hg. It remained constant during the next 5 s of the maneuver and then recovered to 180 +/- mm Hg during the last 5 s of the maneuver. Esophageal pressure followed essentially the same pattern of response, but heart rate progressively increased during the entire L-1. No one muscle group was utilized more than another. Inflation of an anti-G suit to 4 PSI had no effect on the variables measured. Generation of high arterial pressures during L-1 maneuvers is transitory and not affected either positively or negatively by altering subject body position. PMID- 3190619 TI - Dark adaptation of the eye during carbon monoxide exposure in smokers and nonsmokers. AB - Smoking and engine exhaust fumes are the most common sources of unnoticed carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. In the military environment, incomplete burning of gun powder or flying at altitude may be additional hazards, especially at night, since the eye is very sensitive to any lack of oxygen supply. Dark adaptation time and light sensitivity of the dark adapted eye was measured in five young healthy smokers and nonsmokers during CO exposure. Breathing 70 and 100 ppm CO in the inspired air after a prime dose of 5,000 ppm for 5 or 8 min resulted in an almost linear increase of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) saturation up to 19.1 +/- 1.0% HbCO in smokers as compared to 17.5 +/- 1.9% in nonsmokers. Dark adaptation time was longer and light sensitivity of the dark adapted eye was reduced in smokers as compared to nonsmokers at comparable levels of both inspired CO and HbCO. The cause for this may be the chronic poisoning with CO, stemming from cigarette smoking. PMID- 3190620 TI - Binaural speech discrimination under noise in hearing-impaired listeners. AB - This study was undertaken to assess speech discrimination under binaural listening with background noise in hearing-impaired subjects. Subjects (58 sensori-neural, 23 conductive, and 19 mixed) were administered an indigenous version of W-22 PB words under: Condition I--Quiet--chamber noise below 28 dB with speech at 60 dB; and at a constant signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of +10 dB with background white noise at 70 dB in Condition II and 80 dB in Condition III. The scores were a) 81 +/- 16%, b) 77 +/- 9%, and c) 79 +/- 13%. Mean scores decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) with noise in all groups while the score was more (p less than 0.001) at the higher noise level only in the sensori neural group. The decrease in scores with advancing hearing impairment was less in noise than in quiet, probably due to binaural and satisfactory S/N ratio. The scores did not fall below 70% unless the handicap was marked. The need for suitable standards of binaural speech discrimination under noise in aircrew assessment is emphasized. PMID- 3190621 TI - An analysis of noise-induced hearing loss in Army helicopter pilots. AB - Hearing loss in the aviation environment has been attributed to a variety of factors ranging from aircraft noise exposure to the aging process. Consequently, this study was conducted to determine the relative contribution of age, total flight hours, type of aircraft, and use of hearing protection to hearing loss in U.S. Army aviators. Information from a survey of the aviators in an aviation brigade was combined with audiometric records to create the data file. The final study group, 83% of the unit aviators, was evaluated for hearing loss using two criteria: 1) existing U.S. army standards, and 2) four empirical categories of significant threshold shift. Data analysis suggests that hearing loss is primarily a function of noise exposure as measured by total flight hours. Age was found to be a less significant factor; aircraft type had no significant effect. The results indicate that combination hearing protection appears to significantly lower the risk of hearing loss. PMID- 3190622 TI - Dexamethasone for prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness. AB - We wished to determine in a field study the effectiveness of dexamethasone for prevention and treatment of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Prevention Trial: We transported 15 subjects from sea level to 4,400 m (PB = 400 mm Hg) on Denali (Mt. McKinley) by means of a 1-h helicopter flight. In a randomized, double-blind fashion we gave eight subjects a placebo and seven subjects 2 mg dexamethasone orally every 6 h, starting 1 h before take-off. The entire placebo group and five of the dexamethasone group developed AMS within 5 h, and became progressively more ill until 12 h when the trial was terminated. We concluded that 2 mg of dexamethasone every 6 h did not prevent AMS in active soldiers rapidly transported to high altitude. Treatment Trial: We treated 11 of those with moderate to severe AMS (symptom score 4.5 +/- 0.7, range 3 to 11) with 4 mg of dexamethasone every 6 h orally or intramuscularly for 24 h. All were markedly improved at 12 h (symptom score 1.0 +/- 0.3, p less than 0.001, range 0 to 3), but symptoms increased after the drug was discontinued at 24 h (symptom score = 2.4 +/- 0.5). We conclude that dexamethasone in a dosage of 4 mg PO or IM every 6 h is an effective treatment for AMS, but that illness may recur with abrupt discontinuation of the drug. PMID- 3190623 TI - The right and wrong stuff in civil aviation. AB - Aircrewmembers (ACMs) enter a mortally hostile environment when they take off from Earth in their flying machines. Their physiological adaptation has been augmented and supported through ergonomics, avionics, and engineering, but no such technological aid helps them adapt their minds to that atypical condition. They must rely upon their own psychic resources, i.e. "aeronautical motivation" in the three levels of consciousness, and defense mechanisms to counteract their "aeronautical anxiety." Various relationships of motivation and defense give rise either to the flying adaptation syndrome or the various forms of the secondary flying disadaptation syndrome when ACMs must face the dangers of flight. These alterations of the ACMs' psychic balance may cause temporary or permanent medical disqualification due to the impairment of safety which they provoke. This paper proposes an analysis of the interplay between motivation, psychic defenses, and aviation stress to explain the manifestations of flight adaptation and disadaptation seen in some aircrewmembers. PMID- 3190624 TI - Intraventricular conduction disturbances in flying personnel: incomplete right bundle branch block. AB - We studied the evolving characteristics, as well as the qualification criteria, applied to 261 fliers with incomplete right bundle branch block (IRBBB), detected in a presumable healthy population of 7,685 males engaged in civilian flying activities (prevalence 3.4%). In 136 cases, the IRBBB was detected in the first electrocardiogram. The highest prevalence was observed between 20 and 29 years of age. The IRBBB was permanent in 66 cases and transitory in the remaining 195. The electrical axis shifted to the left in 94 cases. Twelve cases (4.6%) evolved to complete RBBB. The IRBBB pattern implies many different clinical conditions. Flying fitness certification depends upon the cause of the IRBBB. Those due to conduction disturbance with no underlying pathology may qualified. IRBBB associated with other conduction disturbance deserves further study for possible restricted qualification. PMID- 3190625 TI - A preliminary report on a new anti-G maneuver. AB - Inspired by Traditional Chinese Medicine and Qigong, we designed a new anti-G maneuver, the Q-G Maneuver, which has proved promising. This maneuver consists of volition mobilization, stepwise tensing of leg and abdominal muscles, and maintenance of a shallow thoracic respiration throughout. It was tested on 24 pilots on the ground and 3 pilots on a centrifuge. All pilots were monitored with heart level blood pressure, oximetry, ear lobe pulse, CO2 concentration in exhaled gas, EEG and ECG; in centrifuge runs, peripheral vision was also monitored. Blood pressure was maintained at 180-240 mm Hg for more than 30 s without fatigue. On the centrifuge, the pilots tolerated a G load 2.25-3.0 G higher than without the maneuver, without any visual disturbance. Oximetry readings were 96-97%, and there was no evidence of hyperventilation. The ear lobe pulse was even enhanced during G load with the maneuver. Follow-up visits to 18 out of 24 pilots with 455 inflight applications of the maneuver showed that the maneuver is feasible and can be used effectively during high-G load. PMID- 3190626 TI - The Aviation Psychology Program at RAF Upper Heyford. AB - An Aviation Psychology Program was started in September, 1985 at RAF Upper Heyford, with the focus on teaching flight commanders and their wives to recognize and deal with aircrew member and family stress. The overall goal is to prevent aircraft accidents and mishaps caused by human factor errors. Case reports are presented which demonstrate the value of the aviation psychologist becoming integrated in the flying community. The program has been successful, but needs further commitment and support. PMID- 3190627 TI - Potential applications for digital image processing at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. AB - Digital image processing systems are fast becoming valuable tools in the quantitative study of visual images. These systems not only enhance image features, but provide the investigator with information about those features expressed in numeric form. Now, statistical analyses can be performed on information that was formerly only qualitative. At the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), we are studying the potential applications of digital image processing systems to a variety of problems including morphological analysis of cell, tissue, and organ samples; reconstruction and enhancement of photographic images; three-dimensional reconstruction of organ systems; analysis of terrain, material, and human remains involved in aircraft accidents; and the archiving of histological images and pathological records. This report outlines the basic characteristics of image processing systems and discusses their potential applications in pathological studies at the AFIP. Information was collected from interviews with the AFIP professional staff. PMID- 3190628 TI - Final report of the Subcommittee on the Training of Flight Attendants in First Aid. PMID- 3190629 TI - Cases from the aerospace medicine residents' teaching file. Case #26. A fighter pilot with a single left frontal lobe infarction and probable mitral valve prolapse and supraventricular arrhythmias. AB - A fighter pilot with a single left frontal lobe infarction and probable mitral valve prolapse and supraventricular arrhythmias is presented. He was found unfit for flying duties as a fighter pilot, but because of his experience and expertise he was restricted to flying with a qualified copilot in aircraft other than fighters, with regular aeromedical followup. PMID- 3190630 TI - G-induced loss of consciousness. PMID- 3190632 TI - Pilot judgment. PMID- 3190631 TI - Significantly increased sway as measured with a Kistler force platform at simulated altitudes. PMID- 3190633 TI - Increased G tolerance following head suction in spite of increases in the transluminal carotid sinus pressure gradient. PMID- 3190634 TI - Reduced temperature after drop in rhesus monkeys with radio frequency rewarming. PMID- 3190635 TI - Kin recognition in animals: empirical evidence and conceptual issues. PMID- 3190636 TI - Sister, aunt-niece, and cousin recognition by social wasps. PMID- 3190637 TI - Kin recognition in the sweat bee, Lasioglossum zephyrum. PMID- 3190638 TI - The ontogeny of kin discrimination cues in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. PMID- 3190639 TI - Preweaning experience in the control of mating preferences by genes in the major histocompatibility complex of the mouse. PMID- 3190640 TI - Analysis of a genetic recognition system in wild house mice. PMID- 3190642 TI - Consequences of consanguinity on cognitive behavior. PMID- 3190641 TI - A threshold model for vocalization to handling in Mus domesticus. PMID- 3190643 TI - Narrow-sense heritability estimates for nerve conduction velocity and residual latency in mice. PMID- 3190644 TI - A developmental-genetic analysis of aggressive behavior in mice. II. Cross-sex inheritance. PMID- 3190646 TI - The Third World Congress of Behaviour Therapy. Edinburgh, Scotland, 5-10 September 1988. A selection of papers. PMID- 3190647 TI - Sexual offenders against male children: sexual preferences. PMID- 3190645 TI - Genetics of color preferences in quail chicks: major genes and variable buffering by background genotype. PMID- 3190648 TI - Cognitions and self-talk during food intake of restrained and unrestrained eaters. PMID- 3190649 TI - Unraveling the antecedent-consequence conditions in maternal depression and adolescent functioning. PMID- 3190650 TI - Some further comments on the measurement of social phobia. PMID- 3190651 TI - Prediction of insomnia from arousability predisposition scores: scale development and cross-validation. PMID- 3190652 TI - Bio-informational processing in agoraphobia. PMID- 3190653 TI - Mood and habituation to phobic stimuli. PMID- 3190654 TI - Increased calcium sensitivity of chemically skinned human atria by myosin light chain kinase. AB - We investigated the influence of myosin P-LC phosphorylation catalysed by calcium/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) on the tension-pCa relation of chemically skinned human atrial fibres. MLCK-induced increased myosin P-LC phosphorylation sensitized human atrial skinned fibres for calcium by 0.11 pCa-units in patients with valvular heart disease, and by 0.05 to 0.07 pCa-units in patients with coronary heart disease. The MLCK effect could be antagonized by a light chain phosphatase. The protein phosphatase ocadaic acid (OA) had no influence on the tension-pCa relation of skinned human atrial fibres and had no potentiating effect together with MLCK. The MLCK preparation used in this study was from bovine ventricle and revealed a KM of 1.8 x 10(-5) M and a Vmax of 822 nmol Pi/min/mg using purified bovine ventricular myosin-LCs as substrate. PMID- 3190655 TI - Effects of acute iron loading on contractility and spontaneous beating rate of cultured rat myocardial cells. AB - Cardiac dysfunction is a well known but poorly understood complication of iron overload. We have previously shown that cultured myocardial cells are able to assimilate large amounts of iron. In the present study, the effect of iron on the rate and amplitude of beating in monolayer cultures of rat ventricular myocytes was studied. Iron had negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, both reversible upon washout. The negative chronotropic effect developed earlier and could be reversed by adrenaline. The negative inotropic effect took longer to develop and was completely reversed by caffeine. Elevated [Ca++] also partially restored impaired contractility, while adrenaline or ouabain did not show any significant effect. These results indicate that iron toxicity in cultured heart cells impairs cellular function at both sarcolemmal and intracellular sites. PMID- 3190656 TI - Cardiac mRNA levels during the development and growth of the rat. AB - Developmental variations of RNA content and of total mRNA activity were examined in fetal, neonatal and adult rats. The amount of cardiac RNA extractable with the LiCl urea extraction procedure decreased from 3 mg/g tissue in the 18-day-old fetal heart to 1 mg/g in the 30-day-old heart and then to 0.5 mg/g in 100-day-old animals. Translations in the reticulocyte lysate translation system showed a similar pattern for total mRNA activity. It is shown that over this entire period both RNA content and mRNA activity vary as an exponential function of the growth rate of the heart and an explanation for this relationship is proposed. An examination of the translation products of the abundant mRNAs shows that the development of the heart is characterized by a general reduction in all mRNAs. PMID- 3190657 TI - Chemiluminescence measurements of xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase activity in four types of cardiovascular cell. AB - The activity and location of xanthine oxidase (EC.1.2.3.2.) and xanthine dehydrogenase (EC.1.2.1.37) have been measured using luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence in four types of cell from the cardiovascular system (neonatal and adult rat cardiac myocytes, rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells, rat cardiac fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells). The detection system developed was both rapid and reproducible and could be used on sub milligram quantities of cells. Xanthine oxidase was located primarily in cells derived from the vasculature and especially in endothelial cells, as was xanthine dehydrogenase. Only neonatal myocytes had more dehydrogenase activity than oxidase. The significance of the location and activity of these enzymes is discussed in relation to the pathology of myocardial ischaemia, arrhythmogenesis and microvascular disorders. PMID- 3190658 TI - Ultrastructure of electrophysiologically identified human sinoatrial nodes. AB - The ultrastructure of freshly excised human sinus node tissue was studied. In three female patients (ages 20, 30, and 36 years) medically refractory disabling episodes of inappropriate sinus tachycardia were surgically treated by extirpation of the sinus node. Each patient underwent intraoperative electrophysiological mapping to determine the area of earliest atrial activation. This area corresponded anatomically to the region of the sinoatrial node and was excised in each patient, the defect repaired using a pericardial patch. The freshly excised SA nodes underwent ultrastructural study. Three types of myocardial cells were identified: pacemaker or polygonal cells with clear cytoplasm, few mitochondria and sparse numbers of contractile elements (P cells); a transitional cell with slightly increased numbers of myofibrils (T cells); and typical atrial myocardial cells with normal numbers of contractile elements. These cell types have previously been identified in post-mortem studies of presumed SA node. The current study confirms the cell types in electrophysiologically documented SA nodes. The one abnormal finding observed in transitional cells in all patients was an increased number of lipofuscin-laden vacuoles. These vacuoles are considered a sign of cell degeneration and their occurrence was totally unexpected in these young adults. In summary, ultrastructural study of electrophysiologically documented human SA nodes confirmed the cell types identified in post-mortem studies. Furthermore, lipofuscin-laden vacuoles were increased in these three patients and this finding may serve as an ultrastructural marker associated with the syndrome of inappropriate sinus tachycardia. PMID- 3190659 TI - Effect of sarcomere length and filament lattice spacing on force development in skinned cardiac and skeletal muscle preparations from the rabbit. AB - Skinned cardiac and skeletal muscle freeze-dried preparations were activated in solutions strongly buffered for Ca2+. The response of single skeletal muscle fibres or thin strips of papillary muscle was investigated in relation to changes in Ca content of the perfusate. Sarcomere length was set and controlled during the experiments. The relation between the negative logarithm of the Ca concentration, the pCa, and the normalized developed force proved to be sigmoidal. The exact position of these curves proved to be dependent upon both sarcomere length and the distance between the filaments. The latter was shown by means of osmotic compression of the fibres using dextran. As a consequence of these observations, it was concluded that the length-tension relation is dependent upon the actual Ca concentration. The results are discussed in terms of cross-bridge interaction. PMID- 3190660 TI - Acetate-induced changes in cardiac energy metabolism and hemodynamics in the rat. AB - The hemodynamic and metabolic effects of acetate were studied in rats in vivo and in the isolated perfused heart. Hemodynamic parameters, myocardial phosphagens, inorganic phosphate, and adenosine were measured in vivo. Acetate uptake, coronary flow, O2 consumption, parameters of the cellular energy state, and hypoxanthine compounds and their washout were measured in heart perfusion experiments. Heart rate (HR), cardiac output, and the peak derivative of the left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dtmax) increased significantly during acetate infusion in vivo, but mean arterial pressure, systolic arterial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance decreased. Heart muscle ATP concentrations decreased after 7 min of acetate infusion. In vivo cardiac work load (HR.(peak left ventricular pressure] showed a positive correlation with tissue adenosine concentration and a negative correlation with phosphorylation potential. Acetate uptake in the perfused hearts was about 2.5 mumol/min per gram wet weight. Acetate perfusion increased O2 consumption and coronary flow concomitantly with a decrease in tissue ATP concentration. Tissue AMP and perfusate effluent adenosine concentration and adenosine output increased significantly, perfusate adenosine showing a non-linear positive correlation with coronary flow. The results demonstrate that acetate induces considerable changes in hemodynamics and metabolism in the heart. PMID- 3190662 TI - [The patellar tendon reflex in knee injuries. I. A measuring place for assessing parameters of the patellar tendon reflex]. PMID- 3190661 TI - The coordination of heart beat and respiration during ergometric stress in patients with functional cardiovascular diseases. AB - Patients with functional cardiovascular diseases were tested during a rectangular ergometric stress protocol for the reaction of the frequency coordination (n = 82) and the phase coordination (n = 52) of heart beat and respiration. The ratios of the pulse and respiratory frequency converged increasingly with the duration of the exercise, caused by a similar reaction of the respiratory rates. PMID- 3190663 TI - [The patellar tendon reflex in knee injuries. II. Reproducible representation of the patellar tendon reflex and its modification by knee injury]. PMID- 3190664 TI - [Arthroscopic meniscus surgery in patients more than 40 years old. An analysis of 134 cases]. PMID- 3190665 TI - [Results following high tibial head osteotomy in varus and valgus gonarthroses]. PMID- 3190666 TI - [Loss of correction in valgus osteotomy of the tibial head]. PMID- 3190667 TI - [Loeffler's capsulotomy in advanced varus gonarthrosis]. PMID- 3190668 TI - [Follow-up studies of surgically treated patients with patellar chondropathy and retropatellar arthrosis]. PMID- 3190669 TI - [Xylazine antagonism by tolazoline in the dog. 1. Modification by tolazoline of the duration of anesthesia and secondary action of xylazine on the respiratory and metabolic functions]. PMID- 3190670 TI - [Xylazine antagonism by tolazoline in the dog. 2. Cardiac and circulatory effects of xylazine anesthesia and its modification by tolazoline]. PMID- 3190671 TI - Photocrosslinking of calmodulin and/or actin to chicken gizzard caldesmon. AB - The two sulfhydryl groups of chicken gizzard caldesmon were specifically labeled with a photoreactive crosslinker, benzophenone-maleimide, to study its interactions with calmodulin and/or actin. When incubated with F-actin caldesmon crosslinks to a single actin monomer; it can, however, crosslink to up to two calmodulin molecules in the presence, but not in the absence, of Ca2+. Thus caldesmon may have two calmodulin-binding sites, each containing, or being near, one of the two thiol residues. One of these two sites may also be adjacent to the actin-binding site. A calmodulin-binding fragment of caldesmon resulting from cyanogen bromide digestion crosslinks to a single calmodulin molecule, also in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Crosslinking of calmodulin to caldesmon does not prevent the latter from binding F-actin, suggesting that calmodulin and actin do not compete with each other for the same binding site(s) on the caldesmon molecule. PMID- 3190672 TI - Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) promotes cartilage repair in vivo. AB - Although it has been clearly established that basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a potent mitogen for chondrocytes in vitro, there is little evidence that it can stimulate this cell type in vivo. In an effort to address this problem, we examined the effect of an intraarticular administration of basic FGF. Alzet osmotic pumps delivering the mitogen to the site of injury promotes the healing of intra-chondrial lesions by stimulating chondrocyte proliferation and the formation of extracellular matrix. The observation that chronic infusions of basic FGF can elicit a repair response at the site of injury suggests that this growth factor may have therapeutic applications that extend beyond its capacity to induce neovascularization. The results also suggest that one of the ways that the perichondrium mediates cartilage repair may be by the local production of FGF like mitogens. PMID- 3190673 TI - Subcellular distribution of protein kinase C in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. AB - With the aid of a synthetic nonapeptide which is a selective substrate for protein kinase C the activity of this enzyme was determined in the crude cytosolic and particulate fractions of rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. When the cells were sonicated in the presence of Ca2+ chelators 65 per cent of their total protein kinase C activity was found in the cytosolic extract. The treatment of cells with angiotensin II under conditions where the maximal stimulation of inositol-lipid hydrolysis was observed did not cause a statistically significant change in the apparent subcellular distribution of protein kinase C. However, when the cytosolic extract was prepared in the presence of Ca2+ the protein kinase C activity was recovered nearly exclusively from the particulate fraction. PMID- 3190674 TI - Four species of cDNAs for cytochrome P450 isozymes immunorelated to P450C-M/F encode for members of P450IID subfamily, increasing the number of members within the subfamily. AB - A chicken antibody mono-specific to cytochrome P450C-M/F, which exists in untreated male and female rat liver and catalyses the 2- and 16 alpha hydroxylation of estrogens (1), was used to screen a cDNA library of male Sprague Dawley rat liver. Four cDNA clones which encoded P450 isozymes, CMF1a, CMF1b, CMF2 and CMF3, were isolated. CMF1a and CMF2 deduced consisted of 504 and 500 amino acid residues, respectively, while C-terminal 487 and 324 residues for CMF1b and CMF3, respectively, were deduced from the 5'-truncated cDNAs. The isozymes were more than 72% similar in amino acid sequences to each other and to rat P450db1, P450db2 (2), and to a mouse male specific C-P45016 alpha (3), suggesting that they belonged to a new P450 subfamily, P450IID. CMF1a and db1, and CMF2 and db2, respectively, were 99.2% and 99.0% similar in amino acid sequences, suggesting that they were virtually identical. CMF1a and CMF1b were different but 96.1% similar, and CMF3 was between 76% and 78% similar to other members of the rat P450IID family. PMID- 3190675 TI - Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Exogenous oleate reduces the inhibitory effect of 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one on the growth of CHO-K1 cells. AB - 5 alpha-Cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one, a hypocholesterolemic agent and a potent inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis, inhibited the growth of CHO-K1 cells incubated in medium containing fetal calf serum. The concentration of the oxysterol required to inhibit growth by 50% was 13 microM. Sodium oleate (82 microM) reduced the inhibitory effects of the sterol, and increased the concentration of the 15-ketosterol required to cause a 50% inhibition of growth to 25 microM. The ACAT inhibitor N'-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-N-[4-(2,2 dimethylpropy)-phenyl]-methyl)- N- heptylurea (5 microM) abolished the effect of sodium oleate, and reduced the concentration of the 15-ketosterol required to inhibit growth by 50% to 5 microM. PMID- 3190676 TI - Mutation affecting peptide bond formation in nikkomycin biosynthesis. AB - Nikkomycin, a nucleoside-peptide analog of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, is a potent chitin synthase inhibitor produced by the bacterium Streptomyces tendae. The HPLC profile of fermentation products in culture broths of a non-producing mutant, Nik 15, was compared with nikkomycin standards. Nikkomycin C and D, the glycone and aglycone moieties, respectively, of nikkomycin Z accumulated. This indicates the mutation affects the capacity to form a peptide bond between nikkomycin C and D, which is here proposed to be the terminal step in the synthesis of the biologically active nikkomycin Z. This is also the first documented case of a mutation affecting a specific step in nikkomycin biosynthesis. PMID- 3190678 TI - The primary structure of the lymphocyte pore-forming protein perforin: partial amino acid sequencing and determination of isoelectric point. AB - The murine lymphocyte pore-forming protein (PFP) was purified to apparent homogeneity by successive steps of liquid chromatography. Monospecific antibodies were raised against purified PFP that detect only one protein band in murine CTL lines. 25% of the primary sequence of PFP (134 amino acids) was determined by amino terminal analysis of the purified protein and of some of its enzymatic cleavage products. These primary sequences were identical to sequences deduced by cDNA cloning. By isoelectric focusing, PFP was found to have a pI of 6.4. On the chromatofocusing column Mono P, however, PFP was found to elute at pH 4.7. This suggests a tertiary structure for monomeric PFP that is enriched in surface acidic amino acids. PMID- 3190677 TI - Retinoic acid rapidly induces lung cellular retinol-binding protein mRNA levels in retinol deficient rats. AB - Retinol deficiency resulted in decreased mRNA levels for cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) in the lungs and the testes. The level of lung CRBP mRNA increased 2.3-fold one hour after oral administration of retinoic acid to retinol deficient rats. In contrast, testicular CRBP mRNA level was not influenced. Our data indicate that retinoic acid regulates CRBP mRNA level in the whole animal and this rapid effect suggests a role for CRBP in the mechanism of vitamin A action at genomic level. PMID- 3190679 TI - Infrared spectroscopy of a single cell--the human erythrocyte. AB - Methods for obtaining the infrared spectrum of a single erythrocyte by infrared microscopy have been developed. The spectrum contains the amide I, II, and III bands characteristic of protein secondary structure near 1650, 1550, and 1300 cm 1, respectively. Bound carbon monoxide exhibits a readily measured band at 1951 cm-1 for 12C16O and 1907 cm-1 for 13C16O. Both amide and CO bands are similar to those found for purified hemoglobin A. Spectra can be obtained in H2O or D2O media under physiologically relevant conditions. Single cell infrared spectroscopy (SCIR) permits the qualitative and quantitative determination of differences among individual red cells. These results suggest many potential applications for SCIR for the measurements of properties of individual cells at the molecular level under physiologically relevant conditions. PMID- 3190680 TI - A simple formula for solvent-accessible areas of amino acid side-chains. PMID- 3190681 TI - Structure of the mouse C-reactive protein gene. AB - A genomic DNA clone corresponding to the mouse C-reactive protein (CRP) has been isolated and characterized. The mouse CRP gene is 1.9-kilobase pairs in length and contains a single intron of 213-base pairs which interrupts the codon for the 2nd amino acid residue of the mature CRP protein. We compared nucleotide sequences of the mouse and human CRP genes and discussed structures of possible regulatory sequences. With this characterization, the isolation and sequence analyses of a set of mouse and human pentraxin genes, i.e. CRP and serum amyloid P component genes is not complete. PMID- 3190682 TI - Interrelation of platelet aggregation, release reaction and thromboxane A2 production. AB - Aggregation of platelets, stimulated by different agonists, was inhibited by omitting sample stirring or by preincubation of platelets with a monoclonal antibody against glycoproteins IIb-IIIa or with a pentapeptide containing the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser. In platelets stimulated by collagen, ADP and epinephrine, the inhibition of aggregation paralleled a reduction of both release reaction and thromboxane A2 formation. When thrombin was the stimulus, ATP release and thromboxane A2 production were unaffected (or only slightly modified) by the inhibition of platelet aggregation. These data add further evidence to the hypothesis that aggregation supports the activation of platelets stimulated by weak agonists. PMID- 3190683 TI - Age and sex related changes of plasma membrane fluidity in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - The influence of sex and age on membrane fluidity, has been investigated in 6, 12, 18 weeks old Sprague-Dawley rats. Fluorescence polarization (P) was determined at 37 degrees C with a Perkin Elmer MPF 44A fluorescence spectrophotometer. The fluorescent probe TMA-DPH was added to isolated hepatocytes prepared by collagenase method. The membrane fluidity was constantly lower in males than in females, but the difference was statistically significant only in the 12 weeks old group. Major differences appeared related to aging with a significant age-related decrease in fluidity in all animals. PMID- 3190684 TI - Isolation and characterization of a bovine liver tyrosine-O-sulfate-binding protein--a putative receptor molecular for tyrosine-sulfated proteins? AB - Golgi-enriched microsomal membrane fraction was prepared from bovine liver. Sodium choleate extract of this membrane preparation was subjected to fractionation using Sepharose gel covalently bonded with tyrosine-O-sulfate. SDS gel electrophoresis of the fractionated sample revealed the presence of a major protein with an apparent molecular weight of 175,000. The protein appears to be specific for tyrosine-O-sulfate as it binds neither the unmodified tyrosine nor the structurally similar tyrosine-O-phosphate. pH-dependence study showed the binding of the protein to tyrosine-O-sulfate-Sepharose gel to be strong from pH 8.0 down through 6.0. At pH 5.5, the binding affinity became dramatically reduced. A similar tyrosine-O-sulfate-binding protein was also detected in the choleate extracts of the Golgi-enriched microsomal membrane fractions prepared from bovine pancreas and from both liver and pancreas of dog. PMID- 3190685 TI - Increase in the ADP/ATP exchange in rat liver mitochondria irradiated in vitro by helium-neon laser. AB - To gain some insight into the mechanism of cell photostimulation by laser light, measurements were made of the rate of ADP/ATP exchange in mitochondria irradiated with the low power continuous wave Helium Neon laser (energy dose 5 Joules/cm2). To do this a method has been developed to continuously monitor ATP efflux from phosphorylating mitochondria caused by externally added ADP, by photometrically following the NADP+ reduction which occurs in the presence of glucose, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and effluxed ATP. The NADP+ reduction rate shows hyperbolic dependence on ADP concentration (Km and Vmax values 8.5 +/- 0.87 microM and 20.7 +/- 0.49 nmoles NADP+ reduced/min x mg mitochondrial protein, respectively), and proves to measure the activity of the ADP/ATP translocator as shown by inhibition experiments using atracyloside, powerful inhibitor of this carrier. Irradiation was found to enhance the rate of ADP/ATP antiport, with externally added ADP ranging between 5 and 100 microM. As a result of experiments carried out with mitochondria loaded with either ATP or ADP, the increase in the activity of the ADP/ATP translocator is here proposed to depend on the increase in the electrochemical proton gradient which occurs owing to irradiation of mitochondria. PMID- 3190686 TI - NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of 12-ketoeicosatetraenoic acid to 12(R)- and 12(S) hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by rat liver microsomes. AB - The possibility that 12-keto-5,8,10,14 eicosatetraenoic acid (12-KETE) could be used as substrate by reductase(s) to generate 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12 HETE) was investigated using rat liver microsomes as a source of enzyme activity. Microsomes catalyzed the time-dependent reduction of 12-KETE to 12-HETE in a reaction that required NAD(P)H. The maximal specific activity of 12-HETE formation was 1.7 nmol/min/mg of protein in the presence of NADH. The reaction could not be detected in the absence of cofactor or by using heat inactivated microsomes. The identity of the 12-HETE product was established by U.V. spectroscopy and co-elution with 12-HETE in two different systems of RP-HPLC. Resolution of the methyl esters of reaction products by chromatography on chiral columns also indicated that the reduction of 12-KETE with either NADPH or NADH generated a mixture of 12(S)- and 12(R)-HETE in a ratio of about 2:1. The results demonstrate the presence of a 12-KETE reductase activity in rat liver microsomes which can form both the R and S isomers of 12-HETE. PMID- 3190687 TI - Phosphatidylethanol formation in human platelets: evidence for thrombin-induced activation of phospholipase D. AB - Phosphatidylethanol formation was examined in (3H)arachidonic acid-labeled human platelets. In the presence of ethanol, thrombin induced the formation of (3H)phosphatidylethanol in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The appearance of phosphatidylethanol did not involve de novo synthesis since no 32P radioactivity was incorporated into phosphatidylethanol in 32P-labeled platelets or in platelets that were permeabilized with saponin in the presence of 32P-ATP. The data provide evidence for the direct activation by thrombin of phospholipase D in human platelets. PMID- 3190688 TI - Expression and characterization of recombinant human angiotensinogen in a heterologous eukaryotic cell line. AB - Transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with an expression plasmid containing a full length human angiotensinogen cDNA has provided cell lines that secrete recombinant angiotensinogen in large quantities. This angiotensinogen is immunologically identical to plasma angiotensinogen and can be cleaved by human kidney renin (EC 3.4.23.15.). The peptide liberated by renin cleavage is immunologically identical to standard angiotensin I and shows a retention time on isocratic reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography identical to that of standard angiotensin I. The heterogeneity of recombinant angiotensinogen on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis differs from that of plasma angiotensinogen. Treatment with endoglycosidases demonstrated that this difference is restricted to that of N-glycans and that N-glycans correspond to the quasi-totality of the carbohydrate content of both recombinant and plasma angiotensinogens. The development of a system capable of expressing human angiotensinogen cDNA in mammalian cells and the ability to obtain the corresponding angiotensinogen in large quantities will allow new studies on structure-function relationships of this protein. PMID- 3190689 TI - Reaction products of a new anti-cancer agent, Pt(IV)(cyclohexyldiamine)Cl4, with guanosine and 9-methylguanine: first crystal structures of Pt(cyclohexyldiamine) complexes with a nucleobase and a nucleoside. AB - Pt(IV)(dach)Cl4 (dach = cyclohexyldiamine) was reacted with guanosine and 9 methylguanine and their reaction products were analyzed by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. In both cases the resulting complexes, [Pt(dach)(guanosine)2]2+ and [Pt(dach)(9-methylguanine)2]2+ respectively, corresponded to an unanticipated reduction of the octahedral Pt(IV) starting material to a square planar Pt(II) species. The nature of the reducing agent is presently unknown. PMID- 3190691 TI - Glutamate synthase in Medicago sativa L. Occurrence and properties of FD dependent enzyme in plant cell fraction during root nodule development. AB - In the plant cell fraction of Medicago sativa (L. cv Europe) nodules, glutamate synthase is active with reduced Fd, MV, NADH and NADPH as an electron donor. Up to 25 to 30 days after inoculation, the activities of Fd-dependent glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.7), the most active form of the enzyme, NADH-dependent (EC 1.4.1.14) and NADPH-dependent (EC 1.4.1.13) glutamate synthases increase about 2 fold followed by a relatively constant level per gram fresh weight of nodules. The activities of glutamate synthases with different electron carriers increase constantly about 30-fold after 46 days of inoculation by total fresh weight of nodules per plant. These nodule glutamate synthase activities with Fd, NADH or NADPH represent 30% relative to those of root glutamate synthases per plant with the respective electron donor. Fd-glutamate synthase in nodule plant fraction is a protein molecule immunochemically distinct from pyridine nucleotide-glutamate synthases. MV-linked enzyme activity is associated with Fd-glutamate synthase. The Fd-glutamate synthase has a subunit molecular mass of 68.2 kDa, and it exhibits a high affinity for spinach Fd as an electron carrier. The increase in Fd-glutamate synthase activity during nodule development is accompanied by a rise in the enzyme protein content. The total activity of different forms of glutamate synthase in vitro ensures a higher level than the rate of ammonia production during N2 fixation in bacteroids of Medicago sativa nodules. PMID- 3190690 TI - Octahedral complexes of anti-cancer Pt(IV)(cyclohexyldiamine) agents with 9 methylguanine. AB - The compounds [Pt(IV)(dach)(9-methylguanine)2X2]2+ (X = Cl, OH) have been prepared and structurally characterized. Their existence shows that it is possible to accommodate two purine bases (in a cis configuration) and four other ligands around a Pt(IV) atom. The geometries of these complexes have very different orientations of the guanine rings as compared to their corresponding Pt(II) counterparts. PMID- 3190692 TI - Enhancement of intracellular calcium concentration by extracellular ATP and UTP in Madin Darby Canine Kidney cells. AB - Fura2 - fluorescence was utilized to test for the effect of extracellular nucleotides on intracellular calcium concentration of subconfluent Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK)-cells. Extracellular ATP (10 mumol/l) and UTP (10 mumol/l) lead to rapid (within seconds), sustained, and fully reversible enhancement of intracellular calcium concentration from 138 +/- 9 nmol/l (n = 27), to 1561 +/- 260 nmol/l (n = 10) and 3435 +/- 949 nmol/l (n = 5), respectively. Half maximal effects are observed at some 1 mumol/l. In the absence of extracellular calcium the effect of ATP is transient, pointing to release of intracellular calcium. The sustained effect in the presence of extracellular calcium indicates that the nucleotides in addition recruit calcium from extracellular space. PMID- 3190693 TI - Inhibition of duck hepatitis B virus replication by purine 2',3' dideoxynucleosides. AB - Primary hepatocyte cultures from duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) infected ducklings were used to evaluate the antiviral activity of purine and pyrimidine 2',3' dideoxynucleosides. The purine 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides were very effective inhibitors of hepadnavirus replication, whereas the pyrimidine dideoxynucleosides were not. 2',3'-Dideoxyguanosine and 2,6-diaminopurine 2',3'-dideoxyriboside (ddDAPR) were the most effective antiviral agents studied. ddDAPR given intramuscularly twice daily at 10 mg/kg rapidly cleared DHBV-DNA from the sera of persistently infected ducklings but this effect was not permanent. PMID- 3190694 TI - Spatial distribution and temporal change of cytoplasmic free calcium in human platelets. AB - Our digital imaging microscope equipped with a microspectrofluorometer revealed in single resting human platelets the existence of continuous Ca2+ gradient increasing towards the plasma membrane (frequency; 100%) and discontinuous ones (Ca2+ plateaus) in the endoplasmic regions (frequency: 70%). An average cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration ([ Ca2+]i) in a whole cytoplasm was 72 +/- 7 nM, ranging from 30 nM in the lowest to 150 nM in the highest region just beneath the plasma membrane. When stimulated with thrombin, [Ca2+]i uniformly increased to the average [Ca2+]i of 300 nM and these gradients disappeared. This [Ca2+]i transient was followed by the sustained increase in [Ca2+]i in both single cells and cell suspension. PMID- 3190695 TI - ADP-ribosylation of bovine S-antigen by cholera toxin. AB - The S-antigen (alias 48K protein or arrestin) of bovine rod photoreceptors contains two stretches of amino acid sequence homologous to the ADP-ribosylation sites of the alpha subunit of transducin (Ta). We have found that cholera toxin transfers the ADP-ribosyl group from NAD to purified bovine S-antigen as well as to S-antigen in rod outer segment membranes, while Bordetella pertussis toxin is unable to catalyze the transfer reaction efficiently. Under the same conditions, both toxins catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Ta in rod outer segments. The ADP ribosylation of S-antigen by cholera toxin indicates that S-antigen not only exhibits sequence homology with the ADP-ribosylation sites of Ta, but it must also resemble Ta in the tertiary structure of the domain which determines the susceptibility of S-antigen to the catalytic action of cholera toxin. These results suggest that S-antigen may function as a competitor of Ta in some stage of the cGMP cascade of visual transduction. PMID- 3190696 TI - Expression of the rat growth hormone gene in transfected CV-1 cells. AB - Expression of the cloned rat growth hormone gene was studied in transfected CV-1 cells. Cell lines expressing rat growth hormone synthesized and secreted the 22 kilodalton form and the 20 kilodalton variant. The results confirm that the 20 kilodalton variant arises from an alternatively spliced mRNA rather than expression from a variant gene in rat. The 5' end of the mRNA from expressing cell lines was located upstream of the normal initiation site in rat. Transcription initiated within a 5' flanking AT rich sequence. Results presented indicate that transcription from normally silent promoter or promoter-like sequences dictated rat growth hormone gene expression in transfected cells. Finally, no hormone was expressed by CV-1 cells transfected with a plasmid containing the rat growth hormone gene in the same transcriptional reading frame as the neomycin resistance gene of pSV2neo indicating an effect of cloning orientation on expression in CV-1 cells. PMID- 3190697 TI - Isolation and NH2-terminal amino acid sequences of rat serum carrier proteins for insulin-like growth factors. AB - Three N-glycosylated carrier proteins (CP) for insulin-like growth factors (apparent molecular weights 30-32, 42 and 45 kDa) were isolated from adult rat serum. They share the same amino terminus (up to amino acid 31) and are constituents of the growth hormone-dependent native 150-200 kDa IGF carrier complex. Residues 12-31 display 60 and 50% sequence homology, respectively, to residues 2-21 of fetal rat and to residues 4-22 of a human amniotic fluid IGF carrier protein. No homology exists with the type I or II IGF receptors. Adult rat serum also contains a fourth IGF CP (24 kDa) whose 9 NH2-terminal amino acids are identical to those of the fetal form. Our findings suggest that the three N glycosylated components originate from the same IGF carrier protein (adult form) and that the 24 kDa protein is a separate (fetal) species. PMID- 3190698 TI - Role of calcium in the potentiating effect of phorbol ester on KCl-induced vasocontraction. AB - The mechanism of the potentiating effect of phorbol ester on potassium-induced contraction in rat aorta was investigated. The contractile response to KCl in the medium containing 0.5 mM CaCl2 was significantly increased by pretreatment with 10(-8) M phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), but not with 10(-7) M 4 alpha phorbol. The dose-response curve to calcium in 30 mM KCl-induced contraction was shifted to the left by PMA pretreatment and the EC50 value (the concentration producing a half maximal response) of calcium was significantly lower in aorta pretreated with PMA than in the control. On the other hand, calcium influx stimulated by 30 mM KCl was not changed by PMA pretreatment. Both the contractile response and the corresponding calcium influx induced by 30 mM KCl were abolished by preincubation with 10(-6) M verapamil for 45 min. These results suggest that activation of protein kinase C potentiates the contractile response to KCl by increasing the sensitivity of the intracellular contractile apparatus for calcium. PMID- 3190699 TI - Carboxyl residue(s) at the ligand-binding site of rat muscarinic receptors. AB - Chemical modification of muscarinic receptors of rat cerebral cortex, brain stem and atria by a carboxyl-group-specific reagent, namely trimethyloxonium ion (TMO+) reduces the number of tritium-labeled antagonist- and agonist-binding sites in a dose-dependent way. No such effect is observed when modification is carried out in the presence of atropine, oxotremorine or carbamylcholine. These findings suggest that TMO+ specifically methylates the carboxyl residue(s) positioned at the binding site in members of the M1 and M2 receptor family. PMID- 3190701 TI - Biochemical and immunological similarity of soluble angiotensin II-binding proteins in different organs. AB - Binding of angiotensin II has been detected in soluble extracts of rabbit liver, adrenal gland, aorta, brain, kidney and uterus. In each case, binding required p chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid and bound angiotensin II was released by treatment with dithiothreitol. These properties resemble those of the 75 kDa binding protein purified from liver. Immobilized guinea pig antiserum developed against the isolated hepatic protein removed binding activities from the different extracts in an immune-specific, quantitatively comparable manner. In addition, the activities were removed by a mouse monoclonal antibody which specifically recognized a protein of 75 kDa in the various preparations. An immunologically homologous angiotensin II-binding protein with similar characteristics was also identified in the soluble fraction of rat liver. PMID- 3190700 TI - Partial covalent labeling with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate induces bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate crosslinking of band 3 protein tetramers in intact human red blood cells. AB - Partial covalent labeling of band 3 protein lysines with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (a substrate and affinity probe) changes the bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate crosslinking pattern of band 3 in intact red cells from a mixture of dimers and tetramers to all tetramers as the exclusive crosslinked product. This is the first demonstration of band 3 crosslinkage to the tetrameric level within membranes of intact red cells. The possible implications of the ligand-induced change in the band 3 crosslinking pattern are discussed. PMID- 3190702 TI - Bioactivity of synthetic human pancreastatin on exocrine pancreas. AB - A biological activities of synthetic human pancreastatin (1-52) and its C terminal fragment (24-52) were evaluated for the first time in the conscious rats. Both pancreastatins inhibited CCK-stimulated pancreatic secretion in a range of 20-200 pmol/kg/h with the same potency, indicating that the C-terminal portion of this peptide has a full biological activity. The relative molar potency of this substance compared to that of porcine pancreastatin was equivalent. This study suggests that human pancreastatin has the same biological activity as that of porcine, and plays a biological action in the exocrine pancreas. PMID- 3190703 TI - The antiproliferative effects of staurosporine are not exclusively mediated by inhibition of protein kinase C. AB - The effects of the kinase inhibitor staurosporine on mitogenesis in NIH/3T3 fibroblasts were characterized. In the presence of serum, staurosporine caused dose- and time-dependent inhibitions of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA (IC50 approximately 0.1 nM after 24 hr). Depletion of protein kinase C (PKC) by treatment of the cells with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) for 24 hr did not affect the rate of DNA synthesis either in the absence or presence of staurosporine. Down-regulation of PKC did not affect the basal rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation in serum-starved cells, or mitogenesis in response to serum or epidermal growth factor (EGF). Proliferation in response to PMA, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), insulin and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) was inhibited by PKC-depletion. Dose response curves for staurosporine-mediated inhibition of DNA synthesis were essentially parallel for insulin, EGF, FGF, PDGF and PMA; however, mitogenesis in response to serum was more resistant to staurosporine. Therefore, staurosporine appears to be equally effective in inhibiting mitogenesis induced by activation of PKC and by activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. PMID- 3190704 TI - Evidence for impaired subunit interaction in chemically deglycosylated human choriogonadotropin. AB - Using three different methods evidence was obtained that native and deglycosylated choriogonadotropin show differences in their conformations which might account for the antagonistic properties of deglycosylated choriogonadotropin: 1. In the deglycosylated hormone additional peptide bonds were susceptible to chymotrypsin. 2. In the far ultraviolet circular dichroism only small differences existed between native and deglycosylated choriogonadotropin. However, in 80% hexafluoropropanol the deglycosylated hormone adopted a higher degree of ordered structure. 3. At 37 degrees C the deglycosylated hormone showed a 13 fold increase of the dissociation rate into subunits at pH 3 in comparison to native choriogonadotropin. The results provide evidence that in chemically deglycosylated choriogonadotropin the subunit interactions are disturbed due to conformational changes. PMID- 3190705 TI - The effect of doxorubicin on the transport of pyruvate in rat-heart mitochondria. AB - The effect of doxorubicin on the transport of pyruvate in rat-heart mitochondria was studied. It was found that the rate of pyruvate transport is inhibited by doxorubicin, half maximal inhibition being obtained at concentration of 125 microM of the drug. The inhibition is not due to a change in the transmembrane delta pH nor does it depend on an interaction of doxorubicin with thyol groups of the pyruvate carrier. Doxorubicin also inhibits the pyruvate dependent oxygen uptake and the specific binding of alpha-cyanocinnamate to mitochondria. It is proposed that doxorubicin affects the pyruvate transport by interacting with cardiolipin molecules surrounding the pyruvate carrier in the mitochondrial membrane. PMID- 3190706 TI - Synthesis of prostaglandins and eicosanoids by the mast cell secretory granule. AB - The identification of a non-bilayer phospholipid storage in the secretory granule and the linking of the eicosanoid production with the release of histamine have prompted us to examine whether the secretory granule may also serve as both the source as well as the site of prostaglandin synthesis during exocytosis. By exposing the contents of purified granules to exogenous arachidonic acid at neutral pH, we observed the rapid formation of many eicosanoids. The presence of prostaglandins E2, D2 and F2a were identified. The kinetics of E2 formation was also followed. The localization of the arachidonic acid cascade to the secretory granule explains why the production of eicosanoids is so intimately tied to the process of granule exocytosis. PMID- 3190707 TI - Early and late heat-induced proteins during Leishmania mexicana transformation. AB - During in vitro transformation of L. mexicana from promastigotes to amastigotes at 37 degrees C, a higher growing temperature, transforming parasites showed two different sets of polypeptides. One set of proteins was synthesized at the beginning of temperature-shift and corresponded to the so called "heat shock proteins" (hsp) being expressed by promastigotes mostly. The second set was expressed later on was specifically associated with the amastigotes stages and was strongly similar to the pattern of polypeptides synthesized by amastigotes from infected peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest hsp may play a function at a defined time in the transformation of the parasite. PMID- 3190708 TI - Progesterone-dependent binding of a trans-acting factor to the uteroglobin promoter. AB - A trans-acting factor that specifically binds to the uteroglobin (UG) gene promoter has been identified. Binding activity was absent in non-target tissues (lung, liver) in HeLa cell nuclear extracts, and in target tissue (endometrium) in the absence of progesterone. Mixing experiments revealed an inhibitor of promoter binding in the absence of progesterone and in nonspecific nuclear extracts. Inhibition of binding in the endometrium was reversed by the action of progesterone. The results suggest that binding of a transcription regulatory factor to the UG promoter switches from negative to positive with the action of progesterone. The binding activity corresponds to the expression of the UG gene and this protein may be, therefore, a coordinately regulated trans-acting factor which regulates UG in a tissue-specific manner. PMID- 3190709 TI - Nucleolin (C23), a physiological substrate for casein kinase II. AB - Nucleolin (C23), a 110 kDa phosphoprotein, which is mainly found in the nucleolus has been shown to be a physiological substrate for casein kinase II (CKII). Nucleolin was identified and characterized by immunodetection using an anti nucleolin antibody. Phosphopeptide patterns from nucleolin phosphorylated by purified casein kinase II and of phosphorylated nucleolin which had been isolated from tumor cells grown in the presence of [32P]-o-phosphate, were identical. The partial tryptic digest revealed nine phosphopeptides. Nucleolin isolated from Krebs II mouse ascites cells was phosphorylated by purified casein kinase II with about two moles phosphate per one mole of nucleolin. PMID- 3190710 TI - Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy decrease Ca2+-induced swelling of rat liver mitochondria. AB - Hypophysectomized rats showed significant modifications in Ca2+-induced swelling and MgATP-induced contraction of liver mitochondria. Two-three months after operation, maximal swelling (MS), rate of swelling (VS), maximal contraction (MC) and rate of contraction (VC) were decreased by 77 (MS), 83 (VS), 79 (MC) and 62 (VC) % (in all cases P less than 0.05 as compared with normal rat mitochondria). Treatment of hypophysectomized rats with bovine pituitary extract, for two weeks, counteracted the effect of hypophysectomy, whereas treatment with bovine growth hormone was ineffective. Adrenalectomy produced similar though less extensive modification of Ca2+-induced swelling but failed to affect the MgATP-dependent mitochondrial contraction. Substrate oxidation by hypophysectomized or adrenalectomized rat mitochondria showed no modification of the energy-yielding mechanisms, capable of explaining the observed changes in mitochondrial swelling. PMID- 3190711 TI - Phosphorylation of lactate dehydrogenase by ATP. AB - Evidence is presented indicating that phosphorylation of porcine muscle lactate dehydrogenase by [gamma-32P] ATP occurs at carboxyl residues of the protein. The phosphoenzyme complex was moderately stable at pH 6.8 and 25 degrees C, with a half-life of 3.5 h. In the presence of NADH rapid dephosphorylation occurred. Formation of an abortive complex with NAD-pyruvate also caused hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme. The phosphorylated lactate dehydrogenase was shown to serve as a phosphate donor for phosphorylation of ADP. PMID- 3190712 TI - Rigorous determination of the Hill coefficient of non-Michaelian substrate inhibited enzymes. AB - The Hill coefficient (n), the max. velocity (VM) and the dissociation constants of the competent enzyme-substrate complex (Ks) and of the inhibitory bindings of substrate to both pure enzyme (Kse) and to ES (Kses) can be determined using a particular property of the representative equation. Choosing successive pairs of substrate concns (Si, Sj) in such a way as Si.Sj = 1, and plotting Sj-1 versus Si 1 gives a family of straight lines whose slopes are: b = Ks.kses, i.e.b = Sm2n, independent of Si, Sj. Then: n = Lnb/2 LnSm, where Sm corresponds to vm, maximum value of v on the curve. All of the other parameters can be calculated from the value of n. PMID- 3190713 TI - Glutathione depletion by 2-nitroimidazole-1-acetohydroxamic acid as a radiosensitizer in hypoxic rat hepatocytes. AB - The effects of nitroimidazoles as radiosensitizers on intracellular glutathione (GSH) level were investigated in rat isolated hepatocytes. Dinitroimidazoles have lowered almost completely GSH level during the incubation for 30 min under oxic (95% O2+5% CO2) condition, while mononitroimidazoles had scarcely affected. In the case of hypoxic (95% N2+5% CO2) condition, however, 2-nitroimidazoles, not 4 nitroimidazoles, as well as 2,4- and 4,5-dinitroimidazoles have caused the significant depletion of GSH. This suggests that nitro group in the 2-position of imidazoles may be responsible for the GSH depletion under hypoxia. Especially, 2 nitroimidazole-1-acetohydroxamic acid (KIH-801) was found to be the most potent GSH depletor only under hypoxic, not oxic conditions, and might be useful for the new hypoxic cell radiosensitizer instead of misonidazole. PMID- 3190714 TI - Clofibrate does not induce peroxisomal 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta cholestanoyl coenzyme A oxidation in rat liver. Evidence that this reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme system different from that of peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidation. AB - The effect of clofibrate treatment of rats on the peroxisomal conversion in vitro of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid into cholic acid in liver fractions has been investigated. No increase in the activity was observed after clofibrate treatment. In contrast, peroxisomal palmitate oxidation and palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity increased several fold. It is concluded that the enzyme system responsible for the oxidative cleavage of the steroid side chain in bile acid formation is different from the enzyme system involved in the peroxisomal beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. PMID- 3190715 TI - Structural aspects of skeletal muscle G-actin molecule as studied by proteolytic digestion: effect of nucleotide. AB - Trypsin and chymotrypsin were used as probes of conformation of G-actin molecule. The pattern of fragments produced has been analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. G-actin is known to be nonrefractory to proteolysis [Jacobson, G.R., and Rosenbusch, J.P. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2742-2746]. It is really true that G-actin is cut easily into a 33-kDa fragment by trypsin or chymotrypsin, but only when free ATP is present in the medium. After the removal of free ATP from the medium, G-actin became more refractory to proteolysis. The amounts of degradation of G-actin depended on the ATP concentration in the medium with saturating at about 0.5 mM. epsilon-ADP also had the effect and its fluorescence spectrum was changed on the addition of G-actin. After the removal of free ATP, G-actin still bound 1 mol/mol of ATP. So, the present results suggest the presence of a second ATP interaction site on G-actin and that ATP interaction at this site induces conformational changes in G-actin molecule. PMID- 3190716 TI - Inhibition kinetics of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes by gossypol acetic acid. AB - The effect of gossypol acetic acid, a potent male sterilent was studied on LDH from goat liver (LDH-A4), heart (LDH-B4) and testis (LDH-C4) in vitro. All the preparations of LDH were inhibited by gossypol when the reaction was carried out in pyruvate-lactate (direct) or lactate to pyruvate (reverse) directions. The IC50 of gossypol for the pyruvate oxidation by LDH isozymes varied between 16 and 42 microM in presence of 0.27 mM pyruvate and 0.15 mM NADH at 25 degrees C and pH 7.4 whereas for the lactate oxidation, IC50 was 125 microM in a system containing 3.3 mM lactic acid and 1.8 mM NAD at 25 degrees C and pH 9.0. Reciprocal plots due to Lineweaver-Burk showed that these isozymes are inhibited in a non competitive manner with respect to pyruvate and lactate, and in a competitive fashion when NAD and NADH were varied as substrates. Ki values of LDH-A4, -B4 and -C4 isozymes in presence of gossypol were 20, 34 and 29 microM against pyruvate; 33, 43 and 45 microM against NADH; 85, 85 and 125 microM against lactate and 94, 108 and 83 microM against NAD respectively. PMID- 3190717 TI - Effects of a cafeteria diet and starvation of global 14C(U)-glucose disposal. AB - The label distribution in control and cafeteria-diet fed rats, either in basal conditions or after 24 hours of food deprivation, 10 minutes after the i.v. injection of carrier-free D-14C-(U)-glucose, has been studied. The radioactivity recovered in the different fractions of liver, kidney, heart, striated muscle and white adipose tissue showed comparable patterns of change with starvation in both dietary groups. Most of the radioactivity was found in the free amino acid fraction as well as in proteins, with significant proportions also in lipid and liver glycogen. However, most of the label was lost due to its oxidation, remaining in the combined indicated tissues 10-20% of the injected label. On the whole, cafeteria rats consumed more glucose than controls, the lowest oxidation corresponding to the starved-control group. The amount of glucose oxidized by cafeteria rats was actually comparable to that of fed controls. The availability of other energetic sources--i.e. lipid--allows for an increased glucose utilization in cafeteria rats, even in the starved state. PMID- 3190718 TI - Mode of binding of adriamycin with sulfatide-containing liposomes. AB - Association constants and maximum binding numbers of sulfatide- and phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing liposomes for their binding with adriamycin (ADM) were determined by the column equilibration method. Although these liposomes have two kinds of binding sites, hydrophobic and electrostatic, the majority of ADM molecules was associated with the liposomes via their latter binding sites. Since the association constant for the electrostatic binding of ADM was smaller in sulfatide-containing liposomes (3 x 10(3) M-1) than in PS containing ones (1.1 x 10(4) M-1), high efficiency of sulfatide-containing liposomes for the entrapment of ADM might be explained by the effect of sulfatide making the liposomes rigid, thereby preventing the leakage of the entrapped ADM. PMID- 3190719 TI - Interaction of vanadyl ribonucleoside complex with the androgen receptor. AB - The addition of vanadyl ribonucleoside complex (VRC), a potent inhibitor of RNase, to the transformed 4.5S androgen receptor from rat submandibular gland caused an increase in the sedimentation coefficient to 7.0S. Moreover, VRC decreased the DNA-cellulose binding of the transformed receptor; 50% inhibition of the DNA-cellulose binding was achieved at 1.8 mM VRC. On the other hand, agents related to VRC and oxoanions of transient metals, such as ribonucleoside, vanadate, molybdate, tungstate and arsenate, exerted no effect on the DNA cellulose binding ability of the receptor. These findings suggest that VRC binds to the transformed androgen receptor at the DNA-binding site and that both oxovanadium ion and ribonucleoside are indispensable for the binding of VRC to the transformed androgen receptor. PMID- 3190720 TI - Lipid antioxidant properties of quercetin in vitro. AB - The effect of quercetin on iron-catalyzed hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation was investigated. Quercetin was shown to be a potent inhibitor of iron-induced lipid peroxidation with a I50 of 0.2 mM. The inhibitory effects of quercetin were dependent on incubation time, protein concentration and iron content in the incubation mixture. Since quercetin does not interact with malonyl-aldehyde it can be concluded that the inhibition of iron induced lipid peroxidation is due to lipid antioxidant property and this may serve as a model for the study by which "free" iron may initiate peroxidation in vivo. PMID- 3190721 TI - Influence of exogenous iron and ascorbate on H2O2-induced glutathione oxidation in red cells. AB - The effective fall in cytosolic reduced glutathione levels in intact red cells exposed to exogenous oxidant stress in the form of Fe2+, H2O2 and ascorbate was caused by H2O2 alone. Relatively high concentrations of Fe2+ had no contributory effect on the oxidizing capacity of H2O2. Ascorbate, at physiological levels, showed no protection whereas glucose was totally protective. Since glucose, via hexose monophosphate shunt, is the only source of reducing equivalent in red cells, the NADPH/NADP+ redox role in the diminution of intracellular reduced glutathione. PMID- 3190722 TI - On the interaction between xanthine oxidase and actin. AB - Xanthine oxidase increases the rate of actin polymerization. This occurs at oxidase concentrations as low as 40 nM provided the concentration of the polymerizing agent is low (0.5 mM MgCl2). In the presence of 0.1 M KCl plus 1 mM MgCl2 as the polymerizing agents, xanthine oxidase does not affect the rate of the polymerization but increases significantly the rate of the conversion of F(ATP)actin into F(ADP.Pi)actin and probably also the rate of the orthophosphate release. PMID- 3190723 TI - Purification of the growth-related protein p25 of the Ehrlich ascites tumor and analysis of its isoforms. AB - 1. Two of the three isoforms of the growth-related protein p25 of the Ehrlich ascites tumor have been purified to homogeneity by giant two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 2. Antibodies raised against the isoform p25/1 react also with isoforms p25/2 and p25/3. 3. Limited tryptic digestion of p25/1 and p25/2 resulted in similar oligopeptide patterns. Corresponding oligopeptides of both isoforms have identical amino acid sequences. 4. The isoforms p25/2 and p25/3 are phosphorylated derivatives of unphosphorylated p25/1. The phosphorus is bound to serine and a further unknown phosphorylation site. PMID- 3190724 TI - Dimeric structure of rat skeletal muscle AMP-deaminase subunit. AB - AMP-deaminase from rat skeletal muscle was purified by affinity chromatography on phosphocellulose and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200. It was established that disulfide bridges and hydrogen bonds were not essential for stability of enzyme oligomeric structure. The dimeric structure of enzyme subunit with Mr 76 kDa (S1) was detected by means of PAGE in the presence of SDS: besides the S1 there were also exhibited two additional bands with Mr 42 (S2) and 33 (S3) kDa. Repeated SDS PAGE of S1 has revealed the same three protein bands. These results indicate the possibility of dissociation of S1-subunit into two subunits with close Mr values. PMID- 3190725 TI - Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on Na+-dependent D-glucose transport in rachitic rats. AB - We have previously reported that feeding rats on Steenbock and Black's rickets inducing diet, deficient in vitamin D and with an altered Ca/P ratio, leads to metabolic consequences and a marked decrease of Na+-dependent D-glucose uptake at the jejunum-ileum level. To clarify the relationship between experimental rickets and D-glucose uptake, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) was given to rats fed on the rickets inducing diet. In the jejunum-ileum of these animals Na+-dependent D glucose uptake returned to the values of the controls while the decrease in D glucose uptake in the brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from kidney cortex of rachitic animals was not corrected by the administration of 25-OH-D3. PMID- 3190726 TI - Cyanide--an uncompetitive inhibitor of NAD(P)-dependent malic enzyme from human term placental mitochondria. AB - The activity of NAD(P)-dependent mitochondrial malic enzyme was considerably inhibited by KCN, whereas under the same conditions azide affected the enzyme only slightly. Kinetic studies showed that KCN is an uncompetitive inhibitor of mitochondrial malic enzyme from human placenta. In contrast to the mitochondrial enzyme, the cytosolic malic enzyme was only slightly affected by KCN and under the same conditions the effect of azide was negligible. The effect of KCN was compared to this on the malic enzyme from other sources. PMID- 3190727 TI - Calcium transport and energy coupling in diabetic rat liver mitochondria. AB - Liver mitochondria from chronic diabetic rats took up Ca ions at a significantly slower rate than their normal counterparts. The same mitochondria, inhibited with ruthenium red, released Ca ions at a faster rate than normal mitochondria. In good agreement with the decrease of Ca ions uptake, measurement of the inner membrane potential by the safranine method yielded a significantly lower value with diabetic than with normal mitochondria. Respiratory control and P/O ratios were also decreased in diabetic mitochondria. PMID- 3190728 TI - Polymorphism of rat gastric mucosal histidine decarboxylase: effects of the coenzyme and sulfhydryl groups. AB - Several factors are examined for their implication in the charge heterogeneity and form conversion of rat gastric mucosal histidine decarboxylase. The apoenzyme and the holoenzyme are undistinguishable with respect to their pI and to the distribution of enzyme activity in the three forms. The latter are not produced by differential coenzyme binding. Studies for glycoprotein characterization provide evidence that the heterogeneity does not arise from enzyme-bound carbohydrate. Oxidative or reductive environments change the distribution between forms without modifying the molecular weight. Conversion of form III to forms I and II can be effected by treatment with dithiothreitol. A similar loss of negatively charged form occurs upon ageing and is not prevented by an alkylating agent. All three forms show equal sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide and dithiothreitol inhibitions. The oxidation-reduction state of exposed sulfhydryl groups may be responsible at least in part for the charge heterogeneity. PMID- 3190729 TI - A simple quantitative method of estimation of cell-intactness based on ethidium bromide fluorescence. AB - A quantitative method based on fluorescence generated by the binding of ethidium bromide (EB) to DNA has been developed for estimation of the intactness of the plasma membrane of a mammalian cell type (goat epididymal spermatozoon). The method consists of mixing of sperm preparations with EB in a modified Ringer's solution followed by immediate measurement of fluorescence intensity at 365-580 nm (excitation-emission). The data were corrected for non-specific values of fluorescence due to intact cells only. The percentage of damaged cells in a sperm population was calculated by comparing the corrected fluorescence values of the cell preparations with those of the sonicated cells. The values of sperm intactness obtained by this method (99.5 +/- 0.3) compared well with those obtained by the widely used "marker enzyme" method (97 +/- 0.8) based on estimation of lactic dehydrogenase in the extracellular medium. The validity of this method has been confirmed by using cells of defined intactness i.e. preparations of vigorously forward-motile spermatozoa that showed nearly 100% intactness. The method can detect as low as 0.5% "leaky" or damaged cells in a cell preparation. The "EB-fluorescence" method is simpler and more rapid and reliable than the conventional "marker enzyme" method for estimation of cellular intactness. PMID- 3190730 TI - Alcohol abuse increases the lipid structural order in human erythrocyte membranes. A steady-state and time-resolved anisotropy study. AB - The effect of ethanol abuse on the lipid ordering of the human erythrocyte membranes was studied by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements of DPH and its polar analogue TMA-DPH, which probe different membrane regions. Steady-state anisotropy values with DPH as a probe were slightly but significantly increased (+3%) in erythrocyte membranes from alcoholic patients. A resistance to the ethanol fluidizing effect was evidenced in these membranes with DPH and TMA-DPH. No difference in the probe lifetimes was detected between the control and the alcoholic subjects. In the alcoholic patients as compared to the healthy controls, the residual anisotropy for DPH was significantly increased (+7%) corresponding to an increase in the orientational order parameter of 4%; a decrease of the apparent correlation time value was also observed. Nevertheless, no differences between the two erythrocyte populations were observed with TMA-DPH. PMID- 3190731 TI - Enhancement of DNA damage in mammalian cells upon bioreduction of the nitroimidazole-aziridines RSU-1069 and RSU-1131. AB - The induction of DNA double-(dsb) and single-(ssb) strand breaks by RSU-1069, RSU 1131 and misonidazole in V79 mammalian cells has been investigated using sedimentation in isokinetic sucrose gradients after incubation for various times (1-3 hr) at 310 K under both hypoxic and aerobic conditions. Double strand breaks are produced by RSU-1069 and RSU-1131 predominantly under hypoxic conditions. Comparison of the cellular DNA damage induced by these agents leads to the following facts: (1) the yield of ssb induced by these agents is substantially increased under hypoxia, (2) RSU-1069 and RSU-1131 are much more effective than misonidazole, on a concentration basis, at causing strand breakage both under hypoxic and aerobic conditions; and (3) RSU-1069 is more efficient on a concentration basis than RSU-1131 at inducing both ssb and dsb under both conditions. From these findings and molecular studies it is suggested that these 2-nitroimidazole aziridines act as monofunctional alkylating agents under aerobic conditions, a factor that governs their aerobic cytotoxicity. Under hypoxic conditions, it is suggested that the induction of dsb and crosslinks by these agents (bifunctional character) may play a major role in determining the ability of such agents to act as hypoxia-selective cytotoxins. PMID- 3190732 TI - Novel membrane localized iron chelators as inhibitors of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. AB - Attachment of various iron chelating moieties to hydrophobic steroids greatly enhanced their abilities to inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Using whole rat brain homogenates, lipid peroxidation initiated by the addition of 200 microM Fe2+ was assessed by the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBAR). Under these conditions, 50% inhibitory concentrations of Fe3+ chelators such as desferrioxamine or N1,N8-bis(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl) spermidine hydrobromide (compound II) were around 170 and 50 microM respectively. Coupling desferrioxamine or compound II to a steroid at the D ring increased their potency in lipid peroxidation assays by 5- to 10-fold. Evidence that inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the steroid-chelator adducts was due to iron chelation was suggested by the fact that methylation of the catechol oxygens of compound II, which are essential for chelation, completely eliminated activity of the steroid adduct. A series of 21-aminosteroids which complex Fe2+ iron and potently inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation has also been synthesized. Coupling Fe2+ chelators to hydrophobic steroids increased their inhibitory potencies by as much as 10- to 100-fold. Some steroid-based Fe2+ chelators stimulated lipid peroxidation at low concentrations in the presence of Fe3+. The degree of stimulation was related to the affinity of a compound for Fe2+ with the stronger chelators causing greater stimulation. The most potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation in the 21-aminosteroid series were found to be those compounds forming the weakest Fe2+ complexes. The findings suggest that it is iron at or near the membrane that is responsible for the catalysis of lipid peroxidation. The compounds described should provide useful tools for studies of the involvement of iron in the lipid peroxidation process. PMID- 3190733 TI - Hydrolysis of 3H-bambuterol, a carbamate prodrug of terbutaline, in blood from humans and laboratory animals in vitro. AB - Tritiated bambuterol, a bis-dimethylcarbamate prodrug of terbutaline, was incubated in vitro with blood from both sexes of the following species: man, guinea pig, rat, mouse, dog and rabbit. The rates of hydrolysis of bambuterol to its monocarbamate derivative and further to terbutaline were measured. Large species variations were observed, e.g. blood from two of the human subjects was 15-fold more active than blood from the male rats. The rate of terbutaline formation as a function of initial bambuterol concentration was investigated in human plasma, and was found to describe a bell-shaped curve. Several pieces of evidence indicated that butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) is the blood enzyme predominantly responsible for hydrolysis of bambuterol, although minor contributions from other esterases cannot be excluded. An exception may be blood from the rabbit, where the kinetics of the hydrolysis was different than in blood from the other species. The kinetics of bambuterol hydrolysis is discussed on basis of the established mechanism of carbamate interactions with cholinesterases, and the high affinity of bambuterol for butyrylcholinesterase. PMID- 3190734 TI - Different cytotoxicity and metabolism of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, esorubicin and idarubicin in cultured human and rat hepatocytes. AB - Both cytotoxicity and metabolism of five anthracyclines, namely doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, esorubicin and idarubicin, were investigated in primary cultures of both rat and human adult hepatocytes and, for comparison, in a rat liver epithelial cell line. Toxicity was assessed by morphological examination and measurement of lactate dehydrogenase leakage after 24 hr of treatment. The rank order of toxicity for both rat and human hepatocytes was esorubicin greater than doxorubicin = epirubicin greater than or equal to idarubicin greater than daunorubicin, and for rat epithelial cells: esorubicin greater than or equal to epirubicin greater than idarubicin = daunorubicin = doxorubicin. Human cells were around 2-fold less sensitive than rat hepatocytes to all anthracyclines. Anthracyclines and their metabolites were analyzed by HPLC. Differences in both the percentages and routes of metabolism were demonstrated between rat and human hepatocytes. The main metabolite was the 13-dihydro-derivative (-ol derivative) in both species from daunorubicin, idarubicin and esorubicin. Glucuronides of epirubicin and epirubicinol were found only in human hepatocytes. In addition, several unidentified metabolites were detected of esorubicin, idarubicin and daunorubicin in rat hepatocytes. In human hepatocytes, only one unknown metabolite from daunorubicin and doxorubicin was found to be formed by cells from a different donor. In spite of variations between individuals, human hepatocytes generally metabolized anthracyclines more actively than did rat hepatocytes. Rat liver epithelial cells were only able to convert daunorubicin and idarubicin, the two molecules which have the best affinity for the non-specific NADPH-dependent aldoketoreductase system. Three compounds (doxorubicin, epirubicin and esorubicin) were present in large amounts in the cells as the parent drug, another (idarubicin) as the 13-dihydro-derivative. This comparative study on cytotoxicity and metabolism of five anthracyclines in rat and human hepatocyte cultures emphasises species differences and the importance of this in vitro model system for further analysis of the metabolism and effect of anthracyclines. PMID- 3190735 TI - Immunochemical and catalytical studies on hepatic coumarin 7-hydroxylase in man, rat, and mouse. AB - The cytochrome P-450-mediated coumarin 7-hydroxylase (COH) was studied in microsomal preparations from Wistar rat, DBA/2N mouse, and human liver. Human liver contained the highest constitutive COH activity of up to about 500 pmol/mg microsomal protein/min. The rat liver contained low levels of COH (about 3-5 pmol/mg protein/min) which could be demonstrated only with high substrate concentrations. Rabbit polyclonal antibody generated against P-450Coh (a P-450 isozyme purified from pyrazole-treated DBA/2N mouse liver showing high activity for coumarin 7-hydroxylation) inhibited COH activity by almost 100% in human liver microsomes and 86-99% in mouse liver microsomes. Also the deethylation of 7 ethoxycoumarin was inhibited somewhat by the antibody, whereas no inhibition was obtained in ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activities. None of these enzyme activities was affected by the antibody in the rat liver microsomes. In Ouchterlony immunodiffusion analysis precipitin lines were obtained with human, mouse and rat liver microsomes. Complex coalescence patterns were obtained suggesting full identity between human and pyrazole treated mouse antigens, partial identity between mouse and rat antigens, and no identity between human and rat antigens. Western blot analysis with the anti-P 450Coh antibody revealed a distinct 48-kDa protein in all four human samples tested. A 50-kDa protein comigrating exactly with P-450Coh was observed in microsomes from PB and pyrazole-treated mouse liver microsomes. No distinct protein bands appeared in rat liver samples. These data suggest that despite slightly differing molecular masses, the human and mouse P-450s supporting COH are structurally conserved at their active centers. The corresponding rat P-450 appears to differ from that of mouse and man. PMID- 3190736 TI - Organ distribution of epoxide hydrolases in cytosolic and microsomal fractions of normal and nafenopin-treated male DBA/2 mice. AB - Using trans-stilbene oxide and styrene oxide as substrates, epoxide hydrolase activities were measured in cytosolic and microsomal fractions from liver, kidney, heart, lung and testis of male DBA/2 mice. The activities towards these two substrates are remarkably organ specific: trans-stilbene oxide was most effectively hydrolyzed in subcellular fractions from liver, kidney and heart, whereas styrene oxide was predominantly hydrolyzed in those from liver, lung and testis. Immunoblotting experiments were performed with two polyclonal antibodies isolated from goat antisera. Using an anti-mouse liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase antibody, the corresponding antigen protein was predominantly detected in both cytosolic and microsomal fractions from liver, kidney and heart. An anti rat liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase antibody proved to be cross-reactive with the mouse enzyme and stained SDS-gels run with microsomal fractions from liver, lung and testis. The anti-mouse liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase antibody precipitated cytosolic epoxide hydrolase activities from liver, kidney and heart cytosolic fractions. Dietary exposure to the hypolipidemic agent nafenopin (2000 ppm/10 days) caused an induction of trans-stilbene oxide hydrolase and styrene oxide hydrolase activities in cytosolic and microsomal liver fractions whereas, in the other organs, the same activities were unaffected by this treatment. This finding was in accordance with the increased amounts of antigen protein as detected with the antibodies in liver fractions from treated animals. The anti mouse liver cytosolic epoxide hydrolase antibody was found to precipitate the whole trans-stilbene oxide hydrolase activity also from liver cytosol of nafenopin-treated mice, which indicates the presence of a single cytosolic epoxide hydrolase following induction. PMID- 3190737 TI - Location and characterization of the warfarin binding site of human serum albumin. A comparative study of two large fragments. AB - The warfarin binding behaviour of a large tryptic fragment (residues 198-585 which comprise domains two and three) and of a large peptic fragment (residues 1 387 which comprise domains one and two) of human serum albumin has been studied by circular dichroism and equilibrium dialysis in order to locate and characterize the primary warfarin binding site. The induced ellipticity of the warfarin-peptic fragment complex turned out to be pH dependent. This pH dependence occurs in the region of the neutral-to-base transition of the albumin molecule. The induced ellipticity of the warfarin-tryptic fragment complex is pH independent. Difference CD-spectra showed that the peptic fragment and albumin have similar warfarin binding properties whereas the tryptic fragment has deviant warfarin binding properties. The equilibrium dialysis experiments showed that the affinity of warfarin to the peptic fragment and to albumin is practically the same whereas the affinity of warfarin to the tryptic fragment is a factor 2-8 lower than the affinity of warfarin to albumin. Our results indicate that the main part of the primary warfarin binding site is located in domain two of the albumin structure and that domain one plays an important role in the N-B transition of albumin. PMID- 3190738 TI - Inter-individual variation of human blood N-acetyltransferase activity in vitro. AB - Inter-individual variation in the in vitro acetylation of the antibacterial drug sulphamethazine by human whole blood was studied using reverse phase HPLC. The mean (range) values of blood N-acetyltransferase activity in vitro were 0.50 (0.29-0.83) nmol per 10(9) red blood cells (rbc) (N = 23), 3.33 (2.22-5.27) nmol per 10(9) rbc (N = 27) and 9.36 (6.72-15.76) nmol per 10(9) rbc (N = 23) at initial sulphamethazine concentrations of 0.018 mM, 0.18 mM and 1.44 mM respectively. The mean (range) values of the initial rate of sulphamethazine acetylation at these substrate concentrations were 28.1 (20.9-35.0) pmol/hr per 10(9) rbc (N = 11), 0.26 (0.18-0.42) nmol/hr per 10(9) rbc (N = 19) and 0.91 (0.61-1.50) nmol/hr per 10(9) rbc (N = 14) respectively. The mean (range) half life of thermal inactivation of blood acetylation capacity at 50 degrees was 0.91 (0.59-1.27) min (N = 12) at an initial substrate concentration of 0.18 mM. In each of these cases, there was no significant differences between the values obtained using blood samples from rapid and slow acetylators. Intra-individual variation of blood N-acetyltransferase activity was studied in a single subject on 24 separate occasions during a two year period and was less than 10% at each of the three sulphamethazine concentrations studied. The correlation between the in vitro blood N-acetyltransferase activity of eight volunteers measured on two separate occasions at least 6 weeks apart was 0.84, 0.98 and 0.98 at initial sulphamethazine concentrations of 0.018 mM, 0.18 mM and 1.44 mM respectively. Increasing the acetyl-CoA concentration of blood samples from 4 subjects by 0.34, 0.85 and 1.67 mM significantly increased both the initial acetylation rate of sulphamethazine and the amount of acetylsulphamethazine produced after an incubation time of 24 hr (initial sulphamethazine concentration = 0.18 mM). PMID- 3190739 TI - Structural specificity of inhibition of human folylpolyglutamate synthetase by ornithine-containing folate analogs. AB - A series of folate analogs containing ornithine instead of glutamate was synthesized and tested for inhibition of folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) and other folate-dependent enzymes of human leukemia cell lines. Reduced derivatives of 2-amino-4-oxo-10-methyl-pteroyl-ornithine had dramatically increased inhibitory potency against FPGS compared to the oxidized parent. The amino-pterin analog (2,4-diamino-pteroylornithine) was a potent inhibitor of both dihydrofolate reductase and FPGS. It was a much more potent linear competitive inhibitor of human FPGS than the corresponding methotrexate derivative previously described (Ki = 0.15-0.26 and 3 microM respectively). A quinazoline folate analog, 2-amino-4-oxo-5,8-dideazapteroyl-ornithine, was a relatively poor inhibitor of isolated dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase; however, it is the most potent human FPGS inhibitor identified to date (Ki = 100-150 nM). Because of the lack of appreciable interaction with other folate-dependent enzymes, structures incorporating the 2-amino-4-oxo-5,8-dideazapteroate nucleus may thus lead to selective inhibition of FPGS. Substitution of ornithine for glutamate caused a profound decrease in cytotoxic potency for these analogs; this was apparently the result of poor transport. Together with earlier studies, these data indicate that the potency of FPGS inhibition by an analog containing ornithine closely parallels the relative substrate activity of its glutamate containing counterpart. The substitution of ornithine apparently does not perturb the pterin specificity of FPGS. The close parallel between substrate and inhibitor specificity may thus allow the use of currently available structure activity studies on FPGS to design more potent and more selective inhibitors of FPGS. PMID- 3190740 TI - Differential modulation of host cell and HIV gene expression by combinations of avarol and AZT in vitro. AB - Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene expression is modulated by some virus-encoded proteins, possibly acting at multiple levels of control, which are also known to be involved in the regulation of gene expression in uninfected cells (transcriptional, post-transcriptional, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and translational control). Two anti-HIV-1 drugs, Avarol and 3'-azido-3' deoxythymidine, which inhibit viral replication by differential mechanisms, were used to study the role of cytoplasmic factors in independent regulation of host cell and viral gene expression. Both drugs were found to inhibit viral replication and synthesis of virus-encoded protein in a synergistic manner, while at cytostatic concentrations, both compounds act antagonistically. ATP-induced transport of viral messengers from isolated nuclei is enhanced by total cytosolic protein from HIV-1-infected cells; a strong increase of the nucleocytoplasmic transport of pol mRNA was measured and, to a lesser extent the transport of certain cellular mRNA (e.g. interleukin-2) was augmented, while the transport of other cellular mRNA (actin) was not affected at all. PMID- 3190741 TI - The acute and subchronic effects of ketoconazole on hepatic microsomal monooxygenases in the rat. AB - Female adult Wistar rats were treated with single or repeated doses of ketoconazole ranging from 10 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg. Single dose treatment produced inhibition of hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) and aldrin epoxidation (AE) 2 hr after oral dosing. Twenty-four hours after a single dose, inhibition was still demonstrable after the low dose of 10 mg/kg, but at higher doses increased microsomal activity was apparent. After 7 days repeated dosing liver weight and microsomal protein content were increased in a dose-dependent fashion. EROD and AE were induced at all doses after repeated treatment when the increase in liver size was considered. These effects were seen at doses within the antimycotic therapeutic range and add support to the suggestion that reported drug interactions with ketoconazole in man are due to the effects of this drug on hepatic microsomal activity. PMID- 3190742 TI - Comparative cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of a complex of daunomycin-low density lipoprotein in human squamous lung tumour cell monolayers. AB - In an attempt to target cytotoxic drugs to tumour cells daunomycin-low density lipoprotein (LDL) complexes were synthesised. Human squamous lung tumour cells in vitro have large numbers of high affinity cell surface LDL receptors (Vmax = 19 ng LDL/micrograms cell protein per 24 hr; Km = 23 micrograms/ml). Cellular uptake of daunomycin and LDL-daunomycin was rapid and approached equilibrium by approximately 3 hr. Intracellular daunomycin concentrations were similar at each time point regardless of whether free drug or the complex was used. The degree of intracellular drug metabolism differed markedly with significantly higher production of daunomycinol following exposure to free daunomycin for 90 min. Daunomycin and LDL-daunomycin were equally cytotoxic in vitro (respective clonogenic ID90s of 1 microgram/ml and 0.7 microgram/ml). Fluorescence microscopy indicated that both free daunomycin and LDL-daunomycin have a punctate, granular distribution within the cytoplasm. PMID- 3190743 TI - Relationships between tumor responsiveness, vincristine pharmacokinetics and arrest of mitosis in human tumor xenografts. AB - Tumor responsiveness to vincristine (VCR) was determined in xenografts of human rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), in sublines of RMS selected in vivo for VCR resistance, in a KB line (KB-ChR8-5) selected in vitro for colchicine resistance, and in a colon adenocarcinoma (GC3). Sensitivity to VCR was associated with prolonged retention of VCR by the tumors after a single i.p. injection, whereas in tumors with acquired or intrinsic VCR resistance the drug was eliminated more rapidly. The sensitive tumors with prolonged retention of drug also showed increased levels of mitotic accumulation for up to 72 hr following VCR administration. There were good correlations between VCR sensitivity, VCR retention and the proposed mechanism of VCR cytotoxicity-mitotic arrest. A model has been developed consistent with data obtained that can explain the responsiveness to VCR of a series of human tumor xenografts irrespective of their tissue of origin. PMID- 3190744 TI - Protein kinase C and dopamine release--I. Measurement by thiophosphorylation. AB - To examine the hypothesis that protein kinase C (PKC) plays a role in the release of dopamine (DA) in the nigrostriatal pathway, a new thiophosphorylation procedure was developed to monitor PKC activity. In this method, tissues were incubated with adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio35S]triphosphate, and the transfer of the gamma-thiophosphoryl group to histones or endogenous substrate proteins was measured. The thiophosphorylation showed a marked dependency on both calcium and lipids, and the endogenous substrate proteins being thiophosphorylated were similar to those reported as being specific substrates of PKC using [32P]ATP. Furthermore, the thiophosphorylation activity measured in the presence of calcium and lipids did not reflect cAMP-dependent or calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activities. Besides providing an accurate measure of PKC activity, thiophosphorylation has the advantage that it measures a phosphorylating activity that is independent of phosphatase activity because the thiophosphorylated substrates are resistant to the action of phosphatases. PMID- 3190745 TI - Effect of age on the uptake of propranolol by perfused rat lung. PMID- 3190746 TI - Demonstration of sub-nanomolar affinity of bryostatin 1 for the phorbol ester receptor in rat brain. AB - The effect of bryostatin 1 on [26-3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate [( 3H]PDBu) binding to a washed particulate preparation from rat brain was examined. Bryostatin 1 inhibited phorbol ester binding at concentrations considerably lower than previously reported. As would be expected for a ligand of high affinity, the apparent displacing potency of bryostatin 1 was dependent on the concentration of tissue/binding sites included in the assay. Decreasing the concentration of [3H]PDBu binding sites to the picomolar detection limit resulted in apparent bryostatin displacing potencies in the picomolar range with these values representing an upper estimate of the true affinity. When included in saturation studies with [3H]PDBu, bryostatin 1 displayed mixed competitive/non-competitive inhibition. Using either repetitive washing or dialysis of the membrane preparation, it was not possible to reverse the inhibition produced by bryostatin 1. The greater affinity of bryostatin 1 compared to other classes of agents that act directly on protein kinase C and the stability of its association may contribute to the unique biological properties of the bryostatins. PMID- 3190747 TI - Induction of the 32-kD human stress protein by auranofin and related triethylphosphine gold analogs. AB - Challenge of human cells with auranofin, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-beta-D glucopyranosato-S-triethylpho sphine gold(I) (Ridaura), a gold-containing compound approved by the FDA for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, induces the specific synthesis of a 32-kD stress protein (p32) [Caltabiano et al., Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 138, 1074 (1986)]. To establish a structure activity relationship for this effect, a series of auranofin ligands, gold analogs, and other anti-arthritic agents were examined for their abilities to stimulate p32 synthesis. The results indicate that the gold atom is necessary for enhanced expression of p32. However, the structure of co-ordinated ligands also affected potency, and gold complexes bearing several phosphine or thiosugar groups exhibited the greatest activity. These data indicate that the distinct potencies of auranofin analogs probably reflect their membrane permeability and subsequent delivery of pharmacologically active concentrations of gold to the cytoplasmic compartment. PMID- 3190748 TI - Sensitivity and selectivity of compounds interacting with neuropathy target esterase. Further structure-activity studies. AB - Assay of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) which accounts for about 70% of paraoxon-resistant phenyl valerate (PV) esterase activity of hen brain depends on the fact that it is selectively inhibited by mipafox. A previous study of structure/activity relationships (Biochem. Pharmac. 24, 797, 1975) has been extended. Among 14 potential substrates NTE hydrolysed phenyl phenoxyacetate and phenyl thiophenoxyacetate faster (1.5-1.7X) than PV, but selectivity of these substrates for NTE among the paraoxon-resistant esterases was only 35-52%. Seventy-seven other potential inhibitors (organophosphates, phosphonates, phosphoramidates, phosphinates and carbamates) were examined to determine I50NTE and effects on both NTE and "non-NTE" at 3-4 x I50NTE (I 85-95) and, where possible, at 6-20 X I50NTE. Hydrophophic inhibitors with small/flexible leaving groups were generally very inhibitory: several 2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphates and fluorides were active at low nanomolar concentrations. In the dichlorovinyl phosphate series increasing dialkyl chain length beyond n-pentyl decreased inhibitory power, presumably due to steric hindrance since the methyl/n-decyl ester was 15X more active than di-n-decyl. Chloro-substitution of both ortho positions of a phenyl leaving group for benzylcarbamates reduced inhibitory power more than 20X but had little effect in a phenyl leaving group of methyl phenylphosphonates where the acyl-leaving group bond is longer and less subject to steric hindrance. N-phenylbenzohydroxamyl benzylcarbamate is 10X more potent than any previously described carbamate against NTE. Among stereo-isomers differences of activity ranged from less than 2- to 15-fold. Only diphenylphosphinyl fluoride appeared to be virtually specific for NTE: at 0.5-1 microM it inhibited ca.92% of NTE and 10-13% of "non-NTE" which is similar to the specificity found for 2,6-dichlorophenyl methyl phenylphosphonate which has been claimed to be specific. Diphenylphosphinyl fluoride has an advantage in that it is easily synthesized and should be protective rather than neuropathic, but it is not stable in store. We cannot repeat experiments purporting to show a substantial proportion of a second isozyme of NTE. However, according to first order kinetics, concentrations of inhibitor greater than 6 X I50 should inhibit NTE greater than 98% and for 19 out of 26 compounds a residue greater than 3% (limit of precision) was found under these conditions: in nearly every case the quantity was 3-5%. This quantity may not be "true NTE" but it cannot be the target for organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy since it is resistant to various neuropathic and protective compounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3190749 TI - Potassium efflux enhancement by cromakalim (BRL 34915) in rabbit mesenteric artery: an indirect effect independent of calcium? AB - Experiments have been performed in order to investigate the calcium and exposure time dependency of cromakalim (BRL 34915)-stimulated rubidium efflux in rabbit isolated mesenteric artery. Removal of calcium from the bathing medium prolonged the effects of cromakalim on rubidium efflux. Lanthanum was without effect on cromakalim-induced efflux whilst high concentrations of nifedipine were required to produce a significant inhibitory effect. Decreasing the exposure time to cromakalim, either in the presence or absence of calcium, led to a progressive loss of the response. However, significant increases in rubidium efflux rate were observed after very short exposures (15 sec) to the drug. In normal medium, exposure to cromakalim resulted in an inhibition of a second response when the drug was reapplied. Blockade by tetraethylammonium of the initial rubidium efflux response to cromakalim did not reverse the inhibition of the second response. These results suggest that the stimulation by cromakalim of rubidium efflux in rabbit isolated mesenteric artery is independent of calcium influx and requires only a short initial exposure to the drug in order to develop a response. The development and maintenance of the response after the removal of the drug suggest that cromakalim does not directly interact with the potassium channel through which rubidium efflux enhancement is observed. PMID- 3190750 TI - Stabilization of ornithine decarboxylase in mouse liver and lung by methylglyoxal bis(cyclohexylamidinohydrazone). AB - The intraperitoneal injection of methylglyoxal bis(cyclohexylamidinohydrazone) (MGBC), an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and spermidine synthase, markedly increased (7-fold of the basal level at 4 hr) ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in normal mouse liver. ODC activity was also increased 2.5-fold over the basal level in mouse lung at 6 hr after the injection. The effect of MGBC on ODC activity occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Measurement of the apparent half-life of ODC induced in the liver and lung by MGBC treatment revealed a clear decrease in the decay rate of the enzyme in both the tissues. Activities of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) and spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT) were not increased by the intraperitoneal injection of MGBC. There was a large rise in putrescine and a fall in spermidine and spermine in the liver and lung except for brain within an 8 hr period in response to MGBC, suggesting that these changes resulted from the stabilization of ODC and inhibitions of AdoMetDC and spermidine synthase. PMID- 3190751 TI - Drug-protein conjugates--XVII. The effect of storage on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of benzylpenicillin in the rat. AB - The disposition and immunogenicity of freshly prepared and stored solutions of benzylpenicillin (BP) and benzylpenicillenic acid (BPE), a degradation product of BP, were studied. No IgG anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following daily i.p. or i.m. administration to male Wistar rats of BP (2.7 mmol/kg) freshly dissolved in 0.5% glucose, for 4 consecutive days at 4-week intervals. In contrast, IgG anti-BPO antibodies were detected following both chronic i.p. and i.m. administration of BP (2.7 mmol/kg) stored for 24 hr at room temperature in 0.5% glucose. An IgG anti-BPO response was obtained only after the high dose, following daily i.m. administration of BPE (27 mumol/kg, 2.7 mumol/kg, 0.24 mumol/kg). The specificity of the IgG antibody for the BPO-determinant was confirmed by ELISA inhibition with BPO-amino-caproate. Circulating BPO plasma-protein antigens were detected by a modified ELISA following i.p. and i.m. administration of both stored and fresh BP. Significantly lower BPO-antigen levels were detected in serum following BPE administration. Irreversible binding of BP to 75% rat plasma proteins was of the same magnitude when freshly dissolved in phosphate buffer or in 0.5% glucose (2.63 +/- 0.32% and 2.55 +/- 0.25% bound, respectively after 3 hr incubation at 37 degrees). Irreversible binding was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) when the BP was stored prior to incubation with the protein (3.81 +/- 0.27%). The major degradation product of stored BP was benzylpenicilloic acid; a small amount of BPE (0.2% of incubated BP) was detected in stored but not fresh BP. Thus, the increased immunogenicity of BP stored for 24 hr at room temperature may be due to the formation of reactive degradation products such as BPE in vitro, which can then form immunogenic drug-protein conjugates in vivo. These experiments also show that although BP and BPE form drug-protein conjugates in vivo, circulating levels of antigen do not relate to the immunogenicity of either of the compounds. PMID- 3190752 TI - Effects of chlorpromazine on taurocholate transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Chlorpromazine has been shown to have no effect on the uptake of the endogenous bile salt substrate, taurocholate, by isolated rat hepatocytes. It has been shown, however, to inhibit directly release of taurocholate from pre-loaded cells over extended incubation. However, there was no inhibition of the efflux process per se as shown by similar initial rates of taurocholate efflux in the presence or absence of chlorpromazine. Pretreatment of rats with chlorpromazine (100 mumoles/kg) resulted in no change in the ability to transport (that is, accumulate or secrete) taurocholate by hepatocytes isolated 2, 24, 36, 48, or 60 hr later. The data indicate that, if a direct effect on bile acid transport is important in chlorpromazine induced biliary dysfunction, then it involves release rather than uptake at the cell membrane. However, as efflux itself is not inhibited chlorpromazine may interfere with release of taurocholate from intracellular sites. PMID- 3190753 TI - Specific alterations of rat renal microsomal proteins induced by cephaloridine. AB - In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of cephaloridine (CPH) nephrotoxicity, the effect of cephaloridine treatment on the protein composition of different subcellular fractions from rat kidney cortex was investigated. After intravenous treatment of male Wistar rats with 250-1200 mg/kg/d CPH for 1-3 days, kidneys were removed and the homogenate from renal cortex was separated into lysosomal, cytosolic and microsomal fractions. The polypeptide composition of the different subfractions was analyzed by one-dimensional SDS-gel electrophoresis and quantified by densitometry. Significant differences in the polypeptide composition between treated and non-treated animals were seen in the microsomal fraction. CPH-treatment induced a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 44,000 and decreased the content of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes in the microsomal fraction. Solubilization experiments showed that the CPH-induced microsomal polypeptide of molecular weight 44,000 is a peripheral membrane protein rather than an integral membrane protein. The induction of this protein by CPH was dose- and time-dependent. Preliminary experiments using the kidney slice technique indicate that the induction of this polypeptide correlates with the nephrotoxicity measured as decrease in renal cortical accumulation of organic ions. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that treatment of rats with CPH resulted in the induction of a microsomal polypeptide of molecular weight 44,000 which could be a sensitive parameter of cephaloridine nephrotoxicity. PMID- 3190754 TI - Accumulation of phenols and catechols in isolated mouse hepatocytes in starvation or after pretreatment with acetone. AB - Conditions leading to the accumulation of unconjugated phenols and catechols were investigated in mouse livers. The formation of unconjugated hydroxylated products of added p-nitrophenol and aniline was investigated in isolated hepatocytes prepared from 48 hr fasted or fed mice or from fed mice after acetone pretreatment. 4-Nitrocatechol and p-aminophenol--the hydroxylated products of p nitrophenol and aniline--were accumulated in cells prepared from fasting animals, while in cells prepared from fed mice these unconjugated derivatives were not detectable. The accumulation of 4-nitrocatechol and p-aminophenol was also shown in isolated hepatocytes prepared from acetone pretreated fed mice. Inhibition of glucuronidation by N6,O2-dibutyryl cAMP or by D-galactosamine increased the accumulation of 4-nitrocatechol upon addition of p-nitrophenol in cells prepared from fasted mice. Both 48 hr starvation and acetone pretreatment enhanced the activity of microsomal p-nitrophenol and aniline hydroxylase by 300% and 600%, respectively, whereas p-nitrophenol conjugation in isolated hepatocytes as well as in hepatocyte homogenates was decreased by about 80% after 48 hr starvation. Acetone pretreatment did not alter the rate of p-nitrophenol conjugation measured in liver homogenates. It is suggested that a shift from conjugation toward hydroxylation in starvation gives rise to the formation of hazardous metabolites. PMID- 3190755 TI - The effects of propiconazole on hepatic xenobiotic biotransformation in the rat. AB - Propiconazole, a foliar fungicide used for agricultural purposes was studied for its effects on the hepatic xenobiotic biotransformation in the rat. Rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of 0.1, 1, 10 or 100 mg/kg in corn oil for seven consecutive days. Induction was seen for cytochrome P-450, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase, aldrin epoxidase, aminopyrine N demethylase and microsomal expoxide hydrolase activities. Aniline p-hydroxylase and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase activities were unchanged. All responses occurred at only 100 mg/kg, except for that of aminopyrine N-demethylase which also occurred at the 10 mg/kg dose. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed increased staining of a protein band of molecular weight 54,000 corresponding to cytochrome P-450b and/or P-450d. Collectively these results suggest that cytochromes P-450b and P-450d have been induced after exposure of rats to propiconazole. PMID- 3190756 TI - Comparison of the susceptibility of hepatocytes from postnatal and adult mice to hepatotoxins. AB - Age-related changes of susceptibility to hepatotoxicity induced by four hepatotoxic compounds were investigated using an isolated mouse hepatocyte model. Hepatocytes isolated from 2-week-old mice and adult mice (8-10 weeks old) were exposed to different concentrations (including toxic concentrations) of paracetamol, furosemide, iodoacetic acid and t-butylhydroperoxide for incubation times up to 24 hr. Cell damage was assessed by leakage of lactate dehydrogenase. Analysis of variance indicated that the hepatocytes from the 2-week-old mice were less susceptible to the toxic effects of all four hepatotoxins. The activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were determined in both hepatocytes and whole liver from the two age groups. While catalase was significantly greater in adults, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase were all higher in the 2-week-old mice. Since these three enzymes are involved with protection against oxidative stress, it is likely that the higher activity in hepatocytes from 2-week-old mice is responsible for the reduced susceptibility to damage induced by the four hepatotoxins. PMID- 3190757 TI - Protection of cardiac membrane phospholipid against oxidative injury by calcium antagonists. AB - Calcium antagonists representative of the four major chemical classes were assessed for their abilities to prevent peroxidation of rat heart membrane lipids through xanthine oxidase-dependent, superoxide-driven, iron-promoted oxygen radical chemistry. The dihydropyridines nifedipine and nitrendipine did not affect peroxidation, even at a concentration (500 microM) approaching their solubility limit. The benzothiazepine diltiazem did protect the cardiac lipids against oxidative injury, but at high micromolar concentrations: 50% inhibition of peroxidation (antiperoxidant IC50) required 510 microM diltiazem. The phenylalkylamines verapamil and gallopamil (D-600) were likewise weak antiperoxidants (approximately 35% inhibition of peroxidation at 500 microM). In contrast, two other alkylamines, bepridil and prenylamine, were very effective membrane lipid protectants with respective antiperoxidant IC50 values of 55 and 75 microM. The diphenylpiperazines flunarizine (IC50 = 190 microM) and cinnarizine (IC50 = 180 microM) displayed moderate antiperoxidant activity. No Ca2+ antagonist inhibited xanthine oxidase under conditions whereby 10 microM allopurinol inhibited enzyme activity by 50%. The effects of the Ca2+ antagonist antiperoxidants on the kinetics of cardiac membrane lipid peroxidation indicate that they inhibit peroxidation by intercepting oxy- and/or lipid free radical intermediates. These data raise the possibility that antiperoxidant action may contribute to the spectrum of pharmacologic and therapeutic activities of certain Ca2+ antagonists. PMID- 3190758 TI - The effect of acetylcholinesterase-inhibition on the tonus of guinea-pig bronchial smooth muscle. AB - The irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor soman (O-[1,2,2-trimethylpropyl] methyl-phosphonofluoridate) induced contraction of guinea-pig primary bronchial smooth muscle. The apparent affinity (ED50) of acetylcholine (ACh) was altered from control value of 12 microM to 0.3 microM following exposure of the bronchial smooth muscle to 14 microM soman for 15 min in vitro. The ED50 of the cholinergic agonist carbachol was not changed even when the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was inhibited completely. The intrinsic activity (alpha) of ACh and carbachol was not significantly changed after exposure to soman for 15 min. The results demonstrate that the effect of soman is only due to its anticholinesterase activity. Furthermore, the contraction induced by histamine was not altered by concentrations of soman which increase the cholinergic stimulation. This indicates that histamine does not induce contraction of bronchial smooth muscle in guinea pig through the release of ACh or by modulation of muscarinic receptors. Furthermore, soman also inhibited the carboxylesterase activity in the primary bronchi. In respiratory tissue this group of enzymes may have a major protective function, due to their ability to bind several organophosphorus compounds. Compared to studies performed on other species, this study shows that guinea-pig bronchi are very sensitive to the AChE-inhibitor soman. Therefore, exposure to very low concentrations of AChE-inhibitors may induce contraction of bronchial smooth muscle. PMID- 3190759 TI - Effect of two different types of malnutrition on the rate of elimination of ethanol in rats. AB - Rats were fed "3% casein" or a "calorie deficient" diet, in the form of commercial pellet diet (SDS) at 50% of the amount consumed by the control group, which was fed SDS pellets ad libitum. Both of the deficient groups showed failure of weight gain in comparison with the control group. Blood levels of ethanol were measured for 3 hr after intraperitoneal injection of 1 or 1.5 g/kg at 15, 29 and 36 days after commencement of the diet. In addition the calorie deficient group was studied immediately after feeding as well as in the fasting state. Blood levels of ethanol were measured and the apparent volume of distribution and rate of removal of ethanol from the blood were calculated. A rate of ethanol metabolism/g of liver was derived. The rate of removal of ethanol was markedly decreased in the 3% casein group to less than half of control values. Three hours after injection of ethanol circulating levels were less than 50 mg/100 ml in the control and calorie deficient groups but over 200 mg/100 ml in the group fed protein deficient diets. There were no major changes in volume of distribution and the only explanation for the finding is that there is a failure of ethanol metabolism in the rats fed the low protein diet. The implication is that protein deficient human populations who often consume considerable quantities of ethanol may have a high level of tissue exposure to ethanol though the rate of metabolite formation may be low. PMID- 3190760 TI - Resonant ac-dc magnetic fields: calculated response. AB - An elementary model consisting of one charged particle in a viscous medium exposed to weak ac-dc low-frequency magnetic fields is analyzed to identify and explain the fundamental characteristics of the physical mechanisms that result in a resonance response, which is similar to the familiar cyclotron resonance. The model predicts both frequency and amplitude windows, which are explained in terms of synchronization of the particle with electric fields. Although extrapolation of model results to biological systems is limited by the elementary nature of the model, the model results indicate that observed resonant responses by others of biological systems to ac-dc magnetic fields are probably not due to resonant response of ions in solution, since the model predicts that no resonant response is possible unless the viscous damping is very low, many orders of magnitude lower than the viscous damping of ions in solution. PMID- 3190761 TI - Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. AB - Unanesthetized rabbits exposed to 12.5-cm microwaves at a field intensity of 40 mW/cm2 in the region of the head showed an increase in the number of slow waves and spindle-shaped firings in the EEG and a change in the discharge frequency of neurons in the visual cortex in 41-52% of the cases. An enhancement of the evoked response of visual cortex neurons to light was observed in 61% of the cases and a facilitation of the driving response in 80% of all cases. It is concluded that the evoked response is a more sensitive indicator of the microwave effect than background activity. The effects of the fields were most distinctly observed with the driving response. PMID- 3190762 TI - Microwave effect on camphor binding to rat olfactory epithelium. AB - Microwave radiation decreased specific camphor binding to a membrane fraction of rat epithelium but not to a Triton X-100 extract of this fraction. Inhibition of the ligand binding did not depend on the modulation frequency of the microwave field in the region 1-100 Hz and was not a linear function of specific absorption rate (SAR). The decreased ligand binding was due to a shedding or release of the specific camphor-binding protein from the membrane into solution. It is highly probable that several other membrane proteins may be shed into solution during microwave exposure. PMID- 3190763 TI - Acute low-level microwave exposure and central cholinergic activity: studies on irradiation parameters. AB - Sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake was measured in the striatum, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus of rats after acute exposure (45 min) to pulsed (2 microseconds, 500 pps) or continuous-wave 2,450-MHz microwaves in cylindrical waveguides (Guy et al.: Radio Science 14:63-74, 1979) or miniature anechoic chambers (Guy: Journal of Microwave Power 14:327-338, 1979). In all exposure conditions, the average whole-body specific absorption rate was at 0.6 W/kg. Decrease in choline uptake was observed in the frontal cortex after microwave exposure in all of the above irradiation conditions. Regardless of the exposure system used, hippocampal choline uptake was decreased after exposure to pulsed but not continuous-wave microwaves. Striatal choline uptake was decreased after exposure to either pulsed or continuous-wave microwaves in the miniature anechoic chamber. No significant change in hypothalamic choline uptake was observed under any of the exposure conditions studied. We conclude that depending on the parameters of the radiation, microwaves can elicit specific and generalized biological effects. PMID- 3190764 TI - Analysis of electric and magnetic fields leaking from induction heaters. AB - Results are presented of an investigation on electric and magnetic fields leaking from inductive (magnetic) heaters that are used for thermal processing of high power electron tubes and lasers in an industrial plant. Measurements of electric and magnetic fields were done using both commercially available and laboratory developed instrumentation. Isotropic H-field sensors were developed to allow quantitative evaluation of high-intensity magnetic fields. Ten induction heaters with nominal A.C. power ranging from 2.5 kW to 15 kW and operating at frequencies between 300 kHz and 790 kHz were surveyed. Electric field strengths up to 8 kV/m and magnetic field strengths up to 20 A/m were measured. PMID- 3190765 TI - Magnetic fields and time dependent effects on development. AB - Pulsed, extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields caused a significant increase in abnormalities in the developing chick embryo. The effect was observed when the field was presented during the first 24 h of incubation; no significant effect was observed with exposure from 24 to 48 h of incubation. PMID- 3190766 TI - [Synthesis, biological activity and conformation of enkephalin analogs structurally related to kyotorphin]. AB - [D-Arg2,Leu5]Enkephalin and two series of its N-terminal short-chain analogues with a free and modified C-terminal carboxylic group, viz. amides and ethyl esters of tri- and tetrapeptides, were synthesized in solution and by solid-phase method. Their analgesic activity, assayed by the "tail pinch" method following intracisternal and intravenous administration to mice, was compared with activity of enkephalins and morphine. To study the space structure of the synthesized compounds, conformational calculations and fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to measure distance between aromatic nuclei of tyrosine and phenylalanine residues in the two tetrapeptides. Ethyl esters of the tri- and tetrapeptides exceed in analgesic activity the corresponding carboxylic acids and amides. In contrast to the pentapeptide, the tetrapeptide analogues were active upon intravenous administration. Conformational aspects of this series of analogues are discussed in detail; the abrupt increase in activity upon transition from tri to tetrapeptides does not appear to be related to conformational changes. PMID- 3190767 TI - [Primary structure of intracellular serine proteinase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. I. Isolation of the enzyme and amino acid sequence of peptides of tryptic hydrolysate]. AB - Method of isolation of intracellular serine protease was modified. Gramicidin S sepharose CL-4B with a higher content of the ligand, synthesized through a modified procedure, was used as an affinity sorbent which simplified the purification and led to the pure enzyme with high specific activity and 90% yield. Trypsin hydrolyzate of the protease was separated by ion-exchange chromatography on a sulphocationite resin followed by paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis to yield twenty-five individual peptides. Their complete or partial sequences, corresponding in total to 146 amino acid residues, were determined by the manual Edman procedure. PMID- 3190768 TI - [C-terminal amidation of acylamino acids and peptides using a transpeptidation method catalyzed by carboxypeptidase Y]. AB - The carboxypeptidase Y-catalyzed reaction of acyl transfer of acylamino acid and peptide residues from the corresponding esters to ammonia and to amides of amino acids has been studied, and conditions for obtaining amides of amino acids and peptides with the yields up to 90% found. PMID- 3190769 TI - [Primary structure of the mutant genes of human leukocyte interferon alpha2]. AB - Nucleotide sequences of 10 mutant genes of human leukocyte interferon alpha 2 (IFN) with the use of 4 oligonucleotide primers containing ethyl substituents at phosphate groups were determined. To design primer sequences, an approach based on the local similarity profile of the IFN gene and M13mp7 vector DNA is described. PMID- 3190771 TI - [Compounds similar to acyclovir. I. Synthesis of "complete" analogs of nucleosides]. AB - "Full" acyclic analogues of ribonucleosides, 1-(1,2,6-trihydroxy-4-oxahex-3 yl)thymine and -cytosine, 3- and 9-(1,2,6-trihydroxy-4-oxahex-3-yl)adenine, and 9 (1,2,6-trihydroxy-4-oxahex-3-yl)guanine, have been prepared by condensation of silylated nucleo-bases with 1,4,5,6-tetraacetoxy-3-oxahexane in the presence of Lewis acids followed by deacetylation. PMID- 3190770 TI - [Synthesis of new terminator substrates for DNA-polymerases-- nucleoside-5' triphosphates with modified carbohydrate residue]. AB - Synthesis of 3'-chloro- and 3'-cyanothio-2',3'-dideoxythymidine by the reaction of 2,3'-anhydro-2'-deoxythymidine with ammonium chloride and lithium thiocyanate, respectively, has been developed. In addition, 3'-methanesulphonylamido- and 3' sulphonylamido-2',3'-dideoxythymidines were synthesized starting from 3'-amino 2',3'-dideoxythymidine. All these compounds along with 2',3' anhydroriboadenosine,2',3'-anhydrolyxoadenosine, 2',3'-O-isopropylidenecytidine, and 2,3'-anhydro-2'-deoxythymidine were transformed into 5'-triphosphates by treatment with phosphoryl tris-1,2,4-triazolide and then with bis(tri-n butylammonium)pyrophosphate. All 5'-triphosphates of nucleoside analogues were tested as termination substrates in cell-free systems with various DNA polymerases. PMID- 3190772 TI - [Compounds similar to acyclovir. II. Synthesis of acyclic analogs of 2' deoxynucleosides]. AB - Acyclic analogues of nucleosides, viz.9- and 3-(1,6-dihydroxy-4-oxahex-3 yl)adenine, 9-(1,6-dihydroxy-4-oxahex-3-yl)guanine, 1-(1,6-dihydroxy-4-oxahex-3 yl)cytosine and thymine, with C3'-C4' bond of the furanose ring cleaved, have been prepared by condensation of trimethylsilyl derivatives of nucleic acid bases with 1,4,6-triacetoxy-3-oxahexane in the presence of Lewis acids followed by treatment with metanolic ammonia. PMID- 3190773 TI - [Relation of the progestagenic activity and conformation of the 17beta-acetyl side chain in the D'6-pentarane series]. AB - The synthesis of 2' beta-methyl-16 alpha,17 alpha-cyclohexanoprogesterone and its MM2 conformational analysis have been performed. The acetyl side chain was shown to have an unusual conformation with the torsion angle C13-C17-C20-O20 being 32.1 degrees. This conformation is by 5.4 kJ.mol-1 more stable than the usual one with the torsion angle 130.3 degrees. 2' beta-Methyl-16 alpha,17 alpha cyclohexanoprogesterone proved to be inactive as a progestogen (pregnancy maintenance and McPhail tests). The lack of the activity may be due to the additional methyl group in D'-ring causing a change of the conformation of the 17 beta-acetyl side chain, thus hindering the formation of the conformation necessary for binding to the progesterone receptor. PMID- 3190774 TI - [Polymer monolayers with immobilized bacteriorhodopsin]. AB - Monolayers of the membrane photosensitive protein, bacteriorhodopsin, have been prepared and investigated. The protein is able to reversibly change areas of monolayers in the course of photoactivation. Chemical immobilization of bacteriorhodopsin in the polymer lipid layer allows limit the protein's conformational mobility in the excited state of photocyle, which is important for study of molecular mechanisms of photoreception and design of biosensor devices. PMID- 3190775 TI - [Chemico-enzymatic synthesis and cloning of human angiogenin gene in M13mp8 phage]. AB - The nucleotide sequence coding for human angiogenin has been deduced from the published amino acid sequence with the use of codons preferentially utilized in highly expressed E. coli genes. It was divided into forty-three oligonucleotides, which were synthesized by automatic gene assembler and then joined by DNA ligase into three double-stranded blocks, the blocks were consequently cloned and ligated in M13mp8 phage, and the resultant 389-bp DNA sequence coding for human angiogenin was analysed by chain-terminator sequencing technique. PMID- 3190777 TI - [Analysis of 13C-NMR spectra of oligosaccharides using microcomputers]. AB - A microcomputer programme, ANMROL, has been developed to check whether structure of an oligo- or polysaccharide may be elucidated unambiguously from the 13C NMR data. Principles of the programme are described and its application for the series of linear and branched oligosaccharides is discussed. PMID- 3190776 TI - [Compounds similar to acyclovir. III. Synthesis of acyclic analogs of 5' deoxynucleosides]. AB - A convenient method has been proposed for the synthesis of 1,2-dihydroxy-4-oxahex 3-yl and 1-hydroxy-4-oxahex-3-yl derivatives of guanine, adenine, thymine and cytosine, acyclic nucleoside analogues lacking the 3'--4' bond. PMID- 3190778 TI - [Identification of 5-aminovaleric acid as a characteristic product of metabolism of various Clostridium species]. AB - An unusual ninhydrin-positive compound has been isolated from feces of accidentally contaminated Sprague-Dawley autbred rats and identified by mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR spectroscopy techniques as 5-aminovaleric acid. The described procedure of isolation, purification and structure determination can be recommended as a general method of identification of unusual ninhydrin-positive compounds in complex mixtures of biological origin. The 5-aminovaleric acid was found to be produced by an anaerobic bacterium Clostridium bifermentans. It is shown that not all Clostridium spp. excrete his amino acid and that the majority of microorganisms, normally inhabiting intestine of rats, simians and man, do not possess this ability. On the basis of data obtained, the test for 5-aminovaleric acid is proposed to be included into the taxonomy of bacteria. PMID- 3190779 TI - [Primary structure of the "fast" component of avenin (Avena sativa L]. AB - A procedure for the isolation and sequence analysis of the "fast" avenin component (N9) from the oat (Avena sativa L., cv. Narymsky 943) is described. Component N9 was prepared by an ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography on a strong cation exchange column type Mono S (Pharmacia, Sweden) in 4 M urea, pH 3.5, with a linear gradient of NaCl. A polypeptide chain of avenin N9 was reconstructed by the CNBr and tryptic peptides on a model 470A protein gas-phase sequencer (Applied Biosystems, USA). A good yield of tryptic peptides were obtained by an enzymatic hydrolysis of avenin N9 preliminary immobilized on Thiopropyl-Sepharose 6B (Pharmacia, Sweden) at cysteine residues. Avenin N9 consists of 182 amino acid residues end exhibits the features common for all the known prolamins. PMID- 3190780 TI - [Genes coding for RNA-polymerase in bacteria. II. Conservative sites in the central region of the beta-subunit of Pseudomonas putida RNA-polymerase]. AB - SalI--L fragment of the P. putida rpoBC operon has been sequenced and conservative regions of the central part of the RNA-polymerase beta-subunit have been determined. Amino and acid residues interacting with Zn2+ are postulated. PMID- 3190781 TI - Formal education level as a significant marker of clinical status in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Clinical status was assessed in 385 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, according to erythrocyte sedimentation rate, joint count, grip strength, walking time, and other quantitative measures. All measures indicated substantially poorer clinical status in patients who did not complete high school, compared with those who had completed high school. In general, the poorest results were seen in patients with only a grade school education. Progressively better results were seen in patients with some high school education, high school graduates, and patients with some college education. No differences in clinical status were seen among patients who had attended college, graduated from college, or had postgraduate education. Although patients seen at the Veterans Administration Medical Center had lower levels of formal education than those seen at a university clinic and private practices, trends in clinical status according to formal education level were similar in all three clinical settings. Differences in clinical status according to formal education level are not explained by age, sex, duration of disease, clinical setting, or multiple comparisons. Formal education level may identify an important marker of clinical status in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3190782 TI - Postdysenteric reactive arthritis. A clinical and immunogenetic study following an outbreak of salmonellosis. AB - Following an outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella typhimurium, questionnaires were sent to affected individuals and then to the family physicians of any who experienced extra-enteric complications. Of 260 individuals infected with S typhimurium for whom adequate data were obtained, 19 patients developed joint disease (7.3%). All were men; the mean age +/- SD was 39.3 +/- 1.6 years. Among the 16 patients for whom this information was available, the interval from the onset of diarrhea to the onset of joint pain was less than 7 days in 7, 8-21 days in 2, and greater than 21 days in 7. There was a significantly longer duration of diarrhea in those patients with joint disease (mean +/- SEM 15.2 +/- 2.6 days) than in those without complications (10.0 +/- 1.1 days) (P less than 0.01). The joint disease was monarticular in 3 patients and polyarticular in 16. The joints most commonly affected were the elbow (47%), wrist (47%), knee (42%), low back (32%), and shoulder (32%). Six of the 19 patients had at least 1 extraarticular feature: ocular (5 patients), mucosal (1 patient), urethral (2 patients), or cutaneous (1 patient). Of these 19 patients, 11 were located and agreed to HLA typing. Four were positive for HLA-B27, 6 were HLA-B7 positive, and 1 had HLA-Bw60. Of the 4 B27 positive patients, 3 were DR1 positive; of the 6 B7 positive patients, 5 were DR2 positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190783 TI - Progressive ankylosis in mice. An animal model of spondylarthropathy. I. Clinical and radiographic findings. AB - To determine its similarity to human spondylarthropathies, we studied murine progressive ankylosis, a spontaneously occurring disorder of joints in mice. Clinically, peripheral joints were inflamed initially, then became ankylosed in a predictable sequence from distal to proximal. Forefeet were involved before hindfeet. Axial joint involvement produced severe spinal ankylosis. Extraarticular manifestations included balanitis and crusting skin lesions. Radiographically, bony erosions and calcification of articular and periarticular tissues were extensive, and vertebral syndesmophytes produced a "bamboo" spine. We conclude that progressive ankylosis is a systemic disease with many clinical and radiographic similarities to human spondylarthropathies, and it may represent a useful animal model for the study of the human diseases. PMID- 3190784 TI - Examination of subchondral bone architecture in experimental osteoarthritis by microscopic computed axial tomography. AB - Subchondral bone changes have been proposed as an early event in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. In this study, microscopic computed axial tomography was used to evaluate the subchondral bone structure in femoral heads from a guinea pig model of osteoarthritis. Examination of trabecular bone within the femoral head showed a highly significant increase in bone fraction in the experimental animals. This was due to the development of trabeculae that were thicker and closer together. We conclude that trabecular remodeling may be an early event in this model of osteoarthritis. PMID- 3190785 TI - A retrospective study of antibodies against basement membrane antigens (type IV collagen and laminin) in patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. AB - Antibodies against type IV collagen were detected in the sera of 21% of patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PRP) and 68% of patients with systemic sclerosis. Sera from 25% of the PRP patients and 48% of systemic sclerosis patients displayed antibodies to laminin. Eighty percent of the patients with PRP and antibodies to basement membrane antigens developed additional serologic or clinical manifestations, whereas only 16% of patients with PRP and no anti basement membrane antibodies developed such manifestations. PMID- 3190786 TI - Lipid microspherules in synovial fluid of patients with pigmented villonodular synovitis. AB - We describe 2 patients with pigmented villonodular synovitis. In both patients, synovial fluids (SF) were characterized by the presence of abundant, strongly birefringent lipid microspherules, which appeared as Maltese crosses and were found both inside foam cells and free in the SF. Histologically, the synovial membranes showed pigmented villonodular synovitis, with aggregation of foam cells containing abundant lipid microspherules in their cytoplasm. Observation of numerous birefringent lipid microspherules and foam cells in SF may be a clue to the diagnosis of pigmented villonodular synovitis. PMID- 3190787 TI - Evaluation of clinical competence in rheumatology training programs. AB - To ensure that members of the public and the medical profession can identify physicians who have demonstrated excellence in the field of rheumatology, the American Board of Internal Medicine has called upon directors of rheumatology training programs to establish systems to evaluate, document, and substantiate those components of overall clinical competence that are considered essential for certification. Many of these abilities can be assessed only by repeated, direct observations. PMID- 3190788 TI - Comment on the article by Summers et al. PMID- 3190789 TI - Are hand radiographs the most suitable for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis? PMID- 3190790 TI - Comment on the letter by Calin et al. PMID- 3190791 TI - General pharmacological properties of muroctasin. AB - General pharmacological effects of N2-[(N-acetyl-muramoyl)-L-alanyl-D isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L-ly sine MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin) were examined and the following results were obtained. 1. Central nervous system: MDP-Lys(L18) had no effect on behavior, spontaneous motor activity, electroshock- and chemoshock induced convulsions, hexobarbital sleeping time, pain threshold (mice), conditioned avoidance response (rats) at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg, s.c. and EEG as well as spinal reflex (cats) at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg, i.v. It produced a significant elevation in body temperature (rabbits) at doses of 13 micrograms/kg, s.c. and greater. 2. Respiratory and cardiovascular system (dogs): MDP-Lys(L18) did not show any significant effect on respiratory and cardiovascular functions at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg i.v. 3. Autonomic nervous system: MDP-Lys(L18) induced a miosis (rabbits) at doses of 13 micrograms/kg s.c. and greater. It did not affect norepinephrine-induced pressor and acetylcholine-induced depressor responses (dogs) and contraction of the nictitating membrane induced by electrical stimulation (cats) at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg i.v. 4. Smooth muscles: In the experiments using the isolated ileum, vas deferens, trachea (guinea pigs) and uterus (rats), MDP-Lys(L18) showed neither spasmogenic nor spasmolytic activity at a concentration of 4 x 10(-6) g/ml. Gastrointestinal propulsion (mice), gastric mucosa, gastric emptying rate and gastric secretion (rats) were not affected by this drug at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg s.c. MDP-Lys(L18) did not influence gastrointestinal motility (dogs) at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg, i.v. 5. Miscellaneous: MDP(L-18) suppressed carrageenan-induced edema (rats) at doses of 0.13 mg/kg s.c. and greater.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190792 TI - Metabolic disposition of 14C-muroctasin in laboratory animals. AB - 1. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of N2-[(N acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin), a novel compound having an immunomodulator action, have been studied in mice, rats, rabbits and monkeys. 2. MDP-Lys(L18) was well transferred in the body from the administered site after subcutaneous infection of various doses in all animals. 3. Species differences were observed in the whole blood elimination half-life, the longest being in rabbits with ca. 3 h. The values of other species were less than 2 h. On the other hand, the AUC value was the highest in rabbits followed in decreasing order by monkeys, rats and mice. 4. After the subcutaneous infection of 14C-MDP-Lys(L18) (1 mg/head) to mice, the most organ levels of the radioactivity reached the maximum within 2 h. The level was the highest in liver. Tissue distribution pattern in rats was identical to that in mice. 5. The route of excretion of radioactivity was mainly via expired CO2 in all animals. The values were 40-50% of dose, irrespective of animal species. Excretion rate of the radioactivity in the urine was the highest in rabbits followed in decreasing order by rats, monkeys and mice. The fecal excretion of radioactivity varied from 1-12% of dose among the species. 6. The major urinary and fecal metabolites were lactic acid and MDP-Lys(L18), respectively. It was revealed that MDP-Lys(L18) was rapidly biotransformed to N-acetylmuramic acid, lactic acid and carbon dioxide, successively. PMID- 3190793 TI - Biotransformation of muroctasin in mice. AB - The main metabolite of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6 stearoyl-L-lysine MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin), excreted to the urine and accounting for 15% of the dose, was identified to be R-D-lactic acid by the reverse isotope dilution method in which the metabolite was derivatized to p-bromophenacyl ester, recrystallized and separated into enantiomers by HPLC. The configuration of the lactate moiety in MDP-Lys(L18) was retained during the metabolism. Five metabolites were detected in the liver 5 hours after the administration and 4 of them were identified by TLC as des(GlcNAc)-MDP-Lys(L18), lactic acid, MDP Lys(L18) and N-acetylmuramic acid in comparison with respective authentic compounds. N-Acetylmuramic acid was confirmed further by the reverse isotope dilution method in which it was converted to peracetylated methyl ester and separated by gas chromatography. It was the main metabolite and accounted for 40% of the radioactivity detected in the liver. MDP-Lys which was supposed to be the pharmacologically active metabolite was not detected. The metabolic pathway in which MDP-Lys(L18) was mainly metabolized to N-acetylmuramic acid, lactic acid and carbon dioxide, successively, was proposed. Some portion of the drug was converted to lactic acid via des(GlcNAc)-MDP-Lys(L18). A novel cleavage reaction of the ether linkage between the 3 position of sugar and lactic acid moiety in N acetylmuramic acid was observed. PMID- 3190794 TI - Acute toxicity of muroctasin in mice, rats and dogs. AB - Acute toxicity of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L lysine (MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin), a synthetic muramyl dipeptide derivative, was studied in Std-ddy mice, Std-Wistar rats and beagle dogs by subcutaneous and intravenous administration. Subcutaneous LD50 values were 436 mg/kg for male, 625 mg/kg for female in mice, 761 mg/kg for male, 801 mg/kg for female in rats and more than 200 mg/kg for dogs. Toxic signs included screaming, decrease of locomotor activity, weakness, emaciation and loss of hair, crust formation, necrosis and ulceration around the injection site in all species. Death occurred within 7 days after treatment. Pathological examination revealed inflammation around the injection site. In dogs a subcutaneous cavity with puruloid fluid and enlargement of the axillary lymphnodes were seen in addition. No marked toxic signs and pathological findings were observed in mice and rats after intravenous administration of 90 mg/kg, a critical dose of treatment. PMID- 3190795 TI - Subacute toxicity of muroctasin in mice and dogs. AB - The subacute toxicity of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6 stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys (L18), muroctasin), a synthetic muramyl dipeptide, was investigated in mice and dogs. Both species exhibited leukocytosis, immunologically activated appearances of the axillary lymphnode and splenic white pulp, and irritatic lesions at the injection site, when treated with MDP-Lys(L18) for 4 weeks. Anemia, and synovitis were also found in dogs. These findings reflected main pharmacological action of MDP-Lys(L18), though there was some species difference. PMID- 3190796 TI - Chronic toxicity of muroctasin in mice. AB - The chronic toxicity of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6 stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys(L-18), muroctasin), a synthetic muramyl dipeptide, was investigated in mice. Leukocytosis and immunologically activated appearances of splenic white pulp and lung were seen in mice, when treated with MDP-Lys(L18) for 26 weeks. Furthermore, inflammation around the injection site and synovial epithelium hyperplasia of the tarsal joint occurred in higher incidence in the high dose group. These changes were similar to those seen in the subacute toxicity study with mice. PMID- 3190797 TI - Antigenicity study of muroctasin. AB - Antigenicity study of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6 stearoyl-L-lysi++ + ne (MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin) was carried out in mice, guinea pigs and rabbits with passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), systemic anaphylaxis (SA), Arthus and delayed skin reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mice were sensitized intraperitoneally, twice at 3-week intervals, with MDP-Lys(L18) (40, 400 or 4000 micrograms/kg) or MDP-Lys(L18)-ovalbumin (OA) conjugate (500 micrograms/kg) in alumina gel. No IgE antibodies to MDP-Lys(L18) were detected in the sera obtained from the sensitized mice by 24-h PCA in rat. Guinea pigs were sensitized subcutaneously with MDP-Lys(L18) (4, 40 or 400 micrograms/kg) or MDP-Lys(L18)-OA (2 mg/kg) emulsified in Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvant, 3 times at 2-week intervals. No SA was observed in the sensitized animals after the intravenous injection of MDP-Lys(L18) (1 mg/kg). Rabbits were sensitized subcutaneously with MDP-Lys(L18) (2 or 20 micrograms/kg) or MDP-Lys(L18)-OA (2 mg/kg) emulsified in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, 3 times at 2-week intervals. Neither Arthus nor delayed skin reaction was observed in the sensitized animals after the intradermal injection of MDP-Lys(L18) (2 micrograms/site). Although antibodies to MDP-Lys(L18) were not detected in MDP Lys(L18) sensitized animals, the antibodies were detected in two out of 9 guinea pigs and all of the rabbits in the MDP-Lys(L18)-OA sensitized groups by 4-h PCA after the intravenous injection of MDP-Lys(L18) (1 mg/kg). These results suggest that MDP-Lys(L18) may possess antigenic potential by PCA reaction in guinea pigs. PMID- 3190798 TI - Local tolerance of muroctasin injection in rabbits. AB - The local tolerance of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)- N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys (L18), muroctasin), a synthetic muramyl dipeptide derivative, was investigated in rabbits. One ml of MDP-Lys (L18) injection was administered into the dorsal subcutis in single dose or multiple doses. Pathological examination revealed moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells at the injection sites 2 days after the last injection, but there was a tendency for recovery from this change to occur by the 7th day after injection. In conclusion, the tissue lesion caused by MDP-Lys (L18) injection administered subcutaneously is slight and transient. PMID- 3190799 TI - Reproductive toxicity of muroctasin. AB - The reproductive toxicity of the anomeric mixture of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin), a new immunomodulator, was investigated in mice and rabbits after subcutaneous injection. Neither the male or female fertility nor the reproductive performance of the mice was affected by doses of up to 1 x 10(4) micrograms/kg. MDP-Lys(L18) elicited no evidence of teratogenicity when injected subcutaneous during the period of organogenesis to pregnant mice at doses of up to 3 x 10(4) micrograms/kg, or to pregnant rabbits at doses of up to 25 micrograms/kg. However, the female mice receiving 3 x 10(4) micrograms/kg showed induration and scabbing of the injection sites. Decrease of maternal body weight and food intake was seen in rabbits at doses of 5 and 25 micrograms/kg. Lacrimation, bloodshot eyes and swelling of eyelid were observed in does at a dose of 25 micrograms/kg. In perinatal and postnatal toxicity study in mice using doses of up to 2 x 10(4) micrograms/kg, a decrease in body weight of dams was seen at a dose of 2 x 10(4) micrograms/kg. Decrease in body weight of pups at birth was observed at a dose of 2 x 10(4) micrograms/kg. PMID- 3190800 TI - Restorative activity of muroctasin on leukopenia associated with anticancer treatment. AB - The restorative effect of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6 stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin), a muramyl dipeptide derivative, was studied in patients with leukopenia associated with anticancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy. The drug was subcutaneously administered to 102 cancer patients in a single doses of 200 or 400 micrograms, and each dosage was given either every day for 6 days or every other day over a 5-day period. White blood cell (WBC) counts were made before, during and after treatment. MDP-Lys(L18) was most effective in patients receiving the drug every day and the 400 micrograms dose was somewhat superior to the 200 micrograms dose in augmenting the WBC population. Overall, the response to MDP-Lys(L18), in terms of the increase in number of WBCs, was good to excellent in 41.6% of patients. MDP-Lys(L18) was considerably more effective in patients with solid tumors than in those with hematological malignancies. The most common side effect was fever, which was dose dependent, more pronounced with alternate-day dosing, and generally well controlled with antipyretics. The results of this study indicate that MDP Lys(L18) is useful in improving the WBC count in leukopenic cancer patients treated with anticancer therapy. Considering the efficacy and side effect profiles together, it is suggested that 200 micrograms/day for 6 consecutive days is the optimal treatment regimen. PMID- 3190801 TI - Muroctasin. A new muramyl dipeptide derivative, MDP-Lys(L18). PMID- 3190802 TI - Physico-chemical properties of muroctasin. AB - N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-N6-stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP Lys(L18), muroctasin) was studied to clarify its chemical structure and physico chemical properties. The chemical structure of MDP-Lys(L18) was confirmed by UV, IR, NMR and MS analyses as well as by elemental analysis. The physico-chemical properties were investigated by thermal analysis, powder X-ray analysis, ionization constant measurement, high-performance liquid and thin-layer chromatography. PMID- 3190803 TI - Studies on the stability of muroctasin and degradation products built under extreme conditions. AB - Decomposition of N2-[(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L lysine (MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin) under extreme conditions was investigated. MDP Lys(L18) in an aqueous solution was heated under reflux for 4 h to give the decomposition products D-1, D-2, D-3 and D-4. Reaction of MDP-Lys(L18) with 0.1N NaOH at room temperature for 5 h gave D-1, and that with 1 N HCl under reflux for 1 h afforded D-4. MDP-Lys(L18) was found to be stable to light and heat. MDP Lys(L18) in a powder form was stored at room temperature or at 25 degrees C and 75% relative humidity for 3 days to 18 months. Quantitative analysis, thin-layer chromatography, and tests for appearance and color change, etc., were performed in the stored samples. MDP-Lys(L18) was found to be stable, but hygroscopic. PMID- 3190804 TI - Specific binding sites of muroctasin on murine macrophages. AB - The specific binding sites for N2-[N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6 stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin), a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analog, on murine macrophages were investigated using [3H]-MDP-Lys(L18). The specific binding sites were found to be located on macrophage membrane and not to cross-react with MDP. It was also found that MDP-Lys(L18) was not metabolized by macrophages. PMID- 3190805 TI - In vitro and in vivo augmentation by muroctasin of the production of the third component of complement by murine macrophages. AB - In vitro and in vivo examinations were carried out to assess the influence of N2 [(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys (L18), muroctasin) on the biosynthesis of the 3rd component of complement (C3) of murine peritoneal macrophages. The amount of C3 in the supernatant of the macrophages cultured in serum free minimal essential medium (MEM) was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. The in vitro C3 production by the cultured macrophages was inhibited by treatment with cycloheximide, but promoted dose-relatedly with MDP-Lys (L18). The in vitro ability of peritoneal macrophages derived from mice treated subcutaneously with MDP-Lys (L18) to produce C3 was also augmented significantly: a diphase pattern of production was noticed during the 120 h following administration. According to the immunoelectrophoretic analysis, C3 thus produced by cultured peritoneal macrophages was identical with the native C3 in serum. PMID- 3190807 TI - Euphylong. A new sustained-release theophylline pellet formulation for once-daily evening administration. PMID- 3190806 TI - Stimulation of plasma fibronectin production in mice by muroctasin. AB - The production of plasma fibronectin (PFN) in mice treated subcutaneously with N2 [(N-acetylmuramoyl)-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl]-N6-stearoyl-L-lysine (MDP-Lys(L18), muroctasin), was examined. The plasma levels of PFN in mice increased significantly by treatment with a single dose of 10 to 100 micrograms/mouse of MDP-Lys(L18). A slight strain difference in the PFN levels among Std: ddY, C3H/He, and DBA 2 mice was observed: the percent increases at the maximal level in Std: ddY, C3H/He, and DBA/2 mice were 21.6, 19.9, and 10.4, respectively. In Std: ddY mice, the concentration of PFN reached the maximal level at 15 h post treatment, and decreased gradually of the normal level by 48 h. These results indicate that MDP-Lys(L18) stimulates the PFN production in mice. PMID- 3190808 TI - Galenical development of a new sustained-release theophylline pellet formulation for once-daily administration. AB - Euphylong is a sustained-release product consisting of encapsulated pellets covered with a porous membrane. Since the mechanism of release is osmotic, this new formulation has been termed a "micro-osmotic system". The course of theophylline release is linear over a wide range and is independent of pH value, surface tension and buffer concentration of the dissolution medium. Furthermore, the in-vitro release remains largely uninfluenced by the dissolution model used and by agitation of the dissolution medium. Variations in the in-vitro release profiles produce variations in the in-vivo absorption profiles determined by deconvolution. It is therefore possible, irrespective of the dissolution model and medium used, to produce in-vitro release profiles that enable in-vivo absorption to be predicted by varying the thickness or porosity of the membrane. PMID- 3190809 TI - Validation of the pellet coating process used for a new sustained-release theophylline formulation. AB - Within the scope of the validation process described in this report, the influence of the process parameters on the factors determining the quality of Euphylong pellets during the spraying process is examined. The process is challenged within the meaning of the validation guidelines. Investigations within the scope of product-independent validation of the automated fluid bed coating apparatus (Wurster setup) used here provide the basis for installation qualification and operational qualification as defined by the PIC convention and the GMP guidelines. Within the scope of a classification of risks, potential operating and system errors are examined, giving consideration to the worst case conditions, and the relevance of the "blue book" to the process is discussed. Three critical process parameters (spraying temperature, air velocity and relative humidity) are investigated with respect to their influence on the goal parameter "in-vitro release of the active ingredient after 1 h". Product-related validation of the process is accomplished by means of statistical experimental design (factorial design). Statistical analysis is done using the methods described by Box-Wilson and Yates and by response surface research and grid search methods via contour plots and isometric graphs. This yields the acceptable range of process parameters with respect to product quality. Finally the differences between validation and optimization are discussed. PMID- 3190810 TI - Validation of the in-vitro dissolution method used for a new sustained-release theophylline pellet formulation. AB - The in-vitro release method used within the scope of the galenical development of Euphylong pellets and subsequently employed on a routine basis is described. The suitability of the method is demonstrated by means of the validation procedure. The release system used is based on the standard USP XXI apparatus (paddle method) and consists of three essential components: a) dissolution apparatus (paddle model). b) measuring unit (spectrophotometer), c) data acquisition and analysis system. It is demonstrated that in-vitro release rates of theophylline from Euphylong pellets can be accurately investigated with other models as well, since the course of release is not affected by pH value, buffer capacity, surface tension, turbulence of the dissolution medium or agitation by the apparatus. The accuracy of the method as well as its precision and ruggedness are investigated and described. The influences arising from the withdrawal of specimens from the bulk product and of sampling from the release vessel are discussed. The accuracy of the analytical records generated by the computer system is shown and the ruggedness of the analytical program investigated under "worst case conditions". The documentation of the results obtained is described and examined with respect to reliability in the face of system and operating errors. All pertinent guidelines (GAP, FIP guidelines for dissolution testing, etc.) are taken into consideration and their relevance to the above investigation assessed. PMID- 3190811 TI - Feasibility of in-vitro/in-vivo correlation in the case of a new sustained release theophylline pellet formulation. AB - This contribution attempts to relate the in-vitro drug release properties of theophylline from Euphylong pellets to serum theophylline concentration/time curves. Comparisons are made according to methods presented in recent publications (e.g. using mean residence time) and by juxtaposition of analogous values. For this, the mutual relationship of equal release times (absorption) and % amounts released or absorbed at fixed times are evaluated. The in-vitro data required for the computational evaluations were obtained using a paddle apparatus (according to USP XXI) at 100 rpm, buffer pH 7.4. The feasibility of converting the in-vitro to the in-vivo curve by means of a chronological transformation is examined, as well as in-vitro/in-vivo dependence on numerically fitted model parameters. Finally, in an attempt to imitate the in-vivo curve profile, the apparatus parameters for the in-vitro tests were subjected to extreme variation. The effect of the presence or absence of sink conditions is discussed and evaluated. In the concluding overview, the feasibility of predicting the in vivo behaviour of Euphylong pellets on the basis of current so-called "in-vitro/in vivo correlation" procedures is assessed. PMID- 3190812 TI - A novel approach to the specification of in-vitro dissolution boundaries based on regulatory requirements for bioequivalence. AB - Although bioequivalence between products has gained considerable importance over the last few years, the concept has not yet been transferred to "within product bioequivalence", i.e. "batch-to-batch bioequivalence". Two different formulations of an active substance are considered bioequivalent if they differ by not more than 20% in rate and extent of absorption. This regulatory requirement should also be satisfied for two different batches of the same formulation ("within product bioequivalence"). Euphylong pellets appear to be the first sustained release theophylline formulation for which data on the "within product bioequivalence" can be presented. The upper and lower limits of the in-vitro dissolution were specified so that even the most extreme batches within these specifications, which normally do not occur among production batches, are bioequivalent. This novel procedure requires that the in-vitro method used is suitable to detect in-vivo differences. Furthermore, it should be able to predict the in-vivo absorption kinetics on the basis of in-vitro data, at least insofar as a discriminatory ranking is concerned. It has been shown how this approach has lead to the in-vitro specifications of Euphylong pellets and how specially manufactured experimental batches representing the upper and lower specification limits were tested for bioequivalence. Finally, it is shown that a typical production batch conforms well with the specification limits and does not reach the extremes of the experimental batches which were specially manufactured for the purpose of this study. PMID- 3190813 TI - Pharmacokinetic profile of a new sustained-release theophylline pellet formulation for once-daily evening administration. AB - Euphylong is a new anhydrous theophylline sustained-release pellet formulation developed for once-daily administration in the evening in normal and slow metabolizers, and unequally divided twice-daily administration in fast metabolizers. Its pharmacokinetics have been investigated with respect to bioavailability, peak-trough fluctuation, nocturnal plateau profile, food effects, predictability and reproducibility between subjects and from day to day. To this end, 7 single-dose and 4 multiple-dose, randomized, cross-over studies were performed in a total of 168 healthy, normal, male volunteers. In order to match the dosage strengths of three reference products, capsules containing different amounts of pellets--also referred to as Euphylong pellets--have been used. Absolute bioavailability of theophylline from Euphylong was 88 and 100%, depending on the rate and the total dose of the intravenous reference infusions. Relative bioavailability ranged between 85 and 112%, depending on the reference formulations. The peak-trough fluctuation was reduced for Euphylong pellets in comparison with other once-daily theophyllines, by more than 30% in the case of a reference tablet. In contrast to another once-daily theophylline capsule, Euphylong pellets seem to be hardly affected by meals. Moreover, in view of the known variability of theophylline pharmacokinetics both between subjects and from day to day, the nocturnal plateau profile, which is characteristic of Euphylong, is extremely reproducible. The nocturnal excess is consistently 30-40% and the plateau time is consistently 11-12 h in normal metabolizers. The long nocturnal plateau profile together with the high reproducibility of Euphylong pharmacokinetics enable an easy and safe adjustment of the dose tailored to the needs of the individual patient. In addition, the time of the evening dose and its relationship to meals is not critical in the case of Euphylong pellets. Particularly patients presenting with nocturnal asthma, which is one of the major areas of theophylline therapy, should have a clinically relevant benefit from Euphylong. PMID- 3190814 TI - Theophylline therapeutic drug monitoring in the case of a new sustained-release pellet formulation for once-daily evening administration. AB - In view of the large interindividual differences in theophylline clearance and the narrow therapeutic range it is essential to individualize the theophylline dose. In order to do so, estimation of minimum and maximum serum theophylline concentrations during one dosing interval from one or two blood samples is desirable, particularly in the case of once-daily administration. Whereas the minimum (trough) concentration can be readily estimated from the pre-dose level, the maximum (peak) concentration occurs at night. For Euphylong, a new sustained release theophylline pellet formulation, administered once-daily in the evening, for example between 7 p.m. and 8 p.m., the nocturnal maximum concentration can be calculated as 110-120% of the serum theophylline concentration determined from a blood sample taken in the early morning, for example between 7 a.m. and 8 a.m. This procedure works not only for mean data but also on an individual basis. The procedure is based on the extended nocturnal plateau profile of Euphylong with its high reproducibility and cannot be transferred to other formulations. PMID- 3190815 TI - A familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia with low uptake of high density lipoproteins into peripheral lymphocytes. AB - A patient with an extremely high level of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and HDLc-like particles in the serum is discussed. The patient was a 46-year-old female with a serum total cholesterol concentration of 382 mg/dl and HDL-cholesterol level of 214 mg/dl. The HDL-cholesterol levels of her mother, brother, sister and 2 of her daughters were 82 mg/dl, 82 mg/dl, 74 mg/dl, 82 mg/dl and 82 mg/dl, respectively (mean HDL-cholesterol levels of control subjects: 52 +/- 6 mg/dl in males and 55 +/- 8 mg/dl in females). Her serum apolipoprotein A-I and E levels were elevated. Zonal ultracentrifugal analysis of her serum lipoproteins showed that the increased level of HDL-cholesterol was mainly due to HDL2; HDLc-like particles were also recognized between the LDL and HDL fractions. The incorporation of the patient's HDL and HDLc-like particles into cultured HepG2 cells was almost the same as that of HDL (1.063 less than d less than 1.21) from normal control serum. The incorporation of normal control HDL into the patient's peripheral blood lymphocytes was markedly less than that into lymphocytes from normal controls. These findings are discussed in terms of the reason for hyperalphalipoproteinemia in this patient. PMID- 3190816 TI - A novel system of LDL apheresis combining a centrifugal plasma separator with a specific LDL adsorption column. AB - A novel system of low density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) was developed, combining a centrifugal plasma separator (IBM-2997) with a new adsorption column specific to lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B (apo-B), and its operation was compared to previous methods. The present system selectively removed LDL without the substantial reduction of high density lipoprotein that was seen with other methods using membrane filters. The capacity for LDL removal was slightly more reduced with the adsorption column than with the membrane filters when a single column was used. Since the ability to obtain plasma in the centrifugal system was much higher than in the system using membrane filters for plasma separation, efficient apheresis could be performed in a much shorter time, without making an arterio-venous shunt. Remixing of blood cells, such as platelets, with the separated plasma sometimes raises the pressure within the plasma component separator, but the problem could be avoided by withdrawing the buffy coat fraction, using the WBC pump of the IBM separator. In conclusion, the novel system, combining the centrifugal plasma separator with the adsorption column, has proved, in our hands, to be a more useful and more convenient method than those previously used for the treatment of severe FH. PMID- 3190817 TI - Comparison of pulse wave velocity of the aorta between inhabitants of fishing and farming villages in Japan. AB - Pulse wave velocity (PWV) of the aorta was measured in 55 inhabitants of fishing villages and in 49 inhabitants of farming villages, where people normally eat less fish than in the fishing villages. The PWV was significantly slower (indicating less sclerosis) in the fishing villages than in the farming villages (P less than 0.005). This is consistent with a lower incidence of ischemic heart disease in a coastal area, which includes the fishing villages, than in a mountainous area, including the farming villages. It is reported that a long-term fish-diet slows down sclerotic changes of arteries. PMID- 3190818 TI - Immunohistochemical study of intimal protein deposits in the aging vascular wall of normo- and hypertensive patients. AB - In an attempt to obtain immunohistochemical data of use for evaluating the severity and extent of intimal thickening (IT) in normo- and hypertensive patients small-sized arteries were analyzed by the immunoperoxidase staining technique for intimal deposition of albumin, fibrinogen, IgG, IgM and beta lipoprotein. The material included surgical biopsies from 143 temporal arteries and matched autopsy samples of temporal- and interlobar renal arteries from 33 patients. The intimal protein deposits were found to reflect the presence of IT but not the state of hypertension. comparisons between the matched temporal and renal arteries showed rank correlation regarding IT as well as deposition of fibrinogen, IgG and beta-lipoprotein. However, fibrinogen was the only protein, which also showed congruous mean values for the two different arterial types. We therefore conclude that out of the 5 proteins examined in this study, fibrinogen appears to be the most reliable marker of IT in small-sized arteries. PMID- 3190819 TI - Thrombin binding to platelets from hypercholesterolaemic rats. AB - Platelets from rats made hypercholesterolaemic with a diet enriched with milk fat and cholesterol and containing taurocholate to promote hypercholesterolaemia aggregated more extensively to a low concentration of thrombin than platelets from rats given a milk fat-enriched diet containing sitosterol. Total and specific binding of thrombin to platelets from hypercholesterolaemic rats was significantly greater than in controls when expressed per mg platelet protein, per mumol platelet cholesterol, or per unit relative surface area. Total and specific binding of thrombin per platelet were not different between the groups. However, platelets from hypercholesterolaemic rats had less protein and cholesterol, were smaller and had less surface area than control platelets; platelet cholesterol content expressed per mg platelet protein was not different. Thus, the increase in thrombin-binding to the smaller platelets from hypercholesterolaemic rats during the first 10 s after its addition may be responsible, at least in part, for the hypersensitivity of these platelets to thrombin. PMID- 3190820 TI - Enhanced macromolecular permeability of aortic endothelial cells in association with mitosis. AB - Experiments were performed on thoracic aortae of 12 male Sprague-Dawley [corrected] rats to determine the statistical frequency of isolated leaks to Evans blue-albumin (EBA) conjugate at the level of individual cells and to assess the relationship of such leaks to the cell turnover process. Fluorescence microscopy was used to detect leakage of EBA around individual cells, and hematoxylin staining was used to identify cells in mitosis on the same specimens. Although endothelial cell mitosis is very rare in occurrence, 99% of the cells in the M phase were associated with EBA leakage. Since these dividing cells accounted for only one third of all cellular leakage sites, we concluded that significant leakage also occurred in other phases of the cell cycle, probably prior to and after the M phase, or during non-denuding desquamation. PMID- 3190821 TI - Abnormalities in serum lipoprotein composition in patients with premature coronary heart disease compared to serum lipid matched controls. AB - Serum lipoprotein composition was examined in 18 male patients (mean age 44 +/- 0.9 years) who had undergone coronary artery by-pass surgery because of premature coronary heart disease (PCHD) and in 18 control subjects, matched with patients for sex, age, body mass index and serum cholesterol and triglyceride. Cholesterol, triglyceride and apolipoprotein B (apo B) concentrations in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and in low density lipoprotein (LDL) did not differ in the two groups, but high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol was significantly lower in PCHD patients (P less than 0.02). Cholesterol/apo B, triglyceride/apo B and phospholipid/apo B ratios in VLDL were significantly higher in patients than in controls (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.001, respectively). The relative VLDL enrichment in cholesterol was mainly due to the non-esterified moiety (P less than 0.01). These VLDL abnormalities as well as the low HDL-cholesterol suggest an impairment of VLDL catabolism in PCHD patients. PMID- 3190822 TI - Endothelial cell denudation, labelling indices and monocyte attachment in advanced swine coronary artery lesions. AB - This study shows that frank endothelial denudation, as measured by scanning electron microscopy, is associated with coronary artery atherosclerotic lesions in swine fed hyperlipidemic diets for 9 or 18 months. The largest areas of endothelial cell denudation were found to be associated with the most advanced atherosclerotic lesions, and lesser areas of denudation were present in less severely atherosclerotic arteries. Overall, the study suggests that frank endothelial denudation in swine coronaries occurs secondarily to advanced lesion development, and is proportionate to the amount of lesion present. In contrast attachment of monocytes to the endothelial surface was not proportionate to the amount of lesion present. While the number of attached monocytes after 9 or 18 months of a hyperlipidemic diet was much greater than in the mash-fed swine, there was no difference between the two hyperlipidemic groups. In both hyperlipidemic groups, the attached monocytes were concentrated over lesion areas. By scanning electron microscopy, most attached monocytes in these perfused coronary arteries showed a slender foot process extending into a gap between endothelial cells. Endothelial cell turnover, as measured by tritiated thymidine labelling indices, increased with the amount of coronary artery atherosclerosis. However, it did not become significantly greater than in mash-fed swine until advanced lesions developed. PMID- 3190823 TI - Purification and identification of very low density lipoprotein toxicity preventing activity. AB - Toxicity preventing activity (TxPA) is a recently identified substance in serum which counteracts the toxic effect of very low density lipoproteins upon endothelial cells in vitro. In two clinical studies, TxPA was low in individuals with angiographically demonstrable coronary artery disease. An atherogenic index which combines TxPA with lipoprotein cholesterol values classifies individuals with coronary artery disease with an accuracy of greater than 93%. TxPA precipitates with 0.15 M trichloroacetic acid and above 3 M (NH4)2SO4. Activity is present in Cohn fractions IV4 and V and is stabilized by antioxidants. TxPA co elutes with the albumin peak on gel filtration chromatography and as a subcomponent of albumin on ion-exchange chromatography. Isoelectric focusing resolves albumin into two major peaks with pI values of 4.8 and 5.6. The TxPA is identified as the pI 5.6 albumin peak. PMID- 3190824 TI - The effect of platelets on macrophage lipoprotein metabolism. PMID- 3190825 TI - Peri-operative dreaming in paediatric patients who receive suxamethonium. AB - A prospective study is described of peri-operative dreaming in 144 paediatric patients aged 5-14 years who received suxamethonium for day case surgery. No case of awareness was elicited. One group received pretreatment with 80 micrograms/kg [corrected] tubocurarine. The incidence of dreaming in the 72 patients who were not pretreated was 16.7% compared with 2.8% in the patients pretreated with tubocurarine. This difference is statistically significant. The use of an intermittent suxamethonium technique gives a high incidence of dreaming which may be caused by muscle spindle discharge that produces cerebral arousal. Pretreatment with a non-depolarizing agent decreases this risk of dreaming. PMID- 3190826 TI - Myxoma of the jaw bones. An analysis of 13 cases. PMID- 3190827 TI - Louisiana Cancer and Lung Trust Fund Board. PMID- 3190828 TI - Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. PMID- 3190829 TI - Morphological characterisation of lactotrophs separated from the bovine pituitary by a rapid enrichment technique. AB - The morphological characteristics of bovine pituitary cells separated by a rapid enrichment procedure are described. Single-cell suspensions were prepared from pituitary glands of steers by use of a collagenase technique and separated by discontinuous gradient centrifugation. The separation of prolactin- and growth hormone-containing cells was assessed by radioimmunoassay of hormone content and immunocytochemistry, and the distribution of fibroblasts assessed after establishing cell cultures. Morphometric analysis of the fine structure of two fractions respectively enriched and depleted in the proportion of immuno cytochemically-identified lactotrophs was performed after labelling with anti prolactin antiserum coupled to immunogold complex. Cells recovered from the higher-density fraction were more highly granulated, suggesting that this was a major characteristic determining separation. Cells labelled for prolactin could not be distinguished from unlabelled cells on the basis of their granule size range, but unlabelled cells had a significantly greater coefficient of variation. These data suggest that granule density and distribution, but not granule size per se, are useful characteristics for the identification of bovine lactotrophs. PMID- 3190830 TI - Immunocytochemical localization of lipophorins in the flight muscles of the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) at rest and during flight. AB - Locust lipoproteins (lipophorins) were localized by indirect immunofluorescence- and immunogold labelling in cryosections of dorsolongitudinal flight muscles. Immunolabelling was performed with monoclonal antibodies against apolipoproteins epitopes that are exposed at the surfaces of the lipophorin particles. Both at rest and during flight, lipophorins were located only in the wider spaces of the extracellular matrix, in the basement membranes of the individual muscle fibers and in the extracellular spaces that surround interfibrillar tracheoles. No internalization of lipophorins by the flight muscle cells was observed. Our results indicate that the unloading of lipophorins at the flight muscles is an extracellular event. Similarities with the vertebrate system of chylomicron and very-low-density lipoprotein degradation are discussed. PMID- 3190831 TI - Embryogenesis of the connective chordotonal organ in the pedicel of the American cockroach: cell lineage and morphological differentiation. AB - The ontogenesis of single scolopidia of the chordotonal organ of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, takes about 4 days. At 23% embryogenesis (100%=30 d) the first anlagen of scolopidia were identified within the eipithelium by staining with anti-horseradish peroxidase. Reconstruction of the cell lineage of the scolopidial cells was facilitated by two facts: (i) the arrangement of the cells throughout ontogenesis follows a strict pattern, and (ii) daughter cells are recognizable for several hours after mitosis by the cytoplasmic bridge and midbody joining them. When they separate, the midbody undergoes lysosomal degeneration in one of these cells. The earliest recognizable stage is a pair of cells, one of which (cell 1) encloses the other (cell 2) apically. The enclosing cell becomes the accessory cell. Cell 2 divides, yielding the mother cell (cell 3) of two sensory cells which degenerate later, and cell 2'. Cell 2' gives rise to the attachment cell and to cell 2'', which in turn produces the scolopale cell and the mother cell (cell 2'' 2''') of a second pair of sensory cells; the latter are the definitive sensory cells. The end result is the total of 5 cells characteristic of the adult scolopidium. Secretion of the scolopale and cap together with the migration of the sensory cell perikarya into the antennal lumen complete development. PMID- 3190832 TI - Effects of sanguinaria extract on leucocytes and fibroblasts. PMID- 3190833 TI - Dentists' opinions of their undergraduate education. II. Comparisons of the Finnish dental schools. PMID- 3190834 TI - Airline-related trauma may cause post-traumatic stress disorder. PMID- 3190835 TI - Barriers to advanced education for occupational health nurses. PMID- 3190836 TI - AAOHN resource guide: HIV infection/AIDS in the workplace. PMID- 3190837 TI - Managing the nursing shortage: nursing opposes AMA proposal for RCTs. PMID- 3190838 TI - Providing testimony: acting as a witness in legal proceedings. PMID- 3190839 TI - Dermatology diagnosis. Sarcoidosis. PMID- 3190840 TI - [What is the center for sports health and exercise sciences?]. PMID- 3190841 TI - Eye injuries and eye protection in sports: a position statement from the International Federation of Sports Medicine. PMID- 3190842 TI - Congenital esophageal stenosis: a case presentation. PMID- 3190843 TI - Echocardiography diagnosis of a persistent left superior vena cava draining into the coronary sinus. PMID- 3190844 TI - Is aminophylline useful in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? When should corticosteroids be used? PMID- 3190845 TI - New rapid HIV test holds promise for Third World: study. PMID- 3190846 TI - [The diagnosis of AIDS in childhood]. PMID- 3190848 TI - [Axial involvement in juvenile ankylosing spondylitis]. PMID- 3190847 TI - [Effect of nutrition and environment on noradrenergic metabolism of the central nervous system. II. Nutritional and environmental rehabilitation]. PMID- 3190849 TI - [Prognostic index of a system for evaluating the severity of respiratory insufficiency in the critically ill infant]. PMID- 3190850 TI - [Effect of a kaolin-pectin combination on the intestinal absorption of sodium and water when using hydration solutions]. PMID- 3190852 TI - [Meckel syndrome in 2 brothers. Clinical, anatomopathologic and genetic aspects]. PMID- 3190851 TI - [Analysis of varicella mortality in a 15-year period at a pediatric hospital]. PMID- 3190853 TI - [Muscular dystrophy of the Becker type]. PMID- 3190854 TI - [Sexually transmitted diseases as a public health problem]. PMID- 3190855 TI - The ethics of teaching ethics. PMID- 3190856 TI - Evaluation for accountability. PMID- 3190857 TI - Life's not easy when you're first through a course, but. PMID- 3190858 TI - Career advice for the new graduate. PMID- 3190859 TI - Educational change through problem-based learning. PMID- 3190860 TI - Clinical assessment in a college program. PMID- 3190861 TI - Symposium: The kidney: therapeutic implications of ACE inhibition. July 17-18, 1987, San Diego. Proceedings. PMID- 3190862 TI - Why nursing? PMID- 3190863 TI - Use of arterialization of the venous system in reattachment of the avulsed auricle. AB - We attempted to demonstrate that the totally amputated rabbit auricle could survive on nutrient flow provided through arterialization of the venous system. It has been demonstrated by Mundy and Panje that a free flap placed on a large recipient bed and receiving nutrients through retrograde venous flow will survive as frequently as one in which a conventional microvascular anastomosis has been performed. Our groups examined (1) conventional microvascular anastomosis of the amputated appendage to establish survival and demonstrate proficiency with the technique; (2) survival when only venous egress is maintained; and (3) effectiveness of establishing nutrient flow through arterialization of the venous system. Nutrient flow in the first group was through the arterial system. In the second group no nutrient flow was established, but the venous system remained intact. In the last group, nutrient flow existed through retrograde venous profusion. Survival within the groups that underwent reestablishment of nutrient flow through a conventional reanastomosis or through arterialization of the venous system was not significantly different. There were no surviving segments if nutrient flow was not reestablished, but venous channels remained intact. It was shown that nutrient flow to a free-standing appendage can be established through retrograde venous profusion, and that maintenance of venous drainage alone is not sufficient for survival when a limited base exists. We suggest that arterialization of the venous system is a viable means of reestablishing nutrient flow to the amputated auricle. PMID- 3190864 TI - The nasolabial flap. Axial or random? AB - Considerable confusion exists regarding the nature of the blood supply of the inferiorly based nasolabial flap. This report seeks to clarify the situation. Anatomic dissections were performed on 12 cadaveric specimens and microangiography on six others. We confirmed that the facial artery passes deep to the facial mimetic muscles and is not normally included within the flap. Although the vasculature of the flap is technically random, the small vessels of the subdermal plexus are generally oriented along its long axis giving it a "degree of axiality." We believe this vascular orientation is responsible for the flap's reliability. PMID- 3190865 TI - Ethical use of Yellow Pages listings by physicians. AB - A recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine examined the percentage of physicians listed under specialty headings in a Yellow Pages publication who were board certified. The authors presented findings that many of the physicians listed in the Yellow Pages, particularly under the heading of "Plastic Surgery," were not board certified. The source data employed in that article were obtained and reexamined, and it was found that the assumptions used were inaccurate and the methodology flawed. Almost every physician listed under "Plastic Surgery" in the Yellow Pages is board certified. We discuss the conclusions of the original article and its recommendations for control of Yellow Pages listings. We believe that these recommendations are not in the public's best interests and may be illegal as well. PMID- 3190866 TI - Leeches. Objective monitoring of altered perfusion in congested flaps. AB - In plastic and reconstructive surgery, there has been new interest in the use of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) for the treatment of venous congestion. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been performed to objectively demonstrate the benefits of leeching a congested flap. Doppler laser perfusion monitoring (DLPM) was used to record blood flow changes in pig rump flaps compromised by venous occlusion. With the application of leeches to nine congested pig rump flaps, significant increases in blood flow were demonstrated both clinically and by DLPM. It is concluded from this study that DLPM can demonstrate objective improvement in microcirculatory perfusion with leeching. PMID- 3190867 TI - Improved survival of acute skin flaps with amino acids as free radical scavengers. AB - Oxygen-derived free radicals have been shown to be important mediators in ischemia-reperfusion injury to skin flaps. Agents that reduce the level of these free radicals have been used to improve flap survival in model systems. An in vitro study of the interactions between amino acids and hydroxyl radicals by electron spin resonance spectroscopy suggests an intrinsic radical scavenging activity of certain amino acids. The ability of these amino acids to improve acute axial-random skin flap survival was examined in a rat model. Cysteine, methionine, proline, hydroxyproline, histidine, and phenylalanine, given intravenously, significantly improved flap survival over saline controls; alanine gave an intermediate result, while aspartic acid showed no improvement. The in vitro data were generally a good predictor of free radical scavenging ability as manifested by improved flap survival in vivo. Biochemical mechanisms and clinical applications are described. PMID- 3190868 TI - The anterior cricoid split. Clinical experience with extended indications. AB - A recommended approach to postextubation infant subglottic stenosis secondary to subglottic edema employs the recently described anterior cricoid split (ACS) procedure. This technique provides an expanded subglottic airway with minimal paratracheal dissection and does not require concomitant tracheotomy. We applied this procedure in managing extubation difficulty in pediatric as well as neonatal patients. Five of ten patients in our series did not fulfill the traditional criteria for ACS. Relief of stridor and avoidance of tracheotomy were accomplished in nine of ten patients. One patient in whom mechanical ventilation was reinstituted developed an interesting complication. In properly selected infants with subglottic airway compromise, the ACS appears to be an effective adjunct in facilitating extubation. PMID- 3190869 TI - Timing of major events of pharyngeal swallowing. AB - Normal swallowing depends on the synergistic motion of the tongue, larynx, and pharyngeal wall to develop a bolus pressure gradient for bolus transit. However, few studies have provided timing relationships for clinical evaluations. To examine the timing relationships of pharyngeal anatomic motion, pressure generation, and bolus transit in the normal swallow, this study uses a new method, manofluorography, to correlate these swallowing aspects. Thirty-one events were timed by analyzing five swallows each in 14 normal subjects. A different perspective of pharyngeal physiology is presented. PMID- 3190870 TI - A British experience of surgical voice restoration as a primary procedure. AB - It has been the aim of surgeons since Billroth first described laryngectomy to restore speech to the patient. However, a substantial percentage of patients fail to develop esophageal speech. Many authors have confirmed the success of the tracheoesophageal fistula procedure as a means of surgical voice restoration as a secondary procedure. We have performed tracheoesophageal puncture as a primary procedure at the time of laryngectomy in 36 patients, with a success rate of 89%. We believe that primary puncture is the method of choice for surgical voice restoration following laryngectomy. PMID- 3190871 TI - Treatment of sinus cholesteatoma. Long-term results and recurrence rate. AB - We classified cholesteatomas as attic cholesteatoma, developing from Shrapnell's membrane; tensa cholesteatoma, originating in pars tensa, which is subdivided into tensa retraction cholesteatoma involving the entire pars tensa, and sinus cholesteatomas, developing from a posterosuperior retraction (perforation). From 1964 to 1980, one-stage operations were carried out on 271 ears with sinus cholesteatomas. Follow-up included 90% of the patients, and the median observation time was 9.75 years. The recurrence rate was 10%. The recurrence rate was found to be independent of the mastoidectomy type employed. The best hearing results were obtained in ears with intact ossicular chain. We conclude that, wherever possible, sinus cholesteatoma should be removed through the auditory canal without mastoidectomy just as an intact ossicular chain should be preserved. "Canal wall up" and "canal wall down" appear to be equally valuable mastoidectomy types, and both methods must be employed to obtain optimum results. PMID- 3190873 TI - Regulation of negative middle ear pressure without tubal opening. AB - We studied the capacity of the middle ear to regulate a negative pressure despite a closed eustachian tube. The test was performed in a pressure chamber designed for subatmospheric pressures, which enabled us to apply a negative middle ear pressure. In recumbent subjects, the hydrostatic effects of the body position and the negative pressure locked the tube. The subsequent pressure change was monitored by serial tympanometry. Despite a closed eustachian tube, a substantial capacity of reducing negative pressure was present. This capacity is not explained only by hydrostatic effects. The classical "hydrops ex vacuo" theory, which postulates a continuous gas absorption under the present conditions, is not consistent with our findings. Instead, they are in agreement with the view that the turnover of middle ear gas by diffusion is a bidirectional process that may even show a positive balance. PMID- 3190872 TI - Hyaluronan improves the healing of experimental tympanic membrane perforations. A comparison of preparations with different rheologic properties. AB - Preparations of hyaluronan at various concentrations and molecular weights were topically applied to experimental tympanic membrane (TM), perforations in the rat and their ability to improve the healing pattern was elucidated. The perforation occupied the upper posterior quadrant of the TM. Alterations in healing rate and quality of the healed TM were examined by otomicroscopy and in histologic sections. Hyaluronan enhanced the healing rate and resulted in less opacity and structural alteration of the scar area. Closure time for the TM perforation was correlated to the concentration of hyaluronan but not to its molecular weight or viscosity. Improved scar quality was obtained in the presence of hyaluronan irrespective of its rheologic properties. Hyaluronan improved the restoration of the fibrous connective tissue layer. Treatment of TM perforation in man with hyaluronan at high concentrations should be considered as an alternative to myringoplasty. PMID- 3190874 TI - Mental depression is associated with malnutrition in patients with head and neck cancer. AB - We have studied the prevalence of mental disorder in a variety of patients with head and neck cancer in different stages of disease and treatment. All together, 59 patients were studied according to a comprehensive psychopathologic rating score and nutritional status. Six patients refused to answer the comprehensive psychopathologic rating score questionnaire. Of the remaining 53 patients, 13 patients were classified as mentally disordered. Five patients were classified as mentally depressed according to a specific comprehensive psychopathologic rating scale depression score. We found that depression was significantly linked to malnutrition. In total, 30% of our patients with cancer with weight loss demonstrated features that were consonant with depression. This suggests that mental depression is associated with physical improvement rather than with the malignant condition per se. PMID- 3190875 TI - Fractures of the medial infraorbital rim. AB - Fractures of the medial infraorbital rim may occur independently or in conjunction with fractures of the nose and zygoma. Infraorbital fractures are frequently associated with anesthesia in the distribution area of infraorbital nerve and can produce palpable "step-off" deformities. Because roentgenographic and clinical indications of these fractures are often subtle, such injuries may go unrecognized in the presence of more obvious nasal fractures or may be misdiagnosed as "tripod" fractures. A proper recognition of these fractures is necessary for correct diagnosis and treatment. Three cases are presented and seven cases are summarized. PMID- 3190876 TI - Subperiosteal orbital hematoma. An unusual complication of sinusitis. AB - The orbital complications of paranasal sinus infection are well known to otolaryngologists. However, only a few articles have reported subperiosteal orbital hematoma as one of these complications. It is a rare but well-recognized entity in ophthalmology, usually caused by trauma. A case of subperiosteal orbital hematoma secondary to ethmoidal sinusitis is presented. The relevant clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis of subperiosteal orbital hematoma, as well as treatment options, are reviewed and presented as they apply to cases associated with sinusitis. PMID- 3190877 TI - Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma originating in the paranasal sinus. AB - A case of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) occurred in a 60-year-old woman who had a disturbance of right eye movement and visual acuity. She was born and lived in southwest Japan, an endemic area of ATLL. Rhinoscopic and roentgenologic examinations revealed a mass in the ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses. Histologic examination showed a diffuse lymphoma (a medium cell type with T-cell properties). The ATL (adult T-cell leukemia) cells (abnormal multi-lobed lymphocytes) were found in the peripheral blood. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I antibody was found to be 320 times positive. Based on the above findings, the patient's condition was diagnosed as ATLL, and she was treated by chemotherapy. However, the patient died due to general prostration seven months after the onset of the disease. The literature on this disease is summarized. PMID- 3190878 TI - Microscopic surgery for melanoma of the ear. PMID- 3190879 TI - Pathologic quiz case 2. Benign capillary hemangioma. PMID- 3190880 TI - Pathologic quiz case 1. Benign infiltrating intermuscular lipoma. PMID- 3190881 TI - Inhibition by phenylglyoxal of the sodium-coupled fluxes of glucose and phosphate in renal brush-border membranes. AB - The coupling of phosphate and glucose transport to sodium in brush-border membrane vesicles from rat kidney cortex was studied after chemical modification of arginine residues by phenylglyoxal. Phosphate (10 mM) and sodium (20 mM) uptakes were linear for 6 s and stimulated in the presence of their cosubstrate. The sodium:phosphate stoichiometry measured by a direct method was 1.74. Sodium independent phosphate and glucose influx were found to be unaffected by phenylglyoxylation. Phosphate- or glucose-independent sodium influx also remained unaltered by the treatment. However, phosphate influx measured with sodium was inhibited by 69% and sodium influx measured with phosphate was inhibited by 40%. When these values were corrected for uncoupled fluxes, the sodium influx coupled to phosphate and the phosphate influx coupled to sodium were inhibited by 93 and 95%, respectively. Glucose influx measured in the presence of sodium was inhibited by 36% and sodium influx in the presence of glucose was reduced by 39%. When the values were corrected for diffusion, these inhibitions were 95 and 100%, respectively. We conclude that the coupling of phosphate and glucose to sodium fluxes by the renal carriers requires the participation of arginine residue(s) in the translocation process. Modification of this arginine by phenylglyoxal leads to a marked inhibition of coupling. These results suggest the implication of arginine residues in the molecular coupling for both glucose and phosphate sodium symporters. PMID- 3190882 TI - Monoacylglycerol lipase activity in cardiac myocytes. AB - Monoacylglycerol lipase activity in homogenates of isolated myocardial cells (myocytes) from rat hearts was recovered in both particulate and soluble subcellular fractions. The activity present in the microsomal (100,000 X g pellet) fraction was solubilized by treatment with Triton X-100 and combined with the 100,000 X g supernatant fraction; the properties of monoacylglycerol lipase were investigated with this soluble enzyme preparation. The Km for the hydrolysis of a 2-monoolein substrate was 16 microM. The rates of hydrolysis of 1-monoolein and 2-monoolein were identical, and 1-monoolein was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 20 microM) of the hydrolysis of 2-monoolein. Monoacylglycerol lipase activity was regulated by product inhibition according to the following order of potency: fatty acyl CoA greater than free fatty acids greater than fatty acyl carnitine. PMID- 3190884 TI - [Nucleotide sequence of the NADH dehydrogenase gene in mitochondrial DNA from rat liver]. PMID- 3190883 TI - Carrier-dependent and carrier-independent uptake of myo-inositol in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells: activation by heat and concentration. AB - Transport of myo-inositol (MI) was studied in primary cultures of bovine retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. At low external concentrations (0.01-1 mM), uptake appeared to follow saturation kinetics, although the reciprocal forms of the rate equations did not fit either Lineweaver-Burk or Eadie-Hofstee plots. Increasing external concentrations dramatically changed the pattern of MI entry. At two to three orders of magnitude higher than physiological concentrations, a second saturation occurred (pseudo saturation). Cells incubated with 20 microM [3H]MI for 60 min had a ratio of intracellular to extracellular radioactivity greater than or equal to 8, indicating active transport. MI transport reduction by Na+ replacement or inhibitors (phlorizin, ouabain, amiloride, KSCN, iodoacetamide, MI analogues) was greater when RPE cells were incubated with low (20-400 microM) than with high (10-20 mM) MI concentrations. Cells incubated with 20 microM MI at 53 or 65 degrees C showed increased transport (up to 560%) compared with cells at 22 degrees C. The effect on MI uptake (20 microM) of Na+ replacement also was reduced at 53 degrees C. The uptake of MI involved at least two transport systems. The major mechanism at low external MI concentrations (physiological levels) was a carrier-mediated active process. At high external MI levels, uptake occurred by a diffusion process. A lipotropic effect of MI may be responsible for this increased rate of diffusion. PMID- 3190885 TI - [Purification and partial characterization of cholinesterase in Palaemonetes varians]. PMID- 3190886 TI - [Morphometric analysis of the liver of rats, castrated and treated with testosterone]. PMID- 3190887 TI - [Behavior of nucleotides in the liver of the rat after castration and treatment with testosterone]. PMID- 3190889 TI - [Characteristics of epididymal epithelium in the adult roe-buck (Capreolus capreolus L.)]. PMID- 3190888 TI - [Plasma levels of testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol after castration and testosterone load in the rat]. PMID- 3190890 TI - [The secretory system of the thrush pancreas]. PMID- 3190891 TI - [Serum concentrations of IgE in the 1st days of life]. PMID- 3190892 TI - About some relationships between spectral EEG parameters and late AEPS. A preliminary report. PMID- 3190893 TI - [Phenotypic and karyotypic aspects of a spontaneously transformed mouse cell line]. PMID- 3190894 TI - [The pituitary in the cirrhotic patient: hormonal data]. PMID- 3190895 TI - [The galactose clearance capacity and values of reverse T3 in liver cirrhosis]. PMID- 3190896 TI - [Ultrastructure of possible human elastocytes]. PMID- 3190897 TI - [Evidence of presynaptic inhibitory activity in mechanosensory afferents directed to the solitary nucleus in frogs]. PMID- 3190898 TI - [Reflex action of extralingual mechanosensory afferents in the solitary tract nucleus]. PMID- 3190899 TI - Disseminated Yoshida ascites tumor cells in the liver are still tumorigenic after liver storing at -80 degrees C. PMID- 3190900 TI - Host cell-tumor cell interactions in a 24 hour transplanted Yoshida ascites tumor. PMID- 3190901 TI - [Acoustic and tactile stimuli: bioelectric responses]. PMID- 3190902 TI - Decreased membrane fluidity in polymorphonuclear cells in psoriasis. PMID- 3190903 TI - [Behavior of serotonin and catecholamines during development and aging in the rat]. PMID- 3190904 TI - Morphological observations on follicular oocytes recovered during pregnancy in sheep and goats. PMID- 3190905 TI - [Progressive muscular dystrophy: CPK, LDH, ALD (aldolase)--EMG, ECG in patients and their families]. PMID- 3190907 TI - [Steroid receptors in human renal adenocarcinoma: preliminary experience]. PMID- 3190906 TI - [Plasma level of hemopexin (Hpx) in families with progressive muscular dystrophy (PMD)]. PMID- 3190908 TI - [Biology and natural history of prostatic cancer: necessity of early diagnostic screening]. PMID- 3190909 TI - In vitro reconstituted basement membrane: effects of a proteinase inhibitor on attachment and migration of breast carcinoma MCF7 cells. PMID- 3190910 TI - [Neurotoxic and teratogenic risks of vincristine in the rat]. PMID- 3190911 TI - Ciliated metaplasia in a gastric adenoma in a Swedish patient. AB - The second European case of ciliated gastric metaplasia is presented, this time in a Swedish patient. Cilia were found in cystically dilated glands underneath a gastric adenoma. The possibility that cilia represent adaptative metaplasia aimed at expelling the retained mucus within the cysts is discussed. PMID- 3190912 TI - The lymphoepithelial phenomenon of the stomach. A case report. AB - A large number of lymphocytes each surrounded by a clear halo were found in the foveolar epithelium of the fundic region and the antrum in a gastric biopsy from a patient with epigastric complaints. Electron microscopical studies demonstrated the presence of intraepithelial "in-halo" lymphocytes both underneath, between two contiguous, and within foveolar gastric cells. Normal numbers of lymphocytes (without haloes) were found in the lamina propria, suggesting that this epithelial lymphocytosis may be unrelated to "classical" chronic gastritis. The possibility of an autoimmune phenomenon at the foveolar cell level was discussed. The absence of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the glandular epithelium suggests that this phenomenon may be unrelated to the type of autoimmunity found in pernicious anaemia. PMID- 3190913 TI - Age-dependent IgG subclass distribution of phosphocholine antibodies in humans. AB - Plasma antiphosphoryl-choline (Pc) antibodies were analyzed regarding class and subclass distribution (IgG, IgG1-4, IgM and IgA). Plasma was collected from healthy and otitis-prone children, 1 and 3 years of age, and healthy adults. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used, utilizing monoclonal antibodies to human IgG subclass determinants. Divergent patterns emerged when comparing children with adults. At 1 year of age the anti-PC IgG1 levels were higher in both of the two children groups than in adults, while the reverse pattern was seen for IgG2 antibodies. There was no correlation between total plasma levels of IgG1-4 immunoglobulins and the ELISA value of specific antibody. The age-dependent subclass patterns corresponded to the earlier descriptions of antibodies to certain pneumococcus polysaccharides. Anti-Pc antibody levels were unrelated to predisposition to otitis media. PMID- 3190914 TI - Neutrophil migration in vivo and in vitro in healthy neutropenic subjects. AB - Migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was studied in six healthy subjects with neutropenia (peripheral blood neutrophil count less than or equal to 1.5 X 10(9)/1). Determined as migration differentials, chemotactic and chemokinetic responsiveness tended to be higher in the neutropenic group. Despite this slight tendency to increased responsiveness in vitro, migration in vivo proceeded more slowly in the neutropenic group than in the control group: at 12 hours the leukocyte counts in the skin chamber media were significantly lower, whereas at 24 hours they were nearly normal. Our results show that PMN migration in healthy neutropenic subjects is different from that in healthy non-neutropenic subjects. These differences should be taken into account in the evaluation of the role of aberrant PMN migration in the development of infectious episodes in a neutropenic patient. PMID- 3190915 TI - First isolations of Borrelia burgdorferi from rodents collected in northern Europe. AB - Spirochetes were found in 13% of Ixodes ricinus collected from an island, near Stockholm where human borreliosis is endemic. Borrelia burgdorferi was cultivated from the kidney and/or spleen of wild rodents (Clethrionomys glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis) from the same island. Spirochetes were identified as Borrelia burgdorferi by indirect immunofluorescence assays using species and genus specific monoclonal antibodies. In these tests the spirochetes could not be differentiated from strains previously cultured from Swedish patients with Ixodes borne borreliosis. The results show that small rodents in Europe may harbour borreliae and indicate that C. glareolus and A. flavicollis may be important reservoirs for the spirochetes causing Ixodes-borne borreliosis in humans and domestic animals in Europe. PMID- 3190916 TI - False-positive band in the gp41 region in anti-HIV western blotting. AB - A consistently positive ELISA reaction and a band in the gp41-region of the HIV-1 western blot were found in repeated serum samples from a healthy pregnant woman. The band was more clearly defined than the HIV gp41 band. Additional ELISA testing and repeated western blot analyses using different test kit batches confirmed our suspicion of a false-positive reaction. PMID- 3190917 TI - Differentiation between infarction and cardiomyopathy in left bundle branch block by parametric radionuclide imaging. AB - In LBBB the diagnosis of the underlying disease, i.e. infarction (MI) or cardiomyopathy (CMP), is still a challenge. In this study, the usefulness of radionuclide ventriculography (RNV) for solving this problem noninvasively was tested. The hypothesis was that quantitation of the space-time sequence of left ventricular (LV) contraction by Fourier analysis may differentiate among MI, CMP, and LBBB-specific wall motion abnormalities (WMA). Forty-seven patients (pts) with LBBB were divided into 3 groups: 1) 20 pts with MI, 2) 7 pts with CMP, 3) 20 pts without MI or CMP. Regional parametric amplitude and phase data of eight LV sectors were calculated and expressed in standard deviation units (SDU) of normal. Out of the many regional data only the values of the mean amplitude and the standard deviation of the mean phase shift showed high discriminative power for separating the three groups, with an average squared canonic correlation of 0.5 and a Wilks lambda of 0.22, respectively. In other words, 17 of 20 pts in group 1, 6 of 7 pts in group 2, and 19 of 20 pts in group 3 were truly diagnosed by RNV alone. Such a separation also seems reasonable physiologically, since the mean amplitude reflects global left ventricular function and standard deviation of phase is a measure of time homogeneity of contraction. Furthermore, there was a significant septal phase delay of -4.92 +/- 5.3 SDU in 15 pts with septal MI compared to group 3 pts, who had a subtle premature septal motion of +0.75 +/- 2.64 SDU, whereas the septal amplitude was not different and slightly decreased in both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190918 TI - Changes of portal systemic shunting after sclerotherapy and/or partial splenic embolization observed by thallium-201 per rectal administration. AB - Tl-201 per-rectal scintigraphy was performed before and after injection sclerotherapy of esophageal varices and/or partial splenic embolization in patients with esophageal varices to observe the changes of portal systemic shunting by these treatments. The changes in the heart-to-liver uptake ratio of Tl-201 after injection sclerotherapy ranged widely from a decrease to an increase with a mean change rate (mean of the absolute value of change rate) and one standard deviation of 19.0 +/- 19.9%. By partial splenic embolization the heart to-liver uptake ratio was decreased significantly with the mean change rate and one standard deviation of 26.2 +/- 17.4% (P less than .05). This noninvasive and simple method seems to be useful in evaluating pathophysiological changes of portal systemic shunting observed from inferior mesenteric vein blood flow after treatments of portal circulation system. PMID- 3190919 TI - Changes of erythrocyte membrane fluidity associated with childhood obesity: a molecular study using fluorescence spectroscopy. AB - Fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene has been used to investigate the physical state of erythrocyte membranes from 36 obese children in absence of endocrine and metabolic disorders involving alterations of blood lipid pattern. A decrease of membrane fluidity, as shown by an increase of fluorescence polarization, was evident in obese subjects in comparison with the controls. The study of membrane composition has revealed an increase of cholesterol content and of cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio, both being positively correlated with the observed changes of membrane fluidity. Moreover a correlation of membrane fluidity is also observed with body-mass index and plasma cholesterol levels. The results are discussed in the light of the possible use of erythrocyte membrane as a model to detect early alterations in the exchanges between erythrocyte membrane and lipoproteins in obesity. PMID- 3190920 TI - pH-dependent glycine uptake in the presence and absence of sodium ions from rat small intestine. AB - Intestinal uptake of glycine in rats was stimulated 15-20% in the presence of 120 mM Na at pH 6.0 and below but around neutral pH, the amino acid uptake was augmented to 60% compared to that in the Na-free medium. Glycine uptake was 30% more at pH 5.5 compared to that at pH 7.3 in the absence of Na. Kinetic analysis revealed a decrease in Kt for glycine uptake (9.62 mM) at pH 5.5 compared to that at pH 7.3 (Kt = 16.67 mM) with no change in maximal velocity (1.51 mumole/10 min/g tissue) in Na-free buffer. Addition of -SH group reacting reagents to the incubation medium produced 36-58% inhibition of glycine uptake in the presence of Na. However, in absence of Na, inhibition of the order of 21-35% and 8-23% was observed at pH 5.5 and 7.0, respectively. These findings suggest that glycine uptake in rat intestine is influenced by pH and -SH groups are implicated in the process(es). PMID- 3190921 TI - Acidic glutathione transferase from human heart. Characterization and N-terminal sequence determination. AB - The anionic glutathione transferase of human heart has been purified to homogeneity by using DEAE-cellulose, affinity chromatography, and FPLC. The enzyme has an isoelectric point at pH 4.75 and has an electrophoretic mobility on SDS-PAGE identical to placental transferase pi, indicating that the heart enzyme is formed by two similar subunits of 23,000 Mr. Upon isoelectric focusing on ampholine PAG plates the enzyme recovered from FPLC gave two bands of activity at pH 4.75 and 4.9 which were reduced to essentially a single band at pH 4.75 after incubation with dithiothreitol. In the immunodiffusion experiment, the heart enzyme gave a positive precipitin line with the antibodies against transferase pi but not with antibodies prepared against the "basic" transferase of human skin or against the "near-neutral" transferase of human uterus. The substrate specificities, the sensitivities to characteristic inhibitors, the amino acid composition, together with the immunological studies, strongly indicate that the anionic enzyme of human heart is closely related to the transferase pi of human placenta. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 48 residues was determined and compared with the N-terminal region of other reported human glutathione transferase sequences. The heart enzyme differs from the placental enzyme in a single residue (Trp instead of Arg in the 28th position) further supporting their similarity. PMID- 3190922 TI - Sodium benzoate inhibits fatty acid oxidation in rat liver: effect on ammonia levels. AB - Sodium benzoate inhibited PC and octanoic acid-mediated State 3 respiration rates by 39 and 29%, respectively, at 0.5 mM in isolated rat liver mitochondria. At 2 mM, benzoate did not affect State 3 respiration rates with either succinate or malate plus glutamate, indicating that it did not act as an uncoupler. The oxidation of palmitate and octanoate was inhibited by 39 and 54% at 2 mM benzoate in liver homogenates. Benzoate, at 10 mmol/kg caused significant decreases in the levels of hepatic ATP, CoA, and acetyl-CoA. Administration of sodium benzoate to rats caused a dose-dependent increase in hepatic ammonia levels. However, the inhibitory effect of benzoate on fatty acid oxidation is not mediated through ammonia since ammonium chloride, at 1 mM, did not inhibit PC or octanoate oxidation in mitochondria or their oxidation in liver homogenate. Our results warrant a reevaluation of the use of sodium benzoate in the treatment of hyperammonemia. PMID- 3190923 TI - Ischemia-induced alterations of mitochondrial structure and function in brain, liver, and heart muscle of young and senescent rats. AB - Young and senescent rats (3 and 28-30 months old) were subjected to complete ischemia at 37 degrees C in order to study function and structure of mitochondria isolated from liver, heart muscle, and brain. The rates of energy-coupled respiration and ATP synthesis were found to decrease progressively in relation to time of ischemia. The respiratory rates in the absence of ADP (state 4 respiration) did not increase after exposure to ischemia, suggesting that ischemia primarily affects electron transport rather than the energy coupling system. Mitochondria of heart muscle were more affected by ischemia than mitochondria of brain and liver. Liver and heart muscle mitochondria obtained from young rats were found to be slightly more sensitive to short periods of ischemia than those isolated from senescent animals. PMID- 3190925 TI - Determination of inhibition constants, I50 values and the type of inhibition for enzyme-catalyzed reactions. AB - A procedure is proposed for determining whether an inhibitor of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is competitive, noncompetitive, or uncompetitive with respect to the substrate. The method is based on fitting the equation for noncompetitive inhibition to data obtained by measuring the rate of the reaction over a range of substrate and inhibitor concentrations. The results of this fit may suggest that the inhibition may be either competitive or uncompetitive, whereupon the data are reanalyzed using the appropriate equation. Comparison of this second fit with the first using an F test permits a statistical decision to be made on the type of inhibition. The chosen fit yields values and standard errors for the Michaelis Menten parameters (maximum velocity and Michaelis constant), as well as the inhibition constant(s). From these values it is then possible to predict the I50, and its standard error, at any chosen substrate concentration, thereby facilitating comparison with results obtained with similar inhibitors, for homologous enzymes, or in other laboratories. PMID- 3190924 TI - Estradiol-produced modifications on the response to glucose of hepatocytes from fasted rats. AB - Estradiol treatment modified the metabolic responses of fasted rat hepatocytes to exogenous glucose with respect to glucose utilization and cytosolic NADPH generating enzymes. The estrogen abolished the glucose-stimulated gluconeogenic capacity displayed by control rat cells while promoting a net uptake of exogenous glucose and enhancing the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Estradiol also caused an increase in the activity of the isocitrate dehydrogenase that may be related to the enhanced needs of NADPH by hepatocytes for steroid hormone catabolism. PMID- 3190926 TI - Growth rate determines activity of porphobilinogen deaminase both in nonmalignant and malignant cell lines. AB - PBGD activity and growth rate were determined in cultures of rat embryo fibroblasts, nontransformed and MLV/MS transformed fibroblastic cell lines; NIH 3T3 cells, and in a mouse lymphosarcoma cell line [L-929]. The two parameters examined correlate positively (P less than 0.001). The results of this investigation would seem to indicate clearly that porphobilinogen deaminase activity is related to growth. However, these experiments do not rule out the possibility that malignant transformation per se also causes changes in porphobilinogen deaminase activity. PMID- 3190928 TI - [The epidemiology and statistics of brain tumors in Japan]. PMID- 3190927 TI - On the uptake of biotin by the rat renal tubule. AB - Little is known of biotin handling by transporting epithelium. Accordingly, we have examined the characteristics of biotin uptake by rat renal tubular epithelium. Renal cortical slices showed concentrative, temperature-sensitive uptake of biotin. Renal brushborder membrane vesicles exhibited an "overshoot" phenomenon with uptake of 1.9 nM biotin in the presence of a 100 mM NaCl gradient. This overshoot was reduced in magnitude with reduction of the sodium gradient to 50 mM. Biocytin significantly reduced uptake by the vesicles. Concentration-dependent studies yielded an apparent transport Km of 200 nM. We conclude that biotin is actively transported by the rat renal proximal tubule by a system which is at least partially Na+ dependent, and shared by biocytin. PMID- 3190929 TI - [Viral oncogenesis of brain tumor]. PMID- 3190930 TI - [Oncogene of brain tumor]. PMID- 3190931 TI - [A case of pseudohypoparathyroidism with intracerebral calcification]. AB - Intracerebral calcifications, especially in the basal ganglia, are observed in many kinds of diseases. A 41-year-old man is reported, who suffered from an acute epidural hematoma and underwent surgery to remove the hematoma. We detected very extensive intracerebral calcification on CT. Laboratory findings revealed hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. General physical examination revealed characteristics typical of pseudohypoparathyroidism. The patient was diagnosed as having pseudohypoparathyroidism type I by the Ellsworth-Howard test. Since the advent of CT, the incidence of basal ganglia calcification has increased. CT is 5 to 15 times more sensitive than skull radiography in the detection of intracerebral calcification. Although many pathological states can cause basal ganglia calcification, most of the calcifications which are recognized on CT scans are physiological. But in cases in which basal ganglia calcifications are recognized also on plain radiographs, various kinds of symptoms including ones of basal ganglia origin are often recognized, and calcifications often extend to regions other than basal ganglia, eg. cerebellum, thalamus, etc. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare disease which presents hypocalcemia, some characteristic physical appearances, and dementia. It is important to decide whether further examinations are necessary or not, when basal ganglia calcification is recognized incidentally on CT scan. PMID- 3190932 TI - [A study of visual function in congenital nystagmus--mechanism of visual improvement after stereotactic superior colliculectomy]. AB - The clinical features of congenital nystagmus (CN) were studied statistically in 106 cases of CN. The point of the nystagmus at which the patients could best see the targets was detected in some patients. The effects of superior colliculectomy on their visual disturbance and the mechanism will be discussed. The study population comprises 106 patients, 79 males and 27 females, aged from one to 64 (mean 19.4 years). Patients with jerky type classified on ENG were found in 53 cases (50%), pendular type in 39 cases (37%), and mixed type in 14 cases (13%). Patients with jerky type showed significantly good visual acuity (mean 0.69 +/- 0.31, p less than 0.005). They showed significant abnormalities during pregnancy and delivery (p less than 0.01) and had a neutral point (p less than 0.01). Patients with pendular type, on the other hand, showed poor visual acuity (mean 0.26 +/- 0.30) and had significant frequency of family history (p less than 0.05), head tremor (p less than 0.01) and strabismus (p less than 0.01). Thirteen cases (12%) had ocular diseases which involved the retina, cornea and optic nerve. Visual function was elaborated on such parameters of ENG as perception, peak variation and plateau time. Perception, which means the ability to detect the dim flashes during the appearance of the nystagmus, was manifested by pushing a button when patients could detect flashes presented at random on the screen. At the turning point from the quick phase to the slow phase, the detection was executed most successfully. It is thought that in CN, a target is usually gazed upon at a point, changing the direction from the quick phase to the slow phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190933 TI - [Tissue culture study of meningioma and hemangiopericytoma]. AB - Intracranial meningioma cells and hemangiopericytoma cells were cultured in vitro for immunohistological and ultrastructural study. Anti-vimentin, desmin, actin, alpha-actinin and laminin monoclonal antibodies were applied for immunohistological examination. Three dimension culture cells in collagen gel were examined by electron microscopy for ultrastructural studies. Cultured meningioma cells and hemangiopericytoma cells were positive for anti-vimentin stain, while desmin, actin, alpha-actinin were positive in only hemangiopericytoma cells. The culture morphology of these two cells was same in light microscopic study except for the whorl formation in meningioma cells. Reconstruction of intercellular junctions such as desmosomes and junctional complexes were common in cultured meningioma cells but seldom in hemangiopericytoma cells. Hemangiopericytoma cells continued to have prominent intracytoplasmic intermediate filaments and microfilaments forming dense bodies in culture. These results suggest that intracranial hemangiopericytoma has something in common with smooth muscle cell and fibroblast cells which forms the vascular and perivascular tissues, and it is distinguishable from meningioma. PMID- 3190934 TI - [Sensori-motor neuropathy associated with congenital bilateral club feet: histological and ultrastructural study of the sural nerve]. AB - A 53-year-old female with sensori-motor neuropathy associated with bilateral club feet was reported. She was admitted because of numbness in the bilateral feet and gait disturbance. Her parents were not related. There was no family history of any neurological diseases. She had bilateral club feet which were present at birth to developed in early childhood. She could walk, but could not run. Since 5 years prior to the admission she noted gradually increasing disturbance of gait. Neurological examination revealed muscular weakness and wasting in the distal parts of the lower extremities and decreased deep tendon reflexes. There were hypesthesia, hypalgesia and dysesthesia in the lateral portions of the bilateral feet. Deep sensation was normal. There was no weakness or wasting in the upper extremities. Motor nerve conduction velocities were normal and sensory nerve conduction velocities were reduced in the median nerve. No action potentials could not be elicited in the bilateral tibial and peroneal nerves. A sural nerve biopsy showed a markedly hypertrophic perineurium, 28-150 micron thick, a large Renaut body measured 140 micron by 200 micron in diameters and a markedly reduced number of the myelinated fibers. Fiber size histogram showed many unmyelinated fibers larger than 1 micron, despite loss of fibers of the usual size. Therefore, a part of the unmyelinated fibers might be demyelinated. There were no axonal degeneration and onion-bulb formation. Segmental demyelination was found in approximately 30% of the myelinated fibers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190935 TI - [Clinical analysis of trigeminal neuropathy as initial manifestations--an etiological study]. AB - The differential diagnosis of trigeminal neuropathy is quite challenging because there is a significant variety of causes for the disorder. We reviewed our cases of trigeminal neuropathy by studying first the initial manifestations in order to evaluate their underlying disorders. Sixty-four patients with trigeminal neuropathy came to our Out-Patients clinic. We have excluded from our analysis any patients with atypical pain, facial migraine, nasal sinusitis, pain from inflammation of dental pulp or facial bones, and pretrigeminal neuralgia. In 53 cases (83%) we identified the causes; 35 of them were cases of symptomatic trigeminal neuritis and 18 were trigeminal neuralgia while, in the remaining 11 cases, no definitive causative disorder was identified. Among the 35 patients with symptomatic neuritis, 10 cases were found to have malignant neoplasms including 5 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 6 had a virus infection, 5 had traumatic origin, 4 had multiple sclerosis, 2 exhibited Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 2 had MCTD, and there were single cases of sarcoidosis, serpentine aneurysm, cavernous sinus thrombosis, maxillary cyst and trigeminal neurinoma. The remaining 11 cases of neuritis whose causes were undetermined showed clinical features similar to trigeminal sensory neuropathy, an analogue of Bell's palsy, a benign self-limiting condition. Since the cases shared symptoms of impairment of taste, and, occasionally, of facial palsy, vestibular insufficiency, hearing disturbance, hypoglossal palsy or signs of cerebellar lesion, we strongly suspected a virus origin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190936 TI - [Three cases of involuntary movements following pontine hemorrhage]. AB - We reported three cases with involuntary movements following pontine hemorrhage. All cases had various symptoms indicating brain-stem lesions, but the consciousness and motor functions were not severely disturbed. CT scans showed a small hematoma localized in unilateral pontine tegmentum in all cases. Intention tremor developed six to ten months after the hemorrhage when the initial neurological symptoms were almost relieved. Electromyogram (EMG) showed a rhythmic 3-4 Hz alternating or synchronized tremor pattern which was induced by finger-nose test and arm stretching. In one case which had showed bilateral horizontal gaze palsy indicating bilateral PPRF involvement in the acute stage, spontaneous vertical nystagmus was observed when the tremor developed. Electronystagmogram (ENG) and its differential calculus showed a pendular nature of the eye movement. This abnormal eye movement did not disappear while the patient was asleep. This case also developed a palatal myoclonus in the chronic stage. Magnetic resonance images (MRI's) obtained one to three years after the hemorrhage revealed a lesion localized in hemipontine tegmentum. The responsible lesion of these involuntary movements was thought to be located in pontine tegmentum from the MRI findings. The functional Prognosis of small hemorrhage in unilateral pontine tegmentum is generally good, but care should be taken for the possibility of late development of various types of involuntary movement. PMID- 3190937 TI - [Auditory brain stem responses of knocked-out boxers]. AB - We studied about ABRs of boxers, who receive repeated impact to the head and are often concussed, immediately after bouts or training in order to reveal the influence of knock-out or repeated mild head injuries. Forty-six male professional boxers ranged from 18 to 28 years old, were examined at the stadium and the boxing gymnasium. 85 recordings were done since some boxers were examined more than once. 27 cases of pre-exertion group (resting: 5, pre-sparing: 10, pre training: 12) were compared with post-bout group (35 cases). The I-V IPL (interpeak latency) of pre-exertion group was 4.30 +/- 0.18 m sec and that of post-bout group was 4.02 +/- 0.15 m sec. The latter showed significantly shorter (p less than 0.01) IPL. Among 35 cases of post-bout group, the I-V IPL of knocked out group (14 cases) was 4.04 +/- 0.11 m sec, and that of non-knocked-out group (21 cases) was 4.01 +/- 0.17 m sec. There was no significant difference. The I-V IPL of pre-sparing state was 4.24 +/- 0.15 m sec, and that of post-sparing state was 4.10 +/- 0.13 m sec. The difference was significant between these two groups (p less than 0.01). After training without impacts to the head, I-V IPLs were shortened in all 12 cases. IPL of pre-training state was 4.34 +/- 0.22 m sec, and that of post training state was 4.19 +/- 0.22 m sec. This also showed significant difference (p less than 0.01). On one boxer, we recorded ABRs during disturbance of consciousness. He was knocked-out by a blow to the face in the first round, and was completely unconscious. ABRs were recorded twice immediately after he had been laid on the bed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190938 TI - Cysticercosis of the brain. The value of computed tomography. AB - Incidence and radiologic findings of neurocysticercosis were investigated in a series of 23,800 consecutive head examinations using computed tomography (CT). The condition was diagnosed in 168 cases (0.7%). The parenchymatous form was the most common presentation (96.3%), while the meningeal form corresponded to only 11.9 per cent of cases. These two forms coexisted in some cases. These findings reversed the knowledge on the condition based on conventional radiography. The different CT appearances in the brain are described and a new radiologic protocol for the CT evaluation of the condition is advocated, which includes a follow-up after a trial cure with Praziquantel in the presence of cysts not associated with suggestive brain calcifications. CT was more sensitive than conventional radiography in the differentiation between dead and living larvae, thus having an impact on the therapeutic management of the patients. PMID- 3190939 TI - Chemical shift selective magnetic resonance imaging of the optic nerve in patients with acute optic neuritis. AB - Optic neuritis is often the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Sixteen patients with acute optic neuritis and one patient with benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) were investigated by magnetic resonance imaging, using a chemical shift selective double spin echo sequence. In 3 of the 16 patients, abnormalities were seen. In one patient with bilateral symptoms, signal hyperintensity and swelling of the right side of the chiasm were found. In another patient the optic nerve was found diffusely enlarged with only a marginally increased signal in the second echo. In the third patient an area of signal hyperintensity and swelling was seen in the left optic nerve. In the patient with BIH the subarachnoid space which surrounds the optic nerves was enlarged. Even using this refined pulse sequence, avoiding the major artefact in imaging the optic nerve, the chemical shift artefact, lesions were only shown in 3/16 (19%) of the patients with optic neuritis. Nevertheless, the presented chemical shift selective double spin echo sequence may be of great value for detection of retrobulbar lesions. PMID- 3190940 TI - Cerebral panangiography in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms. AB - Cerebral panangiography was performed in 594 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms. Aneurysm of the middle cerebral arteries was the most frequent location of aneurysms in this material. Multiple aneurysms of the middle cerebral arteries are far more frequent than the combination of other locations. Judged from this material there is a 7 per cent possibility of finding a contralateral aneurysm of the middle cerebral arteries if one is found. Multiple aneurysms were found in 51 (8.6%) of the 594 patients. We conclude that the results of this study are typical for Norwegians, although some selection exists since the patients were first admitted to other hospitals. The frequency of complications with cerebral panangiography in subarachnoid hemorrhage was less than that of cerebral angiography in patients with other diseases. PMID- 3190941 TI - Lumbar myelography with iohexol. Adverse effects compared with spinal puncture. AB - Since 1983 iohexol has been routinely used for myelography in our hospital and 1,650 myelographies have been performed. The first 331 patients with lumbar myelography were included in a follow-up study. Headache was observed in 26 per cent, nausea in 12 per cent and vertigo in 6 per cent of the patients, a frequency very similar to that observed in an earlier study of side effects following spinal puncture. Severe reactions were not seen. Three patients had radicular symptoms and 3 patients had minor mental symptoms possibly caused by the contrast medium. It is concluded that most side effects are related to the spinal puncture and that iohexol probably can be used with safety in out patients. PMID- 3190942 TI - Contact thermography as a screening test for deep venous thrombosis following major hip surgery. AB - Contact thermography is a non-invasive, easily handled, and inexpensive investigation for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower limbs. In this study 56 patients with total hip replacement were screened for DVT by contact thermography, using bilateral ascending phlebography as reference procedure. Examinations were performed on the seventh postoperative day. All thermograms were evaluated blindly and independently at the end of the study. Phlebography revealed unilateral DVT in six patients. Only two had corresponding findings at thermography, giving four false negative results. Moreover, 14 false positive thermograms were found. Based on the number of legs investigated, the nosographic sensitivity and specificity thus were 33 and 87 per cent, respectively. It is concluded that contact thermography is of no value as a screening test for DVT following major hip surgery. PMID- 3190943 TI - Accuracy of radiologic and endoscopic diagnosis of duodenal ulcer. AB - On the basis of results of barium examination and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy four diagnostic criteria of duodenal ulcer can be formed: 1) radiography reveals an ulcer, 2) endoscopy reveals an ulcer, 3) both radiography and endoscopy reveal an ulcer, and 4) radiography and/or endoscopy reveals an ulcer. In a consecutive series of 156 patients the accuracy of each of the four diagnostic criteria was determined using the findings of an experienced specialist in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as a reference. The predictive value of a positive diagnosis (PVpos) for the four diagnostic criteria was 0.63, 0.88, 1, and 0.68, respectively, and the predictive value of a negative diagnosis (PVneg) for all four criteria was around 0.90. The selection of diagnostic criteria should therefore depend on the clinical problem. PMID- 3190944 TI - Enteroclysis. Improved performance using a flow inducer. AB - In enteroclysis the flow rate of the barium is important but not easily controlled with an infusion bag system. To improve the technique, an electric flow inducer was used in 156 consecutive examinations to infuse the barium suspension at a constant rate of 75 ml/min. Detailed demonstration of mucosal folds was achieved in 90 per cent. The examinations were of moderate quality in 8 per cent and of poor quality in 2 per cent. The maximum transit time was 20 minutes and the total examination time never exceeded 35 minutes. Sensitivity and specificity were 94 and 97 per cent, respectively. Examinations indicated by specific small bowel symptoms had a positive yield of 49 versus 13 per cent with non-specific indications. Both examination performance and patient tolerance were improved. PMID- 3190945 TI - Aspects of femoral neck anteversion. Theoretical considerations and experimental results. AB - Although the general definition of femoral neck anteversion seems to be accepted, the details vary substantially and some measuring methods are based on anatomic prerequisites that are lacking. This may be a cause of inconsistent and incorrect determinations. An anatomic study was therefore performed. Only small differences were found between two neck axes and different methods for delineating the axes. Inconsistent use of the shaft axis gave substantial variations. The long axis of the femoral shaft was, however, not shown to be a source of substantial error. The variation between three different knee axes was substantial. The cross section of the femoral neck was found to be radially asymmetric. Therefore, a precise and unequivocal neck centre cannot be made by any combination of bi-plane projections of the neck. PMID- 3190946 TI - Range of motion caused by design of the total hip prosthesis. AB - In a clinical material of total hip prostheses, a study was performed of the range of femoral motion until impingement occurred between the neck of the femoral stem and the rim of the acetabular socket. The results were compared with the physiologic range of motion, and the clinically relevant motion restriction was measured. Restriction was most common in flexion. There was a correlation between the prosthetic design and the restriction due to impingement. PMID- 3190947 TI - Bilateral femoral head dysplasia and osteochondritis. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia tarda, spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda, and bilateral Legg-Perthes disease. AB - Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia tarda (MEDT) and spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT) are genetically transmitted conditions affecting the hips, which may resemble bilateral Legg-Perthes disease (LPD). Misdiagnoses are not uncommon, with serious implications for treatment, prognosis and genetic counseling. An epidemiologic study of MEDT and SEDT in a well-defined population of 453,921 persons in Denmark was performed. A population prevalence of 0.7 per 100,000 inhabitants with SEDT and 4.0 per 100,000 inhabitants with MEDT was found. Distinguishing features between MEDT, SEDT and bilateral LPD based on radiologic findings in the hips, other joints, and spine were ascertained. Bilateral LPD is always asymmetric, exhibits patches of increased density in the epiphyses and often metaphyseal cyst-like changes. No spinal lesion or affection of other joints is present, and the acetabula are normal. In MEDT and SEDT the capital femoral epiphyses are symmetrically flattened, fragmented and uniformly slightly sclerotic. Generalised platyspondyly is a constant finding in SEDT. PMID- 3190948 TI - Diagnostic value of stress radiography in lesions of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. AB - The diagnostic accuracy of inversion and anterior stress radiography in rupture of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint was assessed in 56 patients undergoing surgery. In inversion stress radiography, 58 per cent of the patients with confirmed rupture of the lateral ligaments of the ankle had a talar tilt of 10 degrees or more, allowing a predictive value of a positive test of 94 per cent. In anterior stress radiography, 53 per cent of the patients had a posterior tibiotalar distance of 9 mm or more, allowing a predictive value of a positive test of 81 per cent. In measurements of talar tilt and anterior displacement of the talus values higher than normal in the injured ankle may be a sign of a rupture of the lateral ligament. PMID- 3190949 TI - A scintimetric study of Colles' fracture. Comparison between cementation and closed treatment. AB - In order to study whether bone cement (methylmethacrylate) inserted in the medullary cavity of redisplaced Colles' fractures to fill the dorsal defect arising after repeat reduction is an obstacle to bony union, the course of healing was monitored by scintimetry in fractures thus treated (n = 10), in fractures treated by external fixation (n = 10), and in undisplaced fractures immobilized in a plaster cast. No differences emerged between the three groups. It is therefore assumed that the insertion of bone cement does not disturb the healing process. PMID- 3190951 TI - Development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to iodinated contrast media. AB - Two independent systems were developed to produce antibodies to diatrizoate. In the rabbit model polyclonal antibodies were produced that showed cross-reactivity to certain other contrast agents, analogues and serum proteins. In the mouse model monoclonal antibodies were produced that reacted only with diatrizoate, metrizamide, and ovalbumin. These studies demonstrated the potential antigenicity of contrast medium. PMID- 3190950 TI - Quantitative computed tomography in measurement of vertebral trabecular bone mass. A modified method. AB - Measurement of bone mineral concentration (BMC) can be done by several modalities. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) can be used for measurements at different sites and with different types of bone (trabecular-cortical). This study presents a modified method reducing the influence of fat. Determination of BMC was made from measurements with single-energy computed tomography (CT) of the mean Hounsfield number in the trabecular part of the L1 vertebra. The method takes into account the age-dependent composition of the trabecular part of the vertebra. As the amount of intravertebral fat increases with age, the effective atomic number for these parts decreases. This results in a non-linear calibration curve for single-energy CT. Comparison of BMC values using the non-linear calibration curve or the traditional linear calibration with those obtained with a pixel-by-pixel based electron density calculation method (theoretically better) showed results clearly in favor of the non-linear method. The material consisted of 327 patients aged 6 to 91 years, of whom 197 were considered normal. The normal data show a sharp decrease in trabecular bone after the age of 50 in women. In men a slower decrease was found. The vertebrae were larger in men than in women. PMID- 3190952 TI - Blood lead levels in patients with lead shot retained in the appendix. AB - Seven patients with one or two lead shots retained in the appendix were identified by radiography. For each case, two sex- and age-matched control patients without lead shot in the appendix were found. None of the 7 patients with lead shot in the appendix had blood lead levels (median 0.55 mumol/l) approaching the toxic levels, but they averaged almost twice the levels of the controls (median 0.29 mumol/l). Thus, lead shots may add to individual lead exposures, and blood lead analysis should be performed, at least when more than a few lead shots are present. PMID- 3190954 TI - ECG gating at angiography for calculation of arterial lumen volume. PMID- 3190953 TI - Influence of acetabular component position in non-cemented total hip arthroplasty. A radiologic and clinical study. AB - Radiologic grading of non-cemented acetabular components in HP Garches total hip replacements was used to evaluate the relationship between a lack of supero lateral cover of the acetabular component and clinical outcome. In 63 hips, three to five years after total hip arthroplasty, we observed that the acetabular component was partially uncovered in 56 per cent of cases. The fact that several components were partially uncovered did not influence the clinical outcome. Although the follow-up time is short the present study indicates that non cemented HP Garches total hip arthroplasty is a technique which allows for stable fixation of the acetabular component. PMID- 3190955 TI - Electrocardiographic prediction of coronary artery patency after thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: use of the ST segment as a non-invasive marker. AB - The predictive value of the measurement of changes in ST segment elevation was assessed as a non-invasive marker of coronary artery reperfusion after thrombolytic treatment. Forty five patients with acute myocardial infarction (23 anterior, 22 inferior) of less than six hours' duration were given thrombolytic treatment by either the intravenous (n = 28) or the intracoronary route (n = 17). A proportional value for the shift in ST segment, termed the fractional change, was calculated both from 12 lead electrocardiograms and from the Holter tape for each patient. Coronary artery patency in an initial group of 22 patients (training group) was associated with a fractional change value of greater than or equal to 0.5 (100% specific, 88% sensitive by Holter analysis; 100% specific, 94% sensitive by 12 lead electrocardiogram). This rule performed well when it was applied to a test group of 17 patients (100% specific, 93% sensitive by Holter analysis; and 67% specific, 93% sensitive by 12 lead electrocardiogram). Linear discriminant analysis was then used to determine which features gave the best separation of those in whom there was reperfusion and those in whom there was not. This gave 100% specificity and 100% sensitivity when applied to the training group for either the 12 lead electrocardiogram or Holter monitoring. When it was applied to the test group, the sensitivity was maintained at 100%, but the specificity dropped to 33% irrespective of whether the basis of the test was Holter monitoring or the 12 lead electrocardiogram. These results suggest that a fractional change of >/= 0.5 calculated from a single lead showing myocardial injury is a useful non-invasive marker of reperfusion. The technique can be applied to either 12 lead electrocardiograms or Holter monitoring. The use of a more complex classification increased the sensitivity of the test at the expense of its specificity. PMID- 3190956 TI - Short term reproducibility of exercise testing in patients with ST segment elevation and different responses to the dipyridamole test. AB - The short term reproducibility of exercise testing in 25 patients who had exercise induced ST segment elevation without baseline regional asynergy or a previous myocardial infarction, who had different responses to the dipyridamole test, was assessed. The patients performed a dipyridamole echocardiography test and a second exercise stress test. All underwent coronary arteriography. Seventeen patients had transient regional asynergy after dipyridamole (group 1) and either ST segment elevation (14 patients) or depression (three patients); a second group of eight had no asynergy and no electrocardiographic changes (group 2). The repeated exercise stress test was positive in 16 of the 17 patients of group 1 (11 with ST elevation and five with ST depression) and in two patients of group 2 (both had ST depression and one had coronary artery disease). The dipyridamole echocardiography test was positive in 17 of the 19 patients with coronary artery disease and was negative in all six patients without coronary artery disease. The repeated exercise stress test was positive in 17 of the 19 patients with coronary artery disease and in one patient without. The dipyridamole echocardiography test and a repeated exercise stress test, but not a single exercise stress test, identified coronary artery disease causing exercise induced ST segment elevation. PMID- 3190957 TI - Value of a bipolar modified inferior lead in detection of inferior myocardial ischaemia. AB - Only bipolar leads are normally available for ambulatory monitoring. Bipolar precordial leads are reliable for detecting left coronary artery insufficiency, but may not detect changes caused by right coronary artery insufficiency. The magnitude and polarity of ST segment changes in a bipolar modified inferior lead and in CM5 were compared with those in standard electrocardiographic leads in 10 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (eight inferior and two anteroseptal). The polarity of the ST segment in the modified orthogonal y lead was the same as that in aVF in all eight patients with inferior myocardial infarction and in six the size of the ST segment shift was identical in the two leads as well. In two patients the ST segment shift was larger in the modified orthogonal y lead than in aVF. In one of the two patients with anteroseptal myocardial infarction the polarity of the ST segment shift was the same in the modified orthogonal y lead and aVF. In the other patient it was slightly different. The CM5 lead did not reliably detect inferior myocardial ischaemia. A modified orthogonal y lead is suitable for the detection of inferior myocardial ischaemia. PMID- 3190958 TI - Percutaneous balloon dilatation of the mitral valve: an analysis of echocardiographic variables related to outcome and the mechanism of dilatation. AB - Twenty two patients (four men, 18 women, mean age 56 years, range 21 to 88 years) with a history of rheumatic mitral stenosis were studied by cross sectional echocardiography before and after balloon dilatation of the mitral valve. The appearance of the mitral valve on the pre-dilatation echocardiogram was scored for leaflet mobility, leaflet thickening, subvalvar thickening, and calcification. Mitral valve area, left atrial volume, transmitral pressure difference, pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output, cardiac rhythm, New York Heart Association functional class, age, and sex were also studied. Because there was some increase in valve area in almost all patients the results were classified as optimal or suboptimal (final valve area less than 1.0 cm2, final left atrial pressure greater than 10 mm Hg, or final valve area less than 25% greater than the initial area). The best multiple logistic regression fit was found with the total echocardiographic score alone. A high score (advanced leaflet deformity) was associated with a suboptimal outcome while a low score (a mobile valve with limited thickening) was associated with an optimal outcome. No other haemodynamic or clinical variables emerged as predictors of outcome in this analysis. Examination of pre-dilatation and post-dilatation echocardiograms showed that balloon dilatation reliably resulted in cleavage of the commissural plane and thus an increase in valve area. PMID- 3190959 TI - Long term doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in childhood: non-invasive evaluation of the contractile state and diastolic filling. AB - Cardiac performance was evaluated at least two years after doxorubicin treatment in childhood in 55 patients without overt congestive cardiomyopathy. None of the patients had received mediastinal irradiation. Computer-assisted analysis of digitised echocardiograms showed impaired rapid diastolic filling and an increased change of dimension between minimal cavity dimension and mitral valve opening. This impairment of diastolic function was related to the cumulative dose of doxorubicin. In contrast when angiotensin II was infused to increase the afterload the end systolic pressure-length and stress-shortening relation indicated normal left ventricular systolic function. But during baseline conditions the end systolic wall stress was significantly increased in patients in whom the cumulative dose of doxorubicin exceeded 360 mg/m2. PMID- 3190960 TI - Longitudinal study of ventricular function after the Mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries: a long term follow up. AB - An earlier study of 25 patients who were investigated by radionuclide angiography after a Mustard procedure showed that they had had evidence of right and left ventricular dysfunction at rest and with exercise. Twenty one (mean age 17.0 years (range 13.7-20.6) 11 female patients) of the original 25 patients were followed up a mean of 4.3 years later (mean 14.6 years (range 12.5-16.0) after the procedure). The group means for resting right and left ventricular ejection fraction and exercise response were not significantly different from those reported five years before. Individual changes in values were within the normal variation seen in serial studies. This long term longitudinal follow up of patients after the Mustard operation showed that although some patients still had right and left ventricular dysfunction, resting ventricular function and exercise response remained stable over a five year period. This preservation of cardiac function may contribute to the long term survival of patients after the Mustard procedure. PMID- 3190961 TI - Left ventricular function in double inlet left ventricle before the Fontan operation: comparison with tricuspid atresia. AB - Fourteen patients with double inlet left ventricle and nine patients with tricuspid atresia had biplane left ventricular angiography with simultaneous measurement of left ventricular pressure by micromanometer. Age distribution, haemodynamic function, and previous palliative operation were similar in the two groups. Left ventricular volumes were calculated frame by frame throughout the cardiac cycle by Simpson's rule. The end diastolic volume index was similar in the two groups, but the ejection fraction was significantly lower in tricuspid atresia. Left ventricular peak filling and emptying rates were also lower in tricuspid atresia, although heart rates in the two groups were similar. End diastolic shape index was significantly higher in patients with tricuspid atresia, indicating a more globular shape, and changed less during systole, suggesting differences in the mechanism of ejection between the two groups. Analysis of pressure-volume loops showed normal phase relations between pressure and volume, but systolic stroke work was reduced in tricuspid atresia and correlated with stroke volume and shape change. Left ventricular function was impaired in patients with tricuspid atresia when compared with those with double inlet left ventricle and this finding may reflect structural differences caused by the absence of one atrioventricular connection. PMID- 3190962 TI - Relation between histological findings on early repeat right ventricular biopsy and ventricular function in patients with myocarditis. AB - Histological findings on repeat endomyocardial biopsy and changes in left ventricular ejection fraction early during immunosuppressive treatment were studied in 20 patients with documented myocarditis. All patients presented with heart failure of less than six months' duration and a left ventricular ejection fraction of less than or equal to 0.40. Repeat biopsy and assessment of ventricular function were performed at a mean (SEM) of 79 (17) days after the initial biopsy. At repeat biopsy eight patients had evidence of ongoing myocarditis and 12 showed resolved myocarditis. In eight (66%) of the 12 patients with resolved myocarditis ventricular function had improved significantly. Left ventricular ejection fraction also improved significantly in four of eight patients during treatment despite ongoing myocardial inflammation. Regardless of the histological findings on repeat biopsy, early improvement in ejection fraction was associated with an excellent long term prognosis--that is 83% survived for at least three years. Histological resolution of myocarditis during immunosuppressive treatment is not a prerequisite for improvement in ventricular function; and changes in left ventricular ejection fraction during the first three months of treatment are predictive of clinical outcome. PMID- 3190963 TI - Coronary venous aneurysms and accessory atrioventricular connections. AB - Histological investigation of a heart with aneurysmal malformation of the anterior cardiac vein showed atypical accessory atrioventricular pathways that could have been the basis for bypass tracts and ventricular pre-excitation. Review of other cases with coronary sinus or venous aneurysms showed a striking association with sudden death. Such malformations may not be as benign as previously thought. PMID- 3190964 TI - Type A Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome obscured by left bundle branch block associated with a vascular malformation of the coronary sinus. AB - A case of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome type A with coexisting ipsilateral bundle branch block is presented. The diagnosis was suspected because of subtle electrocardiographic changes and was confirmed at electrophysiological study. Necropsy showed a vascular anomaly of the coronary sinus that contained bundles of myocardial muscle which crossed the atrioventricular ring at a site that was consistent with the predicted accessory pathway. PMID- 3190965 TI - Periarterial abscess: another cause of cyanosis after pulmonary artery banding. AB - Twenty seven months after pulmonary artery banding a boy aged two and a half developed rapidly progressive cyanosis. A periarterial abscess was found at the site of the band. Repair of the pulmonary artery and closure of the ventricular septal defect were complicated by profoundly low cardiac output and prolonged dependence on a ventilator. This near fatal complication would have been avoided by primary closure of the ventricular septal defect. PMID- 3190966 TI - Balloon closure of a surgical aorto-atrial communication. AB - Surgical repair of an extensive dissection of the proximal aorta (Shumway type A or DeBakey type I) was complicated by persistent haemorrhage from the surgical suture lines and via the false lumen. This was controlled by closing the aortic adventitia round the repaired aorta and by creating an anastomosis between the subadventitial space and the right atrial appendage. Though the haemorrhage was contained, the left to right (aorto-atrial) shunt led to a severe low output state, which was corrected by percutaneous closure of the fistula with a detachable balloon. A year after operation computed axial tomographic scanning showed the balloon in place though the para-aortic space persisted and communicated freely with the aorta. PMID- 3190967 TI - Fetal blood flow during intrathecal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. AB - Fetal aortic and umbilical blood flows were studied in 15 mothers before and during spinal (intrathecal) anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section, using a method combining real-time ultrasonography and a pulsed Doppler technique. Spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine hydrochloride 2.5 ml in 8% glucose monohydrate solution was administered after preloading with 2 litre of lactated Ringer's solution. Simultaneously with the subarachnoid injection, an infusion i.v. of ephedrine 50 mg in 500 ml normal saline was initiated. Maternal heart rate and systolic arterial pressure remained stable during the spinal anaesthesia, but diastolic arterial pressure decreased (P less than 0.05). Fetal heart rate increased (P less than 0.05) 30 min after the introduction of the spinal anaesthesia, but blood flows in the fetal descending aorta and umbilical vein were unaffected. The pulsatility index of the fetal blood velocity decreased (P less than 0.05) both in the fetal aorta and in the umbilical artery 30 min after induction of the spinal anaesthesia, indicating a possible decrease in the placental vascular resistance. We conclude that, when normotension is maintained in the mother with a preload infusion and an infusion of ephedrine, spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section has no harmful effect on the fetal circulation. PMID- 3190968 TI - Comparison of plasma bupivacaine concentrations during continuous extradural infusion for labour. AB - Twenty patients who requested extradural analgesia for labour were allocated randomly to receive an infusion of either 0.25% or 0.08% solutions of bupivacaine. Following an initial bolus dose of 50 mg, the infusions were given at a rate of 20 mg h-1. Both solutions provided acceptable pain relief, but plasma concentrations were significantly lower with the weaker concentration. PMID- 3190969 TI - Spinal anaesthesia with 0.5% bupivacaine 3 ml: comparison of plain and hyperbaric solutions administered to seated patients. AB - In a double-blind study, 0.5% bupivacaine 3 ml in plain (n = 10) or hyperbaric (n = 10) solution was injected intrathecally to 20 patients who were in the sitting position, to produce spinal anaesthesia for transurethral resection of prostate. No statistically significant differences were found in time to maximum cephalad spread of analgesia nor in the level reached. However, the plain solution produced a smaller scatter around the mean level than the hyperbaric solution. The duration of analgesia was not significantly different between two groups. There was no difference in the incidence of complete motor block, but a longer duration of lesser degrees of motor block was found with the plain solution (P less than 0.05). The plain solution produced a more predictable level of blockade. PMID- 3190970 TI - Comparison of chloral hydrate and midazolam by mouth as premedicants in children undergoing otolaryngological surgery. AB - Chloral hydrate 25, 50 or 75 mg kg-1 or midazolam 0.4, 0.5 or 0.6 mg kg-1, all given by mouth in combination with atropine 0.03 mg kg-1, were compared as premedication in 248 children in a randomized, double-blind study. Chloral hydrate was significantly less palatable than midazolam. The anxiolytic effect of chloral hydrate 75 mg kg-1 was "good" in children younger than 5 yr, whereas the other doses of chloral hydrate, and all doses of midazolam, provided only "fair" anxiolysis in this age group. All doses of both premedicants provided good anxiolysis in the older children. A satisfactory antisialogogue effect was seen in 83-90% of each group. About 20 min after extubation, restlessness was observed in 15-25% of the younger children premedicated with chloral hydrate 25 mg kg-1 or with midazolam 0.4 or 0.6 mg kg-1. The mean total recovery score (0-10) based on activity, ventilation, heart rate, conscious level and colour ranged between 5.8 and 6.8 at 10 min and between 9 and 9.5 at 70 min after extubation in all groups. Midazolam 0.5 mg kg-1 is recommended for children less than 5 yr of age and midazolam 0.4-0.5 mg kg-1 for older ones. Chloral hydrate 75 mg kg-1 provided good anxiolysis in both age groups; however, it was less palatable than the midazolam. PMID- 3190971 TI - Influence of neostigmine on postoperative vomiting. AB - Thirty-eight patients undergoing elective hip or knee surgery were randomly allocated to two groups. Neuromuscular blockade in group A was antagonized with neostigmine 2.5 mg and atropine 1.2 mg, while group B received no drugs to facilitate antagonism of blockade. The incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting were assessed 24 h after operation. Nausea and vomiting were significantly reduced in group B. The incidence of nausea in group A was 68%, compared with 32% in group B (P less than 0.01). The incidence of vomiting was 47% in group A, compared with 11% in group B (P less than 0.02). A significant relationship was shown between postoperative emetic symptoms and the antagonism of neuromuscular blockade by neostigmine and atropine. PMID- 3190972 TI - Mood and cognitive functions in anaesthetists working in actively scavenged operating theatres. AB - Twenty-two anaesthetists participated in a study to assess the influence of occupational exposure to anaesthetic agents on mood (arousal and stress) and cognitive functions. In a cross-over design, each anaesthetist worked one day in a reference facility (for example, intensive care) and another day in a scavenged operating theatre where time-weighted exposure averaged nitrous oxide 58 p.p.m. and halothane 1.4 p.p.m. The results showed that arousal scores reached a peak in the middle of the theatre day, but this appeared to reflect the nature of operating theatre work rather than exposure. Reports of stress were also unaffected by exposure, although higher scores were associated with longer and more demanding work. Similarly, there was no evidence that exposure impaired performance of tasks assessing syntactic and semantic reasoning, verbal and spatial memory, sensory-motor reaction time and attention. Performance in these tasks was, however, sensitive to the cognitive demands of the tasks and to naturally varying non-exposure factors. It is concluded that, compared with the reference condition, the concentrations of anaesthetic agents found in actively scavenged operating theatres have no detrimental effect on either the mood or the cognitive functions of anaesthetists. PMID- 3190973 TI - Anticonvulsive properties of pregnanolone emulsion compared with althesin and thiopentone in mice. AB - The anticonvulsive properties of pregnanolone (as an emulsion) were evaluated in mice and compared with similar properties of Althesin and thiopentone. Pregnanolone emulsion was found to antagonize convulsions induced by the GABA antagonists pentetrazole, bicuculline and picrotoxin and by the specific glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine. The drug was effective in all four convulsive tests at subanaesthetic doses with maximal activity appearing within less than 1 min. The anticonvulsive therapeutic indices of pregnanolone emulsion were superior when compared with the therapeutic indices of Althesin and thiopentone in all four tests. Pregnanolone emulsion might be a useful alternative drug in the management of convulsive states resistant to conventional therapy. PMID- 3190974 TI - The lower oesophageal sphincter in the first trimester of pregnancy: comparison of supine with lithotomy positions. AB - Measurement were made of gastric pressure (GP), lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP) and barrier pressure (BrP) in the supine and lithotomy positions in 17 healthy women undergoing termination of pregnancy in the first trimester. Values in the supine position were similar to those seen in non-pregnant subjects, but there was a significant reduction in LOSP and BrP in the lithotomy position unrelated to any change in intragastric pressure. It is concluded that the lithotomy position is associated with increased risk of regurgitation in early pregnancy. PMID- 3190975 TI - An automated interferometer for the analysis of anaesthetic gas mixtures. AB - A microprocessor-controlled interferometer is described. The eyepiece of a conventional Jamin type interferometer has been replaced by an array of photocells which records the intensity across the interference pattern. Mathematical correlation procedures are used to locate the principal interference pattern maximum and, by sequential analysis of a fresh gas mixture followed by fresh gas plus vapour, it is possible to determine both oxygen and vapour concentrations. The instrument was used to analyse mixtures of oxygen and nitrous oxide and also oxygen, nitrous oxide plus halothane. It was found that the oxygen concentration could be determined to an accuracy of +/- 1% v/v and the vapour concentration to +/- 0.1% v/v. The instrument is suitable for monitoring concentrations delivered by an anaesthetic machine and may be included in a microprocessor-controlled anaesthetic machine. PMID- 3190977 TI - Proceedings of the Anaesthetic Research Society. Bristol, June 24, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3190976 TI - A computer controlled non-invasive haemodynamic monitoring system. AB - A system for the non-invasive monitoring, recording and storing haemodynamic indices has been developed using an Apple II microcomputer, a Dinamap automatic arterial pressure monitor and a non-invasive cardiac output monitor based on bio electrical impedance. This system was used during the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. Numerical and graphical displays of heart rate, arterial pressure, cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance are available. A print out of data can be produced for later analysis. PMID- 3190978 TI - The coagulation and fibrinolytic response to surgery. PMID- 3190979 TI - Effect of etomidate and metronidazole on platelet aggregation. PMID- 3190980 TI - Avoiding accidental dural puncture. PMID- 3190981 TI - A speaking adaptor for a tracheostomy tube. PMID- 3190982 TI - Vascular absorption of irrigation solution in percutaneous nephro ureterolithotomy. PMID- 3190983 TI - Isoflurane: an appropriate alternative to analgesic nitrous oxide? PMID- 3190984 TI - Anaesthetic contribution to maternal mortality. PMID- 3190985 TI - How can we design trials to detect clinically important changes in disease severity? AB - 1. Forty-eight British rheumatologists judged the change in disease activity in 50 sets of patient data drawn from life and presented as 'paper patients'. Each set comprised two values, recorded a year apart, for 10 commonly measured clinical variables. Doctors recorded the size of improvement or deterioration on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and whether the change was clinically important or not. 2. Clinical judgement policies were modelled using linear regression of the clinical variables on the VAS score. 3. Doctors showed little agreement over which patients had improved and which had not. Possible reasons could be discovered by inspecting their judgement policies. 4. The weights attributed to the clinical variables differed considerably between doctors. Furthermore weights the doctors believed they attached to the variables frequently differed from the weights in the regression models. 5. These models could be used to calculate the smallest change required in any clinical variable before it would be considered clinically important. However, the size of such changes was often outside the observed clinical range suggesting that the use of single outcome variables is unrealistic. 6. The modelling procedure described can be applied during the planning stage of the trial to participating physicians, patients, health economists or any other group having an interest in the results. The models themselves can then be used to reach a consensus policy for judging what is a successful outcome. This may be expressed as a linear combination of specific outcome measures. Its use may improve the power of clinical trials and the relevance of their results. PMID- 3190986 TI - A form of cytochrome P450 in man, orthologous to form d in the rat, catalyses the O-deethylation of phenacetin and is inducible by cigarette smoking. AB - 1. In previous studies (Boobis et al., 1985b) it was shown that a monoclonal antibody (MAb 3/4/2), raised against rat cytochrome P450 form c, reacts with an isoenzyme(s) of cytochrome P450 in human liver. It was predicted that the epitope with which this antibody reacts should be present on both isoenzymes of the P450IA gene sub-family (the orthologues of forms c and d) in man (Edwards et al., 1987). 2. This antibody was used to probe 45 different samples of human liver, by the technique of Western blotting. With one exception, all of the samples contained immunoreactive protein, a single band at Mr 54,000 (orthologous to rat form d), which ranged in content from less than 0.5 to 33.5 pmol mg-1 microsomal protein. The content of the human orthologue of form c was below 0.5 pmol mg-1, the limit of detection of the assay. 3. Thirteen of the samples were from patients of known smoking status. Immunoreactive P450 content was 3.5-fold higher, and phenacetin O-deethylase activity was four-fold higher, in the smokers than in the non-smokers. 4. There was a highly significant correlation between the amount of immunoreactive cytochrome P450 and the high affinity component of phenacetin O-deethylase activity in both smokers and non-smokers. 5. It is concluded that the high affinity component of phenacetin O-deethylase activity in man is catalysed by the orthologue of rat cytochrome P450d, and that this isoenzyme is inducible by cigarette smoking. 6. In a number of previous publications it has been suggested that there is an association between the poor metaboliser (PM) phenotype for debrisoquine and impaired phenacetin O deethylation. In the present study it was shown that not all subjects PM for debrisoquine are poor metabolisers of phenacetin. PMID- 3190987 TI - Relationship between the metabolism of antipyrine, hexobarbitone and theophylline in man as assessed by a 'cocktail' approach. AB - 1. Three model substrates for the characterization of drug oxidation activity, antipyrine (AP), hexobarbitone (HB) and theophylline (TH), were administered to 26 healthy volunteers on two different occasions: in the first experiment a combination of AP (250 mg) and HB (250 mg) was given and in the second experiment TH (150 mg) was added to the former combination. 2. Plasma concentrations of AP, HB and TH and urinary excretion of TH and the three main metabolites of AP (3 hydroxymethylantipyrine: HMA, norantipyrine: NORA and 4-hydroxyantipyrine: OHA) were determined and the intrinsic clearance (CLint) of the three substrates and the clearance to the formation of AP metabolites were calculated. 3. The correlation coefficients between CLHB and CL-greater than metabolites of AP were highest for CL-greater than HMA and CL-greater than NORA (greater than 0.80) and lowest for CL-greater than OHA (0.63). High correlation coefficients also were found between CLTH and CL-greater than OHA (0.89) and CL-greater than HMA (0.80). 4. Ideal relationships, defined by a slope of the orthogonal regression line equal to unity, did exist between CLHB and CL-greater than HMA as well as CL greater than NORA and between CLTH and CLAP as well as CL-greater than OHA. 5. Based on the results of correlation and regression analysis it can be concluded that isozymes of the cytochrome P-450 system responsible for the oxidation of HB and formation of HMA and NORA are very closely related and also that isozymes responsible for the oxidation of TH and formation of OHA show a very close relation. 6. With this strategy of simultaneous administration of substrates ('cocktail' approach) it seems possible to characterize and correlate activities of different P-450 isozymes and to investigate their in vivo substrate selectivity without the disturbing influence of intra-individual variation in drug oxidation. PMID- 3190988 TI - Pharmacokinetics of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid in haemodialysis patients following intravenous administration of Augmentin. AB - 1. Serum concentrations of amoxycillin and clavulanic acid were measured in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) following intravenous administration of 1.2 g Augmentin. Augmentin was administered on a non-dialysis day and 2 h prior to a 4 h dialysis session. 2. The mean values of total serum clearance, mean residence time, volume of distribution at steady state, and terminal half life for amoxycillin on the non-dialysis day were 14.4 ml min-1, 19.2 h, 14.9 l and 13.6 h, respectively. 3. The mean values of dialysis clearance, total serum clearance during dialysis, fractional drug removal during haemodialysis and half life during dialysis for amoxycillin were 77.1 ml min-1, 91.5 ml min-1, 0.64 and 2.30 h, respectively. 4. The mean values of total serum clearance, mean residence time, volume of distribution at steady state, and terminal half-life for clavulanic acid on the non-dialysis day were 43.6 ml min-1, 4.4 h, 11.0 l and 3.05 h, respectively. 5. The mean values of dialysis clearance, total serum clearance during dialysis, fractional drug removal during haemodialysis and half life during dialysis for clavulanic acid were 92.8 ml min-1, 136 ml min-1, 0.65 and 1.19 h, respectively. 6. The total serum clearance on the non-dialysis day, which represents non-renal clearance, was lower than that in normal subjects for both amoxycillin and clavulanic acid. These data would suggest some degree of hepatic impairment in patients with ESRD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3190989 TI - The paradox of using a 7 day antibacterial course to treat urinary tract infections in the community. AB - 1. We have studied determinants of outcome of 7 day courses of treatment in 77 middle aged and elderly patients, in whom the general practitioner's diagnosis of urinary tract infections had been confirmed microbiologically. Bacteria were sensitive to cephalexin or trimethoprim. Where there was no preference, treatments were allocated randomly. Compliance was monitored using a pill box with a concealed electronic device which recorded openings of the box. 2. Prescribing trimethoprim, 200 mg twice daily, was more effective than cephalexin, 250 mg four times daily (cure rates 93 and 67%) (P less than 0.006). Those cured and not cured were not distinguished by age, gender, genitourinary history, or infecting organism. 3. Compliance as measured by box openings was worse for cephalexin than for trimethopim (P = 0.01). However, both totality and pattern of compliance were similar in patients cured and not cured by cephalexin. Thus rigid adherence to a conventional course did not promote cure: fewer doses could have been prescribed. 4. Estimating compliance is essential to clinical trials where medication is self-administered. Poor compliance may establish over exacting regimens. Counting box openings did overestimate compliance, but counting residual tablets overestimated it grossly: given the number of openings less than the ideal, there should have been 171 residual tablets, only 55 were found. PMID- 3190990 TI - Lack of effect of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine in healthy subjects. AB - 1. The possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine and the long-acting local anaesthetic agent bupivacaine was studied in seven healthy, non-smoking volunteers. 2. The study consisted of two sessions at a minimum interval of 4 days. In a randomized, crossover fashion, the volunteers received bupivacaine HCl 1.4 mg kg-1 by i.m. injection at two occasions, once after no premedication, and once after two oral doses of 400 mg cimetidine. The concentrations of bupivacaine and its metabolites, 4' hydroxybupivacaine and desbutylbupivacaine, were assayed by h.p.l.c., in serum up to 8 h and in urine fractions up to 24 h. 3. No influence of cimetidine on the pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine or on the serum cumulation of urinary recovery of its measured metabolites was detected. 4. These data suggest that cimetidine may be used safely as a premedication before local anaesthetic procedures with bupivacaine. PMID- 3190991 TI - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinidine and 3-hydroxyquinidine. AB - 1. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinidine and 3-hydroxyquinidine based upon measurements of total and unbound serum concentrations were determined after a single dose (400 mg) and at steady state (200 mg every 6 h). 2. The oral clearance (7.6 +/- 1.9 vs 4.8 +/- 2.0 ml min-1 kg-1; P less than 0.05) and renal clearance (1.2 +/- 0.3 vs 0.63 +/- 0.25 ml min-1 kg-1; P less than 0.005) or quinidine were lower during steady state than after the single dose. 3. The area under the serum concentration vs time curve (AUC) of 3-hydroxyquinidine was greater at steady state than after the single dose (2.0 +/- 0.7 vs 3.0 +/- 0.6 mg l-1 h; P less than 0.05) and its renal clearance was less (3.0 +/- 1.1 vs 1.54 +/ 0.38 ml min-1 kg-1; P less than 0.05). 4. The slope of the relationship between quinidine concentration and change in QTc interval was greater at steady state (40.1 +/- 21.7 vs 72.2 +/- 41.7 ms/(mg l-1); P less than 0.05). PMID- 3190992 TI - Allopurinol dosage selection: relationships between dose and plasma oxipurinol and urate concentrations and urinary urate excretion. AB - 1. Allopurinol usage in 50 patients of a city teaching hospital was surveyed. 2. The plasma concentrations of oxipurinol and uric acid and the urinary production of uric acid were examined. 3. The daily doses of allopurinol ranged from 50 to 1200 mg but 83% of patients were taking 300 mg daily. 4. A wide range of plasma oxipurinol concentrations was observed from 2.8 to 55.8 mg l-1 with a mean +/- s.d. of 15.2 +/- 11.7 mg l-1. 5. The population studied included a high proportion of patients with renal impairment and creatinine clearance was a significant determinant of oxipurinol concentrations (P less than 0.005). 6. There was no significant correlation between plasma urate and plasma oxipurinol concentrations and only a few plasma urates were above the upper limit of the reference range of the laboratory. 7. It was apparent that many patients were taking unnecessarily high daily doses of allopurinol and that renal status was not always considered when deciding dosage regimens of allopurinol. PMID- 3190993 TI - Relationship between plasma oxipurinol concentrations and xanthine oxidase activity in volunteers dosed with allopurinol. AB - 1. 1-methyl xanthine (1-MX) is metabolized exclusively to 1-methyl uric acid (1 MU) by the enzyme xanthine oxidase. 2. The ratio of 1-MU to 1-MX in the urine, following a dose of 50 mg of 1-MX infused intravenously over 20 min, was used to measure the inhibition of xanthine oxidase induced by different doses of allopurinol. 3. Normal volunteers (n = 8) were given allopurinol 50, 100, 300 and 600 mg daily for 1 week each, in random order and 1 week separated each treatment. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase was assessed twice, on the last 2 days of each treatment week. 4. Steady-state oxipurinol concentrations increased linearly with increasing dose of allopurinol. 5. There was a hyperbolic relationship between the 1-MU/1-MX ratio and plasma oxipurinol concentrations, with an initial steep decline in the ratio which plateaued when plasma oxipurinol was around 4-6 mg l-1. This reduction in the ratio was quickly reversible upon cessation of allopurinol. 6. The 50% and 90% effective inhibitory oxipurinol concentrations, in relation to the 1-MU-/1-MX ratio were 1.4 +/- 0.46 and 4.08 +/ 2.03 mg l-1 respectively. 7. The concentration of oxipurinol required for almost complete inhibition of the enzyme was substantially less than those often observed in clinical practice. PMID- 3190994 TI - Pharmacokinetics of pholcodine in healthy volunteers: single and chronic dosing studies. AB - 1. The pharmacokinetics of pholcodine after two single doses and after chronic administration were studied in healthy human volunteers. 2. Six subjects received single oral doses of 20 and 60 mg of pholcodine according to a balanced cross over design with an interval of 3 weeks between the two treatments. Blood and saliva samples and all urine were collected over 168 h after each dosage administration. Subsequently, the same subjects received 20 mg pholcodine 8 hourly orally for 10 days. Blood and saliva samples and all urine were collected during an 8 h dosing interval after the last dose on day 11. 3. Plasma, saliva and urine concentrations of pholcodine were determined by a high performance liquid chromatographic assay. 4. After the single doses, pholcodine was absorbed rapidly (tmax = 1.6 +/- 1.2 h) and eliminated slowly with a mean half-life of 50.1 +/- 4.1 h. The renal clearance of pholcodine was 137 +/- 34 ml min-1 and was inversely correlated with urine pH (r = 0.60) but not with urine flow rate. 26.2 +/- 3.3% of the dose was excreted as unchanged pholcodine after both doses. The concentration of pholcodine in saliva was 3.6 times higher than in plasma. 5. After chronic administration, the pharmacokinetics of pholcodine were not statistically different from the single dose parameters. 6. Pholcodine did not appear to undergo conjugation. The plasma protein binding was 23.5%. Morphine, in unconjugated or conjugated form, was not detected in the urine of any subject after pholcodine administration. PMID- 3190995 TI - The effect of concurrent aspirin upon plasma concentrations of tenoxicam. AB - 1. The effect of chronic, high-dose aspirin therapy upon the disposition of a single dose and multiple doses of tenoxicam was examined in normal volunteers. 2. Aspirin caused a 24% drop in the t1/2 (P less than 0.005), a 49% rise in the volume of distribution (P less than 0.0003) and a 98% increase in the clearance (P less than 0.0001) of tenoxicam after a single dose of the tenoxicam. 3. Steady state concentrations of tenoxicam decreased significantly from 10.4 +/- 1.5 to 4.5 +/- 1.6 micrograms ml-1 in the presence of chronic, high-dose aspirin treatment. 4. Tenoxicam percentage free measured in plasma from a normal volunteer was 0.56 +/- 0.05% over the tenoxicam concentration range 1-20 micrograms ml-1 and rose to 1.24 +/- 0.07% in the presence of aspirin 150 micrograms ml-1. 5. The effect of aspirin upon the disposition of tenoxicam was consistent with a competitive protein binding interaction. PMID- 3190996 TI - An evaluation of different doses of soluble aspirin and aspirin tablets in postoperative dental pain. AB - 1. The efficacy of three different single doses (600, 900 and 1200 mg of soluble aspirin and aspirin tablets) was determined in a randomized placebo-controlled parallel study in 140 patients (70 females) with postoperative pain after removal of impacted third molars. 2. Patients treated with soluble aspirin 600 mg, 900 mg, 1200 mg and aspirin tablet 1200 mg reported significantly less pain (P less than 0.01) throughout the investigation period than those treated with placebo. 3. Overall pain scores after treatment with aspirin tablets 600 and 900 mg did not differ significantly from those after treatment with placebo (P greater than 0.05). 4. On a comparative dose basis, soluble aspirin was significantly more potent (P less than 0.05) than aspirin tablets. PMID- 3190997 TI - Linearity of metoclopramide kinetics at doses of 5-20 mg. AB - The disposition of metoclopramide was studied on a four-way crossover basis in six healthy non-smoking volunteers. The linearity of kinetic parameters and absolute bioavailability of metoclopramide were examined. In contrast to previous reports, metoclopramide obeyed linear kinetics over oral doses ranging from 5 to 20 mg. The absolute bioavailability of metoclopramide was 0.76 +/- 0.38 (mean +/- s.d.) from the oral dosage forms examined in this study. PMID- 3190998 TI - Effect of haemodialysis on metoclopramide kinetics in patients with severe renal failure. AB - The kinetics of metoclopramide and the effects of haemodialysis on metoclopramide kinetics were examined in eight uraemic subjects 1 h and 24 h prior to the onset of dialysis. In spite of the relatively minor contribution of renal clearance to total body clearance in normals, metoclopramide kinetics were substantially altered in uraemia. The total body clearance was decreased by 2-4 fold, terminal elimination half-life proportionately increased, while the volume of distribution appeared to be unaffected compared with that previously demonstrated in normal healthy subjects. Haemodialysis does not appear to be effective in removing metoclopramide from the body and metoclopramide clearance subsequent to dialysis is unaltered. The kinetic parameters in the uraemic subjects are not significantly different between drug administrations 1 or 24 h prior to the time of onset of haemodialysis. Following kidney transplantation, in one subject, there appeared to be a rapid return to apparently normal kinetics from the uraemic state. PMID- 3190999 TI - Quinapril and blood lipids. AB - To assess the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinapril on blood lipid profile, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, together with high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were analysed in 23 hypertensive patients receiving either placebo (7 patients) or quinapril hydrochloride (16 patients). After 12 weeks of therapy there were no significant changes in blood lipids in either group. No unfavourable changes in blood lipid profile were observed even after 1 year of therapy with quinapril hydrochloride in 13 patients. PMID- 3191001 TI - Propafenone in the treatment of chronic ventricular arrhythmias in a pregnant patient. PMID- 3191000 TI - Topical minoxidil: cardiac effects in bald man. AB - Systemic cardiovascular effects during chronic treatment with topical minoxidil vs placebo were evaluated using a double-blind, randomized design for two parallel groups (n = 20 for minoxidil, n = 15 for placebo). During 6 months of follow-up, blood pressure did not change, whereas minoxidil increased heart rate by 3-5 beats min-1. Compared with placebo, topical minoxidil caused significant increases in LV end-diastolic volume, in cardiac output (by 0.751 min-1) and in LV mass (by 5 g m-2). We conclude that in healthy subjects short-term use of topical minoxidil is likely not to be detrimental. However, safety needs to be established regarding ischaemic symptoms in patients with coronary artery disease as well as for the possible development of LV hypertrophy in healthy subjects during years of therapy. PMID- 3191002 TI - Mural thrombus of the aorta. AB - Twenty-six peripheral arterial emboli complicating 14 cases of mural thrombi of the aorta were diagnosed between January 1978 and December 1986. None of these patients had any cardiovascular history; their mean age was 49 years. Presenting signs were acute ischemia of the lower limbs in 12 cases and chronic ischemia in two. Arteriograms and CT scan were diagnostic. The mural thrombi were infrarenal in 13 cases and suprarenal in one. Treatment of the thrombus was surgical in all but one patient. In four cases, treatment of the underlying cause was simultaneous with embolectomy; in nine patients, treatment was secondary because further workup was needed. In one case, the patient died following embolectomy before definitive treatment could be undertaken. Results were considered good in 11 cases (unlimited walking distance, no recurrent emboli), and poor in three cases (two major amputations and one death). The incidence of mural thrombi is not known. In our experience, they accounted for 3.8% of nonaneurysmal aortoiliac lesions operated upon during a nine-year period and were responsible for 5% of peripheral arterial emboli. Mural thrombosis of the aorta constitutes a dangerous condition with a potentially lethal final outcome. Recurrent emboli are inevitable without surgical treatment of the source. PMID- 3191003 TI - Local fibrinolytic therapy in ischemic carotid pathology. AB - Sixteen patients underwent local fibrinolytic therapy for thrombosis or embolism of the main trunk or intracranial branches of the internal carotid artery. There were eight cases of complete thrombosis of the internal carotid artery, five proximal stenoses of the internal carotid artery with extensive thrombus, one thrombus of the carotid siphon and two middle cerebral artery emboli. Indications for treatment included transient ischemic attacks in 11 cases, cerebral ischemia after carotid arteriography in two cases, and after surgery for atheromatous lesions of the carotid bifurcation in three cases. The fibrinolytic therapy was initiated during carotid surgery in three cases, where extended thrombosis of the internal carotid artery was discovered, which was inaccessible to a Fogarty catheter. The other 13 cases were treated during arteriography procedures. Lysis of the clot was always obtained. One patient died of hematoma of the frontal lobe. All other patients survived and showed neurologic improvement. The neurologic outcome was dependent on the duration and the degree of initial ischemia. Fibrinolytic therapy appears to be beneficial therapy for certain cases of cerebral ischemia. PMID- 3191004 TI - Indium-111 platelet scintigraphy in carotid disease. AB - Forty-five patients (35 men, 10 women) undergoing carotid surgery had Indium-111 platelet scintigraphy as part of their preoperative work-up. Imaging was performed within three hours after injection of the Indium-111. A second series of views was obtained 24 hours later and repeated at 24 hour intervals for two days. Of 54 scintigrams, 22 were positive and 32 negative. Positive results were defined as a twofold or more increase in local activity on a visualized carotid after 24 hours. The sensitivity of the method was 41%, intraoperatively, and the specificity, 100%. The low sensitivity places this method behind sonography and duplex-scanning for screening patients for surgery. We believe that indications for platelet scintigraphy are limited to: 1. Repeated transient ischemic attacks in the same territory with minimal lesions on arteriography and non-homogeneous plaque on duplex scan; 2. Symptomatic patients being treated medically as a possible argument for surgery; 3. Determining therapeutic policy for patients having experienced a transient ischemic attack with a coexisting intracardiac thrombus. PMID- 3191005 TI - Unfastening of an Adams-de Weese clip: an uncommon cause of recurrent pulmonary embolism after interruption of the inferior vena cava. AB - Recurrent pulmonary embolism after placement of a caval clip is uncommon. We report the case of a patient admitted for recurrent venous thrombosis of the lower limbs, 11 years after placement of an Adams-de Weese clip. Severe pulmonary embolism occurred in spite of anticoagulant treatment. After an unsuccessful attempt to insert a Greenfield filter, surgery was performed. The clip was found to have come unfastened; simple repeat closure was performed. We were unable to find any similar reports in the literature. In spite of its rarity, this cause should be considered when faced with recurrent pulmonary embolism in patients having undergone inferior vena caval clipping. PMID- 3191006 TI - Indications and role of axillofemoral bypass in high-risk patients. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether axillofemoral bypass was justified as an alternative revascularization procedure to direct reconstruction and to specifically define the indications for this extraanatomical bypass. Forty one patients operated on between 1978 and 1985 were evaluated. The average age was 69 years. Indications were based upon limb salvage for aortoiliac occlusive disease in the following situations: infected aortobifemoral bypass graft (8 patients) and high risk with co-existing medical problems (33 patients). Patients were classified according to Goldman's Multifactorial Index of Cardiac Risk and Cooperman's Cardiovascular Risk Index. Twenty-four patients had axillobifemoral bypass and 17 had unilateral axillofemoral procedures. In 66 femoral anastomoses there were 13 extended profundaplasties, 25 profunda arterioplasties, 11 profunda patch angioplasties and 16 anastomoses to the common femoral artery. Postoperative mortality was 4.8% (2 patients). Cumulative survival at 60 months was 43% +/- 11% and primary patency rate of the axillofemoral bypass was 69 +/- 9.8%. We conclude that axillo-femoral bypass is indicated in the presence of infection, in patients who fall into Goldman's Class III-IV or in patients with risk greater than 10% as calculated by Cooperman's equation. PMID- 3191007 TI - Mesenteric shunting during thoracoabdominal aortic clamping to prevent disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs. AB - The current study was undertaken to determine if cold crystalloid perfusion of the mesenteric circulation or continuous arterial shunting into the superior mesenteric artery would prevent the subsequent development of disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog model. Twenty-two dogs were divided into four groups: those with distal aortic occlusion; those with isolated washout of the mesenteric circulation via the superior mesenteric artery with cold crystalloid; those with continuous isolated arterial perfusion of the superior mesenteric artery via an open proximal aorta; and those with shunting of blood into the superior mesenteric artery from the proximal aorta with an Inahara-Pruitt shunt. Coagulation parameters were measured for 24 hours and compared to the results with 32 dogs in the following groups: sham operation; supraceliac aortic occlusion for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes; superior mesenteric occlusion for 90 minutes; and celiac axis occlusion for 90 minutes. Shunting or direct arterial perfusion of the superior mesenteric artery prevented disseminated intravascular coagulation from occurring. Infrarenal aortic occlusion resulted in no change in any of the coagulation factors, whereas crystalloid perfusion of the superior mesenteric artery resulted in death in all animals. These results indicate that the disseminated intravascular coagulation that occurs with supraceliac aortic occlusion or superior mesenteric occlusion of greater then one hour can be prevented by continuous arterial perfusion of the superior mesenteric artery during proximal aortic clamping. PMID- 3191008 TI - Arterial trauma in children: diagnosis and management. AB - Ninety-two children with arterial injuries were studied over a 14 year period, 66 boys and 26 girls, whose ages ranged from 14 months to 18 years. Thirty-eight children had associated nerve injuries and 21 had orthopedic injuries as well. Interval between initial evaluation and diagnosis of arterial injury ranged from immediate to six months--76% were treated within six hours of injury and 24% had a delay of greater than six hours before diagnosis. Arteriograms were performed on 20 (21%) of the children, and 13 of these were done late. Surgical treatment consisted of local debridement and end-to-end anastomosis, ligation, exploration with thrombectomy of distal branches, or bypass grafting with vein. Three children died in the immediate postoperative period, 83 had good functional results, and six had poor functional results. Four of these six had a delayed diagnosis of arterial injury, and had injuries in arteries adjacent to the elbow or knee. We conclude that early diagnosis of arterial injury and a more liberal use of arteriography is warranted in young trauma victims, especially in cases of fractures about the knee or elbow. PMID- 3191010 TI - Neuralgia following lumbar sympathectomy. AB - Between March and October 1986, 33 consecutive patients underwent unilateral lumbar sympathectomy in the Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgical Unit of the Catholic University in Louvain, Belgium. Ten patients experienced postsympathectomy neuralgia. After a single epidural injection of fentanyl, 50 micrograms, and methylprednisolone 80 mg, pain disappeared completely in six patients. Neuralgia recurred in four patients requiring repeat epidural injection with relief of residual symptoms. Epidural infiltration is a reliable treatment for neuralgia after lumbar sympathectomy. PMID- 3191009 TI - Natural history of nonoperated, significant carotid stenosis. AB - One-hundred sixty-seven patients with 190 carotid arteries (109 asymptomatic) demonstrating 50-99% stenosis by arteriography (80), duplex scanning, or other noninvasive techniques were followed from 1-84 months (mean 24.2) for evidence of brain infarct, transient ischemic attacks, or vertebrobasilar symptoms. Thirty nine arteries (20.5%) were symptomatic at last follow-up, including 13 (6.8%) producing ipsilateral strokes. Twenty-eight sides underwent carotid endarterectomy, 16 for symptomatic lesions at a mean interval of 14.5 months after the initial diagnostic study, with no neurologic deficit. Twenty-seven patients (16.2%) died, eight from stroke (30%), and 12 from cardiac causes (44%). In initially symptomatic sides, the incidence of any subsequent neurologic event (28.7%) or stroke/transient ischemic attack (25%) was significantly greater than in asymptomatic arteries (14.6% and 12%, respectively) (p less than .05). Carotid arteries with greater than 80% stenosis by arteriography and duplex scanning had a 46% incidence of further symptoms and 41.6% stroke/transient ischemic attack rate compared to 19.6% and 15%, respectively, in arteries with less than 80% stenosis (p less than .01). Cumulative life table analysis at 12, 24 and 36 months showed greater than 80% stenosed arteries to have stroke/transient ischemic attack free rates of 69%, 50.5%, and 21.6% compared to 91%, 83.7%, and 76% for arteries with less than 80% stenosis (p less than .05). At a mean follow up of over two years, nonoperated carotid stenosis (greater than 50%) carries a 20.5% risk of neurologic symptoms and a 6.8% risk of stroke, 61.5% of strokes being fatal. Symptomatic carotid stenosis had a significantly greater incidence of ensuing neurologic events than asymptomatic arteries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191011 TI - Spinal cord ischemia following elective aortoiliac reconstruction. AB - Spinal cord ischemia following abdominal aortic procedures is a rare complication. It occurs most commonly after operations for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms but has also been reported secondary to operations for aortoiliac occlusive disease. A 67-year-old man suffered spinal cord infarction following a routine, uncomplicated aortofemoral bypass. Although generally considered a rare and unpredictable complication of aortoiliac reconstruction, measures are discussed which might have prevented its occurrence in this case, and may further reduce its incidence in the future. PMID- 3191012 TI - Subintimal retrograde perfusion during repair of aortic dissection: a potential cause of disaster. AB - During operations done for dissection of the proximal aorta, a selective retrograde perfusion of the false lumen may occur in spite of correct placement of the cannula in the femoral artery. This happens through a re-entry orifice at the level of the descending thoracic aorta and may seriously compromise the cerebral and coronary circulation. This paper describes this observation in a patient successfully treated and discusses the diagnosis and treatment of this potentially catastrophic complication. PMID- 3191013 TI - Inflow failure of grafts originating in the axillary artery. AB - During the last three years we identified three distinct entities which compromised inflow and led to thrombosis of axillofemoral or axillopopliteal grafts. The first patient had recurrent thrombosis of a right axillopopliteal graft. Five thromboses were treated with thrombectomy and distal revisions; the last thrombosis was treated with simple thrombectomy because the patient had right thoracic outlet axillosubclavian artery compression in his usual sleeping posture. Conservative posture modification resulted in continued patency for two years until the patient's death. Stenosis of the subclavian or innominate artery accounted for multiple failures in three other patients. In one no significant preoperative upper extremity pressure difference was seen, whereas differences were noted with an open graft, suggesting a vascular steal at rest. In the second patient, preoperative balloon dilatation of an innominate lesion appeared successful, but the lesion recurred six months later with hemodynamic graft failure and exercise-induced vascular steal. The third patient had a significant kink of the axillary artery with eventual graft thrombosis secondary to "pulling" from the extraanatomic graft. We conclude that pre-and postoperative noninvasive testing, exclusion of thoracic outlet compression, and avoidance of a "pulled down" proximal anastomosis are important in preventing inflow failures of grafts originating from the axillary artery. PMID- 3191015 TI - Expanded PTFE prostheses. PMID- 3191014 TI - Upper extremity limb salvage accomplished by in situ vein bypass graft. AB - The need for revascularization procedures in individuals with hand ischemia is uncommon. Previous reports describe the successful utilization of reversed saphenous vein to reconstruct the distal vasculature of the arm. This case report details the use of in situ arm vein to restore perfusion to a threatened hand. PMID- 3191016 TI - Growth of melanocytes in a skin equivalent model in vitro. AB - We have developed a pigmented human skin equivalent by inserting a punch biopsy of human infant foreskin as a source of epidermis into a collagen lattice (dermal equivalent). Using a conventional epidermal culture medium and stimulation with UVB irradiation or 8-MOP + UVA treatment, melanocytes were found to grow out from the biopsy with the epidermal sheet. In this newly formed epidermis, melanocytes and keratinocytes were maintained in an architectural relationship similar to that present in vivo and melanocyte outgrowth could be quantitatively evaluated. Consequently, this pigmented human skin equivalent is a useful model for investigating the biology and photobiology of human skin pigmentation. PMID- 3191017 TI - Geometrical considerations in the statistical analysis of histamine induced weal studies. PMID- 3191018 TI - Relief of experimentally induced pruritus with a novel eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic agents. AB - The effectiveness of a eutectic mixture of the local anaesthetics lignocaine and prilocaine (EMLA cream) in relieving artificially induced pruritus was examined in 20 volunteers. The study was conducted in two parts. In part one, the effect of EMLA on the threshold concentration of histamine necessary to induce pruritus was assessed by a double-blind placebo controlled method. In part two, the effect of EMLA on the perception of pruritus induced by the artificial pruritogens cowhage and papain was assessed by a single blind method. Some subjects were less sensitive to histamine after placebo cream treatment, but all subjects showed a marked reduction in sensitivity to histamine after EMLA treatment. The difference between EMLA and the placebo treatment was statistically significant. The EMLA preparation was found to be effective in alleviating pruritus induced by cowhage and papain and this effect was also statistically significant. Thus, EMLA cream was found to be effective in reducing experimentally induced pruritus and, therefore, may be useful in some clinical circumstances where persistent itch is a distressing symptom. PMID- 3191019 TI - Remarkable response of lipoid proteinosis to oral dimethyl sulphoxide. AB - We report the successful treatment of lipoid proteinosis in a 41-year-old man using oral dimethyl sulphoxide. The initial dosage was 40 mg/kg/day, which was then increased progressively to 60 mg/kg/day. After 3 years of treatment, the patient's skin lesions, hoarseness of voice and abnormal oesophageal function improved remarkably. No side-effects were noted except for a garlic-like smell on the patient's breath. PMID- 3191020 TI - Intercellular IgA deposition in patients with clinical features of subcorneal pustular dermatosis. PMID- 3191021 TI - Decreased stratum corneum ceramides in atopic individuals--a pathobiochemical factor in xerosis? PMID- 3191022 TI - Loss of antibiotic activity caused by photodegradation: in vivo studies. PMID- 3191023 TI - Etretinate-responsive pachyonychia congenita. PMID- 3191025 TI - Polymorphic light eruption sine eruptione and brachioradial pruritus. PMID- 3191024 TI - The suitability of sunglasses worn by PUVA patients. PMID- 3191026 TI - Autologous blood transfusion. PMID- 3191027 TI - Effects of type beta transforming growth factors on haematopoietic progenitor cells. AB - The effects of type beta transforming growth factors (TGF-beta s) on normal human and murine haematopoietic progenitor cells were examined using bone marrow colony assays. In erythroid colony assays, TGF-beta 1 inhibited human CFU-E derived colony formation, BFU-E derived burst formation, and murine BFU-E derived burst formation in a dose dependent manner between 0.1 and 5.0 ng/ml. However, murine CFU-E derived colony formation was unaffected even at a concentration of 5.0 ng/ml TGF-beta 1. In myeloid colony assays, different sensitivity of progenitor cells to the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta s was observed between both species. TGF-beta 1 inhibited murine granulocyte-macrophage colony (GM-colony) formation and granulocyte colony (G-colony) formation in a dose dependent manner between 0.1 and 5.0 ng/ml, but had no remarkable effects on human GM-colony and G-colony formation. TGF-beta 2 also had similar inhibitory effects on haematopoietic progenitor cells, while its inhibitory effect was less potent than that of TGF beta 1. Thus our data suggest that TGF-beta may be involved in negative regulation of haematopoiesis and that its inhibitory action may be restricted in lineage and/or species specific manner. PMID- 3191028 TI - Methods and theory for analysis of flow of white cell subpopulations through micropore filters. AB - Methods have been developed for analysing the resistance of WBC to flow, by measuring their transit rates through 5 and 8 microns pore filters at constant pressure. Unfractionated WBC and separated subpopulations have been compared. For either pore size, lymphocytes exhibited least resistance to flow, followed by granulocytes, with monocytes being most resistant. A theoretical model, which represents WBC suspensions as made up of three particle types (a relatively fast and a relatively slow population, plus a pore blocking population) adequately describes the data for flow rate versus volume filtered. For 5 microns pores, this theory indicates that a majority of WBC have transit times approximately less than 0.5 s. Unfractionated and mixed mononuclear samples contained a proportion of particles with transit times an order of magnitude longer, whereas, for granulocytes, no slow flowing population was evident. Removal of monocytes by plating out, reduced the proportion of the slow particles in the mononuclear preparation. Unique values for transit times could not be determined for 8 microns pores, but it could be concluded that the great majority of WBC made a very quick transit, with the flow becoming dominated by a small number of much more resistant cells. Simple flow parameters (initial relative flow rate and slow particle resistance) are described which characterize these two populations. Both 5 and 8 microns pore data indicated that few cells became permanently trapped within pores. PMID- 3191029 TI - Blast cell vacuoles in childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia. AB - As part of a central review of cell morphology in childhood lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), marrow smears from entrants to the Medical Research Council trial UKALL VIII, other than those from children with B-ALL, were studied prospectively for the presence or absence of blast cell vacuoles and for any clinical or biological relevance this feature might have. Adequate slides were available from 733 patients (88% of the trial entrants) after five with B ALL were excluded. Vacuolated blast cells (greater than 10%) were present in 204 (28%). The presence of vacuoles was associated with PAS positivity (chi 2 = 27.8; P less than 0.0001), a diagnostic white cell count (WBC) less than 50 x 10(9)/l (chi 2 = 13.1; P less than 0.0001), and the immunophenotype of 'common' ALL (CD10 positive) (chi 2 = 9.1; P less than 0.01). There was no clear association with French-American-British (FAB) type L1 or L2. The 204 patients with vacuoles had a significantly superior disease free survival compared to the remainder (2P = 0.01), a difference which remained significant when the analysis was stratified by FAB type (2P = 0.01), age (2P = 0.02) or sex (2P = 0.02), but which was lost when stratified by WBC (2P = 0.06). These findings provide further evidence that, outside the context of B-ALL, vacuoles are indicative of a relatively benign disease which responds well to therapy. The French-American-British (FAB) classification should be modified to take this into account. PMID- 3191030 TI - Relationship between the in vitro sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside of blast progenitors and the outcome of treatment in acute myeloblastic leukaemia patients. AB - The sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) of blast progenitors from 22 acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) patients was studied in methylcellulose and suspension cultures. Primary colony-formation (PE1) in methylcellulose reflects the terminal divisions of blast progenitors, while secondary colony formation (PE2) in methylcellulose and the clonogenic cells recovery in suspension are considered to be based on the self-renewal of blast progenitors. In any patient, PE2 or clonogenic cells in suspension were more sensitive to Ara-C than PE1. The results indicate that Ara-C effectively suppresses not only terminal divisions but also self-renewal of blast progenitors D10 Ara-C value, the dose required to reduce survival to 10% of control, for PE1, PE2 and clonogenic cells in suspension showed marked patient-to-patient variation. No significant correlation was found between D10 Ara-C in methylcellulose or suspension culture and the response to treatment with a combination chemotherapy of 6-mercaptopurine, Ara-C and daunorubicin. However, a relapsed patient whose D10 values in methylcellulose and suspension cultures were very high showed poor response to a high-dose Ara-C protocol, where Ara-C was given alone at a high dose. The application of chemosensitivity test as a prediction of the clinical outcome may be dependent on the treatment protocol. PMID- 3191031 TI - Defective megakaryocytopoiesis in the syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radii. AB - The syndrome of thrombocytopenia with absent radii (TAR) is a hereditary condition whose pathogenesis is poorly understood. In this investigation we evaluated a female infant with TAR and her parents using in vitro haematopoietic colony forming assays and an antiserum against platelet membrane glycoproteins (PGP) to label smears of her bone marrow. Megakaryocyte colony growth in vitro was virtually absent in optimally stimulated cultures of the patient's bone marrow progenitors. In contrast, erythroid and myeloid colony growth from the TAR infant's marrow cells was preserved. Staining of the patient's bone marrow smears with PGP antiserum detected no immature, small megakaryocyte precursors. A high level of megakaryocyte colony stimulating activity was detected in serum from the TAR infant, activity comparable to that present in sera from adults with aplastic anaemia. The elevated serum activity decreased by 6 months of age at which time partial platelet recovery had occurred. Evaluation of both peripheral blood haematopoietic progenitor cells and sera from the TAR infant's parents demonstrated no significant abnormalities. We conclude that the principle haematopoietic defect in this patient with TAR syndrome is the absence or arrested development of the committed megakaryocyte progenitor cell. Humoral regulation of megakaryocytopoiesis appears intact and is responsive to the degree of megakaryocytic hypoplasia. PMID- 3191032 TI - Histidine-rich glycoprotein binding to activated human platelets. AB - Specific binding of purified histidine rich glycoprotein (HRGP) to human platelets stimulated with either bisdiazoniumbenzidine-crosslinked immunoglobulin G (BDB-IgG), with thrombin or with collagen was dose- and divalent cation dependent. A 5-10-fold increase of platelet bound 125I-HRGP was obtained when 0.5 0.8 x 10(9) platelets/ml were activated with 100 micrograms BDB-IgG/ml, 0.1 U thrombin/ml or 15 micrograms collagen/ml. At maximal binding tested 16,000 molecules of HRGP became bound per platelet, but saturation was not achieved. Such platelet inhibitors as acetylsalicylic acid, prostaglandin E1 and cytochalasin B reduced the capacity of platelets to bind ligand, and by kinetic experiments involving enzymatic digestion of radiolabelled bound HRGP the ligand revealed to remain surface bound rather than being taken up to inner parts of the cell. PMID- 3191033 TI - Characterization of two deletions that remove the entire human zeta-alpha globin gene complex (- -THAI and - -FIL). AB - We have fully characterized two alpha thalassaemia mutants that occur in Southeast Asia, - -THAI and - -FIL. Each mutant is due to a deletion that removes the entire zeta-alpha-globin gene complex. Localization of the 5' breakpoints described here, allows the identification of unique fragments that are specific for each of the two mutations. This information can be used to assess the frequency of these mutants in Southeast Asia and will be of value in prenatal testing for alpha thalassaemia in this area. PMID- 3191034 TI - Occurrence of hereditary spherocytosis and beta thalassaemia in the same family: globin chain synthesis and visco diffractometric studies. AB - Hereditary spherocytosis and beta thalassaemia are rarely inherited together. We have studied a large family of Caucasian extraction in whom these two diseases segregate independently over four generations. The diagnosis rested on specialized laboratory findings and in a number of subjects on the measurement of alpha and beta globin chain synthesis. In addition, a viscometric method (osmotic gradient ektacytometry) was used to evaluate the rheological function of the erythrocytes. In patients inheriting both diseases, the results indicate that the clinical and biological expression of hereditary spherocytosis is modulated by the degree of imbalanced globin chain synthesis. The opposite properties of spherocytes (decreased surface/volume ratio, increased haemoglobin concentration) and thalassaemic red cells (increased surface/volume ratio, decreased haemoglobin concentration) may explain the antagonistic influence of each genotype. PMID- 3191035 TI - Serum immunoreactive erythropoietin in healthy normal children. AB - To provide reference data for normal children, serum immunoreactive erythropoietin (siEp) was estimated by radioimmunoassay in samples from 130 healthy children, 57 girls and 73 boys, with ages between 1 month and 16 years. In 128 of the children the (geometric) mean siEp was 15.8 miu/ml (iu: international units) with 95% range (the range within which 95% of the observations are predicted to fall) 9.1-27.6 miu/ml. There was no relation between siEp and the variables haemoglobin (Hb), PCV, age and sex. There were two outliers, both girls, aged 9.5 and 9.8 years, in whom siEp was greater than 256 miu/ml. In both, Hb and PCV were normal and we are unable to account for these atypical findings. Estimates of siEp in the 128 children were not significantly different from those in 22 healthy adults investigated simultaneously (mean 16.2 miu/ml, with 95% range 11.2-23.3 miu/ml). PMID- 3191036 TI - Hb A-like sickle haemoglobin: Hb S-providence. PMID- 3191037 TI - Autograft using peripheral blood stem cells collected after high dose melphalan in high risk multiple myeloma. PMID- 3191039 TI - Fetal heart rate monitoring by telephone. I. Development of an integrated system in Cardiff. AB - We report the development of a practical dedicated system for domiciliary fetal monitoring integrated in a scheme for its rational application. From experience of 1120 domiciliary recordings in 74 women (64 with high-risk pregnancies), we suggest that domiciliary monitoring applied within a structured clinical context should be as safe as monitoring in hospital. PMID- 3191038 TI - Surfactant stimulates prostaglandin E production in human amnion. AB - Discs of human amnion prepared from nine women delivered by elective caesarean section at term were incubated with and without purified human amniotic fluid surfactant (9 micrograms lipid P/ml), and the output of prostaglandin E (PGE) was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Surfactant stimulated the release of PGE from 3.8 (SD 2.9) to 5.4 (SD 2.5) pmol/mg dry weight/3 h (P less than 0.01). Arachidonic acid accounted for 2% of the fatty acids of surfactant lecithin. These results show that surfactant has a stimulatory effect on amniotic PGE production and that it is an important source of arachidonic acid in amniotic fluid. PMID- 3191040 TI - Fetal heart rate monitoring by telephone. II. Clinical experience in four centres with a commercially produced system. AB - A commercially produced domiciliary fetal monitoring (DFM) system was assessed in four centres in the UK (Bristol, Glasgow, London and Nottingham) chosen to allow for comprehensive assessment in various settings in many different women. Overall, 825 recordings were made from 368 women (2.24 per woman). There were 56 unsuccessful attempts at transmission (6.8%), most were due to problems with telephone equipment. The system worked most efficiently when a dedicated direct line was used. The data transmission time varied between 40 and 60 s. The median telephone time (including data transmission and conversation) with a dedicated direct line was 7 min. Mean acceptance times from the four centres were between 70 and 80%. All recordings with acceptance times of 40% or more were interpretable. Ten recordings were abnormal. The women and mid-wives were equally proficient at using the DFM system. The DFM system represents an important addition to current methods of fetal assessment. Specific guidelines are outlined. PMID- 3191041 TI - Chorionic villus sampling in a high-risk population--4 years' experience. AB - Between August 1982 and July 1986 a total of 163 pregnancies in 136 patients with a high genetic risk have had prenatal diagnosis by chorionic villus sampling. Villi were not obtained in five pregnancies (two of which subsequently miscarried), and 11 fetal losses followed successful sampling (four in pregnancies in which the fetus was shown to be affected). The rate of fetal loss fell with increasing experience of the team. Three sets of twins were all sampled successfully. PMID- 3191042 TI - Does impaired glucose tolerance imply a risk in pregnancy? AB - Of 218 pregnant women with abnormal glucose tolerance by the criteria of the World Health Organization (1985) 81.2% had impaired glucose tolerance and 18.8% gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetic women were of higher parity, more obese, required insulin therapy more often, had more babies weighing greater than 4 kg and had higher fasting plasma glucose than women with impaired glucose tolerance. Women with gestational impaired glucose tolerance were older, of higher parity, more obese and had heavier babies than pregnant women with a normal screening plasma glucose. Compared with women with impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetic women were more likely to have abnormality, and more severe impairment of their glucose tolerance test in the puerperium. PMID- 3191043 TI - Vaginal cones: a conservative method of treating genuine stress incontinence. AB - A set of weighted vaginal cones designed to exercise the pelvic floor muscles was used by a group of 39 premenopausal patients with genuine stress incontinence who were awaiting corrective surgery. The effectiveness of the exercises in reducing urinary loss was assessed with a standard urine pad test before and after 1 month of training. Of the 30 women who completed 1 month of the exercises 70% felt they were improved or cured and 90% found it an acceptable method of treatment. Of the 30 women only 11 (37%) opted for surgery after training. There was a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001, rs = -0.21) between decreased urine loss and increase in retained cone weight. PMID- 3191045 TI - Surgical wound drainage: a survey of practices among gynaecologists in the British Isles. AB - All 2836 members and fellows of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists were circulated with a questionnaire concerning their practices with regard to wound drainage. The overall response rate was 43%, although that from practitioners of consultant and senior registrar status was 67%. The use of wound drainage was consistent between surgeons of differing levels of experience and different subspecialty interests within gynaecology. At routine 'clean' operations the use of drains is limited; only 0.4% of gynaecologists drain the peritoneal cavity, 1% the pelvis, 4% the subcutaneous tissues, and 20% the rectus sheath routinely. At more specialist 'clean' procedures, however, greater use of drains is made; at suprapubic incontinence operations 51% of surgeons drain the retropubic space; at radical hysterectomy 55% drain the pelvis; and at radical vulvectomy 63% use drains in the groins, routinely. In all the above operations much greater use is made of active (83%) than passive drains (17%). With potentially contaminated wounds, however, 46% of gynaecologists use a passive drain. PMID- 3191044 TI - Tape measurement of symphysis-fundal height in twin pregnancies. AB - We hypothesized that tape measurement of symphysis-fundal height could be useful in detecting multiple pregnancies, and in such cases in predicting preterm labour and identifying small-for-gestational-age (SGA) fetuses. Although mean fundal height is substantially greater in twin than singleton pregnancies, the value of the technique to detect multiple pregnancies may be limited because combined birth-weight is less and the frequency of SGA fetuses is greater in undiagnosed than in diagnosed twin pregnancies. We found no evidence that the measured fundal height is greater in pregnancies going on to preterm delivery, and we suggest that the commonly accepted theory that the high rate of preterm labour in twin pregnancies results simply from uterine overdistension be reappraised. Nevertheless, fundal height measurement was of value in identifying pregnancies in which both babies were SGA and is therefore recommended as a simple, inexpensive and non-invasive technique. PMID- 3191046 TI - Relapsing fever in pregnancy: analysis of high-risk factors. AB - The diagnosis of tick-borne relapsing fever was established in 27 pregnant patients by demonstration of Borrelia spirochaetes in a thick blood smear and the borrelia index was estimated to calculate the density of the spirochaetaemia. Clinical findings are described and compared with those reported from Rwanda. The results suggest that the density of the spirochaetaemia and the gestational age are the main high-risk factors. PMID- 3191047 TI - Fetal supraventricular tachycardia: detection by routine auscultation and successful in-utero management. Case report. PMID- 3191048 TI - Uteroplacental perfusion after epidural analgesia for elective caesarean section. PMID- 3191049 TI - Candidiasis in women fitted with an intrauterine contraceptive device. PMID- 3191050 TI - The management of the patient with abnormal vaginal cytology following hysterectomy. AB - Thirty-two patients presenting with abnormal vaginal cytology following hysterectomy were studied. Seven (21.8%) had had hysterectomy for benign conditions whilst 25 (78.1%) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or invasive cervical carcinoma. Twenty-five patients had partial or total vaginectomy (15 as the primary procedure), and one required laser treatment following vaginectomy. Of 11 (34.3%) patients treated primarily by laser, five subsequently required vaginectomy because of persistent or recurrent cytological abnormality. All four patients treated with topical 5-fluorouracil or dinitrochlorobenzene subsequently required surgery. Nine of the 32 patients (28.1%) proved to have invasive carcinoma of the vagina on histological examination of the vaginectomy specimen. At the time of writing all patients in the study are well with no evidence of disease. PMID- 3191051 TI - Radiotherapy in the management of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia after hysterectomy. AB - Intravaginal radium was used to treat 11 patients who were found to have vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) following hysterectomy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. All were discovered by cytological follow-up, were colposcopically assessed and diagnosis was confirmed by histological examination before treatment. Nine of 10 patients questioned continue to enjoy satisfactory sexual intercourse after treatment but 6 of 8 premenopausal patients subsequently became oestrogen deficient and required hormone replacement therapy. No other significant morbidity has been observed. All remain cytologically and colposcopically free of disease after a median follow-up of 26 months. We conclude that radiotherapy is an effective treatment of VAIN following hysterectomy. PMID- 3191052 TI - Antenatal fetal heart rate variation in relation to the respiratory and metabolic status of the compromised human fetus. AB - Three groups of women were delivered by caesarean section before labour: for an abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) trace (21 cases, group 1), or for maternal deterioration in severe pre-eclampsia without gross fetal heart rate abnormalities (20 cases, group 2), or to avoid mechanical difficulties in labour at term (30 cases, group 3). The mean gestational ages of the first two groups were 32 weeks with a high proportion of infants small-for-gestational-age. In group 1, FHR variation (mean range of pulse intervals) was less than half (20.6 SE 1.2 ms) of the normal value at the same age (44.4 SE 1.5 ms). This was associated with hypoxaemia (mean umbilical artery PO2 of 6 mmHg at delivery), with evidence of compensation shown by an elevated amniotic fluid erythropoietin. The fetuses were hypoglycaemic and had greater umbilical artery blood alanine concentrations, but no large changes in adenine nucleotide or endorphin plasma concentrations. Although there was a minor degree of respiratory acidaemia at birth, there was not significant metabolic acidaemia. The results demonstrate that the reduced variation of 'suboptimal' and 'decelerative' fetal heart rate records is associated with fetal hypoxaemia and evidence of nutritional deprivation, but not with asphyxia. PMID- 3191054 TI - Dysmenorrhoea. PMID- 3191053 TI - Classical versus low-segment transverse incision for preterm caesarean section: maternal complications and outcome of subsequent pregnancies. AB - In a retrospective, controlled, follow-up study of 326 women who had a primary preterm caesarean section, the risks of postoperative maternal morbidity and uterine rupture or dehiscence in subsequent pregnancies were investigated in relation to the mode of incision (classical compared with low-segment transverse incision). The classical incision was associated with a higher frequency of postpartum fever in the immediate postoperative period (16% compared with 6%, P less than 0.01). Of the 326 patients reviewed 286 (88%) were contacted for information about subsequent pregnancies. Information was obtained for 70 pregnancies subsequent to a classical caesarean section, and 71 pregnancies subsequent to a low-segment transverse caesarean section, which had continued for more than 20 weeks gestation. Of the pregnancies after the classical operation 13% had abnormal scars compared with none of those after the low-segment transverse operation (P = 0.0014). The frequency of scar dehiscence was 6% after a classical scar compared with none after a low-segment transverse scar (P = 0.0581). PMID- 3191055 TI - Antenatal care; current practice in debate. AB - The antenatal screening practice of 67 teaching hospitals in the European Community was assessed by use of a written questionnaire. There were minor differences in mean numbers of tests performed in different countries, but only limited agreement was found on the selection of tests that were performed. There was no unity of practice within the countries. No correlations were found between the number of screening tests performed and the size of the units, or the composition of the attending staff. PMID- 3191057 TI - Bone histology and mineral homeostasis in human pregnancy. AB - Mineral homeostasis was studied biochemically and histologically in patients in early pregnancy and at term. In early pregnancy there was evidence of increased and reversible resorption of bone, whereas in late pregnancy bone demonstrated active formation and rapid mineralization with minimal resorption. Gut absorption of calcium was not increased in early pregnancy. The overall findings were consistent with calcium liberation from bone in early pregnancy, and with enhanced conservation of bone calcium at term. It is proposed that the additional calcium required during pregnancy is derived largely from the skeleton during early gestation and from dietary absorption at term. PMID- 3191058 TI - Is random plasma glucose an efficient screening test for abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy? AB - Random plasma glucose was determined in 276 apparently healthy pregnant women attending our antenatal clinic at 28 to 32 weeks gestation. Mean and standard deviation values within 2 h and greater than 2 h after a meal were calculated. A standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was then given to 250 of the 276 pregnant women. Three patients were found to be diabetic and 46 had post-load concentrations indicative of impaired glucose tolerance according to the criteria of the World Health Organization (1980). Using a cut-off point whereby 15% of the population would be tested, we would have identified only 2 of the 3 diabetics and 12 of the 46 with impaired glucose tolerance. This poor predictive power cannot be resolved by altering cut-off points for screening, or by altering the criteria for abnormal glucose tolerance. The basic problem is lack of a close relation between 2-h glucose tolerance value and random glucose when this has been taken greater than 120 min after a meal. In this population with a high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance, random plasma glucose is not an efficient screening test. PMID- 3191059 TI - Pregnancy complicated by maternal heart disease. A review of 519 women. AB - Between 1970 and 1983, 519 pregnancies in 405 women with heart disease were managed at the Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland, a rate of 1.3 per 100 deliveries. In 312 (60%) the heart disease was of rheumatic origin, in 161 (31%) congenital, and the remaining 46 (9%) were a miscellaneous group that included arrhythmias, ischaemic heart disease and cardiomyopathies. The New York Heart Association (NHYA) grading was no greater than 1-2 in 445 (86%) pregnancies antenatally. Three maternal deaths occurred, all in the group whose antenatal NYHA grade was 3-4. Heart failure was present in 96 (18%) pregnancies antenatally, and six others developed failure during labour or in the puerperium. Prophylactic antibiotics were not used routinely and infective endocarditis did not occur. The perinatal mortality rate was 19/1000, and the rate of congenital malformations was not raised in the reviewed group. PMID- 3191060 TI - Human leucocyte antigen status in African women with eclampsia. AB - Investigation of the HLA system in 53 African eclamptic or imminently eclamptic women showed that they were significantly more likely to be heterozygous at the B locus than were normal controls. This did not apply to the A or D related loci. PMID- 3191056 TI - Perinatal data reliability in a large teaching obstetric unit. AB - In this inter-rater agreement study of antenatal and neonatal variables collected in a large teaching obstetric unit, information routinely collected by hospital staff was compared with that collected by a specially trained physician and a social worker. Agreement between the two sources of data was evaluated using kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficients. Excellent agreement was observed for some variables such as maternal and newborn anthropometric measures, and previous birthweight, but there was poor agreement for others such as indicators of physical activity, work during pregnancy and blood pressure measures. Some of the limitations are due to problems in phrasing questions, patients' recall, interviewer bias and abstracting data. We recommend that epidemiological studies should always include a reliability component, proper standardization of personnel and instruments and include, when published, validity data and examples of questions used. PMID- 3191061 TI - Poor maternal weight gain between 28 and 32 weeks gestation may predict small-for gestational-age infants. AB - In a retrospective analysis of 158 women considered to have had normal, low-risk pregnancies, 30 gave birth to infants with a birthweight less than the 10th centile for gestation. These 30 women had a significantly poorer mean increase in weight (0.99 kg) between 28 and 32 weeks gestation than the other 128 women (1.95 kg) who gave birth to infants with birthweights above the 10th centile for gestation. There was no statistically significant difference in booking weight, overall weight gain or other variables associated with low birthweight between the two groups of women which suggests that poor maternal weight gain specifically between 28 and 32 weeks gestation may predict small-for-gestational age infants. PMID- 3191062 TI - Serial oxytocin levels in amniotic fluid and maternal plasma during normal and induced labour. AB - Oxytocin was measured by a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay in plasma and amniotic fluid after extraction with Sep-Pak cartridges in patients undergoing elective caesarean sections, normal labour and labour induced with oxytocin infusion or prostaglandins. In maternal plasma, levels of oxytocin correlated with the period of gestation; concentrations at term were significantly higher than in the first two trimesters. Maternal plasma levels of oxytocin before the onset of contractions were not significantly different from those at the onset of spontaneous labour or at full cervical dilatation. Levels of oxytocin in patients induced with oxytocin were not statistically different from levels observed in spontaneous labour. Amniotic fluid oxytocin levels were not significantly different between the groups either at the onset of labour or immediately before delivery. Umbilical arterio-venous differences in oxytocin were present in all groups except the prostaglandin-induced group. Increased prostaglandins associated with the onset of normal labour are probably not a consequence of changes in oxytocin concentrations. PMID- 3191064 TI - The influence of method of contraception and cigarette smoking on menstrual patterns. AB - Self-perceived menstrual patterns have been investigated in a sample of 2115 women aged 18-49 years using a postal questionnaire. Seven aspects of 'abnormal' menstruation were defined: prolonged periods, heavy periods, frequent periods, irregular periods, intermenstrual bleeding, painful periods and severe premenstrual syndrome. Women who used oral contraceptives were less likely than other women to report any of the seven menstrual abnormalities except for intermenstrual bleeding and severe premenstrual tension. Women who used an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) reported prolonged, heavy, and frequent periods and intermenstrual bleeding more often than other women, but they did not report painful periods with undue frequency. Women who had had a tubal sterilization generally reported menstrual patterns similar to, or slightly less favourable than, women using no contraception or contraceptive methods other than the pill or the IUCD. There was a significant association between smoking habits and each of the abnormal menstrual patterns except for severe premenstrual tension. In every case, the effect of smoking was unfavourable and in almost every case, current smokers reported the worst experience, with ex-smokers occupying an intermediate position. We believe that these data are of considerable clinical significance and that they offer a basis for a conservative approach to managing menstrual disorders in some women. PMID- 3191063 TI - Uterine blood flow and myometrial activity at menstruation, and the action of vasopressin and a synthetic antagonist. AB - Local endometrial blood flow was measured by a thermistor technique and myometrial activity by intrauterine pressure recording in 10 women before and during menstruation. The effect of lysine vasopressin infusion (1 pmol/kg body weight per min) and of bolus injection of a synthetic oxytocin analogue, 1 deamino-2-D-Tyr(OEt)-4-Thr-8-Orn-oxytocin (10 nmol/kg body-weight), were studied. Spontaneous variations in blood flow were seen synchronous with clearly demarcated uterine contractions, the myometrial activity being significantly increased in early (day -1 to day +2) compared with late (day +3 to day +5) menstrual phase. The vasopressin infusion decreased blood flow, stimulated uterine activity and caused slight to moderate dysmenorrhoea-like pain. These effects were completely inhibited by the injection of the oxytocin analogue. In vitro studies on uterine arteries confirmed that the analogue also inhibited the vasopressin-induced constriction of the uterine arteries. This antagonist was more effective than two other analogues, 1-deamino-2-D-Tyr(OEt)-4-Val-8-Orn oxytocin and 1-deamino-2-Tyr(OEt)-oxytocin. The counteracting effect of 1-deamino 2-D-Tyr(OEt)-4-Thr-8-Orn-oxytocin on the vasopressin-induced decrease of blood flow and increase of contractions supports the therapeutic value of the drug in primary dysmenorrhoea and preterm labour. PMID- 3191065 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis among sexually active teenage girls. Lack of correlation between chlamydial infection, history of the patient and clinical signs of infection. AB - Cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis were obtained from 1012 teenage girls attending an adolescence clinic mainly for family planning; C. trachomatis was isolated from 174 (17.2%). The proportion of chlamydia-positive girls varied between 15.7% and 28.5% depending whether or not there were symptoms and signs of infection. Neither the history nor the finding at pelvic examination offered conclusive evidence for or against the presence of an infection with C. trachomatis. Of the chlamydia-positive, untreated, asymptomatic girls, 17.5% developed symptoms of a genital infection within 3 months. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of positive cultures by the two investigators, suggesting that the procedure for specimen collection is of great importance. PMID- 3191066 TI - Oral conception. Impregnation via the proximal gastrointestinal tract in a patient with an aplastic distal vagina. Case report. PMID- 3191067 TI - Algodystrophy in pregnancy. Three case reports. PMID- 3191068 TI - Crohn's disease of the vulva. Case report. PMID- 3191069 TI - Prolapse of the vaginal vault associated with a large granuloma of the sigmoid colon. Case report. PMID- 3191070 TI - Amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (Augmentin) versus metronidazole as prophylaxis in hysterectomy: a prospective randomized clinical trial. PMID- 3191071 TI - Concomitant zoonotic infections with ovine Chlamydia and 'Q' fever in pregnancy: clinical features, diagnosis, management and public health implications. Case report. PMID- 3191072 TI - Prolonged maternal indomethacin therapy associated with oligohydramnios. Case reports. PMID- 3191074 TI - Effect of intraocular lens implantation on combined extracapsular cataract extraction with trabeculectomy: a comparative study. AB - In an attempt to assess the effect of posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation on the outcome of combined extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE) and trabeculectomy we compared 23 eyes subjected to ECCE and trabeculectomy with 23 eyes subjected to a triple procedure-that is, with the addition of IOL implantation. The results showed that IOL implantation did not have a detrimental effect on postoperative IOP reduction, gain in visual acuity, or needs for antiglaucoma medication. The incidence of anterior chamber reactions consisting of the development of posterior synechiae and fibrin formation was significantly higher when IOL had been implanted. However, the fibrin was generally absorbed within 14 days and the posterior synechiae did not occlude the visual axis. We conclude that IOL implantation should be included in these combined operations with the object of rehabilitating visual function. PMID- 3191073 TI - How do general practitioners manage eye disease in the community? AB - A survey of the management of eye disease in the community was carried out in two general practices over a three-month period. During this time there were 238 consultations by patients with ocular symptoms, making up 2.3% of all consultations and giving an annual consultation rate for eye disease of 66 per 1000 persons at risk. The four commonest diagnoses were bacterial conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis, meibomian cyst, and blepharitis, and these accounted for more than 70% of the consultations. A variety of topical and systemic treatments were used, with topical chloramphenicol prescribed in 55% of consultations. Referral to a hospital eye department resulted from 35 consultations, giving a referral rate of 15% of all consultations. PMID- 3191075 TI - The consensual ophthalmotonic reaction. AB - The consensual ophthalmotonic reaction describes the phenomenon whereby alteration of the intraocular pressure in one eye is accompanied by a corresponding pressure change in the contralateral eye. Thirteen normal and thirteen ocular hypertensive subjects received 0.5% timolol, 2% pilocarpine, 1% adrenaline, or saline uniocularly with saline to the other eye under double blind, randomised conditions. Intraocular pressure was measured by applanation tonometry at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes. Falls in pressure were found in both treated and consensual eyes for all treatments in both subject groups. A linear relationship between the fall in pressure in the treated eye and that in the consensual eye was found for timolol and pilocarpine but not for adrenaline. PMID- 3191076 TI - Sympathetic influences on the consensual ophthalmotonic reaction. AB - Six patients with intraocular hypertension received 0.5% timolol or saline uniocularly with saline to the other eye, and the intraocular pressure was measured by applanation tonometry at 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes. Falls in pressure were seen in both the timolol treated and consensual eyes. The same experiments were conducted after pretreatment of the consensual eyes with guanethidine 5%. The consensual ophthalmotonic reaction (COR) to timolol administration was blocked by pretreatment with guanethidine. Three out of four patients with Horner's syndrome also showed a reduced COR in the affected eye after timolol administration to the normal eye, suggesting that the COR is mediated by a nervous reflex with the efferent limb in the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 3191078 TI - Stereoscopic evoked responses to crossed and uncrossed disparity accompanying simulated refractive error. AB - Evoked potentials were recorded to the occurrence of a disparate stimulus in dynamic random dot stereograms. Seven adult males, all of whom had vision which was normal or corrected to normal, participated in the experiment. Subjects viewed 100 ms duration stimuli which embodied 30 arc min of either crossed or uncrossed disparity under four conditions of spherical overcorrection: -0.25, +1.0, +2.0, +3.0 dioptres. The first condition, essentially normal refraction, yielded reliable behavioural reports of the stimulus and clear evoked potentials to both crossed and uncrossed disparity. With increasing overcorrection the behavioural reports became less reliable, and the evoked potentials were degraded for both conditions of disparity. The responses to the crossed disparity condition, however, showed significantly less degradation in both behavioural and electrophysiological measures. The implications of this finding may be that there are separate cortical subsystems for the processing of crossed and uncrossed disparity and that the former is more robust under non-ideal viewing conditions. PMID- 3191077 TI - Retinal circulation during a spontaneous rise of intraocular pressure. AB - The retinal haemodynamic changes occurring in an eye with a spontaneous elevation of intraocular pressure were investigated by bidirectional laser Doppler velocimetry and monochromatic fundus photography. At an intraocular pressure of 47 mmHg the blood velocity and volumetric blood flow rate were significantly smaller and arterial blood velocity pulsatility was significantly greater than normal. The corresponding 88% reduction in perfusion pressure was accompanied by a 67% reduction in total retinal blood flow, indicating that autoregulation is not efficient at this level of intraocular pressure. An Octopus visual field examination obtained immediately following blood flow measurements suggested that the central retina can preserve a fairly good function under a total retinal blood flow rate of about one-third of the normal value. PMID- 3191079 TI - Analysis of the factors involved in cosmetic failure following excision of the eye. AB - We graded the overall cosmetic outcome of 56 patients who required excision of the eye. Each patient was then subjected to a more detailed analysis of the specific abnormalities associated with excision of the eye in order to discover which are associated most consistently with a poor cosmetic result. The only factor showing a statistically significant variation with the overall cosmetic outcome was the degree of upper lid sulcus. Taken individually the other features showed no statistically significant correlation. When each finding was scored, the averaged sum of the scores was related to cosmetic outcome with statistical significance. A method of quantifying orbital volume loss is described. PMID- 3191080 TI - Marginal corneal abscess associated with adult chlamydial ophthalmia. AB - In four patients with an adult chlamydial ophthalmia small, marginal corneal abscesses were detected. These corneal abscesses were associated with unilateral papillary and follicular conjunctivitis and punctate keratitis. In these patients no bacteria was isolated from the abscesses, but Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from materials collected from the abscesses and from the conjunctival swabbings. In addition all patients had microbiologically proved concomitant chlamydial genital infections. The clinical signs resolved after topical treatment with rifampicin or tetracycline eye ointment for six weeks or systemic treatment with tetracycline for two weeks. Because of concomitant chlamydial genital infection it is advisable to treat patients with adult chlamydial ophthalmia with systemic tetracycline and to refer these patients and their consorts for investigation and treatment of their genital infection. PMID- 3191081 TI - Optic nerve involvement in a case of methanol poisoning. AB - The eyes and optic nerves were studied histologically in a fatal case of methanol poisoning in a 37-year-old man. The most striking findings were bilateral central necrosis of the optic nerves from behind the lamina cribrosa to the orbital apex. Proximal parts of the nerve and the tract showed no necrosis. It is suggested that the complex blood supply of the nerve may be of importance. PMID- 3191082 TI - Haemangiopericytoma of the lacrimal sac: a case report. AB - A primary haemangiopericytoma of the lacrimal sac in a 45-year-old male is reported. The neoplasm, highly unusual in this location, recurred twice before being correctly identified. Total excision with surrounding tissue appears to be the treatment of choice for this tumour, the behaviour of which is often unpredictable. PMID- 3191083 TI - Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the orbit presenting with visual loss. AB - A case of primary Ewing's sarcoma of the orbit and paranasal sinuses in a 6 yearold boy is reported. The child presented with headaches and unilateral visual loss. Loss of vision as a result of optic nerve involvement with primary Ewing's sarcoma is extremely rare. PMID- 3191084 TI - Ocular involvement in sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy. AB - Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy is a distinct clinical entity, with ophthalmic involvement in 10% of patients. Orbital as well as eyelid lesions have been described as part of the extra-lymph node involvement of this disorder. We recently examined a young boy with sinus histiocytosis with a bulbar conjunctival mass and chronic dacryocystitis. PMID- 3191085 TI - The 'poor man's' Landers lens. AB - A clinical application of the technique of 'autoindirect ophthalmoscopy' in a gas filled, phakic eye is described. Peroperative photographs obtained by this technique are demonstrated and the optics described. PMID- 3191086 TI - The aetiology of maxillofacial injuries and the seat belt law. AB - Between the period 1 February 1981 and 31 January 1985, 678 patients with maxillofacial injuries were referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, at Southampton General Hospital. The commonest two aetiological factors in this group of patients were alleged assaults and road traffic accidents. Seat belt legislation in the United Kingdom was introduced on 1 February 1983. The compliance with seat belt usage rose to 90-95% for all front seat occupants after the legislation. The incidence of maxillofacial trauma cases arising in the front seat occupant group of patients dropped from 20.9% (78 patients) in the 2 years before the legislation to 5.9% (18 patients) in the 2 years after the legislation. The difference is statistically significant (p less than 0.001). PMID- 3191087 TI - Early post-operative endodontic therapy limits inflammatory root resorption of autotransplanted maxillary canine teeth. AB - This study has provided information concerning the limitation of inflammatory root resorption of autotransplanted maxillary canine teeth. It has been shown that early post-operative endodontic therapy significantly decreases the occurrence of inflammatory root resorption (P less than 0.001) but does not change the prevalence of replacement root resorption. It is argued that by limiting inflammatory resorption the prognosis for autotransplanted teeth is considerably improved. PMID- 3191088 TI - An alternative method of fixation of alveolar ridge mucosa during the vestibuloplasty procedure. AB - The authors present a new design of splintage for fixation of the alveolar ridge mucosa following various vestibuloplasty procedures. From 1981-1987 50 acrylic buccal splints and 76 palatal splints were used, fixed by AO screws, in vestibuloplasty procedures. By using screws a controlled pressure equally distributed over the mucosa was achieved. The results demonstrate that screw fixation of the splints can avoid some of the common problems found especially with suture or nails. The acrylic buccal splint fixed by AO screws on to the alveolar bone is more convenient for the patient and produces a better operative result. The authors recommend it as the method of choice for submucosal and some modified submucosal vestibuloplasties. PMID- 3191089 TI - Pneumosinus dilatans. AB - Deformity of the forehead is usually the first clinical presentation of the abnormally enlarged paranasal sinuses caused by pneumosinus dilatans. The diagnosis and surgical treatment of two cases are reported. The type of osteotomy described is recommended as a method of surgical treatment of this condition. PMID- 3191091 TI - The influence of the mode of treatment of zygomatic bone fractures on the healing process of the infraorbital nerve. AB - Several authors have described the influence of the method of treatment of a fracture of the zygomatic complex on the recovery of the infraorbital nerve. In this study, the results of treatment of 106 patients with an isolated, non comminuted, unstable fracture of the zygomatic bone are presented. Thirty-eight patients underwent fixation with interosseous wiring and 68 patients were treated with a miniplate osteosynthesis across the frontozygomatic suture. In the group with wire fixation, 50% suffered persistent reduced sensitivity in the infraorbital region at follow-up examination, whereas in the group with a miniplate osteosynthesis only 22.1% had persistent neurological sequelae. On the basis of these findings we recommend a miniplate osteosynthesis in all unstable zygomatic bone fractures with displacement. PMID- 3191090 TI - The effect of chlorhexidine irrigation on the incidence of dry socket: a pilot study. AB - A pilot study was conducted to measure the reported incidence of dry socket following pre-operative irrigation and mouthrinsing with either 0.2% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate or normal saline or with no irrigation (control). Three hundred and twenty-four patients presenting for the single extraction of a lower premolar or molar under local anaesthesia were divided into three equal groups; no irrigation, irrigation with saline and irrigation with a 0.2% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate solution. After administration of the local anaesthetic agent, 10 ml of the test solutions were applied to the gingival crevice using a blunted needle. The solutions were retained in the patients mouth for 2 min following irrigation. Pre-operative irrigation of the gingival crevice and mouthrinsing with 0.2% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate significantly reduced the number of dry sockets. There was no significant reduction in the number of dry socket cases following irrigation and rinsing with normal saline. The irrigation technique, using 0.2% (w/v) chlorhexidine gluconate is safe, inexpensive, easy to apply and can be recommended for routine use in dental practice, to reduce the incidence of dry socket. PMID- 3191092 TI - An unusual infra-orbital foreign body. AB - A case report of a patient with a lower eyelid wound with a retained foreign body is given. The localisation, treatment and complications of orbital foreign bodies are discussed. PMID- 3191093 TI - Faciomaxillary fractures in north India. A statistical analysis and review of management. AB - An analysis of the incidence of facial fractures and their combinations is presented along with an evaluation of our techniques of fracture reduction and fixation. Two hundred and sixty two patients with facial fractures treated between January 1982 and December 1983 at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, form the basis of this study. Simple methods have been used for reduction and fixation for the last 20 years without any major modification, as they have provided satisfactory results. Road traffic accidents are the leading aetiological factor in both sexes. More than 75% of the cases were in the 16-45 year age group. The mandible was the most frequently fractured bone. Contrary to previous reports we found that the parasymphseal region was more commonly fractured than the subcondylar region. More than 50% of the maxillary and zygomatic fractures were a part of the panfacial group. Orbital and nasoethmoidal fractures were relatively uncommon. PMID- 3191094 TI - A retrospective study of injuries to the maxillofacial skeleton in Harare, Zimbabwe. AB - A retrospective study was undertaken of 311 patients with injuries to the maxillofacial skeleton treated at Harare Central Hospital, Harare. Two hundred and fifty two (80.7%) of the patients were males, 74.6% of all the fractures involved the mandible and assault was the most common causative agent (81.6%). The aetiology, incidence, pattern of fractures, presence of infection, choice of treatment and the results of treatment are discussed. PMID- 3191095 TI - Helically organized macroaggregates of pigment-protein complexes in chloroplasts: evidence from circular intensity differential scattering. AB - Angle dependence of circular intensity differential scattering (CIDS) and of nonpolarized scattering was determined in isolated spinach chloroplasts at 514.5 nm. CIDS between 0 degrees and 170 degrees was independent of the nonpolarized scattering and showed intense lobes of alternating signs, exhibiting the negative and positive maxima around 15 degrees and 70 degrees, respectively. These results provide experimental evidence for the existence of large helically organized macroaggregates of pigment-protein complexes in thylakoid membranes. Modeling of the CIDS data by a simple helical array of uniaxial polarizable groups suggests that the chiral structure is left-handed with pitch and radius of the order of 385 nm. PMID- 3191097 TI - Bacteriorhodopsin photoreaction: identification of a long-lived intermediate N (P,R350) at high pH and its M-like photoproduct. AB - An alkaline suspension of light-adapted purple membrane exposed to continuous light showed a large absorption depletion at 580 nm and a small increase around 350 nm. We attribute this absorption change to an efficient photoconversion of bR570 into a photoproduct N (P,R350), which has a major absorption maximum between 550 and 560 nm but has lower absorbance than bR570. N was barely detectable at low pH, low ionic strength, and physiological temperature. However, when the thermal relaxation of N to bR570 was inhibited by increasing pH, increasing ionic strength, and decreasing temperature, its relaxation time could be as long as 10 s at room temperature. N is also photoactive; when it is present in significant concentrations, e.g., accumulated by background light, the flash induced absorption changes of purple membrane suspensions were affected. Double excitation experiments showed an M-like photoproduct of N,NM, with an absorption maximum near 410 nm and a much longer lifetime than M412. It may be in equilibrium with an L-like precursor NL. We suggest that N occurs after M412 in the photoreaction cycle and that its photoproduct NM decays into bR570. Thus, at high pH and high light intensity, the overall photoreaction of bR may be approximated by the two-photon cycle bR570----M412----N----(NL----NM)----bR570, whereas at neutral pH and low light intensity it can be described by the one photon cycle bR570----M412----N----O640----bR570.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191096 TI - Membrane potential modulates photocycling rates of bacterial rhodopsins. AB - Effects of membrane potential on photochemical reactions of three retinal containing chromoproteins in Halobacterium halobium, sensory rhodopsin I (sR-I), bacteriorhodopsin, and halorhodopsin, are described. Each of the three exhibits a decreased rate of thermal decay of its principal intermediate when photoactivated in an artificially energized compared to a deenergized membrane. The similar response of the three pigments suggests a voltage-dependent conformational change common to their respective photocycles. Spectral and kinetic properties of the sR I photochemical reaction cycle were measured in phototactic H. halobium cells, and differences from in vitro photocycle kinetics were attributable to the electrical membrane potential present in vivo. In vivo sR-I photocycling rates were reproduced in envelope vesicle preparations in the presence of a valinomycin induced potassium diffusion potential. PMID- 3191099 TI - Fluorescence properties of acrylodan-labeled tropomyosin and tropomyosin-actin: evidence for myosin subfragment 1 induced changes in geometry between tropomyosin and actin. AB - The Cys groups of rabbit skeletal tropomyosin (Tm) and rabbit skeletal alpha alpha Tm were specifically labeled with acrylodan (AC). The probe on Tm is quite immobile yet exposed to solvent as indicated by its limiting polarization (P0 = 0.38) and fluorescence emission spectrum (lambda max = 520 nm) and its accessibility to solute quenching. Changes in the shape of the excitation spectrum with temperature correlated with the helix thermal pretransition and main transition without much spectral change of the emission spectrum. The probe environment of ACTm did not significantly change on binding to F-actin, but fluorescence energy transfer between tryptophan in actin and AC on Tm was indicated by a 15-20% increase in AC fluorescence and a few percent decrease in tryptophan fluorescence. This energy transfer increased when myosin subfragment 1 (S1) was bound to the ACTm-actin filament, in quantitative agreement with the postulated shift in state of Tm associated with the cooperative binding of S1 to actin (Hill et al., 1980). The increase in energy transfer shows that there is a change in the spatial relationship between Tm and actin associated with the S1 induced change in state of Tm. PMID- 3191098 TI - Effects of Ca2+ and subunit interactions on surface accessibility of cysteine residues in cardiac troponin. AB - Rabbit and bovine cardiac troponin (Tn) subunits and complexes were labeled with iodo[14C]acetamide in the presence and absence of Ca2+ to determine the effect of tertiary and quaternary structure on exposure of Cys SH groups. This procedure serves both to map regions of subunit interaction and the effects of Ca2+-induced conformational change and to indicate which Cys residues should be useful attachment sites for spectroscopic or cross-linking probes. After being labeled, Tn subunits were purified by using reversed-phase HPLC and subjected to tryptic cleavage with or without prior citraconylation. Cys-containing fragments were isolated by RP-HPLC, and the percent labeling was determined. Cys-75 and -92 of TnI were completely accessible to iodoacetamide both when TnI was labeled alone or when in the TnC-TnI complex. Both residues were largely inaccessible when Tn or the TnI-TnT complex was labeled, suggesting burial in the TnI-TnT interface. In contrast, the Cys from the N-terminal region of bovine TnT was stoichiometrically labeled when TnT was labeled alone, in native Tn or in a troponin-tropomyosin complex. Cys-35 and -84 of TnC are located in the nonfunctional Ca2+ binding loop I of cardiac TnC and helix D, respectively. For TnC alone, the percent labelings of Cys-35 and -84 were 11% and 26%, respectively (minus Ca2+), and 16% and 63%, respectively (plus Ca2+). For TnC labeled within Tn, the percent labelings of Cys-35 and -84 were 20% and 52%, respectively (minus Ca2+), and 20% and 78%, respectively (plus Ca2+).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191100 TI - Isotope effect studies of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent histidine decarboxylase from Morganella morganii. AB - The pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent histidine decarboxylase from Morganella morganii shows a nitrogen isotope effect k14/k15 = 0.9770 +/- 0.0021, a carbon isotope effect k12/k13 = 1.0308 +/- 0.0006, and a carbon isotope effect for L [alpha-2H]histidine of 1.0333 +/- 0.0001 at pH 6.3, 37 degrees C. These results indicate that the overall decarboxylation rate is limited jointly by the rate of Schiff base interchange and by the rate of decarboxylation. Although the observed isotope effects are quite different from those for the analogous glutamate decarboxylase from Escherichia coli [Abell, L. M., & O'Leary, M. H. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 3325], the intrinsic isotope effects for the two enzymes are essentially the same. The difference in observed isotope effects occurs because of a roughly twofold difference in the partitioning of the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate substrate Schiff base between decarboxylation and Schiff base interchange. The observed nitrogen isotope effect requires that the imine nitrogen in this Schiff base is protonated. Comparison of carbon isotope effects for deuteriated and undeuteriated substrates reveals that the deuterium isotope effect on the decarboxylation step is about 1.20; thus, in the transition state for the decarboxylation step, the carbon-carbon bond is about two-thirds broken. PMID- 3191101 TI - Isotope effect studies of the pyruvate-dependent histidine decarboxylase from Lactobacillus 30a. AB - The decarboxylation of histidine by the pyruvate-dependent histidine decarboxylase of Lactobacillus 30a shows a carbon isotope effect of k12/k13 = 1.0334 +/- 0.0005 and a nitrogen isotope effect k14/k15 = 0.9799 +/- 0.0006 at pH 4.8, 37 degrees C. The carbon isotope effect is slightly increased by deuteriation of the substrate and slightly decreased in D2O. The observed nitrogen isotope effect indicates that the imine nitrogen in the substrate-Schiff base intermediate complex is ordinarily protonated, and the pH dependence of the carbon isotope effect indicates that both protonated and unprotonated forms of this intermediate are capable of undergoing decarboxylation. As with the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme, Schiff base formation and decarboxylation are jointly rate-limiting, with the intermediate histidine pyruvate Schiff base showing a decarboxylation/Schiff base hydrolysis ratio of 0.5-1.0 at pH 4.8. The decarboxylation transition state is more reactant-like for the pyruvate-dependent enzyme than for the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme. These studies find no particular energetic or catalytic advantage to the use of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate over covalently bound pyruvate in catalysis of the decarboxylation of histidine. PMID- 3191102 TI - Involvement of tryptophans at the catalytic and subunit-binding domains of transcarboxylase. AB - Transcarboxylase from Propionibacterium shermanii is a multisubunit enzyme. It consists of one central hexameric subunit to which six outer dimeric subunits are attached through twelve biotinyl subunits. Both the central and the outer subunits are multi-tryptophan (Trp) proteins, and each contains 5 Trps per monomer. The roles of the Trps during catalysis and assembly of the enzyme have been studied by using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) oxidation as a probe. Modification of approximately 10 Trps of the total 90 Trps of the intact enzyme results in loss of activity. Both the substrates, viz., methylmalonyl-CoA and pyruvate, afford protection (approximately 50%) against inactivation caused by NBS. Analyses of tryptic peptide maps and intrinsic fluorescence studies have indicated that modification of 10 Trps of the whole enzyme does not cause extensive conformational changes. Therefore, the Trps appear to be essential for catalytic activity. NBS modification of the individual subunits at pH 6.5 has demonstrated differential reactivity of their Trps. Modification of the exposed/reactive Trps of either one of the subunits significantly affects the subunit assembly with the complementary unmodified subunits to form active enzyme. It is proposed that Trps are involved at the subunit-binding domains of either the central or the outer subunit of transcarboxylase, in addition to those critical for catalysis. PMID- 3191103 TI - Involvement and identification of a tryptophanyl residue at the pyruvate binding site of transcarboxylase. AB - Transcarboxylase (TC) from Propionibacterium shermanii consists of a central hexameric 12S subunit to which 6 outer dimeric 5S subunits are attached through 12 biotinyl 1.3S subunits. The enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a carboxyl group from methylmalonyl-CoA to pyruvate, forming oxalacetate and propionyl-CoA. The pyruvate binding site, located on the 5S subunit, was examined by monitoring the intrinsic fluorescence quenching accompanying the incremental addition of pyruvate to either TC or the 5S subunit. The quenching studies indicate that there are two binding sites for pyruvate with apparent dissociation constants of 0.23 and 1.25 mM for intact TC and of 0.18 and 1.20 mM for the outer 5S subunit. The microenvironment of the Trp(s) sensitive to pyruvate binding was analyzed by using the neutral quencher acrylamide. With TC, the fractional accessible fluorescence (fa) was 0.64, whereas a fa value of 0.56 was obtained in the presence of pyruvate. A 27% decrease in fa was observed with the outer 5S subunit in the presence of pyruvate as compared to the free 5S subunit. By labeling the outer subunit in the absence of pyruvate with 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenyl chloride (DNPS-Cl), a tryptic peptide containing DNPS-labeled Trp was isolated; the sequence was determined and identified with the amino-terminal residues 67-75 of the outer subunit that has been derived from DNA-sequencing studies. Trp-73 contained the DNPS label; its labeling was inhibited by pyruvate. A sequence comparison with other biotinyl enzymes shows that the sequence 67-75 is highly conserved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191104 TI - 4-Bromo-2-octenoic acid specifically inactivates 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and thereby fatty acid oxidation in rat liver mitochondria. AB - In an attempt to develop a compound which would specifically inhibit 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1.16) in whole mitochondria, 4-bromo-2-octenoic acid was synthesized and studied. After rat liver mitochondria were preincubated with 4 bromo-2-octenoic acid for 3 min, respiration supported by either palmitoylcarnitine or pyruvate was completely abolished, whereas no inhibition was observed with rat heart mitochondria. Addition of carnitine stimulated respiration supported by pyruvate without relieving inhibition of palmitoylcarnitine-dependent respiration. Hence, this compound seems to be a specific inhibitor of beta-oxidation. When the enzymes of beta-oxidation were assayed in a soluble extract prepared from mitochondria preincubated with 4-bromo 2-octenoic acid, only 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase was found to be inactivated. 4 Bromo-2-octenoic acid is metabolized by mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzymes to 3 keto-4-bromooctanoyl-CoA which effectively and irreversibly inhibits 3-ketoacyl CoA thiolase but not acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1.9). Even though 3-keto-4 bromooctanoyl-CoA inhibits the latter enzyme reversibly, 4-bromo-2-octenoic acid does not inhibit ketogenesis in rat liver mitochondria with acetylcarnitine as a substrate. It is concluded that 4-bromo-2-octenoic acid specifically inhibits mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation by inactivating 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase in rat liver mitochondria. PMID- 3191105 TI - An NMR investigation of the binding of the anticancer drug actinomycin D to oligodeoxyribonucleotides with isolated 5'd(GC)3' binding sites. AB - Imino proton and 31P NMR studies were conducted on the binding of actinomycin D (ActD) to self-complementary oligodeoxyribonucleotides with one GC binding site [d(ATATGCATAT) (1), d-(ATACGCGTAT) (2), and d(ATATACGCGTATAT) (3)] and with two GC sites [d(ATGCATGCAT) (4)]. At R = 1 (molar ratio of ActD to oligomer duplex) ActD caused a doubling of the number of imino proton signals at, and adjacent to, the GC binding site of 1. One of the G.C base pair signals shifted upfield while the other shifted downfield. Both of the signals for the A.T base pairs adjacent to the binding site shifted downfield. All imino proton signals of 2 and the longer sequence, 3, shifted upfield on binding of ActD to the GC site, indicating a sequence-dependent change in base stacking on complex formation. For both 1 and 2 addition of ActD resulted in a similar pattern of three downfield 31P NMR signals. The two most downfield signals have chemical shift and temperature dependence which are characteristic of phosphate groups at isolated intercalation sites. At R = 1 the ActD complex with 4 has very complex spectra with both upfield and downfield A.T and G.C imino signals. All these data were consistent with two 1:1 complexes with the unsymmetrical phenoxazone ring adopting both of the two possible orientations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191106 TI - Construction and analysis of monomobile DNA junctions. AB - Immobile DNA junctions are complexes of oligomeric DNA strands that interact to yield branched structures in which the branch point cannot migrate. This is achieved by minimizing the sequence symmetry in the flanking arms, so that base pairs lock at the branch site. Here, we report the design, synthesis, and analysis of two semimobile junctions, structures in which a controlled extent of branch point migratory freedom is deliberately introduced. We have constructed two minimally symmetric four-arm semimobile junctions from synthetic deoxy 17 mers. These junctions, termed "monomobile", contain a single pair of base pairs (A-T or C-G) which can migrate at the site of branching, while the rest of the junction is immobile. We have demonstrated by gel electrophoresis techniques that these junctions form and that they have the predicted 1:1:1:1 stoichiometry. We have compared these junctions with the immobile junction on which they are based, by means of hydroxyl radical protection experiments. From these data, both migratory conformers can be seen to coexist in solution. The semimobile junction with the C-G base pair has the same crossover and stacking pattern observed for the immobile junction, while the junction with the A-T base pair has the opposite pattern. We conclude that crossover and stacking patterns are a direct consequence of the base pairs which flank the junction. In addition, the data indicate that the crossover pattern biases for these junctions are much greater than are the migratory biases. PMID- 3191107 TI - Monoclonal antibody to the human glucose transporter that differentiates between the glucose and nucleoside transporters. AB - A monoclonal antibody to the glucose transporter has been prepared with band 4.5 (Mr 45,000-65,000) from human erythrocyte ghosts as antigen. This antibody, designated 7F7.5, is of the IgG2b type. The antibody bound exclusively to proteins in the band 4.5 region of immunoblots of human erythrocyte ghosts separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Immobilized 7F7.5 antibody removed glucose transport activity from solubilized alkaline-treated ghosts. The material that was eluted from the immobilized antibody matrix migrated primarily in the band 4.5 region of electrophoretic gels and bound the antibody in immunoblots. To test the specificity of the antibody, glucose and nucleoside transporters in alkaline-treated human erythrocyte ghosts were affinity labeled with [3H]cytochalasin B and [3H]-S-(nitrobenzyl)thioinosine (NBMPR), respectively. Both of these transporters are band 4.5 proteins and "copurify" by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. A filter paper assay was developed to assess the presence of the labeled transporters. Immobilized 7F7.5 antibody bound 99% of the labeled glucose transporter. In contrast, only 3% of the specifically labeled nucleoside transporter bound to the immobilized antibody. Furthermore, the antibody did not remove nucleoside transport or NBMPR binding activities from detergent solution. The antibody recognized two tryptic fragments, Mr 23,000 and 18,000, which contain the cytochalasin B binding site of the glucose transporter. By immunoblot, the monoclonal antibody recognized the glucose transporter in cultured human IM9 lymphocytes, synovial cells, and HBL 100 mammary cells but not cells of murine or rat origin. These results indicate that the glucose and nucleoside transporters are distinct proteins which can be distinguished by monoclonal antibody 7F7.5. The method developed to quantitate covalently labeled glucose and nucleoside transporters should have broad applicability as a rapid and easy method for determining the recovery of affinity labeled membrane proteins in detergent solution during purification. Because of the location of the epitope, the antibody itself should prove to be a valuable tool in establishing the molecular basis for the function and regulation of the glucose transporter. PMID- 3191108 TI - Effects of the local anesthetic tetracaine on the structural and dynamic properties of lipids in model membranes: a high-pressure Fourier transform infrared study. AB - High-pressure Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used to study the effects of a local anesthetic, tetracaine, on the structural and dynamic properties of lipids in model membranes. The model membrane systems studied were multilamellar aqueous dispersions of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) in the absence and presence of a physiological concentration of cholesterol (30 mol %). The infrared spectra were measured at 28 degrees C in a diamond anvil cell as a function of pressure up to 25 kbar. The results indicate that the effects of tetracaine on the structure of pure DMPC bilayers in the gel state are dependent on the state of charge of the anesthetic. The uncharged tetracaine disorders the lipid acyl chains while the charged form induces the formation of an interdigitated gel phase. The presence of cholesterol in the latter system prevents the formation of the interdigitated phase, whereas in the former system it disorders the lipid acyl chains in the gel state. Moreover, it is shown that the addition of uncharged tetracaine to interdigitated DHPC bilayers does not alter the interdigitated state of the hydrocarbon chains. PMID- 3191109 TI - Mapping of caldesmon: relationship between the high and low molecular weight forms. AB - Caldesmon is a widely distributed contractile protein that occurs in both a high molecular weight [120-150-kilodalton (kDa)] and a low molecular weight (71-80 kDa) form, depending on the tissue. The structural relationship between these two forms was examined by mapping techniques. Partial cyanogen bromide cleavage in conjunction with sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis was used to construct a map of the cleavage points and determine the relative position of the fragments in a high molecular weight caldesmon from chicken gizzard (caldesmon125). By use of this map, markers for different regions of the protein were obtained: Antibodies directed toward certain areas were prepared by affinity purification, and specific 125I-labeled tryptic peptides were found to originate from terminal cyanogen bromide fragments. Mapping of a lower molecular weight form of caldesmon (caldesmon72 from chicken liver) revealed the presence of sequences located in both ends of caldesmon125. A terminal 38-kDa fragment of both proteins was apparently identical on the basis of arrangement of cleavage sites, antibody reactivity, and iodopeptide mapping. Fragments from the other end of both proteins exhibited an identical pattern of peptides. These results show that it is sequences located in the central area of caldesmon125 which are missing in caldesmon72, indicating that the smaller molecule is not simply a proteolytic product of the larger. The two forms of caldesmon may be derived from separate genes or by alternative splicing from a single gene. PMID- 3191110 TI - Molecular characterization of the AP180 coated vesicle assembly protein. AB - Recently, a new clathrin assembly protein (AP180) has been purified from coated vesicles of bovine brain (Ahle & Ungewickell, 1986). This protein has been shown to promote polymerization of clathrin into a homogeneous population of baskets under conditions where pure clathrin does not polymerize by itself. We have purified this protein from coated vesicles by a simpler method than has been reported. The method involves a gel filtration step on a Sephacryl S-300 column, in 0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, and a hydroxylapatite column eluted with 10 mM sodium phosphate/0.5 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.0. By running SDS gels over an extended period of time (5-15% gradient gel, 10 mA for the first 12 h followed by 20 mA for the next 3-4 h) after the marker dye entered the electrode buffer, we have been able to separate AP180 from clathrin heavy chain on the gels. This enabled us to determine its stoichiometry to clathrin heavy chains in isolated coated vesicles and assembled baskets, and was helpful in the purification procedure. The apparent molecular weight of the pure protein on SDS gels was about 180,000, yet gel filtration yielded values of about 120,000. Thus, we undertook the molecular weight determination by another independent method, sedimentation equilibrium analysis, and found a molecular weight of 115,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.50 +/- 0.05 S. Circular dichroism data revealed that it has 30% helical structure, 14% beta-structure, 27% beta-sheet, and the rest random peptides.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191111 TI - Characterization of the combining site of mouse myeloma protein M315. AB - The interaction of M315 with 2,4-dinitrophenyl haptens was studied. 2,4 Dinitroaniline (DNP-NH2) showed maximum affinity to M315 at about pH 4. The pH dependence of the association constant of DNP-NH2 to M315 showed three transitions at pH 4.7, at pH 7.2, and below pH 9, respectively. Since the DNP-NH2 molecule has no charged group in this pH range, the transitions were explained in terms of amino acid residues with ionizable side chains in M315. Judging from the pK values and the effect of succinylation, these transitions were concluded to be related to ionizations of carboxyl, imidazole, and phenol groups, respectively. Measurement of the fluorescence of affinity-labeled M315 suggested that the transition at pH 4.7 reflected an equilibrium between two forms of M315 with different conformations of the combining site. The contribution of the amino acid sequence on the light (L) chain to the interaction with haptens was studied by use of antibodies (Abs) reconstituted from the heavy chain of M315 (H315) and either a homologous or a heterologous L chain. The reconstituted heterologous Ab (H315L952) showed similar pH dependence of binding to DNP-NH2 to that of the homologous Ab (H315L315). Moreover, the two Abs showed no appreciable difference in binding to DNP-haptens of different sizes. These results suggested that the difference in the amino acid sequences of L315 and L952, which originated by a somatic hypermutation, has little effect on the ligand binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191112 TI - Fibrin(ogen) peptide B beta 15-42 inhibits platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding to activated platelets. AB - The binding of fibrinogen to activated platelets leads to platelet aggregation. Fibrinogen has multiple binding sites to platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. At least two well-defined sequences in fibrinogen, Arg-Gly-Asp sequence of A alpha 95-97 and A alpha 572-574 and gamma 400-411, have been shown to interact with glycoprotein IIb-IIIa. A possible binding site on the amino terminal end of fibrinogen to platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa has also been reported. In this paper the effect of synthetic peptides derived from the amino terminal end of the B beta chain on platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding has been examined. B beta 15-42 peptide inhibits platelet aggregation and 125I fibrinogen binding to activated platelets in a dose-dependent manner. Since B beta 15-42 contains a previously identified fibrinogen binding site, B beta 15 18, exposed by thrombin cleavage of native fibrinogen, we also examined the effect of B beta 15-18, B beta 19-42, and B beta 1-14 (fibrinopeptide B) on platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding. Synthetic fibrinopeptide B and B beta 15-18 had no effect on platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding while B beta 19-42 retained the inhibitory effect. When fibrinogen is chromatographed on a column of agarose-bound B beta 15-42, a cation-dependent retention of fibrinogen on the peptide column was observed, and fibrinogen was eluted from the column by B beta 15-42 but not by B beta 1-14. Under the same conditions, platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa was not retained in the column. Thus, the observed inhibitory effect is due to its interaction with fibrinogen rather than to platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191113 TI - Primary structure of non-histone protein HMG1 revealed by the nucleotide sequence. AB - The isolation and sequencing of a cDNA clone coding for the entire sequence of pig thymus non-histone protein HMG1 are described. The sequence analysis reveals a complete 2192-nucleotide sequence with a 5'-terminal untranslated region of 11 nucleotides, 642 nucleotides of an open reading frame that encoded 214 amino acids, and a 3'-terminal untranslated region of 1539 nucleotides. The HMG1 protein, deduced from the nucleotide sequence, has a molecular weight of 24,785 and a C-terminal of a continuous run of 30 acidic amino acids, encoded by a simple repeating sequence of (GAN)30. The predicted amino acid sequence is homologous to HMG1, HMG2, and HMG-T sequences from several sources, suggesting that the protein conformation is under evolutionary constraints. Northern blot analysis reveals that another hybridizable RNA species of smaller size is present. Southern blot analyses suggest that pig genome contains several HMG1 gene equivalents. PMID- 3191115 TI - Chloride conductance in membrane vesicles from human placenta using a fluorescent probe. Implications for cystic fibrosis. AB - Previous evidence suggests that the molecular defect in cystic fibrosis (CF) could reside in an altered chloride conductance of epithelial tissues. Since the brush border of the syncytiotrophoblast of the chorionic villi of human placenta is an abundant source of epithelial membranes and it is unaltered by secondary pathology or treatment we chose to characterize its chloride conductance and to compare it in normal and CF membranes. Chloride transport was studied in microvillar vesicles (MVV) by the quenching of the fluorescent probe 6-methoxy-N (3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium (SPQ). Chloride conductance at 23 degrees C: (a) increased by 39% under a membrane potential change of 70 mV; (b) was inhibited by diphenylamine 2-carboxylate (Ki = 150 microM); (c) displayed an activation energy of 3.5 kcal.mol-1. The comparison of the chloride conductance for an inwardly directed gradient of 150 mM Cl- at 23 degrees C (membrane potential set at 0 mV) between CF and control membranes was not significantly different. These findings demonstrate the presence of a chloride conductive pathway in microvillar vesicles from human placenta and preliminary results exclude major differences in the conductance of CF derived material in the absence of neurohormonal stimuli. PMID- 3191114 TI - Antithrombin III Utah: proline-407 to leucine mutation in a highly conserved region near the inhibitor reactive site. AB - A dysfunctional antithrombin III (ATIII) gene encoding a qualitatively and quantitatively abnormal anticoagulant molecule is responsible for hereditary thrombosis in a Utah kindred [Bock et al. (1985) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 37, 32-41]. Nucleotide sequencing of the entire protein-encoding portion of the cloned ATIII Utah gene revealed a C to T transitional mutation which converts proline-407 to leucine. Proline-407 is located 14 amino acids C-terminal to the reactive site arginine of ATIII in a core region of the molecule that has been highly conserved during evolution of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) gene family. The location of this proline in the crystal structure of the homologous serpin alpha 1-antitrypsin suggests that the leucine substitution in ATIII-Utah may interfere with correct folding of the mutant gene product, leading to its rapid turnover and the low antithrombin levels observed in patient plasmas. The Pro-407 to Leu mutation does not interfere with binding of antithrombin III to heparin. Patient antithrombin III, isolated by affinity chromatography on heparin-Sepharose, was reacted with purified thrombin. ATIII encoded by the patient's normal gene formed protease-inhibitor complexes with thrombin, whereas the product of the ATIII-Utah gene did not. The Pro-407 to Leu mutation destroys a restriction site for the enzyme StuI, permitting rapid diagnosis of affected members of the Utah kindred by Southern blotting of genomic DNA. PMID- 3191116 TI - Abnormal erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton structure in chronic myelogenous leukaemia. AB - Chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) is a haematologic malignancy characterised by excessive growth of myeloid cells and their progenitors. Our studies show that there are several abnormalities in CML red blood cells. The proportion of spectrin dimers compared to tetramers extracted from membranes at 4 degrees C, under low ionic strength conditions, increased in CML erythrocytes. These also displayed abnormal thermal sensitivity (between 45 and 46 instead of 49 degrees C). Decreased spectrin tetramer formation observed in several hereditary anaemias has been associated with decreased red cell deformability leading to splenic sequestration. This could also be one of the causes of the severe anaemia observed in CML. Crosslinking with the bifunctional reagent, dimethyl adipimidate (8.6 A) showed significant organizational modification of not only spectrin, but other cytoskeletal components such as ankyrin, bands 4.2 and 5. Enhanced concanavalin A agglutinability of CML erythrocytes also suggests altered topographic distribution of a functionally important membrane protein, band 3. PMID- 3191117 TI - Analysis of the major integral membrane proteins of peroxisomes from mouse liver. AB - Two major proteins with subunit molecular masses of 68 and 70 kDa were isolated from the integral membrane protein fraction of peroxisomes purified from mouse liver. The two proteins were shown to be distinct proteins by two criteria: first, immunoblot analysis demonstrated that antisera against the 68 kDa protein did not cross-react with the 70 kDa protein, and vice versa; and second, the partial peptide maps resulting from proteinase digestion of the proteins were different. Immunoblot analyses to test the specificities of the antisera demonstrated that only the expected molecular mass species in purified peroxisomes, and in membranes prepared from these organelles, were recognized; there was no identification of proteins from purified mitochondrial or microsomal fractions. The concentrations of both of these proteins were increased in livers of mice treated with clofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug and peroxisome proliferator, with the effect being greater for the 70 kDa component. The localization of the 68 kDa protein was shown to be completely integral to the peroxisome membrane. Although some 70 kDa protein was integral to the membrane, a significant proportion was released from the membrane by some procedures believed to detach peripheral proteins. The 70 kDa protein was also particularly susceptible to degradation during isolation - in particular, addition of EDTA to media used for isolation of peroxisomes resulted in membranes in which this protein was degraded to smaller immunoreactive fragments. These data have been discussed in relation to the significant clarification which they have provided of the status and characteristics of the major protein components of peroxisomal membranes. PMID- 3191118 TI - Thermodynamic-geometric correlations for the morphology of self-assembled structures of glycosphingolipids and their mixtures with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. AB - The morphology of aqueous dispersions of five neutral glycosphingolipids (GalCer, GlcCer, LacCer, asialo-GM2, asialo-GM1), sulfatide, and five gangliosides (GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a and GT1b) and their mixtures with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine was studied by negative staining electron microscopy. The morphological features are interpreted on the basis of thermodynamic and geometric constraints previously studied in these systems (Maggio, B (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 815, 245-258). The correlation between the theoretical predictions and the experimental findings are in reasonable agreement. Small changes in the molecular parameters of the individual glycosphingolipids or in their proportion in mixtures with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bring about remarkable variations on the type of structure formed, its radius of curvature and thermodynamic stability. PMID- 3191119 TI - Modulation of the bilayer to hexagonal phase transition of phosphatidylethanolamines by acylglycerols. AB - The effect of mono-, di- and triacylglycerols on the bilayer to hexagonal phase (HII) transition was studied by differential scanning calorimetry and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. The acylglycerols were mixed with either dielaidoylphosphatidylethanoline or with 1-palmitoyl-2 oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine. Acylglycerols of lauric, oleic and stearic acids were utilized. All of the acylglycerols lowered the bilayer to HII phase transition temperature. Diacylglycerols were much better HII phase promoters than monoacylglycerols while triacylglycerols were the most potent bilayer phase destabilizers. Fatty acid composition generally had less of an effect except for the monoacylglycerols where bilayer destabilization increased from monolaurin to monostearin to monoolein. The most marked difference in behaviour resulting from changes in the fatty acid composition of the acylglycerol occurred with tristearin. This was the only acylglycerol which decreased the bilayer to HII phase transition temperature only below a mol fraction of 0.005. Above this mol fraction, further addition of tristearin had no effect on the bilayer to HII phase transition. These results suggest that the tristearin has limited solubility in phosphatidylethanolamine. PMID- 3191120 TI - Interaction of the plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid, with phosphatidylcholine model membranes: effects of acyl chain length. AB - The interaction between the plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and phosphatidylcholines (PC) of varying acyl chain length has been studied by monitoring the IAA-induced changes in 1H-NMR chemical shifts of lipid headgroup +N(CH3)3 protons. For PCs in both micellar and vesicle bilayer systems these shifts increase with chain length although for the latter the magnitude of the shifts decreases with an increase in chain unsaturation. In systems composed of mixtures of pure PCs the headgroup -+N(CH3)3 resonance for each phospholipid is shifted by IAA to different extents, indicating that IAA is able to distinguish between individual PCs in mixtures. In di-C12PC and di-C14PC, but not di-C10PC vesicle systems, the -+N(CH3)3 resonance is split into two components reflecting differences in packing of the inside and outside lamellae. This splitting is altered by IAA indicating that IAA interacts differently with the inside and outside PC molecules. PMID- 3191121 TI - Biotin transport in rat intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. AB - Transport of biotin across rat intestinal brush-border membrane was examined using the brush-border membrane vesicle (BBMV) technique. Uptake of biotin by BBMV is the result of transport of the substrate into the intravesicular space with negligible binding to membrane surfaces. In the presence of a Na+ gradient (out greater than in), transport of biotin was higher with a transient 'overshoot' phenomenon. In comparison, transport of biotin in the presence of a choline gradient (out greater than in) was lower with no 'overshoot' phenomenon. In both jejunal and ileal BBMV, the transport of biotin as a function of concentration was saturable in the presence of a Na+ gradient (out greater than in) but was linear in the presence of a choline gradient (out greater than in). Vmax of the Na+-dependent transport system was 0.88 and 0.37 pmol/mg protein per s and apparent Kt was 7.57 and 7.85 microM in jejunal and ileal BBMV, respectively. Structural analogues inhibited the transport process of biotin. Unlike the electrogenic transport of D-glucose, the transport of the anionic biotin was not affected by imposing a relatively positive intravesicular potential with the use of valinomycin and an inwardly-directed K+ gradient, suggesting that biotin transport is most probably an electroneutral process. This suggestion was further supported by studies on biotin transport in the presence of anions of different lipid permeability. The results of this study demonstrate that biotin transport across rat intestinal brush-border membrane is by a carrier mediated, Na+-dependent and electroneutral process. Furthermore, transport of biotin is higher in the jejunum than the ileum. PMID- 3191122 TI - Structural properties of a phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system as studied by small-angle neutron scattering: ripple structure and phase diagram. AB - Small-angle neutron scattering has been used to study structural features of lamellar bilayer membranes of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and DMPC mixed with various amount of cholesterol. The studies were recorded at a fixed hydration level of 17% 2H2O, i.e. just below saturation. Bragg reflections gives information on the ripple structure and on the bilayer periodicity. The crystalline Lc phase, which was stabilized after long time storage at low temperature, exhibits major small angle scattering when cholesterol is mixed into the membrane. The intermediate P beta' gel-phase, which is characteristic by the rippled structure, is dramatically stabilized by the introduction of cholesterol. The ripple structure depends significantly both on the cholesterol content and on the temperature. At high temperatures, T greater than 15 degrees C, the inverse ripple periodicity varies basically linearly with cholesterol content, and approach zero (i.e. periodicity goes to infinite) at 20 mol% cholesterol, approximately. At lower temperatures the correlation is more complex. The data indicate additional phase boundaries below 2 mol% and at approx. 8 mol%. Secondary rippled structures are observed in the low temperature L beta'-phase for cholesterol content below approx. 8 mol%. The data gives detailed insight into the phosphatidylcholine cholesterol phase diagram, which is discussed on the basis of a simple model in which the cholesterol complexes are fixed to the defect stripes of the rippled structure. PMID- 3191123 TI - Involvement of the 60 kDa phosphoprotein in the regulation of Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum of normal and malignant hyperthermia susceptible pig muscles. AB - Junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles isolated from back muscles of normal and malignant hyperthermia susceptible (MHS) pigs were phosphorylated by addition of MgATP in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+ and 1 microM calmodulin (CaM). The major site of phosphorylation was a 60 kDa protein both in normal and MHS SR. The maximal amount of phosphorylation in MHS SR (5 pmol P/mg SR) was significantly lower than that in the normal SR (12 pmol P/mg SR). The phosphorylated 60 kDa protein was spontaneously dephosphorylated both in normal and MHS SR. Ca2+ release from the passively loaded SR was induced by a Ca2+-jump, and monitored by stopped-flow fluorometry using chlorotetracycline. In the absence of preincubation with MgATP, no significant difference was found in any of the kinetic parameters of Ca2+ release between normal and MHS SR. Upon addition of 20 microM MgATP to the passively loaded SR to phosphorylate the 60 kDa protein, the initial rate of Ca2+ release in normal SR significantly decreased from 659 +/- 102 to 361 +/- 105 nmol Ca2+/mg SR per s, whereas in MHS SR the rate decreased from 749 +/- 124 to 652 +/- 179 nmol Ca2+/mg SR per s. Addition of 20 microM adenosine 5'-[beta, gamma-imido]triphosphate (p[NH]ppA) did not significantly alter the initial rate of Ca2+ release both in normal and MHS SR. These results suggest that the previously reported higher Ca2+ release rate in MHS SR (Kim et al. (1984) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 775, 320-327) is at least partly due to the reduced extent of the Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation of the 60 kDa protein. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study showed that amount of a protein with Mr = 55,000 was significantly lower in MHS SR than in normal SR suggesting that the abnormally lower amount of 55 kDa protein would cause the lower amount of phosphorylation of the 60 kDa protein in MHS SR. PMID- 3191124 TI - Fluorescence analysis of size distribution and mode of dye release from carboxyfluorescein-loaded vesicles: application to the study of complement membrane interactions. AB - We wish to report a novel method for visualizing large unilamellar vesicles loaded with a fluorescent dye and for monitoring changes in the size distribution as well as state of aggregation of such dye-loaded liposomes. In addition, we demonstrate that this method can be used to distinguish between all-or-none release of dye and graded release of dye from individual vesicles. Using this technique, we have characterized complement-mediated release of carboxyfluorescein from large unilamellar vesicles and have found that C5-8 complexes mediate a graded release of dye while C5-9 complexes cause an all-or none release. Furthermore, complement appears to preferentially attack the medium to larger-sized vesicles in our population of large unilamellar vesicles while smaller vesicles appear to be selectively spared. PMID- 3191125 TI - Purification of the cardiac Na+-Ca2+ exchange protein. AB - We have used fractionation procedures to enrich solubilized cardiac sarcolemma in the Na+-Ca2+ exchange protein. Sarcolemma is extracted with an alkaline medium to remove peripheral proteins and is then solubilized with decylmaltoside. Next, the exchanger is applied to DEAE-Sepharose and eluted with high salt. The DEAE fraction is applied to WGA-agarose, and a small fraction of protein, enriched in the exchanger, can be eluted by changing the detergent to Triton X-100. This fraction is reconstituted into asolectin proteoliposomes for measurement of Na+ Ca2+ exchange activity and gel electrophoresis. The purified fraction has a Na+ Ca2+ exchange activity of 600 nmol Ca2+/mg of protein per s at 10 microM Ca2+ and a purification factor of about 30 as compared with control reconstituted sarcolemmal vesicles. Ca2+-Ca2+ exchange and Na+-Ca2+ exchange activities were both present in the same final reconstituted vesicles indicating that the same protein is responsible for both transport activities. SDS-PAGE reveals two prominent protein bands at 70 and 120 kDa. After mild chymotrypsin treatment (1 microgram/ml), there is no loss of exchange activity, but the 120 kDa band disappears and the 70 kDa band becomes more dense. This suggests that the 70 kDa band is due to an active proteolytic fragment of the 120 kDa protein. Under non reducing gel conditions, only a single protein band is seen with an apparent molecular weight of 160 kDa. Antibodies to the purified exchanger preparation are able to immunoprecipitate exchange activity and confirm that the 70 kDa protein derives from the 120 kDa protein. We propose that both the 70 and 120 kDa proteins are associated with the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. PMID- 3191126 TI - The effect of variations in growth temperature, fatty acid composition and cholesterol content on the lipid polar head-group composition of Acholeplasma laidlawii B membranes. AB - We have systematically investigated the effect of variations in growth temperature, fatty acid composition and cholesterol content on the membrane lipid polar headgroup composition of Acholeplasma laidlawii B. Two important lipid compositional parameters have been determined from such an analysis. The first parameter studied was the ratio of the two major neutral glycolipids of this organism, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and diglucosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). As the former lipid prefers to exist in a reversed hexagonal phase at higher temperatures, with unsaturated fatty acyl chains or in the presence of cholesterol, the ratio of these two lipids reflects the phase state preference of the total A. laidlawii membrane lipids. Although we find that the MGDG/DGDG ratio is reduced in response to an increase in fatty acid unsaturation, increases in growth temperature or cholesterol content reduce this ratio only in cells enriched in a saturated but not an unsaturated fatty acid. The second parameter studied was the ratio of these neutral glycolipids to the only phosphatide in the A. laidlawii membrane, phosphatidylglycerol (PG); this parameter reflects the relative balance of uncharged and charged lipids in the membrane of this organism. We find that the MGDG + DGDG/PG ratio is lowest in cells enriched in the saturated fatty acid even though these cells already have the highest lipid bilayer surface charge density. Moreover, this ratio is not consistently related to growth temperature or changes in cholesterol levels, as expected. We therefore conclude that A. laidlawii strain B, apparently unlike strain A, does not possess coherent regulatory mechanisms for maintaining either the phase preference or the surface charge density of its membrane lipid constant in response to variations in growth temperature, fatty acid composition or cholesterol content. PMID- 3191127 TI - On the relations between the elemental surface composition of yeasts and bacteria and their charge and hydrophobicity. AB - The elemental surface composition of eleven microorganisms was determined by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Bacteria could be distinguished from yeasts by higher nitrogen and phosphate concentrations. Overall physico-chemical properties, electrical charge and hydrophobicity, were also investigated: the former by electrophoretic mobility measurements, the latter by contact angle and by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Phosphate plays the major role in determining the surface electrostatic charge. A correlation is observed between the N/P atomic concentration ratio and the electrostatic charge. In bacteria, hydrophobicity is directly related to concentration of carbon in hydrocarbon form and inversely related to oxygen concentration or to the N/P ratio. For yeasts, a positive correlation is found between hydrophobicity and the N/P ratio, pointing at the role of proteins in determining the hydrophobicity. PMID- 3191128 TI - The human red cell glucose transporter in octyl glucoside. High specific activity of monomers in the presence of membrane lipids. AB - Human red cell membranes were stripped of peripheral proteins and partially solubilized with 50-260 mM octyl glucoside at 2-14 mg protein/ml, to find conditions that afford a high concentration of active glucose transporter after purification on DEAE-cellulose. Transporter-egg yolk phospholipid vesicles were prepared by gel filtration. The specific D-glucose equilibrium exchange activities increased with increasing dilution of the glucose transporter. At 260 mM octyl glucoside the glucose transporter became partially denaturated. At 225 mM detergent the DEAE-cellulose chromatography showed one main and one minor fraction of active glucose transporter. Nucleoside transport activity was enriched in the minor fraction. Solubilization with 75 mM octyl glucoside at 8 mg protein/ml gave a maximal concentration of purified transporter, 0.8 mg/ml, probably corresponding to complete solubilization. The phospholipids were partially retarded on the DEAE-cellulose. The specific D-glucose equilibrium exchange was high, up to 200 nmol glucose/micrograms transporter in two min at 50 mM glucose. High performance gel filtration in octyl glucoside indicated that the transporter formed dimers during the fractionation. These eluted at Mr 125,000, partially separated from the phospholipids, which appeared at Mr 55,000 (cf. Mascher, E. and Lundahl, P. (1987) J. Chromatogr. 397, 175-186). The D-glucose transport activity was low in the main fraction and high in the transporter phospholipid fraction. Mixing of these fractions did not increase the activity. The glucose transporter is probably dependent on one or more specific membrane lipid(s). Presumably the transporter dimerizes and loses activity upon removal of these lipids. PMID- 3191129 TI - Characterisation of cis-acting DNA sequences required for the expression of the chicken 5-aminolevulinate synthase gene in Xenopus oocytes. AB - In this paper, we have constructed deletion and deletion-insertion mutations of the chicken 5-aminolevulinate synthase 5' flanking region and examined the expression of these constructs in microinjected Xenopus oocytes. Utilising this assay, we have delimited the boundary of the 5' flanking region required for expression to be 80 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site. A second major focus of this study has been to define the role of known putative cis acting sequences in regulating 5-aminolevulinate synthase gene expression. Expression of the insertion-deletion mutants demonstrated that only a TATA box at position -28, and a single GC box at position -78 was necessary for expression of the 5-aminolevulinate synthase gene in Xenopus oocytes. This result is unusual in view of the current state of knowledge of the function of cis-acting sequence elements in transcriptional regulation. PMID- 3191130 TI - Intracellular metabolism of the interferon mediator, 2-5A, using permeabilized cells. AB - 2-5A synthetase and 2'-phosphodiesterase, the enzymatic activities which respectively synthesize and degrade the interferon mediator 2-5A (ppp(A2'p)nA), were studied in digitonin-permeabilized cells. 2-5A synthetase was higher in permeabilized than in lysed Daudi cells. Mouse L cells appeared to contain two different 2-5A synthetase activities, one of which could be separated from 2' phosphodiesterase activity, which was only cytosolic. Permeabilization techniques offer opportunities to investigate (2',5')-oligoadenylate intracellular metabolism, which remains incompletely known. PMID- 3191131 TI - Properties of the subunits of wheat germ initiation factor 3. AB - Wheat germ initiation factor 3 (eukaryotic initiation factor 3, eIF-3) contains ten non-identical subunits (p116, p107, p87, p83, p56, p45, p41, p36, p34 and p28). Monoclonal antibodies to all except two of the subunits (p41 and p28) were obtained. None of the monoclonal antibodies react with more than one subunit, and only monoclonal antibodies to p36 inhibit the ability of eIF-3 to support initiation of polypeptide synthesis. Two of the subunits (p116 and p107) are highly basic polypeptides (pI greater than or equal to 8); five (p87, p56, p45, p34 and p28) are acidic polypeptides (pI = 5.4-6.1); and three (p83, p41 and p36) appear to exist in more than one isoelectric form. Eight of the subunits of eIF-3 are iodinated rapidly in vitro; the highest incorporation is into p56 and the lowest incorporation is into p28. No incorporation into p41 or p28 is observed. When eIF-3 is treated with N-[3H]ethylmaleimide, approx. 30 alkyl groups per eIF 3 are incorporated, and the eIF-3 is inactivated. No incorporation into p83 or p28 is observed; incorporation of the alkyl groups into the other eight subunits occurs at different rates. The rate of inactivation of eIF-3 by N-ethylmaleimide is slower than the overall rate of incorporation of alkyl groups. eIF-3 is stable between pH 5.5 and 10. Below pH 5.5, eIF-3 is inactivated and precipitation of protein occurs. Partial dissociation of the subunits and inactivation of eIF-3 is obtained by treatment with 2 M urea. Attempts to reassociate the subunits into an active particle were unsuccessful. PMID- 3191132 TI - Localization, in human placenta, of the tightly bound form of DNA methylase in the higher order of chromatin organization. AB - In human placenta, the DNA of all subfractions of the third level of chromatin organization exhibits similar values of the methylcytosine-to-cytosine ratio. The tightly bound form of DNA methyltransferase is mostly recovered in the 'stripped loop' fraction, although, on the basis of the DNA content, the 'stripped loops' and the 'stripped matrix' appear to possess a similar amount of the enzyme. DNA methyltransferase activity is instead totally absent from the 'digested matrix', i.e., from the fraction remaining after digestion of the 'stripped matrix' with DNAase I. Upon addition of exogenous DNA methyltransferase, however, the DNA of this fraction, which is only 1% (in weight) of the total chromatin DNA and which has a length of approx. 9 kbp, can readily undergo methylation. PMID- 3191133 TI - Carp gamma-crystallins with high methionine content: cloning and sequencing of the complementary DNA. AB - The nucleotide sequences of gamma-crystallin cDNAs cloned from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) have been determined. The amino-acid sequences derived consist of two polypeptides with 177 and 172 amino-acid residues for gamma-m1 and gamma m2, respectively. They exhibit unusually high methionine contents: 12.4% for gamma-m1 and 14% for gamma-m2. Comparison of both fish gamma-crystallins with bovine gamma-II crystallin reveals that they are similar in structure. The striking features of both fish gamma-crystallins are as follows. (1) Both of them retain the 'conserved' residues, i.e., Tyr-6, Glu-7, Gly-13, Ser-34 and their equivalents in other motifs. (2) they possess the second aromatic residue at position 11. Both of these structural features are considered to be the major factors in stabilizing the folded hairpin structure of the protein. (3) The variable residues in the core region of C-terminal domain are almost all sulfur containing amino acids, i.e., methionine or cysteine. (4) 30% of the surface hydrophobic groups are composed of methionine. The last two unusual features have been found so far only in these two fish gamma-crystallins. The high methionine content may make an important contribution to the protein stability of fish gamma crystallins. PMID- 3191135 TI - Regulation by ammonium of nitrate and nitrite assimilation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. AB - The inhibitor of mRNA synthesis, 6-methylpurine, inhibited nitrate reductase derepression in either ammonium-grown or methylammonium-treated wild-type cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, but not in nitrogen-starved cells. In contrast, 6 methylpurine did not inhibit nitrate reductase synthesis in the methylammonium resistant mutant 2170 (ma-1) either grown on ammonium, treated with methylammonium or nitrogen starved, but did inhibit the continuous synthesis of nitrate reductase, which required the presence of nitrate in the media. In both wild-type and mutant 2170 grown on ammonium and transferred to nitrate media, cycloheximide immediately prevented nitrate reductase derepression when added either at the beginning or at different times of induction treatment. Unlike wild type cells, mutant 2170 was able to take up either nitrate or nitrite simultaneously with ammonium in whose presence nitrate and nitrite reductases were synthesized. However, synthesis of nitrate reductase was progressively inhibited in the mutant cells when the intracellular ammonium levels were raised as a result of an increase in either the external pH or the extracellular ammonium concentrations. The results rule out the existence of maturase-like proteins in Chlamydomonas and indicate that ammonium has a double effect on the regulation of nitrate reductase synthesis: (a) it prevents nitrate reductase mRNA production; and (b) it controls negatively the expression of this mRNA. PMID- 3191134 TI - Hb natal or alpha 2(minus Tyr-Arg) beta 2: a high oxygen affinity alpha chain variant with a deleted carboxy-terminus resulting from a TAC----TAA (Tyr--- terminating codon) mutation in codon alpha 140. AB - The discovery is reported of a fast-moving alpha chain variant (Hb Natal) which is characterized by a shortened alpha polypeptide chain because of the deletion of the Tyr-Arg carboxy-terminal residues. Through amplification of appropriate segments of DNA and hybridization with synthetic oligonucleotide probes, it was possible to detect a C----A mutation in codon 140 of the alpha 2 globin gene, which causes a change in the codon for tyrosine to a terminating codon. Hb Natal or alpha 2 (minus Tyr-Arg) beta 2 has a high affinity for oxygen without a Bohr effect and heme-heme interaction. These results provide direct evidence for the importance of the tyrosine residue at alpha 140 in the oxygenation-deoxygenation process. PMID- 3191136 TI - Purification and partial characterization of the glutathione S-transferase of rat erythrocytes. AB - The single glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) present in rat erythrocytes was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on glutathione Sepharose and hydroxyapatite chromatography. Approx. 1.86 mg enzyme is found in 100 ml packed erythrocytes and accounts for about 0.01% of total soluble protein. The native enzyme (Mr 48,000) displays a pI of 5.9 and appears to possess a homodimeric structure with a subunit of Mr 23,500. Enzyme activities with ethacrynic acid and cumene hydroperoxide were 24 and 3%, respectively, of that with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. The Km values for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and glutathione were 1.0 and 0.142 mM, respectively. The concentrations of certain compounds required to produce 50% inhibition (I50) were as follows: 12 microM bromosulphophthalein, 34 microM S-hexylglutathione, 339 microM oxidized glutathione and 1.5 mM cholate. Bromosulphophthalein was a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (Ki = 8 microM) and glutathione (Kis = 4 microM; Kii = 11.5 microM) while S-hexylglutathione was competitive with glutathione (Ki = 5 microM). PMID- 3191137 TI - Specific dissociation of alpha B subunits from alpha-crystallin. AB - Exposure of bovine alpha-crystallin to 0.1 M glycine at pH 7 decreases the average molar mass of the protein from 700 to 420 kDa. When the pH is lowered to 2.5, in the same buffer, the alpha B chains specifically dissociate from the aggregates, leaving a particle of 290 kDa containing only alpha A chains. The decrease in the molar mass corresponds to the mass of the alpha B chains in the original aggregate. The pH-dependent dissociation is fully reversible. Similar changes were observed with rat and kangaroo alpha-crystallins but the dogfish protein was not affected. Sedimentation velocity analyses and fluorescence spectroscopy yielded a pK, for the dissociation, of 3.7 for alpha-crystallin and 4.0 for a homopolymer constructed from purified alpha B2 polypeptides. An alpha A2 homopolymer was virtually unaffected by the lowering of pH. The products from the dissociation were isolated and their properties studied by sedimentation analysis and acrylamide quenching of tryptophan fluorescence. The alpha B chains were found to be completely denatured, whereas the structure of the alpha A chains, in the 290 kDa, particle, were only slightly altered. Comparisons of the sequences of the various proteins examined suggested that decreased ionization of aspartic acid 127 in the alpha B chain was responsible for the specific dissociation of this polypeptide. PMID- 3191138 TI - pH-dependence of photo-induced electron transfer in zinc-substituted sperm whale myoglobin. AB - The electron transfer between the excited triplet state of zinc-substituted sperm whale myoglobin and Cu2+ has been studied by following the decay rate of delayed fluorescence. The Cu2+ bound on the surface of the myoglobin molecule are efficient quenchers of the excited electron state of Zn-myoglobin. Two bimolecular rate constants of quenching (KQ) for every pH investigated have been calculated. The pH-dependence of KQ1 indicates that the protonation of one amino acid residue (His-GH1 (119] is important for the process. Our results support the idea of the common nature of the mechanism of quenching by Cu2+ and oxidation of oxymyoglobin by Cu2+. PMID- 3191139 TI - Determination of the dioxygen quenching constant for protein and model indole triplets. AB - The decay of the indole triplet of single tryptophan-containing proteins and model compounds can be readily determined at room temperature in solution by monitoring the triplet absorption or emission following an exciting laser pulse. The dioxygen triplet quenching constants, can be measured for all these molecules and compared to the analogous singlet values determined by fluorescence methods. The dioxygen triplet quenching constant (tkq) ranged from a high of 5.1.10(9) M 1.s-1 for the exposed indole of corticotropin to a low of 0.1.10(9) M-1.s-1 for the buried indole of asparaginase. The ratio of these values with their respective dioxygen singlet quenching constants (skq), tkq/skq, ranged from 0.3 to 0.6 for aqueous exposed polypeptide indoles. For globular proteins the tkq/skq value is observed to be 0.2 +/- 0.1. This lower value for protein indoles is not attributable to 'bulk' environmental or hydrogen bonding effects, since the magnitude of tkq/skq (= 0.5 +/- 0.1) for model indoles was independent of solvent dielectric constant, polarity, and proticity. Temperature-dependence studies were done to test whether tkq could be used to characterize the nature of the protein matrix. The activation energy (Ea) for tkq was found to be 11 +/- 2 kcal/mol for most proteins. This Ea was independent of whether the indole side-chain was solvent exposed or buried in the non-aqueous protein interior. Large Ea values were also obtained for model indoles, naphthalene and nalidixic acid, dissolved in water, whereas the same compounds dissolved in 95% ethanol exhibited much smaller Ea values. These data, in combination with the observation that the tkq of model indoles is insensitive to changes in solvent viscosity, indicate that dioxygen quenching at the triplet level can not be easily used to characterize the dynamics of proteins. PMID- 3191140 TI - Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of antifreeze protein activity in the common mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. AB - Antifreeze proteins (AFP) are able to inhibit the growth of ice-crystals at temperatures below the equilibrium freezing point (Tf) of hemolymph. The analysis of AFP activity has commonly involved the use of direct microscopic observation of a sample following inoculation with ice. The resulting activity, defined as the amount of thermal hysteresis observed between Tf and the subsequent rapid growth of ice, has been reported to range up to 7 degrees C. However, most studies report high level of variation, possibly due to ice-crystal size variability and the presence of non-visible ice nuclei. We describe a new method of analysis of AFP activity using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC analysis reveals much higher activity, up to 10 degrees C, with less variation observed within a sample, and is not subject to the difficulty of accurate assessment of ice-crystal volume. PMID- 3191141 TI - The reaction mechanism of bovine kidney biliverdin reductase. AB - The steady-state kinetics of biliverdin reductase can be studied in detail at pH 9 as under these conditions the Km for biliverdin is high enough to obtain reliable measurements of the initial rate in the absence of any biliverdin binding proteins. The initial rate kinetics and the product-inhibition studies are consistent with an ordered sequential mechanism provided the biliverdin concentration was below 20 microM. Above this concentration significant flux occurs through a substrate inhibition pathway involving an enzyme-NAD(P) biliverdin complex. Chloride is shown to cause a significant activation of the enzyme under certain conditions and this is shown to result from an inability of biliverdin to bind to an enzyme-NAD-chloride complex. PMID- 3191142 TI - The effects of p-mercuribenzenesulfonate on purified spectrin and actin. AB - The compound p-mercuribenzenefulfonate was found to affect the self-association behavior of both spectrin and actin. The reagent brings about the depolymerization of F-actin, as judged from the decrease in the fluorescence of an attached pyrene label, with a second-order rate constant an order of magnitude less than that for the disruption of isolated erythrocyte cytoskeletons. Therefore, it is unlikely that the depolymerization of actin is the rate determining step in the mercurial-dependent disruption of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton. Low reagent concentrations caused an initial rapid dissociation of spectrin tetramers at a rate comparable with that of cytoskeleton disruption. Prolonged incubation, or higher reagent concentrations, resulted in subsequent aggregation of spectrin. The reagent also prevented the interaction between spectrin and actin, presumably through its depolymerization of actin and its effects on spectrin. The early event in the disruption of isolated erythrocyte cytoskeletons by p-mercuribenzenesulfonate thus appears to be the dissociation of spectrin oligomers. Subsequent depolymerization of actin brought about by the reagent then results in total disruption of the cytoskeleton. PMID- 3191143 TI - Urokinase-catalysed plasminogen activation. Effects of ligands binding to the AH site of plasminogen. AB - The kinetics of activation of Lys-plasminogen (Lys-77-Asn-790) and miniplasminogen (Val-442-Asn-790) catalysed by low-molecular-weight urokinase (LMW-urokinase) was investigated in the presence and absence of ligands that bind to the AH-site of the plasminogens. 6-Aminohexanoic acid and alpha-N-acetyl-L lysine methyl ester (AcLysMe) were used. Saturation of the AH-sites of the plasminogens result in similar, but rather small positive effects on the kinetics of activation of the two plasminogens. Michaelis constants decrease approx. 2 fold and second-order rate constants (kc/Km)Pg increase approx. 1.2-fold. Michaelis constants (KPg values) were obtained using a new approach; the values were determined from the competing effects of the plasminogens on urokinase catalysed hydrolysis of a synthetic substrate. In the pH range 7.4-8.0, only minor alterations of the values of the kinetic parameters are observed. At 25 degrees C, values of (kc/Km)Pg are approx. 3-fold less than the value at 37 degrees C, whereas KPg is not changed. We conclude that kc/Km values are approx. 10(5) M-1.s-1 and that KPg values are approx. 40 microM of urokinase-catalysed conversions of Lys- and miniplasminogen to their respective plasmins. PMID- 3191144 TI - Secondary structure of 11 S globulin in aqueous solution investigated by FT-IR derivative spectroscopy. AB - Secondary structure of 11 S globulin, a major storage protein of soybean seeds, has been investigated in aqueous solution by FT-IR spectroscopy. Conformational changes in the native protein upon thermal and chemical denaturation have been monitored by observing changes in the frequency position and peak intensity of the various bands. The frequency of the Amide I band of the native protein shifts by 4 cm-1 from 1,643 cm-1 to 1,647 cm-1 when denatured, while the corresponding intensity of the Amide I band compared to the native protein, decreases by 30 and 67%, respectively, for the urea and thermally denatured proteins, indicating gross conformational changes in the secondary structure. Trifluoroethanol, an alpha-helix promoter shifts the Amide I band from 1,643 cm-1 to 1,651 cm-1, typical of alpha-helix, with a corresponding increase in intensity by 14% relative to the native protein. Derivative spectroscopy, allowing resolution of overlapping bands, shows that the native protein mainly consists of beta-sheet, beta-turns and disordered structure with very little alpha-helix. On denaturation, beta-sheet disappeared almost completely with urea, while this is less so with thermal denaturation. PMID- 3191145 TI - Hemoglobin Tilburg: alpha 2-beta 2 73 (E 17) Asp----Gly. A new hemoglobin with reduced oxygen affinity. AB - A new hemoglobin variant has been found in a Dutch Caucasian girl and detected also in members of three generations of her family. This variant is characterized by the substitution of an aspartic acid at position 73 (E 17) of the beta-chain with a glycine residue. Hemoglobin Tilburg makes up to 42% of the total hemoglobin in the blood of the proposita, it is stable at the isopropanol test, and not associated with significant hematological abnormalities in heterozygous carriers. The oxygen dissociation curve of the purified variant, carried out at different pH values, shows a definite reduction of the affinity for oxygen and a normal alkaline Bohr effect. Three more hemoglobins with a single amino acid substitution at the same site have been previously described: Hb Korle-Bu (Asp--- Asn), Hb Mobile (Asp----Val) and Hb Vancouver (Asp----Tyr). In all these proteins the affinity for oxygen is lowered to an extent which is variable and characteristic of each mutant. In this paper we discuss the possible mechanism responsible for the abnormal behaviour of hemoglobins substituted at beta 73. PMID- 3191146 TI - Bovine brain ketimine reductase. AB - We report the purification from bovine brain of an NAD(P)H-dependent reductase which actively reduces a new class of cyclic unsaturated compounds, named ketimines. Ketimines arise from the transamination of some sulphur-containing amino acids, such as L-cystathionine, S-aminoethyl-L-cysteine and L-lanthionine. The enzyme also reduces delta 1-piperidine 2-carboxylate, the carbon analog of aminoethylcysteine ketimine. Some kinetic and molecular properties of this enzyme have been determined. Subcellular localization and regional brain distribution have also been studied. The ketimine reductase activity was found to be associated with the soluble fraction, and was located prevalently in the cerebellum and cerebral cortices. Cyclothionine and 1,4-thiomorpholine-3,5 dicarboxylic acid, the enzymatic reduction products of cystathionine ketimine and lanthionine ketimine, respectively, have been detected in bovine brain, thus suggesting a role of this enzyme in their biosynthesis. PMID- 3191147 TI - A re-evaluation of the molecular size of duck epsilon-crystallin and its comparison with avian lactate dehydrogenases. AB - A biochemical comparison of epsilon-crystallin isolated from the duck lens and lactate dehydrogenases of chicken heart has been made in order to establish the structural and functional identities of these two proteins. The native molecular weight of epsilon-crystallin was re-examined by combining sedimentation and gel filtration data. It was found that epsilon-crystallin is 150 kDa in contrast to the 120 kDa reported previously for this crystallin. Subunit cross-linking experiments corroborated that lactate dehydrogenase and epsilon-crystallin both exist as tetramers of four identical subunits in their native quaternary structures. Amino acid compositions plus N-terminal analyses revealed no differences between the two proteins. Duck epsilon-crystallin exhibited high enzymatic activity of lactate dehydrogenases even after a long period of storage, and showed characteristic thermostability at 50 degrees C for several hours. Comparison of the enzyme activity of duck lens homogenate with those of heart, liver and muscle tissues revealed that duck lens is a much richer source than other tissues for the isolation and characterization of this important enzyme which appears also as a structural protein in the lens. PMID- 3191149 TI - Degradation of intact basement membranes by human and murine tumor enzymes. AB - Homogenates from malignant tumors, obtained from surgery specimens or from transplants of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats, contained an enzyme activity capable of degrading intact 3H-acetylated basement membranes from bovine lens. The enzyme activity from murine tumor was purified about 7500-fold by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, ion exchange and gel chromatography. The apparent molecular weight of the purified enzyme was approximately 50,000. The rate of degradation of 3H labelled basement membrane by the murine tumor enzyme was reduced by addition of excess type IV collagen, but not of excess type I, type III or type V collagen. These results suggested specificity of this enzyme for type IV collagen. Inhibitors of serine proteinases, thiol proteinases and soybean trypsin inhibitor were without effect on the enzyme activity. Chelators such as 1,10-phenanthroline or EDTA reduced the activity to control levels, indicating that the enzyme activity was due to a metalloproteinase. Chromatographic and electrophoretic separation of the enzymatic products from 3H-labelled basement membrane and type IV collagen indicated that the enzyme activity was due to a type IV collagenase. The use of basement membrane in the native physiological state as a substrate for the study of basement membrane-degrading activity by homogenates of solid malignant tumors offers an in vitro model for the investigation of the metastatic potential of these tumors. PMID- 3191148 TI - Amino acid sequence of the retinal binding site of squid visual pigment. AB - The retinylpeptides of visual pigments of two species of squid were identified in invertebrate visual pigments. Their primary structures were identical: H-Phe-Ala Lys-Ala-Ser-Ala-Ile-His-Asn-pro-Hse(Met)-OH. The sequence was homologous to those of the corresponding region of other visual pigments, but the eighth amino acid, His, was found in squid visual pigments. In this experiment the retinylpeptides of eleven amino acid residues were isolated by monitoring the absorbance spectrum of the reduced retinal Schiff base without using radio-active [3H]retinal. This method is valid for the isolation and identification of retinylpeptides of other invertebrate visual pigments in which the chromophore is not exchangeable. PMID- 3191150 TI - Characterization of fibronectin metabolites in normal rat urine. AB - Fibronectin fragments showing immunoreactivity against an anti-rat plasma fibronectin antibody were detected in normal rat urine. Untreated urine showed immunoreactivity and this reactivity could not be dialyzed. These rat urinary fibronectin-related substances (RUF) were adsorbed on heparin-immobilized gel but hardly at all on gelatin-immobilized gel. They were separated into three fractions by DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography and each fraction was further purified by heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The partially purified preparations, RUF-1, RUF-2 and RUF-3, were analyzed by the sandwich-type enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, and it was found their maximum reactivities were about 30%, 45% and 20% that of the intact plasma fibronectin, respectively. Plasma fibronectin was digested with elastase and then analyzed by the ELISA method to elucidate the patterns shown by the fragments. The fragments showed almost the same patterns on ELISA analysis, and the maximum immunoreactivity decreased in parallel with the degradation. On SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the RUF preparations were found to be composed of multiple forms of molecules, Mr 15,000-100,000, which reacted with the antibody. These results suggest that various forms of fibronectin metabolites are excreted in normal rat urine. PMID- 3191151 TI - Properties of retinal-oxidizing enzyme activity in rat kidney. AB - An enzyme activity which converts retinal to retinoic acid was found in the cytosol of rat kidney. The oxidation of retinal was pH-, temperature-, time- and protein-dependent. Under the assay conditions employed, the oxidase activity had an apparent Km of 125 microM toward all-trans retinal. n-Propylgallate, butylated hydroxytoluene and quinacrine inhibited the reaction. The inhibition caused by quinacrine can be partly reversed by FAD. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate, a sulfhydryl cross-linking agent, was a potent inhibitor. 4'-(9-Acridinylamino)methanesulfon anisidide, an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase, inhibited the reaction by 77% at a concentration of 3 mM. All-trans retinal reversed the inhibition caused by acetaldehyde and 2-aminobenzaldehyde. Retinol inhibited the reaction, but retinoic acid did not. The specific activity of the enzyme was increased by vitamin A deficiency. These data indicate that retinal-oxidizing enzyme activity found in the kidney is a sulfhydryl flavoprotein and its activity is dependent on the vitamin A levels of the tissues. PMID- 3191152 TI - Role of ketone bodies in the diabetes-induced changes in hepatic mixed-function oxidase activities. AB - In order to assess the role of ketone bodies in the diabetes-induced changes in hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity, rats rendered hyperketonaemic by dietary administration of medium chain triacylglycerols were compared with streptozotocin treated rats. Both groups of animals became hyperketonaemic but only the latter were hyperglycaemic. Treatment with streptozotocin or medium chain triacylglycerols gave rise to marked increases in the O-dealkylations of ethoxyresorufin, ethoxycoumarin and pentoxyresorufin, the p-hydroxylation of aniline and the N-demethylation of dimethylnitrosamine. It is concluded that the streptozotocin-induced changes in hepatic mixed-function oxidases are mediated, at least partly, by the high levels of ketone bodies. PMID- 3191153 TI - Anti-bilirubin monoclonal antibody. I. Preparation and properties of monoclonal antibodies to covalently coupled bilirubin-albumin. AB - We have prepared 16 anti-bilirubin monoclonal antibodies and described their unique reactivity to bilirubin and related compounds. Using the modified mixed anhydride method, bilirubin was covalently coupled to bovine serum albumin. We performed somatic cell fusion between murine spleen cells immunized with this bilirubin-albumin complex and murine myeloma P3-X63-Ag8-U1 cells. After screening assays, 16 clones were identified which were producing antibodies not to albumin but to haptenic bilirubin. In inhibition analysis, the antibodies in the culture supernatants cross-reacted with bilirubin glucuronides to varying degrees, but rarely reacted with structurally related biliverdin, hemin, and azodipyrroles of bilirubin. Albumin, when present in the solution, much reduced the reactivity of several monoclonal antibodies to unconjugated bilirubin, and this effect was partly reversed by addition of salicylate which dissociates the binding between bilirubin and albumin. PMID- 3191154 TI - Anti-bilirubin monoclonal antibody. II. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bilirubin fractions by combination of two monoclonal antibodies. AB - Among 16 monoclonal antibodies raised against covalently coupled bilirubin-bovine serum albumin, we selected two antibodies: one (designated 24G7) reacted with unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin and the other (designated 25H17) reacted only with unconjugated bilirubin. Combination of these two antibodies enabled us to determine extremely low concentrations of unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin independently by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the assay, samples were incubated with each anti-bilirubin IgG, and then free remaining IgG was allowed to bind to the immunotiter plates coated with bilirubin bovine serum albumin. The bound fraction of the IgG was visualized with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-mouse IgG and substrate. Bilirubin concentration was determined from the absorbance at 425 nm. In this system, we could measure 10(-7)-10(-5) M unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin in samples, which is 100-fold more sensitive than Michaelsson's diazocoupling method. The assay results gave a good correlation coefficient (0.86) compared with those determined with high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3191155 TI - The effects of concanavalin A on milk secretion and mammary metabolism in the goat. AB - The effects of concanavalin A on the rate of milk secretion and the concentration of metabolites in milk were studied following intramammary injection of the lectin via the teat canal into one mammary gland of lactating goats. Concanavalin A decreased milk secretion from the treated gland, reduced the concentrations of phosphoenolpyruvate, nucleoside diphosphate and 2-oxoglutarate in milk and increased the concentrations of glucose, galactose, glycerol, L-lactate, pyruvate, isocitrate and citrate. The changes in the concentrations of the metabolites in milk are discussed in relation to biochemical changes occurring in the mammary gland during the suppression of milk secretion. It is suggested that, when lactose synthesis and secretion is decreased, substantial metabolism of glucose via glycolysis occurs. PMID- 3191156 TI - Heparin modulates the secretion of a major excreted protein-like molecule by vascular smooth muscle cells. AB - Previous work from our laboratory has shown that heparin specifically induces the release of a pair of proteins of approximately 35,000 and 37,000 Da into the culture medium of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). In this report, we demonstrate that the previously identified 37,000-Da smooth muscle protein is composed of two protein species with very similar molecular weights based on migration patterns in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The larger molecular weight species in this doublet has a similar molecular weight and shares antigenic determinants with major excreted protein (MEP), a lysosomal proteinase previously shown to be secreted by normal and transformed fibroblasts and epidermal cells. Antisera to MEP precipitated the higher molecular weight band from the doublet; preimmune serum was not reactive with the smooth muscle protein. Exposure of smooth muscle cells to heparin resulted in decreased amounts of immunoprecipitable protein released into the medium. Thus, it now appears that three proteins in the 35,000-38,000 molecular weight range are modulated by heparin, and that the largest of the heparin-modulated vascular SMC proteins has a similar molecular weight and is immunologically related to MEP. The release of MEP-like protein from SMC is decreased by heparin, while the remaining two heparin-modulated proteins are increased in the presence of heparin. PMID- 3191157 TI - Kinetics and mechanism of the glutathione-dependent reduction of dehydromethionine. AB - Dehydromethionine (S-methylisothiazolidine-3-carboxylic acid) is reduced by glutathione (aqueous solution, 25 degrees C) to give methionine and glutathione disulfide in a reaction that is dependent on pH and the nature and concentration of the buffer utilized. The data are consistent with proton-assisted, rate limiting attack of glutathione thiolate anion on the sulfilimine sulfur with concomitant cleavage of the sulfur-nitrogen bond. The data predict a half-life for dehydromethionine ranging between 33 and 330 min in the presence of physiological concentrations of glutathione and phosphate buffer, suggesting that dehydromethionine and similar sulfilimines may have a sufficient lifetime in vivo to permit their use as carriers of oxidizing equivalents. PMID- 3191158 TI - Alterations of elastin and elastase-like activities in aortae of diabetic rats. AB - The elastin content of the aortic muscle and the elastase-like activity of the extracts of aortic muscle were studied in spontaneously diabetic BB rats and in rats made diabetic by a single bolus i.v. injection of alloxan. In both modes of diabetes, the total alkaline-insoluble aortic elastin content was significantly reduced in diabetic rats compared to that in the corresponding control rats. This reduction in aortic elastin was also accompanied by a consistent increase in the elastase-like activities of the aortic extracts prepared from the same tissues. Such a reciprocal relationship between aortic elastin content and elastase-like activity has previously been reported in rats with malignant hypertension. Since the rats used in this study were not hypertensive, the altered elastin metabolism observed in this work is likely to be a manifestation of diabetic disease and may in part account for the vascular changes associated with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3191159 TI - Functional responses of aequorin-loaded human neutrophils. Comparison with fura-2 loaded cells. AB - Aequorin-loaded human neutrophils in response to chemotactic peptides and ionomycin showed a sharp rise in their intracellular Ca2+ concentration which decayed within 2 min. Depletion of extracellular Ca2+ suppressed only the ionomycin-induced increase. Fura-2-loaded cells also showed a sharp rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in response to each stimulator, while the decline was extremely slow in the ionomycin-induced Ca2+ increase. Depletion of extracellular Ca2+ reduced the duration of ionomycin-induced Ca2+ increase. Cytochalasin B almost equally potentiated the rise in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration induced by each stimulator. Aequorin-loaded cells showed impaired phagocytotic activity, while degranulation and oxygen radical production were not affected. PMID- 3191160 TI - Methanethiol and dimethylsulfide formation from 3-methylthiopropionate in human and rat hepatocytes. AB - This study was designed to investigate the metabolism of methanethiol, and the involvement of methanethiol and its metabolites in the transamination pathway of methionine. Gaseous methanethiol, methanethiol-mixed disulfides and dimethylsulfide were formed from 3-methylthiopropionate, a metabolite in the transamination pathway of methionine, during incubation with human and rat hepatocytes. An increase of the 3-methylthiopropionate concentration resulted in an increased formation of the products, up to a substrate concentration of 4.4 mM. Higher substrate levels resulted in a decreased methanethiol formation, probably due to poisoning of the system. However, in human hepatocytes the formation of dimethylsulfide increased up to a 3-methylthiopropionate concentration of 12.5 mM. The formation of methanethiol, dimethylsulfide and methanethiol-mixed disulfides from 3-methylthiopropionate in hepatocytes of both human and rat support the hypothesis that methanethiol can be formed from methionine via the transamination pathway. PMID- 3191161 TI - Altered production of the active oxygen species is involved in enhanced cytotoxic action of acylated derivatives of ascorbate to tumor cells. AB - Our previous study shows that 6-O-acyl derivatives of L-ascorbic acid inhibits more markedly cell growth of mouse Ehrlich carcinoma than ascorbic acid. The present study shows that 6-O-palmitoyl ascorbic acid but not ascorbic acid prolongs the lifespan of mice into which tumors such as Meth A fibrosarcoma, MM46 mammary carcinoma, Ehrlich carcinoma and sarcoma 180 are implanted. The potentiated cytotoxicity of 6-O-palmitoyl ascorbic acid is not due to an increase in duration time of the cytotoxic action, because 6-O-palmitoyl ascorbic acid is gradually inactivated during contact with tumor cells and exhibits a similar action time curve to that of ascorbic acid as shown by clonal growth assay. Cytotoxicity of 6-O-palmitoyl ascorbic acid is markedly diminished by combined addition of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as shown by dye exclusion assay, whereas the cytotoxicity was slightly reduced by either enzyme alone but not by the specifically inactivated or heat-denatured enzymes. In contrast, cytotoxicity of ascorbic acid is abolished by catalyse but not SOD. Autooxidation of 6-O-palmitoyl ascorbic acid was not inhibited by catalase plus SOD. The results indicate that cytotoxicity of 6-O-palmitoyl ascorbic acid is attributed at least partly to both hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide (O2-.) generated at the early stage. Cytotoxicity of 6-O-palmitoyl ascorbic acid is also appreciably attenuated by singlet oxygen (1O2) scavengers such as hydroquinone, 1,4-diazobicyclo-2,2,2-octane or sodium azide, but not by hydroxyl radical scavengers including butylated hydroxytoluene, D-mannitol, benzoic acid and ethanol. Thus, in contrast to cytotoxicity of ascorbic acid mediated entirely by H2O2 initially generated, acylated ascorbic acid produces a diversity of active oxygen species including H2O2, O2-. and other species secondarily generated via disproportion, which may be additively involved in the enhanced cytotoxic action. PMID- 3191162 TI - Effect of estradiol and antiestrogens on cholesterol biosynthesis in hormone dependent and -independent breast cancer cell lines. AB - The effects of estradiol and/or antiestrogens on cholesterol biosynthesis were studied in two breast cancer cell lines. Cholesterogenic activity was evaluated after labeling cells with sodium [14C]acetate for increasing periods of time (up to 24 h) and measuring the incorporation of the radioactivity into nonsaponifiable lipids and into cholesterol, after separation from other labeled metabolites. We compared the effects of estradiol on cholesterogenesis with the well-known effects of this hormone on cell proliferation: estradiol stimulated both cholesterol synthesis and cell growth in MCF-7 cells, but stimulated neither in BT20 cells. The stimulation affected both the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase step and the post-HMGCoA steps. Only the key enzyme step appeared to be mediated by the estrogen receptor. The hydroxytamoxifen and LY 117018 antiestrogens strongly inhibited cellular cholesterol production in both cell lines. Under the same conditions, cell growth is affected in MCF-7 cells, but not in BT20 (as shown by groups from other laboratories). This demonstrates that de novo synthesis of cholesterol is not essential for cell growth when cells are cultured in the presence of whole serum. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by antiestrogens mainly affected the lanosterol demethylation step and the C-27 sterol to cholesterol conversion. This inhibiting effect of antiestrogens was not mediated by the estrogen receptor. PMID- 3191163 TI - Estradiol regulation of reactions involved in turnover of the amino acid acceptor terminus of tRNA in the rat uterus. AB - Estradiol (E2) increases the specific amino acid acceptor activity of rat uterine tRNAs by increasing the proportion of certain tRNAs with intact and functional 3' CCA acceptor termini. Activities of tRNA nucleotidyltransferase and 3' exoribonuclease which synthesize and degrade this terminus, respectively, were measured and neither enzyme was modified by hormone treatment. Since cytidine triphosphate (CTP) levels are below reported Km values for nucleotidyltransferase, changes in CTP concentrations may regulate nucleotidyltransferase activity. An E2-induced 3-fold increase was seen in CTP synthetase activity (conversion of uridine triphosphate, UTP, into CTP). Uterine CTP levels in controls are minute (9 nmol/uterus, approx. 90 microM), and are increased 2.5-fold in E2(12 h)-treated rats. The rate of incorporation of [3H]UTP into the 3'-CCA terminus of tRNA was measured as coupled CTP synthetase nucleotidyltransferase reactions and a 2.5-fold increase in incorporation occurred 8-12 h after E2 treatment. Injection of azaserine, (inhibitor of CTP synthetase) reduced E2-induced increases in CTP levels, CTP synthetase activity, and leucine acceptor activity of tRNAs. These results indicate that E2 regulates CTP levels by modulation of CTP synthetase activity, and that regulation of synthesis and/or repair of the 3'-CCA terminus of tRNA is proportional to E2 induced uterine cytosolic CTP levels. PMID- 3191164 TI - Control of gluconeogenesis: role of fatty acids in the alpha-adrenergic response. AB - Phenylephrine increases hepatic gluconeogenesis for as long as it is present in the extracellular medium. This effect is accompanied by a parallel increase in oxygen consumption. No apparent stoichiometric relationship exists between the phenylephrine-stimulated respiration and the energy required to meet the demands of gluconeogenesis. In the absence of extracellular calcium, no sustained stimulation of respiration was observed and phenylephrine failed to enhance gluconeogenesis; however, acute and transient effects of the alpha-adrenergic agonist were still observable. The following observations indicate that fatty acids are not involved in the alpha-adrenergic response: (1) the effects of phenylephrine and octanoate on respiration and gluconeogenesis were found to be additive; (2) unlike phenylephrine, octanoate is capable of stimulating gluconeogenesis in calcium-depleted liver; (3) in the absence of calcium, phenylephrine was incapable of further stimulating respiration or gluconeogenesis in the presence of octanoate. It is concluded that the conditions of increased lipid mobilization and/or oxidation are not sufficient to explain the metabolic response to alpha-adrenergic agonists. Fatty acids and alpha-adrenergic stimulation share a common role of stimulating gluconeogenesis in a manner dependent on their ability to stimulate respiration; however, the additive nature of their effects and distinct calcium requirements indicate that they act to trigger different mechanisms. PMID- 3191165 TI - Glucocorticoid enhancement of glucocorticoid production by cultured ovine adrenocortical cells. AB - The present study examines the effect of chronic treatment with glucocorticoids on the steroidogenic activity of ovine adrenocortical cells in vitro. Cells cultured in the presence of 10(-9) to 10(-5) M dexamethasone produced more glucocorticosteroids in response to ACTH1-24, forskolin or 8 BrcAMP than did control cells. Such an enhancing effect required more than 5 h of treatment and was maximal at 30 h; it was both concentration-dependent and steroid-specific. The maximal secretion of corticosteroids was observed when cells were exposed to 10(-7) M dexamethasone; with higher concentrations the response to ACTH1-24 decreased steadily; the ED50 was 2.8 +/- 0.8 nM. Cortisol and corticosterone enhanced ACTH1-24-induced steroidogenesis to the same extent as dexamethasone, but at concentrations roughly 100-fold higher than for dexamethasone. Testosterone and 17 beta-oestradiol had no enhancing effect. Dexamethasone not only enhanced the maximal steroidogenic response to ACTH1-24 but also decreased its ED50 3-fold. Treatment of cultures with the antiglucocorticoid RU 38486 resulted in a dose-dependent, time-dependent, decrease in ACTH1-24-induced corticosteroid output. Moreover, RU 38486 antagonized the enhancing effect of dexamethasone. The production of corticosteroids by dexamethasone-treated cells incubated in the presence of 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol or of exogenous pregnenolone was similar to that of control cells. The enhancing effect of dexamethasone was also observed when cultures were performed in the absence of insulin and/or in serum-free media. These data suggest that chronic exposure to glucocorticoids is necessary for the full steroidogenic activity of ovine adrenocortical cells. Moreover, they indicate that glucocorticoids exert their effect at least at two different levels in the cell: (i) on the adenylate cyclase system and (ii) at step(s) beyond cAMP but before pregnenolone formation. PMID- 3191166 TI - [Conformation of lanthanide complexes with Schiff bases of pyridoxal and dipeptides]. AB - In order to simulate the active centres of pyridoxal enzymes, lanthanide complexes of pyridoxal-dipeptide (gly-asn) azomethines were investigated by means of NMR 1H and optical spectroscopy. NMR spectra were shown to correspond to conformation averaged over two positions of the ion. The ion was bound to the oxygen atom of PL and nitrogen atom of azomethine. In addition, it coordinates the oxygen atom of the peptide bond or the asparagine carboxyl. PMID- 3191167 TI - [Amphiphilic properties of angiotensin and its fragments]. AB - Many biologically active peptides are supposed to interact with specific receptors mainly due to hydrophobic forces. In order to obtain a more detailed information about the peptide molecule behavior at the "water-non-polar-phase" boundary an approach to the calculation of stable conformations on such a boundary has been developed. This approach is used for investigation of the amphiphilic properties of angiotensin and its six fragments. The results of calculations of transfer energies of these peptides from the water environment to the phase boundary are in agreement with the experimental data. PMID- 3191168 TI - [Study of antibody-hapten interaction by measuring velocity of ultrasound propagation]. AB - The patterns of conformational changes induced in pig antibodies to 2,4 dinitrophenyllisin on binding with hapten were investigated by precise measurements of ultrasound velocity. It was shown that upon specific binding with intact antibodies, the observed slow changes of the bulk-clustic properties of the investigated solution reflect self-association of IgG molecules. In the case of interaction of Fab-fragments with hapten no changes of the acoustic properties were found. It was assumed that self-association is related to the increase in the hydrophobicity of Fe-fragments observed upon conformational changes of IgG molecules. PMID- 3191169 TI - [What sequence must have an 8-nucleotide anticodon loop so that tRNA would not shift the reading frame?]. AB - A model describing the interaction between the anticodon loop consisting of eight nucleotides and messenger RNA is proposed. A suggestion is made that the ability of eight nucleotide loop to recognize a four base codon and as a result to shift a reading frame, depends on the location of the sharp turn of polynucleotide chain within the anticodon loop. The turn will appear to be only immediately after U. This U fixes the position of the turn by the formation of the specific hydrogen bond and van-der-Vaals contacts, that are found in the common seven nucleotide anticodon loop. The model predicts whether a particular tRNA will be able to shift a reading frame or not. This prediction is in agreement with available experimental data. PMID- 3191170 TI - [Anticooperative interactions between the nearest neighbor chromatosomes]. AB - A model which permits the description of chromatosomes distribution along the DNA were developed. The experimental data on the spacing of chromatosomes on rat liver chromatin were analysed. It was shown that chromatosomes dimers spaced at less than 40 base pairs are encountered more rarely than might be expected on the basis of a random distribution of chromatosomes along DNA. We propose that between nearest neighbor chromatosomes in the fibre there exist interactions which hinder the rapprochement of chromatosomes. The data analysis put forth in this paper permits us to determine the energetic parameters of such anticooperative interactions. PMID- 3191171 TI - [Study of total activity of natural lipid antioxidants by chemiluminescence method]. AB - The total antiradical activity of lipid antioxidants extracted from organs and tissues of fish Coregonus peled (Gmelin) was investigated using chemiluminescence method. It has been established that lipids contain antioxidants of two types. The bioantioxidants of the first type have a comparatively high efficiency constant K7eff. = (2.4-3.2) 10(6) M-1.s-1, whose value is 100 times more than that of the constant of the second type inhibitors K7eff. = (3.5-5.0) 10(4) M-1.s 1. Using the method of thin-layer chromatography such individual antioxidants of lipids as tocopherol, ubiquinon, ubichromenol were separated and quantitatively studied, as well as recorded in the presence of vitamin K, A, cholesterol. It is shown that the quantitative content of high-activity antioxidants in lipid of different kinds substantially varies (0.5-17.1) 10(-4) M; the low level of their content has been recorded for internal fat and brain lipids, the high one--for the lipids present in immature eggs, red muscles and liver. PMID- 3191172 TI - [Dynamics of erythrocyte oxygenation in vitro]. AB - The process of blood oxygenation in vitro was described theoretically. It was established that the dynamics of the oxygenation degree of different blood samples can be obtained from the certain universal time function by a change of the time scale. A special device was created for experimental investigation of oxygenation dynamics. The experimental data are in agreement with the theory. PMID- 3191173 TI - [Possible role of spectrin in thermohemolysis of erythrocytes]. AB - The activation energy of thermodenaturation of erythrocyte spectrin was defined by two different methods as Esp = 218 +/- 4 kcal/mole. This value was more than two times greater than that of thermohemolysis activation energy (Eth = 99 +/- 5 kcal/mole). The conclusion is made that spectrin does not play a significant role in thermohemolysis of erythrocytes. PMID- 3191175 TI - [Periodicity of spermatozoa movement]. AB - A method of Laser Doppler Spectrometry is used to study the periodicity of bulls' spermatozoa motion. The period of their motion is divisible by 24 turns of spermatozoa heads. The interrelation of the observed periodicity with the ultrastructure of bulls' gametes tails is suggested. PMID- 3191174 TI - [Mathematical model of light diffraction on red blood cells]. AB - Mathematical model diffraction of laser radiation on red blood smear for population erythrocytes with their normal distribution according to sizes is presented. It was shown during normal distribution of erythrocytes according to sizes that the first maximal pattern diffraction case does not correspond to the medium diameters, as it is given in literature. It was established that the depth of the first maximum is changed depending on the dispersion value according to sizes. PMID- 3191176 TI - [Information characteristics of neuronal and synaptic plasticity]. AB - Informational losses in neuronal nets(NN) with plastic elements were estimated. These losses are related with 1) transition from "complicated" decoding when from the modification state of such elements information of the whole set of recorded elements is extracted to "simple" decoding natural of NN functioning when information is extracted independently for individual events; 2) uncertainty concerning NN structure, if at decoding in one of the modification states the neuron reactivity totally or the weight of plastic synapse equals zero. After the transition from complicated to simple decoding these losses for gradual plasticity are so great that NN with such plasticity has no advantages in informational capacity as compared to the binary one. These losses are absent for plasticity of Olbus type. They are relatively high for neuronal plasticity of Hebb type. For Hebb synapses their value essentially depends on the net parameters. PMID- 3191179 TI - [Appearance of the flutter on the pulse wave]. AB - This work deals with the liquid flow in an elastic blood vessel. The mechanism of the initiation of standing waves was studied. Results of model experiments, both on the hydrodynamic stand and in the aorta of the living dog are presented. PMID- 3191177 TI - [reflection of stimulus orientation in reactions of visual cortex neurons]. AB - A mathematical model of neuronal target structure with spatial anisotropy of lateral inhibition is discussed. The positions of the neuronal target to oriented sensory stimuli are investigated by computer simulation. It is suggested that visual stimuli orientation is coded in the late phase of dynamic responses of cortical neurons. This idea is in agreement with the data obtained in experiments on guinea pig visual cortex neurons. PMID- 3191178 TI - [Variability of crystals of blood lipoproteins]. AB - The present paper studies lipoprotein of human blood plasma in the norm and pathology. The three informational groups of lipoprotein crystals are isolated, which correspond to certain types of diseases. The question of possible diagnostics of some diseases by means of the lipoprotein crystals type in the polarized light is under discussion. PMID- 3191180 TI - [Transport of a fluid in the lung interstitial space. A model of porous medium with distributed parameters]. AB - Velocity and behaviour of the fluid stream into lung interstitium was experimentally evaluated during and after hydrodynamic loading. A mathematical model of unsteady fluid movement in interstitium able to relaxation was proposed. PMID- 3191181 TI - [Integral characteristics of heat- and electroconductivity of human skin]. AB - Age relationships of integral parameters of heat- and electroconductivity (HC and EC) of human skin were studied. Measurements were performed in 14 body regions (Zakharyin-Gedd zones and opposite points) on 95 practically healthy women 10-63 years old. Cluster analysis of the experimental data has shown that population is evenly distributed in the space of characters. The correlation analysis permits the statement that HC and EC are practically independent parameters. At the same time the correlation coefficients for HC and EC values obtained in the opposite points are rather high. Therefore the integral parameters were introduced for describing the system: mean values (EC and HC), indices of lateral asymmetry IAEC and IAHC), nonhomogeneity indices (NIEC and NIHC). Age relationships of integral parameters and their root-mean-square deviations were computed using smoothing by the moving-average method with Gaussian weight function, whose width was optimized by the minimum of information losses. For EC and NIEC and for root-mean square deviations of IAHC and NIHC statistically reliable changes with age are observed. They reflect the physiological state of the organism (EC and NIEC being of the leading character). The indicated integral parameters are suggested to be used for estimating the man's state at hormonal reconstructions of the organism. PMID- 3191182 TI - [Possible mechanism of specific action of pulsed UHF-fields]. AB - Experimental data were obtained for conditions of stimulation of mechanical vibrations in the liquid models of microwave fields. Possible role of different elastic waves modes in the formation of specific effects in pulsed HF-fields is discussed. Mathematical estimation suggests that excited shearing waves may have biological action. The results obtained suggest an acoustic nature of the action of pulsed HF-fields on biological objects. PMID- 3191184 TI - [Modeling of auditory mechanisms of pitch perception]. AB - A hypothesis of two subordinately interconnected pitch perception systems is put forward and described. The leading system is responsible for the analysis of periodical sequences of spikes along audioneurons whose generation moments are synchronized by the acting sound oscillations. This system allows measuring of any periodical sound--simple or complex--including the residual sound. However, the system of periodicity analysis does not ensure the experimentally determined precision of pitch change perception. It is shown that the signal distribution along the basilar membrane enables the activation of the second system which analyses the spatial--temporal image by means of a great number of well innervated internal receptor cells. This system functioning is characterized by small values of differential threshold pitches, since as a discriminatory characteristic a curt decline of the basilar membrane oscillation envelope is used which is formed after a prolonged sinusoidal sound. PMID- 3191183 TI - [The nature and biological role of near-weekly rhythm]. AB - Main peculiarities and possible mechanisms of the rhythms of proliferative activity and other characteristics of the tissue with near-weekly period are discussed. It is suggested that these variations may be explained by means of a simplest model which involves only processes of cell division and death with a delay of division stimulus about 24 hours, which corresponds to the duration of the mitotic cycle. In such a model there are periodic variations of the cell number with the period 4-7 times greater than the delay time. PMID- 3191185 TI - [Fast comparison of groups of sequences using computers]. AB - The library of programs for search of identical fragments in groups of amino acid (nucleotide) sequences is described. In order to find the fragments a table of short-key words is created, after that longer coinciding sections are discovered. PMID- 3191186 TI - [Reactivation of superoxide dismutase by the helium-neon laser irradiation]. AB - When incubating SOD for two hours in the buffer with pH 6.0 practically complete loss of the activity of enzyme was observed at insignificant changes of the absorption spectra in the region of 450 and 680 nm. Irradiation of SOD solution with helium-neon laser resulted in the dose-dependent reduction of spectral and enzymic properties. Similar effect of the red light was also observed when SOD was inactivated with hydrogen peroxide: laser irradiation brought about the reduction of initial absorption spectrum of the enzyme. One can believe that the therapeutic effect of helium-neon laser radiation is conditioned, at least partially, by photochemical reactivation of SOD inactivated under pathological conditions (inflammation, hypoxia) in the tissues. PMID- 3191187 TI - [The study of actin in denervated skeletal muscles by microcalorimetry]. AB - Method of scanning calorimetry of intact and denervated F-actin shows a change in thermostability of protein after denervation. PMID- 3191189 TI - [Possible role of electrical bilayers in the reaction of biological objects to external factors]. AB - Coincidence in the effects of the sound and electromagnetic threshold flows on receptors or organism accordingly and double electrical layer (DEL) is shown. The existence of universal non-specific mechanism of action of external factors upon the living tissue based on the DEL-reaction is suggested. PMID- 3191188 TI - [Interaction of divalent metal ions with human serum albumin]. AB - ESR study was carried out of the interaction between Zn2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Mg2+ ions and human serum albumin (HSA) in the presence of Mn2+ ions which depends on pH. Competitive binding of these ions with "manganese-binding" sites of albumin was shown to depend on pH. An analysis of concentration dependence of binding these ions with human serum albumin confirmed earlier supposition about the nature of the binding sites of Mn2+ ions with HSA. PMID- 3191190 TI - [The study of rhythmic changes in the liver hemodynamics by biophysical methods]. AB - Data concerning some details of portal blood flow are presented. The following methods for estimations of portal and parenchymal blood flow were used: measuring of perfusion volume velocity--in vitro; flowmetric measuring of blood flow in the portal vein, liver lobe photoplethysmography and bile flow velocity--in situ; photoplethysmography--in vivo. Regular oscillations of portal parenchymal blood flow with the period about 20-90 sec. and synchronous oscillations of the bile flow velocity were found in the above mentioned experiments. PMID- 3191192 TI - [Isolation, purification and various properties of L-lysine-2-monooxygenase from Pseudomonas putida]. AB - Isolation and purification of L-lysine-2- monooxygenase from the bacterium Pseudomonas species was carried out. The purification procedure included ammonium sulfate fractionation, acid treatment, gel filtration through Sephadex G-200 and ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Such treatment resulted in more than 220-fold purification and 22% yield; the specific activity of the enzyme is 14.6 U/mg. The enzyme spectrum is typical for flavoproteins, with peaks at 275, 386 and 462 nm. At 460 nm excitation, the enzyme fluorescence has an emission maximum at 530 nm, whereas at 360 nm extication--at about 520 nm. The molecular mass of L-lysine-2-monooxygenase as determined by SDS/PAAG electrophoresis is about 268 kD. The KM values for oxygen and lysine are equal to 6.5.10(-4) M and 2.3.10(-4) M, respectively. The curve for the dependence of the reaction rate on lysine concentration is sigmoidal. It was assumed that the electrophoretic behaviour of the enzyme confirms the hypothesis on the nature of allosteric regulation of the enzyme activity by alterations in the regulatory site charge. PMID- 3191191 TI - [The role of the N-terminal fragment of troponin T in the interaction with troponin-tropomyosin complex components of the heart]. AB - Bovine heart troponin T was hydrolyzed at the single cysteine residue. This procedure resulted in two peptides--a short N-terminal peptide (40-50 amino acid residues) and a long C-terminal peptide (240 amino acid residues). The C-terminal peptide was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography; its properties were compared to those of intact troponin T. Data from circular dichroism spectroscopy suggest that the short N-terminal peptide cleavage was unaccompanied by any conspicuous changes in the secondary structure of the large C-terminal peptide of troponin T. Unlike intact troponin T, its C-terminal peptide can interact with troponin C in the presence of Ca2+. Data from affinity chromatography demonstrated that troponin I and tropomyosin more strongly interacted with native troponin T than with its C-terminal peptide. It is concluded that the short N-terminal peptide (40-50 residues) plays an essential role in cardiac troponin T interaction with troponin and tropomyosin components. PMID- 3191193 TI - [The effect of SSB-protein from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells on activity of various enzymes of DNA replication and repair]. AB - The effect of a single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB-protein) form Ehrlich ascites tumour cells (EAT) on the activity of homologous purified DNA-polymerases alpha and beta, DNA-replicase, primase and DNA-polymerases from phage T4 and Bacillus stearothermophillus was studied. It was shown that the SSB-protein caused a 1.5-2.5-fold stimulation of the DNA-polymerase alpha activity on different templates (e.g., denaturated and activated DNA, poly(dA). The degree of stimulation depended on the template type, protein/template ratio and purity of DNA-polymerase alpha. The activity of DNA-polymerase was inhibited by the SSB protein, when the activated DNA was used as a matrix and was unchanged on the denaturated DNA. The activity of some prokaryotic DNA-polymerases was increased under the influence of the SSB-protein. The protein enhanced the processivity of T4 DNA-polymerase and strongly inhibited the activity of replicase and primase. A conclusion about the complex effect of the SSB-protein on the activity of replicative and repair enzymes is drawn. PMID- 3191194 TI - [Two-dimensional map of membrane proteins from human erythrocytes]. AB - Human erythrocyte membrane proteins were analyzed by a modified two-dimensional electrophoresis performed according to O'Farrell. This method was used to construct a two-dimensional map of human erythrocyte membrane proteins. The map plotted in the coordinates "relative molecular mass versus relative electrophoretic mobility during IEF" was used for the characterization of 189 proteins. The position of major membrane proteins in the map was determined on the basis of their Mr, pI as well as literature data. Carboanhydrase was positioned by coelectrophoresis. A comparative analysis of erythrocyte membrane and cytosol preparations by two-dimensional protein mapping revealed that some of erythrocyte proteins have dual localization. PMID- 3191195 TI - [Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent phosphorylation of vesicular preparations of myocardial sarcolemma]. AB - A Ca2+-phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C was isolated from the soluble fraction of bovine brain, using hydrophobic chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose CL 4B and high performance liquid chromatography on a Mono Q column. The enzyme had a specific activity of 822 nmol 32P/mg protein/min with histone H1 as a substrate. Phosphorylation of pig myocardium sarcolemma protein substrates was stimulated by Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine; the optimal concentrations of these compounds were 10(-4) M and 200 micrograms/ml, respectively. The value of Km(app) for Ca2+ was 3.10(-6) M. An addition of exogenous dioleine increased the enzyme affinity for Ca2+ which led to a decrease of Ca2+ concentration necessary for the maximal activation to occur. The optimal concentration of ATP needed for sarcolemmal preparation phosphorylation was 0.3-0.4 mM, which seems to be due to the high activity of sarcolemmal ATPases. The proteins phosphorylated in sarcolemmal preparations were identified, using SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with subsequent autoradiography. The 250, 140, 67, 58, 25 and 11 kD proteins appeared to be phosphorylated in the greatest degree. Since in myocardial sarcolemma protein kinase C predominantly phosphorylates the same proteins as does the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, it was assumed that protein kinase C can also play a role in the regulation of Ca2+-transporting systems of sarcolemma. PMID- 3191196 TI - [HDL2b lipoproteins as an acceptor of cholesterol from erythrocyte membrane and the role of lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase during this process]. AB - The role of lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) in net cholesterol transport from erythrocyte membranes to one of high density lipoprotein subclasses--HDL2b--was studied in vitro. It was shown that an addition of partially purified LCAT to the incubation medium containing human HDL2b and human erythrocytes triggers free cholesterol transport from erythrocyte membranes to HDL2b. In this case, the rise in HDL cholesterol occurs mainly due to the formation of cholesteryl esters produced by LCAT. The significance of cholesterol ecceptor properties of HDL2b in vivo is discussed. PMID- 3191197 TI - [The effect of thyroid hormones on structural-functional relations in rat liver chromatin]. AB - The effects of thyroid hormones on chromatin structure at different levels of its functional activity were investigated. No differences in the sensitivity of hepatocyte nuclei to DNAase I were found, presumably due to the restriction of acceptor sites for thyroid hormones on DNA. PMID- 3191198 TI - [Mechanism of electron transport in the cholesterol-hydroxylating system of adrenal cortex mitochondria: a triple complex of adrenodoxin reductase, adrenodoxin and cytochrome P-450]. AB - A cross-linked ternary adrenodoxin reductase-adrenodoxin-cytochrome P-450scc complex with an apparent molecular mass of 114 kD was obtained, using N succinimidyl-6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino)-hexanoate. The composition of the cross-linked complex was determined by immunoblotting and radioactivity measurements, using N-ethyl [2.3-14C]maleimide-premodified adrenodoxin. The data obtained suggest that the ternary complex may exist in solution. PMID- 3191199 TI - [Antioxidative activity of flavonoids in various systems of lipid peroxidation]. AB - The antioxidant action of flavonols in different systems of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was studied. Quercetin and rutin were found to inhibit NADPH and CCl4 dependent LPO in rat liver microsomes, however, in the case of CCl4-dependent LPO, rutin had a very poor antioxidant effect. Study of flavonols oxidation by products of the cytochrome c catalyzed destruction of linoleic acid hydroperoxide demonstrated that the differences in the antioxidant offects of quercetin and rutin can be due to their different capability to terminate free radical chain reactions. The antioxidant effect of rutin was shown to be largely due to the chelating properties of this compound. PMID- 3191200 TI - [Pepsinogen activation by microbial proteinases]. AB - Serine proteinase and metalloproteinase of Asp. oryzae, extracellular metalloproteinase of L. pneumophila and chymotrypsin-like proteinase of S. rutgersensis can hydrolyze pepsinogen by converting it into pepsin (pH 5.0, 37 degrees C). The localization of the site of hydrolysis depends on the nature of the enzyme: serine proteinase from Asp. oryzae induces the synthesis of a mixture of 60% pepsin, 25% leucyl-pepsin and 15% alanyl-leucyl-pepsin; metalloproteinase of Asp. oryzae converts pepsinogen only into leucyl-pepsin, while metalloproteinase of L. pneumophila yields a mixture of 33% pepsin, 53% leucyl pepsin and 14% alanyl-leucyl-pepsin. Thus, the region of the activating pepsinogen peptide--Ala 42P-Ile 1 bond--seems to the most probable site for hydrolysis by exogenous proteinases. This site contains a Leu 44P-Ile 1 bond which is subjected to intermolecular hydrolysis during autocatalytic activation of pepsinogen. The experimental results emphasize the importance of the intermolecular pathway of pepsinogen activation. PMID- 3191201 TI - Cancer "cures" in children, adolescents and young adults versus general cancer cure failure after 50 years of age. AB - Cancer cure has principally concerned stem cell or embryonic cell tumors in children, adolescents and adults under 50 years of age. Cancers that are termed "curable" are those in which the patient survival curve rapidly becomes parallel to the normal life expectancy curve--a plateau in children--and "almost curable" those in which this phenomenon appears later on and/or which is not completely parallel to the normal life expectancy curve. The failure to cure cancer patients over 50 years of age by chemotherapy suggests that although cytostatics are able to reduce the neoplastic cell number to a level that can be eradicated by the lato sensu immunologic functions of the organism before that age, this is not the case in older patients in which even a low number of neoplastic cells cannot be destroyed in this manner. Experimental and clinical data on preventive and curative effects of immuno-restoration/stimulation after the age of 50 are presented and discussed, as well as both reduced cancer patient survival rate and decreased immunity which follows peri-surgical radiotherapy. PMID- 3191202 TI - Future of children with cancer. AB - The outlook for children with cancer has improved considerably in the past two decades. More than half these children are now cured of malignant disease. Long term survival has revealed late effects, of which some examples and possible ways to avoid them are given. Advances in treatment will come from a better understanding of the pathology of these tumours as well as improvement in radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery. It is likely that the more resistant tumours will have to be treated with entirely novel therapeutic programmes. Cytogenetics may hold valuable clues as to the aetiology of these tumours, and possibly eventually to their therapy. PMID- 3191203 TI - Importance of age and methotrexate dosage: prognosis in children and young adults with high-grade osteosarcomas. AB - The disease-free survival (DFS) in 87 patients with high-grade non-metastatic osteosarcoma of the limbs treated in 3 consecutive pilot studies was compared. From 1978-1982 (Group 1), 41 patients were treated after surgery by adjuvant chemotherapy alternating 2 non-cross resistant cyclic combinations each month for 1 year and early prophylactic lung irradiation. From 1982-1984 (Group 2), preoperative chemotherapy 2-drug combination: adriamycin-cisplatinum (ADR-CDDP) was tested in 20 patients. Surgery was followed by 3 treatment periods of the same combination. From 1984-1987 (Group 3), 26 patients were treated according to modified T-10 protocol with high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) adapted to age and individual pharmacokinetics. In Group 1, the overall 5 yr DFS was 63% (average follow-up 60.6 months). The worst prognostic factor was low age: 5 yr, DFS under 15 yr was 30%; greater than 15.5 yr, DFS was 85%. The second negative prognostic factor was failure to give sufficient MTX in patients greater than 15 yr. In Group 2, the actuarial 3 yr DFS was only 35% and a low age was still a negative prognostic factor. In Group 3, the 2 yr DFS was 90%, confirming Rosen's results. With HDMTX adapted to age and individual pharmacokinetics, age was no longer a negative prognostic factor. We concluded that HDMTX has a positive effect in the treatment of osteosarcomas in young people; furthermore, in very high doses, as determined by individual pharmacokinetics. In adults, postoperative chemotherapy eventually including moderate doses of MTX, can be effective and may be better tolerated. PMID- 3191204 TI - Childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: clinical and therapeutic aspects. AB - Childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group. Biological studies have shown that most mediastinal NHL are lymphoblastic lymphomas which are T-cell tumors. In contrast, most NHL occurring in the gastrointestinal tract, abdominal cavity and Waldeyer's ring are diffuse undifferentiated small non cleaved lymphomas, mainly Burkitt's or Burkitt-like lymphomas. Different multi drug combinations have been proposed over the last 20 years. The LSA2-L2 regimen or other protocols, based on acute lymphoblastic leukemia results, have improved the prognosis in T-cell NHL. In extended B-cell NHL, aggressive short term multi drug chemotherapy given in pulses gives a cure rate above 60%. The use of surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of childhood NHL has decreased with the realisation that most children can be cured by chemotherapy alone. PMID- 3191205 TI - Variations in the percentages of lymphocyte subtypes during the menstrual cycle in women. AB - In view of the well-known circadian variations in lymphocytes and their subtypes, we decided to study the possible variations in the proportions of these cells during the menstrual cycle in women. In order to do this, lymphocyte populations were determined during 3 successive cycles on D1, D13, D14, D15 and D25 in 6 women with 28-day cycles who were not on oral contraceptives. In each of these women, we then compared the percentages of lymphocyte subtypes during the different periods of the cycle; this amounted to over 400 comparisons. A statistically significant variation, at the 1% level was found in only one case, when comparing the percentages of T4 lymphocytes on D1 and D13. In the light of this experience, we can therefore assume that there are no statistically significant variations in the proportions of lymphocyte subtypes during the menstrual cycle in women, which does not exclude the possibility of variations in their total numbers. PMID- 3191206 TI - Langerhans cells and HIV infection. AB - Langerhans cells are situated in epidermis of the skin and in all mucous membranes including oral, vaginal and cervical epithelium. Dendritic Langerhans like cells are also present in lymphatics and draining lymph nodes. They are macrophage-like cells and play a major role in immunoregulation in these epithelia by presenting viral, bacterial, fungal and contact antigens to the T lymphocytes, either in the epithelia, or after migration through lymphatic vessels, in the regional lymph node. There is a strong possibility that any antigen that enters the body through these epithelia will encounter Langerhans cells. ARC/AIDS patients have decreased numbers of epidermal Langerhans cells and HIV-producing Langerhans cells have been detected in the skin of these patients. The recent demonstration that HIV was able to infect Langerhans cells in vitro which after a few days in culture produced and released HIV able to infect cells from peripheral blood, indicate that Langerhans cells in the mucous membranes may be the primary target cells for HIV infection. They may then act as a Trojan horse in spreading the infection to other cells. PMID- 3191207 TI - Seroepidemiology of human immunodeficiency viruses in Africa. AB - The first generation of serological tests for anti-HIV-1 gave so many false positives with African sera that it was wrongly postulated that the virus was endemic in Africa. As there is no simian or other virus sufficiently closely related to HIV-1 as to suggest a recent common ancestor, the evolution of HIV-1 is obscure and there is no current evidence to support the hypothesis of an African origin. However, the similarity of HIV-2 to SIV and its geographical distribution do suggest an evolution of this virus in west Africa. The earliest anti-HIV-1 positive serum was from a subject in Kinshasa in 1959. Seroprevalence rose in pregnant women in Kinshasa from 0.25% in 1970, to 3.0% in 1980 and 5.7% in 1986. When two sexually promiscuous groups are compared, seropositivity rose sharply in female prostitutes in Nairobi from 4% in 1981, to 59% in 1984 and 64% in 1986, a curve which is approximately parallel to, but three years later than that of homosexual males in San Francisco. In central and east Africa, HIV-1 is now epidemic from Congo to Kenya and from Uganda to Zimbabwe. In west Africa, both HIV-2 and HIV-1 are epidemic: seroprevalence of HIV-2 is highest in southern Senegal, Guinea-Bissau and Cote d'Ivoire: HIV-1 has the highest frequency in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana. HIV-2 has not been reported, and HIV-1 is pre-epidemic in Africa north of the Sahara, Nigeria, Angola, Mozambique and southern Africa, being found at significant frequency only in female prostitutes, patients with STD, or, in Morocco and South Africa only, in male homosexuals. Seroprevalence is greatest in female prostitutes and patients with STD: infection is more frequent in urban than in rural populations, except in Uganda. The peak frequency is at 30 34 yr in males and 20-24 yr in females. Other groups at risk are infants born to infected mothers, and those requiring blood transfusions, especially pre-school children, patients with sickle-cell disease and pregnant women. The doubling time for seropositivity is about one year in the sexually active age range in some populations. Even at existing seroprevalence, decimation or worse of the most productive age groups is inevitable during the next few years in certain countries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3191208 TI - Hodgkin's disease in HIV-infected patients. AB - Eight patients with Hodgkin's disease who were seropositive to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 6 of them being heroin addicts and one a homosexual, were studied. Histological examination showed 4 cases of lymphocytic depletion, 2 cases of mixed cellularity, 1 nodular sclerosis, and one not classifiable. There were five cases of stage IV-B and 3 IIIs-B. The response to treatment was poor, with disproportionate cytopenia and severe infectious complications. We suggest that the atypical nature of Hodgkin's disease in patients who are seropositive for HIV might be considered to be a part of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). PMID- 3191209 TI - Lack of relationship between the levels of prolactin receptors and steroid receptors in women with breast cancer. AB - The levels of prolactin receptors (PRL-R), based on a new micro-method, estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PG-R), were determined in 159 breast cancer specimens. Sixty-seven of 159 tumors (42%) had PRL-R levels of 20 fmol/mg protein or higher, and were regarded as PRL-R positive. In 60 of the 159 samples (38%), no PRL-R could be detected, and the remaining 32 samples (20%) were considered borderline. While a positive correlation was found between the presence of ER and PGR, no correlation was detected between PRL-R and any steroid receptors (r = -0.024 for ER vs PRL-R, 0.052 for PGR vs PRL-R and 0.002 for ER + PGR vs PRL-R). Furthermore, PRL-R in levels of 20 fmol/mg protein or higher were found in 35% of samples in which no steroid receptors were detected as well as in 38% and in 27% of samples which exhibited positive ER or PGR respectively (greater than or equal to 20 fmol/mg protein). On the other hand, in 47% of the samples possessing both ER and PGR, the PRL receptors could not be found. These results clearly demonstrate that in the human breast cancer, the presence of PRL R is independent of the status of either ER or PGR. It is suggested that the measurement of PRL-R could serve as a chemical marker to guide a possible therapeutic use of PRL-suppressing drugs in women with breast cancer. PMID- 3191210 TI - Clonal assay of mast cell progenitors in semi-solid culture with a high seeding efficiency. AB - In vitro clonal assay of murine mast cell progenitors was examined in semi-solid culture by using conditioned medium of a murine leukemic T-cell line (STIL-3) as the source of interleukin 3 (IL-3). In soft agar gel, mast cell colonies were formed with a seeding efficiency of 100-200 per 10(5) bone marrow cells, which was much higher than previously reported data. Macrophages were distinguishable from mast cells by their characteristic "foamy" appearance in toluidine blue and May-Grunwald-Giemsa stained preparations and by their capacity to phagocytize carbon particles. Thus, the present method may provide a sensitive assay technique for the quantitative evaluation of mast cell progenitors. PMID- 3191212 TI - High liver lipoprotein lipase activity in hyperlipemic developing rats from undernourished pregnant mothers. AB - To study the potential relationship between circulating triacylglycerol (TAG) levels and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in the newborn rat liver, pups from undernourished or normal control mothers were nursed by normal dams, and studied at 0, 1, 15 or 30 days of age. Plasma TAG levels and liver TAG concentration increased more in pups from undernourished mothers than they did in controls. At birth, liver LPL activity was similarly high in both groups but, whereas in controls it decreased progressively after birth, in pups from undernourished mothers it remained stable until 15 days of age. Results suggest that the hypertriglyceridemia present in pups from undernourished mothers may be responsible for the sustained high LPL activity in their liver which may enhance the hepatic uptake of circulating TAG. PMID- 3191211 TI - Adjuvant chemotherapy with and without radiotherapy in stage II breast cancer. AB - The influence of several variables on the effectiveness of adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) chemotherapy given to 87 patients with stage II breast cancer was retrospectively analyzed. CMF was given in optimal doses (greater than or equal to 85% of the planned dose) to 17% of the patients; in intermediate doses (66-84% of the planned dose) to 50% of the patients; and in low doses (less than or equal to 65% of the planned dose) to 33% of the patients. Radiotherapy before CMF was given to 68% of the patients; simultaneous radio- and chemotherapy to 17% of the patients; and the remaining 15% received CMF only. At a median follow-up of 8 yr, 61% of the patients were still alive; 54% of them were disease-free. Patients receiving radio- and chemotherapy concomitantly had a higher relapse-free survival (RFS) than those given both treatments sequentially (77% versus 46%; P = 0.05). Dose levels of CMF did not influence RFS. Delay in initiation of CMF, mainly due to the administration of prior radiotherapy was deleterious: patients started on CMF within 3 months of diagnosis had a 77% 8 yr RFS, as compared with 44% for those with a delay of over 3 months (P = 0.01). No differences in local relapse rates were observed between irradiated and non-irradiated patients, although 87% of all distant failures occurred in patients who received radio- and chemotherapy sequentially. The data of this study indicate that delay in onset of CMF is deleterious, and can be avoided by the simultaneous administration of both treatment modalities, since this approach was well tolerated, without significant myelotoxicity. PMID- 3191214 TI - Exocytosis reconstituted from the sea urchin egg is unaffected by calcium pretreatment of granules and plasma membrane. AB - Micromolar calcium ion concentrations stimulate exocytosis in a reconstituted system made by recombining in the plasma membrane and cortical secretory granules of the sea urchin egg. The isolated cortical granules are unaffected by calcium concentrations up to 1 mM, nor do granule aggregates undergo any mutual fusion at this concentration. Both isolated plasma membrane and cortical granules can be pretreated with 1 mM Ca before reconstitution without affecting the subsequent exocytosis of the reconstituted system in response to micromolar calcium concentrations. On reconstitution, aggregated cortical granules will fuse with one another in response to micromolar calcium provided that one of their number is in contact with the plasma membrane. If exocytosis involves the generation of lipid fusogens, then these results suggest that the calcium-stimulated production of a fusogen can occur only when contiguity exists between cortical granules and plasma membrane. They also suggest that a substance involved in exocytosis can diffuse and cause piggy-back fusion of secretory granules that are in contact with the plasma membrane. Our results are also consistent with a scheme in which calcium ions cause a reversible, allosteric activation of an exocytotic protein. PMID- 3191213 TI - Collagen stability and cross-linking in normal and kyphoscoliotic mouse intervertebral discs. AB - Intervertebral discs of the cervical-thoracic region of the spine of BDL mice which are homozygous for the ky gene mutation undergo degeneration. Discs from these mice have a normal collagen content and undergo normal collagen cross linking prior to the appearance of degenerative changes. The major reducible collagen cross-link formed in discs of these mice and in normal CBA strain mice is hydroxylysino-5-ketonorleucine. These results and other previous results indicate that the discs in the ky mouse develop degenerative disease due to an extrinsic factor rather than to an intrinsic abnormality of their extracellular matrix. The extrinsic factor has been identified as spinal muscle atrophy. PMID- 3191216 TI - Representing and defining patterns by graphs: applications to sol-gel patterns and to cytoskeleton. AB - The problems of interdisciplinary interests--applying methods of graph theory to sol-gel patterns and to cytoskeleton--are discussed. The importance of sol-gel transition phenomena in living cells and the possibility of periodic sol-gel transition phenomena are briefly reviewed. Representing patterns by graphs and using graph probabilistic representation for calculating structure-property relationships are discussed and applied to sol-gel transition patterns. PMID- 3191215 TI - Differential phosphorylation of murine class I major histocompatibility antigens. AB - Recent studies have shown that the H-2K and H-2D transplantation antigens are expressed differentially in different tissues of mouse. Our previous investigations also established that in thioglycolate-stimulated peritoneal macrophages the H-2Dk antigen exists in distinct cell surface and intracellular forms. These two forms are glycosylated differently. In this report, we have found that (1) H-2Dk antigen is phosphorylated whereas H-2Kk antigen is not, and (2) only the cell surface form of H-2Dk antigen is phosphorylated in thioglycolate-stimulated macrophages derived from C3H/Heha mice. This differential phosphorylation of H-2 antigens will provide a model system for further studies on the molecular mechanism and function of phosphorylation of H-2 antigens. PMID- 3191217 TI - Time delays in metabolic control systems. AB - In this work we use mathematical models with discrete and distributed time delays to analyse the stability of metabolic pathways controlled by end product. We assume the kinetics of the intermediates of the path to be unknown, and we cover the lack of information by using a time delay. We find that above a definite substrate value, there is a critical delay Tc in which a transition from stability to instability occurs. For discrete delays, we find that even if the interaction of the end product with the first (allosteric) enzyme is not cooperative, the pathway can potentially become unstable and oscillate. We then show that the existence of cooperative inhibition extends the parametric domain of instability. The introduction of distributed delays shows, when the kernels are not monotonically decreasing, that the dispersion increases the critical delay Tc. Finally, we comment on the possibility that metabolic oscillations are physiological signals useful for triggering adaptive strategies in cell behavior. PMID- 3191218 TI - Interrelations between glycolysis and the hexose monophosphate shunt in erythrocytes as studied on the basis of a mathematical model. AB - A mathematical model is presented which comprises the reactions of glycolysis, the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMS) and the glutathione system in erythrocytes. The model is used to calculate stationary and time-dependent metabolic states of the cell in vitro and in vivo. The model properly accounts for the following metabolic features observed in vitro: (a) stimulation of the oxidative pentose pathway after addition of pyruvate due to a NADP-dependent lactate dehydrogenase as coupling enzyme between glycolysis and the oxidative pentose pathway, (b) relative share of the oxidative pentose pathway in the total consumption of glucose amounting to approximately 10% in the normal case and to approximately 90% under conditions of oxidative stress excreted by methylene blue. From the application of the model to in vivo conditions it is predicted that (c) under normal conditions glycolysis and the HMS are independently regulated by the energetic and oxidative load, respectively, (d) under conditions of enhanced energetic or oxidative load both glycolysis and the HMS are mainly controlled by the hexokinase; in this situation the highest possible values of the energetic and oxidative load which are compatible with cell integrity are strongly coupled and considerably restricted in comparison with the normal case, (e) the stationary states possess bifurcation points at high and low values of the energetic load. PMID- 3191219 TI - Autopoiesis: the status of its system logic. AB - The concept of autopoiesis, amended as a system theory, is necessary and sufficient to provide an operational definition of life, a set of criteria by which the living are categorically distinguished from the non-living. Limitations are placed on the domains in which autopoiesis may be exhibited. PMID- 3191220 TI - A model linking water and protein structures. AB - This communication presents a new picture of protein and solvent in which they are much more closely related both structurally and functionally than hitherto described. The picture is based on the recently published model of liquid structure, which proposes that clusters in water have long-term rather than flickering existence and are as large as proteins. Their spacial dimensions ensure that the two structures have a mutual tendency to pack together and cooperate in their vibrational motion. PMID- 3191221 TI - The ultrastructure and possible relationships of four obligate anaerobic chytridiomycete fungi from the rumen of sheep. AB - Zoospores and vegetative growth phases of three cellulolytic rumen chytridiiomycetes, Piromonas, Sphaeromonas and NF1 have been examined by electron microscopy and compared with published and new data on Neocallimastix. The four genera have some 16 distinctive ultrastructural features in common, which collectively may be used to define the group. Some of the common features may individually be sufficient to distinguish these obligate anaerobes from facultative and aerobic chytridiomycetes. These features are the presence of hydrogenosomes at all stages of the life cycle, the presence in rhizoids and sporangia of characteristic crystals coated with hexagonal arrays of particles, and in zoospores the presence of distinct surface layers on the motility organelles and cell body respectively, the organization of the ribosomes into helical and globular arrays and the structures associated with the kinetosomes. PMID- 3191222 TI - [The pressor zone in the caudal part of the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata]. AB - The changes of the vessel resistance of the skeletal muscle and the small intestine perfused with constant blood flow, under electrical stimulation of the ventrolateral medulla were studied on artificially ventilated urethane anesthetized cats. The stimulation of rostral ventrolateral medulla increased vessel resistance in both regions. The stimulation in a region 2 mm caudal the middle of the rootlets of the twelfth cranial nerves decreased the vessel resistance, but in a region 4 mm caudal the middle of the same rootlets increased the vessel resistance of the skeletal muscle and the small intestine. PMID- 3191223 TI - [Assessment of cholesterol esterase activity in the duodenal contents of man]. AB - In 20 healthy patients the cholesterol esterase activity in duodenal content was examined. The cholesterol ether of o-coumaric acid was used as a substrate. Increase of the cholesterol esterase activity was noted after stimulation of pancreozymin and secretin. The cholesterol esterase concentration in duodenal content changes in more wide range than the index of the output. The cholesterol esterase output is the most significant informative index. There is not any cholesterol esterase activity in bile, gastric juice and saliva. The results obtained have shown that the main part of the estimated cholesterol esterase activity has a pancreatic base. The investigation of the cholesterol esterase activity in duodenal content may be used in the study of the exocrine function of pancreas. PMID- 3191224 TI - [Role of giant cell nuclei of the reticular formation in mechanisms of analgesia during auricular electroacupuncture and action of morphine]. AB - The activity of antinociceptive mechanisms induced by auricular electroacupuncture (AEA) and intraperitoneal injection of morphine (M) was studied on rats subjected to bilateral lesion of gigantocellular nuclei (GCN). It was shown that under AEA hot-plate (HP) and tail-flick (TF) latencies (L) significantly increased as compared to the baseline level. A comparison of L shows that HP and TF in the experimental group were significantly shorter than in the control group. After M injection the rats of both the experimental and control groups showed a significant increase of HP L and TF L as compared to the baseline level, but there was no difference in L between the groups. It is concluded that neurochemical systems of GCN are involved in the mechanism of antinociception elicited in AEA while the mechanisms of antinociceptive effect of M do not involve GCN. PMID- 3191225 TI - [A model of the coronary vascular bed and its verification by a physiological experiment]. AB - We analysed the relationship between artery pressure (AP) and coronary flow (F) in the canine coronary bed, using an electrical analog model of the coronary circulation. The model contained a capacitance of epicardial vessels, input and terminal resistances, diode, and the number of e.m.f., simulated the intramyocardial pressure and zero-flow pressure. These e.m.f. are assumed to be a linear functions of left ventricular and aortic pressure. The value of coronary blood flow was calculated from experimental curves of AP and LVP and setting parameters. Good agreement was obtained between theoretical and experimental curves of coronary blood flow. PMID- 3191226 TI - [Neurophysiological analysis of efferent-afferent interaction of neurons of the parietal associate cortex in cats]. AB - Neuronal responses of the parietal associate cortex (field 5) was recorded in waking cat during electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract axons and afferent stimulation. The electrical stimulation of the pyramid evoked marked responses in 39% of neurons. 87% of these neurons increased spike activity during sematic nociceptive stimulation, 61% of test neurons were activated by light or tonal stimulation. Neuronal activity was recorded during defensive conditioning to the pyramidal tract axons stimulation. It has been shown that conditioned stimulation of the pyramidal tract evoked plastic changes of responses in 66% of neurons of the parietal cortex. These data are discussed relative to the possible functional role of the efferent-afferent interaction to field 5. PMID- 3191227 TI - [Effects of glutamic acid and glutathione on the secretory function of the stomach]. AB - Experiments on dogs with Pavlov isolated pouches and gastric fistulas have shown that the ingested solution of MSG produces a potentiating effect on maximal gastric secretion caused by pentagastrin. This effect is apparently connected with the formation of glutathione in intestine. The glutathione concentration in blood after the intake of MSG is significantly elevated. It has been established that reduced glutathione administered in blood produced the similar potentiating effect on gastric secretion caused by pentagastrin. PMID- 3191228 TI - [Use of liposomes for correction of respiratory hypoxia in experimental pneumonia]. AB - White laboratory rats, weighted 100-160 g, with acute pneumonia, inhale (from 4 th to 8-th days of developing the disease) liposomes. It was shown, that introduction of liposomes promoted normalization of external breath, acid-base state of blood, increased diffusion ability of lung for O2 and decreased arterial hypoxia. It was noted, that liposomes are an effective antihypoxant, inhibited the process of lipid peroxidation and, evidently, the destruction of cell membranes. PMID- 3191229 TI - [Hemorheologic disorders in shock of diverse etiology]. AB - Comparative investigation of rats has been conducted to study rheologic blood properties during relative compensation and decompensation of the hemorrhagic, traumatic and burning shock. The most obvious hemorheologic disturbances have been revealed during a burning shock and feebly marked-during a hemorrhagic shock. PMID- 3191230 TI - [Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of specific hemosorption in acute experimental pancreatitis]. AB - An effective method of plasma proteinases (trypsin, chymotrypsin. elastases) removal in dogs with acute pancreatitis has been suggested. The method is based on plasmasorption, using human urine acid-stable proteinase inhibitor immobilized on sepharose. The procedure of plasmasorption reduces proteinase levels in dogs with acute pancreatitis to 35-70%, with the animal life-span prolonged 8-fold. PMID- 3191231 TI - [Potentiation of damaging effects of angiotensin II on the endothelium of the rabbit aorta by a beta adrenergic receptor agonist, isoproterenol]. AB - Beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol potentiates the damaging effect of angiotensin II on rabbit aorta endothelium. Compared to the action of angiotensin II alone the amounts of injured cells, damaged intercellular contacts, cell form change, silver uptake and 125I--LDL uptake are increased under simultaneous action of angiotensin II and isoproterenol. Disturbance in barrier function is associated with the damaged cell contracts and cell death. 125I--LDL uptake increase is due to their accumulation in the adventitia. The simultaneous increase in angiotensin II and beta-adrenoceptor activating agents concentrations can damage endothelium and disturb its barrier function. PMID- 3191232 TI - [Mechanism of the action of baclofen on the contractile activity of the myocardium and blood vessels]. AB - The cardiovascular effects of GABA-analogous-baclofen (10(-5) M) have been investigated in the experiments on isolated myocardium and vessels of the rats. The spontaneous contraction of vena porta segments and contraction of papillary muscle and arterial rings segments induced by electrostimulation were registered. Baclofen induced the growth of arterial tonus, decreased the amplitude of phase contraction as well as resulted in positive inotropic effects in myocardium and vena porta. The obsidan did not influence the baclofen effects, but alpha adrenolytic dihydroergotoxine inhibited the inotropic effects of the drug. It is supposed that hypertensive baclofen effect which is observed during system injection may be caused not only by central, but also by peripheral regulation of calcium change in the myocytes. The latter (possible) kind of regulation may consist in the drug binding with adrenoreceptor and/or direct influence on the calcium transport across sarcolemma. PMID- 3191234 TI - [Mechanisms of the regulation of membrane receptor activity by synthetic antioxidants of the screened phenol class]. AB - The influence of synthetic water-soluble phenol antioxidants, phenosan and the potassium salt of phenosan (phenosan-K), on the signal processing in some membrane receptor systems of the rat brain has been studied. It was demonstrated that these compounds act at the level transmembrane signal processing rather than at the level of ligand-receptor complex formation. The influence of phenosan and phenosan-K on the activity of brain receptors being due to antioxidants interaction with a hydrophobic moiety of these receptors or the action of antioxidants on the second messengers system. It is proposed that this in vitro action of phenol antioxidants, at concentrations exceeding 10 mcM, is a result of the antioxidant's non-specific interaction with cell plasma membranes and alteration of physicochemical properties of membrane lipids caused by these inhibitors of free radical reactions. PMID- 3191233 TI - [Effects of phospholipase A2 and alpha-tocopherol on the activity of adenylate cyclase of rat brain synaptosomes]. AB - The action of phospholipase A2 and alpha-tocopherol on adenylate cyclase system functioning and on the lipid bilayer microviscosity of the rat brain synaptosome membranes was investigated. It was shown that the exposure of the synaptosomes to phospholipase A2 increases the adenylate cyclase activity stimulated by guanylyl imidotriphosphate (GITP), decreases the adenylate cyclase activity stimulated both by isoproterenol and by isoproterenol with GITP. The preincubation of synaptosomes in medium containing alpha-tocopherol does not change the character of the phospholipase action on the adenylate cyclase activity stimulated by isoproterenol but normalizes the adenylate cyclase activity stimulated both by GITP and by GITP with isoproterenol. In the last case the normalizing action of alpha-tocopherol is not caused by alteration of the microviscosity of the lipid bilayer. It appears to be due to the modification of the lipid-protein interactions of annular lipids with activated complex of catalytic subunit and guanyl nucleotide-binding protein. PMID- 3191235 TI - [Enzyme utilization of lipid peroxides in arteriosclerotic human aorta]. AB - Activities of glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase have been studied in the intima and media of the human aorta with different degree of atherosclerotic injury. Pieces of the thoracic part of the aorta were taken 1-6 h after death from those who died due to cardiovascular system diseases. Activity of glutathione-S-transferase was shown to be lowered in the samples of intima and media from lipid-fibrous plaques in comparison with non-damaged intima and media. In view of significant role of glutathione-S-transferase in lipoperoxides detoxication a possible consequence of this loss enzyme capacities may be an accumulation of lipoperoxides in expressed atherosclerotic affections of vessel wall. PMID- 3191236 TI - [Selective analgetic effects of angiotensin and bombesin during the action of dental and cutaneous nociceptive irritants]. AB - In non-anesthesized rabbits intraventricular injection of angiotensin II reduced the amplitude of somatosensory evoked potential to nociceptive tooth pulp, but not to nociceptive electrocutaneous stimulation. The same injection of bombesin induced the contrary analgetic effect. The systemic naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) injection didn't reverse the peptides analgetic effects. It's suggested that selective analgetic effects of angiotensin II and bombesin are determined by the presence of the specific different peptide mechanisms for nociception with the different pain genesis. PMID- 3191237 TI - [Effects on anthracycline antibiotics on ionic currents and contraction of frog atrial fibrils associated with Na+/Ca2+ exchange]. AB - The action of the anthracycline antibiotics rubomycin and its nitroxyl analogue ehoxyl(ruboxyl) at the concentration 100 mg/l was studied in the experiments, have been carried out with the isolated bundles of frog atrium using simultaneous registration of the ionic currents (or the active potentials) and the contraction. It has been shown, that rubomycin caused an action of potential shortening, membrane depolarization, increasing of the background outward current IKI, slowing of the muscle relaxation and the growth of the ionic contraction, associated with the Na/Ca exchange. Nitroxyl derivative of the rubomycin ruboxyl, exhibited small toxicity, did not change the ionic currents and the parameters of the mechanical activity. It is assumed, that cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines is in the great degree due to their ability to block the elimination of the Ca++ from the cell via the Na/Ca exchange, that results in the disturbance of the Ca homeostasis of the cardiomyocyte and its calcium overload. PMID- 3191238 TI - [Modification of the effect of fotrin in phenobarbital-induced metabolic system]. AB - Random bred male rats were given drinking water with phenobarbital (PB) (daily doses 0.4; 2 and 10 mg/kg) during 120 days. Activity of mixed function of oxygenases (content of cytochromes P-450) were enhanced after PB treatment in doses 2 and 10 mg/kg. Following PB treatment the animals were injected 5-times ethyleneimine derivate--fotrin at the doses 2, 4 and 7 mg/kg. The induction of mixed function of oxygenases resulted in significant decrease in the number of cells with chromosome aberrations. PMID- 3191239 TI - [Use of biological methods in the analysis of the purinergic activity of etimizol]. AB - To analyse etimizol purinergic activity, methods of biological analysis were applied using isolated smooth muscle strips of the guinea-pig caecum and developing embryo cultures of the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). Stimulating etimizol action in 10(-8)-10(-12) M concentration was observed on embryonal development in the sea urchin to be eliminated by co-action of etimizol and P1-purinoceptor antagonist theophylline. The analogous action of the preparations was established using isolated smooth muscle strips of the guinea pig caecum. PMID- 3191240 TI - [Production of the strain transplantable to nude mice and rats from a HOS cell line of human osteogenic sarcoma]. PMID- 3191241 TI - [Effects of intravascular laser irradiation of blood on growth and metastasis of lymphosarcoma in rats]. AB - The effect of intravenous blood radiation by low-intensity laser on tumour growth in Wistar rats with Pliss lymphosarcoma has been studied. As a result of single or double blood radiation by laser with wave-length of 510 and 633 nm both the tumour growth inhibition and metastases disappearance have been shown. PMID- 3191242 TI - [Detection of factors of differentiation in human malignant melanoma]. AB - Factors of differentiation (FD) have been detected and isolated from human melanomas cloned in nude mice as well as from amphibian embryos from neurula- early tail bud stage. It has been shown that each source contains two factors of differentiation--mesodermalizing (MF) and melanogenic (MgF). Biological activity of MF has been determined by its capacity to initiate in early embryonic multipotent cells the appearance of various cell types, normally arising from mesoderm. Biological activity of MgF have been determined by its capacity to initiate melanogenesis both in epithelial cells and in dermal melanophores of clawed toad. It has been shown that both factors, isolated from both sources are heterogeneous by their molecular weights. Mr values determined for MgF, isolated from both sources, are nearly identical whereas Mr values of MF from sources coincide partially. Resemblance of FD detected in remote representatives of animal kingdom suggest the high evolutionary conservatism of factors, which switch on cell differentiation. PMID- 3191244 TI - [Genotypic status of different tissues and organs in aggregated chimeras of BALB/c----C57BL/10 and BALB/c----B10.D2 with discovered chimeric drift]. AB - Genotypic composition of different tissues and organs in BALB/s----C57BL/10 and BALB/c----B10.D2 mice in which chimeric drift was discovered in peripheral blood, erythrocyte population was studied. The proportion of cells of parental components was defined visually in coat, by electrophoresis of allozyme variants at the Gpi-1 locus in blood, spleen, brain, by differential C-staining of X and Y chromosome in cells of bone marrow and by mating of chimeras with BALB/c mice in gametes population. Chimeric drift in the erythrocyte population is not caused by advantage of BALB/c parental component over C57BL parental component in embryonal or postnatal development of whole chimeric organism, but result from selective advantage of hemopoietic BALB/c cells over C57BL cells in chimeric hemopoietic organs. PMID- 3191243 TI - [Direct quantitative study of C-segment size of human chromosomes]. AB - The authors propose a method of direct quantitative estimation of C-segment size in human chromosomes from display screen. This method has some advantages as compared with the analysis of C-segment size from the photo-negatives due to less difficulty and satisfactory reproducibility of the results. PMID- 3191245 TI - [Effects of opioid peptide dalargin on reparative processes in wound healing]. AB - At intraperitoneal injection and local application of opioid peptide dalargin induces fibroblast proliferation (3-fold increase in the mitotic index) and growth of capillaries, accelerates the maturation of granulation tissue and of scar, epitheliazation of the defect, and considerably reduces the period of healing of skin wound in rats. The stimulating action of dalargin is associated with its effect on the microcirculation system and activation of the macrophage fibroblast interaction. Possessing the triggering mechanism, the drug induces a cascade of inflammatory-reparative reactions, which reduce the duration of all healing stages. PMID- 3191246 TI - [Effects of thymosin (fraction 5) on the endocrine function of the testis in mice]. AB - The influence of the thymic hormone thymosin (fraction 5) on the hormonal function of testes form 2 months old BALB/c mice was investigated. It was shown that after 3 and 24 hours after thymosin administration there is a considerable decrease of plasma testosterone level as compared with the level of control animals, which were injected with BSA. 24 hours after administration of thymosin the in vitro production of testosterone by the testes was decreased essentially as compared with the control. Thymosin, injected together with indomethacin, inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, does not influence the hormonal activity of the testes. So, it was ascertained that thymic hormone thymosin participates in the regulation of the testes hormonal function. It is supposed that it's action on the gonads may be carried out through prostaglandins. PMID- 3191247 TI - [Color and morphological characteristics of the skin in people of different racial groups]. AB - A complex colorimetric, spectrometric and morphological research of race dependent differences in skin colour and structure has been carried out. Certain regularities in the quantity, distribution and morphological composition of melanin-containing structures and Hb pigment have been revealed in the Russians, Vietnamese, Angolans and Mulattoes. The study has shown that sex differences in skin color depend on hemoglobin concentration--in people of the Caucasian race; both on melanin and hemoglobin concentration--in people of the Mongolian race and only on melanin concentration--in people of the Negroid race. PMID- 3191248 TI - [Changes in the venular epithelium of the mesentery in rats after application of hydrogen peroxide]. AB - The change of the venular permeability and endothelial structure was studied with the aid of fluorometry and electron microscopy after application of H2O2. Transmural transfer rate of FITC-albumin++ and permeable fraction of the vessel walls were increased. There were formed the "leaks" and transendothelial canals in the venular endothelium. Numerous local membrane injuries of the endotheliocytes and pericytes, degranulation of the mast cells and destruction of thrombocytes into the vessel lumen were detected. PMID- 3191249 TI - Negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of oligodeoxynucleotide carbamate analogs. AB - Oligonucleotide analogs, in which carbamate rather than phosphodiester linkages form the backbone, have been analyzed by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. These oligodeoxynucleotides, dimers (982.4 daltons) to 11-mers (4356.5 daltons), show intense [M - H]- ions and some degree of cleavage of the sugar-carbamate backbone structure in repeating fashion on both sides of the carbonyl groups. Sequencing of the shorter chain oligonucleotide analogs, up to six bases long, is demonstrated by complete 3' and 5' terminal sequence fragment ions. Longer chain oligomers show partial sequencing information. PMID- 3191250 TI - Determination of the synthetic steroid norgestomet in bovine plasma by capillary column gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. AB - A sensitive and specific method is described for the determination of norgestomet in bovine plasma as low as 10 ppt with better than 83% average recovery and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of range 1-3%. Norgestomet is separated from the bulk of the endogenous substances in plasma by adsorption on a PrepSep C18 extraction column and elution with acetonitrile. The residue after evaporation of acetonitrile is reacted with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine hydrochloride to form syn and anti geometric isomers of the mono-oxime derivative. The derivative, after further clean-up and evaporation of solvent, is reconstituted with cyclohexane, and an aliquot is analyzed by capillary column gas chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry using methane as the carrier gas. Selected ion monitoring was employed to detect the [M - HF]- fragment ion of the norgestomet mono-oxime derivative (m/z 547) and its dideuterated mono-oxime analog (m/z 549) which serves as the internal standard. Quantification is achieved by using the Quantitative Selected Ion Monitoring Processing System (QSIMPS) software to generate a standard curve of fragment ion area ratios v. concentration of norgestomet, and then calculate sample concentrations. PMID- 3191251 TI - The problems of oral contraceptives in dope control of anabolic steroids. PMID- 3191252 TI - Dimethylisopropylsilyl ether derivative in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2. PMID- 3191253 TI - Sample preparation dependent fragmentation in 252-Cf plasma desorption mass spectrometry of the polycyclic antibiotic, nisin. PMID- 3191254 TI - Tandem mass spectrometry study of urinary alkylated purines. PMID- 3191255 TI - Characterization of acyl-linked glucuronides by electron impact and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. AB - Thirty-one electron impact (EI) mass spectra and 22 fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra were evaluated with regard to providing molecular weights and information about the structures of 1-O-acyl glucuronides. Molecular ion species were obtained by both techniques. Fragmentation of the glycosidic and carboxylate bonds produced ions characteristic of glucuronides as a class, and also ions unique to acyl glucuronides. In EI mass spectra of pertrimethylsilylated derivatives, pairs of [M - 481]+ and [M - 509]+ ions characterized the acyl linkage. Relative abundances within these pairs correlated with the benzylic, benzoic or aliphatic nature of the carboxylate group. Positive ion FAB spectra contained three sets of ions, with intervals of 28 and 46 mass units, which characterized the linkage. In negative ion FAB spectra, a characteristic pair of fragment ions 44 mass units apart were accompanied by anions of mass 193, which appeared to distinguish acyl from phenol and hydroxyl glucuronides. PMID- 3191256 TI - Study of isotope effects on protein binding by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of theophylline-phenobarbitone and 2H, 13C, 15N isotopomers. AB - We describe a comparative study of human serum albumin (HSA) binding by equilibrium dialysis (pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, 3 h) for two groups of isotopic analogues: theophylline and 1-C(2H3)theophylline; unlabelled, 5(ethyl(2H5], 5(phenyl(2H5] and 1,3-15N;2-13C-phenobarbitone. Bound and free drug fractions are quantified by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In three instances, protein binding parameters are greatly affected by isotopic substitution, namely for: theophylline and 1-C(2H3)theophylline with isotope effects on total binding site concentration (N), affinity constant (Ka) and extent of HSA binding (%) respectively, equal to: NL/NH = 0.51; KaL/KaH = 1.78; %L/%H = 0.96 (L (light) and H (heavy) represent the unlabelled and labelled analogue respectively); phenobarbitone/-5-(phenyl(2H5]phenobarbitone, NL/NH = 1.72; KaL/KaH = 0.56; %L/%H = 1.26; phenobarbitone/1,3-15N;2-13C phenobarbitone, NL/NH = 2.95; KaL/KaH = 0.44; %L/%H = 1.32, together with a change from one (saturable) to two (saturable + non-saturable) families of albumin binding sites in the latter case. Contrasting with these data, no HSA binding isotope effect was observed on phenobarbitone C5 ethyl deuteration. PMID- 3191257 TI - Analysis of N tau-methyl imidazole acetic acid by electron impact gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. AB - A method for the quantitative analysis of N tau-methyl imidazole acetic acid, a major urinary metabolite of histamine, using electron impact gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is described, as are the results of its application to a problem of clinical interest. PMID- 3191258 TI - Femtomole analysis of diclofenac in human plasma by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization/mass spectrometry using (18O2)diclofenac as internal standard. AB - A stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization/mass spectrometry assay for diclofenac in human plasma is described. The preparation of (18O2)diclofenac and its use as an internal standard for quantitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry is shown. A sample processing and derivatization sequence with product recovery of 84.7% was found. The method presented permits quantitative measurement of diclofenac in human plasma at the lower femtomole level. Plasma levels of diclofenac after administration of diclofenac gel were estimated. PMID- 3191259 TI - Californium-252 plasma desorption mass spectrometry of aminoglycoside antibiotics. AB - This paper presents mass spectral data of eleven aminoglycoside antibiotics by using californium-252 plasma desorption (252Cf PD) mass spectrometry. This mass spectral data could be used to develop a confirmatory method for monitoring aminoglycoside antibiotic residues isolated from food products of animal origin. Mass spectra were determined by applying time-of-flight 252Cf PD mass spectrometry to eleven aminoglycoside antibiotics, namely: neomycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, tobramycin, apramycin, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, amikacin, netilmicin, sisomicin and gentamicins. All eleven antibiotics yielded positive ion spectra. These hydrophilic antibiotics were derivitized to extractable chromopheric compounds. All but two antibiotics (streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin) yielded nitrophenyl derivatives and spectra were obtained in both negative and positive ion modes. Derivatized aminoglycosides produced cation and anion spectra with quasimolecular ions corresponding to [M + H]+., M+, [M - H]-., [M + Na]+, [M + K]+ and M-. or [M - H]- and M-. or [M - H]-. Underivatized antibiotics were best examined in the positive ion mode. 252Cf PD mass spectrometry consistently produced very strong molecular or quasimolecular ions for all aminoglycoside antibiotics. PMID- 3191261 TI - Young people and alcohol. PMID- 3191260 TI - 3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol has wide applicability as a matrix for FAB-MS. PMID- 3191262 TI - Journal interview 22. Conversation with Benno Pollak. PMID- 3191263 TI - What can long-term follow-up teach us about relapse and prevention of relapse in addiction? PMID- 3191264 TI - Chasing the dragon: characteristics of heroin chasers. PMID- 3191265 TI - Psychosocial variables related to quantity of alcohol consumed at a single session by young Czech males. PMID- 3191266 TI - Alcohol drinking patterns and work areas: epidemiological study of factory and rural workers in Florence, Italy. PMID- 3191268 TI - Types of male alcohol- and drug-abusing incarcerated offenders. PMID- 3191267 TI - Mortality among male and female hospitalized alcoholics in Stockholm 1962-1983. PMID- 3191269 TI - The nature of alcoholism: opinions of Canadian alcohol intervention workers. PMID- 3191270 TI - Bone histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature, symbols and units. Summary of proposed system. PMID- 3191271 TI - Fluoride inhibition of bone mineralization may depend on physical/chemical properties. AB - The properties of fluoride (F) incorporation into bone powder in vitro were studied in an attempt to clarify possible mechanism for F inhibition of bone mineralization and soft tissue mineral deposition in vivo. Rat bone powder was prepared with minimal physical and chemical stress, and exposed to F (less than 1 mmol) in aqueous solutions buffered to pH 7.4. Initial experiments confirmed reported data that the rates of F incorporation into bone mineral in vitro resemble F clearance from blood in vivo. The rate of F incorporation was inversely proportional to the amount of F added to supernatants and decreased exponentially with time. Following F incorporation, the bone mineral became less soluble, with solubility inversely proportional to bone F concentration. However, a fraction (about 20%) of F freshly incorporated in bone powder dissolved readily in pH 7.4 buffer and appears to be adsorbed F. The fraction of incorporated F that was readily dissolved decreased with time over the initial 24 h after incorporation, was proportional to the amount of F freshly incorporated, and was associated with an inhibition of further F incorporation. PMID- 3191272 TI - Septal distribution and the relationship of matrix vesicle size to cartilage mineralization. AB - To estimate matrix vesicle distribution between longitudinal and transversal septal matrix in the proliferative, hypertrophic and calcifying zones of normal epiphyseal cartilage, the volume density of matrix vesicles in the longitudinal septal matrix was compared to that of total extralacunar matrix. The results confirm the qualitative observation by Anderson that matrix vesicles are located mainly in the longitudinal septa. To elucidate whether cartilage mineralization can be related to the disappearance of matrix vesicles of particular size classes, epiphyseal growth cartilage from three groups of animals were studied: normal rats, rats with florid rickets and rats with early healing rickets. The study was focused on the proliferative, hypertrophic and calcifying zones and in each zone the matrix vesicles were classified into four size classes: 1, less than or equal to 50 nm; 2, 51-67 nm; 3, 68-84 nm; 4, greater than or equal to 85 nm. The results show that the decrease in volume density previously demonstrated in normal rats to a large extent is due to a decreased number of larger vesicles. In florid rickets the decrease in this size group is much smaller while the values for healing rachitic animals fall between those of florid rachitic rats and those of controls. The data indicate that the decrease in the number of larger vesicles, which represents a considerable vesicle volume, is of particular importance. The heterogenous change in the concentration of matrix vesicles of different size classes during cartilage mineralization as well as under conditions of arrested calcification, is compatible with the existence of a matrix vesicle subpopulation of larger size. PMID- 3191273 TI - The effect of low dietary calcium and calcium supplementation on calcium metabolism and bone in the immature, growing rat. AB - The data presented here were obtained from a series of experiments designed to determine 1) whether normal growth and bone development could be maintained in young, growing rats (3-9 weeks of age) on a diet containing 0.1% Ca, and 2) whether Ca presented in a bolus would be utilized as effectively as the same amount of Ca distributed throughout the diet. Weanling female rats were raised to 9 weeks of age on diets containing 0.4% P and either 0.5% or 0.1% Ca. One group of animals on the 0.1% Ca diet was given oral supplements of CaCO3 twice each day to supply the same amount of Ca consumed by age-matched animals on the 0.5% Ca diet. We found that animals consuming diet containing 0.1% Ca grew at the same rate as animals receiving 0.5% Ca, or 0.1% Ca + supplement for up to 9 weeks of age when the experiment was terminated. Measurement of femur length indicated that long bone length was the same for all animals. However, the 0.1% Ca group exhibited mild hypocalcemia (9.1 mg/dl vs 10.4 for controls), a 2.6-fold elevation in immunoreactive parathyroid hormone, and an increase of similar magnitude in circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Bones from the 0.1% Ca group contained less than half as much Ca as bones from the 0.5% Ca group, and exhibited significant decreases in mid-shaft diaphyseal thickness, % trabecular volume of the distal metaphysis and breaking strength (torsion testing). These results suggest that while a diet containing 0.1% Ca is able to maintain normal growth, bone mineralization is compromised.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191274 TI - Intramuscular administration of salmon calcitonin impairs delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity. AB - The delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to seven ubiquitous antigens (Multitest CMI, Istitute Merieux) was evaluated in normal healthy volunteers before and at the time of intramuscular administration of 50 (12 subjects) or 50 + 50 (nine subjects) units of salmon calcitonin or 2 ml of saline (eight subjects). The delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, in terms of number of positive tests or sum of positive tests, significantly fell in both groups given salmon calcitonin, but no changes were observed in the control group. These results indicate that salmon calcitonin, as well as inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption, has important immunological effects. PMID- 3191275 TI - Age-related bone loss in women evaluated by the single and dual photon technique. AB - Bone mass and density were measured at two forearm sites (proximal and distal BMC/BMD) and in the spine (spinal BMC/BMD) by respectively single and dual photon absorptiometry in 141 healthy women aged 20-80 years. The proximal forearm site contains approximately 15% trabecular bone and the distal site equal amounts of trabecular and cortical bone. At all three sites linear regression analysis on pre- and postmenopausal women separately revealed accelerated decline in bone density after the menopause. Polynomial regressions in BMC and BMD versus menopause-adjusted age fitted the changes better than a linear regression in the peripheral skeleton, but not in the spine. In both the forearms and the spine the age-related reduction in bone could be described by a combined model, assuming a linear decrease before the menopause and an exponential one thereafter. According to this model, the premenopausal annual changes were 0.067% (proximal site), 0.187% (distal site) and 0.098% (spine). The annual changes during the first postmenopausal year were 3.7, 3.7 and 4.6%. No matter which model was applied to the data, the reduction in the oldest women was lowest in the spine. These data indicate that there are some small differences in the age-related changes in cortical and trabecular bone, but that the reduction of both types of bone accelerates after the menopause. PMID- 3191276 TI - Inhibition of cell growth retains differentiated function of bovine parathyroid cells in monolayer culture. AB - Monolayer culture of bovine parathyroid cells for up to 4 days in medium containing 10% serum resulted in cell hypertrophy and proliferation as well as functional dedifferentiation. Compared to freshly isolated cells there was a right-shifted dose-effect relationship for calcium-inhibited parathyroid hormone (PTH) release, a decreased suppressibility of secretion and an inability of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+i) to follow changes in the extracellular Ca2+ concentration. The functional changes seemed not to be due to culture per se, since human parathyroid cells exhibited an essentially unchanged regulation of Ca2+i even after 8 days of culture in 10% serum. During culture in medium containing 0.1% serum, the bovine cells did not proliferate and there was only slight cell hypertrophy. These cells retained much of their ability to regulate Ca2+i and PTH release. The results indicate that functional dedifferentiation of parathyroid cells is related to cell growth. PMID- 3191277 TI - New observations on the development of the embryonic chick femur: cartilage calcification before resorption. AB - The use of calcium-specific histochemical techniques and electron microprobe analysis allowed us to detect the earliest calcium deposits and thus to define the successive events of osteoid and cartilage calcification during the development of the femur among chick embryos from 7 to 14 days. Contrary to the results already published on the embryonic development of the avian limb diaphyseal cartilage, our study shows that: calcium (ionized or precipitated) is detected very early in femur embryonic development; as early as 8 days, precipitation of insoluble calcium salts occurs in hypertrophied chondrocytes cytoplasm; calcification of hypertrophied cartilage matrix begins during cartilage resorption at 10 days. PMID- 3191278 TI - Establishment of primary cell cultures from human and canine parathyroid gland explants. AB - Primary parathyroid cell cultures were established from 22 canine and 20 human parathyroid glands explanted into Connaught Medical Research Laboratory-1415 (CMRL-1415) medium containing fetal calf serum (FCS). Initiation of cellular outgrowth and the rate of cellular propagation through the first subcultures were evaluated in various media. These included Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 (RPMI-1640), minimal essential medium (MEM), medium-199 (M-199) and Coon's modified Ham's F-12 (F12) and CMRL-1415 media. Only CMRL-1415 medium supplemented with FCS invariably supported the vigorous rate of cellular growth as determined by the number of cells in cultures, their viability, parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the growth media and the number of proliferating cells. Propagation of parathyroid cells in vitro was limited to five passages. Cessation of cell division was always coincidental with the emergence of numerous, non-dividing binucleated cells. These experiments demonstrate that primary parathyroid cell cultures from canine and human parathyroid gland explants can be readily established in CMRL-1415 medium containing FCS. PMID- 3191279 TI - Impaired macrophage migration in incisors absent (ia) osteopetrotic rats. AB - Thioglycollate was introduced into the peritoneal cavity of 32-, 50- and 80-day old normal (ia/+) and incisor absent (ia/ia) osteopetrotic rats, and 3 days later macrophages were harvested. The number of macrophages recovered from 32- and 50 day-old ia rats was significantly less than that elicited from corresponding normal littermates. The macrophages from mutants also showed a significantly impaired ability to migrate in vitro. At 80 days, the number of macrophages obtained from ia rats was not significantly different from those elicited from control rats, and their migratory function was also close to those obtained from controls. The increase in macrophage number and migrating capacity noted in 80 day-old ia rats correlates with increased marrow development at this age as described by Marks (Pathogenesis of osteopetrosis in the ia rat. Reduced bone resorption due to reduced osteoclast function, Am. J Anat 1973;138:165-190. PMID- 3191280 TI - Vertebral morphometry: normative data. AB - Morphometric measurements of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were carried out on spinal radiographs of 150 normal women. A normal range was established for each individual vertebra. There was no change in the anterior height of the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae with age but there was a small significant decrease in the posterior height of the lumbar vertebrae with age. This is unlike the pattern seen in osteoporotics in whom a decrease in anterior height of the vertebrae is the first clinical manifestation of spinal osteoporosis. At the present time diagnosis of an osteoporotic spinal fracture is usually based on a subjective decision. Normative data for the vertebral dimensions should help improve the accuracy of diagnosis. PMID- 3191281 TI - Age-related changes in cancellous bone structure. A two-dimensional study in the transiliac and iliac crest biopsy sites. AB - In 94 pairs of large sections of normal iliac bone (53 men, 41 women, aged 20-80 years) we confirmed trabecular bone area (B.Ar) and the mean number of trabeculae per mm (Tb.N) to decline with age, in areas representative of the transiliac (TI) and iliac crest (IC) biopsy in both sexes, whereas mean trabecular width (Tb.Wi) did not decrease. Our data also confirm that disappearance of entire elements is the main event in age-related loss of trabecular bone. In addition, our study demonstrated that Tb.Wi is lower in women than in men in the IC site, and a preferential loss of the thinner trabeculae could be seen in this group. Up to 50 years, Tb.N was found higher in women in both sites. B.Ar and Tb.Wi values are markedly higher in the TI site (+/- 15%); Tb.N values were similar. Measured and calculated Tb.Wi values show systematic differences. In a pilot study in 14 IC biopsies with widely diverging B.Ar values, we tested the validity of several equations currently used for derived parameters in the structural analysis of cancellous bone sections. The equation for mean trabecular number passed the test, whereas the validity of the equations for mean trabecular separation and Tb.Wi appeared limited. We found anisotropy of iliac bone to increase as B.Ar decreases. PMID- 3191282 TI - Effect of phosphorus supplementation on bone formation induced by osteosarcoma derived bone-inducing substance in X-linked hypophosphatemic mice. AB - In our previous report, we demonstrated normal cartilage and bone matrix formation and a defect of bone mineralization in hypophosphatemic (Hyp) mice using an ectopic bone formation system. That system consisted of an osteogenic sarcoma-derived bone-inducing substance. In this report, we describe the effect of phosphorus supplementation on abnormal bone mineralization. The osteogenic sarcoma-derived bone-inducing substance was implanted in Hyp mice or control mice. The Hyp mice were divided into two groups after implantation. One group was fed a normal laboratory chow, while the other was fed a high-phosphorus diet for 4 weeks of the experimental period. Normal control mice were fed the normal laboratory chow. The mean serum phosphorus level in the high-phosphorus diet group was normal at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after implantation. Using the method of 85Sr incorporation, the high-phosphorus diet group showed marked improvement in bone mineralization at 2 and 4 weeks after implantation, but incomplete improvement at 3 weeks. On the other hand, histological study of the high-phosphorus diet group at 4 weeks after implantation still showed a meaningful amount of the osteoid matrix formation compared to the control. These findings suggest that the abnormal bone mineralization in Hyp mice was mainly due to their abnormally low serum phosphorus level. However, still other abnormalities might exist and these might be responsible for the incomplete improvement in bone mineralization. PMID- 3191283 TI - Bone mass, skin color and body size among black and white women. AB - We investigated the relationship between bone mass and two variables, skin color and body size, that may contribute to the higher prevalence of osteoporosis among white than among black populations. From a sample of 36 black and 99 white women were obtained measurements of height, weight, skin color (Photovolt 670 reflectometer) and radial bone mineral content (BMC) and bone width (BW) (single photon absorptiometry). There was no significant correlation between skin reflectance and age-adjusted BMC in either population. Multiple regression models of BMC and BMC/BW on age, weight/height and skin reflectance yielded significant correlations ranging from 0.62 to 0.77, but the partial coefficients for skin reflectance were not significant. BMC and age were negatively correlated in both groups, with a significantly steeper slope for the whites. Weight was positively correlated with BMC in both populations, but differences in weight did not explain the differences in bone mass between the blacks and whites. PMID- 3191284 TI - Dietary intake and bone mineral density. AB - Osteoporosis, a major health problem in all Western countries, is a condition in which many dietary factors have been implicated. To determine the influence of diet on bone mass in the proximal femur, the intake of 14 nutrients was measured in 159 Caucasian women, aged 23-75 years and bone mineral density (BMD) quantitated in the hip by dual photon absorptiometry. BMD was also measured in the spine and bone mineral content (BMC) in the forearm by single photon absorptiometry. No significant correlation was found between current calcium intake and bone mass at any site. Iron was a positive predictor of BMD in the femoral neck and alcohol intake a positive predictor of BMD in the trochanteric region of the proximal femur in premenopausal women by multiple regression analysis. Iron, zinc and magnesium intake were positively correlated with forearm BMC in premenopausal women. Iron and magnesium were significant predictors of forearm BMC in premenopausal and postmenopausal women respectively by multiple regression analysis. These results suggest that bone mass is influenced by dietary factors other than calcium. PMID- 3191286 TI - Bone mineral content in Japanese. PMID- 3191285 TI - Premenopausal bone mineral content relates to height, weight and calcium intake during early adulthood. AB - The influence of dietary and anthropometric factors on bone mineral content was studied in 183 healthy premenopausal French-Canadian women aged between 40 and 50 years and living in the same area. Dietary evaluation of their calcium (Ca), caffeine and alcohol intake since the age of 20 was performed in all cases. Age, height, weight, exercise level, cigarette smoking, parity and estrogen were also recorded. Bone mineral content of the L2 to L4 vertebrae (BMCL, n = 183) and forearm (BMCF, n = 137) were measured respectively by dual and single photon absorptiometry. While stepwise regression analysis showed a significant relationship between total BMCL and height, weight and Ca intake, this only occurred with weight and Ca intake when BMCL was corrected for height of L2-L4 (BMCL/cm) or for bone scan area of L2-L4 (BMCL/cm2). BMCF expressed per unit of length correlated to height only. When subjects were divided into three groups according to their Ca intake (less than 500 mg/day, between 500 and 1000 mg/day and greater than 1000 mg/day), the mean BMC adjusted for significant covariables (height and weight) was statistically different for the low and high intake groups at both sites (BMCF, F = 3.9, P = 0.02; BMCL, F = 4.2, P less than 0.02; BMCL/cm, F = 6.1, P less than 0.005; BMCL/cm2, F = 4.4, P less than 0.02). These findings indicate that, of the variables considered, Ca intake, height and weight were the only significant factors related to bone mass in our homogeneous population. It is therefore suggested that Ca intake in early adulthood influences the axial and appendicular bone mass in premenopausal women. PMID- 3191287 TI - Intestinal absorption of oyster shell electrolysate. AB - High voltage electric current was passed through oyster shell powder for electrolysis. The crystalline shape of oyster shell electrolysate appeared to be quite different from that of CaO or CaCO3. Higher serum calcium values were achieved by oral administration of the same amount of as oyster shell electrolysate than as calcium carbonate in vitamin D-deficient rats, suggesting a better intestinal absorption of the former than the latter. In four patients with postoperative hypoparathyroidism with reduced intestinal calcium absorption, the same amount of elementary calcium as oyster shell electrolysate was more effective than calcium carbonate in raising serum calcium in the absence of vitamin D supplement. Oyster shell electrolysate was also more effective in suppressing serum parathyroid hormone concentration than calcium carbonate in two patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism with renal failure. Calcium thus appears to be more readily absorbed from oyster shell electrolysate than from calcium carbonate through intestinal barriers produced by insufficient vitamin D action. PMID- 3191289 TI - Growth and development of the bone mass of two strains of inbred rats. AB - The experiments reported in this paper were designed to gain information on the growth and development of the bone mass of the rat and to recognize genetically determined features of the growth phenomenon. The experimental model involved the study of the axial (AX, head excluded) and appendicular (AP) skeletons of two strains of inbred rats ('m' and 'e') from the 3rd to the 27th week of age. The contribution of the skeleton to body weight differed between strains ('m' greater than 'e'). The development of the skeleton was in phase with body growth (peak growth rate = 7th week of age). The AP skeleton of these strains of rats differed in the kinetics of matrix mineralization ('m' faster than 'e') and in the ash/matrix ratio of adult animals ('m' greater than 'e'). The AX skeleton, on the other hand, showed a constant ash/matrix ratio from the 4th to the 27th week of age, without significant differences between strains. The anatomical volume of the femur was found to differ significantly between strains at an earlier age (4th week) than its dry weight (7th week). The AP and AX skeleton of 'e' rats mature simultaneously attaining their peak calcium mass at 36 weeks of age. The maturation of the AP and AX skeletons of 'm' rats, on the other hand, are dissociated and attain full maturity at approximately 39 and 57 weeks, respectively. The curves of specific growth rates (g of Ca (or matrix) per week/g of skeletal Ca (or matrix] of the AP and AX skeletons indicate that there exist separate metabolic controls for the growth of Ca and matrix masses. Absolute measurements (Ca, organic matrix, ash or total dry weights, bone volume) unambiguously established that 'm' rats have greater bone mass than 'e' ones. Relative measurements favoured 'm' (ash/matrix ratio of AP skeleton), 'e' (femoral weight/volume ratio, percentage of metaphyseal trabecular bone volume) or gave no significant differences between strains (ash/matrix ratio of AX skeleton). These results indicate that the AP and AX skeletons have important metabolic differences and that their growth and development are under genetic control. PMID- 3191288 TI - Biomechanical performance of diaphyseal shafts and bone tissue of femurs from protein-restricted rats. AB - The aim of this study was to define the biomechanical repercussion of a severe protein restriction on the shaft of long bones and on cortical bone tissue. Femurs from 9 rats fed a protein-free diet from the 30th to the 50th day of age showed a great reduction of bending strength and stiffness with respect to 9 controls. These alterations correlated with severe impairment in the amount and/or the architectural arrangement of bone material (volume, wall/lumen ratio, sectional inertia) and also with reduction of Ca content and modulus of elasticity of bone tissue. No changes were observed, however, in bone elastic stress. The impairment in stiffness derived from reductions in both bone mass and modulus of elasticity led to an increment in energy absorption by bone and bone tissue which in turn induced a high incidence of comminuted fractures. The data provide a biomechanical basis for the interpretation of clinical features of nutritional osteopenia in long bones. PMID- 3191290 TI - Stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity by thyroid hormone in mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1): a possible mechanism of hyperalkaline phosphatasia in hyperthyroidism. AB - In order to elucidate the mechanism of increased alkaline phosphatase (AI-P) activity of bone origin in serum of patients with hyperthyroidism, the effects of thyroid hormone on mouse osteoblast-like cells (MC3T3-E1) were studied in vitro. Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) produced a dose-dependent increase in AI-P activity in the cells at minimum concentrations of 10(-10)M T3 (free T3, 5 x 10(-12) M) and 10(-8) M T4 (free T4, 8 x 10(-11) M), respectively. Scatchard analysis revealed that MC3T3-E1 cells contained nuclear binding sites specific for T3 with an apparent Kd of 120 pM (maximum number of binding sites, approximately 2500 per cell). When cells were cultured with T3 in alpha-minimal essential medium (alpha-MEM) for a prolonged period, AI-P activity also became detectable in the conditioned medium. In contrast to rat osteosarcoma cells (ROS 17/2.8), MC3T3-E1 cell growth was inhibited by T4 in a concentration-dependent manner. These findings suggest that thyroid hormone inhibits proliferation and stimulates differentiation of mouse osteoblast-like cells. Since T3 and T4 stimulate AI-P activity not only in the cells but also in the medium, we speculate that the hyper-alkaline phosphatasia frequently seen in patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease is partly due to a direct effect of thyroid hormone on osteoblasts or osteoblast-like cells. PMID- 3191291 TI - Osteogenesis in in vivo diffusion chamber cultures of human marrow cells. AB - The osteogenic diffusion chamber culture of rodent marrow cells is a well established system. In the present study, marrow cells from children and adult human donors were incubated in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally in athymic mice. After 4 or 8 weeks, the chamber content was examined by light and electron microscopy. Child-cell cultures showed osteogenic tissue consisting of a mineralizing fibrous component and cartilage. Ultrastructurally, the fibrous tissue was similar to osteoid and exhibited osteoblast-like cells and mineralizing nodules. Mineral aggregates were also found in the cartilage. These features in child-cell chambers were similar to those found in control chambers of rabbit marrow cells. Adult-cell chambers showed only unmineralized fibrous tissue. These results render previous findings in animal-cell diffusion chamber systems relevant to the understanding of bone formation in man. It is suggested that the difference between child- and adult-cell chambers reflects an age related decline in the number of marrow osteoprogenitor cells or their potential to undergo terminal osteogenic differentiation. PMID- 3191292 TI - Chromatin and nuclear envelope of freeze-fractured, neuronal interphase nuclei, resolved by scanning electron microscopy. AB - High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has previously been used to study intracellular detail, including chromatin. It has, however, been commonly carried out either on cellular subfractions or following extraction methods to visualize detail. In the work presented here, intracellular detail of neurons of the dorsal root was visualized in situ by viewing freeze-fracture faces obtained after hypotonic expansion. This procedure permits the detailed resolution, by SEM, of juxtanuclear and intranuclear detail to a degree impossible without hypotonic dispersal. In agreement with work previously reported, nuclear chromatin of these interphase cells presents largely as 30-nm fibers, with a next higher hierarchical structure imparted by swelling in magnesium chloride. Detailed analyses showed that particles as small as 10-nm nucleosomes comprising the 30-nm chromatin fiber could be resolved, with "end-on" views of such fibers showing 5 nucleosomes per helical turn of the fiber. Chromatin fibers positioned subjacent to nuclear pores, or associated with "nuclear spaces" communicating with nuclear pores, were frequently found to be resolved as clusters, in an apparently more decondensed conformation, rather than tightly coiled into the 30 nm fiber. In addition, details of the nuclear envelope, including nuclear pores and perinuclear filaments as well as membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, decorated with ribosomes, were clearly resolved. PMID- 3191293 TI - Starfish acrosomal acid phosphatase: a cytochemical and biochemical study. AB - The acrosome reaction of spermatozoa from the starfish Marthasterias glacialis was induced with the ionophore A23187. Reacted cells were then processed for acid phosphatase ultrastructural cytochemistry, but significant enzyme activity was not detected. However, when the supernates from suspensions of ionophore-treated sperm were assayed for acid phosphatase, a net enzyme activity was observed. Supernatant proteins were run in starch gel electrophoresis and fluorescent zymograms revealed a single band of acid phosphatase. SDS-PAGE of proteins eluted from the active spots of starch gels showed one major band of about 63 kDa. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the acid phosphatase whose activity has been detected only at the time of binding of sperm and egg originates from the sperm acrosome. PMID- 3191294 TI - Localization of DNA within Ehrlich tumour cell nucleoli by immunoelectron microscopy. AB - The distribution of DNA in Ehrlich tumour cell nucleoli was investigated by means of an immunocytochemical approach involving a monoclonal antibody directed against double- and single-stranded DNA. Immunolabelling was performed either before or after the embedding process. The postembedding labelling method allows better ultrastructural preservation than the preembedding labelling method. In particular, the various nucleolar components are well preserved and identifiable. In the nucleolus, labelling is particularly concentrated over the perinucleolar chromatin and over its intranucleolar invaginations, which penetrate the nucleolar body and often terminate at the fibrillar centres. In addition, aggregates of gold particles are found in the fibrillar centres, preferentially towards the peripheral regions. By contrast, the dense fibrillar component is completely devoid of labelling. The results seem to indicate that DNA containing the rDNA genes is located in the fibrillar centres, with a preference for the peripheral regions. This finding suggests that transcription of the rDNA genes should occur within the confines of the fibrillar centre, probably close to the boundary region of the surrounding dense fibrillar component. The results are discussed in the light of present knowledge of the functional organization of the nucleolus. PMID- 3191295 TI - Differentiation of a clone isolated from the HT29 cell line: polarized distribution of histocompatibility antigens (HLA) and of transferrin receptors. AB - The HT29 cell line, derived from a human colon adenocarcinoma, is able to differentiate if galactose replaces glucose in the culture medium. We have isolated a clone (HT29-18) from this cell line which displays differentiated properties of the parent cell line. HT29-18 cells grown in glucose-containing medium form multiple layers of round cells without specific cell-cell adhesion. In contrast, when grown in galactose-containing medium, they form a monolayer with tight junctions and exhibit a well differentiated brush border at their apical membrane, which faces the culture medium. The polarized properties of HT29 18 cells grown in galactose-containing medium were demonstrated by immunofluorescent techniques with antibodies against 2 plasma membrane proteins. Class I histocompatibility antigens (HLA) and transferrin receptors, 2 well characterized integral membrane proteins, are uniformly distributed on the cell surface of undifferentiated HT29-18 cells, but acquire a polarized distribution during differentiation, localized on the basolateral membranes and absent from the apical surface. Binding of 125I-labeled transferrin was used to determine transferrin receptor distribution on apical and basolateral membranes. Functional tight junctions in the differentiated cultures were demonstrated, as the monolayer was impermeable to a permeation dye (ruthenium red) as well as to antibodies. The sealing of these tight junctions is, as in vivo, Ca++-dependent as they could be opened by a short incubation in Ca++-free medium. PMID- 3191296 TI - Phorbol esters inhibit the synthesis of acetylcholine receptors in cultured muscle cells. AB - The acetylcholine receptor (AChR) synthesis, insertion and degradation rates are regulated by numerous intracellular and extracellular agents. Recent studies have shown that Ca2+ and Ca2+ ionophores have a profound regulatory effect on the appearance of AChR clusters and AChR synthesis. These regulatory effects may be mediated through the activation of calcium and phospholipid-dependent protein kinases by agents such as phorbol esters. In this study, we have utilized 4-beta phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) in order to determine whether the activation of protein kinase C exerts a regulatory effect on the expression of AChRs in cultured chick myotubes. Our results show that 4-beta-phorbol-12 myristate-13-acetate decreased intracellular AChRs and suppressed AChR synthesis without affecting the turnover rate. Control and PMA treated cells labeled with [35S] methionine and immunoprecipitated with a monoclonal antibody to the alpha subunit of AChRs (mAb35) revealed a significant decrease in radioactivity precipitated after exposure to PMA. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no major changes in protein patterns, or in newly synthesized proteins as determined by [35S] methionine incorporation and autoradiography. Other enzymes important in muscle metabolism were not affected by PMA treatment. Our results indicate that activation of protein kinase C results in the suppression of AChRs synthesis and dispersal of AChR clusters. PMID- 3191297 TI - Selective intracellular beryllium localization in rat tissue by mass-resolved ion microprobe imaging. AB - Beryllium absorption sites in the kidney and liver of rats have been located and imaged at approximately 70 nm lateral resolution with a scanning ion microprobe utilizing secondary ion mass spectrometry. Embedded sections and lyophilized cryosections of these organs were prepared after in vivo administration of beryllium in soluble form. Beryllium distribution images were correlated with the histological microstructure revealed by CN- images. In the kidney, beryllium concentrates selectively within the nuclei of proximal tubule cells and occasionally within modified podocytes or mesangial cells in the glomerulus. In the liver, beryllium is seen to localize within severely altered lysosomal structures as well as within hepatocyte nuclei. These observations are relevant to understanding aspects of the toxic and carcinogenic properties of absorbed beryllium compounds. PMID- 3191298 TI - Anionic sites of the basement membrane of rat seminiferous tubules during ontogenesis. AB - The anionic sites of the basement membrane of rat seminiferous tubules were demonstrated ultrastructurally in the lamina densa by using cationic polyethyleneimine (PEI). The sites were largely digested out after incubation with heparitinase, indicating a large proportion of heparan sulfates. The anionic sites were present as early as day 16 of gestation on the interstitial side of the lamina densa, and after gestation day 20 they were symmetrically organized on both sides of the lamina densa. The number of sites is not modified postnatally. They appear more irregular in density with advancing age. Experimental conditions as cryptorchidism, fetal irradiation, and ligation of the ductuli efferents lead to unspecific alterations in the distribution of the anionic sites that are parallel to the modifications in the basement membrane. PMID- 3191299 TI - Ultrastructural localization of N-acetylglucosamine residues in the cell wall of Gigaspora margarita throughout its life-cycle. AB - The cell ultrastructure of the VAM fungus Gigaspora margarita was examined, and its N-acetylglucosamine content and distribution were assessed by means of WGA/ovomucoid-gold labelling. The various ontogenic stages of the fungus were studied with particular reference to cell walls. The results provide new information on chitin incorporation during spore wall development. A decrease of chitin was observed which was correlated to the structural simplification of the fungus wall throughout its life-cycle. This suggests an involvement of chitin in specific biological functions such as mechanical resistance and plasticity. PMID- 3191300 TI - Bringing science to community care. PMID- 3191301 TI - Cognitive variables in tinnitus annoyance. AB - Two new questionnaires were devised to investigate dimensions of complaint about tinnitus. Following a factor analysis of data provided by a sample of tinnitus patients who were administered the first questionnaire, the second questionnaire was developed. This included questions concerning coping attitudes and beliefs about tinnitus. The results of the two analyses were similar and they indicated the presence of three main dimensions of complaint (emotional distress, auditory perceptual difficulties, and sleep disturbance). However several smaller factors suggested that complaint was more complex than originally predicted. The second questionnaire successfully discriminated complaining from non-complaining patients. PMID- 3191302 TI - Psychological therapy as viewed by clients and therapists. AB - Results are presented from a study in which 40 therapist-client pairs were asked to record, after each session of psychological therapy, their views concerning the helpful and unhelpful events which took place. On termination they were asked to describe their views of the helpful and unhelpful events in retrospect, and to report on outcome. A total of 1076 events was collected from 399 therapy sessions, and was content analysed using Elliott's Therapeutic Impact Content Analysis System. Results showed that during therapy the types of event most frequently reported by clients were reassurance/relief and problem solution events, whereas therapists reported the clients' gaining of cognitive and affective insight. After termination, both participants reported the importance to the client of personal contact. Many of the differences between the two perspectives were highly significant, although more differences were found when outcome was poor. It is suggested that different aspects of the therapeutic process have a different degree of salience for therapists and clients, in that clients are most interested in gaining a solution to their problems and feeling better, whereas therapists are more concerned with the aetiology of the problem and its transformation through insight. The implications of these differences are discussed. PMID- 3191303 TI - Ecological evaluation of a rehabilitative environment for spinal cord injured people: behavioural mapping and feedback. AB - A behavioural mapping procedure was used to describe the behavioural profile, pattern of interaction and location of patients and staff in a rehabilitation unit for traumatically spinal cord injured people. Naturalistic observations were randomly obtained by trained observers during two observational periods, using 10 behavioural categories drafted from the observational literature. Feedback of the results was given to staff between the observational periods. Results suggested that patients spent a considerable proportion of their time in solitary and disengaged behaviours. Analysis of the behavioural profile of patients revealed little difference between the therapeutic day and the evening. Patients were also observed to spend large amounts of time in the ward area during the day. These results are at variance with the concept of active rehabilitation, and also raise questions concerning institutionalization. The efficacy of feedback in initiating institutional change is also examined. Comparison is made with previous research and strategies for change are suggested. PMID- 3191304 TI - Psychological predictors of future suicidal behaviour in hospitalized suicide attempters. AB - Rates of attempted suicide have increased in most Western countries over the past 20 years. This level of deliberate self-harm is made more significant by the fact that a large proportion of attempted suicides will reattempt in the six months following their attempt and as a group they have a high risk of eventually killing themselves. While much of the research on prediction of suicidal behaviour has concentrated on demographic factors, little is known about the psychological variables that precede the suicidal act. This study examined 67 New Zealand suicide attempters on a range of psychological variables including self esteem, hopelessness, depression, cognitive rigidity and social skills. Subjects were followed up after six months to determine their level of suicidal behaviour and ideation. Results suggest hopelessness and self-esteem are important indicators of future suicidal behaviour, with differential effects over short- and long-term periods. The implications for psychological assessment and suicidal risk assignment are discussed. PMID- 3191305 TI - Selective processing of food words in anorexia nervosa. AB - The selective processing of food- and body size-related information was investigated using a modified version of the Stroop task. Anorexic subjects were generally slower than controls in colour-naming all words, and particularly slow with food-related words. This interference effect appeared to operate maximally amongst subjects who fell into the higher end of the anorexic weight range. The findings appeared to be a reflection of current concerns with food and eating. PMID- 3191306 TI - A note on the female norms of the HDHQ. AB - Two samples--of 200 women tested in their homes and of 85 women attending a general practice--completed the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ). The scores of the two samples on General Hostility and on the five subscales--AH, CO, PH, G and SC--were similar to one another but were significantly higher, indicating greater hostility, than those of the normative samples reported in the HDHQ Manual. These and previous findings cast doubt on the value of the Manual norms. PMID- 3191307 TI - Inter-rater reliability of the Rey figure copying test. AB - To determine the inter-rater reliability of scoring the Rey figure copying test, two raters independently scored copies of version B of the Rey figure completed by 17 non-brain damaged general medical patients and 23 stroke patients. There was very high agreement between the total scores for each patient (rs = 0.99, P less than 0.001) and there was agreement for all patients as to whether these scores were within the normal range. It is concluded that, though subjective, the standard system for scoring the Rey figure copying test can be reliable between raters. PMID- 3191308 TI - Psychological effects of dieting. AB - Seven men and seven women, all of normal weight, were assessed by means of daily visual analogue scales for a two-week baseline period and for two weeks during which they were placed on a calorie-restricted diet. There were no significant changes in mood and no sex differences. Compared with the baseline, during the diet there were significant changes in their cognitions concerning eating: subjects were more preoccupied with thoughts about food, had strong urges to eat more frequently and were more likely to feel out of control of their eating. PMID- 3191309 TI - Failure to replicate evidence for phobic schemata in agoraphobic patients. AB - Two experiments incorporating methodological refinements were conducted to replicate previous findings that agoraphobics selectively recall phobic material compared with normal subjects. In addition, patients with anxiety states but no phobic symptomatology were studied to assess whether selective recall is specific to agoraphobia or a feature of anxious patients generally. The results of both studies failed to replicate previous findings and fail to offer support for recent theorizing regarding the presence of cognitive differences between agoraphobics and normals. PMID- 3191310 TI - Interpersonal style and personality deviation. AB - Forensic psychiatric patients were assigned to empirically derived categories of personality deviation, and described their interpersonal reactions in situations of threat and affiliation. Differences between groups were maintained across situations, and support the utility of conceptualizing personality disorders in terms of inflexible interpersonal styles. PMID- 3191311 TI - The specificity of personal memories in depression. AB - Recent research has suggested that depressive biases in personal memory may be due to an inability to progress beyond a general level when trying to retrieve specific positive memories. This study produced further evidence of this phenomenon. When trying to access specific hedonically toned memories, depressed patients more often responded with a general memory and, especially for positive cues, were unable then to progress to a specific memory, even after prompting. The implications for cognitive therapy for depression are discussed. PMID- 3191312 TI - The inter-rater reliability of Hall and Baker's REHAB scale: a cross-validation study. AB - The impending closure of many large psychiatric hospitals has led to the involvement of clinical psychologists in surveys of whole hospital populations. REHAB is a recent addition to the range of behaviour-rating scales. In a test of the inter-rater reliability of this scale, we have assessed the ratings from an initial sample of 50 patients. We obtained higher correlation co-efficients than expected given the larger number of raters used in our study. Some implications for the general use of rating scales in reprovision are discussed. PMID- 3191313 TI - The Spielberger Anger Expression Scale: some psychometric data. AB - Some general population norms for the Spielberger, Johnson et al. (1984) Anger Expression Scale (AX) are reported for a sample of over 1000 adults tested in a general health survey of a New Zealand community. Factor analysis confirmed the independence of the Anger/In and Anger/Out subscales, and the measure was found to have satisfactory levels of reliability. PMID- 3191314 TI - Blood cell changes after radiation exposure. PMID- 3191315 TI - Fatigue fractures of the proximal tibia simulating malignancy. AB - The clinical and radiological features of nine fatigue fractures developing along the soleal line of the posteromedial cortex of the proximal tibia are described. Seven patients were referred with the diagnosis of a probable malignant sarcoma of bone. All nine patients were male and all but one were 18 years of age or less. Only two gave a history of a recent increase in physical activity. The plain radiographic findings consisted of an uninterrupted, lamellar, periosteal reaction arising medially and posteriorly in the proximal tibia with the fracture seen through the thickened posterior cortex. Bone scan revealed a fusiform focus of increased uptake in the posteromedial cortex of the tibia with varying degrees of activity in the adjacent metaphysis. Computed tomography, on a soft-tissue window, showed perifracture oedema and the absence of a soft-tissue mass. The attenuation of the underlying medulla was increased as a result of fibrosis and hyperaemia. On an extended window setting, both periosteal and endosteal callus was identified, maximal in the posteromedial tibia, and the fractures, multiple in two cases, were best demonstrated on a cortical window. Clinical and radiological features that differentiate a fatigue fracture of the tibia from a sarcoma are discussed. PMID- 3191316 TI - Radiology of the pharynx and oesophagus in young adults. AB - The indication for and results of radiological examination of the pharynx in 195 young adults (83 men, 112 women; age 13-40 years) were analysed retrospectively. A total of 99 patients were examined because of a suspected foreign body. In only seven was a foreign body revealed; two patients had mucosal tears. Five other emergency examinations were normal. Eighty-seven patients were examined because of long-standing upper oesophageal dysphagia. One had a diverticulum in the pharyngooesophageal segment and another had oesophageal achalasia. Nineteen other patients had pharyngeal dysfunction. Eighteen patients were examined because of retrosternal pain on swallowing. One had a pedunculated pharyngeal cyst while two had pharyngeal dysfunction. The other examinations were normal. Our results show that a careful radiological examination of the pharyngeal function is of value in young adults with swallowing complaints. Even in acute dysphagia a foreign body is seldom revealed. In patients who had undergone cineradiography, 21 of 90 (23%) had some form of pharyngeal dysfunction which could account for the patients' symptoms. PMID- 3191317 TI - The Clatterbridge high-energy neutron facility: dosimetry intercomparisons. AB - Dosimetry intercomparisons have been performed between the Clatterbridge high energy neutron facility and the following institutions, all employing beams with similar neutron energies: Universite Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; University of Washington, Seattle, USA; MD Anderson Hospital, Houston, USA; and Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, USA. The purpose of the intercomparison was to provide a basis for the exchange of dose-response data and to facilitate the involvement of Clatterbridge in collaborative clinical trials. Tissue equivalent ionization chambers were used by the participants in each intercomparison to compare measurements of total (neutron plus gamma) absorbed dose in the host institution's neutron beam, following calibration of the chambers in a reference photon beam. The effects of differences in exposure standards, chamber responses in the neutron beams and protocol-dependent dosimetry factors were all investigated. It was concluded that the overall difference in the measurement of absorbed dose relative to that determined by the Clatterbridge group was less than 2%. PMID- 3191318 TI - The relative biological effectiveness of fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeVd----Be) for normal tissues in the pig. I. Effects on the epidermis and dermal vascular/connective tissues. AB - The effects of fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeVd----Be) on the early epithelial and later dermal response of pig skin have been assessed and compared with those after X irradiation. For the early epithelial reaction, i.e. moist desquamation, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the neutron beam increased with the decreasing size of the X-ray dose/fraction. There was an experimentally observed upper RBE value of approximately 2.75 for X-ray doses/fraction of between 2 and 5 Gy. For the late reaction of ischaemic dermal necrosis the RBE was greater than 3.0 for X-ray doses/fraction of less than 3 Gy and, based on the assumptions made in the linearquadratic model of cell survival, an upper limiting RBE of 4.32 +/- 0.39 was calculated for infinitely small doses/fraction. These findings were compared with other radiobiological data and the conclusions drawn from the results of clinical trials. It was concluded that for the sparing of late effects in skin and subcutaneous tissues, relative to acute reactions, a relatively small number of fractions in a short overall treatment time may be optimal for fast neutron therapy. PMID- 3191319 TI - Film processing for mammography. AB - The effect of processing time and temperature on image quality in mammograms was investigated over the ranges 2.5-4 min and 30-36 degrees C. Image quality results from seven processors of different manufacture and different processing methods, operated at a range of times and temperatures, showed the same image quality except for one which received little use. Effects of these parameters on the patient dose required were also considered, longer times up to 4 min and higher temperatures up to 36 degrees C being advantageous. No variation was found with processor design or mechanism of action. Implications for screening programmes are briefly discussed and an optimum regime of 3.5 min and 36 degrees C is suggested. PMID- 3191320 TI - Image processing of digital chest ionograms. AB - A number of image-processing techniques have been applied to a digital ionographic chest image in order to evaluate their possible effects on this type of image. In order to quantify any effect, a simulated lesion was superimposed on the image at a variety of locations representing different types of structural detail. Visualization of these lesions was evaluated by a number of observers both pre- and post-processing operations. The operations employed included grey scale transformations, histogram operations, edge-enhancement and smoothing functions. The resulting effects of these operations on the visualization of the simulated lesions are discussed. PMID- 3191321 TI - Osteomesopyknosis: benign axial osteosclerosis. PMID- 3191322 TI - Computed tomography of pineal region ependymoma. PMID- 3191323 TI - Microscopic tumour embolism: an unusual cause of ventilation-perfusion mismatch. PMID- 3191324 TI - Splenic accumulation of technetium 99m in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. PMID- 3191325 TI - Methotrexate given concurrently with radiotherapy in the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma. PMID- 3191326 TI - A hole in the humeral head. PMID- 3191327 TI - Non-ionic contrast agents, red cell aggregation and coagulation. PMID- 3191328 TI - Comment on the recent results of Hopewell, Morris and Dixon-Brown on radiation myelitis produced by irradiation of very short segments of rat spinal cord. PMID- 3191329 TI - Preliminary investigations in dual-potential digital fluorography of the thorax. PMID- 3191330 TI - Volume effect in spinal cord. PMID- 3191331 TI - A technique for the removal of retained balloon bladder catheters. PMID- 3191332 TI - Procedure for the measurement of calcium oxalate and phosphate crystals in urine. AB - A method is described for the chemical measurement of calcium oxalate and phosphate crystal formation in urine. The crystals were centrifuged, washed and the oxalate measured by an immobilised oxalate oxidase technique and the phosphate by a standard centrifugal analyser procedure. The methods proved precise and recoveries were good. Calcium oxalate crystal formation after evaporation is time-dependent and this parameter must therefore be standardised. Values for normal urinary calcium oxalate crystal concentration after concentration are given. PMID- 3191333 TI - Analysis of magnesium and trace elements in urinary calculi by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. AB - Magnesium and trace element determinations in 29 urinary tract calculi were carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Of the calculi examined, 9 were pure calcium oxalate, 5 were mixed calcium oxalate/uric acid, 5 were mixed calcium oxalate/phosphate, 5 were magnesium ammonium phosphate and 5 were pure cystine. The measurement of magnesium and trace element levels has been considered useful in the elucidation of the mechanism of stone formation and the evaluation of factors leading to pathological consequences. In this study, the Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd and Pb content in all of the samples was determined and an attempt was made to compare the levels of these elements in calculi with the levels in normal hair. PMID- 3191334 TI - Prognosis of radiologically non-functioning obstructed kidneys. AB - Twenty patients found to have unilateral radiologically non-functioning obstructed kidneys on excretory urography (IVU), and who had normal contralateral kidneys, were further evaluated. Ultrasonography, radionuclide imaging and CT scan were carried out pre-operatively to try to predict which of the kidneys were potentially recoverable after relief of obstruction. Percutaneous nephrostomy was also performed on the last consecutive 7 patients 4 weeks before definitive treatment and the function of the kidneys determined daily. The patients were re evaluated 2 months after the relief of obstruction. Ultrasonography, radionuclide imaging and CT scan were not found to be reliable in predicting whether these kidneys were potentially recoverable. We consider percutaneous nephrostomy a good procedure for obtaining prognostic information prior to definitive surgery. PMID- 3191335 TI - Provisional study to quantify and compare parameters of urine leakage in stress and instability incontinence. AB - Apart from measuring the total volume of urine leaked over prescribed periods of time, the characteristics of urine losses have been ignored. In this provisional study, conducted on 217 female patients, parameters such as the number and volume of the individual losses contributing to the total have been measured and related to the simultaneous pressure changes recorded during natural-filling urodynamic investigations. Each episode of incontinence can thus be attributed unequivocally to stress or to detrusor instability. This enables the quantified parameters of urine losses of both groups to be compared. The results indicate that interesting differences exist between the two types of incontinence, the recognition of which might be valuable for diagnostic purposes and for the design, development and suggested usage of incontinence aids. PMID- 3191336 TI - Should pT1 transitional cell cancers of the bladder still be classified as superficial? AB - Of 171 patients consecutively presenting with newly diagnosed transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the bladder, 107 were "superficial"; 98 have been followed up for 2 years and 84 for 3 years. No patient with pTa TCC developed muscle infiltrating recurrences, although 15% progressed to pT1 category by 3 years. At 2 and 3 years respectively, 33 and 46% of the pT1 TCC had progressed to infiltrate muscle. The use of the term "superficial" to describe pTa and pT1 category TCC together in one grouping should be reconsidered. PMID- 3191337 TI - Quality of life after cystectomy. Comparison between patients with conduit and those with continent caecal reservoir urinary diversion. AB - A questionnaire survey was carried out to assess the quality of life of 60 patients who had undergone cystectomy because of bladder carcinoma. Urinary diversion was by a continent caecal reservoir in 20 patients and by a conduit in 40. The patients' replies showed that cystectomy could cause severe problems in all aspects of life. Diversion with a continent caecal reservoir was associated with fewer stoma-related problems and seemed to allow the patients greater freedom to continue activities such as sport, travel and social life. Sexual problems, disturbed relationships with partners and emotional and mental problems were common and did not differ between the two groups of patients. It is recommended that patients judged to be prone to mental and emotional disturbance after cystectomy should be identified pre-operatively and given extra psychological support. PMID- 3191338 TI - Relationship of DNA content to conventional prognostic factors in clinically localised carcinoma of the prostate. AB - One hundred and nine patients treated by total prostatectomy for apparently localised carcinoma were analysed to investigate the prognostic significance of capsular invasion and penetration, seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases, grade as assessed by the Gleason and MD Anderson Hospital (MDAH) systems and DNA content measured by flow cytometry of nuclear material extracted from paraffin embedded tumour. Comparison of DNA content was made with 36 benign prostates. Mean follow-up/survival was 60.7 months, at which time 21 patients had evidence of recurrence or had died. Only 5 patients had local recurrence. Tumour grade, as assessed by both the Gleason Sum Score and the MDAH system, correlated with anatomical extent and was the most important determinant of time to recurrence. Fifty-nine tumours were diploid, 44 tetraploid and 6 aneuploid. One of 36 benign prostates showed aneuploidy. Ploidy did not correlate with the anatomical extent of the tumour or with grade. Tetraploid tumours recurred earlier than diploid tumours. None of 6 aneuploid tumours have recurred, although only 3 have been followed beyond 5 years. Multivariate analysis showed that after accounting for grade, none of the other variables, including ploidy, contributed any additional significant prognostic information. Although the results must be regarded as preliminary, in view of the small number of patients with recurrence, they suggest that DNA content offers limited prognostic information in clinically localised prostate cancer. PMID- 3191339 TI - Prophylactic subcutaneous heparin does not increase operative blood loss in transurethral resection of the prostate. AB - A prospective randomised study of subcutaneous heparin compared with no heparin was performed in 60 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate. Operative blood loss in the irrigation fluid was measured using a haemoglobinometer. Blood loss correlated with the amount of prostate resected and the duration of the procedure. Subcutaneous heparin had no significant effect on the measured blood loss in transurethral resection of the prostate and can be used as a safe means of prophylaxis against thrombo-embolic complications. PMID- 3191340 TI - Deferred treatment for prostate cancer. AB - The clinical outcome of 278 prostate cancer patients managed by a deferred treatment policy was analysed retrospectively. Following TURP or biopsy, all patients were asymptomatic and deemed suitable for management by a deferred treatment policy, i.e. hormone therapy or other forms of treatment were only initiated if and when symptomatic progression occurred. The overall 5-year survival rate was 30%; 18% of patients died from other causes without needing treatment for their prostate cancer; 11% were alive and untreated after 5 years' follow-up; 17% died from prostate cancer without further treatment. Poor tumour grade, anaemia, metastatic disease, a short history, presentation with retention, and a raised serum creatinine at presentation were associated with a poor prognosis. PMID- 3191341 TI - Optical internal urethrotomy as the treatment of choice for primary stricture of the urethra. AB - Seventy-five patients with primary urethral strictures were treated by optical urethrotomy with catheter drainage for 7 days. Good results were obtained in 66% of cases, which were all post-traumatic in nature; 34% had to undergo further procedures such as dilatation or repeat internal urethrotomy. PMID- 3191342 TI - Significance of scrotal violation in the prognosis of patients with testicular tumours. AB - Thirty-five patients with testicular cancer who had scrotal contamination during or prior to their primary treatment were compared with 70 patients who had undergone radical inguinal orchiectomy. The survival curves, disease-free intervals and 2-year survival rates of the two groups did not differ significantly and we do not advocate additional aggressive surgical treatment to the scrotum and superficial inguinal lymph nodes in these patients. PMID- 3191343 TI - Vesico-vaginal fistula induced by an intravesical foreign body. PMID- 3191345 TI - Invasion of the inferior vena cava in malignant phaeochromocytoma. PMID- 3191346 TI - Acute Budd-Chiari syndrome with portosystemic encephalopathy as first sign of renal carcinoma. PMID- 3191344 TI - Renal hydatid disease presenting as anuria. PMID- 3191347 TI - Angiosarcoma of the ureter. PMID- 3191348 TI - Penile tumescence after injection of a serotonin antagonist (ketanserin). PMID- 3191349 TI - One-stage pedicle scrotal flap urethroplasty. PMID- 3191350 TI - Removal of ureteric stents under local anaesthesia. PMID- 3191351 TI - re Internal iliac artery embolisation for control of severe bladder and prostate haemorrhage. PMID- 3191352 TI - Antenatal diagnosis of congenital abnormalities in the urinary tract. Results from the Northern Region Fetal Abnormality Survey. AB - One hundred and sixty-two cases of suspected congenital abnormalities of the urinary tract notified to the Northern Region Fetal Abnormality Survey Register between the beginning of 1984 and the end of 1986 were studied. These cases represented 14.3% of total notifications, which in turn were 0.93% of total births. There were a further 25 cases notified but not due for delivery until early 1987; 10 of these were urological. Thirty-five cases (22%) notified proved postnatally to have normal urinary tracts and 21 (13.2%) had unsuspected urinary tract abnormalities. Of the 106 cases in which a suspected urinary tract abnormality was confirmed postnatally, confirmation was obtained at perinatal death in 32 and by ultrasound, radiographic and radioisotope investigation in the remainder; 34.5% of all urological cases registered and 75% of the confirmed survivors were treated surgically. The urological abnormality most frequently missed was posterior urethral valves. Attempts to diagnose the fetal sex were seldom made but when they were the prediction was usually male and usually correct. The perinatal mortality in this group was 0.43/1000 births, a contribution of nearly 4% to overall perinatal mortality in the Northern Region. PMID- 3191354 TI - Diet and renal stones in 72 areas in England and Wales. AB - Geographical differences in emergency admission rates for renal stones and colic in England and Wales have been shown to correlate with the incidence of renal stones determined from case registers. The rates in 72 areas were related to per capita consumption of different foods, measured from household food purchases. There was an inverse relation with consumption of dietary fibre and all cereal foods. Differences in adult diet are not, however, the major determinants of the geographical variations in renal stone incidence within Britain. PMID- 3191353 TI - 1500 cases of renal and ureteric calculi treated in an integrated stone centre. AB - Fifteen hundred consecutive cases of renal and ureteric calculi were treated in an integrated stone centre; 1464 of these were treated by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureterorenoscopy and ureteroscopic lasertripsy. Only 36 (2.4%) required open surgery. PMID- 3191355 TI - Oxybutynin: is it safe? AB - Oxybutynin has been widely prescribed in the United Kingdom for more than 5 years on a named patient basis. Complete knowledge of its side effects is therefore particularly important. The literature contains remarkably little data on this topic. We therefore reviewed 192 consecutive patients for whom the drug had been prescribed in a district general hospital; 57% derived benefit while 76% noted side effects, none of which was dangerous or irreversible. Oxybutynin obtained from the two principal suppliers did not appear to differ either in efficacy or side effects. We discuss the uncertain medicolegal implications of named patient prescriptions. PMID- 3191356 TI - Management of refractory detrusor instability by transvesical phenol injection. AB - The results of transvesical phenol injection into the paravesical nerve plexuses are reported in 40 consecutive patients. A 58% success rate was achieved in the treatment of refractory detrusor instability and 73% success was seen in detrusor hyper-reflexia in 11 patients with multiple sclerosis. Urinary retention occurred in 8%. Troublesome complications were seen in 2 patients who had had previous pelvic radiotherapy, which should be regarded as an absolute contraindication to the procedure. PMID- 3191357 TI - Diuretic response to fluid load in women with urinary incontinence: optimum duration of pad test. AB - The pattern of bladder filling in response to a 1-litre fluid load was assessed in 20 women with urinary incontinence. The period between 60 and 120 min after the fluid load was identified as best for pad testing because of consistently high bladder volumes and filling rates. A 2-h pad test is recommended as achieving effective and reproducible test conditions for the quantification of urine loss. PMID- 3191358 TI - A technique for total substitution of the lower urinary tract without the use of a prosthesis. AB - A technique is described for total replacement of the lower urinary tract in women in which a pedicled labial skin tube is created and anastomosed to a substitution cystoplasty with a submucosal tunnelled type of "anti-reflux" anastomosis which provides a continence mechanism. The patients thereafter void by intermittent self-catheterisation. This technique has been used in 6 women as part of total pelvic reconstruction for vesico-vagino-rectal fistula following radical radiotherapy, with or without a Wertheim's hysterectomy, for carcinoma of the cervix. A similar technique using a pedicled preputial/penile skin tube has been used in 2 men following a cystoprostato-urethrectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. PMID- 3191359 TI - Differing interpretations by pathologists of the pT category and grade of transitional cell cancer of the bladder. AB - The UICC pT category for transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the bladder was recorded as assigned from the routine service of a pathology laboratory. All reports had been passed for release after review by pathologists of the status of senior registrar or above. After 99 cases had been collected, the slides available to the original pathologist were reviewed by one dedicated pathologist in continuous session who was ignorant of the original report. No new sections were cut. There was disagreement with the original report of pT category in 14 cases: 13 were downstaged (including 6 from invasive to superficial) and 1 upstaged. There was disagreement with the original differentiation grade in 13 cases: 10 TCC were considered to be more differentiated and 3 less differentiated than the original report. A second pathologist reviewed the pT category only of 13 of the 14 cases, disagreeing with the original pT category on 8 occasions and with the pT category assigned by the dedicated pathologist on 7 occasions. These findings have important implications for advising patients on prognosis and clinical management and in the design and reporting of therapeutic trials. PMID- 3191360 TI - Reappraisal of the role of radical radiotherapy and salvage cystectomy in the treatment of invasive (T2/T3) bladder cancer. AB - One hundred and eighty-two patients with invasive (T2/T3) bladder cancer were treated by radical radiotherapy at the London Hospital between 1974 and December 1985. Cystectomy was reserved for patients whose tumours either did not respond completely to radiation or recurred later, provided they were fit for surgery and had not developed distant metastases. The overall corrected 5-year survival rate was 40%; 75 patients responded to radiation and did not relapse during the period of follow-up; 20 patients had an initial response to radiation but subsequently relapsed, with a 5-year survival rate following relapse of 20%. Of these, 11 patients had a cystectomy with a 5-year survival following relapse of 36%, whereas all 9 patients who did not have a cystectomy died within 3 years; 87 patients who did not respond to radiation had a 5-year survival rate of 18%. Of these, 22 patients underwent salvage cystectomy with a 5-year survival of 47%, whereas the 65 patients who did not have a cystectomy had a 5-year survival of 3%. These results justify a policy of radical radiotherapy and salvage cystectomy rather than elective cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer. PMID- 3191361 TI - Bone mineral content in patients with carcinoma of the prostate. AB - This study investigated the effect of metastatic prostatic carcinoma on bone density. Thirty patients underwent a lumbar spine scan with a dual photon absorptiometer. Of these patients, 9 had proven skeletal metastatic deposits in the area being investigated. Comparison of results with a non-matched control population with proven benign prostatic histology showed a significantly elevated linear bone mineral content (BMC) in the disease group. Patients scanned after a 3- or 6-month period of hormonal therapy demonstrated a rise in BMC values, although the trend was not statistically significant. Indices of calcium metabolism have also been investigated. PMID- 3191363 TI - Influence of antisperm antibodies on human sperm function. AB - Antisperm antibodies have been found in about 8% of men with infertility and in 60 to 80% of patients following vasectomy. In order to investigate the way antibodies influence sperm function we studied serum and seminal plasma from patients with infertility (n = 61) or undergoing vasovasostomy (n = 25). These antisera were characterised to determine their TAT titre, the nature of the target antigens and their capacity to interfere directly with fertilisation. The results indicate that antibodies from both groups of patients exhibit a capacity to stimulate or suppress sperm/oocyte fusion. The proportion of samples showing stimulatory activity was higher (50%) in the vasovasostomised population than in patients with infertility (21%). The remainder of the antisera suppressed sperm/oocyte fusion. There was no correlation between the titre of antisperm antibodies and their capacity to influence sperm function, indicating that it is the nature of the target antigens which is of significance rather than the antibody concentration. Western blot analysis indicated that these antisera targeted a group of sperm surface antigens with molecular weights of 30kD (35,45,66,90 and 115kD). Monoclonal antibodies are now being prepared in order to determine which of these specific components are involved in the suppression of sperm function. PMID- 3191364 TI - Vasectomy: how much is enough? AB - Bilateral vasectomy was performed in 30 men. The vasa were tied with radio-opaque ligatures and X-rays taken to assess the separation of the ends. There was good correlation between the length of vas excised and the resulting separation of the markers. In order to achieve a separation greater than that of sperm granulomas associated with vasectomy failure, at least 7 cm of vas would have to be removed. However, excision of this length cannot be recommended because of subsequent difficulties with vasovasostomy. It is suggested that as well as excising a length of vas during vasectomy, a second method is also used to prevent spontaneous recanalisation. PMID- 3191362 TI - The effect of unilateral experimental testicular torsion on spermatogenesis and fertility. AB - Significant subfertility exists in patients following unilateral testicular torsion, implying bilateral testicular disease. Immunological activation has been detected after experimental torsion and the present study sought to demonstrate immunologically mediated effects on contralateral spermatogenesis following experimental torsion, as well as quantifying ipsilateral damage. Early and late effects of torsion on bilateral spermatogenesis were studied at 1 and 6 months in 10 groups each containing 20 rats. Gross and histological examination, direct immunofluorescence tests, vas deferens counts and copulation studies were performed. Severe ipsilateral damage was noted, even after brief torsion periods. No contralateral testicular effects, immunological or otherwise, were observed. Ipsilateral damage after torsion may have been underestimated. There is no damage to contralateral testicular exocrine function following unilateral experimental torsion. PMID- 3191365 TI - Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in a young man treated by urethrocystectomy. PMID- 3191366 TI - Seminoma of testis with unusual bone metastasis. PMID- 3191367 TI - Leiomyosarcoma of kidney and breast. PMID- 3191368 TI - Uretero-arterial fistula. PMID- 3191369 TI - Primary carcinoma of the seminal vesicle (cross-imaging diagnosis). PMID- 3191370 TI - The appearance of adrenal myelolipoma as seen on nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3191371 TI - Two-needle modification of the Whitaker test. PMID- 3191373 TI - The economics of beef production 1988 and beyond? PMID- 3191372 TI - Controlling seasonal anoestrus in mares. PMID- 3191374 TI - The economics of sheep production, 1988. PMID- 3191375 TI - The economics of pig production. PMID- 3191377 TI - A dairy herd health and productivity service. PMID- 3191376 TI - Multiple cannulation of the large intestine of the horse. PMID- 3191378 TI - Further studies on grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pup mortality on North Rona. PMID- 3191379 TI - Rabies in a civet cat (Civettictis civetta) in the Jos Zoo, Nigeria. PMID- 3191380 TI - Accommodation motor neurons in the foveate teleost Paralabrax clathratus: horseradish peroxidase labeling and axonal morphometry, with comparisons to other ciliary nerve components. AB - Although much is known about the optics and mechanism of ocular accommodation in teleost fishes, there is to date no description of the neurons innervating the muscle of accommodation, the lens retractor. I have identified accommodation motor neurons in the kelp bass, Paralabrax clathratus, by backfilling the lens retractor nerve (a branch of the short ciliary nerve) with the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase. These neurons comprise a subpopulation of relatively large unipolar neurons in the ciliary ganglion. Backfilling either of the remaining ciliary nerve branches (which innervate mainly cornea and iris) labels smaller cells in the ciliary ganglion as well as sensory neurons in the profundus ganglion and sympathetic neurons in the trigeminal sympathetic ganglion. No labeled cells were found in the brain in any of these experiments. I have also examined the lens retractor nerve and the corneal-iridal branch of the short ciliary nerve by electron microscopy. Counts of axons in these nerves from animals of different sizes suggest postembryonic growth of axon number in the corneal-iridal branch but not in the lens retractor nerve. The latter comprises approximately 100 myelinated and a few unmyelinated axons. Its diameter spectrum shows a preponderance of large-diameter axons, but the myelin sheaths are unusually thin (mean axon diameter: 7.5 micron; mean ratio axon diameter/fiber diameter: g = 0.81 for 830-gram animal). The results indicate that kelp bass accommodation motor neurons lie primarily if not entirely within the ciliary ganglion. Some of their axons are the largest in the short ciliary nerve, but their sheath thicknesses are apparently not optimal with respect to conduction velocity. PMID- 3191381 TI - Peak density and distribution of ganglion cells in the retinae of microchiropteran bats: implications for visual acuity. AB - We have estimated the total number, distribution and peak density of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in retinal wholemounts of several species of microchiropteran (echolocating) bats. The estimates are based on counts of Nissl stained, presumed RGCs. The total number of presumed RGCs varies among the species: from about 4,500 in Rhinolophus rouxi to about 120,000 in Macroderma gigas. In addition, in two species (Nyctophilus gouldi and M. gigas), the estimates are based on counts of positively identified RGCs retrogradely labelled with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase injected into the retinorecipient nuclei. In these two species, the numbers and distributions of retrogradely labelled RGCs and Nissl-stained presumed RGCs are very similar. In all six species studied, the peak-density regions of presumed (or positively identified) RGCs are located in the inferotemporal retinae, and the RGC isodensity lines tend to be horizontally elongated. However, the RGC densities in the high-density regions are only 2-4 times greater than those in the low-density regions in the superior retinae. The somal sizes of RGCs vary from 5 to 16 micron in diameter and are unimodally distributed. There is no indication of the existence of distinct morphological classes of RGCs. The axial lengths of microchiropteran eyes vary from 1.8 mm in R. rouxi to 7.0 mm in M. gigas. For all species the posterior nodal distance (PND) was assumed to be 0.52 of the axial length of the eye. This assumption is based on the analysis of published data concerning schematic eyes of nocturnal vertebrates. These derived values of the PNDs allowed us to calculate the retinal magnification factors and the number of RGCs per degree of visual angle. From these, the upper limits of visual acuity were derived on the basis of the assumptions of the sampling theorem. The estimated upper limits of visual acuity of the six species of echolocating bats vary from about 0.35 cycles/degree in R. rouxi to about 2 cycles/degree in M. gigas. This range is quite similar to the range of visual acuities in murid rodents. PMID- 3191382 TI - Frontal and lateral visual system in birds. Frontal and lateral gaze. AB - Birds exhibit a variable retinal organization in terms of foveas and areas of high cell density. The distribution of these retinal structures in different species does not follow phylogenetic lines. In order to study this phenomenon, we presented chickens and pigeons with a luminous bar that could be moved at different speeds and directions in the visual field and could be located at various distances from the animal; head movements were monitored during the presentations. The results show that for a static or slow-moving stimulus the birds adopted a frontal gaze that stabilized the image in the retina, and for a fast-moving stimulus they adopted a lateral gaze that allowed the image to move across the retina. These results reveal that: (a) these two ways of looking correlate with the retinal anatomy, not with the phylogeny, of the species, and (b) these two ways of looking reflect two different sensorimotor systems that involve different anatomical features and neurophysiological properties of the visual system in birds. PMID- 3191383 TI - Microinjection of muscimol into entopeduncular nucleus suppresses pilocarpine but not maximal electroshock seizures in rats. AB - Microinjection of muscimol (406 pmol) into the rat entopeduncular nucleus, the analogue of the primate globus pallidus pars interna, significantly suppressed pilocarpine but not maximal electroshock seizures in a spatially specific manner. In contrast to its lack of efficacy in the entopeduncular nucleus, microinjection of muscimol into the substantia nigra suppressed maximal electroshock seizures. These findings suggest that the neural networks and/or the neurotransmitters that subserve the propagation of pilocarpine and maximal electroshock seizures differ with regard to the entopeduncular nucleus. The data also underscore the powerful regulatory role of the substantia nigra in diverse models of seizures. PMID- 3191384 TI - Bovine brain astrocytes express basic fibroblast growth factor, a neurotropic and angiogenic mitogen. AB - Astrocytes derived from adult bovine corpus callosum contain large amounts of mitogenic activity for capillary endothelial cells and astrocytes. On the basis of radioimmunoassay, bioassay and immunoneutralization studies, 99.5% of this activity consists of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Immunoblot and gene expression analysis are also consistent with the synthesis of bFGF. The remainder of bioactivity [0.5%] is accounted for by acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). These data suggest that astrocytes are a source of brain-derived bFGF and to a much lesser extent also of aFGF. Considering that bFGF has been proposed to play a role in the development and differentiation of the nervous system through its angiogenic and neurotropic properties, its presence in astrocytes provides a rationale for the complex regulatory and neurotropic functions attributed to these cells. Also, the ability of bFGF to stimulate the growth of astrocytes themselves suggest a role for the mitogen in normal and aberrant proliferation of astrocytes. PMID- 3191385 TI - Intracellular acidosis of identified leech neurones produced by substitution of external sodium. AB - The intracellular pH, pHi, of identified neurones of the central nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis L. was measured with double-barrelled neutral carrier pH-sensitive microelectrodes. The active regulation of pHi of these neurons is due to amiloride-sensitive Na-H exchange and hence requires extracellular Na, Nao. We have measured a decrease of pHi following the removal of Nao. The rate of intracellular acidification in Na-free saline was similar to that in the presence of 2 mM amiloride suggesting that the acidification was due to inhibition of the Na-H exchange. The rate of intracellular acidification depended on the Na substitute chosen; it was 0.02 +/- 0.005 pH units/min (+/- S.D., n = 17) when Na was replaced by N-methyl-D-glucamine. A similar rate of acidification occurred with tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane (Tris) while the rate of acidification was higher with bis-2-hydroxymethyl-dimethylammonium (BDA, 0.033 +/- 0.016 pH units/min (+/- S.D., n = 7) and tetramethylammonium (TMA, 0.046 +/- 0.017 pH units/min (n = 3) as Na substitutes. A high, non-linear rate of intracellular acidification was observed, when Li, K or choline were used as Na substitute. The recovery of pHi from acidification upon readdition of Nao was fast, only when Li had replaced Na was the pHi recovery considerably delayed. In conclusion, in all experiments using different Na substitutes the removal of Nao caused a substantial intracellular acidification presumably due to inhibition of Na-H exchange. These changes in pHi might be relevant for results obtained by experiments in which Na-free solutions are used. PMID- 3191386 TI - Localization of adenosine A1-receptors to the terminals of the perforant path. AB - The localization of adenosine A1-receptors in the dentate gyrus was investigated using discrete lesioning techniques and autoradiographic procedures. In rats with unilateral knife-cut lesions to the perforant-path (the major input to the dentate gyrus), A1-receptor binding in the dentate gyrus was greatly reduced on the lesioned side. Unilateral infusion of 0.25 microliter colchicine into the dentate gyrus which partially destroyed granule cells did not affect A1-adenosine binding. These results suggest that adenosine A1-receptors are localized on the terminals of the perforant path. PMID- 3191387 TI - Direct effects of 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid gamma-lactone and 2,4,5 trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone on lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. AB - The mechanism of central actions of endogenous sugar acids, 3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid gamma-lactone (3,4-DB) and 2,4,5-trihydroxypentanoic acid gamma-lactone (2,4,5-TP) which have been newly identified as satiety and hunger substances respectively, was investigated. Intracellular recordings were made from neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of rats and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) of guinea pigs, brain areas referred to as feeding and satiety centers, respectively. The LHA neurons hyperpolarized by 3,4-DB show no change in membrane input resistance while the depolarized VMH neurons are associated with an increase in membrane resistance. The mechanisms related to the action of 3,4 DB on these hypothalamic neurons are similar to those in case of glucose on the glucose-sensitive neuron in the LHA and the glucoreceptor neuron in the VMH. 2,4,5-TP depolarized LHA neurons but hyperpolarized VMH neurons with a decrease in the membrane resistance. Our findings indicate that 3,4-DB and 2,4,5-TP have reciprocal effects on each LHA and VMH neurons, with regard to neuronal excitability. PMID- 3191388 TI - Receptor-mediated uptake of beta-glucuronidase into primary astrocytes and C6 glioma cells from rat brain. AB - The ability of both primary astrocytes from rat cerebrum and a rat C6 glioma cell line to take up lysosomal enzymes by receptor-mediated endocytosis was compared. The beta-glucuronidase secreted by 3T3 fibroblasts was purified to homogeneity by antibody affinity chromatography, iodinated and used as a typical enzyme to determine the nature of receptors involved in its uptake into glial cells. Both primary astrocytes and C6 glioma cells took up 125I-labelled enzyme in a rapid and saturable manner indicative of specific receptors, while immunostaining with an anti-mouse beta-glucuronidase antibody showed that the enzyme was distributed in a mainly punctate pattern after uptake, characteristic of that of lysosomes. Subcellular fractionation of C6 glioma cells following endocytosis revealed that the enzyme became localised in lysosomes, after first passing through an endosomal compartment. Uptake of enzyme was reduced markedly after its sugar side chains had been removed with N-glycanase, indicating that endocytosis was mediated via a carbohydrate-recognising receptor. A range of carbohydrates and glycoproteins were tested for their ability to inhibit receptor-mediated endocytosis but of these only sialic acid had a notable effect. Further evidence that endocytosis of beta-glucuronidase into primary astrocytes and C6 gliomas may be mediated via sialic acid receptors was provided by the large reduction in rate of uptake observed following removal of this sugar from the enzyme with sialidase. PMID- 3191389 TI - Differential effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats. AB - The muscarinic cholinergic agonist pilocarpine induces in rats seizures and status epilepticus followed by widespread damage to the forebrain. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of 5 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sodium salicylate, phenylbutazone, indomethacin, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid, on seizures produced by pilocarpine. Pretreatment of rats with sodium salicylate, ED50 103 mg/kg (60-174), and phenylbutazone, 59 mg/kg (50-70) converted the non-convulsant dose of pilocarpine, 200 mg/kg, to a convulsant one. Indomethacin, 1-10 mg/kg, and ibuprofen, 10-100 mg/kg, failed to modulate seizures produced by pilocarpine. Mefenamic acid, 26 (22-30) mg/kg, prevented seizures and protected rats from seizure-related brain damage induced by pilocarpine, 380 mg/kg. These results indicate that non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs differentially modulate the threshold for pilocarpine-induced seizures. PMID- 3191390 TI - Electrophysiological analysis of factors involved in the primary demyelinating diseases: the rabbit eye model system. AB - This study explores the longitudinal assessment of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) in the rabbit as a method for defining factors underlying functional and structural changes associated with optic neuritis and the inflammatory demyelinating diseases. In rabbits with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by sensitization with guinea pig spinal cord myelin, injection of lymphokines into the posterior chamber of one eye (monocular challenge) produces an early inflammatory response in the retina and optic nerve, and an alteration in the VEP, all limited to the injected eye and its projections. The earliest changes in the timing and distribution of the cortical VEP occur within hours of ocular challenge and precede histopathological evidence of structural demyelination at the light microscope level. Prechallenge assessment allows the induced monocular prechiasmal effects to be distinguished from the more diffuse electrophysiological findings associated with EAE (i.e. those due to sensitization alone). In sensitized/challenged animals there is a clear correspondence between electrophysiological and morphological measures of dysfunction at the time points sampled. These results suggest that this model system afford an excellent opportunity to examine the precise structural correlates of the early functional changes associated with the onset of inflammatory demyelination within the CNS. Furthermore, the stability of the system provides the capacity to monitor alterations over the complete course of inflammation, demyelination and remyelination, induced by experimental manipulations. PMID- 3191391 TI - Retinohypothalamic projections in the hamster and rat demonstrated using cholera toxin. AB - The organization of retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) projections in the rat and hamster was studied using anterograde transport of cholera toxin conjugated to HRP (CT-HRP). In both species the major RHT projections lead to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). This projection begins in the rostral SCN as a loose plexus in the hamster and a a dense aggregation of terminals along the chiasmal border in the rat. Through the remainder of the SCN there is a very dense terminal plexus in the ventral and lateral part of the nucleus with fewer terminals present medially. The RHT projection to the SCN is greater contralaterally in the rat whereas in the hamster the contralateral and ipsilateral projections are approximately equal. In addition to projections to the SCN, the RHT projects to the anterior hypothalamic area, the retrochiasmatic area and lateral hypothalamic area in both species. The anterior hypothalamic projections are more extensive in the hamster than in the rat and extend into the perifornical region, the dorsal hypothalamus and zona incerta. The SCN and anterior hypothalamic projections are continuous with a projection to the retrochiasmatic area and, in the hamster, with a projection extending into the subparaventricular zone with some axons and terminals continuing into the paraventricular nucleus. In contrast to these, the lateral hypothalamic projection in the rat is more extensive than in the hamster. Albino and pigmented rats show identical projections. In addition to the hypothalamic projections, there is in the hamster a small projection along the base of the telencephalon to the anterior amygdaloid area and cortical amygdaloid nucleus and a very sparse projection to the anterior thalamic nuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191393 TI - Computer-assisted analysis of the developing Purkinje neuron. II. A comparative study of the dendritic development in differently aged kittens and in organotypic cultures explanted at the same ages. AB - Golgi-prepared cerebella from 10-13-(model K) and 22-day-old (model C) kittens were analyzed and compared with 30-40 days in vitro (DIV) horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-stained organotypic cultures from kitten cerebella explanted at comparable ages (12 (model E) and 21 (model T) postnatal days). In addition, HRP-stained cerebella explanted from 1-day-old kittens were used as a reference (model N). Computer reconstructions and morphometric parameters (14 variables) allowed a comparative quantitative analysis of the Purkinje cell dendritic trees and axonal processes. The biplanar arrangement of the dendritic sheets observed in vivo at 10-13 days (K) was replaced by a mostly bipolar one in the in vitro Purkinje cells (E) explanted at the same age with their axon following the direction of either dendrite. The dendritic expansion observed in intact animals between 12 and 22 days was mostly due to an increase in the number of dendritic segments having shorter lengths rather than an increase in the number of rows. A discriminant analysis permitting the recognition of 3 populations of Purkinje cells in both groups reinforced the previous hypothesis that the dendritic shapes are modelled by specific afferents pre-existent in vivo. PMID- 3191392 TI - Computer-assisted analysis of the developing Purkinje neuron. I. Effects of the age of the animal at the moment of explantation on the subsequent dendritic development in organotypic cultures. AB - Purkinje cell dendritic arborization were studied in intracellularly horseradish peroxidase-stained mature neurons grown during 30-40 days in organotypic cerebellar cultures from kittens of various ages. The effects of the age of the animal at the moment of explantation upon the subsequent dendritic and axonal development were studied in kitten cerebella of 1, 12 and 21 postnatal days old. These effects were investigated by computer-assisted methods. Qualitative data were found to be different in these 3 in vitro models explanted at 3 different ages except for the spine development which remained the same. Quantitative data, obtained from 15 measurable parameters, showed that the degree of dendritic development was higher for the Purkinje cells explanted at the latest postnatal age: the older the animal, the larger the dendritic tree in culture. A discrimination analysis permitted a recognition of the 3 differently aged populations (94% well classified cells) based on 3 selected variables, number of primary dendritic trunks, number of rows and dendritic field areas. These results lend further support to the major role played in the final dendritic arrangement by extrinsic (discriminant factors, their pre-existence in vivo being responsible for the subsequent degree of the in vitro development of the Purkinje cell dendritic arbor. PMID- 3191394 TI - 5-Hydroxytryptamine releases adenosine from primary afferent nerve terminals in the spinal cord. AB - 5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) increased the release of endogenous adenosine from dorsal, but not ventral, spinal cord synaptosomes. This release was reduced by (i) the 5-HT receptor antagonist methysergide, (ii) removal of Ca2+ from the medium, (iii) inhibition of ecto-5'-nucleotidase and (iv) capsaicin pretreatment. These data suggest that activation of 5-HT receptors on primary afferent terminals releases a nucleotide which is converted extracellularly to adenosine. This adenosine may contribute to the spinal antinociceptive effect of 5-HT. PMID- 3191395 TI - Evidence for two types of potassium channel in human motor axons in vivo. AB - We have obtained evidence that human axons in vivo possess potassium channels similar to two types found in rat nerve, giving rise to a slowly activating potassium conductance and inward rectification. This was achieved non-invasively by tracking the thresholds of single motor axons in the forearm while applying polarizing currents. On average, human ulnar motor axons appear to have fewer outwardly rectifying potassium channels than rat nerves. PMID- 3191396 TI - C-PON containing neurons in the rat striatum are also positive for NADPH diaphorase activity. A light microscopic study. AB - The indirect immunofluorescence technique to detect endogenous C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y (NPY), C-PON, in combination with NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry, were applied to the same sections to establish whether C-PON containing cell bodies in the rat striatum can be labelled by their content of NADPH-diaphorase activity. NADPH-diaphorase activity proved to be a reliable marker for these positive C-PON neurons. Our results suggest that, in the rat striatum, C-PON, SOM and NPY co-exist in the same cells. PMID- 3191397 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization during hyperinsulinemia. AB - Regional cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization were measured in awake restrained rats during euglycemic hyperinsulinemia and were found to be normal. This indicates that elevated plasma insulin does not alter cerebral blood flow and cannot explain decreases in cerebral blood flow measured during acute hyperglycemia. PMID- 3191398 TI - Verapamil blocks the afterhyperpolarization but not the spike frequency accommodation of rat CA1 pyramidal cells in vitro. AB - The effects of prolonged periods (up to 4 h) of perfusion with verapamil (100 microM) or D600 (100 microM) on synaptically and directly evoked responses of rat CA1 pyramidal cells were determined in vitro. The slow depolarization underlying burst generation and the slow afterhyperpolarization following directly evoked repetitive firing were blocked, but spike frequency accommodation was not. There was an increase in threshold for evoking synaptic responses and the amplitude of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) was decreased slightly. The results suggest that verapamil can partially block voltage dependent Ca influx into CA1 cells and that currents underlying accommodation and the slow afterhyperpolarization (AHP) may differ. PMID- 3191400 TI - Stimulation of the parabrachial nuclei with monosodium glutamate increases arterial pressure. AB - In the urethane-anesthetized rat both electrical stimulation (20 microA, 0.2 ms, 30 s) through micropipettes and glutamate injections (0.1 M, 100 nl) within an area including the dorsal lateral parabrachial nucleus, the adjacent central lateral parabrachial nucleus, the external lateral parabrachial nucleus, the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, and the adjacent medial parabrachial nucleus led to increases in mean arterial pressure (electrical, 34.2 +/- 18.6 mm Hg; glutamate, 14.0 +/- 8.3 mm Hg). The magnitude of the glutamate responses appeared to be inversely related to the distance between the ventrolateral tip of the brachium conjunctivum and the site of injection. In contrast, electrical stimulation within an area between the caudal medial parabrachial nucleus and the locus coeruleus led to increases in mean arterial pressure (24.4 +/- 12.5 mm Hg), whereas glutamate injections within this area led to decreases in mean arterial pressure (-14.8 +/- 5.3 mm Hg). PMID- 3191399 TI - Evidence for the independent role of GABA synapses of the zona incerta-lateral hypothalamic region in haloperidol-induced catalepsy. AB - Bicuculline (0.5-50 ng), injected bilaterally into the zona incerta-lateral hypothalamus (ZI-LH) of the rat, inhibited catalepsy evoked by haloperidol (1 mg/kg s.c.) in a dose-dependent manner. The same effect was obtained by injections of bicuculline directed towards the ventromedial thalamic nucleus (Vm), but then higher doses of the drug were necessary (10-50 ng). Muscimol (10 50 ng), injected into the ZI-LH, evoked a state of catalepsy almost identical to that of haloperidol. Bicuculline (50 ng) abolished the catalepsy evoked by muscimol (25 ng). Bicuculline injected into ZI-LH in doses of 0.5-2.5 ng did not change locomotor activity of rats as measured in photoresistor actometers, whereas it had a slightly stimulating effect at a dose of 5 ng. A comparison between the doses of bicuculline injected into the ZI-LH and Vm suggests that, irrespective of Vm synapses, GABA synapses of this region are involved in the mediation of haloperidol-induced catalepsy. A similar conclusion regarding the catalepsy and rigidity induced by morphine was drawn previously. It seems, therefore, that the catalepsy antagonism of bicuculline is independent of the action of the drug which promotes the locomotor stimulation. PMID- 3191401 TI - Involvement of adenosine in synaptic depression induced by a brief period of hypoxia in isolated spinal cord of neonatal rat. AB - The monosynaptic reflex (MSR), recorded extracellularly from the ventral root isolated, superfused spinal cords of neonatal rats (6-10 days post-partum), was rapidly depressed to 35-45% of control values by either cessation of superfusion (4 min stop-flow period) or by superfusion with anoxic medium (95% N2-5% CO2; 4 min). The depression was reversible, 85-115% recovery occurring after 15 min of restoration of flow or normoxic (95% O2-5% CO2) superfusion. 2-Chloroadenosine, a metabolically stable adenosine analogue, also reversibly inhibited the MSR, an effect which was antagonised by 10(-6) M 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (8-CPT). The depression of the MSR, caused by 4 min of hypoxia (either stop-flow or anoxic superfusion), was prevented by 10(-6) M 8-CPT. These results provide strong evidence for a critical involvement of adenosine in mediating early synaptic depression evoked by a brief period of hypoxia. PMID- 3191402 TI - An electron microscopic analysis of the morphology and connectivity of individual HRP-labeled slowly adapting vibrissa primary afferents in the adult rat. AB - The ultrastructure of 4 slowly adapting vibrissa primary afferent central terminal arbors was examined following intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The terminals were found to contain clear round vesicles and formed primarily asymmetric synapses on dendritic shafts and spines. Few examples of synaptic glomeruli, with the labeled axon as the central element, were identified. PMID- 3191403 TI - Afferent projections to the dorsal thalamus of the rat as shown by retrograde lectin transport. II. The midline nuclei. AB - Afferent projections to midline thalamic cell groups which innervate nucleus accumbens, were identified by the retrograde transport of unconjugated wheat germ agglutinin followed by the identification of labelled cell groups with immunocytochemistry. Large numbers of neurones were labelled in a variety of hypothalamic nuclei; principally in the medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, ventromedial, periventricular, arcuate and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, and in the supramammillary and lateral hypothalamic areas. Following rostral thalamic injections labelled cells were also found in the lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and zona incerta. Prominent and localised label was found in the nucleus reticularis of thalamus at its most rostral medial tip. Cortical label was found in the ventral subiculum following rostral injections, and in the perirhinal cortex following mid-thalamic injections. In the brainstem label was found in central grey, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, raphe, dorsal and ventral parabranchial nuclei and nucleus of the tractus solitarius. The results are discussed in the context of striatal function, particularly the nucleus accumbens, which is a component of the ventral striatum. Thus, the midline thalamic nuclei may provide an interface where a variety of inputs from many limbic regions and hypothalamic nuclei can influence nucleus accumbens function. Comparison of afferents to several thalamic nuclei directly related to striatal function and the prefrontal cortex show, that forebrain thalamic afferents from pallidal and hypothalamic sites, are organised with a clear topography. Some afferents suggest specific routes which may allow the reticular activating system to participate in the regulation of basal ganglia function. PMID- 3191406 TI - Alterations in calmodulin content in fractions of rat hippocampal slices during tetanic- and calcium-induced long-term potentiation. AB - The content of cytosolic and membrane-bound calmodulin was radioimmunologically determined in fractions of rat hippocampal slices 5 min to 7 hours after long term potentiation (LTP) had been induced by tetanization or exposure of slices to 4 mM Ca++. In light of concepts presuming multistage dynamics in LTP development as reflecting different cellular mechanisms, similar patterns of calmodulin alterations were observed with both models: The alterations in calmodulin content occurred during the early phase(s) of LTP development and continued for two and one hours during tetanic- and calcium-induced LTP, respectively. Thus, 5-30 min after LTP elicitation, membrane-bound calmodulin increased while cytosolic calmodulin diminished and, inversely, 30 min later an increase in cytosolic and decrease in membrane-bound calmodulin were observed. Consequently, the present results indicate that calmodulin was involved in the early phases(s) of LTP development in terms of a two-step translocation sequence. Hence, calmodulin translocation within both intracellular compartments may reflect the involvement of Ca++-calmodulin-dependent intraneuronal metabolic processes which might induce and/or temporarily maintain neuronal functional changes occurring immediately after repeated or intense stimulation of synaptic functions. PMID- 3191404 TI - Muscarinic antagonist enhances one-trial food-aversion learning in the mollusc Pleurobranchaea. AB - One hour before training, in two replicate studies on the sea slug Pleurobranchaea californica, all animals (N = 114) received body-cavity injections of scopolamine, oxotremorine, or the equivalent volume of the saline/seawater vehicle that was used to inject the drugs. The low drug doses (2 mumol/kg) were near the threshold for generating observable neurophysiological responses, but did not affect feeding thresholds arising to a stimulus derived from beer (Sbr) and to one derived from squid (Ssq). Before training, the animals did not discriminate between Sbr and Ssq, as indicated by similar thresholds to both stimuli. During training, experimental animals in each injection group received Sbr alone for 10 sec and then paired with electric shocks for 50 sec; control animals received shocks 1 hr after Sbr. Postconditioning tests began 12 hr after training and were repeated once daily thereafter. After training, all experimental groups exhibited the expected aversive behavior to Sbr, as indicated by 100- to 1000-fold increases in feeding thresholds, and retained low thresholds to Ssq, but the scopolamine animals were better able to discriminate between Sbr and Ssq than either of the other experimental groups. The aversive responses to Sbr increased over a 3-day period, but there appeared to be no difference between injection groups on such a long-duration "consolidation" phase. Of the control groups, only the scopolamine animals exhibited low feeding thresholds to both Sbr and Ssq. The other control groups exhibited similar behavior as the experimental animals, indicating that associative factors relating to the 1-hr separation between Sbr and shocks may have produced the behavior in these control animals. Thus, by comparison to the other injections, scopolamine 1) increased the ability of the experimental animals to make the discrimination between Sbr and Ssq, and 2) prevented learning to avoid Sbr in the control animals. An accompanying paper provides a detailed characterization of muscarinic receptor pharmacology in Pleurobranchaea. PMID- 3191405 TI - Evidence for heterogeneity of muscarinic receptors in the mollusc Pleurobranchaea. AB - The properties of the specific binding of the muscarinic antagonist [125I]3 quinuclidinyl-4-iodobenzilate ([125I]4IQNB] to nervous tissue of Pleurobranchaea california were characterized. The specific binding of [125I]4IQNB to Pleurobranchaea nervous tissue was characterized by its high affinity (Kd = 0.61 +/- 0.11 nM) and saturability (Bmax = 602 +/- 46 fmol/mg protein). A comparison of the numbers of binding sites recognized by [125I]4IQNB and l-[3H]QNB in nervous tissue of three invertebrate species indicated that in Aplysia and Cancer magister (crab) ganglia membranes the two radioligands labeled comparable numbers of binding sites; however, in Pleurobranchaea membranes l-[3H]QNB recognized only a subpopulation (8-10%) of the total number of [125I]4IQNB binding sites. The disparity in the numbers of binding sites labeled by these radioligands was consistent with our finding of a heterogeneity of muscarinic antagonist binding sites in l-QNB competition experiments in Pleurobranchaea. Computer-assisted analysis of l-QNB competition of [125I]4IQNB specific binding demonstrated that these data were best described by a two-site model with high- and low-affinity sites for l-QNB. The high-affinity site recognized by l-QNB possessed an IC50 value of 0.2 nM and comprised 18% of the total specific binding, while the lower affinity site had an IC50 value of 55.6 nM and comprised the remaining 82% of the total population of [125I]4IQNB recognition sites. The IC50 value for l-QNB at the high-affinity site in Pleurobranchaea membranes is in excellent agreement with Kd values for l-[3H]QNB labeling of classical muscarinic receptors in a variety of invertebrate and vertebrate species. PMID- 3191407 TI - Projections from cortical area SmII and claustrum to two functional subdivisions of SmI forepaw digit cortex of the raccoon. AB - The retrograde HRP tracer method was used to study the projections from cortical area SmII and the claustrum to two electrophysiologically defined, functionally distinct subdivisions of the SmI forepaw cortex of the raccoon. Individual SmI cortical digit zones were found to receive ipsilateral projections from SmII and immediately adjoining cortical regions; the projections to the "heterogeneous" (hairy skin and claw) functional subdivision of a given digit zone were considerably more extensive than those to the glabrous skin functional subdivision of that zone. HRP-filled neurons within SmII were located primarily in layers VI and V, often formed clusters, and were distributed antero posteriorly in a manner consistent with a loosely topographic representation of the digits. The SmI cortical digit zones received ipsilateral projections from approximately the middle 1/3 of the anterior-posterior extent of the insular claustrum; no clear difference was found in the projections to the two functional subdivisions of a given digit zone. Labeled neurons were typically scattered throughout much of the claustrum but were more numerous in its dorsal regions, tended to aggregate in clusters, and were distributed antero-posteriorly in an overlapping but roughly topographic fashion. PMID- 3191410 TI - Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic influences on hepatic autonomic nerve activity in the rat. AB - Effects of hypothalamic stimulation and lesion on hepatic autonomic nerve activity were investigated in anesthetized rats. Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area increased activity of the hepatic vagal nerve and decreased activity of the splanchnic nerve. Lesion of this area produced a rapid and strong reduction of vagal nerve activity and induced either an increase or a decrease of splanchnic nerve activity. In contrast, stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus produced a strong inhibition of vagal nerve activity and facilitation of splanchnic nerve activity. However, lesion of this nucleus facilitated or inhibited activities in both nerve branches. The functional significance of the relationship between the hypothalamus and the hepatic autonomic nerve in regulation of glucose metabolism in the liver are discussed. PMID- 3191408 TI - Effects of lesions of the sexually dimorphic nucleus on sexual behavior of testosterone-treated female Wistar rats. AB - Discrete bilateral lesions were placed into the sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN) of the medial preoptic area (MPOA) of ovariectomized female Wistar rats, chronically treated with testosterone (T). Effects of these lesions upon masculine and feminine sexual behavior were studied by comparing the results of pre- and postoperative tests, using sham-operated and unoperated females as controls. Bilaterally-lesioned and, to a lesser extent, unilaterally-lesioned females, showed a marked and significant reduction of masculine sexual behavior (i.e., mounting), especially in the first postoperative tests. Feminine sexual responses, i.e., receptive and proceptive behavior, although slightly lower in bilaterally-lesioned females, did not change significantly. Sexual partner preference, operationalized as the choice between a receptive female and a sexually active male, remained unaffected by the lesions. Plasma levels of testosterone were similar in the various groups. It is concluded that the SDN may be functionally implicated in the control of masculine sexual behavior in T treated females. PMID- 3191409 TI - Cholecystokinin: induced suppression of feeding in fed, fasting and hypothalamic island rats. AB - Experiments were undertaken to examine the involvement of CCK in the regulation of feeding behavior. The results indicate that 1) intact normal animals exhibited rhythmic circadian feeding behavior, with onset of feedings starting about two hr prior to dark period and continuing until 1 to 2 hr prior to the light period; 2) food deprivation and surgical isolation of the hypothalamus after this pattern of feeding behavior, to the point that animals spend more time eating with no identifiable pattern; 3) administration of CCK to either fed, fasted or hypothalamic island animals has a profound dose related effect on suppressing feeding behavior and in modifying the eating pattern over 24 hr. A possible involvement of CCK with the opiate system in controlling feeding behavior is discussed. PMID- 3191411 TI - Noradrenaline excites neurons in the guinea pig cerebellar vermis in vitro. AB - Noradrenaline (NA) was applied to the solution bathing the cavy cerebellar vermis in vitro and the responses of 98 neurons were recorded extracellularly. Two thirds (23/35) of the responses were excitations and the remaining third were inhibitions. The lowest concentration of NA with which responses could be obtained was 10(-11) M NA. Responses were generally transient and occurred with a mean latency of 61 +/- 8 sec. The excitation was generally direct as most responses (9/11) survived synaptic blockade. The excitations were thought to be mediated by alpha 1 receptors because they could be mimicked by phenylephrine and antagonised by prazozin. PMID- 3191413 TI - Changes in septo-hippocampal projections after lateral entorhinal or combined entorhinal-raphe lesions as studied by anterograde tracing methods. AB - Septal and entorhinal projections to the hippocampus show a considerable overlap in their target structures in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (DG) and stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the cornu ammonis (CA). Employing anterograde tracing methods, it was investigated in which way the morphological pattern of the septohippocampal projections were influenced by lateral entorhinal cortex (LEA) lesions. Anterograde filling of neurons from soma to axonal terminals with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) revealed lesion-induced changes in innervation patterns in the DG but not in CA fields. LEA lesions provoke an impressive shift of septo-dentate projections from a predominant middle molecular layer innervation to the outer molecular layer, whereas septal projections to the CA remain unchanged. Comparison with concurrent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining and immunocytochemical demonstration of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) confirm the cholinergic nature of this plasticity response. This response was equally strong in unilateral or bilateral damage to the LEA and was neither enhanced nor inhibited by simultaneous injury to the median raphe nuclei. PMID- 3191412 TI - Analysis of estradiol-independent and -dependent endogenous opioid peptide suppression of pulsatile LH release between the mornings of diestrus 2 and proestrus in the rat estrous cycle. AB - The aim of this study was to analyze possible estradiol (E2)-independent and dependent endogenous opioid peptide (EOP) suppression of pulsatile LH release between the mornings of diestrus 2 (D2) and proestrus by examining the LH response to naloxone infusions in the presence or absence of proestrous levels of E2. Pulsatile LH secretion remained unchanged between D2 and proestrus but mean blood LH levels, pulse amplitude and frequency increased within 24 hr following ovariectomy on D2. This increase was due in large part to the loss of E2 negative feedback, since restoration of physiological proestrous E2 levels returned LH pulse frequency to proestrous a.m. levels and greatly reduced pulse amplitude. In ovariectomized rats lacking E2 negative feedback, continuous infusion of the EOP receptor antagonist naloxone (0.5 and 2 mg/kg/hr) caused a further increase in pulse amplitude and frequency. This naloxone-induced increment in pulsatile LH release was exerted via centrally located EOP receptors since naloxone did not alter pituitary responsiveness to LHRH, and its stimulatory action on pulsatile release was diminished by simultaneous infusion with morphine. Naloxone also increased pulsatile LH release in E2-treated animals. The naloxone-induced increments in LH pulse amplitude were the same in the presence or absence of E2 negative feedback. Moreover, the increments in amplitude produced by naloxone in E2-treated rats were significantly less than those resulting from the combination of ovariectomy plus naloxone infusion in empty capsule-implanted rats. These data indicated that naloxone infusion in E2-implanted animals blocked an E2 independent EOP suppression of this parameter of pulsatile release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191414 TI - Interconnections between substantia nigra reticulata and medullary reticular formation. AB - Injections of wheat germ agglutinin-HRP into the medullary reticular formation (MRf) or the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr) revealed the presence of reciprocating fiber connections between the two areas. Large injections in the MRf demonstrated the existence of labeled neurons in the lateral portions of the SNr. Isolated injections into the parvocellular nuclei of the MRf resulted in the presence of terminal fields in the SNr particularly its lateral portions. Injections in the SNr resulted in the presence of labeled cells in the parvocellular nuclei. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of oro-facial dyskinesias. PMID- 3191415 TI - Evidence for a projection from the B9 serotonergic cell group to the median raphe nucleus. AB - Following injections of several fluorescent retrograde tracers into the median raphe nucleus large numbers of retrogradely labeled cells were observed in the ventral mesencephalic tegmentum. Subsequent immunocytochemical processing for serotonin-like immunoreactivity suggested that a large component of this projection originates from serotonergic B9 cells. Although tracer injections into the dorsal raphe did not result in similar labeling of B9 cells, evidence was obtained suggesting the existence of a small serotonergic projection from the median to the dorsal raphe. PMID- 3191416 TI - A programmable rapid roll-off low pass filter for evoked potential and EEG recording. AB - The RF5609 rapid roll-off (-75 dB/octave) low pass filter has many features that make it ideal for evoked potential and EEG recording. The RF5609 is inexpensive, programmable, and can be turned off momentarily to eliminate large amplitude stimulus artifacts. Removal of these artifacts prevents ringing and hence allows a more rapid roll-off than can be easily achieved with conventional active analogue low pass filters such as Butterworth filter. Furthermore, the RF5609 low pass filter provides rapid roll-off and artifact suppression without the time or computing power requirements of digital low pass filters. PMID- 3191417 TI - [Intraoperative sedation by midazolam during spinal anesthesia. A study of elderly women undergoing surgery of the hip and femur neck]. AB - Midazolam was studied as an IV sedative agent in 30 women aged of 75 years or more, undergoing hip surgery or Ender nailing, who received a spinal anaesthesia with 15 mg of plain bupivacaine. A mean dose of midazolam 0.077 mg.kg-1 was required to induce adequate sedation which was maintained by repeated doses of 2.5 mg. Post-operatively, no somnolence was noted at 2 hr. A marked amnesic effect was observed in 77% of cases. No clinically adverse cardiovascular or respiratory effects were encountered. It is concluded that midazolam is a useful sedative agent for spinal anaesthesia of short duration in the elderly. PMID- 3191418 TI - [Midazolam used for intramuscular premedication in locoregional anesthesia in urology. Usefulness of late premedication]. AB - Midazolam was used as an intramuscular premedication combined with atropine in a population of 100 patients receiving loco-regional anaesthesia for urologic procedures. Two different dosages were given according to age: 0.10 mg/kg for patients over 50 years, 0.15 mg/kg for those under 50. This premedication was always effected just before the patient's transport to surgery. We observe the quality of anxiety relief (85%), sedation (82%), anterograde amnesia. These results confirm that midazolam is a suitable drug for late premedication by the intramuscular route. It is a potent drug with regular short-lasting action, which lead us to suggest its use in ambulatory anaesthesia. PMID- 3191419 TI - [Flunitrazepam: 1 molecule, 2 premedications]. PMID- 3191420 TI - [Intravenous anesthesia: effects of the venous puncture]. PMID- 3191421 TI - [A problem posed by the adaptation of an alarm on RPR respirators]. PMID- 3191422 TI - [Organophosphorous poisoning]. PMID- 3191423 TI - [Metabolic alkalosis in pancreatitis]. PMID- 3191424 TI - [Cardiac catheterization of children in the United Kingdom]. PMID- 3191425 TI - [The training of anesthesiologists in Europe. The number of anesthesiologists and their workload]. PMID- 3191426 TI - [The training of anesthesiologists in Europe. The training of anesthesiologists and its duration]. PMID- 3191427 TI - [The training of anesthesiologists in Europe. Curriculum and objective of the studies]. PMID- 3191428 TI - [The training of anesthesiologists in Europe. The teaching programs]. PMID- 3191429 TI - [The training of anesthesiologists in Europe. Teaching in the operating room]. PMID- 3191430 TI - World AIDS Day essay contest. PMID- 3191431 TI - Political awareness of psychiatric patients. PMID- 3191432 TI - HMOs and limited health care resources. PMID- 3191433 TI - Stress among emergency medical staff. PMID- 3191434 TI - Hyperactivity in children. PMID- 3191435 TI - Perils of orthopedic surgery. PMID- 3191436 TI - Withdrawal from benzodiazepines of short half-life. PMID- 3191438 TI - Insurance against medical misadventure? PMID- 3191437 TI - Fish liver oil v. fish oil. PMID- 3191439 TI - Should doctors kill patients? PMID- 3191441 TI - Nurses need a national standard of excellence. PMID- 3191440 TI - Should nonionic radiographic contrast media be given to all patients? PMID- 3191442 TI - QMA's position on water fluoridation in Montreal [correction]. PMID- 3191443 TI - Free-alcohol policy on airlines. PMID- 3191444 TI - Evaluation of the careers of graduates of the University of Manitoba's BSc (Medicine) program. AB - The careers of graduates who had taken the BSc (Medicine) (BScMed) program at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, between 1950 and 1975 were compared with those of matched classmate controls to determine whether the program had any influence on the research careers of the graduates. More BScMed graduates than control subjects chose an academic career (49% v. 21%), achieved specialty certification (83% v. 65%), and obtained grants (51% v. 18%) and personal awards (37% v. 18%). The BScMed graduates also had significantly more publications than the control subjects. Although part of the difference between the two groups may be explained by the tendency of students who were more inclined toward an academic career to enter the BScMed program, it was evident that the program has a substantial effect on promoting the development of clinical investigators. PMID- 3191446 TI - Pertussis vaccine: is the controversy nearly over? PMID- 3191445 TI - [Pregnancy by insemination from a quadriplegic donor after stimulation by physostigmine]. PMID- 3191447 TI - FPs have important role to play in AIDS battle, Ottawa specialist says. PMID- 3191448 TI - Dying wishes: implications for bereavement intervention. PMID- 3191449 TI - A phase I clinical trial of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. AB - We performed a Phase I assessment of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rTNF-alpha) in 27 patients with advanced solid neoplasms. Therapy consisted of a 30-minute intravenous (IV) infusion on days 1 through 5, every 2 to 3 weeks. Daily doses ranged from 5 micrograms/m2 to 200 micrograms/m2. Dose-limiting sequelae were hypotension, rigors, and phlebitis. Transient fatigue and fever (median, 38 degrees C) were not clearly dose-related between 5 micrograms/m2/d and 150 micrograms/m2/d. Other reversible complications in three patients included transient leukopenia (leukocyte count, 1.3, 1.2 X 10(3)/microliters in two patients) at a dose of 5 micrograms/m2/d and 150 micrograms/m2/d, respectively; and thrombocytopenia (leukocyte count, 73 X 10(3)/microliters) at 10 micrograms/m2/d. Among 22 patients with initial and subsequent differential counts, the median number of eosinophils at the commencement of therapy was 182 cells/microliters compared with a subsequent median of 462 cells/microliters. We also detected hypertriglyceridemia in all patients. The median baseline increased from 93 mg/dl (range, 56 to 219 mg/dl) to 203 mg/dl (range, 94 to 454 mg/dl). From our experience, a clinically manageable outpatient regimen for Phase II trials consists of rTNF-alpha (150 micrograms/m2) followed by a 1-hour IV infusion of 500 ml of normal saline to abrogate hypotension daily for 5 days every 2 weeks for four cycles, then every 3 weeks thereafter to facilitate recovery from constitutional sequelae. PMID- 3191450 TI - HLA-DR and differentiated thyroid cancer. Lack of association with the nonmedullary types and possible association with the medullary type. AB - One hundred twenty-seven white European patients with differentiated thyroid cancer were typed for human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) DR specificities. There was no significant deviation from the HLA-DR distribution observed in 160 normal patient controls, neither in the entire group nor in the patient groups with nonmedullary types of thyroid cancer (61 with papillary and 44 with follicular, all nonradiation associated). Also, subdivision of patients with nonmedullary thyroid cancer according to age at diagnosis, presence of metastases, and presence of thyroglobulin antibodies in serum showed no significant deviation from the HLA-DR distribution. For the patients with medullary thyroid cancer (only sporadic [n = 20] or inherited isolated [n = 2] forms, no multiple endocrine neoplasias), there was a significant increase of HLA-DR2 (11 of 22 cases [50%]) in comparison with control patients (22%; P corrected to 0.02; relative risk, 3.6). These data suggest, in contrast to previous reports, that there is no genetic influence on the development of nonmedullary types of differentiated thyroid cancer. Medullary thyroid cancer without multiple endocrine neoplasia, however, may be associated with HLA-DR2. PMID- 3191451 TI - Prognostic value of estrogen and progesterone receptors in operable breast cancer. Results of a univariate and multivariate analysis. AB - From October 1977 to December 1983, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) levels were measured in 645 tumors from women with primary, unilateral, nonmetastatic breast cancer. All of them were treated surgically. Some received adjuvant radiotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, or adjuvant hormonotherapy. A level of greater than 5 fmol/mg cytosolic protein was considered as positive for both ER and PR. Unifactorial analysis, using Kaplan and Meier estimates and the log-rank test, revealed that disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (SV) were both strongly related to age, tumor size, nodal status, nodal effraction, histopathologic grading (SBR), ER, and PR. Menopausal status and number of intramammary tumor foci were not significant. Multifactorial analysis, using Cox's model, revealed a strong relationship between SV and age (poor prognosis [pp]: less than or equal to 37 years old), menopausal status (pp: postmenopausal) tumor size, nodal status (pp: N+ greater than 3), nodal effraction, ER (pp: less than or equal to 5 fmol/mg), histopathologic grading (pp: SBR = 3), and PR (pp: less than or equal to 5 fmol/mg). Similarly, multifactorial analysis revealed a strong correlation between DFS and age, tumor size, nodal status, nodal effraction, histopathologic grading, and PR. A prognostic score taking into account these prognostic factors was calculated for DFS and SV. Analysis of this score allowed us to divide our patients into four significantly different (P less than 0.0001) groups with high, intermediate, and low risk of relapse. Our procedure was then validated using the sample test technique. These results show that both ER and PR have their own prognostic weight and should be considered, among other classic prognostic factors, when adjuvant therapies are indicated after surgical treatment of breast cancer. PMID- 3191452 TI - Aggressive posttraumatic osteoporosis of the humerus simulating a malignant neoplasm. AB - Eleven patients with an unusual, moth-eaten, destructive lesion in the humerus simulating a malignant neoplasm are presented. The radiographic changes developed over an extended period after trauma. This pattern of posttraumatic osteoporosis can easily be mistaken for a malignancy. An awareness of the entity helps one to make the correct diagnosis. Also, certain helpful hints are pointed out. PMID- 3191453 TI - Serum neuron-specific/nonneuronal enolase ratio in the diagnosis of neuroblastomas. AB - Pretreatment samples from 24 children with neuroectodermal tumors (two ganglioneuromas, 22 neuroblastomas) and from 106 others with various tumors were submitted to the enzymatic determination of the serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE). The enzymatic procedure employed in this study allows the systematic determination of the NSE and of the nonneuronal enolase (NNE), thus permitting the calculation of the ratio of the two enolase components. Like results obtained with other procedures, enzymatic determined serum NSE results were raised in a high proportion of Stage IV neuroblastoma (100%) but elevated values also were found in a considerable number of the other tumors (29.2%) like Wilms' tumor, lymphomas, and soft tissue sarcomas. The use of the NSE/NNE ratio which characterizes NSE elevations originating from relative poor or rich sources of NSE, represents an additional index for improving the specificity of the NSE results in the diagnosis of neuroblastomas. With a cutoff value fixed at 7.5%, the specificity of the test is 85.9%. When this limit is fixed at 15%, the specificity reaches 95.3% whereas 81.8% of the results of Stage IV neuroblastomas are still above this value. PMID- 3191454 TI - Decreased serum aldolase B levels in patients with malignant tumors. AB - Serum aldolase B levels were determined in patients with malignant tumors using a radioimmunoassay method. Thirty-one of 52 patients with malignant tumors had decreased serum aldolase B levels of less than 20 ng/ml, whereas almost all of the normal subjects and the patients with liver diseases and other benign diseases showed serum aldolase B levels of more than 20 ng/ml. The decreased aldolase B levels observed in cancer patients were unrelated to the clinical stage of their disease. The decrease of aldolase B correlated well with the decrease of fructose-1-phosphate (F1P)-aldolase activity, but not with fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP)-aldolase activity in the sera of cancer patients. Mixing experiments did not identify an inhibitor of aldolase B in sera of cancer patients. Furthermore, recovery of serum aldolase B levels after successful surgical resection in cancer patients suggested that the low levels of aldolase B in sera of cancer patients was not of genetic origin. The mechanism responsible for the decrease of aldolase B in sera of cancer patients is unclear. PMID- 3191456 TI - Intratumoral regional differences in DNA ploidy of gastrointestinal carcinomas. AB - Regional differences in DNA ploidy of gastrointestinal carcinomas were investigated by flow cytometric (FCM) analysis of multiple samples taken from different sites of each tumor of 42 patients. The overall incidence of DNA aneuploidy in the 42 cases examined was 80%, and the DNA index (DI) ranged from 0.825 to 2.170. However, intratumoral differences in DNA ploidy were observed in six of 15 cases (40.0%) of gastric carcinoma, whereas intratumoral differences in DNA ploidy were observed in only two of 27 cases (7.4%) of colorectal carcinoma. Therefore, to accurately determine DNA ploidy, one must analyze multiple samples from the tumor specimen (especially in gastric carcinomas) because cases exist where subpopulations with DNA aneuploidy are detected only at limited sites within the same tumor. The exact mechanisms responsible for the regional differences in DNA ploidy are not yet clear, although some hypotheses have been presented. PMID- 3191455 TI - Diagnostic value of ferritin in malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions. AB - The diagnostic usefulness of ferritin measurements in pleural and peritoneal effusions has been evaluated in 57 patients. Mean (+/- standard error [SE]) ferritin levels were 291 +/- 50 ng/ml in 24 patients with noninflammatory transudates (Group I), 942 +/- 253 in 15 patients with nonmalignant exudates (Group II), and 1805 +/- 257 in 18 patients with malignant exudates (Group III). The mean (+/- SE) ratio of effusion/serum ferritin in Groups I, II, and III was 0.7 +/- 0.1, 2.7 +/- 0.7, and 5.7 +/- 1.2, respectively. The specificity and predictive value of a ferritin ratio in excess of 1.5 in distinguishing transudates from all exudates and in distinguishing transudates from malignant exudates were both very high (94%) to 96%). In the lower range of values considerable overlap existed between ferritin ratios obtained in patients with benign versus malignant inflammatory exudates. However, very high ferritin levels (greater than 3000 ng/ml) and ferritin ratios (greater than 20:1) were only encountered in malignant exudates. These results indicate that the measurement of ferritin levels and ferritin ratios may be a useful aid in the diagnosis of malignant pleural and peritoneal effusions. PMID- 3191458 TI - Malignant melanoma arising in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus. A case report with cytogenetic and histopathologic analyses. AB - A malignant melanoma developed in a 2-year-old Hispanic girl with a giant congenital melanocytic nevus (bathing-trunk type). Histopathologic evaluation showed a deep-seated tumor arising from a nonepidermal origin. Cytogenetic analysis demonstrated multiple chromosomal abnormalities in hyperdiploid cells (chromosome range, 56 to 61). No two karyotypes were identical, but many abnormalities were common to all analyzed cells, suggesting both karyotypic instability and evolution. The metaphases were monosomic for 3, 12, and 16, trisomic for 1, 2, 8, 19, 20, and 21, and included structural aberrations deletion 1 and derivatives 3 and 16. Eight markers were identified, including one ring. The extra 19 was possibly an isochromosome. No abnormalities of 6 or 10 were identified. PMID- 3191457 TI - Immunohistochemical localizations of CA 125, carcinoembryonic antigen, and CA 19 9 in normal and neoplastic glandular cells of the uterine cervix. AB - Immunohistochemical reactivities with CA 125, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and CA 19-9 were studied in 15 cervixes without histologic abnormalities, ten with microglandular hyperplasia, nine adenocarcinomas in situ, ten adenocarcinomas with an invasion of less than 5 mm in depth, and 25 frankly invasive adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix. The glandular cells of the normal cervix and microglandular hyperplasia always exhibited reactivity with anti-CA 125 in the luminal surfaces and the secretory products within the lumina, but there was usually no reactivity with either anti-CEA or anti-CA 19-9. In the neoplastic glandular cells (adenocarcinoma in situ and invasive adenocarcinoma), the reactivity with anti-CA 125 was negative or was not in the luminal surface, but in the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm as accumulations of atypical coarse granules. In addition, the positive reaction with anti-CEA and anti-CA 19-9 was seen in 78% and 0% of adenocarcinomas in situ, in 80% and 40% of adenocarcinomas less than 5 mm in depth, and in 84% and 56% of frankly invasive adenocarcinomas, respectively. Therefore, neoplastic cervical glandular cells show an unusual staining pattern with anti-CA 125, which may be associated with impaired production and/or the intracytoplasmic transport of CA 125, and they begin to produce antigens recognized by anti-CEA and/or anti-CA 9-9, which are usually negative in the normal tissue. PMID- 3191459 TI - Primary peripheral neuroepithelioma of the orbit with intracranial extension. AB - A 7-year-old girl with clinical signs limited to moderate unilateral proptosis of 2 weeks duration and ipsilateral disc edema was found to have a contiguous orbital and subfrontal intracranial tumor best characterized as a peripheral neuroepithelioma by recent studies. Previously this tumor would have been called an extraosseous Ewing's sarcoma. The tumor had a significant lobular component on either side of the orbital roof. The patient is still alive 24 months posttreatment with multimodal excisional surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. PMID- 3191460 TI - Role of fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of lesions of the oral cavity, oropharynx, and nasopharynx. AB - The oral cavity, oropharynx and nasopharynx are readily accessible to fine needle aspiration (FNA). This study reviews the author's experience with 93 FNA from these sites: 76 from the oral cavity, eight from the oropharynx, and eight from the nasopharynx. Thirty-nine (42%) of the FNA were positive for malignancy with no false-positive diagnoses. In 15 cases the FNA provided the initial diagnosis of cancer and in 24 cases documented recurrence. Five (5%) of the FNA interpreted as suspicious for malignancy were subsequently proven malignant by biopsy. There were 33 (36%) negative FNA with seven false-negative diagnoses confirmed by biopsies. Fifteen FNA (16%) were unsatisfactory and malignancy was found by biopsy in two of these cases. These results emphasize the importance of repeating the FNA or recommending biopsies in negative and unsatisfactory FNA when clinically indicated to assure accuracy in diagnosis. A positive FNA may be regarded as a definitive diagnostic test and treatment instituted accordingly. No complications resulted from these FNA. This study demonstrates the application, safety, and accuracy of FNA in these anatomic sites. PMID- 3191461 TI - Prevalence, predictors, and course of anticipatory nausea in women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. AB - Factors related to the prevalence, prediction, and course of anticipatory nausea (AN) in women (n = 77) receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer were examined. Using a prospective longitudinal research design, patients were interviewed both before and after each chemotherapy infusion. Fifty-seven percent of the patients developed AN. These patients were characterized by more severe gastrointestinal side effects following the initial infusion and greater expectations for experiencing chemotherapy-related nausea. A more rapid development of AN was related to a history of experiencing nausea across a greater variety of situations, higher IV drug doses, and less infusion-related anxiety at the initial infusion. Although AN occurred intermittently across treatment sessions, severity was constant. Results provided strong support for the hypothesis that classical conditioning processes are instrumental in AN acquisition. The role of anxiety in the development of AN is considered as are clinical implications for the prevention of AN and recommendations for future research. PMID- 3191462 TI - Generalized lymph node metastasis of early uterine cancer in an HTLV-I carrier. AB - Generalized lymphadenopathy due to metastases of keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma developed in a 68-year-old woman who was a carrier of human T-cell leukemia Type I (HTLV-I). On her 74th hospital day, she died of massive metastases of the superficial and deep-seated lymph nodes, thyroid, lungs, pleura, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and retroperitoneum. At autopsy, the primary tumor was found in the uterine cervix. The depth of stromal invasion was approximately 4.0 mm. Such an extensive dissemination usually does not occur in cervical cancer with this type of early stromal invasion. It is conceivable that the chronic HTLV-I infection compromised the immunosurveillance against cancer and accelerated progression of the disease in this patient. PMID- 3191463 TI - Preliminary report on the use of danazol in the treatment of endometrial adenomatous hyperplasia. AB - Since the authors recently reported that danazol inhibits the growth of human endometrial cancer cells in vitro, a clinical trial was initiated to examine whether danazol can regress adenomatous hyperplasia, a precursor of endometrial adenocarcinoma. Danazol was used for 3 months in the treatment of five patients with a history of hypermenorrhea and irregular uterine bleeding. Within a 9-month follow-up period, all patients were symptom-free, and none of the specimens obtained by endometrial biopsy showed the presence of adenomatous hyperplasia. These findings suggest that danazol has a potential application in the treatment of patients with endometrial adenomatous hyperplasia. A possible mechanism of action of the compound in adenomatous hyperplasia is also discussed. PMID- 3191464 TI - Analysis of the possibility that transurethral resection promotes metastasis in prostate cancer. AB - The issue of transurethral resection (TURP) in patients with known prostatic adenocarcinoma is a current clinical controversy. Data have accumulated to associate this procedure with an adverse risk of distant spread and death for a defined subset of patients with moderate and poorly differentiated, T3 and T4 (Stage C) tumors. Review of available literature demonstrates that examination of this subset is incomplete in studies that do not find an adverse prognosis. The reason for the association of TURP and metastasis may be related directly to the resection via mechanical dissemination of tumor or indirectly through association with unknown adverse factors. Retrospective review may be unable to separate these two hypotheses, but hazard function analysis is presented and is consistent with surgical enhancement of metastases. Strategies for avoiding the adverse effect represent areas for possible further clinical research. PMID- 3191465 TI - Osteomyelitis in pediatric patients with leukemia. AB - An 11-year retrospective study showed that there were nine patients with osteomyelitis in our population of pediatric patients with leukemia. Six patients had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and three had acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). Seven of nine patients were in remission at the time of diagnosis of osteomyelitis. The delay in diagnosis, which exceeded 2 weeks in seven patients, was typical. Surgical intervention was required for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes in five patients. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from only three patients. Informative diagnostic studies included nuclear scans that yielded abnormal results in all patients and erythrocyte sedimentation rates (ESR) that were elevated to greater than 70 mm/h in seven patients. The recognition of features that differ from osteomyelitis in the normal population may facilitate earlier diagnosis. PMID- 3191466 TI - Evaluation of the effects of chemotherapy in lung cancer by thoracic computed tomography. AB - In thoracic-computed tomography (CT) before and after chemotherapy against lung cancer in 23 patients, the percentages of the reduction of tumor size were calculated by three different methods of measurements, including (1) the product of the largest perpendicular diameter of the tumor, (2) the area of the tumor determined by the tracing method on the image which has the largest tumor mass visualized, and (3) the sum of the areas of all tumors measured by the tracing method. The tumor reduction percentages measured by these three different methods showed good correlation (1 versus 2, 2 versus 3, 3 versus 1; P less than 0.001). Therefore, it was assumed that the percentage of tumor reduction determined by the thoracic CT can be calculated correctly by the product of the perpendicular diameters of tumors on the selection of the image which has the largest tumor mass visualized. PMID- 3191467 TI - Selenium and other mineral elements in populations at risk for esophageal cancer. AB - The current study tested the hypothesis that deficiencies of certain mineral elements are risk factors for esophageal cancer (EC). In rural blacks living in areas with moderate to high EC incidence rates in southern Africa, the whole blood selenium (Se) levels were found to be significantly (P less than 0.0005) lower (58 to 71 ng/ml) than those of rural and urban populations living in low EC rate areas (114 to 177 ng/ml). No significant differences were found in the plasma levels of the other mineral elements examined, including zinc, copper, and magnesium. Within a high EC rate area occupants of households with previously recorded EC cases had significantly (P less than 0.0025) lower levels of Se (64 ng/ml), but not of other mineral elements, than subjects from households without known cases (77 ng/ml). Mean Se levels of subjects with premalignant or malignant esophageal cytological changes (54 ng/ml) were significantly (P less than 0.0025) lower than those of subjects without such lesions (68 ng/ml). An inverse relationship was found between Se status and the degree of cytologic abnormality. These findings suggest that Se deficiency may play a role in the development of EC. The potential value of whole blood Se determinations and esophageal cytologic examinations in the early detection and of Se supplementation in the prevention of EC merits further investigation. PMID- 3191468 TI - Anticipatory nausea and vomiting: does it remain a significant clinical problem? AB - A study performed 5 years ago in our clinic revealed a prevalence rate of 31% for anticipatory symptoms. This finding is consistent with other investigations. It was hypothesized that more effective management of postchemotherapy nausea and vomiting and briefer chemotherapy regimens since the previous study would decrease the prevalence of anticipatory symptoms. The study reported in this article assessed the prevalence of anticipatory symptoms in 121 patients receiving parenteral chemotherapy over a 7-week period. The overall prevalence rate of 33% for anticipatory symptoms was not significantly different from the previous study or other investigations. Length of postchemotherapy nausea was significantly related to the report of anticipatory symptoms. However, the severity of symptoms reported in the investigation was mild. The prevalence in patients on adjuvant therapy for breast cancer was also significantly reduced from the previous investigation. It is concluded that although anticipatory symptoms commonly occur they are only rarely clinically significant. PMID- 3191469 TI - DNA adducts formed by the comutagens harman and norharman in various tissues of mice. AB - Covalent modifications of DNA in various tissues of mice with harman or norharman were analyzed by 32P-postlabeling assay. Administration of 0.1% harman to mice in their diet for 4 weeks resulted in DNA adducts in the liver and kidney. No specific DNA adduct was detected in other tissues, such as the glandular stomach, large intestine and brain. Similar treatment of mice with norharman resulted in DNA adducts in the kidney, glandular stomach and large intestine, but not in the liver or brain. These results suggests the in vivo genotoxicities of harman and norharman. PMID- 3191470 TI - Interactions of antitumor drug ditercalinium with nucleic acids in solutions and in situ. AB - Ditercalinium (7-H-pyridocarbazole dimer), a prospective antitumor drug, is a bis intercalator characterized by a very high affinity towards nucleic acids. Specificity of binding of this drug has been studied using spectroscopy and flow cytometry. The competition experiments between the drug and 4',6-diamidino-2 phenylindole.2HCl (DAPI) or acridine orange indicate that in solution the drug had higher affinity to DNA whereas in situ it binds preferentially to RNA. The results suggest that despite their high affinity towards DNA, the intracellular target of some intercalating drugs may be RNA. PMID- 3191471 TI - Altered responsiveness of metastatic versus non-metastatic fibroblasts to heparin binding growth factors. AB - Cells may become more metastatic partially by gaining growth factor autonomy. This hypothesis was examined by investigating the effects on DNA synthesis of a novel hepatic heparin-binding growth factor (HBGF), and of the well-characterized HBGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), using cells of varying metastatic potential. Cells were rendered metastatic by transfection of parental 10T 1/2 fibroblasts with the T24-H-ras oncogene. Both HBGFs stimulated DNA synthesis 2.0 11.1 fold in 10T 1/2 cells in the presence of alpha-minimal essential medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. In contrast, cells of intermediate metastatic potential or of high metastatic potential, were inhibited approximately 2-fold by the hepatic HBGF, and did not respond to bFGF in alpha-minimal essential medium plus 10% fetal bovine serum. This lack of stimulation was converted to an enhancement of DNA synthesis in the absence of serum when using metastatic but not non-metastatic cells. This is the first demonstration that metastatic cells have a significantly altered responsiveness to these growth factors as compared to non-metastatic parental cells, and indicates that these modifications may play a role in a mechanism of tumor progression. PMID- 3191472 TI - An improved method for determination of colonic mucosal proliferation: uptake of tritiated thymidine under hyperbaric oxygen conditions. AB - In vitro uptake of tritiated thymidine under normal oxygen tension in standard tissue culture conditions (95% O2 and 5% CO2, 1 atm pressure) may only approximate the in vivo concentration of oxygen delivered to the colon epithelium in situ. Using standard O2 pressure conditions, however, generally good results are obtained. Incubation of tissues under slightly hyperbaric oxygen conditions has been reported to facilitate the uptake of thymidine in vitro and could permit greater sensitivity in calculating labeling indices. In this study we have compared measurements of colonic cellular proliferation by quantifying labeled cells in mouse colon by measuring DNA synthesis in rat colon exposed in vivo or in vitro to tritiated thymidine. In vitro incubations were performed in normal and hyperbaric oxygen conditions. We conclude that the hyperbaric oxygen technique markedly improves the uptake of thymidine in the colon and affords greater sensitivity in determining actual colonic labeling profiles. PMID- 3191473 TI - Transport of an iron: anthracycline complex by murine leukemia cells. AB - Cytotoxicity and transport of daunorubicin (DNR) and of a DNR: iron complex were examined, using P388 murine lymphoblasts and P388/ADR, an anthracycline-resistant sub-line. The drug: iron complex was dissociated in the presence of serum or, in serum-free medium, at the cell surface. Moreover, DNR toxicity was not promoted when the drug was provided as an iron complex. While formation of a complex with iron can markedly potentiate reactivity of anthracyclines in cell-free systems, these complexes play a role in cytotoxicity of DNR only if generated in the intracellular environment. PMID- 3191474 TI - Effect of nutritional zinc-deficiency on O6-alkylguanine-DNA-methyl-transferase activities in rat tissues. AB - The effect of nutritional zinc-deficiency on the activities of O6 alkylguanine:DNA methyltransferase (AGT) in 9 rat tissues including liver, lung, kidney, spleen, brain, esophagus, forestomach, gastric-stomach and small intestine has been examined. Individual tissue extracts prepared from zinc deficient and pair-fed, zinc-sufficient rats were incubated with N [3H]methylnitrosourea-methylated calf thymus DNA for 1 h. The activities of AGT in these tissues were measured by two methods: (a) the transfer of the methyl group from O6-methylguanine in substrate DNA to AGT protein, and (b) the determination of the ratio of O6-methylguanine:7-methylguanine remaining in substrate DNA following incubation. AGT activities (expressed as fmol protein methylated/h per mg protein) were significantly reduced in the esophagus, spleen and lungs of zinc-deficient rats as compared to those in their corresponding zinc sufficient counterparts. The ratio of O6-methylguanine:7-methylguanine was also reduced in the esophagus of the zinc-deficient rat. These results were consistent with our earlier findings that dietary zinc-deficiency enhances nitrosamine induced esophageal carcinogenesis in rats. PMID- 3191475 TI - Changes in host liver fatty acid synthase in tumour-bearing mice. AB - The effect of the tumour-bearing state, with or without induced weight loss on host liver fatty acid synthase and acetyl coenzyme A content has been studied in NMRI mice bearing either the cachexia-inducing colon adenocarcinoma (MAC16) or the related tumour (MAC13), which does not produce weight loss. The specific activity of fatty acid synthase was increased in the host liver of animals bearing either tumour and the hepatic content of acetyl CoA was decreased. Animals bearing the MAC16 tumour fed a diet in which 80% of the calories were supplied as medium chain triglycerides (MCT) had depressed fatty acid synthase and increased acetyl CoA levels, similar to those found in non-tumour-bearing controls. PMID- 3191476 TI - Purification and characterization of phosphohexose isomerase from human gastrointestinal carcinoma and its potential relationship to neuroleukin. AB - Phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) derived from human gastrointestinal tumor tissue was isolated by specific elution from a cation exchanger. The identity of three PHI variants in the purified preparation could be demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing analysis. By preparative IEF the variants could be resolved to high homogeneity. The monomer of the common major variant with a pI of 9.1 revealed a molecular weight of 60,000, whereas for the cancer-associated variants with a pI of 8.9 and 8.6, a molecular weight of 57,000 and 56,000, respectively, was determined. The results obtained support the hypothesis that those variants are due to a specific intracellular cleavage of the enzyme in the malignant cells. Since it has been shown that the Mr 56,000 protein neuroleukin exhibits a strikingly high degree of homology with PHI (M. Chaput et al., Nature (Lond.), 332: 454-455, 1988; P. Faik et al., Nature (Lond.), 332: 455-456, 1988), the described specific cleavage of PHI might be responsible for the conversion of an enzyme to a trophic factor. PMID- 3191477 TI - Mechanisms of heterogeneous distribution of monoclonal antibodies and other macromolecules in tumors: significance of elevated interstitial pressure. AB - The therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), bound to radionuclides, chemotherapeutic agents, toxins, growth factors, or effector antibodies, depends upon their ability to reach their target in vivo in adequate quantities. Despite the high vascular permeability and interstitial transport coefficients in tumor tissue compared to several normal tissues, MAbs and their fragments do not distribute homogeneously in a tumor. Heterogeneity of tumor-associated antigen expression alone cannot explain this maldistribution of MAbs in tumors. We propose that in addition to the heterogeneous blood perfusion, hindered diffusion in the interstitium, and extravascular binding of MAbs, elevated interstitial pressure is responsible for the poor penetration of MAbs into tumors. Elevated interstitial pressure principally reduces the driving force for extravasation of fluid and macromolecules in tumors, and also leads to an experimentally verifiable, radially outward convection which opposes the inward diffusion. We present here mathematical models for transport of fluid and macromolecules in a tumor. To illustrate the significance of elevated interstitial pressure, these models are used to describe the interstitial pressure, interstitial fluid velocity, and concentration of nonbinding macromolecules as a function of radial position in a uniformly perfused tumor. The key result of these models is that the filtration of fluid from blood vessels in a uniformly perfused tumor is (a) spatially heterogeneous, (b) a result of elevated interstitial pressure, and (c) sufficient to explain the heterogeneous distribution of macromolecules in tumors. Nonuniform blood flow, and extravascular binding would enhance this heterogeneity in the solute distribution considerably. The results of the models also agree with the following experimental data: (a) tumor interstitial pressure is low in the periphery and it increases toward the center of the tumor; (b) the radially outward fluid velocity at the tumor periphery predicted by the model is of the same order of magnitude as measured in tissue-isolated tumors; and (c) immediately after bolus injection, the concentration of macromolecules is higher in the periphery than in the center; however, at later time periods the peripheral concentration is lower than in the center. These results have significant implications not only for MAbs and their fragments, but for other biologically useful macromolecules (e.g., cytokines) produced by genetic engineering for cancer diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 3191478 TI - Depletion of glutathione, heat shock protein synthesis, and the development of thermotolerance in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - The synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSP) and the development of thermotolerance were studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells in order to determine whether depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) inhibited their expression. Cells were exposed to 100 microM diethylmaleate/50 microM buthionine sulfoximine which reduced GSH levels by 95% or more during the experimental time course. HSP synthesis was induced by incubation at 43 degrees C for varying durations. Synthesis was independent of the diethylmaleate/buthionine sulfoximine treatment if mild heat shocks (e.g., 43 degrees C for 15 min) were administered but was suppressed by such severe treatments as 45 or 60 min at 43 degrees C which caused inhibition of non-heat shock protein synthesis. GSH depletion also resulted in inhibition of thermotolerance triggered by a 45-min, 43 degrees C heat shock. This observation and a previous one, which showed that inhibition of protein synthesis by exposure to cycloheximide inhibited both HSP and tolerance (M. L. Freeman et al., Radiat. Res., 112: 564-574, 1987), indicate that glutathione is not involved in either the synthesis of HSP or the expression of tolerance but that GSH depletion can inhibit them indirectly via nonspecific inhibition of protein synthesis. PMID- 3191479 TI - Oxidation of retinol to retinoic acid as a requirement for biological activity in mouse epidermis. AB - The food and fragrance additive citral (3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal) inhibits the oxidation of retinol to retinoic acid in mouse epidermis on local application. This inhibitory property was used to test the hypothesis that oxidation to retinoic acid is rate limiting for the biological activity of vitamin A (retinol) in epithelial tissues. Citral was tested as a modulator of the biological activities of retinol and retinoic acid using two bioassays performed in Skh/hr1 (hairless) mice: (a) the ability to induce epidermal hyperplasia; (b) the ability to inhibit the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity by tumor promoters. Citral treatment inhibited the ability of retinol, but not of retinoic acid, to induce epidermal hyperplasia. Similarly, citral treatment decreased the ability of retinol, but not of retinoic acid, to inhibit the induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity by the tumor promoter 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Although citral had little effect on epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity when applied alone, it potentiated the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The ability of citral to inhibit retinoic acid formation from retinol and the specificity of citral for inhibition of the biological activities of retinol but not retinoic acid are evidence that oxidation to retinoic acid is obligatory for the measured biological activities of retinol. Furthermore, the ability of citral to potentiate the induction of ornithine decarboxylase activity by 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate suggests that modulation of the retinol oxidation pathway by such agents may enhance susceptibility to tumor promoters. PMID- 3191481 TI - Growth-promoting activity of desmopressin in murine leukemia cells treated in vitro. AB - The synthetic vasopressin analogue, desmopressin (dDAVP), has been shown to influence membrane transport of melphalan in murine L5178Y lymphoblasts. Accordingly, the effect of dDAVP on the cytocidal activity of melphalan in L5178Y cells was evaluated. dDAVP did not affect the cytocidal activity of melphalan in these cells, but significantly affected the cloning efficiency of stationary phase or slowly dividing L5178Y cells over a range of concentrations. In particular, stationary phase cells showed an increase in cloning efficiency from 4.3 +/- 0.5% in control cells to 7.0 +/- 0.3% in cells treated with 25 nM dDAVP (P less than 0.001), whereas cells doubling every 26 h showed an increase from 10.8 +/- 1.2% in control cells to 21.0 +/- 2.0% in cells treated with 150 nM dDAVP (P less than 0.001). This phenomenon was associated with significant elevations of 1,2[3H] diacylglycerol after incubation with dDAVP for 9 min (P less than 0.01) and of total [3H]diacylglycerols after incubation for both 3 min (P less than 0.05) and 9 min (P less than 0.02). Within 10 s of treatment with 100 nM dDAVP, there was a marked decrease in the levels of inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate and inositol 1-phosphate, but subsequently no change was observed for up to 9 min after treatment. We postulate that the increase of diacylglycerol content produced by dDAVP might be primarily from a phosphatidylcholine source and that the growth-promoting activity of desmopressin may be a consequence of activation of protein kinase C. PMID- 3191480 TI - Expression of growth factors and oncogenes in normal and tumor-derived human mammary epithelial cells. AB - The expression of genes which may be involved in the regulation of human mammary epithelial cell growth [transforming growth factors alpha and beta] and tumorigenesis [c-myc, erbB2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Ha-ras, pS2] has been compared in similarly cultured normal cell strains and tumor cell lines. We have found that the normal breast cells produce high levels of EGFR mRNA, which are translated into nearly 10(5) low affinity epidermal growth factor binding molecules/cell. In the estrogen receptor-negative lines examined, the EGFR gene was expressed at levels comparable to those in the normal cells. In contrast, EGFR and transforming growth factor alpha mRNAs were reduced in estrogen receptor-positive tumor lines compared to estrogen receptor-negative lines and normal cells. Steady state mRNA levels for transforming growth factor beta, erbB2, c-myc, and Ha-ras in the normal cells were greater than or comparable to those in all of the breast tumor lines. Furthermore, in the absence of gene amplification, only one of the genes examined (i.e., pS2) was overexpressed in a subset of the tumor cells compared to their normal counterparts. Several reports by other investigators have described overexpression of some of these genes in breast biopsies and in tumor lines in studies lacking normal controls. Thus, our results, in which the same genes were not overexpressed compared to normal cells unless amplified, underscore the importance of including appropriate normal controls in studies aimed at defining aberrant patterns of gene expression in tumor cells. PMID- 3191482 TI - Detection of mammary serum antigen in sera from breast cancer patients using monoclonal antibody 3E1.2. AB - Murine monoclonal antibody 3E1.2, made against human breast cancer cells, detects a glycoprotein (Mr greater than 300,000) called mammary serum antigen (MSA) which is elevated in the serum of patients with breast cancer. An enzyme immunoassay was developed to detect MSA in human serum and used to detect MSA in subjects with breast cancer and other diseases. Raised levels of MSA (greater than 300 inhibition units) were found in the serum of 1.9% of 2406 blood donors, in 18% of sera from 40 subjects with benign breast disease, and in 16% of sera from 222 subjects with non-breast cancers. However, in patients with a diagnosis of breast cancer, 76% (84 of 110) of Stage I and II, and 86% (142 of 166) of Stage III and IV had levels of greater than 300 inhibition units. Nineteen % of patients, classified clinically disease free, had raised MSA levels. In 34 of 37 (92%) patients followed over 2 to 11 mo the level of MSA correlated with the clinical course of disease. Changes in MSA levels not only corresponded to changes in the clinical course of disease, but also preceded the clinical detection of progressive disease. Immunoblotting has detected a heterogeneous molecule of Mr greater than 300,000 and been used to confirm the elevation of MSA in breast cancer patients. Determination of MSA level may be useful for the detection of breast cancer and for monitoring progress of disease and response to therapy. PMID- 3191483 TI - A Gompertzian model of human breast cancer growth. AB - The pattern of growth of human breast cancer is important theoretically and clinically. Speer et al. (Cancer Res., 44: 4124-4130, 1984) have recently proposed that all individual tumors initially grow with identical Gompertzian parameters, but subsequently develop kinetic heterogeneity by a random time dependent process. This concept has elicited interest because it fits clinical data for the survival of untreated patients, for the progression of shadows on serial paired mammograms, and for time-to-relapse following mastectomy. The success of these curve-fits is compelling, and the model has been applied to clinical trials. However, the assumption of uniform nascent growth is not supported by theory or data, and individual cancers have not been shown to follow the complex growth curves predicted by the Speer model. As an alternative, if kinetic heterogeneity is understood to be an intrinsic property of neoplasia, the same three historical data sets are fit well by an unadorned Gompertzian model which is parsimonious and has many other intuitive and empirical advantages. The two models differ significantly in such clinical projections as the estimated duration of silent growth prior to diagnosis and the anticipated optimal chemotherapy schedule postsurgery. PMID- 3191484 TI - Effect of voluntary exercise on azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. AB - The effect of voluntary exercise on azoxymethane (AOM; CAS: 25843-45-2)-induced colon carcinogenesis was investigated in male F344 rats. Beginning at 5 wk of age, all animals were divided into two groups (sedentary and exercise) and fed AIN-76A semipurified diet ad libitum. At 7 wk of age, animals were given AOM s.c. at a dose level of 15 mg/kg of body weight, once weekly for 2 wk. Four days after the second dose of AOM, all animals in the exercise group were housed in individual wheel-cage units, and the animals in the sedentary group were housed in plastic cages. The experiment was terminated at 38 wk post-AOM treatment. Body weights of animals in the exercise and sedentary groups were comparable. The incidence (percentage of animals with tumors) and multiplicity (tumors/animal) of colon adenocarcinomas were significantly inhibited in the exercise group, but the incidence and multiplicity of colon adenomas were unaffected by the exercise. The incidence of small intestinal adenocarcinomas and liver foci was also inhibited in the exercise group. PMID- 3191485 TI - Selective inhibition of methylbenzylnitrosamine-induced formation of esophageal O6-methylguanine by dietary ellagic acid in rats. AB - Ellagic acid is a naturally occurring plant phenol which has been shown to reduce the incidence of a number of carcinogen-induced tumors including methylbenzylnitrosamine (MBN)-induced esophageal carcinoma in the rat. The postulated mechanism of MBN-induced esophageal carcinogenesis is through oxidation of MBN to form benzaldehyde and an activated metabolite which methylates DNA forming a variety of methylated DNA adducts including O6 methylguanine (O6-mGua) and 7-methylguanine (m7Gua). O6-mGua adducts have been shown to induce DNA mutations which can lead to cancer, while m7Gua adducts do not appear to be related to tumor induction. In this study, we examined whether the decreased incidence of MBN-induced esophageal carcinoma observed with dietary ellagic acid was associated with a decrease in the in vivo and in vitro formation of MBN-induced DNA adducts and whether this reduction was specific to O6-mGua or due to a reduction in total methylation. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a nutritionally complete diet with and without the addition of 0.4 g of ellagic acid per kg of diet. This dose of dietary ellagic acid has previously been shown to reduce the incidence of MBN-induced esophageal carcinoma by 30 to 50%. After 3 wk on the diets, rats were given injections of a single dose of MBN (2.0 mg/kg of body weight i.p.) and sacrificed 1 h after injection. Dietary ellagic acid significantly reduced the MBN-induced in vivo formation of esophageal O6-mGua, without significantly reducing the formation of esophageal m7Gua. Examination of this effect in an in vitro methylation assay demonstrated that dietary ellagic acid did not reduce the ability of esophageal microsomes to methylate purified calf thymus DNA; however, pretreatment of the calf thymus DNA with ellagic acid selectively reduced the MBN-induced formation of O6-mGua by microsomes from both ellagic acid-fed and control animals without altering the in vitro formation of m7Gua. These results suggest that ellagic acid bound to DNA selectively blocks methylation of the O6-position of guanine without inhibiting the activation of MBN or the ability of MBN to methylate DNA. PMID- 3191487 TI - Consistent involvement of only 71 of the 329 chromosomal bands of the human genome in primary neoplasia-associated rearrangements. AB - In an attempt to quantify the nonrandomness of primary neoplasia-associated acquired chromosomal aberrations in humans, we have retrieved information from a computerized data base on the chromosomal abnormalities of 9069 human neoplasms. By restricting the survey to the 1985 cases with a solitary structural rearrangement, we attempted to limit the analysis to only those aberrations that were most likely to represent pathogenetically important, primary changes. The breakpoints of the primary abnormalities thus identified clustered to 71 bands. It furthermore turned out that 27 of the 41 oncogene sites known with reasonable precision (i.e., localized within one or two bands) coincide with bands consistently involved in neoplasia-associated rearrangements. These comparisons add to the evidence that acquired, cancer-associated chromosomal aberrations are nonrandom in distribution, that only a limited number of genomic sites are consistently involved in primary neoplasia-associated aberrations, and that the concordance between the breakpoints of primary aberrations and the location of cellular oncogenes is greater than predicted by chance. PMID- 3191486 TI - Effect of 17 beta-estradiol on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human melanoma in vitro and in athymic mice. AB - Physiochemical properties of an estrogen binding protein were characterized in three human melanoma cell lines, UISO-MEL-1, UISO-MEL-2, and UISO-MEL-4. Estrogen binding to melanoma cytosol was saturable, specific for estrogens, and represented by a single class of high-affinity, limited-capacity binding sites (Kd 5.5 x 10(-10) M, 2.7 +/- 0.5 fmol/mg of cytosol protein, UISO-MEL-2; 2.2 x 10(-10) M, 7.8 +/- 3.3, UISO-MEL-4) (SEM). UISO-MEL-1 cytosols did not bind estradiol. The binding protein in UISO-MEL-2 and -4 sedimented at 8.5S and 9.2S, respectively, in the presence of 10 mM sodium molybdate. Solid-phase radioimmunoassay with a monoclonal antibody specific for human estrogen receptor (H222 sp lambda) showed good correlation (r = 0.84) with a hydroxyapatite biochemical assay of identical melanoma cytosols. Exposure of UISO-MEL-2 to estradiol produced a time- and temperature-dependent increase in total nuclear receptor for estrogen in vitro. Estradiol treatment of athymic mice also significantly increased cytosol progesterone receptor content in UISO-MEL-2 and UISO-MEL-4 xenografts. Estradiol had no effect on the plating efficiency or growth of any melanoma cell line or normal melanocytes in vitro. Tamoxifen also had no effect on melanoma growth in vitro. In contrast, chronic exposure of athymic mice carrying estrogen receptor-positive UISO-MEL-2 to estradiol resulted in a sex-dependent increase in tumor latency and overall inhibition of tumor growth. Taken together, these observations suggest that a subset of human melanomas contains limited amounts of an estrogen binding protein similar to that observed in other estrogen-responsive tissues. The lack of effect of estradiol on melanocyte and melanoma growth in vitro, coupled with a decrease in tumor growth in athymic mice, suggests that, while inhibition may be receptor mediated, possible indirect actions of estradiol must also be considered. PMID- 3191488 TI - Characterization of transforming growth factor-beta-resistant subclones isolated from a transforming growth factor-beta-sensitive human colon carcinoma cell line. AB - Previous work indicated that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) elicits proliferation-inhibitory effects in the human colon carcinoma cell line MOSER. This paper describes the isolation and characterization of spontaneously arising subclones from this TGF-beta-sensitive parental line which were relatively refractory to the inhibitory effects of TGF-beta. While the parental cell line responded to TGF-beta with an inhibition of cellular proliferation in monolayer culture and in soft agarose, an increase in extracellular fibronectin, and a down regulation of c-myc protooncogene expression, these responses were absent or attenuated in the sublines. However, the resistant clones retained the ability to specifically bind TGF-beta. N,N-Dimethylformamide and retinoic acid, two other agents associated with induction of a partial differentiation-like response in the MOSER parental cells (similar to that elicited by TGF-beta), inhibited the monolayer proliferation of both the parental cells and the TGF-beta-resistant sublines. Thus, the refractoriness observed in the isolated clones was relatively specific for TGF-beta. PMID- 3191489 TI - Four-day duration of tumor promoter exposure required to transform JB6 promotion sensitive cells to anchorage independence. AB - The JB6 mouse epidermal cell lines have been developed to study promotion of neoplastic transformation in vitro. Treatment of JB6 cells with 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at 1 to 100 ng/ml results in the irreversible acquisition of tumorigenicity in nude mice and anchorage-independent growth. Among the biochemical responses which occur during TPA treatment is a decrease in procollagen synthesis. During a study of the possible role of H2O2 in the process of promotion, it was observed that catalase purchased commercially would inhibit TPA promotion as well as the reduction of collagen synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. A highly purified catalase preparation failed to demonstrate the TPA blocking activity, suggesting that this activity was due to a contaminating factor. We have separated the TPA blocking factor from the catalase itself using concanavalin A affinity chromatography. The factor is a Mr 60,000 glycoprotein showing TPA hydrolase activity. The enzyme, which is similar to a murine liver-derived TPA hydrolase, produces a single phorbol product from TPA that has been identified as phorbol-13-acetate. TPA hydrolase was used to terminate TPA action in soft agar. This made it possible to establish that approximately 4 days of exposure to phorbol esters are required for promotion of transformation in the JB6 model system. PMID- 3191490 TI - Characterization of a nuclear antigen (Mr 150,000) associated with cell proliferation. AB - In the course of development of a "library" of monoclonal antibodies to nucleolar proteins, a monoclonal antibody to a nuclear antigen with a molecular weight of 150,000 was obtained. Using this monoclonal antibody as an immunocytochemical probe, low immunofluorescence was demonstrated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or HL-60 cells treated with retinoic acid. In contrast, a high degree of immunofluorescence was detected in rapidly proliferating human cells (HeLa, Hep-2, HL-60), in Novikoff hepatoma cells, and in phytohemagglutinin-activated human blood lymphocytes. Immunodot blot analysis indicated there were low levels of Mr 150,000 protein in quiescent lymphocytes and increasing amounts after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. The increased level of Mr 150,000 protein thus is associated with cell proliferation. PMID- 3191491 TI - Antiproliferative effects of gastrin receptor antagonists and antibodies to gastrin on human colon carcinoma cell lines. AB - The gastrointestinal hormone gastrin has been shown to stimulate the growth of normal colonic mucosa. To examine for a possible role of gastrin in the proliferation of cultured colon tumor cells, we have studied the effects of two gastrin receptor antagonists, proglumide and benzotript, and of antibodies to gastrin. We find that proglumide (50% effective concentration, 2 to 5 mM) and benzotript (50% effective concentration, 0.4 to 0.8 mM) inhibit the monolayer growth of six human colon cancer cell lines. Addition of exogenous gastrin abrogated the growth-inhibitory effect of proglumide. The anchorage-independent growth of colon carcinoma cells was also inhibited by the two gastrin antagonists. Also, a dose-dependent increase in carcinoembryonic antigen secretion was observed upon treatment with proglumide and benzotript in three cell lines examined. Half-maximal inhibition of labeled gastrin binding was observed at concentrations of 0.4 mM benzotript and 8.6 mM proglumide. In addition, antigastrin antiserum added to HCT 116 cells adapted to growth in serum free medium resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation. These data suggest that gastrin may function as an autocrine growth factor in colon carcinoma. PMID- 3191492 TI - Snail neurons as a possible model for testing neurotoxic side effects of antitumor agents: paracrystal formation by Vinca alkaloids. AB - The suitability of neurons of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis as a test system for the neurotoxic side effects of antitumour Vinca alkaloids has been investigated, by studying the process of paracrystal induction by Vinca antitumour agents. Three Vinca alkaloids have been compared: the natural vinblastine and vincristine and the semisynthetic vindesine. They appear to induce two types of inclusion. The first type is paracrystalline and has a rod like shape with a width of 0.3-2.5 micron and a length of 1-10 micron. It consists of hexagonally arranged tubules with a lattice constant of approximately 28 nm. The second type appears as ladder-like profiles with a periodicity of approximately 30 nm. It is proposed that the ladder-like profiles are in fact helical structures and are precursors of the paracrystals. Both types of inclusion may fill up large parts of the axons; they are rare in axon terminals and almost absent from the neuronal somata. It has been concluded that the process of paracrystal induction by Vinca alkaloids in Lymnaea neurons is very much the same as in mammalian neurons and may be largely responsible for the neurotoxic effects of the Vinca drugs, because it impairs axonal transport of neuronal secretory granules. Apparently, in this respect vindesine behaves in a similar way as the conventional vincristine and vinblastine drugs. Vincristine induces clearly more paracrystals than vindesine, whereas the least paracrystals occur in vinblastine-treated material. These differences correlate with the different clinical neurotoxicities of these drugs. Therefore, because Lymnaea neurons can be considered as excellent model systems for studies of the functioning of neurons in general, it is expected that counting the number of paracrystals in Lymnaea nervous tissue will prove to be a good method to predict the degree of clinical neurotoxicity of newly developed antitumor Vinca alkaloids. PMID- 3191493 TI - Deferoxamine inhibition of human neuroblastoma viability and proliferation. AB - Patients with widespread neuroblastoma (NB) frequently have elevated serum ferritin levels, and recently anti-NB effects of the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) have been reported. We have investigated the effect of DFO on human bone marrow NB cells from two untreated children with Evans Stage IV disease. DFO treatment caused dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity of NB cells, with maximal killing at exposure to 50 micron DFO for 72 h. Cytotoxicity was prevented by cotreatment with stoichiometric amounts of iron salts and reversible by removal of DFO or addition of iron salts within 48 h of treatment. Additionally, DFO inhibited clonal growth of human bone marrow NB cells in methylcellulose in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These effects were also prevented by cotreatment with iron salts. Thus, DFO has potent antitumor effects on human NB cells which appear to be related to iron deprivation. DFO should be considered for further preclinical evaluation as an anti-NB agent. PMID- 3191494 TI - Relationship between heat-induced vascular damage and thermosensitivity in four mouse tumors. AB - The relationship between heat-induced vascular damage and thermosensitivity was studied using four mouse transplantable tumors. The tumors used were spontaneous mammary carcinoma, SCC VII carcinoma, EMT6 sarcoma, and B16 melanoma. Under cultured conditions, B16 was more thermosensitive at 43 degrees C and 44 degrees C than SCC VII or EMT6. The in vivo tumor response to heat was evaluated by the growth delay after heating at 44 degrees C for 30 min. Among the four tumors, SCC VII was the most thermosensitive in vivo followed by EMT6, whereas B16 and spontaneous mammary carcinoma were thermoresistant. Vascular damage was studied quantitatively up to 24 h after heating by using microangiography. The order of the four tumors in vascular damage was well correlated with the tumor response in vivo. Histologically, tumor vessels of spontaneous mammary carcinoma were supported by connective tissues, and those of B16 had dense endothelial cells, compared to sparse endothelial cells of SCC VII and EMT6. Our findings suggest that variability in heat sensitivity of tumors is related to variation in the histological structure of tumor vasculature. That is, tumor vasculature with perivascular connective tissues and/or dense endothelial cells is less heat labile than that composed only of sparse endothelial cells. PMID- 3191495 TI - Expression of epithelial-like markers and class I major histocompatibility antigens by a murine carcinoma growing in the mammary gland and in metastases: orthotopic site effects. AB - A spontaneous murine mammary carcinoma, designated SP1, grew more aggressively in the mammary gland than in the subcutis exhibiting a 10-fold lower 50% lethal tumor dose and the ability to metastasize spontaneously from the orthotopic mammary gland site. The appearance of metastasis could be abrogated by resection of the primary tumor up to 21 days postinjection, arguing against the possibility that metastasis occurred due to trauma of the injection and/or healing processes. In addition, tumor cells recovered from lung metastases exhibited an increased ability to metastasize when reinjected into either the s.c. or mammary sites. Tumor cells from lung metastases showed low levels of Class I major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens, like the parental SP1 cells, but were found to express differentiation markers typical of normal basal and luminal mammary epithelium. SP1 tumors expressed increased Class I MHC antigens, as well as high levels of basal and luminal breast epithelial markers, within 7 days of implantation into the mammary gland. On the other hand, SP1 tumors growing in the subcutis never expressed increased Class I MHC levels and expressed the epithelial marker antigens at lower levels and not until at least 21 days of growth. Removal of host epithelium by cauterization of the mammary bud at 3 weeks had no effect on the increased growth, metastasis and acquired heterogeneity of MHC and epithelial associated antigens, suggesting that the mammary gland stroma was responsible for the observed phenomenon. These findings suggest that the mammary gland either selects distinct tumor subpopulations, or induces a phenotypic change leading to tumor progression and the generation of metastatic subpopulations. PMID- 3191496 TI - Chromosome alterations in Syrian hamster cells transformed in vitro by sodium bisulfite, a nonclastogenic carcinogen. AB - Sodium bisulfite, a nonmutagen at neutral pH, induces neoplastic transformation of cultured Syrian hamster fetal cells. Morphologically transformed fibroblast colonies were isolated, and derived cell lines formed anchorage-independent colonies in agarose and progressively growing s.c. fibrosarcomas in nu/nu mice. Five tumorigenic cell lines analyzed by G- and C-banding were chromosomally abnormal with numerical deviations and structural alterations. Three tumors that developed in nude mice had the chromosome constitution of the inoculated transformed cell as well as secondary changes associated with tumor progression. Transformed cell lines had either a predominantly near-diploid or a near tetraploid population with consistent chromosome gain and loss. Monosomy of the chromosome 13 observed in three cell lines was a nonrandom numerical alteration. Four lines had abnormal chromosomes resulting from deletions, unbalanced translocations, or centric fusions, and one cell line had a chromosome with a homogeneously staining region. Changes of chromosomes 1 and X were observed in three lines. The breakpoints on X chromosome nonrandomly involved the region qa5 which is frequently affected in hamster cells transformed by other carcinogens and may result in loss of genes essential for the maintenance of a normal phenotype. The formation of abnormal chromosomes cannot be directly attributed to the initial DNA damage as bisulfite concentrations effective in causing neoplastic transformation induced a significant but minimal increase in sister chromatid exchanges and failed to cause chromosome aberrations. Bisulfite inhibition of DNA replication might be a contributing factor in the occurrence of abnormal chromosomes. This cytogenetic analysis provides the first evidence that neoplastically transformed cells by a nonclastogenic carcinogen exhibit persistent chromosome rearrangements, a genetic alteration essential to the process of malignant transformation. PMID- 3191497 TI - Glucose uptake, lactate release, ketone body turnover, metabolic micromilieu, and pH distributions in human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats. AB - Glucose uptake, lactate release, ketone body utilization, spatial distribution of glucose, lactate, and ATP concentrations as well as tissue pH distributions were systematically investigated in s.c. and/or "tissue-isolated" human breast cancer xenografts in T-cell-deficient rnu/rnu rats. Large variations in all parameters were detected within and between tumors indicating a very nonuniform substrate turnover. Glucose was taken up by all xenografts. Glucose consumption rates increased with increasing glucose availabilities, implying that the glucose uptake is mainly determined by the efficiency of nutritive tumor blood flow. The average glucose uptake was 0.37 mumol/g/min in medullary and 0.26 mumol/g/min in squamous cell carcinomas of the breast. At wet weights below 5 g, medullary breast cancers consumed more glucose than squamous cell carcinomas (2P less than 0.05). Most tumors (97%) released lactate in an amount linearly related to glucose consumption. The lactate production of medullary (0.33 mumol/g/min) and squamous cell (0.31 mumol/g/min) breast cancers was similar. In general, the xenografts utilized ketone bodies. beta-Hydroxybutyrate was consumed by 82% and acetoacetate by 73% of the tumors, the uptake rates being linearly related to the respective availabilities. The mean uptake of beta-hydroxybutyrate was 3.48 nmol/g/min and that of acetoacetate 2.56 nmol/g/min. No significant differences were seen between medullary and squamous cell breast cancers. The beta hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio in the tumor-venous blood rose with decreasing tumor blood flow indicating the development of hypoxia at advanced growth stages. Glucose, lactate, and ATP levels were all very heterogeneously distributed in medullary and squamous cell tumors as compared with normal tissue. No relationship was evident between the spatial distribution of concentrations of these three substrates. The xenografts were acidotic compared with pH values in normal subcutis. The mean tissue pH in medullary breast cancers was 6.81 +/- 0.25 (SD). Compared with these values, the tissue pH distribution in squamous cell breast cancers was shifted to significantly higher values. The mean pH of the latter tumors was 7.04 +/- 0.19 (2P less than 0.001). From the experimental data presented there is clear indication that the metabolism of the xenografts investigated was mainly determined by the efficiency of nutritive blood flow, i.e., by substrate availability, and not by the metabolic demand of the cancer cells. PMID- 3191499 TI - Comparative epidemiology of cancer between the United States and Italy. AB - Available statistics on smoking, alcohol, food supply, reproductive history, and other lifestyle habits from the U.S. and Italy were compared and related to mortality rates of common neoplasms over the period 1955 to 1980. Per capita cigarette consumption has declined in the U.S. since the early 1960s but continues to rise in Italy, chiefly due to the recent increase in cigarette smoking among Italian women. Alcohol consumption has increased in both countries, being persistently about 40% higher in Italy. Changes were relatively limited in the American diet, but substantial for the Italian one which had particularly marked increases in meat, milk, and fat consumption. Fertility rates have declined in both countries but more sharply in the U.S. These lifestyle changes were reflected by distinctly divergent trends in cancer mortality rates between the two countries. In Italian males, mortality rates of urinary bladder cancer and alcohol-related neoplasms of the aerodigestive tract (oral cavity, larynx, and esophagus) increased in a similar manner and were persistently elevated relative to American males. Similarly, Italian lung cancer rates, while starting from lower values, rose steadily to overtake American rates in the younger and middle age groups of both sexes, and neoplasms of the intestines, breast, and ovary, starting from considerably lower values, tended to approach the American rates over the 25-year period considered. Within Italy, mortality rates of most common neoplasms were substantially elevated in the North of the country relative to the South, thereby paralleling the distinct North to South gradient in socioeconomics, diet, and affluent lifestyle which exists in the country. In our opinion, most of these trends are real, and their explanation should be sought, partly or largely, in the changes in tobacco and alcohol use, and the reproductive and dietary patterns described. The evidence presented underlies the importance of this kind of exercise to formulate and test etiological hypotheses of human diseases, which may be overlooked in studies based on populations with more homogeneous lifestyle habits or environmental exposures. PMID- 3191498 TI - Personal and family history of lung disease as risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the lung. AB - To identify risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the lung, a population-based case control study of 336 female cancers of this cell type and an equal number of neighborhood controls was conducted between 1983 and 1986. After adjusting for personal smoking, personal and family histories of lung disease emerged as additional risk factors. A personal history of any lung disease was associated with a 40% increase in risk [smoking adjusted relative risk (SARR) = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0, 2.0] with a more marked increase in risk for lung diseases occurring during childhood (SARR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.2) and for tuberculosis (SARR = 10.0, 95% CI = 1.1, 90.1). Family histories of tuberculosis (SARR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1, 3.6) and of lung cancer (SARR = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.0, 7.6) were also risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the lung. Increasing risk was observed with decreasing intake of dietary beta-carotene. After adjusting for personal smoking, women in the lowest quartile of intake showed a two-fold increased risk relative to those in the highest quartile of intake (P = 0.003). There were also some suggestive differences between cases and controls in their reproductive history and hormone use. PMID- 3191500 TI - Cancer morbidity and mortality in phosphate workers. AB - Phosphate ore mining and processing operations are associated with dusty conditions and potential exposure to gamma radiation and radon daughter products. Although most current measurements are within Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines, no measurements exist for the era preceding modern standards of industrial hygiene and workplace ventilation. All workers employed by the participating phosphate company between 1950 and 1979 were ascertained, and 3451 males employed for approximately 6 months or more comprise the study population. Statistically significant elevations in lung cancer (standardized mortality ratio = 1.62) and emphysema were observed in white but not in black workers, in relation to U.S. rates. Among workers for whom 20 years had elapsed since first employment, there was a dose-response trend of increasing lung cancer risk with increasing duration of employment (standardized mortality ratio = 2.48 with 20 years of employment). There was no evidence of excess lung cancer risk among employees hired after 1960. Multivariate analyses and internal comparisons of risk by job type are consistent with a hypothesis of occupationally related lung cancer, but small numbers prevent firm conclusions. PMID- 3191502 TI - Re: W. Robert Bruce, recent hypotheses for the origin of colon cancer. PMID- 3191503 TI - Structure elucidation of blood group B-like and I-active ceramide eicosa- and pentacosasaccharides from rabbit erythrocyte membranes by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; electron-impact and fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry; and two-dimensional correlated, relayed-coherence transfer, and nuclear Overhauser effect 500-MHz 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. AB - The structures of two glycosphingolipids, a ceramide eicosasaccharide BIrab-3 and a ceramide pentacosasaccharide BIrab-4 with "B-like" and distinct I blood-group activity, isolated in high yield from rabbit erythrocyte membranes, were investigated. The determination of their general structure, alpha-D-Galp-(1----3) beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)- [alpha-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp (1----4)-beta-D-Glcp-NAc-(1----6)]-be ta- D-Galp-(1----n4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1--- 3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-Gl cp- (1----1)-ceramide, with n = 3 for BIrab-3 and n = 4 for BIrab-4, was based on the results of methylation analysis, fast atom-bombardment and electron-impact mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D COSY, RCT, and n.O.e. 1H-N.m.r. spectra, and specific enzymic and chemical degradation. PMID- 3191504 TI - Structures of the eight- to nine-sugar glycolipids of human blood group A erythrocytes. AB - Two glycolipid fractions, isolated in 1975 from blood group A1 erythrocytes and shown on the basis of direct-inlet mass spectrometry to contain eight- and nine sugar A-type sequences, have been reinvestigated by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry and overlay analysis with selected monoclonal anti-A antibodies. The presence of three separate glycolipids was concluded, consistent with a common paragloboside backbone [beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp (1----4)-D-Glc] and a typical erythrocyte ceramide component (sphingosine, and 22 , 23-, 24-, and 25-carbon nonhydroxy fatty acids). It is proposed that they carry A determinants based on Type 1 [beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-beta-D-GlcpNAc], Type 2 [beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc], and Type 3 [beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-alpha-D GalpNAc] chains, respectively. The Type 1 (eight sugars) and Type 3 (nine sugars) glycolipids appeared in mixtures of both the native and the acetylated form. The existence of Type 1 glycolipid, which appears to be a genuine erythrocyte glycolipid as concluded from the ceramide composition, had been predicted earlier by other workers. PMID- 3191501 TI - Phase I trial and clinical pharmacological evaluation of hexamethylene bisacetamide administration by ten-day continuous intravenous infusion at twenty eight-day intervals. AB - We have treated 33 patients with different types of advanced cancer by 10-day continuous i.v. infusion courses of hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), a drug that produces differentiation of a variety of transformed cell lines on prolonged exposure in vitro to drug concentrations of 3 to 5 mM. In this dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study, five dosage levels were explored from 12 to 28 g/m2/day. Patients who had not shown progression of disease were given repeat courses of therapy at 28-day intervals. Seventy-two courses of therapy were administered; 17 patients received one course; eight patients received two; six patients received three; and one patient each received four and 17+ courses, respectively. The maximal tolerated dose was 28 g/m2/day for 10 days; the dose-limiting toxic effects were thrombocytopenia with hemorrhage and central nervous system dysfunction manifesting as disorientation and confusion. Based on these studies the recommended dosage for Phase II studies by the 10-day schedule is 24 g/m2/day. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated rapid clearance of HMBA from plasma; the decay phase data fit a one compartment model with a mean plasma half life of 2.5 h and a range from 0.6 to 5.8 h. Mean plasma steady-state levels in our patients were 0.37, 0.58, 0.86, 0.88, and 1.42 mM, at the 12-, 16-, 20-, 24-, and 28-g/m2/day dosage levels, respectively. The data indicate that plasma HMBA concentrations of 1 mM can be maintained for 10 days with acceptable patient tolerance, but that HMBA concentrations in excess of 1.4 mM for 10 days are associated with substantial hematological and central nervous system toxicity. Objective antitumor effects were observed in five patients; one woman with non small cell lung cancer, who has received 17+ courses over a period of 28+ mo, achieved a partial remission that continues at 28+ mo on therapy. Transient regression of cutaneous metastases was observed in three patients with breast carcinoma and one patient with colorectal carcinoma. PMID- 3191505 TI - 1H-n.m.r. analysis of type-2 chain lacto-gangliosides. Confirmation of structure of a novel cancer-associated fucoganglioside, alpha-NeuAc-(2----6)- beta-D-Galp (1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-[alp ha-L- Fucp-(1----3)] beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta -D-Glc p- (1----1)-Cer (VI6NeuAcIII3FucnLc6Cer). AB - Neolacto-glycosphingolipids, substituted with alpha-NeuAc-(2----3)- and -(2----6) linked D-Galp residues were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy at 500 MHz in 49:1 (v/v) di(2H3)methyl sulfoxide-deuterium oxide solution. For the simplest structures analyzed, nLc4Cer, IV3NeuAcnLc4Cer, and IV6NeuAcnLc4Cer, sialosylation-induced changes in shifts of terminal and subterminal core residues were interpretable in terms of existing conformational models. Chemical shifts for H-3e and H-3a of NeuAc characteristic for the type of linkage, were also determined. In addition, regularly reproducible shifts were seen for H-1 and other resonances of terminal and subterminal core residues of all structures tested. Chemical-shift correlations proved to be useful in elucidating the structure of a unique ganglioside bearing an internal beta-D-Galp (1----4)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1----3)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1---- 3) residue ("X trisaccharide") with an alpha-NeuAc-(2----6)-substituted terminal group. PMID- 3191506 TI - Oligosaccharides from faeces of a blood-group B, breast-fed infant. AB - Eight oligosaccharides have been isolated from faeces of a blood group B, secretor, breast-fed infant and characterized by sugar and methylation analysis, f.a.b. mass spectrometry and 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy. One of these oligosaccharides has not previously been reported and is a tri-L-fucosyl derivative of lacto-N-hexaose. The other compounds were identical to oligosaccharides found in human milk. Several of the reported compounds require the secretor dependent 2'-fucosyltransferase for their biosynthesis. Since the mother of this child was an O(H) non-secretor, an intestinal biosynthesis of at least some of these compounds is strongly indicated. No blood group B active oligosaccharides were detected which is in sharp contrast to the oligosaccharide excretion in faeces from a blood group A infant [Sabharwal et al., Mol. Immunol., 21 (1984) 1105-1112] in which all the major oligosaccharides isolated were blood group A active. PMID- 3191507 TI - The carbohydrate chains of influenza virus hemagglutinin. AB - The major surface antigen of influenza virus A/Leningrad/385/80 (H3N2), H3 hemagglutinin, as well as its heavy and light subunits were obtained by bromelain treatment, followed by gel chromatography. Carbohydrate chains were split off from both subunits by lithium borohydride-lithium hydroxide in aqueous 2-methyl-2 propanol, and individual oligosaccharides isolated. The main oligosaccharides, whose structure was determined by 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy and chemical methods, are of the ordinary oligomannoside and complex types. It was found that, in spite of the great difference in number of glycosylation sites in heavy and light subunits, the amount and even relative abundance of variants of carbohydrate chains in both subunits are very similar. PMID- 3191508 TI - Immunochemical studies on the N-acetyllactosamine beta-(1----6)-linked trisaccharide specificity of Ricinus communis agglutinin. AB - The combining site of Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA1) was studied by quantitative precipitin and precipitin inhibition assays. Of 31 complex carbohydrates tested, all except active and inactive antifreeze glycoproteins, Streptococcus group C polysaccharide, and native rat salivary glycoprotein, reacted strongly, and 22 completely precipitated the lectin, indicating that RCA1 has both a broad range of affinity and a low solubility of its carbohydrate-bound complex. Of the monosaccharides and glycosides tested for inhibition of precipitation, p-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside was the best. It was about 6.4 times better than methyl beta-D-galactopyranoside. The beta anomer of glycosides of D-galactose was much more potent than the corresponding alpha anomer. Among the oligosaccharides tested, beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1 ---6)-D-Gal was the best inhibitor, which was approximately 2/3 as active as p nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside. It was approximately 1.4 times as active as beta-D-Gal-(1----4)-D-GlcNAc (N-acetyllactosamine), twice as active as beta-D-Gal (1----3)-D-GlcNAc, and 4.5 times more active than lacto-N-tetraose. From the results, it can be concluded that; (a) hydrophobic interaction is important for binding; (b) the combining site of this lectin is at least as large as a trisaccharide; and (c) of the compounds studied, the trisaccharide beta-D-Galp-(1 ---4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----6)-D-Gal was the most complementary to the human blood group I Ma determinant beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----6)-D-Gal. PMID- 3191510 TI - The binding of the Lewis-a human blood group determinant by two hybridoma monoclonal anti-Lea antibodies. AB - The combining sites of two hybridoma monoclonal antibodies with specificities for the Lewis-a human blood group determinant, beta-D-Galp-(1----3)-[alpha-L-Fucp-(1- --4)]-beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1---- , were probed by use of a wide range of inhibitors of the reaction between an 125I-labelled artificial Lewis-a antigen and the antibodies under the conditions of a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Amongst the inhibitors examined were the eight possible monodeoxy derivatives of the trisaccharide methyl glycoside. As was previously found for other antibodies and lectins, the results indicated that, in each case, a cluster of polar groups provide a key polar interaction with the protein. The further involvement of large lipophilic regions of the trisaccharide was also indicated. These regions are expected to provide an essentially nonpolar interaction for complex formation, and appear to include intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded hydroxyl groups. Although the features of the trisaccharide that are recognized are similar in kind, the patterns are very different. For example, in the case of antibody AH8-34, the key polar group is provided by OH-2 and OH-3 of the beta-D Galp group, whereas for the other antibody (CF4-C4) OH-3 and OH-4 of the beta-D Galp group and OH-4 of the alpha-L-Fucp group provide the key polar interaction. It appears that, for AH8-34, the trisaccharide is accepted with OH-2 of the beta D-Galp group and OH-3 of the alpha-L-Fucp group intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded to neighboring proton acceptors. For CF4-C4, such intramolecular hydrogen-bonding appears to involve OH-4 and OH-6 of the beta-D-Galp group. PMID- 3191509 TI - Structural studies on oncofetal carbohydrate antigens (Ca 19-9, Ca 50, and Ca 125) carried by O-linked sialyloligosaccharides on human amniotic mucins. AB - Mucins were extracted from human amniotic fluid in the presence of 45% vol. phenol and separated from the bulk of smaller-sized glycoproteins by exclusion on Sephacryl S400. The mucin-fraction FW, which still contained a minute proportion of mannose, strongly expressed oncofetal antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies C 50, NS 19-9, OC 125, Leu M1, 49 H 8, and 115 C 2. The structures of the respective mucin-linked saccharides responsible for Ca 50-, Ca 19-9-, and Lea related antigenic activities were analyzed before or after reductive beta elimination from sialylglycoproteins, and purification of the derived alditols by gel-permeation chromatography on Bio-Gel P-4 or high performance liquid chromatography. Two ubiquitous (FW2, FW3) and three novel oligosaccharide alditols (FW5) were characterized by f.a.b.- and e.i.-m.s., combined with methylation analysis and chromium trioxide oxidation. The OC 125 epitope on mucin carried O-glycans was destroyed during reductive cleavage of the saccharides, indicating a conformational involvement of the reducing terminal residue and its mode of conjugation to the protein. Exoglycosidase treatment of the mucin-bound antigen revealed that the epitope structure of OC 125 includes terminal beta-D galactosyl groups, and terminal sialyl groups that are almost inaccessible to Vibrio cholerae sialidase digestion. PMID- 3191511 TI - The effect of glycosidases on the survival of rat erythrocytes in circulation. AB - Enzymatic removal of sialyl groups from mammalian erythrocytes resulted in their rapid sequestration from circulation subsequent to autologous transfusion. It has been demonstrated by many investigators that the terminal beta-D-galactosyl group, exposed on red blood cell by in vitro desialosylation, is recognized by an autoimmune anti-galactosyl IgG and/or by a lectin-like receptor on monocytes and macrophages. It is demonstrated herein that the disaccharide structure beta-D Galp-(1----3)-D-GalpNAc (a) is masked in normal rat RBC, but exposed in asialo RBC; (b) could be detected with fluorescently-labeled peanut agglutinin; (c) could be released from the asialo-RBC with an endo-N-acetyl-alpha-D galactosaminidase; and (d) upon its removal by treatment with the endo-N-acetyl alpha-D-galactosaminidase, enhances the survival of the asialo-RBC in circulation. PMID- 3191512 TI - Oxidation products of ovarian cyst mucins. Characterisation by density-gradient analysis. PMID- 3191514 TI - Structural analysis of the preponderant high-mannose oligosaccharide of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein. PMID- 3191513 TI - Blood-group active proteoglycan containing 3-O-methylrhamnose (acofriose) from young plants of Osmunda japonica. PMID- 3191516 TI - Mucus glycoprotein gels. Role of glycoprotein polymeric structure and carbohydrate side-chains in gel-formation. AB - The structure of mucus glycoprotein gels from the pig gastrointestinal tract was investigated by mechanical spectroscopy. Gastric, duodenal, and colonic mucus had the same mechanical profile, characteristic of a viscoelastic gel. The gel structure collapsed on destruction of the polymeric structure of the component glycoprotein by reduction with 0.2M mercaptoethanol or after proteolysis with papain. The progressive weakening of mechanical properties and the decrease in polymeric glycoprotein content were measured as functions of time of reduction. A linear correlation was obtained between the gel quality [defined by tan delta, the ratio of the loss modulus (G'') to the storage modulus (G')] and the proportion of polymeric to subunit glycoprotein in the mucus. Purified mucus glycoprotein, at the same concentration as that in native mucus, resulted in a gel with mechanical properties no different from those of the respective native secretion, demonstrating that the glycoprotein alone could reproduce the gel forming properties of mucus. After proteolytic digestion, all native secretions and reconstituted mucus showed an absence of Newtonian behaviour in the frequency dependence of dynamic viscosity at low frequencies. This provided evidence that the noncovalent interactions, characteristic of the native gel matrix, were still present after proteolytic digestion when the nonglycosylated protein core accessible to proteinases had been removed. These results were interpreted to show (a) a common mechanism for gel-formation in gastric, duodenal, and colonic mucus; (b) that the polymeric structure of mucus glycoproteins confers the three dimensional structure necessary for formation of the gel network; and (c) that noncovalent interactions which arise between the glycoprotein molecules by relatively stable interdigitation of the carbohydrate side-chains are involved in formation of the gel network. PMID- 3191515 TI - Isolation and partial purification of lipid-linked oligosaccharides from calf pancreas. AB - Lipid-linked oligosaccharides containing at least five mannose residues (0.7 nmol/g of tissue) were isolated from calf pancreas by chloroform-methanol-water extraction and purification on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex LH-20, and affinity chromatography on concanavalin A-Sepharose in the presence of nonionic detergent. The addition, prior to the chromatographic steps, of 14C-labeled lipid-linked oligosaccharides (synthesized in vitro by calf pancreas microsomes in the presence of GDP-D-[14C]mannose and UDP-D-[14C]glucose, respectively) as internal standards, indicated a final yield ranging from 38 to 50%. Analysis of the oligosaccharide residues by liquid chromatography of the lipid-free preparation, monitored by u.v. absorbance and radioactivity measurement of the tritiated compounds, indicated a heterogeneous mixture of oligosaccharides. Its components, ranging from Man5(GlcNAc)2 to Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2, cochromatographed with the 14C labeled derivatives from in vitro synthesis. Calf pancreas contains lipid intermediates bearing at least six mannose residues, such as Man9(GlcNAc)2-P-P lipid, in almost equal or even higher amounts than Glc3Man9(GlcNAc)2-P-P dolichol. PMID- 3191517 TI - Direct effects of hydralazine on cardiac contractile function, haemodynamics, and myocardial energetics in isolated myocardium. AB - The direct cardiac effects of hydralazine were studied in isolated working rat heart, isolated cat right ventricular papillary muscle, and isolated rabbit right atrium. The haemodynamics, myocardial energetics, and contractility of isolated hearts were measured at hydralazine concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 10 and 100 mumol.litre-1. Coronary flow was significantly increased (greater than or equal to 21%, p less than 0.01) in paced (325 beats.min-1) rat hearts at greater than or equal to 0.5 mumol.litre-1 hydralazine and in spontaneously beating hearts (greater than or equal to 37%; p less than 0.05) at greater than or equal to 1.0 mumol.litre-1 hydralazine. The increases in coronary flow occurred without significant increases in heart rate, contractility (dP/dtmax), or coronary perfusion pressure. Myocardial oxygen consumption was not significantly changed at any hydralazine concentration in spontaneously beating hearts and was unaltered in paced hearts except for a small significant increase (9.8%) at 10 mumol.litre-1. A negative inotropic effect was apparent at 100 mumol.litre-1 hydralazine as indicated by a significant reduction of dP/dtmax (paced and non paced hearts), peak aortic flow rate (non-paced), and maximum left ventricular pressure (paced). In isolated cat papillary muscles and rabbit right atria, cumulative hydralazine log dose-response curves (0.1-1000 mumol.litre-1) were obtained. A positive inotropic effect that could be abolished by beta adrenergic blockade was produced in papillary muscles only at concentrations greater than or equal to 100 mumol.litre-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191518 TI - Adenosine deaminase attenuates canine coronary vasodilatation during regional non ischaemic myocardial hypoxia. AB - To test the hypothesis that adenosine contributes to the coronary hyperaemia produced by regional non-ischaemic myocardial hypoxia coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen extraction and consumption were continuously monitored in 21 anaesthetised open chest dogs under the following conditions: control 1- postinstrumentation, steady state control; hypoxia 1--3-5 min of regional (LAD) hypoxaemia (partial pressure of oxygen, PO2, 21.4(2.0) mmHg (3.1(0.2) kPa), coronary arterial oxygen content, CaO2, 3.9(0.4) ml.100 ml-1 (39(4) ml.litre-1): control 2--repeat steady state control; and hypoxia 2--3-5 min repeat regional hypoxaemia (PO2 18.9(2.4) mmHg (2.5(0.3) kPa); CaO2 3.6(0.6) ml.100 ml-1 (36(6) ml.litre-1) blood). Left anterior descending artery perfusion pressure was held constant for all conditions. Control 2 and hypoxia 2 were performed in the presence of locally infused adenosine deaminase (n = 16) or saline vehicle (n = 5). The 16 dogs given adenosine deaminase were further subdivided into those perfused with blood deoxygenated by a donor canine lung (group 1, n = 11) and those perfused with blood from a paediatric oxygenator (group 2, n = 5). Systemic haemodynamics, heart rate, and coronary arterial PO2 and O2 contents were similar during the two control periods and during the two exposures to hypoxia in all three groups. Left anterior descending artery blood flow increased by approximately 400% (p less than 0.05) in all three groups during the first exposure to hypoxia. Myocardial oxygen consumption was unchanged.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191519 TI - Retardation of the development of hypertension in DOCA salt rats by taurine supplement. AB - To study the antihypertensive effect of orally administered taurine in DOCA salt hypertension, urinary excretion of catecholamines, electrolytes, and arg vasopressin was measured over four weeks in 20 taurine treated DOCA rats (group 1), 20 taurine untreated DOCA rats (group 2), and seven taurine untreated sham operated rats (group 3). Additional experiments were performed to determine whether or not the pressor and sympathetic responses to hypothalamic stimulation were altered after taurine treatment in DOCA rats. Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly in group 1 after the first week compared with that in group 2, and the differences became progressively more evident thereafter. At the fifth week the mean blood pressure was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2, as was the heart rate. Although urinary excretion of adrenaline decreased significantly in group 1 at the first and fourth weeks, the difference in urinary excretion of noradrenaline between groups 1 and 2 was not significant. Urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in group 3 was significantly lower than that in both hypertensive groups (groups 1 and 2). Urinary sodium excretion increased significantly in group 1 at the first and second week compared with group 2. With graded electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus, resulting pressor and sympathetic responses were significantly smaller in group 1 than in group 2. These results suggest that the hypotensive effects of orally administered taurine in DOCA hypertensive rats are caused by suppression of the peripheral sympathetic nervous activity and by the resulting natriuresis. PMID- 3191520 TI - Effect of circulation time on plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol in rats. AB - The effect of circulation time on plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations was investigated in 20 male Wistar rats injected with alcohol, stressed with lighting, or fed a high fat diet. Circulation time was measured during anaesthesia with a computerised dichromatic earpiece densitometer. Indocyanine green, 0.5% concentration and 0.05 ml volume, was injected directly into the intracardiac cavity. The densitometer was held against the right foot of the rat, where the concentration of indocyanine green was measured by a light absorption method. Circulation time was defined as the time during which indocyanine green passed from the heart to the foot. At the same time blood was collected for determining high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. The rats were randomly divided into three groups, and control circulation time and high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were obtained. In six rats injected with 100% ethyl alcohol, 0.03 ml.100 g-1 body weight in volume, into the abdominal cavity and five rats placed under 400 Lux lighting for 48 h the increase in circulation time was inversely proportional to the increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (r = -0.644, p less than 0.05). Of nine rats given a high fat diet containing 7.0% fat for 48 h, all showed increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, but no correlation was noted between the increases in circulation time and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.303).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191521 TI - Intramyocardial distribution of hydroquinidine in the dog. AB - Hydroquinidine concentrations were measured simultaneously in the plasma and in right atrial and ventricular biopsy samples of four dogs in the steady state after eight days of oral sustained release hydroquinidine administration. The right ventricular concentrations were greater than the plasma concentrations in all samples (ratio 5.02(2.2)). In necropsy samples the ventricular concentrations were higher than the atrial concentrations, (ratio 1.54(0.36); p less than 0.01) and than the concentration in the sinus node region (7.72(1.85) ng.g-1 vs 4.21(2.6) ng.g-1). This study shows that intramyocardial pharmacokinetic measurements are possible and may help towards a better understanding of antiarrhythmic agents, particularly those with cumulative myocardial effect. PMID- 3191522 TI - Commitment to ploidy conversion of 3Y1 cells during metaphase arrest by colcemid. AB - Diploid rat 3Y1 fibroblasts proliferate to a saturation density, where they are arrested with a 2N DNA content. After treatment to induce ploidy conversion, the conversion rate can be estimated by determining the fraction of cells with a 4N DNA content in the confluent culture using flow cytometry. Using this method it was found that during mitotic inhibition with colcemid, 3Y1 cells were converted to tetraploids with a high efficiency (above 80%); the optimum colcemid concentration and exposure period were 40 ng/ml and 8 hr, respectively. When metaphase cells were reseeded with 40 ng/ml of colcemid, they delayed anchorage to a dish; 6 hr was required for complete adhesion (in the absence of colcemid only 1 hr was required). When reseeded metaphase cells were exposed to 40 ng/ml of colcemid for 5 hr followed by its removal, a greater fraction of the cells anchored to the substratum were converted to tetraploids, whereas most of the floating cells were not. A greater fraction of the anchored cells had formed nuclei, whereas most of the floating cells preserved condensed metaphase chromosomes. These results indicate that the cells which have formed nuclear structure without chromosome separation during mitotic inhibition are irreversibly committed to ploidy conversion, with restoration of anchorage. PMID- 3191524 TI - Proportions of mitotic and apoptotic cells in a range of untreated experimental tumours. AB - The quantitative aspect of apoptosis in experimental tumours is often neglected. In this study, the apoptotic and mitotic indices for a range of tumours have been determined at light microscope level. It has been found that the apoptotic levels fall into a consistent range for all tumour types and agree well with those described by previous workers. It is suggested that these might be basic parameters of tumour expansion, as relevant to growth kinetics as mitotic levels. PMID- 3191523 TI - An autoradiographic study of the developing parietal cell population in neonatal pigs. AB - Autoradiographic labelling using tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) was used to examine the pattern of development of gastric parietal cells in newborn pigs. Specific objectives were to establish sites in the gland where cells with a characteristic parietal cell morphology first appear, the extent of their migration or displacement, and the kinetics of any development and migration that occurs. Five newly-born littermate piglets were given a virtually continuous label of [3H]TdR over 24 hr, sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days thereafter, and samples of the gastric mucosa taken. The percentage of labelled parietal cells as a function of position in the oxyntic gland was measured for each pig. A generalized log linear model was fitted to the data using the statistical package GLIM, confirming a significant trend for labelled cells to occupy higher sites in the oxyntic gland as the time since labelling of cells increased. Goodness of fit tests showed that the trend effect was highly unlikely to be due to the variability of cell distribution from animal to animal. The dynamics of the parietal cell population and the strengths of GLIM for analysing cell labelling data are discussed. PMID- 3191525 TI - Proceedings of the Cell Kinetics Society, twelfth annual meeting. 23-26 March 1988, Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.A. Abstracts. PMID- 3191527 TI - Fluorescence measurements of free Ca2+ concentration in human erythrocytes using the Ca2+-indicator fura-2. AB - We report here the use of the fluorescent Ca2+-chelator fura-2 to directly measure free Ca2+ concentration within intact human erythrocytes and the influence of viscosity on the fluorescence of this probe. The bright fluorescence of fura-2 has permitted the use of low concentrations of indicator and cells, thus minimizing the screening effect and the intrinsic fluorescence of haemoglobin. Erythrocytes (10(8) cells/ml) were loaded with 0.5 microM fura-2AM then diluted at 10(7) cells per ml for measurements. The extracellular signal was suppressed by addition of manganese ions just before recording spectra. Under these conditions, a blood sample of 100 microliter was sufficient for analysis. To study the influence of viscosity on fura-2 fluorescence, gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone at various concentrations were added to a physiological buffer to perform fura-2-Ca fluorescence standard curves. Fluorescence intensities and the apparent affinity constant for Ca2+ were modified by viscosity. When intra-erythrocytic viscosity was simulated with 21 g/l polyvinylpyrrolidone to obtain a mean viscosity of 14 mPa.s similar to that observed in human erythrocytes, the mean value of free Ca2+ concentration measured in erythrocytes from healthy subjects was 78 +/- 16 nM (mean +/- S.D., n = 29). PMID- 3191526 TI - Influence of Ca2+ on the isolation from rat brain mitochondria of a fraction enriched of boundary membrane contact sites. AB - Data have been obtained suggesting that the complex porin-hexokinase of brain mitochondria may be related to the contact sites between the outer and inner membrane. In the attempt to isolate from brain mitochondria the inner and outer membranes and the boundary membrane contacts, a procedure was developed based on swelling and shrinking of the organelles, followed by sonication and reverse discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. Three fractions were obtained by this technique, which were identified by measuring the relative specific activities of marker enzymes, namely succinate-cytochrome c reductase; NADH cytochrome c reductase (rotenone insensitive); hexokinase and glutathione transferase, for the inner and outer membranes and contact sites, respectively. The fraction which contains the contact sites is characterized by the highest specific activity of hexokinase and glutathione transferase and by the highest calcium binding capacity; physiological concentrations of this cation produces a sharper separation of this fraction. Results indicate that both the porin hexokinase gating system of the outer membrane and the calcium transporting complex of the inner membrane are present in the fraction which contains the contact sites. PMID- 3191528 TI - Extracellular ATP has a potent effect to enhance cytosolic calcium and contractility in single ventricular myocytes. AB - The effect of extracellular ATP on the contraction of single rat cardiac myocytes was investigated, together with the effect on the transient change in cytosolic Ca2+ (Cai) elicited by excitation and on the relationship between these two parameters. In unstimulated single myocytes, ATP caused a small increase in Cai (measured as the ratio of fluorescence of Indo-1 at 410 to that at 490 nm. In myocytes bathed in a medium containing 1.0 mM [Ca2+] at 23 degrees C and stimulated at 1 Hz, ATP (1 microM) resulted in a two-threefold increase in amplitude of contraction, as measured by video cinemicrographic techniques. The duration of the Cai-transient was not altered but its amplitude was markedly enhanced, as was the amplitude of contraction. The relation between Cai and contraction-amplitude was not altered by ATP, when measured over a range of extracellular [Ca2+], suggesting that ATP does not affect the myofilament-Ca2+ interaction. The primary site of action of ATP in increasing Cai is at the sarcolemma since the addition to suspensions of myocytes of caffeine (10 mM), which depletes the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load, does not prevent the subsequent increase of Cai due to ATP. Further, lowering of the extracellular [Ca2+] to less than 1 microM with EGTA abolishes the response of Cai to ATP, though not the response to caffeine. Thus in rat cardiac myocytes ATP stimulates trans-sarcolemmal influx of Ca2+: ADP, AMP and adenosine are ineffective. ATP markedly augments the amplitude of the Cai transient elicited by electrical stimulation thus rendering it a potent inotropic agent. PMID- 3191529 TI - On the displacement of histones from DNA by transcription. PMID- 3191530 TI - ATP-dependent fusion of liposomes with the Golgi apparatus of perforated cells. AB - We examined the interactions of lipid vesicles (liposomes) labeled with various fluorescent markers with the intracellular membranes of semi-intact ("perforated") fibroblasts. When incubations were performed in the presence of an ATP-regenerating system, both vesicle lipids and entrapped water soluble markers were transferred to the Golgi apparatus of treated cells, indicative of membrane fusion. Fusion occurred using unilamellar vesicles 30-80 nm in diameter and composed of phosphatidylcholine alone, but was inhibited when equimolar amounts of either phosphatidylserine or sphingomyelin were present in the vesicles. Lipid vesicle-Golgi membrane fusion was also inhibited by pretreatment of the perforated cells with N-ethylmaleimide. These findings suggest that lipid vesicles may be useful for delivery of labeled lipids, macromolecules, and dyes to the Golgi apparatus, and for modeling the interactions of transport vesicles with the Golgi apparatus. PMID- 3191531 TI - Multiple and cooperative trans-activation domains of the human glucocorticoid receptor. AB - A 30 amino acid peptide (referred to as tau 2) that functions as an activation domain has been localized in the carboxyl terminus of the human glucocorticoid receptor. This sequence, when fused to yeast GAL4 as part of the ligand binding domain, generates a hormone-inducible activator. Tau 2 functions in a position independent fashion and leads to a progressive gain of function when multimerized. A similar and independent activity has also been identified in the amino terminus of the receptor. These two sequences, although structurally unrelated, are both acidic in character and thus may have certain properties in common with yeast activator sequences. PMID- 3191532 TI - Arrangement of desmin intermediate filaments in smooth muscle cells as shown by high-resolution immunocytochemistry. AB - To gain additional information about the arrangement of intermediate filaments (IF) in normal smooth muscle, fresh avian gizzard was processed for immunoelectron microscopy. The protein A-gold immunocytochemical technique was applied for the localization of desmin antigenic sites. Desmin-containing IFs were located in an axial bundle that partially surrounds the nucleus and were associated with numerous mitochondria near the poles of the nucleus. The bundle probably extends the length of the cell. Antibody labeling also showed concentrations of IF around and between cytoplasmic dense bodies (CDB) and also between CDB and membrane-associated dense bodies (MADB). The relationship between the axial bundle and the nucleus and associated mitochondria suggests that the bundle may support and define the position of these organelles in the cell. A fraying or branching of the bundle may integrate the bundle into the remaining cytoskeletal network of the cell. PMID- 3191533 TI - Micromanipulation studies of the asymmetric positioning of the maturation spindle in Chaetopterus sp. oocytes: I. Anchorage of the spindle to the cortex and migration of a displaced spindle. AB - We investigated the nature of the asymmetric positioning and attachment of Chaetopterus oocyte meiotic spindles to the animal pole cortex by micromanipulation. The manipulated spindle's behavior was analyzed in clarified oocyte fragments using video-enhanced polarized light microscopy. As the spindle was drawn towards the cell interior with a microneedle, the cell surface dimpled inwards adjacent to the outer spindle pole. As the spindle was pulled further inwards, the dimple suddenly receded indicating a rupture of a mechanical link between the cell cortex and outer spindle pole. The spindle paused briefly when released from the microneedle; then it spontaneously migrated back to the original attachment site and reassociated with the cell cortex. Positive birefringent astral fibers were seen running between the outer spindle pole and the cortex during the migration. The velocity of the spindle during its migration tended to increase as it came closer to the cortex. Velocities as high as 1.25 micron/sec. were measured. If removed too far from the attachment site cortex (greater than 35 micron), the spindle remained stationary until pushed closer to the original attachment site. Spindles, inverted by micromanipulation, migrated and reattached to the cortical site by their former inner pole; thus either spindle pole can seek out and migrate to the original attachment site. However, spindle poles pushed against other cortical regions did not attach demonstrating that there is only one unique, localized attachment site for spindle attachment. PMID- 3191535 TI - DNA strand scission by iron complexes of meso-tetra(N-methylpyridyl)porphines. AB - The DNA strand scission activities of three positional isomers of Fe(III) meso tetra(N-methylpyridyl)porphine (Fe(III)TnMPyP, where n = 2, 3 or 4) have been investigated using PM2 DNA as a substrate. A significant degree of strand scission activity was noted in the presence of oxygen without the addition of a reducing agent. This activity was probably due to the presence of reducing agents in the agarose gels used to separate the DNA forms, as higher levels were recorded with reducing agents added to the strand scission mixture. The relative order of strand scission activity in the absence of added reducing agents was found to be Fe(III)T2MPyP greater than Fe(III)T4MPyP greater than Fe(III)T3MPyP. Comparative studies were also made with Fe(II)bleomycin. High concentrations of some reducing agents inhibited strand scission. Oxygen was required to produce optimal strand scission activity for all three porphyrins. It was also noted from spectroscopic measurements that the reduced porphyrins were degraded in the presence of oxygen. Studies with a series of potential strand scission inhibitors suggest that hydrogen peroxide and possibly peroxy radicals are intermediates in the reaction mechanism, while diffusible hydroxyl radicals appear to be excluded. However, superoxide radicals cannot be ruled out. PMID- 3191534 TI - Evaluation of DNA binding characteristics of some CC-1065 analogs. AB - The factors influencing the binding of CC-1065 to DNA were examined using racemic analogs with varying chain lengths. The ability of these agents to bind DNA appeared to be related to cytotoxic potency, however this did not appear to be a direct quantitative correlation. Two enantiomers of a bis-indole analog of CC 1065 were studied for DNA binding and cytotoxic activity. The agent with the same stereochemical configuration as CC-1065 was a potent cytotoxin, but its enantiomer was essentially inactive. Both enantiomers showed significant binding to DNA, but the biologically less active isomer showed less overall binding. In all cases, the agents preferred AT-rich DNA, and all bound to similar regions in DNA as evidenced by positions of drug-initiated thermal breaks in single end labelled fragments of phi X 174RF DNA. The overall similarity in site specificity for binding of the structurally diverse agents suggests that much of the specificity observed in binding of the agent to DNA lies in the DNA itself. Thus, it may be difficult to change minor groove specificity for agents of this type simply by designing structures that can encompass guanine or cytosine residues. Other modifications, such as changing the specificity of the alkylating moiety, may be required to achieve this goal. PMID- 3191536 TI - The effects of gilvocarcin V and ultraviolet radiation on pBR322 DNA and lymphocytes. AB - The antitumor antibiotic gilvocarcin (GV) when photoactivated with UV radiation induced single strand breaks in superhelical pBR322 DNA. The optimal wavelengths for nicking DNA correlated with the absorbance maximum of GV near the visible region (398 nm). The response of lymphocytes to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin was reduced to 10% of controls at 0.10 ng/ml GV in combination with 3 J/cm2 of ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. The potency of gilvocarcin is attributed to two factors: its strong tendency to intercalate with DNA (K = 6.6 X 10(5) M-1) and its intense absorption of UVA radiation (E398 = 11971 M-1 cm-1). PMID- 3191537 TI - Photosensitized DNA breaks and DNA-to-protein crosslinks induced in human cells by antitumor agent gilvocarcin V. AB - The antitumor agent gilvocarcin V (GV) is photoactivated to a genotoxic form by low fluences of near-ultraviolet radiation. Activation of GV by monochromatic 450 nm radiation causes two specific DNA changes in human P3 cells in culture as shown by alkaline elution techniques: single-strand breaks (i.e., alkali-labile sites plus frank strand scissions) and DNA-to-protein covalent bond crosslinks. When GV is present with the cells during irradiation, the yields of these damages are increased. Fluence and concentration studies show that the induction of both DNA lesions occurs at unusually low concentrations of drug and fluences of radiation. Both breaks and crosslinks are readily detectable after exposure to less than 100 kJ m-2 of 405 nm-radiation at a GV concentration of 7.5 X 10(-9) M. These results indicate a possible potential for use of GV in human tumor photochemotherapy. PMID- 3191538 TI - Reactions of propylene oxide with 2'-deoxynucleosides and in vitro with calf thymus DNA. AB - Propylene oxide (PO) is a direct-acting mutagen and rodent carcinogen. We have studied how PO modifies 2'-deoxynucleosides at pH 7.0-7.5 and 37 degrees C for 10 h. PO reacts as an SN2 alkylating agent by forming the following 2-hydroxypropyl (HP) adducts: N6-HP-dAdo (7% yield), 7-HP-Gua (37%) and 3-HP-dThd (4%). Alkylation at N-3 of dCyd resulted in conversion of the adjacent exocyclic imino group at C-4 to an oxygen (hydrolytic deamination) with the formation of a dUrd adduct, 3-HP-dUrd (14%). Ultraviolet spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were used for the structural determination of these adducts. Confirmation of the unexpected 3-HP-dUrd adduct was provided by an accurate mass measurement technique where diagnostic ions in the mass spectra of 3-HP-dUrd were measured to within 0.0005 atomic mass units of the predicted mass. PO was reacted in vitro with calf thymus DNA (pH 7.0-7.5, 37 degrees C, 10 h) and yielded N6-HP-dAdo (1 nmol/mg DNA), 3-HP Ade (14 nmol/mg DNA), 7-HP-Gua (133 nmol/mg DNA) and 3-HP-dUrd (13 nmol/mg DNA). A mechanism for the hydrolytic deamination of 3-HP-dCyd to 3-HP-dUrd involving the OH on the HP side chain is proposed. This cytosine to uracil conversion may play a role in the mutagenic and carcinogenic activity of this epoxide. PMID- 3191539 TI - Cytotoxicities of a linoleic acid hydroperoxide and its related aliphatic aldehydes toward cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. AB - An assay method for the quantification of the cytotoxicities of various agents toward cultured human endothelial cells was developed using Earle's solution as an incubation medium. By this method, the cytotoxicities of a linoleic acid hydroperoxide (LOOH) and its related aliphatic aldehydes toward human umbilical vein endothelial cells were investigated. Saturated aldehydes, pentanal, hexanal and 9-oxononanoic acid, are nontoxic; alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes, 2 hexenal, 2-heptenal, 2-octenal and 2-nonenal, are toxic only at high concentrations; LOOH and alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes with a hydroxy group or an additional double bond, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, 2,4-nonadienal and 2,4 decadienal, are highly toxic. In particular, 2,4-decadienal, whose 50% lethal concentration is 9 microM, is the most injurious. The cytotoxicities of LOOH and its related aldehydes were found to be much reduced in growth medium containing serum, growth factors, heparin, amino acids and vitamins. PMID- 3191540 TI - [Clinical uses of moist exposure therapy of burn]. PMID- 3191541 TI - [C D-S mixture (Chinese herbal drugs) in the treatment of hyper-hemoviscosity state in nephrotic syndrome and analysis of its therapeutic effects]. PMID- 3191542 TI - [Clinical and experimental study on synovitis granules in the treatment of genual hydroarthrosis]. PMID- 3191543 TI - [Hypertensive disorder in pregnancy treated with traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine]. PMID- 3191544 TI - [Clinical and experimental study of gossypol in the treatment of dysfunctional menorrhagia, endometriosis and fibromyoma of the uterus]. PMID- 3191545 TI - [Effect of liangxue-huayu prescription on high coagulation phase of disseminated intravascular coagulation in rabbits]. PMID- 3191546 TI - [Effect of Duchesnea indica on extracorporeal esophageal cancer cells]. PMID- 3191547 TI - [Effect of Polygonum multiflorum on the life-span and lipid metabolism in senile Japanese quails]. PMID- 3191548 TI - [Role of ethinyl estradiol in gallstone formation and its prevention by Chinese herbal medicine]. PMID- 3191549 TI - [Preliminary study on nasal cavity exfoliative cells in "lung diseases" in traditional Chinese medicine]. PMID- 3191550 TI - [Effect of treating 223 asthma patients with xiaochuangao for 10 years]. PMID- 3191551 TI - [Clinical study on 345 coronary disease patients treated with shexiang xinnaole]. PMID- 3191552 TI - [Clinical and experimental studies on naoxuekang in treating hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage]. PMID- 3191553 TI - [Measurement of loading power of femur fracture treated by balanced fixed traction frame]. PMID- 3191554 TI - [A study of dynamic state on cold and heat syndromes: characteristics between stimulation and reaction in rats with cold and heat functional state]. PMID- 3191555 TI - [Pharmacological actions of Cordyceps sinensis]. PMID- 3191557 TI - [Effects of acupuncture on cystic activity relevant discharging units in amygdala and pallidum]. PMID- 3191556 TI - [Experimental research on promoting granulation effect of No. 5 qufu shengji san]. PMID- 3191558 TI - [Clinical index and appraisement of chronic aplastic anemia treated with traditional Chinese medicine]. PMID- 3191559 TI - Concerning the structure of 3 beta-benzoyloxy-5 beta-cholesta-8,14-diene, a major byproduct in the chemical synthesis of 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol-15-one. AB - The X-ray crystal structure of 3 beta-(p-bromobenzoyloxy)-5 beta-cholesta-8,14 diene (space group P21, a = 10.698 A, b = 9.487 A, c = 15.024 A, beta = 96.05 degrees, Z = 2) was determined by the heavy atom method and refined to R = 0.075. This heavy atom derivative was synthesized from 5 beta-cholesta-8,14-diene-3 beta ol, the benzoate ester of which was previously shown to be the major byproduct in the low-temperature isomerization of 7-dehydrocholesteryl benzoate in HCl/chloroform. The work presented here establishes unequivocally that the configuration of this isomerization byproduct at C-5 is 5 beta-H and that the configuration at C-17 was unchanged. PMID- 3191560 TI - Crystal structure of 3 beta-benzoyloxy-6 alpha-chloro-5 alpha-cholest-7-ene, a key intermediate in the chemical synthesis of 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-ol 15-one. AB - The X-ray crystal structure of 3 beta-benzoyloxy-6 alpha-chloro-5 alpha-cholest-7 ene (IV) was determined by the heavy atom method and refined to R = 0.063 (space group P21, a = 11.364, b = 11.089, c = 12.232, beta = 99.43 degrees, Z = 2). IV was previously shown to be an important intermediate in the acid-catalyzed isomerization of 7-dehydrocholesteryl benzoate. The present work unequivocally establishes the location of the double bond and the configuration of the chlorine of IV, information which is essential to the correct formulation of the mechanism of this reaction. PMID- 3191561 TI - Ornithine decarboxylase basal activity in liver, oesophagus and lung of vitamin A deficient rats, and the effect of retinoic acid. AB - Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) activity was measured, without exogenous stimulation, in the liver, oesophagus and lung of Wistar rats which were vitamin A deficient or supplemented with retinol or retinoic acid. The enzyme basal activity in such deficiency conditions was higher, when compared with controls, in the oesophagus and especially in the lungs. Retinoic acid normalized enzyme activity only at high doses (300 micrograms/day). In the liver, initial retinol deficiency did not sensitively modify ODC activity, and retinoic acid then stimulated the enzyme abnormally. This phenomenon could not be observed at later stages of vitamin deficiency (but there again without cytological abnormalities or thymidine incorporation disturbances): liver ODC response then became comparable to that of other tissues. These results highlight the particular basal hyperactivity of pulmonary ODC during the initial stages of vitamin A deficiency, indicative of an enhanced tendency to cell proliferation. A special stimulating effect of retinoic acid on ODC, contemporary with early deficiency, was observed in the liver; this effect was not observed at a later stage in normally fed rats. PMID- 3191562 TI - In vitro and in vivo N-acetylation of carcinogenic glutamic acid pyrolysis products in humans. AB - The carcinogenic glutamic acid pyrolysis products, 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2 a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-aminodipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P 2), and their N-acetyl derivatives have been demonstrated to be present in human urine, bile, liver and kidney. In vitro experiments have revealed that Glu-P-1 and Glu-P-2 are N-acetylated to form N-acetyl derivatives by the cytosolic fraction from a human autopsy liver specimen. From these results our data strongly suggest that Glu-P-1 and Glu-P-2 derived from everyday foods are partially N-acetylated in human organs and that they are excreted in bile and urine with their N-acetyl derivatives. Our data also provide the first reliable evidence that humans can metabolize the carcinogenic heterocyclic amines. PMID- 3191563 TI - Induction of plasminogen activator by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in mer+ and mer- human tumour cell strains. AB - Plasminogen activator (PA) synthesis in alkylation DNA repair deficient (mer-) and proficient (mer+) human tumour cell strains exposed to an alkylating agent, N methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), has been studied. MNNG enhanced the production of PA in mer- cell strains (U87MG, A1235, A1336, A172), but not in mer+ strains (TE85, HT29, U178MG, A288), which reactivated and supported well the growth of alkylation damaged adenovirus 3. Several mer+ strains (A549 and A2182), which are highly susceptible to killing by MNNG, produced moderately elevated enzyme levels after alkylating treatment. In the alkylation repair defective strains, enhanced production of both intra and extracellular PA occurred with 2 10 microM MNNG causing a 20-40% inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation. Maximum PA induction was observed 30-48 h after alkylation treatment and the levels of enzyme produced were 5-10 times as high as those of untreated control levels. As shown by electrophoretic analysis, MNNG enhances in mer- cells the synthesis of 40,000-50,000 Dalton of human urokinase type PA which is also present in lower amounts in untreated cells. This alkylation induced PA production by mer- cells required RNA and protein synthesis because it did not occur in the presence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. PA induction by MNNG occurred throughout the cell cycle of synchronized mer- cells indicating that blockage of DNA synthesis is not responsible for enzyme induction and that it may result from DNA transcription on a damaged template. It was thus concluded that PA induction is causally associated with deficient DNA repair, which makes it useful as a sensitive assay for identification of alkylation repair deficient cell strains. PMID- 3191564 TI - Alkylation of protein and DNA in mice treated with urethane. AB - 14C-labelled urethane in the dose interval 1-260 mg/kg was given to male CBA mice by i.p. injection. The formation of epoxyethyl carbamate, the suggested electrophilic intermediate of urethane, was studied through measurements of 2 oxoethyl adducts to the amino acids cysteine, terminal valine and histidine in protein (especially haemoglobin) and to N-7 of guanine in DNA in various tissues 9 h after treatment. The extent of binding to haemoglobin and liver DNA increased linearly with administered amount, in accordance with a complete clearance of urethane at all doses. The DNA binding varied between organs and decreased in the order liver greater than kidney greater than spleen greater than testis. PMID- 3191565 TI - Tumor-initiating activity of the bay-region dihydrodiols and diol-epoxides of dibenz[a,j]anthracene and cholanthrene on mouse skin. AB - The tumor-initiating activity of dibenz[a,j]anthracene, (+/ )dibenz[a,j]anthracene-trans-3,4-diol and (+/-)dibenz[a,j]-anthracene-anti-3,4 diol-1,2-epoxide in mouse skin was examined and compared to that of cholanthrene, (+/-) cholanthrene-trans-9,10-diol and (+/-)cholanthrene-anti-9,10-diol-7,8 epoxide. The tumor-initiating activity of these compounds dissolved in acetone or in tetrahydrofuran (THF) was also compared. In acetone, dibenz[a,j]anthracene was a weak tumor initiator with maximal tumor yields of 1.27 and 3.00 per mouse at 400 and 800 nmol doses, respectively. At the 400 nmol dose, the diol of this compound was slightly more active than the parent compound while the tumorigenic activity of the diol-epoxide was significantly higher. The diol-epoxide was almost three times more active than the parent compound as a tumor-initiator. Cholanthrene was a moderate tumor-initiator with maximal tumor yields of 6.90 and 8.86 tumors per mouse at 200 and 600 nmol doses, respectively, after 20 weeks of promotion. At comparable doses, (+/-)cholanthrene-trans-9,10-diol was approximately 50% as potent as cholanthrene as a tumor initiator whereas the diol epoxide was only minimally active. Replacing the acetone with THF as solvent vehicle increased the tumor-initiating activity of cholanthrene-diol-epoxide; however, the parent compound still retained higher tumor-initiating activity than its bay-region diol-epoxide. The low tumorigenic activity of cholanthrene-diol epoxide is thought to reflect the high chemical reactivity and low stability of this derivative, which may prevent it from penetrating to epidermal targets. In contrast, the bay-region diol-epoxide derivative of dibenz[a,j]anthracene appears to be stable enough to exert greater biologic activity when applied to mouse skin. PMID- 3191567 TI - sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol effectively induces epidermal ornithine decarboxylase but only weak hyperplasia in mouse skin. AB - The abilities of sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol (sn-1,2-DDG) to induce epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and epidermal hyperplasia were tested using SENCAR, DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice. Following a single application of 5000 nmol of sn-1,2-DDG, ODC activity reached a maximum at 4 h after treatment with a peak activity of 6.03 nmol CO2/mg protein/60 min in C57BL/6, 1.50 in SENCAR and 0.73 in DBA/2, respectively. The time course and magnitude for induction of ODC activity after multiple treatments was very similar to that after a single application in these three mouse lines. Interestingly, the induced ODC activity in C57BL/6 was always higher than that in SENCAR and DBA/2 mouse epidermis regardless of the treatment protocol. Induction of hyperplasia and dark basal keratinocytes (DCs) and changes in the labeling index (LI) of basal keratinocytes in DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice following treatment with sn-1,2-DDG were investigated. Multiple treatments (twice weekly for 2 weeks) of 5000 nmol sn-1,2-DDG did not induce substantial increases in epidermal thickness or DCs 24 or 48 h after the last treatment. In contrast, TPA induced a marked increase in epidermal thickness in DBA/2 rather than C57BL/6 and a considerably higher induction of DCs in DBA/2 (37.3 +/- 2.2%) than in C57BL/6 (9.6 +/- 2.5%) 48 h after the last treatment. The LIs after topical application of sn-1,2-DDG were elevated at 24 h, but returned to basal levels by 48 h in both strains, whereas TPA treatment significantly elevated the LI in both strains at 48 h after the last application. In addition, the effects of various doses and frequencies of application of sn-1,2-DDG were investigated using SENCAR mice. High doses (20,000 nmol) or more frequent applications (5000 nmol once daily for 7 days) of sn-1,2-DDG still produced only weak hyperplasia. These results suggest that the induction of epidermal ODC activity can be dissociated from the induction of epidermal hyperplasia and may provide an explanation for the lack of complete promoting activity presently observed with membrane permeable diacylglycerol derivatives. PMID- 3191566 TI - Age dependent expression of cytochrome P-450b and metabolism of the potent carcinogen 2-nitrofluorene in the rat lung. AB - Northern and Western blot analyses, and analyses of microsomal metabolism of the carcinogen 2-nitrofluorene (NF) were conducted with the aim of studying age dependent cytochrome P-450b levels in the rat lung. The level of P-450b homologous mRNA and corresponding protein is very low in lungs from fetal and newborn rats. The levels then increase between 3 and 4 weeks of age, and reach adult levels at 6-8 weeks. No sex differences were detected with regard to lung P 450b mRNA levels or catalytical activities. Lung microsomal metabolism of NF increased in parallel with the accumulation of P-450b homologous mRNA and microsomal cytochrome P-450b protein concentration. Formation of the major metabolite, and potent mutagen, 9-hydroxy-2-nitrofluorene (9-OHNF) was significantly inhibited by addition of polyclonal anti-P-450b-IgG, and by addition of the inhibitor proadifen to incubations with lung microsomal protein. It is postulated that the observed, profound age-related differences in level and activity of lung cytochrome P-450b are likely to affect both availability and the ratio of metabolic detoxification and activation of chemical carcinogens deposited in the lung. PMID- 3191568 TI - Comparison of the effect of sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol and 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on cutaneous morphology, inflammation and tumor promotion in CD-1 mice. AB - Since sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol mimics 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) by inducing ornithine decarboxylase activity and stimulating DNA synthesis in mouse epidermis [Smart, R.C., Huang, M.-T. and Conney, A.H. Carcinogenesis, 7, 1865 (1986)], we have investigated morphological changes induced by TPA and sn 1,2-didecanoylglycerol in the epidermis and we have also examined sn-1,2 didecanoylglycerol as a possible complete tumor promoter. It was determined that topical application of 2.5 or 10 mumol of sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity to about the same extent as the application of 1 or 2 nmol of TPA respectively. Therefore, these doses of TPA and sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol were used in most of our studies. Single or multiple application (2 X/week for 4 weeks) of 1, 2 or 5 nmol of TPA to the skin of CD-1 mice produced a dose-dependent increase in the number of epidermal non-cornified cell layers, epidermal thickness, leukocyte infiltration and intracellular edema. In contrast, neither single nor multiple application (2 X/week for 4 weeks) of 2.5 or 10 mumol sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol produced any of these responses. However, when 5 mumol sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol was applied topically twice a day (10 mumol/day) for 5 days there was a significant increase in the number of epidermal non-cornified cell layers and epidermal thickness. The effects of TPA and sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol were compared using the mouse ear inflammation model. Application of TPA caused edema, but sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol had little or no effect. sn-1,2-Didecanoylglycerol was then evaluated as a complete tumor promoter utilizing the mouse skin two-stage model. CD-1 mice were initiated with 200 nmol 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and then treated with 1 nmol TPA or 2.5 mumol sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol twice a week for 28 weeks. A 28 weeks, 28% of the mice treated with TPA had developed tumors, while none of the mice treated with 2.5 mumol sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol developed tumors. The data indicate that topical application of 2.5 mumol sn-1,2-didecanoylglycerol induced ornithine decarboxylase activity to the same extent as a tumor-promoting dose of 1 nmol TPA, but it did not cause morphological changes in the epidermis when applied once or when applied twice a week for 4 weeks and did not function as a complete tumor promoter when applied twice a week for 28 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3191569 TI - Theoretical model for predicting rates of nitrosamine and nitrosamide formation in the human stomach. AB - A mathematical model has been developed to estimate the rates of formation of nitrosamines and nitrosamides in the human stomach, under a variety of physiological and environmental conditions. The model combines a detailed description of the kinetics of N-nitrosation with mass balance equations which account for gastric emptying, dilution and absorption. The simulations were based on a typical schedule of dietary inputs, and included variations in gastric pH and in the volume of the stomach contents over a 24-h period. Consideration of these transient phenomena allowed a distinction to be made between amines or amides present in the diet and in gastric or salivary secretions. A comparison of the theoretical results with available data on the nitrosation of proline suggests that the model accurately predicts gastric rates of nitrosamine formation under control conditions, and correctly represents the strong catalytic effects of thiocyanate and the inhibitory effects of ascorbic acid or ascorbate ion. The results further suggest that nitrosoproline (NPro) excretion is not an accurate index of gastric nitrosation under physiological (low-dose) conditions, even when corrections are made for dietary intake of NPro. The predicted rates of formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), even for a diet high in dimethylamine, were found to be a factor of approximately 10(2) to 10(3) lower than published estimates of the dietary exposure to preformed NDMA. Thus, these findings do not support the hypothesis that gastric formation of NDMA from dietary dimethylamine poses a serious additional health risk. The results are presented in a graphical and tabular form which makes it possible to readily estimate the rates of formation of other nitrosamines or nitrosamides in the stomach, under various assumed conditions. PMID- 3191570 TI - Methylmethanesulfonate-induced DNA damage and its repair in cultured human fibroblasts: normal rates of induction and removal of alkali-labile sites in xeroderma pigmentosum (group A) cells. AB - Using conventional alkaline sucrose sedimentation analysis, we have compared the initial yield and subsequent enzymatic repair of DNA damage induced in cultured human [normal (GM38 and GM43) and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP12BE)] fibroblasts by the monofunctional alkylating agent methylmethanesulfonate (MMS). Exposure of both cell types to MMS (0-20 mM) resulted in a linear dose-response relationship for the formation of DNA alkali-labile sites (i.e. structurally altered sites that appeared as single-strand interruptions at alkaline pH). The majority (approximately 90%) of the sites detected in the normal cells immediately after chemical treatment (less than or equal to 8 mM) disappeared rapidly, with a half life of less than or equal to 3 h; the remainder, however, persisted in genomic DNA for at least 72 h. Approximately 40% of the alkali-labile sites induced by 5 mM MMS could be stabilized by methoxyamine, a chemical which is known to react with apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites in DNA so as to prevent alkali-catalyzed beta-elimination; thus this fraction of the alkali-labile sites, which is estimated to constitute approximately 4% of the total genomic injury inflicted by the chemical, may be ascribable to AP sites. XP12BE cells responded normally to MMS exposure as judged by: (i) the rate of initial induction of alkali-labile sites, including those (AP sites) subject to methoxyamine stabilization; (ii) the incidence of alkali-labile sites in cellular DNA at various times (0-72 h) after administration of the alkylating agent; and (iii) the capacity to execute the long-patch mode of excision repair as measured by accumulation of 1-beta-D arabinofuranosylcytosine-induced strand breaks during post-treatment cell incubation. In addition, we have found that a significant portion of the genetic material in human fibroblasts undergoes degradation upon sustaining MMS damage, as indicated by the appearance of small DNA fragments (sedimenting near the top of alkaline sucrose gradients) in chemically treated cultures incubated for 24 h. Interestingly, the extent of this type of DNA injury proved to be markedly greater in XP12BE than in GM38 cells, and in exponentially growing than in G2 arrested normal cultures. PMID- 3191571 TI - Improvement of short-term tests for mutagenicity: on the optimal pH for the liver microsomal assay. AB - The aim of this study was to optimize the pH in the liver microsomal assay (LMA) in processing short-term mutagenicity tests. pH optimization would increase the sensitivity (i.e. decrease the presence of false negatives) and increase the specificity (decrease false positives). Such optimization is a function of the relative activities and stabilities of the liver microsomal cytochrome P-450- and FAD-containing monooxygenase-dependent biotransformation enzymes present in the incubation mixtures used. The enzyme activities ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, dinemorphan N-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, p-nitroanisole O demethylase and thiobenzamide S-oxidase (as phase-I markers), were examined in terms of their exact incubation conditions for the LMA during a period of pre incubation (1 h) over the pH range 6-9. As a comparison, the behaviours of glutathione S-transferase and epoxide hydrase activities (as phase-II markers) were also studied. Lipid peroxidation was also determined. Experiments were carried out on S9 fractions derived from Na-phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone induced mouse liver. The maximal value of the mean specific activity (Asp) was found at pH 7.8 for the phase-I drug metabolizing enzymes considered (30-45% increase). On the contrary, a lower increase of Asp for epoxide hydrase and glutathione S-transferase (approximately 14%), was observed between pH 7.4 and 7.8. Lipid peroxidation was not changed appreciably by varying pH. In vitro DNA binding of the well-known pre-mutagenic agent [14C]dimethylnitrosamine ([14C]DMNA), mediated by mouse hepatic microsomal enzymes, showed a significant increase of specific activity at pH 7.8 (2.8-fold) compared to the usual pH (7.4) employed. Additional support for the above results has come from mutagenesis experiments using DMNA on the diploid D7 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a biological test system. In fact, a significant enhancement of mitotic gene conversion (1.7-fold), mitotic cross-over (2.6-fold) and reverse point mutation (2.3-fold) frequencies were observed at pH 7.8 compared to pH 7.4. These data indicate that pH 7.8 provides a more favourable condition for in vitro mutagenesis tests resulting in greater rates of biotransformation (as measured by an increased Asp phase-I/Asp phase-II ratio), DNA binding and genotoxic response. PMID- 3191573 TI - Comparative tumor-initiating activity of methylene-bridged and bay-region methylated derivatives of benz[a]anthracene and chrysene. AB - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with a methylene-bridge spanning the bay region are often detected in higher concentrations in the environment than PAHs which have a bay-region methyl substituent. The tumor-initiating activity of methylene-bridged bay-region derivatives of chrysene and benz[a]anthracene was evaluated on the skin of female CD-1 mice. 4,5-Methylenechrysene elicited twice as many tumors as chrysene at each of the doses tested. At total initiation doses of 1.5, 0.5 and 0.15 mumol/mouse 4,5-methylenechrysene gave rise to 8.5, 6.8 and 1.1 tumors/animal respectively. There was a 100% incidence of tumor-bearing mice at the two higher doses and a 65% incidence at the lowest dose. This methylene bridged hydrocarbon was less tumorigenic than 5-methylchrysene at each dose tested. Animals treated with 1,12-methylenebenz[a]anthracene developed 7.6, 4.9 and 1.6 tumors/animal at total initiating doses of 4.0, 2.0 and 0.5 mumol/mouse. The incidence of tumor-bearing mice was 90% at the higher doses and 75% at the lowest dose tested. 12-Methylbenz[a]anthracene was more tumorigenic than the methylene-bridged derivative at each dose. The keto-derivative of 1,12 methylenebenz[a]anthracene did not display significant (P greater than 0.05) tumor-initiating activity at these dose levels. Results from these bioassays indicate that methylene-bridged bay-region derivatives of chrysene and benz[a]anthracene contribute to the overall genotoxicity of environmentally occurring PAHs. PMID- 3191572 TI - DNA methylation in rat stomach and duodenum following chronic exposure to N methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and the effect of dietary taurocholate. AB - N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) induces a high incidence of carcinomas in the glandular stomach of rats following chronic administration in the drinking water. We determined the level of 7-methylguanine and O6 methylguanine in gastric and duodenal DNA during chronic exposure to MNNG (80 p.p.m.). After considerable fluctuations during the initial 3 weeks, levels of methylpurines reached a steady state which was approximately three times higher in the pylorus (i.e. the preferential site of tumor induction) than in the fundus and duodenum, with 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine values in the range of 520 and 110 mumol/mol guanine, respectively. When rats were given MNNG in the drinking water at concentrations ranging from 10 to 80 p.p.m. for 3 weeks, levels of methylpurines reached maximum values already at 10-20 p.p.m. At higher MNNG concentrations, there was no further increase in DNA alkylation. The reason for this lack of dose response remained unclear. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that DNA methylation by MNNG is restricted to epithelial cells bordering the luminal surface. The possibility exists that in this target cell population the content of free thiols is a limiting factor for the decomposition of MNNG and its reaction with macromolecules in the gastric mucosa. Addition to the diet of sodium taurocholate, a bile acid previously shown to enhance MNNG-induced stomach carcinogenesis, did not influence the extent of DNA methylation, indicating that it acts as a promoter. PMID- 3191575 TI - Metabolic activation of cyclopenteno[c,d]pyrene by peroxyl radicals. AB - The conversion of cyclopento[c,d]pyrene (CPP) to forms which are mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 has been demonstrated in systems which generate peroxyl radicals. The systems examined included prostaglandin H synthase (PHS) and arachidonic acid, 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid (15 HPETE) and hematin, and the autoxidation of the sulfite ion. In all cases concentration-dependent activation of CPP was observed at hydrocarbon concentrations between 10 and 100 microM. Neither CPP nor the peroxyl radical systems alone were mutagenic or toxic to the tester strain. The use of hydroxygen peroxide with PHS, a peroxidative system which does not yield peroxyl radicals, does not activate CPP. The involvement of a CPP epoxide was examined using 1,1,1 trichloropropene-2,3-oxide. Addition of this epoxide hydrolase inhibitor to incubations of CPP with the PHS/arachidonic acid system resulted in a 210% increase in induced revertants relative to the system in the absence of the inhibitor. The addition of pure rat liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase to incubations of CPP with the 15-HPETE/hematin system resulted in a concentration dependent loss of mutagenicity, further supporting the intermediacy of an epoxide. The site of metabolism of CPP is the cyclopenteno double bond based on the formation of products which display distinct pyrene-type fluorescence spectra. The involvement of the cyclopenteno double bond also is shown by the inability of the 15-HPETE/hematin system to activate 3,4 dihydrocyclopenteno[c,d]pyrene as a mutagen. CPP is the first environmentally relevant carcinogenic hydrocarbon found to be activated directly by peroxyl radical systems without prior biotransformation to a diol derivative by the cytochrome P-450 system. These findings expand the range of potentially toxic substrates to be considered for activation by peroxyl radical pathways. PMID- 3191574 TI - Organ-specific effects of long term feeding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin and 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on I-compounds in hepatic and renal DNA of female Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent hepatocarcinogen, and 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) on liver and kidney DNA of female Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated by 32P-post-labeling assay. The compounds were administered by gavage [1 microgram/kg/week in corn oil (5 ml/kg)] to the animals for up to 6 months. No exposure-related 32P-labeled spots indicative of TCDD or PCDD covalent DNA adducts were noted on the chromatograms of kidney or liver DNA nucleotides from the rats exposed to the toxins for 2 and 6 months. Corn-oil treated control animals exhibited the characteristic tissue- and age-specific patterns of 32P-labeled I-spots in liver and kidney DNA which are associated with specific DNA modifications of unknown origin and function. Treatment with either TCDD or PCDD resulted in a substantial reduction of the levels of I-compounds in liver, a target organ for TCDD carcinogenesis. After 6 months of exposure to TCDD the reductions in the amounts of individual hepatic I compounds ranged from 37 to 77% and decreased levels were also observed after 2 months of treatment. It was apparent that PCDD was not as effective as TCDD in reducing hepatic I-compound levels and this corresponded with the lower aryl hydrocarbon receptor binding activity of the former compound. In contrast, TCDD and PCDD did not cause any significant decrease of I-compounds in the kidney which is not a site of TCDD-mediated carcinogenicity in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Whether I-compound deficiency contributes to TCDD-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis (e.g. by facilitating DNA replication) needs to be investigated. PMID- 3191576 TI - Synthesis and mutagenicity of 5-alkyl-substituted chrysene-1,2-diol-3,4-epoxides. AB - In order to explore the relationship between structure and mutagenicity of bay region diol-epoxides of chrysene substituted with an alkyl group in the bay region, we compared the mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 of anti-1,2 dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrochrysene with its 5-methyl, 5-ethyl and 5 propyl derivatives. The results showed that anti-1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4 tetrahydro-5-methylchrysene (7400 revertants/nmol) was the most mutagenic of these diol-epoxides followed by anti-1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4 tetrahydrochrysene and its 5-ethyl derivative (1100 revertants/nmol). The 5 propyl substituted diol-epoxide was inactive at the doses tested. The results demonstrate that steric factors are dominant in the expression of methylchrysene diol-epoxide mutagenicity in S. typhimurium and suggest that the molecular shape of the 5-methyl substituted diol-epoxide leads to a unique reaction with DNA associated with high mutagenicity and tumorigenicity. PMID- 3191577 TI - Evaluation of DNA damage in the oral mucosa of tobacco users and non-users by 32P adduct assay. AB - Tobacco and its combustion products contain several known or potential human carcinogens and studies are now beginning to emerge for detecting DNA and protein adducts in tobacco users. A highly sensitive 32P-adduct assay, capable of measuring a wide spectra of aromatic and/or hydrophobic DNA adducts, was used to evaluate tobacco use-related adducts in human oral mucosal cells. Two volunteer groups of people participated: one, a random group of cigarette smokers (n = 28) with non-smoker controls (n = 13) from our Institute, and the other, a fisherfolk community of tobacco chewers (n = 19) with appropriate non-chewer controls (n = 15) from Bombay. The cells were dislodged from the oral cavity with either a cotton swab or a toothbrush. One to as many as 16 adduct spots in the range of 5 200 amol/micrograms DNA were detected in tobacco users as well as non-users. No adduct spot was detected in the tobacco users' samples that was not present in the controls, suggesting that tobacco use may not be responsible for the formation of these DNA adducts detected in the oral mucosa. The chromatographic behavior of the oral mucosal DNA adducts by selective PEI--cellulose TLC and their extractability in 1-butanol suggest that they have an aromatic and/or hydrophobic moiety and two of the major adducts have been tentatively assigned as aromatic amine derivatives. We have discussed various possibilities of endogenous and/or exogenous factors being involved in the formation of these adducts. PMID- 3191578 TI - Partial hepatectomy of rats ten weeks before carcinogen administration can enhance liver carcinogenesis: preliminary observations. AB - Partial hepatectomy (PH) is known to enhance liver carcinogenesis when it is performed several hours before or after administration of a hepatocarcinogen. This effect has been attributed to cell proliferation, which is induced by PH and is a necessary step for fixation of DNA damage leading to initiated cancer cells. We now report for the first time that PH can also increase the tumour incidence, and decrease the latency period, when it is performed 8-10 weeks before treating rats with the hepatocarcinogen N-nitrosodiethylamine. This animal model may offer a tool for investigating the underlying mechanism of the 'memory effect' and increased tumour susceptibility of liver cells after PH. Additionally, it could be explored as a more sensitive rodent bioassay for testing putative carcinogens. PMID- 3191580 TI - Suppression of the radiation-induced expression of a tumor-associated antigen in human cell hybrids by the protease inhibitor antipain. AB - The effect of the protease inhibitor antipain (1.25 micrograms/ml) on the radiation-induced expression of a tumor-associated antigen in human cell hybrids has been investigated. A variety of treatment protocols have been studied where antipain was present before, during and at various times post-irradiation. It was found that antipain suppressed the radiation-induced expression of the tumor associated antigen in all treatment protocols. The most effective suppression was obtained in those protocols where the protease inhibitor was present for the first 4 h post-irradiation. A possible explanation for this observation is that antipain may inhibit an error-prone DNA repair process. However, it is clear that this is not the only mechanism whereby the inhibitor can exert its effect since suppression was obtained even when antipain was added 10 days post-irradiation, a time when any DNA repair processes would be expected to be over. PMID- 3191579 TI - In vitro genotoxicity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone activated by hamster maternal and fetal tissues. AB - The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) was found to be a potent genotoxic agent, in the V79 cell line, when activated by liver and lung homogenates from polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor) treated adult Syrian golden hamsters. The damage was observed in the metaphase as well as in the anaphase--telophase divisions. Liver and lung homogenates from non induced adult hamster were less effective in activating NNK. Micronuclei were also induced by NNK activated by fetal liver and lung homogenates from fetuses on the 15th day of gestation. The observed aberrations: micronuclei, chromatid aberrations particularly chromatid-type exchanges, anaphase bridges with or without acentric fragments, were concentration (8-40 mM NNK)-dependent. A significant number of aberrations were observed. These results suggest that NNK induces chromosome damage when activated by adult and fetal tissues. This damage could play, at least in part, a role in the NNK-induced carcinogenesis observed in vivo and underlines the importance of this compound in the transplacental carcinogenesis induced by tobacco smoke. PMID- 3191581 TI - The relation between inhibition of glycolysis and stimulation of oxygen uptake due to glucagon in livers from rats in different metabolic conditions. AB - The relation between the effects of glucagon on oxygen consumption and glycolysis in livers from rats under different metabolic conditions was examined. Respiration of substrate-free perfused livers with different glycolytic fluxes, induced by changes in the pattern of food intake, responds differently to the infusion of 1 nM glucagon. The increases in oxygen uptake caused by 1 nM glucagon correlate reasonably well with the absolute decreases in glycolysis. The degree of inhibition of glycolysis is approximately constant (58 per cent) for all metabolic conditions. When no recovery of glycolysis occurs upon cessation of glucagon infusion, the same happens with oxygen consumption, which remains stimulated. It is concluded that in livers with no appreciable biosynthetic activities, the action of glucagon on respiration and glycolysis may be interpreted in terms of an interaction of interpreted in terms of an interaction of cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP generating processes. PMID- 3191582 TI - Epidermal growth factor receptor numbers in male and female mouse primary hepatocyte cultures. AB - Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-R) were measured in adult male and female mouse primary hepatocyte cultures. On culture day 1, female hepatocytes had significantly fewer EGF-R than male hepatocytes (1.3 x 10(4) versus 6.2 x 10(5) per cell). Over the next three days, morphological changes consistent with progressive heptocyte dedifferentiation were observed. During this period, EGF-R numbers progressively increased in female cultures and decreased in male cultures, and by day 4 the sexual difference in EGF-R numbers was obliterated. These results indicate that a relationship exists between the degree of differentiation in hepatocyte cultures and the expression of EGF-R on the cell surface. PMID- 3191583 TI - Metabolism of 4-hydroxynonenal by the rat hepatoma cell line MH1C1. AB - The metabolism of the toxic lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal was investigated in the well-differentiated rat heptoma cell line MH1C1. When exposed to 0.1 mM 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), MH1C1 cells consumed it in a time-dependent manner. There was a linear relationship between the amount of aldehyde consumed and cell number in the range 0.5 - 4 X 10(6) cells ml-1. This process was unaffected by pyrazole, suggesting that alcohol dehydrogenase is not involved. The whole homogenate of MH1C1 cells consumed added HNE at a rate similar to that in intact cells. Fractionation of the homogenate showed that the highest HNE metabolizing activity is in the cytosol. The dialysed cytosol had almost no capacity to metabolize HNE, but this was restored by supplementation with NAD, NADH, NADP and NADPH. The metabolism of HNE in MH1C1 cells is thus different from that in hepatocytes, which were shown to utilize cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase for this process. Both reductive and oxidative pathways could be implicated in the metabolic activity of MH1C1 cells towards HNE as well as binding by glutathione. PMID- 3191584 TI - Purine and pyridine nucleotides in rabbit red blood cells of different maturity. AB - Using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography purine nucleotides, nucleosides and nucleobases as well as pyridine nucleotides were determined in extracts of reticulocytes and mature red blood cells of rabbits. The concentrations of almost all compounds measured decrease during the last phase of red blood cell maturation. These changes were interpreted with respect to the loss of mitochondria, accompanied by shifting the energy production from the preferentially oxidative mode to the exclusively glycolytic one and variations in the concentrations of purine compounds in blood plasma during reticulocytosis. PMID- 3191585 TI - Improved methods for separating hydrolytic granules of neutrophil leucocytes. AB - Highly efficient methods for isolating two hydrolytic granules of neutrophils are described. Neutrophil obtained from guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells were washed extensively with isotonic sucrose and then treated with heparin. More than 95 per cent of the cells so treated were disrupted with a Dounce homogenizer. Since nuclei were broken, leaving other organelles intact, homogenates were incubated with DNase to reduce viscosity. Postnuclear supernatants were centrifuged on a discontinuous gradient of Percoll. Azurophil granules, high in beta-glucuronidase activity, sedimented at fractions of d = 1.081 and showed very little activity of other marker enzymes. High neutral alpha-glucosidase activity was observed in granular fractions of d = 1.038 and it is suggested that this is a marker for specific granules of neutrophils. PMID- 3191587 TI - Cardiopulmonary response to intraperitoneal instillation of autologous unclotted blood in hemorrhagic shock. AB - Adult respiratory distress syndrome has been described in patients following multiple trauma and hemorrhagic shock. Pure hemorrhagic shock in sheep does not lead to pulmonary dysfunction. To settle this seeming discrepancy, we hypothesized that an additional factor such as intraperitoneal blood was necessary to produce pulmonary dysfunction. Twenty-two sheep prepared by hemodynamic and lung lymphatic cannulation were divided into three groups. In group I (n = 7) hemorrhagic shock of 50 torr for 2 hr was induced by arterial bleeding. In group II (n = 12) hemorrhagic shock was induced as in group I, and 200 ml of autologous unclotted blood was infused into the peritoneal cavity. In group III (n = 3) 200 ml of unclotted shed blood was infused intraperitoneally and 200 ml NaCl 0.9% infused intravenously. Intraperitoneal infusion of 200 ml of shed blood in normal animals did not alter pulmonary hemodynamics, pulmonary shunting, lymph flow, or lymph protein clearance. Hemorrhagic shock was followed by a fall in cardiac index (CI) to 104 ml/min.kg (P less than 0.005), CVP to 0.4 torr (P less than 0.01) and rise in pulse rate to 127 per min (P less than 0.01). Blood hemoglobin decreased to 7.6 g/dl (P less than 0.0001) and platelets to 309,000/microliter (P less than 0.05). Pulmonary microvascular pressure fell to 6.7 torr (P less than 0.01) and pulmonary wedge pressure to 1.2 torr (P less than 0.005). These parameters were not altered by instillation of unclotted blood into the peritoneal cavity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191586 TI - Angiotensin II vascular receptors in fetal and neonatal rats. AB - Specific binding sites for angiotensin II in aorta and renal arteries have been studied in rat fetuses (18th day of pregnancy) and 1-day-old newborn rats by binding studies in arterial membranes using [125I] ileu-5-angiotensin II. One type of angiotensin receptor was found both in fetuses and in the newborns; the capacity of this (RT) decreased immediately after birth (from 0.06 +/- 0.01 nM to 0.02 +/- 0.005 nM; +/- SEM) and the affinity (Kd) increased at birth (from 3.5 +/ 0.6 nM to 19.5 +/- 1.2 nM; +/- SEM). Localization of the specific binding sites was studied by autoradiography on arteries from fetal and newborn rats either perfused with iodinated angiotensin II by cannulation of the aorta or in vitro on cryostat sections incubated with the radioactive angiotensin II. Both in fetuses and in the newborn the binding sites were located in the tunica media of the arteries. PMID- 3191588 TI - Angiographic features in the infarct-related artery after intracoronary urokinase followed by prolonged anticoagulation. Role of ruptured atheromatous plaque and adherent thrombus in acute myocardial infarction in vivo. AB - To unravel sequential morphological features in infarct-related coronary arteries (IRCA), we performed coronary angiography (CAG) before, during, and immediately after intracoronary urokinase infusion in 43 consecutive patients. After 1 month of rigorous anticoagulation by intravenous heparin and subsequent oral warfarin or after the same period of treatment by antiplatelet agents, we repeated CAG in all patients except for one, who died 6 days after thrombolytic therapy. Thirty two IRCAs were totally occluded, and 11 were severely occluded at baseline. With recanalization and/or reduction in luminal narrowing at the site of the occlusion by progressive removal of the overlying thrombus and plaque content, we recognized the development of extraluminal contrast pooling in an ellipsoid shape (type A), single or paired linear radiolucency(ies) with or without outpouching (type B), and definite outpouching (type C). The development of type A, B, and C lesions occurred in 4, 6, and 0 IRCAs immediately after thrombolytic therapy and in 0, 18, and 3 IRCAs 1 month later, respectively. Throughout the study, at least one of type A-C lesions developed in 23 of 43 (53.5%) IRCAs. Lesion development proceeded from total or severe occlusion to type A, then to type B or C, both accompanied by progressive reduction in luminal narrowing and frequent enlargement of outpouching. A postmortem study in one patient whose CAG immediately after thrombolytic therapy was interpreted as a type B lesion demonstrated a ruptured plaque with paired ridges. Serial observations in vivo indicate that many IRCAs are associated with a complex underlying spatial structure, probably composed of some part of ruptured atheromatous plaque with or without adherent thrombus. Recognition and identification of such complex structures beneath the accumulated thrombus are of great importance in both CAG interpretation and elucidation of the pathophysiological sequence of acute myocardial infarction in vivo and may enable prevention or more effective therapy of acute coronary events. PMID- 3191590 TI - Alterations in left ventricular geometry, wall stress, and ejection performance after correction of congenital aortic stenosis. AB - Children with congenital aortic stenosis have "excessive" left ventricular hypertrophy with reduced resting systolic wall stress that allows for supernormal ejection performance. If aortic stenosis is uncorrected, this pattern persists until adulthood. The effect of removing the aortic pressure gradient on left ventricular hypertrophy and wall stress in children with congenital aortic stenosis is unknown. To test the hypothesis that removal of the stimulus for hypertrophy by aortic valve replacement or repair would normalize left ventricular mass and wall stress, we measured left ventricular ejection performance, wall stress, and contractile function in seven patients at cardiac catheterization before and 36 +/- 7 months after surgical correction of congenital aortic stenosis. After aortic valve replacement or repair, the aortic valve gradient fell from 87 +/- 12 to 7 +/- 4 mm Hg, and peak left ventricular pressure fell from 187 +/- 14 to 128 +/- 8 mm Hg. Left ventricular ejection fraction decreased postoperatively from 86 +/- 4% to 74 +/- 4% (p less than 0.001), whereas velocity of circumferential fiber shortening decreased from 2.15 +/- 0.15 to 1.6 +/- 0.11 (p less than 0.002). Left ventricular mass remained unchanged preoperatively (121 +/- 14 g/m2) and postoperatively (121 +/- 16 g/m2), but wall thickness (h) decreased in relation to ventricular radius (r) (h/r = 0.55 +/- 0.05 preoperatively, 0.36 +/- 0.02 postoperatively; p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191589 TI - Early noninvasive detection of successful reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction. AB - Myoglobin (Mb) is a protein that enters rapidly and is rapidly cleared from plasma after coronary reperfusion. We sought to determine the accuracy with which a rapid rise in plasma [Mb] could predict successful coronary artery reopening in patients undergoing coronary arteriography in conjunction with attempted reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction. In 42 patients, plasma Mb levels were measured before and for at least 4 hours after attempted reperfusion. Thirty-five patients were successfully reperfused. In each, the plasma Mb level rose rapidly with peak [Mb] occurring at 111 +/- 8.1 (+/- SEM) minutes after application of therapy. In contrast, Mb levels rose more slowly in the seven patients who were not reperfused, with peak [Mb] occurring 360 +/- 61.4 minutes after attempted reperfusion. T25-100 (the time required for [Mb] to rise from 25% to 100% of peak value) was shorter in patients successfully reperfused (71 +/- 7.9 minutes) and longer (341 +/- 35.3 minutes) in patients in whom therapy was unsuccessful. A rapid rise in [Mb] after successful reperfusion was also evident by a more than 4.6-fold rise in [Mb] over the first 2 hours after reperfusion in all but five patients; in contrast, [Mb] rose by less than 4.6-fold over this same interval in every patient not successfully reperfused (sensitivity, 85%; specificity, 100%; predictive accuracy, 88%). We conclude that a rapid rise in plasma Mb level over the initial 2 hours after attempted reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction provides a useful index of successful reperfusion. PMID- 3191591 TI - Nonuniform recovery of excitability in the left ventricle. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine left ventricular activation, dispersion of refractoriness, and total recovery time in patients with coronary artery disease and ventricular tachycardia and in patients with the long QT syndrome and to compare these patients with a group of normal patients. Left ventricular endocardial catheter mapping and left ventricular refractory period determination were performed in 18 patients. Group 1 consisted of seven patients with no heart disease and no arrhythmia; group 2 consisted of six patients with previous infarction and sustained ventricular tachycardia; and group 3 consisted of five patients with prolonged QT interval and previous cardiac arrest. Total left ventricular endocardial activation was significantly longer in group 2 (75 +/- 23 msec, mean +/- SD) compared with group 1 (34 +/- 9 msec, p less than 0.01) and group 3 (42 +/- 5 msec, p less than 0.05). Dispersion of refractoriness was significantly greater in group 3 (87 +/- 27 msec) than in group 1 (40 +/- 14 msec, p less than 0.01) and group 2 (53 +/- 14 msec, p less than 0.05). Dispersion of total recovery time was significantly greater in group 2 (90 +/- 30 msec) than in group 1 (52 +/- 14 msec, p less than 0.05) as well as group 3 (114 +/- 43 msec) compared with group 1 (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191592 TI - Exercise-induced hypotension in a male population. Criteria, causes, and prognosis. AB - The objective of this study was to demonstrate the causes, optimal definition, and predictive value of exercise-induced hypotension occurring during treadmill testing. This study included all patients referred for clinical reasons to the Long Beach Veterans Administration Medical Center treadmill laboratory and then followed for a 2-year period for cardiac events. The population consisted of 2,036 patients who underwent testing from April 4, 1984, to May 7, 1987, 131 of whom exhibited exercise-induced hypotension (6.4%). We found that exercise induced hypotension is usually related to myocardial ischemia or myocardial infarction, is best defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure during exercise below the standing preexercise value, and indicates a significantly increased risk for cardiac events (3.2-fold, p less than 0.005). This increased risk was not found in those having no previous myocardial infarction or no signs or symptoms of ischemia during the exercise test, and the increased risk was also not found in those undergoing a treadmill test within 3 weeks after a myocardial infarction. Exercise-induced hypotension appeared to be reversed by revascularization procedures, but confirmation of a beneficial effect on survival requires a randomized trial. The clinical importance of this study is that we have demonstrated that a drop in systolic blood pressure below standing preexercise values during treadmill testing indicates an increased risk for cardiac events except in certain subsets of patients. PMID- 3191594 TI - Systemic and regional hemodynamic and humoral effects of nitrendipine in essential hypertension. AB - The hemodynamic effects of 3 months of nitrendipine therapy were evaluated in 14 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Nitrendipine reduced systolic and diastolic pressures from 145 +/- 4/95 +/- 3 to 119 +/- 3/78 +/- 2 mm Hg, respectively, (p less than 0.001) through a fall in total peripheral resistance index (46 +/- 4 to 34 +/- 3 units/m2, p less than 0.001) without associated reflex cardiac stimulation. This antihypertensive effect was related directly to the height of pretreatment arterial pressure (r = -0.67, p = 0.006) but not to age or pretreatment plasma renin activity. Renal and forearm blood flow increased, vascular resistance decreased, and glomerular filtration rate remained stable. In addition, nitrendipine reduced left ventricular mass index (133 +/- 7 to 116 +/- 5 g/m2, p = 0.003) and wall thickness, changes that were accompanied by improvement in diastolic as well as systolic (ejection fraction and fractional fiber shortening rate) left ventricular functions. Intravascular volume did not expand with reduction in pressure. This study provides new information concerning the long-term hemodynamic effects and associated echocardiographic changes with nitrendipine. It also provides the first regional hemodynamic data in essential hypertensive patients detailing forearm and splanchnic changes and renal blood flow increase during prolonged treatment. PMID- 3191593 TI - Fate of left ventricular thrombi in patients with remote myocardial infarction or idiopathic cardiomyopathy. AB - Although left ventricular thrombi that form acutely after myocardial infarction frequently resolve spontaneously or with anticoagulant therapy, the fate of left ventricular thrombi in patients with remote myocardial infarction or with idiopathic cardiomyopathy remains unknown. To determine the natural history of such chronic left ventricular thrombi, we performed serial echocardiograms on 51 patients with remote myocardial infarction (greater than or equal to 3 months; mean, 31 +/- 41 months) and on nine patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Mean follow-up was 24 +/- 22 months during which 3.5 +/- 1.4 echocardiograms were obtained. Studies were interpreted by blinded observers, and an increase or decrease of more than 5 mm in maximal thrombus thickness was defined as significant. Among all 60 patients left ventricular thrombi were unchanged in 24 (40%), completely resolved in 24 (40%), decreased in size in four (7%), increased in size in five (8%), and decreased and then increased in size in three (5%). Results in patients with remote infarction and idiopathic cardiomyopathy were similar. Warfarin therapy, which was at the discretion of the primary physician, was associated with a higher prevalence of thrombus resolution compared with no therapy (59% vs. 29%, p = 0.02). Definite systemic emboli occurred in seven patients (12%), all at times while they were not anticoagulated. Among the 48 thrombi that were present on two or more echocardiograms, changes in thrombus shape (classified as protruding or flat) occurred in only 16%, and changes in thrombus movement (classified as mobile or immobile) occurred in only 10%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191595 TI - Comparison of simultaneously performed digital and film-based angiography in assessment of coronary artery disease. AB - This study compared digital angiography (Digital) to conventional cineangiography (Cine) for the diagnosis and quantification of coronary artery disease. Digital and Cine were obtained simultaneously under identical radiographic conditions during routine coronary arteriography. Using visual inspection and manual calipers, four independent observers identified 131 stenoses in 18 patients with multivessel coronary disease. There was no difference in interobserver variability between Digital and Cine during multiple subgroup analyses. Overall, Digital yielded significantly greater estimates of stenosis severity than did either of two separate Cine observations (p less than 0.0001; average difference, 6.25%), but the differences fell below the level of statistical significance when only the group of stenoses 50% or greater were considered. Digital and Cine correlated well for the assessment of stenosis severity (r = 0.88), but linear regression comparisons of multiple subgroups consistently indicated modest overestimation of Cine by Digital. Smaller vessels, branch vessels, and mild lesions increased the likelihood of overestimation by Digital. Digital was highly sensitive for identification of clinically relevant stenoses, but less specific and less predictive than a second observation of Cine. Our results indicate that Digital and Cine are not interchangeable imaging techniques and that potential differences must be considered when Digital is used for clinical decision making. PMID- 3191596 TI - Dietary cod-liver oil improves endothelium-dependent responses in hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic porcine coronary arteries. AB - This study examined the effects of dietary supplementation with cod-liver oil on impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations in hypercholesterolemia and in atherosclerosis in porcine coronary arteries. Sixteen male Yorkshire pigs underwent balloon endothelium removal of the left coronary arteries and were fed a 2% high-cholesterol diet for 10 weeks, with or without dietary supplementation of cod-liver oil (30 ml/day) (oil-fed and cholesterol-fed groups, respectively). This model allowed the simultaneous examination of the effects of dietary cod liver oil on vascular reactivity in hypercholesterolemia alone (right coronary artery) and in atherosclerosis (left coronary artery). After 10 weeks of feeding, the dietary treatment with cod-liver oil caused an increase in plasma levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and a decrease in the plasma levels of arachidonic acid, whereas the treatment had no significant effect on the increases in plasma lipid levels induced by the high-cholesterol feeding. Morphometric analysis showed significant inhibition of coronary atherosclerosis by the treatment. Endothelium dependent responses were examined in vitro in ring preparations and in bioassay experiments. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to bradykinin, serotonin, and adenosine 5'-diphosphate were larger in both right and left coronary arteries from oil-fed than from cholesterol-fed animals. Aggregating platelets from cholesterol-fed and oil-fed pigs induced comparable, larger endothelium-dependent relaxations in rings from oil-fed than from cholesterol-fed pigs. The contractions induced by serotonin or aggregating platelets were significantly inhibited in rings with endothelium from oil-fed pigs, whereas they were comparable in rings without endothelium in both groups. Relaxations to sodium nitroprusside and contractions to potassium chloride or serotonin were comparable in rings without endothelium in both groups. The bioassay experiments revealed that the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in response to bradykinin and the relaxations of vascular smooth muscle to the endothelial factor were greater after the fish-oil diet. These results indicate that dietary supplementation of cod-liver oil delays the impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxations in hypercholesterolemia and in atherosclerosis, partly because of an improved release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor and partly because of an improved relaxation of coronary smooth muscle to the factor. PMID- 3191597 TI - Ultrasonic plaque ablation. A new method for recanalization of partially or totally occluded arteries. AB - The potential application of ultrasonic energy for ablation of atherosclerotic plaques was studied in human atherosclerotic arteries with continuous and pulsed delivery of energy. With a prototype ultrasonic wire probe (n = 79 segments), there was gross reduction in vascular lesions as well as microscopic disruption of fibrous and calcified plaques. Normal portions of vessels appeared unaffected by the application of ultrasound. The prototype ultrasonic wire catheter ablated calcific deposits in less than 10 seconds. With this probe, all 26 complete atherosclerotic occlusions 0.5-5 cm in length were recanalized irrespective of the presence of calcium. Twenty-four of the segments were reopened in less than 20 seconds. By light microscopy, the site of plaque ablation was smooth, concave, and conformed to the shape of the probe tip. In 17 samples, there was evidence of thermal injury, and in six of the 79 samples studied with the prototype probe, there was vascular perforation. No vascular perforation occurred without thermal damage, when pulsed (rather than continuous) ultrasonic energy was used (n = 40) or when the duration of application was less than 30 seconds, with power output less than 25 W and with the probe oriented parallel to the wall (n = 26). Thus, by modifying the duration, mode, and magnitude of the ultrasonic power output, thermal injury and vascular perforation may be avoided. In vivo intra-arterial ultrasonic angioplasty of a canine chronic femoral fibrocellular occlusion was also performed. A preliminary in vivo study demonstrated feasibility of the percutaneous application of intra-arterial ultrasonic recanalization. Thus, ultrasonic energy appears to have potential as a method for ablation of occlusive atherosclerotic plaque. PMID- 3191598 TI - Complement and neutrophil activation in the pathogenesis of ischemic myocardial injury. AB - Complement depletion with cobra venom factor (CVF) before coronary artery ligation has been previously shown to reduce subsequent ischemic myocardial tissue injury in the baboon; however, whether complement depletion after the initiation of acute myocardial ischemia affords similar myocardial preservation is not known. Both complement depletion with CVF or the administration of certain nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen, are thought to decrease myocardial infarct size by reducing polymorphonuclear leukocytic (PMN) infiltration; nevertheless, complement activation also could alter tissue injury by PMN-independent actions. Thus, the relative effects of CVF administered after coronary artery ligation on the subsequent development of myocardial tissue injury were assessed in a baboon myocardial infarction model. The animals were randomized into three treatment groups (n = 6): either CVF (125 units/kg) or saline was given 30 minutes after coronary artery ligation, and ibuprofen (12.5 mg/kg) was administered 30 minutes and 4 hours after ligation. The extent of ischemic myocardial injury was assessed 24 hours later. Relative to saline treated baboons, both CVF and ibuprofen reduced PMN infiltration (36 +/- 4 vs. 24 +/- 4 and 24 +/- 4 PMN/mm2, respectively; mean +/- SEM) and histological evidence of transmural myocardial infarction (100% vs. 47% and 53%, respectively) in electrocardiographically designated, expected infarct sites. In both saline- and ibuprofen-treated animals, there was extensive localization of C4, C3, and C5 in all infarct sites; in contrast, there was only C4 localization in the CVF-treated baboons. When expected infarct sites were assessed for creatine kinase content as an indicator of tissue injury, there was significantly less epicardial and endocardial creatine kinase depletion in the CVF-treated animals (31.7 +/- 5.6% and 39.3 +/- 4.8%) than in the saline-treated animals (54.1 +/- 5.4% and 59.0 +/- 4.7%; p = 0.012 and 0.011, respectively). The percent creatine kinase depletion in the ibuprofen-treated animals was intermediate between the two other groups. These results suggest that depletion of complement after coronary ligation has beneficial effects in reducing tissue injury that cannot be explained solely on the basis of reducing PMN infiltration into the ischemic myocardium. PMID- 3191599 TI - The transmitral pressure-flow velocity relation. Effect of abrupt preload reduction. AB - Although recent animal and clinical studies suggest that Doppler-derived indexes may be useful for the characterization of ventricular diastolic behavior, the hemodynamic basis for the preload dependency of these indexes has not previously been fully elucidated. Accordingly, effects of reduction of left atrial load on the pressure-flow velocity relation were characterized in 10 anesthetized, closed chest dogs during transient inferior vena caval occlusion by means of simultaneously recorded left atrial and left ventricular micromanometric pressure measurement and transesophageal Doppler echocardiograms. Within four or five beats after inferior vena caval balloon occlusion, left atrial loading was reduced as evidenced by a decrease in the slope of the left atrial v wave from 21 +/- 4 to 13 +/- 4 mm Hg/sec (p less than 0.001) and by a decrease in the first crossover point of left atrial and left ventricular pressures from 5.6 +/- 1.1 to 2.9 +/- 1.5 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). This decrease in left atrial loading resulted in reductions during early diastole of minimum left ventricular pressure (from 1.0 +/- 0.8 to -0.4 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, p less than 0.001), the maximum early forward (i.e., left atrial pressure greater than left ventricular pressure) transmitral pressure gradient (from 2.8 +/- 0.8 to 2.4 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, p less than 0.01); the slope of the rapid filling pressure wave (from 44 +/- 11 to 38 +/- 10 mm Hg/sec, p less than 0.025); and the area of the reversed (i.e., left ventricular pressure greater than left atrial pressure) transmitral pressure gradient (from 79 +/- 42 to 53 +/- 33 mm Hg.msec, p less than 0.05). During late diastole, both the heights and slopes of the left atrial and left ventricular a waves fell, resulting in a decrease in the maximum late transmitral pressure gradient (from 1.2 +/- 0.7 to 0.9 +/- 0.5 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Vena caval occlusion also altered Doppler transmitral velocity profiles during both the early and late phases of diastole. Peak velocity of the E wave decreased (from 50 +/- 11 to 41 +/- 7 cm/sec, p less than 0.01) as did acceleration (from 880 +/- 222 to 757 +/- 258 cm/sec2, p less than 0.025) and deceleration (from 597 +/- 260 to 429 +/- 197 cm/sec2, p less than 0.025). Peak velocity of the A wave also fell (from 29 +/- 9 to 22 +/- 5 cm/sec, p less than 0.005). Abrupt inferior vena caval occlusion did not significantly change heart rate or mean aortic pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3191600 TI - Amiloride. Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiological activity in the dog. AB - Amiloride, a widely used diuretic, has multiple pharmacological actions, including inhibition of the sodium-hydronium ion and the sodium-calcium exchanger in heart. In terms of cardiac electrophysiology, amiloride prolongs action potential duration without alteration in upstroke velocity of phase 0 in Purkinje fibers. The antiarrhythmic efficacy of amiloride was assessed in a model of inducible sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in 16 dogs late after 2-hour occlusion-reperfusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Sixteen animals were studied: Four were randomly assigned to placebo, and 12 were assigned to amiloride treatment. Prolonged loading and maintenance infusions were designed to produce amiloride concentrations over the range achievable in humans. Animals were chronically instrumented to allow electrophysiological measures of conduction and refractoriness in the left ventricular infarct and border zones. Of the 12 animals treated with amiloride, six responded with inability to induce ventricular tachyarrhythmias, whereas of the four animals treated with placebo, none responded. The mean infarct size of the six animals responding to amiloride (12 +/- 5%) was significantly less than that of the six animals not responding to amiloride (20 +/- 8%). Overall, the only electrophysiological effect of amiloride observed in this study was prolongation of border zone ventricular refractoriness. This electrophysiological effect was accentuated in animals responding to amiloride. In addition, when animals were subdivided into responders, partial responders, or nonresponders, the border zone repolarization time was prolonged in responders and partial responders, whereas this measure shortened in nonresponding animals. Amiloride has antiarrhythmic activity in the suppression of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias in this postinfarction model. PMID- 3191601 TI - Interaction of fiber orientation and direction of impulse propagation with anatomic barriers in anisotropic canine myocardium. AB - We developed a computer model of the interaction of impulse propagation with anatomic barriers in uniformly anisotropic tissue. Its predictions were confirmed experimentally by using an in vitro cut to create a 6 X 1-mm anatomic barrier in 12 canine epicardial strips. The model predicted that long, thin barriers located parallel to the direction of impulse propagation would have little effect in delaying conduction regardless of the arrangement of cardiac fibers. In this situation, the mean experimental ratio of postcut to control conduction times across the barrier was 1.05:1.00 in 10 tissues. When impulses were proceeding perpendicular to an anatomic barrier, significant distal conduction delay was predicted and found to occur only when the conduction from pacing to recording sites was initially longitudinal to fiber orientation (mean experimental ratio, 2.34:1.00 in five tissues) but not transverse to fiber orientation (ratio, 1.08:1.00 in five tissues). We conclude that the direction of initial impulse propagation and the orientation of myocardial fibers have large effects on the degree to which anatomic barriers delay activation in cardiac tissue. These findings may have implications for the participation of anatomic barriers in reentrant circuits. PMID- 3191602 TI - Physiological growth hormone (GH) secretion during the recovery from psychosocial dwarfism: a case report. AB - We describe a 6.4 year old boy who had reversible GH insufficiency secondary to psychosocial dwarfism. On removal to a more favourable environment we observed the recovery of physiological GH secretion by progressive increase in GH pulse amplitude. These observations are relevant to our understanding of the control of GH secretion in that GH pulse frequency appears invariable and alteration in GH secretion is by pulse amplitude modulation. PMID- 3191603 TI - Growth hormone deficiency and the measurement of somatomedin C/IGF-I: the influence of sexual maturation. AB - Fifty-nine short children 2-19 years, 25 females and 34 males, were studied for clinical and biochemical evidence of growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Group 1 (n = 32), mean height SDS -3.26 +/- 1.5, mean retardation of bone age 2 years, had a mean peak GH of 6.1 +/- 3.7 mIU/l during tests of GH release, and were classified as GHD. Group 2 (n = 27), had a mean height SDS of -2.65 +/- 1, mean bone age retardation of 1.7 years and had a mean peak GH during provocation tests of 24.3 +/- 11.1 mIU/l and were classified as non-GHD. Basal IGF-I concentrations were correlated with height and bone age, for both groups and for GHD children, with pubertal score. Neither peak GH values nor integrated GH concentrations in a provocative test were correlated with IGF-I values. The minimum IGF-I concentrations occurred at a bone age of 8 years, the reference point that was taken as the average expected time of maturational change. IGF-I concentrations rose in five GHD children when their bone age exceeded 8 years and when their free testosterone was greater than 10 pmol/l. Eighty-nine per cent of the GHD children with a bone age at or below 8 years were identified as GHD from their basal IGF-I values, but for all bone ages this fell to 62.5%. Basal IGF-I values appear to be less discriminatory for identification of GHD as sexual maturity and bone age advance. PMID- 3191605 TI - Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of TSH. PMID- 3191604 TI - Comparative study of neurological and myxoedematous cretinism associated with severe iodine deficiency. AB - The clinical and biochemical features of myxoedematous and neurological cretinism were studied in an endemic goitre area in Algeria (goitre prevalence 51.3%; endemic cretinism 1.1%; mean urinary iodine level 127.6 nmol/l). When comparing the data collected in six different villages of the area, significant negative correlations were found between the decrease in urinary iodide and iodide/thiocyanate ratio (I/SCN) and the increase in prevalences of visible goitres, endemic cretinism and transient neonatal hypothyroidism. The cretins were divided on clinical signs into two groups: myxoedematous (MC) and neurological (NC) cretinism. Differences were noted in the neurological signs and the type of deafness encountered in both types. Although some overlap did exist, proximal spasticity and rigidity were characteristic of NC. The hormonal profiles of the two groups, including TRH tests, were clearly different. The two groups were similar with regard to the percentage of palpable thyroids, the absence of antimicrosomal and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies, seropositive viral antibodies and thiocyanate concentrations in serum and urine. Thus it is unlikely that these factors have any significant aetiological role in NC. The data collected in the general population in this area and those obtained in the mothers of the myxoedematous and neurological cretins support the hypothesis that the neurological signs are the result of hypothyroxinaemia in the mothers and the fetus at different periods of pregnancy. They could be aggravated by neonatal hypothyroidism, which may be transient in NC and permanent in MC. PMID- 3191606 TI - Inhibin: definition and nomenclature, including related substances. PMID- 3191607 TI - Genetic counselling in a case of TAR syndrome where the father presented malformations of the feet. AB - TAR syndrome is usually an autosomal recessive disease; we report a family where the father of the propositus presented malformations of the feet, and review the known cases involving several generations. The authors of these cases concluded that the TAR syndrome is probably genetically heterogeneous. PMID- 3191608 TI - Robertsonian translocation and extra microchromosome. PMID- 3191609 TI - Familial limb deficiency. PMID- 3191610 TI - Are the traits for drug acetylation and oxidation co-inherited? PMID- 3191611 TI - Mild expression of the Pfeiffer syndrome. PMID- 3191612 TI - Oculocerebral syndrome with hypopigmentation (Cross syndrome). Report of two siblings born to consanguineous parents. AB - In this report we describe two siblings, a 17-year-old male and his deceased sister, born to consanguineous parents, and presenting an oculocerebral syndrome with hypopigmentation as first delineated by Cross in 1967. In addition to the cutaneous hypopigmentation, both presented deep mental retardation and spastic tetraplegia with athetoid movements. A remarkable finding in this family is that a third sibling, an otherwise normal 23-year-old male, presents the same hypopigmentation with white-grey hair colour as his two severely affected siblings. PMID- 3191613 TI - Sperm chromosome analysis to assess potential germ cell mosaicism. AB - Human sperm chromosome complements were examined to assess the possibility that the conceptions of two children with the same chromosomal defect, del(13)(q22q32), from chromosomally normal parents were the result of a paternal germ cell mosaicism. Analysis of 216 complements, both by quinacrine banding and by measuring the relative length of chromosome 13, showed no unusual subpopulation of 13s; this decreased the likelihood of a paternal origin of the deletion. Sperm chromosomal analysis is a useful adjunct to available techniques in clinical genetics. When counseling cases involving either structural or numerical de novo chromosome abnormality, it is of importance to discuss the possibility of germ cell line mosaicism as well as to offer prenatal diagnosis for subsequent pregnancies. PMID- 3191614 TI - Differential expression of pepsinogen isozymogens in a patient with Barrett esophagus. AB - The pepsinogen A (PGA) isozymogens in the gastric mucosa and Barrett epithelium of a female patient with Barrett esophagus were studied on different occasions during a 3-year period by electrophoretic analysis of in vivo steady-state pepsinogen in biopsies by activity staining in combination with variant specific monoclonal antibodies and of de novo synthesized pepsinogen by autoradiography. In Barrett epithelium only one (Pg3) or two (Pg3 and Pg5) primary PGA gene products were detected, whereas in gastric mucosal biopsies three (Pg3, Pg4 and Pg5) primary gene products were demonstrated on all occasions. These differences strongly suggest differential expression/activation of individual gene numbers in the PGA gene cluster in Barrett esophagus and are in line with the preneoplastic nature of this condition. The mechanism behind this deregulation is currently under investigation by cell biology and molecular genetic techniques. PMID- 3191615 TI - Neural tube defects and omphalocele in trisomy 18. AB - A trisomy 18 fetus with severe congenital anomalies including craniorachischisis, large omphalocele, and bilateral cleft lip and palate is reported. The occurrence of neural tube defects and/or omphalocele in reported cases of trisomy 18 is discussed and the frequency of these anomalies in 85 trisomy 18 patients evaluated at Indiana University School of Medicine from 1963 to 1986 is reviewed. In this series of patients the frequency of neural tube defects was 7.0% and the frequency of omphaloceles was 5.9%. The percentage of these findings in our cases supports the premise that neural tube defects and omphaloceles are part of the trisomy 18 phenotype. Since fetuses with trisomy 18 are subject to early fetal loss or premature birth, the more subtle physical features of this condition may not be apparent. Thus, karyotyping of fetuses and premature infants with either neural tube defect or omphalocele should be considered. PMID- 3191616 TI - Inhibition of neutrophil and monocyte functions by the monoclonal antibody TM2. AB - The ability of the monoclonal antibody termed TM2 to inhibit chemiluminescence generation by granulocytes and monocytes was examined. TM2 could inhibit the chemiluminescence generation of these cells when they were stimulated by all the stimuli presented. It seems that TM2 binds to the surface antigen of phagocytic cells which is important in the generation of free radicals. PMID- 3191617 TI - Expression of functional cell surface C1-inactivator by U937 cells. AB - We have previously shown that the human monocyte-like cell line U937 synthesizes C1-INA and expresses cell surface C1-INA. In this report we provide evidence that this surface-expressed C1-INA is functionally active. Intact U937 cells demonstrated functional C1-INA activity in a hemolytic assay. This activity was blocked when the cells were incubated with monospecific antibody to C1-INA, and was not detectable in cell-free supernatants of U937 cells. SDS-PAGE analysis of radiolabeled U937 cell surface proteins purified by anti-C1-INA affinity chromatography revealed two distinct bands. One protein had a Mr of 105 kDa identical to plasma C1-INA, and the second had a Mr of 200 kDa. We were unable to determine the identity of the 200 kDa protein by Western blotting with anti-C1 INA. However, the possibility exists that this 200 kDa molecule may represent a C1-INA receptor, a dimeric form of C1-INA, or an unrelated cell surface protein with affinity for C1-INA. Furthermore, we show that treatment of U937 cells with phorbol ester resulted in an increase in the percentage of cells expressing surface C1-INA. These results suggest that U937 cells express functional cell surface C1-INA, which could function in vivo to protect these human tumor cells from lysis by host complement. PMID- 3191618 TI - International Union of Immunological Societies. Nomenclature committee working group on lymphokines. PMID- 3191619 TI - Effect of C1-C2 rotation on canal size. AB - An anthropometric study of the atlas and axis was undertaken to determine spinal canal diameters, the degree of narrowing with rotation, and odontoid tilt. The mean sagittal diameter of the atlas was 30.1 mm and the mean coronal diameter was 28.8 mm. The mean sagittal diameter of the axis was 19.0 mm and the mean coronal diameter was 22.8 mm. Approximately 64 degrees of rotation occurred at the atlantoaxial complex before sufficient narrowing caused spinal cord compression in the average specimen. An average of 63 degrees of rotation was required to cause facet dislocation. Most specimens examined had a posterior odontoid tilt up to 45 degrees and a facet angle between 1 degree and 29 degrees. Bilateral facet dislocation occurred at 63 degrees. Spinal canal narrowing to 1 cm occurred at 64 degrees. This narrowing would probably not damage the cord, which averages 1 cm in diameter; however, if the rotary motion of C1 and C2 progressed, cord damage could occur. Facet angles and posterior odontoid tilts that are not within the normal range indicate pathological changes. PMID- 3191620 TI - Operative neurological complications resulting from thoracic and lumbar spine internal fixation. AB - Of 2023 patients treated for acute spinal injuries, 729 sustained acute injuries in thoracic and lumbar regions; 295 surgically treated patients were reviewed for evidence of postoperative neurological complications. Of the 295 patients, 150 were intraoperatively monitored using somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP). Six patients (4%) revealed intraoperative deterioration of the SSEP; however, only one of the six revealed a new postoperative neurological deficit (0.7%). The remaining 145 patients were included in the unmonitored or wake-up test group in which ten (6.9%) demonstrated new postoperative deficits. Of the 11 patients with new postoperative neurological deficits, eight patients demonstrated motor weakness, two had radiculopathy, and one had bowel-bladder incontinence. The intraoperative use of SSEP was not able to identify subtle alterations in neurological function; however, due to early warning, SSEP appears capable of preventing profound surgically induced neurological alterations. A new protocol is designed for the management of intraoperative neurological deterioration as detected by SSEP. PMID- 3191622 TI - Results of total hip reconstruction using acetabular mesh in patients with central acetabular deficiency. AB - Fifty-three patients (54 hips) treated with cemented total hip reconstruction with the aid of an acetabular mesh made of Vitallium (Howmedica Inc., Rutherford, New Jersey), a cobalt-chrome molybdenum alloy, to reinforce the medial cement for deficient bone stock in the central acetabular region, were evaluated at an average follow-up period of 6.8 years (range, five to ten years). Thirty of these patients (30 hips) were treated with revision operations for either failed cup arthroplasty (ten hips), failed endoprosthesis (six hips), or failed total hip arthroplasty (14 hips) and presented difficult problems for acetabular reconstructions. Although none of the hips required reoperations for acetabular loosening, three patients showed roentgenographic evidence of acetabular component migration, and three others showed signs of impending failure of fixation of the acetabular component. The overall mean Harris hip rating improved from a mean of 43 points preoperatively to 87 points at follow-up evaluations. The extent of bone loss in the central acetabular region had the greatest influence on the results of acetabular fixation at the follow-up evaluation. None of the hips with intact medial acetabular cortex had roentgenographic evidence of failure of fixation, while 14% of the hips with medial cortical defects measuring less than 1 cm, and 75% of the hips with larger defects developed acetabular component loosening. The results of total hip reconstruction using acetabular mesh were unsatisfactory in patients with moderate or severe central acetabular bone loss and defects through the medial wall.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191621 TI - Osteoporosis in unstable adult scoliosis. AB - New noninvasive techniques as well as conventional methods were used to evaluate skeletal mass in the following three populations of adult white women as follows: (1) 79 subjects with preexisting idiopathic scoliosis designated as unstable (US) because of the associated presence in the lumbar spine of lateral spondylolisthesis with segmental instability; (2) 67 subjects with preexisting idiopathic scoliosis without lateral spondylolisthesis designated as stable (SS); and (3) 248 age-matched nonscoliotic controls. Ages in all three groups were categorized into premenopausal (25-44 years), perimenopausal (45-54 years), and postmenopausal (55-84 years). The results showed higher scoliosis morbidity in the US compared to the SS populations. The prevalence and severity of osteoporosis were markedly increased in US versus SS populations. Femoral neck density determined by dual-photon absorptiometry techniques averaged 26% to 48% lower in all age categories of US patients compared to controls. These changes were found in the youngest age groups, indicating reductions in bone mineral content earlier in the adult life of white women with a specific type of high morbidity US characterized by the marker of lateral spondylolisthesis. PMID- 3191623 TI - Clear-cell chondrosarcoma. An unusual case complicated by a microinfiltrative pattern of bone marrow involvement and postsurgical myositis ossificans. AB - A case of clear-cell chondrosarcoma occurred in the proximal femur of a 32-year old man. The tumor was complicated by a focus of myositis ossificans resulting from a previous intralesional biopsy. Histologic findings included an unusual marrow infiltration by the tumor. The patient was treated with wide resection and has no evidence of local recurrence or distant spread of disease 18 months later. PMID- 3191624 TI - Duchenne-Erb palsy. Experience with direct surgery. AB - Between 1973 and 1984, 31 direct explorations of traumatic Duchenne-Erb palsy (C5 and C6) were performed in two hospitals. Simple neurolysis was performed in 12 cases, in which C5 and C6 were found to be in continuity; the operation resulted in useful motor function in nine of the 12 cases. A cause-and-effect relationship of neurolysis to the recovery of function was difficult to prove. In five cases where only one root was completely damaged, four nerve graftings produced useful motor results but the function of one graft was not demonstrable when the other root was in continuity. In 14 cases of complete lesions of both C5 and C6 treated by nerve grafting, there were seven functional motor results that were attributable to the grafts. Both the overall results and the result of elbow flexion were statistically correlated with the number of grafts used to repair the corresponding nerve structure (p less than 0.01). Favorable results were not obtained when the graft had been delayed for more than nine months. All of the patients who had nerve grafts within five months had favorable results. PMID- 3191626 TI - Bilateral spontaneous concurrent rupture of the patellar tendon in the absence of associated local or systemic disease. AB - A 26-year-old man incurred bilateral spontaneous rupture of the patellar ligament. This may be the eighth case in previously healthy individuals reported in the literature. Further review of other case reports suggested various etiological factors. Surgical repair generally produces excellent results. PMID- 3191625 TI - Evaluation of benign acetabular lesions with excision through the Ludloff approach. AB - Six patients with poorly defined chronic hip symptoms (length of time from initial symptoms to definitive diagnoses ranged from four months to three years) were eventually found to have benign lesions in the region of the acetabular fovea. All of these patients had seen multiple physicians including orthopedic surgeons before the definitive diagnosis was made. Four lesions were not visualized on routine roentgenographs. Various imaging modalities were necessary to demonstrate and localize these lesions. Excision through an anteromedial approach (Ludloff) in five cases required minimal dissection, operative time, and blood loss. The approach does not compromise definitive surgery (external or internal hemipelvectomy) in the unlikelihood that the lesion is found to be malignant. PMID- 3191627 TI - Patellar instability after total knee arthroplasty. AB - Twenty-five knees with symptomatic lateral patellar instability after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were treated by operative realignment. Causes of instability include errors in surgical technique, quadriceps imbalance, and trauma. Fourteen knees had proximal realignment, nine had combined proximal and distal realignment, and two had component revision. At an average follow-up period of 50 months, 20 knees had normal patellar tracking and five had recurrent instability. Two patellar tendon ruptures occurred after combined realignment. Proximal realignment alone, in the absence of component malposition, is recommended for the management of patellar instability. Component malposition should be corrected by component revision. Combined proximal and distal realignment procedures are recommended only with great caution because of the predisposition to serious complications such as patellar tendon rupture. PMID- 3191629 TI - Late treatment of a dorsal transscaphoid, transtriquetral perilunate wrist dislocation with avascular changes of the lunate. AB - The outcome of delayed treatment of an unreduced transscaphoid, transtriquetral, perilunate fracture dislocation of the carpus is unpredictable. Long-term follow up observations in a 22-year-old man treated three months postinjury showed changes in the lunate consistent with avascular necrosis at the time of open reduction and internal fixation. Early resolution of this was evident by nine months, and complete resolution was seen at the follow-up examination (four years and two months). Despite delay in treatment, this patient had full, pain-free wrist motion. Consequently, avascular changes of the carpus following wrist dislocation do not preclude a good result. Anatomic reduction of the scaphoid, as well as the midcarpal joint, and restoration of the articular surface of the lunate, are most important in determining prognosis. PMID- 3191628 TI - Remodeling of angulated distal forearm fractures in children. AB - Seventy children treated for distal forearm fractures were clinically and roentgenologically reexamined with a median follow-up time of 3.5 years (range, 1.5-6.0 years). The angulation of the fractures and of the epiphyseal plates was measured at the time of healing and at the follow-up examination. The patients were divided into three age groups of 0-5 years, 6-10 years, and 11-15 years at the time of fracture. In children younger than 11 years of age with residual angulation after distal forearm fractures, the change of orientation of the epiphyseal plate toward normal seemed to account for nearly all the actual correction at the site of fracture, up to 28 degrees. In children older than 11 years of age the capacity of correction of the orientation of the epiphyseal plate was preserved, but its influence upon the correction of distal forearm fractures decreased. This did not prevent correction of possible residual angulation at the fracture site--up to 18 degrees. This may be because, in this age group, appositional bone formation and resorption are the most important remodeling factors. The importance of the orientation of the epiphyseal plate is related to the distance between the fracture site and the epiphyseal plate and by the age of the patient. PMID- 3191631 TI - The stabilized Lachman test. AB - While the Lachman test is the clinical standard for assessing increased anterior tibial translation, it has some drawbacks. Problems remain with quantitation, reproducibility, and execution. The authors report on modifications designed to solve these problems. The modifications are comfortable for patients, reliable, and can be performed on limbs of all sizes. PMID- 3191630 TI - Avulsion fractures of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee. An experimental percutaneous rigid fixation technique under arthroscopic control. AB - A posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture (PCLAF) of the knee can be repaired through a large approach. A new technique based on internal fixation under arthroscopic control employed a posterolateral puncture. The fracture was reduced and the osseous fragment transfixed using a new forceps guide. The osseous fragment was stabilized through a tunnel drilled from the proximal anterior aspect of the tibial metaphysis by means of a cortical screw and an intraarticular nutwasher. The technique was made in eight undamaged normal fresh knees from distal ischemic amputated lower limbs. In six knees the technique was successful. In two knees the presence of hypertrophic synovium impeded a good visualization and the technique failed. In the hands of arthroscopic surgeons, this technique could be an effective alternative to arthrotomy in the treatment of PCLAF. PMID- 3191632 TI - Wound and serum levels of tobramycin with the prophylactic use of tobramycin impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads in compound fractures. AB - Antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads have been useful in treating orthopedic infections. Local delivery has been reported to establish wound antibiotic levels well above the therapeutic range while avoiding serum levels associated with increased incidence of side effects. After operative debridement, 70 patients with compound fractures were treated prophylactically with tobramycin-impregnated PMMA beads. Observations of antibiotic levels in 27 patients demonstrated antibiotic levels in the wound drainage and clot that were significantly in excess of the usual therapeutic range for tobramycin and simultaneous nontoxic serum levels. Significant levels of tobramycin can be achieved in the extracellular fluid at the fracture site when tobramycin impregnated PMMA beads are placed in the wound after irrigation and debridement. PMID- 3191633 TI - Irreducible sacroiliac dislocation of the pelvic ring with caudal displacement. A case report. AB - An irreducible sacroiliac dislocation of the pelvic ring with resultant caudal displacement of the injured hemipelvis occurred in a 15-year-old female. Because of interposed soft tissue and bone, closed reduction was not possible. Early open reduction through a posterior approach and internal fixation resulted in a painless pelvis. Sacral root avulsion resulted in permanent neurologic deficit that has been successfully managed with an orthosis. PMID- 3191634 TI - Bone-cell-stimulating substance. AB - An acid-pepsin extract of ground cancellous calf bone contains a bone-cell stimulating substance (BCSS) that is active in the intact rat and in bone cultures. A single injection of a suspension of BCSS adjacent to the radius-ulna complex of a rat significantly increased appositional bone formation in a dose dependent manner. The pattern of new bone deposition differed from that caused by nonspecific irritants. A suspension or water-soluble extract of BCSS significantly increased DNA and collagen synthesis in organ cultures of diaphyseal pieces of 17-day-old fetal chick tibiae. Whether or not BCSS is different from any of the other bone-derived growth factors has not been established. PMID- 3191635 TI - Clinical diagnosis, testing, and electromyographic study in brachial plexus traction injuries. AB - A system for evaluation of patients with brachial plexus injury is based on careful observation, including the patient's history and a physical examination, a radiographic assessment, and electrodiagnosis. The clinical history and physical examination remain the cornerstone of this evaluation and their documentation is vital. Traction injuries, wherein there is a possibility of root avulsion, were examined myelographically and electromyographically at one month. Although they must be considered, the limitations of these methods of evaluation do not vitiate their usefulness. Modification of the evaluation procedures should be made according to the requirements imposed by specific causal agents and circumstances. PMID- 3191636 TI - Electrical stimulation of human femoral intertrochanteric osteotomies. Double blind study. AB - Low-frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields (PEMF) are being used in nonunion healing at several centers around the world. Much debate exists about quantification of PEMF effects, especially in humans where no randomized studies have been performed. The results of a double-blind treatment of 32 consecutive patients treated with femoral intertrochanteric osteotomy for hip degenerative arthritis are reported. Roentgenographic evaluation and callus density measurements performed with an image analyzer showed a statistically significant difference between controls and stimulated patients (p less than 0.01). In this extremely homogeneous patient population, PEMF stimulation favored osteotomy healing. PMID- 3191638 TI - Emergency versus delayed repair of severe brachial plexus injuries. AB - Emergency or early surgery for brachial plexus injury is advisable because emergency nerve surgery is technically easier and because the overall results are better. In cases involving vascular injury, preoperative arteriography is indispensable. The blood supply must be reestablished and the brachial plexus completely explored and, if possible, repaired. In cases not involving vascular injury, violent trauma with fractures of the shoulder often produces lesions in the same brachial plexus. Regardless of associated vascular or bone injuries, brachial plexus lesions should be repaired within the first days after injury (provided that there are no contraindications related to age or general health). If combined vascular and nerve injuries are involved, immediate emergency surgery is mandatory. With early surgery, exploration is easier, shorter grafts are needed, and neurotization is possible in lesions in which the roots have been pulled out. PMID- 3191637 TI - Nonfocal scintigraphic lesions in military recruits with lower leg pain. PMID- 3191639 TI - Brachial plexus injuries. Nerve grafting. AB - Brachial plexus lesions with complete or partial palsy of the dependent musculature are a severe handicap for the patient. By microsurgery of lesions in continuity and nerve grafting in cases with complete interruption, some recovery can be achieved. Comparing the present-day results with the ones of earlier years, a significant increase of the percentage of useful recoveries has been observed. The quality of the results of the two groups does not differ very much. PMID- 3191640 TI - Imaging of posttraumatic brachial plexus injury. AB - After reviewing a series of 220 patients operated upon between 1975 and 1985 for traumatic brachial plexus injuries, the authors present the results of 103 myelographies, 48 computed tomographies (CT scans) combined with standard myelography, and 25 series of images obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To evaluate precisely the type and level of injury, the accuracy of these three techniques was compared with clinical and operative findings. The accuracy of myelography was considered good in 84% of the cases, but 4% were evaluated as false positive results and 12% as false negative or doubtful results. The combined CT scan and myelography reduced the number of doubtful results and accuracy reached 94.25%, but they did not visualize the roots distal to the spinal foramina. MRI correlated well with CT scan images and, in addition, offered visualization of distal radicular injuries. MRI seems a promising diagnostic procedure and should also help to situate nerve grafts and check their viability. PMID- 3191641 TI - Repair of severe traction lesions of the brachial plexus. AB - Since 1972, the author has performed 259 brachial plexus repairs and various associated secondary procedures. The best results were obtained with surgery delayed four to five weeks, because the preoperative assessment of the lesion is more accurate after wallerian degeneration has occurred. In addition, formation of a proximal neuroma allows definition of the exact limits for resection. In cases with associated vascular damage, the vessels should be repaired at the same time as the nerve grafts unless there is severe ischemia. Intraspinal exploration with cervical laminectomy is not justified because intraspinal avulsion is always due to rootlet avulsion. Division of the clavicle to facilitate exploration of the anatomy of the plexus where it is the most complex is advocated. In general, distal grafting allows the recovery of a single function, which is preferable to an attempt at total anatomic repair. The adverse effects of contractions must be avoided. The priority of restoration of functions is an important consideration. Elbow flexion should be the first priority, followed by wrist extension, finger flexion, and shoulder abduction, in that order. The results of grafting may be improved by ancillary operations such as shoulder fusion, flexor tendon tenodesis, humeral derotation, and other procedures that provide limited function for patients with various incomplete and complete avulsions. Microsurgical repairs of brachial plexus lesions currently offer the best results for patients with this type of injury. PMID- 3191642 TI - Neurotization via the spinal accessory nerve in complete paralysis due to multiple avulsion injuries of the brachial plexus. AB - The authors report their experience with 21 cases of neurotization via the spinal accessory nerve for multiple nerve root avulsion injuries of the brachial plexus associated with total paralysis of the upper limb. They performed microneuroanastomoses with interposed cable nerve grafts between the spinal accessory nerve taken in the supraclavicular fossa and the musculocutaneous nerve at its entrance into the biceps muscle. Surgical indications depend on the accurate diagnosis of spinal nerve root avulsion, especially C5. The anatomicosurgical basis of this technique is as precise as are the indications. As many as two-thirds of the patients with a neurotized musculocutaneous nerve can be expected to achieve strength of at least Grade 3 on late muscle testing. Nevertheless, these results are always inferior to those obtainable when grafting is performed with carefully selected unavulsed C5 or C6 spinal nerve root fibers in the intervertebral foramina. Therefore, neurotization via donor nerves extrinsic to the plexus should only be considered as a second-choice intervention. PMID- 3191643 TI - Nerve repairs for traumatic brachial plexus palsy with root avulsion. AB - Thirty-six patients with traumatic brachial plexus lesions and root avulsions were treated surgically between 1972 and 1986 and were followed for more than 24 months (average, 42.6 months). Neurotization of the musculocutaneous nerve with intercostal nerves or the spinal accessory nerve resulted in satisfactory elbow flexion in 21 of the 33 cases (64%). Combined nerve repairs (i.e., intercostal and spinal accessory neurotization of the terminal branch of the brachial plexus in combination with nerve grafts from the upper spinal nerves of the brachial plexus) created a useful function in at least one functional level of the upper limb for 11 of the 15 cases so treated. Nerve repairs resulted in stability of the shoulder and elbow function controllable with a sensible hand for patients with root avulsion injury of the brachial plexus. PMID- 3191644 TI - Traumatic brachial plexus palsy in the adult. Retro- and infraclavicular lesions. AB - The author reviewed 420 adults treated with surgery for traumatic palsy of the brachial plexus. The results of 105 patients (25%) who suffered plexus injury behind or beyond the clavicula are presented. In 69 patients, lesions affected secondary trunks and in the other 36 affected terminal branches. Simultaneous fractures or vascular injuries were not uncommon and often influenced overall prognosis. Decision criteria for nerve grafting or neurolysis are presented. Surgery is generally performed three weeks to six months after injury. Most patients present extensive damage due to traction lesions. Although secondary sutures can be performed on some injuries, nerve grafting is usually necessary. Such a procedure depends on the length of the gap and the quality of surrounding tissues. Among distal lesions a distinction must be made between (a) injuries located close to effectors on axillary, suprascapular, musculocutaneous, or radial nerves where good recovery can be expected in 70% to 80% of grafted patients and (b) injuries involving lateral or medial cords or the median or ulnar nerves far from effectors, where results are less satisfactory. Sixty percent of such patients recovered wrist flexion but no intrinsic muscle function in the hand. Reinnervation nevertheless generally provided a protection sensibility particularly in the area controlled by the median nerve. Multiple injuries may occur, mainly posterior cord lesions combined with lesions of the musculocutaneous, median, or ulnar nerves. The overall prognosis of infra- or retroclavicular plexus injuries is nevertheless better than that of supraclavicular lesions. PMID- 3191645 TI - Experience with the free vascularized ulnar nerve graft in repair of supraclavicular lesions of the brachial plexus. AB - The treatment consisted of a free vascularized ulnar nerve graft in 63 patients with lesions of the supraclavicular brachial plexus. Since 1978, the outcome in 42 patients with a minimum follow-up period of 30 months was certainly better than with an avascular segment of ulnar nerve. Clear proof of hopeless prognosis for recovery along the course of the ulnar nerve is essential before using this graft. The early operations used the ulnar artery and accompanying veins as the pedicle for the graft; later a technique using collateral vessels in the arm has been favored. Although functional elbow flexion has been regained in the majority of patients, recovery of function into the hand has been disappointing. Although it cannot be proved that results are better than when conventional sural nerve grafts are performed, the authors believe that this is the case. The vascularized ulnar nerve graft (VNG) is indicated in more severe injuries of the brachial plexus, where preganglionic injury to the eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves is proven, where the gap between nerve stumps is long, and when the presence of two or three proximal stumps allows the opportunity for extensive repair. PMID- 3191646 TI - Program schedule & abstracts. Society of Nuclear Medicine, 13th annual Western Regional Meeting. Seattle, Washington, October 13-16, 1988. PMID- 3191648 TI - Pharmacokinetic drug data. PMID- 3191647 TI - The influence of renal function on clinical pharmacokinetics of moxonidine. AB - Investigations were carried out on 24 hypertensive or borderline hypertensive patients with different degrees of renal function. Eight had normal renal function [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) greater than 90 ml/min], 8 moderate (GFR 30 to 60 ml/min) and 8 severe renal impairment (GFR less than 30 ml/min). All patients were given moxonidine 0.3mg once daily for 7 days and both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data were determined. During moxonidine treatment plasma elimination half-life, area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and apparent total clearance (CLT) showed statistically significant differences among patients in the 3 groups. Elimination half-life was 2.6 +/- 0.9 hours in patients with a GFR greater than 90 ml/min and increased to 6.9 +/- 3.7 hours in those with a GFR less than 30 ml/min (mean +/- SD; p = 0.012). Correspondingly, AUC0-24 h rose from 5.4 +/- 2.7 to 17.2 +/- 7.9 micrograms/L . h (p = 0.001), and CLT decreased from 1150 +/- 602.l ml/min to 369 +/- 227.6 ml/min (p = 0.001). These data suggest that once-daily administration of 0.3mg moxonidine may be appropriate in patients with impaired renal function. Independent of renal function, moxonidine was well tolerated in 22 of 24 patients. No deterioration in renal function as a consequence of the use of moxonidine was found. Thus, in patients with renal failure, dosage of moxonidine should be individually titrated according to the desired clinical response, as is recommended for hypertensive patients without renal impairment. PMID- 3191649 TI - Congenital myasthenia gravis. The clinical spectrum. A practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 3191650 TI - Carving a niche: the general academic pediatrician as consultant. Part II: Academic, financial, and educational concerns. AB - The General Academic Pediatrician (GAP) may act as a consultant to both primary care pediatricians and tertiary care subspecialists. The authors surveyed a consultation service staffed by three GAP's in a tertiary care children's hospital. The service was financially successful and generated new sources of referrals for its parent institution. The increasing complexity of the role of a GAP within a department of pediatrics in regards to clinical, teaching, and research activities is explored. PMID- 3191651 TI - Coronary artery disease in diabetic adolescents. PMID- 3191652 TI - Cystic fibrosis: chromosome 7 DNA genotyping. An aide in resolving ambiguous diagnoses in siblings of known patients. PMID- 3191653 TI - Neurodevelopmental assessment of behaviorally disordered inner city boys. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of a recently developed neurodevelopmental instrument (Pediatric Early Education Exam "PEEX") for evaluating inner city boys thought to be "hyperactive" by their teachers. Thirty nine boys (age x = 102.5 months, sd = 11.9; IQ x = 98, sd = 10; 97%, black) were evaluated. No relationship was found between overflow movements and neurodevelopmental subtest performance, intelligence, or educational functioning. The development of laterality was positively related to success in reading (t = 2.21, p less than 0.05). A sentence-copying task was related to success in reading (r = .38 p less than 0.01). The ability to answer questions about complex sentences was related to mathematical success (r = .32 p less than 0.05). A task involving the ability to follow verbal directions proved most sensitive to educational, intellectual, and social functioning. PMID- 3191654 TI - Intussusception reduced by barium enema. Outcome and short-term follow-up. AB - A retrospective study was performed of 88 consecutive cases of intussusception that occurred during a 3-year period. Forty-eight patients experienced hydrostatic reduction of intussusception with barium enema and 40 patients required surgical correction of intussusception when barium enema reduction was unsuccessful. Patients with fever or duration of symptoms greater than 24 hours, or ileo-ileocolic type of intussusception had a significantly greater rate of unsuccessful hydrostatic reduction (p less than 0.001). Of 48 cases of intussusception hydrostatically reduced by barium enema, 47 patients received repeat physical examination after reduction, 45 having normal findings. Oral feeding was tolerated in these 47 patients within 12 hours after reduction. All 41 hospitalized patients were discharged within 24 hours of reduction without developing complication; of seven non-hospitalized patients, six reported no complications during the initial 24 hour post-reduction period. The single complication that occurred was recurrence of intussusception (ileo-ileocolic type) in a patient 6 hours after initial reduction; this was the only case in which neither post-reduction physical examination nor trial of feeding had been performed. Children with intussusception hydrostatically reduced by barium enema are at low risk for complication during the subsequent 24 hour post-reduction period. When the pre-reduction course has been relatively uncomplicated, the post reduction physical examination does not reveal abnormalities, and the patient is able to tolerate oral feeding, close outpatient monitoring appears to be safe. PMID- 3191655 TI - The stresses of caring: Part 2. PMID- 3191656 TI - Concerning experimental animal tumors associated with silicone gel. Dow Corning Corporation. PMID- 3191657 TI - Information on the safety of breast implants. The American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons and the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. PMID- 3191658 TI - Silicone breast implants--a cancer threat? PMID- 3191659 TI - Physical training plasma lipoproteins and faecal steroid excretion in sedentary men. AB - Thirty sedentary men aged 25-52 participated in a 4-month randomized and controlled study of the effects of exercise on plasma lipoproteins and faecal steroid excretion. After 4 months the aerobic training group showed a significant (P = 0.047) increase in physical work capacity (+38 watts) and a significant (P = 0.025) decrease in faecal total steroid excretion (-257 mg/day) compared to corresponding changes in the control group. The drop in faecal total steroid excretion in the men who trained was mainly due to a significant (P less than 0.05) fall in faecal neutral sterol excretion (-240 mg/day). Plasma lipoprotein lipid concentrations did not change significantly during the study although plasma levels of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol tended to fall in the men who trained. In the aerobic training group individual changes in plasma LDL cholesterol levels were significantly correlated with decreases in faecal total steroid excretion (p = 0.615, P less than 0.05) and faecal neutral sterol excretion (p = 0.627, P less than 0.05). The results of this study show that regular exercise is associated with a drop in faecal neutral sterol excretion which, if sufficiently large, may be associated with a decrease in plasma LDL cholesterol concentration. PMID- 3191660 TI - Improved working capacity following theophylline infusion in patients with ischaemic heart disease. AB - The effect of theophylline on the working capacity of patients with ischaemic heart disease was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized cross-over study. Eight patients, receiving no medication, with stable effort-provoked angina pectoris and typical exercise-induced ST depressions were studied. Following intravenous administration of theophylline or placebo, the patients did a supine leg exercise limited by intolerable chest pain. The workload was continuously increased by 10 W/min. Following theophylline treatment the workload at the onset of chest pain increased from 71 +/- 9 to 114 +/- 14 W (P less than 0.002). The ST depression was less pronounced following theophylline at submaximal exercise (-0.01 +/- 0.00 vs. -0.09 +/- 0.02 mV, P less than 0.005, at 70 W). The maximum tolerable workload increased from 129 +/- 15 after placebo infusion to 153 +/- 12 W after theophylline infusion P less than 0.01). It is speculated that this beneficial effect of the adenosine receptor antagonist theophylline may possibly be due to inhibition of a pathophysiological coronary steal induced by elevated levels of adenosine during ischaemia. PMID- 3191662 TI - Left ventricular performance during exercise in long-term type 1 diabetic men: an echocardiographic study. AB - M-mode echocardiograms were recorded and digitized during semisupine bicycle exercise in 10 young (less than 40 years) long-term (greater than or equal to 12 years) type 1 diabetic men, without heart symptoms, and 10 controls. Recordings were done at rest, during workloads of 50 and 100 W and 1, 3 and 5 min post exercise. The groups were comparable at rest. Exercise intervention caused a higher heart rate and systolic blood pressure response in the diabetics. Overall, diabetics had a smaller left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension, but it did not change during exercise within either group; LV end-systolic dimensions (ESD), however, decreased in both. The fractional shortening, normalized peak shortening rate and systolic blood pressure/ESD ratio increased in both groups. However, fractional shortening was lower in the diabetics during peak exercise, while the two latter variables of LV systolic function were similar to the controls. Furthermore, fractional shortening during peak exercise remained lower in the diabetics even when adjusted for systolic blood pressure by covariance analysis. Therefore, the decreased LV performance during exercise in the diabetic subjects is most likely secondary to reduced LV diastolic filling, as indicated by their smaller end-diastolic dimension, rather than due to decreased contractility or a higher afterload. PMID- 3191661 TI - Changes in coronary haemodynamics and myocardial metabolism at rest and during exercise after a cardiotonic drug (prenalterol) in patients with coronary artery disease. AB - To elucidate the myocardial metabolic and haemodynamic effects of an inotropic drug in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) without evident congestive heart failure (CHF), the acute effects of prenalterol were studied in nine patients. Patients with documented CAD by leftsided cardioangiography and end diastolic pressure greater than 15 mm Hg were included in the study. They were examined at rest and during supine exercise at a level just below their anginal threshold before and after prenalterol. At rest, rate pressure product (RPP) increased by 40% (P less than 0.01), cardiac index rose 20% (P less than 0.01), cardiac venous flow (CVF) increased by 18% (P less than 0.05), and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) increased by 20% (P less than 0.05) after prenalterol administration. Despite a decrease in mean pulmonary capillary venous pressure (PCV) of 40% (P less than 0.01), myocardial lactate extraction fell significantly (P less than 0.01) and lactate production was observed in three of nine patients compared to before prenalterol administration. During exercise, RPP increased by 20% (P less than 0.01), cardiac index remained unchanged, CVF increased by 25% (NS) and MVO2 showed a tendency to an increase (NS) after prenalterol administration. Mean PCV pressure decreased by 30% (P less than 0.01). Myocardial lactate extraction was markedly reduced during exercise (P less than 0.01) and five of nine patients showed lactate production compared to that before prenalterol administration. Thus, despite a decrease in left ventricular filling pressure, increased myocardial oxygen demand occurred after acute administration of prenalterol. Prenalterol and probably similar inotropic drugs should be used cautiously in patients with CAD without clinical evidence of congestive heart failure. PMID- 3191664 TI - The difference in blood pressure between upper arm and finger during physical exercise. AB - A new apparatus which measures the blood pressure in the finger continuously and yet not invasively was tested for its usefulness during exercise. It was compared with upper arm measurements in 23 volunteers during prolonged bicycle ergometry. Simultaneously, a pulse plethysmogram was recorded from another finger of the same arm, whereas in six additional volunteers Doppler measurements were carried out on the radial artery. The results show that finger systolic pressure ceased to rise at about 40% of maximal exercise; the difference with the continuously rising systolic pressure in the upper arm becoming significant at 140 W. At the same time the amplitude of the finger plethysmogram became significantly higher than its initial value, indicating distinct cutaneous vasodilation, whereas the volunteers also became hot and started to perspire. However, the radial artery 'flow', deduced from the Doppler measurements, did not change significantly during exercise. It increased sharply and markedly in the cooling down period. Simultaneously with this increase in flow, HR and both systolic blood pressures fell drastically whereas the plethysmographic amplitude remained about stable at its raised level. The results fit in with the idea that a compromise is achieved between the need for muscle activity and the need for temperature regulation. It is concluded that the Finapres functions well during exercise, but that the systolic pressure in the finger is not representative for its more central counterpart during cutaneous vasodilation. It is argued that opening up of AVAs may contribute to this pressure effect. PMID- 3191663 TI - Difference between beta-1-selective and non-selective beta-blockade during continuous and intermittent exercise. AB - Limiting factors of maximal exercise performance are not clearly defined. In order to differentiate between various factors, maximal exercise was studied during continuous (n = 12) and intermittent (n = 9) exercise. The non-selective beta-blocker timolol (10 mg b.i.d. for 5 days) was compared double-blind and placebo controlled with the beta-1-selective beta-blocker metoprolol (100 mg b.i.d. for 5 days), with respect to effect on maximal exercise tolerance. Total cumulated work was comparable during continuous and intermittent exercise. Timolol and metoprolol reduced maximal exercise performance. No difference was observed between the two beta-blockers during intermittent exercise. The non selective beta-blocker caused a greater reduction in exercise performance (10.4%) than the beta-1-selective beta-blocker (4.7%) (P less than 0.05) during continuous exercise. Maximal heart rate was higher with metoprolol than timolol during continuous exercise. The non-selective beta-blocker caused a slightly greater inhibition of lipolysis than the beta-1 selective one. No significant differences in glucose concentrations were observed between the treatment regimens. Exercise caused a marked increase in serum potassium concentrations. Beta-blockade caused further increase in potassium at any given workload. This study indicates that maximal working capacity is comparable during continuous and intermittent exercise. Beta-1-selective and non-selective beta-blockade reduce the maximal working capacity, non-selective more than beta-1-selective. Substrate availability was not responsible for the beta-blocker induced reduction of the working capacity. The rate of rise in serum potassium was significantly higher during beta-blockade and may, therefore, be a limiting factor for the maximal working capacity. PMID- 3191665 TI - Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and carotid baroreflex control of heart rate in endurance athletes and untrained controls. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia, an index of cardiac vagal tone, and carotid baroreflex control of heart rate in endurance-trained athletes (n = 12, aged 20 +/- 1 years, means +/- SE) and untrained control subjects (n = 12, aged 22 +/- 1 year). Average R-R interval (ECG) and its variability were determined at rest under controlled breathing conditions, and the changes in R-R interval in response to brief applications of suction (-10, -25, -40 mmHg) and pressure (10 and 30 mmHg) to the carotid sinus region of the neck were also measured. The average R-R interval at rest was greater in the athletes vs. controls (1150 +/- 45 vs. 854 +/- 44 ms, P less than 0.001), but the standard deviation of the R-R intervals was similar in the two groups (72 +/- 15 vs. 70 +/- 9 ms). The magnitude of the tachycardia in response to neck pressure was also similar in the athletes and controls. Although the heart rate responses to neck suction were not significantly different between the two groups, there was a strong trend for attenuated bradycardic responses in the athletes at the two highest stimulus levels (70 +/- 14 vs. 97 +/- 25 ms and 86 +/- 14 vs. 145 +/- 38 ms for the -25 and -40 mmHg levels, respectively, P greater than 0.1). The results of this study do not support the postulate that cardiac vagal tone is enhanced in the endurance-trained state.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191666 TI - Skeletal muscle characteristics in children 9-15 years old: force, relaxation rate and contraction time. AB - Relaxation rate (RR), half contraction time to tetanus (CTT1/2) and force frequency curves were investigated in 77 children, aged 9-15 years, using supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve and recording from the adductor pollicis muscle. No sex differences were found in these variables. The RR was independent of age and similar to that in adults. The CTT1/2 was least at the age of 15. The only age-dependent parameter in the force-frequency curves was the relative force developed at a stimulus frequency of 10 Hz, which increased with increasing age. A fatiguability test was performed in 25 children. Reference values for the different parameters are given. PMID- 3191667 TI - Visual and spatial mental imagery: dissociable systems of representation. PMID- 3191668 TI - Preschool children can learn to transfer: learning to learn and learning from example. PMID- 3191669 TI - Granny abuse. PMID- 3191670 TI - Elderly care. Growing old dangerously. PMID- 3191671 TI - Wound care. Pressure points. PMID- 3191673 TI - Elderly care. Houses of horror. PMID- 3191672 TI - Wound dressings: bandages, gauze and paste. PMID- 3191674 TI - Carers. How can we help you? PMID- 3191675 TI - The myth of prevention. PMID- 3191676 TI - Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit non-immunologic immediate contact reactions. AB - The effects of 3 topical applications of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), diclofenac 1%, naproxene 10% and salicylic acid 5% in gel vehicles, on immediate contact reactions to 500 mM benzoic acid, 500 mM cinnamic aldehyde, 50 mM methyl nicotinate, all in pet., and 14.1 M (100%) dimethyl sulfoxide, were studied in 16 medical students. Erythema and edema reactions were observed visually, and the changes in the skin blood flow were monitored using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). NSAIDs had significant inhibitory effects on erythema induced by all 4 substances tested and on edema induced by methyl nicotinate. The inhibition was probably due in part to percutaneous absorption and systemic effects of NSAIDs. There were differences between visual and LDF assessments, which stresses the importance of monitoring erythematous reactions of the skin both visually and with LDF. PMID- 3191678 TI - The sensitizing capacity of chimaphilin, a naturally-occurring quinone. AB - Chimaphilin is a yellow naphthoquinone which occurs naturally in various chimaphila and Pyrola species. In Chimaphila umbellata (winter green) and C. maculata, it is a major constituent. Folk medicine recommends the leaves of Chimaphila species as a topical application to treat skin diseases. Since 1887, winter green is claimed to have caused dermatitis and to have been responsible for "idiosyncrasy". Experimental sensitization using the open epicutaneous as well as Freund's complete adjuvant technique has now revealed that chimaphilin is a moderate contact sensitizer. PMID- 3191677 TI - Contact allergy to dehydroabietic acid derivatives isolated from Portuguese colophony. AB - 7-oxodehydroabietic acid and 15-hydroxydehydroabietic acid were isolated as their methyl esters from Portuguese colophony of the gum rosin type and identified as contact allergens. Another oxidation product of dehydroabietic acid, 15-hydroxy-7 oxodehydroabietic acid, was synthesized and identified as a component of Portuguese gum rosin. 7-oxodehydroabietic acid was found to a be a grade III allergen according to the GPMT method. Guinea pigs induced with gum rosin showed only a low response to the isolated compounds, while patients with a known allergy to gum rosin reacted to a greater extent. The results imply that the content of oxidized dehydroabietic acids in gum rosin is too low to give a marked sensitization in the animals. However, the patients might have come in contact with the allergens in technically modified rosins. The compounds showed a pattern of cross-reactivity in the animal experiments as well as among the patch tested patients. PMID- 3191679 TI - Routine patch testing with paraben esters. AB - Paraben esters are the most widely used preservatives in cosmetics and topical medicaments. Their sensitization potential is low, based on both experimental and human experience. A paraben mixture is included in the ICDRG standard series, and in patch test studies, approximately 1% of eczema patients react to it. The present study confirms this frequency in 8020 patients patch tested consecutively. Testing with the individual paraben esters was employed as confirmation, which makes it unlikely that the excited skin syndrome is a significant problem in this context. It remains undetermined whether the present paraben mixture is the optimal patch test material for diagnosing paraben sensitivity. PMID- 3191680 TI - Objective measurement of surfactant irritation by fiber optic spectroscopy. AB - Erythema caused by occlusion of 3 concentrations of surfactant was quantified in vivo using a modified spectrophotometer. Standard chamber irritation test sites were evaluated objectively using the spectrophotometer and subjectively by trained observers. There was a good relationship between the instrumental and visual evaluations. The spectrum was analyzed and a region was chosen to optimize the sensitivity of the method. PMID- 3191681 TI - The role of contact allergy in the spectrum of adverse effects caused by cosmetics and toiletries. AB - Of 982 female clients of beauticians interviewed, 254 (25.9%) claimed to have experienced adverse reactions to cosmetics and toiletries in the preceding 5 years. Most reactions were caused by skin-care products (36.6%), followed by personal cleanliness products (29.5%), eye cosmetics (24.0%), deodorants and antiperspirants (12.6%), and facial make-up products (8.3%). 150 women were patch tested. In the European standard series, only a few positive reactions were seen to possible cosmetic allergens: fragrance mix (n = 3), wool alcohols (n = 3), formaldehyde (n = 2), balsam of Peru (n = 1), and colophony (n = 1). In the cosmetic series, only Kathon CG elicited positive patch test reactions (n = 3). Cosmetic allergy was considered to be "proven" in 3 patients (2.0%), and "possible" in 7 (4.7%). It is concluded that contact allergy is responsible for a minority (less than 10%) of all reactions to cosmetics and toiletries. The majority of reactions are due to irritation from personal cleanliness products such as soaps, shampoos, bath foams and from deodorants, or worsening of pre existing dermatoses such as seborrhoeic dermatitis and acne. PMID- 3191683 TI - Risk of sensitization to Kathon CG. PMID- 3191682 TI - Nickel sensitivity: effects of prolonged oral intake of the element. AB - 25 nickel-sensitive females were given 10 mg NiSO4 in water in a single dose. 18 experienced generalized or localized flare-ups. 15 days later, 17 of the 25 patients were given gradually increasing daily doses of NiSO4 in water for 3 months. 14 ended the trial without flare-up, 3 had to stop because of intense worsening of cutaneous manifestations. A relationship does exist between the daily oral intake of nickel and its clinical manifestations, but it is not uniform and depends on the changing quantities and, above all, on the manner of intake. It would seem that a 10 mg NiSO4 oral challenge represents a sudden and large intake of the element to which the majority of sensitized subjects are not able to adapt. On the other hand, a gradual intake permits a majority of subjects to adapt to the element. We hypothesize that this behaviour is more likely due to intestinal adaptivity than to immunological tolerance. PMID- 3191684 TI - Kathon CG as a sensitizer. PMID- 3191685 TI - Sensitizing potency of coleon O in Coleus sp. (Lamiaceae). PMID- 3191686 TI - Dermatitis from zinc pyrithione. PMID- 3191687 TI - Pigmented purpuric clothing dermatitis due to Disperse Blue 85. PMID- 3191688 TI - Burning mouth syndrome due to nicotinic acid esters and sorbic acid. PMID- 3191689 TI - Allergic contact dermatitis from topical steroids. PMID- 3191690 TI - Contact dermatitis from triethanolamine in E45 cream. PMID- 3191691 TI - Formaldehyde-induced depression of skin reactivity to 5-chloro-2-methyl-4 isothiazolin-3-one in the guinea pig. PMID- 3191692 TI - Dermatitis from shell splinters after 43 years. PMID- 3191693 TI - Allergic contact dermatitis from acyclovir. PMID- 3191694 TI - Dose-response sensitization experiments with imidazolidinyl urea. PMID- 3191695 TI - FTC investigates ADA. PMID- 3191696 TI - Employee motivation. PMID- 3191697 TI - The dental technician wants quality, too. PMID- 3191698 TI - Who's old is what's new in dentistry. PMID- 3191699 TI - New aspects of renal ammonia metabolism. 4th International Workshop on Ammoniagenesis. Cadarache/Aix-en-Provence, August 3-6, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3191700 TI - The contribution of alanine to renal ammoniagenesis: in vitro studies in the rat. PMID- 3191701 TI - Renal ammoniagenesis in man with acute metabolic alkalosis. PMID- 3191702 TI - Active absorption of NH4+ by thick ascending limb. PMID- 3191703 TI - Renal ammoniagenesis in acute hypokalemia in vivo in the dog. PMID- 3191704 TI - Regulation of renal glutaminase gene expression during metabolic acidosis. PMID- 3191705 TI - Interrelated effects of calcium and sulfhydryl reagents on renal phosphate activated glutaminase. PMID- 3191706 TI - Concentrations of NH3 in cortex and medulla of rat kidney. PMID- 3191707 TI - Control by pH of ureogenesis in isolated hepatocytes. PMID- 3191709 TI - Role of the lung in glutamine homeostasis. PMID- 3191708 TI - Complications in the use of albumin: contamination with copper and calcium. PMID- 3191711 TI - Role of renal ammonium accumulation in ischemic acute renal failure and acute tubular necrosis of rats. PMID- 3191710 TI - The effect of pH on ammonia secretion by proximal tubule monolayers in primary culture. PMID- 3191713 TI - Characterisation and partial purification of the Na+-dependent neutral amino acid transporting system from bovine kidney brush border membranes. PMID- 3191712 TI - No role for ammonium accumulation in development of blue line of ischemic acute renal failure. PMID- 3191714 TI - The effects of acivicin on glutamine transport by renal basolateral membrane vesicles. PMID- 3191715 TI - Renal handling of glutathione. PMID- 3191716 TI - Acid-base regulation: has 31P NMR any answers? PMID- 3191717 TI - Determinants of ammonia movements along the rat proximal convoluted tubule in vivo. PMID- 3191718 TI - Interrelationships between renal TCA-cycle metabolism and ammoniagenesis: studies with 13C-NMR and GC-MS. PMID- 3191719 TI - Intranephron ammoniagenesis and its regulation by PGE2 in rats and mice. PMID- 3191720 TI - Ammonia metabolism by LLC-PK1 cells. PMID- 3191721 TI - Fixation and fate of bicarbonate in glutamine synthesis from alanine in guinea pig renal cortex. PMID- 3191722 TI - Location of lesions in Korsakoff's syndrome: neuropsychological and neuropathological data on two patients. AB - Psychometric and neuropathological findings on two Korsakoff amnesics are described. Both patients showed anterograde and retrograde amnesia, poor performance on the Peterson short-term memory task, on the Wisconsin card sort test and on certain visuo-spatial tasks. Patient J.W. performed consistently worse on tests of anterograde, but not retrograde amnesia, whereas patient B.C. showed more perseverative difficulties and, unlike J.W., his measured intelligence seemed to have declined from its premorbid level. Both patients showed marked neuronal loss from the medial mammillary bodies and a narrow band of gliosis in the medial thalamus, adjacent to the wall of the third ventricle, a region known as the paratenial nucleus. Only B.C. showed visible signs of cortical atrophy. Morphometric measures did, however, reveal reduced nucleolar volumes in layers III and V of the frontal cortex, with B.C. also showing more marked neuronal loss from these layers. B.C. also showed neuronal loss from the CA1 region of the hippocampus and reduced nucleolar volumes in the septum. Significantly, both patients had normal neuronal numbers and nucleolar volumes in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. J.W. only showed greater dysfunction than B.C. in one region: the locus caeruleus. This finding was related to his more severe amnesia. PMID- 3191723 TI - Hand preference, ability, and hemispheric specialization: in how far are these factors related in the monkey? AB - Reasons are given for preferring the term "hand-ability" to "hand-preference", especially in animals, for discussions of HS. Different kinds of HS are described for man and for the monkey, with emphasis on the importance of the precise task to be performed for the determination of HS ("act-specific HS"). Exceptional kinds of HS in the monkey are reported. PMID- 3191724 TI - Evolution of aphasia in the first year post-onset. AB - Evolution of aphasia was studied in the first year of recovery in 43 patients sustaining left hemisphere strokes with language impairment. Observations were made daily during acute hospitalization and subsequently at approximately one, two, three, four-to-six and seven-to-twelve month intervals post-stroke. Aphasias were classified according to standard criteria. A significantly larger percentage of the sample (59%) exhibited evolution of aphasia than in previous studies. This was attributed to earlier and more intensive patient observations in this investigation. Most changes occurred within the first two weeks of recovery. Two patterns of evolution were clearly present in the sample, one being early rapid change and the other a more gradual evolution. An expansion and integration of Gloning and Quatember's (1964) model of evolution is proposed on the basis of combined results from several studies. Also, the influence of aging, evolution of aphasia and the emergence of dementia post-stroke are discussed. PMID- 3191725 TI - Hemispheric specialization for tactile perception opposed by contralateral noise. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of each cerebral hemisphere in the categorization of tactile information with and without contralateral tactile noise. Two groups of subjects rated the dissimilarity of paired stimuli varying in shape and texture presented to the left or right hand, with contralateral noise in the other hand for one group only. Analysis of variance on derived structured indices showed a general left hand advantage in the treatment of this haptic information. Moreover, a group by hand interaction revealed that noise-exposed subjects showed better differentiation of tactile information for stimuli presented to the left hand. The data suggest a unidirectional interference by the left hemisphere in the processing of tactile information in noise-free conditions and that quality of interhemispheric transfer of information may modulate cerebral functional lateralization. PMID- 3191726 TI - Encoding of frequency of occurrence by aphasia patients: attentional or linguistic deficit? AB - Frequency-encoding performance of aphasic patients and control subjects was studied in order to test Grober's (1984) hypothesis that aphasic patients are not deficient in the encoding of frequency of events. Experiment 1 compared patients and controls on four types of list: spoken words, visual words, images of objects, and abstract figures. Experiment 2 varied semantic and phonological similarity among the words in one list. Both experiments found differences between the groups, and differences between conditions. The deterioration in patients tended to be greater for linguistic than for nonlinguistic material (experiment 1), and was strongly enhanced by semantic similarity (experiment 2). Results are better explained by a linguistic deficit than by an attentional capacity account of aphasia. PMID- 3191727 TI - Impairment in localization of body parts following brain damage. AB - A patient is described who was unable, on various conditions and modalities, to localize body parts. Her difficulty could not be accounted for by other neuropsychological disturbances and seemed to be body specific, since she had no trouble at localizing single parts of objects. The pattern of her errors suggests that her disturbance involved the conceptual representation of individual body parts. This case supports the hypothesis that knowledge of one's own body is stored at some level, independently of other kinds of knowledge; it also appears to be organized as a set of concepts representing single body parts, where functionally similar parts are closely related to each other irrespective of their actual distance on the body. PMID- 3191728 TI - Processing of timbre and rhythm in musicians and non-musicians. AB - Expert musicians and non-musicians of similar educational and social class background were compared in two experiments involving perception of timbre and rhythm. In Experiment 1 where dichotic monitoring for the sound of the violin was required, there was a practice effect but no ear or group differences. The rhythm monitoring experiment produced a group by ear interaction with musicians faster on the right ear than the left and faster than non-musicians on the right ear only. Analysis of strategies reported by subjects showed that verbal labelling did not apparently influence laterality. Lack of evidence for individual laterality effects reinforces the claim that with stringent experimental and subject controls there is minimal evidence for musicians non-musician laterality effects. PMID- 3191729 TI - Selective "semantic amnesia" after closed-head injury. A case report. AB - An 18-year-old girl with a left parietal lesion caused by a closed-head injury exhibited a peculiar memory impairment. The patient showed selective "semantic amnesia" (severe loss of the stock of notions acquired prior to the disease), while autobiographic memory and spatial learning ability were preserved. The semantic/episodic distinction is discussed in the light of the patient's performance on neuropsychological tasks. PMID- 3191730 TI - Memory dysfunction following unilateral transection of the fornix: a hippocampal disconnection syndrome. AB - This study presents a case with a discrete nondischarging lesion of the left fornix that resulted in a marked anterograde memory deficit that was defined by the same material, modality and methodologically specific features characteristic of unilateral lesions of the hippocampus. Since the fornix is the major efferent pathway of the hippocampus to the mamillary bodies, septal nuclei and anterior thalamic nuclei, this patient could be considered to have a hippocampal disconnection syndrome. PMID- 3191731 TI - The Moyer reading technique re-evaluated. AB - The purpose of the study was to design treatment programmes for various types of reading disorder in such a way as to allow a valid evaluation of their efficacy, i.e. in a way which allows specific treatment effects to be distinguished from non-specific treatment effects (e.g., the effects of attention from a helpful person), and from changes unrelated to treatment (e.g. spontaneous recovery). In particular, the intention was to investigate whether specific forms of therapeutic intervention help specific forms of disorder. Studies on five patients with different patterns of reading difficulty showed that specific treatment programmes were responsible for significant improvement in the patients' reading performance. PMID- 3191732 TI - Effects of instructional set on amnesic recognition memory performance. AB - Tests that tapped memory for spatial location, temporal order, frequency of occurrence, and category membership were administered to a group of alcoholic Korsakoff patients, a group of mixed amnesic patients with primarily temporal lobe pathology, and a group of normal subjects. The four tests were administered with incidental as well as intentional learning conditions. All groups performed better in the intentional than the incidental condition of the category recognition test. None of the groups performed better in the intentional than the incidental conditions on any of the other tests. The data were interpreted as implying that amnesic patients do not benefit from intentional learning conditions in tests of memory for contextual stimuli. PMID- 3191733 TI - Prospective study of clinical bleeding in intensive care unit patients. AB - We investigated prospectively clinical bleeding in 1,328 consecutive patients admitted to a medical/surgical ICU over 1 yr. One hundred thirty-eight (10.4%) patients bled after ICU admission, and an additional 388 (29.2%) bled coincident with admission. The upper GI tract was the site of bleeding in 34.8% of patients whose bleeds commenced in the ICU, and accounted for 22% of total sites. Patients with clinical bleeding after ICU admission had a significantly (p less than .001) higher likelihood of death than those who did not bleed, and those with multiple bleeding sites had a higher mortality (54.9%) than those with single sites (31%) (p less than .006). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that risk ratios (RR) for bleeding after ICU admission were mechanical ventilation (RR = 1.82), nutritional failure (RR = 3.45), acute renal failure (RR = 3.36), antiulcer medication (RR = 3.36), and anticoagulants (RR = 4.19). No antibiotics could be specifically incriminated. This study defines the scope, characteristics, and importance of bleeding in ICU patients and establishes risk factors. PMID- 3191734 TI - Design and prospective evaluation of an algorithm for penetrating truncal injuries. AB - The major aim was to develop a branch-chain decision tree for penetrating truncal injury and to subject this to a prospective trial of its feasibility to track management decisions. In contrast to the conventional trauma study which focuses on highly selected, well-defined surgical problems, this algorithmic approach was designed to look at the whole gamut of problems of unselected patients with penetrating injury as they enter the ED. The branch-chain algorithm primarily focuses on priorities, order of procedures, and the immediate therapeutic options. The algorithm was used to track clinical management of 280 consecutive patients with penetrating truncal injuries; 31 were dead on arrival, 12 were alive on admission but died during their hospitalization. Of 209 patients whose management was in satisfactory compliance, four (2%) died; eight (20%) of 40 patients who had major deviations from the algorithm died (p less than .01). PMID- 3191735 TI - Development and testing of a decision tree for blunt trauma. AB - The aim of the present study was to examine the essential problems in a retrospective study of 381 organ injuries in 260 patients, to identify problems, to define criteria, to describe decision rules, and to organize these rules into branch-chain decision trees or clinical algorithms. The basic hypothesis of this study is that criteria organized into a prioritized decision tree can provide objective standards to evaluate the quality of trauma care and to compare alternative approaches. The algorithm was designed to provide prompt therapy for the most life-threatening problems: respiratory and cardiac arrest, shock, head injury, tamponade, lacerations of the great vessels, cardiac contusion, ruptured parenchymal organs, lacerated viscera, and injury to other intraperitoneal organs. Resuscitation from shock, correction of circulatory problems, and monitoring of physiologic variables were prioritized to evaluate the presence of circulatory deficits and the adequacy of specific therapy to correct them. Concomitantly, diagnosis of the underlying problems was approached using peritoneal lavage, abdominal and chest x-rays, iv urograms, cystograms, endoscopy, upper and lower GI barium or hypaque studies, ultrasound, scintograms, and CT scans. In emergency conditions these are limited to a large extent by time factors. The diagnostic accuracy, priorities, and limitations of each of these were evaluated in emergency conditions. The algorithm was used to track management decisions in a prospective series; the mortality of 51 patients with satisfactory compliance was 4% and 44% in nine patients with major deviations from the algorithm. PMID- 3191736 TI - Ischemic hepatitis in children: diagnosis and clinical course. AB - Hepatic hypoperfusion can result in ischemic hepatitis, a clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden rise in serum transaminases followed by resolution to near normal levels within 7 to 10 days. Although described in adults, this syndrome has not been well defined in pediatric patients. We report 22 children who developed ischemic hepatitis during an acute illness. Fifteen of 22 patients had a documented hypotensive episode or no cardiac output before the onset of the ischemic hepatitis episode. Four of the seven patients without documented hypotension required pressor therapy to maintain their BP. SGOT showed a marked rise (mean 2294 IU/L, range 438 to 6652) from admission to 96 h (mean 34) with a rapid decline to near normal levels within 9 days (mean 5.1). Serum bilirubin levels also rose transiently, but generally not to the extent of transaminase levels. A clinically significant coagulopathy occurred in six patients. Although nine patients expired, none died as a direct result of the hepatic damage. Ischemic hepatitis can occur during illnesses associated with diminished hepatic blood flow and follows a characteristic course that usually can be differentiated from viral or drug-induced hepatitis on clinical and biochemical criteria. PMID- 3191737 TI - APACHE II score and mortality in respiratory failure due to cardiogenic pulmonary edema. AB - We reviewed retrospectively 88 patients to assess whether the APACHE II severity of disease classification system can predict mortality in patients with respiratory failure due to cardiac pulmonary edema. Mean score for survivors was higher than for nonsurvivors (24.5 +/- 6.7 vs. 20.7 +/- 5.7, p less than .01), and increasing APACHE II scores were not associated with increasing mortality. Mortality was 54% for APACHE II scores less than or equal to 18, 43% for scores greater than 18 and less than or equal to 24, 22% for scores greater than 24 and less than or equal to 31, and 25% for scores between 32 and 40. The relationship of APACHE II scores to mortality did not improve when the 25 patients with ICU stays less than 48 h were analyzed; the mean score of survivors in this group was 24.3 +/- 5.2 vs. 18.8 +/- 4.6 for nonsurvivors, p less than .001. The presence of myocardial infarction (MI) was associated with a high mortality. Mortality in the 51 MI patients was 52.9% vs. 13.5% in the 37 patients without MI (p less than .001), but APACHE II scores were similar (22.6 +/- 6.6 and 23.7 +/- 6.4, respectively). The relationship between APACHE II scores and mortality did not improve if patients with and without MI are analyzed separately. For patients with MI, mortality was 78.6% for scores between 12 and 17, 56.2% for scores between 18 and 23, 33.3% for scores between 24 and 29, and 33.3% for scores greater than 29.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191738 TI - Prognostic value of gastric intramural pH in surgical intensive care patients. AB - Gastric intramural pH (pHi), which has been shown to reflect the adequacy of oxygenation in peripheral tissue beds, was measured in acutely ill surgical patients in order to evaluate its value as a prognostic factor and its relation to the sepsis score. Fifty-nine surgical patients were studied on ICU admission. The stomach wall pH was calculated from the PCO2 in gastric juice and arterial bicarbonate concentration using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. A fall in tissue pH less than 7.32 was taken as an indication of inadequate tissue oxygenation. Patients with sepsis scores greater than 10 were considered septic. Hospital and short-term (within 72 h of admission) mortality rates were determined. A significantly higher short-term mortality rate was observed in patients having a pHi less than 7.32 (37% vs. 0%, p less than .005). Most (90%) of the septic patients had a pHi less than 7.32. The short-term mortality rate was the highest (50%) in the septic group. In this group also, a linear correlation was found between pHi and the sepsis score (r = -.43, p less than .01). Gastric pHi, however, offered no prediction for the long-term outcome. PMID- 3191739 TI - Respiratory alkalosis attenuates thromboxane-induced pulmonary hypertension. AB - Mechanically induced respiratory alkalosis decreases pulmonary arterial pressure in infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and in newborn lambs with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Since thromboxane A2 may mediate the pulmonary hypertension in infants with Group B beta-hemolytic streptococci and Escherichia coli pneumonia, we studied the effect of respiratory alkalosis on thromboxane-induced pulmonary hypertension. A specific thromboxane A2-mimetic, U46619, was infused into six normoxic, sedated, mechanically ventilated lambs. U46619 produced pulmonary hypertension which was significantly attenuated during respiratory alkalosis. These results support the use of respiratory alkalosis to treat infants and children with pulmonary hypertension regardless of the presumed etiology. PMID- 3191740 TI - Continuous monitoring of tissue oxygen tension during hyperoxia and hypoxia: relation of subcutaneous, transcutaneous, and conjunctival oxygen tension to hemodynamic variables. AB - Subcutaneous, transcutaneous, and conjunctival oxygen tensions (PscO2, PtcO2, and PcjO2, respectively) were measured in anesthetized dogs subjected sequentially to normoxia, hyperoxia, and hypoxia. Intravascular pressure, hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables were measured simultaneously. PtcO2 and PcjO2 closely paralleled PaO2 during normoxia, hyperoxia, and hypoxia over a wide range of arterial oxygen tensions. PtcO2 was reliable over the widest range of PaO2, with a correlation coefficient of .94. The PcjO2/PaO2 index fell at very low PaO2. The PscO2/PaO2 index decreased at both very low and very high PaO2. Only minor changes were found in hemodynamic and oxygen transport variables during hyperoxia. During hypoxia, however, cardiac output and other central hemodynamic measurements increased, while PscO2, PtcO2, and PcjO2 fell. Oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption were maintained or only slightly changed during hypoxia. All three continuous measurements of oxygen tension are reliable indices of PaO2 over a wide range under normovolemic conditions. The instruments for measuring PscO2 and PcjO2 are unheated and therefore may have advantages for human application. PMID- 3191741 TI - Effect of increasing inspired oxygen concentration on hemodynamics and regional blood flows. AB - Previous reports suggest that in response to increasing FIO2, peripheral resistance increases, cardiac output falls, and regional blood flow decreases. This study examined the influence of varying FIO2 on pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances (PVR, SVR), cardiac output, ventricular work, and regional blood flows in ten anesthetized Yorkshire white pigs. Each animal served as its own control, and was exposed to varying FIO2 in random order. PCO2 was maintained at 40 +/- 5 torr and body temperature at 38.5 degrees C. Heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, thermodilution cardiac output, and blood flows in the femoral, carotid, renal and superior mesenteric arteries were measured at each FIO2. SVR, PVR, left and right ventricular stroke work (LVSW, RVSW) were calculated. One-way analysis of variance-randomized block design (F-test) showed significant decreases in PAP, PVR, and RVSW with increased FIO2. No change was noted in regional flows, cardiac output, SVR, or LVSW. We conclude that in this animal model administration of oxygen up to an FIO2 of 1.0 had no adverse effect on hemodynamic performance. PMID- 3191742 TI - Unreliability of oxygen tension-based indices in reflecting intrapulmonary shunting in critically ill patients. AB - Measurement of intrapulmonary shunting (Qsp/Qt), a widely used method for monitoring disturbances of pulmonary oxygen transfer in critically ill patients, involves calculation of arterial and mixed venous oxygen contents. In circumstances where mixed venous blood samples are not readily available, oxygen tension-based indices such as the alveolar to arterial oxygen tension differences (P[A-a]O2), arterial oxygen tension to alveolar oxygen tension ratio (PaO2/PAO2), PaO2 to FIO2 ratio (PaO2/FIO2) and respiratory index (RI) are widely utilized to reflect Qsp/Qt. Oxygen content-based indices such as the estimated shunt are not as widely utilized as the oxygen tension indices. In 75 critically ill patients in whom a pulmonary artery catheter was being utilized to augment clinical care, comparisons were made between Qsp/Qt and P(A-a)O2, PaO2/PAO2, PaO2/FIO2, RI, and estimated shunt to determine which index best reflected Qsp/Qt. Correlations between Qsp/Qt and estimated shunt were good (r = .94) and poor for the P(A-a)O2 (r = .62), PaO2/PAO2 (r = .72), PaO2/FIO2 (r = .71), and RI (r = .74). We conclude that there are no real substitutes for venous oxygen contents in critically ill patients. When pulmonary artery blood is not available for analysis, oxygen tension-based indices are unreliable reflectors of Qsp/Qt while the estimated shunt, an oxygen content-based index, provides a more reliable reflection of Qsp/Qt. PMID- 3191743 TI - Computer-generated drug-dosing nomograms. PMID- 3191744 TI - Phenytoin toxicity in a critically ill, hypoalbuminemic patient with normal serum drug concentrations. PMID- 3191747 TI - Comparison of arterial blood gas with intra-arterial and transcutaneous oxygen tension. PMID- 3191746 TI - Humanism and technology. PMID- 3191748 TI - Metabolic acidosis in severe acute asthma; acid-base nomenclature. PMID- 3191745 TI - Airway pressure release ventilation by mask. AB - A 53-yr-old woman with mediastinitis after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis was successfully mechanically ventilated with airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), which was started when the patient was intubated and continued by mask for 2 days after extubation. Mask APRV allowed efficient mechanical ventilation. PMID- 3191749 TI - Low cardiac output values due to malposition of a pulmonary artery catheter. PMID- 3191750 TI - Quantification of low numbers of immunogold label on Lowicryl K4M sections. AB - Postembedding immunogold staining was used to quantify low numbers of intracytoplasmic cytokine interferon molecules in cells embedded in Lowicryl K4M by the rapid technique of Altman et al. (1984). When labelling with colloidal gold-protein A (CGPA) was performed as suggested by the manufacturers, the relatively high background precluded the statistically significant distinction of small amounts of specific label. The standard procedure of postembedding staining was modified by introducing: (1) UV-irradiation of the sections before immuno staining; (2) 10- to 50-fold greater dilution of CGPA than recommended by the manufacturers, and (3) washing the sections at 60 degrees C between staining steps. The resulting decrease in nonspecific binding of CGPA facilitated the quantification of as few as 6-10 CGPA particles per 1,000 micron2 of the surface of the Lowicryl K4M sections at greater than a 95% confidence level. PMID- 3191751 TI - Ultrastructure of the liver of Lake Erie coho salmon from post-hatching until spawning. AB - Hepatocytes were examined in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, at several stages in their life cycles, using feral and laboratory-reared fish. Yolksac fry sampled before their first exogenous feed had low glycogen and lipid reserves in the hepatocytes and although 'light' cells were predominant, there was already evidence of a dimorphism in the electron density of hepatocytic cytoplasm. Within 1 day of the first exogenous feeding (a commercial salmonid starter diet) the hepatocytes in the fry contained extensive glycogen pools (up to 50% of the cell volume) and lipid droplets, often contained within the glycogen pools. This high glycogen and lipid condition was also evident in laboratory-reared male and female fish which had undergone smoltification. In sexually immature feral fish collected prior to the growth of their gonads, the hepatocytes were predominantly large 'light' cells. There was little glycogen in the hepatocytes of either males or females, lipid was abundant (particularly in females) as was ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In feral prespawning and spawning adults there was some loss of lipid and an apparent increase in the number of 'dark' hepatocytes. Treatment of fingerling fish with methyl testosterone resulted in a decrease of hepatocytic lipid content, whereas 17 beta oestradiol stimulated an increase in hepatocytic lipid and ribosomal endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in glycogen. PMID- 3191753 TI - The use (and abuse) of governmental databases. PMID- 3191752 TI - Assessment of right ventricular function. PMID- 3191754 TI - Tube thoracostomy drainage. An alternative in the management of giant bullae? PMID- 3191755 TI - Endobronchial changes in chronic pulmonary venous hypertension. AB - The bronchial venous system closely communicates with the pulmonary circulation. To assess the changes in the bronchial circulation in chronic pulmonary venous hypertension, fiberoptic bronchoscopy and right heart catheterization were performed in 31 patients with mitral stenosis. Nonpulsatile submucosal vessel dilatation, consistently seen in all patients and called the vessel dilatation score, was assessed visually by three independent bronchoscopists. The vessel dilatation score was correlated more closely with pulmonary artery wedge pressure (r = 0.687) (p less than 0.001) than to mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.531) (p less than 0.01) and right atrial pressure (r = 0.178) (NS). The vessel dilatation score decreased after reduction of the left atrial load by surgery. These results suggest that the dilated vessels observed in patients with mitral stenosis are bronchial veins that are engorged secondary to increased blood flow via bronchopulmonary anastomoses. PMID- 3191756 TI - Objective evaluation of results of a pulmonary rehabilitation program in a community hospital. AB - Objective evidence of improvement from participation in an outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program in a community hospital is shown. Selection criteria included a decrease in functional capacity due to pulmonary disease, stability of underlying pulmonary disease, proper motivation, the absence of other significant diseases, and evidence of continued improvement in the course of the program. Objective evidence of improved functional ability, as measured by treadmill exercise testing and improved understanding of their disease, was demonstrated in 86 percent of patients who completed the program. An increased work load was performed at a lower heart rate and respiratory rate. Eleven of 41 patients reached anaerobic threshold at a higher work load. Most importantly, however, was improved quality of life. In follow-up of 101 patients from one to five years later, 31.7 percent remained improved, while 31.7 percent had died, and 36.5 percent were worse from progression of pulmonary or occurrence of other diseases. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation can be objectively shown to be an important therapeutic tool in the treatment of patients with pulmonary disease. PMID- 3191758 TI - Prospective trial of supranormal values of survivors as therapeutic goals in high risk surgical patients. AB - Survivors of high-risk surgical operations were previously observed to have significantly higher mean CI, DO2, and VO2 than nonsurvivors. The hypothesis was proposed that increased CI and DO2 are circulatory compensations for increased postoperative metabolism. We tested this hypothesis in two series. In series 1, prospectively allocated by services, mortality and morbidity of the control group were significantly greater than those of the protocol group. In series 2, patients who fulfilled previously defined high-risk criteria were preoperatively randomized to one of three monitoring/treatment groups: CVP-control group, PA control group and PA-protocol group. Postoperative mortalities in the CVP-control and PA-control groups were not statistically significantly different, but PA protocol group mortality was significantly reduced compared with its control group. The PA-protocol group had reduced complications, duration of hospitalization, duration in ICU, and mechanical ventilation, and reduced costs when the PA catheter was placed preoperatively and used to augment circulatory responses. PMID- 3191757 TI - Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular function in patients with COPD. AB - In 100 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we found no significant correlation between simultaneous measurements of right ventricular ejection fraction, using radionuclide ventriculography, and pulmonary arterial pressure. There was, however, a weak but significant correlation between right ventricular ejection fraction and the pulmonary vascular resistance (r = 0.40, p less than 0.005). In 52 of these patients, 37 with pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular end-systolic volume index was 53 +/- 21 ml.m-2 and end-diastolic volume index was 86 +/- 27 ml.m-2, compared with a calculated mean of 33 ml.m-2 and 79 ml.m-2, respectively, for normal subjects. In 24 of these patients where the measurements were made at rest and on exercise, the mean right ventricular end-systolic volume increased from 66 +/- 20 ml.m-2 to 87 +/- 32 ml.m-2, with an increase in right ventricular systolic pressure from 28 +/- 9 mm Hg to 55 +/- 15 mm Hg. Analysis of the slope of the right ventricular end-systolic pressure volume relationship at rest and on exercise suggested relatively normal right ventricular contractility in the majority of patients. Thus, in these patients with stable COPD, despite the presence of pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular contractility remained relatively normal. PMID- 3191759 TI - Reduction of pulmonary capillary blood volume following cold exposure in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. AB - In a previous study we induced digital vasospasm with cold pressor stimulus, and an acute decrease in the lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (Dsb) resulted. We hypothesized its cause to be spasm occurring simultaneously in the pulmonary vasculature and the digital arteries. We measured in this study the Dsb, the diffusing capacity of the pulmonary membrane (Dm), and the volume of blood in the pulmonary capillaries (Vc) after cold-induced digital vasospasm in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Control subjects showed no significant decrease in Dsb, Dm, or Vc after cold exposure. Eight of 12 subjects with Raynaud's phenomenon had a significant decrease in Dsb 60 min after testing (25.3 +/- 6.6 vs 19.8 +/- 6.1 ml/min/mm Hg, p less than 0.01). The acute decrease in Dsb was due to a significant decrease in Vc (54 +/- 20 vs 39 +/- 10 ml, p less than 0.05), while Dm was unchanged (52 +/- 17 vs 51 +/- 20 ml/min). Four subjects who had a decrease in Dsb after cold challenge had repeated studies later after pretreatment with sublingual nifedipine. The magnitude of change in Dsb was similar to that observed in the untreated state (23.6 +/- 10.6 vs 20.9 +/- 9.6 ml/min/mm Hg). We conclude that digital vasospasm is accompanied by an acute reduction in Vc in both primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon and indicates concurrent vasoconstriction within the pulmonary vaculature. PMID- 3191760 TI - Long-term outcome for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. Mortality. AB - As the actual mortality and morbidity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have been unknown heretofore, we undertook a follow-up study of 198 OSAS patients seen at the Stanford Sleep Disorders Clinic between 1972 and 1980, for whom either tracheostomy (71 patients) or weight loss (127 patients) had been recommended. At five-year follow-up, all of the deaths (14) had occurred among those conservatively treated with weight-loss (a mortality rate of 11 per 100 patients per five years). These patents also had a higher five-year crude vascular mortality rate: 6.3 per 100 patients per five years, with an age standardized vascular mortality rate of 5.9 per 100 patients per five years (95 percent confidence interval [CI] 2.5-11.6) vs 0 per 100 for the surgically treated population; this despite a lower mean apnea index (43 versus 69) and a lower mean body mass index (31 versus 34 kg/m2) in the conservatively treated group. With the fictional adjunction of one possible death at five-year follow-up in the surgically treated group, the age-adjusted odds of vascular mortality at five years for the conservatively treated group was 4.7. Our data therefore encourage "aggressive" treatment for patients with OSAS. PMID- 3191761 TI - Comparison of beta-adrenergic agents delivered by nebulizer vs metered dose inhaler with InspirEase in hospitalized asthmatic patients. AB - The present study was undertaken to determine if beta-agonists delivered by nebulizer provide better clinical responses than MDI therapy in status asthmaticus. We divided 28 hospitalized asthmatic patients into three groups. Group 1 received albuterol by MDI with InspirEase. Group 2 received nebulized albuterol. Group 3 received nebulized metaproterenol. Both nebulizer regimens resulted in significant improvements in both FVC and FEV1 by 30 min after initial hospital beta-agonist treatment. No significant improvement was noted in initial spirometry in the MDI with InspirEase group. In spite of the superiority of nebulizer therapy in the initial phase of hospitalization, the daily rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization were not significantly different among the three groups. Our results indicate that nebulizer therapy provides superior spirometric improvement in the initial phase of status asthmaticus. However, both MDI and nebulizer regimens provided similar rates of spirometric improvement and duration of hospitalization. PMID- 3191762 TI - Elevated CK-MB isoenzyme after exercise stress test and atrial pacing in patients with ischemic heart disease. AB - Using a highly sensitive monoclonal antibody kit for CK-MB, significant release of small amounts of CK-MB isoenzyme after exercise stress test was detected 4 to 6 h after induction of ischemia. This occurred in ten out of 15 patients with ischemic heart disease (66 percent) and in only one of the 18 healthy subjects (5.6 percent) serving as a control group. In five patients with coronary artery disease in whom atrial pacing was performed with simultaneous blood sampling from coronary sinus, a drastic elevation in CK-MB isoenzyme (from 2.04 +/- 2.06 ng/L to 10.88 +/- 6.9 ng/L; p less than 0.001) was detected within 10 to 30 min after induction of acute ischemia. A small but significant increase in total CK also was detected (from 21 +/- 12 IU/L to 52 +/- 14IU/L; p less than 0.01). These preliminary observations have to be further investigated in a larger group of patients before a definitive conclusion can be reached about the clinical significance of CK-MB release during exercise. PMID- 3191763 TI - Complications associated with central venous catheters. A survey. AB - The Federal Food and Drug Administration has a system for reporting problems with medical devices that requires manufacturers of medical devices to report medical complications or equipment malfunction that causes, or could cause, death or serious injury. In a two-year period, central venous catheters were associated with 170 complications: tissue perforation, loss of catheter integrity, (including: catheter separation, severance, break, rip, puncture, or leak), and other problems. Causes of the complications were related to device failure (12 percent), health care professionals (55 percent), patients (3 percent), or pathologic or physiologic aspects (3 percent); causes of 28 percent of the complications were indeterminable. Further analysis indicated that complications (especially tissue perforation) were primarily health professional technique related. There were no reports of complications related to infection. Data support the need for more education in catheter application and the need to modify the system by which these data are reported to more reliably detect infection. PMID- 3191764 TI - Severe hemoptysis associated with pulmonary aspergilloma. Percutaneous intracavitary treatment. AB - Surgical therapy for massive hemoptysis associated with pulmonary aspergilloma carries a high morbidity and mortality in patients with limited pulmonary reserve. Bronchial artery embolization has proven ineffective in treating and in preventing recurrent episodes of hemoptysis in this group of patients. Over a four-and-one-half year period, we have successfully treated six episodes of acute hemoptysis in four patients using a percutaneously placed catheter and intracavitary instillation of amphotericin B, N-acetylcysteine, and aminocaproic acid. Advantages of this method of treatment for patients with severely compromised pulmonary reserve include: (1) no further loss of lung function; (2) ease and rapidity of catheter insertion; (3) prompt response to treatment; (4) relatively short hospitalization; and (5) ability to repeat the procedure in the same or another cavity if necessary. PMID- 3191765 TI - Cough capacity in patients with muscular dystrophy. AB - Cough capacity was evaluated in 22 patients with muscular dystrophy (MD) using subjective cough assessment, cough flow-volume curves, maximum expiratory pressures (MEP), forced vital capacity (FVC), and peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR). In ten of the 22 patients transients of peak flow were generated during cough flow-volume maneuvers, indicating dynamic compression of the airways, which is considered important in the physiology of an efficient cough. Patients who could not generate peak flow transients had significantly reduced PEFR, FVC, and MEP values. Measurement of MEP was the most sensitive predictor of flow transient production during coughing; all of the patients who exhibited transients had MEP values of above 60 cmH2O, whereas the highest value of MEP recorded in patients without transients was 45 cmH2O. Three of the 12 patients who were unable to generate flow transients were considered to have an adequate cough by subjective assessment. We concluded that the measurement of MEP is extremely useful for assessment of cough strength in patients with MD. PMID- 3191766 TI - Endobronchial tuberculosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - Although many of the pulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are well known, endobronchial involvement has not been previously described. We report the clinical, roentgenographic, and bronchoscopic features of three patients with endobronchial tuberculosis and AIDS. All of the patients had nonspecific symptoms of fever and cough; however, none exhibited the classic findings of dyspnea, wheezing, or hemoptysis. Smears of sputum were nondiagnostic. The chest x-ray film revealed mediastinal adenopathy in two patients and a lower lobe consolidation in the third; all had small ipsilateral pleural effusions. Endobronchial lesions were white or pink exophytic masses obstructing the airways, mimicking bronchogenic carcinoma. Areas of "classic" primary tuberculosis were seen in two of the patients. Despite ongoing clinical and roentgenographic deterioration, all patients responded well to antituberculosis medications. Given the frequency of tuberculosis in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex, one should maintain a high index of suspicion for involvement of the tracheobronchial tree, so as to avoid a delay in diagnosis and resultant increased morbidity and mortality. PMID- 3191767 TI - Gated radionuclide ventriculography in the evaluation of cardiac function in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. AB - Left ventricular ejection fractions were determined in 38 patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. No significant correlation between the severity of respiratory dysfunction or age and cardiac function was seen. We suggest that the cardiac status of each patient should be evaluated separately from his respiratory status, particularly when long-term assisted ventilation is being considered. PMID- 3191768 TI - Equations for the prediction of resting energy expenditure in chronic obstructive lung disease. AB - Resting energy expenditure can be obtained either by indirect calorimetry or from prediction equations. Several prediction equations were compared to the measured value of REE in a group of COPD patients with moderate to severe disease. Then, using the same group of patients, a new equation was derived by regression analysis and was prospectively tested on patients with similar characteristics. Equations derived from normal populations (Harris-Benedict, Wilmore nomogram) were shown to underestimate REE by 300-400 Kcal. Equations that use body weight as the only variable were found to be easier to use and did not appear to sacrifice accuracy. Quebbeman Ausman body weight, Quebbeman Ausman body surface area and a regression equation derived from COPD patients (males, REE = 11.5 x wt [kg] + 952; females, REE = 14.1 x wt [kg] + 515) performed better than other currently used equations. In both stable COPD and COPD with exacerbation, the mean predicted values fell within a standard deviation (+/- 167 Kcal) of measured values. PMID- 3191769 TI - The physician's responsibility for the care of AIDS patients. An opinion. PMID- 3191770 TI - Roentgenogram of the month. Pulmonary cavity in a patient with nephrotic syndrome and renal vein thrombosis. PMID- 3191771 TI - Mixed clinicopathologic behavior of a solitary mesothelioma. AB - A large solitary mesothelioma was found to exhibit malignant features microscopically, but benign characteristics grossly, including a surgically curative resection. The mixed behavior of this tumor supports the evolving understanding of mesotheliomas as progeny of multipotential subserosal cells with capabilities of differentiating into several tissue types with varying degrees of anaplasia. PMID- 3191772 TI - Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and its association with mitral anular calcium in elderly patients. AB - We investigated the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC) and its association with mitral anular calcium (MAC) detected by Doppler echocardiography in 379 unselected elderly patients in a long-term health care facility. HC was present in 17 of 379 patients (4 percent). Of 17 patients with HC, ten (59 percent) had asymmetric septal hypertrophy, and seven (41 percent) had idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis with resting gradients of 20 to 110 mm Hg across the left ventricular outflow tract. The mean age of patients with HC was 85 +/- 7 years compared with 82 +/- 8 years in patients without HC (difference not significant). MAC was present in 13 of 17 patients (76 percent) with HC and in 176 of 362 (49 percent) without HC (p less than 0.025). PMID- 3191773 TI - Miliary tuberculosis due to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy. AB - While receiving treatment for bladder carcinoma with intravesical BCG, a 78-year old man developed a clinical illness and roentgenographic manifestation of miliary tuberculosis. The transbronchial lung biopsy demonstrated granulomas with giant cells. Treatment with antituberculosis therapy resulted in complete resolution of the illness. The pathogenesis of this complication was considered to be due to pulmonary infection by BCG from the bladder source and differs from previously reported cases of interstitial pulmonary infiltrates which more likely represent a hypersensitivity reaction to BCG. PMID- 3191774 TI - Cardiac failure presenting as sleep apnea. Elimination of apnea following medical management of cardiac failure. AB - A patient with symptoms of sleep apnea syndrome had signs of congestive cardiac failure. A sleep study fulfilled the criteria for sleep apnea. Features of Cheyne Stokes respiration coexisted. Management of the cardiac failure by weight loss principally due to diuretic use eliminated the symptoms of sleep apnea. PMID- 3191775 TI - Arterial oxygen saturation during Nd:YAG laser photoresection of endobronchial tumors under local anesthesia. Use of intermittent supplemental oxygen with pulse oximetry guidance. AB - Although Nd:YAG laser photoresection of endobronchial lung tumor can result in significant arterial oxygen desaturation, oxygen supplementation during procedures is often limited due to fear of intrabronchial combustion. We gave intermittent pulse supplemental oxygen to ten patients during 26 laser procedures performed under local anesthesia using SaO2 measured by a pulse oximeter as a guide. In four procedures (15.4 percent), severe oxygen desaturation contraindicated performing or completing laser phototherapy. In the remaining 22 procedures (84.6 percent), laser photoresection was safely and successfully performed without incident. Thus, pulse oximetry is a valuable tool and intermittent oxygen supplementation with pulse oximeter guidance an effective technique for maintaining adequate oxygenation during laser photoresection. PMID- 3191776 TI - Unilateral absence of the diaphragm in an asymptomatic adult. AB - An asymptomatic 22-year-old man was evaluated for a persistent left lower lobe infiltrate. Barium enema and upper gastrointestinal series revealed colon and small bowel freely mobile in the left thorax. CT confirmed absence of the left hemidiaphragm. This is the first reported case of total absence of a hemidiaphragm in an adult, and extends the clinical spectrum of diaphragmatic defects where strangulation of hernia contents may occur , the asymptomatic presentation of complete absence of the hemidiaphragm with the unimpeded movement of abdominal contents suggests that no treatment is necessary. PMID- 3191777 TI - Epithelial necrosis and alveolar collapse in the pathogenesis of usual interstitial pneumonia. AB - We report ultrastructural evidence of epithelial necrosis and alveolar collapse in a patient with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). These changes were focal and confined to small areas characterized histologically by aggregates of interstitial fibroblasts embedded within a myxoid stroma (fibroblastic foci). Ultrastructurally, the denuded epithelial basal lamina in these areas showed deep infoldings into the interstitium, and the luminal surfaces of the resultant clefts often were re-epithelialized. These findings suggest that the fibroblastic foci commonly seen in UIP represent sites of acute lung injury, and that alveolar collapse following epithelial necrosis is an important mechanism of lung remodeling. In addition to new insights regarding the pathogenesis of fibrosis in UIP, these observations may have important implications for assessing prognosis and selecting treatment strategies. PMID- 3191778 TI - High frequency, high volume ventilation for right ventricular assist. PMID- 3191779 TI - Mycobacteriosis in patients with AIDS. PMID- 3191780 TI - Serum adenosine deaminase activity with Mycoplasma pneumoniae. PMID- 3191781 TI - Geotrichosis: who is susceptible? PMID- 3191782 TI - Stapler closure of the bronchial stump. PMID- 3191783 TI - Bilateral chylothorax with pulmonary Kaposi's sarcoma. PMID- 3191784 TI - Mexiletine for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. PMID- 3191786 TI - [Relation between meteorological conditions and eclampsia]. PMID- 3191785 TI - Iodine determination in amiodarone lung. PMID- 3191787 TI - [Prevention of meconium aspiration syndrome]. PMID- 3191788 TI - [A case-control study of the pathogenic factors of neural tube defect in 64 cases]. PMID- 3191789 TI - [Relation of maternal zinc deficiency and fetal neural tube defects]. PMID- 3191790 TI - [Radio-immuno-lympho-scintigraphy in the radio-immuno-localization of epithelial ovarian cancer]. PMID- 3191791 TI - Enzymatic production of single-stranded DNA as a target for fluorescence in situ hybridization. AB - This study demonstrates that Exonuclease III (Exo III) can be used to produce sufficient single-stranded (ss)DNA in chromosomes and cells to allow in situ hybridization. In this study, all of the probes were modified with biotin and the probe binding was visualized with fluorescein-labeled avidin. Exo III digestion starting at naturally occurring breaks in methanol-acetic acid preparations produced enough ssDNA for strong hybridization when human genomic DNA was used to probe human chromosomes. Pretreatment with the endonucleases EcoRI, Hind III and BamHI was used to produce more sites for initiation of Exo III digestion when using a chromosome-specific repetitive probe specific to a small chromosomal subregion near the telomere of human chromosome 1(1p36). The fluorescence intensity following hybridization to Exo III-treated targets was roughly equal to that following hybridization to thermally denatured targets, but background fluorescence was lower. PMID- 3191792 TI - Localisation of satellite DNA sequences on human metaphase chromosomes using bromodeoxyuridine-labelled probes. AB - Human highly repeated satellite sequences, cloned into M13, were used as templates to prepare single-stranded DNA probes containing bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) in place of thymine. The probes were hybridised to human metaphase chromosomes and visualised using an indirect immunological detection procedure. The sensitivity and accuracy of the technique were tested using a BrdUrd-labelled probe of known copy number and location: a segment from the 2.5 kb Y chromosome repeat. The procedure proved to be reliable and fast, with a sensitivity similar to that of other in situ hybridisation techniques. The technique was then used to determine the chromosomal locations of a 100 bp repeat from human satellite 3. The satellite 3 probe hybridised to a large number of chromosomes and, surprisingly, the intensity of label at all locations remained unchanged when the slides were washed at a higher stringency. The resolution of the technique was very high and allowed accurate localisation of the satellite sequence. Hybridisation was observed in two regions of the subcentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome 9, in two locations at the centromere and short arm of all the acrocentric autosomes, and at the centromere and long arm of the Y chromosome. In addition the probe hybridised to centromeric heterochromatin in chromosomes 1, 16, 17 and 20. We believe that single-stranded BrdUrd-labelled probes should be very useful for detecting RNA transcripts in cells, and discuss ways by which the procedure could be modified to locate single copy DNA on chromosomes. PMID- 3191793 TI - Differential elongation of autosomal pachytene bivalents related to their DNA content in human spermatocytes. AB - The establishment of the complete karyotype of human pachytene spermatocytes reveals differences in stretching of chromosomes between meiosis and mitosis. Bivalents or specific regions of bivalents which exhibit many R-bands are particularly elongated. In mitotic chromosomes, the DNA contained in such bands is known to be early replicating. The study of variations in the total length and the centromeric index of bivalent 1 suggests that differential elongation of pachytene bivalents is a premeiotic event, taking place during the last DNA replication. PMID- 3191795 TI - [Study on air quality and volume per person of living room in Anhui province countryside]. PMID- 3191794 TI - Heterosynapsis in a heterozygous fertile boar carrier of a 3;7 translocation. AB - Silver-stained synaptonemal complexes (SCs) in surface-spread pachytene nuclei from a boar, heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation, were analysed by electron microscopy. In such heterozygotes, cross-shaped quadrivalent configurations are expected to form in order to maximize homologous pairing. Contrary to the classical, expected cross-shaped configuration, heterosynapsis was often observed, with asymmetrical association in the lateral elements of the non-homologous partners of the quadrivalents. This heterosynapsis is assumed to be a mechanism preventing spermatocyte loss, but inducing a secondary segregational type of impairment of fertility due to foetal wastage leading to reduced prolificacy. PMID- 3191796 TI - [Aged smokers and lung function]. PMID- 3191797 TI - [The best estimative figure of mixed sample at low infective rate of parasite]. PMID- 3191798 TI - [Periodic regression]. PMID- 3191799 TI - [Experimental study of biological effects of wood dust]. PMID- 3191800 TI - [A study on the carcinogenic risk of organic concentrates from tap water in H city]. PMID- 3191801 TI - [Experimental study of the seromuscular pedicle flap graft in repair of large bile duct defects]. PMID- 3191802 TI - [Mirizzi syndrome]. PMID- 3191803 TI - [Malignant genitourinary tumor accompany with multiorgan primary malignant tumors: report of 15 cases]. PMID- 3191804 TI - [Acute gonorrheal urethritis: report of 30 cases]. PMID- 3191805 TI - [A simplified string-basket hemostatic method in the treatment of lacerations of the renal parenchyma]. PMID- 3191806 TI - [Lithotrity by domestic hydroelectric lithotriptor: report of 54 cases]. PMID- 3191808 TI - [Experimental study on a prefabricated peritoneal tube for venous reconstruction]. PMID- 3191807 TI - [Development of a reverse-ball-socket type of total shoulder prosthesis and its clinical application]. PMID- 3191809 TI - [Ringing of femoral veins for primary valvular incompetency of deep veins of the lower extremity]. PMID- 3191810 TI - [Membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava: report of 5 cases]. PMID- 3191811 TI - [Combined superior and inferior vena caval obstruction syndrome: a case report]. PMID- 3191812 TI - [Anatomical study and clinical application of lateral ventricle-external jugular vein drainage]. PMID- 3191813 TI - [Porencephaly: report of 8 cases]. PMID- 3191814 TI - [Diagnosis and surgical treatment of Barrett's esophagus]. PMID- 3191815 TI - [Multisegmental and multilobar pulmonary resection with upward displacement of the diaphragm in the treatment of bronchiectasis of multisegmental type]. PMID- 3191816 TI - Doxapram dosage regimen in apnea of prematurity based on pharmacokinetic data. AB - To 18 premature apneic patients refractory to theophylline, doxapram (0.5-2.5 mg/kg/h) was administered in combination with therapeutic doses of theophylline. Doxapram concentrations in serum were measured 48 h after commencement of the infusion and then in 2-hour intervals during a 6-8 h withdrawal. Total body clearance (dose/Css) of the drug ranged from 0.20 to 0.56 liter/h in 13 patients and 1.14 to 1.75 liter/h in 4 patients suggesting a binomial distribution in the disposition kinetics of the drug. Other pharmacokinetic indices, although variable, did not exhibit binomial distribution. The mean volume of distribution and half-life of doxapram were 7.33 +/- 4.55 liter/kg and 8.17 +/- 4.13 h, respectively. Based on our calculations to accelerate the attainment of a steady state plasma concentration (Css) of approximately 1.5 mg/l, a loading dose of 5.5 mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 1 mg/kg/h along with serum concentration monitoring are recommended. PMID- 3191817 TI - Developmental changes of caffeine elimination in infancy. AB - Five neonates (4 premature) and 16 infants (6 prematurely born), 15-588 days old, received caffeine as citrate salt for apnea. Plasma samples were collected 0, 2, 4, 6 h after a dose and before the next scheduled one. Patients 8 and 9 were serially studied. Caffeine plasma concentrations were determined using HPLC. The caffeine elimination half-life and clearance varied linearly with gestational age and exponentially with postnatal age, the plateau being reached during the second trimester of life. Dose regimen guidelines as a function of postnatal age were derived from individually calculated doses and dosing intervals in order to achieve, at steady state, a caffeine mean plasma concentration of 11 mg/l with a minimum of 7.5 mg/l and a maximum of 14.5 mg/l. We suggest dosing intervals for infants before 1 month, 1-2 months, 2-4 months and after 4 months to be equal to 24, 12, 8 and 6 h, respectively. The individual recommended dose varies from 2 to 10 mg/kg (as caffeine base) making caffeine monitoring mandatory in infants. PMID- 3191818 TI - The bilirubin-displacing capacity of bumetanide in critically ill neonates. AB - Effects of bumetanide on in vitro bilirubin binding to albumin were studied in pooled sera of critically ill neonates using the hydroxybenzeneazobenzoic acid (HBABA) dye binding method and the horseradish peroxidase assay. Mean HBABA dye binding capacity decreased significantly from 63.75 +/- 5.9% in the absence of drug to 50.8 +/- 6.7% and 44.6 +/- 6.3% with concentrations of 0.25 and 50 micrograms/ml, respectively (p less than 0.005). Bumetanide caused an increase in unbound bilirubin concentration at drug concentrations of 0.5-50 micrograms/ml. Bumetanide is a potent displacer of bilirubin and should be used with caution in jaundiced neonates. PMID- 3191819 TI - Serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations in preterm infants receiving less than 25 mg/kg/day alpha-tocopherol acetate supplements. AB - Alpha-tocopherol (aT) concentrations were determined in 52 preterm infants receiving less than 25 mg/kg/day alpha-tocopherol acetate (aTA) supplements through intravenous hyperalimentation solutions, lipid, and oral aTA. One fourth of the study infants had aT concentrations greater than 3.5 mg/dl at least once, and an association between concentrations greater than 3.5 mg/dl and necrotizing enterocolitis was demonstrated. In contrast, another one fourth of the infants' concentrations remained less than 0.5 mg/dl through the first postnatal week. The highly variable serum tocopherol concentrations correlated with total serum lipid content but not with plasma aTA hydrolysis activity. PMID- 3191820 TI - Tin-protoporphyrin suppression of hyperbilirubinemia in the jaundiced Gunn rat. AB - Suppression of hyperbilirubinemia was studied in jaundiced adult and neonatal Gunn rats following treatment with tin-protoporphyrin. The effects of tin protoporphyrin treatment on heme oxygenase, NADPH cytochrome c reductase, and biliverdin reductase activities were studied in adult jaundiced Gunn rat renal, hepatic and splenic tissues. Hepatic heme oxygenase activity was studied in nonjaundiced and jaundiced Gunn neonates. Significant decreases in plasma bilirubin levels were observed for both adult and neonatal rats treated with 50 or 100 mumol tin-protoporphyrin/kg body weight. Tin-protoporphyrin-treated rats had significantly lower hepatic and renal heme oxygenase activities, splenic and renal cytochrome c reductase activities, and a significantly higher splenic biliverdin reductase activity. Hepatic heme oxygenase activity was also significantly reduced in the neonatal rats. PMID- 3191821 TI - Electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of bethanidine sulfate on the immature mammalian heart. AB - The cumulative electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of bethanidine sulfate (2.5, 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg i.v.) were studied in 9 canine neonates and 7 adult dogs. Increased heart rate, blood pressure and enhanced atrioventricular nodal function, observed in both groups, and decreased ventricular refractory periods and inducibility of ventricular arrhythmias seen in the adult, are probably related to a bethanidine-mediated release of catecholamines. However, in spite of the catecholamine release, bethanidine sulfate results in a significant prolongation of atrial refractoriness, this effect being quantitatively more important in the neonate than in the adult. PMID- 3191822 TI - Effect of prazosin on the cardiopulmonary response to dopamine in awake lambs: comparison with phentolamine and tolazoline. AB - Combination vasodilator and cardiotonic therapy may help infants with pulmonary vasospasm and low cardiac output. We previously have shown that the alpha 1- and alpha 2- blocking agents tolazoline and phentolamine, plus dopamine, improved cardiac output relative to dopamine alone, without changing pulmonary vascular resistance. To similarly test an agent with selective alpha 1-receptor blocking action, prazosin, we instrumented 6 newborn lambs to measure the pressure in the pulmonary artery, aorta and left atrium and cardiac output. After recovery, the lambs were studied while awake and breathing room air. The response to dopamine, at doses of 2.7, 27 and 270 micrograms/kg/min, was measured alone, and again on a different day after prazosin (1 mg/kg). Dopamine alone raised systemic, pulmonary and left atrial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance at high doses. Pulmonary vascular resistance did not change. Prazosin prevented the dopamine induced systemic resistance increase and permitted cardiac output to rise relative to dopamine alone (p less than 0.0125), but barely blunted the dopamine induced pulmonary pressure increase (p less than 0.005 vs. base in both groups). These results are similar to those previously found with tolazoline and phentolamine. Thus, all the tested alpha-blockers facilitate the cardiotonic effect of dopamine, but none ablates its pulmonary pressure effect. PMID- 3191823 TI - [Ultrastructure of cellular fragments isolated by mass enucleation method without the use of special chemical agents]. PMID- 3191824 TI - [Fungicidal activity of bis-arene-chromium derivatives]. PMID- 3191825 TI - [Relation between activities of vasopressinergic and pituitary-adrenal cortex systems]. PMID- 3191826 TI - [Gene amplification in murine C3HIOTI/2 cell line derived by stepwise selection in a medium with reduced serum level]. PMID- 3191827 TI - [Accelerated growth of transgenic fishes carrying human somatotropin gene]. PMID- 3191828 TI - [Functional role of the tertiary structure of the surface antigen of tick-borne encephalitis virus--polypeptide E]. PMID- 3191829 TI - [Limitations and inter-relation of traits in evolutionary dynamics]. PMID- 3191830 TI - [Interaction of immobilized dimer form of D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscles with coenzyme]. PMID- 3191831 TI - [Structure of the 5'-flanking region of the cloned salmon preproinsulin gene]. PMID- 3191832 TI - [Synthesis by RNA polymerase III of high-molecular weight of polyadenylated RNA in Ehrlich carcinoma cells]. PMID- 3191833 TI - [Salivary glands of venomous and nonvenomous snakes synthesize and secrete the nerve growth factor]. PMID- 3191834 TI - [Time-dependence of the biological activity of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) solutions and products of hydrolysis]. PMID- 3191835 TI - [Psychosocial factors and essential hypertension]. PMID- 3191836 TI - [Effect of alcohol consumption on serum lipids]. PMID- 3191837 TI - [Serum thiocyanate and HDL levels and their subgroup levels]. PMID- 3191839 TI - [Low energy cardioversion using modified electrodes]. PMID- 3191838 TI - [Percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in children: comparison of single and double balloon technics]. PMID- 3191840 TI - [Hemodynamic effect of domestic amrinone in patients with congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension]. PMID- 3191842 TI - [Multiple micropulmonary neoplastic emboli and subacute pulmonary heart disease]. PMID- 3191841 TI - [Elevating serum HDL-C by high-iodine eggs]. PMID- 3191843 TI - [Gap phenomenon of atrio-ventricular block]. PMID- 3191844 TI - [Clinicopathologic analysis of non-rheumatic aortic valvular lesions]. PMID- 3191845 TI - [Some rare heart manifestations in middle- and old-aged groups of hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 3191846 TI - [Pulmonary hypertension measured by Doppler echocardiography]. PMID- 3191847 TI - [1984 baseline Sino-MONICA-Beijing study]. PMID- 3191849 TI - [Distribution of ATP liposome in experimental ischemic myocardium]. PMID- 3191848 TI - [LDL receptor binding and endocytosis in rabbit aortic smooth muscle under different levels of lipids in the culture media]. PMID- 3191850 TI - [Comparative study of ECG using the Minnesota code on nine populations in different areas of China]. PMID- 3191851 TI - [Biofeedback training in fecal incontinence]. AB - In 19 patients with incontinence of various causes a treatment programme was instituted in which by biofeedback training they would learn how to increase the force of contraction of the external anal sphincter in response to balloon distension of the rectum. The degree of incontinence was objectified by anorectal manometry before and after training, as well as 3-6 months after the end of training. This programme significantly increased the force of contraction of the sphincter and pelvic-floor musculature. Twelve patients became continent and have remained so at follow-up. The training regimen was especially successful in patients with an organic cause of the incontinence and those most highly motivated. The investigation also demonstrated that anorectal manometry is a suitable method for the diagnosis of and monitoring the response to treatment of anal incontinence. PMID- 3191853 TI - [Pericardial effusion during the therapy of Crohn's disease with 5-aminosalicylic acid]. AB - A 22-year-old woman with Crohn's disease was treated with 5-aminosalicylic acid (Claversal), four times 500 mg daily, because of increased inflammatory activity. Retrosternal pain set in after two weeks; in another two weeks a moderately enlarged heart was noted on the chest X-ray and pericardial effusion diagnosed echocardiographically. After stopping the medication the pericardial effusion resolved without further treatment. Immunoserology failed to demonstrate autoantibodies, but a repeat lymphocyte stimulation test was positive. There is a possible causal relationship between 5-aminosalicylic acid medication and the pericardial effusion, although the pathogenetic mechanisms is not known. PMID- 3191852 TI - [Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta and leg amputation. A chance coincidence or a pathogenetic correlation?]. AB - A retrospective analysis of 545 patients, operated on between 1970 and 1987 for a closed or ruptured infrarenal aneurysm of the abdominal aorta (AAA), revealed an incidence of 5.1% of unilateral leg amputations among them (20 above, 8 below the knee) during the Second World War. Patients in both groups (with or without amputation) had one or more arteriosclerotic risk factors, their frequency rising with increasing age. There were differences between the two groups in the frequency of certain morphological characteristics in the area of the bifurcation and the terminal aorta affecting the haemodynamics of these regions. Stenosis or occlusion of the ipsilateral iliac arteries may be a possible pathogenetic factor. A prospective study will be required to decide whether the coincidence between leg amputation and AAA is pathogenetic or accidental. PMID- 3191854 TI - [Rare causes of the Brown-Sequard syndrome. NMR tomographic findings]. AB - In two patients with the classical form of Brown-Sequard's syndrome magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed circumscribed intramedullary foci in the spinal cord at the level of T 10 and C 5, respectively. In the one patient, viral myelitis had been diagnosed by tests on serum and cerebrospinal fluid; in the other, spinal contusion from the history and the course of the illness. MRI demonstrated complete regression of the foci in both patients. PMID- 3191855 TI - [Gaps in tetanus immunity]. PMID- 3191856 TI - [Treatment of writer's cramp]. PMID- 3191857 TI - Different methods for producing neonatal undernutrition in rats cause different brain changes in the face of equivalent somatic growth parameters. AB - Similar degrees of undernutrition were induced in neonatal rat pups using a modified Slob technique and a large-litter manipulation. From birth, large litters and Slob litters were comprised of 20 and 10 pups, respectively. On days 2, 4 and 6, half of the pups in the Slob group were cross-fostered to nonlactating foster aunts, while the remaining half of each litter (controls), as well as the large-litter rats were cross-fostered to a lactating dam. On day 10, undernourished Slob and large-litter pups showed similar body weight and body length deficits compared with controls, but differences between the two undernourished groups emerged when regional brain weight and nucleic acids and proteins were examined. The acute intermittent undernutrition of the modified Slob technique had more severe consequences than the large-litter manipulation for brain growth and development. Therefore, two methods of inducing early postnatal undernutrition may yield equivalent somatic effects, but very different brain growth parameters. PMID- 3191858 TI - Immunocytochemical localization of transferrin and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase in the developing nervous system of the rat. AB - Transferrin accumulates within neurons of the developing nervous system of humans, sheep, pigs and chickens. To assess the relationship of this accumulation with the ontogeny of oxidative metabolism, we studied the immunocytochemical localization of transferrin (Tf) and the mitochondrial form of malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) in developing neural tissues by the peroxidase antiperoxidase method. Rabbit anti-rat Tf was obtained commercially and gave a single band of reaction product (MW = 80 kd) on Western blots. Antibodies to porcine heart mMDH were elicited in a rabbit. Western blot analysis showed that this anti-porcine mMDH antibody reacted with the mMDH from porcine, rat or avian tissue but not with the cytosolic MDH from pigs. Tf was first detected in rat brain neurons at about the 18th embryonic day and reached a peak at about the 6th postnatal day. All neurons were immunoreactive with large neurons throughout the brain showing a strong reaction for Tf. From this time onward, the level in brain neurons gradually decreased until adulthood. However, Tf immunoreactivity still remained strongly evident in capillary endothelial cells. The localization of Tf within rat spinal cord neurons peaked as early as the 1st postnatal day and remained elevated to the 6th postnatal day. By contrast, reactivity for Tf within dorsal root ganglia neurons was intense as early as the 18th embryonic day and diminished only gradually. Mitochondrial MDH, a marker for oxidative metabolism, appeared to reach a peak after the crest of intraneuronal Tf had been observed. For example, brain and spinal cord MDH immunoreactivity increased with intense staining in the cell bodies and fibers of neurons from the 6th to the 13th postnatal day; immunoreactivity gradually diminished into adulthood. The gradient of reactivity was low in some areas of the brain but more intense in areas containing large neuronal cell bodies such as the red nucleus. This occurred after the peak of intraneuronal Tf at day 6 and suggested a precursor-product relationship. By contrast, immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase, a glycolytic enzyme, showed a developmental pattern that differed from either Tf or MDH in that reactivity appeared later in development and was less intense. These data suggest that as cerebral metabolic rates begin to increase as early as 5-6 days after birth in the rat, an increase in mMDH occurs coincident with the onset of oxidative metabolism. Furthermore, this rise in intraneuronal mMDH follows the peak of intraneuronal Tf and suggests that Tf supplies the iron required for the synthesis of other mitochondrial ferroproteins. PMID- 3191859 TI - Chronic maternal hypoxia. Effect of mid-gestational maternal hypoxia on methionine-enkephalin concentrations within pre- and postnatal rabbit brainstem regions. AB - We examined the effect of chronic maternal hypoxia on methionine-enkephalin concentrations in fetal (gestational day E-28) and neonatal (postnatal days 3, 7, 21) brainstem regions. Pregnant rabbits were housed in environmental chambers at gestational day E-10. Between E-14 and E-28 the pregnant rabbits were separated into two groups. Group I were controls (C) and breathed 21% O2/79% N2 and group II, hypoxia (H), breathed 12-14% O2/86-88% N2. Sacrifice occurred at various days depending on the experimental paridigm. On gestational day E-28, the first group of 6 pregnant animals (3 C, 3 H) were delivered by hysterotomy and the pups were immediately sacrificed. On and after gestational day E-28, the remaining 12 pregnant animals breathed room air. These animals delivered spontaneously between 30 and 32 days of gestation. The pups remained with their mothers until sacrifice. On postnatal days 3, 7, or 21, methionine-enkephalin was measured by radioimmunoassay in the colliculi (fetal animals), superior and inferior colliculi (postnatal animals), pons and medulla (both groups). In both normoxia exposed and hypoxia-exposed animals, methionine-enkephalin was highest in the medulla, intermediate in the pons, and lowest in the colliculi. Chronic maternal hypoxia significantly increased the methionine-enkephalin concentration in the pons of E-28 fetuses (p less than 0.02). Levels were increased in the medulla as well but these did not reach significance (p = 0.09).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3191861 TI - [Surgical management of impotence]. PMID- 3191860 TI - Cerebellar soluble lectin is responsible for cell adhesion and participates in myelin compaction in cultured rat oligodendrocytes. AB - Cultures of rat oligodendrocytes were used to test the possible role of the cerebellar soluble lectin (CSL) in myelin formation. Immunocytochemistry at the ultrastructural level showed that the lectin is present in the cytoplasm of the perikaryon of cultured oligodendrocytes and also on the plasma membrane of the cell body and processes. It is present in compact myelin and in the zones of contacts between different myelin sheaths or oligodendrocyte membranes. Staining of blots of the cultures with iodinated CSL indicated that endogenous glycoprotein ligands for CSL are present in the culture, rendering probable the hypothesis that cell contacts between different oligodendrocytes or between adjacent lamellae in myelin are mediated by lectin-glycoprotein interactions. This hypothesis was demonstrated by two effects of anti-CSL Fab fragments (4 micrograms/ml) on oligodendrocyte cultures: (1) the almost complete detachment of the cell layer from the culture substratum, and (2) the loss of myelin compaction by a separation of lamellae at the intraperiod line. The present findings could explain the complexity of the contacts between cultured oligodendrocyte processes by the formation of CSL bridges between glycoproteins of the membranes of these cells. CSL seems to be a key molecule in adhesion both for intercellular contacts and fixation of cells to the substratum. The small number of glycoprotein subunits found in oligodendrocytes that interact with CSL suggests that CSL mediated cell adhesion involves a special class of glycoprotein glycans. PMID- 3191862 TI - [Research on placental specimens for fetal diagnosis in early preg- nancy]. PMID- 3191863 TI - [Hyperkalemia--a hidden danger in the management of diabetic hypertension]. PMID- 3191864 TI - [Gastric pain and respiratory sounds in sarcoidosis patients]. PMID- 3191865 TI - [Lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (Bannwarth's syndrome)]. PMID- 3191866 TI - [Efficient management of sepsis: is lysis centrifugation an auxiliary diagnostic technic?]. PMID- 3191867 TI - [Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis]. PMID- 3191868 TI - [Are urate calculi always urates?]. PMID- 3191870 TI - [Systemic scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis in the same patient]. PMID- 3191869 TI - [Primary hypothyroidism after the onset of thyrotoxicosis]. PMID- 3191871 TI - [Are the screening procedures of health care agencies necessary?]. PMID- 3191872 TI - Modifications of the N1-P1 component of the somatosensory evoked potential in humans after partial limb amputation as a manifestation of central nervous system remodeling. PMID- 3191874 TI - Where is the ideal reference site for recording the thenar compound muscle action potential. PMID- 3191873 TI - The blink reflex in cerebral coma: correlations to clinical findings and outcome. PMID- 3191875 TI - The action of the medium portion of the m. deltoideus in circular movements of the arm on a shoulder wheel, as shown by electromyography. PMID- 3191876 TI - Enlarged leading-off area of the monopolar needle: effects on motor-unit action potentials in normal, neurogenic, and myopathic muscles. PMID- 3191877 TI - The use of EMG in the differential diagnosis of muscle weakness in post-polio syndrome. PMID- 3191878 TI - Alterations of short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials in subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy (Binswanger's Disease): a preliminary report. PMID- 3191879 TI - Sympathetic skin response in healthy man. PMID- 3191880 TI - Somatosensory evoked potentials in spinal muscular atrophies and hereditary motor neuropathies. PMID- 3191882 TI - Pediatric airway management. AB - This article focuses on the specific anatomic differences in the pediatric patient when contrasted with the adult patient. An emergency physician must be familiar with these differences to provide the best emergency care. Because maintaining an adequate airway is so crucial to these patients, recognition of these differences in the infant and child may be a life-saving step. PMID- 3191881 TI - Airway management and anesthesia in the emergency department. PMID- 3191883 TI - Local anesthetic agents. AB - The rational selection and safe use of local anesthetic solutions is of paramount importance to the practice of emergency medicine. Such decisions are based on a sound knowledge of the pharmacology and toxicity of those agents one uses clinically in day to day practice. In addition, such information explains what one actually sees clinically following the injection of a local anesthetic solution, and, more importantly, what one ought to expect. PMID- 3191884 TI - Regional anesthesia in the emergency department. AB - Relatively few emergency physicians are aware of the spectrum of regional anesthesia and the advantages it has to offer in the day-to-day practice of the specialty. Understanding the types of block and the principles that apply to neural blockade are only a beginning in the appropriate use of blockade techniques. A detailed knowledge of anatomy is essential to successful and safe practice; however, only repeated performance of the blocks will lead to predictable success! PMID- 3191885 TI - Conformation of brain proteolipid apoprotein. Effects of sonication and n-octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside detergent. AB - The conformation of brain proteolipid apoprotein (PLA) has been investigated using infrared spectroscopy and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. For this purpose, spectroscopic samples consisting of a mixture of liquid paraffin and wet protein have been prepared. These systems have allowed us to record the infrared spectra of PLA at neutral pH. The amide I and III regions reveal the existence of a predominantly alpha-helical structure, as well as the presence of minor beta strands and random coil forms. The effect of sonication and a non-denaturing detergent, (n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside), on the structure of the protein have also been investigated. Sonication produces an increase of the beta and unordered structures at the expense of the alpha-helical conformation. These structural changes are enhanced in the presence of the non-ionic detergent n-octyl-beta-D glucopyranoside. Lipids protect the native protein structure from the effects of sonication. The aforementioned detergent changes the PLA conformation by increasing the alpha-helical content at the expense of beta-sheet and random coil forms. Therefore the PLA structure seems to be similar to the structures of other proteins intrinsic to non-neural membranes. The effects investigated also suggest that PLA behaves in a conformationally flexible manner. PMID- 3191887 TI - Behavioral effects of kainic acid administration on the immature brain. AB - Prepubescent male rats with an amygdaloid electrode in place were administered kainic acid (KA) intraperitoneally (i.p.) while controls received phosphate buffered saline (PBS). All KA-treated animals developed status epilepticus with bilateral forelimb clonus and ictal discharges on the EEG. The rats were then tested as adults for learning, memory, emotionality, social interaction, and activity level using the T maze, water maze, handling test, home cage intruder test, and open field test. KA-treated rats learned at a slower rate in the water maze and T maze than the controls. In addition, KA-treated rats had evidence of impaired memory during spatial bias testing in the water maze. In the home cage intruder test, KA-treated animals were more submissive and less aggressive than control animals. Finally, KA-treated animals were significantly more active than control animals in the open field test. This study demonstrates that KA administration to the immature brain, in a convulsant dose, results in permanent changes in behavior, learning, and memory. PMID- 3191886 TI - The superstructure of chromatin and its condensation mechanism. V. Effect of linker length, condensation by multivalent cations, solubility and electric dichroism properties. AB - Comparison between the internucleosomal distance found by X-ray solution scattering for chicken erythrocyte (23 nm) and sea urchin (30 nm) chromatin indicates that this distance is proportional to the linker length. The diameter of the condensed sea urchin chromatin fibers is about 45 nm which is significantly larger than in chicken erythrocyte chromatin (35 nm). Trivalent cations (Gd, Tb, Cr) and polyamines spermine and spermidine were found to induce compaction at much lower concentrations than the divalent cations but Gd, Tb, Cr induce aggregation before full compaction of the fibers. The influence of hydrogen bonding is illustrated by comparison of the effects of NaCl, ammonium chlorides on condensation. Solubility experiments indicate that there is a nearly linear dependence of the Mg++ concentration at which precipitation occurs on chromatin concentration and confirm the differences between cations observed by X ray scattering. The chicken erythrocyte chromatin samples were further characterized by their reduced electric dichroism. The values found are consistent with the model derived from X-ray scattering and are compared with those reported in the literature. PMID- 3191888 TI - Cerebral transplants for seizures: preliminary results. AB - Several critical brain regions have been identified in which application of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) potentiating agents in small quantities can suppress or prevent generalized and kindled amygdala seizures, i.e., substantia nigra and deep prepiriform cortex. Severity of audiogenic seizures in the genetically epilepsy prone rat (GEPR) is reduced by injection of norepinephrine (NE) into the lateral ventricles and by GABA in inferior colliculus. The present investigation examines the potential for raising epileptic thresholds by increasing local GABAergic or NE inhibitory activity by means of brain transplants of tissue rich in GABA or NE neurons. Two models of epilepsy were used: amygdala-kindled seizures and sound-induced seizures in GEPRs. Transplantation of embryonic cerebellar or cortical tissue to the deep prepiriform area of amygdala kindled rats transiently raised seizure thresholds in three of the nine animals. Transplantation of embryonic cerebellar or cortical tissue to the inferior colliculus or adrenal medulla tissue to lateral ventricles of GEPRs did not appreciably reduce the intensity of audiogenic seizures in these animals. PMID- 3191889 TI - Persistence of impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in the postictal period in piglets. AB - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation was evaluated in the postictal period in unanesthetized term newborn piglets with a mean age of 5.7 +/- 3 days. Seven animals (group 1) received 1 mg/kg bicuculline to induce brief generalized seizures, and six control animals (group II) received saline. Twenty to 90 min after the end of seizure activity in group I or saline injection in group II, CBF was measured by the radioactive labeled microspheres method at three levels of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) obtained by controlled blood withdrawal within the normal range for autoregulation. In the postictal period, baseline CBF was higher in group I than in group II (85 +/- 21 vs. 48 +/- 7 ml/min/100 g, p less than 0.001). During hypotension, total CBF was positively correlated with variations of MABP in group I (r = 0.739, p less than 0.01) but not in group II. Regional CBF showed the same correlation with MABP. These data show that after seizures in piglets, the rise in CBF is associated with a persistent impairment of CBF autoregulation. These hemodynamic alterations may be relevant in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic or ischemic brain lesions. PMID- 3191890 TI - Sleep alterations after acute administration of carbamazepine in cats. AB - Little is known about the effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) on sleep despite the relationship between sleep and epilepsy and the common clinical use of CBZ. As part of a larger study on sleep and interictal activity in kindled cats, we performed sleep recordings in 11 normal cats before and after acute administration of CBZ. Epidural screws (frontooccipital) and depth electrodes (amygdala and hippocampus) were implanted bilaterally for EEG recording. Supraorbital screws and neck intramuscular electrodes were inserted for EOG and EMG. Ten days after electrode implantation, recordings were made of animals for 2 consecutive nights to assess baseline sleep patterns. Before the third night, cats received a single oral dose of 100 mg CBZ. After washout, a second similar drug administration was given before the fourth night. Recordings were scored for wakefulness, stage I and II of NREM sleep, REM sleep, number of stage shifts, awakenings, and REM onsets. The administration of CBZ produced a significant decrease in duration and percentage of REM sleep (p less than 0.001) and an increase in stage I NREM (p less than 0.05). Total sleep time was increased (p less than 0.05); awakenings were shorter (p less than 0.01), and stage I episodes were longer (p less than 0.01). PMID- 3191891 TI - Quantitative estimation of catechol/methylcatechol pathways in human phenytoin metabolism. AB - A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) assay utilizing an on-column methylation technique has been developed to assay urinary concentration of a phenytoin (5,5 diphenylhydantoin, PHT) metabolite, 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5 phenylhydantoin (MCAT). Assay of MCAT in 35 24-h urine samples from patients receiving chronic phenytoin (PHT) therapy indicated that 0.3-4.0% of the daily dose could be accounted for as MCAT. The GLC assay was specific for MCAT, and provided a minimal estimate of the fraction of the PHT dose being metabolized via the catechol/MCAT route. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the amount of urinary MCAT was dependent on the quantities of both dihydrodiol (DHD) and p phenolic (p-HPPH) metabolites. Oxidative pathways involving both DHD and p-HPPH as substrates appear to be responsible for catechol/MCAT production. PMID- 3191892 TI - Pharmacology of LY201409, a potent benzamide anticonvulsant. AB - LY201116 [4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)benzamide], an effective anticonvulsant in several animal models, is rapidly metabolized by N-acetylation in rats, mice and monkeys. In an attempt to preclude metabolic N-acetylation sterically, we investigated LY201409, an analogue possessing two methyl groups ortho to the 4 amino substituent. This structural modification successfully altered the metabolic pathway, and LY201409 displayed potent anticonvulsant activity. LY201409 antagonized maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures with ED50 values of 16.2 and 4.2 mg/kg after oral administration to mice and rats, respectively. The compound did not effectively antagonize seizures induced by a variety of chemical convulsants in rats, but did block pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice. Thus, among the classic anticonvulsants, the profile of phenytoin most closely resembles that of LY201409. Studies conducted with the rotorod and horizontal screen assays in mice and behavioral studies in rats suggested that doses of LY201409 that produced CNS side-effects such as sedation or ataxia were well separated from the anti-MES doses. LY201409 was a potent, dose-dependent potentiator of hexobarbital-induced sleeping time in mice. Oral administration of 6.0 mg/kg led to a 372% increase in sleep time relative to control values. Although LY201409 is a potent and effective anticonvulsant, it is also one of the most potent potentiators of hexobarbital-induced sleep time yet described. PMID- 3191893 TI - Pharmacokinetic profile of flunarizine after single and multiple dosing in epileptic patients receiving comedication. AB - This preliminary clinical study describes the pharmacokinetic characteristics of flunarizine (FLN) following single and multiple dosing in epileptic patients receiving comedication. Three groups [phenytoin (PHT) only, carbamazepine (CBZ) only, and PHT plus CBZ] of four patients each were studied. Large interindividual differences, but no statistically significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters, were observed between the three groups. Following a single dose, mean values (and ranges) for apparent clearance, volume distribution, and elimination half-life (t1/2) were 0.504 L/h/kg (0.086-1.119), 12,431 L (1,959-20,920), and 308 h (61-506), respectively. FLN had no effect on PHT or CBZ steady-state levels but PHT or CBZ appeared to induce the metabolic disposition of FLN. The effect of dose on FLN kinetics could not be evaluated in this preliminary study. PMID- 3191895 TI - Effects of carbamazepine therapy on serum sex hormone levels in male patients with epilepsy. AB - The effects of carbamazepine (CBZ) therapy and epilepsy on sex hormone plasma levels in male patients with epilepsy were evaluated by measuring the levels of testosterone (T), free testosterone (FT), sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and by calculating the free androgen index (FAI) in 23 male patients with epilepsy receiving CBZ medication, in 18 untreated male patients with epilepsy, and in 19 healthy age matched control subjects. No significant differences in the mean T or FT levels were found between the three groups, but the CBZ-treated patients had significantly higher SHBG levels and their FAI values and DHEAS concentrations were lower. The LH, FSH, PRL, or E2 levels in CBZ-treated and untreated male patients with epilepsy did not differ from the controls. CBZ monotherapy does not significantly change the serum balance of sex hormones; however, CBZ clearly affects the serum levels of SHBG and DHEAS. PMID- 3191894 TI - Progabide-induced changes in carbamazepine metabolism. AB - Carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine 10,11 epoxide (CBZ-E) concentrations were measured during a safety and efficacy trial of progabide. The average CBZ and CBZ E serum concentrations were calculated from serial measurements during placebo and active treatment periods. Significant decreases in CBZ and significant increases in CBZ-E were observed after the first dose of progabide, and these changes persisted during 3 months of active treatment. Ninety-five percent of the patients had increases in the epoxide/CBZ ratio at the end of 3 months of treatment. These changes are consistent with displacement of CBZ from protein binding sites and inhibition of CBZ-E metabolism induced by progabide and are analagous to the interaction between valproate and CBZ. PMID- 3191896 TI - Adverse reactions to antiepileptic drugs: a follow-up study of 355 patients with chronic antiepileptic drug treatment. Collaborative Group for Epidemiology of Epilepsy. AB - Three hundred fifty-five patients receiving chronic antiepileptic drug (AED) treatment were followed in 15 university and hospital centers for an average of 11 months to assess the effects of intensive monitoring of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) on the frequency of reports and on the overall management of epilepsy. One hundred forty-eight patients (41.6%) had one or more ADRs during the entire follow-up period. ADRs were reported by 31% of patients at admission and by 20% at last visit, with a downward trend in the number of reports. Concurrently, the number of patients who were seizure-free rose from 24.5 to 42.8%. During the observation period, the number of prescriptions fell from 640 to 568, mostly for phenobarbital (PB), phenytoin (PHT), and valproate (VPA). The outcome of the most common ADR was only partially related to drug changes. Even with the limitations of the unstandardized criteria used for ADR reporting, the present study shows that intensive monitoring of drug-related clinical events is not only a valuable tool to provide a comprehensive survey of drug toxicity in clinical practice, but is also an educational effort to improve the quality of care for patients with epilepsy. PMID- 3191898 TI - The P300 component of the event-related brain potential and mental effort. PMID- 3191897 TI - Serologic HLA typing in infantile spasms. AB - Serologic HLA typing was performed on 29 patients with infantile spasms and hypsarrhythmic patterns in their electroencephalograms (EEGs). There were no significant increases in the frequencies of HLA-A, B, and C antigens in the infantile spasm group as compared with controls. However, there was a significant increase in the frequency of DRw52 in the infantile spasm patients (90%) as compared with controls (72%) (p less than 0.05). In addition, 3 of 12 white infantile spasm patients demonstrated the complete B18,DR3 (DRw52) haplotype; none of 150 control white subjects showed this haplotype. These findings contribute to evidence that immunological mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of infantile spasms. PMID- 3191899 TI - Validation of a new pocket computer assisted method for metabolic rate estimation in field studies. PMID- 3191901 TI - Sex differences of physical working capacity in normoxia and hypoxia. PMID- 3191900 TI - Physiological responses during and after intermittent sorting of postal parcels. PMID- 3191902 TI - Performance of a complex manual control task during exposure to vertical whole body vibration between 0.5 and 5.0 Hz. PMID- 3191903 TI - The effects of alcohol dosing on driving performance on a closed course and in a driving simulator. PMID- 3191904 TI - Metabolic and respiratory profile of the upper limit for prolonged exercise in man. PMID- 3191906 TI - Variation of the maximum maintenance time of an isometric contraction in the presence of a second contraction. PMID- 3191905 TI - Persistence of musculoskeletal symptoms: a longitudinal study. PMID- 3191907 TI - Effect of cement dust on lung function in Libyans. PMID- 3191908 TI - Underwater ballistic movement. PMID- 3191909 TI - Relation between intra-abdominal pressure and lumbar stress: effect of trunk posture. PMID- 3191911 TI - Structure of the voltage-dependent potassium channel is highly conserved from Drosophila to vertebrate central nervous systems. AB - Voltage-sensitive potassium channels are found in vertebrate and invertebrate central nervous systems. We have isolated a rat brain cDNA by cross-hybridization with a probe of the Drosophila Shaker gene complex. Structural conservation of domains of the deduced protein indicate that the rat brain cDNA encodes a voltage sensitive potassium channel. Of the deduced amino acid sequence, 82% is homologous to the Drosophila Shaker protein indicating that voltage-sensitive potassium channels have been highly conserved during evolution. Selective pressure was highest on sequences facing the intracellular side and on proposed transmembrane segments S4-S6, suggesting that these domains are crucial for voltage-dependent potassium channel function. The corresponding rat mRNA apparently belongs to a family of mRNA molecules which are preferentially expressed in the central nervous system. PMID- 3191910 TI - Human lysosomal acid phosphatase: cloning, expression and chromosomal assignment. AB - A 2112-bp cDNA clone (lambda CT29) encoding the entire sequence of the human lysosomal acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) was isolated from a lambda gt11 human placenta cDNA library. The cDNA hybridized with a 2.3-kb mRNA from human liver and HL-60 promyelocytes. The gene for lysosomal acid phosphatase was localized to human chromosome 11. The cDNA includes a 12-bp 5' non-coding region, an open reading frame of 1269 bp and an 831-bp 3' non-coding region with a putative polyadenylation signal 25 bp upstream of a 3' poly(A) tract. The deduced amino acid sequence reveals a putative signal sequence of 30 amino acids followed by a sequence of 393 amino acids that contains eight potential glycosylation sites and a hydrophobic region, which could function as a transmembrane domain. A 60% homology between the known 23 N-terminal amino acid residues of human prostatic acid phosphatase and the N-terminal sequence of lysosomal acid phosphatase suggests an evolutionary link between these two phosphatases. Insertion of the cDNA into the expression vector pSVL yielded a construct that encoded enzymatically active acid phosphatase in transfected monkey COS cells. PMID- 3191912 TI - Metal binding 'finger' structures in the glucocorticoid receptor defined by site directed mutagenesis. AB - The glucocorticoid receptor and the other members of the steroid receptor super family share a highly conserved, cysteine-rich region which coincides with the DNA binding/transactivating domain. It has been postulated that this region is folded into two 'zinc finger' structures, similar to those originally reported for the transcription factor TFIIIA. The first potential finger domain contains four conserved cysteines and one conserved histidine, while the second contains five conserved cysteines. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have analysed the consequences of altering the proposed finger-like structures. Our results show that most of the mutations affecting the conserved cysteines result in a total loss of glucocorticoid receptor function. In one important exception, however, a conserved cysteine (Cys500) is dispensable for glucocorticoid receptor activity and therefore cannot be involved in complexing a metal ion to form a finger structure. Moreover, the replacement of either Cys476 or Cys482 by His residues maintains partial in vivo activity of the glucocorticoid receptor, while their exchange for an alanine or serine residue, respectively, eliminates receptor function. These results support, at a genetic level, the involvement of cysteines of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain in metal ion complexation and define the candidate residues involved in such coordination. PMID- 3191913 TI - Physical identification of branched intron side-products of splicing in Trypanosoma brucei. AB - Every mRNA in trypanosomes consists of two exons, a common 5' capped mini-exon or spliced leader and a coding-exon. All evidence suggests that the exons are joined by trans-splicing of two individual precursor RNAs, the mini-exon donor RNA or spliced leader precursor RNA (medRNA) and the pre-mRNA. We studied intermediates of the splicing reaction using denaturing two-dimensional PAGE and structurally identified a group of small (approximately 180-300 nt) non-polyadenylated, Y shaped branched RNAs. The branched Y-shaped RNAs contain the 105 nt medRNA derived intron, joined in a 2'-5' phosphodiester bond to small heterogeneously sized RNAs. These non-polyadenylated branched Y-shaped RNA molecules are analogous to the lariat shaped introns of higher eukaryotes and presumably represent the released intron-like by-products of a trans-splicing reaction which joins the mini-exon and the major coding-exon. PMID- 3191914 TI - The 2.0 A X-ray crystal structure of chicken egg white cystatin and its possible mode of interaction with cysteine proteinases. AB - The crystal structure of chicken egg white cystatin has been solved by X-ray diffraction methods using the multiple isomorphous replacement technique. Its structure has been refined to a crystallographic R value of 0.19 using X-ray data between 6 and 2.0A. The molecule consists mainly of a straight five-turn alpha helix, a five-stranded antiparallel beta-pleated sheet which is twisted and wrapped around the alpha-helix and an appending segment of partially alpha helical geometry. The 'highly conserved' region from Gln53I to Gly57I implicated with binding to cysteine proteinases folds into a tight beta-hairpin loop which on opposite sides is flanked by the amino-terminal segment and by a second hairpin loop made up of the similarly conserved segment Pro103I - Trp104I. These loops and the amino-terminal Gly9I - Ala10I form a wedge-shaped 'edge' which is quite complementary to the 'active site cleft' of papain. Docking experiments suggest a unique model for the interaction of cystatin and papain: according to it both hairpin loops of cystatin make major binding interactions with the highly conserved residues Gly23, Gln19, Trp177 and Ala136 of papain in the neighbourhood of the reactive site Cys25; the amino-terminal segment Gly9I - Ala10I of bound cystatin is directed towards the substrate subsite S2, but in an inappropriate conformation and too far away to be attacked by the reactive site Cys25. As a consequence, the mechanism of the interaction between cysteine proteinases and their cystatin-like inhibitors seems to be fundamentally different from the 'standard mechanism' defined for serine proteinases and most of their protein inhibitors. PMID- 3191915 TI - Computer assisted short-term test battery design: some answers (reply to John Ashby's commentary in Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis). PMID- 3191916 TI - Individual and strain differences in patterns of long-term persistence of urethane-induced sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in mouse lymphocytes and their relation to carcinogen susceptibility. AB - Using an improved microculture method, we investigated how the patterns of persistence of urethane-induced SCEs in lymphocytes differ among individuals and strains of mice (the ddY and C57BL strains), and we attempted to speculate on their relationship to carcinogen susceptibility. After a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 900 mg/kg of body weight of urethane into ten female mice each for the two strains, blood samples for the SCE analysis were collected from the tail vein at ten times during the 180 posttreatment days for each individual. Immediately after the treatment, SCE values increased to about three to four times the spontaneous values in all of the animals tested and then fell gradually. (The difference from spontaneous values was statistically significant until 120 days after the treatment.) Even after 180 days, however, some "outlier" cells with exceptionally high SCEs (greater than 20) persisted. Although there was some difference in average SCEs between the ddY and C57BL strains, the magnitude of the difference was too small to account for the difference between the strains in the incidence of urethane-induced malignancy. Also, when autopsy data at the 200th posttreatment day were matched individually with the data of SCE values within each strain, it was difficult to predict the individual risk of the occurrence of lung adenoma or other tumors from the relative difference in SCE values. PMID- 3191917 TI - Genotoxicity evaluation of the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline and imipramine using human lymphocyte cultures. AB - Two tricyclic antidepressants, amitriptyline and imipramine, were evaluated for their in vitro cytogenetic effects in human lymphocyte cultures. Peripheral blood cultures from three normal healthy donors were set up for 72 hr for each of the drugs. The drugs were added at the start (72-hr exposure), 24 hr (48-hr exposure), and 48 hr (24-hr exposure) after initiation of the cultures. The concentrations evaluated at each exposure time were 50, 250, 1,000, and 10,000 ng/ml for amitriptyline and 25, 500, and 5,000 ng/ml for imipramine. The first two concentrations correspond to the plasma levels of the respective drugs after therapeutic doses. All treatments for a donor were given at the same time. Untreated cultures served as controls for the baseline frequency of the parameters assayed. The parameters assayed were chromosome aberrations, mitotic index, and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). Amitriptyline was found to be nongenotoxic at plasma levels by all the parameters assayed. However, frequencies of chromosome aberrations and SCEs were significantly increased at concentrations 4 and 40 times the plasma level (1,000 and 10,000 ng/ml) although the actual increases was small. The mitotic index was not affected at any concentration. Through imipramine showed a significant increase in chromosome damage at the upper plasma level and at concentrations higher than that, SCE frequency was significantly increased only at concentration higher than the plasma level (5,000 ng/ml), the actual increase being small for both these parameters. The mitotic index was not affected at any concentration. These results suggest that amitriptyline may be a slightly safer drug than imipramine from a genetic point of view. PMID- 3191918 TI - Amino acid sequences of two nonspecific lipid-transfer proteins from germinated castor bean. AB - The amino acid sequence of two nonspecific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTP) B and C from germinated castor bean seeds have been determined. Both the proteins consist of 92 residues, as for nsLTP previously reported, and their calculated Mr values are 9847 and 9593 for nsLTP-B and nsLTP-C, respectively. The sequences of nsLTP-B and nsLTP-C, compared to the known sequence of nsLTP-A from the same source, are 68% and 35% similar, respectively. No variation was found at the positions of the cysteine residues, indicating that they might be involved in disulfide bridges. PMID- 3191920 TI - Tetraenoic and pentaenoic mycolic acids from Mycobacterium thamnopheos. Structure, taxonomic and biosynthetic implications. AB - On the basis of the analysis of mycolates, the type strain of Mycobacterium thamnopheos has been considered as a member of the genus Nocardia. In a comparative study conducted on mycobacterial species we found that M. thamnopheos synthesized two types of mycolate having the same mobilities on thin-layer chromatography as those of mycobacteria, but different from nocardomycolates. Mass spectrometry analyzes showed that the major series of both types consisted of polyunsaturated mycolic acids, ranging from C72 to C78 with four or five double bonds. On pyrolytic mass spectrometry or gas chromatography, the least polar mycolates released mainly monounsaturated C22 esters whereas the other type yielded saturated C20 and C22 esters. These results suggested that M. thamnopheos might be more related to the Aurantiaca taxon than to mycobacteria and Nocardia. The permanganate-periodate oxidation products of esters obtained by pyrolysis of the least polar mycolates showed that they contained docosen-4-oic and docosen-6 oic acids. Both types of mycolate esters yielded the same set of long-chain meroaldehydes on pyrolysis. These meroaldehydes were significantly distinct from those of mycobacterial mycolates in the location of the double bonds. After hydrogenation of the double bond located in the alkyl-branched chain, the two types of mycolates had the same mobility on thin-layer chromatography, indicating that the difference of migration was due to the additional double bond found in the least polar mycolates. Based on stereochemical data, the relative configuration of both mycolates was found to be threo, like that established for all mycolates studied so far. PMID- 3191919 TI - Substrate-specificity determinants for a membrane-bound casein kinase of lactating mammary gland. A study with synthetic peptides. AB - A tissue-specific casein kinase, purified from the Golgi-enriched-membrane fraction of guinea-pig lactating mammary gland (GEF-CK), readily phosphorylates the synthetic peptide Ser-Glu5, a good substrate of casein kinase-2, and several derivatives varying for the number and position of acidic residues on the C terminal side of serine, except those lacking an acidic side chain at position +2. The least acidic peptide, still significantly affected by GEF-CK, is Ser-Ala Glu-Ala3 which is not a substrate for CK-2. Conversely, the peptides Ser-Ala2-Glu Ala2, Ser-Ala2-Glu3, Ser-Ala2-Glu5 and Ser-Glu-Ala-Glu3, all of which are more or less readily phosphorylated by CK-2, are not appreciably affected by GEF-CK. On the other hand the presence of additional glutamyl residues, besides the one in the second position, improves the affinity of the peptide substrate for GEF-CK, as indicated by the Km values of Ser-Glu5, Ser-Glu2-Ala3 and Ser-Ala-Glu-Ala3 which are 80, 950 and 3950 microM respectively. It is concluded that although both CK-2 and GEF-CK require, for optimal activity, rather extended acidic clusters on the C-terminal side of the target serine, the most critical residue in the case of GEF-CK is not the one at position +3, which is required for CK-2 catalyzed phosphorylation [Marin, O. et al. (1986) Eur. J. Biochem. 160, 239 244], but the one lying at position +2. Additional differences, concerning the site specificities of these enzymes, have been outlined using the threonyl derivative of Ser-Glu5 and the peptide Arg-Ser-Glu3-Val-Glu. The former is still phosphorylated by CK-2 but not to any appreciable extent by GEF-CK, which apparently is strictly specific for seryl residues. On the contrary, the presence of an N-terminal basic residue, which greatly reduces phosphorylation by CK-2, is tolerated rather well by GEF-CK. On the other hand a C-terminal basic residue, interrupting the acidic cluster, compromises phosphorylation by GEF-CK, as indicated by the extremely high Km value of Ser-Glu3-Lys-Glu vs Ser-Glu3-Val-Glu (13,000 and 170 microM, respectively). PMID- 3191921 TI - Soaking in Cs2SO4 reveals a caesium-aromatic interaction in bovine-liver rhodanese. AB - Soaking crystals of rhodanese (thiosulphate:cyanide sulphurtransferase) in 2 M caesium sulphate reveals three caesium binding sites of this enzyme. One of these had been described before as a binding site for sodium ions and is located in a cleft close to the active site. In this site the monovalent cation is coordinated by five oxygen atoms. The first additional binding site seems to be quite special. The caesium ion is bound to the phenyl ring of a tryptophan residue. It is further liganded by two oxygen atoms. The third binding site is a result of crystal packing effects: caesium is liganded by four oxygen atoms, provided by two rhodanese molecules and one sulphate ion. It is likely that the binding of caesium affects the fluorescence of the tryptophan residue with which it interacts. Such possible effects should also be kept in mind when caesium ions are used as a quencher in fluorescence studies of proteins in general. PMID- 3191923 TI - Turnover of thylakoid photosystem II proteins during photoinhibition of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. AB - The turnover of photosystem-II proteins during photoinhibition was analyzed in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Changes in the amount of photosystem II core complex polypeptides D1, D2, 44 kDa and 51 kDa, the antennae-CP-29 and light harvesting-complex-II polypeptides and the water-oxidizing complex polypeptides of 30 kDa, 23 kDa and 16 kDa were monitored by a variety of techniques. Only the D1 and D2 polypeptides were found to turnover during photoinhibition when cells were exposed to ten fold photosynthesis-saturating light (2500 W/m2 for 90 min) at 25 degrees C. While 80% of photosystem-II activity was lost, a reduction of only 20% was observed in the total amount of D1 and D2 proteins. However, inhibition of chloroplast translation by chloramphenicol during photoinhibition resulted in the loss of about 60% of the D1 and 40% of the D2 proteins, as demonstrated by Western blotting and dot blotting of isolated thylakoids, quantitative analysis of immunogold-labeled whole-cell thin sections, and chase of radioactively prelabelled proteins during photoinhibition. We propose that the light-dependent turnover of the D1 protein is a protective mechanism against photoinhibition as far as the removal and replacement of D1 is compatible with the photoinactivation incurred by photosystem II. At light intensities at which the rate of D1 removal becomes limiting, loss of photosystem-II activity exceeds the turnover of D1 and the stability of the D2 protein is impaired as well. PMID- 3191922 TI - Investigation of protein structure by means of 19F-NMR. A study of hen egg-white lysozyme. AB - A 19F-labeled derivative of hen egg-white lysozyme, in which the six epsilon amino groups are trifluoroacetylated (LF6), was prepared by reaction of lysozyme with S-ethyltrifluorothioacetate. The reaction mixture was fractionated by cation exchange chromatography at pH 7.3. A comparison of the circular dichroic spectra and the activity towards Micrococcus lysodeikticus of both LF6 and native lysozyme reveals that the labeling causes no major conformational changes of the polypeptide backbone. Assignment of the six resonances present in the 19F-NMR spectrum of LF6 was accomplished by using a variety of techniques: specific chemical modifications, the effect of the inhibitor (GlcNAc)3, 19F-shift/pH information and relaxation parameters. PMID- 3191925 TI - Xth Congress of the European Society of Cardiology. 28 August-1 September 1988, Vienna, Austria. Abstracts. PMID- 3191924 TI - Isolation and structural characterization of low-molecular-mass monosialyl oligosaccharides derived from respiratory-mucus glycoproteins of a patient suffering from bronchiectasis. AB - The carbohydrate chains of the respiratory-mucus glycoproteins of a patient suffering from bronchiectasis due to Kartagener's syndrome were released by alkaline borohydride treatment. Low-molecular-mass, monosialyl oligosaccharide alditols were isolated by anion-exchange chromatography and fractionated by consecutive straight-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a silica-based alkylamine column, and reverse-phase HPLC on a silica-based octadecyl column, respectively. The structures of the oligosaccharidealditols were determined by 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy in combination with sugar composition analysis. The 24 structures established range in size from disaccharides to heptasaccharides. Novel oligosaccharides obtained from the bronchiectasis mucus glycoproteins are: (formula; see text) 23 of the 24 monosialyl oligosaccharides characterized can be conceived of as extensions of neutral oligosaccharides purified from the bronchial mucus of this patient [Klein, A. et al. (1988) Eur. J. Biochem. 171, 631-642; Breg, J. et al. (1988) Eur. J Biochem. 171, 643-654]. The sialic acid residue was found to occur either in alpha (2----3)- or alpha (2----6)-linkage to a galactosyl residue or in alpha (2----6)-linkage to GalNAc-ol. PMID- 3191926 TI - The special education professional. PMID- 3191928 TI - Categorical programs for remedial and handicapped students: issues of validity. PMID- 3191927 TI - Four fallacies of segregationism. PMID- 3191929 TI - Formulating optimal state early childhood intervention policies. PMID- 3191930 TI - Decreasing violent or aggressive theme play among preschool children with behavior disorders. PMID- 3191931 TI - Team-assisted individualization with handicapped adjudicated youth. PMID- 3191932 TI - The effect of hydralazine on steady-state plasma concentrations of metoprolol in pregnant hypertensive women. AB - We have studied the plasma concentrations levels of metoprolol after its twice daily administration in a dose of 50 mg for 4 days in ten, hypertensive pregnant women to the during monotherapy and in combination with 25 mg of hydralazine given twice daily. Hydralazine increased the median AUC and Cmax of metoprolol by 38% and 88% respectively, and decreased the tmax from 1.5 h to 1.0 h. Hydralazine had no effect on the plasma concentrations of alpha-OH-metoprolol. These results suggest that the effect of hydralazine on metoprolol plasma concentrations is primarily due to a reduction in first-pass elimination. PMID- 3191933 TI - Acute effects of defibrotide, an experimental antithrombotic agent, on fibrinolysis and blood prostanoids in man. AB - Defibrotide is a polynucleotide extracted from mammalian lung, which shows antithrombotic and anti-ischaemic activity in animals, probably related to stimulation of fibrinolysis and/or enhancement of prostacyclin production. The effect of a single infusion of defibrotide on fibrinolysis and the levels of certain prostanoids in man has been investigated in a cross-over double-blind placebo-controlled study. Evaluation of changes in fibrinolysis was difficult because of the spontaneous activation observed after placebo. However, the fast acting plasminogen activator inhibitor was decreased only at end of the defibrotide infusion, suggesting a moderate profibrinolytic effect superimposed on the spontaneous activation. There was a marked and prolonged elevation of the plasma level of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, the stable metabolite of prostacyclin. In collagen stimulated whole blood, both 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and prostaglandin E2 production were also greatly increased, with no consistent indication of inhibition of thromboxane B2. It is suggested that defibrotide stimulates prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 production by leucocytes or via platelet/leukocyte interactions. The effects observed here should be useful in guiding subsequent clinical trials. PMID- 3191934 TI - Comparison of paracetamol metabolism in young adult and elderly males. AB - Paracetamol metabolism was compared in groups of young adult (mean age 20.8 years) and elderly (mean 79.3 years) males. Apparent oral clearance and half-life and partial metabolic clearances to the glucuronide and glutathione-derived conjugates of paracetamol were not significantly different between the two groups. However, the partial metabolic clearance to paracetamol sulphate was 23.1% lower and renal clearance of unchanged drug was 42.9% lower in the elderly compared to the young adults. Despite the decreased clearance by these pathways, reduction in paracetamol dosage should not be necessary in the elderly. PMID- 3191935 TI - Effects of enoxacin, ofloxacin and norfloxacin on theophylline disposition in humans. AB - The effect of three new fluoroquinolones on theophylline kinetics and the urinary excretion of metabolites was studied in 5 healthy subjects (3 male, 2 female). All subjects received serial, single i.v. infusions of theophylline (aminophylline, 250 mg) over 60 min after 200 mg doses of a quinolone (enoxacin, ofloxacin, norfloxacin) every 8 h for 3 consecutive days, the quinolone being administered up to the day following theophylline administration. Pretreatment with ofloxacin and norfloxacin did not influence theophylline disposition, but theophylline clearance fell from 0.054 to 0.027 l.h-1.kg-1 in the presence of enoxacin, without a change in the apparent volume of distribution. Enoxacin, too, was the sole compound to increase the urinary excretion of theophylline (33.2 vs 43.9 mg, before vs after treatment), and significantly to decrease the excretion of 3-methylxanthine (3-MX), 1-methyluric acid (1-MU) and 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU) in 24-h urine samples (from 19.8 to 7.16 mg, from 28.3 to 10.3 mg and from 68.8 to 49.5 mg, respectively). The effect of the quinolones on hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity was investigated in each subject using the ratios of 6-hydroxycortisol to total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and to free cortisol in 24-h urines as an index of the hepatic P-450-dependent enzyme system. No significant difference in ratio was observed between control and other treatments. It is concluded that the theophylline-enoxacin interaction was largely due to inhibition of a metabolic system other than the common hepatic P-450 system. PMID- 3191936 TI - Phenotyping polymorphic drug metabolism in the French Caucasian population. AB - Because of the large interethnic differences in the incidence of poor metabolizer phenotypes, French Caucasians have been studied for two independent polymorphisms, debrisoquine/dextromethorphan and mephenytoin metabolism. One hundred and thirty-two unrelated French Caucasians were phenotyped using oral doses of dextromethorphan 20 mg and mephenytoin 100 mg. Individual dextrorphan excretion over 8 h and the dextromethorphan/dextrorphan metabolic ratio were calculated. Extensive metabolizers were taken as subjects with a high dextrorphan output (15.56 mumol/8 h) and a low metabolic ratio (0.0023), and poor metabolizers were those with a low dextrorphan output (0.39 mumol/8 h) and a high metabolic ratio (7.00). Individual 4-hydroxymephenytoin excretion and mephenytoin hydroxylation indices were also determined. Extensive metabolizers eliminated large amounts of 4 hydroxymephenytoin (133.2 mumol/8 h) and had a hydroxylation index of 1.99, and poor metabolizers, because of impaired mephenytoin metabolism, had a high hydroxylation index (277). The incidence of the poor metabolizer phenotype was 3% for dextromethorphan (95% confidence limits 0.5%-8.5%) and 6% for mephenytoin (95% confidence limits 2%-12.5%). PMID- 3191937 TI - The pharmacokinetics of melphalan during intermittent therapy of multiple myeloma. AB - During intermittent melphalan-prednisone therapy the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of melphalan increased by an average of 45% after oral or intravenous administration of the drug in myeloma patients during the initial three courses at six-week intervals. The rise in melphalan plasma concentrations could not be referred to an alteration in melphalan elimination, metabolism, erythrocyte/plasma partition ratio, or protein binding. A possible explanation could be that covalent binding sites of melphalan were successively saturated during intermittent treatment, resulting in higher drug concentrations during successive courses of therapy. PMID- 3191938 TI - Intra- and inter-subject variation in the pharmacokinetics of indoramin and its 6 hydroxylated metabolite. AB - Intra- and inter-subject variation in the kinetics of indoramin and its active metabolite 6-hydroxyindoramin have been studied in 5 young, healthy, male volunteers administered a single oral dose of the drug on 5 separate occasions. Inter-subject variation represented the main source of variability in indoramin plasma concentrations with, for example, the between-subjects sum of squares (a measure of the contribution to the total variability) representing around 97% of the total sum of squares for Cmax and AUC (0-24). Intra-subject and inter-subject coefficients of variation (C.V.s) were circa 20% and 100% respectively for both these parameters. Variability in 6-hydroxyindoramin concentrations was much lower and was approximately equally derived from intra- and inter-subject variation, with the C.V.s being approximately 44% for both Cmax and AUC (0-24). The results imply that the kinetic behaviour of indoramin within an individual will prove relatively consistent, despite widespread inter-subject variation, once an appropriate dosage regime has been established. PMID- 3191939 TI - Plasma and synovial fluid meclofenamic acid concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of the knee. AB - We have measured plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of meclofenamic acid at 2, 4, 8, and 12 h during steady-state administration (100 mg three times daily for 4-7 days). Paired plasma and synovial samples were obtained pre-treatment and at one of the above times in twelve patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, the extent of protein binding of meclofenamic acid was assessed in vitro in the pre-treatment plasma and synovial fluid specimens. Peak total concentrations of 1.73 and 0.86 micrograms.ml-1 were observed in plasma (at 2 h) and synovial fluid (at 4 h) respectively. The extent of protein binding was 99.7 and 99.6% (not significantly different) in plasma and synovial fluid respectively. The results of this study are compared to those from similar reported studies of other nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory compounds. PMID- 3191940 TI - A comparison of the effects on intragastric acidity of bedtime or dinnertime administration of a once daily dose of famotidine. AB - In order to assess whether dinnertime administration of a once daily dose of famotidine is more advantageous than a bedtime dose in suppressing evening and nocturnal gastric acidity, we gave nine patients with a past history of duodenal ulcer in double-blind, randomized fashion either (1) placebo at 6 p.m. and 10 p.m., (2) famotidine 40 mg at 6 p.m. (Fam 6) + placebo at 10 p.m. or (3) placebo at 6 p.m. + famotidine at 10 p.m. (Fam 10) on three separate occasions. Comparison of the 24-h median pH values showed that the two administrations of famotidine were superior to placebo, while Fam 6 was significantly more effective than Fam 10. The gain in acid suppression of Fam 6 with respect to Fam 10 was particularly evident from 6 p.m. to midnight. Although the antisecretory effectiveness of Fam 6 was lower than that of Fam 10 from 4 a.m. to 8 a.m., it remained clearly higher than that of placebo and ensured virtual anacidity (median pH = 6.7) even in this time segment. We conclude that a once daily dose of famotidine at 6 p.m. is better than bedtime administration at covering the long period of continuous unbuffered intragastric acidity which extends from after the evening meal to breakfast. PMID- 3191942 TI - Influence of exercise on plasma concentrations of isosorbide dinitrate. AB - As the fall in hepatic blood flow caused by exercise is expected to decrease the elimination of high extraction drugs, the influence of exercise on the fate of the anti-anginal drug isosorbide dinitrate has been assessed. Isosorbide dinitrate 10 mg was given orally, after an overnight fast, on 2 different days to 7 healthy volunteers and the plasma concentrations of the parent compound and its mononitrate metabolites were measured. Heavy bicycle exercise from the 45th to the 105th min after intake of the drug on one of the experimental days did not change the plasma isosorbide dinitrate concentrations as compared to those on the rest day. The concentrations of both mononitrates were lower on the exercise day, but the difference was already present before the exercise started. PMID- 3191941 TI - The effects of the 5 HT2 antagonist ketanserin in adult atopic asthma. AB - We have studied eight adult atopic asthmatic patients in a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial in order to examine the effects of the 5 HT2 antagonist ketanserin on airways function (FEV1, FVC, V50(chi), and V25(pi]. Ketanserin did not significantly change resting bronchomotor tone. Treadmill exercise caused a similar maximal percentage fall in FEV1 after both drug [16.8 (3.7)%] and placebo [19.2 (4.2)%]; ketanserin did not significantly attenuate bronchoconstriction, measured over a 20-min period after exercise. These results suggest that 5 HT2 receptors do not play a major role in the control of resting bronchomotor tone or in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in adult atopic asthmatic patients. PMID- 3191943 TI - Milk concentrations of flupenthixol, nortriptyline and zuclopenthixol and between breast differences in two patients. AB - Flupenthixol (FP), nortriptyline (NT) and zuclopenthixol, (ZCP) were determined in breast milk and plasma from 2 puerperal, lactating women with psychiatric disorders. The milk concentrations were equal to, higher and lower than those in plasma for FP, NT and ZCP, respectively. Variation in milk triglyceride concentration, but not milk pH, could partly explain between-breast differences in the milk concentrations. The study demonstrates the need for appropriate and representative milk sampling procedures. The estimated daily infant exposure averaged 0.5, 2.3 and 0.3% of the corresponding maternal weight related doses of FP, NT and ZCP. FP was also detectable in infant plasma. These drugs are not known to be harmful in small doses to breast-fed infants. However, concern about the effect of dopamine blocking agents on neurobehavioral mechanisms in animals warrants caution. If neuroleptics are required for a long period this risk must be weighed against the benefits of breast-feeding, also considering the psychological effects of the latter. PMID- 3191944 TI - Psychopharmacological effects of sertraline in normal, healthy volunteers. AB - A double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over study was carried out in 10 normal healthy volunteers to investigate the effects of sertraline 25 mg, 50 mg, 75 mg and 100 mg on aspects of cognitive functioning. Changes with respect to placebo in objective tests of psychomotor function (critical flicker fusion and choice reaction time) showed that sertraline had an alerting effect. The changes were not consistent with subjective reports of drowsiness. PMID- 3191945 TI - Disulfide-linked receptors for mitogenic lectins on piglet lymphocytes. AB - The interaction between leucoagglutinating phytohemagglutinin (L-PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), soybean agglutinin (SBA) and lentil lectin (LcH) with disulfide-linked cell surface receptors on lymphocytes from mesenteric lymph nodes of 3-day piglets (PMLN) was investigated. Surface radioiodinated PMLN lymphocytes were lysed with buffer containing Nonidet-P40. The lysates were adsorbed on lectin-agarose derivatives (or bovine serum albumin-agarose). Eluates from the lectin-agarose derivatives were analyzed by one-dimensional or two dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis both under reducing and nonreducing conditions. Among the various-lectin-binding polypeptides, L-PHA recognizes a single 92-kDa disulfide-linked moiety in piglet lymphocyte lysate, comprised of polydisperse 52-kDa subunits. In addition to this apparent homodimer, SBA, Con A and LcH bind a much less prominent 82-kDa heterodimer comprised of 47-kDa and 37-kDa polypeptides; these molecules are not observed in eluates of L-PHA. Binding of the 92- and 82-kDa molecules by LcH is inhibited by methyl-alpha-D-mannoside. These results indicate that there are two lectin-binding disulfide-linked glycoproteins on lymphocytes from 3-day piglets which bind preferentially to potent mitogens. The electrophoretic properties of these molecules, under both reducing and nonreducing conditions, as well as their lectin-binding properties are very similar to those observed for antigen receptor molecules on lymphocytes from other species. PMID- 3191946 TI - A single cDNA encodes multiple Ly-6 antigenic specificities. AB - To determine the relationship between the structure and function of proteins coded for by the Ly-6 gene complex, we have transfected a cDNA for a Ly-6.2 specificity into COS-7 cells. A number of monoclonal antibodies which have been shown to be capable of inducing T cell activation and which have been previously considered to recognize distinct proteins all reacted with the same transfected gene product. The approach used in these studies should be useful to further elucidate the complexities of the Ly-6 alloantigen system. PMID- 3191947 TI - Cytoscribing: a method for micropositioning cells and the construction of two- and three-dimensional synthetic tissues. AB - Cells may be positioned in precise, predetermined patterns by a technique, termed cytoscribing, in which cell adhesion proteins are deposited on a substratum under computer control. Using standard office equipment, cells may be positioned within a cell diameter with the techniques described. Cytoscribing involves the use of either a computer-controlled ink jet printer or a graphics plotter to deposit cell adhesion proteins and monoclonal antibodies onto a substrate material. By selecting different cell adhesion proteins and methods that permit the formation of positive or negative patterns of cells (cytoscripts), two-dimensional tissues can be constructed. It is also demonstrated that an optical microlithography technique used in the semiconductor industry can be used to position cells with a precision of less than a micron. By utilizing the properties of cell adhesion proteins, both positive and negative cytoscripts of photoengraved images can be obtained. Techniques for the construction of three-dimensional tissues are described. Thin sheets of collagen were obtained by forming collagen heat gels in a mold. Monolayers of cells growing on thin collagen sheets were then attached to one another by gluing the sheets together with collagen. Sheets of cells do not attach to each other readily in the presence of fibronectin and evidence is provided which indicates that this observation is due to a lack of adhesiveness of the upper surface of cells. PMID- 3191948 TI - Synchronization of human diploid fibroblasts at multiple stages of the cell cycle. AB - Because of the scarcity of techniques for synchronizing the growth of cultured human diploid fibroblasts at multiple stages within the cell cycle, efforts were expended in this report to establish a set of protocols that would permit synchronization of cells at several different points throughout the cycle. The protocols that were developed to synchronize the growth of HSF-24 and HSF-55 cells, human foreskin-derived fibroblast cultures, were modifications of procedures employed to synchronize the growth of cultured rodent cells. Optimization of synchrony induction was directed by consideration of both the biochemical properties of the synchronized populations (determined via three parameter flow cytometric measurements of DNA, RNA, and protein contents) and their kinetic behavior following reversal of the synchronization-inducing blockade (determined via combined flow cytometric analysis of DNA content, [3H]thymidine autoradiography, and measurement of increase in cell number). The conditions judged to yield the best results for studying events associated with production of a G0 block or for maintaining cells for prolonged periods in G0 were those in which the cells were grown to confluency in D-MEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Procedures producing the best results for studying processes associated with the G0 to G1 transition, G1 events, and operations accompanying the transition from G1 to S, employed subconfluent growth for 48 h in alpha-MEM + 0.1% fetal bovine serum (alpha-MEM0.1F) followed by resuspension in alpha-MEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum (alpha-MEM10F). When the goal was to obtain cells in which to study very early S-phase events, satisfactory results were achieved by combining a 48-h period of subconfluent growth in alpha-MEM0.1F, followed by treatment for 24 h in alpha-MEM10F containing 5 micrograms/ml aphidicolin. For study of events occurring in mid- to late-cycle, acceptable results were achieved by combining a 48-h block in alpha-MEM0.1F with resuspension for 24 h in alpha-MEM10F containing 10(-3) M hydroxyurea followed by resuspension in drug-free alpha-MEM10F. The best results were obtained with these latter synchronization procedures (i.e., low-serum/high-serum + APC or HU/high serum) when the fetal calf serum was replaced with heat-inactivated calf serum. The success achieved in synchronizing the growth of these human diploid fibroblasts compared favorably/exceeded the results obtained with synchronized cultures of Chinese hamster ovary cells. PMID- 3191949 TI - A birefringence, electron microscopy, and histochemical survey of chromosomal structure in the sperm nuclei of an echinothurid sea urchin, Araeosoma owstoni. AB - The mature sperm head of Araeosoma owstoni, an echinothurid sea urchin, showed positive birefringence reflecting that the overall orientation of DNA molecules was semiperpendicular toward the nuclear axis of the sperm head. Transmission electron microscopical observation of sperm in this species revealed a highly electron-dense cylindrical coil with an empty central core extending along the major axis of the sperm head. This coil had seven to eight turns along its entire length of 3.5 micron. The maximum width was 0.35 micron near the distal end of the nucleus, and the minimum width was 0.17 micron near the apical end. Lamellar substructures were also present in the sperm nucleus, appearing at the periphery of the electron-dense cylinder in a radial manner. Staining with Feulgen's reaction and acid-orcein indicated that the coil was probably composed of sperm chromosomes. PMID- 3191950 TI - DNA fiber replication during a morphogenetic switch in the shoot meristematic cells of a higher plant. AB - Chromosomal DNA fiber replication was investigated in the shoot meristem of mustard plants during the morphogenetic transition from the leaf-forming (vegetative) to the flower-forming (evoked) condition. The replicon size, determined using the modal class, was 15 micron in the vegetative meristem and shifted to 7.5 micron in the evoked meristem. The average fork rate was 1.05 micron.h-1 in the vegetative meristem and only slightly increased to 1.55 micron.h-1 during the morphogenetic switch. Replicon activation was asynchronous but the pattern of activation of replicons was the same in both kinds of meristems. Thus the shortening of the S phase at the floral transition in mustard was essentially achieved by an increase of the number of replicon origins per unit length of DNA. These results are similar to those obtained in amphibian and Drosophila embryogenesis. PMID- 3191951 TI - The effects of environmental stress on steroid receptor levels and steroid induced morphogenesis in Achlya ambisexualis. AB - Incubation of Achlya ambisexualis at elevated temperature (heat shock) or in the presence of sodium arsenite resulted in an inhibition of steroid hormone-induced responsiveness. The effect of heat shock was time- and temperature-dependent and more severe than the effect of sodium arsenite. Incubation at 37 degrees C for 30 min completely abolished the steroid-induced response and full recovery was not observed until 6 h after a return to the normal growth temperature of 22 degrees C. Heat shock and arsenite treatment had no effect on the cellular uptake of the steroid hormone, but heat shock resulted in a time- and temperature-dependent loss in the cellular level of steroid receptors. In contrast, arsenite treatment had little effect on the concentration of steroid receptors. However, both heat shock and arsenite treatment produced a long-term (4 h) and transient (1 h) inhibition of total protein synthesis, respectively. The recovery of steroid induced responsiveness following heat shock was observed after both protein synthesis and steroid hormone receptor levels had returned to normal values. PMID- 3191953 TI - Mouse centromeric heterochromatin: isolation and some characteristics. AB - A method is suggested for isolation of highly purified mouse centromeric heterochromatin. Treatment of mouse liver nuclei with decreasing concentrations of Ca2+ resulted in the gradual unraveling of chromatin in the nucleus and at 0.1 mM Ca2+ electron microscopy revealed several dense particles per nucleus, surrounded by decondensed chromatin. These particles, assumed to represent centromere regions of interphase chromosomes by in situ hybridization with radioactive mouse satellite DNA and by differential staining for centromere heterochromatin, were isolated in preparative amounts and their DNA and protein composition was analyzed. The preparation represented practically pure mouse centromere heterochromatin, since more than 90% of its DNA was satellite DNA. PMID- 3191952 TI - Nuclear protein synthesis in animal and vegetal hemispheres of Xenopus oocytes. AB - Experiments were conducted to determine if nuclear proteins are preferentially synthesized in the vicinity of the nucleus, a factor which could facilitate nucleocytoplasmic exchange. Using Xenopus oocytes, animal and vegetal hemispheres were separated by bisecting the cells in paraffin oil. It was initially established that protein synthesis is not affected by the bisecting procedure. To determine if nuclear protein synthesis is restricted to the animal hemisphere (which contains the nucleus), vegetal halves and enucleated animal halves were injected with [3H]leucine and incubated in oil for 90 min. The labeled cell halves were then fused with unlabeled, nucleated animal hemispheres that had been previously injected with puromycin in amounts sufficient to prevent further protein synthesis. Thus, labeled polypeptides which subsequently entered the nuclei were synthesized before fusion. Three hours after fusion, the nuclei were isolated, run on two-dimensional gels, and fluorographed. Approximately 200 labeled nuclear polypeptides were compared, and only 2 were synthesized in significantly different amounts in the animal and vegetal hemispheres. The results indicate that nuclear protein synthesis is not restricted to the cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus. PMID- 3191954 TI - Fibronectin phosphorylation by ecto-protein kinase. AB - The presence of membrane-associated, extracellular protein kinase (ecto-protein kinase) and its substrate proteins was examined with serum-free cultures of Swiss 3T3 fibroblast. When cells were incubated with [gamma-32]ATP for 10 min at 37 degrees C, four proteins with apparent molecular weights between 150 and 220 kDa were prominently phosphorylated. These proteins were also radiolabeled by lactoperoxidase catalyzed iodination and were sensitive to mild tryptic digestion, suggesting that they localized on the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix. Phosphorylation of extracellular proteins with [gamma 32P]ATP in intact cell culture is consistent with the existence of ecto-protein kinase. Anti-fibronectin antibody immunoprecipitated one of the phosphoproteins which comigrated with a monomer and a dimer form of fibronectin under reducing and nonreducing conditions of electrophoresis, respectively. The protein had affinity for gelatin as demonstrated by retention with gelatin-conjugated agarose. This protein substrate of ecto-protein kinase was thus concluded to be fibronectin. The sites of phosphorylation by ecto-protein kinase were compared with those of intracellularly phosphorylated fibronectin by the analysis of radiolabeled amino acids and peptides. Ecto-protein kinase phosphorylated fibronectin at serine and threonine residues which were distinct from the sites of intracellular fibronectin phosphorylation. PMID- 3191955 TI - Microinjection of antibodies against superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. AB - Antibodies were prepared against glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Inhibition of the enzyme activity was obtained with anti-Gpx and anti-SOD antibodies but not with anti-CAT antibodies. The antibodies were then injected into human fibroblasts and bovine chondrocytes in culture either under normal conditions or under 1 atm of oxygen. The injected anti-Gpx and anti-SOD antibodies increased the mortality rate of the fibroblasts incubated under 1 atm of oxygen. However, when cells were incubated under normal atmosphere, anti-Gpx antibodies inhibited the division while anti-SOD antibodies increased this capacity. Anti-Gpx antibodies injected into chondrocytes decreased their viability. Injection of control antiserum had no effect. These data stress the primary importance of Gpx as antioxidant under all conditions and the relative efficiency of SOD according to the balance between the radical production and the activity of the other antioxidant systems. PMID- 3191956 TI - Nonhistone nuclear proteins specific to certain mouse embryonal carcinoma clones having an inactive X chromosome. AB - By means of one-dimensional polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis nonhistone nuclear proteins were compared in murine embryonal carcinoma cell clones with two X chromosomes; both are active in some clones and one of them is inactive in others and in a population of cells having only one X chromosome. Under our experimental conditions, we succeeded in finding two extra bands at approximately 46,000 Da in cells having an inactive X chromosome. Furthermore, a band at approximately 71,000 Da was significantly heavier in cells having an inactive X chromosome than in those having two active X or those having only one X chromosome. PMID- 3191957 TI - Acid phosphatase isoenzyme mapping in Leishmania. AB - The profiles of acid phosphatase isoenzymes of several well defined species of the genus Leishmania were compared. The profiles were generated after isoelectric focusing of parasite extracts in polyacrylamide and incubation of the gels with an appropriate substrate coupled to an azo dye. Analysis of the zymograms showed that there is species-specificity of the acid phosphatase isoenzyme maps in Leishmania. It was also demonstrated that different strains of the same species present identical pattern of enzyme activity. The method even enabled the differentiation of closely related species which were previously difficult to identify. Some technical aspects of the isoelectric focusing procedure are discussed. The method described here can be used as an aid for species identification of Leishmania. PMID- 3191958 TI - Heligmosomoides polygyrus: excretory/secretory antigens released in vitro by exsheathed third-stage larvae. AB - The excretory/secretory antigens released during in vitro culture of infective third-stage Heligmosomoides polygyrus larvae were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting using sera from repeatedly infected mice. During the first 8-10 hr of culture at 37 C, freshly exsheathed larvae released only one antigen that cosedimented with trypsin (24 kDa) upon ultracentrifugation and was composed of a single 23-kDa polypeptide chain. After 10 hr of culture, the larvae released additional antigens identified by bands equivalent to polypeptides of approximately 18, 25, 26, 32, 58, and 76 kDa on nonreduced Western blots. The release of these molecules was maintained for up to 60 hr. Their staining intensity on blots was in the order 23 much greater than 25 greater than 76 greater than 18 greater than or equal to 58 greater than or equal to 32 greater than or equal to 26 kDa. Velocity sedimentation analysis showed that the 76-kDa component exists as a monomeric 76-kDa "native" antigen. The 32-, 58-, and 76-kDa antigens were specifically adsorbed by concanavalin A (Con A) Sepharose and the 76-kDa molecule was detected on blots incubated with alkaline phosphatase-conjugated Con A, indicating the presence of mannose-like residues on these molecules. The 18-, 23-, 25-, and 26-kDa antigens did not bind to Con A Sepharose. Hyperimmune antisera raised against lyophilized larvae had negligible antibody activity against the larval ES antigens, suggesting that the ES antigens are released soon after synthesis rather than being stored in significant quantities within the larvae. PMID- 3191959 TI - Steinernema feltiae (= Neoaplectana carpocapsae): effect of sterols and hypolipidemic agents on development. AB - The structure and concentration of sterol in a lipid-defined artificial medium affected the development of the entomogenous nematode, Steinernema feltiae (= Neoaplectana carpocapsae). The nematode grew normally in vitro when the medium was supplemented with delta 5-desalkylsterol (cholesterol) or delta 5 desalkylsteryl ester (cholesterol oleate). The minimum amount of cholesterol in the medium that was necessary to support the development of S. feltiae to the climax population (i.e., dauer stage) was 0.0025%. The nematode also completed its life cycle normally when delta 0- or delta 7-desalkylsterols (cholestanol and lathosterol) were substituted for cholesterol. In contrast, development was inhibited when the medium contained delta 5,7-desalkylsterol (7 dehydrocholesterol); however, the nematode population reached the climax stage, in medium containing this sterol, when cholesterol was also present. S. feltiae was able to utilize delta 5- and delta 0-24 alpha-ethylsterols (sitosterol and sitostanol) as dietary sterols; however, when a delta 22-bond was introduced into the side chain (stigmasterol) the rate of development of the nematode slowed significantly. The growth of the nematode was also retarded when the medium contained delta 5,7,22-24 beta-methylsterol (ergosterol). The nematode population reached the climax stage in medium containing delta 8,24-4,14 alpha trimethylsterol (lanosterol) only when cholesterol was also present. When S. feltiae was exposed to certain hypolipidemic agents, which are known to lower the level of lipids in human plasma (clofibrate, cholestyramine resin, niacin, and D thyroxine), all but D-thyroxine affected the growth and development of the nematode in vivo (in Heliothis zea) and/or in vitro. Therefore further studies are warranted to determine how these drugs affect the lipid biochemistry of this nematode. PMID- 3191960 TI - Paragonimus ohirai: identification of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) and silver nitrate staining pattern in spermatogenesis. AB - The identification of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) and the qualitative description of silver nitrate staining patterns in spermatogenesis of Paragonimus ohirai are herein reported. The NORs of P. ohirai are located on the short arm of chromosome 4 and are associated with a large amount of constitutive heterochromatin. Silver (Ag) staining was detected from the interphase stage until the prometaphase stage of mitosis in spermatogonial cells but was absent at metaphase. On the other hand, during meiosis Ag-staining of NORs occurred from prophase to the diplotene stage, then was absent from meiotic metaphase I to anaphase II and was again demonstrable in early spermatid nuclei. The appearance and disappearance of NOR during Paragonimus spermatogenesis is similar to that described for vertebrate species except during mitotic metaphase. PMID- 3191961 TI - Echinococcus multilocularis: relationship between persistent inflammation, serum amyloid A protein response and amyloidosis in four mouse strains. AB - LPS-hyporesponsive (C3H/HeJ) and LPS-sensitive (C57BL/6, CBA/J, C3H/HeSn) strains of mice were infected intraperitoneally with 50 alveolar hydatid cysts (AHC) to assess the effect of protracted severe inflammation on serum amyloid A protein (SAA) concentrations, splenic amyloid deposition, and pre- and postamyloidotic alterations in the splenic architecture. In general, the SAA concentrations in all the four mouse strains showed a moderate but steady increase throughout the course of infection. Splenic amyloid deposition commenced between 6 to 8 weeks postinfection (p.i.) when the SAA concentrations were relatively low and increased progressively until 12 weeks p.i. when 52 to 78% of the splenic parenchyma was obliterated. CBA mice which harbored the largest AHC throughout the 12-week course of infection showed the poorest SAA and amyloid responses; the situation was reversed in the C3H/HeSn strain. Histologically, most of the splenic follicles, during the stage of maximum amyloid deposition, appeared hypocellular. Their T-cell-dependent periarterial sinuses were either totally depleted of cells or contained plasma cells or myeloid cells. These results show that (a) there is no direct correlation between the intensity of inflammation, SAA concentrations, or amounts of amyloid deposition in either of the four mouse strains and (b) amyloidosis secondary to AHC infection differs from other experimental mouse models of amyloidosis in the magnitude of SAA elevation during the preamyloid phase. PMID- 3191963 TI - 7th Congress of the European Society of Pneumology (SEP). Budapest, 5th-9th September, 1988. Lung and infection prevention and screening. Abstracts. PMID- 3191962 TI - Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: effect of immunosuppression on the efficacy of melarsoprol treatment of infected mice. PMID- 3191964 TI - [Prediction of the acute toxicity of benzimidazole compounds by the electron structure of their molecules]. AB - The relationship between acute toxicity of benzimidazole series compounds and electron structure of molecules was followed by using the method of potential functions, the method of basic components and the CHARM programme. The principal possibility of predicting toxicity of various derivatives of this class by electron structure of their molecules was shown. The fragment method of the assessment of characteristics in the range of CNDO/2 approximation permitting the quality of prognosis of 86-93% is proposed. PMID- 3191965 TI - [Antiamnesic action of nomifensine]. AB - Nomifensine efficiency in the improvement of memory trace restoration impaired by spontaneous forgetting or amnesic influence was demonstrated in experiments on BALB/c mice by using the passive avoidance technique. Doses of 10-20 mg/kg proved to be the most efficient. The presented results suggest that the antiamnesic effect of nomifensine is due to the activation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems. PMID- 3191966 TI - [The effect of psychotropic substances on the deamination of monoamines in the rat brain]. AB - A comparative study of antimonoamine oxidase activity of psychotropic agents of different classes was made. Phenothiazine, butyrophenone and atypical neuroleptics were found to suppress deamination of 2-phenylethylamine in the brain. Tranquilizers of benzodiazepine structure appeared to be inactive with respect to monoamine oxidase (MAO) of the brain. Anticonvulsants (except difenin) weakly inhibit serotonin deamination and, on the contrary, difenin stimulates serotonin- and 2-phenylethylamine deamination. Antidepressants--MAO inhibitors- more actively reduce the rate of serotonin deamination, and tricyclic antidepressant desimipramine is similar to aminazine by its effect on MAO. Phenamine is a potent MAO inhibitor. The effect of cocaine is significantly less pronounced. PMID- 3191967 TI - [The effect of calcium pantothenate and homopantothenate on [14C]-GABA absorption by slices of rat cerebral cortex]. AB - Calcium D-pantothenate (Ca D-P) and calcium D-homopantothenate (Ca D-HP) (pantogam) exhibiting antagonism in a number tests of pharmacological screening were shown to inhibit the absorption of [14C]-GABA (0.2 microM) by the rat brain cortex slices (3 mm) incubated in calcium-free medium. The effect of Ca D-HP manifests at its low concentrations (10(-6) M) and that of Ca D-P at high concentrations (10(-6) M). The data obtained are discussed in relation to the possible influence of the anion and cation components of the studied compounds. PMID- 3191968 TI - [The role of cholinergic processes in realizing the analgesic effect of GABA positive preparations]. AB - In experiments on male rats it was shown that scopolamine diminished while pilocarpine and physostigmine potentiated the antinociceptive effect of baclofen, gamma-acetylenic-GABA, THIP and depakine. At the same time the antinociceptive effect of pilocarpine virtually underwent no changes in baclofen- and depakine tolerant animals. The results suggest that the cholinergic processes may be involved in GABAergic antinociception but not in the development of tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of GABA-positive drugs. PMID- 3191969 TI - [Analysis of the hypothermic action of etimizol]. AB - In chronic experiments on rabbits it was shown that the hypothermic effect appears in the series of antipheins after the addition of ethyl radical in the first position of imidazole ring. The hypothermic effect of etimizol is more pronounced in the brain than in the body, whereas caffeine equally increases the temperature of the brain and body. PMID- 3191970 TI - [Dalargin--an opioid-like peptide with peripheral action]. AB - Hexapeptide dalargin (Tyr-Dala-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg) and its N-terminal penta- and tetrapeptide fragments significantly differed by the peripheral opioid activity "spectra" on three models of isolated organs: the guinea pig ileum, the mouse vas deferens and the mouse large intestine. N-terminal tripeptide and tyrosine-free fragment of Dala-Gly-Phe-Leu possessed no opioid properties. Dalargin and its opioid-like fragments exerted the analgesic effect according to the hot plate and tail flick tests in mice. When administered intracisternally they were inferior in the activity to a stable analogue of enkephalins FK 33-824 by 1-3 orders, at intravenous administration by tens of times. The data obtained suggest that dalargin is an opioid-like peptide with the peripheral action. PMID- 3191971 TI - [Effect of dopamine on the blood supply and oxygen balance of the ischemic myocardium]. AB - In acute experiments on anesthetized cats the effect of dopamine administered in doses of 1, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg intravenously and 10 g/kg/min by intravenous drip was studied. The drug (10 g/kg and 10 g/kg/min) was found to cause a significant and prolonged increase of total coronary blood flow, a growth of oxygen consumption by the myocardium, a decrease of oxygen tension in the heart muscle against the background of poorly pronounced arterial hypertension during a simultaneous administration and tendency towards arterial hypotension. When administered in doses of 1 and 5 g/kg intravenously dopamine induced little positive shifts of the parameters under study, and in a dose of 20 g/kg intravenously decreased total coronary blood flow, oxygen consumption by the heart and increased oxygen tension in the myocardium against the background of moderate arterial hypertension. PMID- 3191972 TI - [Myocardial contractile function in acute heart failure during exposure to strophanthin and its combination with alpha-tocopherol]. AB - In experiments on rabbits it was established that strophanthin (0.05 mg/kg) administered to animals with cardiac insufficiency due to a severe overloading of the heart function by occlusion of the diaphragmatic portion of the aorta by 4/5 of its diameter improved the contractile activity and relaxing properties of the left ventricle. This effect is however transient (up to 15-30 minutes) with the subsequent reduction of its characteristic indices, the development of symptoms of intoxication and not infrequently death of animals. alpha-tocopherol administered before the pathology reproduction (10 mg/kg, 3 days) increases the period of myocardial compensation and when given in combination with strophanthin significantly potentiates the cardiac effect of glycoside manifesting by an increase of the strength and rate of contraction and intensity of diastolic relaxation of the myocardium, prolongs the animal's life. PMID- 3191973 TI - [Analysis of the baroreflex activation of the sympathetic system in waking cats induced by urapidil and sodium nitroprusside]. AB - The responses of the sympathetic system to a stepwise decrease of arterial blood pressure by administering sodium nitroprusside or urapidil were studied in experiments on conscious cats with preliminarily implanted transducers and catheters. Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations in arterial and venous blood plasma were measured by means of a high performance liquid chromatography. It was shown that when nitroprusside was used for lowering blood pressure there occurred reflex activation of the sympathetic system. That is, an elevation of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations, a rise of noradrenaline release in vessels of the skeletal muscles, an increase of the heart rate. Urapidil when given in equihypotensive doses failed to increase catecholamine concentrations and tachycardia that seems to be related to the central inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex. PMID- 3191974 TI - [Selectivity of the action of 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine on the purine receptors of the intestines]. AB - In experiments on the isolated ileum of guinea pigs and rats it was shown that 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine (DPPX) is a highly potent adenosine antagonist blocking A1-adenosine receptors of the myenteric plexus (pA2 = 7.29 +/- 0.06) and allosterically modulating affinity of A2-receptors of the intestinal smooth muscles to adenosine (pA2 = 6.64 +/- 0.05). DPPX exerted no influence on purinergic (PR2), adrenergic and opiate receptors of the nervous and muscular cells of the intestine. Exceeding the activity of theophylline by 339-87 times, DPPX failed to exert the selective effect on A1- and A2-subtypes of adenosine receptors. PMID- 3191975 TI - [Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid and its agonists on uterine contractile activity]. AB - In chronic experiments on female rabbits it was shown that GABA-receptor agonist phenibut given in small doses exerts the stimulating effect, while GABA and phenibut administered in large doses suppress the uterine contractile activity, acting probably as modulators of presynaptic release of neuromediators. Diazepam displays the regulatory effect on the uterine contractions via the postsynaptic receptor mechanisms. The data suggest the involvement of the GABAergic mechanisms in the uterine contractile function. PMID- 3191977 TI - [Fluorescence dynamics of anilino naphthalenesulfonate in mitochondria exposed to corticosteroids]. AB - Anilino naphthalenesulfonate fluorescence dynamics in the rat liver mitochondria during the first six minutes after corticosteroid (corticosterone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone) and cholesterol treatment in vitro was studied. The biphasic character of the process was observed depending on the hydrophobicity and concentration of the steroids. PMID- 3191976 TI - [Comparative study of the anticoagulant activity of sulfated polysaccharides from marine brown algae]. AB - A comparative study of the anticoagulant activity of fucoidan, sulfated polysaccharides of brown sea algae, was carried out during in vitro and in vivo experiments. Among the compounds of this class of nonlinear polyanions of sea algae there were detected the substances possessing a low toxicity and anticoagulant activity comparable with that of heparin. However the mechanism of action of the studied compounds differs from that of heparin. PMID- 3191978 TI - [Effect of glucocorticoids on the Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm of thymocytes]. AB - Using the fluorescent dye, quin-2, it was shown that the addition of cortisol, dexamethasone (10(-5)-10(-4) M) to the suspension of rat thymocytes results in 1.5-3-fold increase of free Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm (intracellular Ca2+). The hormone-stimulated increase of intracellular Ca2+ fails to occur if extracellular Ca2+ concentration is sharply reduced by using calcium-free buffer. PMID- 3191979 TI - [Comparative study of the progestagenic action of 16 alpha, 17 alpha cyclohexanoprogesterones (pregna-D'6-pentarans) when administered by different routes]. AB - A comparative study of the progestational activity of modified pentarans depending on the dose and the route of administration was carried out. It was shown that modification of the molecule of 16 alpha, 17 alpha cyclohexanoprogesterones by introducing and additional double bond in positions 6, 7 and methyl group in position 6 provided a high gestational effect, being particularly pronounced at intramuscular administration. PMID- 3191980 TI - [Diethylstilbestrol potentiation of the antiandrogenic effects of niftolide in the prostate]. AB - In experiments on intact mature male Wistar rats it was shown that a combined administration of niftolide (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) and diethylstilbestrol (10 and 50 mg/kg) produced a more pronounced antiprostatic effect than their separate administration. PMID- 3191981 TI - [Effect of dimephosphon on the adenine nucleotide system]. AB - The effect of a single injection of dimephosphon (1 mM/kg) on adenine nucleotide system in the liver of healthy and chlorophos-poisoned (a mean lethal dose) rats was studied. It was shown that in healthy rats dimephosphon decreased the levels of all components of adenylate system without changing the energy charge of adenylates. The treatment of the poisoned animals with dimephosphon normalized the parameters of energy metabolism disturbed by chlorophos intoxication. PMID- 3191982 TI - [Effect of endogenous opioid peptides on antibody formation in the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes]. AB - The effects of leu-enkephalin and met-enkephalin on the number of the antibody forming cells (AFC) in the mouse spleen at the primary immune response to ram erythrocytes depending on the dose and time of the agent administration with relation to the time of immunization were studied. The data indicating diverse effects of these endogenous opioid peptides on antibody genesis were obtained. When administered before immunization, met-enkephalin increased the number of AFC in the CBA mouse spleen and its administration simultaneously with an antigen and afterwards decreased the number of AFC. Leu-enkephalin both decreased and increased the number of AFC in the spleen in the dose-dependent way. The stimulating effect of this agent was more pronounced in the C57BL/6 mice with the initially low immune response as compared to the CBA mice. PMID- 3191984 TI - [Binding of voltaren and piroxicam with the membranes of erythrocyte ghosts and liposomes]. AB - The binding of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), voltaren and piroxicam, to the membranes of erythrocyte ghosts and phosphatidylcholine liposomes was studied by the fluorescent probe method. The drugs were shown to possess high affinity to the both types of the membranes. Voltaren was mainly located in the lipid part of erythrocyte ghost membranes, while piroxicam was uniformly distributed between the protein and lipid components of the membranes. The findings suggest that the differences in the binding characteristics of the studied NSAID might determine to a certain extent the specificity of their anti inflammatory action. PMID- 3191983 TI - [Effect of the induction of liver cytochrome P-450 by a chemically inert fluorocarbon on the reactions of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity]. AB - The effect of chemically inert perfluorodecalin (PFD) on the development of hypersensitive reactions of immediate and delayed types in guinea pigs and mice was studied. It was found that administration of PFD to animals both before sensitization (mice) and during the development of sensitization (guinea pigs) reduced the degree of the both types of hypersensitivity. PMID- 3191985 TI - [Pharmacological study of the anti-inflammatory agent glyderinine]. AB - In experiments on various animals glyderinine, a derivative of glycyrrhizic acid isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra, was found to exert a pronounced anti inflammatory effect exceeding that of hydrocortisone and amidopyrine. The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect was to a certain degree related to the adrenal cortex, suppression of vascular permeability and antagonism to inflammation as well. Similarly to other anti-inflammatory agents, glyderinine possesses analgesic and antipyretic properties, but unlike them it fails to suppress hemopoiesis and to cause ulceration of the gastrointestinal mucosa. The drug is of low toxicity and exerts the antiallergic effect. Glyderinine was successfully tried and recommended for a wide use as an ointment for treating skin diseases. PMID- 3191986 TI - [Pharmacological properties of the new antiviral preparation alpizarin]. AB - Various species of experimental animals were used for studying pharmacological properties of a new original antiviral (antiherpetic) agent alpizarin (2-beta-C-D glucopyranosyl-1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone; with composition of C19H18O11) isolated from the aerial part of Hedysarum flaveacens Rgl. and Schmalh., Hedysarum alpinum L. It was found that in addition to the antiviral effect, alpizarin possesses also prominent cardiostimulant, capillary-strengthening, anti inflammatory properties and enhances reparative processes in the gastric mucosa. The drug has no significant action on the central nervous system, the tone of peripheral vessels and intestinal smooth musculature and fails to influence carbohydrate metabolism and blood coagulation system. PMID- 3191987 TI - [Methodological characteristics of the preclinical study of the safety of drug preparations for children]. AB - Some aspects of the preclinical study on safety of drugs used in children during experiments on immature animals are presented. Problems of the selection of animal species and the experimental schemes are discussed. PMID- 3191988 TI - Amino acid sequences of ribosomal proteins S11 from Bacillus stearothermophilus and S19 from Halobacterium marismortui. Comparison of the ribosomal protein S11 family. AB - The complete amino acid sequences of ribosomal proteins S11 from the Gram positive eubacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus and of S19 from the archaebacterium Halobacterium marismortui have been determined. A search for homologous sequences of these proteins revealed that they belong to the ribosomal protein S11 family. Homologous proteins have previously been sequenced from Escherichia coli as well as from chloroplast, yeast and mammalian ribosomes. A pairwise comparison of the amino acid sequences showed that Bacillus protein S11 shares 68% identical residues with S11 from Escherichia coli and a slightly lower homology (52%) with the homologous chloroplast protein. The halophilic protein S19 is more related to the eukaryotic (45-49%) than to the eubacterial counterparts (35%). PMID- 3191989 TI - Luminescent Ag12-metallothionein: dependence of emission intensity on silver thiolate cluster formation. AB - We report the observation of emission intensity at 77 K that is a function of Ag(I)-thiolate bonds formation within the protein metallothionein. The emission characteristics (a large, 250 nm, Stokes shift and long emission lifetime) suggests that the transition occurs from the excited triplet state. The emission intensity and circular dichroism both indicate that silver(I) clusters form with stoichiometric ratios of 12 Ag(I) to the 20 thiolate sulfur groups that are present in the protein. These data are the first to show that Ag(I) metallothionein complexes are luminescent and that a specific Ag12-MT species forms. PMID- 3191990 TI - Stereospecific bioactions of 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoate. AB - 5(S)-Hydroxyicosatetraenoate stimulates human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to raise their cytosolic calcium. It also potentiates the cells' degranulation responses to platelet-activating factor and diacylglycerols. We synthesized 5(R)-hydroxyicosatetraenoate and found it to be 20-100-fold weaker than the natural isomer in these assays. Thus, the arachidonic acid metabolite activates PMNs by a stereospecific possibly receptor-mediated mechanism. PMID- 3191991 TI - S-100b protein regulates the activity of skeletal muscle adenylate cyclase in vitro. AB - We have investigated the effect of the b isoform of S-100 proteins on adenylate cyclase activity of rat skeletal muscle. S-100b inhibits the adenylate cyclase activity in the presence of Mg2+ (5.0-50 mM), while it activates the same enzyme in the presence of Ca2+ (0.1-1.0 mM) dose-dependently in both cases. S-100b counteracts the stimulatory effect of NaF on adenylate cyclase in the presence of Mg2+ and the inhibitory effect of RMI 12330 A in the presence of Ca2+. PMID- 3191992 TI - Chicken liver basic fatty acid-binding protein (pI = 9.0). Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray data. AB - Chicken liver basic fatty acid-binding protein (pI = 9.0) has been purified with a high yield by a modification of a method originally applied to rat liver. The final product is highly homogeneous and can be used to grow crystals that belong to two different space groups. The crystals are either tetragonal, space group P4(2)2(1)2 with a = b = 60.2 A and c = 138.1 A or orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with a = 60.7 A, b = 40.1 A and c = 66.7 A. The second form appears to be more suitable for X-ray diffraction studies, it diffracts to at least 2.8 A resolution and it is believed to contain one protein molecule in the crystallographic asymmetric unit. PMID- 3191993 TI - Mobile sequences in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, the E2 component, the catalytic domain and the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of Azotobacter vinelandii, as detected by 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. AB - 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy demonstrates that the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Azotobacter vinelandii contains regions of the polypeptide chain with intramolecular mobility. This mobility is located in the E2 component and can probably be ascribed to alanine-proline-rich regions that link the lipoyl subdomains to each other as well as to the E1 and E3 binding domain. In the catalytic domain of E2, which is thought to form a compact, rigid core, also conformational flexibility is observed. It is conceivable that the N-terminal region of the catalytic domain, which contains many alanine residues, is responsible for the observed mobility. In the low-field region of the 1H-NMR spectrum of E2 specific resonances are found, which can be ascribed to mobile phenylalanine, histidine and/or tyrosine residues which are located in the E1 and E3 binding domain that links the lipoyl domain to the catalytic domain. In the 1H NMR spectrum of the intact complex, these resonances cannot be observed, indicating a decreased mobility of the E1 and E3 binding domain. PMID- 3191995 TI - Hydrogen exchange from the transbilayer hydrophobic peptide of glycophorin reconstituted in lipid bilayers. AB - The hydrophobic transbilayer peptide of erythrocyte glycophorin has been purified following exchange of tritium into the backbone amides, and reconstituted in egg phosphatidylcholine micelles. Analysis of tritium exchange from the backbone amides of the membrane-reconstituted peptide shows that about two of the amides are virtually non-exchangeable, about 10 are slowed by factors of 10(7) relative to free amides in unstructured water soluble peptides and the remainder of the amides (about 20) have slowing factors of less than 1000. These classes of amides are proposed to reflect the stability of the peptide with respect to hydrogen bond breaking fluctuations and the accessibility of the amides to exchange catalysts in different regions of the bilayer. PMID- 3191994 TI - The primary structures of ribosomal proteins L16, L23 and L33 from the archaebacterium Halobacterium marismortui. AB - The complete amino acid sequences of ribosomal proteins L16, L23 and L33 from the archaebacterium Halobacterium marismortui were determined. The sequences were established by manual sequencing of peptides produced with several proteases as well as by cleavage with dilute HCl. Proteins L16, L23 and L33 consist of 119, 154 and 69 amino acid residues, and their molecular masses are 13,538, 16,812 and 7620 Da, respectively. The comparison of their sequences with those of ribosomal proteins from other organisms revealed that L23 and L33 are related to eubacterial ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus, while protein L16 was found to be homologous to a eukaryotic ribosomal protein from yeast. These results provide information about the special phylogenetic position of archaebacteria. PMID- 3191996 TI - Phorbol ester stimulates the synthesis of sphingomyelin in NIH 3T3 cells. A diminished response in cells transformed with human A-raf carrying retrovirus. AB - The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulated the synthesis of sphingomyelin (CerPCho) from a [14C]choline-labelled phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) pool in NIH 3T3 cells. Maximal stimulation (68%) of CerPCho synthesis, accompanied by an increase (38%) in its cellular content, required only 2 nM TPA. Higher concentrations of TPA (2-100 nM) had progressively less effect on CerPCho synthesis which correlated with increased hydrolysis of precursor PtdCho. In cells transformed with human or mouse A-raf carrying retroviruses TPA-stimulated PtdCho hydrolysis, but not CerPCho synthesis, suggesting independent regulation of these processes by the TPA-stimulated signal transduction system. PMID- 3191997 TI - Conserved and variable elements in RNA genomes of potexviruses. AB - The nucleotide sequences of genomic RNAs and predicted amino acid sequences of two strains of potato virus X and white clover mosaic potexvirus were compared to each other, and the proteins of different plus-RNA-containing plant viruses. The predicted non-virion proteins of potexviruses have direct sequence homology and common structural peculiarities with those of several 'Sindbis-like' plant viruses. The most conserved amino acid sequences were found to be located in the polypeptide encoded by the long 5'-proximal open reading frame (ORF1). The putative polypeptide encoded by the ORF2 starting beyond the ORF1 stop codon is clearly related to the presumptive NTP-binding domain of the ORF1-coded polypeptide. These results suggest possible functions for all of the potexvirus proteins and also indicate that potexviruses have a genome organization which is considerably different from that of other plant viruses. PMID- 3191999 TI - ATP stimulates the uptake of S-dinitrophenylglutathione by rat liver plasma membrane vesicles. AB - Incubation of inverted plasma membrane vesicles from rat liver with micromolar concentrations of S-dinitrophenylglutathione (DNP-SG) in the presence of ATP resulted in the uptake of DNP-SG into the vesicles. ATP-dependent DNP-SG accumulation was half-maximal with 9 microM DNP-SG, while the Km for ATP was 320 microM. Glutathione disulfide (GSSG), but not reduced glutathione, inhibited the ATP-dependent accumulation of DNP-SG by the vesicles, suggesting that the same, ATP-dependent transport system is responsible for the extrusion of glutathione conjugates and GSSG from liver cells. PMID- 3191998 TI - Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA for the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase component of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. AB - Deoxynucleotide sequencing of a cDNA for the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (PDC-E2) component of human pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) revealed an open reading frame of 1848 base pairs corresponding to a leader sequence of 54 amino acids and a mature protein of 561 amino acids (59,551 Da). Both an amino-terminal lipoyl-bearing domain and a carboxy-terminal catalytic domain are present in the deduced amino acid sequence. The lipoyl-bearing domain contains two repeating units of 127 amino acids, each harboring one lipoic acid-binding lysine. Thus, mammalian PDC-E2 differs as to the number of lipoic acid-binding sites from other dihydrolipoamide acyltransferases in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. PMID- 3192000 TI - Mechanical stimulation induces Ca2+i transients and membrane depolarization in cultured endothelial cells. Effects on Ca2+i in co-perfused smooth muscle cells. AB - Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and membrane potential were monitored in individual cultured endothelial cells mechanically stimulated with a micropipette attached to the stage of a microscope. Both dimpling and poking of endothelial cells resulted in Ca2+i transients (from 63 +/- 12 to 397 +/- 52 nM, characterized by a refractory period of approx. 2 min) and cell depolarization. Ca2+i transients of the reduced amplitude (201 +/- 41 nM) were evoked by mechanical stimulation of endothelial cells incubated in a Ca2+-free medium. Dimpling-induced Ca2+i transients were refractory to the pretreatments with pertussis toxin, colchicine, or cytochalasin B, and were not mimicked by an increase in the hydrodynamic pressure. In a co-perfusion system (endothelium: smooth muscle), both the KCl induced depolarization and ionomycin-induced increase in Ca2+I in the endothelial cells resulted in the reduction of Ca2+i in the smooth muscle cells. The data reported are consistent with the phenomenon of vascular relaxation in response to the increased blood flow. We hypothesize that the mechanical interaction of the formed elements with the microvascular endothelium can serve as a pacemaker for the sustained relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 3192001 TI - The beta-bungarotoxin-binding protein from chick brain: binding sites for different neuronal K+ channel ligands co-fractionate upon partial purification. AB - beta-Bungarotoxin (beta-Butx) is a presynaptically active neurotoxin which blocks neuronal A-type K+ channels. Here, the efficient solubilisation and about 300 fold purification of the beta-Butx-binding protein from chick brain were achieved by detergent extraction at high ionic strength followed by chromatography on DEAE Affigel Blue, beta-Butx Affigel 102 and wheat germ agglutinin Sepharose. Binding of 125I-labelled beta-Butx to the purified protein was inhibited by two other K+ channel ligands, dendrotoxin I and mast cell-degranulating peptide. It is concluded that the beta-Butx-binding protein is a member of a family of voltage gated K+ channels which exhibit varying affinities for different polypeptide ligands. PMID- 3192002 TI - Plasmalogen content and distribution in the sarcolemma of cultured neonatal rat myocytes. AB - Phospholipids are believed to play an important role in pathology and physiology of the myocardium. Because of the distinct physico-chemical properties of plasmalogens we studied the plasmalogen content and distribution in the sarcolemma of cultured rat myocytes. Treatment with phospholipase A2 degraded all glycerophospholipids in the outer monolayer. The hydrolysis products were analyzed for plasmalogen content. It is shown that the inner sarcolemmal leaflet is highly enriched in phosphatidylcholine and ethanolamine plasmalogen. This distribution of the plasmalogens might affect bilayer stability and thereby be involved in the destruction of the sarcolemma upon ischemia and reperfusion. PMID- 3192003 TI - Intracellular calcium release mediated by two muscarinic receptor subtypes. AB - Four subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) were stably expressed in neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cells (NG108-15). By combining fluorescent indicator dye (fura-2) studies with electrophysiological measurements it is shown that stimulation of mAChR I and mAChR III readily leads to release of calcium from intracellular stores and to associated conductance changes, whereas stimulation of mAChR II and mAChR IV exerts no such effect. Dose-response curves describing the amplitude or the delay of the calcium rise induced by acetylcholine suggest that the apparent affinity of mAChR III for its agonist is higher by about one order of magnitude than that of mAChR I. Ionic substitution experiments and current fluctuation analysis indicate that calcium activates a K+ specific conductance of 'small' single-channel amplitude similar to the SK type. Furthermore, an outward current (M current) suppressed by activation of mAChR I and mAChR III has a single-channel amplitude corresponding to a conductance of approximately 3 pS. PMID- 3192004 TI - RNA labelling with 3H-orotic acid and 3H-fluorouracil of rat liver tumour following transient hepatic arterial ischaemia. AB - Recent studies have demonstrated that transient (1 h) hepatic arterial ischaemia is followed by increased incorporation of labelled thymidine into tumour DNA 24 h later. The present study aimed at investigating if and when there is a corresponding increase in incorporation of labelled 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or orotic acid into tumour tissue. Incorporation was studied at 0, 6, 24 and 48 h after discontinuation of transient hepatic arterial ischaemia in Wistar-Furth rats having liver tumour. The transient ischaemia was followed by increased RNA and RNA/DNA ratios in normal liver but not in tumour. Incorporation of orotic acid into RNA and DNA was unchanged in tumour but increased at 0 and 6 h in normal liver. Incorporation of 5-FU decreased with time in liver and tumour DNA and in tumour RNA. It is suggested that 5-FU has an optimal effect on tumour tissue when infused immediately after transient hepatic arterial ischaemia. PMID- 3192005 TI - Chemosensitivity differences between primary and metastatic lesions of clinical gastric cancer. AB - An in vitro chemosensitivity test, the succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test, was used to examine 16 pairs of samples obtained simultaneously from primary and metastatic lesions of clinical gastric cancer. Concerning the metastases, 11 were in the lymph nodes and five in the liver. The chemosensitivities of metastatic lesions against six anti-tumour drugs, carboquone (CQ), adriamycin (ADM), mitomycin C (MMC), aclacinomycin A (ACR), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), differed from those in the primary lesions, and there were no correlations of chemosensitivities between the primary and the metastatic lesions against these drugs, except for DDP. The lymph nodes were more sensitive to CQ, ADM, MMC, DDP, ACR and 5-FU, while the liver was less sensitive than the primary lesions to CQ, ADM, MMC, DDP, and ACR. Our findings indicate that in patients with lymph node metastasis, there is a sensitivity to anti-tumour drugs, while in cases of liver metastasis, drug treatment may be less effective. We propose that chemosensitivity testing should be done when attempting to design anti-tumour drugs. PMID- 3192006 TI - Unusual types of chondrosarcoma: chondrosarcoma arising in soft tissue and in non skeletal cartilage. AB - Five cases of unusual chondrosarcomas of the soft tissue and of the skeletal cartilage are reported. A retrospective clinical study has been evaluated on ways to improve our knowledge of these rare neoplasms. PMID- 3192007 TI - A new intraperitoneal metastasis from thymoma. AB - Distant metastasis from thymoma is rare. A case with an intraperitoneal metastasis from a thymoma 14 years after removal of the primary tumor is reported. The metastasis was sited in the left hypochondrium and adherent to the spleen, but with no connection to the diaphragm or retroperitoneum. To our knowledge, this location of distant metastasis from thymoma has not been described previously. The malignant potential of thymoma is discussed, and the pattern of reported metastases is summarized. PMID- 3192008 TI - Successful treatment of malignant carcinoid tumour with intravenous cis-platinum. AB - A case of carcinoid tumour responding to i.v. Cis-Platinum is described. These results suggest that this agent may be effective in treating this condition and further evaluation in a larger number of patients should be performed. PMID- 3192009 TI - An immunoassay for determination of quinine in soft drinks. AB - The application to soft drinks of a microtitration plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of quinine is described. Dilution of sample allowed direct and simple analysis. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 5.7% and 6.7% respectively. The advantages and disadvantages of the immunological approach over conventional techniques are discussed. PMID- 3192010 TI - Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in the saliva of habitual male snuff dippers. AB - Saliva was collected every ten minutes from habitual male snuff dippers and analysed for tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA). Detectable levels of at least two TSNA were found in all samples collected between 10 and 30 minutes after the snuff had been placed in the mouth. Total concentrations of TSNA up to 241 ng/g were found in the saliva. Trace levels of TSNA were still found in the saliva 20 minutes after the snuff had been removed. PMID- 3192011 TI - Volatile nitrosamines in foods on the Swedish market and estimation of their daily intake. AB - Foods on the Swedish market in 1980-1986 were analysed for volatile N nitrosamines using gas chromatography-thermal energy analysis. Detectable levels were found in 474 of the 764 samples analysed. The average daily intake of volatile N-nitrosamines was estimated to be 0.29 microgram per person. Over 93% of the intake comes from meat and malt products. PMID- 3192012 TI - An ELISA method for the rapid and simple determination of aflatoxin in human serum. AB - A rapid, simple method for the determination of aflatoxin in human serum using anti-aflatoxin antisera in an indirect, double antibody microtitration plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described. Direct assay of serum necessitated the availability of a large sample volume, due to the presence of 'non-specific' interference. Addition of methanol to sera removed the interference enabling the analysis to be performed on small volumes (0.5 ml) of serum. The sensitivity of the assay is 20 pg ml-1. Total assay time, including sample preparation, is 4.5 h. No aflatoxin was found in any of the UK samples analysed. PMID- 3192014 TI - Wine--an important source of lead exposure. AB - Blood lead levels in 32 male chronic alcoholic patients were measured and related to drinking habits. An external reference group and a group with previous high alcohol consumption served as controls. Blood lead concentrations were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the group with current high alcohol consumption (mean +/- S.D.) (90 +/- 48 micrograms/l, n = 17) than in the external reference group (57 +/- 27 micrograms Pb/l, n = 35). The blood lead concentrations in the latter group were similar to those in the group with previous high alcohol consumption (55 +/- 20 micrograms Pb/l, n = 15). Patients with excessive consumption of wine only (average intake 2.61 wine/day, range 1.3 4.5 l/day) had particularly elevated blood lead concentrations (149 +/- 31 micrograms Pb/l, n = 5), whereas blood lead levels were close to the control value in patients with excessive consumption of spirits only (68 +/- 28 micrograms Pb/l, n = 7). Furthermore, within the external reference group blood lead levels were higher in those who regularly drank more than 0.51 of wine on several occasions each week (96 +/- 22 micrograms Pb/l, n = 6) than in those who consumed less wine (48 +/- 20 micrograms Pb/l, n = 29). In a recent study of table wines sold in Sweden the average lead concentration in 84 samples was found to be 73 micrograms/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192013 TI - A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of T-2 toxin with monoclonal antibodies. AB - Six monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, T-2.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) which react with a trichothecene mycotoxin, T-2 toxin (T-2), were prepared. All antibodies specifically reacted with T-2 but less (0.5% of T-2) with the metabolites such as HT-2 toxin and 3'-hydroxy-T-2 toxin. Significant but less than 0.02% cross reactivity was observed with T-2 triol, 3'-hydroxy-HT-2 toxin and neosolaniol. No significant reaction with other trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, crotocin, or roridin A was observed. The least detectable amount of T-2 with the best mAb T-2.1 was 2.5 pg T-2 per assay. This specific and highly sensitive assay for T-2 was applied for the quantitation of T-2 in wheat flour spiked with mycotoxin, with combination of a simple extraction procedure. PMID- 3192015 TI - Lead in table wines on the Swedish market. AB - The levels of lead in 67 different table wines on the Swedish market in 1982 and 1986 have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean level found was 73 micrograms/l (range 16-170 micrograms/l). Little difference was found between the levels in red, white and rose wines (mean levels 76, 75 and 65 micrograms/l, ranges 16-120, 34-170 and 35-120 micrograms/l respectively). The average daily dietary intake of lead by adults in Sweden has been estimated to be about 30 micrograms, excluding any contribution from wines and spirits. The average adult per capita consumption of wine is about 45 ml per day. This would thus give an additional intake of about 3 micrograms of lead and the intake of lead could be doubled by consuming half a litre of wine daily. PMID- 3192016 TI - Special AIDS issue. PMID- 3192018 TI - The researcher's initiative. PMID- 3192020 TI - The informed professional: another view of HIV testing: an interview with Dr. Lorraine Day. PMID- 3192017 TI - Early detection: the role of the dentist. PMID- 3192019 TI - Considerations and potential pitfalls in lab test of AIDS. PMID- 3192021 TI - Psychiatric and psychological aspects of AIDS. PMID- 3192022 TI - Remarks by Governor Michael N. Castle. Professional Conference on AIDS. PMID- 3192023 TI - Plague politics. PMID- 3192024 TI - Informed consent and confidentiality regarding HIV related tests. PMID- 3192025 TI - A commitment to hope. Intellect, capital, and social responsibility. PMID- 3192026 TI - AIDS: designing a balanced legislative response. PMID- 3192027 TI - Flying blind: the insurance of concealed risks. PMID- 3192028 TI - The Department of Justice: dealing with a constellation of problems. PMID- 3192029 TI - The legislative posture. PMID- 3192030 TI - Minority report of the AIDS Advisory Task Force. PMID- 3192031 TI - Cervical dilatation by sulprostone prior to vacuum aspiration for termination of early pregnancy. AB - In the period May 1983-October 1986 we treated 335 primigravidae requesting an abortion in the first trimester. They were given 500 micrograms sulprostone (16 phenoxy-omega-tetranor-PGE2-methylsulfonylamide) i.m. 12 to 14 hours before suction termination in order to obtain adequate and atraumatic cervical dilatation and thus reduce the possible risk of cervical incompetence and its consequences. The effects of this technique on the uterine cervix were compared with those obtained in 100 primigravidae after the insertion of laminaria to induce atraumatic cervical dilatation. We also evaluated the normal degree of cervical dilatation before any intervention in a control group of 100 primigravidae. The results obtained with sulprostone encourage the use of this drug to minimize cervical injury. The incidence of side-effects was not particularly high. PMID- 3192032 TI - The significance of proteinuria in pre-eclampsia; proteinuria associated with low birth weight only in pre-eclampsia. AB - To examine the significance of proteinuria in pre-eclampsia, we studied 87 nulliparous patients in whom pre-eclampsia was diagnosed clinically and whose blood pressure and urine findings returned to normal after delivery. There was no difference in the gestation at diagnosis, highest systolic and diastolic blood pressures before treatment/delivery, or the number given antenatal hypotensive therapy between patients with proteinuria (group A, n = 46) and without proteinuria (group B, n = 41). Group A patients had higher plasma urea concentration (p less than 0.02), but similar creatinine and urate concentrations to group B patients. Group A patients had a higher rate of induction of labour (p less than 0.04) and Caesarean section before labour (p less than 0.04), and the mean gestation at delivery as well as the birth weight were less (p less than 0.03 and p less than 0.004, respectively). The results suggest that proteinuria in pre-eclampsia is associated with more severe fetal involvement and growth retardation only, but not with an increased severity of the maternal condition such as hypertension and a higher plasma urate concentration. PMID- 3192033 TI - Risk factors for tubal infertility among infertile and fertile women. AB - Data regarding previous pelvic inflammation, abdominal surgery, endometriosis, obstetrical anamnesis, usage of IUD, occurrence of abdominal pain, vaginal discharge and metrorrhagia were obtained from 120 women with tubal infertility and compared to similar data from 126 pregnant women. Previous abdominal surgery, especially pelvic surgery was the most frequent risk factor present in 59% of the infertile women followed by pelvic inflammation (42%) and endometriosis (10%). In 23% of the infertile women there was no history of abdominal surgery, inflammation or endometriosis. Abdominal surgery, inflammation, ectopic pregnancy, salpingectomy and ovarian resection were significantly more frequent among the women with tubal infertility than among the pregnant women. Finally, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of appendectomy, IUD usage, induced or spontaneous abortion. PMID- 3192034 TI - Influence of occupation and living habits on semen quality in men (scrotal insulation and semen quality). AB - Fifty-six males from infertile couples were categorised into two different groups and their semen quality examined. Patients in which there was no evidence of interference with normal testicular thermoregulation either during the day or the night were classified as 'cool workers' and 'cool sleepers' (Group I, n = 26). In the other group (II), 'warm workers'/'warm sleepers' (n = 30), there was evidence for scrotal insulation. The number of good moving spermatozoa per ejaculate as well as this number per ml was greater in 'cool workers'/'cool sleepers' than in 'warm workers'/'warm sleepers' (p less than 0.001). These results emphasize the need for comprehensive patient history when evaluating infertility problems. Similarly, living habits may play a role in human male infertility and treatment. PMID- 3192035 TI - Practical guidelines for the treatment of infertility in hirsute women. AB - On the basis of retrospective investigation of 315 infertile hirsute women aged between 19 and 35 years, it was attempted to find selection criteria for infertility treatment. Cases with adrenal, ovarian and pituitary tumors, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and genetic disorders should be excluded by means of preliminary investigations. It is possible to select the optimal treatment for each individual patient using a flow-chart. Thanks to this approach, a pregnancy rate of 83% is achieved. PMID- 3192036 TI - Death from chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease. AB - Multiple cytotoxic drug administration is the generally accepted treatment of patients with a high-risk stage of choriocarcinoma. Based on this principle a 27 year old woman, classified as being in the high-risk group (Goldstein and Berkowitz score: 11), was treated with multiple cytotoxic drugs. The multiple drug schema consisted of: Etoposide 16.213, Methotrexate, Cyclophosphamide, Actomycin-D, and Cisplatin. On the first day of the schedule, moderate high doses of Methotrexate, Etoposide and Cyclophosphamide were administered. Within 8 hours after initiation of therapy the patient died with a clinical picture resembling massive pulmonary obstruction due to choriocarcinomic tissue plugs, probably originating from the uterus. Formation of these plugs was probably due to extensive tumor necrosis at the level of the walls of the major uterine veins, which resulted in an open exchange of tumor plugs to the vascular spaces; decrease in tumor tissue coherence secondary to chemotherapy may have further contributed to the formation of tumor emboli. In view of the close time association between the start of chemotherapy and the acute onset of massive embolism other explanations, such as spontaneous necrosis, must be considered less likely. Patients with large pelvic tumor loads are, according to existing classifications, at high risk to die and to develop drug resistance. Notwithstanding these facts our findings suggest that these patients might benefit from relatively mild initial treatment, especially true for patients not previously exposed to this drug. Close observation of the response status both clinically and with beta-hCG values may indicate whether and when more agressive combination chemotherapy should be started.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192037 TI - Reduced risk of IDDM among breast-fed children. The Colorado IDDM Registry. AB - The hypothesis that breast-feeding can provide protection against the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and would, therefore, be less common among subjects with IDDM was tested with a retrospective design. Cases (n = 268) were selected from the Colorado IDDM Registry and the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes (Denver, CO). Two control groups were recruited, one from physicians' practices throughout Colorado (n = 291) and the second through random digit dialing from the Denver area (n = 188). Cases were less likely to have been breast-fed than controls after adjustment for birth year, maternal age, maternal education, family income, race, and sex [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.70; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.50-0.97]. This finding was consistent for both control groups and by birth-year intervals. A greater decrease in risk of IDDM was seen among subjects who had been breast-fed to an older age (for breast feeding duration of greater than or equal to 12 mo, adjusted OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.27-1.08). The amount of IDDM that might be explained by breast-feeding habits (population percentage attributable risk) ranged from 2 to 26%, varying according to the breast-feeding prevalence reported in other studies. Replication of this work in different populations, controlled for the strong secular trends in breast feeding habits, is critical before the hypothesis of protection is accepted. PMID- 3192038 TI - Renal response to restricted protein intake in diabetic nephropathy. AB - Proteinuria in diabetes is associated with progressive glomerular damage. We studied the effects of 3-wk dietary protein restriction on proteinuria and renal function in 10 insulin-dependent diabetic men with diabetic nephropathy. Patients were randomly assigned by a crossover design to 40-g low-protein diet (LPD) or usual-protein diet (UPD). Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were measured by inulin and p-aminohippurate clearance at the end of each period under conditions of sustained euglycemia. Total calorie intake, body weight, serum albumin and total protein concentrations, hematocrit, blood pressure, and glucose control were similar during the two diets. Achieved protein intake was 46 +/- 3 g/day during LPD and 81 +/- 4 g/day during UPD (P less than .001). Urinary urea appearance and plasma urea were significantly lower on LPD. Median total urinary protein was reduced from 3.9 g/day (range 0.5-12.3) on UPD to 2.4 (range 0.2-9.0) on LPD (P less than .006), and there was a significant fall in the median fractional clearance of albumin from 2.0 x 10(-4) (range 0.1-90.9) on UPD to 1.0 x 10(-4) (range 0.1-51.4) on LPD and IgG from 2.1 x 10(-5) (range 0.2-238) to 1.5 x 10(-5) (range 0.1-77) (P less than .006 and P less than .02, respectively). The reabsorption rate of beta 2-microglobulin was similar on the two diets and glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and filtration fraction remained unchanged. Thus, short-term dietary protein restriction reduces diabetic proteinuria independently of blood glucose or systemic blood pressure changes by improving glomerular permselectivity. PMID- 3192040 TI - Fetal research and fetal-tissue research: policy debate but no resolution. PMID- 3192039 TI - Enhancement of platelet aggregation by low-density lipoproteins from IDDM patients. AB - Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is known to enhance platelet sensitivity to some aggregating agents. In this study, we observed that LDL isolated from patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) enhanced thrombin-induced platelet aggregation to a greater extent than LDL isolated from matched controls (P less than .01). Thromboxane B2 production during aggregation was also significantly more enhanced by LDL isolated from IDDM than by control LDL (P less than .01). There was no difference in the lipid composition (free and esterified cholesterol, total phospholipids, and triglycerides) of LDL isolated from diabetic and control subjects. In contrast, the extent of glycosylation of LDL isolated from diabetic patients was significantly greater than that observed in LDL from normal subjects (P less than .01), and a positive correlation (r = .605, P less than .01) between the degree of LDL glycosylation and the rate of platelet aggregation was observed. LDL glycosylated in vitro enhanced thrombin-, collagen , and adenosine 5'-diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation to a greater extent than control LDL (P less than .01). Although LDL glycosylated in vitro was taken up by platelets to a greater extent than control LDL (P less than .05), the lipid composition (free cholesterol and phospholipid) of platelets was not significantly changed. We postulate that an increased degree of glycosylation of LDL may enhance its uptake by platelets and lead to increased platelet reactivity to aggregating agents, probably by altering the structure of the platelet membrane. The enhancement of platelet aggregation by LDL may contribute to the accelerated development of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3192041 TI - Uricase protein sequences: conserved during vertebrate evolution but absent in humans. AB - Uricase is a peroxisomal liver enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin during purine catabolism. It is present in vertebrates in most species of fish, amphibians, and mammals but its enzymatic activity is absent in hominoids. We have used Western blot analysis in a comparative study to establish a homology among uricases from different species of vertebrates. Using antibodies against denatured rat liver uricase, we have been able to detect for the first time cross-reactivity with the uricase of species ranging in the evolutionary scale from fish to primates (macaque). Our results suggest that these uricases have a common evolutionary origin. Our conclusion is also supported by the fact that uricase from different species exhibits identical tissue, subcellular localization, and similarity of molecular weights. This study was extended to include human liver samples. Using the same approach but with a more sensitive detection system (alkaline phosphatase instead of peroxidase), we did not detect polypeptide species related to rat uricase in human fetal or adult liver samples, which indicates that during hominoid evolution, the mutational event responsible for the loss of uricase activity in humans precluded formation of a translatable uricase mRNA. PMID- 3192042 TI - The size, operation, and technical capabilities of protein and nucleic acid core facilities. AB - A survey of 40 protein and nucleic acid chemistry facilities has provided data about the capabilities of core facilities and the cost of the services they provide. Approximately 43% of the +158,000 average annual operating budget for a typical university facility is derived from service charges. After correcting for the various degrees of subsidization of the different facilities, it was found that it costs a typical university facility +65 to carry out an acid hydrolysis and amino acid analysis on a protein. A 25-residue peptide can be synthesized and cleaved for +2078, whereas sequencing the same peptide costs +874. A 25-residue oligonucleotide can be synthesized for +258. The total work output per month of an average facility corresponds to 65 amino acid analyses, 15 amino acid sequencing runs, three peptide syntheses, and 16 oligonucleotide syntheses. Depending on the approach used, from 85 to nearly 200 pmol of protein are required to obtain an accurate amino acid composition. To sequence the first 15 amino acids in a protein typically requires 150 pmol compared with 1.2 nmol of protein required to first carry out a tryptic digest and then isolate and sequence the first 15 residues in one of the resulting tryptic peptides. PMID- 3192043 TI - [A new reflex cardiovascular syndrome: recurrent vasodepressive syncope caused by lesions or tumors of the parapharyngeal space. Etiopathogenesis, clinical picture, differential diagnosis with carotid sinus syndrome and glossopharyngeal neuralgia-asystole syndrome. Therapy by intracranial resection of the 9th cranial nerve]. AB - An intense vaso-vagal reaction characterizes all the reflex induced cardiovascular syncopes. In these syndromes the vagal cardio-inhibitor effect on heart rate is more evident than the vasodilatation and fall in blood pressure. The vasodepressor mechanism is uncommon even in carotid sinus syndrome. We have studied 6 male patients, age range 56-73 years (mean age: 64) with recurrent vasodepressor syncopes. The following were always present during such episodes: generalized malaise, profound fatigue, pallor, cyanosis, copious sweating, lack of peripheral pulses, severe fall in blood pressure (BP) (systolic BP less than or equal to 50-60 mmHg or unrecordable), mental disorientation and/or syncope. The first diagnosis in our patients was carotid sinus syndrome, but, the clinical picture was quite different from classic carotid sinus syndrome: triggering factors were not present, the vasovagal episodes were longer, the syncopes more frequent and severe, and the VVI pacing uneffective. Further investigations, including computerized axial tomography, showed--in all these patients--a malignant tumour originally localized in or near the parapharyngeal space. We think that the symptoms of our patients can be attributed to parapharyngeal tumour and that the parapharyngeal space lesions are able to cause severe vasovagal attacks and syncope. The pathogenetic mechanism in this syndrome, due to neural irritation of the glossopharyngeal afferent fibres, is similar to the glossopharyngeal neuralgia-asystole syndrome, but it obviously doesn't involve pain-pathways since none of our patients had pain. Therefore, this syndrome differs from glossopharyngeal neuralgia- asystole syndrome in the presence of tumours and in the absence of neuralgia and initiating factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192044 TI - [Distributions, mean values and correlations of various coronary risk factors in a population of Veneto]. AB - During the National Research Council (CNR) program called Atherosclerosis-Risk Factors 2 (ATS-RF2) a random sample of 1903 subjects (50.1% male) aged 20-59 years was examined in the general population of Mirano-Venice. Mean values of serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, body mass index, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure were assessed. On the whole these turned out to be higher in men and increased with age. The continuously distributed variables showed an approximately normal distribution and a close correlation. Comparing our results with those obtained by other Italian units co-operating in the same CNR program, different levels of serum total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure were observed. The overall risk factor pattern in northern Italian regions is closer to that reported in the literature for central European countries than to that of southern Italian regions. These findings might explain why mortality due to ischaemic heart disease is higher in northern Italy and becomes progressively smaller in central and southern Italy. PMID- 3192045 TI - [Different modalities of classification and prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarct. Prospective study]. AB - In our study we compared the prognostic significance of clinical variables, laboratory results and different classification models of ventricular ectopic beats recorded by means of a pre-discharge 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring, in 210 survivors of acute myocardial infarction. In addition a full multivariate analysis of the factors affecting survival time was carried out using Cox's proportional hazards (multiple) regression model. Multivariate stepwise discriminant analysis identified hypertension, congestive heart failure assessed by Killip class, and the grading system for ventricular arrhythmias as the most important prognostic variables. When Moss grading system for ventricular arrhythmias was used, the relative risk was a superior as heavy Moss grading system (Moss 2 vs Moss 1 and Moss 3-4 vs Moss 1, relative risk = 1.2 and 3.6 total death, respectively). Furthermore, the hazard ratio of Moss grading system was higher utilizing as comparison patients without ventricular ectopic beats (relative risk = 1.7 for Moss 2 and 5.3 for Moss 3-4) than patients with ventricular ectopic beats less than one/hour (relative risk = 1.2 for Moss 2 and 3.7 for Moss 3-4). Thus, in survivors of acute myocardial infarction, a rational and useful ventricular ectopic beats categorization includes both frequency and the presence or absence of malignant characteristics. PMID- 3192046 TI - [Hydatid localization in the proximal tract of the right branch of the pulmonary artery. Description of a case]. AB - Hydatid localization in the major branches of the pulmonary circulation have rarely been reported. The AA. describe the case of a young male patient, previously operated for pulmonary and hepatic hydatidosis, who was unresponsive to medical treatment and died of right heart failure. At necropsy a large hydatid cyst occluding the right proximal branch of the artery was found. PMID- 3192047 TI - [Non-fistulized aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva. Pre- and postoperative echocardiographic aspects]. AB - The case considered concerns as 57 year-old patient who was submitted for heart tests because of a slight diastolic aortic murmur and hypertension. Echocardiographic investigation diagnosed an aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. The patient underwent a surgical intervention to reconstruct, on a dacron piece, the right sinus of Valsalva from which the aneurysmal cavity originated, retaining the aortic valve. After a short description of the etiology and the natural history of this condition we explain the importance of echocardiographic tests for the diagnosis and post-operative follow-up of these patients who run a high risk of severe and often lethal complications. PMID- 3192048 TI - [Ratio of natural and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity to the rosette-forming cell count of leukemia patients]. PMID- 3192049 TI - [Effect of blood components in hemotherapy on the factors of anti-infectious protection in patients with acute leukemias]. PMID- 3192050 TI - [Diagnosis, course and outcome of myelodysplasias]. PMID- 3192051 TI - [Incidence and nature of myelofibrosis in chronic myeloleukemia (based on trephine biopsy data)]. PMID- 3192052 TI - [Pathogenesis of the development of fibroreticular tissue in patients with chronic myeloleukemia]. PMID- 3192053 TI - [Gamma scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of diseases of the blood system]. PMID- 3192054 TI - [Reactive lymphadenopathies and the criteria for their differential diagnosis from non-Hodgkin's lymphomas]. PMID- 3192056 TI - [The cytogenetics of hemopoietic dysplasias]. PMID- 3192055 TI - [Myeloblastic sarcoma in children]. PMID- 3192057 TI - [Changes in the level of extracellular DNA and free polyamines in the blood of patients with chronic myeloleukemia]. PMID- 3192059 TI - [Clinical recovery from multiple myeloma. A report on 3 cases]. PMID- 3192058 TI - [Acute erythrocytic-monocytic leukemia as the outcome of a myelodysplastic syndrome occurring with a long-term spontaneous remission]. PMID- 3192060 TI - [Hamartoma of the spleen]. PMID- 3192061 TI - [Gel chromatography of human albumin preparations produced from different types of stock]. PMID- 3192062 TI - [Optimal organizational-production model for the blood service of a provincial region in the Ukrainian SSR]. PMID- 3192063 TI - Vitellogenin gene expression in male rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). AB - Estrogen has a marked effect on the expression of vitellogenin, the egg yolk precursor protein in the liver of egg-laying vertebrates. cDNA clones specific for trout vitellogenin mRNA have been used to study the expression of the vitellogenin genes in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The steady-state levels of vitellogenin mRNA in the liver of male rainbow trout were measured during primary and secondary stimulation with estradiol. The kinetics of induction in trout appear to be very similar to those seen in Xenopus and chicken in that a lag of approximately 2 days is observed in the accumulation of serum vitellogenin during primary induction. This lag is not observed during the secondary stimulation. The primary induction of vitellogenin mRNA in trout liver, using a single injection of estradiol (3 mg/kg body wt) results in a short-lived rise, reaching a maximum level of 260 ppm total RNA on Day 2. Using silastic implants of estradiol to induce a primary response produces a large increase in the steady-state level of vitellogenin mRNA which reaches a maximum of 2750 ppm total RNA on Day 10. During secondary stimulation, using silastic tubing the maximum level reached was 1200 ppm of the total RNA on Day 7, approximately half the level seen in the primary induction using the silastic implants. The difference in these two levels is due to an increase in the steady-state levels of rRNA, which appear to increase between Days 10 and 21 after the primary stimulation. These results demonstrate that the induction of vitellogenesis in the trout by estradiol involves changes in the steady-state levels of a number of different mRNA and rRNA sequences and resembles that seen in Xenopus and chicken. PMID- 3192065 TI - Changes in plasma levels of prolactin and estradiol, nutrient intake, and time spent nesting during the incubation phase of broodiness in the Chabo hen (Japanese bantam). AB - The plasma concentrations of prolactin (PRL) and estradiol, time spent nesting, consumption of feed and water, body weight, and hematocrit were measured during egg laying, incubating, and brooding of the chicks in a Japanese strain of dwarf bantam hen, Chabo. Plasma levels of PRL increased before incubation, were maintained at high levels during incubation, and decreased rapidly at the onset of hatching the young. The concentration of estradiol decreased before incubation and was maintained at low levels when circulating levels of PRL were high. During incubation, hens spent greater than 95% of the day on the nest, reduced their daily intake of feed and water by 63 and 78%, respectively, and decreased their body weight by 19% by the end of incubation. Thus, Chabo hens show a mode of incubation behavior similar to that reported in larger chickens. The temporal changes between nutrient intake and plasma levels of PRL at the start and end of incubation behavior suggested that changes in nutrient intake may not cause changes in the concentration of PRL, whereas the association between increased levels of PRL and decreased levels of estradiol suggested that they may be causally associated. Plasma levels of PRL also appeared to be associated with time spent on the nest. PMID- 3192064 TI - Effects of ovariectomy on long-day-induced premigratory fat deposition, plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and prolactin, and molt in white-crowned sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. AB - Long days initiate the hyperphagia, fat deposition, and nocturnal restlessness, characteristic of the vernal migratory state in white-crowned sparrows. Ovariectomy, when performed in November, but not when performed in January, prevented induction by long days (20L:4D) of vernal fat deposition, whereas autumnal fat deposition was not affected. This is consistent with results obtained previously with males. Very high plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) after photostimulation of ovariectomized females did not interfere with fat deposition. During fat deposition, levels of prolactin were not different from short-day levels and similar in ovariectomized and control females. However, ovariectomy performed in November suppressed the maximum levels of prolactin produced by long-day stimulation and inhibited or disturbed postnuptial molt. These effects were absent when ovariectomy was performed in January. Long-day induced prolactin levels were higher when birds were photostimulated during a later phase of the annual cycle. It is suggested that castration does not interfere with long-day-induced vernal fat deposition via reduced secretion of prolactin in the absence of ovarian hormones or via supernormal secretion of LH, but that vernal fat deposition, prolactin secretion, and postnuptial molt require the presence of ovarian hormones prior to photostimulation. Autumnal migratory fat deposition, which is part of the cluster of events associated with photorefractoriness, has no requirement for gonadal hormones. PMID- 3192067 TI - The complete amino acid sequences of beta-subunits of two distinct chum salmon GTHs. AB - The complete amino acid sequences of beta-subunits of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) gonadotropin (GTH) I and GTH II were determined. Both GTH I beta and GTH II beta were treated with neuraminidase, and then reduced and carboxymethylated. Both of the modified subunits were digested separately with several endopeptidases. The resulting fragments were purified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and subjected to sequence analysis by manual Edman degradation. GTH I beta was a single component consisting of 113 amino acid residues including 12 half-cystine residues. GTH II beta was composed of two variants, both of which consisted of 119 amino acid residues including 12 half cystine residues and differed from each other by substitutions at only two amino acid residues. The presence of an N-linked glycosylation consensus sequence (Asn X-Thr) in both GTH I beta and GTH II beta is also proved. GTH I beta has only a 31% sequence identity with GTH II beta and less than 40% with human LH beta and FSH beta, and differed from these beta-subunits in the disulfide alignments. It appeared that GTH II beta is almost identical to the molecule previously characterized as the beta-subunits of maturational GTH from chinook and carp, and more similar to human LH beta (48% identity) than to human FSH beta (38% identity). Thus, the elucidation of the complete amino acid sequences for GTH I beta and GTH II beta firmly establishes that the chum salmon pituitary gland secretes two chemically distinct molecules homologous to LH and FSH of the tetrapods. PMID- 3192066 TI - A plasma steroid hormone binding protein in the viviparous water snake, Nerodia. AB - A plasma steroid binding protein (SHBP) with medium-high affinity and limited capacity was characterized in the viviparous water snake, Nerodia. This SHBP shows similarity to SHBPs previously described in some other nonmammalian species. A single binding component was detected by Scatchard analyses with a medium-high affinity for testosterone (T), estradiol (E), progesterone (P), and corticosterone (B). Equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) for these steroids are as follows: T, 3.6 x 10(-8) M; E, 3.7 x 10(-8) M; P, 5.9 x 10(-8) M; B, 12.1 x 10(-8) M. In competition studies (at saturation) the relative binding affinities (RBA) for E (1.0) and T (1.0) were higher than those for P (0.8) and B (0.59). Further analysis of binding specificity for [3H]estradiol at 100-fold excess competitor concentrations revealed that dihydrotestosterone also competes; however, estrone and estriol were relatively poor competitors. Displacement of 3H E by antiestrogen clomiphene derivatives and synthetic estrogen varied; enclomiphene citrate (67.8%), clomiphene citrate (42.2%), diethylstilbestrol (37.3%), and zuclomiphene citrate (15.2%). The SHBP has a relatively high binding capacity (Bmax = 0.09-0.7 M), which may be correlated with the relatively high circulating plasma steriod levels in this species. Scatchard analysis, disc gel electrophoresis, sucrose gradient centrifugation, and competition studies indicate the presence of a single moiety binding estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, and corticosterone. The estradiol-SHBP complex is unstable, exhibiting very short times of association (t less than 1.5 min) and dissociation (Kd = 0.0165 sec-1, t 1/2 = 18.3 sec). Measurement of SHBP levels throughout the seasonal reproductive cycle revealed high levels of binding in previtellogenic, vitellogenic, early pregnant, and postpartum animals. A significantly lower level of SHBP was detected in mid-late pregnancy. PMID- 3192069 TI - Development of salmon GTH I and GTH II radioimmunoassays. AB - Radioimmunoassays (RIAs) for the measurement of two gonadotropins, GTH I and GTH II, in the plasma and pituitary of salmonid fish were developed using a rabbit antiserum to beta-subunits of chum salmon GTH I and GTH II. Intact GTH I and GTH II were used as standards and radioactive competitors. The displacement curves for plasma of salmonids including chum salmon, amago salmon, and rainbow trout were parallel to chum salmon GTH I and GTH II standards. Parallel displacement curves were obtained for pituitary extracts of chum salmon and amago salmon. The cross-reactivities of growth hormone, prolactin, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) related hormones were less than 1% in both RIAs. However, cross-reactivities of GTH I in the GTH II RIA and GTH II in the GTH I RIA were 10 and 12%, respectively. Plasma concentrations of both GTHs from salmonids at various stages of reproductive development were compared. In immature rainbow trout of both sexes (males: average (AV) gonadosomatic index (GSI) = 0.05; females: AV GSI = 0.24), plasma levels of GTH I and GTH II were low (less than 2 ng/ml). During prematurational stages of spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis in rainbow trout (males: AV GSI = 0.43; females: AV GSI = 2.8), the predominant GTH in the pituitary and plasma was GTH I. In contrast, plasma concentrations of GTH II were significantly higher than those of GTH I in postovulatory amago and chum salmon. Similarly, pituitary concentrations of GTH II were significantly higher than those of GTH I in postovulatory and spermiating amago salmon and postovulatory chum salmon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192068 TI - Steroidogenic activities of two distinct salmon gonadotropins. AB - The effects of salmon gonadotropins, GTH I and GTH II, on production of two major steroid hormones in female salmonid reproduction, estradiol-17 beta and 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog) were compared using amago salmon (Oncorhynchus rhodurus) intact ovarian follicles in vitro. In addition, the production of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OHprog) by thecal layers and 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog by granulosa layers in response to GTH I and II was examined during oocyte maturation. Both GTHs enhanced estradiol 17 beta production by midvitellogenic ovarian follicles in a dose-dependent manner; there was no significant difference in potency between GTH I and II. In postvitellogenic follicles, GTH II appeared to be more effective in stimulating 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog production than GTH I. GTH II was also found to be more potent than GTH I in stimulating 17 alpha-OHprog production by thecal layers and 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog production by granulosa layers in the presence of 17 alpha-OHprog. Thus, GTH II appears to differ from GTH I showing a reproductively high specificity for 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog production during oocyte maturation. PMID- 3192070 TI - The distribution of lysine vasopressin (lysipressin) in placental mammals: a reinvestigation of the Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamus amphibius) and Tayassuidae (Tayassu angulatus) families. AB - The neurohypophyseal hormones of the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) and collared peccary (Tayassu angulatus) were isolated by molecular sieving and preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Oxytocin and arginine vasopressin have been identified by their amino acid compositions and their retention times in HPLC. Lysipressin (lysine vasopressin) was not detected in posterior pituitaries of two hippopotami and nine peccaries (less than 2% of arginine vasopressin in molar ratios). Among the suborder Suiformes of Artiodactyla, the families Hippopotamidae and Tayassuidae do not seem to possess lysipressin, in contrast to the family Suidae in which the pig has lysipressin in place of arginine vasopressin. PMID- 3192071 TI - Circulating prolactin in free-living California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi). AB - During a long-term field study of a free-living population of California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), blood samples were drawn at regular intervals from marked animals via femoral venipuncture, and plasma prolactin (PRL) was measured by homologous radioimmunoassay. Marked fluctuations with season and reproductive condition occurred in circulating PRL levels in both males and females, with peak levels occurring during the spring breeding season. Peak PRL levels in females were reached 4 weeks after peak male levels, but mean peak values did not differ significantly between the sexes. Among females, juveniles had lower mean PRL levels than adults, and yearlings had lower mean levels throughout their initial reproductive episodes than did older females. PMID- 3192072 TI - Influence of follicular development on steroid production in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) ovarian follicle in response to exogenous substrates. AB - Changes in the capacity of medaka, Oryzias latipes, ovarian follicles to convert exogenous 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OHprog) or testosterone to testosterone, estradiol-17 beta, and 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog) were examined using 18-hr incubations. Under a constant long photoperiod (14 hr light-10 hr dark) at 26 degrees medaka spawn daily within 1 hr of the onset of light. Under these conditions, vitellogenesis and oocyte maturation of individual follicles occur within 72 hr, allowing accurate determination of the time of oocyte maturation and ovulation. In the absence of substrates, vitellogenic follicles isolated between 28 and 16 hr before spawning produced increased amounts of estradiol-17 beta, while postvitellogenic follicles between 14 and 8 hr produced a large amount of 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog. However, under the same conditions, testosterone levels were very low in follicles from all stages of development. The capacity of follicles to produce estradiol-17 beta in response to 17 alpha-OHprog or testosterone increased as follicles developed from the early to late vitellogenic stage, but declined during oocyte maturation. Maximum estradiol-17 beta production was observed in follicles at 20 hr before spawning. In contrast, the conversion of 17 alpha-OHprog to 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog was low in vitellogenic follicles and increased in follicles isolated immediately prior to or during oocyte maturation, with maximum 17 alpha,20 beta-diOHprog production occurring in follicles isolated at 14 hr before spawning. These results demonstrate a distinct shift in the activities of steroidogenic enzymes from C17 20 lyase, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD), and aromatase to 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 beta-HSD) occurring in the medaka ovarian follicles immediately prior to oocyte maturation. PMID- 3192073 TI - Maternal handling and motor development: an intracultural study. AB - Citing a distinction between informal and formal routines used by mothers in handling their infants, we examined formal handling routines, in which the caregiver acts in a pedagogical manner; these routines are widespread in many non Western countries. We hypothesised that formal handling serves to facilitate gross motor development during early infancy. To examine this hypothesis, the effects of a Jamaican formal handling routine on a broad range of developmental outcomes was examined. Results showed that the effects were specific to early gross motor development and in particular to postural control along the vertical axis of the body. Information is also provided on other aspects of Jamaican child care. It seems that the handling routine forms part of a folk (developmental) medicine system and may serve not only to promote child health but also as a sort of developmental neurological examination. PMID- 3192074 TI - Developmental appearance of factors that bind specifically to cis-regulatory sequences of a gene expressed in the sea urchin embryo. AB - Previous gene-transfer experiments have identified a 2500-nucleotide 5' domain of the CyIIIa cytoskeletal actin gene, which contains cis-regulatory sequences that are necessary and sufficient for spatial and temporal control of CyIIIa gene expression during embryogenesis. This gene is activated in late cleavage, exclusively in aboral ectoderm cell lineages. In this study, we focus on interactions demonstrated in vitro between sequences of the regulatory domain and proteins present in crude extracts derived from sea urchin embryo nuclei and from unfertilized eggs. Quantitative gel-shift measurements are utilized to estimate minimum numbers of factor molecules per embryo at 24 hr postfertilization, when the CyIIIa gene is active, at 7 hr, when it is still silent, and in the unfertilized egg. We also estimate the binding affinity preferences (Kr) of the various factors for their respective sites, relative to their affinity for synthetic DNA competitors. At least 14 different specific interactions occur within the regulatory regions, some of which produce multiple DNA-protein complexes. Values of Kr range from approximately 2 x 10(4) to approximately 2 x 10(6) for these factors under the conditions applied. With one exception, the minimum factor prevalences that we measured in the 400-cell 24-hr embryo nuclear extracts fell within the range of 2 x 10(5) to 2 x 10(6) molecules per embryo, i.e., a few hundred to a few thousand molecules per nucleus. Three developmental patterns were observed with respect to factor prevalence: Factors reacting at one site were found in unfertilized egg cytoplasm at about the same level per egg or embryo as in 24-hr embryo nuclei; factors reacting with five other regions of the regulatory domain are not detectable in egg cytoplasm but in 7-hr mid-cleavage stage embryo, nuclei are already at or close to their concentrations in the 24-hr embryo nuclei; and factors reacting with five additional regions are not detectable in egg cytoplasm and are low in 7-hr embryo nuclei, i.e., less than or equal to 10% per embryo of the level they attain in 24-hr embryo nuclei. The rise in concentration of factors of the latter class could provide the proximal cause for the temporal activation of the CyIIIa gene at the early blastula stage. PMID- 3192075 TI - Cytosine methylation prevents binding to DNA of a HeLa cell transcription factor required for optimal expression of the adenovirus major late promoter. AB - Cytosine methylation within CpG dinucleotides has been implicated in the regulation of gene expression in vertebrates and, in some cases, has been shown to be causative in repression of transcription. We have examined whether methylation of CpG dinucleotides located within the binding site for a specific transcription factor, MLTF or USF, affects its binding to DNA. This HeLa cell factor binds to the adenovirus major late promoter (AdMLP), as well as endogenous cellular genes, and stimulates transcription in an in vitro assay. Synthetic oligonucleotides in which 5-methylcytosine replaces cytosine at specific sites were used to generate duplex DNAs, and the formation of complexes of these oligomers with MLTF was studied using a gel retardation assay. Methylation at a CpG site centrally located within the binding site strongly inhibited complex formation, whereas methylation at a site 6 bases away had no demonstrable effect. Methylation at the central site was also shown to inhibit specific transcription in vitro from the AdMLP. Methylation at the central site on only one strand caused a partial inhibition of binding, the effect being greater when the noncoding strand was methylated. The results indicate that in some cases, site specific methylation may inhibit gene expression directly by blocking binding to DNA of factors required for optimal transcription. Along with other recent findings, they suggest an interplay between DNA methylation and transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression. PMID- 3192076 TI - Hormone-mediated repression: a negative glucocorticoid response element from the bovine prolactin gene. AB - We have defined and characterized a region upstream of the bovine prolactin gene that confers repression by glucocorticoids. This 'negative glucocorticoid response element' (nGRE) contains multiple footprinting sites for purified glucocorticoid receptor protein between -51 and -562 bp. A strong consensus sequence for receptor binding within the nGRE has not yet been defined, but it is apparent that nGRE sequences differ from the GRE consensus elements that confer positive glucocorticoid regulation. Unlike 'positive' GREs, the nGRE enhances promoter activity in the absence of glucocorticoids or receptor, presumably through the action of a protein that binds in the same region and activates transcription. The hormone-receptor complex appears to negate this enhancement by competing or inactivating the second factor. As with positive GREs, nGRE sequences confer hormonal regulation upon linked heterologous promoters within various cell types; a 34-bp subfragment containing a single receptor binding site is sufficient for nGRE activity. We speculate that nGRE sequences might alter the structure of bound receptor, thereby preventing it from functioning as a positive regulator when bound at those sites. PMID- 3192077 TI - Presplicing complex formation requires two proteins and U2 snRNP. AB - Six fractions derived from a HeLa cell nuclear extract are necessary for the generation of spliced mRNA in vitro. To establish a function for the protein factors present in these fractions, their role in the formation of splicing complexes was analyzed by electrophoresis in native polyacrylamide gels. Two of the fractions are sufficient to assemble the adenovirus major late mRNA precursor into a presplicing complex with characteristics similar to the presplicing complex assembled in nuclear extract. One fraction supplies splicing factor (SF) 1 and at least one small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle, U2 snRNP. The other fraction contains SF3. Extensive fractionation of this protein has revealed that it is essential for presplicing complex assembly and the splicing reaction. PMID- 3192079 TI - Trends in treating geriatric infections at home. PMID- 3192078 TI - Lens-specific expression of recombinant ricin induces developmental defects in the eyes of transgenic mice. AB - An expression system for cell lineage ablation in transgenic mice was constructed in which a modified form of the A subunit of ricin, a toxic lectin produced by the castor bean Ricinus communis, can be expressed under the direction of tissue specific regulatory signals. A chimeric gene was formed by fusing the promoter and 5'-flanking sequences of the lens-specific mouse alpha A-crystallin gene with a modified ricin A cDNA, and this construction was integrated into the germ line of transgenic mice. These animals develop profound microphthalmia with severe developmental defects of the eye, relating primarily to the disorganization and death of cells forming the lens. In addition, this defect is associated with several abnormalities, including eye size, folding of the retina, and ectopic lens material in other regions of the eye. The phenotype of this engineered developmental mutation suggests that the normal development of alpha A-crystallin producing lens fiber cells is essential for the proper growth, organization, and orientation of optic structures. PMID- 3192080 TI - Postural hypotension: its meaning and management in the elderly. AB - Aging is associated with a considerable number of alterations in function of the autonomic nervous system and with systems involved in the control of cardiovascular response to postural changes. However, these alterations themselves do not generally lead to symptomatic orthostatic hypotension. In combination with other factors, older patients can develop marked problems with orthostatic hypotension--notably, certain drug regimens, some degree of underlying heart failure, or such common geriatric illnesses as parkinsonism and diabetes. Treatment regimens must be designed to minimize side effects. While aggressive pharmacologic treatment may be helpful for young patients, among the elderly physical therapy or behavioral maneuvers may promote the most benefit with least risk. The simplest first step, however, is to focus on possible iatrogenic causes and eliminate them. PMID- 3192081 TI - Common ankle disorders of the elderly: diagnosis and management. AB - Ankle pain can be disabling for the geriatric patient. Unlike symptoms in younger individuals, symptoms in the elderly are often insidious in onset and result from chronic disease processes. Acute injuries, when they occur, are often managed differently than in younger patients. Accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment. An anatomic approach to diagnosis is presented along with guidelines for appropriate conservative and surgical treatment. PMID- 3192082 TI - In sickness and in health: outpatient care of the older adult. PMID- 3192083 TI - Drug interactions in the older patient. AB - Elderly patients face an increased risk of drug interactions because of physiologic changes associated with age and because of the multiple-drug regimens that are likely to be prescribed for these patients. Physicians should be familiar with the consequences, contributing factors, mechanisms (pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic), and methods of reducing the risk of drug interactions. PMID- 3192084 TI - Maintaining health in older people with multiple chronic illnesses. AB - The effective management of the elderly patient who has multiple chronic conditions is an important clinical responsibility. Of special importance is an understanding and appreciation of the maintenance of function. A focus on the patient's needs and ability to function, rather than on the diseases from which he or she suffers, is more likely to improve productivity and quality of life. These goals can usually be achieved in the elderly patient without curing the underlying disease. PMID- 3192085 TI - Maintaining health with renal disease or dysfunction. AB - A decline in renal function, similar to mild chronic renal insufficiency, normally occurs in the elderly concomitantly with various anatomic and histologic changes in the kidney. These morphologic and physiologic changes result in diminished ability to respond to body fluid or solute stresses. Superimposition of chronic renal insufficiency upon these age-related physiologic changes can accelerate renal functional decline. However, with proper management, most elderly patients with renal disease can remain highly functional. PMID- 3192086 TI - Binocular interaction and steady-state visual evoked potentials. I. A study in normal subjects and in subjects with defective binocular vision. AB - A correlate of binocular-neuron activity was found in some properties of visual evoked potentials (VEPs), such as facilitation (defined as a binocular response greater than the sum of the monocular responses) and changes in latency (shortening of binocular VEP latency as compared to that of monocular VEPs). Monocular and binocular steady-state VEPs in response to phase-alternating gratings of different contrast and both spatial and temporal frequency were recorded in three normal subjects. Fourier analysis of the responses was performed to isolate the component at the reversal frequency. Binocular VEPs showed facilitation in the low-contrast range (3%-10%). Facilitation was highest for gratings that had spatial frequency of 0.6-2 cycles/degree (c/d), alternating at 16 reversals per second. Phase shortening was found across a parameter range larger than that at which amplitude facilitation occurred. These results suggest that both amplitude facilitation and phase shortening in binocular VEPs may provide an objective measure of binocular visual function in clinical ophthalmology. PMID- 3192087 TI - Recession and anterior transposition of the inferior oblique for treatment of superior oblique palsy. AB - We evaluated the effectiveness of inferior oblique recession with anterior transposition in treating 12 patients with superior oblique palsy. Mean decreases of hypertropia measured 17 prism diopters in the primary position, 24 prism diopters in adduction, and 21 prism diopters on ipsilateral head tilt. Head tilt and diplopia were uniformly eliminated. No surgical complications were encountered. Postoperative deviations were mild and infrequent. Only one patient demonstrated postoperative underaction of the recessed inferior oblique. PMID- 3192088 TI - Simulated superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome. AB - Three patients with simulated Brown's superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome are presented. With the use of computed tomographic (CT) findings, the site of the pathology could be demonstrated. In all three patients, there were definite abnormal findings in the anterior sheath of the reflected tendon of the superior oblique. The abnormal findings in one case were confirmed at the time of surgery. Therapy in two of the cases was determined by the abnormal findings on the CT scan. PMID- 3192089 TI - Long-term results after strabismus surgery. AB - The results of surgery after 4 years' or more postoperative follow-up have been evaluated in a total of 1031 cases (575 esotropia, 456 exotropia). There is a difference in the angle of strabismus 1 month after surgery and 4 years after surgery. Based on these findings, the results of strabismus surgery must be evaluated after a sufficient amount of time has passed. The angle of strabismus to be aimed at, to provide best binocular vision and patient satisfaction, should be in the range of -2 +7 degree for esotropia and +2 -10 degree for exotropia, regardless of the patient's age at surgery. PMID- 3192090 TI - Dynamic analysis of head movements by means of a three-dimensional position measurement system. AB - By using a newly devised three-dimensional position measurement system, head movements of a normal subject and a patient with congenital strabismus were studied. This system consists of both infrared light-emitting diodes and position sensitive diodes, which lead to high accuracy and high-frequency response with a position accuracy within 1 mm and angular accuracy within 1 degree. The electro oculograph was used for measuring ocular movements. The power spectra of head and eye movements showed a similar frequency component and a similar frequency response with respect to the signal inputs of head movements, so there is a close correlation between the two movements. PMID- 3192091 TI - Bilateral vertical retraction syndrome in horizontal bilateral Duane's syndrome. AB - In the cases of vertical retraction syndromes previously reported in the literature, the "leash effect" of vertical recti was responsible for a limitation of motility and for retraction in up- or down-gaze. This vertical retraction syndrome mimics Duane's syndrome and benefits from recession of the taut vertical recti. In the case reported, another mechanism had led to vertical retraction syndrome. In a bilateral horizontal Duane's syndrome, the physiological co contraction of abnormally short horizontal recti in vertical gaze was responsible for vertical retraction syndrome and even for a positive vertical forced duction test. The vertical motility was returned to normal by recession of the four horizontal recti. PMID- 3192092 TI - Production of specific retinal S antigen antibodies in patients with retinal detachment. AB - One hundred patients with retinal detachment (61 primary operations and 39 reoperations) were studied for titers of autoantibodies to human retinal S antigen using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA). There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the group of patients with primary retinal detachment with the control group. However, a statistically significant increase in anti-S titers was recorded when a comparison was made between the group of reoperated patients and the control group (chi 2, P less than 0.001) and between the group of reoperated subjects and the group of patients operated on for the first time (chi 2, P less than 0.005). PMID- 3192093 TI - Neuroretinal rim area and visual field in glaucoma. AB - The correlation between visual field and neuroretinal rim area of the optic disc was studied in 70 eyes of 44 patients with suspected or definite glaucoma. Visual field analysis was performed by automated perimetry with the Octopus 2000R, using the program G1; the neuroretinal rim area of the disc was measured by the "Optic Nerve Head Analyzer." All eyes with a glaucomatous loss within the central sector of the visual field showed a significantly reduced neuroretinal rim area in the corresponding, i.e., the temporal quadrant of the disc. The reverse conclusion, however, was not valid: If there is a significantly reduced neuroretinal rim area in the temporal quadrant of the optic disc, one cannot predict the presence or absence of visual field loss. Actually, both high and low values are found in the neuroretinal rim area even if no visual field loss is detectable by the Octopus G1 program. There are two clinical consequences based on this result: (1) follow up examinations of the disc structure that show increasing loss of the neuroretinal rim area may establish the diagnosis of glaucoma even at a stage where no visual field loss can be detected. Therefore, analysis of the disc structure may be more sensitive than analysis of the visual field, especially in patients who only show elevated intraocular pressure and no other signs of glaucoma. (2) If there is already a definite visual field loss due to glaucoma, the effect of antiglaucomatous therapy should be monitored by visual field analysis rather than by analysis of the optic nerve head. PMID- 3192094 TI - Variability in digital analysis of optic disc topography. AB - We determined the magnitude of variability in optic disc topographical parameters on digital analysis of the optic disc using the IS 2000. The variability introduced by the system, the observer, the observer and patient, and by clinically different types of discs was assessed in the measurement of the vertical cup-to-disc ratio, horizontal cup-to-disc ratio, cup area-to-disc area, cup volume, neuroretinal rim area, and neuroretinal rim area-to-disc area. The system itself accounted for no variability. The variability introduced by one observer for the parameters ranged from 1% to 7%, and by one observer and patient from 1% to 28%. The variation among five observers ranged from 1% to 55%. Direct image acquisition (using video cameras) gave results that were no different from those obtained by digitizing the slides. Contrast-enhancement techniques did not decrease observer variability. A change in the flash intensity level at which optic disc images were acquired from 94.5 to 15.0 Watt-seconds introduced a variability of 3% to 21%. These results are less variable than those obtained on clinical observation and comparable to those of the Rodenstock image analyzer in evaluating these aspects of optic disc topography. PMID- 3192095 TI - Ciliary body neurilemoma recurring after 15 years. AB - A 57-year-old white female presented with a recurring neurilemoma (benign solitary schwannoma) of the ciliary body 15 years after the primary modified iridocyclectomy. As neurilemoma are encapsulated, successful "tumorectomy" was twice accomplished with total anatomical and functional preservation of the globe. The pathological diagnosis of spindle cell tumors of the uvea is discussed. PMID- 3192097 TI - Morphology of the developing choroidal vasculature in the human fetus. AB - In human fetuses with a gestation age of 12 to 22 weeks, the development of Haller's and Sattler's choroidal vascular layer was examined by both light and transmission electron microscopy. Even during week 12 arterioles could be identified. However, during this week they were only found in close association to the entrance of the optic nerve. Beginning with week 15/16, arterioles were also located outwards to the choriocapillary layer more anteriorly. When the arterioles first appeared, they exhibited the same ultrastructural features as those described in adults. Arteries first became apparent during week 22. They had not developed a complete internal elastic lamina. In contrast to those of the adult eye, smooth muscle cells of the fetal choroidal arteries exhibit glycogen granules. Haller's and Sattler's layer are both arterial and venous in nature. PMID- 3192096 TI - Cellular invasion on the surface of intraocular lenses. In vivo cytological observations following lens implantation. AB - Cellular growth on intraocular lenses can be observed by using a specular microscope. We examined in vivo the cellular pattern on the surface of implanted lenses during the early postoperative period in 63 patients. In every case inflammatory cells were noted on the lens surface at some point during the observation period. These often showed a spindle-like appearance resembling fibroblasts. The density of the cell population increased during the following days but usually did not exceed 100 cells/mm2. From the end of the first week, multinucleated giant cells may appear. In one case, a patient with a severe postoperative iritis and hypopyon demonstrated an extremely pronounced and long lasting cellular proliferation. PMID- 3192098 TI - A further note on the photography of cataracts. AB - Polarized light used in conjunction with a quarter-wave plate, as previously described, was further modified with colour filters in order to test whether blue free light increased contrast by reducing fogging due to lenticular fluorescence. The reproducibility of photographic records over a period of at least six months was also tested with satisfactory results in both of these objectives. PMID- 3192099 TI - Influence of indomethacin on PGE2 in rabbit aqueous humor after YAG laser photodisruption of the iris. AB - In an experimental study with rabbits, the influence of indomethacin on the postoperative PGE2 level in the aqueous humor was investigated, following YAG laser traumatization of the iris. Indomethacin is a drug with an inhibitory effect on the synthesis of prostaglandins. Using albino rabbits, the right eye was treated with indomethacin eye drops three times daily for 3 days. On the 4th day, high-energy YAG laser was applied to the iris of both eyes (Q-switched Nd: YAG Laser, Model Cilco Lasertek PV 135; ten photodisruptive lesions, with 50 mJ to the midperiphery of the iris). Subsequently, the rabbits were subdivided into three groups. In group 1 the aqueous humor was removed from both eyes 12 h postoperatively; in group 2 the aqueous humor was tapped 36 h after the intervention; for group 3, it was 60 h afterwards. The results from 15 rabbits were evaluated. Local indomethacin treatment was continued until tapping of the aqueous humor. As a control, another group was used with 3 rabbits without treatment. Twelve hours after YAG laser treatment there was still a clearly significant difference in the PGE2 concentrations between the eyes that had received indomethacin and the untreated eyes; 36 h postoperatively, the difference was no longer statistically significant, and after 60 h the PGE2 concentrations of the treated and untreated eyes were the same. PMID- 3192100 TI - Surface differentiation of the human corneal epithelium during prenatal development. AB - Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, differentiation of the anterior surface of the corneal epithelium was studied in human embryos and fetuses with a gestation age from 6.4 to 22 weeks. Up to week 6/7 microvilli/microplicae are not often found; they arise in larger amounts beginning in week 7. During week 22, the morphological appearance of the corneal surface is almost adultlike. Antennulae microvillares and microfilaments running axially in microvilli can be found beginning with week 16/17. PMID- 3192102 TI - Changes of reactions of neurones in dorsal raphe nucleus and locus coeruleus to electroacupuncture by hypothalamic arcuate nucleus stimulation. AB - In this experiment the role of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) in acupuncture analgesia and its mechanisms were studied with behavioural and electrophysiological methods. After ARC stimulation the analgesic effect of acupuncture was enhanced significantly and the responses of neurones to electroacupuncture were increased in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and reduced in the locus coeruleus (LC), which could be reversed by intraperitoneal injection of naloxone. The results indicate that ARC might participate in acupuncture analgesia via changing the responses of DR and LC neurones to electroacupuncture, a process in which opiate-like substances (probably beta-endorphin) are involved. PMID- 3192101 TI - Ultrastructural observations on the development of the human conjunctival epithelium. AB - In human embryos with a gestation age of 8.6-22 weeks, the palpebral conjunctival epithelium was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). During the gestation period studied, the structural integrity of the tissue is established by an increase in the quantity of tonofilaments, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes as well as by the undulating appearance of the cell membranes, the widening of the intercellular space, and the development of cytoplasmic protrusions into it. The superficial cells display a chronological sequence in the elaboration of transport mechanisms. A precursor stage is described for hemidesmosome formation at the interface between the basal cell membrane and the conjunctival stroma. PMID- 3192103 TI - The cortical activity in experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - Based on a new subarachnoid hemorrhage model in rabbits, the electrocortical activity was evaluated over a period of one week following two successive whole blood injections in the cisterna magna. A second group was injected with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, while a third group with hemolyzed autologous blood. All the other procedures being the same, it became evident that elevated intracranial pressure (CSF injection) is not able by itself to induce true epileptiform activity; however, it releases phenomena of brainstem reflexes. During whole blood injection, the cortical activity showed a peak in true epileptogenic discharges 5 days after the first injection. Almost identical polyspikes and slow wave complexes were reproduced immediately after the injection of hemolyzed blood. The possible mechanisms involved in the appearance of these phenomena are further discussed. PMID- 3192104 TI - Individual differences in cerebral organization: influence of sex and familial sinistrality in the language lateralization of strongly right-handed subjects. AB - Sixty right-handed subjects, divided into four groups of 15 according to sex and familial sinistrality (FS), performed a test of language lateralization. A verbal manual dual-task paradigm was employed. Results suggest that the pattern of cerebral organization may differ among right-handers in relation to both sex and FS. However, it is not merely the separate influence of these two factors, but rather their interaction which determines the pattern. It is stressed that identification of individual predictors of language laterality may provide some information on prognosis and management of aphasic patients. PMID- 3192105 TI - Semantic memory in DAT, MID and parkinsonism. AB - Previous studies found the semantic system particularly affected in Dementia of Alzheimer's Type (DAT), which would have important implications for the clinical diagnosis of this disease. We compared 14 non-demented parkinsonian patients and 14 controls on one hand and demented patients suffering from multi-infarct dementia (n = 17), DAT (n = 18) and Parkinsonism + dementia (n = 7) on the other. Demented groups were well matched regarding severity of dementia. Two tasks of semantic memory (naming, word fluency) did not differentiate within demented groups, but were correlated with severity of dementia. PMID- 3192106 TI - Dimensions of health behaviour among the 65-74-year-old population in eastern Finland. AB - Correlations between individual health habits, dimensions of health behaviour and differences in health habits between nonsmokers, ex-smokers and smokers were studied in a 65-74-year-old population in eastern Finland. The results showed the cumulative character of many positive health habits. High health knowledge was associated with positive health habits. The health habits of smokers were less positive than those of nonsmokers or ex-smokers. Factor analysis showed the health behaviour to be multidimensional in character. There were differences in the dimensions of health behaviour between men and women. PMID- 3192108 TI - The transient global amnesia-migraine connection. Case report. AB - Transient global amnesia is described in two patients suffering from classical and common migraine, respectively. These cases are peculiar in that the amnesic attack was part of the aura in one patient, while it behaved like an accompanying symptom in the other. The close temporal relation between the attacks of transient global amnesia and migraine strengthens the hypothesis of an etiologic role of migraine. The nature of this mechanism could be the cerebral blood flow changes or the neural perturbation which characterize migraine attacks. PMID- 3192107 TI - Effects of short-term reserpine treatment on generalized and focal dystonic dyskinetic syndromes. AB - We report that low dose reserpine treatment (0.25 mg/day for 7 days) improves the dystonic-dyskinetic disability score in patients affected by idiopathic dystonias, iatrogenic dystonic-dyskinetic syndromes and Sydenham's chorea. The results support the idea that the particular antidopaminergic activity exerted by reserpine or other dopamine-depleting agents may produce good therapeutical efficacy, although reserpine can precipitate Parkinsonism and induce dopamine receptor supersensitivity. PMID- 3192109 TI - Combating pain. PMID- 3192110 TI - How sweet it is! PMID- 3192111 TI - Bridging the gap. PMID- 3192113 TI - Board and home care. Social support. PMID- 3192112 TI - Board and home care. Primary care practice. PMID- 3192114 TI - Board and home care. A team approach to foot care. PMID- 3192115 TI - Board and home care. Oral health. PMID- 3192116 TI - Postintraocular lens implants. Needs of patients. PMID- 3192117 TI - Let him go home! PMID- 3192119 TI - Do retired career women exercise? PMID- 3192118 TI - Continence through nursing care. PMID- 3192122 TI - [Infectious disease morbidity in Kibbutzim]. PMID- 3192121 TI - Antibiotics. Interactions with maintenance medication. PMID- 3192120 TI - The future of teaching nursing homes. PMID- 3192123 TI - [The family planning central unit and public health medicine]. PMID- 3192124 TI - [Emergency subtotal thyroidectomy for acute respiratory distress]. PMID- 3192125 TI - [The crisis in internal medicine from the resident's viewpoint]. PMID- 3192126 TI - [Plasmapheresis in neurological disease--a year's experience]. PMID- 3192127 TI - [Recent advances in the treatment of hairy-cell leukemia]. PMID- 3192128 TI - [Functional vs. nosological approach in biological psychiatry: the serotonergic dimension]. PMID- 3192129 TI - Clinical forensic medicine at the Royal Society of Medicine. PMID- 3192130 TI - Linear rate of change in the product of erythrocyte water content and potassium concentration during the 0-120-hour postmortem period in the rat. AB - An accurate and reproducible technique was employed for measurement of water content (RBCH2O) and potassium concentration (RBCK) in rat erythrocytes post mortem. Coefficients of variation for determination of RBCH2O and RBCK, as estimated from the results of duplicate analyses (n = 36), were 1.21% and 1.17%, respectively. Erythrocyte water content and RBCK were directly and linearly related (r = +0.93 (P less than 0.001], while the product of RBCH2O and RBCK varied linearly and inversely (r = -0.89 (P less than 0.001] with postmortem interval (PMI) over the 0-120-h postmortem period. In addition, the standard deviations of the data points for (RBCH2O X RBCK) remained relatively constant and independent of PMI. Attention is drawn to the possibility of determining time elapsed since death from (sequential) measurements of (RBCH2O X RBCK) in individual cadavers. PMID- 3192131 TI - Hepatotoxicity of dichloromethane. AB - We studied hepatotoxicity of dichloromethane using primary cultures of parenchymal cells (hepatocyte) from adult rat livers. The production of carbon monoxide from dichloromethane increased with time, the increased cell number, and the concentration of dichloromethane. However, the carbon monoxide production per hepatocyte decreased with increasing cell density. When dichloromethane was in a high concentration, the metabolism of dichloromethane to carbon monoxide was extensively depressed, total glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and mitochondrial GOT (m-GOT) levels in the cultured medium were extensively elevated, and the cultured hepatocytes were destroyed by dichloromethane. A case of accidental exposure to dichloromethane which occurred in Japan was also considered, and it is suspected that the inhalation of dichloromethane vapors in a high concentration for many hours may cause hepatotoxicity. PMID- 3192133 TI - Deaths among drug addicts in Denmark in 1968-1986. AB - In the period 1968-1986 a total of 1618 fatalities among drug addicts were investigated at the three University Institutes of Forensic Medicine in Denmark. The annual number rose from 5 in 1968 to 163 in 1980, thereafter there has been a gradual fall to 121 in 1986. About 80% were males. The average age has risen from 22/23 years in the early 1970s to 31 years in 1986, and the percentage of addicts with a duration of abuse more than 10 years has increased gradually; both facts indicate a decrease in the recruitment among the quite young. In the whole period morphine was abused, supplemented by various medicines. Amphetamine was abused in the first years and again in 1986. The percentages of addicts with an abuse of alcohol and of addicts dying after a period of abstinence lasting more than 1 year, respectively, have increased. No essential changes were observed regarding distribution of residence or of the cause and manner of death. In the poisoning cases the predominant drug of poisoning was morphine/heroin, in all the years constituting approx. 30-50%. The second most frequent drugs of poisoning in the first half of the period was barbiturate, in the last half dextropropoxyphene and methadone. Only very few cases dying of cocaine poisoning were present and deaths due to so-called designer drugs have not been observed. PMID- 3192132 TI - A case of death from prothiophos poisoning. AB - A 62-year-old male, a farmer, who had ingested prothiophos (Tokuthion), died after 21 h of intensive care. Prothiophos in the tissues of the victim was extracted and purified by Extrelut column extraction. A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector, and a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer were used to detect prothiophos. The concentration of prothiophos was 10.9 micrograms/g in the brain, 8.6 micrograms/g in the kidney, 418 micrograms/g in the liver, 2.96 mg/g in the gastric contents and 4.69 mg/g in the intestinal contents. The case history and the distribution of prothiophos indicated that the cause of death was acute prothiophos poisoning. PMID- 3192134 TI - Experimental evaluation of rigor mortis. VII. Effect of ante- and post-mortem electrocution on the evolution of rigor mortis. AB - The influence of electrocution on the evolution of rigor mortis was studied on rats. Our experiments showed that: (1) Electrocution hastens the onset of rigor mortis. After an electrocution of 90 s, a complete rigor develops already 1 h post-mortem (p.m.) compared to 5 h p.m. for the controls. (2) Electrocution hastens the passing of rigor mortis. After an electrocution of 90 s, the first significant decrease occurs at 3 h p.m. (8 h p.m. in the controls). (3) These modifications in rigor mortis evolution are less pronounced in the limbs not directly touched by the electric current. (4) In case of post-mortem electrocution, the changes are slightly less pronounced, the resistance is higher and the absorbed energy is lower as compared with the ante-mortem electrocution cases. The results are completed by two practical observations on human electrocution cases. PMID- 3192135 TI - Copper-binding protein in acute copper poisoning. AB - This paper presents a suicide case of copper sulfate ingestion. Post-mortem autopsy revealed mucous membrane necrosis of the esophagus and the stomach. Histological examination revealed centrilobular necrosis in the liver and renal insufficiency. The quantitative determination of copper, zinc and cadmium in various tissues showed that the copper concentrations in blood, liver, kidney and lung were 3.5-24-fold higher than those of the normal level, whereas zinc and cadmium concentrations were within normal range. Chromatographical patterns on Sephadex G-75 showed that most of the accumulated copper in the liver and kidney was bound to metallothionein (MT), a low molecular weight protein with high metal binding capacity which plays a role in the detoxification of heavy metals, while no copper bound to MT was found in the lung. These results suggest that the formation of Cu-induced MT in the liver and kidney occurred at the early stage in fatal acute copper poisoning. PMID- 3192136 TI - A pathologist's view of multiple murder. AB - A study of cases of multiple murder suggests that they may be classified in three groups. In one a number of people are killed secretly and their bodies concealed; in the second the deaths are contrived so as to appear to be natural or accidental; in the third no attempt is made to conceal the obvious serial homicides. Each group presents the pathologist with different problems. The author gives examples from his own experience as well as from the literature, and makes suggestions for further research. PMID- 3192137 TI - Illicit drug abuse in the Marmara region of Turkey. AB - Data on the analysis of 840 illicit drug samples of a total weight of 749.677 kg, confiscated in the Marmara Region, Turkey, from January 1986 to April 1987 is presented. The majority (82.3%) of all cases examined by the Division of Narcotic Drugs Research Laboratories of the Council of Forensic Medicine of Turkey, related to Cannabis products. Heroin represented 16.7% and all other controlled drugs made up the remaining 1%. From the 691 samples analyzed, 43.15% was Cannabis plant material. From the 140 illicit heroin samples analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, 61% had a diacetylmorphine content between 30 and 48%. O-6-monoacetylmorphine was detected in 43% of the samples ranging from 0.4 to 8.6%. Almost half (46.6%) of all heroin samples contained procaine ranging from 0.7 to 22%. PMID- 3192139 TI - Fatal motorcycle accidents in the county of Funen (Denmark). AB - A study of motorcycle fatalities in the period 1977-1983 in the county of Funen, Denmark was compared with an analysis of data obtained from the Accident Register at the Odense University Hospital. Among the operators killed one fifth were illegally operating the motorcycle. A remarkable statistical difference in distribution of accidents involved motorcycles and the total distribution of motorcycles in the county was reported, thus finding an over-representation of heavy motorcycles in the present study. No important differences were found in the distribution of type of accidents compared to other studies. In the present study all but one victim were tested for blood-alcohol concentration (BAC). The results differ from previous studies in as much as 50% of the killed operators of an accident involving motorcycles had a BAC above 0.08%. The reported distribution by age, licensing experience and size of motorcycle in fatal motorcycle accidents seem to support introduction of a graduated licence depending on motorcycle size as well as operator age. Furthermore a limitation in the right to carry a pillion passenger should be considered, and the operator of the motorcycle carrying a pillion passenger should be held responsible for the passenger wearing a helmet. PMID- 3192138 TI - Patho-anatomic findings in neck structures in asphyxiation due to hanging: a survey of 80 cases. AB - By examining 80 consecutive cases of death due to hanging, fractures of the thyroid cartilage or the hyoid bone or both, were noted in 45%. Fracture of the cricoid cartilage did not occur. No fracture occurred below the age of 25, and the frequency was slightly increasing with increasing age. There was a preponderance of fractures in males. The highest incidence of fractures was noted in typical hangings, while incomplete hanging to a very great extent was combined with congestion to the face, especially if the location of the ligature was atypical. Typical hanging in general did not produce congestion. The lividity in the declivous areas became fixed at the earliest after 5-6 h suspension time, while after 12 h almost all the cases demonstrated fixed lividity in the distal parts, especially in the legs. There is slight indication that the frequency of fractures increases with the length of suspension time. PMID- 3192140 TI - Cyanide distribution in five fatal cyanide poisonings and the effect of storage conditions on cyanide concentration in tissue. AB - The cyanide distribution in five fatal cyanide poisonings was analyzed by the pyridine-pyrazolone method using a Conway diffusion cell. In order to study the effect of storage conditions on cyanide concentration in tissue samples, the cyanide concentrations were first measured immediately after collection of the samples at autopsy, then measured again after storage in a refrigerator (4 degrees C) or in a freezer (-20 degrees C) for periods ranging from 1 day to 3 weeks. Concentrations in all but three of the blood samples stored at 4 degrees C or -20 degrees C increased, with concentration ratios based on measurement made before and after storage ranging from 0.71 to 1.46. The concentrations in the liver, kidney, and brain samples either increased or decreased, with ratios of from 0.2 to 8.8. The concentrations in the stomach contents samples decreased rapidly at 4 degrees C, but hardly changed at all at -20 degrees C. PMID- 3192141 TI - Wide-bore capillary column gas chromatography in toxicological analysis of biological samples from multidrug overdoses fatalities. AB - Fatalities from multidrug overdoses account for 25% of the total number of all poisoning fatalities and as such deserve greater attention from researchers than single drug overdoses. High resolution, good sensitivity, and repeatability provided by gas chromatography (GC) with wide-bore capillary silica and glass columns make GC particularly useful for identification and quantitative analysis of drugs in toxicological screening of autopsy specimens. Results of toxicological findings in three deaths from multidrug overdoses (methaqualone, doxepine, methotrimeprazine, pernazine-aspirin, paracetamol, codeine-morphine, diazepam) occurring in routine medical practice are reported. PMID- 3192142 TI - Costal cartilage calcification pattern--a clue for establishing sex identity. AB - Radiological study of costal cartilage calcification patterns in establishing the sex identity is conducted in Southern Indians. Three major patterns of calcification capable of establishing sex identity were noticed. Calcification was not observed below the ages of sixteen years in the female and twenty years in the male. This, though seriously limits the applicability of the method to age groups of sixteen and twenty years and above in the female and male sexes respectively, the ease, rapidity and relative inexpensiveness of the procedure in both living as well as dead and decomposed, requiring little expertise, recommends its use especially where a forensic expert is readily not available. PMID- 3192144 TI - Death time estimation in case work. I. The rectal temperature time of death nomogram. AB - A rectal temperature time of death nomogram was developed on the basis of physical considerations, the two-exponential term of Marshall and Hoare (J. Forensic Sci., 7 (1962) 56-81), further studies of literature and our own experimental body coolings. The Nomogram Method is based on a single measurement of the rectal temperature. The result is obtained immediately at a scene of crime without any mental arithmetic. Support in the practical application of the method and data for the accuracy of estimated death time are given. Special problems and its limitations are discussed. The Nomogram Method is compared with other temperature methods of estimating the time since death. PMID- 3192143 TI - Postmortem diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Quantitation of fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin. AB - Fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin were determined in samples from 52 cadavers autopsied in the Forensic Pathology Institute of the University of Copenhagen (Denmark). The population studied comprised 15 adult subjects with history of diabetes mellitus and 37 adult non-diabetic subjects. The fructosamine/total protein ratio was 1.7 times higher in diabetic than in non-diabetic subjects, as was the case for glycated hemoglobin. Measurement of glycated serum protein appears to be a useful tool for the postmortem diagnosis of fatal diabetic coma and glucose concentration before death. PMID- 3192145 TI - Rapid extraction of oxazepam from greyhound urine for high performance liquid chromatography analysis. AB - A rapid and efficient procedure is described for the extraction and analysis of oxazepam, the major urinary metabolite of diazepam in greyhounds. Urine was extracted by passing through a bonded silica column (Bond Elut) following enzyme hydrolysis. The adsorbed drug was eluted and then detected and measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Recoveries were in excess of 85% at 50 ng/ml concentrations. Detection was possible up to 30 h after a single oral dose of diazepam (5 mg). PMID- 3192146 TI - Determination of paraquat from formalin-fixed tissue. AB - In this paper, a sulfuric acid digestion method and a clean-up technique by using cation exchange resin followed by XAD-2 resin has been developed for the determination of paraquat from formalin-fixed tissue at the submicrograms per gram level. Formalin-fixed tissue is dissolved by hot sulfuric acid, then paraquat is isolated and purified with cation exchange chromatography. The eluted paraquat forms an ion-pair with sodium dodecyl sulfate, it is then adsorbed on XAD-2 resin. Paraquat is eluted, extracted and reduced with solvent mixtures, NaCl solution and dithionite reagent, respectively. The calibration graphs of zero-order and second-derivative spectroscopy are linear in the range of 0.01-5.0 mg/kg. The relative standard deviation was less than 5% and the detection limit was 0.02 mg/kg based on 0.5-g samples. The sensitivity of the proposed method could be increased by using larger sample sizes. The method was precise and gave a quantitative recovery of paraquat spiked into formalin-fixed liver homogenates (78%). The proposed method has been satisfactorily applied to the determination of paraquat in the formalin-fixed tissues of suspected poisoned cases. It has been shown to be of great value in the field of forensic toxicology especially when formalin-fixed tissue only is available. PMID- 3192147 TI - Postmortem disposition of morphine in rats. AB - The antemortem and postmortem distribution of morphine was studied in rats for the purpose of establishing whether drug distribution is altered after death. Samples were examined for free and total morphine concentration, pH and water content at 0-96 h after death. Morphine was administered antemortem at various intervals. All groups of rats studied showed a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in postmortem cardiac blood morphine concentrations. These changes, which are detectable within 5 min after death are likely to be related to an observed, rapid decrease in cardiac blood pH from 7.34 +/- 0.02 to 6.74 +/- 0.05. Significant increases in free morphine levels were, also, observed 24 and 96 h after death in liver, heart and forebrain while urine morphine levels decreased. The liver showed the greatest increase (20-fold) in free morphine levels 96 h after death, while hindbrain levels did not significantly change. Bacterial hydrolysis of morphine glucuronides accounted only in part for the observed increase in free morphine concentration. Postmortem fluid movement and pH dependent drug partitioning was detected. It would appear that several mechanisms are responsible for postmortem drug distribution. Understanding the mechanisms and patterns responsible may eventually lead to better choices of postmortem tissue which may better represent antemortem drug levels. PMID- 3192148 TI - Simple laboratory experiments to replicate some of the stresses on vertebro basilar arterial walls. An investigation of possible mechanisms of traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage. AB - The hypothesis that reversed blood flow in transiently occluded vertebral arteries may be responsible for some cases of massive traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage has been investigated in vitro. Simple laboratory tests were performed on 25 vertebro-basilar arterial systems, and succeeded in producing either longitudinal tears in normally structured vertebral arteries, or tears at the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. The results indicated that under such conditions, with systolic blood pressure in the physiological range, reversed blood flow had different characteristics and stressed the arterial wall to the point where it yielded. PMID- 3192149 TI - [Application of radiation to medicine]. PMID- 3192150 TI - [Experimental studies on immune complex-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the rabbit]. PMID- 3192151 TI - [Clinicopathologic evaluation of three different two-type histologic classifications for gastric carcinoma]. PMID- 3192152 TI - [A study on pathogenesis of gastric ulcer in patient with liver cirrhosis: with special reference to the gastric mucosal blood flow]. PMID- 3192153 TI - Unusual exogastric leiomyoblastoma. PMID- 3192154 TI - Assay of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase by high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A procedure to measure chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) activity by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography is described. The antibiotic as well as the acetylated derivatives are well resolved on a Superspher RP-18 column using equal parts of acetonitrile and 10 mM sodium acetate (ph 5.0) as a solvent. Under these conditions, less than 100 pmol of each derivative can be easily detected within 10 minutes, and no radioactive chloramphenicol is needed. The present procedure has been used to measure the activity of the enzyme in extracts of chicken fibroblast transfected with the recombinant plasmid pSV2-cat containing the CAT gene. PMID- 3192155 TI - A small-scale procedure for preparation of nuclear extracts that support efficient transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. AB - A convenient and rapid method for preparing soluble extracts from the nuclei of as few as 3 x 10(7) mammalian cells (miniextract procedure) is described. By several criteria, miniextracts are comparable to nuclear extracts prepared from large numbers of cells by the conventional procedure. Miniextracts are able to support efficient transcription of a variety of class II promoters. In addition, DNase I footprinting and gel retardation assays can be performed directly in miniextracts, enabling the detection of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Besides transcription, miniextracts efficiently carry out pre-mRNA splicing and allow formation and fractionation of previously characterized splicing complexes. The small-scale procedure enables simultaneous preparation of multiple extracts from a variety of cell types under different experimental conditions. Moreover, the use of small amounts of cells allows minimal expenditure of valuable or expensive materials such as radioactive compounds. Consequently, the procedure is highly advantageous for biochemical analysis of transcription and RNA processing in mammalian cells. PMID- 3192156 TI - Synthesis of long cDNA from viral RNA template. AB - Methods to make long and reliable cDNA from viral RNA template have been optimized. The conditions of the denaturation of the viral RNA template were most critical. For synthesis of the first DNA strand, the concentration of the primer and the presence of an RNase inhibitor were important. During the synthesis of the second strand, the incubation temperature was found to have effect on the length of the transcripts. Application of our optimized conditions on coronaviral genomic RNA as template resulted in cDNA libraries with inserts in the range of 0.5-5 kb without a separate cDNA size selection. Furthermore, a convenient variant of the alcohol precipitation and the analysis of single-stranded DNA on neutral agarose gels are described. PMID- 3192158 TI - Proinsulin. International meeting. Munich, April 1986. Proceedings. PMID- 3192157 TI - Antibodies introduced into living cells with liposomes localize specifically and inhibit specific intracellular processes. AB - We have developed a system for efficiently packaging antibodies and other macromolecules into liposomes and then delivering the encapsulated molecules into living cells through liposome-cell fusion. Fusion is very efficient, and all cells can be demonstrated to contain liposome-delivered antibodies by staining with a fluorescent second antibody. Using lupus antibodies directed against small nuclear ribonucleoprotein components of the cell, we were able to demonstrate strong nuclear localization, while control antibodies showed a general diffuse distribution throughout the cell. Lupus antibodies directed against ribosomes, on the other hand, strongly localized in the nucleolus and the cytoplasm with very little nucleoplasmic localization. Antitubulin antibodies predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. These results show that antibodies can survive liposome packaging and can retain their ability to recognize and bind to their specific antigens in the living cell. It also indicates that the nuclear envelope does not present a barrier to the liposome-introduced antibodies in Drosophila tissue culture cells. To determine if the antibodies were capable of interfering with cellular processes in vivo, we measured the effects of liposome-introduced antiribosome antibodies on translation and antitubulin antibodies on mitosis. In both cases, there was a significant inhibition suggesting that the antibodies can be used to interfere with specific functions at specific times in vivo. PMID- 3192159 TI - Pharmacokinetics of biosynthetic human proinsulin following intravenous and subcutaneous administration in metabolically healthy volunteers. AB - 40 pmol of biosynthetic human proinsulin was administered to 8 healthy volunteers by intravenous and by subcutaneous route. Following proinsulin administration, venous blood was collected in regular intervals within which proinsulin was determined by a specific radioimmunometric assay with monoclonal antibodies. The proinsulin concentration was determined simultaneously with the insulin and C peptide radioimmunoassay. Through this investigation the following kinetic parameters were found: The kinetics of the biosynthetic human proinsulin can be best described by the 3-compartment model. The dominant biological half-life was 92 minutes. In intravenous proinsulin administration a proinsulin mean transit time of 80 minutes was found, whereas in subcutaneous administration a proinsulin retention time of 225 minutes was measured. The mean resorption velocity of the subcutaneously applied proinsulin amounted to 145 minutes. Two lag times for subcutaneous resorption can be described, a short one with 9.4 minutes and a long one with 65 minutes. The initial distribution volume for proinsulin was 3.8 l, whereas the distribution volume after complete distribution was 9.3 l. The mean total metabolic clearance was determined with 120 ml/min. Since no difference for the proinsulin concentration was found using the 3 different determination methods a peripheral proinsulin conversion to insulin and C-peptide is not likely. The basal endogenous secretion rate for proinsulin is 68.7 pmol per hour. PMID- 3192160 TI - Three-dimensional view of the vascular structure of the lower esophagus in clinical portal hypertension. AB - The venous anatomy of the lower esophagus and upper stomach was studied in nine patients with portal hypertension and in five without, following infusion of a silicon rubber compound into vessels of the excised organs within whole tissues made transparent with methyl salicylate. Four venous channels were identified in normal tissues: intraepithelial, subepithelial superficial, deep submucosal and adventitial veins. In portal hypertensive patients, giant esophageal varices formed 2 to 3 cm above the esophagogastric junction fused with numerous superficial and deep submucosal veins. Gastric varices were present in the submucosa where the left gastric venous branch penetrated the gastric wall 2 cm below the esophagogastric junction. The lower esophageal varices were classified into two types of vascular structure: palisading type in five and bar type in four. The palisading type had dilated intraepithelial channels and numerous small superficial collateral veins extending in a longitudinal arrangement. The bar type had triply dilated subepithelial superficial veins and deep submucosal veins which eroded the epithelium, and the gastric varices were present in the latter type. Our study provides evidence of the three-dimensional vascular structure of the lower esophageal varices without the necessity for tissue dissection. PMID- 3192161 TI - Microvascular abnormalities of the portal hypertensive gastric mucosa. AB - Compared with normotensive mucosa, the portal hypertensive gastric mucosa has increased susceptibility to injury by noxious agents such as alcohol and aspirin, but the mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear. Since the microvasculature of the normal gastric mucosa is an important target of injury by these agents, we studied the histologic and ultrastructural features of gastric vasculature and mucosal microvasculature in rats with portal hypertension (produced by staged portal vein ligation) and in sham-operated rats. In portal hypertensive rats, the gastric mucosa was swollen and hyperemic and the endothelial cells of mucosal microvessels had very prominent enlarged cytoplasm obstructing capillary lumina. Quantitative analysis of transmission electron micrographs demonstrated that in portal hypertensive rats the gastric mucosal capillary endothelium had significantly increased cytoplasmic area (236%), increased pinocytic vesicular area (416%) and increased capillary basement membrane thickness (143%) compared to respective parameters in sham-operated control rats. Arterioles in the muscularis mucosae and in submucosa were thickened, and submucosal veins demonstrated features of arterialization. All these findings indicate that portal hypertension produces definite microvascular changes in the gastric mucosa resulting in compromise of the capillary lumina. These changes may be the basis for the observed morphologic and functional abnormalities of the portal hypertensive mucosa and its increased predisposition to injury. PMID- 3192162 TI - Glucagon selectively increases splanchnic blood flow in patients with well compensated cirrhosis. AB - To delineate the circulatory effects of glucagon in cirrhosis, we infused two moderately supraphysiological doses of this hormone into 19 patients with cirrhosis and determined hemodynamic responses. Patients were divided into a group with good liver function (Pugh Class A, n = 8) and poorer function (Pugh Class B and C, n = 11). All patients received glucagon at 10 ng per kg per min for 20 min, then 20 ng per kg per min for a further 20 min. These doses raised serum glucagon levels to a similar degree in both groups of patients. Serum glucose levels also rose in both groups but to a lesser degree in Class BC patients. Serum noradrenaline and adrenaline remained unchanged in both groups. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, hepatic venous pressure gradient and hepatic blood flow were measured basally and during the second glucagon infusion. None of these measurements significantly changed in either group of patients. Azygos and renal venous blood flow were measured basally and during the first and second infusions. Azygos flow increased significantly only in Group A patients: basal, 0.32 +/- 0.03 liter per min; first infusion, 0.40 +/- 0.06 liter per min; second infusion, 0.49 +/- 0.07 liter per min. Corresponding values in Group BC patients were: 0.54 +/- 0.08, 0.54 +/- 0.08 and 0.52 +/- 0.08 liter per min. Renal blood flow did not change significantly. One patient with a portacaval shunt increased superior mesenteric venous flow from 0.78 liter per min to 0.95 liter per min with glucagon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192163 TI - Prognostic value of indocyanine green and lidocaine kinetics for survival and chronic hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients following elective end-to side portacaval shunt. AB - The objective of this study was to assess the prognostic value of spontaneous portosystemic shunting and liver function for survival and spontaneous hepatic encephalopathy after end-to-side portacaval shunt in cirrhotic patients. One hundred ninety-eight patients with variceal hemorrhage as shown by endoscopy were evaluated. Forty-five were excluded because of uncontrollable hemorrhage; 84 were rejected because they were poor operative risk, had portal vein thrombosis or had been previously treated with beta-blockers, sclerotherapy or surgery. The remaining 69 patients were enrolled in this prospective study. There were 43 patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, 23 with cryptogenic cirrhosis and three with primary biliary cirrhosis. The severity of liver disease was assessed according to the Pugh classification: 37 patients (54%) had Pugh's score 5 to 7, 26 (38%) had 8 to 10 and six (8%) had 11 to 12. Indocyanine green intrinsic clearance was used as a probe of preoperative liver function and lidocaine systemic availability as an index of spontaneous preoperative shunting. All the patients underwent an elective end-to-side portacaval shunt. The length of minimal follow up was 40 months. One-year survival was 76% and 5-year survival was 46%. During follow-up, 25 patients died from their liver disease and 11 patients died from various causes unrelated to their liver disease. Spontaneous chronic encephalopathy occurred in 16 patients (23%). Age, Pugh's score, active alcoholism, indocyanine green intrinsic clearance and lidocaine systemic availability were tested as prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192164 TI - Hepatic dopamine sulfotransferases in untreated rats and in rats subjected to endocrine or hypertension-related treatments. AB - Here we describe the dopamine sulfotransferase activity of rat liver cytosol. With cytosol, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and dopamine Km values were 17.2 +/- 4.1 and 22.4 +/- 3.5 microM. Females possessed 23 to 37% of dopamine sulfotransferase levels, per gm liver, in males. DEAE-Sephadex A-50 chromatography resolved dopamine sulfotransferase activity to dopamine sulfotransferase I and dopamine sulfotransferase II. Dopamine sulfotransferase II comprised 79 +/- 10 or 61 +/- 18% of dopamine sulfotransferase in males or females in routine assays. 4-Methoxytyramine gave 609 or 179% of mean dopamine sulfotransferase activity with dopamine sulfotransferase I or II. Dopamine and 3 methoxytyramine were comparable substrates. Epinephrine was less effective. Mn++, Cd++, Zn++, Na+ and K+ inhibited dopamine sulfotransferase II. Mg++ activated it. Dopamine sulfotransferase II from males was purified 184 +/- 64-fold. Its Km values for 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and dopamine were 12.7 +/- 1.5 and 47.5 +/- 6.7 microM, respectively. Its dopamine sulfotransferase mechanism was sequential. The molecular weight of dopamine sulfotransferase II was 49,100 +/- 4,000 by Sephadex G-100 chromatography. Dopamine sulfotransferase II preferred phenol to catecholamines. Dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine were its best catecholamine substrates. Adrenalectomy or castration of males led to 35 or 45% mean decreases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels, indicating adrenal and gonadal participation in control of dopamine sulfotransferase production. Testosterone had no effect in either sex, whereas estradiol led to 40% mean decreases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels in males. This suggested a role for ovaries in dopamine sulfotransferase production, supported by 55 to 102% increased dopamine sulfotransferase levels after ovariectomy. Okamoto hypertensive males or males given hypertensogenic doses of cortisol exhibited 37 or 48% mean increases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels per gm liver. Antihypertensive spironolactone or hydralazine led to 30% mean decreases of dopamine sulfotransferase levels. Altered dopamine sulfotransferase levels after all experimental manipulations were due mostly to changed dopamine sulfotransferase II content. Dopamine sulfotransferase II is compared to other reported enzymes that sulfate catecholamines. PMID- 3192165 TI - Heterogeneous acinar localization of the asialoglycoprotein internalization system in rat hepatocytes. AB - Desialylated glycoprotein is rapidly cleared from plasma by a receptor-mediated endocytic mechanism located on hepatocytes. We studied the hepatic acinar distribution of this asialoglycoprotein transport system with the ligand 125I asialoorosomucoid using rat liver perfused in either antegrade or retrograde direction in combination with quantitative light microscopic autoradiography. Grain distribution along the acinus appeared dependent on the perfusion direction. A rather shallow zone 1 to zone 3 gradient was observed if livers were perfused in the normal direction. However, a statistically significantly steeper zone 3 to zone 1 gradient was detected in retrograde perfusions. Kinetic analysis of perfusate clearance profiles yielded a hepatic clearance of 21.6 +/- 1.3 ml per min in antegradely perfused liver. Hepatic extraction was calculated to be 60.1 +/- 7.4%. Biliary secretion of radioactivity amounted to 1.89 +/- 0.18% of the dose within 1 hr after injection and consisted of intact material (1.39 +/- 0.25%) and radioactive low-molecular-weight degradation products (0.52 +/- 0.08%), of which more than 90% could be accounted for by 125I-. Apart from a minor difference regarding biliary secretion of an unidentified glycopeptide (less than 0.1% of the injected dose), transport data for the retrogradely perfused livers were identical to those obtained with livers perfused in antegrade direction, emphasizing the functional equivalence of both groups of livers. The autoradiographic data indicate that zone 3 hepatocytes take up 125I asialoorosomucoid more avidly than zone 1 cells. The kinetic and biochemical data indicate that further processing in the hepatocytes is virtually similar in the two zones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192166 TI - Specific loss of the high-molecular-weight form of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase in human liver cirrhosis. AB - We have measured the activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase, the ratio between the high- and low-molecular-weight forms of this enzyme and the concentration of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in liver biopsies from a group of controls (n = 6) and in six cirrhotics (five posthepatitic and one alcoholic). The total activity of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase was markedly reduced in cirrhosis (37.5% of that found in the control group). This was due to a specific reduction in the high-molecular-weight S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase in the group of cirrhotics (73.9 pmoles per min per mg protein) when compared with that observed in controls (460.3 pmoles per min per mg protein). Despite this reduction in the rate of synthesis of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (the high-molecular weight form of the enzyme is 15 times more active than the low-molecular-weight form at physiological concentration of substrates), the concentration of this metabolite was the same in the control group (17.3 +/- 2.6 microM) and in the group of cirrhotics (17.8 +/- 3.1 microM). To explain these findings, it is postulated that in human liver, where the concentration of S-adenosyl-L methionine is lower than the Km values of a variety of enzymes that use this metabolite (around 50 to 100 microM), a reduction in the synthesis of S-adenosyl L-methionine is compensated by a reduction in the rate of utilization of this molecule without affecting the intrahepatic concentration of S-adenosyl-L methionine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192167 TI - Electron microscopic and time lapse studies of mitosis in cultured rat hepatocytes. AB - Primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes in a serum-free medium were observed by time lapse cinematography to proceed through mitotis and cytokinesis. An ultrastructural study of these cultures is presented with electron micrographs of each stage of mitosis and cytokinesis. The cultured hepatocytes begin to enter prophase about 48 hr after plating and proceed through mitosis in approximately 70 min not including cytokinesis. During this time, they remain somewhat flattened and joined to neighboring cells rather than rounding up. Both mononucleate and binucleate hepatocytes proceed through mitosis. Some mononucleate cells do not undergo cytokinesis, resulting in the formation of binucleate cells. In binucleate hepatocytes, both nuclei proceed through prophase simultaneously. Usually a single mitotic spindle with a large metaphase plate containing chromosomes from both nuclei is observed. Cytokinesis frequently occurs in binucleate hepatocytes which have a single mitotic spindle. Some binucleate cells form tripolar or 4-polar metaphase plates. In tripolar metaphases, some cells do not divide, resulting in multinucleate cells, whereas others undergo cytokinesis yielding three mononucleate cells or one binucleate and one mononucleate cell. Two mitotic spindles located perpendicularly to each other with microtubules intertwining have been observed in 4-polar metaphases. In this latter case, no cytokinesis has been observed. This study shows that both mononucleate and binucleate adult rat hepatocytes cultured in a serum-free medium in the presence of epidermal growth factor not only synthesize DNA, but progress through mitosis and often cytokinesis. PMID- 3192168 TI - Uptake and modification of 125I-lipopolysaccharide by isolated rat Kupffer cells. AB - While it is generally believed that hepatic clearance of lipopolysaccharide involves Kupffer cells, the mechanism involved has not been fully elucidated. This study assesses this phenomenon in terms of in vitro uptake and post-uptake modification experiments with an 125I-labeled Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide. 125I-Lipopolysaccharide was added to Kupffer cells in suspension cultures under a variety of conditions. In vitro uptake of 125I Lipopolysaccharide was not saturable up to concentrations of 33.33 micrograms per ml. Kinetics experiments performed at 16.67 micrograms per ml demonstrated that Kupffer cells were unsaturable after 60 min of incubation. The kinetics of uptake could be inhibited, however, by incubation in the presence of a 10-fold excess of unlabeled lipopolysaccharide, indicating that a component of the uptake process may be limited. Energy dependence in this process was demonstrated by incubation in the presence of 1 mM 2-deoxyglucose which inhibited 125I-lipopolysaccharide uptake by approximately 30%. Pretreatment with 7.5 x 10(-5) M colchicine had no effect on kinetics, implying no role for the cell cytoskeleton in lipopolysaccharide uptake. These results are inconsistent with a receptor mediated process as previously suggested. Modification of internalized label has been demonstrated by changes in buoyant density in CsCl isopyknic density gradients following overnight incubation with Kupffer cells. These results indicate that Kupffer cells clear bacterial endotoxin in vitro and post-uptake degradation occurs within 20 hr of incubation. PMID- 3192169 TI - Phospholipase activity in human bile. AB - To investigate the importance of bacterial infection in the formation of free fatty acids found in brown pigment gallstones, free fatty acids and phospholipase activity in hepatic bile, with or without the presence of bacterial infection, were compared. The concentration of free fatty acids in bile with bacterial infection [0.467 +/- 0.447 mg per ml (mean +/- S.D.)] was significantly higher than when bacterial infection was absent (0.073 +/- 0.041 mg per ml; p less than 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the composition of free fatty acids in hepatic bile when bacterial infection was present. Biliary phospholipase activity was determined by counting [14C] palmitic acid released from [14C]dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine that was incubated with native bile. The biliary phospholipase activity was significantly higher when bacterial infection was present. Furthermore, a positive correlation (p less than 0.001) was found between the activity of biliary phospholipases and the concentration of free fatty acids in hepatic bile. Most bacterial strains isolated from bile were shown to have both phospholipase A1 and A2 activity. On the other hand, human pancreatic juice and human gallbladder epithelial cells contained mainly phospholipase A2. Since fatty acids in the gallstone are mainly palmitic acid and must have been cleaved from first position in the biliary phosphatidylcholine molecule, bacterial phospholipase A1 seems to play an important role in the formation of calcium palmitate found in brown pigment gallstones. PMID- 3192170 TI - 23-Methyl-3 alpha,7 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid: dose-response study of biliary secretion in rat. AB - A side chain derivative of ursodeoxycholic acid, 23-methylursodeoxycholic acid, was synthesized and the effect of i.v. infusion of the acid at different doses (0.75, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mumoles per min per kg body weight over 1 hr) on bile flow, on its hepatic biotransformations and on biliary lipid secretion has been studied in bile fistula rats. The results were compared with those of ursodeoxycholic and cholic acid administered under similar conditions. 23 Methylursodeoxycholic acid is poorly secreted into bile and poorly taurine and glycine conjugated, at all infusion doses. Ursodeoxycholic acid is quantitatively recovered at low doses and recovered less at high infusion rates. Cholic acid is almost entirely recovered at all infusion doses. Ursodeoxycholic acid conjugation pattern is dependent on the dose, and glucuronidation and sulfation operate at high doses. Cholic acid is taurine conjugated at low doses; at high doses, large amounts of unconjugated bile acids are observed. Methylursodeoxycholic acid presents a delayed secretion and hypercholeresis. Ursodeoxycholic acid presents similar results at high infusion rates, possibly by reaching a high intrahepatic concentration of free form. The octanol/water partition coefficients of ursodeoxycholic acid and 23-methylursodeoxycholic acid are similar and higher than that of cholic acid. A chole-hepatic shunting of 23-methylursodeoxycholic acid may explain both the low recovery in bile and hypercholeresis and is consistent with its hydrophilicity of cholic acid, on the contrary, makes possible its high recovery in bile. The effect on biliary lipid secretion is unpredictable and affected by the dose and, in consequence, by the conjugation pattern of the bile acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192171 TI - Severe cholestasis leads to vitamin D depletion without perturbing its C-25 hydroxylation in the dog. AB - The role of the liver as a contributory factor in the vitamin D deficiency of cholestatic liver disease has been studied in vivo in dogs with chronic bile duct ligation, whereas controls underwent diversion of the bile flow through the urinary bladder via a choledococystostomy anastomosis. The hepatic extraction of vitamin D3 was evaluated by the multiple indicator dilution technique, and the formation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was assessed by directly sampling the hepatic effluent for up to 150 min after vitamin D3 administration. The serum and hemodynamic data indicate that dogs with chronic bile duct ligation had severe cholestasis and hepatocellular injury; histologically, macronodular cirrhosis was present. Dogs with choledococystostomy anastomosis had normal livers and normal liver function. The data indicate that the absence of normal bile flow into the intestinal lumen led to a progressive depletion of vitamin D reserve in both animals with choledococystostomy anastomosis and those with chronic bile duct ligation. However, neither the hepatic fractional extraction of vitamin D3, its hepatic clearance nor its transformation into 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was significantly changed by chronic bile duct ligation. The results of the present studies indicate that the hepatic handling of vitamin D3 including its C-25 hydroxylation, is well preserved in the presence of severe cholestasis. They also suggest that the state of vitamin D depletion which often accompanies chronic cholestatic liver disease can largely be accounted for by factors such as secondary malabsorption of the vitamin due to the absence of adequate amounts of bile salts in the intestinal lumen, or by other factors which seem independent of the hepatic metabolism of vitamin D. PMID- 3192172 TI - Evoked potential abnormalities in children with chronic cholestasis. AB - To assess the effect of chronic cholestasis and vitamin E deficiency on nervous system function, we did multimodality evoked potential testing of 17 children (mean age = 47 months) who had chronic liver disease. Evoked potential testing was repeated periodically in 11 patients 1 to 33 months after the initial study. Eight children had abnormal delays of the P100 peak of the visual evoked potential, and these children each had significantly higher total serum bile acid levels than did children who had normal visual evoked potentials (p = 0.002). Bilateral brainstem auditory evoked potential abnormalities consistent with conductive hearing losses were initially present in six patients. However, persistent conductive losses were found in four patients, all of whom had arteriohepatic dysplasia. Four children had mildly abnormal somatosensory evoked potentials that were due solely to a mild peripheral neuropathy. Biochemical measures of vitamin E status were not consistently associated with either normal or abnormal visual, brainstem auditory or somatosensory evoked potentials or a combination of evoked potential abnormalities, and an abnormality of one evoked potential type was not associated with an abnormality of any other. A similar lack of relationship between evoked potential results and plasma vitamin A measurement was noted. Following marked improvement in or resolution of cholestasis in four patients, the visual evoked potential became normal, but other evoked potentials did not change. Visual evoked potential improvement was greatest in two patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. This is the first report that demonstrates frequent, potentially reversible visual system abnormalities that are associated with cholestasis and cannot be attributed solely to vitamin E and/or A deficiency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192173 TI - Status of hepatitis B virus DNA in alcoholic liver disease: a study of a large urban population in the United States. AB - Two reports have shown hepatitis B virus DNA in serum and liver tissue in alcoholic liver disease with negative serum HBsAg, suggesting a pathogenetic role for hepatitis B virus. We studied hepatitis B virus DNA in serum and liver from three groups of alcoholic patients; (Group 1) 50 patients without liver disease, (Group 2) 108 patients with alcoholic liver disease and (Group 3) five patients with alcoholic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum was tested for HBsAg, anti-hepatitis B core and anti-hepatitis B surface by radioimmunoassay and hepatitis B virus DNA by direct spot hybridization. Liver tissue from Groups 2 and 3 (113 patients) was examined by Southern blot analysis using 32P-labeled hepatitis B virus DNA clone from pBR322. Controls were 21 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (14 patients with chronic active hepatitis, seven patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma). Serum and tissue were analyzed for hepatitis B virus DNA. Hepatitis B virus DNA was not detected in either serum or liver tissue in any of the 163 patients (Groups 1 to 3). In contrast, among the controls, hepatitis B virus DNA was present in the serum of 15 of the 21. Tissue DNA in those with chronic active hepatitis revealed 10/14 with free hepatitis B virus DNA, two with integrated sequences and two with no viral sequences. All seven patients with hepatocellular carcinoma had integrated viral DNA sequences in the tumor tissues. From these results, it appears that hepatitis B virus does not play a role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. PMID- 3192174 TI - Hepatic zinc content in patients with various stages of alcoholic liver disease and in patients with chronic active and chronic persistent hepatitis. AB - The hepatic zinc content was determined in liver biopsies of patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver disease using proton-induced X-ray emission. The values obtained in postmortem specimens of the liver from 27 patients with no evidence of acute or chronic liver disease served as controls. The mean value and the range of the zinc content in the controls (75 +/- 24 ppm wet weight) are in good agreement with those reported in the literature. The hepatic zinc content in the control group showed no significant age or sex dependence. The mean zinc content was significantly decreased in all groups of patients with alcoholic liver disease. The decrease was comparable in biopsies from patients with alcoholic fatty liver (-56.7%, n = 12), mild alcoholic hepatitis (-50.5%, n = 6) and alcoholic cirrhosis (-45.6%, n = 10). The hepatic zinc content was also distinctly reduced in patients with chronic active hepatitis (-60.3%, n = 15) and in those with chronic persistent hepatitis (-44.9%, n = 8). The estimation of the zinc content in subcellular fractions of the liver performed in postmortem specimens from seven patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and in six controls revealed a significant reduction in the zinc content in the fraction containing cell nuclei and membranes and in the mitochondrial fraction. A similar decrease was seen in the 100,000 g supernatant; however, the difference did not attain statistical difference. The zinc content of the microsomal fraction in the controls was lower than in the other three cell fractions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192175 TI - Ethanol-induced increase in cytosolic estrogen receptors in human male liver: a possible explanation for biochemical feminization in chronic liver disease due to alcohol. AB - The hepatic cytosolic estrogen receptor content was measured in liver samples from patients with normal livers and from patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis, alcoholic cirrhosis and alcoholic hepatitis. The estrogen receptor content of normal liver was 5.2 +/- 3.5 fmoles per mg of cytosolic protein. Levels which were not significantly different from this were found in the samples from patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis (2.1 +/- 2.0 fmoles per mg of cytosolic protein). The cytosolic estrogen receptor content in the livers of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who were abstaining was 4.2 +/- 3.6 fmoles per mg of cytosolic protein, but it increased to 10.4 +/- 4.9 fmoles per mg of protein in the livers of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis who were drinking, to 17.3 +/- 8.7 fmoles per mg of protein in the livers of patients with alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis and to 22.7 +/- 15.7 fmoles per mg of protein in the livers of patients with alcoholic hepatitis without cirrhosis. Alcohol abuse appeared, therefore, to induce an increase in the estrogen receptor content of human liver, especially in patients who were drinking and had histological evidence of acute liver damage (alcoholic hepatitis). The increase in hepatic estrogen receptor which we have observed may be involved in the molecular mechanisms underlying the feminization of the liver in alcoholic males. PMID- 3192176 TI - Polycystic liver disease: quantitation of parenchymal and cyst volumes from computed tomography images and clinical correlates of hepatic cysts. AB - Polycystic liver disease is a common manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. However, factors that regulate hepatic cystogenesis have not been defined, and the effect of cyst formation on hepatic parenchymal mass has not been studied. We validated computed tomographic methods for measuring volumes from computed tomographic images using plastic-agar models and demonstrated that measured volumes were within 10% of actual volumes. The validated methods were used to measure hepatic parenchymal, hepatic cyst and kidney volumes in 25 subjects with polycystic liver disease and nine controls without autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hepatic cyst volume varied considerably in the 25 subjects with polycystic liver disease (20 to 7,148 ml), but hepatic parenchymal volume was not altered by hepatic cysts and was similar to that of controls (polycystic liver disease vs. controls: 1,357 +/- 185 vs. 1,319 + 340 ml). Total liver volume increased linearly as cyst volume increased (slope = 1.02 +/- 0.05, r = 0.994). Nine of 18 women with polycystic liver disease had massive hepatic cysts (cyst: parenchymal volume greater than 1; range of cyst volumes from 1,354 to 7,148 ml), and the other nine had cyst volumes (20 to 399 ml) similar to men with polycystic liver disease (25 to 1,107 ml). Total kidney volume, a measure of renal cystic disease, did not correlate with either total liver volume or the volume of hepatic cysts. The data indicate that hepatic parenchymal volume is preserved in polycystic liver disease despite massive cystic involvement and that women are uniquely susceptible to massive hepatic cystic disease. PMID- 3192177 TI - Evidence for expression in human liver of halothane-induced neoantigens recognized by antibodies in sera from patients with halothane hepatitis. AB - Previous investigations have shown that antibodies in sera from patients with halothane hepatitis recognize neoantigens, expressed in livers of halothane exposed rabbits and rats, which consist of a halothane metabolite bound covalently to specific microsomal proteins. These studies have suggested that the patients' antibodies may play a role in the pathogenesis of the hepatitis. In the present investigation, human liver biopsy samples were analyzed using an immunoblotting method to seek evidence for expression of halothane-induced neoantigens in humans. Sera from four patients with halothane hepatitis, which recognized halothane-induced rabbit liver neoantigens of 100, 76 and 57 kD, reacted strongly with antigens of very similar molecular weights that were expressed in livers from two patients who had died of cardiac failure following recent anesthesia with halothane. The antigens were not expressed in normal human liver or in livers from three patients who died of cardiac failure following anesthesia with agents other than halothane. The human antigens were not recognized by antibodies present in various control sera. Recognition of the 100- and 76-kD human antigens by the patients' antibodies was greatly reduced by absorption of sera with liver microsomes from halothane-exposed rabbits, but not by absorption of sera with control rabbit microsomes. These results indicate that humans exposed to halothane express liver neoantigens which are analogous to the halothane metabolite-protein neoantigens characterized previously in halothane exposed animals. PMID- 3192178 TI - Relative risks of death due to liver disease among Japanese male adults having various statuses for hepatitis B s and e antigen/antibody in serum: a prospective study. AB - Taking advantage of the compulsory annual medical check-up at the Central Institute of Health, Japan National Railways, hepatitis B seromarkers were tested in male employees at work and their "dead and alive" status was followed for more than 6 years for their prognostic significance. Two prospective studies were carried out. In the first study, two groups (cohorts) of males age 40 to 55 years were tested in 1973 and 1978, respectively, for HBsAg and anti-HBs. The relative risk of dying from primary liver cancer in HBsAg-positive carriers (n = 126) as compared to the controls who were negative for both HBsAg and anti-HBs (n = 5,322) was 30.03 and significantly high, whereas those positive for anti-HBs (n = 1,470) had no increased risk of dying from primary liver cancer or from other liver diseases. The follow-up period ranged from 6.5 to 11.5 years, averaging 8.5 years. In the second study, three male cohorts of the same ages were tested for HBsAg and HBeAg/anti-HBe (micro-Ouchterlony method) in 1977, 1978 and 1979, respectively. There were 513 HBsAg-positive carriers among 25,547 examinees, who were followed for an average of 7.3 (6 to 8) years. Among these HBsAg carriers, those who were positive for HBeAg on entry had the highest risk of dying from primary liver cancer (relative risk, 50.25) and from other liver diseases (78.06), followed by those negative for both (28.95 and 21.78, respectively) and those positive for anti-HBe (9.47 and 6.43) when compared with 25,034 noncarriers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192179 TI - Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to HBeAg-positive HBsAg-carrier mothers. AB - In an attempt to evaluate the long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine in preventing hepatitis B virus infection, 199 infants born to hepatitis B e antigen-positive hepatitis B surface antigen carrier mothers were found to be antibody to HBsAg-positive (greater than or equal to 10 mIU per ml) 2 months after the first booster of hepatitis B vaccination at age 1, and their serum HBsAg and anti-HBs were rechecked annually to ages 3 to 5. Of the nine infants whose initial anti-HBs were low (10 to 100 mIU per ml) in concentration, four (44%) were found to be anti-HBs seronegative at age 3, while none of the 127 vaccine responders with high anti-HBs levels (greater than 1,000 mIU per ml) lost their anti-HBs during the 4-year follow-up period. Also, in 63 infants whose initial anti-HBs titers were around 101 to 1,000 mIU per ml, only two lost their anti-HBs at age 4, and another two at age 5, respectively. Whether the vaccine responders lost their anti-HBs or not, no hepatitis B virus infection occurred in these vaccinees during the follow-up period. Thus, in the first 5 years of life, the protective efficacy in the high risk infants who responded to plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine was 100%. Because of the diversity of anti-HBs response in individuals, we suggest testing anti-HBs titer in all vaccinated infants after the first booster vaccination in order to calculate the time of next booster before the minimal protective level is reached. PMID- 3192180 TI - Long-term follow-up of anti-HBe-positive chronic active hepatitis B. AB - Twenty-eight patients with chronic active hepatitis without cirrhosis who were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody to hepatitis B e antigen were followed for 1 to 15 years (mean 6.6 years) and underwent follow-up biopsy. At presentation, 12 of the 28 patients (43%) had hepatitis B virus DNA in serum, 10 (36%) had serologic evidence of hepatitis delta virus infection and 6 (21%) had no serologic markers of either hepatitis B virus replication or hepatitis delta virus infection. During follow-up, 15 (54%) patients developed active cirrhosis, including eight patients with hepatitis delta virus infection and five with hepatitis B virus DNA in serum. In seven (47%) of the 15 patients, cirrhosis developed within the first 2 years; all seven patients had bridging necrosis in the first liver biopsy, and five of these were infected with hepatitis delta virus. The remaining 13 (46%) patients did not develop cirrhosis during follow-up and showed either unchanged features of chronic active hepatitis (seven cases) or histologic improvement to chronic persistent hepatitis (five cases) or to normal liver (one case). In conclusion, the prognosis of anti-HBe-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B is poor, as 54% of the cases developed cirrhosis during a mean histologic follow-up period of 4.5 years, mainly in association with hepatitis delta virus infection or continuing hepatitis B virus replication. PMID- 3192181 TI - Serial passage of hepatitis delta virus in chronic hepatitis B virus carrier chimpanzees. AB - Five consecutive passages of hepatitis delta virus in hepatitis B virus carrier chimpanzees were performed in order to further characterize the infectious and pathogenic nature of this naturally occurring defective virus. Three animals received identical inocula at fourth passage in order to assess individual animal variation as a factor in the course of infection and disease. Acute hepatitis delta virus infection occurred in all hepatitis B virus carrier chimpanzees as demonstrated by coincident intrahepatic hepatitis delta antigen, serum hepatitis delta antigen and serum hepatitis delta virus RNA followed by seroconversion to antibody to hepatitis delta antigen. In all animals, acute hepatitis was temporally associated with hepatitis delta virus infection and was self-limited. The incubation period to hepatitis shortened with passage, whereas biochemical and histologic evidence of liver diseases increased. The marked increase in liver disease with passage was not associated with increasing markers of hepatitis delta virus replication or expression, thus indicating that adaptation to the chimpanzee by serial passage resulted in increased hepatitis delta virus virulence. The duration of hepatitis due to hepatitis delta virus infection in three chimpanzees which received the same inoculum varied from 1 to 8 months. The observations of passage adaptation and individual host variation in this experimental model of hepatitis delta virus disease parallel known pathogenic variations in human hepatitis delta virus infection. PMID- 3192182 TI - Antibody to liver cytosol (anti-LC1) in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis type 2. AB - A new autoantibody was detected by immunoprecipitation in the serum of 21 patients with chronic active hepatitis. The antibody reacted against a soluble cytosolic antigen in liver. The antibody was organ specific but not species specific and was therefore called anti-liver cytosol antibody Type 1 (anti-LC1). In seven of 21 cases, no other autoantibody was found; the remaining 14 cases had anti-liver/kidney microsome antibody Type 1 (anti-LKM1). With indirect immunofluorescence, a distinctive staining pattern was observed with the seven sera with anti-LC1 and without anti-LKM1. The antibody stained the cytoplasm of hepatocytes from four different animal species and spared the cellular layer around the central veins of mouse and rat liver that we have called juxtavenous hepatocytes. The immunofluorescence pattern disappeared after absorption of sera by a liver cytosol fraction. The 14 sera with both antibodies displayed anti-LC1 immunofluorescent pattern after absorption of anti-LKM1 by the liver microsomal fraction. The anti-LC1 was found in the serum only in patients with chronic active hepatitis of unknown cause. Anti-LC1 antibody was not found in sera from 100 patients with chronic active hepatitis associated with anti-actin antibody classic chronic active hepatitis Type 1, 100 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, 157 patients with drug-induced hepatitis and a large number of patients with liver and nonliver diseases. This new antibody was considered a second marker of chronic active hepatitis associated with anti-LKM1 (anti-LKM1 chronic active hepatitis) or autoimmune chronic active hepatitis Type 2. PMID- 3192183 TI - Characterization of a new monoclonal antibody to rat macrophages and Kupffer cells. AB - We have characterized the cell and tissue binding specificity of a newly generated monoclonal antibody, Mab Ku-1, which shows selective reactivity with rat macrophages and Kupffer cells. The hybridoma secreting Mab Ku-1 was constructed by fusion of 8653 myeloma cells with spleen cells isolated from a mouse immunized with nonparenchymal liver cells coated with antihepatocyte antibodies. When binding was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence on frozen sections from normal liver tissue, Mab Ku-1 showed strong reactivity with Kupffer cells but was unreactive with hepatocytes, endothelial cells, bile ducts or lymphocytes. Both resident and activated macrophages bound Mab Ku-1. Reactivity in other tissues was compatible with specificity for macrophages. In the gut, scattered cells in the lamina propria were positive, whereas epithelial cells were negative. Individual cells in the lung were reactive. In the spleen, cells in the red pulp peripheral to germinal centers bound antibody. Reactivity of Mab Ku-1 to isolated Kupffer cells correlated with endogenous peroxidase activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of components immunoprecipitated by Mab Ku-1 from detergent lysates of Kupffer cells biosynthetically labeled with 35S-cysteine and 35S-methionine demonstrated that the reactive antigen was a peptide with an apparent molecular weight of 107 kD. This rat macrophage-reactive monoclonal antibody is a useful marker for identification of macrophage populations in tissue as well as in isolated cell populations. PMID- 3192184 TI - In vitro toxicity of hydrogen peroxide against normal vs. tumor rat hepatocytes: role of catalase and of the glutathione redox cycle. AB - Hydrogen peroxide produced by stimulated phagocytic cells or during the metabolism of drugs, is toxic to various cell types. The aim of this study was to investigate its toxicity against normal vs. tumor rat hepatocytes. Isolated normal hepatocytes and tumor hepatocytes from three hepatocarcinoma cell lines, Fao, C2 (Faof1C2) and HTC, were incubated in the presence of a H2O2-generating system consisting of glucose and varied concentrations of glucose oxidase. The toxicity of H2O2 was quantified by measuring the percentage of lactate dehydrogenase activity released in the culture medium after various times of incubation. By comparison to normal hepatocytes, tumor hepatocytes exhibited an increased susceptibility to lysis by H2O2. At a concentration of 100 mU per ml, glucose oxidase induced a lactate dehydrogenase activity release of only 6.1 +/- 2.2% (mean +/- S.E.) from normal hepatocytes and of 71.0 +/- 2.9, 45.5 +/- 2.5 and 34.7 +/- 3.4% from Fao, C2 and HTC cells, respectively, after an 18-hr incubation. At a concentration of 10 mU per ml, glucose oxidase had no toxic effect to normal hepatocytes or HTC cells, whereas it induced a lactate dehydrogenase activity release of 58.7 +/- 7.6 and 51.2 +/- 5.6% from Fao and C2 cells, respectively. In addition, the time courses of lactate dehydrogenase activity release, studied with 500 mU per ml glucose oxidase, demonstrated that Fao cells, C2 cells and, to a lesser degree, HTC cells were lysed more rapidly than normal hepatocytes. The toxicity of glucose oxidase was suppressed by the addition of catalase, indicating that it was actually mediated by H2O2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192185 TI - The gold standard serologic marker for hepatitis B virus infectivity. PMID- 3192186 TI - Cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity. PMID- 3192187 TI - Acyclovir in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. PMID- 3192188 TI - Do branched chain keto amino acids regulate their own metabolism? PMID- 3192189 TI - Hepatic innervation in hepatic regeneration. PMID- 3192190 TI - Intrahepatic pressure measurement as a reflection of portal venous pressure. PMID- 3192191 TI - The immunohistological detection of platelets, megakaryocytes and thrombi in routinely processed specimens. AB - The production and characterization of a new monoclonal antibody, Y2/51, against platelet glycoprotein IIIa is described. A useful feature of this antibody is its ability to recognize platelets and megakaryocytes in formalin-fixed routinely processed material. It could also be used to reveal platelets both in thrombi in large vessels and in microthrombi too small to be readily apparent on conventional microscopic examination. For this purpose it was helpful to use the antibody in conjunction with a new monoclonal reagent (Ret40f) against red cell sialoglycoprotein beta which detects red cells and their precursors in routinely processed tissue. The use of these antibodies should be valuable for the detection of thrombi in a variety of situations such as renal transplant rejection, coronary artery disease and vasculitis. PMID- 3192192 TI - Chrysiasis: transmission electron microscopy, laser microprobe mass spectrometry and epipolarized light as adjuncts to diagnosis. AB - Two patients receiving gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis developed skin pigmentation, chrysiasis, which in one appeared 4 months after cessation of the therapy. The diagnosis was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and mass spectrometry laser microprobe analysis of paraffin sections and its extent demonstrated by epipolarized light. The condition is poorly reported and clinically may be confused with silver and mercury impregnation. Tissue diagnosis requires ancillary methods and of these, transmission electron microscopy and laser microprobe mass spectrometry are excellent examples. The transmission electron microscopy findings differ from previous reports and raise doubts on the hypothesis on the role of the skin in gold excretion. Because of the renewed interest in crysotherapy and the latent period that can separate this from chrysiasis, an increase in chrysiasis and the need for its diagnosis can be anticipated. PMID- 3192193 TI - Fate of long-term parathyroid autografts in patients with chronic renal failure treated by parathyroidectomy: a histopathological study of autografts, parathyroid glands and bone. AB - The aims of the study were to (1) determine the histopathology of parathyroid autografts in patients with renal failure treated by parathyroidectomy, (2) relate this to any evidence of hyperfunction, such as histological osteitis fibrosa and (3) determine whether there were any features in the donor parathyroid glands which correlated with autograft behaviour. Fourteen patients were studied; 106 implanted parathyroid fragments were identified in nine at necropsy and in the remaining five patients multiple fragments were obtained at the time of autograft surgical reduction. Of the patients studied at necropsy, in two the autografts were small and hypofunctional and in one of these the implants appeared partially involuted. In neither was there osteitis fibrosa. In the others there were varying degrees of hyperplasia and osteitis fibrosa. Four of the surgically excised autografts were markedly hyperplastic but there was no unequivocal evidence of malignancy. In one case, requiring repeated reduction of rapidly growing autograft tissue, there were frequent mitoses in the donor parathyroid gland and in the autograft. The presence of atypical cellular features and frequent mitoses in intraoperative frozen sections of a parathyroid gland militate against its use for implantation. PMID- 3192195 TI - Extensive necrosis in malignant lymphoma with granulomatous reaction mimicking tuberculosis. AB - Epithelioid cell granulomas occur in association with a wide range of neoplasms but necrotizing granulomas mimicking tuberculosis are less well recognized. Two cases of high-grade malignant lymphoma of Burkitt type are presented which were associated with such a response. In both cases this caused difficulty in interpretation and in one led to delayed diagnosis. Regional lymph nodes were not involved by lymphoma but contained epithelioid cell granulomas in both cases. Features that suggested that the granulomatous reaction was related to the tumour included a close spatial relation, the reticulin pattern in the areas of necrosis and the immunohistochemical demonstration of lymphoid antigens in the necrotic debris. A diligent search for mycobacteria and other micro-organisms failed to reveal any infective cause. We suggest that the local granulomatous response is a reaction to the presence of necrotic and poorly viable tumour and the granulomas in nearby lymph nodes may be a response to tumour derived debris. PMID- 3192194 TI - Collagenous colitis: an electron microscopic study including comparison with the chronic fibrotic stage of ulcerative colitis. AB - Light and electron microscopic studies of 14 cases of collagenous colitis are reported. Comparative electron microscopic examinations were carried out on 13 cases of ulcerative colitis in the chronic fibrotic stage of the disease. Separation of pericryptal fibroblasts which showed enhanced fibre-forming activity, proliferation of myofibroblasts, accumulation of mast cells and a pericapillary collagen accumulation were noted in both groups. Based on these results, collagenous colitis was considered to result from scar formation secondary to previous superficial inflammation. PMID- 3192196 TI - Gastric adenocarcinoleiomyosarcoma: a light, electron microscopic and immunohistological study. PMID- 3192197 TI - Carcinosarcoma of the stomach. PMID- 3192198 TI - The borderland of embryology and pathology in the gut epithelium. PMID- 3192199 TI - Plasma cell granuloma of CNS. PMID- 3192200 TI - Hospice research: some reflections. PMID- 3192201 TI - Nurses as primary spiritual care workers. PMID- 3192202 TI - An assessment of sociology's contributions to hospice: priorities for future research. PMID- 3192203 TI - Advancing the state of hospice care: a continuum of research methodologies. PMID- 3192204 TI - The autopsy in academic medical centers in the United States. PMID- 3192205 TI - A technique for necropsy evaluation of stenosis of the foramen magnum and rostral spinal canal in osteochondrodysplasia. PMID- 3192206 TI - Limited hormonal responsiveness of ectopic endometrium: histologic correlation with intrauterine endometrium. AB - In order to assess the hormonal responsiveness of ectopic endometrium, 438 unselected endometrial implants and corresponding intrauterine endometrium from 196 patients were evaluated and classified by standard endometrial dating criteria. Only 13% of the endometrial implants were histologically synchronous with the corresponding intrauterine endometrium. Both proliferative and secretory implants were present in relatively constant proportions throughout the menstrual cycle, demonstrating a lack of correlation with cyclic endogenous hormones. A significant percentage (range, 25% to 49%) of endometrial implants displayed some form of local hemorrhage irrespective of the menstrual cycle timing. Sixty percent of the patients had evidence of hemorrhage in at least one implant. In women receiving hormonal therapy at the time of surgery, the proportion of endometrial implants that were histologically in concert with the corresponding endometrium ranged from 0% to 33%. In early pregnancy and menopause, 50% and 31% of endometrial implants were histologically similar, respectively. These data indicate that the hormonal responsiveness of endometrial implants is unpredictable and inconsistent. PMID- 3192207 TI - Pathogenesis of rickettsial eschars: the tache noire of boutonneuse fever. AB - Prospective investigation of cutaneous lesions of 24 Sicilian patients revealed that 17 were taches noires from patients with a documented diagnosis of boutonneuse fever. Immunofluorescent Rickettsia conorii were demonstrated in 14 of 17 taches noires. The major pathologic lesions observed were a moderate-to severe lymphohistiocytic vasculitis (17 of 17 cases), generally moderate dermal edema (17 of 17 cases), and cutaneous necrosis (12 of 16 cases). In contrast with previous observations of eschars in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, thrombosis was usually absent (nine of 17 cases) or inconsequential (five of 17 cases). Thus, it appears that the pathogenic mechanism of the ischemic necrosis is not thrombosis, suggesting either compression of the microcirculation by the dermal edema or another mechanism. Review of the biomedical literature related to eschars and cutaneous arthropod bites strongly argues against a pathogenetic contribution of the tick bite itself other than the intradermal inoculation of rickettsiae. The tache noire offers an excellent, accessible model for the study of the human rickettsia interaction, including the pathogenic mechanisms leading to necrosis and the immune mechanisms resulting in killing the rickettsiae. PMID- 3192208 TI - Kaposi's sarcoma of the dura mater. AB - A case of Kaposi's sarcoma of the dura mater diagnosed by biopsy at craniotomy for subdural hematoma in an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient is presented. This occurrence expands the scope of AIDS surgical neuropathology and alerts pathologists to the possibility of what could eventually be a more frequent encounter. PMID- 3192210 TI - Methods for evaluating reproducibility in anatomic pathology. PMID- 3192209 TI - "Placental polyp": light microscopic and immunohistochemical observations. AB - A case of the chronic type of placental polyp, occurring in a 37-year-old woman approximately 9 years after abortion of her last known pregnancy, is reported. The placental polyp was predominantly composed of necrotic and hyalinized chorionic villi without identifiable lining trophoblast; however, some villi showed a thin rim of apparently viable syncytiotrophoblast that exhibited focal strong positivity for human chorionic gonadotropin by immunohistochemical studies. Intermediate trophoblast, especially abundant within the intervillous fibrin, appeared most viable and showed strong positivity for human placental lactogen (hPL); syncytiotrophoblast also showed focal positivity for hPL. The basal aspect of the polyp was composed of abundant decidua that contained dilated and ectatic blood vessels. This study demonstrates the presence of cytoplasmic markers for pregnancy in a chronic type of placental polyp, apparently of 9 years' duration, and draws attention to an entity that may be encountered more frequently due to the current prevalence of induced abortions. PMID- 3192211 TI - Molecular detection of a Yp/18 translocation in a 45,X holoprosencephalic male. AB - Prenatal diagnosis in a fetus with holoprosencephaly showed a 45,X karyotype and a suspected 18p abnormality. At birth, the fetus presented with normal male genitalia. Y chromatin was not cytogenetically detectable by Q-, G-, or G11 banding. Mosaicism for a cell line containing a Y chromosome was not observed in amniocytes, lymphocytes, or skin fibroblasts. Southern blot analysis for 11 different Y-DNA loci demonstrated the presence in the patient's genome of sequences derived from the short arm, centromeric region, and proximal long arm of the Y chromosome (intervals 1-5). The distal long arm of the Y (intervals 6 and 7) was absent. In situ hybridization with the Y-derived probe pDP105 showed silver grains over the short arm of the del(18) chromosome, suggesting a Y/18 translocation with loss of 18p and distal Yq material. PMID- 3192212 TI - Delineation of individual human chromosomes in metaphase and interphase cells by in situ suppression hybridization using recombinant DNA libraries. AB - A method of in situ hybridization for visualizing individual human chromosomes from pter to qter, both in metaphase spreads and interphase nuclei, is reported. DNA inserts from a single chromosomal library are labeled with biotin and partially preannealed with a titrated amount of total human genomic DNA prior to hybridization with cellular or chromosomal preparations. The cross-hybridization of repetitive sequences to nontargeted chromosomes can be markedly suppressed under appropriate preannealing conditions. The remaining single-stranded DNA is hybridized to specimens of interest and detected with fluorescent or enzyme labeled avidin conjugates following post-hybridization washes. DNA inserts from recombinant libraries for chromosomes 1, 4, 7, 8, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 22, and X were assessed for their ability to decorate specifically their cognate chromosome; most libraries proved to be highly specific. Quantitative densitometric analyses indicated that the ratio of specific to nonspecific hybridization signal under optimal preannealing conditions was at least 8:1. Interphase nuclei showed a cohesive territorial organization of chromosomal domains, and laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy was used to aid the 3-D visualization of these domains. This method should be useful for both karyotypic studies and for the analysis of chromosome topography in interphase cells. PMID- 3192214 TI - The microtubular cytoskeleton and chromosomes of unfertilized human oocytes aged in vitro. AB - To detect structural alterations in human oocytes that may give rise to predisposition to aneuploidy, unfertilized human oocytes from an IVF programme were processed for indirect anti-tubulin immunofluorescence. The spindle of oocytes aged for 2 days is rather small, and bi- or multipolar. Chromosomes are no longer aligned at the spindle equator but are scattered all over the degenerating spindle. This implies that human oocytes aged for 2 days may no longer be able to develop into a chromosomally balanced, normal embryo. In oocytes aged for 3-4 days the chromosomes become more decondensed and form a restitution nucleus. Microtubules radiate out from the latter towards the cell periphery and form a network of fibres in the cytoplasm. A similar alignment of tubules is found in unfertilized, activated oocytes. Oocytes with an aberrant cytoskeleton and chromosomal array were predominantly obtained from aged females. They include two binucleated oocytes with two sets of chromosomes and two oocytes with displaced chromosomes one of which had a tripolar spindle. PMID- 3192213 TI - Detection of chromosome aberrations in metaphase and interphase tumor cells by in situ hybridization using chromosome-specific library probes. AB - Chromosome aberrations in two glioma cell lines were analyzed using biotinylated DNA library probes that specifically decorate chromosomes 1, 4, 7, 18 and 22 from pter to qter. Numerical changes, deletions and rearrangements of these chromosomes were readily visualized in metaphase spreads, as well as in early prophase and interphase nuclei. Complete chromosomes, deleted chromosomes and segments of translocated chromosomes were rapidly delineated in very complex karyotypes. Simultaneous hybridizations with additional subregional probes were used to further define aberrant chromosomes. Digital image analysis was used to quantitate the total complement of specific chromosomal DNAs in individual metaphase and interphase cells of each cell line. In spite of the fact that both glioma lines have been passaged in vitro for many years, an under-representation of chromosome 22 and an over-representation of chromosome 7 (specifically 7p) were observed. These observations agree with previous studies on gliomas. In addition, sequences of chromosome 4 were also found to be under-represented, especially in TC 593. These analyses indicate the power of these methods for pinpointing chromosome segments that are altered in specific types of tumors. PMID- 3192215 TI - Linkage studies do not confirm the cytogenetic location of incontinentia pigmenti on Xp11. AB - Linkage studies have been performed in 5 incontinentia pigmenti (IP) families totaling 29 potentially informative meioses. Ten probes of the Xp arm were used, six of them were precisely localized on the X chromosome, using hamster X human somatic cell hybrids containing a broken X chromosome derived from an incontinentia pigmenti patient carrying an X;9 translocation [46,XX,t(X;9)(p11.21;q34)]. The following order for probes is proposed: pter - (DXS7, DXS146, DXS255) - IP1 - (DXS14, DXS90) - DXS106 - qter. The negative lod scores obtained exclude the possibility that in the families studied, the gene for IP is located in Xp11 or in the major part of the Xp arm. PMID- 3192218 TI - Genetic mapping of four DNA markers (DXS16, DXS43, DXS85, and DXS143) from the p22 region of the human X chromosome. AB - Linkage analysis of four polymorphic anonymous DNA markers from the Xp22 region was performed using families from the Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain. The loci DXS43 (pD2) and DXS16 (pXUT23) were found to be tightly linked (theta = 0.02 at Z = 14.96) and proximal to both DXS85 (782) and DXS143 (dic56). Multipoint linkage analysis suggests the order: (Formula: see text). PMID- 3192216 TI - Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in The Netherlands and its effect on plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels. AB - By isoelectric focusing of delipidated sera followed by immunoblotting we studied the apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism in 2018 randomly selected 35-years-old males from three different areas in the Netherlands. Comparison of the APOE allele (E*2, E*3, and E*4) frequencies estimated in this study with those reported for several other population samples showed that there are marked differences between the Dutch population and the populations of Japan, New Zealand, Finland, and the United States. These differences in APOE allele frequencies appeared to be mainly due to differences in frequencies of the E*2 allele (decreased in Japan and Finland; increased in New Zealand) and the E*4 allele (increased in Finland; decreased in Japan and the United States). No difference in APOE allele frequencies was found between the Dutch population and the populations of West Germany and Scotland. Measurements of plasma cholesterol and apo B and E concentrations showed that the E*4 allele is associated with elevated plasma cholesterol and apo B levels and with decreased apo E concentrations, whereas the opposite is true for the E*2 allele. In the Dutch population, the sum of average allelic effects of the common APOE alleles on plasma cholesterol and apo B levels is 6.8% and 14.2%, respectively, of the total population mean. The total average allelic effect on plasma apo E concentrations was more pronounced (50.1%), suggesting that the APOE alleles primarily affect apo E concentrations rather than plasma cholesterol and apo B levels. This hypothesis is sustained by the observation that for plasma apo E levels the genetic variance associated with the APOE gene locus contributed about 18% to the total phenotypic variance. For plasma cholesterol and apo B this contribution was only 1.4% and 2.3% and is relatively low as compared with that reported for other population samples. PMID- 3192219 TI - Gene dosage evidence for the regional assignment of GPT (glutamate-pyruvate transaminase; E.C. 2.6.1.2) locus to 8q24.2----8qter. AB - The results of a study on the expression of GPT (glutamate-pyruvate transaminase; E.C. 2.6.1.2) in a child with a partial trisomy of chromosomes 8 and 14 are presented. A gene dosage effect supporting the regional assignment of the GPT locus to 8q24.2----8qter is demonstrated. PMID- 3192217 TI - The gene encoding the large human neurofilament subunit (NF-H) maps to the q121 q131 region on human chromosome 22. AB - Using a rat cDNA probe encoding for the C-terminal extension of the large neurofilament subunit (NF-H), we have assigned, by in situ hybridization, the human NF-H gene to the q121-q131 region of chromosome 22. This localization may have implications in neurological diseases such as meningioma where a recessive locus involved in oncogenesis is located within this region. PMID- 3192220 TI - X-Y crossing over in the chimpanzee. AB - Single-copy DNA sequences defining several pseudoautosomal loci on the human sex chromosomes are shown to be highly conserved in the genome of the chimpanzee. Segregation analysis of polymorphic pseudoautosomal probes in a chimpanzee pedigree revealed that the transmission of the paternal alleles was not strictly sex-linked. In situ hybridization localized the pseudoautosomal probe 29C1 specifically to Xp22-Xpter and to Yq12.2-Yqter on the chimpanzee sex chromosomes. Thus, our results demonstrate the existence of homologous segments on the chimpanzee X and Y chromosomes, which regularly undergo recombinatory exchange in male meiosis. The chimpanzee is now the third mammalian species, besides man and mouse, in which there is genetic evidence for a pseudoautosomal segment on the sex chromosomes. PMID- 3192222 TI - What is toxicology? AB - 1. The ultimate objective of toxicology is the reduction of morbidity and mortality that occurs in man as a result of exposure to toxic substances. 2. The present emphasis on 'strategic' research could divert funding to answer specific but largely irrelevant questions to the detriment of 'basic' research. 3. True advances can only be made if 'basic' research is supported to the same extent as 'strategic' research and if the regulation of environmental chemicals is based on good evidence from clinicians, epidemiologists and scientists. PMID- 3192221 TI - Non-random chromosomal aberrations in a complex leukaemic clone of a Bloom's syndrome patient. AB - Bloom's syndrome is one of the congenital disorders known to have increased frequency of acute leukaemia. The complex cytogenetic findings in the leukaemic cells of a 39-year-old male with Bloom's syndrome are described. These included a translocation t(7;17), missing 7q and 17p, a reciprocal translocation t(4;22); del 3q, del 8q22, del 20q, missing 12 and missing Y. In the same patient a missing Y had been noted 10 years previously in 15% of his peripheral blood lymphocytes. PMID- 3192223 TI - Metabolic activation of carcinogens and toxic chemicals. AB - 1. The spatial parameters and electronic structures of 100 exogenous and endogenous chemicals have been determined by computer graphics, from which their oxidative metabolism by the cytochrome P-448 (activation) or the other families of cytochromes P-450 (generally detoxication) have been predicted. 2. The spatial parameters of these chemicals primarily determine the family of cytochrome P-450 by which the chemicals are metabolized and the electronic structures primarily determine their ease of oxidative metabolism. 3. The role of oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics by the cytochromes P-448, and their binding to the cytosolic Ah receptor, are considered in relationship to the mechanisms of chemical toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and co-carcinogenicity. 4. The mechanisms of chemical toxicity and carcinogenesis are considered in respect of activation through cytochrome P-448-mediated, conformationally-hindered oxygenation to reactive intermediates which, unlike most cytochrome P-450-oxygenated metabolites, are not acceptable substrates for conjugation and detoxication and therefore react with essential intracellular macromolecules. 5. The computer graphic method of determining the molecular conformations and electronic structures of molecules is a rapid, scientifically-based procedure for evaluation of the potential toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of chemicals. PMID- 3192224 TI - Toxicity testing: some principles and some pitfalls in histopathological evaluation. AB - 1. The aims of toxicity tests vary according to the use or proposed use of the substance to be tested. 2. More knowledge about physiological and homeostatic control mechanisms will be needed before one can reliably distinguish between adaptive responses and toxic effects. 3. More attention needs to be paid to quantifying the intrinsic sensitivity of certain methods used by toxicologists, particularly those with histopathological end-points. 4. Much more attention should be paid than at present to seemingly beneficial effects of exposure to test materials since an understanding of these may throw useful light on mechanisms underlying toxic effects. 5. Overfeeding gives rise to a wide variety of effects which impact in a major way on both general toxicity and oncogenicity end-points. 6. Extrapolation to man usually involves the use of tumour incidence data to predict cancer mortality in humans. Important new data on the effect of overfeeding on cancer incidence in rats aged two years are presented. 7. Complacency with regard to the relevance of rodent models for predicting toxicity for man is unwarranted. PMID- 3192225 TI - The safety-in-use of cosmetics and toiletries. AB - 1. Manufacturers of cosmetics and toiletries have a clear responsibility under Article 2 of the EEC Cosmetics Directive to ensure that their products are safe for use. 2. They have shown that they are able to discharge this responsibility, as illustrated by the type of safety assessment programme described in this paper and by market-place experience. 3. Considerable resources are invested by industry in safety assurance. As might be expected, this is particularly true of larger companies which have been responsible for many recent technological advances. 4. Industry will continue to regard the safety of its products as paramount, and contends that existing legislation is more than adequate to ensure continued safety-in-use. PMID- 3192226 TI - The inverse problem in electroneurography--I: Conceptual basis and mathematical formulation. PMID- 3192227 TI - The inverse problem in electroneurography--II: Computational aspects and evaluation using simulated data. PMID- 3192228 TI - Temporal characterization of myoelectric spectral moment changes: analysis of common parameters. PMID- 3192229 TI - Noninvasive pulse oximetry utilizing skin reflectance photoplethysmography. PMID- 3192230 TI - A totally automated system for the detection and classification of neural spikes. PMID- 3192231 TI - Evaluation of digital unsharp masking and local contrast stretching as applied to chest radiographs. PMID- 3192232 TI - An electric current tomograph. PMID- 3192233 TI - Three-dimensional Doppler velocimetry of flow jets. PMID- 3192234 TI - SAR distributions for 915 MHz interstitial microwave antennas used in hyperthermia for cancer therapy. PMID- 3192235 TI - Identification of human postural dynamics. PMID- 3192236 TI - In vitro life tests of faradaic neural stimulation electrodes at high current densities. PMID- 3192237 TI - A real-time multiprocessor system for acquisition of multichannel neural data. PMID- 3192238 TI - Sensor for measuring surface fluid conductivity in vivo. PMID- 3192239 TI - Telemetry of human electrocardiograms in aerial and aquatic environments. PMID- 3192240 TI - Fast Hartley transforms for spectral analysis of ultrasound Doppler signals. PMID- 3192241 TI - Instrumentation for quantitative assessment of intestinal viability. PMID- 3192243 TI - NCLEX: the bridge to licensure. PMID- 3192242 TI - A magneto-acoustic method for the noninvasive measurement of bioelectric currents. PMID- 3192244 TI - Certified nurse-midwife: a role worth considering. PMID- 3192245 TI - Adolescents' knowledge of and attitudes towards nursing. PMID- 3192246 TI - Nurse practitioners: primary health care nursing for women. PMID- 3192247 TI - Nursing's response to the RCT proposal. PMID- 3192248 TI - Nursing rationale for opposing the registered care technologist: Fact Sheet 7/88. PMID- 3192249 TI - RCTS--a resource for nurses at the bedside? PMID- 3192250 TI - Meeting the goddesses: exploring the positive feminine in nursing stereotypes. PMID- 3192251 TI - Dressing for success: nursing style. PMID- 3192253 TI - How can I change the image of nursing? PMID- 3192252 TI - Are nurses their own worse enemies? A look at nursing's image. PMID- 3192254 TI - The business of nursing: managing our future through continuing education. PMID- 3192255 TI - Peripartum cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3192256 TI - Isolated interrupted aortic arch in adult. PMID- 3192257 TI - Right atrial myxoma presenting as chronic right heart failure--a case report. PMID- 3192258 TI - An unusual case of cor-triatriatum with dilated cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3192260 TI - Effect of age on improvement following closed mitral valvotomy. PMID- 3192259 TI - Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve associated with rheumatic mitral stenosis and aortic incompetence. PMID- 3192261 TI - Quantification of aortic regurgitation by CW Doppler--correlation with angio. PMID- 3192262 TI - Clinical, echocardiographic and haemodynamic profile of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3192263 TI - A profile of apical cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3192264 TI - Familial dilated cardiomyopathy--study in two families. PMID- 3192266 TI - 20th meeting of the Society of Immunology. October 6-8, 1988, Dusseldorf, Federal Republic of Germany. Abstracts. PMID- 3192265 TI - Lipoleiomyoma of uterus (report of three cases). PMID- 3192267 TI - Differences between the activities of human monoclonal IgG1 and IgG3 anti-D antibodies of the Rh blood group system in their abilities to mediate effector functions of monocytes. AB - Seven IgG1 and seven IgG3 human monoclonal antibodies derived from heterohybridoma or Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes and specific for the D antigen of the human Rh blood group system were tested for their ability to bring about red cell attachment to and phagocytosis by monocytes. The antibodies produced by the heterohybridomas were also investigated for their potency to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by monocytes. When red cells were sensitized with any of the IgG1 anti-D antibodies, most of them were ingested by the phagocytes. By contrast, many of the red cells coated with any of the IgG3 antibodies remained attached to the monocyte surface while only few underwent phagocytosis. Some of the attached red cells remained on the phagocyte exterior for a considerable length of time. The ADCC activities of the IgG3 anti D antibodies was greater than that of the IgG1 anti-D antibodies. The results mean that in vitro IgG1 anti-D mediates red cell destruction mainly by phagocytosis, while IgG3 anti-D causes their destruction predominantly by prolonged cytolysis. These differences between the effector functions of human monoclonal IgG1 and IgG3 anti-D antibodies might have important implications for their use in the prophylaxis of haemolytic disease of the new-born. PMID- 3192268 TI - Induction of EL4 cell resistance to syngeneic macrophage-mediated lysis by protein kinase C ligands; effects of cultured TPA-treated target cell and protein phosphorylation. AB - Pretreatment of EL4 cells with 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 30 min renders them resistant to lysis by activated macrophages (M phi). This resistance was augmented two to three-fold when TPA-treated EL4 cells were incubated for 2-6 hr prior to co-culture with M phi. Preincubation of TPA-treated cells for 24 hr could result in 100% resistance. in this paper we show that an endogenous ligand for protein kinase C, oleoyl-2-acetate glycerol (OAG), was capable of inducing tumour cell resistance to M phi kill and, similar to the effects seen with TPA, OAG did not affect the selective binding of tumour cells to activated M phi. Another important observation on the mechanism of TPA induction of tumour cell resistance was that once the target cells were programmed to die after a minimal contact with activated M phi of 4-6 hr, TPA treatment was ineffective in altering the percent lysis 20 hr later. To investigate whether any possible correlation exists between TPA-induced protein phosphorylation and acquisition of resistance, EL4 cells were labelled with 32P and treated simultaneously with TPA, and cellular proteins were resolved by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. Eight polypeptides (MW 24,000-70,000, pI 4.8 6.1) showed consistent increased phosphorylation as a result of TPA treatment. One-minute exposure with TPA resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of only four peptides (MW 39,000, 58,000, 63,000, 70,000) while all eight polypeptides showed increased phosphorylation by 10 min. PMID- 3192269 TI - The role of complement in the stimulation of lysosomal enzyme release by polymorphonuclear leucocytes induced by immune complexes of IgG and of IgM. AB - The effect of complement components incorporated into precipitated immune complexes (IC) of IgG or of IgM on their capacity for stimulating lysosomal enzyme release from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes was studied in vitro. We have found that: (i) complement causes an amplification in the stimulatory capacity of both classes of IC, the effect being dependent on the concentration of the IC, and higher for the IgM class; (ii) dose-effect experiments of competition by fluid-phase immunoglobulins have shown that IgG (in physiological or smaller concentrations) can inhibit greatly the stimulation by this class of immune complex; this inhibition can be prevented, however, by the presence of complement in the IC (a situation expected to occur in vivo); for IgM immune complexes there was no such competitive inhibition, so complement would not be necessary; (iii) the relevant complement factors must be located in the range C1 C3. These results help us to understand the importance of complement (besides the well-known generation of chemotactic factors) in the mechanisms of tissue injury produced by neutrophils in immune complex diseases. PMID- 3192270 TI - Fibronectin enhances respiratory burst of phagocytes stimulated by zymosan and immune complexes. AB - Plasma fibronectin (FN) has been demonstrated to serve as an opsonin involved in the ingestion of foreign particles by phagocytes. This study concerns the effect of FN exposure on the respiratory burst of normal human peripheral phagocytes, using a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) assay for measurement of reactive oxygen metabolites generated. FN enhanced, in a dose-dependent manner, the CL response of circulating monocytes stimulated, probably via beta-glucan receptor, with unopsonized zymosan. FN also increased the CL response of phagocytes to fresh serum-opsonized zymosan. When we used a glycolipid (ceramide pentasaccharide, CPS) incorporated on liposome membranes as an antigen, the immune complexes prepared between CPS and human IgG (as antibody) did not induce a CL response, differing from previous reports. Addition of FN to the immune complexes significantly enhanced the CL response of phagocytes. The role of FN in host defence is discussed. PMID- 3192271 TI - The generation of ovine bone marrow-derived mast cells in culture. AB - Ovine mast cells generated in vitro are morphologically and biochemically similar to mast cells localized to the gastrointestinal tract in vivo. Bone marrow (BM) derived haemopoietic precursor cells were cultured in the presence of conditioned medium (CM) prepared from in vitro-activated lymphocytes from nematode-infected sheep. Mast cells developed rapidly after 2 weeks of culture and could persist for 2-3 months. The presence of sheep mast cell proteinase (SMCP) in the cultured cells correlated with the number of morphologically recognizable mast cells by Leishman-Giemsa staining and is definitive as, in vivo, this enzyme is unique to mast cells. The content of SMCP per cell increased as the cultures developed. In vivo, increased serum concentrations of SMCP are associated with mast cell function at the site of nematode infection. The availability of the cultured cells should now facilitate mast cell biochemical and functional studies. PMID- 3192272 TI - Background (spontaneous) immunoglobulin production in the murine small intestine as a function of age. AB - The development of the intestinal B-cell compartment in C3H/He mice was studied as a function of age by quantification of the number of intestinal immunoglobulin secreting cells (Ig-SC). Before and at weaning, the number of Ig-SC in the small intestine (SI) was below 10(3) Ig-SC per SI. During the first few weeks after weaning, this number rose steeply and continued to rise until the mice were about 48 weeks old, when a maximum of more than 25 x 10(6) Ig-SC per SI was found. After 1 year of age the number of Ig-SC decreased. At all ages, the great majority of Ig-SC in the SI produced IgA. The increase of the number of IgA-SC in the SI after weaning is reflected in the amount of IgA in intestinal secretions measured by ELISA. The number of Ig-SC in the SI was compared with the number of Ig-SC found in spleen, bone marrow, Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. Striking differences were observed between the SI and the other organs tested in total number, isotype distribution and kinetics of the increase of Ig-SC during ontogeny. These differences are discussed in relation to the regulation of the immune response in the SI and the migration patterns of lymphocytes in mucosal tissues. PMID- 3192273 TI - Immunohistochemical characterization of rat thymic non-lymphoid cells. I. Epithelial and mesenchymal components defined by monoclonal antibodies. AB - Molecular microenvironmental heterogeneity within rat thymus was studied by a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised to thymic epithelial (TE) cells and mesenchymal stroma. Based on their anatomical distribution patterns observed with immunohistological techniques on frozen sections and double immunostaining using anti-keratin antibodies to identify epithelium, they were subdivided into five groups: (i) pan TE cells antibodies (R-MC 2, 3 and 8); (ii) cortical TE cells antibodies (R-MC 13-17); (iii) antibodies detecting subcapsular and subtrabecular TE cells and most medullary TE cells (R-MC 18-20); (iv) antibody to Hassall's corpuscles (HC) and a small subpopulation of medullary TE cells (R-MC 22); (v) mesenchymal stroma antibody (R-MC 23). The obtained results show phenotypic heterogeneity of rat thymic epithelium and its distinction compared to mesodermal-derived compartment. PMID- 3192274 TI - Immunogenetics of type II collagen autoimmunity and susceptibility to collagen arthritis. AB - The MHC restriction of the antibody response and development of arthritis after immunization with autologous or heterologous type II collagens in mice have been investigated. Mice from three different H-2q-carrying strains (DBA/1, NFR/N and B10.G) with different non-MHC genes, as well as B10-congenic strains carrying wild type H-2q-related or H-2r haplotypes, were susceptible for collagen arthritis. All strains tested developed an antibody response cross-reacting with autologous type II collagen after immunization with heterologous type II collagen; H-2q predisposes for a high response against chick, rat and bovine type II collagen, H-2r and H-2b for a high response against bovine type II collagen. Only mouse strains with H-2q, H-2r, H-2w3 or H-2w17 were responders to mouse type II collagen, and only these strains developed arthritis after immunization with heterologous or autologous type II collagens. These findings indicate that the ability to mount an immune response against autologous type II collagen is a prerequisite for the susceptibility to collagen arthritis. A cross-reactive autoimmune response after immunization with various heterologous type II collagen may enhance further the development of arthritis. PMID- 3192275 TI - Immunopotentiation of the humoral response by liposomes: encapsulation versus covalent linkage. AB - Two different modes of antigen association with liposomes were compared for their stimulation of IgM- and IgG-producing cells in primary- and secondary-response experiments. The study was carried out on BALB/c mice using the antigen bovine serum albumin either free, encapsulated in liposomes or covalently linked to the liposomal surface. Our results indicate that, although both types of liposome association are equally efficient in potentiating the humoral response, encapsulation mainly favours IgG isotype production with little or no effect on the IgM subset, while covalent linkage stimulates the production of both IgG and IgM. Our results reconcile some apparently conflicting published data and suggest that the mode of antigen association with liposomes considerably influences the pathways by which stimulation occurs. PMID- 3192277 TI - Culture medium oxygen tension affects fibronectin production in human adult and cord blood macrophages. AB - Varying culture medium oxygen tension from one-half to twice the normal concentration did not alter adult or cord blood monocyte-derived macrophage secretion of lysozyme or total protein. Lowering oxygen tension did result in significant increases in fibronectin concentration in both adult and cord blood macrophage culture supernatants. Dexamethasone (10(-7) M) completely blocked adult macrophage but had no effect on cord blood macrophage fibronectin release in response to lowering oxygen tension. These results indicate that human macrophages selectively regulate fibronectin production in response to changes in oxygen tension in vitro. PMID- 3192276 TI - The humoral immune response of mice to intra-mammary immunization with ovalbumin. AB - Groups of lactating mice were immunized intra-mammarily on the second day of lactation with 20 micrograms, 150 micrograms or 400 micrograms of ovalbumin (OVA). This resulted in the appearance of IgG in serum, and IgA and IgG in milk. In serum, no IgA antibodies were detected 16 days after immunization in any of the groups. The serum response of IgG was variable and not related directly to the immunizing dose. Both IgA and IgG antibodies were absent in milk 5 days after immunization and IgG antibody level in milk increased significantly throughout lactation as measured 10 and 15 days after inoculation. No IgA antibodies appeared in the milk of the 20 micrograms and 150 micrograms group; however, responses appeared in milk with the highest dose (400 micrograms), but the number of responders for IgG increased in milk but not in blood. The results suggest that intra-mammary immunization can provoke a local IgA response in milk, and that serum is not a major source of IgG in that fluid. Moreover, the kinetics of the IgA and IgG responses differ. PMID- 3192278 TI - Co-localization of terminal C5b-9 complement complexes and macrophages in human atherosclerotic arterial walls. AB - The co-localization of terminal C5b-9 complement complexes and macrophages was investigated in human arteries with atherosclerosis using a double-labeling immunohistochemical technique. Macrophages were found in all the atherosclerotic arteries, with the accumulation correlating positively with the degree of atherosclerosis. This accumulation was associated with an increase of C5b-9 deposits, as well as with an increase in the number of deposits containing both complement components and macrophages ('co-localization'). This co-localization was found to pertain both to intact macrophages and to macrophage remnants. These data suggest that C5b-9 complement complex might be formed on macrophages with subsequent promotion of inflammatory events and progression of the atherosclerotic lesions. PMID- 3192279 TI - Antibody responses to liposome-associated antigen. AB - The humoral antibody response of CAF1 mice to low doses (1-100 micrograms) of egg albumin (EA) encapsulated in or covalently bound to the surface of liposomes was studied for three routes of administration. The liposome immunoadjuvant effect observed was found to depend on the location of the antigen, either on the liposome surface or entrapped inside the liposome, and on the number of immunizations. Following a single immunization, the highest antibody titers were elicited with liposomes having EA conjugated to their surface, regardless of the route of administration. For multiple immunizations given i.v. or i.p. EA conjugated to the surface of liposomes was also superior to either free or liposome-encapsulated EA. However, the antibody response to EA bound to the surface of liposomes was not enhanced as compared to free EA following multiple subcutaneous immunizations. PMID- 3192280 TI - Thyroid hormone stimulation of the perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch) ovarian mitochondrial steroidogenesis. PMID- 3192281 TI - Neonatally androgenized rats with polycystic ovaries induced to ovulate by hCG mate but fail to conceive. PMID- 3192282 TI - Early humoral immune response in vitamin A deficiency--an experimental study. PMID- 3192283 TI - Induction of Kupffer cell proliferation in partially hepatectomized rats by small doses of 2-fluorenylacetamide: a light and electron microscopic study. PMID- 3192284 TI - Effect of exercise on dyspnoea in rats inhaling sublethal concentration of methyl isocyanate (MIC). PMID- 3192286 TI - Conformational preference for interaction of anthracycline antitumour antibiotics with chromatin. PMID- 3192285 TI - Effects of acute oral administration of cadmium chloride on uptake of element and control of lipoperoxidative process in hepatic and renal nuclear fractions of rats. PMID- 3192287 TI - Studies on binding of berenil to microsomal protein and its significance with respect to microsomal metabolism of trypanocidal drug. PMID- 3192288 TI - Alteration in blood and brain catecholamines and amino acid levels in albino rats following chronic exposure to stress. PMID- 3192290 TI - Perception of dominance status through conspecific scent in the desert gerbil Meriones hurrianae. PMID- 3192289 TI - Mitigation of poison shyness in desert gerbil by adding conspecific sebum of ventral scent marking gland and urine in poison baits. PMID- 3192291 TI - Breeding and management of Indian desert gerbil (Meriones hurrianae Jerdon) under captivity and seminatural conditions. PMID- 3192292 TI - Recommendations of the Adult Treatment Panel of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications for the management of hypertension. PMID- 3192293 TI - Altered hemodynamics during exercise in older essential hypertensive subjects. AB - This study was designed to compare the resting and exercise hemodynamics of older adults with moderate hypertension with those of age-matched normotensive controls. Thirty-one hypertensive (20 men, 11 women; mean age, 63.9 +/- 2.8 years) and 28 normotensive subjects (15 men, 13 women; mean age, 62.6 +/- 2.4 years) were studied. There were no differences between the groups in terms of body weight, body composition, and maximal O2 consumption (VO2). At rest, there were no differences in VO2, cardiac output, stroke volume, or heart rate between the two groups, although systolic (158 +/- 13 vs 121 +/- 12 mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressures (94 +/- 7 vs 79 +/- 8 mm Hg) were higher in the hypertensive subjects. The hypertensive subjects' elevated blood pressure at rest was the result of a higher total peripheral resistance. During exercise, the hypertensive subjects had a lower cardiac output and stroke volume, no difference in heart rate and VO2, higher systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures, and a higher total peripheral resistance compared with their normotensive peers. The results indicate that older hypertensive persons have an altered cardiovascular response to exercise as compared with age-matched normotensive subjects. The responses also indicate that older essential hypertensive persons do not undergo excessive myocardial demands during exercise of the intensity usually prescribed in rehabilitation programs. PMID- 3192294 TI - Arterial hypertension is associated with hypalgesia in humans. AB - An association between increased blood pressure and hypalgesia has been reported in several studies in animals and in a few reports in humans. We investigated the relationship between hypertension and pain perception by comparing the response to graded electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp, which is thought to represent an exclusively nociceptive system. The test was performed with a commercial tooth pulp tester in a large series of subjects with borderline or established hypertension and in three groups of normotensive controls: volunteers, nonhypertensive patients, and medical students with a well-established or no family history of hypertension. Subjects had to report when they started to feel pulp stimulation (sensory threshold) and when this became painful (pain threshold). Sensory and pain thresholds were obtained as means of the measurements on four healthy, unfilled teeth. Sensory thresholds were significantly higher in subjects with borderline or established hypertension than in two of the three normotensive groups (volunteers and normotensive patients), whereas no significant difference was observed between the two hypertensive groups. The results for the pain threshold were qualitatively similar but less clear and less amenable to statistical analysis because this parameter could not be determined with accuracy in a number of subjects in whom the subjective pain threshold was above the upper range of stimulation of the instrument. The association between blood pressure levels and pain perception was further confirmed by the highly significant correlation found for the overall data between mean arterial blood pressure and both thresholds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192295 TI - Arterial hypertrophy in the fetal and neonatal spontaneously hypertensive rat. AB - Large artery dimensions in prenatal and postnatal normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were evaluated to determine whether increased medial thickness is evident during early development. Microscopic cross-sections from perfusion-fixed aortas and carotid arteries of fetal (22-day gestation) and neonatal (5-day-old) animals were examined for numbers of laminae, luminal diameter and area, and medial thickness and area. SHR had a smaller mean body weight, and luminal diameters were the same in both strains. However, medial thickness and the numbers of laminae were significantly greater in SHR at both stages. Normalized ratios of medial thickness/luminal diameter and medial area/luminal area were also greater in SHR, indicating a disproportionate size of the arterial wall relative to the luminal space. Medial area/body weight ratios were also larger for SHR, suggesting the presence of greater medial mass per unit of body weight. The data support the view that the increased mass of the hypertensive arterial system is established in SHR as early as the fetal stage. PMID- 3192297 TI - [Fabrication of occlusal splints in general practice]. PMID- 3192298 TI - [Removable prostheses. Direct rebasing]. PMID- 3192296 TI - Individualization of antihypertensive therapy. PMID- 3192299 TI - [Tomodensitometric study of impacted mandibular wisdom teeth]. PMID- 3192300 TI - [Multiple anterior extractions and immediate placement of a provisional R.P.D]. PMID- 3192301 TI - [Aerotherme]. PMID- 3192302 TI - Exposure to microorganisms, airway inflammatory changes and immune reactions in asymptomatic dairy farmers. Bronchoalveolar lavage evidence of macrophage activation and permeability changes in the airways. AB - Lung function, bronchial reactivity, serum antibody levels, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and the magnitude of exposure to airborne microorganisms during farm work were studied in 10 healthy farmers with no respiratory symptoms. Lung function and bronchial reactivity were not altered. An increase in the amount of antibodies against several microorganisms could be demonstrated but precipitating antibodies were observed only in two subjects. In the BAL fluid the nonsmoking farmers had elevated proportion of lymphocytes and elevated levels of albumin, fibronectin and angiotensin-converting enzyme while the levels of hyaluronan and procollagen III N-terminal peptide were within normal limits. The lung function, bronchial reactivity, serum antibody levels and BAL findings were not correlated with the exposure to airborne microorganisms. We conclude that healthy farmers, exposed to mold dust, may exhibit signs of alveolitis including albumin leakage, accumulation of inflammatory cells and alveolar macrophage activation. PMID- 3192303 TI - Bird-egg syndrome. Cross-reactivity between bird antigens and egg-yolk livetins in IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. AB - 87 adult patients from our allergy clinic were skin tested with budgerigar and canary feathers, hen's egg white and egg yolk and common inhalant allergens. Of 59 patients found to be atopic, 17 (29%) were concomitantly sensitized to bird dander and egg proteins, 10 of them being symptomatic to bird dander and/or egg exposure. All but 1 of the egg-symptomatic patients were exposed to pet birds. The patients with strong serological reactivity to bird antigens were also exclusively sensitized to egg proteins, in particular to livetins (water-soluble fractions of egg-yolk proteins). Extensive RAST-inhibition studies demonstrated identical patterns of cross-reactivity between bird dander and hen's egg proteins, livetins being the major cross-reacting antigens. This peculiar IgE mediated allergy is designated as 'bird-egg syndrome'. It is suggested that egg intolerance in adults is mainly due to sensitization to egg-yolk livetins and can be provoked by inhalation of pet bird dander. Thus, it must be distinguished from the common egg-white allergy of atopic children. Our study further underlines the importance of respiratory sensitization in adult food allergy. On the other hand, exposure to cross-reacting antigens by ingestion might also influence the allergic manifestations to inhalant allergens. PMID- 3192304 TI - Sensitization of dairy farmers to bovine antigens and effects of exposure on specific IgG and IgE titers. AB - Sensitization of dairy farmers to bovine-derived allergens and factors influencing this process were studied during the indoor cattle-feeding season. Eighteen typical family farms in eastern Finland were included in the study. Samples of airborne particulate material from stationary sites and the breathing zones of farmers were analyzed for bovine epithelial antigen (BEA) by the immunochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibition test. The levels of specific IgG and IgE antibodies against BEA and bovine urinary antigen (BUA) were measured from serum samples collected from farmers three times during the study. An association was found between anti-BUA IgG titers and BEA concentrations in the breathing zone. No major changes were observed between the antibody levels of sera collected at different times. In the samples from subjects with allergic rhinitis, however, a slight tendency toward descending anti-BUA IgE titers was found. PMID- 3192305 TI - Human serum antibodies reactive with dietary proteins. IgG subclass distribution. AB - The isotype distribution of human IgG antibodies reactive with common dietary proteins has been evaluated in sera from adult patients with the irritable bowel syndrome and with bronchial asthma using a solid-phase immunoassay (ELISA). In both these medical disorders, serum antibodies reactive with ovalbumin or gliadin were restricted predominantly to the IgG4 isotype; however, IgG antibodies reactive with bovine milk antigens, notably casein, were often restricted to both the IgG2 and IgG4 isotypes. A similar serum IgG antibody isotype distribution for these dietary protein antigens was also demonstrated in IgG antibody-positive healthy adults. These data amplify the view that production of antibodies of the IgG4 isotype may reflect a normal immune response to dietary protein antigens presented at mucosal surfaces. PMID- 3192306 TI - Identification of multiple forms of the P component of amyloid isolated from human serum. AB - We examined isolated serum amyloid P component (SAP), the circulating counterpart of the amyloid P component, and established a previously unreported heterogeneity for SAP by immunological and biochemical methods. Highly purified SAP had a gel filtration Mr of 255,000, a Stokes radius of 57 A, a calculated frictional coefficient of 1.4, and 10 subunits of Mr of approximately 25,000. We present evidence suggestive of varying affinities of SAP for agarose, to which SAP is known to adsorb in the presence of calcium, by fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis. We resolved SAP subunits by isoelectric focusing into multiple species with isoelectric points of 6.08 (two forms), 6.02, and 5.95; three of these forms were delineated by high resolution two-dimensional SDS gel electrophoresis to have an Mr = 25,500, while a fourth (pI = 6.08) had an Mr = 24,500. The observed isoelectric charge heterogeneity could not be eliminated by neuraminidase treatment event though the electrophoretic migration of native desialized SAP was impeded (alpha 1 to beta) when examined by crossed immunoelectrophoresis, being consistent with the removal of anionic charges. Further, an additional neuraminidase-generated component was detected at the beta position which could be removed by concanavalin A affinity. These data suggest SAP may exist in microheterologous or allotypic forms, the significance of which is under investigation. PMID- 3192307 TI - Activity of a novel hydroquinone inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis (U-66,858) in the rhesus monkey Ascaris reactor. AB - The IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to Ascaris antigen in reactor rhesus primates was used to assess the pharmacologic profile of U-66,858 (1-acetoxy-2-n-butyl-4 methoxy-naphthalene). When the compound was given by the oral route, it showed dose-related inhibition of resistance (RL) and compliance (Cdyn) changes. When the compound was given by the aerosol route, it showed dose independent inhibition. In 15 animals, aerosols (52 +/- 32 to 53 +/- 10% for RL, p = 0.05 and 45 +/- 19 to 28 +/- 19% Cdyn inhibitions, p = 0.05) for 5.0-0.1% aerosol. By the oral route, inhibition was seen at 1-4 h following administration. In 5 animals, oral doses of 10 and 5 mg/kg inhibited (RL by 98 +/- 2 to 78 +/- 1.5%, p = 0.01 and Cdyn by 75 +/- 17 to 60.9 +/- 9.1%, p = 0.05) by 10 and 5 mg/kg U-66,858, respectively. The in vivo demonstration of inhibition of pulmonary bronchoconstriction by this compound, in a model known to be leukotriene sensitive, coupled with its potent in vitro inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, suggests this compound may be of use in 5-lypoxygenase-mediated models of asthma. PMID- 3192308 TI - Isolation and immunological characterisation of allergens from salivary glands of the Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus. AB - Radioimmunoassay and Western blot analysis showed that salivary gland extract (SGE) prepared from Ixodes holocyclus was a more concentrated source of allergens than whole body extract. Isolation and partial immunological characterisation of allergens was performed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of SGE, electroelution and Western blotting. Immunoblotting using allergic sera showed that partially purified SGE from I. holocyclus contained two common allergens of approximately 28 and 35 kilodaltons and several minor allergens. The two most common allergens gave radioimmunoassay ratios significantly greater than the less common allergens. The immunological purity of electroeluted allergens was confirmed by further SDS-PAGE, silver staining and Western blotting. PMID- 3192309 TI - Role of microfilaments in the exocytosis of rat peritoneal mast cells. AB - When rat peritoneal mast cells were treated with the potent histamine releaser compound 48/80 in the presence of tetramethylrhodamine-labeled G-actin, the fluorescent G-actin particles were bound to the surface of extruded granules and to the cell surface. When rhodamine-phalloidin was incorporated into permeabilized rat mast cells in a Ca2+-free medium, rhodamine fluorescence was observed on the cell surface accompanied by serpentine ridges which appeared in the resting state. After perfusion with a cytosol-like solution containing Ca2+, rhodamine fluorescence appeared on the cell surface as a distinct network formation. In some cases, circular fluorescences which appeared to surround the extruded pores were observed in the cell membrane. These findings indicate the existence of actin filaments in the cell membrane and/or subplasmalemmal network. In whole-mount preparations, the granules were surrounded very densely with microfilaments of various widths. After exposure to compound 48/80, granules protruding through the cell membrane were wrapped in many filaments. The extruded granules located in the periphery of the cells were connected by many filamentous structures and disruptions in the middle of these connections were occasionally observed. In some cases, circular configurations of microfilaments were observed at the bottom of the extruded granules and in others dense gatherings of microfilaments were seen just beneath the granules, as if the latter were being pushed up and out of the cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192310 TI - Measurement of IgG subclasses in the sera of laboratory workers exposed to rats. AB - Human IgG antibody subclasses have been measured in the sera of workers exposed to rats, using a crude extract of rat urinary protein antigens, in an ELISA system. The antibody titres in individuals either with or without specific IgE were similar, with the exception of IgG4 where the mean level of this subclass was lower in those individuals with measurable titres of IgE (p less than 0.01). Symptomatic individuals, with specific IgE, also had lower titres of IgG4 than the corresponding asymptomatic, IgE-positive subjects (p less than 0.05). The frequency of positives in each subclass assay was similar in both groups. These findings suggest that higher levels of IgG4 may have a protective role. PMID- 3192311 TI - Wegener's granulomatosis: an unfolding enigma. PMID- 3192312 TI - Hemodynamic instability during hemodialysis: an integrated approach. PMID- 3192313 TI - The effect of hemodialysis on whole blood, plasma and erythrocyte viscosity. AB - The effect of hemodialysis (HD) on blood viscosity has not been adequately investigated. We studied blood viscosity during HD employing coneplate viscometry. Ten patients with end-stage renal disease were studied before and immediately after HD. To dissect the possible effects of HD on plasma and red blood cell (RBC) determinants, we measured whole blood, plasma, and reconstituted erythrocyte viscosities. The latter consisted of RBC's suspended in a buffered saline solution (pH = 7.4 units). In addition, serum, electrolytes and hematocrit (HCT) were measured. The results revealed a significant rise in whole blood viscosity after dialysis. Likewise, plasma viscosity rose considerably with dialysis. However, when the RBC's were reconstituted to a constant HCT, no significant difference was noted before and after HD. As expected, body weight, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentrations fell while HCT and protein concentration rose with HD. A significant correlation was found between the observed rise in HCT, and dialysis-induced rise in whole blood viscosity. Likewise, the observed rises in plasma viscosity after dialysis significantly correlated with the rise in protein concentration. In addition, the change in whole blood and plasma viscosity values correlated with the degree of ultrafiltration (weight loss). In conclusion, whole blood and plasma viscosity rises with hemodialysis. The observed rise in viscosity is primarily due to hemoconcentration. PMID- 3192314 TI - A simplified procedure to compute dialysis time and frequency by means of urea kinetics. AB - A simplified urea model is presented based on the concept of the time-averaged deviation (TAD) of the blood urea concentration and the introduction of an effective urea generation rate. The increase in the interdialytic blood urea concentration delta c is specific for the individual patient and includes the urea generation rate, distribution volume and residual kidney clearance. By measuring delta c of the largest interdialytic interval of the week the treatment frequency and duration can be calculated. Even for larger residual clearances Kr less than or equal to 5 ml/min this calculated treatment time does not differ by more than 5 min from the result of the exact urea kinetics. In vivo estimation of the urea clearances versus blood flow for the dialyzer types used is necessary for the application of urea modelling in clinical practice. PMID- 3192315 TI - Development of smaller artificial ventricles and valves made by vacuum forming. AB - Implantable prosthetic ventricles and trileaflet valves made by vacuum forming have been developed and implant tested. All components are made from Pellethane. Recognizing the need for smaller as well as larger ventricles, designs with effective stroke volumes of 50, 85, 100 and 130 cc have been tested with several valve types. The pneumatically driven Utah ventricular assist device (UVAD) can be used as a total artificial heart (TAH) or ventricular assist device (VAD) by using the appropriate inflow and outflow adapters. In vitro durability testing has demonstrated ventricular lifetime beyond two years and valve lifetime to nearly one and one half years. The polymer valves have lower regurgitation than mechanical valves. Animal implantation experience includes 21 TAH implants and 16 left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantations. TAH survival ranges from 2 to 210 days. LVAD animals have lived up to 116 days before elective termination. The animal were healthy and grew normally. The devices exhibit a "Starling's Law" response. One TAH animal survived 72 days before successful explantation followed by transplantation. At autopsy, this animal had no renal infarcts. Hematology data has demonstrated the existance of little or no intravascular hemolysis (PF Hb less than 5 mg%). The "Philadelphia" version of the UVAD vacuum formed ventricles are small enough to be implanted without thrombus provoking connectors. Eight animals have received this TAH and survived up to 120 days. Vacuum forming offers a rapid and inexpensive way to produce reliable and effective total artificial hearts and valves for widespread, temporary clinical application in any size adult human. PMID- 3192316 TI - Heat dissipation through the blood contacting surface of a thermally driven LVAS. AB - A heat exchanger for a totally implantable heat driven LVAD is an essential element in overall system thermal management. The heat exchange is accomplished by supplying cooling water from a pusher-plate driven water pump to the engine and then to the heat exchanger on the pump housing. The temperature of the interface between the blood and pump surface is of critical importance for clinically acceptable operation of the system. Temperatures were measured by instrumenting a pump housing with thermocouples and an electric heater on a mock circulatory loop. Flows were varied from 1 to 8 l/min and heat input was 20 watts. At 1.0 l/min pump flow the maximum inner surface temperature rise is 4.5 degrees C. In vitro tests were conducted to examine the effect of elevated temperature on platelete function. Both platelet aggregation and adhesion were reduced at elevated temperatures of 42 and 47 degrees C indicating a potential benefit of reduced thrombogenesis on the heated housing surface. PMID- 3192317 TI - Membrane plasma fractionation: effect of the surface area. AB - The influence of the surface area on the performance of plasma filters for dead end mode of filtration is presented in this paper. Theoretical analysis of the dead-end filtration was performed and verified experimentally (using ENKA cellulose-diacetate PF-100 membranes) in respect to beta-lipoprotein. The theoretical model allows to optimize the course of the transmembrane pressure during plasma fractionation procedure in dependence of the surface area, initial concentration of macromolecules, total volume of the feed and membrane structure. The results indicate that the surface area effect is an important factor in the operation of membrane plasma fractionation and should be considered in the design of the plasma fractionation filter. PMID- 3192318 TI - Hemoglobin solutions coupled with polyethylene glycol 1900: preparation, purification, quality control and pharmacological trials by hemorrhagic shock. AB - The usefulness of hemoglobin solutions as oxygen transporters is limited by their high affinity for oxygen and rapid elimination from the circulation. Various chemical modifications of hemoglobin aimed at overcoming these two handicaps have been suggested. We have developed a conjugate of pyridoxylated human hemoglobin with monomethoxypolyoxyethtylene 1900, whose preparation and properties are described. We present comparative results on short-term or definitive survival of Wistar rats which, during hemorrhagic shock due to the loss of 60 or 80% of their blood mass, were given a solution of native or modified hemoglobin, in some cases purified by ion-exchange chromatography to remove non-heme proteins, lipids, and some endotoxins. The more complex the treatment used to improve the properties and the purity of the hemoglobin solutions, the longer the animals survived. The loss of hemoglobin in the urine was greatly reduced after conjugation: after 20 h, less than 6% of the total infused. PMID- 3192319 TI - Vitamin A and retinol binding protein in chronic renal insufficiency. PMID- 3192321 TI - Measuring Kt/V. PMID- 3192320 TI - Multiple subcutaneous hematomas in a patient on chronic hemodialysis. PMID- 3192322 TI - Descriptive epidemiology of skin cancer in the Swiss Canton of Vaud. AB - Incidence registration and survival data for non-melanocytic skin neoplasms and cutaneous melanoma have been abstracted from the population-based system of the Cancer Registry of the Swiss Canton of Vaud, which has been operating in a particularly favourable environment, since the large majority of cutaneous lesions resected in the area are examined by a pathologist. Among the 5,712 cases registered, 66.7% were basal-cell carcinomas, 20.6% squamous-cell cancers, 9.3% cutaneous melanomas and 3.4% other miscellaneous histological types. The distribution by histological type did not differ appreciably in the 2 sexes, but there were marked inter-sex differences as regards anatomical site. In both sexes, head and neck was by far the commonest localization for non-melanomatous neoplasms (69 to 81% of all incident cases), followed by trunk for basal-cell cancers (18% in males, 15% in females) and upper limb for squamous-cell (10% in males, 17% in females). The distribution of skin melanomas differed considerably between the 2 sexes, by far the commonest site being the trunk for males (45% of cases) and lower limbs for females (40%), followed by head and neck (22% in both sexes). Incidence rates for both basal- and squamous-cell cancers increased with age, and rates were higher in males for each localization except the lower limb. In contrast, incidence for melanoma was higher in females, and incidence rates did not increase with age above 55 years for all sites except head and neck. This can be interpreted in terms of cohort effect, since mortality from melanoma has substantially increased in Switzerland across subsequent birth cohorts. Although this study is essentially descriptive, accurate inspection of these data provides some support for the major aetiological hypotheses of skin carcinogenesis, i.e., the observation that the large majority of basal- and squamous-cell cancers arise on the head and neck confirms the importance of long-term ultraviolet exposure; the relative excess of squamous-cell as compared to basal-cell neoplasms on the upper limb may suggest the role of exposure to other (chemical) carcinogens; and the proportional excess of melanomas on the trunk in males and lower limb in females further indicates that intermittent exposure to sunlight is probably the relevant aetiologic factor for melanocytic skin neoplasms. PMID- 3192323 TI - DNA hyperploidy as a marker for biological response to bladder carcinogen exposure. AB - A marker for biological response to bladder carcinogen exposure was evaluated in a cross-sectional study of 504 workers at high risk due to a range of exposures to various carcinogenic aromatic amines, primarily 2-naphthylamine. A quantitative fluorescence cytology method using the DNA-binding dye, acridine orange, was employed to measure DNA in exfoliated urothelial cells. DNA hyperploidy (greater than 5 C) was observed in 16 (21.6%) of 74 workers who had been exposed compared with 15 (3.5%) of 430 workers who had not (p less than 0.001). The prevalence of DNA hyperploidy increased in a dose-response manner from 3.5% to 60% with increasing duration of exposure. The association between DNA hyperploidy and exposure persisted when adjustment was made for age and cigarette smoking (p = 0.0001). The prevalence of the marker was greatest for exposed workers who smoked (23%), and lowest for those who had no exposure and who had not smoked (2%). This study indicates that DNA hyperploidy can serve as a marker for identifying workers who are at increased risk in occupational groups exposed to bladder carcinogens. PMID- 3192324 TI - The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. III. Hormonal and reproductive factors in women. AB - The relationship between cutaneous malignant melanoma in women and reproductive and hormonal factors was investigated in a population-based case-control study including a total of 280 cases and 536 controls from East Denmark. Patients with lentigo maligna melanoma were not included. No association was found between risk of melanoma and age at menarche, duration of menstrual life, age at natural menopause, age at first pregnancy, or number of pregnancies, live births or miscarriages. There was no evidence of an association between melanoma and use, duration of use or type of oral contraceptives. The use of menopausal replacement therapy was not a risk factor for melanoma. There was no difference in risk associated with hormonal factors between superficial spreading melanoma and nodular melanoma. Our findings suggest that neither reproductive nor hormonal factors increase the risk of melanoma in women in Denmark. PMID- 3192325 TI - The Danish case-control study of cutaneous malignant melanoma. IV. No association with nutritional factors, alcohol, smoking or hair dyes. AB - In a population-based case-control study from East Denmark including 474 cases with cutaneous malignant melanoma and 926 controls we evaluated the influence of diet, alcohol, smoking, bathing habits and hair dyes on the risk of this cancer. Patients with lentigo maligna melanoma were not included. We observed no effect of dietary factors on risk of melanoma. No association was found between risk of melanoma and alcohol intake, tobacco smoking, bathing habits or hair dye use. PMID- 3192327 TI - Influence of non-contraceptive exogenous and endogenous sex hormones on breast cancer risk in Denmark. AB - In order to evaluate the influence of sex hormones on breast cancer risk, a population-based case-control study was conducted in Denmark, including 1,486 cases diagnosed over a one-year period. These were identified from the files of the nation-wide clinical trial of the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group and the Danish Cancer Registry. The control group was an age-stratified random sample of 1,336 women from the general population. Data on risk factors were collected by self-administered (mailed) questionnaires. The major findings included a trend (p = 0.001) toward decreasing risk with increasing age at menarche in pre menopausal women, trends toward increasing risk with continued menstrual cycles after the age of 50 in pre- and post-menopausal women (p-values of 0.01 and 0.002 respectively), and a trend (p = 0.002) toward increasing risk with increasing duration of non-contraceptive sex hormone usage in post-menopausal women. Information on brand names made it possible to examine types of hormones used, which showed an RR of 1.36 (95% CI 0.98-1.87) for sequential therapy with oestrogen and progestagen and RR = 2.31 (95% CI 1.37-3.88) for combined oestrogen androgen treatment. These results should be interpreted with caution, however, needing verification from other studies. No significant association was observed between breast cancer and self-reported height and weight. PMID- 3192326 TI - Suppression of tuberculin skin reaction in healthy HTLV-I carriers from Japan. AB - Although it is thought that infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is immunosuppressive, this has not been clearly demonstrated among healthy carriers, and there are no data concerning delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). To evaluate this hypothesis, DTH to purified protein derivative (PPD) of tuberculin was measured in 126 healthy adults from an endemic area for HTLV-I infection in southern Japan. Among the 39 HTLV-I carriers, only 15% had detectable induration following PPD exposure, compared to 46% of the 87 non carriers. In addition, the size of erythema among those carriers with a positive reaction was about 70% of that among non-carriers. Overall, there was a significantly inverse association between the degree of DTH response and prevalence of antibody. In relation to subjects with strong to moderate reaction, those with negative or indefinite reaction were 6 times more likely to be a carrier. This association was much stronger among subjects aged 60 years or older than among younger persons. These findings indicate that there is subclinical immunosuppression among HTLV-I carriers, which increases with age. PMID- 3192328 TI - Periampullary, colorectal and gastric cancer in two siblings. AB - We describe a sibship affected by subsequent periampullary, colorectal and gastric carcinoma. Three of 4 siblings (2 males, 1 female) developed a periampullary carcinoma at the age of 20, and the 2 brothers subsequently had colorectal and gastric carcinoma. One of them also had familial adenomatous polyposis. There is suggestive evidence of vertical transmission of a gene predisposing to a hereditary colorectal carcinoma syndrome. PMID- 3192329 TI - Serum vitamin E, serum selenium and the risk of gastrointestinal cancer. AB - The association between levels of alpha-tocopherol and selenium in serum and subsequent risk of gastrointestinal cancer was investigated in a longitudinal study based on 36,265 Finnish men and women, aged 15-99 and initially free of cancer. Serum alpha-tocopherol and serum selenium levels at entry into the study were measured from stored serum samples of 150 incident gastrointestinal cancer cases diagnosed during a follow-up of 6-10 years and for 276 controls who were matched for sex, age and place of residence. Subjects with a low level of alpha tocopherol or selenium had an elevated subsequent risk of cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract. This association persisted among men after adjustment for various confounding factors and after the exclusion of those with cancer diagnosed during the first 2 years of follow-up. The relative risk of cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract among men who fell in the lowest quintile of serum selenium was 3.3 (95% confidence limits, 1.3 and 9.1) while among those who fell in the 3 lowest quintiles of alpha-tocopherol it was 2.2 (95% confidence limits 0.9 and 5.6) compared with those in the higher quintiles. Serum levels of selenium or alpha-tocopherol in general were not inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. These findings indicate that high selenium intake and possibly also high vitamin E intake, especially among men, may provide protection against cancer of the upper gastrointestinal tract but not against colorectal cancer. PMID- 3192330 TI - Proportion of lung cancers in males, due to occupation, in different areas of the USA. AB - Occupational data from 5 case-control studies in the United States involving 2,973 male cases and 3,210 controls were analyzed to estimate the percentage of lung cancer attributable to well-known and suspected lung carcinogens. The studies were conducted in areas heterogeneous in terms of industrial activities. The percentage of lung cancers attributable to occupations entailing potential exposure to well-recognized carcinogens ranged, by study area, from 3 to 17%. The further inclusion of occupational groups with suspect carcinogenic exposures changed these estimates very little. Exclusion of data derived from next-of-kin interviews influenced the estimates of attributable risks, but not in a systematic fashion. The estimates also varied according to ethnic group, smoking status and birth cohort, with higher values in non-whites, non-smokers and among members of more recent birth cohorts. Possible errors in exposure classification, which may make these estimates conservative, are discussed. PMID- 3192331 TI - HTLV-1 in Switzerland: low prevalence of specific antibodies in HIV risk groups, high prevalence of cross-reactive antibodies in normal blood donors. AB - Sera from various Swiss population groups were tested for antibodies against the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Particle agglutination and ELISA were performed for screening; Western blot was done for confirmation. True positive sera were found at a prevalence of 0.12% in a cohort of 846 individuals at risk for AIDS tested in 1984-1985. Prevalences of 0.35% were found among 575 HIV-I positives tested in 1987, and of 1.3% among 292 HIV-I positives of a different group tested in 1988. The 6 positives found in our study represent the first cases of HTLV-I infection, or HIV-I/HTLV-I double infection, diagnosed in Switzerland. In addition, high proportions of sera, regardless of whether they were from normal blood donors, HIV-positives, or individuals at risk for AIDS, had antibodies that reacted weakly with one or several proteins of the size of viral gag proteins. The prevalence of such antibodies in normal donors was in the range of 10 to 40%, depending on the strictness of interpretation. Competition Western blots performed with some of these sera showed that these antibodies reacted with HTLV-I, but not with HIV-I or cellular antigens, and had a lower affinity to HTLV-I proteins than the antibodies of human or goat antisera. The results indicate that these antibodies may be induced by agents immunologically related to, but different from, HTLV-I, which are highly prevalent in the Swiss population. Oligopeptide stretches with sequence homology to HTLV-I are known to exist in various normal body proteins, several infectious agents including common viruses and protozoa, but the results might also indicate the existence of additional human retroviruses. Screening of blood donors with sensitive tests for antibodies to HTLV-I might produce an unacceptably high rate of false-positive results, if stringent rules of interpretation analogous to those common in HIV screening are not used. PMID- 3192332 TI - Different karyotypic features characterize different clinico-pathologic subgroups of benign lipogenic tumors. AB - On the basis of the cytogenetic analysis of tumor cells from a total of 50 lipomas, we conclude that 4 main cytogenetic subtypes may be recognized: (1) tumors with normal karyotype (18 cases); (2) tumors with rearrangements of 12q13 14 (18 cases); (3) tumors with ring chromosomes (6 cases); (4) tumors with other clonal changes (8 cases). This karyotypic heterogeneity parallels other disease characteristics in the following manner: all 6 tumors containing ring marker chromosomes were histopathologically classified as atypical lipomas (6 of the 50 tumors were diagnosed as atypical) or (in 2 cases) lipomas with foci of atypia. In only one single solitary lipoma with focal atypia were no ring chromosomes detected in the tumor cells. This contrasts strongly with the findings in typical solitary lipomas, where rings were found in only 2 of 37 tumors, or, if the 3 tumors with focal atypia are excluded, in none of 34. Furthermore, all 7 multiple lipomas were karyotypically normal, whereas among solitary tumors the corresponding proportion was 11 of 43. We conclude that ring marker chromosomes may be a distinguishing cytogenetic feature of atypical lipomas, and that multiple lipomas, in contrast to their solitary counterparts, are karyotypically normal. These findings emphasize that different tumorigenic pathways are likely to be involved in different groups of benign lipogenic neoplasms. PMID- 3192333 TI - Flow cytometric analysis of DNA ploidy pattern from deparaffinized formalin-fixed gastric cancer tissue. AB - Histologically processed tissue from gastric cancers has been analyzed by flow cytometry in an attempt to correlate DNA ploidy pattern and behavior of the tumor. Of the mucosal and submucosal cancers (so-called early, all stage I in the present series), 62.7% show a diploid DNA pattern and 37.3% show a single aneuploid pattern. Of the deeply infiltrating (beyond the submucosa) cancers (stage II and III), 52.1% are single aneuploid and 47.9% are multiploid. While stage-I patients are all alive at the end of the follow-up period (6 years), in stage II and III cases Cox's regression model shows that the hazard function depends on DNA pattern: survival is negatively influenced by multiploidy. On this basis, it may be assumed that the DNA pattern is a useful prognostic indicator of gastric cancer. As expected, in Cox's regression model an even more important negative correlation exists between survival and stage: single aneuploid cases in stage II have a better prognosis than those in stage III. Instead, no correlation is found between histological cancer subtype (Lauren and WHO classifications), grade and DNA pattern. PMID- 3192334 TI - Mouse monoclonal antibodies for experimental immunotherapy promotes killing of tumor cells. AB - Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) produced against a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line, Colo-205, were tested in antibody-dependent macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity (ADMMC) assays. The antibodies C163, C215, C245 (IgG2a isotype); C151, C239, C241, C242 (IgG1); C152 (IgG2b); and C50 (IgM) were evaluated for their ability to promote killing of Colo-205 cells by thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal mouse macrophages. The concentrations of antibodies tested in ADMMC assays ranged from 1.0 ng/ml to 100 micrograms/ml, and the concentration at which 50% of tumor cells were lysed was used to characterize each antibody. Antibodies of the IgG2a isotype promoted the strongest macrophage-mediated tumor cell lysis effects in vitro. MAbs C215, C163, and C245 were also tested in nude mice which had been inoculated with Colo-205 cells. Tumor suppression was observed in mice injected with MAbs, supporting our ADMMC findings in vitro. Animals treated with MAbs had fewer and smaller tumors, and longer periods of latency between the inoculation of tumor cells and development of tumors, compared to mice sham treated with PBS. However, in a study of established tumors, C215 antibody did not suppress tumor growth. Serum collected from MAb-treated mice promoted lysis of Colo-205 cells in ADMMC assays while serum from sham-treated mice did not. PMID- 3192335 TI - Nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid reversibly suppress 3-methylcholanthrene-induced cell transformation of BALB/3T3 mouse cells. AB - The effects of nalidixic acid (Nal) and oxolinic acid (Oxl), synthetic antibacterial compounds that inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase, on 3 methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced transformation of BALB/3T3 mouse cells were investigated. Exposure of the cells to Nal or Oxl for 2 weeks at any time during 4 weeks of incubation following MC treatment suppressed MC-induced transformation. Nal and Oxl also suppressed the enhancement of transformation by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) initiated by MC. The suppression of transformation by Nal was released by exposure of the cells to TPA after removal of Nal. Since the suppressive effects of Nal and Oxl on transformation were time related, they may be due to epigenetic changes. PMID- 3192336 TI - Changes in in vitro growth behaviour of the mammary epithelial cell line NMuMG caused by the v-fos oncogene. AB - A defective retrovirus was constructed to investigate the effect of the expression of the v-fos oncogene from FBJ-MSV on the in vitro growth properties of the mammary epithelial cell line NMuMG. Clearly visible areas of overgrowth in monolayer cultures of NMuMG were seen in cells infected with the v-fos-containing retrovirus but not in cells infected with control virus which did not contain an oncogene. Two cell lines, representing two morphological types of infected cell, were isolated from a morphologically altered region and further characterized. Fos.3.1.NMuMG grew as very spindly cells, achieving a higher density than control cells in 5% foetal calf serum (FCS) but growing very poorly in 1% FCS or in soft agar. Fos.3.3.NMuMG grew to a high density in 5% FCS and to a limited extent in low serum. This cell line also grew in soft agar. Fos.3.3.NMuMG seemed to be more transformed than fos.3.1.NMuMG using the criteria of growth in soft agar and low serum. All the cells used in this study were shown to retain epithelial characteristics by staining for cytokeratins and to contain at least one viral genome by Southern blotting. fos mRNA expression was raised over control levels in the two transformed cell lines. PMID- 3192337 TI - Growth and metastasis of human tumors in nude mice following tumor-cell inoculation into a vascularized polyurethane sponge matrix. AB - Growth and metastasis of human tumor cells in immunodeficient nude mice were improved when tumor cells were inoculated within a vascularized artificial polyurethane sponge matrix. The sponges had been implanted 7-10 days earlier and were vascularized at the time of cell injection. All cell lines tested, including colon carcinoma-derived lines from primary tumors (HT29, PT3 and PT4) or from liver metastasis (LM3), and a metastatic variant from a melanoma (MeWo-Met) grew in a high percentage (78-94%) of the inoculated sponge grafts. When growth in sponge grafts is compared with growth at a subcutaneous site, the sponge matrix appears to increase tumorigenicity, at least for some cell lines. Regular formation of metastases was observed when cells had been injected into sponges. Most metastases were found in a second sponge graft implanted at a contralateral site, but some were also found at other s.c. sites. In vivo depletion of NK cells by pre-treatment with cyclophosphamide could not further enhance the formation of metastasis. Tumor cells from fresh surgical specimens could be propagated in sponge matrix grafts and subsequently established as cell lines in tissue culture. PMID- 3192338 TI - An integrated analysis of the contribution made by irrational beliefs and parental interaction to adolescent drug abuse. AB - Using commonality analysis, a method of partitioning variance into shared and unique components, this study examined the relative importance of irrational beliefs and sets of family factors in predicting adolescent substance abuse. The data revealed both mothers' and fathers' child-rearing practices and adolescents' irrational beliefs to be independent predictors. Moreover, the constellation of child-rearing practices to emerge, which was reflective of achievement pressure and conditional approval, corresponded with the subset of irrational belief dimensions of the adolescent abusers, which was suggestive of approval anxiety. The implications for clinical treatment of adolescent substance abusers and future studies incorporating different substance-abusing populations were also explored. PMID- 3192339 TI - Similarities and differences in correlates of alcohol consumption and problem behaviors among male and female adolescents. AB - This study examined similarities and differences in correlates of alcohol consumption and problem behaviors among a random household sample of male and female adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17. Several similarities emerged between the two gender groups which were consistent with previous research, including a pattern of convergence among the variables of alcohol consumption, times drunk in the last year, and delinquent behavior; the salience of the peer context in alcohol-related behavior; and high associations between reasons, or motives, for drinking and alcohol consumption and problem behaviors. With respect to reasons for drinking, excitement-seeking, or pleasurable, reasons were highly related to outcome variables. Gender differences were reported for relationships between two indices of affective functioning, namely distress symptoms and escapist, tension-reducing reasons for drinking, and outcome variables related to delinquent behavior, school functioning, and aspects of self-concept. These differences are discussed with respect to possible differential socialization experiences among males and females. PMID- 3192341 TI - A profile and prediction study of problem drinking among first-year medical students. AB - A study was conducted to determine to what extent first-year medical students are engaged in alcohol use and if specific sociocultural and self-reported behavior characteristics can be used to develop a profile and to predict potential problem drinkers. Four geographically distinct medical schools participated in the study, with a total of 341 students completing a questionnaire regarding current alcohol use and other risk-taking behaviors. Chi-square analyses, analyses of variance, and a discriminant analysis indicated that there is a high occurrence of frequent and heavy drinking among first-year medical students. Potential problem drinkers appear to be White males whose fathers are heavy drinkers. They seem prone to a nonpassive life-style and attend church infrequently. Prevention/intervention programs in medical school can utilize these results to identify high-risk individuals early in their medical career and target them for counseling. PMID- 3192340 TI - A decisional balance measure and the stages of change model for weight loss. AB - Two studies were conducted to explore the cognitive and motivational aspects related to progression through the stages of intentional change in weight loss and control. Study I developed a Decisional Balance Measure for comparison of the positive and negative aspects of a decision to try to lose weight. Based on principal components analysis, item analysis, and coefficient alpha, 20 items were retained, 10 for each of two orthogonal scales labeled Pros and Cons. These two components accounted for 50% of the total variance. In Study II, the Pro, Con, and Pro-Con difference scores were compared across groups representing four stages in the change process: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Action, and Maintenance. External validity for the Decisional Balance Measure was provided by significant ANOVAs for the Pro and the Pro-Con scale scores, with the Action group showing the greatest imbalance of Pros over Cons. The combination of the decisional balance and stages of change models appears to offer a powerful tool for relating two important elements in an integrated theory of how change occurs naturally, and how it could be enhanced through planned treatment. PMID- 3192342 TI - Fourth International Conference on Immunopharmacology. May 15-19, 1988, Osaka, Japan. Abstracts. PMID- 3192343 TI - The inheritance of thiabendazole resistance in Trichostrongylus colubriformis. PMID- 3192344 TI - Sporogony, development and ultrastructure of Plasmodium floridense in Culex erraticus. PMID- 3192345 TI - Antibodies in serum and bile of hamsters experimentally infected with Opisthorchis viverrini. PMID- 3192346 TI - Rostellar gross anatomy and the ultrastructural and histochemical characterization of the rostellar tegument-related structures in Hymenolepis nana. PMID- 3192347 TI - Orientation and locomotion in the monogenean parasite Entobdella soleae on the skin of its host (Solea solea). PMID- 3192348 TI - Predicting populations of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae on pasture from meteorological data. PMID- 3192349 TI - Effects of PH, buffers and medium-storage on the growth of Babesia bovis in vitro. PMID- 3192350 TI - A 3-year study of continuous mixed grazing of cattle and sheep: parasitism of offspring. PMID- 3192351 TI - Early cuticle formation in an adenophorean nematode. PMID- 3192352 TI - Electrophoretic analysis of genetic variation in Echinococcus granulosus from domestic hosts in Australia. PMID- 3192353 TI - Investigation of the mechanism of levamisole resistance trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep. PMID- 3192354 TI - Further evidence of both humoral and cellular encapsulations of sheathed microfilariae of Brugia pahangi in Anopheles quadrimaculatus. PMID- 3192355 TI - Fasciola hepatica: scanning electron microscopic observations of juvenile flukes following treatment in vitro with the deacetylated (amine) metabolite of diamphenethide (DAMD). PMID- 3192357 TI - Failure to find an association between class I antigens of the bovine major histocompatibility system and faecal worm egg counts. PMID- 3192356 TI - An ovine lymphocyte antigen marker for acquired resistance to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. PMID- 3192358 TI - A comparison of worm burden and faecal egg count for measuring the efficacy of vaccination against Oesophagostomum radiatum. PMID- 3192359 TI - Pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii cysts and oocysts measured by fever and weight loss in mice. PMID- 3192360 TI - Echinostoma revolutum: pathology of extraintestinal infection in the golden hamster. PMID- 3192361 TI - Longitudinal study of hearing-disabled children. A follow-up investigation. AB - A group of 138 hearing-impaired children, 76 boys and 62 girls, at a median age of 13 years, range 7-17 years, born during the period 1970-80, were examined in order to ascertain the incidence of progressive hearing loss, and if presence of progressive hearing loss relates it to specific causes of hearing impairment. After a 5-year interval from the median age of 8-13 years, progression of the hearing loss was demonstrated in 2-6% of the children (depending on the criterion used). No relationship could be established between progressive hearing loss and specific causes of hearing impairment. PMID- 3192362 TI - Effects of maternal cocaine abuse on the neonatal auditory system. AB - Eighteen neonates born to cocaine-abusing mothers were tested for peripheral and brainstem auditory dysfunction using auditory brainstem responses (ABR). Their data were compared to ABRs from 18 normal neonates. The ABR data were analyzed to determine if ABR parameters were abnormal in neonates born to cocaine-abusing mothers in comparison to normal neonates. ABRs from neonates exposed to maternal cocaine abuse show prolonged interpeak latencies and prolonged absolute latencies. These abnormalities indicate neurologic impairment or dysfunction that warrants further audiologic and neurologic follow-up. PMID- 3192363 TI - The influence of chronic persistent otitis media with effusion on language development of 2- to 4-year-olds. AB - Literature is not conclusive about the effect of otitis media with effusion (OME) on language development in children. As part of a large epidemiological study on OME in preschool children, language development was measured in 52 children with known history of bilateral OME and in 13 children without OME. The test Reynell Developmental language scales-revised (RDLS-r) was performed by one speech therapist under standard conditions. Verbal comprehension scores were not or only slightly reduced in OME children. Expressive language, however, was significantly lower than the standard with the effect being larger when the OME had lasted for a longer period. This is one of the first prospective studies that confirms the hypothesis of an effect of persistent bilateral middle ear effusion on language development. PMID- 3192364 TI - Treatment of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children. AB - In the present study 141 children aged between 3 and 10 years and suffering from chronic maxillary sinusitis were treated non-selectively in one of 4 ways: amoxicillin combined with decongestive nose drops, drainage of the maxillary sinus, a combination of the two, or a placebo. The duration of the follow-up period was 6 months. The therapeutic effects of the 4 forms of treatment did not differ significantly. Haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae were the micro-organisms encountered most often in these children. The results are discussed. PMID- 3192365 TI - Peritonsillar abscess in an infant. AB - Although a common enough condition in the general population, quinsy is rare in children and even rarer in infants. In most cases the diagnosis is easy on the basis of the suggestive clinical picture. A case is presented of a peritonsillar abscess in a 7-month-old baby. Here, the diagnosis was somewhat doubtful, due to the uncharacteristic clinical appearance and the young age of the patient. Some of the dangers of an inadequate antibiotic treatment are briefly discussed. PMID- 3192366 TI - Topographical variation in growth in cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelium. AB - Cell cultures of adult bovine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were propagated from posterior and equatorial regions of the same eyes to study topographical differences in cell growth. To generate the cultures, the retina was removed, eyecups were incubated in collagenase followed by trephining three zones from the posterior area centralis and three zones from the equatorial region of the tapetal retina. Outgrowth in primary cultures and proliferation in passaged cultures were evaluated in paired cultures derived from the same eyes. Relative to cells from the more peripheral regions, RPE cells from the area centralis showed lower growth potential which was manifested as reduced cell numbers in primary outgrowth and a smaller fraction of serum-responsive cells when cultures were serially passaged. Cells from older donors have been shown to exhibit similar reductions in in vitro growth potential, making it appear as if, with regards to proliferation, RPE from the area centralis is more "aged" than RPE from more peripheral regions of the same eyes. PMID- 3192367 TI - Regional comparisons of cathepsin D activity in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. AB - Cathepsin D is the lysosomal protease in the retinal pigment epithelium which is presumed to be the major enzyme involved in the degradation of shed discs during the photoreceptor renewal process. In this study, the cathepsin D activity in RPE cells from the posterior area centralis was compared to the activity in cells from the equatorial region of the same bovine eyes. Enzyme activities were measured both in paired fresh RPE isolates from the two retinal regions and in paired regional RPE cultures. Cultures were further analyzed for changes in enzyme activity with time in vitro from 3 to 11 weeks. Analysis of freshly isolated RPE cells from 30 eyes indicated that cells from the area centralis have significantly higher cathepsin D activity than cells from the more peripheral retina. Paired cultures of RPE from the two regions did not express the intraeye topographical differences in enzyme activity which were observed in fresh isolates. There were significant variations in enzyme activity in cultured RPE cells with time in vitro, but activity levels did not show progressive increases or decreases with in vitro aging. After 11 weeks in vitro, but not at earlier times, the enzyme activities in the paired regional cultures from the same eye were highly correlated. The data suggest that the higher levels of cathepsin D activity observed in the freshly isolated RPE from the area centralis result from modulators of enzyme activity which are not present in culture. PMID- 3192368 TI - Protein phosphorylation in cultured rat RPE. Effects of protein kinase C activation. AB - Incubation of confluent cultures of rat retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with 32P orthophosphate resulted in the incorporation of 32P into proteins, RNA and the nucleoside phosphates ADP, GDP, ATP and GTP. RPE cultures incubated with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a known activator of protein kinase C, did not significantly change the incorporation of 32P into total protein, RNA or the nucleoside phosphates ADP, GDP, ATP and GTP. However, PMA exposure specifically increased phosphorylation of five proteins with molecular weights of 80 kilodaltons (K), 56K, 35K, 33K, and 29K having isoelectric points between 4.3 and 6.5. PMA treated cultures also showed dephosphorylation of two proteins having molecular weights of about 33K. The observed increase in 80K phosphorylation suggests that protein kinase C is present and activated by PMA in the RPE. PMID- 3192369 TI - Influence of substratum on corneal epithelial cell growth and protein synthesis. AB - To evaluate the effect of substratum on corneal epithelial cell growth and on protein synthesis, bacteriological dishes were coated with laminin, fibronectin, Type I collagen or Type IV collagen. Cell growth was enhanced by day 6 on both laminin and Type I collagen substrata. Adhesion sites and parallel microfilament arrays were present only on cells cultured on laminin coated substratum. The synthesis of connective tissue and cytoskeletal proteins was influenced by the four different substrata. Both the time course and the amount synthesized was affected. The results of this study indicate that the substratum plays a significant role in regulating the synthesis of specific proteins. PMID- 3192371 TI - A peptide from fibronectin cell-binding domain inhibits attachment of epithelial cells. AB - Fibronectin is thought to contribute to the adhesion of corneal epithelium during epithelial repair, presumably by mediating epithelial attachment to stroma during epithelial migration. To understand the mechanism of the interaction of fibronectin with corneal epithelial cells, the effects of intact plasma fibronectin and of the synthetic peptide GRGDS from the cell binding domain of fibronectin on the attachment of rabbit corneal epithelial cells have been examined. When dissociated epithelial cells were plated on fibronectin-coated culture dishes, the number of cells that attached increased in proportion to the concentration of fibronectin used for coating. Attachment of the cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the addition of GRGDS to the medium. When the structurally similar control peptide GRGES was added to the medium, no inhibition of epithelial attachment was observed. Our results demonstrate that corneal epithelial cells use an adhesive recognition system for fibronectin related to that characterized in fibroblastic cells. GRGDS thus presumably competes for receptors for fibronectin on epithelial cells of the cornea, resulting in the observed inhibition of attachment. These results identify a mechanism for corneal epithelial cell adhesion, compatible with that identified in other fibronectin-dependent systems. PMID- 3192370 TI - Plasminogen activator activity in vitamin A-deficient rat corneas. AB - Plasminogen activator (PA) activity during epithelial wound healing in vitamin A deficient rats was investigated to determine whether a relationship exists between corneal defect formation and PA activity. Uniform, central 3 mm diameter corneal epithelial wounds were made by scalpel debridement in vitamin A-deficient and in pair-fed control rats. Cryostat sections of such corneas, taken at various times post-scrape, were overlaid with fibrin films containing plasminogen to examine the distribution of PA activity; and antibodies to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) or to urokinase-like activator (uPA) were incorporated into the films so that the immunochemical natures of detected PA activities could be determined. Corneas from pair-fed controls showed tPA-dependent lysis in association with the regenerating epithelium as well as in the defect region during epithelial wound healing. Corneas from vitamin A-deficient rats also demonstrated tPA activity in association with corneal epithelium post-scrape but showed no detectable tPA activity in the defect region. Histological examination of the vitamin A-deficient corneas demonstrated that a pseudomembrane composed of PMNs, cell debris, and fibrinous exudate had formed on the scrape-debrided stromal surface. The migrating edge of regenerating epithelium overlaid this membrane and was, therefore, not in contact with the stromal surface. The formation of the pseudomembrane, which delays reepithelialization, might have resulted from the absence of PA activity in the defect region. Both excessive and inadequate levels of PA activity may result in impaired epithelial wound healing. PMID- 3192372 TI - A method for improved biometry of the anterior chamber with a Scheimpflug technique. AB - A new method is described for obtaining cross-sectional images of the anterior chamber. Photographs are obtained with a Scheimpflug slit-lamp camera. After cornea, iris, and lens surfaces are digitized, mathematical corrections are made for the camera distortion and for the refractive effects of the cornea. The reproducibility and accuracy of the method were tested and found to be adequate for clinical study of human eyes in physiologic or diseased states. PMID- 3192373 TI - Trabecular meshwork cells grown on filters. Conductivity and cytochalasin effects. AB - A system was developed to measure the hydraulic conductivity of cultured monolayers of human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells. By optimizing the cell growth conditions and evaluating a number of filter supports, confluent HTM cells in single layers were obtained for measurement of hydraulic conductivity. The HTM monolayers had hydraulic conductivities of 0.3-2.0 microliters/min/mm Hg/cm2 measured at near-physiological flow rates. Evaluations of cytochalasin B (CB) effects on the hydraulic conductivity of our HTM monolayers revealed that CB (10( 6) to 10(-5) M) caused a dramatic dose-related increase in conductivity within 10 to 30 min, which parallels CB effects on outflow facility in vivo. Morphologic observations show that the increase in hydraulic conductivity was accompanied by a retraction of the trabecular cells and widening of the intercellular spaces. Our findings suggest that growth of HTM cells on filter supports can provide a useful in vitro system to study the regulation of aqueous outflow. PMID- 3192374 TI - Oral immunization with chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP). AB - The effect of vaccination to stimulate mucosal immunity with a purified subunit vaccine of chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) on subsequent ocular challenge with Chlamydia trachomatis was studied in cynomolgus monkeys. Monkeys were immunized with MOMP by intraperitoneal priming plus oral boosting, with or without ocular boosting, or by ocular immunization alone. Cholera toxin was used as an adjuvant with the oral doses of MOMP vaccine. Animals were challenged with viable purified elementary bodies 35 days after the first immunization. The immunizing schedules used provided a transient decrease in the potentially deleterious inflammatory response in the eye but no reduction in duration of infection. Immunoblotting studies showed that anti-MOMP antibodies were induced by oral vaccination in some animals, but the antibody response following ocular challenge as determined by microimmunofluorescence (MicroIF) serology was similar in vaccinated and nonvaccinated animals. This study demonstrates that the stimulation of mucosal immunity by a vaccine of purified chlamydial MOMP was only partially effective in protecting against chlamydial eye infection. The lack of clear protection in these studies may be due to the failure of the various immunizing regimes to induce an antibody response prior to challenge. PMID- 3192375 TI - Doxorubicin chemomyectomy: injection of monkey orbicularis oculi results in selective muscle injury. AB - Doxorubicin was injected into the preseptal portion of the orbicularis oculi of one lower eyelid in each of two cynomolgus monkeys at a dose of 2 mg. One monkey was observed for 4 days and the other for 68 days after doxorubicin injection. Although some skin ulceration was seen, it was completely healed by 3 weeks postinjection. The preseptal portion of the orbicularis oculi in both monkeys showed extensive signs of injury. At 4 days after doxorubicin injection many necrotic muscle fibers could be seen. Very few muscle fibers in the preseptal portion of the muscle remained by 68 days after injection. The pretarsal portion of the injected orbicularis oculi was relatively normal, with little evidence of injury. It appears that doxorubicin injection into the lower lid resulted in a gradient of muscle injury, with increasing severity at decreasing distances from the injection site. The extent of muscle injured is related to the dose and injection site and indicates the ability to selectively control the injury within a muscle. The ramifications of this effect on the use of doxorubicin for permanent treatment of blepharospasm and other related diseases are discussed in this first report of the injection of this drug into the eyelids of nonhuman primates. PMID- 3192376 TI - Auditory biofeedback to control vertical and horizontal eye movements in the dark. AB - Although there is evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of oculomotor auditory biofeedback on the control of the horizontal component of gaze in the dark, the oculomotor behavior of the horizontal and vertical components under such conditions remained unknown. Horizontal and vertical fixational eye movements were measured monocularly using an infrared limbal eye tracker in three normal subjects under three conditions: in the light, total darkness, and total darkness with two-dimensional auditory biofeedback of the eye movement. With fixation in the light, all subjects showed small drifts and corrective movements of up to about 0.5 degrees horizontally and vertically. With fixation in total darkness, the eye movements generally exhibited drifts and saccades of well over 2 degrees. However, with auditory biofeedback added during fixation in total darkness, the drifts and corrective saccades were reduced to levels more similar to those found with fixation in the light. The percent time on target in the light, dark and dark plus auditory biofeedback conditions was about 100, 50 and 80%, respectively, for both horizontal and vertical eye position. These results demonstrate that incorporation of two-dimensional oculomotor auditory biofeedback alone is sufficient to maintain fixation accuracy of both horizontal and vertical eye movements in total darkness close to that found during normal fixation in the light. PMID- 3192378 TI - A theoretical study of the effect of silicone oil on the electroretinogram. AB - A model of the electroretinogram useful for determining volume conductor effects was used to determine quantitatively the postvitrectomy effect of silicone oil on the ERG. The electrical conductivities of the structures of the eye, the frequency content of the ERG, and the percentage of silicone oil along with the remaining vitreous were incorporated in the model. The result was that it was not until at least 50% of the vitreous was replaced with silicone oil that there was a small reduction of the electroretinogram; this reduction increased nonlinearly as the percentage of silicone oil in the vitreal cavity increased. According to the model, if the vitreous replacement were large, little, if any, of the ERG would be measured even if the retina were quite functional. PMID- 3192377 TI - Invasion of the guinea pig conjunctiva by Toxoplasma gondii. AB - Although interactions of Toxoplasma gondii with host cells have been studied extensively in vitro, relatively little is known about the initial interactions of Toxoplasma with mucosal surfaces in vivo. We therefore studied the onset of a Toxoplasma infection in guinea pig conjunctiva. Toxoplasma were inoculated onto the conjunctival epithelium. The tissue was fixed 15 min to 48 hr after inoculation and examined by electron microscopy. Guinea pigs similarly inoculated were maintained in the laboratory for 2 to 8 weeks and tested for antibody by the Toxoplasma dye test. We found that parasites invaded both epithelial and goblet cells within minutes of inoculation. Replication occurred within 4 hr of inoculation and took place mainly in epithelial cells. Within 48 hr, the organisms were found beneath the basal lamina of the epithelium. The host developed an inflammatory response consisting first largely of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and later largely of macrophages. The parasites also replicated in macrophages, showing their ability to evade host defenses in nonimmune animals. Inoculated guinea pigs kept in the laboratory for 8 weeks survived and developed elevated antibody titers against Toxoplasma. The guinea pig conjunctiva is a suitable tissue for studying the pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis. PMID- 3192379 TI - Effect of oxidized glutathione on the barrier function of the corneal endothelium. AB - Effects of glutathione on the corneal endothelium were reexamined. Four kinds of solutions were made: oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was added to a basic solution which does not contain glutathione (GSSG-0) at a concentration of 0.03 mM, 0.3 mM or 3 mM to make GSSG-0.03, GSSG-0.3 or GSSG-3, respectively. Paired rabbit corneas were perfused separately, and the endothelial permeability (Pac) to carboxyfluorescein was determined. Between the paired corneas perfused with GSSG 0 and GSSG-0 or GSSG-0 and GSSG-0.03, there was no significant difference in the Pac. A significant difference in this factor was seen between the paired corneas perfused with GSSG-0 and GSSG-0.3 or GSSG-0 and GSSG-3 (P less than 0.01). The ratio of GSSG-0 to GSSG-0.3 for Pac, 1.18 +/- 0.16, and that of GSSG-0 to GSSG-3, 1.14 +/- 0.07, were significantly greater than the left-right ratio for Pac obtained when the paired corneas were perfused with GSSG-0, 1.01 +/- 0.10 (mean +/- SD, n = 8) (P less than 0.025). The corneal swelling rate (micron/hr) was 7.9 +/- 4.9 for the corneas perfused with GSSG-0 and 8.4 +/- 5.4 (mean +/- SD, n = 6) for those perfused with GSSG-0.3; difference was not significant. Addition of GSSG at a concentration of 0.3 mM or more to the irrigating solution was further beneficial to the corneal endothelial barrier function and a solution containing GSSG may be safer for patients with vulnerable corneas. PMID- 3192380 TI - The network structure of corneal fibroblasts in the rat as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. AB - The overall morphology of corneal fibroblasts in the rat was examined by scanning electron microscopy after removal of stromal connective tissue elements by tryptic digestion and HCl hydrolysis. Fibroblasts thus exposed were flattened and stellate cells with a diameter of about 10 micron and had a number of ramified cytoplasmic processes. The processes of neighboring fibroblasts contacted with each other to form an extensive and continuous network structure parallel to the plane of collagenous lamellae. The cellular network appears to constitute an integrated system which may be involved in the synchronized regulation of the metabolic and physiologic homeostasis for the maintenance of corneal transparency. PMID- 3192381 TI - Preclinical antitumor activity of batracylin (NSC 320846). AB - Batracylin (NSC 320846, BAY H 2049), given ip on days 2 and 9 at a dose 400 mg/kg, inhibited tumor growth completely in 80-100% of mice with early-stage colon adenocarcinoma 38. Therapeutic efficacy against this subcutaneously implanted tumor was retained upon oral administration of Batracylin although, compared to ip treatment, larger doses were required. Batracylin also caused regression of advanced (400 mg) colon 38 tumors. Only modest activity was observed for this compound against P388 leukemia, but P388 sublines with acquired resistance to either adriamycin or cisplatin demonstrated collateral sensitivity. Batracylin currently is undergoing toxicological evaluation by NCI prior to clinical trials. PMID- 3192382 TI - Successful chemoimmunotherapy of murine L1210 lymphatic leukemia with cyclophosphamide and mafosfamide-treated leukemia cells. AB - Balb/c x DBA/2 F1 mice (CD2F1 mice) bearing L1210 lymphatic (10 L1210 cells i.p. injected on day 0) were subjected to chemoimmunotherapy. They received 100 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide i.p. on day +8 and 10(6) or 10(7) immunogenic L1210 cells treated in vitro with mafosfamide - ASTA Z7654 (L1210-Maf cells) i.p. or i.p. + s.c. on days 0, +3, +6, +9, +12 after the leukemia implantation. About 30% of leukemia-bearing mice receiving cyclophosphamide and L1210-Maf cells after L1210 inoculation were able to reject the leukemia (as compared with 0% after injection of L1210-Maf cells only or 5% after cyclophosphamide administration). Better results (54% of cured mice) were obtained if 10(7) L1210-Maf cells were injected i.p. +s.c. beside cyclophosphamide. Biological response modifiers (BRM's): levamisole, BCG, bestatin did not improve these results in the doses used in the experiment. Augmentation of anti-L1210 therapeutic response is dependent on the administration of cyclophosphamide and L1210-Maf cels. Cyclophosphamide not only reduces the tumor burden but probably can potentiate the L1210-Maf dependent antitumor immunity as well. PMID- 3192383 TI - Evaluation of cardiotoxicity of a new anthracycline derivative: 4'-deoxy-4'-iodo doxorubicin. AB - The present study in rats was performed to evaluate the cardiotoxic activity of 4'-deoxy-4'-iodo-doxorubicin (4'-deoxy-4'-I-DXR), a new anthracycline derivative with interesting antineoplastic properties and possible lower cardiotoxicity than doxorubicin (DXR). DXR produced ECG alterations consisting of a progressive and irreversible prolongation of SaT and QaT. In contrast, in 4'-deoxy-4'-I-DXR treated rats the increase in SaT and QaT duration was significantly lower than that observed in DXR-treated rats and slightly increased over controls. DXR produced significant histologic changes in myocardium consisting of myocyte vacuolization and myofibrillar loss. No significant modifications were observed in mitochondria. In contrast, no significant cardiac lesions were observed in 4' deoxy-4'-I-DXR-treated rats. These results suggest that this new anthracycline derivative has a significantly lower degree of cardiotoxic activity than DXR. PMID- 3192384 TI - Phase I trial of the polyelectrolyte carbetimer administered i.v. once every four weeks. AB - Carbetimer, a new synthetic low molecular weight polyelectrolyte with a novel structure displayed antitumor activity in a number of animal tumor model systems and in vitro investigations. Based on these findings it was brought to a phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced malignant disease after failure of conventional treatment or with no conventional treatment available. Forty-eight patients received 98 courses. The schedule was a one hour i.v. infusion every four weeks. The starting dose was 180 mg/m2 and dose escalation was performed according to a modified Fibonacci formula up to 16,690 mg/m2. At least three patients were treated at each dose level and each patient was eligible to receive repeat courses at the same dose, until progressive disease or dose-limiting toxicity intervened. No hematological toxicity was encountered. Some adverse effects such as reversible proteinuria, hypercalcaemia, pain at infusion site, nausea and vomiting and fatigue were seen partly in a dose-related manner but did not represent the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). The limiting toxicity at the highest dose level of 16,690 mg/m2 consisted of ocular symptoms ('light flashes') accompanied by a modest decrease of blood pressure and nausea or vomiting during a one hour infusion. 16,690 mg/m2/1 hour was considered the MTD. There were four deaths on study, all considered disease-related. Fourteen patients had stable disease for more than two courses, which, however, could also be explained by the natural course of disease. No clear-cut antitumor responses were noted in our study center. The recommended dose for phase II trials derived from our results is 12,550 mg/m2/2 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192385 TI - Phase I--preliminary phase II trial of iproplatin, a cisplatin analogue. AB - Iproplatin was administered intravenously over 30 min daily for 5 consecutive days every 3 weeks to 80 evaluable patients with a variety of refractory solid tumor malignancies. Thrombocytopenia was the dose-limiting toxicity. Reversible drug-induced renal dysfunction was observed in 3 patients. One patient sustained mild ototoxicity but neurotoxicity was not encountered. Transient neutropenia, anemia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, elevations of liver enzymes, alopecia, and skin rash also occurred. The spectrum and severity of toxicity of iproplatin were found to differ from those of cisplatin. The maximally tolerated dose (MTD) was 45 mg/m2/day in patients who received prior chemotherapy and 65 mg/m2/day in those who did not. No complete responses occurred. Partial responses were obtained in 2/15 patients with colon cancer, 3/18 with breast cancer, 2/4 with carcinoma of unknown primary site and 1/2 with pancreatic cancer. Thirteen patients with lung (5), breast (4), colon (2), head and neck (1) and cervical (1) cancers had stable disease. Based on the different toxicity profiles between iproplatin and cisplatin and the possible antitumor efficacy of the former, phase II investigation of iproplatin has been initiated. PMID- 3192386 TI - Phase II study of flutamide in patients with metastatic breast cancer. A National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group study. AB - The National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) Clinical Trials Group conducted a phase II study of the oral antiandrogen flutamide in 33 patients with metastatic breast cancer. Eight patients had received no prior systemic therapy for their metastatic disease and 13 had only one site of metastasis. Toxicity occurred in 18 of the 33 patients and was primarily gastrointestinal. It ranged in severity from mild to severe with 4 patients discontinuing treatment early because of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or stomatitis. One response, of 8 weeks duration, was noted in 29 evaluable patients. We conclude that flutamide does not have meaningful antitumour activity in breast cancer and plan no further trials of the drug in this disease. PMID- 3192387 TI - Phase II trial of recombinant beta (IFN-betaser) interferon in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. AB - Nine patients with metastatic breast cancer received 30 x 10(6) I.U. of Interferon - Betaser (Betaseron) intravenously daily times five for two consecutive weeks followed by a two week rest period. Only one patient received more than one such cycle of Betaseron. The drug was well tolerated in eight of these patients. One patient, with liver metastases and liver dysfunction, developed hepatic decompensation during therapy. Toxicity consisted of anorexia, chills, fever, fatigue and nausea with an occasional patient having emesis. One patient developed severe thrombocytopenia, two, significant leukopenia and nine, mild elevations of serum transaminase. Two patients developed beta interferon binding antibodies but none developed neutralizing antibodies. No anti-tumor responses were seen and disease progression occurred rapidly during the four week cycle in eight of nine patients. PMID- 3192388 TI - A phase II evaluation of cisplatin in unresectable diffuse malignant mesothelioma: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. AB - Cisplatin was given intravenously to 35 evaluable patients with unresectable malignant mesothelioma on Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) Study 8418. Five patients (14.3%) achieved partial response with median response duration of six months (range 2-12 months); eleven patients (31.4%) had stable disease of median duration of 5.5. months (range 2-21 months). Median survival for all patients was 7.5 months, 9 months for responders. Toxicity was as expected except that 12 patients (34.2%) discontinued cisplatin because of side effects. Cisplatin has moderate activity in mesothelioma and further studies with platinum analogues should be pursued. PMID- 3192389 TI - Cisplatin, VP-16-213 and MGBG (methylglyoxal bis guanylhydrazone) combination chemotherapy in refractory lymphoma, a phase II study. AB - In an effort to improve the treatment of patients with refractory or recurrent lymphoma, we developed a protocol using cis-platinum combined with two other agents of known efficacy in these disorders but with differing side effects: VP 16 and MGBG. Twenty-six eligible patients were treated with this regimen. There were 15 men and 11 women with a median age of 54 years (22-73), and performance status of 1 (0-3). Their diagnoses were Hodgkin's disease 5 and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [NHL] 21 which included 11 with diffuse histocytic lymphoma [DHL]. The median number of chemotherapy regimens was 2 (1-5); 12 also received radiotherapy. Twenty patients are evaluable for response: 15 NHL and 5 Hodgkin's disease. Three patients, all of whom had DHL entered complete remission (20%) with a median time to treatment failure of 7 1/2 months. Six NHL (40%) and one Hodgkin's disease (20%) patients entered a partial remission. There were three early deaths: one due to progressive disease, one to acute respiratory failure, and one with disease status undocumented. Toxicity included leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, alopecia, renal failure, profound peripheral neuropathy, and hypersensitivity vasculitis. Treatment was stopped because of the latter two. These agents are non crossresistant with doxorubicin-containing regimens. The drugs are possibly synergistic and modestly active with moderate to severe toxicity. PMID- 3192390 TI - Phase II trial of ifosfamide in epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus: unexpectant severe toxicity. AB - Thirty-two patients with advanced epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus were treated with ifosfamide (1.50 gm/m2 daily x 5 days) with uroprotective mesna in a phase II study. Eighteen patients were previously untreated. Of 28 evaluable patients, two (7%) had partial remissions lasting 2+ and 6+ months. Toxicity was predominantly myelosuppression with a median WBC nadir of 1.8 cells/ul. Seven patients required hospitalization for nadir sepsis. Ifosfamide has minimal activity in esophageal cancer and causes severe myelosuppression. PMID- 3192392 TI - Image data compression. PMID- 3192393 TI - The vascular geometry of human arterial bifurcations. AB - We used angiography to evaluate the branching characteristics of 69 morphologically normal human arterial bifurcations. Each angiographic picture was enlarged photographically and traced on paper. The diameter of the parent vessel (d0), the diameters of the two daughter vessels (d1 and d2-d1 denote the larger vessel), and the angles at which the two branches arise from the parent vessel (teta 1 and teta 2) were measured on each bifurcation. Because theoretically there are optimal values for angles and diameters that render an arterial bifurcation more efficient physiologically, the measured data were compared with predicted values. Branch diameters correlated better with predicted values than did branching angles. Twenty-six per cent of teta 1 and only 7.2% of teta 2 angles were within the optimal range; 68.2% of teta 1 and 79.7% of teta 2 were within 2% of optimal values in terms of physiologic efficiency. On the average, teta 1 angles were smaller than teta 2 angles (17.0 degrees vs. 29.5 degrees). Morphologic and hemodynamic pecularities of vessels and errors in the measuring technique must be considered in analyzing the data obtained. Moreover, branching angle measurements changed slightly with age: teta 1 became larger and teta 2 narrower. In the cardiovascular system branching angles and branch diameters follow, to some degree, the principles predicted by theory. Branching angles diverging considerably from those principles may indicate the presence of vascular disease although a direct connection has not been established. PMID- 3192391 TI - Phase II trial of five day intravenous infusion vinblastine sulfate in patients with diffuse malignant mesothelioma: a Southwest Oncology Group study. PMID- 3192394 TI - Entrapment of gadolinium-DTPA in liposomes. Characterization of vesicles by P-31 NMR spectroscopy. AB - The use of paramagnetic ion chelates to enhance contrast between pathologic and surrounding parenchyma is extensively documented in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) literature. Liposomes can be used to increase chelate concentration in the pathologic area, thereby enhancing the efficiency of paramagnetic compounds as contrast agents. Liposomes (50 +/- 20 nm) were prepared by sonicating a solution of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol containing 16.5 mM Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) in pharmaceutical formulation (Schering Laboratories, France) and 25 mM inorganic phosphate (Pi). The solutions were dialyzed against 0.9% NaCl before analysis by phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Spectra of liposomes displayed a sharp resonance ascribed to Pi and a broad signal arising from the phosphate groups of the phospholipid bilayer. The content of Gd-DTPA in liposomes was directly estimated, based on specific modifications of the longitudinal relaxation rate of intraliposomal Pi. Entrapment ratio was estimated by P-31 NMR spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy to represent 2.5% to 5% of the initial Gd-DTPA content in the solution. This work illustrates the usefulness of NMR spectroscopy in the characterization of liposomes to be used for MRI applications. PMID- 3192395 TI - A comparison of digitized storage phosphors and conventional mammography in the detection of malignant microcalcifications. AB - The detectability of malignant tumor-derived microcalcifications with conventional mammography was compared to that with digital images (2000 X 2510 pixels by 10 bits) derived from a storage phosphor-based digital radiography system capable of 5 line pair/mm resolution at identical exposure factors (30 kVp, 250 mAs, 65 cm film-focus distance). Microcalcifications (50-800 microns in diameter) were randomly superimposed on a preserved human breast specimen. ROC analysis based on 480 observations made by four readers indicated that the ability to detect the calcifications with digital images (ROC area = 0.871 +/- 0.066) was equivalent to conventional mammography (ROC area = 0.866 +/- 0.075) despite lower spatial resolution. With digital mammography, 62% of all clusters were correctly localized, but only 23.6% of the individual calcifications were counted. With conventional mammography 61% of all clusters were correctly localized, but significantly more of the individual calcifications (31.5%) were counted. PMID- 3192396 TI - Estimation of tissue volume from serial tomographic sections. A statistical random marking method. AB - Computer operator-interactive planimetric methods that have been employed to measure volume of a selected tissue in serial computed tomographic sections are time consuming, and the accuracy of the measurement is limited by the operator's skill in outlining the tissue. We introduce an alternate method that is 5 to 6 times faster than planimetry and is independent of the operator's outlining dexterity. This method involves the random marking of voxels in a three dimensional array of known size and subsequent identification of the proportion of those voxels that are within the tissue of interest. Tissue of the kidney and left ventricular myocardium were imaged in situ with a high speed, volume scanning, computerized x-ray tomographic imaging system. Volumetric measurements made by the random marking method correlated highly (r = 0.99) with measurements made by planimetry and with postmortem weight. These data indicate that the random marking method provides a rapid and accurate means of estimating tissue volume in serial tomographic sections. PMID- 3192397 TI - An experimental evaluation of response to contrast media: Pantopaque, iopamidol, and iohexol in the subarachnoid space. AB - Myelography in dogs was performed with Pantopaque, iopamidol and iohexol. The effects of these agents were evaluated by histologic study of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges four months after the procedure. Retained Pantopaque was always accompanied by some degree of arachnoidal reaction, mild in the cervical cord segment and severe in the most caudal part of the cul-de-sac. No apparent protection against Pantopaque arachnoiditis was provided by either intrathecal or intramuscular methylprednisolone. We found no histologic evidence of arachnoiditis in animals examined with iopamidol and iohexol. PMID- 3192398 TI - A micropuncture assessment of the effects of contrast media of different osmolality. AB - The pathophysiology of radiographic contrast media-induced acute renal failure is unclear. Different causes are suggested, including hypertonicity, charged molecules, and toxicity of the media. This study deals with hemodynamic changes after injection of contrast media of high osmolarity iohexol, and metrizoate. Proximal tubular free-flow and stop-flow pressure (Psf), (the latter a marker of glomerular capillary pressure) were measured before, during, and afer injection of contrast media into the renal artery, compared with saline injection, in both normal rats and rats with ureteral obstruction (UO). Urine and electrolyte excretion also were examined. Metrizoate caused an initial decrease in Psf, from 37 to 20 mm Hg, followed by an increase to 81 mm Hg, and the value remained high for 10 minutes. During UO, the elevation of Psf was prolonged. Iohexol injection had a less marked effect. The change in glomerular capillary pressure may be dependent on the osmolarity of the contrast agent. PMID- 3192399 TI - Student analysis of imaging studies. A radiology clerkship exercise. AB - Senior radiology clerkships often must cope with medical students whose overly optimistic course goals are quite different from the objectives of the radiology faculty. Conference formats that satisfy both the clerks and the teachers are therefore difficult to design. We use a conference based on student assessments of radiology examinations that attracts student interest while accomplishing staff objectives. This learning session relies on student-prepared analyses of radiologic examinations. The five-year experience with this teaching method has been quite positive from the perspectives of students and the staff. PMID- 3192400 TI - The business of radiology. PMID- 3192401 TI - Commercial research and development in times of financial restraint. AB - More than most other areas of medical practice, radiology depends on technology for the practice of its specialty, the effectiveness of its specialists, and the contribution it can make to medical care. Consequently, manufacturers of diagnostic imaging equipment and supplies have special importance to radiologists, and there has long been a productive interrelationship between those vendors and radiologists, resulting in rapid growth in the sophistication and effectiveness of diagnostic imaging products. Presumably because the market for imaging equipment and supplies is narrowing, in the past three years there has been some redirection of research expenditures away from pure research into applied research and product development, although absolute levels of research funding have not decreased. Understanding the theory of the firm provides an insight into how vendors might respond to changes in the size of the equipment market or the certainty of the market in the future. Because the research and development activities of these vendors are important to radiology practice, radiologists need to understand corporate behavior, just as managers of companies providing imaging equipment and supplies need to understand the requirements and concerns of their market. Finally, individuals and agencies that determine the ultimate reimbursement for diagnostic medicine should be mindful of the effect their decisions have on costs and efficiencies in this area, particularly the risk that the long-range effect on the cost and quality of medical care is quite different from that intended. PMID- 3192402 TI - Regulatory, coverage, and reimbursement changes. Implications for diffusion of technology in radiology. PMID- 3192404 TI - CAT project (Computerized Adaptive Testing). PMID- 3192403 TI - The development process of NCLEX-PN and NCLEX-RN item pools. PMID- 3192406 TI - Participation in workplace health promotion programs: the contribution of health and organizational factors. AB - Interest in workplace health promotion programs has raised important questions regarding these programs' ability to attract participants. Typically, participation has been examined as a function of personal characteristics of employees. But participation in a workplace health promotion program may be influenced as much by organizational characteristics as by health-related characteristics of employees. This preliminary study, conducted at AT&T Communications, used path analysis, a statistical technique for controlling for the effects of causally prior variables, to develop a model of participation. The influence of three sets of factors was detected: (1) Sex of employee was significant, with women more likely than men to participate in the program, (2) Increased perceived risk of illness led to decreased health satisfaction which in turn led to increased intention to change health habits culminating in increased participation, and (3) The organizational climate factor of perceived supportiveness of the supervisor contributed to participation. While several potential limitations require that these findings be replicated and extended, the study suggests that developers of workplace health promotion programs should attend to organizational work climate as well as personal health characteristics of employees in an effort to increase program impact. PMID- 3192405 TI - Do only the healthy intend to participate in worksite health promotion? AB - Few companies or organizations involved in health promotion have addressed the major question of whether they are reaching the employees with the greatest health needs or those who could benefit most from these efforts. The popular view that only individuals who are already physically fit and healthy participate in worksite wellness programs was critically examined. Data from 523 survey respondents at the University of Oregon were analyzed to determine whether employees differed on health-related characteristics and their interest in attending a worksite health promotion program. Comparisons between program participant "intenders" and "nonintenders" revealed that both groups had similar lifestyle habits, preventive health practices, and health status profiles. Significant differences were more related to age and perceptions about their physical and emotional health status. Implications for health risk reduction program planning in the work setting are discussed. PMID- 3192407 TI - Seeking information: where do pregnant women go? AB - As part of a larger investigation of health behaviors and beliefs during pregnancy, a sample of 529 women were asked to identify their major sources of information about what they should and should not do during their pregnancies. Health care providers and books were cited as first or second most important by the largest number of respondents. When associations between respondent characteristics and preferred information sources were explored, it was found that women of higher socioeconomic status (SES) relied more on books and less on family than did women of lower SES. In addition, having had a previous pregnancy was associated with greater use of one's self as an information source. Although provider characteristics were not associated with choice of information source, women who perceived more support from their providers viewed them as more important sources of information. A similar effect for family was found. Health locus of control beliefs also were related to the relative importance of selected sources of information, while general social support was not. PMID- 3192408 TI - Predicting pressure ulcer development in surgical patients. AB - The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether a modified Norton scale at admission to the hospital would predict which patients would develop pressure ulcers when hospitalized for surgery for a period of up to 3 weeks. The sample was composed of 387 adult patients admitted for elective cardiovascular surgery or neurosurgery. By regression analysis, no difference was found in the modified Norton scale scores for those who did and those who did not have pressure ulcers during hospitalization. Pressure ulcers developed in 67 subjects during hospitalization. The modified Norton scale was not more sensitive for older subjects than for younger subjects in this sample. The knee and lateral malleolus were the sites of the most severe pressure ulcers. Subjects who were hospitalized for longer periods had more severe ulcers. Future research is needed to more precisely determine which patients in the acute care setting are at risk for the development of pressure ulcers. PMID- 3192409 TI - Paroxysmal heart block triggered by sitting up: a usually undetected cause of cerebral ischemia. AB - Modest postural changes may trigger symptoms of cerebral ischemia, and these are usually attributed to "postural hypotension." The mere act of sitting up in bed induced paroxysmal atrioventricular block with symptoms sufficiently severe to warrant pacemaker implantation, without changes in blood pressure, in two patients. These cases illustrate an easily treatable mechanism for posturally induced cerebral ischemia that may completely escape clinical detection if not looked for. PMID- 3192410 TI - Comparison of two techniques for obtaining samples for coagulation studies: venipuncture and intraarterial line. AB - The purpose of this study was to compare blood coagulation values drawn by venipuncture and from an intraarterial catheter. A 10 ml discard was obtained from 50 consecutive patients before obtaining the coagulation sample from the intraarterial catheter, and a 0.5 ml discard was obtained from the venipuncture specimen. A two-tailed t test for related samples was performed. The results revealed no significant difference between the two methods (p less than 0.05). The small differences seen were attributed to sampling error. These results suggest that blood samples obtained from heparinized intraarterial catheters after a 10 ml discard provide an accurate assessment of patients' mean clotting time. PMID- 3192411 TI - Arterial blood gas changes with a hyperinflation and hyperoxygenation suctioning intervention in critically ill patients. AB - Limited data are available on the efficacy of a common endotracheal suctioning intervention to prevent postsuctioning decreases in arterial oxygenation (PaO2). This study evaluated the effect on Pao2 of five hyperinflation (tidal volume 1.5 times normal) and hyperoxygenation breaths, administered before and after each of two consecutive endotracheal suctioning passes, with use of a manual resuscitation bag (PMR-2 model). The convenience sample consisted of 32 patients with endotracheal tubes who were observed within 24 hours of coronary artery bypass surgery. After the implementation of this standard suctioning intervention, there was a significant increase in PaO2 from baseline values. Only one subject had a decrease in PaO2 (44 mm Hg) after the intervention. In addition, a clinical measure of alveolar-capillary gas exchange (PaO2/PAO2 ratio) was found to be a significant predictor of PaO2 after suctioning, accounting for 38% of the variance. The data from this study support the efficacy of administering five hyperinflation and hyperoxygenation breaths, with use of a manual resuscitation bag, before and after endotracheal suctioning in stable patients after coronary artery bypass surgery. Further study is necessary to determine the efficacy of this suctioning intervention in patients with other respiratory problems. PMID- 3192413 TI - Critical care nurses' role with families: a descriptive study. AB - The purpose of this descriptive study was to explore the topic of families of critically ill patients from the critical care nurse's perspective. Two hundred twenty-six critical care nurses from one Midwest and three New England hospitals participated in the study. Critical care nurses' responses to questions about family visiting demonstrated variation in their interpretation and enforcement of visiting policies within units and among hospitals. There was overall consensus that family members should play a supportive, although nonparticipative role in the provision of care of their sick family member. More than 75% of the critical care nurses became involved with families in need of emotional support although more than one third of the respondents did not believe they had the requisite knowledge to meet families' psychosocial needs. Among the factors that most influenced critical care nurses' involvement with families were situations relating to the patient's actual or impending death and the nurses' subjective feelings (likes or dislikes) for the patient and family. PMID- 3192412 TI - Evaluation of coagulation studies from heparinized arterial lines with use of Lab Site high-pressure tubing. AB - Heparinized arterial catheters are commonly used in critically ill patients to monitor pressures and to collect blood for laboratory analysis. To remove the heparinized fluid used to keep these lines patent large volumes of blood are often withdrawn and discarded or calculations of tube volume must be made. Repeated violation of stopcocks may lead to contamination and infection of arterial lines. In addition, discarded blood has become an increasing concern as a source of infection for health care personnel. This study evaluates the efficacy of noncompliant arterial line tubing that contains two polymer sampling ports permanently placed at prefixed distances such that if blood is withdrawn to the distal port, undiluted arterial blood can then be withdrawn from the proximal port. Blood from arterial lines that consisted of 20-gauge catheters connected to Lab-Site tubing was withdrawn in the method suggested by the manufacturer with no removal or wasting of excess blood from the system. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) studies performed on this sample were compared with those performed on a simultaneously drawn venous sample. Regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient of 0.966 for PT and 0.935 for aPTT, demonstrating an excellent correlation for the technique. The average arterial PT was 0.12 seconds less than venous control and the average arterial aPTT was 0.49 seconds greater than control. Neither of these differences was significant. We conclude that this type of high-pressure tubing allows accurate blood samples to be obtained from arterial lines without the necessity of precise calculations or blood wastage. PMID- 3192414 TI - Effects of the nursing mutual participation model of care on parental stress in the pediatric intensive care unit. AB - The pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) hospitalization of a child is stressful for parents. Helping parents to decrease their stress is warranted so that they can function in the vital role that is therapeutic to them and their critically ill child. Many parent-supportive nursing interventions have been recommended but none has been tested in the clinical setting. A quasi-experimental design was used to study the effects of the nursing mutual participation model of care (NMPMC) on the perceived environmental stress of parents in the PICU. Thirty three parents, experiencing the PICU for the first time, participated in the study. Sequential sampling divided the participants into two groups, control and experimental. The experimental group participated in the NMPMC, designed to be supportive to and guided by the perceived individual needs of each parent. The dependent measure was the Parental Stressor Scale: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit administered within 24 to 48 hours of PICU admission, every 48 hours thereafter, and 24 hours after PICU discharge. The results indicate that the NMPMC is helpful in alleviating parental stress, specifically the stress related to interruption in the parent-child relationship, in the PICU setting. PMID- 3192416 TI - The cosmic continuum: research is not finished until it is published. PMID- 3192415 TI - Measures of symptoms and life quality to predict emergent use of institutional health care resources in chronic obstructive airways disease. AB - Thirty subjects with severe chronic obstructive airways disease participated in a study to identify differences in symptoms and life quality between those with high and low emergent use of institutional health care resources. Emergent use was defined as care obtained through unscheduled, nonroutine methods of access to health care providers. There were 15 subjects in each group; the groups had similar sex distribution and were not significantly different for percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (mean 29.8%), use of home oxygen (15 of 30 subjects), or prevalence of CO2 retention (nine of 30). Symptoms and life quality were measured by using three paper and pencil tests, the Bronchitis Emphysema Symptom Checklist, the Sickness-Impact Profile, and the Katz Adjustment Scale for relatives. Findings demonstrated consistently more symptoms and impairment of life quality in the "high emergent" group. The differences reached statistical significance for irritability, anxiety, helplessness, nervousness, peripheral sensory complaints, alienation, social interaction, and emotional behavior. Discriminant analysis provided a prediction formula that yielded 80% correct prediction for the two groups. PMID- 3192417 TI - Nursing ethics committees. PMID- 3192418 TI - The phenomenon of pain and critical care nursing. PMID- 3192419 TI - Symposium proceedings: Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: critical care nursing update, 1988. May 8, 1988, Dallas, Texas. PMID- 3192420 TI - Breakprone chromosome bands in lymphocytes from sarcoma patients do not coincide with bands involved in primary sarcoma-associated chromosome rearrangements. PMID- 3192421 TI - Distribution of structural chromosome aberrations in skin fibroblasts from patients with benign mesenchymal tumors. PMID- 3192422 TI - Breakprone chromosome bands in fibroblasts from patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma do not coincide with bands involved in primary rearrangements in non Hodgkin's lymphomas. PMID- 3192423 TI - Frequency and size distribution of micronuclei in lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen in workers exposed to piperazine. PMID- 3192424 TI - The mutagenic effect of five oil dispersants and of ethyleneglycolmonobutylether in bacteriophage T4D. PMID- 3192425 TI - Crossing over between linked inversions in Drosophila ananassae. PMID- 3192426 TI - Frequencies of micronuclei in human peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen. PMID- 3192428 TI - Selection on recombination in subdivided populations with stabilizing selection. PMID- 3192427 TI - The high resolution R-banded karyotype of Oryctolagus cuniculus L. PMID- 3192429 TI - Reciprocal chromosome translocations, (1p-; 11q+ and (1p+; 15q-), in domestic pigs with reduced litter size. PMID- 3192430 TI - Coexistence of an MHC chromosomal segment marked by HLA B17,BfS,C4A6,B1,DR7, and DQw9 in different ethnic groups. AB - Previously we have shown that the supratype HLA B17 BfS C4A6 B1 DR7 (17 6 1 7) carrying a C4/Bgl II RFLP correlating with C4A6 coexists in whites and Thai/Chinese. Using conventional and PFGE/Southern blotting with class II, class III, and TNF probes as well as serologic DQ subtyping, we have extended these comparisons and now report that four examples each of white and Oriental 17 6 1 7 bear DQw9, as well as an approximately 10kb fragment hybridizing with a DR beta probe following digestion of genomic DNA with Hind III. Furthermore, Oriental and white 17 6 1 7 share a genomic insertion of some 70kb close to the class II region. These data suggest that 17 6 1 7 may mark a highly conserved chromosomal segment which provides new insights into the biology and evolution of the major histocompatibility complex. PMID- 3192431 TI - Unique HLA-DR/DQ associations revealed by family studies in Warao Amerindians. Haplotype and homozygosity frequencies. AB - HLA-A, Cw, B and A, Cw, B, DR genotypes have been assigned, respectively, to 318 and 175 Warao Amerindians belonging to 73 sibships, who were tested with International Histocompatibility Workshop reagents. Only 33% of the theoretically possible three-loci and 7% of the possible four-loci haplotypes were found, with 10 and 6 of them accounting, respectively, for 75% of the total observed. This limited haplotype variability, expected in an inbred population, was not accompanied by either an increased or a decreased frequency of homozygous individuals, as demonstrated by population and family analysis. Inheritance of five HLA loci haplotypes in 20 families showed the expected distribution of parental haplotypes in sibling pairs. The study revealed DR2sh (DRw16), DR4 and DRw6 in association with DQw7, and DRw8 with DQw4, and significant positive linkage disequilibria between Bw62 CW1, B51 DRw16, B39 DR4, Bw62 DRw6, and DRw8 DQw4. The DR2-DQw7 and DRw6-DQw7 associations and the first three paired loci disequilibria mentioned are described for the first time in Amerindians and have not yet been found among Japanese, Negroid, or Caucasoid populations. PMID- 3192433 TI - Tradition of excellence continues at University of Minnesota. PMID- 3192432 TI - Questions basis for conclusions in report on drug-induced hepatotoxicosis. PMID- 3192434 TI - Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. PMID- 3192435 TI - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation. PMID- 3192437 TI - Credibility factor in practice. PMID- 3192436 TI - Keeping up with the facts on rabies. PMID- 3192438 TI - Sources of federal employment opportunities for veterinarians. PMID- 3192439 TI - Efficacy of febantel paste against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle. AB - Twenty calves with naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections were assigned to 10 replicates of 2 calves each and were treated with febantel paste (5 mg/kg of body weight, PO) or an equivalent volume of paste vehicle (control calves). Adverse reactions were not observed after febantel treatment. At necropsy, gastrointestinal nematode counts in febantel-treated calves, compared with control calves, were reduced by over 99% for all major species except Trichuris discolor, counts of which were reduced by only 69%. Counts of gastrointestinal nematode eggs in feces of febantel-treated calves were reduced by 100% after treatment. PMID- 3192441 TI - Variable locations of nutrient foramina of the proximal phalanx in forelimbs of standardbreds. AB - Bilateral metacarpophalangeal radiographs of 100 Standardbreds were examined for visualization and location of nutrient foramina of the proximal phalanx. Foramina were located in the dorsal or palmar cortex or were not visible radiographically. Of 100 horses, 45 had bilaterally symmetrical foramina. Left and right proximal phalangeal foramina were asymmetrical in the remaining 55 horses. Of 200 proximal phalangeal foramina (in 100 horses), 78 were in the dorsal cortex, 61 were in the palmar cortex, and 61 were not visible radiographically. A significant (P = 0.05) effect of age or sex could not be determined. PMID- 3192440 TI - Intramuscular injection techniques and the development of clostridial myositis or cellulitis in horses. AB - A survey of 584 veterinarians in equine practice was performed to determine their intramuscular injection techniques and the influence of those techniques on the development of clostridial myositis or cellulitis. Usable responses were obtained from 439 veterinarians (75.2%). Of these, 414 used a new needle and syringe for each injection, 241 swabbed the site with a cleansing/disinfectant agent, and 242 swabbed the top of multidose injection bottles with a similar solution. Only 2 clipped the hair at the injection site. Twenty eight of the respondents reported that at least 1 horse developed a clostridial infection at the injection site following 1 of their injections. None of the various injection techniques had a significant influence on the development of clostridial infection at the injection site. PMID- 3192442 TI - Malignant lymphoma in three horses with ulcerative pharyngitis. AB - Three horses were examined for ulcerative pharyngitis, which had been unresponsive to treatment. Biopsy specimens of the pharyngeal lesions were characterized histologically by a mixed population of lymphocytes and histiocytes, suggesting chronic inflammation. Only when biopsy specimens of regional lymph nodes revealed this cell population disrupting the lymph node architecture was the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma made. PMID- 3192443 TI - Laminectomy for relief of atlantoaxial subluxation in four horses. AB - Malalignment of the atlas and axis was seen in 4 horses with an idiopathic form of atlantoaxial subluxation characterized by spinal cord compression on extension. The bone structure and density of the atlas and axis were radiographically normal in 3 of the 4 horses. Clinical signs appeared when the horses were 6 to 30 months old, and 3 of the 4 horses had a history of trauma. Although a congenital anomaly could not be ruled out, the cause was thought to be trauma. The horses were moderately to severely ataxic at the time of examination. Myelography revealed compression of the spinal cord at the atlantoaxial junction on extension. Flexion completely relieved the compression. In each horse, subtotal laminectomy of the caudal two thirds of the dorsal arch of the atlas was used to relieve the spinal cord compression. Two horses recovered fully, one had residual grade-1 neurologic deficits, and a fourth was euthanatized after it fractured a limb 6 weeks after surgery. PMID- 3192444 TI - Management of a severely comminuted fracture of the third metacarpal bone in a horse. AB - A 4-year-old Standardbred stallion sustained a severely comminuted fracture involving the second, third, and fourth metacarpal bones. The fracture was repaired using two 14-hole broad dynamic compression plates positioned at 90 degrees to one another, allowing one plate to protect the other in the bending mode. An autologous cancellous bone graft obtained from the tuber coxae was added at the site of the defect in the mid- to upper third of the third metacarpal bone. Complications associated with the fixation included a Staphylococcus aureus infection 5 months after surgery, laminitis that developed in the opposite forelimb 6 months after the fracture, and septic tenosynovitis in the contralateral hind limb. The septic tenosynovitis prolonged hospitalization for a total of 20 months. Both postoperative problems resolved when the stallion returned to breeding use. PMID- 3192445 TI - Treatment of a ruptured medial collateral ligament of the stifle in a horse. AB - Medial collateral ligament ruptures in horses are rare and difficult to treat. Conservative treatment usually results in degenerative joint disease that causes permanent lameness. Surgical treatment may be an alternative for salvaging horses for breeding purpose. PMID- 3192446 TI - Dwarfism in a swine herd: suspected vitamin A toxicosis. AB - Dwarfism was observed in a group of 30 crossbred pigs. Affected pigs had short limbs and retarded growth. Reduced long-bone length as well as flattening and caudal rotation of the humeral head and the distal femoral condyles were seen at necropsy. Metaphyseal growth plates in vertebrae were narrow and, in long bones, were closed prematurely. There was a sparing of growth plates in traction epiphyses. Vitamin A toxicosis was considered as a possible cause. PMID- 3192447 TI - Ethylene glycol toxicosis in a pygmy goat. AB - Ingestion of ethylene glycol was responsible for severe azotemia, acidosis, and abnormal anionic gap value in a pygmy goat. Clinical signs consisted of ataxia, polydipsia, decreased rumen motility, and constipation. Nervous signs included depression, absence of menace response, vertical nystagmus, and terminal convulsions. Four days after onset of clinical signs, antidotal treatment was ineffective. Lesions and oxalate crystals in the kidney were typical of ethylene glycol or plant oxalate toxicosis in other species. Toxicologic analysis revealed ethylene glycol in the rumen content and glycolic acid in urine and ocular fluid. PMID- 3192448 TI - Toxoplasma gondii-induced abortion in sheep. AB - Twenty-nine of 200 (14.5%) ewes on a farm in Cobleskill, NY aborted or had dead lambs during the lambing seasons of 1985 and 1986. Thirteen of 15 ewes that aborted had high Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers (1,024), via the modified agglutination test, and T gondii was isolated from the tissues of 1 fetus. In the 1987 lambing season, 5 ewes aborted, but not because of T gondii infection. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were detected in 73.8% of sera obtained from 592 ewes in January 1987, indicating enzootic toxoplasmosis on this farm. Seropositivity increased with age; 40.2% of 1-year-old ewes had detectable antibody vs 89.2% of 2-year-old ewes. PMID- 3192449 TI - Nonsurgically managed caudal acetabular fractures in dogs: 15 cases (1979-1984). AB - Medical records of 15 dogs with nonsurgically managed caudal one-third acetabular fractures were reviewed. In-hospital evaluation of these dogs was possible 6 to 67 months after injury. Thirteen dogs had radiographic evidence of moderate to severe degenerative joint disease in affected hips. Twelve dogs had decreased hip joint range of motion and/or signs of pain on the affected side, and 7 dogs were lame. Because of limited pain-free motion and degenerative joint disease in most affected hips, results of nonsurgical management of caudal one-third acetabular fractures in dogs were considered unsatisfactory. PMID- 3192451 TI - Final comments on use of animals in research. PMID- 3192450 TI - Epidemiologic, clinical, pathologic, and prognostic characteristics of splenic hemangiosarcoma and splenic hematoma in dogs: 217 cases (1985). AB - Data on age, sex, and breed were obtained from surgical pathologic records of 92 dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma (SHS) and for 125 dogs with splenic hematoma (SHA) diagnosed in 1985 at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. Further information on body weight, clinical and surgical findings, and survival time was obtained for 59 dogs (64.1%) with SHS and 91 dogs (72.8%) with SHA. Splenic hemangiosarcoma was markedly more common in dogs 8 to 13 years old, and SHA was appreciably more common in dogs greater than or equal to 8 years old, compared with dogs 1 to 7 years old. Compared with sexually intact females, only spayed females were at significantly (odds ratio [or], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2 to 4.1) increased risk for developing SHS; sex predisposition was not found for dogs with SHA. The German Shepherd Dog was the only breed with increased risk for development of either SHS (OR, 4.7; 95% CI, 2.7 to 7.8) or SHA (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.7 to 4.9), compared with all other purebred dogs. Association of tumor type for 7 commonly reported clinical signs with observance of hemoperitoneum at surgery was determined; anorexia (P = 0.01), collapse (P = 0.01), and hemoperitoneum (P less than 0.001) were significantly more common in dogs with SHS. The median survival time for dogs with SHS was 19 days, compared with 338 days for dogs with SHA (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192452 TI - Comments on evaluation of heartworm diagnostic kits. PMID- 3192453 TI - Concerned about safe use of flea control products. PMID- 3192454 TI - Questions choice of test for exocrine pancreatic function. PMID- 3192455 TI - Living within the practice income. PMID- 3192456 TI - Bovine somatotropins. PMID- 3192457 TI - Veterinarians and the joint venture. PMID- 3192458 TI - Good records help in the defense of malpractice suits. PMID- 3192459 TI - Use of narcotic antagonists to modify stereotypic self-licking, self-chewing, and scratching behavior in dogs. AB - We evaluated 2 narcotic antagonists, naltrexone and nalmefene, for treatment of refractory self-licking, self-chewing, and scratching behavior in dogs. Eleven dogs with various irritative or pruritic disorders were medicated with naltrexone (1 mg/kg of body weight, sc) or nalmefene (1 to 4 mg/kg, sc), after a period of control observation during which the dogs had not been medicated. The time for which the dogs were involved in self-licking, self-chewing, or scratching was determined retrospectively by analysis of videotapes. The rates of involvement in either activity before and after treatment were calculated and compared statistically. Treatment with a narcotic antagonist significantly reduced the time spent self-licking, self-chewing, or scratching in 7 of 11 dogs, was partially effective in 3 dogs, and was ineffective in one dog. Dogs with acral lick dermatitis responded most to treatment. PMID- 3192460 TI - Effect of removal of lacrimal and third eyelid glands on Schirmer tear test results in cats. AB - Schirmer tear tests I and II values for 10 healthy cats were 16.2 +/- 3.8 mm/min and 13.2 +/- 3.4 mm/min, respectively. Surgical removal of the lacrimal gland or the third eyelid gland from the left eye resulted in decreased Schirmer tear test I values. Clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca were not seen until the lacrimal and third eyelid glands were removed, at which time the Schirmer tear test-I value was close to 0 mm/min. Conjunctival glands (accessory lacrimal glands of Krause and Wolfring) appeared to contribute little to tear production in these cats. PMID- 3192461 TI - Diagnosis of dysautonomia in a cat by autonomic nervous system function testing. AB - Clinical signs of dysautonomia, including dilated pupils, dry mucous membranes, and megaesophagus, were observed in a cat. The diagnosis was confirmed by use of autonomic nervous system function testing including 0.1% pilocarpine and physostigmine ocular response tests, plasma catecholamine assays, and cardiovascular responses to various perturbations intended to elicit autonomic responses. The cause of the autonomic dysfunction was not ascertained, and the cat was euthanatized after 5 weeks of unsuccessful treatment with pilocarpine, metoclopramide, prochlorperazine, and parenteral nutrition. PMID- 3192463 TI - Combined factors IX and XII deficiencies in a family of cats. AB - Combined factors IX and XII deficiencies were detected in a family of cats in which 2 male kittens had bleeding diathesis. The combination of factors IX and XII deficiencies in one male kitten did not appear to exacerbate bleeding when compared with a sole deficiency of factor IX in its male sibling. Neutering of carrier females and affected males was recommended. Blood transfusions before castration of affected males was advised. PMID- 3192462 TI - Intraocular Cuterebra in a cat. AB - A cat had sudden onset of unilateral corneal edema, fibrin in the anterior chamber, uveal inflammation, and retinal dysfunction. A dead dipteran fly larva was removed surgically from the anterior chamber and was identified as an early instar of a Cuterebra sp. PMID- 3192464 TI - Central tarsal implant in a racing greyhound. AB - Although most type IV fractures in dogs can be treated with screw fixation, type V fractures usually lead to an unsuccessful clinical result. A central tarsal replacement composed of a titanium alloy was developed by our investigation team to treat type V fractures. The implant was used to successfully treat a greyhound and to allow it to return to racing. Continual development of this new surgical procedure hopefully will give the veterinarian predictable and reliable clinical results and return injured greyhounds to active racing. PMID- 3192465 TI - Two-dimensional echocardiography for diagnosis of dirofilariasis in nine dogs. AB - Two-dimensional echocardiography (real-time ultrasonography) of the heart was used to detect adult Dirofilaria immitis in the right ventricle and atrium of a 2 year-old Labrador Retriever with occult heartworm disease and in 8 microfilaremic dogs. Adult worms were easily identified as parallel echogenic lines separated by a hypoechoic region. Images of worms fixed in formalin after recovery from dogs with experimentally induced heartworm infection had an identical appearance. The sensitivity of this imaging procedure was tested on the 8 dogs with naturally acquired infection, and worms were observed in the right ventricle of 7 of the dogs. Two-dimensional echocardiography appears to be a sensitive noninvasive procedure, which can be used in combination with thoracic radiography and serotests to improve accuracy of diagnosis of canine occult heartworm disease. PMID- 3192466 TI - Arterial thromboembolic disease in a dog with blastomycosis localized in a hilar lymph node. AB - An 8-year-old mixed-breed dog was evaluated for caudal paresis. Transient lameness of the left hind and left forelimbs had developed during the preceding week. Clinical findings included conscious proprioceptive deficits, hyporeflexive tendon reflexes and decreased pain perception, coolness in the hind limbs and left forelimb, and absence of femoral pulses. A fluid-dense mass was radiographically identified adjacent to the left atrium. Echocardiography revealed a mass in the left atrium and spontaneous contrast in the left ventricular lumen and aortic root. The dog was euthanatized because of its deteriorating condition. A large mass was adhered to the dorsal left atrial wall and had eroded into the atrial lumen. A sterile blood clot was attached to this site, and sterile thrombi were in the terminal portion of the aorta. Histologically, the mass was found to be hilar lymph node with chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation containing organisms characteristic of Blastomyces dermatitidis. PMID- 3192467 TI - Subtotal colectomy for treatment of chronic constipation associated with idiopathic megacolon in cats: 38 cases (1979-1985). AB - Chronic constipation, nonresponsive to medical management and associated with idiopathic megacolon, was diagnosed in 38 cats from 1979 to 1985. All cats were treated by subtotal colectomy and enterocolostomy, in which the ileum or distal portion of the jejunum was joined to a 2- to 4-cm segment of distal portion of the colon preserved to accommodate an end-to-end anastomosis. After surgery, cats usually were depressed and anorectic, had tenesmus, and passed liquid tarry feces. In 37 cats 1 week to 3 months after surgery, character of the feces changed from diarrhea to soft semiformed or formed feces. One cat had severe diarrhea that was nonresponsive to diet change and pharmacologic treatment; the diarrhea resolved after 4.5 months. One cat developed a stricture of the enterocolostomy, which was relieved by 3 balloon catheter dilatations. All cats regained normal appetite, did not lose weight, and were not incontinent. Three cats had sporadic episodes of constipation and were easily treated. Results of histologic examination of the resected portion of colon in 23 cats were inconclusive. PMID- 3192468 TI - Neurologic, endocrinologic, and pathologic findings associated with large pituitary tumors in dogs: eight cases (1976-1984). AB - Invasive tumors of the pituitary gland were diagnosed in 8 dogs. Seven of the dogs had been treated for pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism before the onset of neurologic signs. All 8 dogs had behavior abnormalities and similar neurologic signs: 6 dogs had rotary nystagmus and 7 dogs had symmetric tetraparesis. Once neurologic signs developed, the clinical course in all 8 dogs had a mean duration of 4.7 +/- 2.0 months before death or euthanasia; 5 dogs had a clinical course of less than or equal to 2 months. Necropsy was performed in 7 dogs. The histologic diagnosis was malignant pituitary adenocarcinoma in 2 dogs and pituitary adenoma in 5 dogs. PMID- 3192469 TI - More on ferrets as pets. PMID- 3192470 TI - Convenience euthanasia revisited. PMID- 3192471 TI - Thoughts on the Schuyler and Algon bulk-drug issue. PMID- 3192472 TI - Veterinary services market for companion animals. Summary report. PMID- 3192473 TI - Serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations as predictors of major intestinal injury associated with equine colic. AB - To determine the reliability with which inorganic phosphorus (phosphate) concentrations can be used to predict major intestinal injury associated with equine colic, phosphate concentrations were measured in serum, peritoneal fluid, or both from 9 clinically normal adult horses (group A), 37 horses successfully managed medically for signs of abdominal pain (group B), 26 horses with signs of abdominal pain and undergoing exploratory laparotomy without intestinal resection (group C), and 26 horses undergoing intestinal resection or euthanasia for extensive intestinal lesions (group D). Peritoneal fluid phosphate concentration was significantly greater in horses in group D (mean, 4.58 +/- 0.34 mg/dl) than in horses in group A (mean, 2.78 +/- 0.21 mg/dl), group B (mean, 2.92 +/- 0.27 mg/dl), and group C (mean, 2.98 +/- 0.28 mg/dl; P less than or equal to 0.01). Serum phosphate concentration was significantly greater in horses in group D (mean, 3.87 +/- 0.30 mg/dl) than in horses in group A (mean, 2.73 +/- 0.22 mg/dl), group B (mean, 2.80 +/- 0.21 mg/dl), and group C (mean, 2.78 +/- 0.22 mg/dl); P less than or equal to 0.05). There was significant (P less than or equal to 0.001) correlation between serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations within each group and when pairs from all groups were pooled. When peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations exceeded 3.6 mg/dl, intestinal lesions requiring resection or euthanasia were predicted with sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 76%. When serum phosphate concentrations exceeded 3.3 mg/dl, such lesions were predicted with sensitivity of 60% and specificity of 73%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192474 TI - Kleingrass-associated hepatotoxicosis in horses. AB - Chronic hepatic disease was diagnosed in 6 horses with history of anorexia and weight loss. These horses consistently had abnormally high serum gamma glutamyltransferase activities, total and direct bilirubin and blood ammonia values, and sulfobromophthalein clearance times, whereas serum iditol dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were variable. In the 6 horses, histologic examination of the liver revealed lesions of chronic hepatitis with varying degrees of fibrosis. All 6 horses had ingested kleingrass (Panicum coloratum) for variable periods. Three healthy horses fed kleingrass hay for 90 days developed hepatic lesions and increases in serum gamma glutamyltransferase activities similar to those in the 6 horses with chronic hepatitis. Characteristic hepatic lesions in both groups of horses included bridging hepatic fibrosis, cholangitis, and hepatocellular regeneration. PMID- 3192475 TI - Reproductive difficulties in cattle with antibody titers to Haemophilus somnus. AB - A herd of Holstein cows was examined because of suspected embryonic death. Four cows had embryonic loss, and 2 cows had aborted. Paired serum samples were tested for antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and Haemophilus somnus. Of 16 cows, 8 had antibody titers to H somnus greater than 1:1,024, and 3 had greater than or equal to four-fold changes in antibody titers to H somnus. Haemophilus somnus infection was active in this herd and may have been responsible for the herd's reproductive problems. PMID- 3192476 TI - Premature lactation in a heifer with a sex cord-stromal tumor. AB - A tumor of the ovary was believed to be responsible for initiating lactation in a nonpregnant heifer. The only abnormal clinical sign was milk secretion from all 4 mammary glands and a large mass in the abdomen. Concentrations of estrogen and progesterone were markedly high. The mass was removed and identified as a sex cord-stromal tumor with a granulosa cell pattern. PMID- 3192477 TI - Subchondral cyst-like lesions in the distal portion of the radius of four horses. AB - Four horses with subchondral cyst-like lesions in the medial radial facet of the distal portion of the radius were examined. Joint effusion and signs of pain from flexion of the antebrachiocarpal joint were not observed, but lameness was observed in 3 of the 4 horses. Regional nerve blocks and intra-articular anesthesia were used to localize the lesions, and conservative treatment resulted in soundness for performance. PMID- 3192478 TI - Teratocarcinoma of the ovary in a mare. AB - A 5-year-old Appaloosa mare had a history of mild intermittent abdominal discomfort and clinical signs that were suggestive of intestinal obstruction. Palpation per rectum revealed a large mass attached to the left uterine horn, with smaller masses extending dorsally and cranially and causing constriction of the rectum. At necropsy, numerous multilobulated masses were observed in the abdominal cavity and several nodules were seen in the lungs. The left ovary was large and contained both cartilage and hairlike material. Sections from all masses had similar histologic features and confirmed the tentative diagnosis of teratocarcinoma. PMID- 3192479 TI - Diagnosis and surgical treatment of functional obstruction of the right dorsal colon in a horse. AB - Functional obstruction of the right dorsal colon was found at surgery in a 6-year old American Saddlebred gelding with a history of anorexia, depression, weight loss, and intermittent colic. Side-to-side anastomosis of the right dorsal colon to the small colon was done to bypass the obstruction. Histopathologic findings of the right dorsal colon and regional colonic lymph nodes were unremarkable. Surgical treatment was successful. PMID- 3192480 TI - Bilateral pyelonephritis and hydroureter associated with metastatic adenocarcinoma in a dog. AB - Metastatic adenocarcinoma, involving the trigone of the urinary bladder, resulted in bilateral pyelonephritis and hydroureter in an aged dog. Salient physical examination and clinicopathologic findings included bacterial urinary tract infection, renal pain response to abdominal palpation, and the observation of WBC casts in urine sediment. A good response to antimicrobial drug administration was observed initially; however, the dog later was euthanatized because of progressive renal disease. Necropsy revealed extensive peritoneal carcinomatosis with metastatic lesions causing occlusion of both ureters. Ostensibly, metastatic carcinoma involving the trigone resulted in urine stasis and enhanced the development of renal infection and hydroureter. PMID- 3192481 TI - Fistulous withers in horses: 14 cases (1978-1987). AB - Over an 8-year period, 14 horses were admitted to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine for evaluation of fistulous withers. Of the 14 horses, 11 were treated surgically and 3 were not treated. Surgical techniques involved radical excision of the affected soft tissue and spinous processes of affected vertebrae. Recurrence rate was 30%, and these horses required additional surgery to resolve the problem. PMID- 3192482 TI - Keratomas in horses: seven cases (1975-1986). AB - The diagnosis of keratoma in 7 horses and their treatment and outcome were evaluated. Horses were 2 to 20 years old, of various breeds, and were intact or castrated males. All were lame, and 6 horses had had previous injuries of the affected hoof that had not responded to prior treatments. Only 1 hoof was affected in each horse. Keratomas were beneath the hoof wall (6 horses) or sole (1 horse). Radiographically, a circular or semicircular defect with a discrete margin was present in the distal portion of the third phalanx in 3 horses. Grossly, keratomas were firm solitary masses (1.5 to 5 cm diameter); gray, tan, or yellow; and oval or conical. Keratomas were excised from beneath the hoof wall by removing a section of hoof wall (5 horses) or by undermining the wall beginning at its junction with the sole (1 horse). A keratoma beneath the sole in 1 horse was excised by excavating the sole to the level of the palmar surface of the third phalanx. Keratoma was verified microscopically by the presence of characteristic rings of squamous epithelial cells with abundant keratin. Purulent exudate and inflammatory infiltrate often were present concurrently, reflecting an associated localized infection. Aftercare included daily application of an antiseptic iodine solution and foot bandages, and shoeing with a treatment plate several weeks after surgery. Hoof and sole defects healed completely between 6 months and 1 year. By 1 year after surgery, 6 horses were sound, and keratoma had not recurred. PMID- 3192483 TI - Barriers to research in allied health. AB - In 1980, the National Commission on Allied Health Education recommended a needs assessment be done to determine the barriers to research in allied health faculty. This study presents the results of a survey of such faculty members conducted by selecting a random national sample of faculty members in 16 schools of allied health, and soliciting the anonymously reported perceived research barriers from the faculty members. Research barriers in eight major categories were identified. Categories with the largest number of faculty members reporting that the needs were major barriers to research activity were: additional personnel, research philosophy, funds, in-service education, information, and space. Results emphasized the fact that allied health faculty have time already heavily committed to clinical and teaching responsibilities, and that more time for research was desired than was presently available. PMID- 3192484 TI - A model for teaching about interdisciplinary practice in health care settings. AB - The authors describe a continuum of collaborative interdisciplinary professional practice which can be used for teaching students in health care settings. Choices about the nature of interdisciplinary practice can be made not only on the imperatives of patient care but also on the interpersonal characteristics of health care providers as well as their needs for professional autonomy. This model can enable students to make clear career decisions about the types of interdisciplinary practice best suited to their interpersonal style and professional needs. PMID- 3192486 TI - Paying for clinical education: fact or fiction? AB - Changes in the health care system, brought on by cost control measures, are expected to have an impact on clinical education opportunities in allied health. There has been speculation that clinical facilities, upon which academic programs depend for clinical education, will begin charging fees for allowing students to rotate through their facilities. A survey was conducted of 43 schools and colleges of allied health, comprising 274 programs in 46 different disciplines to ascertain the extent to which programs were paying for clinical education. Two basic research questions were addressed: (1) to what extent are academic institutions supporting direct costs for clinical education of students and (2) to what extent are academic institutions exchanging resources with clinical facilities in which their students are receiving clinical education? Data were collected on cash payments made to clinical facilities, payment of preceptors, academic faculty in direct supervision of students in the clinics, tuition credit bank for clinical supervisors, university provision of inservice training for the clinical faculty, and university provision of equipment for use by students in the clinical facility. Results indicate that very few programs are making cash payments--2.2% in academic health centers and 10.6% in non-academic health centers (four-year colleges). In lieu of cash payments, a number of resource exchanges take place between educational institutions and clinical facilities. PMID- 3192485 TI - Growth and distribution of selected allied health professional groups, United States, 1970-1980. AB - The growth and geographical distribution of selected allied health professional groups were compared with medicine, dentistry, and nursing for the periods 1970 to 1980 using data from the US census (1970 to 1980) and AMA Physician Masterfile. GINI indexes of health professionals concentration were computed as global measures to evaluate changes in the pattern of locational choice. All allied health professional groups reflected large percentage increases ranging from 25% to 432% in supply of practitioners from 1970 to 1980, with a median percentage increase of 71.9%, and compared well with medicine and dentistry. These allied health supply increases were generally related to better distributional outcomes among the general population and physicians, although several allied health groups became less evenly distributed during this decade. These gains were realized during a decade when less federal support was available for the allied health professions compared with medicine, dentistry, and nursing. PMID- 3192488 TI - The therapist's inferior function. PMID- 3192487 TI - Health promotion and allied health professionals: considerations for program design. AB - There is growing public and corporate interest in health promotion programs. Available literature suggests that health promotion may contribute to greater longevity and life satisfaction while resulting in lower health care costs. Allied health professionals are perfectly positioned to make the difference between a successful or unsuccessful health promotion effort, whether in their own lives or in the lives of patients. However, allied health professionals need to commit themselves to making behavior changes to improve their own health so that they can effectively assist patients in making similar changes. These ideas are demonstrated through a study of an employee health promotion program for allied health professionals in a health maintenance organization. PMID- 3192489 TI - Phenelfamycins, a novel complex of elfamycin-type antibiotics. I. Discovery, taxonomy and fermentation. AB - Phenelfamycins A, B, C, E, F and unphenelfamycin have been discovered in the fermentation broth of two soil isolates, designated AB 999F-80 and AB 1047T-33. These isolates were identified as strains of Streptomyces violaceoniger. The antibiotics were selected for their activity against anaerobic bacteria. PMID- 3192490 TI - Phenelfamycins, a novel complex of elfamycin-type antibiotics. II. Isolation and structure determination. AB - A novel complex of elfamycin-type antibiotics has been isolated from submerged fermentation of either Streptomyces violaceoniger AB 999F-80 or Streptomyces violaceoniger AB 1047T-33. Antibiotics were extracted from the fermentation broth with ethyl acetate and from the mycelia with acetone. Purification of individual components was achieved by a combination of solvent partitions, Sephadex LH-20 exclusion, C18 bonded-phase silica gel adsorption, diol partition and liquid liquid countercurrent chromatographies. Seven closely related components were separated and assigned structures 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16 to phenelfamycins A to F respectively and structure 17 to unphenelfamycin. These structures were elucidated employing a variety of spectroscopic techniques, including extensive use of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. PMID- 3192491 TI - O-demethylpaulomycins A and B, U-77,802 and U-77,803, paulomenols A and B, new metabolites produced by Streptomyces paulus. AB - O-Demethylpaulomycin A (C33H44N2O17S), O-demethylpaulomycin B (C32H42N2O17S), paulomenol A (C29H43NO16), paulomenol B (C28H41NO16), and the hydrogen sulfide adducts of paulomycin A (U-77,802, C34H48N2O17S2), and paulomycin B (U-77,803, C33H46N2O17S2) have been isolated from fermentations of Streptomyces paulus strain 273. The structure of these compounds was determined by 1H and 13C NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectrum spectroscopic techniques and degradative studies. The antibacterial properties of these new metabolites, which are related to paulomycins A and B (J. Antibiotics 35: 285-294, 1982), are briefly discussed. PMID- 3192492 TI - Porothramycin, a new antibiotic of the anthramycin group: production, isolation, structure and biological activity. AB - A new antitumor antibiotic porothramycin was produced by a new strain of Streptomyces albus. The antibiotic was isolated in two active forms, the natural free hydroxyl form (porothramycin A) or the crystalline methyl ether form (porothramycin B) depending upon the isolation process used. Structural studies established that porothramycin is a new member of the pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine group antibiotics having only one substituent on the benzene ring. The antibiotic exhibited antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes and significantly prolonged the survival times of mice implanted with experimental tumors. PMID- 3192494 TI - Synthesis and structure-activity relationships in the cefpirome series. III. 7 Alpha-methoxy and 7 alpha-formamido analogues of cefpirome. AB - 7 alpha-Methoxy and 7 alpha-formamido derivatives of cefpirome (HR 810) have been synthesized and tested in comparison with cefpirome and some analogues 1 against aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Cefpirome and analogues 1 have good activity against Gram-positive and only limited activity against Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. 7 alpha-Methoxy derivatives 2 show only a slight improvement of activity against Gram-negative anaerobes and are less active against all aerobes. Introduction of the 7 alpha-formamido group (compounds 3) results in an overall loss of activity towards both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. PMID- 3192495 TI - N-azamonobactams. 1. The synthesis of some 3-substituted N-azamonobactam derivatives. AB - Ring closure of the N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-L-serine 2 (diphenylmethylene)hydrazide (10a) and the corresponding L-threonine derivative (10b) gave good yields of the beta-lactams 11a and 11b. Catalytic hydrogenation afforded the corresponding N-amino beta-lactams 12a and 12b. These compounds were then further transformed into 3-(S)-[[(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-(Z) (methoxyimino)acetyl]amino-2-oxo-1- azetidinyl]sulfamic acid analogs 18, 23, and 30a and 30b. None of these compounds exhibited any interesting biological activity. PMID- 3192493 TI - Synthesis and structure-activity relationships in the cefpirome series. II. Analogues of cefpirome with different 7-heteroarylacetamido and 3'-ammonium substituents. AB - The synthesis and antibacterial activity in vitro of 7-(2-heteroarylacetamido)-3 [(2,3- cyclopentenopyridinium)methyl]cephalosporins and of some related compounds with different ammonium functions in 3'-position are described. The 7-[5-amino 1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl] and the 7-[4-aminopyrimidin-2-yl] analogues of cefpirome and compounds with 3-aliphatic ammoniummethyl functions have excellent antibacterial activity. Cephalosporins with different N-heterocycles other than pyridine in 3'-position are less active than their 3-pyridiniummethyl analogues. Attachment of a pyridinium group to a cephem at C-3 via a thiomethyl or an aminomethyl bridge causes reduction of antibacterial activity. PMID- 3192496 TI - Synthesis and antibacterial activity of N-acyl vancomycins. AB - Several glycopeptides containing N-acyl groups have been isolated recently. We undertook the synthesis of N-acyl vancomycins, using the active ester method. The in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity were evaluated, and structure activity relationship of this series of semisynthetic vancomycins is discussed. PMID- 3192497 TI - Inhibitory effect of FK-565 alone and in combination with zidovudine on retroviral infection by Friend leukemia virus in mice. AB - The effects of route and starting time of administration on FK-565 inhibition of splenomegaly by Friend leukemia virus (FLV) were studied in mice, and the concomitant effect of FK-565 in allowing reduction of zidovudine dosage was estimated. FK-565 inhibited splenomegaly in intravenous and oral doses of 0.01 to 1 mg/kg, but time of initial dosing had little effect on this inhibition. When 0.01 or 1 mg/kg of FK-565 was given intravenously with intraperitoneal doses of 0.63, 2.5, 10 and 40m g/kg of zidovudine, the inhibition rate of splenomegaly at all doses was markedly and dose-dependently higher than when either drug was given alone, and the concomitant use of FK-565 with zidovudine enabled a 16-fold reduction of the dose of zidovudine. The survival rate and survival time after infection with massive amounts of FLV were higher when FK-565 1 mg/kg and zidovudine 20 mg/kg were given in combination than when either drug was given alone. Inhibition of FLV splenomegaly was reflected in the prolonged survival time of the infected mice. PMID- 3192498 TI - Structures of minor components of the validamycin complex. PMID- 3192499 TI - An analysis of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the macrolide antibiotic, neoisomidecamycin. PMID- 3192500 TI - A new antitumor antibiotic, FR-900482: V. Interstrand DNA-DNA cross-links in L1210 cells. PMID- 3192501 TI - LL-E19020 alpha and beta, novel growth promoting agents: isolation, characterization and structures. PMID- 3192502 TI - Pyrindamycins A and B, new antitumor antibiotics. PMID- 3192503 TI - Synthesis of the intact aglycone of oleandomycin, oleandolide, and deoleandrosyl oleandomycin. PMID- 3192504 TI - Inversely related evolution of growth hormone and prolactin secretions in long term tissue cultures of human pituitary adenomas from acromegalic patients. AB - Pituitary tumoral tissue from 20 acromegalic patients was cultured for up to 120 d in a medium containing 5 nM cortisol. In all cultures, growth hormone (GH) release decreased. At the beginning of the culture, prolactin (PRL) was detected in 18 adenomas, varying from 0.5 to 1000 ng per flask per day. Thereafter, in 10 cases PRL secretion increased from 3 to 50 times the basal level, most frequently after a lapse of 9 to 30 d. PRL secretion remained low in three cases, undetectable in one case only. When added at 350 nM, cortisol increased GH secretion up to 20-fold and simultaneously decreased PRL secretion by as much as 10% of the basal level. Withdrawing cortisol reversed the situation. Immunocytochemical studies of the tumor at surgery showed, besides GH immunoreactive (IR) cells, PRL-IR cells (from rare cells to 10% of total cells) in 15 adenomas, correlating with the first days of culture PRL levels. In cultured explants, mitoses were never found. In 5 nM cortisol medium, the number of GH-IR cells decreased and PRL-IR cells increased or appeared. With 350 nM cortisol, the number of GH-IR cells increased, and PRL-IR cells were scarce or absent. Immunoreactivities for GH and PRL were found in different cells. Care was taken to exclude cultures containing normal pituitary tissue, and because no mitoses were found, these results suggest that most somatotropic adenomas can reversibly shift their secretion from GH to PRL in culture. This capacity to secrete PRL, hidden or low in vivo, is revealed by the favorable low cortisol conditions present in vitro. PMID- 3192505 TI - Degenerative and regenerative changes in epidermal organ culture: a morphological study with reference to membrane-coating granules. AB - Membrane-coating granules (MCG) are poorly understood lamellate organelles unique to keratinized epithelia. This study provides data on a skin model for future in vitro investigations of MCG. Porcine ear epidermal organ cultures were used under standard cell culture conditions. This system was selected because it is easily established and, following a degenerative period in which MCG are lost, regenerates to form a highly differentiated epidermis. The epidermis appeared healthy during the first 2 d in vitro and contained MCG but lost keratohyalin granules (KHG). Overt degenerative changes were evident in the upper epidermis on Day 3, and MCG were now bloated. By Day 4 only one to three layers of viable undifferentiated cells remained. In the overlying necrotic epidermis MCG were rare, presumably due to the bursting of bloated MCG. Epidermal regeneration began around Day 5 and by Day 7 there were 8 to 13 layers, including a rudimentary parakeratotic stratum corneum (up to 4 layers). The stratum granulosum (two to three layers) now contained immature KHG and poorly lamellate MCG, but only amorphous material extracellularly. By Day 11 there were three to four layers of granular cells as in vivo, and an orthokeratotic stratum corneum (two to four layers). Improved cornification coincided with an increased number of mature KHG and cross-banded MCG, and lamellate MCG contents extracellularly. This model of epidermal regeneration will facilitate studies into the role played by MCG in keratinization because the epithelium initially lacked MCG but later expressed all the major morphologic features of epidermis. Furthermore the mechanisms by which MCG translocation and extrusion are effected may be probed by the inclusion of such agents as antimicrotubular drugs and calcium ionophores. PMID- 3192506 TI - Distinctive fibroblastic subpopulations in skin and oral mucosa demonstrated by differences in glycosaminoglycan content. AB - The glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of rabbit skin, oral mucosa, and cultured [3H]-glucosamine-labeled dermal and submucosal fibroblasts was compared. Skin contained predominantly dermatan sulfate (DS) and a small amount of hyaluronic acid (HA), whereas mucosa contained primarily keratan sulfate (KS) and smaller quantities of HA and DS. Culture medium from dermal and submucosal fibroblasts contained GAGs co-electrophoresing with DS, HA, and chondroitin sulfate (CS), although the relative proportions of these GAG differed. CS isolated from dermal and mucosal fibroblast culture medium co-electrophoresed with chondroitin 4 sulfate (C4-S) on cellulose acetate, whereas dermal medium CS was resistant to digestion by chondroitinase ABC, and mucosal medium CS was chondroitinase ABC susceptible. The pericellular matrix of dermal fibroblasts contained primarily DS and C4-S/C6-S, as confirmed by chondroitinase ABC digestion; the corresponding fraction of mucosal fibroblasts contained HS and a GAG co-electrophoresing with a C6-S standard, yet resistant to digestion by chondroitinase ABC. Thus the GAG content of dermal and mucosal fibroblasts differed both qualitatively in terms of the type of GAG secreted into the culture medium and pericellular matrix, and quantitatively, in terms of the relative proportions of these GAGs in both fractions. These differences support the concept of distinctive fibroblastic subpopulations in skin and mucosal tissue, inasmuch as the cells were subjected to identical culturing conditions. PMID- 3192507 TI - Identification of an endothelial cell product as an inhibitor of tissue factor activity. AB - An endothelial cell glycoprotein that inhibits the initiation of the coagulation process promoted by tissue factor has been isolated by heparin-sepharose, hydroxyapatite and gel filtration chromatography. As is the case for several other species synthesized by this cell type, the N-linked carbohydrate moiety is sulfated. The identification of this inhibitor hints at the possible existence of a functional balance, between the activator of the coagulation cascade and its inhibitor, which may become perturbed in various pathophysiological conditions. PMID- 3192508 TI - Individual human tumors in short-term micro-organ cultures: chemosensitivity testing by fluorescent cytoprinting. AB - Using innovative approaches, we addressed several problems often associated with in vitro chemosensitivity testing of individual human tumors: 1) obtaining a high rate of evaluability; 2) excluding participation of nonmalignant stromal and vascular components usually present in tumor specimens; 3) preserving cell-to cell interactions present in the original tumor; 4) assessing drug-induced cytotoxicity without sacrificing the tumor culture. To circumvent these problems, tumor specimens were processed as follows: i) tissue (fresh or cryopreserved) was mechanically or enzymatically dissociated under mild conditions into cellular clusters (termed micro-organs); ii) large micro-organs were separated by a brief decantation, resuspended, and then exposed to fluorescein acetate to visualize (under naked eye) viable micro-organs; iii) fluorescent (i.e., viable) micro organs were collected using a Pasteur pipette, and then planted on a solid support made of cellulose fibers impregnated with collagen. Since tumor micro organs have been previously shown to consist solely of malignant cells, the procedure described here not only preserves a critical portion of the tumor architecture but eliminates at the onset necrotic tissue and nonmalignant cellular components that could interfere with the chemosensitivity testing. Drug induced cytotoxicity was measured by "fluorescent cytoprinting", a novel, nondestructive procedure for assessing micro-organ viability in situ. The key feature of fluorescent cytoprinting is that cytotoxic effects are not measured against control cultures but against a baseline provided by a cytoprint of the same culture before drug addition. Using three experimental designs, we tested the potential of the method for clinical applications. The results using 469 human malignant tumors showed that the micro-organ culture assay can distinguish individual tumor chemosensitivity profiles with an overall success rate of 96%. For three commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs, the observed frequency of responding tumors was found to be comparable to previously reported clinical results using single agents. PMID- 3192509 TI - Molecular analysis of a pathogenicity locus in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. AB - One of the chromosomal regions of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae encoding pathogenicity factors had been mapped into a 3.9-kilobase-pair fragment in previous studies. Promoter probe analysis indicated the existence of a promoter near one end of the fragment. DNA sequencing of this fragment revealed the existence of a consensus promoter sequence in the region of the promoter activity and two open reading frames (ORFs) downstream. These ORFs, ORF1 and ORF2, encoded putative polypeptides of 40 and 83 kilodaltons, respectively. All ORF1::Tn5 as well as ORF2::Tn5 mutant strains were nonpathogenic on susceptible host bean plants and were unable to elicit hypersensitive reactions on nonhost tobacco plants. The deduced amino acid sequence of the 83-kilodalton polypeptide contained features characteristic of known integral membrane proteins. Fusion of the lacZ gene to ORF2 led to the expression of a hybrid protein inducible in Escherichia coli. The functions of the putative proteins encoded by ORF1 and ORF2 are unknown at present. PMID- 3192510 TI - New aerobactin-mediated iron uptake system in a septicemia-causing strain of Enterobacter cloacae. AB - Unlike the great majority of the aerobactin-producing enteric bacteria documented in the literature, Enterobacter cloacae EK33, isolated from a case of human neonatal meningitis, did not show any homology at the DNA level with the prototype aerobactin system encoded by the ColV-K30 plasmid. However, both the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum and fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry of the siderophore purified from EK33 confirmed its identity with aerobactin. Bioassay screening of a gene library of total DNA of EK33 led to the isolation of several aerobactin-positive clones. Under conditions of iron limitation, these clones expressed in Escherichia coli a protein of 72 kilodaltons that reacted with antiserum raised against the pColV-K30 74-kilodalton aerobactin receptor, while the original E. cloacae strain synthesized an 85-kilodalton protein which also cross-reacted with the antiserum. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the cloned DNA confirmed the structural differences between the two aerobactin genetic systems. PMID- 3192511 TI - Molybdate transport by Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids. AB - Bacteroid suspensions of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 136 isolated from soybeans grown in Mo-deficient conditions were able to transport molybdate at a nearly constant rate for up to 1 min. The apparent Km for molybdate was 0.1 microM, and the Vmax was about 5 pmol/min per mg (dry weight) of bacteroid. Supplementation of bacteroid suspensions with oxidizable carbon sources did not markedly increase molybdate uptake rates. Anaerobically isolated bacteroids accumulated twice as much Mo in 1 h as aerobically isolated cells did, but the first 5 min of molybdate uptake was not dependent on the isolation condition with respect to O2. Respiratory inhibitors such as cyanide, azide, and hydroxylamine did not appreciably affect molybdate uptake, even at concentrations that inhibited O2 uptake. The uncouplers carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP) and the ionophores nigericin and monensin significantly inhibited molybdate uptake. The electrogenic ionophores valinomycin and gramicidin stimulated molybdate uptake. Rapid pH shift experiments indicated that molybdate transport depends on a transmembrane proton gradient (delta pH), and it is probably transported electroneutrally as H2MoO4. Most of the 99MoO4(2-) taken up was not exchangeable with a 100-fold excess of unlabeled MoO4(2-). Tungstate was a competitive inhibitor of molybdate uptake, with a Ki of 0.034 microM, and vanadate inhibited molybdate uptake slightly. PMID- 3192512 TI - Energy-dependent, high-affinity transport of nickel by the acetogen Clostridium thermoaceticum. AB - The nickel transport system of Clostridium thermoaceticum was investigated with 63NiCl2 and an anaerobic microfiltration transport assay. Transport was optimal at pH 7 to pH 7.5 and 65 degrees C and decreased in the presence of metabolic uncouplers and inhibitors. Exogenous nickel was concentrated 3,000-fold over the apparent nickel concentration gradient during typical transport assays. Stored cellular energy appeared to provide a short-term energy source to power nickel transport, and starvation experiments demonstrated external energy source stimulation of nickel translocation. The apparent Km and Vmax for nickel transport by carbon monoxide-dependent chemolithotrophic cells approximated 3.2 microM Ni and 400 pmol of Ni transported per min per mg of cells (dry weight), respectively. Magnesium, calcium, cobalt, iron, manganese, and zinc did not inhibit the transport of nickel. PMID- 3192513 TI - An enhancer of DNA replication. AB - cmp, a nucleotide sequence element in the plasmid pT181 of Staphylococcus aureus, acts as an enhancer of DNA replication. When cmp is present on an unrelated vector along with the pT181 origin of replication, it increases the ability of the linked pT181 origin to compete with a coresident pT181 plasmid for the initiator protein RepC. cmp is contained within a 156-base-pair segment, and its deletion from pT181 reduces by twofold the frequency of plasmid replication under derepressed conditions. The enhancer sequence contains a locus of DNA bending, and enhancer activity decreases with distance from the replication origin. PMID- 3192515 TI - Anaerobic metabolism of phthalate and other aromatic compounds by a denitrifying bacterium. AB - The anaerobic metabolism of phthalate and other aromatic compounds by the denitrifying bacterium Pseudomonas sp. strain P136 was studied. Benzoate, cyclohex-1-ene-carboxylate, 2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylate, and pimelate were detected as predominant metabolic intermediates during the metabolism of three isomers of phthalate, m-hydroxybenzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, and cyclohex-3-ene carboxylate. Inducible acyl-coenzyme A synthetase activities for phthalates, benzoate, cyclohex-1-ene-carboxylate, and cyclohex-3-ene-carboxylate were detected in the cells grown on aromatic compounds. Simultaneous adaptation to these aromatic compounds also occurred. A similar phenomenon was observed in the aerobic metabolism of aromatic compounds by this strain. A new pathway for the anaerobic metabolism of phthalate and a series of other aromatic compounds by this strain was proposed. Some properties of the regulation of this pathway were also discussed. PMID- 3192514 TI - Characterization of a CO-dependent O-demethylating enzyme system from the acetogen Clostridium thermoaceticum. AB - An inducible O-demethylating enzyme system was characterized from Clostridium thermoaceticum cultivated at the expense of syringate. Glucose and methanol, but not CO, partially repressed its expression. Induced whole cells catalyzed the carbon monoxide (CO)-dependent O demethylation of methoxylated aromatic compounds with the concomitant formation of acetate. Pyruvate and, to a lesser extent, H2 CO2 could replace CO in these reactions. KCN inhibited pyruvate-dependent activity but not the CO-dependent activity. The ATPase inhibitor N,N' dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m chlorophenylhydrazone, and methyl viologen did not appreciably inhibit O demethylation by induced cells, whereas Triton X-100 was inhibitory. The enzyme system appeared to convert syringate sequentially to 5-hydroxyvanillate and gallate. The proposed overall reaction stoichiometry was as follows: syringate + 2CO + 2H2O----gallate + 2 acetates. Growth-supportive methoxylated aromatic compounds were O demethylated by syringate-cultivated cells and inhibitory to syringate O demethylation. PMID- 3192516 TI - Glycine betaine allows enhanced induction of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens vir genes by acetosyringone at low pH. AB - We established growth conditions for efficient induction of the vir genes of Agrobacterium tumefaciens by acetosyringone. Optimal induction was attained at a pH below 5.2 in an AB minimal medium-derived high-osmotic-strength medium containing glycine betaine. This natural osmoprotectant accelerated the adaptation of the bacteria to these conditions. We established the kinetics of induction for virB, virD, virE, and virG by using lacZ fusions, and we found that the virB mutant strain could not adapt to this low-pH medium unless 1 mM CaCl2 was added. This pH control of vir gene expression was shown to act at the level of expression of virG, which was the limiting factor. This improved vir induction at a low pH correlated with an increase in a set of proteins which was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The fact that high inducibility corresponded to a reduced growth rate and the demonstration that a set of proteins was associated with the inducible state suggest that vir gene induction is linked to the adaptation of the cells to an unfavorable environment. Hence, vir gene expression in A. tumefaciens is probably dependent upon a machinery which is specific to an adaptive response; the implications for plant transformation are discussed. PMID- 3192518 TI - A deletion mutation in the ApoC-II gene (ApoC-II Nijmegen) of a patient with a deficiency of apolipoprotein C-II. AB - The apolipoprotein C-II gene from a patient with a deficiency of apoC-II was cloned and sequenced. A single base deletion of a guanosine at position 2943 in exon three of the gene of the proband was identified by sequence analysis. This point mutation results in a shift of the reading frame and introduces a premature termination codon (TGA) at a position in the gene immediately following amino acid 17 of the mature C-II apolipoprotein. This single base deletion results in the loss of a normally occurring HphI restriction enzyme site in the apoC-II gene. Amplification of the mutant DNA sequence by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion with HphI established that the patient is a homozygote for the base deletion. No apoC-II was detectable in the patient's plasma by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. We propose that the guanosine deletion is the primary genetic defect in this kindred leading to premature termination and formation of a nonfunctional truncated 17-amino acid C II apolipoprotein which ultimately results in apoC-II deficiency. PMID- 3192517 TI - Presence of mannose phosphate on the epidermal growth factor receptor in A-431 cells. AB - In this report, we demonstrate a novel post-translational modification of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. This modification involves the presence of phosphate, previously thought to exist only on amino acid residues in the EGF receptor, on oligosaccharides of the receptor. We have utilized several independent approaches to determine that mannose phosphate is present on the EGF receptor in A-431 cells. Following metabolic labeling with 32P, immunoisolation of the EGF receptor, and digestion with Pronase radioactivity was determined to be present on high mannose type oligosaccharides by concanavalin A chromatography. Also, after acid hydrolysis of in vivo 32P-labeled EGF receptor, radioactivity was detected that co-migrated with mannose 6-phosphate on two dimensional thin layer electrophoresis. This radiolabeled material co-eluted with a mannose 6-phosphate standard from a high pressure liquid chromatography anion exchange column. Last, an acid hydrolysate of [3H]mannose-labeled EGF receptor contained two radiolabeled fractions, as analyzed by thin layer electrophoresis, and the radioactivity in one of these fractions was substantially reduced by alkaline phosphatase treatment prior to electrophoresis. These experiments indicate that the mature EGF receptor in A-431 cells contains mannose phosphate. This is a novel modification for membrane receptors and has only been reported previously for lysosomal enzymes and a few secreted proteins. PMID- 3192519 TI - Mutagenesis of the glycosylation site of human ApoCIII. O-linked glycosylation is not required for ApoCIII secretion and lipid binding. AB - We have used site-directed in vitro mutagenesis to alter the codon ACT of human apoCIII gene, specifying Thr-74, to GCT (Ala-74). The normal and mutant apoCIII genes were then placed under the control of the mouse metallothionein 1 promoter in a bovine papilloma virus vector and were used for cell transfection and selection of stable cell lines. Blotting analysis of RNA isolated from several independent cell clones showed that both the normal and mutant genes produced apoCIII mRNA in amounts larger than that found in human fetal liver. Pulse-chase analysis of cell clones expressing the normal and mutant apoCIII genes showed that only the normal apoCIII is modified intracellularly to produce a disialated form (apoCIIIs2). Cell clones expressing the normal apoCIII gene secrete exclusively the disialated form, whereas those expressing the mutant gene secrete the unmodified form. The amount of mutant apoCIII protein produced by C127 cell clones expressing the mutant gene was reduced as compared to that produced by the control cells. Density gradient ultracentrifugation analysis of the secreted apoCIII showed that the flotation properties of the secreted normal and mutant proteins were similar. These findings suggest that the intracellular glycosylation of apoCIII is not required for its intracellular transport and secretion. Furthermore, lack of glycosylation has no effect on the relative affinities of apoCIII for plasma very low density lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins. PMID- 3192521 TI - A tRNA(Trp) intron endonuclease from Halobacterium volcanii. Unique substrate recognition properties. AB - We report on the properties of a partially purified tRNA intron endonuclease from the archaebacterium Halobacterium volcanii. This enzyme is capable of precise excision of the 104-nucleotide intron from halo-bacterial pre-tRNA(Trp) substrates generated in vitro by T7 RNA polymerase transcription. The reaction requires divalent cations (Mg2+ or Ca2+) or spermidine, is inhibited by monovalent cations, and produces 5'-hydroxyl and 2',3'-cyclic phosphate termini. Unlike the universal substrate recognition properties characteristic of the eukaryotic tRNA intron endonucleases, this enzyme is specific for halophilic tRNA(Trp) substrates. The partially purified enzyme is not capable of removing the intron from a yeast pre-tRNA(Phe) substrate. Analysis of the enzyme's ability to cleave tRNA(Trp) substrates lacking exon sequences demonstrated that the mature tRNA-like structure is not required in the substrate. A substrate retaining the intact intron and only the anticodon stem and loop exon regions was efficiently cleaved. Deletions within the intron indicated that the intron was not a primary site for recognition by the endonuclease; however, its presence affects the efficiency of the cleavage reaction. The possible relationship of this enzyme to other RNA endonucleases is discussed. PMID- 3192520 TI - Mapping of the carboxyl terminus within the tertiary structure of transducin's alpha subunit using the heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent, 125I-N-(3-iodo 4-azidophenylpropionamido-S-(2-thiopyridyl) cysteine. AB - A heterobifunctional cross-linking reagent, 125I-N-(3-iodo-4 azidophenylpropionamido-S-(2-thiopyridyl) cysteine (125-ACTP), has been synthesized. 125I-ACTP has been used to derivative reduced sulfhydryls of the retinal G protein, transducin (Gt), to form a mixed disulfide bond under mild, nondenaturing conditions (pH 7.4, 4 degrees C). The resulting disulfide was easily cleaved using reducing reagents. A 200-fold molar excess of 125I-ACTP relative to Gt resulted in the incorporation of 1-1.3 mol of the 125I-N-(3-iodo-4 azidophenylpropionamido)cysteine moiety of ACTP into Gt alpha. In contrast to 125I-ACTP, dithionitrobenzoate and dithiopyridone derivatized six sulfhydryls in native Gt. Incubation of a 10-fold molar excess of 125I-ACTP relative to Gt resulted in the derivatization of 0.75-0.9 and 0.1 mol of reduced sulfhydryls/mol Gt alpha and beta, respectively. Gt gamma was not derivatized by 125I-ACTP. Thus, Gt alpha was preferentially derivatized by 125I-ACTP. Tryptic digestion and amino acid sequencing of Gt alpha indicated that both Cys-347 near the carboxyl terminus and Cys-210 between the second and third consensus sequences forming the GTP-binding site were derivatized by 125I-ACTP in a ratio of approximately 70 and 30%, respectively. Thus, both Cys-210 and Cys-347 are labeled, even though derivatization by 125I-ACTP does not exceed 1 mol of SH/mol Gt alpha. It appears that derivatization of one sulfhydryl, either Cys-210 or Cys-347, excludes labeling of the second cysteine either by steric hindrance or induced conformational change making the second cysteine inaccessible to 125I-ACTP. Consistent with this finding was the observation that pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Cys-347 inhibited 125I-ACTP derivatization of Cys-210. Derivatization of Gt alpha at either Cys-210 or Cys-347 by 125I-ACTP inhibited rhodopsin-catalyzed guanosine 5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate binding to Gt, mimicking the effect of ADP-ribosylation of Cys-347 by pertussis toxin. ACTP contains a radioiodinated phenylazide moiety which, upon activation, can cross-link the derivatized cysteine to an adjacent polypeptide domain. Following reduction of the disulfide, the [125I] iodophenyl moiety will be transferred to the azide inserted polypeptide. When photoactivation of the phenylazide moiety of 125I-ACTP after sulfhydryl derivatization was performed, insertion of the Cys-347 which contains Cys-210, was found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3192522 TI - Thermodynamic constants for tautomerism, hydration, and ionization of vitamin B6 compounds in water/dioxane. AB - The macroscopic deprotonation constants of phenol, pyridine, p-nitrophenol, salicylaldehyde, 4-pyridinaldehyde, pyridoxine, 3-hydroxypyridine, 5 deoxypyridoxal, pyridoxal, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate have been determined at 25 degrees C in water/dioxane mixtures. Many of the hydration and tautomeric constants and microscopic pK values of these compounds have also been measured under the same conditions. These values are discussed with reference to Hammett's and Marshall's equations and a general equation that predicts these equilibrium constants in the media under discussion has been formulated. The significance of these findings on the chemistry of vitamin B6 and its importance in the study of the catalytic pathways of vitamin B6-dependent enzymes are also discussed. PMID- 3192523 TI - Transcriptional activation and stabilization of malic enzyme mRNA precursor by thyroid hormone. AB - One of the responses to the administration of thyroid hormone is an increase in malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) mRNA in rat liver. We have previously shown that 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) causes a 3-4-fold increase in the rate of transcription of the malic enzyme gene as determined by in vitro run-off assays with the cDNA probe following T3 treatment for 10 days (Dozin, B., Magnuson, M.A., and Nikodem, V. M. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 10290-10292). Since the level of cytoplasmic mRNA increases 10-15-fold, one or more additional mechanisms must be operative to produce the full effect. We have now analyzed the time course of the effect of T3 on the rate of transcription and the accumulation of malic enzyme RNA in the nucleus using malic enzyme cDNAs and intronic probes. There is an approximately 10-12-fold increase in the level of nuclear RNA accompanied by the same increase in cytoplasmic mRNA, showing a half-rise time of about 60 h. The 3-4-fold increase in the transcription rate occurred with a half-time of about 18 h. The relative values for either the increase in transcriptional activity or the increase in the level of malic enzyme RNA in the nucleus were identical irrespective of the probes used. As a control, we examined the effect of a high carbohydrate diet which is known to increase malic enzyme mRNA without affecting either transcriptional rate or nuclear RNA (Dozin, B., Rall, J. E., and Nikodem, V. M. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 4705-4709). As expected, no change in the level of malic enzyme RNA in the nucleus was found with the intronic probes. We conclude that T3 both activates transcription of the malic enzyme gene in rat liver and decreases the rate of degradation of pre-mRNA coding for malic enzyme. PMID- 3192524 TI - Gene conversion and differential regulation in the rat P-450 IIA gene subfamily. Purification, catalytic activity, cDNA and deduced amino acid sequence, and regulation of an adult male-specific hepatic testosterone 15 alpha-hydroxylase. AB - Previous studies on regulation of the rat hepatic P-450 IIA1 cDNA have provided evidence for a second gene closely related to but regulated in a manner quite distinct from P-450 IIA1. Experiments were carried out to isolate the cDNA for this second P-450 gene, designated IIA2, in order to study more directly its regulation and relationship to IIA1. A full length cDNA to IIA2 was isolated from an adult male rat liver lambda gt11 library and sequenced completely. The IIA2 cDNA shared 93% nucleotide and 88% deduced amino acid similarities with the previously characterized IIA1 cDNA (Nagata, K., Matsunaga, T., Gillette, J., Gelboin, H. V., and Gonzalez, F. J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 2787-2793). The protein, deduced from the cDNA, contained 492 amino acids and a calculated Mr of 56,352. Comparison of the IIA1 and IIA2 cDNAs revealed areas of low nucleotide similarity interspersed with areas of absolute identity, suggesting that gene conversions have played a role in the evolution of the IIA subfamily. Expression of IIA1 and IIA2 mRNAs in rat liver during development was studied with use of specific oligonucleotide probes. IIA1 mRNA was increased within 1 week after birth in both male and female rats; however, its postpubertal expression was decreased in males yet remained elevated in females. In contrast, IIA2 mRNA was markedly induced in male rat liver at puberty but was not detectable in females at any age examined. Furthermore, only IIA1 mRNA was induced by treatment of rats with 3-methylcholanthrene. Although IIA1 and IIA2 mRNAs were actively expressed in hepatic tissue, no evidence for their expression was found in lung, kidney, or intestine, suggesting that the IIA genes have tissue-specific promoters. Reconstituted enzyme assays on the purified protein products P-450 IIA1 and P-450 IIA2 showed that, although both enzymes share considerable sequence similarity, their positional specificities toward the prototype substrate testosterone are strikingly different. PMID- 3192525 TI - Genomic structure and amino acid sequence domains of the human La autoantigen. AB - La is an autoimmune RNA-binding protein of 47 kDa that plays a role in the transcription of RNA polymerase III. Both genomic and complementary DNAs were isolated that encompass the coding sequence of the human La molecule. The genomic clones encompass 11 exons and a putative G/C-rich promoter upstream of the mRNA start site. The cDNA sequence encodes a protein of 408 amino acids and can be divided into two structural domains based upon amino acid content and protease sensitivity. An unusually long stretch of 130 amino acids, much of which was predicted to form a stable alpha-helix, was found near the middle of the protein between the two domains. A ribonucleoprotein (RNP) consensus sequence was found just NH2-terminal to the long alpha-helix. The RNP consensus sequence is split into two exons by the fifth intron. Expression of three separate fragments of the La protein in Escherichia coli showed that a strongly autoimmune-reactive portion resides in the fragment containing the RNP consensus sequence and most of the long alpha-helical core. Autoantibodies from La patients also reacted with the terminal regions of the protein, but the extent of reactivity varied among patients. Differences in reactivity of autoantibodies to each portion of La protein may reflect an evolution of recognition of different epitopes during the development of the autoimmune response. These findings support an antigen-driven mechanism for autoimmune reactivity. PMID- 3192526 TI - Proteoglycans of bovine articular cartilage. Studies of the direct interaction of link protein with hyaluronate in the absence of proteoglycan monomer. AB - When link protein binds to hyaluronate in the absence of proteoglycan monomer a high molecular weight complex is formed. Two assay procedures have been developed to examine the formation of the complex and the rate and stoichiometry of binding of link protein to hyaluronate in the complex. In the first, the complex is isolated by differential centrifugation, and the stoichiometry of binding of link protein to hyaluronate in the sedimented complex is determined. In the second assay, which involves turbidimetry, the rate of complex formation (delta A420/min) is determined, and the amount of complex formed is determined in terms of the maximum turbidity (A420,max) attained. The effects of temperature, pH, initial total solute concentration, and the ratio by weight of link protein to hyaluronate on the amount of complex formed and on the rate of complex formation were examined. There is a linear correlation between the amount of complex formed as determined by turbidity and by differential centrifugation. Using these assays, we examined the specificity of the binding of link protein to hyaluronate and the capacity of hyaluronate oligosaccharides to competitively inhibit the binding of link protein to hyaluronate. Hyaluronate decasaccharide is the oligosaccharide of minimum size that strongly inhibits the binding of link protein to hyaluronate. Proteoglycan monomers dissociate from hyaluronate as the pH is decreased from pH 7 to pH 5. Turbidimetric studies show that the rate of binding of link protein to hyaluronate increases with decreasing pH. The binding affinity of proteoglycan monomers for hyaluronate is decreased at pH 5, whereas the binding affinity of link protein for hyaluronate is not. This difference in the effect of pH on the stability of binding of link protein to hyaluronate, compared with proteoglycan monomer, explains in part the capacity of link protein to stabilize the binding of proteoglycan monomer to hyaluronate at pH 5. PMID- 3192528 TI - Transcription initiation site selection and abortive initiation cycling of phage SP6 RNA polymerase. AB - Effects of mutations around the phage SP6 transcription initiation site on SP6 RNA polymerase's selection of initiation site were studied. In the in vitro transcription reactions, the limiting concentration of a ribonucleotide causes the SP6 RNA polymerase to stall long enough only at the positions of the limited nucleotide and dissociate from the elongation complex. As a result, a series of RNA oligomers comprises a sequencing ladder, and abortive initiation cycling products up to 6-mer are made in high yield. Precise sizing of the product RNAs from the elongation pausings determined the initiation site of each mutant. When the wild-type +1 G is changed to C or A without change in the upstream sequence including TATA from -4 to -1, transcription still starts only at the +1 site. But, the mutant containing TATCC from -4 to +1 C. We propose that the phage SP6 RNA polymerase selects the initiation site precisely at a certain distance from a direct contact point in the upstream promoter sequence, regardless of the species of initiating nucleotide. It is also suggested that the sequence-dependent perturbations of DNA helical structure, for example D to B form, may shift the initiation site. PMID- 3192527 TI - Mechanism of ferritin iron uptake: activity of the H-chain and deletion mapping of the ferro-oxidase site. A study of iron uptake and ferro-oxidase activity of human liver, recombinant H-chain ferritins, and of two H-chain deletion mutants. AB - To study the functional differences between human ferritin H- and L-chains and the role of the protein shell in the formation and growth of the ferritin iron core, we have compared the kinetics of iron oxidation and uptake of ferritin purified from human liver (90% L) and of the H-chain homopolymer overproduced in Escherichia coli (100% H). As a control for iron autocatalytic activity, we analyzed the effect of Fe(III) on the iron uptake reaction. The results show that the H-chain homopolymer has faster rates of iron uptake and iron oxidation than liver ferritin in all the conditions analyzed and that the difference is reduced in the conditions in which iron autocatalysis in high: i.e. at pH 7 and in presence of iron core. We have also analyzed the properties of two engineered H chains, one lacking the last 22 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus and the other missing the first 13 residues at the amino terminus. These mutant proteins assemble in ferritin-like proteins and maintain the ability to catalyze iron oxidation. The deletion at the carboxyl terminus, however, prevents the formation of a stable iron core. It is concluded that the ferritin H-chain has an iron oxidation site which is separated from the sites of iron transfer and hydrolysis and that either the integrity of the molecule or the presence of the amino acid sequences forming the hydrophobic channel is necessary for iron core formation. PMID- 3192529 TI - Crystallization of actophorin, an actin filament-severing protein from Acanthamoeba. AB - Actophorin is an actin monomer-binding and actin filament-severing protein from Acanthamoeba castellanii. It crystallizes out of polyethylene glycol in a form suitable for high resolution x-ray analysis. The crystals are orthorhombic and have the symmetry of the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with lattice constants a = 39.8 +/- 0.5, b = 47.3 +/- 0.6, and c = 69.9 +/- 1.6 A. They diffract to a resolution of at least 2.8 A, and the asymmetric unit contains one actophorin monomer of Mr 15,000. PMID- 3192530 TI - Importance of acyl-CoA availability in interpretation of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I kinetics. AB - Bovine serum albumin is generally employed as a substrate depot for the delivery of acyl units to lipid metabolizing enzymes in vitro. Here we test the possibility that albumin alters the availability of substrate to mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and thereby alters its apparent kinetics. Binding competition with palmitoyl-CoA indicates that albumin has 5-6 high affinity sites which avidly bind the substrate, while isolated mitochondria compete favorably for substrate only as the albumin sites become saturated. In contrast to albumin, artificial phospholipid vesicles bind palmitoyl-CoA uniformly. Palmitoyl-CoA distribution between vesicles and mitochondrial membranes appears simply to be a function of the relative size of the two lipid compartments. Both albumin and artificial vesicles reduce the effective concentration of substrate available to the enzyme and in this way reduce apparent affinity. Direct measurement of mitochondrially bound substrate removes this effect and brings the results into agreement with an affinity constant of 6 7 nmol/mg. Changes in gross mitochondrial structure, as indicated by decreased optical density and increased nonpelleting protein, do not begin occurring until levels of mitochondrially bound palmitoyl-CoA are 15 times greater than this. The highly sigmoidal activity profile of carnitine palmitoyltransferase with respect to palmitoyl-CoA (apparent Hill coefficient = 3.0 +/- 0.3) is lost when vesicles are substituted for albumin, suggesting that albumin binding sites contribute to the sigmoidal kinetics in the range of palmitoyl-CoA studied. PMID- 3192531 TI - Triiodothyronine amplifies norepinephrine stimulation of uncoupling protein gene transcription by a mechanism not requiring protein synthesis. AB - Transcription of the uncoupling protein (UCP) gene in rat brown adipose tissue has been evaluated by a nuclear run-on transcription assay. Nuclei from euthyroid rats treated with norepinephrine (NE) exhibited a 3-4-fold increase in transcription 2 h after the injection, whereas the UCP mRNA abundance increased 2 3-fold during the same interval. In contrast, neither UCP mRNA nor the transcription rate increased in response to the same treatment in hypothyroid rats, but the transcriptional response was recovered 2 h after the injection of a receptor saturating dose of 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (T3). When injected to rats given T3 4 h before, NE increased UCP gene transcription and mRNA abundance by 4 5 and 3-4-fold, respectively, by 2 h. Neither cycloheximide nor emetine prevented this effect of T3. In euthyroid rats, the UCP gene transcription rate increased within 15 min of exposure to 4 degrees C. In contrast, in hypothyroid rats exposed to 4 degrees C overnight the transcription rate remained unchanged, but it started to increase steeply 2 h after the intravenous injection of a receptor saturating dose of T3 with UCP mRNA lagging approximately 1 h behind. Unilateral denervation of interscapular brown adipose tissue in hypothyroid rats caused a 60 70% ipsilateral reduction in transcription rate and UCP mRNA. When T3 was given to these rats, it only stimulated UCP gene transcription and UCP mRNA accumulation in the intact side, but there was a symmetrical stimulation when NE was injected following the T3. We conclude that the UCP gene is under dual control by T3 and NE. The primary signal seems to be generated by NE. This signal increases UCP mRNA by stimulating the transcription rate of the UCP gene. From the denervation experiments and the lack of response of UCP to NE in hypothyroid rats, we estimate that T3 amplifies 4-5-fold the transcriptional response to NE. No stabilization of UCP mRNA needs to be invoked to explain the acute effect of T3. The T3-dependent signal amplifying the NE effect is consistent with being the T3-receptor complex or another T3-derived signal that is neither a newly synthesized protein nor a rapidly turned-over pre-existing protein, activated by T3. PMID- 3192532 TI - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a quadruple mutant of staphylococcal nuclease. AB - A quadruple mutant of staphylococcal nuclease, nuclease (V66L/G79S/G88V/L108V), has been crystallized in a form well suited to moderate-to-high resolution x-ray diffraction analysis. This mutant is highly unstable; only about 20% of the protein in solution at room temperature is in its folded form. Under the crystallization conditions, the protein exhibits circular dichroism properties similar to, but not identical with, those of native wild type protein. The crystals belong to the space group P6(1)22 or P6(5)22 with unit cell dimensions of a = b = 61.1 A, c = 170.1 A and diffract to at least 2.5 A resolution. A data set complete to 3.7 A resolution has been collected and processed; attempts to determine the structure using molecular replacement techniques are under way. PMID- 3192533 TI - Defective DNA ligase I in Bloom's syndrome cells. Simultaneous analysis using immunoblotting and the ligase-[32P]AMP adduct assay. AB - Cells from patients with Bloom's syndrome (BS), an autosomal recessive disorder associated with an increased risk of cancer, exhibit genomic instability. Increased numbers of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and delayed DNA chain maturation are typically observed in BS cells. To elucidate the basis for the previously reported decreased DNA ligase I activity in BS cells, simultaneous immunoblot and activity assays for ligase-[32P]AMP adduct formation were performed on extracts from BS and normal lymphoblastoid cell lines. Immunoblot analysis using antibody to DNA ligase I indicate that the amount of the major reactive protein (98 kDa) in normal and BS cells is similar. However, a 50-90% decrease was observed in the ligase activity of the 98-kDa polypeptide in high SCE BS cells (HG1514 and GM3403c). In contrast, the activity in low-SCE BS cells (HG1554) did not differ significantly from that in normal cells. The data, together with mixing experiments, indicate that the defect in BS ligase I is due at least in part to the loss of ATP binding and/or hydrolytic activity and not to differences in numbers of protein molecules or inhibitory substances. These results suggest that mutation of the DNA ligase I gene may account for the primary metabolic defect in BS. PMID- 3192534 TI - Kinetic evidence for a role of heme geometry on the modulation of carbon monoxide reactivity in human hemoglobin. AB - Kinetics of CO binding to human hemoglobin (Hb) has been followed below neutrality. With respect to the behavior observed at pH 7.0, CO binding to deoxy Hb at pH 2.3 displays a much faster second-order combination rate constant (1.2 x 10(-7) M-1 s-1) and loss of the autocatalytic character of the kinetic progress curve. The spectroscopic features of the transient deoxy-Hb at pH 2.75 indicate the phenomenon to be related to the cleavage of the proximal histidine N epsilon Fe bond, as reported for monomeric hemoproteins (Coletta, M., Ascenzi, P., Traylor, T. G., and Brunori, M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 4151-4155). The faster CO binding rate constant, higher than that characteristic of the R state, cannot be attributed to either (i) an enhanced dimerization of deoxy-Hb at low pH, or (ii) a quaternary switch of the unliganded form to the R0 state. The data indicate that interaction(s) of the heme on the proximal side is crucial in accounting for the difference in the CO binding rate constant between the two quaternary conformations of hemoglobin. PMID- 3192535 TI - Biochemical characterization of the human complement protein C6. Association with alpha-thrombin-like enzyme and absence of serine protease activity in cytolytically active C6. AB - Complement protein C6 has been proposed by others to be a serine protease whose activity is obligatory for complement-directed cell lysis. We separated the serine protease (Mr approximately 30,000) activity found associated with apparently homogeneous preparations of C6 from the hemolytically active C6 protein. The protease was characterized as thrombin-like based on substrate specificity, inhibitor profile, and kinetic studies. Although the proteolytic activity of C6 preparations was inhibitable by several inhibitors of serine proteases, the C6 hemolytic activity remained unaffected. Acid-induced (C(5,6)a complex formation between C5 and C6 (protease-free) was demonstrated by ion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography, reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and reactive cytolytic activity in the presence of C7, C8, and C9; but no cleavage of the alpha-chain of C5 was observed. Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate pretreatment of the components did not affect their ability to generate functionally active (C(5,6)a. Evidently, C6-associated thrombin is not required for formation of functional C(5,6)a. Thus, C6 does not function in the membrane attack pathway of complement as a serine protease. A method for the isolation of homogeneous C6 in the hemolytically fully active form is described. No free sulfhydryl group was detected in C6. The amino acid sequence of 20 amino-terminal residues was determined. PMID- 3192536 TI - Drosophila basement membrane procollagen IV. I. Protein characterization and distribution. AB - A collagen was isolated from Drosophila E85, Schneider line 2L and Kc cell cultures. The purified protein was characterized and antibodies were raised against it. Immunofluorescence microscopy locates this material to the regions of basement membranes of Drosophila embryos, larvae, and adults. The molecules are mostly, or entirely, homotrimers of one polypeptide chain linked by interchain disulfide bonds. The partial amino acid sequences of a cyanogen bromide cleavage product of this chain are identical with a part of the virtual translation product of the Drosophila pro alpha 1(IV) nucleotide sequence that is reported in the accompanying paper. This gene is at Drosophila chromosome location 25C and was identified by the high homology of one part of it with the noncollagenous carboxyl terminus (NC1) of vertebrate type IV basement membrane collagens (Blumberg, B., MacKrell, A. J., Olson, P. F., Kurkinen, M., Monson, J. M., Natzle, J. E., and Fessler, J. H. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 5947-5950). In the electron microscope each molecule appears as a thread with a knob at one end, which contains the carboxyl peptide domains. The variation of flexibility of the thread was mapped along its length. Pulse-chase labeling of cell cultures showed that these molecules associate into disulfide-linked dimers and higher oligomers that can be partly separated by velocity sedimentation and are resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-agarose gel electrophoresis. Dimers and higher oligomers formed by overlap of the amino ends of molecules were found. Mild pepsin digestion of Drosophila embryos and larvae solubilized the corresponding disulfide-linked collagen molecules, and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease peptide maps showed the identity of the collagen derived from animals and from cell cultures. Individual, native molecules have a sedimentation coefficient s20,w = 4.1 S, the dichroic spectrum and amino acid composition of a collagen, and a Tm = 31 degrees C. Positive in situ hybridization with a specific probe for this collagen began 6-8 h after egg laying and showed message in the locations of embryos and larvae which reacted with the antibodies. This included some prominent individual cells in the hemolymph. PMID- 3192537 TI - Complete murine cDNA sequence, genomic structure, and tissue expression of the high mobility group protein HMG-I(Y). AB - A cDNA coding for the non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-I, or its isoform HMG Y, was isolated from a murine Friend cell library using synthetic oligonucleotide hybridization probes. Sequence analysis showed that the 1670-base pair full length cDNA insert consists of a 201-base pair, G/C-rich (74%), 5'-untranslated region, a 288-base pair amino acid coding sequence, and an unusually long 1182 base pair 3'-untranslated region. The deduced 96-residue amino acid coding sequence of the murine HMG-I(Y) cDNA is very similar to the reported amino acid sequence of human HMG-I, except that it lacks 11 internal amino acids reported in the human protein. Based on Southern blot hybridization analysis of genomic DNA, there appear to be fewer than five copies of HMG-I(Y) genes in the haploid murine genome. These murine HMG-I(Y) genes contain a large (at least 890 base pairs) exon that includes most, or all, of the 3'-untranslated region; whereas the much shorter 5'-untranslated region and amino acid coding sequences are interrupted by at least one intron. A single size class (approximately 1700 nucleotides in murine cells and 2000 nucleotides in human cells) of HMG-I(Y) mRNAs was detected at high levels in total RNA extracts from rapidly dividing, transformed cells, but to a lesser extent, or not at all, in extracts from slowly or non-dividing cells. PMID- 3192538 TI - In vitro attachment of bilins to apophycocyanin. II. Determination of the structures of tryptic bilin peptides derived from the phycocyanobilin adduct. AB - In vitro reaction of phycocyanobilin (PCB) with apophycocyanin results in the specific addition of the bilin to two of the cysteinyl residues, alpha-Cys-84 and beta-Cys-82, which normally function in PCB attachment (Arciero, D. M., Bryant, D. A., and Glazer, A. N. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18343-18349). These bilin binding sites are designated alpha-1 and beta-1, respectively. Tryptic digestion of the apophycocyanin-PCB adduct releases two major bilin peptides, alpha-1 mesobiliverdin (MBV) and beta-1 MBV, which encompass the two bilin-binding sites. These peptides were examined by 1H NMR and fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopies. The NMR spectra show that the bilin is attached to each peptide through a thioether linkage identical to the linkage observed in the corresponding tryptic peptides, alpha-1 PCB and beta-1 PCB, derived from the natural product, C-phycocyanin. However, the NMR spectra of the adduct peptides lack the resonances corresponding to protons at positions C2 and C3 of ring A seen in the spectra of the alpha-1 PCB and beta-1 PCB peptides. Fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy shows the masses of the alpha-1 MBV and beta-1 MBV peptides to be 2 atomic mass units lower than those of the alpha-1 PCB and beta-1 PCB peptides, respectively. Comparison of the bilin portion of the NMR spectra of the alpha-1 MBV and beta-1 MBV peptides to the NMR spectra of PCB and mesobiliverdin confirms that the bilin of the two adduct peptides resembles mesobiliverdin in having an extra double bond in the C2-C3 position of ring A. These results show that the major bilin products arising from the reaction of PCB with apophycocyanin differ from the bilins present in C-phycocyanin. The relevance of these results to the biosynthetic pathway for the attachment of tetrapyrroles to phycobiliproteins is discussed. PMID- 3192539 TI - In vitro attachment of bilins to apophycocyanin. III. Properties of the phycoerythrobilin adduct. AB - Addition of phycoerythrobilin (PEB) to apophycocyanin at pH 7.0 resulted in covalent adduct formation. The adduct showed absorbance maxima at 575 and 605 nm and fluorescence emission maxima at 582 and 619 nm. Analysis of bilin peptides obtained upon tryptic digestion of the adduct showed residues alpha-Cys-84 and beta-Cys-82 to be the sites of bilin addition. The product of PEB addition at the alpha-Cys-84 site was shown by 1H NMR analysis to be a dihydrobiliviolinoid peptide-linked pigment differing in structure from that of the naturally occurring PEB-adduct by the presence of a double bond in between C2 and C3 of ring A. At the beta-Cys-82 site both a dihydrobiliviolinoid and a PEB adduct were obtained. Biliverdin also formed a covalent adduct with apophycocyanin with a lambda max of 669 nm. These results show that the spontaneous in vitro addition of bilins to apophycocyanin does not exhibit the site selectivity of bilin addition observed in vivo. This offers the opportunity to form novel semisynthetic phycobiliproteins. PMID- 3192540 TI - Amino acid limitation negatively regulates insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA levels and E-domain peptide secretion at a post-transcriptional step in BRL-3A rat liver cells. AB - Deprivation of cultured BRL-3A rat liver cells for a single essential amino acid (leucine, methionine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine) under conditions in which the cells remain highly viable causes a decreased secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) E-domain peptide into the culture medium. This decrease is observed within 8 h after shifting the cells into amino acid-deficient medium. The magnitude of this decrease is greatest in tryptophan-deprived cultures, in which there is a 66% decrease in IGF-II E-domain peptide secretion over a 24-h incubation as compared with E-domain peptide secretion in control cultures incubated in complete medium. Northern blot analysis has indicated that the decrease in IGF-II E-domain peptide secretion observed in amino acid-deprived cells is correlated with a decreased abundance of the major 3.6-kilobase (kb) species of IGF-II mRNA, as well as several minor species. In contrast, the level of a 1-kb species of IGF-II mRNA is not decreased in amino acid-limited cells. In addition, one other specific mRNA, that encoded by the alpha-tubulin gene, also is not significantly decreased in the leucine, phenylalanine, or tryptophan limited cells. These results indicate that amino acid limitation specifically decreases the level of certain IGF-II mRNA species. The 3.6- and 1-kb IGF-II mRNA species differ only in the length of the 3'-untranslated region, suggesting the existence of a specific regulatory sequence in the long 3'-untranslated region of the 3.6-kb mRNA species that regulates levels of this mRNA species under conditions of amino acid limitation. IGF-II gene transcription is not decreased in the amino acid-limited cells. This indicates that the decrease in IGF-II mRNA and E-domain peptide secretion observed in the amino acid-deprived cells is caused primarily by a post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. PMID- 3192541 TI - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase of the sea urchin embryo. Deduced structure and regulatory properties. AB - 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity is developmentally regulated in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Woodward, H. D., Allen, J. M. C., and Lennarz, W. J. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2513-2517). To study the structural and regulatory properties of this enzyme, we isolated and sequenced a 3-kb cDNA encoding the sea urchin embryo reductase. The deduced amino acid sequence of this cDNA predicted a protein structure consisting of a hydrophobic N-terminal region containing seven potential membrane-spanning domains and a somewhat less hydrophobic C-terminal domain joined by a hydrophilic linker region. Comparison with reductase from mammalian sources revealed that the N-terminal membrane domain and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain exhibited high sequence similarity, whereas the domain that linked these two showed little or no sequence similarity. We investigated the possibility that sterols or sterol derivatives might be involved in the marked change that occurs in the level of reductase activity over development. Enzyme activity and reductase mRNA levels measured in extracts from embryos cultured in the presence of cholesterol, 25 hydroxycholesterol, dolichol, or mevalonic acid were found to be virtually unchanged as compared to control embryos. Similar experiments with mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of reductase, failed to show a drug-induced change in enzyme or mRNA level. Thus, despite structural similarities the sea urchin embryo enzyme differs markedly from the mammalian enzyme with respect to regulation, since its level is neither repressed by sterols nor induced by mevinolin. Moreover, it appears unlikely that sterols or sterol derivatives play a role in the striking change in the level of this enzyme that occurs during development. PMID- 3192542 TI - Crystal structure of Clostridium acidi-urici ferredoxin at 5-A resolution based on measurements of anomalous X-ray scattering at multiple wavelengths. AB - The crystal structure of Clostridium acidi-urici ferredoxin has been determined using multiple wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) techniques at 5.0-A resolution. The electron density map shows striking similarity to a map of Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxin computed at the same resolution from the atomic coordinates reported by Adman et al. (Adman, E. T., Sieker, L. C., and Jensen, L. H. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 3987-3996). Such similarity is expected from the high degree of identity between amino acid sequences of the two proteins. The use of MAD methods has in the relatively recent past become a practical possibility due to instrumental advances enabling the collection of accurate data at several wavelengths at synchrotrons and due to theoretical and computational advances that facilitate the analysis of these data for the determination of phases. These methods hold great promise as an alternative to the multiple isomorphous replacement method in macromolecular structure determination. The present report represents one of the first applications of the MAD techniques to the determination of the structure of a protein which was previously unknown in detail. PMID- 3192543 TI - Pattern of protein phosphorylation in aortic endothelial cells. Modulation by adenine nucleotides and bradykinin. AB - In bovine aortic endothelial cells, ATP (10-100 microM) and bradykinin (0.1-1.0 microM) enhanced the phosphorylation of two major protein substrates with apparent molecular masses of 95 and 28 kDa. The action of ATP involved P2y purinoceptors. The kinetics were distinct for the two phosphopeptides. The phosphorylation of the 95-kDa protein was rapid (within 30 s) but transient (maintained for only 2 min). This time course agrees with that observed for the increase of the cytosolic Ca2+ level induced by ATP in these cells. Ionophore A23187 (greater than or equal to 100 nM) induced this phosphorylation for a longer period (5-10 min), whereas phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was completely inactive. The enhancement of the 28-kDa protein phosphorylation was detectable after a 5-min lag and was maintained for at least 20 min. PMA (50 nM) stimulated weakly the phosphorylation of the 28-kDa protein, whereas A23187 (100 300 nM) was even more effective than ATP and bradykinin. The 95-kDa phosphoprotein seems to be related to a 100-kDa substrate of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase III recently identified as elongation factor-2. The 28-kDa protein, which was resolved as three variants in bidimensional gel electrophoresis, appears very similar to a slightly heavier phosphoprotein from thrombin-stimulated human platelets. In addition, bidimensional electrophoresis allowed the detection of at least 10 substrates (from 18 to 46 kDa) whose phosphorylation was enhanced equally well by ATP, bradykinin, and A23187 and only partially by PMA. In conclusion, protein phosphorylation induced by ATP and bradykinin in aortic endothelial cells seems to be catalyzed mostly by Ca2+ dependent kinases, distinct from protein kinase C. PMID- 3192544 TI - Analysis of the expression of N-glycolylneuraminic acid-containing gangliosides in cells and tissues using two human monoclonal antibodies. AB - The specificities of two human monoclonal antibodies (2-39M and 32-27M), produced by hybridomas derived from the lymphocytes of melanoma patients (Yamaguchi, H., Furukawa, K., Fortunato, S. R., Livingston, P. O., Lloyd, K. O., Oettgen, H. F., and Old, L. J. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 2416-2420) have been elucidated. Using a large panel of glycolipids, it has been shown that the two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) identified a number of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc)-containing gangliosides. mAb 2-39M reacted with (NeuGc)GM3, (NeuGc)sialylparagloboside, and (NeuGc)sialylhexaglycosylceramide; no reactivity was observed with gangliosides containing only N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) or with disialogangliosides. These reactive species have the NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal- sequence in common. mAb 32-27M reacted strongly with (NeuGc)2 GD3 and (NeuGc)2disialylparagloboside, and moderately with (NeuAc-NeuGc-)GD3 and (NeuAc NeuGc-)disialylparagloboside. The reactive species have sialic acid alpha 2--- 8NeuGc alpha 2----3Gal- sequences in common. These two antibodies were used to demonstrate the species-related presence of different NeuGc-containing gangliosides in various animal erythrocytes by thin layer chromatography immunostaining. No reactivity of either mAb was observed with gangliosides isolated from fresh human colon cancer, melanoma specimens, or some normal tissues, including brain. On the other hand, it was shown that mAb 32-27M reacted with gangliosides isolated from human melanoma and astrocytoma cells grown in fetal bovine serum but not from those grown in synthetic medium. Within the sensitivities of the methods used, these data, and related chemical analyses, do not support the presence of NeuGc-containing gangliosides in human tumors. PMID- 3192545 TI - Correlation between loss of alkaline phosphatase activity and accumulation of calcium during matrix vesicle-mediated mineralization. AB - Activity of the bone/liver/kidney isozyme of alkaline phosphatase (AP) is known to be critical for mineralization in developing bone, although its role is unclear. The work now reported explores changes in the activity of this Zn2+ containing enzyme that occur during Ca2+ accumulation by matrix vesicles (MV). A marked loss (up to 65-70%) in AP activity was found to accompany Ca2+ accumulation by MV. These two events were highly correlated, both temporally and quantitatively. Investigation into possible causes revealed that the decline in AP activity during Ca2+ uptake was not due to action of proteases but rather resulted from interaction with the developing mineral phase, loss of metal ions (Zn2+ and Mg2+) from the active site of the enzyme, and concomitant irreversible denaturation of the enzyme. Protease inhibitors did not protect AP from loss of activity during mineralization; in contrast, protease treatments, which progressively destroyed the ability of MV to accumulate Ca2+ actually reduced loss of AP activity. These findings clearly demonstrate that AP is present at the site of MV mineralization and that its catalytic activity is profoundly reduced by the mineralization process. PMID- 3192546 TI - Interaction of the Mr = 90,000 heat shock protein with the steroid-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor. AB - We have investigated the physiochemical characteristics of trypsin-treated, molybdate-stabilized glucocorticoid-receptor complexes from rat liver in the presence of 10 mM sodium molybdate by high performance ion-exchange chromatography, high performance size-exclusion chromatography, and sedimentation analysis. Trypsin treatment was performed under conditions previously reported to degrade the monomeric Mr approximately 94,000 steroid-binding protein to an Mr approximately 27,000 ligand-binding entity (Wrange, O., and Gustafsson, J.-A. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 856-865). Also in the presence of molybdate, an Mr approximately 27,000 steroid-binding fragment was obtained by limited trypsinization. However, no major differences in the tested physicochemical parameters were seen when trypsin-treated glucocorticoid-receptor complexes were compared with crude cytosolic complexes. Furthermore, the Mr approximately 27,000 steroid-binding fragment generated in the presence of molybdate could be immunoprecipitated by antibodies specific for the glucocorticoid receptor associated Mr approximately 90,000 heat shock protein. These results provide direct evidence for an interaction of the Mr approximately 90,000 heat shock protein with the steroid-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor, known to correspond to the C-terminal third of the receptor protein. PMID- 3192547 TI - Novel S-S loops in the giant hemoglobin of Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus. AB - The extracellular hemoglobin of the polychaete Tylorrhynchus heterochaetus is a "giant" multisubunit protein consisting of two types of subunits: a "monomeric" chain (chain I) and a disulfide bonded "trimer" of chains IIA, IIB, and IIC. We have reported the complete amino acid sequences of all four chains (Suzuki, T., and Gotoh, T. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 9257-9267). The sites of disulfide bonds in the trimer have now been determined. In the trimer, there are two interchain disulfide bonds between chains IIA and IIC, and IIB and IIC, respectively. In addition, each of the four chains, I, IIA, IIB, IIC, has an intrachain disulfide bond. Thus, according to our "192-chain" model (Suzuki, T., and Gotoh, T. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 190, 119-123), there are 288 disulfide bonds in Tylorrhynchus hemoglobin. Digital image processing of scanning transmission electron micrographs of negatively stained Tylorrhynchus hemoglobin indicated dimensions of 28 x 18 nm. PMID- 3192548 TI - Brefeldin A causes disassembly of the Golgi complex and accumulation of secretory proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. AB - The antiviral antibiotic brefeldin A (BFA) strongly inhibits the protein secretion in cultured rat hepatocytes (Misumi, Y., Misumi, Y., Miki, K., Takatsuki, A., Tamura, G., and Ikehara, Y. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11398 11403). We have further examined the inhibitory effect of the drug on intracellular transport of albumin by an immunocytochemical technique with peroxidase-conjugated Fab fragments of anti-rat albumin IgG. In hepatocytes treated with BFA (2.5 micrograms/ml) for 1 h at 37 degrees C, no characteristic structures of the Golgi complex could be observed, and albumin was diffusely distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nuclear envelope, and small vesicles around, in contrast to its condensed localization in the Golgi complex in the control cells. Such an unusual distribution of the secretory protein, however, was rearranged to the normal localization in the Golgi complex after 4 h even in the presence of the drug, possibly due to a metabolism of the drug to an inert form. Exposure of the cells to BFA with constant renewals (2.5 micrograms/ml at 1-h intervals) or at a higher concentration (10 micrograms/ml) caused a prolonged accumulation of albumin in the ER, resulting in its dilation. These results indicate that BFA primarily blocks the protein transport from the ER to the Golgi complex, consistent with the biochemical data previously reported. PMID- 3192549 TI - RNA contacts the two large polymerase subunits and a 52-kDa polypeptide in nucleolar RNA polymerase I transcribing complexes. AB - The interactions between nascent RNA and RNA polymerase I-transcribing complexes were studied by photoaffinity labeling in HeLa nucleoli. Specific labeling of enzyme subunits Ia, Ib, and of a 52-kDa polypeptide was observed. The 52-kDa polypeptide was shown to be associated with the transcribing complex by immunoprecipitation with RNA polymerase I antibodies and by glycerol gradient centrifugation. Transcripts that were kept short by inclusion of a chain terminating nucleotide or with short incubation times contacted mainly subunits Ia and Ib. Decreasing chain terminator concentration or increasing incubation time resulted in additional labeling of the 52-kDa polypeptide. These data indicate that the 52-kDa polypeptide contacts nascent RNA after it has left the Ia-Ib domain. PMID- 3192550 TI - Crystallization of immunoglobulin Fab fragments specific for DNA. AB - The purification and crystallization of Fab fragments of two mouse monoclonal immunoglobulins specific for different DNA structures are described. In each case, papain digestion of the immunoglobulins produced a mixture of Fab species differing in their isoelectric points. Purification of one of these species was required to obtain suitable crystals. One of these antibodies, Jel 72, is specific for right-handed duplex poly(dG).poly(dC). An Fab fragment of Jel 72 with a pI of 8.8 was purified by anion-exchange chromatography and used to obtain crystals from 56% saturated ammonium sulfate and 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.2, that diffract to 2.6-A resolution. They belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with cell dimensions of a = 94.6, b = 102.6, c = 92.4 A. The other antibody, Jel 318, binds triple-stranded DNA poly[d(Tm5C)].poly[d(GA)].poly[d(m5C + T)]. Jel 318 Fab fragments with isoelectric points of 7.6 and 7.8 were also purified by anion-exchange chromatography, and crystals were obtained from 12% polyethylene glycol 8000, 50 mM NaCl, and 10 mM Tris.HCl, pH 7.8. These crystals diffract to about 2.4-A resolution and also belong to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with cell dimensions of a = 82.4, b = 139.5, and c = 42.0 A. For both Fab fragments, crystal size and quality improved dramatically upon purification of an individual isoelectric species. PMID- 3192551 TI - Fertility and family planning in China: an analysis of provincial patterns. PMID- 3192552 TI - Marital fertility in polygynous unions in Nigeria. PMID- 3192553 TI - Fertility trends in Singapore. PMID- 3192554 TI - An investigation into proximate determinants responsible for fertility differentials between two rural Bangladeshi populations. PMID- 3192555 TI - A survey of family planning in the Philippines. PMID- 3192557 TI - Incidence of hysterectomy and tubal ligation in public hospitals in south Australia, 1980-82. PMID- 3192556 TI - Sexual behaviour, contraceptive practice and knowledge of AIDS of Oxford University students. PMID- 3192558 TI - Nutrition, infant feeding and post-partum amenorrhoea in rural Bangladesh. PMID- 3192560 TI - Weekly variation in work-output of pluckers in tea gardens in northern West Bengal. PMID- 3192559 TI - Infant and early childhood mortality in the Sine-Saloum region of Senegal. PMID- 3192561 TI - The third birth in Great Britain. PMID- 3192562 TI - Social class differences in infant mortality: the problem of competing hypotheses. PMID- 3192563 TI - The Oxford Knee for unicompartmental osteoarthritis. The first 103 cases. AB - The Oxford Knee, a resurfacing prosthesis with a meniscal bearing, can be used for either bicompartmental or unicompartmental arthritis. The first 103 unicompartmental cases are presented at a mean time since operation of 36 months (range 21 to 56 months). In those cases with surviving arthroplasties, pain was relieved in 96%. The full range of pre-operative flexion was maintained and flexion deformity was improved from a mean of 6.7 to 5.4 degrees. Stability and alignment were restored to normal in nearly all the knees. Absence of the anterior cruciate ligament was associated with a significantly greater incidence of failure. Six failures occurred in 37 knees lacking a normal anterior cruciate ligament (16.2%); three occurred in 63 knees with a normal anterior cruciate ligament (4.8%) (p less than 0.02). Criteria for the future selection of patients have been deduced from our experience. The operation is recommended for knees with severe unicompartmental osteoarthritis in which all the ligaments are still intact. PMID- 3192564 TI - Cervical spine instability in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - We present a study of 30 fusion operations in 26 rheumatoid arthritics with cervical spine instability. Atlanto-axial instability was present in 15, of whom 12 were fused; three had cord involvement and all made a partial or complete recovery following fusion. Cranial settling necessitated cranio-cervical fusion in four patients; all fused, and one with myelopathy was relieved. Subaxial instability required fusion in seven cases; two postoperative deaths followed the only two anterior interbody fusions. Posterior fusion was successful in the other five, with remission of neurological compromise in the three with myelopathy and one with radiculopathy. We conclude that neurological compromise in an unstable but mobile rheumatoid cervical spine can usually be brought to remission by immobilisation alone, so decompressive procedures are unnecessary in the first instance. PMID- 3192565 TI - Internal fixation for occipito-cervical fusion. AB - We describe a method of internal fixation for occipito-cervical fusion utilising a standard "small fragment" T-plate bent and fixed to the skull with three screws. The lower end of the plate is screwed and wired firmly to the spine of the axis. Of 14 patients so treated, 12 fused, one died and one failed to unite to the skull. Of eight with cord signs, seven remitted or improved and one died. PMID- 3192566 TI - Long-term follow-up of fused and unfused idiopathic scoliosis. AB - We reviewed 77 unfused and 91 fused patients with idiopathic scoliosis who first attended between 1949 and 1965. Both groups were re-examined at least 10 years after reaching skeletal maturity, with attention to progression of the Cobb angle, increased in vertebral rotation, back pain and psychosocial problems. We found that spinal fusion protects the scoliotic spine from further deterioration during adult life except for those with severe curves and marked rotation. Fusion also significantly reduced the incidence of severe pain and allowed patients to carry out heavy physical work, but did not confer complete immunity from backache. Surgery improved the appearance, but patients were not always completely satisfied with the cosmetic result. PMID- 3192567 TI - Diagnosis of lumbar disc protrusion. A comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and radiculography. AB - Forty-two consecutive patients with suspected lumbar disc protrusions were studied prospectively to compare the diagnostic accuracy of low-field strength MRI with that of radiculography. Thirty patients subsequently underwent surgical exploration at 33 levels and the operative findings were compared to both methods of diagnostic imaging. All patients had MRI studies, whilst 29 patients also had radiculography. Both studies were evaluated without prior knowledge of the clinical signs, operative findings or the results of other imaging techniques. MRI predicted the correct diagnosis in 29 of the 33 levels explored, an accuracy of 88%. All discs proven to be abnormal demonstrated a reduced signal from the nucleus pulposus. There were two false positive results and two doubtful cases but no false negatives. Radiculography predicted the correct diagnosis in 24 of 32 levels explored, an accuracy of 75%. There were two false positive results, five doubtfuls and one false negative. The overall accuracy when both tests were considered rose to 94%. Of the remaining 12 patients all except one showed good correlation between the MRI and radiculographic findings. These results indicate that low field strength MRI is slightly better than radiculography in diagnosing lumbar disc protrusions. PMID- 3192568 TI - Transverse fracture through the body of the axis. AB - We report a case of transverse fracture through the body of the axis. This fracture was unstable, had been produced by extension forces and was managed conservatively. The classification of such fractures is discussed. PMID- 3192569 TI - Remodelling of the spinal canal after burst fracture. A prospective study of two cases. AB - Two cases of burst fracture of the upper lumbar spine are reported. In both cases the narrowing of the spinal canal shown by CT scans was progressively relieved by natural remodelling. The need for operative decompression should be assessed clinically and not from CT scans only. PMID- 3192570 TI - The predictability of acetabular development after closed reduction for congenital dislocation of the hip. AB - We have reviewed the serial radiographs of 63 hips in 53 children treated by closed reduction for congenital dislocation with a view to finding a radiological measurement which can predict subsequent acetabular development. All had been followed for more than seven years, and at latest review, 34 hips were dysplastic. Failure to obtain concentric reduction or its loss by migration of the femoral head within one year of reduction were the best predictors of persisting acetabular dysplasia and were best quantitated by the h/b ratio (Smith et al. 1968). The acetabular index at reduction or its decrease in the first year were not reliable predictors. Late treatment was less likely to lead to normal acetabular development, but avascular necrosis did not appear to have a significant influence. The average age at which the acetabulum stopped developing was five years, but ranged from 17 months to eight years. The failure of a dysplastic acetabulum to improve in each annual radiograph after closed reduction should lead to consideration of operation on the acetabulum. PMID- 3192571 TI - Silent avascular necrosis of the femoral head in haemophilia. AB - Haemophilia is a rare cause of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. We report three cases from one centre, an incidence of 2.8%. All three cases presented "silently", and this makes the early diagnosis difficult. Awareness of the condition should lead to examination of the hips of haemophiliac patients at every outpatient visit and admission in the hope that hip disease can be diagnosed at an early stage. This may allow earlier treatment, less femoral head deformity, and an improvement in the long-term prognosis. PMID- 3192572 TI - Neonatal screening for congenital dislocation of the hip. A prospective 21-year survey. AB - A prospective neonatal screening programme for congenital dislocation of the hip is reported. This covered over 20,000 live births including all the babies born in one area, with a virtually complete follow-up. All babies were examined within the first seven days of life and all hips which were dislocated or unstable after four days (1.6%) were splinted. Only two screened cases were "missed" and subsequently detected at 15 and 18 months. No later cases were discovered, and patients between 10 and 20 years of age had apparently remained asymptomatic. The detailed results show that neonatal screening is effective in detecting and preventing a crippling disorder in otherwise normal people. The examination, though brief, is difficult to perform well; it is considered that failure of the method lies with the examiner and not with the tests. PMID- 3192573 TI - Cementless hip replacement for arthritis. Problems with a smooth surface Moore stem. AB - We have analysed the clinical results of a cementless hip replacement using a Moore stem with a smooth surface, and correlated these results with the radiological changes. Forty-two consecutive arthroplasties in 41 patients were studied prospectively and reviewed at a minimum of two and up to six years; 63% had a good clinical result, 18.5% a fair result, and 18.5% a poor result. Thigh pain on weight-bearing was the main problem and was due to loosening of the stem. We caution against the use of this implant in arthritic patients, in whom a good result can be obtained more predictably with cement fixation. PMID- 3192574 TI - Charnley low friction arthroplasty in tuberculosis of the hip. An eight to 13 year follow-up. AB - We report 60 patients with tuberculosis of the hip treated by Charnley low friction arthroplasty and followed for eight to 13 years. Eight of them had active tuberculosis of the hip at the time of operation, and all were covered by relatively short courses of antituberculous drugs. Our study suggests that arthroplasty can be recommended for these patients provided that adequate chemotherapy is given both before and after operation. PMID- 3192575 TI - Osteonecrosis of the hip treated by intertrochanteric osteotomy. A four- to 15 year follow-up. AB - We have reviewed the results of 106 intertrochanteric osteotomies performed for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The average age at operation was 47.5 years. At two years from operation 71% of the hips had a clinically satisfactory result and at final follow-up, an average of 8.2 years after operation, 58% continued to have excellent or good rating. Twenty-four hips had needed total replacement or arthrodesis because of pain. Patients aged less than 55 did better than those operated on after that age, and hips with an idiopathic or post-traumatic aetiology did considerably better than alcohol-induced or steroid-induced cases. In view of these findings we believe that in the younger adult, in the absence of metabolic bone disease or advanced joint destruction, intertrochanteric osteotomy should be considered for the treatment of osteonecrosis. PMID- 3192576 TI - Arthroplasty for old tuberculosis of the knee. AB - We have reviewed six patients with old tuberculosis of the knee treated by total replacement an average of 35 years after the primary infection. Three patients had no antituberculous prophylaxis and three had drugs for two to three weeks before and three weeks after the operation. One patient with a missed primary diagnosis had a relapse of the tuberculous arthritis 18 months after his arthroplasty and was successfully treated with antituberculous drugs for one year. At an average follow-up of 6.3 years all the patients were markedly improved. Old tuberculosis of the knee can be treated successfully with arthroplasty but there is a risk of reactivation of disease and prophylactic drugs are recommended. PMID- 3192577 TI - Mobility after amputation for failed knee replacement. AB - Management of the failed total knee replacement is a formidable problem. In a 13 year period, 24 patients with above knee amputation following unsuccessful knee replacement were referred for prosthetic limb fitting. Adequate data was available for 23 patients. At review (or at the time of death), an average of 48.6 months after amputation, only seven of the 23 patients were regular daily walkers, although 10 patients had managed to walk for more than two years; 20 of the 23 used a wheelchair for some part of the day and 12 were confined to a wheelchair. PMID- 3192578 TI - Knee ligament injuries in adolescents. Eight year follow-up of conservative management. AB - We have reviewed 32 patients who sustained a substantial knee ligament injury during adolescence when their knee epiphyses were open. They were all treated non operatively and re-examined and evaluated in detail after an average of eight years. There were 25 Grade II partial tears and seven Grade III complete tears. After Grade II injuries the functional results were excellent or good, though static instability had not improved from the initial post-traumatic examination. The long-term results of Grade III injuries were poor, because of chronic functional instability, with continuous symptoms and some post-traumatic osteoarthritis. The results of non-operative treatment for Grade III ligament injuries were not acceptable. PMID- 3192579 TI - Three-dimensional instability of the anterior cruciate deficient knee. AB - Using roentgen stereophotogrammetry we have recorded the three-dimensional movements of the knee during an anteroposterior laxity test in 36 patients with torn anterior cruciate ligaments and in three cadaver knees. At 30 degrees of knee flexion and before loads were applied the tibia occupied a more laterally rotated position if the anterior cruciate ligament had been injured. When the tibia was pulled anteriorly knees with cruciate deficiency rotated more laterally and were more abducted than normal knees. Posterior traction induced lateral rotation in the injured knee and medial rotation in the intact one. Precise knowledge of the three-dimensional instability of the anterior cruciate deficient knee may be important when the laxity is evaluated only in relation to one of the three cardinal axes. PMID- 3192580 TI - Cruciate ligament replacement using a meniscus. An experimental study. AB - In 30 rabbits, the medial meniscus was used to replace the anterior or posterior cruciate ligament. The changes that took place were followed in histological sections, obtained both from the area of insertion into bone and from the intra articular part of the graft. There was a gradual differentiation to chondroid tissue, with subsequent calcific deposition and no appearance of normal ligamentous tissue. The strength of the graft after 52 weeks was only one-quarter of that of the normal ligament. Our results do not justify the use of the meniscus to replace a torn cruciate ligament. PMID- 3192581 TI - The healing of closed tibial shaft fractures. The natural history of union with closed treatment. AB - One hundred consecutive closed fractures of the adult tibial shaft treated by closed methods were surveyed prospectively in order to observe their natural history. The fractures were analysed with regards to speed of healing and the influence of age, sex, causal force, radiological morphology and concurrent fibular fracture. At 20 weeks 19 fractures had not yet united, but 15 of these had united by 30 weeks with conservative treatment alone. The remaining four cases were operated upon because no further progress in healing was anticipated. These findings suggest that, with regard to healing, open reduction and internal fixation is rarely justified in closed adult tibial shaft fractures. PMID- 3192582 TI - Acromioplasty for impingement with an intact rotator cuff. AB - This is a retrospective review of 108 patients who underwent decompressive anterior acromioplasty for chronic impingement in the absence of a full thickness rotator cuff tear. Before operation, all the patients had had shoulder pain for at least one year despite conservative treatment. At operation, the rotator cuff tendons were explored and were intact. Anterior acromioplasty, followed by rehabilitation was successful in 87% of patients. The operation was less successful in women, in those who had diminished movement before operation, who were involved in worker's compensation claims, and whose pain followed direct trauma. Appropriate selection of patients is considered the key to success. PMID- 3192583 TI - Failed surgery for recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder. Causes and management. AB - We have reviewed 36 patients who had recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder after a previous anterior repair and analysed the various causes of failure. It was found that failure could have been avoided in virtually all of the patients by correct pre-operative diagnosis, selection of the appropriate operation and its proper execution. The further management of these patients is described and suggestions are made as to means of reducing the incidence of failure after primary operation. PMID- 3192584 TI - Short term continuous passive motion. A feasibility study. AB - Continuous passive motion (CPM) is an established method of preventing joint stiffness and of overcoming it. The optimum duration of treatment, however, is not known, though a period of one to three weeks is usual. This may be unnecessarily long and a programme lasting only three days has been tried in 34 patients: in 22 (Group A) treatment was designed to increase movement in stiff joints which had been operated on or manipulated, and in 12 (Group B) it was to prevent stiffness after an injury. A specially designed CPM device was used. In Group A, the range by the third day of treatment was significantly greater than before manipulation or operation and this increase was maintained until the latest follow-up at an average of 24 weeks. In Group B, the pre-injury range was almost retained and thereafter there was a gradual increase. Patient compliance in the first 12 hours of CPM was relatively poorer than that described in previous reports, and in five patients treatment had to be discontinued. PMID- 3192585 TI - Synovial chondromatosis. AB - We reviewed 53 cases of synovial chondromatosis and compared their clinical, radiological and pathological features. A radiological diagnosis is possible with increasing frequency as the disease progresses; in the early phase arthrography is helpful. Radiologically the disease may be classified as either extra articular, or intra-articular; the intra-articular variety may be localised or generalised. Recurrence after operation was seen in 11.5% and was much the same after either synovectomy or simple removal of loose bodies. A protocol for treatment is proposed. PMID- 3192586 TI - Radial reconstruction in segmental defects of both forearm bones. AB - Seven patients with segmental defects of both bones of the forearm had reconstruction operations using a vascularised fibular graft to bridge the radius. Reasonable forearm rotation was preserved with full elbow movements and satisfactory hand function. PMID- 3192587 TI - Pronator quadratus pedicled bone graft for old scaphoid fractures. AB - Delayed union or non-union of the scaphoid was treated by a bone graft on a pronator quadratus pedicle in eight cases. This produced earlier union than the Russe procedure. The procedure is simple and is recommended for old un-united scaphoid fractures. PMID- 3192588 TI - Cubital bursitis. AB - We describe two cases of bursitis at the insertion of the biceps tendon. They presented as swellings in the cubital fossa with symptoms of median nerve irritation. The aetiology was probably mechanical trauma; both patients were cured by operation. PMID- 3192589 TI - Stress injury of the distal radial growth plate. AB - We report 21 cases of stress injury of the distal radial growth plate-occurring in gymnasts before skeletal maturity. The injury appears to be caused by inability of the growth plate to withstand rotational and compressive forces. Our observations have confirmed that the skeletal age of gymnasts is retarded, which increases the length of time during which the epiphysis is at risk of damage. PMID- 3192590 TI - Intra-articular ganglion blocking extension of the knee: brief report. PMID- 3192591 TI - A simple technique for acetabular revision: brief report. PMID- 3192592 TI - Canals in the semilunar meniscus: brief report. PMID- 3192593 TI - Popliteal artery injury during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: brief report. PMID- 3192594 TI - Giant synovial cyst causing deep venous thrombosis: brief report. PMID- 3192595 TI - Stenosing tenovaginitis of extensor carpi ulnaris: brief report. PMID- 3192596 TI - Meralgia paraesthetica of spinal origin: brief report. PMID- 3192597 TI - The flexion sign of needle placement for hip arthrography: brief report. PMID- 3192598 TI - Bone growth after fixing slipped femoral epiphyses: brief report. PMID- 3192600 TI - "Right, but for the wrong reason!". PMID- 3192599 TI - Radial head reduction after a missed Monteggia fracture: brief report. PMID- 3192601 TI - Lack of hematogenous mediated pulmonary injury with smoke inhalation. AB - Inhalation injury was studied in chronically prepared sheep (n = 12) by insufflating one lung with cotton smoke from burning cotton cloth. The contralateral lung was insufflated with air. There was also a sham group in which both lungs were insufflated with air (n = 6). The pulmonary status of the smoked animals gradually deteriorated; by 24 hours shunt blood flow had increased to 32 +/- 3% and the animals were sacrificed. Wet-weight/dry-weight ratios were elevated only in the smoke-exposed lungs. They likewise showed histologic evidence of injury. Lavage materials from the injured lungs had higher percentages of neutrophils than the others. The lung lesion produced by the inhalation of cotton smoke appears to be localized to the area of injury, rather than being a generalized pulmonary response. PMID- 3192602 TI - Effect of preexisting inhalation injury on response to bacteremia in sheep. AB - Inhalation injury increases the likelihood of sepsis. We tested the hypothesis that preexisting inhalation injury would diminish bacterial clearance across the pulmonary vasculature and induce greater hemodynamic response. Live Pseudomonas aeruginosa were infused centrally for one hour in three groups of awake sheep. Inh + Ps (n = 10), with a seven to 10-day-old inhalation injury; Ps-LOW (n = 8) both received 10(7) Ps/min; and Ps-HI (n = 9) received 5 x 10(7) Ps/min. for one hour. Pulmonary hypertension was more severe in Ps-HI and Inh + Ps. A hyperdynamic response with high cardiac index and low mean arterial pressure developed in Inh + Ps and Ps-HI from six to 18 hr, while Ps-LOW, only the cardiac index was elevated at six to eight hr. The Inh + Ps and Ps-LOW groups had equivalent pulmonary artery and aortic bacterial levels, while Ps-HI had levels approximately five times higher. All groups removed bacteria efficiently in the lungs. However, preexistent inhalation injury exaggerated the pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic response. PMID- 3192603 TI - Renal vein thrombosis in burned children. AB - Renal vein thrombosis was noted to occur in six burned children at our institution over the last 20 years. One patient was diagnosed at post-mortem and two were diagnosed within 24 hours prior to their deaths. Three were diagnosed and successfully treated by anticoagulation with heparin. Renal vein thrombosis is a complication occurring in severely burned children that can be successfully treated if diagnosed early. PMID- 3192604 TI - Cross-linked silver-impregnated skin for burn wound management. AB - Biological skin is effective in restoring the missing water vapor barrier and promoting healing in burn wounds. Its effectiveness in wound management has been limited, however, by its inherently limited antibacterial properties and the fact that it is sometimes rejected before healing is complete, even reversing previous beneficial effects. Limited availability and storage difficulties have posed further problems. Impregnation of biological skin with silver ions has been proven to provide a potent bactericidal effect directly at the wound surface. We hypothesized that aldehyde cross-linking of silver-impregnated skin would mask the histocompatibility sites from the recipient's immune system. This has been demonstrated previously with aldehyde cross-linking of allografts and xenografts, prolonging retention sufficiently to permit complete wound healing. Commercially available skin was treated with an aldehyde compound and impregnated with silver. Initial studies of this cross-linked skin for treatment of burn wounds showed average retention to be between 117 and 161 days, far exceeding that of any untreated skin. It was subsequently found that the aldehyde cross-linking permitted impregnation with higher concentrations of silver than had previously been possible--2,600 to 2,830 ppm as compared to an average of 1,020 to 1,350 ppm in previously available silver-impregnated skin. This results in a more potent, immediate antibacterial effect at the wound surface and an extended period of time-release antibacterial action before the silver is exhausted. The antibacterial properties of this aldehyde cross-linked silver-impregnated skin are effective in decontaminating even grossly infected wounds and in protecting against contamination of clean wounds from adjacent infected areas or external sources.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192605 TI - Burns in pregnancy. AB - A study conducted by the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center Burn Center of 42 burned pregnant patients indicates that the mortality of both the fetus and mother is dependent upon the percent body burn of the mother. Aggressive surgical therapy, including debridement with eschar excision and skin grafting, increases maternal survival. Chances of successful pregnancy were greatest when the mother was in her first or third trimester at the time of injury; however, no differences were noted in maternal or fetal mortality at different gestational months. PMID- 3192606 TI - Electrolyte changes caused by hydrotherapy in purpura fulminans. AB - Purpura fulminans is a rare manifestation of meningococcemia that in its full blown form has a predictive death value of 61%. Those patients who survive usually develop gangrenous lesions that involve skin and underlying structures, mostly of the extremities and sometimes of the cheeks. Experience with early excision and skin grafting of these lesions has generally been unsatisfactory since, due to the unique pathophysiology of the disease and involvement of the most distal branches of the cutaneous circulation, the lesions are not completely demarcated until well after complete recovery from the acute phase of the disease. Recently there was an outburst of purpura fulminans in Southern California and other parts of the country. During the months of January and February 1986 we were consulted on five cases. These ranged from two months to six years in age and consisted of two boys and three girls. One two-month-old died during the acute phase, another six-year-old remained in shock and in need of hemodynamic and respiratory support and succumbed three weeks after the onset of the disease, during which time all four extremities showed progressive necrosis. Of the three patients that survived, one three-year-old girl resolved her purpuric lesions except for small necrotic patches on the buttocks that did not require surgical intervention. The other two children were left with gangrenous lesions of the upper and lower extremities over 30% of total body surface area. One of these two patients demonstrated an electrolyte disturbance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192607 TI - Use of overhead hooks in burn surgery. AB - An overhead "hook-and-pulley" system installed in the burn operating room can facilitate patient positioning and increase efficiency of the surgical team. This system can be installed easily and inexpensively; its use is recommended. PMID- 3192608 TI - Introduction to CPM. PMID- 3192609 TI - Application of CPM devices with burn patients. PMID- 3192610 TI - CPM devices. AB - It is the author's fervent hope that sufficient background information on CPM has been presented in this article to stimulate interest in this dynamic treatment modality, and that the readers will consult their innovative spirits to discover the many contributions that CPM can make to their therapeutic programs. PMID- 3192611 TI - Design of hydrotherapy exercise pools. AB - Several hydrotherapy pools have been designed specifically for a variety of aquatic exercise. Aqua-Ark positions the exerciser in the center of the pool for deep-water exercise. Aqua-Trex is a shallow underwater treadmill system for water walking or jogging. Swim-Ex generates an adjustable laminar flow that permits swimming without turning. Musculoskeletal conditioning can be accomplished in the above-ground Arjo shallow-water exercise pool. A hydrotherapy pool also can be custom designed for musculoskeletal conditioning in its shallow part and cardiovascular conditioning in a deeper portion of the pool. Regardless of the type of exercise, there is general agreement that the specific exercise conducted in water requires significantly more energy expenditure than when the same exercise is performed on land. PMID- 3192612 TI - Fire pit burns. PMID- 3192613 TI - Modern concept for a new, improved microporous skin-closure tape. AB - A new improved skin-closure tape, Proxi-Strip, has been developed. It has unique performance and handling characteristics that are ideally suited for wound closure. Most importantly, its adhesive provides a strong level of shear adherence to the skin. Its backing is extensive under low forces to accommodate swelling of the underlying tissue. Its great air porosity and water transmission rates augur well for the presence of dry skin under the tape. An antistatic compound has been added to the tape that maintains its flat configuration and facilitates its application to skin. On the basis of these unique performance and handling characteristics, Proxi-Strip skin-closure tape is recommended for wound closure. PMID- 3192614 TI - Evaluation of automatic disposable rotating cartridge skin staplers. AB - Burn surgeons commonly employ skin staples for the application of skin grafts and to secure dressings on donor site dressings and over skin grafts. Disposable skin staplers with rotating cartridges are ideally suited for wound closure because the position of their cartridges can be manually adjusted to facilitate placement of their staples. In response to the burgeoning interest in disposable automatic skin staplers with rotating cartridges, three different models are now commercially available. This report describes the design configuration and mechanical performance of these disposable automatic staplers and their staples. Mechanical performance of these staplers and staples has been assessed by standardized tests that can be replicated in any research laboratory. On the basis of these objective design and performance parameters, the Premium stapler is recommended for wound closure. This stapler provides maximal visualization of the wound as well as the staple during its formation. It delivers the staple into the skin or wound in a manner that the cross member of the staple is above the skin or wound surface. In addition, the Premium stapler has a prepositioning mechanism that can be controlled by the surgeon with minimal force. This mechanism allows the stapler to hold its staple securely, even when its pointed legs extend beyond the delivery end of the stapler. Force required to form its staples is so low that the surgeon can staple repetitively without fatigue. Finally, the Premium stapler delivers a staple that has a uniform geometry and sharp points that can easily penetrate tissue. PMID- 3192615 TI - Abstracts of papers presented at the joint meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology and the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 29 January-2 February 1989, San Francisco, California. PMID- 3192616 TI - Regulatory volume decrease in alveolar macrophages: cation loss is not correlated with changes in membrane recycling. AB - Alveolar macrophages regain their normal volume after swelling in hypo-osmotic solutions. This process, termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD), is initiated 3 5 minutes after exposure of cells to hypo-osmotic solutions, and by 30 min, near normal volumes are attained. Volume decrease does not occur at 0 degrees C or in solutions in which Na+ has been replaced by K+, or Cl- by the impermeant anion gluconate. These results, as well as direct measurement of intracellular cations, indicate that decreases in cell volume result primarily from the loss of K+ and Cl- and are similar to RVD in lymphocytes. Kinetic analysis of cation loss, both by directly measuring changes in intracellular cation content and by assaying rubidium efflux, showed that cation loss occurred immediately upon media dilution. The rate of cation loss fit first-order kinetics and preceded both the initiation of volume decrease and the maximum increase in surface receptor number. These results suggest that the cation transporters responsible for RVD are located at the cell surface and that regulation of activity is not dependent on alterations in membrane movement. PMID- 3192617 TI - Stimulation of receptor-mediated low density lipoprotein endocytosis in neuraminidase-treated cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. AB - Sialic acids, occupying a terminal position in cell surface glycoconjugates, are major contributors to the net negative charge of the vascular endothelial cell surface. As integral membrane glycoproteins, LDL receptors also bear terminal sialic acid residues. Pretreatment of near-confluent, cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) with neuraminidase (50 mU/ml, 30 min, 37 degrees C) stimulated a significant increase in receptor-mediated 125I-LDL internalization and degradation relative to PBS-treated control cells. Binding studies at 4 degrees C revealed an increased affinity of LDL receptor sites on neuraminidase treated cells compared to control BAEC (6.9 vs. 16.2 nM/10(6) BAEC) without a change in receptor site number. This enhanced LDL endocytosis in neuraminidase treated cells was dependent upon the enzymatic activity of the neuraminidase and the removal of sialic acid from the cell surface. Furthermore, enhanced endocytosis due to enzymatic alteration of the 125I-LDL molecules was excluded. In contrast to BAEC, neuraminidase pretreatment of LDL receptor-upregulated cultured normal human fibroblasts resulted in an inhibition of 125I-LDL binding, internalization, and degradation. Specifically, a significant inhibition in 125I LDL internalization was observed at 1 hr after neuraminidase treatment, which was associated with a decrease in the number of cell surface LDL receptor sites. Like BAEC, neuraminidase pretreatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells resulted in enhanced receptor-mediated 125I-LDL endocytosis. These results indicate that sialic acid associated with either adjacent endothelial cell surface molecules or the endothelial LDL receptor itself may modulate LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis and suggest that this regulatory mechanism may be of particular importance to endothelial cells. PMID- 3192618 TI - Quantitation of specific binding of erythropoietin to human erythroid colony forming cells. AB - Highly purified human erythroid colony-forming cells (ECFC), which consist predominately of colony-forming units-erythroid (CFU-E), were prepared from human blood and used to study the binding and processing of erythropoietin (Ep). When radioiodinated human recombinant Ep (125I-rEp) was incubated with these cells, binding was specific and saturable. Specific binding was directly proportional to cell concentration and did not occur with other human cells. Saturation of specific binding at 3 degrees C occurred at 1 nM (3.9/U/ml), and Scatchard analysis revealed two classes of binding sites on the cell surface. Of a total of 1,050 binding sites per ECFC, one-fifth had a Kd of 0.10 nM, while the remainder had a Kd of 0.57 nM. Specific binding was twofold greater at 37 degrees C than at 3 degrees C, and removal of surface-bound Ep with acid indicated that 125I-rEp was internalized into the cells after incubation at 37 degrees C. Further incubation at this temperature showed a decline of cellular radioactivity, with a release of small molecular weight degradation fragments into the medium. These studies demonstrate two classes of receptors for Ep on normal human ECFC. Internalization and degradation of EP occur, and the biologic effect of the hormone is produced by a small number of Ep molecules, as demonstrated in murine erythroid progenitor cells. PMID- 3192619 TI - Direct evidence of intercellular sharing of glutathione via metabolic cooperation. AB - Intracellular glutathione (GSH) content and cell density are known to be two important determinants of cell sensitivity to free radicals and radiation. We have investigated intercellular sharing of GSH via metabolic cooperation (MC) by measuring the GSH content of Chinese hamster V79 cells under conditions that varied MC among cells. GSH was measured by flow cytometry with monochlorobimane, which becomes fluorescent after conjugation to GSH by GSH-S-transferase. High performance liquid chromatography was used to confirm the accuracy of GSH measurements by flow cytometry. Several lines of evidence indicate sharing of GSH or its precursor gamma-glutamylcysteine via MC. These include a cell density dependent heterogeneity in GSH content, reconstitution of GSH in GSH-depleted cells by coculture with nondepleted cells (except when the depleted cells were MC deficient), and decreased equilibration of GSH among GSH-depleted cells and nondepleted cells when an inhibitor of MC (phorbol myristate acetate) was present. The equilibration of GSH among GSH-depleted cells and nondepleted cells in coculture was not inhibitable by acivicin, suggesting that this form of intercellular sharing of GSH does not rely on gamma-glutamyltransferase-mediated extracellular transport of GSH. PMID- 3192621 TI - DNA replication fork progression rate and temporal organization of S phase in normal epidermis and in basal cell carcinoma. AB - The double-pulse labeling technique for DNA fiber autoradiography was applied to epidermal cells from normal human skin and from human basal cell carcinoma (BCC). We aimed to measure the size and replication rate of the replication unit (RU) for both types of cell and to account, from these results, for our previous observation of a near doubling of S-phase duration in BCC, compared with normal skin. The mean RU size was 76 +/- 4 micron in BCC, not significantly different from the 68 +/- 6 micron value found in normal skin, so the mean of those two values (i.e., 72 micron), was used in further calculations. The rate of replication fork progression was 0.59 +/- 0.005 micron/min in the normal epidermis and 0.33 +/- 0.03 micron/min in BCC, corresponding to a replication time of the average RU equal to 61 min and 109 min, respectively. Thus, with an unchanged RU size in BCC, the observed 1.8-fold decrease in the rate of fork progression in the tumor can account entirely for our previous observation of a 1.8-fold increase in S-phase duration in this tumor, without requiring the assumption of any change in the temporal organization of DNA synthesis in the malignant cells. Considering S phase as an ordered process in which a major part, if not all, of the genome replicates at genetically determined times, we suggest that the clusters of replication units are, in turn, organized into temporally defined "sets". These sets are composed of all the clusters (whatever their chromosomal location) that are programmed to initiate replication during the same fraction of the S period. This hypothesis implies that DNA synthesis in a given set is triggered by some event coupled to progression of replication in the immediately preceding set. Based on a S-phase duration of 10.2 hours in normal skin and of 19.2 hours in BCC (our previous data), and assuming perfect synchrony and homogeneity of the clusters within each set and of each cluster's constitutive RUs, the minimum number of sequentially replicating sets, in both instances, can be estimated as roughly equal to 10. PMID- 3192620 TI - Tumor necrosis factor inhibits the terminal event in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. AB - Control of the terminal event in cellular differentiation is an important normal regulatory process, and the expression of defects in the control of this process has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. To determine if tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is an important biological response modifier, can inhibit terminal differentiation, we have studied 3T3 T mesenchymal stem cells. This experimental cell system was employed because a well-defined series of steps in differentiation has been defined and cells at each stage of differentiation can be isolated. For example, nonterminal differentiated cells can be isolated, and their transition to a terminal differentiation state can be evaluated. The most interesting results in the current studies show that TNF blocks the terminal event in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Inhibition of the terminal event of differentiation by TNF is reversible and is not associated with inhibition of selective or general protein synthesis. Evidence is also presented that cell clones that are defective in their ability to undergo the terminal event in differentiation secrete factor(s) that inhibit the terminal event in differentiation. These observations suggest that the inhibition of the terminal event in differentiation may be mediated via autocrine or paracrine regulatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor. PMID- 3192622 TI - Lack of proteolytic processing of alpha-L-fucosidase in human skin fibroblasts. AB - Acid hydrolases are synthesized as precursors that undergo several posttranslational modifications including proteolytic processing to a smaller mature enzyme. The amount of proteolytic processing varies for different acid hydrolases, and many details of the intracellular pathways are not known. The processing of alpha-L-fucosidase was distinguished from that of other acid hydrolases reported when studied in systematic pulse-chase labeling experiments. Only one form of alpha-L-fucosidase, Mr 56,000-57,000, was demonstrated intra- and extracellularly. Under the same conditions, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase was shown to be processed with several forms, as previously reported by Hasilik and Neufeld (1980a). To obtain these results, human skin fibroblasts were labeled metabolically with L-[3H]leucine for periods of 20 min to 8 hr with varying periods of chase from 1 to 96 hr with nonradioactive L-leucine. alpha-L Fucosidase was immunoprecipitated by a polyclonal antibody from material extracted from cells and ammonium sulfate precipitated medium and was examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. N-Acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase was examined with similar procedures and served as a control for the methods. Tunicamycin treatment of the cells was used to show that glycosylation did not obscure proteolytic processing because, again, only one form of the intra- and extracellular enzyme was observed, although of smaller size, Mr 52,000-53,000. In addition, separation of the cells into prelysosomal and lysosomal fractions showed only one form of the enzyme. It is concluded that alpha-L-fucosidase does not undergo proteolytic processing in human skin fibroblasts in the usual manner described for other acid hydrolases. PMID- 3192623 TI - Disturbance of cell proliferation by two model compounds of lipid peroxidation contradicts causative role in proliferative senescence. AB - Cumene hydroperoxide (Chp), a lipophilic peroxide, and hydroxy-nonenal (HNE), a breakdown product of lipid peroxides, were used as model compounds to assess the effects of lipid peroxidation upon cell proliferation. Amniotic fluid fibroblastlike (AFFL) cells and human diploid skin-derived (HDFL) cells were cultured with the two model compounds and cell proliferation was assayed via bromodeoxyuridine-Hoechst flow cytometry. At low doses Chp elicited an accumulation of cells in the S and G2 phase, while at higher doses the fraction of nonproliferating cells increased as well. Low doses of HNE caused an accumulation of cells in the G1 and G2 phase, whereas an additional increase of cells in S phase and in the nonproliferating fraction was found at an elevated concentration. A delay of onset of proliferation was obtained with both Chp and HNE. Permanent arrests in the S, G2, and G1 compartment are provoked by Chp only when Chp was applied together with serum. HNE, to the contrary, elicited a permanent arrest in the G2 and the G1 compartment even if added to quiescent cell cultures. Additionally, HNE caused a combination of a prolongation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and an arrest in this compartment, which is reminiscent of cell differentiation. HDFL cells were much more sensitive toward Chp than were AFFL cells, but both cell types showed similar sensitivities toward HNE. We conclude that lipophilic peroxides exert toxic effects upon cell proliferation distinct from the pattern elicited by aldehydic breakdown products of lipid peroxides. The pattern of cell cycle arrest induced by Chp and HNE makes it unlikely that Chp and HNE, or related products of lipid peroxidation, are responsible for the limitation of the proliferative life span of human fibroblasts in culture. PMID- 3192624 TI - Enhancement of phorbol ester-induced protein kinase activity in human neutrophils by platelet-activating factor. AB - We have shown that platelet-activating factor (PAF), a weak primary stimulus for neutrophil superoxide generation, synergistically enhances neutrophil oxidative responses to the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Since PMA is known to cause cytosol-to-membrane shift of calcium-activated, phospholipid dependent protein kinase (protein kinase c, PKC) in human neutrophils, we investigated the role of PAF in modifying PMA-induced PKC activation/translocation. Protein kinase activity was measured as the incorporation of 32P from gamma-32P-ATP into histone H1 induced by enzyme in cytosolic and particulate fractions from sonicated human neutrophils. PAF did not alter the sharp decrease in cytosolic PKC activity induced by PMA. However, in the presence of PAF and PMA, total particulate protein kinase activity increased markedly over that detected in the presence of PMA alone (144 +/- 9 pmoles 32P/10(7)PMN/minute in cells treated with 20 ng/ml PMA compared to 267 +/- 24 pmoles 32P in cells exposed to PMA and 10(-6)M PAF). The increase in total particulate protein kinase activity was synergistic for the two stimuli, required the presence of cytochalasin B during stimulation, and occurred at PAF concentrations of 10(-7) M and above. Both PKC and calcium-, phospholipid independent protein kinase activities in whole particulate fractions were augmented by PAF as were both activities in detergent-extractable particulate subfractions. PAF did not directly activate PKC obtained from control or PMA treated neutrophils. However, the PKC-enhancing effect of PAF was inhibited in the absence of calcium during cellular stimulation. PAF also increased particulate protein kinase activity in cells simultaneously exposed to FMLP but the effect was additive for these stimuli. These results suggest that PAF enhances PMA-induced particulate PKC activity by a calcium-dependent mechanism. The enhancing effect of PAF may be directly involved in the mechanism whereby the phospholipid "primes" neutrophils for augmented oxidative responses to PMA. PMID- 3192625 TI - Ca-dependent slow action potentials in human skeletal muscle. AB - Slow Ca-action potentials (CaAP) were studied in normal human skeletal muscle fibers obtained during surgery (fibers with both ends cut). Control studies also were carried out with intact as well as cut rat skeletal muscle fibers. Experiments were performed in hypertonic Cl-free saline with 10 or 84 mM Ca and K channel blockers; muscles were preincubated in a saline containing Cs and tetraethylammonium. A current-clamp technique with two intracellular microelectrodes was used. In human muscle, 14.5% of the fibers showed fully developed CaAPs, 21% displayed nonregenerative Ca responses, and 64.5% showed only passive responses; CaAPs were never observed in 10 mM Ca. In rat muscle, nearly 90% of the fibers showed CaAPs, which were not affected by the cut-end condition. Human and rat muscle fibers had similar membrane potential and conductance in the resting state. In human muscle (22-32 degrees C, 84 mM Ca), the threshold and peak potential during a CaAP were +26 +/- 6 mV and +70 +/- 3 mV, respectively, and the duration measured at threshold level was 1.7 +/- 0.5 sec. In rat muscle, the duration was four times longer. During a CaAP, membrane conductance was assumed to be a leak conductance in parallel with a Ca and a K conductance. In human muscle (22-32 degrees C, 84 mM Ca, 40 micron fiber diameter), values were 0.4 +/- 0.1 microS, 1.1 +/- 0.7 microS, and 0.9 +/- 0.4 microS, respectively. Rat muscle (22-24 degrees C, 84 mM Ca) showed leak and K conductances similar to those found in human fibers. Ca-conductance in rat muscle was double the values obtained in human muscle fibers. PMID- 3192626 TI - Effect of continuous heat stress on cell growth and protein synthesis in Aedes albopictus. AB - Aedes albopictus (clone C6/36) cells, which normally grow at 28 degrees C, were maintained at a supraoptimal temperature of 37 degrees C. The effect of continuous heat stress (37 degrees C) on cell growth was analyzed as were the modifications occurring with protein synthesis during short- and long-term heat stress. We observed that cells in lag or exponential growth phase, present inhibition of cell growth, and cells in the lag phase showed more sensitivity to death than cells growing exponentially. During the first hour of exposing the cells to 37 degrees C, they synthesized two heat shock proteins (hsps) of 82 kd and 70 kd, respectively, concomitant with inhibition of normally produced proteins at control temperature (28 degrees C). However, for incubations longer than 2 hr at 37 degrees C, a shift to the normal pattern of protein synthesis occurred. During these transitions, two other hsps of 76 kd and 90 kd were synthesized. Pulse chase experiments showed that the 70-kd hsp is stable at least for 18 hr, when the cells are returned to 28 degrees C. However, if cells were incubated at 37 degrees C, the 70-kd hsp is stable for at least 48 hr. The 70-kd hsp was localized in the cytoplasmic and in the nuclear compartment. Our results indicate a possible role of hsp 70-kd protein in the regulation of cell proliferation. PMID- 3192627 TI - Sulfogalactolipid binding protein SLIP 1: a conserved function for a conserved protein. AB - We have studied the species and tissue expression of the 68kD sulfogalactolipid binding protein SLIP 1, originally detected in the male germ cells of the rat (Lingwood: Can. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 63:1077-1085, 1985). Our results show that SLIP 1 has been highly conserved during evolution and is found in the testes of all vertebrates tested. In studies in the rat, we have found that SLIP 1 is, however, tissue restricted, being found only in the brain (also a major site of sulfogalactolipid biosynthesis) in addition to the testis. SLIP 1 was also detected in mammalian oocytes. The SLIP 1 species detected in brain and oocytes retain the sulfogalactolipid-binding characteristics of rat testicular SLIP 1, indicating that, in addition to immunological features, the glycolipid-binding function of SLIP 1 is conserved in these tissues. PMID- 3192628 TI - Glucose elevates ornithine decarboxylase expression in Vero cells. AB - The addition of Earle's balanced salt solution (EBSS) of amino acids that are transported by a Na+-dependent cotransport system was not required by Vero cells for ornithine decarboxylase (ODC:EC 4.1.1.17) amplification. Vero cell ODC activity was elevated tenfold above basal levels when confluent cells were incubated for 5 hr in EBSS alone. ODC activity increased as a function of the incubation time in EBSS and was not elevated above basal enzyme levels when cells were incubated in EBSS minus glucose. ODC expression increased as a function of the glucose concentration in EBSS, with 20 mM glucose producing a 90-fold increase in ODC activity. ODC expression is more responsive to glucose in high density quiescent cultures than in low-density growing cultures. Enhanced ODC expression by glucose depended on Na+ and K+ concentrations. The specific activity of ODC was also elevated above basal levels when mannose or fructose replaced glucose in EBSS. The addition of alanine or asparagine to EBSS enhanced ODC activity above levels obtained with EBSS containing standard (5.5 mM) glucose concentrations. In the absence of glucose, alanine was more effective than asparagine in enhancing ODC expression. These results suggest that the transport of amino acids is not an absolute requirement for Vero cell ODC expression and that ODC expression is linked to changes in cellular energetics and/or ion fluxes. PMID- 3192629 TI - Transferrin endocytosis and iron uptake in developing myogenic cells in culture: effects of microtubular and metabolic inhibitors, sulphydryl reagents and lysosomotrophic agents. AB - The experiments described in this study were designed to investigate receptor mediated endocytosis of transferrin and its role in iron uptake by cultured chick presumptive myoblasts (dividing and non-dividing) and myotubes. The effects of a variety of inhibitors on the internalization of transferrin and iron were investigated and three main effects were found: (i) sulphydryl reagents and microtubular inhibitors reduced the rate of transferrin and iron internalization to similar degrees, (ii) metabolic inhibitors reduced the rate of iron uptake more than that of transferrin endocytosis, and (iii) lysosomotrophic agents almost completely abolished iron accumulation by the cells without any effect on the rate of transferrin internalization. The results suggest that metabolic energy is required not only for the endocytosis of transferrin but also for subsequent steps in the iron uptake process, and that iron release from transferrin occurs in acidified endosomes. Overall, these experiments show that all or virtually all of the iron taken up by developing muscle cells from transferrin occurs as a consequence of receptor-mediated endocytosis of the protein. PMID- 3192630 TI - Organic cation uptake by a cultured renal epithelium. AB - Several organic cations are actively transported by proximal renal tubules by mediated processes across both the apical and basolateral cell membranes. In order to evaluate this transport system in a cultured renal epithelium, uptake of 3H-tetraethylammonium (TEA) across the apical membrane was measured in LLCPK1 cells, a cell line with several characteristics of proximal tubules. 3H-TEA progressively entered these cells and reached a near-steady state by 30 min. Three-minute uptake was saturable with an apparent Vmax of 1,669 +/- 129 fmoles/micrograms DNA and apparent Km of 34.0 +/- 3.4 microM. 3H-TEA uptake was inhibited by an excess of nonradioactive TEA, other organic cations, sodium azide, and hypothermia. An alkaline external pH was associated with greater 3H TEA uptake than an acid pH. However, efflux of 3H-TEA from cells was not appreciably affected by changes in external pH. Preincubation of cells in acid or alkaline media did not affect uptake. Alteration of cell pH by ammonium chloride addition or removal had little effect on 3H-TEA uptake. Finally, uptake of 3H-TEA was not accelerated by preloading cells with an excess of nonradioactive TEA. These results indicate that intact LLCPK1 cells possess a mechanism(s) in their apical membranes for the mediated transport of a prototypic organic cation. The mechanism(s) involved in this transport is uncertain. However, neither organic cation/proton nor organic cation/organic cation exchange appears to be the predominant process. PMID- 3192631 TI - Loss of low-affinity serotonin receptors upon storage of human platelets. AB - Platelets actively accumulate virtually all plasma serotonin within their dense granules. As a readily isolated, homogeneous cell type, platelets have served as a model for serotonin uptake into neurological tissue, in addition to defining the role of serotonin in hemostasis. The number of serotonin receptor types on the platelet membrane and the function of these receptors has not been conclusively demonstrated. The presence of different receptor types that may be altered or lost in disease or upon aging (in vitro storage or in vivo) could have significant physiological effects on platelet function. This report demonstrates that at least two receptor types are present on freshly prepared human platelets. However, after 3 to 4 days of storage in autologous plasma, the low-affinity, high-capacity serotonin receptor appears to be lost. This phenomenon probably accounts for some of the discrepancies reported in the literature. The high affinity receptor present in both freshly isolated and stored platelets binds about 9 x 10(3) serotonin molecules per platelet. Binding can be completely blocked by imipramine; however, some passive diffusion appears to occur even at the low level of extracellular serotonin concentrations employed in these studies (nanomolar range). The influx of serotonin into platelets appears to be poorly reversible, even in reserpine-treated cells, where the extravesicular cytoplasmic concentration would be high. The loss of the low-affinity serotonin receptor type reported in these studies may be directly or indirectly associated with the reduced responsiveness observed in stored platelets. PMID- 3192632 TI - Metabolism of U6 RNA species in nonirradiated and UV-irradiated mammalian cells. AB - We observed a series of rapidly labeled U6 RNA bands, which were hybrid selected with U6 DNA, in nonirradiated human cells. The electrophoretic mobility of these bands in denaturing gels was lower than that of the known mature U6 RNA species, and was equivalent to transcripts up to approximately 7 nucleotides longer. These multiple U6 RNA species lost their label during a chase without a proportional increase in radioactivity in the known mature U6 RNA, which suggests that a substantial fraction is not processed into the major mature U6 RNA. During a label chase, the multiple U6 RNA bands appeared first in the cytoplasmic fraction and later in nuclei. One of the major rapidly labeled U6 RNA bands had the electrophoretic mobility of an RNA species one nucleotide shorter than the known mature U6 RNA. UV light induced a UV dose-dependent, preferential disappearance of recently synthesized molecules of the U6 RNA species of higher gel electrophoretic mobility, including the known mature U6 RNA. Since this effect was seen in cells pulse-labeled immediately before or after irradiation, it suggests that UV radiation induces the specific degradation of the electrophoretically faster moving species of U6 RNA, which are apparently shorter chains. The effect of UV light was RNA species-specific, was not seen in molecules synthesized long (e.g., 22 hr) before irradiation, and occurred in human and mouse cells. PMID- 3192633 TI - Ethanolamine and choline transport in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. AB - The transport of the polar head groups, ethanolamine and choline, was examined in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Both ethanolamine and choline are taken up by high- and low-affinity systems. The K'm and V'max for the Na+-dependent, high-affinity ethanolamine and choline transport system are 3.0 and 3.0 microM and 5.4 and 7.3 pmol/mg protein/min, respectively. Ethanolamine and choline competitively influence one another's transport as the presence of 50 microM ethanolamine increases the K'm but not the V'max of choline uptake. Likewise, 50 microM choline increases the K'm but not the V'max of ethanolamine transport. The concentration of ethanolamine that inhibits maximal velocity of 5 microM choline by 50% is 9.7 microM, while 12 microM choline inhibits 5 microM ethanolamine maximal velocity by 50%. Uptake of both head groups is only partially Na+ dependent and is inhibited similarly by 2-methylethanolamine and 2,2 dimethylethanolamine at all concentrations examined. Hemicholinium-3, a classic inhibitor of high-affinity, Na+-dependent choline transport, reduces both ethanolamine and choline accumulation in a concentration-dependent fashion, but has a greater effect on choline transport at higher concentrations. The major portion of these data is consistent with our hypothesis that the uptake of physiological concentrations of ethanolamine and choline may occur through the same transport system. However, the results of the effect of hemicholinium-3 and the extent of Na+-dependency of choline and ethanolamine uptake could be interpreted as meaning that separate transport systems for choline and ethanolamine exist which cross react or that a single transport system exists which has separate active sites for the two compounds. PMID- 3192635 TI - Lateral diffusion of the secretory component (SC) in the basolateral membrane of the human colon carcinoma cell line HT29 assessed with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. AB - The lateral diffusion of the secretory component (SC), acting as a receptor for dimeric IgA in the basolateral side of intestinal epithelial cells, was studied in the human colonic carcinoma cell line HT29. The HT29 cells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium in which galactose had been substituted for glucose to promote development of small intestine-like cells, with a distinct separation of the basolateral side from the apical surface. The SC was stained with rhodamine-labeled polyclonal anti-human SC rabbit antibodies (Ig) or Fab fragments, and the lateral mobility was assessed with the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique. The average lateral diffusion was consistent with a diffusion constant of 7.7 +/- 2.0 (mean value +/- SD; n = 29) and 7.1 +/- 2.3 (n = 30) x 10(-10) cm2s-1 for Ig-and Fab-labeled receptors, respectively, which is slower than lipid diffusion but is similar to that found for other membrane receptors. The corresponding values for the fraction of mobile receptors were 66 +/- 13% and 71 +/- 12%, respectively. Cells were labeled from the top of the culture plate, and cells adjacent to a mechanically made rift or a natural opening in the cell monolayer were labeled more strongly, confirming the microscope-based impression that the basolateral surface primarily harboured the SC receptor. PMID- 3192636 TI - Hexamethyl-propylene amine oxime (MM-PAO). Papers presented at a symposium. September 1987, Copenhagen, Denmark. PMID- 3192634 TI - Properties of binding sites for chloroquine in liver lysosomal membranes. AB - Chloroquine (CQ) is an antimalarial and antirheumatic drug that accumulates in lysosomes. We purified liver lysosomal membranes of tritosomes from albino mice injected with Triton WR 1339. The membranes were used for the binding assay with CQ in 0.01 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4). This binding was saturable, with a KD value of 6.2 microM. To understand the nature of CQ affinity, the binding was done under conditions that alter membrane structure and composition. Changes in pH, high ionic strength, and bivalent cations reversibly decreased the binding, while the effect of non-ionic detergents was partially reversed. The cationic detergent Hyamine strongly decreased the binding, and its effect was trypsin and neuraminidase had no effect. The results indicate the existence of binding sites for CQ in liver lysosomal membranes, which were strongly affected by changes of charge in the molecules involved in the binding. The treatment with the enzymes suggests that loss of polar groups of phospholipids increases the affinity of CQ by exposing protein sites located deep in the membrane, or by permiting a closer interaction between the drug and membrane lipids. CQ lysosomotropism and other effects of CQ on the lysosomal apparatus studied by other authors may be due not only to its accumulation inside the acid milieu of the lysosomes, in the same manner as other weak bases, but also to the affinity of CQ for binding sites in the lysosomal membrane. PMID- 3192637 TI - Technetium-99m-d,l-HM-PAO, the development of a new class of 99mTc-labeled tracers: an overview. PMID- 3192638 TI - The retention of [99mTc]-d,l-HM-PAO in the human brain after intracarotid bolus injection: a kinetic analysis. AB - [99mTc]-d,l-HM-PAO (HM-PAO) was injected rapidly into the internal carotid artery and its retention in the brain was recorded by external scintillation cameras in eight human subjects. A model is described based on three compartments: the lipophilic tracer in the blood pool of the brain, the lipophilic tracer inside the brain, and the hydrophilic form retained in the brain. The retention curve initially drops abruptly, corresponding to the nonextracted fraction of the injectate leaving the brain; it then falls exponentially towards the asymptotic level of the fractional steady-state retention R. Cerebral blood flow (F) was measured using the xenon-133 intracarotid injection method. The first-pass extraction E of HM-PAO was calculated from F using an empiric regression equation. The residue curves for the whole brain after intracarotid HM-PAO injection were analyzed to yield a retention fraction (R') and the brain clearance backflux constant of lipophilic HM-PAO (k). From the kinetic model and the measured values of R', k, and F, the following parameter values could be calculated: the average retained fraction of all tracer supplied to the brain, R = 0.38 +/- 0.05 (mean +/- SD), the conversion rate constant (lipophilic to hydrophilic tracer) in the brain k3 = 0.80 +/- 0.12 min-1, the efflux rate constant (brain to blood) k2 = 0.69 +/- 0.11 min-1, the conversion/clearance ratio alpha = k3/k2 = 1.18 +/- 0.25, the influx (blood clearance) constant K1 = 0.45 +/- 0.11 ml/g/min, and the brain/blood partition ratio lambda = K1/k2 = 0.67 +/- 0.23 ml/g. Using the kinetic model and assuming constancy of alpha, an algorithm was developed that corrects for the blood flow dependent backflux of HM PAO and results in a more linear relation between regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and HM-PAO distribution. PMID- 3192639 TI - Assessment of the arterial input curve for [99mTc]-d,l-HM-PAO by rapid octanol extraction. AB - The in vitro conversion of the lipophilic molecule [99mTc]-d,l hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime [( 99mTc]-d,l-HM-PAO) to a hydrophilic form was studied in saline, plasma, and blood at 37 degrees C by paper chromatography and by octanol extraction. The octanol:saline ratio was 79.9. From this value and the corresponding octanol: plasma and octanol:blood partitioning values, an estimate of the transport of the lipophilic compound by various components of blood was made: 20% is carried in hemoglobin, 53% by the plasma proteins and 27% by the water phases of the red blood cell and plasma. Octanol extraction provided a rapid method for measuring the radiochemical purity (RCP) of lipophilic [99mTc] d,l-HM-PAO. In saline, the RCP declined with a half-life of more than 1 h. In human plasma and whole blood, the conversion of [99mTc]-d,l-HM-PAO was biexponential due to the differences in the conversion rates of the d and l isomeric forms. The initial half-life representing the conversion rate of the l form was 1.7 min in blood and 1.4 min in plasma, while the conversion half-life of the d form was 7.4 and 24.4 min, respectively. In vivo, the RCP of arterial blood sampled after an i.v. bolus injection showed an initial peak value of 75% (68-79%) during the initial, first passage of the bolus. It declined to approximately 35% (29-40%) after 1.5 min and reached very low levels (about 1%) at 6 to 10 min. Quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow using [99mTc] d,l-HM-PAO necessitates a rapid method for RCP determination in arterial blood such as the one described here. PMID- 3192640 TI - Retention of [99mTc]-d,l-HM-PAO in rat brain: an autoradiographic study. AB - The regional cerebral distribution pattern of [99mTc]-d,l-HM-PAO in rat brain was studied by autoradiography. The regional cerebral uptake of this tracer is related to regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF); however, the ratio of retained radioactivity (determined by digital imaging techniques) in gray matter compared to white matter is lower than that reported for the blood flow ratio. Considerable inhomogeneity is observed in cortical gray matter for at least 60 min postinjection, demonstrating that minimal, if any, cerebral redistribution of this agent occurs. PMID- 3192641 TI - The retention mechanism of technetium-99m-HM-PAO: intracellular reaction with glutathione. AB - Preparations of d,l- and meso-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HM-PAO) labeled with technetium-99m were added to rat brain homogenates diluted with phosphate buffer (1:10). The conversion of d,l-HM-PAO to hydrophilic forms took place with an initial rate constant of 0.12 min-1. Incubation of the brain homogenate with 2% diethyl maleate for 5 h decreased the homogenate's measured glutathione (GSH) concentration from 160 to 16 microM and decreased the conversion rate to 0.012 min-1. Buffered aqueous solutions of glutathione rapidly converted the HM-PAO tracers to hydrophilic forms having the same chromatographic characteristics as found in the brain homogenates. The rate constant for the conversion reaction of d,l-HM-PAO in GSH aqueous solution was 208 and 317 L/mol/min in two different assay systems and for meso-HM-PAO the values were 14.7 and 23.2 L/mol/min, respectively. Rat brain has a GSH concentration of about 2.3 mM and the conversion of the d,l-HM-PAO due to GSH alone should proceed with a rate constant of 0.48 to 0.73 min-1 and be correspondingly 14-fold slower for meso-HM-PAO. In human brain, the in vivo data of Lassen et al. show a conversion rate constant of 0.80 min-1. This correspondence of values supports the notion that GSH may be important for the in vivo conversion of 99mTc-labeled HM-PAO to hydrophilic forms and may be the mechanism of trapping in brain and other cells. A kinetic model for the trapping of d,l- and meso-HM-PAO in tissue is developed that is based on data of GSH concentration in various organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192642 TI - Extraction of [99mTc]-d,l-HM-PAO across the blood-brain barrier. AB - The initial extraction (E) across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of [99mTc]-d,l-HM PAO after intracarotid injection was measured in 14 Wistar rats and 6 patients using the double indicator, single injection method with Na-24 as the cotracer. In both series, cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured using the initial slope of the xenon-133 washout curve after intracarotid bolus injection. In rats, bolus size (20 or 120 microliters), bolus type (saline or 10% albumin), or CBF were changed. First-pass extraction was dependent on CBF (p less than 0.001): With a small bolus of saline and at resting CBF (0.75 ml/g/min), E was 0.81, decreasing to 0.56 at a high CBF (1.5 ml/g/min). The calculated permeability surface area product (PS) increased linearly from 1.2 to 1.5 ml/g/min when CBF increased from 0.8 to 1.5 ml/g/min (p less than 0.01). E was found to increase when the bolus volume of saline was increased from 20 to 120 microliters, while using a 120 microliters bolus containing 10% albumin resulted in a decrease in E. This suggests that HM-PAO binding to albumin is not totally and rapidly reversible during a single passage through brain capillaries and that binding to blood elements may reduce the apparent extraction across brain capillaries. In patients using a bolus of 1 ml saline, E decreased linearly with increasing CBF (r = 0.81, p less than 0.001). For a CBF of 0.59 ml/g/min and an average apparent E of 0.72, an apparent PS product of 0.76 ml/g/min was calculated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192643 TI - Determination of flow and rate constants in a kinetic model of [99mTc]-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime in the human brain. AB - The values for flow and rate constants for a kinetic model of [99mTc] hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HM-PAO) distribution in the human brain were determined. The single-pass extraction ratio of HM-PAO was also determined in the rat brain by the indicator diffusion method; a value of 0.90 +/- 0.02 (mean +/- SEM, n = 5) was obtained. Time course data of brain activity and arterial blood activity of the tracer were fitted to a four compartment model: Values of blood flow and the first-order rate constants for backdiffusion of the diffusible tracer from brain to blood (k2), conversion of the lipophilic tracer to the hydrophilic one in brain (k3), and conversion of the diffusible tracer to the nondiffusible one in blood (k5) were determined. Conversion of hydrophilic tracer back to a lipophilic form in both blood and brain was assumed to be negligible during the course of the experiment. The values obtained for blood flow, k2, and k3 were, respectively, 0.40 +/- 0.03 ml/g/min, 0.38 +/- 0.04 min-1, and 0.92 +/- 0.05 min-1 in the gray matter (n = 4), and 0.23 +/- 0.01 ml/g/min, 0.17 +/- 0.01 min-1, and 1.01 +/- 0.05 min-1 in the white matter (n = 2) in patients with cerebrovascular disorder. The k5 value was 1.14 +/- 0.06 min-1 (n = 4). These experimentally determined values agree well with the theoretical ones previously reported by Lassen et al. The results suggest the relative constancy of the k3 and k5 values and the more prominent initial backdiffusion of the lipophilic HM PAO from brain to blood in high flow regions compared to low flow regions. PMID- 3192644 TI - Focal cerebral infarction. PMID- 3192645 TI - Sex differences in regional cerebral blood flow. AB - Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by the 133-xenon inhalation method during resting in 38 healthy men and 38 healthy women matched pairwise for age in the range 18-72 years. The results showed 11% higher global flow level in the women in all ages. A similar and significant regression of flow by age was seen for both sexes. The regional flow distribution also showed some sex-related differences. Frontal regions showed an asymmetry in the men with higher values on the right side. The female flows were more symmetric. As a hypothesis, it is suggested that the higher flow level in women may be a systemic phenomenon. In fact, other authors have found a higher cardiac index in females. The sex differences in regional flow pattern might be due to differences in the functional organization of the cortex and/or to differences in the mental processes of the "resting" state. PMID- 3192646 TI - Acute cerebral ischaemia: concurrent changes in cerebral blood flow, energy metabolites, pH, and lactate measured with hydrogen clearance and 31P and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. III. Changes following ischaemia. AB - CBF has been measured with the hydrogen clearance technique in the two cerebral hemispheres of the gerbil under halothane anaesthesia. At the same time, intracellular pH and the concentrations of lactate and high-energy phosphates were measured in the brain using 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Flow and metabolism have been followed during either a 15- or a 30 min ischaemic period (induced by bilateral carotid occlusion) and for up to 1 h of recovery. There was no significant difference between the flow characteristics of the two experimental groups. High-energy phosphate levels and pH returned to control within approximately 20 min of the end of the ischaemic period. Lactate clearance, following a 30-min occlusion, was slower than the recovery of pH. The concentration of free ADP, calculated from the creatine kinase equilibrium, was lower during the recovery phase than under control conditions. PMID- 3192647 TI - Brain interstitial adenosine and sagittal sinus blood flow during systemic hypotension in piglet. AB - We sampled, using the brain dialysis technique, interstitial fluid adenosine from the frontal cortex of newborn piglets subjected to hemorrhagic hypotension while measuring sagittal sinus blood flow, cerebrovascular resistance (CVR), and cerebral O2 delivery. In group 1 (n = 8), MABP was reduced in successive steps from 76 to 30 mm Hg with decrements of approximately 10 mm Hg. At 60 mm Hg, CVR decreased by 19% (p less than 0.001), but sagittal sinus blood flow and interstitial fluid adenosine remained unchanged. At 50 mm Hg, both sagittal sinus blood flow and CVR decreased by 19% (p less than 0.001) and interstitial fluid adenosine rose 4.7-fold (p less than 0.05). At 40 and 30 mm Hg, sagittal sinus blood flow decreased further but CVR remained steady, whereas interstitial fluid adenosine rose 10- and 16-fold, respectively. In group 2 (n = 7), an abrupt reduction of MABP from 80 to 47 mm Hg produced no change in sagittal sinus blood flow and a 29% decrease in CVR (p less than 0.01). Interstitial fluid adenosine increased twofold (p less than 0.01). In group 3 (n = 7), an abrupt reduction of MABP from 79 to 40 mm Hg decreased sagittal sinus blood flow and CVR by 24 and 30%, respectively (p less than 0.01). Interstitial fluid adenosine rose threefold (p less than 0.01). In groups 1, 2, and 3, the increases in interstitial fluid adenosine accompanied decreases in cerebral O2 delivery. In group 4 (n = 7), artificial CSF with a PO2 of 152 mm Hg was perfused through the brain dialysis cannula during graded hypotension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192648 TI - Calcium accumulation during the evolution of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat. AB - An excessive accumulation of calcium in neuronal and other tissues has been postulated to represent a "final common pathway" for cell death arising from hypoxia-ischemia. To clarify the role of altered calcium flux into and distribution within the perinatal brain undergoing hypoxic-ischemic injury, 7-day postnatal rats underwent unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by 3 h of hypoxia with 8% oxygen. This insult is known to produce brain damage confined to the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to the arterial occlusion in greater than 90% of the animals. Either before or after hypoxia-ischemia, the animals received a subcutaneous injection of [45Ca]Cl2, and their brains were subjected to 45Ca autoradiography at 0-1, 5, 24, and 72 h, 7 or 15 days thereafter. During hypoxia-ischemia, calcium flux into the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere was prominent in 13 of 14 rat pups, especially in neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, and thalamus. Calcium accumulation also occurred to a variable degree (6 of 14 animals) in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere. During recovery, radioactivity in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere was no longer apparent, whereas in the ipsilateral hemisphere, the extent of calcium accumulation was mild in four of six at 1 h, moderate in three of six at 5 h, moderate to intense in six of seven and six of seven at 24 and 72 h, respectively, and intense in three of three and two of two animals at 7 and 15 days, respectively. As during hypoxia-ischemia, the distribution of the radioactivity was most prominent in those structures that are known to be vulnerable to hypoxic-ischemic injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192649 TI - Ornithine decarboxylase activity and immunohistochemical location in postischemic brain. AB - Ornithine decarboxylase, rate-limiting in polyamine formation, has been found to be necessary for the development of vasogenic edema after cryogenic cerebral injury and is postulated to be of importance in late ischemic brain edema formation. Ornithine decarboxylase activity and accompanying edema was studied after transient cerebral ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. Bilateral carotid artery occlusion was utilized to produce dense forebrain ischemia. After 4 h of reperfusion a significant elevation in ornithine decarboxylase activity was present (72.5 +/- 24.7 vs 8.5 +/- 2 pmoles/mg protein/h, p less than 0.05). Immunohistochemical localization of ornithine decarboxylase indicated its presence in cortical neurons of ischemic gerbils. This was typically located in the perinuclear cytoplasm and extended into proximal dendrites. Nonischemic animals did not contain ornithine decarboxylase immunoreactivity. These studies show the presence and location of ornithine decarboxylase in cerebral tissue subjected to transient ischemia. The increase in this marker of polyamine activity paralleled previous studies in this model of cerebral edema formation and reperfusion deficit in blood flow and evoked potential, suggesting that ornithine decarboxylase is a marker for and may be associated with those late metabolic events leading to progressive functional deterioration after incomplete cerebral ischemia. PMID- 3192650 TI - In vivo identification and quantitative evaluation of carrier-mediated transport of lactate at the cellular level in the striatum of conscious, freely moving rats. AB - Intracerebral dialysis has allowed the continuous, on-line measurement of lactate in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of conscious, freely moving rats. The rapid time response of the technique allows the direct determination of the time course of changes in lactate in ECF following externally imposed stimuli. The time course of lactate appearance in ECF was found to be considerably slower than that observed in tissue following electroconvulsive shock or during ischemia following cardiac arrest. The ECF data could be fit to an integrated Michaelis-Menten model that assumed reversible transport of lactate across the cell membrane. This transport was found to act only when energy supplies could maintain membrane integrity and function, since ECF levels of lactate failed to follow tissue levels after cardiac arrest when energy resources are depleted. The calculated rate of cellular lactate transport was two orders of magnitude faster than transport of lactate across the blood-brain barrier in the adult rat, and passive diffusion of lactate was not found to contribute significantly across either cell or blood-brain barriers. Probenecid, an inhibitor of acid transport, was able to block both the efflux of lactate from cell to ECF and the consequent reuptake of lactate by cells in the striatum of the rat following electroconvulsive shock or ischemia. PMID- 3192651 TI - Brain tissue concentrations of ATP, phosphocreatine, lactate, and tissue pH in relation to reduced cerebral blood flow following experimental acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. AB - Local CBF (LCBF) was compared with the corresponding local tissue concentration of ATP, phosphocreatine (PCr), and lactate in anaesthetized baboons subjected to focal ischaemia produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). LCBF hydrogen electrodes were implanted in cortical regions where MCAO had been previously shown to produce severe and penumbral ischaemia and in posterior regions where blood flow is not altered. Metabolites were assayed in small tissue samples collected either by cryoprobe biopsy in the regions where LCBFs were measured (series 1) or by sampling appropriate regions of the rapidly frozen brain (series 2). Subsequent topographical study of brain tissue pH with umbelliferone was performed in this latter series. The results from these two series are compared and discussed in terms of the more appropriate way to perform simultaneous electrode measurements and analysis of tissue samples for studying focal ischaemia in the primate brain. They confirm that the concentrations of ATP and PCr decrease, and that lactate level increases, with decreasing blood flow. These metabolites tended to change more rapidly below a blood flow threshold, rather than showing a steady decrease as the blood flow was reduced, although the variability of the data precluded us from establishing this with confidence. Topographical study of tissue pH often showed sharp boundaries between zones of very low pH and regions with normal pH. PMID- 3192652 TI - Effect of stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion on cortical blood flow in the rat. AB - The effects of electrical stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion on cortical blood flow and gas partial pressures (PO2 and PCO2) were studied in the anesthetized rat. Tissue PO2, PCO2, and local CBF were measured simultaneously in both parietal cortices by means of mass spectrometry. Stimulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion increased CBF and tissue PO2 by approximately 50 and 20%, respectively, in the ipsilateral parietal cortex. Smaller but significant increases in CBF and tissue PO2 were simultaneously seen in the contralateral parietal cortex. These variations were also accompanied by small decreases in PCO2 in both parietal cortices and a 5% increase in mean arterial pressure, whereas cortical electrical activity did not change. We conclude that the cholinergic (and vasoactive intestinal polypeptidergic) innervation of the cerebral blood vessels, arising from the sphenopalatine ganglion has significant vasomotor potential and that this system may be of functional importance. PMID- 3192653 TI - [Evaluation of 242 laparotomies for hepatic metastasis performed at the Institut Gustave Roussy over 5 years]. AB - Two hundred and forty two laparotomies for single or multiple isolated liver metastases (LM) have been performed in 5 years. One hundred and seventy three were performed for LM from colo-rectal cancers and after abdominal exploration it has been carried out 46 hepatectomies, 92 implantations of catheter for intra arterial hepatic chemotherapy (IAHC) and 35 abstentions. Sixty nine were performed for LM from miscellaneous origins and it has been carried out 32 hepatectomies, 18 implantations of catheter for IAHC and 19 abstentions. The main conclusions of this study are: 1) every preoperatively estimated unresectable LM has never been resectable at abdominal exploration. 2) When it was anticipated to perform an hepatectomy, it was possible to do it only in two-third of the cases, the main reason of non resectable LM was intra or extra hepatic diffusion. 3) When the LM has been preoperatively estimated as un-resectable, the metastatic disease was isolated in the liver in two third of the cases and it was almost always technically possible to place an arterial catheter (108 instances in 110 cases). 4) In 3% of the cases, pre-operative images of LM have not been confirmed at surgery and the diagnosis has been made on biopsies with frozen sections which, must always preceded local hepatic treatment. PMID- 3192654 TI - [Villous tumor of the appendix]. AB - An infrequently diagnosed lesion, villous tumor is extremely rare in its appendicular localization. Its diagnosis is then fortuitous and its secondary treatment is still debatable if surveillance is univocal. A further case of appendicular villous tumor is reported. PMID- 3192655 TI - [Aortic sarcoma. A rare pathology]. AB - In the light of a case of endotheliosarcoma of the thoracic aorta, the authors found in the literature 33 cases of aortic sarcomas and 13 of sarcomas of peripheral arteries. The clinical diagnosis of this rare tumor is difficult. The diagnosis can be made before surgery only on the basis of angiographic and CT scan findings, whilst in most instances common arterial lesions are suspected whether of atheromatous or embolic origin. The positive diagnosis of arterial sarcoma remains histological. The diagnosis of an endothelial tumor can be made with the help of the techniques of factor VIII, antigen H and, more recently, lectins. Surgical treatment by excision and restoration of continuity has most often been used. Alone or in combination with chemo and/or radiotherapy, it would seem to be inadequate to prevent progression which involves the invasion of adjacent tissues, tumor emboli or generalized metastases. The prognosis of such a tumor remains gloomy with an average life expectancy of one year and 7 months, regardless of the histological type of arterial sarcoma. PMID- 3192656 TI - [Surgery and humanitarian help. The experience of "Medecins sans frontieres"]. PMID- 3192657 TI - [Apropos of acute colonic necrosis]. PMID- 3192658 TI - [Bouveret's syndrome: a few considerations apropos of a new case]. PMID- 3192659 TI - [Post-transfusion malaria: a cause of postoperative fever not to ignore]. PMID- 3192660 TI - [Pulmonary leiomyosarcoma. Apropos of a case of systemic disease of the vascular muscle cell localized in the lung]. PMID- 3192661 TI - Dimensions of foster and residential care practice. AB - In reporting a comparative study of foster and residential care practices, this paper examines four aspects of care: the management of recurrent (mainly daily) social events; children's community contacts; the provision of physical amenities; and the controls and sanctions employed by foster parents and staff vis a vis children. Care practice in foster homes was generally found to be significantly more child-oriented than in Children's Homes on each dimension of care. Very little overlap was observed between the results obtained for the foster homes and Children's Homes. Thus, differences between the two forms of provision were more or less uniform. PMID- 3192662 TI - Effect of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) on the psychological performance of preterm children at preschool age. AB - The present paper forms part of a larger prospective study and reports on the psychological performance of preterm children (n = 68) and fullterm control children (n = 36) at preschool age. Intelligence quotients (IQs) of intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) preterm children were lower than those of appropriate-for gestational-age (AGA) preterm children or fullterm controls at preschool age. Specific deficiencies (visuomotor, language) were found in 30% of the IUGR group and in 9% of the AGA group. When measuring general intellectual capacity, specific areas of intellectual function should be included by means of appropriate psychological tests, because a child may have a normal IQ but still show specific deficiencies. PMID- 3192664 TI - Communication behaviors in autism and developmental language delay. AB - The communicative behavior of autistic and developmental language delay (DLD) children matched for nonverbal mental age and mean length of utterance (MLU) was compared to that of normally-developing (ND) 2-yr-olds. Autistic children were less able than other children to respond correctly to language or gestures used to direct their attention, used attention directing (pointing, showing) less frequently, and produced more echolalic speech when making requests. DLD and ND children differed only in number of pronouns used while requesting. Attention directing gestures were associated with receptive and expressive language abilities for autistic, DLD and normal children. PMID- 3192663 TI - Cognitive development and reading achievement in pervasive-add, situational-add and control children. AB - Studies on hyperactivity have shown the importance of distinguishing hyperactive children according to the pervasiveness of their symptoms. To verify the meaningfulness of this distinction in Attention Deficit Disorders, an epidemiological study was undertaken. Sixteen pervasive-ADD, nine situational-ADD and 28 non-ADD children selected from a general population were compared using different measures. The results show that pervasive-ADD differ from non-ADD children on verbal IQ and reading difficulties and support the distinction of ADD according to the pervasiveness of the symptoms. PMID- 3192665 TI - Sex-role attributes, perceived competence and the development of depression in adolescence. AB - Studies are described which investigated the relationship of sex-role traits to age trends and sex differences in depression in adolescents. Psychological masculinity was negatively related to the level of depression in males and females, and evidence which indicates that this relationship is mediated by a link between masculinity and perceived competence is presented. The level of masculinity was stable across the age ranges studied, but was related to an increasingly higher rate of depression in females than males. It is therefore argued that a sex difference in masculinity arises prior to adolescence, but interacts with other factors which influence vulnerability to depression during the teenage years, thus bringing about the sex difference in depression. PMID- 3192666 TI - Maternal adversity and recent stressful life events in anxious and depressed children. AB - Poor confiding relations in mothers' own lives, the presence of maternal distress and recent stressful life events focussed on children are all significantly and independently associated with emotional disorder in the school-age child. The probability of being a case is best predicted by considering the contribution of all three factors. When this is done, an additive rather than multiplicative interaction for the three variables is found. The association between these maternal factors and events focussed on the child varies with the presence or absence of caseness. There appears to be no greater probability of being anxious rather than depressed as a consequence of these three stressful factors occurring in the lives of school-age children. PMID- 3192667 TI - The effects of social context and verbal skill on the stereotypic and task involved behaviour of autistic children. AB - Twelve autistic children's rates of Stereotypy, Task Involvement and Non Involvement were observed in three settings representing levels of interpersonal contact: Individual Attention, Group Attention and Play. The children were assigned in two groups reflecting high and low verbal skills and overall level of autistic disturbance was used as a covariate. Results showed that the highest levels of Task Involvement and the lowest levels of Stereotypy and Non Involvement were associated with the highest level of interpersonal contact. Verbal skill level predicted higher rates of prosocial behaviour overall, and interacted with the setting measures for Stereotypic behaviours, indicating that the low verbal children tended to self-stimulate most when no demands were made on their behaviour. Implications for further research and educational practice are briefly discussed. PMID- 3192668 TI - Recent life events and psychiatric disorder in children: the interaction with preceding extreme adversity. AB - This prospective study investigated the role that life events play in causing emotional and behavioural problems in a population of 240 primary school children who had recently survived a natural disaster. Life events experienced after the disaster were not found to contribute directly to the number of emotional or behavioural problems when the effect of the disaster was taken into account. This suggested that, in children, life events may not have a simple mechanically additive aetiological effect. PMID- 3192669 TI - Patterns of rotary pursuit performance in clumsy and normal children. AB - The present study is concerned with the development of motor programs in clumsy children. In order to investigate this, the performance of clumsy and normal children on a rotary pursuit tracking task was compared. The performance of the clumsy group was inferior to that of the control group in terms of time on target, but the pattern of performance across successive trials was broadly similar for the two groups, suggesting a progression from control by visual feedback to control by motor programs. It was concluded that the performance of clumsy children on the rotary pursuit task may be limited more by impaired visual feedback control than by an impairment in the ability to develop motor programs. PMID- 3192670 TI - A focused casework approach to the treatment of child abuse: a controlled comparison. AB - Two contrasting therapies for the treatment of child abuse were compared in a randomised design: a focused casework approach to the whole family and a structured play therapy approach to the child. The Patterson coding system was used as an outcome measure. There was a high drop-out rate from both the therapies, but of those who completed the treatment, there was a greater improvement in the focused casework regime on some of the comparisons made. PMID- 3192671 TI - An effective unit-based fall prevention plan. PMID- 3192672 TI - A focus on patient safety in an anesthesiology department. PMID- 3192673 TI - Infection control rounds: a method for evaluating safety. PMID- 3192674 TI - Monitoring patient safety at the bedside. PMID- 3192675 TI - The suicidal patient: an issue for quality assurance and risk management. PMID- 3192676 TI - Ensuring patient safety. PMID- 3192677 TI - Joint project: staff development and quality assessment validate and redesign orientation. PMID- 3192678 TI - Deficiency of superoxide dismutase in endemic goiter tissue. AB - Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and its concentration were measured in thyroid tissues obtained from patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, differentiated thyroid cancer, and endemic goiter (before and after iodine supplementation) as well as in normal thyroid tissue (paranodular tissue) from patients with follicular adenomas. SOD activity was measured by pyrogallol assay in ethanol-chloroform extracts of the thyroid homogenates. The SOD concentration in the thyroid extract was measured as immunoreactive SOD by electroimmunoassay. Endemic goiter tissues (n = 10) contained significantly lower SOD activity [mean, 1.9 +/- 1.9 (+/- SD) vs. 7.5 +/- 3.9 ng purified SOD/micrograms DNA; P less than 0.02] and concentration (mean, 0.2 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.5 ng SOD/microgram DNA; P less than 0.01) compared with those of normal tissues. No other pathological thyroid tissues had such consistently low SOD levels. Lactate dehydrogenase activity, a marker of cytosolic enzyme, was not lower in endemic goiter tissues than in normal tissues, suggesting that both tissues possessed functioning cells capable of producing cytosolic enzyme. Thyroid tissue from endemic goiter patients previously treated with iodized oil injection also had low SOD activity and concentration. Western blot analysis indicated that SOD protein in the endemic goiter tissue did not differ from that in normal thyroid tissue. We conclude that there is deficiency of cytosolic SOD in endemic goiter tissue. Since the deficiency of cytosolic SOD causes more prolonged exposure to oxygen free radicals, the decrease in SOD might contribute to the degenerative changes frequently found in these tissues. PMID- 3192679 TI - Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor II are not changed by short term fasting and refeeding. AB - To determine the factors that regulate insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), we raised polyclonal antibodies to this peptide and developed a RIA that measures IGF-II in serum or plasma samples after extraction of IGF-binding proteins by C18 cartridge chromatography. The IGF-II antiserum was highly specific, exhibiting no cross-reactivity with IGF-I or insulin at the highest concentrations tested (10( 6) mol/L). As little as 0.43 micrograms/L IGF-II was detectable, and 50% displacement of tracer occurred at 1.7 microgram/L. The serum IGF-II concentrations of normal adults [mean, 634 +/- 170 (+/- SD) micrograms/L], patients with acromegaly (570 +/- 146 micrograms/L), and patients with hypopituitarism (156 +/- 58 micrograms/L) were similar to those reported by others. In eight obese subjects injected with GH (0.1 mg/kg ideal BW, im, every 48 h for 16 days), serum IGF-II concentrations did not rise significantly, whereas IGF-I concentrations increased 67%. Sixteen normal subjects, within 15% of ideal body weight, were fasted for 5 days on two to four occasions and refed diets of differing protein and calorie contents. Their mean serum IGF-II concentration before fasting (691 +/- 26 micrograms/L) was not significantly different from that after fasting (674 +/- 21 micrograms/L) or after refeeding (641 +/- 20 micrograms/L). In contrast, their mean IGF-I concentration decreased 42% with fasting and rose with refeeding. Unlike IGF-I, serum IGF-II concentrations do not appear to be regulated by short term changes in nutritional status. It is clear from this study and others that IGF-II and IGF-I are regulated differently despite their structural homology and the similarity of their actions in vitro. PMID- 3192680 TI - The metatarsal cytochemical bioassay of parathyroid hormone: validation, specificity, and application to the study of pseudohypoparathyroidism type I. AB - The most sensitive method for assaying the bioactivity of PTH in unextracted plasma is the renal cytochemical bioassay. However, PTH acts on bone as well as kidney and clinical studies have suggested that the actions of circulating PTH level may be different at the two sites. We developed cytochemical bioassay for PTH based on the stimulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the hypertrophic chondrocytes of the growth plate and the osteoblasts lining the metaphyseal trabeculae of rat metatarsal bones. The index of precision was 0.14 +/- 0.02 (SE) and the interassay variation was 31%. With this assay, plasma bioactive PTH levels in normal subjects and patients with primary hyperparathyroidism ranged from 0.5-18 ng/L and from 27-850 ng/L, respectively. Studies of patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism type I indicated that plasma PTH bioactivity in such patients is greater in the metatarsal bioassay than in the renal bioassay; no such differences were found in normal subjects or patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3192682 TI - Lack of biochemical progression or continuation of accelerated bone loss in mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: evidence for biphasic disease course. AB - We studied the natural history of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients in whom the disease was discovered fortuitously by multichannel biochemical screening and who were selected for conservative management because they were asymptomatic, had no renal stone disease or radiographic osteitis fibrosa, and had serum calcium values below 3.00 mmol/L, serum creatinine levels below 133 mumol/L, and forearm bone density not more than 2.5 SD below the mean expected for age, sex, and race. One hundred and seventy-four patients meeting these criteria were encountered during a 10-yr period, of whom 80 (mean age, 61 yr) had adequate follow-up; they did not differ significantly in any initial characteristic from the remaining 94 patients. These 80 patients were followed for 1-11 yr (mean, 46 months; median, 38 months), during which there was no change, mean or individual, in any index of PTH secretion or any of its biochemical effects and no decline in forearm bone density apart from that expected from increased age. There were 4 deaths from causes unrelated to hyperparathyroidism, and the overall death rate was not increased. The data suggest that no change occurred in either the number of parathyroid cells or secretory set-point, the 2 principal determinants of basal PTH secretion. This implies a biphasic course, with a short period of disease progression followed by a long period of disease stability. Our data support the decision to withhold surgical intervention in such patients, but to establish this as the correct policy for all asymptomatic patients will require a controlled clinical trial. PMID- 3192681 TI - Serum aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen: a potential predictor of the response to growth hormone therapy. AB - The circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and immunoreactive aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) were measured in 12 children with short stature (8 GH deficient and 4 non-GH deficient) before and after 1 week, 5 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment with biosynthetic hGH. Seven children had a growth response (increase in relative growth velocity greater than 1.5 SD during the initial 6 months) to GH therapy (responders), whereas 5 failed to respond (nonresponders). No relationship was found between the pretreatment plasma IGF-I levels or their changes during therapy and the growth response. Serum PIIINP levels increased considerably in all but 3 children, after as little as 1 week of GH administration. After 5 weeks, all responders had an increase in their serum PIIINP concentrations of 40% or more, whereas the nonresponders had less or no increments. There was a close correlation between the GH-induced increase in serum PIIINP levels at 5 weeks and growth velocity after 6 months of GH therapy (r = 0.77; P less than 0.01). The correlation was even stronger with the growth velocity at 12 months (r = 0.83; P less than 0.001). The serum PIIINP response to short-term GH administration could be an early predictor of the growth response to long-term GH therapy. In contrast to plasma IGF-I, the PIIINP response may be useful both in GH deficient and non GH deficient children. PMID- 3192683 TI - Fasting induces a decrease in serum thyroglobulin in normal subjects. AB - Fasting decreases serum T3 concentrations by reducing peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. Whether it affects TSH and thyroid secretion is controversial. Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a secretory product of the thyroid gland. To determine if fasting might alter thyroid secretion, we measured serum Tg concentrations during and after a 4-day fast in seven normal subjects and examined its correlation with serum TSH, T4, and T3 concentrations. Serum TSH concentrations significantly decreased from a mean prefasting value of 1.55 +/- 0.19 (+/- SE) mU/L to a nadir of 0.82 +/- 0.09 mU/L (P = 0.01) after 3 days of fasting. The mean serum Tg level decreased from 30 +/- 5 to 12 +/- 3 micrograms/L (P = 0.005) and serum T3 from 160 +/- 8 (2.46 +/- 0.12) to 69 +/- 7 ng/dL (1.06 +/- 0.11 nmol/L) (P less than 0.0001) after 4 days of fasting. Serum T4 did not change significantly. Serum TSH, T3, and Tg concentrations returned to prefasting values within 3 days after initiation of refeeding. A significant correlation was found between the mean serum TSH and Tg concentrations (r = 0.77; P less than 0.05) and between the mean serum Tg and T3 concentrations (r = 0.78; P less than 0.05). The individual Pearson's correlation coefficients between serum Tg and serum T3 ranged from 0.67 0.93 and were significant (r greater than 0.70; P less than 0.05) in five of the seven subjects. In conclusion, the parallel changes in serum TSH, Tg, and T3 concentrations during fasting suggest that in addition to the well known decrease in serum T3 concentrations, decreased TSH and thyroid secretion (reflected by serum Tg) may be an adaptive response to fasting. PMID- 3192685 TI - Immunochemical and biological characteristics of a human autoantibody to human chorionic gonadotropin and luteinizing hormone. AB - Anti-hCG/LH autoantibodies were found in the serum of an infertile woman a few days after an abortion which occurred after 46 days of amenorrhea. The antibody titer increased for approximately 4 more weeks, and then declined to low levels during a 14-month anovulatory period, after which regular menses resumed. Immunoglobulins isolated from a pool of serum obtained during the postabortion period neutralized the activity of both hCG and LH in an in vivo bioassay, and the binding affinity of the antibodies toward both hormones was high. When menses were resumed, there was a considerable reduction of the affinity toward LH. The variations in antibody titers and/or affinities can explain the sequence of fertilization, abortion, anovulatory period, and normalization of menses. PMID- 3192684 TI - The effects of human growth hormone administration in elderly adults with recent weight loss. AB - The effects of human GH administration in elderly adults with recent weight loss were investigated in a metabolic ward study. Four patients were studied for 20 days. In addition to a constant caloric and nitrogen-sufficient diet, consisting of the recommended amounts of protein and energy plus 20%, the patients received GH in dosages of 25 and 50 micrograms/kg.day for two 4-day periods (days 5-8 and 13-16, respectively). Significant increases in nitrogen retention of 1.6 (114.2) and 1.4 g/day (100 mmol/day), respectively, occurred compared with that in the control periods. No difference was found between the two GH dosages, but the nitrogen-retaining effect of the higher dose appeared to last for several days after its administration was stopped. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I levels rose during both treatment periods. No important disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism occurred. Body weight increased 2.3 kg during each treatment period, probably due to water retention. We conclude that even during more than adequate nutritional intake, low GH doses cause considerable nitrogen retention in underweight adults. PMID- 3192686 TI - [Purification and characterization of mouse liver arginase and its role in liver regeneration]. PMID- 3192687 TI - [A sophisticated application of catecholamine kinetic data to work load evaluation]. PMID- 3192688 TI - [Studies on prevention of health hazard due to hand-held tools (vibration tools, tools with triggers) operation]. PMID- 3192689 TI - [Prediction of medical costs and the outcome through the utilization of the National Health Insurance Reimbursement Claim System. A study of stroke and cancer patients]. PMID- 3192690 TI - Convex growth arrest for progressive congenital scoliosis due to hemivertebrae. AB - Thirteen patients with progressive congenital scoliosis due to hemivertebrae or hemivertebrae associated with other spinal anomalies were treated by convex anterior and posterior hemiarthrodesis and hemiepiphysiodesis. The average curve prior to operation was 46 degrees, average age was 3 years 6 months, and average followup was 6 years 6 months. One patient failed because of an inadequate length of anterior surgery which was successfully salvaged by further surgery. Twelve patients were successes: Seven had only cessation of the progressive curve, and five had progressive curve improvement greater than or equal to 5 degrees due to the arrested convex and persistent concave growth. This procedure is a valuable treatment modality for selected patients with congenital scoliosis. PMID- 3192691 TI - Relationship of iliac crest maturation to skeletal and chronologic age. AB - Risser's sign, a measure of the excursion of the iliac crest apophysis, has been used to estimate remaining skeletal growth. We used the Brush-Bolton Collection to correlate iliac crest excursion with other roentgenographic standards of skeletal age. Iliac crest excursion was measured using Risser's technique. We were able to determine mean chronologic and skeletal ages for each Risser stage for boys and girls. The state of maturation of the iliac crest apophysis, together with clinical observations of secondary sexual maturation, permit an accurate assessment of skeletal maturation without the need for wrist and hand roentgenograms. PMID- 3192692 TI - Salter innominate osteotomies in congenital dislocation of the hip. AB - Clinical and radiographic data on 29 hips and 24 patients between the ages of 18 months and 5 years with congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) who underwent Salter innominate osteotomies were reviewed. All patients were examined clinically and radiographically at an average postoperative follow-up of 9 years 3 months (range 3-14 years). All patients had good or excellent radiographic results by Severin classification. The complication rate was low. Three patients required reoperation for failed initial procedures. These three patients had hypertrophic subchondral sclerosis and joint space narrowing at follow-up. Our results indicate that the Salter innominate osteotomy if performed properly, has a high rate of clinical and radiographic success. PMID- 3192693 TI - Anterolateral approach for moderate to severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis. AB - The efficacy of the anterolateral pinning of moderate and severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) was studied both mechanically and clinically. The mechanical stability of anterolateral pinning was equivalent to that of conventional lateral pinning as shown by study in 16 immature porcine hips. The clinical results in the group pinned from the anterolateral approach were superior in that fewer complications occurred as compared with the traditional lateral approach. The group with anterolateral pinning had 2 complications in 13 hips, whereas lateral pinnings resulted in 8 complications in 28 hips. We recommend the anterolateral approach rather than the conventional lateral approach in pinning of moderate and severe SCFE. PMID- 3192694 TI - Prevention of congenital dislocation of the hip in the newborn. AB - Routine examination and early treatment of any instability in the hips of newborns has recently been called into question after a period of universal agreement. The hips of 49,937 neonates were prospectively studied by a general hip screening. Every unstable hip--449 in 317 children--was immediately treated with a Von Rosen splint for a 3-month-period. Overall, satisfactory reduction of the incidence of established congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) was achieved. Risk factors leading to unstable hips (sex, first birth, and breech birth) and the development of CDH (time of stabilization) were considered. PMID- 3192695 TI - A comparative study of ambulation-abduction bracing and varus derotation osteotomy in the treatment of severe Legg-Calve-Perthes disease in children over 6 years of age. AB - Thirty-six patients with severe Legg-Calve-Perthes disease were reviewed retrospectively to compare the results of ambulation-abduction bracing with varus derotation osteotomy. There were 17 brace patients and 19 osteotomy patients, and all were aged greater than 6.9 years. Treatment results were equal. The percentage of acetabular coverage, extent of lateral femoral subluxation, and the age of the patient affected outcome. The varus neck-shaft angle and leg length discrepancy resulting from the osteotomy were not permanent. The articular trochanteric distance appeared to be affected more by the neck-shaft angle recovery than by epiphysiodesis of the greater trochanter. PMID- 3192696 TI - Orthopaedic complications of lumboperitoneal shunts. AB - Lumboperitoneal (LP) shunts performed for communicating hydrocephalus have been reported to lead to neurologic deficits in the lower limbs and spinal deformities as a result of arachnoiditis. A chart review of 375 children who underwent LP shunts between 1960 and 1981 at The Hospital For Sick Children in Toronto was undertaken. Of the 375 charts reviewed, evidence of shunt-induced neurologic deficits was seen in 63 patients. Thirty-four patients had back pain with or without sciatica, 45 patients had hamstring tightness, and 40 patients had foot deformities. Forty-nine patients had lumbar hyperlordosis, lordoscoliosis, and scoliosis. These deformities are postulated to be the result of arachnoiditis involving the conus medullaris and lower lumbar roots. PMID- 3192697 TI - Relationship between dynamic deformities and joint moments in children with cerebral palsy. AB - A relationship between dynamic flexion-extension motion ranges during walking and the magnitude of flexion and extension moments was analyzed for 38 ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy. Moments tending to flex the hip and the knee were more than a factor of two times greater than those occurring during normal gait. At the knee, the magnitude of the moments was related to the amount of flexion deformity, whereas at the hip there was no correlation between moment magnitude and extension motion range. The maximum dorsiflexion and plantarflexion ankle moments were of less than normal value in all deformity groupings. An understanding of the longterm influence of these abnormal moments on the terms of the progression or stabilization of the dynamic deformities during walking is an important step toward improving our understanding of and, potentially, our ability to treat patients with cerebral palsy. PMID- 3192698 TI - Use of the Cincinnati incision in congenital talipes equinovarus. AB - A series of 16 patients (24 feet) with idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) corrected by a Cincinnati incision is presented. Minimum follow-up was 2 years. This series demonstrated that the incision does not adversely affect the outcome, since 75% of these feet had a good or excellent correction. No significant wound problems were encountered. The advantages of the Cincinnati incision, together with the fact that no adverse sequelae resulted from its use, mean that it can be recommended for future use and should be taught to other physicians. PMID- 3192699 TI - Three-point fixation walking spica cast: an alternative to early or immediate casting of femoral shaft fractures in children. AB - A retrospective review of 28 children treated for middle and proximal femoral shaft fractures was undertaken. Following preliminary traction, a modified pantaloon walking spica, utilizing the principle of total contact and three-point fixation molding, was applied, followed by immediate ambulation. The mean anterior bow was 5 degrees varus/valgus, 6.5 degrees angulation, and 1.2 cm shortening. There were no significant differences in the results when age groups or proximal to mid-shaft fractures were compared. No further shortening or angulation occurred with ambulation. The advantages of early ambulation and better control of proximal shaft fractures are discussed. PMID- 3192700 TI - Tibial tubercle apophysitis in cerebral palsy treated with proximal tibial epiphysiodesis: report of two cases with 3-year follow-up. AB - Tibial tubercle apophysitis, or Osgood-Schlatter disease, is a condition not commonly seen in conjunction with cerebral palsy. The reported radiologic incidence of this association is only 3%. The condition usually responds to conservative therapy, consisting of rest, immobilization, and antiinflammatory agents. Occasionally, a child with cerebral palsy and resistant apophysitis requires surgical intervention. We report two patients with bilateral apophysitis who underwent proximal tibial epiphysiodesis with complete relief of symptoms and rapid return to community ambulation. PMID- 3192701 TI - Identification of acute posttraumatic spinal cord cyst by magnetic resonance imaging: a case report and review of the literature. AB - Posttraumatic spinal cord cysts have traditionally been diagnosed late. The condition is usually considered after the neurological sequelae of spinal cord trauma have not resolved. The diagnosis has usually required invasive radiographic techniques, or even surgical exploration. Magnetic resonance imaging is a new, non-invasive diagnostic technique that appears to be more accurate than previous procedures. Moreover, it has the ability to delineate spinal cord parenchymal lesions much earlier than other methods. We present a case report and literature review of posttraumatic spinal cord cyst. PMID- 3192702 TI - Oblique tibial osteotomy for Blount's disease (tibia vara). AB - Nine oblique proximal tibial osteotomies were performed on six children with genu varum, all but one of whom had Blount's disease. The osteotomy was a single-plane cut allowing simultaneous correction of varus and internal rotation and permitting postoperative cast wedging if necessary to improve position. All osteotomies healed within 10 weeks. The major complications were three episodes of weakness of the extensor hallucis longus, two of which resolved in 4 days and one of which resolved only partially. We were able to combine the osteotomy with other procedures, such as epiphyseal bar resection. All nine osteotomies achieved the desired correction of deformity. PMID- 3192703 TI - Proximal tibial sclerotic reaction. PMID- 3192705 TI - The assessment of attention: I. Standardization and reliability of a behavior based measure. AB - Data are presented on standardization and reliability of a behavior-based measure of attention and self-control. This computerized test system administers a series of continuous performance tests, as well as measures of response inhibition. The practicality and sturdiness of this approach have allowed for the development of normative data based on the protocols of 1266 children between 4 and 16 years of age. Test-retest reliability coefficients were high after short intervals (less than 45 days) and 1 year. Originally developed for use in the assessment of children referred for ADD/Hyperactivity, this system has been applied to the evaluation of children with other disorders, as well as to adolescents and adults. Findings are discussed in terms of multimodal assessment, computerization of psychological tests, and the need for cautious standardization. PMID- 3192704 TI - Perceptual distraction in schizophrenia. AB - The purpose of this project was to determine whether a distractibility deficit at the stimulus-identification level could be identified in schizophrenics after distractor and non-distractor conditions had been matched for difficulty (N = 110). Process schizophrenics, reactive schizophrenics, and psychiatric controls were asked to identify tachistoscopically presented stimuli shown with and without distractors. The distractor and non-distractor tasks were matched for difficulty beforehand by manipulating presentation intervals. The schizophrenics did not show more deficit under the distractor conditions than did the nonschizophrenic patients. Moreover, compared to psychiatric controls, the schizophrenics' performances were no more deficient under distractor conditions than under non-distractor conditions, even before the tasks were matched for difficulty. These findings suggest that perceptual distractibility at the stimulus identification level is no more pronounced in schizophrenics than in nonschizophrenics, especially after difficulty is controlled. PMID- 3192706 TI - Elements of death anxiety and meanings of death. AB - The objectives of this study were: (1) to test hypotheses that women would have higher death anxiety than men and that older persons would have lower death anxiety than younger people; and (2) to probe for meanings of death among a large, heterogeneous sample. A group of 599 adolescents and adults completed a death anxiety scale; factor analysis of the resultant data revealed seven orthogonal factors. Both hypotheses were supported at acceptable levels of significance. Item analysis revealed additional information on meanings of death: Older respondents indicated a concern over the existence of an afterlife and over loss of personal control; women expressed more fear of pain and bodily decomposition. The strongest finding was variation in death anxiety by age, which confirms Butler's contention that the life review helps the aged to resolve conflicts and relieve anxiety. PMID- 3192707 TI - Refugees' repetitive nightmares. AB - Of 100 Czechoslovak refugees (82 men, 18 women, living in Switzerland) interviewed about their dreams, 56% reported nightmares in which they were again in their home country, wishing to or attempting to escape. These nightmares were reported less frequently by older white collar professionals with previous experience of life abroad than by younger blue collar workers without past experience of life outside their native country. PMID- 3192709 TI - Completeness and internal consistency of DSM-III criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. AB - Clinical observations suggest that anxiety, depression, rage, and alienation might profitably be considered to be criteria for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The results of this investigation (N = 69) suggest that inclusion of these variables among the PTSD criteria would be inappropriate. Somatization and/or hypochondriacal fixation, however, appears to be intimately related to combat traumatization and might appropriately be considered for inclusion among the symptoms associated with PTSD. The DSM-III stress-disorder criteria contain five elements that, among substance-abusing veterans, contribute marginally to the diagnosis of PTSD. Accuracy in evaluating for PTSD might not be compromised by considering fitful sleep, concentration problems, memory impairment, memory interference, and survivor guilt to be associated phenomena rather than PTSD criteria. The results are generally consistent with modifications in diagnostic practice suggested in DSM-III-R. PMID- 3192708 TI - Behavioral assessment of psychopathology in children: infantile autism. AB - The utility of a subtest of 14 items from the Children's Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) for evaluating psychopathology in autistic children was examined. A series of 180 autistic children, who satisfied the DSM-III criteria for Infantile Autism, Full Syndrome Present, were rated on the CPRS. A series of children with conduct disorder diagnoses were added to provide a contrast group for investigating specificity of behavioral manifestations with regard to autism. Multivariate analysis was used to elucidate major behavioral dimensions, to identify distinct subtypes, and to evaluate discriminant validity of the CPRS behavioral ratings. PMID- 3192711 TI - Empirically derived MMPI profile subgroups of incarcerated homicide offenders. AB - Several classification systems have been developed to identify subgroups of criminals. Recently, investigations have attempted to derive empirical classifications of specific types of offenders. The present study investigated the occurrence of MMPI profile subgroups in a sample of incarcerated homicide offenders. One hundred and eighteen convicted male homicide offenders were the subjects. MMPIs were collected as a part of evaluations to determine eligibility for a work release program. Results identified four distinct profile subgroups, which ranged in levels of psychopathology from normal to severely disturbed. Subgroups are discussed with reference to previous research and the development of a taxonomic system for homicide offenders. PMID- 3192710 TI - Modification of the Beck Depression Inventory for use with a deaf population. AB - Research on depression in deaf individuals has been hampered by difficulties in assessment that result from the linguistic problems many deaf persons have with the English language. We report preliminary psychometric data on a modification of the Beck Depression Inventory in which it was simplified linguistically for use with the deaf population. Internal consistency of the revised version of 56 hearing college students was good and very close to that of the original version in a separate sample of 56 hearing students. Mean scores on the two versions were also very similar. Internal consistency of the revision in a sample of 102 deaf college students was moderately good, but lower than in the hearing sample. The results are considered encouraging for further instrument development. PMID- 3192712 TI - Depressive symptomatology among Chinese-Americans as measured by the CES-D. AB - This paper examines the level of depressive symptomatology in a community-based Chinese-American sample as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and assesses its psychometric properties within this group. The CES-D was administered to 360 Chinese-Americans on the telephone. Its internal reliability was found to be good. A factor analysis revealed an inseparability of affective and somatic structures in this sample. This reflects the nature of experience and manifestation of depression in Chinese culture. Level of depressive symptomatology was found to be higher than previously reported in both White and Asian samples. Those who belonged to a lower socioeconomic level (as measured by education and occupation) scored as significantly more depressed than those who are better off. PMID- 3192713 TI - Mental health and locus of control: SCL-90-R and Levenson's IPC scales. AB - College students were given the SCL-90-R depression and anxiety subscales and Levenson's Internal, Powerful Others, and Chance locus of control scales. For the total sample (N = 166), subjects who were more internal had lower scores on the SCL-90-R subscales. Higher SCL-90-R scores were associated with the belief that life was controlled by powerful others and chance. The results support some previous findings that all three of Levenson's scales are associated with measures of maladjustment, with internality negatively correlated and chance and powerful others orientations positively correlated with such measures. The results did not support Rotter's suggestion that the often-cited relationship between maladjustment and externality might result primarily from the presence of defensive externals within the external group. PMID- 3192714 TI - Validity of orally administered Beck and Zung Depression Scales in a state hospital setting. AB - Thirty-six consecutively admitted psychiatric inpatients were orally administered the Beck and Zung depression scales. Wide Range Achievement Test reading scores also were obtained. The Beck and Zung correlated significantly (p .001) with Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980) depression criteria. When the patients were subdivided by diagnosis (Depression and mixed Depression vs. others), and depression scores compared, only the Zung significantly differentiated the two groups (F = 12.51, p less than .001). When subdivided by reading scores, both high (grade level M = 8.7) and low (grade level M = 3.2) groups' Beck and Zung scores correlated equally well with the DSM-III criteria measure. This study substantiates the common practice of orally presenting written tests to low functioning patients most convincingly in the case of the Zung Depression Scale. PMID- 3192715 TI - The validity of the MMPI with multiple sclerosis patients. AB - Prior research findings have suggested that physical illness is a factor that can affect patients' scores on the MMPI. In this study, responses of patients (N = 83) with diagnosed multiple sclerosis, (MS) were compared with those of the original MMPI control group. MMPI items were categorized as either representing the physical effects of MS or not being related to the physical effects of MS. Item and scale analysis indicated that for MS patients, endorsement of items that reflected the neurological disease process led to artificial elevation of four clinical scales. The authors concluded that physical illness should be considered as an independent factor that can influence the validity of MMPI interpretations. PMID- 3192716 TI - Dual mental functioning in a split-brain patient. AB - Case studies of two individuals who had undergone complete corpus callosotomies are presented. In addition to anecdotal observations, controlled neurobehavioral and neuropsychological testing indicated that although both parents demonstrated the disconnection syndromes unique to "split-brain" patients, they also differed rather dramatically. For example, 1-C's left hemisphere developed bilateral motor control, whereas 2-C demonstrated the presence of two independent forms of conscious-awareness, one of which resided in the right and the other in the left hemisphere. Hence, 2-C's right brain was capable of gathering, understanding, recalling, and expressing (nonverbally) various forms of information as well as directing independent behavioral activity as manifested by his left extremities. Indeed, 2-C's left arm and leg not only engaged in controlled, directed, and purposeful behavior, but at times performed activities that his left hemisphere found objectionable and annoying. In some instances, physical struggles that involved the right and left extremities of this patient were observed. In contrast, 1-C's right hemisphere appeared to be lacking in higher-level cognitive capabilities. Speculations with regard to mental activity and hemispheric laterality are presented. PMID- 3192717 TI - Prediction of the effects of mild head injury: a message about the Kennard Principle. AB - We surveyed assumptions with regard to the relation between age and outcome of head injury (a.k.a. the "Kennard Principle"). Two groups (N = 120) of practicing clinicians were sent background information about a mild to moderate head injury in which only the age of the patient varied and were asked to predict likely outcome (degree of impairment). Predicted outcome differed significantly, with an adolescent case judged much more likely to have serious impairment than a child case. Implications of the (mis)application of the Kennard Principle are discussed. PMID- 3192718 TI - Inpatient Memory Impairment Scale: a cross-validation and extension study. AB - The psychometric properties of the Inpatient Memory Impairment Scale (IMIS), a 10 item behavioural rating scale for assessing hospitalized amnesiacs, were investigated using matched groups of 18 amnesiacs, 20 chronic alcoholics, and 20 psychiatric patients. The scale was found to have a high degree of internal consistency and interrater reliability when two raters are used and to correlate significantly with a range of memory tasks. The IMIS was found to discriminate amnesiacs from chronic alcoholics and amnesiacs from psychiatric patients, which extends the findings of previous studies that used this scale. It is concluded that the IMIS has encouraging psychometric properties that have been replicated in this study and that the development of ecologically valid behavioral measures of cognitive deficit represents a promising direction for future research. PMID- 3192719 TI - Prediction of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Full Scale IQ from the Quick Test of Intelligence and the Test of Nonverbal Intelligence for a referred sample of children and youth. AB - As part of comprehensive psychoeducational assessment procedures, the Quick Test of Intelligence, Test of Nonverbal Intelligence, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised were administered to 89 children and youth, who varied in age from 6-4 to 16-10. The sample consisted of 61 males and 28 females, of whom 37 were Black and 52 White. Regression equations were computed that used the WISC-R Full Scale IQ as criteria and the TONI and QT as predictors. The results clearly indicated that the TONI and QT are equally good predictors of the WISC-R FSIQ. Implications for the clinician are discussed. PMID- 3192720 TI - WISC-R factor structure in a referred pediatric population. AB - The factor structure of the WISC-R was examined with a large metropolitan pediatric clinic population of referred children. The robustness of the two factor solution, which parallels the verbal-performance dichotomy, was supported for a group of non-LD children (n = 272) and, with the exception of the Coding subtest, for a cohort of LD children (n = 155), as well as with the entire pediatric population (n = 427). Kaufman's (1975) three-factor solution was applicable only for the LD cohort. The validity and utility of the factor analytic model for interpreting the WISC-R were supported and extended to include a pediatric referred population. Cautious interpretation of the third factor, however, is recommended on the basis of the present results, as well as those of other investigations. PMID- 3192721 TI - Sensation-seeking congruence in couples as a determinant of marital adjustment: a partial replication and extension. AB - The present study is a replication of an earlier one. There were 30 dysfunctional couples and 30 control couples matched with the clinic couples on age and education. Both partners independently took the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) and the Locke Marital Adjustment Questionnaire (MAQ). Control couples were significantly higher on the MAQ (better marital adjustment). Correlations between partners in the control couples were higher than those between partners in the dysfunctional couples on the SSS Total and Boredom Susceptibility scales, which replicated previous findings. Female partners of males who scored high on the SSS were more likely to initiate the contact for treatment than partners of low male sensation seekers. Female partners of low male sensation seekers and the low males themselves tended to report that sex between them was only tolerable or "disgusting," whereas female partners of high sensation seekers and their mates tended to report sex as pleasurable and apparently sought therapy for other reasons. Congruence on sensation seeking is an important factor in marital adjustment. PMID- 3192722 TI - Role-playing techniques: locus of control and the attraction to behavior simulation interventions. AB - This study investigated the relationship between internal-external locus of control and preferences to enact conflict situations designed as spontaneous, mimetic-replication or a combination of these two behavior simulation (role playing) conditions. Four groups of females, high-school students (N = 10 each), indicated their portrayal preferences on a Role Playing Situation Questionnaire. Two of these, an internal and an external group, participated in a task designed to create feelings of failure (lack of success) prior to taking the questionnaire. Spontaneous portrayals were preferred by internals, and portrayals that involved mimetic-replication were favored by externals. Unsuccessful internals preferred the combined spontaneous/mimetic-replication alternative more than did the other internals. The relationship between personality and role playing, as well as the implications for clinical uses of behavior simulation conditions, is discussed. PMID- 3192723 TI - Induced anxiety, defensive style, and performance on the TAT. AB - The effects of both situationally induced anxiety and defensive style upon TAT performance were investigated in a college student population. Twenty students were given the TAT under anxiety-arousing conditions, while another 20 subjects were tested under non-anxiety-arousing conditions. The separate anxiety measures utilized were total number of words, preludes to stories, outcomes to stories, combined preludes and outcomes, perceptual repression, and overall psychopathology. Situationally induced anxiety significantly affected subjects' performance; their stories contained more words, more preludes, more outcomes and more combined preludes and outcomes than stories obtained under non-anxiety arousing conditions. Repressors gave more outcomes to their stories than did sensitizers. While anxiety-arousing conditions did produce these outward changes in story format, the dimensions of perceptual repression and overall story quality were unaffected. Hence, situationally induced anxiety changed the more outward aspects of subjects' performance without affecting measures of their underlying psychopathology. PMID- 3192724 TI - Interpersonal style differences among drug abusers. AB - Interpersonal style differences among drug abusers were explored using Ryan's (1977) typological system of FIRO-B interpretation. One hundred eleven male veteran drug abusers were administered the FIRO-B, along with a battery of psychological tests and a structured interview. The drug abusers were more likely to be categorized as "loners," "rebels," and "pessimists" than was the general population sample. The categories within each FIRO-B dimension (inclusion, control, and affection) were collapsed into three larger subtypes based on general patterns of "expressed" and "wanted" scores within each dimension. The construct validity of the Ryan schema was tested by comparing the three larger groups for each dimension on a series of preselected variables for which differences would be hypothesized from FIRO theory. The results of these analyses were consistent with Ryan's (1977) and Schutz's (1978) theories about interpersonal orientation. The findings of the study provide information about the commonality and heterogeneity of interpersonal style among drug abusers. The findings also support the construct validity of Ryan's typological schema for the FIRO-B. PMID- 3192725 TI - Subject selection biases in alcoholic samples: effects on cognitive performance. AB - The effects of subject selection bias in research on cognitive deficits in sober alcoholics were studied in a sample of 523 subjects (98 controls, 276 ineligible alcoholics, 40 eligible alcoholics who declined to participate, and 144 eligible and participatory alcoholics). All subjects received the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (Vocabulary and Abstracting subscales) and measures of anxiety, depressive symptoms, childhood hyperkinesis and attentional deficit disorders were obtained. Results indicate that current guidelines for alcoholic subject selection are biasing analyses toward support of the null hypothesis. Declined alcoholics performed more poorly on the Shipley Abstracting than did the "Used" group, yet did not differ significantly from the Used alcoholic groups on depression or anxiety. Declined alcoholics did, however, report significantly fewer Hk/MBD symptoms than did other alcoholic groups. ANCOVAs that used the affective and childhood disorders as covariates did not alter the differences in cognitive performance described above. PMID- 3192726 TI - A failure to find empirical support for Beardslee and Vaillant's prediction about alcoholism. AB - Recent studies have proposed that the personality pathology in alcoholics is probably a result, not a cause, of alcohol intake. Thus, 19 male alcoholic veterans were assessed to determine whether there was a positive correlation between personality pathology and lifetime amount of absolute alcohol consumed. A multiple regression analysis of the data showed that there was no evidence for a statistically significant positive correlation between the lifetime amount of absolute alcohol consumed and personality pathology. The only statistically significant correlation found was a negative correlation between personality pathology and age, a finding consistent with some other recent studies. PMID- 3192727 TI - Statistics on microcomputers. A non-algebraic guide to their appropriate use in biomedical research and pathology laboratory practice. A series of six articles. 1. Data handling and preliminary analysis. PMID- 3192728 TI - Tumour marker immunoreactivity in adenocarcinoma. AB - To determine whether variations in the expression of tumour related antigen can predict the origin of tumours, the immunoreactivity of a series of adenocarcinomas from a wide range of sites was studied with a panel of monoclonal antibodies with specificity for carcinoembryonic antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen with non-specific cross reacting antigen co-specificity, epithelial membrane antigen, OC 125, and OC 19.9. A range of reactivity was seen in tumours from most sites. No distinctive results were identified for a particular site of origin. Some patterns of consistent positivity or negativity for the panel of antisera used were seen, however, which if applied to metastatic deposits have the potential to assist prediction of the site of origin. These results also imply that immunohistological reactivity should be considered in the selection of a tumour marker for serological monitoring. PMID- 3192730 TI - Intraplacental choriocarcinoma: a report of two cases. AB - Two examples of intraplacental choriocarcinoma are described. Both were small and had arisen in otherwise normal third trimester placentas. The covering mantle of many of the villi adjacent to the choriocarcinomas was formed, either focally or wholly, of neoplastic trophoblastic tissue: it is only at this stage of the development of a choriocarcinoma that villous structures are present, and a study of these cases adds further evidence for an origin of choriocarcinoma from villous trophoblast. Intraplacental choriocarcinomas can give rise to both maternal and fetal metastases during pregnancy, and it is suggested that such lesions also serve as an origin for those choriocarcinomas which follow a term pregnancy. PMID- 3192729 TI - DNA content and MHC class II antigen expression in malignant melanoma: clinical course. AB - To assess the clinical value of two comparatively new properties (DNA content and MHC class II antigen expression (HLA-DR, DP, DQ) of melanoma cells) which have been independently reported to reflect the outlook for patients with malignant melanoma, we investigated retrospectively 50 stage I nodular melanomas in two comparably homogeneous groups of 23 and 27 patients, the course of whose disease differed at five years. Flow cytometry and immunohistology were used on paraffin wax embedded archival material for the analysis of DNA ploidy and detection of class II antigens, respectively. A close association was found between class II antigen expression, detected by monoclonal antibody CR3/43 (antimonomorphic DR, DP, DQ) present in 23 of 50 (46%) melanomas and unfavourable clinical course (p less than 0.005, by log rank test), but no such association was found for DNA ploidy. It is suggested that immunohistology for MHC class II antigen expression may help to predict the behaviour of nodular melanomas whereas the prognostic value of DNA ploidy is more limited. The finding that class II positive cells are found predominantly in melanomas with a substantially increased risk of metastases has implications both for concepts of tumour heterogeneity and host immunity. PMID- 3192731 TI - Urinary excretion of albumin and retinol-binding protein during normal pregnancy. AB - In a cross sectional study of 88 pregnant women urinary excretion of albumin, when expressed as a ratio to creatinine concentration, was not significantly different from that in a non-pregnant control group of similar age (p greater than 0.05) and did not change significantly during pregnancy. Only when albumin excretion was expressed as a fractional clearance was the urinary excretion significantly increased in the third trimester compared with the first trimester (p less than 0.05), although it was still not significantly different from that in the non-pregnant control group. Excretion of retinol-binding protein was significantly increased during all three trimesters of pregnancy (p less than 0.01 in each case) and more so in the second and third trimesters than in the first. It is concluded that the increased total protein excretion that has been described during pregnancy is not explained by an increased excretion of albumin which remains essentially normal. In contrast, the tubular absorption of proteins is decreased. PMID- 3192732 TI - Shedding of oocysts of Cryptosporidium in immunocompetent patients. AB - Forty nine patients (19 adults and 30 children) with oocysts of Cryptosporidium in their faeces had repeated stool specimens taken until oocysts could no longer be identified. They were found in the stools up to 35 days after the onset of symptoms in one patient, but most had stopped shedding them by 20 days. In 25 of the 49 patients in whom symptoms could be compared with the shedding of oocysts, 19 (76%) had symptoms corresponding to the shedding period while symptoms persisted in four (16%) after shedding had stopped. PMID- 3192733 TI - Plasma oxalate concentration and secondary oxalosis in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - To examine the association between hyperoxalaemia and secondary oxalosis, measurement of plasma oxalate concentration was combined with a search for tissue deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in patients with chronic renal disease. Two groups of patients were studied. In the first, samples of the inferior epigastric artery were taken from 35 patients at the time of renal transplantation. In the second, sections taken at necropsy from 23 patients with chronic renal failure in whom plasma oxalate had been measured before death were examined. Though plasma oxalate concentrations ranged between 6 and 116 mumol/l (four to 78 times greater than the upper limit of the reference range), no extrarenal deposits of oxalate were found in either study. Renal deposition of oxalate was associated with a plasma oxalate concentration of greater than 20 mumol/l. This study gives no support to the suggestion that hyperoxalaemia of the degree seen in patients with the type of chronic renal failure that is not due to primary hyperoxaluria confers an appreciable risk of extrarenal oxalosis. PMID- 3192734 TI - Low serum haemolytic function of the fourth complement component (C4) in insulin dependent diabetes. AB - Low serum concentrations of the fourth component of complement (C4) are found in insulin dependent diabetes, and may be important in the aetiology of the disease. To ascertain whether function of C4 is also impaired both its haemolytic activity and its concentration were measured in 34 insulin dependent diabetics, 15 non insulin dependent diabetics, 20 healthy subjects, and 12 pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for insulin dependent diabetes. C4 function was measured by a radial immune haemolytic assay, and C4 concentration by laser nephelometry. Both measurements were significantly lower in insulin dependent diabetics (C4 function: median 47%, range 4-100%; C4 concentration: 0.22 g/l, 0.10-0.38 g/l) than in non-insulin dependent diabetics (67%, 33-138%, p less than 0.01; 0.27 g/l, 0.16-0.50 g/l, p less than 0.02) and controls (74%, 33-138%, p less than 0.01; 0.27 g/l, 0.18-0.40 g/l, p less than 0.03). C4 function and concentration were lower in both diabetic (48%, 12-100%; 0.17 g/l, 0.08-0.31 g/l) and non diabetic twins (47%, 12-100%; 0.17 g/l, 0.07-0.36 g/l) than controls (p less than 0.01; p less than 0.01). Thirteen (38%) of the insulin dependent diabetics had a reduction in either C4 function or concentration, but in only five were both features reduced. Values of function and concentration were strongly correlated in both diabetic and non-diabetic twins (r = 0.95, p less than 0.001; r = 0.92, p less than 0.001). These results show defects in C4 function and concentration in insulin dependent diabetes, which--being present in the non-diabetic co-twin of diabetics--may represent a genetic predisposition to the disease. PMID- 3192736 TI - Assessment of DNA content and cell cycle distribution of erythroid and myeloid cells from bone marrow. AB - A method is described for the measurement of DNA index and cell cycle distribution in purified erythroid and myeloid populations from human bone marrow. Erythroid cells were prepared after complement mediated lysis of non erythroid marrow cells. Myeloid cells were obtained by fluorescence activated cell sorting by forward and wide angle light scatter. Mononuclear marrow cells were prepared with a density gradient. Nuclei prepared from the separated populations were stained with propidium iodide. Myeloid cells had a higher DNA index than erythroid cells, and the mononuclear preparation had an intermediate value. There were more erythroid than myeloid cells in the S and G2M phases of the cell cycle. These lineage differences are particularly relevant when considering data derived from unseparated bone marrow cells, and further experiments are needed to determine the origin of these anomalies. PMID- 3192735 TI - Lactoferrin in aspirates of odontogenic cyst fluid. AB - The possibility that the presence of lactoferrin in aspirates of odontogenic cyst fluid might be a useful preoperative diagnostic marker for odontogenic keratocyst was investigated. Using qualitative and quantitative immunodiffusion methods fluid from 29 of 29 dental (radicular) cysts, 12 of 14 dentigerous cysts and 27 of 31 keratocysts were found to contain lactoferrin. Although some of the highest concentrations of lactoferrin were detected in fluids from keratocysts, there was no significant difference between lactoferrin concentrations among the three groups. Neutrophil elastase was detected in 20 of 24 samples tested, 22 of which also contained lactoferrin. Immunocytochemical localisation of both lactoferrin and elastase was confined to neutrophils infiltrating cyst walls. These results suggest that lactoferrin in fluid from odontogenic cysts is derived from infiltrating neutrophils and that its presence in aspirated fluids is not a useful diagnostic marker for odontogenic keratocyst. PMID- 3192737 TI - Extraction of DNA from small sections of frozen tissue with simultaneous histological examination. AB - Though analysis of small sections of biopsy material by molecular techniques permits increased sensitivity, it also requires accurate histological examination of the tissue in order to reduce sampling error. A technique for the extraction of DNA from small sections of frozen biopsy material with simultaneous histological examination from adjacent sections is described that may enhance the accuracy of characterisation of the tissue, particularly where there is focal variation. The quality of the DNA obtained enables a full range of molecular studies to be carried out. PMID- 3192739 TI - Is enrichment culture necessary for isolating Campylobacter jejuni from faeces? PMID- 3192738 TI - Screening for bacteriuria with Clinitec-200. AB - A method of testing for bacteriuria with multiple reagent strips for blood, nitrite, and leucocyte esterase was evaluated. Of 669 urine specimens tested, 267 were negative on the reagent strips and so would ordinarily be discarded, creating a reduction in the workload of culturing urine specimens of 40%. Thirteen of these were false negative results, however, which represented 10% of all the samples with definite bacteriuria. Additional time was required for the screening test which reduced potential savings in manpower. Overall, we found costs to be slightly increased. In our laboratory this screening test was not economic and would produce an unacceptable rate of false negative results. PMID- 3192740 TI - False positive results in the Toxoreagent test for Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompetent patients. PMID- 3192741 TI - Limited value of AgNOR enumeration in assessment of thyroid neoplasms. PMID- 3192742 TI - Coulter Plus IV leukocyte volume analysis instrument: sensitivity of blast identification in peripheral blood. PMID- 3192743 TI - A tickle at the back of the throat. PMID- 3192744 TI - Choice of control patients in studies of local cervical immunology. PMID- 3192746 TI - Iatrogenic prostatic granulomata. PMID- 3192745 TI - Simple procedure for assessing relative quantities of neutral and acidic sugars in mucin glycoproteins: its use in assessing cyclical changes in cervical mucins. AB - A simple histochemical procedure for assessing relative amounts of neutral and acidic sugars in mucin glycoproteins, and its application in the study of cyclical changes of human cervical mucins, is described. This procedure, the saponification/selective periodate oxidation/borohydride reduction/alcian blue pH 2.5/periodic acid Schiff (KOH/PA*/Bh/Ab 2.5/PAS) method, uses a selective oxidation step to remove the PAS positivity of sialic acid; thus only neutral sugars stain positively with PAS, and acidic sugars (O-sulphate esters and carboxyl groups) stain with alcian blue. This differs from the KOH/Ab/PAS technique which stains sialic acid residues with both alcian blue and PAS. Applying the KOH/PA*/Bh/Ab 2.5/PAS technique to the study of cyclical changes of human cervical mucins, a decreased neutral:acidic sugar ratio in the secretory phase mucins compared with those of the proliferative phase was found. This difference was not seen with KOH/Ab/PAS staining in the same cases. The techniques and reagents used in this procedure can be easily applied in a clinical histopathology laboratory. PMID- 3192747 TI - Lipaemic interference: effects of lipaemic serum and intralipid. PMID- 3192748 TI - Campylobacter colonisation, duodenal ulceration, and changes in gastric mucosa. PMID- 3192749 TI - Sarcoma-like nodules in cystic ovarian tumours. PMID- 3192750 TI - Diagnostic equipment outside the laboratory. AB - A questionnaire was circulated to clinical biochemistry laboratories in the North West Thames region of the United Kingdom requesting information on extralaboratory equipment. Data on the types and numbers of instruments in use, their relationship with the laboratory, and quality assurance procedures were obtained. Laboratories were prepared to maintain equipment over which they had no responsibility for purchase, training of users, or use. The quality assurance of these instruments gave even greater cause for concern. Although internal quality control procedures were performed on many of the instruments, laboratories were involved in only a minority of these procedures. Quality control procedures and training of users were undertaken on site in less than 50% of blood gas analysers and bilirubin meters and in less than 25% of glucose meters. External quality assessment procedures were non-existent for all of the instruments in use with the exception of glucose stick meters in two laboratories. PMID- 3192751 TI - Serum concentrations of laminin P1 in diabetics with advanced nephropathy. AB - In 97 patients with type I diabetes mellitus, 155 patients with type II diabetes mellitus, and two matched control groups, serum concentrations of laminin P1, a non-collagenous component of basement membranes, were determined by radioimmunoassay to see whether laminin P1 might be a valuable indicator of microangiopathic complications in diabetics. Independent of the type of diabetes, serum laminin concentrations in patients without nephropathy or with early renal damage as assessed by microalbuminuria were comparable with those of the control subjects. Patients with macroproteinuria or with renal insufficiency had significantly increased serum laminin P1 concentrations. Diabetic retinopathy was not found to influence serum laminin P1 concentrations. These data indicate that serum laminin P1 concentrations are increased in advanced diabetic nephropathy. PMID- 3192752 TI - Effects of improved glycaemic control on calcium and magnesium homeostasis in type II diabetes. AB - Poorly controlled type II diabetic patients with hypomagnesaemia, hypermagnesuria, and hypercalciuria were allocated to treatment with either metformin or glipizide, to determine the effects on some indices of mineral metabolism. Despite comparable improvement in glycaemic control, assessed by glucose and haemoglobin A1, there were significant differences between the two groups in the handling of magnesium. Patients receiving metformin showed a reduction in magnesium excretion but remained hypomagnesaemic and hypercalciuric. In contrast, patients receiving glipizide exhibited little change in either magnesium or calcium excretion but showed a significant rise in serum magnesium. PMID- 3192753 TI - Sea-blue histiocytes and Gaucher cells in bone marrow of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia. AB - A retrospective study of 211 bone marrow aspirates from patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) was undertaken to assess the incidence of Gaucher cells and sea-blue histiocytes. A significant correlation between the presence of these cells and prolonged survival was seen. Such storage histiocytes occurred most often during periods of relapsed chronic phase. This study shows that Gaucher cells and sea blue histiocytes are a common feature of CML and that their accumulation seems to be associated with a prolonged increase in leucocyte turnover. PMID- 3192754 TI - Percutaneous renal biopsy specimens in stone formers. AB - A series of renal biopsy specimens taken at the time of percutaneous nephrolithotomy were investigated for the presence and location of foci of microcalcification. Calcium was found in 18 of 25 (72%) of biopsy specimens from stone formers and in only seven of 30 (23%) of control biopsy specimens. This may indicate defective intrarenal handling of calcium as plasma calcium concentration was normal and 40% had a raised 24 hour urinary calcium excretion. PMID- 3192755 TI - ACP broadsheet 119: September 1988. Simple tests to detect poisoning. PMID- 3192756 TI - Autoradiographic analysis of ascending projections from the pontine and mesencephalic reticular formation and the median raphe nucleus in the rat. AB - Ascending projections from the medial pontine reticular formation, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the median raphe nucleus were examined using the autoradiographic technique. The majority of the ascending fibers labeled after injections of [3H]-leucine into the nucleus pontis caudalis (RPC) course through the brainstem within the tracts of Forel (tractus fasciculorum tegmenti of Forel) and directly ventral to them. At the caudal diencephalon, Forel's bundle divides into dorsal and ventral components bound primarily for the dorsal thalamus and the subthalamus, respectively. RPC fibers project to several regions involved in oculomotor/visual functions. These include the abducens nucleus, the intermediate gray layer of the superior colliculus (SCi), the anterior pretectal nucleus (APN), the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGNv), and regions of the central gray directly bordering the oculomotor nucleus, the interstitial nucleus of Cajal, and the nucleus of Darkschewitsch. Few, if any, fibers from RPC (or from nucleus pontis oralis-RPO) terminate within the oculomotor nucleus proper. Other sites receiving heavy projections from the RPC include adjacent regions of the pontomesencephalic reticular formation (RF), the parafascicular (PF) and central lateral (CL) nuclei of the thalamus and the fields of Forel/zona incerta (FF-ZI). RPO fibers also ascend predominantly in Forel's bundle. Other ascending tracts for these fibers are the medial longitudinal fasciculus and the central tegmental tract (CTT). RPO fibers distribute significantly to the same structures of the oculomotor/visual system receiving projections from RPC. The RPO projections to the SCi and the APN are particularly pronounced. RPO fibers terminate heavily in several nuclei located ventrally within the rostral midbrain/caudal diencephalon. These include major dopamine-containing cell groups (the retrorubral nucleus, the ventral tegmental area, and the substantia nigra-pars compacta) as well as the interpeduncular nucleus, the lateral mammillary nucleus, and the supramammillary nucleus. Other prominent targets for RPO fibers include the mesencephalic RF, specific regions of the central gray, the PF, the CL, the paracentral and central medial nuclei of the thalamus, and the FF/ZI. The major bundle of the ascending fibers labeled after injections of the mesencephalic reticular formation (MRF) travels within the CTT in a position just lateral to the central gray, but a significant number of labeled axons also course in Forel's bundle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3192757 TI - Feline islands of Calleja complex: I. Cytoarchitectural organization and comparative anatomy. AB - Cytoarchitectural analyses demonstrated that the islands of Calleja complex (ICC) is highly developed and discretely organized in the cat. The feline complex is clearly divided into morphological units, each containing a granular Callejal island and a population of satellite neurons. These ICC units change progressively in cytoarchitecture from the lateral to the medial edge of the olfactory tubercle. In particular, the islands flatten, sink into the tubercular molecular layer, and increase in cell density, while their satellite neurons increase in number and decrease in size. The lateromedial transformation was judged to take place in five stages, resulting in the successive appearance of lateral, lateral transitional, central, medial transitional, and medial ICC units. The first two unit types display prominently two additional components of the feline ICC-namely, clusters of dwarf cells and small pyramidal-like neurons constituting the densocellular layer cupping the base of lateral Callejal islands. All of the various types of ICC units contact the tubercular molecular layer via their dwarf and/or granule cell components, raising the possibility of direct olfactory input to the entire Callejal complex (apart from the isla magna). Output from the complex is presumed to arise from the satellite neurons, which are distinguished from adjoining cell populations by their close association with Callejal islands, typical chromophilic character, and relatively large size (15-42 micron in soma length). In the tubercular ICC, these neurons are most numerous immediately above Callejal islands in a fiber-rich zone continuous with the supratubercular zone and hence with the ventral pallidum. In the accumbal ICC, satellite neurons are most conspicuous in granule-cell-poor spaces within the isla magna, where many non-granular neurons are uncharacteristically small and chromophobic. The isla magna itself is unusual not only for its large size but for lateral extensions encircling a group of accumbal neurons far caudally. Such extensions are one of several indications that the isla magna is intimately associated with the nucleus accumbens. A comparative anatomical survey of the ICC in rats, cats, and macaque monkeys demonstrated a number of species differences. Of particular interest is the finding that the complex is unambiguously divided into discrete island-satellite cell units only in cats and macaques. In these species, the complex is also distinguished by a predominance of superficial islands and an especially prominent isla magna. ICC units, however, were most conspicuous in cats. PMID- 3192758 TI - Feline islands of Calleja complex: II. Cholinergic and cholinesterasic features. AB - Histochemical analyses demonstrated that the islands of Calleja complex (ICC) in the cat is exceptionally rich in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Both enzymes are found in neuropil throughout the complex, as well as in a subset of the satellite neurons accompanying Callejal islands. Lateromedial changes in these cholinergic and cholinesterasic tissue elements were consistent with our previous finding that the feline ICC is cytoarchitecturally divided into five successively more medial types of island satellite cell ensembles or units. In particular, satellite neurons reactive for ChAT and AChE diminished progressively in size and increased steadily in number from the most lateral to the most medial units. A concomitant increase in neuropil levels of both enzymes suggested that the strong cholinergic innervation of the feline ICC is at least partially derived from satellite cells. This possibility gained further credibility from the additional observation that very fine processes from some ChAT and AChE satellite neurons projected into the terminal-like cholinergic field permeating the granular Callejal islands. The granule cells themselves lacked ChAT and (apart from potentially artifactual cases) AChE, as did adjoining groups of dwarf cells and small pyramidal like neurons. The cholinergic and cholinesterasic satellite neurons were preferentially located above tubercular Callejal islands and in otherwise cell poor spaces within the isla magna. Such neurons appeared to be isodendritic: they commonly had ovoidal somata with one or two processes lacking enzyme-reactive spines. Depending on the type of ICC unit involved, their mean soma length ranged from 15 to 24 micron, all but the largest of which was distinctly smaller than that of ChAT and AChE cells in striatal or basal nuclear structures. Not all the cholinesterase neurons in the feline ICC are cholinergic, judging from the finding that there are a significantly greater number of satellite neurons containing AChE than ChAT. Three cholinergic features of the feline ICC are especially noteworthy. First, each of the island-satellite cell ensembles in the complex is unified by AChE neuropil often denser than that of adjacent striatal areas. Second, cholinergic neuropil is exceptionally dense in the isla magna and in a subpial band under medial Callejal islands. Third, ChAT neurons in the isla magna are among the smallest cholinergic cells found in the brain. PMID- 3192759 TI - Cytoarchitectonic analysis of the SDN-POA of the intact and gonadectomized rat. AB - The densely staining group of cells referred to as the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is greater in volume in the male than in the female rat. Because we and others have reported absolute volumes that have been consistent within individual studies but that vary considerably, we characterized the SDN-POA by describing its morphology with respect to the cytoarchitectonic divisions of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) in intact and gonadectomized rats. We report three major findings: the SDN-POA is heterogeneous and is composed of cells belonging to three distinct cytoarchitectonic divisions; the cytoarchitecture of the MPN and its medial and lateral divisions (MPNm and MPNl, respectively) in male rats appear to be influenced by the hormonal status in adulthood; and a small anteroventral division of the MPN (MPNav) is present in males but virtually absent in females. Specifically, the SDN-POA is located within the MPNm, but consists of subcomponents located within the central division of the MPN (MPNc), the MPNav, and part of the MPNm-exclusive of the MPNc and MPNav. The percentage of the total SDN-POA located within the MPNc and MPNav. The percentage of the total SDN-POA located within the MPNc and MPNav was greater in males, and that in the MPNm-exclusive of the MPNc and MPNav was greater in females, indicating that the SDN-POA has a different cytoarchitectonic composition in the two sexes. Gonadectomy produced no significant differences in SDN-POA volume, but the MPN, MPNl, and MPNm were significantly reduced in gonadectomized versus intact males, suggesting an activational effect of testicular hormones on these structures. PMID- 3192760 TI - Estrogen/progesterone treatment in adulthood affects the size of several components of the medial preoptic area in the male rat. AB - The results of preliminary studies suggested that steroid and/or propylthiouracil (PTU) treatment of adult gonadectomized (Gxd) male rats significantly reduced the volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA). Therefore, we designed a study to examine this effect in detail. Groups of adult rats were sham Gxd (intact) or Gxd, then treated with multiple injections of oil (males and females), or estrogen and progesterone (males). Gonadectomized estrogen/progesterone-treated males had a significantly smaller SDN-POA volume, smaller volume of the medial division of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNm), smaller volume of the anteroventral MPNm (MPNav), and larger volume of the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPv). The volume of the central division of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNc) or of the suprachiasmatic nucleus was not affected. There were no differences between Gxd estrogen/progesterone-treated males vs the group that received PTU as well, indicating that the PTU treatment was unnecessary. The reduced volume of the SDN-POA was due to a reduced volume of the MPNav and of the portion of the SDN-POA located within the MPNm-exclusive of the MPNav and MPNc. In conclusion, estrogen/progesterone treatment in adulthood caused significant changes in the volume of several medial preoptic structures in two separate groups of Gxd males. Because the steroids produced no significant effects in intact males, testicular hormones appear to "protect" these structures from the effects of the estrogen/progesterone treatment. PMID- 3192761 TI - Hormonal modification of the number of total and late-arising neurons in the central part of the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat. AB - The sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) is larger in volume in males, is responsive to steroids developmentally, and contains a subpopulation of late-arising neurons that can be specifically labeled with 3H-thymidine on embryonic day 18 (E18). The cytoarchitecture of this region has been described, and one component, the central part of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPNc), shows considerable overlap with the SDN-POA. One goal of the present study was to relate the two by determining if testosterone propionate (TP) exposure perinatally increases MPNc volume and neuronal number, and by characterizing the distribution of the late arising neurons of the SDN-POA with respect to the MPNc. A second goal was to determine if these late-arising neurons are a representative, hormone-sensitive population. Finally, TP exposure was delayed past the time of the endogenous testosterone surge in males and after the neurons have become postmitotic, to determine if female brain structure could still be sex-reversed under these conditions. Pregnant rats were injected on E18 with 3H thymidine. Daily injections of 2.0 mg TP were given to the mothers starting on either E16 or E20 and continued through birth. The pups were injected daily with 100 micrograms TP from birth through postnatal day 10. Control rats, from mothers given oil from E16 until birth, were injected with oil from birth through postnatal day 10. Rats were sacrificed at 30 days of age and their brains processed for autoradiography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192762 TI - The development of the corpus callosum in cats: a light- and electron-microscopic study. AB - Changes in the size and shape of the corpus callosum (CC)--and in number, size, and structure of callosal axons--between embryonic day 38 (E38) and postnatal day 150 (P150) were studied by light and electron microscope in 25 kittens. The development of the CC was divided into three phases: 1. Embryonic development (E38, 53, 58): At E38, only part of the body of the CC was formed. At E53 and E58, the CC was still very short, but its different parts (genu, body, and splenium) had formed. The cross-sectional callosal area (CCA) was 5.4 mm2 at E53 and 5.6 mm2 at E58. The CC contained 46.3 and 56.4 million axons at E53 and E58 respectively. Mean axon diameters were 0.26 micron at E53 and 0.27 micron at E58. 2. Early postnatal development (P4, 9, 15, 18, 21, 26): The CC at P4 was much longer than at E58 and still slightly elongated during this phase; CCA reached 8.55 mm2 at P4 and 8.88 mm2 at P26. There was a substantial axonal loss (66.8 million at P4 and 52.6 million at P26). From P15 onward, premyelinated and myelinated axons were seen. Mean axon diameter increased from 0.30 micron at P4 to 0.33 micron at P26. 3. Late postnatal development (P39, 57, 92, 107, 150). The CC grew dramatically in both length and thickness, the latter especially in the genu. CCA was 10.1 mm2 at P39 and 15.3 mm2 at P150. The number of axons still decreased (46.5 million at P39 and 31.9 million at P150). The growth of the CCA paralleled the increase of myelinated axons (0.5% at P26 and 29.6% at P150 and in the mean axon diameters (0.34 micron at P39 and 0.42 micron at P150). A number of axonal ultrastructural peculiarities (electron-dense bodies, large vacuoles, lamellated bodies, etc., including those mentioned below) were noticed; their frequency at different ages was estimated as the percent of total axons. Interestingly, accumulations of vesicles inside axons increased from 4.1% at E53 to 8.9% at P26, dropped to 0.2% at P39, and remained below 1% thereafter. Swollen mitochondria increased from 0.2% at E53 to 0.9% at P26 and dropped to 0.06% (on the average) from P39 onward. Accumulations of vesicles and swollen mitochondria increased during the phase of rapid axonal elimination; thus, they may indicate axonal retraction and/or degeneration. Microglia-gitter cells and astrocytes showing signs of phagocytosis were found during the embryonic and early postnatal development and may be involved in axon elimination. PMID- 3192763 TI - Neural control of leg movements in a metamorphic insect: persistence of larval leg motor neurons to innervate the adult legs of Manduca sexta. AB - During metamorphosis of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta, the larval thoracic legs along with their associated sensory organs and muscles degenerate and new adult legs develop. The larval legs are small and relatively simple structures capable of lateral extension and medial flexion allowing them to grasp the substrate as the caterpillar crawls along. By contrast, the adult legs are used for walking with an alternating gait. They are much larger than the larval legs and articulate such that they are capable of movement in several directions. This change in form and function is accompanied by a reorganization of the neural circuits controlling leg movements. In a previous report (Kent and Levine: J. Comp. Neurol. 271:559-576, '88) we described motor neurons innervating the larval prothoracic legs, and here we describe motor neurons innervating the prothoracic legs of the adult. Using a combination of cobalt staining methods and the persistent fluorescent dye Fluoro-Gold, we have found that some, if not all, larval leg motor neurons are retained and innervate the new adult leg muscles. Moreover, we have been able to discover the fate of individual larval leg motor neurons by marking a single larval neuron with Fluoro-Gold and using a second fluorescent dye to double label the same neuron in the adult. Our results suggest that specific larval leg motor neurons innervate corresponding muscles in the adult stage, although their apparent function is significantly different. In addition, the motor neurons undergo significant remodeling of their dendritic branching patterns during metamorphosis, alterations which doubtless contribute to their new roles in adult behavior. PMID- 3192764 TI - Efferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens in the lizard Gekko gecko. AB - The efferent connections of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens of the lizard Gekko gecko were studied with the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). These structures were found to have segregated output systems. The striatum shows a major projection to the globus pallidus. Striatal fibers which are more caudally directed run through the lateral forebrain bundle and can be traced as far caudally as the pars reticularis of the substantia nigra where they exhibit many varicosities. Along its course, the lateral forebrain bundle issues fibers with varicosities to the anterior and posterior entopeduncular nuclei. The major recipient structure of the nucleus accumbens is the ventral pallidum. The nucleus accumbens, in addition, projects to the portion of the lateral hypothalamus in the path of the medial forebrain bundle and to the ventral tegmental area, which is its most caudal target. Subsequently, the same technique was used in an attempt to study the efferents of the globus pallidus and the ventral pallidum, the major recipient structures of the striatum and the nucleus accumbens. The globus pallidus was found to project to the rostral part of the suprapeduncular nucleus in the ventral thalamus and, in addition, may distribute fibers to the same structures as does the striatum. The ventral pallidum distributes fibers to the ventromedial thalamic nucleus. It probably also projects diffusely to the hypothalamus, the habenula, and the mesencephalic tegmentum. PMID- 3192765 TI - Organization of retinogeniculate projections in turtles of the genera Pseudemys and Chrysemys. AB - Organization of retinal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate complex in turtles has been studied by means of light and electron microscopic axon tracing techniques. Orthograde degeneration studies with Fink-Heimer methods following restricted retinal lesions show the entire retina has a topologically organized projection to the contralateral dorsal lateral geniculate complex. The nasotemporal axis of the retina projects along the rostrocaudal axis of the geniculate complex; the dorsoventral axis of the retina projects along the dorsoventral axis of the geniculate complex. The projection to the ipsilateral dorsal lateral geniculate complex originates from the ventral, temporal and nasal edges of the retina. The nasotemporal axis of the ipsilateral retina projects along the rostrocaudal axis of the geniculate complex. It was not possible to determine the orientation of the dorsoventral axis of the ipsilateral retina on the geniculate complex. Light microscopic autoradiographic tracing experiments and electron microscopic degeneration experiments show the retinogeniculate projection has a laminar organization. Retinogeniculate terminals are found in both the neuropile and cell plate throughout all three subnuclei of the dorsal lateral geniculate complex but have a distinctive distribution in each subnucleus. In the subnucleus ovalis, they are frequent in both the neuropile and cell plate which forms the rostral pole of the complex. In the dorsal subnucleus, they are most prevalent in the outer part of the neuropile layer, less frequent in the inner part of the neuropile, and rare in the cell plate. In the ventral subnucleus, they are frequent in the outer part of the neuropile but are also common in the inner part of the neuropile and cell plate. These observations point to several principles of geniculate organization in turtles. First, the complex receives projections from the entire contralateral retina and a segment of the ipsilateral retina. It thus has monocular and binocular segments that together receive a topologically organized representation of the binocular visual space and the contralateral monocular visual space. Second, the three geniculate subnuclei receive information from different, specialized regions of the retina and visual space. Subnucleus ovalis receives information from the frontal binocular visual field. The ventral subnucleus receives information from the caudal binocular field. The dorsal subnucleus receives input from the contralateral monocular field. Third, there is a lamination of retinal inputs in the geniculate complex which differs in character within the three subnuclei.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3192766 TI - Anatomic organization of basoventral and mediodorsal visual recipient prefrontal regions in the rhesus monkey. AB - The sources of ipsilateral cortical afferent projections to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal cortices that receive some visual input were studied with retrograde tracers (horseradish peroxidase or fluorescent dyes) in eight rhesus monkeys. The basoventral regions injected with tracers included basal (orbital) areas 11 and 12, lateral area 12, and ventral area 46. The mediodorsal regions included portions of medial area 32 and the caudal part of dorsal area 8. These sites represent areas within basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal cortices that show a gradual increase in architectonic differentiation in a direction from the least differentiated orbital and medial limbic cortices toward the most differentiated cortices in the arcuate concavity. The results showed that the visual input to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal cortices originated largely in topographically distinct visual areas. Thus, basoventral sites received most of their visual cortical projections from the inferior temporal cortex. The rostral inferior temporal region was the predominant source of visual projections to orbital prefrontal sites, whereas lateral area 12 and ventral area 46 also received projections which were found more caudally. In contrast, mediodorsal prefrontal sites received most of their visual projections from dorsolateral and dorsomedial visual areas. The cells of origin were located in rostromedial visual cortices after injection of retrograde tracers in area 32 and in more caudal medial and dorsolateral visual areas after injection in caudal area 8. The latter also received substantial projections from visuomotor regions in the caudal portion of the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus. These results suggest that the basoventral prefrontal cortices are connected with ventral visual areas implicated in pattern recognition and discrimination, whereas the mediodorsal cortices are connected with medial and dorsolateral occipital and parietal areas associated with visuospatial functions. In addition, the prefrontal areas studied received projections from auditory and/or somatosensory cortices, from areas associated with more than one modality, and from limbic regions. Orbital area 12 seemed to be a major target of projections from somatosensory cortices and the rostral portion of medial area 32 received substantial projections from auditory cortices. The least architectonically differentiated areas (orbital area 11 and medial area 32) had more widespread corticocortical connections, including strong links with limbic cortices.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3192767 TI - Early postnatal development of cholecystokinin-immunoreactive structures in the visual cortex of the cat. AB - The early postnatal development of cholecystokinin-immunoreactive (CCK-ir) neurons was analyzed in visual areas 17 and 18 of cats aged from postnatal day 0 to adulthood. Neurons were classified mainly by axonal criteria. According to their chronology of appearance neurons are grouped into three neuronal populations. The first population consists of five cell types which appear perinatally in areas 17 and 18. Four of them have axons terminating in layer VI. Neurons with columnar dendritic fields of layers IV and V display a conspicuous dendritic arborization with the long dendrites always arranged parallel to each other. This way they form a vertically oriented dendritic column. The neurons differentiate at around P 2 and are present until the end of the second postnatal week. They disappear possibly by degeneration and cell death. Multipolar neurons of layer VI have long dendrites and axonal domains of up to 800 micron in diameter. Three percent of these neurons send out two axons instead of only one. Neurons differentiate at P 0 and the cell type persists into adulthood. Bitufted to multipolar neurons of layer V constitute a frequent type; 10% of these cells issue two axons. They differentiate at P 2 and the type survives into adulthood. Bitufted to multipolar neurons of layers II/III appear at P 2 and send their axons into layer VI. So, early postnatally an axonal connection from superficial cortical layers to layer VI is established. The cell type persists into adulthood. The fifth cell type of the first population is constituted by the neurons of layer I with intralaminar axons which differentiate at P 2. Although they derive from the early marginal zone, the cell type survives into adulthood. The second population consists of two cell types which appear around the end of the second and during the third postnatal week in areas 17 and 18. Multipolar neurons of layer II have horizontally or obliquely arranged basket axons which, during the second postnatal month, form patches of high fiber and terminal density along the layer I/II border. Neurons with descending main axons issuing horizontal and oblique collaterals of layers II-IV form broad axonal fields. The third population in area 17 is constituted by three cell types: Bitufted neurons with axons descending in form of loose bundles of layers II/III differentiate during the fifth postnatal week. Small basket cells of layers II/III with locally restricted axonal plexuses and somewhat larger basket cells of layer IV appear during the sixth and seventh week.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3192768 TI - Morphology of physiologically identified second-order vestibular neurons in cat, with intracellularly injected HRP. AB - The morphology of horizontal canal second-order type I neurons was investigated by intracellular staining with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and three-dimensional reconstruction of the cell bodies and axons. Axons penetrated in and around the abducens nucleus were identified as originating from type I neurons by their characteristic firing pattern to horizontal rotation and by their monosynaptic response to stimulation of the ipsilateral vestibular nerve. A total of 47 type I neurons were stained. The cell bodies were located in the rostral portion of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) and were large or medium sized and had rather elongated shapes and rich dendritic arborizations. The neurons were divided into two groups: those which projected to the contralateral side of the brain stem (type Ic neurons) and those which projected to the ipsilateral side of the brainstem (type Ii neurons). All stem axons of type Ic neurons crossed the midline and bifurcated into rostral and caudal branches in the contralateral medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF). Two or three collaterals arising close to this bifurcation distributed terminals in a relatively wide area in the contralateral abducens nucleus. Some of these collaterals projected further to the contralateral MVN and thus are vestibular commissural axons. Some of the rostral and caudal stem axons had collaterals which projected to the contralateral nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PH), nucleus raphe pontis, or medullary reticular formation. There were at least six classes of type Ii neurons, most of which distributed to a relatively limited region in the ipsilateral abducens nucleus and they were categorized according to their future projections into the following categories: A) no further collaterals beyond the abducens nucleus; B) collaterals in the abducens nucleus and a branch descending and terminating in ipsilateral PH; C) projected to the abducens nucleus, PH, and an area rostral to the abducens nucleus; D) projected to the abducens nucleus and to ipsilateral reticular formation rostral and caudal to the abducens nucleus; E) collaterals in the abducens nucleus and a thick caudal stem axon entering and descending in ipsilateral MLF; F) a thick caudal stem axon entering and descending in ipsilateral MLF and no collaterals to the abducens nucleus. Some type Ii neurons also had recurrent collaterals which projected back to the ipsilateral MVN; these may inhibit type II neurons during ipsilateral rotation. PMID- 3192769 TI - Expansion of spinal cord primary sensory afferent projection following combined sciatic nerve resection and saphenous nerve crush: a horseradish peroxidase study in the adult rat. AB - Transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase was used to study the potential for collateral sprouting of saphenous nerve afferent fibers in the lumbar dorsal horn of the adult rat following (1) combined unilateral saphenous nerve crush and ipsilateral sciatic nerve resection, (2) unilateral saphenous nerve crush, and (3) unilateral sciatic nerve resection. The saphenous nerve on the nonlesioned contralateral side served as control. Eight weeks after the lesion(s) the animals were subjected to bilateral application of horseradish peroxidase to the saphenous nerves. The distribution of the ensuing labeling in the superficial dorsal horn was subsequently mapped. Combined saphenous nerve crush and sciatic nerve resection resulted in expansion of the saphenous nerve projection area in the dorsal horn when compared to the nonlesioned control side (mean = 13%, P less than 0.05). No expansion of the saphenous nerve projection was found following isolated saphenous nerve crush or sciatic nerve resection, respectively (P greater than 0.05). The findings indicate that in the adult rat, central processes of primary sensory neurons which are regenerating their peripheral processes can extend collateral sprouts into adjacent projection areas in the superficial dorsal horn subjected to previous deafferentation by peripheral nerve resection. PMID- 3192770 TI - Evidence for direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract onto medullary adrenaline cells. AB - The anatomic relationships between projections from the intermediate portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferaselike-immunoreactive (PNMT-LI) cells in the medulla oblongata were analyzed in Sprague-Dawley rats by using two-color immunoperoxidase staining combined with the anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). PHA-L was iontophoretically deposited in the intermediate region of the NTS and the subjacent dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX) at the level of the middle of the area postrema. Black-stained PHA-L-immunoreactive (PHA-LI) fibers and terminals were present throughout the length of the ipsilateral NTS, where many were seen in close apposition to amber-stained PNMT-LI cells belonging to the C2 cell group. Less profuse PHA-LI projections were present in the contralateral NTS, especially at the level of the PHA-L deposit. Bundles of smooth fibers emerged from the lateral edge of the DMX and could be followed to the ventrolateral surface of the medulla; these were likely vagal efferent fibers. PHA-LI terminal arborizations were prominent in the region of the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and amongst PNMT-LI cells in the lateral C1 cell group ventral to NA. Multiple sites of contiguity between PHA-LI varicose fibers or boutons and PNMT-LI cells in C1 were observed frequently and probably represent sites of functional connection. PMID- 3192771 TI - Neuroborreliosis in morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. AB - Nine cases of different types of morphea and two of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus were investigated for the presence of neurologic symptoms. The Borrelia origin of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus was verified by the presence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi and by the visualization of spirochetes on histologic sections by immunohistochemical methods. One patient had intrathecally synthesized IgG antibodies against B. burgdorferi that indicated intrathecal infection. A second patient had an elevated cell count and oligoclonal bands of unknown specificity in cerebrospinal fluid. In another patient a disturbance of the blood-brain barrier was detected. Seven patients had signs of peripheral neural involvement, mostly lesional dysesthesias. Our findings indicate frequent neural involvement in morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, suggesting the necessity of adequate antibiotic treatment in these diseases. PMID- 3192772 TI - The prevalence of hyperandrogenism in 109 consecutive female patients with diffuse alopecia. AB - Endocrine dysfunction was studied in 109 consecutive female patients with moderate to severe alopecia, mostly of a diffuse pattern. The study included an evaluation of associated hirsutism and/or menstrual dysfunction, plasma hormonal measurements, and ultrasonography of the ovaries. A control group of 24 ovulatory, nonhirsute, nonalopecia individuals was also studied. Of the 109 patients, 70 (64.2%) had no clinical evidence of hirsutism or menstrual dysfunction. Two of 44 patients tested with cosyntropin (Cortrosyn) had 21 hydroxylase deficiency, whereas two other patients had hyperprolactinemia caused by pituitary tumors. Hyperandrogenism was defined as an increase in any of the plasma androgens (testosterone, non-sex hormone-binding globulin bound testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, or dihydrotestosterone) and was noted in 42 of the 109 patients studied (38.5%). Of these 42 patients, 11 were ovulatory with no evidence of clinical hirsutism, 13 were ovulatory and hirsute, and 18 had oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea with or without hirsutism with confirmatory evidence of polycystic ovarian disease. Patients with diffuse alopecia may demonstrate hyperandrogenism, even in the absence of hirsutism, oligomenorrhea, or amenorrhea. The most common endocrine disorder in this series of patients with diffuse alopecia was polycystic ovarian disease. PMID- 3192773 TI - Painless cauterization of spider veins with the use of iontophoretic local anesthesia. AB - Treatment of small vascular abnormalities of the skin is painful, and injections of local anesthetic agents distort the operating field. Iontophoresis of salt free, 4% lidocaine, with and without epinephrine, delivered to the skin from a receptacle with a semipermeable membrane, and with the use of a current controlled electrical system, resulted in effective anesthesia of the skin for cauterization of "spider" veins. Fourteen subjects received 32 treatments. Sixteen paired areas of spider veins were anesthetized with iontophoresis of lidocaine and with lidocaine plus epinephrine 1/50,000. The duration of anesthesia with lidocaine averaged 14 minutes; relief of pain was complete in 9/16 treatments, adequate in 6/16, and inadequate in 1/16. Lidocaine plus epinephrine supplied anesthesia for 56 minutes; relief of pain was total in 14/16 treatments and adequate in the remaining two. Thus iontophoresis with the use of selected local anesthetic and iontophoretic equipment provides adequate conditions for cauterization of spider veins, a procedure poorly served by conventional local anesthesia. PMID- 3192774 TI - Recurrent basal cell carcinoma and Mohs surgery. PMID- 3192775 TI - Porokeratosis and immunosuppressive treatment for pemphigus foliaceus. PMID- 3192776 TI - Giant molluscum contagiosum presenting as basal cell carcinoma in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient. PMID- 3192777 TI - Probable coexisting exogenous ochronosis and mercurial pigmentation managed by dermabrasion. AB - A patient with blue-gray discoloration of the face is described. Her history revealed that she had used bleaching creams containing mercury and hydroquinone for many years. Biopsy specimens of the hyperpigmented areas showed deposits that were compatible with both mercury deposition and the diagnosis of exogenous ochronosis. Dermabrasion was successfully employed to remove these deposits. PMID- 3192778 TI - Vulvitis circumscripta plasmacellularis treated successfully with interferon alpha. AB - A 74-year-old woman with vulvitis circumscripta plasmacellularis was successfully treated with intralesional injections of interferon alpha. Although the patient had been previously treated unsuccessfully for 5 years with topical administration of a potent corticosteroid, with cryotherapy, and with surgical procedures, the disease continually recurred. A course of interferon alpha resulted in a significant clinical improvement of the lesions, a histologically verified decrease of plasma cell infiltrate, and the disappearance of the antigen of herpes simplex virus that had been detected before treatment by direct immunofluorescence staining of the lesion. This clinical course demonstrates the effectiveness of local injections of interferon alpha into those lesions with vulvitis circumscripta plasmacellularis that did not previously respond to conventional therapy. Therefore an implication exists that herpes simplex virus infection may be one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. PMID- 3192779 TI - Acanthosis nigricans associated with mycosis fungoides. AB - A case of acanthosis nigricans coexistent with mycosis fungoides, the second report in the literature of such an association, is described. PMID- 3192780 TI - Resistant discoid lupus erythematosus of palms and soles: successful treatment with azathioprine. AB - We present the case of two patients with an unusual form of discoid lupus erythematosus that was confined almost exclusively to the palms and soles. In both patients this form of discoid lupus erythematosus did not respond to conventional therapies, which included topical steroids, intralesional steroids, prednisone, quinacrine hydrochloride, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, colchicine, and dapsone. Both patients were then treated with azathioprine. One patient dramatically improved with azathioprine, worsened each time the azathioprine was stopped or reduced, and responded again to the reinstitution of therapy. The other patient began taking azathioprine 8 months ago and has also experienced relief of her symptoms. These cases suggest that discoid lupus erythematosus principally involving the palms and soles is difficult to treat with conventional medication and that azathioprine, which appears to be useful, should be tried after the failure of other therapies. PMID- 3192781 TI - Altered gentamicin disposition in a child with a cavernous hemangioma. AB - Physiologic third spacing can cause an increase in the volume of distribution of certain drugs, such as aminoglycosides, which results in a decrease in the serum concentration. The case reported here, that of a child with a large cavernous hemangioma, demonstrated this phenomenon. To obtain adequate serum and tissue concentrations, alteration of antimicrobial dosing may be needed in similar cases. PMID- 3192784 TI - Training to competency in psychotherapy. PMID- 3192785 TI - Impact of psychotherapy supervision on therapist orientation and values. PMID- 3192782 TI - Iron binding proteins and their roles in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.). AB - Manduca sexta larvae accumulate large amounts of iron during their larval feeding period. When 59Fe was fed to 5th instar larvae, it was evenly distributed among the hemolymph, gut and carcass until the cessation of feeding. By pupation 95% of the labelled iron was found in the fat body. In the adult a significant portion of this iron was found in flight muscle. Studies of the hemolymph disclosed two iron-containing proteins. The first was composed of a single polypeptide chain of 80 kD, containing one atom of iron. This protein bound ionic iron in vitro and was able to transfer this iron to ferritin when incubated with fat body in vitro. Therefore, it appeared to serve a transport function. The second protein had a molecular weight of 490 kD with subunits of 24 and 26 kD and contained 220 micrograms of iron/mg protein. Its chemical and ultrastructural characteristics were those of ferritin. These studies demonstrate the presence of both a transport protein and a unique circulating ferritin in Manduca sexta, the latter serving a storage function during development and possibly also a transport function. PMID- 3192786 TI - Male psychopaths and their criminal careers. PMID- 3192783 TI - Contributions of the kidneys and intestines to water conservation, and plasma levels of antidiuretic hormone, during dehydration in house sparrows (Passer domesticus). AB - The contributions of the kidneys, the small intestine and the lower intestine (rectum plus cloaca) to water conservation during dehydration in unanaesthetized, unrestrained house sparrows (Passer domesticus) were assessed. Thirty hours of acute dehydration resulted in a 12% loss in body mass and a significant increase in plasma osmolality. Glomerular filtration rate declined by 55%, from 7.7 to 3.5 ml/h, and urine flow rate delined by more than 80%, from 0.2 to 0.03 ml/h. These changes are likely attributable to a large increase in plasma levels of arginine vasotocin during dehydration, from less than 26 pg/ml in hydrated birds to greater than 200 pg/ml after 30 h dehydration. Flow of water from the ileum to the lower intestine was reduced during dehydration, primarily because of a reduced flow of dry matter (with no significant reduction in water content). The rate of water loss in the excreta declined from 0.2 ml/h in hydrated birds to 0.04 ml/h in dehydrated birds. The rate of water reabsorption in the lower intestine (equal to the rate of water loss in the excreta minus the combined rates of inflow into the lower intestine from the urine and the ileal contents) slightly exceeded the rate of water flow from the ileum in both hydrated and dehydrated birds. We suggest that much of the water reabsorbed in the lower intestine of hydrated birds derives from the urine, but that primarily water from ileal contents is reabsorbed in dehydrated birds. That is, urine undergoes significant post-renal modification in hydrated but not dehydrated house sparrows. PMID- 3192787 TI - A longitudinal analysis of unaided smoking cessation. PMID- 3192788 TI - Physical symptom reporting in type A and type B children. PMID- 3192789 TI - Verbal response mode use in contrasting psychotherapies: a within-subjects comparison. PMID- 3192790 TI - Emotional imagery and the differential diagnosis of anxiety. PMID- 3192791 TI - Factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist. PMID- 3192792 TI - Behavioral and cognitive treatments of geriatric insomnia. PMID- 3192793 TI - Syndrome of problem behavior in adolescence: a replication. PMID- 3192794 TI - Clinical reliabilities and validities of the Basic Personality Inventory. PMID- 3192795 TI - Depression in children and adolescents: a comparative analysis of the utility and construct validity of two assessment measures. PMID- 3192796 TI - Criminal behavior as a function of clinical and actuarial variables in a sexual offender population. PMID- 3192797 TI - Psychological symptoms in methadone maintenance patients: prevalence and change over treatment. PMID- 3192798 TI - Current implant usage. AB - The types of dental implants in current use are described with comments on the various designs, the materials of which the implants are made, the patient situations for which they are used, and the age range of patients treated. The training background of the various clinicians involved is mentioned and comparisons are made between the United States, Japan and Central Europe. Predictions for the future use of implants are made and areas for future research are indicated, based upon deficiencies in our present knowledge. PMID- 3192799 TI - Statement of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry. PMID- 3192800 TI - Statement from the Academy of Osseointegration. PMID- 3192801 TI - Statement of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. PMID- 3192802 TI - Future directions in dental implant materials research. AB - There are literally thousands of published accounts of the performance of medical and dental implants that employ metals and ceramics for which little or no materials characterization has been accomplished. Before the current decade, the level of sophistication of research was such that many materials did not even receive postprocessing analysis of the "bulk" composition, a minimal characterization we now realize is inadequate. Instead, research focused upon mechanical properties and corrosion studies at the macroscopic level, along with the search for a mythical property called biocompatibility. There were sound scientific reasons for this focus. The state of knowledge of the biology associated with implants did not allow the creation of experiments at the cellular or molecular level. Experiments progressed slowly from clinical observations to histologic observations, from which inferences of past events were made. The complete characterization of implant surfaces was virtually impossible because the analytical instrumentation and the associated understanding of physical and chemical processes occurring at surfaces were lacking. Materials were selected because of their apparently inert state, as defined by corrosion studies and histological examination of implant specimens. The focus in the 1970s was on micron-sized surface features. Porosity, grooves, textures, etc., were emphasized along with the macroscopic design features. A proliferation of designs, many of which were based on inspiration, rather than experimentation and optimization, were brought to the marketplace. Perhaps the exception to this lack of surface analysis was the development of the surface active biomaterials based on calcium phosphates, the tricalcium phosphates, hydroxylapatites, and surface active glasses. Unfortunately, investigators did not pursue the same analyses for the "inert" materials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192803 TI - The soft tissue interface in dental implantology. PMID- 3192804 TI - Summary of biological considerations. PMID- 3192805 TI - Future directions for research on materials and design of dental implants. AB - Previous reviews underscore the uncertainties in our knowledge of the influence of material characteristics, design-shape, and surface texture on the implant material-tissue interface. Current implant designs are based on intuitive approaches and there are no general principles for prediction of success of implant systems. Data on implant surfaces prepared by customary preparative techniques show that they are highly variable and dependent on processing. The long-term (years) effects of trace element release from implants is little understood because of past errors in analytical techniques and paucity of relevant data. To place the development of future implant systems on a more rational basis, scientific studies are needed (1) to identify and characterize new and modified materials and surfaces, (2) to validate surface characterization procedures and evaluate tissue responses to standardized surfaces, and (3) to measure trace and subtrace element levels in animal and human tissues over time in order to establish normal and pathologic limits. PMID- 3192806 TI - Tooth replacement by oral endoprostheses: clinical aspects. PMID- 3192807 TI - Flexible sclerotherapy. AB - A low-cost, easy-to-use, and readily available addition to the syringe-needle unit commonly employed in sclerotherapy is described. A small-bore plastic tube inserted between needle and syringe will increase mobility and accessibility when performing sclerotherapy. PMID- 3192808 TI - The large flap sculptured facelift. AB - The large flap sculptured facelift is a redraping rather than a pinching or pulling operation. The skin flaps are redraped over the tightened, sculptured underlying fat-musculoaponeurosis. This procedure can be performed on a majority of patients with minimal complications. PMID- 3192809 TI - Tattoo removal with minimal scarring: the chemo-laser technique. AB - A method useful in the removal of decorative tattoos too large for simple excision, or tattoos located in anatomic areas prone to hypertrophic scarring, is described. The method employs the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for partial ablation of the tattooed area, followed by the repeated application of a urea mixture to complete the removal of the dyes. (These applications continue until the wound is totally healed.) Results indicate that even in areas that typically develop hypertrophic scarring, such as the upper chest, breast, and upper arm, this technique can effectively remove over 95% of the pigment and leave a perfectly flat scar. PMID- 3192810 TI - Five primary disparate melanomas: a case report (the spectrum of melanoma). AB - A 75-year-old Caucasian female presented with a 20-year history of five primary disparate malignant melanomas and one small desmoplastic amelanotic satellite. In three generations, there was no family history of dysplastic nevi or malignant melanoma. Likewise, the patient had no history of dysplastic nevi or any other condition previously reported in the literature as being allied with melanoma. Dr. George Pack first reported that malignant melanoma may be multifocal. The wide spectrum of this disease and increased incidence of multiple primaries demand thorough, long term, follow-up. PMID- 3192811 TI - Cryosurgical management of myxoid cysts. AB - Eighteen patients with digital mucoid cysts and 31 with myxoid cysts of the oral mucosa were treated by cryosurgery using an intermittent spray technique. Double freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) is recommended for successful treatment of digital mucoid cysts, as the recurrence rate was fairly high when only a single FTC was used. This does not necessarily apply to oral mucous cysts, where the cure rate was nearly 100%, whether a single or double FTC was used. We conclude that liquid nitrogen-spray cryosurgery is an effective alternative in treating mucous cysts. PMID- 3192812 TI - Rapid development of metastases from basal cell carcinoma presenting as cranial nerve palsies. AB - A case is reported of metastatic basal cell carcinoma presenting with multiple neurologic deficits 20 months after excision of the primary lesion with good local control. Many features associated with the development of metastasis from basal cell carcinoma were not present in this case. PMID- 3192813 TI - Cryotherapy for multiple trichoepithelioma. AB - Multiple trichoepithelioma is an uncommon disorder for which treatment is usually bedeviled by the recurrence of tumors. A case of multiple trichoepithelioma is described occurring in the retroauricular area; the condition cleared completely and without relapse following cryotherapy. PMID- 3192814 TI - Extensive scalp-lifting. PMID- 3192815 TI - More on extensive scalp-lifting. PMID- 3192816 TI - A prospective study of risk factors for unipolar depression. PMID- 3192817 TI - Dysthymia in the offspring of parents with primary unipolar affective disorder. PMID- 3192818 TI - Depressed affect and time perception. PMID- 3192819 TI - Creativity in manic-depressives, cyclothymes, their normal relatives, and control subjects. PMID- 3192821 TI - Direct versus indirect suggestions, archaic involvement, and hypnotic experience. PMID- 3192820 TI - Hypnotic hypermnesia: enhanced memory accessibility or report bias? PMID- 3192822 TI - Negative life events, coping responses, and combat-related psychopathology: a prospective study. PMID- 3192823 TI - Attributional style and combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. PMID- 3192824 TI - The categorical representation of personality disorder: a cluster analysis of DSM III-R personality features. PMID- 3192825 TI - Social psychological factors in the genesis of posthypnotic source amnesia. PMID- 3192826 TI - IQ and delinquency: a direct test of the differential detection hypothesis. PMID- 3192827 TI - Conduct disorder: parsing the confounded relation to parental divorce and antisocial personality. PMID- 3192828 TI - Anxiety, depression, and assertion across alternating intervals of stress. PMID- 3192829 TI - Body image, attitudes to weight, and misperceptions of figure preferences of the opposite sex: a comparison of men and women in two generations. PMID- 3192830 TI - Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. PMID- 3192831 TI - Self-esteem, restraint, and eating behavior. PMID- 3192832 TI - Attributional style in pathological gamblers in treatment. PMID- 3192833 TI - Response perseveration and delayed responding in undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder. PMID- 3192834 TI - Comment on Tarnowski, Prinz, and Nay (1986): no evidence for differential diagnostic validity of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH). PMID- 3192835 TI - Additional considerations for children's attentional performance: reply to Share. PMID- 3192836 TI - Reduced clustering during hypnotic amnesia for a long word list: comment on Wilson and Kihlstrom. PMID- 3192837 TI - Rejoinder to Spanos, Bertrand, and Perlini. PMID- 3192838 TI - Exercise testing after myocardial infarction: relative values of the low level predischarge and the postdischarge exercise test. AB - This study was undertaken to compare the relative values of the low level predischarge exercise test and the postdischarge (6 weeks) symptom-limited test in 518 consecutive patients admitted with an acute myocardial infarction. Of the patients who did not develop significant ST segment depression or angina during the predischarge test, the symptom-limited test also remained negative in 91.5 and 91.9% of the patients, respectively. Similar results were obtained with ST segment elevation and the systolic blood pressure response during the two exercise tests with only 2.1 and 11.4% changing from normal to abnormal, respectively. Discriminant function analysis was done to predict the occurrence of coronary events (unstable angina, reinfarction, cardiac failure, cardiac death) with use of the data from the exercise tests together with other clinical and investigational data. The jackknife method correctly classified 71.9 and 71.4% of the patients with the data from the predischarge exercise test and symptom-limited test, respectively. Combining the data from the two tests improved the overall predictive accuracy to only 75.0%. It is concluded that the routine performance of a symptom-limited test 6 to 8 weeks after infarction does not reveal any significant additional information in those patients who have undergone a predischarge low level exercise test. Thus the 6 to 8 week test should be restricted to selected patients after myocardial infarction. PMID- 3192840 TI - Limits of normal left ventricular dimensions in growth and development: analysis of dimensions and variance in the two-dimensional echocardiograms of 268 normal healthy subjects. AB - The majority of studies generating normal echocardiographic reference values for left ventricular dimensions have been based on blindly performed M-mode measurements, and there are no previous reports based on two-dimensional echocardiography that provide a comprehensive analysis of the two-dimensional measurements from infancy to old age. This report presents the results of analyzing the left ventricular internal dimensions from cross-sectional echocardiographic studies on 268 normal healthy subjects (none were hospitalized for any reason) whose ages ranged from 6 days to 76 years. The mean data are reported as functions of body surface area and, in addition, the variance is modeled as a function of body surface area to provide an accurate and clinically useful determination of normal limits and to model changes in the cardiac dimensions and in their variance representing normal growth and development. The data fit well to the exponential growth model (r values 0.85 to 0.95). Variance about the central values also depended significantly on body size; that relation is represented effectively by a quadratic function of body surface area (r values 0.82 to 0.98). The model parameters allow calculation of normal limits at any desired level of confidence. Areas determined by hand planimetry have significantly greater variance compared with variance of linear dimensions, and also compared with variance of cross-sectional area using ellipses generated from the anteroposterior and mediolateral dimensions. This implies that either biologic variations in the amount of infolding or errors in freehand planimetry constitute a significant source of variance; this may be remedied by filtering out high frequency oscillations of contour. There is no significant difference in midnormal values and confidence limits for corresponding dimensions measured from orthogonal views. Furthermore, the anteroposterior and mediolateral dimensions of the left ventricle superimpose at each body size, consistent with circular cross section for normal subjects throughout growth and development. The data presented should comprise a useful set of reference standards for interpretation of cross sectional echocardiograms. PMID- 3192839 TI - Mitral valve dimensions and motion and familial transmission of mitral valve prolapse with and without mitral leaflet billowing. AB - To test the hypothesis that mitral valve prolapse may be due either to billowing of mitral leaflets into the left atrium or to dynamic expansion of the mitral anulus, mitral leaflet and annular dimensions and motion were measured by computer-assisted two-dimensional echocardiography in 35 normal adults and 48 subjects with auscultatory and M-mode echocardiographic evidence of mitral prolapse. Among normal subjects, mitral leaflet and annular dimensions tended to be larger compared with body size or left ventricular size in women than in men. Mitral leaflet billowing was observed in 24 (50%) of 48 patients with mitral prolapse and 0 of 35 normal subjects (100% specificity). The 24 patients without leaflet billowing had greater systolic expansion of the mitral anulus (p less than 0.0001) than did normal adults or patients with leaflet billowing (41 +/- 14% versus 27 +/- 12% and 22 +/- 11%, respectively) and a significantly lower body mass index (p less than 0.005 versus normal group). The ratio of anterior plus posterior mitral leaflet length to end-systolic annular diameter was lower in patients with prolapse without leaflet billowing than in normal subjects (1.09 +/- 0.12 versus 1.19 +/- 0.15, respectively, p less than 0.01) or patients with leaflet billowing (1.21 +/- 0.17, p less than 0.05). Among 35 relatives with mitral prolapse in the families of 23 patients with prolapse, the pattern was the same as in the proband in 31 (89%) (p less than 0.000002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192841 TI - Regional work of the human left ventricle calculated by wall stress and the natural logarithm of reciprocal of wall thickness. AB - Regional left ventricular work is a more precise indicator of function than is simple shortening fraction. Regional work of the ventricle normalized to a unit volume of myocardium (RWM) is given by the following equation: RWM = - intergral of sigma d[ln(1/H)], where sigma is the mean wall stress and ln(1/H) is the natural logarithm of reciprocal of wall thickness. This method has been previously validated in animal experiments and it is now extended to the clinical setting for the first time. In 10 normal subjects and 6 patients with anteroseptal myocardial infarction, ventricular minor axis and wall thickness were measured by echocardiography and recorded simultaneously with high fidelity left ventricular pressure. Then, regional work of the interventricular septum and of the posterior wall of the left ventricle was calculated from the measured pressure and dimension data. In normal subjects, regional work of the septum and posterior wall was 6.1 +/- 1.7 and 7.0 +/- 1.8 mJ/cm3, respectively; the average of the septal and posterior wall regional work multiplied by the left ventricular myocardial volume correlated well (r = 0.93) with the total mechanical work done by the entire left ventricle. In patients with anteroseptal infarction, septal regional work was greatly reduced (0.6 +/- 1.7 mJ/cm3), compared with posterior wall regional work in the same patients (6.1 +/- 1.8 mJ/cm3). This simple method can be applied clinically in assessing the functional state of different regions of the myocardium. PMID- 3192842 TI - Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging-guided phosphorus-31 spectroscopy of the human heart. AB - Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can determine the status of high energy phosphates in vivo. However, its application to human cardiac studies requires precise spatial localization without significant contamination from other tissues. Using image-selected in-vivo spectroscopy (ISIS), a technique that allows three-dimensional localization of the volume of interest, 12 subjects were studied to determine the feasibility and reproducibility of phosphorus-31 spectroscopy of the human heart. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging was performed using a commercial 1.5 tesla system to define the volume of interest. Phosphorus 31 spectra were obtained from the septum and anteroapical region of the left ventricle in 10 studies. Relative peak heights and areas were determined for high energy phosphates. The mean phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate ratio was 1.33 +/- 0.19 by height analysis and 1.23 +/- 0.27 by area analysis. Duplicate measurements in four subjects showed a reproducibility of less than or equal to 10% in three of the subjects. All spectra showed significant signal contribution from the 2,3 diphosphoglycerate in chamber red cells without evidence of skeletal muscle contamination. These results demonstrate the feasibility of image-guided phosphorus-31 spectroscopy for human cardiac studies and indicate the potential of this technique to study metabolic disturbances in human myocardial disease. PMID- 3192843 TI - Effect of dichloroacetate on the exercise performance of patients with heart failure. AB - The reduced maximal exercise capacity of patients with heart failure has been attributed to skeletal muscle underperfusion with resultant intramuscular lactic acidosis and muscular fatigue. To investigate this hypothesis, the effect of dichloroacetate, a drug that decreases lactate formation by increasing pyruvate oxidation, on the maximal exercise performance of 18 patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (25 +/- 9%) was examined. Exercise tests after parenteral dextrose (control) and dichloroacetate were performed 1 week apart. The sequence of interventions was randomized in a double-blind manner. Dichloroacetate decreased blood lactate at rest (control 8.0 +/- 2.5 versus dichloroacetate 5.6 +/- 2.9 mg/dl), throughout exercise and at peak exercise (control 26.0 +/- 14.3 versus dichloroacetate 19.4 +/- 10.8) (all p less than 0.05). In contrast, dichloroacetate had no effect on exercise time (control 15.2 +/- 6.0 versus dichloroacetate 15.9 +/- 6.2 min) or peak exercise oxygen consumption (control 1,280 +/- 498 ml/min versus dichloroacetate 1,312 +/- 530 ml/min) (both p = NS). In six subjects, dichloroacetate also had no effect at peak exercise on leg blood flow (control 2.8 +/- 1.1 versus dichloroacetate 3.0 +/- 0.6 liters/min) or femoral oxygen vein saturation (control 12.7 +/- 4.1% versus dichloroacetate 12.5 +/- 5.7%). These data suggest that intramuscular lactate accumulation is not responsible for muscular fatigue during exercise in patients with heart failure. PMID- 3192844 TI - Inferior vena cava plethora with blunted respiratory response: a sensitive echocardiographic sign of cardiac tamponade. AB - To assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of the respiratory behavior of the inferior vena cava in pericardial effusions, clinical and two-dimensional echocardiographic data of 115 consecutive patients with a moderate or large effusion, including 33 who had cardiac tamponade, were reviewed. Echocardiograms were reviewed for effusion size, inferior vena cava diameter before and after deep inspiration and presence of right atrial and ventricular collapse. For the 83 patients (72%) with less than 50% decrease in inferior vena cava diameter after deep inspiration ("plethora"), inferior vena cava diameter decreased from 2.0 +/- 0.3 to 1.6 +/- 0.4 cm after inspiration (mean +/- SD) (mean decrease 18%). For the 32 patients (28%) without plethora, the diameter decreased from 1.6 +/- 0.5 to 0.6 +/- 0.3 cm (mean decrease 63%). Patients with plethora had significantly higher values for heart rate (111 +/- 21 versus 98 +/- 20 beats/min), pulsus paradoxus (24 +/- 15 versus 12 +/- 4 mm Hg), jugular venous distension (14 +/- 5 versus 8 +/- 3 cm H2O) and right atrial pressure (17 +/- 6 versus 12 +/- 6 mm Hg) and lower values for systolic blood pressure (109 +/- 22 versus 132 +/- 27 mm Hg) (all p less than 0.05) than did patients without plethora. Plethora was present in 58 (92%) of 63 patients who underwent a pericardial drainage procedure, 14 (88%) of 16 who developed constrictive physiology and 11 (92%) of 12 of those whose hospital death was related to pericardial effusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192845 TI - Inferior vena cava plethora as an echocardiographic sign of cardiac tamponade. PMID- 3192846 TI - Role of signal averaging of the surface QRS complex in selecting patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and high grade ventricular arrhythmias for programmed ventricular stimulation. AB - Signal averaging of the surface QRS complex was performed before programmed ventricular stimulation in 53 individuals with high grade ventricular arrhythmias or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, or both. An abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded in 22 patients and was associated with inducible ventricular tachycardia in 12 (55%) of the 22. In contrast, a normal signal-average ECG was associated with inducible tachycardia in only 1 (3%) of 31 individuals (p less than 0.005). The group with inducible tachycardia had a longer duration of the signal-averaged QRS complex (124 +/- 19 versus 96 +/- 26 ms) and of low amplitude signals (44 +/- 13 versus 29 +/- 11 ms) (p less than 0.005). In addition, the root mean square voltage of the terminal 40 ms was lower in this group (20 +/- 14 versus 48 +/- 34 microV, p less than 0.005). Twenty seven of the 53 subjects had a prior myocardial infarction; 17 (63%) of the 27 had an abnormal signal-averaged ECG, and ventricular tachycardia was inducible in 10 (59%) of the 17. A normal signal-averaged ECG was recorded in 10 of the 27 patients and only 1 (10%) of these 10 had inducible tachycardia. An abnormal signal-averaged ECG had a 91% sensitivity and a 56% specificity with respect to subsequent induction of tachycardia. During long-term follow-up, 2 (15%) of the 13 patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia who were treated with electrophysiologically guided antiarrhythmics therapy died suddenly; the remaining 11 patients (85%) are alive 15 +/- 10 months after electrophysiologic testing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192847 TI - Propranolol blocks ventricular refractory period changes with orthostatic stress in humans. AB - The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that orthostatic stress shortens the right ventricular effective refractory period by reflex activation of beta-adrenergic receptors. Twelve patients undergoing electrophysiologic testing for standard clinical indications were studied. After a full electrophysiologic study, patients underwent graded lower body negative pressure before and after administration of either propranolol (0.2 mg/kg intravenously) in Group I or atropine (0.035 mg/kg intravenously) in Group II. Before the addition of drugs, lower body negative pressure produced decreases in systolic blood pressure and significant increases in sinus rate. The effective refractory period shortened from 214 +/- 8 (mean +/- SEM) to 206 +/- 7 ms at -40 cm H2O and to 197 +/- 4 ms at -60 cm H2O lower body negative pressure. After propranolol, Group I patients had no change in right ventricular effective refractory period despite similar changes in sinus rate and systolic blood pressure. In group II patients, atropine did not alter effective refractory period responses to lower body negative pressure. Thus, reflex adjustments to orthostatic stress result in shortening of right ventricular effective refractory period mediated by way of beta-adrenergic mechanisms. These findings constitute the first evidence that sympathetic influences mobilized by the body can directly modulate ventricular electrophysiologic changes. PMID- 3192848 TI - Major and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities and risk of death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes in men and women. AB - The independent contributions of baseline major and minor electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities to subsequent 11.5 year risk of death from coronary heart disease, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes were explored among 9,643 white men and 7,990 white women aged 40 to 64 years without definite prior coronary heart disease in the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. At baseline, prevalence rates of major ECG abnormalities were higher in women than in men, with age-adjusted rates of 12.9 and 9.6% (p less than 0.01), respectively. Minor ECG abnormalities were more common in men than in women (7.3 versus 4.5%, p less than 0.01). Both major and minor ECG abnormalities were associated with an increased risk of death from coronary heart disease, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes. The strength of these associations was greater in men than in women. When baseline age, diastolic pressure, serum cholesterol, cigarettes smoked per day, diabetes and use of antihypertensive medication were taken into account, major abnormalities continued to be significantly related to each cause of death in both genders with much larger adjusted absolute excess risk and relative risk for men than for women. In multivariate analyses, minor ECG abnormalities contributed independently to risk of death in men, but not clearly so in women. The results indicate the independent association between ECG abnormalities and mortality from coronary heart disease, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes, with greater relative significance in middle-aged United States men than women. PMID- 3192851 TI - Arteriovenous fistula in the neonate. PMID- 3192850 TI - Ultrastructural findings in endomyocardial biopsy of patients with Kearns-Sayre syndrome. AB - Kearns-Sayre syndrome is clinically defined by progressive external ophthalmoplegia, atypical retinitis pigmentosa and the potential occurrence of complete atrioventricular (AV) block. Right septal endomyocardial biopsy specimens from nine patients (four men and five women with a mean [+/- SD] [corrected] age of 36.3 +/- 14.4 years) with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia and mitochondrial skeletal myopathy were studied. Three patients had atypical retinal pigmentation. An atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction defect was observed in five patients. A pacemaker was prophylactically implanted in one patient because of abnormal conduction distal to the His bundle. Ultrastructural investigations revealed mitochondriosis in many heart muscle cells and an increased variability of mitochondrial form and size in all patients. In seven patients, 0.4 to 2.1% of all examined myocytes contained exclusively abnormal mitochondria. Three main types were observed: huge, mainly round mitochondria with concentric cristae; large, round or oval mitochondria with transverse or curved cristae; and small, vacuolated mitochondria. The volume density of myofibrils was reduced (41.9 +/- 11.1 compared with the normal value of 56.5 +/- 2.5 volume density [in percent], p less than 0.01) in these myocytes. Increasing numbers of vacuolated mitochondria correlated significantly with a reduction of myofibrils (r = -0.64, p less than 0.01). The data suggest that the ventricular myocardium of most patients with complete and even incomplete Kearns Sayre syndrome is affected by disseminated mitochondrial cytopathy. PMID- 3192849 TI - Calcified aortic sinotubular ridge: a source of coronary ostial stenosis or embolism. AB - This report reviews the findings in a calcified lesion involving the ridge at the junction of the sinus and tubular portions of the ascending aorta. The histologic features resemble the alterations in calcified aortic valve and do not exhibit those of atherosclerosis. The 37 cataloged cases are among the more severe and dramatic instances of a lesion more common than the cataloged number would suggest. The involved ridge may be related to any of the sinuses, although that related to the right aortic sinus is most commonly affected. Major complications include coronary ostial stenosis or embolism in an epicardial coronary artery. Ostial stenosis results either from overhanging of an ostium by the aortic lesion or from invasion of the wall of the aorta at the site of the arterial takeoff. PMID- 3192852 TI - Value of endomyocardial biopsy in infants, children and adolescents with dilated or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. AB - Endomyocardial biopsy was performed in 20 symptomatic pediatric patients with the following clinical diagnoses: dilated cardiomyopathy in 16, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 2 and myocarditis in 2. Transfemoral biopsy was performed without complications in patients aged 2 months to 16 years; 6 were less than 1 year old. An average of five right ventricular specimens were obtained for histologic and ultrastructure study from each patient. In 16 patients with the clinical diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy, biopsy findings were compatible with the diagnosis in 8, but changed the diagnosis as follows in the other 8: myocarditis, 4; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 2 and carnitine deficiency syndromes, 2. In two patients with the clinical diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, biopsy findings confirmed the diagnosis in one and were normal in the other who had an encapsulated cardiac fibroma at operation. In two patients with the clinical diagnosis of myocarditis, biopsy findings confirmed the diagnosis in one and suggested dilated cardiomyopathy in the other. In the entire series, 25% had biopsy evidence of inflammatory disease. Biopsy findings were confirmed at subsequent autopsy in five cases. PMID- 3192853 TI - A comparison of paramedic versus basic emergency medical care of patients at high and low risk during acute myocardial infarction. AB - This prospective study compares the outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction managed by mobile intensive care (paramedic phase) with that of similar patients managed by basic emergency medical care (control phase) in the same community before the introduction of paramedics. All paramedic-transported patients were managed according to a standard chest pain protocol with use of prophylactic lidocaine and, as needed, treatment for sinus bradycardia, hypotension and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia. There were no specific interventions for supraventricular tachyarrhythmia or hypertension. All patients were treated under similar in-hospital protocols. Percent mortality in patients with hypotension, the highest risk subgroup in the control phase, was significantly lowered with paramedic-level care (69 versus 10%, p = 0.01). Patients with hypertension, a relatively low risk subgroup during the control phase (16% mortality), were also at lower risk during the paramedic phase (10% mortality). In fact, there was no mortality in either study phase for patients with an initial systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mm Hg. During the combined study phases, patients with normotension and tachycardia demonstrated a tendency toward higher percent mortality (33%) than either patients with normotension without tachycardia (10%) or those with hypertension and tachycardia (6%). Although the overall percent mortality was reduced by 24% (from 21 to 16%), this decrease was largely due to the improvement of patients with hypotension. Investigation into the feasibility of prehospital interventions for the high risk patient with acute myocardial infarction normotension and tachycardia appears warranted. PMID- 3192854 TI - Usefulness of sotalol for drug-refractory malignant ventricular arrhythmias. AB - Fifty patients with recurrent sustained symptomatic ventricular tachycardia (43 patients) or ventricular fibrillation (7 patients) resistant to a mean of 2.8 + 1.4 antiarrhythmic drugs were treated with sotalol, a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and 45 underwent invasive electrophysiologic testing before and after sotalol therapy. The arrhythmia became noninducible in 10, was slower and hemodynamically well tolerated in 12 and was poorly tolerated in 23. Four patients were empirically treated with long-term administration of oral sotalol as were 21 patients who either had noninducible arrhythmia (10 patients) or had hemodynamically stable ventricular tachycardia (11 patients). In these 25 patients treated with long-term administration of sotalol, there was no recurrence of ventricular tachycardia in the group with noninducible arrhythmia, whereas 37% of patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia had new ventricular tachycardia or sudden death. Programmed ventricular stimulation with up to three extrastimuli proved to be an excellent predictor of drug efficacy and a good predictor of inefficacy. A positive prior response to amiodarone was not a reliable indicator of a positive response to sotalol. Side effects included those attributed to both beta-adrenergic blockade as well as proarrhythmic effects. The latter were observed in two of four patients with a QT interval greater than 600 ms. Sotalol was found to be effective therapy for a subset of patients with ventricular tachycardia unresponsive to type IA drugs. PMID- 3192855 TI - The effects of acutely increased ventricular cavity pressure on intrinsic myocardial connective tissue. AB - Studies of normal hearts have revealed a variety of intrinsic connective tissue structures that surround and interconnect myocytes and ventricular mural layers. Among these structures, springlike coiled perimysial fibers, arrayed parallel to myocytes in the interstitial space, have been described in papillary muscle and ventricle. To evaluate the role of the coiled perimysial fibers under perturbed conditions, rat ventricles were filled with barium-gelatin under different pressures and fixed, and then the myocardium was impregnated with silver to visualize the connective tissue. Ventricles were filled at 30, 70 and 100 to 120 mm Hg. The coiled perimysial fibers were studied for their orientation, stretch, integrity and relation to sarcomere length. The coils were noted to embed within the fibrous anulus and to knot into an umbilical-like mass at the apex, thus anchoring them at both ends of the ventricle. They underwent focal straightening even at 30 mm Hg, with generalized straightening and disruption at the highest pressure; changes were most pronounced in the midventricle. Sarcomeres were maintained below 2.2 micron at 30 and 70 mm Hg of cavity pressure in regions of coiled perimysial fiber stretch; only with fiber disruption at 100 to 120 mm Hg were sarcomeres significantly lengthened. Other findings included connective tissue disruption between ventricular wall layers that allowed slippage of myocytes and mural thinning. These observations suggest that coiled perimysial fibers may act as a buffer to protect myocytes from damage under the effects of high cavity pressure. PMID- 3192856 TI - "Atypical" posteroseptal accessory pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. AB - The posteroseptal accessory pathway in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is associated with a delta wave that is negative in the inferior electrocardiographic (ECG) leads and the occurrence of the earliest retrograde atrial activation near the orifice of the coronary sinus during atrioventricular (AV) reentrant tachycardia. Seventy-two patients with a posteroseptal accessory pathway underwent epicardial mapping before operative ablation. The earliest epicardial activation occurred at the posterosuperior process of the left ventricle in all patients. Dissection of the posteroseptal region (right atrial left ventricular sulcus) resulted in permanent loss of preexcitation in 69 patients and failure to abolish preexcitation permanently in 3. At reoperation in two patients, preexcitation was abolished by discrete cryoablation of the left side of the interatrial septum near the AV node approached through the atrial septum in the normothermic beating heart. At reoperation, one patient had extensive AV node dissection. All patients have had permanent loss of preexcitation. The vast majority of posteroseptal accessory pathways ("typical") are epicardial and ablated by dissection of the posteroseptal region. Rarely, posteroseptal accessory pathways are "atypical" in that they are intraseptally located near the AV node on the left atrial endocardial surface. PMID- 3192857 TI - ACC news. President's page: private sector relations. PMID- 3192858 TI - Symposium on Myocardial Reperfusion 1988: practical considerations. PMID- 3192859 TI - Mortality from asthma, 1979-1984. AB - Review of data from the National Center for Health Statistics to characterize deaths from asthma disclosed increases in rates of death from 1.2 per 100,000 in 1979 to 1.5 in 1983 and 1984. For black subjects, rates of death from asthma increased from 1.8 in 1979 to 2.5 in 1984; for white subjects, from 1.1 in 1979 to 1.4 in 1984. Age-adjusted rates of death from asthma increased from 1.9 in 1979 to 2.8 in 1983 and 2.6 in 1984 for black subjects, and from 0.8 to 1979 to 1.0 in 1984 for white subjects. Rates for other minority groups have been lower than rates for white subjects. A modest increase in prevalence of asthma among black subjects is insufficient to account for their much higher rate of death from asthma. Increases in rates of death have occurred in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in all regions of the country and in all but a few states. At least half the deaths from asthma have occurred at hospitals: this proportion did not change from 1979 to 1984. Increases in deaths from asthma have occurred in several other countries as well. Other reviews of deaths from asthma have implicated undertreatment and delays in treatment with bronchodilators and adrenal corticosteroids as factors contributing to death. High rates of death among black subjects suggest underutilization or lack of accessibility of health care. The large proportion of deaths that have occurred at hospitals suggests delays or other inadequacies of treatment at hospitals. PMID- 3192861 TI - Increases in airway responsiveness to histamine precede allergen-induced late asthmatic responses. AB - Changes in airway responsiveness to histamine after allergen inhalation challenge were studied in 14 nonsmoking atopic adult subjects with asthma. Inhalation challenges with allergen and with phosphate-buffered saline (control challenge) were performed single blind in random order, with an interval of 14 days. The development of a late asthmatic response was accompanied by an increase in airway histamine responsiveness that was significant when it was compared with the airway histamine responsiveness after the control challenge at 3 hours (p less than 0.01), 24 hours (p less than 0.01), and 48 hours (p less than 0.02), with recovery at 2 weeks after allergen inhalation. The 3-hour changes in airway responsiveness occurred independently of changes in airway caliber and correlated with the magnitude of the subsequent late response (r = 0.86; p less than 0.001). These results suggest that the tissue events (possibly airway inflammation) that underlie the late asthmatic response may occur before this response becomes clinically apparent. PMID- 3192860 TI - Cockroach hypersensitivity: isolation and partial characterization of major allergens. AB - Two allergenic fractions in crude American cockroach extract have been isolated with Sephadex G-150 SF gel filtration and diethylaminoethylcellulose ion exchange chromatography. The partially purified fractions of Cr-PI and Cr-PII elicit 73% and 93% of patients sensitive to the crude extracts, respectively. Crude extract contains at least 29 antigenic components, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Eighteen allergenic arcs are identified by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Electroblotting analysis with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals nine allergenic components of molecular weights of 120,000, 110,000, 90,000, 78,000, 72,000, 49,000, 45,000, 29,000, and 26,000 daltons that are able to bind specific IgE. Among these nine principal allergens, two components of molecular weights 78,000 and 72,000 daltons bound 100% of the sera of atopic patients tested. These two proteins are undoubtedly the major allergens of American cockroach extract. PMID- 3192862 TI - Evaluation of commercial imported fire ant extracts by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and radioallergosorbent test. AB - Imported fire ant whole-body extracts (IFAWBE) from three major U.S. commercial suppliers and a reference IFAWBE and imported fire ant venom (IFAV) preparation were compared by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and RAST-inhibition testing. Results of crossed immunoelectrophoretic studies showed major differences in antigen content between commercial preparations. IFAWBE and IFAV RAST-inhibition testing showed that no commercial extract had equivalent inhibitory activity to the reference IFAWBE. Reference IFAWBE reached 50% inhibition of IFAWBE and IFAV RAST at 52 and 492 micrograms/ml, respectively. IFAV gave 50% inhibition of IFAWBE and IFAV RAST at 5.9 and 58 micrograms/ml, respectively. Of the commercial extracts, only those from one supplier were able to reach 50% inhibition of the reference IFAWBE RAST, and no commercial extract from any supplier was able to reach 50% inhibition of IFAV RAST. Analysis of inhibition slopes and intercepts confirmed that there were both qualitative and quantitative differences among the commercial extracts and the reference IFAWBE and IFAV. Our findings suggest possible reasons why some individuals fail to respond to testing or immunotherapy with IFAWBE and show the urgent need for standardization of allergenic extracts for diagnosis and treatment of imported fire ant sensitivity. PMID- 3192864 TI - Estimation of IgE antibody with a nonisotopic technique with no interference of isotypic antibodies. AB - A modified ELISA was developed to estimate antigen-specific IgE antibody. IgE against ragweed antigen E (AgE) was the model system, and paired pre- and postimmunotherapy sera were evaluated because the latter had been demonstrated to contain significant amounts of IgG antibody. Patients' serum IgE was bound to the surface of wells of a polystyrene microtiter plate previously coated with monoclonal murine antihuman IgE. After washing, AgE conjugated with alkaline phosphatase was added and was specifically bound by IgE. Optical density was recorded after addition of enzyme substrate to the wells and was proportional to the concentration of IgE directed against ragweed AgE in the serum samples. In contrast to many other assay techniques for antigen-specific IgE, interference by specific antibody of other classes cannot occur with this method. Results correlated well with those of a previously described solid-phase radioimmunoassay that required myeloma IgE. PMID- 3192863 TI - Antibody responses in watermelon sensitivity. AB - Watermelon-specific IgE (WM-IgE) appears to mediate the oropharyngeal symptoms after watermelon ingestion. However, less than one fourth of watermelon-sensitive individuals (i.e., those with detectable WM-IgE) develop such symptoms after watermelon ingestion. In an attempt to separate symptomatic from asymptomatic persons, we measured watermelon-specific-IgE and IgG4 concentrations in the sera of 29 watermelon-sensitive patients, 6 of whom were symptomatic. Although the mean WM-IgE level of the symptomatic group exceeded that of the asymptomatic group (p = 0.04), individual WM-IgE values failed to distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic persons. No differences in WM-IgG4 levels between the two groups could be found. Watermelon extract proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing and blotted to nitrocellulose membranes. The membranes were reacted with the individual sera of 14 watermelon-sensitive patients and then stained for IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 binding. Great variations in IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 binding patterns were found, but no subtype restrictions were discovered. Although the pattern of IgE-stained bands in the absence of corresponding IgG1-stained bands was seen more frequently in symptomatic individuals, immunoblot patterns failed to separate symptomatic from asymptomatic persons. We conclude that the pattern of IgE, IgG1, and IgG4 responses to separated watermelon allergens was not predictive of clinical symptoms in a group of watermelon-sensitive patients. PMID- 3192865 TI - Allergens in Hymenoptera venom. XX. Isolation of four allergens from imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) venom. AB - Commercial Solenopsis invicta (Sol i) venom was fractionated by gel filtration and high-performance cation exchange chromatography. Four proteins were isolated and purified to homogeneity. The four proteins were tested with a panel of sera from patients allergic to fire ant venom; all proteins had significant allergenic activity. These proteins corresponded to four of the bands we previously reported to be allergenic by immunoblot analysis. Sol i I has an apparent molecular weight of 37,000 daltons and yields bands of 18,000, 16,500 and 14,000 daltons in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; cation-exchange chromatography indicates that there are three charge forms. Sol i II has a native molecular weight of 28,000 daltons and appears to be easily cleaved into half molecules; it is a phospholipase structurally unlike either bee or wasp phopholipases. Sol i III has a native and denatured molecular weight of 26,000 daltons. Sol i IV has an apparent native molecular weight of 20,000 daltons and gives a single chain of 15,000 daltons in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Sol i II and III are the major proteins in the venom; there are only small amounts of Sol i I and IV. All are significant allergens, and patients are found who react most strongly with each. Regression analysis of RAST data with highly purified allergens indicated that the IgE responses to the allergens were not related to each other. Amino acid compositions indicated that the four allergens were distinct and that the allergens were structurally different from each other. Four proteins identical to Sol i I to IV were isolated from hand-milked pure venom. PMID- 3192866 TI - Allergens in Hymenoptera venom. XXI. Cross-reactivity and multiple reactivity between fire ant venom and bee and wasp venoms. AB - The relationships between fire ant venom and bee and wasp venoms were explored by studying sera from five groups of subjects. Group 1 included adults not allergic to any venoms and who were not exposed to fire ants. Group 2 included adults with fire ant exposure who were not allergic to venoms. Group 3 included patients with recent systemic reactions to fire ant venom. Group 4 included patients allergic to bee and vespid venoms with no fire ant exposure. Last, group 5 included patients allergic to bee and vespid venoms with fire ant exposure. None of the serum samples from group 1 was RAST reactive to fire ant venom, but 24% of those from group 2 were fire ant positive, as were 100% of those from group 3, 51% of those from group 4, and 87% of those from group 5. The RAST-positive patients in groups 2 and 5 were also skin test positive. RAST inhibition studies demonstrated cross-reactivity in some cases and multiple reactivity in others. The serum samples were further investigated via nondenaturing electrophoretic immunoblot studies and RAST with highly purified allergens. Serum samples from group 4 reacted to a single band on immunoblots and with only one of the four purified allergens from fire ant venom (Solenopsis invicta I, or Sol i I). Serum samples from groups 2, 3, and 5 showed various patterns of allergen reactivity. All serum samples from patients allergic to fire ant venom who also reacted to bee and/or vespid venoms by RAST contained IgE antibodies binding to Sol i I.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192867 TI - The effect on airway function of inspired air conditions after isocapnic hyperventilation with dry air. AB - The magnitude of postexercise or posthyperventilation bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma is related to the temperature and the water content of the inspired air during the exercise or hyperventilation period. Recent studies have suggested that the inspired air conditions during recovery from exercise may also be important in determining the magnitude of postexercise airway narrowing. In the present study, normal subjects (n = 8) and patients with asthma (n = 12) were studied on separate days. On day 1 the subjects performed isocapnic hyperventilation with warm dry air and recovered breathing warm dry air. On the second day, an identical warm dry air challenge was administered, but recovery occurred while they were breathing warm humid air. There was no significant bronchoconstriction in the normal subjects, irrespective of the inspired air conditions during recovery. The patients with asthma showed greater bronchoconstriction during recovery in warm, humid air (maximal decrease in FEV1 31% +/- 17%) than in dry air (maximal decrease in FEV1 19% +/- 20%; p less than 0.05). These results suggest that the inspired air condition during recovery from isocapnic hyperventilation of dry air is also a determinant of the magnitude of the bronchoconstrictor response. PMID- 3192868 TI - Idiopathic anaphylaxis: classification, evaluation, and treatment of 123 patients. AB - The manifestations, evaluation, treatment, and course of 123 patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis (IA) are described for a total of 374 patient years of our management. Observation of this group of patients resulted in the description and classification of IA as one or more episodes of generalized IA with multiple systemic manifestations or IA with life-threatening angioedema of the tongue or larynx. Therapy is based on the frequency of episodes. Acute therapy is appropriate for infrequent episodes, but prophylactic therapy is indicated for frequent episodes. In patients with frequent episodes, remissions can be induced and maintained with prednisone. Prolonged remissions may occur after prednisone is stopped. There have been no deaths from IA in patients managed by our service. By definition, there is no identifiable antigen responsible for episodes of IA, and there is no underlying disease in these patients. A mast cell basophil activation mechanism is suggested. IA may represent the most severe form of a spectrum of diseases that include idiopathic urticaria and angioedema. PMID- 3192869 TI - Natural immunity to dust mites in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. AB - Chronic rhinosinusitis is an extremely common clinical problem of which the etiology is poorly understood. To understand the role of common environmental antigens in this disease, natural immunity to antigens derived from the house dust mite was evaluated in 22 adults with chronic rhinosinusitis and compared to a carefully matched group of patients with chronic asthma or to a group of normal individuals. Allergic reactivity to dust mites was very common in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, with 68% exhibiting a positive immediate skin test reaction and 41% exhibiting elevated levels of mite-specific serum IgE; 72% of patients with rhinosinusitis also exhibited markedly elevated levels of mite specific serum IgG, which were present in both mite-allergic and nonallergic patients. IgG titers were much higher in the group with rhinosinusitis than in patients with asthma, whereas allergic reactivity to dust mites was significantly higher in the patients with asthma. Mite-specific immunity was low or absent in the group of normal individuals. These findings demonstrate that natural immunity to dust mites is very common in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and suggest that immunity to mites may be involved in this syndrome. Furthermore, the data indicate that there may be significant differences in the ability of patients with rhinosinusitis or asthma to produce mite-specific antibodies of the IgG class. PMID- 3192870 TI - The use of sequential doses of inhaled histamine in the measurement of bronchial responsiveness: cumulative effect and distortion produced by shortening the test protocol. AB - We have evaluated a shortened protocol for measuring bronchial responsiveness to histamine. This safely eliminates unnecessarily low doses from a standard doubling dose sequence (i.e., full protocol) so that the dose provoking the definitive 20% decrement in FEV1 (PD20) is usually reached within two or three dose increments. In 20 subjects with asthma tested with both protocols, the ratio of geometric mean PD20 short protocol (86.8 micrograms) to PD20 full protocol (45.7 micrograms) was significantly greater than 1 when the results were expressed on a noncumulative scale (1.90 versus 1; p less than 0.001). When PD20 was expressed on a cumulative scale, the discordance was less striking (123.7 versus 89.2 micrograms, respectively), but this ratio (1.39) was still significantly greater than 1 (p = 0.007). By contrast, duplicated measurements of PD20 with the full protocol and the cumulative scale elicited a ratio of geometric mean PD20 day 1 (63.0 micrograms) to PD20 day 2 (67.0 micrograms) of 0.94, which was not significantly different from 1. Thus, the bronchoconstrictor effect of histamine depends on both the cumulative dose and the number of component doses. We conclude (1) that PD20 histamine is more nearly accurately expressed on a cumulative than on a noncumulative scale and (2) that histamine is less suitable for shortened protocols than methacholine because a reduction in the number of component doses produces significant distortion of the PD20 result. PMID- 3192871 TI - Comparison between modified skin prick test with standardized allergen extracts and Phazet. AB - Skin prick tests (SPTs) represent one of the most common techniques of skin testing and are of great value, especially when standardized extracts are used. Phazet is a puncture test involving needles coated with standardized allergens. Phazet and SPTs have been compared in 130 subjects tested with six standardized allergen extracts: orchard-grass, olive, and mugwort pollens, cat dander, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, and Alternaria. Patients have been carefully selected on the basis of a suggestive clinical history, SPTs, and RAST. For all allergenic species, at least 20 nonsensitive individuals have been tested. The sensitivity (true positive in percent of patients with disease) of Phazet was 99.4%, and its specificity (true negative in percent of patients without disease) was 99.2%. It is concluded that Phazet and SPTs with standardized extracts are equally effective in the diagnosis of immediate-type allergy and that standardized extracts have improved the diagnosis of allergy, especially for previously poorly characterized extracts, such as Alternaria. PMID- 3192872 TI - New directions and dimensions in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Chicago, Illinois, July 16, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3192873 TI - An update on the Short Report. PMID- 3192874 TI - The context of weight changes: factors associated with weight changes in adult women. AB - The purpose of the investigation was to identify what factors are associated with body weight and with year-to-year changes in body weight. To this end, a broad spectrum of assessments was made. Outcomes of the assessments were correlated with the dependent variables, net weight change, and current body mass index among 87 women not associated with a weight-loss program. The subjects were volunteers of middle socioeconomic status with a mean age of 45 years. Two-thirds were overfat. Multiple regression models were constructed to predict the dependent variables. The weight changers were most likely to be obese. Approximately 30% of the variance in body mass index could be accounted for by a positive association with eating anxiety scores and satisfaction with food intake scores. It was not possible to explain a meaningful portion of the variance in net weight change. The findings are consistent with a pendulum pattern of weight changes with a swing range of at least 1 year. Factors that are associated with obesity are not necessarily correlated with weight changes. PMID- 3192875 TI - Serving size issues in estimating dietary exposure to food substances. AB - The intake of cola beverages from two national surveys (NFCS 1977-78 and NHANES II) was used to examine certain assumptions important to a mathematical model employed to estimate dietary exposure to substances in food. The assumptions center on the relationship between frequency of consumption and serving size and on the constancy of serving size within age groups. Results showed the frequency of cola consumption was associated with 55% to 83% of the variability in cola intake and that mean cola serving size was not linearly related to frequency of consumption. However, while upper-level (90th + percentile) cola consumers consumed more frequently, they also had larger than average serving sizes. Therefore, because the model incorporates a standard serving size, it significantly underestimated (p less than .01) intake for the two groups of upper level consumers examined. Furthermore, comparisons for cola serving sizes reported in the surveys showed differences by sex as well as systematic differences between the surveys in that the average difference between age and sex groups within each survey was similar, but NFCS 1977-78 had a larger average size for each group than did NHANES II. Attention should be given to the nature of the food consumption databases used for estimating dietary exposure because systematic bias may cause considerable differences in estimation. PMID- 3192876 TI - Nutritional risk screening: development of a standardized protocol using dietetic technicians. AB - The development of a standardized screening mechanism for identifying patients in compromised nutritional status is beneficial for prompt initiation of nutrition care. A pilot screening study was conducted at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital over a 3-month period to determine the prevalence of patients meeting defined nutritional risk criteria. Dietetic technicians screened each nursing unit once, in random order, until the entire hospital had been screened. Results indicated that one-third of the 225 patients screened were at nutritional risk. From those results, a standardized screening protocol and charting form were developed. The current screening procedure includes the original pilot study parameters of height, weight, albumin, diagnosis, and type of nutritional support, as well as additional parameters. Dietetic technicians also collect data on weight changes, appetite status, number of surgical procedures, and length of hospital stay. Criteria are listed under a severe risk or a moderate risk category. Patients meeting one severe or two moderate risk criteria are considered at nutritional risk. Recent data verify that more than one-third of patients screened are at nutritional risk. Through the utilization of technical support personnel, the standardized protocol has helped to identify patients who meet nutritional risk criteria. PMID- 3192877 TI - Factors influencing duration of breast feeding among low-income women. AB - Forty low-income breast feeding primiparous women were interviewed to determine whether family member and peer attitudes toward breast feeding and available postpartum support were associated with continued or early termination of breast feeding. Mean breast feeding duration equalled 20.5 weeks (range, 1 to 52 weeks). When an outside source of assistance (a doula) was available during the first 2 weeks postpartum, mean duration was 23.4 weeks compared with 12.3 weeks when a doula was unavailable (p less than .05). Breast feeding duration was independent of the doula's attitude regarding breast feeding. Duration of breast feeding was significantly longer for breast feeding women who participated in the USDA Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) than for those who did not participate. All of the women claimed to like breast feeding; 93% of the husbands or boyfriends, 83% of the women's mothers, and 81% of the women's best friends had positive attitudes toward breast feeding. The more breast feeding friends the woman had, the longer she breast fed (r = .32, p less than .05). Termination of breast feeding was not due to perceived negative attitudes of family members and peers regarding breast feeding. PMID- 3192878 TI - Nutritional status and phytate:zinc and phytate x calcium:zinc dietary molar ratios of lacto-ovo vegetarian Trappist monks: 10 years later. AB - A nutrition assessment of 16 members of a community of lacto-ovo vegetarian Trappist monks was conducted in 1977. Plasma zinc was found to be low-normal, which was attributed primarily to high intakes of phytate-containing foods. Individual and group counseling were instituted over a 10-year period in an attempt to emphasize the importance of wise food selection within the constraints of lacto-ovo vegetarianism. In 1987, a more comprehensive nutrition assessment of 21 members of the same community was performed. Food composites were analyzed, and 3-day instead of 24-hour dietary records were kept. Intakes of phytate containing foods had decreased from 4,569 to 972 mg/day; intake of dietary zinc had increased from 7.4 to 9.7 mg/day; and the phytate:zinc molar ratio had decreased from 67 to 14 for the years 1977 and 1987, respectively. An analyzed phytate:zinc molar ratio of 9.8 and an analyzed phytate x calcium:zinc molar ratio of 0.3 were representative of the 1987 community. Both were within normal ranges. Plasma zinc had risen to upper-normal levels. The 1987 nutrition assessment showed that it is possible to be adequately nourished with a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet provided one has proper knowledge of the phytate-containing foods and the methods for compensating with foods of greater mineral density (primarily zinc). PMID- 3192879 TI - Nutrition services in state and local public health agencies: how do we measure up in 1987? AB - In 1987, a second biennial mail survey of public health nutritionists in 54 state official public health agencies identified 2,048 budgeted positions compared with 2,931 in 1985, a 30% loss in the state and local health agencies. To achieve the recommended staffing ratio of one public health nutritionist per 50,000 population for policy, program planning, and program management, an estimated 2,812 more nutritionists are needed for a total of 4,850, or a 60% increase. The number of state personnel systems requiring graduate public health training decreased from 19 to 6, while the number requiring R.D./registration eligibility increased from 24 to 33. Fifty-five percent of positions for public health nutritionists are funded from the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children, and 10% from the Maternal and Child Health Block Grant. Positions funded from state general revenue doubled from 8% in 1985 to 15% in 1987, while local revenue stayed at about 10%. The midpoint of state salary ranges for the public health nutritionists varied from $14,310 to $38,310. Perceived constraints to expanding nutrition services were inadequate state funding, low agency visibility, and low legislative priority. At a time when consumer interest in nutrition is high and research associates dietary factors with major public health problems, the challenge is to advocate more aggressively for public health nutrition services and funding. PMID- 3192880 TI - Self-esteem of adolescents enrolled in a weight reduction program. PMID- 3192881 TI - Nutrition education: a review of results and a report of activities provided by Army dietitians. PMID- 3192882 TI - Evaluating sources of employee feedback in foodservice. AB - Foodservice supervisors and employees have different perceptions of the usefulness of sources of employee feedback. Supervisors tend to overestimate the usefulness of feedback to their employees and underestimate the impact of sources of feedback over which they do not have direct control. Supervisors must realize that feedback sources such as coworkers and the work itself are useful to employees and may affect employee performance. Frequent, specific feedback from the supervisor and linkage of formal rewards to performance are feedback strategies that could improve performance in foodservice. PMID- 3192883 TI - Sensory and instrumental assessments of spaghetti and meat sauce subjected to three holding treatments. PMID- 3192884 TI - Position of The American Dietetic Association: identifying food and nutrition misinformation. PMID- 3192885 TI - Code of Ethics for the Profession of Dietetics. PMID- 3192886 TI - Driving in patients with dementia. AB - These pilot data suggest that driving among individuals with incapacitating dementing illness may be an unrecognized, potentially serious problem. A simple 20-item screening questionnaire was administered to 72 referrals to the Dementia Research (outpatient) Clinic of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Thirty percent of the patient sample had at least one accident since the onset of symptoms of dementia. An additional 11% were reported by caregivers to have "caused" accidents. PMID- 3192887 TI - Drug-associated hospital admissions in older medical patients. AB - A survey of drug-related admissions of patients aged 50 years and older was conducted at the Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg to determine the interrelationship of risk factors, and isolate the effect of age. All nonelective medical admissions were prospectively assessed to determine the role of drug therapy as a contributory factor. Of the 863 eligible admissions, 162 exhibited at least one drug-related adverse patient event (DRAPE) at the time of hospitalization. This accounted for 19% of the admissions (23% of 718 admissions that involved prescription drugs). Although adverse drug reactions were responsible for many DRAPEs (48%), intentional noncompliance (27%), treatment failure (19%), alcohol (14%), and medication error (10%) were also frequent contributing causes. Drugs commonly implicated in DRAPEs were systemic steroids, digoxin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, alpha-methyldopa, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, theophylline, furosemide, sympathomimetics, thiazides, and benzodiazepines. The risk of a DRAPE was related to the number of diseases prior to admission (r = 0.81; P less than .026) and the number of drugs used (r = 0.77; P less than .001). Age was not correlated with the risk of a DRAPE. Females had significantly more adverse drug reactions, although sex was not a predictor for overall DRAPE risk. PMID- 3192888 TI - Identification of factors associated with the diagnosis of delirium in elderly hospitalized patients. AB - We analyzed factors associated with the discharge diagnosis of delirium among 1,285 patients admitted to a major teaching hospital during a 2-year period, developed a model to classify the risk of developing delirium on the basis of clinical and diagnostic data, and tested the model on 471 patients admitted during the subsequent year. Using the multivariate technique of recursive partitioning, we identified four factors that distinguished 80% of all cases of delirium: 1) a urinary tract infection at any time during the hospital stay (odds ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval = 2.02-4.58); 2) no urinary tract infection, but low serum albumin on admission (odds ratio = 2.4; 95% confidence interval = 1.43-3.99); 3) neither urinary tract infection nor low serum albumin, but elevated white blood cell count on admission (odds ratio = 1.99; 95% confidence interval = 1.18-3.37); 4) none of these risk factors, but proteinuria on admission (odds ratio = 1.82; 95% confidence interval = 1.25-2.66). Patients without any of these four risk factors had the lowest probability of developing delirium during their hospital stay. Among individuals with delirium, in-hospital mortality and hospital charges were higher. The model developed accurately characterized the risk of delirium when it was tested on patients admitted to the same hospital during the subsequent year. PMID- 3192889 TI - Targeting the hospitalized elderly for geriatric consultation. AB - This empirical study reports the proportion of hospitalized elderly patients who were identified as frail. As a part of a randomized controlled trial, standardized criteria were developed to target the frail hospitalized elderly for geriatric consultation. Twelve-hundred patients aged 65 years and older admitted to the medical and surgical services at the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Medical Center were screened. Because of administrative exclusions of the randomized controlled trial (eg, short stay, lived too far away), 749 (62%) were excluded from the clinical screening process. The remaining 451 patients received clinical screening. Of these patients, almost two thirds (64%) were considered "too independent" to benefit from geriatric consultation (ie, independent in activities of daily living with short term illness), while 12% were judged "too impaired" to benefit (ie, had severe dementia or terminal cancer). Only 24% of those clinically screened (9% of the entire sample) were considered appropriate for geriatric consultation. Strikingly, over 42% of those patients aged 76 or older, were judged "too independent." These data suggest that a large majority of the hospitalized elderly may be too well to benefit from geriatric consultation, thus making targeting by age alone inefficient. A realistic estimate of the percentage of hospitalized patients appropriate for geriatric intervention lies somewhere between 18% (the combined percentage of those found appropriate and those already enrolled in geriatric programs) and 24% (the proportion of the clinically evaluated group found appropriate). Targeting of subjects may be accomplished inexpensively using the authors' explicit criteria. Such targeting may help focus the use of interdisciplinary geriatric expertise on those most in need.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192890 TI - Myocardial infarction caused by hypotension during physical examination maneuvers in the elderly. PMID- 3192891 TI - Open heart surgery in patients in the eighth and ninth decades of life. AB - One hundred fifty-one patients aged 70-89 years underwent a variety of open heart surgical procedures during a period of 1 year. We divided these patients into two groups: Group A was comprised of 127 patients between 70 and 79 years of age. In group B, 24 patients were between 80 and 89 years of age. These patients underwent elective open heart surgery. Information was retrieved retrospectively from the computerized data pool of the cardiothoracic registry in our institution. Statistical analysis in these two groups revealed no significant differences in any of the evaluated factors. We concluded that age should not be a contraindication for cardiac operations. PMID- 3192892 TI - Acute epiglottitis in the elderly. A case report. PMID- 3192893 TI - Rethinking the approach to evaluating mental functioning of older persons. The value of careful observations. PMID- 3192894 TI - Decisions to leave home. What will the neighbors say? AB - This paper discusses two of the problems encountered when a decision not to institutionalize patients is made. When patient, physician, and family jointly decide to forego institutionalization, the family often subconsciously fears communal censure if it fails to call for help when the end is near. This may, at the last moment, prompt some families to call emergency teams and thwart the original purpose of the decision. Instances in which a previous decision not to institutionalize is justifiably interrupted, are discussed. Such an interruption does not necessarily foil the original plan if it is transient and one to provide comfort. An interactive model in which patients, health-care workers, families, and the community share is used. It is suggested that when a decision not to institutionalize is well-discussed, compassionately made, and carefully implemented, it may itself tend to reshape the communal ethos. As a result, communities, rather than expecting reflex action, are more prone to examine the appropriateness of institutionalization or emergency measures in particular cases and under particular circumstances. PMID- 3192895 TI - Improving medication compliance in the elderly. Strategies for the health care provider. PMID- 3192896 TI - Do not leave home. PMID- 3192898 TI - Reflections on the geriatric medicine examination. PMID- 3192897 TI - Disease--disability--mortality. PMID- 3192899 TI - Cardiac baroreflex sensitivities in conscious, unrestrained, Long Evans and Brattleboro rats. AB - Cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (BRS; i.e. the slope of the line relating change in pulse interval to change in systemic arterial pressure) was assessed in response to an increase in mean blood pressure (MBP) evoked by methoxamine or a decrease evoked by sodium nitroprusside. Measurements were made in Long Evans (i.e. control) and in Brattleboro (i.e. vasopressin (AVP)-deficient) rats, following acute and chronic intravascular catheterization, and in water-replete and water-deprived states (the latter designed to reduce plasma volume and activate AVP-dependent mechanisms (in Long Evans rats]. There were no differences between the corresponding values for cardiac BRS in Long Evans and Brattleboro rats. Furthermore, water deprivation caused no significant changes in cardiac BRS in either strain. These results do not support the claim that absence of endogenous AVP in Brattleboro rats is associated with marked impairment of cardiac BRS, and indicate that chronic changes in circulating AVP do not cause systematic changes in cardiac BRS. PMID- 3192900 TI - The nucleus parvocellularis reticularis regulates submandibular-sublingual salivary secretion in the rat: a pharmacological study. AB - This experiment shows that activation of the nucleus parvocellularis reticularis in the rat brainstem provokes salivary hypersecretion by the submandibular sublingual glands. The secretory effect is mediated by cholinergic mechanisms, as the administration of atropine blocked the flow of saliva evoked by stimulation of the nucleus parvocellularis. In contrast, injection of dihydroergotamine (an alpha-blocker) and/or propranolol (a beta-blocker) failed to significantly reduce submandibular and sublingual salivary secretion when compared to a control group injected with distilled water. The cholinergic nature of the salivary response suggests that the nucleus parvocellularis reticularis exerts its secretory effect on the salivary glands parasympathetically rather than through mechanisms associated with sympathetic pathways. The area of the brainstem activated in the present study closely overlaps the region in which cell bodies of superior salivatory neurons have recently been identified with retrograde transport of peroxidase. The data presented herein represent functional proof in support of the location of the superior salivatory nucleus within the parvocellularis reticular formation. PMID- 3192901 TI - Electronic characteristics and membrane properties of neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion in guinea-pig. AB - Intracellular recordings were made from neurons (n = 75) in the inferior mesenteric ganglion (IMG) in guinea-pig to study the electronic characteristics and membrane properties of IMG cells which receive an excitatory, cholinergic input from mechanoreceptors in the gastrointestinal tract. An excitatory, cholinergic innervation from the periphery served as an index to identify the sympathetic neurons involved in the reflex inhibition of muscle tone when the gut is distended. Functionally identified neurons in the IMG were categorized into 4 subclasses (I, II, III and IV). Subclasses I and II comprised neurons which fired phasically (rapidly adapting), with the neurons in subclass II showing a voltage relaxation in the electronic potentials elicited by depolarizing current-clamps. Subclasses III and IV comprised neurons which fired tonically (slow adapting), with the neurons in subclass III also showing relaxation of electronic potentials. Active and passive membrane properties were determined for neurons in each of the 4 subclasses of IMG cells. Measured values for the charging time constant, the threshold current and the voltage threshold for firing (as well as calculated values for the input capacitance, specific membrane resistance, total surface area, cell diameter and cell space-constant) distinguished the neurons classed as phasic-firing from the neurons classed as tonic-firing. There were no statistical differences between the membrane properties of subclass I and II phasic neurons, or the membrane properties of subclass III and IV tonic neurons, to explain why the neurons in subclasses II and III showed a relaxation in electrotonic potentials during current-clamp. In the light of recent voltage clamp data on the IMG cells the actions of time conductances for potassium ions are discussed to account for the variations in the electrotonic behavior of these IMG cells. PMID- 3192902 TI - Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates multiple responses to cholecystokinin in rats. AB - Systemic injection of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) is known to inhibit food intake and gastric emptying, and to stimulate neurohypophyseal secretion of oxytocin (OT) in rats. Previous studies also have shown that surgical destruction of afferent fibers in the gastric vagus eliminates the inhibitory effects of CCK on food intake. The present experiments used capsaicin to destroy peripheral sensory fibers in rats, and confirmed the failure of CCK to inhibit food intake. Similarly, capsaicin pretreatment markedly attenuated the stimulatory effect of CCK on OT secretion and the inhibitory effect of CCK on gastric emptying in rats. These and other results suggest that in rats CCK acts on receptors located on afferent fibers in the gastric vagus and stimulates inhibition of gastric emptying predominantly via a vagovagal reflex arc through the brainstem. PMID- 3192904 TI - [Light vision and chorioretinal circulation. Study of the effect of procyanidolic oligomers (Endotelon)]. AB - Light vision is a major element of the visual function. However, it varies from one subject to another. Many factors may modify it in the absence of amy retinal pathology (age, fatigue, stress). A lower resistance to glare and an alteration of scotopic vision are often mentioned during medical visits. We endeavored to obtain a protection with Endotelon in subjects presenting no major retinal or ophthalmological pathology. Endotelon comes in tablets of 50 mg of procyanidolic oligomers. This compound of vegetal origin (from grape seeds) belongs to the chemical class of flavones which selectively fix on collagen and elastin fibers, thus reinforcing the structure of the vascular connective tissue. The drug efficiency on the resistance to glare and on the night morphoscopic vision was demonstrated by means of three tests: Comberg's nyctometer, Beyne's lantern and ergovision. One hundred subjects were tested in two center. In both center, a treated group received 4 tablets of Endotelon a day for five weeks and a control group received no treatment. Two patients stopped the experiment. Nyctometer: the improvement in the visual performances after glare as well as the rapidity with which these results were obtained is very significant compared to the results obtained by the control group. Visual adaptation to low luminances is also improved under treatment. Ergovision tests were performed in two light environments: a standard one and glare. These results support the previous ones. There is a narrow correlation between the decrease in visual performances after a quick retinal glare and the increase in the environmental luminance at the time of inclusion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192905 TI - Terbufos residues in wheat and barley. AB - A granular formulation of terbufos (Counter 15G) was added in-furrow at time of planting of wheat and barley. Foliage collected at several times was analyzed for total terbufos residues as terbufoxon sulfone. Maximum residues from application of 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha were 7.4 and 10.6 ppm, respectively, in wheat foliage samples collected 10 days postseeding. Wheat foliage collected at 53 days postseeding had residues averaging 0.32 and 0.58 ppm from the 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha applications, respectively. In 1985 residues in barley were consistently less than in wheat in 1985 with 4.4 and 7.0 ppm detected in foliage collected 10 days post application from the 1.5 and 3.0 kg/ha applications, respectively and 0.21 and 0.34 ppm detected at 53 days. Grain samples had 0.01 ppm or less residue at harvest. Straw samples had up to 0.75 ppm total terbufos residues at harvest. PMID- 3192903 TI - [Traumatic cataract and implantation]. AB - We report the results of with a ocular lens implantation in 132 cases of unilateral traumatic cataract. In most cases (130) the cataract was treated on using the extracapsular technique. Four types of intra-ocular lenses were used: Binkorst 2 loops implanted into the capsule (6%), Binkorst 4 loops sutured to the iris (18%), Anterior chamber implantation (19%), Posterior chamber implantation (57%). Implantation and cataract surgery were performed simultaneously in 85 cases (64.3%). Implantation was secondary in 47 cases (35.6%) implantation was performed as often in cases of contusion as in cases of perforating traumic, lens often in cases of intra-ocular foreign body. Implantation was usually primary in cases of contusion, now after secondary in cases of perforation. The most severe post operative complications are hypertony, corneal dystrophy (Binkorst 4 loops implantation and overall, anterior chamber lenses). Fonctional results in the child one 5 year old are about the same us in the adult. On the contrary in the child from 2 to 5, the results are bad because of the associated ocular lesions and fonctionnal amblyopia. In case of corneal associated lesions, it seems better to perform a primary implantation and eventually put the lens out of the center of the scar. Perforating keratoplasty must be reserved for cases of large central scotoma. In the cases of perforating trauma, surgery of the cataract must be differed if possible to allow simultaneous implantation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192906 TI - Persistence of the mixture of chlorfenvinphos and cypermethrin (Survan) in citrus fruits. AB - The Survan (a mixture of the insecticides chlorfenvinphos and cypermethrin) persistence in lemon citrus fruits, verna variety, is studied. In all the cases, residues of both compounds have been detected in the juices of the fruits treated. When the mixture of the insecticides is used at a concentration of 0.20%, the levels of chlorfenvinphos after 14 days is not higher than 0.14 ppm; however, when it is used at a 0.15% concentration, this value is overpassed in all the samples. The residues of the cypermethrin component are not higher than 0.35 ppm throughout the whole experiment. PMID- 3192907 TI - Detection of pentachlorophenol and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in fish bile and exposure water. AB - The glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of pentachlorophenol (PCP) that were present in the bile and exposure water of goldfish (Carassius auratus) were used to develop methodology to quantify PCP and its metabolites. Reverse phase HPLC with radioactivity detection separated PCP and its metabolites, and was used to verify a method of quantification that used differential extraction and scintillation counting. Extractions of aqueous phase at pH 2 or 8, with butanol, ethyl acetate, or ether indicated that ether at pH 8 best separated PCP from its metabolites. The sulfate conjugate of PCP was the major metabolite produced when goldfish were exposed to 125 micrograms 14C-PCP/l. It was present primarily in the exposure water, but also appeared in the bile. PMID- 3192908 TI - Deviations in hepatic amino acid profiles of mouse following repeated hexachlorophene administration. AB - Effects of repeated administration of hexachlorophene (HCP) on the food consumption, body and liver weights, liver somatic indices and hepatic levels of the free amino acids and amino acid-enzyme activities have been studied. A dose dependent reduction in body weights and food consumption and increased liver somatic indices suggested a progressive and on toward response to HCP. The concentrations of hepatic free amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, threonine, asparagine, glutamic acid and glutamine were significantly (p less than 0.001) increased while serine, glycine, taurine and alanine levels were unaffected. The aspartic acid levels showed a conspicuous decrement. The specific activity patterns of the amino acid-enzymes denoted reduced oxidation of amino acids in liver. The abnormal rise in branched chain and aromatic amino acids could be due to the reduced utilization because of the depletion of skeletal muscle mass and hepatic dysfunction in HCP intoxication. A pronounced reduction in aspartic acid levels may deserve consideration in the manifestation of hyperammonemia and neurologic symptoms in HCP intoxication. PMID- 3192909 TI - Abnormal patterns of embryogenesis in Dirofilaria immitis treated with ivermectin. AB - The percentage composition and spatial distribution of embryogenic stages in the uteri of female Dirofilaria immitis were examined at various times after treatment with a microfilaricidal dose of ivermectin and compared to nontreated parasites. Worms sampled 42 days post-treatment (PT) exhibited an increased proportion of stretched microfilariae in the distal portion of the uterus. A decreased proportion of developed embryos was noted in the mid body region of worms sampled 42 days PT, and these forms were completely absent from the proximal area of the uterus. Relative numbers and spatial distribution of other stages remained virtually identical to controls. Radical changes in the composition and spatial distribution of embryogenic forms were noted in the uteri of a single worm sampled 80 days PT. Unlike nontreated parasites and worms sampled 42 days PT, stretched microfilariae constituted the predominant form in the distal uterus of this worm, and these stages were found in decreasing numbers throughout the proximal segments. Also, the intermediate embryogenic stages were either rare or absent. PMID- 3192910 TI - Chemotherapy of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae in mice: a model for the evaluation of novel compounds for the treatment of onchocerciasis. AB - The model of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae (mf) injected into inbred CBA/Ca mice was studied for its usefulness as an additional primary/secondary drug screen for onchocerciasis. Invermectin, DEC, suramin, flubendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, Mel W, furapyrimidone, metrifonate, amoscanate and the new Ciba-Geigy compounds CGP 6140, CGP 20'376 and CGI 17658 all significantly reduced levels of mf at a dose of 5 X 100 mg/kg or less. An early dosing protocol, on days 3-7 after infection, was found to be generally more effective than dosing on days 11 15, followed by necropsy on day 18. In some cases there were important differences in levels of drug activity depending on whether the drug was administered by the subcutaneous or oral route, indicating that new compounds should be tested via both routes. Ivermectin was by far the most active compound examined, virtually clearing mf from the skin at a dose of 5 X 0.0063 mg/kg and producing a significant mf reduction (63.5%) at 5 X 0.0008 mg/kg following subcutaneous administration. In comparison, DEC was much less active, producing a 32.4% mf reduction at 5 X 25 mg/kg ranging up to a maximum of 72% reduction at 5 X 100 mg/kg. CGI 17658 was the most active compound examined next to ivermectin, almost 100% effective against skin mf at a dose of 5 X 6.25 mg/kg via the oral route while being less effective via subcutaneous administration (65% reduction). The lowest effective dose examined was 5 X 3.13 mg/kg (per os) which reduced mf levels by 64%. CGP 20'376 was also very active, resulting in a 46% (subcutaneous) and 62% (per os) reduction at a dose of 5 X 6.25 mg/kg. This mouse model has clearly identified all the known microfilaricides examined and also, to a lesser extent, those compounds considered to be principally macrofilaricides. We believe it has value as an additional drug screen for onchocerciasis, which will enable the evaluation of novel compounds against skin-dwelling Onchocerca mf at the primary/secondary level, providing complementary information to new in vitro screens using adult Onchocerca. PMID- 3192911 TI - Immunization of chicks at various ages with irradiated infective eggs of Ascaridia galli. AB - The possibility of safe immunization of chicks at an appropriate age with a double-dose irradiated Ascaridia galli vaccine given orally at two weeks interval was explored. Chicks immunized at 7 or 10 days of age were not affected adversely since they did not develop any clinical signs and there was no worm establishment after challenge infection. Immunization also elicited detectable circulating antibody titres, with IHA and the conglutinating complement absorption test having a tendency to be enhanced after the booster dose. PMID- 3192912 TI - Transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in Sukumaland, Tanzania. 1. Snail infection rates and incidence of infection in school children. AB - Seasonal density fluctuations of Bulinus nasutus populations with accompanying Schistosoma haematobium infection rates in relation to rainfall and habitat water volumes were studied at Ukiriguru, Mwanza, Tanzania. Alongside the snail investigations, 50 school children initially negative for urinary schistosomiasis were examined regularly to determine seasonal incidence rates for the infection. Of the 17,646 B. nasutus collected in 2 years, 156 (0.88%) were found shedding cercariae. Snail populations fluctuated seasonally as influenced by rainfall through its effects on habitat water volume. Monthly snail infection rates ranged from 0.09% to 3.19% and were highest in February and March, at the time of the short dry period. Monthly incidence of S. haematobium in school children ranged between 2.6% and 12.5%, being highest in April and May. There was a significant linear association between monthly snail infection rates and S. haematobium incidence rates in school children (r2s = 0.65 in 1982/83; r2s = 0.87 in 1983/84) suggesting that the maximum transmission period for urinary schistosomiasis in the area occurs during the short dry period, sometime in February/March so that most of the infections in the community would be detected in April/May. PMID- 3192913 TI - The occurrence of Rhabditis (Rhabditella) axei in the faeces of a chicken in Egypt. AB - Rhabditis axei, the free living nematode, was detected in the faeces of a chicken maintained in a clean cage in the parasitology laboratory, Zagazig University, Egypt. The source of these worms and the method of their transmission to the laboratory was discussed. The experimental inoculation of 3 chickens with R. axei demonstrated that their survival after passing through the intestine was not possible. Free living nematodes could be confused easily with Strongyloides sp. during routine faecal examination. PMID- 3192914 TI - Immunity to adult Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematospiroides dubius): survival or rejection of adult worms following transplantation to mice refractory to larval challenge. AB - Experiments were carried out to explore the survival of 14-day adult H. polygyrus following transplantation to mice of four strains, immunized by various protocols. Adult worm establishment and survival was unimpaired in CFLP mice which were totally refractory to larval challenge. Transplanted adult worms were also successful in NIH mice immunized by the 9-day abbreviated infection regime. However, NIH mice exposed to irradiated larvae or subjected to the divided primary infection, expelled transplanted adults. The 9-day abbreviated infection was further examined in SJL and (C57 Bl10 X NIH) F1 mice which expel adult worms during a primary infection and although this regime was unsuccessful in causing NIH mice to reject adult worms, expulsion of adult worms was accelerated in SJL and F1 mice. The survival of adult H. polygyrus was discussed in the context of stage-specific immunity and the delicate balance between the immunogenic stimuli from developing larvae, the immunomodulatory activities of adult stages and the host's genetically determined capacity to respond to these opposing signals. PMID- 3192915 TI - First report of Galactosomum ussuriense Oshmarin, 1963 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) from the shore birds of Visakhapatnam, India. AB - Adult trematodes identified as Galactosomum ussuriense Oshmarin, 1963 were recorded from the intestine of Sterna hirundo and Larus brunnicephalus from Visakhapatnam, India. The occurrence of metacercaria of this species in inshore and offshore fishes is discussed in relation to the ecology of the snail intermediate host. PMID- 3192916 TI - Experimental infection in a human subject by a possibly undescribed species of Taenia in Taiwan. AB - A cysticercus of a possibly undescribed species of Taenia which occurs commonly in Taiwan aborigines was used to establish an experimental infection in a human volunteer. Symptomatic effects attributed to the infection included diarrhoea, upper abdominal pain, and increase or loss of appetite over a four-month period. After an expelled proglottid was observed 122 days post-exposure, eggs and proglottids were found continuously until the patient was treated with anthelmintics. Antibody titres measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and levels of eosinophilia seemed to correlate with symptoms. Haematological analyses revealed an abnormal lipid metabolism during the entire symptomatic period. PMID- 3192917 TI - Haemonchosis in sheep and goats in Sierra Leone. AB - The incidence of haemonchosis in sheep and goats in Sierra Leone showed a seasonal variation with a high peak in the dry season (October to January) and a low one from March to May. Mean relative densities were significantly higher in young hosts and showed two peaks, a high one from August to December and a low one from April to June while the mean relative densities of old hosts were low and exhibited an irregular seasonal pattern with no defined peaks. The peak seasons in young hosts coincided approximately with the dry and rainy seasons. Male hosts showed an overall higher but not a significant mean relative density than females but for most of the months mean relative densities of infection of female hosts were not significantly higher than those of males. The roles of climatic conditions and arrested development (hypobiosis) and self-cure and host age immunity on Haemonchus contortus worm burdens are discussed. PMID- 3192918 TI - The effect of cyclosporin A on the course of Paragonimus miyazakii infection in rats. AB - The effect of the immunomodulatory fungal metabolite cyclosporin A (CyA) on the course of Paragonimus miyazakii infection in rats was studied. Administration of CyA 15 to 19 days post-infection resulted in a significantly lower recovery rate of worms and cyst formation in the host's lungs than in controls. Administration of CyA -1 to +3 days post-infection enhanced the growth and maturation of P. miyazakii, expressed as weight of worms and the number of worms with eggs in uteri with respect to control values. This study shows that administration of CyA to rats affects the host-parasite relationship, depending on the time of administration of the drug. PMID- 3192919 TI - Up to what point are cercariogenesis and sporocystogenesis reversible in schistosomes? AB - A study of larval development of Schistosoma haematobium in the snail Planorbarius metidjensis infected by transplanted sporocysts showed that some embryos in daughter sporocysts have characters intermediate between cercariae and sporocysts. These embryos are interpreted to be nearly mature cercariae that have partially reverted to be secondary sporocysts. If this explanation is correct, it would mean that the embryos which develop within trematode daughter sporocysts can differentiate either into cercariae or into a new generation of sporocysts, but originate from a single type of germinal cell. PMID- 3192920 TI - Effects of HIV superinfection on HBV replication in a chronic HBsAg carrier with liver disease. AB - A case of HIV superinfection observed in an HBsAg/HBeAg-positive male homosexual with chronic persistent hepatitis is described. Soon after the appearance of clinical and serological features of acute HIV infection, a rapid fall to a normal value of ALT was noted with simultaneous recrudescence of HBV replication lasting for several months as detected by an increase of the HBV-DNA concentration in the serum. Our observations suggest that the reduction of hepatocyte necrosis and the increase in HBV replication were a consequence of impaired T cell function during acute HIV infection. PMID- 3192921 TI - Chronic hepatitis D in intravenous drug addicts and non-addicts. A comparative clinico-pathological study. AB - In recent years chronic infection by the hepatitis delta virus (HDV) has become an important cause of chronic liver disease among drug addicts. To evaluate the influence of addiction to i.v. drugs on the course of this disease we have analyzed the clinical, histopathological, virological and evolutive features in 18 addicts and 11 non-addicts with chronic delta infection. Recent acute hepatitis D, documented as HDV superinfection, was observed in 14 addicts (77%) and in 2 non-addicts (18%) (P less than 0.02). At the time of evaluation for chronic liver disease, the frequency of symptoms, the degree of biochemical disturbances and the histopathological severity were similar in the two groups but the duration of HDV infection was probably shorter in drug addicts. HBV replication, as indicated by the presence of HBeAg and HBV-DNA in serum and HBcAg in liver, was more frequent in addicts. The amount of HDAg in liver tissue was also greater in addicts (P less than 0.005). Antibodies against the human immunodeficiency virus were detected in all of the addicts (P less than 0.001). Although most patients remained asymptomatic, significant histological worsening occurred in one half of the cases after a relatively short period of follow-up (25.1 +/- 16.3 months). The tendency to deteriorate in addicts (61% of cases) was greater than in non-addicts (36%). These observations suggest that the prognosis of chronic HDV infection is particularly poor in drug addicts in whom rapid deterioration may be related to simultaneous and inadequately controlled replication of hepatotropic viruses. PMID- 3192922 TI - Effect of propranolol on metabolic activity of the liver in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. AB - Many studies have been performed to investigate the haemodynamic effects of propranolol. However, little is known of its actions on the metabolic activity of the liver. This study aimed to investigate the influence of propranolol on hepatic function as assessed by the galactose elimination capacity (GEC) and the intrinsic clearance of indocyanine green (ICG). 15 patients with biopsy-proven alcoholic cirrhosis and portal hypertension were studied. 10 had GEC and ICG clearance measured before and after the i.v. injection of 15 mg of propranolol (group P) and 5 had ICG clearance measurement before and after normal saline injection (group C). Propranolol significantly reduced heart rate (P less than 0.005) and the porto-hepatic pressure gradient (P less than 0.01). Hepatic blood flow was not changed. GEC was not altered by propranolol. Propranolol decreased the intrinsic hepatic clearance of ICG as determined by the 'sinusoidal' model by 12% (P less than 0.01). This suggests that propranolol may have an inhibitory action on the hepatic elimination of ICG that is independent of any effect on total liver blood flow or drug metabolism, since intrinsic clearance is not influenced by changes in blood flow and ICG is thought not to be metabolized. PMID- 3192923 TI - Adaptive regulation of hepatic bile salt transport. Effect of prolonged bile salt depletion in the rat. AB - Exposure of the liver to increased bile salt flux can increase the bile salt maximum secretory rate (SRm), presumably through the induction of new transport sites. The converse, i.e., the down-regulation of SRm upon bile salt deprivation, has not been demonstrated. We examined the effects of bile salt depletion for 24 h and 48 h on taurocholate SRm and bromsulphalein (BSP) SRm, and on [14C]taurocholate binding to isolated liver surface membranes in unrestrained external biliary fistula rats. Taurocholate SRm was significantly decreased by 35% and 51% in 24-h-depleted and 48-h-depleted rats, respectively, compared with control, sham-operated rats. Maximal taurocholate concentration in bile was also significantly lower in bile salt-deprived rats. In contrast, BSP SRm was not significantly different between depleted animals and controls. Bile salt depletion for 24 h and 48 h did not significantly alter liver surface membrane protein recovery and membrane enzyme specific activity, including Na+ + K+ ATPase. Specific [14C]taurocholate binding to liver surface membranes was significantly decreased by 25% in 24-h-depleted rats compared with control rats. In contrast to taurocholate SRm, bile salt depletion for 48 h did not result in further reduction of specific taurocholate binding sites. This study demonstrates that taurocholate SRm progressively decreased in 24-h- and 48-h-bile salt depleted rats, this being consistent with adaptive down-regulation of hepatic bile salt transport.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192925 TI - Thyroid hormones and the hepatic handling of bilirubin. II. Effects of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the apparent maximal biliary secretion of bilirubin in the Wistar rat. AB - This study was undertaken in the Wistar R/A Pfd rat to investigate the effects of hypothyroidism and of hyperthyroidism on the maximal biliary excretion (Tm) of bilirubin and on the concentration and composition of bilirubin in liver and plasma at the end of a bilirubin load. Hypothyroidism caused a cholestatic condition with a 50% decrease in bile flow and in bilirubin Tm, and with an increased proportion of conjugated bilirubin in liver and plasma. This was associated with an increased ratio of bilirubin diconjugates to monoconjugates in bile, liver, and plasma, which can be ascribed to the increased hepatic conjugation activity towards bilirubin and/or to the prolonged retention of bile pigments in the hepatocytes with increased conversion of monoconjugates to diconjugates. Cholestasis induced by hypothyroidism was further characterized by a decreased biliary output of unconjugated bilirubin. The latter phenomenon might represent an indirect effect related to a decreased output of bilirubin monoconjugates with impaired hydrolysis to unconjugated bilirubin; it might also reflect the cholestatic condition with decreased excretion of the unesterified bile pigment as such. Hyperthyroidism resulted in a 1.3-1.4-fold increase in bile flow. The maximal bilirubin concentration in bile decreased 1.3-1.4-fold, so that the apparent maximal bilirubin excretion rate remained unchanged at 115 nmol.min 1.100 g-1, as observed in untreated rats. Hyperthyroidism lowered the bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity, produced a decreased ratio of bilirubin di- to monoconjugates in bile and plasma, and a decreased ratio of conjugated to total bile pigment concentration in liver and in plasma. Similar findings are present in the heterozygous Gunn rat strain and in patients with hepatic bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase deficiency. We therefore propose the hyperthyroid rat as an experimental animal model of Gilbert's syndrome. PMID- 3192924 TI - Serum bilirubin fractions in analbuminemic rats after bile duct ligation. Albumin requirement in the formation of covalently protein-bound bilirubin. AB - To clarify the role of albumin in the production of covalently protein-bound bilirubin (delta bilirubin, B delta) in the blood and the pathophysiological relevance of B delta, changes in the serum bilirubin level and histological findings in the liver, kidneys and myocardium were studied in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and Nagase analbuminemic rats (NAR) after bile duct ligation (BDL). In SD rats, the serum bilirubin level increased until 3 days after BDL, and was followed by the appearance of B delta. The increase in serum bilirubin was smaller in NAR, and no serum B delta was noted. Albumin administration to NAR 1 day after BDL increased serum bilirubin with the appearance of B delta. Serum bilirubin decreased in both SD rats and NAR 7 days after BDL. Marked deposition of bile pigments was noted in NAR in the renal tubular epithelium. The renal bilirubin content was decreased after albumin administration. From these results it is concluded that albumin is necessary for the production of B delta, and that renal deposition of bile pigments progresses in the absence of albumin. PMID- 3192927 TI - Porcine intestinal ammonia liberation. Influence of food intake, lactulose and neomycin treatment. AB - Lactulose and neomycin have, besides influencing ammonia production of the intestinal flora, been proposed to reduce glutamine-dependent ammonia formation. To test this hypothesis we determined the effects of lactulose and neomycin on the release or uptake of ammonia, urea, and amino acids across the intestine of freely moving healthy pigs. Blood was sampled from catheterized piglets (20 +/- 0.8 kg; n = 6) before and 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after a standard pig meal (750 g, 12% protein). After a week of lactulose (Legendal; 2 x 60 g/day) or neomycin (8 g/day) treatment this procedure was repeated. Electromagnetic portal and small bowel flow measurements were carried out in separate groups of pigs. Flow measurements were independent of the kind of food ingested. No significant alterations in flow could be detected during the 6 h study period. Portal and porto-arterial ammonia differences were significantly decreased after lactulose ( 20%) and neomycin (-35%) treatment. alpha-Amino-nitrogen absorption decreased in both groups as compared to controls, but this decrease did not reach significance. Systemic and portal glutamine levels as well as intestinal glutamine utilization were significantly lower in the treatment groups. Citrulline and glutamate levels and intestinal production decreased after treatment. In this in vivo model, ammonia liberation after protein meals decreased in animals pretreated with lactulose or neomycin. The decreased systemic and consequently intestinal glutamine utilization may contribute to a reduction of endogenous ammonia formation in the gut wall. Diminished absorption from the gut of alpha-amino-nitrogen may, however, also contribute to a decrease in ammonia production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3192926 TI - Involvement of tumor necrosis factor in endotoxin-triggered neutrophil adherence to sinusoidal endothelial cells of mouse liver and its modulation in acute phase. AB - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) has been shown to mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophil adhesion to liver sinusoidal endothelium in vivo. Female NMRI mice received either 5 micrograms lipopolysaccharide (R595) per animal alone (model A) or together with 116 mumol D-galactosamine (model B). One hour after injection, TNF activity in the serum was detectable to an equal extent in both models. Neutrophils in the liver, which had been identified by chloroacetate esterase staining of liver sections and quantitated by light microscopy, started to increase at 1 h and were elevated 10-fold above baseline at 6 h after application in (A) and (B). If 0.5 micrograms TNF instead of lipopolysaccharide was injected alone (model C) or together with D-galactosamine (model D), neutrophil influx into the liver was comparable to that observed in (A) or (B). Alanine aminotransferase activity in the serum was nearly normal in (A) and (C) 6 h after injection, while it reached levels up to 50-fold above baseline in models (B) and (D). This reflects the well-known D-galactosamine sensitization against lipopolysaccharide or TNF. Furthermore, degranulation of a large number of intrasinusoidal neutrophils could be observed 9 h after lipopolysaccharide galactosamine injection. The administration of 116 mumol D-galactosamine per animal alone led neither to a measurable TNF activity in the serum nor to an increase in alanine aminotransferase activity or number of liver neutrophils. If the animals had received 50 microliter turpentine subcutaneously 24 h prior to lipopolysaccharide, TNF or D-galactosamine injection, the induced acute-phase reaction suppressed the increase of liver neutrophils in all models. Acute-phase reaction also prevented neutrophil degranulation and the rise of alanine aminotransferase in (B) to a great extent, while serum TNF activity was only minimally affected. It is concluded that TNF mediates neutrophil adhesion to the sinusoidal endothelium in vivo and that acute-phase reactants prevent lipopolysaccharide- or TNF-induced neutrophil influx into the liver. PMID- 3192930 TI - Nutritionist barred from practicing medicine. PMID- 3192931 TI - Orthodontist entitled to amount due to him. PMID- 3192929 TI - Temperature as a predictive criterion for myocardial infarction. PMID- 3192928 TI - Modulation of the synthesis of apolipoproteins in rat hepatoma cells. AB - The present study was designed to investigate whether plasma lipoproteins and albumin can affect the basal synthetic rate of apolipoproteins in differentiated rat hepatoma cells (Fao) incubated in serum-free medium. The synthesis of apolipoproteins was measured by the incorporation of [35S]methionine into medium lipoproteins isolated by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Under all the experimental conditions used, Fao cells synthesized almost exclusively apolipoprotein E. When cells were incubated in the presence of 5-10% rat plasma the synthesis of apolipoprotein E increased 2-3-fold; lipoprotein-deficient serum had a negligible effect. Fatty acid-poor bovine serum albumin (BSA), which had been found to reduce very-low-density lipoprotein secretion in isolated rat hepatocytes, did not modify the synthesis of apolipoprotein E. When Fao cells were incubated in medium containing rat plasma lipoprotein fractions, the synthesis of apolipoprotein E increased. The d less than 1.090 g/ml plasma lipoprotein fraction had the major stimulatory effect. Increased apolipoprotein E synthesis was observed when cells were incubated in the presence of lipids extracted from rat plasma lipoproteins. These results suggest that the intracellular accumulation of lipoprotein-lipids plays an important role in regulating apolipoprotein E synthesis in Fao cells. PMID- 3192932 TI - Rite of passage: the changing face of graduate medical education. PMID- 3192933 TI - Depression: it may be your patient's best kept secret. PMID- 3192934 TI - The latchkey solution in Indiana. PMID- 3192935 TI - Winning at stock market investing. PMID- 3192936 TI - Analysis of commercial samples of acridine orange using high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - We analyzed commercial samples of acridine orange using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The mobile phase of 90:10:2.5 acetonitrile:de ionized water:pentane sulfonic acid gave baseline separations of components of acridine orange samples in 15 min. Many of the samples were fairly homogeneous; the absorbance due to the acridine orange component ranged from 83-97%. Among the 11 samples tested, one was not acridine orange, reputedly different samples were identical, and the principal component of one sample was not acridine orange. PMID- 3192937 TI - Distribution of protein disulfide isomerase in rat hepatocytes. AB - We investigated quantitatively the distribution of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in rat hepatocytes by immunocytochemistry using a post-embedding protein A gold technique. In hepatocytes, gold particles were mainly localized in the intracisternal space of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and nuclear envelopes. Autolysosomes engulfing ER were occasionally densely labeled, especially in rat hepatocytes previously treated with leupeptin in vivo, suggesting that the autophagosome-autolysosome system may be an important route for degradation of PDI. A few gold particles were also found on the plasma membranes. Localization of gold particles on the other subcellular organelles, such as Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and nuclear matrix, was sparse and at the control level. The predominant localization of PDI on the intracisternal surface of the ER and nuclear envelope supports a potential role of PDI in the formation of disulfide bonds of nascent polypeptides, thus accelerating formation of the higher-order structure of secretory and membrane proteins and rendering the translocation process irreversible. PMID- 3192938 TI - Development of a simple embedding procedure allowing immunocytochemical localization at the ultrastructural level. AB - Immunobed solution A is a water-soluble acrylic compound recently developed for immunocytochemical localization at the light microscopic level. In this study, we combined it with methyl methacrylate (MMA) to achieve sufficient hardness to obtain ultra-thin sections. Samples of platelets were dehydrated and embedded in the water-soluble acrylic mixture (WSAM). The embedding process was carried out at 4 degrees C and final polymerization was induced with either chemical (benzoyl peroxide) or physical (UV light) catalysts. Tubulin was localized at the ultrastructural level in sections embedded according to these two methods. Results were compared with those obtained in platelets processed in Lowicryl. Dehydration and embedding with the WSAM yielded a preservation of antigenicity similar to that obtained in Lowicryl. The new procedure benefits from the low temperature achieved during polymerization, providing good ultrastructural morphology and immunolocalization of protein antigens with the simplicity of a routine embedding procedure for light microscopy. PMID- 3192939 TI - International Union of Immunological Societies. Nomenclature Committee Working Group on Lymphokines. PMID- 3192940 TI - The interpretation of ELISA results by means of the standard deviation ratio. AB - An improved sensitivity to low levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was demonstrated when ELISA results were interpreted by a statistical method. The absorbance of each test well was compared with the mean absorbance of all low colour test samples. Those wells with an absorbance of more than two standard deviations above the mean were referred for confirmatory tests. Samples containing 1.0 ng/ml of HBsAg were reliably detected by a rapid assay technique (1.5 h). Predictive value analysis showed greater sensitivity than was possible from a direct comparison of test samples with controls. PMID- 3192941 TI - A sensitive chemiluminescence based immunoassay for antibody to staphylococcal peptidoglycan. AB - A sensitive chemiluminescence based immunoassay is described for measuring antibody to staphylococcal peptidoglycan in blood and dialysates from patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Peptidoglycan was isolated from a strain of S. epidermidis obtained from the dialysate of a CAPD patient with peritonitis and after sonication used to coat polystyrene beads. The coated beads were incubated with standard or sample and bound IgG was detected by the addition of affinity-purified goat anti-human IgG labelled with acridinium ester. After a wash stage 0.1 M nitric acid containing 0.1% hydrogen peroxide was added to the beads. Subsequently the chemiluminescence produced following the addition of 0.3 M sodium hydroxide was measured over a 2 s time interval with an automatic luminescence analyser. Using this technique the optimum dilution of serum for detecting antibodies to peptidoglycan was found to be 1/800 and for overnight effluent from CAPD patients the dilution was 1/8. Initial values of serum and dialysate antibody levels from 34 subjects are presented. This method has the advantage that it will detect concentrations of anti-peptidoglycan which are less than 1% of those in sera, the reagents remain stable for long periods and large numbers of samples can be processed on the same day. PMID- 3192943 TI - Spontaneous association of purified major histocompatibility class I antigens with recipient cells after removal of detergent. AB - Affinity chromatography purified major histocompatibility class I antigens (MHC class I) from rat (RT-1) and mouse (H-2) became spontaneously associated with human lymphocytes after removal of the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 by adsorption to Biobeads SM-2. No increased cell death was observed immediately after association with the new MHC class I antigen. However, after 20 h at 37 degrees C, cells with transferred antigen showed a lower viability than untreated cells. Long-time survival of the recipient cells improved if the MHC class I antigens were incorporated into liposomes. Lipids of differing compositions were investigated and the best long-term cell survival and the highest levels of transferred antigen were obtained with phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The transferred antigen exhibited time- and temperature-dependent removal from the cell surface and complement-mediated lysis of the cells indicated that some of the antigen was introduced into the membrane of the recipient cells. PMID- 3192944 TI - A new method for concentrating viable alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens. PMID- 3192942 TI - Purification of the fifth component of murine complement from ascites fluid. AB - The murine complement component C5 was purified on an affinity column using a monoclonal anti-mouse C5 antibody. We describe in this paper that ascites fluid from normal (C5-sufficient) mice contains almost as much C5 protein as mouse serum. Since ascites fluid is much easier to obtain in large quantities it is a convenient source for the purification of this mouse serum protein. PMID- 3192945 TI - Immunoreactivity and affinity of murine IgG monoclonal antibodies purified by caprylic acid precipitation. PMID- 3192946 TI - Thiocyanate elution estimation of relative antibody affinity. PMID- 3192947 TI - Mink-mouse hybridomas that secrete mink immunoglobulin G. AB - Optimum conditions were established to obtain mink-mouse interspecific hybridomas secreting mink IgG in fusions of mouse myelomas with mink immune spleen cells. Minks were immunized with allogeneic IgG, and the spleen cells were fused with three mouse myeloma lines P3-X63-Ag8.653, NSO and Sp2/0-Ag14. Of these, P3-X63 Ag8.653 and NSO were found to be the best fusion partners giving the highest yield of hybrid clones and number of IgG secreting clones. Cloning of mink-mouse hybridomas was efficient when BALB/c nu/nu peritoneal and spleen cells were used as feeders. The ten clonal lines produced secreted intact mink IgG molecules as shown by SDS-PAGE and subsequent immunoblotting. The secretion level of IgG ranged from 5 to 200 ng/ml in the clonal lines. PMID- 3192948 TI - A quick and simple method for the quantitation of lactate dehydrogenase release in measurements of cellular cytotoxicity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity. AB - A simple way of measuring and evaluating lactate dehydrogenase release from lysed tumor cells is described. LDH activity was determined as NADH oxidation or INT reduction over a defined time interval, which was limited by stopping the enzymatic reaction with the inhibitor oxamate. Reaction products were then assayed using a microplate reader. The principle of measuring LDH activity of cellular culture supernatants as a measure of cytotoxicity was successfully applied to a number of murine and human effector-target cell combinations (macrophages, monocytes, NK cells and cytotoxic T cells with P815, A375, K562 and Yac-1 tumor cells) as well as to the determination of TNF activity on L929 cells. Comparison with 51Cr release assays suggests that LDH release assays are an appropriate and possibly preferable means of measuring cellular cytotoxic reactions. This LDH release assay combines the advantages of reliability and simple evaluation characteristic of radioisotope release assays with the convenience of speed and avoidance of radioactivity. PMID- 3192949 TI - Measurement of natural killer cell cytotoxicity by area under a cytotoxic curve. A method suitable for rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Calculation of the area under a curve derived from a 51Cr cellular release assay gives a reproducible expression of cellular cytotoxicity and correlates well with results at fixed lymphocyte-to-target cell ratios and with lytic units at 20% and 30% cytotoxicity. This method is suitable for quantifying the low cytotoxicity seen in rheumatoid arthritis. The area under the cellular cytotoxic curve may be calculated using a simple mathematical formula or by computer analysis. PMID- 3192950 TI - An avidin-biotin amplified ELISA for thyrotropin in human serum. Its implication for routine determination of thyrotropin in developing countries. AB - In developing countries the acquisition and use of radioisotopes with their short shelf lives poses enormous problems. The objective of this study was to develop a simple, sensitive, non-isotopic method for the measurement of TSH in human serum. A conventional sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique was modified to incorporate the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) in order to enhance the sensitivity of a solid-phase micro-ELISA for TSH. The lower limit of TSH detectability was 0.2 mIU/l. TSH levels ranged from 0.3 to 5.1 mIU/l in euthyroid subjects, 11.5-98.0 mIU/l in hypothyroid subjects and less than 0.2-2.1 mIU/l in hyperthyroid subjects. Sera from euthyroid post-menopausal or pregnant women yielded TSH levels within the normal range. The correlation between the TSH values obtained in the ELISA-ABC and a sensitive commercial immunoradiometric method was high (n = 59, r = 0.980, P less than 0.01). The simplicity and relatively high sensitivity of the procedure should make it a method of choice for TSH determination in small hospitals and those in developing countries. PMID- 3192951 TI - The expression of congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma in second trimester fetuses of the same family: morphologic and biochemical studies. AB - The first born offspring of first-cousin parents was affected with a keratinization disorder thought to be nonbullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (CIE). In each of three subsequent pregnancies, the parents elected to have prenatal diagnosis based on evaluation of fetal skin biopsies. The epidermis of fetus 1 was identical to normal 21-wk estimated gestation age (EGA) fetal epidermis, but because keratinization begins normally around 24 wk EGA, the procedure was repeated 4 wk later. A thin epidermis with a few layers of stratum corneum indicated a normal fetus and a healthy infant was born at term. Skin biopsy samples from fetus 2 gave conflicting results; the epidermis of one sample appeared normal but the second had 5-15 layers of incompletely keratinized cells superficial to basal and intermediate layers. The hair canals of both samples were hyperkeratotic. Pelleted amniotic fluid cells contained aggregates of incompletely keratinized epidermal cells and concentric rings of keratinized cells. The fetus was thought to be affected and the pregnancy terminated. Regional variation in epidermal thickness and keratinization was noted upon gross examination of the fetus and by histology of the skin. Marked hyperkeratinization of follicles was evident in all regions. No abnormal keratins were expressed in the affected epidermis but epidermal lipids analyzed from two body regions had a lower triglyceride content and a higher content of free sterols compared with age matched, normal fetal epidermis. Immunolabeling for markers of differentiation revealed variable stages of epidermal differentiation according to region. Four structurally identical biopsy samples were obtained from a third fetus. The epidermis appeared normal for age and hair canals were keratinized to various extents. The pregnancy was continued and at 33 wk a male infant was born with a severe ichthyosis of the face and scalp and fine, white scaling on the body. The epidermis of both the severely and mildly affected regions of the newborn had a thick, compact stratum corneum and other features of CIE. Scars from all four fetal biopsies were identified on the trunk, in areas which appeared less affected clinically. This study reports, for the first time, the criteria for prenatal diagnosis of CIE and the variable expression of this disorder in the midtrimester fetus. More importantly, it demonstrates the risks and pitfalls of this in utero diagnosis based on epidermal morphology. PMID- 3192952 TI - 193 nm excimer laser selective ablation of in vivo guinea pig epidermis. AB - We have previously shown that 193 nm excimer laser irradiation cleanly and effectively ablates avascular tissue with minimal thermal damage to surrounding adjacent structures. In this study, the 193 nm excimer laser is used to remove guinea pig epidermis in vivo. The epidermis can be totally ablated with thermal damage extending only superficially into the dermis. Reepitheliazation of the ablated area takes place in 1 week or less. This technique may be applicable to the removal of benign epidermal lesions. PMID- 3192954 TI - Early cell kinetic effects of a single dose of monochromatic ultraviolet B irradiation on hairless mouse epidermis. AB - Hairless mice were exposed to a single erythemic (25 mJ/cm2) or suberythemic dose (12.5 mJ/cm2) of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation at 297 nm. The cell kinetic changes were observed at several times during the first 7 d after the irradiation. The mitotic count, the mitotic rate (stathmokinetic method), and the number of suprabasal and basal cells were scored in histologic sections. The incorporation of [3H]thymidine was measured after pulse labeling, and the DNA distribution pattern was studied by flow cytometry. Initially, both UVB-doses induced a block or delay in the cell proliferation. The rate of entrance of cells into mitosis and the uptake of [3H]thymidine were reduced, and cells accumulated in the S phase of the cell cycle. Hence, during the first period after irradiation, UVB seemed to interfere with the DNA synthesis by inducing a prolonged S phase duration. The DNA synthesis rate was reduced to the same degree after both UVB-doses. From 24 h after irradiation rapid regenerative proliferation took place, most pronounced after the highest UVB-dose. Waves of proliferation seemed to arise from partially synchronized cohorts of cells proceeding through the cell cycle at a higher speed than normal. Thus, the present study indicates that UVB irradiation is comparable with the cell kinetic effects following both chemical skin carcinogens and non-carcinogenic skin irritants. UVB induces an inhibitory effect on the DNA synthesis activity, in addition to regenerative cell proliferation subsequent to cell toxicity. PMID- 3192953 TI - Cyclobutane-type pyrimidine photodimer formation and induction of ornithine decarboxylase in human skin fibroblasts after UV irradiation. AB - Cyclobutane-type pyrimidine photodimers as well as the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) may serve as biochemical markers of the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet light (UV). For this reason, it is important to compare the formation of pyrimidine dimers with the induction of ODC in human skin fibroblasts after irradiation with UVC (200-290 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm). In our studies we determined cytosine-thymine (C-T) as well as thymine-thymine dimer yields (T-T) by high-pressure liquid chromatography in cultures of neonatal normal human foreskin-derived fibroblasts after irradiation with UVC and UVB light. It was found that the yield of dimerization and the ratio of T-T/C-T decreased from the UVC to the UVB region. Time-course studies of ODC-induction in the same cells indicated that the maximal activity after UVB irradiation was retarded compared to UVC exposure. For the UV-induced ODC-levels, however, no significant difference in maximal induction could be measured after UVC and UVB irradiation at fluences where comparable yields of thymine dimerization are produced. Similar ODC-maxima were obtained with strains from children, while cells from adults showed significantly less pronounced ODC induction, indicating that ODC-response decreases with age and may therefore be used as a marker of aging. PMID- 3192955 TI - Early changes in dermal collagen of mice exposed to chronic UVB irradiation and the effects of a UVB sunscreen. AB - Our previous studies have shown that hairless albino mice receiving chronic UVB irradiation show an increase in type III collagen, in the irradiated skin, after 12-36 weeks treatment. In this study we wished to find the earliest time at which such collagen changes were detectable and also to ascertain whether a topically applied UV-B sunscreen could prevent such changes. Groups of 10 hairless albino mice were irradiated, dorsally, with a daily dose of 62 mJcm-2 UVB for 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. Three parallel groups were used. They received a) no topical treatment, b) sunscreen vehicle alone, and c) sunscreen (containing 2-ethylhexyl 4'-methoxy-cinnamate) applied dorsally at 2 microliter cm-2. Dorsal and ventral (non-irradiated) skin samples were taken and the types I and III collagen quantified densitometrically after cyanogen bromide digestion and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ratio of dorsal/ventral type III collagen (D/V III) was determined for each mouse. The topical treatments caused no change in D/V III in the non-irradiated animals. In the non-topically treated group the irradiated animals showed a considerable increase in D/V III, compared with controls, at 12 weeks (P less than 0.001). The group treated with sunscreen vehicle alone also showed a significant increase in D/V III at week 12 (P less than 0.01). Both these groups showed a slight elevation in D/V III at week 6. The group treated with sunscreen showed no significant difference in D/V III between irradiated and control animals at any time. PMID- 3192956 TI - Increased chemotactic and mitogenic response of psoriatic fibroblasts to platelet derived growth factor. AB - The effect of increasing doses from 1.25 to 10 ng/ml of PDGF was tested for chemotactic and mitogenic activity on psoriatic fibroblasts cultured from involved and uninvolved skin of five patients compared to normal fibroblasts from five matched control subjects. The chemotactic response of psoriatic fibroblasts from involved skin (p less than 0.05) and uninvolved skin (p less than 0.005) is significantly enhanced compared to normal fibroblasts. Similarly, PDGF in the presence of platelet poor human plasma is a more potent mitogenic agent in psoriatic fibroblasts than in normal fibroblasts. This increased sensitivity of psoriatic fibroblasts to PDGF may be related to the inflammatory and vascularization processes involved in psoriatic dermis. PMID- 3192957 TI - Topical peptides: percutaneous absorption of a vasopressin derivate, grass pollen, and other allergens by iontophoresis in men. PMID- 3192958 TI - Trans-cis isomerization of urocanic acid in response to ultraviolet light. PMID- 3192959 TI - Is AL721 really a lipid fluidity modulating agent? PMID- 3192961 TI - Pain in pancreatic cancer: a medical oncologist's view. PMID- 3192960 TI - Pancreatic cancer pain: presentation, pathogenesis and management. PMID- 3192962 TI - The pathology of pancreatic cancer and its possible relationship to pain. PMID- 3192963 TI - Pain syndromes and pharmacologic management of pancreatic cancer pain. PMID- 3192964 TI - The use of neurolytic celiac plexus block for pancreatic cancer: anatomy and technique. PMID- 3192965 TI - Use of opioids in a patient with postmastectomy syndrome. PMID- 3192966 TI - A philosophy of care: notes of a deathwatcher. PMID- 3192968 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in leprosy patients on multi drug therapy--a preliminary report. AB - Serum LDH (total) and LDH isoenzymes were studied in leprosy patients undergoing multidrug treatment. Serum LDH (total) did not show any significant difference between normal human subjects and patients but LDH isoenzymes have shown elevated levels in LDH4 and LDH5 in leprosy patients. The M/H ratios were high in leprosy patients and they exhibited a further rise in patients on treatment. PMID- 3192967 TI - The challenge of leprosy. PMID- 3192969 TI - Correlation of clinical and histopathologic features in untreated macular lesions of leprosy--a study of 100 cases. AB - Clinical and histopathological correlative studies carried out in 100 cases of leprosy with macular lesions revealed an overall parity in 47% of the cases. Disparity was observed in TT, BT, BB, BL and IL series but not in LL series. The variable tissue response in the disease spectrum due to the variability of CMI is responsible for the disparity in various types of leprosy, irrespective of the type of lesions, whether macular or elevated. PMID- 3192970 TI - Certain aspects of dapsone metabolism in leprosy patients as studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and qualitative screening tests. AB - Dapsone (DDS) in urine of 250 leprosy patients collected on surprise visits were screened by simple paper spot, tile tests and sensitive Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. The urinary DDS concentration as well as DDS/C ratios were also studied. Simultaneously, 50 microliter of blood was collected from each of these patients and its dapsone content was estimated by HPLC. Urine samples with means of 25 to 30 micrograms/ml DDS and 55-64 micrograms/mg DDS/C ratios were found to give positive tests by any of the above screening procedures, while their mean blood DDS concentration was found to be 0.91 microgram/ml. The corresponding values for those specimens giving negative tests were 3.8 to 5.7 micrograms DDS per ml and 9 to 13 micrograms/mg DDS/C ratio. The blood DDS concentration in this group was ranging from 0.16 to 0.18 micrograms/ml. The findings are discussed in relation to their metabolic significance and their application in a leprosy control programme. PMID- 3192971 TI - Relapse of paucibacillary leprosy after short course multidrug therapy. AB - Among 25 patients who had short-course multidrug therapy as recommended by the WHO for paucibacillary leprosy, 3 were observed to develop relapse of their disease 8 to 12 months after completion of treatment. These three cases of relapse are reported in detail. The duration of chemotherapy recommended by the WHO in paucibacillary cases appears to be too short. PMID- 3192972 TI - A clinico-pathological study of multidrug regimen in paucibacillary leprosy. AB - Preliminary results of a clinical trial in one hundred untreated paucibacillary leprosy cases with multidrug therapy (MDT) as per WHO recommendation are presented. Out of 100 fresh cases studied 18 had indeterminate, 35 tuberculoid and 47 cases had borderline tuberculoid leprosy. All were given MDT consisting of rifampicin 600 mg once a month and dapsone 100 mg daily for six months. At the end of six months all the cases were evaluated clinically and histopathological examination of lesions were studied. The lesions were still active in 35% of patient clinically and 47% histologically. Complete histological resolution have come across only in 4 cases suffering from indeterminate leprosy. Altogether 65% cases receiving MDT have shown marked improvement to total inactivation. Histologically, lymphocytic infiltration still persisted in 90% of slides examined and nerve infiltration were still present in 64% of cases at the end of six months receiving MDT. PMID- 3192973 TI - Effect of in vitro formed immune complexes on macrophage functions of Mycobacterium leprae infected mice. AB - Nonspecific macrophage functions were studied in Mycobacterium leprae infected and preformed immune complex (IC) administered normal (NI) and thymectomized/irradiated (TRI) mice at different time periods. Uninfected controls given IC were also included. Significant decrease in the chemotaxis, phagocytosis and bactericidal activities of macrophages obtained from infected groups compared to their controls were observed. Phagocytic and chemotactic activities of macrophages were normal but intracellular killing was seen to be depressed in studies conducted in normal and thymectomized immunosuppressed groups (Vaishnavi et al., 1985, Kumar et al, 1987) which were not administered with preformed IC. PMID- 3192974 TI - Evaluation of the efficacy of candidate vaccines against M. leprae infection in mice. AB - Delayed-typed hypersensitivity (DTH) response and protection value of some of the candidate vaccines alone and in combination with BCG has been investigated. It was observed that both M.w. and BCG gave heightened DTH and good protection. On the other hand both M. leprae and ICRC evoked moderate DTH and gave poor protection. However on combining any of these candidate vaccines with live BCG, the lowering of DTH and poor protection was observed except in the M. leprae combination which in spite of low DTH gave better protection. PMID- 3192975 TI - Leprosy deformities. II. As parameters to monitor the effectivity of leprosy control programme. AB - Leprosy deformities have been considered as the main reason for dehabilitation and social ostracism. Prevention of deformities is considered as one of the most important objectives of leprosy control programme. In present work based on deformity status, efforts have been made to evolve new parameters and their possible application in assessment of leprosy control programme. PMID- 3192976 TI - Dissipation of pressure in the forefoot. PMID- 3192977 TI - Comparative study of different drug compliance tests available in leprosy. PMID- 3192978 TI - Radiological study of the paranasal sinuses in lepromatous leprosy. AB - Thirty patients of lepromatous leprosy have been studied by radiological investigation for affection of paranasal sinuses. It has been found that leprosy involves all groups of sinuses and maxillary antrum is found to be more commonly affected. Diffuse hypertrophy type of lesion is more commonly recorded in maxillary antrum, in x-ray of paranasal sinuses. The clinical significance and importance of extension of disease in the sinuses is discussed in the light of available literature. PMID- 3192979 TI - Leprosy control based on multi drug treatment in India. PMID- 3192980 TI - Rifampicin induced uterine bleeding. AB - A case of uterine bleeding after intake of rifampicin is reported in a 35-year old female. Provocation test was also positive. The underlying mechanism whether it was a hypersensitivity phenomenon like fixed drug eruption or due to induction of uterine acyl-hydrolase enzyme, is not clear. Uterine bleeding has not been observed as a side-effect of rifampicin in the past. PMID- 3192981 TI - Central Jalma Institute for Leprosy, Agra annual report 1985-86. PMID- 3192982 TI - Poona District Leprosy Committee annual report for 1985-86. PMID- 3192983 TI - Gandhi Memorial Leprosy Foundation annual report for 1985-86. PMID- 3192985 TI - Scalp lesion in a lepromatous patient. PMID- 3192986 TI - Bacterial index: Ridley's vs. Dharmendra's scale. PMID- 3192987 TI - Absence of AIDS antibodies in leprosy patients. PMID- 3192984 TI - Poona District Leprosy Committee (PDLC) annual report 1986-87. PMID- 3192988 TI - Raised eosinophil counts in E.N.L. reactions. PMID- 3192989 TI - [Surgical treatment of nonischemic ventricular tachycardia arising from left ventricular apex]. PMID- 3192990 TI - [Experimental study of extra-aortic balloon pumping]. PMID- 3192991 TI - [Clinical significance of omental pedicle flap closure method in chronic empyema with bronchopleural fistula]. PMID- 3192993 TI - [Long-term follow-up of valve replacement with the Hancock porcine xenograft and the Ionescu-Shiley pericardial xenograft]. PMID- 3192992 TI - [Experimental study on interruption of the aortic arch: hemodynamics of chronic occlusion of the descending thoracic aorta in dogs]. PMID- 3192994 TI - [Diagnosis of dissecting aortic aneurysm with two-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography using a gastrofiberscope for ultrasonic survey]. PMID- 3192995 TI - [Intraoperative epicardial two-dimensional and pulsed Doppler echocardiography for assessing functional tricuspid regurgitation]. PMID- 3192996 TI - [Long-term (5 to 13 years) evaluation of the Carpentier-Edwards bioprosthesis]. PMID- 3192997 TI - [Experimental studies on evaluation of myocardial viability using continuous intramyocardial pH measurements during hypothermic heart preservation]. PMID- 3192998 TI - [Diagnostic value of resected lung secretions to determine bacterial pathogens]. PMID- 3192999 TI - [A study of cerebral metabolism under selective cerebral perfusion for aortic arch surgery--cerebral circulation management under continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation of internal jugular vein]. PMID- 3193001 TI - [Treatment of massive hemoptysis by embolization of bronchial artery, surgical resection and bronchial artery ligation]. PMID- 3193000 TI - [Postoperative recurrence of noninvasive thymomas (stage 1)]. PMID- 3193003 TI - [Atrioventricular septal defect with severely stenotic right-sided atrioventricular valve--report of a successful surgical repair]. PMID- 3193002 TI - [Studies on pre- and postoperative extravascular lung water in patients with primary lung cancer]. PMID- 3193004 TI - [Successful operation of atrial septal defect with Gilbert's syndrome--a case report]. PMID- 3193005 TI - [Replacement of malfunctioned Starr-Edwards ball valve 18 years after mitral valve replacement--a case report]. PMID- 3193006 TI - [Perforation of the ascending aorta associated with aortic regurgitation and hemopericardium--a report of an unusual case]. PMID- 3193007 TI - [Total correction of A(I)LL transposition of the great arteries with polysplenia syndrome]. PMID- 3193009 TI - [The 61st meeting of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Kyoto, April 1-3, 1988. Abstracts]. PMID- 3193010 TI - [The effects of adriamycin on the cell cycle by bromodeoxyuridine-labeling method]. PMID- 3193008 TI - Binding and blocking antibodies to the human acetylcholine receptor: are they selected in various myasthenia gravis forms? PMID- 3193011 TI - [Prospective monitoring of adriamycin cardiotoxicity with systolic time intervals]. PMID- 3193012 TI - [Immunomodulating capacity of monocyte-macrophage system in cancer patients]. PMID- 3193013 TI - [An expression of tumor-associated antigen which was recognized by a monoclonal antibody KM-93 in oral tumor--comparison between tissue antigen and serum antigen]. PMID- 3193015 TI - [Studies on clinical pharmacology of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) in children with malignant neoplasm: pharmacokinetics of free and total CDDP]. PMID- 3193014 TI - [The investigation on high risk factors and common etiological factors in patients with endometrial cancer]. PMID- 3193016 TI - [Studies of clinical pharmacology of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) in children with malignant neoplasm: clinical toxicities of CDDP]. PMID- 3193017 TI - [Predictability of tumor invasion to the portal vein by pre-operative transarterial portography in biliary tract carcinoma]. PMID- 3193018 TI - [Two-route chemotherapy with cisplatinum (ip) and its antidote, sodium thiosulfate (iv) against carcinomatous peritonitis following alimentary tract cancers]. PMID- 3193019 TI - [Clinicopathological effects of US-guided intratumoral ethanol injection to small liver cancer with special references to its adequate injected volume]. PMID- 3193020 TI - Increased membrane fluidity and cholestasis: associated but not linked consequences of estrogen treatment. PMID- 3193021 TI - A metabolic insult during acetate hemodialysis. PMID- 3193022 TI - Aminoglycoside antibiotics: unsafe at any dose? PMID- 3193023 TI - Role of liver plasma membrane fluidity in the pathogenesis of estrogen-induced cholestasis. AB - The role of liver plasma membrane (LPM) fluidity in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis in rats was assessed by comparing the effects of ethinyl estradiol, a cholestatic agent, and spironolactone on membrane fluidity and bile flow. Spironolactone is a steroid that has some feminizing actions but that lacks the phenolic A ring necessary for estrogens to cause cholestasis. Bile flow was reduced 42% (p less than 0.01) by ethinyl estradiol and increased 22% (p less than 0.05) by spironolactone; however, both agents produced a significant reduction of membrane Na+, K+-ATPase activity (p less than 0.01) and fluidity (p less than 0.01). The decreased fluidity persisted in liposomes prepared from the total lipid extract as well as the phospholipid extract of these membranes. Both agents produced similar significant increases in the cholesterol ester content and cholesterol-to-phospholipid molar ratio of the membranes. In addition, ethinyl estradiol and spironolactone increased the membrane sphingomyelin content (15% and 11%, respectively); however, neither agent altered the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids. Because the decreased fluidity persisted in liposomes prepared from phospholipids extracted from the LPMs of treated rats, changes in membrane cholesterol are not the sole cause of the altered membrane fluidity. Rather, the increased sphingomyelin is at least partially responsible for these changes. Also, because ethinyl estradiol and spironolactone produce similar changes in LPM lipid composition and fluidity but disparate effects on bile flow, membrane fluidity as assessed by fluorescence polarization does not appear to be the rate-limiting determinant of bile flow in estrogen-induced cholestasis. PMID- 3193024 TI - Excessive ATP degradation during hemodialysis against sodium acetate. AB - As the initial step in examining the metabolic basis for acetate intolerance, we have tested the hypothesis that excessive adenosine triphosphate (ATP) degradation occurs during hemodialysis against acetate dialysate (compared with the degree of degradation occurring during dialysis against bicarbonate dialysate). Seven patients undergoing long-term dialysis were infused with carbon 14--labeled 8-adenine, and their response to dialysis against acetate was compared with their response to dialysis against bicarbonate. The following changes were observed. During dialysis against acetate, the mean dialysate uric acid--to-creatinine ratio levels were significantly higher than the mean levels observed after dialysis against bicarbonate (p less than 0.001). The mean dialysate uric acid radioactivity--to-creatinine ratio and inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine radioactivity--to-creatinine ratio levels were significantly increased during dialysis against acetate (p less than 0.001). There was no significant change in plasma venous hypoxanthine level, but during dialysis against acetate, the arterial hypoxanthine levels (3.7 +/- 1.6 mumol/L) at 60 minutes were significantly higher than the levels observed after dialysis against bicarbonate (1.4 +/- 0.5 mumol/L) (p less than 0.01). These data provide evidence that excessive ATP degradation occurs during hemodialysis against acetate but not during hemodialysis against bicarbonate dialysate. PMID- 3193025 TI - Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and renal insufficiency associated with long term "subtherapeutic" gentamicin. AB - To determine whether long-term "subtherapeutic" concentrations of aminoglycoside produce chronic tubulointerstitial nephropathy, Fisher rats were given gentamicin, 20 mg/kg/day, for up to 6 months via indwelling osmotic infusion pumps. Studies included renal histology, autoradiographic quantitation of renal cell tritiated thymidine uptake, renal function and renal cortical gentamicin assay. Acute proximal tubular injury, without tubular necrosis, followed by recovery, occurred during the first month. Subsequently only mild, nonprogressive tubulointerstitial changes and a twofold increase in tubular cell turnover were observed. Inulin clearance fell more than 50% during the 6 months of treatment compared with 10% in age-matched controls. Serum creatinine and creatinine clearance overestimated glomerular filtration rate during treatment and did not distinguish treated animals from controls. During the month after 6 months of gentamicin, tubular microcystic changes and active tubulointerstitial nephritis developed, with a continued fall in inulin clearance. In summary, gentamicin, in "subtherapeutic" doses, produces mild chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis with progressive renal failure. Cessation of treatment is associated with microcystic and inflammatory changes, suggesting that the renal response to tubular injury can be dissociated from the amount of toxin in the renal cortex. Keeping serum aminoglycoside levels below accepted therapeutic range for 6 months did not preclude nephrotoxicity. PMID- 3193026 TI - Effects of ethanol on fetal fuels and brain growth in rats. AB - The mechanism of fetal brain growth retardation caused by maternal alcoholism is unclear. In this study we examined fuel concentrations in brain and blood samples and their relationship to brain growth in term fetuses of rats fed ethanol during pregnancy. The offspring of ethanol-fed (EF) rats showed a significant decrease in body and brain weights compared with those of pair-fed (PF) control rats and control rats given free access to food (ad libitum fed) (AF). The EF and PF rats consumed nearly 20% less food than the AF rats, and both groups showed a slight but significant reduction of the maternal blood glucose level. In PF rats, beta hydroxybutyrate concentration was increased in maternal as well as in fetal blood and brain samples, but no adverse effect of this magnitude of maternal undernutrition was observed on fetal body or brain weights. In EF fetuses, plasma glucose and pyruvate levels were decreased and lactate levels were increased, resulting in a nearly twofold increase in the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio when compared with levels in control fetuses. The beta-hydroxybutyrate--to acetoacetate ratio was increased because of low plasma acetoacetate concentration. In EF fetuses, brain glucose and pyruvate levels were decreased. Fetal brain weight showed a positive correlation with brain glucose concentration and a negative correlation with the brain concentrations of lactate or ketones. It is surmised that an aberrant fetal fuel mixture may play a role in the fetal growth retardation associated with maternal alcoholism. PMID- 3193027 TI - Is lymphocyte magnesium concentration a reflection of intracellular magnesium concentration? AB - Diuretics are known to cause magnesium depletion, and the aim of the present experiment is to establish the relationship between lymphocyte magnesium concentration and intracellular magnesium concentration during chronic diuretic therapy. Studies were conducted in male Wistar rats that were subjected to daily administration of furosemide (2 mg/kg/day IP) for 19 weeks. Clearance measurements were performed during the baseline week and subsequently during the third, seventh, eleventh, fifteenth, and nineteenth weeks in both furosemide treated (n = 32) and control rats (n = 32). Lymphocyte magnesium concentration was also measured as a determinant of intracellular magnesium concentration. Magnesium concentrations in kidney, bone, skeletal, and heart muscle tissues were also quantitated at week 11 and at the end of the experiment. After 11 weeks of furosemide administration, furosemide-treated rats developed a lower plasma magnesium concentration (0.95 +/- 0.01 mmol/L) compared with that in the control group (0.99 +/- 0.01 mmol/L). This difference persisted from week 11 to week 19 of the experiment. Fractional excretion of magnesium was modestly elevated in the furosemide-treated group. After 7 weeks of furosemide treatment, lymphocyte magnesium concentration decreased significantly in furosemide-treated rats when compared with that in the control group (1.56 +/- 0.09 micrograms/mg protein vs 1.33 +/- 0.07 micrograms/mg protein). During week 19, the lymphocyte magnesium concentration had fallen to 0.75 +/- 0.04 micrograms/mg protein as compared with 1.45 +/- 0.08 micrograms/mg protein in the control rats. There is a significant correlation between lymphocyte magnesium concentration and plasma magnesium concentration. Our present results indicate that during long-term diuretic therapy, lymphocyte magnesium concentration mirrors the reduction in plasma magnesium concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193028 TI - Immunomodulation by pulmonary surfactant. AB - Canine pulmonary surfactant is recognized to modulate both T and B cell response in vitro. Because both responses involve cell proliferation, it has been suggested that surfactant interferes with the proliferation of lymphocytes. We herein report studies using human surfactant collected from amniotic fluid (HAFS). HAFS inhibited the proliferative response of human lymphocytes to antigen (PPD) and to allogeneic lymphocytes. Inhibition was linear within the dose range examined. Inhibition of the response to phytohemagglutinin was only evident when suboptimal doses of phytohemagglutinin were used. The effect of HAFS on the lysis of K562 human myeloid target cells by natural killer (NK) cells was also studied. Lysis in this system does not require proliferation. HAFS inhibited NK cell induced lysis by 70% (250 micrograms HAFS per milliliter) to 95% (500 micrograms HAFS per milliliter). Inhibition was evident whether the cells were incubated with HAFS for 4 hours or for 18 hours. The NK suppressor activity was contained in the lipid fraction of HAFS, whereas the protein fraction revealed little activity. The washout experiments demonstrated that the action of HAFS was on NK cells and not on target cells. The immunomodulatory properties of surfactant affect NK cell activity and the proliferative response. Surfactant may protect the lungs from inappropriate immune reactions. Abnormalities of the lipid fraction of surfactant should be considered in studies of the mechanism of pulmonary diseases characterized by local pulmonary immune responses. PMID- 3193029 TI - Effects of lysophosphatidylcholine on cultured heart cells: correlation of rate of uptake and extent of accumulation with cell injury. AB - In this study we evaluated the effects of lysophosphatidylcholine, a possible mediator of ischemic damage, on cultured neonatal rat heart cells. The rate and duration of lysophosphatidylcholine accumulation was correlated with Ca++ uptake and cell injury. The rate of carbon 14-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine accumulation during superfusion of the cells by 10 to 100 mumol/L 14C-labeled lysophosphatidylcholine was proportional to the concentration of lysophosphatidylcholine in the perfusate. Rapid accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine (0.235 nmol/mg protein per minute), which occurred during 10 minutes of exposure to 100 mumol/L lysophosphatidylcholine, resulted in Ca++ overload and cell lysis. In contrast, slow accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine by myocytes, which occurred during prolonged (1 hour) exposure to a sublethal micellar concentration (80 mumol/L) or very prolonged exposure (6 hours) to a submicellar concentration of lysophosphatidylcholine (10 mumol/L) did not result in Ca++ overload or irreversible injury despite more total lysophosphatidylcholine accumulation than during a single 10-minute exposure to 100 mumol/L lysophosphatidylcholine (p less than 0.005). Repeated brief exposures (5 minutes) to 100 mumol/L lysophosphatidylcholine separated by 20-minute recovery intervals also resulted in more lysophosphatidylcholine accumulation than during the lethal 10-minute exposure to 100 mumol/L lysophosphatidylcholine but did not result in irreversible injury. We therefore conclude that cardiac myocytes can tolerate slow accumulation of lysophosphatidylcholine and that factors other than the quantity of lysophosphatidylcholine accumulating in cells are determinants of the degree of injury sustained from exposure to lysophosphatides. PMID- 3193031 TI - Characterization and application of a monoclonal antibody with dual specificity for hemoglobins S and C. AB - In an effort to develop a rapid screening immunoassay for the presence of hemoglobin S (Hb S) in cord blood, we have produced a hybridoma (beta s-1) secreting a monoclonal antibody (MAb) with strict specificity for Hb S over hemoglobin (Hb A). A reactivity was observed for hemoglobin C (Hb C) that was weaker than that for Hb S but still greater than 10(3) times greater than that seen for Hb A. Application of this antibody in a dot blot assay provided for a rapid (50-minute) single-step confirmatory test for Hb S, Hb C, or both in cord blood hemolysates. The sensitivity of the test would allow for mass screening of cord blood hemolysates (40 mg total hemoglobin per milliliter) and detection of Hb S, Hb C, or both at concentrations greater than or equal to 1%. PMID- 3193030 TI - Changes in nucleolar morphology during macrophage development in Hodgkin's disease: a morphometric study. AB - In view of the importance of nucleoli in the regulation of cell growth and protein synthesis, and in consideration of the fact that morphological changes have been found in mononuclear phagocytes in patients with malignant lymphoma, a study was made of nucleolar ultrastructure during the development of blood monocytes into macrophages in 22 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease, with the findings being compared with those in 20 normal subjects. Nucleolar volume, surface area, volume fraction within the nucleus, surface-to-volume ratio and number of nucleolar profiles per section were measured by using morphometric methods at intervals over a 6-day period of suspension culture; the results were subjected to multivariate and univariate analyses of variance. Differences between the subject groups were statistically highly significant. Overall, the findings indicated that while nucleoli became larger, rounder, and more prominent during culture, the changes were less marked in the Hodgkin's group, where there was also a decrease in nucleolar numbers. The nucleolar changes would be consistent with the macrophage development pattern being disturbed in Hodgkin's disease and would be in keeping with the known mononuclear phagocyte dysfunction in these patients. PMID- 3193032 TI - Human platelet thermostable phenol sulfotransferase from blacks and whites: biochemical properties and variations in thermal stability. AB - Phenol sulfotransferase (PST) catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of catecholamines and of phenolic drugs. Human platelet PST exists in at least a thermolabile form (TL PST) and a thermostable form (TS PST). The mean basal level of platelet TS PST activity in samples from American blacks is significantly higher than the basal activity in samples from whites. We carried out the studies reported here to determine whether the higher basal TS PST activity in platelet homogenates from blacks was biochemically similar to the lower basal activity in samples from whites. We also characterized variations in TS PST thermal stability. Platelet TS PST activities in samples from the two groups were almost identical with respect to pH optima, Michaelis-Menten constant values for substrates, and susceptibilities to inhibition by 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol and sodium chloride. Thermolabile and thermostable TS PST were present in samples from both blacks and whites. Thermal stabilities of TS PST in samples from 167 volunteers (104 blacks, 63 whites) were expressed as heated sample-to-control sample ratios. Bimodal frequency distribution histograms of the heated-to-control ratios revealed subgroups of samples with thermolabile TS PST activities from 13.5% of blacks (heated-to-control ratio less than 0.32) and 12.7% of whites (heated-to-control ratio less than 0.27). The mean heated-to-control ratio for thermostable TS PST from blacks was significantly higher than that from whites (0.52 +/- 0.01 vs 0.43 +/- 0.01, respectively, mean +/- SEM; p less than 0.0001). Our studies demonstrated the similarity of biochemical properties of platelet TS PST at the extremes of basal activity. They also showed equivalent subgroups of blacks and whites with thermolabile TS PST. The results are an important initial step toward testing the hypothesis that inheritance may be one factor in the regulation of basal levels of activities and thermal stabilities of platelet TS PST from American blacks. PMID- 3193033 TI - Evaluation of knee injuries using magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3193034 TI - Differences in the ability of neutrophils and monocytes to traverse epithelial occluding junctions. AB - This study examines the effect of epithelial permeability on 1) the passage of the chemoattractant tritiated formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (3H-fMLP; m.w. 437) and 2) the migration of leukocytes. In addition, it also compares the kinetics of neutrophil and monocyte transepithelial migration. As we had demonstrated with neutrophils (Milks et al.: Journal of Cell Biology 96:1241, 1983), when the permeability of the epithelium decreased, the accumulation of 3H fMLP and the emigration of monocytes also decreased. When neutrophils and monocytes traversed epithelia with similar permeability, neutrophil accumulation was at least ninefold greater than that of monocytes at 30, 60, and 90 min. During the same time intervals, the number of neutrophil invasion sites/mm epithelium exceeded the number of monocyte invasion sites by at least fivefold, with approximately twice as many neutrophils as monocytes traversing each invasion site. These studies demonstrate that epithelial permeability affects the passage of the chemoattractant and the emigration of leukocytes. In addition, the enhanced ability with which neutrophils traverse occluding junctions compared to monocytes helps to explain, at least in part, the more rapid accumulation of neutrophils at inflammatory lesions. PMID- 3193035 TI - Abnormal macrophage development in Hodgkin's disease: a morphometric study. AB - The development of macrophages from blood monocytes from 22 patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease and 20 normal subjects has been studied at intervals over a 6-day period of suspension culture in the presence of autologous serum and lymphocytes. Morphometric measurements were made on electron micrographs and the results subjected to multivariate and univariate analyses of variance. The cells from the Hodgkin's group showed highly significant differences from normal. The whole-cell volume, surface area, and cell membrane excess, as well as the mitochondrial volume and surface area, showed smaller increases over the period of culture, and the normal increase in mitochondrial profile numbers was not seen. It would appear that although the patients' monocytes transformed into macrophages in culture, their development was seriously deranged. PMID- 3193036 TI - Medical costs and services are getting out of hand. PMID- 3193037 TI - New age psychiatry: Peter Pan arrives. PMID- 3193038 TI - The Adolescent Urine Drug Screening Program. PMID- 3193040 TI - The new informed consent law. PMID- 3193039 TI - Adolescent substance abuse. PMID- 3193041 TI - Secretion of bioactive inhibin by the ovary of the Booroola Merino ewe with or without a copy of the fecundity (F) gene. AB - The secretion rates of bioactive inhibin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured during the mid-luteal phase and at various times during the follicular phase of the cycle by a sensitive bioassay using sheep pituitary cells in culture in 12 Booroola ewes with and without copies of the Fecundity (F) gene in which the left ovary had been auto-transplanted to the neck. Inhibin secretion was high during the luteal phase and fell in the early follicular phase in all genotypes (P less than 0.01). In Booroola ewes with a F/- genotype, inhibin secretion then increased again, towards luteal rates, in the mid and late follicular phases. In Booroola ewes without a copy of the F gene (+/+) inhibin secretion remained low at all three sampling times in the follicular phase. The secretion rate of inhibin at 36 h (P less than 0.1) and 48 h (P less than 0.01) were significantly lower in ewes from the +/+ (no copy of the gene) ewes than in F/- (one copy of the gene) ewes. Oestradiol secretion was low during the luteal phase and increased steadily during the early (24 h) to a plateau in the mid (36 h; P less than 0.01) and late (48 h; P less than 0.05) follicular phase. Progesterone secretion was high during the luteal phase, and decreased to a very low rate by 24 h after prostaglandin (PG) treatment (P less than 0.001) and remained low. At 24 h after PG the concentration of FSH was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that during the luteal phase and remained suppressed until the onset of the LH surge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193042 TI - Diminution of pulsatile growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): evidence of sexual dimorphism. AB - Temporal plasma GH secretory patterns were measured in cannulated male and female meat-type chickens of two commercial strains at 17, 38 and 60 days of age. Pulse height, amplitude and baseline values were similar in both male and female chickens at 17 days of age, with high amplitude and low baseline values. However, by 38 days of age pulsatile GH secretion was not detectable in females, whereas males exhibited a continued pulsatile secretory pattern similar to that at 17 days of age. Pulsatile GH secretion was not evident in either males or females at 60 days of age. These results clearly demonstrate a sexually dimorphic ontogeny of GH secretion in meat-type chickens. PMID- 3193043 TI - Comparison of plasma progesterone profiles in cyclic, pregnant, pseudopregnant and hysterectomized pigs between 8 and 27 days after oestrus. AB - Plasma progesterone concentrations were compared in cyclic (n = 12), pregnant (n = 12), oestradiol-induced pseudopregnant (n = 12) and hysterectomized gilts (n = 10) between days 8 and 27 after oestrus. The results were grouped into periods covering days 8-13, 14-20 and 21-27 and analysed by least-squares analysis of variance. Plasma progesterone concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in hysterectomized compared with other groups between days 8 and 13. Progesterone concentrations declined rapidly after day 14 in cyclic females and gradually in the other groups. Throughout the third and fourth weeks the mean progesterone concentrations for hysterectomized animals were consistently higher than for pseudopregnant animals (P less than 0.05). The pregnant group means were below but not significantly different from the hysterectomized means in both of the last two periods. The greater progesterone concentrations in hysterectomized gilts indicated that secretion is high without any conceptus-produced or mediated luteotrophic, and corpora lutea in cyclic, pregnant or pseudopregnant gilts may never reach full secretory potential. PMID- 3193045 TI - Inhibition of phospholipase A2 isoenzymes in human endometrium by mefenamic acid and indomethacin: modulation by calcium ions. AB - The inhibition of endometrial phospholipase A2 activity by the non-steroidal anti inflammatory agents mefenamic acid and indomethacin was studied over the concentration range 1 mmol/1-0.1 mumol/l. Both phospholipase A2 type 1 (a calcium dependent enzyme) and phospholipase A2 type 2 (a calcium-independent enzyme) were inhibited by mefenamic acid, but the magnitude of the inhibition was dependent on calcium concentration. Phospholipase A2 type 1 was inhibited 50% by 10 mumol mefenamic acid/l in the presence of 1.25-5 mmol calcium/l, but a concentration of 2.2 mmol mefenamic acid/l was required for 50% inhibition in the absence of calcium. On the other hand, phospholipase A2 type 2 was inhibited 50% by 22 mumol mefenamic acid/l in the absence of calcium and by 100 mumol mefenamic acid/l in the presence of calcium (2.5 mmol/l). Although indomethacin was a less effective inhibitor of phospholipase A2 activity, a similar relationship with calcium was demonstrated. However, indomethacin also had a stimulatory effect on phospholipase A2 type 1 activity in the absence of calcium. Our findings suggest that the two endometrial enzymes may be inhibited by different mechanisms and that the dependence of the enzyme on calcium for activation may be a contributing factor. PMID- 3193044 TI - Effect of growth hormone on growth and myelination in the neonatal hypothyroid rat. AB - The possible involvement of a deficit of GH and insulin-like growth factor-I (somatomedin C) (IGF-I/SMC) in mediating the effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) induced hypothyroidism on body and skeletal growth and myelination was studied in the neonatal rat. Myelination (as assessed by 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphohydrolase (CNP) activity), skeletal growth (as assessed by tail length) and body weight of pups from PTU-treated mothers were significantly retarded compared with normal animals or euthyroid controls. At 20 days after birth, plasma GH in hypothyroid animals was undetectable (less than 10 micrograms/l), pituitary GH content was 1.2% of control, and plasma, liver and kidney IGF-I/SMC concentrations were 63, 68 and 50% of control values respectively. CNP activity in hypothyroid brain was 52% of normal controls but the concentration of IGF I/SMC was 113-154% of control. Treatment of hypothyroid animals from day 1 with GH (10 mg/kg body weight per day) restored liver and plasma IGF-I/SMC concentrations at 20 days to values above those of normal animals and euthyroid controls. The concentration of IGF-I/SMC was also significantly (P less than 0.001) restored in hypothyroid kidney (79% of normal), but the concentration in brain was unaffected. These observations provide evidence that the GH treatment employed in the present experiments was adequate to restore the deficit. GH treatment had no significant effect on tail length or CNP activity, and only a small (4-24%) effect on body weight at 20 days. Only thyroxine was able fully to restore body weight and substantially restore tail length and CNP activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193046 TI - Pregnanediol excretion in fertile women: age-related changes. AB - In normal women reproductive capacity diminishes with age; the decline has been detected before the start of the menopausal transition. It is known that in premenopausal women most menstrual cycles are ovulatory. An investigation was set up to examine the possibility that there is an age-related decline in the ability of the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone at this time. Once-weekly urine samples for the measurement of pregnanediol were collected from 100 women aged 20 48 years, all of whom had regular 20- to 35-day menstrual cycles (1124 samples collected during the course of 312 menstrual cycles of which 96.8% were ovulatory). Pregnanediol excretion rates parallel the levels of progesterone in plasma. Examination of the rank correlation between age and pregnanediol excretion identified a significant negative correlation during the early and mid follicular phases, but failed to detect any age-related change during the luteal phase. The evidence does not support the concept of an age-related increase in luteal phase defects before the start of the menopausal transition. PMID- 3193047 TI - The anabolic actions of growth hormone and thyroxine on protein metabolism in Snell dwarf and normal mice. AB - The individual effects of GH and thyroxine (T4) on protein metabolism were determined in dwarf and normal mice in vivo. The hormone deficiencies of dwarf mice (low serum concentrations of GH and T4) resulted in decreased protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle and liver, but no difference in synthesis rates in heart. The efficiency of synthesis (g protein/g RNA per day; KRNA) was lower in all three tissues in dwarf compared with normal mice, but effects on RNA concentration were not consistent; there was no change in muscle, a decrease in liver and an increase in heart. Treatment of dwarf mice for 9 days with either human GH or T4 caused increases in body weight and length. Protein synthesis rates were increased in muscle, liver and heart by either hormone, though much more so with T4 than GH. In muscle and liver both GH and T4 treatment resulted in an increased RNA concentration, but T4 treatment also increased KRNA. In heart, both GH and T4 increased KRNA with no change in RNA concentration. GH caused no significant changes in protein degradation rates so that growth rates were increased. T4 increased degradation rates so that there was no increased net growth in muscle or liver; in heart, T4 did induce increased growth despite the large increase in degradation rate. Tibial length was increased by both hormones; GH treatment of dwarf mice also increased cartilage sulphate incorporation on day 9, but T4 treatment did not, suggesting that bone growth is transient with T4 treatment. Normal mice showed no changes in growth or tissue protein metabolism in response to GH, but following T4 treatment there was increased protein turnover due to higher tissue RNA concentrations, although only heart growth was increased. Thus normal mice showed almost no net response to GH or T4, but dwarf mice showed a large response to both hormones. The response was different, however, in that GH caused concomitant increases in growth rates whereas T4 altered body tissue proportions. PMID- 3193048 TI - Growth hormone-deficient dwarfism in the rat: a new mutation. AB - Mutations in animals have provided insight into many aspects of normal and pathological human physiology. This paper reports the discovery and initial characterization of a new mutant dwarf rat. The mutation, inherited as an autosomal recessive, arose spontaneously in a breeding colony of Lewis rats at the Medical Research Council Cellular Immunology Unit, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, U.K., in 1985 and the strain has now been established both in Oxford and at Mill Hill. Body growth in the mutant is retarded such that at 3 months of age both males and females weigh approximately 40% less than their normal litter-mates, and continue to grow at a slower rate. The mutants show a selective reduction in pituitary GH synthesis and storage (pituitary GH concentrations were approximately 10% of normal in males and 6% in females). The concentration of their anterior pituitary trophic hormones (LH, TSH, prolactin and ACTH) were within the normal range in dwarf animals. Exogenous GH treatment for 5 days resulted in an increase in growth rate from 1.5 +/- 0.3 to 3.9 +/- 0.4 g/day in male mutants, and 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 3.1 +/- 0.1 g/day in females. Longitudinal bone growth rates were more than doubled by this treatment from 49 +/- 5 to 100 +/- 10 micron/day in females and from 52 +/- 11 to 131 +/- 16 micron/day in males. Dot blot and Northern blot analysis of pituitary mRNA extracts revealed that the GH message in mutants was between 20 and 25% of normal, and that the GH transcript was of normal size.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193049 TI - Effects of an aromatase inhibitor on testosterone-induced inhibition of thymus growth in immature female rats. AB - The hypothesis was tested that the inhibitory action of testosterone on thymus growth is mediated by its metabolism to oestradiol. Immature female rats were given s.c. implants of silicone elastomer tubing containing 5 or 20 mg testosterone alone, or together with 25 or 50 mg of an aromatase inhibitor 1,4,6 androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD). Some rats received implants containing 5 mg oestradiol or 5 mg dihydrotestosterone (DHT). After 14 days the thymus was removed and weighed. Body weight gain was similar in animals treated with empty implants, or 5 mg testosterone or DHT, or with ATD alone. The combination of testosterone and ATD significantly increased body weight gain, and oestradiol significantly decreased it. Thymus growth was inhibited by both doses of testosterone and by oestradiol, but not by DHT. ATD alone did not inhibit thymus growth, nor did the lower dose of ATD inhibit the action of testosterone. The higher dose of ATD did, however, significantly reduce the inhibitory action of testosterone on the thymus. The inhibitory action of testosterone on the growing thymus may be due, at least in part, to its conversion to oestradiol. PMID- 3193050 TI - Cellular distribution of somatogenic receptors and insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA in the rat liver. AB - Parenchymal and non-parenchymal cell fractions isolated from rat liver were analysed for the distribution of somatogenic receptors and for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) mRNA. The effect of hypophysectomy either alone or in combination with a single injection of human GH (hGH) on the levels of IGF-I mRNA was also studied in the two cell fractions. The contamination of parenchymal cells in the non-parenchymal cell fraction was in the range of 2-3%. Somatogenic receptors were found only in the parenchymal cell fraction. IGF-I mRNA was detected in both cell fractions, although the level of this mRNA was about fivefold higher in parenchymal cells. When RNA was studied by Northern gel analysis no major differences were observed in the size distribution of IGF-I transcripts in the two cell fractions. In hypophysectomized animals, the IGF-I mRNA level was decreased to 10 and 30% of control values in the parenchymal and non-parenchymal cell fractions respectively. Treatment of hypophysectomized animals with a single dose of hGH restored IGF-I mRNA in parenchymal and in non parenchymal cells to the extent found in intact animals. In conclusion, our data indicate that somatogenic receptors are exclusively, and IGF-I mRNA predominantly, expressed in liver parenchymal cells compared with a total non parenchymal cell fraction. The most marked effect of GH, correlating with the presence of somatogenic receptors, was seen in the parenchymal cells. The minor non-GH dependent expression of IGF-I mRNA suggests that this peptide may elicit effects in addition to the well-established GH-dependent activity. PMID- 3193051 TI - Lack of an effect of morphine or naloxone on the oestrogen-induced LH surge in anoestrous ewes. AB - To determine whether opioid mechanisms modulate the positive feedback effect of oestrogen on LH secretion, anoestrous ewes were given a single injection of 50 micrograms oestradiol benzoate (OB), followed by infusions of morphine or naloxone. All sheep were injected i.m. with 50 micrograms OB at 00.00 h. In experiment 1, sheep were given i.v. infusions of the following: group 1, 12 ml saline/h from 09.00 to 15.00 h (n = 12); group 2, 40 mg naloxone/h from 09.00 to 12.00 h (n = 5); group 3, 40 mg naloxone/h from 10.00 to 14.00 h (n = 5); group 4, 10 mg morphine/h from 09.00 to 15.00 h (n = 5); and group 5, 20 mg morphine/h from 09.00 to 15.00 h (n = 5). Jugular blood samples were taken at 30-min intervals to monitor LH surges, which commenced 13.0 +/- 0.6 h after injection of OB in control (OB plus saline) ewes. The infusions of naloxone or morphine did not affect the timing or magnitude of the oestrogen-induced LH surge. To examine the possibility that opioidergic regulation of the LH surge occurred earlier than the infusion regimens in experiment 1, sheep were infused from the time of the OB injection (00.00 h) until 15.00 h. In this experiment (experiment 2), sheep were given i.v. infusions of the following: group 1, 4.2 ml saline/h (n = 5); group 2, 20 mg naloxone/h (n = 5); and group 3, 20 mg morphine/h (n = 5). As in experiment 1, treatment with neither the opioid agonist or antagonist was able to alter the positive feedback response of OB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193052 TI - The merger and development of equivalence classes by unreinforced conditional selection of comparison stimuli. AB - Three experiments assessed the likelihood that subjects with histories of equivalence class development would respond conditionally on new discriminations in the absence of differential consequences for responses. In the first two experiments, two groups of subjects with different experimental histories, but whose performances showed four equivalence classes, responded on trials without explicit reinforcement involving samples from two of the classes and comparisons from the other two classes, in a two-choice matching-to-sample format. Subjects consistently selected a particular comparison in the presence of a particular sample. Subsequent tests showed the emergence of equivalence relations between stimuli from classes linked by the unreinforced conditional selections. Subsequently, in Experiment II, the subjects' responses in the conditional selection trials were reinforced if the selection was reversed from that made previously. Although reversed selection was maintained, 2 of the 3 subjects continued to perform on equivalence relation trials according to their original unreinforced selections. In the third experiment, these 2 subjects responded on a series of conditional discriminations involving three new pairs of sample stimuli and one new pair of comparison stimuli. No explicit reinforcement followed responses on any trial in this experiment. Subsequent tests for equivalence between sample stimuli revealed the development of two equivalence classes. PMID- 3193053 TI - Generalization of delayed identity matching in retarded children. AB - In an extension of prior research, four retarded children were trained under an identity matching-to-sample procedure containing features previously shown to produce controlled generalization to novel stimuli. They first were taught to relate a particular handsign to the sample shape, then to maintain the handsign over a delay interval, and then to select from an array the comparison shape that permitted the handsign to be maintained (i.e., the shape identical to the sample). An initial test revealed little generalization of matching to novel stimuli, but after handsigns were trained to these stimuli, accurate generalized matching appeared immediately. The results replicated prior findings and demonstrated particular features of stimulus control sufficient to enable generalized matching. A behavioral account of relational matching was supported. The technique used in this study was shown to be effective in teaching abstract relations to nonverbal retarded children. PMID- 3193054 TI - Self-control: teaching tolerance for delay in impulsive children. AB - We investigated a procedure to increase the selection of larger, more delayed reinforcers (i.e., more advantageous in the long run) over smaller immediate reinforcers, in an effort to increase a key aspect of self-control in children. Six preschoolers, including one comparison subject, identified by their teachers as impulsive, were preassessed and found consistently to select smaller immediate reinforcers over larger, more delayed ones. The teaching procedure consisted of gradually increasing the durations of the delay interval over many sessions. The follow-up assessments showed that 5 of these children increased the proportion of their choices of the delayed reinforcers. Before training, indifference points ranged from 1.7 to 51.7 s; following treatment, points rose to a range of 37.5 to at least 90 s, with 3 children preferring the larger reinforcer at all delay intervals tested. The results demonstrated the feasibility of teaching young children to make choices more advantageous to them in the long run. PMID- 3193055 TI - An inverse relationship between baseline fixed-interval response rate and the effects of a tandem response requirement. AB - Previous experiments examining the effects of adding a tandem fixed-ratio response requirement on fixed-interval schedule performance have reported inconsistent results. One variable that may account for such inconsistencies is the baseline response rate in the fixed-interval condition. This possibility was investigated in the present study. Rats were given histories with either interresponse times greater than 11 s or fixed-ratio 40 schedules of reinforcement, which engendered either relatively low or high rates of responding, respectively, in the subsequent fixed-interval condition. A tandem ratio response requirement (fixed-ratio 9) was then introduced. The effects of adding this tandem response requirement were inversely related to the baseline fixed-interval response rates; low rates of responding in the fixed-interval condition were markedly increased, whereas high rates of responding were relatively unaffected. This inverse relationship appears to be similar to the rate-dependent relations observed in behavioral pharmacology. These results may provide an explanation for the inconsistent findings reported in previous studies on tandem fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedules and suggest that principles of behavioral pharmacology research may be applicable to the study of the effects of nonpharmacological variables on schedule-controlled behavior. PMID- 3193056 TI - The integration of habits maintained by food and water reinforcement through stimulus compounding. AB - In Experiment 1, a light and a tone were correlated independently with water reinforcement of bar pressing by rats. With different naive subjects in Experiment 2, one of these stimuli was correlated with food and the other with water reinforcement (counterbalanced). In both experiments the absence of tone and light signaled extinction. Tests of stimulus-reinforcer independence in Experiment 2 indicated that tone and light controlled behavior whose rate was specifically affected by deprivation state. In the stimulus-compounding tests of both experiments, response rates were higher to tone-plus-light than to tone or light presented alone (additive summation). This is the first report of additive summation produced through compounding stimuli paired with different reinforcers. The results are discussed in the context of the effects of incentive motivation on operant performance. PMID- 3193057 TI - Absolute and relative measures of dimensional contrast. AB - Two sets of experiments examined the discriminative performance of pigeons on a visual flicker-rate continuum using a maintained generalization procedure. In the first experiment, responses during the intermediate stimulus value were not reinforced, whereas responses during all other stimuli were reinforced periodically. In the second experiment, training was similar to the first, with the exception of one condition in which stimuli adjacent to the negative stimulus border were eliminated from the discrimination set. Results from both experiments show that positive dimensional contrast seems to represent a relative enhancement of discrimination gradient form, rather than an absolute increase in responding with respect to prior baseline. Further, the form and magnitude of positive dimensional contrast are not predictable from the form and magnitude of baseline response rates. Results from the second experiment indicate that eliminating border stimuli increased response-rate differences between positive and negative stimuli, but did not necessarily diminish the magnitude of positive dimensional contrast. PMID- 3193058 TI - The significance of fur structure for solar heat gain in the rock squirrel, Spermophilus variegatus. AB - The coats of birds and mammals typically vary through their depth in structure, insulation and optical qualities. Physical models predict that such variation can substantially affect the solar heat load acquired by an animal. This study quantifies the consequences of complex coat structure for solar heat gain in the rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus (Erxleben, 1777)), a species normally exposed to intense solar radiation. This species' pelage consists of two well defined layers: a dense inner coat of fine, dark hairs, and a sparse outer coat of coarse, light hairs. The optics, structure and thermal insulation of the inner and outer coats are quantified and used to predict rates of radiative heat gain using a physical model. The radiative heat load measured at the skin compares well with model predictions. The validated model is then used to explore the consequences for solar heat gain of varying the relative proportions of the inner and outer coat layers. Results demonstrate that the ratio of inner to outer coat depths occurring in rock squirrels is very near that theoretically predicted to minimize solar heat gain. This indicates that optimization of fur structure may represent an effective means of adjusting solar heat gain independent of coat insulation and surface coloration. PMID- 3193059 TI - Speed, stride frequency and energy cost per stride: how do they change with body size and gait? AB - In this study we investigate how speed and stride frequency change with body size. We use this information to define 'equivalent speeds' for animals of different size and to explore the factors underlying the six-fold difference in mass-specific energy cost of locomotion between mouse- and horse-sized animals at these speeds. Speeds and stride frequencies within a trot and a gallop were measured on a treadmill in 16 species of wild and domestic quadrupeds, ranging in body size from 30 g mice to 200 kg horses. We found that the minimum, preferred and maximum sustained speeds within a trot and a gallop all change in the same rather dramatic manner with body size, differing by nine-fold between mice and horses (i.e. all three speeds scale with about the 0.2 power of body mass). Although the absolute speeds differ greatly, the maximum sustainable speed was about 2.6-fold greater than the minimum within a trot, and 2.1-fold greater within a gallop. The frequencies used to sustain the equivalent speeds (with the exception of the minimum trotting speed) scale with about the same factor, the 0.15 power of body mass. Combining this speed and frequency data with previously published data on the energetic cost of locomotion, we find that the mass specific energetic cost of locomotion is almost directly proportional to the stride frequency used to sustain a constant speed at all the equivalent speeds within a trot and a gallop, except for the minimum trotting speed (where it changes by a factor of two over the size range of animals studied). Thus the energy cost per kilogram per stride at five of the six equivalent speeds is about the same for all animals, independent of body size, but increases with speed: 5.0 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred trotting speed; 5.3 J kg-1 stride-1 at the trot gallop transition speed; 7.5 J kg-1 stride-1 at the preferred galloping speed; and 9.4 J kg-1 stride-1 at the maximum sustained galloping speed. The cost of locomotion is determined primarily by the cost of activating muscles and of generating a unit of force for a unit of time. Our data show that both these costs increase directly with the stride frequency used at equivalent speeds by different-sized animals. The increase in cost per stride with muscles (necessitating higher muscle forces for the same ground reaction force) as stride length increases both in the trot and in the gallop. PMID- 3193061 TI - Anaerobic heat production measurements: a new perspective. PMID- 3193060 TI - Use of filtration methods in evaluation of the condition of fish red blood cells. PMID- 3193062 TI - Mental health consultation and referral. PMID- 3193063 TI - Graduate training for family practice. PMID- 3193064 TI - Religion, faith, and family medicine. PMID- 3193065 TI - Headache and chronic pain in primary care. PMID- 3193066 TI - Prescription diuretic abuse in patients with bulimia nervosa. AB - Bulimia nervosa, a common eating disorder usually characterized by binge eating and self-induced vomiting, may also involve abuse of prescription diuretics. This article describes four patients who abused prescription diuretics in large quantities (up to 2 g/d of furosemide) for extended periods of time. Physical examination and laboratory values provided few clues to the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa. Other eating-related behaviors previously linked to bulimia nervosa- including abuse of diet pills, illicit amphetamines, and laxatives, as well as withholding of insulin in one diabetic patient--were present in these cases. Usually the patients' primary physicians were not aware of these problems. Physicians should be aware that patients requesting prescription diuretics may have bulimia nervosa. PMID- 3193067 TI - Strategies to avoid unnecessary cesarean sections. AB - Because there is a 35 to 50 percent incidence of false-positive prediction of fetal compromise on fetal heart-rate monitoring patterns, many unnecessary cesarean sections are performed. To reduce the number of unnecessary cesarean sections, the physician is urged to consider the following: (1) fetal heart-rate monitoring is associated with higher rates of cesarean sections than in those not monitored; (2) only high-risk patients should be monitored provided the low-risk patient is at term, with a normal-sized infant, and does not convert to a high risk patient while in labor; (3) maintenance of variability is a better predictor of absence of acidosis than is fetal scalp pH; (4) fetal scalp stimulation by firm digital pressure or gentle nontraumatic clamping of scalp tissue or acoustic stimulation obviates the need for fetal scalp pH confirmation of acidosis in 50 percent of cases; (5) monetary considerations may unconsciously lead to increased cesarean sections, since insurance companies remunerate at a higher level for those as compared with vaginal deliveries; and (6) more patients with prior cesarean section should be given a trial of labor, since the initial reason for cesarean section often is not a recurring one and many could successfully be delivered vaginally. Ultimately there is a risk inherent in any decision regarding method of delivery. The patient must understand this risk and share in the decision-making process as a knowledgeable person, aware of the limitation of her physician. PMID- 3193068 TI - Ankylosing spondylitis: radiographic abnormalities of the hand and wrist. PMID- 3193069 TI - Development and evaluation of a computer genogram. PMID- 3193070 TI - The effect of a rural preceptorship during residency on practice site selection and interest in rural practice. AB - Rural areas of the United States face serious shortages in health care personnel. This report evaluates the effect of a rural preceptorship during the second or third year of a family practice residency on interest in rural practice and on practice site selection. A majority of participants (n = 123) felt that this experience influenced their choice of a practice site. Furthermore, a large majority felt that it increased their interest in rural practice opportunities. Rural preceptorships during residency are a timely solution to increase the number of family physicians interested in rural practice. PMID- 3193071 TI - LSD intoxication. PMID- 3193072 TI - Hispanics, low birthweight, and prenatal access. PMID- 3193073 TI - Papanicolaou smear and endocervical cell yield. PMID- 3193074 TI - Two-dimensional absorption-inhibition. AB - A novel inhibition procedure, called two-dimensional absorption-inhibition, is described. The theory underlying this technique is developed based on a review of and comparison with existing inhibition methods. Two-dimensional inhibition takes advantage of the best features of inhibition-titration and titration-inhibition, and is shown to be more sensitive than either of them. Results obtained using all the inhibition methods on secretor saliva, semen, urine, urine stain, and perspiration stain specimens show that the new technique is especially powerful in correctly determining the ABH antigens in secretor body fluids having lower concentrations of soluble blood group antigens. A two-stage version of the two dimensional procedure that makes it a practical casework method is described as well. PMID- 3193075 TI - An epidemic of intravenous narcoticism deaths associated with the resurgence of black tar heroin. AB - In the latter part of 1985, a dramatic rise in the number of illicit narcotic (heroin) related deaths in the State of New Mexico became apparent, and this increase persisted through the majority of the following year. A careful inspection of samples of narcotics found at the scenes of death, coupled with changes in the illicit drug traffic detected by local and state law enforcement agencies, revealed that the rising death rate corresponded with the distinctively increased availability of a form of heroin that is produced in Mexico, commonly termed "black tar" heroin. An analysis of heroin deaths, comparing characteristics of cumulative deaths in the six years before the increase with those deaths associated with the apparent epidemic, revealed several significant observations. These factors, along with the distinctive physical features of black tar heroin, suggest that the rise in the narcotic abuse death rate may be related to both unfamiliarity with this type of heroin on the part of the user and the inherent difficulty of diluting nonpowdered forms of the drug to sublethal levels. PMID- 3193076 TI - Cervical airway injuries as a result of impact with steering wheel rim. AB - Motor vehicle occupants may suffer severe cervical airway injuries as the result of impaction with the steering wheel, dashboard, windshield, backseat, and seat belt. Although the steering column is well recognized as a general site of injury infliction, less attention has been directed to components which may be the actual focal point of contact, such as the steering wheel rim. Two cases of cervical airway injury as a result of impact with the steering wheel rim are presented, including one instance of complete laryngotracheal transection. Correlation of injury with crash and postcrash sequences as well as the damaged vehicle will often provide excellent crash injury reconstruction. PMID- 3193077 TI - Confidence intervals for estimates based on linear regression in forensic anthropology. AB - Forensic anthropologists commonly use simple linear regression to estimate the value of a dependent variable, such as stature, for a single specimen where the value of the independent variable, such as humerus length, is known. Published studies providing regression equations for such use almost invariably include the standard error of estimate. Unfortunately, it is exceptional for forensic anthropologists to use the standard error to calculate correctly the confidence limits for their single predicted value. We attempt to show why this may be and provide explicit guidelines for the proper construction of confidence interval in such circumstances. PMID- 3193078 TI - The effects of aging on the comparability of antemortem and postmortem radiographs. AB - To study the effects of aging on the ability to make positive identifications from radiographs of the postcranial axial skeleton, we collected early and later exposed abdominal X-rays from five patients whose period of treatment spanned from ten to twenty-three years. Corresponding lumbar vertebrae from each pair of radiographs were compared for similarities and differences in several of the criteria that have been reported as useful for individualization. These include shapes of the bodies, spinous processes, transverse processes, pedicles, and osteophytic extrusions. It is our conclusion that even though bone is a flexible tissue and changes constantly during life, aspects of the criteria chosen are quite stable and that even after two-and-a-half decades the ability to make positive identifications from postcranial axial material is not necessarily diminished. PMID- 3193079 TI - Cocaine and homicide in Memphis and Shelby county: an epidemic of violence. AB - In Memphis and the surrounding county, there were a record number of homicides (179) in 1986. During the same year, there was a marked increase in medical examiner cases where tests were positive for cocaine or its metabolites. Review of medical examiner and toxicology records from 1980 to 1986 found 87 cocaine related deaths; 46 of these were homicides. In 1986 alone, there were 53 cocaine related deaths, all manners, and 31 cocaine related homicides. In this year, 17.3% of the homicides were positive for cocaine or metabolite. The cocaine related homicides were similar to other homicides in terms of age, race, sex, blood ethanol concentration, and cause of death being due most often to firearms. In homicide cases in which an abuse drug was detected, cocaine accounted for the entire increase in 1986. Police records indicated that cocaine directly contributed to the homicide in 39% of the cases in which the drug was found. In other cases, we speculate that cocaine altered behavior may have contributed to the victim's being murdered either during the drug "high" or during the posteuphoric depression or withdrawal phase. PMID- 3193080 TI - A technique to enhance fingerprinting of mummified fingers. AB - This report details a fingerprinting technique for softening mummified fingers and hands using Metaflow and Restorative, a fluid for rehydration of desiccated tissue. This procedure has proven successful in cases of extreme desiccation and has allowed for good fingerprint detail to be developed. PMID- 3193081 TI - Rapid isolation of benzodiazepines with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges. AB - A rapid method for isolation of various benzodiazepines from human samples with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges before wide-bore capillary gas chromatography is described. The drugs dissolved in alkaline samples were directly applied to the cartridges and eluted with hexane/isopropanol (9:1). The recoveries were excellent for all drugs in urine samples, but were somewhat lower for some drugs in plasma samples. The latter problem could be easily circumvented by using a deproteinization process before their application to the cartridge. We can recommend the Sep-Pak C18 cartridges for isolation of benzodiazepines because of their simplicity and rapidity. PMID- 3193082 TI - Tests of genetic markers on aborted fetal material. AB - Women who conceive as a result of rape often elect to abort the fetus. We describe twelve cases where genetic markers were tested on the aborted fetal material to provide evidence of the genetic constitution of the rapist. Two cases are presented in detail, and the problems encountered with the testing are discussed. PMID- 3193083 TI - Group specific component subtyping in bloodstains by separator isoelectric focusing in micro-ultrathin polyacrylamide gels followed by immunoblotting. AB - The identification of group specific component (Gc) subtypes derived from blood stains by separator isoelectric focusing in micro-ultrathin polyacrylamide gels (interelectrode distance: 50 mm) containing 4.5 to 5.4 pharmalytes is described. The separation achieved between Gc 1F and Gc 1S bands is compared favorably with that obtained using separator isoelectric focusing in conventional polyacrylamide gels dimensions (interelectrode distance: 110 to 120 mm). The technique is rapid and economical, and the immunoblotting method described is more sensitive than immunofixation followed by silver staining. PMID- 3193084 TI - A photographic technique for the restoration of damaged radiographs. AB - Occasionally during identification efforts, the forensic science team will encounter radiographs needed for comparisons that are damaged and seemingly useless. The simplified darkroom technique presented will facilitate the recovery of useful information from such compromised radiographs on film. PMID- 3193085 TI - Handwriting is on the wall for trial lawyers. PMID- 3193086 TI - An additional viewpoint: what went wrong with nursing? PMID- 3193087 TI - Refractory edema: evolving status of albumin and furosemide. PMID- 3193088 TI - An epidemic affliction of contemporary physicians. PMID- 3193089 TI - The 1988 elections. A view from the perch of a Florida physician. PMID- 3193090 TI - My son, an organ donor. PMID- 3193091 TI - Of course there is a malpractice crisis, but is the St. Petersburg Times for real? PMID- 3193092 TI - Quantification of ricin toxin using a highly sensitive avidin/biotin enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. PMID- 3193093 TI - [13th European Seminar on Genetic Counseling. Athens, Greece, 2-5 October 1987. 1]. PMID- 3193094 TI - Recycling suitability of wash waters from mosquito abatement vehicles and equipment into spray diluent. AB - In response to changing laws as well as increased concern over environmental pollution, there is a current need to examine the best means of disposal of wash water generated by mosquito abatement operations. A study of wash waters from 6 central California mosquito abatement districts shows that herbicide levels were low enough so as not to preclude the use of these waters for recycling back into insecticide spray diluent. In one case, oil levels were high and an oil/water separation is probably necessary to prevent gum formation and clogging of spray equipment. Recycling of wash waters appears to be a feasible solution to the disposal problem once water contaminant levels are defined. PMID- 3193095 TI - Urban distribution of Aedes triseriatus in northern Indiana. AB - Ovitraps were used to determine the distribution of Aedes triseriatus among forty eight 1.2 km2 quadrants in urban South Bend and Mishawaka, Indiana. Oviposition paddles from 96 ovitraps were collected for 13 weeks from June to September, 1986. A total of 82,974 eggs was collected. Eggs were present in each quadrant at least once and were found in most quadrants on 6 or more collection dates. Ninety two percent of the ovitraps were positive at least once, indicating ubiquitous distribution throughout the urban area. The eggs collected were 80-90% Ae. triseriatus, the remainder being Ae. Hendersoni. Effectiveness of large (3,100 ml) and small (350 ml) ovitraps was compared. The large ovitraps exceeded the small by 319% for eggs/positive ovitrap and 486% in numbers of positive ovitraps. PMID- 3193096 TI - Hybridization of laboratory strains of sibling species A and B of Anopheles quadrimaculatus. AB - Adult mosquitoes of the Anopheles quadrimaculatus complex were collected from Montgomery County, AL (MON) and Alachua County, FL, (KBG) and laboratory stocks of species A and B were established through a selection procedure employing isofemale lines. Progeny from a cross of species B females to ORL males were usually semisterile females and sterile males. Progeny of the reciprocal cross were also semisterile females and sterile males, but the sex ratio was variable and ranged from normal to no males because of male mortality during the pupal stage. Conspecific crosses between strains from the two locations resulted in fertile offspring. Crosses between the sibling species from the two locations invariably gave semisterile females and sterile males (or lethal effects). This evidence confirmed previous data from hybridization and electrophoretic analyses of field populations indicating that Anopheles quadrimaculatus is a species complex. PMID- 3193097 TI - Host range and selected factors influencing the mosquito larvicidal activity of the PG-14 isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni. AB - Laboratory bioassay of the PG-14 isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni (serotype 8a:8b) against early fourth instar larvae of 8 species of mosquitoes revealed a range of susceptibilities similar to the susceptibilities of these species to Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (serotype 14). The most susceptible species were: Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. salinarius, Anopheles albimanus and Aedes aegypti. The least susceptible species tested was An. quadrimaculatus. Separate bioassays of PG-14 against the four instars of Ae. aegypti demonstrated a strong negative correlation (R = -0.97) between larval age and susceptibility. Temperature significantly affected the stability of larvicidal toxin in aqueous suspensions of PG-14. Larvicidal activity of a bacterial suspension was nearly completely eliminated after 132 days of storage at 31 degrees C, but was essentially unchanged for those suspensions stored at 4 degrees C. PMID- 3193098 TI - Cytogenetic evidence for two species within the current concept of the malaria vector Anopheles leucosphyrus in Southeast Asia. AB - Karyotypes and crossing relationships were investigated for three allopatric populations of Anopheles leucosphyrus in Southeast Asia: South Kalimantan, Sumatra and Thailand. The mitotic karyotypes of these populations were similar to those previously observed in other species of the An. leucosphyrus group. Populations from Thailand and South Kalimantan exhibited telocentric and subtelocentric sex chromosomes, respectively, with a distinctive band of intercalary heterochromatin in the X chromosome. Strikingly different submetacentric X and Y chromosomes were observed in the population from Sumatra, and it seems likely that the evolution of these chromosomes occurred through the acquisition of constitutive heterochromatin. Sterile F1 males were observed in crosses between the Sumatra population and the populations from South Kalimantan and Thailand. No genetic incompatibility was observed in crosses between the latter two populations. We believe that the present concept of An. leucosphyrus includes two allopatric species, one inhabiting Borneo, West Malaysia and southern Thailand and one confined to Sumatra. PMID- 3193099 TI - Photoperiod-induced diapause in a North Carolina strain of Aedes sollicitans: photosensitivity of fully formed and developing embryos. AB - The role of photoperiod in the induction of diapause in eggs laid by field collected adult Aedes sollicitans mosquitoes was examined at different temperatures. Short-day photoperiods induced a much higher incidence of diapause at 15 degrees than at 22 degrees C, whether eggs were 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 days old postoviposition on exposure. A 6-week exposure to a 6:18 to 10:14 (L:D) photoperiod at 15 degrees caused 87-100% of the eggs tested to enter diapause. The diapause incidence was significantly different for 0- to 5-day-old eggs subjected to a 10:14 photoperiod at 15 degrees and to a combination of 10.5:13.5 photoperiod and a 21:5 degrees C thermoperiod. Hatchability of 0- to 5-day-old eggs did not differ significantly after a 6-week exposure to other photoperiod/temperature combinations tested. However, evidence of photoperiod/temperature interaction during embryogenesis was observed following exposure to different short-day photoperiods at both 22 and 15 degrees C. PMID- 3193101 TI - Effects of larval nutrition on the host-seeking behavior of adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. AB - Adult female Aedes aegypti that were reared on a suboptimal diet as larvae were less likely to engage in host-seeking behavior than were adults derived from larvae reared on an optimal diet. A postemergence carbohydrate diet of either 1 or 10% sucrose solution did not affect this response. When the progeny of field collected Aedes vexans were reared in the laboratory, the adults were significantly larger than their parents. This indicated that the larvae of the field population were not as adequately nourished as their laboratory-reared progeny. PMID- 3193100 TI - Laboratory study of the influence of water temperature and pH on Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis efficacy against black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae). AB - An experimental formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis was used in the laboratory to assess the influence of water temperature and pH on the relationship between concentration, duration of exposure, and mortality of the northern black fly species Simulium decorum and Prosimulium mixtum/fuscum group. Mortality increases in both species with increases in duration of exposure, concentration, temperature and pH. Onset of death is shortened by increase in concentration and temperature. As temperature rises, the concentration of B.t.i. required to induce mortality decreases; the sharpest decline occurring between 12 and 18 degrees C for S. decorum, and between 4 and 8 degrees C for P. mixtum/fuscum larvae. Lower pH induces a loss of efficacy of the B.t.i. formulation on S. decorum larvae at 4 and 12 degrees C. Dialysis of the B.t.i. formulation at pH 11 for 2 h increases its potency against S. decorum larvae, suggesting an effect of an extralarval alkaline hydrolysis on the B.t.i. efficacy. An alkaline prehydrolysis of the paracrystalline bodies could therefore be used in cold and acidic environments to compensate for loss of efficacy. PMID- 3193102 TI - Some morphometric differences between container and pool breeding Culicidae. AB - A morphometric comparison was made between container and pool breeding culicid larvae which show some structural differences in the head capsule and the lateral palatal brushes. These are interpreted as expressions of the different feeding strategies the larvae use to optimize food intake in relation to available space. PMID- 3193103 TI - An economical lightweight portable resting unit for sampling adult Anopheles quadrimaculatus populations. PMID- 3193104 TI - Vertical distribution and species coexistence of tree hole mosquitoes in Louisiana. AB - Vertical distribution and species coexistence of mosquitoes inhabiting a deciduous forest in southern Louisiana were determined using 470 ml black jars for larval collections at ground level and 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m on selected trees. Specific preferences for discrete microhabitats by Aedes triseriatus, Ae. hendersoni, Ae. vexans and Ae. albopictus were not evident. Niche overlap indices, however, showed little overlap of these species and seemed to indicate that the mosquitoes partitioned the ovipositional/larval sites. Competition between the most abundant species, Ae. triseriatus and Ae. albopictus, was not apparent. The tree hole mosquito community structure appeared to be mediated by the predator, Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis. PMID- 3193105 TI - Predation of Microvelia pulchella (Hemiptera: Veliidae) on mosquito larvae. PMID- 3193106 TI - Vector competence of a Houston, Texas strain of Aedes albopictus for Rift Valley fever virus. PMID- 3193107 TI - Adult body size and survivorship in a field population of Aedes triseriatus. AB - Aedes triseriatus pupae, host-seeking, and ovipositing females were collected at a southern Wisconsin site endemic for La Crosse encephalitis virus. The host seeking and ovipositing females were age-graded by the Detinova and Polovodova techniques, respectively. Wing lengths were determined for all mosquitoes. Wing lengths of the mosquitoes collected as pupae were predicted from pupal weight by a simple regression equation. There was significant seasonal variation in body size of adult females, but no strong evidence that increased size was advantageous to survival. It is concluded therefore that the potential length of infective life is not affected by the size of the adult female. PMID- 3193108 TI - A laboratory study of predation by damselfly nymphs, Enallagma civile, upon mosquito larvae, Culex tarsalis. AB - The nymph of the damselfly, Enallagma civile, feeds on the larvae of the mosquito Culex tarsalis amongst a variety of other small aquatic invertebrates. Average daily consumption of 3rd instar Cx. tarsalis larvae by the last nymphal stage of E. civile was 6.06 larvae (range 4.64-8.67). Experiments in which density of prey (mosquito larvae) and predators (E. civile nymphs) were varied, showed that more prey was consumed as prey density increased. However, fewer prey were consumed at higher predator densities; mutual interferences among predators at higher predator densities was suspected. PMID- 3193109 TI - Method for determining settling rates of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 formulations. AB - A water-column apparatus is described in which settling rates of Bacillus thuringiensis serotype H-14 [B.t. (H-14)] formulations can be indirectly quantified using mortality of mosquito larvae at restricted depths as an index of B.t. (H-14) activity. To illustrate the type of data provided by this method, commercial B.t. (H-14) products (Bactimos, Teknar, Vectobac) and experimental formulations were compared at the manufacturers' recommended rates for mosquito control. All evaluations utilized laboratory-reared, 4th-instar Aedes aegypti larvae. The procedure can be used to provide an index of suspension properties of different B.t. (H-14) formulations and to measure dispersion rates of granular formulations resting at the bottom of a water column. Standardization of the method provides a convenient and practical means of generating comparative data on the effectiveness of B.t. (H-14) and other mosquito larvicides against specific target species. PMID- 3193110 TI - Mosquito production in a rotationally managed impoundment compared to other management techniques. AB - Mosquito production was monitored by larval dipping for 12 months in a 20.2 ha central east coast Florida salt marsh impoundment which was being managed under a rotational impoundment management (RIM) regime. This regime, implemented to provide mosquito control while retaining natural resource benefits, virtually eliminated salt-marsh Aedes mosquito production from late May through September when the marsh was closed to the estuary and flooded to approximately 1.0 ft NGVD. Anopheles spp. were collected only along the upland marsh edges in relatively low densities. Compared with the management methods of: 1) open to the estuary with culverts and, 2) passive retention of water with flapgate risers, RIM proved to be significantly more effective in reducing mosquito production. PMID- 3193111 TI - Microplate assay analysis of reduced fenitrothion susceptibility in Haitian Anopheles albimanus. AB - Reduced fenitrothion susceptibility in Haitian Anopheles albimanus is documented using time/mortality measurements from otherwise standard World Health Organization (WHO) bioassays. Survival beyond a time threshold in bioassays is shown to be highly correlated with elevated non-specific esterase levels. A shift in resistance incidence from less than 20 to over 60% in a six-month period is documented using both the bioassay and microassay procedures, showing the potential of microplate assay methods in early detection of resistance. Conventional 24-hour reading of WHO bioassay data failed to detect resistance until the level reached 60%. Resistance appeared to be focal, with an increase in intensity coinciding with a fenitrothion spray cycle for malaria control. PMID- 3193112 TI - Propoxur susceptibility test of Anopheles stephensi in southern Islamic Republic of Iran (1976-86). AB - In southern Iran, adults of Anopheles stephensi, the main vector of malaria, are resistant to DDT, dieldrin and malathion. Susceptibility tests carried out with propoxur-impregnated papers during 1976-86 in 5 villages in Minab County, showed that, despite 10 years of propoxur application twice a year in dwellings, An. stephensi remained susceptible to this insecticide. PMID- 3193113 TI - Evaluating ultra-low volume ground applications of malathion against Aedes aegypti using landing counts in Puerto Rico, 1980-84. AB - Landing counts made in a residential area in San Juan, Puerto Rico during the 5 year period, 1980-84 indicated that malathion ULV applied by LECO Fog Generators was not effective against Aedes aegypti. Of 25 applications only 6 resulted in a decrease on the first day after treatment and only one remained much less than the pretreatment count on the second and third days after treatment. Daily, the number of mosquitoes landing for a 5-minute period at each of 2 stations was recorded. An ideal year created by averaging the monthly data suggested that the seasonal variation of mosquitoes was inverse to that of reported dengue incidence. PMID- 3193114 TI - Efficacy of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 formulations against floodwater mosquitoes. AB - Four new formulations of Bacillus sphaericus 2362 yielded excellent control of floodwater mosquitoes Psorophora columbiae and Aedes nigromaculis in irrigated fields in Kings and Riverside counties of California. A primary powder formulation (ABG-6184) was the most active, producing excellent control of Ps. columbiae and Ae. nigromaculis at the rates of 0.05 to 0.5 lb/acre (0.055-0.56 kg/ha). A liquid formulation (BSP-2) was slightly less active, but was effective against the same species in the range of 1.0-1.5 lb/acre (1.12-1.68 kg/ha). Activity of the two corn cob granular formulations was largely dependent on potency (spores/gram). The high spore count granules (1.5 x 10(9) spores/gram) yielded 91 and 98% reduction of Ae. nigromaculis at the rates of 2.5 and 5.0 lb/acre (2.8 and 5.6 kg/ha), respectively. Against the same population, the lower spore count formulation (7.6 x 10(8) spores/gram) produced complete control at the rate of 10 lb/acre (11.2 kg/ha), but poor results were obtained at the rate of 5 lb/acre (5.6 kg/ha). PMID- 3193115 TI - Biting activity patterns of Culex (Melanoconion) ribeirensis in southern Brazil. AB - The biting activity of Culex ribeirensis was studied in the highland region of Southern Brazil and compared with data previously obtained in a lowland area of the same region. Hourly sampling with human bait showed a bimodal pattern, with a greater peak in the evening crepuscular period. Behavior was similar in both the highland area of Lupo Farm and the lowland of the Ribeira Valley but with a notable feature in the former. In relation to the vespertine crepuscular period, precrepuscular peaks were observed in the highland area. The adaptability of this species to man-made environments and its epidemiological significance are considered. PMID- 3193117 TI - Records of imported tire-breeding mosquitoes in Ohio. PMID- 3193116 TI - Effects of selected insect growth regulators and pesticides on Dugesia dorotocephala and Dugesia tigrina (Tricladida: Turbellaria). PMID- 3193118 TI - An inexpensive multiple boot dryer. PMID- 3193119 TI - Defensive consumption of parasitic mites by Anopheles crucians larvae. PMID- 3193120 TI - Three Culex salinarius gynandromorphs. PMID- 3193121 TI - Laboratory evaluation of formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis combined with methoprene or a monomolecular surface film against Anopheles albimanus and An. stephensi. PMID- 3193122 TI - Tropical spastic paraparesis. A clinical study of 50 patients from Tumaco (Colombia) and review of the worldwide features of the syndrome. AB - Tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) is a chronic and slowly progressive endemic myelopathy occurring in geographical isolates in the Caribbean, South India, South Africa, the Seychelles, and Colombia. A detailed clinical and laboratory study was performed on 50 TSP patients from the island of Tumaco (Colombia), in a tropical rain forest area. Most patients were middle-aged blacks, 29 (58%) men and 21 women. In every case, neurological examination confirmed the presence of pyramidal signs in the lower limbs, plus, in 58%, moderate decrease in vibratory perception distally in the feet, bilaterally and symmetrically. Absent ankle jerks were found in 28%. Slow onset and chronic progression were documented in most patients. Positive treponemal serology, from yaws infection in childhood, was found in the serum in 92%, and in 19% also in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). No pleocytosis was documented on 27 CSF samples, but increased protein content occurred in 86%, with elevation of gamma-globulins in 78%. Treatment of 20 patients with high doses of penicillin produced no change in the clinical picture. TSP emerges from this review of the literature as a remarkably homogeneous clinical entity worldwide. A retrovirus-human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)--has been recently implicated as a possible etiology of the syndrome. PMID- 3193123 TI - Clinical picture of HTLV-I associated myelopathy. AB - Clinical and electrophysiological findings in 16 consecutive cases of HTLV-I associated myelopathy are reported. Symmetric spastic paraparesis associated with only mild hyperreflexia in the arms, clinical and electrophysiological evidence of moderate posterior column involvement at the thoracic level, urinary frequency and urgency associated with the detrusor-urethral sphincter dyssynergia but without systemic autonomic involvement, and absence of the segmental grey matter involvement, all suggest the presence of diffuse lesions of the white matter predominantly involving the thoracic cord. We conclude that HTLV-I associated myelopathy is a chronic diffuse leukomyelitis predominantly involving the thoracic cord. PMID- 3193124 TI - Effects of aging on skeletal muscle regeneration. AB - Bupivacaine was injected into the anterior tibial muscles of 2-year-old rats. The induced degeneration - regeneration was slow, taking 3 weeks to completion (1 week in young rats). The reconstituted muscle showed small fiber size, an increased number of internal nuclei and longitudinal splitting. These findings may have implications for human muscular disorders and trauma in the aged. PMID- 3193125 TI - The development of astrocytes and blood vessels in the postnatal rabbit retina. AB - Antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) have been used to study the shape and location of astrocytes in whole mount preparations of developing postnatal rabbit retina. At all developmental stages GFAP-positive astrocytes were detectable. At birth, they were few in number and only weakly labelled. With further development, their number as well as their labelling intensity increased. Following Nissl counterstaining it was observed that GFAP-positive astrocytes, always situated in the nerve fibre layer, are capable of cell division during about the first 4 postnatal weeks. GFAP-positive astrocytes were always confined to a wing-shaped area extending horizontally from both sides of the optic nerve head. It is suggested that astrocytes are not generated in the entire rabbit retina, which is in clear contrast to the second glial cell type of the rabbit retina, the Muller cell; and it has been concluded that the confinement of astrocytes to the medullary rays region in the adult rabbit is established during ontogenesis, and is not due to a secondary restriction of astrocytes to this region. Horizontal sections cut through entire rabbit retinae at various postnatal stages revealed that the first intraretinal blood vessels are not found before postnatal day 9. This is more than 1 week later than the first astrocytes are detectable. It is suggested that, at least in the rabbit, retinal astrocytes do not co-migrate with blood vessel endothelial cells from the optic disc into the retina, a hypothesis considered recently for the cat retina. It was, however, not possible to decide unequivocally if, in this material, astroglial progenitors are derived from retinal neuroepithelial cells or invade the retina from the optic nerve head. PMID- 3193126 TI - The form of sympathetic postganglionic axons at clustered neuromuscular junctions near branch points of arterioles in the submucosa of the guinea pig ileum. AB - In fluorescence histochemical studies of the sympathetic innervation of the arterial vessels of the submucosa of the guinea pig ileum, we have identified clusters of varicosities overlying arteriolar branch points. These were particularly obvious on the small arterioles less than 45 microns in diameter, the non-branching regions of which generally lack much other innervation. Serial reconstruction from electron micrographs of axon bundles from the region of arteriolar branch points revealed the form of the varicose axons. Branching of axon bundles sometimes involved branching of individual axons. Within a cluster, most axons had several varicosities along lengths as short as 3 micron. The varicosities were very irregular in size and shape. Most large varicosities (greater than 1 micron in diameter) that were bare of Schwann cell covering (73%) formed neuromuscular junctions with basal lamina intervening between axon and muscle membranes. A smaller proportion (44%) of small varicosities (0.5-1.0 micron diameter) also formed junctions. Of all bare varicosities, 37% did not form contracts. In several of the large varicosities, prejunctional membrane specializations were identified over part of the neuromuscular junctions. PMID- 3193127 TI - Effects of the murine mutation 'nervous' on neurons in cerebellum and dorsal cochlear nucleus. AB - 'Nervous' mutant mice are presently available on two different genetic background strains which are derived from out-breeding of the original BALB/cGr mutant stock. Light and electron microscopic studies of these mutants demonstrate that cerebellar Purkinje cells and cartwheel neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCoN) show similar, albeit not identical, cytoplasmic and mitochondrial alterations in both background strains. In the cerebellar cortex, all Purkinje cell perikarya developed a varying number of enlarged and rounded mitochondria, as previously described. Extensive changes were observed in various components of the mitochondrial matrix. As cellular degeneration proceeded, reduction, fragmentation and dilation of cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus were evident. Some of the mitochondria underwent a peculiar type of degeneration, i.e. the outer membrane partially or completely dissolved, occasionally accompanied by focal interruptions of the inner membrane. In older adult mutants only 10% of cerebellar Purkinje cells rehained. The few surviving cells displayed varying states, ranging from essentially normal ultrastructure to electron-dense condensation. Many of these cells, in both strains, continued to display greatly enlarged, rounded mitochondrial profiles, indicating a change in the expression of the gene defect resulting from genetic contamination. Criteria for the identification of neuronal cell classes in layers 1 and 2 of murine DCoN were established. Cartwheel neurons in the mutant DCoN presented alterations similar to those observed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. The characteristic mitochondrial anomaly developed and proceeded in cartwheel neurons within a comparable time frame. The vast majority of affected cartwheel cells did not undergo degeneration, however, but continued to possess altered mitochondria into adulthood. The differences between normal and mutant mitochondria in Purkinje and cartwheel were quantified by morphometric analyses. Our findings lend support to the notion of a homology between cerebellar Purkinje cells and DCoN cartwheel cells. These cells represent major elements in two similar spatially related circuits, and share several genetic, structural and neurochemical properties. It is therefore proposed that these two cell populations are derived from closely related precursor cells. PMID- 3193128 TI - Expression of galactocerebroside in developing normal and jimpy oligodendrocytes in situ. AB - Intense and specific immunostaining of oligodendrocytes in vivo has been obtained for the first time using antibodies to galactocerebroside. We have examined the differentiation of oligodendrocytes in normal mice and then compared their differentiation to the myelin-deficient mouse jimpy, using immunoperoxidase, immunogold and immunofluorescence labelling techniques. We also compared staining for galactocerebroside with staining obtained using antibodies to myelin basic protein, carbonic anhydrase II, 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase and proteolipid protein. The results of this comparative study confirm previous tissue culture studies and show that galactocerebroside is specific for oligodendrocytes in situ. As in tissue culture, galactocerebroside is one of the earliest oligodendrocyte markers to be expressed, making it an important marker for studying the differentiation of this cell type. The shape of oligodendrocytes in situ changes distinctly with time, shifting from an early stellate form with numerous spidery processes to a cell with a few processes radiating from the perikaryon. These morphological changes are observed for both normal and jimpy mice and they parallel those described in vitro. Oligodendrocytes in jimpy mice express most myelin markers, but the staining within the cells is generally less intense than in normal oligodendrocytes and the antigens are restricted to the cell body and processes without being incorporated into myelin sheaths. Quantification of the number of oligodendrocytes stained for galactocerebroside in normal and jimpy mice show that their number is not reduced in the corpus callosum and cerebellum during the first 2 weeks postnatal. This finding shows that many cells in jimpy mice which were considered to be unclassifiable by the application of morphological criteria have, in fact, differentiated to the stage where they are galactocerebroside-positive. PMID- 3193129 TI - Immortalized rat Schwann cells produce tumours in vivo. AB - We have recently reported the immortalization of primary Schwann cells isolated from sciatic nerves of normal neonatal rats. The cells were maintained under continuous mitogenic stimulation with glial growth factor and forskolin, achieving immortalization after 12 to 15 weeks without the use of viral infection, oncogene transformation or chemical carcinogens. The immortalized cells (1.17 cells) initially retain the capability to recognize and attach to peripheral neurons in culture as well as the ability to myelinate those neurons. The functional capacity of the cells gradually diminishes in culture, such that late passage cells can ensheath neurons but cannot form a myelin sheath. Both normal and immortalized cells secrete comparable amounts of autocrine growth factor activity in culture that can be regulated by extracellular matrix proteins. The difference between quiescent and immortalized Schwann cells seems to lie not in the production of growth factor but rather in the relative ability to respond to the factor(s). To test the potential of the immortalized Schwann cells for the ability to form tumours in vivo, we injected equal numbers of primary or immortalized Schwann cells into the sciatic nerve of adult syngenic rats and allowed them to incubate there for 6 to 13 weeks, whereupon the injected nerves were inspected for tumour formation. In every case (N = 3) the primary cells had no effect whereas every injection of immortalized cells (N = 5) resulted in a solid cellular mass surrounding the injected nerve. The tumours were encapsulated masses of actively dividing Schwann-like cells that surrounded but did not invade the nerve fascicle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193130 TI - Acid phosphatase activity at nodes of Ranvier in alpha-motor and dorsal root ganglion neurons of the cat. AB - Acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity in feline alpha-motor and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons was analysed histochemically by light and electron microscopy. The occurrence and distribution of the AcPase activity expressed within the axon differed depending on neuron type and distance from the cell body. Both in alpha motor and DRG neurons, AcPase-positive bodies of various morphological categories were observed mainly at nodes of Ranvier, where they were more frequent distal than proximal to the nodal midlevel. In the peripherally located processes of both neuron types, most of the larger AcPase-positive bodies were associated with the paranodal axon-Schwann cell network. In the centrally located processes the AcPase-positive bodies were situated in the constricted axon segment and the adjacent paranodal axoplasm. Both in motor and DRG axons, AcPase-positive bodies were more frequent at the spinal root level than at a level central to the PNS CNS borderline. The observations indicate that lysosomes (i.e. AcPase-positive bodies) constitute part of the intra-axonal system of organelles in normal, large, myelinated alpha-motor and DRG axons of the cat. Lysosome-mediated degradation of retrogradely transported endogenous and exogenous materials may be extensive in normal peripherally directed neuronal processes. The study also suggests a difference between PNS and CNS parts of the same axon with regard to the local turnover of lysosomal organelles. PMID- 3193131 TI - Terminal sprouting in partially denervated muscle of the mouse: a scanning electron microscopic study. AB - Terminal sprouting in the mouse gastrocnemius muscle was examined by scanning electron microscopy after partial denervation. After one of the two muscle nerves in the medial head was cut, terminal sprouts arose from the outer edge of the intact motor endplates and grew out onto a connective tissue layer on the muscle fibres. The sprouts were very slender along their length, although some had a varicose appearance. The terminal tip of the sprouts was swollen in an amoeba shaped configuration, forming a growth cone. Several shorter projections surrounded the initial part of a long terminal sprout, whilst in the centre the varicosity had a spindle shape like a diamond: the former most likely indicated the processes of a Schwann cell, and the latter may be a Schwann cell soma. Such swelling patterns suggested that the sprout initially grew out from a growth cone and then the Schwann cells migrated into the growing sprout. The sprouts had no synaptic connections with their muscle fibres at least during the growth cone forming stage. No structural changes to guide the growing terminal sprouts could be recognized on the flat surface of the muscle fibres. PMID- 3193132 TI - The microglial cytoskeleton: vimentin is localized within activated cells in situ. AB - Unlike astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, microglia are extremely plastic making them the chameleon among the glial cells in the CNS. This great mutability of the microglial cell shape suggests the presence of an elaborate cytoskeleton which is demonstrated here by applying a new ultrastructural method. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry shows the presence of vimentin at intermediate filament sites in reactive microglia stimulated by rat facial nerve axotomy. It is suggested that vimentin-expression may serve as a marker for activated states of microglia, including brain macrophages. PMID- 3193134 TI - Future in biomolecular computation. AB - Large-scale computations for biomolecules are dominated by three levels of theory: rigorous quantum mechanical calculations for molecules with up to about 30 atoms, semi-empirical quantum mechanical calculations for systems with up to several hundred atoms, and force-field molecular dynamics studies of biomacromolecules with 10,000 atoms and more including surrounding solvent molecules. It can be anticipated that increased computational power will allow the treatment of larger systems of ever growing complexity. Due to the scaling of the computational requirements with increasing number of atoms, the force-field approaches will benefit the most from increased computational power. On the other hand, progress in methodologies such as density functional theory will enable us to treat larger systems on a fully quantum mechanical level and a combination of molecular dynamics and quantum mechanics can be envisioned. One of the greatest challenges in biomolecular computation is the protein folding problem. It is unclear at this point, if an approach with current methodologies will lead to a satisfactory answer or if unconventional, new approaches will be necessary. In any event, due to the complexity of biomolecular systems, a hierarchy of approaches will have to be established and used in order to capture the wide ranges of length-scales and time-scales involved in biological processes. In terms of hardware development, speed and power of computers will increase while the price/performance ratio will become more and more favorable. Parallelism can be anticipated to become an integral architectural feature in a range of computers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193133 TI - Symposium overview. Minnesota Conference on Supercomputing in Biology: Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Water. PMID- 3193135 TI - Molecular modeling of protein structure and function: a bioinformatic approach. AB - This paper reports on the data/information structure of macromolecules as it extends beyond the three-dimensional conformation to include functional descriptors of biochemical (in vitro) and biological (in vivo) characteristics and as it contrasts with the limitations imposed by the data reduction and data classification techniques of traditional molecular modeling. Methodologies for structure-function representation are presented which are being incorporated within a knowledge-acquisition expert system. Examples of the bioinformatic approach are presented concerning macromolecular recognition by serine proteases and the use of Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for structural assignment and analysis by a novel structure-perturbation approach. PMID- 3193136 TI - Meta-analysis of the effects of educational and psychosocial interventions on management of diabetes mellitus. AB - A meta-analysis of the literature of controlled studies of educational and psychosocial interventions in the treatment of diabetes mellitus yielded 93 studies of 7451 patients testing the effects of eight intervention types: (1) didactic education, (2) enhanced education, (3) diet instruction, (4) exercise instruction, (5) self-monitoring instruction, (6) social learning/behavior modification, (7) counseling, and (8) relaxation training. An overall mean effect size (ES) of +0.51 +/- 0.11 was found moderate but significant (P less than 0.05) improvements for all intervention subjects. Physical outcome and knowledge gain were most affected, followed by psychological status and compliance. Diet instruction and social learning interventions showed the strongest (ES = +0.68 +/ 0.58 and ES = +0.57 +/- 0.42, respectively) and relaxation training the weakest (ES = +0.30 +/- 0.74) effects. Associations between study and sample characteristics and mean ES values were explored with type of setting and methodological weaknesses such as single group design and non-random assignment achieving statistical significance. Neither intervention type, number of visits, sex, age, nor type of diabetes were significantly correlated with mean ES values. Implications of these findings for clinical treatment and future research are discussed. PMID- 3193137 TI - Prognostic factors for life expectancy in multiple sclerosis analysed by Cox models. AB - To determine if such factors as first symptom, sex, age at onset and initial clinical course have any influence on life expectancy of multiple sclerosis patients, a survival analysis from date of diagnosis for 598 MS-patients in Norway was performed. To study the effect of all the variables simultaneously we used the Cox proportional hazards regression model with incomplete data. Median survival time was 27 years after diagnosis. The variable which most strongly predicted the duration of the disease was age at onset. High age at onset and a progressive course of the disease were correlated with a more unfavourable prognosis. The onset symptom, vertigo, was also correlated with a shorter life expectancy. No significant effect of sex was found. We found in this material an indication of improved survival over the study period. PMID- 3193138 TI - Who checks what in the divided responsibilities of editors and authors? PMID- 3193139 TI - Kappa coefficients in epidemiology: an appraisal of a reappraisal. AB - While we agree with the general message of the Thompson and Walter paper on the use and value of kappa, the mathematical bases of these conclusions, their equations, tables, and figures are based on mathematical assumptions so limiting that their application to real data is questionable. As a result, several of their specific conclusions are misleading. Some of the same results are here obtained without the limiting restrictions. From these results, the value of kappa as a measure of reliability, validity and (possibly) of general 2 x 2 association is demonstrated. PMID- 3193140 TI - Kappa and the concept of independent errors. PMID- 3193141 TI - A Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; impact of illiteracy in a Shanghai dementia survey. AB - A dementia screening survey was carried out in Shanghai using a culturally adapted Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination. A probability sample of 5055 community-dwelling elderly in Shanghai was surveyed, 1497 aged 55 64, 2187 aged 65-74, and 1371 aged 75 and over. In the 73.3% of the subjects who had gone to school, using the age and education adjustments suggested by Kittner et al. (1986), [Kittner et al. J Chron Dis 39: 163-170; 1986] suitable cutoff scores could readily be selected to identify the subjects who should be examined intensively for the presence of dementia. However, in the 26.7% who had not gone to school, there was a significant increase in low scores on the mental status test as well as a different error pattern, reflecting the lack of formal education. Methods for following cognitive changes in illiterate individuals need further development. PMID- 3193142 TI - Voluntary health agencies as target populations for epidemiologic research. AB - The ability of two voluntary health agencies to provide suitable target populations for epidemiologic research was explored in a pilot study of epilepsy. The results suggest that, properly approached, voluntary agencies offer advantage for this purpose. In the first agency (Group A), subjects were recruited by mail, producing a response rate of 15%. In the second agency (Group B), subjects were recruited by telephone, producing a response rate of 87%. A structured, precoded telephone interview about personal and family history of seizure disorders was administered to both groups of subjects. Subjects in Group A gave permission to contact a higher proportion of their eligible relatives than did those in Group B (73 vs 57%). Permission was obtained more often for relatives reported to have had seizures (Group A 86%, Group B 78%) than for other relatives. 89% of relatives contacted directly agreed to be interviewed. Consent forms for medical record review were signed and returned by 95% of Group A and 77% of Group B subjects. Diagnoses of etiology and seizure type of epilepsy based on the interview data agreed with diagnosis based on the medical records in most cases. In first-degree relatives of subjects with epilepsy, reported rates of epilepsy did not appear to be seriously biased. PMID- 3193143 TI - Lifetime fracture risk: an approach to hip fracture risk assessment based on bone mineral density and age. AB - Hip fractures occur late in life following a substantial reduction in skeletal mass. If risk for such fractures could be predicted early, efforts to prevent excessive bone loss would be more successful and could be directed at the individuals most likely to be affected. With this objective in mind, we devised an approach to estimating the lifetime risk of a proximal femur fracture based on age and on current femoral bone mineral density, using population-based data from ongoing studies of osteoporosis and fractures among Rochester, Minnesota, women. Our calculations indicate that, at any given age, the lifetime risk of a proximal femur fracture rises as current bone density diminishes. At any given level of femoral bone density, lifetime risk rises with younger age and increasing life expectancy. While these trends seem robust, estimates of risk vary substantially with the assumptions that underlie the model. Consequently, these assumptions must be validated before our findings can be applied clinically to predict risk for individual patients. PMID- 3193144 TI - Beyond pharmacoepidemiology. PMID- 3193145 TI - Sentinel health events surveillance in diabetes. Deaths among persons under age 45 with diabetes. AB - The pilot study for a sentinel health events surveillance system for deaths among persons under age 45 with diabetes was conducted in six states in 1984 and 1985. Two hundred and thirty-three events were identified. Information from death certificates, physicians, and families revealed that 22% died from acute complications of diabetes and 53% from chronic complications. Blood pressure measurement and urinalysis testing had been performed in the last year for almost all of the decedents, but other preventive practices were reported less frequently. Hypertension was present in 57% and of those, was not controlled in 73%. Forty-four percent were cigarette smokers at the time of death. Agreement between physicians and families was generally higher for clinical conditions than for care practices. This surveillance system appears to yield information about the health care of persons with diabetes not readily available from other sources, although modifications may be necessary before implementation. PMID- 3193146 TI - Comparison of three oxygen monitors in detecting endobronchial intubation. AB - Rapid and reliable detection of inadvertent endobronchial intubation is an essential function of oxygen monitoring. We have studied the detection of this event by using three oxygen monitoring techniques: pulse oximetry, transcutaneous measurement of oxygen tension, and intraarterial fiberoptic measurement of oxygen tension. Four dogs were anesthetized, intubated, and monitored with these three techniques and with arterial and central venous cannulas. Endotracheal tubes were moved from the trachea into the right mainstem bronchi at several inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) values for each dog, and the responses of the oxygen monitors were recorded for 20 minutes thereafter. The pulse oximeter showed little change in oxygen saturation (SpO2) during endobronchial intubation at FIO2 values above 0.3. SpO2 decreased by an average of 1.3 +/- 2.1% at an FIO2 of 1.0 and by 4.0 +/ 4.1% at an FIO2 of 0.5. Simultaneously measured transcutaneous oxygen tensions decreased by 42 to 64% and the optode reading decreased by 64 to 79%. At lower FIO2 values, the changes in SpO2 were more significant: a decrease of 6.0 +/- 6.3% at an FIO2 of 0.3 and of 9.8 +/- 6.1% at an FIO2 of 0.2. The transcutaneous oxygen and optode readings decreased by 31 to 45% under these conditions. Endobronchial intubations at FIO2 values greater than 0.3 may not yield immediate decreases in arterial saturation and hence may go undetected by pulse oximetry. Transcutaneous oxygen tension decreases significantly with endobronchial intubation at any FIO2. The experimental, intraarterial optode consistently yielded the greatest changes with the fastest time response. PMID- 3193147 TI - Diffusion hypoxia: a reappraisal using pulse oximetry. AB - Sixty healthy surgical patients were monitored during surgery with a pulse oximeter. At the completion of the operation, nitrous oxide and oxygen were discontinued abruptly in 50 of these patients. During air breathing, a small drop in arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2), to about 4% below preoperative values, was observed in all patients. In 10 patients, only oxygen was given before removal of the mask. There was no sudden drop in SaO2 in these patients, but by 5 minutes after discontinuation there was no difference between the two groups of patients--SaO2 was reduced 2 to 3% below preoperative values in both groups. For patients without cardiopulmonary disease, the phenomenon of "diffusion hypoxia" is a mild and transient event. Clinically significant hypoxemia (SaO2 less than 90%) after removal of nitrous oxide/oxygen at the completion of the anesthetic occurred in 3 patients (6%) and was associated with airway obstruction in each case. PMID- 3193148 TI - Comparison of neuromuscular blockade in upper facial and hypothenar muscles. AB - Facial and hand muscles are used frequently for monitoring neuromuscular blockade. Therefore, we compared changes in electrically evoked muscle potential magnitude in upper facial and hypothenar muscles after fixed doses of neuromuscular blockers (succinylcholine, 750 micrograms/kg; pancuronium, 70 micrograms/kg; vecuronium, 50 micrograms/kg; and atracurium, 300 micrograms/kg). Face-hand comparisons were made in both anesthetized (nitrous oxide/narcotic, n = 51) and comatose (closed-head injuries, n = 5) patients. In 24 anesthetized patients, complete blockade of the hypothenar muscles prevented quantitative comparison. In the remaining 27 patients, the relaxant effect (as determined by the percentage change from prerelaxant baseline muscle potentials) was significantly smaller (P less than 0.0001) in the upper facial muscles (65 +/- 24% versus 92 +/- 8%, mean +/- SD). All four evoked muscle responses to train-of four stimulation were detectable in upper facial muscles of the 19 patients receiving non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs; this pattern was seen in hand muscles of only 7 patients (P less than 0.001). The neuromuscular blockade in both the hand (49 +/- 54%) and the upper facial area (68 +/- 28%, P greater than 0.05) of comatose patients was smaller and more variable than that seen during anesthesia. These results illustrate the value of quantitative monitoring of neuromuscular function, especially during highly variable and unpredictable drug-induced blockade in the comatose state. We conclude that during narcotic based anesthesia the upper facial and hand muscles are differentially sensitive to commonly used neuromuscular blockers. PMID- 3193149 TI - An automated mechanism for protection of mass spectrometry sampling tubing. AB - The usefulness of medical mass spectrometers in intensive care units can be limited by too frequent obstruction of the tubing that transports gases from the patients to the analyzing unit. To overcome this problem, we developed an automated system consisting of an infrared light sensor and a three-way valve. One port of the three-way valve connects to 2.4-m disposable tubing that collects gases from the patient's airway. The second port is connected to a mass spectrometer analyzing unit through 30-m permanently installed tubing. The third port is connected to a pressurized oxygen source. An infrared light sensor is placed on the shorter tubing, between the patient and the three-way valve. When increased optical density is detected, due to entrainment of respiratory secretions, the three-way valve is activated. Gas flow is closed between the patient and the mass spectrometer and opened between the pressurized oxygen source and patient tubing to flush its contents. During the six years that the protection system has been in use, the frequency with which the disposable gas collection tubing is changed has been halved. Furthermore, periodic tests of delay and response times, performed at each bedside station, indicate that permanent connection tubing only needed cleaning at 2- to 3-year intervals. The system has decreased the cost of operating our mass spectrometers while also reducing periods of unavailability due to equipment failure. PMID- 3193151 TI - Intraoperative pulse oximetry in peripheral revascularization in an infant. AB - Vascular patency after reimplantation has been evaluated by numerous methods. A patient is described in whom pulse oximetry was used for this purpose. Other techniques of evaluating vascular patency are mentioned, and the physics of pulse oximetry are briefly discussed. PMID- 3193150 TI - Delayed recognition of vascular complications caused by central venous catheters. AB - Three patients are described in whom vascular complications occurred after placement of central venous catheters. Inappropriate catheter length and site of cannulation, catheter movement, and unsuitable catheter material can lead to complications. Guidelines for cannulation of central veins are defined, and recommendations for chest roentgenography, which could result in early recognition of catheter misplacement, are provided. PMID- 3193152 TI - Response properties and topography of vibrissa-sensitive VPM neurons in the rat. AB - 1. Extracellular responses to whisker deflections were recorded in the rat ventrobasal thalamic complex (VB) under urethan anesthesia. One-hundred eighty neurons were collected from 107 animals. 2. VB was sharply demarcated in sections reacted for cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity. Referring to 33 dye spots identified in coronal sections, the localization of 45 neurons could be mapped out. Whisker-sensitive thalamic neurons were confined to the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM). VPM points responding to caudal vibrissae were localized in the dorsal aspect of the nucleus, and rostral vibrissae were found to project to deeper points. Dorsal whisker rows tended to be represented by caudal VPM points while ventral whiskers were associated with more rostral points. 3. Of 134 neurons that were noted as either sustained or transient based on the response to a maintained whisker deflection, 50 were sustained-type neurons and 84 were transient-type neurons. The number of whiskers eliciting a response (receptive-field size) varied among neurons; from 1 to 5 (median = 1) among the sustained neurons and from 1 to 12 (median = 4) among the transient neurons. 4. A calibrated, controlled mechanical stimulator was used to deflect individual whiskers. The threshold velocity was measured at 10 mm from the follicle of the most effective whisker when it was deflected in the most preferred direction. Sustained cells (n = 33) had low threshold values, mostly less than 10 mm/s (58 degrees/s in terms of angular velocity) whereas transient cells (n = 62) displayed widely distributed values ranging from 1 to 100 mm/s (5.8-580 degrees/s). The median of velocity threshold values (and angular velocity threshold) was 3 mm/s (17.4 degrees/s) for the sustained type and 8.5 mm/s (50 degrees/s) for the transient type. 5. The response latency was determined using a supramaximal deflection. Sustained cells (n = 29) had slightly but significantly shorter latencies than transient cells (n = 64) (median, 7 vs. 8 ms). 6. Exponential ramp-and-hold deflection was applied to construct a tuning curve to determine the degree of contribution of amplitude and velocity components of a mechanical stimulus under threshold stimulus conditions. Sustained neurons (n = 13) were more dependent on amplitude than on velocity, whereas transient neurons (n = 20) were more dependent on velocity than on amplitude. 7. Fine rostral whiskers were represented exclusively by sustained type neurons that had small receptive fields.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193153 TI - Motor-unit stimulation patterns during fatiguing contractions of constant tension. AB - 1. Through computer feedback control, muscle-unit tension was maintained by altering the stimulation rate of a functionally isolated motor axon. The required stimulation patterns and fatigue properties of motor units from the flexor carpi radialis (FCR), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles of the cat were studied when tension was maintained or "clamped" at a constant average level (25% of maximum tetanic tension). 2. In each muscle, two distinct stimulation patterns were observed during constant-tension contractions, one associated with slow-twitch units and the other with fast-twitch units. Once target tension was reached, slow-twitch units required fairly constant rates in order to maintain a constant force, whereas fast-twitch units displayed a marked decline in rate during the early phases of the contraction, averaging between 42 and 54% for the three muscles. The decline in rate most likely represented potentiation of the contractile response and slowing of contractile speed. In general, slow-twitch units responded with lower mean rates (approximately 14 pps less), averaged over the course of the contraction, than fast-twitch units. 3. For fast-twitch units of each muscle, resistance to fatigue varied continuously and over a wide range. The duration that tension could be maintained at 25% of maximum, defined as endurance time, ranged between 16 and 2063 s. No categorization of fast-twitch units into groups could be made on the basis of endurance time. Of the 5 slow-twitch units followed beyond 2700 s, only one failed to maintain tension during the observation period. 4. For hindlimb fast twitch units, endurance was independent of the stimulation rate needed to maintain tension during the contraction. By contrast, there was a significant tendency for an inverse relation between endurance time and mean stimulation rate for FCR fast-twitch units. 5. Recovery of maximum tension was evaluated at 30 s, 1 min, 2 min, and 5 min following a constant-tension contraction. After a 5-min rest, fast-twitch units were able to produce an average of 80-85% of their maximum tetanic tension. By using the median endurance time (approximately 100 s) to divide the fast-twitch population into "low" and "high" endurance groups, recovery of tension was found not to be uniform among the two groups. High endurance units were able to recover a greater percentage of their original maximum tetanic tension. No difference was found between force recovery for low and high endurance units at 30 s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193154 TI - Maximum tension predicts relative endurance of fast-twitch motor units in the cat. AB - 1. The relationships between maximum tetanic tension (P0), endurance time, and axonal conduction velocity (CV) were investigated in fast-twitch motor units of the cat flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles, and in one flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscle. Endurance time was the length of time that a unit could maintain 25% of its maximum tetanic tension during a sustained contraction. Motor-unit tension was "clamped" at 25% of maximum by altering the stimulation rate of a unit's motor axon through computer feedback control. 2. In individual experiments, including the one investigated FDL muscle, an inverse relation was consistently found between maximum tension and endurance time. Pooled data from the FCR and MG muscles also resulted in significant correlations between maximum tetanic tension and endurance time. 3. Following the force-clamp contraction, some motor units were subjected to the standard fatigue test of Burke and colleagues (6). Motor units were classified as type FR (fast twitch, fatigue resistant) or type FF* (fast twitch, fast fatiguing after the force-clamp contraction). For both type FR and FF* units, maximum tetanic tension and endurance time were found to be inversely related. However, no correlation was found between maximum tetanic tension and fatigue index for type FR units. Only when all type F (FR + FF*) units were considered as a population was there a significant correlation between these two properties. 4. Other investigators have shown that maximum tetanic tension and axonal conduction velocity are highly correlated with the recruitment order of motoneurons (e.g., Refs. 2, 26). Endurance time was found to be more tightly coupled with contraction strength than with conduction velocity. In 12 of 14 experiments, significant Spearman rank correlation coefficients were found between endurance time and tension, whereas significant correlations were found in only 3 of 14 experiments for endurance time and conduction velocity. 5. Pairs of motor units isolated from the same muscle were formed to see if the unit with the smaller tension had the slower conduction velocity and the longer endurance time. Across all muscles, the probability that the unit with the smallest tension had the greatest endurance time was 0.91 (441 of 487 pairs). By contrast, the probability that the least forceful unit of the pair had the slowest conduction velocity was 0.61. 6. In four experiments, pairs of type-identified units were examined. Among FR-FR pairs, the least forceful unit had the greatest endurance time in 88% of 43 pairs. For FF*-FF* pairs, the percentage was somewhat lower, 72% of 29 pairs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193155 TI - Lid-eye coordination during vertical gaze changes in man and monkey. AB - 1. To investigate the coordination between the upper lid and the eye during vertical gaze changes, the movements of the lid and the eye were measured by the electromagnetic search-coil technique in three humans and two monkeys. 2. In both man and monkey, there was a close correspondence between the metrics of the lid movement and those of the concomitant eye movement during vertical fixation, smooth pursuit, and saccades. 3. During steady fixation, the eye and lid assumed essentially equal average positions; however, in man the lid would often undergo small idiosyncratic movements of up to 5 degrees when the eye was completely stationary. 4. During sinusoidal smooth pursuit between 0.2 and 1.0 Hz, the gain and phase shift of eye and lid movements were remarkably similar. The smaller gain and larger phase lag for downward smooth pursuit eye movements was mirrored in a similar reduced gain and increased phase lag for downward lid movements. 5. The time course of vertical lid movements associated with saccades was generally a faithful replica of the time course of the concomitant saccade; the similarity was especially impressive when the details of the velocity profiles were compared. Consequently, lid movements associated with vertical eye saccades are called lid saccades. 6. On average, lid saccades start some 5 ms later than the concomitant eye saccades but reach peak velocity at about the same time as the eye saccade. Concurrent lid and eye saccades in the downward direction have similar amplitudes and velocities. Lid saccades in the upward direction are often smaller and slower than the concomitant eye saccades. The relation of peak velocity versus amplitude and of duration versus amplitude are similar for lid and eye saccades. 7. To investigate the neural signal responsible for lid saccades, isometric tension and EMG activity were recorded from the lids of the two authors. 8. The isometric tensions during upward lid saccades exceeded the tensions required to hold the lid in its final position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193156 TI - Temporally dependent changes in response properties of dorsal horn neurons after dorsolateral funiculus lesions. AB - Previous studies in this laboratory have shown 1) that 19% of L6 and L7 dorsal horn cells in normal cats respond only with excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) to sural nerve stimulation, and 2) that the distribution of dorsal horn neurons responding with impulses to sural nerve stimulation is increased in cats with chronic lateral funiculus lesions. The present study was undertaken to determine whether strengthening of subliminal sural nerve projections could account for the changes seen after lateral funiculus lesions and to explore the nature of these changes in greater detail. Ipsilateral L6 and L7 dorsal horn cells of cats with T12 dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) lesions were studied electrophysiologically at less than 1-30 days postoperatively (DPO) and were compared with similar cells recorded in normal cats. The major results were as follows. 1. Responsiveness to peripheral stimulation was depressed for up to 3 DPO following the lesions. 2. The percentage of L6 and L7 dorsal horn cells showing spontaneous activity was elevated at 3 DPO and declined to normal levels by 28 DPO. 3. The percentage of cells that responded to sural nerve stimulation increased over 3-30 DPO and was significantly greater than normal at 28-30 DPO. The increase in the percentage of cells giving impulses to sural nerve stimulation at 28-30 DPO was similar to the percentage of cells with subliminal responses to sural nerve stimulation in normal cats. A subpopulation of identified postsynaptic dorsal column neurons also showed a significant increase in the percentage that responded to sural nerve stimulation after DLF lesions. 4. The percentage of cells that had a cutaneous receptive field (RF) overlapping the region of skin innervated by the sural nerve also increased over time and was significantly greater than normal at 28-30 DPO. 5. Median low-threshold or high threshold RF areas were not significantly greater than normal ipsilateral to DLF lesions at any survival time. 6. The proportions of low-threshold (LT), high threshold (HT), and multireceptive (MR) cells were not significantly different from normal at any survival time from less than 1 to 30 DPO.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193157 TI - Relations of motor cortex neural discharge to kinematics of passive and active elbow movements in the monkey. AB - 1. Bedingham and Tatton recently reported that in cats trained not to resist imposed limb perturbations, some motor cortex (area 4) neurons responded predominantly to acceleration or jerk (the third derivative of position). The questions arose whether motor cortex neurons responding to higher derivatives of limb displacement exist in the primate in a resist-perturbation task and, if so, whether discharge of such neurons responds to the same kinematics in active (voluntary) movements. 2. To answer these questions we studied the discharge patterns of 203 motor cortex neurons that responded to torque pulse perturbations about the elbow and fired during active elbow flexions and extensions in four monkeys. Detailed analysis was performed on 66 neurons that responded reciprocally in both situations. 3. Reciprocal neurons discharged at short latency (20-40 ms) for one direction of arm perturbation. For the opposite direction they were initially silent or inhibited and then discharged at a variety of latencies but in apparent relation to limb kinematics. Based on the timing and overall pattern of their discharge the majority of neurons (68%) were classified as being acceleration-like. 4. Twenty-four (36%) of these reciprocal neurons had only sensory (kinematic)-like properties in active movements, i.e., they discharged after (and not before) movement onset. Discharge of these neurons followed the timing, but not the magnitude, of acceleration (20 neurons) or velocity (4 neurons). The discharge of these neurons also had a static component as the arm was held stationary. 5. Twenty-nine (44%) of reciprocal neurons commenced firing before movement onset for one direction of active movement, while for the opposite direction their discharge occurred after movement onset. Thus their discharge appeared to be muscle-related: both when the muscle was contracting as an agonist and stretched as an antagonist. 6. Although in these tasks discharge of MCNs could be generated either by sensory feedback or by motor responses, the strong response sensitivity of many neurons to acceleration supports the hypothesis that feedback based on higher derivatives of limb displacement could represent a "predictive" control system for accurate regulation of limb motion. PMID- 3193158 TI - Changes in motor cortex neural discharge associated with the development of cerebellar limb ataxia. AB - 1. The relation between changes in motor cortex neural (MCN) discharge and the development of limb ataxia during cerebellar dysfunction was studied in 4 Cebus monkeys. Elbow movements with decreased accelerations or with tremor were produced by reversible cerebellar nuclear cooling. Discharge from 160 neurons was analyzed in detail. 2. During cerebellar cooling 37 of 80 neurons that discharged before movement onset decreased their phasic, but not their tonic, activity. This could not be explained by decreased peak velocities during cerebellar cooling. It is suggested that this decreased phasic discharge is related to the less abrupt onset and smaller magnitude of agonist EMG activity, and to the decreased initial accelerations, without decreased peak velocities, observed in limb movements during cerebellar dysfunction. This view implies that the cerebellum is involved in some way in the generation of commands to agonist alpha-motoneurons. 3. No evidence was found that 3- to 4-Hz cerebellar intention tremor is driven by a purely central oscillator. All 28 neurons that discharged strongly in relation to cerebellar tremor in movements responded strongly and reciprocally to limb perturbations. 4. A number of changes were observed during cerebellar nuclear cooling in kinematically related neural discharge associated with disordered elbow movements: an increase in discharge of some velocity- and acceleration-like neurons, a decrease in (reciprocal) inhibition, and a shift from an acceleration like to a velocity-like discharge in some neurons. 5. Fourteen of 29 neurons with muscle-like discharge patterns discharged in a servoassistance-like manner during cerebellar dysfunction that was consistent with them contributing to tremor. 6. The results indicate that a variety of disorders, i.e., in the generation of central commands that initiate movements and in the regulation of the gain and phase of proprioceptive feedback, contribute to the development of limb ataxia during cerebellar dysfunction. PMID- 3193159 TI - Sensory inputs from the oral region to the cerebral cortex in behaving rats: an analysis of unit responses in cortical somatosensory and taste areas during ingestive behavior. AB - 1. The responses of 90 cortical neurons in the somatosensory and gustatory areas were recorded with chronically implanted fine wires in freely moving Wistar rats. The responses were analyzed mainly while the animals were freely licking solutions and eating dry pellets. Cortical neurons were classified into several groups according to their response properties. 2. "Mechanosensitive" neurons (n = 20) showed rhythmic phasic activity in different phases of the licking cycle, depending on the location of their receptive field in the peripheral orofacial region. 3. "Movement-related" neurons (n = 27) changed their activities tonically during licking, chewing, or grooming behavior. The responses were either excitatory or inhibitory. Receptive fields and adequate stimuli could not be identified. These neurons might receive somatosensory (except light tactile) inputs from wide or deep areas of intra- or perioral regions, or might be related to orofacial active movement. 4. "Taste" neurons (n = 35) increased or decreased their discharge rates during licking of particular taste solutions. Some taste neurons received convergence from somatosensory inputs. 5. "Temperature" neurons (n = 2) responded exclusively to water of temperatures lower or higher than room temperature. The responses were opposite in direction between cold and warm stimuli. 6. "Anticipation" neurons (n = 4) increased their impulse discharges before the start of licking in the situation in which the animal expected access to the drinking tube. 7. "Attention" neurons (n = 2) responded to arousal stimulation such as sound, a flash of light, and body touch. These neurons showed only a slightly increasing response during ingestive behavior. 8. The locations of 56 of 90 units were histologically identified. Mechanosensitive neurons were located in the appropriate parts of the somatotopic pattern within the primary somatic sensory area in the granular cortex. Taste neurons were found evenly in the dysgranular cortex and the agranular insular cortex. Other types of neurons were located mainly in the dysgranular cortex between the granular cortex and agranular insular cortex, and some were intermingled with taste neurons in the agranular insular cortex. 9. The present study has shown that cortical neurons in the orolingual somatosensory and taste areas have different response characteristics related to each aspect of ingestive behavior.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193160 TI - Single-unit activity in bulbar reticular formation during food ingestion in chronic cats. AB - 1. Single-unit activity was recorded from 215 neurons in the medial bulbar reticular formation during the masticatory sequence, from intake to deglutition, of 3 kinds of food (cat food pellets, canned fish, and milk) in 8 chronically prepared, unanesthetized, spontaneously respiring cats with their head fixed to a stereotaxic apparatus without pain or pressure. The firing patterns were compared to the simultaneously recorded EMGs of the jaw-closing and -opening muscles and to the jaw movement. 2. Fifty neurons changed their firing patterns during mastication. Nine neurons increased and one neuron decreased or stopped firing coincident with the masticatory sequence without an apparent rhythmical modulation of frequency corresponding with the masticatory rhythm (nonphasic group). The firing pattern of the remaining 40 neurons was modulated in phase with jaw movement (phasic group); 34 neurons either showed a spike burst or attained the highest firing frequency during the jaw-opening phase (opening type), while 6 neurons did so during the jaw-closing phase (closing type). The firing patterns of each neuron were essentially the same regardless of the kind of food ingested, except for 2 opening-type neurons that showed a rhythmical burst during mastication of solid food and tonic activity during lapping milk. 3. For 16 phasic neurons, there were significant correlations between some aspects of the firing pattern and a parameter of the movement during ingestion of solid food and/or milk. With one exception, these relationships did not appear to be due to sensory feedback. 4. We detected a monosynaptic excitatory projection from 3 opening-type neurons to the anterior digastric motoneurons, and monosynaptic inhibitory projections to the temporal or masseter motoneurons from 3 other opening-type neurons, by spike-triggered averaging of the full-wave rectified EMG of the jaw-closing and -opening muscles. No monosynaptic projections from the closing-type neurons or nonphasic group neurons to either jaw-opener or -closer motoneurons were detected. 5. The instantaneous firing frequency of all 3 inhibitor premotor neurons was positively correlated with the opening velocity, and the firing of 2 was also related to the jaw displacement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193161 TI - Connectivity pattern of the cercal-to-giant interneuron system of the American cockroach. AB - 1. The pattern of connectivity between identified cercal afferents and the three largest giant interneurons (GIs 1, 2, and 3) of the American cockroach was investigated by intracellular methods. These three GIs all have different directional response sensitivities and appear to be especially important in initiating the short latency escape behavior of the American cockroach. 2. One of the interneurons, GI 1 responds to wind from all four quadrants of space about the animal. However, it clearly shows a greater ipsilateral versus contralateral (relative to the GI's axon within the nerve cord) wind sensitivity. In contrast, the directional sensitivity of GI 2 is more nearly bilaterally symmetrical. Both of these interneurons receive excitatory synaptic input from the sensory cells of the nine most prominent columns (a, d, g, f, h, i, k, l, and m) of filiform hairs of the ipsilateral cercus. 3. The nine ipsilateral inputs all made roughly equivalent strength excitatory connections with GI 1. The connectivity pattern to GI 2 was the same as that to GI 1 except that the connection strength for two of the nine columns, h and i, was substantially stronger to GI 2 than to GI 1. The remaining seven sensory columns all make equivalent strength connection with GI 2. 4. Only select columns of contralateral sensory cells made synaptic connection with GIs 1 and 2. All detectable connections produced subthreshold depolarizations. 5. The response curve of GI 3 is more sharply restricted in space than that of either GI 1 or 2 and this interneuron only responds to wind stimuli originating from in front of the animal. GI 3 received excitatory synaptic input only from ipsilateral columns d, f, g, i, and k, all of which have their best excitatory directions well within the boundaries of the response curve of GI 3. Columns a and l with best excitatory directions near the edges of the response curve of GI 3 made no detectable connection. The remaining two columns (h and m) with best excitatory directions well outside the boundaries of the response curve of GI 3 provided inhibitory input. 6. GI 3 received synaptic input from contralateral columns d, f, g, h, i, k, and m.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193162 TI - Binaural neurons in the mustache bat's inferior colliculus. I. Responses of 60 kHz EI units to dichotic sound stimulation. AB - 1. Single-unit responses to closed-field, dichotic sound stimuli were obtained from EI neurons in the mustache bat's inferior colliculus; these neurons are excited by sound to the contralateral ear and inhibited by sound to the ipsilateral ear. All units were tuned to the 60-kHz component of the bat's sonar signal. The goal of the study was to describe basic features of the sensitivity to interaural intensity differences (IIDs) and sound intensity among an isofrequency population of EI neurons. The following paper describes how these features of IID sensitivity shape the response to free-field sounds. 2. Three features of IID sensitivity were considered. The inhibitory threshold (Figs. 1 and 2) described the IID at which inhibitory effects became pronounced; it was defined as the IID at which the excitatory response to contralateral sound was suppressed by 50%. Most units (68%) were inhibited at positive IID values, for which the ipsilateral (inhibitory) sound was more intense. The maximum inhibition (Figs. 1 and 3) described the strength of ipsilateral inhibition; it was defined as the percent that each unit was inhibited below its response to monaural stimulation of the contralateral ear. The majority of units (58%) were almost totally suppressed by a sufficiently intense ipsilateral sound. The IID range (Figs. 1 and 4) described the sharpness or slope of the IID cutoff; it was defined as the IID range over which the response changed from nearly unsuppressed (80% of maximum response) to near maximum suppression (20% of maximum response). Most units (71%) had IID ranges of less than or equal to 15 dB. 3. A significant correlation between the inhibitory threshold and the maximum inhibition (Fig. 5) among the sample of EI units suggests that some common neural mechanisms underlie these features of IID sensitivity. 4. The response of EI neurons to binaural stimuli was a function of sound intensity as well as IID (Fig. 7). In part, this resulted from intensity-dependent changes in properties of binaural inhibition. For most units, basic measures of IID sensitivity changed to a limited extent as the sound intensity changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193163 TI - Binaural neurons in the mustache bat's inferior colliculus. II. Determinants of spatial responses among 60-kHz EI units. AB - 1. The responses to closed-field and free-field sound stimuli were obtained from EI neurons in the 60-kHz isofrequency representation of the mustache bat's inferior colliculus. The goals of the study were 1) to examine how binaural interactions and the directional properties of the ear shape the spatial response of 60-kHz EI neurons and 2) to examine features of the spatial responses of these isofrequency neurons which may encode the location of a sound. 2. The free-field response of monaural neurons was used to describe directional effects of the head and external ears at 60 kHz. Monaural neurons were most sensitive to sounds originating 26 degrees into the contralateral field, with sharply reduced sensitivity in the ipsilateral field and the lateral extreme of the contralateral field. The interaural intensity difference (IID), computed by assuming that the ears had mirror-image directional sensitivities, was greatest for sounds between 26 and 52 degrees off the vertical midline, where IIDs typically ranged from 20 to 30 dB. These values agree well with previous measures of the directional sensitivity of the ear obtained from cochlear microphonic recordings. 3. The response of a monaural unit to closed-field stimulation was used to predict its response to free-field stimulation. This prediction agreed closely with the observed free-field response, indicating that the monaural unit's free-field response could be explained by the directional sensitivity of the contralateral ear and the unit's response as a function of contralateral sound intensity. 4. EI neurons differed in basic features of their binaural response properties, as described in a companion paper. To examine how these features of binaural inhibition shaped spatial responses, we obtained responses to free-field sounds among neurons whose binaural properties had been thoroughly characterized. We then compared the spatial response to a prediction based upon the directional properties of the ear and the sensitivity of the EI neurons to IIDs and intensity. The close agreement between the observed and predicted spatial responses in 11 of 12 EI units indicated that the spatial responses were determined largely by sensitivity to IIDs and intensity and by the directional properties of the ear. 5. EI neurons in our sample were most sensitive, and responded best, to sounds originating 26-39 degrees into the contralateral field. These spatial response features were independent of the binaural properties of EI neurons. Instead, they depended upon the directional properties of the ears at 60 kHz.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193164 TI - Characterization of neurons responsive to noxious colorectal distension in the T13-L2 spinal cord of the rat. AB - 1. One-hundred thirty-two neurons responsive to colorectal distension in the dorsal horn of the T13-L2 spinal segments of 35 spinalized and 7 intact, deeply pentobarbital-sodium-anesthetized rats were characterized for convergent cutaneous receptive fields, long ascending projections and responses to the intra arterial administration of the algesic peptide bradykinin. All but 9 neurons had an identifiable excitatory cutaneous receptive field; all receptive fields were located on the lower abdomen, flank, and dorsal body surface. Electrical stimulation in the cutaneous fields of 28 neurons demonstrated that neurons responsive to colorectal distension receive afferent information carried by A- and C-fibers. Stimulus-response functions (SRFs) of 52 neurons excited by graded colorectal distension (20-100 mmHg, 20 s) were monotonic and accelerating, allowing extrapolation of threshold distending pressures to neuronal response. Neurons were subdivided into four classes based upon their response to an 80 mmHg, 20-s colorectal distension search stimulus. 2. Short-latency abrupt [SL-A] neurons (spinalized, n = 46; intact, n = 9) were excited at short latency; activity abruptly returned to base line on termination of distension. Six of 9 neurons in intact rats had long ascending projections as demonstrated by antidromic invasion from the contralateral, ventrolateral caudal medulla. Responses of SL-A neurons to colorectal distension were significantly greater in spinalized than in intact rats. Fifty-three of 55 SL-A neurons had convergent excitatory cutaneous receptive fields and most were responsive to both noxious and nonnoxious stimuli. Ten of 13 neurons tested were excited by intra-arterial bradykinin. The threshold distending pressure, determined from the SRFs of 29 neurons in both the spinalized and intact states, extrapolated to near 0 mmHg. 3. Short-latency sustained (SL-S) neurons (spinalized, n = 31; intact, n = 11) were also excited at short latency in response to colorectal distension, but responses were sustained for 4-50 s following termination of the distending stimulus. Nine of 11 SL-S neurons in intact rats had long ascending projections. All 42 SL-S neurons were spontaneously active and 41 of 42 had convergent excitatory cutaneous receptive fields, excited exclusively by noxious stimuli (n = 29) or excited by both noxious and nonnoxious stimuli (n = 12). Responses to colorectal distension and spontaneous activity were significantly greater in spinalized rats. Twelve of 12 neurons tested were excited by intra-arterial bradykinin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193166 TI - Membrane currents of retinal bipolar cells in culture. AB - 1. Retinal bipolar cells were isolated from white bass retinas and maintained in a cell culture preparation. Two morphological types of bipolar cells were observed in cell culture. These were labeled large- and small-bipolar cells based mainly on the size of their somata and primary dendrites. Two types of small bipolar cells were observed. Isolated bass bipolar cells are very similar to those described in the intact retina. 2. Under current clamp, to depolarizing current injection, small-bipolar cells produced a spike followed by a plateau. Large-bipolar cells showed a slow depolarization to a plateau level. 3. Voltage gated membrane currents were studied using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Channel blocking agents were used to define the ion channels found in the membranes of these cells. 4. The large-bipolar cells were found to possess an A current, a calcium current, and a calcium-dependent potassium current. 5. Large bipolar cells also possessed an inward rectifier that did not correspond to any previously described. 6. The two types of small-bipolar cells were found to have very similar membrane properties to one another. They lacked a large A-current but possessed a slowly activating, outward rectifying potassium current. Similar to the large-bipolar cells, they showed a calcium current and a calcium-activated potassium current. 7. The inward rectifier of small-bipolar cells was characterized as an H-current. 8. The results suggest that the membrane currents of bipolar cells set a narrow operating range about which the cells function in the intact retina. In addition these currents help shape the responses of bipolar cells to light stimuli but do not confer ON or OFF properties. PMID- 3193165 TI - Morphology of physiologically characterized medial lemniscal axons terminating in cat ventral posterior thalamic nucleus. AB - 1. Medial lemniscal axons were identified by extra- and intracellular recording in the thalamic ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of cats and injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). 2. Axons were characterized in terms of their latencies of response to stimulation of the medial lemniscus in the medulla, their receptive fields, and the temporal patterns of their discharge in response to stimulation of the receptive field with natural, hand-held stimuli. One-hundred sixty-six axons were placed in five operational groups: hair transient (Ht) (n = 41); hair sustained (Hs) (n = 45); pressure transient (Pt) (n = 14); pressure sustained (Ps) (n = 27), and deep or joint (Jt) (n = 39). 3. There was a tendency for Jt axons to have their terminations in anterodorsal parts of VPL and for those in the four cutaneous categories to have theirs in more central parts of the nucleus. 4. Nineteen injected axons with receptive fields mainly on the distal forelimb were subjected to detailed morphological analysis in terms of extent of terminal field and number of boutons. All axons ended in localized terminal fields that were more extensive anteroposteriorly than in the other dimensions. All showed an overall similarity and similar ranges of variation. There was a tendency, however, for Jt axons to have the least extensive terminations with fewest boutons. Ps axons had the most extensive terminations and largest number of boutons; Hs axons had small terminations and few boutons but Ht axons had small-to-medium arborizations with many boutons; no Pt axons were sufficiently well stained to enable comparisons of them with the others. There were no marked differences in axon diameter or conduction velocity among the five types. 5. Boutons identified light microscopically tended to be clustered in linear chains along proximal dendrites of relay neurons and electron microscopy revealed that they were terminals making synaptic contacts on relay cell dendrites and on presynaptic dendrites of interneurons. 6. These results reveal more similarities than differences among lemniscal axon terminations in VPL. Further studies of a quantitative nature on stimulus-response coupling and on the geographic distribution of lemniscal synapses on relay neurons will be required to reveal how lemniscal input is translated into relay cell output in VPL. PMID- 3193167 TI - Spread of synchronous firing in longitudinal slices from the CA3 region of the hippocampus. AB - 1. Mechanisms underlying the propagation of synchronous epileptiform activity in disinhibited hippocampal slices were examined in experimental and computer simulation studies. 2. Experiments were performed with longitudinal slices of the CA3 region. Synchronous firing was initiated by stimulating stratum radiatum fibers in the presence of picrotoxin. It propagated smoothly and without decrement at velocities close to 0.15 m/s over distances up to 10 mm. 3. In elevated extracellular calcium, neuronal firing threshold was increased and synchronous burst firing did not spread. Monophasic excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were recorded in cells at limited distances from a stimulus in the presence of 10 mM Ca and picrotoxin. Axonal conduction velocity, estimated from EPSP latencies, was several times faster than the spread of synchronous firing. 4. EPSPs recorded in 5-7 mM Ca and picrotoxin could consist of two components. The properties of the first component were similar to those of synaptic events recorded in 10 mM Ca. The second component was of longer latency and unlike the first component was suppressed in responses to paired stimuli at interval 50-300 ms. Recordings from cells at different distances from a stimulus suggested that the second component spread further and more slowly than the first component. 5. In computer simulations the CA3 region was represented by a spatially distributed network of 9,000 excitatory neurons and 900 inhibitory cells. Individual cells and synapses had properties based on experimental data. The effects of varying synaptic strength and connectivity on the spread of activity in the model was examined. 6. When synaptic inhibition was functional in simulations, firing was restricted to a single action potential in model cells close to the stimulus, as in experiments. Synchronous burst firing spread throughout the neuronal array when fast synaptic inhibition was absent. The velocity of propagation was slower than conduction in simulated axons when synaptic contacts made by excitatory cells were spatially limited. Propagation velocity increased with increases in the spatial extent of excitatory connectivity. 7. Increasing the threshold of neurons in a region of the model network reduced the speed at which synchronous firing spread. In experiments focal application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) elevated neuronal firing threshold and slowed the propagation of synchrony in a local region. 8. As the strength of synaptic inhibition was gradually reduced, neuronal activity spread further and faster through the simulated neuronal network.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193168 TI - Grip force adjustments evoked by load force perturbations of a grasped object. AB - 1. Brief increases or decreases in vertical load force were applied to an object held between the thumb and finger. Grip force increases occurred consistently from 60 to 90 ms after onset of the load force increase. These responses did not adapt and were typically from 100 to 200 ms in duration. Reductions in object load force yielded rapid reductions in grip force at latencies comparable to those for load increases. 2. Response magnitude was proportional to the size or velocity of the load force increment, but did not vary with the level of the preexisting grip force. Thus these responses did not maintain the grip force at a specified level above the object's slip point. 3. Grip force responses were abolished or substantially reduced when loads were delivered directly to the hand rather than to the object. In contrast, force responses were not always abolished upon anesthetization of the thumb and finger. These results are discussed in relation to the role of cutaneous mechano-receptors of the digital pulps and proprioceptors of the arm and hand for providing necessary afferent information utilized in load-related grip force modulation. 4. Rapid and automatic grip force adjustments to load force variations may contribute importantly to grasp tasks in which the load forces vary dynamically and without complete predictability, such as in the manipulation of tools or objects that contact the environment. PMID- 3193169 TI - Laminar organization and contrast sensitivity of direction-selective cells in the striate cortex of the Old World monkey. AB - The directional preference of neurons sampled from all layers of the striate cortex was determined using the responses to drifting grating stimuli of optimal spatial and temporal frequency. In addition, contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency was measured and from the resulting spatial contrast sensitivity function the peak contrast sensitivity and optimal spatial frequency were obtained. The distribution of directionally selective cells showed a distinct laminar pattern. Upper layer 4 (4a, 4b, and 4c alpha) and layer 6 were the only cortical layers with neurons that showed a pronounced preference for the direction of stimulus motion. The directionally selective cells in these layers are among those with the highest contrast sensitivities but had optimal spatial frequencies that were confined to the low and middle range of the optimal spatial frequency distribution. These findings suggest that the directionally selective cells may fall into at least 2 distinct populations, which may be the first stages in the visual pathway that correspond to those channels, inferred from psychophysical experiments, that underlie the detection of movement. PMID- 3193170 TI - Topographic distribution of modality-specific amygdalar neurons in alert monkey. AB - Neuronal activity in the amygdala (AM) was recorded from alert monkeys during performance of tasks that led to presentation of rewarding or aversive stimuli. The tasks had 3 phases: (1) discrimination (visual, auditory), (2) operant response (bar pressing), and (3) ingestion (reward) or avoidance (aversion). Neuronal activity was analyzed and compared during each of these phases. Of 585 AM neurons tested, 312 (53.3%) responded to at least one stimulus in one or more of 5 major groups: vision related, audition related, ingestion related, multimodal, and selective. Forty neurons (6.8%) in the anterior dorsolateral capsule of the basolateral nuclei responded exclusively to visual stimuli (vision related). Twenty-six neurons (4.4%) further posterior in the basolateral group responded only to auditory stimuli (audition related). During ingestion an additional 41 neurons (7.0%) increased their activity (ingestion related). These were in the corticomedial group and at the boundaries between the nuclei of the basolateral group. Of these, 27 responded only in the ingestion phase, 11 during ingestion and at the sight of food, and 3 during ingestion and to certain sounds. Throughout the AM other neurons (n = 117, 20.0%) responded to visual, auditory, and somesthetic stimuli and, when tested, to involuntary ingestion of liquid (multimodal). Of these, 40 responded transiently (phasic; 36 excited, 4 inhibited). The remaining 77 maintained their altered activity into the subsequent phases of the task (tonic; 69 excited, 8 inhibited). In each of these 4 categories, most cells were activated primarily by novel or unfamiliar stimuli, and their responses habituated during repeated stimulation. A small number of cells in the basolateral and the basomedial nuclei (n = 14, 2.4%) were highly selective in that they responded specifically to one biologically significant object or sound more than to any other stimuli (selective). Some of these neurons responded to both sight and ingestion of a specific food. In summary, most AM neurons responded vigorously to novel stimuli, and some of the neurons had multimodal responsiveness. These results suggest the AM is related to processing of new environmental stimuli and to those cross-modal association. PMID- 3193171 TI - Single neuron responses in amygdala of alert monkey during complex sensory stimulation with affective significance. AB - Among other deficits, amygdalectomy impairs the ability of the animal to recognize the affective significance of a stimulus. In the present study, neuronal activity in the amygdala (AM) was recorded from alert monkeys while they performed tasks leading to the presentation of rewarding or aversive stimuli. Of 585 AM neurons tested, 312 (53.3%) responded to at least one stimulus in one or more of 5 major groups: 40 vision related, 26 audition related, 41 ingestion related, 117 multimodal, and 14 selective. Ingestion-related neurons were subdivided according to their responses to other stimuli: oral sensory, oral sensory plus vision, and oral sensory plus audition. Depending upon their responsiveness to the affective significance of the stimuli, neurons in the vision- and audition-related categories were divided into 2 subclasses: vis-I (26/40), vis-II (14/40), aud-I (8/26), and aud-II (18/26). All 4 subtypes usually responded to unfamiliar stimuli but seldom responded to neutral familiar stimuli. Types vis-I and aud-I responded to both positive and negative familiar stimuli. Types vis-II and aud-II responded to certain familiar negative stimuli but not to familiar positive stimuli. In vis-I neurons, responses were stronger for palatable foods than for less palatable foods. No neurons within vision-related, audition-related, and multimodal categories responded solely to positive or to negative stimuli. Of the 27 oral sensory neurons 9 were tested with saline or salted food, and 8 responded to normally aversive oral sensory stimuli in the same manner as they did to normal food or liquid (water or juice). In contrast to oral sensory neurons, all responses of 4 oral sensory-plus-vision and all of 4 selective neurons tested, as well as bar pressing behavior, were modulated by altering the affective significance of the food. These results suggest that the AM is one of the candidates for stimulus-affective association based on associative learning and memory. PMID- 3193172 TI - The pattern of dendritic sprouting and retraction induced by axotomy of lamprey central neurons. AB - We have investigated some of the factors controlling the distribution of axonal and dendritic sprouting following axotomy of a subset of Muller giant interneurons (anterior bulbar cells or ABCs) in the hindbrain of the larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Sprouts originated from different sites in the cell depending on the distance of the axonal lesion from the soma. When the axon was cut close to the soma (within 500 microns), the dendritic tips sprouted profusely, whereas the proximal axon stump showed few sprouts and frequently disappeared entirely. Axotomy further from the soma (1000-1400 microns) resulted in less sprouting from the dendrites and more from the axon stump, with the total amount of dendritic plus axonal sprouting remaining constant. Axotomy at sites distant from the soma (1 cm or more) did not result in dendritic sprouting. No sprouts were ever observed emerging from the soma proper or from the axon stump except at the lesion site. Neuritic sprouts from dendrites and axon were similar in their gross morphology. Sprouts resembled axons rather than dendrites whatever their sites of origin; they followed linear, rostrocaudally oriented paths in the "basal plate" region of the hindbrain. Dendritic and axonal sprouts grew both rostrally and caudally within the brain. Either "close" or "distant" axotomy resulted in the retraction of the dendritic tree and of both dendritic and axonal sprouts by several months postaxotomy. Reaxotomy close to the soma 30 d after a distant axotomy accelerated the onset of this evoked dendritic retraction. Reaxotomy close to the soma also induced sprouting significantly sooner than did close axotomy alone. These results suggest that axotomy close to the soma causes axonal regeneration to be shunted into ectopic locations at the dendritic tips. The emerging sprouts then follow guidance cues appropriate for regenerating ABC axons. PMID- 3193173 TI - Dendritic amputation redistributes sprouting evoked by axotomy in lamprey central neurons. AB - In the previous paper (Hall and Cohen, 1988), we showed that axotomy of anterior bulbar cells (ABCs) in the hindbrain of the larval lamprey results in the sprouting of axonlike neurites from either the end of the proximal axon stump, the dendritic tips, or both, depending on the site of axotomy. Here we show that, unlike axotomy, dendritic amputation (dendrotomy) does not by itself induce sprouting from ABCs. However, dendrotomy does induce sprouting from dendrites in the immediate vicinity of the dendritic lesion in cells that have been previously axotomized. We found that dendrotomy acts primarily to rearrange the distribution of sprouts induced by axotomy rather than serving as an additional stimulus to neurite outgrowth. We propose that (1) dendritic sprouting in ABCs occurs because the dendritic tips become attractive sites for sprout initiation when they are either directly injured (as with dendrotomy) or are situated relatively close to the site of injury (as with axotomy close to the soma), and (2) the axon stump, dendritic stumps, and uninjured dendritic tips of the cell compete to initiate a limited total amount of sprouting induced by axotomy. The probability that a given locus will support sprouting is determined both by its proximity to the nearest lesion site and by whether there are other attractive potential sprouting sites in the cell. PMID- 3193174 TI - Biological activities of nerve growth factor bound to nitrocellulose paper by Western blotting. AB - We have previously developed a cell-blot technique to visualize directly in tissue extracts molecules that display the biological activity of ciliary neuronotrophic factors (CNTFs). This technique involves SDS-PAGE of the tissue extract, Western blotting on nitrocellulose paper, neuronal cell culture on the paper, and, using a vital dye, visualization of the neurons that selectively survive on the trophic factor band. In this report, we show that (1) NGF, either purified or in a crude extract from submaxillary glands, can also be successfully recognized using a slightly modified cell-blot technique; (2) a variety of ganglionic neurons can respond to distinct nitrocellulose-anchored trophic factors; (3) while CNTF and NGF can both support the survival of their common target cells, only NGF also promotes neuritic extension; and (4) both the dimeric and the monomeric forms of immobilized beta-NGF are active. PMID- 3193175 TI - Activation of locus coeruleus from nucleus paragigantocellularis: a new excitatory amino acid pathway in brain. AB - Recent anatomic and physiologic experiments revealed that a major afferent to the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is the nucleus paragigantocellularis (PGi) in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (Aston-Jones et al., 1986). In the present studies, responses of LC neurons to electrical activation of PGi were characterized in anesthetized rats. Low-intensity stimulation of PGi synaptically activated 73% of LC neurons at short latencies (mean onset, 11.3 msec), while a smaller population (16%) of LC neurons exhibited purely inhibitory responses. The excitatory transmission from PGi to LC was pharmacologically analyzed, revealing it to be resistant to cholinergic receptor antagonism, but completely abolished by the excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists kynurenic acid and gamma-D glutamylglycine. The specific N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist 2--amino-7 phosphonoheptanoic acid (AP7) and the preferential quisqualate receptor antagonist glutamate diethyl ester (GDEE) did not block LC responses to PGi stimulation, leading us to the tentative conclusion that EAAs may operate primarily at a kainate-type receptor on LC neurons to effect excitation from PGi. In addition to their blockade of PGi-evoked activity, kynurenic acid and DGG exerted a similar, simultaneous blockade of the characteristic excitation of LC neurons evoked by electrical stimulation of the hindpaw. These and other results indicate that the proposed EAA pathway from PGi may serve as a final link in a variety of sensory inputs to LC. PMID- 3193176 TI - Correlated electrophysiology and morphology of the ependyma in rat hypothalamus. AB - The ependyma lines the ventricular system of the vertebrate brain and spinal cord. Although its embryology and morphology have been studied extensively, little is known of its physiological properties, particularly in mammals. Tanycytes are modified ependymal cells that are found predominantly lining the floor of the third ventricle, overlying the median eminence. Their processes accompany and enwrap neuroendocrine axons that course from hypothalamic nuclei to terminals in the median eminence, but the significance of this interaction is not yet understood. Intracellular recording and injection techniques were used to study ependymal cells and tanycytes of the rat in the hypothalamic slice preparation after differentiating their respective regions morphologically. With extracellular [K+] = 6.24 mM, the mean membrane potential (+/- SD) for common ependyma was -79.9 +/- 1.40 mV and for tanycytes, -79.5 +/- 1.77 mV. Input resistances (Rin) were very low (much less than 1 M omega). Single-cell injection of Lucifer yellow revealed dye coupling among 2-70 ependymal cells and 5-48 tanycytes. In both freeze-fractured replicas and thin sections, large numbers of gap junctions were found between adjacent ependymal cells and between adjacent tanycytes. The observations of numerous gap junctions, extensive dye coupling and low input resistance demonstrated that both populations are strongly coupled networks. Perhaps for this reason, attempts to uncouple these cells using sodium propionate or CO2 were unsuccessful. Electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus did not elicit any detectable synaptic response in impaled tanycytes, so that the functional significance of synaptoid contacts between neuroendocrine neurons and the postsynaptic tanycytes is not yet apparent. Ependymal cells and tanycytes demonstrated a near-Nernstian response to changes in extracellular [K+] between 3 and 20 mM. This finding, as well as their high negative resting potential, low Rin, extensive coupling and absence of spontaneous electrical excitability demonstrate that ependymal cells possess numerous glial characteristics and may therefore have similar functions. In the hypothalamus, ependyma probably take up K+ released from adjacent endocrine neurons and shunt it to the ventricular space. PMID- 3193177 TI - Evidence for the presence of serotonergic nerves and receptors in the iris ciliary body complex of the rabbit. AB - The rabbit iris-ciliary body contains 78 +/- 6 ng/gm serotonin (5-HT) while the amine content in the aqueous humor is less than 0.01 ng/100 microliter. The low levels of endogenous 5-HT in the iris-ciliary body could not be directly detected by immunocytochemistry. However, pretreatment in vivo and in vitro with L tryptophan and pargyline resulted in the localization of a sparse population of 5 HT fibers. These fibers could not be studied by exposing the tissue to exogenous 5-HT since the amine was taken up by noradrenergic fibers as well. This was confirmed in studies involving superior cervical ganglionectomy. It is concluded that 5-HT is taken up by both serotonergic and adrenergic fibers of the iris ciliary body. In the presence of lithium, 5-HT stimulated an increase in the 3H inositol phosphate accumulation in a dose-dependent manner in tissue where the phosphoinositide pool was labeled with 3H-inositol. A variety of agonists and antagonists were used to show that the 5-HT response is mediated, at least partly, by 5-HT2 receptors. The 5-HT-mediated effect on inositol phosphates is unaffected by superior cervical ganglionectomy. The effect of noradrenaline, which also stimulates inositol phosphate accumulation (but via alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in the iris-ciliary body), was elevated following superior cervical ganglionectomy. PMID- 3193179 TI - Differential expression of vasopressin alleles in the Brattleboro heterozygote. AB - A solution hybridization/RNase protection assay for the molar quantitation of vasopressin and oxytocin mRNAs, using synthetic complementary RNA probes, is described. This assay was optimized to permit the identification of vasopressin (AVP) mRNAs containing the frame-shift point deletion causing inheritable diabetes insipidus in the Brattleboro strain of rat. Examination of RNA from hypothalamic magnocellular tissue punches found that of the 86.1 x 10(-18) mol [86.1 attomoles (amol)] of AVP mRNA detected in the Brattleboro heterozygote paraventricular (PVN) nucleus, 5.2% could be shown to be mutant AVP mRNA (AVPd RNA). The percentage of AVPd RNA increased dramatically to 18.1% after 6 d of chronic intermittent salt-loading. Similar percentages and percentage increases of AVPd RNA were detected in the heterozygote supraoptic nucleus (SON). These values were contrasted with those found in parallel studies in both Long Evans and Brattleboro homozygotes, and compared with values for oxytocin (OT) mRNA in all 3 AVP rat genotypes. The results of continued osmotic regulation of the mutant AVP gene, the low native levels of AVPd RNA found in both the Brattleboro heterozygote and homozygote, and the magnitudes of AVPd expression change with chronic osmotic challenge were interpreted as indicating that (1) in the diploid rat genome, both AVP alleles are transcribed, (2) the osmotic regulation of the mutant AVP gene is normal, and (3) the low levels of AVPd mRNA are consistent with a shorter-than-control effective mRNA half-life. PMID- 3193178 TI - Effects of lesions of temporal-parietal junction on perceptual and attentional processing in humans. AB - When stimuli with larger forms (global) containing smaller forms (local) are presented to subjects with large lesions in the right hemisphere, they are more likely to miss the global form than the local form, whereas subjects with large lesions in the left are more likely to miss the local than the global form. The present study tested whether the global/local impairment in subjects with posterior lesions was due to deficits in controlled attentional processes, passive perceptual processes, or both. Attentional control was examined by measuring reaction time changes when the probability of a target appearing at either the global or local level was varied. Patients with unilateral right or left lesions centered in temporal-parietal regions and age-matched controls served as subjects. Because neurophysiological and neuropsychological evidence have implicated temporal regions in visual discrimination and inferior parietal regions in the allocation of attention to locations in the visual field, patients with left hemisphere lesions were further subdivided into those with lesions centered in the superior temporal gyrus (LSTG) or rostral inferior parietal lobule (LIPL). Patients with right hemisphere injury could not be analogously subdivided. The results revealed that the LSTG group was able to control the allocation of attention to global and local levels normally, while the LIPL group was not. In contrast, the LSTG group showed a strong baseline reaction time advantage toward global targets, while normals and the LIPL group showed no advantage toward one level or the other. Finally, the perceptual component was affected differentially by lesions in the right hemisphere and LSTG, with lesions in the left favoring global targets and lesions in the right favoring local targets. These findings indicate that the hemispheric global/local asymmetry is due to a perceptual mechanism with a critical anatomical locus centered in the STG. PMID- 3193180 TI - The distribution of acetylcholine receptors in chick ciliary ganglion neurons following disruption of ganglionic connections. AB - Chick ciliary ganglion neurons have nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) that mediate primary chemical synaptic transmission through the ganglion. Previous studies have shown that preganglionic denervation reduces the total number of AChRs in the ganglion about 3-fold in 10 d, while postganglionic axotomy reduces AChR levels about 10-fold in 5 d. Since the neurons contain large numbers of intracellular AChRs in addition to the surface AChRs, the present studies were undertaken to determine whether either surface or internal AChR pools are changed selectively by the operations. An anti-AChR monoclonal antibody followed by an HRP-conjugated secondary antibody was used to visualize AChR distributions on neurons in ciliary ganglia 5 d after postganglionic axotomy and 10 d after preganglionic denervation. Ganglia were permeabilized by treatment with saponin to obtain access to intracellular receptors. The results show that the operations do not qualitatively change the subcellular localization of AChRs, but they do alter the levels relative to control ganglia. Axotomy produces substantial declines both in the number of synaptic AChRs and in the number of intracellular AChRs. Denervation produces a significant, though less extensive decline in the number of intracellular receptors while having no detectable effect on the number of synaptic AChRs. Small alterations in receptor distribution would have gone undetected by the present techniques. Regulation of neuronal AChRs differs in several respects from that described for muscle AChRs: presynaptic input appears to be less important for controlling neuronal AChRs, while signals from the postsynaptic target tissue may be essential for maintaining synaptic receptors on the neurons. PMID- 3193181 TI - Distinct cellular expression of beta I- and beta II-subspecies of protein kinase C in rat cerebellum. AB - Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies with subspecies-specific antibodies have revealed that beta I- and beta II-subspecies of protein kinase C, which result from alternative splicing of a single RNA transcript, show different regional expression in rat CNS. In the cerebellar cortex, beta I-subspecies is localized mainly in the granular layer, whereas beta II-subspecies is found predominantly in the molecular layer, most apparently in the presynaptic nerve endings that terminate at Purkinje cells. These distribution patterns are in sharp contrast to that of gamma-subspecies, which is most abundant within the Purkinje cells. The different patterns of expression imply that the multiple subspecies of protein kinase C may each have a specific function in modulating the neuronal activity of particular cell types. PMID- 3193182 TI - Control of sensory activation of granule cells in the fascia dentata by extrinsic afferents: septal and entorhinal inputs. AB - Three groups of rats were trained to perform a differential discrimination task in a 2-tone operant conditioning paradigm. One group received electrolytic lesions of the medial septal nuclei, another received electrolytic or knife cut lesions of the entorhinal cortex. These groups were compared with a normal control group. Recordings of granule cells in the fascia dentata were obtained in all animals during criterion performance of the behavioral task. Both lesions produced disruption of behavioral discrimination in the form of increased error and intertrial responding. Granule cell discharges to the tone stimuli were disrupted by each type of lesion. Septal lesions reduced the differential discharge tendency to CS+ and CS- and changed granule cell firing on all trials to statistically resemble firing on CS- trials in normal animals. Extensive lesions in the entorhinal cortex or knife cuts that severed the perforant path caused near elimination of the tone-evoked discharges to both the CS+ and CS tones. Septal and entorhinal lesions caused marked changes in the sequential dependence of the granule cell discharge compared with intact animals. Results are discussed in terms of the control of the granule cell discharge by the remaining afferent pathways in each type of lesion condition. PMID- 3193184 TI - The voltage-dependent, slow inward current induced by the neuropeptide FMRFamide in Aplysia neuron R14. AB - The effects of the peptide FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) on the soma of neuron R14 in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica and A. brasiliana were characterized. Pressure-ejected FMRFamide caused 3 types of responses, (1) a fast outward current (duration, less than 30 sec), (2) a fast inward current (duration, less than 20 sec), and (3) a slow inward current (peak at 0.5-1 min; duration, 2-3 min). The slow inward current, the chief object of this study, arises from a voltage-dependent conductance increase. The FMRFamide-elicited slow inward current is largest between -40 mV and -20 mV, the region of a negative slope resistance in the normal current-voltage relationship for R14. The slow FMRFamide-induced inward current is largely carried by Na+. This current is independent of external [K+] but depends inversely on external [Ca2+] and [Cl-]. The concentrations of the latter ions may influence the voltage dependence of the response. The slow inward current has many properties in common with inward currents induced in other molluscan neurons by applications of neuropeptides or intracellular injections of cyclic nucleotides. PMID- 3193183 TI - Costorage of serotonin binding protein with serotonin in the rat CNS. AB - Previous studies have identified two neurectoderm-specific serotonin binding proteins (SBP), one with an apparent Mr of 45 kDa, and one of 56 kDa. The current experiments were undertaken to test the hypothesis that these proteins are specific components of serotonergic neurons. Since actin has been found to bind serotonin, the relationship of the 2 forms of SBP to actin was also investigated. Antisera against purified 45 and 56 kDa SBP were raised in rabbits and shown by analyses of immunoblots and differential absorption to be monospecific and not cross-reactive. Neither antiserum reacted with purified actin and none of 3 different anti-actin sera reacted with purified 45 or 56 kDa SBP. The antisera to 45 and 56 kDa were used for immunocytochemical localization of the proteins, which was compared to that of serotonin. SBP immunoreactivity was found in rat brain and spinal cord; however, no significant differences were observed in the pattern of distribution of 45 and 56 kDa SBP-immunoreactive structures. Immunostaining of neuronal perikarya by either SBP antiserum required pretreatment of animals with colchicine. The distribution of neurons and terminals labeled by each antiserum to SBP was similar to that of neurons and terminals labeled by anti-5-HT sera. SBP-immunoreactive neuronal perikarya were present in the nuclei raphe dorsalis, raphe centralis superior, raphe medianus, raphe magnus, raphe obscurus, raphe pallidus, dorsal to the medial lemniscus in the region of the B9 cell group, near the interpeduncular nucleus, in the area postrema, the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the arcuate nucleus. SBP-immunoreactive fibers and terminals were present in many additional areas of the brain, as well as the spinal cord, where they paralleled those that were immunostained with antibodies to 5-HT. When double-immunostaining was used, serotonin and 45 and 56 kDa SBP immunoreactivities were found to be colocalized in both the brain and spinal cord. Cells and fibers found to be stained by one immunoreagent were also stained by the others; therefore, serotonergic neurons of the CNS probably contain both 45 and 56 kDa SBP. Moreover, it also seems likely that nonserotonergic neurons contain neither form of SBP. These data strongly suggest that SBP is an intrinsic and specific component of serotonergic neurons that can serve as a serotonergic marker. PMID- 3193185 TI - Effects of nicotine on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. AB - We used the autoradiographic 2-deoxy-D-[1-14C]glucose (14C-DG) method of Sokoloff to identify brain areas with altered rates of local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in vivo in response to peripheral I-nicotine administration (0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 1.75 mg/kg, s.c.). Nicotine stimulated LCGU primarily in areas reported to contain nicotine binding sites, indicating that the sites are true receptors. Increases in LCGU of 100% or more over control were obtained in the medial habenula, fasciculus retroflexus, superior colliculus, and median eminence. Substantial stimulation (50-100% increases) also was obtained in the cerebellar vermis, interpeduncular nucleus, and anteroventral and interanteromedial thalamic nuclei. Moderate increases (20-50%) were observed in the reticular nucleus of the medulla, paramedian lobule, nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, presubiculum, subiculum, red nucleus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus tractus solitarius, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, mammillothalamic tract, and fornix. The greatest stimulation in most affected areas was obtained with 0.3 mg/kg nicotine administered at 2 min, but not longer, before 14C-DG. Effects of nicotine on LCGU were antagonized by mecamylamine. The findings indicate that the interaction of nicotine with specific binding sites is coupled to cerebral energy metabolism. The distribution of in vivo cerebral metabolic effects of nicotine implicates various brain regions in the behavioral and physiological effects of nicotine. PMID- 3193186 TI - A local circuit interaction in the flight system of the locust. AB - Most of the interneurons that have been identified in the locust flight system to date are spiking, intersegmental interneurons and the described interactions between them are spike-mediated postsynaptic potentials. We wished to discover whether the same interneurons also communicate via subthreshold interactions to form local circuits independent of their spike-mediated connections. Using a deafferented flight preparation of the locust and glass microelectrodes, we recorded simultaneously from the neuropil segments of different interneurons within a single thoracic ganglion. Interneuron 301 had an indirect connection with the contralateral 301 and an indirect connection feeding back to itself. The feedback circuit could be activated with subthreshold stimuli. Spikes in a 301 affected self and contralateral partner, whereas subthreshold stimuli affected only self. Thus, this paper demonstrates the existence of 2 pathways from a single interneuron that can be functionally separate depending on whether activity in the interneuron is subthreshold or suprathreshold for spiking. The results show that dendritic regions of spiking intersegmental interneurons in the locust can participate in local circuits whose operation could have a considerable role to play in neural integration. PMID- 3193187 TI - Monosynaptic projections of single muscle spindle afferents to neck motoneurons in the cat. AB - Monosynaptic connections to dorsal neck motoneurons of the cat from single afferents supplying primary endings of neck muscle spindles were studied using spike-triggered averaging techniques. Single-fiber EPSPs were detected in only 11 of the 112 afferent-motoneuron pairs examined. The average amplitude of single fiber EPSPs recorded in motoneurons with a membrane potential of greater than -40 mV was 49 microV. Motoneurons receiving functional contacts from a single afferent were confined to a small rostrocaudal zone within the motor nucleus. The low frequency of single-fiber EPSPs in neck motoneurons could not be attributed to the absence of projections to the ventral horn or to damage to either the afferents or motoneurons. Our results suggest, therefore, that single afferents from neck muscle spindles make functional contacts with a small fraction of neck motoneurons, unlike the arrangement seen in more commonly studied hindlimb muscle systems (Henneman and Mendell, 1981). PMID- 3193188 TI - Utilization of resources for the maintenance of excellence in neurological surgery. The 1988 American Association of Neurological Surgeons presidential address. AB - In order to maintain the highest standards of care, neurosurgeons commit significant monies and time to continuing education. Significant time is devoted to national and regional organizations that work to assure standards for neurosurgical training, certification, and patient care. The continued increase in the sum of these efforts, both in money and time, indicates that a more efficient approach will be necessary in the future if neurosurgery and neurosurgeons are not to be overwhelmed or standards compromised. PMID- 3193189 TI - Prognostic implications of the proliferative potential of low-grade astrocytomas. AB - The proliferative potential of low-grade astrocytomas was estimated in 47 patients. Each patient received an intravenous infusion of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR), 150 to 200 mg/sq m, at the time of craniotomy to label cells in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis; the percentage of S-phase cells, or BUdR labeling index (LI), of each tumor was determined immunohistochemically. In 29 patients (60%), the tumors had BUdR LI's of less than 1%, indicating a slow growth rate; only three (10%) of these patients died of recurrent tumor during a follow-up period of up to 3 1/2 years. In contrast, of the 18 patients (40%) whose tumors had BUdR LI's of 1% or more, 12 (67%) had a recurrence and nine died during the same follow-up period. These results show that the proliferative potential, as reflected by the BUdR LI, is an important prognostic factor that separates low-grade astrocytomas into two groups and provides a more scientific rationale for selecting treatment for individual patients. PMID- 3193190 TI - Choroid plexus papillomas: long-term follow-up results in a surgically treated series. AB - The medical records and histological specimens from 26 patients with choroid plexus papillomas operated on at one institution were reviewed retrospectively. Four patients died perioperatively, and 21 of the remaining 22 patients were followed through March, 1986; the patient lost to follow-up review was last seen 14 years postoperatively. Of the 14 patients who underwent gross total removal of their tumor, one had a recurrence at 11 years postoperatively and two died in the perioperative period. Of the 12 patients who underwent subtotal removal of their tumor, two died in the perioperative period. The two patients who did not have radiation therapy postoperatively are free of apparent disease at 6 and 8 years after their operation. Eight patients underwent radiation therapy after subtotal removal of their tumor; four of these remain alive and well, and four have died of progressive disease. The role of irradiation in the treatment of subtotally resected lesion remains controversial, but this therapy is thought to be indicated for recurrent disease after a surgical excision that is as complete as possible. Histopathologically, the presence of occasional mitotic figures, microscopic infiltration, ependymal differentiation, or mild to moderate atypia was not correlated with likelihood of complete resectability or tendency to recurrence. PMID- 3193191 TI - Relationship of depth of brain lesions to consciousness and outcome after closed head injury. AB - Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed in 94 patients who sustained closed head injury of varying severity. Results of MR studies obtained after the intensive care phase of treatment disclosed that intracranial lesions were present in about 88% of the patients. Consistent with the centripetal model of progressive brain injury proposed in 1974 by Ommaya and Gennarelli, the depth of brain lesion was positively related to the degree and duration of impaired consciousness. Further analysis indicated that the relationship between depth of brain lesion and impaired consciousness could not be attributed to secondary effects of raised intracranial pressure or to the size of intracranial lesion(s). PMID- 3193192 TI - The pseudodelta sign in acute head trauma. AB - The "delta sign" is a triangular area of high density with a low-density center seen on contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) scans in the location of the superior sagittal sinus. It indicates thrombosis of the sinus. The authors describe the "pseudodelta sign," which is similar but is seen on non-contrast enhanced CT scans and which has a high correlation with hemorrhage secondary to acute head trauma. PMID- 3193193 TI - Function of parietal and frontal shunts in childhood hydrocephalus. AB - This study was performed to determine if cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts inserted via the frontal and parietal regions function for similar lengths of time. The medical records of 114 children with CSF shunts were reviewed. In 83 of these cases computerized tomography scans were also available. Ninety percent of the operations were to insert the child's first shunt. The site of insertion, cause of hydrocephalus, patient's age, surgeon, duration of function (time from insertion to malfunction or to latest follow-up evaluation), presence of infection, catheter location within the ventricle, and duration of function of the subsequent shunt were recorded. Data were analyzed by the chi-square, logistic regression, and life-table methods. Shunts had been inserted via the frontal route in 62 children and via the parietal route in 52. The children's ages, causes of hydrocephalus, and infection rates were similar in both groups. Duration of shunt function was predicted by the site of shunt insertion and the catheter position within the ventricles: shunts inserted via the frontal region functioned significantly longer than parietally inserted shunts, both as the initial shunt (Wilcoxon, p = 0.0008) and after a malfunction, and catheters positioned within the ipsilateral frontal horn functioned significantly longer than those in other ventricular locations (Wilcoxon, p = 0.03). PMID- 3193194 TI - The widened transcochlear approach to jugular foramen tumors. AB - The authors describe a widened transcochlear approach for large tumors of the jugular foramen with intrapetrous, intracranial, and infratemporal extensions. This approach complements the transcochlear and infratemporal approaches by enlarging the route of access to the region with disinsertion of the sternocleidomastoid, digastric, and stylohyoid muscles, by removing petrous bone in order to displace the facial nerve, by resection of the auditory canal, and by subluxation of the temporomandibular joint and zygomatic process. The use of this approach is described in seven patients. PMID- 3193195 TI - Transoral-transpharyngeal approach to the anterior craniocervical junction. Ten year experience with 72 patients. AB - The anterior transoral-transpharyngeal operation to correct ventral irreducible compression of the cervicomedullary junction was utilized in 72 individuals. The patients' ages ranged from 6 to 82 years, and 29 were children. The pathology encountered was primary basilar invagination, rheumatoid irreducible cranial settling, secondary basilar invagination due to migration of odontoid fracture fragments, dystopic os odontoideum, granulation masses, clivus chordoma, osteoblastoma, and chondroma of the atlas. Fifteen patients had associated Chiari malformation with basilar invagination. Fifty-two patients required subsequent atlantoaxial or occipitocervical fusion. Neurological improvement was the rule. There were two deaths within 30 days of surgery: one from myocardial infarction 4 weeks after surgery and one from Gram-negative septicemia of urinary tract origin. There was one pharyngeal wound infection. The ventral transoral approach provides a safe, rapid, and effective means for decompression of the abnormal craniovertebral junction. PMID- 3193196 TI - Neuronal changes in fetal cortex transplanted to ischemic adult rat cortex. AB - Fetal cortex from 16- and 17-day-old embryonic rats was transplanted into the parietal cortex of 12 adult rats rendered ischemic by temporary intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Ischemic injury in the host cortex adjacent to all nine surviving transplants was demonstrated with hematoxylin and eosin and cresyl violet strains. Nicotidamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical studies revealed a normal number of NADPH-d positive neurons, whereas acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining revealed many more AChE-positive neurons in the transplants compared to the host parietal cortex. This could be due to: 1) selective survival of AChE neurons in the transplants compared to the host cortex; 2) increased expression of AChE in transplanted neurons; 3) induction of AChE in normally AChE-negative neurons; or 4) decreased transport of the AChE enzyme from the perikarya to fibers in surviving transplanted neurons. Many fibers positive for AChE and NADPH-d crossed between the host and transplant, although fiber density in the transplants was less than in normal host cortex. These results should encourage future investigation of whether similar transplants improve neurological function following experimental stroke. PMID- 3193197 TI - The influence of nimodipine on cerebral blood flow autoregulation and blood-brain barrier. AB - Twenty anesthetized rats were randomly assigned to a nimodipine-treated group or a control group of 10 rats each. Local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) was measured by means of a surface electrode using the hydrogen clearance technique. Systemic arterial pressure (SAP) was varied with administration of norfenefrine or by hemorrhage in order to obtain SAP/cerebral blood flow (CBF) curves under different conditions. In the control group, a typical autoregulation curve was obtained with an lCBF plateau between 70 and 120 mm Hg SAP. The nimodipine treated animals, however, showed only a slight diminution in the slope of the curve but no real plateau, indicating impairment of CBF autoregulation. In another series, 20 anesthetized rats were randomly assigned to a treatment group or a control group of 10 animals each. Intravenous Evans blue dye was used as a tracer for blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. In both groups, SAP was raised to a level of 180 mm Hg with administration of norfenefrine for 6 minutes. Extravasation of significantly more Evans blue dye was observed in the nimodipine group than in the control group, indicating impairment of the BBB. It is concluded that nimodipine may impair CBF autoregulation, allowing damage to the BBB under hypertensive conditions. PMID- 3193198 TI - Heterotransplantation of malignant human gliomas in neonatal rats. AB - Three human glioma cell lines (TE-671 medulloblastoma, U-87 MG glioblastoma, and U-373 MG glioblastoma) were transplanted to the quadrigeminal cistern of the brain in 37 newborn Sprague-Dawley rats and to the subcutaneous space in 30 of their siblings. Two of the three gliomas (the TE-671 medulloblastoma and the U-87 MG glioblastoma) grew both intracranially and subcutaneously. The U-373 MG glioblastoma did not grow in either site. The resulting tumors expressed unique morphological features characteristic of their tissue of origin. The newborn rat represents a model for the heterologous transplantation of human gliomas, providing a biological window for the study of these lesions. PMID- 3193199 TI - Myelopathy due to intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas draining intrathecally into spinal medullary veins. Report of three cases. AB - Arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) of the spine commonly cause progressive myelopathy. Occasionally, myelography reveals serpentine filling defects characteristic of a spinal AVM, but an AVM or arteriovenous (AV) fistula cannot be demonstrated arteriographically, despite selective catheterization of all vessels known to have the potential of supplying the spinal cord and spinal dura. Often, and particularly in the setting of subacute or acute deterioration, this has been attributed to spontaneous thrombosis of the veins (the Foix-Alajouanine syndrome). Three patients are reported in whom intracranial dural AV fistulas, supplied by branches of the internal and external carotid arteries, drained into spinal veins and produced myelopathy. In one patient, motor and sensory deficits were limited to the lower extremities. In all three patients, disconnection of the fistula from its spinal venous drainage permitted arrest of a rapidly progressive myelopathy and partial recovery. These findings indicate that some patients who appear to have spinal cord AVM's but exhibit negative spinal arteriography are suffering from cranial dural AV fistulas and therefore need carotid as well as spinal arteriography. The considerable distance of these fistulas from the level of neurological expression supports venous hypertension as a pathophysiological mechanism of spinal cord injury. Interruption of a cranial dural fistula draining into spinal veins permits recovery of the myelopathy. PMID- 3193200 TI - Myelopathy due to epidural varicose veins of the cervicothoracic junction. Case report. AB - A 30-year-old man presented with a subacute course of myelopathic signs and symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an epidural mass lesion of the spinal canal at the cervicothoracic junction causing compression of the spinal cord. Laminectomy with resection of this lesion revealed a large varix with acute and chronic thrombus. Postoperatively, an improvement in neurological function occurred. Spinal epidural varicosities have been reported as an etiological factor in lumbar and sacral radiculopathies. This is the first reported case of spinal cord compression in association with spinal epidural varices. The diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of this disorder are presented. PMID- 3193201 TI - Direct carotid sinus approach to treatment of bilateral carotid-cavernous fistulas. Case report. AB - The authors present a patient with a complex vascular malformation composed of bilateral spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCF's). The abnormality was supplied on the right side by the right external carotid artery (ECA) and the right internal carotid artery (ICA), and on the left side only by the left ICA. There was also an arteriovenous communication between the right ECA and the lateral sinus. Surgical embolization of both cavernous sinuses with oxidized cellulose was achieved on one side by direct puncture and on the other through one of its venous affluents, successfully occluding both CCF's and preserving the patency of both ICA's without any neurological deficit. The arteriovenous communication between the right ECA and the lateral sinus was occluded by embolization of the occipital artery and ligation of the right ECA. PMID- 3193202 TI - Fatal intracranial hemorrhage after balloon occlusion of an extracranial vertebral arteriovenous fistula. Case report. AB - A patient is presented who developed a fatal hemorrhage immediately after balloon occlusion of an extracranial vertebral arteriovenous fistula. The fistula was associated with marked retrograde flow not only from the contralateral vertebral artery but also from the carotid artery system through the posterior communicating artery and the basilar artery. The bleeding appeared to be caused by acute hemodynamic effects following abrupt occlusion of the long-standing fistula. A gradual staged occlusion or trapping procedure should be considered for the treatment of such vertebral arteriovenous fistulae. PMID- 3193203 TI - Angiographically occult intracranial vascular malformations. PMID- 3193204 TI - Management of posttraumatic brain swelling. PMID- 3193205 TI - Periventricular vessel changes in hydrocephalus: erratum. PMID- 3193206 TI - Intracavitary use of two radiolabeled tumor-associated monoclonal antibodies. AB - Six patients with metastatic breast cancer and malignant pleural effusions and 13 patients with known or suspected ovarian cancer, underwent immunoscintigraphy after intracavitary (intrapleural or intraperitoneal) administration of iodine 131-(131I) or indium-111-(111In) labeled tumor associated monoclonal antibodies HMFG2 and H17E2. This method proved to be sensitive and specific with a true positive result in 13 out of 14 patients with tumor and a true-negative result in five out of five patients without tumor. At any one time, 65%-80% of the whole body radioactivity was closely associated with the cavity into which the radiolabeled antibody was administered while the radioactivity in the blood was always low, (approximately 4 X 10(-3) of administered dose/ml of blood). Concentrations of radiolabeled antibody (per gram of tumor tissue) ranged from 0.02%-0.1% of the injected dose in intracavitary tumors, but only 0.002% in a retroperitoneal metastasis. The specificity of this approach was documented in four control patients with benign ovarian cysts and in two patients who were imaged using both specific and nonspecific radiolabeled antibody. We conclude that the intracavitary administration of 131I- or 111In-labeled HMFG2 and H17E2 is a favorable route of administration and offers significant advantages over previously reported intravenous administration for the localization of breast or ovarian metastases confined to the pleural or peritoneal cavities. PMID- 3193207 TI - Localization of indium-111 leukocytes in noninfected neoplasms. AB - Indium-111-labeled autologous leukocyte studies in general carry a high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the investigation of infections and abscesses. However, past studies have described sporadic cases in which 111In leukocytes localized in tumors. Our experience using 111In leukocytes for the investigation of fever of unknown origin in cancer patients, however, indicates a relatively high incidence of 111In leukocyte localization in noninfected neoplasms. Out of the 61 patients studied for fever of unknown origin, 21 patients (34%) manifested abnormal localization of 111In leukocytes in neoplasms without clinical evidence of infection. These included patients with abnormal localization in: (a) lymph nodes, (b) soft-tissue tumors, and (c) bone neoplasms. The tumors included both primary and secondary lesions, and hematologic as well as solid tumors. The mechanism of 111In leukocyte localization in tumors is still not completely explained. Interpretations of 111In leukocyte studies in cancer patients with fever should take into consideration the possibility that localization may occur in neoplastic tissue per se and does not always indicate the presence of infection. PMID- 3193209 TI - Synthesis of "no-carrier-added" carbon-11 SarCNU: the sarcosinamide analog of the chemotherapeutic agent BCNU. AB - Carbon-11-labeled SarCNU [N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitroso-N'-(carboxamidomethylene) N'-(methyl) - [11C]-urea], a potential chemotherapeutic agent, has been prepared by the nitrosation of the corresponding urea, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N' (carboxamidomethylene)-N'-(methyl) [11C]urea (SarCU). SarCU was prepared by reacting sarcosinamide with [11C]-2-chloroethylisocyanate, which was itself prepared by reacting [11C]-phosgene with 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride suspended in dioxane. The synthesis yielded [11C]SarCNU with an average radiochemical purity of 95% in an average overall radiochemical yield of 18% relative to the activity measured at the end of [11C]phosgene introduction. PMID- 3193208 TI - Comparison of 17-iodine-131 heptadecanoic acid kinetics from externally measured time-activity curves and from serial myocardial biopsies in an open-chest canine model. AB - The relation between the externally measured myocardial time-activity curve and the radiochemically determined kinetics of iodine-131(131I) heptadecanoic acid was studied in an open-chest canine model under different metabolic interventions. Kinetics were assessed by analysis of 12 biopsies taken in an assay period of 90 min. Time-activity curves were fitted with a monoexponential plus constant. The halftime value of the exponential of the external curve corresponded well with the elimination rate of 131I from the myocardium: 14.6 +/- 4.5 min vs. 14.6 +/- 5.3 min. The constant was build up of three components: free 131I in cardiac tissue, the almost constant activity of the radiolabeled free fatty acid (FFA) in the myocardial lipid pool, and the radioactivity of blood and noncardiac tissues. The contribution of blood and noncardiac tissue to the constant amounted to a mean value of 77%. These findings support the analysis of externally measured time-activity curves with a monoexponential plus constant curve fit, in which background correction is not necessary. In cases where lipid storage is predominantly present, high T1/2 values, both internally and externally, were found, which were fitted with a monoexponential curve. It can be concluded that externally measured time-activity curves reflect satisfactorily the kinetics of radioiodinated heptadecanoic acid. PMID- 3193210 TI - Radiation absorbed dose estimates for oxygen-15 radiopharmaceuticals (H2(15)O, C15O, O15O) in newborn infants. AB - In preparation for measurement of regional cerebral oxygen metabolism by positron emission tomography, radiation absorbed dose estimates for 19 internal organs, blood, and total body were calculated for newborn infants following bolus intravenous administration of H2(15)O and brief inhalation of C15O and O15O. Cumulated activity for each radiopharmaceutical was calculated from a compartmental model based on the known biologic behavior of the compound. Values for mean absorbed dose/unit cumulated activity (S) for internal organs and total body were based on a newborn phantom. S was separately calculated for blood. Total radiopharmaceutical absorbed dose estimates necessary to measure cerebral oxygen metabolism in a 3.51-kg infant based on 0.7 mCi/kg H2(15)O and 1 mCi/kg C15O and O15O were determined to be 1.6 rad to the lung (maximum organ dose), 0.28 rad to the marrow, 0.46 rad to the gonads, and 0.22 rad to total body. These values are similar to those for current clinical nuclear medicine procedures employing 99mTc in newborn infants. PMID- 3193212 TI - Scintigraphy of toddler's fracture. AB - Under ordinary circumstances a toddler's fracture of the lower extremity is diagnosed by clinical evaluation and history. Often the initial conventional radiograph is unrevealing, but the fracture is diagnosed and treated based on appropriate clinical and laboratory findings. In rare instances, a patient with an unsuspected toddler's fracture may present with an atypical history, unusual physical findings, or laboratory values suggesting the presence of an inflammatory process. Skeletal scintigraphy in this small group of patients has been valuable in defining a spiral fracture of the midshaft of the tibia connected with a toddler's fracture. We report the scintigraphic appearance from the findings in six patients with unsuspected toddler's fracture evaluated by this method. PMID- 3193211 TI - Technetium-99m HM-PAO stereoisomers: differences in interaction with glutathione. AB - [99mTc]HM-PAO exists as two stereoisomers, d,1 and meso, only one of which is retained in the brain. It has been suggested recently that the biodistribution of [99mTc]d,1-HM-PAO can be explained by its interaction with glutathione (GSH) in the tissues. We studied the interactions of the d,1 and meso isomers with GSH in vitro by measuring the partitioning of activity between ethyl acetate and aqueous GSH solutions at various concentrations. Partitioning of both isomers demonstrated a sigmoidal relationship with GSH concentration, but the d,1 isomer showed eightfold greater reactivity than the meso isomer. In a separate experiment, the d,1 isomer showed a sevenfold greater interaction rate with GSH than the meso isomer. These results suggest that the stereoisomers of [99mTC]HM PAO show differences in their interaction rate with GSH which may explain their different retention in the brain. PMID- 3193213 TI - Gallium detection of Salmonella costochondritis. AB - A case of Salmonella costochondritis developed at a traumatic focus in a 37-yr old Hispanic male without hemoglobinopathy or systemic disease. Bone scans and gallium scans were initially positive and remained abnormal, despite a variable clinical course and repeatedly negative serology and blood cultures. Scintigraphy was valuable for both detection and monitoring of antibiotic treatment, as well as providing localization for subsequent surgical resection. PMID- 3193214 TI - Therapeutic effectiveness of iodine-131 MIBG metastases of a nonsecreting paraganglioma. AB - This case report describes the treatment of the bone metastases of a nonfunctioning sympathetic paraganglioma, with [131I]MIBG. After primary tumor excision and unsuccessful external radiotherapy, the patient received three therapeutic doses of [131I]MIBG, resulting in a reduction of the number and volume of metastases, and an improvement of the general condition. At 3 yr following [131I]MIBG therapy, the patient remained in remission. [131I]MIBG appears to be an efficient and safe agent for treating malignant sympathetic paraganglioma. PMID- 3193215 TI - Mechanism of gallium-67 accumulation in tumors. PMID- 3193216 TI - Interaction management: an approach to supervisory training. PMID- 3193217 TI - "I have to develop a program: where do I begin?". PMID- 3193218 TI - Issues in mandatory continuing education. PMID- 3193219 TI - Implementation of nursing computer systems: a new challenge for staff development departments. PMID- 3193220 TI - Quality circles--a summation for inservice educators: using circles to increase staff nurse participation in problem solving. PMID- 3193221 TI - A new approach to evaluation of professional practice. PMID- 3193222 TI - Assessing learning needs of the experienced critical care nurse. PMID- 3193223 TI - Getting started. PMID- 3193225 TI - The role of evaluation in instruction. PMID- 3193224 TI - Roles and relationships of staff development educators: a critical component of impact. PMID- 3193226 TI - Preventing drug dependency: Part I, Recognizing risk factors. AB - Nurse administrators are in a key position to develop strategies to deter drug abuse by their staff. This two-part series of articles discusses the development of a prevention program. This first article describes risk factors associated with initial and continuing drug use by nurses. The second article (January 1989) will present an educational program based on these risk factors and suggest ways to provide staff with support. PMID- 3193227 TI - Issues in nursing labor costs allocation. AB - Prospective payment has created a desire for improved internal operating efficiency by nurse executives and hospital administrators. Identifying nursing costs is one step in obtaining those efficiencies. Improved nursing cost allocation methods have been developed but these systems are costly to implement. Finding a low cost alternative to such systems would be valuable. The authors present direct comparisons of conventional daily and acuity based nursing labor costs allocation systems. Consistent with the findings of others, they demonstrate substantial differences between these methods. There is a high correlation of nursing labor costs with the patient's ancillary costs. However, the correlation is not sufficiently strong to use as a proxy for nursing costs. Consequently, nurse executives should strive to implement nursing cost allocation systems. PMID- 3193228 TI - Nurse executive effectiveness. AB - Community hospital chief nurse executives (CNEs) and chief executive officers (CEOs) ranked, in a nationwide survey, seven characteristics of nurse executive effectiveness. Human management skill was ranked first by both groups. CNEs cited CEO support as the second most important factor in their effectiveness, while CEOs ranked total organizational view second. Both groups cited the need for fiscal management skills for CNEs. Results differ from an earlier study of university hospital based CNEs and CEOs. Such discrepancies, including differences in education, tenure, and salary, hold strong implications for the pursuit of careers in nursing administration. PMID- 3193229 TI - The nursing research committee. AB - Establishing a strong commitment to nursing research poses both rewards and challenges for nurse executives. The authors address the purpose and review process of the nursing research committee from the researcher's and reviewer's perspectives. A greater understanding of this process, its implications, and its benefits for nursing executives will further facilitate nursing research in the service setting. PMID- 3193230 TI - Decision-making styles: managerial application of the MBTI and type theory. AB - Applying type theory is a relatively inexpensive way for managers to increase effectiveness by emphasizing the qualitative issues in organizations. The author describes managerial and organizational uses of C.G. Jung's theory of psychological type, as operationalized in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The MBTI is useful not only in identifying individual preferences, but also in developing effective managerial and working terms. Knowledge of one's own type and the type of others can help managers motivate others, maximize human resources, persuade others, and gain cooperation. An article in the January 1989 issue of JONA discusses the author's use of the MBTI to assess decision-making styles and the compatibility of hospital chief nursing officers and executive officers. PMID- 3193231 TI - Volume determination of TEM specimens containing particles or precipitates. AB - The volume of thin foil specimens, which contain precipitate or other particles, viewed in the TEM is needed to determine particle density and spacing. It can be determined from the locations of the particles, measured using stereo pairs. A calculation that determines the volume between planes (not necessarily parallel or horizontal) that enclose the points is described. These planes will systematically underestimate the actual surface spacing and hence the volume, but a simple correction factor based on the number of points used in the fit can be used to estimate the actual volume. The method is tested, and its accuracy is evaluated using simulated data and applied to precipitate particles in creep tested silicon carbide. PMID- 3193232 TI - Freeze-fracture-replication using the controlled environment vitrification system (CEVS). PMID- 3193233 TI - Adaptation of Balzers specimen stages for rapid-entry use. PMID- 3193234 TI - Fracturing of frozen thermally softened bean cells for electron microscopy studies. PMID- 3193235 TI - Method for obtaining a cross section layer of tissue culture for EM without pelleting or re-embedding. PMID- 3193236 TI - A good support for the thick frozen sections for immunolabeling when post embedding in plastic for EM is required. PMID- 3193237 TI - Modification of a TEM cross-section lapping apparatus in order to accommodate VCR dimpler platen. PMID- 3193238 TI - Controlled vascular corrosion casting of the rabbit eye. AB - We have refined the technique of vascular corrosion casting with methacrylate to permit the reproduction of physiological states of vascular tone and to produce sturdy castings of ocular microvasculature. The method entails careful maintenance of homeostasis up to the moment of plastic perfusion, avoidance of vascular rinsing or fixation with the attendant anoxia, reduction of the viscosity of the casting resin without impairing the properties of the resultant polymer, addition of a cross-linking agent to increase the strength of the plastic, and injection at physiological temperature and pressure. This casting regimen reproduces the normal anatomical conditions of blood vessels and can be used to demonstrate altered conditions of vascular tone. In all instances, the second, untouched eye serves as a control for unilateral manipulations. Special problems of replicating the ocular vasculature are related to the intraocular pressure, which opposes the vascular perfusion pressure and constitutes an impediment to perfusion. PMID- 3193239 TI - Image registration in electron microscopy: application of a robust method. AB - The geometric registration of two electron microscopic images generally is performed by maximizing the cross-correlation coefficient between them. We show that a new similarity measure (the number of sign changes) is useful for performing simultaneously geometric and gray-level registration. This method is robust, which means that it provides a good estimation of the parameters even in the presence of outliers that cannot be described by the registration model. PMID- 3193240 TI - Reflection high resolution analytical electron microscopy: a technique for studying crystal surfaces. AB - Reflection electron microscopy (REM), reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED), reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS), and energy dispersion x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) have been comprehensively used as a technique, termed reflection high resolution analytical electron microscopy (RHRAEM), for studying the structures of the bulk crystal GaAs (110) surfaces by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The simultaneous observations of surface topography imaging, the surface diffraction mechanism with RHEED, surface atomic inner-shell excitations with REELS, and surface chemical compositions with EDX provide a systematic description of the atomic structure and chemical structure of the surface. The surface channelling effect has been observed in GaAs (110) with REELS, which may provide a basis for localizing surface foreign atoms with ALCHEMI. The theoretically predicted surface-resonance wave has been observed directly in the RHEED pattern; the surface-captured Bragg reflection wave have been identified. It is shown that surface chemical compositions can be determined by analyzing the EDX spectra obtained in the REM case. Finally, the surface monolayer resonance characteristic of the RHRAEM has been confirmed by calculations with dynamical RHEED theory. PMID- 3193241 TI - An accurate temperature monitoring device for Balzers rotary cold tables. AB - In the Balzers rotary cold table, the recording thermocouple is located 45 mm below the specimen stage. As a result, there is inconsistency between the temperature indicated by the thermocouple gauge and the actual temperature of the specimen carrier. This inconsistency is most notable and can lead to problems when the cold table temperature is changed, such as during the procedure when fracturing at one temperature is followed by etching at a higher temperature. In this article, we describe modifications to the Balzers rotary cold table that permit the constant measurement of actual specimen temperature in the stationary, off, and rotating positions. The changes involve the use of a miniature temperature-sensing diode (TFD-Omega), mounted on the cradle that accepts standard counterflow, rapid-loading specimen stages. PMID- 3193242 TI - Laboratory use of the personal computer: a program in MS-DOS BASIC, for generating specimen labels and data sheets for electron microscopy. AB - Conventionally, all specimen vial and block labels are handwritten or typed, a labor-intensive process open to human error, particularly in a lab that processes large numbers of samples. The computer program described in this report was developed to reduce or eliminate this problem. The program is menu-driven, asking specific information from the user, and runs on an IBM PC (or compatible). It is designed to accurately produce specimen collection vial labels, resin block labels, and data sheets for inclusion in a research notebook. A task that in the past may have required much time at the typewriter can now be accomplished without error in a few minutes. Although designed to fit the needs of a pathology laboratory, the program (written in BASIC) can be easily modified to fit other applications. PMID- 3193243 TI - The use of specimen tilt in transmission electron microscopy of the central nervous system. AB - Thin sections of nervous tissue were viewed at different tilt angles using a transmission electron microscope equipped with a eucentric goniometer stage. In a comparison study of various degrees of tilt, one can observe additional morphological features within synaptic profiles, define subsynaptic structures such as Taxi-bodies, and clearly see the crystalline formation of cytochemical tracers. This study demonstrates the value of tilting thin-sections in the analysis of synapses and other biological material at the ultrastructural level. PMID- 3193244 TI - High-resolution electron microscopic investigation of supported platinum particles reduced at high temperatures. AB - High-resolution electron microscopy has been used to characterize the platinum particles supported on TiO2 or ZnO. After reduction at elevated temperatures, the metallic particles display a regular, faceted shape, and several superstructures, Pt3 Ti(C), Pt3 Ti(H), PtTi, and PtZn, have been found. These results, which may involve strong metal-support interaction, have been confirmed by optical diffraction and image simulation. PMID- 3193246 TI - Controlled environment vitrification system: an improved sample preparation technique. AB - The controlled environment vitrification system (CEVS) permits cryofixation of hydrated biological and colloidal dispersions and aggregates from a temperature- and saturation-controlled environment. Otherwise, specimens prepared in an uncontrolled laboratory atmosphere are subject to evaporation and heat transfer, which may introduce artifacts caused by concentration, pH, ionic strength, and temperature changes. Moreover, it is difficult to fix and examine the microstructure of systems at temperatures other than ambient (e.g., biological systems at in vivo conditions and colloidal systems above room temperature). A system has been developed that ensures that a liquid or partially liquid specimen is maintained in its original state while it is being prepared before vitrification and, once prepared, is vitrified with little alteration of its microstructure. A controlled environment is provided within a chamber where temperature and chemical activity of volatile components can be controlled while the specimen is being prepared. The specimen grid is mounted on a plunger, and a synchronous shutter is opened almost simultaneously with the release of the plunger, so that the specimen is propelled abruptly through the shutter opening into a cryogenic bath. We describe the system and its use and illustrate the value of the technique with TEM micrographs of surfactant microstructures in which specimen preparation artifacts were avoided. We also discuss applications to other instruments like SEM, to other techniques like freeze-fracture, and to novel "on the grid" experiments that make it possible to freeze successive instants of dynamic processes such as membrane fusion, chemical reactions, and phase transitions. PMID- 3193245 TI - Preparation of cultured mammalian cells for transmission and scanning electron microscopy using Aclar film. AB - Common methods for the preparation of cultured cells for concurrent light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are not completely satisfactory. This article describes how we grow mammalian cells on plastic disks made from Aclar film. Aclar is a transparent fluorinated-chlorinated thermoplastic that contains no volatile components and is, for all practical purposes, chemically inert. Cells adhere to it readily and remain attached after fixation, dehydration, and critical-point drying or embedding. The film also accepts heavy metal coating by ionic bombardment and is extremely stable in the vacuum of the SEM. LM observations are unhindered by Aclar, since the film is as transparent as glass. Fluorescence microscopy is possible with this film, since it exhibits no detectable autofluorescence. During SEM observation, the film has great dimensional stability, and the cells and heavy metal coating remain attached to the Aclar even under high-resolution operating conditions. TEM processing of specimens grown on Aclar is simplified by the fact that Aclar does not stick to the epoxy resins used in EM. Furthermore, Aclar is easily sectioned and does not damage knives used in ultramicrotomy. The use of Aclar film considerably simplifies the preparation of cultured cells for all types of microscopy. This method is particularly useful in correlating surface features between SEM and TEM observations. PMID- 3193247 TI - Lipoprotein lipase activity and chylomicron clearance in rats fed a high fat diet. AB - The relationships of tissue and plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activities to tissue uptake and plasma clearance of 14C-labeled chylomicron-triglyceride (14C CM-TG) were studied in female rats fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous control (12% kJ from fat) or high fat diets (72% kJ from fat) for 8 wk. Animals fed the high-fat diet had higher levels of fasting plasma triglycerides and lower LPL activities in heart, renal adipose tissue and post-heparin plasma. Changes in LPL activities of skeletal muscles varied among muscles with higher values in the soleus and plantaris (32-61%) and no differences in the gastrocnemius. The lower LPL activity in renal adipose tissue was associated with lower uptake of fatty acids from 14C-CM-TG by adipose. Fatty-acid uptake from labeled TG was not associated with tissue LPL activity in other tissues. Clearance of 14C-CM-TG from plasma and the half-lives of 14C-CM-TG were similar in both dietary groups. These data indicate that tissue and plasma LPL activities are not a direct index of uptake of fatty acids by tissues or clearance of chylomicron triglycerides. PMID- 3193248 TI - Roles of omega 3 fatty acids and chronic ethanol in the regulation of plasma and liver lipids and plasma apoproteins A1 and E in rats. AB - Relative effects of feeding ethanol and/or omega 3 fatty acid-rich fish oil for 6 wk on body lipids and lipoproteins were investigated. Ethanol increased plasma cholesterol (P less than 0.06) and triglycerides (P less than 0.0005), whereas fish oil decreased plasma cholesterol (P less than 0.005) and triglycerides (P less than 0.02). Liver cholesterol and triglycerides were increased by ethanol (P less than 0.0001) while fish oil decreased liver cholesterol (P less than 0.01) but not triglycerides. Based on Scheffe contrasts (P less than 0.05), fish oil blocked the increases in liver cholesterol and triglycerides caused by ethanol. Substitution of normal dietary fat with omega 3 fatty acid-rich fat in ethanol fed animals lowered plasma cholesterol by 29% (P less than 0.001) and triglycerides by 30% (P less than 0.05) within 2 wk. Plasma apo A1 was increased by ethanol (P less than 0.001) and decreased by fish oil (P less than 0.002). Plasma total apo E was unaffected by either ethanol or fish oil. However, HDL apo E was decreased by ethanol (P less than 0.04) and increased by fish oil (P less than 0.02). Scheffe contrasts (P less than 0.05) also showed that plasma apo A was increased by ethanol regardless of whether the animals were consuming regular fat (1.72-fold) or fish oil fat (1.49-fold). Thus, omega 3 fatty acids can not only prevent but also reverse many of the lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities caused by alcohol abuse in the rat. PMID- 3193249 TI - Cereal fructans: in vitro and in vivo studies on availability in rats and humans. AB - The bioavailability of cereal fructans (fructooligosaccharides) was investigated both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies indicated very slow hydrolysis by human gastric juice and by homogenate of the intestinal mucosa (rat). After intubation of fructans into the stomachs of rats, the recovery of fructans in the small intestine and colon was approximately the same as that of an unabsorbed marker (polyethylene glycol), indicating no or very low disappearance of fructans in the small intestine. In vivo studies of the small intestine in rats showed that the rate of disappearance of fructans was lower than that of mannose, which is known to be absorbed through passive diffusion. In addition the cariogenic effect of cereal fructans was compared to that of glucose. Acid formation from low molecular-weight fructans was found in human dental plaque in vitro. A mouth rinse with unfractionated fructans, containing some quantities of sucrose, fructose and glucose, resulted in relatively low pH values in human plaque in vivo, even if the decrease in pH was somewhat less pronounced when compared with a mouth rinse with glucose. PMID- 3193250 TI - Changes in hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cell vitamin A content during vitamin A depletion in the rat. AB - Levels of total, unesterified and esterified retinol were determined in liver, liver parenchymal cells (PC) and liver nonparenchymal cells (NPC) during vitamin A depletion in rats. Liver vitamin A levels decreased from 113 to 4 micrograms over a 97-d experimental period; plasma retinol concentrations did not change significantly during this time. Initially, greater than 90% of hepatic vitamin A was in the esterified form and most (93%) was localized in NPC. During vitamin A depletion, there were significant declines in retinyl ester content of both PC and NPC, but unesterified retinol levels were not significantly affected. Plasma retinol concentrations were significantly correlated with unesterified retinol mass in PC and NPC, but not with retinyl ester mass. Although 94% of the liver's negative vitamin A balance was due to changes in NPC retinyl ester levels, the fractional rate of retinyl ester loss from PC and NPC was almost identical. Since unesterified retinol levels in plasma, PC and NPC appeared to be conserved even when liver retinyl ester stores were virtually depleted, and since the retinol utilization rate was apparently not decreasing during this stage of vitamin A depletion, these data support the hypotheses that homeostatic mechanisms controlling the three pools of unesterified retinol are linked, and that vitamin A utilization rate is maintained as long as unesterified retinol levels in plasma, PC and NPC are normal. PMID- 3193251 TI - Metabolic utilization of pyridoxine-beta-glucoside in rats: influence of vitamin B-6 status and route of administration. AB - [3H]5'-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) pyridoxine (PN-glucoside) and [14C]pyridoxine (PN) were administered orally or intraperitoneally to vitamin B-6-adequate or deficient rats. Analysis of intestinal contents and feces indicated effective intestinal absorption of PN-glucoside relative to PN. There was greater retention of 14C than 3H in the liver and carcass regardless of the route of administration of the radiolabeled vitamins. There was no major difference in the relative distribution of 3H and 14C among the vitamin B-6 metabolites in the liver between the treatment groups, and no [3H]PN-glucoside was detected in any of the livers. For all groups, the majority of the 3H administered was detected in the urine within 24 h. Less excretion of both 3H and 14C in the urine was observed for the deficient rats. There was no major difference in the relative proportion of urinary [3H]PN-glucoside or [3H]4-PA between rats fed or injected with the radiolabeled vitamins. These results indicate that vitamin B-6 status influences the clearance of metabolites derived from PN and PN-glucoside, as well as the clearance of intact PN-glucoside. Vitamin B-6 status, however, has little or no effect on the utilization of PN-glucoside. This study also suggests that the intestine is the primary site of the limited conversion of PN-glucoside to biologically active PN in the rat. PMID- 3193252 TI - Thiamin absorption is not compromised in folate-deficient rats. AB - Thiamin absorption and excretion were assessed in rats with severe folate deficiency (FD) by determining the fate of oral 3H-labeled and intravenous 14C labeled thiamin over a 6-h test period. Thiamin status was evaluated in these same rats by measuring transketolase activity levels of blood before (TKA) and after (TPPE) addition of thiamin pyrophosphate to the incubation mixture of the assay procedure. Two additional experiments assessed active transport of thiamin and the effect of dietary succinylsulfathiazole (SST) on TKA and TPPE in rats with moderate FD. Intestinal absorption in general and thiamin absorption in particular and thiamin status were unaltered in rats with severe FD. Inanition associated with severe FD may impair thiamin status. Thiamin absorption by active transport was not compromised in FD, and dietary succinylsulfathiazole did not affect thiamin status. PMID- 3193253 TI - Modulation of age-related changes in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone by dietary restriction of Fischer 344 rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of food restriction on age related changes in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and PTH, two important regulators of Ca metabolism. Starting at 6 wk, male F344 rats were fed a purified diet either ad libitum (non-restricted) or 60% of ad libitum (restricted). Rats from each group were killed at 5, 13, 22 and 28 mo of age. Dietary restriction increased the median lifespan from 24 to 31 mo. It delayed the rapid decrease in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D from 1.5-5.0 mo in the non-restricted group to 5-13 mo in the restricted group. It also completely suppressed the marked rise in serum PTH which occurred at 22 and 28 mo in the non-restricted group. Dietary restriction had these effects even though both groups of animals consumed the same amount of Ca per gram body weight. Diet had no effect on serum Ca and P, except at 28 mo. These effects of dietary restriction on serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and PTH may result in altered Ca metabolism in dietary restricted F344 rats. PMID- 3193254 TI - Effects of type of dietary fat on indices of immune status of rabbits. AB - We have compared the effects of dietary saturated and unsaturated fats of the n-6 and n-3 types on the immune status of male New Zealand white rabbits. Four groups of rabbits (n = 8) were fed purified diets containing one of the following fats (7.6% w/w, 23 kcal%) for 5 mo, hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO); safflower oil (SFO); linseed oil (LSO); or menhaden oil (MHO). In vitro proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) cultured with T-cell mitogens was significantly higher in the LSO group than in the other three groups, and that in the HSO group was higher than in the MHO and SFO groups which were not different from each other. Proliferation of PBL in response to B-cell mitogens was significantly higher in the LSO group than in the SFO and MHO groups. In vitro proliferation of splenocytes (SPC) from the LSO group was higher than that from the other three groups only when SPC were cultured with T-cell mitogens. Serum antibody levels against bovine serum albumin were significantly higher in the LSO group than in the SFO group after second and third immunizations. Spleen weights, number of SPC or PBL, and delayed-type hypersensitivity were not different among the four dietary groups. Our data show that linseed oil diet enhanced several indices of immune status in rabbits. PMID- 3193255 TI - The effect of dietary zinc status on biliary metal excretion of rats. AB - The effect of dietary zinc status on biliary excretion of zinc, cadmium and mercury administered as a bolus of metal chloride (1 mg metal/kg body weight i.v.) was studied. Female rats were fed a purified diet containing either 9 micrograms/g (low), 45 micrograms/g (adequate) or 1150 micrograms/g (high) zinc for 8 d. Hepatic metallothionein (MT) was similar in low- and adequate-zinc groups, but was 18-fold higher in the high-zinc group than in the other two groups. Liver zinc content varied in relation to dietary zinc level. Biliary excretion of all metals studied was significantly lower in the high-zinc group than in the low-zinc group. The cumulative excretion of zinc, cadmium and mercury over 2.5 h in rats fed these two diets was 6.2 +/- 1.4 vs. 33.5 +/- 7.7, 0.006 +/ 0.02 vs. 22.8 +/- 8.4 and 1.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 14.9 +/- 5.3 micrograms/kg body weight, respectively. A relationship was found between the disposition of metal in liver and the extent of biliary metal excretion. Biliary metal excretion was highly correlated with liver cytosolic non-MT-bound metal; r = 0.999, 0.998 and 0.993 for endogenous + exogenous zinc, cadmium and mercury, respectively. PMID- 3193256 TI - Interactions between hemolytic saponins, bile salts and small intestinal mucosa in the rat. AB - The interaction between bile salts and saponins from Gypsophylla was investigated in vitro, using changes in transmural potential difference across isolated lengths of rat jejunum as an index of the capacity of the saponin to affect the permeability of intestinal mucosal cells. The addition of saponin (ca. 5 mM) to taurocholic acid in buffered saline (pH 7.4) led to a significant increase in viscosity, indicating the formation of a polymer. The viscosity of the solution was highest at low molar ratios of bile salt to saponin (0.5-2.0). Under these conditions there was an inhibition of the permeating effect of saponins on the gut, as judged by the rate of decline in transmural PD. There was no evidence of inflammation or functional damage to the jejunal mucosa of rats fed a diet containing Gypsophylla saponin (ca. 1.5% w/w) for 7 d but changes in villus morphology were observed. There was also evidence of an increased rate of mucosal cell proliferation. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower in saponin fed rats than in controls, while the cholesterol content of the cecal contents was increased. These results suggest that despite the protective effect of bile salts, Gypsophylla saponins interact with the mucosa of the proximal small intestine in vivo, but at the dietary level used in this study the mucosa was protected by an enhanced rate of cell replacement. The loss of cholesterol via exfoliated mucosal cells may contribute to the hypocholesterolemic effect of saponins in rats. PMID- 3193258 TI - Tryptophan, serotonin and carbohydrate appetite: will the real carbohydrate craver please stand up! PMID- 3193257 TI - The toxicity of parenteral copper in the chick: dependence on route of administration. AB - Preliminary work in our laboratory suggested that the route of parenteral copper administration influences the acute toxicity of copper (Cu). The present work examined the effects of Cu given either intraperitoneally (i.p.) or intravenously (i.v.) on mortality, feed intake, peritoneal fluid and hepatic accumulation of Cu and zinc (Zn) in chicks. We also studied the potential interaction of prior Zn loading on these parameters. Four-wk-old chicks were pretreated by injection (subcutaneous) with Zn acetate (5 mg Zn/kg) or sodium acetate 24 h prior to Cu treatments. Copper as Cu acetate was given either i.p. or i.v. at a dose of 1.84 mg Cu/kg. Mortality was markedly greater in those chicks given Cu i.p. compared to those given Cu i.v. (46.1% vs. 3.9%). Zinc pretreatment had no effect on any of the parameters associated with copper treatments. The accumulation (24 h) of copper in either total hepatic tissue or cytosol was comparable for both routes of injection. However, marked differences in Cu-induced hepatic Zn accumulation were observed. Massive peritoneal fluid (41% of total plasma volume) was observed 1 to 3 h following the administration of Cu i.p. None was observed in those given Cu i.v. Thus, this effect was associated with the route-dependent mortality observed in the present study. We suggest that our data highlight the gratuitous effects of reactive agents given intraperitoneally. PMID- 3193259 TI - Nutrients as nutrients and nutrients as prophylactic drugs. PMID- 3193260 TI - Intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm twin gestation infants. AB - The incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in twin pregnancy infants with birthweights less than 1500 g in a 5 year period was examined retrospectively. Of the 70 infants in this birthweight category (for which IVH status was known) born at the University of Michigan Medical Center between January 1980 and December 1984, 20 had IVH (29%) (p = NS). The only significant association with IVH was respiratory distress. Presentation, route of delivery, a low 5 minute Apgar score, and time between first and second delivery were not significant factors. However, a multiple logistic regression of the infants categorized by IVH status demonstrated significant effects of twinship itself and of birth order within a given twinship. The unexpected low incidence of IVH in this high risk group suggests that better obstetric and neonatal management of low birthweight preterm twins at tertiary care centers may result in improved survival and decreased morbidity including intraventricular hemorrhage. PMID- 3193261 TI - Bilirubin in cerebrospinal fluid: an indicator of blood-brain barrier disruption in asphyxiated rats. AB - To evaluate the relationship of serum cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain total bilirubin levels in asphyxia, an experiment was designed with 5 to 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomized into control and experimental groups. All rats received intravenously 30 mg/kg of bilirubin. Four hours later the experimental group was asphyxiated. Forty-eight hours after asphyxiation, the bilirubin concentrations in blood, CSF, and brain were measured in both study groups. Mean CSF and brain bilirubin levels were significantly higher in the experimental compared to the control group; however, mean serum bilirubin levels were not different. Moreover, in the experimental group a significant correlation existed between CSF and brain bilirubin concentrations. In conclusion, an asphyxiatic insult resulted in disruption of both the blood-brain and the blood CSF barriers. PMID- 3193262 TI - Physical characteristics of infant endotracheal tubes. AB - A change in the incidence of post-intubation complications in infants was the stimulus for the evaluation of the deformability of two brands of endotracheal tubes. The stiffness of each tube was evaluated at room and body conditions in the longitudinal axis of the tubes as well as a cross sectional plan. Shiley brand endotracheal tubes sizes 2.5 to 4.0 were less deformable than Portex brand of the same sizes. PMID- 3193263 TI - Delivery room management of meconium staining of the amniotic fluid and the development of meconium aspiration syndrome. AB - A 1-year prospective survey of obstetric and pediatric management of meconium staining of the amniotic fluid in 464 patients was undertaken. Pharyngeal suctioning before delivery was performed using bulb syringe (N = 130), De Lee suction catheter (N = 186), or both (N = 98); endotracheal intubation after delivery was also done in 413 instances. Using any of the three suctioning techniques, no differences were seen in Apgar scores, respiratory rates, presence or absence of meconium on or below the vocal cords, or development of meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). If meconium was present on the vocal cords, it was present below the vocal cords in 76% of the cases. If no meconium was visualized, it was found below the vocal cords in only 7% of the cases. Of the 142 infants with meconium below the vocal cords, 10% developed MAS and all 14 survived. PMID- 3193264 TI - Polemics in perinatology: modern reproductive technology--the state of the heart. PMID- 3193265 TI - First impressions of a women's center. PMID- 3193267 TI - An unusual neonatal case presentation. Cephalohematoma with underlying skull fracture in a neonate delivered by cesarean section. PMID- 3193266 TI - Neonatal nurses' attitudes, beliefs, and feelings toward the care and management of fetal-infants. AB - Neonatal intensive care nurses must handle on a regular basis the complex dilemmas that accompany the rapid advances in knowledge and technology that have enabled the survival of fetal-infants. Little literature addresses the attitudes and feelings of neonatal nurses regarding the moral, ethical, legal, economic, and social issues surrounding fetal-infants. The purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to examine the attitudes, beliefs, and feelings held by neonatal nurses towards these issues as they relate to the care and management of fetal infants. The research design of this study was a nonexperimental approach. The sample was drawn from a roster of subscribers to a neonatal nursing journal. The tool that was used in this study is an attitudinal assessment questionnaire developed by the investigator. Data obtained were described and synthesized by use of measures of central tendency, variability, frequency, and the chi square statistic. Comments to the questionnaire almost overwhelmingly referred to the participants' difficulty in responding as the issues were felt to be dependent on the particular fetal-infant, family, and circumstances involved. Respondents strongly supported the need for situational ethics in cases involving fetal infants. PMID- 3193268 TI - Ventilatory management casebook. Resolution of pulmonary interstitial emphysema using position therapy. PMID- 3193269 TI - Fetal heart rate monitoring casebook. Fetal heart block in presence of maternal hypokalemia. PMID- 3193270 TI - Perinatal protocol. Second or third trimester bleeding. PMID- 3193271 TI - Hospital risk management for perinatal care: theory and practice. AB - The challenge of hospital risk management in perinatal care is examined from the perspective of the application of theory to everyday practice. Certain zones of risk exist in each stage of the hospitalization period, and in each aspect of the physician/patient and health care team relationships. Understanding of and incorporation of risk management into habits of practice will serve to reduce the risk of real or perceived injuries. PMID- 3193272 TI - Medicine as a utility. PMID- 3193273 TI - Office management of the HIV-positive patient. PMID- 3193274 TI - Prevention of HIV infection. PMID- 3193275 TI - Handling blood and body fluids in your clinical laboratory. PMID- 3193276 TI - Sending your patient a double bill. PMID- 3193277 TI - Proper reporting of radiation data. PMID- 3193278 TI - Judging the effects of the TMJ disc implants radiographically. PMID- 3193281 TI - Stability of simultaneous maxillary intrusion and mandibular advancement: a comparison of rigid and nonrigid fixation techniques. AB - This study examines the short-term stability of bimaxillary surgery following Le Fort I impaction with simultaneous bilateral sagittal split osteotomies and mandibular advancement using two standard techniques of postsurgical fixation. Fifteen adults had skeletal plus dental maxillomandibular fixation, and fifteen adults had rigid internal fixation using bone plates in the maxilla and bicortical bone screws between the proximal and distal segments in the mandible. The group with rigid internal fixation did not undergo maxillomandibular fixation. Radiographic cephalograms were analyzed during the postsurgical period to evaluate skeletal and dental stability. There was no statistical difference in postsurgical stability with rigid internal fixation or skeletal plus dental maxillomandibular fixation other than the vertical position of the maxillary molar; the skeletal plus dental maxillomandibular fixation group had a significant amount of postsurgical intrusion of the maxillary molar when compared with the rigid internal fixation group. Although the other measures showed no statistically significant difference between the experimental groups, the amount of variability in postsurgical stability in the group with skeletal plus dental maxillomandibular fixation was greater than that found in the group with rigid internal fixation. PMID- 3193279 TI - A retrospective study of untreated orbital blow-out fractures. AB - A retrospective study of 27 cases of untreated orbital blow-out fractures is presented. These patients were managed non-surgically because they presented with minimal ophthalmologic symptoms, or they sustained other injuries that prevented early repair. Twelve patients returned for follow-up examination and eight were contacted by telephone. In evaluating patients for diplopia, enophthalmos, hypesthesia, and restricted ocular movement, 85% showed complete resolution of symptoms. Based on these findings, surgical intervention is recommended only in those patients who demonstrate residual diplopia in primary gaze and restricted ocular motility that persist after 10 to 14 days, the presence of enophthalmos greater than 2 mm, and gross disruption of the orbital floor as confirmed by CT or tomography. PMID- 3193280 TI - A comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography for the evaluation of maxillary and mandibular tumors. AB - The relative value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus computed tomography (CT) for imaging benign and malignant lesions of the maxilla and mandible was studied in a group of 16 patients. The imaging methods were evaluated for their ability to detect the lesion and define lesion margins, soft tissue extension, and bone involvement. The abnormality was identifiable with both imaging methods. For benign cystic lesions of either the maxilla or mandible (50%), MRI was overall equal to or better than CT. Magnetic resonance imaging was superior to CT in the evaluation of lesion margins and soft tissue extent of disease, whereas it was equal or slightly inferior to CT in lesion detection and in the evaluation of bone involvement. In the imaging of malignant neoplasms (50%), MRI was overall superior to CT in all four categories reviewed. Magnetic resonance imaging also had the highest rate of correlation with clinical findings, either from physical examination or at the time of surgery. PMID- 3193283 TI - Adaptation of the suprahyoid muscle complex to large mandibular advancements. AB - The purpose of this study was to provide quantitative data concerning the changes and adaptations that take place within the suprahyoid complex to larger mandibular advancements. Mandibular advancement of 6.5 mm was performed on 12 adult rhesus monkeys. Six underwent maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) using the dentition, six underwent MMF using the dentition plus skeletal suspension wires. Mandibular position and changes in the length of the various anatomic regions of the suprahyoid complex were evaluated cephalometrically with the aid of radiopaque bone, muscle, and tendon markers implanted preoperatively. Relapse of the mandible in the dental MMF animals was 27% of the advancement, whereas there was none in the dental plus skeletal MMF group. Results of adaptations within the suprahyoid complex showed that 1) the suprahyoid complex was elongated slightly less than the mandible, and 2) the major adaptations (lengthening) occurred at the muscle-bone interface, the muscle-tendon interface, and within the belly of the anterior digastric muscle. On the basis of these results, it was concluded that adaptations within the suprahyoid complex to mandibular lengthening occur first at the connective tissue attachments of the muscle, and then within the muscle belly itself. The methods of dealing with the potentially distracting forces from the stretch within the suprahyoid complex are discussed. PMID- 3193282 TI - Healing following condylar shave in the monkey temporomandibular joint. AB - Condylar shaves were performed in monkeys, and the reparative process was studied by histologic and autoradiographic techniques. The condylar surface was found to repair mainly with fibrous connective tissue produced by cells derived from the underlying marrow spaces. The residual condylar cartilage did not play a significant role in this process. PMID- 3193284 TI - Expert witness testimony. PMID- 3193285 TI - Oral squamous cell carcinoma in identical twins: report of a case. AB - This case report describes two middle-aged identical female twins with a mild to moderate history of tobacco and alcohol abuse who developed squamous cell carcinomas in the same anatomic sites. By exclusion of major factors, a correlation between heredity and the incidence of cancer in these cases appears likely; however, carcinogenic agents (tobacco and alcohol) must also be considered as contributing factors. Close observation of siblings (and certainly twins) is recommended when head and neck carcinoma occurs prior to middle age. Although no genetic population prone to oral cancer is known, the disease is rare enough in younger individuals to raise the question of a possible genetic predisposition. PMID- 3193286 TI - Familial occurrence of oral cancer: report of cases. AB - Four cases of familial occurrence of oral cancer are described and the postulated causes and predisposing factors of oral cancer are reviewed. None of these factors could satisfactorily explain the unusual familial occurrence observed in the cases presented. PMID- 3193287 TI - Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the hard palate. PMID- 3193288 TI - Condylar positioning in orthognathic surgery. PMID- 3193289 TI - Intraoral open reduction with rigid internal fixation of mandibular subcondylar fractures. AB - Open reduction of subcondylar fractures achieves precise anatomic alignment of bony fragments and may prevent the postoperative sequelae seen with some closed reductions. Using an extraoral approach, a fracture can be easily seen and manipulated. An intraoral approach avoids large facial scars, facial nerve injury, and allows visualization of the occlusion during the procedure. Cases for this technique should be carefully selected. PMID- 3193290 TI - From the President: public relations-professional responsibility. PMID- 3193291 TI - Patient controlled analgesia via intrathecal catheter in outpatient oncology patients. PMID- 3193292 TI - Blood gas interpretation: application to ARDS and COPD. PMID- 3193293 TI - Workload management system for i.v. therapy. PMID- 3193294 TI - I.v. drug delivery: new technologies for consideration. PMID- 3193295 TI - Small intestinal obstruction or ischemia. A comparison between water soluble contrast media and barium in rats. PMID- 3193296 TI - Clinical significance of the nonstress test. PMID- 3193297 TI - Synergism between ethanol and carbon tetrachloride in the generation of liver fibrosis. AB - In this study, alcohol-induced histological lesions in a short-term experimental rat model were compared with those characteristic of human alcoholic liver disease. In the rat model used, pretreatment with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 6 weeks was employed possibly to sensitize the liver for the effects of alcohol and shorten the time of induction of alcoholic liver disease. After 6 weeks of CCl4 treatment, subsequent maintenance on drinking water containing up to 10 per cent alcohol for 7 weeks potentiated liver fibroplasia as compared with non alcohol-treated rats. However, steatosis and alcoholic hepatitis, as histological evidence for alcoholic liver disease as seen in humans, were not observed. In non CCl4-pretreated control animals, alcohol administration had no effect on liver histology. It can be concluded that in the model used, CCl4 pretreatment sensitizes the liver to increase collagen deposition following alcohol administration, but not to steatosis or alcoholic hepatitis as seen in human alcoholic liver disease. In this experimental set-up, direct metabolic interaction of CCl4 with alcohol as a cause of the increased fibroplasia can be excluded. PMID- 3193298 TI - Ultrastructural characteristics of the contact zones between Langerhans cells and lymphocytes. AB - The present work was carried out to look for the ultrastructural substrate of the contact zones between Langerhans cells and lymphocytes. A high resolution electron microscopic analysis of the contact zones between Langerhans cells and lymphocytes was performed. The material used for this study was obtained from experimental contact dermatitis in mice, and human cervical squamous carcinoma and mycosis fungoides. Three types of cell-cell binding were found. Type I is a junction-like structure characterized by the presence of intercellular bridges. It is suggested that this contact might represent a fixation mechanism between the two cells. Type II is characterized by a glycocalyx-glycocalyx continuity. An immunological function--recognition and antigen presentation--is proposed for this type of contact. Type III is a septilaminar tight contact area which seems to be a gap junction. It is suggested that all these types of physical contact might be the morphological expression of interaction between antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes. PMID- 3193299 TI - Breast tumour of pregnancy ('lactating' adenoma). AB - Fourteen cases of a benign lesion of the breast, often referred to as 'lactating' adenoma, are described. They were all first noticed during pregnancy. The microscopic changes are similar to those seen in the normal pregnant breast but vary in degree and are out of phase with it. Any association with fibroadenoma or fibrocystic disease seems coincidental. 'Lactating' adenomas are also clearly distinguishable from tubular adenomas, which consist of masses of closely set tubules, like ductules of the normal resting breast, and are not related to pregnancy. Immunocytochemistry using antisera to breast and tumour associated antigens can demonstrate clear differences between 'lactating' adenoma, other breast lesions, and the normal pregnant breast. A plea is made for the designation of these lesions as 'breast tumour of pregnancy' as they do not arise in the lactating period. PMID- 3193300 TI - Lectin binding in the male breast. AB - Twenty-four male breast lesions including ten normal, ten gynaecomastia, and four infiltrating carcinomas were studied for the presence and distribution of lectin binding carbohydrates. For comparison, tissue sections of five normal female breast lesions, ten each of fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma, and carcinoma, were also included in this study. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were tested with Glycine maximus (SBA), Dolichos biflorus (DBA), Triticum vulgaris (WGA), Concanavalia ensiformis (Con A), Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA), Arachis hypogaea (PNA), and Bandeiraea simplicifolia (BSAI). The lectin-binding patterns were similar in normal, gynaecomastia, and carcinoma, and were not pathognomonic to any male breast lesion. These lectin reactive patterns in the male breast appear to be similar to those reported for the female breast lesions. PMID- 3193301 TI - Breast myoepithelium--the ignored cell. PMID- 3193302 TI - Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma characterized by microtubular aggregates in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and tubulin immunoreactivity. AB - A case is reported of a 66-year-old female with an extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma which had originated in the lateral region of the right knee. The tumour tissue of the primary, recurrent, and metastatic deposits in the lungs was examined by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Almost all the sarcoma cells in every tumour specimen harboured immunoreactivity to both alpha- and beta subunits of S-100 protein. A large population of cells in the subcutaneous tumour at autopsy had numerous parallel arrays of microtubules within the rough endoplasmic reticulum in addition to the well-described ultrastructural features indicative of chondroblastic origin. These structures were present in round to polygonal, but not in fibroblastic, tumour cells. Tubulin immunoreactivity in the tumour cells showed the same tendency, being frequently positive in the large cells of the subcutaneous tumour but weakly positive in the fibroblastic and medium-sized cells of the recurrent and metastatic tumours. The parallel arrays of intracisternal microtubules therefore may be composed of tubulin protein, as in ordinary cytoplasmic microtubules. PMID- 3193303 TI - Proliferative activity in lymphomas. PMID- 3193304 TI - Emphysema in the Blotchy mouse: a morphometric study. AB - Inheritance of the Blotchy allele at the X-chromosomal Mottled locus of mice results in changes in the lung which resemble emphysema. Previous studies using measurements of mean linear intercept have recognized emphysema in the hemizygous, Blo/Y, male and homozygous, Blo/Blo, female, but not in the heterozygous, Blo/+, female. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, accurate method for analysis of emphysema and to establish whether it would identify emphysema in the heterozygote. Lungs from wild type and outbred Blo mice were inflated with fixative at a pressure of 25 cm and then sectioned and stained. Transect lengths across air spaces were measured using computerized image analysis and the results were plotted as histograms. Data were also expressed as cumulative frequencies (ogives) and subjected to statistical analysis by the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Emphysema was shown by significantly increased (P less than 0.001) transect lengths in the Blo/Blo female and Blo/Y male compared with the wild type controls. The heterozygous Blo/+ mice form an intermediate group significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the wild and blotchy mice. The sensitivity of the method is illustrated by the fact that the Blo/+ female formed an intermediate group between wild type and the Blo/Y male and Blo/Blo female. PMID- 3193305 TI - The autopsy: a useful tool or an old relic? AB - In a combined retrospective and prospective study, clinical and autopsy data were collected to assess the changes in autopsy rate in recent years, the attitudes of clinicians and pathologists to the autopsy, and the accuracy of ante-mortem diagnosis when compared with autopsy findings. Between 1962 and 1986, the total autopsy rate for hospital patients remained relatively constant, with an increase in Coroner's and a decrease in the hospital autopsy rate. Analysis of 5064 deaths over a 6-year period showed a significantly greater number of males than females coming to autopsy and a decrease in autopsy rate with age for both sexes. Attitudes to the autopsy were assessed using a questionnaire. The majority of clinicians considered the autopsy to be an important investigation despite new diagnostic techniques and confirmed its value in teaching and research. Seventy seven per cent agreed that autopsy findings occasionally led to modification of the treatment of subsequent patients with the same condition. Pathologists disagreed that the autopsy is outdated in its present form and considered that not enough hospital autopsies are being requested. They also upheld its use and value in education. The cause of death as given by clinicians for a group of 60 patients was inaccurate in 12 cases. PMID- 3193306 TI - Relation of serum erythropoietin levels to renal excretory function: evidence for lowered set point for erythropoietin production in chronic renal failure. AB - The relationship of serum erythropoietin (Ep) levels to hematocrit and glomerular (GFR) filtration rate was evaluated in patients with chronic renal disease. The Ep level was measured by radioimmunoassay in 119 blood samples from 48 patients obtained over a period of up to 5 years. Hematocrit values correlated significantly with the GFR, but serum Ep levels did not change with a decline in the GFR. Significant anemia was noted only when the GFR fell below 20 ml/min/1.73 m2. Episodes of spontaneous acute hypoxic stress were observed in six patients with chronic renal failure. Serum Ep levels obtained during these episodes (mean +/- SEM: 273 +/- 76 mU/ml) were tenfold higher than Ep levels during stable steady-state chronic renal failure (26 +/- 6 mU/ml), even though Ep levels were inappropriately low for the degree of anemia in the stable state. Our findings suggest that the tissue oxygenation-Ep-hematocrit feedback mechanism operates at a lower set point in patients with chronic renal failure in comparison with normal subjects. PMID- 3193307 TI - Acute extrapyramidal syndrome in methylmalonic acidemia: "metabolic stroke" involving the globus pallidus. AB - We report four patients with methylmalonic acidemia who developed acute extrapyramidal disease after metabolic decompensation. The neurologic findings resulted from bilateral destruction of the globus pallidus with variable involvement of the internal capsules. This complication was unrelated to a specific gene defect responsible for methylmalonic acidemia or to cyanocobalamin administration. These lesions constitute a "metabolic stroke," probably because of the accumulation of toxic organic acid metabolites, because they cannot be accounted for by hypoxemia or vascular insufficiency. PMID- 3193308 TI - Cine magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of congenital heart disease: role in pediatric cardiology compared with echocardiography and angiography. AB - Cine magnetic resonance imaging was used for preoperative and postoperative evaluation of 91 patients with congenital heart disease. Their ages ranged from 6 weeks to 14 years. The quality of study was excellent in 81% of the cases, in which it provided complete documentation of diagnostic features; substantial diagnostic information was provided in another 14%, and the study was nondiagnostic in only 5%. This technique was most useful for evaluating areas of the right ventricle (95%), great arteries (95%), vena cava (94%), and pulmonary venous system (91%). The anatomic delineation of these areas was comparable to that obtained by cineangiography and was superior to echocardiography, especially in postoperative patients. For complex venous anomalies, magnetic resonance imaging provided better anatomic details than did angiography or echocardiography. The capability of multiplanar imaging allows complex angled views through the desired planes of the heart and great vessels. Proper sedation is essential to obtain maximum diagnostic information. Our preliminary experience suggests that this new modality provides excellent anatomic information in infants and children with congenital cardiac defects and will play an increasing role in pediatric cardiac diagnosis. PMID- 3193309 TI - Myelomeningocele: a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis in term infants. PMID- 3193310 TI - Necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with symptomatic congenital heart disease. PMID- 3193311 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging in children of very low birth weight with suspected brain abnormalities. PMID- 3193312 TI - Postnatal progression from second- to third-degree heart block in neonatal lupus syndrome. PMID- 3193313 TI - Vitamin B12-responsive megaloblastic anemia, homocystinuria, and transient methylmalonic aciduria in cb1E disease. PMID- 3193314 TI - The premature small-for-gestational-age infant during the first year of life: comparison by birth weight and gestational age. AB - To determine the effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the outcome of the premature infant, we compared a group of 35 premature, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants with two groups of premature, appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants: one with similar birth weight (AGA-BW group) and the other with similar gestational age (AGA-GA group). Groups were matched by year of birth, race, gender, and socioeconomic status. Infants were free of major congenital anomalies and intrauterine infection. They were evaluated at term, at 20 and 40 weeks, and at 1 year corrected age. The SGA infants had a lower mean developmental quotient than the two groups of AGA infants. The SGA infants had significantly smaller body dimensions at birth, more nursery complications, and a higher incidence of major neurologic problems than their AGA-GA matches but were comparable to the AGA-BW matches. Poor growth constitutes an additional risk factor to prematurity. The results highlight the importance of comparing premature SGA infants with premature AGA infants of similar gestational age rather than similar birth weight. PMID- 3193315 TI - Congenital rickets associated with magnesium sulfate infusion for tocolysis. AB - The records of five neonates born to mothers treated with intravenously administered magnesium sulfate for tocolysis were retrospectively reviewed to assess the presence of radiographic, clinical, and biochemical abnormalities. Two infants had radiographic bony abnormalities; one had frank rachitic changes and dental enamel hypoplasia. One of these patients, as well as an additional infant, had transient hypocalcemia. We hypothesize that prolonged infusion of magnesium sulfate, especially when initiated during the second trimester, may lead to fetal parathyroid gland suppression with consequent abnormalities resembling rickets. PMID- 3193316 TI - Anticoagulation with sodium warfarin in children: effect of a loading regimen. AB - To assess dose requirements of warfarin in children, we analyzed retrospectively the treatment of 26 patients with the drug. Subsequently we treated 15 children, prospectively, with a regimen derived from our retrospective analysis (0.2 mg/kg/day for 2 days). In the retrospective analysis we found the prothrombin time (PT) at day 2 to correlate significantly with the dose given on day 0 (p less than 0.001) and with the cumulative dose on days 0 and 1 (p less than 0.001), but the standardized loading regimen resulted in a wide range of PTs independent of age, weight, or body surface area. The warfarin dose contributes only 40% of the variability in PT; an individual child's response to warfarin cannot be predicted accurately on the basis of the usual morphometric measurements. PMID- 3193317 TI - Bloody diarrhea and pneumoperitoneum in a 10-month-old girl. PMID- 3193318 TI - Complex carbohydrate intolerance. PMID- 3193319 TI - Management of Kawasaki disease. PMID- 3193320 TI - Erratum: composition of Similac and Similac Special Care formulas. PMID- 3193321 TI - Breath hydrogen response to milk containing lactose in colicky and noncolicky infants. AB - In 122 healthy newborn infants, we studied the relationship between breath hydrogen (H2) production after feedings containing lactose (human milk or commercial formula) in colicky and noncolicky infants at 6 weeks and 3 months. Eighty-three infants (68%) developed colic (mild, moderate, or severe) by 2.6 +/- 1.8 weeks of age (mean +/- SD). Zero time (baseline) breath H2 values were significantly higher in colicky compared with noncolicky infants at both 6 weeks (40.6 +/- 41.4 vs 14.8 +/- 32.9 ppm) and 3 months (27.7 +/- 38.1 vs 8.5 +/- 18.2 ppm). There were significantly more positive breath H2 tests in colicky compared with noncolicky infants at 6 weeks (78% vs 36%) and 3 months (89% vs 45%). Failure to produce H2 throughout the breath H2 test was significantly more frequent in noncolicky compared with colicky infants at 6 weeks (50% vs 18%) and 3 months (43% vs 4%). These findings remained significant even when infants with mild colic (at 6 weeks and 3 months) were included in the noncolicky group. We conclude that colicky infants produce more breath H2 in the fasting state and in response to feedings containing lactose than noncolicky infants produce. This may represent increased lactose malabsorption, differences in colonic bacterial fermentation conditions, or differences in the handling of colonic gas produced. PMID- 3193323 TI - Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the subterranean rodent Ctenomys opimus Wagner (Ctenomyidae) from Bolivia, South America. AB - Of 35 tuco-tucos (Ctenomys opimus) collected in Bolivia, South America, 31 (88%) had eimerian oocysts in their feces at the time they were examined. Eighteen (58%) of the 31 infected animals were concurrently infected with 2 or 3 eimerian species. Four species of Eimeria were recovered and are described as new species based on the characteristics of sporulated oocysts. Oocysts of Eimeria granifera n. sp. were ellipsoidal, 21.1 x 17.2 (15-26 x 11-20) micron with sporocysts ovoidal, 11.3 x 7.1 (8-14 x 5-9) micron. Oocysts of Eimeria montuosi n. sp. were spheroidal, 24.2 x 22.0 (21-28 x 18-25) micron with sporocysts ovoidal, 10.5 x 7.3 (8-14 x 6-9) micron. Oocysts of Eimeria opimi n. sp. were spheroidal to subspheroidal, 24.3 x 21.8 (18-29 x 15-26) micron with sporocysts ovoidal, 11.6 x 7.6 (10-13 x 6-9) micron. Oocysts of Eimeria oruroensis n. sp. were spheroidal to subspheroidal, 27.3 x 23.6 (23-32 x 20-28) micron with sporocysts ovoidal, 13.2 x 8.6 (10-16 x 8-11) micron. PMID- 3193322 TI - Predicting the response to cytotoxic therapy for childhood nephrotic syndrome: superiority of response to corticosteroid therapy over histopathologic patterns. AB - To determine the utility of steroid response in classifying childhood nephrotic syndrome, we reviewed 119 biopsies in 92 children aged 1 to 16 years who had been followed for a mean of 7.2 years. Steroid responses were classified as steroid resistant, steroid dependent, and frequent relapser as defined by the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Biopsy specimens were classified as showing focal glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in 39 children, as showing lipoid nephrosis in 28, and as questionable in another 25 with either focal global sclerosis, IgM nephropathy, or mesangial prominence and tubular changes. A strong agreement (p less than 0.01) was found between children whose FSGS was steroid resistant and children whose lipoid nephrosis resulted in frequent relapses. The length of the remission after therapy with chlorambucil or cyclophosphamide was determined in 84 children. A significantly shorter length of remission after cytotoxic drug therapy (p less than 0.05) was identified for patients with FSGS versus those with lipoid nephrosis; this difference became more significant for steroid-resistant patients in comparison with those who were steroid dependent or were frequent relapsers (p less than 0.005). Among all steroid-resistant patients, those with FSGS had shorter remissions than patients with other histologic changes (p less than 0.001). The data suggest that patterns of response to corticosteroid therapy correlate with the histologic abnormality. Thus steroid-sensitive patients need not undergo renal biopsy before receiving cytotoxic drugs. Steroid-resistant patients would benefit from a biopsy, because the findings tend to predict the outcome. PMID- 3193324 TI - Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase in the cerebral ganglia of Fasciola hepatica, a parasitic flatworm. AB - Acetylcholinesterase activity was found in the cell bodies and extracellularly in the neuropile of the cerebral ganglia of the adult trematode parasite, Fasciola hepatica. Within neuronal cell bodies of the cerebral ganglion, acetylcholinesterase reaction product was found in the endoplasmic reticulum, in the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, and in secretory vesicles near the inner (releasing face) cisternae. Acetylcholinesterase reaction product was not seen intracellularly within any nerve processes. The reaction product was found around the somatic cell membranes and in the extracellular space between closely apposed nerve processes in the neuropile. Acetylcholinesterase reaction product was associated with synaptic endings that contained clear spheroidal synaptic vesicles, and the reaction product was localized at the site of synaptic contact between the zone of apposition of the pre- and postsynaptic terminals. This intracellular and extracellular distribution of the enzyme is consistent with its function as the degrading enzyme in cholinergic transmission. PMID- 3193325 TI - Nematode infestation of fillets from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, off eastern Canada. AB - The prevalence and intensity of larval nematodes in fillets of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, were examined and compared with similar data from a previous survey conducted about 30 yr ago. Anisakis simplex occurred more often in the nape of the fillet, whereas Pseudoterranova decipiens was the predominant species in napeless fillets. The results suggest an increase in both the prevalence and intensity of P. decipiens in fillets of cod, especially those originating from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and coastal Nova Scotia. PMID- 3193326 TI - A comparative study of the development of Eimeria nieschulzi in vitro under aerobic and reducing conditions. AB - Sporozoites of the rat coccidian, Eimeria nieschulzi Dieben, 1924 (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), were inoculated onto monolayers of normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts and cultured either under aerobic (5% CO2/95% air) or reducing (desiccator jars modified into candle jars) conditions in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, sodium bicarbonate, and antibiotics. Under aerobic conditions, first-generation meronts were observed at 2 days postinoculation (DPI) and, except for individual third-generation meronts that were seen at 5 and 6 DPI, no further development was noted. Under reducing conditions, however, first-generation meronts observed at 2-5 DPI underwent additional development to form second-generation meronts (3-5 DPI), third-generation meronts (3-7 DPI), and a small number of fourth-generation meronts (5-8 DPI). Both second- and third generation meronts were abnormal, exhibiting gigantism although the merozoites produced appeared normal. The gradual degeneration of cell monolayers under reducing conditions prevented further observations beyond 8 DPI. These results suggest that atmospheric conditions play an important role in the development of E. nieschulzi and maintenance of reducing conditions may be one key to achieving enhanced development of some species of coccidia in vitro. PMID- 3193327 TI - Isoelectric focusing of ten strains of Giardia duodenalis. AB - Ten strains of human- and animal-source Giardia duodenalis were evaluated using an isoelectric focusing technique. Banding patterns obtained from total cell proteins of trophozoites demonstrated both similarities and differences between strains. This confirms the heterogeneity of this morphological group of Giardia sp. demonstrated by others. Heterogeneity was demonstrated among the strains retrieved from human and animal hosts and from hosts within the same geographical region. PMID- 3193328 TI - Interaction of bass tapeworm, Proteocephalus ambloplitis, and Neoechinorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala) in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. AB - The number of plerocercoids of the bass tapeworm, Proteocephalus ambloplitis, in wild largemouth bass was negatively correlated (r = -0.94) with the number of Neoechinorhynchus sp. Competitive inhibition between the 2 parasites appeared to exist. Similarly, the numbers of Neoechinorhynchus sp. in wild bass decreased when adult bass tapeworms were present in the intestine. Proteocephalus ambloplitis plerocercoids used to challenge bass vaccinated with either P. ambloplitis adult or Neoechinorhynchus sp. antigens were smaller (P less than 0.05) when recovered than those used to challenge control bass. Based on preliminary results, both antigens might have enabled the bass to limit growth and/or development of the invading bass tapeworm, plerocercoids. Cross-protective immunity may be the reason for this occurrence, in which case, it could offer an explanation for competitive inhibition existing between P. ambloplitis and Neoechinorhynchus sp. PMID- 3193329 TI - Behavior of Leishmania braziliensis s.l. in golden hamsters: evolution of the infection under different experimental conditions. AB - Reproducibility of Leishmania braziliensis s.l. metastatic behavior in hamsters was studied for 9 isolates of L.b. panamensis and 2 of L.b. guyanensis with a previous record of metastasis. Also, the influence of corticosteroids and trauma was evaluated. In the corticosteroid-treated group, metastases appeared earlier than in the nontreated group, and localization at the site of trauma was more frequent (4/9) than in the nontreated hamsters (1/5). Nine of the 11 strains (82%) were capable of reproducing metastatic behavior. Studies on dissemination of L. b. panamensis showed that the regional lymph node is invaded as soon as 5 days postinfection, with further nonhematic dissemination to other tissues and organs in less than 4 wk. PMID- 3193330 TI - Plagiorhynchus (Prosthorhynchus) cylindraceus (Goeze, 1782) Schmidt and Kuntz, 1966, from the Australian bandicoots, Perameles gunnii Gray 1838, and Isoodon obesulus (Shaw, 1797). AB - Plagiorhynchus (Prosthorhynchus) cylindraceus (Goeze, 1782) Schmidt and Kuntz, 1966, usually parasitic in passerine birds, is here reported to be found encysted in the peritoneum of the bandicoot Isoodon obesulus from Tasmania. Specimens recovered from the bandicoot Perameles gunnii, also collected from Tasmania, are the first reported from the intestine of a mammal. The origin of P. cylindraceus infection in Australian hosts is discussed. PMID- 3193331 TI - Experimental cryptosporidiosis in fetal lambs. AB - Fetal lambs were infected in utero with purified sporulated oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum in order to study pathogenesis and host cellular response to the enteropathogen. Ileal loops (IL) of fetuses, 124-130 days of gestation, were inoculated with 1-4 x 10(6) oocysts usually via cannulae in the abdominal wall of the ewe. Oocysts, both free and phagocytosed, were observed in the IL content as early as day 1 post-inoculation (PI). The percentage of oocysts phagocytosed by the host's polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN's) and mononuclear cells remained high up to day 13, the last day of examination. Numerous parasites were observed at days 6, 7, and 12 PI in the microvilli of the ileum with hypercellularity of the lamina propria, which consisted of a mixed infiltration of PMN's, mononuclear cells, including lymphoid cells, and a few eosinophils. Cytolysis and extrusion of epithelial cells, often heavily parasitized by various stages of the parasite, as well as inflammatory cells, were prominent in luminal contents. Germinal centers were prominent in mesenteric lymph nodes draining the infected loops by day 12 PI. Depletion of lymphoid cells was already present in Peyer's patches by day 4 PI. PMID- 3193332 TI - In vivo action of the anticoccidial diclazuril (Clinacox) on the developmental stages of Eimeria tenella: a histological study. AB - Diclazuril, a new benzeneacetonitrile anticoccidial, has potent activity against various stages of Eimeria tenella. A single treatment of experimentally infected chickens during the prepatent phase (up to day 5) results in a complete interruption of the life cycle and oocyst shedding. The first- and second generation schizonts show extensive degenerative changes that finally result in a complete loss of the parasitic stage. The degeneration is characterized by loss of internal structure, the appearance of many intracytoplasmic vacuoles, and incomplete merogony. The merozoites themselves show similar degenerative changes, including the presence of numerous small vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Diclazuril is also effective against both the micro- and macrogametocytes that have a ballooned appearance and loose their internal structure completely. In the macrogametocytes, wall-forming bodies either do not develop or disappear rapidly. Development of typical caecal lesions is prevented when treatment with diclazuril is initiated before large numbers of second-generation schizonts appear, i.e., day 3. It is concluded that diclazuril is lethal against both the asexual and the sexual stages of E. tenella. At the proposed use level of 1 ppm in the feed, the life cycle is interrupted at a very early stage and lesion development and oocyst shedding are completely prevented. PMID- 3193333 TI - In vivo action of the anticoccidial diclazuril (Clinacox) on the developmental stages of Eimeria tenella: an ultrastructural evaluation. AB - A single 5-mg/kg oral dose of diclazuril affected both the asexual and sexual development of Eimeria tenella in experimentally inoculated chickens. In second generation schizonts, early growth and nuclear divisions progressed normally, but a marked inhibition of merozoite formation was observed. Exogenesis of merozoites was largely prevented, whereas production of micronemes, amylopectin granules, and dense bodies and the formation of rhoptries, conoid, and pellicle continued. All these subcellular organelles accumulated, together with differentiated nuclei, within the main cytoplasmic mass. In the end, complete necrosis of the schizonts occurred. In macrogamonts, dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum around type II wall-forming bodies, fusion of type II wall-forming body contents, disturbance of the normal parallel arrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and disruption of row formation of amylopectin granules became evident. In the microgamonts, normal evagination of microgametes was prevented; the flagellar complex formed within the main cytoplasmic mass and the differentiated nuclei remained present within the parasite body. The macro- and microgamonts also ended up in a stage of complete necrosis. These data indicate that diclazuril treatment primarily affects the normal differentiation of the respective endogenous stages during parasite development. This leads to complete degeneration of schizonts and gamonts indicating the lethal effect of this new anticoccidial compound. PMID- 3193335 TI - Spontaneous flight activity of Aedes trivittatus infected with Dirofilaria immitis. AB - Spontaneous flight activity of Dirofilaria immitis-infected Aedes trivittatus was evaluated by using an acoustic activity system. The activity of mosquitoes infected with low numbers of filarial larvae (1-4) was similar to that of uninfected mosquitoes. However, mosquitoes infected with more than 4 larvae became more active than uninfected mosquitoes 8 days after infection. Peak flight activity (circadian) occurred at the same time in both infected and uninfected mosquitoes, but infected mosquitoes were much more active during normal periods of quiescence. Flight activity of mosquitoes infected with more than 4 larvae was suppressed on days 10 and 14 postinfection, corresponding to times of greatest disruption of the Malpighian tubules by the developing larvae. PMID- 3193334 TI - Pulmonary granuloma formation in murine toxocariasis: transfer of granulomatous hypersensitivity using bronchoalveolar lavage cells. AB - A major drawback to studying granuloma formation in murine toxocariasis is the ability of the second-stage larva of Toxocara canis to escape from a developing granuloma, migrate elsewhere, and initiate granuloma formation anew. In an attempt to circumvent this difficulty, 2 different T. canis-derived antigenic preparations were covalently attached to Sepharose 4B beads and embolized into the microvasculature of the lungs of CBA/J mice that had been infected 10 days previously with 25 T. canis ova. Both T. canis egg extract (TEE) and T. canis exoantigens (TEX) were able to elicit antigen-specific granulomas 6 days postembolization as determined by both histologic and morphologic criteria. Histologically, the eosinophil-rich granulomas forming around antigen-coated beads embolized into infected mice resembled the developing granuloma previously described forming around the second-stage larva. Attempts to transfer granulomatous reactivity in this model using either immune spleen cells or immune serum were unsuccessful. Successful transfer of granulomatous hypersensitivity was achieved using cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of previously infected mice. The results suggest the feasibility of using this embolic model of granuloma formation in murine toxocariasis. PMID- 3193336 TI - Size of inoculum dose regulates in part worm burdens, fecundity, and lengths in ovine Haemonchus contortus infections. AB - Density-dependent factors frequently have been shown to regulate population parameters of free-living and parasitic helminths. To test the effects of various infection levels of Haemonchus contortus on fecundity and worm size, lambs were inoculated with 3,000, 10,000, and 30,000 infective larvae. Daily eggs per gram (epg) and daily total fecal production per lamb were monitored continuously. Worms were collected from abomasa on 6, 15, 22, and 30 days postinfection (PI). Female worms were smaller on each day in the high-dose group when compared to female worms from the low-dose group; males in the high-dose group were smaller from days 15 through 30 PI. The high- and medium-dose groups had higher mortality rates on day 30 PI, and fecundity (eggs/female/day) was 78% lower. Daily epg and daily total eggs/lamb/day were lower in the high-dose group. Fecundity and worm size were correlated with the log-transformed dose level but not with adult worm number. Early parasite and/or host responses apparently exert long-term negative effects on growth and reproduction relative to the size of the establishing population of H. contortus. PMID- 3193337 TI - Developmental variation of Heteraxinoides xanthophilis (Monogenea) on hosts of different sizes. AB - Heteraxinoides xanthophilis, a gill parasite of the spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, has an asymmetrical triangular-shaped haptor with multiple clamps situated along its edges. Clamps are usually attached consecutively to successive gill lamellae of the host. Worms accommodate during development to the gills of the particular size host. The number of clamps/mm along the haptor decreased with increased host size. Worms collected from 3 size classes of fish were significantly different in overall size at all stages of development. Clamps develop sequentially, with the younger, and eventually larger, clamps being anterior. Each successive clamp reaches an ultimate size determined by host size. The various stages (as indicated by the number of clamps present) at which the larval haptor is lost or the reproductive system develops are not affected by host size. PMID- 3193338 TI - Health aspects of radio-frequency radiation accidents. Part I: Assessment of health after a radio-frequency radiation accident. AB - The health aspects of an accident involving nine men exposed to 4.1 GHz radio frequency radiation (RFR) is described. Two were exposed to levels of 4.6 mW/cm2 for up to 90 minutes, which exceeds the current Australian standard of 1 mW/cm2, while the other seven were exposed to lower levels. For staff in the high exposure group, the dose rate was calculated for the whole body, skin, eyes, and pituitary. Comprehensive medical examinations were performed on all staff, including follow-up ophthalmological examinations over a period of nine months. Various abnormalities were found in all staff but, with the possible exception of hair loss, there was no consistent gradient of effect in the occurrence of abnormality between the groups. Various problems in conducting the investigation are discussed. It was concluded that the exposure had not resulted in harmful effects. PMID- 3193339 TI - Health aspects of radio-frequency radiation accidents. Part II: A proposed protocol for assessment of health effects in radio-frequency radiation accidents. AB - A protocol is proposed for the assessment of health effects following a radio frequency radiation accident. The protocol is intended to ensure uniform recording of exposure and medical data. This should meet the requirements of the individuals exposed as well as contributing to scientific knowledge. Difficult aspects about the collection of exposure and medical data are discussed and the need to consider the feelings of the exposed individual(s) is emphasized. PMID- 3193340 TI - Physiological measurements during radio-frequency irradiation. AB - Conventional techniques for monitoring physiological parameters are not suitable for use during RFR exposure. This research note describes transduction methods involving the use of fluorocarbon leads and a pneumatic pressure transducer for reliable measurement of the ECG and respiratory rate in anesthetized or restrained rats during radiofrequency irradiation. PMID- 3193341 TI - Physiological effects of 2.8 GHz radio-frequency radiation: a comparison of pulsed and continuous-wave radiation. AB - Ketamine-anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed individually to far field 2.8 GHz continuous wave (CW) and pulsed (2 microseconds, 500 pps) radio frequency radiation (RFR) at average power densities of 30, 45, and 60 mW/cm2 [specific absorption rates (SAR) of 8.4, 12.6, and 16.8 W/kg, respectively] and to pulsed RFR at 75 mW/cm2 (SAR = 21 W/kg). Intermittent exposures were conducted to repeatedly increase colonic temperature from 38.5 to 39.5 degrees C. Colonic, tympanic, and subcutaneous temperatures, electrocardiogram, respiratory rate, and arterial blood pressure were continuously monitored and recorded. The time required to effect a 1 degree C colonic temperature increase varied inversely with the average power density used during exposure; however, the rate of cooling was independent of the heating rate. During pulsed irradiation, heart rate increased significantly at average power densities above 30 mW/cm2; heart rate increase during CW exposure was not significant. Heart rate returned to baseline when exposure was discontinued. Blood pressure and respiratory rate did not significantly change during irradiation. Pulsed RFR exposure caused a significantly greater increase in subcutaneous and tympanic temperatures than did CW exposure; however, no significant difference was noted between the effects of CW or pulsed RFR upon the rats' colonic temperature responses (heating and cooling time), heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. PMID- 3193342 TI - Long-term study of 435 MHz radio-frequency radiation on blood-borne end points in cannulated rats. Part I: Engineering considerations. AB - To study the effects of exposure to long-term, low-level radio-frequency radiation (RFR) on various physiological systems in a large population of rodents, a complete exposure facility was designed and constructed at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The major components of the facility included a set of circular, stacked, parallel-plate waveguides fed by slotted-cylinder antennas. The waveguides provided a TE10 mode, horizontally polarized field in which the maximal power density occurred midway between the parallel plates. The feed antenna and the parallel-plate waveguides generated a field that radiated outward and was uniform in the azimuthal plane. Thus, animals arrayed along the periphery of the plates were exposed to a uniform 1.0 mW/cm2 field (1.0 microsecond pulse width, 1 kHz pulse repetition rate, 435 MHz carrier). The facility transmitter provided four channels of 435 MHz RFR at 200 W average (continuous wave) or 5 kW peak (pulsed-wave) power; in addition, the transmitter outputs could be combined into a single channel capable of energizing one tier of the stacked parallel plate waveguide system at 800 W continuous wave or at 16 kW of pulsed waves. To individually house the 200 rodents involved in the study, both biological and engineering criteria were examined and used to design and construct special Plexiglas cages. PMID- 3193344 TI - Self-ratings of personality: a naturalistic comparison of normative, ipsative, and idiothetic standards. AB - The purpose of this research is to examine some of the implicit standards that individuals may use when they rate themselves on personality dimensions. Specifically, we compared ratings based on instructions that specified normative, ipsative, or idiothetic criteria with ratings obtained when subjects used their own (implicit) standards. In a series of three studies, we found that each of the explicit ratings was highly similar to the implicit-standard ratings and that there were substantial individual differences in the relative similarity of each of the explicit ratings to the implicit ratings. However, because the normative instructions elicited less extreme responses than any of the other instructions, there was a small but consistent tendency for them to be less similar to the ratings based on implicit standards than the ipsative or idiothetic ratings. The implications of this research for personality assessment and self-evaluation are discussed. PMID- 3193343 TI - Cognitive domains of the mood system. AB - One possible outline of the interrelationship between mood and cognition makes use of a fourfold framework: mood-state introspections yield a report of the mood, mood-sensitive judgments are influenced by mood, metamood experiences include thoughts about the mood, and mood-related traits predict the likelihood of being in a mood. Three studies were conducted to investigate the relation between mood introspection and mood-sensitive judgment (e.g., mood-related changes in judgments about "objective" events such as belief in the probability of a nuclear war). These same studies also examined the metamood experiences and mood-related traits occurring simultaneously with the above moods and judgments. Judgment was mood-sensitive across all studies. Factor analysis of the various measures was supportive of the partial independence of the four domains. Mood introspection, mood-sensitive judgment, and mood-related traits appeared on separate factors. Metamood experience was factorially complex and was distributed across factors. Interrelations among the domains were described. The relevance of the framework for representing personality and psychopathology was discussed, as was the influence of mood on everyday judgments. PMID- 3193345 TI - Object relations and ego development: comparison and correlates in middle childhood. AB - The significance of ego development and object relations for adaptation and adjustment in middle childhood was examined in a study of 92 nine- to twelve-year old children. Subjects completed the Sentence Completion Test (SCT) and the Blatt Object Relations Scale (BORS) in individual sessions. BORS ratings were factor analyzed and a predominant factor of parental nurturance emerged. This factor was positively related to children's self-reported perceptions of parental involvement and autonomy support but was unrelated to the SCT. SCT findings revealed an expected pattern for middle childhood with the preponderance of children falling into impulsive, self-protective, and conformist stages of ego development. Both the SCT and BORS were examined in relation to aspects of children's cognitive and social functioning, assessed via teacher ratings, peer sociometrics, self-evaluations, and academic achievement records. Results showed that the SCT was primarily related to cognitive complexity variables, while the object relations measure was associated with both peer and self-evaluations. These nonoverlapping relations with varied child outcomes are discussed both in terms of methodological limitations and theoretical significance. PMID- 3193346 TI - Knowledge-based information acquisition: norms and the functions of consensus information. AB - Mill's (1872/1973) method of difference prescribes that the lay scientist should use consensus information as a control condition for the person and distinctiveness information as a control condition for the stimulus when analyzing their causal effects on the occurrence of the target event. However, in studies of information acquisition, subjects have shown a consistent preference for distinctiveness information when answering causal questions about the person, and for consensus information when answering causal questions about the stimulus. To explain this discrepancy, we distinguish between the evaluative, contrastive, and corroborative functions of consensus and distinctiveness information. In addition, we suggest that subjects seek consensus information only if it is relevant to the question posed to them, and if they cannot supply it from their own presupposed knowledge of behavioral norms. We report four information acquisition experiments that provide support for our analysis. PMID- 3193347 TI - Impressions of people created by age-related qualities of their gaits. AB - Drawing on the ecological theory of social perception, we investigated the impact of age-related gait qualities on trait impressions. In Study 1, subjects observed 5- to 70-year-old walkers depicted in point-light displays, and rated the walkers' traits, gaits, and ages. Younger walkers were perceived as more powerful and happier than older walkers. A composite of youthful gait qualities predicted trait impressions regardless of the walkers' masculine gait qualities, sex, and perceived age. In Study 2, subjects observed young adult walkers depicted in point-light displays and rated their traits, gaits, and ages. Consistent with the effects of real age found in Study 1, young adults with youthful gaits were perceived as more powerful and happier than peers with older gaits, irrespective of their masculine gait qualities, sex, and perceived age. Study 3 replicated Study 2 using displays showing walkers' full bodies and faces. A youthful gait predicted trait impressions even when subjects could discern the walkers' age and sex. PMID- 3193348 TI - Social contagion of binge eating. AB - A social psychological account of the acquisition of binge eating, analogous to the classic social psychological work, "Social Pressures in Informal Groups" (Festinger, Schachter, & Back, 1950), is suggested and tested in two college sororities. In these sororities, clear evidence of group norms about appropriate binge-eating behavior was found; in one sorority, the more one binged, the more popular one was. In the other, popularity was associated with binging the right amount: Those who binged too much or too little were less popular than those who binged at the mean. Evidence of social pressures to binge eat were found as well. By the end of the academic year, a sorority member's binge eating could be predicted from the binge-eating level of her friends (average r = .31). As friendship groups grew more cohesive, a sorority member's binge eating grew more and more like that of her friends (average r = .35). The parsimony of a social psychological account of the acquisition of binge eating behavior is shown. I argue that there is no great mystery to how bulimia has become such a serious problem for today's women. Binge eating seems to be an acquired pattern of behavior, perhaps through modeling, and appears to be learned much like any other set of behaviors. Like other behaviors, it is under substantial social control. PMID- 3193349 TI - Automaticity of chronically accessible constructs in person x situation effects on person perception: it's just a matter of time. AB - Models of Person X Situation influences on social behavior and judgement have invoked two distinct mechanisms: a personality disposition and a situational press. In this study we conceptualized both influences in terms of a single underlying mechanism, construct accessibility. We pitted the characteristic ways that individuals perceive others against situational influences on accessibility (i.e., contextual priming) and tracked over time the relative power of these competing influences on the outcome of an impression-formation task. Subjects possessed either a chronically accessible (chronics) or an inaccessible (nonchronics) construct for either outgoing or inconsiderate behavior. As predicted, as the delay since the priming event lengthened (from 15 to 180 s), chronics were progressively more likely to use the chronically accessible construct instead of the primed alternative construct to categorize an ambiguous target behavior, whereas nonchronics' relative use of the primed and alternative constructs did not change as a function of postpriming delay. PMID- 3193350 TI - Self-related problems beyond the self-concept: motivational consequences of discrepant self-guides. AB - This article considers emotional-motivational predispositions associated with self-beliefs other than the self-concept. Specifically, we examined the consequences of a chronic conflict between two valued selves. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that people who possess conflicting standards or self guides are vulnerable to a particular type of psychological discomfort. We found that subjects possessing discrepant self-guides experienced significantly more frequently the cluster of emotional-motivational problems predicted to be related to a chronic double approach-avoidance conflict (feeling muddled, indecisive, distractible, unsure of self or goals, rebellious, confused about identity) than did subjects without such a discrepancy. Evidence is presented that this specific relation is independent of self-concept-related beliefs and problems. However, evidence is also presented that self-guide-self-guide discrepancies influence the nature of the self-concept, which may reflect subjects' chronic difficulties with self-assessment along a dimension described by this type of discrepancy. PMID- 3193351 TI - Attitudes toward sex, arousal, and the retention of contraceptive information. AB - Previous research has suggested that women with a negative emotional orientation toward sexuality (i.e., erotophobia) have difficulty learning and retaining sexually relevant material such as contraceptive information. It has been hypothesized that these women become aroused by this material and that this arousal interferes with their ability to learn it. The importance of this issue led us to conduct the current study. Erotophobic and erotophilic women viewed presentations about contraception while their physiological responses were being monitored. In addition, they were tested on the information contained in the presentation before, immediately after, and again 4-6 weeks after the presentation. The results indicated that the erotophobic women knew less contraceptive information before the presentation and were more aroused by the presentation. This arousal, however, did not interfere with retention of the material. These results are discussed in terms of individual differences in reactions to sexual material and the ability to learn, retain, and use contraceptive information. PMID- 3193352 TI - Adjustment to the stress of simulated captivity: effects of emotion-focused versus problem-focused preparation on hostages differing in locus of control. AB - We instructed 57 subjects about to be exposed to a simulated abduction and 4 days of captivity in either problem- or emotion-focused coping techniques, or we gave them a control orientation presentation. Retrospective self-report data obtained on the Ways of Coping Checklist indicated that subjects tended to use coping processes consistent with the type of prestress preparation they had received. Dramatic fluctuations in State Anxiety scores over the course of captivity indicated that the simulation was perceived to be highly stressful. Subjects given emotion-focused preparation reported the lowest anxiety and emotional distress levels and were rated as exhibiting the lowest levels of behavioral disturbance during captivity. Externals engaged in more emotion-focused coping than internals, but externals given problem-focused preparation responded the most poorly of all subgroups on all response measures. Overall, locus of control differences were of secondary impact (vs. situational variables) in influencing anxiety and adjustment. We discuss the characteristics of the stressor that may have accounted for the major findings and the stressful circumstances under which emotion-focused versus problem-focused coping may be of differential utility. PMID- 3193353 TI - Variations in mothers' self-esteem in daily life. AB - In this study we used a new procedure, the experience sampling method (ESM; Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1987), to assess variations in self-esteem of mothers. Responding to random signals, 49 middle-class White working mothers reported present experience by answering a one-page questionnaire four to five times a day for 2 weeks. A measure of current, ongoing self-esteem was built from mothers' responses to the ESM and was compared with three standard self-esteem measures. Results support Fiske's (1971) ideas that although both types of procedures give a view of self-esteem, the views differ and cannot be considered interchangeable. Results showed that mothers' ongoing self-esteem fluctuated according to who mothers were with, was lower when they were with children than when with adults, and was related to aspects of their interpersonal situation. Results support viewing self-esteem as a complex phenomenon that is likely to require several types of measurement procedures to bring into clearer focus. PMID- 3193355 TI - [Proceedings of the 35th scientific session of the Japanese College of Cardiology. Tokyo, October 5-7, 1987. Abstracts]. PMID- 3193354 TI - Effects of induced mood on self-reported life events and perceived and received social support. AB - This study tested the relation between mood (depressed [D], elated [E], or neutral [N]), induced by the Velten (1968) procedure, and college students' responses on a subjectively scored life events questionnaire and measures of perceived and received social support. A manipulation check showed that the mood manipulation was successful. There was a significant mood effect on the number of self-reported negative life events, with E subjects reporting the fewest. However, mood had no significant effect on the number of self-reported positive life events or the rated intensity of negative and positive events. Mood had a significant effect on perceived social support, with D subjects scoring the lowest. Self-report of received social support, however, was not affected by the mood manipulation. The findings challenge the widespread use of life event and perceived social support questionnaires whose independence from a mood-related response bias has not been adequately demonstrated. The findings also challenge causal interpretation of significant effects for self-reported life stress and perceived social support obtained in cross-sectional prediction studies of concurrent psychological distress. PMID- 3193356 TI - Children's rights and parental rights: a historical and legal/ethical analysis. PMID- 3193357 TI - Childhood epilepsy: child adaptation and family resources. PMID- 3193359 TI - Mental health needs of children in school. Role of the child psychiatric mental health nurse. PMID- 3193358 TI - Self-concept of children of alcoholics. Part I. Family influences. PMID- 3193360 TI - Children, adolescents and nuclear war anxiety. PMID- 3193361 TI - A gene-cloning system for Kluyveromyces lactis and isolation of a chromosomal gene required for killer toxin production. AB - A transformation system derived from the circular plasmid pKD1 has been developed for Kluyveromyces lactis. The principle is essentially equivalent to that of the 2 microns/Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformation system. The main features of the system are presented. Using a pKD1-based DNA bank of K. lactis, the KEX1 gene involved in the killer system was isolated by complementation. PMID- 3193362 TI - High level expression of heterologous proteins in methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. AB - Expression of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and four different TNF analogs has been studied in Pichia pastoris by utilizing the alcohol oxidase gene promoter. TNF expression level in certain transformants accounted for as much as 36% of the soluble protein. TNF expression was stably maintained during high cell density fermentation (100 g dry cell weight/liter) resulting in a TNF production level of 6-10 g/liter. TNF contained in P. pastoris cell lysates was biologically active as determined by its cytotoxic effect on murine L-929 fibroblast cells and the bioactivity was retained for at least 6 months in the lysates stored frozen at -20 degrees C in the presence of protease inhibitor PMSF. TNF expressed in P. pastoris was recognized by monoclonal antibodies prepared against recombinant Escherichia coli derived TNF. TNF purified from P. pastoris has the expected N terminal amino acid sequence and specific activity of 10(7) units/mg protein. TNF analogs were also expressed at levels comparable to that of native TNF. Three of the four analogs were insoluble when produced in P. pastoris. PMID- 3193363 TI - On the dose dependency of cyclosporin A absorption and disposition in healthy volunteers. AB - The pharmacokinetics of Cyclosporin A (CyA, Sandimmune) was studied in 12 healthy male volunteers after oral dosing of 350 mg, 700 mg, and 1400 mg as a drinking solution. Blood samples were collected over 96 hr and analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Concentration data were evaluated with model-independent and model-based linear pharmacokinetic concepts. Individual CyA concentration time profiles in whole blood were well described by a two-compartment open model with zero-order absorption for all three doses. Comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters across doses indicates that both absorption and disposition are dose dependent. Nonlinear disposition is suggested by the significant increase of the terminal half-life from 8.9 +/- 4.9 hr to 11.9 +/- 4.9 hr (mean +/- SD) after a 350 mg and a 1400 mg dose, respectively. Changes in the metabolic activity of the liver with concentration might be responsible for this phenomenon. In addition, the modeling approach indicated that bioavailability decreases with increasing dose. Moreover, the dependence of the rate of CyA absorption (zero-order rate constant) versus dose was well described by a hyperbola. The limited solubility of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract might be responsible for this behavior. The lag time (0.2-0.8 hr) was independent of dose. This value is similar to the time of gastric emptying in fasting volunteers. The duration of absorption for 11 of 12 subjects was in the range 2.5-3.5 hr over all doses and agrees well with the small intestine transit time. Some subjects showed a marked secondary peak at one or two doses, which could be adequately fitted by a model with two successive zero-order inputs. This double-peak behavior was ascribed to the influence of the food on gastric emptying. Dose dependency of disposition and absorption counterbalance each other in the usual dose range. This leads to an almost proportional increase of area under the blood CyA concentration-time profile with increasing dose. PMID- 3193364 TI - Microbial pharmacodynamics of piperacillin in neutropenic mice of systematic infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. AB - Mathematical solutions for two possible pharmacodynamic interactions (linear nonsaturable and nonlinear saturable) between antibiotics and microorganisms derived from the incorporation of clinically relevant antibiotic dosage regimens such as single bolus dosing, multiple doses, and constant infusion at steady state have been obtained. It is concluded that the saturable nonlinear interaction model between the tested antibiotic and microorganism appears appropriate. The model and its derived equations are capable of describing in vivo bacterial growth of P. aeruginosa after single bolus dosing and multiple doses of piperacillin as described by a linear one-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The activity of piperacillin against P. aeruginosa in the neutropenic mouse systemic infection model can be described by an equation with three dynamic parameters: the bacterial growth rate constant kapp, 0.02345 min-1, the bacterial killing rate constant k'kill, 0.02623 min-1, and the Michaelis-Menten type saturation constant Km, 0.05467 microgram/ml. The concept and derived equations for the optimal dosing interval and minimum critical concentration are of clinical importance for the proper selection of antibiotic dosage regimens. PMID- 3193365 TI - Effect of plasma protein binding on elimination of taurocholate by isolated perfused rat liver: comparison of venous equilibrium, undistributed and distributed sinusoidal, and dispersion models. AB - In the past, various models have been developed to allow better characterization of the hepatic elimination of substrates from plasma. In this study we investigated the applicability of the venous equilibrium, undistributed sinusoidal, several distributed sinusoidal, and dispersion models to the steady state elimination of sodium taurocholate by the isolated perfused rat liver. Rat livers were perfused with 24-14C-taurocholate (sodium salt) at a concentration of 25 microM (specific activity 500 microCi/mmole) in a single-pass design (n = 7) or at a rate of 0.5 mumol/min (specific activity 40 microCi/mmole) into the portal vein in a recirculating design (n = 5). In single-pass experiments, the changes in hepatic venous outflow concentration (C0) with changes in unbound fraction of taurocholate (fu) from 0.09 to 1.0 were fitted better by the venous equilibrium model, by the dispersion model, and by a distributed model in which heterogeneity in both hepatic blood flow (Q) and intrinsic clearance (CLint) was defined by separate density functions. The very large value of dispersion number (DN greater than 10(7] yielded by the dispersion model is consistent with a high degree of axial mixing of blood within sinusoids. The large coefficients of variation (0.7-232) for the density functions describing the transverse heterogeneity of Q and CLint obtained with the Q/CLint-distributed model were consistent with a large degree of heterogeneity in Q and CLint within the liver. In recirculation experiments, the steady state unbound concentration of taurocholate in the reservoir (Cuss) was independent of fu (range 0.05-0.9). This finding was not predicted by the undistributed sinusoidal model, but was in keeping with the venous equilibrium model, with the dispersion model, and with the Q/CLint-distributed model. Therefore, there is no need to invoke cell surface mediated dissociation of albumin-ligand complexes in hepatic taurocholate uptake. As the dispersion and Q/CLint-distributed models are conceptually plausible and operationally accurate, it may be time to relinquish the venous equilibrium model, which, though operationally accurate, is conceptually flawed. PMID- 3193366 TI - Linear and nonlinear system approaches in pharmacokinetics: how much do they have to offer? I. General considerations. AB - System approaches in pharmacokinetics are defined as generalizing and simplifying modeling approaches that mathematically model a general property of the pharmacokinetic system without modeling specifically the individual kinetic processes responsible for the general property considered. The rationale for the use of system approaches is discussed and the kinetic basis of some of the approaches is presented. An overview of the approaches is presented together with a comparison to classical approaches involving specific pharmacokinetic models. Examples are given from different application areas involving problems in linear and nonlinear pharmacokinetics and in pharmacodynamics. The advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the system approaches are discussed. In several application areas the system approach offers some rational methods and procedures with distinct advantages over more traditional approaches. PMID- 3193367 TI - Pendular model of paraplegic swing-through crutch ambulation. AB - Kinematics of swing-through crutch ambulation for an individual with complete T11 T12 spinal cord injury was examined and quantitative aspects of the body-swing phase used to formulate and evaluate a 3-link pendular model. Model simulation parallels measured kinematics when shoulder motion is forced to follow the measured motion while hips and crutch tips are free pivots. Shoulder control contributes to increased ground clearance, influences timing and stride length, and gives flowing gait. Results indicate that mechanical work requirements during the body-swing phase are low. Metabolic energy demands exceed mechanical work requirements, due particularly to support of the body by the arms and shoulders. Exploiting low mechanical work requirements of the body-swing phase might be achieved through alternative mechanisms to assist ground clearance and to stabilize the wrists, arms, and shoulders while weight bearing. PMID- 3193369 TI - Preliminary results of speech-reception tests obtained with the synthetic Tadoma system. AB - In the Tadoma method of speech reception used by some deaf-blind individuals, speech is understood by placing a hand on the face of the talker and feeling certain mechanical actions of the face associated with speech production. The synthetic Tadoma system is a computer-driven artificial face that simulates these mechanical actions. This paper reports some preliminary data on the discrimination of nonsense syllables with the synthetic system. Although further work is required to produce an accurate simulation, the results suggest that such a goal is indeed achievable. PMID- 3193368 TI - Tactile communication of speech: comparison of two computer-based displays. AB - Two methods of encoding speech for tactile displays were compared in discrimination experiments using speech segments. One display represented the short-term speech spectrum in time-swept mode and used vibration amplitude to encode spectral amplitude. The other represented the linear predictive coding (LPC)-derived vocal tract shape as a filled bar graph in which the number of active vibrators was used to encode cross sectional area. The displays were applied to the thigh via a matrix of vibrators. The vibrators were driven at 250 Hz during voiced segments, and by random noise during unvoiced segments. Overall results show a slight superiority for the spectral display in vowel discrimination. Detailed results were analyzed in terms of an articulatory description of the speech stimuli, a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of confusions, and an ideal receiver analysis. The results of these analyses suggest that the detailed characteristics of the tactile patterns were only crudely discriminated. PMID- 3193371 TI - Speech training aids for hearing-impaired individuals: II. Configuration of the Johns Hopkins aids. AB - Two interrelated personal computer (PC) based speech training aids have been developed: one for use in a school or clinic, the Speech Training Station (STS); and the other for the deaf child's home, the Speech Practice Station (SPS). The STS monitors speech production by microphone, electroglottograph, and pneumotachograph. The SPS system uses only the microphone input. Both systems utilize commercially available board-level hardware and a custom analog preprocessor board for the analysis of the acoustic and/or physiologic inputs. The school system has been used by speech therapists for diagnosis, training by game playing, and specification of exercises for the SPS. The home system provides directed speech practice between therapy sessions. PMID- 3193370 TI - Speech training aids for hearing-impaired individuals: I. Overview and aims. AB - Prelingual profound deafness typically results in aberrant or unintelligible speech production. For approximately 70 years, researchers and engineers have attempted, with little success, to provide electronic aids for speech training. Recent computer and signal processing technology has provided the impetus for several groups to implement new speech training aids. Following a review of deaf speech characteristics, several current computer-based aids are described. Included among those reviewed are two interrelated speech training aids which resulted from collaboration among the authors. PMID- 3193373 TI - Re: Phantom pain: a lesson in the necessity for careful clinical research on chronic pain problems. PMID- 3193374 TI - Re: Special articles: sensory aids for hearing impairment. PMID- 3193372 TI - Speech training aids for hearing-impaired individuals: III. Preliminary observations in the clinic and childrens' homes. AB - Preliminary evaluation of 2 related computer-based speech training and practice aids for profoundly deaf children was conducted. The Speech Training Station (STS) uses both acoustic and physiological transducters for assessment and training in a school of clinic. The Speech Practice Station (SPS) uses the acoustic signal, and was designed primarily for use in the home. A series of games and activities was implemented on the 2 systems. Use of the STS was evaluated by 2 speech clinicians during a 15-month period. Fifteen children were subjects in the evaluation. The aid was found to be easily incorporated into clinic activities and useful for diagnosis and therapy. The SPS was evaluated during a 1-to-2-week period, during which it was placed in the homes of 5 profoundly deaf children. Using an activity log and questionnaire completed by the childrens' parents, usage statistics and impressions were obtained. Potential value and problems with such aids are discussed. PMID- 3193375 TI - The 65th annual meeting of the Physiological Society of Japan. Wakayama, Japan, April 4-6, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3193376 TI - Forskolin binding to intact S49 lymphoma cells. AB - Known synergism between forskolin and hormones in adenylate cyclase activation leads to the supposition that hormone might stimulate forskolin binding. That possibility was tested using intact wild type S49 cultured lymphoma cells. Using 40 nM [3H]-forskolin it was shown that the extent of forskolin binding using a filtration technique increased with the concentration of epinephrine or isoproterenol (INE). Moreover, the hormone-dependent forskolin binding was stereospecific (requiring l- rather than d-epinephrine), it was not observed in the cyc- variant and it was not inhibited by cytochalasin B. These observations lead to the conclusion that the binding is specifically associated with the adenylate cyclase system and requires a functional Gs unit. Epinephrine stimulated forskolin binding did not correlate exactly with forskolin activation of adenylate cyclase in the presence of similar concentrations of epinephrine. It was concluded from that observation that there is not a one to one correspondence between binding and activation. PMID- 3193378 TI - Implicit learning: robustness in the face of psychiatric disorders. AB - The performance of a group of psychiatric inpatients on two different cognitive tasks was compared with that of a control group of college undergraduates. The task in the first experiment was implicit learning of a complex, synthetic grammar; the task in the second experiment was explicit learning of relatively simple letter-to-number matching rules. In the first experiment, differences between the normals and the psychiatrically impaired were found on the preliminary memorization task but not on the implicit grammar learning task; in the second experiment, differences were observed on all phases of the experiment, with the inpatients performing no better than chance. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that, under appropriate conditions, individuals suffering from serious disorders may show no deficits when working with complex and abstract stimulus domains while showing serious performance problems when working with relatively simple, concrete stimuli. The key factor is that the former were presented as tasks that tap nonreflective, implicit processes, whereas the latter were put forward as ones that recruit conscious, explicit processes. PMID- 3193377 TI - The contribution of olfactory receptor neurons to the perception of pheromone component ratios in male redbanded leafroller moths. AB - (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z-11, 14:AC) must be in a 100:9 ratio with (E)-11 tetradecenyl acetate (E-11,14:AC) to produce maximal wing fanning and attraction in male redbanded leafrollers. Earlier electrophysiological studies had indicated that mixtures of these pheromone components elicited responses from olfactory receptor neurons that appeared to differ from those expected on the basis of the responses to the individual components. Here we evaluate whether the behavioral sensitivity to particular ratios of Z- and E-11,14:AC has a correlate in the response properties of olfactory receptor neurons. The stimuli included the ratios of Z- and E-11,14:AC used in earlier behavioral work plus several different mixtures of the seven components found in the pheromone blend, and equivalent amounts of the individual components. These stimuli were presented over a range of intensities to individual trichoid sensilla on the male antenna. In common with earlier results, the receptor neuron with the larger amplitude action potential responded most strongly to Z-11,14:AC, whereas the companion receptor neuron in the sensillum responded most strongly to E-11,14:AC. In contrast with earlier results, each receptor neuron responded exclusively to its own most effective stimulus, without regard to the presence of any other compound. They failed to respond uniquely to any of the other five compounds in the female pheromone blend, or to any of the tested combinations of these compounds. These minor components also failed to modulate the responses elicited in receptor neurons by appropriate ratios of Z- and E-11,14:AC. Thus, the responses of the two types of olfactory receptor neurons found in trichoid sensilla failed to show an optimum at the pheromone ratio known to elicit peak behavioral activity. PMID- 3193380 TI - Bereavement and AIDS. A framework for intervention. PMID- 3193379 TI - Family environments and the young chronically mentally ill. PMID- 3193381 TI - Incest. Nursing interventions for group therapy. PMID- 3193382 TI - Undesirable weight gain and psychotropic medications. PMID- 3193383 TI - Children of affectively ill parents. PMID- 3193384 TI - Internship programs are safeguarding the future of psychiatric nursing. PMID- 3193385 TI - Caring for Alzheimer's clients at home. PMID- 3193387 TI - [Algodystrophy of the femoral head. Contribution of new imaging methods]. AB - Results are reported of the use of new imaging methods, CT scan and magnetic resonance imaging, in 12 patients with algodystrophy of femoral head. During the early stages a CT scan can detect partial demineralizations, observed on MR images in sagittal sections. When the disease is installed the CT scan images show global demineralization, but the MR images with coupled T1-T2 study appear to be more pathognomonic (hyposignal extended in T1 with hypersignal in T2, associated with a more marked subchondral hyposignal in T1 as in T2) particularly in relation to the osteonecrosis of femoral head. PMID- 3193388 TI - [Notches of the acetabulum roof. Incidence: anatomoradiological correlation]. AB - An unselected group of patients with rheumatoid affections presents radiologic evidence of a notch of acetabulum roof in about 20% of cases. The anatomic substratum of this variant is described and should be recognized to avoid a mistaken diagnosis of periarticular lacuna. PMID- 3193386 TI - Bibliotherapy. The right book at the right time. PMID- 3193390 TI - The changing face of vaccination. PMID- 3193389 TI - [First radiological description of Morgagni's hydatid. Laparoscopic confirmation]. AB - The authors explain the clinical case of a female patient suffering from secondary sterility; she was submitted, among other test, to the H.S.G. in order to study the possibility of a among other tests, to the H.S.G. in order to study the possibility of a cervical failure. The radiological findings obtained of Morgagni's Hydatis, not described previously in literature and their laparoscopic confirmation justify, we believe, its publication. PMID- 3193391 TI - Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, (chondroectodermal dysplasia syndrome) in a Gurkha family. AB - The first reported case of Ellis--van Creveld syndrome in a Gurkha child is described, and the implications of the syndrome in this ethnic group are briefly considered. PMID- 3193392 TI - The arthroscope in the Services. AB - The change in the role of the arthroscope in the investigation and treatment of the problems in the knee joint during the period 1977-1985 in one Service hospital was examined and a retrospective study was undertaken of 345 arthroscopies performed in Princess Alexandra RAF Hospital Wroughton in 1984. Three hundred and seventeen of the 345 records were available for study. One hundred and seventy five patients required an operative procedure, 129 arthroscopically and 46 by arthrotomy. These two groups were compared in respect of the length of stay in hospital and the periods taken to return to work and to normal sporting activities. Analysis showed a significant reduction (p less than 0.001) in all 3 periods in the group undergoing arthroscopic surgery when compared with the group undergoing arthrotomy. After 4 months, however, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups. The results in respect of clinical outcome were also assessed. Although not statistically significant, there were fewer post-operative complaints in those undergoing arthroscopic surgery. Analysis of the clinical outcome of 34 patients in whom no detectable pathology was seen at arthroscopy was inconclusive in predicting the final outcome. PMID- 3193393 TI - Adder bites in Aldershot. AB - Each summer cases of adder bite occur in Aldershot and its surrounding areas. Many of these are brought to the Cambridge Military Hospital. This paper reports three cases that together illustrate the commonest clinical signs and symptoms. These include rapid swelling, malaise and anxiety. An important diagnostic indication is an early and marked leucocytosis. Treatment regimes are also reviewed with the advice ultimately being to "admit and monitor". The danger of early resort to antivenom is also examined and the principles of both treatment and first aid are developed. PMID- 3193394 TI - Bronchial asthma in servicemen--a personal view. AB - This paper is a review of 59 serving male officers and soldiers with bronchial asthma who attended the Chest Clinic at the Cambridge Military Hospital during a defined period of time and who had been under the care of the author for periods of up to six years. The patterns of presentation, management, progress and outcome are described. Exercise induced asthma is seen as the biggest problem for servicemen often with otherwise mild asthma, and there is evidence that potential recruits are still not being adequately assessed. In younger men, exercise associated disability is an early symptom, but older individuals tend to divide into one group with early exercise related problems and another who remain able to exercise at least for a time. Response to prophylactic therapy is good, but it is often difficult to eliminate exercise induced wheeze in military training and relapse is common when prophylaxis is withdrawn. The effect of this on medical category is described and some of the implications are discussed. PMID- 3193395 TI - An unexpected cause of halitosis. AB - A case of long standing halitosis due to a nasal foreign body is described, and the causes of halitosis are reviewed. PMID- 3193396 TI - Asthma in the Army. PMID- 3193397 TI - Penicillin allergy, gas gangrene and casualty treatment regime. PMID- 3193398 TI - Do we need to know the ABO group in antenatal patients? PMID- 3193399 TI - Stress fractures in parachute regiment recruits. PMID- 3193400 TI - Comparison of neuroleptic binding characteristics in rat striatum and renal cortex. AB - The binding characteristics of the dopaminergic ligand, 3H-spiperone, were compared in renal cortical and striatal membrane homogenates of the rat. This ligand labelled a single class of high affinity binding sites in striatum with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.13 nM and a maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) of 890 fmol/mg protein representing D-2 receptors. In the renal cortex, 3H-spiperone identified a population of binding sites with a Bmax and a Kd of 310 fmol/mg protein and 5.1 nM, respectively. The antagonist displacing profile suggests the dopaminergic nature of the renal binding site. The affinities of dopamine antagonists for the peripheral 3H-spiperone binding site were in general in the micromolar range while the affinities of D-2 or D-2/D-1 dopamine antagonists in striatum were in the nanomolar range. Moreover, these sites showed differential stereoselectivity for (+)- and (-)-isomers of sulpiride. In conclusion, the presence of a D-2/DA-2 dopamine receptor population in renal cortex could not be confirmed. The pharmacological properties of the peripheral 3H-spiperone binding site are also different from the DA-1 receptor but seem to resemble those previously reported for dopamine receptors in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. PMID- 3193401 TI - Kinetics of (-)125iodocyanopindolol binding to intact human mononuclear cells. AB - In association experiments of (-)125Iodocyanopindolol (125ICYP) with human mononuclear cells (MNC) at 70 pM and a temperature of 37 degrees C equilibrium was reached within 30 min. However, when the same experiments were performed at a concentration of 4 pM 125ICYP, equilibrium was only reached after 3 hours. The consequences of incomplete equilibrium for the interpretation of binding experiments under the incorrect assumption that equilibrium has been reached, was investigated at equilibration times of one, two and three hours. The dissociation constant, Kd, decreased from 7.4 +/- 0.2 pM after one hour to 2.5 +/- 0.4 pM after three hours of incubation while the receptor density, RO, decreased from 970 +/- 170 to 713 +/- 58 sites/cell. Analysis of computer simulated binding curves confirmed the decrease in Kd and RO at prolonged incubations. We conclude that in 125ICYP binding in intact MNC one hour of incubation is not sufficient to obtain equilibrium at the lower concentrations. This leads to an overestimation of Kd- and to a lesser extent of RO-values. Extending the incubation time to three hours on the other hand may lead to a loss of cells and therefore to an underestimation of RO. PMID- 3193403 TI - Apparent competitive inhibition of radioligand binding to receptors: experimental and theoretical considerations in the analysis of equilibrium binding data. AB - Radioligand binding and displacement experiments are often interpreted in terms of simple competition between two ligands for occupancy of a single binding site on a receptor. Given our current understanding of the complexities of receptor structure and function, it is probable that more complex interactions occur in many cases. By analysis of a hypothetical two-site receptor model, we show that apparent competitive inhibition can arise in several ways, depending on the specificities of the two sites and the interactions between them. We show that binding experiments can in some cases be used to rule out certain models from among a group of apparently plausible ones, provided that experimental criteria are met which permit a meaningful statistical comparison of models to be made. Ideally, these should include: i) an independent study of ligand and inhibitor binding in the absence of each other; ii) carrying out saturation binding and displacement experiments over as wide a range of ligand and inhibitor concentrations as possible; iii) computerized curve-fitting and statistical analysis as a tool for model-testing. While practical limitations may restrict the attainment of such goals, a thorough study of the equilibrium binding properties of a particular receptor system provides the foundation for the design of more definitive experiments at the molecular level, upon which the proof of any binding model ultimately must rest. PMID- 3193402 TI - Effects of d-tubocurarine on rat cardiac muscarinic receptors: a comparison with gallamine. AB - Gallamine and d-tubocurarine inhibited (3H)N-methyl-scopolamine [3H)NMS) binding to rat cardiac muscarinic receptors with I50 values of 0.7 microM and 22 microM, respectively. They decreased the association and dissociation rates of the two ligands (3H)NMS and (3H)Oxotremorine M [3H)Oxo-M). Gallamine interaction with muscarinic receptors was markedly inhibited by (3H)NMS and (3H)Oxo-M binding to the receptors. We were unable to demonstrate (3H)NMS or (3H)Oxo-M binding to the muscarinic receptor-gallamine complex. By contrast, d-tubocurarine interaction with rat cardiac muscarinic receptors was facilitated by (3H)Oxo-M binding and only slightly inhibited by (3H)NMS binding to muscarinic binding sites. Furthermore, (3H)NMS and (3H)Oxo-M bound to the receptor-d-tubocurarine complex, indicating that the latter drug interacted with an allosteric site on cardiac muscarinic receptors but did not recognize the muscarinic binding site (at concentrations below 1 mM). PMID- 3193405 TI - Discrepancies in the specific activity of 3H-N-methylscopolamine as determined by mass spectrometry and radioreceptor assay due to racemisation. AB - In radioligand binding studies, the accuracy of the specific activity of the radiolabeled ligand has a large impact on the calculated receptor concentration and on the calculated affinities of both labeled and competitive ligands. A radioreceptor assay for anticholinergic drugs was employed to determine the specific activity of 3H-N-methylscopolamine in which the assumption was made that the labeling does not affect the interaction between the ligand and the muscarinic receptor. With this method a specific activity of 48 Ci/mmole was determined which was about 60% of the manufacturer's specification. However, the specific activity as determined by mass-spectrometry with field desorption showed 2.8 tritium-atoms per molecule NMS corresponding with an specific activity of 84.5 Ci/mmole. The only explanation for this discrepancy was a racemisation of the label, which could be proven by titration of the label with an increasing receptor concentration showing that 40% was not bound at all. This was attributed to the formation of the (+)-isomer. PMID- 3193404 TI - Modulation of thyroid hormone receptors by non-thyroidal stimuli. AB - The ability of non-thyroidal stimuli to affect the binding affinity and capacity of solubilized nuclear receptors for thyroid hormones was studied in a normal homeostatic system (erythropoiesis) and a pathobiologic one (lung-ozone interaction). No significant effects on affinity were found, as Kd control values for receptors derived from rat bone marrow averaged 57 (+/- 28) pM while experimental (hypoxic) values averaged 89 (+/- 55) pM. Kd control values in rat lung were found to average 142 (+/- 22) pM while average values derived from experimental protocols with ozone and methimazole were 267 (+/- 44) pM and 161 (+/- 35) pM respectively. Finally, Kd control values for receptors derived from cultured MEL cells averaged 19 (+/- 2.6) pM while experimental values during exposure to DMSO or IGF1 were 23 (+/- 3.6) pM and 26 (+/- 11) pM respectively. In contrast, binding capacity (expressed as fmoles of hormone bound per unit protein of solubilized receptor) was markedly perturbed in several tissues by various agents: ozone effects on lung were shown by an average control value of 3.3 (+/- 0.4) as opposed to an experimental average of 28 (+/- 1.9); and hypoxia effects on erythroid tissue were displayed by an average control value of 0.7 (+/- 0.07) as opposed to the experimental figure of 1.8 (+/- 0.03). In cultured MEL cells, binding capacity was seen to be increased from control values of 388 (+/- 15) sites/cell to 1243 (+/- 142) sites/cell after DMSO exposure and 2002 (+/- 10) sites/cell after IGF1 exposure. Parallel experiments done with receptors derived from rat liver yielded values similar to those reported by other investigators and were unaffected by the experimental agents. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that some thyroid target tissues may vary their response to homeostatic concentrations of hormone by modulating their production of receptors as a consequence of exposure to non-thyroidal stimuli. PMID- 3193406 TI - Method for comparing selectivities of unlabeled subpopulation-selective ligands: application to muscarinic receptors. AB - A method for comparing the selectivities of two unlabeled ligands by simultaneous competition for the binding of a nonselective labeled ligand has been illustrated by computer simulations. Experimental application of this approach indicated that the subpopulations of muscarinic receptors that are distinguished by the use of quaternary antagonists are not related to the M1 and M2 subtypes (based on pirenzepine). However, the quaternary agonist carbachol was found to express both modes of selectivity. The method should be particularly useful in the evaluation of new ligands when labeled selective ligands are unavailable. Further, this method complements experiments that can be carried out with a labeled selective ligand, since it emphasizes the contribution of the sites for which the selective ligand has low affinity. PMID- 3193408 TI - Chromosome anomalies in early human embryos. AB - A study of the chromosome constitution of an unselected group of human preimplantation embryos fertilized in vitro showed that, of 30 studied, 7 (23%) were abnormal: 6 were aneuploid, half being trisomic and half monosomic. If the increased maternal age of the oocyte donors and the lethality of autosomal monosomy is taken into account, the frequency of this kind of error is of the same order as in clinically recognized pregnancies. One oocyte had a structural abnormality. The cause of this kind of error is unknown but could be due to errors arising in spermatozoa or oocytes or the effect of environmental factors. A 'reject' group of oocytes with 3 pronuclei showed heterogeneity with respect to their chromosome complements, only one being triploid. The frequency of tripronucleate oocytes after in-vitro fertilization appears to be higher than in clinically recognized pregnancies, presumably because of the influence of superovulation on the oocytes and, under our conditions, this frequency is 9%. Therefore, if the selected and 'rejected' groups of embryos are considered together, 10 out of 33 (30%) embryos can be considered as abnormal. PMID- 3193407 TI - Prostaglandins and antigestagens for the interruption of early pregnancy. AB - During pregnancy the uterus is maintained in a quiescent state by the secretion of progesterone. Antigestagens antagonize the biological action of progesterone by binding to the nuclear receptor in the target organs. Administration of the antigestagen mifepristone to women induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. In addition, the sensitivity of the myometrium to exogenous prostaglandins is markedly increased. Although mifepristone will induce bleeding in the majority of women in early pregnancy, the incidence of incomplete abortion or ongoing pregnancies increases with increasing gestational age and is too high to be clinically useful as an agent for therapeutic abortion. However, a single dose of mifepristone (400-600 mg) followed by a vaginal pessary of a prostaglandin analogue (0.5-1.0 mg), gemeprost, induced complete abortion in 95 of 100 women of gestational age less than 42 days (less than or equal to 56 days amenorrhoea). The incidence of diarrhoea (15%) and abdominal pain requiring opiate analgesia (10%) was much lower than when abortion was induced with prostaglandin alone. Vaginal bleeding continued for 13.8 +/- 0.8 days after administration of the prostaglandin. A combination of an antigestagen with a small dose of a prostaglandin analogue is an effective alternative to vacuum aspiration for the therapeutic termination of early pregnancy. PMID- 3193410 TI - The significance of atypical cervical smears. AB - The significance of and approach to cervical smears showing cytologic atypia without dyskaryosis remains controversial. A review of 139 colposcopies performed for atypical cytology revealed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in 25%. Of the CIN found, 85% was CIN I and 15%, II. No case of more advanced disease was found. The type and severity of the cytologic atypia correlated with the presence of CIN. However, all degrees of atypia were found to have a significant association with CIN, and the degree of cytologic atypia therefore cannot be used to exclude colposcopy in any women with atypical smears. This study suggested that cytologic atypia is an expression of early CIN, and the results support our endorsement of routine colposcopy in the evaluation of women with persistent atypia. PMID- 3193409 TI - Upper and lower reproductive tract bacteria in 126 women with acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Microbial susceptibility and clinical response to four therapeutic regimens. AB - To more clearly understand the microbiology of acute salpingitis in our patients and to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of recommended and new therapeutic regimens, 126 women who met clinical diagnostic criteria for acute community-acquired pelvic inflammatory disease underwent endocervical and endometrial cultures prior to random intravenous therapy with cefoxitin plus doxycycline, ceftizoxime plus doxycycline or ceftizoxime alone (two regimens). Nine women (7%) had Chlamydia, and 70 (56%) had gonococci in endometrial specimens (P less than .001). Only two women (3.4%) given monotherapy required altered medical therapy, and none required surgery. Parenteral combination therapy was associated more frequently with adverse clinical and laboratory events. PMID- 3193411 TI - Birth weights in term infants. A 50-year perspective. AB - An improvement in prenatal care over several generations could enhance the birth weights of term infants. We reviewed data on live-born, singleton infants born at our university medical center between 1935 and 1985. Our review of 42,185 such pregnancies revealed that the mean birth weight (3,279 g) of a term infant has not changed significantly during the past 50 years. The frequency of term infants' weighing less than 2,500 g has not changed, but there has been a significant increase in the percentage of macrosomic infants (greater than 4,000 g), from 3 to 14, in the last 15 years. White infants have been consistently heavier than black infants, by an average of 179 g (6.3 oz). Differences in mean birth weights have been consistently greater for male than female infants (123 g, 4.6 oz) and for multiparous than primiparous deliveries (79 g, 2.8 oz), regardless of race. Impressions from these data, spanning three generations, should be helpful for prenatal counseling. PMID- 3193412 TI - Prostaglandin E2 suppositories as a second-trimester abortifacient. AB - Despite the large number of second-trimester abortions performed each year in the United States through labor induction, the optimal method of inducing labor has not been developed. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vaginal prostaglandin E2 suppositories as an abortifacient. We analyzed the abortions at 14-24 menstrual weeks' gestation performed at Women's Hospital, Los Angeles, in 1985 and 1986. The abortion rate at 24 hours was 90.4%, with a mean induction-to-abortion time of 13.8 hours. Although gastrointestinal side effects were frequent, hemorrhage, infection and live births were infrequent. Prostaglandin E2 suppositories are a simple, effective and safe means of effecting second-trimester abortion that requires little surgical skill. PMID- 3193414 TI - Hodgkin's lymphoma of the uterus presenting as refractory pelvic inflammatory disease. A case report. AB - Lymphoma rarely presents with initial involvement of the uterine corpus, though disseminated disease may well involve the pelvic organs secondarily. We treated a patient for Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as pelvic serositis found at hysterectomy for refractory pelvic pain. Nodules consistent with Hodgkin's lymphoma were found within the uterine serosa and muscularis as well as throughout the uterine and tubal lymphatics, but no visible or palpable adenopathy was noted in the pelvis or abdomen or peripherally. Following surgery the patient developed signs and symptoms of widespread lymphoma, which developed fulminantly but responded well initially to standard chemotherapy. This is the first reported case of systemic Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting de novo in the uterine corpus and associated with clinical symptoms referable to the female reproductive tract. PMID- 3193413 TI - Pregnancy-induced changes in prolactinomas as assessed with computed tomography. AB - Seven women with prolactin-secreting pituitary microadenomas and three with persistent hyperprolactinemia after surgical adenomectomies were evaluated with computed tomography to assess the effect of pregnancy on the volume of pituitary prolactinomas and hyperfunctioning pituitary tissue. In one patient a microadenoma enlarged to become a macroadenoma. Tumor enlargement occurred in the remaining six patients with microadenomas. None of the patients with previously resected adenomas exhibited hypertrophy of residual pituitary tissue or tumor recurrence after pregnancy. PMID- 3193415 TI - Ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis as a complication of tuboovarian abscess. A case report. AB - Ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis are rare complications of pelvic inflammatory disease. A woman developed severe unilateral urinary tract obstruction caused by a tuboovarian abscess, requiring ureteral stent placement. PMID- 3193416 TI - Bilateral retroperitoneal ovaries. A case report. AB - A 15-year-old girl presented with a large abdominopelvic mass that proved to be a retroperitoneal right ovarian cystadenofibroma. The patient's left ovary contained a small adenofibroma and was also retroperitoneal but otherwise grossly normal, as were the left tube and uterus. This is the first published report in which a patient's only ovaries appeared to have been located retroperitoneally. PMID- 3193417 TI - Incomplete Behcet's syndrome in the differential diagnosis of genital ulceration and postcoital bleeding. A case report. AB - Behcet's syndrome occasionally produces significant vaginal bleeding requiring operative intervention. Our patient had genital and oral ulcerations but did not have uveitis or iritis, therefore representing incomplete Behcet's syndrome. The oral and genital lesions associated with Behcet's syndrome resemble those produced by herpes infection and must be considered in the differential diagnosis of genital ulceration. PMID- 3193418 TI - Cervicovaginal fistula. A case report. AB - Cervical rupture and subsequent development of a cervicovaginal fistula is a relatively uncommon but well-documented complication of midtrimester abortion. Patients with cervicovaginal fistula may be at increased risk of subsequent infertility and obstetric complications. PMID- 3193419 TI - Diagnosis and management of intestinal endometriosis. A report of five cases. AB - Five cases of intestinal endometriosis presented with infertility and pelvic pain. Rectal bleeding occurred in two patients and diarrhea in one. A diagnosis was achieved with a barium enema study and colonoscopy. All the patients had pelvic endometriosis as documented by laparoscopy. Endometriosis was present in the sigmoid colon in three patients and in the cecum in one; it was pericecal in the fifth. Bowel resection and pathologic study are necessary to relieve the symptoms and avoid neglecting a malignant tumor or other lesions. PMID- 3193421 TI - Guidelines for publications in molecular modeling related to medicinal chemistry. PMID- 3193420 TI - Anovaginal fistula presenting as a vulvar ulcer. A report of two cases in postmenopausal women. AB - Two women in their early menopausal years were evaluated for a persistent ulcerative lesion located on the vulvar vestibular mucosa at the fourchette. In both cases the ulcer proved to be the vaginal orifice of a small anovaginal fistula of probable cryptogenic origin. Anovaginal fistula should be considered a possible diagnosis when an otherwise unexplained ulcerative lesion is encountered at or near the vaginal introitus. PMID- 3193422 TI - Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of (-)-N1-norphysostigmine, (-) eseramine, and other N(1)-substituted analogues of (-)-physostigmine. AB - (-)-N1-Benzylnorphysostigmine (4), prepared from synthetic (-)-O-methyl-N1 noreseroline (1) by N-benzylation, ether cleavage, and reaction of (-)-N1 benzylnoreseroline (3) with methyl isocyanate, was the intermediate used to prepare the title compounds. Catalytic debenzylation of 4 afforded (-)-N1 norphysostigmine (5), and (-)-eseramine (6) was obtained by reaction of 5 with methyl isocyanate. Reductive N-methylation of 5 gave (-)-physostigmine (9) while reaction of 5 with allyl bromide and phenethyl bromide afforded carbamates 7 and 8, respectively. Data on the in vitro potencies (IC50) and activities of certain of these compounds (4-8) as inhibitors of electric eel acetyl cholinesterase are reported. (-)-N1-Norphysostigmine (5) was found to be similarly potent against AChE as (-)-physostigmine (9). PMID- 3193423 TI - Dermacentor (Indocentor) steini (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): hosts, distribution in the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Borneo, Thailand, and Philippines, and New Guinea. PMID- 3193424 TI - Spermiogenesis and reproductive biology of Dermanyssus gallinae (DeGeer) (Parasitiformes: Dermanyssidae). PMID- 3193425 TI - Ability to Ixodes scapularis, Dermacentor variabilis, and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) to acquire, maintain, and transmit Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi). PMID- 3193426 TI - Truncation of screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) development by irradiation of embryos. PMID- 3193427 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of ticks for systematic studies: structure of Haller's organ in eight species of the subgenus Sternalixodes of the genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae). PMID- 3193428 TI - Effect of temperature on Hyalomma (Hyalomma) dromedarii Koch (Acari: Ixodidae). PMID- 3193429 TI - Effects of S. scabiei var. canis (Acari: Sarcoptidae) on blood indexes of parasitized rabbits. PMID- 3193430 TI - Population growth and developmental stages of the house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae). PMID- 3193432 TI - Questing behavior of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to meteorological and seasonal factors. PMID- 3193431 TI - Peridomestic cockroaches (Orthoptera: Blattidae) of Florida: their species composition and suppression. PMID- 3193433 TI - Biology of Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) developing in tires in Louisiana. PMID- 3193434 TI - An improved Alsynite trap for stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). PMID- 3193435 TI - Biological and morphological studies on the bat flea, Myodopsylla insignis (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae). PMID- 3193436 TI - Clinical evaluation of the Copal UA-251 and the Dinamap 1848 automatic blood pressure monitors. AB - The Copal UA-251 is a small automatic blood-pressure monitor, which relies on a piezo-electric microphone for detection of Korotkoff sounds. The Dinamap 1848 automatic monitor uses the oscillometric method for blood-pressure determination. When compared with the Hawksley random-zero sphygmomanometer, the Copal UA-251 recorded higher systolic blood-pressure, with this discrepancy widening at the upper end of the systolic pressure range. The agreement between these machines was reasonable for diastolic blood-pressure. The Dinamap 1848 had a tendency to consistently over-read systolic and under-read diastolic blood-pressure compared with the Hawksley sphygmomanometer, with median differences of 7 mmHg and -2.5 mmHg respectively. PMID- 3193438 TI - Evaluation report: infusion pumps and controllers. PMID- 3193437 TI - An evaluation of the centre of pressure for successive steps with miniature triaxial load cells. AB - A methodology is described for measuring the centre of pressure for successive steps during stance phase. Three persons were assessed, one normal, one below knee amputee and one having suffered from poliomyelitis. The clinical significance of this parameter of gait as measured by the miniature shoe-borne load cells is highlighted. PMID- 3193440 TI - AIDS and cardiovascular surgery products. PMID- 3193439 TI - Evaluation of surgical diathermy units. AB - As part of the continuing comparative evaluation programme of medical equipment, sponsored by the UK Health Departments, the evaluation of Surgical Diathermy Units is being carried out by staff of the Bioengineering Unit at Cardiff Royal Infirmary. 'Health Equipment Information' ('HEI') Number 184, published in June 1988 contains reports on a further eight surgical diathermy units, the Bard System 3000, the Bard System 5000, the Concept 9900E, the Downs Diadon 450 P2, the Eschmann TD 411, the GU Solstar-I, the Thackray T300S, and the Valleylab SSE4/Force 4. Summaries of the following, which have been the subject of previous evaluation reports and are still available are also included: the Eschmann TD 311 and the GU Turner-Warwick 332A. PMID- 3193441 TI - Proceedings of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 175th meeting. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 6-8 July 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3193443 TI - The role of extracellular slime in opsonophagocytosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis. AB - Infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are a major problem in immunocompromised patients. It has been claimed that extracellular slime production by CNS predicts pathogenicity and inhibits host defences. Luminol enhanced neutrophil chemiluminescence (CL) and bacterial killing assays were used to assess the effect of slime production on opsonophagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro. There was wide variation in CL induction amongst the 43 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis examined. The presence of slime had no influence either on the requirement or on the efficiency of opsonisation. Slime-producing and non-slime-producing strains showed a stepwise increase in induced CL up to a serum concentration of 10%, and were dependent on complement for efficient phagocytosis. The bacterial killing assays confirmed the CL results. Our data suggest that extracellular staphylococcal slime has no specific anti-opsonic property in vitro. Opsonophagocytosis may still be hampered in vivo by the physical presence of slime. PMID- 3193442 TI - A serogrouping scheme for the study of the epidemiology of Bacteroides fragilis. AB - To study the hospital epidemiology of Bacteroides fragilis, 343 isolates from infected hospitalised patients (112), infected out-patients (102), and from the faeces of uninfected hospitalised patients (47) and normal subjects in the community (82), were examined by an immunofluorescence technique. In tests with antisera against strains of 20 distinct serotypes of the fragilis group of Bacteroides, 271 (79%) strains were typable. Similarity between strains was estimated by the Jaccard similarity measure and strains were then serogrouped by cluster analysis; 88.1% of hospital strains were typable but only 71.2% of community strains (p less than 0.001). Three serogroups were prevalent among both faecal and infection isolates of hospital strains (p less than 0.01). However, no particular serogroup was prevalent among community strains and no difference was found in the distribution of serogroups between strains from faeces and those from infected lesions. One serogroup showed a significant increase (p less than 0.05) within the period of study. These findings suggest that strains of B. fragilis infecting hospitalised patients may be acquired in hospital and that they may spread to other patients. PMID- 3193444 TI - Production, purification and molecular weight determination of the haemolysin of Treponema hyodysenteriae. AB - The production of haemolysin from Treponema hyodysenteriae was increased by an improved culture method and by repeated incubation of spirochaetes suspended in a buffer containing RNA-core. Ion exchange chromatography on DEAE cellulose followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G100 yielded purified haemolysin free from extraneous protein, as judged by silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. The mol. wt of the purified haemolysin, determined by gel filtration was 19,000, a value similar to that of streptolysin S, but much lower than that previously reported. PMID- 3193445 TI - Cytolysis mediated by phagocytosing neutrophils. Influence of the presence of an alternative target cell population. AB - When added to the hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-dependent cytolytic system constituted of opsonized zymosan (OPZ)-triggered neutrophils and chicken erythrocyte (CRBC) targets, human erythrocytes (HRBCs) inhibited the lysis. The replacement of HRBCs with cells pretreated with amino-triazole (AT) to inactivate catalase prevented the HRBC inhibitory effect almost completely. HRBCs, pretreated with carmustine (BCNU) to inhibit glutathione cycle activity, behaved as untreated cells. Thus, HRBCs appear to protect CRBCs via an AT-inhibitable, i.e. catalase-dependent, process. When measured under conditions similar to those used for the lytic assay, both the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the HOCl recovery from the neutrophil-CRBC system was reduced by HRBCs and restored by pulsing HRBCs with AT but not BCNU. The results suggest that HRBC catalase rescues CRBCs from neutrophil-delivered attack by "stealing" H2O2 from the neutrophil HOCl generating myeloperoxidase (MPO)-H2O2 system. PMID- 3193446 TI - Macrophage spreading disparity: alveolar vs peritoneal. AB - Macrophage spreading over glass surfaces is a recognized in vitro manifestation of activation. We examined macrophage spreading using a simplified assay. Hartley guinea pigs (n = 15) were anesthetized with pentobarbital (0.4 mg/gm) IM. Macrophages were obtained by lavaging the peritoneal (PM) and alveolar (AM) spaces with sterile 0.9% NaCl (NS). AM or PM (150,000 cells) were placed into chambers of Lab-Tek microtiter slides +/- phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Slides were incubated /37 degrees C in 5% CO2 for 20 minutes. Macrophages with a diameter greater than 2 x control cells were considered spread. Compared to PM, resident AM show increased spontaneous spreading (16 +/- 2% vs 79 +/- 2%) respectively. AM demonstrated no significant concentration-dependent response to PMA stimulation. The PM has served as the basis for much of the morphological and functional observations attributed to macrophages in general. The above spreading data support the concept of disparity of macrophage function dependent upon various factors, including site of origin. Our observations suggest that extrapolation of macrophage characteristics to cells from discordant sources may not be possible. PMID- 3193447 TI - A six year experience with recurrent infection and immunodeficiency in children in Kuwait. AB - Sixty-five Arab children in Kuwait with recurrent infections were subjected to laboratory investigations to determine their immune function. Twenty (31%) of these children were found to have a primary immunodeficiency syndrome, 36 patients (55%) had laboratory abnormalities but could not be classified, three patients (5%) had other well defined diseases responsible for their laboratory defect, and six patients (9%) had normal laboratory values. The most common infection site was the upper respiratory tract or chest, and the most frequent organisms isolated were Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. in patients in whom detailed information was available, 70% had a family history of similar disease and 68% had consanguinous parents. These children represent only a fraction of those that should be investigated and it is recommended that a referral center for the investigation of children with recurrent infection be established. PMID- 3193448 TI - Spontaneous and experimental hepatitis A in Old World monkeys. AB - Virologic, serologic, biochemical, and morphological data characterizing spontaneous hepatitis A (HA) in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) are reported. Experimental HA was induced in macaques as a result of infection with human hepatitis A virus (HAV-h). Disease similar to human HA was induced in cynomolgus macaques by HAV isolates from spontaneously sick rhesus (M. mulatta) and green monkeys. This experimental model of HA in macaques can be used for vaccine and anti-viral preparation testing. PMID- 3193449 TI - Comparative teratogenicity of triamcinolone acetonide and dexamethasone in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). AB - Pregnant rhesus macaques were treated with 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) or 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DEX) between 20 and 50 gestational days (GD). Treatment with TAC at 2.5 mg/kg resulted in a fetal loss of 71%; 3/5 recovered fetuses displayed an encephalocele or meningocele. All other treatment groups displayed minor cranial skeletal abnormalities consistent with glucocorticoid-mediated teratogenesis. DEX was shown to have a lower teratogenic potential than TAC in this species. PMID- 3193450 TI - Elevation in plasma glucagon levels in response to stress in squirrel monkeys: comparisons of two subspecies (Saimiri sciureus boliviensis and Saimiri sciureus sciureus). AB - Bolivian (Bo) and Brazilian (Br) squirrel monkeys (SMs) were captured and restrained to determine patterns of glucagon and glucose response. In both subspecies, plasma glucagon and glucose levels rose rapidly in response to restraint procedures; glucagon levels in BrSMs and glucose levels in both subspecies returned to basal values in 15 minutes. The magnitude of the glucagon and glucose responses differed significantly between BoSMs and BrSMs. PMID- 3193451 TI - Comparison of blood flow parameters measured by Doppler ultrasound and radionuclide techniques in the baboon (Papio ursinus). AB - Ascending aortic blood velocity was measured in the baboon (Papio ursinus) by using continuous wave Doppler ultrasound. The blood flow parameters thus obtained were compared to those by the standardized radionuclide technique. It appears that, due to the anatomical position of the ascending aorta and brachiocephalic trunks in relation to the ultrasound beam, Doppler ultrasound does not provide an accurate method of measuring aortic blood velocity in the baboon, which could be the reason for the poor correlation of the results from the two techniques. PMID- 3193452 TI - Correlation between the synergistic effect of liposomes and endotoxins on the activation of macrophage tumoricidal activity and the effect of liposomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum of macrophages. AB - Treatment of resident peritoneal macrophages of rats with small unilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC SUV) potentiated their activation for tumor cell lysis by endotoxins. The fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene (DPH) embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes isolated from DPPC SUV-treated macrophages was enhanced. The average fluorescence lifetime of DPH and the rotational correlation time deduced from anisotropy decay were unchanged, whereas the residual anisotropy and hence the order parameter were increased. The measurement of the fluorescence anisotropy of DPH as a function of the temperature showed a phase transition. No phase transition was observed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes of macrophages either treated or not treated with cholesterol/DPPC SUV (1/1; mol/mol). The synergistic effect of DPPC SUV on the tumoricidal activity of macrophages induced by endotoxins appears to be correlated with the changes in the properties of the rough endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Both effects were transient; they had the same kinetics of induction and reversion, and they were both inhibited by cholesterol. PMID- 3193453 TI - All or none cell responses of Ca2+-dependent K channels elicited by calcium or lead in human red cells can be explained by heterogeneity of agonist distribution. AB - We have studied the all or none cell response of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels to added Ca in human red cells depleted of ATP by incubation with iodoacetate and inosine. A procedure was used which allows separation and differential analysis of responding and nonresponding cells. Responding (H for heavy) cells incubated in medium containing 5 mM K lose KCl and water and increase their density to the point of sinking on diethylphthalate (specific gravity = 1.12) on centrifugation. Nonresponding (L for light) cells do not lose KCl at all. There is no intermediate behavior. Increasing the Ca concentration in the medium increases the fraction of cells which become H. No differences in the sensitivity to Ca2+ of the individual K+ channels were detected in inside-out vesicles prepared either from H or from L cells. The Ca content of H cells was higher than that of L cells. Cells depleted of ATP by incubation with iodoacetate and inosine sustain pump-leak Ca fluxes of about 15 mumol/liter cells per hour. ATP seems to be resynthesized in these cells at the expense of cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate stores at a rate of about 150 mumol/liter cells per hour. Inhibition of 2,3 diphosphoglycerate phosphatase by tetrathionate increased 6-8 times the measured rate of uptake of external 45Ca. This was accompanied by an increase in the fraction of H cells. All or none cell responses of Ca2+-dependent K channels have also been evidenced in intact human red cells on addition of Pb. They have the same characteristics as those in responding and nonresponding cells. The detailed study of the kinetics of Pb-induced shrinkage of red cells suspended in medium containing 5 mM K showed that changes of Pb concentration changed not only the fraction of H cells but also the rate of shrinkage of responding cells. H cells generated by Pb treatment contained significantly more lead than L cells. The above results suggest that the two all or none cell responses studied here can be explained by heterogeneity of agonist distribution among cells. Since pump-leak fluxes exist in both cases, differences of agonist distribution could be generated by heterogeneity of pumping among cells. This interpretation turns interest from K channels to Ca pumps to explain the heterogeneous behavior of red cells in response to a uniform stimulus. PMID- 3193455 TI - Comparison of methods for the estimation of the thickness of ultrathin tissue sections. AB - For a number of quantitative electron microscopical techniques it is relevant to obtain an estimate of the thickness t' of the section which, in general, will differ from the actual distance t between the two cuts that generate the section. To estimate t' of ultrathin sections, several techniques have been adopted in the past, both with and without the aid of the electron microscope and additional equipment, which are summarized in an appendix. In the present study five methods have been evaluated experimentally using sections of ten different interference colours: (a) the 'small-fold' technique, (b) the 'electron scattering' method, (c) interference microscopy with (A) the Vicker's M86 scanning microinterferometer and (B) the Jenoptik Amplival Interphako interference microscope and (d) the 're-embedding' method. Reliable, reproducible and comparable results were obtained with the small-fold technique, with the Vickers M86 scanning microinterferometer and with the electron scattering method. For the last method, standard test lines for the different settings of the electron microscope were developed. The results obtained with the Jenoptik Amplival Interphako interference microscope are reproducible, but show a constant difference, i.e. a factor of 1.36, in thickness compared with the other three techniques. The possible cause of this 'systematic error' is discussed. The re embedding method proved to be more laborious and slightly less reliable than the other techniques. The variation in t' between sections of a particular interference colour (inter-section variation) was found to be larger than the variation in t' within a section (intra-section variation). PMID- 3193456 TI - The nucleator. AB - A new, fundamental stereological principle is described which allows unbiased estimates of absolute structural quantities in arbitrarily shaped structures to be made from observations sampled in arbitrary points on independently isotropic probes. As an introduction to the principle, method(s) are described which lead to assumption-free estimates of mean volume from the usual number-distribution of particle sizes. Specifically, the estimation is unbiased when arbitrarily shaped particles are sampled with uniform probability using the dissector or one of its many modifications. A special case, of interest when observations are restricted to sections, occurs when the particles are associated with some recognizable unit, like eukaryotic cells in biology. The estimation may then be carried out on a few sections of unknown thickness, or--under verifiable assumptions--on just one random section. PMID- 3193454 TI - Deliberate quin2 overload as a method for in situ characterization of active calcium extrusion systems and cytoplasmic calcium binding: application to the human platelet. AB - The objectives of the title were accomplished by a four-step experimental procedure followed by a simple graphical and mathematical analysis. Platelets are (i) overloaded with the indicator quin2 to cytoplasmic concentrations of 2.9 mM and (ii) are exposed to 2 mM external Ca2+ and 1.0 microM ionomycin to rapidly achieve cytoplasmic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) of ca. 1.5 microM. (iii) The external Ca2+ is removed by EGTA addition, and (iv) the active Ca2+ extrusion process is then monitored as a function of time. Control experiments show that the ionophore shunts dense tubular uptake and does not contribute to the Ca2+ efflux process during phases iii-iv and that the extrusion process is sensitive to metabolic inhibitors. The progress curves for the decline of quin2 fluorescence (resulting from active Ca2+ extrusion) were analyzed as a function of [Ca2+]cyt using a mathematical model involving the probability that an exported Ca2+ was removed from a quin2 complex (vs. a cytoplasmic binding element). The observed rates of decline of quin2 fluorescence at a particular [Ca2+]cyt are dependent upon (i) the absolute rate of the extrusion system (a function of its Km, Vm and Hill coefficient (n)), (ii) the intrinsic Ca2+ buffer capacity of the cytoplasm (a function of the total site concentration ([B]T) and its Kd) and (iii) the buffer capacity of the intracytoplasmic quin2 (a function of its concentration and Kd). The contribution of (iii) was known and varied and was used to determine (ii) and (i) as a function of [Ca2+]cyt. The Ca2+ binding data were verified by 45Ca2+ experimentation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193457 TI - X-ray microanalysis with continuous specimen cooling: is it necessary? AB - An X-ray microanalytical preparation technique using continuous specimen cooling and consisting of cryotransfer of frozen sections into the electron microscope, freeze-drying of the sections within the microscope and analysis at liquid nitrogen temperature is compared with a more conventional technique characterized by freeze-drying of sections in a vacuum evaporator with subsequent carbon coating, transfer of frozen-dried sections through the room air into the electron microscope and analysis at ambient temperature. For this comparison elemental concentrations in mitochondria, in areas of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytoplasm of rat hepatocytes, were measured. Si is found in abundance in specimens freeze-dried outside the microscope due to the use of a vacuum evaporator contaminated with pump oil. Radiation damage will be more severe at ambient temperature and is assumed to be the reason for observed differences in S concentration in mitochondria and the cytoplasm. However, peak-to-background ratios for Na, Mg, P, Cl and K are in general the same for both types of preparation. PMID- 3193458 TI - Quick sampling and perpendicular cryosectioning of cell monolayers for the X-ray microanalysis of diffusible elements. AB - A quick sampling and preparation method for freezing of cell monolayers is described. The cells are grown on a large Formvar film supported by a frame of polystyrene. A polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution is applied to one side of the film forming a flat disc when frozen with a pair of pliers precooled in liquid nitrogen. The PVP solution provides the specimen with sufficient strength and may be used as an elemental standard for absolute quantification if salts of known concentrations are added. Manipulation of the cells prior to freezing is thus restricted to a minimum, which eliminates possible harmful treatments like scraping and centrifugation. The procedure is quickly performed, the freezing being completed within 30 s of the cells having been removed from the culture well. The analytical results reveal low and stable Na:K ratios. Our results confirm that cells in vitro are comparable to cells in vivo with respect to elemental composition. PMID- 3193459 TI - A videomicrographic low-frequency movement analyser (VLMA) and perifusion chamber for recording and analysis of the physical behaviour of seminiferous tubules and other contractile tissues in vitro. AB - A method has been developed for the recording and analysis of low frequency movements such as those of the surfaces of live seminiferous tubules. The method involves time-lapse videomicrographic recording of the tubules followed by frame by-frame measurement of the position of the edge of the tubule image in the video field. These measurements, which describe the movement of the tubule, may be analysed into a series of power spectra relating to sequential time periods through the recording. The group of spectrum plots for each tubule preparation can be plotted as isometric, pseudo three-dimensional figures, with time represented on the z-axis. The shapes of the spectra represent the contractile activity of the seminiferous tubules. Alterations in the level of activity and/or in the position of the frequency peaks, between control and experimentally treated preparations, are readily apparent. We also describe the construction and features of the perifusion chamber used with the VLMA. PMID- 3193460 TI - Some histological aspects of the hip joint capsule in the vervet monkey. AB - Microscopic studies show that the capsule of the hip joint in the vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus) is preponderantly collagenous. Among the collagen fiber bundles are varying quantities of elastic fibers that demonstrate a definite, differential regional distribution. The highest concentration of elastic tissue is found in the posterior, postero-inferior, and inferior aspects of the hip joint capsule, whereas the anterior and superior aspects of the capsule are preponderantly collagenous. It is postulated that this regional distribution of elastic tissue is related to the differential functional requirements of the posterior, postero-inferior, and inferior aspects of the capsule for flexibility and stretchability. These requirements appear to be a consequence of the habitual postures and locomotory positions assumed at the hip joint by these primarily quadrupedal primates. Collagen, on the other hand, being much more resistant to deformation and relatively noncompliant, is the predominant tissue in the anterior and superior aspects of the joint. PMID- 3193461 TI - Controlled cortical impact: a new experimental brain injury model. AB - A new experimental model of mechanical brain injury was produced in the laboratory ferret (Mustela putorius furo) using a stroke-constrained pneumatic impactor. Cortical impacts were made on vertex to the intact dura mater overlying the cerebral cortex with contact velocities ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 m/sec and with deformations of 2.0 to 5.0 mm. The dwell time of the impact and the stability of the skull during impact were verified with high speed (1000 to 3000 frames/sec) cineradiography. Systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration were monitored, and postinjury changes were recorded. Anatomic brain injury, including subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, tears or rents of the dura mater, and contusions of the cortex, brainstem, cervical spinal cord, and cerebellum was observed. Injury responses ranged from no apparent anatomic injury or alterations in the systemic physiology at low severity impact (2.0 m/sec, 2.0 mm) to immediate fatality in the highest severity impact groups (4.0 m/sec, 4.0 mm). The range of changes in systemic physiology and of pathology in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord was a function of both contact velocity and the amount of brain deformation. In two cases where postinjury time was 8-10 h, diffuse axonal injury, indicated by beaded axons and retraction balls, was present in subcortical regions underlying the site of impact. The spectrum of anatomic injury and systemic physiologic responses closely resembled aspects of closed head injury seen clinically. This procedure complements and improves on existing techniques by allowing independent control of contact velocity and level of deformation of the brain to facilitate biomechanical and analytic modeling of brain trauma. Graded cortical contusions and subcortical injury are produced by precisely controlled brain deformations, thereby allowing questions to be addressed regarding the influence of contact velocity and level of deformation on the anatomic and functional severity of brain injury. PMID- 3193462 TI - Magnesium deficiency exacerbates and pretreatment improves outcome following traumatic brain injury in rats: 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy and behavioral studies. AB - The biochemical mechanisms mediating delayed or secondary tissue injury after central nervous system trauma remain speculative. We have demonstrated previously that traumatic brain injury in rats causes a rapid decline in tissue intracellular free magnesium [Mg]f and total magnesium [Mg]t concentrations, which were significantly correlated with injury severity. In order to examine the relationship between magnesium and traumatic brain injury, we assessed whether (1) magnesium deficiency exacerbates or (2) magnesium treatment improves posttraumatic outcome following fluid-percussion brain injury (2.0-2.4 atm) in rats. Animals placed on magnesium-deficient diet for 14 days showed a 15% decrease in brain [Mg]f as measured by phosphorus (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Magnesium deficiency significantly exacerbated neurologic dysfunction and increased mortality following injury when compared to normally fed saline-treated controls. Conversely, pretreatment with magnesium sulfate (0.1 mEq) 15 min before brain injury prevented the fall in [Mg]f observed by 31P MRS in saline-treated animals and significantly improved both cellular bioenergetic state and chronic posttraumatic neurologic outcome. These combined observations suggest that alterations in brain [Mg]f after trauma may play a role in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. PMID- 3193464 TI - Pretreatment with alpha tocopherol enhances neurologic recovery after experimental spinal cord compression injury. AB - Lipid hydrolysis with subsequent production of eicosanoids and lipid peroxidation are two of the earliest potentially pathochemical events induced in spinal cord tissue by mechanical trauma. Although these membrane lipid disturbances are thought to contribute to the paralysis that occur subsequent to spinal cord injury, such a correlation has not been demonstrated directly. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to test the capacity of alpha tocopherol, the major lipid antioxidant in cellular membranes and a compound that limits the injury induced lipid hydrolysis and peroxidation in spinal cord tissue, to promote functional recovery in a static loading model of spinal cord injury. After laminectomy, the L2 spinal cord of cats was compressed with 180 g for 5 min. For 5 days before injury and for 5 days postinjury, treated cats received orally 1000 IUD-alpha tocopherol acetate daily. Control cats were similarly injured but untreated. All cats were blindly evaluated weekly for 4 weeks for their neurologic recovery based on an 11 point behavioral scale that assessed walking, running, and stair climbing. By the second postinjury week, alpha tocopherol pretreated cats demonstrated significantly better recovery than untreated controls. By 4 weeks, treated cats had recovered 72% of their preinjury function as compared with 20% for untreated controls, i.e., a 3.5-fold difference. These results strongly suggest that lipid peroxidation and/or hydrolysis is primarily involved in the genesis of posttraumatic paralysis and that alpha tocopherol exerts its protection of injured spinal cord tissue, at least in part, by its antioxidant and/or antilipolytic activity. PMID- 3193463 TI - The effect of traumatic brain injury on the visual system: a morphologic characterization of reactive axonal change. AB - Reactive axonal changes following fluid-percussion brain injury were studied in the highly organized afferent pathways of the cat visual system. The visual system offers several features advantageous to the study of traumatic brain injury. Specifically, as the retinal cells of origin of the optic nerve and tract are isolated from the employed fluid-percussion injury, concomitant traumatically induced somatic change is not a confounding variable. Additionally, the existence of axons of varying diameters and topographic localization within the visual pathways allows the relationship between both fiber size and distribution and their predilection for traumatically induced change to be considered. Since the visual pathway is a highly organized sensory pathway, data obtained in this system can be compared with similar studies previously conducted in motor systems. In these experiments, 20 adult cats were subjected to brain injury and killed at posttraumatic survival periods ranging from 2 to 60 days. Six cats received intravitreous injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to aid in the recognition of axonal change. At the designated survival time, all animals were perfused with aldehydes. The visual system from optic chiasm to lateral geniculate was sectioned and prepared for routine light (LM) and electron microscopic (TEM) study. Animals injected with HRP were processed for the LM and TEM visualization of HRP reaction products. By the second posttraumatic day, reactive axonal swellings were observed in the optic tracts as they entered the medial intralaminar nuclei of the lateral geniculate bodies. Proximal segments of the reactive axons showed enlargement and lobulation, whereas the distal segments underwent wallerian degeneration. Over a 2 week posttraumatic course, some axonal swelling persisted unchanged, some degenerated, and others initiated regenerative sprouting. with continued survival, however, all the reactive swellings manifested only progressive degenerative change. These reactive axonal changes appeared to constitute a primary response to the traumatic episode and occurred without concomitant damage to either the related brain parenchyma or its intrinsic vasculature. Although these findings replicate many of those previously described in motor pathways, new conceptual information has been provided. These studies preclude concomitant somal damage as a confounding variable and suggest that large-caliber axons are susceptible to the shear and tensile forces of traumatic brain injury. PMID- 3193465 TI - Changes in regional brain acetylcholine content in rats following unilateral and bilateral brainstem lesions. AB - Previous research (Adametz, 1959) has shown that two-step bilateral lesions of the reticular formation in cats produce minimal behavioral disruption compared to one-step bilateral lesions, which produce profound behavioral suppression. We systematically examined alterations in forebrain acetylcholine (ACh) content and neurologic tolerance to one-step and two-step bilateral and unilateral lesions of the pontomesencephalic reticular formation (PMRF) in rats. One-step and two-step bilateral lesions separated by 1 or 5 days produced irreversible bilateral motor dysfunction. Survival after lesioning was 10%, 20%, and 0%, respectively. Unilateral lesion or two-step bilateral lesions separated by 15 or 30 days produced transient (less than 3 days) contralateral motor dysfunction. Survival after lesioning was 90%, 90%, and 100%, respectively. Within 24 h after one-step bilateral lesions, ACh content was significantly decreased bilaterally in thalamus, frontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and basal forebrain. Within 5 days after unilateral lesioning, ACh content was significantly decreased ipsilaterally in the thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus and had returned to control values by day 10 in the thalamus and hippocampus. The increased neurologic tolerance and recovery of ACh content in two-step bilateral PMRF lesions demonstrate important functional and neurochemical plasticity to brain injury. Although not directly addressing mechanisms of neural plasticity, this research examined possible associations between neurologic tolerance to PMRF lesions and neurochemical markers of forebrain ACh activity. PMID- 3193466 TI - Proposed FDA rule: will it speed new drugs to patients? PMID- 3193467 TI - Scientists discover proto-oncogene role in normal development. PMID- 3193468 TI - NCI budget tapped for AIDS care costs. PMID- 3193469 TI - Breast cancer incidence and mortality in the breast cancer detection demonstration project [published errtum appears in J Natl Cancer Inst 1989 Oct 4;81(19):1513]. AB - The Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP) was a program of five annual screening examinations for breast cancer that was conducted at 29 centers in the United States. This report presents data on breast cancer incidence and mortality among the participants. A total of 283,222 women were enrolled. Our analysis is based on 55,053 white women who were 35-74 years of age at entry and who were selected for follow-up. For the first 9 years after entry, the cumulative incidence of breast cancer was estimated as 243.6 per 10,000, which is 1.34 times the expected incidence derived by use of data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program. In contrast, 9-year cumulative mortality from breast cancer was only 79.6% of that expected in women with the age distribution of BCDDP participants who did not have diagnosed breast cancer at the start of observation. The ratio of observed to expected breast cancer mortality was 0.89 for women 35-49 years of age at entry, 0.76 for women 50-59 years of age at entry, and 0.74 for women 60-74 years of age at entry. Breast cancer incidence and mortality were lower for women who entered the BCDDP for routine screening than they were for women who entered for a reason such as concern about breast disease, family history of breast cancer, or a physician's recommendation. Among cases diagnosed within 5 years of entry, the 5-year case fatality attributed to breast cancer was 8.5%. Case fatality for all stages combined was greater than 50% lower for cases that were screen-detected than it was for cases that were not screen-detected. Case fatality was lower for cases diagnosed within the first 5 years of entry (which encompassed the period of screening) than it was for cases diagnosed in the sixth or seventh years. PMID- 3193471 TI - Rapid production of pancreatic carcinoma by initiation with N-nitroso-bis(2 oxopropyl)amine and repeated augmentation pressure in hamsters. AB - A rapid-production model incorporating the principle of selection by resistance to cytotoxicity demonstrated earlier for liver carcinogenesis in rats was established for pancreatic carcinoma development in Syrian hamsters. Adenocarcinomas were induced in 84% of treated animals by 10 weeks after initiation with 70 mg of N-nitroso-bis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) per kg of body weight when augmentation pressure (choline-deficient diet combined with DL ethionine and L-methionine and administration of 20 mg/kg BOP upon return to basal diet) was applied three times. A 52% yield of cholangiocellular tumors also resulted from this experimental protocol. PMID- 3193470 TI - Clinical and pharmacologic reappraisal of dichloromethotrexate. AB - Dichloromethotrexate (DCMTX) has been the subject of sporadic clinical development for the last 30 years. Although DCMTX was developed in hopes of discovering a more potent antifolate, the potential pharmacologic and toxicologic advantages of the analog have become of greater interest. This phase I and pharmacokinetic trial of DCMTX given on days 1, 8, and 15 every 28 days was undertaken to test these potential advantages. The maximally tolerated dose on this schedule was 980 mg/m2. Hepatic toxicity was dose limiting. Malaise, myelosuppression, and mucositis were also major toxic effects. The recommended dose for subsequent phase II studies of DCMTX administered on this schedule is 785 mg/m2 with a reduction to 625 mg/m2 for patients with a poor performance status or extensive prior therapy. Plasma disappearance curves for most patients were biphasic or triphasic, although several demonstrated more complex kinetic patterns that suggested significant enterohepatic circulation. The magnitude of the area under the plasma disappearance curve was related to the severity of DCMTX-induced hepatotoxicity. The elimination kinetics were linear, with a mean plasma clearance of 294 mL/min (range, 128-715). The pharmacokinetic behavior of DCMTX does not support its use over methotrexate in regional perfusion. DCMTX's primarily nonrenal elimination suggests that it may have an advantage over methotrexate when combined with nephrotoxic drugs such as cisplatin. However, there is little reason to commit major resources to further evaluation of DCMTX unless significant advantages in antineoplastic activity are identified. PMID- 3193472 TI - Medical-legal implications of Clinical Alert. PMID- 3193473 TI - Photodynamic therapy--lots of questions but presently few answers. PMID- 3193474 TI - DNA probes may become physician tools in the future. PMID- 3193475 TI - Government patents: is there money to be made? PMID- 3193476 TI - Leucine zipper may help explain protein-DNA communications. PMID- 3193477 TI - Evolution of Cancer Prevention and Control Program at the Arizona Cancer Center. PMID- 3193478 TI - Efficacy of antibodies to epidermal growth factor receptor against KB carcinoma in vitro and in nude mice. AB - Iodine-125-labeled monoclonal antibody 108.4 (108.4 mAb), raised against the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, was shown to visualize sc xenografts of human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cells in nude mice. In vitro, although EGF caused an increase in the number of KB cell colonies (150% at a concentration of 160 mM), the anti-EGF receptor antibodies reduced clone formation. At a concentration at which EGF caused a 50% increase in colony number, the addition of a 100-fold molar excess of 108.4 mAb resulted in a decrease in the number of cell colonies to 20% of the original value. Therefore, the effect of antibody on the KB tumor was studied in vivo in three different modes of tumor transplantation. Antitumor activity was demonstrated first by retardation (versus controls) of the growth of tumor cells as sc xenografts (P greater than .017), then by prolongation of the life span of animals with the ip form of the tumor (P less than .001), and finally on an experimental lung metastasis by a reduction in the number and size of tumors (P less than .05). When the anti-EGF receptor antibodies were added together with cisplatin, the antitumor effect was greatly enhanced, suggesting that the toxic activity of these agents is synergistic (P less than .007). The antitumor effect persisted when animals were treated with the F(ab)'2 fragment of the antibody, although it was less efficient. The Fab fragment of the antibody, whose ability to bind to the cell-associated receptor was completely conserved, did not affect the growth of the tumor. The activity manifested by the F(ab)'2 fragment of the anti-EGF receptor antibodies suggested that the antitumor effect was not due to immune mechanisms requiring the Fc portion of the antibody. PMID- 3193479 TI - Cryospectrophotometric determination of tumor intravascular oxyhemoglobin saturations: dependence on vascular geometry and tumor growth. AB - To delineate the complex relationships between overall tumor oxygenation and vascular configuration, intravascular oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) saturation distributions were measured with cryospectrophotometric techniques. Four factors related to vascular morphometry and tumor growth were evaluated: a) vessel diameter, b) distance of vessel from the tumor surface, c) tumor volume, and d) vascular density. To measure intertumor heterogeneity, two murine sarcomas (RIF-1 and KHT) and two human ovarian carcinoma xenografts (OWI and MLS) were utilized. In contrast to skeletal muscle, a preponderance of very low HbO2 saturations was observed for both large and small tumors of all lines. Saturations up to about 90% were also generally present, however, even in very large tumors. Variations in vascular configuration were predominantly tumor-line dependent rather than due to inherent characteristics of the host vasculature, and widely disparate HbO2 distributions were found for alternate lines implanted in identical host mice. Although peripheral saturations remained fairly constant with tumor growth, HbO2 values were markedly lower for vessels nearer the tumor center and further decreased with increasing tumor volume. HbO2 saturations did not change substantially with increasing vascular density (except for KHT tumors), although density did decrease with increasing distance from tumor surface. Combined effects of vessel diameter, tumor volume, and vessel location on HbO2 saturations were complex and varied markedly with both tumor line and vessel class. For specific classes, HbO2 distributions correlated closely with radiobiological hypoxic fractions, i.e., for tumor lines in which hypoxic fraction increased substantially with tumor volume, corresponding HbO2 values decreased, while for lines in which hypoxic fraction remained constant, HbO2 values also were unchanged. Although these trends may also be a function of differing oxygen consumption rates between tumor lines, functional alterations in the rapidly expanding tumor vasculature undoubtedly play a primary role in explaining spatial oxygenation heterogeneities. PMID- 3193480 TI - Environmental factors and high risk of esophageal cancer among men in coastal South Carolina. AB - A case-control study involving interviews of 207 men with esophageal cancer and 422 control subjects or their next of kin was conducted to identify reasons for the unusually high rates of esophageal cancer among men in coastal South Carolina. Tobacco and alcohol, including moonshine, were identified as the major determinants of esophageal cancer risk. Increased risk was also associated with low intake of fresh fruits but not with drinking of local herbal teas. The findings suggest that efforts aimed at reducing tobacco and alcohol use will help to lower the elevated rates of esophageal cancer in coastal South Carolina. PMID- 3193481 TI - The effects of oxygen toxicity on the pregnant rat using an apparatus designed to measure oxygen consumption method. AB - To evaluate the effects of oxygen toxicity in the pregnant rat at high and low concentrations of oxygen, an oxygen-consumption apparatus was devised to measure the consumption of oxygen continuously over long periods. Oxygen consumption, partial oxygen pressure on the skin (tcPo2), and lipid peroxide levels in the serum were measured. There was a close correlation between oxygen consumption and body weight of rats that weighed between 150 g and 450 g. Oxygen consumption during the later stages of pregnancy increased by 1.8 ml/day, an increase of 8%. Oxygen consumption by rats during parturition increased markedly for up to 1 h and then reached and remained at a plateau value until the end of delivery. Exposure of pregnant rats to low concentrations of oxygen resulted in a marked depression in oxygen consumption and tcPo2 during the exposure time. A significant increase in the lipid peroxide level in serum was observed in the mother rat after birth and in the newborn offspring of pregnant rats exposed to 16% oxygen for 3 h. PMID- 3193482 TI - Blood clearance of 99mTc-phytate for evaluation of hepatic dysfunction in dogs. AB - Organ distribution pattern, and blood clearance were examined by giving 99mTc phytate (99mTc-P) to the normal dogs. At the same time, the relation between the severity of hepatic function and blood clearance of 99mTc-P was studied by using the dogs with acute hepatic dysfunction experimentally induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration. Furthermore, a comparative discussion on blood clearance test of 99mTc-P was made with serum transaminase test. It appeared appropriate to administer 99mTc-P at the dose of 100 micrograms/kg in order to obtain an effective blood clearance curve. A major part of 99mTc-P intravenously administered was taken up into the liver, while the remainder of small amount into the spleen, kidneys, lung, and so on. Little was recognized in the thyroid. The disappearance rate of 99mTc-P from blood decreased with the increase in dose of CCl4 and with the passage of time after the CCl4 administration. The blood clearance test of 99mTc-P in dogs showed a sensitive reaction for the acute hepatic dysfunction induced by CCl4 equally to the serum transaminase test. PMID- 3193483 TI - Additional survey on genotoxicity of natural anthraquinones in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair assay. AB - Genotoxicity of fungal anthraquinones of islandicin, iridoskyrin and (-) rubroskyrin, and a colorant of insect origin, cochineal and its component, carminic acid, an anthraquinone, was examined in the hepatocyte primary culture/DNA repair test. The results were compared with that of versicolorin A, an anthraquinone with bisfuran ring, which had been proved to be genotoxic on this assay. All of these anthraquinones, differently from versicolorin A did not show clear response of DNA repair. The results suggest that these agents are not genotoxic carcinogens. PMID- 3193484 TI - Time-dependent changes in plasma levels of cationic electrolytes produced by hypertonic solutions of low potent substance intraperitoneally administered to rats. AB - In order to investigate interrelations of plasma levels of potassium with those of the other electrolytes in case of intraperitoneal administration of hypertonic solution consisting of low potent substance, each of the three hypertonic solutions (2,800 mOsm/L), i.e., 50% glucose, 8.12% sodium chloride, and 13.16% sodium sulphate, was intraperitoneally injected to rats in a dose of 3.5 ml/kg body weight. Blood was sampled from the femoral artery at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 45 min after the administration and at the time-point of death. In all cases of the three administered groups, the plasma levels of magnesium was observed to start increasing from 5 min, and, then, the potassium levels from 10 min. The phosphorus levels did not show a significant increase until 20 min, showing later an abrupt increase until the death. Calcium, on the other hand, did not show any significant change in the plasma level until the death. These findings denote that a high osmotic pressure moves first intracellular water and magnesium ion to the outside of the cell, and , with a time delay, intracellular potassium ion is forced to move slowly to the outside. Finally, intracellular phosphorus seems to be released into the extracellular space as a result of damages by suppression of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and by activation of phospholipase both of which were caused directly or indirectly by a critical osmotic force. PMID- 3193486 TI - Rapid decline in blood antimyotoxin levels in the presence of myotoxin A from prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis) venom. AB - The disappearance of antibodies to myotoxin a from the bloodstream in mice was measured with a specific ELISA over a ninety-six hour period in the presence and absence of myotoxin a. A gradual disappearance of antibodies to myotoxin in the absence of toxin was observed during the 96 hr sampling period, although antibodies were still detectable at 96 hrs. However, in the presence of myotoxin a very rapid decrease of antimyotoxin occurred. When antiserum injection was followed by myotoxin injection (5 min. later) the decline in antibodies was immediate and no antibodies could be detected 30 min. after the antiserum injection. When antiserum was injected either immediately or 30 min. after toxin, antibody levels declined sharply and were non-detectable 1 hr. after antiserum injection. These results have clinical significance since they indicate that antimyotoxin can still bind the toxin, even when administration of the antiserum is delayed for 30 min. after injection of the toxin. Multiple injections of antiserum may be required to maintain a neutralizing level of antiserum. PMID- 3193487 TI - Effects of naloxone and verapamil in experimental amitriptyline poisoning in rats. AB - The effects of verapamil and naloxone as potential antidotes for amitriptyline induced cardiotoxicity were investigated in an experimental rat model. Amitriptyline was infused continuously at a dose of 37.5 mg/kg/h. After 15 minutes, the animals were given either naloxone (2 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg/h), verapamil (0.08 mg/kg + 0.08 mg/kg/h), or physiological saline. In the group given naloxone, a significant decrease in heart rate was seen. Although MAP and max dP/dT increased, there was no significant difference from controls. Naloxone did not decrease mortality. When the bolus dose of verapamil was given, a significant decrease in MAP and max dP/dT was obtained. Although the mean blood pressure was significantly higher in those animals treated with verapamil who survived 60 minutes, verapamil did not change the course of the amitriptyline poisoning. In conclusion, our findings indicate that naloxone lacks significant positive effects and that verapamil has an additional negative inotropic effect. Neither drug can be recommended for the treatment of amitriptyline poisoning. PMID- 3193485 TI - Interpretation of color change in blood with varying degree of methemoglobinemia. AB - The ability to detect the characteristic "chocolate" brown color of methemoglobin containing blood was tested in a double blind study. We prepared three concentrations of methemoglobin by adding sodium nitrite to 1-2 ml of venous, heparinized blood that was "arterialized" by mixing with room air in vacutainer tubes. House officers (HO) were asked, in a standardized protocol, to make observations ("chocolate", "abnormal" or "normal") about the methemoglobin blood alone (first in Vacutainer, and then on filter paper), and then in comparison with control blood, again in Vacutainer, then filter paper. Each HO assessed only one methemoglobin concentration. Three methemoglobin blood samples were studied with 12-14%, 26-35% and 68% methemoglobin concentrations respectively. We found that the ability to detect visually an abnormal appearance of methemoglobin was significantly improved when the test sample was compared to control blood. The descriptive term "darker than normal" was much more commonly used than "chocolate" to describe the methemoglobin blood. PMID- 3193488 TI - Inadvertent metal loading of critically ill patients with acute renal failure by human albumin solution infusion therapy. AB - Recent reports on the metal contamination of human albumin solutions (HAS) have raised concern about possible medical implications. Large amounts of HAS are infused to premature babies with respiratory distress syndrome, patients with plasmapheresis treatment or acute renal failure. For assessment of the risk of metal loading in patients with acute renal failure, commercially available HAS were analyzed for aluminium, nickel, chromium, manganese, cobalt, zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, and mercury. A considerable contamination of HAS was found for Al, Ni, Cr, Mn, and in part for Co. Additionally, the influence of 3 weeks of daily HAS infusion on metal blood levels was studied in 8 critically ill patients with acute renal failure, protein catabolism, ventilator therapy and hemodialysis treatment. Since most metals are primarily eliminated with the urine, these patients seemed to be at high risk for metal loading. In all patients, a considerable increase in the blood concentrations of Al, Ni, Cr, and in some patients of Mn and Co was found. In addition, the daily dose of Al, Ni, Cr, Mn, and Co by HAS was calculated for the 21st day after start of HAS infusion. In most patients, the dose of Al, Ni, and Cr considerably exceeded (up to a factor of 10) the average daily metal dose absorbed from the diet by healthy subjects. The increase in Mn and Co blood levels, despite a low dose of Mn and Co with the daily HAS infusion, was most likely caused by depletion of Mn and Co tissue stores due to the catabolic state of the patients. The contamination of HAS probably originated from the use of aluminum hydroxide and from contact of plasma with stainless steel surfaces during the Cohn fractionation process. The high extent of contamination of HAS with Al, Ni and Cr cannot be accepted since it is already technically feasible to produce HAS with metal concentrations comparable to the normal serum level range. PMID- 3193489 TI - Treatment of aniline poisoning with exchange transfusion. AB - A case of aniline poisoning with methemoglobinemia unresponsive to methylene blue is described. Exchange transfusion proved successful. A rationale for the failure of methylene blue under these circumstances is described. PMID- 3193490 TI - Cerebral infarction associated with oral verapamil overdose. AB - Verapamil is a widely used calcium channel blocker. Side effects with oral use are usually mild, however, major hemodynamic complications and death can occur if the drug is given in overdose. We describe a case of cerebral infarction associated with attempted suicide with verapamil overdose, the first reported to our knowledge. PMID- 3193491 TI - An unusual skin exposure to copper; clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. AB - Skin exposure to copper is rare and has been described only with copper sulfate. A case of skin exposure to copper after an explosion of copper azide is presented. The amount of copper absorbed by this route was estimated to be 7.7 mg. Calculated distribution volume was 2.02 I/kg, half-life was 167.4 days and clearance was 0.0058 ml/min/kg. The authors also demonstrated metallic copper to be radiopaque, in contrast to copper salts. It is suggested that copper may be absorbed from the skin even if it is in the metal form. Careful clinical follow up as well as serial determinations of serum copper should guide the need for chelation therapy. PMID- 3193492 TI - A case of sotalol poisoning with fatal outcome. AB - The case of a 58 year old woman who died after ingestion of 14.4 g of sotalol and 50 mg of triazolam is described. Despite medical treatment, intracardiac pacing and hemodialysis, cardiovascular failure persisted and became irreversible. High sotalol concentrations were observed in plasma (65 micrograms/ml) and in post mortem tissues samples. Tissue to plasma ratios ranged from 2.5 to 6. The high drug concentration found in heart tissue (104.4 micrograms/g) explains the difficulties experienced in the sotalol poisoning. PMID- 3193493 TI - Five cases of Thermopsis poisoning. AB - Various Thermopsis species are found in the foothills and plains of the Rocky Mountains. There are no reported cases of human ingestion to Thermopsis reported in the literature. We report 5 cases of ingestion of seeds or flowers where the primary symptoms were nausea, vomiting and headache of several hours duration. As few as 6 seeds produced symptoms. The common names used by parents when calling the poison center could have easily lead to misidentification and a careful history and subsequent professional identification were required to ascertain the actual plant involved. PMID- 3193494 TI - Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male. AB - A 16 year old male who ingested an estimated 6-8 grams of caffeine is described. Caffeine is commonly thought to be harmless, but its wide availability has promoted abuse. This patient manifested many of the adverse effects seen in acute caffeine ingestion including hypokalemia, elevated blood glucose, tachycardia, bigeminy and agitation. Respiratory alkalosis and chest pain, which have not been previously reported to our knowledge in caffeine overdose, were also noted in this patient. Three serum caffeine levels were analyzed and an abnormally long elimination half-life of approximately 16 hours was calculated from the results. PMID- 3193495 TI - Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: an analysis of the predictors of progression. AB - Incidentally discovered prostatic cancer can pursue a benign clinical course or it can rapidly progress. Differentiating those tumors with low biological potential from more aggressive lesions has been the focus of many reports. To define more completely the variables that can be used to predict those patients with low biological potential requiring limited treatment from those needing more extensive therapy, a retrospective study of 232 patients with incidentally discovered cancer was undertaken. Progressive disease was used as an endpoint for statistical analysis with the Kaplan-Meier technique and Cox's multiple hazard regression mode. This extensive analysis of multiple parameters demonstrated a significant advantage of survival free of disease for patients presenting with tumors manifesting a lower Gleason score and volume extent. Probability tables were constructed to allow for prediction of the probability of progression for a given patient with incidentally discovered prostate cancer directly related to patient age at diagnosis, Gleason score, and initial volume extent of the tumor. With these tables a logical therapeutic approach can be derived for each patient in an attempt to maximize survival free of disease with minimal intervention. PMID- 3193496 TI - Management of stage A prostate cancer with a high probability of progression. AB - For the patient with incidentally discovered prostatic cancer that has a high probability of progression further treatment may be indicated. Several studies have shown that survival free of disease is increased by additional therapy but the choice of treatment remains unclear. The lack of matched controls has prevented rigid statistical analysis of the efficacy of prostatectomy and radiotherapy or expectant management in the treatment of these tumors. A prior review of 251 patients with stage A prostate cancer provided a population base from which to perform a matched pair analysis between 30 control patients receiving no additional treatment and 30 patients treated by either prostatectomy or radiotherapy. A second and unpaired analysis was performed among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy (17), radiotherapy (31) and expectant management alone (33). The treated group achieved a significantly superior survival free of disease over the matched control group managed expectantly. The unpaired analysis again demonstrated the advantages of treatment over no treatment but failed to define a clear statistical difference between the 2 treated groups. Radical prostatectomy appeared to provide a recognizable advantage over radiotherapy in survival free of disease but was not statistically significant owing to the small size of the sample population. PMID- 3193498 TI - Use of a caval-atrial shunt for resection of a caval tumor thrombus in renal cell carcinoma. AB - Extraction of a tumor thrombus in the vena cava from a renal cell carcinoma is a technically demanding but gratifying procedure. We describe a technique for isolation of the superior vena cava during thrombus extraction using an inferior vena caval to atrial shunt. PMID- 3193497 TI - 3-Dimensional and radiological pelviocaliceal anatomy for endourology. AB - The renal collecting system was studied in 100, 3-dimensional corrosion casts and also in 40 casts with the corresponding pyelograms. Some anatomical details that have great importance for endourology were observed and discussed, including the presence of perpendicular minor calices draining into the surface of the collecting system (11 per cent of the cases), crossed calices in the mid kidney with consequent formation of a region that we termed the inter-pelviocaliceal region (17.1 per cent), position of the calices related to the lateral kidney margin (in 52.9 per cent the anterior and posterior calices were superimposed or alternately distributed), position of the calices related to the polar regions (superior pole with a midline caliceal infundibulum in 98.6 per cent and inferior pole with paired calices in 57.9 per cent) and to the mid kidney (with paired calices in 95.7 per cent), and bilateral symmetry of the casts (37.1 per cent). The urologist must appreciate these anatomical structures during operations on the collecting system. PMID- 3193500 TI - Urinary diversion to the augmented and valved rectum: preliminary results with a novel surgical procedure. AB - A new method for urinary diversion to the rectum was elaborated in animal experiments and currently has been used in 19 patients. Reflux of the rectal content to the colon and to the upper urinary tract is prevented by the fashioning of an intussusception valve at the rectosigmoid junction. The rectum is augmented by anastomosing an ileal patch to the anterior rectal wall. A transverse colostomy protects the construction for 6 to 8 weeks. Of the 19 patients 3 had local recurrence or metastasis within 6 months. Thus, 16 patients with a followup of 3 to 14 months are evaluable. All patients are continent during the daytime with an emptying frequency of 3 to 5 times and dry at night with a frequency of 0 to 2. In 3 patients partial sliding of the sigmoid intussusception valve occurred causing reflux of rectal contents to the sigmoid and to the right ureter in 1. Reflux to the upper urinary tract has not been revealed in any of the other patients. With 1 exception excretory urography has demonstrated either improvement or stabilization of the upper urinary tract post operatively. The rectal capacity increased from 200 to 700 ml. after 6 months. With the reservoir full the mean basal pressure was 17 cm. water and the mean maximum pressure was 24 cm. water. PMID- 3193501 TI - The hemi-Kock augmentation ileocystoplasty: a low pressure anti-refluxing system. AB - Experiences with various methods of using intestinal segments for bladder augmentation and urinary undiversion, as well as with clinical applications of the Kock continent ileostomy for urinary diversion have led us to develop the hemi-Kock augmentation ileocystoplasty for selected patients requiring a nonrefluxing bladder augmentation. In 6 of 7 patients this bladder augmentation technique fulfilled the requirement for a low pressure nonrefluxing reservoir. Renal function has been preserved and electrolyte problems have not occurred. Nocturnal incontinence has been eliminated. Although 2 of 7 patients required surgical revision patient acceptance has been excellent. Prerequisites to implementing this approach are appropriate patient selection and familiarity with the surgical principles of the continent ileal reservoir. PMID- 3193499 TI - Management of iatrogenic ureteral strictures after urological procedures. AB - At our institution more of the iatrogenic ureteral injuries seen are caused by urologists than by gynecologists or general surgeons. The management of 94 such injuries is discussed, 55 of which were the result of open operations, 34 of endourological procedures and 5 of transurethral operations. More than half of the injuries (52 per cent) involved the ureteropelvic junction. Endourological procedures were successful in correcting the problem in 58 patients and consisted of endopyelotomy (38), dilation (10), ureteral meatotomy (8), antegrade ureterotomy (1) and percutaneous ureterotomy (1). Endourological procedures failed in 20 other cases. Altogether, 36 patients (38 per cent) required an open operation consisting of ureteroureterostomy (9), ureterocalicostomy (7), ureteral reimplantation (6), Boari flap (5), pyeloplasty (4), ileal interposition (3), undiversion (1) and nephrectomy (1). The treatment options that appear to be most suitable for particular types of injury are discussed. Final results were satisfactory in all patients. PMID- 3193502 TI - Interstitial cystitis is associated with intraurothelial Tamm-Horsfall protein. AB - A defective barrier between the urine and urothelium has been suggested as an etiology for interstitial cystitis. With immunohistochemical techniques we assayed the bladder biopsies of 14 interstitial cystitis patients and 10 normal controls for intraurothelial Tamm-Horsfall protein to assess indirectly the in vivo permeability of the urothelium. Eight pathological controls, including bladder biopsies from 3 patients with inflammation owing to infection or catheterization and biopsies of 5 transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder, also were assayed. Superficial intraurothelial Tamm-Horsfall protein was identified in the biopsies from 10 of 14 interstitial cystitis patients (71 per cent) but only 1 of 10 controls (10 per cent) (p less than 0.01). Tamm-Horsfall protein was not identified in biopsies from the pathological controls. In 6 of 7 cases when more than 1 biopsy was available for analysis the findings were identical in each specimen. There was a direct correlation between the density of detrusor mast cells and the demonstration of intraurothelial Tamm-Horsfall protein. Seven of the 9 evaluable interstitial cystitis patients with intraurothelial Tamm-Horsfall protein but only 1 of 4 without intraurothelial Tamm-Horsfall protein experienced a favorable response to intravesicle oxychlorosene sodium (p greater than 0.05). These data suggest that abnormal permeability of the urothelium is associated with and a possible cause of interstitial cystitis and that the demonstration of intraurothelial Tamm-Horsfall protein in bladder biopsy specimens may prove to be useful as a diagnostic test for interstitial cystitis. PMID- 3193503 TI - Flow cytometry and cytology as response indicators to M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin). AB - We evaluated 23 patients treated with neoadjuvant methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin for muscle invasive bladder carcinoma with serial bladder wash flow cytometry and serial urinary cytology. The sensitivities of bladder wash flow cytometry and cytology in detecting bladder cancer were 74 and 47 per cent, respectively, based on subsequent diagnosis from biopsy and cystectomy specimens. Exclusion of those cases without surface carcinoma increased the sensitivities of bladder wash flow cytometry and cytology to 93 and 60 per cent, respectively. Persistently positive bladder wash flow cytometry and cytology correctly predicted residual disease in 88 and 100 per cent, respectively. However, negative bladder wash flow cytometry and cytology after chemotherapy were not reliable indicators of disease-free status. PMID- 3193504 TI - The potency-sparing radical cystectomy: does it compromise the completeness of the cancer resection? AB - Anatomical radical cystectomies with en bloc pelvic lymph node dissections were performed post mortem on 10 male cadavers. The traditional technique of radical cystectomy was used on 1 side and the potency-sparing technique was used on the opposite side. The tissue responsible for the differences in the surgical margins with the 2 procedures was examined by routine surgical pathological techniques to determine if it contained lymph nodes. Lymph nodes were identified in the bundle of tissue left in the pelvis with the nerve-sparing radical cystectomy in 6 of the 10 dissections (60 per cent). Because these lymph nodes may represent the potential first site of metastatic disease leaving the bladder, the reader is cautioned about adopting the nerve-sparing radical cystectomy as part of the management of invasive bladder cancer until the long-term sequelae of the procedure are known. PMID- 3193505 TI - Spinal cord lesions at different levels affect either the adrenergic or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves in the human urethra. AB - The urethras from 1 patient with cervical (C1-2) and 2 patients with thoracic (T10) spinal cord lesions were studied histochemically and immunohistochemically for adrenergic and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves. Dense vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive but not adrenergic nerves were found in the urethral smooth muscle, around the blood vessels and at the base of the mucosa in the patients with thoracic lesions. In contrast, adrenergic but not vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves were found associated with the smooth muscle of the urethra and around the blood vessels in the patient with a cervical lesion. In patients with cervical or thoracic lesions neither adrenergic nor vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive nerves were found around striated muscle fibers of the intrinsic external urethral sphincter. The results are discussed in relation to the possible function of these nerves in the urethra of patients with autonomic dysreflexia and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. PMID- 3193506 TI - Erectile responses to intracavernous papaverine and phentolamine: comparison of single and combined delivery. AB - In a prospective study of 15 consecutive impotent patients we evaluated the erectile responses to intracavernous injections of standardized doses of papaverine and phentolamine alone and in combination. Of the 15 patients 13 achieved a full erection with the drug combination, whereas only 6 achieved a full erection with papaverine and 1 with phentolamine. Our results suggest an effective alternative to the use of papaverine alone, whose long-term sequelae have been shown to be deleterious. PMID- 3193507 TI - Experience in the management of erectile dysfunction using the intracavernosal self-injection of vasoactive drugs. AB - We report the results of a survey of 75 patients with erectile dysfunction, all of whom were treated by self-injection of the corpora cavernosa with vasoactive agents. At the time of the survey each patient had been self-injecting at home for at least 3 months. Of the patients 62 were followed for 3 to 21 months. Patients used this form of treatment with minimal assistance from our clinic staff. It was acceptable to them with few complications except for prolonged erections in 11 per cent of the men. Fifteen patients (24 per cent) with psychogenic impotence reported spontaneous improvement in erections during treatment and 4 discontinued treatment for this reason. Another 26 patients (42 per cent) continue to use self-injection as the definitive mode of treatment for erectile dysfunction. PMID- 3193509 TI - The Hydroflex self-contained inflatable prosthesis: experience with 100 patients. AB - The Hydroflex penile prosthesis has been implanted in 100 patients with a 1 to 3 1/2-year followup. Patient dissatisfaction among the earlier implants was high due to inadequate girth and support during intercourse and difficulty with inflation and deflation of the device. As experience was gained in patient selection and sizing of the cylinders, patient satisfaction improved considerably. The mechanical reliability of this device has been good to date. PMID- 3193508 TI - Use of CX cylinders in association with AMS700 inflatable penile prosthesis. AB - Recently the triple-layered CX or controlled expansion cylinders were introduced, which consisted of a middle layer of expandable monofilament knitted polypropylene-like material sandwiched between 2 silicone layers. These cylinders provide uniform nonaneurysmal expansion to a girth of 18 mm. CX cylinders were implanted in 34 patients for a variety of situations. The results have been gratifying in each case and patient satisfaction has been high. PMID- 3193510 TI - Clinical experience with the Mentor inflatable penile prosthesis in 301 patients. AB - The Mentor inflatable penile prosthesis has been implanted in 301 patients during the last 60 months, of whom 3 died of unrelated causes and 13 have been lost to followup. Of the remaining 285 patients 96.8 per cent are presently using the device. A life table analysis of 253 implantations performed since 1983 shows that 97 per cent of the prostheses presently being implanted will survive 48 months without mechanical failure. There have been no wear-induced leaks or aneurysms in the 602 cylinders implanted. Complications that resulted in permanent device loss or necessitated a second operation were owing to mechanical problems in 3 per cent, infection in 2.3 per cent and surgeon error in 1.7 per cent of the cases. This clinical study demonstrates the 5-year reliability of cylinders constructed from polyurethane, the reliability of the Mentor snap-on connector system and the increased durability of nylon-reinforced silicone tubing. PMID- 3193511 TI - Five-year followup of the Scott inflatable penile prosthesis and comparison with semirigid penile prosthesis. AB - The Scott inflatable penile prosthesis remains one of the most popular devices available for the surgical treatment of impotence despite high complication and reoperation rates. We present our 5-year followup of 116 inflatable prostheses placed before 1981 in 85 patients, with a 61 per cent overall 5-year complication rate. The incidence of complications by year after operation showed that most (22 per cent) devices failed within 1 year after implantation, with failure rates gradually decreasing to 6 and 7 per cent during years 4 and 5, respectively. Of 85 patients receiving an inflatable prosthesis 61 per cent underwent reoperation during the 5-year followup. A 5-year overall complication rate of only 14 per cent was seen in 29 Small-Carrion semirigid prostheses implanted during the same time. The results of numerous recent improvements in the design and structure of the Scott inflatable penile prosthesis to prevent mechanical device failure remain to be tested over the long term. PMID- 3193512 TI - Bilateral testicular injury from external trauma. AB - Among 79 patients with testicular injury as a result of external trauma 5 had bilateral injury. Such injury occurred in only 1 of 66 patients (1.5 per cent) with blunt trauma versus 4 of 13 (31 per cent) with penetrating trauma. Bilateral ruptures were managed by bilateral partial orchiectomy in 2 cases, and orchiectomy with contralateral debridement and suturing in 1. Of 2 patients with unilateral rupture and contralateral contusion the contusions were treated by evacuation of the hematoma and the ruptures were managed by orchiectomy in 1 and partial orchiectomy in the other. Four patients were available for followup. One patient was hormonally anorchid but he obtained normal erections with testosterone cypionate, 1 had normal serum testosterone concentrations but borderline normal semen analysis, and 1 had reduced erections and borderline normal semen. The remaining patient had normal erections and no semen analysis was performed. The nature of the injury rather than the type of treatment appears to be the primary determinant of the outcome in these cases. PMID- 3193513 TI - An evaluation of serial digital rectal examinations in screening for prostate cancer. AB - The purpose of this review is to test the hypothesis that serial digital rectal examinations of the prostate lead to detection of prostate cancer at an earlier and more curable stage. The clinic records of 4,843 patients between 40 and 79 years old seen at the Brooke Army Medical Center prostate cancer screening clinic between January 1979 and September 1985 were reviewed. Of the patients with palpable nodules 122 were found on biopsy to have adenocarcinoma of the prostate. We compared the clinical and, when possible, pathological stage of disease diagnosed at the initial clinical visit to those from patients who had prior normal digital rectal examinations at the screening clinic and who were followed at our clinic. There was a numerically striking difference in the percentage of patients in each group with clinical as well as pathological stage B cancer. Due to the small number of patients in each group these differences were not statistically significant. PMID- 3193514 TI - The natural course of prostatic carcinoma in relation to initial cytological grade. AB - We investigated retrospectively 91 patients with prostatic carcinoma diagnosed cytologically between 1978 and 1979. Of the patients 57 had no metastases (M0) at presentation. The majority of the patients without metastases had well or moderately well differentiated carcinoma. Of 18 patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma 17 had metastases at presentation. The patients without metastases were left untreated, while those with metastases received active antitumor treatment. Local progression and/or development of metastases during surveillance occurred in 24 patients (42 per cent) and antitumor treatment was initiated. Mean observation time in the group untreated throughout observation was 47 months. Mean interval to progression in the patients treated subsequently was 31 months. In the surveillance group no difference in mean interval to progression, frequency of local progression, development of metastases or death rate of prostatic carcinoma was found when the patients with initially well and moderately well differentiated carcinoma were compared. Therefore, in our study initial cytological grade failed to predict a difference in progression in patients with well and moderately well differentiated prostatic carcinoma. Since almost all patients with poorly differentiated carcinoma had metastases at presentation a poor differentiation seems to predict a worse prognosis compared to well and moderately well differentiated tumors. PMID- 3193515 TI - Radical prostatectomy after radiation therapy for cancer of the prostate: feasibility and prognosis. AB - A total of 30 patients underwent an operation (radical prostatectomy in 27 and cystoprostatectomy in 3) for prostate cancer. In 17 patients radiotherapy with curative intent (range 5,700 to 7,500 cGy., mean 6,130 cGy.) had failed locally at 7 to 150 months (mean 48.8 months) later; 13 underwent the operation 2 months or less after planned radiotherapy (4,000 to 7,000 cGy., mean 5,431 cGy.). Followup was 1 to 16 years (mean 6.7 years). There was no perioperative death. The most significant complications were vesical neck contracture (17 per cent), lymphedema (10 per cent) and incontinence (10 per cent). Pathological staging revealed 8 patients with stage D1 disease. Of tumor grade, stage, adjuvant hormonal treatment and ploidy pattern only the last was associated with progression and survival. An increasing number of patients with local, albeit often symptomatic, radiation failure may present during the next years and they must be treated. Salvage prostatectomy is feasible and its associated morbidity seems to be acceptable; alternative (nonoperative) treatment modalities have proved not to be effective. Deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy pattern can provide valuable prognostic information in this difficult patient population for decision making regarding radical surgery and adjuvant hormonal treatment. PMID- 3193516 TI - Urokinase-type plasminogen activator as a marker for the formation of distant metastases in prostatic carcinomas. AB - Plasma levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator have been investigated in 80 patients with prostatic carcinoma by means of a radioimmunoassay. A total of 30 patients with disseminated prostatic carcinoma had significantly elevated levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, whereas the plasma levels in patients without metastases did not differ from a healthy age matched control group. Sensitivity of elevated urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels in patients with prostatic carcinoma for the presence of metastases was 80 per cent. Therefore, urokinase-type plasminogen activator appears to be a reliable marker for the formation of metastases in prostatic carcinoma. PMID- 3193517 TI - Distribution of patients with 2,8-dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in Japan. AB - 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis is caused by genetic deficiencies of adenine phosphoribosyl-transferase. This disease has occurred in a large number of Japanese patients and more than half of all families with this disease are only partially deficient in enzyme activities (Japanese type adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency). To clarify the reasons for the preponderance of Japanese cases we sent questionnaires to 948 Japanese urological departments. The data thus obtained indicated that 76 families had 2,8 dihydroxyadenine lithiasis and of 51 families in which adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activities were assayed 76 per cent were only partially deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activities. The distribution of the 2,8-dihydroxyadenine families was roughly similar to that of the population in Japan and the rates of the Japanese type adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency families were not significantly different among the various parts of Japan. These data indicate that the wide distribution of the unique mutant gene, APRT*J, that was created many years ago in a Japanese ancestor, explains at least in part the large number of 2,8-dihydroxyadenine lithiasis and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency families among the Japanese. PMID- 3193518 TI - The excretory urogram bowel preparation--is it necessary? AB - A prospective randomized study was undertaken to determine whether prior bowel preparation improves the diagnostic quality of the excretory urogram. From August 1986 to May 1987, 107 outpatients having an excretory urogram on an elective basis were randomized into 3 groups: group 1 received castor oil, group 2 received x-ray preparation and group 3 received clear fluids 24 hours before the study. The quality of the bowel preparation and the excretory urogram was graded separately on a scale of 1 to 5. More than 71 per cent of the bowel preparations were graded as 4 (very good) or 5 (excellent) and more than 91 per cent of the films were graded as 4 or 5 in all 3 groups. The quality of the excretory urogram was graded as 5/5 in a greater number of group 3 cases. Patients reported a high incidence of side effects from both bowel preparations, while no adverse effects were reported from those in group 3. The administration of a bowel preparation compared to that of clear fluids alone made no difference to either the quality of the bowel preparation or the diagnostic quality of the film. PMID- 3193519 TI - Malpractice claims for urogenital injuries. AB - Precise information regarding patient injuries, claims and compensation in medical malpractice cases is scarce. This dearth is especially evident among cases citing injury to the genitourinary system. In an effort to explore the topic of iatrogenic urogenital damage 3,454 malpractice claims were reviewed and an analysis of 122 cases involving urogenital injury is presented. The 2 types of claims that predominated were negligent surgery, and failure to diagnose and treat urogenital disease. Nonurological practitioners were the focus of allegations of negligence in two-thirds of each type of claim. Certain surgical procedures and clinical shortcomings in a wide range of specialties were identified as being prevalent causes of malpractice claims for urogenital injuries. The correlation between money paid to claimants and specific types of injury also was examined. Suggestions are offered regarding ways to reduce the risk of malpractice liability. PMID- 3193520 TI - Simple versus multichannel cystometry in the evaluation of bladder function in an incontinent geriatric population. AB - Bladder capacity and stability were determined among 171 incontinent geriatric patients (mean age 80 years) with 2 techniques: a simple procedure for cystometry involving incremental bladder filling by gravity and a continuous water filling multichannel cystometrogram. Bladder capacities measured by both methods in 164 patients were correlated significantly by simple linear regression (r equals 0.75, p equals 0.0001) and they were not significantly different by paired t tests (t equals 1.20, p equals 0.23). Of the patients 110 (64 per cent) had detrusor motor instability or hyperreflexia on the multichannel cystometrogram, and simple cystometry had a sensitivity of 75 per cent, specificity of 79 per cent and positive predictive value of 85 per cent for this finding. The simple procedure was practical, well tolerated and helped to provide information for management decisions that would have been difficult to obtain from many of these geriatric patients without a formal and more complex urodynamic evaluation. When performed with other simple tests of lower urinary tract function and interpreted in conjunction with a few straightforward clinical criteria, simple cystometry can be helpful to assess bladder function among incontinent geriatric patients in settings in which formal urodynamics are either unavailable or impractical. PMID- 3193521 TI - Ileocecal ureterosigmoidostomy: an alternative to conventional ureterosigmoidostomy. AB - We describe a 1-stage procedure that involves use of the ileocecal segment as an intervening urine conduit to the large bowel to achieve a continent diversion. The ureters are anastomosed end to end to the terminal ileum that is intussuscepted into the cecum. The cecum then is joined to the lower sigmoid by an end-to-side anastomosis. Mixed urine and feces are eliminated through the rectum. The results in 5 patients with exstrophy and 1 with epispadias between 5 months and 13 years old are reported. Ureteral reflux was not observed. Urinary tract infection developed in 2 patients. Ileocecal ureterosigmoidostomy is a reasonable alternative to intact ureterosigmoidostomy that may reduce the risk of development of cancer. PMID- 3193522 TI - A bladder pressure management system for myelodysplasia--clinical outcome. AB - A program for the management of neurogenic bladder in patients with myelodysplasia was instituted in July 1983. Of the 114 patients entered into the program who have been followed for a minimum of 18 months 42 per cent required treatment for high intravesical pressures. None of this group or the larger group with low bladder pressures showed progressive upper urinary tract deterioration. In 8 children (17 per cent of those with high pressure bladder dysfunction) high intravesical pressure persisted despite anticholinergic medication and intermittent catheterization, and they required an operation to achieve a low pressure bladder. These results confirm the findings in other studies that about 40 per cent of myelodysplastic children are at high risk for the development of upper tract changes, and that approximately 6 to 8 per cent will not respond sufficiently to anticholinergic agents and intermittent catheterization. PMID- 3193523 TI - Fibrous hamartoma of infancy. AB - We report a case of recurrent fibrous hamartoma of infancy in the inguinal region. To our knowledge this is the first such case reported, and it illustrates the benign nature and recurrent potential of the tumor. PMID- 3193524 TI - Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy performed on woman with a cardiac pacemaker. AB - A 73-year-old woman with a sick sinus syndrome and a 3-year-old ventricular demand pacemaker underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy without incident. There was no damage or malfunction of the pacemaker during or acutely after this therapy. The lithotriptor had no difficulty in sensing all paced or spontaneous ventricular complexes. PMID- 3193525 TI - Thoracic ureter. AB - We report a case of a somewhat dilated ascending and descending ureteral segment penetrating into the thorax with moderate symptoms. The diagnosis was made by excretory urography. To our knowledge, our case represents the first such report in the literature. PMID- 3193526 TI - Radiolucent seed calculi in an orthotopic ureterocele. AB - We report a case of radiolucent seed calculi in an orthotopic ureterocele. The diagnosis was based on clinical suspicion and confirmed by ultrasonography. PMID- 3193527 TI - Bilateral ureteral necrosis and obliteration secondary to pancreatic pseudocyst. AB - We report an unusual case of bilateral distal ureteral necrosis and obliteration associated with a pancreatic pseudocyst. After cyst drainage bilateral ureteral obstruction developed, requiring surgical correction. While it is known that a pancreatic pseudocyst can cause extensive damage to contiguous organs, to our knowledge this case represents the first report of ureteral necrosis and obliteration resulting from pancreatic enzyme damage to the ureters. PMID- 3193528 TI - Ureteral leak around an aortic bifurcation graft: complication of ureteral stenting. AB - Aortoiliac bypass surgery has a 2 to 20 per cent incidence of ureteral injury causing postoperative hydronephrosis frequently without symptoms. We describe a patient in whom a ureteral stricture developed 12 days after placement of an aortic bifurcation graft. Treatment consisted of ureteral dilation and stenting following which a ureteral leak developed around the bifurcation graft from the stented dilation site, presumably from pressure necrosis of the ureter caught between the pulsating graft and the ureteral stent. The patient did well with external nephrostomy drainage. We conclude that ureteral stenting of patients suffering from significant aortoiliac disease should be approached with great caution, using the softest stent material available. PMID- 3193529 TI - The Mitrofanoff principle: an alternative form of continent urinary diversion. AB - The Mitrofanoff procedure for continent urinary diversion was described in 1980. This principle has been expanded upon and used to achieve continent urinary diversion in virtually any indicated clinical setting. We report 3 cases treated by the Mitrofanoff principle to illustrate the spectrum of clinical situations to which it is applicable. The Mitrofanoff principle represents a viable form of continent urinary diversion. PMID- 3193530 TI - Nodular fasciitis of the bladder. AB - Nodular fasciitis is a nonneoplastic swelling consisting of fibroblastic proliferation and commonly occurring in the subcutaneous tissue of the extremities. We report a case of nodular fasciitis involving the wall of the bladder. It is important to be aware of the histological characteristics of this essentially benign condition so that unnecessary radical therapies can be avoided. PMID- 3193531 TI - Actinomycosis of urachal remnants. AB - We report a case of urachal actinomycosis. The patient presented with complaints of micturition pain and a lower abdominal mass. Computerized tomography and an echogram showed the mass extending from the dome of the bladder to just beneath the rectus muscle. Exploration revealed a hard mass in the urachal cord, which was near the dome of the bladder and extended to the umbilicus. The mass and urachal cord were resected, and histopathological examination revealed actinomycosis of the urachal remnants. PMID- 3193532 TI - Localized amyloidosis of the urethra: diagnostic implications and management. AB - Localized amyloidosis of the urethra is a rare pathological entity that may resemble neoplastic disease. Biopsy is required to make the appropriate diagnosis. Although localized therapy is available for obstructing, symptomatic lesions, asymptomatic lesions may be followed with conservative management and spontaneous regression has been reported. In addition, an appropriate medical evaluation should be performed to determine the presence of systemic amyloidosis. PMID- 3193533 TI - Vascular complications of transurethral incision of post-traumatic urethral strictures. AB - Retrograde or antegrade transurethral incision of urethral strictures that have formed after complete rupture of the membranous urethra has been advocated to restore urethral continuity. With this technique we encountered vascular complications in 2 patients, which consisted of opening of a patent vessel entrapped in the fibrous tissue of the stricture. The opened vein in 1 patient healed without bleeding. The opened artery in the other patient did not heal with catheter drainage and pressure dressings, resulting in recurrent severe hemorrhage that necessitated stage 1 urethroplasty with ligation of the artery. The entrapment of a patent vessel in fibrous scar tissue resulting from complete urethral rupture is believed to be responsible for these complications. PMID- 3193535 TI - Nonpenetrating gunshot injury as a cause of testicular rupture. AB - We report 2 cases of testicular rupture owing to a nonpenetrating gunshot injury. Immediate surgical exploration on the basis of a large painful scrotum of acute onset accorded a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. PMID- 3193534 TI - Candida albicans corpora abscess following penile prosthesis placement. PMID- 3193537 TI - Re: Predictive criteria for failed sphincterotomy in spinal cord injury patients. PMID- 3193536 TI - Normal expression of the serologically defined H-Y antigen in Leydig cell hypoplasia. AB - H-Y antigen, the proposed inducer of testicular organogenesis, was determined serologically in 3 patients with male pseudohermaphroditism due to Leydig cell hypoplasia, a pathological model with lack of Leydig cell differentiation but normal seminiferous tubule embryogenesis. One patient was the offspring of consanguineous parents and 2 siblings presented as women with a lack of breast development and primary amenorrhea. Gonads were palpable in the inguinal canal, except for the right intra-abdominal testis in 1 patient. Two patients had female external genitalia and 1 had partial labial fusion. Karyotypes were 46XY. Gonadotropin levels were elevated, and testosterone was low and failed to increase after stimulation with human chorionic gonadotropin. Testosterone precursors were not elevated. Testicular histology showed absence of mature Leydig cells but relatively preserved seminiferous tubules. Family history was consistent for autosomal recessive inheritance. H-Y antigen expression measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was normal, indicating that lack of other inductive factors for Leydig cell differentiation are responsible for Leydig cell hypoplasia. PMID- 3193538 TI - Re: Urological complications of sickle cell disease in a pediatric population. PMID- 3193539 TI - Re: The veno-occlusive mechanism of the canine corpus cavernosum: angiographic and pharmacologic studies. PMID- 3193540 TI - Re: Radioimmunological imaging of metastatic prostatic cancer with 111indium labeled monoclonal antibody PAY 276. PMID- 3193541 TI - Re: The evaluation of microscopic hematuria: a population-based study. PMID- 3193542 TI - Re: Suppression and treatment of urinary tract infection in patients with an intermittently catheterized neurogenic bladder. PMID- 3193543 TI - The diagnosis of venogenic impotence: dynamic or pharmacologic cavernosometry? AB - In an attempt to refine the diagnosis of venogenic impotence, we evaluated different techniques of cavernosometry in 10 dogs. Saline was perfused intracavernously in five dogs to induce erection. Regardless of the amount required for induction, a mean flow rate of 23.4 ml./min. was necessary to maintain an intracavernous pressure level of 110 cm. H2O. In seven dogs, a leak was created by intracavernous insertion of a 19-gauge needle. When erection was induced by either cavernous nerve stimulation or a combination of papaverine injection and saline perfusion, the mean flow through the needle was significantly less than when erection was induced by saline perfusion alone (1.73, 1.78, and 8.77 ml./min., respectively). Sympathetic trunk stimulation at the level of L5 could reduce the intracavernous pressure by 90% in erections induced by neural stimulation or papaverine plus perfusion but had no effect on erection induced by saline perfusion alone. Our findings show that cavernosometry after intracavernous injection of papaverine will provide more valuable information in patients in whom venogenic impotence is suspected. PMID- 3193545 TI - Dynamic study of nervous control on prostatic contraction and fluid excretion in the dog. AB - The effect of the section or stimulation of various nerves on prostatic contraction and fluid excretion was investigated dynamically in the dog using an apparatus devised in our laboratory. Prostatic contraction could be classified into two types from the pattern of the contracting wave. One was a prominent tonic contraction, designated as H-type contraction, observed typically after hypogastric nerve stimulation and followed always by prostatic fluid excretion. The other was a weak clonic contraction, designated as P-type contraction, occurring typically after pelvic nerve stimulation and accompanied by no fluid excretion. The periodical contraction of these two types was noticed even at rest. The H-type contraction was associated with fluid excretion with a mean rate of 0.3 ml./hr. The denervation both of the hypogastric and pelvic nerves showed no distinct influence on contraction and excretion in the resting condition. The pudendal nerve was demonstrated to have no significant effect on prostatic contraction and fluid excretion. From these results, it was considered that dynamic fluid excretion followed by prostatic contraction was regulated chiefly by sympathetic fibers from the hypogastric nerve and the physiological role of parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic nerve was something other than fluid excretion. PMID- 3193544 TI - The rationale for pharmacologic cavernosography. AB - To refine the diagnostic method for opacification of aberrant venous drainage in venogenic impotence, an experimental study was done in eight monkeys. In all monkeys, cavernosography after induction of erection by saline perfusion showed significant drainage via the cavernous veins. However, when cavernosography was performed after neurostimulation or papaverine injection, no cavernous drainage was visualized, even when the intracavernous pressure had been significantly lowered by creation of an artificial cavernous leak. Because erection can result from saline perfusion only when the volume perfused exceeds the venous outflow capability, cavernosography during saline-induced erection will always demonstrate the entire venous system and, thus, is of no diagnostic value. Pharmacocavernosography imitates the physiologic venous occlusive mechanism and should therefore be used to identify the abnormally draining veins in venogenic erectile dysfunction. PMID- 3193546 TI - Promotive effect of urine from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism on calcium oxalate crystal aggregation in an in vitro whole urine system. AB - Urine from patients with calculi produced by primary hyperparathyroidism was examined to determine its promotive effect on calcium oxalate crystal aggregation. The study was carried out in an in vitro whole urine system and the particle size distribution assay was done by Coulter Counter, Model TAII. Of urine samples from 19 hyperparathyroid patients, 15 showed obvious promotion of calcium oxalate crystal aggregation. It is not known what kind of substances in such urine led to this phenomenon and whether these unknown factors act by actually promoting crystal aggregation or by blocking substances of inhibitors. PMID- 3193547 TI - Characterization of a heparin-binding growth factor from adenocarcinoma of the kidney. AB - A polypeptide isolated from tissue extracts of renal adenocarcinoma was mitogenic for BALB/c 3T3 cells and human umbilical vein (HUV) cells in culture. It also demonstrated angiogenic ability using the chorioallantoic membrane bioassay. Using heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography the purified protein eluted with a NaCl concentration between 1.4 and 1.8 M and demonstrated a molecular weight of approximately 17,000 daltons based on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Half maximal stimulation of tritiated thymidine incorporation into BALB/c 3T3 cells was achieved by 1.6 ng./ml. of the heparin binding material. Western blot analysis using antibodies specific to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) only or acidic FGF (aFGF) only demonstrated that the purified protein binds to the former and not the latter. The characteristics of this material, in effect the elution profile off heparin-Sepharose, the molecular weight, angiogenic activity and the results of western blot analysis, suggest that this growth factor is similar to the family of basic fibroblast growth factors. PMID- 3193548 TI - Objective noninvasive evaluation of venous surgical results. AB - The hemodynamic effect of conventional surgery for varicose veins has been evaluated with a new method of air-plethysmography. The functional venous volume of the leg, venous reflux, and calf muscle pump-ejecting capacity have been measured in 42 legs with primary varicose veins. The patients were studied clinically, with Doppler ultrasound, duplex scanning, and phlebography preoperatively. Doppler ultrasound was repeated postoperatively. Air plethysmography was performed one day before surgery and 8 to 10 days after surgery. A decrease of the functional venous volume of 16% has been observed (p less than 0.001). The abolition of venous reflux has been shown in all the patients. An improvement in the calf muscle pump-ejecting capacity has also been shown, with a 30% increase of the ejection fraction of the calf muscle pump and with a 43% decrease of the residual volume fraction after 10 tiptoe movements (p less than 0.001). The results indicate that this new method of air plethysmography apart from its diagnostic value offers a new and unique technique for a noninvasive, objective, and quantitative evaluation of the results of established and experimental venous surgery. PMID- 3193549 TI - Small vessel leg angiography for distal vessel bypass grafts. AB - To improve visualization of the small vessels for distal bypass grafting, arteriograms of the lower extremity were obtained in 187 patients by use of active warming of the extremities, selective distal positioning of the catheter for contrast agent injections, and intraarterial administration of tolazoline. With these techniques, satisfactory visualization was obtained for planning of operation, and in only one patient was an intraoperative arteriogram necessary before bypass grafts were placed. PMID- 3193550 TI - Transcatheter embolization facilitating surgical management of a giant inferior gluteal artery pseudoaneurysm. AB - This article is a report on a case of a giant pseudoaneurysm of the inferior gluteal artery where important features of the diagnosis, with special mention of magnetic resonance imaging and arteriography, are discussed. Surgical therapy is the treatment of choice for these lesions. Historically, proximal arterial control has been the main dilemma in the management of gluteal artery pseudoaneurysm. We found transcatheter embolization to provide optimal control and eliminate the need for preperitoneal or intraabdominal dissection. Surgical repair can then be carried out without risk of intraoperative hemorrhage. PMID- 3193552 TI - Qualifications of the physician in charge of the vascular diagnostic laboratory. PMID- 3193551 TI - Suggested standards for reports dealing with cerebrovascular disease. Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Cerebrovascular Disease, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery/North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery. AB - The evaluation of clinical reports on vascular disease is often made difficult by variations in descriptive terms, clinical classification, and outcome criteria. In 1983 the Joint Council of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the North American Chapter of the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery created the Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards to address these problems and recommend solutions. Some general problems were addressed in the initial report dealing with lower extremity ischemia. This article concerns clinical standards for reports dealing with cerebrovascular disease, suggests a scheme for clinical classification, and recommends standardized reporting practices for grading risk factors, angiographic and other diagnostic findings, and the results and complications of therapeutic intervention. PMID- 3193553 TI - Do intestinal helminths affect condition and fecundity of adult mountain hares? AB - The abundance of the intestinal helminth Trichostrongylus retortaeformis in adult mountain hares (Lepus timidus) from a moor in northeastern Scotland was assessed monthly. Weight and fatness of each hare was measured and the reproductive output of females was estimated by sectioning ovaries. Abundance of the parasite was lower in December and January than at other times of year, and there was no difference in abundance between male and female hares. There was no correlation between intensity of infection with T. retortaeformis and weight or fatness of hares either at the onset of the reproductive period (February and March) or at its termination (August and September). We found no relationship between fecundity of female hares and parasite abundance. PMID- 3193554 TI - Trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem. III. Epidemiological investigations of Trichinella spiralis in resident wild and feral animals. AB - As part of a larger epidemiological study examining the transmission of Trichinella spiralis in an agricultural ecosystem, resident wild and feral animals were trapped to determine the extent of their involvement in the natural, on-farm cycling of the parasite among swine. During a 21-mo-study, seven of 15 skunks (Mephitis mephitis), one of three opossums (Didelphis virginiana), two of two feral domestic cats and a raccoon (Procyon lotor) were found to be infected, while five shrews (Blarina brevicauda) and 18 deer mice (Peromyscus spp.) were uninfected. Most of the former hosts probably became infected by scavenging dead infected swine or rats (Rattus norvegicus). However, infections obtained through predation of living rats, particularly with regard to the cats, cannot be excluded. Our observations do not suggest that there was transmission of T. spiralis from the wild animals to swine. Therefore, transmission of T. spiralis appeared to occur only from the farm's swine and rats to the associated wild and feral animals. PMID- 3193555 TI - Plasmodium relictum as a cause of avian malaria in wild-caught magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). AB - Avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) caused significant mortality in wild-caught Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) in 1986 at the Blank Park Zoo in Des Moines, Iowa (USA). In early winter, wild birds were captured off the southern coast of Chile and flown to Detroit, Michigan for a 38 day quarantine. After quarantine, 18 birds were dispersed to Lansing, Michigan, six to a facility in Maine, and 46 to Des Moines, Iowa. Upon arrival in Des Moines, several penguins became weak and inactive, had to be force-fed, and died after 2 days. Gross lesions at postmortem included splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and pulmonary edema. Histopathological examination revealed numerous intraendothelial schizonts in spleen, lung, liver, heart and kidney. Schizonts were generally 16 to 28 micron by 11 to 16 micron and contained merozoites of two distinct sized (macromerozoites, nuclei 1.0 micron; micromerozoites, nuclei 0.5 micron). Based on the morphology of the abundant exoerythrocytic forms, a tentative diagnosis of avian malaria (Plasmodium sp.) was made. Subsequent transmission electron microscopic examination of schizonts in formalized tissue revealed merozoites with tear-shaped rhoptries. Antimalarial therapy was initiated early but deaths continued for 5 mo. Mortality, which eventually totaled 83%, occurred in three distinct waves, each separated by a hiatus of approximately 1 mo. Despite examinations of repeated blood smears, intraerythrocytic Plasmodium relictum was not detected until late in the outbreak. Diagnosis was based on morphologic characteristics including schizonts with eight to 12 merozoites/segmenter and round gametocytes that displaced and turned the infected erythrocyte nucleus. In addition to malaria, penguins showed evidence of aspergillosis, bacterial enteritis (Escherichia coli; Proteus sp.; and Edwardsiella sp.), and helminthiasis (Contracaecum sp. and Tetrabothrius sp.). Based on gross and histological lesions, disease prevalence in this group of penguins was malaria 58%, aspergillosis 61%, enteritis 60%, helminthiasis 26%. Epidemiologic investigation including group transport history, disease prevalence in co quarantined birds not sent to Des Moines and climatological data implicated Des Moines as the likely site for initial exposure, although information is not conclusive. Stress and concurrent disease certainly contributed to the severe mortality in this group of penguins infected with P. relictum. PMID- 3193557 TI - An epizootic of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infection in captive Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli). AB - In late spring of 1986, 10 of 23 Dall's sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) at the Metropolitan Toronto Zoo were moved to a new exhibit, where all developed severe respiratory signs refractory to anthelmintic and antibiotic therapy. In July, two animals died with chronic active bronch-pneumonia, and a third was euthanized because of pneumonia several months later. Bacteria were not isolated from the lungs of the first, steptococci and Pasteurella hemolytica were isolated from the other two, respectively; Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was isolated from both. Pulmonary lesions in all three sheep were consistent with Mycoplasma sp. infection. Nasal swabs of the remaining animals yielded no consistent bacterial isolates; however, four of eight sheep were positive for M. ovipneumoniae. Viral cultures yielded an as yet unidentified herpesvirus. Sheep in the original and new herds had no serologic titers to parainfluenza-3, equine viral rhinopneumonitis, or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and had variable titers against bovine respiratory syncytial virus. No titers against M. ovipneumoniae were present in 13 sheep still in the original exhibit, but titers varied from 1:32 to 1:256 in eight pneumonic sheep. Sera taken from three sheep before or early in the outbreak were all negative for antibody to M. ovipneumoniae. Two of the affected Dall's sheep had been in contact with domestic sheep in the winter of 1985-1986, and M. ovipneumoniae was subsequently cultured from the domestic flock. Exposure to a new pathogen, and environmental and social stress in a new exhibit may have resulted in this severe disease in Dall's sheep. PMID- 3193556 TI - Epizootiology of skunk rabies in North America. AB - Public health surveillance data from the United States and Canada (1961 to 1982) were analyzed to determine if consistent temporal and spatial patterns in skunk rabies could be identified. Enzootic/epizootic rabies was recognized in 18 states (enzootic states) based on the criteria of greater than or equal to 20 yr of reported skunk rabies and at least 1 yr with a minimum of 50 reported rabid skunks. In other wildlife species, epizootics have been demonstrated to expand along a wave-like front. We hypothesized: if skunk rabies behaved in a similar fashion, states reporting rabid skunks would change over time. No such change was noted. During epizootics the number of counties reporting increased but not the number of states. Within Illinois certain counties were demonstrated to have persistent rabies histories and likely served as enzootic foci. Enzootic states combined prevalence indicated a 6 to 8 yr cycle for epizootics. Data on monthly percent rabies positive (number rabid/total number tested) were available from six states and Canada. Mean distributions were bimodal with winter and spring peaks. The patterns identified for skunk rabies differ from those of other major wildlife vectors and have significance for potential vaccination control regimes. PMID- 3193558 TI - Amphileptus branchiarum (Protozoa: Amphileptidae) in pond reared fish in Arkansas. AB - Amphileptus branchiarum is a protozoan parasite of fish in North America, Europe and Asia. In North America (Arkansas) it usually occurs on the gills of cyprinids from July to October. It seldom causes disease epizootics but may be responsible for epithelial hyperplasia and cell displacement in branchial tissue. PMID- 3193559 TI - Hepatic lesions associated with Cooperioides hepaticae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) infection in impala (Aepyceros melampus) of the Kruger National Park. AB - Intrahepatic biliary lesions were observed in two of 12 lambs, seven of 12 yearlings and 10 of 25 adult impala (Aepyceros melampus) surveyed in the Kruger National Park, Republic of South Africa. Lesions were associated with the nematode Cooperioides hepaticae, a trichostrongyloid parasite that inhabits the bile ducts of impala, and ranged from a mild chronic-eosinophilic cholangitis to foci of florid hyperplastic cholangitis with duct ectasia. The latter almost always contained viable worms and, after the worms died, the lesions appeared as foreign-body granulomas. Infection was acquired early in life; severe lesions were seen most frequently in yearlings. Adults were less severely infected, which suggested an acquired immunity. Although the incidence of infection was high, cooperiiasis did not appear to be a serious herd-health problem at the time of this study. PMID- 3193560 TI - Antler anomalies in tule elk. AB - Antler anomalies were evident in tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) within 1 yr of reintroduction to Point Reyes, California (USA). These anomalies are consistent with previously described mineral deficiency-induced anomalies in cervids. The elk were judged deficient in copper. Low levels of copper in soils and vegetation at the release site, exacerbated by possible protein deficiency due to poor range conditions, are postulated as likely causes of the antler anomalies. PMID- 3193561 TI - Experimental contact transmission of Pasteurella haemolytica from clinically normal domestic sheep causing pneumonia in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep. AB - Two Rocky Mountain bighorn lambs (Ovis canadensis canadensis) were held in captivity for 120 days before being housed with two domestic sheep. The lambs were clinically normal and had no Pasteurella spp. on nasal swab cultures. The domestic sheep were known to carry Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A in the nasal passages. After being in close contact for 19 days. P. haemolytica biotype A was cultured from nasal swabs of one of the bighorn lambs. By 26 days, both bighorn sheep developed coughs, were anorectic and became lethargic and nasal swabs yielded P. haemolytica biotype T, serotype 10. Twenty-nine days after contact, the lambs were necropsied and found to have extensive fibrinous bronchopneumonia. From affected tissues pure cultures of beta-hemolytic P. haemolytica biotype T, serotype 10 were grown. Both domestic sheep remained clinically normal and had no gross or microscopic lesions, but they carried the same P. haemolytica serotype in their tonsils. Behavioural observations gave no indication of stress in the bighorn lambs. PMID- 3193562 TI - Serologic response of Rio Grande wild turkeys to experimental infections of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. AB - The serologic response of Rio Grande wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia) to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was determined. Free-ranging turkeys were caught in southern Texas, shipped to the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and housed in isolation facilities. Fourteen birds were exposed to MG, by intratracheal and intranasal inoculation. Eight birds received sterile broth only. Two wk prior to the end of the experiment, MG exposed turkeys were stressed by challenge with a serologically unrelated mycoplasma. Serum from all exposed birds reacted positively for MG antibody by the rapid plate agglutination (RPA) procedure within 2 mo postexposure (PE) and all but one remained positive for 14 mo PE. Less than one half of the exposed birds developed positive MG antibody titers detectable by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test within 2 mo PE, and by 10 mo PE, none had positive titers. Antibody was detected by the HI test in two of 11 infected turkeys, 14 mo PE, and titers increased significantly within 2 wk. MG was isolated from tracheal swabs from two infected birds 2 mo PE, but attempts thereafter failed. However, at the termination of the experiment 15 mo later, MG was isolated from lung tissue of three of 11 exposed turkeys and from a blood clot found in the lower trachea of one bird. PMID- 3193563 TI - Selection for virulence in the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida, using Coomassie Brilliant Blue agar. AB - Coomassie Brilliant Blue Agar was used to quantify the frequency of the A-layer phenotype in different isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida. Hydrophilic, non clumping isolates of A. salmonicida consisted predominantly of the A-layer minus phenotype. These bacteria were avirulent by intraperitoneal injection into susceptible brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and could not be reisolated from infected fish. By contrast, hydrophobic, clumping isolates were predominantly of the A-layer positive phenotype, highly virulent in brook trout, and easily recovered from dead or moribund fish. A-layer positive and negative clones of A. salmonicida were derived by plating bacteria on Coomassie Blue Agar. The plating showed clearly that Coomassie Blue Agar could be used as a highly selective in vitro screening method to reclaim the virulence of certain isolates of A. salmonicida having a relatively low percentage of A-layer positive phenotypes. PMID- 3193564 TI - Susceptibility of Amblyomma americanum to natural and experimental infections with Theileria cervi. AB - One hundred fifty Amblyomma americanum were examined between March and September 1986 from Cookson Hills Wildlife Refuge in eastern Oklahoma (USA). Of these ticks, 11% (17 of 150) were infected with Theileria cervi. Field-collected nymphal ticks had an 8% (3 of 37) prevalence of infection averaging 1.0 infected acini/nymph. Female ticks had a 16% prevalence of infection averaging 1.6 infected acini/female; T. cervi was not observed in salivary glands of field collected male ticks. When laboratory reared A. americanum nymphs were allowed to feed on experimental white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with varying T. cervi parasitemias (less than 1, 2, 6 and greater than 20%), only ticks which fed on deer with parasitemias greater than 1% became infected. Although prevalence and intensity of infection varied in the infected ticks, there was no significant difference in prevalence of infection between males and females. However, females did acquire significantly greater intensities than males. The data from these studies confirm that T. cervi overwinters in A. americanum and suggests that the prevalence, intensity and abundance of infection of T. cervi in ticks is influenced by the parasitemia of the deer host. Furthermore, fawns may play a more important role in the epidemiology of T. cervi transmission than do adult deer because of the coordination between tick activity patterns and deer fawning. PMID- 3193565 TI - Alpha-chloralose as a capture and restraint agent of birds: therapeutic index determination in the chicken. AB - The median effective dose for capture (ED50) and the median lethal dose (LD50) of alpha-chloralose given orally to domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) were determined by probit analysis to be 45 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, respectively. The therapeutic index (TI = LD50/ED50) was 6.7. This indicates that alpha-chloralose is only a marginally safe capture agent in domestic species and particularly in field applications involving other wild avian species in which the amount of the drug ingested by an individual bird is not controlled. PMID- 3193567 TI - The use of meperidine hydrochloride for chemical restraint in certain cetaceans and pinnipeds. AB - Meperidine HCl was administered intramuscularly by hand-syringe to a number of individuals representing several species of cetaceans (n = 95) and pinnipeds (n = 36). Dosage administered was 0.11 mg/kg, 0.23 mg/kg or 0.45 mg/kg, with the majority of animals receiving the middle dosage. Meperidine HCl provided moderate restraint in cetaceans without obvious deleterious effects. Restraint was achieved rapidly, with maximum effect occurring 20 min after intramuscular injection and lasting for 2 to 3 hr. Analgesia appeared to last as long as 4 hr and was sometimes accompanied by a restoration of appetite in animals suffering from physical discomfort. Higher doses produced increased sedation and analgesia without noticeably depressing respiration. Meperidine HCl provided moderate restraint for phocids and walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) without apparent detriment. California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) showed little restraint, but demonstrated profound respiratory depression. PMID- 3193566 TI - Use of xylazine sedation with yohimbine antagonism in captive gray wolves. AB - Captive gray wolves (Canis lupus) were given 2.2 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride intramuscularly resulting in profound sedation in 9.1 +/- 0.6 min (mean +/- SE). Heart rate was 42.0 +/- 1.0 beats per minute and respiratory rate was 20.1 +/- 1.6 respirations per minute during sedation. A variety of manipulations could be performed on sedated animals in relative safety. Thirty min after xylazine administration, the animals were given either 0.15 mg/kg yohimbine hydrochloride or 5% dextrose solution intravenously causing recovery in 5.3 +/- 1.0 and 97.1 +/ 14.0 min, respectively (P less than 0.001). PMID- 3193569 TI - Egg yolk serositis in an American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). AB - An adult female American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) had diffuse, yellow, granular serosal thickening at necropsy. Light microscopic examination of affected stomach, small intestine and spleen revealed a chronic proliferative serositis associated with 3 to 15 micron eosinophilic extracellular globules identified histochemically and morphologically as egg yolk. The intracoelomic egg yolk was considered to be the cause of the serosal reaction. PMID- 3193568 TI - Meningioma in a woodchuck exhibiting central vestibular deficits. AB - An 11-yr-old captive-raised male woodchuck (Marmota monax) presented with ataxia, poor balance, left-sided weakness, circling to the left and nystagmus with the fast-phase directed towards the left. The clinical signs were compatible with a central vestibular deficit syndrome. Necropsy and histologic findings revealed a meningotheliomatous meningioma centered over the ventrolateral left pons and medulla along with acute bronchopneumonia, chronic glomerulopathy, interstitial nephritis, and phthisis bulbi. PMID- 3193570 TI - Schistosomiasis and nutritional myopathy in a Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris). AB - Gross lesions suggestive of severe hepatoenteropathy and myopathy were noted in a 4.5-yr-old Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris) from a zoo in Michigan (USA). The major microscopic lesions were granulomatous hepatitis and hemorrhagic enteritis associated with non-operculated eggs compatible with those of the Schistosomatidae (Digenea). Skeletal muscle and tongue contained foci of severe acute myodegeneration and necrosis. The hepatic vitamin E value of 1.3 ppm dry weight was considered critically low. PMID- 3193571 TI - Ixodes dammini: occurrence and prevalence of infection with Borrelia spp. in Minnesota. AB - The distribution of Ixodes dammini in Minnesota was studied by collecting adult ticks from hunting dogs during the grouse seasons in September and October of 1985 and 1986. The tick was most frequently found in the east-central part of the state. Borrelia spp. were observed by immunofluorescence in 10% of the ticks. The locations where ticks were found coincide with the primary endemic areas for Lyme disease in the state. PMID- 3193572 TI - Prevalence and identity of coccidia in pen-raised wild turkeys. AB - One hundred nineteen pen-raised wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from 12 locations in nine states in the United States were examined for coccidia by sugar flotation of intestinal contents and mucosa or by subinoculating the contents into uninfected domestic turkeys. Seventy-eight (66%) of the turkeys were positive for coccidia. There were no differences in the frequency of coccidia among adult, sub-adult or juvenile turkeys. More females (75%) were infected than males (48%). The species of coccidia from 30 of the turkeys were identified based on microscopic examination of oocysts, fresh scrapings, stained sections and inoculations of bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). The frequency of each species was Eimeria meleagrimitis (97%), E. gallopavonis (47%), E. meleagridis (27%), E. dispersa (17%), E. innocua-E. subrotunda (13%), E. adenoeides (7%) and an undescribed species (3%). Of the 30 turkeys in which the species of coccidia was determined, 30% had a single species infection, 40% had two species, 20% had three species and 10% had four species. PMID- 3193573 TI - Prevalence of poxvirus in a population of California quail from Oregon, 1975 1987. AB - Prevalences of poxvirus in a population of California quail (Callipepla californica) at the E. E. Wilson Wildlife Area, Oregon, were determined from 1982 through 1987 and compared with previously published results on prevalences in this population from 1975 to 1979. Poxvirus was present in 19 of 89 quail collected. Prevalences ranged from 6% for immature females to 41% for immature males. Prevalences were lowest during summer and fall and highest in winter and spring. Differences in the seasonal prevalences may be related to the seasonal dispersion pattern of quail. PMID- 3193574 TI - Prevalence of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis in a sample of hunter-harvested white tailed deer from a tri-county area in northeastern Wisconsin. AB - Heads from 78 hunter-harvested white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were donated for study during the 1985 Wisconsin gun hunting season. The intra-cranial nervous tissue was examined for Parelaphostrongylus tenuis. Prevalences were calculated for the total sample and for the portion of the sample which had no intra-cranial trauma. The prevalences thus calculated were 58% and 75%, respectively. PMID- 3193575 TI - Capillaria procyonis (Nematoda: Trichuroidea) eggs from the tongue of the raccoon (Procyon lotor). AB - During an investigation to determine the prevalence and intensity of larvae of Trichinella spiralis in raccoons (Procyon lotor), unembryonated capillariid-type eggs were found routinely in the sediment resulting from 1% pepsin-HCl acid digests of the tongue. The sediment from 36 (90%) of the 40 tongue digests examined contained these capillariid-type eggs. Mean measurements of egg width and length were 25 +/- 2 microns and 62 +/- 2 microns, respectively. In addition, the surface of the egg shell had a pitted appearance. Adult parasites were not found in any of the tongue digests. The egg measurements and surface topography agree with what has been described previously and are tentatively identified as Capillaria procyonis. The detection of C. procyonis eggs in the present report indicates that this parasite inhabits the epithelial lining of the raccoon tongue, in addition to the esophagus, and that eggs expelled by females are deposited in the tracts these parasites create as they migrate. PMID- 3193576 TI - Ingenuity abounds as researchers explore new ways of delivering medication to eye. PMID- 3193578 TI - Third World's complex disease problems compounded by economic, cultural factors. PMID- 3193577 TI - Random testing during training, competition may be only way to combat drugs in sports. PMID- 3193579 TI - Panel aims to make tomorrow's physicians more caring and better-trained clinicians. PMID- 3193580 TI - Leads from the MMWR. HIV-related beliefs, knowledge, and behaviors among high school students. PMID- 3193581 TI - Leads from the MMWR. Progress toward the 1990 objectives for improved nutrition. PMID- 3193582 TI - The sexual behavior of adolescents and risk of AIDS. PMID- 3193583 TI - Manic syndrome associated with zidovudine. PMID- 3193584 TI - Lithium for zidovudine-induced neutropenia in AIDS. PMID- 3193585 TI - Screening for impaired hearing in the elderly. PMID- 3193586 TI - Lovastatin vs cholestyramine therapy for primary hypercholesterolemia. PMID- 3193587 TI - Occasional use of marijuana. PMID- 3193588 TI - Imipenem overprescribing. PMID- 3193589 TI - Efficacy of mandatory seat-belt use legislation. The North Carolina experience from 1983 through 1987. AB - The North Carolina General Assembly approved a law effective in October 1985 that mandated seat-belt use by front-seat occupants of passenger vehicles. In January 1987, a $25 fine for infractions of this law went into effect. This study examined numbers of car occupants with severe and fatal injuries in crashes in North Carolina, controlling for the amount of vehicle damage as a measure of crash severity. After the law, significant decreasing trends were seen in the percentages of front-seat occupants who had severe or fatal injuries in crashes, although the involvement of alcohol in crashes was still associated with an increased risk of such injury. Projections indicate that a reduction of approximately 1100 severe or fatal injuries per year can be attributed to the seat-belt law in North Carolina. This study supports the hypothesis that the societal burden of crash-associated injury can be reduced by mandating seat-belt use. PMID- 3193590 TI - Prospective study of the effect of safety belts on morbidity and health care costs in motor-vehicle accidents. AB - To assess the impact of safety belt use on the extent of injuries sustained in motor-vehicle accidents and the incurred health care costs, 1364 patients were prospectively evaluated at four Chicago-area hospitals. Of these, 791 (58%) were wearing a safety belt whereas 573 (42%) were not. The mean injury severity score for safety belt wearers was 1.8 +/- 0.07 vs 4.51 +/- 0.31 in those not wearing a safety belt. Only 6.8% of safety belt wearers required admission vs 19.2% of those not wearing a safety belt. Restrained occupants incurred mean charges of $534 +/- $67 compared with $1583 +/- $201 in unrestrained occupants. Thus, safety belt wearers had a 60.1% reduction in severity of injury, a 64.6% decrease in hospital admissions, and a 66.3% decline in hospital charges. Our findings demonstrate the significant societal burden of nonuse of safety belts in terms of morbidity and the costs of medical care. PMID- 3193591 TI - Reduction in motor vehicle fatalities associated with an increase in the minimum drinking age. AB - Motor vehicle injuries are responsible for nearly 40% of the deaths that occur among persons aged 15 through 24 years. Approximately half of these deaths involve drunk drivers. In response to the problem of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), some states raised their minimum drinking age, increased penalties for DUI, or both. Other states vigorously resisted federal pressure to increase their drinking age, and some researchers have questioned the utility of this approach. Tennessee increased penalties for DUI in 1982 and raised the drinking age to 21 years in 1984. Alcohol-related motor vehicle deaths declined by 33% among persons aged 15 through 18 years, probably because of publicity. Our results suggest that it may be particularly important to maintain continuous, high-profile anti-DUI programs within high schools. Alcohol-related motor vehicle deaths declined 38% among persons aged 19 through 20 years; this effect appears to be attributable to the increase in drinking age and to be durable despite decreased publicity. PMID- 3193592 TI - Cauda equina syndrome secondary to disseminated zygomycosis. AB - We describe a case of cauda equina syndrome secondary to disseminated zygomycosis. A 52-year-old man had myelodysplastic syndrome, progressive weakness of the lower extremities, and incontinence. Neuroradiological findings were consistent with lumbar stenosis and probable disk herniation. A lung lesion was also discovered on the chest roentgenogram. The patient's condition rapidly deteriorated after surgical decompression. Attempts at determining other etiologies were unsuccessful. At autopsy, disseminated zygomycosis was found affecting the lung and the vasculature of the cauda equina and lumbosacral nerve roots, with resultant focal demyelination of these structures. Ribbon-like hyphal elements were also present in the caudal roots. This opportunistic pathogen is discussed along with the diagnostic challenge presented by its unusual clinical presentation. PMID- 3193595 TI - [Enzyme-linked immunoglobulins in the serum in malignant hyperthermia]. PMID- 3193594 TI - The case for safety belt use. PMID- 3193596 TI - [The effect of epidural anesthesia on the differential pulmonary blood flow when one lung was challenged with hypoxia]. PMID- 3193597 TI - [Effects of alveolar pressure, intravascular pressure and extravascular lung water on the fluid filtration rate from the extra-alveolar vessels in the isolated dog lung]. PMID- 3193593 TI - US health policy--expectations and realities. PMID- 3193598 TI - [Postoperative hemodynamics after pediatric open heart surgery]. PMID- 3193599 TI - [Anesthetics and hypothermia--(1). Mechanism of arrhythmia during hypothermia]. PMID- 3193600 TI - [The effect of anesthesia and surgery on human plasma levels of vitamins A, E, B12, pre-albumin, retinol binding protein and zinc]. PMID- 3193601 TI - [Thermal analgesia following intrathecal capsaicin administration]. PMID- 3193602 TI - [Safety and usefulness of intravenous regional anesthesia compared with axillary nerve plexus block]. PMID- 3193603 TI - [Case reports of postoperative liver dysfunction following halothane anesthesia within a short period after enflurane anesthesia]. PMID- 3193604 TI - [Unusual responses of muscular rigidity and hypothermia to halothane and succinylcholine; a case report of Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO) syndrome]. PMID- 3193605 TI - [Anesthesia in a patient with hereditary factor VII deficiency]. PMID- 3193606 TI - [A means of handling difficulties in the removal of an inserted epidural catheter -a report of two cases]. PMID- 3193607 TI - [Problems in using survival data of cancer patients as a method of gauging the effectiveness of cancer control efforts]. AB - Survival rates of cancer patients have been widely used as a method of gauging the effectiveness of cancer control efforts. Sometimes, however, they cannot be considered reliable indicators due to many biases, such as a lead time bias, a length bias, a self-selection bias and an overdiagnosis bias. Instead, cancer mortality rates should be used for evaluating screening programs and for assessing the recent progress against cancer, although some problems are encountered in the accuracy of death certificates. PMID- 3193608 TI - [Radiotherapy for T1 and T2 carcinomas of the tongue: combination therapy using low-dose external irradiation and an interstitial implant]. AB - Between January 1975 and October 1984, 114 previously untreated patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue were treated by a radical course of irradiation at the Jikei University Hospital. Of these patients, eighty with T1 or T2 lesions are analyzed in this paper, some having been treated with an interstitial implant alone or with a combination of external irradiation and an interstitial implant. The two-year local control rate of the primary lesion reached 85% in T1 patients, and 68% for those graded T2. Late radiation injuries were seen in 18% of the cases with local control beyond one year. Most of these injuries, however, healed with conservative therapy. The cumulative 5-year survival rate was 75% in T1 patients, and 52% for those graded T2. The combination of low dose external irradiation (20-30 Gy) and an interstitial implant showed the same local control rate, the same incidence of late injury, and the same survival rate as those who received an interstitial implant alone. In cases that were given combination therapy, the sum dose of about 80 Gy was necessary for local control. PMID- 3193609 TI - [Pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with oral cancer]. AB - During an 11 year period, from 1976 to 1986, 33 (10.1%) out of 328 patients with oral cancer treated at our clinic had either a scarred pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) or active TB. Four of these 33 patients developed active TB. In two of these cases TB occurred before the therapy of oral cancer commenced and in the other two, after the operation for oral cancer. In one of the 4 cases, a recrudescence of the TB was suspected. Five cases that were suspected of having TB on analysis of their chest X-rays were administered prophylactic anti-tuberculous chemotherapy, after which no recrudescence or onset of TB. PMID- 3193611 TI - [Prognostic significance of the nuclear DNA content of a small adenocarcinoma of the lung]. AB - DNA ploidy has been determined by flow cytometry in 28 surgical specimens from patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung (tumor diameter, 3.0 cm or less), and the relationship between DNA ploidy and the clinical stage and survival also has been investigated. The cases were classified according to the DNA index (DI) into group A (DI 1.00 to 1.50), group B (DI 1.51 to 2.00) and group C (DI greater than 2.01). A close relationship was observed between the DI and the survival rates but not between the DI and the clinical stage. Tumor ploidy is considered to be one of the prognostic factors and may be useful in selecting adjuvant therapy. PMID- 3193610 TI - [The effect of naproxen on fever following transcatheter arterial embolization of hepatic tumors]. AB - In the cases of trans-catheter arterial embolization (TAE) for hepatic malignancies, naproxen has been evaluated for its antipyretic effect. Each patient not given naproxen manifested a remarkable and prolonged fever despite treatment by antibiotics. In those who received an administration of naproxen, however, a significant suppression of fever was achieved (P 0.01-0.001). No remarkable influence was found on the white blood cell counts, the serum GOT and LDH levels by the naproxen. Similarly, no untoward effect due to naproxen was found on the ulcerogenicity in the gastro-duodenum. Thus, for hepatic malignancies, naproxen could be useful in the symptomatic treatment of a fever following a TAE. PMID- 3193612 TI - [A study of the clinical usefulness of the CA15-3 radioimmunoassay kit]. AB - We have studied the clinical usefulness of the CA15-3 radioimmunoassay (RIA) kit that has been developed with two monoclonal antibodies (115D 8 and DF 3). Serum levels of CA15-3 exceeding the normal level were found in a high percentage of patients with ovarian cancer (80%), lung cancer (62.5%) and breast cancer (29.3%). In patients with breast cancer, the mean concentrations of CA15-3 before operation were higher than those after operation. Further, the levels of CA15-3 showed a good correlation with the extent and the stage of the breast cancer. These results suggest that CA15-3 levels can provide monitoring information in the follow-up management of patients with breast cancer. PMID- 3193613 TI - [The significance and the indication to dissect para-aortic lymph nodes in esophageal and cardiac cancers]. AB - Recently, now that the para-aortic lymph nodes have become a focus of attention, there has been a tendency to dissect the para-aortic lymph nodes of the abdomen for cases of esophago-cardiac cancers. One of the reasons why R4 procedures are being performed is due to the development of a clear analysis of the lymphatic pathways. In view of the importance of para-aortic lymph nodes, particularly focusing on the lymph nodes adjacent to left renal vein, we also are performing extended systemic lymph node dissections in certain cases. In determining the indication, a preoperative diagnosis by echogram of the neck region is important, and also a diagnosis of the para-aortic region as well. The significant benefit of para-aortic dissection is to be able to carry out a complete R3 procedure. PMID- 3193614 TI - [A study of an immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) in patients with a bone tumor]. AB - We evaluated an immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP) as a tumor marker in cases of a tumor of the bone (benign, 21; primary malignant, 26; metastatic carcinoma, 12). The IAP positive rate of a primary malignant tumor of the bone was 60%, and the mean was 591 + 59.4 micrograms/ml. This rate of a benign tumor of the bone was 10%, and the mean was 382 +/- 31.3 micrograms/ml. IAP may represent a tumor marker in malignant tumors of the bone. PMID- 3193615 TI - [An autopsy case of parotid clear cell carcinoma with cerebellar invasion and metastasis to the lung]. AB - An autopsy case of a clear cell carcinoma of the salivary gland with a cerebellum invasion and a metastasis to the lung is reported. This case has been classified as a monomorphic variant, although we were unable to demonstrate the presence of glycogens in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Ultrastructurally, most of the proliferating cells were immature cells with few organelles. The tumor cells were unable to be differentiated into ductal cells and myoepithelial cells. Recently, the tumor has been determined to be a low grade malignancy. Obviously, this tumor had a malignant character, with a cerebellum invasion and a metastasis to the lung. PMID- 3193616 TI - [A case of primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenojejunal junction with extraluminal growth]. AB - The case of a 58-year-old woman with a primary adenocarcinoma of the duodenojejunal junction and an extraluminal growth is reported. The patient's chief complaint had been lumbago and emaciation, and a tumor in her left upper abdomen was found. Hypotonic duodenography showed a filling defect with ulceration of the duodenojejunal junction. Angiography revealed irregular vessels and a slight tumor stain. A CT scan further revealed that this tumor had invaded into the abdominal aorta with paraaortic lymphadenopathies. PMID- 3193618 TI - [Acute focal bacterial nephritis of the left kidney]. PMID- 3193617 TI - [Squamous cell carcinoma with a sarcomatoid variant of the vagina]. AB - A case of squamous cell carcinoma with a sarcomatoid variant, usually called a spindle cell carcinoma, located in the vagina of a postmenopausal woman is reported. Although a cytologic examination of a smear of the scraped tumor showed the coexistence of sarcomatous spindle and keratinizing carcinomatous cells, the first bioptic specimen consisted only of sarcomatous tissue. Further histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural examinations succeeded in making a definite diagnosis of a squamous cell carcinoma with a sarcomatoid variant. We would like to emphasize that combined cytologic and histologic examinations led us to make a correct diagnosis after discussing the differential diagnosis. PMID- 3193619 TI - [Abnormal plasminogen accompanying pulmonary embolism]. PMID- 3193620 TI - [Brain metastases]. PMID- 3193621 TI - [Adult type of moyamoya disease; report of two interesting cases]. PMID- 3193622 TI - [A case of pulmonary aspergillosis followed with some radiologic observations]. PMID- 3193623 TI - [A case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis followed up by high resolution X-CT]. PMID- 3193625 TI - [A case of giant angiomyolipoma of the right kidney]. PMID- 3193624 TI - [A case of mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver]. PMID- 3193627 TI - [The design and application of a sigmoid tip catheter. 1]. PMID- 3193626 TI - [Usefulness of MR imaging and I-131 MIBG scintigraphy for the localization of extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma; a case report]. PMID- 3193628 TI - [MRI of craniopharyngioma]. PMID- 3193629 TI - [Unusual vascular origin in the posterior part of the circle of Willis]. PMID- 3193630 TI - [The efficacy of epidural anesthesia in preventing pain following TAE of liver malignancies]. PMID- 3193631 TI - An outbreak of salmonellosis in newly imported cynomolgus monkeys. AB - Serious salmonellosis occurred in groups of cynomolgus monkeys newly imported into Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science from the Philippines in 1985. During the quarantine period, Salmonella typhimurium (29 strains) and S. stanley (1 strain) were isolated from 30 of 130 imported monkeys. Twenty-eight of the 30 infected monkeys excreted mainly watery diarrhea, and occasionally bloody mucous stool. Seven of the 28 clinical cases infected with S. typhimurium resulted in death or in moribund state. In both the small and large intestines of autopsied monkeys, acute inflammatory changes were observed. PMID- 3193632 TI - Sexually transmitted diseases among prostitutes in Fukuoka, Japan. AB - The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among prostitutes was investigated at a genitourinary hospital in Fukuoka, Japan, in 1985 and 1986. The most common STD was Chlamydia trachomatis infection, followed by gonorrhea and condyloma acuminatum. Candidiasis, trichomoniasis and genital herpes were relatively uncommon. The rate of prostitutes who had STD but had no subjective symptoms were 42.9% in 1985 and 30.9% in 1986. The rate of prostitutes having mixed STD infection was 35.8% among the summed 162 STD-contracted prostitutes. PMID- 3193633 TI - Laboratory and field assessment of molluscicidal activity of B-2 against Oncomelania hupensis, the vector snail of schistosomiasis in China. AB - Molluscicidal activity of B-2 (sodium 2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenol; called as Phebrol and registered in WHO as OMS 3012) was evaluated in a laboratory and the field trials were performed in two different localities in Yueyang city, China, for control of Oncomelania hupensis. B-2 was effective against O. hupensis both in the laboratory and in the field. A dosage of 50 g/m2 in 10% granular form or 20 ml/m2 in 25% liquid form of B-2 would be recommendable as a standard mollusciciding dose for control of O. hupensis. PMID- 3193634 TI - [AIDS, ATL (adult T-cell leukemia) and STD (sexually transmitted diseases): the viruses and immunity]. PMID- 3193635 TI - [AIDS, ATL and STD: STD and vertical infection from the mother to the infant]. PMID- 3193636 TI - [AIDS, ATL and STD: clinical description of AIDS]. PMID- 3193637 TI - [AIDS, ATL and STD: the current status and care of ATL]. PMID- 3193638 TI - [AIDS, ATL and STD: AIDS virus and anthropology]. PMID- 3193639 TI - [Annual festival for mothers held at Takamatsu Teishin Hospital]. PMID- 3193640 TI - [Opinion leaders of Europe and the United States. 4. An interview with Mrs. Caroline Flint, a midwifery leader in England]. PMID- 3193641 TI - [Counseling by midwives. 4. Life stress]. PMID- 3193642 TI - [Communication by personal computer]. PMID- 3193644 TI - [Study on nipple abnormalities and difficulties associated with breast feeding]. PMID- 3193643 TI - [Evaluation of picture books for sex education of young children]. PMID- 3193646 TI - [An essay by a nurse: engaged in midwifery practice while nursing a baby: the importance of advice and psychological support]. PMID- 3193645 TI - [For effective professional education. The basis of teaching (4)]. PMID- 3193647 TI - [Ainu midwifery technic practiced by Ms. Aiko: treatment of hip dislocation in newborn infants]. PMID- 3193648 TI - [Questions and answers on breast feeding. Approach in promoting breast feeding]. PMID- 3193649 TI - [Fetal chylothorax (congenital chylothorax)]. PMID- 3193650 TI - [Thrombus scintigraphy using radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to platelets: (I). Development of monoclonal antibodies reactive with rabbit and human platelets]. PMID- 3193651 TI - [Platelet weighted mean survival time estimated by platelet and whole blood method]. PMID- 3193653 TI - [An autopsy case of cardiomyopathy demonstrated specific findings by thallium-201 myocardial scintigraphy]. PMID- 3193652 TI - [The validation of an ambulatory ventricular function monitor (VEST)]. PMID- 3193654 TI - [Study of mammary lymph node scintigraphy by Tc-99m labeled activated carbon microspheres]. PMID- 3193655 TI - [Measurement of circulating intact human PTH]. PMID- 3193656 TI - [Clinical significance of the measurements of serum free thyroxine and free triiodothyronine concentrations--evaluation using DPC free T4 and free T3 kits]. PMID- 3193657 TI - Electrophysiological differences between Parkinson's disease and vascular parkinsonism. AB - Short-latency somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) were recorded in 30 patients with Parkinson's disease (mean age 66.3 years), 17 patients with vascular parkinsonism (mean age 70.5 years) and 22 normal subjects (mean age 66.7 years). In patients with vascular parkinsonism, the interpeak latencies between N13 and N20(CCTs) were significantly longer than those of patients with Parkinson's disease and normal subjects (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.001, respectively). Patients with Parkinson's disease and normal subjects did not show any significant differences with regard to CCT. The significant differences between left and right CCT were revealed between patients with vascular parkinsonism and patients with Parkinson's disease or normal subjects (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, respectively). Patients with vascular parkinsonism disclosed significant prolongation of interpeak latencies between waves I and V (I-V IPLs) compared to patients with Parkinson's disease and normal subjects (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, the I-V IPLs in patients with Parkinson's disease were significantly longer than those of the normal subjects (p less than 0.01). The mean left-right differences of I-V IPLs in patients with vascular parkinsonism were longer than those of the other two groups. Present results indicate that there were some differences between Parkinson's disease and vascular parkinsonism from the electrophysiological aspects and suggest that assessments of SSEPs and BAEPs may be helpful in differentiating Parkinson's disease from vascular parkinsonism. PMID- 3193658 TI - Intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations in erythrocytes of patients with primary aldosteronism. AB - Intracellular concentration of sodium ([Na]i) and potassium ([K]i), and the ouabain sensitive sodium efflux rate constant (ERCos) in erythrocytes were determined in patients with primary aldosteronism, before and after the surgical removal of the adrenocortical adenoma and in comparison to those in healthy controls. Without treatment, [Na]i was higher and ERCos was lower in patients with primary aldosteronism than in controls (10.60 +/- 0.96 vs. 8.25 +/- 0.89 mmol/l cells, p less than 0.01; 0.156 +/- 0.040 vs. 0.255 +/- 0.047/hour, p less than 0.01, respectively). After the surgery, [Na]i was decreased to 7.70 +/- 0.64 mmol/l cells and ERCos was increased to 0.273 +/- 0.031/hour and these values were similar to those in controls. [K]i in primary aldosteronism was not affected by the surgery (from 96.79 +/- 2.03 to 98.8 +/- 3.84 mmol/l cells) and was not different from that in controls (99.11 +/- 3.42 mmol/l cells). In 2 patients, normalization of the serum potassium following an oral potassium chloride supplement caused only partial improvement in [Na]i and ERCos. These results suggest that an inhibition of sodium pump activity resulting in elevated [Na]i may play an important role in the pathogenesis of high blood pressure in patients with primary aldosteronism. PMID- 3193660 TI - Decreased serum cholesteryl-ester transfer activity in a patient with familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia. AB - Lipoprotein patterns and cholesteryl-ester transfer activity (CETA) were examined in a patient with familial hyperalphalipoproteinemia (FHALP). The proband was a 41-year-old Japanese male. He was found to have hypercholesterolemia, with a serum total cholesterol level of 382 mg/dl and a HDL-cholesterol level of 177 mg/dl. HDL showed a high cholesterol/Apo AI ratio. His father, all of his siblings and one of his children showed high HDL-cholesterol levels (91, 100, 70, 108, 75 and 98 mg/dl, respectively). These data suggest that all members of his family were heterozygotes. He had neither cutaneous or tendinous xanthomas nor any clinical signs of atherosclerosis. The proband appears to have only one-tenth of the normal level of CETA. However, the level of lipid-transfer protein I (LTP I) activity was near normal. Thus, this patient is most likely to have an exaggerated level of LTP-I inhibitor(s). Effects of probucol on serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels were studied in our patient. Treatment with 250 mg of probucol twice daily reduced total serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL-cholesterol levels by 33.32 and 33%, respectively. Apo AI, B and E levels decreased by 22, 16 and 35% respectively. HDL-cholesterol/Apo AI ratio decreased from 0.9 to 0.76. CETA showed no significant changes. However, cholesterol ester mass transfer increased from 10.8 to 14.9% after treatment with probucol. These results suggest that probucol appears to be a useful drug for FHALP. PMID- 3193659 TI - Serum pepsinogen 1, gastrin, ABO blood groups, secretor status of ABH substances and behavioral factors in patients with duodenal ulcer and their relatives. AB - Serum pepsinogen 1, serum gastrin, ABO blood groups, secretor status of ABH blood group substances and behavioral factors were studied in 15 patients with duodenal ulcer and 61 their relatives affected and unaffected to duodenal ulcer. Duodenal ulcer patients had hyperpepsinogenemia 1 either with or without a positive family history of duodenal ulcer. Serum gastrin level was higher in duodenal ulcer patients and unaffected relatives with a positive family history of duodenal ulcer than those with a negative family history. Non secretor status was frequently observed in duodenal ulcer patients with a positive family history. There was no difference in behavioral factors between duodenal ulcer patients and unaffected relatives with a positive family history. It is concluded that genetically determined variables such as hyperpepsinogenemia 1 and non secretor status play an important role on the susceptibility to duodenal ulcer in subjects with a positive family history, and hypergastrinemia may be subclinical marker of familial aggregation of duodenal ulcer. PMID- 3193661 TI - Successful treatment with a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS201-995) in a patient with malignant carcinoid syndrome. AB - A case of carcinoid syndrome is presented. Pulmonary adenosquamous carcinoma with hepatic metastasis was found in a 60-year-old Japanese male who was complaining of fever, cough and haemosputum. After the treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) over 2 years, he was diagnosed as carcinoid syndrome on the appearance of facial flushing, face edema and watery diarrhea accompanied by high levels of 5 hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in blood and urine. Prednisolone, which was initially effective, was replaced by SMS201-995 due to the considerable dose increase of the former because its effect became insufficient during the course of the treatment. Clinical symptoms were improved by SMS201-995 and blood 5-HIAA level decreased gradually but markedly. Thus better results were obtained by SMS201-995 compared with prednisolone. These results imply that SMS201-995 is appreciated as an effective drug for treatment of carcinoid syndrome. PMID- 3193662 TI - Streptococcus acidominimus infections in a human. AB - We described the first case of pneumonia, pericarditis and meningitis due to Streptococcus acidominimus, who had no underlying disease. The organism is very rarely obtained in clinical bacteriology. The identifying characteristics of this isolate were discussed. There are no reports in which this organism caused such complicated human infection as this case in the English literature. PMID- 3193665 TI - [Themes in area-wide activities for preventive care]. PMID- 3193663 TI - Edwardsiella tarda septicemia complicating acute leukemia. AB - We describe here an unusual case of Edwardsiella tarda septicemia preceded by acute gastroenteritis in a patient with acute leukemia in complete remission receiving maintenance chemotherapy. She also had ulcerated rectal cancer with bleeding, which was thought to serve as the portal of entry into the blood stream. She was successfully treated with cefmetazole and gentamicin in combination. However, the concomitant resolution of chemotherapy-induced granulocytopenia may have had a favorable effect as well. PMID- 3193664 TI - Sudden deafness in a man with thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis. AB - We treated a 32-year-old man with hearing loss in the right ear followed by severe muscle weakness of the extremities. When admitted to hospital by ambulance, the serum potassium level was 1.5 mEq/L. The muscle weakness was improved following administration of potassium chloride but the hearing impairment continued. Hearing level of the right ear was extremely impaired at the level of 60-105 dB, while hearing in the left ear was fairly normal. Spontaneous nystagmus was also present. The triiodothyronine level was 290 ng/dl, thyroxine 14.4 micrograms/dl, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.84 microU/ml, and the anti-TSH-receptor antibody was positive. Attaining an enthyroid state, the patient was discharged on 80th hospital day with the continuous medication of Methimazole. This is a very rare case of sudden deafness complicated by hypokalemic paralytic attacks. Circulatory insufficiency and electrolytes imbalance in the right inner ear was assumed to have caused the deafness. PMID- 3193666 TI - [Significance of the problem of the victims of Morinaga arsenic-tainted milk: a lesson in the incident and a thought on the basis of public health activities]. PMID- 3193667 TI - [Group activities as the basis of public health nursing activities]. PMID- 3193668 TI - [Symposium: the role and practice of public health nursing: future prospect of the profession]. PMID- 3193669 TI - [Symposium: on the problems of public health clinics]. PMID- 3193670 TI - [Current trends in welfare and health services]. PMID- 3193671 TI - [Women's role in a family and the life of a man: nurturing a capacity to analyze social phenomena]. PMID- 3193672 TI - The keystone. PMID- 3193674 TI - Mandatory sex education in local public schools. PMID- 3193673 TI - Medical abandonment. PMID- 3193675 TI - The unchanging art. PMID- 3193676 TI - Reporting of AIDS. PMID- 3193677 TI - Surgery for ulnar nerve entrapment at the elbow. PMID- 3193678 TI - Paternalism and consumerism in the practice of medicine. PMID- 3193679 TI - Myocardial infarction in the elderly. PMID- 3193680 TI - Immunological and preventive effects of combined inoculation of theilerial lymphokine and immunostimulant against Theileria sergenti infection. PMID- 3193681 TI - Effect of combined administration of DL-penicillamine and potassium dichromate on lethality, distribution and excretion of chromium in mice. PMID- 3193682 TI - Radioimmunoassay of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in rat tissues. PMID- 3193683 TI - [The development of scales for assessing the severity and predicting the outcomes of surgical patients]. PMID- 3193684 TI - [Fibroscopy in inhalation thermal lesions of the respiratory tract]. PMID- 3193685 TI - [Hyperbaric oxygenation in hypoxic damage to the brain]. PMID- 3193686 TI - [Immunologic aspects of hemosorption in emergency surgical diseases]. PMID- 3193687 TI - [Hazards and complications of the surgical treatment of patients with extreme forms of obesity]. PMID- 3193688 TI - [Treatment of adduction fractures of the femoral fracture with Seppo's fixation device]. PMID- 3193689 TI - [An operation for stabilizing the knee joint in rupture of the posterior cruciate ligament]. PMID- 3193690 TI - [A fixation device for experimental intravital microscopy]. PMID- 3193691 TI - [Scapulocostal syndrome in athletes]. PMID- 3193693 TI - [Transplantation of free vascularized grafts of the proximal interphalangeal joints from the foot]. PMID- 3193692 TI - [Successful replantation of the hand in a combined wound]. PMID- 3193694 TI - [Thoraco-abdominal wound]. PMID- 3193695 TI - [Microsurgical autograft of the omentum majus for closing a defect in the integument of the skull]. PMID- 3193697 TI - [Choice of the method for the surgical treatment of patients with pseudarthroses of the leg bones]. PMID- 3193696 TI - [Treatment of diaphyseal fractures of the leg bones by metal polysynostosis]. PMID- 3193699 TI - [Replantation of the lower extremity at the level of the thigh]. PMID- 3193698 TI - [Osteosynthesis using metal plates of the short tubular bones of the hand]. PMID- 3193700 TI - [Open fractures and their staged treatment]. PMID- 3193702 TI - [Injuries to the nerve trunks during osteosynthesis of the long tubular bones]. PMID- 3193703 TI - [Respiratory and circulatory disorders in patients with hematogenous osteomyelitis of the spine]. PMID- 3193701 TI - [Treatment of fractures of the acetabulum]. PMID- 3193705 TI - [Restoration of the thumb by transposition of the fingers of the injured hand]. PMID- 3193704 TI - [Serologic diagnosis of a staphylococcal etiology in osteomyelitis]. PMID- 3193706 TI - [Multiple transplantation of the toes to the hand]. PMID- 3193707 TI - [Evaluation of the restoration of general hand function following severe trauma to the upper extremity]. PMID- 3193709 TI - [Late results of the treatment of inveterate fractures of the humerus and bones of the elbow joint with nerve damage]. PMID- 3193708 TI - [Treatment of postoperative recurrences of habitual shoulder dislocation]. PMID- 3193710 TI - [Problems in introducing microsurgical technology into surgery of the locomotor system]. PMID- 3193711 TI - [Closed excochleation of an aseptic necrosis focus in the greater tubercle of the humerus]. PMID- 3193712 TI - [Combined therapy in mechanical trauma with soft-tissue crushing]. PMID- 3193713 TI - [Blood reinfusion in chest trauma]. PMID- 3193714 TI - [Procedures in splenic injury]. PMID- 3193715 TI - [Classification of injuries to the abdomen and retroperitoneal space]. PMID- 3193716 TI - [Sensitivity of the adrenoreactive systems of various subtypes in patients with Dupuytren's contracture]. PMID- 3193717 TI - [Treatment of occlusive diseases of the arteries of the lower extremities by Ilizarov's method]. PMID- 3193718 TI - [Blood acid-base status of patients with obliterating arteriosclerosis of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3193719 TI - [Restoration of soft-tissue defects of the calcaneal area]. PMID- 3193720 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of frostbite]. PMID- 3193721 TI - [Diagnostic problems in the Mallory-Weiss syndrome]. PMID- 3193722 TI - [Endoscopic papillosphincterotomy in acute surgical diseases of the biliary tract and pancreas]. PMID- 3193723 TI - [Intraduodenal drip infusion therapy of patients with the dumping syndrome]. PMID- 3193724 TI - [Weight-reducing diet in the treatment of severe forms of obesity]. PMID- 3193725 TI - [Histamine content and function of the mastocytes of the skin in patients with Schoenlein-Henoch disease]. PMID- 3193726 TI - [Nonepithelial malignant tumors of the gallbladder]. PMID- 3193727 TI - [A case of primary idiopathic amyloidosis]. PMID- 3193728 TI - [Splenic rupture in a patient with chronic myeloleukemia]. PMID- 3193730 TI - [A rare case of tularemia]. PMID- 3193729 TI - [Metastasis of lung cancer to the small intestine with its perforation]. PMID- 3193731 TI - [Drug therapy of patients with acute pneumonia]. PMID- 3193732 TI - [Scientific conference on the "Medical Aspects of the Accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station"]. PMID- 3193733 TI - [Characteristics of lipid peroxidation in persons with an elevated genetic risk for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 3193734 TI - [Comparative effectiveness of immunodepressive preparations in rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3193735 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and interaction of antirheumatic preparations]. PMID- 3193737 TI - [Treatment of patients with ischemic heart diseases using senzit]. PMID- 3193736 TI - [Combined antihypertensive pharmacotherapy]. PMID- 3193739 TI - [Experience in preventing heart failure in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis]. PMID- 3193738 TI - [Immunologic disorders in noncoronary diseases of the myocardium]. PMID- 3193740 TI - [Tolerance for physical loading in patients with a history of pulmonary thromboembolism]. PMID- 3193742 TI - [Errors tolerated in the diagnosis of the ventricular pre-excitation syndrome]. PMID- 3193741 TI - [Bicycle ergometry in the diagnosis and assessment of the clinical significance of ventricular parasystole]. PMID- 3193744 TI - [HLA phenotypic markers in various forms of chronic viral hepatitis]. PMID- 3193745 TI - Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or lecithin on the plasma concentrations of very low density lipoprotein-tryglyceride (VLDL) and ketone bodies in humans. PMID- 3193743 TI - [Clinical variants of acute delta infection]. PMID- 3193748 TI - The effect of transportation stress on splenic natural killer cell activity in C57BL/6J mice. PMID- 3193747 TI - Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. PMID- 3193749 TI - Streptococcus pneumoniae arthritis and osteomyelitis with vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs. PMID- 3193746 TI - Congenital segmental dilatation of the colon. PMID- 3193750 TI - Use of the terms euthanasia, euthanatize and killing. PMID- 3193751 TI - Detection of circulating Dirofilaria immitis antigens in random source laboratory dogs: evaluation of two commercial serodiagnostic tests. AB - Two commercially available serodiagnostic tests for Dirofilaria immitis antigens were evaluated for sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and reliability using serum from 110 random source dogs. Both tests were performed in two separate laboratories on serum samples randomized in five blocks of 22 samples each. Dogs were examined for microfilariae using the modified Knott's technique, and for adult parasites by necropsy. Forty-eight of the 110 dogs (43.6%) had either adult or juvenile parasites within the cardiopulmonary vasculature or microfilariae in the peripheral blood. Of those 48, 26 (54.2%) were amicrofilaremic and had cardiopulmonary parasite populations ranging from one to greater than 50. In both laboratories, both commercial tests failed to detect infection in eight of the 26 amicrofilaremic dogs. Three amicrofilaremic dogs were positive by both tests in both laboratories. Four dogs (3.6%) had microfilariae without adults. Two of those four dogs were negative by both commercial tests in both laboratories. One commercial test had 38 false negatives in one laboratory, 13 of which were also negative in the second laboratory. The other test had 21 false negatives in one laboratory and 20 in the other laboratory. Fourteen of these samples were falsely negative in both laboratories. False positives were low in both laboratories for both tests. PMID- 3193752 TI - Gluten-sensitive enteropathy in a cynomolgus monkey. AB - A malabsorption syndrome was observed in a cynomolgus macaque. Clinical signs included weight loss despite increased appetite, and diarrhea, characterized by an increased volume of soft, tan, malodorous feces. Clinicopathologic findings included hypoalbuminemia, generalized dilation of bowel loops with a prolonged transit time, steatorrhea and markedly diminished absorption of D-xylose. Biopsies of the duodenum and jejunum had total villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and a plasmacytic-lymphocytic infiltrate of the lamina propria. The monkey's diet was changed to a semi-synthetic diet containing no grain products. Subsequently, stool characteristics, body weight and intestinal villous morphology returned to normal. This response to removal of grain products from the diet suggests a syndrome similar to gluten-sensitivity enteropathy in human beings. PMID- 3193753 TI - Reproductive performance in C57BL and I strain mice. AB - Mice of the I strain are regarded as difficult to breed. To characterize and elucidate the cause of poor reproductive performance in I strain mice, records of reproductive performance were analyzed from Cancer Research Laboratory, Kirschbaum Memorial Laboratory and Strong Research Laboratories which had bred the I strain mice and a control strain, C57BL, and compared with data from Jackson Laboratory and from three dietary studies conducted in this laboratory. Reproductive performance in the I strain mice is characterized by fewer productive matings, fewer litters and smaller litters than C57BL mice. Also, fewer mice of the I strain survive to weaning. These factors result in the production of only half as many mice per dam in the I strain as the C57BL mice. The fewer number of litters is not due to a greater proportion of resorptions in the I mice, nor are there differences in the survival of either sex. Diets which contain slightly higher (8-12 mg per kg of diet) amounts of pyridoxine (PN) than recommended (1-6 mg per kg of diet) improve performance in the I strain. However, 410 or 1230 mg PN does not increase productivity further. That survival rate of the C57BL mice improves with higher amounts of PN (410 and 1230 mg diets), suggests another dietary factor may be limiting for I strain mice. The reproductive performance in I strain mice is better with diets which result in a higher body weight.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193754 TI - Repetitive blood sampling in unrestrained and unstressed mice using a chronic indwelling right atrial catheterization apparatus. AB - A re-usable mobile catheterization apparatus was developed that permits multiple blood samples to be obtained from nonrestrained and unanesthetized mice. The collection end of the catheter is located outside the cage allowing the mouse to remain completely undisturbed prior to and during blood collection. The apparatus was used in adult mice surgically fitted under pentobarbital anesthesia with right atrial silastic catheters. Sample volume and collection frequency are easily controlled without subjecting the animal to repetitive trauma. Low plasma corticosterone concentrations confirmed the nonstressful quality of the technique. Full catheter patency in mice averaged 21.5 days. The tethering apparatus design was easily upscaled to accommodate use in adult rats. PMID- 3193755 TI - Urologic syndrome associated with wire caging in AKR mice. AB - Individually housed male AKR/NCrlBR mice used in a chronic inhalation experiment were noted to develop a severe obstructive genitourinary condition. The mouse urologic syndrome (MUS) had one or more of the following features: bladder distension; peripreputial urine staining, alopecia, and edema; paraphimosis; urethral blockage; ulcerative balanophosthitis; hydronephrosis; pyelonephritis; rectal prolapse; and perineal ulcerative dermatitis. MUS was less severe and less prevalent in similarly housed B6C3F1/CrlBR and NIH-Swiss mice used in the same experiment. Epidemiologic evidence within the animal facility restricted the syndrome to the inhalation toxicology area. The effects of intermittent water deprivation as well as wire caging on the development of MUS were studied because these conditions were only utilized in the inhalation facility. Male AKR/NCrlBR mice, caged individually in suspended wire caging or kept isolated in polystyrene shoebox style cages containing wire floorwalk bottoms, all developed MUS within 16 weeks. Mice which were housed directly on hardwood bedding in identical plastic caging remained free of the syndrome, as did castrated males which were kept in suspended wire cages. Water deprivation was not found to be a major contributing factor to the development of the condition, but was found to augment its severity. We concluded that although MUS is probably multifactorial in etiology, housing susceptible animals on wire bottom caging may exacerbate the incidence and severity of the condition in certain strains of male mice. PMID- 3193756 TI - Diagnostic exercise: eye lesions in a rabbit. PMID- 3193757 TI - Vascular embolization of a vertebral chordoma in a Fischer 344 rat. PMID- 3193758 TI - Cutaneous lymphoma resembling mycosis fungoides in the Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). PMID- 3193759 TI - A simple technique for repeated intratracheal instillation of foreign material in newborn rabbits. PMID- 3193760 TI - A pharyngostomy technique for chronic oral dosing of rabbits. PMID- 3193761 TI - A reversible-tie technique of the rabbit gut for bacterial colonization and toxin production. PMID- 3193762 TI - A method for frequent blood sampling in rabbits. PMID- 3193763 TI - A tethered-restraint system for blood collection from ferrets. PMID- 3193764 TI - Commercial over-the-needle catheters for intravenous injections and blood sampling in rats. PMID- 3193765 TI - Intravenous cannulation of chickens for blood sampling. PMID- 3193766 TI - Effects of rat platelet extracts and human platelet-derived growth factor on megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro. AB - An improved plasma clot culture system was developed for the culture of rat megakaryocyte colonies in vitro. Greater stimulation of megakaryocyte colony growth was provided when both serum and plasma were added to the culture medium than when plasma was added alone. Freeze-thawed extracts prepared from 900 x 10(6) platelets/ml saline and also 9 ng/ml of human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) caused maximum increases over the controls of 71% and 42%, respectively, in the numbers of megakaryocyte colonies. The increase in the numbers of megakaryocyte colonies induced by platelet extracts and by PDGF implied that substance(s) released by platelets might play an important role in the control of megakaryocytopoiesis. PMID- 3193767 TI - Amplification of the c-myc proto-oncogene in cervical carcinoma. AB - Amplification without structural rearrangements of the c-myc proto-oncogene was found in 14 of 44 primary cervical neoplasms. There was no apparent correlation with stage of disease or degree of cellular differentiation. The prognostic significance of c-myc amplification cannot be determined from this study. PMID- 3193768 TI - New transurethral system for interstitial radiation of prostate cancer. AB - Direct endoscopic implantation of radioactive materials for carcinoma of the prostate without an open operation was accomplished by the use of modified existing transurethral instrumentation and techniques. The closed approach seems applicable particularly to the geriatric population, which is afflicted more commonly but is frequently not treated because of concurrent diseases or because the patient had transurethral resection of the prostate as a diagnostic procedure. Eleven patients were implanted using the transurethral route. Implantations were accomplished successfully with extremely low morbidity. Along with more conventional dosimetry studies, computer tomography was used to assess the placement of seeds. The direct visualization of the method suggests a potential for greater precision of seed placement as illustrated by computer tomography. In addition, this new instrumentation and method offers a low-risk procedure for carcinoma of the prostate that can be performed on an outpatient basis for selected patients. PMID- 3193769 TI - Primary carcinoma of the gallbladder: TNM staging and prognosis. AB - In order to investigate the lethality of carcinoma of the gallbladder and several of the coexisting features, a retrospective analysis of 53 patients with this disease was undertaken. Abdominal pain, obstructive jaundice, and a right upper quandrant mass were present in approximately one-half of the patients. Laboratory and radiological data were frequently nonspecific and did little to identify the diagnosis. The most common preoperative diagnoses were cholelithiasis or chronic cholecystitis. Cholecystectomy was the most frequently performed procedure. Fifteen wedge liver resections were performed. No radical or extended liver resections were done. Eighty-one percent of the patients had sufficient data for staging. Five patients (11.6%) had stage I lesions, three patients (7.0%) had stage II lesions, while 17 (39.5%) and 18 (41.9%) patients had stage III and IV lesions, respectively. Mean survival was 6.4 months for the entire group. Three patients are still alive (two longer than 5 years and one at 2 years) for an overall survival of 5.7%. Both staging and grading of the tumor correlated well with patient survival. Those patients with stage I lesions survived significantly longer (23 months vs. 3 months) than those with stage IV tumors. Also, those with more favorably graded (well-differentiated) neoplasms lived an average of 13 months longer than patients with poorly differentiated lesions. PMID- 3193770 TI - Tolerance of rat testis to graded periods of total circulatory isolation. AB - Infertility because of testicular damage is a distressing problem for survivors of cancer chemotherapy. We have previously described a cytoprotective effect of temporary testicular circulatory isolation (TCI) during doxorubicin administration in the rat. In this report we define the relationship between duration of TCI and testicular ischemic injury, using paired groups of animals with normothermic TCI and hypothermic TCI. Sixty rats were used and received TCI for varying lengths of time up to 180 minutes, with or without hypothermia. On day 56 +/- 4, all rats were killed and necropsied. Testicular injury was evaluated qualitatively by histology and quantitatively by testicular weight, sperm head count, repopulation index, and epididymal index. Warm TCI for up to 60 minutes induced modest damage to germ cells, while injury was greater with cold TCI. Leydig cells and vascular tissues were essentially unaffected by TCI, although Sertoli cell abnormalities were noted in rats receiving a long duration of TCI. PMID- 3193771 TI - Prevention of hemorrhage by elastic suture material used for securing intravenous catheters within major branches of the portal vein. AB - Portal venous infusion of chemotherapy may prove to be an important treatment effective in diminishing the incidence of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. To infuse drugs safely and reliably, we have cannulated major branches of the portal vein exposed during right or left colectomy. To prevent bleeding into the free peritoneal cavity upon catheter removal, the cannula is secured with elastic suture material. The technique has been used in 30 patients without complication. PMID- 3193772 TI - Use of the lateral portion of the pectoralis major muscle to cover exposed axillary structures. AB - The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap has been used to cover many different defects. This article will describe the use of the lateral portion of the pectoralis major muscle to cover exposed axillary structures when the latissimus dorsi muscle is not available for coverage. PMID- 3193774 TI - Limits of thermal sensation. AB - The sensitivity of thermal receptors and responses is compared with thermal noise in receptor cells and with thermal signals in the environment. It is demonstrated that the most sensitive responses known are far less sensitive than is physically possible but sufficiently sensitive to detect the smallest signals likely to be present in the environment. Expressions for the minimal thermal gradients detectable by organisms moving through them are derived. Thermal fluctuations in a receptor over physiologically relevant times and distances are almost certainly less than 10(-6) degrees C. The most sensitive responses reported in any organism are about a thousand times larger. The thermal gradient present in soil is nearly always greater than 10(-3) degrees C/cm and it is probably higher in other environments. The suggestion that nematodes locate plant roots based on heat production is shown to be unlikely because the gradients produced are smaller than those from other causes. Bacteria, a slime mold, rattlesnakes, and mammals are discussed in addition to nematodes. PMID- 3193773 TI - Multiple functioning paraganglioma associated with polycythemia. AB - Multiple retroperitoneal functioning paraganglioma complicated by polycythemia is reported in the case of a girl who, at the age of 13 years complained of headache, palpitation, and faintness preoperatively. In the retroperitoneal cavity, there were 21 paragangliomas larger than 1 cm in diameter. All were removed surgically in two sections, the first in 1979 and the second in 1983. Bilateral adrenals were macroscopically normal, and her symptoms disappeared. Now the recurrence of retroperitoneal paraganglioma is likely, although there have been no symptoms for 8 years, since the first operation. It is difficult to conclude that the tumors were benign or malignant in this case. Though complication of polycythemia had been diagnosed before the operation, the symptom continued even with the serum erythropoietin level kept in the normal range. Association of polycythemia with paraganglioma is extremely rare, and it is also rare to find more than 10 paragangliomas. Only a limited number of reports have been made on each case in the literature. PMID- 3193775 TI - Orientational properties of biological pigments in ordered systems studied with polarized light: photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes in membranes. AB - A discussion is presented of the problems involved in the interpretation of linear dichroism and fluorescence depolarization experiments on macroscopically ordered membrane systems. Particular attention has been paid to ordered membranes containing photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes, but the mathematical treatment can equally well be applied to other systems. The information about the orientational properties of the pigments is obtained by the application of the theories developed for the characterization of the molecular orientational order in liquid-crystalline materials. It is shown that while linear dichroism only yields the order parameter S mu of the absorption transition moment, fluorescence depolarization experiments yield in addition the order parameter Sv of the emission transition moment as well as three orientational correlation functions of the two transition moments. It is argued that in general the latter information can only be obtained on utilizing a number of experimental scattering geometries. In particular, the merits of angle-resolved experiments are illustrated. PMID- 3193776 TI - Movable Finite Automata (MFA) models for biological systems. I: Bacteriophage assembly and operation. AB - A new class of models, called Movable Finite Automata (MFA) models, is introduced. MFA models are physically realistic, but still share some of the features of cellular automata that make the latter easy to handle mathematically and computationally. They are found to be quite versatile in modeling the self organization of biological systems. Their use in simulating the interaction of protein molecules in the self-assembly and operation of the T4 bacteriophage is described. The results of these simulations carried out on a microcomputer, are given. PMID- 3193777 TI - Natural taxonomy of collagen based on amino acid composition. AB - Hierarchical cluster analysis and principal components have been used to provide a more detailed separation of the collagens into natural taxonomic groupings than previously obtained. These groups strongly reflect the evolutionary development of collagen. The first component separates land- from sea-based animals, primarily based on the hydroxylation of lysine and proline, indicating that control of hydroxylation, a post-translational event, has exerted a dominant influence during evolutionary adaptation. The power of the technique is illustrated by the ability to partially separate the evolutionarily closely related main homothermic species. Furthermore, the genetically different fibrous collagens, Types I and III, are well separated from basement membrane Type IV collagen and the filamentous collagens. The technique could, therefore, in addition to providing a taxonomic grouping, classify any new collagen and provide clues to its evolutionary development. PMID- 3193778 TI - Estimation of cell cycle parameters from double labeling experiments. AB - Double labeling of cell populations with radioactive thymidine yields two types of differently labeled nuclei. Their numbers and the number of unlabeled nuclei can be used to estimate doubling times, T, and S-phase lengths, S. As of yet, such estimations have been performed either for stationary populations in which proliferation and losses are in balance, or for exponentially growing populations in which all cells have the same cycle duration. We calculate S and T for the more general type of cell population with arbitrarily distributed frequencies of cycle durations. The calculations do not require more mathematical or computational effort. We obtain three main results: (i) The estimation of T and S does not require explicit knowledge of the frequency distribution of cycle durations; (ii) in particular, equivalent estimates for T and S are obtained for both types of growing cell populations without losses, one with arbitrarily distributed cycle durations and one with the same cycle duration for all cells; and (iii) for small labeling indices, the estimate for S from the general model approaches the S-phase length of a stationary population and the estimate for T from the general model approaches the generation time of a stationary population, multiplied by the constant factor 1n(2). These relationships are valuable tools for reinterpreting results derived under the assumption of stationarity, which are considerably easier to obtain. PMID- 3193780 TI - Deleterious mutations as an evolutionary factor. III. Mating preference and some general remarks. AB - This paper is concerned with the evolution of female mating choice under truncation selection against deleterious mutations. It is shown that with genome degradation rates necessary to maintain crossing-over, the advantage of choice is of the order of several per cent, which is in good accord with some experimental data. Some other consequences of intensive selection against mutations are also discussed. PMID- 3193779 TI - Stop is not the end: physiological implications of translational readthrough. AB - The translational readthrough mechanism permits the occasional misreading of termination codons by normal charged tRNAs causing extended translation beyond the stop signal. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes translational readthrough is involved in the regulation of gene expression, as for example in the synthesis of the enzyme reverse transcriptase of the Murine Leukemia Virus (MuLV) (Yoshinaka et al., 1985). Here we particularly deal with the sensitivity of the translational readthrough process to two parameters which are affected by changes in physiological conditions: (1) fluctuations in the concentration of readthrough tRNAs and (b) The affinity of the tRNAs to termination codons. We also discuss the possible role of translational readthrough during major changes in cell physiology. PMID- 3193781 TI - How does the brain control its own activity? A new function for the basal ganglia. AB - It has long been a problem in neuroscience to known how the brain controls its own activity, how it is able to control the level of CNS excitability and how it is able to select and act on some information as opposed to some other information. In this paper I propose a new theory in which the basal ganglia play a role in selecting information ("selective attention") and in controlling the general level of excitability of the CNS ("state control"), the two processes being to some extent interdependent. The basal ganglia achieve these functions by actions on the thalamic-frontal cortical axis and on the brainstem mesencephalic reticular formation. PMID- 3193782 TI - Analysis of mutant frequency curves and survival curves applied to the AL hybrid cell system. AB - A model is presented for the statistical analysis of survival curves and mutant frequency curves for a hybrid cell system. The derivation of the model is given in the Appendix, and depends on simple assumptions about the distribution of insults, their repair, and the loss of a marker that is not rescued. A single formula (5) is found which relates a survival curve to the mutant frequency curve, i. e., the response curve for production of mutants per 10(5) survivors induced by a mutagen. The analysis is applied to loss of the a1 gene in AL-J1 hybrid cells submitted to Cesium gamma-rays. Previous experimental data using X rays was reported by Waldren et al. (1986: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 83, 4839.) Also, a derived formula (10), which predicts the probability that in a surviving cell a marker is lost and not rescued, will form the basis for testing the validity of the model in the future using new experimental data. PMID- 3193783 TI - The co-operative symmetry of the genetic code. PMID- 3193784 TI - An approach to the modeling of the tolerance mechanism in the drug effect. II: On the implications of compensatory regulation. AB - In the previous paper (Peper et al., 1987: J. theor. Biol. 127, 413), a model of drug tolerance was developed based on the assumption that the decrease of drug effect after repeated administration of a drug is caused by the involved regulations in the organism adapting themselves to the presence of the drug. In the present paper, the behaviour of the model is studied with respect to the dose response relation, the drug effect in dependent and non-dependent subjects and withdrawal symptoms. Computer simulations demonstrate the model to be highly sensitive to sudden changes of drug dose. Dependent on the open loop gain of the adaptive mechanism, a sudden decrease of drug dose might result in an effect opposite to the common drug effect. In the model, the rate of decrease of drug dose necessary for optimal drug withdrawal appears to be determined by the same mechanism as the rate of increase of dose necessary for a constant effect at the commencement of treatment. The behaviour of the model suggests the degree of drug dependence in an addicted subject to depend on the extent to which non-somatic factors are involved in the process of initiation of the adaptive mechanisms. PMID- 3193785 TI - Independent determinants of systolic effectiveness: growth ability, contractility and mobility. AB - The left ventricle of the heart is a thick-walled chamber. In such a chamber, cavity dimensions do not express overall wall stretch, so fractional cavity surface displacements are not ideal performance expressions, and the intercepts and slopes of relations between intensive variables (pressure, stress, resistance, viscosity) and cavity dimensions do not express wall properties. By contrast, there is a midwall isobar whose enclosed volume (Vm) does express distension and stretch, so fractional midwall-volume displacement is an ideal expression of systolic performance, and characteristics of P-Vm and sigma-Vm relations do relate consistently to wall properties. The midwall volume at average basal end-diastolic distension is calculated: Vmu = Vcu Vou (ln Vou - ln Vcu)/(Vou - Vcu), where Vcu is cavity volume and Vou is chamber volume (cavity + wall) at average basal end-diastolic distension. At other distensions, midwall volume departs from Vmu as cavity volume departs from Vcu: Vm = Vmu + Vc - Vcu. Midwall ejection fraction (Jmv) is the difference between end-diastolic midwall volume (Vmd) and end-systolic midwall volume (Vms) divided by Vmd:Jmv = (Vmd - Vms)/Vmd. It depends on preload, afterload and two tensile characteristics. The cleanest separation of tensile characteristics is not in the intercept and slope but in the amplitude and spread of the sigma-Vm relation. Amplitude (sigma su) is the height of the relation at the average basal end-diastolic distension to which the chamber is accustomed. Spread (M sigma v) is the normalized difference between x intercept (Vmx) and Vmu: M sigma v = (Vmu - Vmx)/Vmu. It is the Jmv which would occur if preload were normal and afterload were zero. These considerations give rise to a new system for expressing and evaluating systolic performance and its determinants. The system is valid for the ranges of wall/cavity ratios, P-V-curve shapes and chamber shapes seen in left ventricles. PMID- 3193786 TI - Economy of design in metabolic pathways: further remarks on the game of the pentose phosphate cycle. AB - Sugar rearrangement in the pentose phosphate cycle and other related pathways were previously analysed by abstraction to a mathematical game of optimization based on certain hypotheses concerning enzymatic mechanisms of living cells (Melendez-Hevia & Isidoro, 1985, J. theor. Biol. 117, 251-263). The solution of that problem shows that the metabolic pathway, as occurs in cells, is the simplest solution of the operative problem. However, in that work, only the number of carbons in every sugar was considered. In the present paper, all structural features of the sugars and reaction mechanisms are taken into consideration, and the problem is again considered by abstraction to a mathematical model which includes all structural features of the sugars as well as all structural requirements of the enzymes in the hypotheses of the mechanisms. As in the above-mentioned paper, the hypothesis of simplicity is also imposed in order to achieve the objective (to convert six ribulose 5-phosphate into five glucose 6-phosphate) in the least number of steps (or with the least number of free intermediates), and the least number of carbons in the intermediates. It is concluded that the optimal, or simplest, solution of this problem is the same procedure as that occurring in living cells. The Calvin cycle in photosynthesis and the "L-type" of the pentose phosphate cycle are also analysed arriving at similar conclusions in both cases. These results suggest some reflections about the logic in the design of metabolic pathways, and the possible role of the hypothesis of simplicity in cell evolution. PMID- 3193788 TI - [Plants and traditional medicine in southeast Madagascar]. AB - This paper makes a first inventory of plants used by the medicine-men of the South-East of Madagascar (Tanala and Antemoro regions). The heirs - directly or indirectly - to an esoteric "moslem" knowledge which has been transmitted since the XVth century by the aristocratic islamized groups, the medicine-men are also the possessors of a knowledge which has been acquired by the autochthonous groups, that are said "masters of the earth" (commoners). Some divergences in the respective practices of the Tanala and Antemoro medicine-men seem to be connected with differences in the social structure and in the links between society and the environment. PMID- 3193789 TI - The extraction, isolation and identification of the purgative component of Croton penduliflorus seed oil. AB - The purgative principles in Croton penduliflorus seed oil were isolated as white crystals by a bioassay-guided chromatographic separation process. The crystals were recovered in 7% w/w yield and identified (IR, 1H-NMR, GC-MS) as a mixture of palmitic, stearic and arachidic acids in approximately equimolar concentration. PMID- 3193787 TI - Anticomplementary activity of the constituents of Eucommia ulmoides bark. AB - A study was made on the anticomplementary activity of the lignoid and iridoid derivatives isolated from the bark of Eucommia ulmoides as well as the enzymatic hydrolysis products of the isolated iridoid glucosides. PMID- 3193790 TI - Screening for cytotoxic activity of plants used in traditional medicine. AB - A total of 260 extracts have been prepared from 75 medicinal plant species collected in Africa, Panama and Mauritius. Three different concentrations of each extract have been screened in vitro for cytotoxic activity using a colorimetric assay to determine cell survival of human colon carcinoma Co115 cells. Fifteen plants showed ED50 values between 10.0 and 1.0 micrograms/ml but more significant activities were obtained in 11 (ED50 range 1.0-0.1 micrograms/ml) and 3 (ED50 range 0.1-0.01 micrograms/ml) plant specimens. Identification of new active substances may well be aided by pre-selecting plants known to be used empirically by traditional healers. PMID- 3193791 TI - Antipyretic activity of alpha- and beta-santonin. AB - The antipyretic activity of two sesquiterpene lactones, beta-santonin and arsubin, isolated from the lipid fraction of Artemisia coerulescens subsp. gallica was determined in rats along with the activity of alpha-santonin. In its alpha- and beta-forms, santonin caused a decrease in the body temperature of rats made febrile by the subcutaneous injection of beer yeast. This decrease, more pronounced in the case of beta-santonin, was dose-dependent and antagonized by pretreatment with haloperidol, an agent that also opposes the antipyretic activity of dopamine. These findings seem to show that the alpha- and beta-forms of santonin act on rectal temperature in a way similar to dopamine. PMID- 3193792 TI - The anti-ulcer effect in rats of ginger constituents. AB - The effects of ginger, a pungent stomachic natural medicine, on HCl/ethanol induced gastric lesions in rats, were examined. The orally administered acetone extract at 1000 mg/kg and zingiberene, the main terpenoid from acetone extract, at 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric lesions by 97.5 and 53.6%, respectively. 6-Gingerol, the pungent principle, at 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric lesions by 54.5%. These results suggest that zingiberene, the terpenoid and 6-gingerol are important constituents in stomachic medications containing ginger. PMID- 3193793 TI - Evaluation of the efficacy of Melothria maderaspatana in the alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver dysfunction. AB - An investigation was carried out to evaluate the ability of Melothria maderaspatana to protect the livers of albino rats from carbon tetrachloride mediated alterations in liver histopathology and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Treatment with an aqueous extract of Melothria aerial parts (either before or after CCl4 administration) markedly decreased CCl4-mediated alterations in liver histopathology as well as serum enzyme levels. Results provide supportive evidence for the folklore view that this plant is a good hepatotonic. PMID- 3193795 TI - Pharmacologic screening and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Calamintha sylvatica subsp. ascendens. PMID- 3193794 TI - Responses of gastrointestinal smooth muscle preparations to a muscarinic principle present in Sida veronicaefolia. AB - The effects of the water-soluble fraction from an alcoholic extract of Sida veronicaefolia leaves were studied on isolated guinea-pig ileum and isolated rabbit duodenum. Agonist/antagonist studies, using atropine, hexamethonium and mepyramine, suggest that the active principle may be muscarine-like. Preliminary biochemical investigations on the extract showed negative results for the presence of alkaloids, saponins and true tannins, but confirmed the presence of pseudotannins, oligosaccharides, flavonoids, choline, fructose, peptides, histidine, glycine, tyrosine, oxalic acid and phenolic acid. PMID- 3193796 TI - Preliminary investigation of the estrogenic potential of grandiflorenic acid from Montanoa tomentosa. PMID- 3193798 TI - The Mustard procedure in infants (less than 100 days of age). Ten-year follow-up. AB - Surgical treatment of transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum has changed markedly in the past 10 years. However, long-term follow-up on new approaches is not available. In a unique group of patients, operated on in the first 100 days of life with the Mustard procedure, such follow-up is available, and the results of these true infant repairs represent a benchmark against which subsequent techniques applied to infants should be compared. During the period of 1975 to 1980, 36 infants, less than 100 days of age, who had transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum, underwent Mustard repair at the University of California, San Francisco. Ages ranged from 4 to 98 days (mean 46 days) and weights from 2.3 to 6.6 kg (mean 3.5 kg). There were no early deaths, and late follow-up was available from 8 to 13 years (mean 10 years). The late survival rate was 97% (mean 10 years). There was a 62% rhythm disturbance-free survival rate, 89% reoperation-free survival rate, and 91% pacemaker-free survival rate. Echocardiographic evaluation revealed obstruction of the superior vena cava in eight patients, tricuspid insufficiency in four, right ventricular dysfunction in two, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in three. The Mustard procedure, performed in the first 100 days of life, results in a high rate of survival (early 100% and late 97%, at a mean of 10 years) and a low incidence of late complications against which other techniques of infant repair should be compared. PMID- 3193799 TI - The results of a surgical program for interrupted aortic arch. AB - Seventy-one patients with interrupted arch entered the Boston Children's Hospital between Jan. 1, 1974, and Jan. 1, 1987, of whom 63 underwent an operation. Type B was the most prevalent form of interrupted arch, and ventricular septal defect alone was the commonest coexisting cardiac anomaly. Among the 63, the 30-day and the 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 61%, 52%, 48%, and 47%, respectively. The mortality rate declined strikingly during the experience, and by multivariate analysis in patients with coexisting ventricular septal defect operated on in 1986, the probability of death within 2 weeks of repair was only 7%. Also, preoperative therapy became progressively more intense and more prolonged. The complication of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction developed in eight of the 33 patients undergoing repair of interrupted arch and of isolated ventricular septal defect. The time-related freedom from this complication was 97%, 78%, and 58% at 1 month, 1 year, and 3 years, respectively. Seven of the eight patients underwent a surgical procedure directed against the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and all have survived. Recurrent or persistent aortic arch obstruction became evident after repair in 15 patients and appeared more frequently and earlier after direct anastomosis than after tube graft repair. All patients had either reoperation or balloon dilation, but all were alive at follow up. Most surviving patients are active and without symptoms. Inferences: An aggressive surgical program can result in survival and a good clinical state for at least 10 years after birth of over 40% of patients born with interrupted arch. Multiple anatomic bases account for the development of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in about 50% of the patients undergoing repair of interrupted arch with coexisting ventricular septal defect. Repair by direct anastomosis combined with repair of the coexisting defect whenever possible is optimal therapy. PMID- 3193797 TI - Biochemical and cytogenetic studies of human lung cancers. AB - In ongoing studies, we have tested resected lung cancers from 41 men and 49 women; of those with primary lung cancer, 46 patients are free of disease and 35 have died of cancer or have persistent disease. Measurements and studies were as follows: total cellular deoxyribonucleic acid content by image analysis (n = 77); total genomic deoxyribonucleic acid methylation state and banding patterns from probed Southern blots (n = 36); radioimmunoassay for motilin, bombesin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and cholecystokinin (n = 18); and cytogenetic analysis (n = 39). All lung cancers were hyperploid. Adenocarcinomas and epidermoid carcinomas were generally hexaploid to nearly septaploid; comparisons by stage and histologic features suggested potential prognostic correlations. There was general hypomethylation of deoxyribonucleic acid (p less than 0.001). Deoxyribonucleic acid digests from restriction endonuclease Hpa II, when probed with deoxyribonucleic acid homologous to KPN, showed banding patterns that separated histologically indistinguishable primary adenocarcinomas and metastatic adenocarcinomas from one another. Cancers studied with radioimmunoassay were all negative for polypeptide hormones. Five cancers grew adequately in vitro to permit study of 190 detailed karyotypes (20 to 50 per tumor). Chromosome modal numbers ranged from 49 to 109. There were from 4 to 20 clearly abnormal marker chromosomes per tumor; abnormality derived from chromosome 1 was prevalent. Ten of 19 tumors xenotransplanted to nude mice were carried through two to five transplant generations without a change in histologic patterns. PMID- 3193800 TI - Cervical esophagogastric anastomosis for benign disease. Functional results. AB - Ninety-one adult patients (average age 49 years) with various benign esophageal disorders treated by total thoracic esophagectomy and a cervical esophagogastric anastomosis have been followed up with personal interviews and examinations from 6 to 104 months (average 34 months). Outpatient esophageal dilation has been used liberally for any degree of postoperative cervical dysphagia. At their latest follow-up, 39 patients (43%) eat without dysphagia; four patients (4%) have mild dysphagia necessitating no treatment; 34 patients (37%) have undergone one to three dilations during the first 6 to 12 postoperative months for intermittent dysphagia; and 14 patients (16%) have more severe dysphagia necessitating regular anastomotic dilations (two thirds of these perform home self-dilations). Mild regurgitation of gastric contents has been experienced by 27 (30%), particularly when recumbent after eating, but only four patients sleep with the head of the bed elevated to prevent nocturnal regurgitation. No patient has had pulmonary complications resulting from aspiration. Twenty patients (22%) have had varying degrees of "dumping syndrome," generally transient and well controlled with medication. Two patients have required an additional gastric drainage operation 16 months and 82 months, respectively, after the esophagectomy. At their latest evaluation, 33% of the patients weigh 3 to 83 (average 19) pounds more than they weighed preoperatively, 38% weigh 5 to 40 (average 12) pounds less, and 29% have had no change in their weight. The stomach functions well as a visceral esophageal substitute and, like the esophagus, is more thick-walled and resilient than colon. Significant gastroesophageal reflux is uncommon after a properly performed cervical esophagogastric anastomosis. Postoperative dysphagia can be minimized by attention to technique in constructing the anastomosis. These data support our belief that the stomach is the preferred organ for esophageal replacement, not only for carcinoma, but also for benign diseases as well. PMID- 3193801 TI - Diffusing capacity predicts morbidity and mortality after pulmonary resection. AB - Patients who are considered for major pulmonary resection are normally evaluated by spirometry and clinical assessment. Despite this, the morbidity and mortality rates are high after these operations. We retrospectively reviewed results of lung resection performed during a period of 7.5 years in 237 patients to identify other important predictors of morbidity and mortality. There were 144 male and 93 female patients with a mean age of 59.4 +/- 11.4 years. The indication for operation was lung cancer in 199 (76 stage I, 34 stage II, 89 stage IIIA-B), benign disease in 34, and metastatic disease from other primary tumors in four. Lobectomy or bilobectomy was performed in 164 patients and pneumonectomy in 73. Data on 38 preoperative and operative risk factors were correlated with information on 24 postoperative events grouped into four major categories: death, pulmonary complications, cardiovascular complications, and other problems. Logistic regression analysis and chi 2 analysis were used to identify the relationship of the preoperative risk factors to the grouped postoperative complications. The diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was the most important predictor of mortality (p less 0.01) and was the sole predictor of postoperative pulmonary complications (p less than 0.005). This diffusing capacity can reveal the existence of emphysematous changes in the lung, even when spirometric values are acceptable, and it usually should be a part of the evaluation of patients being considered for pulmonary resection. PMID- 3193802 TI - Removal of surgically induced fibrous arterial plaques by argon ion laser angiosurgery using a multifiber delivery system. An experimental study in the dog. AB - Removal of intravascular atherosclerotic obstructions by laser irradiation has gained the attention of many investigators, but has proven to be considerably more difficult to accomplish than initially envisioned. We tested, in an animal model, an argon ion laser delivery system that permits control of (1) laser power, (2) exposure time, and (3) laser beam spot size. The study was conducted on surgically, induced focal fibrous plaques in the carotid arteries of nine dogs. Plaque removal, vessel patency, and healing were evaluated angiographically and by light and electron microscopy at intervals up to 60 days after treatment. Results showed that intravascular obstructions could be removed, healing occurred, and vessels remained patent for up to 60 days. PMID- 3193804 TI - In vitro comparison of aortic heart valve prostheses. Part 1: Mechanical valves. AB - The hydrodynamic performance of a series of mechanical heart valve prostheses is measured in the aortic position. All experiments are performed in an electrohydraulic, computer-controlled pulse duplicator simulating the left side of the human circulatory system. Testing conditions are set according to a Food and Drug Administration interlaboratory comparison protocol with cardiac outputs of 3.0, 4.5, 6.5, and 8.0 L/min at a constant heart rate of 70 beats/min. Mean systolic pressure differences, volume losses, and energy losses, as well as dimensionless pressure losses and energy loss coefficients, are calculated from the recorded pressure, volume, and flow tracings. The results of 10 mechanical heart valve prostheses (eight tilting disc valves and two bileaflet valves) are presented and their clinical relevance is discussed. PMID- 3193803 TI - Determination of the need for a ventriculotomy in the repair of tetralogy of Fallot. AB - Fifty-two patients with tetralogy of Fallot underwent repair between March 1985 and July 1987. The repair was made without a ventriculotomy whenever feasible. There were no (0%) early or late-phase deaths (70% confidence limits 0% to 3.6%). Operative reports and preoperative angiocardiograms were retrospectively reviewed to delineate determinants for operative approach. Two distinct morphologic subgroups were observed angiographically and confirmed intraoperatively. Thirty two patients (62%) had severe hypertrophy of the infundibular septal structures. Each of these 32 underwent transatrial and transpulmonary repair of the infundibular stenosis, and 12 of them also required a limited ventriculotomy to enlarge a hypoplastic pulmonary valve anulus. The other 20 patients (38%) were found to have hypoplasia and not hypertrophy of the infundibular septum. Each of these required a formal transventricular approach to the repair with an infundibular patch inserted to relieve the infundibular stenosis. Right ventricular/left ventricular systolic pressure ratios after repair were not different between the groups (p = 0.79). In conclusion, tetralogy of Fallot was satisfactorily repaired by means of a transatrial and transpulmonary approach in two thirds of these patients. The avoidance of a ventriculotomy to accomplish repair may be suggested preoperatively by selective angiocardiogram and confirmed by intraoperative assessment. These findings have important implications for the development of treatment protocols. PMID- 3193805 TI - Inclusion (aneurysm wrap) technique for composite graft replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve. PMID- 3193806 TI - Classification of subvalvular apparatus in rheumatic mitral stenosis and correlation between the lesions and other features of the disease. PMID- 3193807 TI - Wessex porcine bioprosthesis initiated pericardial bias strip. PMID- 3193808 TI - The low-profile Ionescu-Shiley valve. PMID- 3193809 TI - Leukemic stem cells and the curability of leukemias. PMID- 3193810 TI - The incidence of hybrid acute leukaemias. AB - During a 4-yr period, 292 patients with acute leukaemia were studied using morphology, cytochemistry and immunologic reagents to determine the cell lineage of the leukaemia. One hundred and sixty-three cases were shown to be acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), 127 acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) and two cases (0.6%) were classified as hybrid acute leukaemias. One was biphenotypic in which the blast cells displayed both T-lymphoid (60% E-rosettes) and megakaryocytic markers (47% CDw41/glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antigen, 50% myeloperoxidase). The second was a bilineal acute leukaemia in which some blast cells displayed B-lymphoid (47% CD10/CALLA, 40% acid phosphatase) features and other megakaryocytic (33% coagulation factor VIII:WVf antigen)/myeloid (30% Sudan Black) features. This study suggests that hybrid acute leukaemia are rare. PMID- 3193811 TI - Detection of karyotypic abnormalities in most patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia by adding ethidium bromide to short-term cultures. AB - A modified short-term culture method, in which cultured bone marrow cells were treated with ethidium bromide to prevent chromosome condensation was used to study the chromosomes of 70 patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Clonal karyotypic abnormalities were detected in 60 patients. Among these, 35 patients showed one of recurrent type specific alterations. A close relationship between karyotypes and clinical outcome was shown: thus, t(8;21) or a single miscellaneous chromosomal defect associated with a favourable prognosis whereas t(9;11) or a complex karyotype related to a poor prognosis. The ten cytogenetically normal patients did not appear to have a favourable prognosis. PMID- 3193812 TI - Potentiation of glucocorticoid-induced lysis in refractory and resistant leukemia cells by inhibitors of ADP-ribosylation. AB - Meta-iodo-benzylguanidine (MIBG; 3 x 10(-5) M), a novel inhibitor of mono(ADP ribosylation)-and the general ribosylation inhibitor nicotinamide (NA; 5-20 mM) both stimulated the glucocorticoid-mediated lysis of sensitive L1210 leukemia cells and even induced susceptibility in various human and murine lines refractory or resistant to dexamethasone (DEX). Potentiation and induction of DEX sensitivity by ADP-ribosylation inhibitors was accompanied by an increase in saturable 3H-DEX binding sites and by a 2-3 fold increase in the affinity of intracellular receptors for hormone binding. Moreover, the ribosylation inhibitors converted the glucocorticoid antagonist RU-486 into a potent agonist for cytolysis of L1210 cells. We conclude that the cytolytic action of glucocorticoid hormones in leukemic cells is negatively controlled by (mono)ADP ribosylation of receptor proteins. PMID- 3193813 TI - Megakaryocyte colony formation in chronic myeloid leukemia and myelofibrosis. AB - Colony formation by megakaryocytic progenitors from the blood or bone marrow was studied in 22 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and in 17 patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis (MF). Thirteen of the 22 CML patients showed megakaryocytic colony formation, when PHA-LCM and plasma of a patient with aplastic anemia were used as a source of colony stimulating activity. Twelve of these 13 patients also showed spontaneous megakaryocytic growth, i.e. colony formation when PHA-LCM was omitted and normal plasma was used instead of aplastic plasma. All the untreated CML patients exhibited both stimulated and spontaneous growth. Each patient without any megakaryocytic colony formation had recently received cytotoxic treatment. Thirteen of the 17 patients with MF grew megakaryocytic colonies and ten of these 13 patients also showed spontaneous megakaryocytic growth. The colony numbers were roughly similar in the stimulated and non-stimulated cultures. The present study shows that spontaneous megakaryocytic colony formation, previously shown to be common in PV and ET, is also seen in many patients with CML and MF. PMID- 3193814 TI - Differences in DNA-fingerprints between remission and relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - DNA "fingerprint" (DNA-F) analysis, based on the polymorphism caused by numeric variations in the tandem repeats of minisatellite areas of the human genome, has a potential capacity to reveal even minor genomic changes. In this study we have applied DNA-F to the detection of residual disease in leukemia. In order to identify normal and leukemic cell populations, we used two molecular probes: Jeffrey's minisatellite probes and M13 wild type phage probe, which detect different sets of polymorphic fragments in the human genome. Comparison of varying minisatellite fragments between remission and relapse was performed by Southern blot hybridization in seven patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The results suggest that Southern hybridization with DNA "fingerprint" probes can prove to be a sensitive method in the detection of minimal residual disease in ALL. PMID- 3193815 TI - First-line diagnosis based on immunological phenotyping in suspected acute leukemia: a prospective study. AB - In a prospective analysis of the diagnostic value of immunophenotyping in acute leukemias (ALs), all patients admitted to a pediatric and a haematological department suspected of AL were examined consecutively with a selected panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against leucocyte differentiation antigens during an 8-month period. A total of 189 samples obtained from blood, bone marrow, spinal fluid and lymph nodes in 120 cases were all analysed blindly. The results were correlated with a routine morphological/cytochemical evaluation. Differing results were obtained in seven out of 38 cases in which the immunologically defined diagnosis was acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and in one out of 21 cases with the primary diagnosis acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). Immunological phenotyping disclosed two cases of hybrid leukemia, one case of biphenotypic and one case of bilineal leukemia. No evidence of malignancy was found in 36 cases, 30 cases of blood and bone marrow and six cases of spinal fluids, in every case in accordance with the pathological examination. These results demonstrate that a first-line immunological evaluation of bone marrow, blood and spinal fluid from patients suspected of AL is highly capable of discriminating between different malignant and nonmalignant haematological diseases and also between various types of leukemias. The immunological methods do, however, require a sufficient amount of material which was a limiting factor in 14 out of 120 examinations, mainly from patients treated with several cycles of cytostatics. It is concluded that immunophenotyping can be used as a first-line diagnostic tool in malignant haematological diseases. PMID- 3193816 TI - Hybrid leukemia--so near and yet so far. PMID- 3193817 TI - Comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and dual photon absorptiometry for bone mineral measurements of the lumbar spine. AB - A new x-ray-based (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry [DEXA]) instrument for measurement of bone mineral in the spine and hips (QDR-1000, Hologic, Inc.) was compared with a commercial dual photon absorptiometry (DPA) instrument that uses a 153Gd source (DP3, Lunar Radiation Corporation). Measurements were made on phantoms and lumbar spines of patients to study accuracy, precision, limitations, and compatibility of results between instruments. Both instruments measure bone mineral of integral bone in terms of area bone density with an entrance exposure of less than 5 mR. For spinal bone mineral measurements, the DEXA instrument had a shorter scanning time and higher resolution images than the DPA system. The DEXA instrument also showed better precision in a spine phantom and reduced influence of thickness for patient measurement. For bone mineral content, accuracy was about equal for both instruments; for measurements of the area of the region of interest, accuracy was better with the DEXA instrument. With both instruments, fat had little effect on bone mineral density in bone phantom studies. Measurements on both instruments were influenced by the location of a bone phantom within the photon beam. Results in patients showed good correlation (r = 0.988) for bone mineral density. Measurements of bone mineral density in patients were consistently lower with the DEXA instrument because of better accuracy in area measurements. The new x-ray-based instrument is a major advance in bone mineral absorptiometry and provides improved, yet less expensive, measurements in research and clinical applications. PMID- 3193818 TI - Blood pressure load--a better determinant of hypertension. AB - Noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was used to evaluate the diagnosis of hypertension in 168 untreated patients with essential hypertension. On the basis of overall office blood pressure--the mean of 12 measurements, 2 in each of three positions (supine, sitting, and standing) on 2 consecutive days- 133 patients were diagnosed as having hypertension (diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher) and 35 as having borderline hypertension (diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg). The mean blood pressures for those with hypertension and borderline hypertension were 149/99 and 135/87 mm Hg, respectively. The mean ambulatory diastolic blood pressure was 90 mm Hg or higher in 123 patients during awake hours and in 91 patients during 24 hours. The diastolic blood pressure loads (percentage of ambulatory diastolic blood pressures more than 90 mm Hg) in patients with hypertension and borderline hypertension, respectively, were 69% and 43% during awake hours and 59% and 35% during 24 hours. The systolic blood pressure loads (percentage of systolic readings more than 140 mm Hg) during awake and 24 hours were 56% and 48%, respectively, in patients with established hypertension and 31% and 26%, respectively, in those with borderline hypertension. Thus, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and blood pressure load provide useful information for diagnosing hypertension. PMID- 3193819 TI - Nutritional assessment of intensive-care unit patients. AB - The decision about whether to institute aggressive nutritional support, with its attendant expense and potential morbidity, in critically ill patients remains controversial. We studied numerous commonly used variables for assessment of nutrition to identify critically ill patients at increased risk for the development of infection, for becoming ventilator dependent, and for mortality. We enrolled 111 patients in this study on their third day in the intensive-care unit (ICU). No attempt was made to influence nutritional support, nor was adequacy of such support studied. Although several measurements correlated with outcome, the serum albumin correlated with number of ICU days (r = -0.38; P less than 0.001), with the number of days on a ventilator, and with the number of hospital days. It was the only measurement that correlated with the development of both a new infection (P less than 0.05) and ventilator dependency (P = 0.002). Although the use of the serum albumin concentration in this setting has limitations, it is still the best, most commonly used measurement of nutrition available. PMID- 3193820 TI - Diagnosing Lyme disease: the contribution of serologic testing. AB - Lyme disease is a multisystem disorder caused by a tick-transmitted spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings in most patients, particularly those with erythema migrans or exposure to geographic locations endemic for the disease. Detection of a specific antibody to B. burgdorferi is a useful confirmatory test in many patients. In atypical cases, however, a positive test result can be pivotal for determining the diagnosis and can lead to institution of definitive treatment. Serologic testing should not be used indiscriminately to diagnose Lyme disease or as the sole basis for administration of antibiotic therapy. PMID- 3193822 TI - Statistical considerations for performing multiple tests in a single experiment. 5. Comparing two therapies with respect to several endpoints. PMID- 3193821 TI - Evaluation of five high-sensitivity American thyrotropin assays. AB - We compared five commercial immunometric kits for thyrotropin (TSH) manufactured in the United States--Abbott, Diagnostic Products, Hybritech, Nichols, and Becton Dickinson--and one sensitive "in-house" radioimmunoassay for their ability to monitor TSH levels in patients with hyperthyroidism and during thyroid hormone suppression therapy. With these five methods, we measured TSH concentrations is serum specimens from the following categories of patients: euthyroid (N = 99), hyperthyroid (N = 51), hypothyroid (N = 50), and thyroid cancer and nodular goiter on thyroid hormone suppression therapy (N = 33). The immunometric methods were similar in assay sensitivity and precision; the in-house radioimmunoassay was less sensitive than all other assays studied. The simultaneous correlation of TSH values obtained from all diagnostic categories was more than 90% among the assays studied. The immunometric assays clearly distinguished hyperthyroid from euthyroid patients and quantitated TSH levels in the subnormal range. PMID- 3193823 TI - New radiographic technique may renew credibility of bone densitometry. PMID- 3193824 TI - Automated blood pressure monitoring: a new dimension in diagnosis. PMID- 3193825 TI - Ocular herpes simplex infections. PMID- 3193826 TI - Therapy-related acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: clinical aspects. PMID- 3193827 TI - CA 125 and CA 19-9 in peritoneal, cyst and amniotic fluids. AB - The concentrations of the tumour markers CA 125 and CA 19-9 were determined in peritoneal, cyst and amniotic fluids, with particular attention being paid to certain reliability criteria of the assay methods. The antigens were measured in undiluted samples and after several dilutions. A recovery test was also performed and protein content evaluated. The results show high levels of CA 125 in all fluids; in descending order of concentration: amniotic (2376-3891 U ml-1), peritoneal (379-4040 U ml-1) and cyst fluid (124-466 U ml-1). Amniotic, peritoneal and cyst fluid concentrations of CA 19-9 were found to be 314-1008 U ml-1, 26.7-2182 U ml-1 and 226-2988 U ml-1, respectively. Recovery was between 80 and 100% for all fluids. CA 125 was easily assayable in all fluids, except amniotic and peritoneal which required dilution even of the samples which fell within the range of the standard curve before dilution. The presence of CA 125 and CA 19-9 in amniotic and cyst fluids emphasizes the non-specificity of these molecules and suggests caution in the interpretation of the results. PMID- 3193828 TI - A phase II study of sequential methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil in colorectal carcinoma. AB - Nineteen patients with locally recurrent or metastatic colorectal carcinomas were treated with 3-weekly cycles of methotrexate (MTX) given as a loading dose of 100 mg m-2 and a subsequent 12 h infusion of 400 mg m-2, followed by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 900 mg m-2 as a bolus injection on completion of infusion. No objective responses were seen in 14 evaluable patients. One early death was treatment related, and four patients were withdrawn from the study after a single course as toxicity was considered unacceptable. The results suggest that in this regimen of sequential MTX and 5-FU, any synergism may be restricted to drug toxicity as no therapeutic benefit was evident. PMID- 3193829 TI - Quantitation of ellipsoid tumor areas using a circumferential measuring device. AB - A controlled trial of a new circumferential area measuring device, the Tumorimeter, was performed on a set of 30 radiographs of chest nodules ranging in size from 1.5 to 5.0 cm diameter. The Tumorimeter is a hand-held device with a sliding radiolucent loop used to circumferentially measure ellipsoid tumors. It is calibrated in cm2 of surface area. In a crossover comparison with standard Vernier-type calipers, the Tumorimeter was significantly more accurate than bidimensional caliper determinations (less than or equal to 5% surface area error vs a 21-28% overestimate error for calipers). It was also more rapid (an average of 10.5 sec for the Tumorimeter vs 22.3 sec for calipers for each measurement). Both results were statistically significant, P less than 0.0001 by analysis of variance. This trial demonstrates that enhanced speed and accuracy in tumor measurement are possible by using ellipsoid assessments of radiographs. A prospective clinical trial is planned to compare rectangular areas obtained using bidimensional tumor widths, with ellipsoid areas obtained by circumferential tumor measurements using the Tumorimeter. PMID- 3193830 TI - Butyric acid: inhibition of non-leukemic and chronic myeloid leukemia granulocyte macrophage clonal growth. AB - Butyric acid has been shown to inhibit the growth of several established tumor cell lines and to induce either granulocytic or erythroid differentiation in different human and murine leukemic cell lines. The dose-dependent effect of butyric acid was tested in vitro on the clonal growth of granulocyte macrophage progenitors in 13 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and compared with control bone marrow and peripheral blood responses. The growth of myeloid progenitors from both healthy donors and non-leukemic and leukemic patients was almost completely inhibited by 1.0 mM butyric acid. At 0.5 mM butyric acid, inhibition of CML progenitors, both from chronic phase and blastic phase patients, was significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than bone marrow from non leukemic patients and peripheral blood controls. Butyric acid, a 4-carbon compound, was the most potent inhibitor of six short chain fatty acids tested on CML myeloid progenitors. PMID- 3193831 TI - [Usefulness of biological markers for the detection of alcoholism and the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease]. PMID- 3193832 TI - [Syndrome of persistent generalized lymphadenopathies parenteral drug addicts. Clinical, immunological and histopathological study of 18 cases]. PMID- 3193834 TI - [Emergency transfusion in an under age patient in a Jehovah's witnesses family. What does the current law indicate?]. PMID- 3193833 TI - [The value of various laboratory tests in the detection of alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease]. PMID- 3193835 TI - [Early and efficient resuscitation and first aid]. PMID- 3193836 TI - [Primary care and family physicians]. PMID- 3193837 TI - [Lupus myocarditis with severe heart insufficiency]. PMID- 3193838 TI - [Sneddon syndrome and antiphospholipid antibodies]. PMID- 3193839 TI - [How to improve the efficacy of nicotine chewing gum]. PMID- 3193840 TI - [Nephropathy in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Statistical errors]. PMID- 3193841 TI - [Biliary cryptosporidiosis in a hemophilia patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. PMID- 3193842 TI - [Intermediate syndrome in organophosphorus poisoning]. PMID- 3193843 TI - Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in human tissues. AB - The affinities of selective, pirenzepine and AF-DX 116, and classical, N methylscopolamine and atropine, muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonists were investigated in displacement binding experiments with [3H]Pirenzepine and [3H]N methylscopolamine in membranes from human autoptic tissues (forebrain, cerebellum, atria, ventricle and submaxillary salivary glands). Affinity estimates of N-methylscopolamine and atropine indicated a non-selective profile. Pirenzepine showed differentiation between the M1 neuronal receptor of the forebrain and the receptors in other tissues while AF-DX 116 clearly discriminated between muscarinic receptors of heart and glands. The results in human tissues confirm the previously described selectivity profiles of pirenzepine and AF-DX 116 in rat tissues. These findings thus reveal the presence also in man of three distinct muscarinic receptor subtypes: the neuronal M1, the cardiac M2 and the glandular M3. PMID- 3193844 TI - Dose-dependent and stereoselective antagonism by diltiazem of naloxone precipitated morphine abstinence after acute morphine-dependence in vivo and in vitro. AB - The effects of two enantiomers of diltiazem (l-cis and d-cis) on naloxone precipitated morphine abstinence after acute morphine dependence were evaluated in vivo in mice and in vitro in isolated pieces of rat terminal ileum. d-cis diltiazem (10-40 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the jumping and body weight loss induced by naloxone in acutely morphine dependent mice. By contrast, l-cis-diltiazem 40 mg/kg did not significantly inhibit jumping and produced a much lower inhibition of body weight loss than the same dose of d-cis diltiazem. In addition, d-cis-diltiazem (0.01-1 microM) produced a concentration dependent inhibition of naloxone-induced contracture in morphine dependent ilea, whereas l-cis-diltiazem, even at 1 microM, did not inhibit this contracture. These results suggest that calcium channels may play a similar role in naloxone precipitated morphine abstinence in vivo and in vitro. PMID- 3193845 TI - Effect of inhibitors of enkephalin degradation in the isolated guinea-pig ileum. AB - Bestatin and high concentration of puromycin increase the depressing effect of [Met] enkephalin on the twitch response of the electrically stimulated guinea-pig ileum. Thiorphan (enkephalinase A inhibitor) is hardly effective, but phelorphan (mercapto-acetyl-Phe-Phe) a newly synthesized enzyme-inhibitor which effectively inhibits the enkephalinase A, enkephalinase B and soluble aminopeptidase activity, potentiates the effect of enkephalin dose-dependently and in low concentrations (0.01-1 microM). Enkephalinase A, though present in these tissues, is not functional under the conditions of the test, because it is inhibited by the physiological buffer itself. These results demonstrate that enkephalinase B and the membrane bound aminopeptidase, but not the soluble aminopeptidase or enkephalinase A hydrolyse enkephalins in the isolated guinea-pig ileum. PMID- 3193846 TI - ZK91587: a novel synthetic antimineralocorticoid displays high affinity for corticosterone (type I) receptors in the rat hippocampus. AB - In vitro cytosol binding assays have shown the properties of binding of a novel steroid, ZK91587 (15 beta, 16 beta-methylene-mexrenone) in the brain of rats. Scatchard and Woolf analyses of the binding data reveal the binding of [3H] ZK91587 to the total hippocampal corticosteroid receptor sites with high affinity (Kd 1.9 nM), and low capacity (Bmax 17.3 fmol/mg protein). When 100-fold excess RU28362 was included simultaneously with [3H] ZK91587, the labelled steroid binds with the same affinity (Kd 1.8 nM) and capacity (Bmax 15.5 fmol/mg protein). Relative binding affinities (RBA) of various steroids for the Type I or Type II corticosteroid receptor in these animals are: Type I: ZK91587 = corticosterone (B) greater than cortisol (F); Type II: B greater than F much greater than ZK91587. In the binding kinetic study, ZK91587 has a high association rate of binding in the rat (20.0 x 10(7) M-1 min-1). The steroid dissociates following a one slope pattern (t 1/2 30 h), indicating, the present data demonstrate that in the rat hippocampus, ZK91587 binds specifically to the Type I (corticosterone preferring/mineralocorticoid-like) receptor. PMID- 3193847 TI - Phase-shifts of the Bulla ocular circadian pacemaker in the presence of calmodulin antagonists. AB - Previous work has shown that light-induced phase shifts of the Bulla ocular circadian pacemaker require extracellular calcium, suggesting the possibility that the action of calcium as a second messenger via calmodulin is an element in the phase shifting mechanism. The calmodulin antagonists calmidazolium, trifluoperazine (TFP) and W7 were applied with phase shifting light pulses. Light phase shifts were not blocked by calmidazolium or TFP, suggesting that calmodulin does not mediate light-induced phase shifts. Period changes were observed with treatments of both TFP and W7, but not with calmidazolium and are probably not calmodulin-mediated. PMID- 3193848 TI - Dopamine 4-sulfate: effects on isolated perfused rat heart and role of atria. AB - We studied the effects of sulfate conjugate of dopamine on the isolated perfused rat heart (Langendorff preparation). In the experimental group, we removed atria from half number of the hearts. In the hearts with intact atria, dopamine 4 sulfate significantly improved the DT (developed tension), +dT/dt max (maximal rate of contraction), -dT/dt max (maximum rate of relaxation) over baseline values. But when atria were removed, dopamine 4-sulfate had no effect on the mechanical functions of heart. We analysed the effluent perfusate for the free and conjugated catecholamines. In the control group (no drug), and when atria were excised, the free catecholamine levels were negligible. But when the atria were kept intact, the effluent contained significant amount of free dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE). These data suggested that dopamine sulfate had no direct effect on the ventricular muscle of rat heart, but was converted within the atrial tissues into free catecholamines which might be responsible for the positive inotropic actions. PMID- 3193849 TI - Suppression of norepinephrine appearance rate in plasma by diazepam in humans. AB - Studies demonstrating benzodiazepine-induced reductions in plasma norepinephrine (NE) have assumed that changes in circulating plasma NE closely parallel changes in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity and that benzodiazepines suppress SNS outflow. However, decreases in plasma NE could also result from increased removal of NE from plasma via neuronal uptake or tissue metabolism. This study used a tritiated norepinephrine ([3H] NE) isotope dilution technique for measurement of plasma NE kinetics to determine if the fall in plasma NE induced by a single dose of diazepam orally administered to eight psychiatrically-healthy volunteers was due to a fall in plasma NE appearance rate or an increase in plasma NE removal. Diazepam decreased plasma NE appearance, but not clearance, and also decreased plasma epinephrine and mean arterial pressure, memory performance and alertness. Plasma levels of diazepam were correlated with drug effects on memory and alertness but not cardiovascular or SNS effects. PMID- 3193850 TI - Circadian rhythm of corticosterone in diabetic rats. AB - We proposed that the circadian rhythm of corticosterone in diabetic rats would have a different pattern than that in non-diabetic control rats. To test this hypothesis, 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were given ad libitum access to a stock diet and housed individually in a light and temperature controlled room. Ten rats were made diabetic by two subcutaneous injections of streptozotocin. Ten rats which were not injected served as controls. Thirteen days after induction of the diabetes, tail blood samples were taken every 4 h for 24 h. Plasma corticosterone levels were significantly higher in diabetic rats than in control rats at 3 time points during the light cycle; however, concentrations were similar during the dark cycle. We speculate that diabetes may cause alterations in the steroid feedback mechanism to the hypothalamus and/or pituitary, resulting in an abnormal circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone. PMID- 3193851 TI - Effect of an anti-ulcer drug, plaunotol, and its metabolites on NAD+ dependent 15 hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase from gastric mucosa. AB - 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase was partially purified from hog gastric mucosa by about 1000-fold with a 13.5% yield. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 32,000 daltons by gel filtration. The enzyme was inhibited by some metabolites of plaunotol [(2E, 6Z, 10E)-7-hydroxymethyl-3,11,15-trimethyl 2,6,10,14-hexadecatetrae n-1- ol], a new anti-ulcer drug. The inhibition patterns for substrates, prostaglandin E1 and NAD+ were both uncompetitive with Ki values of 7.8 and 19.7 microM, respectively. PMID- 3193852 TI - The embryo influences adenylate cyclase activity and hormonal response in rabbit myometrium during early pregnancy. AB - The effect of pseudopregnancy (PSPG; days: 0 (estrus), 1, 6.5, 9 and 15) and pregnancy (PG; days: 6.5, 9 and 15) on adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was verified in rabbit myometrium. During PSPG, there was a time related decline in basal activity from 71 +/- 16.2 (D 0) to 13.1 +/- 1.6 (PSPG-D9) pmoles cAMP formed/mg prot-min. Stimulation of the enzyme by GTP, Isoproterenol (ISO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or Sodium Fluoride (NaF) followed a similar pattern. AC activity was compared in myometrial tissues of pregnant animals (PG) separated into embryonic (ES) and interembryonic (IES) sites. On days 6.5 and 9, AC activity measured in tissues from PG rabbits (ES and IES) was always higher than that found in tissues from PSPG animals on corresponding days. On day 6.5, AC activity was slightly higher (p less than 0.01) in ES than in IES. This was confirmed on day 9 where basal as well as GTP, ISO and PGE2 stimulated activities were higher in ES than in IES (p less than 0.001). Dose response to ISO, expressed as % of GTP, were similar on D0, 1, 6.5 and 15 of PSPG. However, on day 9, there was a striking diminution in response reflected by a lower stimulation at suboptimal dose (0.1 microM; p less than 0.05) from 115 +/- 2 on day 0 to 104 +/- 4 on day 9. These results suggest that protein content which is increased during pseudopregnancy could be responsible for the decline of AC activity. However, results obtained on day 9 and 15 suggest that other factors are involved. Dose responses to ISO during PG showed an alteration in response on days 6.5 and 9 at ES. It was reflected by a higher stimulation at suboptimal (0.1 microM) and optimal doses (100 microM). These results suggest that myometrial AC activity could be regulated by the presence of the embryo. PMID- 3193853 TI - A simple and reliable method for monitoring platelet serotonin levels in rats. AB - A simple and reliable method for individual monitoring of platelet serotonin in rats is developed. Platelet-rich plasma is prepared under standardized conditions from 1 mL of venous blood and the platelets are quantitatively separated by a highly reproducible procedure. Platelet serotonin content is determined spectrophotofluorometrically and the results are comparatively expressed per standardized platelet rich plasma sample (1.01 +/- 0.18 microgram), per mg of platelet protein (1.57 +/- 0.15 microgram) and per 10(9) platelets (2.16 +/- 0.38 micrograms). Normal distribution of platelet serotonin levels in a sample of 338 animals is shown. By use of the described method, the intraindividual stability of platelet serotonin concentration in rats is demonstrated for the first time. PMID- 3193854 TI - 3,7-Dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: a potent and selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs. AB - 3,7-Dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (DMPX), a caffeine analog that exhibits in vitro selectivity for A2-adenosine receptors, compared to A1-adenosine receptors, has now been investigated with respect to in vivo potency and selectivity. DMPX potently and selectively blocked the actions of the potent A2 adenosine agonist, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), in DBA/2 mice, compared to blockade of the same responses elicited by the selective A1-adenosine agonist, N6 cyclohexyladenosine (CHA). DMPX was 57-fold more potent versus NECA-induced hypothermia than versus CHA-induced hypothermia and 11-fold more potent versus NECA-induced behavioral depression than versus CHA-induced behavioral depression. The hypothermia is mediated by peripheral receptors, based on blockade by 8-(p sulfophenyl)theophylline (PSPT), while the behavioral depression is centrally mediated, based on lack of blockade by PSPT. DMPX was 28- and 15-fold more potent than caffeine in blocking peripheral and central NECA-responses, respectively. DMPX was equipotent with caffeine versus CHA-induced hypothermia and 2.5-fold more potent than caffeine versus CHA-induced behavioral depression. The motor stimulating potency of DMPX (ED50 10 mumol/kg) was slightly greater than caffeine. PMID- 3193855 TI - Effects of the calcium antagonist NB-818 on cerebral blood flow. AB - The effects of intravenous injection of NB-818, isopropyl methyl 2 carbamoyloxymethyl-6-methyl-4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5- dicarboxylate, on regional cerebral blood flow were studied in rabbits and Rhesus monkeys, using the hydrogen clearance technique. The above effects were compared with those of nicardipine and nimodipine. In rabbits, NB-818 (10 micrograms/kg i.v.) increased both cerebral cortical blood flow (rCBF) and cerebellar cortical blood flow by about 80% of the predrug level with a moderate decrease in mean arterial blood pressure, and no increase in skeletal muscle blood flow. The increase in cerebral blood flow with NB-818 was as great as that with nicardipine or nimodipine. In Rhesus monkeys, NB-818 (10-20 micrograms/kg i.v.) increased rCBF by about 30% of the predrug level, and its effect continued 30-60 min after dosing. The increase in rCBF with NB-818 was greater than that with nicardipine. The results from the present study indicate that NB-818 predominantly increases rCBF with a concomitant moderate hypotension, and its action is greater than that of nicardipine or nimodipine. PMID- 3193856 TI - Inhibitory effects of pyridoxal phosphate, ascorbate and aminoguanidine on nonenzymatic glycosylation. AB - Nonenzymatic glycosylation of serum albumin was studied in the presence of naturally occurring metabolites, pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate and ascorbate/dehydroascorbate, and a hydrazine compound, aminoguanidine. Pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, ascorbate and dehydroascorbate, at concentrations of 0.1 mM or greater, significantly inhibited the nonenzymatic glycosylation of albumin. Aminoguanidine was the most potent inhibitor of nonenzymatic glycosylation and 54% or 85% inhibition occurred when 5 or 50 mM aminoguanidine, respectively, was present in the incubation mixture containing 20 mM glucose. A major effect of aminoguanidine was to lower the free glucose concentration in the incubation mixture by a direct reaction with glucose as judged by thin layer chromatography. The present studies suggest that vital metabolites such as pyridoxal phosphate and ascorbate may be potentially important in controlling glucose-induced nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins. Pyridoxal phosphate forms a Schiff base with proteins as does glucose and therefore may be a preferable drug, over aminoguanidine which is a hydrazine, for inhibiting the effects of glucose induced nonenzymatic glycosylation. PMID- 3193857 TI - Vinpocetine prevents ischemic cell damage in rat hippocampus. AB - The effects of vinpocetine on hippocampal cell damage and local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) were measured in a rat model of forebrain ischemia (2-vessel occlusion and hypotension). Duration of ischemia was 10 min. LCBF was determined after 2 min of recirculation using the 14C-iodoantipyrine technique. Hippocampal cell loss was quantified histologically 7 days post-ischemia. Intraperitoneal application of vinpocetine (10 mg/kg) 15 min prior to ischemia significantly reduced neuronal cell loss in hippocampal CA 1 sector from 60% to 28%. The drug led to a marked increase in blood flow in cortical areas, whereas LCBF remained unchanged in hippocampus and all other structures measured. It is suggested that the protective effect of vinpocetine does not depend on increased postischemic blood flow. PMID- 3193859 TI - [Specific and nonspecific effects of psychoactive drugs on the interactions of the physician-patient-environment system]. PMID- 3193858 TI - Vasopressin and angiotensin II stimulate oxygen uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb. AB - Vasopressin and angiotensin II markedly stimulated oxygen uptake in the perfused rat hindlimb. The increase due to each agent approached 70% of the basal rate, and was greater than that produced by a maximal concentration of norepinephrine. Half-maximal stimulation occurred at 60 pM vasopressin, 0.5 nM angiotensin II and 10 nM norepinephrine. Angiotensins I and III were less potent than angiotensin II. For each agent, the dose-dependent increase in oxygen uptake coincided with a dose-dependent increase in perfusion pressure. The effects of both vasopressin and angiotensin to increase oxygen uptake and pressure were not inhibited by either phentolamine, propranolol or a combination of the two, but were completely inhibited by the vasodilator, nitroprusside. Nitroprusside also inhibited flow induced increases in hindlimb oxygen uptake and perfusion pressure. The findings indicate a key role for the vascular system in the control of hindlimb oxygen uptake. PMID- 3193860 TI - [Disorders of affective maturation and identity in adolescent girls. A comparison of female students and athletes]. PMID- 3193861 TI - [Somatization, conversion and hypochondria]. PMID- 3193862 TI - [The state of domination in the criminal subject for the purpose of attributing culpability]. PMID- 3193863 TI - Physiological responses to treadmill exercise in females: adult-child differences. AB - Physiologic differences between children and adults during treadmill exercise have been defined principally utilizing male subjects. To determine whether these variations are valid in females, responses to treadmill testing to exhaustion in 18 premenarchal girls were compared with an equal number of young adult females (mean age 28.7 yr). Except at the lowest workload, the girls demonstrated significantly higher oxygen consumption and ventilation per body weight at maximal and submaximal speeds. Differences in submaximal running economy disappeared when VO2 was related to body surface area. The children exhibited a greater respiratory rate and lower tidal volume (per kilogram) at a given ventilation as well as inferior breathing efficiency (higher ventilatory equivalent for oxygen). The absolute ventilatory breakpoint was higher in the girls, but there was no significant difference in this parameter between the groups when expressed as percent VO2max. The heart rate at the ventilatory breakpoint was greater in the girls, however. These findings indicate that pre- and post-menarchal females exhibit similar differences in physiologic responses to treadmill running as previously observed in adult and child male subjects. PMID- 3193864 TI - A comparison of energy expenditure during rowing and cycling ergometry. AB - Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses of healthy adults were compared at similar incremental power outputs during a variable-resistance rowing exercise and a fixed-resistance cycle ergometer exercise. Repeated measurements of power (watts), VEBTPS, VO2 STPD, and HR were obtained on 60 men and 47 women ranging in age from 20 to 74 yr. Average maximal power output for the men was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) for cycling than rowing: 207 +/- 5.2 W vs 195 +/- 58 W (mean +/- SE). A similar difference was also observed for women favoring cycling: 135 +/- 4.1 W vs 126 +/- 4.9 W (mean +/- SE). VEBTPS, VO2 STPD, and HR were significantly higher at all power increments during the rowing graded exercise test (RGXT) when compared with the same exercise intensity during the cycle graded exercise test (CGXT). Consistent linearity was found between VEBTPS and VO2 STPD and between HR and VO2 STPD for both exercises. The linear relationship between VEBTPS and VO2 STPD for men during RGXT was r = 0.976, P less than 0.001, slope = 44.6 +/- 1.03, and for women during RGXT it was r = 0.990, P less than 0.001, slope = 19.6 +/- 0.36. The relationship between HR and VO2 STPD for men during rowing was r = 0.989, P less than 0.001, slope = 29.1 +/- 0.76, and for women during rowing it was r = 0.971, P less than 0.001, slope = 35.7 +/- 0.89. The linear relationship between VEBTPS and VO2 STPD for men during CGXT was r = 0.991, P less than 0.001, slope = 31.1 +/- 0.98, and for women it was r = 0.959, P less than 0.991, slope = 29.6 +/- 0.87. The relationship between HR and VO2 STPD for men during CGXT was r = 0.997, P less than 0.001, slope = 28.1 +/- 0.83, and for women it was r = 0.990, R less than 0.001, slope = 35.9 +/- 0.96. Results indicated that energy costs for rowing ergometry was significantly higher than cycle ergometry at all comparative power outputs including maximum levels. It was concluded that rowing ergometry could be an effective alternative activity for physical fitness and exercise rehabilitation programs. PMID- 3193865 TI - Body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance: effect of skin temperature. AB - Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to estimate body water and composition under both cool (14.4 degrees C, dry bulb) and warm (35.0 degrees C) ambient conditions in eight healthy adult men. The prediction equation provided with the commercially available instrument (RJL Systems) was used with the BIA measurements to estimate body composition. Skin temperature increased from 24.1 +/- 1.81 degrees C in the cool condition to 33.4 +/- 1.36 degrees C in the warm condition. (Mean increase was 9.3 +/- 1.75 degrees C, t = 15.05, P less than 0.01). The corresponding BIA resistances were 461 +/- 48 omega and 426 +/- 47 omega, respectively. (Mean reduction was 35.0 +/- 9.8 omega, t = 10.13, P less than 0.01). This resulted in a significant increase in predicted total body water (cool 47.4 +/- 5.5 l vs. warm 49.9 +/- 5.6 l, t = 3.88, P less than 0.01). Consequently, predicted fat mass was significantly lower in the warm than in the cool condition (8.8 +/- 3.2 kg vs. 11.0 +/- 3.7 kg; mean difference 2.23 +/- 0.69 kg, t = 9.22, P less than 0.01). These findings indicate that varying skin temperature by altering ambient temperature significantly changes resistance measurements and the estimation of total body water and percent fat by BIA. The observed changes in resistance are consistent with an apparent expansion of conductor volume in the warm environment and a reduction in the cooler condition. In this regard, the temperature-induced change in resistance could be due to alterations in cutaneous blood flow and/or compartmental distribution of body water. Thus, BIA measurements should be taken only under well-standardized ambient conditions. PMID- 3193867 TI - Etiologic factors associated with selected running injuries. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether a relationship exists between selected biomechanical, anthropometric, and training variables and runners afflicted with one of the following injuries: iliotibial (IT) band friction syndrome, shin splints, and plantar fasciitis. Competitive and recreational runners were divided into a non-injured control group (N = 19), an IT band friction syndrome injury group (N = 13), a shin splint injury group (N = 17), and a plantar fasciitis injury group (N = 15). Discriminant function analysis of the biomechanical data revealed two significant (P less than 0.05) discriminators between the control and shin splint groups; maximum pronation velocity and maximum pronation. Analysis of the anthropometric and training data revealed that plantar flexion range of motion was a significant (P less than 0.05) discriminator between the control and plantar fasciitis groups. In addition, analysis of the descriptive statistics (mean +/- SE) identified some non significant (P greater than 0.05) trends between the injury and control groups: maximum pronation, total rearfoot movement, and maximum velocity of pronation were greater in the injury groups; the injury groups showed a trend toward a higher arch; dorsiflexion range of motion was less in the shin splint group; a greater percentage of injured runners had a leg length difference (greater than 0.64 cm); 20% more runners in the injury groups ran hills; and 20% more of the runners in the IT band friction syndrome group ran on crowned roads. PMID- 3193866 TI - Wheelchair racing: effects of rim diameter and speed on physiology and technique. AB - Effects of different hand rim diameters in wheelchair racing were studied with respect to physiological and technique parameters at five speed levels (N = 8 wheelchair sportsmen). In each of five subsequent 15-min exercise tests on a treadmill, a different sized hand rim was mounted to the rear wheels (0.3, 0.35, 0.38, 0.47, 0.56 m). In each test, speed increased with 0.83 m.s-1 every 3 min, starting at 0.83 m.s-1 and ranging up to 4.17 m.s-1 (slope: 0.5 degrees). Cardiorespiratory responses (ventilation, oxygen cost, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, mechanical efficiency) and timing data (cycle time, push time, recovery time, push angle, and work per cycle) were obtained every 3rd min, together with the movement pattern of trunk and arm segments. Clear effects of rim diameter and speed were seen for the physiological parameters (P less than 0.05). In physiological terms, D5 appeared the least beneficial, followed by D4. Moreover, increasing rim diameter had a significant effect on movement pattern of the upper arm in the sagittal as well the frontal plane of motion. However, no timing effects were seen with changing rim diameter. On the other hand, timing parameters varied markedly with speed, whereas the segmental excursions of the upper limb did not show a "speed-effect". In general, small hand rims show lower cardiorespiratory responses. This may be related to the decreased segmental excursions of the upper limb and the lower linear hand velocity. Together with a low rolling and air drag, heart rate, and oxygen cost, these are important prerequisites in racing events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193868 TI - The shock attenuation role of the ankle during landing from a vertical jump. AB - Three landing surfaces were used to examine a hypothesized increased shock attenuation role of the ankle with increased damping demands. Eleven male recreational basketball players performed three symmetric barefoot countermovement vertical jumps on each surface. Two externally mounted low mass accelerometers (medial calcaneus and distal anterio-medial tibia), a piezoelectric force platform, and high speed cinematography recorded the landing. Accelerometer signal distortion was corrected through the application of a linear spring/damper model of the accelerometer attachment. The model indicated that raw acceleration data were overestimated 68% at the calcaneal attachment and 8% at the tibial attachment. Peak corrected acceleration at metatarsal contact varied little across landing surfaces, and, across surfaces, mean (SD) peak accelerations of 20.8 (9.3) and 14.3 (3.6) g's were recorded at the calcaneus and tibia, respectively. Peak vertical force and ankle joint motion varied little across the surfaces, suggesting that the entrenched kinematics of landing surpassed the introduced range of surface cushioning. Separation of the data by post-metatarsal contact landing style indicated that seven subjects landed with heel contact, with the remaining four attenuating the impact without heel contact. By avoiding the transient associated with the cessation of downward heel motion, the nonheel contact landers effectively reduced exposure to transients by nearly 50%. PMID- 3193869 TI - Effects of shoe type on cardiorespiratory responses and rearfoot motion during treadmill running. AB - Running kinematics and physiological responses to high intensity submaximal treadmill running in training shoes and racing flats were evaluated. Eight women (mean age = 21.9 yr) completed a peak VO2 test on the treadmill (mean peak VO2 = 49.2 ml.kg-1.min-1). In two subsequent testing sessions, subjects completed 15 min runs at a speed corresponding to 90% of peak VO2 (range = 9.9-13.4 km.hr-1) while wearing training shoes and racing flats (balanced order assignment). No significant time effect or time by shoe condition interaction was observed for the rearfoot motion variables. Maximum rearfoot angle and total rearfoot motion averaged 42% and 13.9% higher, respectively, for the racing flat (P less than 0.05). There were significant increases over time for VO2, VE, HR, and RPE, indicating an increase in cardiorespiratory response and the perception of effort over the course of the 15-min run. Thus, metabolic and perceptual indications of fatigue at the end of the run emerged but were not accompanied by rearfoot motion changes in either running shoe. These results indicate that rearfoot motion is a function of shoe design and did not change during 15 min of high intensity running. PMID- 3193870 TI - Maximal blood flow and power output of dog muscle in situ. AB - The two goals of this study were: 1) to establish a stimulation pattern which would drive the gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle of the dog, in situ, to maximal work rate, W, and 2) to determine whether the surgical isolation of the circulation of this muscle, necessary to measure the muscle flow, Q, reduced the muscle's performance. The first goal was achieved in a preparation with minimal surgery, MS, to isolate the nerve and the tendon. The nerve was cut and connected to a stimulator, and the tendon was cut and connected to a pneumatic lever system. Wmax during 1.s-1 contractions occurred with a load of 270 g.g-1 and 200 ms trains of impulses at a frequency of 60.s-1. At 50 imp.s-1, the accepted maximal frequency which would occur in vivo, the Wmax which was maintained for 4 min was 19 mW.g-1. The second goal was met in a second series of experiments in which the venous circulation was isolated, FS. During a 20-min series of 30-s work periods with 2 min rest each, maximal W was 11.9 mW.g-1 at 50 imp.s-1. Following a 10-min additional rest, the muscle was stimulated for 10 min. The W, Q, and VO2 at 2-4 min were 10.0 mW.g-1, 1.73 ml.g-1.min-1 and 194 microliters.g 1.min-1, respectively. Q and VO2 were linearly related to W. Assuming a linear extrapolation, the FS early maximum in the brief tests as W = 11.9 mW.g-1, Q would be 2.06 ml.g-1.min-1 and VO2 would be 231 microliters.g-1.min-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193871 TI - Blood flow to different rat skeletal muscle fiber type sections during isometric contractions in situ. AB - In whole skeletal muscle, peak blood flow is known to correlate with the capacity for oxidative metabolism. Since most mammalian skeletal muscle is comprised of different fiber types whose oxidative potential varies widely, the possibility of heterogeneous blood flow distribution within a given muscle was investigated. An in situ preparation of the rat gastrocnemius-soleus-plantaris muscle group was used and blood flow measured by the radiolabeled microsphere technique. Blood flow at rest averaged 5-6 ml.min-1.100 g-1 in fast-twitch white (FTW) fiber sections, while flows to fast-twitch red (FTR) and slow-twitch red (STR) muscle were 10-12 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Isometric twitch contractions generated large (12-15 times above rest) increases in blood flow to all fiber type sections that tended to decrease at higher frequencies. Tetanic contractions result in greater tension development and higher blood flows in the red fiber sections. The highest blood flow to the FTR section was 300 ml.min-1.100 g-1, a value 3-4-fold greater than the maximum for the FTW fiber section. Peak blood flow to the STR (soleus) was intermediate between the two fast fiber types. Differences in blood flow response between fiber sections could not be dismissed due to measurement artifact. Thus, the capacity for blood flow is fairly proportional to the differences in oxidative capacity among fiber types. Blood flow to the skeletal muscle fiber types of the rat also differed qualitively in response to contractions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193872 TI - Experimental meningococcal meningitis in the infant rat. AB - Experimental infection of the infant rat could be established with intraperitoneal challenge with strains of all three meningococcal groups A, B, and C tested. 5-day-old rats were challenged with 3 different doses (10(2), 10(4), and 10(6) bacteria/animal) and the development of peritonitis, bacteraemia and meningitis detected as a function of time at 3, 6, and 9 h. Mortality was followed up to 24 h. Group B strains caused a rapidly developing and sustained high level bacteraemia and meningitis with all challenge doses. Bacteraemia and meningitis following challenge with MenA and MenC were of somewhat shorter duration and reached lower peak levels. Repeated 'rat passages' of meningococcal strains that had been kept stored for long periods markedly increased their virulence. This study shows that the infant rat model can be applied for studying pathogenesis of meningococcal bacteraemia and meningitis. Previous work from this laboratory has shown it to be suited also for studying antibody-mediated protection from this disease. PMID- 3193873 TI - Oligomerization of 3H-labelled staphylococcal alpha-toxin and fragments on adrenocortical Y1 tumour cells. AB - Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin has previously been shown to bind to erythrocyte membranes and the isolated membranes contain the toxin in both monomeric and hexameric form. The hexamers are believed to form the ring-shaped structures observed by electron microscopy on toxin-treated erythrocytes. It has not previously been shown that hexamers are formed also on nucleated mammalian cells although it has been assumed that hexamers in both systems create transmembrane channels, responsible for the toxin-induced membrane damage. Here we demonstrate by autoradiography that 3H-alpha-toxin bound to and formed high molecular weight complexes-presumably hexamers-on cultured adrenocortical Y1 tumour cells. The binding kinetics suggested a non-specific association of alpha toxin with the membrane, rather than specific receptor-binding. The pH during toxin binding did not influence the subsequently induced membrane damage. Non membrane damaging alpha-toxin fragment preparations also bound firmly to the cell membranes. Upon contact with Y1 cells the fragments formed complexes of the same apparent molecular size as those generated from intact alpha-toxin. Two interpretations are possible: either the fragment oligomers are somehow defective i.e. not able to form transmembrane structures or the functional relevance of toxin oligomerization for alpha-toxin-induced membrane damage must be questioned. PMID- 3193874 TI - Functional and structural alterations of the nervous system induced by avian retrovirus RAV-7. AB - Chickens infected as embryos with RAV-7 developed neurological signs including ataxia, lethargy, and imbalance. Evoked spinal cord potentials for RAV-7 infected SC chickens were considerably slower (64.8 m/s) than for uninfected SC (103.4 m/s), genetically hypothyroid (OS) (93.9 m/s) or special C (95.1 m/s) chickens. Conduction velocity measurements of sciatic nerves showed normal values for all the chickens examined in this study. Histopathological studies revealed non suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis in RAV-7 infected SC chickens. The inflammatory infiltrate consisted of lymphocytes, macrophages, and occasional plasma cells. The cells in the infiltrate reacted with mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against la and T-cell antigens. Astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia, demonstrated by the use of monoclonal antibody specific for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), was associated with the CNS lesions. The results of this investigation indicate that RAV-7 causes significant central nervous system lesions and functional impairment in the infected chicken. This system may serve as a useful model for studying retrovirus-induced neurological dysfunction. PMID- 3193875 TI - Cytotoxic effects of ingested Staphylococcus aureus on bovine endothelial cells: role of S. aureus alpha-hemolysin. AB - Previously we observed that Staphylococcus aureus phagocytized by cultured bovine endothelial cells do not proliferate intracellularly, but are cytotoxic to bovine endothelial cells. To investigate S. aureus virulence factors which may be produced intracellularly and cause lysis of endothelial cells, we tested S. aureus mutants defective in production of one or more potential virulence factors and corresponding parent strains for cytotoxicity to endothelial cell monolayers subsequent to being ingested. Following incubation of endothelial cell monolayers with S. aureus for 3.5 h, cultures were supplemented with lysostaphin to destroy extracellular but not intracellular S. aureus. At subsequent times, viability of endothelial cells was assayed by retention of 3H-adenine and the number of intracellular S. aureus was measured. The cytotoxic activity of S. aureus culture supernatants was also characterized. The results indicate that S. aureus alpha hemolysin is cytotoxic to bovine endothelial cells and plays an important role in the damage suffered by bovine endothelial cell monolayers following ingestion of S. aureus. Ingestion of alpha-hemolysin-producing S. aureus by endothelial cells in vivo might be expected to result in destruction of endothelium followed by development of platelet-fibrin vegetations. This possible sequence of events is compatible with the frequently fulminant course of S. aureus endocarditis. PMID- 3193876 TI - Production of a Shiga-like cytotoxin by Campylobacter. AB - Cell lysates and culture supernatants of 36 Campylobacter isolates from patients with enteritis were tested for cytotoxic activity on HeLa cells. Cytotoxic activity was considered Shiga-like if neutralized by monoclonal antibody to the B subunit of Shiga-like toxin I of Escherichia coli and rabbit anti-Shiga toxin. Fifteen of the Campylobacter isolates produced no detectable cytotoxin, 10 produced a non-neutralizable cytotoxin, and 11 produced low levels of a cell associated SLT. However, under low stringency conditions no hybridization was observed between a DNA fragment containing cloned SLT-I genes and restriction enzyme-digested total DNA from a Campylobacter strain that produced low levels of a Shiga-like toxin I. The Shiga-like toxin neutralizing titers in sera from 15 patients with C. jejuni infections, 5 patients infected with S. sonnei, and 20 healthy persons were then determined. No rise in neutralizing titer between acute and convalescent sera of patients with C. jejuni infection or S. sonnei infection was observed, although 27% of C. jejuni-infected patients, 40% of S. sonnei infected patients, and 30% of the healthy controls had neutralizing activity in their sera. These data indicate that low levels of Shiga-like toxin are produced by some Campylobacter isolates but that SLT is genetically distinct from the SLT I toxin produced at high levels by certain E. coli. The findings also suggest that exposure to SLTs is common in the adult population but not as a consequence of infection with C. jejuni or S. sonnei. PMID- 3193877 TI - Small-subunit ribosomal RNA sequence from Naegleria gruberi supports the polyphyletic origin of amoebas. AB - We have sequenced the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene of the amoebo-flagellate protozoan Naegleria gruberi. Comparison of this sequence with the rRNA sequences of other eukaryotes resulted in a phylogenetic tree that supports the suggested polyphyletic origin of amoebas and suggests a flagellate ancestry for Naegleria. PMID- 3193878 TI - Relationships between gene trees and species trees. AB - It is well known that a phylogenetic tree (gene tree) constructed from DNA sequences for a genetic locus does not necessarily agree with the tree that represents the actual evolutionary pathway of the species involved (species tree). One of the important factors that cause this difference is genetic polymorphism in the ancestral species. Under the assumption of neutral mutations, this problem can be studied by evaluating the probability (P) that a gene tree has the same topology as that of the species tree. When one gene (allele) is used from each of the species involved, the probability can be expressed as a simple function of Ti = ti/(2N), where ti is the evolutionary time measured in generations for the ith internodal branch of the species tree and N is the effective population size. When any of the Ti's is less than 1, the probability P becomes considerably less than 1.0. This probability cannot be substantially increased by increasing the number of alleles sampled from a locus. To increase the probability, one has to use DNA sequences from many different loci that have evolved independently of each other. PMID- 3193879 TI - Estimation of relatedness by DNA fingerprinting. AB - The recent discovery of hypervariable VNTR (variable number of tandem repeat) loci has led to much excitement among population biologists regarding the feasibility of deriving individual estimates of relatedness in field populations by DNA fingerprinting. It is shown that unbiased estimates of relatedness cannot be obtained at the individual level without knowledge of the allelic distributions in both the individuals of interest and the base population unless the proportion of shared marker alleles between unrelated individuals is essentially zero. Since the latter is usually on the order of 0.1-0.5 and since there are enormous practical difficulties in obtaining the former, only an approximate estimator for the relatedness can be given. The bias of this estimator is individual specific and inversely related to the number of marker loci and frequencies of marker alleles. Substantial sampling variance in estimates of relatedness arises from variation in identity by descent within and between loci and, with finite numbers of alleles, from variation in identity in state between genes that are not identical by descent. In the extreme case of 25 assayed loci, each with an effectively infinite number of alleles, the standard error of a relatedness estimate is no less than 14%, 20%, 35%, and 53% of the expectation for full sibs and second-, third-, and fourth-order relationships, respectively. Attempts to ascertain relatedness by means of DNA fingerprinting should proceed with caution. PMID- 3193880 TI - The interaction of sentence context and perceptual analysis in word identification. PMID- 3193881 TI - How reading braille is both like and unlike reading print. PMID- 3193882 TI - Phonological priming in the lexical decision task: a failure to replicate. PMID- 3193883 TI - The use of phonological information by good and poor readers in memory and reading tasks. PMID- 3193884 TI - Hindsight bias: an interaction of automatic and motivational factors? PMID- 3193885 TI - Facilitation of free recall by categorical blocking depends on stimulus type. PMID- 3193886 TI - The effects of different types of retrieval cues on the recall of names of famous faces. PMID- 3193887 TI - Mental rotation of faces. PMID- 3193888 TI - Distinguishing clockwise from counterclockwise: does it require mental rotation? PMID- 3193889 TI - Disjunction of natural concepts. PMID- 3193891 TI - Conquest of mental retardation. PMID- 3193890 TI - Methanol and formate kinetics in late diagnosed methanol intoxication. AB - In a 21-year-old subject, methanol intoxication was undiagnosed for 12 hours after admission. Only bicarbonate treatment was given during this period, although treatment later included ethanol and haemodialysis. The maximal blood methanol and formate levels were 143 (44.7) and 54.3 mg/dl (11.8 mmol/L), respectively. The delayed diagnosis uniquely allowed for an estimate of methanol elimination kinetics. Before specific treatment, methanol elimination was of zero order, with a rate of 8.5 mg/dl/h. After admission, the formate levels remained relatively constant until blood pH was normalised by bicarbonate treatment. From this point the formate levels declined, despite an unchanged methanol elimination, indicating that the formate was eliminated faster than it was formed from methanol. Thus, formate elimination may be pH-dependent and aggressive treatment of the acidosis may increase this elimination. PMID- 3193892 TI - Accreditation of developmental disabilities programs. PMID- 3193893 TI - Employment environments and outcome for adults with developmental disabilities. PMID- 3193894 TI - Investigation of use of goal attainment scaling to evaluate individual progress of clients with severe and profound mental retardation. PMID- 3193895 TI - Social-vocational skills of workers with and without mental retardation in two community employment sites. PMID- 3193897 TI - Mental retardation: the future. PMID- 3193896 TI - The AAMR position statement on aversive therapy: the controversy. PMID- 3193898 TI - Amiodarone alters thyroxine transfer and distribution in humans. AB - Previous studies indicate that increased serum total and free T4 levels may be secondary to a proportionally greater decrease in serum T4 clearance rates than in production rates after short-term amiodarone administration, to increased T4 production rates as well as reduced serum clearance rates in selective hyperthyroxinemia without overt hyperthyroidism following chronic amiodarone administration, and to a relatively greater increase in T4 production rates than in clearance rates in classical hyperthyroidism. To further evaluate amiodarone induced alterations of T4 metabolism, serum T4 transfer and distribution were evaluated by compartmental analysis of T4 kinetic studies from eight normal subjects receiving short-term amiodarone or an equivalent amount of iodide, five patients with selective hyperthyroxinemia induced by chronic amiodarone therapy (n = 4) or ioxithalamic acid (n = 1), and five with classical hyperthyroidism. The model consisted of rapidly and slowly equilibrating pools exchanging with serum, with all losses occurring from the tissue pools. Short-term amiodarone administration reduced the fractional T4 transfer rates between serum and the rapidly equilibrating pool to 82% of baseline. In selective hyperthyroxinemia the fractional rates of T4 transfer between serum and both extravascular pools were increased sixfold, whereas minimal alterations were present in the hyperthyroid group. The serum equivalent volume of T4 distribution in the slow pool was significantly reduced following short-term amiodarone, whereas serum and rapid pool volumes were reduced in selective hyperthyroxinemia and slow pool volume was increased in hyperthyroidism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193899 TI - The effect of sepsis in rats on skeletal muscle protein synthesis in vivo and in periphery and central core of incubated muscle preparations in vitro. AB - Recent studies demonstrated the development of a central, hypoxic core in incubated rat skeletal muscles. The influence of a central core on changes in protein synthesis rate, observed in incubated muscles from septic rats, is not known. In the present study, intact soleus muscles from 40 to 60-g sham-operated control rats and from septic rats (16 hours after cecal ligation and puncture) were incubated in vitro in a flaccid or stretched state. Protein synthesis rate was determined in whole muscle and in the central core and periphery of the muscle by measuring incorporation of 14C-phenylalanine into protein. Protein synthesis rate in vivo was measured with a flooding-dose technique using 3H phenylalanine. The development of a central, hypoxic core in incubated muscles was assessed histochemically by staining the muscles for alpha-glucan phosphorylase activity. A central core with loss of alpha-glucan phosphorylase activity was noted after incubation for 30 minutes in both control and septic muscles. The protein synthesis rate was lower in the central core than in the periphery of incubated flaccid control muscles. In all other in vitro muscle preparations, however, there were no significant differences in protein synthesis rate among whole muscles, central core and periphery. Protein synthesis rate in septic muscles was reduced to a similar extent, approximately 20%, in vivo and in the different in vitro preparations, both when measured in whole muscle and in the central core or periphery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3193902 TI - Indirect calorimetry. PMID- 3193900 TI - Phenotypes of apolipoprotein E and abnormalities in lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. AB - Phenotypic expressions of apolipoprotein E (apo E) were studied in 94 Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and in 91 normal controls. The apo E gene frequencies observed in patients with NIDDM (epsilon 4, 0.101; epsilon 3, 0.824; and epsilon 2, 0.075) were not significantly different from those in normal controls (epsilon 4, 0.093; epsilon 3, 0.863; and epsilon 2, 0.044). Subgrouping the diabetic patients with and without hyperlipidemia, the epsilon 2 allele was significantly more frequent in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. The levels of serum triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C), and VLDL-triglyceride (VLDL-TG) were significantly higher in patients with the epsilon 2 heterozygote than in those without the epsilon 2 allele (P less than .01). The results suggest that variation in the apo E gene may be one factor related to the hypertriglyceridemia present in patients with NIDDM. PMID- 3193901 TI - Splanchnic metabolism of amino acids in healthy subjects: effect of 60 hours of fasting. AB - Brief starvation is accompanied by decreased circulating levels of most amino acids, which has been attributed to an increased splanchnic uptake of amino acids, primarily alanine, for gluconeogenesis. However, quantitative data on splanchnic exchange of amino acids and gluconeogenic precursors is lacking. Consequently, arterial concentrations and splanchnic exchange of whole blood amino acids, ketone bodies, glucose, and gluconeogenic precursors were measured in 16 prolonged fasted (60 to 64 hours) and 15 overnight fasted (12 to 14 hours) healthy, nonobese subjects. After the 60-hour fast net splanchnic glucose production decreased by 41% to 0.31 +/- 0.02 mumol/L (P less than .001), whereas the splanchnic uptake of gluconeogenic precursors increased and could account for the total glucose output. Net splanchnic uptake of taurine, threonine, serine, glycine, lysine, histidine, and arginine rose significantly in response to fasting (P less than .05 to .01) due to increased splanchnic fractional extraction. Although the splanchnic fractional extraction of alanine was augmented by 40% (P less than .001), net splanchnic uptake was not influenced by fasting. Total net splanchnic uptake of amino acids increased by 68%, from 231 +/ 44 mumol/min in the postabsorptive state to 388 +/- 63 mumol/min (mean +/- SEM) (P less than .05) in the 60-hour fasted state. However, only one half of this rise was accounted for by gluconeogenic amino acids. PMID- 3193903 TI - New prescription drug abuse laws. PMID- 3193904 TI - Rural physicians are facing a variety of problems in the state. PMID- 3193906 TI - The plight of the family doctor. PMID- 3193905 TI - Physicians are scarce in rural Michigan. PMID- 3193907 TI - Good financial management keeps physicians competitive. PMID- 3193908 TI - U-M study links smoking with poor health habits. PMID- 3193909 TI - Nursing shortage: a deepening dilemma. PMID- 3193910 TI - Resistance of Pseudomonas pseudomallei to normal human serum bactericidal action. AB - The effect of human normal serum (HNS) on Pseudomonas pseudomallei was determined. It is apparent from our data that the organism is resistant to the normal serum bactericidal mechanism. Ancillary experiments to confirm this serum resistant property of P. pseudomallei were done by examining the effects of growth phase conditions of the bacteria (i.e., logarithmic and stationary phases) and different buffered systems used as diluent in our bactericidal assay. Results obtained showed similar degree of resistance to serum bactericidal killing by 5 strains of the organisms tested. The possible survival advantage of serum resistance property to P. pseudomallei as bacterial pathogens known to invade the blood stream is discussed. PMID- 3193911 TI - Activities and properties of putrescine-biosynthetic enzymes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. AB - The biosynthetic pathways for putrescine (Put) in Vibrio parahaemolyticus were delineated by measuring activities of the enzymes which would be involved in its biosynthesis. Experiments with labeled arginine and ornithine revealed that both of these amino acids were converted into Put by intact cells. The activities of three enzymes, arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and agmatine ureohydrolase (AUH), were detected in cell extracts. ADC and ODC of V. parahaemolyticus were similar in the following properties to the corresponding enzymes of Escherichia coli: 1) both decarboxylases showed a pH optimum at 8.25 and required pyridoxal phosphate and dithiothreitol for full activity; 2) while ODC was considerably activated by GTP, ADC was only slightly; 3) both decarboxylases were inhibited by polyamines; 4) ADC was inhibited by difluoromethylarginine, a potent inhibitor of bacterial ADC. However, in contrast to the corresponding enzymes of E. coli, the V. parahaemolyticus ADC showed no requirement for Mg2+, and the AUH was active over a wide pH range of 8.5-9.5 with a maximum at pH 9.0. Furthermore, in all 6 strains tested, the activity of ADC was obviously high compared with that of ODC, and AUH was present with a relatively high activity. Cultivation of these strains at a suboptimal NaCl concentration (0.5%) resulted in a pronounced increase in both ADC and AUH activities. These observations suggest that the important pathway for Put biosynthesis in V. parahaemolyticus is the decarboxylation of arginine by ADC and the subsequent hydrolysis of its product, agmatine, by AUH. PMID- 3193912 TI - Reconstructing skulls: techniques, materials, and interpretation. PMID- 3193913 TI - Prosecution for misleading advertisements. PMID- 3193914 TI - New initiatives in the investigation of rape. PMID- 3193916 TI - Imprisoned children. PMID- 3193915 TI - Confessions--their reliability. PMID- 3193917 TI - Acesulfame--a new artificial sweetener. PMID- 3193918 TI - [Experimental demonstration of the possibility of Batai virus persistence in hibernating female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)]. PMID- 3193919 TI - [Sensitivity of Anopheles mosquitoes to DDT and malathion depending on sex, age and female blood feeding]. PMID- 3193920 TI - [Sensitivity of the tick Ornithodoros papillipes Bir. (Argasidae) to DDT]. PMID- 3193921 TI - [New cases of infection with tick-borne rickettsiosis in the territory of the Mongolian People's Republic]. PMID- 3193922 TI - [The results of clinico-immunologic research on patients with tick-borne Lyme borreliosis]. PMID- 3193923 TI - [Vitamin C metabolism of opisthorchiasis patients in various phases of the infection and in the residual period]. PMID- 3193924 TI - [A method of thin-layer immune analysis in the diagnosis of echinococcosis]. PMID- 3193925 TI - [Infectivity of fishes in the Lake Baikal basin with plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum]. PMID- 3193927 TI - [The initial stages of the post-sporozoite development of the malarial parasite in the mosquito]. PMID- 3193926 TI - [Diphyllobothriasis in the western coastal portion of the Sea of Okhotsk]. PMID- 3193928 TI - [The geography of toxocariasis in the USSR. 1. The geographic range of Toxocara canis (Werner, 1782)]. PMID- 3193929 TI - [The geography of toxocariasis in the USSR. 2. The nosogeographic range]. PMID- 3193930 TI - [Efficiency of a micromethod of the indirect hemagglutination reaction using a commercially prepared diagnostic agent in echinococcosis]. PMID- 3193931 TI - [An improved method for the coprological diagnosis of human strongyloidiasis]. PMID- 3193932 TI - Prolonged unilateral mydriasis after nasotracheal intubation. PMID- 3193933 TI - A traumatic week for Minnesota. PMID- 3193934 TI - Pride in St. Paul. Interview by Richard L. Reece. PMID- 3193935 TI - Trauma care the Mayo way. Interview by Richard L. Reece. PMID- 3193936 TI - Comfort for the grieving. PMID- 3193937 TI - The PRO: open season on physicians? PMID- 3193938 TI - Trauma categorization in Minnesota. PMID- 3193939 TI - The "ER" and its "Doc" have changed: the specialty of emergency medicine. PMID- 3193940 TI - System issues and structure in EMS. PMID- 3193941 TI - Crisis in emergency rooms. More symptoms than cures. PMID- 3193942 TI - Trauma systems. Where does Minnesota really stand? PMID- 3193943 TI - The helicopter and the EMS system. PMID- 3193944 TI - Polytrauma care: the current role of the orthopedic surgeon. PMID- 3193945 TI - Ethics, law, and emergency medicine. PMID- 3193946 TI - [Sanitation, disinfection and sterilization of the work environment. 21st national congress of the Italian Society of Odontostomatology and Maxillo-facial Surgery. Florence, November 19-21, 1987. Proceedings]. PMID- 3193947 TI - [Epidemiology of infection in dentistry]. PMID- 3193948 TI - [Current testing of a physical method for the sterilization of dental instruments using quartz pellets]. PMID- 3193949 TI - [Bacterial contamination of water in dental units and means of its control]. PMID- 3193950 TI - [Effect of the dose on the penetration of spiramycin into the saliva and periodontal tissues]. PMID- 3193951 TI - [Mandibular repositioning. Design and fitting of an occlusal plate]. PMID- 3193952 TI - Application of home parenteral therapies to the treatment of patients with AIDS. PMID- 3193953 TI - Herpes gladiatorum in a high school wrestler. PMID- 3193954 TI - Lack of effect of dietary oats on serum cholesterol. PMID- 3193955 TI - Immunohistochemical localization of glutamine transaminase K, a rat kidney cysteine conjugate beta-lyase, and the relationship to the segment specificity of cysteine conjugate nephrotoxicity. AB - Rat kidney glutamine transaminase K is a major rat kidney cysteine conjugate beta lyase and is a key enzyme in the nephrotoxicity of some cysteine conjugates. However, it has not been demonstrated that the beta-lyase is present in the target cells. Furthermore, although all segments of the proximal tubule are affected by high doses of nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates, the S3 segment is the most sensitive. Because heterogeneous distribution of the beta-lyase could account for the enhanced sensitivity, antibody raised against rat kidney cysteine conjugate beta-lyase has been prepared and used to investigate the distribution of the enzyme in kidney and other tissues. The data show that the enzyme is highest in rat kidney, consistent with enzyme activity data. By immunohistochemical staining, no enzyme is present in the glomeruli or distal tubular elements of the kidney. The enzyme is present only in the target cells, the renal proximal tubular epithelium. However, the distribution of the beta lyase within the proximal tubule is not consistent with the hypothesis that a higher concentration of the enzyme in the S3 segment accounts for the greater sensitivity of S3 to nephrotoxic cysteine conjugates compared to S1 and S2. Several alternative hypotheses are discussed. PMID- 3193956 TI - Distribution of alpha-bungarotoxin binding sites over residues 173-204 of the alpha subunit of the acetylcholine receptor. AB - The binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to several synthetic peptides comprising different segments of the region 173-204 of the alpha subunit of the Torpedo acetylcholine receptor was investigated to further localize the neurotoxin binding site on the primary sequence. When tested in a solid phase microwell assay system, a 32-amino acid peptide corresponding to residues 173-204 (32-mer) bound 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin with the same affinity (4.2 x 10(-8) M as determined from IC50 values) as the isolated alpha subunit (4.6 x 10(-8) M). The relative affinities of other antagonists (alpha-cobratoxin, d-tubocurarine) maintained the same rank order in this assay system as has been demonstrated with the intact receptor. Agonists competed with binding of toxin at millimolar concentrations but lost all rank order of potency. These findings demonstrate that peptide 173-204 contains many of the antagonist-binding determinants present on denatured alpha subunit but has lost specificity of agonist binding. To further localize the toxin-binding site, alpha-bungarotoxin binding to seven shorter peptides corresponding to portions of the 32-mer was investigated. 125I alpha-Bungarotoxin bound to alpha subunit peptides 179-192, 181-198, 185-196, 186 196, and 193-204, but not to alpha subunit peptides 173-180 and 194-204. In a second assay, all of the peptides competed with binding of 125I-acetylcholine receptor to immobilized alpha-bungarotoxin. The apparent affinity was highest for the 173-204 32-mer (1.4 x 10(-7) M) and lowest for peptides 173-180 and 194-204 (greater than 10(-4) M). The affinity of the other peptides was intermediate (approximately 10(-5) M) and about 100-fold less than that of the 32-mer. The affinity of alpha-bungarotoxin was 3.5 x 10(-10) M, of isolated, native acetylcholine receptor, 3.2 x 10(-9) M, and of isolated denatured subunit, 1.2 x 10(-8) M, with this assay. The retention of some toxin-binding capacity by the shorter peptides indicates toxin-binding determinants are distributed over the entire length of the 32-mer. The determinants with higher affinity are located in the central region of the 32-mer between residues 179 and 196. PMID- 3193957 TI - The role of caffeine-sensitive calcium stores in the regulation of the intracellular free calcium concentration in rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. AB - Intracellular Ca2+ stores were studied in sympathetic neurons grown in primary culture from the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. The [Ca2+]i was measured in single cells using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2 and a sensitive microfluorimeter. Superfusion of the cells with 10 mM caffeine elicited a rapid and transient increase in [Ca2+]i in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, indicating the presence of a caffeine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ storage site. After depletion of the store by mobilization of Ca2+ with caffeine, it could be refilled by elevating [Ca2+]i, allowing multiple caffeine-induced [Ca2+]i transients to be elicited from a single neuron. Ryanodine (1 microM), an alkaloid that promotes Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, was an effective inhibitor of the caffeine-induced [Ca2+]i transients in sympathetic neurons. Exposure to ryanodine in the presence of caffeine was required to produce a subsequent inhibition of the caffeine-induced response, suggesting a "use dependent" inhibition that may result from depletion of the Ca2+ stores. In contrast, dantrolene Na (10 microM), an agent known to interfere with Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, also blocked the caffeine-induced [Ca2+]i transients, but in a time-dependent rather than a use-dependent manner. Electrophysiological measurements using the whole cell version of the patch-clamp technique were made simultaneously with [Ca2+]i microfluorimetric recordings. The magnitude of the [Ca2+]i transients elicited by step depolarizations closely paralleled the magnitude of Ca2+ influx via voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, regardless of whether the magnitude of the Ca2+ current was modified by varying the test pulse duration or potential. The relationship between the magnitude of Ca2+ influx and the resulting increase in [Ca2+]i saturated at large Ca2+ influxes resulting from long depolarizations, consistent with the activation of a large capacity, low affinity [Ca2+]i buffering mechanism. Caffeine (10 mM) and ryanodine (10 microM), applied singly or together, produced a small and variable decrease in the [Ca2+]i transient resulting from cell depolarization using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. We conclude that mammalian sympathetic neurons possess intracellular Ca2+ stores with pharmacological characteristics that closely resemble those found in muscle but that these are relatively small and produce little amplification of [Ca2+]i transients resulting from Ca2+ influx through voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. PMID- 3193958 TI - The metabolism of N-acetyl-3,5-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone imine in isolated hepatocytes involves N-deacetylation. AB - 3,5-Dimethyl-N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (3,5-dimethyl-NAPQI) was cytotoxic to isolated hepatocytes from Sprague Dawley rats at levels between 200 and 300 microM. It rapidly oxidized intracellular glutathione within 10 sec, with the formation of oxidized glutathione. The cytotoxicity of 3,5-dimethyl-NAPQI could be prevented over a 3.5-hr period with the carboxylesterase inhibitor bis(p nitrophenyl) phosphate, indicating that cytotoxicity involved N-deacetylation. The N-deacetylated product could be trapped with glutathione as 3-(glutathion-S yl)-4-amino-2,6-dimethylphenol in 3,5-dimethyl-NAPQI-treated hepatocytes but not in hepatocytes pretreated with bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate, indicating that N deacetylation activity had been inhibited. 3,5-Dimethyl-NAPQI was readily N deacetylated by rat liver microsomes, in contrast to 3,5-dimethylacetaminophen. The latter was also not cytotoxic to hepatocytes at up to 2 mM. The N deacetylated product 4-amino-2,6-dimethylphenol rapidly underwent autoxidation to form 2,6-dimethylbenzoquinone imine and was highly cytotoxic to hepatocytes at 200-300 microM. The latter reacted with glutathione to give the above conjugate and no glutathione oxidation occurred. Dithioerythritol (2 mM) added at 10, 20, and 30 min after 3,5-dimethyl-NAPQI delayed but did not prevent cytotoxicity. Dithioerythritol also resulted in the partial restoration of GSH, presumably as a result of reduction of protein mixed disulphides. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of 3,5-dimethyl-NAPQI therefore appears to be a result of a combination of oxidative stress and deacetylation resulting in arylation. PMID- 3193960 TI - Writer's cramp: not associated with anxiety. AB - Many authors have commented on an association between writer's cramp and anxiety and some view it as a form of anxiety disorder. This study describes 22 patients with writer's cramp who were recruited from a neurology clinic. Clinical examination found little evidence of generalized anxiety or of anxiety specific to the writing situation. Additionally, the subjects' scores on the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index, which contains several anxiety subscales, did not differ significantly from those of a matched normal control group. Writer's cramp differs from the anxiety disorders in two other respects: it has a later onset (mean in the 30s) and the male preponderance is much greater than in any anxiety disorder, even social phobia. PMID- 3193959 TI - Oxygen-dependent hepatotoxicity due to doxorubicin: role of reducing equivalent supply in perfused rat liver. AB - Doxorubicin is an important anticancer drug that undergoes redox cycling leading to the production of oxygen radicals; however, its clinical use is limited by toxicity. Redox cycling due to doxorubicin was assessed in the perfused rat liver from increases in O2 uptake by the organ, and toxicity was determined from lactate dehydrogenase release and trypan blue uptake. Doxorubicin increased O2 uptake in a concentration-related manner with half-maximal increases at about 100 microM drug. Within 5 min after addition of 300 microM doxorubicin, lactate dehydrogenase was detected in the effluent perfusate. Enzyme release increased steadily and reached values of 600 units/liter after 60 min. Rates of O2 uptake due to redox cycling of doxorubicin (300 microM) increased by 57 mumol/g/hr in oxygen-rich (mean [O2] = 473 microM) periportal regions of the liver lobule, but did not change in pericentral regions where O2 tension was lower [( O2] = 247 microM). Concomitantly, fluorescence of NAD(P)H measured from the liver surface decreased in periportal but not pericentral regions. The zone-specific decrease in NADPH was attributed to redox cycling of doxorubicin. Trypan blue was taken up exclusively by cells in periportal regions of the liver lobule after perfusion with doxorubicin. When the average O2 tension was lowered from 550 to 200 microM, O2 uptake due to redox cycling of doxorubicin in periportal regions was reduced 3 fold and toxicity was abolished, indicating that toxicity due to doxorubicin is oxygen-dependent. Redox cycling of doxorubicin was minimal in regions of the perfused liver where the O2 concentration was below 400 microM. In contrast, isolated microsomes displayed maximal changes in O2 uptake due to redox cycling of doxorubicin at O2 tensions of about 10 microM. Thus, oxygen per se is not rate limiting for redox cycling of doxorubicin in the intact organ. Since NADPH is also required for redox cycling of doxorubicin, the effect of oxygen on the ability of mitochondria and the pentose cycle to supply reducing equivalents for redox cycling of doxorubicin was examined. NADPH supply from the pentose cycle was reduced by fasting while that from mitochondria was inhibited by cyanide. The increase in O2 uptake due to redox cycling of doxorubicin was around 60 mumol/g/hr in livers from fed or fasted rats. In the presence of potassium cyanide, stimulation of O2 uptake by doxorubicin was reduced by about one-half in livers from fed rats (29 mumol/g/hr) yet was abolished nearly completely in livers from fasted rats (7 mumol/g/hr).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3193961 TI - Pathological report of four patients presenting with cranial dystonias. AB - Secondary dystonias and experimental models of dystonia suggest that mechanisms responsible for primary dystonias may lie in the basal ganglia or brainstem. A histological study has been done in three patients with cranial dystonia (blepharospasm with oromandibular dystonia in two, blepharospasm alone in one), and one patient with craniocervical dystonia (oromandibular dystonia with retrocollis). In the patient with blepharospasm alone, an angioma, 0.5 mm in diameter, was found in the dorsal pons at the site of the central tegmental tract, confirming that some patients presenting with primary dystonias may have longstanding lesions in the brainstem. In the three other cases, the striatum, pallidum, thalamus, and brainstem were examined and cell populations in the putamen, substantia nigra, and inferior olives were compared with age-matched controls, but no significant abnormality was found. PMID- 3193962 TI - Validity of a mailed epidemiological questionnaire and physical self-assessment in Parkinson's disease. AB - The large-scale mail questionnaire is a useful tool in epidemiological investigation and will probably come into wider use in the search for an environmental cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). To determine the validity of mail questionnaires in patients with PD, we administered a 17-item questionnaire by in-person interview, as a standard, to 68 patients (and/or a relative when necessary) and compared the results with the same questionnaire mailed at least 1 month before or after the interview. Questions in three formats requested recall of the clinical course and past environmental factors. Each patient also completed a multiple-choice physical self-assessment (a modification of four items on the Columbia Scale) immediately before seeing the neurologist, who completed the same form after the examination. Percent of patients with zero discordance between mail and interview responses averaged 52% for the nine fill in-a-year items, 53% for the three list-generation items. Kappa statistics for the five multiple-choice items, which each offered four choices, averaged 0.67 (range 0.40-0.89). Kappa for the physical examination items, each rated on a 0-3 scale, was finger-tap 0.12, gait 0.34, tremor 0.35, and chorea 0.20. Patients' ratings tended to be more severe than neurologists' ratings. We conclude that mail surveys in PD should either be avoided or rigorously pretested for validity. PMID- 3193963 TI - Decrease of serotonin-S2 receptors in temporal cortex of patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. AB - The number of serotonin-S2 receptors was decreased in the temporal cortex of patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). There was no significant modification of these receptors in the frontal cortex or in the hippocampus and putamen in both diseases. The decrease in number of receptors in PSP was unexpected, because the cerebral cortex is thought to be spared in this disease. There was no correlation between the decrease in number of serotonin-S2 receptors and the degree of dementia in Parkinson's disease, suggesting that these receptors are not directly involved in the deterioration of cognitive functions. PMID- 3193964 TI - Dementia and treatment with L-dopa in Parkinson's disease. AB - We compared the neuropsychological performance of patients with Parkinson's disease who were young at onset of the disease (mean age, 41.4 years) and had received prolonged L-dopa treatment (mean, 52.1 months) with nontreated patients of the same age. A similar comparison was made for patients who were older at onset of the disease (mean, 62.1 years). There were no significant differences in cognitive and memory functions between the L-Dopa-treated and untreated young patients, whereas the L-Dopa-treated patients in the older age group performed more poorly than untreated patients in some memory tests (Wechsler Memory Scale I: logical and visual) and cognitive functions (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: similarities, block design, and cognitive flexibility). Treatment duration, disease duration, and mean L-Dopa dose were comparable for the two age groups. After linear effects of age and disease duration had been eliminated, the duration of L-Dopa treatment did not correlate with the cognitive variables studied. These observations suggest that treatment with L-Dopa may not be the cause of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. PMID- 3193965 TI - Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis with parkinsonian features. AB - The subacute onset of parkinsonism in a patient with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is described. The prompt resolution of the extrapyramidal dysfunction with antifungal agents suggests direct involvement of basal ganglia structures by the cryptococcal infection. Rapid development of parkinsonism in immunocompromised individuals should prompt investigation for an infectious etiology. PMID- 3193966 TI - [Antibodies against structural proteins of carlaviruses in human and other mammals]. AB - The study of four isolates of chrysanthemum B-virus (CVB) has shown the virus to have a single 40 Kd structural protein able to dissociate under the definite conditions forming the truncated (for 3 and 6 Kd) polypeptides having preserved their whole antigenic determinants. The human plasma is shown to contain antibodies reacting with the structural protein B-BX and, approximately 10 times weaker with the structural protein of another carlavirus, potato M-virus. Interaction of antibodies with CVB is found to take place due to F(ab)2 fragments. The analogous reaction with the proteins of other plant viruses or retroviruses has never been registered. Antibodies reacting with CVB protein are also present in the plasma of green monkey, rabbit, mouse and goat but in lesser quantities than in human plasma. Two possible explanations are proposed for the presented data, either immunization of mammalians by the protein or peptide containing its antigenic determinant, or the accidental coincidence of CVB antigenic determinant with some viral, bacterial or fungal determinant widespread in mammalians. PMID- 3193967 TI - [Cloning of human erythropoietin gene]. AB - The 17-mer oligonucleotide probe homologous to the fragment of the gene for human erythrocyte differentiation factor erythropoietin was used to screen the human genomic library for this gene. Restriction analysis and partial sequencing of one of the identified clones have confirmed that the clone does contain the human erythropoietin gene. We are planning to use the cloned human erythropoietin gene for developing a stably transfected mammalian cell line that should secrete erythropoietin. PMID- 3193968 TI - [Identification of Listeria using molecular DNA-DNA hybridization]. AB - The DNA-DNA hybridization method was used to study 4 species of bacteria of the genus Listeria. Concerning the DNA homology, L. monocytogenes strains may be divided into several species (in particular, the pathogenic forms may be isolated into independent taxon), in correlation with their biochemical and serological properties. Most of the studied strains of this species exhibit a high level of DNA homology--65-100%. Bacteria of the L. grayi and L. murrayi species are closely related to each other (90% of DNA homology), the reasonable suggestion being to unite them into a single species. L. denitrificans has 7% of DNA homology with the DNA of the other three species suggesting that it should be excluded from the genus Listeria. PMID- 3193969 TI - [Complementary addressed modification of single- and double-stranded DNA by alkylating derivatives of oligonucleotides isolated by partial DNA fragmentation]. AB - Reagents for complementary addressed modification of nucleic acids are proposed to be synthesized on the base of oligonucleotides obtained by partial chemical fragmentation of DNA. The alkylating 4-(N-2 chlorethyl-N-methylamino) benzyl-5' phosphamide derivatives of 5'-[32P]-labelled oligonucleotides obtained from single and double-stranded DNA cloned in bacteriophage M13 mp9 have been synthesized. The alkylated derivatives of oligonucleotides selectively modify the complementary tracts of single-stranded DNA-target. They are also able to modify the complementary regions in double-stranded supercoiled plasmid DNA. PMID- 3193970 TI - [Human heart muscle proteins: two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis in embryos]. AB - Human myocardium proteins synthesized in the course of heart muscle development have been analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The quantitative change was found in representation of the main retractable proteins in the course of the heart muscle formation (the light myosin chains, tropomyosin, etc.). Four polymorphous variants of myocardium proteins were found, one of which is, possibly connected with the defect in heart development. PMID- 3193971 TI - [A new strategy for structural identification of abnormal human hemoglobins]. AB - A new strategy for structural identification of abnormal human hemoglobins is proposed. It is based on micropreparative modification of electrophoretic separation of globins on Cellogel strips with subsequent quantitative isolation of a pure, desalted globin chain, in a form suitable for its subsequent structural investigation. Among the major advantages of the new strategy age possibility to use small blood samples (0.1-0.2 ml), short analysis time, relative simplicity and low cost. PMID- 3193972 TI - Role and mechanisms of inhibitors in prevention of mutation and cancer. PMID- 3193973 TI - Characterization of an in vitro micronucleus assay with Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts. AB - The use of Syrian hamster embryo cells for assessing genotoxicity provides the unique opportunity to determine 5 different end-points (gene mutations, DNA strand breaks, aneuploidy, DNA repair (unscheduled DNA synthesis, UDS) and neoplastic transformation) in the one cell system. This approach allows direct comparisons of results produced under identical conditions of dose at target, metabolism and bioavailability. We report here on the characterization of an additional end-point in the same cell system: the formation of micronuclei indicating chromosomal changes induced by chemicals. For a preliminary validation of this new test system we have investigated 14 carcinogens and 3 non carcinogenic structural analogues in order to evaluate the significance of micronucleus induction for carcinogenic properties. All tested carcinogens induced micronuclei in a dose-dependent manner; all non-carcinogens yielded negative results. Correlations between the formation of micronuclei and the Ames test, induction of UDS, cell transformation and the in vivo bone marrow micronucleus test are demonstrated. PMID- 3193974 TI - Mutagenicity testing of vincristine sulfate in germ cells of male mice. AB - Vincristine sulfate (VCR) affects the fertilization ability of all germ-cell stages in male mice. The reduced fertilization ability leads to a pseudo-dominant lethal effect and sterile matings. The frequency of these effects is dose dependent. The frequency of specific-locus mutations was not increased by VCR in male mice following 2 mg/kg bw treatment. PMID- 3193975 TI - The clastogenic activity of 1,6-dinitropyrene in peripheral human lymphocytes. AB - The ability of 1,6-dinitropyrene to induce chromosome damage in peripheral human lymphocyte cultures has been demonstrated. Low levels of clastogenic activity were detected following 3-h treatments with 1,6-dinitropyrene in the presence of a rat-liver cytosol fraction. The clastogenic activity reached a peak at a concentration of 1.25 micrograms/ml of 1,6-dinitropyrene after which the frequency of aberrations decreased. This unusual genotoxic dose response is similar to that found previously in yeast and rat-liver cells. The fact that a positive result was obtained using human lymphocytes shows that, in the presence of the appropriate activation system, dinitropyrene is genotoxic in human cells. PMID- 3193977 TI - DNA damage in stomach, kidney, liver and lung of rats treated with atrazine. AB - The genotoxic activity of atrazine, a widely used triazine herbicide, was assayed by the DNA alkaline elution technique in rats given orally a single high dose or repeated daily doses. DNA breaks (and/or alkali-labile lesions) were detected in cell suspensions obtained from stomach, kidney and liver, but not in those from lung. PMID- 3193976 TI - Heat shock protection against induction of chromatid aberrations is dependent on the time span between heat shock and clastogen treatment of Vicia faba root tip meristem cells. AB - Variation of the time span between heat shock (hs) and clastogen treatment of V. faba root tip meristems showed that hs protection is a very quick response (effective after less than 10 min) and lasting for up to 240 min in the case of induction of chromatid aberrations by maleic hydrazide (MH). Analogous protective responses are significantly slower and shorter when TEM is used for aberration induction. This, together with absence of 'clastogenic cross-adaptation' to these agents and differential effects of benzamide (BA, an inhibitor of poly-ADP ribosylation) pretreatment before hs on hs protection, suggests that hs before clastogen treatment triggers at least 2 clastogen-specific, protective functions which eventually result in protection against these 2 clastogens. PMID- 3193978 TI - DNA damage and repair induced in vitro by nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) in human lymphocytes. AB - In cultured human lymphocytes we determined the ability of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to inhibit DNA replication and to stimulate DNA repair synthesis (UDS), as well as to influence the UDS induced by UV irradiation. In phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes a strong inhibition of DNA replication was induced by NTA concentrations above 10(-3) M, which was accompanied by a marked cell lethality, whereas at lower doses the incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) into DNA or treated cells was slightly increased in comparison to untreated cells. When, after NTA pretreatment, UDS was determined by scintillation spectrometry or autoradiography in unstimulated G0 lymphocytes, UV-irradiated or unirradiated, an increased incorporation of 3H-TdR was observed, positively correlated with the NTA doses. This effect was only partially due to the expansion of the intracellular TdR pool as a consequence of the stimulation of 3H-TdR uptake by NTA. Even after normalization of the scintillometric data by the radioactivities of the soluble nucleotide fraction, significant increase of DNA repair synthesis was detected after treatment with 7.5 x 10(-3)-10(-2) M NTA. PMID- 3193979 TI - Mutagenicity studies on paracetamol in human volunteers. I. Cytogenetic analysis of peripheral lymphocytes and lipid peroxidation in plasma. AB - The clastogenic activity of paracetamol (PC) was assayed on a group of 11 healthy volunteers. PC was administered in the form of tablets 3 x 1000 mg in the course of 8 h. Blood samples were taken 0, 24, 72 and 168 h after the first application of the drug. Each blood sample was used for the cytogenetic analysis of peripheral lymphocytes, for the measuring of the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and ascorbemia in plasma. After PC administration the frequency of aberrant cells (AB.C.) was increased to 2.77% AB.C. after 24 h vs. 1.68% at 0 h, and breaks per cell (B/C) to 0.0295 vs. 0.0182, respectively. If PC was applied simultaneously with ascorbic acid (AA), also in a dose of 3 x 1000 mg, an increased frequency of AB.C. was observed only after 72 h, of B/C after both 24 h and 72 h. No increase in LPO as determined by the thiobarbituric acid assay was seen after PC administration (1.02-1.10 nmole malondialdehyde (MDA)/ml plasma). The LPO level was increased 72 h after the simultaneous application of PC and AA (1.26 nmole MDA/ml). No effect of AA in terms of a decreased PC clastogenicity was observed. PMID- 3193980 TI - Use of cryopreserved hepatocytes for unscheduled DNA synthesis assays. AB - Hepatocytes were isolated from Fischer rats by perfusion and tested for unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) induction or cryopreserved for long-term storage at -196 degrees C. Thawed cells could be recovered at greater than 90% viabilities, and were cultured on fibronectin-coated coverslips. The cells attached and spread, and could be used for UDS assessment. Data were compared for fresh and frozen cells from the same animal. Results obtained for net nuclear grains and dose response were similar for the fresh and frozen cells, in response to the carcinogenic compounds methyl methanesulfonate and 7,12 dimethylbenzanthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. PMID- 3193981 TI - 1,3-Butadiene: induction of micronucleated erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of B6C3F1 mice exposed by inhalation for 13 weeks. PMID- 3193982 TI - Inhalation exposure-rate of ethylene oxide affects the level of DNA breakage and unscheduled DNA synthesis in spermiogenic stages of the mouse. AB - The effect of ethylene oxide (EtO) inhalation-exposure rate on the induction of DNA breakage in late spermatids and on unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in early spermatids was studied. The exposures were 450 parts per million (ppm) for 4 h, 900 ppm for 2 h, and 1800 ppm for 1 h. Thus, the total exposure was always 1800 ppm-h. Both DNA breakage and UDS were found to increase by a factor of approximately 3 in going from the low to high EtO concentration, suggesting that the molecular dose of EtO to the testis had increased by a similar factor. Our results are consistent with the EtO exposure-rate effect found by Generoso et al. (1986) for induction of dominant-lethal mutations in late spermatids and early spermatozoa. PMID- 3193985 TI - What a research assistant should know. PMID- 3193984 TI - [Fundamentals of health services]. PMID- 3193983 TI - Ultraviolet mutagenesis of radiation-sensitive (rad) mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - A mutational tester strain (JP10) of the nematode C. elegans was used to capture recessive lethal mutations in a balanced 300 essential gene autosomal region. The probability of converting a radiation interaction into a lethal mutation was measured in young gravid adults after exposure to fluences of 254-nm ultraviolet radiation (UV) ranging from 0 to 300 Jm-2. Mutation frequencies as high as 5% were observed. In addition, three different radiation-hypersensitive mutations, rad-1, rad-3 and rad-7 were incorporated into the JP10 background genotype, which allowed us to measure mutation frequencies in radiation-sensitive animals. The strain homozygous for rad-3 was hypermutable to UV while strains homozygous for rad-1 and rad-7 were hypomutable. Data showing the effects of UV on larval development and fertility for the rad mutants is also shown and compared for wild type and JP10 backgrounds. PMID- 3193986 TI - Protecting the patient. PMID- 3193987 TI - Falls in the elderly: a nursing perspective. PMID- 3193988 TI - Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. A protocol for control and containment in a health care facility--Part III. PMID- 3193989 TI - Using everyday games. PMID- 3193990 TI - African views on birth. PMID- 3193991 TI - Men in the profession. PMID- 3193992 TI - Is organ procurement easy? PMID- 3193993 TI - The spread of hospital infections. PMID- 3193994 TI - Village health workers: health care providers in rural areas. PMID- 3193995 TI - [The case study as a teaching method]. PMID- 3193996 TI - Are the elderly asexual? PMID- 3193997 TI - Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation and drowning. PMID- 3193998 TI - Johannesburg Hospital trains Taiwanese nurses. PMID- 3193999 TI - AIDS is one disease and it affects people. PMID- 3194001 TI - Life begins at forty. PMID- 3194000 TI - What is the purpose of stilettes in embolectomy catheters? PMID- 3194002 TI - Quality assurance: a manager's model for nursing. PMID- 3194003 TI - "You'll be alright!". PMID- 3194004 TI - Latest NIH institute. PMID- 3194005 TI - Lasker prizes shared by three researchers. PMID- 3194006 TI - Embryo definitions. PMID- 3194007 TI - Cell division. Kinetochores on the move. PMID- 3194008 TI - Structural changes in glycogen phosphorylase induced by phosphorylation. AB - A comparison of the refined crystal structures of dimeric glycogen phosphorylase b and a reveals structural changes that represent the first step in the activation of the enzyme. On phosphorylation of serine-14, the N-terminus of each subunit assumes an ordered helical conformation and binds to the surface of the dimer. The consequent structural changes at the N- and C-terminal regions lead to strengthened interactions between subunits and alter the binding sites for allosteric effectors and substrates. PMID- 3194009 TI - Expression of human proteoglycan in Chinese hamster ovary cells inhibits cell proliferation. AB - In studying the functional role of an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, decorin, we have made observations that suggest a role for this proteoglycan in the control of cell proliferation. Extracellular matrices are made up of different combinations of collagens, elastin, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans and various glycoproteins such as fibronectin. Most of these components can interact with cells, and much of the control of cell adhesion, migration and differentiation appears to be mediated by these interactions. Earlier studies have also attributed growth-regulatory activities to intact extracellular matrices, but the individual molecules responsible for these effects have not been characterized. We report here that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines expressing human decorin from a stably transfected complementary DNA construct form a more orderly monolayer and grow to a lower saturation density than control cells lacking decorin. The extent of the morphological changes correlates with the level of decorin expression, and the saturation density is inversely proportional to it. The reduction in the saturation densities of the cell lines with the highest expression of decorin is more than 50%. These results reveal a novel growth inhibitory mechanism which may be related to contact inhibition of cell proliferation. PMID- 3194010 TI - Towards the patenting of animals. PMID- 3194011 TI - Uncensored Nature. PMID- 3194012 TI - US congressman attacks NIH investigation. PMID- 3194014 TI - Gene targeting. Getting nearer the mark. PMID- 3194013 TI - Oncomouse released. PMID- 3194015 TI - Bone physiology. Hypercalcaemia of malignancy. PMID- 3194016 TI - Understanding the origins of AIDS viruses. PMID- 3194018 TI - Latex gloves off in virus porosity dispute. PMID- 3194017 TI - Unusual segregation of cystic fibrosis alleles. PMID- 3194019 TI - Disruption of the proto-oncogene int-2 in mouse embryo-derived stem cells: a general strategy for targeting mutations to non-selectable genes. AB - Gene targeting--homologous recombination of DNA sequences residing in the chromosome with newly introduced DNA sequences--in mouse embryo-derived stem cells promises to provide a means to generate mice of any desired genotype. We describe a positive nd negative selection procedure that enriches 2,000-fold for those cells that contain a targeted mutation. The procedure was applied to the isolation of hprt- and int-2- mutants, but it should be applicable to any gene. PMID- 3194020 TI - Temporal integration by a slowly inactivating K+ current in hippocampal neurons. AB - A central aspect of neuronal function is how each nerve cell translated synaptic input into a sequence of action potentials that carry information along the axon, coded as spike frequency. When transduction from a graded depolarizing input to spikes is studied by injecting a depolarizing current, there is often a remarkably long delay to the first action potential, both in mammalian and molluscan neurons. Here, I report that the delayed excitation in rat hippocampal neurons is due to a slowly inactivating potassium current, ID. ID co-exists with other voltage-gated K+ currents, including a fast A current and a slow delayed rectifier current. As ID activates in the subthreshold range, and takes tens of seconds to recover from inactivation, it enables the cell to integrate separate depolarizing inputs over long times. ID also makes the encoding properties of the cell exceedingly sensitive to the prevailing membrane potential. PMID- 3194021 TI - Removal of poly(A) and consequent degradation of c-fos mRNA facilitated by 3' AU rich sequences. AB - The c-fos proto-oncogene provides a good system to study the processes underlying messenger RNA degradation. After growth factor stimulation of susceptible cells, the c-fos transcription rate transiently increases from a low basal level by as much as 50-fold, producing a large amount of exceedingly unstable c-fos mRNA that is rapidly degraded. Here, we investigate the c-fos mRNA degradation process, and find that: (1) ongoing translation of the c-fos mRNA itself is required for its degradation; (2) after synthesis, the mRNA poly(A) tail is rapidly removed, in a translation-dependent manner, leading to accumulation of apparently deadenylated RNA; (3) deletion or replacement of an AU-rich sequence at the mRNA 3' end significantly stabilizes the mRNA; (4) deletion of the 3' AU-rich sequences dramatically slows the poly(A) shortening rate. These results suggest that the 3' AU-rich sequences act to destabilize the mRNA by directing rapid removal of the mRNA poly(A) tract. PMID- 3194022 TI - Structure and assembly of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase. AB - Dioxygenases catalyse the cleavage of molecular oxygen with subsequent incorporation of both oxygen atoms into organic substrates. Some of the best studied dioxygenases have been isolated from bacteria where they catalyse the critical ring-opening step in the biodegradation of aromatic compounds. These bacterial enzymes generally contain nonheme ferric iron as the sole cofactor. Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (3,4-PCD) was one of the first such enzymes recognized and catalyses the intradiol cleavage of protocatechuic acid by oxygen to produce beta-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid. Previous studies have shown that the 3,4-PCD found in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an oligomer with a relative molecular mass (Mr) of 587,000 (587K) containing 12 copies each of alpha (22.3K) and beta (26.6K) subunits. The X-ray structure determination of 3,4-PCD reveals the catalytic iron environment required for oxygenolytic cleavage of aromatic rings and also provides a novel holoenzyme assembly with cubic 23(T) symmetry and first examples of mixed beta-barrel domains. PMID- 3194023 TI - Computer files on AIDS carriers. PMID- 3194024 TI - UK government agrees to anonymous HIV testing. PMID- 3194025 TI - NIH cuts bring in hard times for biomedical researchers. PMID- 3194026 TI - British government promotes atmosphere of concern. PMID- 3194027 TI - New vaccine and initiative mean end of rabies in sight for Europe? PMID- 3194029 TI - Protein structure. Method in MADness. PMID- 3194028 TI - West Germany voices objections to European genome project. PMID- 3194030 TI - Gene regulation. A hit-and-run mechanism for transcriptional activation? PMID- 3194032 TI - Cystic fibrosis advantage. PMID- 3194031 TI - Evolution of an active-site codon in serine proteases. PMID- 3194033 TI - Sequencing proteins from acrylamide gels. AB - The analytical power of high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been coupled with molecular cloning techniques to allow the sequencing of proteins directly from preparative gels. PMID- 3194035 TI - 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors in the hypothalamus mediate thermoregulatory responses in rabbits. AB - 1. The effects of microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or its antagonists methysergide (a 5-HT1 receptor antagonist), cyproheptadine (a mixed 5-HT1/5-HT2 receptor antagonist), or ketanserin (a 5-HT2 receptor antagonist) into the preoptic anterior hypothalamus on thermoregulatory responses were assessed in conscious rabbits at different ambient temperatures (Ta). 2. Intrahypothalamic injection of 5-HT caused dose-dependent hypothermia in rabbits when the Ta was 2 degrees C and 22 degrees C. At 2 degrees C the hypothermia was due to decreased metabolism, whereas at 22 degrees C the hypothermia was due to increased peripheral blood flow and increased respiratory evaporative heat loss. 3. In contrast, administration of either cyproheptadine, methysergide or ketanserin into the 5-HT-sensitive sites in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus caused dose dependent hyperthermia in rabbits when the Ta was 2 degrees C, 22 degrees C and 32 degrees C. At 2 degrees C the hyperthermia was due to increased metabolism, whereas at 32 degrees C the hyperthermia was due to decreased peripheral blood flow and decreased respiratory evaporative heat loss. At 22 degrees C, the hyperthermia was due to increased metabolism and decreased peripheral blood flow. 4. For a given intrahypothalamic dose (e.g. 15-20 micrograms), either methysergide, cyproheptadine or ketanserin produced the same degree of rectal temperature elevation (e.g. about 1.4 degrees C) in rabbits. Thus, there did not appear to be any association between hypothalamic 5-HT receptor types and thermoregulation. 5. However, the present results suggest that hypothalamic 5-HT receptors mediate thermoregulatory responses in the rabbit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194034 TI - Characterization of prejunctional purinoceptors on adrenergic nerves of the rat caudal artery. AB - The effects of a number of purinoceptor agents on the release of endogenous noradrenaline from the electrically stimulated rat caudal artery were determined. Noradrenaline was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography electrochemical detection techniques. Both P1-receptor and P2-receptor agonists reduced the release of noradrenaline; the relative order of potency being 2 chloroadenosine greater than beta, gamma methylene ATP greater than ATP greater than or equal to adenosine. The adenosine uptake inhibitor S-p-nitro-benzyl-6 thioguanosine potentiated the effects of adenosine but not those of the adenine nucleotides. This suggests that the nucleotides do not need to be converted to adenosine to produce a prejunctional inhibition of the release of noradrenaline. The P1-receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl) theophylline reduced the inhibitory effects of both P1- and P2-receptor agonists as did the photolysis of tissues with an intense light source. The findings indicate that prejunctional purinoceptors that mediate an inhibition of the release of noradrenaline from the adrenergic nerves of the caudal artery may not be adequately defined as either P1 or P2-receptors and thus appear to represent a unique receptor. We suggest referring to these receptors as P3-purinoceptors. PMID- 3194036 TI - Effects of hypoxia on contractile responses of rabbit aortic strips to transmural electrical stimulation. AB - To clarify the effects of hypoxia on adrenergic transmission, we examined the contractile responses of isolated rabbit aortic strips to electrical stimulation, the concentration-response relationships for noradrenaline and KCl, and the electrical stimulation-evoked overflows of total [3H] and [3H]noradrenaline from strips preloaded with [3H]noradrenaline in media equilibrated with gas mixtures containing various concentrations of O2. Contractile responses to electrical stimulation were completely inhibited by tetrodotoxin and alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists such as phentolamine and phenoxybenzamine, but were not affected by indomethacin. When the concentration of O2 in the gas mixture was decreased from 95% to 20%, the contractile responses to electrical stimulation remained unchanged, but as the concentration of O2 was further decreased, the responses were inhibited concentration-dependently. At 0% O2, the response was inhibited by about 80% when compared with control values obtained at 95% O2, and the electrical stimulation-evoked overflows of total [3H] and [3H]noradrenaline into the superfusates were decreased by about 55%. At 0% O2, the concentration response curve for exogenous noradrenaline was shifted to the right about 50-fold and the maximum response was decreased by 25%. The maximum contractile responses of aortic strips from animals pretreated with reserpine or 6-hydroxydopamine to high KCl were decreased slightly (about 15%). These results suggest that inhibition of adrenergic transmission under hypoxic conditions is mainly the result of a decrease in the stimulus-evoked release of noradrenaline and of a decrease in the affinity of alpha-adrenoceptor for noradrenaline and/or inhibition of signal transduction mechanisms, although hypoxia also causes a slight decrease in the contractility of vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 3194037 TI - Peptide YY (PYY) stimulates intrinsic enteric motor neurones in the rat small intestine. AB - The effects of peptide YY (PYY) on motor activity of the rat small intestine, were studied using isolated organ bath preparations arranged for recording muscle activity in the longitudinal axis. PYY induced TTX sensitive concentration dependent contractions and/or relaxations of the longitudinal muscle in different regions of the small intestine. In the duodenum PYY evoked only "cholinergic" contractions (3 x 10(-8)-3 x 10(-7) M). In the jejunum, PYY-evoked concentrations were non-cholinergic, and contractions were never seen in the ileum. In the jejunum and ileum, PYY-evoked relaxations (3 x 10(-8)-3 x 10(-7) M) were unaffected by adrenoceptor or cholinergic receptor blockade, thus indicating that these relaxations were mediated by non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) inhibitory nerves. Another action of PYY was to cause inhibition of field stimulation-evoked cholinergic concentrations. This inhibitory action was primarily due to antagonism of post-junctional, cholinergic receptor mediated events. In addition, PYY inhibited histamine evoked contractions of the longitudinal muscle. All regions of the small intestine could be desensitized to PYY. Such PYY-densensitization did not affect the ability of the longitudinal muscle to relax in response to applied ATP or papaverine. These results suggest PYY has potent concentration-dependent stimulatory actions at intrinsic inhibitory and excitatory motor nerves. In addition, PYY interferes with contractions but not relaxations of the longitudinal muscle. PMID- 3194038 TI - Intracellular mechanisms of verapamil and diltiazem action on striated muscle of the rabbit. AB - Skinned fibers from striated muscle were used to study the intracellular mechanisms (contractile proteins and sarcoplasmic reticulum [SR]) of action of diltiazem (DT) and verapamil (VP) on muscle contraction. Rabbit papillary muscle (PM), and the skeletal muscles adductor magnus (AM, fast-twitch) and soleus (SL, slow-twitch) were used. The muscles were skinned by homogenization and fibre bundles for PM and single fibres for AM and SL were dissected from the homogenate and mounted on photodiode force transducers. VP (0.1-3.0 mmol/l) (and to a lesser degree DT) increased Ca2+-activated tension development of the contractile protains in PM and SL and decreased it in AM (+[4-20]%, +4%, -[14-28]%, respectively). Both drugs increased the submaximal Ca2+-activated tension development at the order of PM = SL greater than AM in a dose-dependent manner. The changes of half-maximal pCa50 at 1 mmol/l VP were 0.25, 0.25, and 0.15, respectively. For Ca2+ uptake and release from the SR, VP as well as DT (0.1-3.0 mmol/l) in the uptake phase decreased caffeine-induced tension transients in a dose-dependent fashion. At 0.01-3.0 mmol/l, the drugs directly induced Ca2+ release from the SR or enhanced caffeine-induced tension transients with the exception that in PM, DT attenuated caffeine-induced tension transients. Thus, VP and DT have similar intracellular mechanisms of action in striated muscle. Both drugs induced calcium release from the SR and increase Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile proteins, and thus could be the underlying mechanisms for potentiating twitch tension, and inducing contracture in skeletal muscle. PMID- 3194039 TI - Comparison of the effluxes of 42K+ and 86Rb+ elicited by cromakalim (BRL 34915) in tonic and phasic vascular tissue. AB - The cromakalim-induced effluxes of 42K+ and 86Rb+ were compared in rat aortic segments and in guinea-pig portal vein. In both vessels, low concentrations of cromakalim (0.1 microM) increased the permeability to 86Rb+ 3-4 times less than that to 42K+; at 10 microM the difference was about a factor of 1.3-2. In rat aorta, the threshold concentration of cromakalim for 42K+ efflux was greater than or equal to 0.03 microM; with 86Rb+ as the tracer ion it was 0.1 microM. At similar concentrations, cromakalim relaxed the tension of aortic segments precontracted with 23 mM KCl (IC50 = 0.06 +/- 0.01 microM). However, no concomitant increase in 42K+ or 86Rb+ efflux could be detected from this stimulated preparation at these concentrations. In guinea-pig portal vein, 42K+ efflux measurements were performed in the presence and absence of the dihydropyridine Ca2+ entry blocker PN 200-110 (isradipine) yielding comparable results. In the presence of PN 200-110, where spontaneous activity and the K+ efflux associated with it were abolished, the threshold concentration of cromakalim for 42K+ efflux was 0.02 microM as compared to 0.06 microM for 86Rb+ efflux. In the absence of PN 200-110, spontaneous activity of the portal vein was inhibited by 70% and 90% at these concentrations. In double isotope experiments, the K+ channel inhibitor tetraethylammonium did not discriminate between the effluxes of 42K+ and 86Rb+ stimulated by cromakalim. It is concluded that in the two vascular tissues examined, cromakalim increased the permeability to 42K+ more than to 86Rb+, the difference being more marked at low cromakalim concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194040 TI - Angiotensinogen gene expression in extrahepatic rat tissues: application of a solution hybridization assay. AB - Angiotensin II has numerous biological effects in a hitherto unsuspected variety of tissues. The generation of angiotensin in tissue requires the local presence of its high molecular weight precursor angiotensinogen and is best tested by investigating angiotensinogen gene expression. A quantitative solution hybridization assay for rapid and sensitive measurement of angiotensinogen mRNA was therefore established to study the extrahepatic expression of the angiotensinogen gene. We used a 714 bases BamHI angiotensinogen cDNA fragment cloned into vector pSPT18 and developed a sensitive and rapid assay with a detection limit of 0.5 pg RNA. Quantification of angiotensinogen mRNA from male Sprague-Dawley rats resulted in the following tissue levels (n = 10 for all tissues, except pituitary where n = 5), was expressed as fg mRNA per microgram total RNA, in descending order: liver (9950), hypothalamus (6050), midbrain (4450), brainstem (3950), total brain (2325), aorta (625), kidney (338), adrenal gland (170), and heart atrium (140). The high sensitivity of the assay in addition also allowed for the first time measurement of angiotensinogen mRNA in the low gene expression tissues pituitary (70), heart ventricle (30), and testis (30). This assay will allow detailed studies on the regulation of tissue angiotensinogen and the pathophysiological role of the tissue renin angiotensin systems. PMID- 3194041 TI - Demonstration of a Na+: Mg2+ exchange in human red cells by its sensitivity to tricyclic antidepressant drugs. AB - Iminodibenzyl-, iminostilbene-, dibenzocycloheptadiene-, dibenzooxepine- and dibenzothiepine-derivatives of tricyclic antidepressant drugs were able to inhibit Na+-stimulated Mg2+ efflux in human erythrocytes at concentrations of 10( 5) -10(-3) mol/l. Tricyclic antidepressant drugs belonging to other chemical groups, non-tricyclic antidepressant drugs and phenothiazines were less potent inhibitors (IC50 of 10(-4) mol/l or higher). Imipramine and dothiepine, the most potent compounds, inhibited the Mg2+ carrier with IC50 of 2.5 and 4 x 10(-5) mol/l respectively. These IC50 are of similar order of magnitude to those of some classical transport inhibitors (such as furosemide for the [Na+ K+, Cl-] cotransport system). In addition, these concentrations of imipramine and dothiepine were free of: i) side effects on other erythrocyte Na+ and K+ transport pathways (with the exception of a slight inhibition of Ca2+-sensitive K+-channels and [Na+,K+,Cl-]- and [K+,Cl-]-cotransport systems) and ii) toxic effects on the membrane leak for divalent or monovalent cations. Therefore, we selected imipramine as an useful tool for investigating fluxes catalyzed by the Na+-stimulated Mg2+ carrier. Imipramine was tested on the initial rate of ouabain and bumetanide-resistant net Na+ influx in Na+-depleted, Mg2+-loaded erythrocytes. The compound was able to inhibit a Na+ influx of about 300-500 mumol (1.cells x h)-1 with an IC50 of about 3 x 10(-5) mol/l. This imipramine sensitive Na+ influx was coupled with an imipramine-sensitive Mg2+ efflux in a stoichiometry of 3.03 +/- 0.34 (mean +/- SEM of 7 experiments). PMID- 3194042 TI - Analysis of the 'epidemic' of multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands. I. Clinical and epidemiological aspects. AB - The claim has been made that British troops introduced multiple sclerosis (MS), a transmissible disease, into the Faroe Islands during World War II, causing a three-tier epidemic which resulted in the appearance of 32 cases from 1943 until 1973. Assumptions underlying this hypothesis include the belief that the disease was absent from the Faroe Islands before 1940, the view that ascertainment of cases was complete and that Faroese patients who had either been born in Denmark or had been away from the Islands for 3 or more years before the onset of the disease had to be excluded. All the calculations were based on the presumed date of appearance of the first symptoms of MS. We reject the hypotheses of an epidemic and of the transmissibility of MS for several reasons. The most important one is that the date of onset of illness bears no relationship to the probable date of acquisition, which is widely believed to occur between the ages of 5 and 15 years. The criteria for exclusion of cases are arbitrary and instead of the accepted 32 cases, we believe that 42 cases should be counted in all analyses, including at least 2 with onset of illness before 1940. Only 15 of these 42 were in the age range 5-14 years during the British occupation. We cannot accept the statement that the disease was unknown in the Faroes before 1940 and believe that case ascertainment was incomplete in the Islands, which share close geographic, ethnic, and environmental similarities with other North Sea countries of high MS incidence. The theory of transmission is unconvincing and the characteristics of the putative agent unrealistic. The extremely high incidence of disease, which has statistical significance, is based on a very small number of cases in a very small population, and is of very doubtful biological significance. PMID- 3194043 TI - Analysis of the 'epidemic' of multiple sclerosis in the Faroe Islands. II. Biostatistical aspects. AB - A series of biostatistical tests were applied to the data upon which the Faroe epidemic hypothesis was constructed. Temporal, cluster analysis using three commonly applied methods were unsuitable because of the very small size of the sample (32 cases of MS). Methods to detect non-random clusters of disease identified a cluster of 16 cases with date of onset between 1941-1950 (p less than 0.05). However, when 1 questionable case of MS was excluded, the resulting cluster did not support the epidemic hypothesis. The overlapping 95% confidence limits of 5- and 10-year based incidence rates of MS, by date of onset (Poisson distribution) argues against the presence of an epidemic. Analysis of the exposure data, i.e. contacts between the Faroese and the British troops, yielded only borderline statistical significance but changing a single case of MS from the exposed to the unexposed category failed to support the exposure theory. All calculations were also carried out using the probable date of acquisition of the disease, between the ages of 5 and 14 years; these also failed to substantiate the hypotheses of epidemic and transmissibility. Since the validity of statistical analysis to test for the presence of epidemics with small sample sizes is not well established, the lack of concordance between the results of the various approaches leads to the conclusion that there was no epidemic of MS in the Faroes. PMID- 3194045 TI - [HIV1 infections in dialysis centers. Prospective studies in 4 centers in Ile-de France]. AB - A prospective multicenter study was undertaken between february 1985 and august 1986 in 4 haemodialysis centers in the Paris area (France) in order to assess the prevalence of HIV1 infection and the risk of transmission of the virus within the centers. Every four months a follow-up was carried out in 221 patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD) and in 40 staff members caring for the patients in 2 centers. 62 patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 126 haemodialysis patients who transited through a center (HDT) were screened once. A questionnaire exploring risk factors was completed for each patient and staff member. Sera were tested for HIV1 antibodies by ELISA (ELAVIA) and confirmed by Western Blot. Of the 347 HD + HDT patients, 4 were found to be positive. Of the 221 HD patients, 1 multi-transfused haemophiliac and 1 multitransfused Nigerian without other risk factors were positive in the first screening. Another patient seroconverted after blood transfusion during the study; no other risk factors existed and the donor has not yet been found. One of the 126 HDT patients had received infected plasma. No staff members or PD patients were positive. Thus there is no evidence within the centers of transmission, from patient-to-patient or patient-to-staff. Although HIV1 seems to be less infectious than HBV, precautions to prevent transmission of HIV1 in dialysis centers should be maintained. PMID- 3194044 TI - [Indirect evaluation of the effect of 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 on intestinal absorption of aluminum]. AB - In a former study we have shown that 1 alpha OH vitamin D3 given to hemodialyzed patients taking A1(OH)3 at a constant dose increased their plasma concentrations of aluminium. Two mechanisms can explain this increase: increased intestinal absorption or decreased tissue storage of aluminium. We have, in the present study, given 1 alpha(OH)3 at the same dose (6 micrograms per week) and during the same duration (4 weeks) to 15 stable hemodialyzed patients after aluminium hydroxide has been discontinued 6 weeks before. Under A1(OH)3 treatment mean plasma aluminium was 2.33 +/- 2.36 mumol/l. After A1(OH)3 discontinuation, plasma aluminium decreased significantly as soon as the 2nd week of the control period (1.39 mumol/l). The decrease was maintained in plateau throughout the 5 weeks of the control period (1.38 mumol/l and, the 4 weeks of 1 OH Vit D3 administration (1.40 mumol/l). After 1 alpha OH D3 discontinuation there has been a non significant transient drop of aluminemia followed by a plateau at a level comparable to the previous plateau. Plasma calcium and phosphate concentrations increased significantly with 1 alpha(OH)3 and decreased thereafter confirming biological activity of 1 alpha(OH)3. Since 1 alpha(OH)3 increases plasma aluminium in hemodialyzed patients only when they are taking simultaneously A1(OH)3, it is suggested that this increase is mainly explained by an increase of the intestinal absorption of aluminium. PMID- 3194046 TI - Handedness and manual specialization in the baboon. AB - Manual preferences of six baboons were tested with three kinds of experimental tasks: (1) a simple reaching on a board or in a hole; (2) a box opening; (3) two visuo-spatial tasks requiring precise alignments of apertures. The distribution of right and left hand preferences was found to be symmetrical for the simple reachings (3 right- and 3 left-handers) and was consistent with the preferences in the box opening task. However, manual tasks with strong visuo-spatial components gave a unimodal distribution with a left hand preference for the group for aligning and adjusting the apertures. These results suggest the coexistence within an individual of two types of preferences according to the distinction between handedness and manual specialization. PMID- 3194047 TI - The integration of sensory information in the development of precise manual pointing. AB - The development of manual pointing was studied in 270 children from 4 yr of age to 12 yr of age. Fifteen boys and 15 girls were included in each age group. The task was to place pins underneath a table-top at positions seen or felt on the table-top. Each child was tested in four different conditions: both visual and proprioceptive information about the position of the dot to be pointed at could be provided, just one of these two sources of information could be provided, or none of them. Errors were analysed in terms of systematic and random error. The results show that in all age groups, performance was superior when visual information about the position of the dot was provided. The ability to utilize visual information was found to be rather good already at the youngest ages. In the visual conditions the random error decreased with age in a gradual and linear fashion but the systematic error did not, it decreased and increased and decreased again. Errors were substantially smaller at 7 and 11 yr of age. The ability to use information from the proprioceptors improved remarkably during the youngest ages. All the improvement of the random error between 4 and 5 yr of age could be attributed to this factor. The systematic error in all conditions was found to be displaced towards the contralateral side of the body, but this effect was strongest in the proprioceptive condition. A strong interaction between sex and hand used in pointing was found in the systematic errors but none in the random errors. The interaction could be described as a nondominant hand disadvantage of the girls. PMID- 3194048 TI - Left-sided oral asymmetries in spontaneous but not posed smiles. AB - To investigate possible facial asymmetries during the production of posed and spontaneous smiles, the displacement of various reference points on the mouth were measured as subjects produced both kinds of smiles. Strobe cameras were used in combination with a computer-based analysis to record the smiles of left- and right-handed males and females. The analysis revealed that the left side of the mouth moved more than the right side during spontaneous but not posed smiles, supporting the notion that the right hemisphere may play a special role in emotional expression. This asymmetry was most apparent in left-handed females and right-handed males. These sex and handedness differences are discussed with reference to apparent inconsistencies in previous research on asymmetries in emotional expression. PMID- 3194049 TI - Bimanual co-ordination in callosal agenesis and partial commissurotomy. AB - Studies [Preilowski, B.F.B. in Cerebral Localization, pp. 116-131, Springer, Berlin, 1975; Reynolds, D.M. and Jeeves, M.A. Neuropsychologia 12, 287-290, 1974] of bilateral motor coordination in commissurotomy patients pointed to the importance of direct interhemispheric integration for the fine regulation of the lower motor system within each hemisphere. When external visual feedback was withdrawn in the performance of a bimanual tracking task, partial commissurotomy patients, in whom the anterior portions of the callosum were cut, deviated significantly when drawing lines which required asymmetrical input from the two hands. The task devised by Preilowski was given to two adult acallosals, an 11 yr old acallosal boy, and an 11 yr old girl in whom the centre one-third of the corpus callosum had been sectioned. The acallosals performed in a manner similar to Preilowski's partial commissurotomy patients. The results were interpreted as confirming the interhemispheric integrative function of the corpus callosum. It is argued that they constitute further evidence for the existence of hemispheric dominance for motor control in acallosals. The partial commissurotomy patient did not differ in performance from normals. Her results were consistent with the view that it is the anterior parts of the callosum which are crucial for the interhemispheric integration of the lower motor system in each hemisphere. PMID- 3194050 TI - Tactual extinction without anomia: evidence of attentional factors in a patient with a partial callosal disconnection. AB - Tactual extinction was examined in a 43-yr-old left-handed male patient (MM) with a hematoma in the trunk of the corpus callosum sparing the genu and the ventral part of the splenium as well as the cerebral hemispheres. Experiments I and II showed no deficit in tactual perception nor in the inter-hemispheric transfer of tactual information. In Experiment III, MM palpated stimuli differing in their association value, and responded vocally or manually. There was no difference in performance between the hands in unimanual control conditions, but in a dichhaptic condition an overall right-hand advantage was observed, depending on the kind of stimulus and on the mode of response: such results were not observed in control subjects. Results showed that MM's left-hand performance reached right hand levels after specific modifications in the allocation of attention between the hands or the load of information in haptic memory (Experiment IV). Experiment V revealed a major deficit in the matching of left- and right-hand information only for the dichhaptic procedure. The results are discussed with a view of cerebral mechanisms as dynamic rather than structurally determined: it is suggested that extinction phenomena are sensitive to cognitive strategies and attentional factors and that the corpus callosum plays a critical role in the lateral control of attention to tactual as well as to auditory and visual information. PMID- 3194051 TI - Hemispheric specialization of abacus experts in mental calculation: evidence from the results of time-sharing tasks. AB - Hemispheric specialization for mental calculation and verbal tasks in abacus (Soroban in Japanese) experts and control subjects was tested using time-sharing tasks. In Experiment 1, the effects of auditorily presented mental calculation and news-listening tasks on sequential finger tappings were examined. The results revealed that in the mental calculation condition, abacus experts showed greater interference effects on left hand tapping, whereas control subjects showed greater interference effects on right hand tapping (as compared to left hand). In the news-listening condition, abacus experts showed no hand difference while the controls showed greater interference effects on the right hand. In Experiment 2, the effects of visually presented mental calculation and word-reading tasks on sequential finger tapping were examined. The results revealed that in the mental calculation condition, abacus experts showed a non-significant tendency towards greater interference in the left hand whereas the controls showed no hand difference. In the word-reading condition, both abacus experts and controls showed greater interference in the right hand than in the left hand. In Experiment 3, intermediate and upper-rank abacus experts performed a similar task to Experiment 1 under two instruction conditions. The results of this control experiment confirmed that a greater left hand reduction in calculation of abacus experts is not due to subject's cognitive mode but due to the amount of abacus learning experience. These data suggest that (1) learning experiences can affect the pattern of cerebral specialization through the change of approaches to perform cognitive tasks, and (2) the right hemisphere engages in mental calculation for the abacus experts whereas the left hemisphere contributes to mental calculation in ordinary people having no experience of abacus learning. PMID- 3194052 TI - Scholastic aptitude and achievement among children with unilateral brain lesions. AB - Cognitive abilities, scholastic aptitude and academic achievement were studied for 20 left hemisphere lesioned (LL) and 12 right hemisphere lesioned (RL) children in comparison with matched peers. On the Cognitive clusters, both LL and RL children performed significantly poorer than controls on the reasoning, perceptual speed and memory clusters. For the Scholastic Aptitude clusters, lesioned subjects performed significantly lower than controls on all clusters except for the knowledge cluster. On the Academic Achievement clusters, LL performed significantly poorer on the written language cluster while RL performed lower on the reading, math and written language clusters. Age of lesion onset, site of lesion and IQ differences are discussed in relationship to the ability clusters measured. PMID- 3194053 TI - Temporal order judgements in good and poor readers. AB - The amount of time required to make accurate (75% correct) temporal order judgements was measured in groups of 3rd and 4th grade children who were selected on the basis of reading ability. The stimuli, two words (Box and Fox), were tachistoscopically presented to the left and right or above and below a fixation point. Subjects were asked to say which word came first under one condition, or which position contained the stimulus that occurred first under another condition. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was varied in half octave steps until threshold was determined. The results indicate that good readers required significantly longer SOAs to achieve 75% correct than adults, but significantly shorter SOAs than poor readers. There was not a significant difference in thresholds for the word and position conditions for adults or good readers, but poor readers required significantly more time to achieve criterion for the word condition. The word thresholds were highly correlated (-0.77) with reading level, but the correlation between position threshold and reading level was not significant. The implications of a temporal order deficit are discussed. PMID- 3194054 TI - Handedness, prenatal stress and pregnancy complications. AB - Two hundred and ninety children aged 2 yr were assessed for laterality on a number of preference and dexterity tasks. The mothers were interviewed about their child's pre- and perinatal history. Information was also obtained from hospital records about pregnancy and delivery stress and complications. High risk pregnancies or pregnancy complications were not associated with an increase in the proportion of sinistrality. Only one of the stress factors (low Apgar) was associated with a decrease in the strength of dexterity. Since maternal and hospital reports were not in agreement in reporting complications, the validity of data generated from maternal reports is questioned. PMID- 3194055 TI - Auditory temporal perception of children with left or right brain lesions. AB - Twenty left and 12 right brain lesioned children were administered Tallal's Repetition Task in which they were required to discriminate, associate and sequence two nonverbal auditory stimuli. Unlike adults with left hemisphere injury or children with developmental language disorders previously described by Tallal, neither left nor right brain-lesioned children differ significantly from control subjects matched by age, sex, race and social class. These results contrast with earlier reports of impaired spoken syntax and delayed lexical retrieval among many of these same left lesioned children, suggesting that prelinguistic auditory processing and higher language deficits may be dissociable among young left hemisphere impaired children. The findings demonstrate that the higher level language deficits seen in the left brain lesioned children cannot be attributed to difficulty in more preliminary analyses of the acoustic stimuli. PMID- 3194056 TI - Relationship of lateral eye movements recorded in the dark to verbal and spatial question types. AB - Lateral eye movements (LEMs) were recorded in normal subjects to verbal and spatial questions in the dark using infra-red recording techniques to assess whether clearer LEM-question type relationships are observed when the potentially confounding effects of visual stimulation are absent. Verbal questions elicited more rightward LEMs than spatial questions. However, spatial questions were not associated with leftward LEMs. It is argued that while infra-red recording techniques may be optimal for recording LEMs to verbal questions, the above results question the generalizability of strong LEM-spatial relationships obtained for a single blind subject by GRIFFITHS and WOODMAN [Neuropsychologia 23, 257-262, 1985]. PMID- 3194057 TI - Sex differences in change over time in perceptual asymmetry. AB - Male (N = 36) and female (N = 43) subjects were given a 120 trial, fused dichotic word test. Males showed higher right ear advantages on the first 60 trials, that then decreased over the next 60 trials. Females showed lower right ear advantages on the first 30 trials, that then increased. The two groups had equal mean asymmetry scores for the last 60 trials. These data suggest that males respond to the novelty of a new task with relative left hemisphere activation while females respond with relative right hemisphere activation. There are no previous reports of sex differences in changes in asymmetry over time. PMID- 3194058 TI - Hemispheric differences for visual evoked potentials from checkerboard stimuli. AB - Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were elicited in right-handed male subjects with an alternating checkerboard pattern stimulus presented to either the left or right visual half-field. The sizes of the individual checks in different conditions were 0.25, 0.5, 2.0, or 4.0 cycles/degree of visual angle. The amplitude of the P100 VEP decreased while peak latency increased as check size decreased across both visual field conditions. Left hemisphere responses demonstrated significantly larger P100 amplitudes compared to the right hemisphere responses, although the interaction between hemisphere and stimulus size was not significant. No hemispheric effects of P100 latency were observed. The results suggest that the left hemisphere is engaged more than the right hemisphere for the sensory analysis of visual stimuli composed of straight edges over a wide range of spatial frequencies. PMID- 3194059 TI - Correlation of neuropsychological and MRI findings in chronic/progressive multiple sclerosis. AB - Sixty patients with chronic/progressive MS received a newly assembled neuropsychological screening battery (NSB) and a brain MRI. A neuroradiologist blinded to NSB findings quantified cerebral lesions on MRI. We developed weighted brain area lesion scores according to number and size of cerebral lesions. Patients who were impaired on NSB testing had a significantly higher mean bihemispheric lesion score (X = 26.1) than those who were unimpaired (X = 17.4); this MRI lesion rating score correlated significantly with the cognitive summary score of the NSB (r = 0.35, p less than 0.01). However, we did not find a significant correlation between the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale and any MRI or NSB summary measures. Compared with the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), the NSB cognitive summary score yielded a prevalence estimate for cognitive impairment that is more consistent with previous findings in chronic/progressive MS. The NSB is a useful screening test for cognitive dysfunction in chronic/progressive MS because of its relationship to cerebral lesions on MRI and its greater sensitivity than the frequently used MMSE. PMID- 3194060 TI - Optic neuritis in the elderly: prognosis for visual recovery and long-term follow up. AB - We evaluated 14 patients with idiopathic optic neuritis, 50 years of age or older, within 1 month of symptomatic onset from 1980 through 1985. We obtained follow-up information from case records an average of 13 months after initial examination and from telephone interviews an average of 57 months after initial evaluation. Four patients were men and ten were women. Visual loss was monocular in ten cases and binocular in four. Only one of 18 affected eyes initially had an acuity of 20/30 or better. Eleven eyes recovered acuities of 20/30 or better. There was no apparent benefit to those patients treated with corticosteroid agents. Six patients (43%) developed other neurologic sequelae an average of 16 months later; four (28%) had a second bout of optic neuritis and three (21%) developed clinically definite MS. Optic neuritis in the elderly behaves similarly to that disorder in younger age groups. PMID- 3194061 TI - Risk factors for progression in Parkinson's disease. AB - Using case-control methodology, we assessed prevalence and duration of exposure to putative risk factors for rapid progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) in patients not taking levodopa or direct dopamine agonists. We identified 31 patients termed "rapidly progressive" who were stage I or II (Hoehn and Yahr) on their first visit to our center and who progressed to stage III during the study period; we pair-matched this group with 31 "slowly progressive" patients who had the same symptom duration and the same Hoehn and Yahr stage at study entry, but whose parkinsonism did not progress to stage III during the study. Only age of PD onset was associated with different rates of PD progression; older patients at PD onset progressed more rapidly than younger patients. PMID- 3194062 TI - Supranuclear disturbances of ocular motility in Lytico-Bodig. AB - We found abnormal supranuclear ocular or lid motility in all of 37 patients with Lytico-Bodig (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism-dementia complex). Twenty-one patients had pursuit paresis, 18 abnormal vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) cancellation, 15 abnormal convergence, 13 abnormal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), 12 conjugate gaze limitation, nine nystagmus, nine saccadic paresis, and six abnormal fixation. Lid abnormalities included glabellar hyperreflexia in 21, involuntary levator inhibition in three, and blepharospasm in two. Earlier reports have indicated infrequent ocular disturbances in Lytico-Bodig, but we now find supranuclear eye and lid deficits are universal and sometimes very prominent. PMID- 3194063 TI - Heterogeneous anterior-posterior metabolic patterns in dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - The parietal-frontal distribution of reductions of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) was studied in 32 patients with mild to severe dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), using positron emission tomography and fluorodeoxyglucose, and was related to patterns of neuropsychological impairment. In moderate and severe DAT patients, one frontal association region, the premotor cortex, demonstrated significant metabolic reductions equivalent to reductions in the parietal association cortex, and the ratio of parietal to premotor rCMRglc had significantly greater variance than in controls. In moderately demented patients, parietal-premotor and parietal-prefrontal metabolic ratios correlated significantly with neuropsychological impairments. Disproportionate parietal hypometabolism was associated with more impairment of verbal comprehension, calculations, visuospatial construction, and immediate visuospatial memory span. Disproportionate frontal hypometabolism was associated with more impaired verbal fluency and attention. Longitudinal follow-up of 20 of the patients showed that parietal/frontal metabolic ratios and their correlated neuropsychological patterns were stable over time, as dementia severity worsened. These results indicate that in moderate to severe DAT patients, metabolic reductions in the premotor cortex are as severe as the reductions in the parietal association cortex. Moreover, the parietal-premotor distribution of metabolic reductions is variable and related to variable patterns of cognitive impairment. PMID- 3194064 TI - Neurologic fragments. I. Clinical observations in demented patients. AB - Some 28 clinical observations of behavior, mainly in demented patients, have been singled out for brief description and comment. Most are familiar, and the aim of the presentation is to identify and codify them, complementing formal psychological tests. Several have been given names--eg, insistence, balking, dread of being alone, the obligatory alibi, lability of temper, amphigory, reaching out, etc. Others draw attention to and characterize fragments of behavior--eg, ambient echolalia, periodic repetition of questions and comments, failure to recognize the spouse, turning the back, etc. Finally, a few clinical phenomena are commented upon. PMID- 3194065 TI - The cervical spine and headache. PMID- 3194066 TI - Diagnostic value of different electrophysiologic tests in cervical disk prolapse. AB - We evaluated 24 patients with radiologically verified cervical disk prolapse. EMG abnormalities appeared in 67% of cases studied; dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials revealed 85% abnormal findings on the affected side, but also revealed abnormalities in adjacent segments. In 38%, F responses were abnormal. We found electrodiagnostic abnormalities at levels without a disk prolapse, probably due to degenerative spondylopathic changes and beginning consecutive vascular compromise. PMID- 3194067 TI - The effect of acute hemiplegia on intercostal muscle activity. AB - We recorded the EMG of parasternal intercostal muscles in 25 patients with flaccid hemiplegia during quiet spontaneous breathing, voluntary hyperventilation, and CO2-induced hyperventilation. The respiratory drive was abnormal on the hemiplegic side and the function of the intercostal muscles was affected specifically during voluntary hyperventilation. PMID- 3194068 TI - Congenital quadrantanopia with occipital lobe ganglioglioma. AB - A 24-year-old man with recent-onset seizures was found to have an occipital lobe ganglioglioma with homonymous quadrantanopia and trans-synaptic atrophy of retinal nerve fibers. This association indicates that gangliogliomas may arise during neural development and exist for many years before onset of symptoms. PMID- 3194070 TI - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in AIDS. PMID- 3194069 TI - Mobius syndrome and transposition of the great vessels. AB - A case of Mobius syndrome was associated with transposition of the aorta and pulmonary artery, as well as acheiria. This combination of anomalies supports the hypothesis that Mobius syndrome is caused by an intrapartum insult during the fourth to seventh week of gestation and is consistent with the vascular theory of embryopathogenesis. PMID- 3194071 TI - Neonatal seizures. PMID- 3194072 TI - Language in Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3194073 TI - Mathematics learning in Japanese, Chinese, and American classrooms. PMID- 3194075 TI - 131-I radioiodine therapy for hyperthyroidism in patients with Graves' disease, uninodular goitre and multinodular goitre. AB - We studied 201 consecutive patients who received a relatively fixed dose of radioiodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism between the years 1981-6. Patients with Graves' disease (170) were initially treated with a mean (SE) dose of 369 (10) MBq 131-I with a remission rate of 94% at 6 months and a cumulative relapse rate of 12% at one year and 21% at 5 years. The cumulative incidence of hypothyroidism was 26% at 3 months, 55% at 6 months, 61% at 1 year and 66% at 5 years. Patients with a uninodular goitre (10) were initially treated with a mean (SE) dose of 438 (85) MBq 131-I with a remission rate of 100% at 6 months, without relapse at 1 year but relapsing in 17% at 5 years. The cumulative incidence of hypothyroidism was 26% at 3 months, 30% at 6 months, 40% at 1 year and 40% at 5 years. Patients with a multinodular goitre (21) were initially treated with a mean (SE) dose of 613 (77) MBq 131-I with a remission rate of 79% at 6 months and a cumulative relapse rate of 26% at 1 year and 39% at 5 years. The cumulative incidence of hypothyroidism was 5% at 3 months, 14% at 6 months, 24% at 1 year and 24% at 5 years. PMID- 3194074 TI - Prophylaxis in appendicectomy with cefoxitin or ceftriaxone. AB - Two hundred and forty adults undergoing acute appendicectomy were randomised to receive either cefoxitin or ceftriaxone 1 g intravenously at induction of anaesthesia. Patients were monitored daily while in hospital, and at least 4 weeks after discharge for evidence of wound, urinary or lower respiratory tract infection. We evaluated 167 patients at follow up and found no significant difference in infection rates between the two antibiotic groups. Thirty-four had normal appendices and 1 of 16 (6.3%) given cefoxitin and 2 of 18 (11.1%) given ceftriaxone developed wound infections. Ninety-seven had acute appendicitis and 3 of 48 (6.3%) given cefoxitin and 3 of 49 (6.1%) given ceftriaxone developed infections including 2 wound infections in each group. Thirty-six had gangrenous perforated or abscessed appendices: 31 were given additional antibiotics postoperatively, and 4 of 18 (22.2%) in each prophylactic antibiotic group developed infections, including wound infection in 3 given cefoxitin and in 4 given ceftriaxone. None of the infections were serious. Sixty-one percent presented after discharge from hospital. The mean hospital stay was 4.6 days for each antibiotic group. Neither antibiotic caused adverse effects. PMID- 3194076 TI - Multiple sclerosis: problems in the evaluation of intrathecal IgG synthesis. AB - We report two patients with multiple sclerosis which illustrate problems in the interpretation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein studies used to confirm diagnosis. In one case a polyclonal increase in IgG synthesis, secondary to an aseptic meningitis, masked oligoclonal banding, which was confirmed on subsequent examination. In the second case, despite a normal quantitative intrathecal IgG synthesis rate, oligoclonal banding in the CSF confirmed abnormal intrathecal synthesis of IgG. These cases show the value of combining a quantitative index of intrathecal IgG synthesis with examination for oligoclonal banding and illustrate their interpretation. PMID- 3194077 TI - Information and consent. PMID- 3194078 TI - The 1985 national immunisation survey: diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough) AB - In April 1985 a national immunisation survey was conducted in which sera were collected from almost 3000 randomly selected children throughout New Zealand. The sera collected were from about 1000 new school entrants (mean age 5 years), 1000 standard 3 students (mean age 10 years), and 1000 form 4 students (mean age 15 years). The sera were tested for diphtheria and tetanus immunity and antibody to pertussis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. The percentage of those immune to diphtheria decreased with age from 73.1% in the 5 year olds to 53.7% in the 15 year olds. The percentage of those immune to tetanus decreased with age from 66.9% in the 5 year olds to 54.6% in the 10 year olds but then increased to 64.0% in the 15 year olds. While more than 71.0% of the 10 and 15 year olds had measurable antibody to pertussis, only a low 54.4% of the 5 year olds did. The proportion immune to diphtheria and tetanus in both Maoris and Europeans was approximately similar in all three age groups. More Maoris (78.9%) than Europeans (66.1%) had antibody to pertussis. When the data had been standardised for age and ethnic group the percentage with antibody to pertussis and immunity to diphtheria was highest in the southern region, while for tetanus immunity the percentage immune was highest in the northern and southern regions. We conclude that a sizeable pool of new school entrants (mean age 5 years) without antibody to pertussis is accumulating at a time when pertussis still persists.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194079 TI - Myalgic encephalomyelitis. PMID- 3194080 TI - Stroke rehabilitation. PMID- 3194081 TI - Malaria prophylaxis. PMID- 3194082 TI - Lifestyle and health programmes. PMID- 3194083 TI - Strontium-90 and fluoride. PMID- 3194084 TI - Advocacy service for children's health. PMID- 3194085 TI - Changes to the Medical Council. PMID- 3194086 TI - Creative health institute. PMID- 3194087 TI - Chocolate biscuits are poisonous and should be banned by the year 2000. PMID- 3194088 TI - Control of hypertension. PMID- 3194089 TI - Antihypertensive drugs and advertising. PMID- 3194090 TI - Streptokinase and acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3194091 TI - Observations of Japan. PMID- 3194092 TI - Foreign nursing school graduates must be tested. PMID- 3194094 TI - Easing drug withdrawal. PMID- 3194093 TI - Death of a country and western songwriter. A case report. PMID- 3194095 TI - Anesthesia for infants recommended. PMID- 3194096 TI - Alzheimer's -- a costly problem. PMID- 3194098 TI - What should you tell your traveling patients? PMID- 3194097 TI - Geriatric suicide. PMID- 3194099 TI - The elderly and society: the quest for independence. PMID- 3194100 TI - Technology: the elderly's fountain of youth? PMID- 3194101 TI - Lifeline and Smart House: technology comes home. PMID- 3194102 TI - Television therapy. PMID- 3194103 TI - Recognition of skin cancers: skin cancer awareness programs in Ohio. PMID- 3194104 TI - A survey of physician beliefs and practices concerning routine mammography. PMID- 3194105 TI - Valve replacement for aortic stenosis and regurgitation: a three-year experience. PMID- 3194106 TI - Epithelial downgrowth. AB - We present a surgically treated case of epithelial downgrowth with clinicopathologic correlation and special emphasis on the ultrastructural findings. Long-term follow-up revealed a salvaged eye, but with only peripheral vision due to glaucomatous optic atrophy. PMID- 3194107 TI - Effect of excimer laser on microbiological organisms. AB - The effect of radiation emitted from an excimer laser filled with argon fluoride gas at 193 nm on Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus faecalis, Hemophilus influenzae, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger (collectively labeled "the microorganisms") was examined. Colonies were subjected to a variable number of radiation pulses from the excimer laser applied after a 36-hour period of incubation at 37 degrees C, at which time the colonies were fully grown and showed no viability. The lack of viability was confirmed with a subculture from each area that received radiation; all subcultures were negative. The characteristics of the radiation paralleled those used by Serdavic, Darrell, Krueger, et al in 1985.(1) This radiation treatment is believed to be within a therapeutic range, which suggests that the excimer laser, pending further investigation, may be useful in the treatment of corneal infections. PMID- 3194108 TI - Treatment of small choroidal melanomas with photocoagulation. AB - Seventeen eyes with small choroidal melanomas presumed to be malignant were photocoagulated. The melanomas measured 7 to 15 mm at the tumor base and 2 t0 5 mm thick. First, photocoagulation using the green argon laser was aimed at closing the choroidal vascular supply of the tumor. In a second stage, tumor tissue was destroyed using the red krypton laser for confluent burns of long duration. Such treatment was supplemented by cryotherapy in peripherally located tumors or whenever photocoagulation alone did not result in tumor regression. Photocoagulation alone was used in ten eyes and combined wih cryotherapy in seven. After an average follow-up of 42 months, marked tumor regression was achieved in 12 eyes and some tumor regression in two. Tow eyes ultimately required proton beam irradiation, and one eye was enucleated. No metastasis occurred during follow-up. PMID- 3194109 TI - Juxtapapillary exophytic retinal capillary hemangioma treated by yellow krypton (568 nm) laser photocoagulation. AB - A 30-year-old man was found to have juxtapapillary exophytic capillary hemangioma complicated by circinate maculopathy and peripapillary exudative retinal detachment. The diagnosis was made from the appearance of the tumor and confirmed by fluorescein angiography. The presence of intermittent hematuria associated with a cystic kidney supported the diagnosis of von- Hippel-Lindau disease. subsequently, and attempt to treat the vascular lesion by yellow krypton (586 nm) laser photocoagulation failed to arrest the progression of the exudative retinal detachment, which finally became total. PMID- 3194110 TI - A simple, convenient tonometer tip disinfection technique. AB - A simple tonometer tip disinfection system is described. 10% sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) in a contact lens vial is taped to the base of the Goldmann applanation tonometer. The tonometer tip is then soaked for ten minutes in this vial. PMID- 3194111 TI - Transient lenticular water cleft. PMID- 3194112 TI - Cryoprobe removal of orbital tumors. PMID- 3194113 TI - Aggregation pheromones of the bont tick Amblyomma hebraeum: identification of candidates for bioassay. AB - Volatiles emitted by male Amblyomma hebraeum while feeding on a rabbit were quantitatively sampled by the dynamic solvent effect and analysed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Changes in emissions of 2-methyl propanoic acid, benzaldehyde and 2-nitrophenol paralleled reported increases in the attractiveness of males to conspecific ticks after 4-5 days of feeding. These compounds are therefore candidates for the bioassay of pheromonal activity. PMID- 3194114 TI - Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XXIII. Helminth and arthropod parasites of warthogs, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, in the eastern Transvaal Lowveld. AB - A total of 69 warthogs, Phacochoerus aethiopicus, were collected from 4 localities within the Kruger National Park, eastern Transvaal Lowveld. These animals harboured 16 nematode species, 2 trematodes, 1 or 2 species of adult cestodes and the larval stages of 4 cestodes. No pattern of seasonal abundance could be determined for any of the helminths. The warthogs were also infested with 3 flea species, 1 louse species, 8 ixodid tick species, 1 argasid tick and the nymphae of a pentastomid. The seasonal abundance of fleas of the genus Echidnophaga, of the sucking louse Haematopinus phacochoeri and the ixodid ticks Amblyomma hebraeum, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus simus and Rhipicephalus zambeziensis was determined. PMID- 3194115 TI - The tegument of Schistosoma hippopotami from Hippopotamus amphibius in the Kruger National Park. AB - Schistosoma hippopotami were collected from the right heart chambers and pulmonary arteries of Hippopotamus amphibius culled in the Kruger National Park. The schistosomes were subjected to scanning electron microscopy as well as optical microscopy. The results indicate that S. hippopotami is not conspecific to S. mansoni as suggested in the literature. On account of the morphology of certain tegumental structures of both male and female parasites, it is suggested that S. hippopotami is adapted to the pulmonary arterial circulation of its host. PMID- 3194116 TI - Fasciola in horses in the Republic of South Africa: a single natural case of Fasciola hepatica and the failure to infest ten horses either with F. hepatica or Fasciola gigantica. AB - The faeces of 11 horses were examined for Fasciola spp. eggs. One of them was positive for Fasciola hepatica, a finding which was confirmed post-mortem. The 10 negative horses were subsequently infested with either F. hepatica or Fasciola gigantica, each animal receiving orally from 500-9,500 metacercariae. No clinical signs were observed and no fluke eggs were detected in the faeces, and neither immature nor adult Fasciola worms were recovered from the horses slaughtered 16 26 weeks post-infestation with F. hepatica and 28-34 weeks post-infestation with F. gigantica, respectively. The results indicate that horses have a high level of resistance to both South African Fasciola spp. Factors which can probably explain the conflicting reports for the prevalences of fascioliasis in horses throughout the world and the varying results obtained in experimental infestations are briefly considered. PMID- 3194117 TI - The first isolations of Campylobacter mucosalis from pigs in South Africa. AB - The first isolations of Campylobacter mucosalis in South Africa are described. Isolations were made from a 6-week-old weaner pig with necrotic enteritis and from 2 gingival swabs of suckling piglets from herds with histories of porcine intestinal adenomatosis. The isolates were serologically identified as being serotype A strains. PMID- 3194118 TI - Immunization procedure-related immunoglobulin levels in the development of antibodies against Cysticercus cellulosae. AB - Various immunization procedures were investigated in an effort to improve the number of hybridomas producing antibodies against Cysticercus cellulosae. Ten groups of 5 BALB/c mice were subjected to different immunization procedures and were bled repeatedly over a period of 68 days. The samples of sera thus obtained were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay: total immunoglobulins, IgG and IgM levels were determined. In general, total anticyst antibody titres increased during the course of immunization but in 3 groups the final titre was lower than the maximal antibody titre. Overall, immune tolerance did not appear to be a problem and longer immunization programs seemed to end with slightly higher antibody levels. So far, 4 mice from the group that exhibited the highest immunoglobulin levels have been used for hybridoma production. Out of 124 hybridomas thus obtained, only 1 secreted antibodies against Cysticercus cellulosae. PMID- 3194120 TI - The isolation and serology of the "FSA" Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 mutant in a flock of sheep. AB - A flock of sheep, known to be infected with the "FSA" mutant of Brucella melitensis Rev. 1, was examined serologically and bacteriologically to determine whether any relationship existed which would help in the control of this infection in the field. An attempt was also made to determine whether vertical transmission occurred. Twenty-one out of 62 sheep were bacteriologically positive. The best organs for isolation were the udder, supramammary lymphnodes and uterus. No significant relationship could be shown between the complement fixation test and bacterial isolation. The absence of any relationship between serological and bacteriological results agrees with a short-lived infection. None of the 24 lambs sacrificed at 5 months showed either serological reactions or were bacteriologically positive, thus no vertical transmission could be shown. PMID- 3194119 TI - Comparative feeding behaviour and food preferences of oxpeckers (Buphagus erythrorhynchus and B. africanus) in captivity. AB - The feeding methods, activities and behaviour of red-billed and yellow-billed oxpeckers in captivity were compared. Both species were found to be very similar with regard to feeding. The differences observed were a greater dependence on ectoparasites such as flies and larger ticks (Amblyomma hebraeum) and a higher food intake for the yellow-billed oxpecker. These differences are the result of the larger size, limited choice of host animals and closer host/oxpecker relationship of the yellow-billed oxpecker. PMID- 3194121 TI - The presence of the trichostrongylid Teladorsagia davtiani in sheep in the south western Cape. AB - Teladorsagia davtiani in sheep in the south-western Cape, is recorded in the Republic of South Africa for the first time. The literature dealing with this helminth is briefly reviewed. PMID- 3194122 TI - Notes on the occurrence of tubercular spines in Schistosoma margrebowiei and Schistosoma mattheei. AB - Scanning electron microscopical (SEM) studies on the tegument of the bovid schistosomes, Schistosoma margrebowiei and Schistosoma mattheei have yielded conflicting results; certain authors observed the tubercles on the tegument of these species to be spined, while others reported that they are spineless. The present study indicates that the protrusion of tubercular spines is subject to phenotypic plasticity regulated by external factors such as the identity of the host species and whether or not the schistosome is paired. PMID- 3194124 TI - [New tasks of pediatrics in the light of today's requirements]. PMID- 3194123 TI - Serological reactions to Leptospira species in game animals of northern Natal. AB - Fifty sera collected from 12 different species of free-living game animals in game parks in the Northern Natal were tested against 8 Leptospira interrogans antigens using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Six out of 50 animals had titres, all less than 100. Three of these animals had titres to serovar mini, 1 animal to tarrasovi, and 3 animals had multi-serovar reactions, 1 to mini and hardjo, and 1 to tarrasovi, copenhageni and pomona. PMID- 3194125 TI - [Blood serum levels of cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in diseases of the cerebrovascular circulation]. PMID- 3194127 TI - [Position of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences on the orthography of medical terms]. PMID- 3194126 TI - [Post-traumatic aneurysm after double ventricular stab injury]. PMID- 3194129 TI - [Detection of ischemic heart disease and its primary risk factors]. PMID- 3194128 TI - [Further comments on Hungarian medical orthography]. PMID- 3194130 TI - [Calcitonin therapy of the hypercalcemia syndrome]. PMID- 3194131 TI - [Basic value of psychological treatment in the management of poisoning "accidents" in suicidal patients]. PMID- 3194132 TI - [Significance of drug interactions in medical practice]. PMID- 3194133 TI - [Non-surgical management of intussusception in infancy and childhood; hydrostatic de-invagination]. PMID- 3194134 TI - [Prostaglandin content of the gastrointestinal mucosa after partial gastrectomy of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3194135 TI - [Acarboxyprothrombin in cord blood: congenital vitamin K deficiency in the newborn]. PMID- 3194136 TI - [A tumor metastasizing into another tumor]. PMID- 3194138 TI - Health department reorganizes AIDS program. PMID- 3194137 TI - [New dental treatment record]. PMID- 3194139 TI - Overview of physician reporting requirements. PMID- 3194140 TI - PRO success vital to good public image. PMID- 3194142 TI - The physician search and triple net gain. PMID- 3194141 TI - Cost controls lead to increased claim reviews. PMID- 3194143 TI - What made you do it? PMID- 3194144 TI - Trauma triage: alphabet soup to numbers game. PMID- 3194145 TI - Analysis of patients undergoing breast biopsy. PMID- 3194146 TI - Lymphocutaneous nocardiosis in Pennsylvania. PMID- 3194147 TI - Acquired resistance to the human hookworm Necator americanus in mice. AB - BALB/c mice were exposed to primary or secondary infection with the hamster adapted strain of Necator americanus, and the course of infection was monitored through worm recovery and immunological assays. Significantly fewer viable larvae were recovered from the skin site of reinfected mice on day 2 post-infection, and fewer larvae resided in the lungs of challenged mice 3-5 days after infection, suggesting that the skin was involved in resistance to secondary infection. The serum antibody response to L3 antigen was enhanced during secondary infection, peaking on day 9, and the bronchoalveolar leucocyte (BAL) response was more intense at this stage. Thus the secondary BAL response was initiated more promptly than the primary response, peaking on day 13 at twice the intensity of the primary response and five times above the resting level. Differential counts revealed that by far the most significant changes in cell populations were those observed for eosinophils in lavage fluid. At the peak of the response a 925-fold increase over control levels was detected in mice undergoing a challenge infection. Some cellular and serological components of the secondary response were defined in the present work and it was concluded that reinfected mice have the capacity to trap parasites during their passage through the skin and development in the lungs. PMID- 3194148 TI - The influence of protein deficiency on immunity to Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda) in mice. AB - The influence of dietary protein on the efficiency with which mice could be immunized against infection with the nematode Heligomosomoides polygyrus was investigated. Immunization with irradiated larvae did not protect outbred mice fed synthetic diets containing 2% or 4% protein against a challenge infection, while animals fed a diet containing 8% protein were significantly resistant. In further experiments with high-responder NIH mice, protein malnutrition was again found to cause a significant depression in immunity. Immunization primed all mice for an intense production of antibody against larval worms in a challenge infection, and although a slightly higher titre of antibody was detected in the plasma of mice fed a 16% compared with a 2% protein diet it seemed unlikely that this was sufficient to account for the reduced resistance of the malnourished mice. The development of eosinophilia in the blood of immunized mice was significantly delayed in malnourished animals following challenge, and it is suggested that a reduction in the number of granulocytes attacking larval worms contributed to the low level of resistance observed in these animals. Protein malnutrition thus markedly suppresses the effectiveness of immunization of mice against an intestinal nematode, and it is suggested that this result may be of general significance with regard to the potential for widespread immunization of people against infections of this type. PMID- 3194149 TI - Vaccination trials in rhesus monkeys with a minor, invariant, Plasmodium knowlesi 66 kD merozoite antigen. AB - A minor Plasmodium knowlesi 66 kD antigen, which plays an essential role in merozoite invasion, has been shown to be stable in distinct variants and strains of the parasite, and in the face of a specific immune response from the host. Parasites were unable to produce novel molecule(s) to replace it functionally, even in the presence of specific immune pressure. Rhesus monkeys immunized with the purified 66 kD antigen, with saponin as adjuvant, produced antibody which inhibited merozoite invasion of red cells in vitro. Four out of six immunized rhesus monkeys demonstrated clinically effective immunity when challenged at a time of known or presumed high inhibitory antibody titre. When immunization failed to protect, it was ascribed to insufficient levels of specific antibody attributable either to a suboptimal dose of antigen or the use of an inadequate adjuvant. PMID- 3194150 TI - Induction of a protective antibody-dependent response against toxoplasmosis by in vitro excreted/secreted antigens from tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. AB - Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide protozoan parasite which causes severe disease in congenitally infected children and in immunocompromised patients. Besides the well-defined cytoplasmic and membrane antigens of tachyzoites, we felt that excreted/secreted antigens could play a major role in the immune response. We first report the development of a well-controlled procedure for obtaining tachyzoite excreted/secreted antigens (E/SA) in cell-free incubation media. The E/SA immunogenic in human, rat and mouse toxoplasmosis were then characterized. The major E/SA recognized by human sera from the chronic phase of toxoplasmosis had molecular weights of 108, 97, 86, 69, 60, 57, 42, 39, 28.5, 27 and 26 kD. When injected into +/+ Fischer rats, E/SA elicited high antibody titres. In addition, passive transfer of these sera to highly susceptible nu/nu littermates induced a significant degree of protection towards the virulent RH strain of T. gondii. This work, which demonstrates the key role played by E/SA in the protective immune response, suggests that these antigens should be of value both for diagnostic purposes and for the development of new strategies for immunization against toxoplasmosis. PMID- 3194151 TI - Enhancing and suppressive effects of tumour necrosis factor/cachectin on growth of Trypanosoma musculi. AB - The effect of human recombinant TNF on the growth of T. musculi has been investigated. When added to parasites cultured in vitro, TNF inhibited their growth. In the presence of thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells, the opposite effect was seen and TNF enhanced the growth of trypanosomes in vitro. Similarly, administration of TNF in vivo during the course of infection led to a net increase in the parasite population. It is suggested that TNF exerts a direct antitrypanosomal effect while simultaneously promoting the growth of the parasite through an indirect effect mediated via the host's cells, possibly the macrophages. PMID- 3194152 TI - Giardia muris infection in mice with concurrent graft-versus-host reaction. AB - The effects of concurrent graft-versus-host reaction (GvHR) on the course of Giardia infection in CBA x BALB/c F1 mice have been examined, to test the hypothesis that T-cell-mediated immunity, in the form of a local DTH reaction, alters the host-parasite relationship in favour of the host by changing the physical environment of the parasite. GvHR did not enhance immunity, indeed mice infected with Giardia at a late stage of GvHR had significantly higher faecal cyst excretion and prolongation of the plateau phase of infection, indicating a degree of immunodeficiency. PMID- 3194153 TI - Influence of smooth muscle tone and longitudinal tension on the collapsibility of immature airways. AB - Mechanical properties and pressure-flow relationships of tracheae excised from very premature lambs were studied in a plethysmograph. Control (Group I) data revealed the tracheae to be extremely compliant, collapsible airways, with an inflation compliance (Si) of 0.033 (+/- 0.004 SE) mmHg-1, collapsing compliance (Sc) of 0.026 (+/- 0.001 SE) mmHg-1, and pressure-flow relationships similar to those of a Starling resistor. Acetylcholine administration (Group II) lowered both Si, 0.026 (+/- 0.003 SE) mmHg-1 and Sc, 0.022 (+/- SE) mmHg-1, as did longitudinal stretch (Group III): Si, 0.021 (+/- .003 SE) mmHg-1, and Sc, 0.017 (+/- 0.002 SE) mmHg-1. Alterations in tracheal collapsibility were also evidenced by significant reductions in resistance to airflow when the tracheae were subjected to compressive forces. Altering both smooth muscle tone (acetylcholine administration) and longitudinal length simultaneously (Group IV) produced results similar to those obtained for Group III. These data help to define the functional characteristics of immature airways and may provide insight for more effective clinical management of the premature infant. PMID- 3194154 TI - Lung volume changes during histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in recurrently wheezy infants. AB - Respiratory inductance plethysmography was used to estimate changes in functional residual capacity (FRC) in seven recurrently wheezy infants undergoing histamine challenge. Inhalations of normal saline and doubling concentrations of histamine were given up to and including the provoking concentration (PC) that caused a significant fall in maximum flow at FRC (Vmax FRC) as measured using the inflatable jacket technique. Below the PC histamine in general caused small increases in FRC [9.4 +/- 7.6 ml (mean +/- SD) at half the provoking concentration]. However, larger increases were seen at the provoking concentration (26.6 +/- 15.6 ml). Inspection of flow-volume curves obtained before and after the larger changes in FRC suggested that the reduction in airflow measured by the change in Vmax FRC was underestimated. PMID- 3194155 TI - Inherent variability of pulmonary function tests in infants with bronchiolitis. AB - During the last decade, many new methods of assessing pulmonary function in infants have been introduced. However, considerable controversy has arisen when these different techniques are used to assess the efficacy of various inhaled medications. The currently employed measures of pulmonary function have been reported to have coefficients of variation of less than 10%. However, these figures refer to repeated measurements made in individual babies over a short period of time, with the infant in a constant position. They may not be applicable to studies on the effects of drugs when a significant time interval elapses between measurements, particularly if the infant is repositioned during this time. In the present study, we found that the variability of measurements of thoracic gas volume (TGV), passive respiratory mechanics, and forced expiration approximately doubled if the infant was taken out of the plethysmograph, or repositioned within the plethysmograph, between sets of measurements. The between test coefficients of variation ranged from 4.8% to 18.9% for TGV, 7.8% to 23.5% for respiratory system resistance, from 5.0% to 24.1% for respiratory system compliance, and from 10.8% to 36.1% for maximal flow at functional residual capacity. These results demonstrate that the commonly employed infant pulmonary function tests have wide variability in infants with acute wheezing illnesses. Before studying the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in such infants, it is necessary to establish the individual variability of the tests in the infants under the conditions of the study. Failure to do so may result in erroneous conclusions and recommendations. PMID- 3194156 TI - LSNA takes position--AMA's registered care technologist unacceptable. PMID- 3194157 TI - [Urinary infections in children]. AB - Urinary tract infection is frequent in childhood, usually without major consequences. Its diagnosis is often overestimated and needs precise bacteriological and cytological tests; systematic exploration of the urinary tract must be proposed if these tests are positive. The clinical presentation and the incidence of uropathies is strongly related to age. The therapeutic protocol will depend on germ, age, symptoms and results of morphological examinations. PMID- 3194158 TI - [Multifocal Candida albicans osteoarthritis in an infant]. AB - The authors report a case of candidal arthritis and osteomyelitis in a five-month old child. Parenteral nutrition with central catheter, broad-spectrum antibiotherapy, repeated gastrointestinal surgery are the main risk factors. The prognosis for this bone and joint infection is favourable. Using 5-fluorocytosine alone is not recommended because of rapid gain of resistant various pathogenic fungi and the risk of therapeutic failure. PMID- 3194159 TI - [Hashimoto-Pritzker congenital self-healing histiocytosis]. AB - A full-term female infant was born with numerous purple firm indolent papulonodular lesions, occasionally ulcerated, ranging in size from 1 to 8 mm, scattered all over the body. The liver, spleen, lymph nodes were normal, as were the blood count, skull and chest X-ray. Biopsy of a skin lesion showed a deep dermal infiltrate consisting of histiocytic cells which were OKT6 +, HLA-DR + and S 100 +. Electron microscopy revealed numerous dense bodies, often with a myelin like core and some Birbeck granules. The clinical course was favourable with a spontaneous regression of all lesions, sometimes through a central necrosis or atrophy, within 8 weeks. Congenital self-healing reticulohistiocytosis (CSHR) is characterized by a neonatal onset, with purple or necrotic nodular lesions showing the histopathologic aspect of histiocytosis X (although Birbeck granules are less numerous), an absence of visceral involvement and a spontaneous regression within the first 3 months of life. The place of CSHR among histiocytosis is discussed. PMID- 3194160 TI - [Incontinentia pigmenti in 2 newborn infants]. AB - Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a genodermatosis, which is of X-linked dominant transmission, uncommonly diagnosed in newborn babies. The skin lesions usually develop in 4 stages: inflammatory, hypertrophic, pigmentary and regressive. The authors report 2 cases of IP in female newborn babies who were previously treated for pyodermatitis. PMID- 3194161 TI - [Cholesteatoma of the middle ear in children]. AB - Cholesteatoma is characterized by the accumulation of a desquamating epithelium within the middle ear. Its development and spreading are favoured by chronic inflammatory and suppurative processes. The main clinical manifestations are persistent or episodic, frequently fetid purulent discharge, hearing impairment, vertigo and rarely complications (mastoiditis, labyrinthitis or meningitis). Therapy is preventive: careful management and follow-up of children with recurrent or chronic otitis media with effusion. Surgical treatment is mandatory once cholesteatoma is constituted. PMID- 3194162 TI - [Experience in the early detection of strabismus in child day care centers. Value in the prevention of amblyopia in young children]. AB - A screening for early detection of strabismus in infants and young children attending day care centers in the town of Lyons was conducted during one year (1986): 838 children (3 month to 3 year old) were screened. A defective vision was found in 17 children (2%). Such early screening of strabismus, easy to realize and well accepted by the parents, is of great interest since it allows early detection and treatment with a maximum chance of complete recovery before starting primary school. PMID- 3194164 TI - [Peptic complications of gastroesophageal reflux in children. Apropos of 62 cases]. AB - This paper describes 62 cases of peptic complications due to gastro-oesophageal reflux in infants and children at the Children's Hospital in Tunis over a 20 years period. The age of the patients ranged from 6 months to 14 years with a majority of males. Failure to thrive, anemia and respiratory complications were the most common features. Upper gastro-intestinal series and endoscopy were performed in all patients and showed the presence of associated hiatus hernia in 53 patients, oesophagitis in 62 and oesophageal stricture in 33. All patients had a primary course of medical treatment. Fifty-three patients required Nissen's fundoplication. Thirty-one patients required oesophageal dilatation. A complete cure of the structures was achieved in all patients but 7. In the whole series, 4 children died. PMID- 3194163 TI - [Self assessment of the stages of sex maturation in male adolescents]. AB - Self-assessment of sexual maturation was evaluated in 319 adolescent boys aged 10 to 18 years. Sexual maturation rates were defined by physicians based on physical examination and by adolescents on the basis of five standard photographs corresponding to Tanner's five sexual maturity ratings [5]. For genital development, the agreement between physician and boys is poor. It is good for pubic hair development. The assessments were age-dependent. The use of adolescent self-staging appears of value in studying puberty and adolescence. PMID- 3194165 TI - [Influence of the mode of delivery on perinatal mortality in infants less than 32 weeks gestational age]. AB - Survival rate of 96 low-birth-weight infants less than 32 weeks post-conceptional age at birth was studied in relation with the mode of delivery. Twenty-two infants were delivered by elective cesarean section because of abnormalities during pregnancy with 3 neonatal deaths. Seventy-four infants were born after untreatable premature onset of labor with 9 intrapartum and 7 neonatal deaths. Poor prognosis was associated with gestational age (less than 29 weeks), non cephalic vaginal delivery and multiple births. In these cases, cesarean section should be discussed. PMID- 3194166 TI - [Suppurated pneumococcal meningitis in infants and children: complications and prognostic factors]. AB - This paper investigates 21 patients (16 infants and 5 children) with Pneumococcal meningitis, 15 of which presented with a severe form. Intracranial pressure (IP) monitoring was performed in 7 patients who all had severe (4) or mild (3) intracranial hypertension (IH). Twelve children had a favourable outcome, 7 had sequelae (3 severe) and 2 died from coning, one before monitoring, the second after exhibiting the highest IP and the lowest cerebral perfusion pressure of the series. The 3 children with severe sequelae had a severe form (2) or a mild but prolonged form (1) of IH. The 4 patients who recovered with moderate sequelae presented severe (1), mild IH (1) or were not monitored (2). There were 14 cases with neurological complications. In 8 patients, this seemed to be related to cerebral oedema and IH; coning caused the death of 2 of them; the 6 others exhibited lesions of cerebral oedema on CT-scan, isolated or associated with cerebral infarction or subdural effusion. In the 6 others patients, IP monitoring was not performed; there was no evidence of cerebral oedema on CT-scan; 2 exhibited cerebral infarction and 3 a moderate ventricular dilatation; 2 had hemodynamic problems from acute pneumococcemia in one case and neurovegetative disturbances associated with cerebral infarction in the second. Pneumococcus meningitis remains a severe disease. The prognosis of severe forms can be improved by IP monitoring since IH seems to be the most frequent mechanism of complication. PMID- 3194167 TI - Efficiency of work performance and contraction velocity in isotonic tetani of frog sartorius. AB - Mechanical work, ATP, ADP, PC, free creatine and lactate concentrations were determined on IAA poisoned frog sartorii tetanically stimulated in humidified N2 at 10 degrees C in isotonic conditions (0.25 or 0.45 Po). Tetanus duration was 0.35 s, number of tetani was varied from 0 (rest) to 25 (exhaustion). The mechanical work performed per mole ATP + PC split (W*P) amounted on the average to 16.7 kJ/mol. It was observed, however, that W*P increased from about 13 to about 24 kJ/mol with decreasing ATP concentration from about 2 (resting value) to about 1 mumol/g and that this decrease in ATP was associated with a decrease of the shortening (and relaxation) speed of the muscle to about 30% of the values observed on the first tetanus. It is concluded that the thermodynamic efficiency of muscle contraction, calculated from the ratio of WP* (measured) to the thermodynamic affinity (free energy change) of ATP hydrolysis (estimated) increases from about 0.3 to about 0.5 with decreasing ATP concentration and shortening speed. PMID- 3194168 TI - Acetylcholine-induced closure of gap junction channels in rat lacrimal glands is probably mediated by protein kinase C. AB - In rat lacrimal gland cells, application of acetylcholine (ACh) opens Ca dependent channels and closes gap junction channels. We have shown previously that the increase in intracellular calcium concentration induced by ACh, is not required for the closure of gap junctions. We have examined the effects of activators of protein kinase C on gap junction conductance measured with the double patch-clamp technique. This conductance was markedly reduced by incubating the cell pairs for a few minutes with 100 nM phorbol dibutyrate (PdBu). Two membrane permeant analogues of diacylglycerol, OAG (1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol) and DOG (1,2-dioleoyl-glycerol) also induced a closure of gap junction channels. This effect was observed in the concentration range 10-100 microM when the diacylglycerol was added on intact cells, and at 75 microM when it was applied on dialysed cells. The cell uncoupling was not mediated by phosphatidate, a degradation product of OAG, nor by a phospholipase A2-induced increase in arachidonate concentration. The OAG-induced closure of gap junction channels reversed spontaneously upon prolonged exposure (more than 90 min at 37 degrees C) to 25 microM OAG. After a prolonged OAG treatment, the ability of ACh to uncouple the cells was markedly reduced. ACh induced uncoupling was modulated to some extent by intracellular Ca and had an absolute requirement for Mg. These results indicate that ACh-induced closure of gap junction channels may be mediated by PKC. PMID- 3194169 TI - External ATP triggers a biphasic activation process of a calcium-dependent K+ channel in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. AB - We have used the patch-clamp method in order to investigate the single-channel events underlying the effect of external ATP on the potassium permeability of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAE). The results obtained from cell-attached and inside-out experiments led first to conclude that BAE cells possess an inward rectifying potassium channel activated by internal calcium at micromolar concentrations. The channel conductance for inward currents was estimated at 40 pS in symmetrical 200 mM KCl and the open-channel probability was found to be voltage insensitive within the membrane voltage range -50 to -100 mV. Based on results obtained in the cell-attached configuration, it could next be established that external ATP and ADP at micromolar concentrations could trigger, via the stimulation of P2 purinergic receptors, a time variable activation process of the observed calcium-dependent potassium channel. This activation process was found to occur in a biphasic manner with an initial phase independent of the presence of calcium in the cell bathing medium. The second phase which could be blocked by calcium channel blockers such as Co2+ or La3+ required, however, the presence of external calcium and could be abolished by depolarizing the cells using high K+ external solutions. Another important aspect related to this phenomenon was the observation that removing ATP from the external medium during the second phase led to a complete abolition of the associated calcium-dependent potassium channel activation process. It is suggested from these results that the action of ATP on the potassium permeability of BAE cells is related to a second messenger mediated release of calcium from internal calcium stores coupled to an ATP-dependent calcium influx abolished at depolarizing voltages. PMID- 3194170 TI - Relation between intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity and brush border membrane transport of inorganic phosphate, D-glucose, and D-glucose-6-phosphate. AB - In order to evaluate the role of the alkaline phosphatase in intestinal transport processes, we studied the influence of known modulators of the alkaline phosphatase (polyclonal anti-calf AP antibodies, theophylline and zinc ions) on the absorption rate of glucose, inorganic phosphate and glucose liberated from glucose-6-phosphate into calf duodenal brush border membrane vesicles. Our results allow the following conclusions: First a direct involvement of the AP in the Na+-dependent glucose absorption is unlikely. Indeed, theophylline inhibits strongly the AP activity but rather stimulates the glucose uptake; second the AP is indirectly involved in glucose absorption from glucose-6-phosphate, if its enzymatic hydrolysis is the only source of glucose. In that case the Na+ dependent uptake of glucose was completely suppressed either by phosphatase specific antibodies or by theophylline; third the positive correlation found with calf intestinal BBMV between the inhibition of AP by AP antibodies or by theophylline and the decrease of rate of Na+-dependent Pi uptake rate suggests that the enzyme plays some role in the Pi absorption. It appears from the present study that the AP is probably not a carrier protein itself, but its hydrolytic activity might nevertheless be important for intestinal absorption. After hydrolysis of phosphoric esters the alcohol residues and Pi can be supplied to their specific carriers. Furthermore, the high Pi affinity of the enzyme at physiological pH values, could even favour a transient sequestration of phosphate, which then could be transferred to the Pi carrier. PMID- 3194171 TI - Relationship between cell volume and cation content in thick ascending limb of rat kidney. AB - We examined the relationship between the cell volume and cation concentration ([Nai] and [Ki]) of isolated segments of rat medullary thick ascending limb (MAL) after incubation at 30 degrees C in various isotonic solutions. When the tubules were incubated in a normal NaCl solution containing 5 mmol/l K+, addition of 1 mmol/l of ouabain increased [Nai] and decreased [Ki] but did not change the total ([Nai] + [Ki]) concentration (about 90 mEq/l) or tubular volume. After incubation in various K+-free solutions, the tubules were almost fully K+-depleted; their volume per unit of length was similar in the three solutions, although the choline Cl-treated tubules had a very low sodium content compared to the NaCl- and Na2SO4-treated tubules (8 vs. 97 and 95 mEq/l respectively). Ouabain altered neither volume nor [Nai] of tubules incubated in choline Cl or Na2SO4 solution. Transfer of tubules from K+-free Na2SO4 or K+-free choline Cl solution into K+ free NaCl solution resulted in an increase in [Nai] (by 29 and 97 mEq/l respectively) without much increase in tubular volume. A marked swelling of the tubules was only observed when the K+-free NaCl solution contained also ouabain. Under this condition, [Nai] was comparable to the Na+ concentration of the incubation medium. After washing and incubation in a normal NaCl solution containing K+, the swollen tubules recovered their initial volume and restored Na+ and K+ concentration gradients across the cell membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194172 TI - Mechanism of uphill chloride transport of the mouse lacrimal acinar cells: studies with Cl- -sensitive microelectrode. AB - The mechanism of uphill Cl- accumulation by mouse lacrimal acinar cells was studied using double-barrelled Cl- -selective microelectrodes. When measured in standard tris-buffered saline solution, the membrane potential (Vm) was -39.2 +/- 0.4 mV and intracellular Cl- activity (AiCl) was 34.6 +/- 0.7 mmol/l which was 1.4 times higher than the equilibrium level. In Na+-free solution, AiCl decreased from 34 mmol/l to 19 mmol/l in 100 min, a level that was close to the equilibrium activity. Return to the standard solution restored the normal level of AiCl in 5 min. In the presence of furosemide (1 mmol/l), Cl- uptake induced by Na+ readmission was inhibited by 44%. Superfusion with a K+-free solution gradually decreased AiCl until it was close to the equilibrium level after 75 min; superfusion with a high-K+ (29.5 mmol/l) solution increased AiCl significantly. In the presence of ouabain (1 mmol/l), switching the superfusing solutions from K+-free to high-K+ and from high-K+ to K+-free at timed intervals of 15 min caused, respectively, an increase (+9 mmol/l) and a decrease (-7 mmol/l) in AiCl. These changes in AiCl were inhibited by furosemide respectively by 61% and 24%. In the presence of furosemide, DIDS (1 mmol/l) or furosemide plus DIDS, the initial rate of Cl- uptake after cessation of acetylcholine (ACh 1 mumol/l) stimulation was inhibited by 47%, 37% or 74%, respectively. Present results show that the characteristics of the uphill chloride uptake by the mouse lacrimal acinar cells are consistent with those of Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194174 TI - The mechanical properties of polyneuronally innervated, myotomal muscle fibres isolated from a teleost fish (Myoxocephalus scorpius). AB - Single or small bundles of fibres were isolated from the abdominal myotomes of the sculpin Myoxocephalus scorpius, a teleost with a polyneuronal pattern of fast muscle innervation. Fibres responded to a supra-threshold stimulus with an all-or none twitch. Tetanic fusion frequency at 3 degrees C was 40-60 Hz, and the twitch tetanus ratio 0.70. Maximum isometric tension was 281 kN m-2. Similar isometric contractile properties were obtained from the focally innervated fast muscle fibres of another teleost, the eel, Anguilla anguilla. The response of sculpin fibres to stretch during tetanus was similar to that reported for frog twitch fibres. A 5% stretch of 25-50 ms duration increased force to 1.4 Po which decayed to a steady level 5-10% above that of a control tetanus. The force-velocity relationship was also studied. Maximum contraction velocity was 4.75 Ls-1. Force velocity data were not adequately described by a simple hyperbola. Alternative methods of curve fitting have been explored and discussed. PMID- 3194173 TI - Differential effects of ADH on sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and magnesium transport in cortical and medullary thick ascending limbs of mouse nephron. AB - The effect of antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin, AVP) on transepithelial Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ net transports was investigated in medullary (mTAL) and cortical (cTAL) segments of the thick ascending limb (TAL) of mouse nephron, perfused in vitro. Transepithelial net fluxes (JNa+, JCl-, JK+, JCa2+, JMg2+) were determined by electron probe analysis of the collected tubular fluid. Transepithelial potential difference (PDte) and transepithelial resistance (Rte) were measured simultaneously. cTAL segments were bathed and perfused with isoosmolal, HCO3- containing Ringer solutions, mTAL segments were bathed and perfused with isoosmolal HCO3- free Ringer solutions. In cTAL segments, AVP (10( 10) mol.l-1) significantly increased JMg2+ and JCa2+ from 0.39 +/- 0.08 to 0.58 +/- 0.10 and from 0.86 +/- 0.13 to 1.19 +/- 0.15 pmol.min-1 mm-1 respectively. Neither JNa+ nor JCl-, (JNa+: 213 +/- 30 versus 221 +/- 28 pmol.min-1 mm-1, JCl-: 206 +/- 30 versus 220 +/- 23 pmol.min-1 mm-1) nor PDte (13.4 +/- 1.3 mV versus 14.1 +/- 1.9 mV) or Rte (24.6 +/- 6.5 omega cm2 versus 22.6 +/- 6.4 omega cm2) were significantly changed by AVP. No significant effect of AVP on net K+ transport was observed. In mTAL segments, Mg2+ and Ca2+ net transports were close to zero and AVP (10(-10) mol.l-1) elicited no effect. However NaCl net reabsorption was significantly stimulated by the hormone, JNa+ increased from 107 +/- 33 to 148 +/- 30 and JCl- from 121 +/- 33 to 165 +/- 32 pmol.min-1 mm 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194177 TI - [Thin slice CT of lung tumors. Pathohistologic correlative study of tumor edge]. PMID- 3194176 TI - Hypotonic shock evokes opening of Ca2+-activated K channels in opossum kidney cells. AB - Using the patch clamp technique we show that exposure of opossum kidney cells to hypotonic shock evokes an outward rectifying potassium current. The corresponding single channel slope conductance approaches 15 pS at depolarizing voltages. The K current also becomes activated after addition of the ionophore A23187 to an isotonic bath medium containing Ca2+. We therefore conclude that the K selective channels are modulated by an elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+. Evidence is presented that release of Ca2+ from internal stores is involved. PMID- 3194175 TI - Solvent drag of sucrose during absorption indicates paracellular water flow in the rat kidney proximal tubule. AB - Single convoluted proximal tubules of the rat kidney were lumen perfused in situ with isosmotic solutions containing C14-sucrose and H3-inulin as tracers, to evaluate whether the extracellular marker sucrose is entrained by water during proximal tubular reabsorption. Inulin was used as volume marker. The absorptive rate was varied by using as luminal perfusion fluids either a solution made up of (in mmole/l) 120 NaCl, 5 glucose, 25 NaHCO3 and altering the perfusion rate, or a solution containing 110 NaCl and 70 raffinose. Js, the net sucrose efflux is found to be a function of the net volume flow, Jv, such that at Jv = 0, Js is very small and at high rates of Jv, Js is over 60-fold the value observed at low Jv values. In addition, the transported to luminal sucrose concentrations decreased with Jv in a hyperbolic manner. Unstirred layers affect the diffusive component of Js, but only to a small extent. Therefore, the large remaining dependency of Js with Jv must be due to drag of sucrose by water, within the paracellular pathway. This leads to the conclusion that water flows through the paracellular pathway during absorption in the rat proximal tubule, in addition to transcellular water flow. Using equations for molecular sieving and the measured value of sigma s for sucrose of 0.76-0.91, it is calculated that the pathway where entrainment of solute by water occurs must be 1.0-1.1 nm wide. This calculation is only tentative since sigma s depends on the as yet unknown relative contribution of transcellular and paracellular pathways to transepithelial water osmotic permeability. PMID- 3194178 TI - [CT anatomy of para-caval portion of the caudate lobe of the liver]. PMID- 3194179 TI - [Radiographic diagnosis of head trauma--is plain radiography still necessary?]. PMID- 3194180 TI - [Avulsive cortical irregularity of the distal femoral condyles in children]. PMID- 3194181 TI - [Radiation injury to the mandible following radiotherapy of carcinoma of the tongue--with special reference to radiographic findings]. PMID- 3194182 TI - [Re-appraisal of clinical usefulness of 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy in primary carcinoma of the colon--factors affecting accumulation of 67Ga-citrate scanning]. PMID- 3194184 TI - [Magnetic resonance imaging of lumbar spine using GRASS technic]. PMID- 3194183 TI - [Estimation of frequency, population doses and stochastic risks in medical uses of radiopharmaceuticals in Japan, 1982. 1. The number of medical examinations using radiopharmaceuticals]. PMID- 3194185 TI - [Usefulness of a 5Fr-sized preshaped balloon catheter--so called "interventional balloon catheter"]. PMID- 3194186 TI - Prognostic significance of plasma cell morphology in multiple myeloma. AB - The effect of bone marrow plasma cell morphology at diagnosis on survival time was evaluated in 66 patients with multiple myeloma. According to the morphologic classification multiple myeloma was categorized as plasmacytic, plasmacytic/plasmablastic, or plasmablastic. The plasmablastic myeloma had an estimated median survival of 9 months compared with 42 months for plasmacytic/plasmablastic myeloma. Median survival of plasmacytic myeloma has not yet been attained. Plasma cell morphology at diagnosis is an important predictor of survival duration in patients with multiple myeloma. These parameters provide information required for decisions on treatment modalities. PMID- 3194187 TI - Alternating chemotherapy and radiation therapy in the treatment of advanced Hodgkin's disease. AB - During the period from 1982 to 1987, 19 patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease, clinical stages IIIB and IV underwent treatment with combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Alternating chemotherapy (3 cycles of CVCPP/3 cycles of ABVD) was sandwiched with low-dose total nodal irradiation including the splenic area; at the end of the chemotherapy, a supplemental 20 Gy radiotherapy was sometimes delivered to bulky previously involved sites. The complete remission rate was 84.2% (16/19 patients) and actuarial survival was 85% at 48 months. These preliminary results show that the alternating technique for combining chemotherapy and sandwiched irradiation is feasible and improves the outcome in advanced Hodgkin's disease. Patients with mediastinal masses associated with pulmonary and/or pleural involvement may need more aggressive chemotherapy at an earlier phase of the treatment program. PMID- 3194188 TI - Detection of haemoglobinopathies at birth in Togo. AB - The incidence and nature of haemoglobinopathies were investigated at birth in Togo, using isoelectric focussing on 385 samples of umbilical cord blood. Abnormalities were found in 37.6% of blood samples: Hb A/S, 18.7% (0.5% with Hb Bart's); Hb A/C, 8.9% (0.3% with Hb Bart's); Hb S/C, 1.3% (0.3% with Hb Bart's); Hb S/S, 1%; Hb C/C, 0.3%; isolated Hb Bart's, 5.7%; gamma chain variants 0.8%; acetyl Hb F greater than Hb A, 1%. To date now, no systematic screening of Hb abnormalities has been performed in Togo. Our results showed that Hb S is the principal abnormal Hb found in the population which we studied, with a sickle cell gene frequency of qs = 0.110 and an Hb C gene frequency of qc = 0.053. Our work also confirmed the presence of alpha and beta + thalassaemias (acetyl Hb F greater than Hb A) in Togo. One of the advantages of investigating umbilical cord blood by isoelectric focusing is that detection of Hb S/S and Hb S/C (which had an incidence of 2.3% in our study) can be carried out at birth, allowing the children to be taken care of as soon as possible. About 150,000 children are born each year in Togo, and the infant mortality is estimated at 5 per 100 live births in Lome and at 10 per 100 live births outside the capital. PMID- 3194189 TI - Congenital acute monoblastic leukemia with double translocation (8;16) (p11;p13) and (16;20) (q13;p13). AB - A new case of congenital acute monoblastic leukemia (AML5) with a rare (8;16) translocation is described: this translocation (or a variant) was previously reported only in 4 infants and 10 older children or adults, practically always in association with AML5 or acute myelomonocytic leukemia. The authors discuss the possible causative implication of band 8p11 with some cytological particularities, i.e. erythrophagocytosis by some blasts and strong peroxidase and esterase activities, observable here and in most of the cases with the t(8;16). The t(8;16) may be added to the other chromosomal abnormalities of congenital AML5. PMID- 3194190 TI - Granulocytic sarcoma of the small intestine: a case report. AB - We report the case of a patient with an ileal tumor initially diagnosed as a lymphoma. The development of acute myeloblastic leukemia 8 months later made it clear that the initial tumor was a granulocytic sarcoma (GS). This case emphasizes the possible difficulties of histologic diagnosis and the importance of the routine use of histochemical and immunologic techniques in the diagnosis of extranodal lymphomas. PMID- 3194191 TI - A case of sickle cell anemia with severe infection, transfusion inefficiency and transient sideroblastic anemia. PMID- 3194192 TI - A nicked group II intron and trans-splicing in liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, chloroplasts. AB - The chloroplast gene rps12 for ribosomal protein S12 in a liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha, is split into three exons by two introns, one of which (intron 1) is discontinuous. Exon 1 of rps12 for the N-terminal portion of the S12 protein is far from exons 2 and 3 for the C-terminal portion on the opposite DNA strand. S1 nuclease protection analysis and Northern hybridization with RNA isolated from the liverwort chloroplasts showed that: (i) the exons 1 and 2-3 of the rps12 gene with the neighboring genes were transcribed separately, (ii) the trans-splicing of intron 1 occurred after the processing of two primary transcripts to two pre mRNAs, and (iii) there was no particular order for the splicing of intron 1 (trans) and intron 2 (cis) in the rps12 gene. We propose a bimolecular interaction model for trans-splicing by assuming that intermolecular base pairings between two pre-mRNAs result in the formation of the structure typical of group II introns except for disruption in the loop III region. This structure could be constructed in intron 1 of tobacco rps12 gene. PMID- 3194194 TI - The first BCR gene intron contains breakpoints in Philadelphia chromosome positive leukemia. AB - The hallmark of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 - the Philadelphia (Ph') translocation. The translocation is also found in acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) albeit in a lower percentage of patients. The breakpoint on chromosome 22 is located within the BCR gene: in CML, breakpoints are clustered within 5.8 kb of DNA, the major breakpoint cluster region (Mbcr). In ALL, breakpoints have been reported within the Mbcr but also in more 5' regions encompassing the BCR gene. To characterize the latter breakpoints, we have molecularly cloned and mapped the entire gene, which encompasses approximately 130 kb of DNA. Mbcr negative, Ph'-positive ALL breakpoints were not distributed at random within the gene but rather were found exclusively within the 3' half of the first BCR gene intron. In contrast to the Mbcr, which is limited to a region of 5.8 kb, this part of the intron has a size of 35 kb. Translocation breakpoints in this region appear to be specific for ALL, since it was not rearranged in clinically well-defined CML specimens nor in any other tumor DNA samples examined. PMID- 3194193 TI - Promoter analysis of myosin alkali light chain genes expressed in mouse striated muscle. AB - There are three principal myosin alkali light chain (MLC) genes expressed in mouse striated muscle. The skeletal muscle gene MLC1F/MLC3F, the ventricular muscle/slow skeletal muscle gene MLC1V(MLC1S), and the atrial muscle/foetal striated muscle gene MLC1A(MLC1emb). MLC1V and MLC1A are expressed in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, and we show here that these genes use a single site of initiation of transcription, and therefore the same proximal promoter region, in both muscle types, and in myogenic cell lines in culture. We have previously shown that for the MLC1F/MLC3F gene, 1200bp of upstream sequence from the MLC1F promoter is sufficient to allow tissue specific and developmentally regulated expression. We have therefore isolated, characterised, and sequenced over 1200bp upstream of each of the three MLC genes in order to look for elements which may be involved in their regulation. Detailed comparison of their promoter sequences, as well as those of the cardiac and skeletal muscle alpha-actin genes, reveals a number of common elements. Among these is an "MLC-sequence" (CCTTTTATAG) common to all MLC genes, including those of chick and rat, and a "cardiac sequence" common to the mouse MLC1A, MLC1V and alpha-cardiac actin genes expressed in the heart. PMID- 3194195 TI - Zone-interference gel electrophoresis: a new method for studying weak protein nucleic acid complexes under native equilibrium conditions. AB - A new and general electrophoresis method is described for the determination of dissociation constants of weak macromolecular complexes in the range of 10(-6) to 10(-4) M. The method is based on the measurement of the migration distance of a macromolecular complex in rapid dynamic equilibrium as a function of the interacting ligand concentration in a surrounding zone. Special advantages of the method are: its high sensitivity (dependent on the autoradiography, immunoblotting or staining technique used), its speed (electrophoresis time 20 min), and the independence of the Kd determination on the sample concentration of macromolecules. The latter is of great value for labile macromolecules: unknown partial inactivation does not influence the measurement. Studying the interactions between elongation factor EF-Tu and tRNA from E. coli we found for EF-Tu.GTP.aurodox.aminocyl-tRNA a Kd of 3 microM and for EF Tu.GDP.aurodox.aminoacyl-tRNA a Kd of 11 microM at 9 degrees C. PMID- 3194196 TI - Turnover products of the apo very low density lipoprotein II messenger RNA from chicken liver. AB - The mature apo Very Low Density Lipoprotein II (apo VLDLII) mRNA appears in chicken liver within a few hours after estrogen administration. Apart from this mRNA species, shorter RNA molecules hybridizing to apo VLDLII sequences have been detected in rooster liver upon estrogen stimulation. These molecules are present in the non-polyadenylated fraction of the total cellular- and polysomal RNA. Northern blotting and electron microscopy of R-loops were employed to show that these shorter RNA molecules are truncated at their 3'-end. The 3'-termini were further characterized by nuclease S1 analyses, and are located predominantly in the 3' untranslated region of the mRNA. Using a secondary structure model (Shelness and Williams, J. Biol. Chem. 260, 8637-8646, 1985), we show that the 3' termini map mainly in unpaired regions of the structure. PMID- 3194197 TI - The sequence of U3 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe suggests structural divergence of this snRNA between metazoans and unicellular eukaryotes. AB - We have cloned and sequenced one of the two genes encoding a 255 nucleotide small nuclear RNA from the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Based on the presence of four regions of primary sequence conservation and a predicted secondary structure similar to that previously proposed for human U3, we conclude that this molecule is the fission yeast homologue of this mammalian snRNA. The 5' one-third of fission yeast U3 is, however, unable to form a single stable hairpin as proposed for this region of the human RNA, but rather folds into two stem-loop structures. By analogy to fission yeast U3, we propose revised secondary structures containing two hairpins for this portion of the U3-like snRNAs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Dictyostelium discoideum. Thus, our data suggest that the structure of U3 snRNA has diverged in lower and higher eukaryotes. PMID- 3194198 TI - Human 28S ribosomal RNA sequence heterogeneity. AB - DNA sequencing of several cloned human 28S ribosomal RNA gene fragments has revealed sequence heterogeneity (1) but it was not clear whether these are inactive pseudogenes or are active genes that are transcribed and represented in ribosomes. S1 nuclease analysis allowed us to examine the population of ribosomal RNA molecules of a cell, and we found that 28S rRNA is a heterogeneous assortment of molecules in both mono- and polysomal preparations. Sequence variation, although largely concentrated in variable regions of the molecule, apparently also occurs in the conserved regions. PMID- 3194199 TI - Resolution of synthetic Holliday structures by an extract of human cells. AB - Virtually all models for recombination between homologous DNA sequences invoke a branched intermediate known as a Holliday structure. The terminal steps of recombination are postulated to involve a specific cleavage through the four-way junction of a Holliday structure, in a process known as resolution. We have constructed a synthetic Holliday structure in which the position of the junction of the DNA duplexes can branch migrate through approximately 185 bp. Using this structure, we have found that a component of a cytoplasmic extract of Hela cells is capable of cleaving the central junction of the substrate in a manner consistent with resolution. The activity requires a divalent cation but does not require an exogenous energy source. This is the first reported resolution activity from a mammalian source. PMID- 3194200 TI - An oligodeoxynucleotide affinity column for the isolation of sequence specific DNA binding proteins. AB - A nucleic acid affinity matrix containing a short oligodeoxynucleotide ligand has been prepared as an example of a material which can be used for the rapid and effective isolation of sequence specific DNA binding proteins. Two complementary oligodeoxynucleotides have been employed, one of which contains a small 5'-spacer arm with a terminal thiol group. Using this terminal thiol group, the ligand can be covalently coupled to Tresyl-activated Sepharose 4B or Epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B via a thioether linkage. This approach allows the specific attachment of the nucleic acid ligand via its 5'-terminus to the insoluble matrix. The double stranded affinity material was obtained by annealing of the complementary DNA fragment. As an example, we have used an eicosomer affinity column containing the sequence d(GAATTC) for the isolation of the Eco RI restriction endonuclease. Using a single column, the enzyme could be isolated by eluting the column with a single step or multistep gradient of increasing salt concentration. The enzyme was purified to 75%-85% homogeneity with yields of 0.1 mg to 0.2 mg from 0.5 g of cell paste. PMID- 3194201 TI - A potent inhibitor of Taq polymerase copurifies with human genomic DNA. PMID- 3194203 TI - Nucleotide sequence of Xenopus C-raf coding region. PMID- 3194202 TI - cDNA sequence of the human ribosomal large subunit protein L7a. PMID- 3194204 TI - Nucleotide sequences of 5S ribosomal RNAs of Planococcus citreus, Planococcus kocurii and Sporosarcina ureae. PMID- 3194205 TI - Cloning of homologous sequences after filter hybridization. PMID- 3194206 TI - Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of bacteriophage T4 gene wac. PMID- 3194207 TI - Amino acid sequence of flounder growth hormone deduced from a cDNA sequence. PMID- 3194208 TI - mRNA phenotyping by enzymatic amplification of randomly primed cDNA. PMID- 3194209 TI - Nucleotide sequence of human peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase. PMID- 3194210 TI - Generation of DNA probes for peptides with highly degenerate codons using mixed primer PCR. PMID- 3194211 TI - Nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding the heavy subunit of mouse macrophage ferritin. PMID- 3194213 TI - Full length cDNA sequence for bovine high mobility group 1 (HMG1) protein. PMID- 3194212 TI - Nucleotide sequence of a mouse vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin cDNA. PMID- 3194214 TI - The complete nucleotide sequence of the gene for batroxobin, a thrombin-like snake venom enzyme. PMID- 3194215 TI - Complete nucleotide sequence of the genomic ovine beta-lactoglobulin gene. PMID- 3194216 TI - Exonuclease digestion of chromosomes for in situ hybridization. PMID- 3194217 TI - Modified method for double stranded DNA sequencing and synthetic oligonucleotide purification. PMID- 3194218 TI - Sequence of the Bacillus thuringiensis phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C. PMID- 3194220 TI - Mouse non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-17 cDNA sequence. PMID- 3194221 TI - Treatment of genomic DNA with T4 DNA ligase improves Southern blot analysis. PMID- 3194222 TI - A male-specific repeated DNA sequence in the domestic pig. PMID- 3194219 TI - Sequence of L-asparaginase gene from Erwinia chrysanthemi NCPPB 1125. PMID- 3194223 TI - Rapid identification of overlapping cDNA clones by Southern cross-hybridization. PMID- 3194224 TI - A novel human major histocompatibility complex class I-type DNA sequence. PMID- 3194225 TI - Errors in the polymerase chain reaction. PMID- 3194226 TI - A simple non-isotopic method for DNA fingerprinting with M13 phage. PMID- 3194227 TI - The BamHI, XhoI, SmaI restriction enzyme maps of the normal maize mitochondrial genome genotype B37. PMID- 3194228 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the gtfA gene from S. mutans GS-5. PMID- 3194229 TI - Nucleotide sequence of beet western yellows virus RNA. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA (5641 nt) of beet western yellow virus (BWYV) isolated from lettuce has been determined and its genetic organization deduced. The sequence of the 3'terminal 2208 nt of RNA of a second BWYV isolate, obtained from sugarbeet, was also determined and was found to be very similar but not identical to that of the lettuce isolate. The complete sequence of BWYV RNA contains six long open reading frames (ORFs). A cluster of three of these ORFs, including the coat protein cistron, display extensive amino acid sequence homology with corresponding ORFs of a second luteovirus, the PAV isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) (1,2). The ORF corresponding to the putative viral RNA-dependant RNA polymerase, on the other hand, resembles that of southern bean mosaic virus. There is circumstantial evidence that expression of the BWYV RNA polymerase ORF may involve a translational frameshift mechanism. The ORF immediately following the coat protein cistron may be translated by in-frame readthrough of the coat protein cistron amber termination codon. Similar mechanisms have been proposed for expression of the corresponding ORFs of BYDV(PAV) (1). PMID- 3194230 TI - Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction amplified DNA fragments through the incorporation of deoxynucleoside alpha-thiotriphosphates. AB - The direct sequencing of DNA generated by the polynucleotide chain reaction, via the incorporation of phosphorothioate nucleotides and followed by treatment with an alkylating reagent that cleaves specifically at the phosphorothioate positions, is described. The Taq polymerase used in the amplification reaction incorporates the Sp-diastereomer of the deoxynucleoside 5'-O-(1 thiotriphosphates) as efficiently as the natural nucleotides. Chemical degradation of the phosphorothioate-containing DNA fragment can be performed with either 2-iodoethanol or 2,3-epoxy-1-propanol. The higher reactivity of 2,3-epoxy 1-propanol allows less reagent to be used to obtain the same amount of degradation as with 2-iodoethanol. PMID- 3194231 TI - Radioisotope evidence of varying transit of solid food in gastrectomized patients with and without dumping syndrome. AB - Of 29 Billroth II gastrojejunostomy patients studied by scintigraphy, 11 were dumpers and 18 were non-dumpers; of 20 controls, 11 were patients with different gastric complaints and 9 volunteers with no history of gastrointestinal pathology. The tracer used was human albumin microspheres labelled with 99mTc, mixed thoroughly with a fresh scrambled egg, cooked as an omelet and eaten as a sandwich with white toasted bread. The transit and emptying of the radiolabelled meal in the gastric and derivative loop areas were followed with gamma camera 90 120 min. In the dumpers half-emptying times were significantly shorter than in the controls; in the non-dumpers they were even shorter. Dynamic selective analysis of the radiolabelled food transit through derivative afferent and efferent loops showed, on the other hand, different patterns for the two groups of gastroresected patients: the progression of propulsive waves was very irregular and constantly hyperperistaltic only in the dumpers. PMID- 3194232 TI - Scintigraphic phase analysis of abnormal A-V conduction in a baboon. AB - During an interventional cardiac investigation on an anaesthetised baboon (Papio ursinus) the animal developed A-V block. Scintigraphic phase analysis leading to quantified intraventricular delays and histogram characteristics pointed to abnormalities which persisted even after A-V block was replaced by nodal tachycardia as was reflected by the electrocardiogram. This indicated towards an increased diagnostic sensitivity with the use of phase analytical methods. PMID- 3194233 TI - Pacing and the non-invasive evaluation of myocardial fatty acid metabolism by means of 17-123I-heptadecanoic acid scintigraphy. AB - The extent of myocardial non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) oxidation depends among other things on exogeneous NEFA supply and energy demand. In 6 patients with a multi-programmable pacemaker scintigraphy with 17-123Iodo-heptadecanoic acid (17 123I-HDA) was performed to investigate NEFA metabolism at two levels: at a control level (basal heart rate 69 +/- 6) and at increased pace frequency (104 +/ 5). In both situations the derived time-activity curves, measured during a period of 75 min, were fitted with a monoexponential plus a constant curve: A(t) = A(0).exp (-t In2/T1/2) + C. The half-time value, the uptake measured as the peak activity and the relative size of the oxidation pool were determined. The median of the half-time value did not change: 24 min (range 19-31) in the control heart rate study and 22 min (19-27) during the increased pace frequency study. The median of the uptake increased significantly from 33 cpm/pixel/2 mCi/100 kg (23-34) to 40 cpm/pixel/2 mCi/100 kg (35-42; p less than 0.05 Wilcoxon). The median of the relative size of the oxidation pool increased from 57% (52-62) to 69% (63-71; p less than 0.05). We conclude that during pacing the augmented need for NEFA resulted in a demonstrable increase in uptake and oxidation of 17-123I HDA. This result suggests that radioiodinated NEFA may be a valuable tool to quantify noninvasively the level of the myocardial NEFA metabolism in the human heart. PMID- 3194234 TI - [An experimental study of liver perfusion using non-diffusible radiotracers: differentiation of the arterial and portal venous components by deconvolution analysis of first-pass time-activity curves]. AB - The transfer function of the liver perfusion is an idealized time-activity curve that could be registered over the liver if a non-diffusible tracer would be injected directly into the abdominal aorta and no tracer recirculation would occur. The reproducibility of the transfer function was experimentally investigated in foxhounds. Both the routes of tracer application and the modes of data evaluation were varied and the perfusion was investigated under physiological and pathological conditions. The transfer function was calculated by deconvolution analysis of first-pass time-activity curves using the matrix regularization method. The transfer function showed clearly distinguishable arterial and portal-venous components. Repeated peripheral venous and central aortic applications resulted in reproducible curves. In addition to the arterial and portal-venous components the subcomponents of the portal-venous component could also be identified in the transfer function after ligation of the appropriate vessels. The accuracy of the mathematical procedure was tested by computer simulations. The simulation studies demonstrated also that the matrix regularization technique is suitable for deconvolution analysis of time-activity curves even when they are significantly contaminated by statistical noise. Calculation of the transfer function of liver perfusion and of its quantitative parameters seems thus to be a reliable method for non-invasive investigation of liver hemodynamics under physiological and pathological conditions. PMID- 3194235 TI - [Perfusion scintigraphy using 99mTc-labeled microspheres in the functional evaluation of an implanted portsystem for intraarterial cytostatic treatment of liver metastases]. AB - Perfusion scintigraphy with 99mTc-labeled microspheres was used to assess the integrity of catheter systems implanted in patients with liver metastases for intraarterial regional chemotherapy, and to document the distribution of cytostatic drugs. 33 examinations in 12 patients were performed after implantation as well as prior to each cytostatic cycle. Recurrent stenosis with (3) and without (9) reflux into the adjacent upper abdominal organs was found in each patient with long-term implantation of the port system. In 50% of all cases, the stenosis was successfully treated using urokinase as a thrombolytic agent. PMID- 3194236 TI - Suppose it happened here? PMID- 3194237 TI - When the chips are down. PMID- 3194238 TI - Frustrations on the boil. PMID- 3194239 TI - A woman's work is never done. PMID- 3194240 TI - Spiritual care. Religious roots. PMID- 3194241 TI - Spiritual care. Nursing the spirit. PMID- 3194242 TI - Spiritual care. Searching for meaning. PMID- 3194244 TI - Games people play. PMID- 3194245 TI - Recruit and retain. Teacher troubles. PMID- 3194243 TI - Laboratory tests. The clinical immunology laboratory. PMID- 3194246 TI - Project 2000. Designing the way forward. PMID- 3194247 TI - Systems of life No. 164. Senior systems--29. Ageing lungs and airways--2. PMID- 3194248 TI - Patients' and nurses' opinions about bathing. PMID- 3194249 TI - Human kinetics. Good movement habits. PMID- 3194250 TI - Quest. NT's educational supplement. PMID- 3194251 TI - Quest. A chance wasted? PMID- 3194252 TI - Quest. The imaginative answer. PMID- 3194253 TI - AIDS in schools. PMID- 3194254 TI - Cancer nursing's revolution. PMID- 3194255 TI - Who will foot the bill? PMID- 3194257 TI - Know your midwife. PMID- 3194258 TI - Recruit and retain. Change for the better. PMID- 3194259 TI - Making sense of ECGS. PMID- 3194260 TI - Not child's play. PMID- 3194256 TI - Will Jim fix it? PMID- 3194261 TI - Nurses in danger. Prisoners of the mind. PMID- 3194263 TI - Sisters of invention. PMID- 3194262 TI - Project 2000. For better or worse? PMID- 3194264 TI - Wound care. From theory to practice. PMID- 3194265 TI - Wound care. The challenge of pressure sores. PMID- 3194266 TI - Wound care. Tradition rather than cure? PMID- 3194268 TI - Second time around. PMID- 3194267 TI - Corridors of fear. PMID- 3194269 TI - Sailing too close to the wind? PMID- 3194270 TI - Rescue or revolution? PMID- 3194271 TI - AIDS. Soothing away the anxieties. PMID- 3194272 TI - AIDS. Drug abuse and HIV. PMID- 3194274 TI - Menopause: a change for the better? PMID- 3194273 TI - AIDS. Less morality more sense. PMID- 3194276 TI - When breastfeeding had to stop. PMID- 3194275 TI - Project 2000. Australian regrading. PMID- 3194278 TI - Let's listen to the patients. PMID- 3194277 TI - Recruit and retain. On the right track. PMID- 3194279 TI - The two-headed demon. PMID- 3194280 TI - Warts and all. PMID- 3194282 TI - Laboratory tests. Detecting sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3194281 TI - A shoulder to lean on. PMID- 3194283 TI - Research skills. Number 1. Getting started: the language of research. PMID- 3194284 TI - Beyond our Ken. Interview by Linda Davidson. PMID- 3194285 TI - Broken dreams. PMID- 3194287 TI - Take me to your leader. PMID- 3194286 TI - The flashpoints. PMID- 3194288 TI - Surgery for Crohn's disease. PMID- 3194289 TI - Behind the locked doors. PMID- 3194291 TI - A children's tour. PMID- 3194290 TI - Life after breast cancer. PMID- 3194293 TI - Face values. PMID- 3194292 TI - Recruit and retain. International exchange. PMID- 3194294 TI - Making sense of urinary catheters. PMID- 3194295 TI - Regrading the solution. PMID- 3194297 TI - Mental handicap nursing. PMID- 3194298 TI - Mental handicap nursing. Cause for optimism. PMID- 3194296 TI - Project 2000. Elitism in nursing. PMID- 3194299 TI - Mental handicap nursing. Welcome changes? PMID- 3194300 TI - Distance learning. Research skills. Number 2. The research process. PMID- 3194301 TI - Has a dream come true? PMID- 3194303 TI - Bridge that gap. PMID- 3194302 TI - Your pay in their hands. PMID- 3194304 TI - Patient advocacy. On behalf of the patient. PMID- 3194305 TI - Siding with the system. PMID- 3194307 TI - Recruit and retain. If I were a rich nurse. PMID- 3194306 TI - Tug of love. PMID- 3194308 TI - Health care in Lesotho. PMID- 3194309 TI - Time to go home. PMID- 3194310 TI - The loneliness barrier. PMID- 3194311 TI - Distance learning. Research skills. Number 3. Writing a research proposal. PMID- 3194312 TI - Theatre nursing supplement. PMID- 3194313 TI - Theatre nursing. Local anaesthesia. PMID- 3194315 TI - Theatre nursing. Behind closed doors. PMID- 3194314 TI - Theatre nursing. Over-estimating overshoes. PMID- 3194316 TI - AIDS. PMID- 3194318 TI - Sexually transmitted diseases. PMID- 3194317 TI - A strategy for educating health care providers about AIDS: the California Nurses Association's AIDS Train the Trainer Program. AB - The AIDS epidemic is increasing the demand on all levels of health care staff to provide care compassionately and safely to people with AIDS and HIV infection. Only appropriate, ongoing education of all health care workers will maintain an effective health care system as the number of cases rises. However, the fear engendered by the word AIDS can be a serious deterrent to effective care. Adult learning principles and fear reduction techniques provide the foundation for AIDS education. A train the trainer approach provides immediate AIDS expertise to health care providers within their institution or department. With adequate resources and training, health care professionals who are already in the workplace are in the best position to quell hysteria, educate health care workers about appropriate protective measures, and ensure that humane, compassionate care is provided to persons with AIDS and HIV infection. PMID- 3194319 TI - Nursing management of the patient with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. AB - Information on the recognition and management of clinical syndromes commonly caused by Chlamydia should be widely disseminated. Clinicians must be able to make risk assessments on their patients who may have asymptomatic disease. Because chlamydial infections are often undiagnosed, infected patients continue to spread the organisms to their sexual partners and to neonates. Sexual contacts of patients with Chlamydia or gonorrhea should receive treatment regimens effective against both organisms. Patients who are infected with gonorrhea should receive treatment regimens effective against both organisms. Chlamydia culture is the gold standard for detection of the organism. Antigen detection methods have been developed that offer a low-cost alternative to culture, but these tests are not ideal. Chlamydia tests are not a substitute for clinical experience and risk assessment by the nurse practitioner. PMID- 3194321 TI - The use of benzodiazepine hypnotics in the elderly. AB - An epidemiologic study was conducted to observe patient-reported use and effects of triazolam, flurazepam, and oxazepam taken at bedtime among 2260 outpatients age 65 years or older in Canada. The study used pharmacy-based enrollment, with participant follow-up through a 3-day diary and a telephone interview. The study also evaluated how the three benzodiazepine hypnotics were prescribed. Prescription information showed that 66% of the flurazepam prescriptions were for the highest strength, compared to 39% and 35% for triazolam and oxazepam, respectively. As patient age increased, the highest strength of each agent was prescribed less frequently. For all drugs, 53% of prescriptions were written for use as necessary (prn), and the proportion who received such prescriptions increased with age. Patient reports, however, revealed that 57% were using a hypnotic every day, and this regular use increased with advancing age. Regular daily use was more common among those who used triazolam and oxazepam (62%) than those who took flurazepam (42%). PMID- 3194320 TI - Pelvic inflammatory disease: education for maintaining fertility. AB - PID is a serious health problem that affects the reproductive potential of women. Education regarding risk factors and prevention of PID are primary prevention strategies that can minimize loss of future fertility potential. Acute episodes of PID can be successfully managed by clinicians using a high index of suspicion and initiating prompt, aggressive treatment for patients and partners. Ongoing follow-up and counseling can minimize repetitive threats to reproductive loss and circumvent the need for reparative fertility surgery. PMID- 3194322 TI - Stricter drug testing in sports and elsewhere. PMID- 3194323 TI - Loss of bladder control in hyperthyroidism. AB - Urinary urgency and frequency and even enuresis may be manifestations of augmented adrenergic activity in hyperthyroidism, as are sweating, tremor, and tachycardia. Because patients rarely volunteer problems with urgency, frequency, and enuresis, it is worthwhile for the physician to inquire about such symptoms in patients with moderate to severe hyperthyroidism. Symptoms generally cease after treatment of the hyperthyroidism. PMID- 3194324 TI - Practical management of ingrown toenails. AB - An ingrown toenail acts as a foreign body, causing an inflammatory reaction and opening the way to secondary infection. Treatment consists of removing the offending portion of the nail and taking steps to prevent recurrence. The treatment should be simple to minimize expense, operative risks, and posttreatment disability. The most important step in preventing recurrence is teaching the patient the correct way to trim toenails. PMID- 3194326 TI - Bladder carcinoma presenting as exercise-induced hematuria. AB - Exercise-induced hematuria is becoming a common diagnosis for postexercise hematuria. However, a number of genitourinary tract diseases also may cause gross or microscopic hematuria in some physically active patients. Four cases of postexercise hematuria in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder are presented. The authors recommend urologic evaluation with excretory urography and cystoscopy for all patients with postexercise hematuria. PMID- 3194325 TI - Shave biopsies--simple and useful. AB - The shave biopsy is the ideal diagnostic and therapeutic tool for the treatment of discrete superficial skin lesions. It is safe, simple to perform, and economical. Punch or excisional biopsy is appropriate for rashes and lesions involving the deeper dermis and subcutis. Pigmented lesions should be approached with respect; many can be excised with shave biopsy, but any suspected of being malignant melanoma should be evaluated by a cancer specialist. PMID- 3194327 TI - Initial evaluation of the hypertensive patient. PMID- 3194328 TI - How prevalent is amebiasis? PMID- 3194329 TI - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of breast lesions. AB - Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a safe, cost-effective, and accurate technique, which has no contraindications and causes little discomfort. There is no breast lesion for which fine-needle biopsy is not appropriate. Results are available quickly to the patient and physician and aid in decision making about the necessity for excisional biopsy, mastectomy, or radiation therapy. False-negative rates may be decreased by adherence to proper technique and strict cytologic interpretation. A negative cytology report in the face of a clinically suspicious lesion mandates excisional biopsy. Fine-needle biopsy is valuable for diagnosis of breast cancer and can be easily learned and used by the clinician. Combining it with clinical examination and mammography increases the accuracy of diagnosis. PMID- 3194330 TI - NSAID test to distinguish between infectious and neoplastic fever in cancer patients. PMID- 3194331 TI - Antibody response to Newcastle disease virus and Pasteurella multocida of two strains of turkeys. AB - The primary and secondary response to Newcastle disease virus (NCDV) and Pasteurella multocida (PM) of two turkey lines were studied following vaccinations with either NCDV or PM alone, or in combination. The two turkey strains were 1) a randombred control line (RBC1) and 2) a subline (E) of Line RBC1 selected 27 generations for increased egg production. This study consisted of five trials. Each trial represented a separate hatch. In Trial 1, poults of each line were subcutaneously vaccinated with a 1-mL dilution of B1 type LaSota strain NCDV vaccine. In Trial 2, poults of each line were wing-web vaccinated with the M-9 strain of PM Heddleston Type 3 x 4 cross at 6 and 10 wk of age. In Trial 3, poults of each line were subcutaneously vaccinated on the back of the neck with 1 mL of inactivated NCDV at 6 and 10 wk of age. In Trial 4, .5 mL of a PM bacterin containing Types 1, 3, and 4 in an oil emulsion was used to subcutaneously vaccinate poults of each line at 6 and 10 wk of age. In Trial 5, poults of each line were simultaneously vaccinated with inactivated NCDV (subcutaneously) and a PM bacterin (intramuscularly) at 6 and 10 wk of age. Line RBC1 had significantly (P less than .01) higher maternal antibodies to Newcastle disease at 3 wk of age than those of Line E. The RBC1 line generally had significantly higher levels of antibodies than Line E in response to vaccination for both NCDV and PM when administered singularly or in combination. PMID- 3194332 TI - Estimates of genetic parameters in turkeys. 1. Body weight and skeletal characteristics. AB - Heritabilities (h2) of and genetic (rG) correlations among body weight and a number of skeletal characteristics were estimated from data on 1,088 pedigree turkeys (504 females and 584 males) of a randombred control line. All measurements were made at 16 wk of age. The h2 estimates (sire component) obtained from females (F) and males (M), respectively, were: BW .23, .60; shank width (SW) .54, .47; shank length (SL) .43, .54; drum length .66, .60; rough cleaned weights of the thigh (nonestimable, .60), drum .09, .57, and shank .28, .69; cleaned weights of the drum .37, .71, and shank .30, .40; fat-free weights of the drum .44, .93, and shank, .45, .82; bone density measured at 40 and 60% of the length from the proximal end of the drum .68, .80 and .34, .92, respectively, and shank .28, .69 and .31, .55. Genetic correlations (rG) among the various bone weights were all above .66, with most above .85. The rG between BW and SW were .33 from M and .47 from F. These correlations suggest there is a relatively weak relationship, indicating that selection for BW alone might not cause a large enough increase in SW to support the increase brought about in BW. Shank width also had relatively low correlations with bone weight measurements, ranging from .27 to .53 from M and .17 to .56 from F. The h2 of walking ability score (WA) was .06 and the rG of WA with BW was -.73, which indicated that the low body weight families tended to have poor WA (i.e., higher scores). This may be a spurious rG, because poor walking ability scores tended to be grouped in families. Birds with poor walking ability would have difficulty eating, and would, therefore, tend to have low BW. The rG between SW:WA (-.09) and SL:WA (.03) indicated little relationship between those traits. The WA and the bone density readings had high negative rG (range -.75 to -1.47), indicating that families with poor WA ratings also had low bone density scores. PMID- 3194333 TI - Estimates of genetic parameters in turkeys. 2. Body weight and carcass characteristics. AB - Data were taken from 1,088 individuals--504 females (F) and 584 males (M)- produced by 34 sires and 168 dams from a randombred control line (RBC2) of turkeys maintained at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH. Turkeys were used to estimate genetic and phenotypic parameters among 16-wk body weight and a number of body composition characteristics. Heritabilities (h2) were estimated from sire components of variance for 16-wk weights of muscles of breast (BM: F = .08, M = .35); thigh (TM: F = .12, M = .17); and drum (DM: F = .30, M = .44); weights of leaf fat (LF: F = .13, M = .51) and total abdominal fat (AF: F = .21, M = .55); and total percentage carcass fat (%F:F = .06, M = .24), percentage protein (F = .07, M = .20), and percent moisture (F = nonestimable, M = .11). The h2 of percentage carcass ash was nonestimable from both data sets due to negative estimates of the sire variance components. Due to the non-normal distributions of some of the fat measures, the fat measure data were converted to natural logarithms. Genetic estimates from the transformed data were similar to those from the nontransformed data. Genetic correlation (rG) estimates indicated a positive genetic association between body weight (BW) and all the fat characteristics measured. The BW was highly correlated with BM (F = .48, M = .86), TM (F = .81, M = 1.01), and DM (F = 1.04, M = .70). However, BW was correlated to a lesser degree with LF (F = .02, M = .27), AF (F = .25, M = .32), and %F (F = .93, M = .50). The BM was only moderately correlated with TM (F = .43, M = .28) and DM (F = .73, M = .27). The TM and DM were highly correlated (F = 1.02, M = .84). The existence of these correlations, which are less than unity, indicate that selection for BW alone will lead to increasing levels of fat in commercial turkeys, and to disproportionate increases in breast vs. leg muscles. PMID- 3194334 TI - Toxic synergism between aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in broiler chickens. AB - The individual and combined effects of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin were studied in male broiler chicks (Hubbard X Hubbard). The experimental design was a 2 X 2 factorial design with dietary treatments of 0 and 2.5 micrograms/g aflatoxin and 0 and 4.0 micrograms/g T-2 toxin. The broilers were obtained at 1 day of age and housed in electrically heated batteries with feed and water available ad libitum until they reached 3 wk of age. Aflatoxicosis in this study was characterized by a significant (P less than .05) reduction in body weight, changes in red blood cell counts and serum levels of protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, and calcium, and magnesium, activity of the serum enzymes lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase, and a significant (P less than .05) increase in relative weights of the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, proventriculus, and heart. Dietary T-2 toxin alone caused oral lesions, a significant (P less than .05) decrease in serum protein, albumin, potassium, and magnesium levels, and a significant (P less than .05) decrease in the activity of the serum enzymes lactic dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase. In the combination treatment of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin, significant (P less than .05) interactive effects were seen through a decrease in body weights, increase in the relative weights of the kidney, gizzard, and heart, and decrease in mean corpuscular volume and serum levels of potassium. These data indicate that aflatoxin and T-2 toxin can interact to produce synergistic toxicity. This synergism is a threat to poultry production due to the prevalence of these mycotoxins and severity of the interactive toxicity of these mycotoxins. PMID- 3194336 TI - Incidence of Campylobacter jejuni in processed egg products. AB - Egg samples were obtained from two commercial egg-processing facilities to determine if Campylobacter jejuni could be isolated from the raw product or from further-processed egg products intended for human consumption. No C. jejuni were detected in any of the egg or egg-product samples or from water samples collected from the overflow of the egg washer. Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from all control samples, which had been inoculated at the plants. These findings suggest that properly processed egg products are an extremely unlikely source of C. jejuni contamination. PMID- 3194335 TI - Ulcerative enteritis in broiler chickens caused by Clostridium colinum and in vitro activity of 19 antimicrobial agents in tests on isolates. AB - Ulcerative enteritis in broiler chickens occurred at five poultry farms in Kagoshima Prefecture, southern Japan, in February and March, 1987. This is the first incidence of this disease reported for chickens in Japan. The mortality rate was estimated to be 1 to 5%. Ulcerative enteritis in the intestines, and necrosis in the liver and spleen, were observed mainly in autopsied broilers. Identification involving tests of biochemical properties and production of metabolic endproducts using gas-liquid chromatography were consistent with an identification of Clostridium colinum. Antimicrobial agent susceptibility tests on the isolates showed that all were highly sensitive to the agents, with the exception of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of penicillin-G and ampicillin ranged from .025 microgram/mL to .05 microgram/mL. No resistant strains were isolated. PMID- 3194337 TI - Testosterone concentrations in blood and seminal plasma of turkeys classified as high or low semen producers. AB - The interrelationships between concentrations of testosterone in blood plasma, seminal plasma (SP) of ductus (d.) deferens semen, and SP of the ejaculate of mature breeder turkeys were compared. The concentration of testosterone in blood plasma was greater than, and positively correlated with (r = .75, P less than .01), the concentration of testosterone in the ejaculate SP and d. deferens SP. Differences between concentrations of testosterone in blood plasma, ejaculate SP, and d. deferens SP were not significantly different for turkeys classified as high (ejaculate volume greater than .38 mL) or low (ejaculate volume less than .26 mL) volume semen producers. Concentrations of testosterone in blood plasma and SP were not correlated with ejaculate spermatozoal concentration, total number of spermatozoa, d. deferens semen volume, or testicular weights. PMID- 3194338 TI - Function of bilateral oviducts in double oviduct hens following surgery. AB - A double oviduct line of Rhode Island Red chickens has been maintained as a closed flock at the Wisconsin Experiment Station since 1970. Sixty-four percent of the stock reared during the 3-yr study period had complete left and right oviducts. Experiments were designed to determine whether the right oviduct of double oviduct hens was functional. Two surgical procedures were chosen in which either a piece of the left ovary was transplanted to the right side, or the abdominal-midline tunica serosa was opened and the left ovary was pulled to the right side. In one experiment the left oviduct was also made nonfunctional. Laparotomized hens served as controls. Insemination with semen from dominant barred males as a genetic marker, followed by physical examination, confirmed right oviduct function. Hens that formed the egg in the normal left oviduct laid significantly more eggs of much greater weight and had higher percentage fertility than hens with functional right oviducts. PMID- 3194339 TI - Influence of damaged spermatozoa on the fertility of turkey semen stored 24 hours at 5 C. AB - Turkey semen was stored for 24 h at 5 C in the presence or absence of added spermatozoa that were damaged by emersion in liquid nitrogen. The fertility of semen stored in the presence of damaged spermatozoa was significantly lower than semen stored in their absence. Unstored semen was not affected by the presence of damaged spermatozoa. Fertility was affected by a significant semen treatment x holding time interaction. PMID- 3194340 TI - Antibiotic-associated inhibition of steroidogenesis during short-term culture of ovarian tissues of the domestic fowl. AB - The effects of antibiotics on bovine luteinizing hormone (bLH)-stimulated output of androstenedione were examined in intact small white follicles (SWF, n = six hens), aliquots of 100,000 F1 and F2 theca cells (n = six hens), and aliquots of 10,000 F1 and F2 granulosa cells (n = eight hens). Cells and SWF were isolated from ovaries of Leghorn hens killed 20 h prior to ovulation and were incubated for 3 h in 1 mL of Medium 199 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) at 37 C. Cells and follicles were incubated with 10 ng bLH and Penicillin-streptomycin (Pen Strep; 20, 100, and 200 micrograms), gentamicin sulfate (gentamicin; 10, 50, and 100 micrograms), and fungizone (.5, 2.5, and 5.0 micrograms). Two control treatments consisted of tissues incubated alone (no bLH, no antibiotic) and tissues incubated with 10 ng bLH (no antibiotic). Androstenedione output by SWF and F1 and F2 theca cells and progesterone output by F1 and F2 granulosa cells were determined by radioimmunoassay of incubation media. The steroid contents of the incubation media were significantly increased in SWF and theca and granulosa cells with the addition of bLH. Neither Pen-Strep nor gentamicin significantly affected steroid output. Progesterone output by F1 and F2 granulosa cells was significantly reduced by the inclusion of fungizone. The inhibition of steroid output with the use of fungizone should be considered when using this antibiotic in studies of steroidogenesis in preparations of ovarian cells. PMID- 3194341 TI - Stimulatory effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha on gastric acid secretion in rats. AB - The effect of intravenously administered prostaglandin F2 alpha on gastric acid secretion was investigated in anaesthetized rats. Doses of 0.03-0.3 mg/kg PGF2 alpha stimulated gastric acid output in rats with intact vagi, whereas an inhibitory effect was observed in vagotomized animals. Treatment with 5 mg/kg of Na-meclofenamate intravenously attenuated the secretory response to PGF2 alpha, while 10 mg/kg of indomethacin intravenously and 3 mg/kg of 8-phenyltheophylline intraperitoneally were without any effect. The results indicate that intravenously administered PGF2 alpha stimulates gastric acid secretion in anaesthetized rats via activation of the vagus nerve. The effects of Na meclofenamate and indomethacin suggest that PGF2 alpha may exert its secretagogue action via specific receptors. The lack of the effect of 8-phenyltheophylline indicates that adenosine which reportedly had a similar effect on gastric secretion after intravenous injection seems not to be involved here. PMID- 3194342 TI - No effect of roxithromycin on pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties of warfarin and its enantiomers. AB - The macrolide antibiotics are metabolized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the liver and interactions with similarly metabolized compounds have been described. Simultaneous treatment with erythromycin and warfarin is known to decrease warfarin clearance and prolong prothrombin time. Roxithromycin (RU 28965), a new erythromycin derivative with improved pharmacokinetic properties, might then, because of structure similarity, be expected to interact with warfarin. In 21 healthy volunteers, the effect of orally administered roxithromycin (150 mg b.i.d.) on warfarin steady-state kinetics, and the effects of warfarin on roxithromycin kinetics, were investigated in a double-blind, randomized study versus placebo. Since the warfarin enantiomers, R- and S-warfarin have both different potency and different metabolism, the ratio between the enantiomers with and without roxithromycin, was also determined. In this study, mean AUC for warfarin increased slightly from day 14 of warfarin treatment to day 28, but no difference was found between the roxithromycin group and the placebo group, and no change appeared in the ratio between the warfarin enantiomers. A moderate increase in dosage was needed to maintain hypocoagulability during warfarin medication, but there was no difference between the roxithromycin group and the placebo groups, respectively. In addition, roxithromycin kinetics appeared to be unaffected by warfarin treatment. PMID- 3194343 TI - The interaction of cations with activity of soluble protein kinase C from mouse brain. AB - The interaction of some cations with the enzymatic activity of soluble protein kinase C was determined in order to elucidate whether protein kinase C can be activated by other metal cations besides Ca2+. Protein kinase C was activated by Ca2+ and Sr2+ having EC50 values of nearly 10 microM and 200 microM, respectively. Ba2+ likewise activated protein kinase C but was less potent. Co2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ had no activating effects on the activity in the absence of Ca2+, but was slightly reduced in the presence of Ca2+ (0.5 mM). Cations with ionic radii close to Ca2+ (0.99 A) inhibited the activity irrespective of the absence or presence of Ca2+. The order of potency is as follows: Hg2+ greater than Cd2+ approximately Cu2+ much greater than Sm3+ greater than Tb3+ greater than La3+. Pb2+ and Zn2+, which showed a high affinity to SH-groups, as well as Hg2+, Cd2+ and Cu2+, which also inhibited the activity. Thus, among the ions investigated, the alkaline-earth ions Sr2+ and Ba2+ could be substituted for Ca2+, irrespective of ionic radii. The serious environmental pollutants such as Hg2+, Cd2+ or Pb2+ impaired the activity of protein kinase C probably due to SH-blocking. PMID- 3194344 TI - Prenatal methylazoxymethanol treatment potentiates d-amphetamine- and methylphenidate-induced motor activity in male and female rats. AB - The effects of the stimulant drugs, d-amphetamine and methylphenidate, upon the motor activity of male and female off-spring of pregnant rats, treated on gestation day 15 with the antimitotic agent methylazoxymethanol (MAM, 25 mg/kg) were studied in four experiments. Cortical and striatal hypoplasia induced by prenatal administration of MAM resulted in increased concentrations of catecholamines in those regions. Administration of d-amphetamine and methylphenidate caused significant increases in motor activity; this effect was markedly potentiated in the MAM-treated rats, both the male and female off spring. Thus, the locomotion and total activity parameters showed similar, but not identical, drastic increases in behaviour induced by the stimulant drugs as a result of the prenatal MAM treatment whereas for the rearing parameter a lesser potentiation by the MAM treatment was observed. This potentiation of the excitatory effects of the stimulant compounds upon the behavioural parameters is interpreted in terms of a relative increase in the density of catecholaminergic terminals in the forebrain regions of the central nervous system. The present results are discussed with regard to the utility of prenatal MAM treatment as a possible animal model for certain neurological disorders. PMID- 3194345 TI - Effects of triethyl lead chloride on oestradiol metabolism in the female rat liver microsomal fraction. AB - Triethyl lead chloride (TEL) was added directly to female rat liver microsomal fractions at final concentrations of 0.0, 0.005, 0.05 and 0.5 mM, respectively. The effect of oestradiol on liver microsomal metabolism was studied in vitro by incubating the microsomes with radioactive oestradiol-17 beta. The oestradiol metabolites were separated, identified and quantified. The highest treatment concentrations resulted in decreased activities of enzymes that metabolize oestradiol-17 beta. PMID- 3194346 TI - Perinatal growth retardation caused by triethyl lead chloride treatment of mice during late gestation. AB - Female mice were injected intraperitoneally daily from day 18 of gestation and throughout lactation with triethyl lead chloride (TEL; 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg body wt). Off-spring of treated mothers displayed a slight perinatal growth retardation. Male off-spring appeared to be more sensitive to TEL, as indicated by their lower body weights. During the latter half of the lactation period the treated sucklings grew faster than controls, thereby compensating for their initially retarded growth, by the time of weaning. The hepatic cytochrome P-450 content of 9 to 10-day old sucklings of treated mothers was lower than in corresponding controls. We suggest that perinatal growth retardation is initiated by a disturbance in the uterus, e.g. reduced nutrient transport across the placenta. PMID- 3194347 TI - Disordered catecholamine release in pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. AB - Pigs, crossbreeds of Swedish Landrace and Yorkshire, females and castrated males about 6 months old, were exposed to experimental stress. The pigs were either considered normal or shown to be susceptible to develop malignant hyperthermia when tested with halothane at about 6 weeks of age (stress-susceptible pigs). The stress was of the restraint type, produced by two different myorelaxant agents, the depolarizing succinylcholine or the non-depolarizing pancuronium. The blood levels of the catecholamines (CA) noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A) were measured during the stress. The severity of myocardial cell necrosis observed 1 to 2 days after the stress was morphologically graded. In normal pigs the levels of NA during the stress and the degree of myocardial cell necrosis were about the same after both succinylcholine and pancuronium. In stress-susceptible pigs, however, succinylcholine produced very high NA and A levels and severe heart lesions, whereas after pancuronium the NA and A levels were rather low and the heart lesions significantly reduced when compared to those after succinylcholine induced stress. After pretreatment with dantrolene intravenously the succinylcholine-induced stress only induced slightly increased blood CA levels and no signs of myocardial cell necrosis in pigs susceptible to develop malignant hyperthermia. Dantrolene, an efficient drug in treatment of malignant hyperthermia, probably acts by interfering with release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscles. The results indicate that peripheral sympathetic neurones in MHS pigs also react abnormally, probably due to defective calcium turn-over. PMID- 3194348 TI - In vitro oxidation of mercury by the blood. AB - A method is described for studying the in vitro oxidation of mercury vapour by red blood cells at short times and with diminishing mercury vapour concentrations. It is found that for 40% red blood cell suspensions and 37 degrees at concentrations greater than about 6 ng mercury vapour/ml, the oxidation rate is zero order, and that at lower concentrations the rate changes to first order. The effect of temperature and of added hydrogen peroxide are studied. Results are considered in terms of the generally accepted belief that the catalase-compound I system is the main path of oxidation. If the results obtained in vitro in these experiments apply in vivo to man, it follows that inhaled mercury is carried in the blood to the brain and other organs primarily as dissolved vapour rather than as inorganic mercury ions. PMID- 3194349 TI - Progesterone, some progesterone derivatives and urinary digoxin-like substances from pregnant women in radioimmuno- and 86Rb-uptake assays of digoxin. AB - Progesterone and some derivatives were tested in a radioimmunoassay (RIA) of digoxin and in a bioassay measuring the 86Rb-uptake into red blood cells as an index of Na+, K+-ATPase activity. The digitalis-like activity of the hormones was compared with that found in chromatographic fractions of material extracted from the urines of pregnant women at term. Progesterone at concentrations greater than 10(-6) M cross-reacted in the RIA, and at 10(-3) M it decreased 86Rb-uptake by 18%. The anaesthetic progesterone derivates 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha-ol-20-one and 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione crossreacted to a lesser degree in the RIA and lacked effect in the bioassay. Similar results were obtained with pregnandiol glucuronide, the major urinary metabolite of progesterone. In contrast, several fractions of the urinary material had significant effects in both assays. It is concluded that the digitalis-like activity of progesterone is not coupled to properties associated with its anaesthetic effects. Furthermore, although progesterone may account for a part of the endogenous digoxin-like substances in serum of neonates and pregnant women, neither progesterone proper nor pregnandiol glucuronide explains the great amount of digoxin-like substances found in the urines. PMID- 3194350 TI - Sensory irritation and pulmonary irritation of C3-C7 n-alkylamines: mechanisms of receptor activation. AB - Sensory irritation due to inhalation of a series of alkylamines was estimated from the decrease in respiratory rate in normal (non-cannulated) mice (American standard method E 981-84, 1984). The irritation effects rapidly reached stable levels. The concentration-response relationships followed Michaelis-Menten equations. The maximum response decreased with increasing chain length. The concentrations depressing the respiratory rate by 50% (RD-50) were 184, 121, 97, 51, and 27 p.p.m. for n-propylamine, n-butylamine, n-pentylamine, n-hexylamine, and n-heptylamine, respectively. It is suggested that the receptor is activated partly by the amines and partly by hydroxide ions. The nose has a scrubbing effect, which partly protects the lungs against water soluble irritants. Pulmonary irritation was estimated from the decrease in respiratory rate in tracheally cannulated mice. The plateau-level of the response was reached slowly. The respective concentrations depressing the respiratory rate by 50% (tRD-50) were 416, 300, 128, 66, and 36 p.p.m. for the C3-C7 n-amines. It is suggested that the pulmonary receptor environment is lipophilic and the receptor, probably the J-receptor, is activated chemically by the amines. The sensory and pulmonary irritation data were used to estimate workplace exposure limits (TLV's) which protect against these effects. PMID- 3194351 TI - Protective effect of vitamin E on cadmium-induced alterations in lipofuscin and superoxide dismutase in rat brain regions. PMID- 3194352 TI - Abstracts of the XVIII annual Nordic Meeting on Biological Alcohol Research. Rungstedgaard, Denmark, April 7-9, 1988. PMID- 3194353 TI - Antibody binding to PNS myelin proteins in acute Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 3194354 TI - Subcellular localization in rat brain of angiotensin-related carboxypeptidase activity distinct from converting enzyme. AB - Whole brain synaptosomes contain both an isorenin activity and angiotensin related carboxypeptidase activity. Further hydrolysis of des-Leu angiotensin I (AI-dL) occurs more slowly; hydrolysis of angiotensin II (AII) is negligible. Vasopressin and oxytocin but not vasotocin can inhibit angiotensin-related carboxypeptidase activity. Since AII has been shown to induce vasopressin secretion, this correlation suggests a feedback inhibition by vasopressin of this enzymatic cascade. Commercially available radioimmunoassays for AI and AII show a 3.4 and 6.0% crossreactivity, respectively. When the absolute concentration of AI dL exceeded 500 ng/ml, both antibodies to AI and AII showed maximal displacement of radiolabel. This suggests that these antibodies may not distinguish between AI dL from other peptides during immunocytochemistry. PMID- 3194355 TI - [Treatment of severe postmenopausal osteoporosis]. AB - The paper is concerned with the results of therapy of a severe form of postmenopausal osteoporosis in 5 patients using the combination of estrogens, 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcitonin. The treatment with the above drugs was accompanied by marked improvement of the general status. It was characterized by an increase in daily calcium excretion with urine, normalization of the concentration of calcium, inorganic phosphorus and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. A conclusion was made that the combined use of estrogens and 1-alpha hydroxycholecalciferol produced a more marked clinical effect than each drug separately. PMID- 3194356 TI - [Function of the reproductive system in pre- and pubescent girls with diffuse toxic goiter and hypothyroidism]. AB - Altogether 70 girls of pubertal age were examined: 50 with diffuse toxic goiter and 20 with hypothyrosis. A clinical picture of "hypoestrogenism" and menstrual disturbance confirmed by the results of clinical and gynecological examination and ultrasonic investigation was noted in the patients. A significant rise of the level of gonadotropic hormones correlating with the severity of disease, and a rise of the level of testosterone-estradiol binding protein were revealed. The results of the investigation suggest that changes in the reproductive system resulting from thyroid dysfunction age determined by disturbance of different links of hormonal regulation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal system. PMID- 3194357 TI - [Characteristics of the course of tuberculosis of the adrenal cortex]. PMID- 3194358 TI - [Characteristics of thyrocyte multiplication in proliferating thyroid epithelium]. AB - Although the thyroid parenchyma is characterized by high proliferative ability, mitoses in it are seldom observed. Earlier it was considered that the main type of thyrocyte reproduction was amitotic division. However, biochemical investigations of late showed that the thyroid parenchyma during rapid growth in tissue culture intensively incorporated thymidine, this being an evidence of DNA replication indicating mitoses. To overcome this contradiction we staged experiments on adult male rats. First, their thyroids were slightly activated with thyrotropin at small doses, then in 6-8 h (when the number of amitosis-like thyrocyte nuclei increased markedly) the thyroids were excised and after proper histological treatment their sections were subjected to hydrolysis in IN HCI for the releasing of thymidine from DNA. Then thymidine was stained with Schiff reagent and its amount determined by cytophotometry. All the experimental animals displayed thymidine level redoubling, which demonstrated an authentic DNA replication despite the failure of mitoses. Thyrocyte nuclei suffered narrowing or constriction in their middle or were separated into two daughter nuclei. Thus in these cases DNA replication coincided not with mitoses but with endomitosis, as far as the nuclear membrane in thyrocyte nuclei was preserved and chromosome spiralization and formation of achromatic spindle failed. The physiological role of endomitoses in the proliferation of the thyroid parenchyma was that they ensured its more rapid growth than that resulting from karyokinesis. PMID- 3194360 TI - [Biological activity of C-ring-oxidized estrogens. The effect of 9 alpha-hydroxy 11 beta-nitroxy estrone and its acetate on the reproductive tract of male and female rats]. AB - A study of the effects of 9 alpha-hydroxy-11 beta-nitroxy analogs of estrone and its acetate has shown that the insertion of 9,11-hydroxynitrate grouping in the estrogen molecule increased considerably antigonadotropic activity, determined by the inhibiting testicular growth effect, and the duration of uterotropic action in administration per os as compared to similar indices in subcutaneous injections. Dissociation of antigonadotropic and uterotropic activity was also noted in injection of the analogs in the stomach as a result of an increasing antigonadotropic effect. Experiments were performed on immature male and female rats. PMID- 3194359 TI - [Involutional osteopathies: the clinical x-ray, biochemical and hormonal aspects of the diagnosis]. AB - A study of patients with involution osteopathy has shown that the development of this disease is associated with osseous tissue dystrophic changes (osteoporosis) and, to a lesser extent, with osteomalacia. Involution osteopathy is not accompanied by severe changes in indices of phosphoric-calcium metabolism; it is characterized by a tendency to an increase in the levels of total and ionized calcium and a decrease in the level of serum phosphorus. A lowered level of calcitonin with a tendency to a decrease in the level of the somatotropic hormone and the unchanged content of parathormone was revealed in involution osteopathy. The blood level of sex steroids (both estradiol and testosterone) in women was decreased, a degree of a rise of gonadotropins in them was lower than that in healthy postmenopausal women. In men with involution osteopathy the mean level of serum testosterone was within low normal limits, the LH content remained normal, and a FSH level was raised. The level of prolactin in patients of both sexes was unchanged. PMID- 3194361 TI - [Use of variants of the ligand metabolism method for determining the estrogen receptor content in subfractions of liver cells after the administration of various doses of estradiol]. AB - The regularities of the time course and intracellular distribution of estrogen receptors (ER) of the liver of ovariectomized female rats after a single injection of 1, 25 and 500 micrograms of E2 were investigated using new variants of a method of ligand exchange. The ER content in liver cells was 12275 +/- 1100 (n = 33) bonds per cell (by one order lower than in the uterus). A single injection of E2 at a dose of 1 micrograms caused no changes in the ER content in the liver cytosol and nuclear fractions whereas reciprocal redistribution of ER between the cytosol and nuclei was noted in the uterus. A single injection of 25 and 500 micrograms of E2 to ovariectomized female rats resulted in dose dependent ER redistribution between the cytosol and nuclear fractions, the development of "deficiency" of the total ER content in liver cells was also dose dependent. The main regularities of the time course and intracellular distribution of ER in the liver of ovariectomized female rats after a single injection of large doses of E2 were similar to those in common target organs for estrogens. PMID- 3194363 TI - Loss of variable antigen during transformation of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense from bloodstream to procyclic forms in the tsetse fly. AB - A pleomorphic line of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense expressing a single variable antigen was used to quantify the rate of loss of the surface coat from bloodstream forms transforming to procyclics in the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, and in in vitro culture. Loss of variable antigen occurred at similar rates in the crop and anterior portion of the midgut of tsetse flies and in in vitro culture, but in the posterior portion of the fly midgut it occurred 2-3 times faster. The posterior portion of the midgut is the most important site for transformation of bloodstream-form trypanosomes to procyclics, and the dynamics of at least one component of this process are therefore not accurately paralleled in vitro. PMID- 3194362 TI - Trypsin-stimulated transformation of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense bloodstream forms to procyclic forms in vitro. AB - The effect of trypsin treatment on the transformation of monomorphic Trypanosoma b. gambiense (Wellcome strain) bloodstream forms to procyclic forms was studied in HEPES-buffered RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 20% inactivated fetal calf serum in the presence of GA-1 cells as feeder layers at 27 degrees C. In this system, 35%-40% of the bloodstream forms transformed to procyclic forms within 24 h, and over 95% of the trypanosomes changed into procyclic forms by day 3 after initiation of the culture. Established cultures of procyclic forms yielded up to 1.5-2 x 10(7) trypanosomes/ml. However, transformation of nontreated and inhibited trypsin-treated bloodstream forms were prolonged compared to trypsin treated populations. In this experiment, the first procyclic forms could be detected on day 7 after initiation of the culture and transformation was complete within 15 days. The transformation of T. b. gambiense from bloodstream to procyclic forms required the living GA-1 cells as feeder layer cells, but established cultures of procyclic forms could be maintained in the culture medium without feeder cells for more than 300 days. PMID- 3194364 TI - The infection-stage-related IgG response to Toxoplasma gondii studied by immunoblotting. AB - The technique of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting was used to study the evolution of the IgG antibody response to Toxoplasma gondii antigens in sequential sera of acutely infected patients. The results show that the IgG immunoblot pattern can be a useful marker for the stage of T. gondii infection. A 35-kD antigen elicited the first IgG response soon after exposure. During the course of infection additional bands appeared consecutively, following a constant sequence, to evolve to a late-stage-specific pattern with about 13-15 major bands. This pattern, which was reached at least 4 months after infection, was also found in the immunoblots of 28 patients with a chronic (latent) T. gondii infection. PMID- 3194365 TI - Sporogenesis and spore structure in Kudoa lunata (Myxosporea, Multivalvulida). AB - The multivalvulid myxosporean Kudoa lunata Lom, Dykova and Lhotakova, 1983 forms large polysporic trophozoites within the myocytes of scaldfish, Arnoglossus imperialis and A. laterna. The spores arise by the division of generative cells that produce a number of sporogonic cells necessary to complete a sporoblast. The development of some of the sporogonic cells can take place in isolation from other sporoblast cells, as shown by aberrant cases of polar capsule formation. Pansporoblast formation does not exist in Kudoa, at variance with large polysporic trophozoites of other myxosporean genera. The genus Kudoa also includes species with small trophozoites producing just one or two spores without pansporoblasts, as in Sphaerospora. Perhaps this type of sporogenesis was preserved in the species of Kudoa that have large trophozoites. Kudoa spores have a unique type of sporoplasm, comprising an outer cell enveloping an inner one; these differ in their contents of ribosomes and glycogen granules. This type of sporoplasm is reminiscent of the basic unit of all types of myxosporean development, i.e., the primary (vegetative) cell enclosing an inner (generative) cell. The canals for filament discharge extend through the apical spore projections and are of a length unmatched in other myxosporea. PMID- 3194366 TI - Ultrastructure of the attachment of Cryptosporidium sporozoites to tissue culture cells. AB - The attachment of Cryptosporidium sporozoites to Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was examined using transmission electron microscopy. As the anterior end of the sporozoite came into close proximity to the MDCK cell, the host cell membrane evaginated around the sporozoite, forming a parasitophorous vacuole. A dense band formed below the host cell membrane at the site nearest to the conoid. Variably electron-dense material was apparently released from the conoid and a large membrane-bound vacuole was formed in the anterior end of the sporozoite, displacing the typical anterior electron-dense organelles (rhoptries and micronemes). The outer membrane of the sporozoite pellicle then fused with the host cell membrane immediately adjacent to the conoid. The membrane surrounding the anterior vacuole was also fused with the common host-parasite membrane, forming Y-shaped membrane junctions where each limb was a unit membrane. A direct link was thereby established between the anterior vacuole of the sporozoite and the host cell cytoplasm. The anterior vacuole membrane separating the sporozoite and the host cell cytoplasm was the precursor of the feeder organelle. PMID- 3194367 TI - Evidence of in vitro germinal layer development in Echinococcus granulosus cysts. AB - In vitro protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus grew in a vesicular direction. After 9 days the laminated layer was observed; it reached thicknesses up to 140 micron. By day 125 of culture, the cysts had reached sizes of up to 4.875 micron and a high percentage of cysts had been obtained (10.4%). The ultrastructure of these cysts was studied and the existence of a germinal layer was demonstrated. PMID- 3194369 TI - The influence of cryopreservation on a benzimidazole-resistant isolate of Haemonchus contortus conditioned for inhibited development. AB - Larvae of a fenbendazole (FBZ)-selected, benzimidazole-resistant strain of Haemonchus contortus were conditioned for inhibited development during 7 weeks at 15 degrees C. Sheep raised nearly worm-free were infected with nonfrozen larvae (L3). Larvae from the same batch were exsheathed and cryopreserved over liquid nitrogen for 1 year, and another group of sheep was infected with the same dose of these L3 larvae after thawing. Egg hatch assays for all sheep were done between 21 and 30 days post infection (p.i.). Fenbendazole susceptibility was tested by treating 50% of each group of sheep on day 30 p.i. Worm counts of all sheep were done on day 38 p.i. The exsheathment time of the designated frozen L3 larvae at 15 degrees C exceeded the usual time span at room temperature. Of the frozen L3 larvae, 60% was motile after thawing. The mean LC50 values (micrograms tiabendazole/ml) and the mean percentage of efficacy after FBZ treatment against total worm burden, adults and early L4 larvae of nonfrozen and frozen H. contortus were not significantly different. The mean percentages of take (infectivity) for nonfrozen and frozen doses were 35.3% and 5.9%, respectively (P less than 0.001). In nontreated sheep, the mean percentages of inhibition for nonfrozen and frozen doses were 91.9%, and 54.2%, respectively (P less than 0.01). The exsheathment time seems to be temperature-dependent. The induction of inhibited development of L3 larvae during 7 weeks was as effective as during 5 weeks at 15 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194368 TI - The effect of lentinan on the resistance of mice to Mesocestoides corti. AB - CBA/H mice were given the immunomodulator lentinan in multiple, ascending doses before (prophylactic) or after (therapeutic) inoculation with tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti or as a single prophylactic dose. The latter was without effect, but increasing multiple prophylactic and therapeutic doses of lentinan resulted in a marked reduction in the numbers of parasites in the peritoneal cavity, particularly in those mice that received lentinan therapeutically. In mice that received multiple doses of lentinan, liver granulomas were larger than in controls and there was more collagen deposition and fibrosis. Encapsulated parasites were dead or dying, and such damage appeared to be mediated by increased numbers of macrophages and giant cells. PMID- 3194370 TI - The effect of the intestinal worms and migrating L1 larvae of Trichinella spiralis on the production of antiparasitic IgE antibodies. AB - The effect of the adult worms and migrating L1 larvae of Trichinella spiralis on the production of specific IgE antibodies was determined in BCF1 mice. To achieve this, we combined the effect of two anthelminthics: thiabendazole, to produce chemosterilization of adult females, and napthalophos, to expel adult worms from the intestine of infected mice on the desired day. Our results demonstrate that when the natural route of infection is used the production of IgE antibodies is not dependent on the infection dose or the number of migrating L1 larvae, and that both intestinal worms and migrating L1 larvae contribute to the production of reaginic antibodies. In addition to this, an extended period of antigenic stimulation (10-12 days) is required for the induction of a detectable, specific IgE response by adult worms. Finally, our results seem to indicate that although the effects of adult worms and migratory L1 larvae on the IgE production are not additive, the presence of adult worms in the intestine of mice may stimulate a secondary exposure to common antigens released by the migrating L1 larvae. PMID- 3194372 TI - Leishmania tarentolae Wenyon, 1921 from the gecko Tarentola annularis in the Sudan. PMID- 3194373 TI - The measurement of hemodynamic parameters on the LVAP in vitro. PMID- 3194371 TI - The ultrastructure of Leishmania major in the foregut and proboscis of Phlebotomus papatasi. PMID- 3194374 TI - A retrospective study on traumatic spinal cord injury in Beijing (1982-1986). PMID- 3194375 TI - Effects of anisodamine on plasma levels of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) in rat with septic shock. PMID- 3194376 TI - HLA antigen profile in Han Chinese populations in South China. PMID- 3194377 TI - Juvenile pemphigus foliaceus, exfoliative type--a case report. PMID- 3194378 TI - Retroconversion of malignancy of ovarian immature teratoma. PMID- 3194379 TI - Comparison of chromosomal aberrations in epithelium adjacent to esophageal cancer (EC) and in esophageal cancer cell line EC8501. PMID- 3194380 TI - In vitro culture systems for studying human esophageal carcinogenesis. I. Establishment of in vitro culture system. PMID- 3194381 TI - Accumulation of homocysteine in rats fed diets deficient in folic acid. PMID- 3194382 TI - Causes and types of mandibular fractures in northern Finland in 1980-1986. PMID- 3194383 TI - Malocclusion and its association with clinical signs of craniomandibular disorder in 5-, 10- and 15-year old children in Finland. PMID- 3194384 TI - The effect of pulsed ultrasound on myofacial pain. A placebo controlled study. PMID- 3194385 TI - Caries prevalence related to the control of diabetes. PMID- 3194386 TI - Salivary composition and dental erosions in lacto-ovo-vegetarians. PMID- 3194387 TI - Milk lipid globules: control of their size distribution. AB - Micro lipid droplets fuse with each other in vivo to form larger precursors of milk lipid globules. The extent of fusion dictates the size range of lipid globules in milk. A cell-free system in which micro lipid droplet fusion can be induced has been developed. Fusion was promoted by calcium and a protein complex from cytosol. Exogenously supplied gangliosides were potent fusion-promoting agents. Endogenous gangliosides were detected on micro lipid droplet surfaces by immunocytochemical localization. Monoclonal antibody to disialyllactosylceramide (GD3) inhibited micro lipid droplet fusion. These observations are suggestive of a role for gangliosides in micro lipid droplet fusion in situ. PMID- 3194388 TI - Energy metabolism of the untrained muscle of elite runners as observed by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy: evidence suggesting a genetic endowment for endurance exercise. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate whether genetically determined properties of muscle metabolism contribute to the exceptional physical endurance of world-class distance runners. ATP, phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, and pH were quantitatively determined by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the wrist flexor muscles of elite long-distance runners and sedentary control subjects. These muscles had not been exposed to any specific program of exercise training in either group of subjects. The "untrained" muscles were examined at rest, during two cycles of three grades of exercise, and in recovery. The flexor muscles of the athletes had higher concentrations of phosphocreatine and ATP than did those of the control subjects at rest and during exercise. The athletes' muscles possessed a higher capacity for generation of ATP by oxidative metabolism than did control subjects' muscles according to the following criteria: (i) high force output, 60% of maximum voluntary contraction, was more easily reached and better maintained in both exercise cycles; (ii) the ratio of inorganic phosphate to phosphocreatine rose less during exercise and recovered faster in the postexercise period; (iii) there was no loss of adenine nucleotides or total phosphate from the athletes' muscles but significant losses from the control subjects' muscles; and (iv) the pH decreased no more than 0.1 unit in the athletes' muscles during exercise, attesting to a relatively slow glycolysis and/or a rapid oxidation of lactate. In the muscles of the control subjects, on the other hand, the pH decreased nearly 0.4 unit early in the first exercise cycle, indicating a relatively fast glycolysis and/or slower oxidation of lactate. In the second exercise cycle, the pH returned to near normal in the control subjects' muscles, reflecting diminished lactate formation because of glycogen depletion and lactate washout by the high blood flow induced by exercise. By the end of the exercise program, the maximum voluntary contractile force for the control subjects had declined to less than 60% of the initial value. This decline could be explained best by exhaustion of the glycolytic contribution to muscle contraction. Therefore, the residual maximum strength provided a measure of the oxidative capacity to support contraction, as is discussed. In conclusion, we suggest that a greater oxidative capacity relative to glycolytic capacity for support of contraction in untrained muscle of world class runners reflects a genetic endowment for physical endurance. Additional systemic effects of training cannot be completely excluded. 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides a noninvasive method for assessing this endowment. PMID- 3194389 TI - Determination of DNA structures by NMR and distance geometry techniques: a computer simulation. AB - Computer simulations have been performed to determine how accurately and precisely structures of DNA oligomers can be generated from distance data obtained from two-dimensional NMR experiments. A hexamer fragment d(CGAATT) of the Dickerson dodecamer [Drew, H.R., Wing, R.M., Takano, T., Broka, C., Tanaha, S., Itakura, K. & Dickerson, R.E. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2179 2183] was used as the model structure in these simulations. Protons were added to the coordinates of the original x-ray structure, which was then subjected to a regularization procedure to minimize deviations from standard bond lengths and bond angles. The proton-proton distances normally observed in NMR experiments were measured from this regularized target structure and used as input for a distance geometry algorithm. Distance geometry structures were generated from two distance sets, one with essentially exact distances (+/- 0.005 A) and one set with a precision (+/- 0.2 A) that simulates an optimal NMR experiment. The results of these calculations were used to judge how accurately and precisely the following helical parameters could be reproduced from this simulated NMR distance data: helical twist, helical rise, dislocation, roll, tilt, glycosidic angle, delta torsion angle, and pseudorotation angle. These data provide a basis from which to judge the quality of DNA structures produced from real NMR experiments. PMID- 3194390 TI - Detection of nucleic acid hybridization by nonradiative fluorescence resonance energy transfer. AB - Three approaches were used to study hybridization of complementary oligodeoxynucleotides by nonradiative fluorescence resonance energy transfer. (i) Fluorescein (donor) and rhodamine (acceptor) were covalently attached to the 5' ends of complementary oligodeoxynucleotides of various lengths. Upon hybridization of the complementary oligodeoxynucleotides, energy transfer was detected by both a decrease in fluorescein emission intensity and an enhancement in rhodamine emission intensity. In all cases, fluorescein emission intensity was quenched by about 26% in the presence of unlabeled complement. Transfer efficiency at 5 degrees C decreased from 0.50 to 0.22 to 0.04 as the distance between donor and acceptor fluorophores in the hybrid increased from 8 to 12 to 16 nucleotides. Modeling of these hybrids as double helices showed that transfer efficiency decreased as the reciprocal of the sixth power of the donor-acceptor separation R, as predicted by theory with a corresponding R0 of 49 A. (ii) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to study hybridization of two fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotides to a longer, unlabeled oligodeoxynucleotide. Two 12-mers were prepared that were complementary to two adjacent sequences separated by four bases on a 29-mer. The adjacent 5' and 3' ends of the two 12 mers labeled with fluorescein and rhodamine exhibited a transfer efficiency of approximately 0.60 at 5 degrees C when they both hybridized to the unlabeled 29 mer. (iii) An intercalating dye, acridine orange, was used as the donor fluorophore to a single rhodamine covalently attached to the 5' end of one oligodeoxynucleotide in a 12-base-pair hybrid. Under these conditions, the transfer efficiency was approximately 0.47 at 5 degrees C. These results establish that fluorescence modulation and nonradiative fluorescence resonance energy transfer can detect nucleic acid hybridization in solution. These techniques, with further development, may also prove useful for detecting and quantifying nucleic acid hybridization in living cells. PMID- 3194391 TI - DNA damage-inducible transcripts in mammalian cells. AB - Hybridization subtraction at low ratios of RNA to cDNA was used to enrich for the cDNA of transcripts increased in Chinese hamster cells after UV irradiation. Forty-nine different cDNA clones were isolated. Most coded for nonabundant transcripts rapidly induced 2- to 10-fold after UV irradiation. Only 2 of the 20 cDNA clones sequenced matched known sequences (metallothionein I and II). The predicted amino acid sequence of one cDNA had two localized areas of homology with the rat helix-destabilizing protein. These areas of homology were at the two DNA-binding sites of this nucleic acid single-strand-binding protein. The induced transcripts were separated into two general classes. Class I transcripts were induced by UV radiation and not by the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate. Class II transcripts were induced by UV radiation and by methyl methanesulfonate. Many class II transcripts were induced also by H2O2 and various alkylating agents but not by heat shock, phorbol 12-tetradecanoate 13-acetate, or DNA-damaging agents which do not produce high levels of base damage. Since many of the cDNA clones coded for transcripts which were induced rapidly and only by certain types of DNA-damaging agents, their induction is likely a specific response to such damage rather than a general response to cell injury. PMID- 3194392 TI - Metal-specific synthesis of two metallothioneins and gamma-glutamyl peptides in Candida glabrata. AB - Cellular resistance to heavy metal cytotoxicity in most species is mediated by the binding of metal ions either to a cysteine-rich polypeptide in the metallothionein family or to short cysteine-containing gamma-glutamyl peptides. One of these metal binding systems has been found in most organisms studied. However, the yeast Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata expresses both metallothionein and the gamma-glutamyl peptides for metal detoxification, and each system is regulated in a metal-specific manner. Exposure of C. glabrata to copper salts stimulates formation of two metallothionein-like polypeptides with a cysteine content of 30 mol% and the repeated sequence Cys-Xaa-Cys. The cells synthesize gamma-glutamyl peptides upon exposure to cadmium salts. Penta- and tetrapeptides that form a cadmium-thiolate cluster in a peptide oligomer containing labile sulfur are synthesized. PMID- 3194393 TI - Complete amino acid sequence of human placental protein 14: a progesterone regulated uterine protein homologous to beta-lactoglobulins. AB - Placental protein 14 (PP14), also known as progestagen-dependent endometrial protein and pregnancy-associated endometrial alpha 2-globulin, is synthesized by the human secretory endometrium and decidua. We have isolated from a human decidual cDNA library clones corresponding to PP14 and deduced its entire amino acid sequence. PP14 contains 180 amino acids, 18 of which correspond to a putative signal peptide. The predicted molecular weight of the pre-PP14 is 20,555 and that of the mature protein is 18,787. PP14 is encoded by a 1-kilobase-pair mRNA that is expressed in human secretory endometrium and decidua but not in postmenopausal endometrium, placenta, liver, kidney, and adrenals. The 162 residue-long sequence of PP14 is highly homologous to beta-lactoglobulins, with a 53.4% identity with the amino acid sequence of horse beta-lactoglobulin I. The four cysteinyl residues (positions 66, 106, 119, and 160) responsible for intramolecular disulfide bridges in beta-lactoglobulins are all conserved in PP14. Southern blot analysis of human DNA suggested that PP14 gene sequences encompass some 20 kilobase pairs of the human genomic DNA. PMID- 3194394 TI - A human 200-kDa protein binds selectively to DNA fragments containing G.T mismatches. AB - G.T mispairs, the sole mismatch type that can arise in "resting" mammalian DNA (through spontaneous hydrolytic deamination of 5-methylcytosine), are corrected in vivo with high efficiency and mostly to a G.C. We identified a protein factor, present in HeLa cell extracts, that binds selectively to DNA substrates containing this mismatch. The partially purified protein was shown by gel filtration chromatography and UV cross-linking experiments to have an apparent molecular mass of 200 kDa. Its binding to G.T mispairs was not influenced by sequences flanking the mismatch, but methylation of guanines either within the mismatch itself or in its immediate vicinity abolished the formation of the protein-DNA complex. The protein appears to lack both endo- and exonuclease activities and requires neither magnesium nor zinc nor ATP for binding. We discuss the possible role of this protein in a repair pathway, which helps mammalian cells counter the mutagenic effect of the hydrolytic deamination of 5 methylcytosine. PMID- 3194395 TI - Reexamination of the kinetics of the transfer of NADH between its complexes with glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and with lactate dehydrogenase. AB - Srivastava and Bernhard [Srivastava, D. K. & Bernhard, S. A. (1986) Science 234, 1081-1086] have proposed that glycolytic enzymes form multienzyme complexes for the direct transfer of metabolites from the producing enzyme to the utilizing one. We have reinvestigated the evidence for direct transfer of NADH between its complexes with alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH; EC 1.1.1.8) and L lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; EC 1.1.1.27). The results reveal the following. (i) Proper treatment of the kinetics of and equilibrium data for the transfer of NADH between GPDH and LDH indicates that NADH transfer proceeds by a free-diffusion mechanism and not by direct transfer through a ternary complex. (ii) The koff for NADH from its GPDH complex is 60 sec-1 rather than 9.4 sec-1 in Tris.HCl buffer (pH 7.4) at 25 degrees C. With this value one can explain kcat = 50 sec-1 for LDH catalyzed hydrogenation of pyruvate with GPDH-bound NADH as coenzyme. (iii) Steady-state kinetics show that LDH inhibits the GPDH-catalyzed reaction simply by reducing the concentration of free NADH. Similarly, aldolase inhibits the GPDH catalyzed reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol-3-phosphate by binding to the substrate. The proposed direct transfer of NADH between GPDH and LDH is therefore mainly based on a misinterpretation of the experimental data. PMID- 3194396 TI - Pituitary-specific expression and glucocorticoid regulation of a proopiomelanocortin fusion gene in transgenic mice. AB - The product of a single gene encoding proopiomelanocortin (POMC) is differentially processed to produce corticotropin and alpha-melanotropin in anterior and intermediate pituitary cells, respectively. Hormonal control of POMC gene transcription and of corticotropin or alpha-melanotropin release is also tissue-specific; for example, glucocorticoids specifically inhibit anterior but not intermediate pituitary POMC transcription. Outside the pituitary gland, very low levels of POMC mRNAs are present in brain, testes, ovaries, and placenta. We have used transgenic mice to identify POMC 5' flanking sequences that are sufficient for tissue-specific expression and glucocorticoid regulation in anterior and intermediate pituitary cells. Three lines of transgenic mice were established, each carrying 50-75 copies (per cell) of a chimeric rPOMCneo gene constituted of rat POMC promoter sequences and of bacterial neomycin-resistance coding sequence. High levels of rPOMCneo transcripts were detected in pituitaries of mice from all three lineages. In situ hybridization revealed that the ratio of intermediate to anterior pituitary transcripts was similar for the transgene and endogenous POMC mRNA. rPOMCneo transcripts were not detected in any other tissue except at very low levels in the testes in two transgenic lines. Endogenous mouse POMC mRNA increased in response to depletion of plasma glucocorticoids (adrenalectomy) and decreased after glucocorticoid treatment; rPOMCneo transcripts were altered to the same extent by these treatments in all three lines. Intermediate pituitary and testicular rPOMCneo transgene expression was not altered by these treatments. Thus, no more than 769 base pairs of the rat POMC promoter are required for pituitary-specific expression and for specific glucocorticoid inhibition of the POMC gene in the anterior pituitary. PMID- 3194397 TI - Down-regulation of c-myb gene expression is a prerequisite for erythropoietin induced erythroid differentiation. AB - The role of nuclear protooncogenes during erythroid cell differentiation was examined by transfecting exogenous c-fos and c-myb genes into mouse erythroleukemia cells, which can be induced to differentiate either with erythropoietin (Epo) or dimethyl sulfoxide. Expression of exogenous c-myb or c fos oncogene completely inhibited Epo-induced erythroid differentiation but only partially inhibited dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiation. Normally Epo induced differentiation leads to a drastic decline of c-myb mRNA levels and an increase of c-myc transcripts in the early stage of differentiation. Cells expressing exogenous c-fos gene, however, maintained high levels of c-myb mRNA after Epo treatment. This high level of c-myb transcripts was found to be due to block of transcription shutoff (or transcriptional activation) rather than to mRNA stabilization. It is concluded that the down-regulation of endogenous c-myb gene expression is a prerequisite for commitment of Epo-induced erythroid differentiation and that expression of c-myb gene may be indirectly regulated by c-fos gene product. We also concluded that early down-regulation of c-myc gene expression is not essential for erythroid differentiation and that gene regulation of chemically induced erythroid differentiation may differ from that of Epo-induced differentiation. PMID- 3194398 TI - Different structures in the amino-terminal domain of the ornithine transcarbamylase leader peptide are involved in mitochondrial import and carboxyl terminal cleavage. AB - The cytoplasmic precursor of mitochondrial ornithine transcarbamylase (carbamoyl phosphate:L-ornithine carbamoyltransferase, EC 2.1.3.2) contains an amino terminal leader peptide of 32 amino acids. Secondary structure and helical-wheel analyses predict that the extreme amino-terminal domain (residues 1-15) forms an alpha-helix. To test this thesis, leucine residues at positions 2, 5, 8, and 9 were systematically replaced by either helix-breaking glycine residues or by helix-preserving alanine residues. Triple substitutions of glycine for leucine in positions 2, 5, and 9 or 5, 8, and 9 abolished the uptake of the rat precursor by intact mitochondria, whereas similar alanine substitutions had much less effect. Theoretical computations predicted that the decreased helical stability of the Gly-5,8,9 substitution could be significantly increased by replacing a serine in position with phenylalanine. The introduction of Phe-3, indeed, restored the mitochondrial uptake of the mutant precursor. These results lend strong support to the hypothesis that an alpha-helix is present at the leader's amino terminus during the import of the precursor by mitochondria. Although the precursors with the triply-substituted leaders were impaired with respect to import, they were still cleaved readily by a protease found in a mitochondrial matrix fraction. Substitution of glycine or alanine for all four leucine residues, however, rendered the leader uncleavable at the carboxyl-terminal cleavage site. These results suggest that the structure of the amino-terminal domain is important for recognition of the carboxyl-terminal cleavage sites by the matrix proteases. PMID- 3194400 TI - Cocrystal structure of an editing complex of Klenow fragment with DNA. AB - High-resolution crystal structures of editing complexes of both duplex and single stranded DNA bound to Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I large fragment (Klenow fragment) show four nucleotides of single-stranded DNA bound to the 3'-5' exonuclease active site and extending toward the polymerase active site. Melting of the duplex DNA by the protein is stabilized by hydrophobic interactions between Phe-473, Leu-361, and His-666 and the last three bases at the 3' terminus. Two divalent metal ions interacting with the phosphodiester to be hydrolyzed are proposed to catalyze the exonuclease reaction by a mechanism that may be related to mechanisms of other enzymes that catalyze phospho-group transfer including RNA enzymes. We suggest that the editing active site competes with the polymerase active site some 30 A away for the newly formed 3' terminus. Since a 3' terminal mismatched base pair favors the melting of duplex DNA, its binding and excision at the editing exonuclease site that binds single-stranded DNA is enhanced. PMID- 3194399 TI - cDNA encoding the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C of Trypanosoma brucei. AB - VSG lipase of Trypanosoma brucei specifically cleaves the glycosyl phosphatidylinositol membrane anchor of the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), releasing this protein from the plasma membrane. It also cleaves similar membrane anchors on some mammalian proteins. VSG lipase may play a role in processes such as parasite differentiation or antigenic variation. We describe here the cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding VSG lipase from T. brucei. PMID- 3194401 TI - Multiple genes encode nuclear factor 1-like proteins that bind to the promoter for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. AB - DNA-binding proteins of the nuclear factor 1 (NF1) family recognize sequences containing TGG. Two of these proteins, termed reductase promoter factor (RPF) proteins A and B, bind to the promoter for hamster 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, a negatively regulated enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. In the current study, we determined the sequences of peptides derived from hamster RPF proteins A and B and used this information to isolate a cDNA, designated pNF1/Red1, that encodes RPF protein B. The peptide sequence of RPF protein A, the other reductase-related protein, suggests that it is the hamster equivalent of NF1/L, which was previously cloned from rat liver. We also isolated a hamster cDNA for an additional member of the NF1 family, designated NF1/X. Thus, the hamster genome contains at least three genes for NF1-like proteins. It is likely to contain a fourth gene, corresponding to NF1/CTF, which was previously cloned from the human. The NH2-terminal sequences of all four NF1-like proteins (NF1/Red1, NF1/L, NF1/X, and NF1/CTF), which are virtually identical, contain the DNA-binding domain that recognizes TGG. Functional diversity may arise from differences in the COOH-terminal sequences. We hypothesize that the COOH-terminal domain interacts with adjacent DNA-binding proteins, thereby stabilizing the binding of a particular NF1-like protein to a particular promoter. This protein-protein interaction confers specificity to a class of proteins whose DNA-recognition sequence is widespread in the genome. Sterols may repress transcription of the reductase gene by disrupting this protein-protein interaction. PMID- 3194402 TI - Structure and nucleotide sequence of the rat intestinal vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein gene. AB - The vitamin D-dependent intestinal calcium binding protein (ICaBP, 9 kDa) is under transcriptional regulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3], the hormonal active form of the vitamin. To study the mechanism of gene regulation by 1,25-(OH)2D3, we isolated the rat ICaBP gene by using a cDNA probe. Its nucleotide sequence revealed 3 exons separated by 2 introns within approximately 3 kilobases. The first exon represents only noncoding sequences, while the second and third encode the two calcium binding domains of the protein. The gene contains a 15-base-pair imperfect palindrome in the first intron that shows high homology to the estrogen-responsive element. This sequence may represent the vitamin D-responsive element involved in the regulation of the ICaBP gene. The second intron shows an 84-base-pair-long simple nucleotide repeat that implicates Z-DNA formation. Genomic Southern analysis shows that the rat gene is represented as a single copy. PMID- 3194403 TI - Relationship between transient DNA hypomethylation and erythroid differentiation of murine erythroleukemia cells. AB - The state of DNA methylation in mouse erythroleukemia (MEL) cells has been analyzed in relation to commitment to differentiation in response to treatment with hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA). Previous experiments have shown that induction by HMBA involves transient genome-wide hypomethylation of DNA that is achieved by replacement of 5-methylcytosine with cytosine residues. The experiments described in the present communication revealed that hypomethylation is a very early event in the process of differentiation. Exposure of the cells to 3-deazaadenosine, an adenosine analog, in combination with homocysteine, resulted in the intracellular accumulation of 3-deazaadenosylhomocysteine, which caused an inhibition of HMBA-induced hypomethylation that was correlated with a comparable inhibition of differentiation. While these experiments suggest that hypomethylation is a necessary step in the process of differentiation, other experiments reported here indicate that hypomethylation of DNA may be necessary but not sufficient to trigger the whole program of differentiation in MEL cells. We found, for example that exposure of the cells to cycloheximide during the first 24 hr of induction by HMBA resulted in complete inhibition of differentiation without significant effect on the HMBA-induced hypomethylation. This result also indicates that the enzymatic machinery required for the hypomethylation of DNA is present in uninduced cells. PMID- 3194404 TI - Ca2+ transient, Mg2+, and pH measurements in the cardiac cycle by 19F NMR. AB - 19F NMR indicators have been used to measure the free cytosolic cation concentrations ([Mn+]i, where M is the atomic symbol and n is the value of the charge) of Ca2+, H+, and Mg2+ in perfused ferret hearts. The [Ca2+]i transient, cytosolic pH (pHi), and [Mg2+]i have also been followed at 16 phases in the cardiac cycle in hearts paced at 1.25 Hz at 30 degrees C. The initial [Ca2+]i rose rapidly after a 50-ms delay, was maximal at greater than 1.5 microM after 150 ms, and declined thereafter to the initial concentration. In contrast, no significant changes in pHi (pH 7.03 +/- 0.08) or [Mg2+]i (1.2 +/- 0.1 mM) were detected in the cycle. A decrease in developed pressure when the [Ca2+]i indicator (but not the pHi or [Mg2+]i indicator) was loaded into hearts was substantially reversed by the addition of 50 microM ZnCl2 to the perfusion medium. The Zn2+ was taken up into the myoplasm and displaced Ca2+ bound to the indicator, a symmetrically substituted difluoro derivative of 1,2-bis(o aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (5FBAPTA), as evidenced by the appearance of the Zn-5FBAPTA resonance. The decrease in developed pressure caused by 5FBAPTA, therefore, may be due to its Ca2+ buffering effect on the myoplasm. By coloading hearts with the [Ca2+]i and pHi indicators, simultaneous measurement of several [Mn+]i was demonstrated, which should provide a useful addition to the methods available to monitor cardiac function and pharmacology. PMID- 3194406 TI - Decreased de novo synthesis of proteoglycans in drug-induced renal cystic disease. AB - Cellular and extracellular (tubular basement membrane, TBM) alterations in the proteoglycans (PGs) of the rat renal tubules in diphenylthiazole-induced cystic disease were investigated. The PGs of normal and cystic kidneys were labeled with [35S]sulfate in an organ-perfusion system. Extracted cellular and TBM PGs were characterized by Sepharose CL-6B chromatography before or after treatment with heparitinase (degrades heparan sulfate) or chondroitinase ABC (degrades chondroitin sulfate). Total radioactivities in cellular, TBM, and medium fractions of cystic kidneys were reduced by factors of 9, 7, and 3, respectively. The PGs obtained from cystic and normal kidneys had similar profiles, namely, two peaks of radioactivity with Kav values of 0.26 (Mr = 130,000-150,000) and 0.40 (Mr = 50,000-55,000). The peaks had variable proportions of radioactivity for cellular and TBM fractions. Besides heparan sulfate, an additional 15-20% of chondroitin sulfate was synthesized in all three fractions obtained from cystic kidneys. The PGs synthesized by cystic kidneys had lower charge-density characteristics as compared to controls by DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. The medium fractions contained mostly glycosaminoglycan chains (Kav = 0.47, Mr = 24,000-26,000) of heparan sulfate. Autoradiograms of tissue samples revealed approximately 50% and approximately 60% decreases of grain densities over the cellular and TBM compartments, respectively. This decrease in de novo PG synthesis may have some relationship in the pathogenesis of polycystic kidney disease. PMID- 3194405 TI - Evidence for expression of the facilitated glucose transporter in rat hepatocytes. AB - The eukaryotic facilitated glucose transporter (GT) is expressed by many cell types, with the notable exception of hepatocytes; however, GT is expressed by several hepatoma cell lines, including the well-differentiated lines Fao, Hep3B, and HepG2. We report on studies carried out to determine the aspect(s) of the transformed phenotype that might be responsible for activating GT expression. Using RNA blot analysis with probes derived from rat GT cDNA, we found that GT was expressed by rat hepatocytes under two conditions (i) in vitro, when isolated hepatocytes were placed in cell culture, and (ii) in vivo, when rats were subjected to starvation for greater than or equal to 2 days. However, GT expression was not an obligatory feature of hepatomas, since two primary hepatocellular carcinomas did not express any GT mRNA. GT expression in hepatocytes was reduced by addition of dimethyl sulfoxide or sodium butyrate to the culture medium. Since these reagents are known to promote differentiation in some cell culture systems, their effect on hepatocytes may be to maintain the GT repression normally observed in vivo. Inclusion or exclusion in the culture medium of several other agents that enhance hepatocyte viability (serum, insulin, corticosteroids, epidermal growth factor, or triiodothyronine) did not affect GT expression. It is unclear whether the two conditions that led to GT expression in hepatocytes are related by a common signaling mechanism. Possibly, both cases involve a "stress" response: in vivo, a normal physiological response to starvation; in vitro, a response to a major alteration in the cellular environment. PMID- 3194407 TI - Selective and indirect modulation of human multipotential and erythroid hematopoietic progenitor cell proliferation by recombinant human activin and inhibin. AB - Activin and inhibin are biomolecules that, respectively, enhance and suppress the release of follicle-stimulating hormone from pituitary cells in vitro. Purified recombinant human (rhu) activin A and inhibin A were assessed for their effects on colony formation in vitro by human multipotential (CFU-GEMM), erythroid (BFU E), and granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) progenitor cells. It was found that (i) rhu-activin A enhances colony formation by normal bone marrow erythroid and multipotential progenitor cells; (ii) purified rhu-inhibin A decreases activin, but not rhu-interleukin 3, rhu-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or rhu-interleukin 4, enhancement of erythropoietin-stimulated colony formation by erythroid and multipotential progenitor cells; (iii) modulatory actions of rhu activin and rhu-inhibin are mediated through monocytes and T lymphocytes within the marrow; (iv) actions are apparent in the absence or presence of serum; and (v) rhu-activin and rhu-inhibin have no effect on colony formation by granulocyte macrophage progenitor cells. This defines an indirect mode of action and a specificity for activin and inhibin on multipotential and erythroid progenitor cells. PMID- 3194408 TI - Multiple protein 4.1 isoforms produced by alternative splicing in human erythroid cells. AB - Protein 4.1 is a multifunctional structural protein located in the erythrocyte membrane skeleton and in many nonerythroid cells. Molecular characterization of cloned protein 4.1 sequences from human reticulocytes has revealed the existence of multiple transcripts of the protein 4.1 gene that may encode a family of closely related protein isoforms. Several independently isolated cDNAs were sequenced and demonstrated to encode four different protein 4.1 species having identical primary sequences, except for the presence or absence of discrete peptides in the 8-kDa spectrin/actin binding domain (21 amino acids) and near the carboxyl terminus (43 and 34 amino acids). The same four protein 4.1 isoforms were detected when reticulocyte protein 4.1 mRNA sequences were reverse transcribed into cDNA and enzymatically amplified in vitro by using protein 4.1 specific oligonucleotide primers and the polymerase chain reaction. The finding of multiple protein 4.1 isoforms raises the possibility that the many binding functions ascribed to protein 4.1 may reside in distinct structural isoforms. Since only a single protein 4.1 gene appears to be expressed in erythrocytes, it is likely that these isoforms are produced by alternative mRNA splicing from a common protein 4.1 pre-mRNA. Multiple RNA splicing pathways are thus operative in the protein 4.1 gene even within a single cell lineage, human erythroid cells. PMID- 3194409 TI - Conditional enhancement of liver-specific gene transcription. AB - We sought to develop a cell line in which liver-specific transcription could be induced at will, to facilitate the study of factors that cause hepatocyte specific transcription of the serum albumin gene in mice. We therefore created the H2.35 cell line from mouse hepatocytes infected with a temperature-sensitive strain of simian virus 40. During routine propagation at the permissive temperature, H2.35 cells exhibit extremely low levels of albumin transcription and mRNA. Albumin mRNA increases at least 100-fold when H2.35 cells are cultured at the restrictive temperature and in serum-free medium on a collagen substratum; the two latter conditions maintain the differentiated state of primary hepatocyte cultures. Although a major cause of the mRNA increase is posttranscriptional, the transcription rates of albumin and other liver-specific genes increase significantly. Transient-transfection experiments demonstrated that an induction of transcription is caused by activation of an albumin upstream sequence that was previously shown to enhance liver-specific transcription in transgenic mice. Thus, hepatocyte differentiation appears to be maintained in part by extracellular signals that stimulate the activity of a tissue-specific enhancer element. PMID- 3194410 TI - Isolation and sequence determination of a cDNA clone for rat peroxisomal urate oxidase: liver-specific expression in the rat. AB - Urate oxidase (UOxase; urate:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.7.3.3), which catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to allantoin, is present in most mammals but is absent in humans and certain primates. A cDNA clone for UOxase containing an insert of 1.3 kilobases (kb) was isolated from a lambda gt11 cDNA library prepared from rat liver mRNA. This recombinant clone with a 1283-nucleotide insert has sequence for 97% of the coding region together with 401 nucleotides of the 3'-untranslated region of the mRNA. The identity of UOxase cDNA clone was verified by analyzing the fusion protein, immunocytochemical localization with epitope-selected antibody, and hybrid-select translation analysis and by comparing sequences of four CNBr-cleaved peptides of the protein. Blot analysis revealed that the probe hybridizes to a single 1.5-kb mRNA species in the rat liver and a transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma. No UOxase mRNA was detected in 11 nonhepatic tissues of rat, suggesting tissue specificity of expression of this UOxase gene. Blot analysis of RNA from livers of rats treated with a peroxisome proliferator showed 2- to 3-fold increase in UOxase mRNA content, whereas the fatty acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA increased over 30-fold. Southern blot analysis of restriction enzyme digests of rat DNA suggests that there is a single copy of UOxase gene. Analysis of human genomic DNA revealed restriction fragments that are homologous to rat UOxase cDNA, although no UOxase mRNA was detected in human liver. PMID- 3194411 TI - Defining cellular senescence in IMR-90 cells: a flow cytometric analysis. AB - Using multiparameter flow cytometric analysis, we find that senescent cells accumulate in a unique cell-cycle compartment characterized in cell-cycle arrest in G1 and a significantly reduced nucleocytoplasmic ratio (genome size/cell mass) relative to cycling cells. With respect to gross cellular phenotype, the quiescent state of senescent cells differs from quiescence induced by density inhibition; the former is associated with a reduction in the nucleocytoplasmic ratio, while the latter is associated with an increase in the nucleocytoplasmic ratio. Senescent cells were present at all passages examined. The frequency of senescent cells was low in early-passage cultures and increased with passage number. Senescence of populations of IMR-90 cells reflects change in the relative frequency of these cells. The frequency of cells with karyotypic changes increased with the progressive accumulation of out-of-cycle cells. PMID- 3194412 TI - Glucocorticoids both stimulate and inhibit production of pulmonary surfactant protein A in fetal human lung. AB - Pulmonary surfactant is a mixture of phospholipids and proteins which stabilizes lung alveoli and prevents respiratory failure. The surfactant-associated protein of Mr = 28,000-36,000 (SP-A) influences the structure, function (film formation), and metabolism of surfactant. We have characterized glucocorticoid regulation of SP-A and SP-A mRNA in explants of fetal human lung. The time course of response to dexamethasone was biphasic, with early stimulation and later inhibition of SP A accumulation. Maximal induction of SP-A occurred with 3-10 nM dexamethasone and approximately 300 nM cortisol for 72 hr, and stimulation diminished at higher concentrations. SP-A mRNA accumulation was maximally stimulated at 24-48 hr of exposure to dexamethasone (10 nM) and was generally inhibited by 4-6 days. Stimulation was also observed with cortisone and corticosterone but not with sex steroids, suggesting a receptor-mediated process. When explants were exposed to cortisol for only 24 hr, SP-A content was transiently increased above the level in continuously treated tissue and subsequently was similar to control. The content of SP-A and its mRNA was also increased by dibromo-cAMP, terbutaline, and forskolin, and effects were approximately additive with those of dexamethasone. However, elevated in tracellular cAMP did not alter the biphasic time course or dose-response patterns of dexamethasone. We propose that glucocorticoids have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on SP-A gene expression. This biphasic regulation is not consistent with generalized toxic effects, product-feedback inhibition, or receptor down-regulation, and it appears to be specific for SP-A among the various surfactant components. PMID- 3194413 TI - Tandemly repeated tRNA pseudogenes in photobacterium. AB - A region distal to three tRNA genes in Photobacterium phosphoreum, a Gram negative eubacterium, unexpectedly contains a high number of repeated DNA segments that are closely related to the adjacent tRNAPro gene. The 5' to 3' order of this cluster is tRNAPro-tRNAHis-tRNAPro followed by eight tRNAPro-like structures interspersed by rho-independent terminators. The two tRNAPro genes, which are identical, and the tRNAHis gene have 86% and 87% positional identity, respectively, to their counterparts in the argT operon of Escherichia coli. The facts that these tRNA-like structures are not transcribed, in contrast to the tRNA retropseudogenes of eukaryotes, and that these structures are clustered near their progenitor suggest they are an unusual class of tRNA pseudogenes that arose by tandem duplication. PMID- 3194414 TI - Admixture as a tool for finding linked genes and detecting that difference from allelic association between loci. AB - Admixture between genetically different populations may produce gametic association between gene loci as a function of the genetic difference between parental populations and the admixture rate. This association decays as a function of time since admixture and the recombination rate between the loci. Admixture between genetically long-separated human populations has been frequent in the centuries since the age of exploration and colonization, resulting in numerous hybrid descendant populations today, as in the Americas. This represents a natural experiment for genetic epidemiology and anthropology, in which to use polymorphic marker loci (e.g., restriction fragment length polymorphisms) and disequilibrium to infer a genetic basis for traits of interest. In this paper we show that substantial disequilibrium remains today under widely applicable situations, which can be detected without requiring inordinately close linkage between trait and marker loci. Very disparate parental allele frequencies produce large disequilibrium, but the sample size needed to detect such levels of disequilibrium can be large due to the skewed haplotype frequency distribution in the admixed population. Such situations, however, provide power to differentiate between disequilibrium due just to population mixing from that due to physical linkage of loci--i.e., to help map the genetic locus of the trait. A gradient of admixture levels between the same parental populations may be used to test genetic models by relating admixture to disequilibrium levels. PMID- 3194415 TI - Structure and chromosomal localization of the functional intronless human JUN protooncogene. AB - The JUN protooncogene encodes a protein that is functionally and biochemically identical to the transcription factor AP-1 (activator protein 1). To understand the structure and regulation of this important gene, a genomic clone of human JUN was isolated and its primary structure and transcription pattern were determined. Most surprisingly, the sequence of the genomic clone was found to be contiguous with the sequence of the JUN cDNA, suggesting that it lacks introns. RNase protection experiments confirm that JUN is an intronless gene that yields several transcripts due to 5' and 3' heterogeneities. Transfection experiments show that the cloned gene is functional, as it encodes a trans-acting factor that stimulates transcription of AP-1-dependent reporter gene. In situ hybridization was used to map JUN to chromosomal region 1p31-32. Interestingly, this region is frequently deleted in neuroblastomas, suggesting that elimination of AP-1 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disease. PMID- 3194417 TI - High frequency of mosaic mutants produced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea exposure of mouse zygotes. AB - Mouse zygotes containing one multiple-recessive parental genome (a, b; p cch; d se; s) and the corresponding wild-type alleles in the other were exposed to N ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) at various stages in vivo. At weaning age, the resulting mice were examined for mutations at the marked loci as well as at others producing externally visible phenotypes. Because of viability problems in one of two reciprocal crosses, the bulk of the mutagenesis data are derived from the cross that detects recessive mutations in the maternal genome. The mutation rate was approximately 8 times higher in groups treated 2.5-3 hr postmating (sperm entry, completion of second meiotic division) than in those injected 5-6 hr postmating (pronuclear formation). In the former more sensitive zygote population, the mutation rate is about an order of magnitude greater than that induced by the same ENU exposure (50 mg/kg) to spermatogonial stem cells. Of 11 mutants recovered, 8 were mosaics. Progeny tests have demonstrated germ-line involvement for most of the mosaics, and the average fraction of the germ line carrying the mutation is close to 50%. The nature of the mutations indicates (i) that the mosaicism results not from misassortment at the first cleavage but from mutation affecting one DNA strand of the maternal chromosome, and (ii) that the mutations are intragenic lesions rather than multilocus deletions, thus resembling ENU-induced mutations in spermatogonia. The finding that mosaicism for presumed point mutations is readily inducible by ENU treatment of zygotes may provide a means of generating genetic materials that can be of use for developmental studies. PMID- 3194416 TI - Chromosomal translocation in T-cell leukemia line HUT 78 results in a MYC fusion transcript. AB - Primary cultures and established cell lines derived from human T-cell leukemias were analyzed for genomic rearrangements in the region 3' of the MYC locus. A T cell leukemia line, HUT 78, whose 3' MYC region is rearranged, carries a chromosome t(2;8) juxtaposition; i.e., a locus derived from chromosome region 2q34 is attached to the 3' end of one MYC allele. The t(2;8) rearrangement in the HUT 78 cell line results in expression of a fused transcript encompassing the MYC gene and a locus designated TCL4 (T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 4), which normally resides on chromosome 2. The steady-state level of MYC-TCL4 fusion transcripts in HUT 78 cells is significantly higher than the MYC RNA level found in several other B- and T-cell lines. The production of fused MYC-TCL4 transcripts in a leukemic cell line raises the possibility that other B- and T-cell leukemias may express MYC fusion transcripts as an integral step in their pathogenesis. PMID- 3194419 TI - M13 repeat probe detects DNA minisatellite-like sequences in gymnosperms and angiosperms. AB - Several kinds of minisatellite DNA, all of which are composed of low to moderately repetitive DNA, have been identified in tetrapod genomes. While the repeating oligonucleotide elements (subrepeats) of a given minisatellite are virtually identical, subrepeat nucleotide composition differs between different minisatellites. Several minisatellites have exhibited moderate to high levels of restriction length polymorphism in a number of tetrapods. Such hypervariable markers provide powerful tools for genetic analyses in several fields of biology. Minisatellite applications have been restricted to tetrapods, but here we demonstrate that one probe, the M13 repeat probe previously used to detect minisatellites in humans and bovines, also reveals minisatellite-bearing endonuclease fragments in gymnosperms and angiosperms. While the plant minisatellites appear to be somatically stable within an individual, they often vary within species in potentially useful ways. These results demonstrate that minisatellite-like families may be distributed over a wide taxonomic range in eukaryotes, opening the possibility of a commensurately wide utility of minisatellite probes in genetic analyses. PMID- 3194418 TI - Analysis of a T-cell tumor-specific breakpoint cluster at human chromosome 14q32. AB - Cytogenetic abnormalities involving chromosome 14 band q32 are consistently observed in human T-cell tumors. Patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) are especially prone to development of these tumors, which frequently carry either inversion inv(14)(q11;q32) or translocation t(14;14) (q11;q32) chromosomes. We have previously shown that the cytogenetic breakpoints of one t(14;14)(q11;q32) chromosome and two inv(14)(q11;q32) chromosomes in T-cell tumors from AT and non AT patients join the T-cell receptor alpha chain locus, at chromosome band 14q11, with a region(s) at 14q32 centromeric of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (VH) gene IGHV. We now show that these two inv(14) breakpoints are linked by 2.1 kb of germ-line 14q32 DNA and that the three breakpoints define, by in situ hybridization analysis, a single locus at chromosome band 14q32.1 located about 15-20 million base pairs on the centromeric side of the IGH locus. Sequence analysis of the 14q32.1 breakpoint regions indicates that abnormal recombination does not universally result from mistaken V-D-J joining (D = diversity region; J = joining region). Therefore, we invoke a tumor selection model to describe the role of the 14q32.1 locus in tumor development. PMID- 3194420 TI - Anti-immunoglobulin pretreatment induces a calcium-mobilization response to the chemotactic agent N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine in Daudi lymphoblastoid cells. AB - Anti-immunoglobulin treatment of fura-2-loaded Daudi cells induces a calcium mobilization as judged by the increase in the fluorescence of the dye fura-2, AM. No calcium mobilization by N-fMet-Leu-Phe is observed in these cells. However, exposure of the cells to N-fMet-Leu-Phe after the first hit with anti immunoglobulin (but not after soluble IgG) shows a rapid, dose-dependent calcium mobilization by N-fMet-Leu-Phe. The expression of the calcium-mobilizing response occurs in less than 2 min and is stable. Binding of tritiated N-fMet-Leu-Phe is increased in anti-immunoglobulin-treated but not control cells. The induction is specific for N-fMet-Leu-Phe because the chemoattractant platelet-activating factor did not induce any calcium mobilization. The N-fMet-Leu-Phe antagonist t butoxycarbonyl-L-Phe-D-Leu-L-Phe-D-Leu-L-Phe- OH did not show any calcium mobilization on its own, either before or after anti-immunoglobulin treatment, and inhibited the calcium mobilization of N-fMet-Leu-Phe at low concentrations. Treatment of the cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or pertussis toxin prior to anti-immunoglobulin treatment caused a dose-dependent abolition of both the anti-immunoglobulin-mediated calcium mobilization and the subsequent calcium mobilization by N-fMet-Leu-Phe. Metabolic inhibitors that act predominantly by lowering the ATP levels within the cell (iodoacetate, sodium fluoride, oligomycin, and 2-deoxyglucose) all produced a greater inhibition of the N-fMet Leu-Phe-mediated calcium mobilization than the anti-immunoglobulin-mediated response. Lowering the temperature from 37 degrees C to 22 degrees C reduced the anti-immunoglobulin response and completely inhibited the expression of the N fMet-Leu-Phe effect. Our results indicate that activation of the calcium mobilization pathway in B cells by crosslinking of bound surface immunoglobulin causes an induction of N-fMet-Leu-Phe-sensitive calcium mobilization. PMID- 3194422 TI - Effects of passive immunization in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is usually followed by a vigorous immune response that temporarily protects against disease progression. After a variable asymptomatic period, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex (ARC) and AIDS develop in most infected individuals. We have demonstrated that healthy HIV-1-infected individuals have neutralizing antibodies and a high titer of antiviral antibodies. In contrast, AIDS patients have undetectable levels of neutralizing antibodies, low titers of antiviral antibodies, and, frequently, HIV p24 antigenemia. These observations prompted us to attempt passive immunization in ARC and AIDS patients. Ten consistently viral-antigen-positive patients (mean, greater than 6 months) were treated, resulting in sustained clearance of p24 antigen. Patients either maintained or increased their antiviral antibody titers. The raised titers result from increased antibody synthesis by the recipients. Circulating CD4+ cell counts were unchanged after 2 months. By the third month none of these patients remained in hospital. As this treatment was of minimal toxicity, it merits wider evaluation in ARC and AIDS patients. PMID- 3194421 TI - Missense mutations in an infectious human immunodeficiency viral genome: functional mapping of tat and identification of the rev splice acceptor. AB - Single nucleotide alterations were introduced into an infectious clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to create a series of missense mutants in the tat coding region. Although mutations in a proline-rich region and a basic lysine arginine-rich region resulted in wild-type phenotypes, five of six mutations in a cysteine-rich domain completely abolished tat activity and virus replication. One cysteine mutant retained tat activity but was negative for virus expression. Surprisingly, this mutant could not be complemented by tat, and virus expression was restored only by cotransfection with a plasmid expressing the rev gene. Another mutant with an alteration toward the C-terminal region showed significantly reduced tat activity and required complementation by a combination of tat and rev for virus replication. Further analysis revealed that a previously unrecognized splice acceptor site within this region, apparently used to generate the rev mRNA, had been altered. We provide evidence suggesting that tat and rev proteins are encoded by distinct mRNA species. PMID- 3194423 TI - Purification and characterization of a bovine acetyl low density lipoprotein receptor. AB - The acetyl low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor is expressed on macrophages and some endothelial cells and mediates macrophage-foam cell formation in culture. A 220-kDa acetyl LDL binding protein was partially purified from bovine liver membranes and was used to make a specific monoclonal antibody. The 220-kDa protein immunoprecipitated by this antibody retained binding activity, and the antibody was used to detect this protein in cells lining bovine liver sinusoids and on the surface of cultured bovine alveolar macrophages. In the human monocytic cell line THP-1, the expression of both acetyl LDL receptor activity and a 220-kDa acetyl LDL binding protein were dramatically induced in parallel after differentiation to a macrophage-like state induced by phorbol ester. The ligand specificity, tissue and cell-type specificity, and coinduction data indicated that this 220-kDa cell-surface binding protein is probably a receptor that mediates acetyl LDL endocytosis. The 220-kDa protein, which was purified 238,000-fold from bovine lung membranes to near homogeneity using monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography, is a trimer of 77-kDa subunits that contain asparagine-linked carbohydrate chains. PMID- 3194424 TI - Processing of the structural proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the presence of monensin and cerulenin. AB - The synthesis and processing of structural proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were studied in infected cells treated with monensin and cerulenin. In MOLT-3 cells chronically infected with HTLV-IIIB, monensin inhibited the proteolytic cleavage of the env-coded polyprotein gp160 to gp120, leading to the accumulation of the precursor gp160. The formation of syncytia normally observed when CEM cells are cocultivated with HIV-1-infected MOLT-3 cells was significantly inhibited in the presence of monensin. The effect of the ionophore on the culture was reversible, as withdrawal of monensin from the medium restored the ability of the cells to form syncytia with CEM cells and led to the resumption of the processing of gp160 to gp120. Monensin did not affect the synthesis and processing of gag-coded proteins and regulatory proteins. Cerulenin, an inhibitor of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis, inhibited the myristoylation and the proteolytic cleavage of the gag-coded polyprotein Pr53gag to p24 but did not affect the processing of gp160. However, use for monensin and cerulenin as antiviral agents for treatment of HIV-1 infection cannot be foreseen because of the pronounced in vitro toxicity observed. PMID- 3194426 TI - Mammalian cerebral cortical tissue responds to low-intensity visible light. AB - Low levels of visible light directed onto slices of rat cerebral cortical tissue enhanced net potassium-induced release of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from these brain slices. At higher light intensity, net potassium induced release was suppressed. These effects were apparently not from increased temperature. The amount of light enhancing this neurotransmitter release is approximately equal to the amount of light that can penetrate the head and reach the brain at the intensities of sunlight; this was determined by measuring the light entering the rat head through fur, scalp, skull, and dura mater and considering several natural lighting conditions. These results suggest that ambient light may be sufficient to alter the release of transmitters from mammalian cerebral cortex in vivo. PMID- 3194425 TI - Juxtaposition of the T-cell receptor alpha-chain locus (14q11) and a region (14q32) of potential importance in leukemogenesis by a 14;14 translocation in a patient with T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and ataxia-telangiectasia. AB - We describe a t(14;14)(q11;q32) translocation in a patient with T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and ataxia-telangiectasia (AT). By using a battery of joining (J)-segment probes from the T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha-chain locus TCRA, three distinct J alpha rearrangements were observed. One rearrangement reflected a normal TCRA variable (V) region V alpha-to-J alpha recombination. The second rearrangement was caused by the translocation even itself, which joined a DNA segment from 14q32 centromeric to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH) and a J alpha gene located approximately 75 kilobases (kb) 5' of the TCRA constant region gene (C alpha). A third rearrangement involved a 17-kb internal deletion 3' to the translocation, a rearrangement within the J alpha locus that has been observed once before in a patient with AT. Analysis of these three rearrangements underscores the increase in aberrant locus-specific recombination in lymphocytes from patients with AT. Furthermore, these studies support the view that a growth effecting gene is present in the 14q32 region that participates in the leukemogenic process. PMID- 3194428 TI - Localization of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the male rat brain by in situ hybridization. AB - The localization and distribution of mRNA encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was investigated in tissue sections of the adult male rat brain by in situ hybridization and RNA blot analysis. GR mRNA levels were measured by quantitative autoradiography with 35S- and 32P-labeled RNA probes, respectively. Strong labeling was observed within the pyramidal nerve cells of the CA1 and CA2 areas of the hippocampal formation, in the granular cells of the dentate gyrus, in the parvocellular nerve cells of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, and in the cells of the arcuate nucleus, especially the parvocellular part. Moderate labeling of a large number of nerve cells was observed within layers II, III, and VI of the neocortex and in many thalamic nuclei, especially the anterior and ventral nuclear groups as well as several midline nuclei. Within the cerebellar cortex, strong labeling was observed all over the granular layer. In the lower brainstem, strong labeling was found within the entire locus coeruleus and within the mesencephalic raphe nuclei rich in noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine cell bodies, respectively. A close correlation was found between the distribution of GR mRNA and the distribution of previously described GR immunoreactivity. These studies open the possibility of obtaining additional information on in vivo regulation of GR synthesis and how the brain may alter its sensitivity to circulating glucocorticoids. PMID- 3194427 TI - Suppression and induction of epileptic activity by neuronal grafts. AB - Fetal rat brain cell suspensions prepared from either the locus coeruleus region or hippocampus were implanted bilaterally into the subcortically denervated seizure-prone hippocampus of adult rats. Animals with locus coeruleus grafts were protected against picrotoxin-induced behavioral seizures and had significantly fewer interictal spikes. In contrast, in rats with fetal hippocampal grafts the incidence of interictal spikes was significantly higher than in lesion-only controls, and spontaneous behavioral seizures occurred in almost half of the animals. We suggest that neuronal grafting offers an alternative method for studying the mechanisms and control of epileptic brain activity. PMID- 3194429 TI - Classification of the European language families by genetic distance. AB - Genetic distances among speakers of the European language families were computed by using gene-frequency data for human blood group antigens, enzymes, and proteins of 26 genetic systems. Each system was represented by a different subset of 3369 localities across Europe. By subjecting the matrix of distances to numerical taxonomic procedures, we obtained a grouping of the language families of Europe by their genetic distances as contrasted with their linguistic relationships. The resulting classification largely reflects geographic propinquity rather than linguistic origins. This is evidence for the primary importance of short-range interdemic gene flow in shaping the modern gene pools of Europe. Yet, some language families--i.e., Basque, Finnic (including Lappish), and Semitic (Maltese)--have distant genetic relationships with their geographic neighbors. These results indicate that European gene pools still reflect the remote origins of some ethnic units subsumed by these major linguistic groups. PMID- 3194430 TI - Calcium transport in the spontaneously hypertensive rat is responsive to vitamin D. AB - Intestinal calcium transport rate and response to treatment with a vitamin D agonist [24,24-difluoro-1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, F2-1,25-(OH)2D3)] were studied in the spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat-Wistar Kyoto (WKy) rat model of hypertension. We used the everted duodenal sac to study untreated, orally treated, and parenterally treated groups of SH and WKy rats. In untreated groups, net calcium transport was lower (P less than 0.05) in the SH rat than in the WKy rat (0.46-0.66 vs 0.81-1.04, all data mumole/g segment wet wt per hr). Both groups responded to treatment (SH vs WKy; 0.84-0.90 vs 1.56-1.57, P less than 0.05), but even in treated groups net calcium transport by the SH rat was lower than that by the WKy rat (P less than 0.05). Net water transport increased 3- to 8-fold in response to treatment in the WKy but not in the SH rat. The increased water transport prevented demonstration of treatment-mediated increased calcium transport based on serosal/mucosal concentration ratio in the WKy rat. We conclude that (i) both the SH and the WKy rat have the capability to increase calcium transport when treated with an agonist having vitamin D activity; (ii) the unstimulated and stimulated transport rate is lower in the SH rat than in the WKy rat; and (iii) water transport responds to treatment in the WKy rat but not in the SH rat. PMID- 3194431 TI - Contribution of the fluid phase endocytosis to bile flow in cholestasis and choleresis in rats. AB - Using a single iv injection of 1 mg Evans blue dye/100 g body wt in rats, the contribution of the fluid phase endocytosis to bile flow was estimated. In control rats, this pathway contributed 2-4% of the bile flow or 10-20 microliter/hr/100 g body wt. This contribution was not affected by cholestasis induced by taurolithocholic acid or bile duct obstruction or by choleresis induced by dehydrocholic acid. It is concluded that fluid phase endocytosis does not significantly influence bile formation but, rather, may be implicated in the remodeling of liver cell plasma membranes. PMID- 3194432 TI - Fatty acid binding proteins in the three types of rat skeletal muscle. AB - By means of Sephadex G-50 column chromatography, a Mr 12,000 fatty acid binding protein (FABP) was found to be present in all three types of skeletal muscle. FABP concentrations in muscle cytosols (105,000g supernatant) were fiber type specific with binding levels (expressed as pmole [14C]oleate bound/mg protein) of 70 +/- 7 in fast-twitch white (FTW) (heart FABP = 469 +/- 33). Cytosols from all three fiber types cross-reacted with antibody to pure heart FABP on Ouchterlony immunodiffusion analysis. FABP content, determined by radial immunodiffusion, followed the same pattern in the muscle types as that in the binding assay. The values (in micrograms/mg protein) were 3.3 +/- 0.1 in FTW, 17.0 +/- 0.4 in FTR, and 31.7 +/- 1.4 in STR fibers (heart = 55). Disc gel electrophoresis revealed a protein band in each fiber type that had migration identical to that of pure heart FABP and was proportional to the amounts determined by Sephadex G-50 chromatography and immunoassay. In addition, Western blots of tissue cytosols, using antibody to heart FABP, detected single protein bands identical in size to pure heart FABP in all three types of skeletal muscle. These results show the presence of a FABP in all skeletal muscle types with an immunologic and electrophoretic characterization identical to that of heart FABP. PMID- 3194433 TI - The estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity of the gonadotropin-stimulated hypophysectomized immature rat ovary. AB - Using high-performance liquid chromatography and a combination of electrochemical and radiometric flow detection for 2-[14C]hydroxyestradiol, changes in estrogen 2 hydroxylase activity in the microsomal fraction of rat ovarian homogenates were followed. Injection of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at 12-hr intervals to hypophysectomized immature rats stimulated hypertrophy of the theca-interstitial tissue and produced a profound increase in enzyme activity. With the last injection of hCG at 96 hr the peak serum concentration of hCG was reached 12 hr later and then decreased exponentially with a half-time of 13 hr. However, enzyme activity remained elevated for at least 60 hr before beginning to fall. Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) also produced an increase in activity, which was apparently limited to the thecal-interstitial tissue because freshly removed granulosa cells from the mature follicles had undetectable activity levels. Administration of anti-PMSG antiserum after enzyme activity had been increased resulted in a prompt fall in activity, as did injection of hCG to mimic an ovulatory surge of LH. The results indicate that the thecal-interstitial tissue of the rat ovary has estrogen 2-hydroxylase activity that is dependent upon gonadotropic stimulation for expression. PMID- 3194434 TI - Direct correlation between calcium content and blood pressure: a study of aortic coarctation in rats. AB - The calcium content of aorta was measured by atomic absorption after coarctation in the rat. At 7 and 14 days, the calcium content was elevated on the proximal side of the coarctation, where pressure was increased significantly. On the distal, low pressure side of the aortic coarctation, calcium was reduced significantly. There is a direct correlation between the blood pressure and the content of calcium (r = 0.69, P less than 0.001). The width of the aortic media on the high pressure side was increased significantly at 7 and 14 days after coarctation, whereas no significant changes in width were present on the low pressure side of the constriction. We conclude that pressure regulates the aortic calcium content, likely acting through a local effect. PMID- 3194436 TI - Nonsaturable amino acid reabsorption in kidneys of normal and mercury-poisoned rabbits. AB - At high plasma concentrations, a high-capacity, low-affinity or nonsaturable flux (Jhc) accounts for a residual fractional reabsorption of cycloleucine, aspartate, and AIB of approximately 50% of the filtered load in rabbits; Jhc in micromoles per milliliter glomerular filtrate is reduced in Hg-poisoned animals. The nonsaturable flux of cycloleucine is characterized by a transepithelial transit time (TET) of approximately 2 min in control animals; it was consistently much longer in Hg-poisoned animals. The clearance ratio of creatinine/inulin averaged 1.0, and no Jhc could be demonstrated for glucose. We conclude that Jhc is a high capacity, low-affinity amino acid flux which passes through an intracellular solute pool, and which is sensitive to Hg at both the brush border and the basolateral cell membrane. If calculation of the saturation constants of aspartate reabsorption is restricted to experiments in which U/P less than 1.0, i.e. where Jhc is unlikely to contribute greatly to reabsorption, values some 20% lower than those previously reported are obtained; the Hg inhibition still is apparently uncompetitive in nature. PMID- 3194435 TI - The role of transcobalamin II in the methionine dependency of human lymphocytes. AB - Neither normal human B lymphoblasts (RPMI 6410) transformed by the EB virus nor human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) stimulated by a mitogen replicated well when the methionine (Met) of the medium was replaced with homocysteine (Hcy). Cbl bound to human transcobalamin II (TC II) substantially increased cell division over that observed when the Cbl of the medium was in the free form. Although, as expected, the TC II enhanced the cell entry of Cbl 1000-fold, this was not the basis of the TC II effect. Through adjustment of the respective concentrations of free Cbl and TC II-Cbl in the medium, equal amounts of Cbl entered the cell, yet the TC II effect persisted. TC II-Cbl did not restore cell division in the absence of Met by virus-transformed lymphoblasts from a child with defective Met synthesis from Hcy. The TC II did not act by enhanced induction of the Cbl dependent methionine synthase activity of cell extracts but the ability of intact cells to produce Met from Hcy by the Cbl-dependent process appeared to have a role in the TC II effect. PMID- 3194437 TI - Developmental changes of selected minerals in Zucker rats. AB - Effects of obesity and age on copper, iron, zinc, sodium, potassium, and protein were compared in liver, kidney, brain, and muscle of obese (fa/fa) and nonobese (non-fa/fa) male Zucker rats. Blood plasma cerulopasmin, copper, zinc, sodium, and potassium were also determined. Mean brain weight of fa/fa rats was less than that of non-fa/fa rats at 12 weeks of age; mean brain protein concentration was greater in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa at 5 and 12 weeks of age. At 18-19 days of age, mean sodium concentration (mg/g protein) in liver of fa/fa was less than that of non-fa/fa. At 5 weeks of age, mean copper concentration (microgram/g protein) in kidney was greater in fa/fa. Mean total copper, iron, zinc, sodium, and potassium in liver and kidney were greater in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa at 5 weeks because of the larger livers and kidneys of fa/fa. Mean concentrations of copper, zinc, sodium, and potassium per gram of brain protein were slightly (6 10%) less in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa at 5 weeks. By 12 weeks, mean concentrations of copper in liver, kidney, (tibialis) muscle, and blood plasma, ceruloplasmin in blood plasma, zinc in liver and muscle, iron in muscle, and sodium in liver were greater in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa. However, total amount of each mineral in muscle at 12 weeks was less in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa because of the smaller mean muscle weight of fa/fa. Mean concentrations of copper and zinc in brain and of iron in liver and brain were less in fa/fa than in non-fa/fa at 12 weeks. The major age-related changes in fa/fa that were not observed in non-fa/fa were large increases in liver and kidney copper between 5 and 12 weeks of age. It seems that the abnormal mineral metabolism is a consequence of the obesity, but the mechanisms are not identified. PMID- 3194439 TI - Cardiac function and coronary flow in chronic endotoxemic pigs. AB - We have reported that myocardial inotropism was depressed in acute and chronic endotoxemia. One possible mechanism for this observation is that endotoxemia reduces myocardial perfusion and indeed, we observed reduced myocardial perfusion in acute endotoxemia. This study tested the hypothesis that reduced inotropism of chronic endotoxemia was accompanied by reduced coronary artery blood flow. Fifteen pigs were equipped with left atrial and ventricular catheters, circumflex coronary and pulmonary artery flow meters, left ventricular pressure transducer, and ultrasonic crystals in the anterior-posterior axis to measure internal short axis diameter by sonomicrometry. The pigs recuperated for 3 days before basal data were collected over the next 3-5 days. After at least 7 postoperative days, an osmotic pump containing Salmonella enteriditis endotoxin was implanted in 12 pigs. Endotoxin was delivered at 10 micrograms/hr/kg for 2 days, at which time the animals were sacrificed. Osmotic pumps containing sterile saline were implanted in 3 pigs. Eight of the 12 endotoxemic pigs survived; 4 died before the morning of the second day. The survivors exhibited elevated heart rate, peak left ventricular systolic pressure, and cardiac output. Inotropism was evaluated by calculating the slope of the end-systolic pressure-diameter relationship (ESPDR) and % diameter-shortening. ESPDR was significantly depressed on the second endotoxemic day, while % diameter-shortening was depressed on both endotoxemic days. Coronary artery blood flow was significantly elevated on both endotoxemic days, while cross-sectional stroke work was unchanged. Therefore, the ratio of coronary blood flow to stroke work increased on both endotoxemic days. Nonsurvivors exhibited reduced heart rate, cardiac output, peak left ventricular systolic pressure, ESPDR, and % diameter-shortening. Neither coronary artery blood flow nor flow-to-work ratios increased in this group. Sham endotoxemic pigs demonstrated no cardiac or hemodynamic changes over 3 days. These results indicate that depressed inotropism during chronic endotoxemia was not caused by reduced coronary blood flow; rather, the myocardium was relatively overperfused. PMID- 3194438 TI - Molecular cloning of the complementary DNA for a human folate binding protein. AB - The complementary DNA for a human folate binding protein has been cloned from a lambda gt11-cDNA library prepared from cultured KB cells. A number of clones were selected by immunoscreening with a monospecific antiserum and by oligonucleotide probes corresponding to the NH2-terminal sequence of the folate binding protein. A partial nucleotide sequence of the cDNA was determined directly from the lambda gt11 phage and after subcloning into M13. The 18 amino acids deduced from the initial 19 codons were exactly the same as the amino acid sequence obtained by peptide analysis of the purified protein providing proof that this clone is the folate binding protein cDNA. PMID- 3194440 TI - Cholecystokinin-8 protects gastric mucosa against ethanol-induced lesions in rats. AB - Subcutaneous administration of cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8, 10-100 micrograms/kg) reduces in a dose-dependent manner gastric lesions induced by 96% ethanol in rats, and CCK-4, CCK-7, and the CCK-8 nonsulfated form (all up to 100 micrograms/kg sc) were inactive. The presence of the entire molecule and sulfation of the tyrosine in position 2 are necessary for the mucosal protective properties of CCK-8 against 96% ethanol-induced gastric lesions. These effects are probably at least in part, due to a sulfhydryl-sensitive process. PMID- 3194441 TI - Inhibition of gastric secretion in guinea pig by relatively low dose ionizing radiation. AB - We evaluated the effect of a single dose of ionizing radiation on gastric secretion in awake guinea pigs equipped with a permanent gastric cannula. Changes in gastric secretion were measured using a dye dilution technique. Infusion of histamine increased acid and fluid output and there was a positive correlation (r = 0.93) between the two. Total body irradiation with 400 cGy, like cimetidine, suppressed acid and fluid secretion under basal conditions and during histamine stimulation by 50-90%. Recovery from the radiation damage was only partial after one week. Irradiation inhibited the rise in gastric juice volume during histamine stimulation and also reduced the normal gain in body weight of the guinea pig. These results demonstrate that ionizing radiations have an immediate and long lasting effects on the gastric mucosal function of the guinea pig. PMID- 3194442 TI - Blockade of muscarinic, histamine H1 and histamine H2 receptors by antidepressants. AB - The antagonistic effect of various antidepressants and of alprazolam on muscarinic and histamine H1 receptors has been studied in the guinea-pig ileum, and those on histamine H2 receptors on rat uterus. All antidepressants act like competitive antagonists on muscarinic and histamine H1 and H2 receptors. Alprazolam has shown competitive antagonism on muscarinic and histamine H1 receptors, and noncompetitive antagonism on histamine H2 receptors. Large differences in anticholinergic activity appear between the drugs studied, whereas all of them showed a higher histamine H1 receptor antagonistic activity. Most of the drugs studied showed a histamine H2 receptor antagonistic activity similar to that of cimetidine. PMID- 3194443 TI - Anti-ischaemic activity of various calmodulin antagonists. AB - The anti-ischaemic activity of the calmodulin antagonists trifluperazine, felodipine, W-7 and calmidazolium has been investigated in electrically paced guinea-pig hearts, perfused according to Langendorff, which were subjected to 60 min of global ischaemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion. At concentrations that induced a comparable reduction in cardiac contractile force, trifluperazine, felodipine and to a lesser extent W-7, were associated with improvement of post ischaemic functional (LVP and coronary flow) and biochemical parameters (CrP and ATP). Furthermore, felodipine and trifluperazine delayed the onset and suppressed the maximum tension of the ischaemic contracture was observed. In contrast, calmidazolium had no anti-ischaemic effects. This lack of anti-ischaemic activity of the most potent calmodulin antagonist calmidazolium, as well as the significant calcium entry blocking activity of both trifluperazine and felodipine suggest that additional factors besides calmodulin antagonism may contribute to the anti-ischaemic activity of these compounds. PMID- 3194444 TI - Organic anion transport by basal-lateral membranes: effect of PAH and furosemide on each other's transport. AB - The transport of organic anions by the kidney has been shown to be a carrier mediated process. In an effort to learn more about this process, and examine the potential for two organic anions to compete for the same carrier site, studies were done which involved the transport of p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and furosemide by vesicles made from basal-lateral membranes of rabbit kidney proximal tubules. Basal-lateral membranes were prepared by differential and ultracentrifugation. The transport was measured by using radiolabelled (3H) organic anions. The transport of each molecule was inhibited by probenecid, indicating that the carrier-mediated process for organic anion transport was functional in these studies. The results indicate that transport of PAH can be inhibited by furosemide in a concentration-dependent manner. This may indicate competition for the same carrier site. Inhibition of furosemide transport by PAH was not significant, perhaps due to much variability in the data. This variability may be due to nonspecific binding of furosemide to the vesicle, higher affinity of furosemide than of PAH for the receptor, or to the presence of more transport carriers for furosemide than for PAH. Experiments were done to determine the extent of nonspecific binding of furosemide. The results show that nonspecific binding of furosemide is extensive, indicating that this may contribute to the differences seen in the inhibition of transport. The data suggest that PAH and furosemide are transported by a common carrier-mediated process in the proximal tubule of the rabbit kidney. PMID- 3194445 TI - A simplified recycling model for the dosimetry of radioiodide. AB - Following the administration of radioiodide, a process of recycling takes place in which part of the radioiodide taken up and organified by the thyroid is subsequently released to re-enter the cycle. The convolution method has been applied to a simplified three-compartment model to predict individual cycles and overall cycling effects in the compartments and to illustrate the influence of various parameters on the effects of recycling. For example, a turnover half-time of 80 d in the thyroid is increased, as a result of recycling, to about 110 d if the thyroid uptake fraction is 0.3, and to about 153 d if the uptake increases to 0.55. An equation is derived for calculating a recycling factor based on values of the model parameters. This factor, which is common to the three compartments of the model, permits calculation of cumulated activities in the compartments allowing for the effects of recycled radioiodide. It is shown how differences in values of thyroid uptake fraction and discharge rate and of the physical half lives of iodine radioisotopes affect the value of the recycling factor. Dose calculations for 125I, administered as radioiodide, are used to illustrate the above techniques and to examine the effects of recycling on dosimetry. Although recycling can lead to large increases in the doses to some body organs, the thyroid dose greatly exceeds the dose to any other organ and alone accounts for nearly all the effective dose equivalent. PMID- 3194446 TI - Influence of the variation of energy spectra with depth in the dosimetry of 192Ir using LiF TLD. AB - Absolute dose measurements around low activity seeds used in brachytherapy are difficult to perform with ionisation chambers. The physical size of the chamber does not allow good resolution close to the seeds and the ionisation current generated is very low. Small thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) overcome these problems but the energy dependence of their response should be considered. In this work, dose in polystyrene was measured at several distances from the high activity 192Ir source (370 GBq) of a remote afterloading device using an ionisation chamber and LiF TLD chips. These data show that over a range of 1-10 cm from the source the sensitivity of LiF varies by up to 8.5%. This is attributed to the higher response of LiF to the lower photon energies, and to the shift of the photon spectrum to lower energies with increasing depth. The sensitivity of LiF to 192Ir was also calculated by weighting the energy-dependent response of LiF by the Monte Carlo calculated photon spectra. The calculations give a similar change in sensitivity with distance from the source. PMID- 3194447 TI - The risk of skin cancer from occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation in hospitals. AB - The risk of skin cancer in subjects who are occupationally exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in hospital phototherapy departments has been estimated using a mathematical model based on age and annual UVR exposure. Measurements have shown that the median UV dose received by staff during an 8 h working day is one-fifth of the recommended maximum permissible exposure. This level of exposure increases the risk of skin cancer during a working life of 40 years by about 25% compared with non-exposed workers. Comparison with ionising radiation workers in hospitals indicates that the risk of death from an occupationally induced cancer is about 30-50 times less in UV workers. PMID- 3194448 TI - The simultaneous imaging of boronated tissue sections and the location of fissionable actinide particles in CR-39 solid state track detector, utilising a neutron-induced autoradiographic technique. PMID- 3194449 TI - The influence of tube filtration and potential on patient dose during x-ray examinations. PMID- 3194450 TI - Anatomy of the ankle and foot. AB - The ankle and foot complex at times must be mobile and at other times must be quite stable. The bony, ligamentous, and muscular structures of the ankle and foot are presented with respect to their mobility and stability functions. Innervation and vascular supply are discussed. Normal anatomy provides a basis and a reference point for discussion of dysfunction of the ankle and foot. PMID- 3194451 TI - Pathomechanics of structural foot deformities. AB - This article presents the most common structural foot deformities encountered in clinical practice. The deformities are defined, and the expected compensations at the subtalar joint (STJ) are described. The theoretical consequences of the STJ compensations on proximal and distal tissues are presented. A biomechanical rationale for certain tissue disorders is described. The possible effects of abnormal STJ compensation on osseous development are briefly discussed. PMID- 3194452 TI - Clinical evaluation of foot and ankle dysfunction. AB - Patients with foot and ankle dysfunction require a systematic approach in the evaluation process. An outline of the procedure is provided using the problem oriented record system as a basis. Subjective data describe the patient's feelings toward the problem and goals concerning it. Objective data encompass several areas, including a detailed history; general posture; soft tissue structures; functional capacity; and the circulatory, musculoskeletal, and neuromuscular systems. The data are reviewed, and an accurate assessment of the nature and cause(s) of the dysfunction are made. Realistic goal statements are then written to prepare for successful treatment planning. PMID- 3194453 TI - Foot care for the aging. AB - Age-related changes in the feet include alterations in the skin, which becomes dry, inelastic, and cool and often exhibits hyperkeratoses. Thickened and brittle toenails complicate pedicure. The contour of the foot widens with age and may have increased forefoot height in the presence of toe deformities. Sensory acuity diminishes, as does joint mobility, muscle-force production, and ability to withstand stress. The elderly person's gait is slower and less forceful, with shorter strides. Visual loss affects footwear donning and toenail trimming. Older individuals on a limited income are less likely to have appropriate shoes and hose. Preventive care begins with good hygiene and continues with selection of suitable hosiery and shoes. Conservative management of the podiatric conditions most often seen in geriatric patients (eg, metatarsalgia and hallux valgus) should be based on relating the pathomechanics of the disorder to the options available in shoe selection, modification, and insert design. PMID- 3194455 TI - Biomechanical treatment approach to diabetic plantar ulcers. A case report. AB - The purpose of this case report is to describe a physical therapy approach designed to reduce the mechanical pressure at the site of a diabetic plantar ulcer. The patient was a 69-year-old man with diabetes mellitus for 24 years, insensitive feet, and a right plantar ulcer at the first metatarsal head for 21 months. He had a fixed equinus and rear-foot varus deformity, which seemed to place increased pressure on his forefoot. The patient was treated with total contact casting and showed progressive healing until he refused additional casting. One week later, the ulcer was considerably larger. He consented to resume casting, and the ulcer was completely healed in 85 days from the initial treatment. We provided the patient with extra-depth shoes with rigid rocker bottom soles and a polyethylene-lined ankle-foot orthosis. The ulcer remained healed at one-week and six-month follow-up visits. The primary cause of diabetic plantar ulcers is often excessive pressure on an insensitive foot, and physical therapists should utilize biomechanical principles to reduce these excessive plantar pressures. PMID- 3194457 TI - Recovery and rehabilitation. PMID- 3194454 TI - Management of a patient with a diagnosis of bilateral plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendinitis. A case report. AB - This case report describes an approach for determining when fabricated orthoses might be useful in the treatment of a patient with foot-related problems. The patient is of special interest because she is an aerobics instructor, and her type of injury is relatively common. Particular emphasis in the report is placed on hypothesizing the cause of the patient's complaints and then basing treatment on that hypothesis. PMID- 3194456 TI - Remediation of toe-walking behavior with neutral-position, serial-inhibitory casts. A case report. AB - This report details a case history and outpatient physical therapy management of a 4-year-old boy diagnosed with lower extremity hypertonia secondary to static encephalopathy of unknown etiology. Serial application of neutral-position inhibitory casts is detailed as is definitive orthotic management. A theoretical rationale for the management plan is also presented. PMID- 3194458 TI - Effects of scopolamine on performance of rats in a delayed-response radial maze task. AB - The effects of the cholinergic blocker scopolamine on performance of rats in an 8 arm radial maze were studied. In Experiment 1, rats received injections of scopolamine-HBr (0.2 mg/kg, IP) or saline, 20 min before a trial. The drug impaired performance only when midtrial delays were introduced (10 sec, 5, 20, 60 or 120 min), during which the animals were removed from the apparatus, and to a similar extent at all delays. Injection of scopolamine directly after choice 4 in a 20 min delayed trial affected performance at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg, but not at 0.2 mg/kg. In Experiment 2, the rats were kept in the apparatus during the delay. There was a significant effect of scopolamine at 0.1 and at 0.2 mg/kg, initially irrespective of the length of the delay (10 sec, 2.5 or 5 min). After considerable training, administration of scopolamine (0.2 mg/kg) had no significant effect at the 10 sec delay but did impair performance after longer (5 or 10 min) midtrial intervals. These results suggest that scopolamine has differential effects, depending on dose and degree of training, and that an effect on memory storage may be one of them. PMID- 3194459 TI - Comparative threshold studies of the acoustic pinna, jaw and startle reflex in the rat. AB - Electromyograms of M. Levator auris and M. Temporalis and movement produced by whole body startle were recorded simultaneously in awake, freely moving rats. Thresholds were 78 db SPL for the L. auris, 80 dB SPL for the ballistic and 81 dB SPL for the Temporalis. The rank ordering of the three thresholds was extremely strict, 188 suprathreshold M. L. auris responses could be observed without M. Temporalis responses, but only once was a M. Temporalis response observed without a M. L. auris response. Thresholds as well as amplitudes and latencies measured by the different methods show correlated fluctuations. While the rise in amplitude which accompanies increasing stimulus intensity is similar in the three measures, the latency decrease is not. The latency difference between M. Temporalis EMG and M. L. auris EMG is intensity dependent, increasing from 0 msec at 78 dB SPL to 1.1 msec at 115 dB SPL, with a faster response for the M. L. auris. PMID- 3194460 TI - Preloads of water, but not isotonic saline, reduce drinking in domestic fowls. AB - Fowls were deprived of water for 2 or 6 hr, and then given graded intravenous (IV) injections of water or isotonic saline. With both levels of deprivation, water preloads caused dose-dependent reductions in water intake which matched closely the volumes of preload given, whereas isotonic saline preloads had no effect on drinking, and feeding was unaffected in both cases. These results imply that drinking elicited by short periods of water deprivation is a response to increased plasma osmolality rather than to a loss of extracellular fluid volume. In further experiments, water intakes were reduced by at least as much as the volume administered when undeprived fowls were given 6 hr continuous IV infusions or IV injections of water, and food intakes were also suppressed. Plasma analyses taken at the end of continuous infusions of water indicated a fall in osmolality during this time. It was concluded that whereas increases in plasma osmolality increase drinking in fowls, a fall in osmolality below normal inhibits both drinking and feeding. It is suggested that spontaneous drinking may be regulated mainly by changes in plasma osmolality, rather than in extracellular volume. PMID- 3194461 TI - Tail-pinch elicited eating in rats (Rattus norvegicus) and hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus). AB - Noninjurious tail-pinch (TP) elicited a normal hyperphagic reaction to a milk solution in sated rats but did not increase the amount of milk solution consumed by sated hamsters. In both rats and hamsters, TP did increase the rate of eating, but did not change the amount of time spent contacting the drinking spout in rats and actually decreased the amount of time spent contacting the spout in hamsters. These results suggest that (1) the failure of hamsters to increase meal size in response to food deprivation is also generalizable to TP-induced eating, and (2) TP-induced hyperphagia may be caused by the generalized energizing effect that TP has on ongoing behavior rather than by TP stimulation enhancing the releasing properties of environmental stimuli such as the drinking spout. PMID- 3194462 TI - Response of circadian locomotor activity and the proestrous luteinizing hormone surge to phase shifts of the light-dark cycle in the hamster. AB - Female hamsters with regular 4 day estrous cycles were exposed to either a 3 hour phase advance or delay of the 14:10 light-dark (LD) cycle on the first, second or third day before proestrus. Blood samples were taken on proestrus to characterize the LH surge, and locomotor activity onset was recorded. Both the LH surge and activity onset phase delayed more quickly than they advanced, which can be explained by the free-running period of the hamster (longer than 24 hours). Higher estradiol levels were correlated with more rapid advances of activity onset. PMID- 3194464 TI - Biochemical energetics of hierarchy formation in Betta splendens. AB - Two different stages of hierarchy formation in Betta splendens were considered. Winners and losers in a short social contact, and dominant and submissive individuals after the establishment of a hierarchy, respectively, were identified. Metabolical determinations (free glucose, glycogen and protein content, glycogen and protein synthesis, glucose and amino acid oxidation, carbohydrate degradation) were performed. Winners and dominant individuals were shown to be able to produce more energy per unit time than losers and submissives, respectively. Differences in energy metabolism between individuals found in different stages of hierarchy formation also occurred: the carbohydrate degradation reached very high values after a short social contact. This is related to the noticed substitution of aggressive encounters with threat displays in the course of cohabitation. PMID- 3194463 TI - Gonadal steroids and attentional mechanisms in young domestic chicks. AB - Chicks trained to take a food reward at the end of a runway can be distracted by changes in the appearance of either the food dish towards which they are running or of the walls of the runway remote from the food dish. Testosterone (administered as a long lasting ester 48 hours before testing) increases distraction produced by the former and decreases distraction produced by the latter manipulation. Here it is shown that these effects can be mimicked by an appropriate dose of estradiol given 30 minutes before testing. Higher doses of estradiol increase distraction (relative to controls) in both tests. The central mechanism underlying these effects may be closely linked to or identical with that responsible for the effects of testosterone on a passive avoidance task described elsewhere; these effects are also estrogenic and occur at short latency. The mechanism itself is likely to influence aspects of attention and memory processing. PMID- 3194465 TI - Social modulation of pituitary-adrenal responsiveness and individual differences in behavior of young domestic goats. AB - The effects of three variables known to influence pituitary-adrenal activity were examined in kid goats who were accompanied by adult goats in standard goat-human encounters. Serum corticosteroid concentrations in bold kids who characteristically spent above average amounts of time closely interacting with the person were never significantly different from control values. Corticosteroids in timid kids who spent little time near the person depended on the adult goat's behavior toward the person and the nature of the social relationship between the kid and the adult goat. When timid kids were accompanied by adult goats (familiar pen-mates or strangers) who behaved as if they were fearful of the person, their corticosteroids were significantly greater than control values. In contrast, bold pen-mates or bold strangers effectively reduced pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in timid kids. Only mothers unconditionally reduced kid pituitary-adrenal responsiveness and systematically affected kid behavior toward the person. The functioning of behavioral and pituitary-adrenal systems in young goats was influenced by consistent individual differences in responsiveness and the differing capacities of social companions to modulate this responsivity. PMID- 3194466 TI - Activity rhythms of hamsters in a single cage compared to a simulated burrow system. AB - A method for measuring activity of hamsters using a stabilimeter at a 1 second sampling rate with data computer recorded as 5 minutes integrated values was developed. In a single cage without a running wheel a consistent pattern for activity was observed, consisting of (a) low levels of daytime activity until one or two hours before lights off when activity increased significantly; and (b) a peak of nocturnal activity in the first hour of the dark cycle. The inclusion of a running wheel increased and altered significantly the pattern of nocturnal activity. In further experiments animals were housed in two linked cages, one acting as light-proof burrow and the other exposed to light. Measurements were recorded from each cage independently and from two position detectors in the interconnecting tunnel. The results showed: (a) total activity, i.e., the summation of activity in both cages, was not different from activity in a single cage system; (b) low daytime activity was composed of prolonged periods of rest in the burrow plus short periods of activity in the exposed cage; the increased activity one hour before lights off was localised to the light-proof burrow; and (c) after lights off, the animals began to spend increasing periods of time in the exposed cage reaching a maximum after one hour. Replacing artificial with natural light did not change the principal features of behaviour. PMID- 3194467 TI - The effect of ambient temperature cycles upon circadian running and drinking activity in male and female laboratory rats. AB - The effect of a cycle of warm and cool ambient temperature (Ta) upon the free running circadian running and drinking rhythms of male and female laboratory rats was investigated. Rats free-running in constant darkness and constant cool Ta (21 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C) were exposed to a 12:12 cycle of high (34 degrees C +/ 2 degrees C) and cool (21 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C) Ta. Three male rats and one female rat entrained to the Ta cycle. Ten of 12 male and 9 of 11 female rats exhibited post-Ta cycle phases not predictable from pre-Ta cycle phases. Most rats exhibited positive and negative masking of activity during the Ta cycle. Activity periods shortened for all rats during the Ta cycle, and male free running periods lengthened upon cessation of the Ta cycle to values significantly greater than precycle periods. It was concluded that Ta acts as a weak zeitgeber in laboratory rats and has greater effects on males compared to females. PMID- 3194468 TI - Testosterone therapy in young and old rhesus males that display low levels of sexual activity. AB - Ten wild-born rhesus (Macaca mulatta) males (estimated age, 14-28 years) were given pair-tests with each of six sexually receptive females. Males that ejaculated in 50% or less of the tests (N = 5) were assigned to an experimental group and those that ejaculated in over 50% of the tests (N = 5) served as a control group. All of the males had typically ejaculated in over 80% of the pair tests given in the past. The experimental group was injected daily with testosterone propionate (TP, 1 mg/kg) and was given a pair-test twice each week for six weeks. The control group was injected daily with oil and given comparable tests with the same females. Treatment with TP did not increase level of performance, and differences between the groups, overall, showed little change. In a second experiment five wild-born males (three, 7-9 years; two, 17 years) whose previous sexual performance had characteristically been sluggish were given two pre- and two posttests with each of five receptive females. They were given the same TP treatment as were the males in the first experiment. Treatment with TP failed to improve performance. PMID- 3194469 TI - Diet composition alters the satiety effect of cholecystokinin in lean and obese Zucker rats. AB - Although exogenous administration of the peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to reduce food intake in a variety of experimental situations, few studies have examined the influence of dietary content upon CCK's effectiveness, particularly in obese states. To evaluate the effectiveness of CCK administration in animals consuming high fat diets, groups of obese and lean Zucker rats were maintained on laboratory chow (CH), a high fat diet isocaloric to chow (IF), or a hypercaloric fat diet (HF). After a 17 hr fast, rats were given intraperitoneal injections of saline or ascending doses of 0.06 to 2.0 micrograms/kg of the synthetic octapeptide of CCK. On all diets, obese rats required higher doses of CCK to significantly reduce feeding and showed smaller intake reductions than lean rats (p less than 0.001). Despite higher baseline caloric intakes (p less than 0.001), rats of both genotypes maintained on HF displayed larger reductions of intake than those fed IF or CH (p less than 0.001). Intake reductions by either genotype maintained on IF or CH were not reliably different. The manner in which the satiety effect of CCK was enhanced in rats consuming the calorically dense, palatable HF diet is unclear but may be related to orosensory and/or postingestive attributes of the diet. PMID- 3194470 TI - The effects of varying procurement costs on food intake in baboons. AB - Food intake of four adult male baboons (Papio anubis), ranging in weight from 18 to 33 kg, was monitored during daily experimental sessions lasting 22 hours. Food was available under a two-component operant schedule designed to mimic food availability in the natural ecology. The first component was a "procurement" component which consisted of pulling the manipulandum a set number of times under a fixed-ratio (FR) operant schedule. Following completion of the procurement response requirement, access to food, i.e., a meal, became available under the second "consumption" component during which each response produced a food pellet (one-gram banana-flavored pellets, 3.1 kcal/g). After a 10-minute interval in which no response occurred, the consumption component was terminated. In order to gain access to another meal, the baboon had to complete the ratio requirement of the procurement component. Increasing the ratio requirement of the procurement component from 10 to 200 had no significant effect on mean total daily intake, but significantly reduced the number of meals from 7.4 under the FR10 requirement to 3.6 under the FR200 procurement component. There were no differences among baboons in mean meal size, or intermeal-interval under each procurement requirement. Similar patterns of cumulative daily intake were observed within baboons under all ratio requirements of the procurement component, and there were few significant correlations between meal size and postmeal-interval, or premeal interval and meal size in any baboon. PMID- 3194471 TI - Overeating, overweight and obesity induced by an unpreferred diet. AB - Rats fed diets containing 50-71% added water (liquid diets) eat more energy and gain more weight than rats fed the same diets without added water (solid diets). The present experiments examined the effects of making a liquid diet less palatable. The first experiment examined the effects of sucrose octaacetate on diet preference. Rats, given a choice of a liquid diet containing 0.5% sucrose octaacetate and a plain solid diet, preferred the plain solid diet for three weeks. When the concentration of sucrose octaacetate was reduced to 0.05%, the rats did not show a reliable preference for either the sucrose octaacetate liquid or plain dry diet. In subsequent experiments, each rat was given only one diet at a time. In the second experiment, rats were fed 0.5% sucrose octaacetate liquid diet for three weeks followed by 0.05% sucrose octaacetate liquid diet for another four weeks. The rats fed the sucrose octaacetate liquid diet overate and became obese compared to the rats fed plain solid diet throughout. In the third experiment, rats fed 0.5% sucrose octaacetate liquid diet for six weeks became obese compared to rats fed plain solid diet throughout. Thus, the overeating and obesity induced by liquid diets cannot be attributed solely to their high palatability. PMID- 3194472 TI - Cholinergic mechanisms of lordotic behavior in rats. AB - Cholinergic mechanisms of lordotic behavior were studied in hooded rats using behavioral techniques and autoradiographic analysis of the diffusion of [3H]N methyl scopolamine ([3H]NMS) applied to the hypothalamus. Bilateral cannulae were implanted chronically in the region of the ventromedial nuclei (VMN). A series of cholinergic drugs and estradiol (E2) were administered to each rat during successively induced periods of estrus. Robust inhibition of lordosis resulted from administration of atropine and scopolamine. Robust facilitation followed carbachol administration. Pirenzepine, hexamethonium, and tetraethylammonium did not inhibit lordosis. [3H]NMS, the last drug in the series to be administered, inhibited lordosis in two of three rats. Autoradiographic analysis of [3H]NMS diffusion in these rats revealed that radioactivity was confined entirely to the hypothalamus and appeared in the region of the VMN. In an additional experiment, the in vitro binding characteristics of [3H]NMS in the basomedial hypothalamus were examined. The VMN appeared lightly labeled and were surrounded by regions of darker labeling. We conclude that cholinergic drugs influence lordotic behavior when applied in crystalline form in the vicinity of the VMN of the female rat hypothalamus. PMID- 3194474 TI - Sodium chloride preference is altered in a rat model of liver disease. AB - Rats with ligation of the common bile duct were used to study the effect of liver disease on preferences for sodium chloride solutions. Preferences for NaCl were assessed by 24-hr two-bottle choice (preference) tests in both bile duct ligated (BDL) and control animals. Bile duct ligated animals showed greater preferences for 200 and 300 mM NaCl than either free-feeding or pair-fed control animals. In rats provided with continuous access to a single concentration of 200 mM NaCl both pre- and postligation, BDL animals showed an abrupt change in NaCl preference at day 12 postligation, while control animals showed no alterations in preference during the same time period. The results provide additional support for a role of the liver in determining NaCl solution preference and suggest that the BDL rat may be a useful model for the study of altered gustatory function in liver disease. PMID- 3194473 TI - The effect of cooling on the perception of carbohydrate and intensive sweeteners. AB - The effect of cooling on the perceived intensity of sweetness was measured for four different compounds: glucose, fructose, aspartame and saccharin. Perceived sweetness was rated in a sip and spit paradigm when the taste solution, the tongue, or both were either held at 36 degrees C or cooled to 20 degrees C. It was discovered that for glucose and fructose perceived sweetness was significantly reduced by cooling, and that cooling the tongue reduced sweetness more than did cooling the solution. The perceived sweetness of aspartame was also lessened by cooling, but in that case the temperature of the tongue and the temperature of the solution had similar effects on sweetness. In contrast to the other compounds, the sweetness of saccharin was not affected by temperature. These results (when combined with data previously reported for sucrose) raise the possibility that as a group, carbohydrate sweeteners are affected similarly by temperature, whereas thermal effects on intensive sweeteners may be less predictable. The data thereby provide indirect support for the hypothesis that the sweet taste is mediated by more than one type of gustatory receptor. PMID- 3194475 TI - The effect of liver denervation on the consumption of various diets by rats. AB - Liver afferents have been proposed to influence food intake control, however, previous studies have shown that chow (pellet) intake is apparently not altered in total liver denervated rats. The present study explored whether total liver denervation could alter the rats' intake of various diets other than chow pellets. Total liver denervations were verified using staining histological and monoamine histofluorescence techniques. The denervated and sham operated rats were given short-term (4-6 days) exposure to four diets: (diet 1, chow plus a 32% w/v sucrose-water solution; diet 2, 1:1 mixture of powdered chow and granular glucose; diet 3, 33% w/w Crisco and powdered chow mixture and diet 4, a 5% w/v glucose-water solution plus chow. Body weight gains were not affected-by either surgery or diet exposure. Daily consumptions of the diets were similar in both groups, nevertheless, there was a trend for the denervated rats to consume slightly more of a high fat diet, which lends support for one hypothesized liver satiety mechanism. Also, the denervated rats consumed less (an average 5 kcal/day) of the 5% glucose solution (one hypothesis tested would predict an increase consumption of glucose by the denervated rats). Thus the liver may play a role, albeit small, through several ill defined mechanism(s) in the regulation of feeding. PMID- 3194477 TI - [Temporary care of a gum-jaw-cheek defect with an obturator and prosthesis--case report]. PMID- 3194476 TI - Injected testosterone fails to influence schedule-induced attack. AB - Three pigeons attacked a rear-projected conspecific target during exposure to a response-independent Fixed-Time 120 sec (FT 120 sec) and food delivery schedule. After baseline attack rates were established, subjects experienced two conditions in which they received injections (IM) of testosterone (10 mg and 20 mg; 100 mg/ml, in suspension) twenty minutes before session start. No concomitant change in attack rate or temporal location of attack was observed. Findings support observations suggesting that social context is an important determiner of the effects of testosterone on aggressive behavior. PMID- 3194478 TI - [Electronic centric control instrument (ECC-System) together with intraoral support post registration instrument]. PMID- 3194479 TI - [Hereditary form of generalized fibrous gingival hyperplasia--case report]. PMID- 3194480 TI - [Late mineralization of a premolar]. PMID- 3194481 TI - [Cell culture study in a cyclosporin A-induced gingival hyperplasia]. PMID- 3194482 TI - [Periodontal damage caused by corrosion split of a small valued root canal screw]. PMID- 3194483 TI - [HIV in children]. PMID- 3194485 TI - [Work and family simultaneously - a difficult problem?]. PMID- 3194484 TI - [Preparation for operation (III)]. PMID- 3194486 TI - [Mouth and tooth care with toothpastes (II)]. PMID- 3194487 TI - [Radiochemical transformation of glycyl-containing peptides]. AB - The effect of gamma-radiation on aqueous peptide solutions containing amino acids characteristic of collagen (for instance, diglycyl-glycine, glycyl-tyrosine, and prolyl-glycine) has been investigated. A radiochemical yield of the disintegration of amino acid residues of these peptides and breakage of the glycyl-tyrosine peptide bond due to OH. and e-aq has been determined. Aspartic acid has been shown to form upon radiolysis of oxygen free diglycyl-glycine solutions and its yield has been determined. PMID- 3194489 TI - [Mathematical modeling of the processes of DNA synthesis in irradiated cells and cell populations. Modeling of the initiation and elongation of DNA chains in irradiated mammalian cells]. AB - Dose-dependence of DNA synthesis inhibition in cells of HeLa suspension culture, bone marrow and thymus of mice was investigated. A contribution of inhibition of replicon synthesis and DNA chain elongation to the total effect of DNA synthesis inhibition by gamma-radiation was estimated by mathematical simulation. The method is proposed for evaluation of Di that characterizes cell radiosensitivity. Radiosensitivity of HeLa cells after preirradiation or exposure to 5 fluorodeoxyuridine was assessed. PMID- 3194488 TI - [Synthesis of DNA in dividing and quiescent cells following gamma-irradiation]. AB - Changes in clonogenic capacity of gamma-irradiated minimally transformed 3T3 cells (Do = 1.3 Gy, D37 = 5 Gy, and Dq = 5.3 Gy) were determined and conditions for obtaining dormant population of these cells were chosen to be adequate for registering the radiation-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis. The comparison between the postirradiation changes in DNA synthesis in dividing and resting 3T3 cells suggests the participation of DNA-polymerase alpha in providing the unscheduled DNA synthesis in resting cells after gamma-irradiation with doses of 5 to 50 Gy. PMID- 3194490 TI - [Change in the replicative synthesis of DNA and in respiration during gamma irradiation of cultured human lymphocytes]. AB - The onset of 3H-thymidine incorporation in DNA precedes a short-term activation of cell respiration. gamma-Irradiation (5 Gy, 0.1 Gy/s) significantly inhibits oxygen consumption by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. It should be noted that time dependence maxima of oxygen consumption are shifted towards later times of cultivation. PMID- 3194492 TI - [Comparative radiosensitivity of clonogenic tumor cells of the transplantable Ehrlich carcinoma in the ascitic and solid forms of growth]. AB - Survival of clonogenic cells of solid Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) exposed to 60Co gamma-radiation in vitro under the oxygenation conditions was investigated and the clonogenic capacity and radiosensitivity of these cells and cells of the previously studied EAT ascitic form and Lewis solid tumor comparatively studied to elucidate how the efficiency of colony formation (ECF) would affect their radiosensitivity. ECF for solid EAT cells was 2.6 +/- 0.3%, which was lower, by about an order of magnitude, than that for ascitic form of this tumor and was nearly the same as that for Lewis tumor cells. A median cell lethal dose (D0) was practically the same for all tumors under study. It is suggested that the differences in ECF do not substantially influence the radiosensitivity of clonogenic cells of the studied tumors. PMID- 3194493 TI - [Experimental and theoretical study of the dynamics of lymphopoiesis during prolonged irradiation]. AB - A mathematical model has been developed describing the dynamics of lymphopoiesis in mammals chronically exposed to ionizing radiation: it is based on the chalone mechanism of regulation of the rate of bone marrow blast cell reproduction and represents a system of 9 nonlinear differential equations. The results of the mathematical simulation and experimental evidence have been found to agree within a wide range of dose rates. PMID- 3194491 TI - [The effect of gamma-irradiation on the poly(ADP-ribosylation) of nuclear proteins in rat thymocytes]. AB - Differences in the spectra of modified nuclear proteins of thymocytes of control and irradiated rats were investigated using antibodies specific for poly(ADP ribose) and incorporation of a label from 14C-NAD in vitro. Two classes of modified proteins were identified differing in the rate of the polymer metabolism and the degree of poly(ADP-ribosylation). No postirradiation changes were detected in poly(ADP-ribosylation) of the nuclear sap proteins and chromatin. A pronounced increase in modification of proteins with the molecular mass of 72 and 83 kD and a sharp decrease in poly(ADP-ribosylation) of a protein group with the molecular mass of 47 to 65 kD were detected within the nuclear matrix by the second hour following irradiation. A study was made of the localization of modified proteins in polydeoxynucleotide fractions of different sizes (mononucleosomes and their oligomers). PMID- 3194495 TI - [A systemic model of reproductive death of mammalian cells. Postulates of the model and mathematical equations of survival]. AB - A systemic model is proposed to be applied for various types of radiation. The bases for the model are substantiated and mathematical survival equations developed. PMID- 3194494 TI - [Evaluation of the level and radiosensitivity of the hematopoietic stem cell pool in man by the number of endocolonies of undifferentiated cells forming against a background of post-radiation bone marrow aplasia]. AB - The value and radiosensitivity of human haemopoietic stem pool may be assessed by the number of colonies of nondifferentiated cells (CFUnc) formed in situ during regeneration of the haemopoietic organ from the postirradiation aplasia. The time required for doubling the population, that constitutes nondifferentiated cell endocolonies, was reduced as the radiation dose increased. PMID- 3194496 TI - [Regulation of lipid peroxidation induced by cumene hydroperoxide in the liver mitochondria of irradiated rats]. AB - A study was made of the accumulation of lipoperoxidation products and O2- generation induced by cumene hydroperoxide in mitochondria of irradiated rat liver. O2- generation and formation of lipoperoxidation products were found to be connected with the function of mitochondrial P-450 cytochrome. During the first 24 h following X-irradiation of rats with a dose of 10 Gy, the rate of O2- generation sharply increased and mitochondria could not regulate the intensity of lipoperoxidation with incubation medium tonicity being altered. PMID- 3194497 TI - [Aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase activity in the blood of dogs exposed to the joint action of external gamma- and internal alpha-radiation]. AB - After the effect of external gamma-radiation (6.5 to 51.6 mC/kg) and inhaled 239Pu submicron oxide, containing 25% of 241Am, (approximately 7 to 10 kBq/kg) delivered separately and in a combination, activities of alanine-aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase changed in an undulatory manner tending to increase at later times; the change rating was a function of type and level of radiation as well as the time lapsed from the onset of exposure. The combined effect of gamma- and alpha-radiation did not exceed the additive effect of the two factors delivered separately. PMID- 3194498 TI - [Reactions of mammalian nerve cells to small doses of radiation]. AB - In experiments with rat brain slices it was shown that a radiation-induced short term increase in spontaneous neuron activity was mainly a function of dose rate. Pulsed X-radiation (pulse length of 2 X 10(-8) s, doses of 3 X 10(-5) to 6 X 10( 4) Gy) caused the most pronounced reactions that were almost completely prevented by caffeine, euphylline, and norepinephrine (10(-4) to 10(-3) M). PMID- 3194499 TI - [Radioprotective activity, toxicity and mechanism of action of bis-(beta-dimethyl octyl ammonium ethyl)disulfide]. AB - Disulfide bis-(beta-dimethyl octyl ammonium ethyl) and some of its analogues were shown to have a radioprotective effect. It is suggested that the mechanism of radioprotective action of quaternary ammonium compounds involves both a temporary inhibition of DNA synthesis in radiosensitive tissues and inhibition of oxidative processes in the organism. PMID- 3194500 TI - [Radioprotective activity of complexes of copper, cobalt and zinc with substituted acylhydrazones]. AB - Acylhydrazone metal complexes belong to a new class of radioprotective agents that have a cytostatic effect increasing, in some cases, the survival rate of irradiated animals by 40-60 per cent compared to irradiated controls. The most active drugs are hypotoxic and applied in much lower doses than ordinary S containing radioprotective agents to achieve the same protective effect. PMID- 3194501 TI - [Quantitative evaluation of the combined effect of external gamma radiation and internal alpha radiation from 239Pu based on biochemical indices of the organs of the rat immune system]. AB - The combined effect of external gamma-radiation (137Cs, 103-26 mC/kg) and incorporated alpha-radiation (239Pu nitrate, 93-9.3 kBq/kg body mass) was estimated by changes in the nucleic acid metabolism and the number of cells in rat thymus, spleen and bone marrow. The data obtained were processed using a model of multiplicate action of the factors which is equivalent, in the case of low effects, to a traditional model of additive effects. The results of the combined action of the two factors may be estimated by the coefficient of the interaction and the coefficient of the enhancement of the effects. PMID- 3194502 TI - [Distribution of plutonium in the body of rats after its intratracheal administration in the form of a Pu(IV)-TBP complex]. AB - Tributyl phosphate intratracheally administered to rat body with a Pu(IV)-TBP complex does not increase the accumulation of plutonium in the skeleton and liver. Plutonium is excreted from the lungs more readily than Pu(IV) nitrate and its large amounts are resorbed in the blood early after the administration; its excretion in feces is approximately 100 times more intense than in urine. PMID- 3194504 TI - [Does a powerful electromagnetic field in the decimetric range possess genetic activity in relation to microorganisms?]. AB - It was shown that mutants can occur in various microorganisms after a short-term exposure to electromagnetic field of 40 to 100 W/cm3 at 2375 MHz. Induction of mutants usually increases as the temperature rises and cell death rate grows to reach a maximum at a minimum survival rate. Colonial-morphological and biochemical phenotype changes are noted. Both specific and individual radiosensitivity are observed (from a 100 per cent loss of the studied character to the complete absence of the effect). Changes occur more frequently in the parameters determined by plasmids. There is a possibility to select thermoresistant variants without changing the genotype. PMID- 3194503 TI - [Combined effect of a constant magnetic field and ionizing radiation]. AB - A modifying action of the stationary magnetic field of 7.958, 95.493 and 278.521 A/m, that induces the development of a long-term adaptation syndrome, on the radiobiological effect has been studied in mice gamma-irradiated with doses of 3 to 9 Gy. PMID- 3194505 TI - Publishing a manuscript: analysis of reviewed manuscripts with discussion. Part I. AB - Fifty-one manuscripts that were submitted for publication to Radiologic Technology were analyzed. The acceptance, revision, and rejection rates of those manuscripts are discussed. The specific reasons for the rejection and for the major revisions needed for many of the manuscripts are emphasized. Manuscript preparation is also discussed. PMID- 3194507 TI - A mysterious nail and screw artifact. PMID- 3194506 TI - An alternative to the standard radiographic position for the sternum. AB - Radiography of the sternum can be difficult to perform in an ambulatory patient experiencing acute pain. This article describes an alternative positioning method of demonstrating the sternum utilizing the standing position. The technique enables the production of optimal radiographs and increases patient comfort. PMID- 3194508 TI - Clues for success on examinations. AB - To sum up, the best advise is to manage time effectively and efficiently both before and during the examination. The days prior to the examination should be spent in a constructive manner allowing time for institution of good study habits, rest and relaxation. A state of good physical health should be maintained by regular dietary habits, sleep habits, and physical exercise. Students should do their homework and be positive about the outcome. Each individual can provide himself with the best opportunity to pass the examination. PMID- 3194509 TI - Student attrition rates equal fewer R.T.(T)s. PMID- 3194511 TI - Another comment on scatter. PMID- 3194512 TI - A case for the limited scope technologist. PMID- 3194510 TI - Objectively speaking. PMID- 3194513 TI - A day in the life of a freshman student radiographer. PMID- 3194515 TI - [Value of the dual-energy method in quantitative CT studies of the brain]. AB - Using a dual-energy (DE) method, conventional polyenergetic and monoenergetic beams were used to obtain data in phantom and clinical CT studies and to prove the benefit of this method in quantitative cranial CT. Conventional polyenergetic (85 kVp and 125 kVp) and simulated monoenergetic images were reconstructed from the measurements. The noise in the monoenergetic images was lowest at 72 kVp. The interindividual white-gray differentiation varied less in DE forms than in polyenergetic images, whereas the noise was of the same order of magnitude in both types. As can be derived from our results, DE may be clinically useful in diagnosing abnormal lucency of the white matter in newborn and premature infants. PMID- 3194514 TI - Limited licensing: why is the ARRT involved? Part I. PMID- 3194516 TI - [Spontaneous carotid dissection as the cause of cerebral infarct in a youth]. AB - The case of a 19-year-old patient is presented who was admitted with aphasia and hemiparesis due to basal ganglia infarction as a result of spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery. The difficulties in diagnosing this disease with CT and MRI in the acute stage are demonstrated. Angiography is still imperative in order to ascertain that a carotid dissection has occurred. PMID- 3194518 TI - [Informing angiography patients. Results of a survey and critical comments]. AB - 100 patients subjected to angiography have been interviewed about their knowledge of the previous diagnostic procedure. The group having cerebral angiography keeps more details and risks in mind than a group having an angiography of the limbs. No patient regards the informed consent as an unnecessary affair and the majority expects to be examined by the informing physician. The radiologist therefore has the opportunity to establish a trustful relationship to the patient and to master his roll as a physician. PMID- 3194520 TI - [The Cruveilhier-von Baumgarten syndrome. Presentation of radiologic findings based on a case]. AB - Marked portosystemic venous anastomosis of the parumbilical veins is referred to as the Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome. Opening of these vessels has been described mainly in the sonographic literature. In this case report CT and MR findings are presented, which have been confirmed by angiography. This paper is intended to draw the radiologist's attention to dilatation of the parumbilical veins, which is a highly specific sign of portal hypertension resulting from intrahepatic blockage. PMID- 3194519 TI - [Imaging of osteoid osteoma by MR tomography]. AB - We report the demonstration of eight osteoid osteomas by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The nidus could be depicted showing intermediate signal intensity in T1-weighted and intermediate or increased signal intensity in T2 weighted sequences. It was embedded in thickened bone cortex, which demonstrated a signal-free zone. A different pattern was found in a subchondral osteoid osteoma of the talar dome, in which neither nidus nor sclerotic margin could be delineated. MRI is a valuable diagnostic tool in osteoid osteomas and may provide important information in addition to conventional imaging methods. PMID- 3194517 TI - [The MELAS syndrome. Computed tomographic documentation of its course and magnetic resonance tomography]. AB - This is a case report on a patient with MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes). This study documents, by CT scan, the progression of the disease for 7 years. The first CT scan was normal; all subsequent CT scans were pathological. In addition, one MRI study was done. PMID- 3194521 TI - Radiological appearance of the ampulla of Vater. AB - The localized dilatation below the confluence of the bile and pancreatic ducts is known as the ampulla of Vater. The purpose of the present study was to delineate the radiological features of the choledochopancreaticoduodenal junction, with special reference to ampullar formation in this region. This was done by specimen radiography and review of the films from 255 examinations with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Full evaluation was possible in 200 cases. Ampullar dilatation was observed in only 9 (5.1%) of the 175 patients with a common terminal opening. No ampullar dilatation was observed in the 25 patients with separate openings of the duct. The appearance in the presence of ampullar dilatation is described. The distal end of the common bile duct, below its confluence with Wirsung's duct, has been known as the ampulla of Vater for nearly 130 years. This is a most important diminutive region of the human body, but there is little in the literature concerning its radiological presentation. In this report a radiological study is presented on the choledochopancreaticoduodenal junction. PMID- 3194522 TI - [Functional diagnosis of biliary endoprostheses using hepatobiliary sequence scintigraphy]. AB - In 11 patients with biliary endoprosthesis, hepatobiliary scintigraphy with dimethyliminodiacetic acid (HIDA) was performed 16 times because of an increase in the serum bilirubin level. For the demonstration of dysfunction of the endoprosthesis, this method proved to have the same sensitivity as transhepatic cholangiography, which was performed as control examination. Therefore, hepatobiliary scintigraphy, a noninvasive and well-tolerated examination, can be recommended as a primary diagnostic tool in addition to ultrasonography for assessment of the drainage function of the biliary endoprosthesis. PMID- 3194523 TI - [Temporoparietal bone defects]. PMID- 3194524 TI - Hepatotoxicity caused by drugs. PMID- 3194525 TI - [Epidemiological chronicle]. PMID- 3194526 TI - [Communicable diseases in Poland 1986]. PMID- 3194527 TI - [Toxoplasmosis 1986]. PMID- 3194528 TI - [Trichinosis 1986]. PMID- 3194529 TI - [Intestinal parasitic diseases 1986]. PMID- 3194530 TI - [Scarlet fever 1986]. PMID- 3194531 TI - [Epidemic parotitis 1986]. PMID- 3194532 TI - [Influenza 1986]. PMID- 3194533 TI - [Rubella 1986]. PMID- 3194534 TI - [Meningitis and encephalitis 1986]. PMID- 3194535 TI - [Bacillary dysentery 1986]. PMID- 3194536 TI - [Food poisoning and/or gastroenteritis 1986]. PMID- 3194537 TI - [Viral hepatitis 1986]. PMID- 3194538 TI - [Tetanus 1986]. PMID- 3194539 TI - [Diarrhea in children under 2 years of age in 1986]. PMID- 3194541 TI - [Infectious mononucleosis 1986]. PMID- 3194540 TI - [Measles 1986]. PMID- 3194542 TI - [Scabies 1986]. PMID- 3194543 TI - [Rabies 1986]. PMID- 3194545 TI - [The effect of some possible factors in c-peptide immunoreactivity in urine on the quality of the results]. AB - About 15% of CPR-U did not correspond between two kinds of kits in the routine assay, which were produced by different pharmaceutical firms, and also it is realised that the effect of the preservative, storage condition and buffer dilutions can not be overlooked in quality control programmes. Based on these problems, following results are concluded; (1) Urine preservative: NaN3 is better than toluene. (2) Urine CPR was stable for added preservative at 4 degrees C for two weeks. (3) Diluents may effect the CPR-U results, if not kept in good condition. The role of the makers in supporting improved quality in clinical laboratory tests will be expected. PMID- 3194544 TI - [Evaluation of left ventricular function using 99mTc-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-human serum albumin (DTPA-HSA)]. AB - A newly developed blood pool agent 99mTc-DTPA-HSA (Japan Mediphysics, Inc.) was used for ECG gated blood pool scintigraphy. The radiopharmaceutical remained in the blood pool with disappearance half time of 420 min in a healthy subject. The gated blood pool study in the same subject clearly demonstrated contracting left ventricle and right ventricle both with planar and SPECT images. Three healthy volunteers and 14 patients were included in the study, in that gated blood pool images were successfully obtained. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) calculated by the analysis of LV volume curves correlated well with those obtained by echocardiography (US). In 11 patients with implanted pacemaker for complete atrioventricular block and sick sinus syndrome changes of LVEF were evaluated in relation to pacing rates. The mean LVEF at pacing rate of 60/min was 58.5%, which decreased to 54.4% at 100/min pacing rate. However, changes of LVEF in individual patient did not show same pattern. We conclude that 99mTc-DTPA-HSA is a convenient blood pool scanning agent which does not require time consuming labeling preparations. Stable labeling and slow blood clearance allows its use for repeat measurements of LVEF in different conditions in a patient such as with pacemaker. PMID- 3194546 TI - [Clinical usefulness of a dual photon absorptiometry system using X-ray for peripheral bone--comparison with a single photon absorptiometric system]. AB - A newly developed dual photon absorptiometry system (DCS-600, ALOKA Co., LTD.) using two monochromatic X-rays for the determination of bone mineral in the peripheral bone was fundamentally studied, in comparison to single photon absorptiometry system (SPA). The accuracy and precision in DCS-600 were equal to or better than SPA system. Furthermore, in DCS-600 the forearm could be imaged, and the manipulation was easy. Thus DCS-600 was found to be a good instrument as a quantifying system of bone mass. PMID- 3194547 TI - [The clinical evaluation of the serum SCC antigen levels with "SCC RIABEAD" by immunoradiometric assay]. AB - The clinical significance of serum SCC antigen level was evaluated by the monoclonal antibody method (SCC.RIABEAD Dinabot Co. Ltd). Patients with squamous cell carcinoma showed a high positive SCC antigen level and positive rate elevated with the advance of the clinical stage. The serum SCC antigen level was decreased by treatment, and it increased again before obvious clinical recurrence was recognized. The results suggest that measurement of serum SCC antigen level is useful as a follow up of cancer treatment. PMID- 3194548 TI - [Treatment of hypertensive emergencies and crisis with sublingual nifedipine]. PMID- 3194549 TI - [Palatine mucormycosis and thrombosis of the cavernous sinus]. PMID- 3194550 TI - [Residues of organochlorine insecticides in national products]. PMID- 3194551 TI - [Determination of monozygotic origin of same-sex triplets by comparing their blood groups, haptoglobins and dermatoglyphics]. PMID- 3194552 TI - [Double primary osteosarcoma of bone metastasis]. PMID- 3194554 TI - [Observed mortality in the first 1000 operations carried out under extracorporeal circulation]. PMID- 3194553 TI - [Normal values of cerebrospinal fluid in pediatrics]. PMID- 3194555 TI - [Development of positivity to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in patients receiving blood derivatives]. PMID- 3194556 TI - [Antimicrobial activity in medicinal plants of Panama]. PMID- 3194557 TI - [Depressed and exposed fractures of the skull. Bone reconstruction in the acute stage]. PMID- 3194558 TI - [Peritoneal cyst of cerebrospinal fluid in an adult]. PMID- 3194559 TI - [Identification of type 5 oviadenoviruses in goats in Senegal]. PMID- 3194560 TI - [Etiology of keratoconjunctivitis in cattle. Research of Moraxella in N'Dama bulls in Senegal]. PMID- 3194561 TI - An outbreak of type-C botulism in broiler chickens in Nigeria. PMID- 3194562 TI - Clinico-pathological aspects of naturally-occurring contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in the Sudan. PMID- 3194563 TI - [Trial treatment of sarcoptic mange in rabbits with ivermectin]. PMID- 3194564 TI - [Oestrus ovis infestation in small ruminants in Burkina Faso]. PMID- 3194565 TI - [Attractive property of chemical products isolated from animal odors for Glossina tachinoides]. PMID- 3194566 TI - [Breeding of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead, 1910 (Diptera-Glossinidae in the CRTA of Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. I. Adaptation of a wild strain to the laboratory breeding conditions on feeding hosts]. PMID- 3194567 TI - [Use of traps and screens impregnated with insecticides for controlling animal trypanosomiasis]. PMID- 3194568 TI - Influence of VIP on D-galactose transport across rabbit jejunum in vivo. AB - D-galactose absorption during 1 min perfusion periods was not affected by the presence of 10(-7)-10(-8) M VIP in the sugar solution, but exposure of mucosa to VIP for 5 min inhibited sugar absorption in the subsequent periods of perfusion. This inhibition is reversed after washing with saline solution. The effect of VIP disappeared when 10(-6) M RMI 12330A was added to the incubation solution together with 10(-7) M VIP and 1 mM D-galactose solution. These results suggest the existence of VIP receptors on the brush border membrane. The action of VIP could be mediated through the cAMP system. PMID- 3194569 TI - Isolation and characterization of chicken muscle ferritin. AB - Two ferritins (fast and slow) have been found to exist in the chicken muscle. Ferritin was isolated from the muscle by means of a method based on pH changes and saline fractioning, followed by purification in Ultrogel AcA-3A and ultracentrifugation at 100,000 g. Identification of the two ferritins shown in the chromatogram was carried out by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, the typical Prussian Blue band with ferrocyamide appearing in both cases. Ferritin characterization was carried out by means of molecular weight determination, amino acid analysis, number of Fe atoms linked by ferritin molecule and other parameters. PMID- 3194570 TI - Adaptation of electrolytes and fluid transport in rat small and large intestine after distal small bowel resection. AB - Na+, Cl- and water transport were studied in jejunum, caecum and colon after either 50% or 80% of small bowel resection (SBR). Four weeks after surgery, dry and wet weights, net absorption in vivo of sodium, chloride and water were determined. There was a significant intestinal growth after 50% or 80% SBR except for the colon which only showed increased tissue mass after 80% SBR. Net transport was stimulated both, per organ and per unit mass. In the small intestine and caecum both organ growth and changes in cell function appear to be involved in the adaptive response, regardless the extent of the small intestine resected. In the colon, compensatory growth appear to contribute to the adaptive response only after 80% SBR, whilst the transport function of the colonocytes seems to be stimulated after both types of SBR. PMID- 3194571 TI - The effect of BaCl2 on intestinal sugar transport in the rat in vitro. AB - The effect of BaCl2 on galactose transport across isolated rat small intestine has been investigated. The addition of 5 mM BaCl2 or theophylline (3 mM) to the bathing solutions increased cell water free sugar accumulation and decreased mucosal to serosal sugar fluxes. However the effects of BaCl2 were smaller than those induced by theophylline. Removal of Ca2+ from the bathing solutions did not modify the response to BaCl2, though the response to theophylline was partially reduced. In the presence of 0.1 mM trifluoperazine, both theophylline and BaCl2 were without effect on sugar transport. These findings are discussed in terms of an effect of Ba2+ on intestinal smooth muscle tone. PMID- 3194572 TI - The effect of temperature on immunoreactive glucagon plasma level in carp Cyprinus carpio. AB - Plasma immunoreactive glucagon levels (IRG), plasma glucose levels and brain and liver glycogen concentrations were analyzed in carp (adapted to 15 degrees C) subjected to short-term temperature changes (1.6 or 11 h, at 5 degrees C or 28 degrees C, respectively) and to long-term temperature changes (21 months at 28 degrees C). The high temperature (28 degrees C) produced significant increases in IRG in both short and long-term experiments. Brain glycogen also decreased in both experiments whereas liver glycogen only changed in the long-term experiment. Low temperatures did not provoke any changes either in IRG or in liver glycogen, whereas brain glycogen decreased in the 1 h exposure. In short, under these conditions in carp, IRG did not respond to low temperature but could play an important role in high temperature acclimation. PMID- 3194573 TI - Qualitative screening of C-reactive protein by latex in microtiter trays. AB - A microtiter-latex anti-C reactive protein method is described for screening large number of samples. The high percentage of false positives found with the slide-latex anti-C reactive protein method was reduced about 6 fold by the use of the described method. The use of microtiter trays, dilution of serum in one step and decreasing time of assay make this method simple, specific, rapid and easy to perform without sophisticated equipment. PMID- 3194574 TI - Urinary triiodothyronine excretion. AB - The purpose of this work was to estimate the 24 h urinary excretion of free and conjugated triiodotironine (T3) using a direct radioimmunoassay and enzyme hydrolysis. Mean urinary values of free and total T3 (mean +/- 1 SD) in euthyroid controls were 2074 +/- 673 and 2819 +/- 809 pmol/24 h respectively. In patients with hyperthyroidism, values of free hormone were about 4.2 times higher than the mean value of the euthyroid controls, and about one-third in patients with hypothyroidism. These results show this measurement to be useful as an indicator of thyroid function. Mean renal clearance of free T3 was 211.6 +/- 62.8 ml/min (mean +/- 1 SD) in euthyroid controls, 260.8 +/- 87.5 ml/ml in hyperthyroid patients and 229 +/- 98.7 ml/min in hypothyroid patients. The data show that T3 renal clearance is, in all cases, greater than glomerular filtration rate, suggesting tubular secretion of T3. PMID- 3194575 TI - The handling of NaCl load in rats during DOCA-salt and Goldblatt 2 kidney-1 clip hypertension development. AB - The handling of an intraperitoneal NaCl load (2% body weight, 0.9% NaCl) administered twice a week during DOCA-salt and Goldblatt 2K-1C hypertension development has been evaluated. An exaggerated natriuresis was observed in DS hypertensive rats since blood pressure became higher with respect to normal (C), Doca (D) and uninephrectomized-salt (NS) rats that served as controls. However, this phenomenon was not observed in Goldblatt 2K-1C hypertensive rats (2K-1C) when compared to the response obtained in sham-operated (SO) rats. These results suggest that: 1) An increased blood pressure, per se, is not a determinating factor for exaggerated natriuresis. 2) Rise in blood pressure and exaggerated natriuresis may be related through a common mechanism in Doca-salt hypertension. PMID- 3194576 TI - [Is the renin-angiotensin system implicated in the hypertensive effect of a water soluble tissue extract?]. AB - A deproteinized hydrosoluble splenic extract, which produces a hypertensive effect, injected in rats intravenously is described. The pressure action is very similar to the synthetic angiotensin II, and the (Sarcosine1-Isoleucine8)- angiotensin II, a competitive antagonist, produced partial inhibition of both responses. There were no significant differences between control and experimental rats in the plasmatic levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone and ADH. Therefore, the splenic extract does not seem to release these hormones included in the renin angiotensin pathway. Significant Angiotensin II levels were detected in the splenic material. These results support the view that forty per cent of the pressure action is due to Angiotensin II present in the extract. PMID- 3194577 TI - [Effect of ovariectomy on plasma levels of progesterone, free and conjugated estrone in pregnant sheep]. AB - Progesterone, free and conjugated estrone were determined in peripheral plasma from ovariectomized and control pregnant ewes in order to observe the ovary contribution to these hormonal levels. Progesterone levels during pregnancy were lower in the ovariectomized ewes than in control, although the differences were significant only until the 120th day of pregnancy. From the 130th day to the 3rd 5th day prepartum, an increase in the hormone levels was observed in both groups of ewes indicating a placentary contribution. Very similar patterns were followed by the free and conjugated estrone concentrations, their levels not being significantly different in either group. Production of conjugated estrone both preceded and reached higher values than that of free estrone. Both hormones showed an abrupt increase in concentration two days before the parturition, decreasing after that. Parturition mechanisms, foetus viability and the length of pregnancy were not affected by ovariectomy. PMID- 3194578 TI - Effects of estradiol on circulating levels of prolactin in female rats bearing ectopic pituitaries. AB - The existence of local mechanisms controlling the prolactin (PRL) release from anterior pituitaries (AP) grafted to an ectopic location has been recently described. To study if these mechanisms are affected by estrogens, pituitary grafted (GRAFT) and sham-operated (SHAM) rats were injected with a single dose of estradiol benzoate (EB), their plasma PRL levels as well as their hypothalamic and AP contents of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) being analyzed. Administration of EB to GRAFT animals produced a small increase in their previously high plasma PRL levels, with both an increased NE and a decreased DA content in the ectopic AP. Since NE enhances the PRL release from ectopic AP and DA partially inhibits this secretion these changes may explain such a small increase in PRL levels. However, an additional increase in the decreased PRL release from the in situ AP of these animals cannot be discarded since EB produced also a decrease of the DA content in this tissue with an unaltered hypothalamic content. Finally, administration of this steroid to SHAM animals produced an important increase in plasma PRL levels. Since this increase was correlative to a decrease in DA and NE hypothalamic contents and unaltered AP contents. EB may be supposed to be able to reduce the DA synthesis in the tuberoinfundibular neurons, while the changes in noradrenergic inputs could be more related to the feedback effects of estrogens on the gonadotrophin release. PMID- 3194579 TI - Sex differences of hematological and biochemical parameters in healthy rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri, R). AB - A hematological study of the rainbow trout has permitted to establish a sexual difference in the parameters related to it, such as haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte and leukocyte count. The types of leukocytes were homologated to the human blood. Haemoglobin, haematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, erythrocyte and leukocyte count values were lower in female than male. The normal values of some biochemistry parameters were equally studied and in some cases they similarly showed a sexual difference. Creatinine, triglycerides, phosphatase alkaline, sodium and globulin values were higher in female than male. Establishing a sexual difference from the biochemical and hematological parameters is possible. PMID- 3194580 TI - Radioimmunoassay for melatonin and its application to fowl pineal research. AB - A radioimmunoassay for melatonin has been developed after raising anti-melatonin antibodies in rabbit. Melatonin was extracted from serum or pineal gland of chickens (Gallus domesticus). The radioimmunoassay was performed by using 3H melatonin as tracer. The standard curve covered the range 0.022-0.345 pmol/vial and the KD value for melatonin was estimated at 1.37 x 10(10) l/mol. The antiserum specificity has been analysed, none of the common melatonin analogues influencing this method of melatonin measurement. The intra-assay variability was 7.2% for serum samples and 8.6% for pineal extract. The inter-assay variability for this biological sample was 15.3% and 6.4% respectively. PMID- 3194581 TI - Effect of ethanol on the iron uptake by rat reticulocytes. PMID- 3194582 TI - [Effects of cimetidine and vagotomy on food ingestion and drinking in mice]. PMID- 3194583 TI - Morphological defects of the acrosome in boar spermatozoa. AB - Morphological examination of semen from 17 boars of five breeds showed the presence of acrosome defects in 11 boars from four breeds. Two distinct types were seen; 'knobbed' sperm (type 1), of which two forms were found to be present by electron microscopy, and an uneven swellling of part of the acrosome (type 2) whose contents consisted of cytoplasmic and membrane-like material. The incidence of 'knobbed' sperm ranged from 0.2 to 6.3 per cent. Type 2 abnormalities were seen in only two boars, at 0.66 and 1.33 per cent. PMID- 3194584 TI - Identification of the phenolic substances in bovine urine associated with oak leaf poisoning. AB - Six phenolic substances in bovine urine associated with oak leaf poisoning were identified by means of the ferric chloride reaction, paper chromatography and gas liquid chromatography. The results indicate that these are neither oak tannin nor tannic acid but small molecular weight phenolic compounds. The concentration of free volatile phenols in the urine of cattle affected by oak leaves (n = 9, 26.57 +/- 11.20 mg litre-1) was significantly higher than in normal cattle (n = 9, 2.59 +/- 0.03 mg litre-1). PMID- 3194585 TI - Origin of antibody-containing cells in the ovine mammary gland following intraperitoneal and intramammary immunisation. AB - Previous studies in sheep indicate that a combination of intraperitoneal and intramammary immunisation with ovalbumin results in a population of anti ovalbumin-containing plasma cells of the IgG1 isotype in the immunised mammary gland. These cells are not present in the unimmunised contralateral gland. The studies reported here were undertaken to determine the source of these cells. The failure of chronic intestinal lymphatic drainage or either mesenteric or supramammary lymphadenectomy to abrogate this response was interpreted as evidence against their origin from gut-associated or mammary-associated lymphoid tissue. It is concluded that the success of prior intraperitoneal immunisation in stimulating an enhanced IgG1-specific response to local antigen in the mammary gland probably results from recruitment of cells from systemic lymphoid tissue primed by intraperitoneal immunisation. PMID- 3194586 TI - Venous drainage of the bovine corpus cavernosum penis in relationship to penile dimensions and age. AB - The veins of the corpus cavernosum penis (ccp) were examined in 34 calves aged one to three weeks, 38 calves aged three to four months, five bulls aged 10 to 14 months and six bulls aged two-and-a-half to five-and-a-half years. Shortly after birth, the cavernous spaces of the ccp within the body of the penis drain into the dorsal venous system. The veins increase in size up to three to four months old, but by 10 to 14 months they have regressed markedly, both in numbers and in size. In normal bulls, over two-and-a-half years, there is no venous drainage of the ccp within the body of the penis. The thickness of the tunica albuginea does not seem important in determining the location of the veins that traverse it to drain the ccp or in facilitating the development of venous drainage during the first three or four months of post natal life. These findings are discussed in relation to impotence associated with distal venous drainage of the ccp in young and adult bulls. PMID- 3194587 TI - Myelinated axons in peripheral nerves of adult beagle dogs: morphometric and electrophysiological measurements. AB - The myelinated fibre composition and conduction velocities were measured for the ulnar, saphenous and caudal cutaneous sural nerves of 10 healthy beagle dogs. A systematic random sampling technique was used to estimate the fibre diameter frequency distributions and densities. Conduction velocities were measured from evoked compound nerve action potentials. All nerves showed bimodal diameter frequency distributions with modes being approximately the same for each nerve (2 to 4 microns and 8 to 10 microns or 10 to 12 microns). The variation in the average densities and in the shapes of histograms of the different nerves was slight; however, there was a wide variation for the same nerve in different individuals. The conduction velocities for the fastest conducting axons in the nerves ranged from 63 to 79 m s-1. These normal quantitative processes affecting peripheral nerves in the dog. PMID- 3194588 TI - Effects of experimental duodenal occlusion on electrical activity of the proximal duodenum in cattle. AB - An electromyographic study of the proximal duodenum in cattle is presented. Changes of motility patterns were studied after induced mechanical obstruction of the descending duodenum in five healthy cows. Special attention was paid to the ratio of antegrade and retrograde motility. Induced duodenal obstruction of which the duration was at most 48 hours, resulted in abrupt disorganisation of the migrating myoelectric complexes; the phases of regular spiking activity disappeared completely or reappeared in a disorganised pattern, and the phases of irregular spiking activity consisted of repetitive groups of spike bursts with prolonged duration and increased propagation velocity. Retrograde peristaltic contractions in the proximal duodenum were observed. Relief of obstruction resulted in a rapid reorganisation of the cyclic pattern of the migrating myoelectric complexes, which indicates normalisation of intestinal activity. PMID- 3194589 TI - Ultrastructure and secretory nature of the seminal glomus in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). AB - The seminal glomera from captive budgerigars were dissected and prepared for ultrastructural and histochemical studies of the lining epithelia. The general structure suggested that they are formed by convolutions of the terminal portions of the ductus deferens which appear as a network of tubules. The epithelium lining the tubules was identified as pseudostratified ciliated and non-ciliated columnar epithelium. With the electron microscope it was possible to identify two different cell types in the epithelium: type 1, ciliated cells and type 2, non ciliated epithelial cells. Light microscopy revealed periodic acid Schiff (PAS) positive material, resistant to diastase digestion in the distal parts of some of the epithelial cells, indicating its glycoprotein nature. Alcian blue/PAS staining showed mixed acidic and neutral glycoproteins. Alcian blue staining at different hydrogen ion concentrations (pH) showed that the acidic glycoprotein was of the weakly sulphated type. Periodic acid thiocarbohydrazide silver proteinase staining, at the ultrastructural level, confirmed the presence of an intracellular glycoprotein. PMID- 3194590 TI - Susceptibility of the pre-parturient ewe to infection with Trichostrongylus vitrinus and Ostertagia circumcincta. AB - During two successive years, groups of pregnant ewes and non-pregnant worm-free sheep were given anthelmintic, challenged one week later with 10,000 infective larvae of either Trichostrongylus vitrinus or Ostertagia circumcincta and killed two, four and six weeks after challenge. All of the ewes were killed within three days of their predicted lambing date. There was no annual variation in the response of the ewes to infection with either species. Compared to adult naive animals, ewes expressed resistance to infection with T vitrinus at all times, with significantly lower worm burdens composed largely of inhibited third stage larvae. Ewes challenged with O circumcincta were fully as susceptible as naive animals with regard to the size and stage of development of their worm populations. Mechanisms regulating the numbers of adult O circumcincta were operative in the adult naive animals but not in the ewes. PMID- 3194591 TI - A possible role for testosterone during luteolysis in the ewe. AB - Increased peripheral plasma concentrations of testosterone were detected at the commencement of luteolysis and at oestrus in sheep. Daily subcutaneous administration of spironolactone (10 mg kg-1) between days 10 and 16 of the oestrous cycle suppressed testosterone secretion and delayed luteolysis and oestrus. In pregnant ewes no increases in testosterone concentrations occurred between days 10 to 16 after mating and luteal regression, monitored by peripheral progesterone concentrations, was inhibited. It is suggested that aromatisation of testosterone to oestrogens is needed for luteolysis in sheep. PMID- 3194592 TI - Chemotactic response of equine polymorphonuclear leucocytes to Streptococcus equi. AB - Streptococcus equi infection in horses is characterised by intense infiltration of lymph nodes by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) suggesting a potent chemotactic response to the organism or its products. Equine PMNs were separated using Ficoll-Hypaque medium and used in an assay of chemotaxis under agarose to study the components of S equi involved in this response. Results showed that complement-derived chemotactic factors generated by activation of the alternative complement pathway were important in chemotactic responses to S equi. Both whole bacteria and peptidoglycan preparations were potent complement activators, whereas purified M protein was less active. In contrast, S equi culture supernatant protein did not activate complement; instead it directly inhibited migration of PMNs. Moreover, PMNs, when incubated with culture supernatant of a non-haemolytic strain, showed signs of cellular degeneration suggesting the presence of a cytotoxin distinct from haemolysin. PMID- 3194593 TI - Autofluorescence of bovine ligamentum nuchae, cartilage, heart valve and lung measured by microscopy and fibre optics. AB - The fluorescence of bovine tissues was measured post mortem by microscopy of frozen sections and by using optical fibres to excite fluorescence and to measure fluorescence emission spectra. Mechanical disruption of the tissue (by comminution or sectioning) did not appreciably change tissue fluorescence spectra. Ligamentum nuchae had the strongest fluorescence and lung tissue had the weakest. In samples measured with a minimum prior exposure to ultraviolet light, the peak fluorescence emission was at 410 or 420 nm (with excitation at 365 nm). Exposure to ultraviolet light for about 1 minute shifted the fluorescence peak to 450 to 470 nm. Further exposure (about 30 minutes) caused a loss of the 450 to 470 nm fluorescence peak, while emissions above 530 nm were maintained or strengthened. Microscopy showed that the fluorescence that was measured by fibre optics from intact connective tissues originated mostly from collagen and elastin fibres. PMID- 3194594 TI - Effects of trichostrongyle larval challenge on the reproductive performance of immune ewes. AB - Ostertagia circumcincta larvae were administered to adult immune ewes either during the breeding period or around parturition to investigate whether reproductive performance was affected. Two groups of 25 ewes were given water or 12,000 ostertagia larvae three times weekly for five weeks before and five weeks after breeding to synchronised oestrus. Plasma pepsinogen levels were raised in the larval-challenged ewes during the treatment period but no significant effect of treatment was observed on ovulation rate or plasma progesterone concentration. Neither ewe live-weight nor body condition score differed between groups throughout gestation or for four weeks post partum and there was no effect from larval challenge during the breeding period on lambing rate, lamb birthweight or liveweight at four weeks old. A second experiment involved 20 twin-bearing immune ewes which were administered 17,000 ostertagia larvae three times weekly for three weeks before and three weeks after parturition. Plasma pepsinogen concentration was elevated during the larval challenge period and nematode eggs were detected in the faeces after parturition but there was no effect from treatment either on ewe liveweight and body condition score or on lamb birthweight and lamb liveweight at four weeks old. These results indicate that larval challenge with ostertagia larvae at dose rates comparable to larval intake from heavily contaminated pasture did not affect the general well being and reproductive performance of immune Greyface ewes. PMID- 3194595 TI - Pathology of calves with diarrhoea in southern Britain. AB - Twenty-one moribund calves with diarrhoea were purchased from 11 farms, their faeces examined for enteropathogens and samples of intestinal tissue removed under anaesthesia. Lesions and presence of enteropathogens on the mucosal surface were scored by histological examination of immunostained paraffin sections. Two or more enteropathogens were detected in 19 calves. Cryptosporidium appeared to be the principal cause of diarrhoea in six calves, rotavirus in four, Salmonella typhimurium in two, bacteria adherent to the surface of the large intestine in two, coronavirus in one and K99+ Escherichia coli in one calf. Diarrhoea in four calves was the consequence of mixed infections in which no one enteropathogen appeared to predominate. In one calf no enteropathogen was detected. Diarrhoea was associated with infections and lesions throughout the small and large intestines. The enteropathogens most frequently associated with lesions in the small intestines were rotavirus, coronavirus and cryptosporidium; in the large intestines they were coronavirus and bacteria apparently adherent to the mucosal surface. PMID- 3194596 TI - Analysis of ovine peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets following Ficoll-Hypaque separation or erythrocyte lysis. AB - Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were analysed with the aid of monoclonal antibodies and flow microfluorometry following separation by either the Ficoll Hypaque method or erythrocyte lysis of the buffy coat. The percentage of lymphocytes labelled by the monoclonal antibodies SBU-T1, SBU-T4 and SBU-T8 were significantly greater (P less than 0.05) in samples obtained by erythrocyte lysis. In contrast, a lower percentage of lymphocytes was labelled by SBU-T6 following erythrocyte lysis (P less than 0.02). These data suggest caution when choosing a method for separation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. PMID- 3194597 TI - Haemolytic effect of Pasteurella haemolytica on blood from young mammals. AB - On agar plates containing young lamb blood, Pasteurella haemolytica produces a wide outer zone of partial haemolysis in addition to the narrow zone of complete clearing seen on adult sheep blood agar. To determine whether this phenomenon was limited to lamb blood, samples from young animals of 20 mammalian species were examined. Two species--the barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) and scimitar horned oryx (Oryx tao)--possessed blood that gave this effect provided that the samples were taken from young animals. The 18 species that gave negative results included an ovine species, the bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). PMID- 3194598 TI - Arrested development of Trichostrongylus tenuis as third stage larvae in red grouse. AB - Worms were counted in red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus) in north east Scotland in March, April, August, September, November and December 1986. Immature worms occurred as third (L3) and fourth (L4) stage larvae throughout. Two kinds of evidence suggest that L3 larvae spent much of the winter in a state of arrested development. First, recently acquired L3 larvae could be distinguished by the fact that they retained outer L2 cuticles for a few days; these were present only in the August and September samples. Secondly, the mean proportion of larvae (L3 and L4) present as L3 was less than 15 per cent in August and September, but increased to 92 per cent by December and then decreased to 71 per cent by March and April. During March and April the proportion of L4 increased as overwintering L3 resumed their development. PMID- 3194600 TI - Effect of carrier erythrocytes containing inositol hexaphosphate on Babesia microti infection. AB - Erythrocytes containing inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) were administered to mice. Mice were then challenged with Babesia microti. Mice receiving IHP carrier erythrocytes had significantly lower percentages of parasitaemias on days 3, 5 and 7 after infection. Carrier erythrocytes containing IHP have altered P50 oxygen values. Thus, carrier erythrocytes containing IHP may be useful in treating naive animals before transporting into areas endemic for babesiosis. PMID- 3194602 TI - Failure of a recombinant Babesia bovis antigen to protect cattle against heterologous strain challenge. AB - Groups of cattle were inoculated subcutaneously with (i) a recombinant DNA derived Babesia bovis protein (KaBbl-GZ) fused to beta-galactosidase and combined with adjuvants, or (ii) native beta-galactosidase (GZ) plus adjuvant, or (iii) adjuvant only or (iv) a live, attenuated B bovis vaccine. KaBbl-GZ was produced in the lambda gt11-amp3 system as a 5-10 kD babesial polypeptide linked to GZ. KaBbl has previously been shown to be an immunodominant antigen of B bovis, localised at the apex of the parasite, and present in a range of B bovis strains. High levels of GZ antibodies were observed in KaBbl-GZ and GZ inoculated cattle, but specific KaBbl antibodies could not be detected by ELISA. Five months after primary inoculation, all cattle were blood challenged with a virulent heterologous B bovis strain. Despite four inoculations with KaBbl-GZ, significant protection against the challenge was not observed. PMID- 3194601 TI - In vitro response of Haemonchus contortus larvae harvested during different times of the patent period to anthelmintics. AB - Three commercially available ruminant anthelmintics and an investigational drug were evaluated for effects on the motor function/motility of third stage (ensheathed) Haemonchus contortus. Helminth ova were collected at one, five, nine and 13 weeks during the patent period, cultured to the third larval stage and assayed for sensitivity to four different drugs. All four drugs (100 and 10 micrograms ml-1) significantly affected the motility of third stage H contortus larvae cultured from eggs passed at each of the times examined. However, the investigational drug (p-toluoyl chloride phenylhydrazone, 10 micrograms ml-1) had a significantly greater effect on the motility of larvae harvested at 13 weeks than those cultured at nine weeks (32 per cent difference). No other significant differences in the motility response during the patent period were observed. PMID- 3194603 TI - Neurologic problems of pregnancy. PMID- 3194599 TI - Identification of a connective tissue degrading enzyme in bovine inflammatory exudate. AB - Chronic inflammation and the associated tissue damage are of major concern to medical and veterinary clinicians. It is likely that proteinases are the important enzymes in the pathological degradation of connective tissues. A neutral metalloproteinase, capable of degrading proteoglycans, has been identified in its active form in acute inflammatory exudates. PMID- 3194604 TI - [Loss of psychic self-activation and stereotyped mental activity caused by a frontal lesion. Relation of the obsessive-compulsive disorder]. AB - A case of frontal lobe lesions is reported, its interest being that it is similar to a syndrome that we have previously described as the consequence of lenticular nucleus lesions. This syndrome includes primarily a loss of psychic self activation (psychic akinesia) and compulsive or pseudo-compulsive activities. In the present case the lesions involved the deep white matter of the prefrontal cortex on both sides, and were most extensive in the depth of the middle frontal gyrus. This similitude brings further support to the notion that subcortical damage of the lenticular nuclei can induce a frontal-like syndrome. The similitude with some of the behavioural aspects or depressive of hebephrenic states is emphasized. The occurrence of stereotyped mental activities is the basis for a discussion of the relationships with some features of obsessive compulsive neurosis. PMID- 3194605 TI - [Loss of vitality, of interest and of the affect (athymhormia syndrome) in lacunar lesions of the corpus striatum]. AB - Two men in their 6th decade were referred for dramatic changes in their affect and personality resulting from multiple lacunar infarcts bilaterally involving the striatum, especially caudate nuclei, as shown on MRI. These changes included: specific loss of desire and interest toward previous motivations, loss of drive and search for satisfaction, lack of curiosity, loss of tastes and preferences, flattened affect. Interestingly, there were neither the necessary subjective criteria for the diagnosis of depressive syndrome nor major defect in intellectual or cognitive functioning: specifically, language, memory, and psychometric performances were roughly normal. Neither dopaminergic nor antidepressant agents could modify these patients deficits. It is suggested that this syndrome be referred to as "athymhormia syndrome" (from the Greek roots thumos: mood and horme: ardor, spirit, elan), a term coined by Dide and Guiraud to define the behavior of some schizophrenics, ascribed by these authors to a disruption of the so-called "hormothymic system" that they proposed to locate to subcortical brain structures. Referring to similar behavioral changes previously reported with lesions involving bilaterally either the globus pallidus or the periventricular white matter of the frontal lobes, it is proposed that a distinct pathway could constitute the neural substrate of the "hormothymic" system. This pathway, following a cortico-subcortical limbic loop, would include: striatal afferents from the limbic frontal cortex, striatum itself (especially its limbic component), globus pallidus, and dorso-medial thalamic nucleus. PMID- 3194606 TI - [Polyneuritis of cranial nerves and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): 5 cases]. AB - Cranial neuropathies were present in 5 patients with positive serology for the human immunodeficiency virus. Two patients presented with abnormalities of ocular movements (3rd, 4th), two with an isolated unilateral facial nerve palsy and one with a lesion of the accessory nerve. Neurological symptoms and signs are present in approximately 60 to 80 p. 100 of cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but cranial neuropathies affect only 2 to 3 p. 100 of the patients. The isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus from the nerve suggest a direct role, but an indirect immune mechanism may also be present. Some of the patients with aseptic meningitis or subacute encephalopathy have demonstrated involvement of cranial nerves, mainly 2nd, 7th and 8th. Systemic tumors (lymphoma) may involve the central nervous system by diffuse meningeal invasion with lesions of 3rd, 4th and 6th nerves. Opportunist infections like Herpes zoster or Cytomegalovirus may produce cranial neuropathies (2nd, 5th). Isolated mononeuropathies or cranial nerves palsies have also been reported in patients treated with chemotherapeutic agents like vinca alkaloids. PMID- 3194607 TI - [Dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome caused by cerebellar infarction]. AB - A 80 year old woman suddenly complained of dysarthria and clumsiness of the right hand. CT scan showed an infarct in the territory of the lateral branch of the right superior cerebellar artery. This dysarthria-clumsy hand syndrome in a patient with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation suggests that the likely cause was an embolus from the heart. PMID- 3194608 TI - [Persistence of a conjugate eye and head deviation of hemispheric origin]. AB - The conjugate eye and head deviation (CD) after acute hemispheric stroke normally resolves into poor days, but delayed recovery may occurs after previous contralateral frontal lobe damage or after acute right parietal lesion. This is a report of a ten months persistent CD at rest, without visual or auditory stimuli. CT showed a bilateral capsular infarct of the genu and a recent right frontal posterior infarct. The persistence of the deviation may thus be explained by such a combination of bilateral anterior lesions. PMID- 3194609 TI - [Neurinoma of the vagus nerve, contralateral peripheral facial paralysis]. AB - A right facial paralysis led to the discovery of a tumor on the left side of the medulla oblongata. A neurinoma was suspected on MRI and confirmed by surgery and pathological examination. Ultrasonic aspiration was on interest in this case. The mechanism of the facial paralysis is uncertain: ischemia, compression and pure coincidence may be considered. PMID- 3194610 TI - [Predominant involvement of the central nervous system in a secondary form of borreliosis]. AB - The clinical features of a patient with a secondary stage of Borrelia Burgdorferi infection are reported. Severe symptoms and signs of central nervous involvement were present. PMID- 3194611 TI - [Bronchial resection-anastomosis for cicatricial stenosis. Physiopathologic and therapeutic considerations]. AB - The exploration of a stenosis of an intermediate bronchus in a 50 year-old woman showed it to be severe, limited, and non-malignant. Pre-operative angiography showed hypovascularization of the right lower and middle pulmonary lobes. A short resection of the stenosis, with termino-terminal bronchial anastomosis was performed. Post-operative evaluation showed normal bronchography and angiography. This suggests that bronchial stenosis plays a role in the hypovascularization observed before its surgical correction, the most likely hypothesis being vasoconstriction. PMID- 3194613 TI - [The induction of labor. For whom is it convenient?]. PMID- 3194612 TI - [Luteal insufficiency and elevation of sex-binding proteins by demegestone]. AB - Demegestone, a norprogesterone derivative, was administered during the luteal phase in 6 normally ovulatory women and in 10 patients with luteal insufficiency. Demegestone decreased the LH surge and the plasma concentrations of estradiol and progesterone in the normally ovulatory women and did not modify the binding capacity of sex steroid binding protein (SBP). In the patients with luteal insufficiency, demegestone increased significantly SBP (0.94 +/- 0.24 vs 1.32 +/- 0.56 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.05) and decreased the free testosterone index (T/SBP) (38.8 +/- 33.3 vs 25.4 +/- 18.5, p less than 0.05). Transcortin, was unchanged during demegestone treatment in both groups of women. The results showed that demegestone did not exercise androgenic activity on SBP conversely to the nortestosterone derivatives which decrease SBP and confirmed that progesterone and norprogesterone derivatives influence positively the regulation of SBP. PMID- 3194615 TI - [Testicular feminization syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis: observations apropos of 2 sisters]. AB - The anatomo-clinical aspects and the physiopathology of the feminizing testicle syndrome, are now better known. The prenatal diagnosis of this familial genetic ailment through the determination of the fetal sex by ultrasonography and the study of fetal karyotypes by amniotic fluid analysis or biopsy of trophoblast, is currently possible. Risk groups must be defined in order to ensure a better care for these children. PMID- 3194614 TI - [Jaundice and pregnancy. Apropos of 62 cases]. AB - In this study, the authors have attempted to collect files of jaundice in pregnant women. 65 cases were included in this study, over a period of 4 years. Several etiologies of jaundice have been reported but viral hepatitis especially the non A, non B viral hepatitis remain the most frequent. The epidemiology, and the clinical and evolutive criteria of each disease are briefly summarized. PMID- 3194616 TI - [Uremic-hemolytic syndrome occurring in extra-uterine pregnancy. Apropos of a case]. AB - One case of uremic-haemolytic syndrome associated with an ectopic pregnancy is reported. The main signs are, from the clinical standpoint, a diffuse haemorrhagic syndrome and, from the biological standpoint, a haemolytic anemia, renal failure and thrombopenia. This pathology, exceptionally associated with an early pregnancy, required an intensive resuscitation with blood transfusion, hemodialysis and plasma exchanges. From a surgical standpoint, two procedures were necessary following salpingectomy, to drain intraperitoneal and sub aponeurotic blood collections. The course, thereafter, was uneventful. PMID- 3194617 TI - [Immunotherapy with Alergim PG in pollinosis]. PMID- 3194619 TI - [Serological study of the ocular complications of human leptospirosis]. PMID- 3194620 TI - [The Bailenger method (modified)]. PMID- 3194618 TI - [Immunogenic capacity of a fractionated lyophilized smallpox vaccine]. PMID- 3194621 TI - [A family nursery at Montrouge]. PMID- 3194622 TI - [Hard, hard to be a private duty nurse]. PMID- 3194623 TI - [Cervico-facial angiomas or angiodysplasias]. PMID- 3194624 TI - [The education system]. PMID- 3194625 TI - [Gastroduodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3194626 TI - [Maxime +]. PMID- 3194627 TI - [Aids to home maintenance and facilities for admission]. PMID- 3194628 TI - Measuring the size of nasal septal perforations. A simple radiological method. AB - A simple method of preoperative documentation of nasal septal defects is described. The borders of the defect and the surrounding regions of the nasal septum are marked with an X-ray contrast medium and a lateral radiogram is performed. The perforation is outlined and the image allows evaluation of the size, shape and location of the septal defect. Some clinical examples are presented. PMID- 3194629 TI - The nasal septal cartilage in the newborn. AB - The largest part of the nasal septum in young children is cartilaginous. It was established that the cartilaginous septum shows a specific pattern of regional differences in thickness and histologic differentiation. The possible meaning of those phenomenons for growth and support are discussed. PMID- 3194630 TI - Seasonal variation of nasal surface basophilic cells and eosinophils in Japanese cedar pollinosis. AB - Nasal pollinosis is caused by pollens of trees and grasses as allergen floating in the air during the seasons of blossom. In Japan, cedar pollinosis is the most prevalent of seasonal allergic rhinitis. We studied the seasonal variation of nasal mucosal basophilic cells (cells with basophilic and metachromatic granules) and eosinophils by nasal scraping of cedar pollinosis patients from June 1986 to May 1987, and found that during the season basophilic cells and eosinophils increased significantly, decreased but still remained for two or three monts after the season, and finally disappeared. The variation of eosinophils was more prominent than basophilic cells. The increase of both cells had close correlation with each other. PMID- 3194631 TI - The nasal provocation test in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis. II. Comparison with other diagnostic tests. AB - We standardized the NPT by means of AAR, and in the present study, we compared this technique with skin testing and the RAST test. Using Alternaria tenuis and cat epithelium, the NPT was found to be more specific than skin testing; in the case of Phleum pratensis, no differences were observed. We conclude that the NPT is an excellent diagnostic technique. PMID- 3194632 TI - Clinical and cytomorphological alterations of nasal mucosa in laryngectomized patients. AB - A group of laryngectomized patients were rhinoscopically examined. The nasal mucosa was found to become thinner and change its colour over time. The nasal mucosa swabs from the same patients were cytologically examined at various time intervals following laryngectomy, revealing degenerative alterations of the multi layered epithelium that occurred as a consequence of the nose exclusion from its function due to laryngectomy. Our experience has shown these degenerative changes to be completed within a two-year post operative period, as indicated by the fact that both the clinical and cytological findings obtained after that time point remained practically unchanged. PMID- 3194633 TI - Rhinomanometric method error in the assessment of nasal respiratory resistance. AB - Reproducibility of nasal resistance recording is important if meaningful clinical and investigative data are to be assembled. The present study investigated by duplicate determination, reproducibility of anterior (unilateral) and posterior (bilateral) recordings of nasal respiratory resistance (NRR) for 12 subjects. Improved accuracy was achieved with frequent use of a calibration device and visual feedback for the patient. The results show that the recordings are reproducible with a small method error of between 13.6 Pascals/cc/sec x 10(3) and 41.5 Pascals/cc/sec x 10(3). PMID- 3194634 TI - Spirometric forced volume measurements in the assessment of nasal patency after septoplasty. A prospective clinical study. AB - Methods for assessing the nasal patency are needed in the evaluation of patients with symptoms of nasal stenosis. Apart from the commonly used rhinomanometric method spirometric forced volume measurements as well as nasal peak flow rate have gained interest especially in studies concerning allergic rhinitis and nasal hyperreactivity. We have measured the expiratory and inspiratory forced volume in 0.5 second through the mouth and nose in 12 patients before and after septoplasty and in ten controls. A nasal patency index (NPI) was calculated from the ratio between nasal and oral measurements. The expiratory and inspiratory NPI for the preoperative worst cavity and the expiratory NPI for the total nose showed significant improvement. These indices from the patients preoperative measurements also differed significantly from controls. We found the method easy to handle and sensitive enough to detect changes of the nasal patency after septoplasty. PMID- 3194635 TI - Unilateral and bilateral nasal resistances. AB - Plethysmographic rhinomanometric resistance measurements of combined and separate nasal cavities were made at a transnasal differential pressure of 100 Pa. The coefficients of variation over time of 40 consecutive total resistance values obtained at 1 min intervals from untreated noses of five healthy subjects averaged 11.0% measured directly and 11.8% calculated by application of Ohm's Law for parallel resistors. Measurements at 5 min intervals between sides increased variation of calculated total resistances markedly. The coefficients decreased to 4.7% and 5.1% respectively when the noses were decongested and by contrast with untreated noses these resistances varied independently from each other. Facial masking increased the coefficient of variation of resistance in the decongested nose (p less than 0.001) to as much as 11.0% and the magnitude of averaged resistances was moderately increased also (p less than 0.035). Measured values plotted against calculated values for total nasal resistance of 45 consecutive patients produced a regression differing insignificantly (p = 0.94) from the line of identity in the decongested nose but diverging from it (intercept 0.03 Pa/cm3/sec and slope 0.83, p less than 0.03) when the nose was untreated. Resistive variations associated with mucovascular instability and with use of a face-mask contribute substantially to differences between the results of anterior and posterior rhinomanometric assessments of total nasal resistance. PMID- 3194636 TI - [The elderly ostomy patient]. PMID- 3194637 TI - [Nursing management and the permanent coverage of the demand for care]. PMID- 3194638 TI - [Nursing and tobacco smoking]. PMID- 3194639 TI - [Gastric lavage in poisonings by mouth]. PMID- 3194640 TI - [The neutral thermal environment in the neonatal period]. PMID- 3194641 TI - [Preoperative care of the geriatric patient. Nursing care]. PMID- 3194642 TI - [Sexually transmitted diseases. STDs]. PMID- 3194644 TI - [Nutritional status. Its evaluation]. PMID- 3194643 TI - [Mechanical respiration in patients with chronic exacerbated respiratory failure. Its withdrawal and disconnection]. PMID- 3194645 TI - [Glucose: determination methods (I)]. PMID- 3194646 TI - [Continuing education. 30. Subject: geriatric nursing. Topic: nursing care of the elderly patient]. PMID- 3194647 TI - [The information society]. PMID- 3194648 TI - [Atrial fibrillation and acute ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Study of 500 cases of cerebral infarction and transient cerebral ischemic attacks]. AB - The prevalence of chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) and the clinical features in 151 patients with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and in 349 patients with cerebral infarct have been analyzed. AF was found in 11.9% of patients with TIA and in 14.9% of patients with cerebral infarct. The difference was not significant (NS). In patients without AF, the carotid artery TIAs represent 70.6% of all TIAs, while the vertebral basilar artery TIAs account for 29.4%. When AF is present, 88.9% of all TIAs belong to the carotid artery and 11.1% to the vertebral basilar artery circulatory system (NS). TIAs lasting less than 10 minutes are 42.1% when AF is not present, while when AF is present they are only 11.1% (p less than 0.001). In patients without AF 79% of TIAs last less than one hour, while in patients with AF the percentage goes down to 38.9% (p less than 0.001). In patients with or without AF, the chronic digitalis therapy before the hospitalization does not affect in any way the occurrence of TIA or cerebral infarct. These results suggest that emboli from the atrium are more likely to cause cerebral infarcts than TIAs and when they cause TIAs more usually they last hours than minutes. PMID- 3194649 TI - Auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials in brain-dead patients. AB - The short latency evoked potentials, allowing to assess the brain stem's function, can supply useful information in the diagnosis of Brain Death (BD). 15 BD patients were submitted to the auditory brain stem response (ABR); in 7 cases somatosensory evoked potentials from the medial nerve (SEP) were also recorded. The ABR was absent in 11 cases (73.3%), while in 3 cases only the I wave was present (20%); in one case the low-voltage I-V waves were present. Regarding the SEP, in 3 cases (42.9%) only the N9-N13 and P9-P13 waves were present, while in another 3 cases (42.9%) a N13/P13 dissociation was observable. In the remaining case, which presented a still reproducible I-V interval, the SEP was normal, thus excluding the diagnosis of BD. The ABR and the SEP, which are not roughly influenced by general anaesthetics and sedatives, are thus helpful in diagnosing BD. The SEP seems able to supply useful information more frequently than the ABR, but their combined use can guarantee maximum security of excluding false positives. PMID- 3194650 TI - [Aging and convulsions: possibility of primary epilepsy beginning in old age]. AB - The authors have carried out a retrospective study of 63 patients with epileptic seizures occurring after 60 years of age. Possible aetiological factors, the semiology and frequency of seizures and existing correlations, including instrumental ones, have been studied. The necessity of methods capable of more detailed structural evaluations and functional measurements has emerged. These will reduce the incidence of those types of epilepsy which at present do not seem to result from lesions. The possibility of senile epilepsy due to changes typical of this period and occurring mainly in the 60 to 70 age group, seems, however, worthy of consideration. PMID- 3194651 TI - [Non ossifying fibroma with vertebral localization. Clinical case]. AB - A case of non ossifying fibroma of a vertebral body causing a severe spinal cord compression is reported. A review of the literature shows that in the group of benign neoplasms of bone, non ossifying fibroma is uncommon and that its vertebral location is quite rare. The Authors discuss about the clinical, radiological and pathological features of these lesions which may be diagnostically confusing. PMID- 3194652 TI - [Convulsive episodes caused by a suspension of lorazepam]. AB - Seven cases of convulsive seizure occurring after abrupt withdrawal of Lorazepam in non epileptic patients are reported. Five ot of them had an important cerebral damage occurred in perinatal period. All patients, before withdrawal, had been taking Lorazepam, 5-15 mg/day, for at least six months. It is stressed that in similar cases there is no need to start an anticonvulsive therapy because usually there is not a spontaneous recurrence of convulsive seizures. It is suggested that withdrawal of long term treatments with high doses of benzodiazepines be accomplished carefully and very slowly especially in patients with a previous cerebral damage. PMID- 3194653 TI - Spontaneous tumors in aging (C57BL/6N x C3H/HeN)F1 (B6C3F1) mice. AB - Spontaneous tumors in untreated (C57BL/6N x C3H/HeN)F1 (B6C3F1) mice used as controls in carcinogenicity tests were recorded. In both sexes, the development of spontaneous tumors was age-related. In 244 male mice, the most common tumors were hyperplastic nodules of the liver, hepatocellular carcinomas, malignant lymphomas/leukemias, lung adenomas, and adenocarcinomas. In 246 female mice, the most common tumors were malignant lymphomas/leukemias, pituitary adenomas, neoplastic nodules of the liver, hepatocellular carcinomas, and lung adenomas. Hepatocellular carcinomas metastasized in 20.3% of the animals with these tumors. Few other tumors except malignant lymphomas and leukemias metastasized. Various tumors of other organs and/or tissues were found at low incidences. PMID- 3194654 TI - Gingival hyperplasia in dogs induced by oxodipine, a calcium channel blocking agent. AB - Subchronic oral exposure of dogs to Oxodipine, a new calcium channel blocker of the dihydropyridine-type, resulted in dose-related gingival hyperplastic changes. The doses at which an effect was elicited were 24 and 73 times the intended therapeutic dose for man. The effects were first noted after 7 weeks of treatment, and were limited to the high and intermediate dose groups of both sexes. Macroscopically, a generalized enlargement of the maxillary and mandibular facial and lingual gingivae were noted. The histological changes were similar to those described in man for Nifedipine and hydantoin-related drugs. An increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and a decrease in alanine aminotransferase was demonstrated. This article is the first to describe gingival hyperplasia in dogs induced in a dose-dependent manner by a calcium channel blocker. PMID- 3194655 TI - Mechanism of death in Syrian hamsters gavaged potato sprout material. AB - Greened or sprouted potatoes contain increased concentrations of steroidal alkaloids that have caused intoxication and death in a wide variety of animal species, however, the cause of death in these animals has not been determined. Potato alkaloids can cause death when parenterally administered, and is attributed to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of solanine and chaconine. To determine the cause of death in animals ingesting potato sprout material, 40 Syrian hamsters were divided into 4 equal groups and gavaged once on day 0 either water, 300 mg of potato sprout material, 400 mg of potato sprout material, or 500 mg of potato sprout material. Tissues were examined grossly and microscopically at 72 hr post-gavaging and brain acetylcholinesterase activity of each hamster was measured. The 300-mg dose group had increased mean acetylcholinesterase activity compared with control hamster mean activity, and the 400-mg and 500-mg dose groups had 90% and 84% of the mean acetylcholinesterase activity of the control hamster mean activity. There was severe gastric and proximal small intestinal mucosal necrosis in those hamsters which died prior to euthanasia. Additionally, several hamsters had valvular endocarditis and infarcts. Death could not be attributed to the slight acetylcholinesterase inhibition in the 2 higher dose hamster groups and was related to the severe gastrointestinal necrosis which occurred in hamsters of these groups. PMID- 3194656 TI - Mortality, major cause of moribundity, and spontaneous tumors in CD-1 mice. AB - Mortality, major causes of moribundity, and spontaneous tumors in CD-1 mice were studied in 891 males and 890 females, which were used as controls in 11 different 2-year chronic and oncogenicity studies during the past 5 years. Average mortality of males and females at 83 weeks of age was 32.6% and 28.6%, respectively, and at 109 weeks of age was 66.4% and 63.3%, respectively. Mortality was significantly lowered in males and females born after 1980 in accordance with an abruptly decreased occurrence of systemic amyloidosis in these animals. The major cause of death or moribundity included systemic arteritis, systemic amyloidosis, auricular thrombosis, glomerulosclerosis, lymphoma, and pulmonary adenocarcinoma in both sexes. Dysuria and hepatocellular carcinoma in males and mammary adenocarcinoma in females were also critical lesions. The major tumors occurring at more than 3% incidence were systemic lymphoma, adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the lung, adenoma/carcinoma of the liver and adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the Harderian gland for males, and systemic lymphoma, adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the lung, adenoma/carcinoma of the liver, leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma of the uterus, adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the pituitary (anterior), adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the mammary gland and adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the Harderian gland for females. Intralaboratory heterogeneities in the incidence were recorded as follows: systemic lymphoma in 1 of 11 control groups (1/11) and adenoma/adenocarcinoma in 1/11 for males, and systemic lymphoma in 3/11, adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the lung in 2/11, adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the liver in 1/11, and adenoma/adenocarcinoma in 1/11 for females. PMID- 3194657 TI - Pulmonary histopathology of rats following parenteral injections of nickel chloride. AB - To elucidate the subacute toxic reactions to parenteral administration of Ni2+, male F-344 rats were given daily injections of NiCl2 (62.5 or 125 mumol/kg, sc) for 3 to 6 weeks. Nickel accumulation was greater in lung than in the other major organs, based upon tissue analyses by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. After 5 or 6 weeks of NiCl2 treatment, severe pathological changes developed in the lungs, including a) prominent hydropic and degenerative changes of the endothelium of pulmonary arteries and veins; b) marked proliferation of alveolar lining cells, affecting Type II (granular)pneumocytes; c) thickening of alveolar walls, with proteinaceous alveolar exudate; d) hyperplasia of bronchial epithelium, with cellular atypia and mitoses; and e) focal bronchial pneumonia with intrabronchial exudates. These pulmonary responses to repeated daily injections of NiCl2 were substantially different from the pathological lesions seen 24 to 72 hours after a single sc injection of NiCl2 (500 or 750 mumol/kg), which included perivascular edema, karyorrhexis and pyknosis of mononuclear cells in focal perivascular infiltrates, and mild pulmonary congestion. This study shows that the lung is a primary site of toxicity in rats following parenteral administration of NiCl2; vascular endothelial cells, Type II pneumocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, and mononuclear cells constitute the principal cellular targets for pulmonary toxicity of Ni2+. PMID- 3194658 TI - Variable hepatocellular vacuolization associated with glycogen in rabbits. AB - Marked variation in hepatocellular vacuolization was present in New Zealand white rabbits used as controls in 28-day and 91-day percutaneous studies conducted at 5 different laboratories. Vacuoles in hepatocytes of alcohol-fixed and formalin fixed livers contained periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive material which was removed with diastase digestion, indicating the presence of glycogen. The magnitude of hepatocyte vacuolization was subjectively assessed by light microscopy using 5 histologic grades. Quantitative measurements of hepatocyte perimeter and lobule radius for representative liver sections of each histologic grade corroborated the different grades used. Factors associated significantly with the degree of vacuolization were sex (females were affected more severely than males), body weight, relative liver weight, and the laboratory conducting the study. Also apparent were variations in mean severity of hepatocyte vacuolization between studies conducted at the same laboratory, and variation in severity of vacuolization within individual studies. Duration of the study and season had no significant association with the degree of vacuolization. Marked variation of hepatocellular vacuolization due to glycogen accumulation must be recognized when evaluating results of toxicity testing in rabbits. PMID- 3194659 TI - An immunocytochemical study of pituitary adenomas and focal hyperplasia in old Sprague-Dawley and Fischer 344 rats. AB - Spontaneous pituitary tumors occurring in groups of 100 Sprague-Dawley (SD) and 100 Fischer 344 (F344) rats of each sex on a 2-year aging study were characterized by immunocytochemistry. The SD strain had a total of 75 tumors with 10% in males and 65% in females. Tumors immunoreactive for prolactin (PRL) alone were the most common tumor (64%) with the immunonegative tumor being the second most common (17.3%). F344 rats had a total of 62 tumors with 26% in males and 36% in females. The majority of the tumors were reactive for prolactin alone (56.5%) and tumors reactive for both growth hormone (GH) and PRL were the second most common (21%). Most tumors were immunoreactive for only 1 hormone; however, both strains had tumors that expressed multiple hormones in unusual combinations. PMID- 3194660 TI - Dose-response relationship of diethylnitrosamine-initiated tumors in neonatal balb/c mice: effect of phenobarbital promotion. AB - The dose-response of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) initiation of hepatocarcinogenesis was determined in infant Balb/c male mice with and without subsequent phenobarbital treatment. Male Balb/c mice received a single intraperitoneal injection of DENA (0, 2.5, 10.0, 25.0 or 50.0 micrograms/gbw) in saline on day 15 of age. Ninety mice were treated at each dose level. At weaning, mice received either deionized drinking water (45 mice per group) or deionized drinking water containing 500 mg/L sodium phenobarbital (PB) (45 mice per group). Mice from each group were sacrificed 12, 24, and 40 weeks post-weaning. Liver and lung tumors were found in DENA-only-treated and DENA + PB-treated mice. In DENA-only-treated mice, the incidence and number of hepatic adenomas were similar (not dose dependent) at DENA doses of 10, 25, and 50 micrograms/gbw at each of the 3 sampling times. DENA-only-treated mice did display a time-related increase in hepatic adenoma incidence and number at each dose. In PB-treated mice, the hepatic adenoma number was dependent upon the dose of DENA between 2.5 and 50 micrograms/gbw. PB treatment following DENA administration resulted in a decrease in the time required for the detection of hepatic adenomas and increased the number of hepatic adenomas at most sampling times compared to the mice that received DENA only. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HPC) were detected in mice receiving the highest DENA doses (25 and 50 micrograms/gbw). PB treatment increased the number and incidence of HPC and decreased the time of first detection of HPC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194661 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): a new tool in experimental toxicologic pathology. AB - Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging technique that provides multidimensional images of the soft tissues of the body. This imaging technique has proven to be an excellent diagnostic and experimental tool for the detection of pathologic alterations in soft tissues, as well as an adjunct screening method for following the genesis, progression, or regression of chemically induced lesions in the same live animal. Future applications of MRI technology in small animals include MRI microscopy, mapping of vascular or circulatory alterations, measurement of perfusion and diffusion rates of body fluids, and acquisition of cell metabolic states in combination with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, all of which will contribute immensely to the advancement of toxicologic and biomolecular research. PMID- 3194662 TI - Atropine pretreatment does not abrogate O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate-induced bronchiolar injury in mice. PMID- 3194663 TI - Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in a Mexican village. AB - One hundred and twenty-four persons, nearly the entire population of a rural village in Hidalgo State, were screened for intestinal parasites and clinical or serologic (ELISA) evidence of Taenia solium cysticercosis. Heads of households were questioned about dietary and other practices that might lead to pork tapeworm transmission, and soil samples were examined for helminth eggs. Twenty five percent of local pigs had cysticerci visible by examination of the undersurface of their tongues. Four persons passed taeniid eggs, 7 were seropositive, and 10 gave medical histories suggestive of neurodysticercosis. Most seropositive persons were not symptomatic and the reverse was also true. The clustered distribution of infected pigs, tapeworm carriers, and persons with serologic or clinical evidence of cysticercosis suggested intrahousehold transmission. Dietary and sanitary practices were generally optimal for transmission of pork tapeworm. No cattle were kept in the village and beef was rarely eaten. This preliminary report attempts to characterize T. solium transmission in communities with endemic disease in rural Mexico and illustrates some of the methodological problems faced by epidemiologists who study this disease. PMID- 3194664 TI - Comparative study on the susceptibility of different Glossina species to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection. AB - Teneral Glossina morsitans centralis, G. austeni, G. palpalis palpalis, G. p. gambiensis, G. fuscipes fuscipes, G. tachinoides and G. brevipalpis from laboratory-bred colonies, were allowed to feed simultaneously for 34 days on the flanks of ten goats infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei isolated in Tanzania or in Nigeria, and then the tsetse were dissected. The seven tsetse species and subspecies showed salivary glands infections over the range of 0% to 40.4%. Survival of the Tanzanian and Nigerian T.b. brucei was best in G. m. centralis and very poor in the other tsetse species. It is suggested that there are differences in the gut of different laboratory-bred Glossina species and subspecies allowing T. b. brucei parasites to survive better and undergo the complete developmental cycle more readily in some species than in others. PMID- 3194665 TI - Leakage of incorporated radiolabelled adenine--a marker for drug-induced damage of macrofilariae in vitro. AB - An objective in vitro assay has been developed for quantifying drug-induced damage in Dipetalonema viteae macrofilariae. The method involves radiolabelling the worms ATP pool by incubating macrofilariae with [U-14C]-adenine. As determined by HPLC 72% of the incorporated label was in ATP, 15% in ADP and about 4% in each of NAD and AMP. Macrofilariae labelled with [U-14C]-adenine show a linear efflux of [14C]-label amounting to 21.3% of the total incorporation (mainly as uncharged catabolites) over a time course of 120 h in vitro incubation. When prelabelled worms were exposed to compounds exerting macrofilaricidal effects in vitro a marked stimulation in the leakage of [14C] label from the worms was noted. The [14C]-label leakage appears to be linked with membrane (or cuticle) damage and the reduction of macrofilarial ATP levels. Determination of the amount of [14C]-label remaining in drug-treated worms relative to appropriate control provides a simple, sensitive and quantitative measure of drug-induced damage in macrofilariae (including Onchocerca). The method has been used to describe the macrofilaricidal activity of a wide range of antifilarial standards, membrane disruptive agents, respiratory inhibitors, fasciolicides and anti-cestode compounds. PMID- 3194666 TI - The relationship between innate susceptibility to Onchocerca, and haemolymph attenuation of microfilarial motility in vitro using British and west African blackflies. AB - The effect of haemolymph from individual flies of differing species of Simulium were compared in their ability to attenuate Onchocerca microfilariae in vitro. Small maintenance systems, each of 3-4 microliters total volume, were set up in Terasaki plates. Three British species of greatly differing susceptibilities to Onchocerca lienalis (Simulium ornatum, S. equinum and S. vernum) were compared in their effect on O. lienalis. Three forms of the S. damnosum complex from Liberia (S. yahense and 2 geographical variants of S. soubrense) were similarly compared in their effects on O. volvulus microfilariae. The more refractory species in both sets of experiments were found to significantly reduce the in vitro motility of the microfilariae more than the susceptible species. It is proposed that this innate variation in in vitro attenuation, may be caused be humoral haemolymph proteins. Such an assay, perhaps in a modified form could be used in predicting vector susceptibility. It could also be used to analyse mechanisms responsible for variation in susceptibility, of different S. damnosum complex members, to the geographical forms of O. volvulus. PMID- 3194667 TI - The use of a topical Mazzotti test in the diagnosis of onchocerciasis. AB - The use of locally applied 1.6% diethylcarbamazine citrate in Nivea lotion as a diagnostic test for onchocerciasis was studied in 473 Liberians aged 2 to 55 years. The lotion was administered on an area of skin of 10 X 10 cm. Only papular reactions were considered as positive test results. The sensitivity of the test increased significantly with higher microfilaria densities and was higher in a hyperendemic area than in hypoendemic villages. No correlations were found between sensitivity and age and between intensity of papular reactions and microfilaria densities. Positive test results in persons without microfilariae in their skin snips produced only a minor increase of 2-3% in prevalence figures. Predictive values were calculated for different degrees of endemicity. They show that under certain conditions the topical Mazzotti test can be a simple and useful test. However, it cannot replace the search for microfilariae in skin snips. PMID- 3194668 TI - Simulium (Edwardsellum) rasyani n.sp., the Yemen species of the Simulium damnosum complex. AB - The examination of the polytene chromosomes of the Yemen representative of the Simulium damnosum complex revealed hitherto unknown arrangements distinct enough to justify the description of this form as the new species Simulium (Edwardsellum) rasyani. The newly recognized inversion II L-60.65 was always present and found to be homozygous in 62% and heterozygous in 38% of the 106 larvae which were examined. A short description is given of the morphology of the females, males, larvae and pupae. Populations from the five permanent Wadis Kabir, Rasyan, Al Barh, Zabid, and Surdud were genetically and morphologically very uniform. PMID- 3194669 TI - Low temperature storage and pupal survival in the Simulium damnosum complex. AB - Pupae of the Simulium damnosum complex were exposed for different time periods to temperatures of 0, 4, 8 and 12 degrees C before returning to ambient temperature (24-28 degrees C). As the period of exposure to the low temperatures increased, pupal survival decreased. A one day exposure even to 0 degrees C had little effect on survival, whereas for a 4 day exposure, the optimum survival occurred at 8 degrees C with a total of 46% emergence. Young pupae (pale cuticle) had greatest emergence after exposure to 12 degrees C, the old ones (dark sclerotised cuticle) after exposure to 8 degrees C. Exposure to the different cold temperatures did not significantly affect the longevity of the emerging adults. Low temperature storage of pupae is thus a viable method for long distance transportation of living specimens of blackflies. PMID- 3194670 TI - Ocular sparganosis: a cause of subconjunctival tumor and deafness. AB - We report a patient with a subconjunctival mass lesion caused by a larva of Spirometra sp. The parasite, 44 cm long and 1.0 mm wide, was removed intact and alive with complete preservation of the patient's vision. The mode of infection was probably through consumption of contaminated drinking water. PMID- 3194671 TI - Epidemiological studies of onchocerciasis in forest villages of Sierra Leone. AB - Results are presented for five villages in the forest zone of Sierra Leone in which forest onchocerciasis was considered to be a significant health problem. All five villages were found to be hyperendemic and 85% (682/803) of persons were found to have at least one sign of onchocerciasis. The emergence of microfilariae from skin snips (iliac crest and/or canthus) or the presence of nodules accounted for 96.5% of all persons positive for onchocerciasis. The prevalence of nodules from all body sites was 70.5% and of elephantiasis, hanging groin and skin lesions (moderate and severe) was 0.4%, 0.3% and 5.3% respectively. Analysis of eye lesions (the most serious clinical manifestation of the disease) was restricted to persons aged 30 years and over since this gives a better indication of the public health importance of onchocerciasis than analysis in the overall population. This gave prevalence rates of onchocercal blindness of 4.5% (both eyes) and 2.8% (one eye only). Rates for the four potentially blinding eye lesions were sclerosing keratitis (4.1%), iritis (16.5%), optic atrophy (13.8%) and choroidoretinitis (14.4%). Rates in males were approximately twice as high as those in females. PMID- 3194672 TI - Epidemiological studies of onchocerciasis in savanna villages of Sierra Leone. AB - The overall prevalence of onchocerciasis was 78% and 73% in three villages of the woodland savanna of Koinadugu and four villages of the savanna-forest mosaic of Kambia respectively. The total number of persons examined was 611. In Koinadugu the prevalence of microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus in skin snips from the iliac crest and canthus was 51.3% and 22.5% respectively while corresponding figures for Kambia were 52.2% and 19.3%. The pattern of clinical manifestations were similar in both districts, the overall rates for nodules, skin lesions (moderate and severe) and leg elephantiasis being 53.2%, 12.5% and 0.3% respectively. No cases of hanging groin were seen. The prevalence of onchocercal eye lesions was lower in the present surveys than in our own findings in Guinea or the findings of other investigators in the Guinea or Sudan savanna of West Africa. In the present study prevalences of the fourmain blinding eye lesions in persons aged 30 years or more were sclerosing keratitis (3.7%), iritis (8.7%), optic atrophy (14.2%) and choroidoretinitis (11.3%), and the prevalence of blindness was 4.2% (both eyes) and 2.0% (one eye). Males were more commonly affected than females. Further entomological studies are needed to elucidate the relative role played by the different cytospecies of Simulium damnosum s.l. in the transmission of onchocerciasis in the savanna of Sierra Leone. PMID- 3194673 TI - Effect of ethanol extract of cancer patients' serum on the vulnerability of lymphocytes to cortisol. AB - We have shown previously that cortisol-sensitive lymphocytes (thymocytes) have a much lower capacity than cortisol-resistant cells to catabolize cortisol. We have also shown that sera of cancer patients (CPS) possess ethanol-extractable substance(s) which can inhibit the catabolism of cortisol by lymphocytes (CCL). Recently, we noted that unsaturated fatty acids can both inhibit CCL and modulate the sensitivity of lymphocytes to cortisol. In the present study, we attempt to identify the compounds responsible for CCL inhibition and to demonstrate that inhibition of CCL may make cortisol-resistant lymphocytes vulnerable to the steroid. The enzymes DNase, RNase, pronase and lipase were added to ethanol extracts of serum as a first step in our efforts to identify the nature of the inhibitors of CCL. Only lipase had an effect on the inhibition. In fact, lipase enhanced the inhibition of CCL. This finding correlates with our previous observations that unsaturated fatty acids are potent inhibitors of CCL. Examining the effect of ethanol extracts of CPS and normal serum on the vulnerability of lymphocytes to cortisol, we noted that ethanol extracts of normal serum had no significant killing effect, whereas an ethanol extract of CPS makes lymphocytes more sensitive to cortisol. Since the adsorbance of free fatty acids of CPS by defatted albumin reduced but did not eliminate the capacity of the serum to inhibit CCL, we assume that other compounds besides free fatty acids might also be involved in CCL inhibition and modulation of the sensitivity of lymphocytes to cortisol. PMID- 3194674 TI - The last outpost. PMID- 3194675 TI - Battling the nursing shortage. PMID- 3194676 TI - From RN to BSN. PMID- 3194677 TI - A shortage with a difference. PMID- 3194678 TI - Testifying as an expert witness. PMID- 3194679 TI - Lobbying: a legitimate, critical nursing intervention. PMID- 3194680 TI - [The new x-ray ordinance--responsibilities of those answerable for radiation protection and their delegates, expert knowledge]. AB - The Federal German X-Ray Regulations as amended on 8 January 1987 represent a revision and reformation of the old regulations of 1 March 1973. The new version is largely based on the requisite conclusions resulting from the recommendations made by the International Radiation Protection Commission and the standards of the EC derived therefrom. In this manner the Federal German regulations have been adjusted to conform with European legislation. Other changes effected in the regulations concern mainly the delineation of the responsibilities of the owner of the x-ray equipment concerned against the responsibilities of the safety delegates appointed by him, these responsibilities being limited to decisions within the area of the owner's company or medical practice, as the case may be. Further reformulations refer to the extension of expert knowledge in radiation safety, to the required proof thereof and experience in the requisite field of application, to the supervision and responsibility to be exercised by expert physicians and to the training of medical assistant staff. PMID- 3194681 TI - [Effective dose--personnel occupationally exposed to radiation--medical supervision (the new x-ray ordinance)]. AB - The Federal German X-Ray Regulations have been adapted to the latest state of the art in respect of dose definitions, physical radiation protection control, examination by an authorized physician and have been brought in line with existing regulations and guidelines. This has resulted in making some things easier to some extent, at least in a few areas. This applies in particular to monitoring the dose in respect of individuals and to the requisite examination of an individual by an authorized physician. The definition of an "effective dose" will hardly exercise any impact on medical practice, since it is required to be calculated in very rare cases only. PMID- 3194682 TI - [Responsibilities of the authorities and officially designated inspectors including surveillance (the new x-ray ordinance)]. AB - The expert is a mediator between the relevant governmental institution on the one hand and the x-ray equipment manufacturers on the other. The physician can approach the expert in all matters concerning radiation protection. It is only by mutual cooperation between physician, governmental body, manufacturer and expert that the new x-ray regulations can be implemented and enforced. Of course we cannot influence the natural exposure to radiation that has been going on ever since the creation of the Earth. It is the task of radiation protection to keep artificial radiation exposure of the population as low as possible. Every person is expected to contribute towards achieving this aim. PMID- 3194684 TI - Clinical management of the benign cytological report in patients with solitary pulmonary nodules. AB - The clinical value of the benign cytological report was evaluated in 65 patients with a peripheral solitary pulmonary nodule. The cytological report suggesting a specific benign diagnosis (hamartoma, tuberculoma, carcinoid) was of decisive clinical value in 47 patients. In 18 patients the cytological report only suggested the presence of benign cellular elements and was of limited or even misleading clinical value and comprising two false negative reports. It is concluded, that the benign cytological report suggesting a specific lesion is of decisive clinical value, whereas a cytological report only suggesting benign cellular elements should prompt repuncture or surgical biopsy. PMID- 3194683 TI - [Circumscribed changes in the cranium due to extracerebral fluid collection in the middle cranial fossa]. AB - On the basis of 26 cases with extracerebral fluid accumulation in the middle cranial fossa the bony changes occurring in this connection are described and discussed in respect of their aetiology. If there are bony accompanying reactions, two entities can be observed in principle. One group shows thinning and protrusion of the temporal squama, raising of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone and protrusion of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. The second group is associated with thickening of the temporal squama and of the lesser and greater wing of the sphenoid bone without showing any change in volume of the middle cranial fossa. If we postulate in the first group a space-occupying property of the extracerebral fluid accumulation, the prominent reactions in the second group are those usually associated with absence of pressure exercised on the cranial vault by a space-occupying growth. PMID- 3194685 TI - [A cerebral air embolism due to a central venous catheter in the computed tomogram]. AB - A case of air embolism to the brain occurred via a disconnected central venous catheter. Computed tomography disclosed a number of small air bubbles in the right hemisphere. If the clinician suspects air embolism a CT scan should be obtained immediately to verify the presence of intracerebral air. On later CT scans only secondary effects like in any embolism will be seen. PMID- 3194686 TI - [Surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux]. PMID- 3194687 TI - [Diagnostic strategies in spinal paraplegia]. PMID- 3194688 TI - [Contribution of imaging to the diagnosis and monitoring of paraplegia]. PMID- 3194689 TI - [Clinical aspects and early evaluation of functional impairment in paraplegic patients]. PMID- 3194690 TI - [Rehabilitation of paraplegic patients]. PMID- 3194691 TI - [Antispastic treatment of paraplegic patients]. PMID- 3194692 TI - [Medical monitoring and the daily life of paraplegic patients]. PMID- 3194693 TI - [The trans-esophageal approach opens new clinical perspectives in echocardiography]. PMID- 3194694 TI - [Recent progress in the physiopathology of gastro-esophageal reflux and esophagitis]. PMID- 3194695 TI - [The vascular renin-angiotensin system and hypertension]. PMID- 3194696 TI - [Analgesic effect of the central administration of ketoprofen in rats]. PMID- 3194697 TI - [Medical imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of trochanteric bursitis]. PMID- 3194698 TI - [Primary Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome. Favourable effect of a fundamental treatment with hydroxychloroquine on biological anomalies]. PMID- 3194699 TI - [A case of myositis ossificans of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva type]. PMID- 3194700 TI - [Arthropathies of the ankle disclosing cancer of the bladder with bone metastases. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 3194701 TI - Direct evidence for circulating apoSAA as the precursor of tissue AA amyloid deposits. AB - A precursor product study was carried out using tritiated, undenatured murine high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-apoSAA, to assess whether circulating HDL-apoSAA is the precursor of tissue AA amyloid deposits. The quantity of label accumulating in AA over a 24-h period was determined per unit weight of spleen. In addition a mathematical assessment of the quantity of label that should have accumulated in splenic AA within 24 h was made, based on the half-life of circulating apoSAA, the rate of change of the specific activity of circulating apoSAA, and rate of deposition of splenic AA. The observed result was approximately 47% of the theoretically predicted value. The latter did not include extraction efficiencies of AA peptide from spleen nor losses which might have occurred during column fractionation of splenic extracts. The observed and predicted results are therefore in remarkably good agreement and indicate that circulating apoSAA is the major source of protein for splenic AA amyloid deposition. PMID- 3194703 TI - Evidence that tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is not constitutively present in vivo. The association of TNF with freshly isolated monocytes reflects a rapid in vitro production. AB - Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) cytotoxic activity has been shown not to be present in detectable amounts in the serum of healthy humans, but it may be found in some patients with meningococcal disease. In this study we investigated whether TNF is constitutively present in vivo on or within monocytes. TNF was detected on freshly isolated paraformaldehyde-fixed monocytes from both healthy individuals and cancer patients. No significant difference was found between the two groups. TNF appeared first 40-60 min after in vitro monocyte adherence, which is the same time as it took TNF to appear extracellularly after the exposure of in vitro cultured monocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This indicates that TNF associated with freshly isolated monocytes was synthesized in vitro. The inducing signal may be monocyte contact with plastic. Exposure of whole blood to LPS immediately after vein puncture was followed by about twice as rapid TNF release as that observed with in vitro cultured monocytes. The release was inhibited by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D, indicating that the TNF detected did not represent TNF present in vivo. This is consistent with the fact that no TNF cytotoxic activity was detected in blood cell extracts. However, TNF-mRNA may have been present in vivo. Thus, the available evidence indicates that TNF is not constitutively expressed in vivo. PMID- 3194702 TI - Detection of IgA antibodies and quantification of IgA antibody-producing cells specific for ovalbumin or Trichinella spiralis in the rat. AB - This report describes procedures to quantify IgA responses in the rat sensitized to ovalbumin or infected with the parasite Trichinella spiralis: an ELISPOT detecting specific IgA antibody-producing cells in lymph nodes, and an ELISA demonstrating IgA antibody in serum and gut mucosal scrapings. For this purpose a mouse monoclonal anti-rat IgA antibody was produced. This IgG1-kappa 1 antibody recognized rat IgA but not rat IgM, IgG, or IgE. It proved very suitable in both assays. Using this reagent we could demonstrate large numbers of IgA anti ovalbumin-producing cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes 15 days after sensitization to ovalbumin via the Peyer's patches. At 28 days after sensitization the numbers were much lower. IgA antibody titres to ovalbumin in serum were maximal between days 14 and 21 after immunization. Maximal numbers of IgA anti-T. spiralis-producing cells were found in the mesenteric lymph nodes 12 days after infection with muscle larvae, followed by a sharp decrease at 15 days. Maximal IgA anti-T. spiralis antibody titres in serum and mucus scrapings of small intestines were found on days 10 and 12 after oral infection with the parasite. PMID- 3194705 TI - The First International Conference on Synovitis--Characteristics and Functions of Synovial Cells. Oslo, Norway, 9-12 June 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3194706 TI - HBsAg-positive Swedish blood donors: natural history and origin of infection. AB - 99 HBsAg-positive blood donors (BDs) were discovered in Goteborg during 1970-84. Of the 82 patients where the outcome is known 46 had transient and 36 persistent antigenemia. Chronic hepatitis was found in 6 patients while 30 were asymptomatic carriers. Three BDs had died, 1 of them from cholangiocellular cancer. An obvious mode of transmission was demonstrated for 19 BDs, i.v. drug abuse being the most frequent one. Five BDs originated from countries with a known high prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Family contacts of the remaining carriers had serological markers for HBV in the following frequencies: mothers 46%, siblings 39%, fathers 25%, children 13%, spouses 10%. Only children of female carriers had markers for HBV infection. Intrafamiliar transmission during childhood is an important route of transmission even in a country with low HBV endemicity and amongst people without connection with endemic regions. This population may be susceptible to the consequences of a long-term carriership of HBV. PMID- 3194707 TI - HIV infectivity--the hepatitis B lesson. AB - The probability of acquiring an HIV infection through different types of risk behaviour is not well known. For prognoses on the future spread of the infection some knowledge of these probabilities is of vital importance. While they may be difficult to ascertain directly, comparison with better known diseases that are transmitted in a similar fashion might give some indication. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) shares many routes of transmission with HIV. We here propose a model, where the parallel seroconversion to HBV and HIV in a cohort of homosexual men is used to estimate the relative infectivities of the two diseases. For homosexual contacts HBV seems to be about 10 times as contagious as HIV. PMID- 3194704 TI - Polymeric and monomeric IgA response in serum and milk after parenteral cholera and oral typhoid vaccination. AB - The effect of vaccinating lactating Pakistani mothers with a combination of live oral typhoid vaccine and parenteral inactivated cholera vaccine on specific milk and serum IgA antibodies in both monomeric (m) and polymeric (p) forms was analysed. IgA antibody titres peaked for both antigenic specificities 2 weeks after the first dose of vaccine. 82 +/- 7% of anti-Vibrio cholerae and 72 +/- 17% of anti-Salmonella typhi IgA were in the polymeric form. These serum pIgA antibodies were mainly dimeric IgA, not complexed with the secretory component. They disappeared more rapidly from serum than mIgA antibodies. Anti-V. cholerae IgA responses were parallel in serum and milk samples, whereas anti-S. typhi responses were dissociated. In milk, IgA antibodies were secretory IgA for both antigenic specificities, being probably of local origin in the mammary gland. Our results indicate that both oral and parenteral vaccinations can induce pIgA antibodies in serum and secretions, confirming that the presence of pIgA in serum does not necessarily reflect an immune stimulation only at the mucosal level. PMID- 3194708 TI - Recurrent staphylococcal furunculosis in families. AB - Recurrent familial staphylococcal furunculosis causes severe physical and especially socio-psychological problems to the families involved. In the present study 6 families with 28 persons were not treated with antibiotics but with a combination of chlorhexidine bathing, nasal 1% chlorhexidine gel and improved cleaning and hygiene in the surroundings. The infecting Staphylococcus aureus strain was eradicated from the surroundings and the skin in all 6 families, but several of the family members still retained the strain in the nose. All family members were, however, cured and remained without infections during an observation period of 2 years. PMID- 3194709 TI - Throat carrier rates of beta-hemolytic streptococci among healthy adults and children. AB - In order to investigate the carrier rate of beta-hemolytic streptococci throat cultures were obtained every third month from 382 asymptomatic adults and schoolchildren during a 2-year period, altogether 2226 samples. In addition, 300 asymptomatic 4-year-olds were sampled once. The carrier rate of beta-hemolytic streptococci was 19.4%; group A streptococci alone 5.0%. There was no season dependent variation. In the 3 age groups the carrier rates of group A streptococci were 0.8%, 5.9%, and 11.3%, respectively, with the highest rate among the 4-year-olds. Some of the individuals that were sampled repeatedly seemed to be pharyngeal carriers of group A streptococci, while others never became carriers. Group A streptococci were found significantly more often among 4 year-olds not attending day-care centres compared to those attending such institutions. For group C and G streptococci the influence of age on carrier rates was not similar to that found for group A streptococci. Throat carriership of beta-hemolytic streptococci does not result in clinical infections. PMID- 3194711 TI - Association of reactive arthropathy and Morganella morganii cross reacting with Yersinia enterocolitica. AB - Two patients exhibited reactive arthropathy in association with chronic diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Rising titres of agglutinating antibody to Yersinia enterocolitica O3 were observed in association with arthropathy. Morganella morganii was isolated from faeces of one patient in heavy growth. In both patients, absorption of the sera with morganella antigen abolished yersinia reactivity. Morganella titres were more than 8 times the yersinia titres and were unaffected by absorption with Yersinia. Neither patient had detectable antibody to the predominant enterobacterial species present in faeces. One patient developed acute cystitis with Proteus mirabilis and had no serological response to the proteus isolate. We conclude that the elevated morganella titres were specific. The role of M. morganii in intestinal disorders remains to be established, but from our findings, it should be added to the list of organisms associated with reactive arthropathy. PMID- 3194710 TI - Erythromycin-resistant beta-hemolytic streptococci group A in Goteborg, Sweden. AB - A total of 21 erythromycin-resistant strains were found among 355 (5.9%) beta hemolytic streptococci group A isolated in Goteborg during spring of 1987. T typing showed 17 to be T12, 1 T4 and 3 nontypable. Spread of resistant strains could be demonstrated within 2 families and 1 day-care-center. Monitoring of erythromycin resistance among beta-hemolytic streptococci is advocated. PMID- 3194712 TI - Detection of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 by a latex agglutination kit. AB - A commercial reversed passive latex agglutination kit (Oxoid), that detects toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), was evaluated for its ability to support the clinical diagnosis of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) by detecting the presence of TSST-1 producing Staphylococcus aureus. 15/16 isolates from patients with TSS were positive, while 4/50 vaginal isolates from patients without TSS were positive. The kit can be recommended as it was easy to handle, and gave results identical with those obtained by a standard assay. PMID- 3194713 TI - Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1984. AB - The case fatality rate among adults with community-acquired bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (Pnb) in Stockholm in 1984 was 11% (7/62), corresponding to an incidence of fatal Pnb of 0.5/100,000. This figure is low compared to data from the US and the UK, but corresponds well to our finding of a 7% mortality among patients with Pnb in a recent study covering part of the Stockholm population (2 hospitals). PMID- 3194714 TI - Frequency of thromboembolic complications in patients with acute pneumonia and pyelonephritis. AB - Infectious complications increase the risk of postoperative thromboembolism. In order to assess the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in acute infections not associated with surgery, 36 patients with acute pneumonia or pyelonephritis were evaluated regarding development of DVT with the 125I-fibrinogen uptake test with confirmative phlebography. 1/15 patients with pyelonephritis and 1/21 patients with pneumonia developed DVT. No fatal pulmonary embolism was seen. The frequency of DVT was thus 6%. This low figure may be due to early mobilization of the patients and does not motivate routine anticoagulant prophylaxis against thromboembolic complications in patients with acute infections. PMID- 3194715 TI - Transmission of HIV-2 in a west African family household. PMID- 3194716 TI - Subcutaneous calcium heparin for anticoagulation of HIV/hepatitis B infected intravenous drug abusers. PMID- 3194717 TI - Streptococcus bovis bacteremia and digestive system neoplasms. PMID- 3194719 TI - Some metrical issues with meta-analysis of therapy effects. PMID- 3194718 TI - The in vitro activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against hospital pathogens. PMID- 3194720 TI - Examination stress, personality and self-reported physical symptoms. PMID- 3194721 TI - The recognition of pure and blended facial expressions of emotion from still photographs. PMID- 3194722 TI - Self-focused attention and the experience of alcoholic intoxication. PMID- 3194723 TI - Neuropsychological syndromes in right hemisphere stroke patients. PMID- 3194724 TI - A follow-up investigation with high response rate. PMID- 3194725 TI - Evaluation of welfare programs--a mission impossible? PMID- 3194726 TI - Physical disease and disability among 416 suicide cases in Sweden. AB - All suicides occurring among the inhabitants of the County of Uppsala in Sweden between 1977 and 1984 were analyzed on the basis of information from autopsy reports and from somatic and psychiatric medical records. Among the 416 persons who committed suicide, 70 (17%) had a somatic disease of probable importance for the suicidal act. No somatic diagnosis appeared to stand out as being especially associated with a very high risk of suicide. Some diagnoses (e.g. malignant neoplasm, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis) were, however, associated with a suicidal rate above that in the general population. Further knowledge about the relation between suicide and specific somatic diagnoses would be of value, since a high suicide rate in association with a particular illness might indicate insufficient medical care and rehabilitation. PMID- 3194727 TI - Battered women--their susceptibility to treatment. AB - During an eight-month period a trial was made of a special therapeutic programme focused on the diagnosis and treatment of battered women who sought treatment for physical injuries at a surgical emergency department. Forty-nine women agreed to undergo the treatment programme, the aim of which was to provide social and psychological support. The women were treated as inpatients at the department of surgery. After their discharge from the hospital, contact on an out-patient basis was difficult to maintain. Nearly half of the women dropped out during the first month and only 22 women (45%) completed the programme. The causes of the high drop-out rate were analysed considering the women's backgrounds of repeated battering, high alcohol consumption and psychiatric morbidity. It is concluded that battered women need long-term and individualized support and that more attention should be focused on the possibility of carrying out the suggested treatment. Prolonged ambulatory treatment within the frame of medical care does not, however, seem to be the right method for helping and supporting battered women. PMID- 3194728 TI - Violence in the family: morbidity and medical consumption. AB - Morbidity in homes, where family violence occurred, was investigated. Approximately 90% of the women and 60% of the men had been treated in hospital during a five-year period. Treatment in surgical department was most common. More women than men had symptoms indicating psychosomatic or indefinite aetiologies. One fifth of the women reported injuries due to physical violence. The medically certified illness for both men and women was about three times higher than in the general population. The children had twice as many admissions to hospital than controls. The diagnoses of the children were more frequently socially related. An early diagnosis of the family conditions and preventive measures are needed to safeguard against repeated battery and counteract social handicap. PMID- 3194729 TI - Disadvantaged adolescents in psychiatric treatment. AB - In a prospective epidemiological study, a cohort of all children born in 1955 in Helsinki have so far been surveyed into their youth. On the basis of the present seven-year follow-up in adolescence, it was observed that the cumulative incidence of public psychiatric treatment is 9.1%. Marital status of the biological parents deviating from normal or the death of a parent as well as a low social status of the father are factors connected with an elevated risk of required psychiatric treatment during youth. The combined effects of such social risk factors are additive. The risk of necessary treatment was observed to be three times greater in young people who exhibited both risk factors during childhood. The results of the study indicate how preventive measures might be directed. At the same time, the need for more detailed studies in the future to allow preventive measures to be directed more accurately than hitherto, at children and families requiring them, is emphasized. PMID- 3194730 TI - Priority setting with regard to placement on waiting list to a pain clinic. The feasibility of a delegated ranking procedure. AB - Short waiting periods for all patients referred to a pain clinic is desirable but ordinarily not possible. In a questionnaire, 25% of the Swedish anaesthetic pain clinics reported a waiting list exceeding 6 months. The long waiting-time shows that some kind of priority setting is necessary. The aim of the present investigation was to study the feasibility of a rational priority setting based on a ranking procedure. Secretary and nurse priority ranked patients according to a system utilizing the physician's referral and a questionnaire completed by the patient. These priority ratings were compared to the final ranking by the doctor which was done after an interview without access to the questionnaire. The results of the present investigation show that the secretary as well as two nurses generally 'overestimated' the patients' pain problems compared with the priority made by the doctor. However, 12 out of 142 patients' problems were 'underestimated' but this was deemed to increase risk in only one case. The possible risks with a delegated ranking procedure have, however, to be judged against the disadvantages of no priority setting at all and the advantages of a rational use of staff members. This experiment has indicated the feasibility of a delegated ranking procedure. PMID- 3194731 TI - Snowy roofs--a potential hazard. AB - An accumulation of injuries and fatal accidents associated with shovelling snow from roofs was observed in the beginning of 1986 in Northern Sweden. Injury mechanisms and injury panorama are analyzed and preventive measures are suggested. Slipping on roofs or ladders, often caused by sliding snow, was a common cause of accident. Five subjects died of suffocation after having been buried under sliding snow. We would like to emphasize the importance of a co worker when shovelling snow off roofs, of being well anchored by a safety-line and, if using a ladder, taking care that the ladder is well anchored and that the shovelling is not done on an ascent. Special snow conditions should also be noticed. PMID- 3194732 TI - Lung cancer incidence among Swedish bakers and pastrycooks: geographical variation. AB - In a cohort of 14,352 Swedish male bakers and pastrycooks, the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for lung cancer 1961-79 varied significantly between geographical regions. In the three largest towns, the risk in bakers and pastrycooks was at the same level as in all men. When these three towns were excluded, there was a considerable excess risk, even after adjustment for smoking (SIR = 1.6, CI = 1.2-2.1). The SIR for lung cancer in bakers and pastrycooks were significantly lower in regions where the percentages of employed in big bakeries and confectioneries were high. The result of a case-control study, done within the cohort, suggested a somewhat higher lung cancer risk in bakers compared with pastrycooks. These results support the hypothesis that the excess risk may be due to exposure to carcinogens especially prevalent in small bakeries. PMID- 3194733 TI - Mortality among female farmers in Finland in 1979-1985. AB - In this study cause-specific mortality of female farmers in Finland was examined by size of farm, by type of farm production, and by geographic area. It was shown that mortality of female farmers was higher for those with small farms. In particular, mortality due to cardiovascular diseases, diseases of the respiratory system and mortality due to accidents, poisonings and violence was slightly increased (statistically not significantly) among those with small farms. Assessed by type of farm production, the differences in mortality were small. Mortality differences among female farmers were smaller than among male farmers. PMID- 3194734 TI - Developments in public health research in the Nordic countries. PMID- 3194735 TI - [Psychology in dental medicine and therapy]. PMID- 3194736 TI - [How dentists deal with occupational stress]. PMID- 3194737 TI - In vitro calcium release from four calcium hydroxide liners. PMID- 3194738 TI - [The alkalizing effect of calcium hydroxide-containing commercial preparations]. PMID- 3194740 TI - [Dental prophylaxis and psychiatry. Dental care and prophylaxis at 19 psychiatric hospitals in Switzerland: today and tomorrow]. PMID- 3194739 TI - [Tunnel restoration. A simple solution or a cuckoo's egg?]. PMID- 3194742 TI - ["Don't turn to the vinegar...". Interview by K. Venner]. PMID- 3194741 TI - [The Foundation for Schoolchild Dental Monitors comes to see the light of day. Interview by K. Venner]. PMID- 3194743 TI - [Ruminal fluid in cows with chronic inactivity of the forestomach flora and fauna before and after treatment and change of feed]. PMID- 3194744 TI - [Determination of complement in serum and tracheobronchial secretions of horses with chronic lung diseases]. PMID- 3194745 TI - [The pathology of mitral valve prolapse in swine]. PMID- 3194746 TI - [Neoplasms of the gallbladder in chamois of the maritime Alps]. PMID- 3194747 TI - Chemistry of tropical marine systems. Proceedings of the second international conference. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1-5 September 1987. PMID- 3194748 TI - Cat study halted amid protests. PMID- 3194750 TI - Schizophrenia genetics a mixed bag. PMID- 3194749 TI - Science after the election. PMID- 3194751 TI - Psychiatrists psych out the future. PMID- 3194752 TI - Introduction of nucleophiles and spectroscopic probes into antibody combining sites. AB - A general chemical strategy has been developed whereby antibody combining sites can be selectively derivatized with natural or synthetic molecules, such as catalytic groups, drugs, metals, or reporter molecules. Cleavable affinity labels were used to selectively introduce a thiol into the combining site of the immunoglobulin A MOPC 315. This thiol acted both as a nucleophile to accelerate ester thiolysis 60,000-fold and as a handle for selectively derivatizing the antibody with additional functional groups. For example, derivatization of the antibody with a fluorophore made possible a direct spectroscopic assay of antibody-ligand complexation. This chemistry should not only extend our ability to exploit antibody specificity in chemical catalysis, diagnostics, and therapeutics, but may also prove generally applicable to the functional modification of other proteins for which detailed structural information is unavailable. PMID- 3194753 TI - Multiple principal sigma factor homologs in eubacteria: identification of the "rpoD box". AB - Genes for the principal sigma factor (rpoD genes) of various eubacteria were identified with a synthetic oligonucleotide probe corresponding to a conserved sequence in rpoD gene products of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Multiple rpoD homologs were found in the strains of Micrococcus, Pseudomonas, and Streptomyces, whereas single genes were detected in E. coli, B. subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The four rpoD homologs of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) were cloned and sequenced. A homologous portion with 13 amino acids was found in the rpoD genes of S. coelicolor A3(2), E. coli, and B. subtilis and was named the "rpoD box." PMID- 3194754 TI - Cloning of a membrane protein that induces a slow voltage-gated potassium current. AB - A rat kidney messenger RNA that induces a slowly activating, voltage-dependent potassium current on its expression in Xenopus oocytes was identified by combining molecular cloning with an electrophysiological assay. The cloned complementary DNA encodes a novel membrane protein that consists of 130 amino acids with a single putative transmembrane domain. This protein differs from the known ion channel proteins but is involved in the induction of selective permeation of potassium ions by membrane depolarization. PMID- 3194755 TI - Autologous peptides constitutively occupy the antigen binding site on Ia. AB - Low molecular weight material associated with affinity-purified class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules of mouse (Ia) had the expected properties of peptides bound to the antigen binding site of Ia. Thus, the low molecular weight material derived from the I-Ad isotype was efficient in inhibiting the binding of 125I-labeled I-Ad-specific peptide to I-Ad, but did not significantly inhibit the binding of an I-Ed-specific peptide to I-Ed; the reciprocal isotype-specific inhibition was demonstrated with low molecular weight material derived from I-Ed. The inhibitory material was predominantly peptide in nature, as shown by its susceptibility to protease digestion. It was heterogeneous as measured by gel filtration (mean molecular weight approximately 3000), and when characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, it eluted over a wide concentration of solvent. Such self peptide-MHC complexes may have broad significance in the biology of T cell responses, including generation of the T cell repertoire, the specificity of mixed lymphocyte responses, and the immune surveillance of self and nonself antigens in peripheral lymphoid tissues. PMID- 3194756 TI - A bitter substance induces a rise in intracellular calcium in a subpopulation of rat taste cells. AB - The sense of taste permits animals to discriminate between foods that are safe and those that are toxic. Because most poisonous plant alkaloids are intensely bitter, bitter taste warns animals of potentially hazardous foods. To investigate the mechanism of bitter taste transduction, a preparation of dissociated rat taste cells was developed that can be studied with techniques designed for single cell measurements. Denatonium, a very bitter substance, caused a rise in the intracellular calcium concentration due to release from internal stores in a small subpopulation of taste cells. Thus, the transduction of bitter taste may occur via a receptor-second messenger mechanism leading to neurotransmitter release and may not involve depolarization-mediated calcium entry. PMID- 3194758 TI - Protection of cattle against rinderpest with vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the HA or F gene. AB - Rinderpest is a highly contagious ruminant viral disease manifested by a rapid course and greater than 90% mortality. Infectious vaccinia virus recombinants were constructed that express either the hemagglutinin or the fusion gene of rinderpest virus. All cattle vaccinated with either recombinant or with the combined recombinants produced neutralizing antibodies against rinderpest virus and were protected against the disease when challenged with more than 1000 times the lethal dose of the virus. PMID- 3194757 TI - The presence of fibroblast growth factor in the frog egg: its role as a natural mesoderm inducer. AB - A complementary DNA clone corresponding to a 4.2-kilobase transcript that is present in the Xenopus oocyte and newly transcribed in the neurula stages of development has been isolated. This messenger RNA encodes a 155-amino acid protein that is 84% identical to the human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). When expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, the Xenopus FGF induced mesoderm in animal cell blastomeres as measured by muscle actin expression. Immunoblots with an antibody to a Xenopus FGF peptide show that the oocyte and early embryo contain a store of the FGF polypeptide at high enough concentrations to induce mesoderm. The presence of FGF in the oocyte, together with the apparent lack of a secretory signal sequence in the protein, suggest that the regulation of mesoderm induction may involve novel mechanisms that occur after the translation of FGF. PMID- 3194759 TI - A tale of two techniques. PMID- 3194760 TI - The cause of AIDS. PMID- 3194761 TI - Chimps and research. PMID- 3194762 TI - Fetal research ban. PMID- 3194763 TI - Steroid use and aggressive behavior. PMID- 3194764 TI - Chimps endangered, research reprieved. PMID- 3194765 TI - Errors in cell paper acknowledged. PMID- 3194766 TI - Disseminated intravascular coagulation: I. PMID- 3194767 TI - Modulation of endothelium and control of vascular and thrombotic disorders. PMID- 3194769 TI - [Washing the ear]. PMID- 3194768 TI - A pilot evaluation of the effects of defibrotide in patients affected by acute myocardial infarction. PMID- 3194770 TI - [Milk feeding of infants in 1988]. PMID- 3194771 TI - [Continence of stomata]. PMID- 3194773 TI - [The perception of health needs]. PMID- 3194772 TI - [Life goes on]. PMID- 3194774 TI - [The HIV-positive patient. Attitudes and measures to plan]. PMID- 3194775 TI - [The nurse in Europe]. PMID- 3194776 TI - [The National Convention of Nurses]. PMID- 3194777 TI - [Non-woven surgical covers. Advantages but ... also reservations]. PMID- 3194778 TI - Three-dimensional movements of the upper cervical spine. AB - Knowledge of the normal movements of the occipito-atlanto-axial joint complex is important for evaluating clinical cases that may be potentially unstable. The purpose of this in vitro study was to quantitatively determine three dimensional movements of the occiput-C1 and C1-C2 joints. Ten fresh cadaveric whole cervical spine specimens (occiput to C7) were studied, using well-established techniques to document the movements in flexion, extension, left and right lateral bending, and left and right axial rotation. Pure moments of a maximum of 1.5 N-m were applied incrementally, and three-dimensional movements of the bones were recorded using stereophotogrammetry. Each moment was applied individually and in three load/unload cycles. The motion measurements were made on the third load cycle. Parameters of neutral zone, elastic zone, and range of motion were computed. Neutral zones for flexion/extension, right/left lateral bending, and right/left axial rotation were, respectively: 1.1, 1.5, and 1.6 (occiput-C1); and 3.2, 1.2, and 29.6 degrees (C1-C2). Ranges of motion for flexion, extension, lateral bending (one side), and axial rotation (one side) were, respectively: 3.5, 21.0, 5.5, and 7.2 degrees (occiput-C1 joint) and 11.5, 10.9, 6.7, and 38.9 degrees (C1 C2 joint). The greatest intervertebral motion in the spine was axial rotation at the C1-C2 joint, with the neutral zone constituting 75% of this motion. PMID- 3194779 TI - Morphology and treatment of occipital condyle fractures. AB - During the last 4 years, the authors have had six cases of occipital condyle fractures, a very rare injury. Medline search yielded reports of 20 occipital condyle fractures in the literature. Of the six treated by the authors, one death (by pontine hemorrhage) occurred in a patient with a displaced avulsion fracture on the right occipital condyle (Type III). All others attained solid union with appropriate immobilization. Morphologically, one presented with an impacted fracture of the occipital condyle (Type I), one with a basilar skull fracture that included an occipital condyle fracture (Type II), and four had avulsion fractures of the occipital condyle. The latter are potentially unstable since loss of integrity of alar ligaments may coexist. Type I and II are stable, and the authors recommend treatment with a semiconstrained cervical orthosis. Type III injuries, which are potentially unstable, require rigid immobilization. PMID- 3194780 TI - Clinical and experimental studies on permeability of tracers in normal spinal cord and syringomyelia. AB - Delayed CT Myelography (CTM) demonstrated intramedullary cavities in 18 patients, most of which appeared on the 6-hour scan. The attenuation values of the normal spinal cord increased progressively with time, and recorded a peak at 6 hours. The CT numbers of the gray matter of metrizamide were significantly high, as compared with those of iotrol. In the tracer study reported, lanthanum penetrated through the marginal glia to the normal and pathologic spinal cord. Reaction products of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were mainly in the extracellular space of the normal spinal cord. The pathologic spinal cord, however, allowed the passage of HRP into the parenchyma through the extracellular space of the marginal glia. Consequently, the extracellular space of the spinal cord surface constitutes a pathway for cerebrospinal fluid solutes. Either metrizamide or iotrol thus diffuses into the spinal cord from the subarachnoid space. PMID- 3194781 TI - Radiographic evaluation of cervical spine injuries. AB - This study involves an evaluation of specific radiologic patterns of various cervical spine injuries on plain radiographs in order to determine a rational approach for further radiologic investigation and resultant treatment. We retrospectively reviewed 236 patients with 319 cervical spine injuries. Fractures included 50 of the dens, 21 hangman, 4 Jefferson, 29 burst, 24 compression, 32 corner/teardrop, 65 facet, 24 lamina, and nine pedicle. Dislocations included one occipitoatlantal, two atlantoaxial rotatory, and 28 facet. Pleuridirectional tomography performed in 137 cases and computerized tomography was performed in 26. The cases were divided into three groups according to the significance of their radiographic findings: Group I: no additional information was added by the additional radiographic studies compared to the plain radiographs. Group II: the additional radiographic studies changed the extent or type of injuries seen on the plain radiographs. Group III: plain radiographs were negative. The abnormalities were only found on the additional radiographic studies. Results of 137 patients undergoing tomography: 62 were in group I, 64 were in group II, and 11 were in group III. Of the 26 patients undergoing computerized tomography, 13 were in group I, 13 were in group II, and no patients were in group III. Specific fracture types were reviewed according to the distribution of the three groups. We concluded that pleuridirectional tomography appears to be particularly advantageous in patients with injuries involving the facets. Computerized tomography appears to add the most additional information in patients with laminar and posterior element fractures and C1 fractures. We feel that timely and accurate diagnosis of cervical spine injuries is essential.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194782 TI - Functional radiographic diagnosis of the cervical spine: flexion/extension. AB - The cervical spines of 59 adults were examined by means of functional roentgenograms. They were divided into two groups consisting of 28 healthy adults and 31 patients who had sustained soft tissue injury to the cervical spine and who were complaining of neck pain. Roentgenographic lateral views were taken in active flexion and extension as well as in passive maximal flexion and extension. Measurements using the techniques of Penning and Buetti-Bauml were made by three observers independently. There was a highly significant difference between the active and passive segmental ranges of motion in healthy adults. Based on the normal values obtained in this study, 19 hypermobile segments could be diagnosed during the active examination, while 31 hypermobile segments were found during the passive examination. In addition, the active examination found 60 hypomobile segments, while the passive examination showed only 43 hypomobile segments. The Penning Method of measurement was found to be more reliable than that of Buetti Bauml. If possible, the functional roentgenogram examination of the cervical spine in the sagittal plane should be performed by including passive movement and the range of motion should be compared with the normal values obtained by passive examination. PMID- 3194783 TI - Neuro-myopathic flexion deformities of the cervical spine. AB - A study is presented of six patients who suffered flexion (chin-on-chest) deformity of the cervical spine on a neuropathic or myopathic basis. An awareness of this possibility is recommended, differentiating these patients from those with similar deformities due to ankylosing spondylitis, trauma, or primary degenerative change. Recognition is based on a detailed history, weakness of neck extension, electrodiagnostic studies, and muscle biopsy. A mildly elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) was the only consistent laboratory finding. Appropriate surgical correction of severe deformity involves anterior surgical release of contracted sternomastoid muscles, halo-dependent traction, posterior vertebral inferior facet resection, and spinal fusion over an adequate length, supplemented with internal fixation. Where extension correction involves extensive vertebral body separation anteriorly, additional anterior keystone strut grafting is indicated. PMID- 3194785 TI - Traumatic rotatory displacement of the lower cervical spine. AB - Traumatic rotatory displacement (TRD) are defined as all slight anterior corporeal displacements (less than 1/3 of the vertebral body) secondary to different vectors, but with a constant and dominant rotatory component. The authors report on 47 cases of TRD (35% of all severe lower cervical spine injuries) (follow-up: 6 months to 7 years). TRD occurs only when two lesions are present: an anterior lesion in the disk and ligaments, and a posterior lesion of the articular process, as the authors confirmed earlier in an experimental study on monkeys and specimens. Depending on the nature of the posterior lesions, three anatomoclinical types occur: 1) posterior capsular lesions cause unilateral facet dislocation (UFD): ten cases; 2) bony lesions of the articular process cause unilateral facet fracture (UFF): 28 cases; 3) double bony lesions, which can set free the articular facets, are called fracture separation of the articular pillar (FSAP): nine cases. The common radiographic characteristic of these three lesions is slight anterior displacement (or antero-listhesis), which is well seen on the lateral film; only tomograms or CT scans can show the posterior lesions. Instability, as defined by Roy-Camille, Denis and our experiments, was obvious on X-rays: soon after the injury, for UFD, and some time later, for 18 UFF and three FSAP. Statistically, 25% of all cases of TRD are associated with another traumatic lesion of the lower or upper cervical spine. Clinically, there is a 30% rate of radicular complications in TRD: this figure is higher than that of other injury types.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194784 TI - Complications of fractures of the cervical spine in ankylosing spondylitis. AB - Five patients with ankylosing spondylitis who suffered severe neurologic complications after fracture of the cervical spine are presented. All developed delayed neurologic complications, ranging from 2 to 35 days after the initial injury (mean, 15.8 days). The diagnosis was delayed in four, and in three this delay contributed to morbidity. All fractures occurred in the lower cervical spine (C5 to C7). In three patients, the fracture was the result of minor trauma. A high index of suspicion, an appreciation of the extreme instability of these fractures, and prompt rigid immobilization with a halo vest or case in the alignment of preexisting kyphosis are all important factors in preventing neurologic complications. PMID- 3194786 TI - A comparison of anterior cervical fusion, cervical laminectomy, and cervical laminoplasty for the surgical management of multiple level spondylotic radiculopathy. AB - The risks and success of surgery for multiple level cervical spondylotic radiculopathy differs from that of single level disease. The problems associated with multiple level anterior fusion over single level fusion include higher pseudoarthrosis rates than that associated with single level disease. Bilateral and multiple level laminectomy carries the risk of potential instability. Cervical laminoplasty, until recently, has only been performed for myelopathy secondary to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) or cervical stenosis. The purpose of this report is to compare the results and complications of 45 patients with a least a 2-year follow-up who had undergone anterior fusion, cervical laminectomy, or cervical laminoplasty for the surgical management of multiple level cervical radiculopathy due to cervical spondylosis. 18 patients (58 levels) underwent anterior fusion, 12 patients (38 levels) had a cervical laminectomy, and 15 patients (57 levels) underwent a cervical laminoplasty. Roentgenograms indicated spinal stenosis (sagittal diameter less than 12 mm) at 28 levels (15 patients) for the anterior fusion group, 14 levels (9 patients) in the laminectomy group, and 24 levels (13 patients) in the laminoplasty group. Subluxation (2 mm or less) was present at 14 levels (13 patients) in the anterior fusion group, nine levels (9 patients) in the laminectomy group, and 15 levels (8 patients) in the laminoplasty group. Loss of lordosis was present in eight patients undergoing anterior fusion, six patients undergoing laminectomy, and six patients who had a laminoplasty.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194787 TI - Myelopathy hand characterized by muscle wasting. A different type of myelopathy hand in patients with cervical spondylosis. AB - While the authors have often observed the hand presenting spastic dysfunction and deficient pain sensation in patients with cervical compression myelopathy, which has been termed "Myelopathy hand," they have occasionally seen a different type of myelopathy hand characterized by muscle wasting and motor dysfunction in patients with cervical spondylosis. This type of myelopathy hand they have termed "amyotrophic type of myelopathy hand." Because it is similar to the hand of a patient suffering from motor neuron disease, and yet is treatable, the authors thought it worthwhile to report this type of hand in detail. The main clinical features are localized wasting and weakness of the extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles, but not accompanied by either sensory loss or spastic quadriparesis. For an accurate diagnosis, attention should be paid to the narrow anteroposterior (AP) canal diameter of the cervical spine (less than 13mm), multisegmental spondylosis in C5-6 and C6-7 disc levels and a reduced transectional area of the spinal cord at the C7, C8, or T1 spinal cord segments. To date the authors have seen 15 patients with this hand; seven underwent either spondylectomy or laminoplasty. In six patients who were satisfied with surgical results, recovery from muscle wasting and weakness was seen. PMID- 3194788 TI - A biomechanical evaluation of cervical spinal stabilization methods in a bovine model. Static and cyclical loading. AB - A bovine model was developed for biomechanical evaluation of surgical procedures stabilizing traumatic cervical injuries disrupting the anterior and posterior spinal column. Cervical spinal segments and C4-5 functional spinal units were tested statically, and C4-5 functional spinal units were tested cyclically in evaluation of 1) the intact cervical spine, 2) Rogers' wiring method, 3) Bohlman's triple-wire technique, 4) sublaminar wiring, 5) anterior cervical plate instrumentation, and 6) posterior hook plate stabilization. Anterior cervical plate instrumentation proved inadequate, and was the least rigid, with axial and flexural loading (P less than 0.05). There was no significant difference between each of the three posterior wiring methods, and all generally restored stability to equal that of the uninjured intact cervical spine. Posterior hook plating with an interspinous bone graft serving as an extension block was the most effective method in reducing flexural stress across the injured C4-5 segment (P less than 0.05). Cyclical in vitro testing was the most sensitive method in highlighting mechanical differences between instrumentation systems, particularly with "on line" continuous measurement of anterior and posterior strains. Anterior cervical plate stabilization does not appear to confer enough stability in cervical facet injuries to obviate the need for posterior cervical stabilization procedures. The recently developed posterior hook plate technique offers biomechanical advantages that should be weighed against the greater technical precision needed for insertion and the increased potential for neurologic and vascular complications. PMID- 3194789 TI - Biomechanics of healing of posterior cervical spinal injuries in a canine model. AB - The authors performed an in vivo experiment in a canine model to study the natural history of spinal stability as a function of healing time post-injury. Three injuries, in addition to sham, were investigated: 1) transection of supra- and interspinous ligaments at C4-C5; 2) laminectomy at C4; and 3) bilateral facetectomy at C4-C5. Standardized functional flexion/extension stereo radiographs of the cervical spine were obtained before injury and at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 weeks postinjury. The authors found decreased ranges of motion (ROM) at the C4-C5 level for all injuries, including the sham. The decreases, in general, seemed to be in direct proportion to the severity of the injury. When the ROM were normalized to that of the sham at each time point, the relative ROM at C4-C5 increased for Injury 1, remained the same for Injury 2, and decreased for Injury 3. The relative ROM remained the same or increased at C3-C4, and increased at C5-6 for all injuries. It should be emphasized that care should be taken in extrapolating any data from this animal study to the human cervical spine. PMID- 3194790 TI - Biomechanics of cervical spine facetectomy and fixation techniques. AB - Facetectomy, either unilateral or bilateral, significantly altered the capacity of cervical spine functional units to withstand increasing compression-flexion loads applied in a constant mode to different specimen configurations. Unilateral facetectomy resulted in an average 31.6 +/- 9.7 percent decrease in strength whereas bilateral disruption caused an average 53.1 +/- 11 percent decrease in strength. Motion analysis in a two-dimensional plane after facetectomy indicated an anterior displacement of the instantaneous axis of rotation (IAR) with a resultant increased load on the vertebral bodies and disc. This anterior shift of the IAR in the horizontal plane was significantly but not completely resolved by wire fixation of the facet joints. These fixation techniques, consisting of either facet to facet or facet to spinous process wiring, demonstrated a similar capability to restore strength to the functional units as well as reducing excessive motion in the vertical and anterior axes induced by the facetectomies. PMID- 3194791 TI - Posterior plating of the cervical spine. A biomechanical comparison of different posterior fusion techniques. AB - Posterior arthrodesis is a preferred treatment for posttraumatic instability of the cervical spine. While most surgical constructs yield predictably high rates of fusion in satisfactory alignment, certain injury patterns involving fractures of the lamina or spinous processes may preclude rigid immobilization by simple wiring techniques. Plate fixation of the posterolateral masses has been advocated for such injuries. The purpose of this biomechanical study was to test the relative stiffness provided by different posterior fusion constructs, including lateral mass plating. All testing was performed on fresh, unembalmed cadaveric spines divided into two vertebral segment units. Muscular tissue was stripped from the specimens, but all discal and ligamentous structures were preserved. Four different posterior fixation constructs were tested. These included 1) Rogers interspinous wiring, 2) Halifax laminar clamps, 3) bilateral 1/3 tubular plates on the lateral masses, using unicortical screws, and 4) bilateral 1/3 tubular plates on the lateral masses, using bicortical screws. Stiffness measurements were taken in both flexion and extension on all specimens. Yield strength and fatigue strength of the spines were not measured. It was found that 1/3 tubular plates secured with bicortical screws to the lateral masses provided the highest mean stiffness. Less stiffness was found in spines stabilized by Halifax clamps, interspinous wiring, and plates secured with unicortical screws. There was, however, no statistically significant difference in stiffness provided by any of these four implants. It was concluded that there is no advantage in plate fixation over standard fusion constructs in augmenting the stiffness of posterior fixation of the cervical spine. PMID- 3194792 TI - Prosthetic replacement surgery for cervical spine metastasis. AB - Since 1972, 18 patients suffering from metastatic cancer in the cervical spine were treated with prosthetic replacement surgery. The surgery enabled the authors to decompress the spinal cord and the nerve roots and at the same time restore stability in the affected spine. Patients suffering from severe pain and spinal cord and/or nerve root compression secondary to involvement of a single vertebral body particularly benefited from this surgery. The rates of positive recovery were as follows: 94.1% for pain relief, 91.7% for motor recovery, and 87.5% for ambulation. The surgical efficacy was maintained until the terminal stage. Tumor recurrence took place in five cases--two anterior, and three posterior. Anterior recurrence caused a marked instability, whereas posterior recurrence did not affect stability. PMID- 3194793 TI - Correlative anatomy of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. PMID- 3194794 TI - Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: history and physical findings. PMID- 3194795 TI - Neuroradiology of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. PMID- 3194796 TI - Biomechanical considerations in the surgical management of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. AB - Based on a review of previous studies and our opinion, biomechanical considerations suggest the following guidelines for the surgical management of CSM. It is not recommended that the dura mater, the pia mater, and the dentate ligaments be transected in the surgical treatment of CSM. Anterior decompression and fusion, preferably with the Smith-Robinson technique, is recommended for patients with anterior impingement of the spinal cord at one or two levels in the absence of a narrow spinal canal. This procedure is also advantageous when there is significant radiculopathy associated with the level(s) of pathology. Posterior decompression is recommended when there are three or more levels involved, and particularly when there is developmental stenosis of the canal, ie, a DAD below 13 mm and a SAD below 11 mm. Laminectomy and laminoplasty for CSM may not be any different as regards surgical outcome. One well-controlled study showed only one difference, a decrease in the ability of the laminoplasty patients to extend the neck. If there is evidence of instability or a potential for it, posterior decompression procedures should be accompanied by a facet fusion, or in the case of laminoplasty, some fusion modification such as that described by Itoh and Tsuji. There may also be circumstances in which significant multilevel anterior spur formation and compression in association with a stenotic canal should be treated with anterior and posterior surgery with appropriate attention to maintaining adequate stability. The advantages and disadvantages of these various surgical procedures and their relative appropriateness in various clinical situations will be gradually clarified through well-designed and executed laboratory and clinical investigations. PMID- 3194797 TI - The surgical management of cervical spinal stenosis, spondylosis, and myeloradiculopathy by means of the posterior approach. AB - No firm statistical evidence exists establishing the superiority of the anterior or the posterior approach in the management of spondylostenosis, although some sense of order is evolving. In general the consensus suggests that in spondylostenosis, the anterior approach may be preferred for disc or segmental osteophyte intrusions limited to one or two levels. Laminectomy is the preferred procedure in patients with a narrowed canal and multiple level involvement. The surgeon's personal preference and experience remains the dominant factor. Patients with congenital stenosis involving all of the major segments, with or without superimposed developmental changes, require more extensive laminar decompression with proper attention to the craniocervical junction where anomalies may occur. The success of laminectomy is dictated by the preservation of cervical lordosis. In patients with major dorsally located abnormalities such as hyperlordosis, shingling, and arthrosis with hypertrophy of the yellow ligaments, posterior decompression is essential. Subsequent stabilization is rarely required with proper surgical and postoperative care. Both an anterior and posterior approach may be indicated in unique circumstances of spondylostenosis complicated by subluxation and instability. PMID- 3194798 TI - Monitoring of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. PMID- 3194799 TI - An eighth complementation group of rodent cells hypersensitive to ultraviolet radiation. AB - Two mutant lines (US31, US46) of mouse lymphoma cells that are hypersensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation were previously found to belong to different complementation groups. The mutants were tested for their ability to complement the six known complementation groups of UV-sensitive Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which are defective in nucleotide excision repair, as well as a seventh group represented by a V79 mutant. Hybrid cells were produced by fusion with polyethylene glycol and tested in situ for UV resistance. The mouse mutant US46 complemented all CHO mutants except UV61. Therefore, US46 is assigned to the same complementation group as UV61, and it is probably defective in the same locus. The mouse mutant US31 produced UV-resistant hybrid cells in each of the seven crosses, indicating that it forms an eighth complementation group among the rodent mutants. Thus, at least eight genes are likely required to repair UV damage in rodent cells. PMID- 3194801 TI - Partial physical map of human chromosome 21. AB - The long arm of human chromosome 21 has been analyzed with unique sequence DNA probes, using an expanded panel of somatic cell hybrids containing defined regions of the chromosome, and both standard and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Each member of the hybrid cell panel contains either a normal chromosome 21, or one of 11 different translocations or deletions within the long arm. Together, these now include 11 breakpoints, defining 11 long arm regions. Thirty-two unique sequence probes have been localized to these regions by standard gel electrophoresis. Analysis by pulsed field gels indicates that 27 of these identify a total of 18 Not1 restriction fragments, which together account for approximately 17 million base pairs, over half the long arm. Five physical linkage groups have been identified, as well as patterns in the distribution of unique sequences and GC-rich chromosomal regions. This information can be correlated with that obtained by other methods and contributes to the construction of a detailed physical map of this chromosome. PMID- 3194800 TI - Effect of gamma rays on efficiency of gene transfer in DNA repair-proficient and deficient cell lines. AB - Ionizing radiation induces a number of molecular changes in cells, including DNA damage, mutation, genetic recombination, gene amplification, and chromosomal rearrangement. The studies described here make use of the process of DNA-mediated gene transfer to examine the molecular effects of ionizing radiation. Two Chinese hamster ovary cell lines, the wild-type, AA8-4, and a DNA repair-deficient line, EM9-1, that is sensitive to ionizing radiation, were transfected with the recombinant DNA plasmid, pSV2-GPT, either in the absence or presence of high molecular-weight carrier DNA. Following transfection, cell populations were irradiated with graded doses of 137Cs gamma-rays. Results demonstrate that, on a per viable cell basis, ionizing radiation hinders the transfection of this plasmid when tested in the presence of carrier DNA. A similar dose response was seen for both the wild-type (AA8-4) and mutant (EM9-1) lines. However, in the absence of carrier DNA, 137Cs gamma-rays clearly enhanced the gene transfer process. An enhancement factor of 3-5 was seen for AA8-4 cells and 2-3 for EM9-1 cells. This enhancement occurred at relatively low doses (e.g., 50 cGy) and was not substantially elevated by larger doses. PMID- 3194802 TI - Decline in the ischaemic heart disease mortality rates of South Africans, 1968 1985. AB - The age-adjusted ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality rates (MRs) of white, Asian and coloured South Africans aged 35-74 years were studied for the period 1968-1985. Asians have the highest IHD MR in the RSA, followed by whites, coloureds and then blacks. Asian female have much higher rates than females in the other groups, especially in the older age groups. Asian males have noticeably higher rates in the younger age groups. Coloured females aged 35-44 years have a surprisingly high rate. Declines of 36.5% (from 482 to 306/100,000) for whites between 1970 and 1985, 27.5% (from 583 to 422/100,000) for Asians between 1973 and 1985, and 19.5% (from 287 to 231/100,000) for coloureds between 1976 and 1985 were observed. Rates declined among both males and females as well as in all the age groups studied. Trends in IHD MRs for black South Africans were studied for 1978-1985. The MRs for IHD among blacks are very much lower than those for South African Asians, coloureds and whites. The age-adjusted IHD MR for all South Africans was 162/100,000 in 1978 and had dropped to 121/100,000 in 1985, a 25.3% decline. PMID- 3194803 TI - Comparison of the decline in the ischaemic heart disease mortality rate in the RSA with that in other Western countries. AB - South African age-adjusted ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality rates (MRs) in the age group 35-74 years were compared with equivalent IHD MRs of five Western countries for the period 1968-1983. South African Asians had higher IHD MRs than all the other countries studied, and South African whites had among the highest despite the declines in rates over the period studied. Although the younger South African age groups had the greatest decline in IHD MRs, in the age group 35-44 years and 45-55 years South African rates still remain higher than those for the five other Western countries studied. Overall, the South African whites' ranking, compared with the other Western countries studied, had changed from the 2nd highest in 1970 to 4th position for males and 3rd for females in 1982. PMID- 3194804 TI - Incidence of Campylobacter pylori in patients with upper gastro-intestinal symptoms. AB - Antral mucosal biopsy specimens were examined microbiologically and histologically for the presence of Campylobacter pylori in 224 patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. The gastric mucosa of 183 patients (82%) were found to harbour C. pylori. C. pylori was strongly associated with the presence of histological gastritis (93%) and was detected in only 10% of 30 patients in whom histological examination of gastric biopsy specimens was negative. Endoscopically diagnosed duodenal lesions were more strongly associated with the presence of C. pylori than gastric lesions (P less than 0.001). The histological demonstration of spiral bacteria in biopsy specimens was a more sensitive method for the diagnosis of C. pylori than culture (80% v. 65%). PMID- 3194805 TI - Betel-nut chewing and submucous fibrosis in Durban. AB - A stratified random sample among South African Indians living in Durban revealed the occurrence of betel-nut chewing and the resultant submucous fibrosis (SF) to be relatively high. Women chewers predominated in a ratio of 13:1. The habit increased with age and 30.6% of women over 65 years practised the custom. Thirty eight per cent of chewers revealed signs of impending and established SF; women predominated 70:1, and the majority of sufferers in this instance belonged to the age group 45-54 years (12.9%). Forty-six per cent of those with signs associated with SF had fibrous bands in the mouth and were regarded as having established SF. It was calculated that 5% of the total Indian population in South Africa could be chewers and that 2.3% may develop SF. PMID- 3194806 TI - Betel chewing and dietary habits of chewers without and with submucous fibrosis and with concomitant oral cancer. AB - The betel-nut chewing habit and the intake of chillies in the diet were analysed in 178 chewers identified during a stratified random survey and in 124 hospital patients suffering from submucous fibrosis (SF). There were no signs or symptoms of SF in 115 chewers from the survey; the remaining 63 exhibited features of impending and established SF. Of the 124 hospital patients, 10 also had oral cancer. Subjects suffering from SF had practised the habit in whatever form for a significantly shorter period than chewers without SF and belonged to a significantly younger age group. A significantly larger proportion of this group preferred the boiled nut by itself and not as part of the betel package (paan or pan). No relationship could be established between SF and the use of tobacco, lime or chillies. There was no difference in frequency of the habit between chewers without SF and chewers with SF. The 10 oral cancer patients all had moderately to well-differentiated squamous carcinomas arising in the buccal sulci (8), the soft palate (1) and upper oesophagus (1). Eight had cancer on presentation and 2 developed the tumour while under observation. Nine chewed the nut only and only 1 preferred paan which included tobacco, lime and catechu, which is contrary to the proposal that tobacco or lime are the carcinogens. It is concluded that a relationship between betel-nut chewing and SF exists but the mechanism by which the disease develops is still obscure. A genetic predisposition may be important. PMID- 3194807 TI - Recurrent seizures in childhood. Western Cape profile. AB - In over 50% of children with recurrent seizures in a South African hospital population the onset of attacks was before the age of 2 years. In 32% of patients there was a history of perinatal complications and 11% had a history of meningitis; 38% of the children had abnormalities on physical examination and 55% were intellectually handicapped. Acceptable seizure control was achieved in 71% of patients and 68% were treated with a single anticonvulsant. Appropriate educational placement had not been achieved for 22%. It is concluded that a reduction in the incidence of epilepsy in the community can be achieved by improvements in obstetric/neonatal services and by the raising of living standards. The abolition of racial segregation at special schools and training centres will alleviate the present shortage of places for children with epilepsy who cannot cope at regular schools. PMID- 3194808 TI - Oestrogen receptor assay by ER-D5 immunocytochemistry fails to correlate with ligand-binding assay in breast cancer. AB - Results obtained with a conventional reference ligand-binding assay were compared with those from an immunocytochemical method employing ER-D5 antigen, a supposedly oestrogen-receptor-related protein. In a group of 144 histologically proven breast carcinomas, no direct correlation could be established. Only 52% of cases would have corresponded in diagnosis. The incidence of false-negatives by ER-D5 immunocytochemistry is of the order of 70% while 32% of patients were false positive by this method. Since both methods are employed to predict therapeutic responses to hormonal manipulation, the discrepancy between the methods is alarming. While the prognostic and predictive index of conventional oestrogen receptor assays is well documented, correlation of these assays with ER-D5 immunocytochemistry has not been demonstrated. On the basis of these results, and pending further investigation, the replacement of conventional oestrogen-receptor methods by immunocytochemistry using this antibody is not recommended. PMID- 3194809 TI - Hypervitaminosis A causing benign intracranial hypertension. A case report. AB - Hypervitaminosis A is a well-recognized clinical entity, but the toxic manifestations develop so insidiously and involve so many systems that diagnosis can easily be missed or delayed. A patient with juvenile chronic arthritis developed benign intracranial hypertension and other manifestations of excessive vitamin A intake and made a complete recovery after it was withdrawn. Vitamin A is a non-prescription drug and any history of its ingestion must be obtained during evaluation of papilloedema. A plea is made for the public to be repeatedly reminded that no proposed remedy is safe or effective until it is demonstrated to be so. PMID- 3194810 TI - Horner's syndrome and tuberculosis. A case report. AB - Horner's syndrome and recurrent laryngeal palsy are rare complications of cervical tuberculous lymphadenopathy. A case, which mimicked malignant disease, is reported. PMID- 3194811 TI - HIV seropositivity in east Caprivi, SWA/Namibia. PMID- 3194812 TI - Seminal sialic acid in patients with auto-immunity to sperm. PMID- 3194813 TI - Acute rhabdomyolysis. PMID- 3194814 TI - Alloplasts in the middle ear. PMID- 3194815 TI - The changing face of coronary angioplasty. PMID- 3194816 TI - Colorectal neurovasculature and anal sphincter. AB - The varied blood supply of the colon and rectum has been described. It may be stated that the efficiency of any surgeon's hand is primarily dependent on the knowledge that guides it. Significant anatomic facts are described herein. An important blood supply to the terminal ileum comes from the generally unknown ileal artery, which, when absent, creates a critical, poorly vascularized area and thus an inappropriate area for an anastomosis. This right colic artery may be absent in 2 per cent. It may arise in common with the middle colic trunk (52 per cent). The middle colic artery is absent in 3 per cent. It occurs as a separate branch in 44 per cent and may be derived from celiac artery rarely. The inferior mesenteric artery divides into the left colic, which ascends to the splenic flexure, and a descending branch that continues downward as the superior rectal artery. The left colic artery may not reach the splenic flexure. The marginal artery may be interrupted or weakly represented at the splenic flexure. Therefore, one should perform a ligation of the left colic vessel before its bifurcation if the splenic flexure is to be preserved. The superior rectal artery is the main blood supply of the rectum. Its branching on the rectum is varied, but it has a rich anastomosis with the other rectal arteries, namely, the middle rectal and inferior rectal arteries. Sudeck's point is not critical. The middle rectal artery varies in number and origin and is not essential provided the inferior rectal artery is intact. The anatomy of the anal canal is described. The rectum is for a short distance surrounded by the anal canal with the external sphincter. The internal sphincter is the end of circular muscle of the rectum. The external sphincter can be thought of as one continuous muscle divided by longitudinal bands into three main parts: subcutaneous, superficial, and deep. Below the pectinate line in the anal canal, the nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, blood supply, and epithelium are different from that in the rectum. PMID- 3194817 TI - Techniques of colorectal surgery. PMID- 3194818 TI - Surgical anatomy of the pelvis. AB - The bony constituents of the pelvis and their padding muscles and fasciae have been described. The anatomy of the pelvic colon and rectum have been approached from a clinical and surgical point of view. The genitourinary system is presented as it is related to diseases of, and operations on, the colorectum. PMID- 3194819 TI - Diagnostic anorectal functional studies. Manometry, sphincter electromyography, and defecography. AB - Anorectal manometric and electromyographic studies assess anorectal and pelvic floor neuromuscular disorders and can help in the diagnosis and management of incontinence, prolapse, megarectum, and other functional anorectal disorders. These studies can assess preoperative and postoperative anorectal function and help in the differential diagnosis of anorectal disorders, and thus they assist the surgeon in carrying out rational therapy. PMID- 3194821 TI - Cancer of the rectum--sphincter-saving operation. A new technique of coloanal anastomosis. AB - The authors describe their technique providing total excision of the rectum and its muscular wall with an anastomosis between the colon and the anal canal at the level of the pectinate line for cancer of the low rectum. Of 20 patients, 17 had good functional results, two required later abdominoperineal resection for local recurrence, and one died of diffuse metastatic spread. PMID- 3194820 TI - Cancer of the rectum--local excision. AB - Limited surgical techniques have gained an important role among treatment modalities for invasive carcinoma of the rectum. Polypoid or plateau-like tumors not larger than 3 cm in which palpation, CT, and endoluminal sonography findings suggest only a slight depth of invasion may be treated by limited surgery. According to tumor size, macroscopic appearance, and site, one can decide whether to choose endoscopic polypectomy, per anal submucosal or full-thickness disc excision, or trans-sphincteric excision. After local excision, careful pathologic examination of the specimen is essential in deciding whether the limited procedure can be regarded as curative or whether a radical resection must be added. When average operative risk is present, carcinomas limited to the submucosa (pT1 or early carcinomas) with good prognostic histomorphologic features (grade 1 or 2; no lymphatic invasion) are suitable for treatment by limited surgery. If strict selection criteria are implemented, 5-year survival rates of better than 90 per cent can be achieved. The complication rate is low, and the postoperative mortality rate, even in elderly patients, is minimal. PMID- 3194822 TI - Operative hemorrhoidectomy. AB - A well-performed hemorrhoidectomy is the procedure of choice for fourth-degree prolapsing irreducible hemorrhoids (including thrombosed prolapsed hemorrhoids) and most third-degree hemorrhoids. It eliminates the vascular cushions, produces mucosal fixation, and eliminates the anal stenosis. Although open hemorrhoidectomy is performed in some centers, the majority of colon and rectal surgeons perform closed hemorrhoidectomy by the Ferguson technique, which has been modified by the author and colleagues, with satisfactory results. PMID- 3194823 TI - Fistula in ano. AB - Except for unusual diseases, fistula in ano originates from infection in the anal crypts of Morgagni, forming an abscess which, when it opens, results in a tract leading to the skin surface. A tentative diagnosis can often be made by a careful history followed by local examination. A history of para-anal abscess followed by intermittent discharge will almost always be elicited. Alternative causes, including especially Crohn's disease, are also described. Operative technique is described, including various methods for finding the internal opening and obscure branching tracts, as well as a number of pitfalls to be avoided. PMID- 3194824 TI - Anoplasty. AB - Because of the anatomic variations of stricture or ectropion, the surgeon should master several of the techniques quoted here. These methods may have to be modified in selected patients, but all changes should be based on sound anorectal plastic principles. PMID- 3194825 TI - A common language, a diverse people. PMID- 3194826 TI - Hispanic Americans: an emerging group. Part 1. Magnitude, ethnicity and geographic location. PMID- 3194828 TI - Hispanic Americans: an emerging group. Part 2. Profile of diverse characteristics. PMID- 3194827 TI - Costs of normal births: regional variations, 1986. PMID- 3194830 TI - The effect of somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995) on pancreatic blood flow. AB - The effect of somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on pancreatic blood flow was studied. In 24 dogs all vessels to the pancreas, except for the pancreaticoduodenal artery and vein, were divided. A flow probe was placed around the pancreaticoduodenal artery. The animals were divided into four groups. Control animals received a subcutaneous injection of 0.5 ml of normal saline solution. Treated animals received 0.002, 0.02, and 0.2 mg/kg of SMS 201-995 at the outset of the experiment. Mean systemic arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, and serum amylase values were monitored, in addition to pancreaticoduodenal blood flow. SMS 201-995 produced a prompt and sustained decrease in pancreatic blood flow in all treated groups compared with control animals without alteration of systemic hemodynamics. This suggests that SMS 201 995 decreases local vascular resistance, which results in decreased pancreatic blood flow. PMID- 3194829 TI - Radioimmunoimaging of metastatic medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland using an indium-111-labeled monoclonal antibody to CEA. AB - Elevated levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) or calcitonin after surgical therapy for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland (MCT) indicate the presence of residual or metastatic disease. CEA elevations appear to be prognostically more reliable in patients with metastatic disease and suggest a more virulent tumor. Attempts to stage the disease with use of conventional imaging techniques are usually inadequate, as is the therapy for disseminated or recurrent MCT. An indium-111-labeled anti-CEA monoclonal antibody (ZCE-025) was used to image metastases in a patient with MCT. Potential applications of monoclonal antibody technology in the management of MCT would include (1) preoperative differentiation of unicentric from multicentric thyroid gland involvement, (2) detection of regional or distant metastases or both, (3) measurement of response to systemic therapy, and (4) the facilitation of radionuclide immunoconjugate therapy. PMID- 3194832 TI - Antrectomy for multicentric, argyrophil gastric carcinoids: a preliminary report. AB - Multicentric gastric carcinoids develop infrequently in association with atrophic gastritis, achlorhydria, and hypergastrinemia. These unusual tumors, thought to arise from proliferation of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, have not been shown to secrete any measurable biogenic amines and usually grow slowly. Hypergastrinemia, which results from antral G cell stimulation secondary to atrophic gastritis, is believed to be the trophic stimulus, but alternative explanations include production of gastrin-releasing factor (GRF) or gastrin per se by the tumor. We recently encountered two patients with pentagastrin-resistant achlorhydria and multiple gastric carcinoids. Neither had symptoms of carcinoid syndrome. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and serum human pancreatic polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and motilin values were normal. Fasting gastrin values were nearly 1800 pg/ml. Antrectomy and regional lymphadenectomy was performed in each patient. The tumors were locally invasive with penetration through the submucosa. One patient had regional lymph node involvement, and one had an isolated hepatic metastasis. Immunohistochemical stain tests were positive in both patients for neuron-specific enolase and chromogranin, with focal positive staining for gastrin and serotonin. Serum gastrin levels decreased to less than 25 pg/ml after antrectomy. Evaluation with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy examination 4 to 6 months after antrectomy showed complete regression of disease in one patient and residual neoplasm in one patient, despite normal serum gastrin levels. Additional studies with careful long-term follow-up will be needed to determine whether antrectomy eliminates the hypergastrinemia associated with enterochromaffin-like hyperplasia and leads to regression of disease. PMID- 3194831 TI - Establishment of a human gastrinoma in nude mice. AB - We report the first establishment and characterization of functioning gastrinoma from a human being transplanted into nude mice. Tissue was obtained at operation from a gastrinoma liver metastasis from a patient with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The tumor was implanted subcutaneously in five athymic nude mice. Serum gastrin was measured by means of radioimmunoassay in specimens of mouse blood taken before and 5 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of secretin (100 micrograms/kg). In a second experiment serum gastrin was measured 30 minutes after injection of somatostatin analogue, SMS 201-995 (300 micrograms/kg). Studies were also done in 10 control mice. At passage, the fundus of each tumor bearing mouse was weighed and examined microscopically. The gastrinoma (tumor line, PT) has been maintained for 34 months through four passages with a tumor doubling time of 37 to 45 days. The histology is similar to the original tumor. Immunocytochemistry showed that PT contained gastrin. In two mice metastasis developed 9 months after implantation. Gastrin levels in mice bearing PT have ranged from 216 to 12,000 pg/ml. Gastrin levels of control mice ranged from 0 to 63 pg/ml. Secretin increased gastrin levels in three of five mice tested and decreased gastrin levels in two mice. Repeat secretin tests showed identical results. SMS 201-995 decreased gastrin levels from basal values. Fundic weight of mice bearing PT (397 +/- 93 mg) was significantly greater than control fundic weight (180 +/- 26 mg). Gastrinomas growing in nude mice produce physiologically active gastrin as shown by elevated serum gastrin levels and by hyperplasia of the stomach. Two distinct subpopulations of gastrinoma cells respond differently to secretin. This model should provide important information on mechanisms of growth control and on gastrin release by gastrinomas in human beings. PMID- 3194833 TI - Plasma catecholamine changes during excision of pheochromocytoma. AB - Sequential changes in plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) concentration were correlated with changes in blood pressure and cardiac rate in 14 patients undergoing surgery because of pheochromocytoma. All patients had elevated preoperative plasma catecholamine levels that increased during induction of anesthesia, intubation, and skin incision, but mean values did not become significantly higher than preoperative values until tumor manipulation. Episodes of hypertension were associated with increased plasma catecholamine levels, and plasma catecholamine levels and blood pressure decreased dramatically after tumor resection. NE and EPI were usually secreted simultaneously, but release of either NE or EPI alone occurred on some occasions. There were marked variations in the concentration ratio of NE to EPI in plasma at different periods of observation, which suggests that pheochromocytomas release varying amounts of catecholamines in a random fashion. Studies of the effect of the duration of preoperative preparation on intraoperative blood pressure, pulse rate, and cardiac arrhythmias failed to demonstrate that treatment for 14 days or longer was more effective than treatment for 4 to 7 days. Neither the brief nor the prolonged period of therapy prevented development of severe hypertension during tumor manipulation. PMID- 3194834 TI - Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum: a clinicopathologic evaluation. AB - Neuroendocrine carcinomas were diagnosed in 13 of 683 patients who had colon cancers removed from January 1980 to June 1987 for an incidence of 1.9%. The patients were 28 to 89 years of age (median, 72 years). There were seven male and six female patients. The treatment was as follows: right hemicolectomy, 5; transverse colectomy, 1; left hemicolectomy, 1; low anterior resection, 2; abdominal-perineal resection, 1; and in 3 patients with rectal tumors, biopsy examination only was performed. Microscopic stages were as follows: Dukes' stage B, 1; stage C, 6; stage D, 5; and stage indeterminate, 1. By light microscopy, the tumors showed solid clusters or ribbons of round to fusiform, small to intermediate-sized cells with variably abundant mitoses. Eight tumors had foci of glandular and/or squamous differentiation. By immunohistochemistry, all tumors showed one or more neuroendocrine markers, including neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin, synaptophysin, serotonin, and various neuropeptides. By electron microscopy, single membrane-bound neurosecretory granules were noted. The sites of metastases included regional nodes, 8; liver, 5; bone, 1. Four patients were treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These tumors were, as a group, aggressive, with eight patients dead within 12 months of diagnosis. Median survival was 7 months, with three patients alive at 2, 38, and 68 months, respectively. Specifically, small- and intermediate-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas of the colon and rectum behaved very aggressively and displayed numerous structural and functional similarities with their bronchopulmonary counterparts. PMID- 3194835 TI - The role of surgery in the management of thyroid lymphoma. AB - The role of surgery in the management of patients with primary lymphoma of the thyroid gland has been addressed after review of 61 patients treated at Princess Margaret Hospital between 1958 and August 1982, 46 of whom had clinical stage I and II disease confined to the thyroid gland or lymph nodes or both above the diaphragm. Postoperative radiation therapy was used in 34 patients, radiation therapy and chemotherapy in 11 patients, and chemotherapy alone in 1 patient. Analysis of disease progression, local relapse, and distant disease recurrence indicated that postoperative residual disease bulk predicted strongly for both local and distant disease progression. Overall cause-specific survival was 59% at 5 years, with a relapse-free rate of 46% at 5 years. Of those with less than 2.5 cm of residual disease after surgery, 80% achieved lifelong local disease control compared with 40% for those with residual disease in excess of 2.5 cm after surgery. Distant relapse rates were 7% and 23% for those with less than 2.5 cm and greater than 2.5 cm after surgery, respectively. The long-term survival rate for those with disease progression during this period was approximately 10%, with a median survival expectancy of 18 months. It is suggested that those patients without an antecedent cytologically based diagnosis of lymphoma undergo biopsy and removal of operable tumor without compromise of parathyroid glands, recurrent laryngeal nerves, or appearance. Those patients with an existing cytologic diagnosis of lymphoma and bulky and/or inoperable tumor may be more effectively managed with a combined chemotherapy-radiation therapy program. PMID- 3194836 TI - Tracheomalacia from compressing goiter: management after thyroidectomy. AB - Tracheomalacia may result from prolonged compression by expanding goiter, particularly within the confines of the thoracic inlet. Constriction of the upper airway by the growing goiter may be indication for operation, but the residual problem of tracheomalacia after thyroidectomy is a life-threatening postoperative complication. Examples of postoperative tracheomalacia in patients with neglected goiters endemic in the third world or recurrent goiter with airway compromise in a western medical center referral practice are described for development of management methods. Two patients with lethal postthyroidectomy tracheomalacia led me to anticipate this complication in certain identifiable high-risk patients in my own practice, and the cases of five patients are described for whom several techniques of tracheal support were attempted. One patient, for whom staged tracheoplasty was planned, opted for tracheostomy, whereas four patients have had adequate tracheal airways restored by extrinsic support. One was treated by subtotal thyroidectomy with tracheal suspension; one by staged thyroid reductions; two were treated by creation of extrinsic tracheal neo-rings constructed of surgical wire and vascular prostheses. The patient with the most dramatic airway impairment from the most extensive tracheomalacia experienced very satisfactory airway security. A second patient was also supported by the prosthetic rings but extruded one of them, possibly because of tracheostomy contamination. Until tracheal replacement or better tolerated prosthetic or biologic supports are devised, tracheomalacia will remain a vexing problem complicating thyroidectomy for long-standing or recurrent airway-compressing goiter. PMID- 3194837 TI - Complications of thyroid surgery performed by residents. AB - The purpose of this report is to study the incidence of complications in thyroid surgery performed by the residents in a surgical training program. This is a report of complications in 200 consecutive thyroidectomies performed by residents with attending surgeons' assistance. There were 128 female and 72 male patients, ranging in age from 16 to 89 years. Ten patients had undergone previous thyroid surgery. There were 40 total thyroidectomies, 38 subtotal thyroidectomies, and 122 lobectomies with isthmusectomy. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation of the vocal cords was a standard routine. Identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was routine except in patients with large goiters, who underwent intracapsular subtotal thyroidectomy. An attempt was made to identify and preserve all four parathyroid glands. Even in lobectomy procedures, the ipsilateral parathyroids were identified and preserved. Parathyroid autotransplantation into the sternomastoid muscle was performed in thirteen instances, whenever any of the parathyroids was devascularized. Complications included superior laryngeal nerve palsy (one case) and temporary recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (one case). There was only one patient in whom temporary hypoparathyroidism developed. In three patients hematomas developed in the recovery room and reexploration was required. Two diabetic patients had wound infections develop that required drainage. Seromas and minor wound collections were noted in 6% of the patients. The incidence of major postoperative complications of thyroidectomy is low, even when residents are the primary surgeons. Thyroidectomy appears to be a safe operation in the hands of residents with close supervision and assistance by the attending surgeons. PMID- 3194838 TI - DNA patterns in parathyroid disease predict postoperative parathyroid hormone secretion. AB - Flow cytometric analysis of the nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content of parathyroid glands excised from patients with hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism has identified three distinct DNA patterns. The most frequent pattern showed a high percentage of cells with tetraploid DNA, which indicated an increase in the G2 and M phase of the cell cycle. Thirty-four patients were found to have abnormal tetraploid DNA content. One patient had a normal diploid pattern, and seven were found to have an aneuploid DNA population in their excised parathyroid glands. This unexpected finding of aneuploid DNA appears to be an unique feature of these endocrine glands because they have no histologic or clinical characteristics of malignant change. All patients have remained normocalcemic and clinically well after excision of only grossly enlarged glands. Postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were correlated in 17 patients with DNA analyses of biopsy specimens from 30 normal-sized glands which were left in situ. Seven patients with elevated PTH postoperatively had high tetraploid or aneuploid DNA in all 13 glands from which biopsy specimens had high tetraploid or aneuploid DNA in all 13 glands from which biopsy specimens had been taken. In 10 patients with normal PTH levels, six had normal diploid patterns, whereas four had high tetraploid DNA in their gland biopsy specimens. DNA content present in biopsy specimens of normal-sized, in situ glands was predictive (p less than 0.042) of parathyroid gland secretory activity. These findings suggest that the stimulus for parathyroid gland hyperfunction often affects more than a single enlarged gland and persists after clinical cure, as shown by a more rapid cell turnover in some remaining glands and continued hypersecretion of hormone. PMID- 3194839 TI - Intraoperative measurement of parathyroid hormone in the surgical management of hyperparathyroidism. AB - The operative management of patients with hyperparathyroidism is controversial. Higher rates for persistent hypercalcemia and postoperative hypoparathyroidism are seen in multiple-gland hyperplasia and in bilateral neck exploration. Hyperparathyroid patients undergoing unilateral neck exploration with removal of a single parathyroid adenoma have a rapid clearance of parathyroid hormone (PTH) that declines to undetectable levels within hours after successful parathyroid surgery. We have taken advantage of a sensitive immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for the secreted biologically active, intact PTH-(1-84) molecule and demonstrated a decline of PTH to less than 40% of baseline values 15 minutes after successful parathyroid adenomectomy in 12 patients. Intraoperative measurement of PTH by modification of this IRMA may complement surgical skill and histopathologic information and has the potential for providing guidance regarding the extent of neck exploration necessary for determining surgical care of hyperparathyroidism. PMID- 3194840 TI - A comparative study of serum ultrafiltrable, ionized, and total calcium in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with intermittent or no elevation in total calcium. AB - Measurement of serum ionized calcium has been shown to be more sensitive a method of diagnosing primary hyperparathyroidism than total calcium in patients with subtle or intermittent elevations of total calcium. The measurement of ionized calcium, however, is technically difficult. The measurement of serum ultrafiltrable calcium would circumvent technical difficulties because atomic absorption spectroscopy would be used to measure the calcium of a filtrate produced by passing serum through a filter which excludes protein-complexed calcium (Worthington ultrafree filter). The normal range for ultrafiltrable calcium (4.7 to 6.8 mg/dl) was determined in 138 patients by nonlinear least squares analysis and chart review. The serum concentration of ultrafiltrable calcium correlated well with ionized calcium (r = 0.91). Previous studies have demonstrated no benefit in measuring ionized calcium, as opposed to total calcium, in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism unless there was subtle, intermittent, or no elevation of the total calcium. This comparative study of ultrafiltrable, ionized, and total calcium was, therefore, done in six patients with primary hyperparathyroidism who exhibited intermittent, minimal, or no elevations in serum total calcium. All six patients had symptoms referrable to hyperparathyroidism. All six underwent parathyroid surgery, and a parathyroid adenoma was found in each case. These six patients had a total of 24 concurrent preoperative determinations of ionized, ultrafiltrable, and total calcium levels. The total calcium value was elevated in only 9 of these 24 determinations (38%), ultrafiltrable calcium was elevated in 15 (63%), and ionized calcium was elevated in 23 (96%). The values of ionized calcium were elevated more frequently than both total calcium (p less than 0.0005) and ultrafiltrable calcium (p less than 0.025). The values for ultrafiltrable calcium were more frequently elevated than those for total calcium; this difference, however, was not significant. This study confirms our previous reports showing that ionized calcium is a more sensitive indicator of primary hyperparathyroidism in patients with intermittent or borderline elevation of the total calcium and extends those observations to show that ionized calcium is also a more sensitive indicator of primary hyperparathyroidism than ultrafiltrable calcium in this group of patients. PMID- 3194841 TI - Thyroid cancer in children and adolescents. AB - We report on 49 patients younger than 18 years at diagnosis, of 776 patients with thyroid cancer, seen in our institution in the last 17 years. Female/male ratio was 2.2:1. Histologic type was papillary in 44, follicular in 4, and medullary in 1. Initial treatment was near-total thyroidectomy with or without neck dissection. Surgical complications (vocal cord palsy, permanent hypoparathyroidism, or both) were found in 25 patients and were usually associated with more advanced primary tumors. At surgery, node metastases were present in 73% of the patients and lung metastases, detected by chest x ray films, in 6%. Patients were treated with thyroid suppressive therapy and, except the one with medullary cancer, with radioiodine (131I) therapy. After a mean follow-up of 7.7 +/- 4.4 years (range, 1 to 17 years), one patient with lung metastases died of respiratory failure. Of 36 patients who have been followed up more than 4 years, 22 (61.1%) are now cured, and 14 have metastases (to lymph nodes, 2; to nodes and lung, 10; and to lung, 2). Since 1977 serum thyroglobulin (Tg) was used routinely as a tumor marker for differentiated thyroid cancer. After operation, Tg was elevated in all patients both not receiving (mean +/- SE, 902 +/- 380 ng/ml) and receiving (44 +/- 15 ng/ml) suppressive therapy; after 131I treatment, serum Tg dropped to 104 +/- 50 and 7.3 +/- 1.7 ng/ml, without and with suppressive therapy, respectively. Of 11 patients with lung metastases treated with 131I, respiratory function, as assessed by means of spirometry, was normal in three, mildly reduced in six, and severely impaired in two (including the one who died). In conclusion, our study indicates that thyroid cancer in young patients is rather advanced at initial examination and usually associated with node and, less frequently, lung metastases. Total thyroidectomy, radioiodine treatment, and thyroid suppressive therapy represent an effective combination of treatments for this disease and allow a good quality of life. The most serious adverse effect is represented by the high incidence of surgical complications and by pulmonary restrictive disease in relation to lung metastases. PMID- 3194842 TI - Recurrence and morbidity in differentiated thyroid carcinoma in children. AB - The management of differentiated thyroid cancer in childhood is controversial. In particular, the role of aggressive surgical treatment has been questioned. This study was performed to identify those factors that are predictive of recurrence and morbidity following treatment through use of a multivariate model. The records of all patients 17 years of age or less admitted in the last 35 years with histologically confirmed differentiated thyroid carcinoma were reviewed. Data were sufficient for multivariate analysis in 93. The mean age at diagnosis was 13.3 years, and the median period of follow-up was 20 years. Seventy-one percent of the patients had nodal metastases. There were no deaths from thyroid carcinoma in this series, and the overall recurrence rate after initial treatment was 34%. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only age (p less than or equal to 0.07) and histologic subtype (p less than or equal to 0.01) were predictive of time to recurrence. Major morbidity was a function of age (p less than or equal to 0.007) and extent of thyroid surgery (p less than or equal to 0.01). Probability of minor complications was predicted by use of radical neck dissection (p less than or equal to 0.02). Use of total or subtotal thyroidectomy or of radical neck dissection in children does not prevent recurrence and is associated with an increased risk of complications. We conclude that these procedures should be avoided in pediatric patients. PMID- 3194843 TI - Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children and adults: long-term follow-up of 1039 patients conservatively treated at one institution during three decades. AB - Fifty-eight children (18 boys, 40 girls) less than 17 years of age, undergoing initial surgery because of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) at Mayo Clinic from 1946 through 1975 and followed up for a median time of 27.6 years were compared with 981 adults (323 men, 658 women) treated during the same period and followed up for a median period of 19.5 years. At initial evaluation, mean tumor size (+/- SD) was greater in children (3.1 +/- 1.7 cm) than in adults (2.1 +/- 1.7 cm) (p less than 0.001); tumor DNA content was nondiploid in 10% of 39 children and in 25% of 110 adults (p = 0.047). Neck node metastases at diagnosis were detected in more children (89.7%) than adults (34.7%) (p less than 0.0001), but extrathyroidal invasion was not significantly more frequent in children (24.1%) than adults (15.8%) (p = 0.095). Distant metastases at diagnosis were detected in more children (6.9%) than adults (2.1%) (p = 0.022). Postoperatively, neck node metastases recurred more frequently in children (30%) than in adults (7%) (p less than 0.001), but local neck recurrences were not significantly more frequent in children (12%) than in adults (5%) (p = 0.083). Postoperative distant metastases occurred with similar frequency in children (6%) and adults (5%) (p = 0.98). Survival (all causes of death) for both adults and children up to 30 years after the initial surgery was no different from expected survival rates. Only adults aged more than 40 years had a significantly higher mortality from PTC than did children (p less than 0.0001). Fourteen percent of children had died of PTC by 15 years after diagnosis of distant metastases, whereas 68% of similarly affected adults were dead at 15 years (p = 0.014). PTC was more often metastatic to neck nodes and lungs before initial surgery and more often recurrent in neck lymph nodes postoperatively. However, PTC tended to be less fatal in children, and this may be related to the infrequency of nondiploid DNA content in the childhood PTC tumors. PMID- 3194844 TI - Presidential address: the gatekeepers. PMID- 3194845 TI - Surgical therapy for thyroid carcinoma: a review of 1249 solitary thyroid nodules. AB - A total of 1249 "cold" solitary thyroid nodules were excised at the Brigham and Women's Hospital from 1948 through 1987. Of these nodules, 241 showed malignant conditions: 123 were papillary, 42 were mixed papillary-follicular, and 43 were pure follicular carcinomas. There were also 23 anaplastic, 8 medullary, and 3 Hurthle cell carcinomas. These patients were followed up from 3 to 31 years, with a mean range of 10 years. Fifty-three patients with well-differentiated tumors underwent total thyroidectomies, and 179 underwent subtotal thyroidectomies (excluding anaplastic, medullary, and Hurthle cell tumors). Regional lymph node involvement was commonly found but appeared not to affect survival; tumor size and local spread and extent of thyroid gland involvement did affect survival. A small percentage of well-differentiated thyroid tumors do, in time, undergo anaplastic change that leads to metastasis and death. There was no 30-day mortality rate. The late mortality rate was 2% for papillary and 14% for follicular carcinomas. Papillary tumors are becoming more common. Older aged patients and male patients appear to carry poorer prognoses for survival. The total thyroidectomy procedure has not improved survival over subtotal thyroidectomy and carries a higher complication rate. PMID- 3194846 TI - An expanded view of risk-group definition in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. AB - There continues to be controversy about every aspect of management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. In an age-based risk group previously described, low-risk patients made up 62% of cases and had a death rate of only 1%. Recent reports from the Mayo Clinic have expanded the concept of the low-risk group to include 86% of all cases with a 2% death rate by utilizing several anatomic and pathologic criteria of risk. We offer here another multifactorial system for the identification of low-risk patients who made up 89.4% of all patient seen between 1961 and 1980 and who have a death rate of only 1.8%. The resultant high-risk group constitutes 11% of cases but carries a 46% mortality rate. The risk-group definition is completely clinical and is based on age, presence of distant metastases, and the size and extent of primary cancer. It can be used confidently at the operating table to select conservative surgical procedures in patients with negligible risk of death. Through the succeeding decades analyzed, from 1941 to 1980, the effectiveness of this clinical categorization has increased substantially in separating patients at high and low risk, so that a mortality rate ratio of 26:1 now exists between high- and low risk groups, respectively. PMID- 3194847 TI - Local recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma: is extent of surgical resection important? AB - From a multivariate analysis of more than 20,600 patient-years' experience with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), we devised a prognostic scoring system based on patient age, tumor grade, extent, and size (AGES). This scoring system was used as an adjustment variable for analyzing the role of different types of surgical treatment in the development of local recurrence (LR) in 963 PTC patients who underwent unilateral (15%), bilateral subtotal/near-total (69%), or total thyroidectomies (16%) from 1946 through 1975 at the Mayo Clinic. In 866 patients with AGES scores of 3.99 or less, the risk of LR developing at 10, 20, and 30 years was 7%, 14%, and 14% after unilateral resection and 1.5%, 2%, and 4% after bilateral resection (p less than 0.001). In 97 patients with AGES scores of 4 or more, the comparable rates were 26%, 45%, and 59% after unilateral resection and 13%, 20%, and 20% after bilateral resection (p less than 0.001). In neither the low- nor the high-risk group was there a significant difference in the frequency of LR comparing total thyroidectomy with bilateral subtotal/near-total thyroidectomy. At 30 years after diagnosis of LR, mortality from PTC was 48%; the risk of cancer death with an LR located outside the thyroid remnant was much greater than with a remnant recurrence alone. In this series of 52 patients, followed up for as many as 41 years, no patient with tumor recurrence limited to the thyroid remnant died of thyroid cancer. PMID- 3194848 TI - Poorly differentiated ("insular") carcinoma of the thyroid gland: an aggressive subset of differentiated thyroid neoplasms. AB - Four patients with a histologically distinctive thyroid carcinoma--which recently has been referred to as poorly differentiated ("insular") carcinoma--are reported. This study confirms the previous conclusions that patients with this neoplasm often experience an aggressive clinical course, with focal recurrences and distant metastases common, which results in death in the majority of patients. Such aggressive behavior may occur even when the insular component accounts for only a small percentage of an otherwise well-differentiated carcinoma, as seen in one of our patients. After subtotal or total thyroidectomy, three of the four patients have experienced local recurrence (1) and metastases to lung (3), mediastinum (1), and bone (1). All three of these patients died within 2 years of the diagnosis of insular carcinoma. The remaining patient is alive without evidence of disease 1 year after total thyroidectomy. Histologically, this neoplasm is characterized by well-defined nests (insulae) that are composed of relatively small, uniform cells and sometimes associated with small, thyroglobulin-containing follicles. Tumor necrosis is often present. Insular carcinoma may comprise the entire neoplasm (2 patients) or be associated with well-differentiated follicular (1 patient) or papillary (1 patient) carcinoma. The rapid and often fatal course associated with insular carcinoma warrants aggressive treatment at the time of initial diagnosis, including total thyroidectomy and node dissection (if involved), as well as possible iodine-131, external beam irradiation and chemotherapy. PMID- 3194849 TI - Not all "occult" papillary carcinomas are "minimal". AB - "Occult" papillary carcinomas are characterized as small papillary tumors of less than 1.5 cm in maximum diameter, with or without bulky metastatic deposits in cervical nodes. The primary lesion is usually not palpable, and although the clinical behavior usually follows a benign course, tumors with unfavorable histologic features (invasiveness, multifocality) or extrathyroidal disease or a combination of both may not do so. In this report six cases are presented to illustrate this entity. No patient had a history of irradiation to the head or neck. All had primary lesions smaller than 1.5 cm. None had a palpable nodule or abnormal thyroid scan results, and the diagnosis of thyroid cancer was based on cervical lymph node or lung biopsy specimens, which revealed papillary thyroid cancer. All of the patients underwent total or near-total thyroidectomies and were found to have small, invasive papillary lesions with additional metastases to cervical nodes noted at the time of thyroidectomy. Adjunctive treatment consisted of a 5 mCi iodine-131 scan, ablative iodine-131 therapy, and suppression with L-thyroxine. Although distant metastasis to lung or other organs is uncommon and the mortality rate is low (as in larger papillary cancers), these invasive lesions--despite their small size--have a high propensity for recurrence and should be considered to behave more like encapsulated papillary tumors with extrathyroidal extension than like their small, unencapsulated intrathyroidal counterparts. PMID- 3194850 TI - DNA content in radiation-associated thyroid cancer. AB - DNA content has been reported to be of prognostic significance in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Since malignant tumors with irradiation as an initiator often contain DNA aberrations, the DNA content of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma in patients with a prior history of low-dose head and neck irradiation was determined and compared with similar nonradiation-associated lesions. The DNA content of thyroid cancers from 53 patients was determined with use of flow cytometry. Sixteen radiation-associated thyroid carcinomas (11 papillary, 3 follicular, and 2 medullary) all were diploid. In a group of 37 nonradiation associated tumors, 10 were aneuploid (10 of 29 papillary carcinomas and 0 of 2 follicular or 6 medullary carcinomas). This difference in DNA content is significant (p less than 0.02, Fisher's exact test). These findings were unexpected and suggest that if the initiating irradiation causes a DNA aberration, this aberration is not reflected in DNA content as measured by means of flow cytometry. PMID- 3194852 TI - Heterogeneity of patients with craniomandibular disorders. A longitudinal study. AB - The aim of this thesis was to investigate a consecutive series of patients with craniomandibular disorders (CMD), mainly functional disturbances of the masticatory system, in order to evaluate symptoms, the treatment outcome and the long-term prognosis in relation to different background factors. All 350 patients who came to a TMJ-clinic during a specific time period were included. 68% of the patients were women. The ages of the patients ranged between 12 and 80 years, with a mean of 39.9 years for the women and 38.3 for the men. At the first visit, the patients were given a self-administered questionnaire with 25 standardised questions. After 2 1/2 years, the records of the patients were examined for clinical findings, diagnoses and treatment. After about 4 years, a questionnaire, similar to the original one, was sent to a young and an old group of the patients to register present symptoms and need of treatment. Finally a clinical follow-up was performed in those who had reported that they wanted more treatment and, for comparison, in a group who had reported that they did not. The symptomatology was extremely varied in this group of 350 CMD patients. Headache, pain on mandibular movements and TMJ sounds were the most frequently reported symptoms. The significant correlation found between the severity of reported symptoms and the clinical dysfunction index (Di) was best explained by muscle tenderness on palpation. The dental status varied greatly among the patients and it was not significantly correlated to Di. The number of visits and length of the treatment period, factors that varied widely, were correlated to variables indicating severity of signs and symptoms at the first visit. Otherwise it was difficult to predict the treatment outcome, even when patients were divided into subgroups. Only one variable from the original questionnaire, duration of initial symptoms, and none from the first clinical examination, was significantly correlated to the treatment outcome at the 4-year follow-up. The mean number of days of sick-leave in the patients was correlated to Di, and it decreased after stomatognathic treatment. This series of studies has shown that patients with CMD are extremely heterogeneous in many respects, e.g. regarding symptoms, diagnosis and outcome of treatment. PMID- 3194851 TI - C cell adenoma of the thyroid: a rare but distinct clinical entity. AB - Although the benign counterpart of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid has never been indicated in textbooks, we propose that C cell adenoma is a rare but distinct clinical entity. Two patients, a 43-year-old man and a 53-year-old woman, had similar thyroid tumors, both about 4 cm in diameter. The cut surfaces of the resected tumors were indistinguishable from a common microfollicular adenoma of the thyroid. Microscopically, the tumors were uniformly composed of fusiform cells without any follicle formation. Neither amyloid deposition nor calcification was found. Although some kind of C cell tumors were suggested, the exact nature was debatable. However, extremely high levels of calcitonin (1330 and 2065 pg/ml, respectively; normal level, less than 170 pg/ml) were found in the stored sera taken preoperatively. Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were normal in both patients. Immunohistochemically, the tumor tissues were positive for calcitonin and neuron-specific enolase but negative for CEA with a monoclonal anti-CEA antibody. No somatostatin, glucagon, or adrenocorticotropic hormone activity was found. It is highly probable that such tumors have not been closely studied and have been regarded as eccentric adenomas of the thyroid or simply as the so-called medullary carcinomas of the thyroid. PMID- 3194853 TI - Comparison of nursing education programs for RCT, LPN, and RN's. PMID- 3194854 TI - Selected work characteristics of nurse practitioners. PMID- 3194856 TI - RCT update: AARP responds to proposal. PMID- 3194855 TI - Increasing the utilization of research by nurses in clinical practice settings. PMID- 3194857 TI - Clinical nurse specialist offers new idea at old site. PMID- 3194858 TI - Texas BNE proposes new standards of nursing practice rule. PMID- 3194859 TI - The impaired nurse: recovery & re-entry to practice. PMID- 3194860 TI - My name is Kay. PMID- 3194861 TI - For the chemically dependent nurse: re-entry into practice. PMID- 3194862 TI - The impaired nurse: the profession's responsibility. PMID- 3194863 TI - Immunoregulatory properties of pulmonary surfactant: effect of lung lining fluid on proliferation of human blood lymphocytes. AB - Human pulmonary surfactant has not been shown to have immunoregulatory properties. A study was designed to examine the effect of whole surfactant (lyophilised bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) and purified surfactant lipids obtained from normal lungs of three species (man, pig, rabbit) on the lymphoproliferative responses of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens and alloantigens. Whole surfactant and purified surfactant lipids suppressed the proliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin in a dose dependent manner. The purified lipid fraction appeared to cause more suppression than whole surfactant in all the species. There was significant suppression of the proliferative response to B cell mitogens, T cell mitogens (pokeweed mitogen and phytohaemagglutinin), and alloantigens as tested by allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures. These results suggest an immunoregulatory role for pulmonary surfactant, most likely due to the lipid fraction. PMID- 3194865 TI - Occupational asthma in workers of a pharmaceutical company processing spiramycin. AB - After investigation of one worker with occupational asthma, all 51 employees of a pharmaceutical company processing the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin were investigated to determine the frequency of the condition and the risk factors. The antibiotic was produced for short periods four to five times a year. The first part of the investigation, conducted before a production period, consisted of the following: questionnaire, skinprick tests, blood sample, spirometry, assessment of bronchial responsiveness to methacholine, and monitoring of peak expiratory flow rates (PEF). The second part of the survey was carried out in 48 of the 51 workers during the production period, and included the same assessments except for skin testing. No FEV1 values had changed by more than 9% or PEF by more than 19%. Inhalation challenge with spiramycin was performed in 12 of the 14 individuals who had a history of occupational asthma, a provocative concentration of methacholine (PC20) of 16 mg/ml or less, or a PC20 that fell by 2.5 fold or more during the production period (or a combination of these). Three subjects experienced immediate bronchoconstriction. All reported symptoms, and all had a fall in PC20 methacholine during the production period. It is concluded that the minimum frequency of occupational asthma in this company processing spiramycin is 4/51 (7.8%). The combination of a positive response to the questionnaire and a change in bronchial hyperresponsiveness during the production period appeared to be the best detector of individuals with occupational asthma, as confirmed by inhalation challenge with spiramycin. PMID- 3194864 TI - Imaging of the airways by bronchoscintigraphy for the study of mucociliary clearance. AB - A method for functional imaging of the large airways (bronchoscintigraphy) has been developed. It is based on the administration of aerosolised albumin labelled with technetium-99m using a special inhalation technique to produce central airway deposition. The method was evaluated as a measure of mucociliary clearance by recording the movement of radioactivity in the airways of 11 healthy, non smoking subjects on two separate days. A series of bronchoscintigrams was acquired at five minute intervals for two hours after termination of the inhalation. After the first bronchoscintigram 1.25 mg terbutaline or placebo was administered from a metered dose inhaler (five puffs) according to a randomised, double blind, crossover design. The scintigrams were evaluated blind. After terbutaline the segmental bronchi were no longer visible after a median time of 10 minutes, the lobar bronchi after 20 minutes and the main bronchi after 30 minutes. In six cases the trachea was cleared after two hours. After placebo the segmental bronchi disappeared after a median of 15 minutes, but at two hours half the lobar bronchi remained visible. In only two cases was it no longer possible to see the main bronchi or the trachea. It is concluded that bronchoscintigraphy can be used to examine regional mucociliary clearance in healthy subjects and that terbutaline significantly increases the clearance of the deposited radioactive aerosol. PMID- 3194866 TI - Effect of prednisone and beclomethasone dipropionate on airway responsiveness in asthma: a comparative study. AB - To examine the effect of corticosteroids on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, a randomised, double dummy, single blind crossover study was performed in 18 subjects with chronic asthma, comparing the effect of three weeks' treatment with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate, 1200 micrograms daily, and oral prednisone 12.5 mg daily. The 12 week study began with a three week run in period of baseline treatment, which was continued unchanged throughout the study, and the two treatment periods were separated by a three week washout period. Patients kept daily Airflometer readings and attended the laboratory every three weeks for spirometry and a histamine inhalation test for determining the provocative dose of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PD20). The mean FEV1 at the start was 1.9 litres (56% predicted). There was no significant change in PD20 with prednisone treatment, the mean PD20 being 0.56 and 0.59 mumol before and after treatment. There was, however, a significant improvement in PD20 with beclomethasone dipropionate treatment, the geometric mean PD20 being 0.38 and 1.01 mumol before and after treatment (p less than 0.001). There was a small but significant improvement in mean FEV1 after beclomethasone dipropionate treatment- from 1.9 to 2.2 litres--but no change after prednisone. Both medications produced significant and similar improvements in morning and evening Airflometer readings, post-bronchodilator improvement, and diurnal variation. Thus at doses that had similar beneficial effects on lung function beclomethasone dipropionate caused a significant improvement in bronchial hyperresponsiveness whereas prednisone caused no change. The superior topical anti-inflammatory effect of beclomethasone dipropionate may account for the different effects on bronchial hyperresponsiveness. PMID- 3194869 TI - Hodgkin's disease with a granulomatous pulmonary presentation mimicking sarcoidosis. AB - A prominent sarcoid like pulmonary granulomatous reaction to Hodgkin's disease was diagnosed six months before extrapulmonary Hodgkin's disease was confirmed histologically. It recurred with exacerbations of the lymphoma. The reaction is similar to that often seen at pathological staging of intra-abdominal organs not affected by Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3194868 TI - Lack of effect from a single cigarette challenge on bronchial responsiveness in healthy non-smoking subjects. AB - The effect of smoking a cigarette on bronchial responsiveness was studied in healthy non-smokers. Twenty two subjects performed a methacholine inhalation test before and after smoking a single cigarette. Ten of the subjects took part in a further study in which propranolol was inhaled before the smoking challenge to diminish the baseline beta adrenergic tone of the airway. After they had smoked a single filtered or non-filtered cigarette the indices of bronchial responsiveness (the cumulative dose of methacholine starting a decrease in the reciprocal of resistance, Grs (Dmin), and the cumulative dose causing a 35% drop in the Grs (PD35Grs)) did not change significantly. With the inhalation of propranolol mean (SD) log Dmin decreased from 1.37 (0.44) units to 0.74 (0.57) (p less than 0.01) and log PD35Grs from 1.93 (0.38) to 1.51 (0.38) (p less than 0.01). Smoking a single cigarette after the inhalation of propranolol did not, however, cause any further change in bronchial responsiveness. This study suggests that smoking a single filtered or non-filtered cigarette does not change bronchial responsiveness in non-smokers, and that changes in beta adrenergic tone of the airway do not modify the effect of smoking a single cigarette on bronchial responsiveness. PMID- 3194867 TI - Reproducibility of walking test results in chronic obstructive airways disease. AB - Thirty six patients with chronic airflow obstruction were studied to examine (1) the reproducibility and order effect of repeated walking tests when performed over consecutive days or consecutive weeks; (2) the correlation between walking distance and spirometric measurements; and (3) the effect of static visual clues on performance. In study 1, where 12 patients performed 12 walks over three consecutive days, five minute walking distance increased by 33% between walks 1 and 12, half of the increase occurring after the first three walks. In study 2, where 24 patients performed 12 walks over four consecutive weeks, five minute walking distance increased by 8.5% between walks 1 and 12. A learning effect was seen over the first nine walks. Static visual clues to performance did not affect the distance walked. Spirometric measurements showed no order effect in either study. Although walking distance correlated significantly with FEV1, forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow, these measurements were poor predictors of exercise performance. The learning effects seen on repeated performance of walking tests over short intervals should be considered when an individual's response to treatment is being interpreted. When walking tests are used in clinical trials a placebo group or randomised crossover design is essential. PMID- 3194870 TI - Gestational choriocarcinoma presenting as endobronchial carcinoma. AB - A patient is reported who presented with features of bronchial obstruction due to endobronchial tumour. Failure to recognise this as being due to choriocarcinoma led to a delay in diagnosis and effective treatment which, given earlier, may have proved lifesaving. PMID- 3194871 TI - Colobronchial fistula: a late complication of appendicitis. PMID- 3194872 TI - Renal amyloidosis complicating sarcoidosis. PMID- 3194873 TI - Viral respiratory tract infection and exacerbations of asthma in adult patients. AB - The role of viral respiratory tract infections in acute exacerbations of asthma was studied prospectively in 31 patients with atopic asthma aged 15-56 years. Patients recorded symptom scores for asthma and peak expiratory flow rate daily for 11 months. In addition, they reported for detailed clinical, functional, and virological study every four weeks and as soon as possible after the onset of worsening asthma or symptoms suggesting a respiratory tract infection. Thirty viral identifications were made, of which 18 (60%) were associated with an exacerbation of asthma. Viral respiratory tract infection was identified in 18 (10%) of the 178 exacerbations of asthma, and in 10 (36%) of the 28 severe exacerbations. The frequency of viral identifications in 16 non-asthmatic, control subjects during the same period was similar. It is concluded that viral respiratory tract infections may cause or be associated with exacerbations of asthma in adults, and that they are an important factor in severe exacerbations. PMID- 3194874 TI - Number and activity of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in asthma and their relation to airway responsiveness. AB - Bronchial responsiveness to inhaled methacholine was measured four to six days before fibreoptic bronchoscopy in 22 asthmatic patients (10 smokers) and 20 control subjects (12 smokers). The asthmatic patients had a baseline FEV1 greater than 60% predicted and a PD20FEV1 (provocative dose of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1) of 0.006-3.7 mg. The 20 control subjects had normal pulmonary function and a PD20FEV1 above the maximum cumulative dose of methacholine of 6.4 mg. Bronchoalveolar lavage of a middle lobe segment (lingula in four subjects) was performed with three sequential 60 ml aliquots of sterile saline. Cellular metabolic activity was stimulated with latex in aliquots of resuspended cells, and measured by means of luminol enhanced chemiluminescence to assess neutrophil activity and lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence to assess macrophage activity. Mean absolute total cell counts were similar in the asthmatic and control groups but there were differences in differential cell counts, with a significant increase in eosinophil (p less than 0.05) and lymphocyte (p less than 0.005) counts in asthma. PD20FEV1 was negatively correlated with percentage neutrophil counts (p less than 0.005). Luminol enhanced chemiluminescence/1000 neutrophils was increased about twofold in asthmatic subjects (p less than 0.001), but was not correlated with PD20FEV1 Lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescence/1000 macrophages was increased nearly fourfold in asthmatic patients (p less than 0.001) and showed a negative correlation with PD20FEV1 (p less than 0.01). The macrophage count was increased twofold in current smokers in both groups, but other cell numbers were not altered significantly. Smoking did not affect cellular metabolic activity in either group. This study supports the idea that an inflammatory process is present in the airways of those with asthma, and suggests a relation between bronchial responsiveness and both neutrophil numbers and macrophage activity. PMID- 3194875 TI - Fall in peak expiratory flow during haemodialysis in patients with chronic renal failure. AB - Peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) was measured during haemodialysis in 30 unselected patients with chronic renal failure. The patients attended the hospital dialysis unit, where they received regular dialysis using a cuprophan dialyser with acetate buffered dialysate. Mean PEF had fallen by 60 l/min (13%) 30 minutes after the start of dialysis. In 10 of the 30 patients the fall in PEF was over 15%, the maximum fall being 32%. After the initial fall PEF increased throughout the next 2.5 hours of haemodialysis, but it fell again at five hours in the 14 patients who had been dialysed for four hours. During dialysis there was a reduction in blood white cell and platelet counts and in arterial oxygen tension at 30 and 60 minutes (p less than 0.05) and the white cell count and arterial oxygen tension were still reduced at three hours. The coincidence of the fall in PEF at 30 minutes and the fall in arterial oxygen tension suggests that bronchoconstriction might contribute to dialysis induced hypoxaemia by causing ventilation-perfusion disturbances. Appreciable airway dysfunction occurred in all the patients undergoing regular haemodialysis with new cuprophan dialysers and acetate buffered dialysate. PMID- 3194876 TI - Respiratory symptoms in arable farmworkers: role of storage mites. AB - Storage mites (acarid mites) are related to the house dust mite but are usually found in agricultural environments. They have been shown to cause allergic symptoms in Scottish farmworkers exposed to stored hay, but whether farmworkers who grow and store grain are also at risk is unknown. One hundred and one farmworkers on 22 Essex farms with grain storage facilities (88% of the available workforce) participated in a survey of respiratory symptoms, with skin tests and determination of serum levels of IgE specific for mite species, including storage mites. Of the 101 workers, 21 reported attacks of cough, wheeze, or breathlessness after exposure to stored grain and 15 reported nasal symptoms after grain exposure. Storage mite specific IgE was found in 59% of farmworkers with work related respiratory symptoms, in 60% with work related nasal symptoms, and in only 9% of symptomless farmworkers. Work related respiratory and nasal symptoms were also significantly associated with atopy, and with positive skin test responses and serum IgE specific for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Storage mites were found in grain samples from 16 farms in which grain was sampled, whereas D pteronyssinus was not found in any. The close association between serum storage mite specific IgE and occupational respiratory symptoms suggests that storage mites may be responsible for respiratory symptoms in these Essex farmworkers exposed to grain. PMID- 3194877 TI - Functional similarities of asbestosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. AB - The pathological features in the lung in asbestosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis are similar. Patients with asbestosis, however, appear to have less severe impairment of transfer factor (TLCO) than those with fibrosing alveolitis for a given level of radiographic abnormality when assessed on the basis of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) profusion score. The impairment of lung function in the two disorders has been compared in more detail in 29 patients with asbestosis and 25 with fibrosing alveolitis, arterial oxygen desaturation during exercise being used to define the severity of the disorders. Arterial oxygen saturation (ear oximeter) and oxygen uptake were measured during incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer. TLCO (single breath technique) and total lung capacity (TLC, plethysmograph) were measured. Chest radiographs were graded for profusion according to the ILO international classification. Patients with asbestosis had significantly higher mean values for TLCO and TLC and lower mean profusion scores than those with fibrosing alveolitis. When stratified for the degree of arterial oxygen desaturation, however, no significant differences were found in TLCO, TLC, or profusion score between the two disorders. To the extent that arterial oxygen desaturation with exercise reflects the morphological severity of the disease, these results suggest that, for a given degree of interstitial lung disease, asbestosis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis are functionally and radiologically similar. PMID- 3194878 TI - Evaluation of the penetration of ciprofloxacin and amoxycillin into the bronchial mucosa. AB - The concentrations of two antibiotics, amoxycillin and ciprofloxacin, were measured by microbiological assay in serum and in bronchial mucosa obtained at fibreoptic bronchoscopy in 38 patients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy for a range of respiratory symptoms. Patients had taken one of the two drugs orally for four days before bronchoscopy. The percentage penetration of antibiotic from serum to bronchial mucosa was calculated as the ratio of drug concentration in bronchial tissue to that in serum x 100. Of the nine patients who took amoxycillin 500 mg thrice daily the mean (SD) percentage penetration was 75. This was significantly lower than the mean percentage penetration of 147 in 29 patients who took ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily. Ten patients were given a single intravenous dose of ciprofloxacin 200 mg one hour before bronchoscopy and the mean percentage penetration was 231. This study has shown that the quinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin is concentrated in the bronchial mucosa. PMID- 3194879 TI - Transfer factor for carbon monoxide in patients with diabetes with and without microangiopathy. AB - The transfer coefficient (KCO) was significantly lower in diabetic patients with microangiopathy than in a matched group without this complication. This may reflect microangiopathy in the pulmonary circulation. PMID- 3194880 TI - Morning-evening changes in airway responsiveness to methacholine in normal and asthmatic subjects: analysis using partial flow-volume curves. AB - In eight normal and eight asthmatic subjects airway responsiveness to methacholine was measured by means of partial flow-volume loops at 0800 and 1800 hours on the same day. Airway responsiveness was lower in the evening in both normal and asthmatic subjects. PMID- 3194881 TI - Increased muscle enzyme activity after yoga breathing during an exacerbation of asthma. AB - The case is reported of a yoga practitioner who, during an exacerbation of asthma, developed a substantial increase in serum muscle enzymes. This was related to his yoga breathing exercises, which he used to enhance the delivery of aerosolised bronchodilators. As his condition improved and the use of these yoga manoeuvres diminished, the muscle enzyme levels fell to normal. PMID- 3194882 TI - Fatal haematemesis arising from benign oesophagoatrial fistula. AB - An 86 year old woman with a Barrett's oesophagus, a benign oesophageal stricture, and a benign ulcer developed an oesophagoatrial fistula. As in previously reported cases, she died after a massive haematemesis. PMID- 3194883 TI - Bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia in a patient with ulcerative colitis. AB - A young woman with ulcerative colitis developed pneumonia, which responded to corticosteroids. Histological examination showed this to be bronchiolitis obliterans organising pneumonia. PMID- 3194884 TI - Asthma induced by ivory dust: a new occupational cause. AB - A case of asthma is reported that was due to ivory from the tusk of the elephant, a cause of occupational asthma unique to Africa. PMID- 3194885 TI - Surgical management of pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis. AB - Twenty seven adults with cystic fibrosis who had had either a surgical pleurodesis or pleurectomy for the management of pneumothorax were studied. There were no significant differences in postoperative respiratory function, incidence of recurrent pneumothorax, or incidence of major postoperative complications between the two groups. PMID- 3194886 TI - Laser photoresection in the preoperative assessment of a bronchial adenoma. AB - Preoperative laser photoresection of a bronchial adenoma allowed more accurate evaluation and better planning of the operative procedure. PMID- 3194887 TI - Diaphragm pacing. PMID- 3194889 TI - Effects of aggregating agents and of blood cells on the aggregation of whole blood by impedance technique. AB - In this study the effects of different aggregating agents on platelet rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood (WB) aggregation, as determined by the optical and the impedance method, are evaluated. While the response of PRP to PAF, epinephrine and sodium arachidonate was comparable using the two methods, significantly greater amounts of collagen and ADP were required to obtain 50% aggregation of PRP. In addition, when the response of WB to the aggregation induced by different agents was compared to that of PRP (impedance method), no difference between WB and PRP was detected, with exception for ADP and sodium arachidonate induced aggregation. In vitro data on the aggregation of PRP induced by collagen and ADP in the presence of different concentrations of red cells and of white cells, suggest that WC and RC may affect PRP aggregation only in selected experimental conditions. PMID- 3194888 TI - Comparison of hirudin and hirudin PA C-terminal fragments and related analogs as antithrombin agents. AB - Hirudin PA54-66 and related hirudin fragment analogs were synthesized and assessed for their inhibition of thrombin-induced fibrin-clot formation in plasma. Pro58 and Ala63-Tyr64 modifications in the hirudin sequence resulted in increased antithrombin potency, whereas Asp62, Ala63 and Tyr64 individual substitutions each resulted in a loss of potency. PMID- 3194891 TI - Effect of synthetic thrombin inhibitor (MD805) as an alternative drug on heparin induced thrombocytopenia during hemodialysis. PMID- 3194890 TI - Effects of increased sulfation of dermatan sulfate on its in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties. AB - The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological properties of two oversulfated dermatan sulfate (DS) derivatives, S-DS1 and S-DS2, containing 2 and 3.7 sulfate groups/disaccharide unit respectively were compared to those of the parent DS (1 sulfate group/disaccharide unit). In a purified system the ability of S-DS1 and of S-DS2 to catalyse thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II was increased by ten- and seventeen-fold respectively. These compounds also had more potent anticoagulant activities in the activated partial thromboplastin time and the thrombin clotting time assays. Plasma immunodepleted in antithrombin III, heparin cofactor II and both cofactors allowed it to be demonstrated that these enhanced anti-coagulant activities were partly (S-DS1) or totally (S-SD2) independent of any plasma cofactors. In spite of these enhanced anticoagulant activities in vitro the oversulfated derivatives did not exhibit an increased antithrombotic activity in a thromboplastin Wessler type model. Moreover, at the doses investigated, S-DS2 had no antithrombotic effect. The influence of oversulfation on the pharmacokinetic pattern of DS was also investigated. As reported for unfractionated heparin, the biological activities generated after IV injection of high doses of S-DS1 and S-DS2 disappeared according to a concave-convex pattern. This may result from the higher affinities of S-DS1 and of S-DS2 toward endothelial cells in comparison with that of DS. PMID- 3194892 TI - A polymorphism at B beta 448 of fibrinogen identified during structural studies of fibrinogen Baltimore II. PMID- 3194893 TI - Effect of liver damage on the level of coagulation factor II, X and VII in human and bovine plasma. AB - The thrombin generation test using thromboplastin reagent and synthetic substrate for thrombin and determination of factors II, X and VII using chromogenic substrates were applied to bovine and human plasma from objects with liver disease. The liver damage was accompanied with a lowering of the concentration of at least one factor of the extrinsic pathway of prothrombin activation. Use of some of these methods for laboratory diagnosis of liver damage is proposed. PMID- 3194894 TI - Immunoradiometric assays for the Ca(II)-dependent and Ca(II)-independent conformation of human protein C. AB - From a rabbit antiserum against human protein C, two subpopulations of antibodies recognizing Ca(II)-dependent and NonCa(II)-dependent epitopes of human protein C respectively were affinity purified for use in solid-phase immunoradiometric assays. The two assays were specific for PC:Ca(II)Ag and PC:NonCa(II)Ag and highly sensitive with a lower limit of detection of 2 ng/ml. The concentration of PC:Ca(II)Ag and PC:NonCa(II)Ag and their ratio in healthy volunteers was 0.91 +/- 0.16 U/ml, 0.95 +/- 0.14 U/ml and 0.97 +/- 0.18. In a group of patients treated with oral anticoagulants the ratio PC:Ca(II)Ag/PC:-NonCa(II)Ag was significantly decreased (to about 0.6) as compared with normal controls suggesting the presence of sub- and noncarboxylated protein C molecules (PIVKA-PC) in plasma of patients on oral anticoagulants. Analysis of plasmas of patients with a hereditary (n = 8) or isolated (n = 4) type II protein C deficiency and a history of thrombo-embolic disease did not reveal patients with a PC:Ca(II)Ag level and a PC:Ca(II)Ag/PC:NonCa(II)Ag ratio below the lower limit of the normal range suggesting that the frequency of genetic protein C variants with defects in the Ca(II)-dependent conformation is low. PMID- 3194895 TI - Mechanism of platelet effects of cardiotoxins from Naja nigricollis crawshawii (spitting cobra) snake venom. AB - Four cardiotoxins isolated from Naja nigricollis crawshawii venom show inhibition of platelet aggregation when tested on whole blood aggregation in an electronic aggregometer. A similar inhibitory effect is observed by adding hemolyzed erythrocytes to whole blood before initiation of aggregation with collagen. Qualitatively, ADP-induced aggregation in whole blood appears to be different from collagen-induced aggregation in that the change in impedance is smaller than that induced by collagen. Thus, addition of ADP apparently "inhibits" collagen induced aggregation as measured by the electronic aggregometer. Inclusion of apyrase in the aggregation cuvet stimulates the rate of aggregation initiated by collagen. The cardiotoxins lyse blood cells and release their cellular contents including ADP, AMP and other inhibitory substances, which reduce the impedance changes associated with collagen-induced aggregation. The cardiotoxins also lyse platelets coated onto the electrodes and reduce the impedance after aggregation is completed. Thus the lytic effects of these polypeptides cause an apparent inhibition of platelet aggregation in whole blood by both release of inhibitory components and removal of platelets from the electrodes. The lytic ability of these cardiotoxins can also explain the apparent "potentiation" and "aggregation" observed by previous workers using turbidometric aggregometers. Under these conditions, the cardiotoxins from N. nigricollis appear to both potentiate ADP initiated aggregation and initiate aggregation themselves, but lysis is responsible, as shown by the release of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase. Neurotoxin II from N. naja oxiana venom, although structurally homologous with cardiotoxins, does not lyse cells, nor did it show any effects on platelets. PMID- 3194896 TI - Differential effects of oral administrations to human volunteers of acetylsalicylic acid, sodium salicylate and indomethacin on 12 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid formation by stimulated platelets. AB - The effects of single oral administrations of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, 500 mg), indomethacin (Indo, 50 mg) and sodium salicylate (NaSal, 400 mg) on platelet aggregation and on the thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) synthesis by platelet rich plasma (PRP) stimulated with collagen were evaluated. While both ASA and Indo significantly inhibited TXB2 synthesis and platelet aggregation, significant reduction of 12-HETE formation at 2 and 6 h after the administration of the drug, was detected only in subjects who ingested ASA. NaSal did not affect any of the tested parameters. The comparison of the effect of ASA (200 mg) on 12-HETE synthesis in washed platelets and PRP shows that the drug is able to affect this parameter only in PRP. To obtain a constant inhibition of 12-HETE synthesis in PRP over a 24 h period, a repeated ASA treatment schedule was assessed (ASA 200 mg every 6 h for 5 times). TXB2 synthesis in PRP was almost completely suppressed at 2 h after the first ASA administration and inhibition remained constant up to 48 h after the last ASA intake. As far as 12-HETE synthesis by stimulated PRP is concerned, a significant reduction of this parameter was detected at 4 h after the first drug administration and the levels remained almost constant following the repeated administrations during a 24 h period. These data indicate that ASA, but not Indo and NaSal, significantly affect not only TXB2 synthesis but also 12-HETE formation in PRP. The lack of the effect of ASA administration on 12-HETE, found when studies were carried out in washed platelets, indicates that the drug requires the presence of plasma factors for its activity on the formation of 12 lipoxygenase products by platelets. PMID- 3194897 TI - Factor X-activating activity in normal and malignant colorectal tissue. AB - The factor X-activating activity (FXAA) of homogenates from human colorectal tumours and corresponding normal colonic mucosa from the same patients was assessed with a specific chromogenic substrate technique. FXAA was detected in all normal and tumour tissue tested, but was significantly higher in tumour tissue. The procoagulant activity was inhibited by DFP, but was unaffected by iodoacetamide and mercuric chloride. FXAA was largely abolished by prior incubation of both normal and tumour tissue homogenates with a rabbit anti-human factor VII serum, but was greatly enhanced by the addition of purified factor VII. FXAA was partially adsorbed on to aluminium hydroxide and almost completely abolished by treatment with barium citrate. It is concluded that the FXAA of both normal and malignant colorectal tissue is the result of tissue factor-factor VII interaction. PMID- 3194898 TI - Inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by myristic acid. AB - Myristate inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation and production of diacylglycerols of rabbit platelets suspended in a modified Tyrode solution. The incorporation of inositol into platelet phospholipids in both steady and activated states was also inhibited by myristate. When platelets were incubated with 32P-inorganic phosphate in the presence of myristate, incorporation of the radioactivity into platelet phosphatidylinositols (PI) was distinctly inhibited, although that into phosphatidic acid (PA) was inhibited relatively little. These results suggest that thrombin-induced breakdown of inositol phospholipids and the metabolic pathway of PA to PI are inhibited by myristate. The saturated fatty acids which have lower and higher molecular weight than myristate revealed a little or no inhibitory effects on the aggregation and on these metabolic changes of platelet lipids, suggesting the specificity of chain-length in the inhibitory action. It is conceivable that the inhibition of thrombin-induced aggregation by myristate is associated with the inhibition of PI-turnover in the platelets treated with the fatty acid. PMID- 3194899 TI - Monoclonal antibody analysis of purified and cell-associated tissue factor. AB - Tissue factor (TF), one of the cell-surface initiators of blood coagulation, has been implicated as the major molecule of this type and as a critical controlling molecule in hemostasis, thrombosis and inflammation. Analysis of the expression of human TF by cells has been hampered by the lack of suitable molecular probes. We have prepared a library of twenty-four murine hybridomas which stably secrete monoclonal antibodies to human TF. Based on their characteristics, these monoclonals can be categorized into a minimum of five distinct groups. Twenty three of the hybridoma antibodies strongly inhibited TF activity, which was attributable to blocking of formation of the bimolecular complex of TF and factor VII. We have used these antibodies to demonstrate directly that TF is the sole high affinity factor VII receptor on an intact cell. We have also demonstrated the immunologic relationship between constitutive and induced expression of the protein responsible for TF-like activity by several cells and tissues. Most of the antibodies were found to inhibit TF activity expressed by other primate species, and the potential in vivo therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies of differing intramolecular specificity is discussed. PMID- 3194900 TI - The stability of tritiated serotonin stored at 4 degrees C--implications for platelet uptake studies. PMID- 3194901 TI - HLA and hydatidiform mole. I. HLA and ABO antigen frequencies in couples with androgenetic and diandric conceptuses. AB - HLA and ABO antigen frequencies and mating rates were studied in couples with hydatidiform mole with known genomic origin. HLA-A,B antigen frequencies among 60 patients and 59 spouses were not different from those found in the background population, neither in the subgroups regarded alone nor in the entire series. Although not significant, an excess of HLA-DRw6 found in patients with androgenetic conceptions may be related to the anucleate ovi observed with androgenesis. The distribution of ABO blood groups was in accordance with that observed in the background population; however, an overall excess of A x O matings was found. PMID- 3194902 TI - D-600 sensitive and insensitive spontaneous contractions in the guinea-pig hepatic duct. AB - The mechanical properties of the longitudinally cut preparations of the guinea pig hepatic duct were studied. About 42% of the preparations (18 of 43 preparations) showed spontaneous phasic contractions which were unaffected by either tetrodotoxin, guanethidine or atropine. About 60% of them exhibited phasic contractions which appeared at irregular frequencies in the same tissue and varied in size. This sort of contractions usually accompanied small contractions. In about 20%, contractions occurred constantly in frequency (about 6-14 every 10 min) and in size. The remaining 20% showed twitch-like contractions which occurred sporadically. These contractions were classified into two types depending upon the susceptibility to the Ca2+ entry blocker, D-600. D-600 (1-100 microM) strongly suppressed both regularly occurring contractions and twitch-like ones. On the other hand, the drug was ineffective on irregularly occurring contractions. The Ca2+ sources underlying these contractions were discussed. PMID- 3194904 TI - Prolonged tension lag time of knee extensor muscle on twitch contraction in patients with spastic hemiparesis. AB - Tension lag time on electric stimulation (TLTe), i.e., latency from the stimulus to the rise of tension, and contraction time (CT) of the rectus femoris muscle on twitch contraction were measured on the affected and non-affected sides of eight patients with spastic hemiparesis due to stroke. Both TLTe and CT were significantly longer on the affected side than on the non-affected side, suggesting changes in contractile properties of the spastic muscle. PMID- 3194903 TI - Effect of bromoethylamine hydrobromide on systemic acid-base balance. AB - Intravenous administration of bromoethylamine hydrobromide (BEA) has been shown to induce papillary necrosis of the kidney. We used this model to clarify the role of the medullary structure in acid-base homeostasis. BEA (25 mg) or vehicle was injected to male Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood specimens and 24 hr urine were collected once a week totaling 4 weeks. Blood bicarbonate significantly decreased in BEA treated rats with no change in plasma creatinine or creatinine clearance at 3 and 4 weeks, we noted that these parameters did not change in control rats. Administration of 1 M NH4Cl solution (1 ml/100 g) into the peritoneal space resulted in a significant reduction in urine pH by 0.41 +/- 0.05 in control rats, whereas it did not induce any change in BEA treated rats. Ammonia excretion rates were significantly lower in BEA treated rats than in control rats. Histological examination showed that in BEA treated rats there was necrosis of epithelial cells of papillary collecting ducts at 1 week. Observation showed they recovered at 4 weeks with only mild interstitial edema and slight dilatation of collecting ducts. The present results suggested that tissue damages in the papillary structure caused metabolic acidosis due to a decreased renal acidification. PMID- 3194905 TI - Surgical closure of ventricular septal defect in the first year of life: forty three consecutive successful cases. AB - Forty-three infants (less than 12 months of age) underwent VSD closure without operative mortality between June 1982 and December 1987. Average age and body weight at the operation were 6.9 months and 5.3 kg, respectively. Associated cardiac anomalies were PDA (11 patients), ASD (5) and PS (1). Preoperative pulmonary to systemic peak pressure ratio (Pp/Ps), resistance ratio and flow ratio, and pulmonary vascular resistance were 0.79 +/- 0.15, 0.29 +/- 0.16, 2.52 +/- 0.60 and 3.05 +/- 1.94 unit.m2, respectively. VSD was closed under combined surface/perfusion hypothermia with total circulatory arrest in 25 patients and standard cardiopulmonary bypass in 18. All patients were discharged from the hospital in good condition, but there was one late death due to pneumonia. Postoperative Pp/Ps decreased to 0.39 +/- 0.11. Most of the patients demonstrated satisfactory body weight gain after VSD closure. These results support our current policy of aggressive surgical intervention for refractory VSD in the early stage of life. PMID- 3194906 TI - Estimation of urinary 24-hr creatinine excretion by body size and dietary protein level: a field survey based on seasonally repeated measurements for residents living in Akita, Japan. AB - We aimed to investigate the modifying effect of dietary protein level on the estimation of 24-hr creatinine excretion using anthropometric measurements, in a group of 40 healthy Japanese adults, during usual daily life. To evaluate the variability of each measurement during non-restrictive life, we assayed 24-hr urinary excretions of creatinine and urea-N and measured heights and weights once in every three months in a total of 4 times during a year. Urinary urea-N was used as a marker of dietary protein level. Seasonal variability of anthropometrics and urinary excretions was observed on the individual basis. In comparison to the rather small individual variability of weight (mean of CV = 1.2 for males, 1.7 for females), variability of urinary creatinine (CV = 11.7, 8.4) and urea-N (CV = 18.9, 17.3) took larger values. The creatinine excretion was estimated by the following two sets of predictor variables; (I) age, height and weight, (II) age, height, weight and urea-N. Although, a statistically significant estimation was obtained by (I), estimation (II) resulted higher regression coefficient than (I), and contribution of urea-N to the estimation of creatinine was shown. Average level of seasonal variability of each predictor variable was further applied to the regression equation (II). Therefore, the possible difference of 24-hr creatinine excretion caused by the seasonal variability of dietary protein level was estimated to be 9.2% for males and 3.6% for females in the given population. Thus, when one predicting formula of 24-hr creatinine by the use of anthropometrics is applied to other populations, the difference of protein nutritional status should be carefully considered. PMID- 3194907 TI - Cardiovascular profile of AN-132, a new diamine derivative antiarrhythmic agent, revealed in the isolated, blood-perfused dog heart. AB - The cardiac and coronary effects of AN-132, a new antiarrhythmic agent, were investigated in isolated, blood-perfused atrioventricular (AV) node, sinoatrial (SA) node and papillary muscle preparations of dogs. AN-132 was administered intraarterially. In AV node preparations, whether injected into the anterior septal artery (ASA; supplying the His-Purkinje-ventricular system) or the posterior septal artery (PSA; supplying the AV node), AN-132 prolonged AV conduction time and produced second- or third-degree AV block at large doses in some preparations. Moreover, only when injected into the ASA AN-132 produced a broadening and diminution of amplitude of bipolar electrograms obtained from the right bundle branch and the ventricular septum. In SA node preparations, AN-132 decreased sinus rate and produced atrial standstill at large doses in some preparations. In paced papillary muscle preparations, AN-132 reduced the force of contraction. In spontaneously beating papillary muscle preparations, AN-132 decreased the rate of automaticity and the force of contraction. In all preparations, AN-132 produced a transient increase in blood flow only at large doses. The order of potencies of AN-132 based on the doses that produced 15% suppressions of the above cardiovascular variables was as follows: cardiac muscle contraction greater than ventricular automaticity greater than or equal to intraventricular conduction greater than AV nodal conduction greater than or equal to coronary blood flow greater than SA nodal automaticity. PMID- 3194909 TI - Dependence of the number of platelets maintaining aerobic metabolism on the size of storage containers. AB - In order to elucidate the role of the size (surface area) of the storage container in maintaining the oxidative metabolism of platelets during in vitro storage at 22 degrees C, human platelets were stored as platelet concentrates (PC) with plasma in conventional polyvinylchloride plastic containers of various sizes for 3 days at 22 degrees C. Oxygen permeability of the container was 1.5 nmole/min/atm/cm2. Levels of the partial oxygen pressure (PO2) of PC depended on both container size and total number of platelets. The larger the containers, the higher was the PO2. PO2 linearly decreased to 16 mmHg with increasing platelet number. In well-oxygenated PC, 93% of the total ATP production was through the oxidative phosphorylation. With further increases in platelet number in the container, PO2 maintained low levels. The increases in glucose consumption and concomitant lactate production occurred to compensate the oxygen debt. The pH fall in PC depended on the degree of glycolysis. The partial carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) increased with increasing platelet number. However, the larger the container, the lower was the PCO2. When PC were stored in 6 different-sized containers, the number of platelets, at which PO2 was 16 mmHg, was correlated with the size of the container. The present data indicate that the amounts of oxygen entering a container, which depended on container size, may determine the number of platelets maintaining oxidative metabolism. PMID- 3194908 TI - Effects of furosemide on the resting membrane potentials and the transmitter induced responses of the Aplysia ganglion cells. AB - Effects of Furosemide (FM) on the ionic channels in the ganglion cells of Aplysia were investigated using a conventional electrophysiological method. Application of 1 mM FM for 30 min did not alter the resting membrane potential or conductance. Na+-dependent responses to acetylcholine (ACh) were slightly depressed but Cl--dependent responses to ACh and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) were markedly depressed by FM. On the other hand, K+-dependent responses to ACh and dopamine (DA), and cyclic adenosine-3', 5' monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent response to DA were not appreciably altered by 1 mM FM. The depressing effects of FM on both Na+- and Cl--dependent responses were due to the non-competitive inhibition of their receptor activities. It was concluded that 1 mM FM can change neither Na+-K+-pump nor Cl--pump mechanisms in the ganglion cells of Aplysia, but it depresses the receptor-operated Na+-and Cl--channel activities, the greater effect on the open Cl--channels. In addition, it was postulated that FM effect may be highly specific to the open state of Cl--channels, regardless of whether the membrane is excitable or not. PMID- 3194910 TI - Partitioning of large and small airway resistance in human measured by an anterograde catheter with a tip micromanometer. AB - We measured lateral pressure in airways 3 mm in internal diameter in three normal subjects using an anterograde catheter with a tip micromanometer. The pressure was used to partition total pulmonary resistance into a large airway resistance component between the mouth and the pressure sensor and a small airway resistance component between the pressure sensor and alveoli. Large airway resistance and small airway resistance during inspiration were 2.3 +/- 0.4 and 0.9 +/- 0.2 cmH2O/liter/sec (mean +/- S.E.), respectively, and small airway resistance was 29% of the total pulmonary resistance. We suggest that the present technique may be useful for determining the localization of airway resistance in human subjects. PMID- 3194911 TI - Inhibition of doxorubicin-initiated membrane damage by N-acetylcysteine: possible mediation by a thiol-dependent, cytosolic inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. AB - Peroxidative damages are thought to be a component of doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity. Administration of certain thiols, such as N-acetylcysteine, are reported to be protective against the cardiac toxicity and mortality associated with chronic doxorubicin administration. We have investigated the possibility that N-acetylcysteine exerts its protective effect by inhibiting doxorubicin induced lipid peroxidation in a process mediated by a heat-labile cytosolic factor. Dialyzed rat liver cytosol plus N-acetylcysteine significantly inhibited doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation in a microsomal system whereas neither cytosol nor N-acetylcysteine alone does so. Concomitantly, it was observed that N acetylcysteine is rapidly consumed in a system containing cytosol, microsomes, and doxorubicin. The inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the cytosol and accompanying N-acetylcysteine oxidation is heat labile. Rat heart cytosol showed a similar N-acetylcysteine-dependent inhibition of doxorubicin-induced lipid peroxidation, but heart cytosol was less potent than hepatic cytosol on the basis of protein content. The antioxidant property of heart cytosol as well as its capacity to oxidize N-acetylcysteine was inhibited by prior treatment of the cytosol with iodoacetic acid. This suggested that the factor possessed essential sulfhydryl groups. These results suggest that hepatic and cardiac cytosols contain heat-labile components capable of utilizing N-acetylcysteine as a substrate to suppress the doxorubicin-induced peroxidative damage to microsomes induced by doxorubicin. These components may play a role in the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity and mortality. PMID- 3194912 TI - The effects of soman on norepinephrine uptake, release, and metabolism. AB - The effects of 7-day administration of 5 micrograms/kg/day of soman sc on norepinephrine (NE) content, and catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities of three rabbit tissues were examined. Effects on NE uptake by, and electrically stimulated release from, rabbit aorta were also determined, both in the 7-day study and with acutely applied soman. Tissues examined were the thoracic aorta, mesenteric artery, and brain stem. Significant (p less than 0.05) increases following 7 days of soman were observed in NE content: thoracic aorta, 20%; mesenteric artery, 48%; and brain stem, 121%. MAO activity decreased by 29% in the thoracic aorta, 20% in the mesenteric artery, and 48% in the brain stem. COMT activity also significantly decreased in two tissues, the thoracic aorta by 18% and brain stem by 23%. Acutely applied soman reduced electrically released NE from the thoracic aorta, but 7-day soman administration increased it. Seven-day soman administration, but not acutely applied soman increased NE uptake by the thoracic aorta. Thus, 7-day soman administration increased sympathetic capability by increasing NE content, nerve stimulation evoked NE release, and NE uptake, and by decreasing MAO and COMT activity. Therefore, repeated low-dose exposure to soman might exaggerate the response to any given level of sympathetic nerve stimulation and to NE-releasing agents. PMID- 3194913 TI - In vitro toxicity assessment of cyclosporin A and its analogs in a primary rat hepatocyte culture model. AB - The cytotoxicity of cyclosporin A (CsA), a widely used immunosuppressant drug, was evaluated in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Furthermore, the concentration-dependent (10(-7) to 10(-5) M) cytotoxic effects of the cyclosporin analogs, CsG, CsH, CsF, and of a major metabolite of CsA, CsA/M17, were assessed in an attempt to classify the different cyclosporin analogs according to their in vitro hepatotoxic potential. All compounds invariably inhibited the net release of taurocholate (de novo synthesized from cholate added to the extracellular medium). This sensitive functional marker did not discriminate between the structural analogs. In addition, all compounds inhibited, to various extents, the biosynthesis and secretion of proteins without affecting the uptake rate of the nonmetabolizable amino acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. These functional changes occurred in the absence of overt irreversible cell damage (no leakage of lactic dehydrogenase up to 10(-5) M cyclosporin during 17 hr of incubation). The relative toxic potential of the drug congeners (CsG greater than CsA greater than CsH = CsF = CsA/M17) correlated well with the degree of their accumulation in the hepatocytes during exposure to equimolar drug concentrations. PMID- 3194914 TI - Pathophysiology of cyanoginosin-LR: in vivo and in vitro studies. AB - Cyanoginosin-LR, one of the group of virulent cyclic heptapeptide toxins (cyanoginosins) isolated from some strains of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa, kills mice within 1-2 hr after iv or ip injection. Although the liver is a target organ of the toxin, the rapidity of lethality is incompatible with metabolic death from failure of hepatocellular function. However, disintegration of sinusoidal endothelium causes massive intrahepatic hemorrhage. The loss of the structural integrity of hepatic sinusoids provides a previously undescribed mechanism for embolization of disintegrating cells from the liver to the lung. No injury to either cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells or mouse peritoneal macrophages was observed following prolonged incubation with high concentrations of the toxin, and there was no increase in vascular permeability to 125I-labeled albumin detected before intrahepatic hemorrhage. However, plasma fibronectin increased transiently after toxin injection. Acute, severe thrombocytopenia, a characteristic of cyanoginosin-LR toxicity, remains unexplained since platelets did not concentrate in the lungs, liver, or spleen. There are similarities between the effects of cyanoginosin-LR and of the lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, such as elevations of plasma levels of thromboxane B2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha. PMID- 3194915 TI - Toxicologic and immunologic evaluations of N-(all-trans-retinoyl)-DL-leucine and N-(all-trans-retinoyl)glycine. AB - Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed by gavage daily for 28 days with 5, 15, or 50 mg/kg of N-(all-trans-retinoyl)-DL-leucine (RL), N-(all-trans-retinoyl)glycine (RG), or all-trans-retinoic acid (RA). On the basis of mortality incidence, fracture incidence, body weight, and histopathologic effects, RG was slightly to moderately less toxic than RA, and RL was significantly less toxic than RA or RG. Doses that had no effect on weight loss and produced no bone fractures were approximately 5 and 15 mg/kg/day for RA administered to males or females, respectively; greater than 15 mg/kg/day for RG administered to males or females; and greater than 50 mg/kg/day for RL administered to males or females. At these doses, RA and RG produced effects, detectable at the microscopic level, of lymphoid hyperplasia and hematopoietic cell proliferation in the spleen, lymphoid hyperplasia in lymph nodes, necrosis of the cortex of the thymus, hypertrophy of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal, a periportal pattern of cytoplasmic vacuolization in hepatocytes, hematopoietic cell proliferation in the liver, epithelial hyperplasia and subacute inflammation in the forestomach, and osteodystrophy. Serological alterations consisted of reduced serum albumin levels and elevated levels of triglycerides and alkaline phosphatase. For RL, similar microscopic effects, dependent on dose level and sex, were observed in spleen, thymus, adrenal, and liver. In vitro, RL was as active as RA in potentiating pokeweed mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation; RG was inactive. This study indicates that, relative to RA and RG, RL has less toxicity but similar immunological effects. Since RL and RG expressed little or no binding affinity for cellular RA-binding protein, the immunological effects of these retinoids may be expressed by mechanisms not linked to this protein. PMID- 3194917 TI - Binding of cocaine in the liver, olfactory mucosa, eye, and fur of pigmented mice. AB - The distribution and binding of [3H]cocaine in the tissues of female C57B1 mice have been studied in vivo and in vitro. Autoradiography of freeze-dried tissue sections from mice given iv injections with [3H]cocaine showed that the radioactivity was rapidly distributed throughout the body and selectively localized in the liver, olfactory mucosa, pigmented tissues of the eye, and in the fur. Quantitative determinations showed that the highest concentration of radioactivity was present in the eye, whereas the concentrations of radioactivity were lower in the liver and ethmoturbinates containing the olfactory mucosa. Autoradiography of organic solvent extracted tissue sections showed that these tissues contained nonextractable radioactivity. In vitro experiments confirmed that the liver and ethmoturbinates metabolized [3H]cocaine into products that become bound to the tissue. In fetuses exposed to [3H]cocaine, via the maternal circulation or following injection in utero, there was a homogeneous distribution of radioactivity with the exception of the pigmented tissues of the eye which contained a high amount of radioactivity. It is proposed that the nasal olfactory mucosa and the pigmented tissues of the eye are potential target sites for cocaine toxicity. PMID- 3194916 TI - Toluene exposure during maturation of intraocular brain tissue transplants: alterations of host and graft cerebellar Purkinje neuron function and sensitivity to norepinephrine. AB - The effects of chronic toluene exposure on central neurons were examined using syngeneic grafts into the anterior chamber of the eye. Young adult albino rats with intraocular brain transplants inhaled toluene (1000 ppm) for 9 weeks starting at the time of transplantation, or from Week 8 to 17 after the graft was placed in oculo. Control animals were exposed to room air during the same intervals. Toluene treatment during development did not affect general growth or morphology of any of the brain areas examined. The distribution of neurofilament or glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity was similar in the experimental group and control group as well. Extracellular recordings of cerebellar Purkinje neurons showed a significantly reduced spontaneous firing rate, of 15-25%, both in intraocular transplants and in cerebellum in situ in toluene exposed animals. Postsynaptic sensitivity of intraocular and in situ Purkinje neurons to norepinephrine (NE) was evaluated. Purkinje neurons in transplants exposed to toluene during development were markedly supersensitive to superfused NE as compared to controls, while neither Purkinje neurons in mature cerebellar grafts nor cerebellum in situ showed any effects of the toluene treatment on NE sensitivity. The tissue content of NE in transplants exposed to toluene during maturation, evaluated with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection, was greater than that in the control grafts. Moreover, the content of free (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) ethylene glycol (MHPG) was increased in both transplant and host cerebellum after toluene exposure. Taken together, these data indicate that toluene exposure during development of cerebellar grafts in oculo causes changes in postsynaptic noradrenergic sensitivity as well as decreased spontaneous activity of Purkinje neurons. Toluene exposure of adult cerebellum in situ or in oculo appears to decrease the Purkinje neuron discharge rate and increase NE turnover, but has no marked effect on postsynaptic NE sensitivity. PMID- 3194918 TI - Glutathione metabolism and utilization of external thiols by cigarette smoke challenged, isolated rat and rabbit lungs. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to understand the acute effects of cigarette smoke on glutathione (GSH) metabolism and on utilization of external thiols by cigarette smoke-exposed, perfused rat and rabbit lungs. Most of the experiments were carried out using freshly drawn cigarette smoke. However, cigarette smoke condensate was used in some perfusions for the comparison of the effects between the types of exposures on utilization of external thiols. Cigarette smoke decreased GSH levels significantly (50%) without any increase in glutathione disulfide (GSSG) in both rabbit and rat lungs. In smoke-exposed rabbit lungs, protein thiol groups (protein-SH) decreased significantly (17%) without a significant change in protein-GSH mixed disulfides. However, in the rat lungs, cigarette smoke did not decrease protein-SH and protein-GSH mixed disulfides, indicating species variation in the effect of cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke inhibited selenium-dependent and -independent GSH peroxidase activities in the rat lung (33%), but not in the rabbit lung. GSH S-transferase and GSSG reductase activities were not altered in cigarette smoke-challenged rabbit and rat lungs. gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were significantly lower in smoke-exposed rat lungs as against control lungs, indicating that rat lung enzymes were more susceptible to the effects of cigarette smoke when compared to those of rabbits. N Acetylcysteine, but not GSH, added to the perfusate significantly protected rabbit lung from smoke-induced GSH depletion. Smoke condensate added to the perfusate also caused GSH depletion in rabbit lung, and GSH or N-acetylcysteine added to the perfusion medium protected the lung indicating that GSH in the media directly interacts with condensate in the media before coming in contact with cellular GSH. These results indicate that acute smoke inhalation decreases pulmonary GSH and that the decreased GSH was not related to disulfide formation. Inhibited GSH synthesis in rat lung could account for the loss of GSH in part after exposure to cigarette smoke. The alternative pathway of GSH utilization could be conjugation with electrophilic smoke components. Thiols, like N acetylcysteine, were protective against cigarette smoke-induced damage to the rabbit lung. The mechanism could be either by the increased GSH synthesis or by the direct delivery of sulfhydryls from N-acetylcysteine. PMID- 3194919 TI - Genotoxicity of carcinogens in human hepatocytes: application in hazard assessment. AB - Evaluation of chemical genotoxicity has been used in assessing human cancer hazard, based on the observation that most human carcinogens are known to be DNA reactive. The availability of data on the DNA-reactivity of compounds in metabolically competent human cells would assist hazard assessment by providing direct information of human genotoxicity. To evaluate the reliability of human hepatocytes for this purpose, the induction of DNA repair by DNA-reactive carcinogens of several structural classes and related noncarcinogens was studied. All the carcinogens elicited DNA repair synthesis, whereas the noncarcinogens did not. These studies provide additional support for the use of human hepatocytes in a DNA repair test in the investigation of genotoxicity. The demonstration of genotoxicity in human cells is suggested to provide important information for hazard assessment. PMID- 3194920 TI - Aggressive and successful prevention of skin breakdown. PMID- 3194922 TI - Distance in managerial encounters. PMID- 3194921 TI - Creating the "A" team. PMID- 3194924 TI - Transfusion medicine. The maturing of a specialty. PMID- 3194923 TI - Incorporating research into baccalaureate nursing education. PMID- 3194925 TI - The implications of trends in transfusion. PMID- 3194926 TI - Changing patterns of blood transfusions in four sets of United States hospitals, 1980 to 1985. AB - Annual transfusion activity between 1980 and 1985 was surveyed in four sets of United States (US) hospitals, which together accounted for 4.8 percent of the red cell (RBC) transfusions in the US in 1980. Total RBC transfusion rates (total RBCs transfused/1000 hospital admissions) increased between 1980 and 1982 but remained nearly constant between 1982 and 1985. Plasma transfusion dynamics followed a similar pattern, whereas the preoperative deposit of autologous blood by patients accelerated rapidly after 1982. These changes appear to reflect responses to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic. In contrast, total platelet transfusion rates grew by 76 percent during the 6-year period, approaching total RBC rates by 1985. This is the first reported evidence in such a large sample of transfusions that total RBC transfusion rates have moderated. PMID- 3194927 TI - Quantitation of red cell-bound immunoglobulin and complement using enzyme-linked antiglobulin consumption assay. AB - Various techniques have been described for quantitating IgG or complement (C3) on red cells (RBCs). The techniques either are cumbersome, as the complement consumption test, or use radioactivity. This paper describes an antiglobulin consumption assay using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent method that can be used to quantitate IgG, IgM, and C3. With this technique RBCs from normal, healthy donors gave a mean value of 106 +/- 60 molecules of IgG per RBC, 4.5 +/- 3 molecules of IgM per RBC, and 37 +/- 28 molecules of C3 per RBC, respectively. The RBCs of hospital patients, particularly of those with infections or inflammatory conditions, contain increased amounts of nonspecifically bound immunoproteins. The availability of a common method to quantitate RBC-associated IgG, IgM, and C3 allows easy monitoring or study of the immune mechanism of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. PMID- 3194928 TI - Resident education in transfusion medicine: a multi-institutional needs assessment. AB - A survey was conducted among resident physicians at nine academic medical centers to assess their perceptions of their knowledge of transfusion medicine (TM), their confidence in using various blood bank resources, and their ratings of the contribution of various learning resources to their knowledge of TM. A total of 320 residents completed the survey; nearly 90 percent were in an internal medicine, surgery, or anesthesiology residency. Respondents placed a high value on the relevance of TM to patient care, although they rated their knowledge and learning opportunities as only moderate. They rated senior residents as the most useful educational resource, with undergraduate medical school education, formal conferences, and journals and library resources being the three next most useful. Residents had the greatest confidence in using packed red cells, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma. Surgery and anesthesiology residents generally had greater confidence in using blood bank resources than internal medicine residents. The findings of the survey can be used, along with the results of medical care evaluations of transfusion practice and opinions of education experts, to create an optimally relevant and effective curriculum for resident education in transfusion medicine. PMID- 3194929 TI - Methods for the detection of Jk heterozygotes: interpretations and applications. AB - The lytic properties of red cells from Jk(a+,b+), Jk(a-, b+) and Jk(a+b-) (normal), Jk(a-b-), and obligate Jk heterozygotes were studied. The Jk(a-b-) cells did not hemolyze for at least 15 minutes in either 2 M urea or methylurea, whereas normal cells were completely hemolyzed in 2 minutes. Red cells from Jk heterozygotes demonstrated intermediate levels of hemolysis when compared to normal and Jk(a-b-) red cells. In addition, these cells had less than 10 percent hemolysis when suspended in 2 M methylurea prepared in 0.4 percent phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2). This method may be an alternative to hemagglutination titration scoring for the detection of Jk, especially in paternity cases. PMID- 3194930 TI - Influence of climate on donor deferrals. AB - The purpose of this study was to ascertain the cause for seasonal variations of donor deferral. Deferred donors and monthly temperatures from 1981 to 1984 were tallied and analyzed. Temperatures were categorized at 10-degree intervals from 15 degrees F to 75 degrees F. Donors failing the hemoglobin screening then underwent a microhematocrit evaluation. Of the 65,531 donors seen at this blood center, 4537 were deferred, for an annual deferral rate of 6.7 to 7.2 percent (p less than 0.1). Deferrals for low hematocrit were significantly higher for both sexes at and above 45 degrees F. Similar experiences were also observed in 79,563 donors who came to the bloodmobiles over 19 months in 1983 and 1984. The percentages of deferrals at the blood center for low hematocrit in 1984 were 1.22, 2.6, and 3.5 for men and 6.7, 11.3, and 13.2 for the women at monthly average temperatures of 15.1 to 45 degrees F, 45.1 to 65 degrees F, and 65.1 to 75 degrees F, respectively. These differences of deferral rates are significant (p less than 0.05-0.001). Although other personal demographics remained constant, more of the donors deferred in this study had also been deferred in the past. The climatic changes had a significant effect on the blood composition that resulted in the deferral of blood donors with a borderline low hematocrit. PMID- 3194931 TI - Prevention of acquired defects in platelet function during blood processing. AB - Two kinds of platelet concentrates were prepared in this study: one as pelleted platelets from platelet-rich plasma (PCs), and the other as a platelet suspension from the buffy coat fraction (nonpelleted PCs). The characteristics of both platelet concentrates were studied. White cell contamination in the nonpelleted PCs was below the threshold of detection by a microcell counter (less than 300 cells/microliter of concentrate); in the pelleted PCs, it was 3 +/- 1 x 10(7) cells per concentrate. The difference between the white cell contamination in pelleted PCs and nonpelleted PCs was significant (p less than 0.001). The degree of aggregation induced in pelleted PCs by ADP (9 microM) and collagen decreased to 33 and 55 percent, respectively, of that in platelet-rich plasma. The secondary wave of platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine was absent in pelleted PCs, and ATP secretion from these platelets by ADP stimulation also decreased remarkably. However, the degrees of aggregation and ATP secretion in nonpelleted PCs were similar to those in platelet-rich plasma. Furthermore, it was found that the amount of platelet factor 4 release seen in pelleted PCs was large in comparison to that in nonpelleted PCs and platelet-rich plasma. These results suggested that the deterioration of platelet function might have resulted from the platelet activation induced by pellet formation during the preparation of PCs from platelet-rich plasma. PMID- 3194932 TI - Thawing of fresh-frozen plasma with a new microwave oven. AB - In the Federal Republic of Germany fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) is still the most important therapeutic agent for acquired coagulation disorders. However, thawing by waterbath (WB) requires about 30 minutes, which is too slow in emergency situations and carries the risk of bacterial contamination of the FFP. There are conflicting data about the use of microwaves for thawing. Therefore, we examined a new microwave oven (MWO; 2450 +/- 50 MHz), which was developed with our cooperation and allows thawing of FFP in 5 minutes, heating FFP to a surface temperature of 21.5 degrees C. A shaking WB (30 min, 37 degrees C) was also used in parallel for comparison. We measured activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), nonactivated PTT (NaPTT), fibrinogen, factors VIII:C, X, and XI, fibrinopeptide A, beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG), thrombin-AT III-complexes, factor VIII-related antigen, C3c, C4, and the plasticizer di(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in 84 units of FFP as paired samples from 42 double aphereses. Immediately after thawing there was no significant difference in the coagulation test results of FFP with low-cell contamination, regardless of the thawing procedure. Two hours later, after storage at room temperature, FFP thawed by MWO showed even less change than that thawed by WB (NaPTT, p less than 0.01; FX, p less than 0.01). The differences became more evident in comparison with FFP with higher cell contamination and could be observed immediately after thawing (FVIII:C p less than 0.001; FXI, p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3194933 TI - Interface dynamics in a centrifugal cell separator. AB - Experiments were performed with bovine blood to study the response of the plasma/cell interface position to pumping rate adjustments in two single-stage (SS I and SS II) cell separation chambers. Standard clinical instrumentation and equipment and on-line computer interfacing were used to monitor and control the interface position. The data provided a quantitative description of its dynamics in the SS I and the SS II chambers. In the SS I chamber, adjustments in the flow rate caused the interface to move very slowly and in a complex manner from one steady-state operation position to another. Such behavior made both manual and computer-controlled operation very difficult. By contrast, the SS II chamber was inherently unstable for most operating conditions. We demonstrated, however, that a feedback controller could be used easily to adjust or maintain the interface position, and this system moved from one steady-state operating condition to another 10 times as fast as the system using the SS I chamber. Also, the manner in which the controller allowed the system to respond to operator requests was much simplier than that for the SS I system. PMID- 3194934 TI - Blood transfusion history in colorectal cancer patients and cancer-free controls. AB - Pretransplantation blood transfusions associated with immunosuppression and prolonged allograft survival may contribute to the high incidence of subsequent malignancy in transplant recipients. The relationship of blood transfusion to malignancy was investigated in 354 patients with colorectal cancer, matched by age and sex to control subjects with hernia (105 patients) or gallbladder (249 patients) disease. The incidence of prior blood transfusion was significantly lower in the cancer patients than in the control group (9 versus 17%, chi-square = 9.98, p less than 0.01). Control subjects differed from cancer patients by having more prior transfusions for major joint, cardiac, and urologic procedures. The mean intervals between transfusion and operation were 11.7 years for the cancer patients, 9.7 years for the gallbladder patients, and 7.4 years for the hernia patients. A comparison of cancer patients with and without prior blood transfusion revealed no differences in age, sex, stage of disease, tumor location, or tumor differentiation. Cancer has recurred in 33 percent of patients with previous transfusion and in 18 percent of those without previous transfusion (p = 0.2). This study does not support an association between prior blood transfusion and the development of colorectal cancer. PMID- 3194935 TI - Platelet transfusion refractoriness associated with two rare platelet-specific alloantibodies (anti-Baka and anti-PlA2) and multiple HLA antibodies. AB - A 65-year-old patient with pancytopenia resulting from osteomyelosclerosis became refractory to platelet transfusions during long-time transfusion support. He developed two rare, platelet-specific antibodies (anti-PlA2 and -Baka) disguised by strong, multispecific HLA antibodies. The specificity of the platelet-specific antibodies was detected by a newly designed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies for immobilization of platelet antigens. PMID- 3194936 TI - How well has self-exclusion worked? AB - Review of the dates of prior blood donation by persons later reported to have AIDS demonstrated that most of them had ceased donating blood in 1983. The results indicate that self-exclusion policies were effective. PMID- 3194937 TI - White cell depletion of platelet concentrates using different filters. PMID- 3194938 TI - Morphologic features of rejection in long-surviving canine small bowel transplants. AB - We studied morphologic features of small bowel transplants in 25 dogs immunosuppressed by cyclosporine, and preoperative graft irradiation. Graft and host bowel were compared with respect to multiple histologic parameters in a blinded analysis. A lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in nerves and vessels in submucosa and muscle was present in 18 graft bowels and only 3 host bowels, suggesting that these findings represent a cellular rejection reaction. The other histologic parameters were the same in graft and host bowel. Although the dogs did not exhibit clinical signs of rejection, end-stage scarring of the bowel and death occurred in 6 dogs. The animals did not develop systemic graft-verus-host reaction. These findings indicate that under cyclosporine therapy, a subclinical rejection reaction persists deep in the wall and may remain undetectable in mucosal biopsies, but may progress to destroy the graft. PMID- 3194939 TI - Effect of cyclosporine on plasma lipids and modification with dietary fish oil. AB - Hyperlipidemia is an identified risk factor for atherosclerosis in patients following renal transplantation that may be related to previous uremia and various drugs including steroids. Recent evidence has suggested that treatment with cyclosporine may be an independent risk factor for development of hyperlipidemia in some patients. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were given CsA at 30 mg/kg by gavage for 28 days in 1 ml of olive oil or fish oil vehicle, and compared with controls receiving just vehicle. Increases of both triglyceride (233.6%) and cholesterol (50.9%) were observed in olive oil/CsA animals (P less than .01), with no significant change noted with either vehicle alone. An increase of triglyceride from baseline was observed with fish oil/CsA (119%) (P less than .01) but was significantly less than the increase with olive oil/CsA animals (P less than .05). No increase in cholesterol was found in CsA-treated rats using the fish oil vehicle. The mechanisms leading to hyperlipidemia with four weeks of CsA administration in these rats are unknown, but may be related to altered hepatic synthesis. CsA levels were lower in fish oil-treated animals, possibly explaining the difference noted in lipid levels--or, alternatively, reduction of plasma lipoproteins may have altered drug kinetics and CsA binding. This work emphasizes a need for further study of lipids in CsA-treated patients, and advises some caution in the use of lipoprotein-reducing agents in patients using CsA without consideration of the possible effect on free drug levels. PMID- 3194940 TI - Major histocompatibility complex control of NK-related allogeneic lymphocyte cytotoxicity in rats. The contributions of strong and medial transplantation antigens. AB - Allogeneic lymphocyte cytotoxicity (ALC) describes the elimination of allogeneic lymphocytes in vivo by an NK-related activity. There is evidence that ALC is demonstrable between donor and recipient when these are incompatible at MHC gene loci alone. Since ALC is a property of T cell-deficient nude rats, the role of the MHC in this rejection process needs further study. We have determined the contribution of the MHC to ALC using congenic and recombinant rats. In our analysis we have assumed that ALC involves the recognition of classic alloantigens by clonally distributed effector cells as for other examples of transplant rejection, although this is not yet proved. Strong ALC was measured between congenic rats that differed for MHC genes only. Non-MHC incompatibility alone did not elicit ALC. In the presence of MHC incompatibility the strength of ALC generated in a recipient was dependent on non-MHC genes. The PVG background generated high ALC responses whereas ALC was not measured in the DA rat. However ALC was measured in the congenic PVG-RT1avl (DA) rat. The contributions of classic class I (RT1.A), class II (RT1.B/D), and medial transplantation (RT1.C) regions of the rat MHC were determined by comparing different recombinant donors into the same recipient strain. Single region differences alone in any of these three MHC regions did not elicit full ALC. In two sets of transfers a combination of RT1.B/D and RT1.C region incompatibility was sufficient to generate a full allogeneic response. It can be concluded that the controlling element for allogeneic lymphocyte cytotoxicity is in the RT1.B/D-RT1.C region of the rat MHC. PMID- 3194941 TI - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3194942 TI - Clinical manifestations of AIDS in tropical countries. PMID- 3194944 TI - Tubulo-interstitial nephritis: an unusual complication of typhoid fever. PMID- 3194945 TI - Essential drug lists and health relief management. PMID- 3194946 TI - The pressure cooker as a steam sterilizer. PMID- 3194947 TI - Dealing with hospital infections in developing countries. PMID- 3194943 TI - Scabies and streptococcal skin infection in Ghana. PMID- 3194948 TI - Pancreatic pseudocysts in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: a report of 6 cases. PMID- 3194949 TI - Spontaneous healing in nomas of the eyelid. PMID- 3194950 TI - The practice of traditional birth attendants in Zululand. PMID- 3194953 TI - The making of plaster bandages. PMID- 3194951 TI - A new instrument for the delivery of the impacted dead fetus. PMID- 3194952 TI - Malaria in Saudi Arabia. PMID- 3194954 TI - Observations on breast-feeding and the risk of infant HIV infection. PMID- 3194955 TI - "Relapsing" tetanus. PMID- 3194957 TI - Gall bladder disease in Zimbabwe. PMID- 3194956 TI - Patient counselling in prevention of peptic ulcer relapse. PMID- 3194958 TI - Haptoglobin types in peptic ulcer. PMID- 3194959 TI - Effect of combination therapy of vitamin K1 and ursodeoxycholic acid on liver function tests. PMID- 3194960 TI - Hepatovenography. PMID- 3194961 TI - What plagues our medical institutes? PMID- 3194962 TI - [Ultrastructure of HeLa cella after exposure to nickel ions]. AB - Dose-dependent progress of destructive processes (mitochondria destruction, proteolysis, autophagocytosis) is observed in HeLa cells treated with various concentrations of nickel (0.05-4 micrograms/ml) for 2, 4 and 24 hours. Parallel with it the compensation and adaptation responses of cells (increase of mitochondrion polymorphism, appearance of "macropolysomes", hypertrophy of the Golgi complex) take place. PMID- 3194963 TI - [Morphologic study of the effects of acute stress and the separate administration of "adaptive hormones" on mouse hepatocytes]. AB - Electron microscopy and morphometry methods have been used to study structural changes in mouse hepatocytes under the conditions of acute stress after the injection of adrenaline, glucagon and hydrocortisone. All these factors induce autophagocytosis intensification. It is supposed that the activation of autophagocytosis and autophagocytolysis under these conditions is realized through the intensification of free radicals' generation in hepatocytes. PMID- 3194965 TI - [Mutagenic activity of the pesticide hexachlorobutadiene]. AB - Pesticide hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) has been studied for its mutagenic activity in two test systems: in vivo and in vitro. The above pesticide manifested a mutagenic activity in the bone marrow cells under peroral and inhalation effect. No clastogenic action in the human peripheral lymphocyte culture was observed. Results of this study and data available in literature permit concluding that HCBD is an indirect mutagen. PMID- 3194964 TI - [Cypermethrin induction of micronuclei in mammalian somatic cells]. AB - The genotoxic effects of the preparative cypermethrin form on the induction of micronuclei in cultured Chinese hamster V-79 cells and polychromatic erythrocytes of mouse bone marrow have been studied. The cypermethrin has induced micronuclei in cultured cells without metabolic activation in toxic concentrations, similar effects being observed in polychromatic erythrocytes after treatment with subtoxic concentrations. PMID- 3194966 TI - [The duration of cell cycle phases studied using 5-bromodeoxycytidine]. AB - The quantitative method is suggested to estimate cell cycle phase durations and dispersions of progress through the phases for population of cells. The method is based on the analysis of frequency of cells with different staining of sister chromatids by means of 5-bromodeoxycytidine. The process of cell population progress is described by the Gauss probability integral. The durations of the cell cycle phases are determined for cell culture of Chinese hamster. PMID- 3194967 TI - [Manifestation of the mutagenic effect of acemidophen depending on its metabolism in various mammalian species (acemidophen--a promutagen)]. AB - While studying the specific variability of metabolism of the fasciolacide anthelmintic acemidophen, it is found that it possesses no mutagenic activity. This activity is peculiar to its metabolite-free amine L2, formed in mice organism by deacetylation. Thus, acemidophen is shown to be promutagen. PMID- 3194968 TI - [The somatic transformation of hens using high-polymeric DNA]. AB - The transformation studies were performed on genetically pure hen breeds: the donor was Russian white (white colour is a dominant character), the recipient was New Hampshire (pale-yellow-brown). The high-polymeric DNA (2.10(9) dalton) was isolated from erythrocytes and testicles of donor cocks and introduced to a fresh laid egg of the recipient by replacing the protein. Two sets of experiments on 570 eggs were made. The single injection with 150 micrograms of donor DNA to the recipient egg induced a stable change of feathering colour (particoloured) in 46% of the hatched chicks, which remained for 6 months of observation. Thus, the high polymeric DNA possesses the property of somatic transformation, that evidences for a high intact character of these preparations. PMID- 3194969 TI - [Evaluation of the functional state of endosteal osteoblasts in chick embryos]. AB - The 3H-thymidine and 3H-proline autoradiography has been used to study the functional activity of endosteal osteoblasts in the femoral bone of chick embryos under normal conditions and with lead acetate intoxication (approximately 15 mcg per an egg). The obtained data show the suppression of proliferation and biosynthetic activity of osteoblasts confirmed by the reduction of 3H-thymidine and 3H-proline incorporations is osteoblasts and the rates of their transformation into osteocytes. PMID- 3194970 TI - Efficacy of parvaquone in the treatment of naturally occurring theileriosis in cattle in Iraq. AB - Parvaquone was tested in cattle infected with Theileria annulata when they were presented at clinics in the vicinity of Baghdad. Out of over 200 cases presented with suspected theileriosis between July 1984 and July 1985, the drug was used in 45 cases where theileriosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of blood and lymph node biopsy smears. Twenty seven of the cases were considered mild and 18 cases severe. Weights of the cattle were estimated and parvaquone was administered by intramuscular injection at a nominal dose of 20 mg/kg. A single treatment with parvaquone was used in 25 cases and 20 cases were treated twice but there was no correlation between severity of disease and the number of treatments given. Twelve cases (27%) also received antibacterial therapy. All cases were in exotic cattle or cattle born from exotic (imported) cattle and 64% of the cases were in cattle under six months of age. Temperatures dropped immediately after treatment and the majority were normal (below 39.5 degrees C) by two to three days after the first treatment. Of the 45 cases treated 43 recovered. This compares very favourably with a previously reported mortality of 66% in untreated imported cattle in Iraq. PMID- 3194971 TI - Seroprevalence of anaplasmosis and babesiosis in livestock on St Lucia, 1983. PMID- 3194972 TI - Mixed outbreak of trypanosomiasis and babesiosis in pigs in Nigeria. PMID- 3194973 TI - Acute bovine trypanosomiasis in a tsetse-free zone of Nigeria. PMID- 3194974 TI - Fecundity in fat-tailed sheep at two different altitudes in East Java. AB - Ovulation rates, embryonic mortality and litter sizes at birth were studied in East Java fat-tailed sheep at two different altitudes: Pujon, 1,300 m above sea level and Malang, 500 m above sea level, over a period of one year. In both areas the number of ewes lambing each month was approximately the same. The average litter size at birth in Pujon and Malang was 2.37 and 1.60, respectively. Litters of three or more were almost exclusively found in November, December, January and February and in Pujon only. The relatively low ambient temperatures in Pujon in the period June to October may have influenced ovulation and embryonic survival rates positively. Abattoir data showed that ovulation rates of ewes with three or more foetuses alive 45 to 60 days after mating were much higher than in ewes with one or two foetuses alive. Embryonic mortality was very high in ewes with one live foetus. PMID- 3194975 TI - Lactation performance of the White Fulani cattle in southern Nigeria. AB - Data on the lactation performance of the White Fulani cattle in Southern Nigeria were analysed. The first lactation yield over a mean lactation period of 230.68 +/- 2.25 days averaged 810.89 +/- 32.11 kg, while overall lactation yields averaged 1018.28 +/- 18.10 kg over a mean lactation period of 249.67 +/- 3.28 days. The year of calving was a significant source of variation in both first and overall lactation yields but season of calving had no significant effect on lactation yield. Lactation yield and length were positively correlated. Heritabilities of 0.26 +/- 0.06 and 0.51 +/- 0.05 were obtained for lactation yield and length respectively from half-sib analysis while the repeatability estimates were 0.32 +/- 0.04 and 0.21 +/- 0.04 respectively. There was little difference in performance of the White Fulani cattle under the humid conditions of Southern Nigeria compared to the semi-arid conditions of the north. PMID- 3194976 TI - Performance of cattle stall-fed for beef in Malawi. AB - Information on the initial and final weights, length of feeding period, grade of the live animal before slaughter, carcass weight and dressing percentage of 2,498 stall fed Malawi zebu (MZ) and crossbred steers from Southern Region and 2,085 steers from the Central Region of Malawi is analysed. Agricultural and household residues were the basis of the feeding system. The genetic composition of individual animals was not known; weight groups were therefore used as proxies for breed types. Final weights were significantly influenced by breed, month and year when the feeding period was started and breed by month interactions. The mean stall feeding period in the South was 188 days and the average daily gain was 0.59 kg. Steers in the Central Region were fed for 213 days and gained on average 0.50 kg per day. Breed did not exert a significant effect on weight gain. However, when daily gain was compared on the basis of metabolic body size, MZ i.e. smaller steers gained significantly more rapidly than crossbred steers. The dressing percentage of animals from both regions was 52.3%. The carcass weight of crossbred steers was higher than that of MZ steers. It is concluded that an effective fattening system can be based on locally available resources and a similar system could be suitable for other parts of the developing world. PMID- 3194977 TI - African horse sickness in Zimbabwe: 1972 to 1981. AB - During the nine years from October 1972 to September 1981 African horse sickness (AHS) virus was isolated from 23 suspected cases of the disease in Zimbabwe and complement fixation antibody titres indicative of recent infection were detected in a further 49 horses. The 23 isolations belonged to seven of the nine known serotypes of AHS virus. In response to a questionnaire in 1980 the owners of 20% (1,654/8,000) of the horses in Zimbabwe indicated that they had recorded 207 cases of clinically diagnosed AHS with 107 deaths from 1975 to 1980. Fifty-six cases with 50 deaths had occurred in foals and many of the other cases occurred in horses which had been vaccinated. It was concluded that the immunity induced by vaccine and maternal immunity warranted further investigation. PMID- 3194978 TI - Rinderpest in the Landhi Dairy Colony. AB - Earlier diagnostic reports of rinderpest in buffaloes in the Landhi Dairy Colony were discounted by most veterinarians in Pakistan. Four recent investigations have shown beyond doubt that the affliction was indeed rinderpest. PMID- 3194979 TI - Outbreak of camel contagious ecthyma in central Somalia. PMID- 3194980 TI - Larval ecology of bovine strongylid worms in tropical soils. I. In vitro studies on the longevity of infective strongylid larvae in different soil types. PMID- 3194981 TI - [Determination of drug administration errors that are not admitted as an error by nurses]. PMID- 3194982 TI - [The forgotten woman, Emine]. PMID- 3194983 TI - [Botulism]. PMID- 3194984 TI - [The importance of malignant diseases with regard to nursing care]. PMID- 3194985 TI - [Nursing observations in the psychiatric clinics]. PMID- 3194986 TI - [Economic, social and psychological changes taking place within the family and in children who have chronic diseases and have been treated in the hospital]. PMID- 3194987 TI - [Febrile convulsions in childhood and their nursing care]. PMID- 3194988 TI - [Interviewing the matrons of the hospital in Istanbul: interview with Mrs. Emel Bagbek]. PMID- 3194989 TI - [New developments (applications) in nursing in our country]. PMID- 3194990 TI - [Practical application in nursing: gastrostomy tubes]. PMID- 3194991 TI - [Using computers in the nursing profession]. PMID- 3194992 TI - An immunoelectron microscopic study of glucocerebrosidase in type 1 Gaucher's disease spleen. AB - An immunogold labeling procedure was applied to ultrathin cryosections and used to study the subcellular localization of glucocerebrosidase in lipid-laden "Gaucher cells" in spleen from a patient with type 1 Gaucher's disease. Glucocerebrosidase protein was associated with the characteristic stored lipid material in large, irregularly shaped vacuoles. As shown by double labeling, the storage vacuoles contained not only glucocerebrosidase protein but also other lysosomal enzymes. Thus the storage vacuoles can be considered to be secondary lysosomes. The findings indicate that although glucocerebrosidase was present in secondary lysosomes in this patient, the activity of the mutant enzyme was insufficient to prevent storage of glucocerebroside in the spleen. PMID- 3194994 TI - Pheochromocytoma combined with malignant schwannoma: unusual neoplasm of the adrenal medulla. AB - A 38-year-old woman was operated on to remove a large tumor that replaced the left adrenal gland. The tumor was encapsulated and showed small areas typical of pheochromocytoma, and spindle cell or undifferentiated round cell sarcoma in most areas. Metastases of primitive round cell appearance were operated from the abdominal cavity and abdominal wall shortly after the initial surgery. Eighteen months after the first operation, the patient was alive with metastases in liver and retroperitoneal space. The pheochromocytomalike component showed a typical ultrastructural and immunohistochemical profile of pheochromocytoma and was positive for neurofilaments, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100 protein in the sustentacular cells. The sarcomatous areas showed fibroblastoid spindle cells that were often surrounded by a basal lamina. Immunohistochemistry revealed S-100 protein positivity in many spindle cells, but markers of pheochromocytoma or epithelial differentiation were absent. The metastases lacked all markers except for vimentin, and the cells were undifferentiated by electron microscopy. These findings suggest that the neoplasm was a compound tumor with a typical pheochromocytoma component and a sarcoma resembling a malignant schwannoma. Neoplastic proliferation of the S-100 protein-positive Schwann-cell like sustentacular cells of the pheochromocytoma would be an explanation for the genesis of this sarcoma associated with pheochromocytoma. PMID- 3194993 TI - Primary cerebral neuroectodermal tumors: neuroblastoma, differentiated neuroblastoma, and composite neuroectodermal tumor. AB - Seven cases of primary cerebral neuroectodermal tumors with predominant neuroblastic features were studied ultrastructurally and five were evaluated immunohistochemically. The fine structural features were indicative of neuroblastic differentiation by the presence of elongated cytoplasmic processes, electron-dense neurosecretory granules, and neurotubules. Five of the seven cases had the morphologic findings of classic cerebral neuroblastoma, and the sixth case, originally diagnosed as an oligodendroglioma, had the features of a differentiated neuroblastoma. Desmoplastic and/or stromal foci were intermingled with neuronal-ganglionic cells and neuroblasts in the seventh case. In addition to strong immunoreactivity for S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein in the desmoplastic areas, the spindle cells had fibroblastic and Schwannian features by electron microscopy in the latter case. The neuroblastic cells and fibrillary network were immunoreactive for neuron-specific enolase and neurofilament in the five study cases. It is concluded that cerebral neuroectodermal tumors may express an range of phenotypic features from the exclusive neuroblastic stage to a neuronal and stromogenic phase analogous to the classic neuroblastoma of the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 3194996 TI - Regarding Berman and Iseri. PMID- 3194995 TI - Adenocarcinoma of rectosigmoid colon. PMID- 3194998 TI - [Educational evaluation applied to training in supraventricular arrhythmias]. PMID- 3194997 TI - The reconstruction of helical particles with variable pitch. AB - In the reconstruction of helical particles, it is normally assumed that translation along the length of a particle is coupled to rotation about its axis. This assumption is not valid for particles whose pitch varies along the particle length (e.g. actin, HbS fibers), and application of the usual algorithms results in significant errors in both the shape and coordinates of subunits in the reconstructed density map. We have developed an iterative procedure for reconstructing particles with variable pitch. The goal of this procedure is to obtain an accurate estimate of the local pitch of the particle which can then be incorporated into the reconstruction algorithm. This involves synthesis of trial model structures which have constant pitch. The local pitch is derived from a cross-correlation analysis between these trial models and the variable pitch particles. The constant pitch models are constructed using coordinates measured from the reconstructed density maps. Each iteration of the procedure provides an improved estimate of the pitch which is incorporated into the succeeding iteration. The fidelity of the reconstruction is determined from cross correlation between the original micrograph and a variable pitch model. The iterations are continued until the cross-correlation coefficient between the variable pitch model and the micrograph of the particle is maximized. The implementation of the iterative procedure is described and its behavior is evaluated using model structures which incorporate variations in pitch similar to those actually occurring in sickle hemoglobin fibers. The results indicate that the iterative reconstruction procedure considerably reduces the errors associated with constant pitch reconstructions. These tests provide a basis for applying this procedure in the structural analysis of micrographs of helical particles which display variable pitch. Application to sickle hemoglobin fibers resulted in an improvement in the accuracy with which the hemoglobin S molecules can be located in the density maps. PMID- 3194999 TI - [The reliability of fine needle cyto-puncture in the diagnosis of dominant and suspected masses of the breast]. PMID- 3195000 TI - Fosfestrol: Honvan, ST 52, Honvol, Fosfostilben. A review of new pharmacokinetic and clinical data. Workshop at the 3rd International Congress on Hormones and Cancer. Hamburg, September 6-11, 1987. PMID- 3195001 TI - Plague on the seashore. PMID- 3195002 TI - Construction of a fee. PMID- 3195003 TI - The use of a ketamine-diazepam mixture to immobilise wild grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) and southern elephant seals (Mirounga leonina). AB - A mixture of ketamine and diazepam, at doses of 6 mg/kg and 0.30 mg/kg respectively, proved to be a reliable and reasonably safe immobilisation agent for field work on grey and southern elephant seals. It was better than previously reported drugs used either singly or in combination. PMID- 3195004 TI - The management of bovine fractures: a review of 59 cases. AB - Current trends in bovine fracture repair are reviewed with reference to 59 cases. Thirty-one cases were managed surgically, 14 by external fixation, and six by stall confinement. Eight animals were slaughtered without treatment being attempted. A successful outcome was achieved in 90 per cent of the surgically treated cases, compared with 57 per cent for those treated by external fixation methods. PMID- 3195005 TI - Effect of environmental temperature and relative humidity on breathing pattern and heart rate in ponies during and after standardised exercise. AB - A preliminary study attempted to assess the influence of atmospheric conditions on the breathing pattern of ponies. The respiratory airflow, tidal volume, breathing frequency, minute volume, total pulmonary resistance and heart rate of five ponies (257 +/- 9 kg and three to five years old) were measured by a standardised procedure. Data were collected at rest, during a nine minute period of treadmill exercise and during a five minute recovery period. The ambient temperature (degrees C) and relative humidity (%) were recorded at the time of each investigation and the respiratory parameters were divided into two groups according to whether the sum of these measurements was less than 85, ie, the conditions were cold and dry or greater than 85, ie, the conditions were relatively hot and humid. Data for each pony in both conditions were compared. The ambient temperature and relative humidity did not significantly modify the breathing pattern of the ponies either at rest or during exercise. On the other hand the frequency of breathing was significantly higher and the tidal volume and total pulmonary resistance were significantly lower during recovery in hot and humid conditions than in cold and dry conditions, while the minute volume remained unchanged. It was concluded that, during recovery, environmental conditions may modify the breathing pattern of horses. This suggests that in hot and humid weather conditions the respiratory rate may be an unreliable measure of the fitness of a horse and, consequently, that a more complete pulmonary investigation should be undertaken for an assessment of fitness. PMID- 3195006 TI - Pig hydatidosis in Uttar Pradesh. PMID- 3195008 TI - Veterinarians and seals. PMID- 3195007 TI - Discount chores. PMID- 3195010 TI - Breeding for fecundity in sheep. PMID- 3195009 TI - The practice administrator. PMID- 3195011 TI - Effects of maximal exercise on the blood composition of the racing camel. AB - Haematological and blood biochemical changes were studied in nine camels after maximal exercise over 4 or 5 km. There was a lack of splenic reserve for red blood cells, indicated by a minimal increase in haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit. There were marked increases in plasma lactate (to over 20 mmol/litre), plasma ammonia and plasma glucose and a pronounced decrease in circulating free fatty acids. There were small but significant increases in plasma calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and phosphate concentrations. PMID- 3195012 TI - Treatment of Fasciola hepatica infection in horses with triclabendazole. AB - Thirteen thoroughbred foals with an adult infection and a presumed immature infection with Fasciola hepatica were treated with 12 mg triclabendazole/kg bodyweight. The absence of eggs from samples of faeces examined at intervals up to 110 days after treatment showed that all the animals were cured. In a second trial the same dose of triclabendazole cured 11 of 12 foals whereas nitroxynil at 7 mg/kg cured only six of 12 foals. No side effects were observed after treatment. PMID- 3195013 TI - Use of monensin sodium against Toxoplasma. PMID- 3195014 TI - Proligestone and diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3195015 TI - Biomicroscopy of the tear film: aqueous and lipid tear substitutes in the normal and abnormal eye. AB - Polarised light biomicroscopy was used to assess the behaviour and interactions of two polymer-containing preparations of artificial tears, and two lipid containing ointments, with the normal and abnormal pre-corneal tear film. The preparations were used topically in six normal dogs, and three dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. A transient morphological alteration of the surface lipid layer of the tear film was commonly observed after the use of polymer solutions. The ointments spread as a continuous or semi-continuous layer over the normal, or polymer-supplemented, aqueous tears. Further applications of artificial tears produced only a temporary disruption of this layer. In dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca, thickening of the lipid layer of the tear film was observed for over 20 hours after the administration of ointment. These observations are discussed in relation to the prospects for the improved medical treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca by the use of polymer-containing solutions and ointments in combination. PMID- 3195016 TI - Seasonal allergic dermatitis in sheep. AB - The lesions of a seasonal dermatitis in sheep occurred mainly on the ventral surface of the animals, but in other respects they resembled those of 'sweet itch' in horses. They were primarily an immediate hypersensitivity response and the circumstantial evidence indicated that they were due to the bites of Culicoides species, possibly C obsoletus. PMID- 3195017 TI - Efficacy of flubendazole against gastrointestinal and lung nematodes in pigs. AB - Three trials were carried out on landrace pigs of various ages to assess the anthelmintic efficacy of flubendazole. The pigs were either artificially infected with Metastrongylus apri or naturally or artificially infected with the gastrointestinal nematodes Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum dentatum or Hyostrongylus rubidus. For mass medication of young pigs and fatteners a dose regimen of 30 ppm flubendazole in the feed for 10 consecutive days was 100 per cent effective against the four nematode species. For individual medication a single dose of 5 mg/kg bodyweight administered in a small amount of feed was also 100 per cent effective. No side effects were observed. PMID- 3195018 TI - Isolation of P multocida F-3,4 from a calf in the UK. PMID- 3195019 TI - Use of ivermectin in deer. PMID- 3195020 TI - Probiotics. PMID- 3195022 TI - Copper toxicosis in the Bedlington terrier. PMID- 3195021 TI - Anal furunculosis. PMID- 3195023 TI - Missiles recovered from animals. PMID- 3195024 TI - Building a practice (12). PAYE and national insurance. PMID- 3195025 TI - A simple, clean method for the surgical ablation of anal sacs in dogs. AB - A technique is described for impregnating canine anal sacs with a dental mould material. After the mould has set the sacs can be ablated surgically. The method is efficient, quick and simple. PMID- 3195026 TI - Single-dose treatment of neonatal calf pneumonia with the new macrolide antibiotic tilmicosin. AB - Tilmicosin, a new macrolide antibiotic, 20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-l yl)desmycosin, formerly identified as EL-870, has been evaluated in three experiments as a single subcutaneous injection at dosages of 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg for the treatment of naturally occurring pneumonia in neonatal calves. Male Holstein calves, under five days of age, were shipped from Wisconsin and housed in pens. They were assigned sequentially to a treatment group when their temperature was greater than or equal to 39.7 degrees C for two consecutive days or greater than or equal to 39.7 degrees C and signs of respiratory disease were present. Clinical signs were evaluated daily for 14 days after the tilmicosin treatment. Calves that died and those that survived for the 14 day experimental period were examined post mortem. Treatment with tilmicosin was effective at all dosage levels, as determined by significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) reductions in body temperature within 24 hours, in the number of animals that died, in the incidence and severity of clinical signs, in the number of Pasteurella species found in lung tissue and in the severity of the pneumonic lesions. In two of the three experiments severe outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis resulted in significant mortalities within a few days after the arrival of the calves. Treatment with tilmicosin was effective against respiratory disease even in the presence of this severe concurrent disease. PMID- 3195027 TI - The effects of clenbuterol hydrochloride on the pulmonary function of calves with subacute and chronic bronchopneumonia. AB - The influence of clenbuterol on some pulmonary function tests in 11 calves with subacute and chronic bronchopneumonia has been investigated. Treatment with clenbuterol caused changes only in calves with subacute bronchopneumonia; in these animals it decreased the total pulmonary resistance, the viscous work per litre and the peak to peak changes in transpulmonary pressure. PMID- 3195028 TI - New labelling regulations for medicated animal feeding stuffs. PMID- 3195029 TI - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in an adult British Friesian cow. PMID- 3195031 TI - Clindamycin treatment of canine osteomyelitis. PMID- 3195030 TI - Isolation of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus from septicaemic hens. PMID- 3195032 TI - Welfare of intensively housed animals. PMID- 3195033 TI - Gangrenous dermatitis in a pheasant. PMID- 3195034 TI - Blowpipes and dart guns. PMID- 3195035 TI - Sudden death in calves at feeding. PMID- 3195036 TI - Dearth of veterinarians. PMID- 3195037 TI - For whom the bell tolls. PMID- 3195038 TI - Effect of feeding 5 per cent glucose solution or milk replacer to newborn piglets on intestinal permeability to macromolecules. AB - Newborn piglets were fed either a 5 per cent glucose/electrolyte solution or a commercial milk replacer for 24 or 36 hours before they were given colostrum, or they were given colostrum after birth. The effects of these treatments on their ability to absorb macromolecules was assessed by measuring the uptake of 125I polyvinylpyrrolidone (125I-PVP) and the increases in the concentrations of total proteins and immunoglobulins in serum. The piglets which received colostrum at birth absorbed 50 per cent of a test dose of 125I-PVP within six hours, and there was a rapid increase in the concentration of immunoglobulins in their blood. The piglets which received the 5 per cent glucose/electrolyte solution absorbed 40 per cent of the test dose of 125I-PVP administered 24 or 36 hours after birth and nearly normal quantities of immunoglobulins, but the piglets given the milk replacer absorbed only 10 per cent of the test dose of 125I-PVP, and virtually no immunoglobulins. PMID- 3195039 TI - Isolation of Chlamydia psittaci from the genital tract of lambs: a possible link with enzootic abortion of ewes. PMID- 3195040 TI - Condemnation of sports. PMID- 3195041 TI - Egg weight, permeability of membranes--and toxic agents. PMID- 3195042 TI - Ophthalmology society invites members. PMID- 3195043 TI - Ectoparasites of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) and local domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) in southern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria. AB - The ectoparasites of poultry in a southern guinea savanna zone were investigated by the examination of guinea fowl and local domestic chickens in the range and guinea fowl under intensive management. The prevalent ectoparasites of range guinea fowl and local chickens include seven species of lice Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Goniocotes gallinae, Lipeurus caponis, Numidilipeurus tropicalis, Damalinia bovis; three mites Bdellonyssus bursa, Megninia cubitalis, Dermanyssus gallinae; two fleas Echidnophaga gallinacea, Ctenocephalides felis and two ticks Argas persicus and Ambylomma variegatum. Under intensive management, infestation by G. gigas, L. caponis and M. gallinae led to clinical signs, feather damage, reduced food intake and death. PMID- 3195046 TI - The ant, Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Mayr) as an intermediate host for the poultry cestode, Raillietina tetragona (Molin). AB - The role of several species of ants as intermediate hosts for poultry cestodes in the Sudan was investigated by a search for cysticercoids in specimens from poultry houses in various localities in the country. Pachycondyla sennaarensis, Messor galla and Acantholepis sp. were the only species collected from the areas surveyed. All these ants were examined for cysticercoids of poultry tapeworms but only P. sennaarensis was found to carry cysticercoids, all of which were identical to those of the poultry cestode, Raillietina tetragona. This tapeworm was recovered from all chicks fed the cysticercoids obtained from P. sennaarensis. R. tetragona cysticercoids were present in 63.3% of the P. sennaarensis sampled with 1-40 cysticercoids per ant, which is the heaviest recorded infestation of an ant species with these cysticeroids. PMID- 3195044 TI - A survey of current techniques in veterinary electrodiagnostics: EEG, spinal evoked and brainstem auditory evoked potential recording. AB - A questionnaire on the techniques being used to record electroencephalograms, spinal evoked potentials and brainstem auditory evoked potentials was mailed to 34 neurologists at veterinary colleges and board certified veterinary neurologists in private practice in the United States and Canada. Nineteen replies (56%) were returned. A summary of the questionnaire is provided, which indicates the diversity of electrodiagnostic techniques currently used. PMID- 3195045 TI - The effect of induced hypomagnesaemia and hypermagnesaemia on the erythrocyte magnesium concentration in cattle. AB - Hypomagnesaemia was induced in ten yearling Friesian heifers by starving them for forty hours while hypermagnesaemia was induced in seven Friesian calves (about two and half months old) by intramuscular magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) injection. The plasma magnesium (PMg) concentration decreased (P less than 0.05) during starvation and increased (P less than 0.05) following MgSO4 administration. However the erythrocyte magnesium (EMg) concentration did not show any significant change either with starvation or following the MgSO4 administration. These results show that sudden and significant changes in PMg concentration do not have any significant effect on EMg concentration. Accordingly EMg concentration may be a better indicator of long-term body Mg status and during hypomagnesaemic tetany could show whether the decrease in PMg concentration was sudden or gradual. PMID- 3195047 TI - Interactions of aflatoxin and the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene in two week-old chicks. AB - Two-week dietary administration of 2500 ppb aflatoxin was sufficient to cause a decrease in bursal weights and a reduction in the number of splenic leukocytes in chicks. No significant effects on weight gain or feed efficiency were evident. The chicks also had elevated heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios, suggesting a heightened reaction to stress. This effect could be blocked by dietary administration of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at a concentration eight-fold over that normally present to preserve control feed. The BHT treatment increased the activities of the enzymes glutathione-S-transferase, aniline hydroxylase and O-demethylase, which metabolize aflatoxins in the liver. PMID- 3195048 TI - Field evaluation of an experimental albendazole pulse release bolus in the control of parasitic gastroenteritis in first-season grazing calves. AB - A field experiment is described which evaluates the use of an experimental albendazole pulse release bolus (E-bolus) on gastrointestinal parasitism. The bolus was administered at turnout to 9 first-season grazing calves and 9 animals were kept as controls on separate pasture. Dry summer months accounted for low infection levels in the calves; no cases of parasitic gastroenteritis were observed. The E-bolus introduced at the start of the grazing season provided moderate control of gastrointestinal parasitism. The beneficial effect of the treatment was demonstrated by lower strongyle egg counts and significant differences in ELISA extinctions for Ostertagia, Cooperia and Dictyocaulus. However pepsinogen values were elevated in the bolus-treated group, probably because of the long interval (31 days) between the pulsed treatments. Although not significant there was a trend for the bolus-treated group to gain more weight than the controls. PMID- 3195049 TI - Acquired resistance in rabbits to immature stages of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. AB - Host resistance, accompanied by demonstrable anti-tick antibodies, developed in groups of rabbits that were infested repeatedly with different numbers of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi larvae. This resistance was associated with a drastic reduction in the number of ticks that attached but not in the ability to feed and moult by immatures already established on the hosts. Furthermore, resistance reduced to below 50% the proportion of nymphs which emerged from the larvae applied to the three host groups. Nymphs weighing 5-9.9 and 15-19.9 mg moulted to give mainly males or females respectively. The proportion of males and females which moulted from the remaining weight categories was variable. Anti tick antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as early as 7 days after primary infestation in all hosts. The titres plateaued after the second challenge and declined drastically during the fifth infestation. No appreciable differences were observed in the antibody responses stimulated by different challenge regimens. PMID- 3195050 TI - Development of a radioimmunoassay for isometamidium. AB - A radioimmunoassay for the trypanocidal drug isometamidium (ISMM) has been developed using antibodies produced in sheep immunized against the drug cross linked to human serum albumin. With 14C-ISMM as a radioligand, cross-reactivity of the antibodies was determined and found to be less than 3% with pyrithidium, diminazene and quinapyramine and about 13% with homidium. The limit of detection of ISMM in serum without prior extraction was 5.8 pmol/tube and within-assay and between-assay coefficients of variation were four and 14% respectively. PMID- 3195051 TI - The topographical distribution of the inhalation-to-perfusion ratio in double muscled and Friesian calves. AB - Five healthy Friesian calves and five double-muscled Belgian White and Blue calves were studied, using a 99m Technetium (99mTc) aerosol inhalation combined with a 99mTc macroaggregate injection and collimated scintillation counters. The inhalation-to-perfusion ratio (I/P) was calculated for both left and right sides of the thorax at four sites situated at three different levels in the auscultatory area on the same vertical axis and at a more anterior site just behind the scapulohumeral joint. I/P was higher in the left than in the right hemithorax. In both breeds, a vertical and a horizontal gradient were observed. I/P was higher in the lower and in the more cranial zones of the lungs. However the vertical gradient was more pronounced in Friesian calves while the horizontal one was greater in Belgian White and Blue animals. It was concluded that the factors affecting the topographical distribution of pulmonary ventilation and perfusion seem to be different in calves as compared to other species. PMID- 3195052 TI - Cardio-pulmonary function values in double-muscled cattle during muscular exercise. AB - Eleven double-muscled calves of the Belgian White and Blue breed and eleven Friesian calves have been investigated at rest, during exercise on a treadmill (11% incline; speed 1.3 m.sec-1) and 10 and 30 minutes after the end of this exercise. Blood gases and acid-base status were determined in mixed venous and arterial blood sampled from the pulmonary and the carotid artery respectively. Expired gases were collected in a balloon. The time of collection, volume of expired gases and fractional O2 and CO2 concentrations in expired gases were measured. In double-muscled calves, inadequate oxygen intake and carbon dioxide elimination were demonstrated by the increase in the carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) and in the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]a and the decrease in the oxygen tension (PaO2) in arterial blood during exercise. In Friesian calves, an adequate increase in oxygen intake occurred and no acidosis was recorded. A metabolic acidosis explained by only a 1.5-fold increase in the cardiac output and by the small increase in haemoglobin concentration was recorded in double muscled calves. It was concluded that some aspects of the cardio-pulmonary and metabolic responses to exercise in double-muscled calves can be related to their inability to greatly increase their O2 consumption. PMID- 3195053 TI - Motility of the oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction during halothane anaesthesia in sheep. AB - Electromanometry and electromyography were used to study gastro-oesophageal motility in two planes of halothane anaesthesia in sheep. Gastro-oesophageal motility when present was greater in light than in deep anaesthesia. The caudal thoracic oesophagus contracted more frequently and for longer than the rostral thoracic oesophagus. In light anaesthesia oesophageal movements were peristaltic in direction with a propagation velocity of 26-29 cm sec-1. Rumen pressures increased throughout anaesthesia and the rate of increase was greatest when the plane of anaesthesia was deep at the start. Gastro-oesophageal reflux (GOR) occurred in both planes of anaesthesia and must occur by passive mechanisms during deep anaesthesia because gastro-oesophageal motility was inhibited. A high pressure zone (HPZ) was demonstrated for a length of 2.9 cm at the gastro oesophageal junction with a balloon-tipped catheter and a 'pull through' technique. Open-tipped catheters could detect the HPZ but were less sensitive. The pressure in the HPZ was not significantly influenced by the depth of anaesthesia used. In 80% of cases of light anaesthesia an increase in HPZ pressure preceeded the contraction of the cranial sac of the rumen. In deep anaesthesia the HPZ continued to have rhythmic changes in tone. Spontaneous GOR coincided with a maximum gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient in 24% of cases. Rumen insufflation with oxygen provoked GOR at a rumen pressure above 33 mmHg compared with 7.2 mmHg during spontaneous reflux. The study demonstrates that a gastro-oesophageal pressure gradient was not primarily responsible for the initiation of GOR during anaesthesia and that the HPZ at the gastro-oesophageal junction of sheep had some of the properties of a lower oesophageal sphincter and played an important role in the initiation of GOR during anaesthesia. PMID- 3195055 TI - [The humoral and cell-mediated immune response induced by the NIVGRIP inactivated influenza vaccine]. AB - A comparative study was conducted in patients vaccinated with the NIVGRIP trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and in placebo receiving controls on the kinetics of the serum hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibodies and the neutralizing secretory antibodies in the nasopharyngeal secretions (NPS), of the blastic transformation of lymphocytes index, of the rosette formation index and of the serum immunoglobulins. A significant rise of the H.A.I. and the neutralizing secretory antibodies as well as of the blastic transformation of lymphocytes index was recorded after stimulation with the influenza vaccine. There were no significant changes in controls. No significant variations of the blastic transformation of lymphocytes index after stimulation with P.P.D. and of the rosette formation index were recorded in both investigated groups. Serum immunoglobulin titres showed significant variations in vaccinated as well as in control groups. The results point out the stimulating effect of the NIVGRIP inactivated influenza vaccine on both humoral and cell mediated immune responses. PMID- 3195054 TI - Epidemiologic features of influenza in a large urban centre (B.) in Romania, in 1987. AB - The study presents the peculiarities of influenza evolution in 1987 in a large town in Romania. These features were defined by a complex methodology, based on clinical, epidemiologic and laboratory investigations, used in the active control of the epidemiologic process kinetics. The influenza viruses type A (H1N1 and H3N2) had a major role in the infecting and immunizing contacts in all age groups whereas the influenza virus type B had a reduced circulation. The epidemiologic influenza impact in 1987 is discussed from the point of view of the complex relationships between the antigenic structure of circulating influenza viruses and the anti-influenza immune profile of the population under the influence of extremely complex economic, social and natural factors. PMID- 3195056 TI - Isolation and sequence determination of the chicken rhodopsin gene. AB - A chicken genomic library was screened with a bovine opsin cDNA probe. A clone isolated under high stringency hybridization conditions contained DNA sequences highly homologous to all of the five exons of bovine and human opsin genes. Sequence comparison of the putative open reading frame in the chicken DNA fragment of 4.3 kb with bovine opsin cDNA revealed 82% identity for the nucleotide and 87% for the deduced amino acid sequence, indicating that this DNA fragment contains the complete chicken opsin gene. The position of four introns and amino acid sequences at all putative cytoplasmic loops are exactly conserved in chicken and mammals. PMID- 3195057 TI - Functional dissociation of the hemispheres in the discrimination of complex gratings near the vertical meridian. AB - It was previously shown that the discrimination of complex gratings differing in the spatial phase of their harmonic components is performed more accurately when the stimuli are presented in the left than in the right visual hemifield, provided that the stimuli are separated at least 2 deg from the vertical meridian (VM) and/or their spatial frequency exceeds 2 c/deg. Here we report measurements of reaction times (RT) for the discrimination of complex gratings presented laterally at various distances from the VM. The (choice) RTs are found to be longer in the right than in the left hemifield even for stimuli of low spatial frequency at 1 deg from the VM. This rules out the possibility that a naso temporal overlap in the retino-cortical projection in man is exploited in "bridging the gap" between the two hemispheres in the discrimination of complex gratings. PMID- 3195058 TI - The perception of object motion during smooth pursuit eye movements: adjacency is not a factor contributing to the Filehne illusion. AB - During smooth pursuit eye movement performance often an illusory motion of background objects is perceived. This so called Filehne illusion has been quantified and explored by Mack and Herman [Q. J.exp. Psychol. 25, 71-84 (1973); Vision Res. 18, 55-62 (1978)]. According to them two independent factors contribute to the Filehne illusion: (1) a subject relative factor, viz. the underregistration of pursuit eye movements by the perceptual system, and (2) an object relative factor, viz. adjacency of the pursued fixation point and the background stimulus. The evidence of the present experiment supports the former but rejects the latter as a contributing factor. Instead of the concept of adjacency, an alternative theoretical extension of the subject relative factor is offered. PMID- 3195059 TI - Reciprocity between luminance and dot density in the perception of brightness. AB - Thresholds were measured for detecting perturbations in a regular lattice of dots by modulating local dot density, local dot luminance, or some combination of the two. For high mean densities (dot spacing less than or equal to 15 min of arc), perturbations in local density increase the perceived brightnesses of the individually resolved elements in the more densely filled regions, and appear (at near threshold levels) as modulations of brightness rather than density. This illusory brightness modulation may be nulled by applying a real luminance modulation to make the lattice elements appear equally bright. Once this is done, thresholds for detecting any nonuniformity in the array are elevated compared to thresholds for detecting uncompensated density modulation. This result suggests that uncompensated density modulation is detected via the illusory brightness variations. This interpretation suggests that dot brightness is determined on the basis of the space average luminance of an area a substantial fraction of 1 deg in diameter. To test this hypothesis, thresholds were measured for detecting luminance modulation in a regular array of dots viewed against a comparatively dim background, where the modulation was applied to the dots themselves, to the background alone, or to both the dots and the background in either reinforcing or cancelling relative phase. For small, closely spaced dots, the threshold for modulation of luminance can be predicted on the basis of the amplitude of the Fourier component at the modulation frequency, regardless of whether it is carried by dots, the background, or both. The threshold is greatly elevated when modulation in the dots cancels the background modulation, so that there is contrast modulation of the dots, but no net energy at the fundamental frequency (zero amplitude of the Fourier component). For large, coarsely spaced dots, on the other hand, thresholds for conditions which contain energy at the fundamental modulation frequency are higher. The threshold increase is much greater when the modulation is applied to the dots than when it is applied to the background. This result suggests that the coarsely spaced dots are saturating the response of spatially opponent units. This hypothesis was confirmed by tests using backgrounds with the same luminance as the dots; threshold elevations selective for dots or background were abolished. PMID- 3195060 TI - Positive colored afterimages from the figure-ground configurations of colored lights: effects of chromaticity, luminance and a spatial parameter of the adapting stimuli. AB - Colored afterimages were obtained after the eye was exposed to the adapting field consisting of the figure-ground configuration of colored lights with the same hue and different saturation. When a colored patch was surrounded by a more saturated field, the color of the afterimage was similar to that of the previous patch (positive afterimage). By measuring the threshold chromaticity difference between the patch and the surround for the production of the positive afterimage, the effects of the chromaticity, luminance and a spatial parameter of the adapting field were determined. The obtained threshold chromaticity differences increased with an increase in the saturation of the adapting field, and with a decrease in the surround luminance. When the adapting field consisted of an equiluminous saturation-modulated rectangular grating, the threshold chromaticity difference curves showed similar properties as those of the contrast thresholds for equiluminous chromaticity-modulated gratings. The results suggest the existence of a set of mechanisms at higher-order level in the visual system, tuning the difference in hue and/or saturation across contours. PMID- 3195061 TI - Effects of blur and eccentricity on differential spatial displacement discrimination. AB - Differential spatial displacement discrimination thresholds were determined for stimuli consisting of blobs with Gaussian spatial and temporal contrast envelopes. The stimuli were presented at detection threshold luminance contrast. The tasks were similar to the two-point discrimination acuity task and the three dot alignment hyperacuity task. Thresholds were determined as a function of eccentricity along the horizontal meridian of the visual field (from 45 degrees nasal to 65 degrees temporal). The spatial spread or blur parameter of the blobs was adopted as a scale parameter. The results show that the performance of the visual system in differential spatial displacement discrimination tasks becomes progressively more homogeneous for a progressive increase in the blur parameter of the stimuli. Scaling (i) the three-blob alignment results with estimates of the cortical magnification factor and (ii) the two-blob separation discrimination results with their corresponding neural blur parameter shows an impressive isotropy and blur scale-invariance for the mechanisms mediating differential spatial displacement discrimination across the visual field. These results are interpreted in terms of a scaled sampling lattice model of the visual system, in combination with an automatic scale-selection mechanism. PMID- 3195062 TI - Limits of binocular fusion in the short wave sensitive ("blue") cones. AB - Stereoscopic depth perception is possible when the short wave sensitive (SWS or "Blue") cones are isolated using a yellow adapting field. We have measured the maximum disparity that can be fused (the diplopia threshold) as a function of the separation between pairs of dots or lines. Under all conditions, these diplopia thresholds are the same for the isolated SWS cones as for the entire visual system. In addition, SWS diplopia thresholds vary as a linear function of dot or line separation, so that they exhibit disparity scaling. Further experiments show that disparity scaling is dependent upon the presence of low spatial frequencies in the stimulus and not upon the retinal eccentricity of stimulation. These data indicate that the SWS cones provide information to the disparity processing system through more than one low spatial frequency channel but not through high frequency ones. PMID- 3195063 TI - IRBP-like proteins in the eyes of six cephalopod species--immunochemical relationship to vertebrate interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) and cephalopod retinal-binding protein. AB - SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting were used to examine soluble proteins from the eyes of six species of cephalopods i.e. Lolliguncula brevis, Sepia officinalis, Octopus maya, Octopus bimaculoides, Rossia pacifica and Loligo opalescens. All species had a protein ("IRBP") with molecular weight virtually identical with vertebrate interstitial retinol-binding protein (IRBP) averaging 132,400 +/- 700 (n = 6). "IRBP" reacted on nitrocellulose blot transfers with rabbit antibovine IRBP and rabbit antifrog IRBP antibodies. Unlike vertebrate IRBP, cephalopod "IRBP" (from L. brevis) did not bind exogenous retinol or concanavalin A. The N-terminal amino acid appeared to be blocked in samples electroeluted from SDS gels. The antifrog IRBP antibodies also reacted with a series of proteins with molecular weights between 46,000 and 47,000, identified as retinal-binding protein (RALBP) with anti-RALBP antibodies. Anti IRBP also reacted with pure RALBP prepared from Todarodes pacificus. Occasionally, anti-RALBP antibodies were seen to react weakly with "IRBP" in some cephalopods. We conclude that RALBP, cephalopod "IRBP" and vertebrate IRBP share a common but distant ancestry, and that a protein resembling IRBP appeared before the vertebrates diverged from the invertebrates. Both RALBP and IRBP appear to have analogous functions in shuttling retinoids between rhodopsin and the corresponding isomerizing system, retinochrome in the cephalopods and retinol isomerase in the vertebrates. The function of cephalopod "IRBP" is unknown. PMID- 3195065 TI - Light spread and scatter from some common adapting stimuli: computations based on the point-source light profile. AB - A point source of light is not so imaged on the photoreceptor mosaic. The light is distributed over the retina by diffraction, imperfections in the optics of the eye, and scatter. The spatial distribution of light is specified quantitatively by the point-source light profile, which can be used in convolution to determine light spread from more complex visual stimuli. We use the Vos, Walraven and van Meeteren [Vision Res. 16, 215-219 (1976)] light profile to determine spread light in specific regions within the spared area of an illuminated surround, and within a thin spared ring in an otherwise uniformly illuminated circular field. Surrounds of different sizes and rings of various widths and diameters are evaluated. PMID- 3195064 TI - "Weber's law" for position: unconfounding the role of separation and eccentricity. AB - Bisection thresholds are approximately proportional to the separation/eccentricity of the targets. This "Weber's law" for position has been invoked over the past century. It is the separation of the reference targets, or their eccentricity which determines the threshold? In previous studies separation and eccentricity are confounded. In the present report we have pitted separation against eccentricity. Bisection thresholds were measured for stimuli presented on an isoeccentric arc, so that separation could be varied while holding the eccentricity of the test lines constant. We used a 5-fold range of separations from 2-10 deg. In this regime, the present results provide strong evidence against Weber's law. When separation is varied but eccentricity held constant, there is no Weber's law. Rather the thresholds are approximately constant. Our results suggest that the judgement of the separation of widely separated objects is similar to a distance measurement using a ruler on the cortex, in that the error of measurement is independent of the separation between objects. The results imply that when we attempt to gauge the distance between widely separated objects it is unlikely that we do so on the basis of the outputs of large spatial filters; rather it appears that we make such judgements by estimating the cortical distance which separates the targets of interest. PMID- 3195066 TI - Development of spatiotemporal mechanisms in infant vision. AB - In adult spatiotemporal vision information is processed in parallel by a number of mechanisms tuned for orientation and spatial frequency. An examination of infant neuroanatomical data suggests that three major factors are involved in the development of these mechanisms: (1) Growth of foveal cone outer segments causes an increase in mechanism sensitivity. (2) Migration of foveal cones produces a change in spatial scale and a progressive shift of mechanism tuning towards higher spatial frequencies. (3) Development of cortical inhibition transforms low pass into bandpass spatial frequency and orientation tuning. These changes are developed into a quantitative model which is shown to provide a coherent interpretation of many of the psychophysical data on infant vision. PMID- 3195067 TI - Spatial sensitization of the B cone pathways. AB - Spatial sensitization functions were determined under chromatic adaptation conditions designed to isolate the short-wavelength-sensitive pathways (B cone pathways). Spatial sensitization occurs over large retinal dimensions for B cone detected targets and can be produced both by signals from B cones and by signals from R and/or G cones. Field sensitivity measures demonstrate that the mechanism producing sensitization on short-wavelength backgrounds has the spectral sensitivity of B cones. The field sensitivity on long-wavelength backgrounds does not correspond to any receptor spectral sensitivity or any pi mechanism, but suggests that opponent interaction between medium and long-wavelength receptors produces sensitization of B cone detected targets. PMID- 3195068 TI - Accommodation, refractive error and eye growth in chickens. AB - We raised chickens with defocusing lenses of differing powers in front of their eyes. For this purpose, small hoods made from soft, thin leather were carefully fitted to their heads. Lenses were attached to the hoods by velcro fasteners and could be easily removed for cleaning. The powers of the lenses were such that their optical effects could be compensated for by accommodation. It was verified by infrared (IR) photoretinoscopy that the chickens could keep their retinal images in focus. Wearing a lens resulted in a consistent shift of the non cycloplegic refractive state (measured without the lens) which was in the direction to compensate for the lens. We used a sensitive technique (precision = +/- 50 micron as estimated from the variability of repeated measurements) to measure the posterior nodal distance (PND) in excised eyes of birds grown with lenses. The PND, in turn, was used to compare eyes treated with different lenses. It was found that the PND was increased in eyes which were treated with negative lenses compared to those treated with positive lenses. This effect occurs independently in both eyes and it is not due to changes in corneal curvature. We discuss our result in terms of a closed-loop feedback system for the regulation of eye growth. PMID- 3195069 TI - The effect of pupil centration and diameter on ocular performance. AB - The variation in sphero-cylindrical refractive error with position in the human eye pupil is derived from the wavefront error of two subjects. The modulation transfer function is also calculated for 1, 2 and 3 mm pupils decentred 1 and 2 mm nasally and temporally. Whilst decentration causes relatively little difference in the M.T.F. at the smaller pupil size, it can produce marked degradation for the larger pupils which can be of significance in the experimental determination of contrast sensitivity or other visual functions. PMID- 3195070 TI - [Characteristics of modern programmable microcomputers and basic trends in their use in military medicine]. PMID- 3195071 TI - [Use of programmable microcomputers for the analysis of the multiyear dynamics of infectious morbidity]. PMID- 3195072 TI - [The main trends in the further improvement of sanatorium-health resort support in the Army and the Navy]. PMID- 3195073 TI - [The basic principles of the pathogenetic treatment of explosive mine wounds]. PMID- 3195074 TI - [Diagnostic and treatment principles in septic shock]. PMID- 3195075 TI - [Methodologic aspects of the organization of therapeutic and diagnostic work in military gastroenterology sanatoria]. PMID- 3195076 TI - [Clinical and treatment characteristics of tertian malaria in viral hepatitis A]. PMID- 3195077 TI - [Toward a high professional level in carrying out health inspections]. PMID- 3195078 TI - [Dynamic cytochemical indices of the blood of flight personnel]. PMID- 3195079 TI - [Physiological mechanisms of autogenic training and its use with sailors on a prolonged cruise]. PMID- 3195080 TI - [Optimization of the work of surgeons at a military polyclinic]. PMID- 3195081 TI - [A method for temporary endocardial electrical stimulation of the heart]. PMID- 3195082 TI - [Clinical study of gastric enzyme and acid secretion using histalog]. PMID- 3195083 TI - [Medical rehabilitation of neurologic patients at a military sanatorium]. PMID- 3195085 TI - [Perestroika in the work of the Pacific Ocean Fleet Hospital]. PMID- 3195084 TI - [The achievements of Soviet medical science--in the practice of public health]. PMID- 3195086 TI - [Increased quality of the academic training process in the internship of medical personnel]. PMID- 3195088 TI - [Professional orientation in the teaching of social and political disciplines at the military medicine department]. PMID- 3195087 TI - [Teaching the problems of organizing treatment and prevention work in the troop unit]. PMID- 3195090 TI - [Irregular-staff school for health instructors--a new form of training youth for military service]. PMID- 3195089 TI - [Evaluation of the work of the teacher]. PMID- 3195091 TI - [Ultrafiltration in the treatment of general hyperhydration]. PMID- 3195092 TI - [The status and means for the further improvement of specialized surgical care]. PMID- 3195094 TI - [Mental disorders in the acute period of household poisoning by organophosphorus compounds]. PMID- 3195093 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of unstable stenocardia]. PMID- 3195095 TI - [Characteristics of the clinical diagnosis and treatment of tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease)]. PMID- 3195097 TI - [Medical ethics and deontology in the practice of health inspection]. PMID- 3195096 TI - [Adaptation to the conditions of military service and the prevention of maladaptive disorders (1)]. PMID- 3195098 TI - [The thermal state of the body and the work capacity of operators under high environmental temperature conditions]. PMID- 3195099 TI - [Effect of depth diving and holding the breath on the acid-base state of the blood]. PMID- 3195100 TI - [Determination of the need and the demand for medical supplies by a troop unit]. PMID- 3195101 TI - [Storage of poisonous and narcotic drugs at the hospital pharmacy]. PMID- 3195102 TI - [Use of rod apparatuses for treating multiple unilateral diaphyseal fractures of the long bones]. PMID- 3195103 TI - [Traumatic aneurysm]. PMID- 3195104 TI - [Potentials of oxygen barotherapy in neurodermatitis]. PMID- 3195105 TI - [Physiotherapy in middle age]. PMID- 3195106 TI - [Current views on the fight against tobacco smoking]. PMID- 3195107 TI - [Experience in the training of military medical personnel for the Czechoslovak People's Army (the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic)]. PMID- 3195108 TI - [Towards efficiency in prevention]. PMID- 3195109 TI - [Use of computers for setting individual physical loads in the rehabilitation of patients with ischemic heart disease at a sanatorium]. PMID- 3195110 TI - [Clinical effectiveness of auricular acupuncture therapy with hypertension patients]. PMID- 3195111 TI - [Use of a dalargin aerosol in treating the exacerbations of uncomplicated duodenal peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3195112 TI - [Effect of combined health resort treatment including peloid therapy on disordered immune homeostasis in patients with duodenal peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3195113 TI - [Changes in the cytochemical indices of the blood leukocytes in chronic cerebral leptomeningitis during combined treatment using decimeter waves]. PMID- 3195115 TI - [Use of mechanotherapy in the rehabilitative treatment of patients with breast cancer]. PMID- 3195114 TI - [Effect of microwaves (460 MHz) on spermatogenesis, hormonal metabolism and immunity in patients with secondary sterility with exposure in the area of the adrenal projection]. PMID- 3195116 TI - [Status and outlook for improving the sanatorium-health resort care of children with diseases of the digestive organs]. PMID- 3195117 TI - [Effect of low-energy laser radiation in the infrared range on the regional hemodynamic function of patients with atherosclerosis of the arteries of the legs]. PMID- 3195118 TI - [Effectiveness of ozokerite, balneo- and physiotherapy in the combined treatment of diabetes mellitus patients (the late results)]. PMID- 3195119 TI - [Changes in lipid peroxidation in the liver tissue and blood serum of rats with chronic toxic hepatitis under the influence of naftusia mineral water]. PMID- 3195121 TI - [Development of a tablet technology for dried standardized preparations based on brine and the native liquid phase of therapeutic mud]. PMID- 3195120 TI - [Roentgenogrammetry in assessing the action of physiotherapy in patients with cervical osteochondrosis]. PMID- 3195122 TI - [The use of mathematical methods in problem solving in health resort medicine and physiotherapy]. PMID- 3195123 TI - [Immunocorrecting properties and effect on the phosphorus-calcium metabolism of oxidevit (1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3)]. AB - Effect of oxidevite (I alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3) on the patterns of immunity system and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus were studied in 45 patients with chronic bronchitis, which, were treated with the drug at doses of 2 or 4 micrograms during 1 or 2 weeks. Specific patterns of calcium and phosphorus metabolism were altered in the patients depending on dose of the drug and duration of the course treatment. The dose of 4 micrograms per a day within 2 weeks was excessive. All the immunity patterns studied involving amount of total and rosette-forming cells, T-lymphocyte helpers and T-lymphocyte suppressors, B lymphocytes, were normalized independently on the initial level of these patterns: the elevated values decreased, the decreased values-increased. The normal values of the immunity patterns studied were not altered during the oxidevite treatment course. Content of blood inorganic phosphorus correlated with leukocytes dynamics. PMID- 3195125 TI - [Cardioprotective effect of carnitine and its synthetic analog 3-(2,2,2 trimethylhydrazinium) propionate in rats with experimental myocardial infarction]. AB - Effect of carnitine and its synthetic analogue 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium) propionate (THP) has been studied in rats with experimental infarction of myocardium following occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Morphological and biochemical changes were determined within 24 hrs after occlusion. The infarcted area was diminished from 29.8% down to 18.7% and 10.9%, in rats treated with THP and carnitine, respectively. The both drugs studied affected favourably the activities of malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and of their isoenzymes as well as the aminotransferase activities in blood plasma. Administration of carnitine caused an increase in the content of lactate and pyruvate in blood plasma, while their ratio was decreased. Thus, the modulation of fatty acids metabolism using betaine derivatives caused a cardioprotective effect. PMID- 3195126 TI - [Comparison of spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods of determination of galactocerebroside-beta-D-galactosidase in leukocytes]. AB - A procedure was developed for estimation of galactocerebroside beta-D galactosidase activity in leukocytes using a new fluorogenic compound 6 hexadecanoylamino-4-methylum-belliferyl-beta-D-galactop yra noside (HMGal) as a substrate. Some patterns of the fluorometric procedure were compared with corresponding parameters of the spectrophotometric method in which a chromogenic substrate HNGal was used. Sensitivity of the fluorometric procedure with HMGal as a substrate was increased 100-fold as compared with the spectrophotometric method. At the same time, the fluorometric procedure enabled to reduce considerably the incubation period and the cell protein content per an assay. High sensitivity and reproducibility of the procedure with HMGal as a substrate allowed to carry out biochemical diagnosis of Krabbe disease in leukocytes. PMID- 3195124 TI - [Hypolipidemic effect of the new diprophylline derivative, [2-hydroxy-3 (theophylline-7-ol] propyl ester of 4-benzylhydroxybenzoic acid]. AB - A new derivative of diprophylline--[2-hydroxy-3(theophylline-7-ol)] propyl ester 4-benzyloxybenzoic acid was shown to decrease the content of cholesterol and of atherogenic lipoproteins in blood serum of hyperlipidemic guinea pigs. In blood serum of rabbits the new substance studied decreased cholesterol, free fatty acids and malonic dialdehyde concentrations. PMID- 3195127 TI - [A modified method of determination of serotonin receptors of of the 1st and 2nd type in the brain]. AB - Modified radioligand method for identification of 5-HT1 (hydroxytriptamine) and 5 HT2 receptor binding sites in rat brain is described. The binding technique was simplified, while sensitivity and stability of the method were significantly increased. PMID- 3195128 TI - [The effect of ethanol on the initial stage of protein biosynthesis in the rat liver]. AB - After administration of ethanol into rats at a dose of 1.63 g/kg of body mass within two weeks the rate of sRNA aminoacylation was decreased if 14C-leucine and 14C chlorella protein hydrolysate were used. Addition of the alcohol into incubation media caused the ethanol-dependent inhibition of sRNA aminoacylation by valine. leucine, proline, histidine as well as by amino acid mixture from the protein hydrolysate. At the same time, aminoacylation of sRNA by glycine and aspartic acid was unaltered. The rate of sRNA aminoacylation by aspartic acid was increased in presence of 85 mmole of ethanol. PMID- 3195129 TI - [Effect of antenatal hypoxia on homocarnosine levels in the brain and blood of rats of various ages]. AB - Content of homocarnosine was studied in brain and blood of 14, 30 and 70 days old rats, mothers of which were subjected to hypoxia, corresponding to the height 9,000 m within 1 hr, during 2 week pregnancy. In 14 days old animals content of homocarnosine was increased by 43% in brain and 2-fold in blood, in 30 days old animals it was decreased by 13% in brain and increased 5-fold in blood after the antenatal hypoxia as compared with controls. Content of homocarnosine was similar to control values in brain and blood of 70 days old rats with antenatal hypoxia. PMID- 3195130 TI - [Effect of dietary linoleic acid on the platelet aggregation, fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids and synthesis of platelet prostaglandins in rats]. AB - Three groups of Wistar-Kyoto rats were kept on diets containing different quantity of linoleic acid (LA) in prenatal and postnatal periods up to 18 weeks age: I. less than 0.1 cal.% of LA, 2. 9.0 cal.% of LA and 3. 16 cal.% of LA. Aggregation of washed platelets with ADP and A23187, biosynthesis of prostaglandins from 14C-arachidonic acid in platelets and fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids were studied using gas liquid chromatography. Modification of fatty acid composition of platelet phospholipids and changes in biosynthesis of platelet prostaglandins are the base for proaggregation effect of LA deficient and for antiaggregation effect of LA enriched diets. The effects of dietary LA were mediated not only via altered metabolism of fatty acids of linoleic family but also via metabolism of fatty acids of oleic and linolenic series. PMID- 3195131 TI - [The effect of vitamin K deficiency in rats on various enzyme systems participating in energy metabolism]. AB - In alimentary deficiency of vitamin K in rats, accompanied by an increase in the prothrombin time by 30%, activity of kidney creatine kinase and of blood serum alkaline phosphatase was unaltered, while the activity of alkaline phosphatase in small intestinal mucose was decreased by 20% and that of creatine kinase from skeletal muscles--by 10%. In vitamin K-deprived animals the rate of coupling between respiration and mitochondrial phosphorylation was decreased, which might be due to alteration in the NADH-dehydrogenase complex. Menadion reductase activity and cyanide-resistant respiration of mitochondria were unaltered in presence of menadion. Palmitic acid effectively activated of mitochondrial respiration in vitamin K-deprived animals (contrary to the control rats). This effect appears to occur as a result of structural alterations in mitochondria depending on vitamin K level in the organelles. PMID- 3195132 TI - [Changes in the lipid component of liver microsomal membranes during the postischemic period after administration of alpha-tocopherol and lidocaine]. AB - Administration of alpha-tocopherol in combination with lidocaine prevented distinct alterations in lipid component of liver microsomal membranes of rats during the restoration period after 30 min total ischemia of liver tissue. These drugs reduced the ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids down to the initial level within 3 days after ischemia, whereas the alterations in fatty acid composition were maintained within 21 days of the restoration period in control experiment. Considerable alterations in the patterns of fluorescent probe ANS binding with microsomal membranes during the postischemic period were not observed after administration of the drugs. Protective effect of the drugs involved transformation of lipid component in microsomal membranes. PMID- 3195133 TI - [Relation between infections during the pregnancy and the rate of hydroxyproline excretion in children with congenital chest deformities]. AB - In a group of women, which had children with hereditary isolated and syndromal chest deformations, acute respiratory diseases, tonsillitis or influenza occurred during pregnancy in 42.9 +/- 6.6% and 53.8 +/- 13.8% of cases, respectively, whereas in the control group only 17.8 +/- +/- 7.2% of the women were impaired with identical infectious diseases during pregnancy (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Excretion of hydroxyproline was distinctly dissimilar in 22 children with isolated and in 13 children with syndromal chest deformations depending on presence or absence of the above-mentioned infections during pregnancy. Under conditions of these infections the higher level of total hydroxyproline excretion was noted as well as relatively lower content of bound hydroxyproline was detected in those peptides, which appear to be responsible for the content of newly synthesized collagen. The data obtained suggest that acute respiratory diseases, influenza, chronic and acute tonsillitis may impair collagen metabolism in children with hereditary chest deformations as well as that these infectious diseases occurred during pregnancy may increase the risk of the pathology development in the children. PMID- 3195134 TI - [Neuraminidase forms in human chorion]. AB - Detection of various forms of neuraminidase from human chorion was carried out by means of evaluation of the enzyme stability of freezing-thawing and of its ability to bind lectin. Freezing of chorion in liquid nitrogen enabled to find in the tissue labile neuraminidase, which occurred in soluble fraction as well as the more stable enzyme form, precipitated with cell particles. At the same time, properties of soluble and membrane-bound neuraminidases, involving pH optima and specificity towards synthetic substrates, were similar. The precipitated neuraminidase from human chorion consisted of two forms, bound- and unbound with Con A-Sepharose. Both these forms exhibited similar pH optima and Km values but were dissimilar in their stability. The neuraminidases from human chorion, dissimilar in their property of lectin-binding, resembled the enzymes from human leukocytes. Besides, beta-galactosidases from both human chorion and leukocytes were bound with Con A-Sepharose practically completely. PMID- 3195135 TI - [Effect of acute vitamin B1 deficiency caused by oxythiamine on protein biosynthesis in the spleen during immunogenesis]. AB - Distinct increase in incorporation of 14C-protein hydrolysate of chlorella (5 microCi per an animal of 150 g body mass) into proteins of rat spleen was observed within 4 days after a single or repeated immunization of rats (180-200 g of body mass) with human blood serum gamma-immunoglobulin at a dose of 30-40 mg per 1 kg of animal mass. Under conditions of acute B1-avitaminosis caused by a single administration of hydroxythiamine at a high dose of 400 mg/kg incorporation of the label into spleen proteins of the immunized rats was decreased within 72 hrs. Thus, acute hydroxythiamine-produced B1-avitaminosis inhibited induction of protein biosynthesis stimulated during immunogenesis. PMID- 3195136 TI - [Radioimmunological assay of human lysozyme and effect of exertion on its blood level]. AB - Radioimmunoassay (RIA) of human lysozyme was developed using 125I-lysozyme and specific antiserum to the enzyme. Titre of antibodies produced in the antiserum was as high as 1:81,000, affinity constant constituted 1.3.10(9) M/L. Optimum patterns of the RIA were achieved under the following conditions: B0 = 50-55%, T = 25-30.10(3) cpm, BSA = 0.5%, NaCl = 0.85%, charcoal 2.5%. The antibody-antigen reaction was carried out within 30 min, 30 and 15 min at 37 degrees, 20 degrees and 4 degrees, respectively. The RIA enabled to estimate lysozyme with sensitivity of 0.25 ng/ml, while the standard curve was optimal within the range of 0.1-1.0 ng/tube. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients did not exceed 4% and 8%, respectively. Recovery of the standard lysozyme concentration was equal to 96.5 +/- +/- 0.8%. As shown by the RIA intensive physical exercises resulted in an increase of lysozyme content in blood, which appears to occur due to the enzyme secretion from phagocytes. Calculation of the secretion index may be used for evaluation of blood phagocytes functional state. PMID- 3195137 TI - [Oxygenase reactions in rat liver microsomes during antioxidant deficiency]. AB - Distinct activation of both nonenzymatic and enzymatic forms of lipid peroxidation, with prevalence of the nonenzymatic reactions was detected in liver microsomes of rats kept on vitamin E-deficient diet. Content of main microsomal oxygenase cytochrome P-450 was unaltered, while activity of oxidative hydroxylation of the substrate of the type I (aminopyrine) was slightly decreased. After administration of the inhibitors of free radical reactions alpha tocopherol and ionol into the animals reactions of lipid peroxidation and metabolism of xenobiotics were corrected to some degree in liver microsomes. At the same time, aminotransferase activities were normalized in liver subcellular fractions. PMID- 3195138 TI - [Effect of chemical modification of hemoglobin on its biological activity]. AB - Oligomeric hemoglobins were produced after polycondensation with glutaric aldehyde (OHb) as well as after modification with pyridoxal-5-phosphate (OHb PLP). OHb exhibited high affinity to oxygen (P50 = 17 torr) as well as a decreased rate of the subunits cooperative interaction (n = 1.5-1.6); OHb-PLP possessed P50 = 27 torr, n = 2.2 (for pO2 greater than P50), Bore effect -0.4. The P50 pattern was not distinctly altered in presence of approximately 15% Met hemoglobin, while already 8% of the Met form affected the "n" parameter. Biological activity of OHb and OHb-PLP was studied. PMID- 3195139 TI - [Effect of exogenous ribose-5-phosphate on the ATP level in a cardiomyocyte culture during "metabolic ischemia" and anoxia]. AB - Addition of ribose-5-phosphate into the incubation medium of primary culture of cardiomyocytes was shown to prevent a decrease in the ATP content under conditions of "metabolic ischemia" and anoxia. Possible mechanisms of ribose-5 phosphate participation in maintaining of the energetic status of myocardial cell in pathological conditions are discussed. PMID- 3195140 TI - [Various physico-chemical properties of L-lysine-alpha-oxidase from Trichoderma sp]. AB - L-lysine-alpha-oxidase, isolated from a strain of Trichoderma sp. exhibited enzymological properties suitable for a chemotherapeutic drug used in experimental oncology. PMID- 3195142 TI - [Characteristics of the immune response in children multiply inoculated with an inactivated influenza vaccine]. AB - The observations involved 1082 children ranging in ages from 11 to 14 years who had been annually given from one to four injections of inactivated chromatographic influenza vaccine. An additional group consisted of 242 children who after three years of vaccination with the inactivated vaccine were given a live influenza vaccine type A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) for children. The studies showed that the highest immunological effect in children was achieved after two years of vaccination with the inactivated influenza vaccine. No positive effect on the immune response in children was demonstrated by the addition of a live vaccine into the immunization schedule against the background of multiple immunizations with the inactivated one. Different types of responses in children to immunization against influenza were observed. PMID- 3195141 TI - [The molecular mechanism of the antiviral action of 2-(1'-aminoethyl)-bicyclo (2.2.1) heptane hydrochloride]. AB - The interaction of 2-(1'-aminoethyl)-bicyclo (2.2.1) heptane hydrochloride possessing anti-influenza activity with flat bilayer lipid membranes was studied. The compound was shown to adsorb and build-in into the lipid bilayer changing the charge, modulus of transverse elasticity, and ion permeability of the membranes. Pre-addition of the preparation into the medium washing the membrane prevents interaction of influenza virus matrix protein with the membrane. The compound also destroys M-protein aggregates in the aqueous phase. The possible role of the observed effect of the compound in its antiviral action is discussed. PMID- 3195143 TI - [Immunogenic properties of the liposomal form of the rabies vaccine]. AB - The liposomal form of inactivated cultural whole-virion rabies vaccine was shown to induce formation of more intensive immunity than the vaccine without liposomes. These data have been obtained in immunity challenge by intracerebral inoculation of fixed virus as well as intramuscular inoculation of street rabies virus. PMID- 3195144 TI - [Intrapopulation differences in the infectivity of adult Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. with the tick-borne encephalitis virus and an assessment of its total content in ticks]. AB - At the present stage of investigations on the role of vectors in foci of tick borne encephalitis and of other transmissible infections it is necessary not only to operate with extensive indices of arthropod infection rate but also to take into account the degree of their infection. It has been demonstrated that adult empty Ixodes persulcatus ticks at the time of activation differ significantly by the degree of their infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus. In the Khabarovsk Territory, annual changes in the relative and absolute numbers of infected ticks did not lead to sharp variations in the virus population portion associated with ticks. It is suggested that vector individuals containing different virus doses are of different functional importance in providing long term existence of virus population. PMID- 3195145 TI - [Effect of magnesium sulfate on the reproduction of the measles virus in cell culture]. AB - Magnesium sulphate in concentrations of 25-50 mM induced reproducible increase in titers of extracellular measles virus (by 0.5-2.0 1g TCD50/0.5 ml) in Japanese quail embryo cells. MgSO4 effect was observed with all methods of cell cultivation: stationary, roller, or on microcarriers. Its effect was associated not with its stabilizing influence on the extracellular virus but rather with the stimulation of the synthesis of intracellular viral proteins. PMID- 3195146 TI - [Persistence of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in the vaccinated organism]. PMID- 3195147 TI - [The indirect hemagglutination reaction for the detection of the Lassa virus]. PMID- 3195148 TI - Postoperative radiation therapy with weekly 5 fluorouracil. PMID- 3195149 TI - Temporal arteritis. PMID- 3195151 TI - Food labeling. PMID- 3195150 TI - Medical care costs. PMID- 3195152 TI - New AIDS Hotline in Charleston. PMID- 3195153 TI - Detection of phenolic glycolipid I of Mycobacterium leprae and antibodies to the antigen in sera from leprosy patients and their contacts. PMID- 3195154 TI - Olivopontocerebellar atrophy. PMID- 3195156 TI - Epithelial ovarian carcinoma: analysis of prognostic factors. PMID- 3195155 TI - Bone mineral density following treatment of hyperprolactinemia. PMID- 3195157 TI - Computed tomography of spinal tuberculosis. PMID- 3195158 TI - A study of HLA antigens in Behcet's syndrome. PMID- 3195159 TI - Aplastic anemia associated with stomach cancer--a case report. PMID- 3195160 TI - A case of progressive hypertrophic neuropathy in childhood with facial diplegia (Dejerine-Sottas disease). PMID- 3195161 TI - Heterotopic salivary gland located in the middle neck. PMID- 3195162 TI - [Confirmation power of computer tomography for suspected mediastinal tumors]. AB - CT investigations of the mediastinum were compared in their diagnostic power with conventional X-ray pictures. With striking mediastinal broadening, CT always allowed to identify the origin of the tumour, its exact location and relationship with neighbouring organs and vessels. Determining its expansion proved valuable for the further therapeutic procedure. Density measurements gave indications as to the type of tumour. Fine-needle puncture permitted to narrow differential diagnostic findings. Finally, CT was used especially with systemic diseases for the search of lymph nodes in case of known tumours such as bronchial and mammary cancer. Also, pathological vascular processes, such as aneurysms, could be well visualized. This allowed to restrict the more stressing investigations, e.g. mediastinoscopy and angiography. PMID- 3195163 TI - Mineralogical analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. AB - The analytical techniques routinely used for the mineralogical analysis of small particles, ranging from light microscopy (LM) to electron microscopy (EM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), can be applied to evaluate the content of broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) in various inorganic particles. The evaluation of the concentration of asbestos bodies (AB's) in BAL samples allows in some cases to assess an asbestos exposure not revealed through a detailed occupational inquiry, and consequently can have important medico-legal implications. However it must be kept in mind that even a very positive BAL is an indicator of exposure, but can never be considered as a proof of disease. The interest of these studies is not limited to asbestos related pathologies, but they have also contributed to a better diagnosis and understanding of the pathogenesis of unusual pneumoconiosis like aluminium induced interstitial lung disease and dental technicians pneumoconiosis. PMID- 3195164 TI - [Reference values for the maximal expiratory flow volume curve for adults. Results of a cooperative study]. AB - Reference values of the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve for the adult GDR's population have been ascertained by a co-operative study of 5 lung function laboratories. We analysed measurements in 1,004 healthy subjects aged 16 to 69 years (728 males and 276 females). Prediction equations for the maximal expiratory flow rates, several time constants of lung mechanics and screening parameters of ventilatory inhomogeneity have been calculated by means of the multiple linear regression analysis. Our reference values are in good accordance with SEPCR summary equations. It is recommended to subtract from or add to the predicted values 1.64 standard deviations and to consider abnormal all values beyond this limit. PMID- 3195165 TI - [The origin of bronchial carcinoma in siderofibrosis]. AB - Investigations of diseases due to professional exposure, especially the development of malignant tumors, are of increasing interest. In the present case the development of a bronchogenic carcinoma on the base of sidero-fibrosis in a 46-year-old man (E-welder) is described. Several aspects of the problem are discussed. PMID- 3195166 TI - [Hemocompatibility testing in the rat model by noninvasive blood flow measurement using an arteriovenous shunt]. AB - The flowing periods of blood through biomaterial shunts were measured by means of a noninvasive sensor with sufficient reliability. Falsifications of the measuring results by foreign influences as roller pumps, punctures, changes of the cross section, or the coupling of different materials were avoided extensively. The accomplishment of the test is possible routinely without a great display of apparatus. PMID- 3195167 TI - [The estimation of the hemocompatibility of synthetic polymers by in vitro determination of thrombocyte adhesion under standardized conditions]. AB - In vitro tests are necessary in the biomaterial investigation to the characterization of blood-material-interactions. The platelet adhesion rate on these layers were tested concerning the valuation of the haemocompatibility of the basic-polymers polyurethane (PUR), polyvinylchloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS) in two different worked test chambers. The sequence PUR greater than PVC greater than PS of their haemocompatibility were shown with sufficient reproductiveness of the test results. Such chamber tests allow to standardise the haemocompatability considerably. PMID- 3195168 TI - [Paracetamol poisoning in a swine model]. AB - In order to prove the function of isolated transplanted hepatocytes in acute liver failure we tried to establish a hepatic failure model in pigs which correlates to a clinical situation. In 12 pigs we administered 500-2000 mg/kg body weight acetaminophen after enzyme induction with Pentobarbital. 7 animals receiving 500-1000 mg/kg acetaminophen survived the intoxication, 5 animals receiving 1000-2000 mg/kg acetaminophen died within 6.5 hours after intoxication because of methemoglobinemia. A close correlation between administered dosage of the drug, acetaminophen blood levels and methemoglobinemia was found. Histology of surviving animals showed a dosage depended cell necrosis. A standardized hepatic failure model could not be established in pigs by acetaminophen intoxication, because dosages of more than 1000 mg/kg were survived. In dosage higher than 1000 mg/kg a side effect of the acetaminophen intoxication the methemoglobinemia limited the life of the animals. Therefore acetaminophen can not be used to induce acute hepatic failure in pigs. PMID- 3195169 TI - [Assisted circulation for volume relief of the right heart ventricle]. AB - The model of the failure of the right ventricle was formed in dog experiments. The animals were connected with the right mechanically assisted circulation. The blood was pumped synchronously with the heart action from the right atrium directly to the pulmonary artery by temporary bypass of the right ventricle. The right volume relief improved (p less than 0.03) the decisive hemodynamic parameters. The value of assisted circulation in case of the hitherto only difficulty to controlled failure of the right ventricle is proved with that. PMID- 3195170 TI - [Experimental bile duct replacement using deep seromuscular stomach wall grafts]. AB - Numerous materials and experimental designs were tested hitherto concerning their usefulness as a substitute of the ductus choledochus. However, an ideal substitute to discover failed. We had tested a serous muscular stomach wall patch, flapped at the gastroepiploic vasa, in 6 pigs. Choledochus epithelium did not grow in every case. A scarred shrinking with following stenosis of the transplant resulted in all cases with a longer observation period. We concluded from that a serous muscularly flapped stomach wall transplant does not suit as a bile duct substitute. PMID- 3195171 TI - A technique of the segmental devitalization of kidneys in experiment. AB - With the help of partially overlapping parenchymatous sutures, different renal segments were devitalized. After 8 weeks, a fibrous conversion occurred in devitalized part of the kidney. For the orientation during establishing the sutures, a topographic schematic diagram was used, which is simple and quite satisfactory for the use in practice. The study was performed on minipigs (21 x unilaterally, 3 x bilaterally) without any exitus of the experimental animals. A long series of experiments was performed in 37 rats on one kidney and in 40 rats bilaterally. Only in 3 rats the cause of the exitus was obviously in a connection with eliminating more than 70 to 75% of the renal parenchyma from the function. The devitalization technique presents good results in both series of the experiments. Possibilities of its use in the clinical practice in cases, where the resection therapy is being used currently, are discussed. PMID- 3195172 TI - [Experimental studies in animals of the regeneration of peripheral nerves]. AB - In bridging nerve gaps and studying the process of nerve regeneration the method of "tubulation" becomes of new worldwide importance during the last years. In this technique the both stumps are introduced in a preformed tube without tension, the further healing process is left to the neuron's potency for self repair. Although until now the experimental results confirm the possibility of this management it is often impossible to compare the findings because of the insufficient quantitative analyses. In this paper the own results of bridging a 4 6 mm defect in rat sciatic nerves with a connective tissue-teflon-tube are presented including an extensive quantitative analysis with methods of computer based multivariate data analysis. The theoretic advantages of this technique are discussed in relation to the autologous interfascicular nerve transplantation. PMID- 3195173 TI - [Diagnosis of stress-induced myocardial ischemia: accuracy of a direct recording long-term ECG system in comparison to standard ECG equipment]. AB - The accuracy of ST-segment analysis with a direct-recording long-term ECG system (CardioData Mk 4) with a good low-frequency response was compared to that obtained by a standard ECG-recorder. Twenty-two patients with coronary heart disease and a positive exercise test were submitted to a second bicycle exercise test with concomitant long-term ECG registration. Application of a special switch device made it possible to record not only extremity and chest leads but also the two bipolar long-term ECG leads simultaneously on both the standard-ECG (leads ECG 1 and 2), and the long-term ECG (leads LEG 1 and 2). We determined the time of the beginning, end, maximum, and the magnitude of the ST-segment depression in bipolar leads LEG 1/2 and ECG 1/2, as well as in the unipolar leads V5/V6 of the exercise ECG. The long-term ECG was just as accurate as the standard ECG: the time intervals between the different leads showed good agreement. The degree of maximum ST-segment depression in ECG 1 (MW +/- SD = 2.2 +/- 1.1 mm) was identical to that in LEG 1 (2.2 +/- 1.3 mm). The maximum extent of ST-segment depression was lower in ECG 2 and LEG 2 but also comparable (ECG 2: 1.4 +/- 1.4 mm, LEG 2: 1.5 +/- 1.7 mm). Comparison of the unipolar leads V5/V6 of standard ECG with the bipolar lead LEG 1 of the long-term ECG yielded nearly identical results: V5/V6 2.0 +/- 0.7 mm; LEG 1: 2.2 +/- 1.3 mm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195174 TI - [Calcinosis of the mitral valve system and its effect on valve function. A Doppler echocardiography study]. AB - Non-inflammatory calcific disease of the mitral valve apparatus is a common finding in elderly patients. This study describes the incidence, clinical findings and location of mitral calcium deposits detected by 2D-echocardiography in an unselected series of patients referred for echocardiography to a general hospital. In addition, valvular function was assessed by Doppler sonography. In 48 out of 217 consecutive patients, 2D-echocardiography showed mitral calcium deposits. The mean age of this patient group was 72 +/- 11 years. Clinical histories and findings in most patients indicated an association between calcium deposits and increased tension of valve structures by left ventricular pressure overload (i.e., hypertension, aortic stenosis), dilatative cardiomyopathy or valve prolapse. Calcific deposits were located predominantly at the posterior mitral ring, but in 48% of our patients calcification of mitral chordae was also seen. Mitral regurgitation was detected by Doppler sonography in 52% of the patient group, in 25% at least moderate mitral regurgitation could be demonstrated. The presence of valve incompetence was not dependent on the location of calcium deposits. Mitral valve area, as assessed by Doppler, ranged from 2.1 to 6.7 cm2. PMID- 3195175 TI - [Noninvasive detection of a coronary arteriovenous fistula by two-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography]. AB - The diagnosis of a left circumflex coronary artery--coronary sinus fistula draining into the right atrium was confirmed by echocardiographic analysis. Two dimensional echocardiography revealed a dilatation of the left main coronary artery, the left circumflex artery, the coronary sinus and a fistulous communication. Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study showed a turbulent, continuous flow within the dilated coronary artery, in the coronary sinus and at the site of its drainage into the right atrium. There was a diastolic flow reversal in the descending aorta in absence of aortic insufficiency. Color Doppler echocardiography enhanced the finding of the correct diagnosis by simultaneously displaying blood flow within various parts of the heart and the coronary vessels. This technique aided in establishing the exact location of the fistula by demonstrating a turbulent blood flow, even in narrow cardiac structures. The echocardiographic diagnosis was confirmed by coronary angiography. PMID- 3195177 TI - [Electrophysiologic properties of accessory atrioventricular pathways. Comparison with myocardial tissue and relation to site]. AB - In 45 patients (15 female, 30 male; age 34 +/- 12 years) with Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome: 1) the relation between electrophysiologic properties and location of accessory pathways and 2) the relationship between electrophysiologic properties of accessory pathways and adjacent atrial and ventricular myocardium was studied. Location of the accessory pathways was determined by catheter mapping of the coronary sinus and the tricuspid valve ring. There was no linear correlation between antegrade and retrograde effective refractory periods of accessory pathways and adjacent myocardial tissue. According to their location, accessory pathways were divided into right lateral (n = 4), anteroseptal (n = 6), posteroseptal (n = 10), left posterolateral (n = 8), and left lateral (n = 17). While analysis of variance revealed no differences between subgroups concerning retrograde effective refractory periods, antegrade effective refractory periods were significantly different (p less than .01). Moving in a clockwise direction around the mitral valve ring, antegrade effective refractory periods of the accessory pathways decrease from anteroseptal (321 +/- 30 ms) to posteroseptal (290 +/- 38 ms), left posterolateral (258 +/- 21 ms) and left lateral (246 +/- 27 ms), (Spearman R = 0.70m, p less than .01). Antegrade effective refractory periods of septally located accessory pathways (301 +/- 38) were significantly longer than of pathways located in the free wall of the ventricles (251 +/- 24, p less than .01). PMID- 3195176 TI - [Reflex regulation of heart rate in patients with heart failure]. AB - The carotid sinus baroreceptors were stimulated in 34 patients with heart failure (NYHA II-III) and sinus rhythm. We found that reflex bradycardia is caused by a selective increase in parasympathetic activity and the increase in cycle length depends on the degree of baroreceptor stimulation, therefore a regression line could be calculated for each patient. The slopes of these regression lines were used as an index of baroreflex sensitivity. Initial heart rate, age, stroke volume index, and plasma-noradrenaline concentration correlated with baroreflex sensitivity. However, according to multiple regression analysis (r = 0.64, p less than 0.001), only age correlated negatively (p less than 0.05), and the stroke volume index correlated positively (p less than 0.001) with baroreflex sensitivity: the lower the stroke volume index the smaller the baroreflex sensitivity. This indicates that reflex increases in parasympathetic activity depend on the degree of heart failure. PMID- 3195178 TI - [Effect of a new class I anti-arrhythmia agent cibenzoline in patients with therapy refractory, sustained ventricular tachycardias]. AB - The effectiveness of Cibenzoline was assessed by means of programmed ventricular stimulation in 13 patients with sustained, drug refractory ventricular tachycardia. Besides Cibenzoline, an average of 3.5 antiarrhythmic drugs were tested, or were clinically ineffective. Cibenzoline was applied, i.v., in a dose of 1.5 mg/kg within 10 min. Cycle length was significantly shortened (p less than or equal to 0.05) while increases were noted for effective refractory period of the right ventricle (p less than or equal to 0.05), intranodal (AH-interval) and infranodal (HV-interval) conduction time (p less than or equal to 0.01), QRS duration (p less than or equal to 0.001), QT-interval corrected for frequency (p less than or equal to 0.001) as well as cycle-length of the tachycardia (p less than or equal to 0.05). After i.v. Cibenzoline, induction of tachycardia was more difficult in two patients and unchanged in five patients. Spontaneous occurrence of the tachycardia was noted in three patients, and in one patient tachycardia was sustained by atrial stimulation. Cibenzoline i.v. prevented tachycardia in two patients respectively induction of tachycardia was not reproducible. It is concluded that Cibenzoline may be effective in individual patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia unresponsive to other antiarrhythmic drugs. PMID- 3195180 TI - [Intrapericardial teratoma in an adult]. AB - The intrapericardial teratoma is a very rare congenital tumor of the heart which today is mostly diagnosed in early childhood using modern imaging devices. The course of a 46-year-old male who suffered from a pericardial effusion for the first time at the age of 13 is reported. During the subsequent three decades, the patient recurrently complained of chest pains. The final diagnosis was determined following surgical removal of the tumor and upon histological evaluation. The case reported here is unique because of clinical signs and symptoms of an intrapericardial teratoma documented in adolescence and adulthood over a period of 34 years. PMID- 3195181 TI - [Peripheral pulmonary stenosis: initial manifestation of a malignant teratoma]. AB - A case of acquired pulmonic stenosis is described. The only symptoms reported by the patient, a seemingly healthy woman, were minor chest discomfort and mild dyspnea upon exertion for the last six month. Cardiac catheterization revealed stenoses of both the right and left pulmonary arteries. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mediastinal tumor mass that almost totally compressed the right main pulmonary artery and also encroached upon the left pulmonary artery. Histologically the tumor was a malignant teratoma. The subsequent course of treatment was complicated by cardiac tamponade. With regression of the tumor during therapy the signs of pulmonic stenosis disappeared. In cases with acquired pulmonic stenosis an underlying mediastinal tumor has to be considered. PMID- 3195179 TI - [Dose-related effect of nicainoprol (CAS 924) on basic electrophysiologic parameters in patients with and without diseases of the heart conduction system]. AB - The dose-dependent effects of nicainoprol (1 and 2 mg/kg/h), a new antiarrhythmic drug, on invasive electrophysiological parameters were evaluated in 28 patients during diagnostic electrophysiologic studies. The most pronounced effects by nicainoprol were observed on the specialized AV conduction system. The intranodal (1 mg/kg/h: A-H interval: 92 +/- 19 ms to 107 +/- 25 ms, p less than 0.002, n = 13; 2 mg/kg/h: 92 +/- 18 ms to 114 +/- 27 ms, p less than 0.001, n = 16) and, in particular, the infranodal conduction time (1 mg/kg/h: H-V interval: 45 +/- 5 ms to 52 +/- 9 ms, p less than 0.001, n = 15; 2 mg/kg/h: 45 +/- 6 ms to 58 +/- 10 ms, p less than 0.0001, n = 18) were delayed in a dose-dependent fashion. With the higher dose, there was a highly significant prolongation of the AV nodal Wenckebach cycle length (380 +/- 69 ms to 440 +/- 79 ms, p less than 0.0001, n = 13) as well as of the effective (368 +/- 112 ms to 428 +/- 108 ms, p less than 0.001, n = 12) and functional refractory periods (470 +/- 102 ms to 521 +/- 135 ms, p less than 0.001, n = 15). The intraatrial conduction time was slightly prolonged for both doses, the intraventricular conduction time increased significantly with the higher dose (89 +/- 12 ms to 102 +/- 19 ms, p less than 0.001, n = 19). In contrast, there were only small changes of right atrial and right ventricular refractorion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195182 TI - [The nervous receptors in the human inferior vocal cord]. PMID- 3195184 TI - Scanning electron and light microscopic studies on the development of the oral mucosa of camel (Camelus dromedarius). PMID- 3195183 TI - Ultrastructure of cardiac ganglia in human fetuses. PMID- 3195185 TI - [Electron microscopic and morphometric studies of the hippocampus of the NZB mouse]. PMID- 3195186 TI - Renal lesions following dichloromethane intoxication. PMID- 3195187 TI - Toxic effects of di-isopropyl fluorophosphate on rat cerebral cortex: a light and electron microscopic study. PMID- 3195188 TI - Ultrastructure of the adrenal cortex of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). PMID- 3195189 TI - The effect of estradiol on quantitative changes in the ultrastructure of pinealocyte structures in sexually immature female domestic pigs. PMID- 3195191 TI - The relationship between ultrastructure and function of formed elements in camel blood. 2. The lymphocytes. PMID- 3195190 TI - Ultrastructure of palatine salivary glands of the tufted capuchine monkey (Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758). PMID- 3195192 TI - Pinealocyte karyometric modifications in the albino rat following the application of magnetic fields. PMID- 3195193 TI - Morphometric variations of the thymus cells 30 days after pinealectomy. PMID- 3195194 TI - [Index of epithelial height: calculation of the height of the epithelium in follicular and tubular structures]. PMID- 3195195 TI - [The effect of age on the number, distribution and length of the muscle spindles and their capsules in the soleus muscle of the rat]. PMID- 3195196 TI - [The effect of age on the extra- and intrafusal muscle fibers in the soleus muscle of the rat]. PMID- 3195197 TI - [The ependyma of sheep. 6. Aquaeductus mesencephali and ventriculus quartus]. PMID- 3195198 TI - Enhancement of field stability and utility of future biologicals through prior accelerated degradation testing. AB - The scepticism about the future utility of newer biologicals towards reducing disease morbidity or mortality at the public health or application level can be regarded as appropriate. The financial or research inputs into producing anti idiotypic, subunit, cloned or genetically engineered products may not be transcribed to the field level due to political or economic impediments and the putative breakdown of any specific activity at the application level, as with the conventional immunobiologicals, may also negate the utility of the newer products. Such an eventuality should be overcome by planning, during the pre licensure phase, appropriate accelerated degradation tests on newer biologicals. PMID- 3195199 TI - Complement-mediated neutralization test for determination of mumps vaccine induced antibody. AB - When assessed by a conventional plaque neutralization (NT) test, about one third of recipients of live mumps vaccine were found to have failed to seroconvert, although the majority of them became seropositive by the complement-mediated neutralization (CNT) test. The discrepancy between the conventional NT and CNT was found to result from two factors. First, the predominant production of antibodies to the fusion (F) protein during the early phase of antibody response, and second, a low efficiency of NT of the early antibodies in the absence of complement. These features of antibody response were also seen in natural mumps infection and in experimental infection of monkeys, but were particularly prominent in vaccinees because of the limited extent of antibody response in the latter. The discrepancy between conventional NT and CNT diminished with time after vaccination, after natural infection, and also after experimental infection of monkeys. The CNT test was therefore considered better suited than the conventional NT test for assessment of the outcome of vaccination, at least until 6 to 9 weeks after vaccination. The protective role of the antibody in vivo, which requires the addition of complement for neutralization, was inferred from the observation that the antibody incorporated in the agar overlay significantly reduced the size of plaques formed by mumps virus. PMID- 3195200 TI - Regression of line-10 hepatocellular carcinoma by a less toxic cord factor analogue combined with L18-MDP or synthetic lipid A analogues. AB - A transplantable hepatocarcinoma of strain 2 guinea pigs was used as an experimental model for immunotherapy of cancer. 6,6'-Dideoxy-6,6'-bis mycoloylamino-alpha,alpha- trehalose (TDNM) was found to be more effective in producing regression of transplantable line-10 tumours than 6,6'-di-O-mycoloyl alpha,alpha-trehalose (TDM) when combined with 6-O-stearoyl muramyldipeptide (L18 MDP). TDNM showed potent antitumour activity in combination with synthetic lipid A of Escherichia coli (compound 506), but not with the lipid A analogues (GLA-59 and 60). As with the combination of MDP derivative and lipid A analogue, MDP derivatives conjugated with GLA-60 (GMD compounds) showed no tumour regression activity of line-10 cells in guinea-pigs. PMID- 3195202 TI - [Interrelation of monooxygenase activity and the function of the immune system in psoriasis patients]. PMID- 3195201 TI - Humoral immune response elicited in rats by measles viral membrane antigens presented in liposomes and ISCOMs. AB - The immunogenicity of measles virus glycoproteins presented associated to liposomes or ISCOMs was compared with that of whole virus and solubilized membrane proteins in W/Fu rats. The rats were immunized three times at ten-day intervals with syngeneic peritoneal exudate cells fed in vitro with the various antigen preparations. A strong and persisting antibody response with haemagglutinin inhibitory and neutralization activity was observed in rats immunized with liposomes, ISCOMs, or virus. The responses were very similar despite the lower dose of protein received by rats immunized with ISCOMs (1 microgram protein) or with liposomes (20 micrograms protein). By contrast, injection of peritoneal exudate cells previously fed in vitro with soluble H and F glycoproteins resulted in only a poor and transient response. The sera from rats immunized with virus, liposomes or ISCOMs contained antibodies immunoprecipitating mainly H and F glycoproteins. Despite a strong enrichment in F polypeptides during the preparation of ISCOMs, they induced an equal anti-H and anti-F antibody response. PMID- 3195203 TI - [Quantitative study of the viscoelastic properties of human skin in vivo]. PMID- 3195204 TI - [Calcium distribution in the skin in dermatoses]. PMID- 3195205 TI - [Status and outlook of the sanatorium-health resort treatment of dermatosis patients in the Ukrainian SSR]. PMID- 3195206 TI - [The role of moral-ethical and sex education in preventing venereal diseases among adolescents]. PMID- 3195207 TI - [Perestroika in the teaching of dermatology and venereology at medical institutes]. PMID- 3195208 TI - [Dynamic electroencephalography during the treatment of atopic dermatitis by central electroanalgesia]. PMID- 3195209 TI - [Thyroid hormones in leprosy patients]. PMID- 3195210 TI - [Recurrent granulomatous dermatitis with eosinophilia (Wells' syndrome)]. PMID- 3195211 TI - [Sweet's acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis]. PMID- 3195212 TI - [Darier's pseudoxanthoma elasticum]. PMID- 3195214 TI - [Combined treatment of urogenital chlamydiosis with streptokinase preparations]. PMID- 3195213 TI - [Eskuzan in the therapy of patients with chronic prostatitis]. PMID- 3195215 TI - [A method for preventing postpuncture complications]. PMID- 3195216 TI - [Bowen's disease]. PMID- 3195217 TI - [A case of early active congenital syphilis]. PMID- 3195218 TI - Pneumovirus-like characteristics of the mRNA and proteins of turkey rhinotracheitis virus. AB - Electronmicroscopy has indicated that turkey rhinotracheitis virus (TRTV), the causative agent of an acute respiratory disease in turkeys, is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. To determine if TRTV belongs to one of the three defined genera of this family (Paramyxovirus, Morbillivirus and Pneumovirus) we have analysed the RNA and proteins induced during replication of TRTV in Vero cells. Following replication in the presence of actinomycin D 10 polyadenylated RNA bands, ranging in Mr from 0.22 to 2.0 X 10(6), were detected in infected cells; some bands probably contained 2 or more RNA species. Viral proteins were studied after radiolabelling in the presence of [35S]methionine and [3H]glucosamine. Comparison of the polypeptides in mock-infected and infected cells, virions and nucleocapsids and after lentil-lectin chromatography and immunoprecipitation revealed seven virus-specific polypeptides (p), some of which were glycosylated (gp): gp82 (Mr 82K), gp68, gp53, gp15, p43, p40 and p35. These are considered to be analogous to the large glycopolypeptide (HN, H and G), fusion protein precursor F0, the F protein cleavage products F1 and F2, nucleocapsid (N), phosphorylated (P) and matrix (M) polypeptides, respectively, of the Paramyxoviridae. Two other polypeptides (Mr 200K and 22K) were also detected, as was a glycopolypeptide of Mr 97K, probably related to gp82. Tunicamycin inhibited glycosylation of gp53 and gp15 but gp82 was little affected, most glycans still being present on a glycopolypeptide of approximately 79K. This finding, indicating that gp82 has mostly O-linked glycans, considered with the mRNA profile and the molecular weight of the N protein shows that of the three genera in this family, TRTV most closely resembles the Pneumovirus genus. PMID- 3195219 TI - [The discrimination of time microintervals by emotionally excitable personalities]. AB - Function of time microintervals estimation was studied in emotionally excitable subjects (23 persons) as well as learning of this function by means of positive and negative reinforcements--words "good" and "error"--and interhemispheric relations. In excitable subjects, discerning is disturbed of short pauses between the visual stimuli, especially of 10 ms pause, presented in the right visual field. Deficit of learning of the intervals discerning is noted by reaction time parameter. There is no advantage of the left hemisphere in discerning the 10 ms pause from 60 ms, which is observed in healthy people. PMID- 3195220 TI - [Dependence of the organization of human brain electrical activity on hemispheric dominance]. AB - In healthy subjects, in a state of relative rest, with different individual profiles of asymmetry (20 right-handed and 10 left-handed subjects), a greater conjunction of electrical brain processes (estimated by mean EEG coherence levels) has been found in the dominant hemisphere as compared to the subdominant one, more distinctly expressed in the right-handed subjects. The maximum degree of interhemispheric asymmetry of the EEG coherence is observed in the posterior associative cortical areas. Specific interhemispheric theta-range differences are revealed as compared with other EEG frequency bands. Greater values are obtained of the correlation of the EEG symmetrical hemispheres points in the whole frequency band and in alpha- and beta-ranges in the right-handed subjects than in the left-handed ones. PMID- 3195221 TI - [Changes in EEG rhythms during verbal and visual-image thinking]. AB - General and local characteristics of EEG activation were studied in frontal, central, temporal and occipital areas of the left and right cerebral hemispheres in 20 adult subjects during execution of various mental tasks. The analysis of the changes of five main EEG rhythms (delta, theta, alpha, beta-1 and beta-2) showed that EEG power decrease in alpha- and beta-frequency ranges is a reliable and sensitive index of brain activation at thinking. On this basis EEG activation mosaics are described at carrying out of each task and its systemic changes at transition from one type of task to another one, depending on their psychological structure--modality and complexity. PMID- 3195222 TI - [Human assessment of time intervals depending on the manner of their representation]. AB - On 42 subject three experimental series were carried out: in the first (12 persons) and second (24 persons) series the presented interval was limited by two short clicks, in the third series (6 persons)--by electrocutaneous stimuli. Duration of the stimuli was 1 ms. There were three regimes of work in the first and third series: the intervals successively increased from 100 to 500 ms with a step of 100 ms (1), decreased from 5000 to 100 ms (2) or varied in a random order (3). In the second series only the regime 3 was applied. In all series the method of temporal intervals reproduction was used. The means of the reproduction varied: in the second and third series the interval was reproduced by button pressing according to the presented duration: in the first series the end of the interval was marked by a short button push, and the beginning was the moment of the second stimulus presentation. With the first means a considerable overreproduction was observed of the presented duration at all intervals and all regimes. At the second and third series a phasic character of the reproduction duration was noted: up to 1000 ms the interval mostly was overestimated, over 2000 ms--it was significantly underestimated. It is suggested that as the estimation of the temporal interval implies some motor reaction, the afferent flow of signals from the active muscles can change the value of the reproduced duration. In the first series, the subjects probably do not take into account the time necessary for the realized signal perception. PMID- 3195223 TI - [High-frequency components of cortical potentials and their phase-coherent characteristics during the acquisition of motor-food conditioned reflexes in dogs]. AB - Phase-coherent characteristics of neocortex background electrical activity were studied in a wide frequency range (1-100 Hz) during interstimulus periods in the process of elaboration of motor alimentary conditioned reflexes in dogs. It was shown that the process of learning led to a considerable increase of the part of high (greater than 0.75) and significant (0.5-0.75) coherences, and also of small (0 +/- 15 degrees) and accounted (+/- 16 - +/- 30 degrees) phasic shifts as compared with the state of calm wakefulness. This increase lay mainly in the high frequency range (40-100 Hz). The analysis of the interregional relations showed that they differed not only by values of phase-coherent characteristics, but also by distributions of the latter. The obtained data testify that the state of activation is manifested both in the rise of frequency of potentials oscillations and in the increase of their synchronization. PMID- 3195224 TI - [New data on the correlation of the cardiac and motor components of the instrumental conditioned defensive reflex in dogs]. AB - Correlation of heart rate (HR) and conditioned motor reaction (CMR) was studied in dogs with conditioned avoidance reflex by the V. P. Petropavlovskii method. An increase of HR was shown in response to presentation of conditioned sound stimulus reaching maximum directly before CMR beginning. Immediately after the beginning of CMR and further against the background of continuous keeping of the paw in the safety zone, CMR greatly decreases. The CMR changes testify to a heavy weakening of classical conditioned reflex of fear as a result of kinesthetic afferentation signalling about successful keeping of the paw in the safety zone. PMID- 3195226 TI - [Conditioned reflex activity in the aging process in white rats]. AB - In Wistar rats, irrespectively of their age, conditioned reflexes to present stimuli are preserved and elaborated. Neither the mechanism of time intervals estimation is disturbed in aged and old rats (24-32 months). Long intervals between experiments (3-5 months) do not influence their state. Distinct changes are revealed of spatial-temporal differentiations in T-maze: significant worsening of their state is observed in 8-10 months age; in this age it is neither possible to elaborate them again. In simplified experimental conditions in the T-maze the old rats preserve the spatial orientation. PMID- 3195225 TI - [Functional contribution of the parafascicular complex of the thalamus to complex forms of behavior in cats]. AB - The role of the thalamic parafascicular complex in cognitive processes was studied in free behaviour of cats on an original model of alternative choice with generalization of different signals systems by the principle of formation of preverbal concept "more-less". It is shown that the lateral part of the complex is involved in the mechanisms of generalization and abstraction, and the medial one--in conditioned activity. Biological bases of thalamic dementia are discussed. PMID- 3195227 TI - [The volume of reinforcement and the structure of rat behavior in a radial labyrinth]. AB - In rats choice reaction was elaborated in 12 passages radial labyrinth with different volumes of food only in six of twelve passages. Then the conditions were modified: the first group of rats in the beginning of the experiment was placed to another labyrinth sector, and in the second group the food volume was changed in passages. In new situations in animals of both groups the reaction efficiency temporarily decreased, simultaneously the correction of behaviour structure took place. The character of behavioural tactics (tendencies to visit passages with larger food volume at the beginning of the experiment, spatial motor asymmetry etc.) is described in dynamics of adaptation to new conditions. Factors determining the rats behaviour structure are discussed. PMID- 3195228 TI - [Local blood flow in the emotiogenic structures of the brain in freely moving rats]. AB - The speed of local blood flow (SLBF) in positive emotiogenic hypothalamic zones was recorded in free-moving white rats, by the method of hydrogen clearance, in states of passive and active alertness, in conditions of artificial (local) activation (by cathode) and inactivation (by DC anode) and also during stimulation of other positive and negative emotiogenic structures. It was established that the natural or artificial activation of the emotiogenic brain zones elicits an increase of SLBF and the inactivation evokes its reduction. Blood flow of the positive emotiogenic brain zones is intensified by stimulation of other positive emotiogenic structures, is reduced by stimulation of the negative emotiogenic zones and does not change at stimulation of emotionally neutral zones. It is suggested, that the mechanism of vascular reactions elicited by activation of positive and negative emotiogenic brain structures has a neurogenic basis and is performed in the type of "axon-reflex" by collaterals of ascending and descending fibers of the forebrain medial bundle. PMID- 3195229 TI - [Interhemispheric asymmetry of positive emotional reactions in rats]. AB - Interhemispheric asymmetry of positive emotional reactions was studied in rats: satisfaction of drinking need and self-stimulation. Successive inactivation of the hemispheres was carried out by potassium spreading depression. Switching off of the right as well as the left hemispheres symmetrically influenced the whole quantity of the water, drunk by the rats to a full thirst satisfaction, i. e. the magnitude of need. However, at different stages of drinking need satisfaction an interhemispheric asymmetry was observed: under a strong drinking motivation the right hemisphere dominated, under a weak motivation--the left one. Switching off of the right hemisphere lowered the frequency of self-stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus and switching off the left one heightened it, testifying to the dominance of the right hemisphere in the reaction of self-stimulation. This reaction was also characterized by asymmetry of the lateral hypothalamus nuclei; reactivity to hemispheres inactivation (decreasing or increasing of self stimulation frequency) of the right nucleus was more expressed than that of the left one. PMID- 3195230 TI - [Emotional reactivity of rats and their progeny after hormonal modification of intrauterine development]. AB - Emotional reactivity of two rat generations was estimated in open field test and by the corticosteroids level under motor restriction after hydrocortisone injections (50 mg/kg) to their mothers (the 1st generation) or grandmothers (the 2nd generation) on 16 and 18 days of gestation. The 3-, 6- or 12-month-old males and females of the 1st generation had decreased emotional reactivity. On the contrary, the animals of the 2nd generation had increased defecation, but decreased ambulation scores in the open field test, that characterised them as more emotional in comparison to the control rats. Thus, the corticosteroids can be a factor of "nongenetic transmission of information" in the development of animals' emotional reactivity mechanisms. PMID- 3195231 TI - [Effect of the background activity of a network of excitatory neuron-like elements on the conduction of excitation]. AB - Calculation on a mathematical model showed that for distortion-free conduction of excitation through a net of excitatory elements (EEs) a system is necessary of optimum correlation of EEs parameters, links between them and of external influences. When these parameters are deviated from their optimum values, excitation is conducted through the net either with attenuation or with intensification (as a result of divergence and convergence of the influences of the previous layer on the following one). The background activity which is above threshold of impulse activity emergence and which is created by common effects on all EEs, prevents the revealing of the input EEs activation at the net output. Near-threshold tonic net activation facilitates excitation conduction through it. Periodic net activity facilitates excitation conduction through it only under optimum correlation of its parameters and the time of its conduction through the net. At disturbance of this condition, excitation conduction through the net is limited. PMID- 3195232 TI - [Function and reactivity of the microvascular bed in human neuroses]. AB - By contact microscopy the state and reactivity of the capillary bed (capillaries of the cheek mucosa) were studied in neurotic patients with different levels of arterial pressure (AP). It has been shown that at constant AP capillariscopic parameters (diameter, length and number of capillaries in the visual field) are relatively stable. Neuroses with hypertension are characterized by uneven (more expressed in arterioles) contraction of the capillaries, accelerated development and greater duration of reactions to the mental stress and applications of adrenaline and noradrenaline solutions in comparison with healthy persons. In hypotension, uniform capillaries contraction and slower development of the above reactions are observed. PMID- 3195233 TI - [Indices of lipid free-radical oxidation and of antiradical protection of the brain--the neurochemical correlates of the development of the general adaptation syndrome]. AB - The stage of rat long-term adaptation to chronic emotional-pain stress is characterized by an increase of superoxide dismutase brain activity and superoxide-scavenging blood serum activity, accumulation of fluorescent products of free-radical oxidation, reduction of phospholipids and cholesterin contents in the brain lipid extracts. In the process of prolonged adaptation to the continuing chronic emotional-pain stress three periods are singled out, each of which with a definite correlation of characteristics of vegetative functions, behaviour, intensity of free-radical oxidation and antiradical defence. PMID- 3195234 TI - [Individual characteristics of the nociceptive sensitivity of rats during the formation of a negative emotional reaction]. AB - Changes in dynamics of nociceptive sensitivity in male rats of Wistar strain were studied during formation of negative emotional reaction. The procedure of blood's taking from the tail after its tip's amputation was used as negative emotional factor. The animals were divided into six groups by the criterion of individual properties of nociceptive sensitivity dynamics. On the whole it was found to decrease. Besides, one more group (the seventh group) was found with profound hypoalgesia caused by action of the negative emotional factor. It was also shown that formation of negative emotional reaction in two groups was not accompanied by changes of nociception. The data suggest a selective influence of negative emotional factor on nociceptive sensitivity. PMID- 3195235 TI - [Effect of dalargin on the behavior of rats subjected to intrauterine ethanol exposure]. AB - Influence was studied of dalargin--synthetic analogue of enkephalin administered in early postnatal period to young rats with intrauterine ethanol injection, on their behaviour and conditioned activity. Parameters were established of spontaneous motor activity, behaviour in the open field, acquisition and preservation of conditioned reflexes of passive and active avoidance in experimental and intact rats, injected with dalargin. A reduction of sensitivity to corasol convulsive effect was observed under the influence of dalargin. PMID- 3195236 TI - [Evoked potentials and the conditioned negative wave in the comparison of sequentially presented visual stimuli]. PMID- 3195237 TI - [Dynamic asymmetry of the activity of the human cerebral cortex in emotional states]. PMID- 3195238 TI - [Changes in the temporal structure of the impulse activity of the visual cortical neurons in rabbits undergoing reticular formation stimulation]. PMID- 3195239 TI - [Changes in the dopamine sensitivity of the amygdala neurons in freely moving rats during the initiation of interspecies aggression]. PMID- 3195240 TI - [The behavioral effect of a single exposure to microwave energy in rats]. PMID- 3195241 TI - [Age-related dependence of epiphyseal influences on the central dopaminergic mechanisms in rats]. PMID- 3195242 TI - [Transplantation of embryonic amygdala tissue into the brain of amygdalectomized rats]. PMID- 3195243 TI - [Effect of alcoholic intoxication in rats during intrauterine development on the behavior of the adult progeny]. PMID- 3195244 TI - [A generalized coefficient of the signal asymmetry of the electrooculogram as an index of the human functional state]. PMID- 3195245 TI - [Use of a mathematical model in researching the time of cellular maturation of the megakaryocyte line, its proliferative activity and the megakaryocyte volume]. PMID- 3195246 TI - [Changes in the morphology of the epiphysis of silver foxes during domestication]. PMID- 3195247 TI - [Laws and regulations]. PMID- 3195248 TI - Effect of irradiation on the patulin content and chemical composition of apple juice concentrate. AB - The influence of ionizing radiation on the patulin content of apple juice concentrate was investigated. The results indicated that patulin, at an initial concentration of about 2 mg/kg, disappeared after irradiation of the concentrate with doses as low as 2.5 kGy. For lower doses, the extent of patulin degradation was proportional to the absorbed dose. Irradiation of the concentrate with doses sufficient for patulin disappearance did not change the titratable acidity, the content of reducing sugars and carbonyl compounds or the amino acid composition. The content of ascorbic acid slightly decreased and the colour of the concentrate brightened. The intensity of the patulin absorption spectra after irradiation of mycotoxin in aqueous solutions decreased. PMID- 3195249 TI - A two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatographic screening method for sulphonamides in animal tissues. AB - A procedure for the identification of sulphonamides in edible animal tissues by two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography is described. Sixteen sulphonamides can be detected at an absolute level of 10 ng. The absolute detection limit of the sulphonamide standards is 1 ng. After extraction of the sulphonamides with chloroform/acetone, the acidified extract is concentrated and purified using a cation-exchange solid phase extraction column. The column is treated with ammonia vapour and the sulphonamides are then eluted with methanol. Blank samples of edible animal tissues spiked with sulphonamides (frequently used in Belgium) result in very good separation. PMID- 3195250 TI - Effects of indoor and outdoor maintenance of dogs upon food intake, body weight, and different blood parameters. PMID- 3195251 TI - [Biosocial behavior of guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)--behavioral repertory in an open field test]. PMID- 3195252 TI - Myocutaneous flap models in the rat. Anatomy, histology and operative technique of the latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. PMID- 3195253 TI - [Percutaneous liver biopsy by Menghini's method in beagle dogs]. PMID- 3195254 TI - Purification and characterization of urease from Ureaplasma urealyticum. AB - The urease from Ureaplasma urealyticum strain T 960 was isolated by the use of affinity chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography and gel filtration. The enzyme was purified by a factor of 155. The urease appeared as a single band of molecular weight (MW) 75,000 using reducing conditions in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By gel filtration the native MW was determined to be 150,000. Isoelectric focusing showed the presence of two closely migrating enzyme species with a pI of pH 5.1-5.2. These findings show multiple forms of the urease and that these forms are composed of subunits. The electrophoresis experiments also indicate that this enzyme is a major component of the cytoplasm of U. urealyticum. The Km of the purified enzyme was 4.5 mM urea and the specific activity was 33530 mumoles NH3 x min-1 x mg-1. The optimum pH was pH 7-7.5. The urease activity was inhibited by flurofamide, acetohydroxamic acid, N ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate but not by iodoacetate. PMID- 3195255 TI - Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness amongst Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains. AB - The degree of binding was determined between DNA preparations from 65 staphylococci representing cluster defined in a numerical phenetic survey and 3H labelled DNA from reference strains of S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. saprophyticus and S. warneri. The congruence between the DNA pairing and numerical phenetic data was good with S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus being shown to be genomic species. However, some strains identified as S. epidermidis using recommended diagnostic procedures were found to belong to other taxa, notably S. simulans and S. warneri. The moles percent guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA of the test strains was within the range 27 to 34. PMID- 3195256 TI - Occurrence and clinical importance of the pathogenic serogroup O: 5, 27 of Yersinia enterocolitica in the Federal Republic of Germany and methods for its serological and bacteriological identification. AB - Despite its world-wide distribution, the pathogenic serogroup O: 5, 27 of Yersinia enterocolitica (Y. e.) has scarcely been considered in the Federal Republic of Germany. In the 1980 to 1986 period, a total of 74 strains from patients was identified at the National Reference Centre for Salmonella, Hamburg. The clinical manifestations of the cases was not different from those associated with Y. e. O: 3 and O: 9 infections. Six out of 8 patients from whom serum samples were available, developed moderate agglutination titres (1:80-1:1280). Only 8 of the 74 strains were negative in in vitro virulence tests. A list of biochemical tests is given which permit a differentiation of the pathogenic serogroup O: 5, 27 from the apathogenic Y. e. O: 5 which is widely distributed in the environment. Serological studies revealed different H antigens in both serogroups. The O antigen factor 27, and a subfactor O: 5(2) which is typical of Y. e. serogroup O: 5, are further differential markers; the production of both factor sera is described. Besides serogroups O: 3 and O: 9, Y. e. O: 5, 27 must be considered as an aetiological agent of human yersiniosis in the Federal Republic of Germany. PMID- 3195257 TI - Rickettsiae of the spotted fever group associated with the host-parasite system Oryctolagus cuniculi/Rhipicephalus pusillus. AB - Wild rabbits--Oryctolagus cuniculi--living in large numbers in a protected zone of Tuscany, the park of Migliarino--San Rossore--Massaciuccoli, showed to be carriers of the hard tick Rhipicephalus pusillus, previously observed in North Africa and Sicily. Antibodies to Rickettsia conorii and R. slovaca were detected in 78.9 per cent of the wild rabbits captured in that area. Seroconversion towards R. conorii was also observed in guinea pigs inoculated with homogenates of R. pusillus parasitizing the wild rabbits. These results identify an ecological niche of rickettsiae of the Spotted fever group in the host-parasite system O. cuniculi/R. pusillus. Attempts to isolate rickettsiae from the ticks and the wild rabbits were unsuccessful both in the egg yolk sac and in the guinea pig. This failure probably shows the low pathogenicity of the rickettsiae parasitizing the biosystem O. cuniculi/R. pusillus. PMID- 3195258 TI - Rarely occurring Shigella serovars. AB - In addition to the predominant Shigella sonnei, also rarely occurring Shigella serovars have been found in Czechoslovakia: 4 serovars of subgroup A (S. dysenteriae 3, 4, 7 and 12) and 11 serovars of subgroup C (S. boydii 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 lactose-positive, 10, 13, 14 aerogenic, mannitol-negative, 15, 16 and the provisional serovar E 16553). First isolations of these serovars were mostly connected with cases imported from abroad. Some serovars were isolated repeatedly. Newly recognized serovars of S. flexneri (3b, 5a) as well as biochemically aberrant strains of subgroup B (S. flexneri), C (S. boydii) and D (S. sonnei) were isolated. Frequency and importance of some S. flexneri serovars have been changing in the course of time, e.g. S. flexneri 2b, that had evidently been frequent in central Europe 40 years ago, disappeared completely. PMID- 3195259 TI - [Comparative coprological studies in cattle]. PMID- 3195260 TI - Variations in number and functional capacity of blood mononuclear cells during the peripartal period in the gilt. PMID- 3195261 TI - [The effectiveness of immunomodulators from microorganisms and of animal pox preparations against tumor cell lines in vitro]. PMID- 3195262 TI - Humoral immune response of bovine mammary glands colonized with Corynebacterium bovis: enumeration of plasma cell populations in tissue and immunoglobulin concentrations in milk. PMID- 3195263 TI - Evidence of protection against diarrhoea in suckling piglets by a hormone-like protein in the sow's milk. PMID- 3195264 TI - [Outer membrane proteins in the characterization of salmonellae of various origins]. AB - Outer membrane proteins have been studied in 76 Salmonella strains isolated from various sources and differing in their sensitivity to antibiotics, the presence of R-plasmids and a number of enzymatic properties. The outer membranes have been isolated by the modified method of L. W. Coulton and D. T. F. Wan. The study of the isolated proteins has been carried out by means of gel and disc electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulfate according to K. Weber and M. Osborn. The composition of the proteinograms thus obtained has revealed the presence of essential differences between hospital strains and cultures isolated from animals and from the environment in sporadic infections, as well as between strains belonging to different serovars. The possibility of using the characterization of outer membrane proteins of salmonellae in epidemiological investigations is discussed. PMID- 3195265 TI - [Populations of pathogenic Leptospira of varying virulence in nature]. AB - The study of geographically remote populations of Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) revealed that in one of these populations a highly virulent population of Leptospira copenhageni, serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, and in another population of rats a faintly virulent population of these microorganisms circulated simultaneously. At the same time in vitro experiments with Leptospira cultures showed the absence of the constant probability of sharp changes in the level of their virulence in time. PMID- 3195266 TI - [Morphologic characteristics of bacteria treated with human blood serum and immunoglobulin]. AB - The electron microscopic study of ultrathin sections of bacterial cells treated with blood serum has revealed the presence of the immunoglobulin cover located on the cell wall and consisting of blood serum components. Staphylococci (strain Smith), studied with the use of ruthenium red, have been found to possess the capsule and the immunoglobulin cover located at its base. The immunoglobulin cover has proved to be more pronounced in gram-positive bacterial (actinomycetes, peptococci, staphylococci) and faintly pronounced in gram-negative bacteria (Bacteroides, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia). PMID- 3195267 TI - [Bacteriologic and gas chromatographic diagnosis of nonclostridial anaerobic infection in suppurative-inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area and of the ENT organs]. AB - The etiological role of nonsporulating anaerobic microorganisms as the causative agents of inflammatory purulent processes in the E. N. T. and maxillofacial regions has been studied. The rapid diagnosis has been made by the method of gas and liquid chromatography (GC and LC), the results of chromatographic and bacteriological studies have been compared and the main causes of false results obtained in the GC/LC analysis have been considered. The information content of the GC/LC analysis has been shown to exceed that of the main clinico-laboratory results. PMID- 3195268 TI - [Characteristics of the relation of tick-borne encephalitis morbidity to natural factors]. AB - Data and tendencies characteristic of relationship between the severity of the course of tick-borne encephalitis and a number of biotic and climatic factors have been revealed by the method of information analysis. On the basis of relationships established in this study the authors make a suggestion concerning two most important stages in the formation and manifestation of the clinical features of tick-borne encephalitis in different areas of endemic territories, linked, on one hand, with the population selection of the infective agent and, on the other hand, with temperature conditions and the duration of the cold season. PMID- 3195269 TI - [The microbial factor in the chemiluminescence of the peripheral blood neutrophils of patients with suppurative surgical infection]. AB - The luminol-dependent chemiluminescence of neutrophils in the peripheral blood of 30 healthy adults and 39 patients with the local and generalized forms of purulent infection was studied. Nonstimulated chemiluminescence and the index of chemiluminescence stimulation in the presence of opsonized Staphylococcus aureus added in vitro were determined. The former characteristic was found to be directly and the latter one, inversely related to the concentration of S. aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, but not E. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Citrobacter, in the primary focus. At the microbial concentration exceeding 10(4) cells/g of tissue, the former characteristic was essentially higher than the level of chemiluminescence in healthy persons. With the improvement of the general state of the patients and in the absence of microorganisms in the wound as the result of complex treatment this characteristic decreased to values comparable with the reaction of neutrophils in healthy persons. PMID- 3195270 TI - [Circulating L-lymphocytes in brucellosis patients]. AB - The content of L-lymphocytes in patients with different clinical forms of brucellosis has been studied. The degree of a decrease in the level of these cells has been found to depend on the activity of the infectious process and its clinical manifestations in the form of polyarthritis. The severity of the course of acute and subacute brucellosis has been found to produce no essential influence on the level of L-cells. These cells are supposed to participate in the processes of pathogenesis and the elimination of the pathogen in brucellosis. PMID- 3195271 TI - [Characteristics of the organization of the psychosocial and vocational rehabilitation of patients with juvenile schizophrenia (a clinico-psychological study of the slowly progressing form with a favorable outcome)]. AB - Clinical catamnestic and experimental psychologic techniques allowed the authors to single out a range of personality and psychosocial structures in patients with juvenile slow progredient neurosis-like schizophrenia with favorable outcome up to "virtual recovery". Influencing these structures with respect to the patients' age could promote their general and special activities, heighten their level and quality of adaptation to major spheres of social functioning. This provided a basis for establishing the major goals of social rehabilitative and psychic corrective aid to the juvenile patients. PMID- 3195273 TI - [Characteristics of the emotional memory of schizophrenic patients with defect traits]. AB - A hypothesis postulating the nonuniform distortion of emotionality in schizophrenic patients was tested using a model of memorizing the positive and negative emotional stimuli. In schizophrenic patients with emotional impoverishment the ability to retrieve emotiogenic stimuli was reduced due to a lesser retrieval of positive emotional stimuli. The results are considered as being characteristic of schizophrenic patients with defect traits. PMID- 3195272 TI - [The hospital and semi-inpatient clinic in the structure of psychiatric care for adolescents]. AB - Comparative investigation of hospitalized mentally ill adolescents in two cities and an adolescent cohort under treatment in a newly created semi-inpatient unit and a dispensary resulted in a conclusion that assistance provided by hospital, semi-inpatient and dispensary units does not fully embrace the adolescents in whom borderline disorders are detected. New institutional forms are necessary to introduce in order to improve the medical aid to these patients (sanatoria, health camps, boarding schools for patients with pathologic deviations of behavior). PMID- 3195274 TI - [Cerebral vascular function of patients with depressive syndromes]. AB - Clinical investigation and rheoencephalography were performed in 79 patients and their cerebral circulation patterns characterized. Patients with different forms of endogenous depression displayed different levels of cerebral arterial blood filling and volume blood flow. Cerebral venous dysfunctions in depressive patients showed a clear tendency to relieve as the patients' clinical condition improved during drug therapy. The degree of cerebral venous outflow improvement could serve as an additional factor in predicting the steadiness of the clinical remission and evaluating the effect of therapy. PMID- 3195275 TI - [Experience with the dispensary care of newborn and nursing infants]. AB - A random population of 765 first-year infants were subjected to long-term neurologic investigation, diaphanoscopy and EEG. The group at risk of neurologic diseases amounted to 43.6%. Newborns and infants should see a neurologist every 3 months and more frequently in cases of a positive family history and if neurologic disorders arise. This will ensure the timely correction and prevention of any deviation in development. PMID- 3195276 TI - [Minimal static-motor deficit in preschoolers (clinical electroneuromyographic research)]. AB - The authors conducted a neurologic, electromyographic and electroneuromyographic investigation in 64 preschool children in a children's home. Subtle static-motor deficit was detected in 79.7% of the children. Major clinico electroneuromyographic differences were found in 5- vs 6-year old children that were regarded as a functional shift reflecting both the new practical skills formation and a temporary imbalance in motor functional mechanisms at all integration levels. PMID- 3195277 TI - [Analysis of the patient contingent at a specialized pediatric clinic]. AB - Clinico-syndromologic, cytogenetic and biochemical screening embraced 330 patients of a specialized pediatric clinic. Of all cases of diseases 78.8% were either fully or partially accounted for by hereditary factors: 54% chromosome related syndromes, 5.2% monogenic syndromes, 3.6% nonclassified combinations of developmental anomalies 16% isolated congenital defects of development. Others (21.2%) displayed the organic CNS defects, embryo- and fetopathies due to environmental impacts. The study resulted in diagnosis changes in 6.7% of the cases and identification of 14 hereditary syndromes. The prevalence of hereditary pathology in the morbidity structure of this contingent strongly suggests the necessity of medical genetic consultation in their families. PMID- 3195278 TI - [Acute hepatic encephalopathy (Reye's syndrome) in children)]. AB - Subjects of clinical and biochemical investigation were 8 children aged 4.5 months to 12 years suffering from hepatocerebral syndrome which had developed after acute respiratory infection, encephalitis, acute appendicitis. Methods of pathogenic therapy and early diagnosis are offered. PMID- 3195279 TI - [Deontological problems of childhood and adolescence]. AB - Due account of age-related features of infantile and juvenile psychology and psychopathology is considered to be a major principle in general medical deontology as related to personality psychology and psychiatry in children and adolescents. Three main types of personality formation in childhood and character accentuation in adolescence are defined. Deontological practice attributes an important value to defining the "type of emotional experience of disease" and peculiarities of "adaptive responses to disease". The term "type of emotional experience of disease" signifies the character of personal response of a child realizing he or she is sick. Anosognostic, dysthymic and regressive types of experiencing a disease are most common for children. In adolescence, hysteroid, depressive-phobic, anxious-depressive and depressive-hypochondriac types were also found. The psychological and pathological forms of "adaptive response to disease" in children and adolescents are described. The problem of prevention of the negative impact of several factors linked with the patients hospitalization is discussed with special reference to painful diagnostic and therapeutic manipulations, psychic deprivation, hospitalism as well as iatrogenesis, egrotogenia and didactogenia. The psychotherapeutic and psychocorrective policy is considered as being aimed at preventing the negative effect of therapeutic diagnostic work on the child or adolescent psychic sphere. PMID- 3195280 TI - [Treatment of motor disorders in the spastic form of infantile cerebral palsy with galanthamine and ganglerone combined with functional biocontrol technics]. AB - The method is offered using the functional biocontrol techniques with combined galanthamine and ganglerone treatment in mild to moderate spastic forms of infantile cerebral paralysis. The method helps to attain a considerable clinical restitutive effect that was confirmed by electromyographic studies. The optimizing effect is due to a cross-potentiating interaction of the three components leading promptly to substantial improvement in antagonist muscles coordination of the diseased limb. PMID- 3195281 TI - [Artificial local hypothermia in the treatment of children with cerebral palsy]. AB - Local hypothermia was used to manage motor disorders in infantile cerebral paralysis. Ice was applied to muscles being the key factors in the pathologic muscular synergies and determinants of the level of motor disorders at the residual stage of infantile cerebral paralysis. The hypothermic method is given in detail with respect to different pathologic muscle synergies and infantile cerebral paralysis syndrome peculiarities: spastic diplegia varying in severity, hyperkinetic syndrome. EMG investigations yielded results correlating with a positive clinical effect. The EMG data indicated that deprivation of pathologic muscle afferentation not only reduced the muscle spasticity but also led to functional reconstruction in the spinal motoneuron pool. PMID- 3195282 TI - [A combination of Duchenne's progressive muscular dystrophy with congenital ichthyosis--a deletion or 2 independent gene mutations at Xp21--Xp22?]. AB - The authors describe a combination of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and congenital ichthyosis in a 6.5-year-old boy. This is the first ever description appearing in the world literature. The authors discuss possible variants of mutation (either chromosomal aberration or two independent gene mutations in chromosome 21). PMID- 3195283 TI - [One of the variants of masked depression with hyperthermia in schizophrenia in children]. AB - Clinical and psychopathological description of depression in 20 schizophrenic children is presented. The major signs of the disease were hyperthermia, cenesthopathic headaches and vertigo with depression. Hyperthermia suggested a somatic ailment which was not confirmed after the patients' investigation. The unique picture of the disease is accounted for by depression traits as well as the individual and age-related features of its pathogenesis. PMID- 3195284 TI - [Supervalent ideas in adolescence and youth]. AB - The results of a comparative nosologic (schizophrenia, borderline states), clinical catamnestic and forensic psychiatric investigation in different kinds of supervalent ideas in 94 juvenile patients are presented. Their general age characteristics were revealed and the notion defined with respect to age-related features. Criteria for differential diagnosis and forensic psychiatric assessment were singled out. PMID- 3195285 TI - [The typology of reactive depression in young children]. AB - A group of 38 children aged 1.5 to 4 years with reactive depression was under this study. Dependent on features of affective disorders themselves and their age related peculiarities (masked depressions), two subgroups were established. In each, distinct psychopathologic types of reactive depressive disorders were defined. Age distribution of reactive depressions was noted. PMID- 3195286 TI - [Psychopathologic structure and dynamics of fears in children with schizoid psychopathy]. AB - The study of fear phenomena in 82 male children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 during formation of the schizoid psychopathy revealed this form of psychoneurologic response to be universal. The type of schizoid psychopathy (asthenic, normosthenic, sthenic) and environmental factors were both determinants of psychopathologic structure and course of fears. Apart of this, the neurotic fears themselves influenced the formation of abnormal personality. PMID- 3195287 TI - [Neurotic and neurosis-like disorders in the school maladaptation of children with retardation of mental development]. AB - Sixty-six schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 attending community schools suffered from various types of psychophysical infantilism and encephalopathic forms (in the cerebrasthenia and psycho-organic syndrome background) of mental retardation. The decompensation of the residual organic cerebral insufficiency with enhancement of neurosis-like and cerebrasthenic disorders resulting from increased mental load was the first stage of these children disadaptation to the school demands. At the 2nd stage, as the self-esteem lowered and negative attitude of other schoolchildren arose, the neurotic disorders emerged alongside with prevalent depressive reactions and fear of getting bad marks and being an object of ridicule at school. Children with lesser degrees of intellectual and encephalopathic disorders were better adapted to school environment. PMID- 3195288 TI - [Clinical picture and dynamics of borderline psychoneurotic disturbances in menstrual cycle disorders in girls at puberty]. AB - Clinical, psychological and psychopathologic investigation of 352 girls aged 12 to 16 with functional disorders of menstrual cycle resulted in identification of the somatogenic neurosis-like astheno-autonomic, hypochondriac, affective and obsessive-phobic disorders. Clinical variability of mental disorders was due to the impact of the pre-morbid personality features and the type of their response to the disease. A tendency to a nonprogressive course with signs reduction was evidenced in the studies of the mental disorders clinical course. The early rehabilitation principles are outlined including psychotherapy as a part in the combined therapy. PMID- 3195289 TI - [Use of nuclear magnetic resonance tomography in the diagnosis of diseases of the central nervous system in children of various ages]. AB - The authors analyse the results of NMR tomography of 48 children (5 mos.-14 years) with various diseases of the CNS system mainly connected with pre and perinatal lesions. High percentage of various disorders in the formation of the brain and spinal cord as the main neurological pathology, is noted. Problems of pathogenesis of atrophic changes of the brain and pathology of corpus callosum are discussed. PMID- 3195290 TI - [Accentuations of character in adolescents with infantile cerebral palsy]. AB - A questionnaire was used to investigate 102 adolescents aged 14 to 18 suffering from infantile cerebral paralysis (spastic diplegia) with various degrees of motor disturbances. Neurasthenic, psychasthenic and sensitive types of character accentuation were most prevalent in these patients (p less than 0.05). Unstable type of character accentuation is also frequently occurring. The degree of motor disorders had a major impact on shaping and fixation of astheno-neurotic accentuation traits. Emotional experience of the cosmetic defect influenced fixation of the sensitive type traits. The new principles of organization of psychoprophylactic assistance and psychotherapeutic aid to these patients with respect to any "fragile links" in their characters are put forward. PMID- 3195291 TI - [Mechanisms of the development, prevention and treatment of aggressive forms of behavior disorders in adolescents]. AB - A comparative clinical and psychological study of 96 adolescents of either sex with preponderant aggressive forms of behavioral disorders and 47 with other behavioral changes was performed within the framework of either nonpathologic personality changes or borderline mental disorders. Aggression developed through different mechanisms which could be preferentially involved in shaping its nonpathologic or pathologic forms. Differential diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive methods are recommended taking into account the aggression genesis. PMID- 3195292 TI - [Symptoms of urinary and fecal incontinence in the clinical picture of pediatric borderline psychiatry]. AB - A total of 247 patients with urinary and fecal incontinence were studied. Males suffered from urinary incontinence thrice as frequently as females. Only about a half of patients saw pediatric psychiatrists when aged 7 to 10 years that was indicative of insufficient medical assistance to these patients and lack of public information on the nature of infantile urinary and fecal incontinence. Dysontogenetic urinary incontinence was detected in 3/4 of the population. Deep sleep disturbance caused the disorder in 87.6% of cases. Pronounced psychic infantilism was evident in 1/3 of male patients with urinary incontinence. PMID- 3195293 TI - [Sidnocarb treatment of young schoolchildren with the hyperdynamic syndrome]. AB - Fifty children aged 7 to 11 with the hyperdynamic syndrome were under treatment. Sydnocarb proved effective only in cases which did not involve prominent emotional-volitional disorders. Symptom reduction was primarily concerned with motor disinhibition and distractibility. The drug had no effect in treating hyperdynamic syndrome with psychopathology. PMID- 3195294 TI - Identification and analysis of a degradation product of the glucocorticoid desonide in ointment. AB - The major degradation product of desonide in a pharmaceutical ointment formulation has been shown to be identical with the C-17-carboxylic acid obtained on oxidative cleavage of the alpha-ketol group of desonide with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. The pKa value of this acid has been estimated from chromatographic data. PMID- 3195296 TI - [Proceedings of the 14th Intersectional Meeting of the Surgical Sections of the Socialist Republics of Bosnia-Hercegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia, including the Serbian Autonomous Territories of Kosovo, Vojvodina, and Macedonia. Struga, 10-12 September 1987. Abstracts]. PMID- 3195295 TI - DNA packing in chromatine, a manifestation of the Bonnet transformation. AB - The packing of DNA is described using the formalism of differential geometry. Winding of the DNA double helix around the histone 2-5 octamer forming a nucleosome and the condensation of the so-formed bead-on-a-string chromatine aided by histone 1 is interpreted as two consecutive isometric, i.e. Bonnet, transformations. The DNA double helix can be approximated to a helicoid which can be transformed isometrically to a catenoid, an approximation of the nucleosome. Owing to the organization of the histone octamer the extended chromatine takes a helicoidal shape allowing a second Bonnet transformation to consummate the condensation into a chromatine fibre. PMID- 3195297 TI - Some medical-legal aspects of AIDS: the refusal to treat. PMID- 3195298 TI - Quality assurance data is not the basis for discipline. PMID- 3195300 TI - Choices in nursing--working for a nursing service. PMID- 3195299 TI - Toward a renewed vision of power in nursing. PMID- 3195301 TI - Making research work--the hospital setting. PMID- 3195302 TI - Simon has biotinidase deficiency. PMID- 3195304 TI - Papers presented at the symposium on "Controversies in Regional Anesthesia". Leuven, January 1988. PMID- 3195303 TI - Alberta sources information/resources regarding AIDS. PMID- 3195305 TI - There is only a limited place for spinals in obstetrics. AB - A review of the experience with spinal analgesia for vaginal delivery and other low abdominal or perineal procedures in the Birmingham Maternity Hospital, and of the recent literature relating to the provision of spinal anesthesia for caesarean section, leads to the conclusion that the latter technique is too unreliable, and involves too great an incidence of potentially dangerous complications, to be an acceptable alternative choice to epidural analgesia. PMID- 3195306 TI - Single-orifice or multi-orifice epidural catheters? Expert's opinion. PMID- 3195307 TI - Scanning electron microscopy of human ocular vascular casts: the submacular choriocapillaris. AB - Vascular casts were prepared from ten human orbits removed at autopsy from patients with no previous history of vascular disease. The ages ranged from 7 months to 68 years. The time interval between death and injection of the orbit was always less than 12 h. The vascular casts were examined under scanning electron microscopy with particular attention to the submacular region. We present photomicrographs of common findings seen in each of our specimens, and discuss our results with respect to current models of the submacular angioarchitecture. PMID- 3195308 TI - Scanning electron microscopic study of the capillary loops in the dermal papillae. Skin of the hand of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). AB - The microvasculature of the skin of the hand of Japanese monkeys was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. The vasculature of all areas of the skin of the hand was examined and divided into three structures excluding the nail bed: (1) In the ball of the finger, the typical structure of the capillary loops was studied. Capillary loops were formed out of not just one capillary vessel, but two or three vessels. Each capillary vessel arose and divided into several branches at the papilla, and they became descending limbs. After the loop passed a hairpin turn, the descending limbs were 1.5 times larger than the ascending limbs in the intrapapillary portion, and they became extrapapillary venules. The descending limbs connected with the postcapillary venules in the postpapillary portion and with the horizontal network. The postcapillary venules fused with each other (1-5 loops) to form the primary and secondary venous arcades. (2) In the thenar eminence, the capillary loops were a little lower, and their grooves were wider than in the ball of the finger. The characteristic structure in this area was the interpapillar capillary network. (3) In the lateral side of the finger, the number of capillary loops formed by the arterial capillary network of the subepidermal layer was smaller. The capillary loops here had the lowest height and a simple structure. PMID- 3195309 TI - The facial motor nucleus of the dog. I. Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and cytology. AB - A study of the facial motor nucleus of the dog by means of cytoarchitectonic and computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction methods has been made. We identified three regions in this structure: lateral, intermediate and medial. Taking into account the different patterns of neuron aggregation, the following subdivisions were noted in the first, the ventrolateral and dorsolateral subnuclei; in the second, the intermediate subnucleus, and in the third, the ventromedial, intermediate-medial and dorsomedial subnuclei. Their cytological characteristics are described. PMID- 3195310 TI - The facial motor nucleus of the dog. II. Morphometric analysis. AB - In this study, an area of 953.2 micron 2, a diameter of 36.7 micron and a circularity factor of 0.74 have been established for the neurons of the facial motor nucleus of the dog. Significant differences (p less than 0.01) were observed by comparing the means of some of the parameters determined in the six cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of the facial motor nucleus described in a previous study. Moreover, the neurons tend to increase in size in the caudocranial direction. PMID- 3195311 TI - Qualitative investigation of the postnatal development of axon and nerve fiber calibers in the ventral roots of rats. AB - The postnatal development of the ventral spinal roots of rats was studied with optical microscopic and morphometric methods. Adult rats show a craniocaudal decrease of axon and nerve fiber diameters which cannot be detected in younger animals. The bimodal differentiation of the nerve fiber populations occurs between the 15th and 20th day. Myelinated nerve fibers show a g ratio of 0.6 for all examined age groups. PMID- 3195312 TI - Three-dimensional analysis of the arterial pattern of the upper limbs in Lorisiformes (Prosimiae, Primates). AB - A study of the arterial patterns of the upper limbs in Lorisiformes (Prosimiae), especially those of the rete mirabile and their correlating arteries, was carried out by three-dimensional arteriographic analysis. The rete displayed at least two types of plexiform distribution: (1) a vascular bundle in Lorisidae, which consists of a division of the main artery into a principal trunk surrounded upwards by about 50 small arteries, and (2) a simple network pattern in Galagidae, which, at most, is composed of simple vascular networks of the nature of a few widely scattered anastomoses. The arterial patterns of the upper limb in Lorisiformes are basically the same, but the position of divergence and the number and size of the vessels in the rete differ. The arterial patterns of the upper limbs in Lorisiformes closely resemble the development of the vessels in the 21- to 23-mm stages of human embryonic growth. In this study, we observed some similarity in the patterns between the rete mirabile and the superficial brachial artery in man. PMID- 3195313 TI - Effects of prostaglandin E2 on alveolar bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement. AB - Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 280-300 g were divided into two groups of ten animals each. They were treated by daily submucosal injections of 50 micrograms prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) per kilogram body weight into the region below the apex of the left first maxillary molar (experimental), or vehicle into the region below the apex of the right first molar (control), for a period of 5 days. The animals of the first group were sacrificed immediately following the treatment period, while those of the second group were sacrificed 5 days after the treatment period. Twenty-two hours prior to sacrifice, a piece of latex orthodontic elastic was secured to the adjacent area between the first and second maxillary molars of both sides of each rat by using two mosquito hemostats. The periodontal ligament (PDL) mesial to the mesiobuccal root of the first maxillary molar was assayed for changes in PDL cell factors. The results showed that immediately following the 5-day treatment period the left PDL had a significant decrease in the total number of fibroblasts and a significant increase in the total number of both osteoclasts and nuclei per osteoclast, while no significant changes in the osteoblasts when compared with those of the right control PDL. The left PDL of animals which were sacrificed 5 days after the treatment period revealed a significant decrease in the number of total fibroblasts and only a slight decrease in both numbers of total osteoclasts and total nuclei per osteoclast, but again no significant changes in osteoblasts when compared with those of the right control PDL.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195314 TI - Changes in cholinergic and noradrenergic nerves in the pregnant and postpartum uterus of the albino rat and guinea pig. AB - The present study was undertaken to investigate the structural changes in both cholinesterase (ChE)-positive nerve fibers and adrenergic nerves with formaldehyde-induced fluorescence in pregnant and postpartum uteri of both the albino rat and guinea pig. Particular attention was directed to the relationship between these changes and the local factors associated with the growing fetus. ChE reaction was absent in the control and pregnant uterus of the guinea pig. In the albino rat, there were signs of degeneration in pregnancy. These were evidenced by vacuolation of large nerve trunks and the presence of focal segments with very faint reaction along the course of the nerve bundles. Myometrial segments from fetus-containing horns showed some fragmented nerve fibers, but at the same time some other normal ones. Most of the fine nerve bundles gave a weak reaction. Three weeks after delivery, multiple ChE fibers were found in the uterus of the albino rat. The normal appearance was, however, not regained and some nerve fibers were still fragmented. Noradrenergic (NA) nerve fibers were disintegrated and markedly reduced in number in the myometrium of the pregnant uterus of both the guinea pig and albino rat, particularly in the uterine horns that were distended by fetuses. The number of NA fibers was not significantly reduced in the tubal ends of the albino rat uterus. Three weeks after delivery, normal NA fibers were seen in the myometrium of both the albino rat and guinea pig uterus. Nerves with reduced fluorescence reaction were observed less frequently. PMID- 3195315 TI - Effect of gonadal activity on the cranial dimorphism of the rat. AB - Weanling rats of both sexes were submitted to either castration, or castration together with periodic injections of testicular extract to males or of ovarian extract to females. Control and experimental animals were sampled at 63 days of age. Cranial differentiation between sexes was estimated by Mahalanobis D2 distances. The controls showed a significant sexual cranial difference. Orchidectomy decreased cranial differences and this effect was compensated by injections of testicular extract. On the other hand, oophorectomy increased cranial differences, which were diminished by injections of ovarian extract. Sexual cranial dimorphism in the normal rat seems to be the result of a counteracting effect between testicular and ovarian hormonal secretions. PMID- 3195316 TI - Proposed role of microfilaments in the cell reorientation that accompanies somite formation in Xenopus. AB - Somite formation involves a reorientation of the cells of the paraxial mesoderm but the underlying mechanism of this movement has never been demonstrated. The present investigation shows bundles of myofibril-like material in the ventrocranial corners of some of the paraxial mesoderm cells of Xenopus prior to reorientation and consequent somite formation. PMID- 3195317 TI - Swelling tendency of rabbit cornea in organ culture medium. Influence of button size. AB - The swelling tendency of fresh rabbit corneas kept in organ culture was determined by measuring percentage weight increase. Corneal buttons with diameters of 5, 9, 14, and 16 mm had an average weight increase during the first hour of 53%, 35%, 18%, and 8.6%, respectively. Those with diameter 5 and 9 mm had a continuous weight increase up to a maximum of 350% to 450% of start weight after 25 h and 57 h, respectively. Many corneas with 16 mm diameter (including a thin scleral rim) and some with 14 mm, had a temporary stable weight of average 56% (with an individual cornea stabilizing at only 15%) above start weight between day 2 to day 7. Thereafter a phase with approximately linear weight increase ended at a maximum weight of 350% to 450% of start weight after one month. It is concluded that the rate of corneal swelling in cultivation is highly dependent upon the corneal button size. PMID- 3195318 TI - The corneo-limbal ring in normal and keratoconic eyes. AB - The corneo-limbal ring (CLR) is defined here as the best fitting ellipse within the limbal region and characterized by the horizontal diameter (Dh), the vertical diameter (Dv), the eccentricity (e), and the circumference (O). The shape of CLR is expressed by e. The larger the e the more oval is CLR. Based on photoslit-lamp examination the parameters of CLR were estimated in 29 normal and 27 keratoconic eyes. Pooled values of the normal eyes demonstrated means +/- SD of Dh, Dv, e, and O to be 11.86 +/- 0.53, 11.47 +/- 0.68, 0.25 +/- 0.11 and 36.65 +/- 1.83 mm, respectively. No significant differences could be demonstrated between normal and keratoconic eyes with respect to the CLR parameters. From photokeratoscopic examinations the corneal astigmatism (delta Kmm) was determined in the two groups. In the normal, but not in the keratoconic group delta K was positively correlated to the difference between Dh and Dv. In conclusion, the equal shape and size of CLR in normal and keratoconic eyes indicate a mainly corneal alteration in keratoconus. PMID- 3195319 TI - Atopic conjunctivitis. A cytologic examination. AB - Tarsal conjunctival scrapings of the lower and upper eyelids of 21 atopic, pollen allergic patients with conjunctivitis were examined three times; during a symptom free period, during a challenge test and during the pollen season. Eosinophils were also counted from the conjunctival fluid of 17 patients, but only of 12 patients during the challenge. The controls were 10 atopic patients without conjunctivitis (K0), 31 normal persons (K1), who were examined routinely in the course of a spectacle prescription and 45 patients with acute conjunctivitis (K2) of other than allergic origin. A statistically significant difference in the occurrence of eosinophils in the scrapings was found between the pollen allergic patients and the normal control patients but not between patients with atopic or non-atopic conjunctivitis. During the challenge test, the occurrence of eosinophils in the scrapings increased for at least an hour after the challenge had become positive. In the pollen allergic patients eosinophils were equally abundant during the symptom-free and pollen seasons. It is concluded that the occurrence of eosinophils in the conjunctival scraping is not a reliable clinical indicator of allergy. PMID- 3195320 TI - Isolation and culture of basal cells of the human corneal epithelium. AB - The present study introduces a method that permits the isolation of a pure population of viable basal cells of the human corneal epithelium. We demonstrate that this population can be maintained in culture with a maintained epithelial phenotype, DNA-synthesis, migratory and mitotic activity. The isolation procedure permits evaluation of the adhesion between cells in the epithelium and of the surface morphology and histological organisation of the basal cells. This organization is demonstrated to be far more complex than previously recognized. The culture system permits evaluation of the in vitro behaviour of a basal cell population without contaminating superficial cells or stromal cells. PMID- 3195321 TI - Tear urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in renal patients. AB - Tear and blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and glucose levels were quantitatively analyzed by an enzymatic method in 30 normal patients and in 10 patients with end stage renal disease. The tear and blood samples collected from the end stage renal patients before and after hemodialysis showed that the change in urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in the tears correlated with the change in blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. Tear samples may serve as an alternative, less invasive indicator of serum metabolites in renal patients. PMID- 3195322 TI - Fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide in plasma after intravenous injection of fluorescein. AB - After intravenous injection of fluorescein the time-course of the plasma concentrations of fluorescein (F) and fluorescein glucuronide (FG) was studied in 18 insulin-dependent diabetics with various degrees of nephropathy, and in two non-diabetic subjects. Fifteen minutes after injection the molar concentrations of free (non-protein bound) F and FG were almost identical. After one hour the concentration curve integrals of the two substances were of the same magnitude. There was, however, considerable interindividual variation. In diabetic patients with renal insufficiency an increase was found in both integrals, the F integral being less increased (27%) than the FG integral (44%). It appears from the variation in absolute and relative concentrations of F and FG that a separate determination of the two fluorophores in plasma is desirable, when F is used by intravenous administration as an indicator of blood-ocular barrier function. Previous observations of an increase with time after injection of the free fraction of plasma fluorescence are explained by the finding of a higher free fraction of FG (34%) than of F (11%) and a change in relative concentrations of the two fluorophores. PMID- 3195323 TI - Prediction of pseudo-phakic anterior chamber depth from pre-operative data. AB - Multiple linear regression analysis of pre-operative data were used to construct formulas to predict the anterior chamber depth 3 months after implantation of two different posterior chamber lenses. The resulting formulas differed widely. For lens I (27 eyes) the formula had a correlation coefficient of 0.78 and a standard deviation of +/- 0.2 mm. The corresponding figures for lens II (41 eyes) were 0.52 and +/- 27 mm. For lens I the predictors of significance were axial length (P less than 0.0001) and anterior corneal curvature (P = 0.07). For lens II significant predictors were patient age (P = 0.0008) and pre-operative anterior chamber depth (P = 0.04). We suggest that post-operative anterior chamber depth may not solely depend on the dimensions of the eye, but also on the lens architecture and the 'memory' of the lens haptics. We conclude that formulas to predict post-operative anterior chamber depth should be derived empirically for each lens type separately. PMID- 3195325 TI - Smear and imprint technique in malignant melanoma of the eye. AB - Cell smears and imprints of malignant uveal melanomas give additional information about cell morphology as compared to routine histology and electron microscopy. They also allow histochemical procedures without the need to cut the specimens. Moreover, they are economical, and rapid to perform. Differentiation between melanoma cells, white blood cells and endothelial cells is made possible by using antibodies to each cell type, and such preparations are especially suitable for immunohistochemical studies, since tissue processing is avoided. In addition to the study of melanoma cells, this method should merit more attention in ophthalmic pathology than it hitherto has received. PMID- 3195324 TI - Contrast sensitivity in patients with posterior chamber intraocular lens implants. AB - Divergent contrast sensitivity findings have been reported in patients with intraocular lens implants. In this study, contrast sensitivity to stationary sine wave gratings of six spatial frequencies from 0.5 to 22.8 cycles/degree was measured psychophysically in 13 patients with posterior chamber intraocular lens implants and in 10 controls. Corrected visual acuity was 0.7 to 1.0 in the intraocular lens group and 0.9 to 1.0 in the reference group. The age, the pupil diameter and the rate of subtle age-related macular changes were equal in the two groups. No statistically significant difference in mean contrast sensitivity between the patients and the controls was observed at any spatial frequency examined. PMID- 3195326 TI - Pseudoexfoliation in Eskimos (Inuit) in Greenland. AB - In a Greenland municipality, slit-lamp biomicroscopy was performed in 44 individuals aged 70 or above. Two were found to have pseudoexfoliation corresponding to 4.5%. This is the first time pseudoexfoliation has been demonstrated in Eskimos. PMID- 3195327 TI - Cerebral nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI) in Kearns syndrome. AB - We describe an 11-year-old boy with external ophthalmoplegia, pigment retinopathy, hearing loss, elevated spinal protein and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Cerebral nuclear magnetic resonance (MRI) demonstrated demyelinating lesions in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum. To our knowledge this is the first report on the cerebral MRI findings in Kearns syndrome. PMID- 3195328 TI - Pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy. AB - Two patients with pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy are presented. Both patients had chorioretinal atrophy with pigment clusters located in the paravenous areas, and one of the patients had macular affection. This patient had exotropia and juvenile cataract, the other patient had senile cataract. Electroretinography showed decreased, but not totally extinguished potentials. Automatic and manual perimetry revealed relative and absolute scotomas corresponding to the atrophic paravenous areas. To our knowledge this is only the sixth report of pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy with macular affection. PMID- 3195329 TI - Role of growth hormone in growth failure of uraemia--perspectives for application of recombinant growth hormone. PMID- 3195330 TI - Growth and growth hormone therapy of children treated for leukaemia. AB - A total of 37 children (24 male, 13 female) who had been treated for leukaemia with chemotherapy and 24 Gy cranial irradiation, and who were disease free for at least 18 months, were commenced on somatrem at a mean of 7.6 years (range, 4.8 12.1 years) after leukaemia diagnosis because of growth rate below the 25th centile for bone age. Peak GH response to provocation (exercise, arginine, insulin hypoglycaemia) was less than 20 milliunits/litre in 27 children (deficient group) and 20 milliunits/litre or more in 10 children (non-deficient group). The mean height SD decrease from diagnosis of leukaemia to commencement of somatrem was 1.98, 86% of the children decreasing by more than 1 SD. Those who were tall for age at leukaemia diagnosis and females were more severely affected. Mean (+/- SD) height velocity increased on somatrem from 2.7 +/- 1.1 to 6.6 +/- 2.2 cm/year during the first 6 months (n = 25), and to 6.0 +/- 1.7 cm/year during the first 12 months (n = 19). No difference in growth response was seen between the sexes or between the deficient and non-deficient groups. Catch-up growth occurred for the first 6 months only. It is concluded that children with a low growth rate after treatment of leukaemia should be considered for GH therapy irrespective of the results of GH provocative tests. PMID- 3195331 TI - Disturbed pubertal growth in girls after acute leukaemia: a relative growth hormone insufficiency with late presentation. AB - Long-term follow-up of growth and development after acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in childhood has previously been limited to the prepubertal period. This study describes pubertal growth, final height and the spontaneous secretion of GH in girls treated for ALL, including CNS irradiation with 24 Gy. Ten girls, treated earlier for ALL, experienced the menarche at a mean age of 12.2 years. This is significantly earlier than the mean for Swedish girls. Prepubertal growth was near normal after the end of therapy for leukaemia. Mean final height was 1.7 SD, which is 1.5 SD less than at onset and 1.0 SD less than 1 year after the end of treatment. Thirteen other girls had a blunted spontaneous secretion of GH, several years after treatment for ALL; there was no increase in GH secretion during puberty. These results suggest that girls who have been treated for ALL, including CNS irradiation, have a relative GH insufficiency. This insufficiency becomes obvious only when the girls cannot respond to the increased need for GH during the pubertal spurt. PMID- 3195332 TI - Spontaneous growth in Turner's syndrome. AB - Growth in Turner's syndrome can be divided into four phases: intrauterine growth is slightly retarded, normal growth occurs up to a bone age of about 3 years, with a tendency to compensate for the loss in growth during intrauterine life, stunting of growth is severe during childhood, after a bone age of about 10 years - the time when puberty normally starts - the growth phase is prolonged, but total height gain is not essentially reduced. Based on a study of 150 patients with Turner's syndrome whose spontaneous growth was observed, standards of height and height velocity (means and SDs) were calculated to allow mathematical analysis of the spontaneous growth and growth during treatment in these patients. The auxological characteristics in Turner's syndrome do not support the assumption that GH deficiency plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of the growth disorder. PMID- 3195333 TI - Oestrogen therapy in Turner's syndrome. AB - Oestradiol stimulates growth and development in Turner's syndrome. Previous results with low-dose oestradiol on growth rate are reviewed. The effect of oestradiol in low concentrations on somatomedin generation, GH secretion and directly on osseous tissue, may explain the growth response. The observations presented here of 35 girls treated with 17-beta-oestradiol demonstrated a definite increase in growth rate in the first year of therapy. Bone maturation was accelerated, but a reduction in final height was not found. PMID- 3195334 TI - Growth patterns in child abuse. AB - This study reports clinical details and statistical analysis of linear and body mass growth retardation in a cohort of 260 abused children. Seventy-one children (26%) showed impairment of growth for weight or height; 21 out of 92 children who spent time in foster homes showed catch-up growth whereas only 5 out of 168 never separated from their parents demonstrated improvement in height or weight centiles. Out of 11 children placed in foster care who were more than 2 SD below the mean for height, 10 demonstrated significant catch-up whereas only 4 out of 28 children who remained in their natural homes did so. Catch-up growth among children who remained at home was generally less than that which occurred in foster homes. In 17 cases diagnosis of growth impairment preceded nonaccidental injury. Growth of growth-retarded children in natural homes was poor. Because of the relationship between poor growth and other parameters of development, children who show catch-up growth in foster homes should probably not be 'rehabilitated' with their natural parents. PMID- 3195335 TI - Growth hormone treatment in short children--short-term and long-term effects on growth. AB - Short children with normal GH responses to arginine-insulin provocation testing and various amounts of spontaneously secreted GH over 24 hours participated in an ongoing study with GH, 0.1 IU/kg/day. A total of 40 prepubertal children have been treated for 1 year. Their mean height velocity increased from 4.6 to 7.5 cm/year. The children with the slowest pretreatment height velocity showed the best increment. An inverse relationship was found between the endogenous GH secretion and the increment in growth; 80% of the children had an endogenous GH secretion of less than 300 milliunits/litre/24 hours, estimated as area under the curve above the calculated baseline. They all showed an increment in height above 2 cm. The remaining 20% all had an endogenous GH secretion of more than 300 milliunits/litre/24 hours, estimated as area under the curve above the calculated baseline. Twenty-four of the children were prepubertal for the following 4 years, and their GH therapy continued. Their height velocity changed from 4.2 cm/year before therapy to 8.1, 6.7, 6.0 and 4.9 cm/year for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th years on treatment. Many of them have passed their expected final height, but have still not stopped growing. Those children who were in early puberty when GH treatment started went into a rapid growth spurt and have now stopped growing. They have all reached but not improved their expected final height. In 15 of the children GH treatment was stopped after 1-3 years. Their mean height velocity for the first post-treatment year was 5.1 cm/year; thus, for the group as a whole no 'catch down' was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195336 TI - Somatonorm post-marketing surveillance study (UK and Ireland, 1986-1987): a preliminary report. AB - A PMS study in the UK and Ireland recruited 581 children, mainly with GH deficiency, for treatment with Somatonorm and observation for 1 year; only 1 child proved totally non-evaluable. The mean dose prescribed was 0.41 IU/kg/week, with 56% of children receiving below the recommended dose. Underdosing was reflected particularly by the low growth rates of pubertal children. Somatonorm was safe, with a low incidence of reported events, of which lipoatrophy (in 6 cases) was the most common. Antibody assays were seldom requested and always negative. PMID- 3195337 TI - [Effect of ohmefentanyl injection to the region of nucleus tractus solitarius on discharge of phrenic nerve in rabbits]. PMID- 3195338 TI - [Effects of potent analgesic 3-(beta-phenylethyl)-9 beta-methoxy-9 alpha-(m hydroxyphenyl)-3-azabicyclo [3,3,1]-nonane (p-5721) on electroencephalography in rabbits]. PMID- 3195339 TI - [Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of dihydroetorphine hydrochloride administered sublingually in mice and rats]. PMID- 3195341 TI - Central regulation of intraocular pressure and cardiovascular apparatus with clonidine in conscious rabbits. PMID- 3195340 TI - [Effects of huperzine A on cholinesterase isoenzymes in plasma of mice and dogs]. PMID- 3195342 TI - [Calcium antagonistic action of corynanthine in isolated guinea pig left atria]. PMID- 3195344 TI - [Purification and characterization of depressor component of Agkistrodon acutus venom]. PMID- 3195343 TI - [Relaxation effect of bovine parathyroid hormone 1-34 on rabbit aorta]. PMID- 3195345 TI - [Effects of procainamide on blood platelet aggregation in rabbits]. PMID- 3195346 TI - [Effects of oxyfedrine on blood rheology in rabbits]. PMID- 3195347 TI - [Protective effect of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide on toxic hepatitis in mice]. PMID- 3195348 TI - [Effects of bimolane and probimane on the incorporation of (3H)TdR, (3H)UR and (3H)Leu into Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells iv vitro]. PMID- 3195349 TI - [Cytokinetic effects of 1,2-bis(4-isobutoxycarbonyloxymethyl-3,5- dioxopiperazin 1-yl) ethane (MST-16) on leukemia L1210 cells in mice]. PMID- 3195350 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of fluorouracil by intravenous or intraarterial injections]. PMID- 3195351 TI - [Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of p-hydroxylaminopropiophenone]. PMID- 3195352 TI - Pattern reversal visual evoked potential among men at risk for alcoholism. AB - The biological sons of male alcoholics, deemed to be at high risk (HR) for the development of alcoholism, were compared to control males, aged 18 to 21, using measures of the visual evoked potential elicited by checkerboard pattern reversal. Overall, the HR and control groups were not distinguished on the basis of visual evoked potential measures acquired from the occipital scalp region; however, when comparisons were restricted to right-handed subjects, the HR subjects showed more symmetry in a positive component with approximate latency of 242 ms compared with control subjects. The results are discussed in relation to hemispheric differences and alcoholism. PMID- 3195353 TI - The 24-hour pattern of urinary MHPG excretion in depressives and normals. AB - The 24-h pattern of urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) was studied in 15 depressives and 15 healthy controls. MHPG was measured at 3-h intervals over two consecutive 24-h periods. The shape of the MHPG excretion pattern of the depressed group was different from that of the control group. However, both the consistency and shape of the individual 24-h MHPG patterns exhibited a high interindividual variability. Therefore it is difficult to speculate on a circadian phase difference between depressives and healthy controls. Major factors that may have influenced our results are discussed. PMID- 3195354 TI - An ethological description of depression. AB - During the last 20 years ethological psychiatric research has developed a working method for the systematic and quantitative recording and analysis of the nonverbal behaviour of psychiatric patients in their actual hospital environment. In this study this method was used to follow changes in the behaviour pattern of 5 depressed, hospitalized patients during their entire hospital stay. Parallel to ethological recording, patients were rated according to Hamilton twice a week. The patients who were most depressed at admission showed the greatest behavioural changes; the changes were most conspicuous in the behavioural elements representing social contact and communication. One patient who obviously developed a new depression during the observation period without this being recognized by the Hamilton rating or the clinical control, seemed to have been better described by the behaviour recording. This study shows that ethological psychiatric methods are very suitable for obtaining a better basis for the observations of the staff in the ward environment. PMID- 3195355 TI - An ethological analysis of depression: comparison between ethological recording and Hamilton rating of five endogenously depressed patients. AB - Five patients who had all been diagnosed as endogenously depressed at admission were rated twice a week and observed ethologically for 4 h/week during the entire hospitalization (4-11 weeks). Observations were carried out in the actual social environment of the ward. Data were analysed based on the parameters of behaviour diversity, behaviour activity, and marker elements. Depression was scored as low values of diversity and activity; improvement corresponded to higher values of these parameters. As possible markers of improvement, 8 behavioural elements have been singled out. One patient constituted a special case: at discharge she was rated as completely recovered; however, the ethological data indicated a serious aggravation. The day after discharge the patient attempted to commit suicide. It is concluded that ethological psychiatric research may be able to supplement traditional psychiatry with decisive information in the areas of diagnosis and treatment assessment. PMID- 3195356 TI - DSM-III symptom disorders (Axis I) and personality disorders (Axis II) in an outpatient population. AB - Type and prevalence of Axis I and Axis II disorders (DSM-III) were assessed in a sample of 298 consecutive psychiatric outpatients. The instruments used were SCID and SIDP. About half of the Axis I diagnoses consisted of different subgroups of depression. Most patients had more than one diagnosis, anxiety being the second most common disorder. Eighty one percent of the subjects met the criteria for a personality disorder diagnosis; half of them obtained more than one Axis II diagnosis. Personality disorder was more common among men than among women. Avoidant and dependent personality disorders constituted the most frequent diagnoses. PMID- 3195357 TI - Admission pattern and diagnostic stability of patients with functional psychoses in Denmark during a two-year observation period. AB - This register-based study shows that the incidence of first-admitted patients to psychiatric hospital who were diagnosed as having functional psychoses was 55 per 100,000 inhabitants in Denmark in 1984. During a two-year observation period, half of the patients were readmitted and two-fifths had their diagnosis changed. Young and schizophrenic patients were especially liable to readmission. Reactive psychosis and paranoia were the most unstable diagnostic concepts, as half of the patients were classified differently at the latest readmission compared to the first admission. Schizophrenic patients are still to a great extent treated as inpatients. Comparisons between two catchment areas are made. It is necessary to be very careful when one is using patients' first diagnosis from the present nosologic classification for prediction of clinical and diagnostic course. Studies based on phenomenology and on diagnoses made using operational criteria are badly needed. PMID- 3195358 TI - Offspring of women with nonorganic psychosis: mother-infant interaction and fear of strangers during the first year of life. AB - Mother-infant interaction characteristics at six ages during the first year of life were studied in relationship to the development of the infant's fear of strangers (FOS) during the first year. Among 46 offspring of women with psychosis history, a failure to develop the expected FOS was associated with antecedent negative qualitative aspects of interaction such as increased maternal tension, reduced harmony in feeding and increased infant crying. Among 80 low-risk control infants, a failure to develop FOS was associated with an antecedent quantitative reduction in social contact within the mother-infant pair. At a case level, an absence of FOS overlapped little with anxious attachment to the mother, and these two developmental phenomena bear partially different relationships to the mother infant interaction characteristics. PMID- 3195359 TI - Life satisfaction and adjustment in lithium-treated affective patients in remission. AB - The aim of this study was to assess life satisfaction and adjustment of lithium treated affective patients in remission. Scores of life satisfaction and adjustment in four areas were obtained for two experimental groups of 50 unipolars and 50 bipolars and for two control groups of 50 healthy individuals and 50 patients with personality disorders. Subjects' self-assessments and psychiatrists' evaluation were rated using a modification of Cantril's ladder device. No significant differences were found between affective patients and healthy controls regarding life satisfaction and adjustment, whereas psychiatric controls scored significantly less on most indices. Moreover, the treating psychiatrists rated affective patients significantly higher than psychiatric controls and perceived them as actualizing their potential to a greater degree. Thus, it is concluded that neither the affective illness nor lithium as a prophylactic agent interfered with the patients' feelings of satisfaction or with manifest functioning while in remission. PMID- 3195360 TI - Treatment of a mild form of neuroleptic malignant syndrome with oral diazepam. AB - A mild form of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) in a schizophrenic patient who was receiving a depot neuroleptic is described and beneficial response to oral diazepam 50 mg daily is reported. PMID- 3195361 TI - Fluoride content in human iliac bone: results in controls, patients with fluorosis, and osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride. AB - The major part of fluoride ingested is fixed on calcified tissues, mainly in bone tissue, and then is progressively but slowly recycled during bone remodeling. Thus, the measurement of bone fluoride content allows the determination of the extent of bone fluoride retention, and this parameter constitutes a useful complement to bone histology for the diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis and could also be used for the management of fluoride treatment of osteoporosis. A simple method is described to measure the fluoride content in calcined human iliac bone samples. Bone ashes were diluted in perchloric acid, and the measurement of the bone fluoride content was performed using a specific ion electrode combined with a reference electrode. Reference values are given for bone tissue from 76 control subjects (0.08 +/- 0.05% of bone ash), from two groups of 117 and 102 untreated osteoporotic patients (0.05 +/- 0.03% and 0.08 +/- 0.05%, respectively), from 166 sodium fluoride-treated osteoporotic patients (mean bone fluoride content varying from 0.24 to 0.67%, depending on the duration of therapy), and from 96 patients showing typical skeletal fluorosis (mean bone fluoride content varying from 0.56 to 1.33%, depending on the etiology of fluorosis and the relationship with the amount of fluoride ingested as well as with the duration of fluoride exposure). During a prolonged exposure of adult bone tissue to fluoride, the early bone fluoride uptake is variable and depends on the remodeling activity; then it increases rapidly before becoming more or less stable at a maximum level. PMID- 3195362 TI - The relationship between long bone growth rate and duodenal calcium transport in female rats. AB - Studies were carried out to determine the relationship between long bone growth and duodenal calcium (Ca) transport in female rats and the regulation of these two parameters by ovarian hormones. Female rats were ovariectomized (ovx) at 6 weeks of age. Some animals were implanted with silastic implants containing either estradiol or progesterone at the time of ovx. Studies were carried out 3 weeks later when the rats were 9 weeks old. Ovx resulted in an increase in long bone growth rate and duodenal Ca transport without any alteration in circulating levels of parathyroid hormone or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D]. Animals receiving estradiol exhibited decreased long bone growth rate and duodenal Ca transport relative to ovx animals. These animals were mildly hypercalcemic and had lower levels of 1,25-(OH)2D than ovx or intact animals. The results of these studies suggest that the effects of ovarian hormone status on duodenal Ca transport are more closely related to long bone growth rate than to circulating levels of 1,25-(OH)2D. Further studies are required to determine whether the two parameters are coregulated by some as-yet-unidentified factor or whether bone growth is able to emit some signal, directly or indirectly, to increase duodenal Ca transport. PMID- 3195363 TI - Malignant osteoporosis and defective immunoregulation. AB - The linkage between immune cells and the osteoclast has become partially understood in the laboratory, but the full spectrum of clinical disorders of this relationship remain to be elucidated. We report a 29-month-old girl with recurrent infections and multiple fractures. Immune evaluation showed normal quantitative serum immunoglobulins but absent antibodies to the respiratory viruses and tetanus toxoid and decreased in vitro polyclonal-induced immunoglobulin production. Further analysis in vitro with separated lymphocyte populations showed normal B cell function but markedly increased suppressor T cell activity. The bone evaluation showed diffuse osteopenia on x-ray. Serum calcium, phosphorus, PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were normal for age. Urinary calcium excretion (24 h) was, however, two times normal. An iliac crest biopsy confirmed the presence of extreme osteopenia with normal mineralization and numerous small atypical osteoclasts resorbing the bone. No circulating plasma resorptive activity was demonstrated. Calcitonin therapy markedly diminished the patient's hypercalciuria. We speculate that this patient's increased bone resorption, decreased bone formation, and suppressor activity may be linked by a common pathway involving the abnormal function of immune cells. Since no similar constellation of findings has been previously reported, this case may represent a new congenital disorder: severe osteopenia associated with increased osteoclast activity in association with a defect in T cell immunoregulation. PMID- 3195364 TI - The distribution of podosomes in osteoclasts cultured on bone laminae: effect of retinol. AB - Osteoclasts, isolated and purified from the medullary bone of calcium-deficient egg-laying hens, adhere to glass coverslips in vitro by means of specialized protrusions of the ventral membrane, denoted podosomes. These structures represent dotlike close-contact adhesion sites in which most cytoskeletal proteins involved in linking the plasma membrane to microfilaments are organized according to a specific and previously described pattern also shared by many oncogene-transformed cells. We show now that podosomes are not only a feature of osteoclasts adhering to artificial glass surfaces but are also present in the ventral membrane of osteoclasts adhering to bone laminae. Moreover, the quantity and the topography of podosomes may be modulated by retinol, which increases bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts both in vivo and in vitro. A comparative transmission electron microscopy study of osteoclasts adhering on bone laminae in vitro or in vivo indicates that podosomes with identical features are present in the clear zone of the osteoclasts in either condition. Since podosomes are the sealing structures of the clear zone, podosome formation may represent one of the modifications involved in the reorganization process of the osteoclast that precedes bone resorption. PMID- 3195365 TI - Differences in the kinetics of the mineralization process in endochondral and intramembranous osteogenesis in human fetal development. AB - About 300 samples of bone tissue from femoral diaphyses and from parietal bones of calvaria were collected from human fetuses aged from 6-8 to 40-41 weeks in order to compare the kinetics of the mineralization process in endochondral and intramembranous bone formation. The crystallinity of bone mineral was evaluated by the method based on electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry, and mineral content was measured after ashing of the samples. Highly significant differences in the kinetics of deposition of mineral (ash content) and maturation of deposited mineral (crystallinity coefficient) were found between parietal bones and femoral diaphyses in the course of fetal development. In the early stages of development (6-8 to 10-12 weeks), the content of mineral and its crystallinity in parietal bones were significantly lower than in femoral diaphyses. In the parietal bones a gradual increase in both values was observed until they reached a plateau at the age of 30 weeks. On the other hand, in femoral diaphyses of 6-8 week-old fetuses mineral content was high and deposited mineral showed a high degree of crystallinity. Both these values did not change significantly until birth. The differences in kinetics of the mineralization process between the weight-bearing bones and bones that are not exposed to the influence of strong external forces are most probably genetically conditioned. The collected data supply embryological information and might be used in the future for evaluation of pathologic changes in skeletal development. PMID- 3195366 TI - Effects of cisplatin on parathyroid hormone- and human lung tumor-induced bone resorption. AB - We have previously shown that dichlorodiamine platinum (DDP), or cisplatin, a cancer chemotherapeutic agent, is effective in the treatment of malignancy associated hypercalcemia. In the present studies, we evaluated its effects on bovine parathyroid hormone (PTH)- or tumor-induced bone resorption in vitro in the neonatal mouse calvarial bone resorption assay. PTH alone or tumor extract (TE) of a human squamous cell lung cancer alone caused a significant increase in the bone resorption and in the number of osteoclasts in the calvaria. The addition of 3 and 10 micrograms/ml DDP inhibited the PTH- or TE-induced bone resorption. Lower doses of 1 and 2 micrograms/ml DDP, although not effective in inhibiting the PTH-induced bone resorption, were effective in lowering the TE induced bone resorption. The number of osteoclasts was also reduced by DDP treatment. We therefore conclude that DDP is effective in the treatment of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia by virtue of its inhibitory effects on osteoclast numbers and on bone resorption. PMID- 3195368 TI - Cellular basis of inflammation-induced osteopenia in growing rats. AB - Local nonosseous inflammation provoked by four subcutaneous talc powder injections induced a marked trabecular bone loss in rats within 7 days. The disturbance included suppression of bone elongation, inefficiency and decreased number of trabecular osteoblasts, decreased osteoprogenitor cell number in tibial metaphyses, and bone marrow expansion. Neither the appearance and function of osteoblasts in the vicinity of the cortical bone nor the number of osteoclasts in the metaphysis were found to be altered. The loss of trabecular bone in granulomatosis was based on a suppression of bone elongation and a failure of osteoblasts to form normal secondary spongiosa. PMID- 3195367 TI - Increased renal calcium reabsorption in an animal model of hypercalcemia of human malignancy. AB - The present studies examined renal calcium (Ca) clearance in an animal model of malignancy-associated humoral hypercalcemia (MAHH) (a human squamous cell lung carcinoma carried in athymic mice). Three groups of animals--controls, normocalcemic tumor-bearing animals and hypercalcemic tumor-bearing animals--were studied in the basal state and during Ca infusion. Baseline Ca clearance was slightly but significantly elevated in the tumor-bearing hypercalcemic animals compared with the other two groups of animals. This clearance value was, however, inappropriately low for the serum Ca value. In the control and in the normocalcemic tumor-bearing animals, Ca clearance increased markedly during Ca infusion. This increase in renal Ca clearance was markedly blunted in the hypercalcemic animals compared with both the controls and the normocalcemic tumor bearing animals. We conclude that increased renal Ca resorption contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia of malignancy. PMID- 3195369 TI - Early vertebral trabecular bone loss in normal premenopausal women. AB - The precise timing for the onset of trabecular bone loss in women is a matter of controversy. To address this issue, we studied the relationship between age and vertebral trabecular bone density (measured by computed tomography) in 74 healthy premenopausal women from 18 to 48 years old. We also measured radial cortical bone density (by single photon absorptiometry) in 28 of these subjects. Trabecular bone density levels (milligrams per milliliter, mean +/- standard error of the mean, SEM) were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in the second (178 +/- 8) and third (171 +/- 6) decades than in the fourth (158 +/- 4) or fifth (140 +/- 12) decades, and were inversely correlated with age (r = -0.39, p = 0.0006), diminishing at a rate of 1.3 mg/ml (0.73%) per year. Radial cortical bone density levels (grams per square centimeter) were similar in the third (0.711 +/- 0.021), fourth (0.721 +/- 0.012), and fifth (0.736 +/- 0.012) decades and were not related to age (r = 0.17, p = 0.39). We conclude that vertebral trabecular bone loss in women commences during or prior to the third decade. In contrast, radial cortical bone density does not decline during the premenopausal years. PMID- 3195370 TI - Loneliness and adolescent alcoholism. AB - This paper first shows how the feelings of separation anxiety, hostility, and loneliness are intrinsically related. In pursuing this line of thought, the views of Fromm-Reichmann, Fromm, and Erikson are synthesized. The foregoing emotions are then discussed within the context of Freud's speculative postulation of the "oceanic feeling." All these conceptual connections, in turn, are then analyzed as essential factors contributing to, and indeed determining, adolescent drinking disorders. Traumatic issues and conflicts, initially centered in the infant's sense of separation from the mother, are later reexperienced and revived during the critical period of adolescence as the child is confronted with a sense of separation from the family. The paper concludes with a more empirically oriented treatment of the concrete features exhibited in adolescent alcoholism. PMID- 3195371 TI - Fostering nondeviant lifestyles against the odds: toward a clinical sociological model of intervention strategies. AB - Etiological factors associated with both delinquent and nondelinquent strategic styles are examined from a clinical sociological perspective. An intervention model for rebalancing the strategic styles of youths is described. Diagnostic, prognostic, and prescriptive stages of intervention are discussed utilizing case material from five black inner-city youths: conformist, tough guy, con artist, withdrawn kid, and together guy. PMID- 3195372 TI - Youth and alcohol in television stories, with suggestions to the industry for alternative portrayals. AB - The mass media have long been criticized, particularly on the issue of youth and morality. Attempts to intervene with media executives to change the messages are a familiar accompaniment of the criticism. A specific issue is the presentation on television of incidents involving youth and drinking. Numerous relevant scenes, taken from field notes on prime-time television programs starting in the 1976-77 season, are described. They are also evaluated as to their appropriateness with respect to youth and alcohol. Several, but not all incidents are found to be useful to alcohol education for young people, and for adults as well. A series of suggestions for alternative portrayals is presented; these will be disseminated to producers, writers, and directors in the industry. PMID- 3195373 TI - Rural adolescent loneliness and coping strategies. AB - The extent of loneliness of rural adolescents was investigated in relation to aspects of their self-esteem. The study sample consisted of 387 4-H children from rural Nebraska ranging in age from 8 to 20 years. Data were gathered using the Loneliness Inventory (Woodward, 1967), Bachman's (1970) Self-Esteem Scale, and the Coping Strategies Inventory (Woodward, 1987). It was found that rural adolescents have extremely high loneliness scores and that 10 of 12 self-esteem characteristics were significant at the .05 level in relation to loneliness scores. Resources and coping strategies used by the subjects to combat loneliness are provided and implications of the findings discussed. PMID- 3195374 TI - Adaptive and reactive distancing among adolescents from alcoholic families. AB - Based on work with adolescents at a mental health center and an alcohol education program, some of the difficulties children of alcoholics experience in separating from their homes are considered. These difficulties are described in terms of organizing fantasies in which adolescents use relationships outside of their homes to work through unresolved feelings about their families. PMID- 3195375 TI - Adolescents who apparently are invulnerable to drug, alcohol, and nicotine use. AB - As part of a large survey of addictive behavior in high school students, a group of 43 girls and 34 boys was identified who denied any use of drugs, alcohol, or tobacco. These apparently invulnerable adolescents were compared to the rest of the "user" sample on the remaining items of the questionnaire. The invulnerable students reported generally better physical and mental health and academic achievement. They also indicated a significantly lower rate of similar problems in their parents. PMID- 3195376 TI - The role of parent-adolescent concordance in compliance with cancer chemotherapy. AB - In an attempt to examine factors affecting compliance with orally administered chemotherapy agents, we have examined the relation of agreement of parents and their adolescent children on various treatment-related issues and compliance with cancer chemotherapy. In a longitudinal study, 16 parent/cancer patient pairs were interviewed regarding their knowledge and understanding of illness, medications, and treatment, and their medication compliance. Adolescent responses matched closely those of parents on topics pertaining to medication dose, frequency, number, and purpose. Age was positively correlated with agreement for medication instructions. Disagreements were more commonly found in patients under 17 years of age. Compliance was greater when parents and patients agreed on who was responsible for medication administration, and on their understanding of medication instructions, number, and effectiveness. Treatment of the adolescent oncology patient should include consideration of psychosocial developmental factors, encourage parent-child communication, and place less reliance on self administered therapy. PMID- 3195377 TI - Perceptions of conventional war: late adolescents' views. AB - Late adolescents' views concerning conventional war were assessed in order to better understand the thinking of today's youth and to compare their views with those of early adolescents previously reported in the literature. Three hundred ninety-nine college undergraduates from two universities were surveyed regarding conventional warfare in general and United States military involvement in Latin America specifically. Results suggest that attitudes toward war were related to sex, socioeconomic status, and political affiliation. Although two-thirds of the respondents believed wars were sometimes needed, there was little support for United States military involvement in Latin America and much skepticism of President Reagan's honesty on the issue. Overall, late adolescents' views were less positive and less extreme than were those of early adolescents. PMID- 3195378 TI - Delinquent youths and family. AB - This study investigates the relationship of several demographic variables, family structure (number of siblings in house, family intactness, sibling rank, number of persons in household) and family environment (family relationship, personal growth, and family system maintenance). The family environment variables are dimensions of the Family Environment Scale (Moos, 1974). The subjects reported a fairly good reliability on the scale (Cronbach's alpha = .753). The data collection for the present study represents 198 youths: 68 official chronic delinquents and 130 official nondelinquents. A discriminant analysis was used to determine which of the demographic and family environment variables had the most predictive power in discriminating between the groups. The general analysis indicated that ten of the variables explained 49% of the variance between the chronic delinquent and nondelinquent groups. Personal growth was found to have the most discriminating power, followed by number of siblings, race, sex, and system maintenance. PMID- 3195379 TI - Anxiety and aspects of health behavior among adolescents in Northern Ireland. AB - A sample of 238 15- to 16-year-old secondary school students from Northern Ireland answered a questionnaire in their schools about the level of anxiety and some aspects of their health behavior. Analysis of the findings showed that these teenagers had no higher anxiety than a Northern American sample of teenagers. In addition, anxiety was clearly correlated with a variety of health complaints and with use of the health service. The findings are discussed with reference to previous research on adolescent health and on stress in Northern Ireland. PMID- 3195380 TI - Hispanic and black American adolescents' beliefs relating to sexuality and contraception. AB - Popular beliefs and level of scientific knowledge regarding sexuality and contraception were elicited from black and Hispanic inner-city adolescents. Significant differences were found: Hispanic males were the most knowledgeable, Hispanic females the least, and black males and females were intermediate. A cultural basis for the dramatic difference between Hispanic male and female scores is suggested and the need to design culturally appropriate sexuality education classes is discussed. In addition, the data depicted two conflicting beliefs that were held simultaneously by many of the adolescents: Contraception is "good" because it prevents pregnancy, and it is "bad" because the various birth control methods carry serious health hazards for users. PMID- 3195382 TI - Attitudes toward death in adolescent offspring of Holocaust survivors: a comparison of Israeli and American adolescents. AB - This paper is a continuation of a study begun in 1978 on attitudes toward death. A comparison study of Israeli and American adolescent offspring of Holocaust survivors who are in treatment in a residential treatment program in Jerusalem, Israel, is detailed. Biographical data, diagnostic classifications, a review of Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) responses and some dreams are presented. Israel is shown to be a therapeutic venue that allows the adolescent to redevelope a damaged identity. PMID- 3195381 TI - Predictors of chewing tobacco and cigarette use in a multiethnic public school population. AB - Smoking and tobacco-chewing habits of sixth and seventh graders were investigated. Four hundred thirty-three white, black, Mexican-American, and Oriental students in San Diego public schools self-reported their tobacco use as well as perceptions of use among their peers and friends, parental socio-economic status, and other variables. One-third of the respondents had used some form of tobacco at least once, with cigarette smoking more common than chewing. Norm perceptions and best friend's habits predicted both smoking and chewing experimentation and prevalence. White males were more frequent "chewers," while blacks and Mexican-Americans were more frequent smokers. Significant associations between the two types of tobacco use were also found. PMID- 3195384 TI - The values and value stability of emotionally handicapped and normal adolescents. AB - This study addresses two basic questions: (1) Do the value rankings of conduct disorder, anxiety-withdrawal, and normal adolescents differ? (2) Are the value rankings of the two groups of emotionally handicapped adolescents less stable than the value rankings of the normal group? Value stability was viewed in relation to the broader concepts of identity and psychopathology. While a number of studies have examined value differences among different groups of adolescents, few studies have examined the value stability of adolescents. A total of 148 15- to 18-year-old adolescents were administered the Rokeach Value Survey on two separate occasions (3-week interval) to measure value differences and value stability. The two groups of emotionally handicapped adolescents were classified using the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Results revealed that all three groups shared similar values; very few value differences across groups were found on both testings. All three groups shared moderate to low levels of value stability. The findings suggest that both types of emotionally handicapped adolescents are similar to normal adolescents in their stated values and the stability of those values. Results are discussed in terms of possible explanations of the findings, and implications for those who work with adolescents and for future research on adolescent values. PMID- 3195383 TI - Outreach with teenage fathers: a preliminary report on three ethnic groups. AB - This article presents preliminary data on suggestions for reaching Anglo, black, and Hispanic unmarried adolescent fathers. Results reveal that reaching out to these young fathers may be complicated because their needs vary within and across their culture. The data suggest that these fathers need diverse information, practical help, and counseling. PMID- 3195386 TI - [Evaluation of artifacts and normal appearance by three dimensional analysis (XY plane, time) for photopic and scotopic dominant components in electroretinogram]. PMID- 3195385 TI - A focus group study of sexually active black male teenagers. AB - This is a report of a focus group study conducted by the National Institute for Adolescent Pregnancy and Family Services at Temple University. It presents in detail how the study was carried out and relevant findings from the transcripts of sessions held with a group of sexually active teenage males, including excerpts from the transcripts. Also included are the characteristics of the participants and a summary of the services they requested from a model adolescent pregnancy prevention and care program. PMID- 3195387 TI - [Mixed type of blepharospasm and apraxia of lid opening]. PMID- 3195388 TI - [A multivariate analysis of risk factors for visual field loss of primary angle closure glaucoma]. PMID- 3195389 TI - [Noninvasive metabolic analysis of cultured corneas]. PMID- 3195391 TI - [Effects of neuraminidase on lectin binding sites in the corneal and conjunctival epithelium and conjunctival goblet cells of monkey eye]. PMID- 3195390 TI - [Experimental study on astigmatic keratorefractive surgery]. PMID- 3195392 TI - [Accommodation power determined with transient pattern VECPs in diabetes]. PMID- 3195393 TI - [Type I like collagen appeared in vitreous disease]. PMID- 3195394 TI - [Correlation between optic nerve and visual field changes among ocular hypertensives and glaucoma suspects]. PMID- 3195395 TI - [Platelet activity as an etiological factor of diabetic retinopathy]. PMID- 3195396 TI - [A horseradish peroxidase study of the innervation of the internal eye structures in the cat showing the existence of a nonsynapsing direct parasympathetic pathway to the eye]. PMID- 3195397 TI - [Water-insoluble fraction of lens proteins in bilateral congenital cataracts]. PMID- 3195398 TI - [Phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium of polystyrene particles with different surface characteristics]. PMID- 3195399 TI - [Correlation of visual field changes and optic disc measurements with computerized videographic image analyzer in glaucoma]. PMID- 3195400 TI - Staging and differential diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma: a comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). AB - The usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was compared with that of computed tomography (CT). Twenty-nine patients with renal cell carcinoma, 3 with angiomyolipomas and 1 with renal pelvic cancer, were examined by both MRI and CT. MRI and CT showed similar results in staging cases of renal cell carcinoma. However, MRI may be more sensitive in detecting the venous extension, metastatic adenopathy, and adjacent organ invasion. In predicting the involvement of perinephric fat, however, MRI is only marginally superior to CT. To demonstrate the usefulness of MRI in differentiating renal cell carcinoma from other renal tumors, the density of renal tumor and that of the psoas muscle were determined using a densitiometer, and the percent (%) contrast (the intensity of the renal tumor/the intensity of the psoas muscle X 100) was calculated. In most patients with clear cell type renal carcinoma, the % contrast value in the T1 weighted images was about 100. In the T2 weighted images, the maximum value of the % contrast value was 50 or less in most patients. In one patient with spindle cell type (sarcomatoid type) carcinoma, the % contrast value was 109 in the T1 weighted images, but was 65-85, at most, in the T2 weighted images. In patients with renal angiomyolipomas, the % contrast values were calculated exclusive of the fatty components. The % contrast value of the T1 weighted images was 50 or less in all 3 patients, and that of the T2 weighted images was 50 or more in 2 patients and 21-38 in the others.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195401 TI - MRI of prostatic cancer: in vivo and in vitro MRI results compared with pathological findings. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate was accomplished in 23 patients who had prostatic cancer histologically proved by needle biopsy. Five prostates resected out of 23 patients with prostatic cancer were available for in vitro MRI. The MRI findings of the normal peripheral zone of the prostate had a high signal intensity on T2 weighted image, and the cancer nests in the peripheral zone had lower signal intensity than the normal peripheral zone. A partial or total destruction of the border line between outer zone and inner zone was observed besides than microscopic invasions. MRI also enabled us to differentiate the cancerous foci from the normal tissue at a different signal intensity of imaging in some selected cases in which the resected specimen was examined by in vitro MRI. PMID- 3195403 TI - Leucocytosis and severe pain due to ureteral calculi. AB - We reviewed the outcome of 300 cases without urinary tract infections to determine the relationship between leucocytosis and severe pain due to ureteral calculi. Leucocytosis above 9,000 cells per cmm was seen in 87.7% of the cases. Many patients (61%) had a leucocyte count between 9,000 and 12,000, but none had that exceeding 22,000. This leucocytosis can be attributed to a transient distributional alteration by means of leucopheresis to circulation sites from a storage pool such as the blood vessels in the spleen, liver, lung, etc. Since leucocytosis often accompanies ureteral calculi, caution should be exercised in distinguishing it from appendicitis. PMID- 3195402 TI - [Application of simultaneous flow cytometric bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/DNA analysis. 2. Basic study to apply as a chemosensitivity test]. AB - We developed a new method to rapidly measure the effectiveness of certain anticancer drugs by analyzing their effects on cell kinetics and cell cycle progression of labeled cells using simultaneous flow cytometric BrdU/DNA analysis. Three anticancer drugs, adriamycin (ADR), vincristine (VCR), and cisplatin (CDDP) were tested using the cultured cell line (MBT-2) originated from FANFT-induced mouse bladder tumor. The effects of these drugs were compared with percent colony survivals calculated by colony assay. The anticancer effects (IC90 levels) of ADR and CDDP could be determined by analyzing the effect of the drug on cell kinetics and cell cycle progression using the aforementioned method. However, in the case of VCR no relationship was found between the effect of the drug on cell kinetics and its anticancer effectiveness. Therefore, we must search for a better parameter for VCR, such as the inhibition rate of BrdU uptake. PMID- 3195404 TI - [Cellular immune response of bladder tumor patients: effects of aging on cytotoxic activity against T24]. AB - The cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes of 39 control subjects, 42 bladder tumor patients and 15 patients with urological cancer other than bladder tumor against human bladder tumor cultured cell T24 was tested by a 51Cr-release assay. In the healthy donor group, high cytotoxic activity was found in younger people and negative correlation was significantly found between the cytotoxicity and age. On the other hand, high cytotoxic activity was frequently found in older patients with bladder tumors and no correlation between the cytotoxicity and age was found in this group. The mean % cytotoxicity for patients over 50 years old in the bladder tumor group was significantly higher than that for the healthy donor group and other carcinoma group. A large proportion of the cytotoxicity of the control subjects and the bladder tumor patients to T24 was due to lymphocytes that did not form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. PMID- 3195405 TI - [Experience with combination chemotherapy consisting of methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin and cisplatin (M-VAC) in advanced urothelial cancer]. AB - The M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin and cisplatin) regimen was used to treat 6 patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. Three patients showed a partial response, all of them were made surgically disease free. Two of them are still alive 1 year and for 6 months after surgery with no evidence of disease and one other died of disease 11 months after surgery. The response in one case was no change and that in two others was a progressive disease. From our experience, we suggest that treatment with M-VAC is effective but that surgery after M-VAC appears essential for the successful management of the patients with metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. PMID- 3195406 TI - [Effect of oxybutynin on lower urinary tract function]. AB - The effect of oxybutynin on lower urinary tract function was studied by combined recording of cystometry and sphincter electromyogram (EMG) in 7 decerebrate dogs. Micturition was induced by bladder filling before and after oxybutynin. The statistical analysis was carried out on the urodynamic parameters. Oxybutynin at a dose of 30, 100, and 300 micrograms/kg significantly increased the threshold volume during the collecting phase in a dose dependent manner. In the urodynamic parameters of the emptying phase considered to be influenced by cholinergic activity there was a small but significant decrease in maximum pressure only at 300 micrograms/kg. Therefore, oxybutynin is probably acting as a strong antispasmodic agent. Oxybutynin seems to be useful for the relief of symptoms associated with detrusor instability and hyperreflexia. PMID- 3195407 TI - [Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) in prostatic cancer]. AB - Between February 1982 and February 1986, 30 patients with prostatic cancer received intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT). First 10 cases were treated by the transperineal approach, and after April 1983, 20 cases were done by the retropubic approach. We chose the retropubic approach, because it has advantages over the transperineal approach, which has a risk of rectal damage, lymph adenectomy can not be performed and the patient can not sit down for a long time after the operation. In the IORT procedure for prostatic cancer by the retropubic approach, a longitudinal lower abdominal incision is made, and pushing down the bladder, the treatment cone is inserted to the prostate. We performed lymph adenectomy at the same operation, if hard and large lymph-nodes were touched. Of 30 patients, 2 had stage B disease, 10 had stage C and 18 had stage D disease. The overall 5-year survival rate (Kaplan-Meier method) after IORT was 42.6% where as that the 31 cases seen (stage C: 6 cases, stage D: 25 cases) since the Center was founded (October 1975) until the introduction of IORT was 3.2%. Although no definite conclusion can be drawn because all cases received multidisciplinary therapy, IORT appears useful for the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate. PMID- 3195408 TI - [Clinical experience of nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy]. AB - A total of 18 patients underwent nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy for clinical stage B1 or B2 prostatic cancer. An operation was performed according to the modified technique originally described by Walsh and associates. The operative technique involved three steps: 1) accurate ligation of dorsal vein complex, which makes a relatively bloodless field and makes it possible to dissect the lateral pelvic fascia from the prostate; 2) the incision in the lateral pelvic fascia is made anterior to the neurovascular bundle; 3) the lateral pedicle is divided close to the prostate. There were no major intraoperative complications such as rectal perforation or ureteral injury. The mean blood loss was 802 g (340 1600 g) and the average duration of surgery was 173 minutes. Eleven patients had no blood transfusions. Postoperatively, there was a wound infection in one case. Mild bladder neck contracture in one case responded to single dilatation. Sexual function was evaluated in 16 of the patients who have been followed for more than three months and who had not received hormone therapy postoperatively. Of 16 patients 6 (37%) had return of erectile function. Return of erections required 3 15 months (average 9 months). Patients under 70 years old had a higher incidence (80%) of return of erections than those over 70 years old. Four of the 6 patients had tumor involvement confined to the prostate. Initially most patients had significant amounts of stress incontinence. This resolved within the first or second postoperative month. Finally 4 had slight stress urinary incontinence but no patients had total incontinence. The results suggest that nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy is an anatomically safe approach. It can contribute to the quality of life in men at a stage when it is still curable. PMID- 3195409 TI - [A case of stone former with pacemaker treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy]. AB - A stone former, a 60-year-old male with a pacemaker, was treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). He had been on a DVI pacemaker due to sick sinus syndrome since the age of 52. During treatment for left ureteral stone by ESWL, the pacemaker was stopped, since there was a possibility of extra systoles caused by coupled triggering of the shock wave with the pacemaker spike wave in ECG. Pulse and blood pressure were maintained by continuous drip infusion of phenylephrine chloride and isoproterenol. As a result, ESWL was accomplished and pacemaking was reestablished without any problem. KUB revealed that the patient became stone free on the postoperative 17th day. PMID- 3195410 TI - [Adenocarcinoma of the kidney in a 20-year-old female]. AB - A 20-year-old female, who was one of identical twins, was transferred from an another hospital for further therapy of a right renal tumor. There was no history of hematuria, flank pain. Routine laboratory studies were within the normal range. On excretory urogram, the tumor, 7 x 9 cm in diameter, was demonstrated in lower pole of the right kidney. A selective renal arteriography revealed that the central area of the tumor was rather hypovascular, but, some neovascularity was seen in the peripheral area. Pedal lymphography, chest X-ray and bone survey showed normal findings. A right nephrectomy was carried out. Grossly, the tumor in the lower pole of the kidney was well demarcated by a pseudocapsule and had massive necrotic areas. Pathological sections revealed a granular cell adenocarcinoma of the right kidney. No extension into the peripheric fat was present. The patient remains well and free of recurrent tumor one year post operatively. We discussed the diagnosis and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma in young adults in the literature. PMID- 3195411 TI - [A case of Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome]. AB - The Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome has been generally defined as a congenital absence of the vagina in genotypic and phenotypic female subjects with normal endocrine status. Many authors have reported that urological anomalies associate commonly with this syndrome, but recently a new concept of this syndrome was proposed by Tarry and associates. They considered the embryogenesis of the Mullerian system and recognized a spectrum of Mullerian anomalies without total vaginal agenesis as this syndrome. They also proposed a new classification of this syndrome (Mullerian grade) considering grade of Mullerian anomaly. We experienced a 14 year-old girl who had uterus didelphys, left hematocolpos due to ipsilateral vaginal agenesis and agenesis of the left kidney, and herein report this case as Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome. In addition to Tarry's classification, we propose another embryologic classification for Mullerian anomalies considering the period of faulty differentiation in this syndrome: type A-faulty differentiation of the mesonephros (before week 4), type B-faulty differentiation of the mesonephric duct (week 4 to 5), type C- faulty differentiation of the paramesonephric duct only (after week 6). PMID- 3195412 TI - [A case of pure choriocarcinoma of the testis with cerebellar metastasis]. AB - We report a case of pure choriocarcinoma of the left testis with multiple pulmonary and cerebellar metastases. A 25-year-old male was referred to our clinic because of painless swelling of the left scrotal content and multiple nodules shown in the chest X-ray. At hospitalization, the examination also revealed cerebellar metastasis. With left high orchiectomy, the lesion was confirmed to be pure choriocarcinoma. In spite of several treatments including surgical removal of metastatic brain tumor and combination chemotherapy, he died on the 79th hospital day. Pure choriocarcinoma of the testis is an uncommon disease. Only 46 cases have been reported in the literature before 1987. PMID- 3195413 TI - [A clinical evaluation of CS-807 in patients with urinary tract infections]. AB - CS-807 is a new cephalosporin orally available. The clinical efficacy and safety of this drug were evaluated in 13 patients with urinary tract infection, including 3 with simple cystitis and 10 with complicated infections. According to the response criteria defined by the Japanese UTI committee, the clinical effectiveness in 8 patients with complicated urinary tract infections regarded evaluable was excellent in 2, moderate in 4 and poor in 2, the overall efficacy rate being 75.0%. Only 1 of the 13 patients studied, developed temporary diarrhea as a drug related adverse reaction. PMID- 3195414 TI - [Comparison of enoxacin, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin concentration in human benign prostatic tissue]. AB - The penetration of pyridone-carboxylic acid drugs into benign prostatic tissue was examined. Twenty-nine patients were studied; 11 for ofloxacin (OFLX) 10 for enoxacin (ENX); and 8 for norfloxacin (NFLX). These drugs were administered orally at a dose of 200 mg three times one day before and twice on the day of operation. Blood sample was taken 30 min before operation and prostatic tissue sample was taken during operation. The mean prostatic concentration of ENX, OFLX and NFLX was 5.81 +/- 2.95 micrograms/g (range 2.99-7.92), 5.51 +/- 1.79 (3.62 7.19), and 4.42 +/- 1.94 (2.45-7.76), respectively. The mean serum concentration of ENX, OFLX and NFLX was 4.87 +/- 1.39 micrograms/ml (3.13-7.44), 5.36 +/- 1.28 (3.12-8.24), and 2.89 +/- 2.34 (0.87-8.33), respectively. The mean ratio of prostatic concentration/serum concentration of ENX, OFLX and NFLX was 1.21 +/- 0.63 (0.82-3.00), 1.06 +/- 0.31, (0.55-1.54) and 2.06 +/- 1.36 (0.93-4.26), respectively. Our findings suggested that the drugs ENX, OFLX and NFLX are useful for prostatic diseases, especially prostatitis. PMID- 3195415 TI - The potential immunosuppressive effect of bilirubin. AB - The effect of bilirubin on the cells of the immune system was studied using various in vitro and in vivo systems. Bilirubin was found to inhibit the in vitro chemotactic (migratory) activity of human granulocytes; on the other hand, a temporary stimulation of phagocytic activity of both granulocytes and monocytes was found in mice injected with a single i.p. injection of bilirubin. Continuous i.v. infusion of bilirubin produced a significant decrease of antibody (plaque) forming cells in the spleens of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells. In newborns suffering from hyperbilirubinaemia, enhanced proportion of "activated" lymphocytes occurred. Finally, bilirubin possessed a significant in vitro cytotoxic effect in human adult and newborn blood lymphocytes and granulocytes. A brief survey of so far known immunological effects of bilirubin is discussed. PMID- 3195416 TI - Gamekeeper's thumb. AB - Injuries to the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint can result in significant pain and instability. Patients with this injury have severe difficulties with pinching and grasping objects. Avulsions of this collateral ligament from the proximal phalanx and midsubstance tears provide the usual mechanisms of injury. Complete ruptures usually require surgical treatment. Cast immobilization is usually satisfactory for partial tears. PMID- 3195418 TI - HIV infection in emergency room patients. PMID- 3195419 TI - Infections in AIDS patients. PMID- 3195417 TI - Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. AB - A possible variant of occupational asthma is induced by acute exposure to high concentrations of nonsensitizing respiratory irritants. This entity is referred to as reactive airways dysfunction syndrome. A case is presented in which the patient developed this syndrome secondary to exposure to a floor sealant. A portable peak expiratory flow meter was used to assess and document work-related airway reactivity changes. PMID- 3195420 TI - AAFP commission presents immunization guidelines. PMID- 3195421 TI - VBAC delivery. PMID- 3195422 TI - Addiction and prenatal screening. PMID- 3195423 TI - Tip on snake identification. PMID- 3195424 TI - Encouraging smoking cessation. PMID- 3195425 TI - Uncle Wilfred. PMID- 3195426 TI - Silent myocardial ischemia--time to treat? PMID- 3195427 TI - Long-segment coronary ulcerations in survivors of sudden cardiac death. AB - Angiographically irregular coronary stenoses usually represent plaque rupture with or without superimposed thrombi. Long-segment coronary stenoses with diffuse irregularities (type IIB morphology) have been shown to be more prevalent than focal irregular lesions (type IIA morphology) in survivors of cardiac arrest without acute myocardial infarction. To further understand the pathogenetic importance of type IIB morphology, the clinical and angiographic characteristics in 59 such patients were analyzed. Type IIB lesions accounted for 63% of all type II lesions. Type IIB patients were older than type IIA patients (p less than 0.05). There was a tendency for type IIB morphology to be associated with more extensive disease than other types of lesion morphology (p less than 0.10). Type IIB morphology probably reflects more advanced atherosclerosis. Platelet microemboli may precipitate spasm and/or acute ischemic ventricular tachyarrhythmias. It is possible that long-segment coronary ulcerations are associated with a higher risk for local coronary thromboembolism, and hence with sudden death, than focal lesions. PMID- 3195428 TI - Inducible ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death during vasodilator therapy of severe heart failure. AB - Sudden death is common in patients with severe heart failure, but antiarrhythmic drug therapy has potential risks as well as benefits. Programmed electrical stimulation may offer a means of identifying lower risk patients who are less likely to benefit from antiarrhythmic therapy and who could potentially be spared the risk of adverse drug effects. Therefore 72 consecutive patients referred for management of severe heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction 0.18 +/- 0.06) were studied. The mean age was 47 +/- 12 years; 45 (61%) patients had idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 24 (33%) had coronary artery disease. Fifty eight (82%) patients had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Following adjustment of vasodilators and diuretics, programmed stimulation was performed from the right ventricular apex with one, two, and three extrastimuli. Sustained ventricular tachycardia was initiated in nine (13%) patients and all received chronic antiarrhythmic drug therapy. During follow-up of 176 +/- 187 days, 1 of 13 patients treated for inducible ventricular tachycardia and 13 of 63 noninducible patients died suddenly (p = 0.20). The actuarial risk of sudden death in the noninducible patients was 13% at 6 weeks and 30% at 6 months. The only independent predictors of sudden death were pulmonary artery systolic pressure greater than 55% mm Hg and a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure with vasodilator therapy greater than 16 mm Hg. Of the 63 noninducible patients, 11 (17%) received long-term antiarrhythmic agents due to atrial fibrillation or referring physician preference, and antiarrhythmic therapy was not associated with a lower risk of sudden death in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195429 TI - Mode of death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a multivariate analysis of prognostic determinants. AB - A total of 110 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were followed prospectively for 53 +/- 8 (range 41 to 69) months to determine prognostic factors identifying patients at risk for sudden death or death from congestive heart failure. During the follow-up period 39 patients died, 14 of congestive heart failure and 25 suddenly. The incidence of cardiac death after 1 year was 18%, after 2 years 35%, and after 4 years 39%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified four independent prognostic factors: left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac index, number of ventricular pairs/24 hours, and atrial rhythm (sinus rhythm or atrial fibrillation). With the final model of logistic regression 77 of 88 patients (88%) could be classified correctly as being at risk for death from chronic heart failure or sudden cardiac death. Patients who were likely to die of congestive heart failure were characterized by a markedly impaired left ventricular function (measured in terms of left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiac index, or both) and a low number of pairs/24 hours. The association between frequent complex ventricular arrhythmias and depressed left ventricular function identifies patients who are at risk for sudden death. The presence of atrial fibrillation significantly increases the risk of sudden death and death from congestive heart failure. PMID- 3195430 TI - Mid-cavity obstruction in apical hypertrophy: Doppler evidence of diastolic intraventricular gradient with higher apical pressure. AB - Three cases of apical left ventricular hypertrophy demonstrating a sequestered small left ventricular apical cavity with complete systolic and partial diastolic intraventricular obstruction are described. Doppler studies revealed that flow from the apical chamber is aborted during early systole with further emptying during diastole through a narrow intraventricular channel, where a diastolic high velocity jet (greater than or equal to 2.5 m/sec) directed from apex to base was localized. This indicated a significantly higher pressure in early diastole in the sequestered apical cavity. Filling of the apical chamber occurred late in diastole and during isovolumic ventricular contraction. The observations by Doppler of complete intraventricular systolic and partial diastolic obstruction in apical hypertrophy are new and may have significant clinical implications. PMID- 3195431 TI - Cyclical carotid artery flow reduction in conscious dogs: effect of a new thromboxane receptor antagonist. AB - Under sterile conditions, dogs were instrumented for continuous measurement of hemodynamics, and an Ameroid constrictor was positioned around the left carotid artery to produce slowly progressive narrowing of the vessel. In the awake, unsedated state, carotid cyclical blood flow reduction abruptly appeared on day 5.1 +/- 0.6 (mean +/- S.E.M.) at a frequency of 6.7 +/- 0.6 cycles per 30 minutes and usually remained present for only 1 day. The vessel was totally occluded on day 7.9 +/- 0.8. No focal neurologic deficit was observed. Following administration of the new thromboxane receptor antagonist, BM 13.505 (4-[2-(4 chlorobenzene-sulfonamide)-ethy]-benzene acetic acid), 50 and 100 micrograms/kg intravenously, the cyclical reduction in carotid blood flow was abolished for 30 +/- 5 and 45 +/- 15 minutes, respectively. No changes in systemic hemodynamics were observed over the course of the experiment. It is concluded that slowly progressive constriction of the carotid artery may provide an in vivo model for the study of perfusion deficits present in transient ischemic attacks. In addition, the results support the hypothesis that platelet aggregation plays a major role in cyclical carotid flow reduction, and the phenomenon can be eliminated by treatment with a new thromboxane receptor antagonist, BM 13.505. PMID- 3195432 TI - Silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic survivors of unrecognized myocardial infarction and matched controls. AB - Although silent myocardial ischemia (SI) occurs frequently in patients with angina and is of prognostic significance, little is known of its occurrence in other subgroups. We assessed the incidence of SI in offspring of Framingham Heart Study (FHS) patients following unrecognized myocardial infarction (UMI) and in controls without MI but who were matched for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and total cholesterol at entry into the FHS. Of the 20 UMI patients, six had died and one with left bundle branch block was excluded. The remaining 13 UMI patients and 26 control patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring (AECG) for SI. Two patients (one from each group) with angina were excluded from the AECG analysis. Only two (15.4%) of the UMI patients and two (7.7%) of the control patients had any AECG evidence of SI. These preliminary results suggest that routine monitoring for SI is not indicated in asymptomatic long-term survivors of UMI or in asymptomatic patients without prior MI but with otherwise similar risk profiles. PMID- 3195433 TI - Rate of disappearance of creatine kinase-MB after acute myocardial infarction: clinical determinants of variability. AB - The apparent rate of disappearance (Kd) of creatine kinase (CK)-MB is used in the calculation of the size of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but little is known about the determinants of variability of this parameter. We therefore evaluated the relationship between clinical characteristics and apparent Kd in 328 patients with AMI without evidence of recurrent infarction. Patients with a history of cigarette smoking within 6 months had higher rates of disappearance of CK-MB, but no relationship was found between renal function and apparent Kd. Slower rates of disappearance of CK-MB were correlated with longer times from the onset of symptoms to peak CK-MB value (p less than 0.001), while higher peak CK-MB levels were not correlated with apparent rates of enzyme clearance. Decreased rates of disappearance of CK-MB were found in patients who had congestive heart failure during or after the hospitalization (both p less than 0.05), and who died during the hospitalization or during study follow-up (both p less than 0.05). Slower rates of disappearance were also significantly correlated with lower ejection fractions on radionuclide ventriculography at 10 days (p less than 0.001) and at 3 months (p less than 0.05) after AMI. These data suggest that patients with slower rates of disappearance of CK-MB may have poorer prognoses, perhaps reflecting continuing necrosis and enzyme release from jeopardized myocardium. PMID- 3195434 TI - Functional significance of predischarge exercise thallium-201 findings following intravenous streptokinase therapy during acute myocardial infarction. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine which predischarge exercise thallium 201 imaging pattern(s) best correlate with myocardial salvage following intravenous streptokinase therapy (IVSK). Myocardial salvage was defined as improvement in regional left ventricular function determined by two-dimensional echocardiography between the time of admission and time of discharge in 21 prospectively studied patients receiving IVSK within 4 hours of chest pain. All patients had coronary angiography 2 hours following IVSK. Whereas 16 of the 21 patients (76%) had patent infarct-related vessels, only seven (33%) showed significant improvement in regional function at hospital discharge. Eleven patients demonstrated persistent defects (PD), and five each showed delayed and reverse redistribution. Patients with both delayed and reverse redistribution demonstrated significant improvement in regional left ventricular function score, while those with PD did not (+3.9 +/- 3.3 versus -0.5 +/- 2.9, p = 0.004). All other clinical, exercise, electrocardiographic, scintigraphic, and angiographic variables were similar between all patients, with the exception of the interval between chest pain and the institution of IVSK, which was longer in patients with reverse compared to delayed redistribution (3.5 +/- 0.4 versus 2.2 +/- 0.4 hours, p = 0.001). It is concluded that both delayed and reverse redistribution seen on predischarge exercise thallium-201 imaging are associated with myocardial salvage, defined as serial improvement in regional systolic function. Despite a high infarct vessel patency rate in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving IVSK within 4 hours of onset of symptoms, only one third demonstrated improvement in regional function that was associated with either delayed or reverse redistribution seen on predischarge exercise thallium-201 imaging. PMID- 3195435 TI - Left ventricular topographic alterations in the completely healed rat infarct caused by early and late coronary artery reperfusion. AB - Topographic changes in the completely healed (6 weeks) left ventricle of the rat, caused by early (30 minutes) and delayed (90 minutes) coronary artery reperfusion, were examined. With early reperfusion the extent of the scar, as a percentage of left ventricular (LV) circumference, was reduced compared to the extent of the scar in rats with permanent occlusion (27 +/- 3% vs 42 +/- 2%, p less than 0.01). Early reperfusion also preserved LV topography by preventing dilation of the LV cavity and thinning of the healed free wall. Late reperfusion (90 minutes) did not reduce the extent of the scar (35 +/- 3% vs 42 +/- 2% of LV circumference, p = NS) or prevent dilation of the LV cavity compared with permanent occlusion. However, the healed free wall/noninfarcted septum ratio was significantly greater in rats with late reperfusion than in those with permanent occlusion (0.98 +/- 0.06 vs 0.73 +/- 0.07, p less than 0.05). Thus early reperfusion completely inhibited scar thinning and dilation of the LV cavity, maintaining normal LV topography. Late reperfusion, too late to reduce infarct size, still contributed to improved healing of the myocardium by resulting in a thicker scar. PMID- 3195436 TI - Spatial and temporal characteristics of circumferential flow-function relations during acute myocardial ischemia in the conscious dog. AB - In the anesthetized open-chest dog the ischemic area produced by coronary occlusion is surrounded by an area of nonischemic contractile dysfunction, identified as the functional border zone. To establish whether a similar functional border zone exists in the conscious animal during acute regional ischemia and to determine its spatial dimensions and temporal changes, we performed simultaneous two-dimensional echocardiography and radioactive microsphere studies in nine chronically instrumented dogs. We produced circumferential flow-function maps at 22.5-degree intervals over the full circumference of the left ventricle at the midpapillary muscle level during control conditions, 5 minutes after left circumflex occlusion, and 2.5 hours after left circumflex occlusion. After occlusion there was no change in left ventricular end-diastolic area, an increase in left ventricular end-systolic area (p less than 0.01), and a decrease in left ventricular area ejection fraction (p less than 0.01). The circumferential extent of left ventricular dysfunction was 197 +/- 11 degrees (mean +/- SEM) at 5 minutes of left circumflex occlusion, whereas the extent of subendocardial hypoperfusion was 144 +/- 6 degrees (p less than 0.0005). This produced a functional border zone measuring 54 +/- 8 degrees, or 25% of the nonischemic myocardium, which did not change over the 2.5-hour occlusion period. Despite a modest but significant decrease in wall thickening (70 +/- 6% to 43 +/- 6%; p less than 0.01) in the functional border zone, there was no difference in subendocardial blood flow between the functional border zone and the control nonischemic area. We conclude that a discrete functional border zone exists in the conscious dog during acute regional ischemia produced by circumflex coronary occlusion, which does not change during the early evolution of myocardial infarction. The functional border zone likely contributes to minor overestimation of infarct size in the early hours after myocardial infarction if extent of left ventricular dysfunction is used as an index of infarction in humans. PMID- 3195437 TI - Effects of residual stenosis on infarct size and regional transmural myocardial blood flow after reperfusion. AB - This study in dogs was designed to determine the effects of residual stenosis on infarct size and on the transmural distribution of coronary flow in the central and peripheral ischemic perfusion bed. A plastic shunt containing a Doppler flow probe was inserted between the left anterior descending coronary artery and the subclavian artery. The dogs were divided into two groups. Group 1 (N = 7) underwent total shunt occlusion for 2 hours followed by reperfusion at 50% of control flow for 2 hours. Group 2 (N = 8) underwent 2 hours of total occlusion followed by 2 hours of total reperfusion. Regional blood flow was measured by radiolabeled microspheres, and infarct areas were quantitated with triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Infarct sizes expressed as a percentage of the left ventricle or as a percentage of perfusion territory were significantly (p less than 0.05) smaller in animals with total reperfusion (group 2) than in dogs with partial reperfusion (group 1). Endocardial flows in the central infarct zone were significantly higher in dogs with total reperfusion than was observed with partial reperfusion; epicardial flows were not significantly different. In the peripheral region both endocardial flows and epicardial flows with total reperfusion were significantly higher than with partial reperfusion. These studies suggest that residual stenosis after thrombolysis may increase infarct size and reduce endocardial flow in the central infarct zone and transmural flow in the peripheral zone. PMID- 3195439 TI - Dextrorotatory isomer of sotalol: electrophysiologic effects and interaction with verapamil. AB - The dextrorotatory isomer of sotalol (d-sotalol) has class III antiarrhythmic properties with known action potential duration (APD) prolonging effects, and is largely devoid of beta-adrenergic blocking activity. We studied its electrophysiologic effects and the mechanism of its APD prolonging effects in sheep Purkinje fibers by means of standard microelectrode techniques. At all concentrations (10(-6) to 10(-4) mol/L), d-sotalol had no effect on Vmax. At 10( 6) mol/L, d-sotalol had no effect on APD. A concentration-dependent effect of 10( 5) to 10(-4) mol/L d-sotalol was found on APD. At peak effect, APD was prolonged by 56% and 49% at 50% (APD50) and 90% (APD90) of repolarization (p less than 0.01). Early afterdepolarizations (EADs) were noted at high concentration of d sotalol (10(-4) mol/L). These EADs were increased in number by epinephrine. To assess the mechanism of APD prolongation, verapamil (2.0 X 10(-6) mol/L) was added before and after d-sotalol treatment. In the presence of verapamil, no APD prolongation was observed even at the highest d-sotalol concentration (10(-4) mol/L). Next, during APD prolongation at the highest d-sotalol concentration, we added verapamil, noticing a remarkable shortening of APD. In addition, d-sotalol induced EADs disappeared with addition of verapamil. Thus (1) verapamil blocks d sotalol-induced APD prolongation and EADs and (2) this may be consistent with a mechanism via slow inward current. PMID- 3195438 TI - The effect of ionic contrast medium on the movement of acutely ischemic and nonischemic canine myocardium. AB - Regional function assessed by ventriculography may be influenced by the hemodynamic effects of rapidly injecting ionic contrast medium. The importance of this after acute coronary occlusion was examined in eight open-chest, anesthetized dogs. The left anterior descending artery was ligated while sonomicrometric segment lengths in the ischemic (IZ) and nonischemic zones (NZ) were measured. Sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate (Renografin-76, 1 ml/kg) was rapidly injected over 3 seconds. Fifteen minutes later, the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was rapidly increased to the level reached during injection. Injecting the contrast increased the LVEDP (7.3 +/- 2.5 to 20.1 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, p less than 0.0001) to the same extent as raising LVEDP (7.6 +/- 2.5 to 10.1 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, p less than 0.0001). Injecting the contrast medium increased IZ total percent systolic shortening (% delta L) (-3.90 +/- 4.43% to 2.68 +/- 4.77%, p less than 0.001) by decreasing isovolumic bulging (-6.68 +/- 4.09% to -5.49 +/- 3.33%, p less than 0.001) with little change in ejection % delta L. NZ total % delta L tended to increase (19.03 +/- 6.53% to 19.94 +/- 6.27%, p = 0.015) because of augmented ejection % delta L (13.12 +/- 2.51% to 13.71 +/- 3.10%, p = 0.017) by the Starling mechanism. Increasing the LVEDP had the same effect on IZ and NZ regional shortening as injecting contrast. Thus regional shortening after acute coronary occlusion is affected by the changes in loading conditions with ionic contrast ventriculography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195440 TI - Doppler echocardiographic studies of diastolic ventricular filling patterns in premature infants. AB - Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic studies of both right and left ventricular diastolic inflow patterns were performed in 10 full-term newborn infants and serially during the first month of life in 21 premature (28 to 35 weeks' gestation) infants with no clinical cardiorespiratory disease. Results of studies performed during the first 10 days of life showed no significant difference in transmitral flow velocity or velocity-time integral measurements between full term and preterm neonates. Values for transtricuspid velocity measurements were slightly lower in preterm infants, but E/A velocity ratio and relative contribution of E and A components to the total velocity-time integral were unchanged. Within the group of preterm infants gestational age did not affect any of the diastolic flow parameters. As preterm infants aged velocity of flow increased, but no changes were noted in the relative contributions of rapid ventricular filling and atrial contraction, either in terms of velocity of flow velocity integral measurements. Doppler assessment of diastolic ventricular filling can provide an accessible method for serial evaluation of preterm infants. Values noted in "normal" premature infants resemble those found in full term infants. PMID- 3195442 TI - Unusual hemodynamic presentation of acute aortic regurgitation following percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty. PMID- 3195443 TI - A simplified method for catheter entry into the pulmonary artery in patients with complex congenital heart disease. PMID- 3195441 TI - Quantitative regional curvature analysis: a prospective evaluation of ventricular shape and wall motion measurements. AB - To overcome the assumptions and approximations mandated by the use of traditional wall motion methodologies, a method was recently developed for measuring ventricular shape based on quantitative curvature analysis of ventricular outlines. This study was designed to assess prospectively the performance of this algorithm, to compare it to traditional wall motion measurements (centerline method), and to determine the comparative degree to which each method mimicked the interpretation of wall motion by clinical observers. Semiquantitative visual grading of regional function in 52 patients was performed by four independent observers on two occasions. Anterior, apical, or inferior segments were judged to be normal (0 points) or abnormal (1 point) based on viewing nonrealigned, end diastolic and end-systolic ventricular silhouettes from cineventriculograms obtained in the 30-degree right anterior oblique projection. Each segment was assigned a collated score ranging from 0 (all observers felt the region was normal on both readings) to 8 (all observers felt the region was abnormal on both readings). Quantitative regional curvature analysis and wall motion analysis (centerline method) were performed. Quantitative shape and wall motion scores correlated equally well with the semiquantitative visual scores. When a visual score of greater than or equal to 4 was used to designate an abnormal segment, both quantitative approaches demonstrated comparable sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rates. Both methods achieved optimal performance when maximum and minimum deviations from normal were recorded. Under these circumstances, the shape analysis demonstrated a greater concordance with the clinical diagnosis than did wall motion analysis (99% vs-93%, p less than 0.04).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195444 TI - Phantom angina. PMID- 3195446 TI - Bradycardia-dependent Kent bundle block. PMID- 3195445 TI - Variant angina provoked by isoproterenol: an unusual cause of syncope. PMID- 3195447 TI - Purulent pericarditis and ventricular pseudoaneurysm in an intravenous drug abuser. PMID- 3195448 TI - Irregularity of an escape rhythm related to the preceding cycle length. PMID- 3195450 TI - Ultrafast CT in aortic stenosis. PMID- 3195451 TI - Bundle branch reentrant ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3195449 TI - Inadequate collagen tethers in dilated cardiopathy. PMID- 3195452 TI - Vagolytic effect of propafenone. PMID- 3195453 TI - Menopause and coronary disease. PMID- 3195454 TI - Warfarin-related hemorrhage after valve replacement. PMID- 3195455 TI - Intracardiac thyroid. PMID- 3195456 TI - Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy with ectodermal dysplasia. PMID- 3195458 TI - Type A behavior. PMID- 3195457 TI - Catecholamine metabolism during angina. PMID- 3195459 TI - CK-MB and implanted defibrillator. PMID- 3195460 TI - Doppler examination of aortic coarctation. PMID- 3195461 TI - The box-plot: an exploratory analysis graph for biomedical publications. PMID- 3195462 TI - Pharmacists' satisfaction with drug product selection legislation. PMID- 3195463 TI - Promotion and selling of unnecessary food supplements: quackery or ethical pharmacy practice? PMID- 3195464 TI - Patients' understanding of selected pharmacy terms. PMID- 3195465 TI - Drug usage evaluation (DUE) activity in PSAOs. PMID- 3195466 TI - Public knowledge about AIDS improving: AMA survey. PMID- 3195467 TI - Anabolic steroids--misuse is abuse. PMID- 3195468 TI - Utah impaired pharmacist program is best. PMID- 3195469 TI - An update on the accreditation of academic programs in industrial hygiene. AB - The American Academy of Industrial Hygiene's effort to accredit academic programs in industrial hygiene will begin operations with its first site visits in the fall of 1988. The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) will be the administrator. It is expected that the first group of successful applicants will receive accreditation in 1989. PMID- 3195470 TI - Testimony of the American Industrial Hygiene Association. OSHA proposed rule on air contaminants. PMID- 3195471 TI - Urinary concentration, environmental concentration, and respiratory uptake of some solvents: effect of the work load. AB - The physical demands of the workplace differ depending on specific jobs. This implies that workers exposed to the same environmental level of an airborne contaminant can absorb different amounts of it depending on their pulmonary ventilation. Starting from the relationship between the uptake (U) and the urinary concentration of six solvents (Cu) (acetone, styrene, toluene, xylenes, methylchloroform, tetrachloroethylene) and from the equation expressing their lung uptake (U = K.V.CI.R.T) the expected values of a biological index after a given time of exposure can be derived. Such values are a function not only of the environmental level of exposure (CI) but also of the pulmonary ventilation (V - dependent solvent) and of the retention index (R) (V - R dependent solvent). PMID- 3195472 TI - Using immersion test data to screen chemical protective clothing. AB - A test to screen chemical protective materials in order to select potential candidates for further testing has been examined. The method involved determining the weight and volume changes in materials caused by immersion in the challenge chemical. Simple regression analysis showed that relatively short breakthrough times based on weight change and final thickness could be predicted with 90% confidence. Better results were obtained when discriminant analysis was used to classify breakthrough times greater than either 4 or 8 hr as a function of the weight change and final thickness. In 6% or less of the cases, actual breakthrough times were less than 4 or 8 hr when the predicted times were greater than these values. Discriminant analysis also was used to classify permeation rates as less than either 90 or 400 mg/m2-min based on weight change and initial thickness. In this case, actual permeation rates less than these were predicted to be greater in 4% and 7% of the cases, respectively. PMID- 3195473 TI - Legionnaires' disease in the work environment: implications for environmental health. AB - Legionnaires' disease is a severe pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. Outbreaks of Legionnaire's disease have occurred in hotels, hospitals, and homes but had not been reported yet in the work environment. The authors report the occurrence of Legionnaires' disease in three employees of two industrial plants. The potable water in the two plants contained high numbers of Legionella pneumophila. Monoclonal antibody subtyping of environmental and patient isolates of L. pneumophila implicated one of the plants as the source for the disease. L. pneumophila was eradicated from this plant using acidic and caustic scale removers, calcium hypochlorite, and a biocide. A systematic approach to Legionnaires' disease in the work environment, a problem which can be expected to be recognized with increasing frequency, is presented. PMID- 3195474 TI - Use of sulfur hexafluoride and a three-dimensional sampling grid for evaluation of inhalation chamber performance. AB - Knowledge of the distribution of a toxic agent, for example, hydrogen sulfide, within an exposure chamber is essential for satisfactory inhalation toxicology studies. The use of a three-dimensional sampling grid is described for sampling inhalation chamber atmospheres containing various concentrations of sulfur hexafluoride gas as a substitute for the more toxic hydrogen sulfide. PMID- 3195475 TI - Risk of developing an acute myocardial infarction or sudden coronary death in patients with exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry. AB - To evaluate whether patients with silent myocardial ischemia during exercise testing are at increased risk for developing a subsequent acute myocardial infarction or sudden death, the data on 424 such patients with proven coronary artery disease (CAD) from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry were analyzed. These patients (group 1) were compared with 456 other patients with CAD (group 2) who had both ischemic ST depression and angina pectoris during exercise testing and with 1,019 control patients without CAD. The probability of remaining free of a subsequent acute myocardial infarction or sudden death at 7 years was 80 and 91%, respectively, for group 1, 82 and 93%, respectively, for group 2 (difference not significant, compared with group 1), and 98 and 99%, respectively, for the control patients (p less than 0.001), compared with group 1 or 2). Among patients in group 1, the probability of remaining free of myocardial infarction and sudden death at 7 years was related to the severity of CAD and presence of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, and ranged from 90% for patients with 1-vessel CAD and preserved LV function to 38% for patients with 3-vessel CAD and abnormal LV function (p less than 0.001). Thus, patients with either silent or symptomatic ischemia during exercise testing have a similar risk of developing an acute myocardial infarction or sudden death--except in the 3-vessel CAD subgroup, where the risk is greater in silent ischemia. The risk of patients with silent myocardial ischemia is based primarily on angiographic variables. PMID- 3195476 TI - Effects of type A behavioral counseling and severity of prior acute myocardial infarction on survival. AB - The hypothesis under investigation was that the beneficial effect of type A behavioral counseling on survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was conditional on the functioning of the cardiovascular system, as determined by the severity of the prior AMI. Subjects were 862 nonsmoking coronary patients in the San Francisco Bay Area, randomized in 1978 to receive, over 4.5 years, cardiac counseling or cardiac counseling plus type A behavioral counseling. Sixteen baseline factors plus an interaction term (severity of AMI X behavioral counseling) were evaluated for their prognostic significance. Behavioral counseling was not a significant predictor of coronary death in the total cohort, but the interaction between counseling and severity of the prior AMI was (p less than 0.05). Thus, the total cohort was divided into 2 subgroups of mild or serious prior AMI, and independent predictors of survival were isolated within each subgroup. In the subgroup with mild prior AMI, independent predictors were anterior AMI (p = 0.02), plasma cholesterol (p = 0.02) and behavioral counseling (p = 0.05). In the subgroup with serious prior AMI, none of the factors evaluated made a significant independent contribution. These findings suggest that a reduction in type A behavior may exert the greatest protection against coronary death in that subgroup of patients for whom the biologic aspects of coronary artery disease are not advanced. They also demonstrate the importance of considering the level of cardiac functioning before determining predictors of survival or optimum postcoronary care. PMID- 3195477 TI - Usefulness of exercise electrocardiography and thallium scintigraphy in unstable angina pectoris in predicting the extent and severity of coronary artery disease. AB - The safety and efficacy of exercise electrocardiography and thallium scintigraphy early in the course of unstable angina pectoris were assessed 4.6 +/- 1.6 days after admission in 67 patients with unstable angina that stabilized after medical therapy. Coronary arteriography was performed in all patients 5.4 +/- 2.4 days after admission. There was no difference in clinical, exercise or scintigraphic variables between patients with stenoses less than 50% and patients with 1-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) defined as a diameter stenosis greater than or equal to 50%. Patients with 3-vessel CAD had a significantly shorter exercise duration than patients with less than 50%-diameter narrowing (5.5 +/- 2.2 vs 8.3 +/- 3.3 minutes, respectively), lower exercise heart rate (119 +/- 20 vs 149 +/- 22 beats/min) and systolic blood pressure (156 +/- 29 vs 166 +/- 33 mm Hg), more frequent chest pain (76 vs 20%) and more pronounced ST depression (-1.48 +/- 1.37 vs -0.33 +/- 0.72 mm). In addition, thallium defect size on exercise was greater in the patients with 2-vessel CAD (159 +/- 132 degrees) and 3-vessel CAD (255 +/- 132 degrees) than in patients with no CAD (28 +/- 319 degrees) or 1-vessel CAD (73 +/- 78 degrees), p greater than or equal to 0.05. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that thallium defect size was the best predictor of extent of CAD, with exercise heart rate and presence of chest pain during exercise also predictive of extent of CAD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195479 TI - Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function before and after intravenous dipyridamole stress testing for detection of coronary artery disease. AB - Thallium perfusion imaging following the intravenous infusion of dipyridamole, a potent coronary vasodilator, has been demonstrated to be useful in the evaluation of the functional significance of coronary artery disease (CAD). While recent studies have demonstrated that 2-dimensional echocardiographic monitoring of left ventricular (LV) function after intravenous dipyridamole has a sensitivity somewhat less than that of thallium perfusion imaging, none has examined the usefulness of Doppler evaluation of aortic blood flow in this setting. One hundred patients undergoing dipyridamole-thallium imaging for clinical indications were studied. Technically adequate Doppler echocardiographic studies were obtained in 97 patients. LV ejection fraction, peak aortic velocity and acceleration, as well as segmental LV wall motion, were analyzed before and at peak dipyridamole effect. Thallium perfusion images were normal in 41 and abnormal in 53 patients studied. A statistically significant difference in percent change from baseline to peak dipyridamole effect in velocity, acceleration and ejection fraction was seen between the 2 groups (26 vs -2%, 51 vs -2% and 16 vs 4%, respectively, all p less than 0.05). Comparison of 2 dimensional wall motion analysis to thallium yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 74 and 80%, respectively. In the group of patients who underwent cardiac catheterization, 2-dimensional wall motion analysis yielded a sensitivity of 64% in the detection of CAD. The combination of 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiographic parameters increased the sensitivity in the detection of CAD to 85%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195478 TI - Evaluation of left ventricular contractility indexes for the detection of symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia. AB - This study evaluated the role of left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and systolic blood pressure (BP) to end-systolic volume ratio to detect symptomatic and silent myocardial ischemia. The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of these contractility indexes were compared with angina and ST depression during exercise. Thirty consecutive patients referred for chest pain performed symptom limited bicycle exercise and had coronary angiography within 3 months. Twenty-two had angiographically significant coronary artery disease and 8 had normal coronary anatomy. Systolic BP was measured by sphygmomanometry; LV ejection fraction and end-systolic volume were obtained by nuclear ventriculography. Normal values for contractility indexes were defined as LV ejection fraction greater than 52% at rest and increment of greater than or equal to 5% during exercise, and systolic BP to end-systolic volume ratio greater than 2.2 mm Hg/ml at rest and greater than 3.0 mm Hg/ml during exercise. The sensitivity of systolic BP to end-systolic volume ratio to identify patients with coronary artery disease at rest was 71 vs 33% for LV ejection fraction. During exercise, each contractility index had a sensitivity of 95% and there was a combined sensitivity of 100%. This compares with 71% for ST depression and 48% for exercise-induced angina. Thus, 52% had no angina and 36% of them were also silent by electrocardiography. Among the patients with symptomatic ischemia, 20% had no ST-segment depression. Measurement of contractility indexes enhanced the detection of silent myocardial ischemia and provided information on LV function vital to prognosis and management of patients with coronary artery disease. PMID- 3195480 TI - Long-term prognosis of patients undergoing electrophysiologic studies for syncope of unknown origin. AB - Long-term prognosis was determined in 70 patients with unexplained syncope who underwent electrophysiologic testing between April 1981 and April 1986. The electrophysiologic study had positive results in 37 patients--31 with ventricular tachycardia, 3 with supraventricular tachycardia and 3 with abnormal conduction. There was no significant difference in the 3-year actuarial recurrence rate between the positive and negative outcomes (32 vs 24%, respectively). At 3 years, patients with positive outcomes had higher rates of sudden death than patients with negative results (48 vs 9%, respectively, p less than 0.002). The 3-year total mortality rate was also markedly higher in patients with positive results than among those with negative outcomes (61 vs 15%, respectively, p less than 0.001). Multivariate analyses showed mortality to be independently associated with unsustained ventricular tachycardia on prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring. It was concluded that patients with electrophysiologically positive results had high rates of sudden death and total mortality that have not been previously well recognized. PMID- 3195481 TI - Transient atrial dysfunction after conversion of chronic atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. AB - Although conversion of atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm can usually be accomplished by electrical or drug therapy, effective atrial systole may not be restored. To investigate the return of atrial transport function and its relation to the duration of the arrhythmia, Doppler echocardiography was performed after conversion in 18 patients with acute AF (less than or equal to 1 week duration), 14 patients with chronic AF (greater than 1 week duration) and 15 control patients. Flow velocities during rapid filling (E wave) and atrial systole (A wave) were measured in both left and right ventricles. Patients in the acute AF group had left ventricular A waves (49 +/- 4 cm/s) and A/E ratios (0.97 +/- 0.1) similar to those of the control patients (55 +/- 7 cm/s, 0.87 +/- 0.08, respectively). In contrast, patients in the chronic AF group had much smaller A waves (19 +/- 5 cm/s) and A/E ratios (0.30 +/- 0.08) than those in the other 2 groups (p less than 0.001). Five patients with chronic AF (36%) had complete left atrial paralysis (A/E = 0) despite normal sinus P waves. Measurements in the right ventricle showed similar differences among the groups. Patients with chronic AF who maintained sinus rhythm showed an increase in A/E ratio to control levels, from 0.45 +/- 0.1 to 0.93 +/- 0.1 (p = 0.003) at 48 days (average) after conversion. Thus, atrial transport function is normal after brief periods of AF, but reduced or absent when conversion is achieved after the arrhythmia has been sustained greater than 1 week.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195482 TI - Effect of preexisting bundle branch block on the electrocardiographic diagnosis of ventricular tachycardia. AB - The electrocardiograms (ECGs) of 80 ventricular tachycardias (VTs) occurring in 52 patients with a normal baseline QRS duration (group 1) were compared with 26 VTs in 18 patients with preexisting bundle branch block (group 2). The effects of bundle branch block on the sensitivity of previously defined electrocardiographic criteria for differentiating VT from supraventricular tachycardia with aberration were under investigation. Specificity was examined by comparing VT to the baseline ECG in group 2 patients. The VTs in groups 1 and 2 were comparable with respect to rate, bundle branch pattern, R-wave pattern in V1 with right bundle, frequency of an R/S ratio less than 1 in V6 with right bundle, Q-wave frequency in V6 with left bundle and quadrant of the frontal plane axis. Precordial QRS concordance was more frequent (35 vs 15%, p = 0.045) and a greater than 30 ms R wave in V1 or V2 with left bundle pattern was less frequent (18 vs 63%, p = 0.015) in group 2 vs group 1 arrhythmias. Right bundle pattern VT usually had a monophasic R wave in V1 (69%), whereas preexisting right bundle usually had a biphasic R wave in V1 (82%, p = 0.001). The quadrant of the frontal plane axis was significantly different between the VT ECGs and the ECGs with preexisting bundle branch block (p = 0.029) with a right superior quadrant axis only seen in VT (19%). A greater than 30 ms R wave in V1 or V2 with left bundle was also only seen in VT (52 vs 0%, p = 0.052).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195483 TI - Long-term arrhythmic outcome in survivors of ventricular fibrillation with absence of inducible ventricular tachycardia. AB - While programmed electrical stimulation of the heart is useful in directing therapy in cardiac arrest survivors who exhibit inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT), controversy exists as to the risk of recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) and need for antiarrhythmic therapy in patients without inducible VT during drug-free control programmed stimulation studies. In this study, the clinical features and arrhythmic outcome of 43 survivors of VF without inducible VT at control programmed stimulation were examined. In 38 patients, factors that may have played a potentiating role in the genesis of VF included ischemia in 15, proarrhythmia in 18, rapid rate response to atrial fibrillation in 3 and acute alcoholism in 2. Three patients required antiarrhythmic drugs for supraventricular tachyarrhythmia and 40 patients were discharged without antiarrhythmic therapy. At 32 +/- 21 months (range 1 to 82), 37 (92%) have remained free of arrhythmic recurrence while 3 have had sustained subsequent major arrhythmic events (syncope 1 patient, VF 1, sudden cardiac death 1). Thus, survivors of VF without inducible VT at drug-free control programmed stimulation are characterized by (1) potentiating factors--often identifiable and correctable -that may be important to the genesis of VF; (2) generally low risk of arrhythmic recurrence; and (3) effective long-term management often achieved without the use of additional antiarrhythmic drugs or antitachycardia/defibrillation devices. PMID- 3195484 TI - Detection of abnormal calf muscle metabolism in patients with heart failure using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance. AB - Patients with heart failure frequently report leg fatigue during exercise. At present, however, there is no objective method of detecting leg muscle abnormalities in such patients. To determine if phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can provide such information, this technique was used to compare calf responses to stair climbing and plantarflexion in 20 patients with heart failure (peak oxygen consumption (VO2) of 13.6 +/- 5 ml/kg/min, ejection fraction 20 +/- 5%) and 9 age-matched normal subjects. Work was quantified by measuring VO2. At rest, both groups exhibited similar inorganic phosphorus to phosphocreatine (Pi/PCr) ratios (patients with heart failure 0.21 +/- 0.07, normal subjects 0.21 +/- 0.06, difference not significant) and pH levels (patients with heart failure 7.06 +/- 0.17, normal subjects 7.05 +/- 0.11, difference not significant). In both normal subjects and patients with heart failure, exercise resulted in a progressive rise in Pi/PCr as VO2 increased. However, examination of the relation of VO2 versus Pi/PCr revealed steeper slopes in patients with heart failure during both stair climbing and plantar-flexion. Neither form of exercise decreased calf pH in normal subjects. In the patients with heart failure, significant decreases in pH were noted during the highest work level of plantarflexion (pH of heart failure patients 6.86 +/- 0.20, pH of normal subjects 7.07 +/- 0.14, p less than 0.01). Metabolic recovery time was also prolonged in the patients with heart failure versus normal subjects (3.3 +/- 0.8 vs 2.1 +/- 0.5 minutes, respectively, p less than 0.002). These findings indicate that phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance provides objective evidence of leg muscle abnormalities in patients with heart failure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195485 TI - Insights on the mechanism of balloon valvuloplasty in aortic stenosis. AB - An analysis of the mechanisms of action of balloon valvuloplasty in adult aortic stenosis (AS), based on postmortem studies on fresh specimens and on clinical experience with 300 consecutive cases, is reported. When maximally inflated, a 20 mm diameter balloon (occupying a 3.14 cm2 cross-sectional area) significantly enlarges the stenosed valve orifice by 3 mechanisms: stretching of valve tissue, rupturing of commissural fusion and breaking of calcific deposits. These last 2 mechanisms are the most effective, in both tricuspid and bicuspid forms of AS, to render the cusps more flexible and able to open during systole and to close at the time of ventricular diastole. The marked increase in valve area obtained by the dilatation procedure was clearly demonstrated on fresh postmortem specimens and also on postmortem examination of cases that had had balloon valvuloplasty during life. Stretching alone may give only a temporary increase in valve area with an elastic return of the leaflets to their initial stenosing position and may explain, at least in part, the occurrence of restenosis. Inflation of the balloon is well tolerated with no deleterious decrease in blood pressure in two thirds of the cases because the balloon opens the commissures, allowing blood ejection through these openings. It does not produce calcific emboli, probably because calcium deposits remain imbedded in the leaflets, covered by the endothelium. Finally, it very infrequently produces acute severe aortic regurgitation. Careful choice of balloon size is necessary to obtain on effective opening; most often a 20-mm diameter balloon but sometimes a balloon up to 23 mm is used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195486 TI - Disopyramide in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I. Hemodynamic assessment after intravenous administration. AB - The hemodynamic effects of intravenous disopyramide were determined in 43 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pressure gradients at rest (resting obstruction). The basal subaortic pressure gradient decreased in all patients by a mean of 61 mm Hg (range 16 to 123); in 35 patients the gradient was abolished (less than 20 mm Hg). The reduction in pressure gradient was achieved through a decrease in left ventricular systolic pressure, from 178 to 135 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001), and a rise in aortic systolic pressure, from 105 to 123 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001). Left ventricular ejection time was reduced from 326 to 273 ms (p less than 0.0001). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreased from 19 to 16 mm Hg (p less than 0.0001). In a subgroup of 13 patients, cardiac output was unchanged after disopyramide, despite a prolongation of the pre-ejection period from 104 to 137 ms (p less than 0.0001) indicating a decrease in contractility. The maintenance of cardiac output, despite a decrease in contractility, may reflect a decrease in mitral regurgitation resulting from the reduction of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve by disopyramide. These results indicate that disopyramide produces predictably favorable hemodynamic effects in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and resting obstruction to left ventricular outflow. PMID- 3195488 TI - Usefulness of silent myocardial ischemia detected by ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in predicting new coronary events in elderly patients. PMID- 3195487 TI - Echocardiographic and anatomic findings in atrioventricular discordance with ventriculoarterial concordance. AB - Atrioventricular (AV) discordance with ventriculoarterial (VA) concordance is a rare form of congenital heart disease that consists of 5 different anatomic types. The salient therapeutic consideration uniting these 5 different anatomic entities is that anatomic correction can be achieved by an atrial switch procedure with closure of any associated septal defect. Three patients who had AV discordance with VA concordance are presented, with emphasis upon 2-dimensional echocardiographic diagnosis and surgical management. One of these patients had ventricular inversion with inverted normally related great arteries in situs solitus (i.e., [S,L,I]), thus representing a form of congenital heart disease that until now has not been documented anatomically. Although these are complex defects, multiple-plane imaging with 2-dimensional echocardiography was found to be extremely reliable in ascertaining the anatomy when a comprehensive, segmental analysis is applied. This approach includes determination of visceroatrial situs, ventricular loop and great arterial position and alignment. A surgical approach to closure of the ventricular septal defect through the left-sided infundibulum in isolated ventricular inversion afforded excellent exposure of the defect and avoided AV conduction block. PMID- 3195489 TI - Lack of association between acute myocardial infarction and mitral valve prolapse. PMID- 3195491 TI - Heparin bolus therapy during cardiac catheterization. PMID- 3195490 TI - Cervical collateral arteries in pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. PMID- 3195493 TI - Complete denervation of the heart in a child with congenital long QT and deafness. PMID- 3195492 TI - General anesthesia for intractable ventricular tachycardia. PMID- 3195494 TI - India and Indian cardiology. PMID- 3195495 TI - Intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction at the community hospital: a six-year experience. AB - The efficacy of intravenous streptokinase in the initial management of acute myocardial infarction was evaluated over a 6-year period in 130 patients admitted to 3 community hospitals. Most patients were admitted within 2 hours of onset of symptoms and received 1.5 million units of streptokinase over a 30- to 60-minute period. Clinical observations and serial creatine phosphokinase-MB were indicative of vessel patency in 115 (88%) of the patients after initiation of thrombolysis. Of this group, 105 underwent catheterization, and recanalization was demonstrated in 97 (92%). Fifty percent of the patients who underwent reperfusion were subsequently maintained with medical therapy; 50% underwent either percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery. Major morbidity was confined to hematomas; no cerebral bleeding was encountered. There was 1 early death from cerebral thrombosis and 2 late deaths, 1 to cancer and 1 to myocardial infarction. These findings suggest the benefit of intravenous streptokinase thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting within 3 hours of onset of pain, unless specific potential bleeding problems exist or in the case of certain very elderly persons. In addition, the trial demonstrated the feasibility of triaging patients who have undergone lytic therapy to a central facility for catheterization and management. PMID- 3195496 TI - Prognostic value of DNA ploidy and proliferative activity in Hodgkin's disease. AB - To investigate the occurrence and the prognostic significance of DNA aneuploidy in Hodgkin's disease, the nuclear DNA content of 70 patients with Hodgkin's disease was determined from paraffin-embedded tissue by flow cytometry. DNA aneuploidy was found in eight (11%) cases. None of the five lymphomas of the lymphocytic depletion type was aneuploid, and DNA aneuploidy was not associated with any of the histologic subtypes. DNA ploidy did not have significant association with prognosis, but the two patients with aneuploid lymphoma who died had the largest DNA indices measured (1.63 and 2.03). Patients with lymphoma with greater than 10% S phase cells had poorer crude survival rate (P = 0.01) and survival rate corrected for known intercurrent deaths (P = 0.002) than patients with lymphoma with less than 10% S phase cells. In multivariate analysis, age at diagnosis, sex, histologic subtype, and S phase fraction had independent prognostic value. PMID- 3195497 TI - Hematologic evaluation of employees with leukopenia. Naval Weapons Center, China Lake, California. AB - Evaluation of 86 employees with a history of leukopenia at the Naval Weapons Center (NWC), China Lake, California, was done by exposure questionnaires, medical histories, physical examinations, peripheral blood smear, and bone marrow evaluations, including morphologic examination, stem cell culture, and cytogenetics. Forty-eight subjects were found to be leukopenic at the time of the study, and two subjects were found to have hairy cell leukemia. All subjects had positive exposure histories and were healthy at the time of the study. Review of peripheral smears identified the patients with marrow abnormalities. Bone marrow cultures revealed several patients with possible marrow suppression. Chromosome studies were not diagnostic. Five-year follow-up health questionnaires revealed no significant health problems; the two workers with hairy cell leukemia are alive and fully functional. Leukopenia in itself does not appear to be a risk factor for poor health, and it is unknown whether or not it may be a useful screening tool to identify workers at risk in toxic environments. Careful evaluation of blood cell counts and peripheral smears should be sufficient to identify people with potential marrow abnormalities. PMID- 3195499 TI - Effect of drawing blood specimens proximal to an in-place but discontinued intravenous solution. Can blood be drawn above the site of a shut-off i.v.? AB - To assess the effects of drawing blood specimens from a site proximal to an intravenous (IV) infusion line, 24 volunteers were infused with approximately 30 mL of 5% (w/v) dextrose in 0.9% (w/v) NaCl solution. Specimens were drawn proximal to the IV line, while the solution was infusing, and at 1, 2, and 3 minutes after discontinuance of the infusion and assayed for glucose, sodium, chloride, and red blood cell (RBC) count. Control samples were obtained simultaneously from the opposite arm to determine any residual or dilutional effects from the infusing solution. Statistical analysis using the paired sample t-test showed no significant difference of RBCs between arms at or beyond 1 minute. Statistical power analysis reveals that there is a 95% level of certainty that there is less than 1% dilution of the test arm specimen. Analysis of sodium and chloride levels showed no contamination of the test arm specimen at 1 minute, but glucose concentrations still showed an average elevation over control of 5% at 3 minutes. The authors concluded that the drawing of blood specimens proximal to an IV infusion, 3 minutes after its discontinuance, has a clinically negligable dilutional effect but substances present at relatively high levels in the infused solution may still be detected. PMID- 3195498 TI - Comparative analysis of glycosylated hemoglobins by ion-exchange column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography in patients with hemoglobinopathies. AB - Cation-exchange chromatography gives falsely decreased values for glycosylated hemoglobins (GHbs) in patients with abnormal hemoglobins (Hbs) such as S, D, G, C, E, and O. This decrease is thought to be proportional to the percentage of abnormal Hb present. In the authors' study, cation-exchange column chromatographic GHb values on 84 nondiabetic patients heterozygous for Hb S, 28 AS diabetic patients, and 23 nondiabetic patients heterozygous for Hb C were calculated to account for the percentage of abnormal Hb, and the resulting values were compared with the GHb values obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There existed a good correlation between the calculated GHb and the GHb obtained by HPLC (r = 0.92 for AS and r = 0.94 for AC). In patients with elevated Hb F, chromatographic GHb values are falsely high. In such cases, correction can be made by subtracting the Hb F value from the observed GHb. In laboratories where cation exchange chromatography is used, accurate determination of GHb can be made by adjusting observed values for portion of the abnormal Hb present. PMID- 3195500 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) TRAP. A method to improve CSF laboratory efficiency. AB - Establishment of a procedure termed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) TRAP ("Transport and Rapid Accessioning for Additional Procedures") allows clinicians to appropriately store, at -75 degrees C, and rapidly access CSF specimens. The CSF TRAP enhances patient care by decreasing the need for repeat lumbar punctures and providing reserve fluid for the following: (1) further CSF testing; (2) repeating questionable test results; and (3) laboratory accidents. The CSF TRAP has been approved for third-party payment because it promotes efficient laboratory utilization by encouraging clinicians to review initial CSF findings before ordering low-yield CSF assays such as the venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) and cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination tests. Currently, CSF TRAP samples are being obtained with 40% of all CSF acquisitions at the Duke University Medical Center. The availability of the CSF TRAP was associated with a significant decrease in the ordering of CSF VDRL and cryptococcal antigen assays (P less than 0.05); however, there was no significant change in the proportion of those studies being performed on normal CSF. The CSF TRAP procedure provides the framework for an overall restructuring of CSF testing that is being investigated. PMID- 3195501 TI - Prevalence of gastric metaplasia, inflammation, and Campylobacter pylori in the duodenum of members of a normal population. AB - Mucosal biopsies were obtained from 116 asymptomatic volunteers (50% were male; mean age, 46 years; age range, 19-91 years) to study the prevalence of duodenal gastric metaplasia (GM) and its association with inflammation and Campylobacter pylori in a normal population. GM was identified in 25 subjects (22%). Eighty three subjects (72%) had histologic duodenitis, but in only 10 did the infiltrate include neutrophils (grade 2 duodenitis). C. pylori was found in the stomach in 36 subjects (31%), all of whom had gastritis, but was not identified histologically in the duodenum. There were no significant differences between the overall frequency of duodenitis and either GM or antral C. pylori. Although the frequency of severe (grade 2) duodenitis was not significantly different between those with and those without GM, grade 2 duodenitis was found in 9 of 36 subjects with antral C. pylori but in only 1 of 80 without antral C. pylori (P less than 0.001). These findings suggest that gastric metaplasia is a common finding in the normal population and that grade 1 duodenitis is most likely clinically unimportant, whereas grade 2 duodenitis is usually associated with antral C. pylori. PMID- 3195502 TI - An unusual case of Phormia regina myiasis of the scalp. AB - The authors report a case of Calliphorine myiasis in the scalp of a 64-year-old woman caused by the larvae of Phormia regina (Black Blowfly). There was extensive blackening of the scalp and necrosis of the soft tissues, which is unusual in Phormia regina myiasis. PMID- 3195503 TI - Fusarium solani osteomyelitis with probable nosocomial spread. AB - A case of Fusarium solani osteomyelitis is reported in a previously healthy adult male who received multiple injuries during an automobile accident. Combined histologic and mycologic data proved it to be a case of hyalohyphomycosis resulting from Fusarium. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of osteomyelitis resulting from F. solani. A concurrent case of saprophytic wound colonization by the same organism is reported in another patient in the same ward who had sustained similar injuries. Evidence suggests that this represents nosocomial spread from the first case. PMID- 3195504 TI - Monocytoid B-cell lymphoma: point on a spectrum. PMID- 3195505 TI - Colonization of gastric lesions by urease-positive bacteria. PMID- 3195506 TI - Central nervous system involvement in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (Richter's syndrome), with concordant cell surface immunoglobulin and immunophenotypic markers. PMID- 3195507 TI - Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-related disease. PMID- 3195508 TI - Bone marrow fibrosis in multiple myeloma. PMID- 3195509 TI - Ficin in immunohistochemistry. PMID- 3195510 TI - An American Board of Orthodontics case report. AB - A case report is presented of a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion with severe overjet and deep overbite with crowding and irregularities of the anterior teeth. The case was treated according to the standards of the American Board of Orthodontics. PMID- 3195511 TI - A computer system for the interactive planning and prediction of maxillofacial surgery. AB - A computer system has been developed for the simulation of facial surgery with interactive three-dimensional graphic techniques and data derived from computed tomographic scans and a purpose-built laser scanning system. The simulation includes the surgery on the hard tissues, and modeling of the soft tissue for prediction of the postoperative facial appearance. The facilities available are described and an example of their use is given. PMID- 3195512 TI - Cephalometric and clinical diagnoses of open bite tendency. AB - Pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of patients between 10 and 16 years of age were searched for persons who met criteria commonly used for identifying patients with "open bite tendencies." Results indicate that different measures of open bite tendency identify different patients. Of 50 patients with sella-nasion-mandibular plane angles greater than 40 degrees, only 11 had upper facial height/lower facial height ratios less than 0.70; of 50 patients who had occlusal plane-mandibular plane angles greater than 22 degrees, only 15 had posterior facial height/anterior facial height ratios of less than 0.58. Of the 250 patients who exhibited some well-accepted cephalometric indication for excessive vertical dimension, only 13% had actual anterior open bites. When clinicians ranked their own patients according to the difficulty in controlling excessive vertical growth during treatment, measurements such as the mandibular plane angle, upper to lower facial height ratio, and anterior to posterior facial height ratio did not predict treatment responses. PMID- 3195513 TI - Maxillomandibular growth 2 years after mandibular advancement surgery with and without suprahyoid myotomy in juvenile Macaca mulatta. AB - There is conflict in the literature on whether continued and harmonious growth occurs after mandibular advancement in growing persons. The studies available are difficult to interpret because of the differing age ranges and the questionable growth potential inherent within the mandibular deficient patient. This study was performed to isolate the major question of interest to clinicians: Does the mandibular advancement surgical procedure inhibit future growth in a normally growing person? Six juvenile male Macaca mulatta monkeys were divided equally into two experimental groups. Group MAA had mandibular advancement surgery of approximately 4 mm. Group MAD had a similar surgical procedure with detachment of the suprahyoid musculature. All underwent 4 to 5 weeks of maxillomandibular fixation. Serial computerized cephalograms with the aid of bone markers were used to analyze the changes during a 2-year follow-up period. The postsurgical changes of the two experimental groups were compared statistically with control growth data on a large sample of normal Macaca mulatta animals available in our laboratory. The results showed the following. (1) There were significant short term differences in the stability of the mandibular advancement between experimental groups. Group MAA (suprahyoid musculature attached) experienced significant relapse during the period of maxillomandibular fixation. Group MAD (suprahyoid musculature detached) experienced no relapse. (2) During the 2-year follow-up period after fixation, the rate and amount of mandibular growth in both experimental groups were not significantly different from age-matched controls or from each other. (3) At the end of the 2-year experimental period, the advanced mandibles were longer than the mandibles in age-matched controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195515 TI - Increasing intrusion of anterior teeth. PMID- 3195516 TI - Face frame anchorage for closing spaces by protraction--a solution for missing teeth. AB - Orthodontic space closure is one solution for partial agenesis. Custom-fit acrylic face frames formed directly on patients' faces can provide anchorage for protraction of teeth in patients who might otherwise require prosthetic teeth to avoid esthetically detrimental retraction of anterior teeth. PMID- 3195514 TI - Resorption of maxillary lateral incisors caused by ectopic eruption of the canines. A clinical and radiographic analysis of predisposing factors. AB - Factors predisposing to resorption of adjacent permanent lateral incisors caused by ectopic eruption of maxillary canines were evaluated. The subjects consisted of two groups: one with 40 lateral incisors with resorption caused by ectopic eruption and a control group of 118 ectopic eruption cases with no lateral incisor resorption. The mean age of the children in the two groups differed by only 0.7 of a year and ranged from 10.0 to 15.0 years, covering the normal eruption period of the maxillary canine. Resorption of lateral incisors was three times as common in girls as in boys. The resorption cases showed a more advanced dental development, a more medial canine position in the dental arch, and a slightly more mesial horizontal path of eruption (an average of 10 degrees) than that of the control cases. Factors such as the width of the dental follicle and proclination or distal tilting of the lateral incisor showed no correlation to the resorption. Potential resorption cases are always those in which the canine cusp in periapical and panoramic films is positioned medially to the midline of the lateral incisor. Such situations should be carefully investigated with polytomography if necessary. The risk of resorption also will increase with a more mesial horizontal path of eruption. From 10 years of age or younger, annual clinical examination by palpation of the canine eruption path is recommended. This clinical examination should be supplemented with a stepwise extended radiographic procedure in cases in which ectopic eruption of the maxillary canines is suspected. PMID- 3195517 TI - The crystallizing professionalism. PMID- 3195518 TI - Oropharyngeal examination for suspected epiglottitis. PMID- 3195519 TI - Successful urokinase therapy for superior vena cava syndrome in a premature infant. PMID- 3195520 TI - Maternal floor infarction: an unusual cause of intrauterine growth retardation. PMID- 3195521 TI - Measles in hospitalized African children with human immunodeficiency virus. PMID- 3195522 TI - High-dose intravenous methylprednisolone for childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. PMID- 3195524 TI - Perinatal factors and separation time of the umbilical cord. PMID- 3195523 TI - Minor malformations: significant or insignificant. PMID- 3195525 TI - Relation of bone mineralization measures to serum biochemical measures. PMID- 3195526 TI - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in pediatric patients. PMID- 3195527 TI - Helping families get through the holidays after the death of a child. PMID- 3195528 TI - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy in chronic childhood iridocyclitis. AB - The adjunctive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the treatment of chronic iridocyclitis was evaluated in 14 patients, eight with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and six with idiopathic iridocyclitis. In all patients, the activity of the iridocyclitis improved with the addition of NSAIDs to their treatment regimens, permitting reduction in the dose of corticosteroid drugs. These data suggest that NSAID therapy may have an adjunctive role in the treatment of chronic iridocyclitis in childhood. PMID- 3195529 TI - IgM-enriched intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in neonatal sepsis. AB - Despite the development of newer generation of antibiotics, mortality from neonatal sepsis remains high. In a prospective, randomized study, we investigated the use of IgM-enriched immunoglobulin therapy in neonatal sepsis. Two groups of 30 infants each (matched for gestational age, sex, weight, and other variables) were randomly allocated to receive either antibiotics alone (control group) or antibiotics plus 5 mL/kg/d for four days of IgM-enriched immunoglobulin intravenously (immunotherapy group). Mortality from sepsis in the control group was 20% (6/30), while in the immunotherapy group it was 3.3% (1/30). We conclude that IgM-enriched immunoglobulin therapy in conjunction with antibiotic therapy significantly reduces mortality from neonatal sepsis. PMID- 3195530 TI - Behavioral predictors of injury in school-age children. AB - The behavior of 10,394 British children was related prospectively to their injury history between ages 5 and 10 years, obtained from parents. Aggressive and overactive behaviors at age 5 years were measured by subscales of the Rutter Child Behavior Questionnaire completed by the parents. Multivariate techniques were used to assess the association between behavior and injuries while controlling for social, demographic, and psychological characteristics. Boys' behavior at age 5 years was more strongly predictive of injuries in the subsequent five years than was girls' behavior. The odds of experiencing injuries resulting in hospitalization in boys with high aggression scores was 2.4 times that of boys with low aggression scores. The identification of high-risk children provides the foundation for understanding the behavioral mechanisms that contribute to injuries and for developing preventive strategies tailored to the needs of these children. PMID- 3195531 TI - Danazol for children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. AB - Ten patients with steroid-dependent or refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura were treated with danazol in an attempt to improve their platelet counts. Nine of the ten children exhibited an excellent initial response to the drug, with five achieving a complete, unmaintained remission. Two others were able to have their prednisone doses tapered with a resultant disappearance of steroid-induced adverse effects. No significant adverse effects of danazol were noted. Danazol seems to be effective in the treatment of children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura and would warrant additional studies to determine its proper role in the management of this common pediatric ailment. PMID- 3195532 TI - ECMO: regional evaluation of need and applicability of selection criteria. AB - The need and indications for neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are controversial. The need for ECMO in two New England states was studied through a review of deaths due to respiratory failure in near- and full-term infants. Vermont averaged 2.4 and Maine averaged 7.4 deaths annually. Neither state demonstrated sufficient respiratory deaths to establish ECMO capability. The number of "potential" ECMO candidates, based on published selection criteria, was studied, and the applicability of criteria was evaluated. A two-year review revealed 16 potential candidates from Maine and 19 from Vermont. No criterion accurately identified nonsurvivors of conventional ventilatory therapy. Only one criterion in one institution demonstrated an association with chronic lung disease. The data demonstrated that published ECMO selection criteria were not applicable in different populations. PMID- 3195533 TI - The effect of testosterone therapy on spontaneous growth hormone secretion in boys with constitutional delay. AB - Testosterone treatment is known to improve growth hormone (GH) secretion in boys with constitutional delay (CD). To determine whether spontaneous GH secretion is normal after treatment, we assessed GH secretion before and after a four- to five month course of testosterone enanthate in eight adolescents with CD. Before testosterone therapy, the mean (+/- 1 SD) 24-hour integrated concentration of GH (IC-GH) by constant blood withdrawal technique was 1.7 +/- 1.0 micrograms/L (normal range for age, 3.2 to 11.5 micrograms/L), and the IC-testosterone was 1.8 +/- 2.7 nmol/L. Two patients restudied during treatment had normal IC-GH values. After testosterone treatment, the mean IC-GH of the entire group was 3.3 +/- 2.6 micrograms/L, and the IC-testosterone was 6.5 +/- 5.3 nmol/L. Five of eight patients had IC-GH values that were again subnormal. A subnormal IC-GH associated with CD may persist after testosterone therapy is discontinued. Deficiency of spontaneous GH secretion may contribute to short stature and slower growth rates in this patient group. Whether GH therapy in these patients would have a beneficial effect on final height is unknown. PMID- 3195534 TI - Zinc status in children and young adults with sickle cell disease. AB - Previous studies have suggested an association of zinc deficiency and short stature in some children and adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). As a result, zinc supplementation has been recommended for these patients. The mechanism for zinc deficiency in certain patients with SCD is unknown, although renal loss of zinc has been suggested as a contributing factor. The zinc status of 29 subjects with SCD and 18 black controls was studied. No evidence of zinc deficiency in our population with SCD was found when plasma and cellular zinc levels were measured. Likewise, levels of two zinc-dependent enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, were normal in these subjects with SCD. Although adolescent subjects with SCD tended to be shorter than control subjects, there was no correlation between the height-forage z score and plasma zinc levels (r = .31). It was concluded that zinc deficiency was not present in our population with SCD, and that there was no correlation between plasma zinc levels and the height-for-age z score in growing adolescent patients with SCD. These findings suggested that zinc supplementation may not be necessary in all patients with SCD. PMID- 3195535 TI - Physical and psychological effects of aerobic exercise in delinquent adolescent males. AB - Aerobic exercise has been associated with improved psychological status and physical fitness in adults, but its effects in adolescents have been less clear. This study evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on the self-concept, depression level, and physical fitness of juvenile delinquents. Ninety-eight incarcerated youths who volunteered to participate were assigned in a blind fashion to one of two exercise programs lasting three months. Sixty-nine completed all phases of the study and are the subjects of this report. One exercise program (32 subjects) emphasized aerobic exercise; the other (37 subjects), limited exertion. Before and after participating, each subject underwent measurement of self-concept, mood, and physical fitness. While the aerobic and comparison groups were initially similar, the data demonstrated an association between participation in the aerobic exercise program and improved self-concept, mood, and fitness. Improvement in psychological variables was not dependent on improved physical fitness and was not related to preintervention measures. PMID- 3195537 TI - Ambulatory Pediatric Association. Program and abstracts, twenty-eighth annual meeting. May 2-6, 1988, Washington, DC. PMID- 3195536 TI - Radiological case of the month. Simulated child abuse in drug-induced rickets. PMID- 3195538 TI - Diet and cancer. PMID- 3195539 TI - Value of a routine follow-up endoscopy program for the detection of recurrent colorectal carcinoma. AB - Four hundred fifty-two patients with surgically resected colon or rectal cancer were evaluated to determine the incidence of intraluminal recurrences and the utility of a routine endoscopy screening program for detecting such recurrences. At the time of analysis, recurrent disease was found in 86 of 380 colon cancer patients and 21 of 72 rectal cancer patients. Local recurrence, defined as tumor within 400 cm2 of the primary, was present in 38 of 86 colon, and 11 of 21 rectal cancer patients. Of those 49 local recurrences, 15 were intraluminal, 6 of which were initially detected by a follow-up endoscopy program. Time to diagnosis, stage of disease, and survival were similar for patients whose lesions were detected by routine endoscopy versus those found by other means. New primary (metachronous) lesions defined as an intraluminal lesion occurring at least 5 cm beyond the surgical anastomosis were identified in six colon cancer patients and no rectal cancer patients. Of these six lesions, four were discovered during routine endoscopy. Thus, a routine follow-up endoscopy program is an important tool for the detection of intraluminal recurrence of colon and rectal cancer in patients who have undergone curative resection. However, routine follow-up endoscopy should not be the sole method of follow-up, since the incidence of intraluminal recurrence is small, and may initially be detected by other means in the majority of cases. PMID- 3195540 TI - Hydrogen breath test assessment of orocecal transit time: comparison with barium meal study. AB - Orocecal transit time was measured simultaneously by the hydrogen breath test and a barium meal study in 12 hospitalized patients, the objective being to determine whether the former test accurately represents the orocecal transit time, and to establish an adequate criterion for the transit time, based on the former test. Two definitions of orocecal transit time by the hydrogen breath test were evaluated: the time from lactulose ingestion to a sustained increase of over 5 ppm above fasting levels in the end-expiratory hydrogen concentration (definition A) and the interval to that of over 10 ppm (definition B). The orocecal transit time measured by the radiologic method was 63 +/- 9 min (mean +/- SEM), whereas that using definition A of the hydrogen breath test was 74 +/- 9 min, and that using definition B was 87 +/- 10 min. Transit times determined by both definitions closely correlated with that obtained by the radiologic method (A, r = 0.86, p less than 0.01; B, r = 0.81, p less than 0.01). Therefore, elevation of end-expiratory hydrogen concentrations seemed to coincide with cecal appearance of the head of the lactulose load. When the mean transit times were compared with findings in case of the radiologic method, definition A rather than B appeared to be more appropriate to determine orocecal transit time. PMID- 3195541 TI - The effects of morbid obesity and the Garren-Edwards gastric bubble on solid phase gastric emptying. AB - Rapid solid phase gastric emptying (SPGE) resulting in decreased satiety is postulated to be a contributing factor to obesity. Twenty-six morbidly obese patients with a weight range of 189-523 lb were entered into the Garren-Edwards gastric bubble program. SPGE studies were performed pre-bubble implantation and repeated within 2 wk after bubble implant. There was no significant difference between study patients pre-bubble insertion emptying time and the normal population curve. Emptying time was found to be significantly increased, post bubble implant, compared with pre-bubble implant over five time periods of testing. The Garren-Edwards gastric bubble has been used as a method for inducing early satiety for the morbidly obese patient. It has been postulated that delay of SPGE would be associated with satiety. Our patients experienced satiety despite their more rapid SPGE. Thus, the satiety which was experienced by our subjects was not on the basis of delayed SPGE, as previously thought. PMID- 3195542 TI - Distribution of Campylobacter pylori and gastritis in the stomach of patients with and without duodenal ulcer. AB - The presence of Campylobacter pylori and histological changes of gastric mucosa were studied in 50 consecutive patients with gastric complaints. C. pylori was isolated from the antrum, body, and fundus of 40 patients with (n = 20) and without (n = 20) duodenal ulcer. The incidence of gastritis was not significantly different in the antrum of C. pylori-positive patients with and without ulcer. Otherwise, oxyntic mucosa of both body and fundus regions exhibited gastritis in 64.1% of the C. pylori-positive non-ulcer patients, whereas those with duodenal ulcer presented oxyntic mucosa that was histologically normal or near normal. PMID- 3195543 TI - Induction of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dysfunction during use of the negative pressure body ventilator. AB - Pressure measurements were recorded in the esophagus, stomach, and at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) of 16 normal volunteers before, during, and after a period of negative pressure mechanical ventilatory assistance in an Emerson tank respirator. Esophageal pH was simultaneously measured in eight of these 16 volunteers. In 50%, the normal LES to stomach pressure gradient (which prevents reflux) was abolished during mechanical assistance of inspiration. In another 25%, it was substantially reduced, but not eliminated. The occurrence of reflux, as assessed by the level of decrease in esophageal pH, correlated significantly with the change in LES pressure. There was no evidence for gastric insufflation as a mechanism of reflux. The majority of normals studied in the tank respirator showed evidence for reflux, the mechanism seeming to be induction of lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction. PMID- 3195544 TI - "Segmental aperistalsis" of the esophagus: a cause of chest pain and dysphagia. AB - Although some patients with chest pain and dysphagia have manometric evidence of classic esophageal motor disorders, other patients with these symptoms may have only nonspecific findings of unknown importance. We describe five patients with chest pain and dysphagia in whom esophageal manometry showed a segment of esophagus with an increased frequency of simultaneous contractions associated with normal motility in the more proximal and distal esophagus. All patients had corresponding segmental abnormalities on video-esophagograms augmented with a solid bolus; in four patients, the solid bolus caused reproduction of symptoms during the esophagography. We conclude that "segmental aperistalsis" may cause chest pain and dysphagia, and that the diagnosis may be made by careful manometric analysis of the entire esophagus, complemented by esophagography with a solid bolus. PMID- 3195545 TI - Clinical significance of immunoglobulin A antibody to hepatitis B core antigen of polymeric and monomeric forms in chronic type B liver disease with acute exacerbation. AB - Serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc) was measured by a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies in sera from chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). To reinforce the clinical significance of IgA anti-HBc, levels of IgA subclasses and molecular characterization of IgA anti-HBc in sera of 13 patients in the acute exacerbation phase and the remission phase were compared. IgA anti-HBc was significantly higher in sera in the acute exacerbation phase than in the remission phase (p less than 0.025); in particular, more significant changes were observed in IgA2 anti-HBc (p less than 0.0025) and in secretory IgA anti-HBc (p less than 0.001). Analysis of molecular size distribution of IgA anti-HBc by high performance liquid chromatography showed that the elevation of polymeric IgA anti-HBc was significantly greater than that of monomeric IgA anti-HBc in the acute exacerbation phase (p less than 0.05), although there was an increase in both monomeric and polymeric IgA anti-HBc. Thus, the elevation of polymeric IgA anti HBc suggests that the focal immune response against HBcAg in the liver and secretory IgA anti-HBc is an important marker of acute exacerbation in patients with HBsAg-positive chronic liver disease. PMID- 3195547 TI - Spontaneous perforation of the esophagus associated with a lower esophageal ring. AB - We report a case of esophageal perforation that occurred in a man with a known symptomatic Schatzki ring. It is possible that the perforation may have been avoided with therapy of the lower esophageal ring. The evaluation and management of esophageal perforation are discussed. PMID- 3195546 TI - Aortoesophageal fistula: early and late endoscopic features. AB - Endoscopic photographs were obtained in a patient with back pain and hematemesis. External compression of the mid-esophagus and small esophageal diverticula was noted, as well as a small erosion oozing bright red blood in otherwise normal mucosa. Angiography revealed an aneurysm of the thoracic aorta without leak. Surgical closure of the aneurysm was initially successful; however, the patient developed recurrent bleeding one month later. Repeat endoscopy revealed a recurrent fistula with an intramural mass in the mid-esophagus, oozing blood with adherent clot. These findings are the earliest endoscopic features of aortoesophageal fistula described, and this is the only case with subsequent reendoscopy, demonstrating previously reported findings in an advanced stage of fistula formation. Flexible endoscopy is a safe, valuable diagnostic study in suspected aortoesophageal fistula. The literature on endoscopy in aortoesophageal fistula is reviewed. PMID- 3195548 TI - Liver abscess: a harbinger of Crohn's disease. AB - A 24-yr-old man with no previous history of Crohn's disease presented with a 5-wk history of fever and malaise. Computed tomographic scan of the abdomen revealed a liver abscess. Upon intraoperative examination, the terminal ileum was noted to have changes characteristic of Crohn's disease. This case report represents the first documented occurrence of liver abscess as the initial manifestation of Crohn's disease. PMID- 3195549 TI - Gastrointestinal sarcoidosis resembling Crohn's disease. AB - We describe a patient with disseminated sarcoidosis, who had granulomatous enterocolitis with radiological narrowing of the terminal ileum, and was presumed to have Crohn's disease. At autopsy, there were numerous sarcoid-like granulomata throughout the mucosa of the large and small bowel, but no transmural inflammation, lymphoid aggregates, or strictures, thus making Crohn's disease unlikely. It is proposed that a granulomatous enterocolitis resembling Crohn's disease can be a manifestation of disseminated sarcoidosis. PMID- 3195550 TI - Intestinal lymphangiectasia in systemic sclerosis. AB - Protein-losing gastroenteropathy is a well-recognized entity in systemic sclerosis, for which several mechanisms have been postulated. Acquired intestinal lymphangiectasia as a cause of increased intestinal protein loss has not previously been described in the literature. We report the first case of acquired intestinal lymphangiectasia in systemic sclerosis. PMID- 3195551 TI - Ischemic colitis in a 33-year-old woman on danazol treatment for endometriosis. AB - A 33-yr-old Japanese woman, married, no parity, was treated for endometriosis. Danazol 400 mg a day was initiated on September 25, 1986, for 21 consecutive days. She became severely constipated and had left lower abdominal colic pain. Five days later, she had to be admitted to the hospital, because she had had no bowel movements for 12 days and the abdominal pain was severe. On the day after admission, she had frequent painful bowel movements. The stool was blood-tinged, but pathogenic bacteria were nil. Ischemic colitis of the stricture type was identified. She was treated with hyperalimentation and anticholinergic agents. At 3 months and 5 days after discharge from hospital, danazol 400 mg per day was readministered, and 11 days later, the patient again became constipated and complained of the same pain in the left flank. We consider that danazol-induced constipation played a role in the onset of the ischemic colitis. PMID- 3195552 TI - Sigmoid colon perforation due to endometriosis not associated with pregnancy. AB - A 38-yr-old woman presented with abdominal pain, hematochezia, and fever of 7 days' duration. Computerized tomographic scanning revealed a mass 6 cm in diameter adherent to the sigmoid colon. At surgery, the mass was determined to be an endometrioma with an associated tubo-ovarian abscess eroding the sigmoid colonic wall. This case, illustrating colonic perforation, represents a rare complication of intestinal endometriosis and, to our knowledge, represents the first reported case of colonic perforation secondary to endometriosis not associated with pregnancy. The clinical manifestations of intestinal endometriosis leading to perforation are reviewed. PMID- 3195553 TI - Neonatal hemochromatosis. PMID- 3195554 TI - Sulindac-induced severe hepatitis. PMID- 3195555 TI - Biliary stenting as treatment for a spontaneous bile leak. PMID- 3195557 TI - Elevated gastric ulcer grossly resembling primary gastric lymphoma. PMID- 3195556 TI - Spontaneous resolution of Candida esophagitis in a seroconverting patient for HIV antibodies. PMID- 3195558 TI - Tales of the ampulla of Vater, II. PMID- 3195559 TI - Campylobacter pylori in families of children with relapsing gastroduodenal disease due to C. pylori infection. PMID- 3195560 TI - Gallbladder carcinoma arising in adenomyomatosis. PMID- 3195561 TI - Logistic regression analysis and efficient design for two-stage studies. PMID- 3195562 TI - Risk factors for breast cancer: pooled results from three Italian case-control studies. AB - The role of menstrual and reproductive factors, family history, and body weight in the epidemiology of breast cancer has been reassessed in a meta-analysis of three large case-control studies of breast cancer from several Italian regions, for a total data set of 4,072 cases and 4,099 controls. Multiple logistic regression equations were used to obtain relative risks adjusted for study, center, age, and various combinations of risk factors considered. Relative to women with menarche at age 15 or over, those with earlier menarche had a 20-30% higher breast cancer risk. However, there was no tendency for the risk to increase with lower age at menarche, and the association with menarche was stronger at younger age. The risk of breast cancer was directly related to age at menopause (relative risk (RR) = 0.7 for less than 45 years vs. greater than or equal to 50 years), age at first live birth (RR = 1.8 for greater than or equal to 28 years vs. less than 22 years), and family history of breast cancer in first degree relatives (RR = 2.0). The effect of these factors was similar in various age strata. After allowance for age at first live birth, the risk of breast cancer did not differ among women with one to four live births, but it was significantly below unity (RR = 0.6) for those with five or more live births. Furthermore, there was a clear modifying effect of age at diagnosis on parity related risk, since parous women had elevated breast cancer risk below age 35 and reduced risk above age 40.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195563 TI - Personal and environmental characteristics related to epithelial ovarian cancer. I. Reproductive and menstrual events and oral contraceptive use. AB - In two case-control studies conducted in the six-county San Francisco Bay Area, 111 women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian carcinoma in 1974-1977 and 188 women diagnosed in 1983-1985 were interviewed concerning their menstrual, sexual, and reproductive histories. For comparison, interviews were conducted with 752 control women admitted to the same hospitals within six months of the cases; for cases diagnosed in the later period, interviews were also conducted with an additional 259 population-based controls selected by random digit dialing. Controls were matched to cases by age and race. Qualitative and quantitative findings were similar for the two studies. In the combined data, cases were more likely than their matched controls to have been nulliparous, to have undergone menarche at an early age, and to have refrained from using oral contraceptives. Menopause occurred slightly later for cases than for controls, but the differences were not statistically significant. Neither age at first term pregnancy (20 or more weeks gestation) nor number of term pregnancies was predictive of ovarian cancer risk. The protection afforded by oral contraceptive use was independent of parity, and it increased with increasing duration of use. There were no trends in risk with time since last oral contraceptive use or with time since first use, after adjustment for duration of use. These observations suggest that oral contraceptive use decreases risk for ovarian cancer, rather than merely indicates fertility, which may itself decrease risk of developing the disease. The authors combined reproductive characteristics and oral contraceptive use to estimate a woman's total duration of ovulation, which was positively associated with ovarian cancer risk (p less than 0.001 for trend). These observations support the concept that the greater the duration of ovulation or accompanying endocrinologic phenomena, the greater a woman's risk for ovarian cancer. PMID- 3195564 TI - Personal and environmental characteristics related to epithelial ovarian cancer. II. Exposures to talcum powder, tobacco, alcohol, and coffee. AB - Vaginal exposures to talc and other particulates may play an etiologic role in epithelial ovarian cancer. Surgical sterilization may protect against ovarian cancer by blocking entry of such particulates into the peritoneal cavity. The authors assessed histories of talcum powder use, tubal sterilization, and hysterectomy with ovarian conservation in 188 women in the San Francisco Bay Area with epithelial ovarian cancers diagnosed in 1983-1985 and in 539 control women. To investigate the roles of blood-borne environmental exposures on ovarian cancer risk, they assessed lifetime consumption of coffee, tobacco, and alcohol in these women. Of the 539 controls, 280 were hospitalized women without overt cancer, and 259 were chosen from the general population by random digit telephone dialing. Ninety-seven (52%) of the cancer patients habitually used talcum powder on the perineum, compared with 247 (46%) of the controls. Adjusted for parity, the relative risk (RR) = 1.40, p = 0.06. There were no statistically significant trends with increasing frequency or duration of talc use, and patients did not differ from controls in use of talc on sanitary pads and/or contraceptive diaphragms. Fewer ovarian cancer patients (7%) than controls (13%) reported prior fallopian tube ligation (RR, adjusted for parity, = 0.56, p = 0.06), and fewer patients (20%) than controls (28%) reported prior hysterectomy (RR = 0.66, p = 0.05). The protective effect of hysterectomy was confined to those who underwent this surgery 10 or more years prior to interview and to those who had not undergone prior tubal sterilization. Consumption of cigarettes and alcohol did not differ between cases and controls. By contrast, 11 (6%) cases never regularly consumed coffee, compared with 31 (11%) hospital controls and 26 (10%) population controls (RR, adjusted for smoking, = 2.2, p = 0.03, for the comparison using all controls). Overall, ovarian cancer risk among women who had drunk coffee for more than 40 years was 3.4 times that of women who had never regularly consumed coffee (p less than 0.01). However, the data exhibited no clear trends in risk with increasing consumption. Although risk ratios relating duration of coffee drinking to ovarian cancer were unaffected by adjustment for several characteristics, further study is needed to exclude potential confounding by other unmeasured characteristics. PMID- 3195565 TI - The effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on the risk of lung cancer in Hawaii. AB - A population-based case-control study of the association between dietary lipids and lung cancer was carried out in Hawaii between March 1983 and October 1985. The sample included 226 men and 100 women with lung cancer and 597 male and 268 female controls, frequency-matched to the cases on sex and five-year age group. Personal interviews were conducted in the home by trained interviewers using a quantitative diet history method. The items in the questionnaire were chosen to provide an estimate of 85% or more of the intakes of dietary cholesterol and fat for individuals in each of the five ethnic groups included in the study. The results showed a significant positive association of dietary cholesterol and the risk of lung cancer in men, but not in women. The odds ratio for the risk of lung cancer among men in the highest compared with the lowest quartile of cholesterol intake was 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.3-3.8). Although there was a significant trend (p less than 0.05), the effect of cholesterol suggested a threshold rather than a continuous gradient. The association of cholesterol and lung cancer was consistent for three of four ethnic groups analyzed separately. These results confirmed earlier findings by these investigators. The effect of cholesterol on the development of lung cancer was restricted to current cigarette smokers who smoked tobacco heavily and to squamous and small cell histologic types of lung cancer. Similar results were found for total, saturated, and, to some extent, unsaturated dietary fat, but because of the high correlation between fat and cholesterol (r = 0.76 for total fat and cholesterol), it was not possible to separate the effects of these nutrients. PMID- 3195566 TI - An epidemiologic case-control study of central nervous system tumors in children and parental occupational exposures. AB - A population-based case-control study was conducted with 338 patients less than 15 years of age who were diagnosed with a primary tumor of the central nervous system from January 1968 through December 1977 in 53 contiguous New York counties. The study also included 676 controls who were selected from the birth certificate files of the New York State Department of Health. Parental occupational exposures at the time of each child's birth and at the time of tumor diagnosis were derived from maternal interviews. The current data set failed to show any consistent association between childhood central nervous system tumor risk and paternal occupational exposures to hydrocarbons or to electromagnetic fields, or employment in the aerospace industry or pulp and paper manufacturing. Findings for occupational exposures to ionizing radiation were also inconsistent. A positive association was observed between central nervous system tumor risk and paternal exposures to ionizing radiation based on industrial codes. Odds ratios ranged from 1.71 to 2.15. This association was not observed when paternal occupational titles were used to define exposure (range of odds ratios, 1.01 1.10). Maternal exposures to ionizing radiation were not related to risk regardless of the classification scheme used. PMID- 3195567 TI - Cancer mortality among a group of fluorspar miners exposed to radon progeny. AB - A cohort study of the mortality experience (1950-1984) of 1,772 Newfoundland underground fluorspar miners occupationally exposed to high levels of radon daughters (mean dose = 382.8 working levels months) has been conducted. Observed numbers of cancers of the lung, salivary gland, and buccal cavity and pharynx were significantly elevated among these miners. A highly significant relation was noted between radon daughter exposure and risk of dying of lung cancer; the small numbers of salivary gland (n = 2) and buccal cavity and pharynx (n = 6) cancers precluded meaningful analysis of dose response. Attributable and relative risk coefficients for lung cancer were estimated as 6.3 deaths per working level month per million person-years and 0.9% per working level month, respectively. Relative risk coefficients were highest for those first exposed before age 20 years. Cigarette smokers had relative and attributable risk coefficients comparable to those of nonsmokers. Relative risks fell sharply with age, whereas attributable risks were lowest in the youngest and oldest age groups. The results suggest that efforts to raise existing occupational exposure standards may be inappropriate. PMID- 3195568 TI - Effects of acculturation and socioeconomic status on obesity and diabetes in Mexican Americans. The San Antonio Heart Study. AB - The authors hypothesized that increased socioeconomic status and acculturation of Mexican Americans to mainstream US society would be accompanied by a progressive lessening of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. This hypothesis was tested in 1979-1982 in the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based study of 1,288 Mexican Americans and 929 non-Hispanic whites, aged 25-64 years, randomly selected from three San Antonio neighborhoods: a low-income barrio, a middle-income transitional neighborhood, and a high-income suburb. Socioeconomic status was assessed by the Duncan Socioeconomic Index, a global measure of socioeconomic status based on occupational prestige. Acculturation was assessed by three scales which measure functional integration with mainstream society, value placed on preserving Mexican cultural origin, and attitude toward traditional family structure and sex-role organization. In Mexican-American men, increased acculturation was accompanied by a statistically significant, linear decline in both obesity and diabetes, while socioeconomic status had no significant effect on either outcome. In Mexican-American women, on the other hand, increased acculturation and increased socioeconomic status were accompanied by statistically significant, linear declines in both outcomes. However, the effects of acculturation on obesity and diabetes prevalence in women were stronger than the effects of socioeconomic status. In women, obesity also appeared to be a more important mediator of the relation between socioeconomic status and diabetes than of the relation between acculturation and diabetes. The results of this study suggest that culturally mediated factors exert a more pervasive influence on obesity and diabetes in Mexican Americans than do socioeconomically mediated factors. The influence of socioeconomic status in women, however, cannot be ignored, particularly with regard to obesity. PMID- 3195569 TI - Diabetes, gallbladder disease, obesity, and hypertension among Hispanics in New Mexico. AB - Because Hispanics in the Southwest are genetically admixed with American Indians, the hypothesis has been advanced that the excess occurrence of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and gallbladder disease in this ethnic group may be genetic in origin and results from genes derived from American Indians. This report describes the prevalence of these diseases in 1,175 adult Hispanic participants in a survey of a New Mexico community conducted in 1984-1985. At nearly all ages, the majority of subjects had a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or greater, and a substantial proportion exceeded 30 kg/m2. The prevalence of obesity was much greater in these Hispanics than is shown in nationwide data for US whites. Diabetes mellitus was also reported more often by Hispanic subjects in this survey than by US whites nationwide. A report of gallbladder trouble or of gallbladder removal was common in both males and females; the prevalence of gallbladder removal was as high in this population as in Mexican Americans previously studied in Starr County, Texas. In spite of the high prevalence of obesity, hypertension was less frequent among the New Mexico Hispanics than is shown in nationwide data for US whites. These findings complement those of previous surveys in Texas, which have shown a notably high proportion of adults to be obese, to have non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and to have gallbladder disease. The similar epidemiology of these diseases in the Hispanics of New Mexico and the Mexican Americans of Texas supports the hypothesis that American Indian admixture underlies the development of these conditions in Hispanics throughout the Southwest. PMID- 3195570 TI - Risk factors for fatal diarrhea: a case-control study of African children. AB - Few studies have determined risk factors for diarrheal deaths in developing areas. The Ministry of Health of Lesotho, southern Africa, reported that 9.5% of children under five years of age who were hospitalized for diarrhea in 1984 died. Of 104 children under five years of age who died during hospitalization for diarrhea, 85% were aged 24 months or younger and had nonbloody diarrhea during the warm season. We conducted two retrospective case-control studies of children aged 24 months or younger admitted for diarrhea at two hospitals in 1983 and 1984, comparing 44 who died with 89 who survived. Eight factors were significantly associated (p less than 0.05) with death at one or both hospitals by univariate analysis: diagnosis of a major infection, age under six months, illness for seven days or more before admission, thrush or stomatitis on admission, severe dehydration, history of vomiting, dehydration that had not improved after 12 hours in the hospital, and fever or subnormal temperature. Multivariate analysis of data from one hospital showed the first three factors to be significantly associated with death. Cases and controls were similar in sex and in degree of malnutrition. This study identified children at high risk for death from diarrhea. PMID- 3195571 TI - Measles vaccination and childhood mortality in rural Bangladesh. AB - To ascertain whether measles vaccination was associated with reduced mortality rates in rural Bangladeshi children, the authors conducted a case-control study in four contiguous areas, two of which had participated in an intensive measles vaccination program which began in the spring of 1982. Cases were 536 children who had died in the four-area region at the age of 10-60 months between April 1982 and December 1984. Two age- and sex-matched controls were selected from the four-area region for each case; each control had survived at least through the date of death of the matched case. Measles vaccination was associated with a 36% (95% confidence interval 21%-48%) proportionate reduction in the overall rate of death and a 57% (95% confidence interval 43%-67%) reduction in the rate of deaths directly attributed to measles or ascribed to diarrhea, respiratory illness, or malnutrition. The association of measles vaccination and reduced mortality remained unchanged after the authors restricted controls to children who had survived at least one year after the deaths of their matched cases. Moreover, children vaccinated in 1982 exhibited a sustained reduction in the rate of death in 1983 and 1984. The authors concluded that measles vaccination was associated with a pronounced and sustained reduction in the rate of death among children in this study. PMID- 3195572 TI - Selective fertility and the distortion of perinatal mortality. AB - Data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, covering more than one million births for the period 1967-1984, were used to study the magnitude and effects of selective fertility, which is the tendency for a woman to replace a perinatal loss. Variation in fertility after the first three births is studied, controlling for perinatal outcome of previous births, maternal age, and year of birth. Even after the first birth, fertility is higher after a perinatal loss. Selective fertility is more strongly present at each successive birth order, and at each birth order it is stronger among older women. As the average number of births per woman decreases, the force of selective fertility increases; that is, its importance has increased over time. Perinatal mortality at the third and fourth birth orders is particularly distorted by the mechanism of selective fertility in studies based on cross-sectional data. Mortality at second birth is exaggerated by 1%, at third birth by 8% to 20%, and at fourth birth by 18% to 27%, with the largest effects seen in the later periods. A major portion of the increase in perinatal mortality from the second to fourth birth seen in most studies based on cross-sectional data can be explained by the mechanism of selective fertility. PMID- 3195573 TI - Re: "Seasonal variation of transmission risk of Lyme disease and human babesiosis". PMID- 3195574 TI - Re: "Increased mortality in amateur radio operators due to lymphatic and hematopoietic malignancies". PMID- 3195575 TI - Re: "Possible association of mycoplasma and viral respiratory infections with bacterial meningitis". PMID- 3195576 TI - Gallium 67 scintigraphy in glomerular disease. AB - To evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of gallium 67 scintigraphy in glomerular disease, 45 patients with various glomerulopathies, excluding lupus nephritis and renal vasculitis, were studied. Persistent renal visualization 48 hours after the gallium injection, a positive scintigram, was graded as + (less than), ++ (equal to), and +++ (greater than) the hepatic uptake. Positive scintigrams were seen in ten of 16 cases of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, six of 11 cases of proliferative glomerulonephritis, and one case of minimal change, and one of two cases of membranous nephropathy; also in three of six cases of sickle glomerulopathy, two cases of diabetic neuropathy, one of two cases of amyloidosis, and one case of mild chronic allograft rejection. The 25 patients with positive scans were younger than the 20 with negative scans (31 +/- 12 v 42 +/- 17 years; P less than 0.01), and exhibited greater proteinuria (8.19 +/- 7.96 v 2.9 +/- 2.3 S/d; P less than 0.01) and lower serum creatinine values (2 +/- 2 v 4.1 +/- 2.8 mg/dL; P less than 0.01). The amount of proteinuria correlated directly with the intensity grade of the gallium image (P less than 0.02), but there was no correlation between the biopsy diagnosis and the outcome of the gallium scan. It was concluded that gallium scintigraphy is not useful in the differential diagnosis of the glomerular diseases under discussion. Younger patients with good renal function and heavy proteinuria are likely to have a positive renal scintigram regardless of the underlying glomerulopathy. PMID- 3195577 TI - Use of a silicone catheter with a Dacron cuff for dialysis short-term vascular access. AB - Polyurethane and Teflon subclavian vein catheters have been widely used for temporary vascular access for hemodialysis, but their use has been associated with a significant complication rate. A silicone dual-lumen catheter with a Dacron cuff placed in the internal jugular or subclavian vein was evaluated as a means of obtaining short-term vascular access. Sixty-two catheters in 54 patients provided a cumulative experience of 206 patient-months. Blood flow rates greater than or equal to 200 mL/min were achieved, with a mean recirculation of 2.1%. Catheter function was better with placement on the right side. Exit-site infections developed in nine patients, for a rate of 5.3 episodes per 100 patient months; all resolved with antibiotics. Catheter-related bacteremia occurred in one patient, for a rate of 0.49 episodes per 100 patient-months, a rate much lower than rates reported for polyurethane and Teflon catheters. Clotting occurred in 24.5% of catheters, and thrombolytic therapy was always successful in restoring function. Because of the lower rate of complications, the silicone dual lumen catheter with a Dacron cuff provides a safer alternative for short-term hemodialysis vascular access than the Teflon and polyurethane catheters. PMID- 3195578 TI - Central pontine myelinolysis following rapid correction of hyponatremia in an alcoholic. AB - An alcoholic patient presented with profound hyponatremia of uncertain etiology. Despite partial correction of hyponatremia within 24 hours, central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) ensued and the patient subsequently died. The optimal rate of correction of severe, symptomatic hyponatremia has not yet been elucidated. PMID- 3195579 TI - Hyperlipidemia in the nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 3195580 TI - Organ supply--whither growth? PMID- 3195581 TI - Ethylene glycol intoxication. PMID- 3195582 TI - Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a model for the study of multifactorial disorders. PMID- 3195583 TI - The probability of dizygosity of phenotypically concordant twins. AB - A basic element in the determination of the zygosity of a twin pair is the proportion of genotypically concordant pairs among the dizygotic pairs. Two methods to derive this proportion are in common use: the first method requires a laborious enumeration of parental genotypic mating types, and the second method relies on a set of formulas, one for each of the possible combinations of genotypes of two full sibs. In this paper the relation between both methods is uncovered. The set of formulas of the second method is reduced to a single general formula, of which the connection with the ITO method (Li and Sacks 1954) is indicated. By applying both methods in turn to an example concerning the MNS blood group system (Fisher 1951), Fisher's way of performing the calculations according to the first method is unraveled, and the preferability of the second method is made clear. Next, formulas are derived for the probability of genotypic or phenotypic concordance of dizygotic twins when direct information on the genotype or phenotype of one of the parents is available. The case of an X-linked locus is also considered. To facilitate applications, tables are given. PMID- 3195584 TI - Clinical, genetic, and epidemiological factors in neural tube defects. AB - We examined clinical, genetic, and epidemiologic factors among 512 probands with nonsyndromal neural tube defects (NTDs). Data were analyzed after grouping the probands in four different ways with respect to pathological features and putative pathogenic mechanisms. Apparently unrelated congenital anomalies occurred more frequently among probands with craniorachischisis (62%), encephalocele (30%), or multiple NTDs (25%) than among probands with anencephaly (14.7%) or spina bifida (10.1%) (P much less than .0001). Unrelated congenital anomalies occurred less often among probands with low spina bifida (6.7%) than among probands with high spina bifida (19.5%). NTDs were seen in 7.8% of the siblings of probands with high spina bifida but in only 0.7% of the siblings of probands with low spina bifida, in 2.2% of the siblings of anencephalic probands, and in none of the siblings of probands with craniorachischisis, encephalocele, or multiple NTDS (P less than .001). In all 16 families in which two siblings had NTDs, both had either defects of the type associated with abnormal primary neurulation or defects of the type associated with abnormal canalization. High spina bifida and multiple NTDs were found more frequently than expected among the Sikh probands (P less than .02). The frequency of non-NTD congenital anomalies was higher among siblings of Sikh probands (8.8%) than among siblings of other probands (2.4%) (P less than .05). This excess was due to the occurrence of hydrocephalus without spina bifida in four of 68 siblings of Sikh probands. PMID- 3195586 TI - Calculation of probability of paternity using DNA sequences. AB - This paper formally incorporates allele measurement error into the Essen-Moller version of the probability of paternity. For highly polymorphic genetic systems, an approximate solution to the problem is developed resulting in simple formulas. The DNA sequence of the D14S1 region provided a practical example for testing this approximation. For these sequences, allelic uncertainty arises from determining length of DNA fragments from mobility in gel electrophoresis. D14S1 and standard test results from 35 paternity cases establish the validity of our computational method. PMID- 3195585 TI - Inheritance of low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns: results of complex segregation analysis. AB - Heterogeneity in the size of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles was used to identify two distinct patterns based on gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. These two phenotypes, LDL subclass pattern A and pattern B, were characterized by a predominance of large, buoyant LDL particles and small, dense LDL particles, respectively. The inheritance of these LDL subclass patterns was investigated in a sample of 61 healthy families including 301 individuals. LDL subclass pattern B was present in 31% of the subjects, with the prevalence varying by gender, age, and (in women) menopausal status. Complex segregation analysis suggested a major locus controlling LDL subclass patterns. The model providing the best fit to the data included a dominant mode of inheritance with a frequency of .25 for the allele determining LDL subclass pattern B and reduced penetrance for men under age 20 and for premenopausal women. Thus, the allele for the LDL subclass pattern characterized by a predominance of small, dense LDL particles appears to be very common in the population, although not usually expressed until adulthood in men and until after menopause in women. The presence of a major gene controlling LDL subclass could explain much of the familial aggregation of lipid and apolipoprotein levels and may be involved in increased risk of coronary heart disease. PMID- 3195587 TI - Protein variants in Hiroshima and Nagasaki: tales of two cities. AB - The results of 1,465,423 allele product determinations based on blood samples from Hiroshima and Nagasaki, involving 30 different proteins representing 32 different gene products, are analyzed in a variety of ways, with the following conclusions: (1) Sibships and their parents are included in the sample. Our analysis reveals that statistical procedures designed to reduce the sample to equivalent independent genomes do not in population comparisons compensate for the familial cluster effect of rare variants. Accordingly, the data set was reduced to one representative of each sibship (937,427 allele products). (2) Both chi 2-type contrasts and a genetic distance measure (delta) reveal that rare variants (P less than .01) are collectively as effective as polymorphisms in establishing genetic differences between the two cities. (3) We suggest that rare variants that individually exhibit significant intercity differences are probably the legacy of tribal private polymorphisms that occurred during prehistoric times. (4) Despite the great differences in the known histories of the two cities, both the overall frequency of rare variants and the number of different rare variants are essentially identical in the two cities. (5) The well-known differences in locus variability are confirmed, now after adjustment for sample size differences for the various locus products; in this large series we failed to detect variants at only three of 29 loci for which sample size exceeded 23,000. (6) The number of alleles identified per locus correlates positively with subunit molecular weight. (7) Loci supporting genetic polymorphisms are characterized by more rare variants than are loci at which polymorphisms were not encountered. (8) Loci whose products do not appear to be essential for health support more variants than do loci the absence of whose product is detrimental to health. (9) There is a striking excess of rare variants over the expectation under the neutral mutation/drift/equilibrium theory. We suggest that this finding is primarily due to the relatively recent (in genetic time) agglomeration of previously separated tribal populations; efforts to test for agreement with the expectations of this theory by using data from modern cosmopolitan populations are exercises in futility. (10) All of these findings should characterize DNA variants in exons as more data become available, since the finding are the protein expression of such variants. PMID- 3195588 TI - Type II achondrogenesis-hypochondrogenesis: identification of abnormal type II collagen. AB - We have extended the study of a mild case of type II achondrogenesis hypochondrogenesis to include biochemical analyses of cartilage, bone, and the collagens produced by dermal fibroblasts. Type I collagen extracted from bone and types I and III collagen produced by dermal fibroblasts were normal, as was the hexosamine ratio of cartilage proteoglycans. Hyaline cartilage, however, contained approximately equal amounts of types I and II collagen and decreased amounts of type XI collagen. Unlike the normal SDS-PAGE mobility. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE revealed extensive overmodification of all type II cyanogen bromide peptides in a pattern consistent with heterozygosity for an abnormal pro alpha 1(II) chain which impaired the assembly and/or folding of type II collagen. This interpretation implies that dominant mutations of the COL2A1 gene may cause type II achondrogenesis-hypochondrogenesis. More generally, emerging data implicating defects of type II collagen in the type II achondrogenesis-hypochondrogenesis spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita spectrum and in the Kniest-Stickler syndrome spectrum suggest that diverse mutations of this gene may be associated with widely differing phenotypic outcome. PMID- 3195590 TI - Pyridoxine effects on ornithine ketoacid transaminase activity in fibroblasts from carriers of two forms of gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina. AB - Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina that is due to ornithine ketoacid transaminase (OKT) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder. Fibroblasts from heterozygotes for the pyridoxine-responsive variant as well as those for the pyridoxine-nonresponsive variant contain intermediate levels of OKT activity. These two variants can be distinguished by the in vitro responsiveness of OKT activity to pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) stimulation. The ratios of OKT activity at 0.04 mM PLP compared with activity at 0 mM PLP were, respectively, lowest for controls (1.18 +/- 0.18; N = 12), intermediate for pyridoxine-nonresponsive heterozygotes (1.43 +/- 0.26; N = 5), and highest for pyridoxine-responsive heterozygotes (2.20 +/- 0.14; N = 3). PMID- 3195589 TI - Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina: assignment of the ornithine aminotransferase structural gene to human chromosome 10 and mouse chromosome 7. AB - Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is an autosomal recessive, blinding human disease caused by a deficiency of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme ornithine aminotransferase (OAT). Since human OAT cDNA hybridizes to DNA sequences on both human chromosomes 10 and X, a locus coding for OAT enzyme activity may be present on one or both of these human chromosomes. We have used a series of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids, in combination with starch gel electrophoresis and a histochemical stain for OAT enzyme activity, to assign the structural gene for OAT to human chromosome 10. Our results suggest that the human X chromosome does not contain a locus coding for OAT enzyme activity. In addition, we have used a panel of Chinese hamster-mouse hybrids to assign the murine Oat structural gene to mouse chromosome 7. Our findings, combined with recent molecular studies, indicate that human OAT probes specific for chromosome 10 will be useful for the diagnosis and genetic counseling of individuals at risk for gyrate atrophy. PMID- 3195592 TI - Selective protection of specific DNA sequences in the heterochromatin of C-banded human Y chromosomes. AB - The molecular basis of C-banding was investigated by in situ hybridization of human Y chromosome-derived repeated sequences, DYZ1 and DYZ2, to untreated or to alkaline-treated metaphases. Autoradiography of G-banded metaphases showed that both probes hybridized to the long arm of Y. Alkaline hydrolysis significantly reduced grain number for DYZ2 (58%-82%; P less than .05) but not for DYZ1 (P greater than .05). Similar results were observed for interphase nuclei. These findings demonstrated that the heterochromatin of the long arm contains at least two repetitive DNA fractions having two different sensitivities to alkaline hydrolysis. These observations support the notion that DYZ2 maps terminally on the Yq arm and may be nonheterochromatic. PMID- 3195591 TI - The use of subchromosome-length unique band sequences in the analysis of prophase chromosomes. AB - Using human prophase chromosome ideograms at the 850-band stage, we previously demonstrated that the 24 prophase ideograms can be divided into a set of 94 unique band sequences, each having a recognizable banding pattern distinct from other nonhomologous chromosome portions. Using actual prophase mitotic cells in this study, we analyzed the p arm of chromosome 11 and of chromosomes 16-22 and characterized a similar set of unique band sequences on actual chromosomes. This set of unique band sequences, a statistical comparison scheme, and image processing techniques outlined in the present report can be used to identify and distinguish banding patterns of these chromosomes and to determine band pattern abnormalities. PMID- 3195593 TI - Empirical power of three preliminary methods for ordering loci. AB - We empirically estimated the power of three methods for ordering loci within a known linkage group. Estimates of pairwise recombination fractions and correlation coefficients were obtained from data on 50 replicates of 50 and 100 pedigrees by using a likelihood method (LIPED; Ott 1974) and the sib-pair test. Locus order then was determined using seriation, multidimensional scaling, and the product of recombination frequencies. Overall, the multidimensional scaling method was less powerful than either seriation or the product of recombination frequencies. The latter two methods were approximately equally powerful. As expected, the power of the sib-pair test was less than half that of the likelihood method. PMID- 3195594 TI - Alpha-globin gene haplotypes in Polynesians: their relationships to population groups and gene rearrangements. AB - Five hundred two alpha-globin gene haplotypes were established in three Polynesian populations, Samoans, Maoris, and Niueans. Limited diversity of haplotypes was found in Polynesians, in whom six common haplotypes (Ia, IIa, IId, IIe, IIIa, and IVa) predominate. Haplotypes Ia and IIa enable Polynesians to be distinguished from Melanesians. Differences in haplotype profiles between the above Polynesian populations support their separate clustering on the basis of previous globin gene analyses and proposed theories of migration. The -alpha/, alpha alpha alpha/, -zeta/, and zeta zeta zeta/rearrangements are each associated exclusively with a particular haplotype, providing evidence of a single evolutionary origin for each. Therefore, a minimum of four DNA crossover events account for the separate origins of these rearrangements in the Polynesians. PMID- 3195596 TI - New horizons in diabetes: A Veterans Administration Medical Research Service symposium. San Francisco, California, March 28 and 29, 1988. Proceedings. PMID- 3195595 TI - Should editorials also be peer-reviewed? PMID- 3195597 TI - Diabetic autonomic neuropathy--Part II. Coefficient of variation of RR-variation and Valsalva maneuver tests. AB - To confirm the reliability and validity of cardiovascular autonomic nervous system tests, RR-variation and Valsalva maneuver, coefficient of variation for triplicate tests was calculated. The testing data were collected from patients participating in the Statil Neuropathy Trial. Triplicate testing was done within a three-week period at three different time points: baseline, 12 months, and 18 months. BMDP Statistical Software was used in the analysis. There is no significant difference between the coefficients of variation between clinics for either RR-variation or Valsalva maneuver tests. The coefficient of variation of pooled data was not significantly different from the coefficient of variation of individual clinics. Furthermore, there was no evidence that there was a significant worsening of coefficient of variation with time. Thus, RR-variation and Valsalva maneuver provide reliable and reproducible results that do not vary in consistency over time. PMID- 3195598 TI - Diabetes--the road ahead. AB - Considerable progress has been made in the acquisition of knowledge relative to diabetes and its complications. However, areas exist wherein even greater progress can be anticipated. These include: (1) defining the genetics of diabetes; (2) the development of suitable markers for early identification of those persons at risk for developing diabetes; (3) the formulation of intervention strategies for preventing or ameliorating the phenotypic expression of diabetes; (4) improving the treatment of diabetes to achieve better control; (5) the possible use of adjunct agents to prevent the chronic complications associated with long-term diabetes; and (6) the development of possible approaches to achieving a cure for diabetes including application of the new knowledge in molecular biology to gene therapy. PMID- 3195599 TI - Clinical ethics consultation: Godsend or "God squad"? PMID- 3195600 TI - Impact of medical ethics consultations on physicians: an exploratory study. AB - PURPOSE AND METHODS: Despite the increasing availability of medical ethics consultations, little research addresses the impact of these consultations on physicians. Therefore, we surveyed physician-requesters and reviewed medical charts to evaluate the 44 ethics consultations concerning individual patients at our university medical center over an 18-month period. RESULTS: The physicians who requested these consultations said 14 consultations identified previously unrecognized ethical issues, and 18 changed patient management considerably. The medical charts showed that the most frequently overlooked issue was inappropriate family decisions for incompetent adult patients (five consultations) and the most frequent management changes involved withholding cardiopulmonary resuscitation (12 consultations). CONCLUSIONS: Ethics consultations appeared to have considerable impact on physicians in conducting patient care. PMID- 3195601 TI - Methotrexate-associated hepatotoxicity: retrospective analysis of 210 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - PURPOSE: Beginning in the 1980s, methotrexate has been used successfully to treat rheumatoid arthritis. The magnitude and severity of short- and long-term methotrexate toxicity, however, have not been adequately investigated. Our study was performed to determine the prevalence of hepatotoxicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving long-term methotrexate therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, computer-assisted review of all Duke University Medical Center patients undergoing liver biopsy for methotrexate monitoring from January 1979 to January 1988. A total of 538 biopsies were performed in 399 patients, 259 of whom had inflammatory arthritis (210 with rheumatoid arthritis, 47 with psoriatic arthritis, and two with seronegative spondyloarthropathy). RESULTS: No evidence of cirrhosis was defined in the cohort with rheumatoid arthritis; however, six patients with rheumatoid arthritis had histologic changes of fibrotic liver disease (prevalence of 2.9 percent in the group with rheumatoid arthritis) while taking methotrexate. Five of the six patients were obese and three had glucose intolerance or overt diabetes mellitus, and one person admitted to alcohol usage. Only one patient with fibrotic liver disease had elevated liver function test results, and no person showed a declining serum albumin level at the time of biopsy. Sixty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis underwent multiple samplings (44 with two, 13 with three, and four with four biopsies). Fourteen of these patients showed progressive hepatic disease, whereas four patients improved. CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of methotrexate hepatotoxicity in this large cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis was low, a small but definite risk of hepatic fibrosis, not predictable by laboratory screening, still exists. PMID- 3195602 TI - Medullary thyroid carcinomas express chromogranin A and a novel neuroendocrine protein recognized by monoclonal antibody HISL-19. AB - PURPOSE AND METHODS: A number of endocrine peptides and proteins are expressed by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The expression of two newly appreciated neuroendocrine tumor markers, chromogranin A (CgA) and the endocrine antigen defined by monoclonal antibody HISL-19, was determined in 14 MTCs by immunohistology to evaluate the clinical utility of these markers in the diagnosis of MTC. Papillary, follicular, and undifferentiated thyroid tumors were also evaluated along with an MTC cell line. The same tissues were evaluated with antibodies to human calcitonin. RESULTS: All human calcitonin antibodies were found to react with the MTCs. In addition, all MTCs were reactive for CgA and the antigen detected by antibody HISL-19. CgA was generally present in the human calcitonin-containing cells, whereas the HISL-19 antigen had a more distinctive distribution. The other thyroid tumors failed to show reactivity with any of the three antibodies. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate that, in addition to human calcitonin, MTCs commonly express CgA and the antigen defined by antibody HISL 19. Our observations thus add to the repertoire of endocrine substances produced by MTC. These studies also demonstrate the clinical value of immunohistologic procedures for two novel antigens in distinguishing MTCs from other thyroid tumors. PMID- 3195603 TI - Pyelonephritis in adult women: inpatient versus outpatient therapy. AB - PURPOSE: The traditional treatment of acute pyelonephritis has been hospitalization and parenteral administration of antibiotics. No previous study, however, has attempted to differentiate between those patients with pyelonephritis who might be safely managed as outpatients and those in whom hospitalization is required. We therefore decided to determine whether women with pyelonephritis can be effectively and safely managed outside the hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 94 female outpatients and 100 hospitalized women treated for acute pyelonephritis at San Francisco General Hospital were reviewed. Utilizing baseline clinical and laboratory data, we compared outcome in the two groups, and computed the cost-benefit of managing pyelonephritis on an outpatient basis. RESULTS: We observed a similarity in the frequency of successful outcomes (approximately 90 percent in each group) and absence of serious adverse outcome in any outpatient. Results of urine culture were comparable in inpatients and outpatients, with Escherichia coli identified as the most common urinary pathogen in both groups. The frequency of resistance to ampicillin of E. coli and other urinary pathogens was nearly 30 percent. A cost analysis demonstrated a 7.5-fold difference between the inpatient and outpatient groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that treatment of pyelonephritis with oral antibiotics poses a safe and effective method of therapy in immunocompetent women without underlying illness. The use of ampicillin as a single agent for the treatment of pyelonephritis, however, is inadvisable. Our study also demonstrates the potential savings in managing selected patients with pyelonephritis as outpatients. PMID- 3195604 TI - Imported rickettsial disease: clinical and epidemiologic features. AB - PURPOSE AND METHODS: The rickettsioses continue to constitute major health problems in many parts of the world. With increasing international travel, recognition of rickettsial diseases by physicians is becoming more important. The clinical features of four cases of rickettsial disease imported into Canada over a five-year period are presented; two patients with tick typhus (Rickettsia conorii), one patient with scrub typhus (R. tsutsugamushi), and one patient with murine typhus (R. typhi). We also present the North American data over the past 10 years from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (Atlanta). RESULTS: Since 1983 in the United States, three cases of imported scrub typhus, all after travel to India, were confirmed, as well as six cases of murine typhus after travel to southeast Asia. At the CDC, 67 imported cases of tick typhus have been confirmed by indirect fluorescent antibody test since 1976; most illnesses occurred after travel to Africa. CONCLUSION: Rickettsial diseases are underrecognized by physicians, who should consider these diagnoses in travelers returning from endemic areas. Since effective treatment is available, prompt diagnosis and treatment are important. In all cases, specific serologic confirmation should be obtained. PMID- 3195605 TI - Pacemaker endless loop tachycardia: termination by simple techniques other than magnet application. AB - PURPOSE: Pacemaker endless loop (or reentrant) tachycardia (ELT) is often terminated by conversion to the asynchronous mode of pacing by simply placing a magnet over the implanted atrial tracking (DDD or VDD) pacemaker. We investigated three other simple methods of ELT termination--chest wall stimulation (CWS), provocation of myopotential oversensing, and chest thumping--that may be useful when the arrhythmia is unresponsive to magnet application or a magnet is unavailable. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A modified CWS technique using an external pulse generator (pulse width = 40 msec) ordinarily used for transcutaneous cardiac pacing was tested in 74 patients (40 with unipolar and 34 with bipolar DDD devices). CWS inhibited the ventricular channel of all DDD pacemakers easily and reliably. CWS was then applied during ELT in 20 patients (10 with unipolar and 10 with bipolar DDD devices). Provocation of myopotential oversensing by the ventricular channel was attempted during ELT in 10 patients with unipolar DDD pacemakers. Chest thumping was tried during ELT in six patients. RESULTS: CWS by the modified technique terminated ELT in all patients in whom the arrhythmia was induced. Myopotential oversensing resulted in successful ELT termination in six of the 10 patients. ELT was successfully terminated by chest thumping in four of six patients. CONCLUSION: These simple techniques provide effective ways of ELT termination other than magnet application, and may be easily applied by physicians unfamiliar with the complexities of contemporary DDD pacemakers and their programmers. PMID- 3195607 TI - Lateral pharyngeal abscess due to Yersinia enterocolitica. PMID- 3195606 TI - Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: an immunologic assessment of 15 cases. AB - PURPOSE: The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder consisting of the triad of oculocutaneous albinism, a storage pool platelet defect, and multisystem tissue deposition of ceroid pigment. Although the underlying metabolic defect has not been identified, secondary or associated effects on the immune system are suggested by reports of an association with disorders such as pulmonary fibrosis, granulomatous colitis, lupus, and frequent bacterial infections. We evaluated a large group of patients with the Hermansky Pudlak syndrome to assess immune competence in this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with this syndrome were studied. Control subjects included healthy volunteers in the same age range as the patients. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils were isolated according to previously described methods. Immunofluorescent staining, flow cytometry, and cytotoxicity assays were performed. Determination of lymphocyte transformation, mixed lymphocyte response, and neutrophil function was made. RESULTS: Immunoglobulin levels, complement, lymphocyte subsets, natural killer and lymphokine-activated cytotoxicity, mixed lymphocyte responses, and lectin-induced transformation were normal in all patients. In addition, there was no evidence for a lymphocyte proliferative response to a preparation of urinary ceroid pigment isolated from these patients. Neutrophil function, including luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, chemotaxis, and aggregation was not significantly different from control values. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there is no generalized defect of peripheral blood lymphocyte or neutrophil function in the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. We propose that future studies should examine the possibility that associated disorders arise from a defect within the monocyte-macrophage system, perhaps secondary to ceroid accumulation. PMID- 3195608 TI - Portosystemic encephalopathy in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. PMID- 3195609 TI - Primary lactic alkalosis. PMID- 3195610 TI - Successful treatment of unstable angina in malignant carcinoid syndrome using the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 (Sandostatin). PMID- 3195611 TI - Protracted elimination of cocaine metabolites in long-term high-dose cocaine abusers. PMID- 3195612 TI - Potential problems with the widespread use of niacin. PMID- 3195613 TI - Successful oral treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis using ciprofloxacin. PMID- 3195614 TI - Reversibility of steroid-induced osteoporosis. PMID- 3195615 TI - Congenital cardiac defects associated with maternal anti-SSA/Ro antibodies. PMID- 3195616 TI - Anaphylaxis from rectal lubricant jelly. PMID- 3195617 TI - Pulmonary granulomatosis secondary to pentazocine abuse mimicking connective tissue diseases. PMID- 3195618 TI - Hepatotoxic and hepatoprotective potential of histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists. PMID- 3195619 TI - Double dose of phenylpropanolamine as cause of transient hypertension. PMID- 3195620 TI - Does aerobic conditioning cause a sustained increase in the metabolic rate? AB - We measured the metabolic rate by indirect calorimetry for 90 minutes following exercise in six healthy individuals. Ten and 30 minutes of cycling at 80% of maximal intensity produced comparable increases in the resting metabolic rate, (37% and 32%, respectively) immediately after exercise. However, by 30 minutes following exertion, the metabolic rate was not different from control values. The total additional caloric use during the 90 minutes of recovery was similar for the two exercise durations, and the mean increment in recovery energy expenditure was 11.4 +/- 7.1 kcals. The majority of caloric use with exercise is during the activity. Recovery energy expenditure following usual aerobic training results in only a minor contribution to total energy use. PMID- 3195621 TI - Skeletal repair in the aged: a preliminary study in rabbits. AB - Bone mass loss associated with aging can lead to osteoporosis and multiple bone fractures with impaired healing requiring prolonged hospitalization and costly medical care. We have used an experimental implantation model to test the ability of old animals to form new bone. Bone repair inducers, consisting of demineralized bone matrix (DBM), bone marrow, and collagen, were implanted in the abdominal wall muscles of 1-month and 16-month old rabbits. DBM contains a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) that induces the differentiation of primitive mesenchymal cells into bone producing cells. The stromal cells of bone marrow can differentiate into osteoblasts after implantation, while collagen could serve as a calcification nucleus or framework for new tissue formation. Animals were killed 4 to 6 weeks after implantation. Implants were X-rayed, examined histologically, and analyzed for water content, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase. Only the implants of bone marrow enclosed in filter chambers (0.45 micron pore diameter) were associated with bone formation. Intramuscular implants of DBM and bone marrow in the old animals induced the formation of new bone but contained less calcium and lower levels of alkaline phosphatase than implants in the young animals. Collagen implants were resorbed and failed to induce bone formation or calcify. The results indicate that formation of new bone, under the conditions of this study, is reduced with aging. PMID- 3195622 TI - Case report: dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome associated with treatment of the bite of a brown recluse spider. AB - Dapsone (4-4-diaminodiphenyl-sulfone) is a member of the sulfone group of antibiotics used in the treatment of leprosy and various dermatitidies and more recently employed in the management of local reactions to the bite of the brown recluse spider, Loxosceles reclusa. A dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome, consisting of fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, hemolysis, leukopenia, and mononucleosis, has been described in patients treated with the drug for leprosy. A case report of the hypersensitivity syndrome occurring in a patient being treated with dapsone for a brown recluse spider bite is presented. PMID- 3195623 TI - Case report: chylous ascites and carcinoid tumors: possible association of two rare disorders. AB - Three cases of chylous ascites are reported in a series of 275 patients with carcinoid tumor. All three patients had diarrhea and elevated serotonin production. The literature is reviewed and the possible causes of the chylous ascites are discussed. It is suggested that a history of clinically significant diarrhea in a patient with chylous ascites should lead to biochemical tests for carcinoid tumors. PMID- 3195624 TI - Diagnostic utility of memory equipped transtelephonic monitors. AB - The diagnostic utility of memory-equipped transtelephonic electrocardiographic monitors was evaluated in a series of 31 patients referred for evaluation of unexplained syncope (16), presyncope (8), or palpitations (7). Previous nondiagnostic workups included 4 +/- 1 days (mean +/- standard error of the mean) of 24-hour Holter and/or in-hospital telemetric monitoring per patient. The duration of monitoring averaged 31 +/- 2 days per patient. Electrocardiographic recordings were made during a typical symptom episode in 9 of 31 (29%) patients, including 0 of 16 with syncope, 3 of 8 (37%) with presyncope, and 6 of 7 (86%) with palpitations (p less than .001). The probability of recording typical symptoms was strongly influenced by their previous frequency. Potentially causal arrhythmias were documented in 5 of 7 (71%) patients with palpitations, but in none of the other symptom subgroups (p less than .001). Monitoring led to changes in therapy in only two patients. During followup of 9 +/- 1 months, symptoms continued in 4 of 16 (25%) with syncope, 7 of 8 (87%) with presyncope, and 7 of 7 (100%) with palpitations (p = .001). The diagnostic utility of these devices thus appears to be low in patients with previously unexplained syncope or presyncope. The yield was high in those monitored for palpitations, which may be in part attributable to the greater frequency of symptoms observed in this group. PMID- 3195625 TI - Oxytocin and vasopressin are present in human and rat pancreas. AB - Immunoreactive oxytocin and vasopressin were found in human and rat pancreatic extracts. The pancreatic oxytocin and vasopressin eluted on Sephadex G-75 gel filtration chromatography and on reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography in the same positions as their respective reference preparations. The immunoreactive oxytocin was biologically active in the rat milk ejection assay. The presence of oxytocin and vasopressin in human and rat pancreatic extracts suggests the possibility of local synthesis of both hormones. The neurohypophysial hormones are known to be endocrine mediators of insulin and glucagon release. The finding of oxytocin and vasopressin in the pancreas raises the possibility, although yet unproven, of local synthesis and perhaps a paracrine function for the neurohypophysial peptides upon pancreatic hormone release or for a local function upon the liver. PMID- 3195626 TI - Flow cytometry shows recurrent aneuploid clone after remission in megakaryocytic leukemia. AB - Flow cytometry using a DNA label can quantitate aneuploid clones in malignant tissue. We illustrated the clinical value of this technique in a 71-year-old woman with acute megakaryocytic leukemia, which was diagnosed by staining of the blasts with factor VIII antigen and their morphologic resemblance to megakaryoblasts. Marrow cells were removed from needle biopsies by vortexing in RPMI medium, centrifuged in Ficoll-Hypaque, stained with a propidium-iodide/NP-40 mixture, and analyzed at 488 nm using an argon laser. During 3 weeks of low-dose cytosine arabinoside (ara-c) infusion therapy, hyperdiploid peak A dropped from 35% (day 0) to 2.3% (day 14) to 0% (day 21), with development of marrow hypoplasia. Similarly, hyperdiploid peak B, went from 7.6% to 9.1% to 3.5%. Subsequently, her marrow recovered normal morphology and lost the aneuploid peaks. Her blood counts recovered to near normal. Four months later, she relapsed and had a return of the day-21, incompletely eradicated peak B. There was no evidence of peak A. Repeated treatment with ara-c resulted in temporary suppression of the disease, but she died 3 months later with progressive hepatosplenomegaly. Analysis of cells from her enlarged liver, heavily infiltrated with blasts, showed a large hyperdiploid peak B. In this patient, ara c therapy induced a remission with permanent eradication of one clone, but incomplete eradication of a second clone, which ultimately led to her relapse and death. PMID- 3195627 TI - Sample size: when is enough enough? PMID- 3195628 TI - Selected principles of the measurement and setting of priorities of death, disability, and suffering in clinical trials. AB - Measurements of the cause of death and of disability and suffering caused by nonfatal events add important dimensions to clinical trials even when mortality is the major outcome event. Assessing the cause of death requires special attention to criteria, documentation, and adjudication. Disability is measured through having patients perform objective tasks and functions, such as those related to "daily living," and assesses health from the perspective of the provider. Suffering is measured from the patient's viewpoint by multiple attribute measures and profiles, goal attainment scaling, and utility ratings, in which the patient's preferences for various health states are assessed. Having collected information on death, disability and suffering, the investigator faces decisions concerning setting their priorities when one measure (such as death) precludes the assessment of another or when there are disagreements among the measures. PMID- 3195629 TI - The tenderizing trap. PMID- 3195630 TI - Methadone maintenance has a tragic price. PMID- 3195631 TI - Refusing an unreasonable assignment. Part 2: Strategies for problem solving. PMID- 3195632 TI - Dobutamine rescue for intractable CHF. PMID- 3195633 TI - The borderline patient on the med-surg unit. PMID- 3195634 TI - Nursing needs its own minimum data set. PMID- 3195635 TI - Leeching: a modern use for an ancient remedy. PMID- 3195636 TI - Case managers: guiding the elderly through the health care maze. PMID- 3195637 TI - Southeast jobfocus. Southeastern hospitality. PMID- 3195638 TI - Florida jobfocus. PMID- 3195639 TI - How do you use a poncho respirator? PMID- 3195640 TI - Wellness begins with the nursing student. PMID- 3195641 TI - Jersey health chief demands "a revolution at the bedside". PMID- 3195642 TI - AMA aims to pilot RTC project in four sites. PMID- 3195643 TI - RN sues medical service for AIDS test error. PMID- 3195644 TI - Sketches in the snow. PMID- 3195645 TI - Ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - In seven of eight cases of presumed ocular toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS, the diagnosis was supported by a reduction or resolution of intraocular inflammation and healing of necrotic retinal lesions after initiation of antiparasitic drug therapy including one or more of the following medications: pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, clindamycin, tetracycline, or spiramycin. In two cases the diagnosis was confirmed histologically. The cases differed clinically and histopathologically from those in immunocompetent patients. There was no evidence that disease originated in preexisting retinochoroidal scars. Lesions frequently were bilateral and multifocal. Vitreous inflammatory reaction was a common clinical finding, but histopathologic examination demonstrated scant retinal inflammation in areas of necrosis. Ocular toxoplasmosis in these patients with AIDS probably resulted from newly acquired infection or dissemination of organisms from nonocular sites of disease. Infections became clinically inactive with drug therapy in all treated patients, but reactivation and progression of disease occurred when therapy was stopped in two of three patients. Severe retinal necrosis led to retinal tears or detachment in three cases. Ocular lesions were the first manifestation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in four of five patients with evidence of multisystem infection. PMID- 3195646 TI - Intraoperative perfluorocarbon liquids in the management of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. AB - Three low-viscosity perfluorocarbon liquids were used intraoperatively for hydrokinetic manipulation of the retina during vitreous surgery for retinal detachment with advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy. All 23 patients had massive proliferative vitreoretinopathy (Grade D, Retina Society classification), and 16 (69.6%) had Grade D-3 with a closed-funnel configuration. In 21 eyes the retina could be flattened intraoperatively by perfluorocarbon liquids without requiring posterior retinotomy for internal drainage of subretinal fluid. The temporary mechanical fixation of the retina provided by this tool facilitated the removal of epiretinal membranes and release of traction. Fifteen eyes (65.2%) maintained long-term retinal reattachment with follow-up of six months or more. These liquids are useful adjuncts in the management of retinal detachment with severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy. PMID- 3195647 TI - The effect of repeat argon laser trabeculoplasty. AB - A select population of patients received repeat laser trabeculoplasties of 40 to 100 burns over 180 to 360 degrees. These eyes had shown an excellent prolonged response to initial laser trabeculoplasty. Eight of 11 eyes with greater than one year follow-up showed a sustained hypotensive response to repeat laser trabeculoplasty. No significant posttreatment intraocular pressure increases were observed. Repeat argon laser trabeculoplasty was effective for these patients who had shown a prolonged response to their initial treatment. PMID- 3195648 TI - Topographic analysis and visual acuity after radial keratotomy. AB - Using a computerized corneal topographic mapping system that allows detailed examination of the corneal curvature in the vicinity of the visual axis, we identified separate regions of differing corneal curvature in three of 11 eyes after radial keratotomy. In these eyes, the excellent uncorrected visual acuity appeared to be inconsistent with the postoperative spherical equivalent as determined by refraction and corneal curvature by standard keratometer measurements. The distinct regions of corneal curvature appeared to serve as alternative effective optical zones, thus allowing the patients to have excellent visual acuity. In essence, the cornea became a multifocal lens. Although degradation in the contrast of the image as well as monocular diplopia are possible, our patients had no significant complaints. PMID- 3195649 TI - Traumatic dehiscence of incisions seven years after radial keratotomy. AB - We studied the clinical and pathologic features of a traumatically ruptured eye seven years after radial keratotomy. The radial keratotomy incisions were identified and topographically related to perforation sites. Three radial keratotomy incisions were perforated. Seven additional incisions were partially separated. Radial keratotomy incision depths ranged from 50% to 90% in the remaining incisions. All incisions showed disruption of Bowman's membrane, 15 of 16 showed malapposition of Bowman's membrane, and 14 of 16 showed epithelial plugging. In this case the healing and strength of radial keratotomy incisions were suboptimal seven years after the procedure. PMID- 3195650 TI - Fungal keratitis in contact lens wearers. AB - In a retrospective review from 1972 through 1987 of patients with microbial keratitis, fungal infection occurred in four (4%) of 90 cosmetic or aphakic contact lens wearers and in four (27%) of 15 patients using a therapeutic soft contact lens. Predisposing factors included improper lens care by the refractive lens wearers and a chronic epithelial defect with topical corticosteroid use among the therapeutic lens wearers. The responsible organisms in the refractive lens group were Fusarium solani (two patients) and Cephalosporium and Paecilomyces (one patient each), and in the therapeutic lens group Candida (three patients) and Aspergillus (one patient). Filamentous fungi were more likely to be associated with cosmetic or aphakic lens wear, whereas yeasts were more frequently found with therapeutic lens use. PMID- 3195651 TI - Periocular basal cell carcinoma in adults 35 years of age and younger. AB - Thirteen young adults (ages 21 to 35 years) with periocular basal cell carcinoma were identified out of 409 patients of all ages with basal cell carcinoma (3.2%). Factors related to patient and tumor characteristics were analyzed. Two groups of patients were identified. Most of the patients tended to be of light complexion and eye coloring without a family history of basal cell carcinoma. A second group of patients with basal cell nevus syndrome was identified. The tumors generally were single small lesions, but not nodular, usually being morpheaform in tissue structure. The tumors were present for an average of 4.3 years before diagnosis. The area of excision was 5.4 times the clinically measured size. PMID- 3195652 TI - Comparison of acridine orange and Gram stains in bacterial keratitis. AB - We assessed the comparative sensitivities of acridine orange and Gram stains in the examination of corneal scrapings using an experimental model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis. Acridine orange was more sensitive than Gram stain, requiring concentrations of about 10(4) colony-forming units/mg of corneal tissue compared to approximately 10(5) colony-forming units/mg. Our clinical experience with 21 consecutive cases of suspected microbial keratitis showed a similar diagnostic accuracy of acridine orange and Gram stain. Acridine orange accurately predicted culture results in 15 of 21 specimens (71%) compared to a diagnostic accuracy of 62% (13 of 21 specimens) for Gram stain. PMID- 3195653 TI - Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis as an emerging problem in AIDS patients. PMID- 3195654 TI - Acute unilateral toxoplasmic iridocyclitis in an AIDS patient. PMID- 3195655 TI - Pattern dystrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium in a patient with McArdle's disease. PMID- 3195656 TI - Calcifications in Coats' disease. PMID- 3195657 TI - Anaphylaxis following oral fluorescein angiography. PMID- 3195658 TI - Intraocular pressure response to replacing pilocarpine with carbachol. PMID- 3195659 TI - Argon laser endophotocoagulator closure of cyclodialysis clefts. PMID- 3195661 TI - Ocular ischemic syndrome secondary to carotid artery dissection. PMID- 3195660 TI - Hepatic metastases of diffuse iris melanoma 17 years after enucleation. PMID- 3195662 TI - Acute closed-angle glaucoma complicating hemorrhagic choroidal detachment associated with parenteral thrombolytic agents. PMID- 3195663 TI - Corneal calcification in dry eye disorders associated with retinoic acid therapy. PMID- 3195665 TI - After-shave spray keratitis. PMID- 3195664 TI - Ruptured globe after radial keratotomy. PMID- 3195666 TI - Keratoconus and ocular massage. PMID- 3195667 TI - An aspiration-irrigation soft contact lens for maintenance of the anterior chamber. PMID- 3195668 TI - Recurrent blepharoptosis secondary to a pituitary tumor. PMID- 3195671 TI - The effect of omitting botulinum toxin from the lower eyelid in blepharospasm treatment. PMID- 3195669 TI - Soda pop top ophthalmopathy. PMID- 3195670 TI - Retained ocular gunpowder. PMID- 3195672 TI - Bilateral anterior uveitis and interstitial nephritis. PMID- 3195673 TI - Management of anterior chamber depth after trabeculectomy. PMID- 3195674 TI - The Alzheimer's disease imperative: the challenge for psychiatry. PMID- 3195675 TI - Lithium treatment of manic episodes with psychotic features in prepubertal children. AB - The authors describe the manic symptoms, family psychiatric histories, and psychotic symptoms of 10 prepubertal children 6-12 years old who had a DSM-III diagnosis of manic episode with psychotic features. All of the children improved when treated with lithium alone. Improvement in both manic and psychotic symptoms was noted an average of 11 days after lithium administration was started. PMID- 3195676 TI - Prodromal symptoms in panic disorder with agoraphobia. AB - Of 20 patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia, 18 reported experiencing agoraphobic avoidance, generalized anxiety, and/or hypochondriacal fears and beliefs before the first panic attack. The prevalence of these symptoms in the patients was significantly higher than the prevalence in 20 healthy control subjects. The results indicate that phobic avoidance in panic disorder with agoraphobia may not be secondary to the panic attacks, a finding that runs counter to the current DSM-III-R classification of anxiety disorders. PMID- 3195677 TI - Physical assaults in a psychiatric unit of a general hospital. AB - The authors collected data concerning assaults, assaultive patients, and victims in a psychiatric unit during a 12-month period and compared them with data from a control group of patients. Thirty-seven assaults by 25 patients were recorded. Fourteen of the victims were patients and 23 were members of staff. The assaultive group contained a significantly higher proportion of schizophrenic patients than did the control group and significantly larger numbers of patients from lower socioeconomic classes, patients admitted involuntarily under a section of the Mental Health Act, and patients with a history of assaults. PMID- 3195678 TI - The utility of electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of conversion paralysis. AB - Conversion paralysis has a poor prognosis when there is evidence of nonresponse to previous treatment, long duration, and secondary atrophy of the "paralyzed" muscles. The authors present four such cases in which conversion paralysis was treated successfully by means of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback. Each of the four patients also suffered from a chronic pain condition. Results from statistical analyses indicated that the four patients demonstrated significant improvement in the functional capacity of the "paralyzed" muscles as measured by isometric maximum voluntary contraction and EMG activity. The improvements occurred without explicit psychotherapy and suggest that behavioral modification techniques alone may be helpful in such cases. PMID- 3195679 TI - Duration and symptoms of bipolar prodromes. AB - The duration and symptoms of manic and depressive prodromes of 20 bipolar patients showed much interindividual variation. However, these features were consistent in successive episodes of the same type in the same patient. Manic prodromes were longer than depressive prodromes. PMID- 3195681 TI - Comorbidity of other psychiatric disturbances in depressed, psychiatrically hospitalized children. AB - Twenty-five (16%) of 160 psychiatrically hospitalized children were given diagnoses of depressive disorders. None of 12 diagnostic categories from DSM-III axes I and II occurred significantly more frequently among these depressed children than among the non-depressed children in this sample. PMID- 3195680 TI - Thyroid function in psychosis following childbirth. AB - Postpartum thyroiditis has been suggested as a cause of psychosis following pregnancy. However, 30 hospitalized psychotic postpartum women and 30 control subjects matched for age and time since delivery showed no significant differences in thyroid function or the presence of thyroid antibodies. PMID- 3195682 TI - Tourette-like disorder after herpes encephalitis. PMID- 3195683 TI - Carbamazepine for withdrawal pseudohallucinations. PMID- 3195684 TI - Buspirone in obsessive-compulsive disorder. PMID- 3195685 TI - Response to phototherapy of an elderly patient with seasonal affective disorder. PMID- 3195686 TI - Effects of bright light on adrenergic and cholinergic systems. PMID- 3195688 TI - Comments on the overt aggression scale. PMID- 3195687 TI - Effects of excluding some patients with personality disorders from a study on depression. PMID- 3195689 TI - Rumination in patients with eating disorders. PMID- 3195690 TI - Psychiatric aspects of lying. PMID- 3195692 TI - Diagnosis of paragonimiasis by immunoblot. AB - A sensitive and specific immunoblot assay was used to rapidly and accurately diagnose paragonimiasis. The immunoreactivity of a complex Paragonimus westermani Chaffee antigen was evaluated by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Initial probing with pooled human serum from proven Paragonimus infections revealed many bands, including a significant antibody response to an approximately 8,000 molecular weight (8 kDa) protein. Forty-three of 45 proven paragonimiasis serum specimens had antibodies to this diagnostic band. Of 29 normal serum specimens and 210 serum specimens from patients with other parasitic and nonparasitic infections, only 1 serum, from a schistosomiasis haematobium patient, reacted positively. These results indicate that our immunoblot for paragonimiasis, which uses a comparatively crude antigen, is highly sensitive (96%) and specific (99%). PMID- 3195691 TI - Use of sexist language. PMID- 3195693 TI - The development of nonradioactive total genomic probes for strain and egg differentiation in taeniid cestodes. AB - Purified total genomic DNA labeled with photobiotin was used as a probe for the identification and differentiation of strains of Echinococcus granulosus and to distinguish between the morphologically identical eggs of 2 taeniid species. Such biotinylated probes are easily prepared and can be utilized effectively for rapid screening and identification of taeniid isolates by dot and Southern blotting. The use of total genomic DNA probes in high stringency hybridizations obviates the need for cloned sequences and has great potential for field use. PMID- 3195694 TI - Mermis nigrescens (Mermithidae: Nematoda) recovered from the mouth of a child. AB - A gravid female Mermis nigrescens Dujardin (Mermithidae: Nematoda) was recovered from the mouth of a 1-month-old infant in Mehama, Oregon. This nematode is a parasite of grasshoppers and deposits its eggs on vegetation. The parasite was probably carried on the hair of the household dog or cat to the vicinity of the patient and was attracted to the moisture in the region of the mouth. PMID- 3195697 TI - Microinjection of DNA into Aedes triseriatus ova and detection of integration. AB - A technique was developed for microinjection and transformation of Aedes triseriatus mosquitoes. Mosquito ova can be readily microinjected with approximately 0.9 nl of inoculum if desiccated and inoculated before hardening of the chorion. Ova were injected with molecular constructs that conferred antibiotic (G418) resistance to larvae. Insertion of the antibiotic resistance construct into the mosquito genome was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis. PMID- 3195695 TI - Ivermectin in loiasis and concomitant O. volvulus and M. perstans infections. AB - Two clinical studies were carried out in Gabon, Africa to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ivermectin in the treatment of patients with Loa loa infection. In the first study, 35 patients received single oral doses of ivermectin, 5-200 mcg/kg body weight. Blood microfilariae levels did not decrease after a single oral 5, 10, 30, or 50 mcg/kg dose of ivermectin, but levels did decrease after doses of 100, 150, and 200 mcg/kg. The most efficacious dose was 200 mcg/kg; mean blood microfilariae levels decreased to 12% of mean pretreatment values by day 15 and remained decreased for 28 days. A second study evaluated the safety and efficacy of ivermectin in patients with multifilarial infections. All 17 patients had concomitant Loa loa and O. volvulus infection. M. perstans affected 5 of the patients. Sixteen patients also had infections due to intestinal nematodes. The patients each received single oral doses of 200 mcg/kg ivermectin. Ten days later, the mean Loa loa blood microfilariae level had decreased to 20% of the mean pretreatment level. O. volvulus dermal microfilariae densities were reduced to 2% of the pretreatment levels. A minimal increase in blood microfilaria levels was observed on day 28. In contrast, dermal microfilariae levels remained near zero for the duration of the study. Intestinal infection due to Ascaris was eradicated in all of the affected patients by day 23; efficacy against Trichuris and hookworm infections, however, was poor. All patients tolerated ivermectin well including those with multiple infections. PMID- 3195696 TI - Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistant cholera in Kenya and East Africa. AB - Strains of Vibrio cholerae O1, El Tor resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents, were isolated in Kenya between 1982 and 1985. Strains of serotype Ogawa were resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Resistance was mediated in all instances by a plasmid ca 100 mD of incompatibility group C. Based on analysis of restriction endonuclease digests, all Ogawa isolates had an identical resistance plasmid. This plasmid differed from plasmids in resistant V. cholerae O1 strains isolated in Tanzania, Nigeria, and Bangladesh. On Southern blot analysis of restriction endonuclease digests of chromosomal DNA using DNA probes there were no apparent differences between Kenyan V. cholerae O1 strains isolated before and after emergence of antibiotic resistance; however, a majority of El Tor strains isolated in other geographic areas had the same Southern blot pattern. Our data document the apparent endemicity of multiply antimicrobial resistant V. cholerae O1 strains in Kenya, and the persistence of a single unique resistance plasmid among isolates of serotype Ogawa. PMID- 3195699 TI - [Gonadotropic and ovarian hormone levels in the course of the menstrual cycle of patients with chronic pyelonephritis]. PMID- 3195698 TI - [Ecologico-generative dissonance and the pathophysiologic aspects of disorders of the generative function of central origin]. PMID- 3195700 TI - [The importance of x-ray study of the skull and the sella turcica in gynecologic practice]. PMID- 3195702 TI - [The search for an endometrial infertility factor in patients with a regular ovulatory cycle]. PMID- 3195701 TI - [Effect of hormonal therapy of patients with dysfunctional uterine hemorrhage on the hepatobiliary system]. PMID- 3195704 TI - [Current problems of genital endometriosis]. PMID- 3195703 TI - [Evaluation of diagnostic tests in infertility in women with the hirsute syndrome]. PMID- 3195705 TI - [The role of chlamydial infection in the etiology of tubal sterility]. PMID- 3195706 TI - [Cardiac interval measurement in the diagnosis of tubal sterility]. PMID- 3195707 TI - [Surgical treatment of tubal sterility]. PMID- 3195708 TI - [Acceptability of hormonal contraceptives with a low steroid content]. PMID- 3195709 TI - [The content of sex steroids in the blood flowing from the ovaries of patients suffering from a neuroendocrine syndrome and polycystic ovaries]. PMID- 3195711 TI - [The autoimmune component in the pathogenesis of pseudoerosion of the cervix uteri]. PMID- 3195710 TI - [Taktivin in the combined treatment of patients with ovarian cancer]. PMID- 3195712 TI - [Function of the cardiovascular system in patients with endometriosis interna]. PMID- 3195713 TI - [Experience with the conservative and microsurgical treatment of tubal sterility]. PMID- 3195714 TI - [A combined treatment method for female infertility of mixed origin]. PMID- 3195715 TI - [Ureaplasma urealyticum and infertility in men]. PMID- 3195716 TI - [Surgical hysteroscopy in preventing the occurrence of Asherman's syndrome following the removal of intrauterine contraceptive devices]. PMID- 3195718 TI - ["Nephropathy of pregnant women": from the viewpoint of the urologist where is the harm in the wide use of this term?]. PMID- 3195719 TI - [The potentials of physiotherapy for gynecologic patients at a women's consultation service]. PMID- 3195717 TI - [Ectopic pregnancy during the use of intrauterine contraceptive devices]. PMID- 3195720 TI - Entering and moving in the Professional job market. PMID- 3195721 TI - The in vivo effects of autonomic drugs and electroejaculation on prostate gland contractility in the rat. AB - The effects of various autonomic drugs and electroejaculation on the contractile activity of the rat prostate were registered in vivo by means of a video recording system. The changes in the glandular tone were measured by observing the modification of distance between two superficial paralel blood vessels used as references. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, acetylcholine and electrical stimulations produced an increase in the ronus. Since terbutaline had no effect, and phentolamine prevented the effects of both norepinephrine and epinephrine but propranolol did not, it resulted that contractility of the prostate is enhanced when the alpha-adrenoceptors are stimulated, and it is not affected by the stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors. The effects of acetylcholine were blocked by atropine, indicating that they are of the muscarinic type. The excitatory response of the prostate to electroejaculation appeared to be resistant to blockade by phentolamine and atropine. PMID- 3195722 TI - Macrophages lysing seminoma cells in patients with carcinoma-in-situ (CIS) of the testis. AB - Testicles of 15 subfertile men who underwent orchidectomy because of intratubular seminoma cells resp. carcinoma-in-situ (CSI) pattern in testicular biopsy were examined by semithin sections as well as by ultrathin sections. With one exception the volume of the testicles was reduced (means = 16 ml). 6 cases (= 40%) had exclusively intratubular seminoma cells, 4 cases (= 26.6%) intratubular and interstitial seminoma cells and 5 cases (= 33.3%) a solid seminoma near the rete testis. In all patients an interstitial inflammatory infiltration as well as tubular shadows of various degree could be observed. Some tubular shadows contained macrophages in the center heavily loaded with lipid droplets. Furthermore, in two cases many seminiferous tubules could be detected which contained activated macrophages in the lumen lysing tumor cells. One of the patients had only intratubular tumor cells, whereas the other patient had a solid seminoma near the rete testis. Our data suggest that activated macrophages killing intratubular tumor cells in patients with CIS pattern of the testis resp. with an early stage of a seminoma represent a physiological immunological reaction of the host in preventing further invasive tumor growth. Tubular shadows represent the final process of macrophage activity and may explain the reduced testicular volume in patients with CIS. However, the density of the inflammatory reaction and the extent of intratubular macrophages lysing tumor cells does not correlate with a low or high risk of tumor growth. PMID- 3195723 TI - Physostigmine as a treatment for anejaculation with paraplegic men. AB - In connection with a case-study we go further into the subject of a subcutaneous injection of fysostigmine as an alternative way to obtain an ejaculation with men suffering a cross-lesion but still wishing to have children. PMID- 3195724 TI - Immunological usefulness of semen manipulation for artificial insemination homologous (AIH) in subjects with antisperm antibodies bound to sperm surface. AB - The authors report trials carried out in the preparation of semen for homologous artificial insemination in subjects with antisperm autoantibodies. The tests have demonstrated that swim-up is not able to select spermatozoa free of antibodies bound to the sperm surface. All the experiments of migration, dilution, antigenic competition and cryoconservation, carried out to evaluate the theoretical possibility of a better recovery of non "immunologically compromised" spermatozoa, have confirmed such negative results both with the Immunobead Test and Cytofluorimetric analysis. PMID- 3195725 TI - Cortical evoked potentials in subjects with true premature ejaculation. AB - Cortical somato-sensory evoked potentials (SEPs) from pudendal stimulation were determined in 23 patients with true premature ejaculation (TPE) and in 25 subjects as a control group. SEPs give a cortical representation of the sensory stimuli arising from the genital area. The amplitudes of the evoked response in the cortical area (P1-N1-P2 wave) were 4.96 +/- 1.89 microV in subjects with TPE and 3.79 - 1.38 microV in the controls (means +/- SD). This difference is statistically significative (P less than 0.005). Our results show a greater cortical representation of the sensory stimuli from the genital area and suggest an organic basis for TPE. PMID- 3195726 TI - Testicular damage development in rats injected with dibromochloropropane (DBCP). AB - Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) is an effective nematocide which was shown to suppress spermatogenesis and cause infertility in men and rats exposed to the compound. These damages were described only after 6-8 weeks post injection. The present study was set to detect the early development of the testicular damages. Rats were injected s.c. with DBCP 50 mg/kg. Control animals were injected with the vehicle alone (DMSO). Groups of animals were sacrificed 24 h, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks post injection. Body weight of DBCP treated animals was reduced from the second week post injection. Organs' weights of the DBCP treated rats, corrected for differences in body weights, were similar to those of controls. Four weeks post injection testes and accessory gland weights were significantly reduced as compared with controls. Percentage of damaged tubules in the DBCP treated animals were elevated from 16.6 +/- 3.5 at the first day to 70.2 +/- 6.4 at the 4th weeks. Concomitantly with the advance of tubular damage was a reduction in epididymal sperm count in the DBCP treated rats. One week post injection histological changes were evident. These included multinucleated giant cells and tubules blocked with sperm granuloma. It seems that alterations of spermatogenesis appear earlyer and are already noticeable one week post injection. PMID- 3195727 TI - [Light microscopic demonstration of lectin receptors on the surface of human spermatozoa]. AB - The topography of lectin binding sites on human spermatozoa has been examined by using particular series of peroxydase labeled lectin-konjugates (GS-1, GS-2, WGA, PNA, SBA, DBA, BPA, MPA, UEA-1, LPA, Con-A) which demonstrated typical patterns of lectin-receptor distributions concerning acrosomal and equatorial as well as postacrosomal areas. PMID- 3195728 TI - The effects of beta-adrenergic drugs on the human sperm motility in vitro. II. The effects of isoprenaline and fenoterol. AB - Thirty semen samples from men with asthenozoospermia were divided into three groups. 0.025 mM of Isoprenaline and 0.65 x 10(-2) mM Fenoterol were added to the first group, a double dose to the second one and five times higher dose to the last one. The lowest concentration used in our experiment results from the applied intravenous therapeutic doses for people. The sperm motility was evaluated under phase-contrast microscope in the 5, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minute of the experiment. The lowest doses of both drugs were most active in relation to the sperm motility in 120 minute after their administration, but the effect appeared to be much higher for Isoprenaline. Isoprenaline resulted in the higher increase of the sperm motility after the addition of the double dose in 240 Minute of the experiment. The effects of the applied B-adrenergic drugs on the sperm motility were discussed. PMID- 3195729 TI - Influence of bupivacaine as an adjuvant to epidural morphine for analgesia after cesarean section. AB - The effect of the addition of bupivacaine to epidural morphine (EM) on postoperative analgesia was evaluated in 150 patients after cesarean section performed under epidural anesthesia with carbonated lidocaine. Fifty patients received 3 mg EM without bupivacaine, 50 received 3 mg EM with 0.125% bupivacaine, 25 received 5 mg EM without bupivacaine, and 25 patients received 5 mg EM with 0.125% bupivacaine. Patients were assessed for quality and duration of postoperative analgesia, as well as the incidence and severity of side effects. The addition of bupivacaine did not affect the quality or duration of analgesia afforded by EM and did not influence the incidence or severity of side effects. Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in the analgesia obtained by patients receiving 3- and 5-mg doses of EM with or without bupivacaine. PMID- 3195730 TI - Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine in nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. AB - The pharmacokinetics of lidocaine were studied in nonpregnant and pregnant ewes. The maternal femoral vessels were cannulated and, on the day of study, the urinary bladder was catheterized. Lidocaine HCl, 4-5 mg/kg, was administered by IV injection over 60 seconds. Serial samples of arterial blood and urine were collected over 4 hours, and drug concentrations were determined using a gas chromatographic technique. The volume of the central compartment was greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant ewes (1.51 +/- 0.20 vs. 0.96 +/- 0.16 L/kg) as was the volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss): 3.24 +/- 0.40 vs. 1.88 +/- 0.32 L/kg. The volume of distribution during the terminal exponential phase of drug elimination (Vd beta) and total clearance of lidocaine (Cl) were also higher in pregnant animals: 4.17 +/- 0.50 L/kg and 99.6 +/- 8.5 ml.min-1.kg-1, respectively; compared to 2.46 +/- 0.48 L/kg and 44.1 +/- 6.5 ml.min-1.kg-1, in nonpregnant ewes. However, the balance between these changes in Vd beta and Cl did not result in a significant difference in the elimination half-life of lidocaine (38.1 +/- 2.1 minutes in nonpregnant and 31.9 +/- 3.0 minutes in pregnant ewes). If these data are applicable to humans, the risk of drug accumulation after repeated administration of lidocaine is no greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant patients. PMID- 3195731 TI - Epidural morphine delivered by a percutaneous epidural catheter for outpatient treatment of cancer pain. AB - Twenty-three outpatients with cancer pain refractory to other methods of pain control were treated with epidural morphine (EM) delivered through a chronically placed percutaneous lumbar epidural catheter. Patients and their families were taught to administer EM at home. Mean EM doses ranged from 18 to 31 mg/day. Mean catheter lifespan was 6.3 weeks. There were no catheter-related infections or cases of respiratory depression. After 2500 patient treatment days, we have found this method to be a safe and effective method of cancer pain management in outpatients. PMID- 3195732 TI - Hemodynamic effects of nifedipine in a canine model of acid aspiration. AB - A solution of ethyl alcohol, polyethylglycol, and distilled water that did (n = 5) or did not (n = 5) contain 250 micrograms/kg of the calcium channel blocker, nifedipine, was infused into the right atrium in 10 healthy mongrel dogs. Hydrochloric acid (pH = 1.8), 2 ml/kg, was then instilled into both lungs of all dogs via the tracheal tube. Hemodynamic data were collected before and 10 minutes after nifedipine was infused and 10, 45, 90 and 180 minutes after acid was instilled into the lungs. Gas exchange, including PaO2 and venous admixture, did not differ between the two groups. However, after aspiration, oxygen delivery significantly improved in the dogs given nifedipine compared to oxygen delivery in those not treated with nifedipine. We conclude that, despite significant decreases in PaO2 and venous admixture, nifedipine can restore oxygen delivery back to normal levels. PMID- 3195733 TI - Analgesic and hyperalgesic effects of midazolam: dependence on route of administration. AB - The effects of intraperitoneal (IP) and lumbar intrathecal (IT) midazolam (MID) on nociception was studied in 38 male albino rats using the noxious tale-flick and hot-plate tests. Four groups received IP 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg MID or an equal volume of its vehicle benzyl alcohol 0.1 mg in 1 ml saline, while the other three groups received IT 10 and 100 micrograms MID or 0.5 microgram benzyl alcohol in 5 microliter saline. The two higher doses of IP MID produced statistically significant decrease of tale-flick latencies (P less than 0.005 and 0.05 at 10 and 100 mg/kg MID, respectively). This hyperalgesic effect could be seen, although the animals appeared highly sedated with reduced motor activity and relatively unresponsive to non-noxious stimuli. In contrast, IT injections of 10 micrograms MID produced moderate but statistically significant prolongation of tail-flick latencies (P less than 0.05) without noticeable change in motor activity. This analgesic effect could not be observed with the higher dose of IT MID until an hour after its administration. The almost complete immobility and ataxia seen after the high doses of IP and IT MID (animals lying on their sides) precluded reliable hot plate testing in these animals. Apparently part of the high IT dose of MID diffused into the brain, as observed after high-dose IP administration. We therefore propose that the analgesic effect of midazolam stems from its action at the spinal level, while its sedative and hyperalgesic effects are a function of its supraspinal action. PMID- 3195734 TI - Minimum alveolar concentration of I-653 and isoflurane in pigs: definition of a supramaximal stimulus. AB - We determined the anesthetic potencies of a new fluorinated anesthetic, I-653, and isoflurane in pigs as a preliminary to a study of the relative cardiovascular and electroencephalographic effects of these agents. Clamps were sequentially applied to the dew claw and/or tail of each animal to determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) that suppressed movement in response to each of these stimuli. MAC obtained by clamping the tail (8.28 +/- 1.34% [mean +/- standard deviation] for I-653 and 1.65 +/- 0.36% for isoflurane) was more variable and lower than MAC obtained by clamping the dew claw (10.00 +/- 0.94% for I-653 and 2.04 +/- 0.19% for isoflurane). We conclude that the type of stimulus applied affects the MAC value obtained for I-653 and isoflurane. Clamping the tail is not a supramaximal stimulus in pigs; a greater stimulus is provided by clamping the dew claw. PMID- 3195735 TI - Comparison of interpleural and epidural anesthesia for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. PMID- 3195737 TI - Flapper valve malfunction. PMID- 3195736 TI - Lumbar root compression secondary to epidural air. PMID- 3195739 TI - A tidy adjunct to oropharyngeal airways. PMID- 3195740 TI - Hypothermia, myocardial protection, and cold agglutinin disease. PMID- 3195738 TI - Generalized convulsions following regional anesthesia: a pertinent lesson. PMID- 3195741 TI - The effect of resting muscle tension on the dose-effect relationship of d tubocurarine: does preload influence the evoked EMG? PMID- 3195742 TI - Mixed venous oxygen saturation during thoracic anesthesia. PMID- 3195743 TI - Anesthetic complications following pediatric ambulatory surgery: a 3-yr study. PMID- 3195745 TI - An alternative to purging an anesthetic machine for patients in whom malignant hyperthermia is a possibility. PMID- 3195744 TI - Effect of cimetidine and ranitidine on lidocaine concentrations during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. PMID- 3195746 TI - Convulsions and temporary hemiparesis following spinal anesthesia in a child with moyamoya disease. PMID- 3195747 TI - Underdosage with succinylcholine may lead to incorrect diagnosis of masseter spasm in children. PMID- 3195748 TI - Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) PMID- 3195749 TI - An illuminating suggestion. PMID- 3195750 TI - DDAVP to reduce blood loss in Jehovah's Witnesses. PMID- 3195751 TI - A gastroesophageal sump catheter with thermistor and stethoscope. PMID- 3195752 TI - Fashion, Darwin, and anesthetics as poisons. PMID- 3195753 TI - Immunological basis of anesthetic-induced hepatotoxicity. PMID- 3195754 TI - Enflurane metabolism produces covalently bound liver adducts recognized by antibodies from patients with halothane hepatitis. AB - The existence of a rare syndrome of "enflurane hepatitis" similar to that described for halothane and of a cross-sensitization between halothane and enflurane has been controversial, largely due to equivocal clinical case reports and a lack of a plausible molecular mechanism for the hepatotoxicity. The present study suggests a possible hypersensitivity basis for enflurane hepatitis and the apparent cross-sensitization between halothane and enflurane involving covalently bound liver microsomal adducts. Immunoblotting studies have revealed that antibodies in the sera of six patients with halothane hepatitis recognize liver microsomal antigens of Mr = 100,000, or both 100,000 and 76,000, formed in rats treated with enflurane or halothane. These antigens were not detected in microsomes from isoflurane- or sesame oil-treated rats. The recognition of these antigens could be abolished by preincubation of the sera with microsomes from halothane-treated rats. These data suggest that the difluoromethoxydifluoroacetyl halide metabolite of enflurane, as well as the trifluoroacetyl halide metabolite of halothane, covalently bind to similar hepatic proteins, and may become immunogens in susceptible patients. This mechanism may also account for the apparent cross-sensitization between halothane and enflurane anesthesia, and the development of hepatic necrosis. PMID- 3195755 TI - Coagulation changes during packed red cell replacement of major blood loss. AB - A greater proportion of blood replacement needs are being met by packed red cell concentrates rather than whole blood in situations of major blood loss. Twelve patients, who required major blood replacement during elective surgery, were studied to determine the changes in coagulation when packed red cells were used to replace major blood loss. In addition, the coagulation abnormalities present at the time an observer noted excessive bleeding were determined. Prior to blood product replacement and after the estimated loss of each 0.3 blood volume, coagulation tests were obtained including prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), platelet count, thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen levels, and assays of coagulation Factors V, VIII, and IX. Coagulation tests were repeated when clinical hemostasis was judged inadequate by the anesthesiologist and attending surgeon. Significant decreases in platelet count, fibrinogen levels, and Factor V, VIII, and IX levels occurred as increasing blood volumes were replaced. Increases in PT and aPTT above control occurred in nine of the 12 patients prior to replacement of 1 blood volume; none of the nine patients had increased clinical bleeding. In four of seven patients who had blood replacement of greater than 1 blood volume, increased clinical bleeding was noted by the observer. Platelet counts were less than 100,000/mm3 in each of these four patients, and a platelet concentrate obtained by pheresis of a single donor was administered. In two of the four patients platelet counts increased, but clinical bleeding did not resolve.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195756 TI - Does anesthetic technique make a difference? Augmentation of systolic blood pressure during carotid endarterectomy: effects of phenylephrine versus light anesthesia and of isoflurane versus halothane on the incidence of myocardial ischemia. AB - Whether anesthetic technique affected the incidence of myocardial ischemia in 60 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy was investigated. The patients were randomly assigned to receive halothane or isoflurane (with nitrous oxide) either at a low concentration alone or at a higher concentration with phenylephrine added to support blood pressure. Blood pressure was maintained within 20% of each patient's average ward systolic pressure. Seven leads of electrocardiograms (ECG) and echocardiograms were analyzed for segmental wall motion. The echocardiograms were analyzed using standard formulae for end-systolic meridional wall stress (SWS) and rate-corrected velocity of fiber shortening (Vcfc). Because of the nature of these calculations, only echocardiograms with normal regional wall motion could be accurately analyzed. The patients had postoperative ECG and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme determinations and regularly scheduled clinical examinations to detect perioperative myocardial infarction and neurologic deficits. Although blood pressures were similar, the patients who received a higher concentration of anesthetic plus phenylephrine had a higher wall stress, regardless of the choice of anesthetic agent. All four techniques allowed provision of the same stump pressures (the marker surgeons used for adequacy of collateral carotid flow). No difference could be found in wall stress or incidence of myocardial ischemia between isoflurane and halothane. The patients who received phenylephrine had a threefold greater incidence of myocardial ischemia than did the patients who had light anesthesia to maintain similar systolic blood pressures and stump pressures. The groups were demographically and hemodynamically similar; in particular, the heart rates were not different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195757 TI - The lung volume at which shunting occurs with inhalation anesthesia. AB - The relationship between functional residual capacity (FRC) and shunt development with halothane anesthesia in 18 nonobese surgical patients (age, 21-34 yr) was studied. FRC was measured by helium dilution, and intrapulmonary shunt was distinguished from ventilation-perfusion inequality by multiple tracer inert gas elimination analysis. Awake supine FRC was 34.6 +/- 6.6% (mean +/- SD) of total lung capacity (TLC), and closing capacity (CC) was 29.8 +/- 5.3% of TLC. Anesthesia, muscle paralysis, tracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation produced an average 14.6 +/- 13.3% FRC reduction to an average anesthesia FRC 29.8% of TLC (P = 0.002). Shunt increased from 1.2% +/- 1.5% awake to 8.6 +/- 8.3% during anesthesia (P = 0.005). A nonlinear relationship was found between shunt and FRC/TLC so that anesthetized subjects with an FRC less than awake CC had an average 11.4 +/- 8.3% shunt, whereas subjects with an FRC greater than CC had a 2.4 +/- 2.8% shunt (P = 0.025). Nonsmokers developed shunt only if FRC was less than CC. Smokers showed a significantly higher shunt for a given (FRC CC)/TLC compared to nonsmokers (P less than 0.001). The slope of the regression of shunt on BMI (body mass index = weight/height2) showed a significant increase during anesthesia (P = 0.005), and smokers had a significantly higher slope compared to nonsmokers (P = 0.001). These findings suggest a gravity-dependent mechanism for intrapulmonary shunting during anesthesia. Therefore, shunting was due to dependent regional lung volume reduction associated with an FRC decrease to less than closing capacity. The enhanced intrapulmonary shunting in smokers may have been related to the increased dependent regional residual volume associated with smoking. PMID- 3195758 TI - The interaction of sodium nitroprusside, hypotension, and isoflurane in determining cerebral vasculature effects. AB - Eighteen mongrel dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane and prepared for determining cerebral blood flow (CBF, sagittal sinus outflow), cerebral metabolic rate (CMRO2), and ICP. Dogs were divided into three groups of six each. Group 1 dogs were maintained on 1 MAC isoflurane and, following control measurements (step 1), sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was infused to decrease mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 60 mmHg (step 2). After 20 min SNP was discontinued and a second control period of 20 min followed (step 3). Thereafter, SNP was repeated for 20 min as in step 2, but MAP was maintained by inflating a balloon in the descending aorta (step 4). SNP was again discontinued followed by a final 20 min control period (step 5). During SNP with hypotension (step 2) there was a significant 21% decrease in CBF and no change in ICP. During SNP with normotension (step 4) both CBF and ICP increased (16 and 39%, respectively). In group 2 dogs isoflurane was discontinued and a spinal anesthetic was administered. Thereafter, these dogs were studied as in group 1. The only significant change in these dogs was a 35% increase in ICP during SNP with normotension. Group 3 dogs were studied identically to group 2, but hypotension was induced with trimethaphan (TMP). There were no significant changes in these dogs. The authors conclude that SNP, in the absence of isoflurane, dilates capacitance vessels because ICP increased without a concomitant increase in CBF at normotension. In the presence of isoflurane, SNP dilates both capacitance and resistance vessels because ICP and CBF increased concomitantly at normotension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195759 TI - Inhibition of peritonitis by amide local anesthetics. AB - Peritonitis was induced in rats by exposing the peritoneal surface to 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). Peritonitis was quantified by extraction of Evans blue bound albumin from the tissue exposed to HCl and analyzed by a spectrophotometric technique. In the first set of experiments, one group of rats had the peritoneal surface exposed to HCl following local pretreatment with isotonic saline; a second group of rats had the peritoneum exposed to HCl after topical pretreatment with an equal volume of lidocaine 1%, whereas in a third group the peritoneal surface was exposed only to saline without HCl. The experimental design in the second set of experiments was similar to that of the first set except that bupivacaine 0.5% was used instead of lidocaine in the second group. Results show a significant inhibition of peritonitis in the groups pretreated with lidocaine (P less than 0.01) and bupivacaine (P less than 0.05) compared with rats in the saline pretreated group. In the lidocaine-pretreated group Evans blue-albumin extravasation did not differ significantly from the rats not receiving HCl, whereas the bupivacaine-pretreated group showed a slightly but significantly (P less than 0.05) more pronounced peritonitis than control rats not exposed to HCl. In the third set of experiments the peritoneum was topically treated with either lidocaine 1%, bupivacaine 0.5%, or isotonic saline after first having exposed the peritoneal surface to HCl. A significant inhibition of albumin extravasation was seen following lidocaine (P less than 0.001) or bupivacaine (P less than 0.001) treatment compared with treatment with isotonic saline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195760 TI - Halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane decrease calcium sensitivity and maximal force in detergent-treated rat cardiac fibers. AB - This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the volatile anesthetics directly affect cardiac contractile proteins. For this purpose, the effects of various anesthetic doses of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on myocardial calcium sensitivity and maximal calcium-activated force were examined in rat cardiac fibers skinned with Triton X-100. In this preparation, all membranes are chemically destroyed, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum is not functional. The three anesthetics shifted the pCa/tension curves (pCa = -log10[Ca2+]) toward higher calcium concentrations and decreased pCa for half-maximum activation (pCa50) in a dose-dependent and reversible fashion without changing the slope of this relationship (Hill coefficient). No differences between agents were observed at equipotent anesthetic concentrations. In addition, the three anesthetics decreased both maximal activated tension and tension at half-maximal activation in a dose-dependent fashion. Both the decrease in calcium sensitivity and the decrease in maximum activated tension may contribute to the negative inotropic effects of these agents. The relative importance of such effects compared with the other mechanisms of action remains to be determined, however. PMID- 3195761 TI - Comparison of the effects of isoflurane and thiopental on neurologic outcome and neuropathology after temporary focal cerebral ischemia in primates. AB - In an attempt to determine whether one anesthetic might be clearly advantageous over another in clinical situations of temporary focal ischemia, isoflurane or thiopental (in concentrations producing equal suppression of cerebral function as measured by the electroencephalogram) were studied for their effects on neurologic outcome and cerebral infarct size in pigtailed monkeys exposed to temporary focal ischemia produced by 5 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Burst suppression was produced for 15 min before MCAo and maintained throughout the ischemic period by 2.18 +/- 0.11% (mean +/- SE) end-expired isoflurane or 135 +/- 18 mg.kg-1 thiopental. Mean arterial pressure was supported with phenylephrine and maintained at approximately 90 mmHg in both groups throughout the ischemic period. At the end of the ischemic period, the isoflurane or thiopental was discontinued, allowing the animals to awaken. Intensive care was provided as needed. Neurologic function was scored for 8 days at the end of which surviving animals were killed and the brains were fixed in formalin and then examined for infarct size. There was no significant difference in final neurologic outcome between the animals receiving isoflurane and those receiving thiopental as determined by the Mann-Whitney rank sum test. Neurologic deficit scores ranged from normal (one of eight in the group receiving isoflurane and three of nine in the group receiving thiopental) to death resulting from brain injury (three in the isoflurane group and five in the thiopental-treated group). There also was no significant difference in infarct size between the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195763 TI - Epidural lidocaine for cesarean section: effect of varying epinephrine concentration. PMID- 3195762 TI - Effects and interaction of verapamil and volatile anesthetics on the isolated perfused guinea pig heart. AB - The direct cardiac effects of volatile anesthetics and calcium channel blockers are obscured in vivo by autonomic reflexes and other extrinsic influences. The authors examined the direct in vitro effects of verapamil and the volatile anesthetics, halothane (HAL), enflurane (ENF), and isoflurane (ISO), in the isolated guinea pig heart. Each heart (N = 36) was perfused at constant pressure with an oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution at 36 degrees C. Recording electrodes were placed in the right atrium, septum, and right ventricular wall. Left ventricular pressure (LVP) and coronary flow were measured. The combination of 75 or 150 ng/ml verapamil and 0.7 or 1.4 minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) of each of the three anesthetics dose-dependently depressed spontaneous atrial rate (HR) and peak LVP, and prolonged atrial-septal (AV) time and intraventricular conduction time (IVCT). ENF decreased HR and LVP and increased IVCT more than did HAL or ISO at each anesthetic level. The combination of either level of ENF and 150 ng/ml verapamil reduced HR more than did the same level of verapamil with HAL or ISO; 1.4 MAC ENF with 150 ng/ml verapamil also caused sinus arrest in 17% of hearts. Although ENF, HAL, and ISO alone similarly depressed AV time, 1.4 MAC ENF synergistically increased, and 1.4 HAL and ISO additively increased, the delay in AV time due to each level of verapamil. In addition, 1.4 MAC ENF caused significant 25% and 67% incidences of complete AV block with low and high verapamil levels, respectively. Both levels of ENF with verapamil also increased IVCT more than did HAL or ISO with verapamil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195764 TI - Acute airway obstruction after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. PMID- 3195765 TI - Hypoglycemia associated with supraventricular tachycardia in an infant. PMID- 3195766 TI - Blind nasotracheal intubation using succinylcholine. PMID- 3195767 TI - The effects of airway heat conservation and skin surface insulation on thermal balance during spinal surgery. PMID- 3195768 TI - Primary pulmonary hypertension and pregnancy: anesthetic management for delivery. PMID- 3195769 TI - Hypotension related to desmopressin administration following cardiopulmonary bypass. PMID- 3195770 TI - Breathing patterns during postoperative analgesia in patients after lower abdominal operations. PMID- 3195771 TI - Preanesthetic sedation of preschool children using intranasal midazolam. PMID- 3195772 TI - Corneal abrasion during anesthesia and surgery. PMID- 3195773 TI - Pharyngeal insufflation of oxygen prevents arterial desaturation during apnea. PMID- 3195775 TI - Transcatheter thoracic epidural neurolysis using ethyl alcohol. PMID- 3195774 TI - Does urinary catheter temperature reflect core temperature during cardiac surgery? PMID- 3195776 TI - Anesthetic management of hemodynamic changes during vein of Galen aneurysm clipping. PMID- 3195779 TI - Validating the certification process for infection control practice. AB - Approximately 5 years ago a task analysis was conducted by the Certification Board of Infection Control (CBIC) to describe infection control practice. This task analysis served as the basis for development of the certification examination. This article describes the process used to update and revalidate the original task analysis to ensure the continued validity and job relatedness of the certification process. Using a modified Delphi technique, several panels of representative expert infection control practitioners (ICPs), a total of 29 persons, participated in an iterative process to define the practice dimensions of infection control and to link these practice dimensions to the certification examination. In general, there was a high level of congruence between respondents on the original task analysis and the expert panels, although a few differences in practice were identified among ICPs in extended care facilities and a few new tasks were identified. In addition, a revised content outline for the examination was created by placing clusters of knowledge statements together around common themes. PMID- 3195777 TI - Pancuronium bromide in the intensive care unit: a case of overdose. PMID- 3195778 TI - High-volume spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine 0.125% for cesarean section. PMID- 3195781 TI - Interaction of man and microbe: implications of the AIDS epidemic for hospital epidemiology. PMID- 3195780 TI - Infection related to intravascular pressure monitoring: effects of flush and tubing changes. AB - The optimal frequency for changing pressure monitoring tubing and flush solution that minimizes catheter-related infection and contains cost has not yet been established. We conducted a pilot study to examine the effects of three protocols on catheter-related infection: group I, change of flush solution and pressure monitoring tubing every 24 hours; group II, change of flush solution every 24 hours and change of pressure monitoring tubing every 48 hours; group III, change of flush solution and pressure monitoring tubing every 48 hours. Thirty critically ill patients were randomly assigned to one of the three protocols. Semiquantitative cultures of the solution from the flush bag and catheter tip were obtained. Intervening variables were documented: duration of cannulization, number of entries into the system, presence of other invasive devices, white cell count, patient's temperature, presence of preexisting infection, patient's age and diagnosis, use of steroids and antibiotics, and host risk factors for immunocompromise. All flush solution cultures were negative for growth. Incidence of catheter-related bacteremia was zero. The cultures of four catheter tips were positive for Staphylococcus epidermidis; none in group I, three in group II, and one in group III. The results of this pilot study suggest that there is no difference in the incidence of catheter-related infection whether the change interval for flush solution and pressure monitoring solution is 24 or 48 hours. However, further study with a larger sample is needed. PMID- 3195783 TI - Research Committee report in December 1987 Journal. PMID- 3195782 TI - Change by choice: practitioners to professionals. Ninth annual Carole DeMille lecture. PMID- 3195784 TI - High rates of immunization in a nursing home. PMID- 3195785 TI - AIDS: problem solving in infection control. Universal precautions. PMID- 3195786 TI - Proceedings of the clinical advances track of the 1988 ACEP winter symposium. PMID- 3195787 TI - Delayed wound closure: indications and techniques. AB - Delayed wound closure should be used in wounds that are contaminated or contain devitalized tissue. The wound should be left open for three to four days for observation to determine if infection is present or if the tissues are devitalized. This management technique allows the physician to control infection and provide surgical debridement. Leaving the wound open provides the opportunity to inspect and evaluate the wound to determine if a problem is present. The wound then can be repaired with minimal risk. It is beneficial that the wound healing process is not delayed using this technique of wound closure. PMID- 3195788 TI - Management of observation units. American College of Emergency Physicians. PMID- 3195789 TI - To make an end is to make a beginning. PMID- 3195790 TI - ABEM: then and now. PMID- 3195791 TI - Why patients can't read. PMID- 3195792 TI - Deadly defense? PMID- 3195793 TI - Drug-induced acute urinary retention. PMID- 3195794 TI - Primary (spontaneous) pneumomediastinum presenting as abdominal pain after swimming. PMID- 3195795 TI - A user-friendly system. PMID- 3195797 TI - Adolescent outcomes for hyperactive children. Perspectives on general and specific patterns of childhood risk for adolescent educational, social, and mental health problems. PMID- 3195796 TI - Psychological well-being of primates in captivity. PMID- 3195798 TI - Children's mental health issues. PMID- 3195799 TI - Plasma elevations of histamine and a prostaglandin metabolite in acute asthma. AB - Recent studies of laboratory-provoked asthma have suggested that asthma is an inflammatory disease of lower airways. The purpose of this study was to measure the systemic elaboration of 2 bronchoconstrictive inflammatory mediators during naturally acquired acute asthma utilizing a prospective, serial-sampling protocol. Plasma levels of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha and histamine were measured by radioimmunoassay and radioenzymatic assay, respectively, in 23 children with acute asthma. Mean PG metabolite and histamine values (pg/ml) before (167 +/- 72, 1,029 +/- 378) and 10 to 90 min after (377 +/- 145, 1,000 +/- 489) initial therapy were significantly higher than those of the same children after resolution of asthma (2.9 +/- 0.2, 260 +/- 42) and those of normal children (4.3 +/- 0.9, 240 +/- 14). Peak PG metabolite levels were significantly higher in children who presented with PEFR values (% predicted) less than 40% (1,234 +/- 432) compared with those who presented with greater than 40% (404 +/- 296), and in children with post-therapy improvement in PEFR of less than 20% (1,281 +/- 470) compared with those with greater than 20% (365 +/- 226). Histamine levels were significantly higher in children with post-therapy improvement in PEFR of less than 20% (2,560 +/- 1,600) compared with those with greater than 20% (475 +/ 100), and in hospitalized (3,915 +/- 1,910) compared with nonhospitalized (408 +/- 130) children. Significant differences were not observed on the basis of corticosteroid dependence, allergic disposition, or type of initial therapy. These data suggest a role for histamine and PGF2 alpha in the pathogenesis of airway inflammation in acute asthma. PMID- 3195800 TI - Mechanism of platelet activating factor-induced bronchoconstriction in humans. AB - The inhalation of platelet activating factor (PAF) produces bronchoconstriction in normal and asthmatic subjects. To identify the mechanism by which PAF-induced bronchoconstriction occurs in humans, bronchoprovocation testing was performed in 7 subjects (3 normal, 4 with mild asthma) after pretreatment with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), atropine, chlorpheniramine, or indomethacin. We determined the nebulizer concentration of PAF which reduced specific airway conductance (SGaw) 35% (PC35 SGaw) and the slope of the PAF dose-response curve. Atropine produced baseline bronchodilatation (SGaw increased 50%), while chlorpheniramine and indomethacin had no effect on baseline pulmonary function. Atropine increased airway responsiveness to PAF: the PC35 SGaw decreased 40% (p less than 0.05) and the slope of the PAF dose-response curve increased 86% (p less than 0.05). In contrast, chlorpheniramine inhibited the airway response to PAF: the PC35 SGaw increased 87% (p less than 0.05), while the slope of the PAF dose-response curve decreased an insignificant 37%. Indomethacin did not affect either measurement. Chlorpheniramine also prevented the PAF-induced facial flushing and feeling of warmth; atropine and indomethacin did not. These results suggest that PAF-induced bronchoconstriction in humans is mediated at least in part by histamine release, not by cholinergic or cyclooxygenase-dependent mechanisms. Other indirect effects, such as the release of sulfidopeptide leukotrienes, or a direct effect on airway smooth muscle may also contribute to PAF-induced bronchoconstriction. Why atropine heightened the airway response to PAF is unclear. PMID- 3195801 TI - Nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness to inhaled histamine and hyperventilation of cold dry air in subjects with respiratory symptoms of uncertain etiology. AB - Fifty adult subjects referred to a respiratory function laboratory of a tertiary care hospital for respiratory symptoms of uncertain etiology were investigated prospectively by means of a questionnaire, isocapnic inhalation of dry cold air ( 20 degrees C), histamine inhalation tests, monitoring of peak expiratory flow rates, total eosinophil counts, and total IgE. Wheezing, tightness in the chest, dyspnea, and cough were reported by 35, 23, 41, and 30 subjects, respectively. FEV1 values less than 80% pred were found in only 2 subjects. Twenty-nine subjects had a PC20 histamine less than or equal to 16 mg/ml. Twenty, 15, and 10% falls in FEV1 were found in 10, 18, and 26 subjects, respectively, using hyperventilation of cold air. Significant eosinophilia and increased total IgE levels were seen in 5 and 18 subjects, respectively. Eight subjects had daily changes in PEFR greater than 20% on at least 1 day of monitoring. There was no significant association between specific responses to the respiratory questionnaire or the presence of rhinitis on the one hand and bronchial responsiveness to histamine and cold air on the other hand. The 10 subjects who demonstrated a greater than 20% change in FEV1 after cold air inhalation also had a PC20 less than 16 mg/ml, and 5 of them reacted at a concentration less than or equal to 2 mg/ml. Two subjects who had a PC20 less than or equal to 2 mg/ml demonstrated a less than 20% change in FEV1 after inhaling cold air. There was no association between the increase in total eosinophils or IgE and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195802 TI - A comparison of mediator and catecholamine release between exercise- and hypertonic saline-induced asthma. AB - Serum neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) and plasma histamine concentrations were measured in 9 asthmatic subjects with exercise-induced asthma after inhalation challenge with ultrasonically nebulized 3.6% hypertonic saline, which was administered either in a dose-dependent manner (HSDR) or as a continuous single dose (HSC), and after cycle ergometer exercise. The mean decreases in FEV1 elicited by HSDR, HSC, and exercise were 26, 27, and 25%, respectively, and were not significantly different. There was an approximate 300% maximal increase in NCA detected after both HSC and exercise challenges. Gel filtration chromatography on columns of Ultragel ACA 34 indicated that the NCA released after HSC provocation and exercise were 600 to 700 kDa. There was an approximate 100% maximal increase in NCA after HSDR challenge, and this was significantly less (p = 0.016) than that after HSC and exercise. Exercise but not hypertonic challenge was associated with a basophilia and a significant increase in plasma histamine. There was a significant increase in plasma norepinephrine concentrations after exercise but not after HSC challenge in 7 asthmatics. Epinephrine concentrations did not change after exercise or HSC inhalation. NCA was measured in 5 subjects subjected to 2 HSC challenges that were separated by 60 min. There was an increase in NCA detected after both provocations. The increase after the second challenge was significantly greater (p = 0.27 x 10(-4)) than that observed after the initial provocation, despite a substantially reduced bronchoconstrictor response after the second challenge. PMID- 3195803 TI - Serial relationships between ventilation-perfusion inequality and spirometry in acute severe asthma requiring hospitalization. AB - Patterns of VA/Q distribution and their relationship to spirometric indices were studied in 10 patients with acute severe asthma requiring hospitalization (7 women and 3 men 41.0 +/- 5.6 yr of age, mean +/- SEM) on admission and during subsequent recovery. On admission, all patients received the standard therapeutic regimen for our hospital. Spirometry and essentially noninvasive multiple inert gas elimination measurements were obtained serially, approximately once every day, whereas conventional arterial blood gases were determined every 3 days. On admission, all patients showed severe air-flow obstruction (FEV1/FVC% = 34.1 +/- 4.3%) and moderate to severe hypoxemia without CO2 retention (PaO2 = 50.5 +/- 2.6 mm Hg; PaCO2 = 37.1 +/- 2.4 mm Hg; AaPO2 = 53.7 +/- 3.0 mm Hg). Nine of the 10 patients showed bimodal blood flow distributions (dispersion of blood flow distribution, log SD Q = 1.34 +/- 0.11; normal range, 0.3 to 0.6) with only small amounts of shunt (1.09 +/- 0.8%). However, no significant interindividual correlations were observed between maximal expiratory flow rates (FEV1 and FEF25( 75) and log SD Q (r2 = 0.14 and 0.006, respectively). This lack of correlation persisted throughout hospitalization. Despite both clinical and spirometric improvement in all patients, there was simultaneous improvement in VA/Q matching in only one patient. Statistically significant negative correlations between maximal expiratory flow rates and gas exchange did develop toward the end of the study (Weeks 3 and 4 after discharge) when maximal recovery of physiologic changes associated with the acute asthma attack was achieved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195804 TI - Effect of almitrine on ventilation-perfusion distribution in adult respiratory distress syndrome. AB - Almitrine improves ventilation/perfusion relationships (VA/Q) in COPD, but its effects in ARDS, in which VA/Q mismatching is the cause of severe hypoxemia, are not known. The effects of almitrine on pulmonary gas exchange and circulation were assessed in 9 patients with ARDS who were sedated, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated at constant FlO2 (range, 0.48 to 0.74). Systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics, conventional gas exchange, and the VA/Q distribution by the multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGT) were measured before (baseline), during (ALM 15), at the end of (ALM 30), and at 30-min intervals after (POSTALM 30, 60, and 90) the intravenous infusion of 0.5 mg/kg body weight of almitrine over 30 min. Almitrine significantly increased PaO2 from 78 +/- 15 mm Hg to 140 +/- 49 at ALM 15 and 138 +/- 52 at ALM 30. AaPO2 and QS/QT decreased during the administration of the drug. The MIGT showed that almitrine redistributed pulmonary blood flow from shunt areas (reduction from 29 +/- 11 to 17 +/- 11% of QT) to lung units with normal VA/Q ratios (increase from 63 +/- 9 to 73 +/- 6% of QT). The Ppa increased from 26 +/- 5 to 30 +/- 5 mm Hg without changes in QT. Changes were transient, returning toward baseline 30 min after stopping the infusion of the drug. Almitrine significantly reduced the VA/Q inequalities present in ARDS and may be useful in the management of those patients. PMID- 3195805 TI - Exponential analysis of the pressure-volume curve. Correlation with mean linear intercept and emphysema in human lungs. AB - We investigated the effect of obvious emphysematous lesions and the mean airspace size in the lung surrounding these lesions on the exponential constant K of the lung pressure-volume curve. The severity of the centrilobular emphysematous (CLE) lesions was determined in resected lung specimens, and the mean linear intercept (Lm) was measured on random histologic sections taken from regions without obvious emphysema. The exponential constant K was determined by fitting lung pressure-volume data obtained from the patient just prior to resection to the equation V = A - Be-KP. This allowed us to compare patients with little or no emphysema that had either normal (0.16 +/- 0.03 SD; n = 12) or increased (0.27 +/ 0.04 SD; n = 12) K to other patients that had severe emphysema but either normal (0.17 +/- 0.01 SD; n = 10) or increased (0.25 +/- 0.03 SD; n = 10) K. In subjects without emphysema, K was significantly related to Lm, suggesting that K is a measure of mean alveolar size. In the subjects with emphysema, a lower value for K was associated with more severe airway dysfunction and gas trapping. We conclude that K reflects airspace size except when airway closure subtracts the contribution of lung units from the deflation pressure-volume curve. PMID- 3195806 TI - Lung function impairment as a guide to exercise limitation in work-related lung disorders. AB - The hypothesis that exercise limitation of respiratory origin can be predicted accurately from the lung function impairment has been tested using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) as the dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis. The subjects were 157 men who met objective criteria for exercise being limited by respiratory impairment. VO2max (mean value, 1.38 L min-1) was described by FEV1 and single-breath lung transfer factor (diffusing capacity) for carbon monoxide (TL') singly or in combination, but the accuracy was poor (at best, standard error of the estimate, 0.36 L min-1; r2, 29.1%). FEV1 could be replaced by FVC and FEV1/FVC. Description of VO2max was improved by also including in the equation the variables age, fat-free mass, and submaximal exercise ventilation (VE). Transfer factor did not then contribute significantly. VO2max as percent of predicted (mean value of 60%) was described by %FVC or %FEV1, but the accuracy was poor (SEE, 16.0%; r2, 14%). Prediction was improved somewhat by the alternative use of inspiratory vital capacity and FEV1/FVC. Transfer factor did not contribute additional information; however, inclusion of VE materially improved the accuracy (SEE, 12.9%; r2, 44%). Among a subgroup of 35 men whose lung disease was due to asbestos, %TL' or transfer factor measured using a multibreath estimate of residual volume (%TLCO) made a small contribution to the explained variance, e.g.: %VO2max = 0.44% FEV1 -0.78 VE + 0.16% TLCO + 52.3 SEE 7.27%. This equation also described the %VO2max of all subjects (SEE, 13%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195807 TI - Indomethacin and perception of dyspnea in chronic airflow obstruction. AB - A recent study showed that indomethacin reduces the perception of dyspnea during submaximal exercise in normal subjects (1). The purpose of this study was to determine whether indomethacin alters the perception of dyspnea in patients with chronic airflow obstruction during exercise. In a randomized double-blind crossover fashion, 11 subjects (FEV1 = 0.97 +/- 0.58 L) performed an incremental (15 W/min) cycle ergometer exercise test to exhaustion on 2 study days. Testing was performed 3 to 4 h after placebo or 50 mg of indomethacin. Perception of dyspnea was measured using the modified Borg scale. Minute ventilation, workload, and Borg scale measurements at exhaustion and during moderate exercise were determined. The data demonstrated no statistically significant differences between values obtained for minute ventilation, workload, or Borg scale measurements on placebo and indomethacin study days. Contrary to the previous findings in normal subjects, indomethacin failed to significantly alter perceived dyspnea during exercise in patients with chronic airflow limitation. This suggests that prostanoids do not play a major role in the perception of dyspnea in these patients during exercise. PMID- 3195808 TI - Effects of pentoxifylline on pulmonary hemodynamics during acute hypoxia in anesthetized dogs. AB - The effects of pentoxifylline on pulmonary hemodynamics were studied in anesthetized dogs during acute alveolar hypoxia. In Series A, 7 dogs received pentoxifylline orally (18 mg/kg/day) for 11 wk and 7 untreated dogs served as control animals. During anesthesia and controlled ventilation, acute alveolar hypoxia was induced (10 to 13% inspired O2) and pulmonary and systemic hemodynamic and blood rheologic measurements were compared with normoxia. In control dogs, cardiac index did not change during hypoxia, but pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) increased 79%, erythrocyte filterability decreased significantly (p less than 0.05), and relative viscosity of blood corrected for hematocrit did not change. In the pentoxifylline-treated dogs, cardiac index increased 28% and PVRI increased only 20%; in contrast to the control dogs, relative viscosity of blood was decreased by 18% and no significant changes in filterability were observed. The increase in PVRI in relation to the drop in arterial O2 saturation was significantly larger (p less than 0.05) in the control dogs. Pentoxifylline also increased P50 by 2.8 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). In Series B, hemodynamic measurements were made during variations in blood flow (induced by restricting venous return) in 3 treated (26 mg/kg/day for 3 wk) and 3 control dogs. In these experiments, pulmonary artery pressure was significantly lower at comparable flows during both normoxia and hypoxia. In both studies, the hemodynamic effects of the drug on the systemic circulation were less than on the pulmonary circulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195809 TI - Sequential bronchoalveolar lavage in experimental extrinsic allergic alveolitis. The influence of cigarette smoking. AB - We studied the alterations induced by acute experimental extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) on bronchoalveolar cell population in smoking and nonsmoking guinea pigs. Sixty-two animals divided into 3 groups were studied: Group 1 (17 animals), controls; Group 2 (21 animals), extrinsic alveolitis; Group 3 (24 animals), cigarette smoking and alveolitis. Bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed on Days 1, 19, and 44 for all animals. Group 3 animals had a fourth lavage before starting cigarette smoking, that is, 28 days before the beginning of the antigen injections. The other lavages were as for the other groups. BAL results on Day 1 were similar for each group. Cigarette smoking per se did not modify BAL in Group 3. EAA induction resulted in a large increase in all BAL cells, especially neutrophils of recovered fluid, which increased from 38 x 10(3) to 1,474 x 10(3) ml-1 (p less than 0.01) in Group 2 and from 58 x 10(3) to 740 x 10(3) in Group 3 (p less than 0.01). After maintenance, BAL neutrophils.ml-1 decreased to 444 x 10(3) in Group 2 (p less than 0.01), but stayed the same in Group 3: 973 x 10(3). After EAA induction, BAL neutrophils.ml-1 were higher in Group 2 than in Group 3 (p = 0.039); however, Group 2 had less neutrophils.ml-1 than Group 3 (p = 0.035) after EAA maintenance. We conclude that EAA results in a neutrophilic alveolitis and which can be evaluated by sequential BAL, and that cigarette smoking decreases the initial neutrophilic response and retards the eventual recovery during maintenance injections. PMID- 3195810 TI - Should we continue using questionnaires on breathlessness in epidemiologic surveys? AB - The construct validity and ability to predict mortality on the basis of 4 British Medical Research Council (BMRC) questions on breathlessness were examined and compared to that of spirometric measurements, in particular FEV1, in a cohort of 1,045 men. Of these, 1,030 answered questions on breathlessness and 994 performed acceptable spirometry. Using 2 levels of dyspnea, white collar workers had significantly fewer symptoms of breathlessness than both cement workers and other blue collar workers, and this effect was present even after controlling for FEV1 as well as other spirometric measurements. We found an effect of age on dyspnea but not of smoking category. Furthermore, questions on breathlessness showed a dependence on extreme overweight. In a 10-yr follow-up, 219 men had died. Dyspnea Grade 3 or worse according to Fletcher's breathlessness score was a good predictor of overall mortality, yielding a mortality ratio of 1.57 for given occupation, smoking category, years with central heating, and overweight status, after controlling for FEV1. We conclude that in a standardized setting, questions on breathlessness provide a sensitive and objective tool. They contain information additional to that provided by FEV1 and other spirometric measurements. PMID- 3195811 TI - Pulmonary function is influenced by heavy alcohol consumption. AB - To study the possible impact of alcohol consumption on lung function (FEV1 and FVC), we observed 11,135 men and women for 5 yr. Subjects were between 20 and 90 yr of age and were selected so that they were representative of the population of the city of Copenhagen. The study population was stratified according to smoking habits and alcohol consumption. A total of 8,765 persons did not significantly change alcohol or smoking habits during the 5 yr of observation and constituted the study sample. The study sample included 32 women and 301 men with an alcohol consumption of greater than or equal to 350 g/wk (78 were nonsmokers). Multiple regression analysis showed that alcohol consumption significantly accelerated the loss of FEV1 and the loss of FVC with time. Consumption of 350 g of alcohol/wk had an effect on FEV1 comparable to the effect of smoking 15 g of tobacco/day. PMID- 3195812 TI - The effect of alveolar macrophage chemotaxis on bacterial clearance from the lung surface. AB - In the distal airways, the alveolar macrophage plays a crucial role in defense of the lung against inhaled pathogens. These cells have been observed in vitro to move chemotactically in response to many types of attractants that may be present on the lung's surface during a bacterial or particulate challenge. This study investigated the hypothesis that chemotactic ability is an important part of the defensive action of these cells as they ingest bacteria on the lung surface. We compared our mathematical model for lung clearance to previously published bacterial clearance data and determined the amount of alveolar macrophage chemotactic ability required to account for observed clearance rates. The results showed that random motion is insufficient for clearance, and a moderate amount of chemotactic ability is necessary for our predicted clearance rates to agree with experimentally measured clearance rates. PMID- 3195813 TI - Lung volume maintenance prevents lung injury during high frequency oscillatory ventilation in surfactant-deficient rabbits. AB - Controversy exists whether high frequency oscillatory ventilation with an active expiratory phase (HFO-A) should be used at low ventilator pressures or high alveolar volumes to minimize lung injury in the atelectasis-prone lung. We therefore ventilated 20 anesthetized, tracheostomized rabbits made surfactant deficient by lung lavage in 1 of 3 ways: HFO-A at a high lung volume (HFO-A/HI), HFO-A at a low lung volume (HFO-A/LO), or conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV); all received 100% oxygen for 7 h. We examined oxygenation, lung mechanics, and lung pathology. Arterial oxygenation in the HFO-A/HI rabbits was kept greater than 350 mm Hg. Mean lung volume above FRC in these animals was 23.4 ml/kg. In rabbits ventilated with HFO-A/LO and CMV, arterial oxygen tensions were 70 to 100 mm Hg. Mean lung volumes were 7.8 and 4.3 ml/kg, respectively. Total respiratory system pressure-volume curves (P-V curves) showed no change from baseline in the HFO-A/HI group after 7 h of ventilation. The low lung volume groups (HFO-A/LO and CMV) showed a diminution in hysteresis of their P-V curves, lower total respiratory system compliance, more hyaline membranes and severe airway epithelial damage. (All changes significant with p less than 0.05). We conclude that maintenance of alveolar volume is a key mechanism in the prevention of lung injury during mechanical ventilation of the atelectasis-prone lung. For optimal outcome using high frequency oscillatory ventilation, alveoli must be actively reexpanded and then kept expanded using appropriate mean airway pressures. PMID- 3195814 TI - Experimental pulmonary histoplasmosis and emphysema. AB - Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis often occurs in the setting of emphysema. However, it is unknown whether emphysema directly predisposes to the development of the necrotizing lesions of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis. We evaluated this possibility using a murine model of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Using intratracheal inoculation of elastase, we induced pulmonary emphysema in Balb/c mice. When mice with emphysema were challenged intranasally with H. capsulatum (HC) yeast cells, the course of their disease was not significantly different from that of normal mice. Mice were also exposed to HC antigens by sublethal intranasal challenge with viable or heat-killed HC, or immunized with histoplasmin. Prior sublethal challenge with viable HC did not cause prolonged illness or increased mortality in the setting of emphysema. In contrast, such mice were protected against a severe rechallenge. Additional studies showed that intranasal administration of heat-killed HC or subcutaneous immunization with histoplasmal antigens had neither protective nor deleterious effects on the course of histoplasmosis. Therefore, in this murine model, we could not substantiate an interaction of underlying emphysema with acute primary or rechallenge pulmonary histoplasmosis. PMID- 3195815 TI - Qualitative and quantitative drug-susceptibility tests in mycobacteriology. AB - Qualitative methods of susceptibility testing have been employed widely around the world during the last 37 years and have proved to be a generally reliable tool to guide the chemotherapy of tuberculosis with conventional antituberculosis drugs. However, we believe there is a need now for application of modern quantitative methods to mycobacteriology: (1) for susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium avium complex, (2) for evaluation of the bactericidal activity of the antimycobacterial drugs, (3) for evaluation of the inhibitory and bactericidal activity of drug combinations, (4) for search and evaluation of new drugs against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex. Newly developed technology (radiometric automated bacterial growth recording in the BACTEC system) has opened new opportunities for development of quantitative methods in mycobacteriology using liquid culture medium. This paper analyzes the potential applications to mycobacteriology of 4 quantitative criteria: Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC), and Fractional Bactericidal Concentration (FBC). PMID- 3195816 TI - Fatal hemoptysis in acute bacterial endocarditis. AB - Massive hemoptysis is a rare complication of bacterial endocarditis. When seen, it is most often due to septic pulmonary emboli with infarction or rupture of a mycotic aneurysm of the pulmonary artery; these conditions are usually associated with endocarditis of the tricuspid valve. We report a case of fatal hemorrhage into the lung from a mycotic aneurysm of the subclavian artery, which eroded into the left upper lobe; this condition arose as a sequela of staphylococcal endocarditis involving the mitral valve. PMID- 3195817 TI - Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis progressing to allergic granulomatosis and angiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome). AB - A 50-yr-old woman had a right upper lobectomy that revealed the pathologic changes of eosinophilic pneumonia and mucoid impaction. In the mucus plug within the segmental bronchus, aspergillus was demonstrated by direct staining. A diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis was made. After a latent period of 17 yr, she presented with the clinicopathologic features of the Churg Strauss Syndrome. The putative role of aspergillus in the etiology of this syndrome is discussed. PMID- 3195818 TI - Interstitial lung disease and domestic wood burning. AB - A 61-yr-old woman was evaluated for dyspnea on exertion and interstitial lung disease. A unique association between inhaled particulates from wood burning and interstitial pneumonitis was demonstrated. Bronchoalveolar lavage revealed numerous particulates and fibers, as well as cellular and immunoglobulin abnormalities. The particles were shown to be carbonaceous by energy dispersive X ray analysis (EDXA). Inflammation and fibrosis were found surrounding them on open biopsy. The particle source was traced to a malfunctioning wood-burning heater in the patient's home. We present this case to highlight the usefulness of BAL and EDXA in the elucidation of particle-associated lung disease. PMID- 3195819 TI - Diffuse interstitial lung disease associated with hydrogen peroxide inhalation in a dairy worker. AB - A 41-yr-old dairy worker, smoker of 40 cigarettes daily, presented with severe gas exchange impairment caused by interstitial lung disease, as shown by transbronchial biopsy. He was exposed chronically to an aerosol of hydrogen peroxide (41 mg/mm3; upper legal limit: 1.5 mg/mm3) which must be incriminated as the etiologic agent, since withdrawal from exposure resulted in improvement, and no other etiology could be identified. PMID- 3195820 TI - In vivo exposure to ozone causes increased in vitro responses of small airways. AB - We examined the effects of in vivo exposure to 3 ppm ozone on in vitro reactivity of large and small airways from dogs. No effects in large airways were detected. However, small airways exposed to O3 had larger responses to receptor-mediated stimuli and similar responses to KCl plus phorbol ester. These results suggest that small airways are more vulnerable to O3 inhalation than are large airways and that receptor-mediated pathways reflect that sensitivity. Another possible explanation is that O3 exposure prevents the epithelium from playing its normal dampening role in responses to contractile agonists. PMID- 3195821 TI - Identification and quantification of apneas by computer-based analysis of oxygen saturation. AB - Manual detection and quantitation of apneas from an all-night polysomnogram is very time-consuming. Because SaO2 changes with virtually every apnea event, we reasoned that by identifying cyclical SaO2 changes, we could calculate (1) an apnea-hypopnea index that would correlate very well with the manually derived apnea-hypopnea index, and (2) the duration of apnea-hypopnea events. We developed a computer algorithm to scan and detect dips in SaO2 data digitally stored as a time series by computer throughout overnight studies. Desaturations detected by computer were compared with the events detected manually in 9 all-night polysomnograms from 6 patients with typical obstructive sleep apnea. Events detected by one method but not the other were subsequently verified to determine the overall number of apnea-hypopnea events present and to determine false positive and false negative rates for the 2 methods of detection. The total number of apneas was 4,008. Both methods agreed on 3,639 of them. Of 77 manually recorded apneas not detected by computer, 24 were subsequently discounted (manual false positives, 24 of 4,007 = 0.6%) and 53 confirmed (computer false negatives, 1.32%). Of 358 events not detected manually, 316 were confirmed (manual false negatives, 7.9%) and 42 discounted (computer false positives, 1.1%). Using the final manual scoring as the reference, the computer program detected apneas with a sensitivity of 97.9%, and the predictive value of a computer-detected event was 90.8%. For event duration, a regression was performed on 3,623 matched apneas hypopnea events, giving a coefficient of r = 0.9431, p less than 10(-6).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195822 TI - Natural killer cell activity in bronchoalveolar lavage. PMID- 3195823 TI - Decision analysis for isoniazid preventive therapy: take it or leave it? PMID- 3195824 TI - Critical illness, infection, and the respiratory muscles. PMID- 3195825 TI - Effects of sepsis on diaphragmatic function in rats. AB - The effects of a 3-day pneumococcal infection on diaphragmatic strength and endurance capacity were studied in an in vivo rat model. Thirty-four rats were divided into a control (C) (n = 17) or a septic (S) group (n = 17). Animals were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(11) Streptococcus pneumoniae (S), or sterile culture media (C). All rats were studied 3 days after inoculation. Diaphragmatic strength and endurance capacity were studied in 11 animals of each group. Diaphragmatic strength was assessed by measuring transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated during electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerves at different frequencies (0.5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 Hz). Endurance index was calculated as the ratio of Pdi generated after 30 s of phrenic nerve stimulation at 10 Hz divided by the initial force. Measurements of lung weights and lung histologic examinations were performed in the 6 remaining rats from each group. S animals were hyperthermic (39 to 40 degrees C rectal temperature). There was no evidence of pneumonia at histologic examination in Group S. No differences in wet weight of the lung and in the dry-to-wet weight ratio were noted in Group S as compared with Group C. However, S. pneumoniae was isolated from blood and lungs of S animals. Diaphragmatic weight was not different between S and C groups, whereas the weights of the extensor digitorium longus (EDL), tibialis anterior (TA), and soleus muscles were significantly reduced in Group S as compared to Group C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195826 TI - Respiratory muscle dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. AB - Patients with Parkinson's disease may have more difficulty performing repetitive motor acts than single motor acts because of bradykinesia and skeletal muscle rigidity. We thought that repetitive ventilatory tasks might be similarly limited and that this dysfunction would likely contribute to respiratory muscle fatigue. We studied 9 patients with Parkinson's disease who had no evidence of restrictive or obstructive lung disease and 5 normal age-matched control subjects who performed repetitive, forced inspiratory resistive-loaded tasks. The time a given mean airway opening pressure could be sustained, the incremental oxygen cost of breathing, and the work rate of breathing (W) were measured. Although maximal static inspiratory pressures were comparable in both groups, 8 of the 9 patients could not sustain as high a W in the resistive-loaded tasks as could the normal control subjects (41.0 +/- 23.0 versus 67.7 +/- 29.1 J/min; mean +/- SD, p less than 0.01) and the efficiency of breathing was reduced (2.0 +/- 0.8 versus 3.8 +/ 1.4%; p less than 0.01). These findings are similar to derangements of task performance by peripheral skeletal muscle groups in Parkinson's disease. PMID- 3195827 TI - The relation among pulmonary function, chest roentgenographic abnormalities, and smoking status in an asbestos-exposed cohort. AB - To clarify the clinical value of the International Labor Office (ILO) roentgenographic classification of pneumoconiosis in assessing asbestos-exposed persons, we determined the relationships among spirometric values, radiographic evidence of parenchymal pulmonary fibrosis and/or pleural thickening, and cigarette smoking history in 684 consecutively enrolled male plumbers and pipefitters participating in a larger cross-sectional prevalence study. The subjects were mainly marine pipefitters (35%), plumbers (24%), and steamfitters/welders (23%); 28% had never smoked, 39% were ex-smokers, and 33% currently smoked cigarettes. Mean values for FVC and FEV1 were 95.0 and 91.9% of predicted, respectively, with mean FEV1/FVC ratio 77.7%; by standard criteria, 7.8% had restrictive impairment, and 21.7%, obstructive defects. Chest radiographs were normal in 63% and showed pleural abnormalities only in 17%, parenchymal abnormalities only in 7%, and both pleural and parenchymal abnormalities in 12%. Both FVC and FEV1 correlated with the degree of small opacity profusion, as assessed by ILO grade. Pleural abnormalities were associated with lower FVC values, independently of ILO profusion grade for Grades less than or equal to 1/0, and were unexplained by smoking status. In addition, there was a positive association between smoking history and degree of ILO parenchymal abnormality, particularly in those with the heaviest cumulative smoking history. Our results suggest that the ILO classification of pneumoconiosis, although a useful epidemiologic tool, should be applied with caution in persons with asbestos exposure, and that pleural abnormalities may be associated with physiologic impairment in such persons. PMID- 3195828 TI - A comparison of the prevalence of respiratory illnesses among nonsmoking mothers and their children in Japan and Hong Kong. AB - Previous epidemiologic studies have associated symptoms of chronic bronchitis and other respiratory diseases with the risk for lung cancer. To assess the possible precursor or premonitory role of these conditions for lung cancer among nonsmokers, a comparison of the prevalence rates of these conditions in 2 urban industrialized communities (Hong Kong and a Tokyo suburb) with a 300% difference in female lung cancer incidence rates was conducted. A community survey of 314 nonsmoking mothers and their children in Hong Kong, and 243 mothers and children in Japan showed that the prevalence of reported chronic cough and sputum symptoms was 10 or more times higher in Hong Kong than in Japan. The disparity in the rates of respiratory diseases/symptoms was most apparent in the comparison of children. Occupational exposure to dust or fumes and larger household sizes were found to be associated with higher levels of respiratory illnesses among the Hong Kong mothers. The much higher prevalence rates of respiratory symptoms among Hong Kong than among Japanese subjects correlated with each community's female lung cancer incidence rates of 27.1 versus 8.1/100,000, respectively. PMID- 3195829 TI - Environmental exposure to tobacco smoke and lung function in young adults. AB - The relationship between lung function and environmental exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smoking) was studied in 293 nonsmoking young men and women, 15 to 35 yr of age. A self-administered mailed questionnaire was used to assess the lifetime environmental exposure to cigarette smoke at home and at work for each subject. Lung function information used here had been gathered in the course of a previous study of the determinants of lung function in early adulthood. In men, maximal midexpiratory flow rate (FEF25-75) decreased in relation to an index of cumulative lifetime environmental exposure to tobacco smoke at home, after taking into account the effects of cumulative exposure at work as well as age, height, body size, respiratory pressures, and cooking fuels used at home. The components of this exposure index most closely related to the reduction in FEF25-75 were maternal smoking habits and exposure to second-hand smoke during childhood. In women, the diffusing capacity of the lung (DLCO) decreased in relation to cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke at work, after accounting for the effects of cumulative lifetime exposure at home and the other factors mentioned above. These findings contribute to the gathering evidence that environmental exposure to tobacco smoke is harmful to respiratory health, and suggest that the effects are not insignificant. For instance, the FEF25-75 of a young man 20 yr of age who had never smoked and always lived at home would be 800 ml less if both his parents smoked than if they did not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195830 TI - Pulmonary function in obligate heterozygotes for cystic fibrosis. AB - Airway reactivity is associated with rapid decline in pulmonary function with age or packyears of smoking in otherwise normal subjects. Because heterozygotes for cystic fibrosis (CFHZ) have a higher prevalence of airway reactivity than do controls, we tested the hypothesis that CFHZ have a more rapid decline in pulmonary function with age or packyears of smoking than do controls. We performed spirometry on 280 parents of children with CF and 280 age-matched control parents of children with heart disease. The ALA-DLD-78 questionnaire was also administered to these volunteers. Although the CF parents report wheezing apart from a cold more frequently than control parents, they show no greater decline of pulmonary function (FEV1, FEF25-75%, or FEV1/ht3) with age or packyears of smoking than do controls. The complaint of wheezing apart from a cold contributes significantly to the variance of FEV1 and FEF25-75% even when the effects of height, age, packyears of smoking, sex, and CF heterozygosity are controlled. The hypothesis that obligate heterozygotes for CF have increased age- or smoking-related decline in airflow is not supported by these data. Instead, the results suggest that any pulmonary function abnormalities associated with CF heterozygosity are small and not clinically significant and that CF heterozygosity per se is not a major risk factor for development and progression of obstructive airways disease. PMID- 3195832 TI - Automobile accidents involving patients with obstructive sleep apnea. AB - Although patients with obstructive sleep apnea often report falling asleep while driving, the frequency of auto accidents involving these patients has not been rigorously studied. Therefore, we compared the driving records of 29 patients with obstructive sleep apnea with those of 35 subjects without sleep apnea. The patients with sleep apnea had a sevenfold greater rate of automobile accidents than did the subjects without apnea (p less than 0.01). The percentage of persons with one or more accidents was also greater in the patients with apnea than in the control subjects without apnea (31% versus 6%, p less than 0.01). The percentage of persons having one or more accidents in which they were at fault was also greater in the patients with apnea than in the control subjects (24% versus 3%, p less than 0.02). The automobile accident rate of the patients with sleep apnea was 2.6 times the accident rate of all licensed drivers in the state of Virginia (p less than 0.02). In addition, 24% of patients with sleep apnea reported falling asleep at least once per week while driving. We conclude that patients with obstructive sleep apnea have a significantly higher frequency of auto accidents than do subjects without apnea. Impaired drivers with sleep apnea may cause many preventable auto accidents. PMID- 3195831 TI - Clinical interpretation of airway response to a bronchodilator. Epidemiologic considerations. AB - Airways responsiveness to a bronchodilator is frequently measured to assist in determining the cause of respiratory symptoms. Clinically, a greater than 15% improvement in the FEV1 is often used to define the "increased" response indicative of asthma. However, unlike other tests of lung function, reference standards derived from "healthy" members of a general population sample have never been reported. As part of a health survey carried out in Alberta, Canada, 2,609 subjects completed a standardized respiratory symptom questionnaire and had FEV1 measured before and 20 min after inhaling terbutaline sulfate via a 750-ml spacer device. Among asymptomatic never-smoking subjects with a FEV1 greater than 80% of predicted, the upper 95th percentile of bronchodilator response (BDR), when expressed as 100 x (FEV1 postBDR - FEV1 preBDR)/predicted baseline FEV1 averaged 9%. This value remained remarkably stable across gender, age (7 to 75 yr), and height groups, and deviated to 6% only when baseline FEV1 was greater than 120% of predicted. Consistent with other respiratory function variables, in which the upper limit of normal is often defined as the upper 95th percentile, our population-derived reference values provide a conceptual definition of BDR that can easily be applied to define "increased" response in the clinical setting. PMID- 3195833 TI - Do sleep studies contribute to the management of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? AB - To determine whether studies of breathing and oxygenation during sleep are clinically useful, we have assessed whether the detection of excess nocturnal hypoxemia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is of prognostic importance. Ninety-seven patients with COPD were followed for 32 to 108 (median, 70) months after studies of overnight oxygenation. Significant relationships (p less than 0.001) were obtained between mean oxygen saturation (SaO2) asleep and awake. There was similarly a significant relationship between lowest SaO2 asleep and awake, but this relationship was improved by the inclusion of awake arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2). The patients who were more hypoxic at night than predicted from these regression relationships had similar survivals to the patients who were less hypoxic at night than predicted, whether excess nocturnal hypoxia was defined in terms of mean or lowest SaO2 during sleep. In the 66 patients who did not subsequently receive long-term oxygen therapy, none of the indices of nocturnal oxygenation was related to survival, the only significant predictor of survival being daytime arterial oxygen tension (PaO2). For all 97 patients, both mean nocturnal SaO2 and lowest SaO2 during sleep were related to survival (p less than 0.05), and percent predicted vital capacity was also related to survival (p less than 0.05). Neither of the oxygen saturations during sleep significantly added to the more readily and cheaply measured percent predicted vital capacity in determining survival in these patients. Thus, in patients with COPD, excess nocturnal hypoxemia is not associated with an impaired prognosis, and so studies of oxygenation during sleep cannot be recommended in the routine clinical management of these patients. PMID- 3195835 TI - Respiratory mechanics during the first day of mechanical ventilation in patients with pulmonary edema and chronic airway obstruction. AB - We investigated the early changes of respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF): 8 patients after acute exacerbation of chronic airway obstruction (CAO), 8 patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE), and 8 patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The patients were studied within the first day from the onset of mechanical ventilation. Flow, changes in lung volume, and airway pressure were measured using the 900C Servo Ventilator. End-inspiratory and end-expiratory occlusions of the airway were performed to obtain respiratory compliance and resistance. We found that: (1) acute exacerbation of CAO was characterized by high respiratory resistance (reflecting in part time-constant inequalities within the lung) and severe pulmonary hyperinflation, with "intrinsic" PEEP (PEEPi) up to 22 cm H2O (mean [SD], 13.5 [6.7] cm H2O); (2) PEEPi, even if not high, was present in almost all patients with pulmonary edema, averaging 3.8 and 3.0 cm H2O in ARDS and CPE, respectively; (3) respiratory resistance was increased in patients with CPE and ARDS who had no history of airway disease; (4) patients with ARDS were characterized also by low compliance (mean [SD], 0.035 [0.005] L/cm H2O) and high resistance, the latter also reflecting a substantial component caused by time-constant inequalities; (5) in all 24 patients, static respiratory compliance (and its reciprocal, elastance) was significantly correlated with the pulmonary oxygenation index, i.e., the PaO2/PAO2 ratio. We conclude that early assessment of respiratory mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients with ARF can provide better understanding of the patients' conditions as well as guidelines for therapeutic approach and weaning attempts. PMID- 3195834 TI - Cause of the raised wedge pressure on exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) markedly increase their pulmonary artery wedge pressure on mild exercise even though they have no overt left heart disease and no increase in the esophageal pressure (as a reflection of mean intrathoracic pressure). We wondered if lung distension due to gas trapping during the hyperpnea of exercise might cause the wedge pressure to rise by increasing juxtacardiac pressures above esophageal pressures. If this were so, then (1) tachypnea alone, without exercise, should cause the FRC and intracardiac pressures to increase in patients with COPD, (2) there should be an increase in FRC associated with the rise in wedge pressure on exercise, and (3) these changes should not occur in patients without COPD. We studied 39 patients with COPD (Ppa = 21 +/- 6 mm Hg [mean +/- SD], FEV1 [% predicted] = 39 +/- 16) and 13 control patients with similar pulmonary artery pressures but no airflow obstruction (Ppa = 22 +/- 20 mm Hg, FEV1 [% predicted] = 110 +/- 24). In those with COPD, light exercise raised the FRC by 0.5 +/- 0.5 L. Tachypnea alone, at the rate present during exercise, raised the FRC by 0.6 +/- 0.4 L and there was a 10% increase in left lower lobe area on lateral chest X-ray. Wedge, right atrial, and pulmonary artery pressures rose together during tachypnea with and without exercise. By contrast, in the control patients without COPD, the right atrial pressure change on exercise did not reflect that of the left atrium in extent or direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195836 TI - The influx of inflammatory cells into nasal washings during the late response to antigen challenge. Effect of systemic steroid pretreatment. AB - Previous studies have demonstrated symptoms and mediator release occurring as long as 11 h after nasal challenge with antigen in selected allergic subjects. Pretreatment with systemic steroids reduced symptoms and mediators including histamine, TAME-esterase activity, and kinins. The aims of the present study were to characterize the cell influx during the late-phase response to antigen challenge and to determine the effect of pretreatment with systemic steroids on this response. We examined cytospin slides of nasal washings obtained before and hourly for 11 h after nasal antigen challenge in 10 asymptomatic allergic subjects with a history of seasonal rhinitis and 5 normal, nonallergic subjects. Allergic subjects received oral prednisone (20 mg 3 times a day) or placebo in a random, double-blind crossover manner for 2 days before each of 2 challenges 1 month apart. On placebo days, a mixed cell influx occurred in allergic subjects during the late response that was 50-fold greater than the cell influx in the nonallergic control subjects (p less than 0.005). During the first 3 h after antigen challenge, eosinophils (p less than 0.005), but not neutrophils or mononuclear cells, were observed. During the late phase (4 to 11 h), neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells were all increased. Oral steroid pretreatment blocked the influx of eosinophils (p less than 0.005), but not that of other cells. These data demonstrate an inflammatory cell influx associated with the nasal late-phase response and suggest an important pathogenetic role for the eosinophil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195837 TI - Pulmonary effects of blood replacement with a perfluorochemical emulsion followed by exposure to 85% oxygen or air. AB - Perfluorochemical emulsions (PCE) have been used as blood substitutes because of their high solubility coefficient for oxygen. However, concerns for their clinical use include both the hyperoxia required by PCE to improve oxygen delivery to tissues and the effects of PCE on lung tissue. We addressed 3 questions: (1) What are the combined effects on the lungs of PCE blood replacement and hyperoxia? (2) Does reduction of circulating white cells by PCE blood replacement modify the injurious effects of hyperoxia? (3) Does PCE alone alter the lungs? Adult rats received either partial or complete PCE blood replacement or no PCE and were then exposed to 85% oxygen for 5 days. Other rats received partial PCE or no PCE and breathed air for 5 days. Morphometric and morphologic analyses demonstrated that lung injury was primarily caused by hyperoxia, independent of PCE treatment. Statistical analyses of the data indicated no synergistic effects between PCE and hyperoxia; furthermore, transient reduction of blood inflammatory elements by PCE blood replacement did not modify the extent of injury that occurred later. Importantly, however, rats that received partial PCE and air exposure were virtually identical to those that received no PCE and air exposure. Five days after blood replacement, PCE components were most often seen within alveolar and interstitial macrophages and infrequently within endothelial and epithelial cells. Although PCE itself may have produced functional alterations in lung cells, direct effects were not morphologically evident. Our results suggest that, if PCE are used at moderate FIO2, such as 0.6 or less, structural changes in the lungs could be minimized. PMID- 3195838 TI - Fatal respiratory syncytial virus pneumonitis in a previously healthy child. AB - Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in infants and children with an immunocompromised status or a congenital heart disease. The following case describes a 6 8/12-year-old, previously normal child who had a fatal interstitial pneumonitis caused by RSV. Documentation of RSV as the etiologic agent and documentation of her immune status are presented. In light of recent advances in the rapid diagnosis and treatment of RSV, this virus should be considered in children with an unusual interstitial pneumonitis regardless of their known immunologic status. PMID- 3195839 TI - Hypothyroidism presenting with respiratory muscle weakness. AB - A 58-yr-old woman presented with recurrent chest infections, breathlessness, and orthopnea. She complained of nonspecific tiredness and aching limbs. A chest radiograph showed an elevated right hemidiaphragm. Thyroid function tests showed her to be severely hypothyroid (T4 = 23 nmol/L; TSH greater than 50 mU/L). Measurement of maximal respiratory mouth pressures (expiratory: 50 cm H2O, normal, 94 +/- 33; inspiratory: 15 cm H2O, normal, 71 +/- 27) suggested global respiratory muscle weakness. Severe bilateral diaphragm weakness was demonstrated by a greatly reduced maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) (Pdi Pimax = 0, normal, 65 +/- 31 cm H2O; sniff Pdi = 25 cm H2O, normal, 121 +/- 25). No Pdi was detectable on stimulation of the right phrenic nerve, whereas, on the left, it was 11 cm H2O (normal 7 to 15 cm H2O). Phrenic nerve conduction time was prolonged to both sides (right, 12 ms, left, 10 ms; normal, less than 9.5 ms). The relaxation rate of Pdi after a maximal sniff and after bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation was abnormally slow (7.4%/10 ms, 6.3%/10 ms, respectively). Three months after starting treatment with thyroxine she had become euthyroid, and phrenic nerve conduction times and Pdi relaxation rates had returned to normal. Maximal respiratory pressures, vital capacity, and maximal voluntary ventilation improved progressively on treatment, although maximal respiratory pressures still had not reached the normal range after six months. We conclude that hypothyroidism may present with breathlessness due to respiratory muscle weakness and/or phrenic nerve neuropathy and is reversible with treatment. PMID- 3195840 TI - Intracellular monitoring of experimental respiratory failure. Collaborative Group on Intracellular Monitoring. AB - The view that intracellular changes during oxygen depletion are the primary cause of abnormal function and altered physiology was originally proposed by Paul Bert. From that time it remains a basic assumption that hypoxia in intact animals produces alterations of cell and organ function, and that by measuring the intensity of these disturbances or the intensity of the functional impairment produced by these disturbances, a clearer understanding of the impact and consequences of oxygen depletion should emerge. At present, intracellular changes are inferred from the measurement of extracellular signals such as blood pressure, arterial oxygen tension and pH, or hemoglobin saturation, which provide mean values of changes occurring over the entire body. However, cells and organs in different parts of the body respond differently to a given degree of hypoxia or ischemia, and measurements of extracellular variables cannot provide precise information about abnormalities in any specific organ. Extracellular variables also do not reflect adaptive responses of a specific organ such as autoregulation of its blood flow and the ability to alter energy demand in response to changes in energy production. Other factors include differences in metabolic rates and dependence upon oxidative and glycolytic reactions, cell heterogeneities within a tissue or organ, redistribution of blood flow to various organs during hypoxia, or other insults, and other, yet unknown, cell-specific changes that result in a range of survival capabilities among organs. These considerations suggest the importance of direct monitoring of intracellular changes produced by cardiovascular or respiratory diseases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195841 TI - Fabrication of a customized cuirass for patients with severe thoracic asymmetry. PMID- 3195842 TI - Isoniazid for the tuberculin reactor: take it or leave it. PMID- 3195843 TI - The pulmonary artery catheter dilemma. PMID- 3195844 TI - Visceral perfusion abnormalities following complement activation. Clues to the mediators of organ ischemia in trauma and sepsis. First place winner: Conrad Jobst Award. AB - Complement, activated during infection and injury, has been implicated as a mediator of microvascular injury and obstruction. This study examines how two potent activators of complement, zymosan, and cobra venom factor (CVF), affect systemic and visceral perfusion. Rats were injected with either saline (1 ml/kg), zymosan (5 mg/kg) or CVF (5 units/kg) at t = 0 and 30 minutes. Thermodilution cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, systemic vascular resistance, and hematocrit were determined at t = 2 hours. Effective hepatic and renal blood flows, by clearance of galactose and p-aminohippurate respectively, were determined over the next hour. The per cent change in total hemolytic complement from t = 0 to t = 3 hours was determined by immune hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. There was no difference in systemic hemodynamic parameters between the three groups. Hepatic blood flow was depressed in both the zymosan (3.83 +/- 0.23 ml/min/100 g) and CVF (3.72 +/- 0.20 ml/min/100 g) groups compared with controls (4.62 +/- 0.19 ml/min/100 g, P less than 0.05). Renal blood flow in the zymosan-treated group (6.40 +/- 0.24 ml/min/100 g) increased over control (4.80 +/- 0.40 ml/min/100 g, P less than 0.05) but was unchanged in the CVF group (5.06 +/- 0.23 ml/min/100 g). The amount of complement activated correlated with the change in hepatic (r = -0.419, P less than 0.05) but not renal (r = -0.008, P = 0.917) flow. Complement activation may occupy a proximal position in the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia associated with trauma and sepsis. PMID- 3195845 TI - Perianal infections in acute leukemia. Second place winner: Conrad Jobst Award. AB - Perianal infections in patients with acute leukemia and granulocytopenia are potentially lethal conditions. To evaluate the management of perianal infections in patients with granulocytopenia and acute leukemia, all such patients treated at Emory University Hospital between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 1985, were reviewed. Twenty patients were found to have severe granulocytopenia (fewer than 500 polymorphonuclear leukocytes/mm3) and perianal infection, representing 5.7 per cent of all hematology service admissions during that period. Eleven patients were managed conservatively with broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive measures, and nine patients underwent operative drainage of the perianal infection in addition to conservative measures. The two groups were similar in respect to age, associated conditions, length of hospitalization, and degree of perianal infection, with the exception that operatively drained patients were more likely to have positive blood cultures (7/9 operatively drained; 4/11 conservatively managed). Mortality was higher in the operatively drained group (44.4% vs 9% in the conservatively managed), and three patients had progression of the local infection after drainage, two of whom required a diverting colostomy. The overall mortality attributed to perianal disease in these severely granulocytopenic patients was 25 per cent. From this review, operative drainage of perianal infection does not appear to increase survival or decrease morbidity in patients with severe granulocytopenia. PMID- 3195846 TI - Analysis of multiple organ system failure in trauma and nontrauma patients. AB - Multiple organ failure (MOF), a syndrome of recent evolution, has resulted from advancements in both surgical and trauma care. A prospective study of organ failure (OF) was conducted for 203 consecutive admissions to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) between September 1986 and June 1987. Diagnosis, operations, age, OF, outcome, and culture data were recorded for each patient. OF definitions consistent with the literature were used to identify pulmonary, renal, hepatic, cardiovascular (CVS), gastrointestinal (GI), hematologic coagulation, and central nervous system (CNS) failure. Eighty-two patients developed OF (40.4% incidence). The distribution of OF was 65 per cent trauma (T) and 35 per cent nontrauma (NT). Combined mortality for OF was 46 per cent (T = 34% and NT = 69%). The mortality of organ failure increased with the number of failed systems in the total population as well as in both T and NT groups. For the total population, the mortality by number of systems failed was no system, 1.3 per cent; one system, 13 per cent; two systems, 34.5 per cent; three systems, 75 per cent; four or more systems, 92.9 per cent. The incidence and mortality for each system is listed. Sepsis occurred in 62.1 per cent of NT patients (88.9% mortality) and in 30.2 per cent of T patients (31.3% mortality). Mortality was weakly associated with age in groups matched for severity of OF. PMID- 3195847 TI - Triiodothyronine (T3) antagonizes adverse effects of high circulating reverse-T3 (rT3) during hemorrhagic shock. AB - To examine whether triiodothyronine (T3) could counteract the lethal effect of exogenous reverse T3 (rT3) in hemorrhagic shock, 21 anesthetized, heparinized mongrel dogs were given 15 micrograms/kg of rT3 IV. Thirty minutes later, the dogs were bled rapidly into a reservoir to achieve and maintain a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm Hg. After 60 minutes at 40 mm Hg (compensated shock), the reservoir line was clamped for 30 minutes (uncompensated shock). The shed blood was then reinfused over 30 minutes, and the dogs were monitored for an additional 60 minutes. At the start of uncompensated shock, 11 dogs were given at least 15 micrograms/kg of T3 IV, and 10 animals received saline. Before T3 treatment, there were no significant intergroup differences in the measured hemodynamic and blood gas variables. In the untreated group, 8 of 10 dogs (80%) died during uncompensated shock, in comparison to 3 of 11 dogs (27%) that received T3 (P less than 0.01). Long-term survival in the T3 group was 5/11 (45%), significantly higher than that (1/10, 10%) in the untreated group (P less than 0.05). These results, interpreted in relationship to previous studies, suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of T3 in canine hemorrhagic shock may be related to antagonism of adverse effects of endogenous rT3. PMID- 3195848 TI - A retrospective analysis of inferior vena caval filtration for prevention of pulmonary embolization. AB - Inferior vena caval (IVC) filtration employing transvenous devices represents a substantive technologic advance in the management of patients with deep venous phlebothrombosis and pulmonary embolization. The retrospective analysis reported herein of the use of the Kim-Ray Greenfield IVC filter in 22 patients revealed a 95 per cent efficacy in its prevention of pulmonary embolization. The minor acute morbidity (9%) and chronic morbidity (27%) associated with use of the device was well tolerated by this patient population. No mortality attributable to the device was observed. The data suggest that the use of this device represented the best therapeutic option among those patients who were not candidates (18/22) or who had failed alternative therapeutic modalities (1/22) for the treatment of deep venous phlebothrombosis or pulmonary embolization. The data also suggest that use of the device in a prophylactic context (3/22) among those patients deemed at "high risk" for the development of deep venous phlebothrombosis and pulmonary embolization may be beneficial. PMID- 3195850 TI - [Organochlorine contaminants in human milk]. PMID- 3195849 TI - Delayed immune dysfunction following hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. AB - Immune system function is thought to be depressed after hemorrhagic shock. We evaluated the delayed effect of hemorrhagic shock on the immune system in rats with and without spleens and investigated the effect of the colloid hetastarch on reticuloendothelial system (RES) function. There were six groups: controls (N = 30, no shock), two groups of shocked animals resuscitated with either hetastarch (HES, N = 13) or lactated Ringer's (LR, N = 13); the remaining three groups were identical except that splenectomy had been performed (N = 16, N = 14, and N = 16, respectively). One week after shock and resuscitation, all groups were challenged with intravenous Streptococcus pneumoniae; quantitative blood and tissue (liver, lung, and spleen) cultures were then obtained. There were no differences between the HES and LR groups. In nonsplenectomized animals, colony counts in the blood, liver, lung, and spleen were significantly higher in shocked animals when compared with controls. Splenectomized rats had no significant differences between shocked groups and controls. These data demonstrate that delayed immune function is depressed in nonsplenectomized rats. Splenectomy causes more severe immune dysfunction than does shock. Also, in similar animals without splenectomy, hetastarch does not appear to alter delayed RES function. PMID- 3195851 TI - [Controlled study of the administration of CDP-choline to preterm newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome]. AB - A randomized prospective double-blind trial of CDP-Choline administration to a group of 24 preterm newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome is reported. CDP-choline was administered by the intravenous route (100 mg/kg/day) for seven days, or until less than 30% supplemental oxygen was needed. By the fifth day of life, the patients who received CDP-choline required oxygen for a longer period of time, and had a lower lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio and palmitic acid percentage than those in the control group. At the dose given, CDP-choline did not induce postnatal pulmonary maturity. In fact, it may even decrease lecithin synthesis. PMID- 3195852 TI - [Relation of birth weight and gestational age in a population of newborn infants at the Valle de Hebron Maternity Hospital]. AB - Birth weight and gestational age data from 5,418 infants born in the Maternal Hospital "Valle de Hebron" during 1984, were retrospectively reviewed. 295 infants (5.4%) were excluded for different reasons. Tabulated data of the 5,123 remaining cases were used to design a representative chart of this population of infants. Simultaneous inclusion in the chart of +/- 2 SD curves and 10th and 90th percentile curves, allows us to establish an easy distinction between the low birthweight infants with moderate intrauterine growth retardation and those with a severe delay. This distinction may be clinically important. Data collecting methods for designing intrauterine growth charts are also discussed. PMID- 3195853 TI - [Tumors of the CNS in childhood]. AB - Brain tumors are the most common group of solid malignancies in childhood. The therapeutic arms available nowadays: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, have achieved considerable improvement in the survival of some types of CNS tumors, mainly due to the first two. We have carried out a retrospective study of 252 CNS tumors, diagnosed in the GICOP group during the last ten years. The primary location was: supratentorial, 42%; infratentorial, 51%; and both, 7%. Biopsies were performed in 190 cases (75%), resulting in the following histologic types: astrocytoma (38%), medulloblastoma (19%), ependymoma (14%), craniopharyngioma (7%), others (22%). The treatment was individualized according to the patient characteristics: age, location, histologic type and tumor spreading. Surgery was performed in 82% of patients (8% only derivative shunt), radiotherapy in 48% and chemotherapy in 23%. The life survival was 60% at 50 months. PMID- 3195854 TI - [Slow-release theophyllines: serum and saliva levels in asthmatic children]. AB - A total of 42 children, aged from 5 to 13, all having been diagnosed as extrinsic asthma cases, were observed with the aim of establishing the average dose needed to maintain serum concentration by means of the administration of a slow-release theophylline preparation. The resultant average dose was of 20.14 +/- 3.2 mg/kg/day for the under-9s and of 19.00 +/- +/- 4.67 mg/kg/day for the older ones. The overall average was 20.08 +/- 3.31 mg/kg/day (range: 14.28 mg/kg/day-28 mg/kg/day). Statistical analysis of salivary and serum theophylline levels simultaneously obtained was carried out, reading a lineal correlation coefficient of 0.89 (p less than 0.001), while the equation for the regression-line relationship was: Se = 1.52.Sa + 0.75. The preparation, with doses every 12 hours, proved to be efficient in maintaining therapeutic levels in most cases. The use of respective salivary levels could prove useful in later observations carried out on these children. PMID- 3195855 TI - [Seasonal variations in infant mortality in Cuba]. AB - Mortality risk in the first year of life is different according to climatological characteristics of the season's year. In this paper two periods are taken (1965 1971 and 1979-1985) with the purpose of analyzing seasonal variations in infant mortality and to determine seasonal differences between both periods and in each of them. This study may identify the existence of seasonality and the presence of overmortality in summer months. This seasonality is not similar in both periods because of the decrease in infant mortality rate and the changes in the cause of death structure. Author gives element to planning from a more realistic view evolution during the year of infant mortality rate in the country. PMID- 3195856 TI - [Syphilitic nephropathy. Apropos of 3 cases]. AB - Three cases of luetic nephropathy are presented. The authors review the literature on the subject stressing the current clinical and etiopathogenic concepts. They also emphasize, as a conclusion, the need for an early diagnosis and treatment and the consideration of this entity in the differential diagnosis of the nephrotic syndrome of the infant. PMID- 3195857 TI - [Recurrence of Cushing's disease in a child after transsphenoidal excision of a pituitary adenoma: hypothalamic change?]. AB - A case of Cushing disease in a 5 4/12 year-old boy is reported. After adenomectomy was performed, he was considered as "cured" but he relapsed after nineteen months. In a second transsphenoidal surgery a 2 X 3 mm piece of pituitary tissue with adenomatous aspect, was removed. It was histologically constituted by normal pituitary cells and Crooke cells. As the patient was in a cortisol-deficient state a remission was established. Nowadays, since the cortisol response to hypoglycemia was positive, we are paying attention to the risk of relapse. We discuss the possibility of a hypothalamic lesion as the cause and different therapeutic strategies in order to be more selective. PMID- 3195858 TI - [Present-day status of glycogenosis Ib. Report of a new case]. AB - A four-month-old boy affected by glycogen storage disease type I is presented. The child suffered from hepatomegaly, lactic acidosis, fasting hypoglycemia and failure to thrive. He had repeated infectious and cyclic neutropenia. Immunoglobulin and chemotactic neutrophil motility was impaired. Liver biopsy showed increased amounts of glycogen in hepatic cells as assessed by morphological and biochemical grounds. The activity of glucose-6-phosphatase as well as other glycogenolytic enzymes was normal in the frozen liver. The aforementioned characteristics suggested the diagnosis of glycogen storage disease type Ib. The child was first treated by enteral continuous feeding and later on by frequent meals during the daytime and enteral continuous feeding during the night time, improving the hypoglycemia as well as the other biochemical and metabolic abnormalities. PMID- 3195859 TI - [Urticaria pigmentosa]. AB - The authors present three cases of urticaria pigmentosa (UP), one with a very early beginning and two with a late beginning. The clinical symptoms orient the diagnosis of the three cases in relation to maculopapular exanthema of a dark pink color, brown macules and, in all cases, the presence of Darier's sign. As normal, the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the histopathological examination of the skin. The evolution of the three patients was favorable in all cases, with the disappearance of symptoms in one case. In the other two cases the process is stabilized, and at no time have systemic manifestations been found. The relative rareness of UP in infancy, an expression of a proliferation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) on a mast cell level with different evolutional possibilities, has been the justifying factor in the presentation of these new cases. PMID- 3195860 TI - [Abdominal tuberculosis]. AB - We report six cases of abdominal tuberculosis, calling attention to the new increase in this illness and the difficulty of diagnosis because of the nonspecificity of the symptoms, which were mainly abdominal pain and abdominal calcifications. PMID- 3195861 TI - [Chickenpox epidemic at a Barcelona day care center]. PMID- 3195862 TI - [Riedel's thyroiditis: report of a case in childhood]. PMID- 3195863 TI - [Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasis secondary to obstruction of the pulmonary venous drainage]. PMID- 3195864 TI - [Laxative poisoning in a newborn infant]. PMID- 3195865 TI - [Hepatic hemangiomatosis: therapeutic embolization with polyvinyl alcohol (ivalon)]. PMID- 3195866 TI - [Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome]. PMID- 3195867 TI - [Intensive care in a pediatrics service. Epidemiologic study]. AB - During the past 10 years, there has been an increase in the number of pediatric services with intensive care units (ICUs). An epidemiological study based in the experience of two years in a ICU is presented. During the study period, 213 patients, accounting for the 6% of total admitted in the pediatric ward (2,898) and 1.8% of newborn (2,091), were admitted in the ICU. The average length of stay was 3.74 days. Regarding the degree of severity two groups of patients were considered: The first group were 104 (48.8%) and they were admitted for close nursing care and observation, while 109 (51%) were to receive an active treatment respiratory problems were the more frequent accounting for the 41% of patients. The total mortality rate was 5.6% and this rate raised until 20% if only newborn patients are considered. The results of this study can be helping in order to planing the organization in this units facing with many problems sometimes difficult to resolve. PMID- 3195868 TI - [Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula treated using percutaneous transcatheter embolization]. AB - Authors report results of treatment of two patients with congenital pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae by means of percutaneous transcatheter embolization utilizing metallic coils. They found a total regression of clinical signs after a follow-up of 36 and 30 months respectively. PMID- 3195869 TI - [Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in childhood. Evaluation of therapeutic results according to histopathologic criteria (Catalan Interhospital Group of Pediatric Oncology)]. AB - The results obtained in the treatment of 37 children with non Hodgkin lymphoma belonging to GICOP between january 1982 and december 1986 are analysed. The therapy depend on the anatomopathology following the working formulation; LSALL2 protocol is used in lymphoblastic lymphoma, Burkitt-82 in undifferentiated Burkitt lymphoma and COMP in the remaining complete remission was archived in 94.6%. Murphy's classification is used. Disease free survival is 81% at 30 months. The actuarial survival is 0.81 for LL and 0.84 for BK at 48 months. The results obtained in the treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma with Burkitt-82 protocol and specially the absence of CNS infiltration are remarkable. PMID- 3195870 TI - [Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in childhood. A study of 7 patients]. AB - Five patients with dermatomyositis and 2 with polymyositis between 3 and 12 years old are reviewed. All of them fulfil the Bohan and Peter diagnostic criteria. Five presented misery before weakness. Two presented acute renal failure. The pathologic muscular study was not always specific of inflammatory myopathy and without correlation with the degree of symptoms. Treatment which prednisone and in one patient also azathioprine resulted with complete remission in 4 patients. PMID- 3195871 TI - [Idiopathic form of late hemorrhagic disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin K. A presentation of 3 cases]. AB - Three one month old infants with idiopathic late haemorrhagic disease due to vitamin K deficiency are reported. Patients had been exclusively breast fed and had not received vitamin K at birth. Initial symptomatology was typical in the three cases. Two of them had an intracranial haemorrhage with exitus in one of them. Coagulation study showed non measurable levels of PT and PTT and a significant reduction in vitamin K dependent factors. Coagulopathy was corrected with parenteral administration of vitamin K and fresh plasma. Pathogenic factors of this entity are reviewed and present day recommendations to prevent occurrence of this problem are discussed. PMID- 3195872 TI - [Detection of nephro-urologic changes in infants using reactive strips. Experience at a puericulture practice]. AB - In a group of 1.251 children under two (669 boys and 582 girls) that attended a puericulture office a detection program of urine alterations through reactive strips was carried out (at five and eighteen months). Eight asymptomatic bacteriurias in girls (1.37 per cent) and eight in boys (1.19 per cent) were confirmed. Of them the frequency of uropathies found was of a 37.5 per cent in girls and a 12.5 per cent in boys. Because of the frequency of asymptomatic bacteriuria, the possible associated nephrourologic alteration and the high cost of the method, we suggest the practice of this detection in primary pediatric offices on children under two. PMID- 3195874 TI - [Transplacental hypochloremia]. PMID- 3195873 TI - [Infantile herpes zoster generalized after intrauterine transmission caused by varicella]. PMID- 3195875 TI - [Osteomyelitis of the calcaneus in the neonate]. PMID- 3195876 TI - [Prevention of conjunctivitis in the newborn infant]. PMID- 3195877 TI - Notice of repetitive publication: papillary stenosis, sclerosing cholangitis, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) PMID- 3195878 TI - Mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism is not a risk factor for vertebral fractures. AB - STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of vertebral fractures in patients with mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism and to ascertain whether this prevalence is increased in comparison with the rate in a retrospective control group previously studied at the same institution or with current estimates of the risk for vertebral fractures in subjects of similar age. DESIGN: Prospectively collected data were retrospectively analyzed and compared with data from a historical control group at the same institution and with published data. SETTING: The outpatient department of a bone and mineral metabolism clinic. PATIENTS: A consecutive series of patients with mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosed between 1 January 1976 and 31 December 1985. Criteria for inclusion in the study were the absence of symptoms due to hyperparathyroidism, no current kidney stone disease, no radiographic evidence of osteitis fibrosa, a serum calcium level of less than 3.00 mmol/L, a serum creatinine level of less than 133 mumol/L, and a forearm bone density value not more than 2.5 standard deviations below the age-, sex-, and race-adjusted normal value. INTERVENTIONS: A conservative nonintervention study. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The prevalence of vertebral fractures in 174 patients (mean age, 62 years) with mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism was 1.7%; in a subset of white women, the prevalence was 2.8%. These rates were not higher than those expected, by comparison with the rate in a retrospective control group or with the risk for vertebral fractures in subjects of similar age, and may even be lower. CONCLUSIONS: The risk for vertebral fractures is not increased in patients with mild asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism and is not a reason to recommend surgical intervention in asymptomatic patients. The increased rates of vertebral fractures that occurred in other series are probably due to the use of inappropriate controls and the influence of referral or selection bias, the inclusion of patients with severer disease, and the effect of geographic differences in vitamin D nutrition on the expression of disease. Possible differences between lateral spine and lateral chest radiographs for determining vertebral body shape need further study. PMID- 3195879 TI - Grassroots grappling: ethics committees at rural hospitals. AB - Institutional ethics committees are a well-established mechanism for dealing with ethical dilemmas at large health-care institutions. The presence of these committees at small rural hospitals is a recent phenomenon. Because such hospitals are nonspecialized and isolated and have limited resources, they do not naturally encourage the development and growth of ethics committees. The experience of larger institutions with such committees is not readily adaptable, and role models are lacking. The experience of rural Vermont hospitals with ethics committees shows that these committees can function fully at small hospitals and have three stages of development. To accelerate the evolution of ethics committees at small rural hospitals, networking between these hospitals and an association with academic centers are needed. State medical societies can also support these committees by endorsing and sharing resources. PMID- 3195880 TI - Aerosolized pentamidine and conjunctivitis. PMID- 3195881 TI - Vibrio vulnificus and pulmonary infection. PMID- 3195882 TI - Placement of peritoneal catheters. PMID- 3195883 TI - Cefuroxime dosage in renal failure. PMID- 3195884 TI - Death with dipyridamole-thallium imaging. PMID- 3195885 TI - Numeric discrepancies in article on myocardial ischemia. PMID- 3195886 TI - Adult T-cell leukemia and interferon-alpha. PMID- 3195887 TI - Tamoxifen and premenopausal breast cancer. PMID- 3195888 TI - Dementia and hypoxia. PMID- 3195889 TI - Bohr's principle of complementarity. PMID- 3195890 TI - Physicians and the economics of practice. PMID- 3195891 TI - Financial help for housestaff. PMID- 3195892 TI - SI units in hematology. PMID- 3195893 TI - [The ethology of the aging face in the mirror]. PMID- 3195894 TI - [The 3d case of Mollaret's benign multi-recurrent meningitis in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 3195895 TI - [Retirement and the married couple. Apropos of 23 cases]. PMID- 3195896 TI - [Disorders of taste and smell in alcoholics undergoing detoxification therapy]. PMID- 3195897 TI - [An experience of alternate hospitalization at a psychotherapeutic center in Velars-sur-Ouche]. PMID- 3195899 TI - Pregnancy outcomes after in vitro fertilization. A collaborative study on 2342 pregnancies. PMID- 3195898 TI - [Non-invasive or minor invasive methods of diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up in psychiatry]. PMID- 3195900 TI - Oocyte retrieval under the guidance of a vaginal transducer. PMID- 3195901 TI - Patients' experience of transvaginal follicle aspiration under local anesthesia. AB - The development of vaginal ultrasound transducers has facilitated ovum pick-up (OPU) by providing higher precision and less trauma than are found with laparoscopy and other ultrasound-assisted techniques. In order to evaluate the patients' acceptance, 65 patients were asked to answer a questionnaire about their experience with the procedure. The punctures were executed with specially designed needles introduced through a needle guide attached to a vaginal transducer with a frequency of 7 MHz (Bruel & Kjaer, Denmark). The anesthesia consisted of a light premedication and a paracervical block. If needed, a small dose of sedative was given intravenously intraoperatively. The patients classified their pain experience within the day of the puncture on a four-grade scale. Their statements were compared to the physician's opinion of the discomfort caused. Oocytes were retrieved from all patients. Fifty-one patients answered the questionnaire, of whom five found the OPU painful. In two cases the physician underestimated the patients' pain experience. The mean time required for the procedure was 16 min/OPU. We conclude that transvaginal ultrasound-guided OPU is well accepted by most patients under local anesthesia and that it is a rapid and accurate procedure. PMID- 3195902 TI - Inhibins and activins. Structures and radioimmunoassays. PMID- 3195903 TI - Inhibin: circulating levels in women during ovulation induction and detection in human placenta by specific radioimmunoassay. PMID- 3195904 TI - Neurotransmitters and sex-hormone profiles in the human serum and ovarian follicular fluid of in vitro fertilization participants. AB - From the data presented, it can be assumed that the increase in catecholamines and decrease in melatonin in the ovarian follicular fluid of IVF participants has physiological significance, particularly in the process of steroidogenesis. Furthermore, it is worthy of note that low SHBG levels in follicular fluid were associated with atretic oocytes. Therefore, NE, EP, ME, and SHBG titer, as well as E2 and LH measurements might usefully index prognoses for IVF. PMID- 3195905 TI - Factors affecting the developmental capacity of mouse oocytes undergoing maturation in vitro. PMID- 3195906 TI - Growth and development of mouse oocytes in vitro. PMID- 3195907 TI - Chromosome analysis of preovulatory human oocytes and oocytes failing to cleave following insemination in vitro. AB - These investigations were carried out within a clinical in vitro fertilization and egg replacement program. A gradual fixation method for chromosome preparations of animal oocytes, when modified and applied to human oocytes, gave numerical analyzability in about 80%. Of preovulatory oocytes recovered in stimulated cycles, 53% of oocytes with numbers of chromosomes in the haploid range had an apparently normal set of 23 chromosomes. Oocytes with a very low number of chromosomes or in first meiosis were also found. In a separate investigation the chromosome constitution of oocytes not showing clinical signs of fertilization 48 hours after insemination in vitro was also studied. Of the oocytes with numbers of chromosomes in the haploid range, 50% had a normal 23,X karyotype. A different distribution of abnormal chromosome preparations was found, compared with the preovulatory oocytes. Twelve oocytes (16%) carrying between 10 and 18 chromosomes were found among the inseminated oocytes, but none in the other study. Moreover, 15 preparations displayed no chromosomes in the inseminated oocytes, whereas in the uninseminated group, none lacked chromosomes completely. These results may indicate how unfertilized human oocytes in vitro undergo chromosome loss and degeneration and could represent different stages of degeneration. Among both preovulatory and unfertilized oocytes the distribution between hyper- and hypohaploid oocytes was of particular interest in that hypohaploid chromosome complements were in excess. This finding supports the hypothesis that aberration in the number of chromosomes in an oocyte is caused not only by nondisjunction but also by anaphase lag, since nondisjunction alone would result in a 1: 1 ratio between hyper- and hypohaploid complements. In conclusion, human oocytes recovered for in vitro fertilization seem to have an incidence of numerical chromosome abnormalities in the region of 40-50%. This is close to the figures estimated on the basis of observations made in spontaneous abortions and could be a major explanation for the low developmental potential of human cleavage stage ova. PMID- 3195908 TI - Regulation of the meiotic cycle in oocytes of domestic mammals. AB - The progression of meiosis from prophase to metaphase II involves modifications to somatic signals, activation of a master regulator system in the cytoplasm and the manipulation of independent components in the nucleus. Studies on amphibian oocytes suggest that the cytoplasmic component, maturation promoting factor (MPF), is a key component of the master regulator system. A similar and ubiquitous role for MPF in mammalian oocytes is indicated by cell fusion studies. However, the nature of the somatic signals responsible for prophase arrest and the sequence of intracellular events necessary for the synthesis and activation of MPF differ markedly between species. The most fundamental of these differences is in the G2- to M-phase transition where, in rodents, phosphorylation changes alone activate the MPF cascade while in domestic mammals both transcription and new protein synthesis is required for MPF production. One of the proteins (47,000 daltons) involved in the MPF cascade has been tentatively identified in ovine oocytes and has been shown to be dependent upon transcription at the initiation of maturation. The synthesis of additional protein, probably with anti-MPF activity, is thereafter required to drive the cycle from metaphase I to anaphase. The final phase of cell cycle-related protein synthesis occurs immediately before the formation of the metaphase II plate. The Ca2+-sensitive cytostatic proteins synthesized at this stage maintain the MII chromatin in a condensed state and prevent the completion of the meiotic cycle until fertilization when the cytostatic proteins disappear and meiosis is completed. PMID- 3195910 TI - Perspective on in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Stimulus for biomedical research in reproductive medicine. PMID- 3195909 TI - Oocyte assessment and biological performance. PMID- 3195911 TI - The bearing of epididymal function in strategies for in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer. PMID- 3195912 TI - The role of epididymal factors in human sperm fertilizing ability. PMID- 3195913 TI - The role of in vitro fertilization in male infertility. PMID- 3195914 TI - Improvements in ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. AB - What are the major improvements in stimulation over recent years? The stimulated cycle has completely superseded the natural cycle since this is the only method of obtaining several embryos. In conventional stimulation, despite an enormous body of literature, no single treatment modality has emerged as superior to other forms of therapy. Undoubtedly it is the experience and habits of individual IVF teams that determine the success of one or another method. Therefore programmed stimulation is an improvement in that it introduces the factors of convenience and simplicity while retaining the clinical efficacy of stimulation by conventional treatment. The analogues of LHRH are still in an early phase of development, but they appear to be associated with a low cancellation rate even in previous poor-responders. Furthermore, preliminary results seem to indicate that this is the first development since the widespread adoption of follicular stimulation, which is associated with an increased pregnancy rate. We are currently involved in trying to associate programmed stimulation and analogue treatment in a bid to combine the advantages of both therapies. Finally, embryo cryopreservation must be mentioned. There is no point in refining our stimulation protocols to obtain many embryos if those surplus to immediate requirement are disposed of. Cryopreservation offers the means of maximizing the pregnancy potential of a single IVF cycle while reducing the possibility of multiple pregnancy. PMID- 3195915 TI - Methods used to improve gamete efficiency. AB - Male factor infertility accounts for a significant percentage of problems in infertile couples. With clinical utilization of the technologies for selection of good-quality spermatozoa from the ejaculate, our ability to successfully treat the severely affected male factor couple has improved. However, it must be remembered that even with current technologies, fertilization success is reduced in these patients but remains above a 50% level. Other factors that can be used in the future to improve on these statistics are being investigated in regard to the in vitro environment for gametes, that is, the type of culture medium, the methods of coincubation of the sperm and egg, and other methods of enhancement of sperm fertilizing potential. However, methods of sperm preparation will achieve improvement in a percentage of these males treated, and can be used to improve fertilization and pregnancy success. It is important to understand the limitations of the zona-free hamster test, but it is also important to use that test as a screening method for sperm handling. By utilizing the SPA to select out the optimal method of sperm preparation, the fertilization and pregnancy outcome can be improved. Overall, the live-birth rate in male factor infertile couples is lower than non-male-factor couples treated by IVF and GIFT. Until more is known about basic spermatozoal function, and the ability to improve that function in affected males, the live-birth rate should not be expected to change substantially. PMID- 3195916 TI - The effects of antibody sperm-egg interaction. AB - Previous studies have shown that high titers of antisperm antibodies are correlated with low fertility. Furthermore, immunosuppressive therapy enhances pregnancy in some individuals. Serum tests, however, provide only an indirect measure of a potential pool of antisperm antibodies. When men have antibodies, direct measurement of the percent of sperm that are entirely antibody bound is a more appropriate approach. Antibodies can affect fertilization at many sites. Since sperm are composed of numerous antigens, many antibodies can develop but not all of them will interfere with infertility. Better tests are necessary to define which antibodies may affect fertility. To do that requires the development of better antigens. Use of monoclonal antibodies allows a framework for such further modifications. PMID- 3195917 TI - The fertilizability of human oocytes at different stages of meiotic maturation. AB - Human oocytes were collected from small follicles during natural menstrual cycles. The oocytes were cultured from six to 36 hours and were inseminated for four hours before termination of the maturation culture. Maturation and fertilizability was assessed from serial sections of individual oocytes. Germinal vesicle breakdown commenced after six hours. Metaphase I was attained by 40% of oocytes by 12 hours and by 60% at 18 hours. Metaphase II was observed in over 40% of oocytes after 24 hours of culture. Both the zona pellucida and vitellus were penetrable to sperm at all stages of meiosis. However, the penetrability of the vitellus increased significantly with advancing stages of meiotic maturity. The chromatin of sperm within germinal vesicle oocytes was not undergoing decondensation. Sperm chromatin was partially decondensed in metaphase I and completely swollen in metaphase II oocytes. Immature oocytes penetrated by sperm had retained their cortical granules whereas these granules were absent from fertilized, mature oocytes. PMID- 3195919 TI - Biological characteristics of the preembryo. PMID- 3195918 TI - The biology of human sperm-zona pellucida interaction. PMID- 3195920 TI - Cytoplasmic factors in oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early development. PMID- 3195921 TI - Ultrastructure of human unfertilized oocytes and polyspermic embryos in an IVF-ET program. PMID- 3195922 TI - Protocols for induction of ovulation. The concept of programmed cycles. AB - Programmed oocyte retrieval which includes suppression of the hypothalamic pituitary-ovarian axis by oral contraceptives or GnRH analogue and predetermined ("fixed") day for ovum pick-up has been demonstrated to yield a pregnancy rate that is comparable to that achieved by the conventional individualized approach to follicular maturation. We have prospectively compared two regimens of suppression (the pill and GnRH analogue) followed by two ovarian stimulation protocols (clomiphene citrate + human menopausal gonadotropin [CC + hMG] and pure follicle-stimulating hormone + human menopausal gonadotropin [pure FSH + hMG]). Sixteen patients were studied in each group. It was found that the latent phase, which represents a period of ovarian insensitivity, was prolonged and directly correlated to the duration of suppression, and that suppression with the GnRH analogue was associated with a shorter latent phase than that with the pill. Suppression with the pill for 30 days compared with 15 days resulted in a greater cancellation of laparoscopic oocyte retrieval, a lower fertilization rate, and a lower pregnancy rate. The numbers of oocytes recovered, fertilized, and cleaved were similar in both stimulation protocols. The use of the GnRH analogue for 30 days compared with 15 days was associated with a lower pregnancy rate, even though the number of oocytes that were recovered and fertilized were similar. Ovarian stimulation with pure FSH + hMG resulted in a shorter latent phase than did stimulation with CC + hMG, but the results of treatment with both protocols were similar. It is concluded that both the pill and GnRH analogue are acceptable means of manipulating the cycle and the day of oocyte retrieval. However, they should be used for the shortest periods possible because prolonged use is associated with some unwarranted effects. For each suppression-stimulation protocol there seems to be a different fixed day for retrieval that should be established prospectively. PMID- 3195923 TI - Chromosomal analysis of human oocytes and embryos in an in vitro fertilization program. PMID- 3195924 TI - Embryo-derived platelet-activating factor. Its diagnostic and therapeutic future. PMID- 3195925 TI - Culture of early-stage bovine embryos inside day-13 and day-14 precultured trophoblastic vesicles. PMID- 3195926 TI - Time-dependent loss of developmental potential when two-celled mouse embryos were retained in culture in excised oviducts. PMID- 3195927 TI - Proteins of the human endometrium. Basic and clinical studies toward a blood test for endometrial function. PMID- 3195928 TI - Human uterine endocrinology and the implantation window. PMID- 3195929 TI - Embryo implantation in the anterior chamber of the eye. Effects on uterine allografts and the microvasculature. AB - A model suitable for the in vivo study of embryo implantation in the presence or absence of uterine tissue has been developed. After transplantation of a uterine allograft to the anterior chamber of rat eyes, embryos were transferred to control, normally cycling, and pseudopregnant recipients. Implantation rates were 86%, 46% and 49%, respectively, for the three groups. Despite embryo growth rates being delayed by 3-4 days, histologic studies showed relatively normal egg cylinder stage embryos equivalent to those of day 8 of normal development. Uterine allografts varied greatly in appearance, from inert-looking pieces of connective tissue to recognizable uterine structures with an epithelium and a degree of decidual response. Reduced implantation rates in the presence of a uterine allograft may be due either to the uterine production of blastotoxic substances or the presence of a chronic inflammatory reaction resulting from the rejection of the allograft by the recipient. This model provides a unique system for continuous, noninvasive in vivo observations of the implantation process. PMID- 3195930 TI - Premenstrual pregnancy loss. A significant contribution to the low pregnancy rates following in vitro fertilization. PMID- 3195931 TI - Human embryo freezing. PMID- 3195932 TI - Pregnancies after human oocyte cryopreservation. PMID- 3195933 TI - Cryopreservation of immature and mature hamster and human oocytes. PMID- 3195934 TI - Successful in vitro fertilization of frozen-thawed rabbit and human oocytes. PMID- 3195935 TI - Survey on cryopreservation. AB - In this survey on cryopreservation of human embryos and oocytes, the results from 24 groups that reported replacements of cryopreserved embryos by the end of 1986 were summarized. So far 163 pregnancies have been reported, 65 children have been born, and 61 pregnancies were ongoing at the time of tabulation. The real impact of freezing and thawing of human embryos and oocytes in the treatment of infertility will require a careful analysis of all factors influencing the cryopreservation. PMID- 3195936 TI - Factors involved in the success of human embryo freezing. Does cryopreservation really improve the IVF results? PMID- 3195937 TI - In vitro fertilization by a routine method and by micromanipulation. PMID- 3195938 TI - Microinjection of spermatozoa into oocytes. PMID- 3195939 TI - Use of micromanipulation for increasing the efficiency of mammalian fertilization in vitro. PMID- 3195940 TI - Fertilization in trypsin-treated oocytes. PMID- 3195941 TI - Molecular changes in the human zona pellucida associated with fertilization and human sperm-zona interactions. AB - The zona pellucida (ZP) is a specialized extracellular matrix surrounding the mature oocyte. Specific functions ascribed to the ZP include sperm-binding, induction of the acrosome reaction, and involvement in the "slow block" to polyspermy. We have examined the ZP from a variety of human eggs recovered from follicular aspirates. Mechanically isolated ZP were heat-solubilized, iodinated, and characterized by SDS-PAGE. Under nonreducing conditions, the human ZP is characterized by two species of 92-120K (ZP1,2) and 57-73K (ZP3). After reduction, ZP1,2 separates into two components of 97K (ZP1) and 82K (ZP2), with ZP3 at 70K. Under reducing conditions, ZP specifically isolated from fertilized eggs reveals approximately equal proportions of all three iodinated ZP molecules. However, ZP specifically isolated from fertilized eggs reveals a substantial disappearance of ZP1. The ZP from unfertilized eggs does not display this modification of ZP1, even when solubilized zonae are co-incubated with sperm or sperm lysates. We suggest that this molecular change in ZP1 is a direct result of the egg cortical reaction. This demonstrates, for the first time, structural changes in the human ZP directly associated with fertilization. In additional studies, we have demonstrated that capacitated human sperm can be saturated with heat-solubilized ZP, demonstrating the presence of human ZP-binding proteins, and that the binding characteristics of zonae isolated from nonfertilized and fertilized eggs differ. Human sperm proteins having an affinity for solubilized zonae have also been identified at 16K, 18K, 19K, 35K, and 60K. PMID- 3195942 TI - The importance of naturalness and conjugal gametes. PMID- 3195943 TI - Legal aspects of assisted reproduction. PMID- 3195944 TI - Public policy aspects of assisted reproduction. Vth World Congress, IVF and embryo transfer. PMID- 3195945 TI - Factors limiting reproductive efficiency in selected laboratory animals. AB - The mouse, rat, hamster, and rabbit have had remarkable success in surviving in the wild, which attests to their high reproductive capability. In fact, Parkes refers to mice conceiving at each postpartum estrus having the potential for 13 litters per year. Paufler et al. used GnRH to repeatedly cause ovulation in 27 rabbits a few days after parturition, resulting in an average pregnancy rate of 71.5%, 7.0 young born, 5.8 young weaned, and 50 young per doe per year. All four species produce an excess of spermatozoa relative to the requirements for fertilization. The rabbit is suitable for semen collection, artificial insemination, and most of the techniques one might wish to model for reproductive studies in both males and females. A major limitation to reproduction in these species is that reproductive capacity fails long before the finite oocyte population formed prenatally is depleted. The uterus of the aged female appears to be the major cause of reproductive failure, as fertilized eggs replaced in such a uterus usually soon deteriorate. With in vitro techniques, much is still to be learned about harvesting, maturing and fertilizing oocytes and identifying those most likely to result in formation of a healthy neonate. PMID- 3195946 TI - Reproductive efficiency in domestic animals. PMID- 3195947 TI - The Australian Register: current research and future role. A preliminary report. PMID- 3195948 TI - Fecundability. PMID- 3195949 TI - Gamete intrafallopian transfer. International cooperative study of the first 800 cases. PMID- 3195951 TI - Ovum donation. The state of the art. PMID- 3195950 TI - Oocyte donation. The Norfolk Program. PMID- 3195952 TI - Primary ovarian failure. Embryo donation after substitution therapy. PMID- 3195953 TI - [Erythropoietic protoporphyria. Ultrastructure of the basal pericapillary complex in the superficial dermis]. AB - An ultrastructural investigation of erythropoietic protoporphyria reveals the high complexity of the basal complex that surrounds the superficial capillaries. There is a tremendous replication of the usual basement membrane, but in chips, with the constitution of an uneven network within an amorphous substance. Few collagen fibrils and microfibrils are present. Furthermore the architectural upheaval is characterized by the penetration of endothelial cell pseudopoda and of slender processes of perithelial cells. The basal complex is clearly encompassed by a layer of epithelial cells. The overall thickness reaches 5 micra. PMID- 3195954 TI - [Surgical treatment of malignant melanoma of the limbs combined with thermochemotherapy under extracorporeal circulation]. AB - In spite of the better results observed during the last decades and particularly due to earlier diagnosis and earlier surgical excision, malignant melanoma remains a tumour with a disconcerting course. This relative therapeutic impotence explains the variety of treatments used, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, etc. Surgical excision after chemotherapy under hyperthermic regional perfusion with extracorporeal circulation is an original method which has been applied for more than 3 decades with conflicting results but which may prove useful in several circumstances. The principle of regional perfusion using cytostatic drugs injected into the regional arterial blood flow resulted from a study by Klopp et al. in 1950. This technique was developed in practice by Creech et al. in 1957, and it was improved about 10 years later by additional hyperthermia, an idea suggested by Cavaliere et al. and by Stehlin. In Strasbourg, we have been using this method since January, 1982. Indications for perfusion are melanoma of the limbs with Breslow thickness greater than or equal to 0.85 mm, but from 1984 onwards these indications have been limited to patients with high-risk tumours such as melanoma with a Breslow thickness greater than or equal to 1.5 mm. Such melanomas are situated on the upper limb below the brachial insertion of the deltoid muscle, and on the lower limb below the upper third portion of the thigh. The technique consists of regional chemotherapy of the limb using extracorporeal circulation with hyperthermic perfusion. Melphalan is the drug used, and its dosage is based on body-weight: 1.4 mg/kg for the lower limb, and 0.9 mg/kg for the lower limb. Melphalan is introduced in the perfusion when the subcutaneous temperature near the tumour reaches 38 degrees C. The temperature of the limb is maintained at 40-42 degrees C for 45 minutes. At completion of the perfusion a wash-out is performed, and the tumour is excised with a 3 cm margin. From January, 1982 to January, 1987, 68 patients with malignant melanoma were treated by this method. Perfusion could not be performed in 5 patients because the small caliber of the vessel did not allow sufficient perfusion flow rate. No lethal complication occurred, and morbidity was very low.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3195955 TI - [Chronic mutilating osteocutaneous sarcoidosis]. PMID- 3195956 TI - [Hemorrhagic senile shoulder]. PMID- 3195957 TI - [A cutaneous bronchogenic sinus. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3195958 TI - [Case for diagnosis. Painful nodule of the ear (chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis)]. PMID- 3195959 TI - [Case for diagnosis. Longitudinal melanonychia]. PMID- 3195960 TI - [Cystic fibrosis in France in 1988]. PMID- 3195961 TI - [Clinical and therapeutic aspects of isolated coarctation in children]. PMID- 3195962 TI - [Tumors of the mediastinum in children]. PMID- 3195963 TI - [Rheumatoid purpura in children. Clinical experiences in a department of general pediatrics]. PMID- 3195964 TI - [What can so-called essential scoliosis disclose?]. PMID- 3195965 TI - [Torticollis in children]. PMID- 3195966 TI - [Removal of the tonsils and adenoids. Indications. Current aspects]. PMID- 3195967 TI - [Outcome, at 5 1/2 years of age, of premature infants weighing less than 1,500 g at birth. Medico-psychological and social aspects]. PMID- 3195968 TI - [Chemotherapy principles of severe somatic expressions of anxiety in adolescents]. PMID- 3195970 TI - [Adolescent mothers and their babies]. PMID- 3195969 TI - [Psychological approach of adolescents with Crohn's disease]. PMID- 3195971 TI - [Drunkenness in children and adolescents]. PMID- 3195972 TI - [Suicide in adolescents]. PMID- 3195973 TI - [Young murderers]. PMID- 3195974 TI - [For or against advanced admission to 1st grade?]. PMID- 3195976 TI - ["Do you want a little brother or a little sister?"]. PMID- 3195975 TI - [Fraternal jealousy or the Cain complex]. PMID- 3195977 TI - Is there a link between infection and infarction? PMID- 3195978 TI - Increased incidence of duodenitis in chronic renal failure. AB - Forty-six consecutive patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) were assessed radiographically, endoscopically and histologically for duodenal inflammation. Their gastric secretion was also examined. Thirty-eight patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia served as controls. Histologically established duodenitis was more common in CRF patients than in controls. Among the non-dialyzed patients its prevalence reached 28% (9/32), while in the controls it was 5% (2/38) (p less than 0.05). The CRF patients with duodenitis had upper GI symptoms, hypersecretion of acid (p less than 0.05) and duodenal ulcer disease (p less than 0.05) more frequently compared with the CRF subjects with normal duodenal mucosa. The correlation of radiographically and endoscopically detected duodenitis with that found microscopically was poor. PMID- 3195979 TI - Comparative evaluation of serum thyroxine, free thyroxine and thyrotropin determinations in screening of thyroid function. AB - We assessed a highly sensitive immunoradiometric thyrotropin (TSH) assay in screening thyroid dysfunction in 130 consecutive outpatients from a department of medicine and 224 patients from a municipal health centre. In addition to clinical examination, three routine tests were done: a thyroxine radioimmunoassay, an analogue-based free thyroxine assay and an immunoradiometric TSH assay. Triiodothyronine and the TRH test were done, if the findings were discrepant. Discrepancy existed in 24% of cases. The TSH assay had no false negative results (sensitivity 100%). Therefore TSH could screen all patients with thyroid dysfunction. Free thyroxine was the most specific assay (specificity 96%), but many subclinically or overtly hypothyroid patients would have been missed, if that assay had been used alone. We conclude that TSH(IRMA) is the best first-line measurement for thyroid dysfunction testing among outpatients. An abnormal TSH result alone is not diagnostic, but should be followed by the measurement of thyroxine or free thyroxine. PMID- 3195980 TI - Assessment of the left ventricular diastolic function in constrictive pericarditis by digitised M-mode echocardiography. AB - Digitised M-mode echocardiography was used to study the diastolic left ventricular function in ten patients with constrictive pericarditis. Each patient was matched for heart rate and stroke volume with a control patient who had normal left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and coronary arteries. All 20 patients underwent right and left cardiac catheterisation. In patients with constrictive pericarditis compared with controls, the median (range) left ventricular peak diameter lengthening rate, normalised for end-diastolic dimension, was 4.5 (2.5-8.0) s-1 and 2.9 (1.6-4.1) (p less than 0.01), and the rapid filling period fraction of diastole was 0.28 (0.18-0.37) and 0.37 (0.21 0.58) (p less than 0.05), while the mitral valve E-F slope was 20.1 (10.5-39.2) cm/s and 11.8 (7.6-14.5) (p less than 0.05), respectively. Thus, the early rate of left ventricular diameter lengthening is increased in constrictive pericarditis independent of heart rate and stroke volume, while the actual duration of the rapid filling period is decreased. These results, obtained noninvasively, extend the findings of previous invasive studies. The method may help in the difficult clinical diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis, although there is some overlap with the normal control range. PMID- 3195981 TI - Effect of isometric exercise and autonomic blockade on the haemodynamics: a noninvasive study in healthy volunteers. AB - Sixteen healthy young volunteers were studied with echocardiography and systolic time intervals at rest and after three minutes' isometric exercise before and during autonomic blockade with atropine and propranolol. Isometric exercise increased cardiac output by raising the heart rate from 64 +/- 3 to 72 +/- 4 bpm (SEM) (p less than 0.01). Mean blood pressure increased from 86 +/- 2 to 104 +/- 3 mmHg (p less than 0.001) without any changes in the calculated total peripheral vascular resistance. Afterload (left ventricular systolic wall stress) rose but preload (left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEDD) did not change. There was no variation in fractional shortening, maximal velocity of circumfertial fibre shortening (VCFmax) or pre-ejection period (PEP) despite increased afterload. This indicates stimulated intropy during isometric exercise. Autonomic blockade enhanced cardiac output by increasing heart rate from 64 +/- 3 to 97 +/- 2 bpm (p less than 0.001). Mean blood pressure rose from 86 +/- 2 to 93 +/- 2 mmHg (p less than 0.01) while vascular resistance fell. Afterload did not change but LVEDD shortened form 45.5 +/- 0.9 to 43.5 +/- 0.9 mm (p less than 0.001). Preload-independent VCFmax did not increase despite raised heart rate. PEP rose from 99 +/- 4 to 107 +/- 3 ms (p less than 0.01) and fractional shortening fell from 29 +/- 1 to 25 +/- 1% (p less than 0.001); these changes were greater than expected from the reduced preload. Consequently autonomic blockade seems to impair myocardial contractility despite vagal dominance at rest. Heart rate and cardiac output were not influenced by isometric exercise during autonomic blockade.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3195982 TI - Serum lipids in pneumonia of different aetiology. AB - The changes in serum triglycerides, cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were followed in patients with pneumonia caused by different bacteria or viruses as well as in those with no defined aetiology. In the acute phase of the disease there was: 1) a fall in serum triglycerides in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal disease and in patients with no defined aetiology (p less than 0.01 and less than 0.005, respectively). 2) a reduction in cholesterol in all aetiological groups (p less than 0.001) except for those with viral pneumonias, where only 4 patients were studied, and 3) a fall in HDL cholesterol in all the groups (at least at p less than 0.05) except in those with virus infection. 4) In bacteraemic pneumococcal disease the cholesterol level (mean 2.6, SEM 0.3 mmol/l) was lower than that in the other groups (at least at p less than 0.05). In the acute phase there was a tendency to a negative correlation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate and of C-reactive protein with serum cholesterol and/or HDL cholesterol. Changes in serum lipids in various infections deserve further pathophysiological investigation. PMID- 3195984 TI - [Twentieth French Congress of Endocrinology. Brussels, 3-5 October 1988. Abstracts]. PMID- 3195983 TI - Fatal asthma in two regions of Finland. AB - To determine the factors associated with deaths from asthma we surveyed retrospectively all the death certificates issued in two regions of Finland (the province of Oulu and the province of Turku and Pori) over a ten-year period in which asthma had been given as the main cause of death. We then examined patients' records to check whether asthma was the main cause of death. A total of 156 deaths could be ascribed to asthma, 87 in patients under 65 at death and 69 over 65. More deaths tended to occur during the weekends, and in the younger age group more occurred during the night than by day. Previous drug treatment was considered inadequate in 45% of the cases. The management and drug treatment of the final exacerbation phase were also often inadequate, at least among the younger victims, and the terminal attack was usually short, death often occurring in three hours or less. Despite the shortcomings in treatment, the number of deaths from asthma in the younger age group has fallen in the province of Oulu over the last 20 years. PMID- 3195985 TI - Long-term and short-term effects of dietary cholesterol and fats in the Mongolian gerbil. AB - In long-term and short-term experiments with Mongolian gerbils the effects of various dietary fats and different amounts of cholesterol on progeniture and liver pathology were studied. In contrast to palm kernel oil, with 8.75% (w/w) of sunflower seed oil we observed fewer litters and a decreased survival of the sucklings. On 0.2% of cholesterol we observed severe hypercholesterolemia and storage of cholesterol ester in the liver, ultimately leading to cirrhosis. On 0.05% for 6 months the gerbils stayed in good health. Progeniture was unaffected on this level of intake. PMID- 3195986 TI - Influence of dietary picolinic acid on mineral metabolism in the rat. AB - Male rats were fed isonitrogenous, isocaloric diets containing different amounts of dietary zinc and picolinic acid (PA) (25, 60, 120 ppm Zn, 0, 20, 40, 60 mmol PA/kg diet) and balance collections of urine and faeces made over a 4-day period. Rats fed 25 ppm Zn were in negative Zn and Cu balance during the experiment. Faecal Zn, but not urinary Zn excretion was elevated with increasing dietary Zn supply. Urinary Zn, Cu and Mg excretion increased with increasing intakes of dietary PA, regardless of Zn intake. Tissue Zn levels were unaffected by dietary Zn or PA. It is concluded that dietary PA forms soluble complexes with metal ions which are rapidly absorbed but are then re-excreted in urine and may not be available for metabolism or incorporation into tissues. PMID- 3195987 TI - Dietary fat modulation of in vitro lymphocyte function. AB - Mitogen responsiveness of spleen cells from NZB/NZW mice fed one of three defined diets was compared. The fat source of one diet was 20% lard (L, saturated fat), the second 20% polyunsaturated (corn oil), and the third 20% polyunsaturated (fish oil, FO). No differences in stimulation indices were observed. To determine whether the lipid components in media serum supplements were altering our results, we compared splenic mitogen responses in nonautoimmune mice fed either the FO or the L diet with in vitro culture in serum-free medium, alone, or with different serum supplements. Supplements included 10% fetal calf serum and 1 and 5% mouse sera from rodent chow-fed, L-fed or FO-fed mice. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice fed FO had consistently lower stimulation levels as compared to the other diet groups regardless of media supplementation. Capping experiments designed to directly assess membrane fluidity in lymphocytes from mice fed either the L, FO or lab chow diets revealed no differences. Although in vitro membrane turnover undoubtedly occurs during blastogenesis, we found that culturing cells in media with different serum supplements did not alter relative mitogen responses. PMID- 3195989 TI - Thermic effect of food at rest and following swim exercise in trained college men and women. AB - The calorigenic effect of a liquid meal was studied in 8 (5 male, 3 female) lean, trained swimmers to assess the effect of swim exercise on dietary-induced thermogenesis. Metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry under 3 conditions: (A) 4 h postexercise in the postabsorptive state; (B) 4 h of rest in the postprandial state, and (C) 4 h postexercise in the postprandial state. At 20 min postexercise metabolic rate had increased 22% over RMR; however, by 40 min postexercise it had returned to the preexercise level. Following both conditions B and C oxygen consumption (VO2) remained significantly elevated for 3 h. The mean rise in caloric expenditure was 24.8 kcal/h when exercise preceded the meal, compared to 20.2 kcal/h when exercise was not performed. This difference of approximately 18 kcal/4 h, although of negligible importance in short-term energy balance, could be significant in long-term energy regulation, and thus contribute to body weight control. PMID- 3195988 TI - Effect of cold rearing on metabolic rate and growth rate of obese (ob/ob) mice. AB - Oxygen consumption, total body mass, and body fat content were measured in lean and obese animals housed from birth at either 17 +/- 2 or 28 +/- 2 degrees C. Results for each of the three parameters were recorded at three time points 26, 35, and 56 days of age. The experiments demonstrate that at both ambient temperatures oxygen consumption expressed per kilogram body mass is consistently greater in lean animals. In all animals oxygen consumption (ml/kg/min) falls between 26 and 56 days, but significantly so in obese mice at 17 degrees C. There is no difference in age-related reduction of oxygen consumption between the genotypes at 28 degrees C; cold environment also significantly impairs growth of obese animals but not of lean ones. Contrary to those at 28 degrees C obese mice at 17 degrees C do not differ significantly in body weight from lean controls by 56 days of age. Carcass fat is consequently reduced in cold-reared obese mice compared to warm-reared obese, when expressed as grams of fat. When expressed as percentage fat, cold-reared lean and obese mice have less fat at 56 days. PMID- 3195990 TI - Plasma fatty acid composition and lipid peroxide levels in children with paucity of interlobular bile ducts. AB - The total and free fatty acid composition of plasma and lipid peroxide concentrations was studied in 32 cholestatic children with syndromatic paucity of interlobular bile ducts (Alagille's syndrome). The mean lipid peroxide value in these patients was 8.80 +/- 3.70 nmol/ml, nearly 4 times higher than the mean control value. Compared to the control group, the patients exhibited significant variations in total fatty acids, and in particular a relative decrease in linoleic acid (from 29.5 +/- 6.1% in the controls to 19.1 +/- 8.03% in the patients) compensated by an increase in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. The plasma lipid peroxide levels were inversely correlated with the unsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio in total fatty acids, and with the vitamin E status (vitamin E/total lipids). Most of the total and free fatty acid variations observed were largest in patients with severe jaundice. Dietary fat malabsorption and the increase in lipid peroxidation partly explain these results. Furthermore, in free fatty acids, we observed a marked increase in arachidonic acid (from 1.43 +/- 0.85% in the controls to 4.27 +/- 2.24% in the patients), suggesting abnormal eicosanoid synthesis. PMID- 3195991 TI - Influences of diet and postnatal age on the lipid composition of red blood cell membrane in newborn infants. AB - The fatty acid and cholesterol contents of tissue membranes are determinants of their stability and functionality. This study was designed to evaluate the influences of diet and postnatal age on the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of erythrocyte membrane phospholipid fractions and on the red blood cell membrane cholesterol and phosphorus contents in newborn infants during the 1st month of life. A group of infants was fed on human milk and another group on adapted milk formula. Blood samples were obtained at birth, from cord blood, and at 7 and 30 days of age. Long-chain w6 PUFA declined with advancing age in all membrane phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelin (SM) in those infants fed formula. w6 PUFA also decreased in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in infants fed human milk and were maintained constant in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and SM. w3 PUFA were less affected by postnatal age. PE and SM showed significantly higher percentages of w6 and w3 long-chain PUFA in infants fed human milk than in those fed formula. Membrane cholesterol content increased in all infants from birth to 1 month of life but phosphorus levels were unaffected by diet and postnatal age. These results suggest that diets with a low content of long-chain PUFA, such as adapted cow's milk formulas, may induce changes in membrane functionality and that incorporation of PUFA to the diet in amounts similar to those found in human milk should be considered at least in early life. PMID- 3195992 TI - Second Creteil Symposium on Lipids, Lipoproteins and Nutrition. Nutritional control of enzymes of lipoprotein and lipid metabolism. March 25, 1988, Creteil, France. Abstracts. PMID- 3195993 TI - Abstracts of the Second International Conference of Anticancer Research. October 11-15, 1988, Saronis, Greece. PMID- 3195994 TI - Vancomycin concentrations in infected and noninfected human bone. AB - Concentrations of vancomycin in bones of 14 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (group 1) and 5 patients with osteomyelitis (group 2) were studied. Group 1 received vancomycin, 15 mg/kg intravenously, 1 h prior to anesthesia. Group 2 received doses adjusted to achieve peak levels in serum of 20 to 30 micrograms/ml and trough levels of less than 12 micrograms/ml; bone specimens were collected during surgical debridement. The specimens were pulverized and eluted into phosphate buffer, and the supernatants were analyzed for vancomycin content by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. In group 1, vancomycin was detectable in all cancellous specimens with a mean concentration of 2.3 +/- 4.0 micrograms/g (range, 0.5 to 16 micrograms/g); 10 of 14 cortical specimens had detectable vancomycin; the mean cortical concentration was 1.1 +/- 0.8 micrograms/g (range, not detectable to 2.6 micrograms/g). In group 2, vancomycin was detectable in only two of five cortical bone specimens (mean concentration, 5.9 +/- 3.5 micrograms/g). Cancellous bone was obtained in one patient; the vancomycin concentration was 3.6 micrograms/g. In most patients the vancomycin levels in bones were higher than the MIC for susceptible staphylococci following single prophylactic doses. In the few infected patients studied, penetration was variable and deserves further study. PMID- 3195995 TI - Randomized, double-blind comparison of ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole for complicated urinary tract infections. AB - In a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, the effect of ciprofloxacin (250 mg orally, twice daily) was compared with that of trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (160 mg of trimethoprim and 800 mg of sulfamethoxazole orally, twice daily) on 45 patients with complicated urinary tract infections. Pretherapy isolates were all members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Isolates were eradicated from 18 (82%) of 22 patients treated with ciprofloxacin and 12 (52%) of 23 patients treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole during and 5 to 9 days after therapy (P = 0.035). Both groups had similar relapse and reinfection rates at 4 to 6 weeks posttherapy. Adverse effects were mild and reversible, occurring in 1 of 22 in the ciprofloxacin group and 6 of 23 in the trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole group. Disk diffusion susceptibility tests correlated better with broth macrodilution for ciprofloxacin than for trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Ciprofloxacin is a safe, effective alternative to trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections. PMID- 3195996 TI - In vitro activity of DR-3355, an optically active ofloxacin. AB - DR-3355, the S-(-)-isomer of ofloxacin, was generally twice as potent as ofloxacin against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, and its action was bactericidal. The compound was characterized by having the highest level of activity against staphylococci, Bacteroides fragilis, and Peptococcus spp. of the fluorinated quinolones tested, including ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, fleroxacin, and NY-198. The activity of DR-3355 was not affected by different media, inoculum size, or human serum, but decreased under acidic conditions at pH 5.0 or in human urine. PMID- 3195997 TI - Susceptibility to hydrophobic molecules and phospholipid composition in Pasteurella multocida and Actinobacillus lignieresii. AB - Despite its typically gram-negative cell envelope ultrastructure, Pasteurella multocida is susceptible to the hydrophobic antibiotic novobiocin and is unable to initiate growth on MacConkey agar, a parameter often used to effect is differentiation from other members of the family Pasteurellaceae such as Actinobacillus lignieresii. However, growth on basal medium supplemented with individual selective factors and an agar diffusion assay revealed the bile salts contained in MacConkey agar to be toxic to both organisms. Four P. multocida surface hydrophobicity variants exhibited consistent in vitro susceptibility to the hydrophobic antibiotics novobiocin, rifamycin SV, and actinomycin D as determined by broth dilution. Readily extractable lipid fractions were obtained by chloroform-methanol extraction of freeze-dried whole cells from exponential phase cultures. No major differences in total cellular readily extractable lipid content were observed among the P. multocida and A. lignieresii strains examined, although hydrophobic P. multocida strains appeared to contain slightly more than did hydrophilic strains. Analytical thin-layer chromatography and quantitation of resolved readily extractable lipid components revealed the major cell envelope phospholipids of both organisms to be phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol in a molar ratio of approximately 4:1 regardless of cell surface hydrophobicity properties. Similar results were obtained for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is notably refractory to hydrophobic molecules. These data support the conclusion that the permeability of the P. multocida cell envelope to structurally unrelated, hydrophobic molecules is not dependent on cell surface hydrophobicity and cannot be explained on the basis of anomalous polar lipid composition. PMID- 3195998 TI - High hepatic excretion in humans of cefpiramide, a new cephalosporin. AB - After intravenous administration of 1 g of cefpiramide, the biliary elimination of the drug was studied by using high-performance liquid chromatography. In five healthy volunteers, a mean peak concentration of 339 +/- 107 (standard error of the mean) micrograms/ml was measured in aspirated duodenal fluid during h 2 after administration, and 1.2% of the dose given was recovered over a 4-h period. A maximal concentration of 1,161 +/- 392 micrograms/ml was reached during h 2 in T tube bile from 10 recently cholecystectomized patients, with a 24-h biliary recovery of 23.1%; urinary recovery over the same period averaged 49.4%. In 10 patients undergoing cholecystectomy, the concentrations in serum, choledochal bile, gallbladder bile, and gallbladder wall 1 h after cefpiramide administration were 157 +/- 21, 1,726 +/- 501, and 84 +/- 33 micrograms/ml and 23 +/- 4 micrograms/g, respectively. These figures represent the highest biliary concentrations attained so far with a beta-lactam antibiotic and are therefore a good prerequisite for treatment of biliary tract infections with cefpiramide. PMID- 3195999 TI - Antagonistic effect of chloramphenicol in combination with cefotaxime or ceftriaxone. AB - We evaluated the in vitro interaction at clinically attainable concentrations of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone with chloramphenicol against 26 clinical isolates of gram-negative rods, group B streptococci, and Staphylococcus aureus. Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were bactericidal against all 26 organisms (MBC, 0.03 to 4 micrograms/ml). Chloramphenicol was bacteriostatic against 24 organisms (MBC, greater than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml) and bactericidal against two Escherichia coli isolates (MBC, 8 micrograms/ml). Checkerboard testing showed chloramphenicol to be antagonistic to the bactericidal activity of cefotaxime and ceftriaxone for all 24 bacteria for which chloramphenicol was bacteriostatic. Time kill curves for selected strains of E. coli and group B streptococci for which chloramphenicol was bacteriostatic showed antagonism of chloramphenicol to both cephalosporins. The combination of chloramphenicol with either cephalosporin was antagonistic in cases in which chloramphenicol was bacteriostatic against the above organisms and should be avoided in the treatment of infections caused by such organisms if bactericidal therapy is desired. PMID- 3196000 TI - Antimicrobial synergism against Mycobacterium avium complex strains isolated from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. AB - Pairs of 11 antimicrobial agents were tested in vitro for their ability to act synergistically against three strains of Mycobacterium avium complex isolated from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. From the combinations tested, four drugs (ethambutol, rifampin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin) were selected for more extensive study against 20 strains of M. avium complex. The inhibitory and killing synergism obtained with combinations of two, three, or four drugs was assessed by determining the fractional inhibitory concentration index and fractional bactericidal concentration index. Inhibitory synergism occurred against 90 to 100% of the strains for all drug combinations in which ethambutol was included. Killing synergism occurred against 85 to 95% of the strains when ethambutol was used in combinations which included either rifampin or ciprofloxacin. However, killing synergism occurred against only 45% of the strains when drugs were tested at concentrations that can be obtained in patient serum. In other experiments, rifabutin (Ansamycin) gave results that were comparable to those obtained with rifampin. Clofazimine did not show synergistic killing activity at a concentration that is achievable in serum for any of the drugs tested. Our results indicate that there is considerable variability in the antimicrobial susceptibility of M. avium isolates obtained from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This variability could have significant impact on the clinical response to various therapies. PMID- 3196001 TI - Distribution of cefpirome (HR 810) to exudate in the croton oil-induced rat granuloma pouch and its therapeutic effects on experimental infections in the pouch. AB - Therapeutic effects of intravenously administered cefpirome on experimental bacterial infections in croton oil-induced rat granuloma pouches were compared with those of ceftazidime, moxalactam, cefoperazone, and cefotaxime. Its pharmacokinetic profile in pouch exudate was also examined. Cefpirome showed bactericidal effects and long-lasting bacterial growth-inhibitory effects in granuloma pouches infected in Escherichia coli Ec-7, and its effects were almost equal to those of the other antibiotics. Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa TM-11 infection, cefpirome was more active than moxalactam, cefoperazone, and cefotaxime and comparable to ceftazidime. Cefpirome had the strongest activity against Staphylococcus aureus Smith infection among the five antibiotics, showing bactericidal effects and long-lasting bacterial growth-inhibitory effects. The level of cefpirome in pouch exudate peaked at 1 h after administration, with a value of 16.4 micrograms/ml, and declined in a pattern similar to that of ceftazidime. When compared in peak level, the exudate level of cefpirome was 1.8 to 2.6 times higher than the values of moxalactam, cefoperazone, and cefotaxime. The in vitro exudate protein binding of cefpirome was 8.8%, which was the lowest among the antibiotics used. PMID- 3196002 TI - Enhanced effect of liposome-encapsulated amikacin on Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex infection in beige mice. AB - We examined the therapeutic effects of free and liposome-encapsulated amikacin on Mycobacterium avium-M. intracellulare complex infection by using the beige-mouse model of the disease. In the first series of studies, intravenous administration of four weekly doses of 5 mg of amikacin per kg encapsulated in large (approximately 0.4-micron diameter), unilamellar liposomes arrested the growth of M. avium-M. intracellulare complex organisms in the liver, as measured by CFU counts. M. avium-M. intracellulare complex levels in untreated animals and in those treated with the same dose of free amikacin increased by several orders of magnitude over 8 weeks. Liposome-encapsulated amikacin was also effective against M. avium-M. intracellulare complex organisms in the spleen and kidneys, reducing the CFU counts by about 1,000-fold compared with those of both untreated controls and free-drug-treated mice. In the lungs, a slight reduction in CFU was observed in the liposome-encapsulated-amikacin-treated group, but only at the 8-week point. Neither free nor liposome-encapsulated amikacin reduced the colony counts in the lymph nodes compared with those of control animals. Reductions in CFU in all organs greater than those caused by the liposome preparation could be achieved by intramuscular administration of free amikacin, but only at a 10-fold higher dose given 6 days a week for 8 weeks. In the second series of studies, we investigated the effects of (i) doubling the dose of liposome-encapsulated amikacin and (ii) increasing the size of the liposomes and prolonging the treatment to five injections. Administration of 10 mg of amikacin per kg in liposomes 2 to 3 micrometer in diameter was more effective in the liver than 5 or 10 mg of amikacin per kg in liposomes 0.2 micrometer in diameter. A slight reduction in the CFU levels in the lungs was observed with the higher dose, irrespective of liposome size. Our results indicate that liposome-based delivery of amikacin enhances its anti-M. intracellulare complex activity, particularly in the liver, spleen, and kidney, and may therefore improve the therapy of this disease. PMID- 3196003 TI - Efficacy of NY-198 against experimental Legionnaires disease. AB - The in vitro and in vivo effects of NY-198 against Legionella pneumophila were compared with those of ciprofloxacin. The MIC of NY-198 against 15 standard reference strains of Legionella of various species, between 0.03 and 0.125 micrograms/ml, was the same as that of ciprofloxacin. The peak concentration of NY-198 in the lungs and sera of guinea pigs with experimentally induced Legionella pneumonia was higher than that of ciprofloxacin after oral administration. The overall survival rate was higher in animals treated with NY 198 than in those treated with ciprofloxacin. Thus, NY-198 appears valuable in the treatment of Legionnaires disease. PMID- 3196004 TI - Enoxacin penetration into human prostatic tissue. AB - Concurrent enoxacin concentrations in serum and prostatic tissue were determined in 14 patients. The mean ratios of enoxacin concentration in tissue over concentration in serum were 1.4 +/- 0.2 (standard error of the mean). The levels in serum and prostatic tissue were above the MICs for most urinary pathogens. PMID- 3196005 TI - In vitro activities of the newer beta-lactam and quinolone antimicrobial agents against Pseudomonas pseudomallei. AB - Imipenem was highly active and bactericidal against all 100 strains of Pseudomonas pseudomallei tested, followed in activity by piperacillin, carumonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone. The addition of clavulanic acid significantly increased the activities of both amoxicillin and ticarcillin. Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin showed poor activity against test strains. PMID- 3196006 TI - Intramuscular ceftriaxone in home parenteral therapy. AB - Ceftriaxone administered via the intramuscular route was evaluated as home parenteral therapy for 31 patients with a variety of serious but stable infections. Cure was achieved in 30 of the patients. When lidocaine was used for reconstitution of ceftriaxone, the intramuscular route was well tolerated by all patients. PMID- 3196007 TI - Comparative effects of cefoxitin and cefotetan on vitamin K metabolism. AB - The effects of cefoxitin and cefotetan on vitamin K metabolism and clotting parameters in five healthy subjects were investigated. No changes in prothrombin time or in the formation of abnormal prothrombin were seen either during or following the cefoxitin or cefotetan phase. However, when phytonadione (10 mg) (vitamin K1) was administered at the completion of each course of antibiotics, formation of vitamin K 2,3-epoxide was observed only during the cefotetan phase. It is probable, therefore, that cefotetan, a cephamycin antibiotic containing the N-methylthiotetrazole side chain, inhibits hepatic vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase. While hypoprothrombinemia and formation of abnormal prothrombin were not seen in healthy subjects, the effect of cefotetan on the coagulation status of vitamin K-depleted patients may be adverse. PMID- 3196009 TI - Antibacterial effect of etoposide in vitro. AB - Etoposide, an antitumor drug, had an effect in vitro against all strains of gram positive bacteria studied but not against three gram-negative bacteria. The MICs ranged between 6.2 and 50 micrograms/ml. In short-term-growth experiments, etoposide had a bactericidal efficacy that was 10 to 50 times lower than that of cloxacillin. PMID- 3196008 TI - In vitro activities of PD 117,596 and reference antibiotics against 448 clinical bacterial strains. AB - The in vitro activity of PD 117,596, a new fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was tested against 448 bacterial isolates (15 genera) by agar dilution (inoculum, 10(4) CFU per spot). The activity of PD 117,596 was compared with that of 15 antibiotics against 327 gram-negative strains and with that of 8 other antibiotics against 121 gram-positive strains. PD 117,596 demonstrated the best activity against Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Acinetobacter spp., Serratia marcescens, and Branhamella catarrhalis (MICs for 90% of the isolates [MIC90S], 0.008 to 0.25 microgram/ml). PD 117,596 (MIC90, 0.25 microgram/ml) was at least twofold more active than ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas spp. PD 117,596 and ciprofloxacin were similar in activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae, H. parainfluenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Legionella pneumophila, and Campylobacter jejuni (MIC90, 0.002 to 0.125 microgram/ml). PD 117,596 was more active than ciprofloxacin against streptococcal groups A, B, C, and G, S. pneumoniae, and enterococci (MIC90S, 0.06 to 0.125 microgram/ml). Against Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin resistant isolates, PD 117,596 (MIC90S, 0.03 to 0.06 microgram/ml) was 4- to 16 fold more active than ciprofloxacin and was most active against Corynebacterium spp. PD 117,596 appears to be the most active fluoroquinolone to date, with excellent activity against gram-positive bacteria and enhanced activity against gram-negative aerobic-facultative bacteria. PMID- 3196010 TI - Roxithromycin disposition in tonsils after single and repeated administrations. AB - Levels of roxithromycin in serum and tissue were investigated in 29 subjects undergoing tonsillectomy. A total of 13 subjects received a single oral dose of 300 mg, and 16 received four oral doses 12 h apart as follows: a 300-mg loading dose followed by three 150-mg doses. Measurable levels of roxithromycin were present in tonsil samples of 11 of 13 subjects in the first group. The mean levels in tonsils and serum were 0.8 microgram/g and 6.7 micrograms/ml, resulting in a mean tissue/serum ratio of 0.16. In the multiple-dose group, roxithromycin was found in 14 of 16 subjects at mean levels in tonsils and serum of 1.6 micrograms/g and 8.7 micrograms/ml, and the tissue/serum ratio was 0.23. PMID- 3196011 TI - Macrodilution MBC result reproducibility for methicillin-susceptible and reputedly tolerant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. PMID- 3196012 TI - Review of the past Paul Ehrlich seminars. PMID- 3196013 TI - Detection systems: the different principles for standardization of allergens. PMID- 3196014 TI - IUIS criteria for reference preparations. PMID- 3196015 TI - Hazards with desensitising vaccines. PMID- 3196016 TI - Problems of regulation and standardization. PMID- 3196017 TI - Fatalities associated with skin testing and immunotherapy. A retrospective study by questionnaire. PMID- 3196018 TI - Regulatory control and standardization of allergenic extracts. PMID- 3196019 TI - The biological unit in the proposed, revised Nordic Guidelines. PMID- 3196020 TI - Problems in the standardization of allergenic extracts in the U.S. PMID- 3196021 TI - A mitochondrial chemiluminescence evoked by a novel mixed copper(II)-cyanide complex/acetaldehyde cyanohydrin chelate: a kinetic analysis suggesting a role for membrane-bound vicinal sulfhydryls. AB - Cyanide added to mitochondria in the presence of copper and acetaldehyde evokes a chemiluminescence which follows series pseudo-first-order kinetics: (formula; see text) An evaluation of the effects of protein (mitochondria), copper, cyanide, acetaldehyde, and oxygen on the kinetic parameters shows that k1 is influenced by protein, cyanide (at low concentrations), and oxygen while k2 is influenced by cyanide, acetaldehyde (at low, less than 11.9 mM, and high, greater than 35.6 mM, concentrations), and oxygen. The integral light increases linearly with the square root of total copper(II) and with the square of the total acetaldehyde. The sustained emissions appear to reflect an initial oxidative event mediated by a novel mixed copper(II)-cyanide complex/acetaldehyde cyanohydrin chelate. Cu(I) formed by the reduction of Cu(II), probably by mitochondrial vicinal sulfhydryls, reacts with dioxygen to form an O2-copper complex which reacts with acetaldehyde to form the acetyl-1-hydroxyhydroperoxyl radical. This radical disproportionates by the Russell mechanism to generate electronically excited singlet and triplet carbonyl functions and singlet oxygen species whose emissive relaxations to the ground state display as the observed chemiluminescence. The kinetic evidence indicates that there are two Cu(I)-oxygen cyanide complexes transferring O2- to acetaldehyde. This evidence addresses the mechanisms of autoxidation of low molecular-weight Cu(I) complexes with dioxygen. A suggested role for the involvement of vicinal sulfhydryl groups in the reactions is shown, kinetically, by the influence of copper and acetaldehyde on the integral light. PMID- 3196022 TI - Isolation of in vivo radiolabeled proteoglycans from rat lung. AB - Sulfated macromolecules of rat lung tissue were labeled in vivo with 35SO4 and extracted with a solution of 7 M urea containing 0.4% Triton X-100. DEAE-Sephacel chromatography separated sulfated macromolecules into three pools. Pool I consisted of high-molecular-weight, low-density sulfated glycoprotein, probably of mucous secretion origin. Pool II contained a mixture of proteoheparan sulfate and proteodermatan sulfate, together with core protein-free heparan sulfate chains. Pool III was very heterogeneous; its resolution into at least four proteoglycan species was achieved by CsCl density gradient centrifugation. Those included two (high- and low-density) species of proteoheparan sulfate, high density proteochondroitin sulfate, and medium-density (1.45 less than rho less than 1.55 g/ml) proteodermatan sulfate. PMID- 3196023 TI - Maturation of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides in Dictyostelium discoideum analyzed with modification-specific probes. AB - Lysosomal enzymes in Dictyostelium discoideum contain high mannose oligosaccharides that contain mannose 6-phosphate and several unusual structures. The synthesis and distribution of these post-translational modifications were studied using probes for different carbohydrate groups. These probes include lectin-like antibodies directed to two distinct sulfated and one nonsulfated N linked determinants, the lectin Con A, and the mammalian 215-kDa phosphomannosyl receptor. Only Con A binds to newly synthesized alpha-mannosidase present in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The other modifications are acquired at different rates and are first detected on protein in light density Golgi-like membranes. Mutations which prevent protein transport to Golgi membranes block synthesis of these moieties, but inhibitors which prevent later transport steps have no effect. The majority of modified proteins are in lysosomes but significant amounts are delivered to nonlysosomal destinations. Different lysosomal proteins contain unequal amounts of each modification. PMID- 3196024 TI - Analysis of the secondary structure of hirudin and the mechanism of its interaction with thrombin. AB - Highly purified hirudin with a specific activity of 13,950 antithrombin units/mg was isolated from a commercial preparation by reversed-phase chromatography. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of hirudin was investigated and it was found that the spectrum cannot be accounted for solely in terms of the traditional three components of peptide backbone. It was also found that the CD spectrum of the thrombin-hirudin complex was not additive with respect to the individual spectra of thrombin and hirudin. This deviation from additivity was significant between 210 and 225 nm, indicating alterations in the secondary structures of the proteins during complex formation. When thrombin was titrated with hirudin, the spectral deviation from additivity was sigmoidal, suggesting the cooperative nature of the binding process. Gel filtration of the thrombin-hirudin mixture showed no molecular species greater than a 1:1 complex (Mr 45,500), but gel filtration of free hirudin showed a multimeric form (Mr 51,300) under the same experimental conditions. It is concluded that the cooperative nature of the binding process is due to the binding of thrombin molecules to the multimeric form of hirudin. This initial binding occurs with little or no change in the CD spectrum. In the second step, the multiple complex dissociates to form 1:1 complexes, resulting in larger conformational changes and a considerable increase in binding affinity. PMID- 3196025 TI - Purification and biochemical characterization of the rabbit pulmonary glutathione S-transferase: stereoselectivity and activity toward pyrene 4,5-oxide. AB - Two homodimeric isozymes, glutathione S-transferase (GST) 25 kDa and GST 27 kDa, in equal proportion comprise the majority (greater than 75%) of the pulmonary cytosolic GST of untreated rabbits. The subunits of GST 25 kDa and GST 27 kDa are distinguishable by electrophoretic mobility (25 and 27 kDa, respectively), apparent isoelectric points (pI 7.4 and pI 9.1, respectively), and immunoreactivity. Immunoblots indicated that these subunits may be minor components in hepatic cytosol. The pulmonary isozymes could not be distinguished by their activities toward chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) or activity and stereoselectivity toward pyrene 4,5-oxide (PyO). The purified GST fractions represented less than or equal to 16% of the PyO activity for pulmonary cytosol. The stereoselectivity of the cytosolic GST for the pro-S-configured oxirane carbon of PyO was not maintained in the purified preparations which were virtually nonstereoselective. Immunoprecipitation of pulmonary cytosolic GST with anti-GST 27 kDa and anti-GST 25 kDa indicated that at least 84 and 60% of the activity toward CDNB and PyO, respectively, is mediated by the two isozymes. The specific PyO activities of GST 27 kDa, GST 25 kDa, and the rabbit hepatic preparations (approximately 0.2 unit/mg) were similar to that of hepatic GST purified from horse, cow, and pig, and to human placental GST pi (0.02-0.5 unit/mg) but one-tenth that of rat hepatic GST or human hepatic GST mu. However, the activity of the hepatic cytosol from rat and human was similar to that of rabbit. Thus, some GST isozymes may be particularly susceptible to modulation of activity/stereoselectivity that can be discerned with arene oxide substrates such as PyO. PMID- 3196027 TI - Influence of the guanine nucleotide phosphorylation state and of Mg2+ ions on the interaction of vinzolidine/tubulin 6 S: a fluorescence quenching study. AB - The binding of the new vincaalkaloid vinzolidine to tubulin 6 S was investigated by using fluorescence quenching methods. The value of the apparent equilibrium binding constant was found to depend on the phosphorylation state of the guanine nucleotide bound to the tubulin exchangeable site (E-site), with Ka values of 4.9 X 10(4) and 8.19 X 10(4) M-1 for GTP- and GDP-tubulin, respectively. The effect of Mg2+ ions on this binding was more important on GTP-tubulin than on GDP tubulin, and might be related to the existence of Mg2+ site(s) independent of the nucleotide. PMID- 3196026 TI - Spermine, another specific allosteric activator of calcium uptake in rat liver mitochondria. AB - Calcium uptake in rat liver mitochondria is accelerated by spermine. At a concentration of 2 microM Ca2+ and 1 mM Mg2+ a maximal, 10-fold activation by 1.2 mM spermidine was obtained; a half-maximal activation was attained with 0.2 mM spermine. Spermidine was far less effective than spermine whereas putrescine was ineffective. The acceleration of Ca uptake at low, physiological Ca2+ concentrations is related to the altered kinetics of the Ca uniporter. Corresponding to the alteration by high Ca2+ concentrations previously described, the kinetics changed from sigmoidal in the absence to nearly hyperbolic in the presence of spermine. Mg2+ behaves as an allosteric inhibitor. This phenomenon of the allosteric activation of Ca uptake could not be observed in heart mitochondria. PMID- 3196028 TI - Characterization, localization, and biosynthesis of acetylcholinesterase in K 562 cells. AB - K 562 cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE), identifiable by active site labeling with radioactive diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), showed a Mr around 55,000 in both a crude lysate and a purified sample. The K 562 AChE was reactive with one polyclonal and two monoclonal antibodies produced against human erythrocyte AChE. Subcellular localization, investigated by assay on cell fractions, showed that AChE is membrane bound and that it is located on the cell surface as well as on microsomal and Golgi membranes. Biosynthesis of new enzyme molecules, after inactivation of the constitutive AChE with the irreversible inhibitor DFP, allowed us to follow the kinetics of reappearance in the intracellular compartment and at the cell surface (4 and 8 h, respectively). PMID- 3196029 TI - Ananain: a novel cysteine proteinase found in pineapple stem. AB - A previously unknown cysteine proteinase, named ananain, has been isolated from crude commercial pineapple stem bromelain. The purification procedure involved affinity chromatography on Sepharose-Gly-Phe-glycinaldehyde semicarbazone, and cation-exchange chromatography. The relative molecular mass of ananain was very similar to that of bromelain (25,000 and 26,000, respectively), but ananain differed greatly in specificity for hydrolysis of peptide and protein substrates. The new enzyme behaved as a typical cysteine proteinase in showing strong inhibition by chicken cystatin, whereas bromelain was scarcely affected. Ananain was also shown to be immunologically distinct from bromelain. The significance of the discovery of ananain for the interpretation of previous work on "bromelain" is pointed out. PMID- 3196030 TI - Physical and chemical characterization of a horse serum carboxylesterase. AB - The serine carboxylesterase from horse serum was characterized by amino acid composition, peptide mapping, molecular and subunit weights, and sequencing of the amino acids around the essential serine residue at the active site. A protocol was developed for using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography as the final step to obtain homogeneous preparations of horse serum carboxylesterase. Amounts sufficient for determining the amino acid composition and for peptide maps were obtained from a partially purified starting material which contained approximately 55% carboxylesterase. The amino acid composition, like the subunit weight (70,800 +/- 1400), was similar to the corresponding values reported for other serine carboxylesterases. However, the amino acid sequence of the tryptic digest fragment containing the essential nucleophilic seryl residue differed significantly from the corresponding sequences of other mammalian serine carboxylesterases. PMID- 3196031 TI - Purification and characterization of an extracellular endoglucanase from the marine shipworm bacterium. AB - Bacterial cultures isolated from the gland of Deshayes of marine shipworm (Psiloteredo healdi) produced extracellular endoglucanase activity when cultured with 1% cellulose. An endoglucanase of subunit relative molecular mass 58,000, as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was purified to homogeneity from cell-free culture medium. Similarly, the relative molecular mass of the native enzyme was 60,100 as determined by gel permeation chromatography. No carbohydrate appeared to be associated with the purified protein. The action of the purified enzyme on various cellodextrins was also studied. Only interior glucosyl linkages of cellodextrin chains larger than cellotriose were cleaved by the enzyme and the centermost bond of cellohexaose was preferentially cleaved. The Km values of the purified endoglucanase were 0.12 mM for cellotetraose, 0.05 mM for cellopentaose, and 0.11 mM for cellohexaose. Glucose, cellobiose, and cellotriose did not inhibit enzymatic activity. PMID- 3196032 TI - Biochemical analysis of a human epithelial surface antigen: differential cell expression and processing. AB - Epithelial surface antigen (ESA) is a glycoprotein with a distribution in vivo that is largely confined to human epithelial cells. Previous studies using a mouse monoclonal antibody (MH99) detecting ESA had shown that the antigen immunoprecipitated from most epithelial cancer cell lines has two chains (38,000 and 32,000 Da) when separated under reducing conditions and only one (38,000 Da) under nonreducing conditions. We now show that the 38-kDa band observed under nonreducing conditions consists of two species, one a 38-kDa single chain protein and the other a disulfide-linked dimer consisting of the 32-kDa chain bonded to a previously unrecognized 6-kDa chain. Pulse-chase studies have shown that ESA is synthesized as a 34-kDa protein which is glycosylated to a 38-kDa glycoprotein containing both high mannose and complex carbohydrate chains. With longer chase periods, a 32-kDa species also appears. Peptide mapping, together with the pulse chase data, suggests that the 32- and 6-kDa species are formed from the 38-kDa protein, probably by limited proteolysis. Epithelial cell lines differ in their ratios of 38/32-kDa species, some cell lines having only the 38-kDa form. Incubation of radiolabeled extracts of cells having only the 38-kDa protein with unlabeled extracts of the other cell types resulted in progressive conversion of the 38-kDa species to the 32- and 6-kDa forms. Only cell lines expressing both forms of ESA are able to carry out this cleavage of the 38-kDa protein. This is a novel mechanism for generating cell-type related differences in cell surface glycoprotein expression. Finally, sequential immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the antigen detected by Ab MH99 is closely related or identical to that detected by Ab 17-1A, a previously described colon cancer antigen. PMID- 3196033 TI - A novel sialylhexasaccharide from human milk: purification by affinity chromatography on immobilized wheat germ agglutinin. AB - A sialylhexasaccharide fraction (S-5) of human milk was obtained as described by A. Kobata and V. Ginsburg [(1972) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 150, 273-281] and labeled by reduction with NaB[3H]4. When subjected to affinity chromatography on immobilized wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a single component representing 60% of the S-5 fraction was retarded by the column. The asialo derivative of the WGA retarded oligosaccharide had a higher affinity for the WGA column than the native sialyloligosaccharide. The neutral hexaose was identified as lacto-N-neohexaose by sequential exoglycosidase digestions in combination with gel filtration analyses of digestion products. Enzymatic removal of the nonsialylated branch of the intact sialyloligosaccharide by jack bean beta-galactosidase and beta-N acetylhexosaminidase resulted in a single sialyl[3H]tetraose which was identified as sialyltetrasaccharide c (NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1 4GlcO[3H]) by cochromatography with authentic standard and specific antibody binding. Independent evidence for the structure of the sialylhexasaccharide was obtained by 500-MHz1H NMR spectroscopy of the WGA-purified oligosaccharide before and after neuraminidase digestion. The structural data are consistent with the following, previously undescribed, sialylhexaose in human milk: (formula; see text). PMID- 3196034 TI - Cryoprotection of antibody by organic solutes and organic solute/divalent cation mixtures. AB - Antibodies are globular glycoproteins that protect animals from microbial and toxic insult. These proteins have proven to have substantial commercial and research value but are variably susceptible to freeze-thaw damage, thus limiting their usefulness. Several carbohydrates and divalent cations were examined alone and in combination to determine whether they could protect antibody from freeze thaw damage. The amino acid proline was also tested. Two antibodies, derived from different sources and specific for different antigens, were tested by a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Confirmation of antibody freeze lability was obtained by rocket electrophoresis and radial immunodiffusion tests. Neither carbohydrate nor divalent cation alone fully protected antibody activity from freeze-thaw damage. However, several combinations protected antibody activity completely when compared to their effect on antibody maintained at room temperature. In the case of affinity-purified antibody, full protection of antibody activity relative to an untreated control was obtained. In several instances, cryoprotection of antibody by solute-divalent cation combinations was synergistic and not an additive effect of each component. Alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme typically linked to antibody for an ELISA, was not freeze-thaw labile. These results indicate that antibody function can be fully protected from damage due to freeze-thaw treatment by organic solutes in combination with divalent cations. PMID- 3196036 TI - Instability of purified 9-kDa porcine intestinal calcium-binding protein in the absence of calcium. AB - Purified 9-kDa porcine intestinal calcium-binding protein (ICaBP, Calbindin D9K) is unstable when stored at 4 degrees C in the absence of Ca(II). Cleavage of the polypeptide occurs producing approximately 5.2- and 3.7-kDa fragments. The former dimerizes giving a species which migrates on sodium dodecylsulfate-urea gels with an Mr 13,700, in contrast to the observed Mr 11,000 for native ICaBP. The fragmentation also results in an irreversible loss of high affinity Ca(II) bound to ICaBP prevents fragmentation. The dimer can be isolated from aged preparations of apo-ICaBP and is stable on further storage with or without Ca(II) present. The observed molecular weights of the fragments along with the amino acid analysis and ultraviolet spectra of the dimer suggest cleavage of the polypeptide chain of ICaBP in the vicinity of residue 49. PMID- 3196035 TI - The inhibition of protein synthesis by IgG containing anti-ribosome P autoantibodies from systemic lupus erythematosus patients. AB - Autoantibodies found in approximately 15% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus recognize three 60 S ribosomal phosphoproteins P0, P1, and P2. Fab fragments obtained from sera of these patients inhibited globin mRNA translation in an in vitro protein synthesizing system which was reversed by the addition of excess ribosomes. Further studies suggested that these antibodies bind to ribosomes in the intact cell. Thus, when IgG fractions from these sera were microinjected into cultured human fibroblasts [35S]methionine incorporation into cellular proteins was inhibited. PMID- 3196037 TI - Rat epididymal alpha-D-mannosidase: purification, carbohydrate composition, substrate specificity, and antibody production. AB - Two alpha-D-mannosidases have previously been identified in rat epididymis. This communication reports the purification and characterization of the "acid" alpha-D mannosidase. The enzyme was purified over 1000-fold to near homogeneity by acetone and (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by ion-exchange and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 220,000 by gel filtration. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the native enzyme under two conditions of buffer and pH showed a single band when stained for protein while electrophoresis under denaturing conditions resulted in bands of apparent Mr 60,000 and 31,000. The enzyme is a glycoprotein containing about 5.6% hexose. In addition to mannose (3.1%) and glucosamine (2.0%), the enzyme also contained small amounts of glucose, fucose, and galactose. Chemical analysis indicated the absence of sialic acid. The substrate specificity of the purified enzyme was investigated using linear and branched mannose-containing oligosaccharides. The enzyme cleaved linear oligosaccharides [Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1 3)Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc and Man(alpha 1-2)Man(alpha 1-3)Man(beta 1-4)GlcNAc] very efficiently. However, little or no activity was observed toward high mannose oligosaccharides (Man9GlcNAc through Man5GlcNAc) or the branched trimannosyl derivative Man3GlcNAc. This specificity is very similar to that observed with rat kidney lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase. Additional evidence that the epididymal enzyme is essentially a lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase is the fact that polyclonal antibody prepared against the purified epididymal enzyme cross-reacted with lysosomal alpha-D-mannosidase from several rat tissues and with acidic alpha-D mannosidase of a human cell line, results suggesting that the antibody will be useful in studying the biosynthesis and turnover of lysosomal alpha-D mannosidases in at least two species. PMID- 3196038 TI - Purification and characterization of prephenate aminotransferase from Anchusa officinalis cell cultures. AB - Prephenate aminotransferase (PAT) from rosmarinic acid-producing cell cultures of Anchusa officinalis has been purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity using a combination of high-performance anion-exchange, chromatofocusing, and gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme has a native molecular weight of 220,000 and subunit molecular weights of 44,000 and 57,000, indicating a possible alpha 2 beta 2 subunit structure. The purified PAT displays high affinity for prephenate (Km = 80 microM) but could also utilize other aromatic alpha-keto acids at less than 20% the rate with prephenate. L-Aspartate (Km = 80 microM) is about three times as effective as L-glutamate as amino-donor substrate. Anchusa PAT is not subject to feedback inhibition from L-phenylalanine or tyrosine, but its activity is affected by a rosmarinic acid metabolite, 3,4 dihydroxyphenyllactic acid. PMID- 3196039 TI - [Hormone receptor system]. AB - The expression, structure and function of estrogen receptor (ER), and the mechanism of action of hormonal treatments of breast cancer were discussed in order to formulate the rationale for the hormonal treatment of patients with advanced and/or recurrent breast cancer. The ER molecule were not observed in the epithelial cells of normal breast tissues, but they appeared in the cells of either hyperplastic adenosis or cancer. The ER negative cells, however, were existed in some degree even in ER rich cases. The ER staining was positive during almost all stages of cell cycle of ER positive breast cancer cell line. The estrogen-dependent growth of breast cancer has been proven to be mediated with the ER system. The structural change of ER after binding with estradiol provokes the expression of growth relating protein genes and put the cells into the DNA synthetic stage of cell cycle. On the other hand, the mechanism of action of hormonal treatment of breast cancer is mainly demonstrated through the interference on the function of ER. The cells sensitive to hormonal treatment are stabilized within the G0-G1 stages of cell cycle. The hormone non-dependent cells escape from these effects of treatment. Therefore, the exclusive hormonal treatment has only a limited indication for patients with advanced or recurrent breast cancer. Concomitant chemoendocrine therapy should be as the treatment of choice in those cases. The suitable combination of drugs, the duration of treatment, the sequential administration or withdrawal of drugs, should be analyzed. The possible usefulness of "missile therapy" targeting ER or growth factors using radio-labeled estradiol or anti-growth factor antibodies was suggested. PMID- 3196040 TI - [Serum deoxythymidine kinase in hematological malignancy]. AB - A recently developed deoxythymidine kinase (TK) assay, utilizing 125I-iodo deoxyuridine as a substrate, was used in the investigation of sera from 57 healthy persons and 46 patients with hematological malignancies. All but one sample drawn from normal adults had TK activities below 10 U/l (4.75 +/- 1.60 U/l) On the other hand, most TK activities in patient sera were remarkably elevated. Interestingly, the TK activities in non-remission and acute phase were especially high in contrast with those in remission and chronic phase. The TK activities in the supernatants derived from cultured and frozen leukemic cells were significantly higher than those in the supernatants derived from lymphocytes and spleen cells. These results suggest that the high level of TK activity in patient sera comes from malignant cells and serves as a good marker for tumor mass. PMID- 3196041 TI - [The influence of sodium thiosulfate on the antitumor effect of cisplatin in human gastric cancer cell lines]. AB - It is well known that the sodium thiosulfate (STS) decrease not only the nephrotoxicity which is a dose limiting factor of cisplatin (CDDP) chemotherapy but also its antitumor activity. Therefore, we examined the antitumor effect of CDDP in the human gastric cancer cell lines under various concentrations of STS. The cell lines used were KATO-III, MKN 28, MKN 45 and MKN 74. The consistency of STS in relation to CDDP (2.0 ng/ml) was 25-250 fold-molar ratio. The chemosensitivity of CDDP was positive in the 3 cell lines, KATO-III, MKN 28 and KATO-III in order. When STS was used with 50 fold-molar ratio in KATO-III and MKN 28 and 100 fold in MKN 45, a CDDP colony inhibition rate of more than 80% was maintained. This results suggest that the antitumor effect of CDDP will not be suppressed not so much when the low dose of STS was used in CDDP with STS chemotherapy, even though used through the same route of administration and simultaneously. PMID- 3196042 TI - [Evaluation of adjuvant chemotherapy of osteosarcoma with special reference to adriamycin (final report)]. AB - Adjuvant chemotherapy mainly with ADR performed in 117 patients (pts) with primary osteosarcoma of the extremity for the purpose of preventing pulmonary metastasis after radical ablative surgery. The mean follow-up period for 117 pts was 51.7 months (range: 3 to 137), for 53 survivors, 90.1 months (range: 60 to 137) and for 64 decreased, 20.5 months (range: 3 to 73). ADR was administered intravenously with 0.6-0.8 mg/kg/day for 3 consecutive days at monthly intervals after surgery until reaching 600 or 500 mg/m2 of the total cumulative dose. Five year overall and disease-free survival rate of all pts was 50.2% and 39.4%, respectively. Thirty-seven pts (multi-drug group) with the combination of ADR and HDMTX had a higher survival rate (63.1% in 5-year overall survival rate and 47.8% in 5-year disease-free survival rate) than that of 80 pts with ADR alone (ADR group) (44.4% in 5-year overall survival rate and 35.6% in 5-year disease-free survival rate). Five-year survival rate for 65 pts administered the greater than 500 mg of ADR was 59.3% compared to 36.9% for 52 pts the less than 500 mg (p less than 0.05). In 65 pts administered the greater than 500 mg of ADR, 5-year survival rate (76.5%) of the multidrug group (17 pts) showed superiority to that 52.1%) of the ADR group (48 pts) (p less than 0.01). Even in the multi-drug group, 5-year survival rate (76.5%) of 17 pts administered the greater than 500 mg of ADR was higher than that (41.3%) of 20 pts given the less than 500 mg (p less than 0.01). Distant metastases were recognized at lung in 52 pts (lung group), lung + extrapulmonary organs in 14 (+ extragroup), and only extrapulmonary organs in 3 (extra group). Five-year survival rate of 66 pts with pulmonary metastasis was 17.1% and 21.2% in the lung group compared with 0% of the extra group (P less than 0.01). Five-year survival rate for 23 pts treated with thoracotomy was 43.5% compared to 2.6% for 43 without it (p less than 0.01). PMID- 3196043 TI - [Studies on an appropriate intra thoracic administration of cisplatin and sodium thiosulfate in malignant pleural effusion]. AB - Twenty-eight patients with malignant pleural effusion received instillation of cisplatin (CDDP) into the pleural cavity to examine the pharmacokinetics and side effects of CDDP Thirteen patients received high-dose CDDP (120 mg/m2-160 mg/m2) in combination with sodium thiosulfate (STS), while 15 others received CDDP alone (80 mg/m2). Total Pt and non-protein-bound Pt (free Pt) concentrations in the pleural effusion and plasma were determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. In one patient, Pt concentrations of intact CDDP and STS-bound CDDP were determined using high performance liquid chromatography and flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. Instillation of CDDP at 160 mg/m2 into the pleural cavity was achieved by concurrent use of STS in the large dose (STS 20 g/m2 1 hr later, totalling 625-fold molar ratio to CDDP). When CDDP was combined with STS, there was alleviation in hematological, renal and auditory toxicity but not in nausea, vomiting or anorexia. When CDDP was instillated into the pleural cavity at 150 mg/m2 (in combination with STS equivalent to 200-fold molar ratio to CDDP), a high Pt concentration of intact CDDP could be maintained in the pleural effusion over a prolonged period of time, recording 8.80 micrograms/ml even as late as 12 hr after instillation. On the other hand nearly all of the free Pt concentration for the first 2 hr was considered to be due to intact CDDP. Once systemically administered, STS quickly moved into the pleural effusion, binding with CDDP in the pleural cavity and thus probably reducing its anti-tumor effect. STS did not greatly affect the plasma concentration of total Pt when it was administered at a 100-fold molar ratio to CDDP, yielding only p poor effect. Our findings suggest that malignant pleural effusion could be effectively treated by the instillation of CDDP 80 mg/m2 into the pleural cavity. PMID- 3196044 TI - [Combined immuno-radio-chemotherapy of head and neck non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]. AB - Twenty-one previously untreated cases, who underwent the same protocol at our department from January 1984 until December 1986, were investigated. The following results were obtained. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma accounted for 10.5% of all the head and neck malignant tumors at our department. The age range was from 23 to 76 years of age and had a peak in the forties. Fourteen were male and seven were female. According to the stage distribution, six cases were stage I (28.6%), nine were stage II (42.9%), four were stage III (19.0%) and two were stage IV (9.5%). Stage I and II accounted for 71.4%. By site grouping, palatine tonsil and nasal cavity accounted for 38.1%, respectively. Surgical therapy was presumably useful for a solitary lesion which resisted all conservative therapies. By combined therapy with radiotherapy, VAPE-Chemotherapy and OK-432-immunotherapy, the survival rates were 100% (stage I), 77.8% (Stage II), 50% (stage III) and 50% (stage IV). The mean survival rate was 76.2%. PMID- 3196045 TI - [Therapeutic effect of ranimustine (MCNU) on essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera]. AB - Seven patients with essential thrombocythemia and two patients with polycythemia vera were treated with ranimustine (MCNU). MCNU was given intravenously by drip infusion at a dose of 40-80 mg/m2 with intervals arranged in terns of the counts of both white blood cell and platelets. All cases with essential thrombocythemia obtained complete response, but the cases with polycythemia vera needed the combination of phlebotomy. The therapeutic effects were maintained for 2-5 months. No serious side effect was recognized except in two cases (22%) of mild nausea. Our study indicates that MCNU is useful for chemotherapy of chronic myeloproliferative disorders, especially, essential thrombocythemia. PMID- 3196046 TI - [A case of chronic adult T-cell leukemia benefited by small doses of MEPP]. AB - A 59-year-old man diagnosed as a chronic ATL with cutaneous invasion, was treated with small doses of CPM, ADM, VDS and PSL regimens according to CHOP. The treatment was successful and achieved PR at the first stage of the therapy, but it became refractory later. He was then treated with small MEPP (MXT, VP-16, CDDP and PSL) as the salvage therapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This case suggested that small MEPP might be a useful combination chemotherapy for ATL. PMID- 3196047 TI - Increased recall rate at screening for congenital hypothyroidism in breast fed infants born to iodine overloaded mothers. AB - Skin disinfection with povidine-iodine (PVP-I) is widely used in obstetrics. We evaluated the influence of PVP-I in mothers at delivery on the serum thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations of their infants at the time of screening for congenital hypothyroidism. The study covered 4745 infants who were either breast fed (3659, 77%) or bottle fed (1086, 23%); 3086 (65%) of them were born to mothers with no iodine overload (controls) and 1659 (35%) to mothers with iodine overload. Compared with the control group, the breast and bottle fed infants born to mothers with iodide overload had a shift of neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone concentration towards high values. The shift was maximal in the breast fed infants with a 25 to 30 fold increase in the recall rate at screening for congenital hypothyroidism (serum thyroid stimulating hormone greater than 50 mU/l) while in the bottle fed infants, the recall rate was barely modified. In conclusion, the use of PVP-I in mothers at delivery induces a transient impairment of thyroid function in their infants, especially if breast fed. This situation is detrimental to screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Consequently PVP-I is not recommended in obstetrics. PMID- 3196048 TI - Methionyl human growth hormone in Turner's syndrome. AB - Sixteen girls with Turner's syndrome aged 7.9-15.2 years (bone ages 7.0-11.8 years) were given methionyl growth hormone (somatrem) 4 IU/m2 body surface daily, corresponding to 0.9 IU/kg/week. During one year of treatment their mean (SD) height velocity increased from 3.4 (0.9) to 7.2 (1.7) cm/year and height prediction from 148.2 (4.4) to 150.0 (4.4) cm. All the girls except one had a height velocity increment of more than 2 cm/year and these velocities are above the age references for girls with Turner's syndrome. The girl with a low growth response had antibodies against growth hormone with high binding capacity (3.7 U/l). The height velocity increment was inversely correlated with age and bone age, but this might be partly due to the somewhat higher dosage/m2 body surface and kg body weight that the younger patients were given because of the rounding off of the dose. The better results of our study compared with those of other workers who used similar dosages but did not give the drug as often suggest that giving it daily might have increased the growth response as it does in children deficient in growth hormone. PMID- 3196049 TI - Faecal chymotrypsin concentrations in neonates with cystic fibrosis and healthy controls. AB - Specimens of meconium and random stools were collected sequentially from 25 healthy newborn babies over the first 8-14 days of life. The stool chymotrypsin concentrations increased from birth to a maximum at 4 days of age and then fell again over the next four days. The lowest individual stool concentrations either side of the four day peak were both, coincidentally, 120 micrograms/g stool. In a second group of 22 newborn babies suspected of meconium ileus and later confirmed to have cystic fibrosis, faecal chymotrypsin concentrations were all appreciably reduced. In eight babies, also with suspected meconium ileus but with negative sweat tests, chymotrypsin concentrations were within the healthy newborn range. Measuring faecal chymotrypsin concentrations is a reliable procedure for identifying pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in the newborn. PMID- 3196050 TI - Biotinidase deficiency: a survey of 10 cases. AB - Ten patients with biotinidase deficiency were studied. Clinical findings at presentation varied with dermatological signs (dermatitis and alopecia), neurological abnormalities (fits, hypotonia, and ataxia), and recurrent infections being the most common features, although none of these occurred in every case. Biochemically the disease is characterised by metabolic acidosis and organic aciduria. Treatment with biotin results in pronounced, rapid, clinical and biochemical improvement, but some patients have residual neurological damage comprising neurosensory hearing loss, visual pathway defects, ataxia, and mental retardation. The cause of this permanent damage remains obscure and it is not clear if the early introduction of treatment will prevent it. PMID- 3196051 TI - Sudden death in incomplete Kawasaki's disease. AB - A boy of 12 years died suddenly of myocardial infarction, which was due to coronary artery aneurysm typical of Kawasaki's arteritis. Two years earlier he had an obscure illness, recognised retrospectively as incomplete Kawasaki's disease. We recommend routine echocardiography even if only one or two features of the syndrome are present. PMID- 3196052 TI - A new chart for weight control in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - Weight control is desirable in the muscle wasting conditions. A new chart is presented to allow the prediction of an ideal weight, free of excess fat, specifically for boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PMID- 3196053 TI - Does ABO incompatibility matter? AB - The incidence and severity (peak serum bilirubin concentration) of clinically detectable jaundice was determined retrospectively in 110 elution positive cases of ABO incompatibility. Neither the incidence nor the severity of jaundice in the study group differed significantly from a control group. In the individual case Coombs positivity and/or a strongly positive elution test may be a helpful predictor of jaundice occurring but not of its severity. PMID- 3196054 TI - Ataxic cerebral palsy and genetic predisposition. AB - It was calculated that in the 962 family members of 36 patients with ataxic cerebral palsy there were 75 (8%) with a history of neurodevelopmental disorder and 31 (3%) with a major congenital malformation. This was not significantly greater than expected, and does not support the hypothesis of a genetic non Mendelian role in the aetiology of ataxic cerebral palsy. PMID- 3196055 TI - Glucagon for hypoglycaemia in infants small for gestational age. AB - Twenty five infants who were small for gestational age received glucagon (0.5 mg/day by continuous infusion) in the treatment of hypoglycaemia. Twenty responded within three hours with a rise in blood glucose concentration to above 4 mmol/l. Five subjects subsequently required hydrocortisone to maintain glucose concentrations. Rebound hypoglycaemia occurred in nine infants after rapid discontinuation of glucagon or interruption of the intravenous infusions. Response was poor after maternal beta blockade. PMID- 3196056 TI - Acute pneumonia in Zimbabwe: bacterial isolates by lung aspiration. AB - Forty children, aged 2 months to 11 years, with severe acute pneumonia were investigated by needle aspiration of the lung. Fourteen organisms were isolated in only 13 patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated in six patients, Staphylococcus aureus in three, and Haemophilus influenzae in two. Two patients had mixed organisms. PMID- 3196057 TI - Disseminated BCG in HIV infection. AB - A boy, born to a mother with AIDS related complex, was immunised with BCG on the 10th day of life. At the age of 4 months he presented with a local enlarged lymph node, fever, hypotonia, and diarrhoea. Mycobacterium bovis, BCG strain, was grown from the lymph node and cerebrospinal fluid; this proved dissemination. PMID- 3196058 TI - Much data but limited information in the NHS. PMID- 3196059 TI - Establishing breast feeding in hospital. AB - The experience and practice of the author is described in her appointment as a breast feeding advisor to the paediatric and obstetric units at University College Hospital with special responsibility for supervising infant feeding, especially breast feeding in the maternity unit. During 1980-5 there were 13,185 mothers whose babies fed. The feeding method of 12,842 mothers was recorded on discharge from the postnatal wards and 77% were breast feeding; only 3% of these mothers gave complement feeds of infant formula. The practices in the maternity wards to enable mothers to establish successful breast feeding and the methods of dealing with common problems of breast feeding are described. PMID- 3196060 TI - Vegetarian weaning. Nutrition Standing Committee of the British Paediatric Association. PMID- 3196061 TI - Rearing children. PMID- 3196062 TI - Use of growth hormone. PMID- 3196063 TI - Inequalities in child health. PMID- 3196065 TI - Diarrhoea due to breast milk: case of fucose intolerance? PMID- 3196064 TI - Phototherapy and the use of heat shields. PMID- 3196066 TI - Withdrawal of iodinated disinfectants at delivery decreases the recall rate at neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism. PMID- 3196067 TI - Transient hyperoxia and cerebral blood flow velocity in infants born prematurely and at full term. AB - Little is known about the effects of hyperoxia on the cerebral circulation of human infants. Using duplex Doppler we measured the changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in a group of full term (n = 15) and premature infants (n = 17, median gestational age 31 weeks) in response to a transient threefold increase in oxygen tension. Measurements of blood gas tensions as well as blood pressure and cerebral blood flow velocity were made over a period of 20 minutes on three occasions for each infant; during normal oxygenation, hyperoxia, and normal oxygenation. There was a fall in cerebral blood flow velocity in 15 of the 17 premature infants with hyperoxia and the median reduction was 0.06 cm/second for every 1 kPa increase in oxygen tension. There was no significant change in either PCO2 or blood pressure during the period of hyperoxia. The cerebral blood flow velocity fell in all 15 infants born at full term during hyperoxia, but there was a simultaneous and significant reduction in PCO2 at the same time as the hyperoxia. Analysis of variance suggested that in the infants born at full term the change in carbon dioxide had most effect in the reduction of cerebral blood flow velocity, rather than the hyperoxia itself. We conclude that in premature infants, cerebral vascular resistance may be altered by a fall in cerebral blood flow velocity in the presence of hyperoxia. PMID- 3196068 TI - Echocardiographic diagnosis of fetal heart defects in mid trimester. AB - One hundred and thirty five consecutive fetuses of between 16 and 23 weeks' gestation that were considered to be at high risk of having structural heart defects were examined prospectively to determine the reliability of echocardiography for diagnosing such defects in mid trimester. Each echocardiogram was done in a standard manner and cardiac anatomy was analysed segmentally. Twelve fetuses were excluded from analysis because of lack of follow up. Of the remaining 123 fetuses, 109 had no evidence of heart disease when followed up. In this group the prenatal echocardiogram was normal in 105 and technically inadequate in four; thus there were no false positive diagnoses of heart disease in fetuses subsequently shown to have normal hearts. Fourteen had heart defects at follow up. The serious defect was correctly diagnosed prenatally in 10 of 14 cases, whereas in the other four the prenatal echocardiogram was considered normal. Some errors were made in diagnosing associated segmental defects particularly if the heart disease was complicated. Therapeutic abortion was carried out in seven cases; in five of the fetuses the prenatally diagnosed heart defect was the sole or an important contributing reason for the abortion. We conclude that echocardiography is a reliable method for diagnosing many heart defects in the mid trimester. PMID- 3196071 TI - Weight, length, and head circumference curves for boys and girls of between 20 and 42 weeks' gestation. AB - The value of available growth curves for preterm infants is limited because they exclude infants of less than 28 weeks' gestation. We describe growth curves for weight, length, and head circumference for boys and girls of between 20 and 42 weeks' gestation. PMID- 3196069 TI - Neonatal outcome after prolonged rupture of the membranes starting in the second trimester. AB - The neonatal outcomes of 30 pregnancies that were complicated by premature and prolonged rupture of the membranes that had started in the second trimester of pregnancy, were reviewed. The neonatal mortality was 11 (36%), the main cause of death being pulmonary hypoplasia. Two infants died of sepsis, but these were the only proved episodes of maternal or fetal infection. Of the survivors, 27% developed compressive limb abnormalities, all of which responded to passive physiotherapy. Pulmonary hypoplasia was significantly associated with earlier onset of rupture of the membranes, and the absence of fetal breathing movements. Compressive limb abnormalities were significantly associated with longer periods of oligohydramnios. We conclude that premature rupture of the membranes, even with onset in the second trimester, may be associated with a favourable outcome and this may be predicted by the persistence of fetal breathing movements. We therefore, recommend expectant management of such pregnancies, but suggest elective delivery at 34 weeks to limit fetal exposure to uterine compression and minimise the risks of prematurity. PMID- 3196070 TI - Retinopathy of prematurity: clinical implications of retinal development. PMID- 3196072 TI - Pansystolic murmur in the newborn: tricuspid regurgitation versus ventricular septal defect. AB - Neonates with a pansystolic murmur who had Doppler echocardiography were reviewed. Ten infants had tricuspid regurgitation (detected at a mean age of 25 hours), 12 had a ventricular septal defect (detected at 65 hours), and seven had both. Tricuspid regurgitation is the more likely cause of a pansystolic murmur at the lower left sternal border in the first day of life. PMID- 3196073 TI - Lead in bone. IV. Distribution of lead in the human skeleton. AB - Flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to measure lead concentrations in samples from 5 selected human skeletal sites (tibia, skull, rib, ilium, and vertebra) obtained from 134 hospital autopsies. Lead was distributed unequally among the different bones in distinct patterns that were age-, and to some extent, sex-dependent. To estimate lead concentration of the entire skeleton, all skeletal bones were divided into 5 groups based on their approximate compact/trabecular bone ratios, considering each of our 5 sampled sites to be the prototype for each such group. Regression analysis of the 10 possible bone site pair values at different ages yielded age-related constants. These constants were incorporated into an equation we developed that can be used both to estimate mean skeletal lead concentration (Pb) of the entire body skeleton and also to predict the lead concentration at any of the other 4 bone sites if any 1 of the 5 is measured. Applications of these data to in vivo bone lead measurements are detailed with respect to selection of the site to be measured, estimation of total skeletal lead burden, anticipated variations or error, and dependence of these factors on age and sex of the sampled population. PMID- 3196074 TI - Neurobehavioral estimation of children with life-long increased lead exposure. AB - A battery of neurobehavioral examinations was carried out on 30 children who were 6-11 yr of age and who had resided near a lead smelter all their lives. Their blood lead levels were 35-60 micrograms/100 ml and erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels were greater than 100 micrograms/100 ml. Neurological examination revealed that they had a significantly higher incidence of pathological findings (e.g., muscle hypotonia, increased tendon reflexes, dysarthria, and dysdiadochokinesia) than children from an unpolluted area who were matched for age, sex, family size, and educational and socioeconomic status of the parents, but who had normal erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels. The children with elevated blood lead levels showed, after assessment by the Oseretsky test, retardation of motor maturation; they also scored higher on the minimal brain damage scale of the Rutter behavioral questionnaire. These differences persisted at a 4-yr follow-up, and their school performance was consistently poorer than that of the controls. PMID- 3196075 TI - Hair trace elements and mental retardation among children. AB - The calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and copper content found in scalp hair of 40 children with mental retardation were compared with 37 healthy normal children who were between the ages of 4 and 14 yr. The hair of children with mental retardation showed significantly lower levels of iron, copper, and magnesium (p less than .001) and higher levels of calcium (p less than .001). The zinc content did not differ between the two groups. The differences in levels of hair trace elements between normal children and those with mental retardation could be of particular interest in the investigation of the cause of mental retardation among children. PMID- 3196076 TI - Effect of metaproterenol sulfate on mild asthmatics' response to sulfur dioxide exposure and exercise. AB - Twenty asthmatic volunteers, most with mild disease, underwent dose-response studies with sulfur dioxide (SO2) under three pretreatment conditions: (1) drug (metaproterenol sulfate in aerosolized saline solution), (2) placebo (aerosolized saline only), and (3) no pretreatment. Sulfur dioxide exposure concentrations were 0.0, 0.3, and 0.6 ppm. Experimental conditions were presented in random order at 1-wk intervals. Exposures lasted 10 min with heavy continuous exercise. Lung function was measured at baseline, after pretreatment (immediately pre exposure), immediately post-exposure, and during a 2-hr follow-up. Subjects could elect to take bronchodilators during follow-up. Symptoms were monitored before, during, and for 1 wk after exposure. With no pretreatment, subjects exhibited typical exercise-induced bronchospasm at 0.0 ppm, slightly increased responses at 0.3 ppm, and more marked increases at 0.6 ppm. Seven subjects took bronchodilator after 0.6-ppm exposures, compared to 2 at lower concentrations. Within 30 min post-exposure, most subjects' symptoms and lung function had returned to near pre exposure levels. A similar sequence was observed when subjects received placebo. Drug pretreatment improved lung function relative to baseline, prevented bronchoconstrictive responses at 0.0 and 0.3 ppm, and greatly mitigated responses at 0.6 ppm. Thus, typical bronchodilator usage by asthmatics is likely to reduce their response to ambient SO2 pollution. PMID- 3196077 TI - A comparison of actual and perceived residential proximity to toxic waste sites. AB - Studies of Memphis and Three Mile Island have noted a positive association between actual residential distance and public concern about exposure to the potential of contamination, whereas none was found at Love Canal. In this study, concern about environmental contamination and exposure was examined in relation to both perceived and actual proximity to a toxic waste disposal site (TWDS). It was hypothesized that perceived residential proximity would better predict concern levels that would actual residential distance. The data were abstracted from a New York State, excluding New York City, survey using all respondents (N = 317) from one county known to have a large number of TWDSs. Using linear regression, the variance explained in concern scores was 22 times higher with perceived distance than for actual distance. Perceived residential distance was a significant predictor of concern scores, while actual distance was not. However, perceived distance explained less than 5% of the variance in concern scores. PMID- 3196078 TI - Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in U.S. Navy personnel. AB - Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are one of the most commonly occurring cancers in the age groups heavily represented in the U.S. Navy. The Navy has a wide range of potential occupational exposures. This study was initiated to identify any occupational associations of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas that may adversely affect naval readiness. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of non Hodgkin's lymphomas in U.S. Navy active duty enlisted personnel during the period 1974-1983 with the general U.S. population, and to assess if risk varied by naval occupation or length of service. The Naval Health Research Center's computer based disease registry was used to conduct a prospective study of all white U.S. Navy enlisted men during 1974-1983 to test for the existence of any short-term risk possibly due to occupation. Men in 80 occupations, ranging from clerk to journalist to machinist and boiler operator were observed for 3,704,864 person years; mean length of service was 5.1 yr, but 19% of person-years were contributed by men who had served at least 11 yr. Incident cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were identified and verified using Medical Board findings or review of original medical records. Average annual age-specific and age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated. Examination of pathology records and medical review boards confirmed 68 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The annual age-adjusted incidence rate per 100,000 person-years in Navy men was significantly lower than in the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) population, probably due to screening and other selection factors associated with Navy service that result in a healthy worker effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196079 TI - Influence of heart rate on left ventricular dp/dt following 1,1,1-trichloroethane inhalation. AB - The effect of acute 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCE) inhalation on left ventricular contractility and influence on heart rate were investigated in anesthetized dogs. In the acute inhalation experiment, a decrease in the maximum left ventricular dp/dt (peak dp/dt) was observed following inhalation of higher 1,1,1-TCE contentrations. The threshold concentration of 1,1,1-TCE that decreased peak dp/dt was approximately 0.2% in inspired air. A dose-response relationship was observed between the decrease in peak dp/dt and 1,1,1-TCE concentration. Heart rate recorded simultaneously increased with relatively low concentrations and decreased with higher concentrations. Increase or decrease in peak dp/dt was observed to be dependent on changes in heart rate induced by right atrial pacing. Thus, the degree of the decrease in peak dp/dt during pacing experiments was compared with those of nonpacing experiments. At low concentrations, peak dp/dt during pacing decreased more than in nonpacing experiments. With higher concentrations, the decreases in peak dp/dt during pacing was slightly less than in the nonpacing experiments. Heart rate may be important in regulating peak dp/dt for relatively low 1,1,1-TCE concentrations. However, the effect of heart rate on peak dp/dt is slight at higher concentrations. PMID- 3196080 TI - Influence of diet with different lipid composition on neutrophil chemiluminescence and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Neutrophil chemiluminescence was determined in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Twelve patients were randomly assigned either to a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids supplemented with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids or to a diet high in saturated fatty acids. A correlation with clinical and laboratory parameters is also reported. No statistical difference was observed in neutrophil chemiluminescence and in clinical parameters in the group of patients treated with a diet high in saturated fatty acids. Fish oil ingestion resulted in subjective alleviation of active rheumatoid arthritis and reduction of neutrophil chemiluminescence. This study corroborates the hypothesis of an anti-inflammatory role for polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. PMID- 3196081 TI - Chondronectin in human synovial fluid. AB - Chondronectin is a cartilage matrix protein that specifically mediates the attachment of chondrocytes to type II collagen. A monoclonal antibody to chondronectin was used in a competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot assay to detect, measure, and characterise chondronectin in human synovial fluid. Chondronectin was detected in all 18 rheumatoid and 11 osteoarthritic synovial fluids examined. Chondronectin concentrations in synovial fluid were lower than those in plasma and correlated most strongly with concentrations of synovial fluid albumin and fibrinogen. These results suggest that synovial fluid chondronectin is in part derived from plasma. The role of chondronectin as a marker of cartilage destruction and potential mediator of pannus formation is discussed. PMID- 3196083 TI - Predictive clinical and laboratory parameters for serum zinc and copper in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Zinc and copper have important effects on T cell mediated immunity and on neutrophil function, but it is not known how the causes or effects, of low serum zinc and high serum copper relate to the clinical picture of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study serum zinc and copper determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and 30 other clinical, immunological, and laboratory parameters in 60 patients with RA were analysed by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Joint score index, rheumatoid factor titre, seropositivity, haemoglobin, and C reactive protein (CRP) were among the nine independent variables which together predicted 73% of the serum zinc variation. This suggests that there is an association between the immune-inflammatory rheumatoid process and the serum zinc concentration. CRP alone had only a 3% independent predicting value for serum zinc, however. This suggests that metallothionein mediated sequestration in the liver, induced by interleukin 1, is not an important explanatory factor in a cross sectional study of chronic inflammation. Furthermore, serum zinc did not have any predictive value at all for serum copper concentration. This does not support the hypothesis suggesting that serum zinc deficiency leads to high serum copper by inducing gastrointestinal metallothionein and high caeruloplasmin. PMID- 3196082 TI - Activation of neutral metalloprotease in human osteoarthritic knee cartilage: evidence for degradation in the core protein of sulphated proteoglycan. AB - The neutral, metal dependent, proteoglycan degrading enzymes (NMPEs) in human osteoarthritic knee cartilage homogenates were activated by p-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA). The resultant effect on the structure of newly synthesised and already existing sulphated proteoglycan was measured. Newly synthesised and already existing proteoglycan aggregated to hyaluronic acid was reduced (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05 respectively) when measured by chromatography on Sepharose CL-2B eluted with associative buffer. The APMA activated enzyme affected both the newly synthesised and already existing proteoglycan aggregate similarly (r = 0.79, p less than 0.001). Treatment of cartilage homogenates with APMA and 1,10-phenanthroline (10 mM) showed that the amount of aggregated proteoglycan was at the control level. The hydrodynamic size of the proteoglycan monomer (A1D1) was also reduced by treatment of cartilage homogenates with APMA. Reaggregation experiments with fraction A1D1 and exogenous hyaluronic acid and link protein showed a similar defect in forming proteoglycan aggregates. These data showed that activation of the NMPEs altered the structure of proteoglycan in two ways. The most consistent change was a reduction in the ability of proteoglycan to form aggregates with hyaluronic acid. This was likely to have occurred via a cleavage of the core protein in or around the hyaluronic acid binding globular domain. A second alteration probably includes a limited proteolytic cleavage in the remainder of the core protein. PMID- 3196084 TI - Immune mediated mechanism for thrombosis: antiphospholipid antibody binding to platelet membranes. AB - Because thrombocytopenia occurs frequently in patients with anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies and thrombosis, some investigators have proposed that aCL antibodies may play a direct part in thrombosis by binding and activating platelets. To test this proposal experiments were performed to determine whether aCL antibodies can bind platelets. Preincubation of aCL positive sera with freeze-thawed platelets caused significant inhibition of aCL activity in four serum samples tested. Antibodies with cardiolipin binding activity were subsequently eluted from these platelets. Total phospholipids extracted from platelets inhibited aCL activity, and the specific phospholipids bound were shown to be phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylinositol. It is concluded that aCL antibodies can bind phospholipids in platelet membranes but pertubation of the membrane must first occur. PMID- 3196085 TI - Infection of a prosthetic knee joint with Peptostreptococcus magnus. AB - Infection of a prosthetic knee joint with Peptostreptococcus magnus in an immunosuppressed patient with rheumatoid arthritis is described. The organism is a skin commensal, generally thought to be of low pathogenicity; the difficulty in making the diagnosis is emphasised. PMID- 3196086 TI - Expanded Fc receptor bearing 'third population' lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: analysis by cell partitioning in two-polymer aqueous phase systems. PMID- 3196087 TI - Pulse steroid therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3196089 TI - Hematuria. A marker of abdominal injury in children after blunt trauma. AB - The clinical significance of hematuria after blunt trauma was studied in 378 consecutive children evaluated by computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen. Clinical and demographic data, as well as indications for CT (such as hematuria, abdominal tenderness, distention, contusions, and abrasions) were recorded prospectively at the time of CT examination. Hematuria was present in 256 children (68%). Of these, 168 (66%) had microscopic blood (greater than or equal to 10 RBC/HPF), 52 (20%) had a positive dip-stick (less than 10 RBC/HPF), and 36 (14%) had gross hematuria. Both the presence and increasing amount of blood in the urine were associated with significantly higher risk for abdominal injury, multiple organ trauma, and renal injury. Yet when asymptomatic hematuria was the only indication for CT examination, the risk of any abdominal injury was negligible (0 of 41 patients). The presence and severity of hematuria can be useful markers of underlying abdominal injury only in association with other suggestive clinical signs and symptoms. Asymptomatic hematuria is a low-yield indication for abdominal CT in children with blunt abdominal trauma. PMID- 3196088 TI - Perioperative blood transfusions are associated with decreased time to recurrence and decreased survival after resection of colorectal liver metastases. AB - Data from fifty-five patients who had hepatic resections for colorectal liver metastases at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) were analyzed to determine the effect of perioperative blood transfusions on disease recurrence and overall survival. Besides blood transfusions, other factors included in the analysis were size, number, and distribution of metastases, margin status of resected metastases, length of disease-free interval, Duke's stage of the primary tumor, type of hepatic resection, and anesthesia time. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, the amount of blood transfused was found to be a significant prognostic factor. For each additional unit of blood transfused the risk of disease recurrence and death was increased by 5% (p = 0.0015) and 7% (p = 0.0013), respectively. The median disease-free survival for patients who received 3-5, 6-10, and greater than or equal to 11 transfused units was 26, 12.1, and 11.4 months, respectively. The median overall survival for patients who received 3-5, 6-10, and greater than or equal to 11 transfused units was greater than 44, 39.2, and 33.6 months, respectively. The number of resected nodules (1-2 vs. greater than or equal to 3), type of resection (anatomic lobectomy vs. wedge resection), and nodule size (less than or equal to 3.0 cm vs. greater than 3.0 cm) were additional factors that were further evaluated to determine the effect of blood transfusions. Analyses stratified for each of these factors revealed that patients who received greater than or equal to 11 units of blood had a significantly decreased disease-free and overall survival compared with patients who received 3-10 units of blood. It is concluded that the amount of perioperative blood transfused is an independent prognostic factor that adversely effects disease-free and overall survival. PMID- 3196090 TI - 24-hour ambulatory dual gastroduodenal pH monitoring. The role of acid in duodenal ulcer disease. AB - A new system for long-term, 24-hour, ambulatory dual gastroduodenal pH monitoring is described. Eighteen patients with active duodenal ulcers and ten healthy subjects were studied. Simultaneous gastric and duodenal bulb pH were measured during fasting, the ingestion of a solid meal, and for the remainder of the 24 hour period. The gastric pH profile was similar for both groups. There was no significant difference between the fasting duodenal bulb pH of the duodenal ulcer (DU) patients and controls. The daytime and nocturnal duodenal acid exposure was similar for both groups. The meal caused a similar pattern of duodenal acidification in both controls and DU patients, and acid neutralization appeared to be effective in DU patients. The role of acid in the duodenal bulb does not appear to be of primary pathophysiologic importance in duodenal ulcer disease. PMID- 3196091 TI - Pyloroplasty divides vagus nerve fibers to the greater curvature of the stomach. An axonal tracing study. AB - Recent studies have demonstrated the location in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (dmnX) of nerve cells that project preganglionic efferent vagus nerve fibers to the greater curvature of the stomach. Although it is clear that these fibers are contained within the vagus nerve trunks, the intra-abdominal pathways of these fibers are unknown. When a neurotracer was applied to the right gastroepiploic pedicle, nerve cells in the bilateral dmnX were labeled. If a preliminary anterior or posterior pyloroplasty was performed before the application of the neurotracer, cellular labeling was seen on the right or left side of the dmnX, respectively. Furthermore, division of the anterior Latarjet nerve eliminated labeling in cells of the left dmnX. This study demonstrates that the preganglionic vagus nerve fibers within the right gastroepiploic pedicle traverse an intramural course across the pylorus and are contained in the Latarjet nerve. PMID- 3196092 TI - Ulcerative colitis. Colorectal cancer risk in an unselected population. AB - One hundred twenty-seven patients were studied, representing the unselected population of patients with ulcerative colitis from a defined catchment area of about 70,000 inhabitants during 1961-1983. Seventy-seven patients had total colitis, and 50 patients had left-sided colitis. No prophylactic colectomy was performed. Despite this and a comprehensive follow-up of patients with long standing, extensive colitis, primary colorectal carcinomas were diagnosed in only three patients, all of whom had total colitis. This was significantly (p less than 0.001) more than the expected number of patients with colorectal cancer in this subgroup, namely, 0.13. There were no deaths in colorectal carcinoma. Factors determining completeness of inclusion are discussed, and it is concluded that, in an unselected series of patients with ulcerative colitis, close cancer surveillance is indicated, although prophylactic surgery does not seem to be generally warranted. PMID- 3196093 TI - Nd-YAG laser photoablation of sessile villous and tubular adenomas of the colorectum. AB - Neodymium (Nd)-YAG laser photoablation treatment was used to treat 46 patients with broad-based villous and tubular adenomas of the colon or rectum. These adenomas were distributed throughout the large bowel, with the majority (72%) located above the peritoneal reflection. Patients received an average of 2.1 treatments per adenoma, with 22 patients (48%) requiring only one treatment. Overall treatment success was achieved in 89% of cases (mean follow-up of 12 months), with four patients undergoing continued therapy. Of the patients who received a full course of treatment, only two (4%) were not taken to complete photoablation. Complications were minimal, and 92% of all laser treatments were done on an outpatient basis. Four patients had documented polyp recurrence that was controlled with additional laser treatment. Two patients with malignant polyps who were not surgical candidates were also treated with the laser, with no tumor recurrence seen at 11 and 14 months. Nd-YAG laser photoablation of large colonic polyps offers a safe, efficient, and cost-effective alternative to standard surgical resection. PMID- 3196095 TI - Abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery: the basic evaluation of cardiac risk. AB - The treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD) prior to abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery has reduced the operative mortality, but there is no consensus regarding how best to detect CAD. In this study, 160 patients with AAA were divided into 4 groups according to Goldman's weighted risk factors. All patients were evaluated for CAD by clinical and laboratory methods, including stress electrocardiogram (ECG) and radionuclide studies, and monitored perioperatively with serial ECGs, measurements of serum enzymes, filling pressures, and cardiac output. No one died, but 3.7% had myocardial infarct, 2.5% had heart failure, and 8.1% had arrhythmias. Cardiac complications were rare in patients without clinically evident CAD and in those in Goldman's classes I and II. It appears that patients without clinically detectable CAD can be operated upon with a low risk if they are carefully evaluated and monitored. PMID- 3196094 TI - The preperitoneal approach and prosthetic buttress repair for recurrent hernia. The evolution of a technique. AB - Repair of recurrent groin hernias is associated with a high incidence of repeat recurrences (2-19%). Reported herein is a 10-year experience of the management of recurrent groin hernias through the use of the preperitoneal approach with the addition of a reinforcing prosthetic mesh buttress. Two hundred and three recurrent groin hernias in 195 patients (192 men, three women) were treated between July 1975 and October 1986. The preperitoneal approach to the inguinal region was performed under regional anesthesia to define the nature of the recurrent hernia. Initial experience in a randomized trial between the use of local endogenous tissue repair versus endogenous repair with a prosthetic polypropylene mesh buttress demonstrated superiority of the latter in reducing repeat recurrences of anatomically defined direct or combined recurrent hernias. Pure indirect and femoral recurrences did not mandate mesh reinforcement. Long term follow-up was available for 115 hernias (56%) in 102 patients (52.3%) over a period of 6 months to 10 years. Eight patients had repeat recurrences a mean of 30 +/- 22 months after repair. Six recurrences (four direct, two indirect) occurred in an early experience, when no mesh was used. Two recurrences (one indirect and one lateral to the mesh) representing 1% of all hernias (1.7% of those followed-up) have occurred after routine use of the mesh buttress, with the last re-recurrence seen in December 1982. Three ventral hernias (1.5%) occurred at the wound of entry, but none have occurred since placement of the mesh was modified to cover this wound. There were five (2.5%) wound infections and one (0.5%) hydrocele with no re-recurrences. It is concluded that the preperitoneal approach to recurrent groin hernias, together with the appropriate use of a reinforcing mesh buttress, is safe, allows anatomic definition of the hernial defect, and is followed by few repeated recurrences. The evolution of this approach during the last 10 years has made it the procedure of choice for the management of all recurrent groin hernias at the University of Illinois College of Medicine. PMID- 3196096 TI - Aortic thrombosis in neonates and infants. AB - Aortic thrombosis in the neonate occurs most frequently as a complication of umbilical artery catheterization. There is still controversy concerning the appropriate management of this problem. Complications associated with umbilical artery cannulation are numerous and include renal failure, which may necessitate peritoneal dialysis. Because of this possibility, we illustrate and advocate a retroperitoneal approach to the abdominal aorta for thromboembolectomy. PMID- 3196097 TI - Effects of aspirin, dipyridamole, and cod liver oil on accelerated myointimal proliferation in canine veno-arterial allografts. AB - The effects of the administration of aspirin (ASA), dipyridamole (DPM), and cod liver oil (CLO) on graft patency rate and degree of intimal hyperplasia were investigated in a canine, hypercholesterolemic veno-arterial allograft model in an attempt to modify this immunologically mediated vascular injury. The drug regimens were ASA 1 mg/kg/day, DPM 10 mg/kg/day, combined ASA and DPM (ASA + DPM), and CLO (1.8 g/day eicosapentanoic acid [EPA] and 1.2 g/day docosahexanoic acid [DHA]), and control. The early angiographic patency rate (1-3 weeks) was 81% +/- 10% (+/- 70% confidence limits); the 90-day overall patency rate was 60% +/- 4% (87/144), with no statistically significant differences among the groups (range 46 +/- 10-71 +/- 9%). Qualitatively, there was no difference in luminal thrombus, intimal hemorrhage, or lesion eccentricity. Considering the relatively short time of graft implantation, an extensive amount of microscopic disease was observed; quantitatively, the mean intimal thickness was 515 +/- 17 microgram overall but was not statistically different between the groups. The fraction of potential lumenal area occupied by intimal thickening was 0.37 +/- 0.01 but again did not differ significantly between the groups. These doses of ASA, DPM, ASA + DPM, and CLO did not alter graft occlusion or retard the marked degree of subintimal myointimal cell hyperplasia that was generated in this hypercholesterolemic canine veno-arterial allograft preparation. Possible explanations for these negative findings include inadequate dosage or form of omega-3 fatty acids and the antiplatelet drugs administered, excessive variability in graft response due to uncharacterized immunologic histocompatibility, and the possible influence of non-platelet-mediated mechanisms. Nevertheless, this preparation is attractive as a reproducible model of accelerated (immunologically mediated) experimental arteriosclerosis. PMID- 3196098 TI - Limb ischemia-induced increase in permeability is mediated by leukocytes and leukotrienes. AB - This study tests the role of white blood cells (WBC) and leukotrienes in mediating the increased microvascular permeability following ischemia and reperfusion. Anesthetized dogs (n = 23) underwent 2 hours of hind limb ischemia induced by tourniquet inflation to 300 mmHg. In untreated animals (n = 7), tourniquet release led after 5 minutes to a rise in plasma thromboxane (Tx) B2 levels from 360 to 1702 pg/ml (p less than 0.05); after 2 hours, lymph TxB2 concentration had risen from 412 to 1598 pg/ml (p less than 0.05). There were decreases in circulating WBC from 11,766 to 6550/mm3 and platelets from 230 to 155 x 10(3)/mm3. During reperfusion, popliteal lymph flow (QL) increased from 0.07 to 0.24 ml/hour (p less than 0.05), while the lymph/plasma (L/P) protein ratio was unchanged from 0.39, changes consistent with increased microvascular permeability. WBC depletion (n = 7) to 302/mm3 by hydroxyurea or nitrogen mustard attentuated (p less than 0.05) the reperfusion induced rise in plasma TxB2 from 91 to 248 pg/ml and prevented the increase in lymph TxB2 concentration. Within 5 minutes of tourniquet release WBC counts further decreased to 191/mm3 (p less than 0.05) and platelets declined from 175 to 93 x 10(3)/mm3 (p less than 0.05). QL increased from 0.07 to 0.12 ml/hour (p less than 0.05), lower than untreated animals (p less than 0.05), and the L/P protein ratio declined from 0.49 to 0.37 (p less than 0.05), dilutional changes consistent with increased filtration pressure but not permeability to protein. Pretreatment with the lipoxygenase inhibitor diethylcarbamazine (DEC) (n = 8) prevented the reperfusion-induced increase in plasma and lymph TxB2 levels (p less than 0.05) and the fall in WBC counts (p less than 0.05), while platelet counts declined from 381 to 210 x 10(3)/mm3 (p less than 0.05). QL rose from 0.09 to 0.23 ml/hour (p less than 0.05) during reperfusion, and the L/P protein ratio of 0.3 remained unchanged, a value lower than in untreated dogs (p less than 0.05). In two animals of each group, vascular recruitment was induced by tourniquet inflation to 50 mmHg. This led to a high QL of 0.25 ml/hour and a low L/P ratio of 0.18. In untreated animals during reperfusion, QL further increased to 1.3 ml/hour, and L/P ratio rose to 0.44, documenting increased vascular permeability. In contrast, reperfusion in leukopenic or diethylcarbamazine (DEC)-treated dogs with vascular recruitment, was not associated with increases in QL or the L/P protein ratio.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3196099 TI - Lower torso ischemia-induced lung injury is leukocyte dependent. AB - Lower torso ischemia leads on reperfusion to sequestration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the lungs and increased permeability. This study tests the role of circulating leukocytes (WBC) in mediating this lung injury. Anesthetized sheep prepared with chronic lung lymph fistulae underwent 2 hours of bilateral hind limb tourniquet ischemia. In untreated controls (n = 7), 1 minute after reperfusion there were transient increases in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) from 13 to 38 mmHg (p less than 0.05) and pulmonary microvascular pressure (Pmv) from 7 to 18 mmHg (p less than 0.05), changes temporally related to a rise in plasma thromboxane (Tx) B2 levels from 211 to 735 pg/ml (p less than 0.05). Lung lymph TxB2 levels rose from 400 to 1005 pg/ml at 30 minutes (p less than 0.05), and remained elevated longer than plasma levels. Lung lymph flow (QL) rose from 4.3 to 8.3 ml/30 minutes (p less than 0.05) after 30 minutes of reperfusion and remained elevated for 2 hours. The lymph/plasma (L/P) protein ratio was unchanged from 0.6, while the lymph protein clearance increased from 2.6 to 4.6 ml/30 minutes (p less than 0.05), suggesting increased microvascular permeability. WBC counts decreased within the first hour of reperfusion from 6853 to 3796/mm3 (p less than 0.05), and lung histology after 2 hours showed proteinaceous exudates and leukosequestration of 62 PMN/10 high-powered fields (HPF), higher than the 22 PMN/10 HPF (p less than 0.05) in sham animals (n = 3). Recruitment of the pulmonary vasculature by left atrial balloon inflation (n = 3) resulted in a rise in MPAP to 20 mmHg. After 3 hours of balloon inflation, QL stabilized at 9.8 ml/15 minutes, and a pressure-independent L/P protein ratio of 0.3 was achieved. During reperfusion, QL increased further to 11.2 ml/15 minutes, the L/P ratio rose to 0.56 and the calculated osmotic reflection coefficient decreased from 0.70 to 0.44, documenting an increase in lung microvascular permeability. In contrast to these untreated ischemic controls, sheep (n = 7) rendered leukopenic with hydroxyurea or nitrogen mustard and having a total WBC count of 760/mm3 and PMN count of 150/mm3 did not manifest reperfusion-induced increases in MPAP, Pmv, QL, lymph protein clearance, or lung lymph. TxB2 level (p less than 0.05). Plasma TxB2 levels rose slightly at 30 minutes from 199 to 288 pg/ml (p less than 0.05). Lung histology was normal. These data indicate that WBC mediate the ischemia-induced increase in pulmonary microvascular permeability. PMID- 3196101 TI - Successful treatment of empyema thoracis with polymethylmethacrylate antibiotic impregnated beads in the guinea pig. AB - Two hundred nine Duncan-Harley guinea pigs had intrathoracic inoculation with 10(8) Staphylococcus aureus, accompanied by blood and umbilical tape. One hundred fifty-two animals were excluded because of clinical recovery, early death, or complications related to intrathoracic polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bead placement. The remaining 57 animals had clinical signs of empyema thoracis and were the subjects of this study. Group I animals (N = 24) served as the controls and had no therapy. Group II animals (N = 14) were treated by intrathoracic placement of placebo PMMA beads. Group III animals (N = 19) were treated by intrathoracic placement of tobramycin sulfate-impregnated PMMA beads. There were no differences between the groups in pleural reaction or pneumonia scores. These findings demonstrate a similar host response to the established infection. Group III, however, had a higher sterilization rate than Groups I and II (p less than 0.05), a finding underlining the therapeutic effect of tobramycin-treated PMMA beads. We conclude that intrathoracic local antimicrobial therapy with slow release tobramycin-impregnated PMMA beads may enhance empyema treatment by increasing the rate of local sterilization. More experiments are necessary to assess the efficacy of this potentially important therapeutic arm for the treatment of thoracic empyema. PMID- 3196100 TI - Oxygen as an isolated variable influences resistance to infection. AB - The relative importance of oxygen in relation to resistance to infection was assessed in 24 mongrel dogs. Rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (MC) and corresponding cutaneous random pattern (RP) flaps based at the level of the xiphoid were elevated, replaced, and sutured. Immediately after the surgical procedure, 0.1 ml saline containing 10(8) Staphylococcus aureus/ml was injected intradermally into six fields of each flap. After the operation, the dogs were caged in controlled environments with different oxygen concentrations at 12%, 21%, and 45% for 3 days. After 24, 48, and 72 hours, lesion size was measured. Different lesion size was noted between the hypoxic and the hyperoxic groups in the MC flaps from the first day on and in the RP flaps from the second day on (p less than 0.05). Resistance to infection with S. aureus is oxygen dependent, particularly when tissue PO2 is below 40 mmHg. PMID- 3196102 TI - Corrective repair of complete atrioventricular canal defects and major associated cardiac anomalies. AB - Twenty-nine patients with balanced forms of complete atrioventricular (AV) canal defects and tetralogy of Fallot in 12, double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) in 10, and additional anomalies associated with atrial isomerism in 7 underwent corrective repair. Age ranged from 39 days to 24 years (median, 3.7 years). Repair included reconstruction of the common AV valve in 25 patients and prosthetic valve replacement in 4. Construction of an intraventricular tunnel connecting the left ventricle with the aorta was accomplished in 23 of 25 patients with ventriculoarterial concordant or double-outlet connections. In 2 patients with situs inversus and associated DORV and in 4 patients in the isomerism group who had ventriculoarterial discordant connections, repair included intraatrial venous diversion by a modified Senning procedure in 2, a modified Mustard venous switch in 1, and a tailored atrial baffle in 3. A valved extracardiac conduit was required for repair in 4 patients. Partial anomalous systemic venous connection was repaired in 7 patients and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, in 5. There was 1 hospital death (3%) and 3 late deaths (11%). There was 1 (3.6%) reoperation to replace an incompetent right (systemic) AV valve 17 months postoperatively, and each of the 25 surviving patients was in New York Heart Association Functional Class I (80%) or II (20%) at follow-up. PMID- 3196103 TI - Ligation of the left atrial appendage using an automatic surgical stapler. AB - We investigated the use of an automatic surgical stapler for ligation of the atrial appendage in sheep, and then applied this technique in patients. Fourteen adult sheep underwent ligation of the left atrial appendage using a surgical stapler with a rotating head and either absorbable or stainless steel staples. In 4 sheep, killed after two hours, no hemorrhage or intraatrial thrombus was observed acutely. Ten sheep were allowed to recover for 90 to 100 days, twice the expected absorption time of absorbable staples. There was complete obliteration of the left atrial appendage without evidence of intraatrial thrombus or staple migration. The absorbable staples were completely reabsorbed. We subsequently used this technique in 5 patients undergoing mitral valve procedures. There were no complications, and adequate obliteration of the atrial appendage was achieved. PMID- 3196104 TI - Substernal goiter versus intrathoracic aberrant thyroid: a critical difference. AB - A substernal goiter may descend into the thorax. However, a truly aberrant intrathoracic thyroid represents a rare and anatomically different entity that requires appropriate modifications in approach and surgical technique. PMID- 3196106 TI - Arterial helium embolism from a ruptured intraaortic balloon. AB - A 67-year-old man sustained a sudden global neurological deficit immediately following rupture of an intraaortic balloon catheter. Considerable improvement in his neurological function occurred during and after three hyperbaric oxygen treatments. PMID- 3196105 TI - Superior vena cava bypass: use of the azygos vein. AB - Unexpected involvement of the superior vena cava with dense inflammatory and fibrous tissue was encountered during right pneumonectomy for a T3 N0 M0 squamous cell carcinoma. After expeditiously completing the lung resection, the azygos vein was utilized for a successful superior vena cava bypass. PMID- 3196107 TI - A "designer" annuloplasty ring for patients with massive mitral annular dilatation. AB - We describe a new type of mitral annuloplasty ring designed for use in the massively dilated mitral annulus. The ring can be fabricated at the operating table from a 4-mm Gore-Tex graft and umbilical tape and can be adapted in size to fit a mitral annulus of any diameter. PMID- 3196108 TI - The use of colostomy bags for chest tube drainage. AB - Occasionally patients require long-term chest tube drainage. We describe a method whereby a short chest tube may be drained into a colostomy bag to alleviate the necessity of keeping the patient attached to a bulky drainage system. The colostomy bag allows greater mobility, and the patient can be discharged with the bag. PMID- 3196110 TI - Prolonged asystole during intraoperative myocardial reperfusion. PMID- 3196109 TI - Early primary repair of tetralogy of Fallot. PMID- 3196111 TI - Minimizing internal mammary artery anastomotic tension. PMID- 3196112 TI - Selective intracoronary cardioplegia: an adjunct to retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia. PMID- 3196113 TI - [Derivatives of C-branched monosaccharides studied by 13C NMR]. AB - 13C NMR spectra of some 3-C branched D-allofuranoses and D-ribofuranoses were obtained and interpreted. The impact of attaching the alkyl substitute to the monosaccharides on chemical shifting of the adjacent carbon atoms was shown. The experimental data are useful for elucidating structures of analogous compounds by 13C NMR. PMID- 3196115 TI - [Intensive methods of sewage treatment]. AB - The results of the study on intensive treatment of sewage are presented and the general approach to it is proposed. Formation of oxygen active forms in biological systems, their generation during physico-chemical treatment under definite conditions and interaction with organic substances provide higher purity levels in treatment of sewage. PMID- 3196114 TI - [Determination of carminomycin in its preparations by high-performance liquid chromatography]. AB - A three component system for separating a mixture of carminomycin, carminomycinone and 13-dihydrocarminomycinone by HPLC was developed. Spherisorb ODS Column, 4.6 X 250 mm, the particle size of 10 micron was used. The impact of the mobile phase composition, temperature during chromatography and buffer solution pH on the capacity factors K' for every of the above compounds was studied. For determining purity of carminomycin dosage forms the procedure with an external standard was applied. The procedure provides routine quantitative assay of carminomycin hydrochloride dosage forms. PMID- 3196116 TI - [Synergistic action of combinations of penicillin and perhydroacridine derivatives]. AB - The effect of combinations of perhydroacridine derivatives such as 10-nitroso trans-anti-cys-perhydroacridine (MT-2) and 10-isopropylamino-trans-anti-cys perhydroacridine (MT-6) with benzylpenicillin on growth of two penicillinase producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus was studied. The combination components were added to the culture simultaneously or at different periods i.e. the second component was added after preliminary exposure of the bacterial cells to the first component for 1-6 hours at 37 degrees C. It was shown that duration and efficacy of the combination synergistic action were directly proportional to the time of the component addition. The highest synergistic action of the combinations was observed when both the components were simultaneously added to the staphylococcal culture. The combinations were less efficient when the bacterial cells were preliminarily incubated with the perhydroacridines. Addition of the perhydroacridine derivatives after the strain contact with the penicillin resulted in elimination of the combination synergistic action. Thin-layer chromatography did not reveal complexing between the penicillin and perhydroacridines. PMID- 3196117 TI - [Sensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics of infectious causative agents in surgery]. AB - Comparison of antimicrobial effects of cephalosporins of the 1st and 2nd generations showed that the latter were advantageous with respect to gram negative bacteria causing surgical infections. Three cephalosporins of the 3rd generation were characterized by the highest activity against such bacteria, including Enterobacter spp. and indole positive strains of Proteus spp., as well as non-enzymatic bacteria. The antimicrobial spectra and MICs of the new cephalosporins with respect to the cultures isolated from surgical patients were different which requires in vitro sensitivity assay of each antibiotic. PMID- 3196118 TI - [Pharmacokinetic study of implantable gentamycin preparations. I. Antibiotic pharmacokinetics in the implantation area and an evaluation of the prolonged effect of the preparations]. AB - Gentamicin pharmacokinetics was studied in the zone of subcutaneous implantation to rats of Septopal, a dosage form based on polymethylmethacrylate stable in vivo (4.5 mg of the antibiotic) and of preparations based on biodegradable polymers such as monocarboxycellulose, alginic acid, nonmodified and modified collagens (1 and 5 mg of the antibiotic). A three-phase pattern of gentamicin level changing in the implantation zone was observed: (1) rapid increasing and decreasing of the antibiotic concentration, (2) stabilization of the gentamicin content at a practically constant level and (3) slow lowering of the antibiotic level in the tissue. Comparison of the areas under the concentration/time curves showed that the modified collagen, alginic acid and monocarboxycellulose had the highest prolongation effect among the biodegradable polymers. Their use in the compositions provided during the first hours after the implantation the antibiotic concentrations in the administration site equal to tens micrograms per 1 g of the tissue. After that during 14 days the concentration of gentamicin in the implantation zone maintained at the level higher than its MIC for the main pathogens of wound infections. PMID- 3196120 TI - Inaccurate predictions of life expectancy. Dilemmas and opportunities. PMID- 3196119 TI - [A decrease in the toxic action of rubomycin on the small intestine of mice with a transplantable tumor through the use of a Rhodiola extract]. PMID- 3196121 TI - Smoking and lung cancer. PMID- 3196122 TI - Predicting life span for applicants to inpatient hospice. AB - The advent of hospice programs and their funding under Medicare has recently made eligibility for substantial insured services turn on whether a patient has less than three or six months to live. The implicit assumption is that physicians can provide this prediction accurately. To test this assumption and to improve predictions, the life spans of 108 consecutive applications for inpatient hospice care were estimated independently by two oncologists, an internist, an oncology nurse, and a hospice social worker, based on data in a ten-page multidisciplinary application packet. The applicants were followed up until death. Actual life span was correlated with predictions. The median (+/- SD) life span was 3.5 +/- 12.4 weeks. The predictions as a group were overly optimistic about survival by an average of 3.4 weeks. The best prognosticator's prediction was only moderately correlated with actual life span, and no two prognosticator's predictions correlated closely with one another. Predicting actual interval until death was more accurate than predicting a 90% confidence interval around the time of death, though the latter procedure was better at avoiding the error of unpredicted long term survivors. This imprecision in "expert" estimation of life span poses substantial problems for hospice programs and policymakers. PMID- 3196123 TI - The medical course of cancer patients with fever and neutropenia. Clinical identification of a low-risk subgroup at presentation. AB - To determine whether cancer patients with fever and neutropenia differ in their medical stability, 261 medical records of 184 cancer patients who were hospitalized with fever and neutropenia and treated with conventional antibiotic therapy were studied to determine whether their presenting clinical characteristics influenced the likelihood of subsequent clinical events thought to require urgent medical attention. Overall, serious medical complications, including those without an obvious relationship to infection, occurred in 56 patient courses (21%). We distinguished three clinically determined subgroups of our study population at significantly higher risk than the remaining patient group, which seemed to be at low risk. Major complications occurred in 34 (34%) of 101 inpatients, 12 (55%) of 22 outpatients with concurrent comorbidity requiring inpatient care, and eight (31%) of 26 outpatients without concurrent comorbidity requiring inpatient care but with uncontrolled cancer. However, the remaining patients, who presented as outpatients without significant comorbidity or uncontrolled cancer, had major complications in only 2% of 112 hospitalizations. These results suggest that it may be possible to assess the medical stability of patients with fever and neutropenia based on presenting clinical features. If confirmed prospectively, these results may enable clinicians to identify groups of medically stable patients for whom conventional supportive care, including appropriately administered antibiotics, may be given safely under medical supervision of less intensity or of shorter duration than conventional treatment in the acute-care hospital setting. PMID- 3196124 TI - Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective study. AB - To study the outcome of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), data on CPR in hospitalized patients were collected prospectively during a one-year study period. Of 43 consecutive patients with AIDS who underwent CPR, 23% were revived in the initial attempt, whereas of 293 patients with other diseases 42% were revived. One (2.3%) of 43 patients with AIDS survived until hospital discharge, and his arrest was iatrogenic, as opposed to 19 (6.5%) of 293 patients with diseases other than AIDS. A respiratory mechanism for the arrest was significantly more common in patients with AIDS. The duration of the unsuccessful attempt did not vary significantly; a higher number of temporary pacemakers was used in patients with diseases other than AIDS indicating a more invasive approach. Survival until hospital discharge is minimal in our series of patients with AIDS, undergoing CPR. We recommend that informative discussions take place early in the course of the disease to provide patients with a better understanding of the available options in case of cardiorespiratory arrest. PMID- 3196125 TI - The significance of asymptomatic microhematuria in women and its economic implications. A ten-year study. AB - A prospective study of 177 women with asymptomatic microhematuria was carried out over a ten-year period. The implications of asymptomatic microhematuria in this population indicate that endoscopic evaluation of the bladder may be unnecessary, as no vesical neoplasms were discovered. It seems that cytologic examination of the urine may be a simpler, more cost-effective method for screening the female population with microhematuria. PMID- 3196126 TI - Analysis of physician and hospital differences in 'negative' coronary angiogram rates. AB - A direct relationship has been postulated between high "negative" coronary angiogram rates and physician payment. We conducted a prospective study of coronary angiography in a teaching and community hospital staffed, respectively, by cardiologists who were performing cardiac catheterization as salaried or fee for-service physicians. The lower overall rate of negative angiograms at the teaching hospital correlated with the presence of a cardiac surgery unit and the increased referral of patients with documented coronary artery disease. The percentage of completely normal angiograms did not differ significantly between hospitals. The number of angiograms positive by a 70% occlusion criterion in patients not previously known to have coronary artery disease also did not differ greatly. Negative angiogram rates appeared to vary inversely with physician ability to set preangiogram probabilities of coronary artery disease. Our findings do not discount reimbursement as a strong incentive, but suggest other important determinants of coronary angiographic variation. PMID- 3196127 TI - Hospital-acquired candidemia. The attributable mortality and excess length of stay. AB - Between 1977 and 1984, estimates of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections caused by Candida species increased in the United States from 0.5 to 1.5 per 10,000 admissions (National Nosocomial Infection Study data). We examined crude and attributable mortality rates and excess length of stay in 88 closely matched pairs of cases and controls with illnesses occurring between July 1983 and December 1986. The crude mortality rates for cases and controls were 57% and 19%, respectively; thus the attributable mortality rate was 38% with a 95% confidence interval of 26% to 49%. The risk ratio was 2.94 with a 95% confidence interval of 1.95 to 4.43. The median length of stay was 48 days for all cases and 40 days for all controls. An analysis of the length of stay for the 34 matched pairs that survived showed a median of 70 days for cases and 40 days for controls. Candida bloodstream infections represented 10% of all nosocomial bloodstream infections in the period studied at our University Hospital; they are associated with a significant medical and economic burden well above that expected of the underlying diseases alone. PMID- 3196128 TI - The influence of general and case-related experience on primary care treatment decision making. AB - In an effort to examine how general vs case-related clinical experience influenced physicians' treatment decisions, four clinical case vignettes (rheumatoid arthritis, fever of undetermined origin, exercise-induced asthma, and cor pulmonale) were presented to 387 primary care physicians. For each case, physicians indicated (1) their willingness to proceed with treatment without seeking additional information, (2) their preferences for sources of supplementary information, and (3) their preferences for continued care responsibility. The results indicated that the nature of the particular vignette had a major impact on how physicians made treatment decisions. Also, having greater case-related experience and being younger led to greater willingness to proceed with treatment and preferences for continued care responsibility. Preferences for information sources were largely independent of either form of experience. Treatment decision making appears to be quite dependent on experience with similar problems and being up-to-date on current treatment procedures. PMID- 3196129 TI - Neurocysticercosis and possible sex-related severity of inflammatory reaction. PMID- 3196130 TI - Pyomyositis in an intravenous drug user with human immunodeficiency virus. PMID- 3196131 TI - The furosemide myth. PMID- 3196132 TI - "In vitro" endometrial response correlates with the evolution stage of embryos during early pregnancy. A model to study teratocarcinoma growth. PMID- 3196133 TI - [Regression of the decidua capsularis and development of the yolk sac in the mouse]. PMID- 3196134 TI - [The elastic component of the stria alba. A morphometric and ultrastructural analysis]. PMID- 3196135 TI - Inhibition of vestibulospinal reflexes following cholinergic activation of the dorsal pontine reticular formation. AB - 1. The multiunit EMG activity of the forelimb extensor muscle triceps brachii was recorded in precollicular decerebrate cats, either at rest or during roll tilt of the animal at 0.15Hz, +/- 10 degrees leading to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors. Both the spontaneous EMG activity as well as the labyrinthine-induced EMG responses were tested before and after pontine microinjection of a cholinergic agonist. 2. Local injection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol into the dorsal aspect of the pontine tegmentum (usually 0.25 microliter, 0.01-0.2 microgram/microliter) produced a state of postural atonia, and abolished both the spontaneous EMG activity as well as the EMG responses of the triceps brachii to sinusoidal stimulation of labyrinth receptors. This suppression was generally ipsilateral to the side of the injection and persisted throughout the episode of postural atonia, but sometimes it involved also the contralateral limbs. In these instances it could be accompanied by a spontaneous nystagmus, interspersed at regular intervals with bursts of rapid eye movements. 3. Similar effects were also obtained following injection of carbachol in the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) (0.25 microliter, 0.5-1.0 microgram/microliter). However, this structure was not critically responsible for the phenomena reported above, which persisted unaltered after kainic acid lesion of the FTG performed ipsilaterally to the side of the pontine injection. 4. Local infusion of the muscarinic blocker atropine sulphate reversed the effects of carbachol injection into the dorsal aspect of the pontine tegmentum, thus indicating that muscarinic receptors were involved. 5. It is postulated that the postural atonia as well as the tonic depression of vestibulospinal reflexes, which occur in the decerebrate cat after local injection of a cholinergic agonist depends, at least in part, on the activation of cholinoceptive neurons located in dorsal pontine reticular structures. These may in turn excite medullary reticulospinal neurons, which are finally responsible for the inhibition of extensor motoneurons. PMID- 3196136 TI - [Strangulation marks in homicides caused by choking ? On an irritant blood stain picture]. AB - Three homicides and one attempted homicide by choking in which apparent signs of throttling were present on the skin of the neck are described. The victims wore slender necklaces which were pressed against the skin by the hands of the perpetrator, causing transverse hematomas and cutaneous abrasions. The following criterious are typical for simulated signs of throttling: similarity to objects on the neck, incomplete course around the neck, absence of coarctation of the soft tissues, no lesions of subcutaneous structures. PMID- 3196137 TI - [C7 typing of blood stains using isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting]. AB - By means of isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting C7 types were clearly demonstrated from bloodstains which had been stored at 37 degrees C for up to three weeks, at room temperature for up to six weeks and at 4 degrees C for over ten weeks. The C7 typing is practically useful in medicolegal individualization of unknown bloodstains. PMID- 3196138 TI - [Cluster headache]. PMID- 3196139 TI - [Neurophysiologic examination in vesicourethral disorders of neurogenic origin]. PMID- 3196140 TI - [Tuberculous encephalopathy. Presentation of a case and characteristics on brain computerized axial tomography]. PMID- 3196141 TI - [Coma caused by paramedian thalamic infarct]. PMID- 3196142 TI - Why are we rushing to publish DSM-IV? PMID- 3196143 TI - Eye tracking dysfunction is associated with partial trisomy of chromosome 5 and schizophrenia. PMID- 3196144 TI - Cyclic delta peaks during sleep: result of a pulsatile endocrine process? PMID- 3196145 TI - Biomonitoring of aromatic amines II: Hemoglobin binding of some monocyclic aromatic amines. AB - Covalent binding of 13 monocyclic aromatic amines to hemoglobin was studied in female Wistar rats and hemoglobin binding indices were determined. The hemoglobin adducts were hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions. In all cases the parent amine could be identified by gas chromatography and with one exception represented the only cleavage product. The binding index varied considerably and was highest with p-chloroaniline (569) and lowest with 2,4,5-trimethylaniline (0.7). Five compounds were also studied in female B6C3F1 mice. Hemoglobin binding was lower than in rats, but to varying degrees. Hemoglobin binding correlated remarkably well with the maximum methemoglobin level achieved with the six examples studied. The results support the notion that the reaction of nitrosoarenes, as metabolites of arylamines, with hemoglobin represents a general pathway in vivo. The analysis of such hemoglobin adducts is recommended as a dosimeter in biological monitoring of humans in order to control exposure. It is too early, however, to assess the carcinogenic risk from hemoglobin binding data with these compounds. PMID- 3196146 TI - Reduction of hexavalent chromium by ascorbic acid in rat lung lavage fluid. AB - The reduction of hexavalent chromium [chromium(VI)] in lung lavage fluids, microsomal (S-9) fractions of lung and liver tissues, erythrocyte lysates and plasma prepared from adult rats was examined at pH 7.4 (37 degrees C). Specific reducing capacity, which was defined as the amount of chromium(VI) reduced per mg of protein in the test sample, was highest in the lavage fluids. The concomitant trivalent species [chromium(III)] was detected as complexes with some of the lavage components and probably as colloidal hydroxides. By gel filtration analysis and UV spectrometry, ascorbic acid (AsA) was identified as an important reducing factor in the lavage fluids. AsA levels in the lavage fluids were about 38 micrograms/g tissue, corresponding to 12% of total AsA in the intact lungs. The molar ratios of oxidized AsA and reduced chromium(VI) in the lavage samples were about 3:2.3 on an average. On the basis of this molar ratio, the AsA levels in the lavage fluids are equivalent to a reducing capacity of 8.4 micrograms chromium(VI)/g tissue. These results suggest that the lining layers (surfactant layers) of rat lungs provide an AsA-related capacity for protection of the cells against the toxic effects of chromates and probably other oxidants. PMID- 3196147 TI - The repeated dose toxicity of a zinc oxide/hexachloroethane smoke. AB - Mice, rats and guinea pigs were exposed to the smoke produced by ignition of a zinc oxide/hexachloroethane pyrotechnic composition, 1 h/day, 5 days/week, at three different dose levels, together with controls. The animals received 100 exposures except for the high dose guinea pigs, which underwent 15 exposures, because of high death rate during the first few days of exposure. The test material had very little effect on weight gain, but there was a high rate of early deaths in the top dose of mice. A variety of incidental findings was seen in both decedents and survivors, but organ specific toxicity was, with one exception, confined to the respiratory tract. The most important of these findings was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of alveologenic carcinoma in the high dose group mice (p less than 0.01) and a statistically significant trend in the prevalence of the same tumour over all dose groups and the controls. A variety of inflammatory changes was seen in the lungs of all species and some appeared to be treatment-related. Fatty change in the mouse liver was more common in the middle and high dose groups than the controls. The aetiology of the tumour incidence is discussed and it is pointed out that hexachloroethane and zinc, as well as carbon tetrachloride, which may be present in the smoke, may be animal carcinogens in appropriate circumstances. Carbon tetrachloride is a known human carcinogen. PMID- 3196148 TI - Cadmium induced changes in cell organelles: an ultrastructural study using cadmium sensitive and resistant muntjac fibroblast cell lines. AB - A detailed electron microscopy study of cadmium sensitive and resistant muntjac fibroblast cell lines has identified a wide range of intracellular damage following exposure to cadmium. Damaged organelles included cell membrane, mitochondria, Golgi cisternae and tubular network, chromatin, nucleoli, microfilaments and ribosomes. Although cell membrane damage was generally the earliest indication of adverse cadmium action, particularly with continuous cadmium exposures, cells could tolerate extensive membrane loss. Mitochondrial distortion and some damage to Golgi was also tolerated. The turning point at which cadmium became lethal was generally marked by a cascade of events which included damage to both nuclear and cytoplasmic components. These results for fibroblasts are discussed and compared with damage reported in other types of cells. PMID- 3196149 TI - Tissue-specific alterations of de novo fatty acid synthesis in 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated rats. AB - De novo fatty acid synthesis was determined by the 3H2O method in numerous tissues and organs of TCDD-treated (125 micrograms/kg), pair-fed and free-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats to investigate if this important pathway of intermediary metabolism is altered by TCDD. Of the 12 tissues and organs examined, liver showed an increased, and interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) a decreased de novo fatty acid synthesis when comparing TCDD-treated to pair-fed or free-fed control rats. De novo fatty acid synthesis was unaffected in other organs and tissues examined, with the exception that the concentration of 3H-fatty acids in plasma reflected the increased rate of synthesis seen in the liver of TCDD treated animals. Increased de novo fatty acid synthesis in liver coincided with increased plasma triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations, whereas decreased de novo fatty acid synthesis in IBAT parallelled decreased plasma thyroxine (T4) levels. Thyroidectomy decreased de novo fatty acid synthesis, as expected, in both liver and IBAT. However, TCDD elicited no response in either of these organs in thyroidectomized rats. This finding suggests that changes observed in non thyroidectomized rats are probably secondary effects. Indeed, known tissue specific effects of T3 on liver and T4 on IBAT provide a likely explanation for the altered de novo fatty acid synthesis of these organs. It is suggested that increased de novo fatty acid synthesis in the liver of TCDD-treated rats might be responsible for the additional wasting away observable in these animals as compared to pair-fed controls. PMID- 3196151 TI - Dose and sex-dependent disposition of ketoconazole in rats. AB - The disposition of the antifungal drug ketoconazole was studied in mature (60-day old) male and female rats given single intravenous doses of 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg body weight. The plasma profiles of ketoconazole were characterized by an initial rapid decline, followed by an apparent zero-order decline and a subsequent first order elimination phase. In male animals the zero-order phase was less pronounced, resulting in a 3-5 times higher overall rate of elimination. A consequence of the dose-dependent disposition was that a 4-fold increase in dose resulted in a 9- and 17-fold increase in the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) of females and males, respectively. Terminal half-lives were independent of dose in both sexes. The disproportionate increase in AUC with dose, together with the observation that no intact ketoconazole was excreted in urine and only very small amounts in bile (less than 1% of given dose), suggest that the dose-dependent disposition is caused by saturation of metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes are most likely under the influence of androgens, since the capacity of males to eliminate ketoconazole was reduced by castration and in females this capacity was increased by testosterone treatment. PMID- 3196150 TI - Comparative hepatotoxicity and metabolism of N-methylformamide in rats and mice. AB - N-methylformamide (NMF) produced dose-dependent zone 3 haemorrhagic necrosis in mice; the threshold dose was 100-200 mg/kg. In rats a dose of 1000 mg/kg caused hepatic damage in some animals and slight elevations of plasma transaminases. A species difference in susceptibility to NMF-induced hepatotoxicity is clearly indicated. NMF depleted liver non-protein sulphydryl (NPSH) in a dose-dependent manner in mice, but not in rats. Depletion of liver glutathione by buthionine sulphoximine or diethylmaleate potentiated the hepatotoxicity of NMF in mice. [14C]-methyl NMF was metabolised by mice and rats and a number of urinary metabolites including an N-acetylcysteine conjugate, methylamine and N hydroxymethylformamide were detected. There were no qualitative differences in the metabolites between rats and mice but mice metabolised NMF much faster and more extensively than rats. PMID- 3196152 TI - The disposition of [2,3-14C]-methyl and [2,3-14C]-2-ethylhexyl acrylate in male Wistar albino rats. AB - The disposition of methyl [2,3-14C]-acrylate (MA) and 2-ethylhexyl [2,3-14C] acrylate (EHA) following intraperitoneal and oral administration to rats has been studied. The 14C found in the tissues was mainly associated with liver, kidneys and lungs. Loss of 14C from these tissues occurred fairly rapidly, excluding the rats given EHA intraperitoneally. Most of the administered acrylates underwent rapid metabolism and excretion with expired air (more than 50% of the dose and urine (10-50% of the dose). Significant differences in the rates of 14C loss from tissues and excretion occurred after intrapritoneal administration of MA and EHA. A possible cumulation of EHA in the organism was suggested. PMID- 3196153 TI - Prenatal induction of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylases in mice. AB - 1. Benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) activity was measured in homogenates of fetal liver (day 18) or of whole-embryos of mice on day 9, 10 or 12 of gestation after maternal pretreatment with B(a)P on 3 consecutive days. A 3H-liberation assay with 3H-B(a)P labelled either generally or at the 6-position was used. The values obtained with the embryonic/fetal tissues were compared with those found in maternal liver. 2. Three oral doses of 17.5 mg B(a)P/kg body wt were found to just significantly induce BPH in maternal liver. An induction was observed after pretreatment with 24 mg B(a)P/kg body wt in 9-, 10- or 12-day-old whole-embryos, but the Vmax reached was only 10-20% (1% on day 9) of that of adult non-induced liver. The Km (6-hydroxylation) for all tissues tested were in the same range (600-900 nM). The induction was demonstrable in embryos at tissue levels about one order of magnitude lower than those required for induction in maternal liver. 3. Treatment with 25 mg B(a)P/kg body wt on 3 consecutive days was required to induce BPH in fetal liver on day 18 of gestation. The required B(a)P tissue concentrations were about one half of those necessary for induction in maternal liver. 4. Among a variety of other polycyclic hydrocarbons only chrysene showed an inducing potency similar to that of B(a)P in adult and fetal liver. For all compounds tested there was no correlation found in the inducing potency between adult and fetal liver (e.g. coronene).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196154 TI - Embryotoxic effects of thalidomide derivatives on the non-human primate Callithrix jacchus; 3. Teratogenic potency of the EM 12 enantiomers. AB - The teratogenic potencies of the enantiomers of 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidine-3-yl) phthalimidine ( = EM 12), a teratogenic thalidomide analogue, were investigated in Callithrix jacchus, a primate very sensitive to the teratogenic action of this thalidomide analogue. The results indicate that the S-(-)-form of EM 12 is clearly more teratogenic than the R-(+)-form. The interpretation of the studies designed to evaluate stereo-selective differences in the teratogenicity of the enantiomers becomes difficult, since both enantiomers racemise in vivo with appreciable rates (Schmahl et al. 1988a, b). Therefore, it cannot be concluded as yet that the R-(+)-form lacks all teratogenic potential. PMID- 3196155 TI - Irritation of the upper airways from mixtures of cumene and n-propanol. Mechanisms and their consequences for setting industrial exposure limits. AB - The immediate irritation response induced by mixtures of vapours of cumene (isopropyl benzene) and n-propanol was evaluated in mice according to the standard method (Designation: E 981-84) from The American Society for Testing and Materials. The animal model allows prediction of the irritation response in humans. Analyses of the results from the initial periods of the experiments leads to the hypothesis that competitive agonism exists between the two substances. Extrapolation of the results to TLV concentration levels taking into account the apparent dissociation constants leads further to expectation of additivity of the effects of mixtures of vapours. Following the initial response there is a fading or a desensitization stage. After desensitization, the responses were close to those of cumene alone. This may suggest that the receptor contains different binding sites which desensitize to a different extent. PMID- 3196156 TI - Thermoregulatory responses of the rabbit to subcutaneous injection of sulfolane. AB - Earlier studies have shown that intraperitoneal injection of the industrial solvent sulfolane (tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide) caused a decrease in metabolic rate and a rapid, regulated hypothermia in mice and rats. In the present study, subcutaneous injections of 0, 100, 200, 400, 600, and 750 mg/kg sulfolane at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 10 degrees C caused a dose-dependent decrease in colonic temperature (Tc) of rabbits. Metabolic rate (MR) remained unchanged during the initial phase of the hypothermia for all dose groups; but peripheral vasodilation, as indicated by an increase in ear skin temperature, was seen at the higher dose levels. The observed thermoregulatory response to sulfolane was a function of Ta. Thus, at Tas of 10 and 20 degrees C, injection of 600 mg/kg sulfolane had no effect on MR but caused an increase in ear skin temperature. The magnitude of the hypothermia was similar at these two Tas, indicating the sulfolane-treated rabbits had some control over Tc. At a Ta of 28 degrees C, however, the animals became hyperthermic upon injection of 600 mg/kg sulfolane. PMID- 3196157 TI - The acetylcholinesterase reactivator HI-6 (1-[[[4 (aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxyl]methyl]- 2-[(hydroxyimino)methyl]-pyridinium dichloride): a comparative study of HI-6 samples from various sources. AB - A comparison of the chemical purity, toxicology and potency of HI-6 (1-[[[4 (aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxy]methyl]-2- [(hydroxyimino)methyl]-pyridinium dichloride) obtained from various sources (Canada, Israel, Yugoslavia, The Netherlands, United Kingdom) was performed. There were no significant differences between HI-6 obtained from Israel, Yugoslavia, The Netherlands and Canada regarding their potency, when combined with atropine, as an antidote of organophosphate poisoning. HI-6 obtained from the United Kingdom was significantly more toxic and less potent than any of the other HI-6 samples. In addition, the results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between HI-6 prepared as a laboratory batch and HI-6 prepared commercially with regards to chemical purity, toxicology or potency. PMID- 3196158 TI - Study on the stability of the oxime HI 6 in aqueous solution. AB - HI 6 (Pyridinium, 1-[[[4-(aminocarbonyl)pyridinio]methoxy]methyl]-2-[(hydro xyimino) methyl]-dichloride is an effective antidote against poisoning with extremely toxic organophosphates. Because of conflicting reports on the stability of HI 6 in aqueous solutions, we studied the factors influencing its stability. HI 6 has been shown to be most stable in acidic solution between pH 2 and 3. At that pH, HI 6 decomposes probably by attack of nucleophiles on the methylene carbon atom of the animal-acetal bond of the "ether bridge". HI 6 decomposition follows first order kinetics. From Arrhenius plots of the decay of HI 6 at various concentrations it became obvious that the rate of decomposition increased with increasing HI 6 concentration with simultaneous decrease in the energy of activation. To decide whether the pyridinium compound itself or its anions are responsible for the enhanced decomposition, we studied the influence of chloride, phosphate and iodide. These anions stimulated the decay of HI 6 at increasing strength; their effect, however, was small as compared to that brought about by the pyridinium oxime itself. Since 1-methylisonicotinamide chloride had virtually no effect in contrast to 1-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime chloride, we conclude that the oximate anion is responsible for the intermolecular attack on HI 6. At present, we recommend storage of HI 6 at concentrations not exceeding 0.1 M in aqueous solution at pH 2.5 and low temperatures. Under these conditions an apparent shelf-life of 20 years is calculated when HI 6 is stored at 8 degrees C. PMID- 3196159 TI - Effect of dichlorvos on the activity of lipoprotein lipase from adipose tissue, on plasma lipids and postheparin lipolytic plasma activity in rats. AB - The activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) from adipose tissue, the postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) in plasma, and the content of plasma lipoproteins were investigated in rats poisoned with dichlorvos (DDVP). Administration of a single dose (50% LD50) resulted in inhibition of LPL and PHLA; the greatest inhibition was observed at 24 and 48 h after administration of the posticide. The metabolism of serum lipoproteins was also altered; the content of triacylglycerols in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) fractions was increased; the content of cholesterol was increased in VLDL and high density lipoproteins (HDL) fractions, and decreased in the LDL fraction. On repeated administration of small DDVP doses (5% LD50) the greatest changes were observed after 90 days of intoxication. The levels of all three determined lipoprotein fractions, as well as PHLA, were decreased. The LPL activity in adipose tissue was slightly raised. The results suggest that DDVP interferes with the metabolism of lipids. PMID- 3196161 TI - Gentamicin plasma concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant rats and fetuses after single and multiple injections. AB - As part of our studies on the prenatal induction of renal dysfunctions in rats by gentamicin we measured maternal plasma levels of the drug. Additionally, the gentamicin concentrations in the plasma of rat fetuses after single s.c. injections of gentamicin were measured. The following results were obtained: 1) Non-pregnant rats excrete the drug faster than pregnant rats; 2) after a single s.c. injection of 110 mg gentamicin/kg body wt to six pregnant rats on day 21 of gestation the following pharmacokinetic variables were calculated: t1/2(inv): 27.0 +/- 6.1 min, t1/2(elim): 54.7 +/- 3.8 min, Cmax: 166.2 +/- 22.7 mg/l, tmax: 53 +/- 6.7 min, AUC: 431.7 +/- 53.4 mg/l x h; 3) plasma concentrations increase with the duration of pregnancy; 4) fetal plasma concentrations were determined between 45 and 660 min after single injections of 150 mg/kg to the dams. The concentrations showed minimum variation over this time period. Thus, the ratio of maternal to fetal plasma levels decreases drastically during this period; 5) 8 h after s.c. injection of 110 mg/kg to six dams (day 21 of gestation) individual plasma concentrations in the plasma of mother animals and in the plasma of 65 fetuses were determined. All fetal plasma samples showed higher concentrations than the corresponding maternal ones; 6) after multiple injections a significant increase in plasma concentrations can be seen. A considerable individual variance is obvious at all times and with both doses investigated; 7) since maternal plasma concentrations vary considerably in individual animals, especially after multiple injections, fetal exposure must also be variable in different litters. This would also affect the extent of postnatal dysfunction in various litters. PMID- 3196160 TI - Cyclophosphamide effects on fetal mouse cephalic acetylcholinesterase. AB - Pregnant C3H mice were exposed to a teratogenic dose of cyclophosphamide (CP, 20 mg/kg body weight) on the 10th day after copulation. Embryos or fetuses were examined 2-9 days later for gross abnormalities, weighed, and assayed for cephalic acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7, AChE) activity, and haemoglobin content. In embryos examined 2 days after CP administration, fetal weight and brain weight were less than controls, but cephalic AChE was higher (p less than 0.001). The higher cephalic AChE was associated with a higher absorbance for haemoglobin, although at 14 days there was no apparent difference in the cephalic AChE and absorbance for haemoglobin, compared with controls. At 19 days, fetal weight, brain weight and brain AChE activity were less than controls (p less than 0.001 in each case). The raised cephalic AChE activity in 12-day embryos is explained by the presence of blood, which appears to have resorbed by day 14, whereas the reduced brain AChE activity in 19-day fetuses is accounted for by the growth inhibitory effects of the drug. PMID- 3196163 TI - Effect of strontium chloride on bone resorption induced by prostaglandin E2 in cultured bone. AB - We examined whether the bone resorption induced by PGE2 was inhibited by SrCl2 using 45Ca-labelled calvaria of CD-strain mice in tissue culture. It was found that Sr salts inhibited physiological bone resorption in a dose-dependent manner (0.1-5.0 mM) and did not act via PGE2. Accordingly, it was suggested that Sr salts did not inhibit bone resorption induced by exogenous PGE2. PMID- 3196162 TI - Transfer of benzo(a)pyrene into mouse embryos and fetuses. AB - The distribution of radioactive material within maternal and embryonic/fetal mouse tissue was studied over a period of 2 days following a single dose of 14C benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) orally on days 11, 12, 13 or 18 of pregnancy. B(a)P poorly penetrated into the embryo/fetus, and 14C-radioactivity was found in embryonic tissues at concentrations one to two orders of magnitude lower than in maternal organs. If the compound was administered for 3 consecutive days at the same dose the expected cumulation was compensated for by an accelerated elimination of the substance, which is probably due to enzyme induction. PMID- 3196164 TI - Nephrotoxicity of orellanine, a toxin from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus. AB - Pure orellanine extracted from the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus is highly toxic in mice both when given intraperitoneally (LD50 = 12.5 mg/kg) or per os (LD50 = 90 mg/kg). The kidneys of mice injected i.p. with orellanine show similar tubular necrosis to that obtained with whole mushroom given per os. This demonstrates that orellanine is the true, principal toxin of C. orellanus. The similarity of the structures of the toxin and of bipyridinium herbicides such as methylviologen (paraquat) or the nephrotoxic diquat led other authors to presume a similar mechanism for orellanine toxicity. Our study of the electrochemical behaviour of orellanine shows that its mechanism of action has to be different from that of these poisons. PMID- 3196165 TI - The target organ and the toxic process. Proceedings of the European Society of Toxicology. Strasbourg, September 17-19, 1987. PMID- 3196166 TI - Mutations in the hemagglutinin gene associated with influenza virus resistance to norakin. AB - The nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin genes of four norakin-resistant mutants of Influenza A/FPV/Weybridge were determined and compared to the wild type hemagglutinin. All mutants show one or two amino acid substitutions which are discussed to destabilise the pH 7 conformation of hemagglutinin. PMID- 3196167 TI - Fine structure of the vaccinia virus gene encoding the precursor of the major core protein 4 a. AB - A 6008 base pair fragment of the vaccinia virus DNA containing the gene for the precursor of the major core protein 4 a, which has been designated P4 a, was sequenced. A long open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of molecular weight 102,157 started close to the position where the P4 a mRNA had been mapped. Analysis of the mRNA by S1 nuclease mapping and primer extension indicated that the 5' end defined by the former method is not the true 5' end. This suggests that the P4 a coding region is preceded by leader sequences that are not derived from the immediate vicinity of the gene, similar to what has been reported for another late vaccinia virus mRNA. The sequenced DNA contained several further ORFs on the same, or opposite DNA strand, providing further evidence for the close spacing of protein-coding sequences in the viral genome. PMID- 3196169 TI - Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (CV 777) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) are antigenically related. AB - Using gut sections from pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (strain CV 777) and ascitic fluid from cats which had succumbed to feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a weak cross reaction was found by immunofluorescence. Its specificity was confirmed when detergent-treated purified CV 777 showed a prominent reaction with FIPV antibodies in ELISA; no reaction was obtained with intact virions, which indicated common determinants on an internal component of the particle. Antigenic cross-reactions at the nucleocapsid level were found in Western blot ELISA performed both ways (CV 777/FIPV antibodies; FIPV/CV 777 antibodies). In immunoprecipitation using [35S]methionine labelled FIPV, anti-CV 777 sera recognized exclusively the nucleocapsid protein. The significance of these findings for the classification of coronaviruses is discussed. PMID- 3196168 TI - Infection of a human leukemia K-562 cell line with Semliki Forest virus. AB - Infection of the human leukemia hematopoietic stem cell line, K-562, with Semliki Forest virus (SFV) can be characterized by three stages: (1) an early virus proliferating stage lasting 1 to 4 days post-infection (pi) in which infectious virus is produced in high titers (10(3)pfu/cell) but in which there is minimal cytopathic effect. All cells appear viable by trypan blue dye exclusion, although they do not proliferate, and DNA and cell protein synthesis decrease to less than 3% of uninfected controls within 24 hours; (2) an intermediate stage extending from day 5 to about day 24-30 pi in which the amount of infectious virus declines to low levels. During this stage, viral protein synthesis decreases to undetectable levels, although viral gylcoproteins are readily demonstrated by immunofluorescence and by immunoblot; however, capsid protein appears to degrade within 21 days pi. Cell numbers remain constant but the viability of the non proliferating cells determined by trypan blue exclusion could not be determined with confidence; (3) a final long-term stage in which viral glycoproteins, E1 and E2, are detectable by immunoblots and immunofluorescence for many months but the cells are metabolically inactive and do not synthesize viral proteins. These non viable cells do not lyse for as long as 2 years. PMID- 3196171 TI - Professional nurse/case management reduces hospital costs. PMID- 3196170 TI - Biological and molecular analysis of LCV, an endogenous retrovirus with defective env gene. AB - Retrovirus infectivity is the result of a cooperative interaction of three structural genes, gag, pol, and env. Since the L-cell endogenous retrovirus (LCV) lacks the env gene translation product, our aim was to study the biological and molecular basis of its non-infectiousness. Fusion experiments between LCV and homologous or heterologous cells demonstrated that virus production could be obtained only after LCV artificial penetration in murine cells and that the new progeny was still noninfectious. Northern blot analysis and heteroduplex mapping of the genomic RNA revealed a 0.99 kb deletion including the 3' region of the pol reading frame, the whole xenotropic and part of the ecotropic domain of the env gene. The results suggest that the observed deletion is responsible for the absence of the gp 70 and the gp 15 E molecules in the virion and seems therefore to be the molecular basis for the non-infectiousness of this retrovirus. PMID- 3196172 TI - Commentary: the Nurse Practice Act. PMID- 3196173 TI - Nurses act to stop the RCT proposal. PMID- 3196174 TI - [Pathomorphologic changes in the arterial wall following x-ray endovascular dilatation in chronic ischemia of the lower extremities]. AB - Intravital and postmortem (7 and 14 cases, respectively) x-ray endovascular dilatation of the limb arteries studied morphologically is shown to induce traumatic lesion of the vascular wall presenting with plaque cracking and detachment, disintegration of the cover, necrosis of smooth muscle cells. A clear cut change of the plaque size was not recorded. Vascular dilatation at the site of stenosis treated by the balloon may be caused mainly by the plaque cracks and detachment from the vessel wall entailing partial recovery of its elasticity. Mechanical aftereffects of the balloon introduction noted morphologically involve also smoothing of convolution of the internal elastic membrane and the absence of the typical vascular superficial microrelief. PMID- 3196175 TI - [Senile cardiac amyloidosis]. AB - The findings at 1625 autopsies performed by the authors in 45-99-year-olds and literature data have been analysed in relation to clinical and morphological manifestations of senile cardiac amyloidosis (SCA). It occurred in 2.4% of autopsies and accounted for about a half of senile amyloidosis cases recorded by the authors. IAA and SSA are two separate forms of SCA heterogeneous group in which IAA has incidence rate 3 times that of SSA. IAA is a local SCA form, SSA- systemic form (though isolated ventricular affections are possible). The mean age and sex-specific incidence rate differed: 72.3 and 78.2 years for IAA and SSA, respectively; for women IAA incidence is 3.5 times and SSA 2 times that for males. SCA forms presented various amyloidosis degrees, location, spread, as well as amyloid proteins specificity detectable by relevant direct and indirect methods. Differences in clinico-morphological appearance and death causes for IAA and SSA contributed to differential diagnosis between these forms as well as between SSA and PA. PMID- 3196176 TI - [The microcirculatory bed of the human myocardium in sudden cardiac death]. AB - A ventricular capillary bed was studied in 30 hearts of humans upon sudden cardiac death according to modified technique of Karnovsky-Roots. A 10-80% narrowing of coronary artery lumen was found due to formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The assessment of butyrylcholinesterase activity in myocardial sections proved helpful in providing the appearance of microcirculation from small arterioles to venules. Determination of volumetric density of microvessels suggested an inverse correlation between the degree of stenosis of major coronary arterial branches and volumetric density of ventricular capillaries in the heart. PMID- 3196177 TI - [Barrett's esophagus and cancer of the cardial section of the stomach]. AB - Morphological characteristics of Barrett's oesophagus were specified in 17 patients with cancer located in the cardiac orifice of the stomach. It was found that Barrett's oesophagus patients comprise 6.7% of all the authors' observations with relevant cancer diagnosis. The oesophagus appeared different in mucosal pattern, cells of the coat, glands, the degree of glandular epithelial dysplasia. Barrett's oesophagus is suggested to play a role in the genesis of cardiac gastric cancer whose malignant potential is the highest when oesophageal glands are cardiac. Applicability of the findings in general and in particular in clinical practice for deciding on the level of oesophageal resection in patients with cardiac gastric cancer is discussed. PMID- 3196178 TI - [Morphologic diagnosis of the initial stages of stomach cancer (an analysis of 252 cases)]. AB - Cancer involvement of the stomach diagnosed in 225 patients appeared limited to tela submucosa in 252 cases and mucosa in 64.5% of cases. Early diagnosis of metachromatic postoperative cancer was established in 7.6% of patients. Macroscopic forms of the tumors varied. Adenocarcinoma prevailed histologically, its well-differentiated forms occurring in superficial twice as often as in invasive cancer. In 71.8% of patients tumor growth was accompanied by epithelial dysplasia varying in degree. Severe dysplasia was more common in superficial cancer. Carcinomas of exclusively mucosal localization are usually small-sized, differentiated, more distinctly associated with precancer conditions. PMID- 3196179 TI - [Problems in the quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of the postgraduate training of pathologic anatomists]. AB - Educational value of the two courses for specialists in clinical pathology presented by the Central Institute of Continuing Medical Education on Microscopic Diagnosis of Biopsies and Selected Items of Pathologic Anatomy has been assessed. Quantitative criteria of the graduates' knowledge estimation involved self estimation, identification of topical microscopic specimens, calculation of the knowledge and skill increment, indexes of educational efficiency brought from information theory. PMID- 3196180 TI - [Extradural sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymoma]. AB - Histological and electron microscopic evidence has been obtained on a rare tumor- extradural sacrococcygeal myxopapillary ependymoma which was detected in two boys. A 5-year-old had a malignant recurrent tumor localized presacrally and metastatic to the lungs. The other boy aged 9 developed a benign subcutaneous tumor. PMID- 3196181 TI - [Intraosseous highly differentiated osteogenic sarcoma]. AB - A man of 20 developed well-differentiated intraosseous osteogenic sarcoma of the femur. Clinico-roentgenologic, computed tomography and histological findings revealed a number of features uncommon for the tumor: (1) a torpid course, (2) histological appearance typical for parosteal sarcoma, (3) low malignant potential. PMID- 3196183 TI - Are your babies on these drugs? When in doubt, ask your pharmacist. PMID- 3196182 TI - [A method for creating an experimental model of abscess]. AB - A technique of 7-day formation of an intramuscular abscess which is clinically and morphologically similar to that frequently encountered in clinical practice has been tried on 39 rabbits. The standard model proposed involves the following stages: trauma of the spinal erector 2.5-3 cm to the right or to the left from the midline between the second and fourth lumbar vertebra which is produced by a lumbar puncture under either anesthesia with a pulp extractor brought into the muscle up to 1.5 cm and rotating at an angle of 45 degrees; 24 h after the puncture the skin at its site is to be dissected involving subcutaneous fat, superficial and lumbar fasciae, the incision being 1.4-1.6 cm long and parallel to the body axis. The operation is terminated with an introduction of ribbon gauze (10-12 mm in diameter) previously saturated with 24 h suspension culture of staphylococcus (10 ml, concentration of the microorganisms 1.5.10(6] into a pocket made by the clamp tip in the muscle's depth (1.3-1.6 cm) with the help of the handles which produced the opening of 1.2 cm wide. The endpoint is the wound tight layer-by-layer suture. PMID- 3196184 TI - There's no place like home. PMID- 3196185 TI - Alukura. By the grandmothers' law. PMID- 3196186 TI - Post-lumbar puncture cephalgia. PMID- 3196187 TI - Disorientation to place. PMID- 3196188 TI - The 'herald hemiparesis' of basilar artery occlusion. AB - In thrombosis of the basilar artery, not infrequently a hemiparesis is present at an early stage, when brain-stem signs may be absent or few, slight or equivocal. It is natural to suspect that such a hemiparesis signifies localization in a cerebral hemisphere, but unexpectedly in a few hours bilateral hemiplegia appears associated with coma or a locked-in syndrome, indicating basilar artery occlusion. I would term this disarming hemiparesis the "herald hemiparesis" of basilar artery occlusion. If the true nature of the condition is recognized early, the use of heparin and other measures may forestall disaster. PMID- 3196190 TI - Prevalence of psychologic disorders after surgical treatment of seizures. AB - To investigate whether surgical treatment of refractory epilepsy is associated with increased risk for serious psychopathology, 25 treated patients were compared with 25 current candidates for surgery matched on demographic and neuroepileptic characteristics. Diagnoses were made by the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule. No differences between groups in lifetime or point prevalence rates were significant. The rate of psychosis in the postoperative group (8%) approximated the lower estimates in previous studies. Thus, surgical treatment of seizures did not increase the risk for psychopathology. However, patients with temporal lobe electroencephalogram foci or tumor as the epileptogenic lesion were more likely to have serious disorders than other patients. Also, anxiety disorders were more prevalent in our patient groups than in the general population. PMID- 3196189 TI - Primary lateral sclerosis. A clinical diagnosis reemerges. AB - Adults with slowly progressive noninherited gait disorders may show no abnormalities on examination other than signs implicating the corticospinal tracts. That is the syndrome of "primary lateral sclerosis" (PLS), a clinical diagnosis that has been avoided because it is a diagnosis of exclusion, proven only at autopsy. Now, modern technology can exclude other disorders that can cause the syndrome with an accuracy of about 95%. That serves to eliminate the following: compressive lesions at the foramen magnum or cervical spinal cord, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Chiari malformation, syringomyelia, biochemical abnormality, and persistent infection with human immunodeficiency virus or human T-lymphotrophic virus type I. We studied three autopsy-proved cases of PLS; six living patients in whom PLS was diagnosed clinically after comprehensive evaluations that excluded the alternative diagnoses; and two patients with this syndrome of PLS and antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity that clinically resembled PLS. Primary lateral sclerosis is now a respectable and permissible diagnosis. PMID- 3196191 TI - Thalamic pain syndrome of Dejerine-Roussy. Differentiation of four subtypes assisted by somatosensory evoked potentials data. AB - In 30 patients with a thalamic vascular lesion and clinical somatosensory disturbances in the opposite hemibody without hemiplegia, four nosological groups were identified: group 1 had no central pain but complete hemianesthesia and loss of cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) on the affected side (analgic thalamic syndrome). Group 2 had central pain, severe hypoesthesia, and loss of cortical SEPs. Group 3 had central pain and hypoesthesia, with cortical SEPs present, although reduced or delayed on the affected side. Group 4 had central pain with preserved touch and joint sensations and normal SEPs (pure algetic thalamic syndrome). Clinical signs and SEP titration of the actual involvement of lemniscal pathways in these four groups of patients with thalamic syndrome are discussed in relation to current pathophysiology of central pain. PMID- 3196192 TI - Fulminant subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in association with pregnancy. AB - Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis developed during pregnancy in a 27-year-old woman and immediately after delivery in an 18-year-old woman. In both, disease took an acute and fulminant course culminating in a vegetative state within several weeks. It is suggested that the relative older age of disease presentation and the unusually rapid neurologic deterioration were partially due to immunologic and hormonal alterations of pregnancy. PMID- 3196193 TI - Nonspecificity of semantic impairment in dementia of Alzheimer's type. AB - Two psychometric tests designed to evaluate "verbal fluency" and "naming" as a measure of semantic memory were presented to 18 patients with Alzheimer's-type dementia, 16 other patients with multi-infarct dementia, and 14 age-matched control subjects. The diagnosis of multi-infarct dementia and Alzheimer's-type dementia was based on the commonly accepted criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 3. Although the patients with Alzheimer and multi-infarct dementias, respectively, suffered from a comparable degree of dementia (as determined by the Mini-Mental State examination), semantic memory was not specifically impaired in Alzheimer's-type dementia as opposed to multi-infarct dementia. In contrast semantic memory was correlated with the degree of dementia in both disease entities. PMID- 3196194 TI - Multiple sclerosis and affective disorder. Family history, sex, and HLA-DR antigens. AB - To investigate a possible genetic cause underlying the clinical association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and affective disorder, we studied 56 patients with MS for psychiatric and genetic (family history, sex, and HLA-DR) characteristics. The 2:1 ratio of females to males expected for patients with MS was observed in this sample (40:16), but the excess of females occurred entirely among the 31 MS patients with major affective disorder (27 females and four males). Bipolar probands with MS had significantly more relatives with affective disorder or MS than did unipolar probands with MS. The HLA-DR antigen frequencies in patients with MS categorized by type and family history of affective disorder suggest that it may be possible to validate such clustering of patients. We concluded that sex and other genetic factors are related to the affective symptoms in MS and emphasize the importance of psychiatric evaluation of these patients. PMID- 3196195 TI - Case-control study of early life dietary factors in Parkinson's disease. AB - Studies of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis parkinsonism dementia complex of Guam direct suspicion to a heat-labile component of vegetables found in greatest concentration in seeds. We therefore surveyed patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) regarding early adult consumption of fruits and vegetables usually eaten raw, with seeds that are swallowed or scraped with the teeth. We administered a pretested questionnaire by telephone to 81 nondemented patients with PD and to a same-sex married sibling without PD. The patients and their siblings were asked whether they or their spouse (as an internal standard) had been more likely to eat each of 17 food items between marrying and age 40 years. No item was associated with the presence of PD. Unexpectedly associated with the absence of PD were preference for nuts (odds ratio, 0.39), salad oil or dressing (pressed from seeds) (odds ratio, 0.30), and plums (odds ratio, 0.24). These three items have higher vitamin E content than the other 14 items in our questionnaire. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin E, as an antioxidant, may have prophylactic value against PD. PMID- 3196196 TI - Aneurysm causing third nerve palsy in a 15-year-old boy. PMID- 3196198 TI - Professional cards and the visually impaired. PMID- 3196199 TI - The Mainster lens in eyes with intraocular gas. PMID- 3196197 TI - The new Crawford hook: is it safe? PMID- 3196200 TI - A simple grip/protector for gonio, fundus, and indirect ophthalmoscopic lenses. PMID- 3196201 TI - Diagnosis of inferior turbinate impaction. PMID- 3196202 TI - Successful treatment of a subretinal abscess in an intravenous drug abuser Case report. PMID- 3196203 TI - Symmetrical lid margin erosions: a condition specific to pemphigus vulgaris? Case report. PMID- 3196204 TI - Conjunctival melanoma with balloon cell transformation. Case report. PMID- 3196205 TI - Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Scientific advance and social responsibility. PMID- 3196206 TI - Pneumatic retinopexy. Surgical results. AB - We reviewed 55 consecutive cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment treated with pneumatic retinopexy. Eyes with inferior retinal breaks from the 4- to 8 o'clock positions or macular holes with retinal detachment were excluded. Forty five eyes (82%) were reattached with one operation. Although ten operations failed, nine retinas were subsequently reattached surgically, a 98% overall reattachment rate. Thirty-three (92%) of 36 phakic eyes, eight (66%) of 12 pseudophakic eyes, and four (57%) of seven aphakic retinas were reattached with one operation. In macula-off cases, phakic patients tended to have greater improvement in visual acuity. New breaks occurred in six eyes (11%), five (83%) of which were pseudophakic or aphakic. The safety, efficacy, and indications for pneumatic retinopexy remain to be established by a randomized, controlled, prospective study. PMID- 3196207 TI - Endothelial morphologic features and function after long-term extended wear of contact lenses. AB - We performed anterior segment fluorophotometry and endothelial cell photography on 11 subjects who had used extended-wear contact lenses for at least two years. The lenses had been removed for cleaning at intervals of one to four weeks. Forty subjects of similar age who did not wear contact lenses served as a control group. The coefficient of variation of cell size was increased in the contact lens group compared with the control group; no significant difference in mean endothelial cell size was found. The percentage of seven-sided cells making up the endothelial cell mosaic was increased in the contact lens group compared with the control group (15% vs 12%, respectively). No difference in corneal clarity, central corneal thickness, endothelial permeability to fluorescein, or rate of flow of aqueous humor was found between the groups. There was a significant correlation between duration of lens wear and mean endothelial cell size. Extended-wear contact lens usage induces morphological changes in the corneal endothelium; these changes may progress as the duration of lens wear increases. We detected no functional impairment, however. PMID- 3196208 TI - Visual field constriction caused by colored contact lenses. AB - Goldmann visual field testing was performed on ten patients while they were wearing the recently released DuraSoft 3 colored soft contact lenses. All patients but one had visual field constriction ranging from 5 degrees to 20 degrees. When the areas inside the three tested isopters were averaged, the amount of field loss ranged from 21% to 47%. Contact lens fitters as well as wearers should be warned of this potential complication. PMID- 3196209 TI - Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis in blacks. AB - Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) is a frequently overlooked cause of anterior uveitis. Improper diagnosis may lead to unnecessary therapy. Dark brown irides may demonstrate heterochromia poorly. We believe that FHI may be overlooked in blacks because of a frequent lack of obvious heterochromia and the frequent presence of iris nodules. Heterochromia is not necessary for the diagnosis of FHI if other clinical features of the syndrome are present. In our series of 54 whites and 13 blacks with FHI, heterochromia occurred in 50 (92%) whites and ten (76%) blacks (nonsignificant difference). Iris nodules occurred in 11 (20%) whites and four (30%) blacks (not significant). Statistically significant differences occurred with cataract/aphakia in 41 (75%) whites and three (23%) blacks and with glaucoma in six (11%) whites and five (38%) blacks. PMID- 3196210 TI - Significance of cilioretinal arteries in primary open angle glaucoma. AB - Greater optic nerve and visual field damage has been reported in eyes with primary open angle glaucoma that also have cilioretinal arteries compared with fellow eyes that do not have cilioretinal arteries. The cilioretinal artery may shunt blood from the posterior ciliary arterial circulation away from the optic nerve, especially in the inferior and superior optic disc, where early glaucomatous damage often occurs. To evaluate these observations, we reviewed stereoscopic disc photographs of 122 patients with primary open angle glaucoma. Twenty-one patients had unilateral cilioretinal arteries and bilateral primary open angle glaucoma with an intraocular pressure greater than 21 mm Hg at presentation and a difference of 3 mm Hg or less between the eyes. Stereoscopic disc photographs and Goldmann visual fields were evaluated in a masked fashion. In glaucomatous eyes with comparable intraocular pressures, we found no significant optic nerve or visual field differences in eyes with cilioretinal arteries compared with eyes without cilioretinal arteries. PMID- 3196212 TI - Oxygen transmissibility, thickness, and water content of three types of collagen shields. AB - Oxygen transmissibility, thickness, and water content were measured for three types of collagen shields: six of each type designed to dissolve in 12, 24, and 72 hours. Oxygen transmissibility was measured by a polarographic method at 35 degrees C and was found to be 17.9, 17.3, and 23.8 x 10(-9) cm mL O2/s mL mm Hg, respectively. Thicknesses were measured with an electronic gauge, and the central thicknesses of the 12-hour shields were found to be significantly greater (mean thickness, 0.19 mm) than the central thicknesses of the other two types (0.15 mm each). Water content, as measured by a hand refractometer, was found to be about 63% for all three types of shields, and no statistically significant differences were found. These measurements indicate that collagen shields behave like 63% water-content hydrogel contact lenses (oxygen permeability estimated at 27 x 10( 11) cm2 mL O2/s mL mm Hg) with regard to oxygen transmission. PMID- 3196211 TI - Malignant glioma of the optic chiasm eight years after radiotherapy for prolactinoma. AB - A 41-year-old man had rapidly progressive visual loss caused by a malignant glioma that developed in the optic chiasm eight years after radiation therapy for a recurrent prolactinoma. Radiation-induced glioma should be considered as a cause of progressive visual loss in patients who have received irradiation in the region of the sella turcica. PMID- 3196213 TI - Glycoconjugate abnormalities in cultured keratoconus stromal cells. AB - We examined the plasma membrane glycoconjugates of cultured corneal stromal cells derived from patients with keratoconus and healthy subjects. Using radiolabeled lectins as probes, we found that a majority of our keratoconus strains contained more binding sites for concanavalin A, Ricinus communis agglutinin I, and soybean agglutinin than did the controls. The number of binding sites in cultured keratoconus cells for radioactive peanut agglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin, and Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin I, however, was similar to that found in normal controls. Using a second method with biotin-labeled lectins as probes, we confirmed that increased amounts of glycoconjugates would bind to concanavalin A and R communis agglutinin I in stromal cells of patients with keratoconus compared with those of the control subjects. This study suggests that plasma membranes of cells derived from some patients with keratoconus may contain elevated amounts of glycoconjugates with glucose and/or mannose, terminal galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine residues. PMID- 3196214 TI - Noninvasive metabolic analysis of preserved rabbit cornea. AB - With the method of corneal redox fluorometry, the autofluorescence of reduced pyridine nucleotides (PN) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp) in rabbit corneal endothelium was measured as a function of storage time in McCarey-Kaufman (MK) medium and K-Sol medium. Measurements were started immediately after preparation of the corneal button, and the corneas were followed up for up to three weeks of storage. In both media, the PN/Fp ratio of the endothelium initially increased slightly in the first or second day and then began to decrease toward a level lower than baseline. This initial increase is possibly a result of an adaptive mechanism. The PN/Fp ratio maintained itself in the range of baseline values up to one week in MK medium but not in K-Sol medium. With scanning electron microscopy, the surface of the membrane and cell border were maintained for a three-week preservation period, and no apparent differences were found between the corneas stored in the two media. With transmission electron microscopy, the intracellular organelles appeared almost normal through one week of preservation in corneas stored in either media. During weeks 2 and 3, however, intracellular edema with increased endothelial thickness became prominent in the corneas stored in both media. Although no visual difference in the morphological features of the endothelium was apparent between corneas stored in either medium, computer assisted morphometric analysis showed a statistically significant increase in the coefficient of variation of mean cell area for the corneas preserved in K-Sol medium but not for those preserved in MK medium. PMID- 3196215 TI - Concentration change of fluorouracil in the external segment of the eye after subconjunctival injection. AB - Five milligrams of fluorouracil was injected subconjunctivally in the rabbit eye, and its concentration changes in the cornea, aqueous humor, and conjunctiva and sclera (both at the injection site and 180 degrees away from it) were determined by microbiological assay. The fluorouracil concentrations in the cornea and the aqueous humor averaged about 20 micrograms/g at one hour. The former decreased to 0.5 micrograms/g at 24 hours, while the latter was 0.03 micrograms/g at ten hours or later. At five hours, the fluorouracil concentrations in the conjunctiva and sclera at the injection site were similar to those 180 degrees away from it, both averaging about 2 micrograms/g. They decreased to 0.3 through 0.9 micrograms/g at 24 hours. The fluorouracil concentrations in the cornea, conjunctiva, and sclera at 24 hours were still above the reported 50% inhibition levels for the cultured conjunctival fibroblast. These findings have potential clinical implications for the safe use of fluorouracil. PMID- 3196216 TI - Topical retinoic acid treatment for conjunctival squamous metaplasia. PMID- 3196217 TI - Orbital surgery. The technique of coronal scalp flap approach to the qateral orbitotomy. AB - Lateral orbitotomy may be performed using a coronal scalp flap to provide exposure of the lateral orbital wall and rim. A coronal incision is made across the scalp. The scalp flap is developed anteriorly to expose the orbital margin from the superior orbital rim to the zygomatic arch. The temporalis muscle is dissected from its bony attachments and bluntly retracted, providing maximal exposure of the lateral orbital wall. The orbitotomy proceeds as required. The case concludes with a layered closure. In selected patients, the coronal scalp flap provides improved exposure and postoperative aesthetics compared with approaches in which the skin and muscle layer are incised directly over the lateral orbit. Complications are infrequent. PMID- 3196218 TI - High density lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality. The Framingham Heart Study. AB - In 12 years of follow-up for 2748 Framingham Heart Study participants ages 50 to 79, low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were associated with increased mortality. For men, the relative risk of death in the first HDL-C quintile (less than 35 mg/dl) as compared to the top quintile (greater than 54 mg/dl) was 1.9 for all causes, and 3.6 and 4.1 for death due to cardiovascular and coronary heart disease (CHD), respectively, after adjustment for standard cardiovascular risk factors. In women, corresponding relative risks, comparing the bottom HDL-C quintile (less than 45 mg/dl) to the top quintile (greater than 69 mg/dl), were 1.5, 1.6, and 3.1. With HDL-C considered as a continuous variable, and after adjustment for standard cardiovascular risk factors, highly significant associations were seen with HDL-C and CHD death in both men and women. In addition, a significant HDL-C effect on total mortality and death due to cardiovascular disease was seen in men. In none of the continuous variable analyses was HDL-C associated with cancer death. We conclude that HDL-C is a potent predictor of CHD death in both sexes and has less consistent associations with other types of death. PMID- 3196219 TI - Cholesterol accumulation in aortic smooth muscle cells exposed to low density lipoproteins. Contribution of free cholesterol transfer. AB - Incubation of cultured arterial smooth muscle cells with large concentrations of low density lipoproteins (LDL) resulted in a net increase in cell cholesterol and cholesteryl ester mass that was dependent on LDL concentration and time of incubation. Use of an inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT) reduced the accumulation of cholesteryl ester mass by 40% (range 25% to 50%), suggesting that a significant proportion of the cholesteryl ester mass that accumulated from LDL did so without being hydrolyzed and re-esterified. Quiescent arterial smooth muscle cells exposed for 48 hours to 0.5 mg/ml of 125I-LDL accumulated 115 nmol total sterol/mg cell protein. However, these cells took up and degraded only 21 micrograms of 125I-LDL protein, which contains 64 nmol total cholesterol. Hence, only about 60% of the increase in cell-associated cholesterol mass was accounted for by LDL particle uptake and degradation. Further, when cells were incubated with 3H cholesteryl linoleyl ether-labeled LDL, the net increase of total cell cholesterol was 81 nmol/mg cell protein. However, only 49 nmol of total cholesterol was taken up by LDL particle uptake, as calculated from the uptake of the 3H cholesteryl linoleyl ether tracer. It thus appears that about 40% of the accumulated cholesterol mass was derived independent of LDL particle uptake, suggesting the possibility of transfer of free cholesterol from the surface of LDL to the cell surface. The occurrence of cholesterol surface transfer was independently verified by the measurement of the uptake and cellular distribution of LDL-derived free 3H-cholesterol. A substantial fraction of the accumulated cell cholesterol mass (approximately 40%) was derived from surface transfer of LDL free cholesterol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196220 TI - Isolation of low density lipoprotein from atherosclerotic vascular tissue of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. AB - Atherogenic properties of low density lipoproteins (LDL) in vivo may reflect modification of lipoproteins associated with endothelial translocation and exposure to extracellular matrix and interstitial fluid. To examine whether modifications of LDL occur in vivo, lipoproteins were isolated from plasma and vascular tissue of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits. LDL was extracted from vascular tissue (LDL-V) by homogenization in the presence of a sodium carbonate buffer. Control experiments demonstrated that modifications did not occur under the preparative conditions used to release LDL from tissue. LDL-V contained less esterified cholesterol, but more cholesterol esters, than did LDL from plasma (LDL-P). The diameters of both LDL-V and LDL-P followed gaussian distributions, but LDL-V particles were smaller (20.3 +/- 0.1 and 26.3 +/- 0.1 nm). Mild lipid peroxidation was evident in LDL-V. The sphingomyelin content was increased in LDL-V, with less phosphatidylcholine than in LDL-P. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that apolipoprotein B was depleted in LDL-V, but Western blot analyses identified lower molecular weight proteins antigenically related to apolipoprotein B. LDL-V markedly stimulated cholesterol esterification in mouse peritoneal macrophages and also in rabbit alveolar macrophages, a cell type that did not respond to acetylated LDL. LDL-V was not recognized by cultured rabbit skin fibroblasts. Thus, LDL isolated from atherosclerotic vascular tissue in vivo was modified in a fashion that could confer atherogenic properties reflected by augmentation of cholesterol esterification in macrophages in vitro. PMID- 3196221 TI - Comparison of two measures of atherosclerosis in a prospective epidemiology study. AB - Two different methods of measuring atherosclerosis, the American Heart Association panel method and the International Atherosclerosis Project unaided visual estimation, were used to estimate the extent of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and aortas from 225 men who participated in a prospective study of cardiovascular disease. The two methods produced quite different results of frequency distribution of levels of atherosclerosis. The correlations of the two measures of atherosclerosis were also relatively low for both the coronary arteries (0.63) and the aortas (0.74). The correlation of atherosclerosis with major risk factors was generally higher with the unaided visual estimation method than with the panel method, except for cigarette smoking. However, the associations of coronary atherosclerosis with autopsy-documented myocardial infarction and with clinical coronary disease were similar for the two measures. Thus, it is clear that the estimate of extent of atherosclerosis and its associations with major risk factors depends upon the method used to measure atherosclerosis. Epidemiologic studies that use only one method may miss some types of risk factor associations. PMID- 3196222 TI - Prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis and serum cholesterol levels in eastern Finland. AB - We investigated the prevalence of carotid atherosclerosis and its association with serum lipoprotein cholesterol fractions in 412 Eastern Finnish men ages 42, 48, 54, or 60 years who were examined between February and December 1987 in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Carotid atherosclerosis was assessed with high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Of the participants, 37% had thickening of the intimal or medial layer of the arterial wall, 10% had plaques, 2% had stenosis in the right or left common carotid artery or in the carotid bifurcation, and only 51% were free of any detectable carotid atherosclerosis. The prevalence of atherosclerosis was 14.1%, 32.0%, 67.7%, and 81.9% in the four age groups, respectively. The mean age-adjusted serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration was 3.67 mmol/l (142 mg/dl) in men free of carotid atherosclerosis and 4.02 mmol/l (155 mg/dl) in those with at least intimal thickening (p = 0.003 for difference). The mean age-adjusted serum cholesterol concentration in the high density lipoprotein (HDL) fraction was 1.34 mmol/l (52 mg/dl) in the atherosclerosis-free and 1.27 mmol/l (49 mg/dl) in the atherosclerotic men (p = 0.029 for difference). There was a similar difference in both the serum HDL2 and the HDL3 cholesterol levels. Serum LDL and HDL (inverse) cholesterol were significant determinants of severity of carotid atherosclerosis in a multivariate regression model adjusting for age, obesity, plasma fibrinogen, cigarette-years, and duration of hypertension. Our data reveal the high prevalence of atherosclerosis in middle-aged Eastern Finnish men and provide further evidence of the roles of LDL and HDL cholesterol in atherosclerosis. PMID- 3196223 TI - Assessment of cardiovascular risk factors in Nigerian students. AB - The present study assessed the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in 65 Nigerian medical students attending the University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Their ages ranged from 17 to 28 years with a mean age for men of 20.9 years and for women of 18.8 years. Approximately 8% of the men and 0% of the women were current cigarette smokers, whereas alcohol use was observed in 14.6% of the men and in 0% of the women. The Nigerian men had significantly higher diastolic blood pressures than did American black and white men. Compared to American black men, the Nigerian men had considerably lower total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The Nigerian women did not differ from American black women with respect to total cholesterol, but had significantly lower triglyceride concentrations. PMID- 3196224 TI - Independent effects of diet and nutritional status on apoprotein B gene expression in rabbit. AB - The separate effects of dietary composition and time of nutrient intake on apoprotein B (apo B) gene expression in rabbit intestine and liver were determined. After an overnight fast, there were insignificant effects of the long term consumption of a diet containing saturated fat on the tissue levels of apo B mRNA, although plasma cholesterol levels were elevated as compared to those of animals consuming a diet containing unsaturated fat. However, when the animals were studied 2 hours after receiving a gastric tube feeding of a portion of their test diets after an overnight fast, there was a twofold increase in the intestinal apo B mRNA level and a similar increase in the transcriptional activity of the apo B gene independent of dietary composition. We conclude that, with the diets we used, nutrient intake alone has, in rabbits, a major effect on apo B gene expression at the level of transcription. This factor should be taken into account when designing studies of intestinal gene expression. PMID- 3196225 TI - Enhanced apolipoprotein E production with normal hepatic mRNA levels in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. AB - The Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit (WHHL) provides an experimental animal model for the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor defect present in patients homozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Both WHHL rabbits and FH patients have a four- to sevenfold increase in plasma levels of apolipoprotein E (apo E). To determine the etiology for the elevated apo E concentrations, kinetic studies of radiolabeled apo E were conducted in WHHL and control New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. The sites of apo E synthesis in the WHHL rabbit were evaluated by quantitating apo E mRNA levels in 12 tissues by dot-blot analysis of total RNA from each tissue with an apo E cDNA probe. Compared to the NZW rabbit, the WHHL rabbit had a twofold increase in the plasma apo E residence time, a fourfold increase in apo E production rate, and normal apo E mRNA levels in the liver and all other major apo E synthetic tissues. However, a fivefold increase in WHHL aortic apo E mRNA levels was observed. The elevated level of aortic apo E mRNA indicated a potential role for apo E in modulating atherogenesis in the WHHL rabbit. These results established that the increased plasma apo E in the WHHL rabbit was due to increased synthesis and delayed catabolism. Moreover, the fourfold increase in apo E synthesis with normal tissue apo E mRNA levels may reflect a translational or posttranslational regulation of apo E synthesis. PMID- 3196226 TI - Blood platelets are concentrated near the wall and red blood cells, in the center in flowing blood. AB - Hematocrit and vessel wall shear rate are important factors in the transport and subsequent adherence of platelets to vessel wall subendothelium. When mass transport theory is applied to platelets in flowing blood, the blood is usually considered to be a fluid with platelet and red cell wall concentrations similar to the average tube concentration. With the laser-Doppler technique, we found how red blood cell ghosts and platelets were distributed radially for various hematocrits and wall shear rates. Red cell ghosts are crowded near the axis of the tube, with a local hematocrit higher than the average tube hematocrit, and they decrease steadily toward the wall. In the absence of ghosts, platelets exhibit the 'tubular pinch' effect (rigid particles crowding at 0.6 x tube radius). In the presence of ghosts, the platelets are expelled toward the wall region. This high concentration at the wall increases with higher average tube hematocrit and wall shear rates. Increasing the average tube platelet concentration 10 times causes the wall concentration to increase only three times. The increase in platelet adherence observed with increasing hematocrit and increasing wall shear rate can be partially ascribed to increased platelet concentration near the wall. The observation that the increased platelet concentration does not fully explain the platelet adherence data suggests that platelet transport may also be enhanced by a shear rate-dependent rotary motion. PMID- 3196228 TI - Sanctity of life and the role of the nurse. PMID- 3196229 TI - Re-entering nursing. PMID- 3196227 TI - Lactosaminated Fab fragments specific for low density lipoproteins/hepatocyte targeting and hypolipoproteinemic activity. AB - We have previously reported that Fab fragments of IgGs modified by lactosamination (lac-Fab) can direct macromolecules, including low density lipoproteins (LDL), to the liver. In the present paper we demonstrate that lac Fab that is specific for LDL is an effective and selective hypolipoprotein agent. A plasma pool of about 60 mg/dl of apoprotein B (apo B) was induced in rats by bolus injection of human LDL (hLDL), which increased the cholesterol value to about 150 mg/dl. Three hours after injection of the highest dose of lac-Fab, the total cholesterol decreased to 80 mg/dl, compared to 120 mg/dl in control animals. Studies conducted with 131I-tyramine-cellobiose-labeled LDL indicated that the liver was the only organ in which lac-Fab increased LDL uptake and degradation. The effect of lac-Fab was dose-dependent. With amounts of lac-Fab between 13 to 42 mg/kg body weight, the amount of hLDL cleared through the lac Fab mechanism ranged from 30% to 70% of the initial pool. Analysis of the plasma lipoprotein subfractions revealed that high density lipoprotein levels were not affected. Histologic examination of liver sections after sequential injection of fluorescently labeled hLDL and lac-Fab indicated specific uptake in the hepatocytes when compared to control sections obtained from animals injected with Dil-LDL alone. The uptake of fluorescent LDL induced by lac-Fab was completely prevented by a co-injection of an excess of asialofetuin. We conclude that lac Fab that is specific for LDL is a selective hypolipoproteinemic agent and a specific carrier to the hepatocytes. PMID- 3196230 TI - Incontinence research provides some answers. PMID- 3196231 TI - The third age. PMID- 3196232 TI - Do you know when a child's at risk? PMID- 3196233 TI - Analgesic guidelines. Part I. PMID- 3196235 TI - Health economics: what's in it for nurses? Part II. How can economics contribute to better patient care? PMID- 3196234 TI - Shaping the future. PMID- 3196236 TI - Technique for time domain analysis of the signal averaged electrocardiogram. PMID- 3196237 TI - The effect of patient density variation on radiotherapy dose calculations. PMID- 3196238 TI - A cost effective defibrillator analyser. PMID- 3196239 TI - The art of the scientific paper. PMID- 3196240 TI - Illustrating the effectiveness of surface admittances (impedances) for simplifying modelling physiological (ECG/EEG) potential fields. PMID- 3196241 TI - Campylobacter pylori--gastroduodenal pathogen or opportunistic bystander? PMID- 3196242 TI - Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with increasing doses of recombinant alpha A interferon. AB - Since July 1984, eight patients with advanced hairy cell leukemia have received treatment with recombinant alpha A interferon. At commencement of interferon, seven patients had progressive cytopenia, and one was in leukemic phase (greater than 20 x 10(9)/L circulating hairy cells). All patients had had previous splenectomy. Interferon was administered subcutaneously. The initial dose was 3 x 10(6) U/day, continued until peripheral counts stabilised. Subsequently, patients received 6 x 10(6) U/day, 9 x 10(6) U/day, and finally 12 x 10(6) U/day. The dose increases proceeded every 8-12 weeks, as tolerated. Seven patients had an objective response. There were four complete remissions, two partial remissions, and one minor response. Complete remission was documented only in patients on at least 6 x 10(6) U/day for 12 weeks. The median time to complete remission was 40 weeks (range 35-53). Normalisation of peripheral blood counts preceded histologic marrow improvement. The median times for response (platelets greater than or equal to 100 x 10(9)/L, hemaglobin greater than or equal to 12 gm/dL, neutrophils greater than or equal to 1.5 x 10(9)/L), were six to eight and 17 weeks, respectively. Toxicity included myelosuppression during the first four weeks of therapy. With increasing doses of interferon, myelosuppression did not recur. A transient, mild, flu-like syndrome affected all patients. Two patients developed asymptomatic transaminitis at doses greater than 6 X 10(6) U/day. This resolved with dose reduction. In one case impotence was reported during the first four weeks of each interferon level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196244 TI - Circadian rhythms in patients with abdominal pain syndromes. AB - Circadian rhythms for cortisol, 6-sulphatoxy melatonin and core body temperature were compared in control subjects and patients with functional abdominal pain. There were 20 patients with biliary pain after cholecystectomy, ten with biliary pain without cholecystectomy and 14 with irritable bowel syndrome. Rhythms were determined by urine collections at intervals of 4 h for 48 h and by overnight monitoring of core body temperature using the Vitalog system. Data were fitted to a sine curve to yield the time of maximal urinary excretion/lowest temperature and the amplitude of each rhythm. Urinary excretion of free cortisol was similar in patients and control subjects. For urinary 6-sulphatoxy melatonin, the timing (phase) of rhythms was similar in patients and controls but those with pain had a lower urinary excretion of 6-sulphatoxy melatonin (p less than 0.05) and a rhythm of lower amplitude (p less than 0.02). The amplitude of the temperature rhythm was also lower in patients with biliary pain with and without prior cholecystectomy (p less than 0.05). Functional abdominal pain is associated with 6-sulphatoxy melatonin and temperature rhythms of low amplitude, presumably because of suppression of circadian oscillators. PMID- 3196243 TI - Improved treatment results for lymphoblastic lymphoma in adolescents and adults using a doxorubicin-based (APO) protocol. AB - A multi-drug chemotherapy (APO) protocol incorporating doxorubicin was used to treat 12 patients (median age 19 years) with lymphoblastic lymphoma. The APO protocol consisted of intensive induction and consolidation phases, prophylactic CNS treatment, and 24 months of maintenance therapy. Eleven patients had an anterior mediastinal mass, while T cell markers were found on the lymphoma cells in eight of the nine cases tested. Two patients had initial CNS involvement, with one also having bone marrow replacement. Complete remission was obtained in all patients, with no deaths due to treatment toxicity. There have been four relapses, one in the patient with initial CNS and leukemic disease, two in abdominal sites, and in the mediastinum in one patient. With a median follow-up time of 30 months from diagnosis, 67% of patients remain alive in first remission. These results indicate that the APO protocol provides a highly effective approach to the management of this high grade lymphoma in adolescents and adults. PMID- 3196245 TI - Effects of physical activity on risk factors for coronary heart disease in previously sedentary women: a five-year longitudinal study. AB - Fitness, weight, blood-pressure, and lipids were measured in 290 women joining a fitness programme. Five years later, 110 (38%) had remained active, and the others had become sedentary again. The net effect of being active was to increase fitness by 18% and to reduce weight by 1.9 kg, diastolic blood pressure by 3 mmHg, and triglycerides by 0.15 mmol/L-1. After controlling for age, weight and fitness, physical activity accounted for 1% and 3% of the variance of changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure respectively, and was not associated with changes in lipids. Change in fitness accounted for only 1% of change in diastolic blood pressure. More 'active' women gave up smoking than 'inactive' (70% versus 10%). Hypertensive women were more sensitive to changes in weight and fitness than normotensive women. It was concluded that physical activity and change in fitness were only weakly related to changes in blood pressure and were unrelated to changes in lipids. PMID- 3196246 TI - Dystonia and intracerebral calcification: pseudohypoparathyroidism presenting in an eleven-year-old girl. AB - Pseudohypoparathyroidism is an uncommon cause of movement disorders. We describe the case of an otherwise well 11-year-old girl, who presented with dystonia and was subsequently shown to have the classical metabolic abnormalities of pseudohypoparathyroidism. Cranial computerised tomographic scanning (CT scanning) showed intracerebral calcification of the basal ganglia and frontal lobes. PMID- 3196247 TI - Malignant systemic mastocytosis. AB - Malignant systemic mastocytosis is a rare disorder, a subgroup of the mast cell neoplasms. Its clinical and histological diagnosis is often difficult, especially in patients without cutaneous involvement. We report an unsuspected case who underwent laparotomy complicated by life-threatening hypotension consistent with vasoactive mediator release from mast cells. The subsequent use of two chemotherapy regimens is detailed and both induced transient reduction in disease bulk. PMID- 3196249 TI - A 61-year-old man with extensive thrombosis. PMID- 3196248 TI - Facial nerve tumours or 'all that palsies is not Bell's'. AB - Most cases of facial nerve palsy are idiopathic, that is to say, Bell's palsy. A few cases are due to tumours on the facial nerve. Early diagnosis will avoid extensive tissue destruction with loss of hearing and lead to satisfactory facial reinnervation. Five cases are presented. In three, there was a significant delay in diagnosis. A facial nerve tumour generally presents as a paralysis of slow onset and the degree of paralysis often fluctuates. Diagnosis can be made in most cases by high resolution CT. PMID- 3196251 TI - Haemophilia A in a cocker spaniel dog. PMID- 3196250 TI - Assessment of copper and zinc status of farm horses and training thoroughbreds in south-east Queensland. AB - The copper and zinc concentrations in the blood of stabled thoroughbred horses and in Australian Stock Horses mares at pasture, either late pregnant or lactating were determined by an atomic absorption spectroscopic method. The plasma concentration of the trace elements in these apparently normal horses were generally below the "normal" range. The plasma copper, caeruloplasmin copper, whole blood copper and plasma zinc concentrations in the stabled thoroughbreds were 0.76 +/- 0.19 micrograms/ml (n = 82), 0.56 +/- 0.14 micrograms/ml (n = 83), 0.75 +/- 0.18 micrograms/ml (n = 82) and 0.47 +/- 0.09 micrograms/ml (n = 83) respectively. The plasma copper and zinc concentrations of all the brood mares at pasture (pregnant and lactating) were 0.56 +/- 0.20 micrograms/ml and 0.47 +/- 0.11 micrograms/ml (n = 30). The plasma copper concentration of the pregnant group of mares (0.64 +/- 0.18 micrograms/ml; (n = 14) was greater than that of the lactating mares (0.49 +/- 0.21; (n = 16). Variation in the plasma copper concentration was also identified between stabled and farm horses, between horses of different stables and between horses of different ages. The proportion of plasma copper bound to caeruloplasmin was 73 +/- 11.8%. These low concentrations of copper and zinc in the plasma of apparently normal horses are of clinical significance since recent evidence has indicated that copper deficiency appears to promote the development of skeletal abnormalities in foals. An alternative to the use of a single plasma sample to identify the copper or zinc deficient horse was discussed. PMID- 3196252 TI - Virus particles associated with leukaemia in a koala. PMID- 3196253 TI - The reproductive performance of cattle in Solomon Islands. PMID- 3196255 TI - Rhodococcus equi infection in goats. PMID- 3196254 TI - Purple pigeon grass (Setaria incrassata): a potential cause of nutritional secondary hyperpharathyroidism of grazing horses. PMID- 3196256 TI - Reasons for liking and choosing a cat as a pet. PMID- 3196257 TI - Laryngeal streptocariasis causing death from asphyxiation in ducks. PMID- 3196258 TI - Evaluation of the Dirochek test for Dirofilaria immitis antigen. PMID- 3196259 TI - New biotin-conjugated antisera for quantitation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum specific immunoglobulin A in chicken. AB - The biotinylation of goat anti-alpha-chains of chicken immunoglobulin A (IgA), suitable for use in an avidin-biotin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, is described. The optimum conditions for the use of the developed conjugate in determining local and systemic IgA specific to Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens were established. PMID- 3196260 TI - Relationship between infectivity and cytopathology for L-929 cells, membrane proteins, and antigenicity of avian isolates of Chlamydia psittaci. AB - Seventeen isolates of Chlamydia psittaci from various avian species were examined. Based on their infectivity and cytopathology for L-929 cells, these isolates were separable into a high-infectivity group (HIG) and a low-infectivity group (LIG). Differences in the molecular weight of the major outer membrane proteins (MOMPs) of the isolates correlated with differences in infectivity. The HIG MOMPs had a molecular weight of 43,500, and the LIG MOMPs had a molecular weight of 45,500. The MOMP of one mammalian isolate of C. psittaci examined had a molecular weight of 43,500. Antisera raised against some of the isolates reacted with only the MOMP from isolates of their respective groups. The MOMPs of a mammalian C. psittaci isolate and of the C. trachomatis LGV 440 isolate did not react with HIG or LIG antisera. The MOMPs of some avian C. psittaci did react weakly with antiserum against the LGV 440 isolate of C. trachomatis. PMID- 3196262 TI - Cataracts and optic nerve hypoplasia in turkey poults. AB - Newly hatched commercial turkey poults culled because of grossly visible cataracts were studied. A total of 43 affected and 23 unaffected control poults at various ages were necropsied, and the ocular changes in affected poults were compared with those of aged-matched controls. Affected poults had consistent cataracts coupled with a marked depletion in retinal inner plexiform, ganglion cell, and optic nerve fiber layers, with a resultant reduction in the size of the optic nerves. Lesions were seen in 1-day-old poults. Lens changes included microphakia and lens fiber degeneration throughout the lens, with nuclear liquefaction. The depletion in the numbers of retinal ganglion cells did not appear to progress over several weeks time. The ganglion cell depletion was not uniform within the retina. The cause for these ocular changes is unknown. PMID- 3196261 TI - Intestinal and bursal cryptosporidiosis in turkeys following inoculation with Cryptosporidium sp. isolated from commercial poults. AB - Cryptosporidium meleagridis oocysts, originally isolated from droppings of commercial turkey poults with increased mortality due to viral (reovirus) hepatitis and enteritis, were treated with peracetic acid to kill companion bacteria and viruses and then propagated by passage in young turkeys. Thirty eight 5-day-old large white turkey poults were inoculated by crop gavage with 500,000 cryptosporidial oocysts and compared with 40 uninoculated poults. Cryptosporidial oocysts shedding began 3 days postinoculation (PI), peaked on day 4 PI, and persisted at a low level for the duration of the 21-day trial. Low to moderate cryptosporidial infections of the ileal mucosa (days 3, 6, and 15 PI), cecal mucosa (days 3, 6, and 21 PI), and bursa of Fabricius (days 6, 12, 15 and 21 PI) were found on histopathological examination. There were no differences in mean body weights between the inoculated and uninoculated groups, and no mortality or clinical signs of disease were seen in either group. PMID- 3196263 TI - Low propensity for poultry isolates of Pasteurella multocida to acquire adaptive resistance to oxytetracycline. AB - Thirty independently derived reference strains and clinical isolates of Pasteurella multocida were tested to determine their potential for acquiring adaptive resistance to oxytetracycline in an effort to better understand the prolonged high efficacy of the antibiotic for pasteurellosis in poultry. All reference strains and clinical isolates exhibited uniform susceptibility as measured with the broth dilution method. None of the strains or isolates readily acquired significant resistance when grown in subinhibitory oxytetracycline levels under the conditions employed. These data support the conclusions that spontaneous variation in P. multocida resulting in oxytetracycline resistance is uncommon in the field and that the organism possesses a very low propensity for acquiring adaptive resistance in response to growth in the presence of the antibiotic. PMID- 3196264 TI - Effect of ascorbic acid on antibody response of stressed and unstressed chickens. AB - Chickens were given feed containing a series of doses of ascorbic acid between 0 and 880 mg/kg starting 1 day before and continuing for 5 days after sheep erythrocytes were administered intravenously. Antibody titers were reduced when doses were greater than 220 mg/kg. Cold stress resulted in a reduction of titers, which was partly alleviated by doses between 220 and 440 mg/kg. Results were similar when 25 mg of corticosterone was added to the feed to simulate stress. Titers of treated stressed chickens were never greater than those of the untreated unstressed controls. PMID- 3196266 TI - The relationship of pathogenicity to the growth of Pasteurella multocida serotype 3,4 isolates in normal turkey plasma. AB - The percent mortality (M%) caused by various isolates of Pasteurella multocida serotypes 3,4 in turkeys challenged with these organisms was significantly associated with the growth curve when these organisms were grown in normal turkey plasma. The organisms that lysed the most caused the least mortality. In turn, the longer it took for an organism to reach the lowest point on its growth curve, the lower the M%. The highest point on the growth curve and the time that it took to reach that point were analyzed in normal and heat-treated plasma (HTP). The isolates with the maximum growth had the highest M%. The isolates that reached their maximum growth faster also had the greatest M%. PMID- 3196265 TI - Passive immunization versus adhesion of Bordetella avium to the tracheal mucosa of turkeys. AB - Three-week-old turkeys were passively immunized with convalescent serum or treated with tracheal washings from turkeys infected with Bordetella avium. Western blot analysis of the convalescent serum and tracheal washings revealed at least two bands of interaction with outer membrane protein preparations of B. avium. Adherence of B. avium in vivo to tracheal mucosa was determined and compared in treated and untreated turkeys. Passive immunization with convalescent serum reduced adherence of B. avium to the tracheal mucosa in a dose- and time dependent manner. Adherence was significantly inhibited (P less than 0.01) when turkeys were treated intravenously with 1 ml of undiluted serum either 1 or 6 hours previously. Incubation of the bacterial inoculum with convalescent tracheal washings or application of the washings to tracheal segments before adherence determination in vivo resulted in a significant (P less than 0.01) decrease in adherence. These results indicate that adherence of B. avium to tracheal mucosa is inhibited by substances (antibody) present in both serum and tracheal secretions of convalescent turkeys. PMID- 3196267 TI - Skeletal and tendon lesions of male broiler-breeders reared on elevated slats. AB - Eighty 25-week-old male broiler-breeder chickens were placed in pens with elevated slats for 16 weeks. A similar group of birds was housed on floor pens for comparison. The coxofemoral, stifle, and tibiotarsal joints and their supporting tendons and ligaments were examined grossly. Rearing heavy broiler breeders on elevated slats did not result in grossly apparent arthritis, tendonitis, or tendon failure. Body weights and shank lengths and diameters were not markedly different. Microscopically, the broiler-breeders reared on slats had a lymphocytic synovitis with synovial cell hyperplasia involving the gastrocnemius and digital flexor tendons. The incidence and severity of the lesion increased with time. PMID- 3196268 TI - Virus distribution and histopathologic changes in organs of chickens inoculated with Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus-1) isolated from racing pigeons. AB - The virus distribution and histopathologic changes in organs of 1-week-old chickens inoculated with three representative isolates of Newcastle disease virus isolated from racing pigeons in Japan were examined. All three isolates were recovered from various organs, including brain, for several days, but not from the blood. Results were highly correlated with their high intracerebral pathogenicity indices (ICPI), in spite of their long mean death time of minimum lethal dose (MDT/MLD). PMID- 3196269 TI - A surgical method for controlling the flight of peafowl (Pavo cristata). AB - The articular surfaces of the left humerus-ulna joint were curetted, and a surgical screw was inserted across the joint through the ulna and humerus. The joint was immobilized for 2 weeks. Treated peafowl could strut normally but could not cross a 1.3-meter fence. PMID- 3196270 TI - Relationship of two-week body weight to the incidence of ascites in broilers. AB - Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether a positive relationship exists between individual capacity for rapid growth and the subsequent development of ascites lesions in broilers. Chicks were wingbanded at 1 day of age and reared to 7 weeks on high-energy rations designed to promote rapid growth and ascites. All chicks dying during the experimental period were necropsied to determine the presence or absence of ascites lesions. In neither experiment was there any indication that the individual capacity for rapid growth, as reflected in relative 2-week body weights, was associated with an increased propensity to develop ascites. PMID- 3196271 TI - Effect of ascorbic acid on the mortality of Leghorn-type chickens due to overheating. AB - Leghorn-type chickens in a relatively low-stress environment were fed diets containing 0 to 1100 mg of ascorbic acid (AA)/kg for 1 day before they were subjected to overheating. As the dose of AA increased from 0 to 330 mg/kg, there was decreasing mortality from 40% to 0%. As the dose of AA was increased further, there was an increase in mortality. PMID- 3196272 TI - An outbreak of urolithiasis in single-comb white Leghorn pullets. AB - An outbreak of urolithiasis characterized by high mortality and emaciation in a flock of leghorn pullets is reported. The etiology was not ascertained. Other signs were swollen feet associated with articulate gout. Visceral gout, atrophy, or irregular hypertrophy of the kidneys were also observed. Many birds had one or both ureters enlarged with white uroliths. Microscopic lesions were urate granulomas, necrosis and loss of kidney parenchyma associated with tubular dilation, and edematous and fibrotic interstitium. PMID- 3196273 TI - Pseudoparasitism of broiler chicks by mites of the family Uropodidae, genus Fuscuropoda. AB - Seven 6-day-old broiler chicks were presented dead and heavily infested with ectoparasites. Tentatively identified as Argas ticks, the parasites were later determined to be non-parasitic mites of the family Uropodidae, genus Fuscuropoda. PMID- 3196275 TI - Poliomyelomalacia, pancreatic necrosis, and cerebellar malacia in turkey poults. AB - Two-to-5-week-old turkey poults from three large Minnesota flocks exhibited ataxia, flaccid paralysis, and up to 5% mortality as unexpected death. The major post-mortem finding was cerebellar hemorrhage and softening detected in 22 of 89 clinically affected poults. Histologic findings were severe focal or multifocal poliomyelomalacia in the lumbosacral intumescentia of the spinal cord, cerebellar malacia, and single-cell or multifocal coagulative necrosis of pancreatic acinar cells. Thirty of 32 clinically affected poults examined had microscopic spinal cord lesions, 12 of 48 had cerebellar lesions, and 26 of 47 had pancreatic lesions. Gross and microscopic cerebellar lesions resembled those of vitamin E deficiency in chicks. Hepatic selenium levels were approximately twice normal expected levels for poults. PMID- 3196274 TI - Fecal streptococcal infection of commercial white pekin ducklings. AB - An acute septicemic disease was reported in 1-to-2-week-old white pekin ducklings on eight Long Island duck farms. Gross lesions were primarily hepatomegaly and enlarged necrotic spleens. Fibrinous pericarditis, perihepatitis, and airsacculitis were observed in some birds. Mortality ranged from 0.5 to 5%. Streptococcus faecium was isolated from heart blood, livers, lungs, and spleens of sick or dead ducklings. Serologically, all isolates belonged to Lancefield Serogroup D. The disease was reproduced in 8-day-old susceptible ducklings by parenteral infection. The lesions were indistinguishable from those observed in field outbreaks. Novobiocin at 350 g per ton of feed was effective in controlling mortality in the field. PMID- 3196276 TI - Skeletal muscle lesions in turkeys associated with the feeding of monensin. AB - The feeding of monensin as a coccidiostat in three separate flocks of turkeys was associated with increased mortality, posterior paresis, and a skeletal muscle myopathy. Mortality attributed to the disease was 1.65%, 1.86%, and 4.80% in the three flocks. Samples of monensin-supplemented feed fed to the flocks when showing clinical signs contained 88, 85, and 106 g/ton of complete feed, respectively. Clinically, the turkeys showed posterior paresis, inability to rise, incoordination, reluctance to move, and leg trembling and weakness. Necropsy findings included consistent lesions of pallor within the type I muscles of the legs, wings, and backs. Microscopic lesions included myofiber degeneration and necrosis with massive cellular proliferation interpreted as sarcolemmal nuclei proliferation. Occasional axonal degeneration with loss of axons was present in peripheral nerves embedded in the damaged musculature. In the youngest flock, multifocal areas of acute coagulation necrosis of the myocardium were also present. These outbreaks occurred following intake of monensin in the complete feed at levels considered therapeutic; however, no associated predisposing clinical condition, drug/toxin interaction, or excessive monensin levels in the feed could be demonstrated. PMID- 3196277 TI - Pineoblastoma in a cockatiel. AB - Pineoblastoma, a primitive neoplasm of pineal gland origin, was diagnosed in a cockatiel based on gross, histopathological, and electron-microscopic findings. PMID- 3196279 TI - [Blood values of chinchilla]. PMID- 3196280 TI - [The kinetics of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) in the blood plasma of swine of different ages]. PMID- 3196278 TI - [The occurrence of Plesiomonas shigelloides in wild and zoo birds]. PMID- 3196281 TI - [The preservation of the whole blood of dogs for transfusion purposes in CPDA-1 stabilizer-prepared PVC bags--the effect of storage on the count, the volume distribution and the ultrastructure of thrombocytes]. PMID- 3196282 TI - [The construction of the main and reference vectors from the limb circuits in the ECG of the horse]. PMID- 3196283 TI - [Changes in the distribution of the fat-soluble vitamins in the lipoprotein fractions in suckling calves and cows in relation to parturition]. PMID- 3196284 TI - Resistance of protein and glucose metabolism to insulin in denervated rat muscle. AB - Denervated (1-10 days) rat epitrochlearis muscles were isolated, and basal and insulin-stimulated protein and glucose metabolism were studied. Although basal rates of glycolysis and glucose transport were increased in 1-10-day-denervated muscles, basal glycogen-synthesis rates were unaltered and glycogen concentrations were decreased. Basal rates of protein degradation and synthesis were increased in 1-10-day-denervated muscles. The increase in degradation was greater than that in synthesis, resulting in muscle atrophy. Increased rates of proteolysis and glycolysis were accompanied by elevated release rates of leucine, alanine, glutamate, pyruvate and lactate from 3-10-day-denervated muscles. ATP and phosphocreatine were decreased in 3-10-day-denervated muscles. Insulin resistance of glycogen synthesis occurred in 1-10-day denervated muscles. Insulin stimulated glycolysis and glucose transport were inhibited by day 3 of denervation, and recovered by day 10. Inhibition of insulin-stimulated protein synthesis was observed only in 3-day-denervated muscles, whereas regulation by insulin of net proteolysis was unaffected in 1-10-day-denervated muscles. Thus the results demonstrate enhanced glycolysis, proteolysis and protein synthesis, and decreased energy stores, in denervated muscle. They further suggest a defect in insulin's action on protein synthesis in denervated muscles as well as on glucose metabolism. However, the lack of concurrent changes in all insulin sensitive pathways and the absence of insulin-resistance for proteolysis suggest multiple and specific cellular defects in insulin's action in denervated muscle. PMID- 3196285 TI - Mitochondria contain a proteolytic system which can recognize and degrade oxidatively-denatured proteins. AB - When incubated with mitochondria in an air atmosphere, menadione and doxorubicin (which redox cycle with the respiratory chain to produce oxygen radicals), as well as xanthine oxidase plus xanthine (which generate superoxide and H2O2), stimulated the degradation of newly-synthesized [( 3H]leucine-labelled) mitochondrial polypeptides. No stimulation was observed in an N2 atmosphere, ATP was not required, and xanthine oxidase was not effective without xanthine. Various forms of oxidative stress induced varying degrees of protein cross linking, protein fragmentation and proteolysis, as judged by gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. To learn more about the proteolytic enzymes involved in degradation, we undertook studies with purified protein substrates which had been exposed to oxidative stress (OH or H2O2) in vitro. Despite mitochondrial contamination with acid proteases of lysosomal (and other) origin, pH profiles revealed distinct proteolytic activities at both pH 4 and pH 8. The pH 8 activity preferentially degraded the oxidatively-denatured forms of haemoglobin, albumin and superoxide dismutase; was unaffected by digitonin; and exhibited a several fold increase in activity upon mitochondrial disruption (highest activity being found in the matrix). In contrast, the pH 4 activity was dramatically decreased by digitonin treatment (to reduce lysosomal contamination); was unaffected by mitochondrial disruption; and showed no preference for oxidatively-denatured proteins. The pH 8 activity was not stimulated by ATP, but was inhibited by EDTA, haemin and phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride. In contrast, the contaminating pH 4 activity was only inhibited by pepstatin and leupeptin. Thus, our experiments reveal a distinct mitochondrial (matrix) proteolytic pathway which can preferentially degrade oxidatively-denatured proteins. PMID- 3196286 TI - A catalytically active high-Mr form of human cathepsin B from sputum. AB - A cysteine proteinase from purulent sputum was partially purified by a method involving affinity chromatography on Sepharose aminohexanoylphenylalanylglycinaldehyde semicarbazone. It was immunologically related to lysosomal cathepsin B from human liver and was similar in many, but not all, other aspects. It was catalytically active, as demonstrated by active site-directed radioiodination, and hydrolysed three cathepsin B substrates, two with Km values similar to those of lysosomal cathepsin B. In addition, the rates of inactivation of the sputum and lysosomal forms of the enzyme by L-3-carboxy 2,3-transepoxypropionyl-leucylamido(4-guanidino) butane (Compound E-64) were very similar. However, the sputum enzyme differed from lysosomal cathepsin B in the following respects. Inhibition by chicken cystatin was much weaker for sputum cathepsin B than for the lysosomal enzyme. Sputum cathepsin B had greater stability at pH 7.5 and a higher apparent Mr, even after deglycosylation, than lysosomal cathepsin B. We conclude that the form of cathepsin B found in sputum is probably a truncated form of human procathepsin B, with some differences in properties that could be of physiological importance. PMID- 3196287 TI - Electrophoretic and immunochemical characterization of 3 alpha hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenases of rat tissues. AB - The properties of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid/dihydrodiol dehydrogenase from Sprague Dawley rat liver cytosol have been re-examined in light of several reports which suggest that multiple forms of the enzyme may exist in this tissue. During enzyme purification, chromatography on DE-52 cellulose and chromatofocusing columns indicated the existence of only one form of the protein. Re-chromatography of the purified enzyme by either of these techniques failed to resolve the protein into additional forms. When the purified enzyme was subjected to SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a single band corresponding to Mr 34,000 was detected. Two dimensional gels showed one predominant protein with a pI of 5.9. Using the homogeneous enzyme as antigen, high-titre polyclonal antibody was raised in rabbits. Western-blot analysis of cytosolic proteins prepared from male and female Sprague-Dawley rat liver indicated the presence of a single immunoreactive band with an Mr of 34,000 in both sexes. All of the 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity present in rat liver cytosol could be immunotitrated with the antibody and the resulting titration curve was superimposable on the titration curve obtained with the purified enzyme. Western-blot analysis of cytosolic proteins prepared from livers of male Wistar and Fischer rats also revealed the presence of a single immunoreactive protein with an Mr of 34,000. These data indicate that, contrary to previous reports, only one form of the dehydrogenase may exist in liver cytosols prepared from a variety of rat strains. Although 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity is known to be widely distributed in male Sprague-Dawley rat tissues, Western blots indicate that only the liver, lung, testis and small intestine contain immunoreactive protein with an Mr of 34,000. The levels of immunoreactive protein in these tissues follow the distribution of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. PMID- 3196289 TI - Modification of the glyoxalase system in human red blood cells by glucose in vitro. AB - The human red-blood-cell glyoxalase system was modified by incubation with high concentrations of glucose in vitro. Red-blood-cell suspensions (50%, v/v) were incubated with 5 mM- and 25 mM-glucose to model normal and hyperglycaemic glucose metabolism. There was an increase in the flux of methylglyoxal metabolized to D lactic acid via the glyoxalase pathway with high glucose concentration. The increase was approximately proportional to initial glucose concentration over the range studied (5-100 mM). The activities of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II were not significantly changed, but the concentrations of the glyoxalase substrates, methylglyoxal and S-D-lactoylglutathione, and the percentage of glucotriose metabolized via the glyoxalase pathway, were significantly increased. The increase in the flux of intermediates metabolized via the glyoxalase pathway during periodic hyperglycaemia may be a biochemical factor involved in the development of chronic clinical complications associated with diabetes mellitus. PMID- 3196288 TI - Isolation of cDNA clones for human erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins alpha and delta. AB - We have isolated almost full-length cDNA clones corresponding to human erythrocyte membrane sialoglycoproteins alpha (glycophorin A) and delta (glycophorin B). The predicted amino acid sequence of delta differs at two amino acid residues from the sequence determined by peptide sequencing. The sialoglycoprotein delta clone we have isolated contains an interrupting sequence within the region that gives rise to the cleaved N-terminal leader sequence for the protein and represents a product that is unlikely to be inserted into the erythrocyte membrane. Comparison of the cDNA sequences of alpha and delta shows very strong homology at the DNA level within the coding regions. The two mRNA sequences are closely related and differ by a number of clearly defined insertions and deletions. PMID- 3196290 TI - Dermatan sulphate proteoglycan from human articular cartilage. Variation in its content with age and its structural comparison with a small chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan from pig laryngeal cartilage. AB - Low molecular mass proteoglycans (PG) were isolated from human articular cartilage and from pig laryngeal cartilage, which contained protein cores of similar size (Mr 40-44 kDa). However, the PG from human articular cartilage contained dermatan sulphate (DS) chains (50% chondroitinase AC resistant), whereas chains from pig laryngeal PG were longer and contained only chondroitin sulphate (CS). Disaccharide analysis after chondroitinase ABC digestion showed that the human DS-PG contained more 6-sulphated residues (34%) than the pig CS-PG (6%) and both contained fewer 6-sulphated residues than the corresponding high Mr aggregating CS-PGs from these tissues (86% and 20% from human and pig respectively). Cross-reaction of both proteoglycans with antibodies to bovine bone and skin DS-PG-II and human fibroblasts DS-PG suggested that the isolated proteoglycans were the humans DS-PG-II and pigs CS-PG-II homologues of the cloned and sequenced bovine proteoglycan. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the pig CS-PG-II were shown to cross-react with human DS-PG-II. SDS/polyacrylamide-gel analysis and immunoblotting of pig and human cartilage extracts showed that some free core protein was present in the tissues in addition to the intact proteoglycan. The antibodies were used in a competitive radioimmunoassay to determine the content of this low Mr proteoglycan in human cartilage extracts. Analysis of samples from 5-80 year-old humans showed highest content (approximately 4 mg/g wet wt.) in those from 15-25 year-olds and lower content (approximately 1 mg/g wet wt.) in older tissue (greater than 55 years). These changes in content may be related to the deposition and maintenance of the collagen fibre network with which this class of small proteoglycan has been shown to interact. PMID- 3196292 TI - Mapping and quantification of the major oligosaccharide components of heparin. AB - A new method of determining the oligosaccharide composition of commercial glycosaminoglycan heparin is described in which heparin was first depolymerized using heparin lyase (EC 4.2.2.7), and then analysed by a single h.p.l.c. step. All 20 of the porcine and bovine heparins examined were found to contain a small number of major oligosaccharide components, which on average comprised 86% of their mass. The five most abundant oligosaccharides have defined chemical structures. Although the relative abundance of oligosaccharides varied, the heparins examined were surprisingly similar. Porcine, bovine, low-Mr, and high and low antithrombin III (ATIII)-affinity heparins, however, each had distinctly different proportions of these major oligosaccharide components. The concentrations of one of these five oligosaccharides, containing a portion of the ATIII binding site, correlated with the anticoagulant activity of the ATIII affinity-fractionated porcine-mucosal heparins from which it was derived. An additional oligosaccharide of undetermined structure was found in significant quantities in both bovine heparin and high ATIII-affinity porcine-mucosal heparin. The correlation between oligosaccharide concentration and anticoagulant activity suggests that the oligosaccharide is derived from a structural variant of the ATIII-binding site. Finally, for the heparins examined chondroitin/dermatan sulphate formed 0.6-7.4% of their mass. PMID- 3196291 TI - Effect of vasopressin on the regulation of protein synthesis initiation in liver cells. AB - Vasopressin was found to be an effective inhibitor of protein labelling in isolated liver cells. Its effect shows the following distinct characteristics: (1) in contrast with alpha-adrenergic agonists, its effect is observable under a wide range of cellular Ca2+-loading conditions; (2) it is not influenced by the nutritional state of the animal. The lack of vasopressin effect on valine production, and its ability to decrease protein labelling from near-saturation concentrations of [3H]valine, indicate that the observed variations in protein labelling reflect actual changes in the rate of protein synthesis. The action of vasopressin is primarily exerted on the initiation step of protein synthesis and this effect is accompanied by a decreased activity of eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Activators of protein kinase C showed similar but not additive effects on protein synthesis, as did vasopressin. It seems plausible to conclude that protein kinase C activation may play an important regulatory role in hepatic protein synthesis as a transducer of hormonal and perhaps other type of signals. PMID- 3196293 TI - The synthesis of murine ferrochelatase in vitro and in vivo. AB - Ferrochelatase (protohaem ferro-lyase, EC 4.99.1.1), the terminal enzyme of the haem-biosynthetic pathway, is an integral membrane protein of the mitochondrial inner membrane. When murine erythroleukaemia cells are labelled in vivo with [35S]methionine, lysed, and the extract is immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti (mouse ferrochelatase) antibody, a protein of Mr 40,000 is isolated. However, when isolated mouse RNA is translated in a cell-free reticulocyte extract, a protein of Mr 43,000 is isolated. Incubation of this Mr 43,000 protein with isolated mitochondria resulted in processing of the Mr 43,000 precursor to the Mr 40,000 mature-sized protein. Addition of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and/or phenanthroline inhibits this processing. These data indicate that ferrochelatase, like most mitochondrial proteins, is synthesized in the cytoplasm as a larger precursor and is then translocated and processed to a mature-sized protein in an energy-required step. PMID- 3196294 TI - Effects of the selective herbicide fluazifop on fatty acid synthesis in pea (Pisum sativum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare). AB - Concentrations of fluazifop-butyl sprayed on intact plants caused large decreases in the incorporation of radioactivity from [1-14C]acetate into lipids of barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves and stems, but did not affect leaves or stems of pea (Pisum sativum). Labelling of all acyl lipids, but not pigments, was reduced. The effects of the active acid form, fluazifop, were also determined in leaf pieces and chloroplasts. Concentrations of (R,S)-fluazifop up to 100 microM had no affect upon quality or quantity of fatty acids produced from [1-14C]acetate in pea. In barley, however, 100 microM-(R,S)-fluazifop caused 89% (leaf) or 100% (chloroplasts) inhibition in labelling of fatty acids from [1-14C]acetate. Lower concentrations of fluazifop (less than 25 microM) caused incomplete inhibition and significant decreases in the proportion of C18 fatty acids synthesized, particularly by isolated chloroplasts. Synthesis of fatty acids from [2 14C]malonate was also inhibited (59%) in barley leaf tissue by 100 microM-(R,S) fluazifop. The labelling pattern of products showed that elongation reactions were unaffected by the herbicide, but synthesis de novo was specifically diminished. By using resolved stereoisomers, it was found that the (R) isomer was the form which inhibited fatty acid synthesis, a finding that is in agreement with its herbicidal activity. These results suggest that inhibition of fatty acid synthesis de novo forms the basis for the selective mode of action of fluazifop. PMID- 3196295 TI - A kinetic study of hypoxanthine oxidation by milk xanthine oxidase. AB - The course of the reaction sequence hypoxanthine----xanthine----uric acid catalysed by xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase from milk was investigated on the basis of u.v. spectra taken during the course of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidations. It was found that xanthine accumulated in the reaction mixture when hypoxanthine was used as a substrate. The time course of the concentrations of hypoxanthine, xanthine intermediate and uric acid product was simulated numerically. The mathematical model takes into account the competition of substrate, intermediate and product and the accumulation of the intermediate at the enzyme. This type of analysis permits the kinetic parameters of the enzyme for hypoxanthine and xanthine to be obtained. PMID- 3196296 TI - Detoxification of DNA hydroperoxide by glutathione transferases and the purification and characterization of glutathione transferases of the rat liver nucleus. AB - DNA peroxidized by exposure to ionizing radiation in the presence of oxygen is a substrate for the Se-independent GSH peroxidase activity of several GSH transferases, GSH transferases 5-5, 3-3 and 4-4 being the most active in the rat liver soluble supernatant fraction (500, 35 and 20 nmol/min per mg of protein respectively) and GSH transferases mu and pi the most active, so far found, in the human liver soluble supernatant fraction (80 and 10 nmol/min per mg respectively). Although the GSH transferase content of the rat nucleus was found to be much lower than that of the soluble supernatant, nuclear GSH transferases are likely to be more important in the detoxification of DNA hydroperoxide produced in vivo. Two nuclear fractions were studied, one extracted with 0.075 M saline/0.025 M-EDTA, pH 8.0, and the other extracted from the residue with 8.5 M urea. The saline/EDTA fraction contained subunits 1, 2, 3, 4 and a novel subunit, similar but not identical to 5, provisionally referred to as 5*, in the proportions 40:25:5:5:25 respectively. The 8.5 M-urea-extracted fraction contained principally subunit 5* together with a small amount of subunit 6 in the proportion 95:5 respectively. GSH transferase 5*-5* purified from the 8.5 M-urea extract has the highest activity towards DNA hydroperoxide of any GSH transferase so far studied (1.5 mumol/min per mg). A Se-dependent GSH peroxidase fraction from rat liver was also active towards DNA hydroperoxide; however, since this enzyme accounts for only 14% of the GSH peroxidase activity detectable in the nucleus, GSH transferases may be the more important source of this activity. The possible role of GSH transferases, in particular GSH transferase 5*-5*, in DNA repair is discussed. PMID- 3196297 TI - Ionization states of the complex formed between 2-benzyl-3-phosphonopropionic acid and carboxypeptidase A. AB - The binding to carboxypeptidase A of two phosphonic acid analogues of 2 benzylsuccinate, 2-DL-2-benzyl-3-phosphonopropionic acid (inhibitor I) and 2-DL-2 benzyl-3-(-O-ethylphosphono)propionic acid (inhibitor II) was studied by observing their 31P resonances when free and bound to the enzyme in the range of pH from 5 to 10. The binding of I by co-ordination to the active-site Zn(II) lowered the highest pKa of I from a value of 7.66(+/- 0.10) to a value of 6.71(+/ 0.17). No titration of any protons on II occurred over the pH range studied. The enzyme-bound inhibitor II also did not titrate over the pH range 6.17-7.60. The pH-dependencies of the apparent inhibition constants for I and II were also investigated by using N-(-2-(furanacryloyl)-L-phenylalanyl-L-phenylalanine as substrate. Two enzymic functional groups with pKa values of 5.90(+/- 0.06) and 9.79(+/- 0.14) must be protonated for binding of inhibitor I, and two groups with pKa values of 6.29(+/- 0.10) and 9.19(+/- 0.15) for binding of inhibitor II. Over the pH range from 6.71 to 7.66, inhibitor I binds to the enzyme in a complex of the enzyme in a more protonated form, and the inhibitor in a less protonated form than the predominant unligated forms at this pH. Mock & Tsay [(1986) Biochemistry 25, 2920-2927] made a similar finding for the binding of L-2-(1-carboxy-2 phenylethyl)-4-phenylazophenol over a pH range of nearly 4 units. The true inhibition constant for the dianionic form of inhibitor I (racemic) was calculated to be 54.0(+/- 5.9) nM and that of the trianionic form to be 5.92(+/- 0.65) nM. The true inhibition constant of the fully ionized II (racemic) was calculated to be 79.8(+/- 6.4) nM. PMID- 3196298 TI - Skeletal-muscle glycogen synthesis during the starved-to-fed transition in the rat. AB - The pattern of glycogen deposition in skeletal muscles of varying fibre composition was examined in rats during the starved-to-fed transition. In all the muscles studied, glycogen concentrations steadily increased during the first 8 h after chow re-feeding, and the fed value was exceeded. Rates of glycogen deposition varied, not with muscle fibre composition, but with the extent of glycogen depletion during starvation. There was no evidence for skeletal-muscle glycogen breakdown during the period of hepatic glycogenesis, making it unlikely that recycling of carbon from muscle glycogen to lactate is quantitatively important for the provision of glycogenic precursors to the liver, but moderate glycogen loss was observed from 8 to 24 h after re-feeding, when the liver is in the lipogenic mode. The factors influencing glucose disposal by skeletal muscle after re-feeding are discussed. PMID- 3196299 TI - Canine alpha-L-fucosidase in relation to the enzymic defect and storage products in canine fucosidosis. AB - Canine liver alpha-L-fucosidase was purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography on agarose-epsilon-aminohexanoyl-fucopyranosylamine. It is composed of multiple forms of a common active subunit of 45-50 kDa, which can aggregate in different combinations to form polymers, predominantly dimers. Antiserum was raised against the purified enzyme. There is negligible residual alpha-L-fucosidase in the tissues of English springer spaniels with the lysosomal storage disease fucosidosis. Although no alpha-L-fucosidase protein was detected by Western blotting or by the purification procedure in the affected tissues, some enzymically inactive cross-reacting material was detected in both normal and affected tissues. This suggests that another protein without alpha-L-fucosidase activity was co-purified with the enzyme. Dog liver alpha-L-fucosidase was precipitated by goat anti-(human liver alpha-L-fucosidase) IgG, indicating homology between the enzymes in the two species. Two purified storage products isolated from the brain of a dog with fucosidosis were used as natural substrates for various preparations of canine liver alpha-L-fucosidase. Analysis of the digestion mixtures by t.l.c. and fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry suggests that canine alpha-L-fucosidase acts preferentially on the alpha-(1-3)-linked fucose at the non-reducing end and that removal of alpha-(1-6)-linked asparagine linked N-acetylglucosamine is rate-limiting in the lysosomal catabolism of fucosylated N-linked glycans. PMID- 3196300 TI - Chelation of transferrin iron by desferrioxamine in K562 cells. The partition of iron between ferrioxamine and ferritin. AB - In this study we have determined whether desferrioxamine can chelate iron delivered to human leukaemic cells by the transferrin endocytic cycle. The cellular uptake of desferrioxamine was investigated by an indirect method in which the conversion of repeated pulses of [59Fe]transferrin to [59Fe]ferrioxamine was determined at two concentrations of the drug. Maximum generation of [59Fe]ferrioxamine occurred in cells exposed to either 100 microM- or 500 microM-desferrioxamine after 40-60 min. Thereafter (up to 180 min) [59Fe]ferrioxamine levels remained steady with 20% of a 59Fe pulse partitioning to chelator at 100 microM and 50% at 500 microM. Of the cellular [59Fe]ferrioxamine loss 50% occurred within 90-120 min. In cells preloaded with desferrioxamine for 1 or 4 h the partitioning of iron during a 3 h incubation with [59Fe]transferrin was dependent upon the extracellular concentration of the chelator. Above 1 mM more than 80% of entering iron was converted to ferrioxamine and less than 5% partitioned to ferritin. Below this concentration (50-500 microM) a proportion of the iron became ferritin associated (7-41%). There was a linear increase in the total amount of intracellular [59Fe]ferrioxamine in accordance with cellular iron uptake showing that transferrin continued to cycle in the presence of high concentrations of desferrioxamine. The uptake of iron and generation of ferrioxamine were markedly reduced by 5 mM-methylamine, which prevented endosome acidification and uncoupling of iron from endocytosed transferrin. PMID- 3196301 TI - Ligninolytic enzymes of the white-rot fungus Phlebia radiata. AB - One oxidase (EC 1.10.3.2) and three lignin peroxidases (EC 1.11.1.-) were purified from the culture liquid of the white-rot fungus Phlebia radiata Fr. All the enzymes were glycoproteins. The oxidase had Mr 64,000 and the lignin peroxidases I, II and III had Mr values 42,000, 45,000 and 44,000 respectively. The lignin peroxidases were found to share common antigenic determinants: lignin peroxidases II and III were serologically indistinguishable and lignin peroxidase I was related but distinguishable. The oxidase did not share any immunological properties with the lignin peroxidases. Lignin peroxidases of Phlebia contain protoporphyrin IX as a prosthetic group. In the presence of H2O2 and an electron donor, veratryl alcohol, lignin peroxidases exhibit spectral shifts analogous to those of animal catalase (EC 1.11.1.6). Phlebia enzymes show optimal activity at pH 3-4.5 at 40 degrees C and are stable in the pH range 5-6. They modify Kraft lignin and phenolic compounds containing hydroxy and methoxy groups. PMID- 3196302 TI - Evidence that the cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase-catalysed oxidation of aldehydes involves a different active-site group from that which catalyses the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate. AB - Acylation of the aldehyde dehydrogenase.NADH complex by acetic anhydride leads to the production of acetaldehyde and NAD+. By monitoring changes in nucleotide fluorescence, the rate constant for acylation of the active site of the *enzyme.NADH complex was found to be 11 +/- 3 s-1. The rate of acylation by acetic anhydride at the group that binds aldehydes on the oxidative pathway is clearly rapid enough to maintain significant steady-state concentrations of the required active-site-acylated *enzyme.NADH intermediate despite the rapid hydrolysis of this *enzyme.acyl.NADH intermediate (5-10 s-1) [Blackwell, Motion, MacGibbon, Hardman & Buckley (1987) Biochem. J. 242, 803-808]. Hence reversal of the normal oxidative pathway can occur. However, although acylation of the aldehyde dehydrogenase.NADH complex by 4-nitrophenyl acetate also occurs rapidly with a rate constant of 10.9 +/- 0.6 s-1, even under the most extreme trapping conditions only very small amounts of acetaldehyde are detected [Loomes & Kitson (1986) Biochem. J. 235, 617-619]. Furthermore enzyme-catalysed hydrolysis of 4 nitrophenyl acetate is limited by the rate of deacylation of a group on the enzyme (0.4 s-1), which is an order of magnitude less than deacylation of the group at the active site (5-10 s-1). It is concluded that the enzyme-catalysed 4 nitrophenyl ester hydrolysis involves a group on the enzyme that is different from the active-site group that binds aldehydes on the normal oxidative pathway. PMID- 3196303 TI - The effect of gabaculine on tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and heterotrophic growth in Cyanidium caldarium. AB - Pigment synthesis in four strains of the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium with different pigment-synthesizing patterns was inhibited in the presence of gabaculine (3-amino-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid). Parallel inhibition of light induced chlorophyll and phycocyanin synthesis was observed in strain III-D-2, which only synthesizes pigments in the light. Similar parallel inhibition was observed in the dark in mutant CPD, which is able to synthesize chlorophyll and phycocyanin in the absence of light. Inhibition of pigment synthesis in all strains was overcome by addition of 5-aminolaevulinic acid. Inhibition of phycocyanin synthesis in mutant GGB (unable to synthesize chlorophyll) and inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis in mutant III-C (unable to synthesize phycocyanin) were also observed. Gabaculine also inhibited the heterotrophic growth of C. caldarium in the dark. However, inhibition was overcome after an extended lag period, following which cell growth proceeded at a similar rate to that of control cells not exposed to gabaculine. Heterotrophic growth in cells pre-exposed to gabaculine was not inhibited by subsequent exposure. Possible mechanisms for this adaptation are discussed. PMID- 3196304 TI - Evidence that the pyrromethane cofactor of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (porphobilinogen deaminase) is bound to the protein through the sulphur atom of cysteine-242. AB - The pyrromethane cofactor of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (porphobilinogen deaminase) from Escherichia coli is bound to the protein through the sulphur atom of a cysteine residue [Hart, Miller & Battersby (1988) Biochem. J. 252, 909-912; Beifuss, Hart, Miller & Battersby (1988) Tetrahedron Lett. 29, 2591-2594]. We show that the pyrromethane-binding residue is cysteine-242. PMID- 3196305 TI - Evidence in vivo that most of the intraluminally absorbed glucose is absorbed intact into the portal vein and not metabolized to lactate. AB - Studies in vitro and acute studies in vivo have indicated that the intestine may be a significant producer of portal-venous lactate, a major carbon source for liver glycogen synthesis. To determine if a significant portion of intraluminal glucose is converted into lactate by the intestine in vivo, we measured the ratio of intraluminal glucose which is absorbed intact into the portal vein to that which is converted into lactate by the intestine in a chronically catheterized rat, in which catheters were surgically placed into the portal vein, aorta and stomach. This ratio was 36-42 when intraluminal [U-14C]glucose concentrations of 5-200 mM were used, suggesting that the intestine may not be a significant source of portal-venous lactate in vivo. Under hypoxic conditions [PaO2 less than 40 Torr (5.3 kPa)] the ratio decreased to 2.1, indicating that the amount of intraluminal glucose converted into lactate had increased significantly. PMID- 3196306 TI - Does calmodulin regulate non-neuronal adenylate cyclase? PMID- 3196307 TI - Enhanced thermodynamic stability of beta-lactoglobulin at low pH. A possible mechanism. AB - The thermodynamic stability of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) was studied at acidic and near-neutral pH values using equilibrium thermal-unfolding measurements. Transition temperature increased with a decrease in pH from 7.5 to 6.5 and 3.0 to 1.5, suggesting an increase in the net protein stability. Determination of the change in free energy of unfolding and extrapolation into the nontransition region revealed that beta-Lg increases its stability by increasing the magnitude of the change in free energy of unfolding at the temperature of maximum stability, as well as by increasing the temperature of maximum stability. The relative difference in the change in free energy of unfolding at 70 degrees C (with a reference pH of 7.5) was positive and its magnitude increased with a decrease in pH from 7.0 to 1.5 van't Hoff plots of thermal unfolding of beta-Lg at all pH values studied were non-linear and the measured changes in the enthalpy and entropy of unfolding for beta-Lg were high and positive. The relative magnitude of change of both enthalpy and entropy at 70 degrees C (compared with pH 7.5) increased with a decrease in pH up to 1.5. A possible mechanism for the increased stability of beta-Lg at low pH is discussed. PMID- 3196308 TI - Methylthioadenosine toxicity and metabolism to methionine in mammalian cells. AB - 5'-Deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine, a by-product of polyamine synthesis, can support the growth of Raji cells in a methionine-free medium, but not the growth of CCL39 cells, although these cells are also able to incorporate radiolabelled 5'-deoxy 5'-methylthioadenosine (MeSAdo) into methionine, S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) and proteins [Christa, Kersual, Auge & Perignon (1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 135, 131-138]. We first tested the hypothesis of a toxic effect of MeSAdo in the conditions of growth experiments: we could not demonstrate any toxic effect of MeSAdo on the synthesis of macromolecules, nor any toxicity mediated by polyamines or pyrimidine starvation, and we found that the growth of CCL39 cells was strictly dependent on the supply of exogenous methionine. We then tried to determine whether the ability of CCL39 cells to metabolize MeSAdo to methionine and AdoMet was modulated by the proliferation state of CCL39 cells, which is dependent on the supply of exogenous methionine. Studies of the incorporation of radiolabelled MeSAdo show that: (i) the total synthesis of methionine from MeSAdo is twice as high in subconfluent cells (grown in 100 microM-methionine) as in resting cells (cultured in 0 microM-methionine); (ii) the incorporation into proteins does not parallel the total protein synthesis, and the methionine derived from MeSAdo mostly flows out of the cell; (iii) addition of methionine to resting cells immediately leads to a transient and marked increase in metabolism of MeSAdo to AdoMet, presumably reflecting the rapid replenishment of the AdoMet pool of the cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the methionine derived from MeSAdo is preferentially used to synthesize AdoMet rather than proteins, and that this synthesis of AdoMet depends on the ability of the CCL39 cells to grow, and hence on the supply of exogenous methionine. It is proposed that, in CCL39 cells, the metabolic pathway leading from MeSAdo (a by-product of polyamine synthesis) to methionine and to AdoMet (a precursor of polyamine synthesis) is part of a metabolic cycle the activity of which depends, like polyamine synthesis itself, on cell proliferation. PMID- 3196309 TI - The primary structures of six human salivary acidic proline-rich proteins (PRP-1, PRP-2, PRP-3, PRP-4, PIF-s and PIF-f). AB - Human glandular salivary secretions contain several acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins (PRPs). These proteins have important biological functions related to providing a protective environment for the teeth, and appear to possess other activities associated with modulation of adhesion of bacteria to oral surfaces. These functions and activities depend on the primary structures of the PRPs. Previously determined amino acid sequences of two 150-residue molecules, PRP-1 and PRP-2, and two related 106-residue proteins, PRP-3 and PRP 4, indicated that residue 4 was Asn in PRP-1 and PRP-3, and Asp in PRP-2 and PRP 4, and position 50 was Asn in all four proteins. Recent data from cDNA sequence studies and further structural studies, however, showed that the previously proposed sequences cannot be completely correct. The present work has shown that the protein previously designated as PRP-1 actually consisted of two positional isomers, PIF-s, which has Asn and Asp at positions 4 and 50 respectively, and authentic PRP-1, which has the reverse arrangement. The same isomerism is present in the smaller proteins, PIF-f and PRP-3. Since the isomeric pairs have identical compositions and charges, their presence was not previously detected. Also, by using a more highly purified preparation, it has been found that position 50 in PRP-2 and PRP-4 is Asp, rather than Asn previously reported. These new findings for the six PRPs define their complete primary structures, which are now consistent with those proposed for PRP-1 and PIF-s from cDNA data, and are also consistent with the chromatographic and electrophoretic behaviours of the six PRPs and their derived peptides. These corrected structures are important for understanding the biological functions and activities of these unusual proteins. PMID- 3196311 TI - Evidence that agonists stimulate bivalent-cation influx into human endothelial cells. AB - Human umbilical-vein endothelial cells stimulated with thrombin or histamine show an increase in [Ca2+]i (cytoplasmic free calcium concn.) that is maintained well above the basal pre-stimulated value as long as agonist and a source of extracellular Ca2+ are present. These results provide circumstantial evidence that agonists stimulate influx of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane and into the cytoplasm. Here, we have used Mn2+ as the extracellular bivalent cation which can bind to the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2 to quench its fluorescence completely. Human umbilical-vein endothelial cells were loaded with fura-2 and, in the presence of extracellular Mn2+, thrombin and histamine were shown to cause quenching of the intracellular dye. This result demonstrates conclusively that agonists can stimulate the influx of bivalent cations. Stimulated discharge of Ca2+ from intracellular stores and influx of Mn2+ were temporally resolved in the same cells to show that release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores clearly precedes influx. Influx of Mn2+ was also demonstrated when extracellular Mn2+ was added after agonist at a time when [Ca2+]i had fallen back to the basal value, showing that influx is not dependent on elevated [Ca2+]i. PMID- 3196310 TI - Carnitine metabolism in the vitamin B-12-deficient rat. AB - In vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) deficiency the metabolism of propionyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA are inhibited secondarily to decreased L-methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity. Production of acylcarnitines provides a mechanism for removing acyl groups and liberating CoA under conditions of impaired acyl-CoA utilization. Carnitine metabolism was studied in the vitamin B-12-deficient rat to define the relationship between alterations in acylcarnitine generation and the development of methylmalonic aciduria. Urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid was increased 200-fold in vitamin B-12-deficient rats as compared with controls. Urinary acylcarnitine excretion was increased in the vitamin B-12-deficient animals by 70%. This increase in urinary acylcarnitine excretion correlated with the degree of metabolic impairment as measured by the urinary methylmalonic acid elimination. Urinary propionylcarnitine excretion averaged 11 nmol/day in control rats and 120 nmol/day in the vitamin B-12-deficient group. The fraction of total carnitine present as short-chain acylcarnitines in the plasma and liver of vitamin B-12-deficient rats was increased as compared with controls. When the rats were fasted for 48 h, relative or absolute increases were seen in the urine, plasma, liver and skeletal-muscle acylcarnitine content of the vitamin B-12 deficient rats as compared with controls. Thus vitamin B-12 deficiency was associated with a redistribution of carnitine towards acylcarnitines. Propionylcarnitine was a significant constituent of the acylcarnitine pool in the vitamin B-12-deficient animals. The changes in carnitine metabolism were consistent with the changes in CoA metabolism known to occur with vitamin B-12 deficiency. The vitamin B-12-deficient rat provides a model system for studying carnitine metabolism in the methylmalonic acidurias. PMID- 3196314 TI - Erythrocyte protein 4.1 associates with tubulin. AB - Protein 4.1 binds to tubulin, as determined by sedimentation and immunoelectron microscopy analyses, at a molar ratio similar to that described for brain microtubule-associated proteins. The binding site appears to be located at the C terminal region of tubulin. Experiments performed in situ by adding exogenous protein 4.1 to permeabilized 3T3 cells show that this protein binds to microtubule and nuclear components. PMID- 3196313 TI - Caldesmon-calmodulin interaction. Study by the method of protein intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence. AB - Addition of calmodulin to caldesmon causes a concentration-dependent shortwave shift and an increase of fluorescence intensity of caldesmon tryptophan residues. The existence of a protein complex is confirmed by the increase of the caldesmon sedimentation coefficient s0(20,w) from 3.0 S to 4.5 S in the presence of calmodulin. These findings allow application of the method of protein intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence for quantitative study of unmodified caldesmon and calmodulin in solution. The affinity of the caldesmon-calmodulin interaction (Kass = 1.8 x 10(6) M-1, in 0.1 M-KCl at 25 degrees C) and Ca2+ requirement (half maximum binding at 0.8 microM-Ca2+) determined by means of the fluorescence technique are in agreement with previously reported values, thus confirming the validity of the method. The same approach was further used to provide information about the nature of interactions stabilizing the caldesmon-calmodulin complex. Association of the proteins and dissociation of the complex were studied in different physicochemical conditions, including variation of pH, temperature and ionic strength and the addition of quenchers, denaturants and anticalmodulin drugs. The results obtained suggest that caldesmon tryptophan residues, together with charged groups, are involved in calmodulin binding. Hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen interactions contribute to the stability of the protein complex, making it insensitive to variations of physicochemical conditions within physiological limits. PMID- 3196312 TI - Identification of Na+,Pi-binding protein in kidney and intestinal brush-border membranes. AB - An Na+, Pi-binding protein has been extracted from kidney and intestinal brush border membranes with an organic solvent and has been purified by Kieselghur and Sephadex LH-60 chromatography. The molecular mass of this protein has been estimated to be about 155 kDa as determined by gel-filtration chromatography on Sepharose 2B. Under denaturing conditions, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed a monomer of molecular mass about 70 kDa. The protein has high specificity and high affinity for Pi [K0.5 (concentration at which half-maximal binding is observed) near 10 microM]. Na2+ binding also exhibits saturation behaviour, with a K0.5 near 7.5 mM. Pi binding is inhibited by known inhibitors of Pi transport in brush-border membrane vesicles. It appears that this protein could be involved in Na+/Pi co-transport across the renal and intestinal brush border membranes. PMID- 3196315 TI - Extracellular superoxide dismutase in the vascular system of mammals. AB - Plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) from the pig, cat, rabbit, guinea pig and mouse was found to be heterogeneous with regard to heparin affinity and could be separated into three fractions: A without affinity, B with weak affinity and C with relatively high affinity. Rat plasma EC-SOD was deviant and contained only A and B fractions. There were very large interspecies differences in total plasma EC-SOD activity and in division of the activity between the different fractions. Intravenous injection of heparin resulted in the pig, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig and mouse in a prompt increase in the plasma SOD activity. The increase was due to release of EC-SOD C to plasma, most probably from endothelial cell surfaces. In the rat, heparin induced no increase in plasma SOD activity, apparently because of the absence of EC-SOD C in this species. The relative heparin-induced increase in plasma EC-SOD C varied between 2 and 11 in the different species and was distinctly correlated with the heparin affinity of EC-SOD C in the particular species. Apparently the EC-SOD C, present in the vasculature, forms an equilibrium between plasma and endothelium, whereas EC-SOD A and B primarily exist in plasma. The wide diversity of EC-SOD in the vascular system of mammals with regard to total amount, division into fractions and distribution between plasma and endothelium indicates that the pathogenic potential of superoxide radicals in the extracellular space might vary much between species. PMID- 3196316 TI - Heterogeneity in the human erythrocyte band 3 anion-transporter revealed by Triton X-114 phase partitioning. AB - Triton X-114 phase partitioning used in conjunction with countercurrent distribution was utilized to examine the phasing properties of the human erythrocyte Band 3 anion-transport protein. Phase partitioning and countercurrent distribution of Band 3 protein followed by electrophoresis and immunoblotting revealed that Band 3 protein possesses biphasic properties with approx. 65% of the Band 3 97,000-Mr species being localized in the detergent phase and 35% isolated in the aqueous phase. The bidirectional phasing of the anion-transporter does not appear to be a result of glycosylation or phosphorylation, since treatment of alkali-washed ghosts with glycosidases or phosphatase respectively did not significantly alter the phasing profiles. Chymotrypsin treatment of erythrocytes followed by the purification of the 60,000-Mr fragment, and exposure of this fragment to phase separation and countercurrent distribution also revealed biphasic partitioning with 70% of the species being isolated in the aqueous phase and 30% in the detergent phase. These data demonstrate that the human erythrocyte Band 3 anion-transport protein is heterogenous by Triton X-114 phase partitioning and that this heterogeneity is preserved in the 60,000-Mr chymotryptic fragment of Band 3 protein. PMID- 3196317 TI - A new h.p.l.c. isolation procedure for chicken and goose erythrocyte histones. AB - Total chicken erythrocyte histones were separated by reversed-phase h.p.l.c. using a multi-step acetonitrile gradient in a very short time (35 min). The proteins were eluted in the following order: H1, H5, H2B, H2A.2, H4, H2A.1 and H3.2. Applying a special gradient system adapted for the separation of very lysine-rich histones, chicken erythrocyte H5 was resolved into two subfractions. Their electrophoretic mobilities were identical in both SDS and acetic acid/urea/Triton polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, but different in free-flow electrophoresis. Amino-acid-sequence analyses revealed that the two components only differ with respect to position 15, one having glutamine in that position and the other arginine. A separation of histones prepared from goose erythrocytes disclosed no H5 subfractionation. Furthermore, histones obtained from anaemic chicken blood were analysed by the above-mentioned h.p.l.c. conditions. An alteration in the relation of H1 to H5 was detected, but no further differences in the number and quantity of the histones and histone variants were observed as compared with the corresponding proteins processed from normal-chicken blood. PMID- 3196318 TI - Purification of the human erythrocyte nucleoside transporter by immunoaffinity chromatography. AB - The nucleoside transporter has been purified by passage of a preparation of human erythrocyte-membrane band-4.5 proteins through a column of immobilized antibodies specific for the glucose transporter. This procedure removed greater than 99.8% of the glucose transporters and achieved an approx. 18-fold purification of the nucleoside transporter, constituting a 478-fold purification from erythrocyte membranes. The isolated protein migrated as a single broad band of average apparent Mr 55,000 on SDS/polyacrylamide gels and bound approx. 0.6 mol of nitrobenzylthioinosine/mol of polypeptide, with a Kd of 1.1 +/- 0.14 (S.E.M.) nM. Upon reconstitution into large unilamellar phospholipid vesicles it catalysed the uptake of uridine with an apparent specific activity 6-fold greater than that of the unfractionated band-4.5 proteins. Furthermore, the purified nucleoside transporter was not labelled on Western blots by monoclonal antibody raised against the glucose transporter. It is concluded that the nucleoside transporter has been purified to near homogeneity. PMID- 3196320 TI - Phosphorylation of human serum amyloid A protein by protein kinase C. AB - Monokine-induced hepatic secretion of serum amyloid A protein (apo-SAA), an acute phase reactant, is followed by rapid association with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in plasma. Plasma clearance of apo-SAA is more rapid than any of the other HDL apolipoproteins. It has been shown that, of the acute-phase HDL3 apolipoproteins, apo-SAA preferentially associates with neutrophil membranes. HDL apolipoproteins have been shown to activate protein kinase C in endothelial cells. We therefore investigated potential phosphorylation of HDL3 apolipoproteins by protein kinase C. Apo-SAA was the only apolipoprotein phosphorylated (Km = 12 mM). Phosphorylation of the apo-SAA-containing HDL3 particle was selective for the more basic isoforms of apo-SAA (pI 7.0, 7.4, 7.5 and 8.0), with more acidic isoforms being phosphorylated when delipidated acute phase apolipoproteins were used as substrate. However, phosphorylation was not in itself responsible for the establishment of the apo-SAA isoforms. PMID- 3196319 TI - Expression of 5-aminolaevulinate synthase and cytochrome P-450 mRNAs in chicken embryo hepatocytes in vivo and in culture. Effect of porphyrinogenic drugs and haem. AB - To examine current models for the co-ordinate regulation of 5-aminolaevulinate (ALA) synthase and cytochrome P-450 we have determined the effect of drugs, inhibitors of haem biosynthesis, haem and cycloheximide on the steady-state expression of mRNAs for ALA synthase and a phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P 450 (PB1 P-450), in chick embryo hepatocytes in vivo and in primary culture. We found that the mRNAs for ALA synthase and PB1 P-450 were rapidly and simultaneously induced by the porphyrinogenic drugs glutethimide and 2-propyl-2 isopropylacetamide. Inhibitors of haem biosynthesis when administered alone had a small effect on ALA synthase mRNA induction, but in combination with the drugs synergistically increased induction of both ALA synthase mRNA and enzyme activity. However, there were concentrations of inhibitors that increased induction of enzyme activity without increasing mRNA induction. Haem suppressed ALA synthase mRNA induction by drugs by only 50%, whereas induction of ALA synthase enzyme activity was completely suppressed. This suppression of ALA synthase mRNA by haem was blocked by cycloheximide treatment which did not block the induction of ALA synthase mRNA by drugs. In fact, cycloheximide synergistically increased the drug induction of ALA synthase mRNA, suggesting the presence of a labile protein factor which may interact with a haem-responsive element of the ALA synthase gene. Cycloheximide treatment alone did not significantly affect ALA synthase mRNA expression, but induced PB1 P-450 mRNA to a similar extent to that caused by porphyrinogenic drugs, suggesting the presence of a labile repressor which modulates PB1 P-450 gene expression. Basal and drug inducible PB1 P-450 mRNA levels were unaffected by haem or by inhibitors of haem biosynthesis, indicating that the PB1 P-450 gene is not regulated by haem in chick embryo hepatocytes. Our results indicate that drugs simultaneously induce ALA synthase and PB1 P-450 mRNA expression, and that ALA synthase activity is regulated by haem principally at a post-transcriptional site rather than at the transcriptional level. PMID- 3196321 TI - Two components of hormone-evoked calcium release from intracellular stores of pancreatic acinar cells. AB - Dispersed pancreatic acini loaded with Fura 2 were used to study the effect of hormonal stimulation on [Ca2+]i (free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration). Stimulation of acini with cholecystokinin octapeptide or carbachol resulted in two components of increase in [Ca2+]i. The maximal increase in [Ca2+]i and the time to maximum for both components was dependent on hormone concentration. The first component reached a maximum after 2-10 s of stimulation, whereas the second component required 30-60 s of stimulation for maximal effect. Both components of the [Ca2+]i increase can be observed in the presence or absence of Ca2+ in the incubation medium. The two components of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores showed similar dependency on agonist concentration. Termination of cell stimulation with specific antagonist revealed two, kinetically separated, rates of decrease in [Ca2+]i. The initial decrease in [Ca2+]i, was completed within 2.5 7 s, whereas the secondary decrease in [Ca2+]i, back to resting values, required approx. 40 s. The magnitude of the antagonist-induced initial (rapid) and secondary (slow) decrease in [Ca2+]i was dependent on the duration of cell stimulation. Hence it appears that stimulation of pancreatic acinar cells with Ca2+-mobilizing hormones results in two, kinetically separated, components of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. PMID- 3196322 TI - Inhibition by cyclosporin A of a Ca2+-dependent pore in heart mitochondria activated by inorganic phosphate and oxidative stress. AB - The capacity of cyclosporin A to inhibit opening of a Ca2+-dependent pore in the inner membrane of heart mitochondria was investigated. Whereas in the presence of 25 nmol of Ca2+/mg of mitochondrial protein and 5 mM-Pi mitochondria were unable to maintain accumulated Ca2+, inner-membrane potential and sucrose impermeability, all three parameters were preserved when cyclosporin was included. Pore opening was assayed directly by [14C]sucrose entry and entrapment in the matrix space. [14C]Sucrose entry induced by both Ca2+ plus Pi and Ca2+ plus t-butyl hydroperoxide was almost completely inhibited by 60 pmol of cyclosporin/mg of mitochondrial protein. It is concluded that cyclosporin A is a potent inhibitor of the pore. PMID- 3196323 TI - Effects of pregnancy on tryptophan metabolism and disposition in the rat. AB - Tryptophan availability in rat serum is increased throughout pregnancy, because of inhibition of liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity during the first 15 days and decreased protein binding thereafter. PMID- 3196324 TI - Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for Z-DNA. AB - Dot blot and transblot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (e.l.i.s.a.) are described which provide sensitive non-radioactive methods for screening Z-DNA specific antisera and for detecting Z-DNA in polydeoxyribonucleotides and supercoiled plasmids. In the alkaline phosphatase dot blot e.l.i.s.a., Z-DNA, Br poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), or B-DNA, poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), poly(dA-dT).poly(dA dT), Br-poly(dI-dC).poly(dI-dC), or salmon sperm DNA were spotted onto nitrocellulose discs and baked. The e.l.i.s.a. was conducted in 48-well culture dishes at 37 degrees C using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum developed against Br poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC), an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated second antibody, and p-nitrophenol as the substrate. Under conditions where antibody concentrations were not limiting, alkaline phosphatase activity was linear for 2 h. Dot blot e.l.i.s.a. conditions are described which allow quantification of Z-DNA [Br poly(dG-dC).poly(dG-dC)] within the range 5-250 ng. Dot blot and transblot horseradish peroxidase e.l.i.s.a. are described that detect Z-DNA within supercoiled plasmid DNAs immobilized on diazophenylthioether (DPT) paper. In the transblot e.l.i.s.a., plasmid pUC8 derivatives containing 16, 24, or 32 residues of Z-DNA were electrophoresed in agarose gels and electrophoretically transferred to DPT paper. Z-DNA-antibody complexes were detected by the horseradish peroxidase-catalysed conversion of 4-chloro-1-naphthol to a coloured product that was covalently bound to the DPT paper. Z-DNA antibody reactivity was specific for supercoiled Z-DNA containing plasmids after removal of the antibodies cross reactive with B-DNA by absorption onto native DNA-cellulose. The transblot e.l.i.s.a. was sensitive enough to detect 16 base pairs of alternating G-C residues in 100 ng of pUC8 DNA. PMID- 3196325 TI - The structure of the human glutathione S-transferase pi gene. AB - The human glutathione S-transferase pi gene has been isolated from a cosmid library. The gene spans approximately 3 kb, is interrupted by six introns and the region around its 5' end has the high G + C and CpG content typical of an HTF (HpaII tiny fragment) island. In addition to a TATA box at position -28 relative to the transcription initiation site and two G + C boxes (GGGCGG), the promoter contains a sequence motif matching the phorbol ester- and ras-responsive element from the polyoma virus enhancer. PMID- 3196326 TI - Protein kinase C activities and bindings of a phorbol ester tumor promoter in 41 cell lines. AB - The activities of protein kinase C (PKC) and the bindings to phorbol-12,13 dibutyrate (PDBu) of 41 cell lines were measured. The activities of PKC varied from 0.2 to 37 mU/10(6) cells in different cell lines, and in general were high in normal or untransformed cells and low in malignant, or transformed cells. The PDBu binding also varied considerably in different cell lines, and was again higher in normal or untransformed cells. In some cell lines, the binding was much higher at 4 degrees C than at 37 degrees C, suggesting rapid down-regulation of the binding. A correlation between PKC activity and PDBu binding was found only within certain cell types, i.e., epithelial cell lines derived from human tumors. PMID- 3196327 TI - 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate inhibits hemoglobin synthesis and phosphorylation of initiation factor 2 by casein kinase II in reticulocyte lysates. AB - 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysates with 50% inhibition at 2 mM. Glycerate 2,3-P2 increased the Mg2+ optimum for protein synthesis by chelation of Mg2+, but Mg2+ addition did not completely reverse the inhibition, suggesting an additional site of action. eIF-2 has been used to examine the activity of casein kinase II in reticulocyte lysates in response to glycerate 2,3-P2. When glycerate 2,3-P2 was increased to 4mM, phosphorylation of eIF-2 beta was increasingly inhibited. Thus inhibition of phosphorylation of translational components by casein kinase II can be correlated with inhibition of globin synthesis at physiological concentrations of glycerate 2,3-P2. PMID- 3196328 TI - A new method for high yield purification of type beta transforming growth factor from human platelets. AB - A new method was developed for the purification of type beta transforming growth factor from human platelets. This method is a three-step procedure including gel filtration, weak cation exchange HPLC and reverse phase HPLC. All steps are carried out at low pH using exclusively volatile acidic buffer solutions. The sterile conditions and easy removal of salt by lyophilization facilitate the quantification of the growth factor in biological assays. Based on immunological characterization the purified acid-stable, highly basic transforming growth factor beta is the beta 1 form. Using the present method pure platelet TGF beta 1 is obtained in very high yield. 40 units of outdated human platelets yield 800 micrograms pure TGF beta 1, which is about a 10-20 fold higher yield than reported for other purification procedures. PMID- 3196329 TI - Role of oxygen during horseradish peroxidase turnover and inactivation. AB - Horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of phenol has been reinvestigated to determine the requirements of facile enzyme autoinactivation. Turnover of this peroxidase was monitored spectrophotometrically at 400 nm and found dependent on the concentration of phenol and hydrogen peroxide. The inactivation of the peroxidase required both substrates, phenol and H2O2, but surprisingly was also potentiated by molecular oxygen. Exclusion of diffusible superoxide or hydroxyl radicals had slight effect on product formation or loss of catalytic activity. A mechanism is proposed to explain the unanticipated role of oxygen during enzyme inactivation. PMID- 3196330 TI - Triticone A: a novel bioactive lactam with potential as a molecular probe. AB - Triticone A is one member of a family of novel compounds which are spirocyclic lactams produced by several plant pathogenic fungi including Drechslera tritici repentis on wheat. It undergoes racemization to form triticone B and when tested, the enantiomeric mixture causes chlorosis and necrosis on a wide range of plants. Fluorescein diacetate treated protoplasts in conjunction with various triticone treatments allowed for accurate quantitation of the biological activity of the toxin. Various physiological functions of the wheat cell are impaired including the Hill and CO2 fixation reactions in photosynthesis. In addition, triticone A inhibits enzymes that have SH functional groups as part of their active site, eg., the protease-ficin. Neither triticone C or D had any activity in the enzyme or protoplast assays. It is apparent that triticone A has some potential as a molecular probe in a variety of biological systems. PMID- 3196331 TI - Detection of carbon-phosphorus lyase activity in cell free extracts of Enterobacter aerogenes. AB - The bacterium Enterobacter aerogenes could grow on a medium containing alkylphosphonic acid as a phosphorus source. The extracts prepared from the cells grown on phosphonoacetic acid as a sole source of phosphorus showed an activity of carbon-phosphorus lyase and hydrolyzed methyl-phosphonic acid, phosphonoacetic acid and phenylphosphonic acid with a liberation of inorganic phosphates. PMID- 3196332 TI - Identification of [hydroxyproline3]-bradykinin released from human plasma and plasma protein Cohn's fraction IV-4 by trypsin. AB - Aside from bradykinin (BK), a novel kinin, [Hydroxyproline3]-bradykinin ( [Hyp3] BK), was isolated from the reaction mixture of human plasma and plasma protein Cohn's fraction IV-4 with trypsin. The liberated kinins were isolated based on procedures which we previously described for the isolation of [Hyp3]-lysyl bradykinin ( [Hyp3]-Lys-BK) formed by kallikrein. The ratio of the amounts of two kinins thus formed from human plasma protein Cohn's fraction IV-4 were [Hyp3]-BK 25 +/- 4% and BK 75 +/- 4%, similarly to that of [Hyp3]-Lys-BK and Lys-BK, formed by kallikrein, but it varied by persons. The isolation of [Hyp3]-BK and [Hyp3] Lys-BK suggests that a novel kininogen containing hydroxyproline in the third position of the bradykinin sequence in human plasma protein, possibly undergone post-translational modifications. PMID- 3196333 TI - Human glucosamine-6-sulfatase cDNA reveals homology with steroid sulfatase. AB - Glucosamine-6-sulfatase is a lysosomal enzyme which degrades glycosaminoglycans and is deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis type IIID. Human liver contains two major active forms of glucosamine-6-sulfatase, form A which has a single 78 kDa polypeptide and form B which has two polypeptides of 48 kDa and 32 kDa. A 1761 base pair cDNA clone encoding the complete 48 kDa polypeptide of form B was isolated. Form A is shown to be processed to form B with the 48 kDa polypeptide C terminal to the 32 kDa polypeptide, and it is shown that C-terminal processing is limited to a region of thirty amino acids. The glucosamine-6-sulfatase sequence reveals homology with steroid sulfatase, a microsomal enzyme. PMID- 3196334 TI - Observation of fatigue unrelated to gross energy reserve of skeletal muscle during tetanic contraction--an application of 31P-MRS. AB - The mechanism of muscle fatigue was studied by 31P-MRS. During tetanic contraction for 2 minutes(min), the tension measured with a strain gauge and Phosphocreatine(PCr)/Inorganic phosphate(Pi)+ Phosphomonoester(PME) ratio decreased to 31.5 +/- 4.4% of the control value and 0.6 +/- 0.1, respectively. The intracellular pH(pH) also decreased to 6.62 +/- 0.04. Toward the end of the stimulation, the tension decreased to 25.3 +/- 1.9% of the control value. However, during 20min stimulation, the PCr/(Pi+PME) ratio increased to 2.5 +/- 0.5 and the pH to 6.91 +/- 0.04. These results show that muscular fatigue is ascribable not to a decreased level of high energy metabolites required for actomyosin ATPase, but to an increase in the threshold intensity of excitation in excitation-contraction coupling. PMID- 3196335 TI - Amino acid sequence of the signal peptide of mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase as determined from the sequence of its messenger RNA. AB - The amino acid sequence of the bovine mitochondrial nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase was recently deduced from isolated cDNAs and reported [Yamaguchi, M., Hatefi, Y., Trach, K., and Hoch, J.A. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2761-2767]. The cDNAs lacked the N-terminal coding region, however, and the 8 N terminal residues were determined by protein sequencing. In the present study, the nucleotide sequence of the 5' upstream region was determined by dideoxynucleotide sequencing of the transhydrogenase messenger RNA, and amino acid sequences of the N-terminal region and the signal peptide of the enzyme were deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The N-terminal sequence of the enzyme as deduced from the mRNA sequence is the same as that determined by protein sequencing, with one difference. Protein sequencing showed Ser as the N-terminal residue. The mRNA sequence indicated that Ser is the second N-terminal residue, and the first is Cys. That preparations of the enzyme are mixtures of two polypeptides, one polypeptide being one residue shorter at the N terminus than the other, has been pointed out in the above reference. The signal peptide consists of 43 residues, is rich in basic (4 Lys, 2 Arg) and hydroxylated (4 Thr, 3 Ser) amino acids, and lacks acidic residues. PMID- 3196336 TI - Experimental osteoarthritic articular cartilage is enriched in guanidine soluble type VI collagen. AB - Experimental osteoarthritis was surgically induced in the right knee joint of dogs; the left knee served as a control. Articular cartilage was extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride, 0.05 M sodium acetate, pH 6.0, containing proteinase inhibitors and the proteins purified by associative CsCl density gradient centrifugation. Equal quantities of protein were electrophoresed in agarose acrylamide gradient gels and the high molecular weight type VI collagen bands detected in immunoblots with a polyclonal antiserum. Type VI collagen bands between 185 and 220 kDa were evident in the pathological specimens of dogs sacrificed 3, 5, and 7 months after surgery and were either absent or only very weakly visible in the controls. These results demonstrate that experimental osteoarthritic cartilage is enriched in 4 M guanidine-soluble type VI collagen. PMID- 3196337 TI - Complementary DNA cloning and sequencing of rat ovarian basic fibroblast growth factor and tissue distribution study of its mRNA. AB - Three cDNA clones encoding rat basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) were isolated from 10(6) independent clones prepared from a pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)-stimulated rat ovarian cDNA library. One of the cDNA clones contained the entire coding sequence for basic FGF. The other two possessed the sequence coding the carboxy terminal 61 amino acids of rat basic FGF, the putative upstream intron sequence, and a 3'-noncoding region. The cDNAs encoding rat basic FGF predict a molecule consisting of 154 amino acid residues, which is one amino acid shorter than the human and bovine basic FGF. Otherwise, there are only 5 conservative amino acid substitutions between the rat and the human/bovine sequences. Poly A+ RNA from brain cortex and hypothalamus show a single 6.0 kb band that hybridizes to the cloned cDNA probe by Northern analyses. The observation that basic FGF mRNA is below the limits of detection in adrenal, spleen, heart, lung, kidney, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, testis, and ovary support the notion that the that the high levels of the protein found in these tissues is due to storage of the mitogen in the extracellular matrix and not continuous gene expression. The significance of the abundance of mRNA in tissues which are not undergoing either active angiogenesis or cell proliferation (hypothalamus and brain cortex) is unclear but emphasizes the potential neuronotrophic function of basic FGF. PMID- 3196338 TI - Human progesterone A-receptors can be synthesized intracellularly and are biologically functional. AB - In order to investigate the origin and functional independence of the human progesterone receptor A binding protein, we have expressed a truncated human progesterone receptor cDNA in both gene transfer and in vitro translation assays. Proteins identical in size and antigenicity to the A-receptors found naturally in human progesterone target cells are synthesized from this cDNA that lacks the putative B receptor initiator methionine codon of the complete cDNA. The functional independence of A-receptors is suggested by their ability to bind hormone and to stimulate transcription from the progestin responsive mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. PMID- 3196339 TI - A hydrophobic site in human prothrombin present in a calcium-stabilized conformer. AB - Human prothrombin and prothrombin fragment 1 were demonstrated to bind to Phenyl TSK columns in the presence of 5.0 mM calcium ions but not in the presence of either magnesium ions or manganese ions. The calcium-dependent interaction of prothrombin fragment 1 is markedly reduced upon oxidation of approximately one mole of tryptophan per mole of protein. The ability of prothrombin fragment 1 to inhibit prothrombin activation by factor Xa in the presence of calcium ions and phospholipid is also markedly reduced by reaction with N-bromosuccinimide. These results provide the first demonstration of a calcium-specific site in prothrombin outside of the "GLA domain". PMID- 3196340 TI - Characterization of the liver mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 catalyzing the 26 hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol. AB - The cytochrome P-450 catalyzing 26-hydroxylation of C27-steroids (cytochrome P 450(26] was purified from rabbit liver mitochondria. The specific content of the cytochrome P-450 was 13.6 nmol per mg of protein and the 26-hydroxylase activity towards 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol was 31,300 pmol/nmol of cytochrome P-450 x min-1. The preparation also catalyzed 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3 at a rate of 350 pmol/nmol of cytochrome P-450 x min-1. A monospecific monoclonal antibody raised against the 26-hydroxylating cytochrome P-450 was prepared. Experiments with the monoclonal antibody showed that cytochrome P 450(26) is susceptible to proteolytic degradation during purification unless the protease inhibitor TPCK is included in the buffers. After coupling to Sepharose the antibody was able to bind to cytochrome P-450(26) and to decrease the 26 hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol. The 25 hydroxylation of vitamin D was not inhibited by the antibody. The results indicate that there are different species of cytochrome P-450 in rabbit liver mitochondria catalyzing 26-hydroxylation of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-triol and 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D3. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the cytochrome P-450(26) differed from those of hitherto isolated mammalian cytochromes P-450. PMID- 3196341 TI - Obesity as a risk factor for drug-induced organ injury. VI. Increased hepatic P450 concentration and microsomal ethanol oxidizing activity in the obese overfed rat. AB - The obese overfed rat effectively models many of the pharmacological changes in human obesity. Recent data show that the obese rat is unusually susceptible to liver damage by several metabolically activated drugs that may be more toxic in obese humans. Results of the present study suggest a specific molecular locus for this interaction. In obese rats, P450 content of liver and the microsomal concentration of P450 were elevated 88% and 31%, respectively, over nonobese controls. Increases in microsomal ethanol oxidation were of identical magnitude. The ethanol-inducible form of P450 that is responsible for microsomal ethanol oxidation, P450IIE1, bioactivates several drugs that are shown to cause increased injury in obese rats. Collectively, these findings indicate that specific forms of P450 may become up-regulated in obesity, increasing the risk of a biochemically defined spectrum of drug-induced organ injuries. PMID- 3196342 TI - Self-assembly of porphyrins on nucleic acid templates. AB - The cis and trans isomers of dicationic bis(4-N-methylpyridyl)diphenylporphine show a much greater tendency to aggregate than similar tetracationic porphyrins. Upon binding to nucleic acids these aggregating dicationic porphyrins form long range structures on the polymer template giving intense circular dichroism signals whose profile reports the helical sense of the DNA. PMID- 3196343 TI - Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. 14 alpha-ethyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-ene-3 beta,15 alpha-diol induces changes in the sterol composition and the morphology of CHO-K1 cells. AB - Incubation of CHO-K1 cells in lipid-deficient medium containing 14 alpha-ethyl-5 alpha-cholest-7-ene-3 beta,15 alpha-diol (0.1 microM) for 4 days was associated with a profound change in cellular sterol composition as reflected by a marked accumulation of lanosterol and 24,25-dihydrolanosterol. A striking elongation of the cells was also observed. Incubation of CHO-K1 cells in lipid-deficient medium containing lanosterol (10 microM) also caused a significant accumulation of lanosterol which was also associated with a marked elongation of the cells. PMID- 3196344 TI - Synthesis of phospholipid transfer proteins from maize seedlings. AB - The synthesis of phospholipid transfer proteins has been studied in vitro after isolation of poly(A)+RNAs from maize seedlings and by in vivo labelling of coleoptiles. After immunoprecipitation of translation products in wheat germ or in reticulocyte lysate systems, the analysis by electrophoresis revealed two bands of molecular mass 9 kDa and 12 kDa. The in vitro synthesized 12 kDa protein is a precursor of the 9 kDa purified protein from maize seedlings as suggested by competition experiments with the pure protein. After immunoprecipitation of in vivo labelled proteins, two bands were detected. One of them, having a molecular mass of 7 kDa, could be related to the in vitro synthesized 9 kDa protein, the other corresponding to the purified protein. Furthermore, biosynthesis of both precursors occurs on membrane-bound polysomes. Presumably a post translational process occurs, yielding to the mature forms. PMID- 3196345 TI - "In vivo" (35S)-methionine interaction with rat-liver DNA and the effect of chemical carcinogens. AB - 1. After intraperitoneal administration of (35S)methionine (25 mg, 1.6 mCi/kg), detectable amount of radioactivity resulted associated to rat-liver DNA: the interaction reached the maximum value (about 18 pmol/mumol DNA P) by 2 h after administration of radioactive aminoacid. 2. The (35S)-binding was inhibited by the hepatocarcinogenic ethionine and dimethylnitrosamine, and was stimulated by the non-hepatocarcinogenic methylnitrosourea. 3. Hplc analysis of (35S)DNA enzymic digest evidenced two radioactive compounds, the UV behaviour of which is reported. PMID- 3196346 TI - Synthetic ferrichrome analogues with growth promotion activity for Arthrobacter flavescens. AB - Two families of trihydroxamic acid analogues of ferrichrome were chemically synthesized and tested for biological activity with Arthrobacter flavescens. Compounds using a tertiary amine as anchor showed little activity. Several compounds using tetrahedral carbon as anchor showed activity approaching or equalling that of the natural siderophore, ferrichrome. The biological activity is discussed in relation to physical and chemical properties of the analogues. PMID- 3196349 TI - Evidence for an endogenous factor involved in maintenance of pirenzepine high affinity binding in rat brain stem. AB - Sucrose gradient centrifugation was used to isolate membranes enriched in muscarinic receptors from bovine brain stem. Unlike the receptors in crude synaptosomal preparations of this tissue, the enriched preparations displayed only low-affinity pirenzepine binding. Similar results were obtained when purified preparations were preincubated for 1 hr in pH 7.0 buffer at 37 degrees C; however, preincubation in a pH 5.0 buffer partially restored the high-affinity pirenzepine binding. These results suggest that an endogenous factor, which is present in the crude synaptosomes of the brain stem and is removed by sucrose gradient centrifugation, is involved in maintenance of the high-affinity pirenzepine binding of the muscarinic receptors. PMID- 3196347 TI - Isolation and identification of a high molecular weight brain natriuretic peptide in porcine cardiac atrium. AB - Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)-like immunoreactivity has recently been shown to exist in porcine heart, although this peptide was first identified in porcine brain. A high molecular weight (MW) BNP was isolated from cardiac atrium by using anti-BNP immunoaffinity chromatography and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. By micorosequence analyses of the native high MW BNP as well as its tryptic and chymotryptic peptides, the complete amino acid sequence of the high MW BNP was determined. The high MW BNP consisted of 106 amino acid residues including one disulfide linkage and carried a BNP structure at its C-terminus. Since the high MW BNP was found to correspond to the gamma-form (storage form in heart) of the ANP family, this high MW BNP was designated "gamma-BNP". PMID- 3196348 TI - Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding a precursor for porcine brain natriuretic peptide. AB - Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a new type of natriuretic peptide recently identified in porcine brain. Since the highest concentration of BNP was found in the cardiac atrium, the cDNA library of porcine cardiac atrium was constructed, and the cDNA clone encoding a BNP precursor was isolated and sequenced. The precursor for porcine BNP (porcine prepro-BNP) is 131 amino acids in length, including a 25 residue putative signal peptide at the N-terminus. Porcine BNP structure is located at the C-terminus of the precursor and is directly followed by a termination codon. Based on structural data recently obtained for gamma-BNP (a main storage form of BNP in the heart), prepro-BNP is processed to 106-residue gamma-BNP by removal of the signal peptide in the heart, and to low molecular weight forms, such as BNP-26 and BNP-32, in the brain. PMID- 3196350 TI - Enzymatic sulfation of salivary mucins: structural features of 35S-labeled oligosaccharides. AB - Sulfotransferase activity catalyzing the transfer of sulfate ester group from 3' phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate to salivary mucins was found associated with Golgi-rich membrane fraction of rat submandibular salivary glands. Alkaline borohydride reductive cleavage of the synthesized 35S-labeled glycoprotein led to the liberation of the label into reduced acidic oligosaccharides. Most of the label was found incorporated in four oligosaccharides. These were identified as sulfated tri-, penta-, hepta- and nonasaccharides. The trisaccharide was characterized as SO3H,6GlcNAc beta 1,3Gal beta 1,3GalNac-o1, the pentasaccharide as SO3H,6GlcNAc beta 1,3Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1,3(NeuAc alpha 2,6) GalNAc-o1 and heptasaccharide as SO3H,6Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1,6(Fuc alpha 1) 2Gal beta 1,4GlcNAc beta 1,3Gal beta 1,3)GalNAc-o1. PMID- 3196351 TI - [19-14C]androstenedione: a new substrate for assaying aromatase and studying its reaction mechanism. AB - [19-14C]Androstenedione has been prepared and utilized as a substrate for assaying microsomal human placental aromatase. Enzyme activity is determined by measuring the rate at which [14C]formate is produced by aromatization of this 14C labeled steroid. Isotope ratio experiments using [19-14C]androstenedione and [1 beta-3H]androstenedione demonstrate that an apparent kinetic hydrogen isotope effect exists for the aromatization of the tritiated steroid with kH/kT approximately 1.09. Metabolic switching occurs to a minor extent (approximately 3%) during aromatization of [1 beta-3H]androstenedione, but not during the aromatization of [19-14C]androstenedione. PMID- 3196352 TI - Nitric oxide: a cytotoxic activated macrophage effector molecule. AB - The experiments reported here identify nitric oxide as a molecular effector of activated macrophage induced cytotoxicity. Cytotoxic activated macrophages synthesize nitric oxide from a terminal guanidino nitrogen atom of L-arginine which is converted to L-citrulline without loss of the guanidino carbon atom. In addition, authentic nitric oxide gas causes the same pattern of cytotoxicity in L10 hepatoma cells as is induced by cytotoxic activated macrophages (iron loss as well as inhibition of DNA synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, and aconitase activity). The results suggest that nitric oxide is the precursor of nitrite/nitrate synthesized by cytotoxic activated macrophages and, via formation of iron-nitric oxide complexes and subsequent degradation of iron-sulfur prosthetic groups, an effector molecule. PMID- 3196353 TI - Inhibition of phorbol ester-caused induction of ornithine decarboxylase and tumor promotion in mouse skin by staurosporine, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C. AB - We found that staurosporine, a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C, inhibits induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and tumor promotion caused by 12-O tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in CD-1 mouse skin. When applied 5 min either before or after treatment with TPA, 1 microgram of staurosporine cause about 56% inhibition of ODC-induction by 5 micrograms of TPA. However, staurosporine did not inhibit TPA-induced epidermal hyperplasia. In two-stage carcinogenesis, staurosporine at 1 microgram was applied 5 min before application of 5 micrograms of TPA to the initiated skin: number of tumors was suppressed by about 40% although the incidence was not affected. No tumors developed when staurosporine alone was applied to the initiated skin. PMID- 3196354 TI - Probing membrane alterations associated with anthracycline resistance using fluorescent dyes. AB - Properties of membranes of intact P388 murine lymphoblastic leukemia and a sub line selected for resistance to adriamycin (P388/ADR) were examined using two fluorescent probes: diphenylhexatriene (DPH) and trimethylammonium diphenylhexatriene (T-DPH). Time-dependent changes in dye accumulation, fluorescence anisotropy, and lifetimes were measured. Accumulation of DPH, which eventually labels all cellular lipids, increased with time. Uptake of T-DPH, a more membrane-specific probe, reached a maximum in less than 1 min. No alteration could be detected in fluorescence anisotropy or lifetime of either dye associated with anthracycline resistance or anthracycline treatment. The rate of uptake of the T-DPH was not different in P388 versus P388/ADR cell lines, suggesting no differences in membrane "traffic". Calcium-channel antagonists could partially reverse anthracycline resistance in P388/ADR, but this was not accompanied by alterations in fluorescence parameters. PMID- 3196355 TI - Effect of glutathione depletion on sulfate activation and sulfate ester formation in rats. AB - Sulfation of organic compounds requires activation of inorganic sulfate via formation of adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Inorganic sulfate can be formed by sulfoxidation of cysteine, which can be derived from GSH. Thus, a decrease in hepatic GSH may impair formation of inorganic sulfate, the synthesis of PAPS, and the sulfation of chemicals. This hypothesis was tested by investigating the effect of GSH depletion on the levels of inorganic sulfate in serum and of PAPS in liver, and on the capacity to form the sulfate conjugate of harmol in rats. Phorone (2 mmol/kg, i.p.) decreased hepatic GSH (97%), serum inorganic sulfate (63%), and hepatic PAPS (48%). Diethyl maleate and vinylidene chloride (6 mmol/kg, each, i.p.) were less effective than phorone in decreasing GSH in liver and inorganic sulfate in serum, and they did not alter hepatic PAPS levels. Three hours after phorone treatment, the nadir of hepatic PAPS concentration, harmol was injected in order to assess sulfation in vivo. After administration of harmol (100 and 300 mumol/kg, i.v.), less harmol sulfate and more harmol glucuronide were found in the serum of phorone-treated rats as compared to control rats. At the higher dosage of harmol, phorone reduced the biliary excretion of harmol sulfate while increasing the biliary excretion of harmol glucuronide. These results indicate that severe GSH depletion decreases PAPS formation and sulfation of chemicals. However, an increase in glucuronidation may compensate for the impaired sulfation. PMID- 3196356 TI - Buthionine sulfoximine-mediated depletion of glutathione in intracranial human glioma-derived xenografts. AB - D-54 MG, a human glioma-derived continuous cell line growing as subcutaneous or intracranial xenografts in athymic mice, was found to be sensitive to the effects of D,L-buthionine-(SR)-sulfoximine, a selective inhibitor of gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase. Intraperitoneal administration of one dose of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, 5 mmol/kg) resulted in depletion of total intracellular glutathione to 57 and 47% of control 12 hr, and 73 and 23% of control 24 hr, after BSO in subcutaneous and intracranial xenografts respectively. Concurrent measurement of total glutathione in the contralateral (non-tumor-containing) cerebral hemisphere in mice bearing intracranial D-54 xenografts demonstrated insignificant depletion of glutathione. Multiple doses of BSO, at 12-hr intervals, resulted in further depletion to 27% (s.c.) and 16.5% (i.c.) of control 12 hr following the final dose of BSO. Quantitative analysis of BSO delivery to xenograft and contralateral brain tissue revealed transfer constants, K1, of 15.8-24.1 x 10(-3) and 2.4 x 10(-3) ml.g-1.min-1 for xenograft and "normal" brain respectively. This highly selective depletion of glutathione in neoplastic tissue versus surrounding non-neoplastic host tissue may have therapeutic implications for the rational use of chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic intervention. PMID- 3196357 TI - Antidotal effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine in reversing acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Enhancement of the proteolysis of arylated proteins. AB - The post-arylative mechanisms by which N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduces the severity of the hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen (APAP) were investigated in primary cultures of mouse hepatocytes. When administered at selected times immediately following removal of medium containing 10 mM APAP, 2.0 mM NAC was shown to restore glutathione levels through 16 hr of APAP pretreatment and to minimize the leakage of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase resulting from the first 8 hr of drug exposure. This temporal difference defined a critical period in which cells were responsive to NAC and permitted the investigation of potential post-arylative mechanisms of the antidote. In the absence of NAC during the recovery period, the cellular loss of covalently-bound APAP could be accounted for by the appearance of arylated proteins in the medium without any apparent degradation of APAP-bound proteins. By contrast, when NAC was present during the recovery period, there was a decrease in intracellular protein-bound APAP which could not be accounted for by that detected in the medium. Since during the recovery period the low residual intracellular concentration of APAP could not contribute significantly to any additional covalent binding in this system, NAC could not merely be acting as a nucleophilic trap for the reactive electrophile. Furthermore, NAC is not likely to dissociate covalently bound APAP from proteins. Hence, the overall decrease in covalent binding observed in cultures previously exposed to APAP for up to 8 hr must have arisen from an NAC dependent enhancement of the degradation of the arylated proteins. However, after a more prolonged exposure to APAP, the ineffectiveness of NAC may have resulted from APAP-induced irreparable damage to the intracellular proteolytic system. These data suggest that the post-arylative efficacy of NAC may reside in the ability of the antidote to restore the functional capacity of the proteolytic system to rid the cells of arylated proteins. PMID- 3196358 TI - D2 dopamine receptors in rat striatum are homogeneous as revealed by ligand binding studies. AB - D2 dopamine receptors in rat striatum have been analysed using the binding of [3H]domperidone. Competition experiments were performed with classical dopamine antagonists and antagonists reported by other workers to discriminate D2 dopamine receptor sub-classes. In all cases competition data conformed to a single binding site interaction so that there is no evidence for heterogeneity of the D2 dopamine receptor. PMID- 3196360 TI - Inhibition of rat brain pyruvate dehydrogenase by thiamine analogs. AB - The effects of thiamine thiazolone (TT) and thiamine thiazolone pyrophosphate (TTPP) on the in vitro and in vivo inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) from rat cortex and hippocampus were characterized. TTPP decreased PDHC activity in vitro but had no effect in vivo following its direct chronic administration via osmotic mini-pumps into the brains of behaving rats. In contrast, TT had no direct effect in vitro following a differential centrifugation purification of the mitochondrial PDHC fraction, but decreased PDHC activity in vivo. Additional experiments demonstrated that the cytosolic fraction converted TT to TTPP which, in turn, inhibited PDHC in vitro. A mechanism is proposed to explain these effects that is consistent with a non competitive inhibition of brain PDHC by TTPP. PMID- 3196359 TI - Involvement of phospholipase A2 in the regulation of [3H]hemicholinium-3 binding. AB - We have examined the effects of exogenous phospholipase A2 (PLA2) on the sodium dependent high-affinity choline uptake mechanism as assessed by the specific binding of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([3H]HCh-3). Incubation of striatal synaptic membranes with bee venom PLA2 resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in the specific binding of [3H]HCh-3. The effect of PLA2 on [3H]HCh-3 binding was inhibited by quinacrine, a PLA2 inhibitor, and by removal of calcium. Scatchard analysis revealed that the observed changes in binding reflected a 2-fold increase in both the capacity and affinity of [3H]HCh-3 for its binding site. Choline and N-butylcholine inhibited the specific binding of [3H]HCh-3 in both control and PLA2-treated membranes with similar potency. When a low concentration of PLA2 was incubated with the striatal synaptosomes, a small but significant increase in high-affinity [3H]choline uptake was observed. However, higher concentrations of PLA2, which further increased the specific binding of [3H]HCh 3, caused a reduction of [3H]choline uptake, apparently due to disruption of synaptosomal integrity by PLA2. Finally, potassium depolarization- and PLA2 induced increases in specific [3H]HCh-3 binding were not additive. These results suggest a possible role for endogenous PLA2 in the calcium-dependent regulation of sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake. PMID- 3196361 TI - Characterization of midazolam metabolism using human hepatic microsomal fractions and hepatocytes in suspension obtained by perfusing whole human livers. AB - Isolated human hepatocytes provide a useful model for studying xenobiotic metabolism. However, in vitro studies using human hepatocytes are scarce due to the limited availability of this material. A new methodology is described for obtaining hepatocytes from a whole adult human liver. This procedure is based on (i) the rapid and intense in situ washing step of the organ with Eurocollins then glucose supplemented HEPES buffer (10 mM, pH 7.4) at 4 degrees in order to both minimize the warm ischemic period and remove erythrocytes, and (ii) a perfusion of collagenase solution (0.05% in 10 mM HEPES buffer at 37 degrees) throughout the portal vein according to a recirculated model. All perfused buffers are oxygenized. Hepatocyte viability averaged 85% as determined by Trypan Blue dye exclusion. The ability of these hepatocytes to catalyze certain metabolic transformations such as Phase I and Phase II reactions has been particularly investigated using the benzodiazepine drug, midazolam, as a substance probe. Freshly isolated human hepatocytes in suspension retained the ability to metabolize midazolam to its different hydroxylated derivatives--mainly the 1 hydroxy-midazolam--which was further conjugated with glucuronic acid. For a better understanding of the cytochrome P-450 mediated reactions, we studied the metabolism of midazolam in microsomal fractions prepared from twelve human livers. It was concluded that human microsomes (i) exhibited a Type I binding spectrum upon midazolam addition (Ks = 3.3 microM) and (ii) intensively metabolized the drug to its different derivatives. Furthermore, and since we demonstrated that midazolam was predominantly transformed by a single cytochrome P-450 enzyme, we could attribute the large inter-individual variations in midazolam metabolism to differences in human liver cytochrome P-450 content. PMID- 3196362 TI - Structural dependency of the inhibitory action of benzodiazepines and related compounds on the mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger. AB - Na+-induced Ca2+-release from guinea-pig heart mitochondria is inhibited by benzodiazepines such as clonazepam (compound II, IC50: 12 microM). The capacity of various related compounds to inhibit the rapid Ca2+-efflux induced by 20 mM Na+ was examined. The potency of inhibition was found to depend on several factors, such as a 2'-halogen substitution and the presence of a secondary amido group. Very effective inhibitors were identified among the triazolo derivatives of benzodiazepines or obtained by replacing the diazepine ring by an oxazepine or a thiazepine. Some of these favourable structural modifications were compounded in the benzothiazepine 7-chloro-3,5-dihydro-5-phenyl-1H-4,1-benzothiazepine-2-on (compound XVI), which proved to be about 20 times more potent than the related compounds clonazepam and diltiazem. Compound XVI, which has an IC50 in the submicromolar range, is the most potent selective inhibitor of the mitochondrial exchanger so far reported. The structural requirements found for the inhibition of the mitochondrial Na+-Ca2+ exchanger were quite distinct from those described for the binding of benzodiazepines to their central-type and peripheral-type sites. PMID- 3196363 TI - Sulphation and glucuronidation of paracetamol in human liver: assay conditions. PMID- 3196364 TI - Histopathologic findings in the liver of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with long-term bolus methotrexate. AB - Twenty-three patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis were treated with oral methotrexate (MTX) for more than 10 years. MTX was given as a bolus of 5-15 mg/week; the total cumulative dose ranged from 4,690 mg to 10,230 mg. Liver biopsies were performed on 21 of the patients to assess possible fibrosis and cirrhosis. Grade I histopathologic changes were found in 13 of the 21 biopsy samples, grade II changes were found in 3, and grade IIIA changes (mild fibrosis) were found in 5 specimens. None of the biopsy samples showed cirrhosis. Repeat biopsies were performed on the 5 patients with grade IIIA changes while they were still taking MTX. No progression of the fibrosis was noted. Two of the 5 samples, however, were graded IIIB because of portal and perilobular inflammation. Our findings support the premise that prolonged administration of oral MTX, when given as a weekly bolus at a low dose, does not cause cirrhosis or severe fibrosis in the rheumatoid arthritis patient who does not abuse alcohol. PMID- 3196365 TI - Hepatic ultrastructure after methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Twenty-six patients receiving long-term oral methotrexate (MTX) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (24 patients) or psoriasis (2 patients) were prospectively evaluated for alterations in liver morphology by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Although only 4 MTX-treated patients had light microscopic evidence of mild fibrosis, all had evidence of collagen deposition in the space of Disse near Ito cells and changes in hepatocyte lysosomes on electron microscopy. These findings were absent from control livers. Fibrinogen, fibronectin, and type IV collagen were identified by immunofluorescence in both MTX-treated patients and controls. We conclude that long-term MTX therapy for rheumatoid arthritis is associated with alterations in hepatic ultrastructure, including collagen deposition in the space of Disse and changes in hepatocyte lysosomes. PMID- 3196366 TI - Reduced natural killer cell activity in patients with systemic sclerosis. Correlation with clinical disease type. AB - Natural killer (NK) cell number and function were determined in 69 systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients (41 with diffuse cutaneous SSc, 24 with limited cutaneous SSc, and 4 with scleroderma in an overlap syndrome). The results were compared with those obtained from 5 patients with Raynaud's disease and from 27 normal controls. Natural and antibody-dependent killing was reduced in the total group of SSc patients compared with controls, but these differences were primarily attributable to patients with the diffuse form of the disease who were seen early in their illness (less than 5 years after onset). NK cell numbers were not significantly reduced in patients compared with controls, although lower numbers were observed in individuals with early diffuse disease. Other clinical parameters, such as treatment with D-penicillamine or the presence of scleroderma specific autoantibodies, did not exert an independent effect on NK cell function. These findings suggest a possible central role for NK cells in the pathogenesis of SSc. PMID- 3196367 TI - Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia following short-term, intermittent, intravenous cyclophosphamide treatment of lupus nephritis. AB - Intermittent intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy has been shown to be effective in the management of lupus nephritis. There have been no reports of malignancies associated with such treatment regimens. We describe a patient who developed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia after receiving a total dose of 4 gm of cyclophosphamide over a 1-year period. PMID- 3196368 TI - Assessment of disease activity in essential cryoglobulinemia by serum levels of a basement membrane antigen, laminin. AB - When compared with 40 normal controls, 46 patients with essential cryoglobulinemia had higher serum concentrations of a basement membrane antigen, laminin fragment P1 (LP1). Serum LP1 values were more pronounced in patients with visceral involvement, compared with those with skin vasculitis only. Asymptomatic patients or those with arthralgia usually had normal values. Increased disease activity was associated with a significant increase in LP1 (P less than 0.01). For evaluation of disease activity, determination of serum LP1 was a more sensitive measure than any complement factor assay. PMID- 3196369 TI - HLA-DR antigens and anticardiolipin antibodies in northern Italian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. AB - Eighty systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients attending 3 clinical centers were evaluated immunologically and immunogenetically. No HLA class II antigens were found to be significantly associated with SLE in these patients. A highly significant (P = 6.17 x 10(-7) association was observed between anticardiolipin antibodies and DR7. A lesser association (P less than 0.025) was also observed between DR2 and/or DR3 and anti-Ro (SS-A) antibodies. No relationship was found between any DR antigen and anti-Sm/RNP, anti-double-stranded DNA, or anti-La (SS B) antibodies. PMID- 3196370 TI - The acute neuropathic joint. PMID- 3196371 TI - Multipurpose arthritis centers. A ten-year progress report. PMID- 3196372 TI - Comment on the letter by Jaffe. PMID- 3196373 TI - Fatal methotrexate pneumonitis in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3196375 TI - Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis in a 9-year-old boy. PMID- 3196374 TI - Methotrexate-associated bone marrow suppression following surgery. PMID- 3196376 TI - Pseudothrombophlebitis caused by nontraumatic compartmental syndrome of the calf. PMID- 3196377 TI - Drug-protein interactions. On the protein-protein interaction induced by levamisole in vitro. A mechanism hypothesis. AB - In the present communication, a model is reported in order to explain the aggregation of albumin induced by levamisole in vitro. The hypothesis suggests that the process of polymerization of albumins may include ligand-protein interaction as a biochemical catalysis, and covalent protein-protein interactions by a mechanism of disulfide-sulfhydryl interchange by intramolecular or intermolecular reactions. PMID- 3196378 TI - Use of the novel cardiotonic and vasodilator agent pimobendan in traumatic shock. AB - The effect of 4,5-dihydro-6-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl]-5-methyl- 3(2H)- pyridazinone (pimobendan, UD-CG 115 BS), a novel positive inotropic and vasodilator agent, was studied in a severe model of murine traumatic shock. Noble Collip drum trauma produced a shock state characterized by a significantly reduced mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), a 5-fold increase in plasma cathepsin D and myocardial depressant factor (MDF) activities, and a survival time of 80 +/- 12 min. Administration of pimobendan (100 micrograms/kg, i.v. bolus) significantly prolonged the survival time to 175 +/- 24 min (p less than 0.01). Although plasma cathepsin D was not affected by pimobendan, this agent significantly attenuated the accumulation of MDF activity in the plasma when compared to animals receiving only its vehicle (37 +/- 6 vs 61 +/- 9 U/ml, p less than 0.05). Additionally, pimobendan inhibited platelet aggregation in cat platelet rich plasma, but failed to have an antiproteolytic effect in cat pancreatic homogenates. These results suggest that cardiotonic and vasodilator activities combined with inhibition of platelet aggregation could mediate the beneficial effects of pimobendan in traumatic shock. PMID- 3196379 TI - [Alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine in the experimental hemorrhagic shock animal model]. AB - Oxygen radicals may have an important role in the shock process. Several studies showed that stimulated polymorphological granulocytes altered biological membranes to a varying degree, especially in the pulmonary circulation. It could be demonstrated on isolated mitochondria that substances of the thiol group carrying SH-groups are capable of counteracting this damaging influence of toxic O2-metabolites. Furthermore the use of the thiol reagents was associated with an improvement in the mitochondrial energy situation (adenosine triphosphate increase). A total of 12 dogs were included into the study. Using standardised conditions haemorrhagic shock was induced by controlled bleeding. After reaching a mean blood pressure of 40 mmHg and a stabilisation of this stage, alternatively either 250 mg of alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine (therapy group T) or an equivalent volume of physiologic saline (controls K) were administered at random. In the dogs on controlled respiration the effect of the above-mentioned substance upon the haemodynamic of the total organism was monitored by means of continuous measuring of the arterial pressure by a Swan-Ganz catheter. Furthermore the acid base balance, the electrolytes sodium, potassium and calcium were analyzed. Whereas the sodium and potassium values as well as the acid-base balance did not show any difference between both groups, the haemodynamic parameters partly showed very distinct differences, however, without being statistically significant in most cases. The administration of the thiol reagent (group T) led to a reduction in mean arterial pressure, heart rate, peripheral resistance and rate-pressure product. As far as the survival rate at the end of the study was concerned, no difference between the control and therapy group was seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196380 TI - General pharmacological studies on N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8 pyrrolizidineacetamide hydrochloride hemihydrate. 1st communication: effect on the central nervous system. AB - The pharmacological actions of N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-pyrrolizidineacetamide hydrochloride hemihydrate (SUN 1165), a new antiarrhythmic agent, on the central nervous system were studied in various experimental animals as compared with those of disopyramide, mexiletine and lidocaine, and the following results were obtained. 1. Acute toxicity of SUN 1165 in mice was similar to that of mexiletine, and twice as potent as compared with that of disopyramide and lidocaine. Main acute toxic symptoms of SUN 1165 were muscle relaxation, ataxia, clonic convulsions, tremor and a decrease in spontaneous activity in mice, rats and rabbits. In addition to these symptoms, vomiting in dogs was observed. These toxic symptoms were similar to those of lidocaine. In the case of disopyramide, ataxia, tremor and a decrease in spontaneous activity were observed in mice and rats. On the other hand, mexiletine caused central nervous excitatory symptoms, that is, tremor, Straub tail, clonic convulsions, jumping, running and opisthotonus in mice and rats, and vomiting in dogs. 2. SUN 1165 even at large doses (50-100 mg/kg p.o.) exerted no significant effects on the following changes: hexobarbital-induced induced hypnosis, oxotremorine-induced tremor, apomorphine-induced hypothermia, reserpine-induced ptosis and hypothermia, 5 hydroxytryptophan syndrome and fighting behavior in mice, and conditioned avoidance response in rats. 3. An ineffective dose of SUN 1165 (12.5 mg/kg p.o.) on spontaneous locomotor activity was lower than of disopyramide and lidocaine, however, higher than that of mexiletine. 4. SUN 1165 at large doses showed antagonistic action on toxic extensor seizures induced by maximal electroshock, picrotoxin, or strychnine in mice, but anticonvulsive effects of SUN 1165 were less potent than those of mexiletine and lidocaine. SUN 1165 had no effect on clonic convulsions induced by pentetrazol and pictrotoxin in mice, while both mexiletine and lidocaine prolonged the duration of clonic convulsions. 5. The muscle relaxant effect of SUN 1165 (50%-toxic dose, TD50 = 30 mg/kg p.o.) was more marked than that of lidocaine (TD50 = 92 mg/kg p.o.) on traction test in mice. However, effect of SUN 1165 (TD50 = 62 mg/kg p.o.) on motor incoordination was similar to that of disopyramide, mexiletine and lidocaine on the rotarod test in mice. 6. The analgesic effect of SUN 1165 was as weak as that of disopyramide, mexiletine and lidocaine on chemically and mechanically-induced pain response in mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196381 TI - General pharmacological studies on N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8 pyrrolizidineacetamide hydrochloride hemihydrate. 2nd communication: effect on the peripheral nervous system and peripheral organs. AB - The pharmacological actions of N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-pyrrolizidineacetamide hydrochloride hemihydrate (SUN 1165), a new antiarrhythmic agent, on the peripheral nervous system and peripheral organs were studied in various laboratory animals in comparison with those of disopyramide and mexiletine, and the following results were obtained. 1. Large doses (50 or 100 mg/kg p.o.) of SUN 1165 as well as mexiletine had little effects on the pilocarpine-induced hypersalivation and the pupil size in mice. At higher concentration (10(-5) g/ml), SUN 1165 had no effects on the various spasmogen acetylcholine (ACh)-, histamine- or BaCl2-induced contractions in the isolated guinea pig ileum, tracheal smooth muscle and urinary bladder. Disopyramide caused mydriasis, inhibited the pilocarpine-induced hypersalivation at antiarrhythmic doses (10-30 mg/kg p.o.), and suppressed ACh-induced contractions in the various organs. 2. SUN 1165, like disopyramide and mexiletine, decreased the contractile amplitude and diastolic tone of the isolated rabbit ileum. SUN 1165 as well as disopyramide had no effect on the intestinal propulsion even at a large dose (100 mg/kg p.o.). Mexiletine inhibited it at antiarrhythmic doses (10-30 mg/kg p.o.). SUN 1165 only at a large dose (100 mg/kg i.d. or p.o.) inhibited volume of pepsin output in the gastric juice in pylorus-ligated rats and caused a damage to the gastric mucosa. 3. SUN 1165, like disopyramide and mexiletine, slightly potentiated the norepinephrine-induced contraction of the rat vas deferens in vitro. Moreover, SUN 1165 as well as disopyramide and mexiletine slightly potentiated the serotonin-induced contraction of the rat isolated fundus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196382 TI - General pharmacological studies on N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8 pyrrolizidineacetamide hydrochloride hemihydrate. 3rd communication: effect on cardiovascular system. AB - In this general pharmacological study of N-[2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8 pyrrolizidineacetamide hydrochloride hemihydrate (SUN 1165), its effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems were studied. SUN 1165, at doses of up to 1.0 mg/kg i.v., had almost no effect. SUN 1165, at doses of 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg i.v., caused dose-dependent decreases in blood pressure, common carotid, vertebral, coronary, hepatic and femoral artery and portal vein blood flows, cardiac contractility, heart rate and myocardial oxygen consumption. SUN 1165 increased urine volume and urinary excretion of electrolytes in rats at a dose of 100 mg/kg p.o. SUN 1165 decreased renal plasma flow and urinary excretion of electrolytes in anesthetized dogs at 6.0 mg/kg i.v., but at the antiarrhythmic doses (1.0-3.0 mg/kg i.v. in dogs), it had almost no effects on renal function. SUN 1165 had almost no effect on the autonomic nervous systems in anesthetized dogs. These results suggest that SUN 1165 at the antiarrhythmic doses do not have any effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, renal function and autonomic nervous systems in rats and dogs, but that when administered at high doses, it has inhibitory effects on respiratory and cardiovascular system and renal function. In conclusion, SUN 1165 seems to be a novel antiarrhythmic drug relatively free of cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and autonomic effects. PMID- 3196383 TI - General pharmacology of the novel centrally acting antihypertensive agent moxonidine. AB - Moxonidine (4-chloro-N-(4, 5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-6-methoxy-2-methyl-5 pyrimidinamine, BDF 5895) reduces blood pressure and heart rate in rats with genetic hypertension (SHR/Okamoto) and in rats with renovascular hypertension (Goldblatt 1 k/1 c). The hypotensive action was also confirmed in renal hypertensive dogs. The hypotensive action is preceded by a reduction in plasma noradrenaline concentration, thus reflecting a reduction in sympathetic activity. In anesthetized cats, administration of moxonidine into the vertebral artery induces a greater hypotensive effect than i.v. injection of same doses, indicating the central nervous system as the site of hypotensive action. Similar to clonidine, the hypotensive action of moxonidine is abolished by pretreatment of the animals with a selective alpha 2-antagonist. Direct application of moxonidine into the cisterna magna of anesthetized rabbits revealed a 10-fold greater hypotensive potency than clonidine, in contrast to i.v. application where moxonidine was 10-fold less potent than clonidine. At least 10-fold higher doses of moxonidine were needed to cause side effects (sedation, inhibition of gastric secretion), when compared with clonidine. Interruption of presynaptic noradrenergic pathways completely abolished the hypotensive action of moxonidine. Thus moxonidine is endowed with a specific central site of action, presumably by stimulating central presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoceptors. This specific central hypotensive action enables a greater dissociation between the antihypertensive effect on the one hand, and the side effects on the other. PMID- 3196384 TI - Comparison of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of metbufen and itanoxone and their analogues in rats. AB - Metbufen, II, itanoxone, I, and two other derivatives of gamma-aryl-gamma-keto substituted butyric acids labelled with 14C in their carbonyl group were synthesized for a metabolic investigation in rats. Profound changes in pharmacokinetic parameters, most specifically in the distribution, elimination, and metabolic pathways, were induced by substitution in the aromatic nucleus or changes in saturation of the aliphatic chain. The metabolites isolated from plasma and urine were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, by comparison with chemical controls, revealing the processes of metabolism of these structural analogues. This difference in metabolism further understanding of the diversity of biological effects inherent in these compounds. PMID- 3196386 TI - Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of coumarin. AB - Coumarin was administered i.v. to male beagle dogs, ranging in age from 0.33 to 11.08 years. Some of these dogs were used more than once in the study as their ages progressed. When divided into two groups, young (less than 5 years) and elderly (greater than 5 years), the total plasma clearance decreased significantly as a function of age from 30.67 +/- 9.86 ml/min/kg in the young group (n = 7) to 17.31 +/- 4.35 ml/min/kg in the elderly group (n = 10). No significant changes were found in apparent volume of distribution and elimination half-life. Because coumarin is a drug of high extraction ratio, and liver blood flow decreases with age, the reduction in total clearance is blood flow dependent. 7-Hydroxycoumarin, the major metabolite, did not show any change in elimination half-life as function of age. The ratio of AUC parent drug: metabolite increased about 10-fold as function of age, indicating decreased hydroxylation and glucuronidation. PMID- 3196387 TI - Intestinal absorption of iron from 59Fe-labelled hexacyanoferrates(II) in piglets. AB - The intestinal absorption of 59Fe and 14C from hexacyanoferrates(II) was studied in piglets. KFeIII[FeII (CN)6] (I) and FeIII4[FeII(CN)6]3 (II) were labelled with 59Fe both in the Fe(III)-position (outside the complex anion, a) or in the Fe(II) position (hexacyanoferrate anion, b). Labelling of the Fe(III)-position resulted in a 59Fe-absorption of 1.47% (Ia) and 1.34% (IIa), as judged by the 59Fe whole body-retention measurement 14 days after oral administration. Even smaller amounts, 0.20% from Ib or 0.15% from IIb of the 59Fe-dose were absorbed and retained from the hexacyanoferrates(II) labelled in the Fe(II)-position. No 14CO2 was detected in the expired air of piglets after oral application of Fe4[59Fe(14CN)6]3, indicating that the amount of incorporated free cyanide ions can only be extremely small or even nil. PMID- 3196385 TI - Pharmacological studies on anethole trithione. AB - Pharmacological studies on trithio-p-methoxy-phenylpropene (anethole trithione, ANTT, Felviten) were performed. ANTT at a dose of 100 mg/kg, p.o. lowered the increased serum transaminases GOT and GPT, and protected the liver from injuries caused by CCl4 in mice. In other studies in vivo, ANTT at a dose of 1000 mg/kg showed no effect on the central nervous system or the autonomic nervous system. In vitro experiments with smooth muscle preparations showed no significant effects of ANTT. PMID- 3196388 TI - [Factors of elimination of liposome-encapsulated drug model substances after intravenous administration]. AB - Carboxyfluorescein (CF) and fluorescein dilaurate (FDL) have been encapsulated in either small or large multilamellar liposomes of various lipid composition. Cholesterol (CH)-free liposomes showed relatively rapid CF release when dispersed in buffer, plasma or whole blood. The same behaviour was seen with liposomes which contained a lipid whose phase transition temperature was less than 37 degrees C. The CH-free preparations also showed marked aggregation in plasma. After i.v. application to rabbits the elimination of liposomal CF was found to depend upon the typ of phospholipid present, the CH content, the surface charge and vesicle size. The lipophilic substance FDL was lost from circulation more rapidly than the hydrophilic CF. All of the measured plasma levels indicated an open two-compartment model, i.e. with two exits. The calculated microconstants provide information about the distribution kinetics. PMID- 3196389 TI - Influence of shape stabilizing agents on the deformability and morphology of lysolecithin-treated erythrocytes. AB - Normal biconcave erythrocytes were transformed by the lysolipid lysolecithin (1 alpha-lysophosphatidylcholine, LPC) into spiculated and sphered corpuscles which had a normal viscosity at high shear rates despite their abnormal shape. The LPC induced a hitherto not identified metabolic process within the erythrocyte which depended on various factors as the Ca++-concentration, pH-value, and temperature of the suspending medium and which was advanced by guanosine or certain drugs as for instance moxaverine, a derivative of papaverine. This metabolic process normalized transiently the erythrocyte shape and deformability; but the cells started to become more viscous again during longer incubation though their shape remained normal. Because the shape of red cells correlated weakly with their deformability, it is suggested that measurements of the mechanical properties of erythrocytes should supplement the morphological studies in investigations of drugs which affect the red cell shape. PMID- 3196391 TI - [Elimination of nalbuphine in human milk]. AB - In order to examine the pharmacokinetics and excretion of nalbuphine (Nubain 20) in breast milk, patients suffering from postpartum pain were given a single dose of 20 mg nalbuphine intramuscularly. During a 24-h period, the total amount of nalbuphine excreted in the breast milk was 2.3 micrograms (mean value), which is equivalent to 0.012% of the dosage. The mean milk/plasma quotient was calculated using the AUC from the milk and plasma time curves at 1.2:1. An oral intake of 2.3 micrograms nalbuphine would not show any measurable plasma concentrations in the neonate. Adverse opioid reactions, e.g. respiratory depression are not to be expected even if one assumes a lack of glucuronide production in the neonate. PMID- 3196390 TI - Relationship between gastric emptying and serum concentrations of emepronium in dogs and human volunteers. AB - Clinical trials with increased dosages, relative to the standard regimen, of the anticholinergic drug emepronium (Cetiprin Novum) resulted in a clear improvement in micturition- and urodynamic parameters in urinary incontinent patients. In the present study possible effects on the gastric emptying were tested in dogs and in human volunteers. In dogs a wide dose range of emepronium (5-100 mg/kg p.o.) was used to establish a relationship between serum concentration and effect on the gastric emptying. Gastric emptying was slightly decreased after 25 mg/kg (peak conc. of emepronium about 100 micrograms/l) and markedly decreased after 50 mg/kg (500 micrograms/l) and 100 mg/kg (5000 micrograms/l). In the volunteers no effect of emepronium on gastric emptying was observed, either after 200 mg q.i.d. or after 400 mg q.i.d. (about 3 and 6 mg/kg q.i.d.), which resulted in peak serum concentrations of 100-300 micrograms/l). PMID- 3196392 TI - Pharmacokinetic study of 14C-radiolabelled elliptinium acetate in patients with metastatic breast cancer. AB - The pharmacokinetics of 14C-labelled elliptinium acetate (Celiptium) was studied in 3 patients with metastatic breast cancer after a 1-h intravenous infusion of the drug at the dose of 100 mg/m2. Total radioactivity measurements were done in plasma, urine and faeces over 120 h. Plasma peak concentration of radioactivity reached during the infusion was 1.6 +/- 0.2 micrograms eq/ml. A comparison with previously published results showed a high ratio of plasma total radioactivity to unchanged drug levels. This could indicate a fast metabolic transformation of the drug. Radioactivity profile in plasma reincreased 8 h after the infusion, strongly suggesting a contribution of biliary radiolabelled metabolites to an enterohepatic cycle. This phenomenon was not observed on the plasma curve of unchanged drug levels, thus indicating that the drug itself and its known conjugates (glucuronide and cysteinyl derivatives) contributed only to a minor extent to the enterohepatic circulation of the drug. More than 70% of radioactivity was recovered in urine and faeces during 120 h for two of the three patients, and fecal excretion appeared to be the major route of elimination of the drug in humans. PMID- 3196393 TI - [Evaluation of the prevention of perioperative thromboembolism with low molecular weight heparin and dihydroergotamine. A study of the incidence of lethal pulmonary embolisms and undesired symptoms, especially the risk of vasospasm and myocardial infarction]. AB - In a prospective trial 33,421 patients receiving a combination of low molecular weight heparin and dihydroergotamine (LMWH/DHE; Embolex NM) as a routine antithrombotic agent were observed. The patients were recruited from surgical, traumatological, orthopedic, gynecological and urological departments. During the observation period 17 patients suffered from myocardial infarction leading to death in 7 cases. In 63 patients pulmonary embolism occurred, causing death in 12 cases. No irreversible vasospastic reaction due to DHE was seen. In one case a reversible ischaemic reaction in a lower limb was described which might have possibly been due to DHE. The low rate of complications suggests that LMWH/DHE is a safe and highly effective combination with a low risk of vasospastic reactions. PMID- 3196394 TI - Differentiation of cytochrome P-450 activities with scoparone as substrate. A rapid one-step HPLC-analysis. AB - A direct and highly sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for measuring cytochrome P-450 activities in biological probes, with the substrate scoparone, is described. Using 10-100 microliter of a supernatant of an incubation mixture of scoparone (0.1 mmol/l), microsomal fractions (1 nmol P 450/ml), MgCl2 (2 mmol/l), and NADPH (4 mmol/l), the products scopoletin and isoscopoletin as well as the substrate scoparone were separated by HPLC on an ODS Hypersil RP-18 column. The compounds were detected by a UV-spectrophotometer (345 nm) and quantified by the aid of an external calibration curve. The limits of detection were 10 pmol for the products scopoletin and isoscopoletin. This method allows the direct quantification of P-450 activities and the simultaneous differentiation between "3-methylcholanthren-like" or "phenobarbital-like" induction states by estimation of the scopoletin: isoscopoletin ratios. PMID- 3196395 TI - Improved high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tiotixene in human serum. AB - The problem of accurate determination of tiotixene in body fluids is still challenging. Several methods have been published but most of them require a tedious, time-consuming sample preparation, are not specific enough and lack the necessary sensitivity or require highly sophisticated analytical devices. As carefully validated analytical methods represent the basis of conclusive clinical trials (e.g. evaluating bioavailability/bioequivalence), an assay was developed to fulfill these needs. The method present employs an HPLC system combined with a UV-detector and uses perazine as an internal standard. The achieved lower limit of detection in serum was 0.05 ng/ml and the calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.5-20 and 0.1-2.0 ng/ml, respectively. The chromatographic peaks were well resolved and the cis-/transisomers well separated. The imprecision and inaccuracy data typically ranged from 2 to 7%; the recovery from serum was always better than 80%. The assay has been successfully used for the determination of very low tiotixene serum levels during several clinical studies. PMID- 3196396 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of trans-doxepin and desmethyldoxepin. AB - An improved high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the quantitative determination of trans-doxepin (I) and desmethyldoxepin (II) in body fluids is presented. This HPLC assay, employing a UV-detector and perazine (III) as an internal standard, provides a very sensitive and selective determination in the low ng/ml range. The lower limit of quantification was 0.426 ng/ml (I) and 0.50 ng/ml (II); respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the measured range of 0.426-34.08 ng/ml (I) and 0.50-40 ng/ml (II). In combination with the excellent precision and accuracy data (c.v. values typically lower than 5%) and a recovery exceeding 90% for both compounds, the method is well suited for quantitative determinations of plasma samples generated during clinical studies, eg. evaluating the pharmacokinetics and/or bioavailability/bioequivalence as well as evaluations of clinical response. PMID- 3196397 TI - Triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometric determination of bromocriptine in human plasma with negative ion chemical ionization. AB - A new MS/MS assay for the quantitative determination of bromocriptine in body fluids is presented. The selective reagent gas in combination with the registration of selected, characteristic negative ions (SIM) after collision activated decomposition (CAD) in a Triple-Stage-Quaddrupole-mass spectrometer, provides an exceptional selective and sensitive assay in the low pg/ml range. The lower limit of detection was about 1 pg/ml (at optimal measuring conditions) and the calibration curve was linear in the range of 10-200 pg/ml. The coefficient of variation for the imprecision and inaccuracy data was typically below 10%; the recovery from plasma always exceeded 75%. The sample introduction to the mass spectrometer was done by a direct exposure probe (DEP). Thus, the method is well suited for the reliable, rapid processing of large sample numbers generated e.g. from clinical studies evaluating the pharmacokinetics and/or bioavailability/bioequivalence of different formulations or from drug monitoring/clinical response programs. The assay has been successfully approved in several clinical studies evaluating different bromocriptine preparations. PMID- 3196398 TI - Quantification of baclofen and its fluoro analogue in plasma and urine after fluorescent derivatisation with benoxaprofen chloride and thin-layer chromatographic separation. AB - An assay method for the quantification of the centrally acting muscle relaxant baclofen in human plasma and urine is described. Baclofen is separated from biological samples using Sep-Pak C18-cartridges. The liquid-solid extraction is followed by ion-pair extraction. The following procedure involves the formation of the baclofen butyl ester and an additional ion-pair extraction of the ester. Then a fluorescent derivatisation is performed, using the fluorescence marker benoxaprofen chloride. The resulting amide is separated from interfering compounds by TLC (silica gel) and quantified by directly measuring the fluorescence (313 nm/365 nm). The procedure described can also be applied for the determination of the fluoro analogue of baclofen. The lower limit of detection is 10 ng per 1 ml plasma and 20 ng per 0.1 ml urine. The applicability of the method was proved by investigating plasma and urine samples of 2 volunteers after oral administration of 20 mg baclofen as single dose. PMID- 3196399 TI - Pharmacokinetics and biodisposition of recombinant human interferon-alpha 2C in rat and marmoset. AB - Pharmacokinetics and biodiposition of recombinant human interferon-alpha 2C (IFN alpha 2C) were studied in rats and marmosets (Callitrix jacchus). After intravenous bolus dose, serum concentrations of IFN-alpha 2C antigen declined triexponentially. After administration of 15 MIU/kg IFN-alpha 2C the mean t1/2 alpha was 3 min (rat) and 10 min (marmoset), t1/2 beta was 0.4 h (rat) and 1.2 h (marmoset), the mean terminal half-life t1/2 gamma was 2.8-6.3 h (rat) and 10-14 h (marmoset). The short alpha-phase was dominant, consistent with the high total serum clearance of 5 ml/min/kg (rat) or 2 ml/min/kg (marmoset), respectively. The low volumes of distribution (in both species 0.4-0.8 l/kg) indicated a mainly extracellular distribution of this drug. Absolute bioavailability after intramuscular and subcutaneous dosing ranged from 40-80% and the time of maximum serum level from 0.7-2.7 h (both species). Dose linearity was observed up to 15 MIU/kg for all routes of administration. The results demonstrate similarity of IFN-alpha 2C pharmacokinetics in rat and marmoset. Biodisposition of IFN-alpha 2C in rat was determined both by whole body autoradiography and analysis of antigen concentrations in tissue homogenates. The distribution of IFN-alpha 2C antigen showed a high correlation with capillary permeability and blood content of the different tissues. Thus, high levels were found in serum, kidney, lung, spleen, heart and liver, whereas the concentrations in muscle and brain were extremely low. Taken together, the data indicate that IFN-alpha 2C is predominantly eliminated by glomerular filtration, followed by tubular reabsorption, and finally lysosomal degradation in the kidney. PMID- 3196400 TI - Acylureidoalkylphenylsulfonylureas with blood glucose lowering efficacy. AB - The structure and the synthesis of the blood-glucose lowering sulfonylurea glimepiride (Hoe 490) and of some analogues is described. The acylureido group of these compounds is prepared from lactams. PMID- 3196401 TI - Absolute configuration and local anaesthetic activity of cis and trans 2 dimethylaminomethyl-cyclohexyl benzoates. AB - All the four stereoisomers of 2-dimethylaminomethyl-cyclohexyl benzoate (enantiomers of 4 and 5) were prepared in optically pure state and their absolute configurations determined by chiroptical methods and genetic correlations. The configurational assignments obtained by the two independent methods were in full agreement and the absolute configuration of the four stereoisomers are (+) (1S,2S)-4, (-)-(1R,2R)-4, (+)-(1S,2R)-5, and (-)-(1R,2S)-5. The local anaesthetic activity of the four compounds were also determined. PMID- 3196402 TI - Pharmacokinetics of nisoldipine. I. Absorption, concentration in plasma, and excretion after single administration of [14C]nisoldipine in rats, dogs, monkey, and swine. AB - The absorption, disposition and excretion of (+/-) 3-isobutyl-5-methyl 1,4 dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (nisoldipine, Bay k 5552) have been studied following a single administration of the 14C labelled compound to rats, dogs, monkey and swine via different routes (intravenous, oral, intraduodenal) in the dose range of 0.05-10 mg.kg-1. [14C]nisoldipine was absorbed rapidly and almost completely. Peak concentrations of radioactivity in plasma were reached 0.9 h (rat), 1.4 h (dog), and 3.6 h (monkey) after oral administration with normalized maximum concentrations being in the same range for all three species (0.49-0.79). The radioactivity was eliminated from plasma with half-lives between 42 h and 54 h within an observation period up to 3 days. The contribution of unchanged [14C]nisoldipine to the concentration of total radioactivity in plasma was low after oral administration (between 0.5% (monkey) and 3.4% (dog) in the peak) indicating an extensive presystemic elimination of this compound. The bioavailability was estimated at 3.4% in rats and 11.7% in dogs. [14C]nisoldipine was highly bound to plasma proteins with free fractions of 0.9-2.9%. The excretion of the radioactivity via urine and feces/bile both after oral and intravenous administration of [14C]nisoldipine occurred rapidly and almost completely within 48 h in all species. Very small residues in the body were recovered at the end of the experiments in rats and dogs (less than 1.6% of the dose). The biliary/fecal route of excretion was preferred in rats, dogs and swine, whereas in monkey 76% of the dose was excreted renally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196404 TI - Soft drug derivatives related to perhexiline. Part II: In vivo studies. AB - A series of cyclohexylaralkylamines derived from perhexiline and synthesized according to the "soft drug" concept were evaluated for haemodynamic effects and myocardial oxygen consumption in vivo. In anaesthetized rabbits, the most active compounds, 2, 5, and 11 decreased arterial blood pressure, to a greater extent dp/dtmax and, to a lesser extent heart rate. The decrease in cardiac work and the decrease in cardiac output varied concomitantly. The cardiac effort index decreased in all cases to a greater degree than with perhexiline. In anaesthetized open-chest dogs, the potential antianginal properties of compounds 2, 5 and 11 were due to a decrease in cardiac work via a decrease in cardiac output and myocardial oxygen consumption. None of these compounds reduced arterial blood pressure. Compounds 2 and 5 decreased myocardial oxygen consumption more than perhexiline. Compound 5 was the most promising molecule of this series both as regards cardiac work and myocardial oxygen consumption, being active at a lower dose than perhexiline and having a long active span. These studies suggest that compounds 2, 5 and 11 might be beneficial to patients with angina pectoris. PMID- 3196403 TI - Pharmacokinetics of nisoldipine. II. Distribution to and elimination from tissues and organs following single or repeated administration of [14C]nisoldipine to rats and dogs. AB - (+/-) 3-Isobutyl-5-methyl 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-pyridine-3,5 dicarboxylate (nisoldipine, Bay k 5552) labelled with 14C was administered to male rats, pregnant and lactating rats as well as female dogs with single intravenous (1.0 or 0.5 mg.kg-1) or oral doses (5 mg.kg-1) and with repeated oral doses of 5 mg.kg-1 to male rats for 3 weeks. The distribution to organs and tissues, the placental transfer and the secretion into milk was studied using whole body autoradiographic methods and/or quantitative determination of total radioactivity after autopsy, [14C]nisoldipine was distributed rapidly and heterogenously to organs and tissues. In the initial distribution phase following intravenous administration high concentrations compared to blood were found in heart muscle, brain, lung, adrenal cortex, kidney, and the intestinal mucosa. After single oral administration and at later time points after intravenous administration only liver and kidney contained higher radioactivity concentrations compared to plasma. Elimination from most of the organs occurred quite uniformly with half-lives of 40-70 h. There was no indication for distinct differences in the distribution pattern between rats and dogs. Following a 21-day oral treatment of male rats the equivalent concentrations in most of the tissues were increased by factors of 5 to 11. This factor was higher in the adrenal gland (15) and adipose tissue (19). The residues in the body after repeated administration were eliminated with a terminal half-life of about 10 days. No indication was found for a distinct retention of substance-associated radioactivity in organs and tissues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196406 TI - Synthesis and pharmacological screening of new phenylpiperazinepropane derivatives and their enantiomers. AB - Enantiomers of phenylpiperazinepropane-1,2-diol derivatives were synthesized with the purpose to obtain a better antitussive activity/sedative effect ratio. (S) isomers showed better pharmacological profiles than (R)-isomers and corresponding racemates. Among the (S)-isomers, the unsubstituted compound, levodropropizine (S(-)-3-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-propane-1,2-diol, DF 526), has the most favourable antitussive activity/sedative effect ratio and was selected for pharmaco-toxicological evaluation. PMID- 3196405 TI - Inotropic activity of digitoxigenin glucoside and related glycosides. AB - The cardiovascular effects of digitoxigenin glucoside and two derivatives, digitoxigenin glucoside tetraacetate and 4',6'-isopropylidene digitoxigenin glucoside were studied in pentobarbital-anaesthetized dogs. Digoxin (0.112 mumol/kg) and digitoxigenin glucoside (0.056 mumol/kg) produced similar increases in myocardial contractility, although digitoxigenin glucoside was faster in onset of action and had a shorter duration of action. Digitoxigenin glucoside caused a significantly greater increase in blood pressure than digoxin. Digitoxigenin glucoside tetraacetate (0.056 mumol/kg) and isopropylidene digitoxigenin glucoside (0.112 mumol/kg) also increased myocardial contractility. Time to peak effect and duration of action were similar to those of digitoxigenin glucoside. The tetraacetate derivative of digitoxigenin glucoside was less hypertensive than the parent compound. The results suggest that the rapid onset and short duration of effect are a function of the glucose moiety. The rapid onset and, what appears to be, a reduced tendency to accumulate may confer clinical potential for these analogues. PMID- 3196407 TI - Antitussive properties of levodropropizine. AB - The antitussive activity of levodropropizine (S(-)-3-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl) propane-1,2-diol, DF 526), was evaluated in anaesthetized guinea-pigs and rabbits and in unanaesthetized guinea-pigs. Levodropropizine was shown to have good antitussive activity. Intravenously, it was 1/10 to 1/20 as active as codeine and comparable to dropropizine, from which it is derived, on mechanically and electrically induced coughing in rabbits and guinea-pigs. After oral administration to the guinea-pig the antitussive activity of levodropropizine was comparable with those of both dropropizine and codeine against coughing induced by irritant aerosols. PMID- 3196408 TI - General pharmacology of the new antitussive levodropropizine. AB - The general pharmacological profile of levodropropizine (S(-)3-(4-phenyl piperazin-1-yl)-propane-1,2-diol, DF 526), a new antitussive drug, was compared with that of dropropizine racemate. Levodropropizine had weaker central sedative effects than the racemate and it did not induce physical dependence in rats. When given intravenously or intraperitoneally, levodropropizine did not exert any significant effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Receptor binding data excluded interaction with beta-adrenergic, muscarinic and opiate receptors. On the contrary, levodropropizine has affinity for H1-histaminic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. The affinity was also confirmed with isolated organ preparations. On the basis of this study, levodropropizine appears to have a better tolerability index than the racemate. PMID- 3196409 TI - Safety and toxicological profile of the new antitussive levodropropizine. AB - Levodropropizine (S(-)-3-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-propane-1,2-diol, DF 526), a new antitussive drug, was submitted to toxicological studies. Acute toxicity, both oral and intraperitoneal, in rats and mice and oral toxicity in guinea-pigs was low. Subchronic and chronic toxicity studies were performed in rats and dogs. For both species the maximum tolerated oral dosage was 24 mg/kg/d. Dose-related clinical signs were observed, consisting mainly in salivation in rats and sedation, peripheral vasodilatation and increased heart rate in dogs. Liver toxicity was found in both species at higher dosages. In rats, food intake and body weight gain were reduced. There were no effects on fertility, nor any teratogenic effects. Foetal and peri- and post-natal toxic effects were observed in rats only at 150 mg/kg/d. A set of mutagenicity tests yielded negative results. Therefore, levodropropizine is safe up to dosages 10 times greater than the one intended for clinical use and only slight adverse reactions were recorded at a dosage 30 times greater. PMID- 3196410 TI - Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of levodropropizine plasma levels in healthy volunteers. AB - A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of levodropropizine (S(-)-3-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl) propane-1,2-diol, DF 526) in plasma is described. The method proved to be highly selective and sensitive. Drug concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml could be measured. Levodropropizine plasma levels were measured in 6 healthy volunteers after administration of an acute 60 mg dose. Peak concentrations were reached between 40 and 60 min and measurable amounts of drug were present till 8 h after administration. PMID- 3196411 TI - Antitussive activity and respiratory system effects of levodropropizine in man. AB - Antitussive activity of the new antitussive drug, levodropropizine (S(-)-3-(4 phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-propane-1,2-diol, DF 526), was evaluated in healthy volunteers by the classical method of citric acid-induced coughing. Levodropropizine dose-dependently reduced cough frequency. Maximal inhibition was observed at 6 h after administration. Cough intensity was also reduced, as shown by the analysis of cough noise. Levodropropizine, at the dosage of 60 mg t.i.d., had no adverse effects on respiratory function nor on airway clearance mechanisms: in fact, it did not affect spirometric parameters. Levodropropizine had no effects on the rheological properties of mucus nor on ciliary activity of airway epithelium. PMID- 3196412 TI - Effects of treatment with dithranol, etretinate and a combination of dithranol and etretinate on epidermal metabolism and histology. Mouse tail assay. AB - The mouse tail assay is useful for studying dermatological therapeutics that influence epidermal differentiation. The effect of dithranol (0.1% w/v in acetone, topically; DI), etretinate (2 mg/kg body weight/d, orally; ET) and of the simultaneous administration of both preparations (DI/ET) on the epidermis of the mouse tail was examined. The thickness of the epidermis, the number of nuclei per defined epidermal section, and the development of a granular layer in the interfollicular areas were determined. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine triphosphate onto the DNA and global protein synthesis were also determined in vitro. The incorporation rates of leucine and histidine into protein in vitro were measured separately. DI caused retention acanthosis and at the same time orthokeratotic differentiation of the interfollicular areas of the epidermis. Light microscopy of the tail epidermis after application of ET showed no significant changes. Administration of ET/DI yielded the same effects as treatment with DI alone. DI partially reduced the biochemical parameters. ET increased DNA-polymerase activity, global protein synthesis, and the incorporation rate of histidine. The biochemical results after treatment with DI/ET were very similar to those obtained after DI administration. From the histological and biochemical results it is therefore concluded that the simultaneous administration of DI and ET produces the same effects as DI treatment alone. PMID- 3196413 TI - Stereochemical pharmacokinetics of the 2-arylpropionic acid non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug flunoxaprofen in rats and in man. AB - Stereospecific serum assays of the non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug flunoxaprofen (S(+)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-a-methyl-5-benzoxazoleacetic acid, Priaxim) were performed in rats after the oral administration of 10 mg/kg b.w. of the different enantiomeric forms of the drug or of the racemate in order to establish the occurrence and the rate of biotransformation of R(-)-flunoxaprofen to the S(+)-enantiomer, which is the pharmacologically active form. Preliminary observations of the enantiomeric blood levels were also made in man after a single oral dose (100 mg) of R(-)-flunoxaprofen or of the racemate. Blood was withdrawn at different time intervals up to 120 h in rats and up to 48 h in man and serum levels of flunoxaprofen enantiomers were determined by a HPLC method. The results obtained in the rat show that S(+)-flunoxaprofen serum levels following the administration of a single oral dose of flunoxaprofen reach about the same values (between 24 and 30 micrograms/ml at 18 h) whichever form was dosed (i.e. 10 mg/kg b.w. of S(+)- or R(+)-, or 5 mg/kg b.w. of S(+)- as the racemate). On the contrary, R(-)-flunoxaprofen serum concentrations fall to values lower than 5 micrograms/ml either after the administration of 10 mg/kg R( )- or of 5 mg/kg R(-)- as the racemate; these serum R(-)-flunoxaprofen values are close to those observed after the administration of S(+)-flunoxaprofen which contains 5% R(-)- as an impurity (i.e. 0.5 mg/kg b.w.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196414 TI - Intrinsic drug resistance in a human lung carcinoma xenograft is associated with overexpression of multidrug-resistance DNA-sequences and of plasma membrane glycoproteins. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine whether multidrug resistance can be detected in human lung tumors not previously treated with chemotherapy. Therefore, the intrinsic sensitivity or resistance of 8 human epidermoid lung cancer xenografts grown in nude mice has been examined. The tumor lines responded differently to vincristine and the other cytostatic agents. When the effects of vincristine on the 8 tumor lines are correlated with the effect of dactinomycin (actinomycin D), a close relationship could be found (r = 0.96). These results demonstrate that xenografts derived from human lung tumors not previously treated with chemotherapy exhibited a similar pattern of cross-resistance as is observed in sublines of murine and human tumors which were resistant to various drugs following repeated exposure of the cells to a sublethal concentration of these drugs. The resistant lung tumor HXL 54 also shows an overexpression of the P170 membrane glycoprotein (detected by Mab 265/F4). To determine whether multidrug genes were expressed in resistant lung tumors, slot blots and Northern blots were performed using the probes pDR 7.8 and pcDR 1.5. The level of expression can be correlated with the degree of drug resistance. PMID- 3196415 TI - Place of birth and incidence of ocular melanoma in the United States. AB - To examine whether or not being born in the southern United States is associated with an increased risk of ocular melanoma, the distribution of State of birth of 763 patients (White, not of Spanish origin) with ocular melanoma diagnosed between 1973 and 1984 and identified by 9 population-based cancer registries participating in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, was compared to the distribution of State of birth of the underlying population of the regions served by these registries. The incidence of ocular melanoma among persons born in the southern United States was nearly the same as that among persons born in the north, after adjustment for age, sex, and residence at diagnosis (Incidence Ratio = 1.1, 95% C.I. 0.8, 1.5). Comparisons of the risk of ocular melanoma between persons born in States with high and low levels of solar radiation yielded similar results, and a trend with increasing solar radiation was observed only among females. These findings do not support the hypothesis that exposure to the sun early in life is a major risk factor for ocular melanoma. PMID- 3196416 TI - [Peritoneal epithelial proliferations in serous borderline tumors of the ovary]. PMID- 3196417 TI - Don't expect much. PMID- 3196418 TI - Liver biopsy findings in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3196419 TI - [Effects of stereotaxic excision of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus on the ultrastructure of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus]. PMID- 3196420 TI - Tricuspid valve vegetation simulating an intracardiac tumor. PMID- 3196422 TI - Nutrient interactions involving vitamins and minerals. PMID- 3196421 TI - Mimicry and errors in echocardiography. PMID- 3196423 TI - [A certificate of proficiency vs. a certificate of assistance in cardiopulmonary resuscitation]. PMID- 3196425 TI - [Medical articles with errors or incorrect facts]. PMID- 3196424 TI - AAP says schools should teach AIDS education K-12. PMID- 3196427 TI - [Morbidity and mortality caused by hyaline membrane disease in a neonatal intensive care unit]. PMID- 3196426 TI - [Neonatal cholestatic syndrome: use of phenobarbital in the gammagram of the bile ducts]. PMID- 3196429 TI - [Congenital malformations in the offspring of mothers with changes in glucose metabolism]. PMID- 3196428 TI - [Disease-free survival in children with Hodgkin's disease. Relation to histological findings]. PMID- 3196430 TI - [Intestinal tuberculosis]. PMID- 3196431 TI - Aluminum-induced neurofibrillary degeneration disrupts acquisition of the rabbit's classically conditioned nictitating membrane response. AB - Rabbits received intraventricular injections of aluminum chloride, hydrochloric acid, or served as unoperated controls. On the 6th day postsurgery, they underwent 4 days (100 trials per day) of classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response (NMR) to a tone conditioned stimulus and an air puff unconditioned stimulus. Unoperated and hydrochloric acid control animals readily acquired the conditioned response. Aluminum intoxicated rabbits, in contrast, did not acquire the conditioned response over the 4 days of testing. This disruption of conditioning in aluminum-treated rabbits could not be attributed to deficits in sensory or motor processes or to illness. Neuropathological analysis revealed widespread neurofibrillary tangle formation in aluminum-treated animals. Furthermore, the degree of neurofibrillary degeneration was significantly negatively correlated with the degree of conditioning. The results are considered in the context of using the rabbit NMR preparation as a model system for studying age-related conditioning disorders. PMID- 3196432 TI - Aging and atropine effects on spatial navigation in the Morris water task. AB - A recent animal model that has been particularly useful in the neurobiology of aging has been the age-related decline of spatial information processing capacity in Sprague-Dawley rats measured in the place-learning water task developed by Morris (1981). In the first experiment of the present study, place behavior was examined in young (6 months), old (23-24 months), and very old (28 months) rats of another strain, Long-Evans. As an analogue of aging-related cholinergic dysfunction the effects of atropine sulfate (5-50 mg/kg), an anticholinergic drug that is known to disrupt behavior in this task, also was determined. Place navigation was not impaired in undrugged rats, even those in the oldest age group. Rats treated with atropine showed dose-dependent deficits. In a second experiment, young (4-5 months), old (18-20 months), and very old (28 months) Fischer-344 rats were examined. Place navigation was impaired in the old rats. The very old (28 months) rats could not swim well enough to be tested adequately. Although nonspatial deficits associated with aging may be found across most strains tested, there appear to be very large strain-related differences in spatial processing ability as a function of age. PMID- 3196433 TI - Differential effects of hippocampal ablations on dispositional and representational memory in the rat. AB - Long-Evans rats with electrolytic hippocampal ablations exhibited chronic impairment in performance on a spatial delayed nonmatching-to-sample task in the arms of a T-maze. The same rats exhibited only mild deficits, which disappeared with practice in dispositional memory-dependent discrimination in the stem. Both types of discrimination were learned rapidly preoperatively with no marked positive or negative interaction between types of discrimination. The present results suggest that hippocampal lesions in rats have far more serious consequences on the performance of representational memory-dependent tasks than similar lesions in monkeys. In agreement with our past studies, the present experiment demonstrated that dispositional and representational memory systems in rodents have at least partially distinct anatomical substrates in brain. PMID- 3196435 TI - Effect of low-intensity hippocampal stimulation on spatial versus working memory in rats. AB - A series of experiments was performed to investigate differing predictions from the spatial mapping hypothesis of hippocampal function proposed by O'Keefe and Nadel (1978) and the working memory hypothesis proposed more recently by Olton and his colleagues (Olton, Becker, & Handelmann, 1979). Each of two groups of rats was trained to use a different strategy to locate a submerged platform in a tank of opaque water. The MAP group used a spatial mapping strategy to reach a platform in a fixed location over trials; whereas the CUE group used a guidance strategy, which involved following a cue that signaled the location of a randomly placed platform on each trial. Following acquisition, one-half of each group was given low-level unilateral electrical stimulation of the dentate gyrus and immediately tested on the water maze task. The results of Experiment 1 showed that both the MAP and CUE groups were impaired by stimulation. However, it was observed that there was an inadvertent spatial element involved in the CUE task. When this element was eliminated in Experiment 3, the same CUE animals were not affected by a second series of stimulation trials, whereas the MAP animals continued to show impairment. These results are interpreted as strongly supporting the cognitive mapping hypothesis, while at the same time providing little support for the working memory hypothesis of hippocampal function. PMID- 3196434 TI - Effects of opioid microinjections into the medial septal area on spatial memory in rats. AB - Recent work has demonstrated that posttraining systemic opioid antagonist administration facilitates the acquisition of a radial arm maze task in new spatial environments. In this study, we examined the effect of posttraining naloxone and beta-endorphin microinjections into the medial septal area on the acquisition of a radial maze task in new spatial environments. The results of these experiments demonstrated that posttraining intraseptal naloxone administration facilitated, whereas posttraining intraseptal beta-endorphin administration impaired, the acquisition of criterion performance on a maze task performed in new spatial environments. Further, intraventricular beta-endorphin administration did not produce effects that were comparable to those observed following intraseptal beta-endorphin administration, which indicates that the septal region is a brain site that is sensitive to the effects of opioids on spatial memory in new environments. Further, posttraining intraseptal beta endorphin administration had no effect on working memory in a familiar spatial environment, whereas pretraining intraseptal beta-endorphin administration had no effect on the performance of a previously acquired spatial task. PMID- 3196436 TI - Cholinergic blockade in the rat impairs strategy selection but not learning and retention of nonspatial visual discrimination problems in a swimming pool. AB - A procedure was developed to study black versus white and horizontal versus vertical pattern visual discriminations in a swimming pool. The effects of central cholinergic muscarinic receptor blockade by atropine sulfate was then evaluated. The drug treatment impaired acquisition but not retention. Behavioral observations showed that the control rats used a number of strategies during the process of problem solving that facilitated acquisition of the discrimination. Through modifications of training procedures, the processes of strategy selection and discrimination learning were dissociated. Cholinergic blockade was found to impair strategy selection but not discrimination learning. The results question the widely held view that cholinergic systems are involved in learning and memory and suggest instead that cholinergic systems are involved in the selection of the movements or strategies that are prerequisite for learning. PMID- 3196437 TI - Haloperidol blocks the conditioned place preferences induced by rewarding brain stimulation. AB - The conditioned place preference test was employed to investigate the effects of neuroleptic challenge on the rewarding properties of lateral hypothalamic stimulation. Conditioning took place during a single day and consisted of five 5 min exposures to each of two environments (differing in color and floor texture). Twenty-four hours later, when provided a choice between the two environments, rats showed strong preferences for the environment in which they had experienced sessions of rewarding brain stimulation. These stimulation-produced place preferences were prevented by pretreatment with the neuroleptic drug, haloperidol (0.3 but not 0.15 mg/kg, ip). On the basis of these results, it was concluded that (a) the conditioned place preference test can provide a rate-free index of brain stimulation reward and (b) dopamine receptor antagonism can result in an attenuation of the rewarding properties of lateral hypothalamic stimulation. PMID- 3196438 TI - Maternal deprivation potentiates pituitary-adrenal stress responses in infant rats. AB - In three experiments we examined the effect of maternal deprivation on the pituitary-adrenal response of 12-, 16- and 20-day-old rat pups to novelty stress. Infant rats were either deprived individually in heated incubators or left in the home nest with their mother and then tested for their corticosteroid response to 30-min exposure to a novel test arena (novelty-stress). In Experiment 1 we showed that the magnitude of the stress response was a positively accelerated function of the deprivation interval. Stress responses were not increased after 1 hour of deprivation, were modestly increased after 8 hours of deprivation, and were dramatically increased after 24 hours of deprivation. In Experiment 2 we asked whether potentiation of the stress response resulted from the maternal or the nutritive components of the deprivation procedure. Pups were tested under one of four treatment conditions formed by a 2 (Maternally Deprived vs. Nondeprived) x 2 (Nutritively Deprived vs. Nondeprived) factorial design. At 12 and 16 days of age, potentiation of the stress response was traced to the absence of maternal care and not nutrients. At 20 days of age, both maternal and nutritive deprivation contributed to the potentiated stress response. The results of Experiment 3 showed that this effect was mediated, at least in part, by increased adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH, because the corticosteroid response to exogenous ACTH administration was also increased by maternal deprivation. These findings add to a growing body of literature that supports the concept of maternal regulation of infant physiology. They also support previous reports from this laboratory indicating that suppression of the pituitary-adrenal system is modulated by maternal variables during the preweaning period in the rat. PMID- 3196439 TI - Plasma corticosterone fluctuations in an infant-learning paradigm. AB - Plasma corticosterone fluctuations of infant rats were examined in a learning task. A blood sample for analysis of plasma corticosterone was collected from groups of 10- and 15-day-old pups following either no disturbance, standard maternal deprivation only, or deprivation and training in an established approach mother, avoid-shock conflict task. In the latter condition, pups remained in the goalbox either alone or with an anesthetized dam for either 15 or 60 min before blood sample collection. Plasma corticosterone levels were elevated following deprivation plus training in pups of both ages and following deprivation only in the 15-day-old pups. Further, the presence of the dam in the goalbox reduced plasma corticosterone elevations, particularly among 15-day-old pups and at 60 min. These findings suggest that the mother's capacity to moderate the pup's plasma corticosterone response may contribute to her reinforcement value in infant-learning paradigms. PMID- 3196440 TI - Ontogeny of the acoustic startle response and sensitization to background noise in the rat. AB - The purpose of this study was to characterize the ontogeny of the acoustic startle response (ASR) and response sensitization to background noise in preweanling rats. Animals were tested daily from 11 to 21 days of age using one of four sets of background white noise levels [45-80 dB(A)]. With constant low level (45 dB, SPL) background noise, response latency decreased steadily with age, whereas both response incidence and amplitude increased nonmonotonically with age. Two approaches were used to examine the ontogeny of sensitization to background noise: The first compared the ASR of animals tested at 75 dB background noise with ones tested at 45 dB; the second compared the ASR of animals tested at three background levels (30 dB range) within the test session. Sensitization was not evident before 15-16 days of age. By comparing these results with the results from naive animals, it was found that daily test experience does not alter ASR amplitude, latency, incidence, or the development of sensitization. PMID- 3196442 TI - Changes in electrical activity of rabbit olfactory bulb and cortex to conditioned odor stimulation. AB - Rabbits with chronically implanted electrodes in olfactory bulb and cortex were classically conditioned to give an increase in relative frequency of sniffing to odor stimuli (CS+) reinforced with mild electric shock. Electroencephalographic high-frequency (35-85 Hz) bursts were recorded from an ensemble of nine bulbar depth electrodes and a second ensemble of 50 cortical surface electrodes. The olfactory cortex responded to the CS+ with sustained elevation of burst amplitude even though the olfactory bulb, from which it receives its primary centripetal input, underwent a marked decline in burst amplitude during the same time period. The amplitude reduction was not spatially uniform: The burst of the bulbar region that declined most in amplitude had the greatest phase lag with respect to the bulbar ensemble average burst. These effects were learning related because they did not occur for CS+ trials at the beginning of conditioning or for unreinforced control trials at any time. PMID- 3196441 TI - P3-like brain waves in normal monkeys and in monkeys with medial temporal lesions. AB - The human brain produces a characteristic electrical response to relevant events that occur unexpectedly. Recent reports have suggested that a prominent part of this event-related brain potential--the P3 wave--may be related to memory functions and may arise from activity within the medial temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus. The latter idea was tested by means of epidural recordings of brain waves in monkeys. Responses to deviant auditory stimuli bore a close resemblance to P3 waves recorded from human subjects under comparable conditions. Monkeys with bilateral lesions of the medial temporal lobe still produced P3-like brain waves, which indicates that medial temporal brain structures are not critical for their generation. PMID- 3196443 TI - Escalation of feline predation along a gradient from avoidance through "play" to killing. AB - In this article, we show that feline predation involves a continuous gradient of activation between defense and attack and that predatory "play" results from an interaction of the two. Benzodiazepines (oxazepam, diazepam) escalated attack toward killing, so that cats that had avoided mice prior to the drug now played with them, cats that had originally played now killed, and cats that killed mice now did so with less preliminary contact. In such shifts, no sharp demarcation between play and predation was evident. Lateral hypothalamic lesions disrupted the escalation of attack. During recovery, attack was escalated once again along the gradient toward killing, but in the absence of both defense and play. A similar result was obtained in intact killers and nonkillers by the application of mild tail pinch. These results suggest that play with prey is a misnomer for predatory behavior that fails to escalate along the gradient between defense and attack. Movement notation analysis revealed that playful movements are adaptive in that they protect the cat from injury. PMID- 3196444 TI - Recovery of function after brain damage: the chronic consequence of large neocortical injuries. AB - In the present experiment we addressed the common clinical finding that subsequent to recovery of function, there is often a lingering chronic dysfunction associated with extensive neocortical injury. We have confirmed this observation in the laboratory setting, and the data is compatible with the theoretical position that brain injury induces a shift in dominance of functional neural systems that normally control behavior. Although the present data do not suggest how this shift in dominance may be reversed, it does, nonetheless, demonstrate that the persistent chronic dysfunctions associated with neocortical injury may be effectively moderated within certain environmental situations. PMID- 3196445 TI - Synthetic peptides in biotechnology. PMID- 3196446 TI - Some effects of the trypanocidal drug isometamidium on encapsulation in bovine carrier erythrocytes. AB - Bovine erythrocyte exposure to isometamidium chloride causes increased osmotic fragility. Control cells tolerated up to 1 mg/ml drug with no effects. Carrier erythrocytes were highly susceptible to drug, with increased osmotic fragility and decreased encapsulation potential of sucrose and inulin. Scanning electron micrographs of control and carrier erythrocytes exposed to drug revealed the formation of enkephalocytes with carrier erythrocytes. Control erythrocytes showed greater tolerance to the drug. Apparently, access of the drug to the interior of the erythrocyte membrane allows the drug to be more interactive with the membrane. PMID- 3196447 TI - Sensitive assay of cysteine proteinases using new peptide p-nitroanilides. AB - N-Succinyl-glycyl-leucyl-cystein(S-benzyl) p-nitroanilide and N-succinyl-leucyl leucyl-cystein(S-benzyl) p-nitroanilide were found to be very sensitive substrates for the assay of papain, ficin, and bromelain. These p-nitroanilides were hydrolyzed only very slightly by chymotrypsin, but not detectably by trypsin. PMID- 3196448 TI - "Burnout" (a metaphoric myth) PMID- 3196449 TI - A biomechanical analysis of scapular rotation during arm abduction in the scapular plane. AB - The dynamic pattern of scapulohumeral rhythm and the scapular instantaneous center of rotation were studied in 20 healthy young male subjects. The most common pattern of scapulohumeral rhythm was characterized by three separate phases, with the greatest relative amount of scapular rotation occurring between 80 and 140 degrees of arm abduction. The scapular instantaneous center of rotation was observed to be located initially at, or near, the medial root of the scapular spine, and gradually migrated toward the region of the acromioclavicular joint as arm abduction progressed. A biomechanical model of the shoulder girdle was proposed by correlating the results from the present study with the electrical activity of the scapular rotators. This model is useful in demonstrating the true dynamic function of the muscles acting on the scapula as well as the mechanical efficiency of upward scapular rotation during arm abduction. PMID- 3196450 TI - Team treatment. Does a specialized unit improve team performance? AB - The treatment of inpatients in a contiguous hospital area designated the Arthritis Rehabilitation Unit (ARU) as opposed to the treatment of patients on units discretely spaced throughout the hospital was studied by means of independent retrospective audit of randomly chosen charts with the primary diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Three time periods were considered: T-1 (2 months to 0 months prior to the beginning of the ARU), T-2 (0 months to 5 months of operation of the ARU), T-3 (after 18 to 24 months of operation of the ARU). At T-1 only seven charts were reviewed; ten charts were reviewed at T-2 and T-3. The frequency of fulfillment to audit criteria was calculated as the arithmetic mean. No weighting or preference was given to any of the items. P values were calculated utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric measures. The criteria by which the charts were reviewed were developed through the Delphi method of opinion convergence. Criteria were generated using the principle of optimal medical care. The categories included initial evaluation, treatment plan, outcomes and discharge plan. T-1 compared to T-3 yielded results in overall percentage of effectiveness of: physician, 81 v 90 (NS): nurse, 42 v 60 (P 0.043); occupational therapy, 62 v 58 (NS); physical therapy, 69 v 78 (NS); and social worker, 17 v 88 (P less than 0.001) Geographic isolation of arthritis rehabilitation patients improved measured aspects of their care but not uniformly throughout the rehabilitation team. PMID- 3196452 TI - Wrist ratio correlation with carpal tunnel syndrome in industry. AB - Employees from a large midwestern automobile manufacturing plant completed a preemployment evaluation which included a personal and family history, physical examination, and wrist ratio determinations obtained by dividing the anteroposterior diameter by the mediolateral diameter of the wrist. Over a 3-year period, 80 of these employees who developed symptoms compatible with carpal tunnel syndrome within 4-12 months of employment were entered into the study and were evaluated with standard electrodiagnostic techniques. The symptoms included nocturnal hand pain, paresthesia and weak grasp. Thirty-nine of the 80 employees had wrist ratios equal to or greater than 0.70. Twenty-four percent of the employees with wrist ratios less than 0.70 had abnormal electrodiagnostic studies compared with 74% of employees with wrist ratios greater than or equal to 0.70. Regression analysis performed on the data revealed a significant positive correlation between distal median motor latency and wrist ratio (P = 0.001). The study suggests the practical value of wrist ratio determination in job placement. PMID- 3196451 TI - An unusual presentation of gluteal hematoma during anticoagulation therapy for deep venous thrombosis in spinal cord injury. AB - Soft tissue bleeding can be manifested clinically by swelling, skin discoloration, pain and tenderness. Early recognition can be difficult in the spinal cord-injured population in whom sensation is impaired. We are presenting a case of occult bleeding into the gluteal region during anticoagulation therapy in a paraplegic patient that presented as migrating pain and tenderness in the hip and pelvic area. PMID- 3196453 TI - Survey and commentary on fellowship training for pediatric rehabilitation. PMID- 3196454 TI - Burnout in rehabilitation medicine. PMID- 3196455 TI - Complete hemidiaphragmatic paralysis in a patient with multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3196456 TI - [The temperature problem in breath alcohol analysis]. PMID- 3196457 TI - [Control competence of police in road traffic. Are global controls allowed?]. PMID- 3196458 TI - [Legal limits of alcohol control by police]. PMID- 3196459 TI - [Alcohol and road traffic in Canada--legal control and methods of determining alcohol]. PMID- 3196460 TI - [Markers of the 1st drunken driving offense in repeat offenders]. PMID- 3196461 TI - [Forensic acceptance of breath test instruments?]. PMID- 3196462 TI - A right to health care. PMID- 3196464 TI - Binding specificity and reactivity studies on a broad-specificity beta glycosidase from porcine kidney. AB - A broad-specificity beta-glycosidase from porcine kidney was purified to homogeneity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that it had a monomeric molecular weight of 55,000-60,000. Gel filtration showed native molecular weight of about 115,000. These data imply that the native enzyme is a dimer. The enzyme can catalyze the hydrolysis of beta bonds between glycosides and 4-methylumbelliferone or nitrophenol yielding D-fucopyranose, D galactopyranose, D-glucopyranose, D-xylopyranose, and D-mannopyranose and of alpha bonds to yield L-arabinopyranose. This is the first study that shows a mammalian broad-specificity cytosolic beta-glycosidase carrying out a reaction with a beta-D-mannopyranoside. The nature of the broad specificity was studied with inhibitors. Similar inhibitor constants were found regardless of whether the substrate was a beta-D-glucopyranoside or a beta-D-galactopyranoside, so the enzyme probably has only one binding site with a broad specificity. The enzyme prefers to bind compounds with an axial hydroxyl at the 2 position and an equatorial hydroxyl at the 4 position; the 3 position does not affect binding significantly. The hydroxyl at the 6 position affects binding, but binding at that position depends on the configurations at the 2 and 4 positions. Thus, there must be some interactions between these three positions (2, 4, and 6). Lactones are also good inhibitors and this may relate to strain effects. PMID- 3196463 TI - Subcellular distribution of lysophospholipase of rat intestinal mucosa. AB - We have studied the subcellular localization of rat intestinal lysophospholipase activity and some of the biochemical properties of this enzyme. After subcellular fractionation, an enriched activity was found in the high-speed pellet fraction containing the microsomes and the brush border membranes. Subsequently, these organelles were isolated. Using the classical calcium-precipitation method to isolate brush border membranes, we failed to demonstrate any significant recovery of lysophospholipase activity associated with this fraction. The microsomal fraction was further isolated after density gradient centrifugation, and most of the lysophospholipase activity was recovered with this fraction. Because further purification of the enzyme was unsuccessful, some of the biochemical properties of the enzyme were determined on the partially purified microsomal fraction. The optimum pH of the activity was centered at 7.0, and the enzyme did not require bivalent cations. By using double reciprocal plots, we determined the Kapp(m) to be 0.4 mM; the Vapp(max), 23 mumol.h-1.mg protein-1. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by detergents having a low critical micellar concentration and less inhibited by those having a higher critical micellar concentration. PMID- 3196465 TI - Heat shock gene expression in Xenopus laevis A6 cells in response to heat shock and sodium arsenite treatments. AB - Continuous exposure of a Xenopus laevis kidney epithelial cell line, A6, to either heat shock (33 degrees C) or sodium arsenite (50 microM) resulted in transient but markedly different temporal patterns of heat-shock protein (HSP) synthesis and HSP 70 and 30 mRNA accumulation. Heat-shock-induced synthesis of HSPs was detectable within 1 h and reached maximum levels by 2-3 h. While sodium arsenite induced the synthesis of some HSPs within 1 h, maximal HSP synthesis did not occur until 12 h. The pattern of HSP 70 and 30 mRNA accumulation was similar to the response observed at the protein level. During recovery from heat shock, a coordinate decline in HSPs and HSP 70 and 30 mRNA was observed. During recovery from sodium arsenite, a similar phenomenon occurred during the initial stages. However, after 6 h of recovery, HSP 70 mRNA levels persisted in contrast to the declining HSP 30 mRNA levels. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of 5 HSPs in the HSP 70 family, of which two were constitutive, and 16 different stress-inducible proteins in the HSP 30 family. In conclusion, heat shock and sodium arsenite induce a similar set of HSPs but maximum synthesis of the HSP is temporally separated by 12-24 h. PMID- 3196466 TI - Lipid analysis of skeletal muscle from pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. AB - Previous studies demonstrated that lipid profiles of humans and pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (MH) differ from those of normal humans and pigs. Lipid extraction techniques retaining in vivo lipid profiles most closely were used in the present study to determine if stimulation of lipolysis by the processes of homogenization or extraction might account for the reported differences in lipid profiles. No differences were observed among three genotypes of British Landrace pigs with respect to cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, or total lipid phosphorus values of whole muscle (longissimus dorsi). Phospholipid distributions were the same for all three groups. Individual free fatty acids and fatty acids acylated to triglycerides were similar among the genotypes. These results do not support altered lipid profiles in vivo in MH-susceptible swine. Previously used homogenization and extraction procedures most likely affect the lipolytic activity to a different extent in muscle from MH-susceptible pigs and normal pigs. PMID- 3196467 TI - Latency and accuracy of word recognition in dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - The sensitivity of reaction time (RT) measurement in assessing cognitive decline in dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) was evaluated. Sixteen DAT patients and 16 normal elderly controls, matched for age and education, read 50 stimulus words presented individually on a cathode-ray tube. DAT patients exhibited a significantly greater cognitive impairment as shown by multivariate analysis of variance (p less than 0.0001). Canonical variate correlations revealed RT (0.961) to be more sensitive to decline in cognitive functioning in dementia than the measure of number of reading errors (0.559). Results confirm that RT is a highly sensitive measure of central nervous system integrity, which allows for a more refined investigation of a patient's cognitive deficit than is obtainable with traditional test measures. These findings suggest that chronometric measures should be incorporated in clinical and research studies attempting to document the existence and severity of cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative disease. PMID- 3196468 TI - Aggressive behavior in persons with dementia who live in the community. AB - Aggressive behavior in persons with dementia who are living in the community was explored in a pilot study using a newly developed instrument, the Ryden Aggression Scale. Factors affecting this kind of research are addressed, including reliability and validity of the instrument, sample bias, diagnostic workup, and control groups. Results of a pilot survey of caregivers revealed aggressive behavior in 65% of a sample of 183 subjects, occurring weekly or more often in 31% and daily in 16%. Verbal and physical aggression were most prevalent (50% and 46%, respectively), while sexual aggression appeared less frequently (18%). Aggression was significantly related to degree of cognitive impairment and prior history of aggressive behavior, but not to diagnosis nor administration of psychotropic medications. Men showed significantly more sexual aggression. Further research to verify these findings is needed. PMID- 3196469 TI - Symptoms of "depression" in dementia of the Alzheimer type. AB - The frequency of symptoms of depression (Feighner criteria) was evaluated in subjects with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and matched controls enrolled in a longitudinal natural history study of DAT. Despite enrollment criteria which excluded subjects with affective disorders, the collateral sources of subjects with DAT described these subjects as having significantly more "depressive" symptoms than controls without dementia at entry, and at 15- and 34-month follow up. The collateral sources of the subjects with DAT reported that these demented individuals experienced significantly greater loss of interest, decreased energy, difficulty in thinking and concentrating, and psychomotor agitation or retardation then did the control group. The subjects with DAT reported fewer symptoms than did their collateral sources, but like their collateral sources, they did not report a global elevation of all Feighner symptoms, but rather related significantly greater difficulty in thinking and concentrating than the controls and a tendency toward loss of interest and psychomotor changes. No subject became clinically depressed. The results suggest a significant overlap between the symptoms of dementia and depression. The frequency with which the above symptoms occur in DAT confounds the use of Feighner and, by extension, DSM III criteria in diagnosing depression in cognitively impaired individuals with DAT. PMID- 3196471 TI - First International Conference on Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders. Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, September 6-9, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3196470 TI - Behavioral symptomatology in dementia of the Alzheimer type. PMID- 3196472 TI - Neoplasms of the central nervous system in Norway. I. Quality control of the registration in the Norwegian Cancer Registry. AB - The Norwegian Cancer registry includes reports on 8,933 cases of primary central nervous system neoplasms diagnosed in the period 1955-1984. Before submitting this data set to epidemiological analysis, errors were searched out and subsequently corrected, and a quality control was performed. First, seven categories of neoplasm records likely to be faulty were defined. In this way 109 cases (1.2% of the total) were identified for extensive study. Minor or major errors were found and corrected in 86 cases. The main source of error was misinterpretation of data by cancer registry staff (67 out of 109 cases). The second approach was to evaluate the quality of the corrected data set by a random draw of 300 cases. Errors concerning total incidence rates and rates for main groups of gliomas, meningiomas and neurilemmomas represented 0.3% of the total, and altogether 9.3% of errors of varying severity were revealed. The series is discussed with regard to prerequisites for serving as reliable data on CNS neoplasm epidemiology. The results indicate that the data from the Norwegian Cancer Registry is sufficiently valid for a thorough study of CNS neoplasms. PMID- 3196473 TI - Neutrophil response, serum opsonic activity, and precipitating antibodies in human infection with Actinobacillus hominis. AB - Actinobacillus species are usually not considered as being human pathogens apart from A. actinomycetemcomitans. However, single cases of human meningitis, septicemia, and empyema caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii have been reported in the literature. This is the first reported case of Actinobacillus hominis giving rise to pleural-empyema in a patient with carcinoma of the lung. The function of peripheral blood neutrophils, serum opsonic activity and specific precipitating antibodies were investigated. Neutrophils from the patient exhibited an enhanced oxidative burst response measured by chemiluminescence assay. Furthermore, the opsonic activity of the serum from the patient was higher than that of a healthy control person. Several precipitating antibodies to various antigens of Actinobacillus hominis were demonstrated in the serum of the patient by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. PMID- 3196474 TI - Toxic mussels and okadaic acid induce rapid hypersecretion in the rat small intestine. AB - The diarrheic activity of algal toxins in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) has been quantitatively determined in ligated intestinal loops of the rat. Hepatopancreas from toxic mussels were disintegrated by freeze-pressing, and the homogenized tissue suspended in an equal amount (w/v) of buffer or in the liquid recovered after steaming. When such suspensions were injected into ligated loops of rat small intestine a rapid fluid secretion was observed. In contrast, the liquid from non-toxic mussel tissue homogenate was absorbed. Toxic tissue homogenates, liquid recovered after steaming of toxic mussels as well as purified okadaic acid produced maximum fluid accumulation in the loops within two hours. The maximum net fluid accumulation observed was ca 300 mg of weight increase per cm length of intestine. Within a range of 50-200 mg/cm the dose-response relationship was close to linear (r = 0.96, 0.99). In duplicate tests the average deviation from the mean was +/- 9 mg/cm (SD = +/- 4.9). Mussels yielding less than 100 mg/cm of weight increase per g hepatopancreas have been allowed for human consumption, a quantity agreeing with the allowed level of okadaic acid. The minimum quantity of okadaic acid which produced significant secretion in the rat intestinal ligated loop test was approx. 0.5 microgram. On a body weight basis, therefore, humans are estimated to be at least four times as sensitive as the rat to enteral challenge with okadaic acid. PMID- 3196475 TI - Seasonal, geographic and individual variation of okadaic acid content in cultivated mussels in Sweden. AB - In Western Europe the dinoflagellate toxin, okadaic acid (OA) has been the main cause of diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Chemical determination of OA in mussels by homogenization of the hepatopancreas, extraction, purification, reaction with 9-anthryldiazomethane (ADAM), HPLC-separation, and fluorometric quantification has been used for weekly monitoring of mussel growing farms and to control harvested mussels. Within a week, substantial rises (from 0.41 to 5.4 micrograms OA/g hepatopancreas) as well as great reductions (from 7.2 to 1.8 micrograms/g hepatopancreas) were recorded. The rapid rise implies that weekly sampling is not sufficient to ensure that mussels are free from toxic levels of OA. The rapid decrease reveals that efficient toxin clearance mechanisms exist in the mussels. Substantial OA clearance occurs also at low temperatures (1.4-3 degrees C). Within a mussel growing site the OA concentrations could differ considerably between adjacent mussels (0.63 and 4.2 micrograms OA/g hepatop.) and even more between mussels grown at different depths along the same rope (0.63 and 10 micrograms OA/g hepatop.). These data emphasize the importance of sampling in studies on DST in mussels. Great differences between the different mussel growing sites were also observed. These data have been discussed with respect to the spread of the toxin by the sea, and the possibilities of reducing the exposure of the mussels to the toxic algae. PMID- 3196477 TI - Kinetics and staining properties of mast cells proliferating in rat small intestine tunica muscularis and subserosa following infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. AB - Mucosal mast-cell hyperplasia occurs in the rat small intestine mucosa after infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In the present study, the number of mast cells was found to increase in the muscularis and subserosa as well as in the mucosa of rat small intestines 2-3 weeks after infection with this nematode. Mast cells in the muscularis were stained blue by the alcian blue/safranin sequence and did not bind berberine sulfate. The staining was blocked when tissues were fixed in neutral formalin. The increase in mast cells was transient and gradually disappeared; the half-life was 40 days. After an intravenous administration of compound 48/80, mast cells in the muscularis did not discharge granules. The results indicate that these mast cells were of the mucosal type. The mast cell phenotype in the muscularis did not change even 12 weeks after infection. Mast cells in the subserosal tissue were first of the mucosal type as were those in muscularis. After 8-12 weeks, however, many subserosal mast cells became positive for berberine sulfate and safranin. These results show that mucosal-type mast cells do not undergo phenotypic changes during the period of observation when these cells appear in the muscularis but the phenotypic expression may change as the cells arise in subserosal tissue. PMID- 3196476 TI - Trends in cutaneous malignant melanoma in Denmark 1943-1982 by anatomic site. AB - Time trends in the incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma were examined by analysing data from the Danish Cancer Registry, 1943-1982, by sex and subsite for 3509 male and 5305 female cases. The age-standardized incidence rate for cutaneous malignant melanoma for men and women in Denmark increased by five- to six-fold between 1943 and 1982. The increase varied by site; a particularly pronounced elevation was seen for tumours of the trunk in both men and women and of the leg in women. A statistical analysis of the effects of age, time and cohort showed steep increases in risk for progressively younger birth cohorts. This association was particular pronounced for sites other than the face, scalp and neck; for the latter sites, there was a much smaller increase for younger cohorts. PMID- 3196478 TI - Prognostic significance of the Ackerman classification and other histopathological characteristics in breast cancer. An analysis of 1,349 consecutive cases with complete follow-up over seven years. AB - Survival rates during a follow-up period of more than seven years were analyzed in 1,349 women with breast cancer in relation to the histo-pathological classification of female breast cancer proposed by Ackerman and to other commonly used histo-pathological criteria, including the axillary node status. The information was collected prospectively during a case-control study. Major emphasis was placed on multivariate evaluation. In analyses based on the histo pathological findings in the mastectomy specimen alone, the Ackerman grouping was found to be of prognostic value, but apart from nuclear polymorphism the other recorded characteristics (histo-pathological type, histological grading, lymphocyte infiltration, and sinus histiocytosis) did not give any prognostic information. When the axillary node status was included in the multivariate models, the presence of axillary metastases correlated well with the prognosis and the Ackerman classification provided no significant additional information. The results indicate that in cases where the histopathological axillary status is known, little additional prognostic information can be gained from traditional histo-pathological evaluation over and above this status. However, the Ackerman classification and the degree of nuclear polymorphism separate distinct prognostic groups with the same degree of difference in observed survival rates as one discriminated by the axillary node status. PMID- 3196479 TI - Factors influencing the biological inactivation of high protein bound beta-lactam antibiotics in vitro. AB - Unpredictable inactivation of antimicrobial agents may cause erratic results in pharmacokinetic studies. In this study we followed the inactivation of the high protein bound beta-lactams flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin and ceftriaxone in vitro. The antibiotics were added to pools of human and rabbit sera, ultrafiltrates of these pools, rabbit interstitial fluid, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), rabbit albumin in PBS and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) treated preparations of human sera. Ceftriaxone was relatively stable but different serum pools varied significantly in their flucloxacillin and dicloxacillin inactivating capacity. The dominating inactivation took place within five minutes after the addition of antibiotics to serum. The inactivating factor was heat stable at 56 degrees C, 0.5 h, of relatively high molecular weight, and not related to albumin. The inactivating capacity could be diminished by SDS-treatment of serum suggesting a lipoprotein nature. PMID- 3196480 TI - A case study of mental imagery deficit. AB - We describe a patient with a deficit in imagery ability, following a left posterior cerebral artery infarction and possible anoxic episode. This deficit was inferred from the patient's performance on several tasks, including one in which normal adults are known to rely on imagery and two that tested imagery nonverbally, allowing us to examine the possibility of a language-imagery disconnection. In addition, we queried the patient on some cognitive capacities related to visual imagery: dreaming, geographical knowledge, and introspection regarding visual and auditory imagery. Hypotheses concerning the critical lesion site and underlying cognitive mechanism of image generation deficits are discussed in relation to this and other recent cases of impaired imagery ability with intact recognition ability, and the relevance of this deficit to the "imagery debate" is discussed. PMID- 3196481 TI - Sex differences in the lateralization of spatial abilities: a spatial component analysis of extreme group scores. AB - Sex differences in the cerebral lateralization of two discrete components of spatial processing were investigated in high and low ability males and females using the dual-task paradigm. In the first phase of the experiment, the results indicated a pattern of right hemispheric control for a spatial visualization component, regardless of sex and ability level. In the processing of the spatial orientation component of spatial ability, high ability males and females showed left hemispheric lateralization, whereas low ability males and females displayed right hemispheric control. In the second phase of this study, it was observed that high ability females and low ability males may use a verbal mediation strategy in processing spatial visualization tasks. No verbal mediation effects were found for the spatial orientation component. PMID- 3196482 TI - Perceptual asymmetries in left- and right-handers for cartoon and real faces. AB - We examined 40 left-handers and 40 right-handers on two free-vision tests of face processing. A chimeric face composed of a smiling half-face joined to either a neutral half-face (real faces) or a sad half-face (cartoon faces) and its mirror image were presented on each trial. Subjects judged which chimeric face looked happier, the one with the smile to the left or the one with the smile to the right. Right-handers, but not left-handers, had a highly significant leftward attentional bias, since chimeras with the smile to the left were judged happier than those with the smile to the right. The cartoon- and real-face tasks did not differ in the mean perceptual asymmetries they elicited. However, correlations between attentional-asymmetry scores for the two tasks, although high for both left- and right-handers, were significantly smaller than task reliabilities. Thus, the cartoon- and real-face tasks overlap to a major extent in the lateralized processes they measure, but to a lesser extent, they also index different lateralized processes. PMID- 3196483 TI - Drawing deficits in brain-damaged patients' freehand pictures. AB - This study examines errors in brain-damaged patients' attempts to produce freehand drawings of common objects in response to a linguistic target (e.g., "fruit"). The pictures were carefully analyzed according to the features which dictionaries claim should vary necessarily from item to item, including color, shape, relative size, and special features which help distinguish between similar items. A "recognizability score" was created to quantify patients' overall drawing capacity. The findings revealed that subjects with right hemispheric insult are significantly more impaired overall than left hemisphere-damaged patients in producing freehand pictures. However, freehand drawing skills do not break down in an undifferentiated fashion after right hemispheric insult: Group and individual data reveal that patients with right central (primarily parietal) insult are most impaired at expressing shape attributes in their pictures, right posterior patients with primarily temporoparietal insult experience the greatest difficulty attributing color to their pictures, but patients with right anterior insult are impaired at expressing color, shape, and relative size in their pictures. All patients with right hemisphere insult often attribute specific features indiscriminantly to any member of the same category, resulting in anomalous pictures like a "potato bush." One patient with left posterior insult seemed to encounter difficulty generating the mental images necessary to serve as the basis for his pictures. These findings are discussed with reference to an image-based model for freehand drawing. PMID- 3196485 TI - Lateral eyes or lateralized? Hemiretinal and ocular dominance effects on visual field asymmetries for the lexical decision task. AB - The effects of hemiretinal stimulation and ocular dominance on a visual half field lexical decision task were investigated. Twelve right-eyed and 12 left-eyed subjects made word/nonword decisions about stimuli presented in the left and right visual field under binocular, left-eye alone, and right-eye alone viewing conditions. Both accuracy (d') and response time measures were recorded. The nasal hemiretina advantage for response time and temporal hemiretina advantage for accuracy found for face recognition (Proudfoot, 1983, Brain and Cognition, 2, 25-31) were not present when lexical decisions were made. An overall right visual field advantage was present for both eye-dominance groups. The results support a hemispheric interpretation of visual field differences for the processing of words during lexical decision. PMID- 3196484 TI - Hemispheric activation increases positive manifold for lateralized cognitive tasks: an extension of Stankov's hypothesis. AB - Stankov (1983a, Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 471-490) suggests that the dual task paradigm, requiring the division of attention, increases positive manifold (i.e., positive intercorrelations) for cognitive tasks relative to the single task paradigm. Two dual task studies are reported. Unimanual finger tapping served as the primary task and the short-term retention (20 sec) of digit or spatial-location sequences served as the secondary tasks. When both tasks were lateralized to the same hemisphere (digits and right-hand tapping or spatial locations and left-hand tapping), highest memory task intercorrelations (Experiment 1) and better retention of sequences (Experiments 1 and 2) resulted. Left-hand tapping produced more leftward looking and right-hand tapping more rightward looking (Experiment 2). Overflow from lateralized finger-tapping may shift the gradient of attentional activation toward the contralateral hemisphere, producing the homolateral gaze direction, the increase in positive manifold, and the better retention of sequences lateralized to that hemisphere. PMID- 3196486 TI - Electrodermal discrimination of familiar but not unfamiliar faces in prosopagnosia. AB - It has been previously shown that prosopagnosics can electrodermally "recognize" faces they cannot verbally identify and with which they feel no familiarity. This study extended previous results by showing that electrodermal discrimination of faces exists only on a famous face identification task, and not on a matching-to sample task involving unfamiliar faces. This suggests that electrodermal recognition reflects the activation of stored identity-specific information built up on the basis of past contact with faces, and provides a psychophysiological distinction between familiar and unfamiliar face processing. Implications for cognitive models of face recognition, and for understanding the nature of prosopagnosia, are discussed. PMID- 3196487 TI - Teaching an amnesic a complex cognitive skill. AB - G.P., a Korsakoff's amnesic, was able to learn an algorithm for squaring two digit numbers mentally over a 7-day period at a rate comparable to that of age matched controls. He failed to show normal positive transfer to specific problems or to specific numbers used in components of the task. He also exhibited slight improvement in simple naming speed, forward digit span, simple multiplication speed, but no apparent improvement for the recall of repeated supraspan digit strings. He was unable to state the algorithm he had learned to square two-digit numbers, though he could implement it successfully. The results suggest that the compilation of a skill may involve two dissociable components: composition and proceduralization, with the former, but not the latter, occurring at normal rates for Korsakoff's amnesics. PMID- 3196488 TI - Macrophage biology, latency, and HIV infection. PMID- 3196489 TI - HBLV is not ASFV. PMID- 3196490 TI - Spectrum of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies in a cohort of homosexual men: results of a 6 year prospective study. AB - Serum samples collected prospectively between 1982 and 1987 from a cohort of homosexual men were analyzed for HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Seven seroconverters who became infected between 1982 and 1984 and 12 seroprevalents who were already seropositive in 1982 remained free of AIDS. During the 6 year period, 1 seroconverter and 14 seroprevalents developed AIDS. Healthy seroconverters developed neutralizing antibodies slowly and reached moderate geometric mean titers (GMT) of 1:100 within 3 years of seroconversion. Healthy seroprevalents already had moderate titers in 1982, which increased markedly in 1985-1986 (GMT greater than 1:200) and subsequently returned to the previous level in 1987. Neutralizing antibody titers declined 3 years prior to diagnosis in men who developed AIDS and reached levels significantly lower than those of healthy counterparts 2 years before diagnosis. Analysis of neutralizing antibody activity to several HIV-1 isolates indicated that the lower titers of men who developed AIDS were not due to diminished group-specific reactivity. Thus, high neutralizing antibody titers correlated with better clinical outcome, and low or decreasing neutralizing antibody titer signaled poor prognosis. Although naturally developing neutralizing antibodies may ultimately be inadequate in controlling disease progression, measures able to boost the neutralizing antibody titer of individuals already infected with the virus or to elicit high-titer neutralizing antibodies in individuals at risk may yet prove beneficial in controlling viral spread in vivo or in preventing new infection, presumably in concert with cellular immunity. PMID- 3196491 TI - Isolation frequency of human immunodeficiency virus from cerebrospinal fluid and blood of patients with varying severity of HIV infection. AB - Isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been attempted from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 63 subjects at different stages of HIV infection, including asymptomatic carriers and patients with or without neurologic or psychiatric complications. In addition blood was collected from 40 of these subjects for virus isolation. HIV could be isolated from the CSF at all clinical stages with an overall frequency of 40%. In contrast, the frequency of HIV isolation from the blood was lower (32%) at the early stages of infection than in patients with severe disease (77%). HIV isolation from the CSF was more frequently positive in patients with neurologic or psychiatric complications than in patients showing no such disturbances (48 and 32%, respectively). PMID- 3196492 TI - [Pathophysiological studies in moyamoya disease by rCBF and cortical artery pressure measurements in comparison to those in ICA or MCA occlusion]. AB - The authors measured preoperative rCBF and intraoperative cortical artery pressure (CAP) during STA-MCA anastomosis to investigate cerebral hemodynamics in moyamoya disease. Six of 13 patients including 3 children showed ischemic attack and the remaining presented hemorrhagic attack. rCBF was measured by single photon ECT with Xe-133 inhalation technique. CAP's and rCBF's in moyamoya disease were compared to those in the 22 internal carotid artery (ICA) and 8 middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Systemic arterial blood pressure (SABP) was obtained at the radial artery. Mean rCBF in the MCA territory in moyamoya disease, ICA occlusion, and MCA occlusion were 39, 37, and 33 ml/100 g/min respectively. Mean SABP and CAP in moyamoya disease were 103 and 28 mmHg, respectively. In ICA occlusion, mean SABP and CAP were 98 and 45 mmHg, respectively. In MCA occlusion, mean SABP and CAP were 89 and 36 mmHg, respectively. To clarify the hemodynamics, vascular resistance was obtained from the following equations: The proximal vascular resistance (Rp), which was produced from the cervical ICA to cortical artery, was obtained by (mean SABP - mean CAP)/(rCBF). And distal vascular resistance (Rd) which was produced from the cortical artery to jugular vein, was obtained by (mean CAP)/(rCBF). Mean Rp in moyamoya disease ICA occlusion and MCA occlusion were 2.01, 1.21 and 1.70, respectively. Rd in moyamoya disease, ICA occlusion and MCA occlusion were 0.79, 1.37 and 1.22, respectively. There were significant differences in Rp and Rd between moyamoya disease and ICA or MCA occlusion. In ischemic group in moyamoya disease, rCBF, SABP, CAP, Rp and Rd were 41 ml/100 g/min, 111 mmHg, 28 mmHg, 1.92 and 0.70, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196493 TI - [Cases similar to cerebrovascular moyamoya disease--investigation by angiography and computed tomography]. AB - The criteria of the cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease is defined by the characteristic findings of its cerebral angiograms, as follows; 1) The internal carotid siphon is narrowed or obstructed bilaterally. 2) The "Moyamoya vessels" are observed at the base of the brain or the basal ganglionic regions. 3) Main trunks of the cerebral arteries such as the anterior, the middle, and/or the posterior cerebral arteries are often not or poorly visualized. 4) Its etiology is unknown. It has been known that the occlusion of the internal carotid fork with Moyamoya vessels is not infrequently seen in patients with tuberculous meningitis, sickle cell anemia, head trauma, and so on. In the definition of the disease, patients with known etiology and/or unilateral occlusion in the carotid fork must be excluded. However, the cases who cannot fulfil its criteria of the cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease, but have its characteristic Moyamoya vessels and collateral pathways have been reported. We investigated the findings of cerebral computed tomograms in 13 patients who did not fulfil the criteria of the cerebrovascular Moyamoya disease, but revealed the Moyamoya vessels. The subjects are 5 males and 8 females, ranging 15 to 70 years old. The past histories of 9 patients among them revealed hypertension, radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma, head trauma, aplastic anemia, and the Raynaud phenomenon. By angiographic evaluations, occlusions in the unilateral carotid forks were seen in 7 patients, and stenoses in those were in 5 patients. One patient showed only a severe stenosis in the horizontal portion of the middle cerebral artery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196494 TI - [Chemosensitivity test for human gliomas]. AB - In case of chemotherapy against brain tumors, it is most important to choose suitable drugs for brain tumors, since human tumors have different drug sensitivity and growth. Heretofore, human tumor clonogenic assays or human glioma bearing nude mice models were usually used for predicting the drug sensitivity of brain tumor. Human tumor clonogenic assays are one of the best in vitro tests for anticancer drug activity. However, plating efficiency is low, sometimes preventing evaluation of drug sensitivity, and the slow growth of colonies means that culture time is long. Assays using immunodeficient mice are used for predicting the drug sensitivity of human tumors; usually results reflect the sensitivity of the parent tumor. However, procedure using athymic nude mice are slow and expensive. We took notice of Murphy's system for the chemosensitivity test, in which a human tumor is transplanted into the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of a chick embryo, because in this system, various kinds of human tumors could be grafted in high rate. By modifying the conventional Murphy's system, we studied the efficiency of this system in predicting the drug sensitivity of brain tumors. We compared the result of a drug sensitivity test using CAM of a chick embryo with that using nude mice. First, we studied the effect of chemotherapeutic agents such as ACNU, bleomycin. Next, we studied the effect of combination treatment of CAP or CAPF. The tumor reduction rate of the sensitivity test using a chick embryo tended to agree with that using nude mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196495 TI - [Continuous measurement of energy expenditure in ventilated patients suffering from severe head injury]. AB - In 9 severe head injuries whose respiration was controlled by a ventilator, continuous measurements of energy expenditure (MEE) were carried out by the ERICA Metabolic Computer. Age was ranged 19 to 69 years old (Mean 48.3 years). Glasgow Coma Scale score was 3 to 11 which were assessed the best score during 6 hours of admission. The MEE was carried out within 7 days of admission and was continued to measure more than 3 days. It measured O2 consumption and CO2 output, and calculated the indirect energy expenditure. The data were displayed and recorded every 1, 15, 60 min. The value of MEE was compared with predicted energy expenditure (PEE) which was calculated by the Harris-Benedict formula. Out of 9 patients, 6 patients were survived. High dose barbiturate therapy was performed in 7 patients to control and decrease the intracranial hypertension. Of them 3 patients died. The value of MEE in all 9 patients was variable from 77% to 212% of PEE. The value of MEE in 6 survived patients was 98.0 to 212.0% of PEE. Out of 6 patients, 4 patients who were administered high dose barbiturate showed variable data of MEE. Two patients showed about 100% of the PEE, one showed about 150%, and another one about 200%. Remaining 2 survivors who were not administered barbiturate showed about 125% of PEE, which was low value. These results were divided into two groups. In 2 patients, the value of MEE was 150% or more in spite of barbiturate therapy. In remaining 7 patients, the value of MEE was 125% or less of PEE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196496 TI - [Studies on the respiratory control mechanism of medullary raphe nuclei and their serotonergic system]. AB - Respiratory control mechanism of the medullary raphe nuclei were studied with some references to their serotonergic mechanisms. Anesthetized, paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats were used and their phrenic nerve efferent activity was always observed as an indicator of central respiratory activity. Following results were obtained. 1) Electrical stimulation of medullary raphe nuclei, namely, nucleus raphe magnus, obscurus and pallidus, produced dominantly inhibitory responses in the phrenic nerve activity, while raphe stimulation in the pons and more rostral portion did not produce any respiratory responses. The blood pressure was depressed by raphe stimulation, too, almost in parallel to the respiratory inhibition. These inhibitory responses in respiration and blood pressure were partially antagonized by cyproheptadine (0.3-0.5 mg/kg i.v.) and methysergide (0.3-0.5 mg/kg i.v.). 2) Raphe stimulation inhibited remarkably activities of the medullary inspiratory and expiratory neurons, similarly. 3) In the experiment, where single shot stimulus was added to the raphe nuclei at the various time point in the respiratory phase, raphe stimulation showed the retardative effect of inspiratory switching, in addition to the inhibitory effect of phrenic burst activity. 4) The mechanism of respiratory inhibition produced by raphe stimulation was analyzed by evoked potentials in the averaged phrenic nerve activity. The post-stimulus averaged potentials of the phrenic nerve consist of the depolarizing potentials of about 10 msec duration and the subsequent hyperpolarizing potentials of several 10 msec duration, the duration time depending on the stimulus intensity. When stimulation was given in high frequency, the post-stimulus averaged potential became flattened, and the phrenic burst activity was inhibited almost completely. But in the case of stimulation in ventral parts of the raphe nuclei, the initial depolarizing potential was comparatively more prominent, and when high frequency stimulation was given, continuous firing was observed in the phrenic nerve activity. At the time of the continuous firing, respiratory rhythmicity was disappeared completely. 5) Propranolol (0.3-1.0 mg/kg i.v.), which have been recognized to have 5-HT1 antagonistic activity, reduced the hyperpolarizing potentials of the post stimulus averaged potentials, and methysergide (0.3-1.0 mg/kg i.v.), 5-HT1 and 5 HT2 antagonist, reduced both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing potentials. These phenomena would suggest strongly that hyperpolarizing and depolarizing potentials are related to the 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196497 TI - [Latency changes in auditory brainstem response correlated with tympanic membrane temperature]. AB - We had examined auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) of boxers in order to study human cerebral concussion. ABRs were not prolonged after bouts or knock-out but were unexpectedly shortened after any exertion with or without impact to the head. It was supposed that hyperthermia induced by exertion shortened brainstem conduction velocity as it occurred in peripheral nerve. We investigated correlation of ABR latency and tympanic membrane temperature, which indicated hypothalamic temperature or central nervous temperature, during exertion and body heating. I. Exertion group Six young males aged from 21 to 24 years old were examined (the two were examined twice). T ty (tympanic membrane temperature) and T rec (rectal temperature) were monitored. ABRs and carotid blood flow were examined (QFM). Then subjects were covered with PVC clothes and exercised on bicycle ergometer for 12 approximately 38 min. After T ty reached approximately one degree higher (degrees C) than base line, ABRs and carotid blood flow were recorded in the course of cooling down. T ty was elevated by 0.82 +/- 0.27 degrees C T rec, 0.60 +/- 0.26 degrees C after exertion. ABR I-V IPL was shortened from 4.24 +/- 0.60 to 4.10 +/- 0.11 msec (p less than 0.01) and it was correlated with T ty change rather than T rec or carotid blood flow. ABR IPL returned to base line as T ty came down. II. Heating group Six young males were examined. Hyperthermia was induced by electrical blanket or immersing in hot water (41 +/- 1 degrees C).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196498 TI - [Clinical symptoms and disability of myotonic dystrophy in Japan]. AB - We performed the first nationwide survey of myotonic dystrophy (MyD) in Japan. This paper reports the result of analysis of clinical pictures and disability of 670 patients found in this survey. 413 cases (61.6%) were males and 257 (38.4%) were females. Male/female ratio was approximately 1.6. The age of onset was most often in the third or fourth decade. Mean age of onset was 27.7 years in the males and 26.8 years in the females. Eight percent of the cases presented their symptoms before the age of 9 years. These cases were considered to belong to congenital or infantile form of MyD. There were also a few patients who started noticing their symptoms after the age of 60 years. Duration of the illness at the time of examination was approximately 13 years in both sexes. Myotonia was observed in 97.3% of the males and 98.1% of the females. Muscular weakness was seen in 99.0% of the males and 96.5% of the females. Atrophy was present in 93.5% of the males and 88.9% of the females. These data showed that almost all cases had these three major symptoms related to the skeletal muscles. There were 16 cases which lacked myotonia, and most of them belonged to congenital or infantile form of MyD. Cataract was present in more than a half of the patients (54.4% in the males and 52.0% in the females). Mental retardation was observed in 42.4% of the males and 35.9% of the females. Frontal baldness was seen much more frequently in the males (74.6%) than in the females (22.7%). Generally, as the duration of the illness was longer, these clinical symptoms were seen in higher frequency.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196499 TI - [A family of spino-cerebellar degeneration with disturbance of ocular movement, choreoathetosis, amyotrophy and dementia--a consideration in clinical features]. AB - Seven cases in a family of hereditary spino-cerebellar degeneration (SCD) similar to dentatorubro-pallido-Luysian atrophy (DRPLA) were reported. The clinical features of these cases were disturbance of ocular movement (limitation of ocular movement and slow eye movement (SEM], remarkable amyotrophy, choreoathetosis, dementia and sleep apnea. The brain CT's revealed marked atrophy in pons and cerebellum. Amyotrophy had been reported in the case of DRPLA, particular ataxo choreoathetoid form (by Hirayama). Muscle biopsy was performed in these cases, which showed scattered small angulated fiber, severe atrophic fiber with pyknotic nuclear clump, fiber type grouping and small rounded fiber were mixed. These findings indicates neurogenic change of radiculoneuropathy type (by Tanabe). In many reported cases of DRPLA and SCD with amyotrophy, this type of muscle biopsy had not been recognized. In SCD with amyotrophy, a main lesion had existed on peripheral nerve. In this case, there was no definite clinical findings (sensory disturbance, delay of conduction nerve velocity, peripheral neuropathy in nerve biopsy). In recent years, several unclassified cases of SCD with amyotrophy had been reported, which had multi-system degeneration involving peripheral neuropathy. This case is similar to these cases, which is speculates multi systemic lesions, not only DRPLA but also peripheral nerve involvement. On neuro otological study, velocity of saccade was slow and persuit was reserved in proband case. In younger onset case, disturbance of saccade and pursuit was mild. In older progressive case, disturbance of saccade and pursuit was progressive and accompanied with severe limitation of ocular movement. Several autopsy cases of SEM had been reported.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196500 TI - [Growing factors of chronic subdural hematoma--significance of CK activity in hematoma contents and neomembrane]. AB - The growing mechanism of the chronic subdural hematoma has not fully understood yet, in spite of numerous studies about hematoma neomembranes. However, it is well known that the majority of the chronic subdural hematomas are well healed by a simple irrigation of hematoma. These facts suggested that the hematoma contents could have important growing factors of the chronic subdural hematoma. Thus, LDH and CK activities were estimated in 52 cases of hematoma contents and 15 cases of hematoma neomembranes in order to search growing factors, biochemically. Hematocrit and hemoglobin values in hematoma contents were also examined simultaneously. As a result, hematocrit and hemoglobin values in hematoma contents were gradually increased, these facts might be due to the concentration of hematoma contents. LDH and CK activities in hematoma contents were high around 60 days after the hematoma inducing head trauma, and these enzyme activities were not correlated with hematocrit value. In isozyme analysis of LDH and CK activities, LDH-1,2 and CK-MM showed high values but CK-BB, MB could not be recognized. These findings suggested that LDH activity in the hematoma contents were caused by hemolysis which had been reported to be a main cause, and CK activity might originate from muscular tissues. Therefore, author hypothesized that the CK activity in hematoma contents had originated from the neomembrane, since there was a good correlation between the mature stage of neomembrane and the high level of CK-MM, and the myofibroblast was found in neomembrane recently. CK-MM could be released from the myofibroblast in neomembrane. However, CK activity in hematoma neomembrane could not be recognized, biochemically nor immunohistochemically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196502 TI - [Experimental study of brain stem infarction in dogs--effect on BAEP, SSEP, blink reflex and EEG of perforator occlusion]. AB - Assessment of the lesion in the brain stem by evoked potentials has not been well established. We have already developed a model of brain stem ischemia by occluding the perforators of the posterior cerebral arteries of the dog. The ischemic lesions locates mainly in the ventral side of the midbrain. Using this model, we assessed brain stem function by brain stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP), surface- and depth-recorded (in medial lemniscus) short latency somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP), blink reflex (BR) and electroencephalography (EEG), and investigated the correlation between the electrophysiological abnormalities and the lesion in the brain stem. The studies were performed for 6 hours after perforator occlusion. Furthermore, depth recorded SSEP and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured under induced hypotension by withdrawal of arterial blood. BAEP did not change in 13 of 16 animals. Surface-recorded SSEP remained unchanged in all 6 animals. The results are probably due to the fact that the lesion does not involve the auditory and somatosensory pathways and the accompanying events such as edema does not affect the both pathways. Depth-recorded SSEP remained unchanged after occlusion and did not disappear even when rCBF fell below 10 ml/100 g/min. It may be suggested that the threshold for electrical failure in the brain stem is much lower than that in the cortex. In BR, R1 did not change but ipsilateral R2 became nearly invisible immediately after perforator occlusion in all animals. The fact that the ischemic lesion did not involve the pons and disturbed reticular formation in the midbrain may probably account for the remaining of R1 and the disappearance of ipsilateral R2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196501 TI - [The effects of electrical stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis on medial thalamic neurons--special reference to noxious neurons]. AB - Many previous studies revealed that electrical stimulation of brainstem inhibits activities of spinal dorsal horn cells, and that the inhibitory fibers, especially raphe-spinal system, descend in the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) of the spinal cord. But the effect of such stimulation upon thalamic neurons are still unknown. The author tried to reveal how the stimulation of the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) and the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis (NGC) affect the medial thalamic neurons. Thirty-two adult cats (2.0-5.0 kg) were anesthetized with pentobarbital and immobilized by succinil choline infusion, and were maintained with 0.3-0.5% of halothane during experiments. The sural nerve was exposed and electrically stimulated with an intensity strong enough to activate C fibers. To record single unit responses from the medial thalamus, a tungsten microelectrode (1.2-5 M omega at 1000 Hz) was inserted through a burr hole near the vertex contralateral to the sural nerve stimulation. Posterior fossa craniectomy was performed to insert 3 stimulation electrodes into NRM and bilateral sides NGC. Total of 183 single units were recorded from the medial thalamic region. They were classified into 45 noxious (N), 29 tap (T), 105 spontaneous (S) and 4 inhibitory (I) types according to the response patterns to contralateral sural nerve stimulation. N type neurons were mainly in the parafascicular region (Pf) and subparafascicular region (Spf). NRM stimulation (333Hz, 100-200 microA) inhibited 84% of N type, 57% of T type and 46% of S type neurons. The inhibitory ratio of N type neurons is significantly (p less than 0.01) higher than those of T and S type neurons, but there is no significant difference between T and S type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196503 TI - The health of ASAIO: shadows cast into the 21st century. PMID- 3196504 TI - The role of biomaterials science in the next generation of artificial organ technology. PMID- 3196505 TI - Long-term CaCO3 treatment of chronic hemodialysis patients: an attempt to prevent aluminum osteopathy. AB - Long-term CaCO3 treatment of chronic hemodialysis patients was studied. Single doses of CaCO3 were given to 25 patients, 23 of whom had been receiving Al(OH)3 before the study. When predialysis serum calcium (Ca) rose to greater than 5.5 mEq/L, CaCO3 was reduced and Al(OH)3 was administered again. Eighteen months later, serum phosphate (P) was well controlled, and predialysis serum P was less than 6.5 mg/dl in 14 patients given CaCO3 alone. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels significantly decreased, and serum aluminum was remarkably lowered in patients who had discontinued Al(OH)3. In patients who resumed Al(OH)3, ALP levels rose after Al(OH)3 administration. Although levels of c-PTH did not change in CaCO3 treated patients, six patients with poor control of serum P before the study showed a significant decrease in c-PTH. These data indicate that CaCO3 is an effective P binder that stops the progression of silent osteopathy, presumably caused by oral intake of Al(OH)3, and may ameliorate these changes. However, further effort will be necessary to develop means to control serum Ca, because long-term use of CaCO3 induced hypercalcemia in half the patients. PMID- 3196506 TI - Erythropoietin alert: risks of high hematocrit hemodialysis. AB - The impending release of erythropoietin (EPO) is expected to result in a dramatic increase in hematocrit (Hct) for most hemodialysis (HD) patients. Our studies indicate that as Hct rises, dialyzer mass transport for some clinically critical solutes will be adversely affected. When whole blood clearances are corrected for solute-specific blood-water flows (QBH2O), the effect on the surrogate molecule, urea, used in urea kinetic modeling (UKM) is deceptively minimal, because only urea can diffuse almost instantly from red cells into blood water. For the critical solutes, potassium and phosphate, QBH2O is reduced to Q (plasma water). With a KoA of 690 ml/min at QB = 300, clearance of potassium falls at least 19.3% as Hct rises from 20 to 40% so that steady-state predialysis potassium could rise from 6.0 to 6.95 mEq/L. Already inadequate phosphate clearance falls at least 10% and additional loss results from physical interference by RBCs with solute diffusion. Hcts are further increased with rapid weight losses during high efficiency dialyses (0.15 per 5% weight loss in 3 hours, r = 0.82) resulting in blood-side pressures such that most dialysis machines cannot provide adequate dialysate pressures to maintain low ultrafiltration rates (UFRs) at the high QB levels. The combination of pre-existing diffuse vascular disease, postdialysis hypovolemia, hypotension, decreased cardiac output, and increased blood viscosity has and will produce disastrous syndromes of organ ischemia, thrombosis, and infarction. Predialysis hypertension can worsen. Extreme caution and adjustment of dialysis regimen is necessary as patient Hct rises above 36%. PMID- 3196507 TI - Current perception: preferred test for evaluation of peripheral nerve integrity. AB - While other parameters of dialysis may reflect acute events or lack specificity, assessment of peripheral nerve function remains a dependable indicator of the adequacy of high flux and rapid hemodialysis (HD). The nerve conduction test (NCT) is an accurate neurometric technique that is hampered by low patient compliance. This report examines the current perception threshold (CPT) test as a reliable alternative neurometric procedure to the NCT. The reliability of the CPT test was established in a one year longitudinal evaluation of 23 HD patients. CPT and NCT tests were performed on the median and peroneal nerves, bilaterally, with correlations of r = 0.83 for the initial determination and r = 0.80 one year later (P less than 0.001). CPT was shown to be a superior technique to NCT, as it is quick (tested during HD) and painless. PMID- 3196508 TI - High seroprevalence of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in a Brooklyn maintenance hemodialysis unit: preliminary observations. AB - A preliminary study of 86 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis in an urban unit serving a large number of intravenous drug addicts revealed that the HIV seroprevalence rate was 27% (27 of 70 screened). Twenty-three of 26 (89%) positive patients were intravenous addicts, and the remaining four included Haitian immigrants and gay men. There were no false positive ELISA reactions against HIV. No patient without a risk factor for HIV was seropositive, indicating an absence of nosocomial spread within a dialysis unit. PMID- 3196509 TI - Easy production of sterile, pyrogen-free dialysate. AB - Hemodialysis (HD) hypotension is frequently encountered during conventional acetate HD. Recently it has been suggested that monocytes that adhere to the dialysis membrane are also stimulated by endotoxins diffusing from the dialysate side. Stimulated monocytes, however, release interleukin-1, which mediates fever and hypotension through its action on the cyclo-oxygenase cascade. To prevent this endotoxin-induced stimulation of monocytes, a hemofilter with a polyamide membrane (FH 88, Gambro, Lund, Sweden, cut-off 20,000 daltons, surface area 2.0 m2) was interposed between the dialysate outlet of the HD machine and the dialyzer. The data obtained clearly show that the filtered dialysate was always pyrogen-free when tested with a limulus-amebocyte-lysate assay. In addition, in 80% of cases no bacteria were detected after the sterilizing filter. Almost no febrile episodes were observed when sterile dialysate was used. PMID- 3196510 TI - Cardiac disuse atrophy during LVAD pumping. AB - The authors investigated morphologic changes of myocardial tissue of goats supported with a long-duration left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The bypass flow rates of the LVAD were kept at maximum levels (about 80% of total cardiac output) in four goats for 30 days, and at a limited flow rate (around 60%) in one goat each for 30 and 90 days. Morphometric studies using light and electron microscopy were performed on the left ventricles, comparing them to those in the four control studies. The results disclosed: 1) relative volume densities of the myocytes and interstitial tissue in the myocardium were unchanged; 2) cross sectional areas of the myocytes in the maximum bypass cases were significantly reduced in comparison with pre-experimental data; 3) relative myocyte volumes, calculated by myocytes and nuclear volume densities, were reduced in three goats in the maximum bypass group; and 4) relative volume density of myofibrils was reduced in the maximum and 90 day bypass groups, whereas that of mitochondria was reduced only in the 90 day bypass case. These results indicate that LVADs cause cardiac atrophy which correlates with bypass flow rate and duration of assistance. PMID- 3196511 TI - Determinants of survival in patients with ventricular assist devices. AB - Mechanical ventricular assist devices (VADs) have led to survival in patients who develop postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS) refractory to conventional therapies. To elicit determinants of survival, the authors reviewed records of 26 patients at our institution who required Pierce-Donachy VADs for PCCS. Thirteen patients were weaned from ventricular assistance (50%), nine (34.6%) achieved long-term survival, and 17 died. Survivors and those that died were equivalent in terms of age, sex, NYHA class, type of operation, and preoperative hemodynamics. Ventricular assist pumping was established earlier in survivors (P = 0.006) although aortic cross-clamp and total cardiopulmonary bypass times were equivalent between the groups. The development of biventricular failure was significantly associated with the inability to wean from mechanical circulatory assistance. Despite an equal incidence of biventricular failure, survivors had milder forms of this entity and all patients with severe biventricular failure requiring a biventricular assist device failed to wean and ultimately died (N = 5). Of all complications, inadequate cardiac output was a significant determinant of weaning. Perioperative myocardial infarction and renal failure were found to be univariate determinants of survival. Inadequate cardiac output and biventricular failure preclude weaning from mechanical circulatory assistance. Survival is associated with the expeditious establishment of assist pumping, and with the avoidance of irreversible perioperative myocardial injury and renal failure. PMID- 3196512 TI - Hemodynamic effects of a counterpulsation device implanted on the ascending aorta in severe cardiogenic shock. AB - A valveless, single orifice counterpulsation device (CD) with maximum stroke volume of 100 ml was implanted on the ascending aorta of nine dogs. Its pneumatic driver was gaited by the ECG to provide aortic diastolic augmentation, with a stroke volume of 60-70 ml. In the same animals a 20 ml intraaortic balloon (IAB) was placed into the descending aorta. An attempt was made to evaluate the effectiveness of the CD on severe cardiogenic shock and to compare its hemodynamic effects with those of the IABP. Severe cardiogenic shock was induced by coronary artery ligation, propranolol administration, and fluid infusion and was characterized by a LVEDP of 22.2 +/- 6.4 mmHg, ASP less than 70 mmHg and greater than or equal to 30 mmHg, and a reduction of CI by 71.7%. The CD had a significant beneficial effect in all measured parameters. The LVEDP decreased by a mean of 44.3% (P less than 0.001) below control value, and the AEDP by 60.2% (P less than 0.001). The PADA increased by 108.5% (P less than 0.001), and the CI by 155.8% (P less than 0.004). The IABP did not significantly change any of the hemodynamic variables. In conclusion, the CD has significant salutary hemodynamic effects in severe cardiogenic shock where IABP is ineffective. PMID- 3196513 TI - Anatomic interaction between the right and left ventricles during univentricular and biventricular circulatory support. AB - Left heart unloading with a prosthetic ventricle has been shown to result in a leftward shift of the interventricular septum, changing the geometry and possibly the performance of the right heart. The effects of univentricular and biventricular support on septal shifting were compared. In 10 anesthetized pigs Thoratec left (LPV) and right prosthetic ventricles (RPV) were connected from the LV apex to the ascending aorta and the right atrium to the pulmonary artery, respectively. Each heart was instrumented with ultrasonic crystals for LV and RV free wall-to-septum dimensions, RV and LV pressures, and cardiac output (CO). LV and RV end-diastolic pressure and dimensions (EDD), and peak systolic pressures (PSP) and dimensions were analyzed on a computer under control conditions, and during EKG synchronized RPV, LPV, and biventricular (BPV) support. During LPV the septum shifted to the left, and during RPV it shifted to the right, with LVEDD and RVEDD changing in opposite directions under each condition. With BPV septal position changed in the same way as with LPV, although to a smaller degree. The amount of septal movement was linearly related to the change in transseptal gradient produced by the prosthetic ventricles. Each 10 mmHg decrease in left minus right transseptal pressure gradient resulted in a 22% reduction (r = 0.83) in LVEDD and a 27% increase (r = 0.87) in RVEDD at end-diastole, and a 2% reduction (r = 0.87) in LV dimensions and a 2% increase (r = 0.83) in RV dimensions at peak systole.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196514 TI - Skeletal muscle ventricles as a potential right heart assist or substitute. AB - Skeletal muscle ventricles (SMV) were constructed from canine latissimus dorsi muscle and chronically stimulated to pump fluid within a totally implantable mock circulation device. They were stimulated to contract at either 95/min (N = 7) or 54/min (N = 4). The preload was chronically maintained at 20 mmHg. After 1 month of continuous pumping the SMV were capable of generating a stroke work of 0.134 X 10(6) ergs and power output of 0.021 watts, representing 61% and 42% of the stroke work and power output of the native canine right ventricle, respectively. PMID- 3196515 TI - Temporary liver support using a new type of sorbent. A urethane sheet embedded with powdered charcoal. AB - A new sorbent, urethane sheet embedded with powdered charcoal (UPC, BESPORE), which had been developed for use in a temporary liver support system, has been clinically applied since 1984. This system consists of a UPC plasma-perfusion circuit (using a recirculation system) followed by a supplementary 0.8 L plasma exchange, using hemodialysis for the purpose of performing both removal and supplementary therapy at the same time. On average, approximately 40% of both bilirubin and bile acid are removed, with the osmolality gap reduced by 30%. This system is effective for prolongation of life in patients with chronic hepatic failure and those with acute hepatic failure that has become chronic. It can be considered an effective maintenance therapy for patients before liver transplantation. PMID- 3196516 TI - Evaluation of a miniature blood glucose sensor. AB - A miniature version of the electrocatalytic glucose sensor has been designed and fabricated with thick-film metalization technology. The in vitro stability tests of the sensor were performed in buffered saline, human plasma ultrafiltrate, and bovine plasma. For bovine plasma studies the sensor was directly coated with a semipermeable ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVAL) membrane. To stabilize the activity of the sensing platinum electrode, a fast-pulsing reactivation method was applied. Good performance of the continuously operating sensor was achieved in buffer (10% stability of the baseline current within 12 days) and human ultrafiltrate (10% stability of the baseline current and 5% stability of the sensitivity within 7 days). However, for measurements in plasma a slow degradation of the sensor's sensitivity (approximately 10% per day) was observed. These results indicate that when a proper screening membrane is provided the continuous glucose monitoring of body fluids with the miniature sensor is possible for at least 7 days. PMID- 3196519 TI - Supplemental insulin delivery from an implanted reservoir activated by external compression. AB - An implant made of insulin in palmitic acid provides a basal dose sufficient to reduce hyperglycemia for 42 +/- 12 days in rats with induced diabetes. For preprandial dose supplements another arrangement is required. In this study a device consisting of a reservoir is assembled by attaching a 1 cm diameter foam ring to a 5 mm diameter piece of the same material. A 6 mg piece of compressed insulin is inserted into a cut between the ring and the attachment, along with 2 mg tetracycline to hinder microbial growth. The assembly is then enclosed between two membranes and an annular external wall. The top membrane is pierced once, and the device is tested by implantation under the abdominal skin of diabetic rats. Serous fluid will enter the interior through the orifice and leach the solid insulin that does not leak out. Daily sidewise compression over the skinfold of the unanesthetized animal indicated that the insulin supply lasted for 24 +/- 4 days. The blood glucose was consistently maintained at 3.4 +/- 1.1 mmol/L for 6-8 hr each day. After depletion the device can be refilled percutaneously by injecting insulin suspended in phosphate-buffered saline. PMID- 3196517 TI - Long-term stability of electroenzymatic glucose sensors implanted in mice. An update. AB - Protection of the enzyme layer of glutaraldehyde vapor-stabilized glucose oxidase based glucose sensors from attack by proteolytic enzymes and peritoneal macrophages can be accomplished by covering with a regenerated cellulose (viscose) membrane, as commonly used for laboratory dialysis. These implanted sensors are not externally polarized, but continuously consume oxygen and glucose and generate gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. On the average (sensors in 45 mice) the activity declines with time, almost vanishing by 600 days. However, the fact that some sensors retain nearly all of their activity for over 500 days indicates that glucose sensors can be made with a life span compatible with the requirements for an artificial pancreas (glucose sensor/insulin pump). Limited observation with similar implanted lactate sensors indicates their life span to be shorter. PMID- 3196518 TI - Temporary metabolic support by extracorporeal blood therapy for liver failure after surgery. AB - With the aim of temporarily assisting deterioration of liver function developing after surgery, extracorporeal blood purification therapy (EBPT) (plasma exchange and/or hemofiltration) was carried out in 26 postoperative patients. Initiation of EBPT was instituted according to the criteria of either a serum bilirubin greater than 15 mg/dl or Grade 2 or more coma. Plasma exchange was carried out 235 times in 23 patients and hemofiltration was performed 28 times for seven patients. In addition, hemodialysis and CAPD were linked in eight cases. Plasma exchange was found to control the progression of DIC and endotoxemia. Nine patients (35%) were weaned from EBPT. In the survivors the levels of blood ammonia and number of major complications were significantly lower compared to the nonsurvivors. Three patients treated only with hemofiltration were all lost. Among co-morbid factors present, incidences of renal failure, respiratory failure, and associated liver cirrhosis significantly increased poor clinical outcome on EBPT for postoperative liver failure. PMID- 3196520 TI - Evaluation of a rotating filter for use with therapeutic plasma exchange. AB - A rotating filter system was evaluated for therapeutic plasma exchange. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed sieving coefficients of clinically important molecules to be essentially 1, with no substantial decline over time. A modification of the tubing system allowed for continuous flow, double access operation. Placing the collection bag at the base of the machine provided excellent plasma removal rates with only minimal blood flows. A rotating filter can provide a highly efficient system for therapeutic plasma exchange. PMID- 3196521 TI - Renal effects of a pyridoxalated-hemoglobin-polyoxyethylene conjugate solution as a blood substitute in exchange transfusions. AB - With PHP as an oxygen carrier, histologic studies in ET showed changes of renal tubular epithelial cells at 2 weeks post ET, with normal structure by 3-12 months post ET. The renal functional effects of PHP were evaluated by ET (30%, N = 3; 50%, N = 1; 80%, N = 3) in seven healthy mongrel dogs. Blood, urine, and renal biopsy specimens were taken pre ET and at 0, 1, and 2 days, 2, 4, and 6 weeks, and 3, and 6 months post ET. Data were compared to modified criteria of acute tubular necrosis. All dogs tolerated the procedure well and survived for 1 year. Urine output was normal with elevation during the first 2 days in the 50 and 80% ET, followed by stable output by 2 weeks, ranging from 12 to 60 ml/kg/day. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were normal. BUN/SCr was normal. The urine to plasma osmolality ratios were 2.6 to 8.3 (normal greater than 1), and fractional percent excretions of sodium (FES) were stable throughout. No existence of broad granular pigmented casts (BGPC) in urine sediment were noted. Renal histologic evaluation of vacuolization in the renal tubules were seen to be dose-dependent and transient, with normal histology by 3-6 months post ET. Dose dependent vacuole formation observed in the early weeks post ET with PHP showed no renal functional changes. Based upon the modified criteria for acute tubular necrosis, no histologic abnormalities were noted. PMID- 3196522 TI - Antithrombogenicity of ventricular assist devices for postoperative myocardial dysfunction. AB - Antithrombogenicity of pneumatic ventricular assist devices (VAD) for postoperative ventricular failure was evaluated macroscopically and microscopically in relation to VAD flow, coagulation parameters, and other potentially thrombogenic factors. A total of 12 sack type pumps were used in nine cases after operations for ischemic heart diseases (4 cases), valvular diseases (3 cases), and congenital anomalies (2 cases). Durations of pumping of each device ranged from 18 hours to 37 days (mean, 10.9 days). The clinical protocol for antithrombogenicity of the device indicates maintenance of ACT around 150 sec and keeping VAD flow more than 2.0 L/min. In our clinical series, however, heparin was given only in most cases to maintain activated clotting times (ACT) at 120-140 sec for the first three postoperative days. Minute ringlike thrombi were noted at connectors of cannula in two pumps after low flow (1.5 L/min) pumping for 5 days or after frequent on/off studies for weaning. A small thrombus (2 X 2 mm) and fine granular thrombi were noted on actuating bladders in two pumps that were used with frequent on/off studies or in a patient with severe sepsis during VAD pumping. Other VAD pumps were macroscopically free of thrombus. SEM analyses on surfaces of actuating bladders demonstrated mild to moderate platelet adhesions, which were correlated with platelet count, but not with other coagulation parameters including platelet agglutination and pumping duration. In cases with leucocytosis during VAD uses, leucocyte adhesion was noted as well without correlation to the coagulation parameters. PMID- 3196523 TI - Myocardial free fatty acid metabolism of the ischemic heart treated by left ventricular assist device. AB - Three-beta-methyl-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP), a newly developed radiographic probe of metabolic processes in tissue free fatty acid (FFA), was applied to a study analyzing the effect of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) on impaired dog hearts. The radiographic image obtained with BMIPP was compared with 201thallium chloride (TL) imaging, which indicates tissue perfusion. In the myocardial infarction (MI) model, the BMIPP and TL uptake were equally increased with the use of LVAD in the marginal area of the MI. In another model using the reperfused myocardium after ischemia, the BMIPP and TL uptake were increased in the reperfused area by LVAD pumping. On the other hand, BMIPP uptake in the residual myocardium of both models was decreased by LVAD pumping when compared with TL uptake. This discrepancy between these radiographic tracers in the residual myocardium suggests that tissue metabolic processes may be suppressed as result of a decrease in the energy demand by the myocardium caused by LVAD pumping. The results of this study showed that use of LVADs for the impaired heart improved cell function of "stunned" myocardium and also unloaded the excess work from the residual myocardium as judged by FFA metabolism. PMID- 3196524 TI - Effect of desferrioxamine infusion on red blood cell aluminum. AB - The authors investigated the effect of desferrioxamine (DFO) on red blood cell aluminum (RBC-AI) and the effect of DFO on anemia. To do this, serum AI (s-AI), RBC-AI, and blood hemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured periodically for 4 months after the administration of 1,000 mg of DFO (DFO infusion test) in 10 patients treated by hemodialysis (HD). The s-AI levels increased by 2 days after the administration of DFO and then decreased by day 7 to almost baseline levels. No significant changes occurred in the RBC-AI levels until 1 month postinfusion, at which time the levels decreased slowly for the following month. Hb levels increased at 1 month postinfusion, suggesting that the changes in RBC-AI were independent of the changes in s-AI. Removal of AI by DFO may improve the anemia that accompanies diseases in which AI accumulates. DFO did not seem to transfer AI into the RBC or to remove the AI that had accumulated in these cells. PMID- 3196525 TI - Rotation-induced Taylor vortex enhances filtrate flux in plasma separation. AB - Techniques of plasma filtration with rotating flat membranes are capable of producing a Taylor vortex and concomitantly reducing concentration polarization by formed elements. The present study describes filtration characteristics of a small-sized rotating filter that is superior to a capillary filter in terms of filtrate flux. The rotating filter with a surface area of 60 cm2 was composed of two concentric cylinders, with the inner cylinder mobile, with a flat polycarbonate membrane (pore diameter: 0.8 micron), and the outer cylinder fixed. Filtration experiments were performed using bovine blood to determine filtrate flux at rotational speeds from 600 to 4,500 rpm. Photographic observations using aluminum powder revealed that many Taylor vortices were present in the radial gap (0.6 mm). Filtrate flux increased with transmembrane pressure until a maximum filtrate flux of 0.02 cm/min at 600 rpm, 0.42 cm/min at 1,800 rpm, 0.60 cm/min at 3,600 rpm, and 0.69 cm/min at 4,500 rpm were reached at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. Based on the filtration resistance model, values for fractional filtration resistance of the red blood cell polarization layer ranged from 0.25 to 0.80 at a rotational speed of 3,600 rpm, whereas those of a capillary filter range from 0.80 to 0.90. This indicates that Taylor vortices promote back diffusion of red blood cells accumulated on membrane surfaces. Thus, the filtrate flux of a rotating filter is two orders of magnitude higher than that of a capillary filter because of the back diffusion of red blood cells facilitated by Taylor vortices. PMID- 3196526 TI - Development of a growable vascular graft. AB - A vascular graft that can grow with the growth of its recipient was developed. The graft implanted in the thoracic descending aorta grew slowly to the expected size within a year after implantation in puppies. Human saphenous vein was used as the substrate material. It was dipped into distilled water and sonicated, resulting in cell destruction, and followed by cross-linking with a polyepoxy compound to give both controlled biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and antithrombogenic properties. Four millimeter inner diameter (ID) grafts, enveloped with polyester mesh tubes of 10 mm ID, were implanted in 11 puppies. The diameter of the grafts grew to 9.5 mm from their original 4 mm. After 1 year, the graft walls that were reinforced with polyester mesh were covered with endothelial cells. The following requirements were provided in a growable graft: 1) antithrombogenicity in a small caliber graft; 2) ability to grow as well as to terminate growth. The polyester mesh tube, which was larger than the graft, caused arrest of growth at the expected diameter, whereas the growth rate was controlled by the degree of graft cross-linking. With this method, any size graft can be made by changing the size of the original graft and the polyester mesh tube around it. PMID- 3196527 TI - Lipids in diabetic and nondiabetic hemodialysis and CAPD patients. AB - To examine the question of "accelerated atherogenesis" in ESRD patients, the authors conducted a lipid survey among their hemodialysis and CAPD populations and evaluated data relevant to the lipid and diabetic status of these groups. Interestingly, longer duration of hemodialysis in nondiabetic patients was associated with lower cholesterol but not HDL, which may reflect diminished cardiac risk and mortality in the long-term survivors. Diabetic patients showed lower HDL but no cholesterol change with longer duration on hemodialysis. Type I diabetics showed the highest HDL and lowest risk ratio and a strong inverse correlation between PTH and HDL. This study highlights the role of lipids in the atherogenesis of uremia and serves as a baseline for a longitudinal study. PMID- 3196528 TI - Flow visualization in an artificial heart using diffuse and planar laser lighting. AB - The purpose of the study was to characterize flow properties within a clinical pusher plate type artificial heart. Dual camera video tape and synchronized still photographs were used to study flow patterns. Diffused light and a planar laser source provided illumination. The laser light was turned into a plane of light with a thickness varying from 0.1 to 10 mm, and magnesium oxide and Amberlite particles were used as tracers. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by the examination and digitization of flow patterns. Inflow, outflow, pneumatic drive and after-load pressure, diaphragm motion, cardiac output, and heart rate were measured and recorded. An electrical circuit was developed to synchronize pump diaphragm motion with captured images of flow trajectories. Trajectories were then digitized, and velocities, turbulence, and shear stresses were calculated. As the result of these experiments, disturbed, recirculating, and stagnation zones were identified and global and local turbulence values were determined. Simultaneous turbulence, stasis, recirculation, and laminar flow patterns were observed during most phases of the pumping cycle. Velocities obtained varied from 2 cm/sec to 145 cm/sec; total local shear stresses of 12 to 897 dynes/cm2 were seen. PMID- 3196529 TI - Response of complement and neutrophils to hydrophilized synthetic membranes. AB - Membranes prepared from hydrophobic synthetic polymers adsorb proteins. Alloying these polymers with hydrophilic polymers increases water wetability and reduces hydrophobic interactions. The authors tested the hypothesis that alloying could affect the biocompatibility of the resultant membrane. Polymer films were cast from solutions containing 12% polysulfone and 4, 8, or 12% polyvinylpyrrolidone in dimethylacetamide. The effect of the films on the complement system and neutrophil function was assessed by incubating them in normal plasma and whole blood at 37 degrees C. Complement activation was followed by measuring plasma concentrations of C3a des Arg and C5a des Arg. Flow cytometric measurements of phagocytic capacity, H2O2 production, and expression of the C3bi receptor were used to assess neutrophil function. The degree of complement activation was found to depend on the composition of the polymer film. C3a des Arg and C5a des Arg generation decreased 75% and 86%, respectively, as the polyvinylpyrolidone content of the casting solution was increased from 25 to 50%. This was accompanied by a decrease in stimulation of neutrophil H2O2 production and C3bi receptor expression. From these data, the authors conclude that alloying with polyvinylpyrrolidone can affect the biocompatibility of polysulfone. PMID- 3196530 TI - A randomized double blind trial of dialysate sodiums of 145 mEq/L, 150 mEq/L, and 155 mEq/L. AB - Most hemodialysis is now carried out with a dialysate sodium concentration of 140 145 mEq/L. Higher dialysate sodium has been used, but controversy exists concerning the increased incidence of high blood pressure (HBP), thirst, and weight gain. A double blind prospective study was carried out in five stable men on chronic hemodialysis. Dialysis was performed in random sequence with a dialysate sodium of 145, 150, or 155 mEq/L for 2 months at a time. Vital signs were monitored before, during, and after dialysis, and the presence of symptoms during and between dialyses was documented. There was a significant increase in interdialytic weight gain with increasing dialysate sodium: 145 mEq/L (2.2 kg), 150 mEq/L (2.6 kg), 155 mEq/L (2.9 kg). There was a small, nonsignificant increment in dry weight of 0.5 kg between a dialysate of 145 mEq/L to 155 mEq/L but no increase in the mean arterial blood pressure. There was no difference in the incidence of interdialytic or intradialytic symptoms, including cramps, nausea, or fatigue, nor any change in serum sodium or other routine laboratory data before dialysis. It is concluded that a high dialysate sodium is not associated with an increased incidence of hypertension, symptoms, or a change in serum sodium but is associated with an increase in interdialytic weight gain. PMID- 3196531 TI - Urea, creatinine, uric acid, and phosphate spaces and their relationship to total body water during chronic hemodialysis. AB - The authors determined total body water (TBW) with tritium in 11 patients on chronic hemodialysis and compared this space to that estimated by 60% of body weight, and removal spaces of urea, creatinine, uric acid, and phosphate (PO4). The latter spaces were determined by dividing the total amount of substance (measured in total dialysate) by pre- minus post-dialysis concentrations. Body water X 0.6 was more than 10% less than the tritium space, and showed a maximal variation of 10 liters, or 24%. The removal space of urea was 80% of the tritium space, but correlated closely with it. The difference between total body water and urea removal space was variable and dependent on fluid excess (edema) in the patients. Creatinine, uric acid, and phosphate removal spaces were highly variable and not correlated to total body water. The authors suggest that actual measured TBW should be used, rather than estimations using BW X 0.6, for V in K X T/V, where K = clearance, T = duration of dialysis, and V = the removal space of urea. Furthermore, one may need to introduce a correction factor for urea removal space over TBW in the equation to allow better quantification of dialysis in edematous patients and during very fast dialyses. PMID- 3196532 TI - Cellular control of membrane permeability. Implications for a bioartificial renal tubule. AB - A hemofiltrate processor, which consists of a cultured monolayer of renal epithelial cells on a permeable membrane, displayed transport functions that mimicked the renal tubule. Two cell lines, LLC-PK1 (a proximal tubule-like cell) and MDCK (a distal tubule-like cell), were cultured on microporous cellulose nitrate membranes and studied in a diffusion chamber. Dual-label tracer experiments revealed that inulin, glucose, and para-aminohippurate (PAH) moved across unseeded membranes with similar rates in either direction. Solute concentrations in both compartments reached equilibrium in less than 12 hours. MDCK cell-covered membranes were impermeable to all three solutes, as expected from a distal tubule-like cell. LLC-PK1 cell-covered membranes were impermeable to inulin and PAH, but demonstrated a net apical to basal glucose flux of 150 to 350 ng/cm2/min, depending on the conditions. This led within 72 hours to a zero glucose concentration in the compartment on the apical side of the cells, versus 4.6 mg/ml on the basal side. This glucose transport function was inhibited by 0.5 mmol/L phlorizin. Highest glucose flux was obtained using extracellular matrix as the cell attachment substrate on the membrane, suggesting the highest degree of cell differentiation. Based on estimates of the surface area of the normal kidney, the glucose reabsorption capacity of the LLC-PK1 cell line was about 20% that of the normal tubule. The absence of PAH secretion may have been due to the heterogeneity of cells derived from the proximal tubule. Different cell types, culture conditions, and attachment substrates may enhance the transport capacity of the bioartificial renal tubule. PMID- 3196533 TI - Left ventricular oxygen consumption and organ blood flow distribution during pulsatile ventricular assist. AB - One goal of left ventricular assistance is the reduction of left ventricular myocardial oxygen consumption while delivering adequate organ blood flow. The effect of assist device operation control mode and uptake cannulation method on the achievement of this goal was studied in six acutely prepared calves with healthy hearts. All combinations of left ventricular assistance significantly reduced the myocardial oxygen consumption; the reduction was independent of control mode. During ventricular assistance, regional organ blood flow distribution and myocardial endocardial/epicardial blood flow ratio were not different from values during the control, unassisted condition. Regardless of the left ventricular assist device uptake method or operational control mode, significant reduction in myocardial oxygen consumption was achieved while maintaining organ blood flow distribution. PMID- 3196534 TI - A pulmonary mock circulation model for a better understanding of protamine reversal of heparin. AB - Neutralization of heparin by protamine is a common procedure following extracorporeal circulation (cardiopulmonary bypass) of blood. Protamine administration has been shown to cause serious hemodynamic derangement in some patients. Obstruction of the pulmonary vascular bed following protamine administration has been suggested to be the primary cause of hemodynamic changes. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that macromolecular complexes formed between cationic protamine with anionic heparin or other plasma components cause the obstruction of the vascular bed. An in vitro mock circulation model was designed to examine the formation of such complexes. In this model, blood or plasma was passed through a glass bead column at a constant flow rate while the pressure between the syringe pump and the column was closely monitored. No increase in pressure was noted when blood, plasma or saline alone or with added heparin were passed through the column. Addition of protamine to either blood or plasma resulted in a significant increase in the pressure; this increase was even greater when heparin was also present in the test medium. That the increase in pressure was due to the obstruction of the column was confirmed by using 1251-protamine and documenting that complexes formed between protamine and plasma proteins/heparin were retained in the column. These observations suggested that protamine formed large insoluble complexes with plasma proteins. Heparin appeared to help consolidate these complexes thus causing a rapid increase in the pressure. This may explain why the hemodynamic changes following protamine administration are more pronounced in patients with circulating heparin. PMID- 3196536 TI - Couette membrane filtration with constant shear stress. AB - Recent developments in the field of blood component separation have revealed the usefulness of membrane filtration using couette type configurations and Taylor vortices as an efficient and effective method. The authors have analyzed in detail the physical and chemical effects on whole blood separated into protein rich plasma, and concentrated red blood cell suspensions, using this technique. The authors also have calculated and demonstrated the technical specifications required to provide laminar flow with Taylor Vortex formation throughout the device, as well as those required to retain constant shear stress on the blood components as viscosity changes. By maintaining constant shear stress below a critical level, it is possible to avoid shear induced hemolysis and to maintain maximal separation efficiency throughout the procedure. The device has further been designed to alter the filtration velocity along the membrane so that the critical filtration velocity is nowhere exceeded, i.e., concentration polarization effects are prevented. PMID- 3196535 TI - Restoration and maintenance of intravenous insulin infusion in the vapor-pressure powered implantable infusion device. AB - Of the reasons to discontinue continuous implantable insulin pump therapy, flow rate reduction is the most common, occurring in 27 of 42 pumps in the University of Minnesota series. Thrombosis at the catheter tip appears to be a major reason for flow reduction. Six different procedures to restore flow in pumps were performed. Two of the procedures involve the infusion of an alkaline solution through the device, replacing the insulin/glycerol solution normally infused; the other four procedures are surgical ones involving manipulation of the catheter. In restoring flow the non-operative procedures achieved a success rate of 50%, having taken as long as 3 months to restore flow, and having allowed up to 1 year of further insulin pump therapy; flow in all the pumps so treated eventually decreased again. The operative procedures were nearly 100% successful, restored flow immediately, and allowed longer periods of adequate flow, but flow rate did again decrease. When flow rate reduction occurs further flow improvement procedures may be attempted without difficulty and are well tolerated. In implantable pumps the biocompatibility of the blood-catheter tip interface needs to be improved to deal with the recurrent problems of insulin infusion device flow rate decrease. PMID- 3196538 TI - A titanium-nickel alloy intravascular endoprosthesis. In vitro studies. AB - In order to evaluate the implantation technique and reliability of conversion at different temperatures, a miniaturized intravascular endoprosthesis (IVEP) composed of thermal shape-memory effect TiNi alloy was delivered via a catheter into a 37 degrees C water mock circulatory loop (MCL) with a flow of 100 ml/min. The 2.5 mm diameter wire coil IVEP was torsion reduced to 1.4 mm, mounted on a modified balloon angioplasty catheter, and delivered into the MCL. Shape-memory conversion was activated thermally by injecting normal saline (3, 5, or 10 ml) at 45 degrees, 50 degrees, 55 degrees, 60 degrees, 65 degrees, or 70 degrees C, while the local temperature (Tp) at the endoprosthesis site was monitored by a thermocouple. Inconsistent completed conversions of the IVEP were produced by injecting 10 ml of 60 degrees C, or 5 ml of 65 degrees C normal saline, which raised the Tp to 45 degrees to 53 degrees C. Complete conversion of the IVEP to 2.5 mm was produced consistently by injecting 10 ml of 65 degrees C or 5 ml of 70 degrees C saline, which raised Tp to 55 degrees C for less than 1 sec. This moderate Tp (55 degrees C) for such a short duration was shown to be a reliable method for remote conversion of the IVEP after catheter delivery. Knowledge of the minimum temperature and volume for consistent, complete conversion of the IVEP has permitted simple, safe conversion during in vivo studies. Delivery after balloon angioplasty is envisioned to either treat acute dissection with occlusion or to prevent chronic restenosis, in order to further improve the safety and efficacy of balloon angioplasty procedures. PMID- 3196537 TI - Suppression mechanisms for thrombus formation on heparin-immobilized segmented polyurethane-ureas. AB - Heparin-immobilized segmented polyurethane-ureas (Biomer, Ethicon Co., Somerville, NJ) containing long poly(ethylene oxide) spacers (Mn = 4,000) have shown excellent nonthrombogenic properties through enhanced heparin bioactivity in vitro. In this study, three different surfaces, Biomer (B), PEO-grafted Biomer (B-PEO) and heparin-immobilized Biomer with PEO spacers (B-PEO-Hep), were investigated, using a rabbit A-A shunt model. Occlusion times, at various flow rates (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 15.0 ml/min) were measured using surface modified tubings (1.5 mm ID, 30 cm length) inserted into rabbit carotid arteries. Platelet count, aggregability, and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were measured with whole blood to observe systemic effects in ex vivo experiments. For Biomer and B-PEO, occlusion times were prolonged with an increasing flow rate, while platelet count and aggregability decreased. B-PEO showed prominent prolongation of occlusion time at flow rates over 5.0 ml/min with decreased platelet count and aggregability, indicating surface-induced platelet activation and systemic thromboembolization possibly caused by the presence of PEO. In contrast, B-PEO-Hep surfaces showed the longest and relatively flow-rate independent occlusion times without detectable platelet activation. We concluded that the improved ex vivo blood compatibility of B-PEO-Hep, compared with Biomer and B-PEO, is due to the prevention of fibrin net formation by immobilized heparin, resulting in a reduction in fibrin related platelet aggregation and subsequent thrombus formation. PMID- 3196539 TI - Evaluation of Duraflo II heparin coating in prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. AB - Adult sized extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits were coated with Duraflo II chemical heparin bonding by Baxter-Bentley Laboratories. Five sheep were maintained on venovenous extracorporeal circulation for four days with no systemic anticoagulation. There was no bleeding, no major thrombosis in the circuits, and no significant emboli after 4 days of extracorporeal circulation without anti-coagulation. PMID- 3196540 TI - Analysis of solute clearance and flux in pre- and post-dilution hemofiltration. AB - Hemofiltration, or blood ultrafiltration, is a pressure-driven process used to remove waste solutes and excess water from blood in the treatment of kidney dysfunction. This convective process provides better removal of middle molecular weight solutes (1,000-20,000 MW) than hemodialysis, substantially reducing the incidence of hypotension. The ultrafiltration is performed using a cross-flow configuration in which blood flow is parallel to the filtering membrane and perpendicular to the filtrate flow. This configuration minimizes the accumulation of retained species at the membrane surface, significantly increasing filtration rates. Clinical hemofiltration is performed in two distinct modes: post-dilution, in which the fluid removed during filtration is replaced after blood leaves the filter, and pre-dilution, in which the replacement fluid is added to the blood before it enters the filter. Although post-dilution is used more commonly, the high hematocrit at the device outlet limits the maximum attainable flux and can contribute to cell damage. The lower inlet hematocrit and plasma protein concentration in pre-dilution leads to a marked increase in flux, potentially increasing the removal of waste solutes. There is, however, a concomitant increase in the amount of diluting fluid required and in the amount of fluid that must be removed during filtration. Existing models for hemofiltration are unable to explain the complicated dependence of the filtrate flux on shear rate, hematocrit, and plasma protein concentration. These models cannot be used to accurately compare the performance of different devices or of the two clinical modalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196541 TI - Intraperitoneal verapamil therapy in CAPD patients with peritoneal hypopermeability. Effects on ultrafiltration. AB - We found higher peritoneal lymphocyte (PLy) and macrophage (PM0) Ca++ concentrations in CAPD patients with low peritoneal ultrafiltration (UF), than in normal UF patients, as well as the release of greater amounts of lymphomonokines such as interferon-gamma and interleukin-1, which stimulate peritoneal fibroblast proliferation. Since Ca++ is essential in immune-cell activation and lymphomonokine production, the authors analyzed the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) verapamil therapy in 16 CAPD patients with UF loss. The areas studied included: 1) PLy and PM0 Ca++ concentration, 2) peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) lymphomonokine levels, 3) peritoneal glucose absorption, 4) UF volume, and 5) peritoneal morphology. In the 10 low UF patients who showed normal glucose absorption and increased peritoneal fibroblast proliferation, of verapamil therapy increased UF volume, decreased the amount of peritoneal fibroblast proliferation, and normalized the previously high PLy and PM0 Ca++ concentrations and PDE lymphomonokine levels. Conversely, UF was not improved by IP verapamil in the six low UF patients showing high glucose absorption and prevalent mesothelial alterations. In conclusion, IP verapamil can be considered a suitable therapy for increasing UF volume in CAPD patients with peritoneal hypopermeability due to a lymphomonokine-mediated hyperproliferation of peritoneal fibroblasts. PMID- 3196542 TI - Comparison of peritonitis rates using standard spike versus Y sets in CAPD. AB - Peritonitis is a major source of morbidity for CAPD patients. The "Y" set, which incorporates a "flush before fill" concept, would theoretically decrease peritonitis rates. During Period I 16 new patients began CAPD using the standard spike procedure (Group I). During Period II 10 patients began CAPD using the Y set (Group II). Peritonitis episodes and concomitant exit site infections (ESI) were noted. Time to the first episode of peritonitis (EOP) was estimated using Kaplan-Meier plots; each group was followed for 15 months. In Group I there were 25 EOP in 145.6 patient-months, with three EOP associated with ESI. In Group II there were 3 EOP in 92.77 patient-months and 2 EOP associated with ESI. When the total EOP were considered there was 1 EOP every 5.82 patient-months (Group I) versus 1 EOP every 30.9 patient-months (Group II) (P = 0.0015). When EOP associated with ESI were excluded, peritonitis rates were 1 EOP every 6.61 patient-months (Group I) versus 1 EOP every 92.77 patient-months (Group II) (P = 0.0003). Difference in estimated time to first EOP using Kaplan-Meier plots was also statistically significant for Group II versus Group I (P = 0.0246). The Y set resulted in a statistically significant reduction in peritonitis rates. PMID- 3196543 TI - Peritoneal clearances. Long-term study. AB - To investigate if age of patients, time on CAPD, episodes of peritonitis, or systemic illness (diabetes) may affect the permeability of the peritoneal membrane to small solutes, 51 patients (eight diabetic) 57.2 +/- 9.4 years of age undergoing long-term CAPD were enrolled in a prospective study of peritoneal clearances (PC), started in January 1982. The studies were repeated, when possible, every 6 months after peritonitis episodes. The results were divided according to osmolality of solutions and dwell time. The age of patients had no influence on results. Significantly positive correlations were found between PC (1.36%) of creatinine, uric acid, phosphate, and time on CAPD. Uric acid PC (3.86%) correlated directly with time on CAPD. The PC in diabetic and nondiabetic patients were similar. Patients who had more than three episodes of peritonitis showed PC similar to those observed in patients who had less than three episodes, despite a longer time on CAPD. The stability of PC in patients undergoing long term peritoneal dialysis suggests that CAPD may permit effective dialysis over many years. PMID- 3196544 TI - In vivo evaluation of a peripheral vascular access axial flow blood pump. AB - More than 80 acute and chronic calf in vivo studies were utilized to develop a 3 L/min axial flow blood pump designed for intraarterial ventricular assist. The 7 mm diameter transvalvular inlet cannula of the cable driven pump receives blood from the left ventricle. The pump then discharges blood into the descending aorta. In the calf, the pump was introduced into the renal aorta. Safety and effectiveness of the device were demonstrated in three control and 21 implanted animals. Blood chemistry results showed an average plasma free hemoglobin of 3 mg/dl for control and 6.7 mg/dl for implanted animals. Platelets were 1.04 X 10(6) and 0.65 X 10(6), respectively, for control and implanted animals. Fibrinogen, BUN, creatinine, and bilirubin were essentially the same for both groups of animals. The hardware was typically free of deposits, and histopathologic examination revealed minimal injury to intracardiac structures, aortic valve leaflets, and aortic intima. The data indicates that the device may provide full support for a failing left ventricle with minimal trauma or risk. PMID- 3196545 TI - Cumulative clinical experience with the Symbion J7 TAH. AB - As of March 1, 1988, 92 patients have received the Symbion J7 pneumatic TAH as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. All implantee's were Category 6 (Urgent Need) patients, exhibiting functional Class IV symptoms or facing imminent death, in the judgment of their physician prior to obtaining a suitable cardiac allograft. Sixty-three of these patients, (68%) were transplanted. Of the 56 transplants 35 (56%) patients are currently alive, with most returning home and back to work. Implant duration ranged from 1 to 243 days of support, with an average of 24 days. Implantee average age was 42 years, with a range of 15-60 years. Male/female distribution was 80/12, with the females requiring longer periods of pump support and exhibiting lower survival rates. Several main implant categories have surfaced during the study, with the collective disease category of cardiomyopathy constituting 66% of the study population. This broad category may be subdivided into ischemic cardiomyopathy 52%, idiopathic 25%, viral 7%, and miscellaneous 16%. Acute rejection of donor organ (17%) and unweanable patients (11%) constitute the other major implant categories. Postoperative complications observed in a population cohort of 70 patients include bleeding in 44%, infection in 34%, reoperation in 27%, neurologic dysfunction in 13%, and device failure in none. Standardized device explant analysis results indicate a trend in thrombus reduction concurrent with increased investigator experience and improved patient management techniques. The concept of bridging in a specific group of patients in which the prognosis is otherwise hopeless continues to demonstrate therapeutic value. PMID- 3196546 TI - A permanent arterial access system. AB - Now that long-term survival can be achieved in animals with mechanical circulatory devices, reliable permanent arterial access for physiologic and pharmacologic studies has become important. A novel approach has been developed eliminating the need for repeated arterial cannulation. The arterial access system (AAS) consists of a 7 Fr Silastic catheter, which is threaded into the internal mammary artery, and an attached access well, which is placed in the subcutaneous tissue over the sixth rib. The AAS is implanted during the initial operation. The access well is punctured percutaneously with a 23 gauge needle to obtain arterial blood or to measure arterial pressure, and patency is maintained by flushing the access well with 2,000 U of heparin each week. The AAS was implanted in six calves (three with a total artificial heart, three with a ventricular assist device) for a mean duration of 124 days (range, 20-323 days). There were no infections related to the AAS, and none of them thrombosed. All of the AAS had excellent arterial wave forms when punctured. The AAS is simple to implant, provides reliable long-term arterial access, and does not appear to increase the risk of infection. PMID- 3196547 TI - Optimal timing for application of ventricular assist devices in patients who cannot be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. An experimental study. AB - Missing the moment for application of ventricular assist devices (VAD) may be one of the major causes of multiple organ failure in patients who are to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with the aid of VAD. To determine the optimal timing for application of VAD in such patients, we examined the effect of a CPB assist on cardiac functional recovery from severe global ischemia using an experimental canine system. In the present study we created myocardial ischemia by clamping the aorta for 20 minutes (Group I; N = 7) or 45 minutes (Group II; N = 11) under normothermic CPB. The reliability of the method in creating severe cardiac failure was confirmed by testing the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP), and lactate. After reperfusion of the myocardium, the heart was assisted by a totally vented CPB. The left ventricular end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (Emax), which is a load-independent index of contractility, was obtained every 15 minutes for up to 120 minutes of reperfusion. The Emax revealed that the function of the damaged heart recovers exponentially with time after reperfusion. From curves of the functional recovery of the heart, CPB support appeared to be beneficial for the first 60 minutes after reperfusion, and aided in the recovery of cardiac function in hearts damaged by global myocardial ischemia. However, CPB assist thereafter may not be effective in further improving cardiac function. We therefore concluded that the decision to use VAD should be determined by cardiac function by 60 minutes of reperfusion to avoid prolonging CPB time. PMID- 3196549 TI - Predictive control by physical activity rate of a total artificial heart during exercise. AB - No control method has yet been established for the total artificial heart (TAH) during exercise. As the simple intrinsic control method does not significantly increase cardiac output (CO), this study attempted to develop a new TAH control method that increases the CO during exercise in a manner similar to a natural heart (NH) by predicting changes in CO as a time function (TF) at various treadmill speeds. The control method for TAH was as follows: 1) an arbitrary grade of treadmill exercise was loaded onto the TAH goat; 2) a TF at this grade of treadmill exercise was determined from the physical activity rate (PAR) measurement, defined as the time average of the increase in vertical acceleration of the body; 3) operating parameters of both pumps were controlled in accordance with the TF using the computer algorithm. With the predictive control method changes in CO in the TAH were almost the same as in the NH, whereas no increase in CO occurred with the fixed control method (FC), in which operating parameters remained unchanged during exercise. Changes in blood lactate and catecholamines tended to be less than with the FC. PMID- 3196548 TI - In vitro and in vivo testing of a totally implantable left ventricular assist system. AB - The totally implantable Novacor LVAS is being tested under NIH auspices to demonstrate safety and efficacy before clinical trials. Twelve complete systems (submerged in saline at 37 degrees C) are being tested, with an NIH goal of demonstrating 80% reliability for 2 year operation with a 60% confidence level. The systems, which are continuously monitored, are diurnally cycled between two output levels by automatically varying preload and afterload. Currently, 14.3 years of failure-free operation have been accumulated, with a mean duration of 14 months. Using an exponential failure distribution model, the mean time to failure (MTTF) is greater than 8.8 years, corresponding to a demonstrated reliability (for a 2 year mission time) of 80% (80% confidence level). Recent ovine experiments with VAS subsystems include a 767 day volume compensator implant, a 279 day pump/drive unit implant and a 1,448 day BST implant. The last 12 chronic pump/drive unit experiments had a mean duration of 153 days (excluding early postoperative complications). This compares favorably with the NIH goals for complete systems (5 month mean duration). Complete system experiments are currently underway. PMID- 3196550 TI - Long-term closed chest partial and total cardiopulmonary bypass by peripheral cannulation for severe right and/or left ventricular failure, including ventricular fibrillation. The use of a percutaneous spring in the pulmonary artery position to decompress the left heart. AB - The authors report that total cardiopulmonary bypass (CPBP) for severe heart failure can be safely maintained for several days through peripheral cannulation alone. In two healthy sheep under general anesthesia, the authors cannulated the right external jugular vein and the right subclavian artery. A special spring was attached to a 7F Swan-Ganz catheter and positioned at the level of the pulmonary artery (PA) valve, rendering it partially incompetent. The extracorporeal circuit included a venous reservoir, a roller pump, a membrane lung, and a blood pulsator set at 25 beats/min. Ventricular fibrillation was induced with 110 VAC. Extracorporeal blood flow was raised to 100-120 ml/kg min. Mechanical pulmonary ventilation was changed to 5% CO2 in room air. During bypass, the wedge pressure (WP) averaged 9-13 mmHg, PA pressure 7-13 mmHg, and central venous pressure 1-9 mmHg. After 38 and 48 hr respectively the hearts were defibrillated with DC shock. There was total heart failure with no ejection from right or left. We continued with TCPBP. The right heart recovered after 1 and 3 hr respectively. After 7 and 5 hr, respectively, there was some aortic ejection. By 11 and 4 hr, respectively, the sheep were off bypass and on room air, with return to baseline cardiac function. Throughout the recovery the WP averaged 4-8 mmHg. At autopsy, all hearts were soft and normal in appearance. Histologic examination of the lungs and the heart was unremarkable. The authors conclude that the PA spring readily decompressed the LV. Ventilating lungs with 5% CO2 in air during CPBP sustained excellent lung function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196551 TI - Development of a completely implantable total artificial heart. AB - In conjunction with engineering and physiologic requirements, anatomic fit is a fundamental problem that must be carefully addressed in the design of a truly feasible implantable total circulatory support system. To facilitate the conceptualization, a three-dimensional anatomic model of an average adult thorax was developed from a data bank of 14 human cadavers, 100 radiographs, 18 computerized tomographs, 4 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, and 31 cineangiograms. The location and orientation of the valves, the atrial chambers, venae cavae, and pulmonary hili were found to be the most critical information. As a result, configuration of a one piece, completely implantable total artificial heart (E4T system) with the hydraulic actuator placed between the two ventricles was defined and sized to provide an output of 8 L/min at 120 beats/min. The device was designed to be positioned through a midsternotomy similar to the natural ventricles (in the pericardial sac toward the left chest cavity), and the ports were carefully designed to eliminate the risk of compression of critical cardiovascular structures. Validation of the design was conducted with an E4T model implanted in three human adult cadavers, two of which were submitted to NMR imaging after the device was implanted and the incision closed. Excellent fit was observed in all cadavers, and analysis of the several sagittal, transverse, and coronal NMR images showed no compression of the natural internal structures. PMID- 3196552 TI - Intraaortic balloon rupture. AB - To identify patients at risk and assess management strategies, nine Datascope intraaortic balloon (IAB) ruptures in 8 patients were reviewed. This is a 2.4% incidence for this complication (382 insertions over 75 months). Time to initial rupture was 4.7 days, range 1.1 to 6.8 days. This was 1.3 days after the average intact device was removed. Women were three times more likely to sustain rupture than men (4 vs. 1.3%, P less than 0.05). Rupturing IABs were characterized by a greater magnitude of diastolic augmentation than intact IABs, 69.4 +/- 24.9 vs. 25.5 +/- 12.6 Torr (P = 0.01). A hypertensive treatment history was more prevalent in patients rupturing (83 vs. 41%) (P less than 0.05). Rupture was diagnosed by finding blood in the safety chamber in all patients. There was no gas embolization nor did any patient become infected. Ruptured devices showed abrasion wear in the most distal portion of the IAB, where the aorta is smallest. In vitro testing with CO2 showed no driving gas loss but withdrawal of the surrounding fluid into the IAB system. Ruptured IAB replacement in four patients was associated with three survivors. In four patients the device was not replaced and two patients survived. There were no complications as a consequence of IAB rupture (all values +/- SD). PMID- 3196553 TI - Hemolysis. A comparative study of four nonpulsatile pumps. AB - Hemolysis is one of the important performance parameters of blood pumps. However, comparisons of published data are compromised by the different test methods used. This article reports the results obtained when testing four nonpulsatile blood pumps (Roller pump, Biopump Model 600, Biopump BP-80, Hemadyne pump) in the identical test circuit under the same hemodynamic conditions. A closed test circuit was composed of a flexible bag reservoir and two short tubes for connection to the pump head. The priming volume was 1 L, and the total surface area was 950 cm2. Fresh blood from a fasted calf was directly primed into the circuit and maintained at 37 degrees C. It was pumped at 6 L/min for 12 hr against a 100 mmHg afterload. The hemolysis index (HI), defined as grams of hemoglobin released per 100 L pumped, was calculated from a curve fit to the hourly data. Each pump was tested five times. The mean HI obtained ranged from 0.0467 for the roller pump to 0.0076 for the Biopump BP-80. There was no statistically significant difference among the three centrifugal pumps tested. PMID- 3196554 TI - Blood-dialysate equilibration during continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis. AB - In order to determine the degree to which blood and dialysate achieve equilibration of urea concentration during continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis (CAVHD), CAVHD circuits employing the Hospal AN69S dialyzer were perfused with bovine blood (85 to 90 ml/min, hematocrit 28%) containing 50 mg/dl of urea in the presence of countercurrent dialysate flowing at 10, 20, or 30 ml/min. The circuits were constructed and perfusion pressure (66 mmHg) set to yield a near zero net ultrafiltration rate. Urea clearances were measured and found to approximate the dialysate inflow rate, Qd, up to about 15 ml/min. At higher dialysate flow rates, equilibration was incomplete so that urea clearance was 24.7 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SE) ml/min when Qd was 30 ml/min. A simplified model of urea transport in the dialyzer successfully simulated the data. PMID- 3196555 TI - The effect of cooled dialysate on thermal energy balance in hemodialysis patients. AB - The authors have monitored extracorporeal thermal energy balance using continuous in-line arterial and venous temperature and blood flow measurements. Use of dialysate at 37 degrees C resulted in a mean heat energy gain of 83 +/- 61 cal/min, whereas dialysate at 34 degrees C produced a loss of 463 +/- 121 cal/min. Monitoring extracorporeal thermal energy balance during cooled-dialysate hemodialysis will facilitate the use of feedback loops for dialysate temperature control in order to maximize hemodynamic stability while reducing discomfort. This methodology also may be helpful in assessing the metabolic effects of protein intake, high flux dialysis, membrane biocompatibility, and adequacy of dialysis in relation to thermal energy balance. PMID- 3196556 TI - Flow phenomena in compliant and noncompliant arteriovenous grafts. AB - Oscillatory flows at venous anastomoses of two end-to-side angioaccess grafts were studied using: 1) a noncompliant Gore-Tex polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft and 2) a longitudinal compliant Ultraflex graft. The study was done in a transparent flow model fabricated from a femoral-to-femoral arteriovenous loop graft (AVLG) surgically implanted in dogs. The 6 mm x 25 cm loop graft reproduces that of the brachial artery-cephalic vein hemodialysis angioaccess loop graft commonly used in patients. At a pulse rate of 70 beats/min and blood flow of 0.7 L/min, flow visualization was done using a 15 mW He-Ne laser and a cylindrical lens system which converts the incident laser beam into a thin parallel light plane. Hydrogen bubble technique was used to illustrate the flow field at selected planes. Phasic pressure and flow oscillations were observed in the hypertensive host vein. The pressure wave arrived at the venous anastomosis with higher amplitude and shorter time of travel in the Gore-Tex graft than in the Ultraflex graft. The differences in wave attenuations and wave transmission time between grafts resulted in apparent changes of flow pattern in both the proximal (heart side) and distal (foot side) veins. The negative lags between the flow peaks in the distal vein and proximal artery are explained by the phasic pressure gradients measured at the anastomoses. Spectral analysis was done on the venous thrills, which are characteristic of almost all clinical AVLG implants. The power spectra taken at 60, 70, 90, and 120 beats/min clearly demonstrated a concentration of fluctuation energy at about 100 Hz in the Gore-Tex AVLG. PMID- 3196557 TI - Citrate for regional anticoagulation. Effects on blood PO2, ammonia, and aluminum. AB - Infusion of citrate into the arterial line, followed by infusion of calcium into the venous line, has been used for regional anticoagulation during hemodialysis of patients with bleeding diatheses or heparin-induced antiplatelet antibodies. These patients are often hospitalized in intensive care units where the use of a sorbent regeneration dialysis system is convenient. In this study, the use of regional citrate anticoagulation during dialysis with a cuprophan dialyzer on a REDY dialysis machine was investigated in eight patients. The white blood cell count, arterial PO2, arterial and venous ammonia, and arterial, venous and dialysate aluminum were measured. Similar studies were carried out on four other patients undergoing dialysis with standard systemic heparin anticoagulation and cellulose acetate dialyzers. The white blood cell count was observed to decline moderately, reaching a nadir of 83.2% of control at 15 minutes. The PO2 was unchanged or increased. However, blood ammonia rose in four of five patients, with the venous value always exceeding the arterial value. In two patients, aluminum levels in blood increased as well, and in one patient, a marked increase was observed in dialysate, and venous and arterial blood, with the concentrations being highest in the dialysate. No such changes were observed in the patients anticoagulated with heparin. It was concluded that although citrate is a useful agent for regional anticoagulation, it should not be used in sorbent regeneration systems. PMID- 3196558 TI - A compliant small-diameter vascular prosthesis lined with functional venous endothelial cells. AB - The long-term patency of small-diameter vascular grafts is still unsatisfactory. In contrast to native arteries, they are inelastic and lack active antithrombogenicity. To improve long-term patency, a new 4 mm internal diameter prosthesis was developed which is compliant and lined with functional endothelial cells (ENC). The wall of this prosthesis consists of a microporous polyurethane siloxane copolymer reinforced with a polyester network. It displays compliance (13.2 x 10(-4) mmHg-1) comparable to native arteries, is nonkinkable (minimum radius of curvature = 5 mm), burst resistant, and easily suturable. Using a lining procedure, coverage of prostheses by ENC was in excess of 95%. The ENC populations were found to be highly pure (by factor VIII-related antigen, DilAcLDL uptake) and to produce about 0.3 ng prostacyclin per cm2. In vitro tests of shear stress resistance demonstrated that ENC monolayers on the new elastic prosthesis remain intact for 3 hr in physiologically pulsating culture medium (Vmax = 50 cm/sec). Lined prostheses implanted for 24 hours in mongrel dogs as an arteriovenous shunt demonstrated the antithrombogenicity of the cultured ENC. The results suggest that small-diameter vascular prostheses which are compliant, porous, and actively antithrombogenic are feasible. PMID- 3196559 TI - Development of an antithrombogenic cardiac wall substitute which can be reconstructed by infiltration of host cells. AB - Various kinds of materials, such as glutaraldehyde-treated pericardial heterografts, have been used as a cardiac wall substitute. Some problems were encountered with their use. We clarified these problems in animal experiments and developed a new cardiac wall substitute to overcome them. As one of the best cardiac wall substitutes obtainable at present, glutaraldehyde-treated equine pericardium (Xenomedica, GA-graft), was sutured as a patch in the right ventricular outflow tract (Group 1: 16 dogs). A new cardiac wall substitute, which is composed of collagen-coated polyester mesh (CUFP), was sutured in the same fashion (Group 2: 19 dogs). The problems clarified in the GA graft were insufficient antithrombogenicity and poor healing of the neointima and the graft wall. The CUFP had sufficient antithrombogenicity and good healing quality as a cardiac wall substitute. CUFP should be rapidly infiltrated by host cells, to become a kind of host organ and therefore not degenerate with long-term use. PMID- 3196560 TI - Stability and immunologic activity of immobilized heparinase and bilirubin oxidase. AB - Two model enzymes, heparinase and bilirubin oxidase, were immobilized via cyanogen bromide, tresyl chloride, epoxide, or carbodiimidazole activated natural and synthetic matrices. The supports released enzymes for 4-20 hr in vitro at 37 degrees C. The most stable linkage was formed by tresyl chloride and oxirane activated supports. No immune response was detected 11 or 21 days after single i.v. injection to New Zealand white rabbits. Acute exposure to the enzyme produced a weak positive response. PMID- 3196562 TI - Development of an anaphylatoxin scavenging device. Principle, surface molecular design, and selective adsorption. AB - The anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) generated upon extracorporeal circulation often cause adverse reactions at local and systemic levels. In this paper, the principle surface molecular design and highly selective adsorptional behaviors of anaphyatoxin-scavenging materials were demonstrated. Both C3a and C5a are highly basic proteins, whereas most plasma proteins are negatively charged in blood. This indicates that negatively charged surfaces could preferentially adsorb these basic proteins from plasma. Based on the above working hypothesis, surface molecular designs aiming at incorporation of negatively charged groups such as carboxylate and sulfonate groups on surfaces were attempted. The control of surface density at the outermost layer was assessed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The designed surfaces preferentially adsorbed C3a and C5a from activated serum. This provides a rational basis for the extracorporeal anaphylatoxin-scavenging device under development. PMID- 3196561 TI - Deposition of blood elements on vacuum-formed ventricles in calves. A gross and electron microscopic study. AB - The thrombogenicity of the Philadelphia Heart System was evaluated by implanting left and right ventricles in calves for periods ranging from 1.5 hours to 128 days. Explanted hearts were examined grossly and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy for accumulation of thrombus and ingrowth of pseudoneointima. Visible material was essentially limited to inflow and outflow valves, atrial cuff, and a circumferential band of white thrombus around the junction of the blood diaphragm with the housing. The band was barely visible at 33 days, but was 1 to 3 mm wide at 128 days. SEM examination revealed microscopic deposits of blood elements, mostly platelets, that were present between 10 days and 128 days. The deposits were rather uniformly distributed over the blood contacting surface and remained constant over time. At 128 days, the Dacron (Meadox Medical, Oakland, NJ) graft was partly covered by a thin layer of tissue composed of multiple layers of cells separated by collagen. New blood vessels were frequently found, but fibrin-rich thrombus was present in some areas. Thus, this system was capable of minimizing thrombus accumulation and remained stable for 4 months. PMID- 3196564 TI - Quantitative scanning electron microscopy for the evaluation of thrombosis in extracorporeal circuits. AB - Methods devised in the past to evaluate blood-material interactions in extracorporeal devices assess small segments of test materials and do not analyze the entire circuit. In order to develop an effective method for the control of thrombosis in extracorporeal circulation, it is important to perform a quantitative evaluation of random samples of all the circuit elements. In an effort to quantify thrombosis in experimental extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits, random samples of silicone rubber membrane and polyvinyl chloride tubing were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and quantitative morphometry. The results indicate no statistically significant differences in the amounts of various adhered blood components between the tubing and the membrane. Greater than 60% of the examined surface had no blood components present. Platelet adhesion on the surface was predominant. Evidence of fibrin, gross thrombi, red cells, and white cells in small quantities were noted. It is concluded that quantitative scanning electron microscopy (QSEM) not only provides accurate information about the morphologic changes of blood cells due to surface contact, but also quantifies the individual elements and therefore assesses their contributions to thrombosis. This quantitative description will allow more meaningful comparison of blood-compatible materials and surfaces. PMID- 3196563 TI - Enhanced albumin affinity of silicone rubber. AB - The authors have developed a method to increase the albumin affinity of silicone rubber-containing medical devices. A vinyl-methyl silicone co-monomer was hydroxylated via an oxymercuration-demercuration reaction and then film-coated on a silicone rubber sheet. C16 acylation of the -OH coated sheet was carried out by an esterification reaction catalyzed by 4-DMAP. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of -OH groups following the hydroxylation reaction, and (CH2)n groups following the acylation reaction. 125I-labeled albumin binding studies indicated graded enhancements, according to reagent concentration, with maximal 2.7X and 2.5X increases for 20% -OH coated and 20% -OH/C16 acylated surfaces, respectively. Incubation with a protein denaturant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), removed 73% of adsorbed albumin from unmodified controls, with only 25 and 34% removal from 20% -OH coated and 20% -OH/C16 acylated surfaces, respectively. These results suggest that -OH and C16 modified surfaces not only preferentially adsorb albumin, but also retain it in a more stable configuration; this is an unexpected finding for -OH modified surfaces. Based on similar albumin affinities for biocompatible C18 alkylated and C16 acylated polyether polyurethanes, the authors expect significant improvements in thromboresistance and complement activating potential for this modified silicone rubber. PMID- 3196565 TI - An in vitro model for human endothelial cell seeding of a small diameter vascular graft. AB - A precise system was devised to measure the kinetics of attachment of human venous endothelium to a variety of materials and substrates. Cells were labelled in a postconfluent state with tritiated thymidine, harvested, and a cell suspension seeded into a 4 mm PTFE graft. After a 90 minute incubation period, one half of the graft segment was sacrificed and the remaining portion placed in a perfusion system (225 cc/min) for 1 hour. Graft segments, effluents, and seeding suspension were assayed in a beta scintillation counter. The percentage of cells that attached pre- and postperfusion were determined, as well as the retrieval of tritium from the system. Initially, 71% of seeded cells attached to grafts coated with fibronectin, with significantly less (60%) remaining attached after perfusion. Only 10% of cells initially attached to uncoated grafts, with 4% retained postperfusion. Retrieval of tritium averaged 102 +/- 10% for all experiments. This system determines both pre- and postperfusion attachment of human endothelial cells to vascular grafts following manipulation of numerous variables, including graft material, substrate, incubation time, and seeding density. An optimal seeding protocol for human trials can thus be determined. PMID- 3196567 TI - Augmented hemoperfusion for hyperbilirubinemia. AB - Exchange transfusions and phototherapy are used to treat hyperbilirubinemia, each method having its own disadvantages. Hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal (CAC) produces low removal rates due to the strong binding of bilirubin to albumin. Biocompatible chemical agents were investigated to selectively unbind the bilirubin into solution just prior to CAC exposure. In batch mock solution tests, the addition of sodium benzoate resulted in a 69% equilibrium bilirubin removal at 50 mM and 96% removal at 100 mM. During flow tests, adsorptive removal of sodium benzoate was so rapid that the CAC had to be pretreated with sodium benzoate solutions. In the absence of sodium benzoate, the outlet bilirubin was 50% of the inlet concentration at the passage of one void volume, with a rapid increase to 70% (30% removal). With sodium benzoate at 100 mM, the same 50% outlet/inlet percent was observed at one void volume throughput, but the outlet concentration fell to 6% of the inlet at 12 column void volumes (94% removal). Similar experiments with bovine plasma/blood and human plasma resulted in an average increase in bilirubin removal of 25% for the bovine and human plasma and 35% for the bovine blood at 100 mM benzoate. A significant decrease in platelet aggregation was measured with the addition of sodium benzoate, which makes this augmented hemoperfusion removal of bilirubin clinically attractive. PMID- 3196568 TI - Permeability decay in CAVH hemofilters. AB - Change in hydraulic permeability over time was measured in four types of continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) hemofilters in order to characterize permeability decay and demonstrate that permeability decay occurs without membrane protein exposure. Polyamide, polysulfone, and polyacrylonitrile membrane hemofilters were placed in a gravity-driven in vitro CAVH apparatus. Distilled and deionized water or saline was used to perfuse the hemofilters. A biphasic pattern of permeability decay was seen in all hemofilter types. A large exponential decline in permeability occurred over the first 1 to 6 hours, with a more gradual decay thereafter. Of all membranes studied, polysulfone hemofilters were the most permeable upon initiation of use but showed the most pronounced early and late permeability decay. Both polyamide and polyacrylonitrile hemofilters showed little permeability decay after a brief exponential decay. These data suggest that early membrane hydraulic permeability decay may not be primarily due to membrane protein coating. Initial high permeability may place some CAVH systems at risk for hemofilter plugging. PMID- 3196566 TI - Superiority of selective bolus infusion and simultaneous rapid removal of anticancer agents by charcoal hemoperfusion in cancer treatment. AB - This report presents the clinical effectiveness of multidisciplinary therapy consisting of intraarterial selective chemotherapy, combined with radiofrequency regional hyperthermia (RFRH) in advanced cancer patients. Patients were categorized into the following therapeutic groups: Group I: RFRH without intraarterial chemotherapy. Group II: Intraarterial infusion of a standard dose of Mitomycin C (MMC) and 5Fu. Group III: RFRH combined with intraarterial chemotherapy as in Group II. Group IV: RFRH combined with a large intraarterial infusion of MMC or Adriamycin (ADM) during charcoal hemoperfusion. Clinical effectiveness in terms of more than 50% tumor size reduction was achieved in 9% in Group I, 0% in Group II, 25% in Group III and 55% in Group IV, respectively. In Group IV, several side effects were observed but were not serious, despite the lethal dose of drug administered. These results suggest that RFRH combined with selective infusion chemotherapy, especially when large doses are administered during charcoal hemoperfusion, is a valuable treatment for advanced cancer patients. PMID- 3196570 TI - In vivo solute extraction by a new polysulphone membrane with low ultrafiltration capacity. AB - High flux polysulphone (PS600, Fresenius) is a highly biocompatible membrane, but the high ultrafiltration (UF) capacity limits its clinical applications. In the present study a new PS (PS400) with an UF coefficient in the range of cuprophan (CU) but a biocompatibility like high flux PS was evaluated. Dialysis efficiency with PS400 was compared to dialyzers with the same surface, at similar blood flows. Overall extraction of UV-absorbing compounds was higher with PS400 (P less than 0.01). The extraction of the individual compounds, hippuric acid and parahydroxy-hippuric acid was also higher for PS400 (P less than 0.01 resp. less than 0.05). The fall in white blood cells after 15 min. of dialysis was from 6.5 +/- 1.5 to 1.7 +/- 0.6 for CU (-83%), and from 8.6 +/- 1.7 to only 7.4 +/- 1.7 x 10(3) cells/mm3 (-14%) for PS400 (P less than 0.01 versus CU). Ultrafiltration characteristics were similar for both dialyzers. PMID- 3196569 TI - Backfiltration: does it occur in membrane plasma separation? AB - Backfiltration in hemodialysis refers to local filtration of dialysate into the blood compartment. This investigation was performed to examine whether there is a similar backfiltration phenomenon in membrane plasma separation. It was shown experimentally in hollow fiber devices that there is a flow of plasma through the filtrate side parallel to the blood flow inside the fiber. This bypass flow includes a backfiltration of the plasma from filtrate to the blood compartment near the end of the module. The following experimental results show the existence of bypass flow and backfiltration. In the case of no net filtration, these findings were made: 1) the existence of an offset of mean transmembrane pressure and 2) the blood side pressure drop in ACD-blood was less in impermeable fibers than in permeable ones. Filtrate pressure is higher than module outlet pressure at a wide range of filtration rates. In summary, backfiltration is not restricted to zero net filtration but occurs under the conditions of clinical use. Therefore, backfiltration is a crucial issue for device safety, because any contamination or wash-out from the membrane can reach the blood side. PMID- 3196571 TI - Plasma perfusion in myasthenia gravis. AB - Seven patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) unresponsive to thymectomy and steroid treatment (Osserman group III) underwent plasma perfusion (PP). All patients showed palpebral ptosis, diplopia, dysphonia, dysphagia, and muscle weakness; five of them had impaired ventilatory function. Separated plasma was perfused onto a column to adsorb anti-AChR-Ab. Each patient received a treatment cycle of six PP sessions. Clinical conditions were assessed before and after the treatment, with evaluation of muscular strength, ventilatory function, and electromyographic testing (RSS). Immunologic markers were tested before and after each PP. Clinical improvement in bulbar symptoms and respiratory function was noted in all patients after one to three PP. Limb muscle strength began to improve later. Serum concentration decreased (mean % +/- SD) after each PP:anti AChR-Ab 36.47 +/- 17.43; IgA 20.44 +/- 11.26; IgG 21.24 +/- 32.56; IgM 23.22 +/- 11.40; C3 36.78 +/- 10.15; C4 42.69 +/- 14.82. In five of seven patients the improvement continues (follow-up 1 to 10 months). In one patient it lasted only 1 month, and in another a relapse occurred after 10 months of benefit, but was successfully reversed by retreatment. PMID- 3196572 TI - Changes in electrical charge of leukocyte surface membranes during hemodialysis. Possible role in transient leukopenia. AB - Change in the electrical charge of leukocyte surface membranes during hemodialysis (HD) using a cellulose membrane was studied by examining adsorbability of leukocytes taken from patients undergoing HD to cation and anion exchange resins. Leukocytes of HD patients were well adsorbed to both anion and cation exchange resins, whereas normal leukocytes were only minimally adsorbed to a cation exchange resin, suggesting that the surface membranes of normal leukocytes were charged electronegatively. Adsorbability to anion exchange resin by patients' leukocytes taken from the venous limb of the HD circuit line 15 minutes after starting HD was significantly decreased when using a cellulosic membrane. This suggests that the decrease in electronegative leukocyte surface membrane charge, which may facilitate the attachment of leukocytes to electronegatively charged endothelial cell membranes, is the factor leading to leukopenia. Adsorbability to anion exchange resin by normal leukocytes incubated with plasma taken from HD patients 10 to 60 minutes after starting HD was increased, suggesting an increase in electronegatively charged substances in patients' plasma; these recombine with leukocyte surface membranes thereby increasing the electronegative charges of the leukocyte surface membranes and enabling subsequent release of leukocytes from endothelial cells, consistent with the transient nature of the leukopenia. PMID- 3196573 TI - Technical and clinical evaluation of a new system for ultrafiltration control during hemodialysis. AB - A new system for ultrafiltration control during hemodialysis is described. The apparatus consists of a computer operated system of load cells that register variations in weight of the outlet dialysate versus inlet dialysate. Once the weight loss of the patient has been established, the gravimetric control operates on the dialysate circuit to obtain the transmembrane pressure adequate to achieve the desired ultrafiltration rate and patient weight loss. The system can be used as a complete dialysis machine or as a separate module that can be adapted to any standard dialysis machine. This module was tested in more than 220 dialysis sessions, using different membranes and ultrafiltration rates. The difference between the scheduled and the real weight loss was always less than 100 g at the end of the dialysis session. The number of technical interventions required were few, as was the rate of complications related to the system. The system is safe and reliable and offers a low cost opportunity to improve dialysis tolerance by accurate and progressive ultrafiltration during the session. PMID- 3196575 TI - A simplified approach to monitoring in vivo therapy prescription. AB - The urea kinetic model has been used to individualize therapy prescription. Because the urea kinetic model is complex, the modeling approach to therapy monitoring is not widely practiced. Presented here is a simplified approach to therapy prescription monitoring that is based on the full-fledged urea kinetic model. A Kt/V-PCR domain map (K: clearance, t: time and V: volume of urea distribution; PCR: protein catabolic rate) has been developed with the predialysis urea nitrogen concentration on the abscissa and the post/pre dialysis urea concentration ratio on the ordinate. On this domain map, the therapy index Kt/V is represented by a family of horizontal lines and the PCR is represented by a family of curved lines. In this simplified approach, mid-week measurements of the pre (C1) and post (C2) dialysis urea nitrogen concentrations are plotted on the domain map. The position of the plotted point allows one to read off the Kt/V index and the PCR to determine whether therapy index, diet, or both need to be modified. PMID- 3196574 TI - Osmotic disequilibrium causing ascites during chronic hemodialysis. AB - Ascites formation is a recognized complication of chronic hemodialysis (CHD). The cause is an enigma after tumors, tuberculosis, and heart, liver, and pancreatic diseases are excluded. A 55-year-old patient who developed intractable ascites about 6 months after starting CHD was studied. The premise was that osmotic disequilibrium during HD may be the causative factor. Other causes of ascites were excluded. The study method relied on determining simultaneous serum and ascites osmolality (Sosm and Aosm) at the start and finish of a standard 4 hour HD session. THE RESULTS: Sosm and Aosm at the start averaged 310 and 309 mosm/L, respectively. At the end, Sosm averaged 285 and Aosm averaged 301 mosm/L, giving a 16 mosm concentration gradient. Two days later, Sosm and Aosm were equal again. It is concluded that the osmotic gradient at the end of 4 hours of HD favors movement of water from the intravascular space into the ascitic fluid space until osmotic equilibrium is once again achieved. PMID- 3196576 TI - Changes in blood parameters during hemodialysis as determined by conductivity measurements. AB - Hypotension is one of the complications frequently seen during hemodialysis. The decrease in intravascular volume caused by ultrafiltration plays an important role in its pathogenesis. A transcellular fluid shift from the extracellular to the intracellular compartment may aggravate this depletion. Continuous recording of blood volume during dialysis would be beneficial in detecting hypovolemia at an early stage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of an electrical conductivity method in detecting hypovolemia and changes in red cell volume. Blood and plasma conductivities were measured, as was hematocrit. Erythrocytes were counted and blood and plasma volume changes were calculated from reciprocal erythrocyte counts. Blood and plasma conductivities were substituted into an equation to calculate hematocrit. Red cell volume (MCV) was calculated from hematocrit and erythrocyte counts. The MCV decreased 3%, and calculated hematocrit corresponded very well with measured hematocrit. Blood and plasma volume decreased by 13.5 and 17.5%, respectively. In summary, it was possible to estimate hematocrit by the conductivity method. The MCV did not change significantly. This method offers the possibility of measuring blood volume on-line. PMID- 3196577 TI - Total solute extraction versus clearance in the evaluation of standard and short hemodialysis. AB - The authors compared the efficiency of standard HD (t = 240 minutes, Qb = 300 ml/min, Qd = 500 ml/min) with short HD (t = 150 minutes, Qb = 500 ml/min, Qd = 700 ml/min). The study was carried out in 11 patients in two sequential dialysis sessions, utilizing the same high surface area hollow fiber dialyzers, after a 2 day interdialytic period. With short HD, as expected, the clearance (Cl) of BUN, creatinine (Cr), and phosphates (P) was significantly higher than in standard HD:Cl BUN = 331 vs. 225, Cl Cr = 286 vs. 193, and Cl P = 231 vs. 176 ml/min. No significant difference in the total BUN extraction (measured on the total amount of exhausted dialysate) was found between the two techniques. As to Cr and P, despite higher Cl in short HD, the total extractions were significantly lower. In conclusion, in the evaluation of short HD efficiency, instantaneous Cl can be adequate for small molecules, while for larger solutes, other parameters, such as total extraction, must be considered. PMID- 3196578 TI - A hybrid artificial vascular graft based upon an organ reconstruction model. Significance and design criteria of an artificial basement membrane. AB - The design of an artificial basement membrane is one of the central concerns in a hybrid artificial vascular graft. The design criteria defined here include 1) structural matrix, 2) enhanced adhesion and growth of endothelial cells, and 3) ensured antithrombogenicity. The designed artificial basement membrane is a complex gel of type I collagen with dermatan sulfate that drastically alters the cellular responses for both endothelial cells and platelets. The incorporation of a very small amount of dermatan sulfate was sufficient to enhance adhesion and growth of endothelial cells and to suppress platelet adhesion and activation. PMID- 3196579 TI - Successful long-term use of a miniaturized plasmapheresis circuit in rabbits. AB - Dual lumen silicon rubber right atrial catheters were implanted into the jugular of 8 rabbits and tunneled subcutaneously to exit sites between the ears. Using a miniaturized tubing-pump system, blood flow rates of 25 ml/min could be achieved for up to 3 1/2 hours without sign of hemolysis in an extracorporeal blood circuit. Seven catheters functioned an average of 75 +/- SE 19 days (range 24 117). One catheter remains functional after 176 days. Infection and thrombosis were the main reasons for failure. 20 plasmaphoresis experiments were carried out in four heparinized rabbits (blood flow rates 15 ml/min, plasmaflux 1.5-2.0 ml/min) using polypropylene minifilters (average pore size, 0.55 micron) with the plasma recirculated back into the animal. No hemolysis was detectable throughout the 4 hr experiment. Plasma proteins with a MW of 69 X 10(3) to 3 X 10(6) (Albumin, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, CPK, fibrinogen, LDL) showed a sieving coefficient close to 1.0. The good filtration performance and the absence of side effects make this system a possible use for plasmaphoresis in neonates. PMID- 3196580 TI - Development of an autologous connective tissue tube as a small caliber vascular substitute. AB - A small-caliber vascular graft with good healing properties was developed using an autologous connective tissue tube (ACTT) and in situ heparinization. ACTT is the best material for implantable grafts, but as a small-caliber vascular graft, both the high thrombogenicity and requirement for time to preparation in situ were serious problems. To overcome these difficulties, an ultrafine polyester fiber (UFPF) mesh was used for the framework of the graft. it has been shown that UFPF provides a good framework for fibroblast migration and proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. The granulomatous connective tissue tube could be constructed very rapidly and had numerous capillary blood vessels, which opened onto the luminal surface of the graft when it was implanted as a vascular substitute and provided colonies of endothelial cells. These colonies spread rapidly all over the luminal surface, and the graft developed permanent antithrombogenicity by endothelialization. The next problem was attainment of temporary antithrombogenicity of the graft before complete endothelialization. Since collagen fibrils are highly thrombogenic, the fact that ACTT collagen fibrils face the luminal surface requires greater antithrombogenicity. A new technique for binding heparin to collagen fibrils in situ was also developed. This was proved to be useful in maintaining the antithrombogenicity of the grafts (3 mm in inner diameter, 6 to 7 cm in length) in the animal studies. The graft showed rapid healing of the neonintima with endothelialization and long-term stability of the graft wall. PMID- 3196581 TI - Evaluation of compliant and noncompliant PTFE vascular prostheses. AB - Four chronic implants of 6 mm diameter grafts compare a new longitudinally compliant PTFE-composite vascular prosthesis (ULTRAFLEX PTFE-PLUS) with clinical grade microporous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Implants were carried out in the ovine carotid-jugular position as A-V fistulae. All four grafts were subjected to sham dialysis punctures in identical fashion with 14-gauge needles. After 60 days the grafts were explanted and submitted for histologic evaluation. All four grafts were patent at explant. The compliant PTFE (ULTRAFLX PTFE-PLUS) lumen surface was thrombus free. Neointima lining at the proximal and distal anastomoses was similar in both test and controls. Tissue ingrowth and outer capsule formation were virtually identical. Foreign body reaction was minimal. Superior handling and self-sealing properties distinguished test from controls. Long term animal studies are in progress for vascular access and peripheral applications. PMID- 3196582 TI - Electrical control of intestinal reservoirs in a chronic dog model. AB - Pouches constructed from small intestine are used to replace reservoir function after extirpative surgery of the colon. Such pouches empty in an involuntary and uncontrolled fashion. To see whether emptying could be voluntarily controlled, ileal and jejunal reservoirs were constructed in eight dogs under general anesthesia. Four pairs of stainless steel electrodes were attached to the serosa at 5 cm intervals, and the pouches were intubated for pressure measurements with 1.67 mm polyethylene catheters. All lines were brought subcutaneously to the neck where they were maintained under a protective jacket. One to four weeks later, the pouches were stimulated with trains of square wave pulses at frequencies between 3 Hz and 1.67 KHz. The pouches were injected with contrast, and the results were monitored by fluoroscopy. Intrapouch pressure increases as high as 80 mmHg were seen after stimulation at 3 Hz, 100 msec and 6 Hz, 50 msec (10 to 25 mA) and emptying was induced. Pressure increases were also seen after stimulation with 330 Hz, 1 msec and 10 Hz, 1 msec pulse trains, but emptying was not documented. Abdominal wall contraction during stimulation was a problem but could be inhibited by interposing an insulating silastic sheet. The conclusion was made that it is possible to electrically induce emptying of intestinal reservoirs in a chronic dog model. PMID- 3196583 TI - New horizons in dynamic rehabilitation of paralyzed laryngeal functions. AB - Bilateral vocal cord paralysis can result in inspiratory difficulty, while stroke can impair swallowing and be followed by severe aspiration. Ideally, these mutually exclusive functions must be rehabilitated dynamically. The principle of the artificial reflex arc (ARA) entails appropriate pick-up information, which is then sent to a modulator that in turn synchronously stimulates the impaired effector. In vocal cord paralysis (six dogs), respiratory information has been picked up via tracheal strain gauges and transthoracic impedance electrodes, producing an analog voltage proportional to respective changes during inspiration. A trigger and a stimulator circuit were used to drive an electrode placed around a nerve-muscle pedicle previously implanted into the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Two msec square waves with 1.8 V amplitude and 50 Hz frequency resulted in frank vocal cord abduction synchronous with inspiratory flow. Conversely, vocal fold closure can be paced from information originating from strain gauges placed on the hypopharynx (four dogs). Stretch stimulating deglutition resulted in controlled output of a constant current stimulator driving an electrode passed around both recurrent laryngeal nerves. An adjustable stimulus from 0 to 20 mA at 25 Hz produced tetanic closure of the vocal folds. This might offer promise for electronic control of the transplanted larynx. PMID- 3196584 TI - Encapsulated thymic epithelial cells as a potential treatment for immunodeficiencies. AB - The epithelial cells of the thymus produce hormones that have been implicated in the maturation of T lymphocytes. Thymic epithelial cells can be encapsulated in a permselective polymer membrane that allows the passage of thymic hormones, but prevents the entry of antibodies, complement, cells, and viruses. A pure culture of thymic epithelial cells, identified as such by transmission electron microscopy and keratin staining, was obtained by low temperature organ culture of fetal mouse thymus. These cells remained intact and produced physiologic amounts of the thymic hormone thymosin alpha-1 after encapsulation in a permselective polymer membrane and in vitro culture for 5 days. An encapsulated implant of thymic epithelial cells may therefore promote reconstitution of an immune system in immunodeficiency diseases without allowing the rejection or destruction of the thymic tissue. PMID- 3196585 TI - A biodegradable antiadhesion collagen membrane with slow release heparin. AB - A biodegradable antiadhesion collagen membrane with slow heparin release was developed. It was totally antiadhesive on the large intestinal surface in an animal study. Four months after implantation, the membrane was absorbed and the wound surface was covered with mesothelial cells. In general, deposition of fibrin on a wound surface leads to the formation of fibrous adhesions. Therefore, heparin, which inhibits the precipitation of fibrin, is effective in preventing these adhesions. Human amnion was cross-linked with a polyepoxy compound after the impregnation of protamine sulfate into its collagen matrix and was heparinized. Nine adult mongrel dogs were used, five for the heparinized experiment and four as controls. In each animal, two 5 X 5 cm2 areas of the serosa were peeled from the large intestine. The exposed areas were covered with the membrane. The membrane showed an excellent antiadhesion effect in both areas in all five dogs (10 areas). In controls, no membrane was used. The greater omentum, uterus or urinary bladder adhered in five of eight areas. An antiadhesion membrane for soft tissue must not interfere with wound healing as well as prevent adhesions. PMID- 3196586 TI - Bioprosthetic valve calcification and pseudoneointimal proliferation in bovine and ovine models. AB - Both porcine (PX) and bovine pericardial (BP) valves have been used in the implantable Novacor left ventricular assist system (LVAS). Results from 58 chronic LVAS implants of greater than 7 days in calves and adult sheep are presented: the PX valve was used in 41 and the BP in 17. With PX valves, the maximum and mean assist durations were 161 and 54 days, respectively, in the calf and 279 and 129 days, respectively, in the sheep. The maximum and mean durations for BP valves were 93 and 38 days (calf) and 153 and 69 days (sheep). In bovine studies with PX valves, severe obstructive pseudoneointimal (PNI) proliferation in the Dacron inflow conduit was the primary cause for termination; valves exhibited moderate calcification. With BP valves, both PNI proliferation and severe valve calcification contributed to a declining pump output, leading to termination. In contrast to the bovine experience, PNI proliferation was not observed in ovine implants. BP valves still became calcified, as evidenced by a progressive decline in pump output (from about twelve weeks) and confirmed at termination. Valve calcification was minimal with the PX valves, even at 236 days. These results favor the adult ovine animal model for extended implants. PMID- 3196587 TI - Simplified method of hemofiltration in ventricular assist device patients. AB - Hypervolemia frequently complicates the management of ventricular assist device (VAD) patients as a result of increased intravenous fluid administration and concomitant renal dysfunction. Although acute hemodialysis (AHD) can be used to treat such patients, it requires additional equipment, vascular access cannulations, and personnel. Moreover, hypotension during AHD may occur as a result of rapid shifts in intravascular volume. From January 1987 to March 1988, we treated nine selected VAD patients who had hypervolemia and acute renal failure with a simplified hemofiltration technique. A continuous arteriovenous hemofiltration (CAVH) cartridge was connected from the outflow circuit of a centrifugal blood pump to a large-bore central venous catheter. With CAVH, gradual removal of 272 cc/hour of ultrafiltrate was accomplished for periods up to 241 hours. No episodes of hypotension, thromboembolism, or other deleterious effects occurred. In our series, the CAVH technique was effective in treating hypervolemia in selected VAD patients. PMID- 3196588 TI - Chronic effect of left ventricular assist pumping on right ventricular function. AB - We evaluated right ventricular (RV) function during left ventricular assist device (LVAD) pumping during acute and chronic experiments in both normal hearts and hearts with left ventricular failure. An LVAD was implanted between the left atrium and the descending aorta of goats. The LVAD was pumped in a counterpulsation mode and at maximum bypass flow for 4-6 weeks in chronic experiments. The following results were obtained: 1) LVAD pumping itself did not affect RV function, even after 6 weeks of pumping, 2) the dimensions of the RV free-wall segments measured by sonomicrometers showed a gradual and small increase during the early postoperative days, which was due to an increase in volume returned to the RV and the deformity of the RV cavity derived from reduction in LV volume, and 3) the same tendencies were seen even with LV failure hearts. These results suggested that 1) LVADs can assist not only the LV but also the RV by reducing RV afterload, 2) excessive and prolonged assistance by an LVAD seems to dilate the RV free-wall, and 3) preexisting RV dysfunction is the main cause of signs of RV failure during LV pumping. PMID- 3196589 TI - Biomechanical circulatory assistance. Importance of aerobic capacity of normal and conditioned skeletal muscles. AB - To define more efficient use of biomechanical circulatory assistance, the contracting and fatigue characteristics of normal and conditioned latissimus dorsi of seven adult mongrel dogs were analyzed. The conditioned muscles underwent vascular adaptation and electrical stimulation with burst frequency of 50 Hz in rates of 60 and 120 contractions per minute for 6 to 8 weeks. They were compared with unconditioned contralateral controls by isometric force measurements. Normal and transformed muscles exhibited the same optimum pacing parameters (burst frequencies from 50 Hz up and train durations from 150 msec) with supramaximal amplitude stimulation. Conditioned muscles showed initial smaller forces (-27%) and longer contraction times (+32%). Fatigue curves of unconditioned muscles for different duty cycles showed marked initial decreases and proportional stable values of force after some minutes, with equal final tension time indexes under these conditions (20 +/- 3 KgF seg/min 100 g). Conditioned muscles maintained stable force for same duty cycles and a greater tension time index during prolonged conditions (68 +/- 6 KgF seg/min 100 g). This study revealed that normal and conditioned skeletal muscles are capable of maintaining steady state work depending upon their aerobic capacity and suggests that these muscles may undergo adaptive transformation while contracting in a synchronous fashion with the heart during variable duty cycles. PMID- 3196591 TI - A newly designed jellyfish valve for an artificial heart blood pump. AB - Bjork-Shiley and Hall valves used in most artificial heart blood pumps have often induced problems, which include 1) An expensive valve must be used even when the AH is used for only a few days, 2) Ring thrombus was often formed at the interface between the valve ring and blood pump, seamless fabrication was not possible, and 3) Mechanical failure often occurred. To improve these circumstances, a new jellyfish valve was designed and manufactured. The valve has a simple structure: The center of a thin circular polyurethane membrane is fixed on a polyurethane base plate, which has many holes or slits to reduce flow resistance and help hold the membrane during the diastolic phase. In a mock circulation study, the valve displayed performance similar to the Bjork-Shiley valve. A small amount of regurgitant flow was observed at valve closure, in comparison with the Bjork-Shiley valve. It was recognized in the flow visualization study that the central region of the membrane was washed out well by the flapping of the membrane. This jellyfish valve is promising for use in a AH blood pump. PMID- 3196590 TI - An electromagnetic pneumatic blood pump driver. AB - An electromagnetic pneumatic pump driver has been developed with the goals of enhanced mechanical reliability and simplicity of operation. The new driver eliminates failure prone components such as solenoid valves or pressure regulators common to conventional pneumatic drive systems, has only a single moving part, and provides for closed-loop operation in which stroke volume and dP/dT are controlled on each beat in real time. Power is provided by a high force (178 N) electromagnetic linear actuator. This assembly uses a high energy density neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnet, low loss vanadium alloy pole pieces, and an energized moving coil. The nominal stroke length of the actuator is 1.7 cm. During operation, the moving coil always remains within a fixed annular air gap, resulting in a measured force output versus applied power linearity of better than 92% over its stroke range. The coil is directly attached to the free end of a 10 cm diameter, 21 convolution, welded titanium metal bellows that forms the gas containing element of the system. The comparatively low pressure gradients across the bellows in this application result in a predicted life for the bellows in excess of 10(9) cycles. Bellows position and internal pressure are monitored continuously to control the pneumatic output. The linear actuator total excursion and velocity are adjusted on each beat using a closed-loop servo system. This results in a pump driver with no operator required adjustment of drive pressure. Instead, there are user selected settings of stroke volume, operating mode, and fill sensitivity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196592 TI - A novel bioreactor based on suspended particles of agarose-immobilized species. AB - Bioreactors often contain porous particles of agarose because these provide an enormous surface area (50 m2/cc gel) onto which enzymes or antibodies can be immobilized. Although many investigators claim that contact with agarose induces significant blood damage, we find that the biocompatibility of immobilized agarose is significantly improved when a novel system is used to fluidize the particles within the bioreactor vessel. We have built a prototype device that is oscillated vigorously about the axis of fluid flow. This action produces secondary flow patterns within the vessel that suspend the particles. In our model system, the bioreactor contains agarose immobilized heparinase. The system is biocompatible for 2 hours in vitro (in human blood at 37 degrees C) as follows: 1) hematocrit, white cell, and platelet counts do not change, 2) levels of plasma hemoglobin increase to 15-34 mg/dl, and 3) levels of complement component C3a increase to 0.64-1.4 micrograms/cc. We hope these studies lead to the development of a heparin removal system that can improve the safety of a variety of extracorporeal procedures. In addition, the techniques and approach used are sufficiently general to permit their extension to any immobilized species bioreactor for blood detoxification. PMID- 3196593 TI - A total heart/lung bypass simulator. AB - The often overlooked role of device design is the need to teach the optimal use of the device. A mathematical model was used in the development of the Sarns/3M SMO oxygenator, as presented at the 1985 ASAIO meeting. This model accepts inlet saturation, hemoglobin levels, and other variables, and returns output saturation, and has been verified in over 100 clinical cases. A patient oxygen consumption model including oxygen stores was developed, using clinical data based on size, temperature, and a term called "anesthesia level." This interesting factor accounts for differences between institutions. The two models were integrated with a heat exchanger model and a patient temperature model to allow accurate predictions of cooling and heating, and a hemoconcentrator model. The combination was programmed for IBM compatible computers to create a bypass simulator. A potential user can put a patient on bypass starting with any selected patient variables, track progress on a minute by minute basis, and adjust the circuit variables as dictated by his technique. The program runs in accelerated time, and accepts defaults to continue without changes as long as desired. Such a simulator is valuable for the initial introduction of the new device to experienced perfusionists, the training of potential new perfusionists, study of unusual or complex cases, the design of new devices, and even as a "track along" system during an actual clinical case. PMID- 3196594 TI - A protamine filter for extracorporeal blood heparin removal. AB - Heparin employed in extracorporeal circuits often leads to hemorrhagic complications. Protamine employed for heparin neutralization can cause adverse hemodynamic responses. To control both types of complications, the authors propose an approach that consists of placing a filter device containing immobilized protamine (defined as a protamine filter) at the termination of the extracorporeal blood circulation (ECBC) procedure. This protamine filter would remove heparin from the extracorporeal circuit before heparin is returned to the patient. Meanwhile, the filter would also permit external protamine treatment. Since protamine toxicity generally results from the interaction of protamine with certain cells present in the liver, lungs, and tissues, the use of external protamine would minimize its potential adverse effects. Protamine was immobilized on a hollow fiber bundle obtained from a conventional hemodialyzer. Preliminary studies show that the protamine bound bundle is capable of neutralizing the anticoagulant activity of heparin both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the protamine filter has abolished the hypotensive response normally associated with protamine reversal of heparin, as indicated by the insignificant changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, pulmonary artery systolic/diastolic pressures, and cardiac output. Further in vivo studies involving the use of dogs, as well as investigation of the activation of the complement system by the protamine filter, are currently being conducted. PMID- 3196595 TI - Clinical experience with a new hemodiafiltration (HDF) system. AB - Purity of reinfusion fluid and dialysate is mandatory in high flux, high efficiency substitutive treatments for chronic uremia, particularly when using bicarbonate concentrates. Bags of sterile and pyrogen free substitution fluid are in part responsible for the high costs of these treatments. In order to overcome these problems, the authors tested a new monitoring system (MPS-10, Gambro) for high efficiency hemodiafiltration (HDF) in which the reinfusion fluid was prepared from bicarbonate dialysate by filtration. During 5 months time, 96 on line HDF treatments were performed in five chronic uremic patients. We found the infusion fluid and dialysate containing bicarbonate free from bacteria and endotoxins, with a correct weight balance obtained by the monitoring system. The authors believe that MPS-10 is a safe and adequate system for the production of sterile, pyrogen free dialysate and reinfusion fluid for on-line HDF, hemodialysis (HD), and hemofiltration (HF). PMID- 3196596 TI - A unique vascular graft concept for coronary and peripheral applications. AB - Synthetic vascular grafts for coronary bypass (3-4 mm inner diameter [ID], 40-100 ml/min) continue to fail despite success in high flow peripheral applications. A unique method is presented that uses a fluid dynamic approach to improve patency. A large diameter graft (5-6 mm ID) is used with an arteriovenous (AV) shunt to create a high flow rate (350-650 ml/min); a Venturi flow resistance controls the AV shunt and provides high pressure to the coronary arteries. The resulting graft can supply as many coronary arteries as required by means of side to side anastomoses upstream from the Venturi resistance. The concept was studied in a mock circulation system to analyze fluid dynamics under pulsatile flow. Mathematical models were used to study laminar and turbulent shear stresses and flow distributions over the physiologic range of Reynolds numbers. In vitro testing demonstrated little bovine red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis (0.249 mg Hb/min) compared with other devices. In vivo testing in sheep showed no significant acute changes in pulse rate or blood pressure in response to the shunt. The fluid and mathematical modeling of this concept has additional application in the study of flow past stenoses. PMID- 3196597 TI - In vitro evaluation of a pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate in reversing cell sickling. AB - In sickle cell disease (SCD) microcirculatory blockage by red blood cells (RBC) occurs because of their low oxygen concentration, which results in both sickling and painful crises. Pyridoxalated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene (PHP), developed from human RBC hemoglobin (Hb) by chemical modification as an oxygen carrier, was evaluated in vitro for its ability to reverse cell sickling. PHP solutions of 6 or 8 g % Hb and a P50 of 20 mmHg were evaluated. RBC were obtained from SCD patients treated by exchange transfusion. The in vitro positive pressure filtration method (47 mm 5 microns Nuclepore membrane) was used. Comparisons of PHP with low oxygen carrier solutions (Hespan, saline) were made at flows of 0.43 to 6.0 ml/min. PO2 increases in a 20% mixture of air saturated solutions with deoxygenated sickle cell suspensions (SCS), at a hematocrit of 1%, were significantly higher in PHP as compared with saline and Hespan. The filtration resistance of deoxygenated SCS mixed with PHP was significantly lower than that of deoxygenated SCS mixed with saline and Hespan, and was comparable to that of air oxygenated SCS. By the 20% (v/v) addition of air saturated PHP to deoxygenated SCS, 89 +/- 2% of the sickled cells were unsickled. A novel artificial capillary system (ACS) modeling the dynamics of the microcirculation of the body was used. With the ACS plugged with deoxygenated cells, perfusion with oxygenated cell-PHP solutions was significantly more efficient in reversing the blockage than oxygenated saline and Hespan solutions. PHP reverses cell sickling by its effective delivery of oxygen. PMID- 3196599 TI - Comparative in vitro evaluations of vascular graft compliance during dynamic loading. AB - A prosthetic vascular graft should be nonthrombogenic, compliant with anastomosed vessels and resist excessive dilatation or aneurysm formation. Mechanical performance of a negatively charged, glutaraldehyde-tanned bovine heterograft was evaluated, in vitro, during dynamic loading conditions. The grafts were 16 cm in length with internal diameters of 6 mm (n = 10), 8 mm (n = 12), and 10 mm (n = 8). The prostheses were pneumatically cycled, using intragraft balloons, at a pulse pressure of 120/70 mmHg and a rate of 80 beats/min in 37 degrees C saline for 2.6 million cycles (22.6 days). At selected intervals, the diastolic and pulse volumes of the grafts were measured and compliance calculated. These studies demonstrated that this vascular prosthesis had a high initial compliance, independent of graft diameter. During dynamic loading, diastolic volume increased whereas pulse volume and compliance decreased 12%, 43%, and 49%, respectively (P less than 0.001). Greater than 75% of the changes occurred within 5 days after the onset of testing. Despite these changes, isocompliance was demonstrated for the BioPolyMeric grafts following 22 days of cycling, yielding values similar to those reported for human saphenous vein. PMID- 3196598 TI - Rifampin activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. AB - Rifampin has demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Four other antibiotics had no effect when used alone; three of these (clindamycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline) were antagonistic to rifampin when used in combination. Vancomycin was synergistic with rifampin, producing complete killing. Fresh peritoneal dialysis (PD) solution accentuated the antimicrobial activity, whereas spent PD fluid neutralized it. PMID- 3196601 TI - Nondestructive evaluation by x-ray computed tomography of dialysate flow patterns in capillary dialyzers. AB - It is hard to evaluate dialysate flow patterns inside the fiber bundle of capillary dialyzers. The current study describes a novel determination of dialysate flow by x-ray computed tomography. The authors did steady and nonsteady state tracer experiments with adipiodone to observe the dialysate flow pattern in capillary dialyzers held vertically and horizontally. The hollow fibers were filled with paraffin to avoid permeation of adipiodone from the dialysate to blood compartment. In steady state tracer experiments, adipiodone solution (50 vol%) was injected into the dialysate compartment at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. Horizontal sectional dialysate flow patterns were observed every 2 cm from the point of the adipiodone injection. Adipiodone solution flowed along broken and twisted fiber bundles at dialysate flow rates ranging from 200 to 600 ml/min. In nonsteady state tracer experiments, dialysate was switched from pure water to adipiodone solution by solenoid-controlled valves after a steady state was reached, and adipiodone solution (2.4 vol%) was infused into the dialysate compartment for 30 sec at a flow rate of 500 ml/min. Vertical sectional dialysate flow patterns were observed every 2 sec after the start of adipiodone infusion. Values for dialysate flow velocity at the outer and inner regions of the fiber bundle were 3.5 and 0.6 cm/sec for the CA-170, and 1.4 and 0.7 cm/sec for the HF 200 capillary dialyzer, respectively. This study demonstrates the usefulness of x ray computed tomography in visually and quantitatively determining dialysate flow patterns in capillary dialyzers. PMID- 3196600 TI - Mechanical evaluation of resorbable copolymers for end use as vascular grafts. AB - Nonwoven, nonporous, completely resorbable vascular grafts of selected polymeric composition (3 mm ID) were prepared and evaluated for similarity of mechanical properties to arterial blood vessels. Copolymers of L-lactide, D,L-lactide, and epsilon-caprolactone were selected for diversity of mechanical properties and degradation rates. Two homogeneous grafts were tested: a 50% L-lactide and 50% epsilon-caprolactone copolymer (L-epsilon), and a 70/30 solution blend of L epsilon copolymer and its corresponding D,L-lactide copolymer (D,L-epsilon). Composite grafts also were tested: 1) a two-layer graft, 2) an alternating layers graft, and 3) a D,L-epsilon graft reinforced with circumferentially wound poly-L lactide fibers. The resorbable grafts windowed the physiologic range for circumferential Young's modulus and tensile strength, and were kink resistant. The arterial compliance was greater than that of all solid wall resorbable grafts. Incorporation of porosity into the grafts, which is necessary for tissue ingrowth, is expected to lessen this difference. PMID- 3196602 TI - Synthetic vascular graft fabrication by a precipitation-flotation method. AB - The authors report a new technique for fabricating synthetic vascular grafts. It involves spraying a polymer solution (generated by mixing polymer solution and nitrogen gas in a spray nozzle) onto the surface of a flowing nonsolvent liquid (water): polymer fibers form during precipitation of the spray drops as they travel on the water surface, until picked up by a partially submerged rotating mandrel. Depending on process conditions, these fibers may aggregate to form a continuous layer or remain separated until they are picked up. A number of independent process variables allow control of characteristics of the conduits: gas and polymer solution feed rates, nozzle traverse speed, nonsolvent (water) flow rate, spray-mandrel spacing, and mandrel rpm. The SEM reveals that the graft wall consists of numerous fused polymeric fibers arrayed in both the circumferential and axial directions. The inner surface resembles a mesh of closely spaced fused fibers. The conduits have walls with interconnected pores (water permeabilities between 0.05 to 7.0 ml/min-cm2); nonporous surfaces also can be made. Tensile stress of the grafts at failure (in radial direction) varied between 0.05 to 2.3 MPa, whereas elongation at break ranged between 150 to 600%, depending on the porosity and fabrication conditions. A major advantage of this technique is its ability to produce grafts of a wide variety of fiber sizes and fusion characteristics in an inexpensive, safe, and reliable fashion. PMID- 3196603 TI - Optical sensor for hemoglobin content and oxygen saturation. Application to artificial heart research. AB - A hybrid optical sensor that can measure both hemoglobin content ([ Hb]) and oxygen saturation (OS) of whole blood has been developed. The measurement errors in [Hb] and OS are 0.5 g% and 1.2%, respectively, over an hematocrit range of 25 to 45%. The oxygen content derived from the optical sensor yielded a standard error of 0.1 to 0.2 vol%. The sensors were mounted in the outflow ports of left and right artificial hearts that maintained the entire circulation and were used to chronically monitor arterial and mixed venous [Hb] and OS. In combination with pump output and pressure measurements, oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption of the animal was derived on-line using a microprocessor. In the experiment that lasted 40 days, both sensors functioned well, with stable measurements, and no thrombus formation around the sensor at the time of autopsy. The optical sensors are useful for monitoring cardiopulmonary function and metabolic status of patients without requiring blood samples. In addition, the pump output may be controlled through the level of mixed venous OS or in combination with the arterial OS. PMID- 3196604 TI - A synthetic tetrapeptide as a novel platelet-preserving agent during cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - The possibility of using the synthetic tetrapeptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser, RGDS), which was recently identified as the common cell attachment site of adhesive plasma proteins, for platelet preservation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was investigated. The synthetic RGDS inhibited platelet aggregation and adhesion and secretion of thromboxane A2 in a dose-dependent manner, due to antagonistic inhibition via ligand-receptor interaction. Platelet consumption during CPB was drastically reduced by the administration of RGDS with no remarkable change in hemodynamics and a fairly rapid recovery of platelet functions. Electron microscopic observation revealed that this platelet-preserving effect of RGDS resulted from the inhibition of adhesion and aggregation on the artificial surface. These strongly indicate that the cell attachment site of adhesive plasma proteins plays an important role in platelet consumption during CPB. The synthetic RGDS acting as an antagonist of the platelet membrane receptor, is a novel platelet-preserving agent, especially useful when using an extracorporeal circuit with a large blood-material contact area, such as CPB. PMID- 3196605 TI - Right ventricular perfusion and heparin bonding of a cross-flow membrane oxygenator. PMID- 3196606 TI - Prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in sheep with a hollow-fiber oxygenator and a centrifugal pump. AB - ECMO with a roller-pump employs two potentially thrombogenic devices: the servoregulator bladder and heat exchanger. To eliminate these we used an 0.8 m2 Capiox II hollow-fiber oxygenator ventilated with warmed humidified oxygen and a Bio-Medicus centrifugal pump with a 1/4 inch head at a flow of 250 cc/min in six sheep during 96 hr of ECMO each. Oxygenator performance and plasma Hgb were determined, as were the volume, electrolyte, and protein content of fluid accumulating in the gas phase of the oxygenator. Mean oxygen transfer was 15.78 +/- 3.15 ml/min, and mean differences in PaO2 between blood entering and leaving the oxygenator was 360 +/- 49 mmHg. Mean plasma Hgb was 24.7 +/- 12.8 mg/dl. Fluid in the gas phase of the oxygenator was less than 75 ml/day and contained no albumin, protein, sodium, potassium, or chloride. Centrifugal pumps have been associated with hemolysis at low flows, but this may have been due to the simultaneous use of silastic membrane oxygenators that have high resistance. Hollow-fiber oxygenators have been associated with early failure of gas exchange and fluid accumulation in the gas phase. This may have been due to ventilation with dry gas. We conclude that a hollow-fiber oxygenator and a centrifugal pump can provide excellent gas exchange, acceptable hemolysis, and little fluid loss. PMID- 3196609 TI - Vortex shedding in bileaflet heart valve prostheses. AB - A dynamic study of two geometrically similar bileaflet heart valve prostheses (HVP) was performed using a physiologic mock circulatory flow loop. The HVPs studied were the 25 mm St. Jude Medical (SJM) and the 25 mm Carbomedics (CMI) in the aortic position and the 27 mm SJM and 27 mm CMI in the mitral position. All data were collected at a heart rate of 70 beats/min and a cardiac output of 5.0 L/min. Flow visualization was conducted in the transparent flow chambers of the pulsatile mock circulatory flow loop using a 15 mW He-Ne laser light source. A cylindrical lens and optics system converted the incident laser beam into a thin parallel light plane, and 420 microns tracer particles were suspended in the testing fluid to illuminate the flow field at selected planes. Frame-by-frame analysis of the 16 mm high-speed cine provides detailed phasic flow patterns in the vicinity of the HVP. A series of still photographs of flow patterns, taken at approximately 22.5 degrees phase intervals, are sequentially presented for each HVP. In the aortic position, a Karman-like vortex pattern appears downstream of the SJM at the end of the ejection phase. The CMI exhibits a rather symmetrical ejection flow pattern that turns into random motion immediately after the onset of ejection. In the mitral position, the SJM again exhibits a strong core flow during ventricular filling, whereas the CMI produces a more diffuse pattern during the same period. A pair of vortices shed from both the SJM and CMI are clearly visible toward the end of the ventricular filling phase. The vortex mechanisms are discussed in light of leaflet boundary layer formation. PMID- 3196608 TI - A tricuspid polyurethane heart valve as an alternative to mechanical prostheses or bioprostheses. AB - The main disadvantages of today's heart valve prostheses are the need for lifelong anticoagulation for mechanical valves and problems with biodegradation for tissue valves. Therefore, a new valve type devoid of these problems would be a major step forward. In order to evaluate a new valve design made by dipmolding with different PU materials, an animal test series was carried out in which two valves from each material were implanted into the mitral position of growing Jersey calves. The surgical procedure and postoperative catheterization data are presented. The survival times ranged between 127 and 291 days. Organs and explanted valves were examined post mortem according to general pathology standards. Specifically, the valves were histologically examined for calcium deposits and investigated by light microscopy, REM and EDAX. All explanted valves showed calcification and immobilization, but the results suggest that at least two PU materials attain survival times which are far beyond the lifetime of bioprostheses under the same implant conditions, justifying further in vivo studies in adult animals. PMID- 3196607 TI - Real time sound spectral analysis for diagnosis of thrombosed prosthetic valves. AB - A real time sound spectral analyzer was developed at the authors' institute and has been used for diagnosis of thrombosed valves for 15 years. The analyzer consists of a wider frequency microphone, a digital signal processor with multiple bandpass filters, and displays. To quantify the high frequency component in section pattern of opening and closing clicks, maximal frequency at -30 dB level was used at a diagnostic parameter (normalized maximal frequency, NMF). A total of 17 thrombosed valves with or without pannus formations have been experienced and SSA showed abnormality in 13 valves, which comprised of Bjork Shiley (N = 6), Starr-Edwards 2320, 6120, 6520 (N = 5) and Kay-Shiley (N = 2). The abnormal findings included NMF of opening or closing clicks lower than normal range of each type of prosthesis, and significant decrease of NMF more than 450 Hz from the value previously obtained. All diagnoses of thrombus formations and their locations were confirmed by operative or autopsy findings. The SSA failed to diagnose in four valves, which comprised of Starr-Edwards 6520 (N = 3) and Bjork-Shiley (N = 1). Operative findings revealed that thrombi were formed in a manner that permitted direct collision of disc and valvular ring causing clicks with high frequency component. No pseudo-positive diagnosis for thrombosed valve was experienced in the authors series, and SSA is thought to be a reliable noninvasive technique that enables early diagnosis of a thrombosed valve. PMID- 3196610 TI - Computerized intraoperative calculation of instantaneous prosthetic aortic valve area. AB - Improved assessment of valve area is essential to understanding the performance of prosthetic valves. The authors studied six patients undergoing aortic valve replacement using mechanical (ME) or porcine (PO) prostheses. Instantaneous cardiac output (CO) (L/min) was measured in the aorta using an ultrasonic flow probe. Left ventricular and aortic pressures (mmHg) were measured using Millar catheters. Data were analyzed using an IBM PC-AT. Valve area (cm2) was determined using Gorlin's formula (AG) and a new formula for instantaneous area derived mathematically and using a theoretic constant. AG, mean (AI) and peak (Apk) instantaneous areas were compared to geometric measures of area (Aactual) in vitro. Peak instantaneous area correlates best with measured area. Intraoperative assessment using the ultrasonic flow probe and computer analysis is helpful in understanding the dynamic properties of prosthetic valves in vivo. PMID- 3196612 TI - Red blood cell effect on platelet adhesion and aggregation in low-stress shear flow. Myth or fact? AB - Evidence has been accumulating which suggests that red blood cells affect platelet adhesion on nonbiological surfaces and platelet aggregation in the bulk; this in vitro study investigated these red blood cell effects. For samples of either whole blood or suspensions of either ghosts or red blood cells in platelet rich plasma undergoing low-stress simple shear flow, data on hemoglobin and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) released from red blood cells, single platelet reduction (which is a measure of platelet adhesion to nonbiological surfaces and platelet aggregation in the bulk) and percent of surface covered with platelets and platelet aggregates were obtained in a cone-and-plate viscometer for shear rates up to 5680 s-1. The results obtained suggest that red blood cells release a significant fraction of their ADP (2% at 5680 s-1), which is enough to induce platelet aggregation, and contribute about 65% to the total ADP release for a sheared blood sample; ADP released from red blood cells contributes about 60% to single platelet reduction and about 28% to platelet adhesion, whereas ADP from platelets contributes about 8% and 14%, respectively; and the physical effect of red blood cells, which is coupled to the chemical effect, acts to catalyze (enhance) the chemical effects. Based on the results obtained a mechanism was developed to describe both the chemical and physical nature of the red blood cell effect. PMID- 3196611 TI - Karyotype analysis of cell sex to determine the source of vascular graft luminal linings following autologous and nonautologous endothelial cell seeding. AB - Endothelial cell-seeded bilateral carotid ePTFE grafts were studied in 11 dogs to determine the source of their eventual luminal linings. One graft was prepared with autologous cells and the other with nonautologous cells. Immunosuppression was accomplished with cyclosporin and prednisolone. At 2 and 3 weeks post implantation, grafts were removed, revealing 9 of 11 autologous and 8 of 11 nonautologous seeded conduits to be patent. Linings were harvested enzymatically and grown in tissue culture, with karyotype analysis limited to cultures that exhibited greater than or equal to 50% endothelium (n5 autologous, n7 nonautologous). Sex type was classified in 20 cells from each graft. All five autologous cell-seeded grafts revealed host cells. Among the seven nonautologous cell-seeded grafts, one harbored only non-autologous cells, three revealed only autologous cells, and three exhibited a predominance of autologous cells with lesser numbers of nonautologous endothelium. All 100 cells from the autologous seeded grafts were the same sex as seeded cells, while only 28 of the 140 cells from the nonautologous seeded grafts were the same sex as seeded cells (P less than 0.001). Thus, nonautologous endothelial cell seeding with immunosuppression did not uniformly produce nonautologous cell linings, but was more often associated with autologous endothelial cell linings that may have been promoted by the nonautologous cell seeding. PMID- 3196615 TI - Let's call it 'dental consultation'. PMID- 3196613 TI - The effect of suture material on platelet deposition onto prosthetic material. AB - Previous studies have demonstrated the importance of employing prosthetic material with minimal thrombogenicity. However, the role of different suture materials in early thrombotic events on prosthetic materials has not been examined. Experiments were designed to analyze the effects of suture on platelet graft interaction using an in vivo baboon hemocompatability screen. 111Indium labeled, autologous platelet deposition was determined on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) containing suture lines of polypropylene (Prolene), polybutester (Novafil), and ePTFE (Gore-Tex). A significant increase in platelet deposition was noted not only at the suture line, but proximal and distal to it as well. The results were different for each of the sutures employed and suggest that the suture line may influence early platelet deposition in the perianastomotic region, not only at the suture line, but proximally and distally as well. PMID- 3196616 TI - 'Specialisation in dentistry'. PMID- 3196614 TI - Improved textured surfaces for implantable prostheses. AB - Textured surfaces have been shown to reduce scar tissue formation around implanted prostheses compared with identical smooth surface controls in applications such as compliance chambers for artificial heart systems. The authors have developed and evaluated alternative textured surfaces to the polyester velour surface that has been used on those devices. These new textured surfaces are fabricated with materials known to provoke a diminished tissue response compared with polyester fibers. Two new textured surfaces have been examined: a surface composed of extruded 25 micron diameter polyurethane fibrils (PF) woven into a fabric, and an integrally textured silicone rubber surface (TS) with nonfibril geometry applicable to silicone rubber implants such as mammary prostheses. In both cases, tissue fixation to the textured surface depends primarily on mechanical interdigitation with the complicated surface morphology of the implant rather than on chemical bonding. Two types of control were employed: polyester velour fabric (PV) as a textured surface, and smooth silicone rubber (SS). Each surface was first characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and test specimens consisting of 1 cm diameter by 1 mm thickness disks were then prepared and implanted subcutaneously in a series of 16 adult New Zealand white rabbits. After 8 weeks the samples were explanted and histologic sections prepared for analysis. In all cases a thin, organized tissue capsule surrounded the implant. While the tissue capsule on average was thinner surrounding the textured surface implants, variations in the individual host response were more significant. Tissue attachment was minimal with SS, present with PF, and greatest with TS and PV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196617 TI - 'Windermere relativities inquiry'. PMID- 3196618 TI - Local anaesthetics in pregnancy. PMID- 3196619 TI - Colgate research awards. PMID- 3196620 TI - Ardee liner revisited. PMID- 3196621 TI - Use of the 'Safe air' dental heater for sterilising endodontic reamers. PMID- 3196622 TI - A case of Fanconi syndrome with associated hypodontia. PMID- 3196623 TI - The aspirated foreign body--an unusual diagnostic marker. PMID- 3196624 TI - Practice staff: recruitment. PMID- 3196625 TI - The 1985 update on dental health from OPCS. PMID- 3196626 TI - What should (or shouldn't) a nurse teach an +HIV patient? +HIV individuals' perceived learning needs. PMID- 3196627 TI - Interview with ANA President, Dr. Lucille Joel. PMID- 3196628 TI - CEU program--digitalis. PMID- 3196629 TI - Litigation and collective bargaining: two pay equity strategies. PMID- 3196630 TI - Is litigation and collective bargaining the answer? PMID- 3196631 TI - Diagnosing and treating patient strengths. PMID- 3196632 TI - Applying a conceptual framework to ADN education. PMID- 3196633 TI - Don't quit nursing--consider the alternatives! PMID- 3196635 TI - NCLEX-RN raises passing standards. PMID- 3196634 TI - Nursing combined with religious life. PMID- 3196636 TI - Drug treatment in the elderly in South Nottinghamshire. A community audit. PMID- 3196638 TI - Yellow nail syndrome with persistent hypoalbuminaemia. PMID- 3196637 TI - Anticonvulsant toxicity in paediatric out-patients. PMID- 3196639 TI - Do mothers of floppy babies have a firm handshake? PMID- 3196640 TI - Mycotic aneurysm: uncommon but are we about to see more? PMID- 3196642 TI - If I should suffer from a peptic ulcer. PMID- 3196641 TI - Dilutional hyponatraemia due to hydrochlorothiazide plus amiloride (Moduretic): not to be mistaken for the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). PMID- 3196643 TI - A long-term study of flurbiprofen sustained-release. PMID- 3196644 TI - A general practice study of flurbiprofen sustained-release. PMID- 3196645 TI - An atherosclerosis risk factor assessment program for patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. AB - From a group of 251 high-risk patients less than 65 years of age, 84 with angiographic or vascular laboratory proven peripheral arterial occlusive disease were evaluated in detail. The following risk factors were identified: smoking in 91% with an average of 35 +/- 18 pack/years; treated or untreated hypertension in 40%; hyperlipidemia in 49%; obesity with a body weight greater than 120% of ideal in 18%; diabetes in 9%; family history of premature vascular disease in 70%; and hyperuricemia in 13%. Based on these results, we have introduced a practical approach for investigating and managing risk factors that can be administered by paramedical personnel, utilizing a questionnaire given to patients and standard blood tests to identify important risk factors. The results of the completed questionnaires and blood test are entered on a microcomputer. A program written using d-Base III stores the data, identifies the risk factors and grades their severity. We have designed an information booklet that highlights the individual patient's risk factors and suggests alternatives for management based on the sources of medical and community help available in our area. PMID- 3196646 TI - Effect of hemodilution on brain tissue during global ischemia. AB - This study evaluates the effect of blood volume and hematocrit changes on brain tissue during temporary global ischemia. Normal saline was administered intravenously to 55 gerbils to achieve hypo-, normo-, and hypervolemic hemodilution and uniform 30% hematocrit reduction. Each group had unilateral carotid artery ligation and temporary (20 minute) contralateral carotid occlusion. After ten days or death, brains were harvested, preserved in formalin, sectioned in a manner which provided adequate samples of both cortex and hippocampus, and stained with H&E and luxol fast blue. They were then examined and staged microscopically for white and gray matter infarction, edema, and neuronal injury and loss. Histologic studies were performed in a randomized and blinded manner and were classified by one of four categories: normal, minimal, moderate, and severe changes. Three of ten (30%) controls survived ten days but had severe neuronal loss, minimal cerebral edema and a minimal to moderate number of white matter strokes. Survival was best in animals treated with hypovolemic hemodilution (43%). Other rates were: normovolemic (33%), controls (30%), and hypervolemic (8.3%). The degree of brain tissue damage was markedly less in the normovolemic group. In this model, normovolemic hemodilution followed by hypovolemic hemodilution offered the best overall cerebral protection during global ischemia. PMID- 3196647 TI - Activation of rabbit aortic elastase by nonaortic intraabdominal surgery. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether aortic elastase could be activated by distant operative trauma unrelated to direct aortic injury. One hundred rabbits were divided into five groups: group I - anesthesia only; group II - laparotomy only; group III - cecal resection; group IV - aortic mobilization; and group V - aortotomy with repair. Animals were sacrificed at one hour, three hours, six hours, one day, two days, and five days after surgery, and the aorta was analyzed for elastase activity. Operative trauma such as laparotomy, bowel resection, and mobilization of the aorta without direct aortic injury resulted in a significant increase in rabbit aortic elastase. The pattern of activation of rabbit aortic elastase within the laparotomy, aortic mobilization, and aortotomy groups was one of a slow rise to peak activation at 6 24 hours with a subsequent fall towards baseline at five days after surgery. This pattern differed in the cecal resection group in which activation occurred immediately with a slow fall towards baseline at five days. In none of the four surgical groups did the elastase activity return to baseline by five days after surgery. These data suggest that aortic elastase in rabbits can be activated by intraabdominal surgery unrelated to direct aortic injury. PMID- 3196648 TI - Coarctation of the abdominal aorta. AB - Coarctation of the abdominal aorta constitutes a rare group of vascular abnormalities, including segmental stenoses and extended hypoplasia. Hypertension is the usual solitary clinical finding and contrasts with the diversity of anatomic lesions and surgical techniques used for treatment. It is often difficult to determine whether the lesion is congenital or due to Takayasu's aortitis. Three cases of hypoplasia in adolescents are reported. Treatment consisted of an aortoaortic bypass in all cases. Vein angioplasty of the renal arteries was performed concomitantly in one case of inter- and infrarenal hypoplasia associated with stenosis of the two renal arteries. In one of the two cases of suprarenal hypoplasia, the celiac axis was reimplanted after excision of an associated aneurysm. In all three cases, blood pressure returned to normal values without medical treatment. PMID- 3196649 TI - Symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm misdiagnosed as nephroureterolithiasis. AB - From January 1977 through December 1986, 134 patients with symptomatic AAAs were examined in the emergency room; 24 patients (mean age 72.4 years) had an initial misdiagnosis of "nephrolithiasis." Ten patients had the correct diagnosis of a ruptured AAA established within five hours of the initial examination and were promptly taken to surgery. Fourteen patients had delay greater than five hours while extensive diagnostic evaluations were performed (intravenous pyelograms in 12, computerized tomographic scans in 7, ultrasonography in 6). All patients underwent emergency surgery and six patients operated upon within five hours of initial examination survived. All patients who had extensive diagnostic evaluation lasting more than five hours died. The only diagnostic procedure that definitively established a ruptured aneurysm in all cases was the CT scan. In patients with confusing physical and laboratory findings but in whom the diagnosis of a ruptured AAA is entertained, an emergency CT scan is recommended as the diagnostic procedure of choice. PMID- 3196650 TI - Renal artery emboli: the role of surgical treatment. AB - Twelve cases of emboli to the renal artery (one of which was recurrent) were reviewed. In seven patients, emboli were unilateral and the opposite kidney was functional. In five patients, emboli were bilateral or occurred in a solitary kidney, leading to anuria. Cardiac rhythm disorders were encountered in eight patients and were responsible for emboli in other areas in three. Arteriography in ten patients demonstrated seven complete truncal occlusions (one bilateral), two incomplete truncal occlusions, and one distal embolus. One patient with a distal embolus was treated by heparin alone with satisfactory results. One patient in poor general condition was treated with intraarterial streptokinase, resulting in incomplete lysis of the clot. The five patients with anuria were operated on: four regained satisfactory renal function whereas the other patient died. In five patients without anuria who were operated upon, renal function returned to normal in four, and one patient required nephrectomy. Surgical treatment is imperative with anuria and is indicated in unilateral emboli with a functional contralateral kidney, especially when there is complete occlusion of the renal trunk. If the embolus is recent, intraarterial fibrinolytic treatment or percutaneous embolectomy can be attempted, but these techniques are not of proven efficacy. Patients with distal emboli or contraindications to operation should be treated by anticoagulant therapy, alone or with local fibrinolytic treatment. PMID- 3196651 TI - Aortorenal arterial autografts: the last two decades. AB - Arterial autografts were introduced nearly a quarter century ago at the University of California, San Francisco and have proven their value for replacement in many demanding arterial problems. Renal artery fibrodysplasia is one of the more common lesions treated with arterial autograft. Arterial autografts that ideally match the renal artery and its branches are procured from the patient's own internal iliac artery. Either straight or branched configuration are available depending on the replacement requirements. In-situ aortorenal autografts are employed for lesions of the main renal artery or primary branches. Ex vivo repair involves temporary nephrectomy, pulsatile hypothermic perfusion and precise micro-vascular repair with unrestricted exposure, illumination, and an unhurried pace with no threat of renal ischemic insult. Autografts are attached proximally to the side of the aorta and distally to the disease-free end of the renal artery or a branch. The technique of arterial substitution for ex vivo repairs are identical except for the additional reanastomosis or reattachment of the renal vein. The arterial autograft exhibits the compliance characteristics which resemble a normal artery, maturation when used in the growing child, and durability essential for the long life span of this treated population. When the objective of a renal artery reconstruction is a normal renal arterial system, then the internal iliac artery autograft is the only choice. PMID- 3196652 TI - Visceral revascularization by anastomosis between the left renal and Drummond's marginal artery. AB - Drummond's marginal artery was revascularized by anastomosis with the left renal artery in two patients with visceral ischemia due to occlusion of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. In this manner, the authors avoided entering an infected abdominal cavity, interposition bypass and aortic clamping. In both cases, visceral arterial supply was improved. In one case, a left renal steal syndrome was observed. Because of possible renal involvement, indications for this technique should be carefully chosen. PMID- 3196653 TI - Aneurysm of the abdominal aorta in an eighteen-month-old child. AB - We report the case of an infected aneurysm of the abdominal aorta in a 18 month old child, discovered by routine palpation of the abdomen during hospitalization for pneumonia. Ultrasonography and arteriography showed a 6 cm aneurysm of the abdominal aorta beginning distal to the renal arteries which occluded the right common iliac artery. The aneurysm was treated by interposing a 6 mm Gore-Tex graft between the infrarenal aorta and the aortic bifurcation. Pathologic examination of the aneurysmal wall demonstrated a leukocytic infiltrate and the presence of encapsulated Gram positive organisms. Arterial aneurysms are exceedingly rare in children. Their etiology is varied: infection, connective tissue disease, trauma, inflammatory arterial disease or other rare diseases such as tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis, or Behcet's disease. PMID- 3196654 TI - Adventitial cysts of the popliteal artery. AB - Adventitial cysts of the popliteal artery are rare. Their pathogenesis is debated. In one of the two cases reported here, there was a communication between the arterial cyst and the articulation of the knee. This supports the embryonic theory that the articular synovium and adventitial cysts have the same mesenchymal origins. Treatment is surgical, with simple evacuation of the contents of the cyst in uncomplicated cases, excision and reconstruction in the others. PMID- 3196655 TI - Reversible myocardial damage in gerbil brain ischaemia and its prevention by beta adrenergic blockade. AB - Acute cerebral infarction in gerbils, produced by unilateral carotid ligation, was used as a model to investigate secondary myocardial changes. The extent of the myocardial damage revealed by succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) histochemistry and by release of myocardial creatine phosphokinase (MB-CK) was measured in gerbils sacrificed from 3 to 48 h after either carotid ligation, carotid isolation only or skin incision only. For technical reasons dead animals were excluded from analysis. Of surviving ligated animals 74% developed neurological deficits related to brain ischaemia. A significant weight increase in the ipsilateral hemisphere was found at 6-10 h, and maximal histological damage at 16 h, both partially reversible thereafter. Non-ligated animals did not develop neurological changes, and showed neither brain swelling nor cerebral histopathology. Extensive cardiac damage was shown by the SDH method from 3 h postoperatively, and confirmed by the elevated serum levels of MB-CK in the carotid-ligated group. The SDH changes were identical with those described in the hearts of patients with acute intracranial lesions, and appeared to be reversible. The effect of beta adrenergic blockade was assessed in this model. Metoprolol tartrate injected intraperitoneally 3 h before and 1 h after carotid ligation (10 mg/kg each dose) significantly decreased the extent of myocardial damage as estimated both with SDH histochemistry and MB-CK serum levels. It had no effect on the ischaemic brain changes. These results strongly support the concept of catecholamine mediation of myocardial injury resulting from acute brain lesions. PMID- 3196656 TI - The effect of a toxin from Bacteroides ureolyticus on the mucosal epithelium of human and bovine oviducts. AB - Bacteria-free filtrates of nine strains of Bacteroides ureolyticus, most of which had been isolated from the urethra of men with non-gonococcal urethritis, damaged the mucosal epithelium of human fallopian tube and bovine oviduct organ cultures. The damage, pronounced after three days, was manifested by loss of ciliary activity. Histological observations, supported by scanning electron microscopy, showed that this loss was due to disruption of the epithelia with sloughing of cells. It is likely that the inhibitory activity of the filtrates was due to endotoxin since lipopolysaccharides extracted from the bacteria had a similar deleterious effect on oviduct mucosal epithelia. It is speculated that B. ureolyticus has the potential for causing damage to the urethral mucosa by the same mechanism. PMID- 3196657 TI - Mitochondrial myopathy in rats fed with a diet containing beta-guanidine propionic acid, an inhibitor of creatine entry in muscle cells. AB - In rats with phosphoryl-creatine depletion (fed a standard Randoin-Causeret diet containing 1% beta-guanidine propionic acid) abnormal mitochondria were observed in slow skeletal muscles, often containing paracrystalline inclusions very like those induced by ischaemia or mitochondrial poisons and in human mitochondrial myopathy. PMID- 3196659 TI - Quantitative histological analysis of antigen-induced arthritis in the rabbit. AB - Antigen-induced arthritis in the rabbit (AIAR) provides the closest experimental equivalent to human rheumatoid arthritis in terms of infiltration of synovial tissue by lymphoid cells. A method is described for quantitative histological analysis of AIAR. Measurements of total cell numbers, lymphocyte and polymorphonuclear leucocyte infiltration, and thickness of infiltrated synovium were obtained for ranges of antigen dosage and duration of arthritis. The method has been devised as part of a system for the analysis of joint swelling, synovial fluid biochemistry and cytology, cartilage proteoglycan chemistry and synovial histology on the same specimen. PMID- 3196658 TI - Experimental dermatophytosis in mice: correlation between light and electron microscopic changes in primary, secondary and chronic infections. AB - The histopathological and electron microscopic features of experimental dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton quinckeanum in Balb/c mice have been studied in animals with primary, secondary and chronic infections. Infected animals all showed pathological changes with adherence of microconidia to keratinocytes within 4 h of infection. Other features were the early infiltration of neutrophils, the formation of a mycelial mass (scutulum) in the epidermis, and epidermal oedema. Increased thickness of the epidermis was measured within 3 days of infection, although this was mainly due to oedema. The main differences seen in secondary infections were the paucity of fungal elements, even after 24 h, a sustained increase in epidermal thickness, and the dense dermal infiltrate of mononuclear cells. Chronically infected animals showed similar changes to those at the peak of a primary infection, but in addition there were large numbers of mast cells in the dermis. Cells carrying Ia markers were identified in the epidermis (Langerhans cells) and the dermis (macrophages) in all infections and their distribution did not appear to change. Although recovery from infection has been correlated previously with T lymphocyte mediated responses an increase in the number of cell layers of the epidermis and a dense infiltrate of neutrophils at the zone of infection were both seen within 2 days of infection. It is suggested that neutrophil killing of fungi and increased epidermal proliferation, not dependent on T cell activation, may also be implicated in host defence against dermatophytes. PMID- 3196660 TI - Cancers of the respiratory tract in mustard gas workers. AB - In a study of a cohort of 2498 men and 1032 women employed in the manufacture of mustard gas in Cheshire during the second world war 3354 (95%) individuals were successfully traced for mortality to the end of 1984. Large and highly significant excesses were observed as compared with national death rates for deaths from cancer of the larynx (11 deaths observed, 4.04 expected, p = 0.003), pharynx (15 observed, 2.73 expected, p less than 0.001), and all other buccal cavity and upper respiratory sites combined (lip, tongue, salivary gland, mouth, nose) (12 observed, 4.29 expected, p = 0.002). For lung cancer, a highly significant but more moderate excess was observed (200 observed, 138.39 expected, p less than 0.001). Significant excesses were also observed for deaths from acute and chronic non-malignant respiratory disease (131 observed, 91.87 expected and 185 observed, 116.31 expected, respectively). The risks for cancers of the pharynx and lung were significantly related to duration of employment. None of these results is substantially altered when expected numbers are calculated from Cheshire urban areas rather than national rates, although the relative risks for lung cancer and non-malignant respiratory disease are substantially reduced if rates for Merseyside, the nearest large conurbation, are used. The results provide strong evidence that exposure to mustard gas can cause cancers of the upper respiratory tract and some evidence that it can cause lung cancer and non malignant respiratory disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196661 TI - Occupational class, physical workload, and musculoskeletal morbidity in the engineering industry. AB - In 1973, 502 employees in three metal industry plants, stratified by age, sex, and occupational class, were examined for physical workload by interview and observation at the workplace and for musculoskeletal disorders by questionnaire, interview, and clinical examination. Five years later, 88% of the sample were re examined for their musculoskeletal status. The work of the blue collar groups was heavier as measured by indices of physical work load based on the observation and interview (physical strain, physical load, static phases, and stereotypy). Rheumatic symptoms, clinical findings in the musculoskeletal system, and chronic musculoskeletal diseases were more frequent in both female and male blue collar workers than in the respective white collar groups on the first occasion and the increase in morbidity during follow up was higher in the blue collar groups. At an individual level within the blue collar class, however, associations between indices of physical workload and musculoskeletal morbidity were weak or non existent. The associations were weakened by selective movement of people with musculoskeletal disorders from heavy jobs to premature retirement or to lighter jobs. Physical strain and physical load were negatively associated with the incidence of long term musculoskeletal disorders in the female blue collar group. PMID- 3196662 TI - Adsorption of benzo(a)pyrene on to asbestos and manmade mineral fibres in an aqueous solution and in a biological model solution. AB - The adsorption of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) on to three types of asbestos (chrysotile antophyllite, and amosite) and three types of manmade mineral fibres (MMMF) (rock wool, slag wool, and glass wool) in a physiological water solution was studied. Adsorption was determined from the decrease in the liquid concentration of BaP on the addition of the solid material. Results show that all the fibres weakly adsorb BaP, approximately within the same order of magnitude. The combined adsorption of BaP and phosphatidylcholine (PC) on to chrysotile and amosite asbestos and on to rock wool in aqueous solution was also studied. PC, one of the major constituents in lung surfactant, forms a separate lipid phase in water consisting of micellar liposomes or lipid bilayers. A decrease in the liquid concentration of PC was found when any of the three materials was added, indicating adsorption of the lipid phase on to the fibres. A coincident decrease in the liquid concentration of BaP was also found indicating that BaP is readily solubilised in PC and will accompany the adsorption of this compound on to the fibres. Owing to the high lipid aqueous partition coefficient of BaP, it is concluded that the direct adsorption of BaP on to the fibres will be negligible when PC is present in the system even at low concentrations. Phospholipid adsorption by the fibres and not their direct adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons should therefore be the crucial parameter for this indirect interaction between fibres and aromatic hydrocarbons. PMID- 3196663 TI - Genotoxic effects in peripheral blood and urine of workers exposed to low level benzene. AB - Blood samples were obtained from a population of refinery workers representing different age groups. Sixty six men with low average exposure to benzene and 33 male controls were investigated. An examination of cell cycle kinetics and sister chromatid exchange was carried out on control and exposed individuals. No significant differences were found between groups of individuals varying in their drinking and smoking habits or their exposure to diagnostic x rays. Individuals with the lowest and highest phenol values were examined for urine mutagenicity, with urinary phenol used here as an indicator of benzene exposure. There was no difference in the number of revertant colonies in strains TA98 and 100 between the high and low urinary phenol groups. There were also no differences in any of the biochemical measures or haematological parameters investigated in all the individuals except that higher values for mean corpuscular volume were found in exposed than in control individuals. These values, however, were within the normal clinical range. PMID- 3196664 TI - Gliomas and exposure to wood preservatives. AB - A case-referent study was undertaken to look for occupational risk factors among patients with glioma treated in a neurological hospital in Paris between 1975 and 1984. In the study group were 125 men with gliomas (aged less than or equal to 65) and 238 patients (also less than or equal to 65) admitted for non-neoplastic, non-malformative vascular diseases in the same department during the same period constituting the reference group. All diagnoses were confirmed by tomodensitometry. Information on occupational history was obtained from a postal questionnaire and from medical records. Comparison of cases and referents showed a significant excess risk among teachers (OR = 4.1) and a raised risk among wood workers (OR = 1.6). Four of nine cases of glioma who had been employed as wood workers reported that a colleague had suffered from glioma (those reports were confirmed by hospital records). None were reported among 11 referent wood workers. Using a complementary questionnaire on wood work, exposure assessment to wood preservatives and solvents showed that frequent exposure to organochlorine wood preservatives and to organic solvents occurred more often among cases than referent wood workers (p less than 0.10). PMID- 3196665 TI - Evidence of the induction of de novo synthesis of delta-aminolaevulinate dehydratase by lead. AB - Inhibition of delta-aminolaevulinate (ALA) dehydratase (porphobilinogen synthase: EC 4.2.1.24) coupled with an increase in the enzyme concentration was observed in the liver of rats exposed to lead by mouth for 150 days. ALA dehydratase concentration increased by 25% in rats exposed to lead and cell free translation also showed an increase in de novo synthesis of ALA dehydratase by 20% in the liver of rats exposed to lead. The addition of lead in vitro to the cell free translation system had no effect on the de novo synthesis of ALA dehydratase. These results suggest that exposure to lead caused a transcription dependent induction of ALA dehydratase which might compensate for the enzyme inhibition by lead. PMID- 3196666 TI - Employers' attitudes to epilepsy. PMID- 3196667 TI - Halothane related liver affection in an anaesthetist. PMID- 3196668 TI - Risk assessment in the asbestos cement industry. PMID- 3196669 TI - The effect of alcoholic beverages on iron and zinc metabolism in the rat. AB - 1. Male Wistar rats (approximately 200 g) were given distilled water and a semi synthetic control diet for 6 d. On day 7, 37 kBq 65Zn were administered intramuscularly and the rats were given distilled water, beer, cider, red wine, whisky or ethanol as their only source of fluid. The wine, whisky and ethanol were diluted so that each of the beverages contained a similar ethanol concentration (approximately 30 g/l). Food and fluid intake, growth rate and whole-body 65Zn were measured regularly over 11 d, after which animals were killed and blood haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, liver iron stores and the Zn concentration in testes determined. 2. There were no differences in body-weight gain or food intake between groups but fluid intake for the beer group was considerably higher than that for the other groups. 3. There was a significant effect of the type of alcoholic beverage consumed on whole-body 65Zn retention. Rats given whisky had a smaller daily loss of 65Zn than those given water, beer or cider. The ethanol group also showed a lower rate of 65Zn loss compared with the water group. The observed changes in whole-body 65Zn retention could be explained by an adverse influence of ethanol on Zn absorption from the diet. 4. Blood Hb and testes Zn concentration were similar in all groups but the type of liquid consumed influenced liver Fe levels. The cider group had the lowest liver Fe values and the ethanol group the highest values. 5. It is apparent from the present study that ethanol and alcoholic beverages affect Zn and Fe metabolism, but that the effects of ethanol are moderated by other components of the alcoholic beverages. PMID- 3196670 TI - Distribution of retinol in rat liver cells: effect of age, sex and nutritional status. AB - 1. We have recently shown that the stellate cells, under normal conditions, contain a majority (more than 80%) of the total store of retinol in liver (Blomhoff et al. 1985). 2. In the present work we have studied the role of the various liver cells in rats of different ages, sex and vitamin A status. 3. In most of these groups of rats, storage of retinol in parenchymal cells was proportional to the liver store of retinol, and less than 10% of total retinol in the liver could be recovered in the parenchymal cells. The only exception was parenchymal cells isolated from vitamin A-deficient rats. In rats containing 5 nmol retinol/g liver, about 16% of total retinol could be recovered in parenchymal cells, while in rats with only 1 nmol retinol/g liver, about 40% of total retinol could be recovered in parenchymal cells. 4. These results indicate that parenchymal cells played a minor role in liver storage of retinol, and that stellate cells stored more than 90% of liver retinol in most instances. Only in rats with a low retinol status did the percentage of retinol in parenchymal cells increase. PMID- 3196671 TI - Monitoring the fate of dietary proteins in rumen fluid using gel electrophoresis. AB - 1. When fractionated by sodium dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), strained rumen fluid from sheep fed on pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay showed no major protein components that stain with Coomassie Blue. This feature made it possible to monitor the fate of individual polypeptides within a protein mixture incubated in rumen fluid in vitro. 2. Extracts from a number of seed meals (sunflower (Helianthus annuus), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), rape (Brassica napus) and pea (Pisum sativum L.)), as well as casein and bovine serum albumin, were examined in this system. The protein components of each seed type showed a wide range of resistances to degradation. One protein in pea seeds (pea albumin 1), which is particularly rich in cysteine, was almost as resistant to rumen degradation as bovine serum albumin. 3. Analysis of synthetic-fibre-bag experiments by SDS-PAGE showed that the rate of loss of total protein from solid meal residues does not provide an index of the resistance of individual protein components of the meal to rumen degradation. While there was no qualitative change in the protein profile of residual pea-seed meal inside a synthetic-fibre bag, there was considerable variation in the rate at which individual, solubilized protein components were degraded in the surrounding rumen fluid. PMID- 3196672 TI - The effect of date of cut and barley substitution on gain and on the efficiency of utilization of grass silage by growing cattle. 1. Gains in live weight and its components. AB - 1. A primary growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was cut early or late to produce silages of high and low digestibility. The crops were wilted for 2-4 h and preserved with formic acid at 2.4 litres/t fresh weight. The resulting silages were well preserved with a pH of 3.9 and 3.8, lactic acid content of 108 and 73 g/kg dry matter (DM) and total nitrogen content of 24.6 and 18.4 g/kg DM for early- and late-cut silage respectively. 2. Forty-two British Friesian male castrates (steers) initially 12 months of age and 305 kg live weight (LW) were used, of which ten were slaughtered at the start of the experiment. The remaining steers were divided into four groups of eight animals and were given the early cut silage alone (H) or the late-cut silage alone (L) or with barley at either 280 (LC1) or 560 (LC2) g DM/kg total DM. The intake of total DM was restricted to a daily allowance of 18 g DM/kg LW and the steers were slaughtered in two groups after 119 and 140 d on experiment. 3. Both earlier cutting of herbage and substitution of late-cut silage with barley significantly (P less than 0.001) increased the apparent digestibility of gross energy (H0.748, L0.619, LC10.668, LC20.705), whereas earlier cutting increased the digestibility of acid-detergent fibre from 0.638 (L) to 0.777 (H) and substitution with barley resulted in a significant (P less than 0.001) depression to 0.595 (LC1) and 0.519 (LC2). Substitution of late-cut silage with barley significantly (P less than 0.001) increased metabolizable energy (ME) intake from 58.9 (L) to 69.5 MJ/d (LC2) and crude protein (N x 6.25; CP) intake from 688 (L) to 779 g/d (LC2), but the highest intakes of ME and CP (73.5 MJ/d and 952 g/d respectively) were achieved with the early-cut silage. 4. Earlier cutting resulted in significant (P less than 0.001) increases in body-weight gain from 292 to 696 g/d, fat gain from 121 to 260 g/d, protein gain from 31.1 to 86.9 g/d and energy retention from 5.5 to 12.2 MJ/d for silages L and H respectively. However, substitution of the late-cut silage with barley increased gains to a greater extent. Thus, empty-body gain was increased to 552 and 800 g/d, fat gain to 189 and 302 g/d, protein gain to 76 and 116 g/d and energy retention to 9.2 and 14.6 MJ/d for diets LC1 and LC2 respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3196673 TI - The effect of date of cut and barley substitution on gain and on the efficiency of utilization of grass silage by growing cattle. 2. Nutrient supply and energy partition. AB - 1. The effect of harvesting date of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on the nutritive value of the resultant silage and the effect of substitution of late cut silage with barley was examined in growing cattle. The diets comprised early cut (H) and late-cut (L) silage offered alone or with 280 (LC1) or 560 (LC2) g rolled barley/kg total dry matter (DM) substituted for late-cut silage. 2. Both silages were prepared with the addition of formic acid (850 milligram; 2.4 litres/t fresh weight) to a partially wilted crop, and were judged to be well fermented (pH 3.9, 3.8) with lactic acid contents of 108 and 73 g/kg DM, total nitrogen contents of 24.6 and 18.4 g/kg DM and ammonia-N contents of 121 and 124 g/kg total N (values for early- and late-cut silages respectively). 3. Two experiments were conducted to measure duodenal non-NH3-N (NAN) supply in relation to N intake on the four diets (feeding level 18 g DM/kg live weight (LW] and to examine the partition of the metabolizable energy (ME) supply from the four diets using open-circuit indirect calorimetry (three feeding levels, 14, 17 and 20 g DM/kg LW). The experiments were undertaken with eight and nine Friesian male castrates respectively with a mean starting weight of 300 kg and age 12 months. The animals used in Expt 1 had been previously fitted with cannulas into the dorsal rumen and the proximal duodenum. 4. NAN supply was significantly higher on diet H than all other diets which were similar irrespective of the level of barley inclusion. Mean ME contents (MJ/kg DM) of the two silages differed markedly (H 11.9, L 9.7) and barley addition (LC1 and LC2) restored values to 10.7 and 11.1 MJ/kg DM respectively. Estimated NAN absorption in relation to energy supply was significantly higher for diet H (1.47 g/MJ ME) than for all other diets (mean 1.25 g/MJ ME). 5. Partition of ME supply using conventional linear analysis indicated dietary differences with respect to estimated ME for maintenance (L greater than H, LC1 and LC2) and efficiency of utilization of ME supplied above maintenance (L greater than H, LC1 and LC2), but difficulties in biological interpretation of these findings led to the use of exponential curve analysis. This provided an improved description of the findings, and whilst dietary differences were apparent, none were statistically significant. It was concluded that a single exponential equation could be used satisfactorily to describe all values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3196674 TI - Protein metabolism in the rumen of silage-fed steers: effect of fishmeal supplementation. AB - 1. Ryegrass (Lolium perenne cv. Cropper) silage was given to four Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 172 kg) alone or with a fishmeal supplement (150 g fresh weight/kg silage dry matter (DM)) in a balanced two-period change-over design. The dietary components were the same as those used in a recent experiment by Gill et al. (1987). All diets were offered hourly at 24 g DM/kg LW. 2. Fishmeal supplementation increased dietary nitrogen intake (P less than 0.01) and significantly increased the flow of total N (P less than 0.01), non-ammonia N (NAN) (P less than 0.01) and amino acids (P less than 0.05) at the duodenum. The increased supply of NAN to the duodenum was due largely (67%) to increased flow of undergraded dietary protein. 3. Microbial protein production was estimated simultaneously with 15N, diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and a novel technique using L [4,5-3H]leucine. Estimates varied with the marker and source of microbial isolate but mean values indicated that microbial N flow was significantly increased by fishmeal supplementation (P less than 0.05). The use of L-[4,5-3H]leucine as a microbial marker is justified and its possible advantages over other markers are discussed. 4. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was significantly increased from 30.8 g N/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen (OMADR) to 54.3 g N/kg OMADR by fishmeal supplementation (P less than 0.01). However, this indicates that relatively high efficiencies can be achieved with unsupplemented high quality silage supplied continuously. Rumen degradable N (RDN) supply was significantly increased by fishmeal supplementation (P less than 0.05) but apparent efficiency of capture of RDN by rumen microbes was not significantly increased. 5. Attempts were made to investigate the source of N utilized by the microbes on the two diets by intrarumen infusions of (15NH4)2SO4 and L-[4,5-3H]leucine but these were confounded by rumen-mixing problems. Findings obtained suggest that a lower proportion of microbial N may have been derived from rumen ammonia when the silage was supplemented with fishmeal but no differences in the extent of direct incorporation of leucine into microbial protein were observed. This could indicate an increase in microbial peptide uptake on the fishmeal-supplemented diet. However, evidence was also obtained suggesting that the improvement in microbial protein synthetic efficiency with supplementary fishmeal was also due to the provision of a more continuous supply of nitrogenous substrates for microbial growth, as a result of hourly feeding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3196675 TI - Increased body-weight gain and body protein in castrated and adrenalectomized rats treated with clenbuterol. AB - 1. Daily injection of the beta 2-adrenergic agonist clenbuterol (1 mg/kg body weight) increased weight gain by 12% in young (35 d) male rats and by 18% in castrated rats, but had no effect on energy intake, expenditure or efficiency in either group. 2. Body fat content was not affected by clenbuterol or castration, but water and protein content were significantly increased by clenbuterol treatment in both intact and castrated rats. The ratio, body protein: fat was increased by 13 and 16% in these two groups compared with their respective, untreated controls. 3. Bilateral surgical adrenalectomy (ADX) of young (45 d) male rats significantly reduced body-weight, and energy intake, expenditure and efficiency. Carcass energy and fat contents were also reduced in ADX rats compared with age-matched controls. 4. Clenbuterol injections stimulated weight gain (% increase:intact 15, ADX 35), and increased body protein content (% increase:intact 12, ADX 8) and the ratio, carcass protein:fat (% increase:intact 34, ADX 23). 5. These findings demonstrate that the effects of clenbuterol on body-weight gain and composition in male rats occur in the absence of either gonadal or adrenal hormones. Together with other studies, these results provide further evidence to suggest that clenbuterol probably exerts its effects by a direct action on lean body mass. PMID- 3196676 TI - Estimation of the intake of milk by lambs, from the turnover of deuterium- or tritium-labelled water. AB - 1. The total water turnovers of grazing ewes and their lambs were estimated on days 9, 23, 44, 69 and 86 of lactation from the dilution of tritiated water injected into the dam and deuterium oxide injected into the offspring. The contribution of milk to the total water turnover of the lambs was estimated at the same times from the accumulation of tritium in their body water. 2. Mean total water turnover in the ewes was 6.5 titres/d over the entire period. In lambs, total turnover rose from 1459 ml/d at 9 d to 2791 ml/d at 86 d, and was closely related to live weight (r2 0.760, P less than 0.001). The corrections to total water turnover, which were required because of the increasing body water pool size of the lambs during each measurement period, fell from + 10.6% at 9 d to + 3.7% at 86 d. All corrections were significant (P less than 0.001). 3. The intake of water as milk fell throughout the study, from 1501 ml/d at 9 d to 471 ml/d at 86 d. Pool-size corrections were significant (P less than 0.001). Milk intakes calculated from these results were 1816, 1054, 862, 742 and 588 ml/d at 9, 23, 44, 69 and 86 d of lactation. The rapid decline in milk intake reflected undernutrition of the ewes in early lactation. 4. The level of live-weight gain in early lactation was closely related to, and at a level expected from, the estimated milk intakes. From comparisons of estimated milk intakes with published estimates, it is concluded that the combined use of deuterium oxide and tritiated water results in accurate estimates of milk intake by the lamb throughout the ewe's lactation. PMID- 3196677 TI - Time-course effects of protein malnutrition on hepatic fatty acids delta 6 and delta 5 desaturation in the growing rat. AB - 1. In growing rats, the time-course effects of giving a normal-protein diet (200 g casein/kg; NP) for 52 d, a low-protein diet (20 g casein/kg; LP) for 52 d and a LP diet for 26 d followed by balanced refeeding (200 g casein/kg; BR) for 26 d, on the fatty acid composition of liver total lipids and microsomal phospholipids were investigated together with delta 6- and delta 5-microsomal desaturase activities. 2. The oleic acid content (mg/g tissue) of liver total lipids increased progressively with the LP diet, while linoleic acid was increased only at days 7 and 52. 20:3 omega 6, 20:4 omega 6, 22:5 omega 6 and 22:6 omega 3 fatty acids decreased during the period on the LP diet. BR for 7 d was sufficient to restore the fatty acid composition of total lipids to control values. Changes in the fatty acid composition of liver microsomal L-alpha-phosphatidylcholines were observed only after 52 d on the LP diet; the proportions (% w/w total fatty acids) of 18:0, 20:3 omega 6 and 20:4 omega 6 fatty acids decreased while oleic acid increased. The fatty acid composition of L-alpha-phosphatidylethanolamines was less affected. 3. delta 6- and delta 5-desaturase activities decreased to 20 30% of their original values after 2 d on the LP diet; a smaller deficit prevailed after 14 d but disappeared after 25 d, to appear again after 52 d. As early as day 2 of BR, desaturase activities were greatly recovered and returned to control values at day 13. 4. The present work shows that modifications in microsomal delta 6- and delta 5-desaturase activities are not strictly paralleled by the changes in the composition of fatty acids of liver total lipids and microsomal phospholipids. PMID- 3196678 TI - Organometallic estrogens: synthesis, interaction with lamb uterine estrogen receptor, and detection by infrared spectroscopy. AB - As an integral part of the development of a new technique using organometallic markers for the detection of hormone receptors by FT-IR spectroscopy, a series of estradiol derivatives labeled with Cr(CO)3 or Cr(CO)2CS fragments on the A ring has been synthesized. The stereochemistry of one of these steroids, alpha-[3 (dimethyl-tert-butylsiloxy)-17 beta estradiol]dicarbonyl(thiocarbonyl)chromium(0), has been established by X-ray diffraction. The organochromium-labeled steroids are stable in aqueous methanol solution, and their relative binding affinities to estrogen receptor have been determined; these values vary from 0.4 to 28%. The complex exhibiting the strongest affinity, [3-O-(3-hydroxypropyl)-17 beta-estradiol]-chromium tricarbonyl complex, has been prepared in a tritiated form with a high specific activity (4.1 Ci/mmol). This tritiated hormone binds reversibly to the estradiol receptor in lamb uterine cytosol with an affinity (Kd = 0.85 nM) and number of binding sites (n = 770 fmol/mg of protein) close to the values observed for estradiol itself. The level of nonspecific binding is low, and the hormone is not bound significantly to other nontarget tissues. The observation that the binding affinity of the steroid depends on which side of the steroidal A ring the organometallic label is bound demonstrates the nonequivalence of the two sides of the A ring with respect to the receptor site. The FT-IR spectra of the organochromium markers in the v(CO) region can be used for the detection of the estradiol receptor in lamb uterine cytosol. PMID- 3196679 TI - Binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to synthetic peptides corresponding to residues 173 204 of the alpha subunit of Torpedo, calf, and human acetylcholine receptor and restoration of high-affinity binding by sodium dodecyl sulfate. AB - In order to investigate structure-function relationships of a segment of the acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit, binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to synthetic peptides corresponding to residues 173-204 of Torpedo, calf, and human alpha subunits was compared using a solid-phase radioassay. The affinities of 125I alpha-bungarotoxin for the calf and human peptides were 15- and 150-fold less, respectively, than for the Torpedo peptide. On the basis of nonconservative substitutions in the calf and human sequences, aromatic residues (Tyr-181, Trp 187, and Tyr-189) are important for the higher affinity binding of the Torpedo peptide. Substitution of negatively charged Glu-180 with uncharged Gln in the calf peptide did not significantly affect toxin binding, indicating Glu-180 alone does not comprise the anionic subsite on the receptor to which the cationic quaternary ammonium groups of cholinergic agents bind. d-Tubocurarine competed toxin binding to the modified calf 32-mer which lacks Glu-180 and Asp-195 present in Torpedo. Thus, the negative subsite could be formed by another negatively charged residue or by more than one amino acid side chain. It is possible that the positive charges on cholinergic ligands are countered by a negative electrostatic potential provided by polar groups, such as the hydroxyl group of tyrosine, present on several residues in this region, and the negative charges present on any of residues 175, 180, 195, or 200. Equilibrium saturation binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to Torpedo peptide 173-204 revealed a minor binding component with an apparent KD of 4.2 nM and a major component with a KD of 63 nM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196680 TI - The high molecular weight nerve growth factor complex from Mastomys natalensis differs from the murine nerve growth factor complex. AB - Both the male and the female of Mastomys natalensis, an African rat, have high levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) in their submaxillary glands. Mastomys high molecular weight (HMW) NGF was purified by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography and was compared with HMW NGF from the male mouse submaxillary gland. Mastomys HMW NGF sediments as a 5S species, does not exhibit esterase activity, and is more difficult to dissociate at acid pH than mouse 7S NGF. The biological activity could be isolated as a purified Mastomys beta NGF protein identical in size and charge with that purified from male mice. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the first 20 residues was determined and found to differ from that of mouse only at residue 8. Western blotting of Mastomys 5S NGF using antiserum against mouse beta NGF indicates that the beta NGF subunit of Mastomys is very similar to that of the mouse. Southern blots using a mouse kallikrein probe also demonstrate the presence of a large kallikrein family in Mastomys similar to that in mouse, and Northern blots verify transcription of kallikreins in Mastomys submaxillary gland. SDS-PAGE and isoelectric focusing gels reveal a Mastomys subunit that comigrates with mouse alpha subunit. However, neither oligonucleotide probes directed against mouse alpha subunit RNA nor antibodies directed against mouse alpha NGF cross-react strongly with the Mastomys material. This indicates that the second subunit of the Mastomys complex is not very similar to the mouse alpha subunit. PMID- 3196681 TI - Purification and properties of mitochondrial uracil-DNA glycosylase from rat liver. AB - Uracil-DNA glycosylase from rat liver mitochondria, an inner membrane protein, has been purified approximately 575,000-fold to apparent homogeneity. During purification two distinct activity peaks, designated form I and form II, were resolved by phosphocellulose chromatography. Form I constituted approximately 85% while form II was approximately 15% of the total activity; no interconversion between the forms was observed. The major form was purified as a basic protein with an isoelectric point of 10.3. This enzyme consists of a single polypeptide with an apparent Mr of 24,000 as determined by recovering glycosylase activity from a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. A native Mr of 29,000 was determined by glycerol gradient sedimentation. The purified enzyme had no detectable exonuclease, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, DNA polymerase, or hydroxymethyluracil-DNA glycosylase activity. A 2-fold preference for single stranded uracil-DNA over a duplex substrate was observed. The apparent Km for uracil residues in DNA was 1.1 microM, and the turnover number is about 1000 uracil residues released per minute. Both free uracil and apyrimidinic sites inhibited glycosylase activity with Ki values of approximately 600 microM and 1.2 microM, respectively. Other uracil analogues including 5-(hydroxymethyl)uracil, 5 fluorouracil, 5-aminouracil, 6-azauracil, and 2-thiouracil or analogues of apyrimidinic sites such as deoxyribose and deoxyribose 5'-phosphate did not inhibit activity. Both form I and form II had virtually identical kinetic properties, and the catalytic fingerprints (specificity for uracil residues located in a defined nucleotide sequence) obtained on a 152-nucleotide restriction fragment of M13mp2 uracil-DNA were almost identical. These properties differentiated the mitochondrial enzyme from that of the uracil-DNA glycosylase purified from nuclei of the same source. PMID- 3196682 TI - Anion binding to neutral and positively charged lipid membranes. AB - Aqueous anion binding to bilayer membranes consisting of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) was investigated by using deuterium and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Only those anions that exhibit chaotropic properties showed significant binding to POPC membranes. A detailed investigation of thiocyanate binding to neutral POPC and to positively charged mixed POPC/dihexadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DHDMAB) (8:2 mol/mol) membranes revealed changes in the 2H NMR quadrupole splittings from POPC specifically deuteriated at either the alpha-segment or the beta-segment of the choline head group which were consistent with a progressive accumulation of excess negative charge at the membrane surface with increasing SCN- concentration. Both the 2H and 31P NMR spectra indicated the presence of fluid lipids in a bilayer configuration up to at least 1.0 M NaSCN with no indication of any phase separation of lipid domains. Calibration of the relationship between the change in the 2H NMR quadrupole splitting and the amount of SCN- binding provided thiocyanate binding isotherms. At a given SCN- concentration the positively charged membranes bound levels of SCN- 3 times that of the neutral membranes. The binding isotherms were analyzed by considering both the electrostatic and the chemical equilibrium contributions to SCN- binding. Electrostatic considerations were accounted for by using the Gouy-Chapman theory. For 100% POPC membranes as well as for mixed POPC/DHDMAB (8:2 mol/mol) membranes the thiocyanate binding up to concentrations of 100 mM was characterized by a partition equilibrium with an association constant of K approximately 1.4 +/- 0.3 M-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196684 TI - Structural analysis of the specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 45 (American type 72). AB - The specific capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 45 (American type 72) was found to be a high molecular weight polymer composed of D galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose, 2 acetamido-2-deoxy-L-fucose, L-rhamnose, glycerol, and phosphate (2:1:1:1:1:1:1). Partial hydrolysis, dephosphorylation, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation studies, and one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C high-field nuclear magnetic resonance experiments showed the polysaccharide to be a branched polymer of a 1 phosphoglycerol-substituted hexasaccharide repeating unit having the structure: (formula; see text). PMID- 3196683 TI - Solubilization and physical characterization of acceptors for dendrotoxin and beta-bungarotoxin from synaptic membranes of rat brain. AB - Dendrotoxin (DTX), an Mr 7000 convulsant polypeptide from the venom of Dendroaspis angusticeps, or its facilitatory homologues act through blockade of certain voltage-sensitive K+ currents in a variety of neurons. High-affinity acceptors for DTX have been demonstrated in synaptic plasma membranes of rat or chick brain, and a fraction of these avidly bind beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BuTX), a presynaptically active protein whose lighter B polypeptide is homologous to this toxin. Extraction of rat synaptic plasma membranes using Triton X-100 in K+ containing buffer yielded binding sites with KD values of approximately 0.5 and 0.7 nM for 125I-labeled DTX and beta-BuTX, respectively. The content of high affinity sites obtained for beta-BuTX, including the contribution of a lower affinity component, approximates to the Bmax (approximately 1.3 pmol/mg of protein) obtained for the apparent single set of DTX acceptors. On solubilization, the pharmacological specificity of the acceptor for neurotoxic DTX congeners was retained. 125I-beta-BuTX binding (2.1 nM) was blocked efficaciously by DTX (IC50 = 1.6 nM) while the binding of 2.1 nM 125I-DTX was inhibited completely by beta-BuTX (IC50 = 25 nM); the lower potency of the latter could relate to the noncompetitive nature of the mutual competition and to the presence of high- and low-affinity sites for beta-BuTX. On gel filtration, or sedimentation analysis in H2O/sucrose and 2H2O/sucrose gradients, one peak of DTX binding activity was observed, and this was inhibitable by beta-BuTX. From the hydrodynamic properties of the acceptor/detergent/lipid complex (s20,w = 13.2 S; Stokes radius = 8.6 nm), a molecular weight of 405,000-465,000 was estimated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196685 TI - Quantitative analysis of linkage in macromolecules when one ligand is present in limited total quantity. AB - We present a general framework for analysis of two closely related problems in biochemical studies: (1) The first is analysis of binding data obtained under conditions in which a second, linked ligand is present in limited total quantity. In such conditions the free activity of the second ligand varies throughout the primary ligand binding curve, and the resultant behavior can be quite complex. Analysis of such curves enables one to quantitatively extract detailed information regarding the linkage of the two ligands at intermediate stages of ligation. The treatment is applied in an accompanying paper to oxygen binding in human hemoglobin in the presence of organic phosphates [Robert, C.H., Fall, L., & Gill, S. J. (1988) Biochemistry (following paper in this issue)]. (2) The second treatment we outline regards the analogous problem of analyzing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data obtained for a macromolecule binding a ligand present in limited quantity. A simple model is presented that accounts for dual transitions like those already seen in DSC data for human serum albumin in the presence of nonsaturating amounts of fatty acids [Ross, P., & Shrake, A. (1987) Abstracts of the 42nd Calorimetry Conference, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO]. PMID- 3196686 TI - Linkage of organic phosphates to oxygen binding in human hemoglobin at high concentrations. AB - We have performed high-precision oxygen binding studies on human hemoglobin tetramers in the presence of a series of limited, subsaturating amounts of the effector compounds 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) and inositol hexaphosphate (IHP). The use of thin-layer optical methods enabled the use of high hemoglobin concentrations, preventing complications arising from the dissociation of the tetramer into dimers. Model-independent, simultaneous analysis of all data for each effector demonstrated that the intrinsic oxygen binding characteristics of the molecule are in agreement with those determined in earlier high-precision studies [e.g., Gill, S. J., Di Cera, E., Doyle, M. L., Bishop, G. A., & Robert, C. H. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 3995-4002] and that the affinity of the tetramer for the tightly binding effector IHP changes most markedly between the second and fourth oxygen binding steps, perhaps indicating a large conformational change. The data were then analyzed by using the truncated allosteric model [Di Cera, E., Robert, C. H., & Gill, S. J. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 4003-4008], which is based on the hypothesis that a quaternary conformational change occurs in the hemoglobin tetramer before the third and fourth oxygen molecules bind. PMID- 3196687 TI - The physical properties of glycosyldiacylglycerols. Calorimetric studies of a homologous series of 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerols. AB - The polymorphic phase behavior of aqueous dispersions of a homologous series of 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerols was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. At fast heating rates, unannealed samples of these lipids exhibit a strongly energetic, lower temperature transition, which is followed by a weakly energetic, higher temperature transition. X-ray diffraction studies have enabled the assignments of these events to a lamellar gel/liquid crystalline (chain-melting) phase transition and a bilayer/nonbilayer phase transition, respectively. Whereas the values for both the temperature and enthalpy of the chain-melting phase transition increase with increasing acyl chain length, those of the bilayer/nonbilayer phase transition show almost no chain-length dependence. However, the nature of the bilayer/nonbilayer transition is affected by the length of the acyl chain. The shorter chain compounds form a nonbilayer 2-D monoclinic phase at high temperature whereas the longer chain compounds from a true inverted hexagonal (HII) phase. Our studies also show that the gel phase that is initially formed on cooling of these lipids is metastable with respect to a more stable gel phase and that prolonged annealing results in a slow conversion to the more stable phase after initial nucleation by incubation at appropriate low temperatures. The formation of these stable gel phases is shown to be markedly dependent upon the length of the acyl chains and whether they contain an odd or an even number of carbon atoms. There is also evidence to suggest that, in the case of the shorter chain compounds at least, the process may proceed via another gel-phase intermediate. In annealed samples of the shorter chain compounds, the stable gel phase converts directly to the L alpha phase upon heating, whereas annealed samples of the longer chain glycolipids convert to a metastable gel phase prior the chain melging.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196688 TI - Covalent immobilization of proteins for high-sensitivity sequence analysis: electroblotting onto chemically activated glass from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. AB - We report a new method for the preparation of proteins in a form suitable for high-sensitivity N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. Proteins separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were electrophoretically transferred onto glass fiber filter paper chemically activated by the introduction of phenyl isothiocyanate functional groups. The proteins became covalently coupled to the matrix during the electrotransfer process. Bands containing transferred proteins were detected by fluorescent staining or autoradiography, cut out from the glass fiber filter, and directly loaded into the cartridge of a gas-phase sequenator. The covalent nature of the interactions between protein and glass fiber support permitted the use of more vigorous solid-phase sequencing protocols and of alternative sequencing reagents. This high-efficiency isolation and covalent coupling method provides the essential first step toward enhanced-sensitivity protein sequence analysis. The method has been successfully applied to the isolation of a wide variety of proteins from SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and was shown to be compatible with both the standard Edman reagent phenyl isothiocyanate and alternative sequencing reagents such as 4-(N,N'-dimethylamino)azobenzene-4' isothiocyanate (DABITC). PMID- 3196689 TI - Extended N-terminal sequencing of proteins of archaebacterial ribosomes blotted from two-dimensional gels onto glass fiber and poly(vinylidene difluoride) membrane. AB - Previously uncharacterized proteins from intact ribosomes and ribosomal subunits of the extreme halophile Halobacterium marismortui (Haloarcula marismortui) were isolated and separated by high-resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). N-Terminal amino acid sequences of 14 of these acidic large-subunit proteins were obtained by direct blotting of the separated proteins from two-dimensional electrophoresis gels to sequencer-stable supports followed by excision of the protein spots and sequencing. Furthermore, long internal sequences were obtained by in situ enzymatic cleavage of halobacterial proteins in gel pieces obtained from two-dimensional gels followed by electrophoretic separation of the fragments, blotting, and sequencing. Precautions are outlined for avoidance of N terminal blockage of proteins, and the preparation and selection of suitable supports for obtaining extended N-terminal sequences are described. The results suggest that when prior fractionation is carried out to enrich for cell organelles, subcellular components of cells, or cell membranes, it is routinely possible to obtain numerous N-terminal sequences from one or a few 2DE gels of such fractions. Our results also indicate that, with appropriate precautions, proteins are routinely obtainable from 2DE gels in a form suitable for both N terminal and internal sequence determination and show no detectable evidence for N-terminal blockage or destruction or modification of labile amino acid residues. PMID- 3196690 TI - Nested allosteric interaction in tarantula hemocyanin revealed through the binding of oxygen and carbon monoxide. AB - We have examined the competitive binding of oxygen and carbon monoxide to the multisubunit hemocyanin of the tarantula Eurypelma californicum. Employment of high-precision thin-layer methods has enabled detailed characterization of the pure oxygen and pure carbon monoxide binding curves, as well as binding curves performed under mixed-gas conditions. The pure oxygen binding curve and the displacement of oxygen by carbon monoxide at full ligand saturation are highly cooperative, but in the absence of oxygen, carbon monoxide binds noncooperatively. The results were analyzed globally within the framework of a nested allosteric model [Robert, C.H., Decker, H., Richey, B., Gill, S.J., & Wyman, J. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84, 1891-1895] which takes into account the hierarchy of subunit structure present in the macromolecule. The use of two ligands enables one to recognize two distinct levels of allosteric interaction functioning in the protein assembly. The binding characteristics of the allosteric states demonstrated for Eurypelma follow a similar pattern as those found earlier for Homarus americanus. PMID- 3196691 TI - Structural organization of the multienzyme complex of mammalian aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. AB - The multienzyme complexes of mammalian aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases were purified from rat liver, rabbit liver, and rabbit reticulocytes according to the procedure slightly modified from Kellermann et al. [Kellermann, O., Brevet, A., Tonetti, H., & Waller, J.-P. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 99, 541-550]. Three forms of the synthetase complex with slightly different protein compositions were identified, suggesting a microheterogeneity of the synthetase complex. The hydrodynamic properties and the protein composition of the purified complexes were determined. The electron micrographs of the complex showed mostly amorphous particles and some hollow rings with an outer diameter of 164 A and an inner diameter of 42 A. The predicted hydrodynamic properties of several models of the complex were calculated. The properties of a ring model appear to best fit with those of the synthetase complex. PMID- 3196692 TI - Characterization of cDNAs, mRNAs, and proteins related to human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase. AB - A cytochrome P-450 (P-450) multigene family codes for several related human liver enzymes, including the P-450 responsible for (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation. This enzyme activity has previously been shown to be associated with a genetic polymorphism. Genomic (Southern) blot analysis using non-overlapping 5' and 3' portions of a cDNA clone suggests that approximately seven related sequences are present in this gene family. In this study four cDNA clones, all nearly full length, were isolated from a bacteriophage lambda gt11 library prepared from a single human liver. These clones can be grouped into two categories that are approximately 85% identical at the level of DNA sequence. The cDNA clones in one category (MP-4, MP-8) both match the N-terminal sequences of the P-450MP-1 and P 450MP-2 proteins, which had previously been shown to be catalytically active in (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation. These two cDNAs, MP-4 and MP-8, differ in only two bases in the coding region but are quite distinct in their 3' noncoding regions. Another protein (P-450MP-3) was isolated on the basis of its immunochemical similarity to P-450MP-1 but was found to be catalytically inactive; amino acid sequencing of tryptic peptides of P-450MP-3 showed a correspondence to the second category of cDNA clones (MP-12, MP-20), which differ from each other in only four (nonsilent) base changes. Oligonucleotides specific for the two groups of cDNA clones were used as probes of human liver mRNAs- individual liver samples examined expressed both types of mRNAs but no correlation was observed between the abundance levels of any mRNA and catalytic activity. Further, oligonucleotide probes indicated that mRNAs corresponding to both the MP-4 and MP-8 clones were apparently present in individual liver samples. A monoclonal antibody was isolated that recognized P-450MP-1 but not P 450MP-2 or P-450MP-3; the amount of protein detected by the antibody in different liver samples was not correlated with the mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase activity. These results indicate that several closely related P-450 genes are all expressed in individual human livers. The MP-4/MP-8 gene products are proposed to be the ones most likely involved in mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylation, and much of the variation in catalytic activity among individuals is not a result of differences in levels of P-450MP-1 or mRNA but may be due to base differences in the structural gene(s). PMID- 3196693 TI - Comparison of the B- and Z-form hairpin loop structures formed by d(CG)5T4(CG)5. AB - The partially self-complementary synthetic DNA oligonucleotide d(CG)5T4(CG)5 has been studied by using 1H and 31P NMR and circular dichroism. Results show that, under low-salt conditions (120 mM NaCl buffer), an intramolecular hairpin loop exists in which the double-helical stem region is B-form and the thymidine loop residues have predominantly southern (C2'-endo) sugar conformations. The thymidine glycosidic torsion angles are intermediate between syn and anti or exist as an equilibrium mixture of residues in the two extremes. NOESY data indicate that the structure of the loop region is very similar to that found for d(CG)2T4(CG)2 [Hare, D. R., & Reid, B. R. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 5341-5350]. Under high-salt conditions (6 M NaClO4 buffer), the dominant form (approximately equal to 85%) is an intramolecular hairpin structure in which the stem region forms a Z-form double helix. As in the B-form, the loop thymidine residues are intermediate between the syn and anti conformations or exist as an equilibrium mixture of the two, but the thymidine sugar conformations differ in that they are biased toward northern (C3'-endo) conformations. PMID- 3196694 TI - Phased psoralen cross-links do not bend the DNA double helix. AB - Although the chemical reaction of psoralens with nucleic acids is well understood, the structure of psoralen-DNA cross-linked products is still not clear. Model building studies base on the crystal structure of the psoralen thymine monoadduct suggest that each cross-link bends the DNA double helix by 46.5 degrees [Pearlman, D. A., Holbrook, S. R., Pirkle, D. H., & Kim, S.-H. (1985) Science (Washington, D.C.) 227, 1304-1308]. On the other hand, Sinden and Hagerman [Sinden, R. R., & Hagerman, P. J. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 6299-6303] find that, in solution, psoralen cross-linked DNA is not bent. Here we use gel electrophoresis to test the validity of the current models. We have synthesized a series of DNA fragments (21-24 base pairs in length), each containing one unique T-A site for 4'-(hydroxymethyl)-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (HMT) cross-linking. Because of an estimated 28 degrees unwinding of the helix by HMT [Wiesehahn, G., & Hearst, J. E. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 2703-2707], one expects that the 22-bp cross-linked fragment will be repeated nearly in phase with the average helical screw when multimerized. In that sequence ligation will maximally amplify any deformation to the double helix. We find that the ligated multimers of cross-linked DNA migrate close to the multimers of non-cross-linked DNA on polyacrylamide gels. Our observations place an upper limit of 10 degrees on DNA bending induced by psoralen cross-linking and indicate unwinding by about 1 bp, as well as stiffening of the double helix. These properties are not unexpected for classical intercalators. PMID- 3196695 TI - Synthesis and properties of novel psoralen derivatives. AB - We have synthesized a set of new trimethylpsoralen derivatives that are characterized by a chain extending from the 4'-position of the furan ring and linked to this ring by an aminomethylene group. The nature of the side chain can be varied widely. In these derivatives, the chains contain either amino or ethylene oxide units for enhanced water solubility and allow the introduction of a thiol or amine group to nucleic acids. These compounds represent the first set of thiolated psoralen derivatives, and their usefulness is demonstrated in several nucleic acid cross-linking experiments. The reagents can be used to create both intraduplex reversible cross-links between the two single-strand partners in a DNA double helix and interduplex reversible cross-links between two DNA double helices. PMID- 3196696 TI - Cross-linking of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin subunits: labeling of cysteine 98 of troponin C with 4-maleimidobenzophenone and analysis of products formed in the binary complex with troponin T and the ternary complex with troponins I and T. AB - The sulfhydryl-specific, heterobifunctional, photoactivatable cross-linker 4 maleimidobenzophenone (BPMal) was used to study the interaction of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin subunits TnC, TnT, and TnI. TnC was labeled at Cys-98 by the maleimide moiety of BPMal and then mixed with either TnT alone or TnI plus TnT, in the presence of Ca2+. Upon photolysis, TnI and/or TnT formed covalent cross-links with TnC. The cross-linked TnC-TnT heterodimer obtained from the binary complex was digested into progressively smaller cross-linked peptides that were purified by HPLC and then characterized by amino acid analysis and sequencing. An initial cross-linked CNBr fraction contained the expected peptide CB9 (residues 84-135) of TnC, plus CNBr peptides spanning residues 152-230 of TnT. Results from a peptic digest of the CNBr cross-linked fraction permitted the identification of residues 159-197 as the most highly cross-linked region in TnT. A final subtilisin digest yielded a heterogeneous cross-linked fraction, which suggested that an especially high degree of cross-links was formed in the vicinity of residues 175-178 (Met-Lys-Lys-Lys) of TnT. Although this region of TnT had previously been implicated in binding, we show here for the first time that it is close to Cys-98 of TnC. In an analogous study on the binary complex of TnC and TnI [Leszyk, J., Collins, J. H., Leavis, P. C., & Tao, T. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 7042-7047], we previously showed that Cys-98 of TnC was cross linked mainly to CN4, the "inhibitory region", of TnI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196697 TI - Rate of binding of tropomyosin to actin filaments. AB - The decrease of the rate of actin polymerization by tropomyosin molecules which bind near the ends of actin filaments was analyzed in terms of the rate of binding of tropomyosin to actin filaments. Monomeric actin was polymerized onto actin filaments in the presence of various concentrations of tropomyosin. At high concentrations of monomeric actin (c1) and low tropomyosin concentrations (ct) (c1/ct greater than 10), actin polymerization was not retarded by tropomyosin because actin polymerization was faster than binding of tropomyosin to actin filaments. At low actin concentrations and high tropomyosin concentrations (c1/ct less than 5), the rate of elongation of actin filaments was decreased because actin polymerization was slower than binding of tropomyosin at the ends of actin filaments. The results were quantitatively analyzed by a model in which it was assumed that actin-bound tropomyosin molecules which extend beyond the ends of actin filaments retard association of actin monomers with filament ends. Under the experimental conditions (100 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, pH 7.5, 25 degrees C), the rate constant for binding of tropomyosin to actin filaments turned out to be about 2.5 X 10(6) to 4 X 10(6) M-1 S-1. PMID- 3196698 TI - Comparison of the structure and dynamics of chicken gizzard and rabbit cardiac tropomyosins: 1H NMR spectroscopy and measurement of amide hydrogen exchange rates. AB - The side chain and backbone mobilities of chicken gizzard tropomyosin (TM) and its nonpolymerizable derivative have been investigated by H NMR spectroscopy and amide hydrogen exchange kinetics and compared to those of rabbit cardiac TM and its nonpolymerizable derivative. Analysis of the 300-MHz H NMR spectra of native chicken gizzard and rabbit cardiac TMs and their nonpolymerizable derivatives showed that the line widths of the aromatic and histidine residues were within a factor of 2 for all four proteins, demonstrating that the side chain mobility of these residues is similar in the different TMs. Direct proton exchange-out kinetics were determined in D2O in the pD range 1.5-3.0 at 25 degrees C by H NMR spectroscopy. Multiple exponential fitting of the exchange data indicated the presence in gizzard TM of at least three kinetically distinct classes of amide hydrogens at pD 1.7 with average population sizes of 147, 74, and 61, whose rates were retarded by a factor of 10, 10(3), and 10(5), respectively, relative to the random-coil peptide poly(DL-alanine). Measurement of the direct exchange kinetics of both rabbit cardiac and nonpolymerizable gizzard TMs showed that their rate constants and population sizes were within experimental error of those for the gizzard protein, except that the fast exchanging class for cardiac TM was increased in size while that of the nonpolymerizable gizzard TM was reduced, relative to that for gizzard TM. Comparison of the exchange-out kinetics for the cardiac and gizzard proteins at pH 2.0 and 55 degrees C, where only the two slowly exchanging amide hydrogen sets are measured, again demonstrated the similarity of their kinetic parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196700 TI - Characterization and location of divalent cation binding sites in bovine glial fibrillary acidic protein. AB - In our previous work [Yang, Z. W., & Babitch, J. A. (1988) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)] divalent cations were found to be more effective promoters of astroglial filament formation than were monovalent cations. To determine if one or more divalent cation binding sites were the basis for this difference, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was attached to nitrocellulose membranes and bathed in 1 microM 45CaCl2 in 60 mM KCl, 0.5 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM imidazole hydrochloride, pH 7.4. After removal of unbound 45Ca2+, GFAP was observed to bind calcium. Flow dialysis experiments showed that GFAP, dissolved in 2 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, contained three classes of binding sites and 0.61 +/- 0.08 (SD), 1.7 +/- 0.4, and 4.6 +/- 0.2 sites per GFAP molecule with dissociation constants of 0.66 +/- 0.01 microM, 6.6 +/- 0.3 microM, and 44 +/- 1 microM, respectively. After addition of 0.5 mM MgSO4 to the flow dialysis solution, the high- and low-affinity sites were not observed while the remaining sites (1.95 +/ 0.15 per GFAP molecule) had a Kd = 2.16 +/- 0.25 microM. This showed that the high- and low-affinity sites are "Ca2+-Mg2+" sites while sites with intermediate affinity are calcium specific. To locate the calcium-binding regions, GFAP peptides were examined for calcium binding by calcium-45 autoradiography. The calcium-specific binding areas were localized in coil I. Computer-assisted analysis of the GFAP sequence revealed several EF-hand-like areas which could be the calcium binding sites. We conclude that divalent cations may play both structural and regulatory roles in astroglial intermediate filaments. PMID- 3196699 TI - Factors modulating filament formation by bovine glial fibrillary acidic protein, the intermediate filament component of astroglial cells. AB - Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is soluble in low ionic strength solutions but shows a strong tendency toward assembly with increasing ionic strength as revealed by electron microscopy and turbidity measurements. Increasing K+, Na+, and Li+ concentrations cause an increase followed by a decrease in GFAP turbidity with a maximum at 200 mM, but their effects are much weaker than effects of divalent cations at the same ionic strength. Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ba2+ promote assembly at millimolar concentrations, and 10 microM Cu2+ causes rapid aggregation. The critical concentration for GFAP assembly was 0.08 +/- 0.04 mg/mL in 2 mM Tris-HCl, 60 mM KCl, and 1 mM CaCl2, pH 6.8. The Mr 38,000 rod domain of GFAP obtained by limited chymotryptic digestion is more soluble in 100 mM imidazole hydrochloride buffer, pH 6.8, than the intact molecule, and removal of the end pieces greatly reduces the ability of GFAP to form filaments. BNPS skatole (2-[(2-nitrophenyl)sulfenyl]-3-methyl-3-bromoindolenine) treatment releases a Mr 30,000 N-terminus and a Mr 20,000 C-terminus. The Mr 30,000 polypeptide shows a higher affinity than the Mr 20,000 fragment for intact GFAP. Arginine and lysine at low concentrations slightly accelerate GFAP assembly, but above 100 mM both amino acids inhibit assembly. ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP do not show significant effects on GFAP assembly. Dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase slightly reduces the assembly ability of GFAP, but phosphatase treated GFAP still is assembly competent. PMID- 3196701 TI - Reaction of hematin with allylic fatty acid hydroperoxides: identification of products and implications for pathways of hydroperoxide-dependent epoxidation of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene. AB - Reaction of 10-hydroperoxyoctadec-8-enoic acid (10-OOH-18:1) (50 microM) with hematin (0.5 microM) in sodium phosphate buffer containing Tween 20 (200 microM) generates 10-oxooctadec-8-enoic acid, 10-oxodec-8-enoic acid (10-oxo-10:1), and 10-hydroxyoctadec-8-enoic acid in relative yields of 79, 4, and 17%, respectively. The product profile and relative distribution are unaffected by 1 mM butylated hydroxyanisole. Approximately 5% of the hydroperoxide isomerizes from the 10- to the 8-position. 10-Oxo-10:1 most likely arises via beta-scission of an intermediate alkoxyl radical to the aldehyde and the n-octyl radical. To test this, 10-hydroperoxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoic acid was reacted with hematin under identical conditions. 10-Oxooctadeca-8,12-dienoic acid, 10-oxodec-8-enoic acid, and 10-hydroxyoctadeca-8,12-dienoic acid are formed in relative yields of 50, 45, and 5%, respectively. The product ratios are constant with time and hydroperoxide to catalyst ratio and unaffected by inclusion of phenolic antioxidants. The higher yield of 10-oxo-10:1 from 10-OOH-18:2 compared to 10-OOH 18:1 is due to the higher rate of beta-scission of the intermediate alkoxyl radical from the former to the resonance-stabilized octenyl radical. Two products of reaction of the 2-octenyl radical with O2, octenal and octenol, were detected in 10% yield relative to 10-oxo-10:1. Inclusion of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8 dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP-7,8-diol) led to epoxidation by both 10-OOH-18:1 and 10 OOH-18:2. Studies with isotopically labeled hydroperoxide or O2 indicated approximately 65% of the epoxide oxygen was derived from O2 and 35% from hydroperoxide oxygen, consistent with the involvement of peroxyl free radicals as the oxidizing agents. The available evidence indicates that hematin reduces the fatty acid hydroperoxides homolytically to alkoxyl radicals that are oxidized to ketones, reduced to alcohols, or undergo beta-scission to aldehydes. Carbon radicals generated during these reactions couple to O2, generating peroxyl free radicals that epoxidize BP-7,8-diol. The smaller percentage of epoxidation that results from hydroperoxide oxygen may arise from oxidation of the hydroperoxide group to peroxyl radicals or from heterolytic cleavage of the hydroperoxide to alcohol and an iron-oxo complex. PMID- 3196702 TI - Isolation and identification of seven metabolites of 25 hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 formed in the isolated perfused rat kidney: a model for the study of side-chain metabolism of vitamin D. AB - The in vivo metabolism of dihydrotachysterol3, an analogue of vitamin D3 and a potent calcemic factor, has been studied in the rat. This in vivo metabolism is compared to the in vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 in the perfused rat kidney. Using mass spectrometry and ultraviolet spectroscopy, we have identified seven novel metabolites derived from 25 hydroxydihydrotachysterol3. The seven compounds represent intermediates on two renal pathways (24-oxidation and 26,23-lactone formation) also observed for 25 hydroxyvitamin D3. No evidence was found for the renal synthesis of a 1 hydroxylated metabolite of 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol3 analogous to the hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Two of the compounds formed in vitro, 24,25 dihydroxydihydrotachysterol3 and 25-hydroxydihydrotachysterol 26,23-lactone, were also formed in vivo. In vivo studies also revealed the formation of two other unidentified metabolites which are presumed to be formed nonrenally and may be calcemic factors. This work shows that dihydrotachysterol3 metabolism is complex and probably utilizes the same side-chain enzymes as vitamin D3. In addition, our work also confirms that intermediates postulated to lie on pathways to 26,23 lactone in the vitamin D3 series are also formed for the side chain in dihydrotachysterol3. PMID- 3196703 TI - Phylogenetic specificity of cholinergic ligands: alpha-conotoxin SI. AB - The alpha-conotoxins are small peptide neurotoxins from the venom of fish-hunting cone snails which block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We describe the purification, characterization, and chemical synthesis of a new alpha conotoxin from Conus striatus, alpha-conotoxin SI. In contrast to other AChR ligands, alpha-SI discriminates between different vertebrate nAChRs. The sequence of alpha-conotoxin SI is Ile-Cys-Cys-Asn-Pro5-Ala-Cys-Gly-Pro-Lys10-Tyr-Ser-Cys NH2. This sequence was confirmed by chemical synthesis. A des-Ile-alpha-SI derivative was also synthesized and is biologically active. Although alpha conotoxin SI is highly homologous to previously described alpha-conotoxins, it has one noteworthy sequence feature which may account for its novel biological specificity. In all other alpha-conotoxins, there is a positively charged amino acid at residue 9; in alpha-conotoxin SI, this is replaced by proline. The discovery that different alpha-conotoxins can vary by orders of magnitude in their apparent affinity for different vertebrate receptors demonstrates that alpha-conotoxins will be useful probes for investigating phylogenetic differences between vertebrate nAChRs. PMID- 3196704 TI - Anion-binding exosite of human alpha-thrombin and fibrin(ogen) recognition. AB - Activation of prothrombin to alpha-thrombin generates not only the catalytic site and associated regions but also an independent site (an exosite) which binds anionic substances, such as Amberlite CG-50 resin [cross-linked poly(methylacrylic acid)]. Like human alpha-thrombin with high fibrinogen clotting activity (peak elution at I = 0.40 +/- 0.01 M, pH 7.4, approximately 23 degrees C), catalytically inactivated forms (e.g., i-Pr2P-alpha- and D-Phe-Pro Arg-CH2-alpha-thrombins) were eluted with only slightly lower salt concentrations (I = 0.36-0.39 M), while gamma-thrombin with very low clotting activity was eluted with much lower concentrations (I = 0.29 M) and the hirudin complex of alpha-thrombin was not retained by the resin. In a similar manner, hirudin complexes of alpha-, i-Pr2P-alpha-, and gamma-thrombin were not retained by nonpolymerized fibrin-agarose resin. Moreover, the ionic strengths for the elution from the CG-50 resin of seven thrombin forms were directly correlated with those from the fibrin resin (y = 0.15 + 0.96x, r = 0.95). In other experiments, the 17 through 27 synthetic peptide of the human fibrinogen A alpha chain was not an inhibitor of alpha-thrombin, while the NH2-terminal disulfide knot (NDSK) fragment was a simple competitive inhibitor of alpha-thrombin with a Ki approximately 3 microM (0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.3, approximately 23 degrees C). These data suggest that alpha-thrombin recognizes fibrin(ogen) by a negatively charged surface, noncontiguous with the A alpha cleavage site but found within the NDSK fragment. Such interaction involving an anion-binding exosite may explain the exceptional specificity of alpha-thrombin for the A alpha cleavage in fibrinogen and alpha-thrombin incorporation into fibrin clots. PMID- 3196705 TI - A calorimetric analysis of human plasma fibronectin: effects of heparin binding on domain structure. AB - Fibronectin domain structure, as influenced by interaction with heparin, calcium, or chondroitin sulfate C, was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. A complex thermal denaturation transition was observed with a large sharp endotherm at 63 degrees C, a broad endotherm between 70 and 80 degrees C, and an exotherm at 80-90 degrees C. Analysis of the denaturation profiles revealed the existence of four thermal transitions, 59.1, 62.2, 67.3, and 74.3 degrees C, and an exotherm at 83.9 degrees C. The calorimetric enthalpies of the four endotherms are 1146 +/- 259, 866 +/- 175, 1010 +/- 361, and 676 +/- 200 kcal/mol, respectively. In all cases, the calorimetric to van't Hoff enthalpy ratio was greater than 1.0. Computer analysis of the primary structure of fibronectin revealed 29 +/- 8% homology among the type I homology units and 28 +/- 7% homology among type III homology units, suggesting that different structural domains could arise from the same homology type. This may explain why more thermal transitions are observed for fibronectin than there are homology types. Addition of heparin to fibronectin in varying molar ratios, i.e., 10:1 to 30:1, resulted in a larger calorimetric enthalpy for the first type of structural domain (Tm = 59.1 degrees C) of fibronectin. At higher heparin to fibronectin ratios (40:1 or 75:1), the enthalpy of this domain decreased, while the others remained unchanged. In the presence of 5 mM calcium chloride, fibronectin thermal denaturation occurred at lower temperatures and was associated with precipitation of fibronectin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196706 TI - Complete sequence and organization of the murine beta-glucuronidase gene. AB - The murine beta-glucuronidase structural gene (Gus-s) has been isolated from a BALB/cJ sperm DNA bacteriophage library and its nucleotide sequence established. The gene is organized into 12 exons comprising 17.5% of the 14,009 base pair (bp) region spanning the interval between transcription initiation and the putative site of polyadenylation. A TATA box sequence, embedded within a GC-rich region, is found 28 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site. Eleven members of the B1 family and eight members of the B2 family of murine repetitive elements were identified within Gus-s and 2440 bp of flanking sequence. Other novel sequences found within Gus-s, including a (AC)19 homocopolymer tract within intron 3 and a 23 base pair complex direct repeat within intron 9, are presented and discussed. PMID- 3196707 TI - Comparative structures of the apopolysialoglycoproteins from unfertilized and fertilized eggs of salmonid fishes. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of the major polysialoglycoproteins (PSGPs) from two genera of salmonid fish eggs, Salvelinus and Oncorhynchus, has been determined. The occurrence of tandem repeats of a genus-specific dodeca- and tridecapeptide was found for the apoPSGP of Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius (Slp) and Oncorhynchus masou ishikawai (Omi), respectively, their amino acid sequences being highly homologous with that of rainbow trout [Salmo gairdneri (Sg)] apoPSGP (*denotes the glycosylation site; mean value of N = approximately 25): H PSGP(Slp): (Asp-Asp-Ala-Thr*-Ser*-Glu-Ala-Ala-Thr*-Gly-Pro-Ser-)N H-PSGP(Omi): (Asp-Asp-Ala-Thr*-Ser*-Glu-Ala-Ala-Thr*-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser-)N H-PSGP(Sg): (Asp-Asp Ala-Thr*-Ser*-Glu-Ala-Ala-Thr*-Gly-Pro-Ser-Gly-)N Within 5-7 min following fertilization H-PSGP is converted to the low-molecular-mass PSGP (L-PSGP) by a specific protease (PSGPase). We have purified L-PSGP from the fertilized eggs of S. leucomaenis pluvius and Oncorhynchus keta (chum salmon) and compared it with rainbow trout egg L-PSGP(Sg) by analysis of their amino acid sequence: L PSGP(Slp): Asp-Ala-Thr*-Ser*-Glu-Ala-Ala-Thr*-Gly-Pro-Ser-Asp L-PSGP(Ok): Asp-Asp Ala-Thr*-Ser*-Glu-Ala-Ala-Thr*-Gly-Pro-Ser-Ser L-PSGP(Sg): Asp-Asp-Ala-Thr*-Ser* Glu-Ala-Ala-Thr*-Gly-Pro-Ser-Gly The data support the conclusion that H-PSGP is degraded in vivo 5-7 min after fertilization to L-PSGP by proteolytic cleavage at the position two residues C-terminally to the Pro residue, i.e., -Pro-Ser-Xaa-Asp (Xaa = either Gly, Ser, or Asp) by the action of PSGPase. PMID- 3196708 TI - Structural analyses of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of porcine pancreatic kallikrein. AB - The structures of asparagine-linked oligosaccharides of porcine pancreatic beta kallikrein are reported. Asparagine-linked neutral oligosaccharides were released by N-oligosaccharide glycopeptidase digestion, and the reducing ends of the oligosaccharides were derivatized with a fluorescent reagent, 2-aminopyridine. The mixture of pyridylamino oligosaccharides was separated by reverse-phase and amide-adsorption high-performance liquid chromatography. The pyridylamino oligosaccharides were separated into more than 50 kinds of oligosaccharides. The structures of 5 kinds of triantennary and 12 kinds of tetraantennary oligosaccharides were determined by the use of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and methylation analysis. Furthermore, the structures of five kinds of oligomannose-type oligosaccharides were elucidated by a combination of exoglycosidase digestion and high-performance liquid chromatography. 1H NMR data for 14 out of the 17 kinds of N-acetyllactosamine type oligosaccharides reported here have not previously been described in the literature. (1) It has been shown that fucose containing tri- and tetraantennary oligosaccharides is predominant in porcine pancreatic beta-kallikrein B. (2) It has also been shown that the heterogeneity of the structure in these types of oligosaccharides is derived from the variety of the positions of galactose residues linked to outer N-acetylglucosamine residues. (3) The distribution of oligosaccharides into two glycosylation sites, asparagine-95 and asparagine-239, of beta-kallikrein B was determined. It has been found that oligomannose-type oligosaccharides are exclusively present at asparagine-239, although N acetyllactosamine-type oligosaccharides occur at both glycosylation sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196709 TI - 113Cd NMR studies on metal-thiolate cluster formation in rabbit Cd(II) metallothionein: evidence for a pH dependence. AB - The formation of two metal-thiolate clusters in rabbit liver metallothionein 2 (MT) has been examined by 113Cd NMR spectroscopy at pH 7.2 and 8.6. The chemical shifts of the 113Cd resonances developing in the course of apoMT titration with 113Cd(II) ions have been compared with those of fully metal occupied 113Cd7-MT. At pH 7.2 and at low metal occupancy (less than 4), a cooperative formation of the four-metal cluster (cluster A) occurs. Further addition of 113Cd(II) ions generates all the resonances of the three-metal cluster (cluster B) in succession, suggesting cooperative metal binding to this cluster also. In contrast, similar studies at pH 8.6, at low metal occupancy (less than 4), reveal a broad NMR signal centered at 688 ppm. This observation indicates that an entirely different protein structure exists. When exactly 4 equiv of 113Cd(II) are bound to apoMT, the 113Cd NMR spectrum changes to the characteristic spectrum of cluster A. Further addition of 113Cd(II) ions again leads to the cooperative formation of cluster B. These results stress the determining role of the cluster A domain on the overall protein fold. The observed pH dependence of the cluster formation in MT can be rationalized by the different degree of deprotonation of the cysteine residues (pKa approximately 8.9), i.e., by the difference in the Gibbs free energy required to bind Cd(II) ions to the thiolate ligands at both pH values. PMID- 3196710 TI - On the mechanism of the so-called uncoupling effect of medium- and short-chain fatty acids. AB - Octanoate applied to rat liver mitochondria respiring with glutamate plus malate or succinate (plus rotenone) under resting-state (State 4) conditions stimulates oxygen uptake and decreases the membrane potential, both effects being sensitive to oligomycin but not to carboxyatractyloside. Octanoate also decreases the rate of pyruvate carboxylation under the same conditions, this effect being correlated with the decrease of intramitochondrial content of ATP and increase of AMP. The decrease of pyruvate carboxylation and the change of mitochondrial adenine nucleotides are both reversed by 2-oxoglutarate. Fatty acids of shorter chain length have similar effects, though at higher concentrations. Addition of octanoate in the presence of fluoride (inhibitor of pyrophosphatase) produces intramitochondrial accumulation of pyrophosphate, even under conditions when oxidation of octanoate is prevented by rotenone. In isolated hepatocytes incubated with lactate plus pyruvate, octanoate also increases oxygen uptake and produces a shift in the profile of adenine nucleotides similar to that observed in isolated mitochondria. It decreases the 'efficiency' of gluconeogenesis, as expressed by the ratio between an increase of glucose production and an increase of oxygen uptake upon addition of gluconeogenic substrates (lactate plus pyruvate), and increases the reduction state of mitochondrial NAD. These effects taken together are not compatible with uncoupling, but point to intramitochondrial hydrolysis of octanoyl-CoA and probably also shorter chain length acyl-CoAs. This mechanism probably functions as a 'safety valve' preventing a drastic decrease of intramitochondrial free CoA under a large supply of medium- and short-chain fatty acids. PMID- 3196711 TI - A photoreversible conformational change in 124 kDa Avena phytochrome. AB - Tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence quenching of phytochrome has been studied using anionic, cationic and neutral quenchers, I-, Cs+ and acrylamide, respectively, in an effort to understand the molecular differences between the Pr and Pfr forms. The data have been analyzed using both Stern-Volmer and modified Stern-Volmer kinetic treatments. The anionic quencher, I-, was proven to be an ineffective quencher with Stern-Volmer constants, Ksv, of 0.60 and 0.63 M-1, respectively, for the Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome. The cationic quencher, Cs+, showed about a 2-fold difference in the Ksv of Pr and Pfr, indicating a significant change in the fluorescent Trp environments during the Pr to Pfr phototransformation. However, only 25-37% of the fluorescent Trp residues were accessible to the cationic quencher. Most of the fluorescent Trp residues were accessible to acrylamide, but the quenching by acrylamide was indistinguishable for the Pr and Pfr forms. An additional quenching by acrylamide after a saturated quenching with Cs+ showed more than 40% increase in the Ksv of Pfr over Pr. These observations, along with the finding of two distinct components in the Trp fluorescence lifetime, indicate the existence of Trp residues in at least two different sets of environments in the phytochrome protein. The two components of the fluorescence had lifetimes of 1.1 ns (major) and 4.7 ns (minor) for Pr and 0.9 ns (major) and 4.6 ns (minor) for Pfr. Fluorescence quenching was found to be both static and dynamic as the Stern-Volmer constants for the steady-state fluorescence quenching were higher than for the dynamic fluorescence quenching. Based on the quenching results, in combination with the location of Trp residues in the primary structure, we conclude that the Pr to Pfr phototransformation involves a significant conformation change in the phytochrome molecule, preferentially in the 74 kDa chromophore-bearing domain. PMID- 3196712 TI - Purification by hydrophobic chromatography of soluble cytochrome b5 of human erythrocytes. AB - Soluble cytochrome b5 of human erythrocytes was purified very effectively by hydrophobic chromatography using a butyl-Toyopearl 650 column. Cytochrome b5 was adsorbed tightly on the column in the presence of 60% saturated ammonium sulfate, and was eluted at 40% saturation of ammonium sulfate in the elution buffer. The chromatography gave a good yield of cytochrome b5 of the highest purity so far reported as estimated from the 414 nm to 280 nm absorbance ratio of the oxidized form of the cytochrome b5. The value obtained with the cytochrome b5 purified in this study was 6.57, and is higher than the previously reported highest value of 6.4 (Hultquist, D.E., Dean, R.T. and Douglas, R.H. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60, 28-34). Spectral properties including molecular absorption coefficients were determined using the cytochrome b5 purified by this method. PMID- 3196713 TI - Structural requirements of salicylanilides for uncoupling activity in mitochondria: quantitative analysis of structure-uncoupling relationships. AB - The uncoupling activities of more than 20 salicylanilides were measured in rat liver mitochondria. The activities, expressed as the minimum concentrations required for full release of state-4 respiration, ranged over three orders of magnitude. The acid dissociation constant, pKA, and the partition coefficient between octanol and water (Poct) of some of the salicylanilides were determined. These two parameters were found to be well expressed in terms of the Hammett constant, sigma, and the hydrophobic substituent coefficient, II, respectively. The pKA and log Poct values of all the salicylanilides were predicted according to these relationships. Furthermore, the capacity factor, k', on high-performance liquid chromatography was determined on glyceryl-coated-controlled pore glass (gly-CPG). Values of log k' correlated well with those of log Poct. The uncoupling activities of the salicylanilides were analyzed in terms of these three parameters. Both hydrophobic and electron-withdrawing properties were found to be essential for induction of potent uncoupling activity. The correlations using log k' were better than those using log Poct. PMID- 3196714 TI - Secondary structural changes of non-reduced and reduced ribonuclease A in solutions of urea, guanidine hydrochloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate. AB - The secondary structures of ribonuclease A (RNAase A) before and after reduction of the disulfide bridges and blockage of the thiol groups with iodoacetamide were examined in solutions of urea, guanidine hydrochloride, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The relative proportions of alpha-helix, beta-structure, and disordered structure were estimated by the curve-fitting method of circular dichroism (Chen, Y.H., Yang, J.T. and Chau, K.H. (1974) Biochemistry 13, 3350 3359). The native RNAase A, with the disulfide bridges intact, contained 19% helix and 38% beta-structure. Reduction of its disulfide bridges led to a decrease in the proportion of these structures to 9% for the alpha-helix and 17% for the beta-structure. The non-reduced RNAase A resisted unfolding in low concentrations of urea and guanidine hydrochloride. The beta-structure which remained after reduction appeared to be stable even in solutions of 6 M guanidine and 9 M urea. A considerable amount of the beta-structure in both the non-reduced and the reduced RNAase A remained unaffected by high concentrations of SDS. PMID- 3196716 TI - A hydrophobic region on myosin light chains modulated by divalent cations. AB - A hydrophobic region was detected on several types of myosin light chain by enhancement of the quantum yield of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) fluorescence. The character of this non-polar region was altered by the binding of Ca2+ or Mg2+ to the light chain, the quantum yield of the ANS being increased, and its emission maximum undergoing a blue-shift. These changes enabled the binding of divalent cations to the myosin light chains to be monitored. When Ca2+ was bound to gizzard regulatory light chain, a biphasic enhancement of light chain-bound ANS fluorescence occurred, the first phase taking place in the micromolar range and the second in the millimolar range of free Ca2+ concentration. Enhancement of protein-bound ANS fluorescence as divalent cations were bound was also observed with other types of myosin light chain. PMID- 3196715 TI - Isolation and characterization of human breast milk lipoamidase. AB - The mean lipoamidase activity in human breast milk was found to be 0.073 nmol/min per mg (S.D. = 0.028, range = 0.020-0.123, n = 44). The mean lipoamidase activity is approximately 3-fold higher in milk than that in serum (0.023 nmol/min per mg, S.D. = 0.016, range = 0.001-0.059, n = 32). Lipoamidase was purified to 4400-fold by a four-step procedure from 330 ml of human breast milk. The purified enzyme was identified as a single band (Mr = 135,000) by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Analysis by Edman degradation indicated that the N-terminal amino acid was glycine. These results strongly suggest that milk lipoamidase is composed of a single polypeptide chain. The enzyme is considered to be a glycoprotein since it reacted positively to periodate-Schiff (PAS) staining. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4.2. After treatment of lipoamidase with sialidase, its position on isoelectric focusing gel moved from pH 4.2 to 4.6. This is strongly indicative that lipoamidase contains sialic acid residues. The optimum pH for the enzyme activity is 7.0. The Michaelis constant (KM) for lipoyl p-aminobenzoate is calculated as 25 microM. The enzyme activity was completely lost by heating 60 degrees C for 5 min. The effects of thiol reactive agents, such as 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) and p-chloromercuribenzoate, were not significant. However, the enzyme activity was completely inhibited by 50 microM diisopropylfluorophosphate. Thus, this enzyme seemed to contain an essential serine residue in the active site. PMID- 3196717 TI - Enzymatic ester synthesis with continuous measurement of water activity. AB - Ester synthesis from aliphatic monoalcohols and organic acids was investigated by using a microbial lipase. The reaction medium only contained the substrates and the enzyme without addition of water or organic solvent. During the reaction, water was produced and the water activity (aw) increased. Batch reactors and continuous-flow reactors were used. In batch, the aw was 0.13 at the beginning of the reaction and increased to reach a plateau at 0.77, after which ester synthesis continued without modification of the aw. Different alcohols and acids were tried in solid-liquid reactors, and all cases synthesis occurred, leading to a significant increase in the water activity. For continuous-flow reactors, the use of silica beads retaining water inside the reactor where the enzymatic reaction took place resulted in some control of the enzymatic reaction by changing the aw. PMID- 3196718 TI - Molecular shape of Lumbricus terrestris erythrocruorin studied by electron microscopy and image analysis. AB - The molecular structure of erythrocruorin (hemoglobin) from Lumbricus terrestris has been studied by electron microscopy of negatively stained particles. Over 1000 molecular projections were selected from a number of electron micrographs and were then classified by multivariate statistical image-processing techniques. The two main groups of top and side views were each subdivided into smaller classes with significantly different features. About half of the top-view projections exhibit perfect hexagonal symmetry at the current resolution of about 2.0 nm, while the other top views lack this symmetry, probably as a result of tilting of the molecules relative to the carbon support film. The side views were separated into two 'families', each associated with the two different stable side view positions the molecules can take. From these narrow stable side-views, the two families of projections are, again, generated by tilting. The symmetry properties of the three non-tilted projections show that Lumbricus erythrocruorin has a pointgroup D6 (622) symmetry rather than D3 (32). PMID- 3196720 TI - Calorimetric experiments of Mn2+ -binding to alpha-lactalbumin. AB - We measured by batch microcalorimetry the standard enthalpy change delta H degrees of the binding of Mn2+ to apo-bovine alpha-lactalbumin; delta H degrees = -90 +/- k J.mol-1. The binding constants, KMn2+, calculated from the calorimetric and circular dichroism titration curves, are (4.6 +/- 1).10(5) M-1 and (2.1 +/- 0.4).10(5) M-1, respectively. Batch calorimetry confirms the competitive binding Ca2+, Mn2+ and Na+ to the same site. The relatively small enthalpy change for Mn2+ binding compared to Ca2+ binding favours a model of a rigid and almost ideal Ca2+-complexating site, different from the well-known EF-hand structures. Cation binding to the high-affinity site most probably triggers the movement of an alpha helix which is directly connected to the complexating loop. PMID- 3196719 TI - Conformational properties of the isolated 1-23 fragment of human hemoglobin alpha chain. AB - With the purpose of establishing whether, as a general rule, regions of a protein chain that are helical in the native structure maintain, at least partially, the same helical structure when isolated in solution, we have prepared the 1-23 fragment of human hemoglobin alpha-chain, and studied its conformational properties in aqueous solution by CD and 1H-NMR. From the analysis of CD and NMR spectral changes with temperature, salt and addition of trifluoroethanol (TFE) it can be concluded that the 1-23 peptide forms a measurable population (18% at 22 degrees C (pH 5.6) TFE/H2O, 30:70 (v/v)) of an alpha-helix structure that spans the same residues that are helical in the native protein (namely, 6 to 17). These results, taken together with similar ones obtained previously in the 1-19, 21-42 and 50-61 RNAase fragments, support the idea that no helices other than the native ones are actually formed in solution by protein fragments. This implies that the final helical structure of a protein is present from the very beginning of the folding process, and also that such elements of secondary structure can act as primary nucleation centers. PMID- 3196721 TI - One- and two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect studies of the electronic/molecular structure of the heme cavity of ferricytochrome b5. AB - A nuclear Overhauser effect, NOE, study of solubilized native bovine ferricytochrome b5 has provided the complete assignment of the heme resonances as well as those of the majority of the amino acid side-chains making contact with the prosthetic group. The resonances which could not be identified are those from positions very close to the iron (less than 5 A) for which paramagnetic relaxation is sufficiently strong to significantly decrease the NOEs. The observed 1H-1H dipolar contacts generally confirm a solution structure unchanged from that described in single crystals, except for the detailed orientation of the heme side-chains. The 2-vinyl group is found in both the cis and trans in plane orientation as opposed to exclusively cis in the crystal, and the 7 propionate group is rotated by 30 degrees in solution towards the 6-propionate group. Identification of resonances for the individual axial histidine residues indicates non-equivalent interaction with the heme iron, and the patterns of meso H, pyrrole substituent and amino acid dipolar shifts allow the location of the principal magnetic axes in the protein coordinate system. This identifies His-39 as the dominant influence in determining the electronic ground state that orients the molecular orbital for facile electron transfer via the exposed heme edge. The complete two-dimensional NOESY map for ferricytochrome b5 is presented that yields all the cross peaks expected on the basis of the one-dimensional NOE studies, and indicates that such two-dimensional methods should have profitable extension to strongly hyperfine-shifted resonances in paramagnetic proteins. PMID- 3196722 TI - Effects of chronic inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in rats. AB - The objective of this study was to examine the effect of chronic inhibition of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing between 60 and 65 g, were randomly assigned to one of two groups and allowed a 1-week adaptation period to a 6 a.m.-6 p.m. light cycle. Food and water were available ad libitum. Following the adaptation period, 1 group was given a solution of 30 mM DL-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis) in saline, while the other group received saline only. All studies were carried out during, or at the end of the second week of BSO treatment. While body weight was minimally affected by BSO treatment, liver weight (% of body weight) was significantly greater in the BSO group (control 4.8 +/- 0.2 vs. BSO 5.2 +/- 0.3; P less than 0.05). The increase in liver weight, however, was not associated with a change in the specific content of cytochrome P 450. Even though fecal output (g/100 g per day) was significantly greater in the BSO group (control 2.4 +/- 0.1 vs. BSO 2.7 +/- 0.3; P less than 0.05), it was not commensurate with an increase in fecal bile acids and neutral sterols. In fact, fecal bile acid excretion (mg/100 g per day) was significantly reduced in the BSO group (control 9.0 +/- 2.0 vs. BSO 6.2 +/- 0.9; P less than 0.05), a finding consistent with a significant reduction in bile acid pool size (mg/100 g) in that group (control 23.1 +/- 1.9 vs. BSO 14.3 +/- 4.8; P less than 0.05). Hepatic GSH content (mumol/g) and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity (pmol/mg per min) were assayed at two time points: 12-2 a.m. (mid-dark point) and 12-2 p.m. (mid light point). At mid-dark point, BSO-treated animals had a significantly lower hepatic GSH content (control 4.5 +/- 0.3 vs. BSO 0.6 +/- 0.3; P less than 0.05) and a significantly lower cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity (control 33.5 +/- 1.3 vs. BSO 14.7 +/- 3.9; P less than 0.05). At mid-light point, hepatic GSH content in the two groups was similar to that at mid-dark point. While cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in both groups was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) at mid-light point relative to that at mid-dark point, there was no difference between the two groups in cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity at mid-light point.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3196723 TI - The metabolism of prostaglandin D2 after inhalation or intravenous infusion in normal men. AB - Tritium-labelled prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) was administered to normal volunteers by either intravenous infusion or inhalation in order to establish which metabolites of PGD2 are initially found in human plasma. Inhaled PGD2 was rapidly absorbed from the airways, as indicated by the rapid appearance of tritium in the plasma. Metabolites chromatographically similar to 9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2 and 13,14-dihydro 15-keto-9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2 were found after both routes of administration. At later time points, other unidentified compounds were present. Only after intravenous infusion was there evidence of metabolites with 9 alpha,11 alpha stereochemistry of the ring hydroxyl functions. In human lung, 9 alpha,11 beta PGF2 was metabolized in the presence of NAD+ to compounds tentatively identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as 15-keto-9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2. Thus, after 11-ketoreductase dependent metabolism of PGD2 to the biologically active compound 9 alpha,11 beta PGF2, further metabolism probably proceeds by the combined action of 15 hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase/15-ketoprostaglandin-delta 13-reductase (15 PGDH/delta 13R). Both 9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2 and its 13,14-dihydro-15-keto metabolite may be useful analytes for the measurement of PGD2 turnover, and may therefore prove to be important in understanding the pathophysiological significance of this putative mediator. PMID- 3196724 TI - Fate of lipoprotein lipase taken up by the rat liver. Evidence for a conformational change with loss of catalytic activity. AB - When isolated rat livers were perfused with medium containing lipoprotein lipase, 40-60% was taken up during a single passage. This value was similar for lipoprotein lipase derived from culture medium of rat preadipocytes, and for lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk. It was also, similar, irrespective of the lipoprotein lipase concentration, at least up to 1 microgram/ml. Immediately following its uptake by the liver, a large fraction of the lipoprotein lipase could be released by heparin, but the magnitude of this fraction decreased with time. The enzyme lost its catalytic activity rather rapidly, but its degradation to acid-soluble products, or to larger fragments, was much slower. On heparin-agarose chromatography, the enzyme taken up by the liver eluted at a lower salt concentration than the original lipoprotein lipase preparation. This change in affinity for heparin suggests that the originally dimeric lipoprotein lipase had dissociated into monomers, in analogy to the findings in model experiments. It is suggested that the initial uptake of lipoprotein lipase occurs by binding to a polyanion at the liver cell surface. This is followed by endocytosis and dissociation of the enzyme from its heparan sulfate-like binding site. Acidification of the endosome may cause a conformational change in the lipase molecule with dissociation to inactive monomers, preceding ultimate proteolytic degradation. PMID- 3196725 TI - Preferential hydrolysis of oxidized phospholipids by peritoneal fluid of rats treated with casein. AB - 1-Palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl-PC, which is one of the possible cytotoxic products generated by the oxyhemoglobin-induced lipid peroxidation of 1-palmitoyl-2 linoleoyl-PC, was found to be efficiently hydrolyzed by the peritoneal fluid of rats treated with casein. The rate of hydrolysis of 1-palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl-PC was approx. 15-fold higher than that observed with 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-PC. When 1 palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-PC pretreated with oxyhemoglobin was incubated with the peritoneal fluid, oxidized products of PC were hydrolyzed more efficiently than the intact 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-PC. When 1-[(1-)14C]palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl-PC was incubated with the peritoneal fluid, radiolabeled lysoPC was formed, whereas radiolabeled neutral lipids were not formed, indicating that the hydrolytic activity was of the 'phospholipase A2' type. We previously found and purified an extracellular phospholipase A2 (Chang, H.W. et al. (1987) J. Biochem. 102, 147 154) in the peritoneal fluid of rats injected intraperitoneally with casein. Hydrolysis of 1-palmitoyl-2-azelaoyl-PC by this purified phospholipase A2 was as low as that of 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-PC. These two phospholipase A2 activities showed different pH optima and Ca2+ requirements. The present phospholipase A2 activity, which preferentially hydrolyzes oxidized products of PC, may play an important role in detoxification or repair of damaged membrane in inflamed sites. PMID- 3196727 TI - Monoclonal DLR1a/104G antibody recognizing peroxidized lipoproteins in atherosclerotic lesions. AB - Monoclonal DLR1a/104G antibody which recognizes peroxidized lipoproteins was raised. Mice were immunized with the float-up fraction of the atherosclerotic arterial homogenate from WHHL rabbits. Sensitized spleen cells were fused with myeloma cells (P3/U1). Hybridoma clones were selected using peroxidized LDL prepared by CuSO4-catalyzed peroxidation and native LDL as positive and negative standards, respectively. The monoclonal DLR1a/104G antibody was highly reactive with peroxidized LDL, slightly with LDL modified with malondialdehyde, but not significantly with acetyl- or native LDL. The antigenicity in the case of peroxidized LDL did not decrease on extraction with hexane/isopropanol (3:2). The antigenicity coincided with the fluorescence (E350, F430) of the protein fraction of LDL peroxidized with CuSO4. These results suggest that an antigenic determinant exists in atherosclerotic lesions which is the same as that for lipoproteins peroxidized with CuSO4. PMID- 3196726 TI - Modulation of lipoprotein lipase activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages by recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. AB - Thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages spontaneously secrete lipoprotein lipase during culture. Exposure of the cultures to 50 ng/ml of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rTNF) for 48 h resulted in a 69% reduction in lipoprotein lipase activity in the culture medium with a concomitant decrease in cellular enzyme activity. The decrease in enzyme activity was not the result of rTNF-dependent reduction in the total protein synthesis, since the presence of rTNF did not affect [3H]leucine incorporation into cellular proteins. The effect of rTNF on lipoprotein lipase was reversible; upon TNF withdrawal, enzyme activity returned to basal levels after 60 h. The reduction of lipoprotein lipase in rTNF-treated cultures could be completely prevented by preincubation with a specific antiserum against recombinant human TNF. The late onset of decrease of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity suggests that rTNF might induce a mediator, which in turn suppresses LPL production. While rTNF was very effective in reducing lipoprotein lipase activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages, it did not affect lipoprotein lipase activity when added to the murine J774 cell line and to CT2 macrophage-like cells, a variant of the J774 cell line. PMID- 3196728 TI - Effects of corn oil- and fish oil-supplemented diets on phospholipid fatty acid composition of rat liver nuclei. AB - The effects of dietary fat on fatty acid compositions of phospholipids in liver nuclei were investigated. By feeding a diet containing 5% corn oil or fish oil to rats, the proportions of n -6 or n -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively, were increased in phospholipids of the liver nuclei. By feeding a fat-free diet, endogenous PUFA were increased. Even after feeding the fat-free diet for 40 weeks, the n - 6 still remained at about 10% in both phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), while the n -3 PUFA remained at about 5 and 16% in PC and PE, respectively. The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids in the liver nuclei were influenced by dietary fat and were roughly similar to those in the microsomes. The proportion of n - 3 PUFA was high in PE of both the nuclear membrane and matrix. The proportion of n - 6 was higher in both PC and PE of the nuclear matrix than in those of the membrane. PMID- 3196729 TI - Age-related changes in lipid metabolism in rats: the consequence of moderate food restriction. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 3 weeks of age, received one of the four following dietary manipulations until 9 months of age: group AD, fed ad libitum; group R, restricted to 75% of food intake of group AD; group RAD, restricted until 5 months of age and then fed ad libitum; group ADR, fed ad libitum until 5 months of age and then restricted. The concentration of serum total and HDL cholesterol tended to be higher in group AD than in all groups that had experienced food restriction. Liver cholesterol was higher in groups AD and RAD than in groups R and ADR. Activity of hepatic microsomal hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase was comparable, whereas sterol synthesis from mevalonate was significantly higher in groups R and ADR than in groups AD and RAD. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity also tended to be higher in groups R and ADR. It seems likely that hepatic cholesterol homeostasis functions effectively even when moderate food restriction was started after the growing period. In addition, food restriction reduced the ratio of arachidonate to linoleate, suggesting inhibition of the desaturation system. PMID- 3196730 TI - Hormone-sensitive lipase is involved in the hydrolysis of lipoidal derivatives of estrogens and other steroid hormones. AB - Long-chain fatty acid esters of 17 beta-estradiol and other steroid hormones, which are formed in hormone-sensitive tissues, can be regenerated to the free hormone by the action of an esterase present in the cytosol. This esterase has now been examined in bovine placenta cotyledons. Activity towards steroid fatty acid esters was accompanied by activity towards a diacylglycerol analogue and cholesteryl oleate. During purification procedures, the ratio of activities towards the diacylglycerol analogue and estradiol 17 beta-oleate remained approximately constant. Activity towards these two substrates was inhibited by increasing concentrations of HgCl2 and phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride in a parallel manner. Upon treatment with [3H]diisopropyl fluorophosphate, a major labelled species of Mr approx. 84,000 was formed. Activation by ATP and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase occurred. These properties were very similar to those of the hormone-sensitive lipase of bovine adipose tissue previously reported and run in parallel in this study. A highly purified preparation of this latter enzyme was found to hydrolyse steroid fatty acid esters and relative activities towards such substrates, diacylglycerol analogue and cholesteryl oleate, were similar to the placenta esterase. When the two esterases were phosphorylated with [gamma-32P]ATP, a labelled species of Mr 84,000 was isolated in both cases by use of an antibody raised against purified hormone-sensitive lipase of bovine adipose tissue. It is concluded that hormone sensitive lipase is very likely the enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of steroid fatty acid esters in bovine placenta and possibly steroid hormone target tissues in general. PMID- 3196731 TI - Quantitation of phospholipid vesicles and their cholesterol content in human bile by quasi-elastic light scattering. AB - The proportion of biliary cholesterol carried by phospholipid vesicles may be an important determinant of the lithogenicity of bile. The distribution of biliary cholesterol between vesicles and other aggregational forms is often determined by gel filtration under standard conditions. The aim of this study was to measure the proportion of biliary cholesterol in vesicles in native unprocessed bile and to compare it with values obtained by chromatography. A modified quasi-elastic light-scattering method was used to measure vesicular cholesterol in whole bile. It was suitable only for lightly pigmented biles with a relatively monodisperse population of vesicles. In ten human biles examined, the proportion of cholesterol in vesicles by gel filtration was 40 +/- 8.1% (mean +/- S.D.) by chemical measurement, and 38 +/- 7.2% by [3H]cholesterol estimation. Quasi elastic light-scattering measurements of these biles produced vesicular cholesterol values of 36 +/- 9.4%. Chromatography may affect lipid particles in bile. Nevertheless, it provides a relatively accurate measurement of biliary cholesterol in vesicles. PMID- 3196732 TI - Evidence for qualitative abnormalities in high-density lipoproteins from myeloma patients: the presence of amyloid A protein could explain HDL modifications. AB - HDL apolipoproteins (apo) from normal subjects and patients with multiple myeloma were studied by isoelectric focusing (IEF) and by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Qualitative abnormalities were detected in myeloma HDL apolipoproteins. We observed two new bands not previously described in this disease. As determined by IEF and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the relative molecular weight of these two proteins was 12,600, with pI = 6.04 and 6.36, respectively. They correspond to two isoforms of serum amyloid A protein (SAA), as confirmed by western blot assay against specific antiserum to SAA. The high sensitivity of this assay revealed also other SAA isoforms. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that major apolipoproteins of normal HDL, apo A-I and apo A-II, could be displaced by SAA isoproteins in myeloma HDL. This could lead structural changes in HDL. PMID- 3196734 TI - Biosynthesis of paf-acether. XI. Regulation of acetyltransferase by enzyme substrate imbalance. AB - Acetyl-CoA:1-O-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase is the key enzyme in paf-acether (paf) biosynthesis, since it yields the active mediator from its nonacetylated precursor, lyso-paf. In microsomal fractions obtained from the ionophore A23187-stimulated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, the optimal conditions allowing the full acetylation of lyso-paf were: 2-2.5 mg.ml-1 bovine serum albumin, 40 microM lyso-paf, 200 microM acetyl-CoA and acetyltransferase of high specific activity, at least 18 nmol.min-1.mg protein- -1. The reaction frequently stopped before the substrate was consumed due to spontaneous decay of the enzyme activity at 37 degrees C and inhibition of the enzyme by the paf formed in the reaction. However, low concentrations of acetyltransferase substrates (lyso-paf or lysophosphatidylcholine) and the antioxidant dithiothreitol, but not the inhibitors of proteinases or phosphatases, protected the enzyme against decay. In contrast, high concentrations of those lyso substrates inhibited the enzyme activity in the assay. This inhibition as well as that due to paf was overcome by raising the concentration of the enzyme contained in the microsomal fraction or the bovine serum albumin in the assay. These results suggest that the biosynthesis of paf in cell-free assay and most probably in intact cells might be controlled to a larger extent by the acetyltransferase concentration rather than by that of its substrates. PMID- 3196733 TI - Effect of copper deficiency on the composition of three high-density lipoprotein subclasses as separated by heparin-affinity chromatography. AB - Copper deficiency in rats produces a hypercholesterolemia with a marked increase in HDL fraction. This study investigated changes in the plasma distribution and composition of HDL subclasses as affected by copper deficiency. Plasma HDL were separated into the following three subclasses by heparin-affinity chromatography: HDL containing no apo E but high in apo A-I (HDL-E0); HDL with an intermediate level of apo E (HDL-E1); and HDL highly enriched in apo E but low in apo A-I (HDL E2). The compositional analysis showed that the hypercholesterolemia observed in copper-deficient rats was due specifically to an increase in plasma cholesterol carried by HDL-E0. Copper deficiency did not alter the percent distribution of apo A-I in HDL-E0, but lowered the apo A-I content in HDL-E1 and HDL-E2, with an increase in apo E in these subclasses. The total plasma concentration of apo A-I was, however, significantly elevated in Cu-deficient rats, which was attributable to an increase in the total number of circulating HDL particles. No difference was noted between Cu-deficient and control groups in the distribution of free cholesterol or the ratio of free cholesterol to esterified cholesterol in any of the HDL subclasses. The present results and earlier observations suggest that copper deficiency may produce a defect in the plasma clearance or tissue uptake of the HDL subclass high in apo A-I but devoid of apo E (HDL-E0), which may be mediated by the specific apo A-I receptor or non-endocytotic transfer of HDL-E0 cholesterol to the liver. Such metabolic defects may partly explain the simultaneous increases in both plasma HDL cholesterol and apo A-I and altered cholesterol homeostasis observed in copper deficiency. PMID- 3196735 TI - Rapid and slow hydroxylators of seminal E prostaglandins. AB - Human seminal fluid contains prostaglandin (PG) E1, PGE2, 19-hydroxy-PGE1 and 19 hydroxy-PGE2 in large and variable amounts. 19-Hydroxy-PGE1 and 19-hydroxy-PGE2 are formed from PGE1 and PGE2 by prostaglandin 19-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme, in seminal vesicles. The hypothesis that genetic polymorphism of this enzyme might contribute to the variable concentrations of PGE1, PGE2, 19-hydroxy PGE1 and 19-hydroxy-PGE2 was examined by analysis of seminal fluid of 40 normal men. E prostaglandins were measured with 17-phenyl-PGE2 as an internal standard by high-performance liquid chromatography on beta-cyclodextrin silica. Using the ratios of substrate/product, i.e., R1 = PGE1/19-hydroxy-PGE1 and R2 = PGE2/19 hydroxy-PGE2, as indicators of prostaglandin 19-hydroxylase capacity, a bimodal distribution of R values was found: nine men (23%) were slow hydroxylators (R1 greater than 0.45 and R2 greater than 0.45), while the remaining men were rapid hydroxylators (both R1 and R2 less than 0.45). Semen of slow hydroxylators and semen of the five most rapid hydroxylators (both R1 and R2 less than 0.10) differed in absolute amounts of PGE1 and PGE2 but not in 19-hydroxy-PGE1 and 19 hydroxy-PGE2. 20-Hydroxy-PGE1 and 20-hydroxy-PGE2 are formed from PGE1 and PGE2 by cytochrome P-450 in the vesicular glands and the ampullae of deferent ducts of the ram. Seminal fluid of five rams was analyzed for PGE1, PGE2, 20-hydroxy-PGE1 and 20-hydroxy-PGE2, and a large variation in substrate/product ratios was found. Polymorphism of cytochrome P-450 might contribute to variations in seminal prostaglandins in man and in sheep. PMID- 3196736 TI - The interaction of prostaglandins with serum low-density lipoproteins. AB - The interaction of human serum low-density lipoproteins (LDL) with various types of prostaglandins (PG) was studied using equilibrium dialysis, steady-state fluorescence polarization spectroscopy and photolabeling methods. Low concentrations (10(-13)-10(-9) M) of PGE1 and PGF2 alpha were shown to induce specific rearrangements of the lipids on the LDL surface, whereas the closely related PGE2 and PGF1 alpha had no effect. With fluorescent labeled LDL, the PGE1 induced changes of the steady-state fluorescence polarization (P) were shown to be time- and concentration-dependent, saturable and reversible. However, equilibrium dialysis revealed a very low binding capacity of LDL for PGE1 (approx. 1 prostaglandin molecule per 600 LDL particles). Approximately the same PGE1 concentration was sufficient to cause maximal changes of P, to enhance the binding to apolipoprotein B of a photoreactive sphingomyelin analogue inserted into the LDL surface and to alter the thermal phase behavior of the LDL surface lipids. It is proposed that the LDL surface rearrangement caused by prostaglandins is due to the interaction of prostaglandins with apolipoprotein B, resulting in formation of short-lived complexes. The mechanism of this interaction is discussed in terms of the non-equilibrium ligand-receptor interaction model proposed earlier to explain the interaction of prostaglandins with high-density lipoproteins (Bergelson, L.D. et al. (1987) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 921, 182-190). It is suggested that direct prostaglandin-lipoprotein interactions may play a role in the homeostasis of cholesterol. PMID- 3196737 TI - In vivo cholesterol removal from liver microsomes induces changes in fatty acid desaturase activities. AB - Rats fed a 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholate diet for 21 days were transferred to a sterol-free diet after variable periods of time. The effect of cholesterol removal on liver microsomal composition and fatty acid desaturases was studied. Some changes were already observed after 1 day. However, after 21 days of a sterol-free diet, the cholesterol content of liver microsomes decreased as well as that of phosphatidylcholine. So did the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. Phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin slightly increased along with time. The total fatty acid composition was altered by a decrease in monounsaturated acids and an increase in the saturated acids, palmitic and stearic acids. The arachidonic acid content rose. A similar pattern of change was found in the fatty acid composition of the main phospholipids: phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. delta 9-Desaturase activity steadily decreased along with cholesterol removal, whereas delta 5- and delta 6 desaturase activities were enhanced towards the end of the removal period. The microsomal membrane became more 'fluid', according to the decrease of fluorescence anisotropy of the 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene incorporated into the membrane. PMID- 3196738 TI - Hydrolysis of fluorescent pyrenetriacylglycerols by lipases from human stomach and gastric juice. AB - Fluorescent triacylglycerols containing pyrenedecanoic (P10) and pyrenebutanoic (P4) acids were synthesized and their hydrolysis by lipases from human gastric juice and stomach homogenate was investigated. The existence in stomach homogenate of four different lipolytic enzymes hydrolyzing fluorescent triacylglycerols is suggested by the comparison of various enzymatic properties: acyl chain length specificity, heat inactivation and effect of detergents (Triton X-100 and taurocholate), serum albumin, diethyl-para-nitrophenyl phosphate (E600) and other inhibitors. (1) The acid pH4-lipase hydrolyzes P10-triacylglycerols but not P4-triacylglycerol and exhibited the characteristic properties of the lysosomal lipase: the maximal activating effect of detergents occurs at relatively high concentrations (the substrate/detergent optimal molar ratios were 1:5 and 1:25 for triacylglycerols/taurocholate and triacylglycerols/Triton X-100, respectively); its activity was strongly inhibited by para-chloromercuribenzoate (2.5 mmol/l), but was not significantly affected by serum albumin and E600 (10( 2) mmol/l). (2) The neutral pH7-lipase hydrolyzes P10-triacylglycerols but not P4 triacylglycerol. It is resistant to E600 and heat-stable, similarly to the acid pH4-lipase, but it is well discriminated from the acid enzyme by its substrate/detergent optimal molar ratios (1:2 and 1:3 for triacylglycerols/taurocholate and triacylglycerols/Triton X-100, respectively), whereas higher detergent concentrations, optimal for the acid lipase, are strongly inhibitory for the neutral enzyme. (3) The pH5-lipase present in gastric juice as well as in stomach homogenate exhibited properties obviously discriminating it from the other lipolytic enzymes from stomach homogenate: broad substrate specificity for P10- as well as P4-triacylglycerols, activation by low concentrations of amphiphiles (with optimal ratios triacylglycerols/taurocholate, triacylglycerols/taurocholate and triacylglycerols/phosphatidylcholine around 1:1, 1:3 and 1:0.1, respectively), heat-lability, strong activation by serum albumin and inhibition by E600 (10(-2) mmol/l). This pH5-lipase is the sole lipolytic enzyme present in gastric juice and is probably identical with the well known 'gastric' lipase. (4) A pH7.5-enzyme is characterized by its specificity for P4-triacylglycerols, its heat-lability at 50 degrees C and its strong inhibition by E600 (10(-2) mmol/l). PMID- 3196739 TI - Biosyntheses of galactosyl lipids and polysaccharide in Streptococcus mutans. AB - The syntheses of galactosylphospholipids and a galactose-containing polymer were observed when radio-labeled UDP-galactose was incubated with the membrane enzymes prepared from a strain of Streptococcus mutans, FA-1. The lipids were resolved into two components, lipids-1 and -2, by thin-layer and DEAE-cellulose column chromatographies. In the latter chromatography, lipid-1 was eluted by 0.0075 M and lipid-2 by 0.18 M ammonium acetate. The syntheses of lipids-1 and -2 were strongly inhibited by UDP and UMP, respectively. Both lipids-1 and -2 were degraded by mild acid, but were stable to mild alkaline hydrolysis. These results, together with their mobilities on thin-layer chromatography, suggest that lipid-1 is a galactosylphosphorylundecaprenol, and lipid-2 is a galactosylpyrophosphorylundecaprenol. When UDP-galactose was incubated with radiolabeled undecaprenol and ATP in the presence of membrane enzymes, lipids with thin-layer chromatographic mobilities of lipid-1 and lipid-2 were observed. The phosphate-to-galactose ratios in lipid-1 and lipid-2 were determined to be 1:1 and 2:1, respectively. These results indicated that lipid-1 and lipid-2 formed are galactosylmonophosphorylundecaprenol and galactosylpyrophosphorylundecaprenol, respectively. The polymer formed was eluted from the DEAE-cellulose column with a low concentration of salts (less than 0.1 M), suggesting that it is probably a polysaccharide, but not a lipoteichoic acid or teichoic acid-type polymer. In order to identify the sugars present in the polymer synthesized, the polymer purified by Sephadex G-50 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatographies was subjected to acid hydrolysis followed by NaB3H4 reduction and paper chromatographic analysis. [3H]Galactitol and a small amount of [3H]galactosaminitol were detected. This result suggests that the polymer is a nascent polysaccharide containing mainly galactose and a small amount of galactosamine, which probably derived from N-acetylgalactosamine during acid hydrolysis of the polymer. PMID- 3196740 TI - Hepatic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases: effect of monoacylglycerol analogs on mitochondrial and microsomal activities. AB - The regulation of cellular diacylglycerol levels may have important consequences for protein kinase C activity. Because monoacylglycerols were said to inhibit the committed step of glycerolipid synthesis, the sn-glycerol-3-P acyltransferase (glycerol-P acyltransferase), we determined (1) whether both the mitochondrial and the microsomal glycerol-P acyltransferase isoenzymes were inhibited by 1- and 2-mono-18:1-glycerols, and their ether and amide analogs and (2) what the mechanism of inhibition was. 1- and 2-mono-18:1-glycerols, their ether and amide analogs, and 1-mono-18:1-glycerol 3-phosphate were all competitive inhibitors of the microsomal glycerol-P acyltransferase activity. The relative Ki values suggested that inhibition was strongest with the radyl group at the sn-1 position and that an oxygen bond is important at the sn-1 position. Although the monoacyl- and monoalkylglycerols were also competitive inhibitors of the mitochondrial glycerol-P acyltransferase, neither of the amide analogs was an inhibitor, suggesting that an oxygen bond is essential at both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. Because monoradylglycerols inhibit several enzyme activities that contribute to the biosynthesis or the metabolism of diacylglycerol, these inhibitors may function within cells in part to regulate cellular diacylglycerol levels. PMID- 3196741 TI - Production and effects of platelet-activating factor in the rat brain. AB - The synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine) in rat brain was evaluated. Extracted PAF was characterized using standard HPLC and TLC techniques, and by correlation of its bioactivity with the acetylation state of the 2-position of the molecule. PAF was quantified by bioassay, its ability to cause [3H]serotonin release from washed rabbit platelets. The low basal level of PAF (0.25 +/- 0.15 pmol/g wet wt., mean +/- S.E.) in the brain of the intact rat was greatly increased by intraperitoneal injection of the chemoconvulsant drugs picrotoxin or bicuculline, to levels of 10.68 +/- 2.18 and 4.97 +/- 0.75 pmol/g wet wt., respectively. Electroconvulsion also increased brain PAF, to 1.76 +/- 0.30 pmol/g wet wt. Equivalent experiments using bicuculline in the isolated perfused rat brain yielded qualitatively similar results, indicating that the production of PAF in the brain is independent of systemic metabolism. When a 32P-labeled nerve-ending (synaptosome) preparation from rat brain was challenged with synthetic PAF (denoted AGEPC) at 0.1 nM concentration, responses were observed consistent with accelerated turnover of polyphosphoinositides. AGEPC also caused an increase in the Na+-Ca2+ exchange of synaptic membrane vesicles. Furthermore, AGEPC infused into the vasculature of the isolated perfused rat brain caused changes consistent with an increase in blood-brain barrier permeability, although AGEPC did not itself significantly penetrate the blood-brain barrier. It is concluded from these studies that PAF is synthesized within the rat brain in response to convulsant stimuli and that one of its effects is to accelerate synaptic polyphosphoinositide turnover. In addition, circulating PAF can influence blood brain barrier permeability without itself penetrating the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 3196743 TI - Inhibitors of sterol synthesis. Oleate ester of 5 alpha-cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta ol-15-one as a substrate for pancreatic cholesterol esterase. AB - 5 alpha-Cholest-8(14)-en-3 beta-yl-15-one oleate (15-ketosteryl oleate), the oleate ester of a compound with the capacity to lower serum cholesterol, was effectively hydrolyzed by partially purified porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase with an apparent Km of 0.28 +/- 0.01 mM and a Vmax of 0.62 +/- 0.01 mumol/min per mg protein compared to an apparent Km of 0.19 +/- 0.02 mM and a Vmax of 0.37 +/- 0.02 mumol/min per mg protein for cholesteryl oleate. The 15 ketosteryl oleate was also hydrolyzed by highly purified rat pancreatic cholesterol esterase with an apparent Km of 0.20 +/- 0.01 mM and a Vmax of 86.7 +/- 3.0 mumol/min per mg protein compared to an apparent Km of 0.43 +/- 0.01 mM and a Vmax of 119.8 +/- 2.6 mumol/min per mg protein for cholesteryl oleate. 15 Ketosteryl oleate is, therefore, a good substrate for pancreatic cholesterol esterase from either source. The 15-ketosterol is a weak competitive inhibitor of partially purified porcine pancreatic cholesterol esterase when cholesteryl oleate is the substrate. PMID- 3196742 TI - Modulation of HMG-CoA reductase activity by pantetheine/pantethine. AB - The ability of pantetheine/pantethine to modulate the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (EC 1.1.1.34) was determined in vitro with rat liver microsomes. The decay of the activity was obtained with pantethine in the 10(-5)-10(-4) M range, whereas stimulation by pantetheine occurred at 10(-3)-10(-2) M, as previously reported for GSSG and GSH, respectively. Inhibition of HMG-CoA by pantethine in isolated liver cells was also investigated by measuring the enzyme activity in microsomes isolated from hepatocytes incubated without or with 1 mM pantethine under conditions previously shown by us to induce inhibition of cholesterol synthesis from acetate. The enzyme amount was not modified by pantethine, but in cells treated with the disulphide, the relative amounts of the thiolic active forms of the enzyme, both phosphorylated and dephosphorylated, were decreased to about half compared to controls. PMID- 3196744 TI - Purification and characterization of a lethal protein with phospholipase A1 activity from the hornet (Vespa basalis) venom. AB - The hornet, Vespa basalis, is one of the most dangerous species of wasps found in Taiwan. The insect is aggressive and its venom is highly toxic. By gel filtration on a Fractogel TSK HW 50 column followed by cation-exchange chromatography on CM Trisacryl M, a lethal protein was purified from the venom. It has a molecular mass of about 32 kDa and an i.v. LD50 value of 0.32 micrograms/g mouse. The toxin is capable of catalyzing the hydrolysis of emulsified phospholipids but not sphingomyelin. Analysis of the 1H-NMR spectra of the substrates and its hydrolytic products revealed that the toxin liberates fatty acid from the 1 position of sn-3-phosphoacylglycerols. This result indicates that the toxin possesses phospholipase A1 activity. The toxin exhibits an extremely potent hemolytic activity in washed red cells and diluted whole blood (HC50 = 0.09 micrograms/ml in mouse). The potency of direct hemolysis is about 100-times that of a basic phospholipase A2 from Naja nigricollis venom and about 1000-times that of a cardiotoxin from Naja naja atra venom. A positive correlation between the hemolytic activity and lethality of the toxin was found in three species of animals (mouse, rat and guinea pig). In the in vivo study, the toxin caused a marked increase in the plasma K+ concentration and a hyperkalemic change in the ECG of the treated rat. Hyperkalemia resulting from the hemolytic action of the toxin appears to be the main cause of death in the animal. PMID- 3196745 TI - Substrate specificity of human plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase towards molecular species of phosphatidylcholine in native plasma. AB - The specificity of human plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase for molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC) was studied by determining the molecular species composition of whole plasma before and after incubation at 37 degrees C. Since the disappearance of PC under the conditions employed is entirely due to the activity of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, its specificity can be determined from the decrease in the concentration of each species after the reaction. The selectivity factor for each species was calculated by dividing its observed contribution by its concentration at zero time. The major species contributing to cholesterol esterification in whole plasma were 16:0-18:2 (46%), 18:0-18:2 (16%), 16:0-18:1 (15%), 16:0-20:4 (10%), 18:0-20:4 (5%) and 18:1-18:2 (5%). The specificity, as determined from the selectivity factors for whole plasma, was in the order: 16:0-18:2 greater than 18:1-18:2 greater than 16:0-18:1 greater than 18:0-18:2 greater than 16:0-22:6 greater than 18:0-20:4 greater than 16:0-20:4. The high-density lipoproteins (HDL) contained a significantly higher percentage of 16:0-20:4 and 18:0-20:4 and a lower percentage of 16:0-18:1 and 18:0-18:1 compared to the very-low and low density lipoproteins. These differences disappeared after incubation of the plasma for 24 h. Using selectivity factors for HDL PCs only, the specificity of the enzyme was found to be in the order: 16:0-18:2 greater than 18:1-18:2 greater than 18:1-18:1 greater than 16:0-22:6 greater than 18:0-18:2 greater than 16:0 18:1 greater than 16:0-20:4. These results indicate that in native plasma, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase prefers 16:0 greater than 18:1 greater than 18:0 at the 1-position and 18:2 greater than 18:1 greater than 22:6 greater than 20:4 at the 2-position of PC. PMID- 3196746 TI - Effect of fatty acid supplementation on cholesterol and retinol esterification in J774 macrophages. AB - J774 macrophages exposed to medium containing cholesterol-rich phospholipid dispersions accumulate cholesteryl ester. Supplementing this medium with 100 micrograms oleate/ml increased cellular cholesteryl ester contents 3-fold. Cell retinyl ester contents increased 8-fold when medium containing retinol dispersed in dimethyl sulfoxide was supplemented with oleate. These increases were not the result of increases in total lipid uptake by the cells but rather of redistribution of cholesterol and retinol into their respective ester pools. Effective oleate concentration of 15-30 micrograms/ml increased cellular retinyl and cholesteryl ester contents. The effective oleate concentration was reduced to 5 micrograms/ml when the fatty acid/albumin molar ratio was increased. The oleate stimulated increase in cholesterol esterification was blocked by incubating cells with Sandoz 58-035, a specific inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), indicating that the effect of fatty acid exposure is mediated through changes in ACAT activity. When cholesterol or retinol was added to cells which had been exposed to oleate for 24 h to provide a triacylglycerol store, the cellular contents of cholesteryl or retinyl ester were also significantly increased compared to cells not previously exposed to oleate. The oleate stimulated increase in the esterification of cholesterol and/or retinol was also observed in P388D1 macrophages, human (HepG2) and rat (Fu5AH) hepatomas, human fibroblasts, rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells and MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. In addition to oleate, a number of other fatty acids increased retinol esterification in J774 macrophages; however, cellular cholesterol esterification in these cells was increased only by unsaturated fatty acids and was inhibited in the presence of saturated fatty acids. Although the cellular uptake of radiolabeled oleate and palmitate was similar, a significant difference in the distribution of these fatty acids among the lipid classes was observed. These data demonstrate that exogenous fatty acids are one factor that regulate cellular cholesteryl and retinyl ester contents in cultured cells. PMID- 3196747 TI - Prostaglandins E3 and F3 alpha are excreted in human urine after ingestion of n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. AB - Prostaglandins E3 and F3 alpha, presumably of renal origin, were characterized for the first time in urine of volunteers after ingestion of n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantitation of prostaglandins E3, E2, F3 alpha and F2 alpha using deuterated internal standards showed low levels of the 3 series prostaglandins in the control period. Levels of prostaglandins E3 and F3 alpha rose about 10-fold by the 12th week of the dietary trial and were still elevated 4-fold after a wash out period of 20 weeks. Excretion of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha tended to be depressed in the 12th week of the dietary trial and rose again to control values after the wash-out period. Our data indicate that n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are incorporated into the human kidney and are retained there for a long time. Prostaglandins E3 and F3 alpha may contribute to the observed favorable effects of marine oils rich in n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on certain renal diseases. PMID- 3196748 TI - Changes in parameters of lipoprotein metabolism during rat hepatic development. AB - Maintenance of whole body cholesterol homeostasis is determined in part by the liver. Thus, changes in expression of hepatic parameters important in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism may play key roles in determining how homeostasis is maintained. The expression of hepatic lipoprotein uptake systems was studied during development using as a ligand very-low density lipoproteins rich in apolipoprotein E that had been obtained from hypercholesterolemic adult rats. These lipoproteins can serve as ligands for cell surface receptors recognizing apolipoproteins B and/or E. Uptake was lowest in freshly isolated fetal rat hepatocytes, increased substantially in hepatocytes from neonates and was intermediate in those from adults. Binding of these lipoproteins to liver membranes prepared from fetal, neonatal, suckling, weaned and adult rats was lowest in fetal preparations, while those from suckling, weaned and adult livers behaved similarly. Numbers of binding sites in neonatal liver membranes were similar to those in adult, but showed a different affinity. On the basis of this data, the ability of hepatocytes to recognize and remove apolipoprotein B/E containing lipoproteins from the plasma appears to be a function of the differential expression or regulation of lipoprotein-uptake systems during development. PMID- 3196749 TI - Transfer of phospholipids by a protein fraction obtained from canine pulmonary lavage. AB - Surfactant phospholipid exists in multicompartment pools within the subphase of the lung. Movement among these pools and back into type II alveolar cells may be catalyzed by a phospholipid transfer protein resident in the subphase. We demonstrate here that a protein fraction obtained from canine lung lavage catalyzes the intermembrane transfer of all the major surfactant phospholipids. The protein is probably not derived from serum and is unrelated to surfactant proteins that have already been described. PMID- 3196750 TI - Alteration of ganglioside composition and metabolism in doxorubicin-resistant rat tumoral cells. AB - We have investigated the ganglioside levels, composition and metabolism in two lines of doxorubicin-resistant cells and in the corresponding wild strains, the C6 rat glioblastoma and the HTC rat hepatoma. The only ganglioside present was GM3, and its level was increased 2-fold in C6 resistant cells and decreased nearly 2-fold in HTC resistant cells. A decrease of cytidine 5'-monophospho-N acetylneuraminic acid:galactosylglucosylceramide sialyltransferase activity was observed in both resistant lines as compared to sensitive ones, and could not, therefore, explain the increase in the GM3 level observed in the C6 resistant line. Alterations of acid neuraminidase activity were also observed; a 5-fold decrease was noticed in the C6 resistant line and could account for the increase in the GM3 level observed in these cells; in contrast, a 2-fold increase of acid neuraminidase activity was noticed in the HTC resistant cells: together, with reduced synthesis, it could explain the decrease in the GM3 level observed in these cells. No alterations of exogenous ganglioside transport was exhibited by the C6 resistant cells. PMID- 3196751 TI - Effects of endurance exercise on carnitine palmitoyltransferase I from rat heart, skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria. AB - Prolonged physical exercise increased the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in rat heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria, whereas enzyme sensitivity to inhibition by malonyl-CoA remained unchanged. Nevertheless, inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I activity by small decreases in pH was attenuated in heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria from exercised animals. Liver enzyme did not suffer any alteration by endurance exercise. PMID- 3196752 TI - Acid lipase activity in neonatal rat liver cell types. Effect of starvation. AB - The acid lipase activity in the liver of neonatal (1-day-old) rats was studied. It was found that (i) in whole liver, the activity was 50% lower than in adult rats; (ii) in neonatal livers, the activity was 7.7-fold higher in hepatocytes than in hemopoietic cells; (iii) neonatal hepatocytes contained about 25% of the activity detected in adult hepatocytes; (iv) all the differences disappeared when expressed per mg of protein; and (v) starvation did not affect the activity either in adult or in neonatal rat liver. PMID- 3196753 TI - Quantitative study of natural antioxidant systems for cellular nitrofurantoin toxicity. AB - The toxicity of nitrofurantoin was studied on human WI-38 fibroblasts: this chemical was lethal when added at concentrations higher than 5.10(-5) M in the culture medium. The protection afforded by antioxidants was then tested: alpha tocopherol gave at 10(-4) M a light protection in contrast to ascorbic acid which even became toxic at high concentrations. We also tested catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase introduced intracellularly by the microinjection technique. On a molecular basis, glutathione peroxidase was 23 times more efficient than catalase and 3000-times more than superoxide dismutase. The results also showed that a similar range of enzyme concentrations was found for the protection against high oxygen pressure. This suggests that, in the case of both oxygen and nitrofurantoin toxicity, the peroxide derivatives are the most toxic intermediates of the free radical attacks. PMID- 3196754 TI - Identification of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase-hydrolase as a major folate binding protein in liver cytosol. AB - 10-Formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (10-formyltetrahydrofolate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.1.6) purified from pig liver contained bound tetrahydropteroylhexa-gamma-glutamate, a potent product inhibitor. Dehydrogenase purified from rat liver had chromatographic properties indistinguishable from those of a previously described major cytosolic folate binding protein of unknown function (Zamierowski, M.M. and Wagner, C. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 933-938; Cook, R.J. and Wagner, C. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 4427-4434). The dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidative deformylation of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to carbon dioxide and tetrahydrofolate. The tight binding of product to the enzyme suggests that oxidation of one-carbon moieties is regulated by the ratio of formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate in liver. PMID- 3196755 TI - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Dicentrarchus labrax liver: kinetic mechanism and kinetics of NADPH inhibition. AB - The kinetic mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) from Dicentrarchus labrax liver was examined using initial velocity studies, NADPH and glucosamine 6-phosphate inhibition and alternate coenzyme experiments. The results are consistent with a steady-state ordered sequential mechanism in which NADP+ binds first to the enzyme and NADPH is released last. Replots of NADPH inhibition show an uncommon parabolic pattern for this enzyme that has not been previously described. A kinetic model is proposed in agreement with our kinetic results and with previously published structural studies (Bautista et al. (1988) Biochem. Soc. Trans. 16, 903-904). The kinetic mechanism presented provides a possible explanation for the regulation of the enzyme by the [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio. PMID- 3196756 TI - Identification of serotonin from rabbit upper stomach as a stimulant of in vitro gallbladder contraction. AB - Using an in vitro rabbit gallbladder bioassay, the distribution and identification of bioactive substances in rabbit gastrointestinal tract were investigated. Comparison of the bioactivities of tissue extracts before and after cholecystokinin was removed by affinity chromatography demonstrated that the distributions of cholecystokinin and non-cholecystokinin substances were different. While cholecystokinin bioactivity per g of tissue was highest in the duodenum, non-cholecystokinin bioactivity was greatest in the upper stomach. The biochemical properties of the non-cholecystokinin substance in the upper stomach could not be distinguished from those of serotonin. These included molecular weights of 176, identical ultraviolet spectra, similar nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and co-chromatography in HPLC. By weight, serotonin had 1/6th of the bioactivity of cholecystokinin octapeptide. We conclude that the principal gallbladder-contracting substance in rabbit upper stomach is serotonin. PMID- 3196757 TI - The use of poly(L-proline)-Sepharose in the isolation of profilin and profilactin complexes. AB - In the purification of proline hydroxylase by affinity chromatography on poly(L proline)-Sepharose it was found earlier that two other components, profilin and the complex profilin-actin, also bind with high affinity to this matrix. We have exploited this observation to develop a rapid procedure for the isolation of profilin and profilin-actin complexes in high yields directly from high-speed supernatants of crude tissue-extracts. Through an extensive search for elution conditions, avoiding poly(L-proline) as the desorbant, we have found that active proteins can be recovered from the affinity column with a buffer containing 30% dimethyl sulphoxide. Subsequent chromatography on hydroxylapatite separates free profilin and the two isoforms of profilactin, profilin-actin beta and profilin actin gamma. The profilin-actin complexes produced this way have high specific activities in the DNAase-inhibition assay, give rise to filaments on addition of Mg2+, and can be crystallized. From the isolated profilin-actin complexes the beta- and gamma-actin isoforms of non-muscle cells can easily be prepared in a polymerization competent form. Pure profilin is either obtained from an excess pool present in some extracts or by dissociation of profilin-actin complexes and removal of the actin. PMID- 3196758 TI - Glycogenolysis--and not gluconeogenesis--is the source of UDP-glucuronic acid for glucuronidation. AB - Differences in cofactor (NADPH and UDP-glucuronic acid) supply for various processes of biotransformation were studied by investigating the interrelations between glucose production (gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis) and drug (p nitrophenol, aminopyrine, phenolphthalein) biotransformation (hydroxylation and conjugation) in isolated murine hepatocytes. In glycogen-depleted hepatocytes prepared from animals fasted for 48 h (i) p-nitrophenol conjugation was decreased by 80% compared to the fed control, while aminopyrine oxidation was unaltered, (ii) addition of glucose or gluconeogenic substrates failed to increase the rate of p-nitrophenol conjugation, while the rate of p-nitrophenol and also aminopyrine oxidation was increased and (iii) gluconeogenesis was inhibited by 80% by aminopyrine oxidation: it was moderately decreased by p-nitrophenol oxidation and conjugation and remained unchanged by phenolphthalein conjugation. In hepatocytes prepared from fed mice (i) p-nitrophenol conjugation was independent of the extracellular glucose concentration, (ii) it was linked to the consumption of glycogen--addition of fructose inhibited p-nitrophenol glucuronidation only, while sulfation was unaltered and (iii) p-nitrophenol oxidation was not detectable: aminopyrine oxidation was not affected by fructose addition. It is suggested that UDP-glucuronic acid for glucuronidation derives predominantly from glycogen, while the NADPH generation for mixed function oxidation is linked to glucose uptake and/or gluconeogenesis in the liver. PMID- 3196759 TI - Hydrolysis of cellulose by a mixture of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase and Aspergillus niger endoglucanase. AB - Two endoglucanase-containing fractions were separated from Aspergillus niger cellulase by gel filtration and fast protein liquid chromatofocusing (FPLC). They possessed no ability to bind to or hydrolyze insoluble microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel) but were active toward soluble carboxymethylcellulose. No synergism was observed between Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I and either endoglucanase from A. niger. These findings may indicate that the role of the endoglucanase component of cellulase in insoluble microcrystalline cellulose hydrolysis is dependent upon its ability to be adsorbed upon the substrate. PMID- 3196760 TI - The metabolism of 1-methylhydantoin via 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin in mammals. AB - The metabolic pathway of 1-methylhydantoin (2) via 5-hydroxy-1-methylhydantoin (3), methylparabanic acid (4) and N5-methyloxaluric acid (5) proved to be a major and general one in mammals. Hence the formation of (3), which has not been detected in normal tissue, is likely to be indirect in inflamed tissue, probably depending on the arising formation of (2) from creatinine (1). PMID- 3196761 TI - Feedback regulation of polyamine synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Analysis using nonmetabolizable derivatives of putrescine and spermine. AB - Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is subject to feedback regulation by the polyamines. Thus, addition of putrescine, spermidine or spermine to cells causes inhibition of ODC mRNA translation. Putrescine and spermine are readily converted into spermidine. Therefore, it is conceivable that the inhibition of ODC synthesis observed in putrescine- and spermine-supplemented cells is instead an effect of spermidine. To examine this possibility we have used two analogs of putrescine and spermine, namely 1,4-dimethylputrescine and 5,8-dimethylspermine, which cannot be converted into spermidine. Both analogs were found to inhibit the incorporation of [35S]methionine into ODC protein to approximately the same extent, suggesting that putrescine as well as spermine exert a negative feedback control of ODC mRNA translation in the cell. In addition to suppressing ODC synthesis, both analogs were found to increase the turnover rate of the enzyme. 5,8-Dimethylspermine caused a marked decrease in the activity of S adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC). This effect was not obtained with 1,4-dimethylputrescine, indicating that spermine, but not putrescine, exerts a negative control of AdoMetDC. Treatment with 1,4-dimethylputrescine caused extensive depletion of the cellular putrescine and spermidine content, but accumulation of spermine. 5,8-Dimethylspermine treatment, on the other hand, effectively depleted the spermine content and had less effect on the putrescine and spermidine content, at least initially. Nevertheless, the total polyamine content was more extensively reduced by treatment with 5,8-dimethylspermine than with 1,4-dimethylputrescine. Accordingly, only 5,8-dimethylspermine treatment exerted a significant inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites tumor cell growth. PMID- 3196762 TI - Depolarization of macrophage polykaryons in the absence of external sodium induces a cyclic stimulation of a calcium-activated potassium conductance. AB - Macrophage polykaryons associated with the foreign body granuloma display several electrophysiological properties when studied with intracellular microelectrodes. One of the most evident properties is the slow hyperpolarization (2-5 s long, 10 60 mV amplitude), due to transient openings of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels, that is similar to those observed in macrophages. How this oscillation of membrane potential is triggered is not well known and the only way to repeatedly activate it under experimental control is through the intracellular injection of Ca2+. Although this technique is important for understanding the properties of the K+ channels, no information has been obtained about the way Ca2+ levels are raised and controlled in the cytosol. Slow hyperpolarizations can also be triggered by electrical stimulation, but reproducibility is low with cells bathed in physiological solutions. We then decided to investigate the effect of depolarization on the electrophysiological properties of macrophage polykaryons exposed to bathing solutions of several ionic compositions. We show in this paper that cell membrane depolarization induced by a long current pulse can trigger several patterns of membrane potential changes and that, in the absence of extracellular Na+, repetitive oscillations of decaying amplitudes are observed in almost all the cells. They are very similar to the slow hyperpolarizations, are dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, and are blocked by quinine and D 600. Whole-cell patch clamp recording under voltage clamp conditions showed an outward current that oscillates and that also exhibits decaying amplitudes. The data presented here indicate that these oscillations are a consequence of the cyclic opening of the Ca2+-activated K+ channels and support the hypothesis that favors the participation of Ca2+ channels and of the Ca2+/Na+ exchange system in their triggering. These two mechanisms are not enough to explain either why the K+ channels close or why the membrane potential returns to the original level at the end of each cycle. The possibility of using these oscillations as a model to study the slow hyperpolarization is discussed. PMID- 3196763 TI - Regulation of intracellular pH in rat uterine smooth muscle, studied by 31P NMR spectroscopy. AB - Intracellular pH (pHi) affects smooth muscle function, yet little is known concerning its regulation. I have therefore investigated pH regulation in rat uterus, using 31P-NMR spectroscopy. A change in extracellular pH(pHe) of 1 pH unit (7.4 to 6.4) elicited a 0.29 change in pHi; smaller changes in pHe were accompanied by proportionately smaller changes in pHi. The pH changes were reversible. There was no fall of uterine ATP or phosphocreatine during the pH changes. PMID- 3196764 TI - Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis influences the glucocorticoid sensitivity of lymphoid cells. AB - Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis impairs the formation of the 13 polypeptides encoded on the mitochondrial genome. These polypeptides are part of enzyme complexes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Prolonged inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis thus reduces the oxidative phosphorylation capacity which ultimately results in impairment of energy-requiring processes. Via a different mechanism glucocorticoid hormones also decrease the oxidative phosphorylation capacity of, e.g., lymphoid cells. The present study shows that inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis influences glucocorticoid-induced responses of lymphoid cells in two opposing manners. (a) It is enhanced after induction in cells with a reduced oxidative phosphorylation capacity resulting from preceding inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis. This can be explained by the synergistic effects of glucocorticoids and prolonged inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis on energy-producing processes. (b) It is counteracted when mitochondrial protein synthesis is impaired during induction of the response. The latter observation suggests that mitochondrial protein synthesis is involved in the generation of glucocorticoid-induced effects on lymphoid cells. PMID- 3196766 TI - Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent association of phosphorylase kinase with human erythrocyte membranes. AB - The interaction of rabbit muscle phosphorylase kinase (EC 2.7.1.38) with human erythrocyte membranes was investigated. It was found that at pH 7.0 the kinase binds to the inner face of the erythrocyte membrane (inside-out vesicles) and that this binding is Ca2+- and Mg2+-dependent. The sharpest increase in the binding reaction occurs at concentrations between 70 and 550 nM free Ca2+. Erythrocyte ghost or right-side out erythrocyte vesicles showed a significantly lower capacity to interact with phosphorylase kinase. Autophosphorylated phosphorylase kinase shows a similar Ca2+-dependent binding profile, while trypsin activation of the kinase and calmodulin decrease the original binding capacity by about 50%. Heparin (200 micrograms/ml) and high ionic strength (50 mM NaCl) almost completely blocks enzyme-membrane interaction; glycogen does not affect the interaction. PMID- 3196765 TI - Stimulation of sodium transport by aldosterone and arginine vasotocin in A6 cells. AB - The effects of aldosterone and arginine vasotocin (AVT) on transepithelial Na+ transport of cultured A6 cells were investigated. All experiments were performed with cells grown on Millicell TM culture-plate inserts for a period of 2-4 weeks in defined, serum-free medium. Omitting fetal bovine serum 2 days after seeding the cells on filters did not influence potential difference (PD) development or the hormonal responses tested. The cell layers were placed in an Ussing chamber for short-circuit current (ISC) and transepithelial conductance (G) measurements. Base-line values were (n = 93): PD, 51.0 +/- 0.2 mV (apical side negative); ISC, 14.55 +/- 0.06 microA/cm2; G, 0.306 +/- 0.001 mS/cm2. ISC and G were higher in cells pretreated with 10(-7) M aldosterone for 24 h in the incubator, when compared to controls (ISC, 28 +/- 2 vs. 16 +/- 2 microA/cm2, G, 0.41 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.26 +/- 0.01 mS/cm2, n = 5) and both remained stable for at least 6 h. In cells not treated with aldosterone, 10(-7) M AVT increased ISC within 1 min after addition, producing a maximum ISC within 15 min which then declined to baseline levels over the next 5 h. Addition of AVT to aldosterone-pretreated cells resulted in a significantly greater peak increase in ISC than in non-pretreated cells (change in ISC compared to controls: 8.1 +/- 0.4 vs. 4.9 +/- 0.4 microA/cm2, n = 5, P less than 0.001), indicating a synergistic effect. A dose response curve for amiloride obtained in the presence of AVT showed that amiloride completely inhibits ISC. Pretreatment of the A6 cells with aldosterone for 24 h shifted the amiloride dose-response curve to the right, as expressed in a doubling of the apparent Ki value (from 0.17 +/- 0.02 to 0.33 +/- 0.04 microM). In conclusion, A6 cells grown in defined, serum-free medium express a greater than additive synergism between aldosterone and AVT in stimulating transepithelial Na+ transport. PMID- 3196767 TI - Factors governing the adaptation of cells in area-17 of the cat visual cortex. AB - Neurons in area 17 of the cat visual cortex adapt when stimulated by drifting patterns of optimal orientation, spatial frequency and temporal frequency (Ohzawa et al. 1982; Albrecht et al. 1984; Ohzawa et al. 1985). A component of this adaptation has been attributed to a contrast gain-control mechanism, rather than to neural fatigue, and results in enhanced differential sensitivity around the adapting contrast level (Ohzawa et al. 1982; Albrecht et al. 1984; Ohzawa et al. 1985). Experiments described here suggest that neural response rate, the directional selectivity of the cell, and the temporal frequency of the stimulus, are the principal determinants of adaptation, irrespective of other stimulus parameters such as contrast, velocity, or spatial frequency. The present results can nevertheless accommodate the results of previous studies of adaptation, and additionally provide scope for the resolution of apparent contradictions between results from psychophysical and neurophysiological studies of adaptation. PMID- 3196768 TI - A matrix analysis for a conjugate vestibulo-ocular reflex. AB - The technique of matrix analysis is used to compare the connectivity between vestibular neurons and oculomotor neurons of the two eyes that would generate a conjugate vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The technique shows that the connectivity is normally anatomically symmetric. The technique is also used to determine the types and loci of adaptation within the VOR that will maintain conjugacy. Adaptation is divided into 1) that evoked by changes in visual feedback, which requires VOR or system-specific changes and 2) that produced by changes in the canals or muscles, which requires deficit-specific adaptation. In the former case, the adaptation could best be achieved by an additive alteration of the vestibular-motoneuron projections. In the latter case, the appropriate adaptations would be serial, multiplicative changes, applied at the level of the vestibular neurons when the canals are at fault or at the level of the motoneurons of the eye whose muscles are impaired. The analysis thus suggests multiple loci of plasticity within the VOR, specialized for adapting to different deficits. PMID- 3196769 TI - Corner detection in curvilinear dot grouping. AB - Corners, or discontinuities in orientation, are one of the most salient and useful properties of contours. But how sensitive are we in detecting them, and what does this sensitivity imply about the processes by which corners can be detected. In this paper we address both of these questions, starting with the observation that changing the sampling phase of a curve changes the geometry of its discrete trace, or the set of discrete (retinotopic) points onto which the curve projects. This motivates our stimuli--dotted curves--and our experimental design: if curves are represented by dots, the placement of the dots effects whether or not corners are perceived. Specifically, we present quantitative data on sensitivity to discontinuities as a function of dot phase, and address its theoretical explanation within a two-stage model of orientation selection. Curvature plays a key role in this model, and, finally, the model and experimental data are brought together by showing that a very coarse approximation to change in curvature (or differences in local curvature estimates) is sufficient to account for the psychophysical data on sensitivity to discontinuities. PMID- 3196770 TI - Maximum likelihood identification of neural point process systems. AB - Using the theory of random point processes, a method is presented whereby functional relationships between neurons can be detected and modeled. The method is based on a point process characterization involving stochastic intensities and an additive rate function model. Estimates are based on the maximum likelihood (ML) principle and asymptotic properties are examined in the absence of a stationarity assumption. An iterative algorithm that computes the ML estimates is presented. It is based on the expectation/maximization (EM) procedure of Dempster et al. (1977) and makes ML identification accessible to models requiring many parameters. Examples illustrating the use of the method are also presented. These examples are derived from simulations of simple neural systems that cannot be identified using correlation techniques. It is shown that the ML method correctly identifies each of these systems. PMID- 3196771 TI - Symmetry breaking in neural nets. AB - In this paper two well-known homogeneous models of neural nets undergoing symmetry-breaking transitions are studied in order to see if, after the transition, there is the appearance of Goldstone modes. These have been found only in an approximate way; there are indications, however, that they can play a prominent role when the tissue is subjected to external inputs, constraining it to be slaved to the characteristics of those. This circumstance should be essential in explaining how a structured net can store complex inputs and give subsequently ordered outputs. PMID- 3196772 TI - Neural-space generalization of a topological transformation. AB - An investigation is performed to assess the generalization capability found in neural network paradigms to approximate a 2-dimensional coordinate (topological) transformation. A developed strategy uses the example to give a physical meaning to what is meant by generalization. The example shows how to use a neural network paradigm to generalize a two-degree of freedom topological transformation from cartesian end-point coordinates to corresponding joint angle coordinates based only on examples of the mapping. The importance of this example is that it provides a clear understanding of how and what a neural network is actually communications and brings a theoretical idea to a useful understanding. When examples characterize the topology, a collective generalization property begins to emerge and the network learns the topology. If the network is presented with additional examples of the transformation, the network can generate the corresponding joint angles to any unseen position, that is, by generalization. It is also significant that the network's generalization property emerges from the network based on very few training examples! Further, the networks power exists with very few neurons. Results suggest the use of the paradigm's generalization capability to provide solutions to unknown or intractable algorithms for applications. PMID- 3196773 TI - Auto-association by multilayer perceptrons and singular value decomposition. AB - The multilayer perceptron, when working in auto-association mode, is sometimes considered as an interesting candidate to perform data compression or dimensionality reduction of the feature space in information processing applications. The present paper shows that, for auto-association, the nonlinearities of the hidden units are useless and that the optimal parameter values can be derived directly by purely linear techniques relying on singular value decomposition and low rank matrix approximation, similar in spirit to the well-known Karhunen-Loeve transform. This approach appears thus as an efficient alternative to the general error back-propagation algorithm commonly used for training multilayer perceptrons. Moreover, it also gives a clear interpretation of the role of the different parameters. PMID- 3196774 TI - The adaptation ability of neuronal models subject to a current step stimulus. AB - Three neuronal models of the spike initiating process were investigated with respect to their ability to show adaptation to a current step: (i) the perfect integrator model (PIM), (ii) the leaky integrator model (LIM), and (iii) the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH)-model. It was found that although each neuronal model will generate different response spike trains to a given stimulus, all responses fulfilled the criteria of a deterministic neural response (Awiszus 1988). The results show that both PIM and LIM are unable to show adaptation regardless of the choice of model parameters whereas the HH-model shows a clear rate of discharge adaptation. The reason for this adaptation lies in the fact that there are conditions for the HH-model where a step stimulus is highly effective. These conditions are investigated by means of a phase plane analysis. Consequences of these results for the explanation of neuronal adaptation and the validity of the neuronal models investigated are discussed. PMID- 3196775 TI - A modular analog neuron-model for research and teaching. AB - An analog electronic neuron for modeling neuronal networks and for teaching purposes is presented. The circuitry represents a new approach, since ionic channels are all modeled by fast relay switches in combination with resistors. Thus, the synapse design includes nonlinear PSP superposition and reversal potentials. The spike is modeled with Na+ and K+ currents. Detailed circuit diagrams and examples of performance are given. Besides its use in network research, the model has been successfully used over 3 years of teaching practice. PMID- 3196776 TI - How sensory maps could enhance resolution through ordered arrangements of broadly tuned receivers. AB - We investigate the properties of a model recently introduced by Heiligenberg (1987) for an array of sensors tuned to progressively higher ranges of a continuous stimulus variable x and with bell shaped single response curve with width parameter d. The main result is that as d increases, the overall response rapidly becomes almost linear in a very smooth and robust fashion. Biological relevance and implications of the model and of its extensions are discussed together with a few examples. PMID- 3196777 TI - Local spatial scale for three-dot alignment acuity. AB - Three-dot alignment discrimination thresholds were determined for blobs with Gaussian spatial and temporal contrast envelopes. The stimuli were presented at detection threshold luminance contrast. Thresholds were determined as a function of the blur parameter of the stimuli. This was done for a range of eccentricities in the visual field (from 45 degrees nasal to 65 degrees temporal). The thresholds were corrected for variations of the stimulus extent with the blur parameter. The results were used to estimate the local spatial scale for three dot alignment acuity. This was done by a method recently introduced by Watson (1987). It was found that the local spatial scale for three-dot alignment acuity is approximately linearly proportional to eccentricity. PMID- 3196779 TI - [Helminthic fauna of commercial fishes from the Saya-de-Malya bank (Indian Ocean)]. AB - The data on infestation of 8 species of commercial fishes from Saya-de-Malya bank (the Indian Ocean) are presented. 43 helminth species were identified: 10 Monogenea species, 18 trematode, 7 cestode and 8 nematode species. The mature worms are observed to be related to a certain host, whereas the nematode and cestode larvae have wide specificity. High infestation degree by Anisakis larvae is found in fishes, especially in Carangidae. At the bank area fishes are found to be free from Acanthocephala while those Acanthocephala are found in fishes from other areas of the Indian Ocean which may be attributed to the specific diet at the Saya-de-Malya bank. On the whole the helminth fauna of fishes examined at the Saya-de-Malya bank does not demonstrate the endemic pattern. The most specific helminth species were found in some fish species. PMID- 3196778 TI - Differences between monkey visual cortex cells in triplet and ghost doublet informational symbols relationships. AB - On the basis of the recent discovery that precisely replicating triplets of impulses present in All-Interval histograms of spike trains generated by visual cortex cells of Rhesus monkeys are surrounded by multiple copies of "ghost doublets" of such triplets, we have examined and compared in detail, the spike trains generated by four complex cells in the striate cortex of curarized monkeys with respect to: (1) The number of precisely replicating triplet patterns embedded in trains of discharges generated in response to specific Hubel-Wiesel stimulation; (2) The effect of time separating the occurrence of such replicating triplets on the number and time distribution of their ghost doublets; (3) The effect of decreasing the precision criterion for the detection of replicating (parent) triplets (from the standard 0.14 ms criterion to 0.5 ms) on the relationships between triplets and their ghosts and (4) The comparison of the distributions in time of ghost doublets around the first and second copies of triplets when the time intervals separating them were greater than or less than 0.5 s. We found that the precision of replication of triplets varies somewhat from one cell to another, and that ghosts doublets are more copiously associated with replicating triplets emitted near in time to each other than with triplets emitted after larger time intervals, except in the case of one cell. In order to assess the statistical significance of our findings, we systematically shuffled the order of occurrence of intervals in every burst of all the records of one of the studied cells and repeated the analysis. Both the number of replicating triplets and of associated ghost doublets is significantly depressed (but not totally obliterated) by the above shuffling procedure. Finally, further implications based on a model of neural information transmission in the form of temporal correlations between spikes are discussed. PMID- 3196780 TI - [Slow potentials of the olfactory bulb in the carp]. AB - The slow negative potentials evoked in carp olfactory bulb (OB) by some odorants and slow positive potentials evoked by nonspecific irritation (water stream, NaCl solutions) of olfactory epithelium have been studied. The slow potentials of both types were not inverted in deep layers of OB and were resistant to blockade of synaptic transmission by manganese ions. The negative slow potentials were not also affected by hypoxia and associated with local increase of OB tissue resistance. Positive slow potentials were affected by hypoxia and associated with local decrease of OB tissue resistance. The electrical tetanization of local zones of olfactory epithelium evoked in OB steady potential shifts of negative polarity, but diffuse tetanization of olfactory nerve evoked shifts of positive polarity. The results support the hypothesis of glial origin of slow potentials. Possible mechanisms of slow negative and positive potential generation are discussed. PMID- 3196781 TI - [Reaction of human skeletal muscle fiber to a one-time physical load]. AB - NADH-tetrazolium reductase and succinate dehydrogenase activity, glycogen concentration and ultrastructure of muscular fiber of a human being was studied before and after single physical load to refusal. The revealed individual peculiarities of fiber reaction in different people allow to divide all tested people into two subgroups according to the change of succinate dehydrogenase activity. PMID- 3196782 TI - [The generalization of speech reactions to various instructions]. AB - It is found that there is a direct correspondence between similarity meaning degree of sentences and quantity of positive reactions irrespective of the preliminary instructions. All this permits to estimate quantitatively the conditional reflex activity of sentence. PMID- 3196783 TI - Sexual phenotype of avian chimeric gonads with germinal and stromal cells of opposite genetic sexes. AB - The respective roles of germinal and stromal cells in determining the sexual phenotype of the gonad were analyzed in chimeric gonads obtained by surgical recombination between young avian blastodiscs in ovo. Equivalent territories were exchanged between two blastodisc, in order that the germinal crescent and the gonad territory had a different origin (fig. 3). Embryos used for these experiments carried a sex linked pigment mutation, that made it possible to diagnose the genetic sexes of germ cells and stroma at the time when the gonad was retrieved for examination. On the basis of species, three types of combination were performed: chick germ cells in chick or quail stroma, quail germ cells in chick stroma. In each chimera, the genetic sexes of the two gonadal cell populations could be identical or opposite. However it appeared that the germ cell population was not always homogeneous. In some grafting schemes, ectopic germ cells, located outside the germinal crescent, contributed to the colonization of the experimental gonad. These germ cells were from the same territory as the stroma element of the gonad, i.e., they were of the same species and the same genetic sex. Whatever the case, in 87 chimeras that were studied, the sex phenotype of the gonads always corresponded to the genetic sex of the stroma. Thus the genetic sex of germ cells has no role in the sexual differentiation of the gonadal rudiments. PMID- 3196784 TI - Influence of vitamin A palmitate on the growth of regenerating Triturus alpestris forelimbs. AB - The objective of this investigation was to analyse the effects of vitamin A palmitate orally administered to young postmetamorphic Triturus alpestris on the growth of regenerates. Vitamin A was administered for 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after amputation at the middle of the right zeugopod. Growth of regenerates was evaluated on the basis of external size measurements and blastema cell proliferation. Calculation of the percentages of cells in each cell-cycle phase and estimation of mitotic indices during the period of drug administration were performed by microdensitometric scanning of Feulgen-stained nuclei and counting of chromosome configurations, respectively. Vitamin A was found to induce polyploidism, to enhance transition from G1- to S-phase cell nuceli, to prolong the duration of G2-phase to the detriment of S-phase and to promote mitotic activity in the mesenchyme cells. In accordance with the above, an acceleration in the growth rates of treated blastemas with respect to controls was observed. PMID- 3196785 TI - Metabolism of testosterone in vivo in the pregnant rat. AB - The metabolism of testosterone (T) was examined during the second half of pregnancy in the rat to determine whether utilization of T for estradiol (E2) synthesis occurs via conversion of T to androstenedione (A). On Days 11, 16, and 21 of gestation (term = Day 23), rats (n = 7-9/group) were anesthetized and a constant infusion of [3H]T was initiated. At 60 min, blood was obtained from a jugular vein and the ovaries (Days 11, 16, and 21), and placentae and uterine tissue (Day 16 only) were removed. In a second study performed in rats on Day 16 of gestation (n = 8-10/group), the ovaries and/or gravid uterus were removed 15 min after initiation of [3H]T infusion, and blood was taken from a jugular vein 60 min later. Radiolabeled T and A were purified from serum and tissues by paper chromatography. In a third group of rats (n = 6), jugular vein samples were obtained sequentially on Days 11, 16 and 21 of gestation and serum concentrations of T were measured by radioimmunoassay. The metabolic clearance rate of T was constant during the study period (overall mean = 31 1/day). In contrast, the serum concentration of T (pg/ml) on Day 16 of gestation (863 +/- 108) exceeded (p less than 0.02) that on Day 11 (445 +/- 74); the latter was similar to that measured on Day 21 (592 +/- 109). Thus, the estimated production rate of T was greatest on Day 16 of gestation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196786 TI - Effects of weaning and naloxone on luteinizing hormone secretion in postpartum ewes. AB - The effects of weaning and naloxone on concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) at 20 days postpartum were examined. March-lambing Finnish Landrace x Southdown ewes (n = 20) were bled via jugular venipuncture at 10-min intervals for 4 h. Naloxone (1 mg/kg bodyweight) was administered i.v. at 60, 120, and 180 min. Treatment groups were suckled (S), weaned on Day 17 (W), suckled plus naloxone (SN), and weaned plus naloxone (WN). Mean concentrations of LH were calculated for 0-60, 70-120, 130-180, and 190-240 min time intervals. Analysis of variance indicated a group effect (p = 0.03) and a group x time interaction (p = 0.02). Concentrations of LH followed a cubic pattern in SN (p = 0.03) and WN (p = 0.08) ewes, whereas LH levels decreased (p less than 0.05) in a pattern consisting of linear and quadratic trends in S and W ewes. Concentrations of LH in S and W ewes were similar at 0-60 and 190-240 min. W ewes had lower (p less than 0.05) concentrations of LH than S ewes at 70-120 and 130-190 min. Further analysis revealed that LH was elevated in SN ewes (p = 0.01) and WN ewes (p = 0.07) at 70 120 min, but was not significantly elevated at 130-180 min. At 190-240 min LH was increased in SN ewes (p = 0.03), but LH levels in WN ewes were similar to those of SN ewes as well as to those of S control ewes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196787 TI - Partial characterization of the androgen receptor of the newborn rat gubernaculum. AB - Androgen receptors were measured by sucrose density gradient techniques in low salt and high-salt extracts of gubernaculum, urogenital sinus, and bladder from 3 to 5-day-old male rats. Specific 5 alpha-[3H] dihydrotestosterone binding was present in both the low-salt and high-salt extracts of gubernacular tissue. The total amount of receptor in gubernaculum was approximately one-fifth the total amount of androgen binding measured in the urogenital sinus (119 fmol/g tissue in gubernaculum vs. 562 fmol/g tissue in urogenital sinus). No androgen receptor was detected in bladder. A 10-fold excess of nonradioactive 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone competed well for 5 mM 5 alpha-[3H]-dihydrotestosterone binding, whereas 10-fold molar excesses of testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone were ineffective. These results suggest that the gubernaculum may be a target tissue for androgens. PMID- 3196788 TI - The culture of bovine oocytes to obtain developmentally competent embryos. AB - Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) (n = 4230) were used in this study to assess the effects of culture method, hormonal supplementation, and cumulus cell concentration on maturation, fertilization and development of resulting embryos. Five treatments were evaluated. 1) 10 COC/50-microliter drops under oil in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% heat-treated fetal calf serum, follicle-stimulating hormone (0.5 microgram/ml), luteinizing hormone (5 micrograms/ml), and estradiol 17 beta (1 microgram/ml); 2) as in 1 without hormones; 3) as in 1 but in 3 ml TCM 199 in petri dishes without paraffin oil; 4) as in 2 but only 1 COC/50-microliter drop; and 5) as in 1 but with denuded oocytes. After 24 h maturation, the frequencies of oocytes reaching metaphase II were 98, 84, 92, 93, and 87%, respectively, for the five treatments. In the same order, percentages of normal fertilization were 73, 70, 62, 81, and 62%, and the frequencies of embryos containing two or more blastomeres at 65 h postinsemination were 69, 82, 66, 51, and 43%. The same five treatments were used in a second study in which 3,199 oocytes were fertilized, allowed to cleave in vitro to the 2- to 3-cell stage (42 h postinsemination), and transferred to oviducts of sheep (one treatment/oviduct) for 4 days. The frequencies of morulae or blastocytes obtained were 28, 18, 23, 24, and 11% for the five treatments, respectively. After nonsurgical transfer to bovine recipients (n = 8) using fresh or frozen-thawed embryos, three pregnancies past 50 days were obtained. Only one went to term with the birth of a live heifer calf. PMID- 3196789 TI - Characterization of a high molecular weight glycoprotein secreted by the peri implantation bovine conceptus. AB - Cow conceptuses were flushed from uteri on Day 17 of pregnancy and cultured with [3H]glucosamine and [14C]leucine. A high molecular weight glycoprotein (HMWG) having an Mr = 765,000 was isolated by a combination of anion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Selective chemical and enzymatic degradations were performed. The HMWG was resistant to Pronase and peptide: N-glycanase F. Only endo-beta-galactosidase and harsh alkaline reducing conditions were successful in dissociating carbohydrate from the protein core, suggesting that carbohydrate chains are N-linked to Asn and contain beta-galactosidic linkages. The intact molecule could bind to an affinity column of Datura stramoniom lectin, suggesting the presence of beta(1-4)-linked oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine. The susceptibility of HMWG to endo-beta-galactosidase suggests that at least some of these oligomers are substituted with galactose to form N-acetyllactosamine. Binding of HMWG to lectin could be inhibited partially with N-acetyllactosamine or completely with a mixture of N, N'-diacetylchitobiose and N, N', N" triacetylchitotriose. In summary, properties of the HMWG suggest it contains lactosaminoglycan components and is almost identical to an HMWG secreted by the Day 16 ovine conceptus. Thus, embryos of these two ruminant species secrete similar molecules during early pregnancy. PMID- 3196790 TI - Estrogen dynamics in the female rhesus monkey. AB - The metabolic clearance rates (MCR) and interconversions [( rho]BB) values for estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) in female rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys on Days 9, 14, and 23 of the menstrual cycle were measured using constant infusions of [3H] estradiol and [14C] estrone. The menstrual cycles in these monkeys were reproduced by using Silastic capsules of E2 and progesterone after bilateral ovariectomy. The serum levels of E2 and progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay and were similar to those for the intact menstrual cycle. The MCR of E2 on Day 14 (52.8 +/- 6.8 l/day/kg) was significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than that measured on Day 9 (31.1 +/- 3.6 l/day/kg) or Day 23 (35.4 +/ 2.1 l/day/kg). The MCR of E1 was also different (p less than 0.05) on Day 14 (77.6 +/- 14.9 l/day/kg) compared to the values on Days 9 and 23 (50.2 +/- 4.9 and 48.2 +/- 3.9 l/day/kg, respectively. There was no change in percentage of free E2, percentage of albumin-bound E2, or sex hormone-binding globulin levels on those 3 days of the cycle. The interconversions between E2 and E1 were not influenced by the day of the cycle. We conclude that the high levels of E2 occurring at the time of the E2 peak result in increases in the MCRs of both E2 and E1 that are not associated with changes in the pattern of protein-binding or in the activity of the 17 beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase. PMID- 3196791 TI - Relationship between concentrations of immunoreactive insulin-like growth factor I in follicular fluid and various biochemical markers of differentiation in bovine antral follicles. AB - Three experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in ovarian follicular fluid and various biochemical markers of follicular differentiation in bovine follicles. In Experiment I, ovaries were removed on Days 7, 14, 28, 42, or 56 after parturition from a total of 21 cows. In Experiment II, ovaries of 31 cows were removed between Days 20 and 30 postpartum after 48 or 96 h of either saline (0.9% NaCl, 5 ml) or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH, 500 ng/5 ml saline) injections given every 2 h via jugular cannulae. In Experiment III, ovaries of six cows were removed 48-50 h after a 35-mg injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha during the midluteal phase of an estrous cycle. In Experiments I and II, all follicles greater than or equal to 8.0 mm in diameter were removed from each ovary (n = 33 and 46, respectively). In Experiment III, fluid from all follicles greater than 4 mm in diameter were removed individually (n = 10), and fluid from follicles 1-4 mm in diameter were pooled for each cow. Follicles for each experiment were further categorized as either estrogen-active (E-A, concentration of estradiol greater than progesterone in follicular fluid) or estrogen-inactive (E-I, concentration of progesterone greater than estradiol in follicular fluid). Measurements of immunoreactive IGF-I (i-IGF-I) were made after separating IGFs from their binding proteins with an acid-ethanol extraction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196792 TI - The steroidogenic characteristics of primary testicular cell cultures from adult hypophysectomized rats: enhanced formation of C21 steroids. AB - To characterize and clarify the time-related pattern of steroidogenesis in primary testicular cultures from adult hypophysectomized rats, we have determined the pattern of C19 and C21 steroids using novel enzymatic assay techniques that rely on highly specific bacterial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Steroids contained in culture media were separated in a standardized high performance liquid chromatography system and the 17 beta-hydroxy- and 17-oxosteroids were quantified by a transydrogenase assay. The individual 3 alpha-, 3 beta-, 17 beta , and 20 alpha-hydroxysteroids were in turn measured by enzymatic oxidation. Presumptive steroid identities were confirmed by enzymatic oxidation or reduction to products that were rechromatographed and identified by co-elution with standards. Although human chorionic gonadotropin stimulated an increase in the "adult" hormones, testosterone and 4-androstene-3, 17-dione, on both Days 1 and 11 of culture, the majority of the steroids found, even on Day 1, were 3 alpha hydroxy-5 alpha-dihydrosteroids rather than delta 4-3-oxosteroids. A specific 5 alpha-reduced, C21 steroid: 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 20 alpha-diol, increased over time and became the most abundant gonodotropin-stimulated steroid (about 5 fold in excess of testosterone) by Day 11. In contrast, testosterone was the identifying steroid of nondispersed testes from both intact and hypophysectomized rats. Studies with tracer quantities of [3H]pregnenolone in culture confirmed the initial (Day 1) preponderance of 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-dihydrosteroids, as well as the accumulation with time of 20 alpha-hydroxysteroids. These findings suggest that contrary to expectation, cultured testicular cells from young adult hypophysectomized rats display a relatively atypical steroidogenic pattern. Although the cellular mechanisms underlying the time-dependent accumulation of C21 steroids remain uncertain, these patterns suggest either regressive changes in the original parent cells or the emergence of a population of latent cells. Although of limited utility as a model for examining adult testicular physiology, primary cultures of dispersed whole testes should prove useful in studies of culture-induced phenotypic regression and the attendant alteration at the level of gene expression. PMID- 3196793 TI - Hamster uterine tissues accumulate corticosteroid-binding globulin during decidualization. AB - Although corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) is known to be a serum steroid binding protein, its function outside of the vascular space is not well understood. To prove an extravascular role for CBG, it must first be established that CBG occurs in steroid target tissues. We sought information on the occurrence of CBG in the cytosol, nuclear, and membrane fractions of 6 tissues during decidualization in the hamster. Our objectives were to determine if CBG is distributed in a tissue-specific manner, and to investigate the relationship between serum CBG and tissue CBG. Hamsters were given progesterone pellets s.c. on cycle Day 1 and decidualization was induced on Day 4. A 3H-cortisol-binding assay, which distinguished between CBG and glucocorticoid receptor, was used to determine CGB levels in the serum and in the cytosol, nuclear, and membrane fractions of deciduoma, myometrium, liver, kidney, muscle, and small intestine. Cytosol CBG accounted for greater than 97% of the total CBG detected in all tissues except liver, where nuclei contained 11% of the measurable CBG. For all cell fractions, CBG levels showed consistent tissue-specific differences. Cytosol CBG was highest in deciduoma and myometrium, 2-fold less in liver and kidney, and 5-fold less in muscle and small intestine. Nuclear CBG concentration was greatest in liver and approximately 10-fold less in other tissues, except for small intestine, where nuclear CBG was undetectable. Membrane CBG was highest in liver, 5-fold less in deciduoma, 10-fold less in myometrium, and about 20-fold less in other tissues. Serum CBG increased 7-fold from Day 4 to Day 9 in decidualized hamsters, but not in nondecidualized sham-operated hamsters. In all tissues, serum CBG was correlated with cytosol CBG. The high levels of CBG in uterine tissues were not the result of serum contamination because whole-body perfusion with buffered saline failed to remove the majority of cytosol CBG under conditions where over 70% of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells were removed. The identity of uterine cytosol CBG with serum CBG was established by ion-exchange chromatography (O-(diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose) and by immunoprecipitation with an antibody generated against serum CBG. These data demonstrate that uterine tissues accumulate substantial amounts of CBG during decidualization, thus raising the possibility of a functional role of CBG in uterine tissues during early pregnancy. PMID- 3196794 TI - Absence of brain opioid peptide modulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the prepubertal gilt. AB - Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) in modulating luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in the prepubertal gilt. In Experiment I, 8 prepubertal (P) gilts, 160-170 days of age (puberty = 197 +/- 10 days), received either 1 (n = 2), 3 (n = 3), or 6 (n = 3) mg/kg BW of naloxone (NAL), an opiate antagonist, in saline i.v. Blood was collected by jugular vein cannula every 15 min for 2 h before and 2 h after NAL. All doses of NAL failed to alter serum LH concentrations. In Experiment II, 21 P gilts 160-170 days of age and 21 mature (M) gilts were ovariectomized (OVX). At the time of OVX, gilts were classified as prepubertal if their ovaries were devoid of corpora albicantia and corpora lutea. Three weeks after OVX, P and M gilts were injected twice daily for 10 days with either 0.85 mg/kg BW of progesterone (P4) or oil vehicle (V), resulting in the following groups: PP4 (n = 11), PV (n = 10), MP4 (n = 11), and MV (n = 10). All gilts received 1 mg/kg BW of NAL on the last day of treatment. Blood samples were collected via a jugular cannula every 15 min for 4 h before and 2 h after NAL treatment. NAL treatment resulted in an increase (p less than 0.05) in serum LH concentrations only in the MP4 gilts. In Experiment III, 15 OVX gilts 280 days of age were used. Ten of the 15 gilts were OVX prior to puberty at 160 days of age and were classified as chronologically mature (CM) at the time of treatment. The remaining 5 gilts were OVX after puberty, and were classified as sexually mature (SM) at the time of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196795 TI - Opioidergic control of luteinizing hormone release in the female rabbit: influence of ovariectomy and steroid replacement on pulsatile secretion. AB - The influence of ovariectomy and steroid replacement on naloxone-induced changes in pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the female rabbit was examined. Blood samples were taken every 5 min through an indwelling catheter in the rabbit ear artery, and plasma was stored until assayed for LH by established radioimmunoassay procedures. In the intact animal, saline injection had no effect on LH secretion. Although naloxone (10 mg/kg) caused a 7-fold increase in mean LH pulse amplitude by 30 min after injection, this increase was not statistically significant because 5 of 11 animals did not respond. In animals ovariectomized 48 h previously, naloxone significantly increased LH concentration by 194% at 23 min after injection. When long-term ovariectomized rabbits were treated with estradiol benzoate and then were given naloxone, no significant increase in LH was observed, although many animals did respond. Treatment of long-term ovariectomized rabbits with 1 microgram estradiol benzoate and 100 micrograms progesterone or 1 mg testosterone propionate on Days 1 and 3 and naloxone on Day 4 resulted in a significant increase in LH 19-24 min later. Although there was an increase in pulse amplitude, no change was detected in pulse frequency after naloxone. These data suggest that the hypothesis of steroid-opioid coupling in the control of LH secretion is not applicable to the female rabbit. PMID- 3196796 TI - Long day photoperiods and temperature of 20 degrees C induce spermatogenesis in blinded and non-blinded marbled newts during the period of testicular quiescence. AB - Adult male marbled newts (Triturus marmoratus) were collected at the end of the spermatogenesis period and exposed to different photoperiods (natural-daylength simulated photoperiod, total darkness, 8L:16D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D, and continuous light) for 3 mo. Temperature was maintained at 20 degrees C. Two additional groups of newts were blinded and exposed to either the natural-simulated photoperiod and to 16 h of light per day respectively. Quantitative histologic studies on testicular development and germ cell volume per testis were performed. The newts captured in the field at the beginning (initial controls) or at the end of the experiments (final controls) were in the period of testicular quiescence. Newts kept in total darkness or exposed to a short photoperiod (8L:16D) showed germ cell development up to primary spermatocytes, whereas germ cell development in the newts exposed to long photoperiods (12L:12D or 16L:8D) progressed to elongated spermatids. The newts exposed either to intermediate photoperiods (natural-simulated photoperiod) or to constant light showed an intermediate degree of germ cell development (up to round spermatids). No significant differences between non-blinded and blinded animals were found. These results suggest that (1) mild temperature initiates testicular development in the period of testicular quiescence, (2) long photoperiods associated with mild temperatures produce spermatogenesis in this period, (3) complete darkness or constant light are less effective than some intermediate photoperiod, and (4) the effect of photoperiod on testicular function in newts is not related to ocular photoreception. PMID- 3196797 TI - Nuclear reprogramming in nuclear transplant rabbit embryos. AB - The first six genetically verified nuclear transplant rabbits have been produced in this study. Individual eight-cell stage embryo blastomeres were transferred and fused with enucleated mature oocytes of which six full-term offspring were produced out of 164 manipulated eggs. The following efficiency rates were determined for the nuclear transplantation procedure: chromosomal removal from oocytes, 92%; fusion rate, 84%; activation rate, 46%; embryo transfer rate, 27%. Additional reasons for the low efficiency rate of nuclear transplant embryos may include limited development due to aging in recipient oocytes and asynchronous transfers of manipulated embryos to recipient females. The successful development to term may have been due to the ability of the mature oocyte to reprogram the eight-cell stage nuclei. The number of cells in blastocysts derived from isolated eight-cell blastomeres (18 +/- .08) was lower than that of nonmanipulated pronuclear (106 +/- 5.1) and nuclear transplant embryos derived from eight-cell stage nuclei (91 +/- 10.2) (p less than 0.001). This evidence along with the significant amount of nuclear swelling in nuclear transplant embryos and a delay in the time of blastocyst formation indicate that nuclear reprogramming had taken place in these embryos. Successful nuclear reprogramming indicates that serial transfers could result in the expanded multiplication of mammalian embryos. PMID- 3196798 TI - Isolation, structure and protein composition of the perforatorium of rat spermatozoa. AB - Heads of spermatozoa were sonically separated from tails and treated in 1 N NaOH until the perforatoria were partially detached from the nucleus. Their complete detachment was then assured by repeatedly passing the suspension through a 22 gauge needle. The perforatoria were then separated from nuclei on sucrose gradients and the purity of the fraction was verified by electron microscopy. The isolated perforatoria were denatured and used to raise antibodies or run on polycrylamide gels. Such gels revealed many polypeptide bands, six of which were most prominent (Mr approximately 13,000, 13,400, 16,000, 33,000, 35,000, and 43,000). Of these, the 16,000 Mr polypeptide was major. Anti-perforatorium serum reacted with the perforatoria of fixed spermatozoa, with a substance found between the plasmalemma and the outer acrosomal membrane of the acrosomal head cap and with the inner component of the ventral spur, but not with the postacrosomal dense lamina. This observation indicated that the perforatorium and dense lamina, although structurally continuous to form the perinuclear theca, are biochemically distinct. On Western blots, the anti-perforatorium serum reacted with the prominent polypeptides of the perforatorium and cross-reacted with some less prominent polypeptides of the fibrous sheath (FS) and outer dense fibers (ODF), most notably with a 16,000 Mr polypeptide found in both. Likewise anti-FS or anti-ODF serum cross-reacted with some major and minor polypeptides of the perforatorium, again most notably with a major 16,000 Mr polypeptide. The immunocross-reactions observed on Western blots were confirmed by immunocytochemical methods applied to spermatozoa. These results demonstrate that the perforatorium is composed of several polypeptides, is immunologically distinct from the postacrosomal dense lamina, may be immunologically similar to a substance found between the plasmalemma and outer acrosomal membrane and to a substance found on the inner aspect of the ventral spur, has antigenic determinants in common with the FS and ODF, and may share a 16,000 Mr polypeptide with these two cytoskeletal structures of the flagellum. PMID- 3196799 TI - The effects of an aromatase inhibitor and a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor upon the occurrence of polyovular follicles, persistent anovulation, and permanent vaginal stratification in mice treated neonatally with testosterone. AB - Female C57BL/Tw mice were given 5 daily injection of 20 micrograms testosterone (T), 100 micrograms 4-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 17-dione (4-HA), 100 micrograms 6 methylene-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione (6-MP), 4-HA + 6-MP, T + 4-HA, T + 6-MP, and T + 4-HA + 6-MP starting on the day of birth. The animals were ovariectomized at 30 days or 90 days of age and were killed at 150 days. The incidence of polyovular follicles (PF) at 30 days of age was significantly increased by neonatal treatment with T. By contrast, the PF incidence was significantly reduced by injections of 4-HA given simultaneously with T. Neonatally T- or T + 6-MP-treated 90-day-old mice had ovaries containing follicles and hypertrophied interstitial cells but no corpora lutea. By contrast, T + 4-HA (64%)- and T + 4-HA + 6-MP (82%)-treated mice had ovaries with corpora lutea. In the T + 4-HA + 6-MP (82%) treated mice had ovaries with corpora lutea. In the T + 4-HA + 6-MP-treated, 150 day-old, ovariectomized mice, the number of mice showing vaginal epithelial stratification was significantly decreased as compared with T-treated mice. There were no significant differences in the number of layers, thickness, and mitotic rate of vaginal epithelium of T-treated mice compared with mice treated with T + 4-HA, T + 6-MP, or T + 4-HA + 6-MP. The present results indicate that development of PF and persistent anovulation are due to the direct action of estrogen (E) derived from T upon neonatal ovarian follicles and the neonatal hypothalamo hypophysial system, and that T itself can induce ovary-independent vaginal changes, although 5 alpha-reduced androgen and estrogen derived from T seem to be more effective in this regard. PMID- 3196800 TI - Hormonal control of the expression of antibody-defined lactosaminoglycans in the mouse uterus. AB - The uterus undergoes a number of hormone-induced changes during estrus and early pregnancy. Changes in the uterine glycoprotein population have been investigated by using the monoclonal antibodies SSEA-1, IIC 3, A5, and C6. These antibodies detect specific terminal or side-chain modifications of lactosaminoglycan molecules. In ovariectomized female mice treated with estrogen, SSEA-1 was the only antigen expressed at the uterine epithelium. Progestational stimuli for 2 days induced SSEA-1 expression in the uterine glands and the sialylated form of A5 at the uterine epithelium. Three days of progesterone treatment induced IIC3 expression within the uterine glands. An additional day of progesterone treatment resulted in a uterine epithelial expression of IIC3. The expression of these antigens in the progestational phase were confirmed in naturally mated females. In these preparations, expression of the sialylated form of C6 was also observed, beginning on Day 2.0 of gestation. These observations suggest subtle modification of lactosaminoglycan chains during the hormonally induced preparative and receptive phases of the mouse uterus. PMID- 3196801 TI - The effects of fetal exposure to 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane on adult male reproductive function. AB - Several drugs have been shown to cross the placental barrier and affect the fetal testis causing a reduction in testosterone with a resultant impairment of sexual differentiation and an ultimate problem in adult sexual function. In this study, pregnant female rats were treated with 25 mg/kg of the pesticide 1,2-dibromo-3 chloropropane (DBCP). Treatment began on Days 14.5, 16.5, or 18.5 and continued through Day 19.5 of gestation. Some animals were killed on Day 20.5 of intrauterine life and fetal intratesticular testosterone was measured. All other animals were allowed to deliver, and the males were raised to adulthood. At adulthood, body, testis, prostate glands and seminal vesicle weights were recorded. Intratesticular testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors were measured. Male and female sexual behavior was quantified and the volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus was calculated. The histological appearance of the testis was also examined. Treatment for 6 days during fetal life with DBCP decreased intratesticular testosterone by 50% compared to controls at 20.5 days of gestation. At adulthood, all male rats treated during fetal life had a reduced body weight that was correlated with the duration of exposure. Adult testis weight was reduced to 75% of controls as a result of 2 days of fetal exposure to DBCP, whereas 4 and 6 days of exposure during fetal life reduced testis weight by greater than 90%. LH receptors and intratesticular testosterone, in the adults treated during fetal life, were also dramatically reduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196802 TI - Heat stress-induced alterations in the synthesis and secretion of proteins and prostaglandins by cultured bovine conceptuses and uterine endometrium. AB - Effect of in vitro heat stress on protein and prostaglandin synthesis and secretion by bovine conceptuses and endometrium was examined. Conceptuses (n = 11) and endometrium (n = 10) obtained on Day 17 of pregnancy were cultured at thermoneutral (39 degrees C, 24 h) or heat stress (39 degrees C, 6 h; 43 degrees C, 18 h) temperatures in medium supplemented with L-[4,5-3H]leucine (100 microCi) and arachidonic acid (10 micrograms/ml). Radiolabeled protein secreted into culture medium increased with time in both groups. Heat stress reduced (p less than 0.001) incorporation of [3H]leucine into intracellular and secreted proteins by conceptuses but did not alter incorporation of [3H]leucine by endometrium. In particular, heat stress reduced by 72% the secretion of bovine trophoblast protein-1, the conceptus polypeptide believed to cause extension of luteal lifespan. Two-dimensional, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that heat stress altered the array of proteins in endometrial and conceptus tissues, as evidenced by the induction of "heat-shock proteins." Endometrial secretion of prostaglandin F (p less than 0.001) and conceptus secretion of prostaglandin E2 (p less than 0.05) increased in response to heat stress. Sensitivity of bovine conceptuses and endometrium to heat stress in vitro suggests that infertility associated with maternal heat stress may be caused, partially by alterations in signals required for maintenance of the corpus luteum during early pregnancy. PMID- 3196803 TI - Synthesis and release of estrogen- and progesterone-dependent proteins by the baboon (Papio anubis) uterine endometrium. AB - This study was undertaken to determine the regulation of stage-specific endometrial proteins of the baboon uterus by estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P). Ovariectomized females were either untreated or treated with E2 for 7 or 14 days, or primed with E2 for 14 days, and then treated with E2 plus P or P alone for 7 or 14 days. Steroids were administered via Silastic capsules and, as determined by radioimmunoassay, physiological levels were present in the peripheral serum of each treatment group. Endometrial tissue obtained after steroid treatment was incubated in the presence of [35S]methionine for 24 h at 37 degrees C, and the culture medium was analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) followed by fluorography. Steroid treatment resulted in a doubling of the synthesis and release of labeled macromolecules into culture medium compared to the levels observed in long-term ovariectomized animals, together with the appearance of specific proteins whose synthesis required either E2 or E2 +/- P. A single protein (Mr 33,000; pI 7.6) was only observed after E2 treatment, and a family of high molecular weight basic proteins (Mr greater than 200,000) and a group of acidic proteins (Mr 130,000) required both E2 and P. In the absence of E2, P maintained the synthesis and release of three basic proteins (Mr 88,000, 66,000, and 40,000) as well as the other proteins observed in the ovariectomized animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196804 TI - Fluorescence microscopy of nuclear DNA in oocytes and zygotes during in vitro fertilization and development of early embryos in mice. AB - Fluorescence microscopic investigations of nuclear DNA stained with mithramycin or 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were undertaken in oocytes and zygotes during in vitro fertilization (IVF) and subsequent early embryo development in mice. Mithramycin and DAPI bind stoichiometrically with G-C and A-T pairs of DNA, respectively. In the present study, it was possible to visualize the germinal vesicle, the nucleolus, and the chromosome in the oocyte. After IVF, the nuclei, male and female pronuclei, polar bodies, nucleolus-associated chromatins, and chromosomes were successively observed in the zygote, the blastomere during cleavage, and the blastocyst until the hatching stage. The formation of male and female pronuclei, the process of their fusion, the appearance of the chromosome, and the commencement of the first cleavage of the zygote to form two blastomeres were all clearly demonstrated. The number of blastomeres was easily counted in the morula in spite of the compaction of the blastomeres. The present study indicates that the methods reported herein are useful for the determination of exact functional stages of the oocyte and the zygote during IVF and early embryo development, and thus contributes to the advancement of reproductive and developmental biomedical research. PMID- 3196805 TI - Stimulatory effect of phorbol diester on relaxin release by porcine luteal cells in culture. AB - The role of protein kinase C (PKC) activation in the modulation of secretion of the peptide hormone, relaxin, by porcine luteal cells was examined by use of a reverse-hemolytic plaque assay. In this assay, luteal cells were cocultured in monolayers with protein-A-coupled ovine erythrocytes. In the presence of porcine relaxin anti-serum and complement, a zone of hemolysis--a plaque--developed around relaxin-releasing luteal cells. The rate of development of plaques in timecourse studies was then used as an index of the rate of relaxin release. The tumor-promoting agent, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) activates a phospholipid- and calcium-dependent kinase, PKC. This enzyme is present in high concentrations in porcine luteal tissue, although its physiological role(s) is unknown. We report here that PMA exerted a time- and dose-dependent stimulatory effect on relaxin release by enzyme-dispersed porcine luteal cells in culture. Maximum stimulation was achieved by 50nM PMA. In contrast, the non-PKC-activating phorbol ester, 4 alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate, exerted no significant effect on the rate of relaxin in doses up to 1 microM. We further observed that a synthetic 1,2-diacyl-glycerol (1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycerol; 125 microM) mimicked the action of PMA in stimulating relaxin secretion. These results are consistent with the view that activation of PKC provides at least one intracellular mechanism that regulates relaxin secretion by porcine luteal cells. PMID- 3196806 TI - A method for analyzing non-Newtonian blood viscosity data in low shear rates. AB - Viscosity measurements were made using a coaxial rotating cylinder viscometer for blood having various volume fractions of red cells. A method is described for analyzing non-Newtonian blood viscosity in low shear rates by taking account of an increase or a decrease in size of red cell aggregates induced by shear. Our results are compared with empirical formulae presented by Scott Blair, Weaver Evans-Walder and Thurston. PMID- 3196807 TI - Effects of shear rate on rouleau formation in simple shear flow. AB - A kinetic equation for rouleau formation in a simple shear flow is derived, based on several assumptions. These are (a) colliding rouleaux stick to one another with a certain probability to form a single rouleau; (b) simultaneous collisions between more than two rouleaux are negligible; (c) rouleaux are broken by a viscous force exerted by the suspending fluid on the surfaces of rouleaux; (d) when a rouleau is broken by viscous forces, only two fragments are formed. Based on a simple mathematical model, collision rate, sticking probability and degradation rate are obtained as functions of applied shear rate. From the solution of the kinetic equation, the average size of rouleaux is obtained as a function of time with shear rate as a parameter. It is shown that the average size of rouleaux increases monotonically with increasing time and tends to an equilibrium size. The average size of rouleaux in a dynamical equilibrium decreases monotonically with increasing shear rate and tends to one cell as shear rate approaches infinity. It is also found that the initial rate of rouleau formation increases with increasing shear rate at very low shear rate, but this trend is reversed at higher shear rates. The theoretical results are compared quantitatively with experimental data. PMID- 3196808 TI - Effects of viscoelasticity of cytoplasm on the complex viscosity of red blood cell suspensions. AB - To consider the effects of the viscoelasticity of cytoplasm on the relaxation phenomenon of red blood cell suspensions, we calculate the complex intrinsic viscosity [eta*] = lim(eta* - eta)/eta c of the disperse system of spherical c--- 0 cells as a function of the frequency, where eta* is the complex viscosity in suspensions, eta the medium viscosity and c the volume concentration of the cells. The cell consists of a viscoelastic membrane and a viscoelastic cytoplasm. The viscoelasticity of the membrane is described by the Voigt model, while the viscoelasticity of the cytoplasmic region is described either by the Maxwell model or by the Voigt model. The interfacial tension is taken into account on both the interfaces of the membrane. The results of [eta*] are compared with the ones in the case in which the cytoplasmic region is purely viscous liquid. PMID- 3196809 TI - A new method for measuring viscoelasticity of liquids by means of fluorescence spectroscopy. AB - The Brownian motion of a spherical particle in a generalized viscoelastic medium is discussed to obtain the complex viscosity coefficient from the photocurrent correlation function of fluorescent light radiated from the particle. This method makes it possible to measure the viscoelastic properties of a small amount of solution sample. PMID- 3196810 TI - Fibrin elasticity and coagulation. AB - Sudden increase of viscosity in former times indicated the start of coagulation. Yet its measurement destroyed the structure of coagulum. By the precursor method of thrombelastography the author 1944 found elasticity to be the essential physiological property of coagulum. In the production of elastic fibrin structure its early phase is the most efficient in this respect. The speed of prime structure formation is extremely fast in presence of enough phospholipid as well as of plasma factor XIII. Even high amounts of thrombin cannot replace one or both of these substances indispensable to grow rapidly a perfect fibrin web. This phase yet does not become effective if it is not accompanied by the orbital micro flow of the new orbitometry method. Its shear is comparable to that in a coronary artery. The special resonance effect of the method in combination with the early phase of fibrin production is generating some kind of a physiological feed back: increasing fibrin will strengthen shear stress as long as less platelets are entangled which will reduce the elastic flexibility of fibrin web. Some kind of a "coagulation spin effect" in optimal combination of shear stress, phospholipid and factorXIII, will extremely fast originate a firm fibrin structure, a mechanism which may be of significance for a fast occlusion of arterial stenoses. PMID- 3196811 TI - Rheological properties of the thoracic aorta in normal and WHHL rabbits. AB - The tension-strain, stress-strain and stress relaxation curves of longitudinal and circumferential strips of proximal thoracic aortas in normal and WHHL rabbits of different ages were determined using a tensile testing instrument. Wall distensibility of longitudinal and circumferential strips was the greatest in the normal aorta and decreased with advancing age in the atherosclerotic aorta. The wall thickness of the atherosclerotic aorta was positively related to age with a correlation coefficient of 0.66(p less than 0.01). The incremental elastic moduli calculated from the stress-strain curves increased with advancing age in the atherosclerotic aorta. Accordingly, the decreased distensibility of the atherosclerotic wall may be due to the increased wall thickness caused by the intimal thickening as well as to the increase in wall stiffness caused by the increased elastic modulus. The viscoelasticity of the atherosclerotic aorta was larger than that of the normal aorta. This reflects the mechanical effect of atherosclerotic changes that occurred in the thickened intima. PMID- 3196812 TI - Erythrocyte sedimentation rate II. Effects of tilt angle in saline solution. AB - We have measured the sedimentation curves of swine erythrocytes in a physiological saline solution in inclined glass tubes. The curves are well fitted to the exponential type equation l = a[1 - exp(-bt)] for the tilt angle theta in the range of theta less than 80 degrees and hematocrits from 10 to 50%, where l and t are the medium length along the tube and the elapsed time from the sample injection, respectively. The coefficient a increases with theta and b is proportional to sin theta. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR(theta) = (d l/dt)t----0 determined from the above empirical equation increases with the increase in sin theta roughly linearly. The experimental results are discussed with reference to the Ponder-Nakamura-Kuroda theory and some recent theories. PMID- 3196813 TI - Distensibility characteristics of caval veins and empirical exponential formulae. AB - The stress-strain curves of the vena cava have been measured of vena cava superior, and the intrathoracic and abdominal portions of vena cava inferior excised from dogs. The stress sigma is expressed by the exponential function of the strain gamma as follows: sigma = sigma 0[exp (gamma/gamma 0) - 1] in the longitudinal direction, and sigma = sigma 1[exp(gamma/gamma 1) - 1] + sigma 2 [exp(gamma/gamma 2) - 1] in the circumferential one for all the three kinds of veins. The constants sigma 0, gamma 0, sigma 1, gamma 1, sigma 2 and gamma 2 are determined by a nonlinear least squares method. PMID- 3196815 TI - Transient relative motion of two cells in a channel flow. AB - The hydrodynamic interaction of a red blood cell and a white blood cell in microvessels is studied, by use of a two-dimensional numerical model. The red blood cell, modeled as a small rigid circular cylinder, and the white blood cell, modeled as a larger rigid circular cylinder, are immersed in an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a two-dimensional channel. It is assumed that no external force or moment acts on the model cells, and the effect of inertia forces on the motion of the fluid and the cells is neglected. The velocity field of the suspending fluid and the instantaneous velocities of the two model cells are computed by the finite element method. Using the translational velocities of the model cells obtained, the trajectories of their relative motion are determined, for various initial positions. It is shown that the cells may or may not pass each other or separate, depending on the initial positions. The present results compare well to the experimental results. PMID- 3196814 TI - Viscoelastic properties of bronchorrhoea sputum in bronchial asthmatics. AB - Dynamic viscoelastic properties of 13 bronchorrhoea sputum samples from asthmatics with bronchorrhoea, defined as the production of watery sputum of 100 ml or more per day during asthmatic attacks, were examined and then compared with 7 saliva and 12 mucoid sputum samples obtained from patients during remission. Dynamic viscosity (eta') and elasticity (G') of bronchorrhoea sputum increased rapidly with time up to 2 hours after collection and slowly thereafter, whereas eta' and G' of saliva and mucoid sputum remained unchanged up to 6 hours after collection. Then, eta' and G' of saliva, bronchorrhoea and mucoid sputum samples were measured between 2 to 4 hours after expectoration. Bronchorrhoea sputum samples showed significantly larger values at frequencies of both 0.1 and 1.0 rad/sec than did saliva samples and also significantly smaller values than did mucoid sputum samples. Thus, bronchorrhoea sputum differed in dynamic viscoelastic properties from saliva, indicating that it does not result from hypersalivation. Based on data of viscoelastic changes with time, it can be assumed that the viscoelasticity of bronchorrhoea sputum in the airways is considerably less than the optimal range reported previously for mucociliary velocity, suggesting the possibility of impaired mucociliary transport. PMID- 3196816 TI - Aggregate size and viscoelastic property of a highly concentrated suspension. AB - Flow of Latex suspension with high concentration between plate glasses was observed through an optical microscope. Size of aggregates of Latex particles was estimated by measuring area of a region without particles behind an obstacle in the flow region (this technique had been developed by one of the authors). At the same time, viscosity and elasticity of the suspension were measured by a cone plate viscometer, and relations between the aggregate size and these properties were obtained. A simple model based on the Stokes law of resistance and the Maxwell model for viscoelastic materials is proposed to explain these relations. The theoretical results agree with the present experiment. PMID- 3196817 TI - Theory for flow of Casson and Herschel-Bulkley fluids in cone-plate viscometers. AB - Mathematical models for blood flow in cone-plate viscometer have been considered, by assuming blood as a Casson/Herschel-Bulkley fluid. Three different cases have been analyzed (i) when there is no shearing, (ii) partial shearing and (iii) full shearing. The relationships between the angular velocity and torque have been obtained for the above three cases. By assuming total shearing, the analytical expression for apparent viscosity has been obtained. Variation of apparent viscosity with yield stress, angular velocity, Casson co-efficient of viscosity, consistency index and flow behaviour index has been computed. It is observed that as the angular velocity increases, the apparent viscosity decreases for both fluids. Further, it is found that as the cone angle increases, the apparent viscosity increases. This behaviour of apparent viscosity in cone-plate viscometer is interesting and unexpected and is being reported first time. PMID- 3196818 TI - Evaluation of viscoelasticity measurements of human blood. AB - The dependence on hematocrit of whole blood viscoelasticity must be considered in order to compare pathological blood samples to normal ones. If one wants to calculate the measured values to a standard hematocrit value, the hematocrit dependence for the pathological sample must be available. As the latter however is unknown, the same dependence is assumed for both normal and pathological blood samples. To prove the validity of this assumption, hematocrit dependence of random blood samples from different diseases (cerebral and coronary vascular and myocardial disorders) were investigated. A statistical analysis showed the assumption as invalid. Therefore, it will be recommended to evaluate pathological blood samples at the measured hematocrit. PMID- 3196819 TI - Dual-fiber laser Doppler velocimeter and its application to the measurements of coronary blood velocity. AB - To obtain a smaller sample volume and a suitable sample position for the measurement of blood velocity, we fabricated a laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) with a dual-fiber pickup. The two fibers (clad: 62.5 micron and core: 50 micron) were placed side by side. An He-Ne laser was introduced into the blood through one fiber and the backscattered light was collected by the other fiber. The Doppler signal was analyzed by a spectrum analyzer. The spectrum of the Doppler shift frequency showed a sharp peaked pattern for both forward and reverse flows and exhibited an excellent correlation with the known blood velocity. The blood velocity in the poststenotic portion of canine coronary artery was successfully measured by the dual-fiber LDV. These results indicate that the dual-fiber LDV is useful for measuring blood velocity accurately with a small sample volume even in disturbed flow fields. PMID- 3196820 TI - Separation of red blood cells at high volume concentration under low centrifugal accelerations. AB - The separation process of blood and RBC suspensions in a hematocrit range between 0.3-0.7 was investigated with a centrifuge allowed to run at low accelerations (100 xg-1000 xg). The position of the interface between the supernatant of plasma and the RBC column was continuously recorded by a new optoelectronic measuring system. The separation process could be mathematically described by an exponential decrease of the cell column approaching a final packing. At a given centrifugal acceleration the time constant is influenced by hematocrit, aggregation, deformation and plasma viscosity. The final packing depends linearly on the starting hematocrit (0.3-0.7) and can be used as a measure of deformability. PMID- 3196821 TI - Effect of pH on the velocity of erythrocyte aggregation. AB - The effect of pH on the velocity of aggregation of human erythrocytes was quantitatively examined with a rheoscope combined with a video-camera, an image analyzer and a computer, in relation to the morphological changes of erythrocytes and their aggregates. (i) With increasing pH of the medium, the velocity of erythrocyte aggregation increased. (ii) The rouleaux formed at high pH were longer in shape and more stable against the increase of shear rate than those formed at low pH. (iii) With increasing pH, the diameter of erythrocyte increased, the (maximum) thickness decreased, and the cell volume decreased. The pH dependency of erythrocyte aggregation may be mainly due to the morphological change of erythrocytes, and partly due to the changes of erythrocyte deformability and of interaction with macromolecules. PMID- 3196822 TI - A new analysis method for the membrane viscosity from steady-state fluorescence depolarization. AB - The absolute value of the viscosity in membrane lipid bilayers, which is different from the microviscosity advocated by Shinitzky, could be calculated from steady-state fluorescence depolarization of a hydrocarbon fluorophore, 1,6 diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). This method was based on the theory of time resolved fluorescence anisotropy and empirical relationships between fluorescence life time and the anisotropy parameters such as half cone angle in wobbling motion and wobbling diffusion rate of the fluorescent probe. Obtained viscosity values of various membranes from this method were consistent with those from time resolved method within experimental error. PMID- 3196823 TI - Microrheology and constitutive equation of soft tissue. AB - The connection between microrheology and the constitutive equation of soft tissue is illustrated by an example of the incremental bulk modulus of the lung. It is shown that the following pieces of information are needed in order to make the connection: The detailed structure of the tissue embodied in a mathematical model, the morphometric data on the structural elements, the rheologic data of the materials, and the configuration at zero-stress state, or equivalently, the stress and strain at a homeostatic state. In the case of the lung, we have information on the first three items, but not the last one. Hence hypotheses have to be introduced concerning the homeostatic condition, the most important of which are the uniform fiber stress and the "optimal design" assumptions. We have shown that these data and hypotheses lead to theoretical results that are in good agreement with experimental observations. PMID- 3196824 TI - Roles of fluid shear stress in physiological regulation of vascular structure and function. AB - The effects of fluid shear stress on the function and structure of the vascular system are outlined, based on the findings obtained in our laboratory or of our colleagues. First, it is pointed out that the adaptive response of the vascular wall to flow changes which we observed in the canine carotid artery shunted with the jugular vein altering the internal diameter to keep the wall shear stress constant, can attain the optimum vascular branching structure as predicted in the minimum work model by Murray. Electronmicroscopic studies of similarly shunted arteries revealing various morphological changes in the endothelial cells have suggested that the shear stress initially affects the endothelium. The in vitro experiments using cultured endothelial cells as well have exhibited that the mitotic activity of the cells significantly increases by applying fluid shear stress. From these findings, it is concluded that the adaptive response of the endothelium to the fluid shear stress is an inherent and key process locally regulating the vascular system to be in the most functional state. PMID- 3196825 TI - Velocity profiles of blood flow in microvessels measured by ten channels' dual sensor method. AB - Ten channels' dual-sensor method newly developed was applied to the measurement of velocity profiles in arterioles and venules in the rat mesentery. In some experiments, red blood cells (RBC), labelled in vitro with a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), were injected to compare the velocity profiles obtained by the RBC visualization technique with those measured by the dual-sensor method. It was found that the velocity profile of the FITC labelled RBC in straight microvessels was blunt as compared to a parabola. The centerline velocity measured by the dual-sensor method was smaller than that of the FITC labelled RBC by about 20%. The velocity profiles were also measured at the curved arterioles and venules as well as at the bifurcation and the confluence. It was found that the velocities were higher along the inner wall at the curved portion and along the outer wall at the bifurcation of arterioles. PMID- 3196826 TI - Bending piezoelectricity in a microbially produced poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. AB - An optically active polymer, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), is produced in cytoplasm of various vacteria. The bending piezoelectric effect was observed in oriented films of PHB. The coefficient between the electrical polarization and the stress gradient was found to be in the order of 10(-18) Cm/N, which was similar to the value reported for bone. Anisotropy in the value of the coefficient was also observed. PMID- 3196827 TI - Structure of the interendothelial cell cleft. AB - Since the work of Bundgaard it is known that the interendothelial cell cleft is a narrow, but open, sometimes highly convoluted gap linking the blood vessel lumen with the subendothelial space. A remarkable feature of this cleft is its constant width. It is here suggested that electrostatic repulsions, and the presence of a system of posts between the walls act to maintain cleft width. Contrary to intuition the presence of posts would not constitute an intolerable increase in hydrodynamic resistance, since no massive posts are necessary. Links between the walls involving only a single macromolecular chain each, which would be very difficult to detect ultrastructurally, would, nevertheless, particularly when charged, act as extremely stiff springs of essentially fixed length. A detailed calculation is presented to show how this idea could work and it is proposed that similar such posts support the subendothelial layers. Recent ultrastructural evidence in support of single chain links is quoted. PMID- 3196828 TI - To what extent does a minimal atherosclerotic plaque alter the arterial wall shear stress distribution? A model study by an electrochemical method. AB - An electrochemical surface shear stress measurement was applied to a model of very thin unilateral arterial stenosis (height of 1/8 of the model pipe diameter with very smooth surface). Three dimensional wall shear stress distribution was measured under steady flow field from a relatively low Reynolds number, Re = 270, to a high Reynolds number, Re = 1200. There was a characteristic high and low wall shear distribution pattern around the stenosis. There were also remarkable high shear stress areas on the opposite wall and both side walls of the stenosis. It was clearly shown that three dimensional structure of the flow field, hence, the wall shear stress distribution, is affected by a minimal change on the arterial wall. PMID- 3196829 TI - Physical properties of flowing blood. AB - The changes of viscosity, optical reflection and electrical resistivity of blood due to flow are dependent on the orientation and deformation of red cells. From electrical point of view, it can be assumed that blood is suspension of small insulating particles (red cells) in conductive fluid (plasma) when the frequency of supplied voltage is lower than several hundreds KHz. When blood flows, red cells deform and orient in flow direction. Therefore, flowing blood shows anisotropic electrical and optical properties. In steady flow, blood resistivity longitudinal to flow decrease with flow rate, and transverse one increases. Blood flow in living body is not steady but pulsatile. We measured both longitudinal and transverse resistivity changes, optical reflection change and viscosity change of sinusoidally flowing blood in a rectangular conduit. The results are 1) during one period of sinusoidal flow the longitudinal resistivity change is opposite to that of transverse one, 2) the waveform of reflection light change is similar to that of resistance change, and 3) minimum points of both longitudinal resistivity and viscosity changes do not appear at the moment when flow is zero but are delayed. When the amplitude of sinusoidal flow is small and oscillation frequency is high, the phase difference between the zero crossing period of flow and the period of minimum change in resistivity, increases up to 90 degrees. Viscosity of blood decreases with increase of amplitude and frequency of sinusoidal flow. PMID- 3196830 TI - Intravital-microscopic observations on the intravascular behavior of blood cell components during dietary-induced hyperlipidemia in the male rabbit. AB - In normal male rabbits loaded dietary cholesterol, intravital-microscopy revealed a marked acceleration of intravascular adhesiveness of white blood cells and aggregability of red blood cells and a swarming of lipid-laden macrophages in connective tissue space concurrently with a systemic hyperlipidemia and anemia. Possible roles of the microcirculatory changes in the atherogenesis were discussed. PMID- 3196831 TI - Microhemodynamics of blood flow in narrow glass capillaries of 9 to 20 micrometers; the Fahraeus effect. AB - Velocities of the red blood cell (RBC) and the suspending medium in glass capillaries of 9 to 20 micron were measured under microscopic observation. The effects of physical factors such as driving pressure, capillary diameter, hematocrits and RBC deformability on flow velocities were studied using freshly drawn blood of the rat resuspended in phosphate buffered saline solution in the hematocrit range between 5 and 12.5%. These RBC suspensions were made to flow through the test glass capillaries under known negative driving pressures. Ratios of capillary hematocrit to feed hematocrit taken as measures of the Fahraeus effect showed almost constant value of about 0.74. While, ratios of capillary hematocrit to discharge hematocrit showed a characteristic dependence on capillary diameter, showing minimal values at about 13 micron in capillary diameter. The same hematocrit ratios were found to be well correlated with values of wall shear rates estimated from the relative RBC velocities. PMID- 3196832 TI - Competitive role between fibrinogen and albumin on thixotropy of red cell suspensions. AB - Plasmatic proteins, namely fibrinogen and globulins, play a major role in red blood cell (RBC) aggregation which is accountable for the three-dimensional structure of blood. Consequently, blood rheological properties linked to this structure must be modified when the protein plasma content changes. This paper gives results and related comments on thixotropic properties of RBC suspensions (0.45 hematocrit) in isotonic solutions containing various amount of fibrinogen to which albumin is added. Thixotropic behavior of these RBC suspensions is studied with a low inertia coaxial cylinders viscometer at a shear rate step of Y = 1 s-1. Rheograms are interpreted in term of thixotropy coefficient. The main conclusion is that albumin improves RBC disaggregability of whole blood, resulting probably from a competitive effect between fibrinogen and albumin in the RBC aggregation process. PMID- 3196833 TI - Fahraeus-effect-reversal (FER) in compaction stasis (CS): microrheological and haemodynamic consequences of intravascular sedimentation of red cell aggregates. AB - Red cell aggregate sedimentation under gravitation produces pronounced and rapid "phase separation effects" culminating in "compaction stasis" (CS), i.e. almost complete stuffing of microvessels by RBC. This can be readily observed and monitored in microvessels of vertically placed mesentery preparations by a horizontally aimed intravital microscope as shown by (GOBEL et al. VIRCHOW's Arch., 1988,). "Layered flow", floatational plasma skimming and progressive increase in local tube hematocrit (HT) up to 100% ("compaction stasis") occurs during induced low flow states in vivo (here preferentially in postcapillary venules), as well as in vitro (non-permeable artificial micro tube networks). Quantitative densitometry and velocimetry in vertically placed microvessels demonstrates that the process of RCA sedimentation results in progressive vertical skewing of the velocity profile, culminating in standstill of the RBC sediment in the dependent vessel half, with superfluent plasma and small aggregates in the upper vessel half. The theory of compaction stasis is developed: in striking contrast to the situation under high shear conditions, red cells travel on slower trajectories than plasma: due to "red cell undervelocity" the average residence times of RBC in a venule is much higher than that of plasma. Consequently, CS can be explained as the result of a FAHRAEUS effect reversal since the principle of mass conservation requires that HT much greater than HD. Network aspects and hemodynamic consequences are also incorporated into the theory. PMID- 3196834 TI - Erythrocyte aggregation: approach by light scattering determination. AB - Erythro-aggregometer is a Couette viscometer which was developed to measure aggregation parameters of red blood cells. The system is based on the analysis of the light intensity backscattered by a blood suspension. It allows to approach aggregation phenomenon in terms of kinetics, structural and rheological parameters. The measurement system designed for use with a microcomputer is suitable for both research and clinical investigations. PMID- 3196835 TI - A logistic-type curve fits pressure-diameter relationship for relaxed and contracted dog renal arteries. AB - In order to describe a possible effect of smooth muscle cell (SMC) activation on arterial wall distensibility, the present study derived a mathematical equation applicable to relaxed and contracted arterial walls. Pressure(P)-diameter(D) relationship of dog renal arteries was investigated in vitro under a cyclic loading and unloading process in the pressure range of 5-180 mmHg. Smooth muscle cells were activated by 10(-5)M norepinephrine. On the basis of the P-D curves obtained with fully contracted arteries, the vessel wall compliance dD/dP was assumed to be given by a second order polynomial of D, (formula; see text) The equation, including three parameters, Dmin, Dmax, and E, is integrated to yield the solution similar to the logistic curve as follows (formula; see text) where M(O) = (Dmax - D(O]/(D(O) - Dmin), and D(O) is the diameter at the point P = O. The constant, E, has the same dimension as the modulus of elasticity. The calculated P-D relationships coincided well with the experimental data for contracted and relaxed arteries. The most significant change due to wall contraction took place in the magnitude of M. This result, therefore, suggests that the parameter M is a good index of the degree of SMC contraction. PMID- 3196836 TI - Oscillatory deformation of human erythrocytes in sinusoidally modulated shear flow. AB - The red cell deformation under oscillatory shear stress was studied. Shear stress was sinusoidally modulated between 8 and 32 dyn/cm2, thus, the extent of cellular deformation altered sinusoidally. At a low modulation frequency (less than 1.8 Hz), intact red cells perfectly responded to the shear stress applied on cells, and they could deform as much as the deformation in stationary shear flow. Above 2 Hz, the cellular deformation could not follow changes in shear stress along up phase in the shear stress cycle. As decreasing the intracellular hemoglobin concentration, the cellular response to oscillatory shear stress became better. Treatment of cells with low concentrations of diamide impaired the response of intact cells to oscillatory shear stress, but unaffected the response of partially hemolyzed cells. These data suggest that the cellular response to oscillatory shear stress is determined by the cytoskeletal structure and the intracellular viscosity. PMID- 3196837 TI - Aggregation of red cells in disease: some deductions and speculations based on results of "ARC" experiment on the space shuttle "Discovery" STS 51-C. AB - Experiment on STS 51-C in January 1985, carried out on blood samples obtained from patients with heart disease, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and cancer showed that, under zero gravity, the morphology of red cell aggregates aggregates was normal, in contradistinction to the parallel and simultaneous observations under 1 g, which showed large and unorientated clumps of red cells. As such clumps could be considered of disadvantage in the microcirculation and tissue perfusion, the zero gravity observations were significant in a number of ways. In particular, a preliminary deduction (subject to further zero g experimentation) was that cell-cell interaction and adhesion are affected by zero gravity, and that most likely the microarchitecture of the cell membrane is modified; and that probably the receptors, their position and/or activity, are affected by zero gravity. Of particular interest could be a possible change in the properties of the discrete surface areas which respond preferentially to specific macromolecules (or ligands). There is a dissonance between these in vitro results and theoretical deductions on flow in the microcirculations by Oka, and as well of deductions on space sickness by Dintenfass, both assuming a disabling effect of zero g on the in vivo microcirculation. This dissonance should be explored, as effect of zero g might be different on blood flow in vivo and in vitro. However, the data available from the in vitro experiment suggest that studies in immunology and oncology might be enriched by zero gravity findings; and that studies under zero gravity might open a new avenue of research in these important fields. PMID- 3196838 TI - Application of hydroelastic waves of the Chinese traditional medicine solution to the traumatotherapy. AB - We have used hydroelastic waves to treat the closed trauma of the soft tissue. The Shu Huo Jiu (S. H. J.) which is the Chinese traditional medicine alcohol, was used as the fluid medium for generating the pressure waves. The biomechanical model was established and analysed. Both animal and human tests have been made. A practical system was designed, constructed and clinically tested to treat the closed trauma, such as the bruise, contusion, sprain etc.. This system was found to be effective. PMID- 3196839 TI - The erythrocyte sedimentation rates: some model experiments. AB - In order to obtain a better understanding of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), several models are presented. The first directs attention to the importance of geometrical models to represent the structure of mixtures. Here it is our intention to understand the effect of the structure on the packing of red blood cells. In this part of the study, "Cheerios" (trademark General Mills) are used as a macroscopic model. It is interesting that a random sampling of "Cheerios" has the same volume distribution curve that is found for erythrocytes with a Coulter Sizing Apparatus. In order to examine the effect of rouleaux formation, the "Cheerios" are stacked one on top of another and then glued. Rouleaux of 2,3,4,5, 7 and 10 discs were used. In order to examine a more realistic biological model, the experiments of Dintenfass were used. These investigations were performed in a split-capillary photo viscometer using whole blood from patients with a variety of diseases. The novel part of this research is the fact that the work was performed at 1g and at near zero gravity in the space shuttle "Discovery." The size of the aggregates and/or rouleaux clearly showed a dependence upon the gravity of the experiment. The purpose of this model was to examine the condition of self-similarity and fractal behavior. Calculations are reported which clearly indicate that there is general agreement in the magnitude of the fractal dimension from the "Cheerios" model, the "Discovery" experiment with those determined with the automatic sedimentimeter. The final aspect of this work examines the surface texture of the sedimention tube. A series of tubes were designed with "roughened" interiors. A comparison of the sedimentation rates clearly indicates a more rapid settling in "roughened" tubes than in ones with a smooth interior surface. PMID- 3196840 TI - A structural viscoelastic model of soft tissues. AB - A non-linear elastic model taking into account the microscopic structure of biological soft tissues is briefly presented and extended to quasi linear viscoelasticity. The modelling of the rheological behavior for near zero stress values is then discussed. PMID- 3196841 TI - [Lipoproteins as a factor regulating vascular tonus]. AB - Lipoproteins (very low, low and high density) purified from canine fresh plasma produced relaxation of isolated dog coronary artery and rabbit aortic ring segments precontracted with potassium, 30 mM or phenylephrine, 10(-6) M, respectively. No apparent species-specific effects of lipoproteins were revealed and they produced relaxation of other species vessels as well, which differed quantitatively. No apparent endothelium-dependent relaxation produced by animals' lipoproteins was evident. The interference of lipoproteins with some steps in electromechanical coupling is suggested which seemingly result to decrease in excitability of voltage and receptor operated calcium channels of smooth muscle cell membrane. The role of lipoproteins seems to be in maintenance of low level of smooth muscle cell membrane excitability. PMID- 3196842 TI - [A floating hydraulic micromanipulator for microelectrode research on brain neurons]. AB - The article describes a simple floating hydraulic micromanipulator of original construction which works in positive-positive pressure and provides maximum stability of the microelectrode tip concerning the neuron in the moving brain. This work is achieved by fixing of the micromanipulator on the hinged suspension bracket and by setting of it on the surface of the object with the help of bearing site. Breathing and vascular brain moving don't influence the neuron activity lead. PMID- 3196843 TI - [Pulmonary circulation in experimental toxic edema of the lungs]. AB - By means of ultrasonic method used in acute experiments on cats with open chest under artificial lung ventilation the authors studied the blood flow in low-lobar pulmonary artery and the vein, the blood pressure in pulmonary artery as well as the balance between output of right and left ventricles in experimental pulmonary edemas caused by intravenous infusion of mixture fatty acids. It was shown, that acute injury of lungs vessels produces redistribution of blood flow to the lesser circulation, increases the pressure in pulmonary artery. The pattern of pulsating blood flow in lobar artery and vein changes. The authors assume that in situation, when lung vessels permeability is already deranged redistribution of the blood to the lesser circulation aggravates the degree of edema. PMID- 3196844 TI - [Respiratory and circulatory regulation during microembolism of the pulmonary vessels]. AB - In the studies on cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg i.p.) respiration, circulation and microcirculation of lungs were studied under conditions of fat (olive oil) and mechanical (Lycopodium spores) pulmonary embolism. It was stated, that fat and mechanical microembolisms are different in pattern, intensity, the speed of the development, and also in final result. PMID- 3196845 TI - [Effect of adaptation to hypoxia on the antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver in animals that have undergone stress]. AB - It was shown in experiments on rats that emotional-painful stress resulted in a rapid increase in malonic dialdehyde (MDA) and in a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver. Adaptation to moderate intermittent hypoxia in altitude chamber did not affect MDA and increased hepatic SOD by 65%. Stress exposure caused no change in SOD and MDA, but abruptly reduced the fall of SOD in adapted animals. These data are in accordance with the well-known idea that adaptation to hypoxia prevents the activation of lipid peroxidation and the hepatic damage in stress. PMID- 3196846 TI - [Effect of prostaglandin E2 on the development of adrenaline-induced myocardiodystrophy]. AB - In experiments on male rats it was established, that injection of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) before the injection of adrenaline decrease essentially the activity of peroxidation of lipids in myocardium in comparison with animals which had only injection of adrenaline. Accordingly, pH is a factor, that limited a damage of myocardium on the development of adrenaline myocardiodystrophy. PMID- 3196848 TI - [Restoration of muscle contractile properties after partial and complete denervation]. AB - The subject of this experimental study was the isometric contractile properties of rat tibialis anterior muscle, number and average size of the motor units as well as type content and type-grouping of muscle fibres according to SDH activity in the same muscle after total and partial denervation (crushing the sciatic nerve and L4). It has been shown that in the process of reinnervation after total and partial denervation, quantitative differences with the general tendency in the dynamics of restoration of contractile properties of the whole muscle are found at different dynamics of restoration of electromyographic and muscle histochemical characteristics of motor units. PMID- 3196847 TI - [Effect on the systemic hemodynamics of polymers that decrease hydrodynamic resistance]. AB - It has been shown that intravenous injections of drug-reducing polymers (at a dose of 2 x1 0(-6) g/ml) to rabbits produced a decrease in the total peripheral resistance with an increase in the cardiac output and simultaneous diminution of the mean blood pressure. These hemodynamic effects did not depend on vasodilatation as it had previously been shown. The alterations were retained for not less than 72 hours after one polymer injection; the effects were due to the influence of polymers on the flow structure. PMID- 3196849 TI - [Experimental validation of the use of an ultrasonic surgical instrument in neurophysiology]. AB - The effect of ultrasonic and surgical instruments on nervous tissue in chronic experiments on the cats were investigated with electrophysiological and morphological methods. The authors compared the results of removal of the neocortex zones using ultrasonic and surgical instruments or routine methods. Electrophysiological and morphological studies have shown small injury effects made by ultrasonic and surgical instruments on the surrounding brain tissue. PMID- 3196850 TI - [Selective suppression of lipid peroxidation in the brain under stress]. AB - The time course of lipid peroxidation (LP) products was studied in the heart, liver, and brain of rats exposed to 1, 6 and 12 h stress and compared with the extent of LP induction in these organs in vitro. It was shown that the LP activation in the internal organs with maximum in 1 h stress was accompanied by 2 fold decrease in LP products in the brain. More prolonged stress eliminated differences between tissues in all organs approaching the LP level to the control. The LP induction in vitro also revealed reciprocal relations between the LP intensity in brain and internal organs which remained in control group as well. Possible role of the LP suppression in brain induced by acute stress and significance of the phenomenon are under discussion. PMID- 3196851 TI - [The role of different proteoglycan salts as factors in steric exclusion]. AB - It has been shown that the capacity of Ca2+ salts of hyaluronic acid (HA) and nonaggregating protein-chondroitin-keratan-sulfate (PCKS) to divide in erythrocyte-saline suspension into liquid and cell phases was stronger than the analogous capacity of K+ salts. It was suggested that this is connected with a tendency to form different three-dimensional structures in solutions, which was more expressed in HA and PCKS Ca2+ salts than in K+ salts of these proteoglycans. PMID- 3196852 TI - [The 2-phase action on mice of immunoglobulins isolated from the blood of a myasthenia patient]. AB - Single injection of Ig preparations from the myasthenia-patient-blood on C57Bl mice, revealed two phases in the development of the myasthenic syndrome. The first phase started one-two hours after the injection only of the IgM preparation in a dose 2-10 mg. This phase was in progress for two days. The second phase developed during the injection of either the Igm or IgG preparations in a dose 6 10 mg (IgG) of 2-10 mg (IgM). This phase was characterized by the appearance of long myasthenic disorders in two-three week time after the experiment. Some of these mice perished. It was assumed that the absence of strict correlation between the concentration of anti-AChR-IgG antibodies and the gravity of myasthenia is connected with the IgM participation in the pathogenesis of the myasthenia and/or with the appearance of secondary autoantibodies towards the targets which differ from AChR's myoneural synapsis. PMID- 3196853 TI - [Anti-arrhythmic and vasodilator actions of the antioxidant fenozan in acute ischemia and reperfusion]. AB - At the experiments with the isolated rat hearts, prepared by Langendorff, the anti-arrhythmic dose-effects of the water-soluble antioxidant fenozan from the class of steric-hindrance phenols were studied at condition of regional ischemia and reperfusion, as well as its action on the coronary flow. 3.6.10(-4) M of fenozan completely inhibited ischemic tachycardias, and diminished their incidence during reperfusion to 27%. The action of the fenozan in the concentration one order less, diminished total amount of reperfusion fibrillation to 67% (compared to 100% in control), the incidence of the long fibrillation to 67%, and considerably shifted their beginning to the moment of reperfusion. Dose effects of anti-arrhythmic action of the antioxidant was V-shaped. Introduction of fenozan before 10 minutes of the occlusion caused an 1.5-2 hold increase of the coronary flow. This data show an effective antiarrhythmic and vasodilator action of the water-soluble phenol antioxidants during acute ischemia and reperfusion of myocardium. PMID- 3196854 TI - [Effect of the antioxidant fenozan on the physicochemical properties of the kidney cell membranes of rats during nitrosodimethylamine-induced carcinogenesis]. AB - The lipid peroxidation level, microviscosity and arrangement of lipid bilayer in mitochondria and microsomal membranes of kidney cell in rats were increased a month after the treatment with carcinogenic nitrosodimethylamine. The additional injection of antioxidant fenozan-1K prevented the activation of lipid peroxidation in early stage of carcinogenesis and decreased the microviscosity and arrangement of membrane lipids both in early and progressive stages of carcinogenesis, and inhibited the carcinogenic process in the kidneys. PMID- 3196855 TI - [The selective role of the nucleus raphe magnus in the mechanisms of analgesia in electrocutaneous pain stimulation, cold stress and the action of morphine]. AB - Inhibition of the analgetic activity of systemic morphine and inescapable foot shock in certain moments of the experiment was shown on rats subjected to electrolytic destruction of nucleus raphe magnus. Cold swim stress increased analgesia as compared to the control animals. It is concluded that this formation of the brain is selectively and dynamically involved in mechanisms of various types of analgesia. PMID- 3196856 TI - [Effect of amino acid derivatives of beta-carboline on the evoked activity of hippocampal neurons]. AB - The action of methylamide-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (1), glycinamide-beta carboline-3-carboxylate methyl ester (2), leucinamide-beta-carboline-3 carboxylate methyl ester (3) on evoked activity of hippocampal neurons was investigated using brain slice technique. Both 1 and 2 application (5 mkM, 15 min) reduced paired-pulse inhibition (PPI). Single-pulse and frequency stimulation revealed population spike (PS) increase or generation of additional PS after 1 or 2 application, the former drug being more active at all stimulation patterns. 3 had no definitive activity in the test-system used. The data obtained suggest similarity of pharmacological profiles of 1 and 2, and anxiogenic activity of 2 in vivo. PMID- 3196857 TI - [Treatment of experimental destruction of the duodenum with preparations with nootropic action]. AB - In the experiments on rats the peptic ulcer of duodenum was simulated by means of mechanic compression of reflexogenic zones of pylorus and intestine. The destruction of duodenal mucosa was developed in 3-4 hours after the compression and retained in the course of 5-6 days. Piracetam (200 mg/kg) and etimizol (3 mg/kg) eliminated and cimetidine (25 mg/kg), solcoseryl (0.5 mg/kg) and metacine (5 mg/kg) diminished the destruction after the course of 6 injections of each drug with an interval of 10-12 hours. Therapeutic effects of piracetam and etimizol correlated with their ability to return towards normal concentration of creatine phosphate. PMID- 3196858 TI - [Effect of 2-pyrrolidone and gamma-butyrolactone on the rate of 14C-leucine incorporation into the proteins of different brain structures and of their arterial tissues]. AB - The ability of cyclic GABA and GHBA derivatives--2-pyrrolidone and gamma butyrolactone--to increase markedly the inclusion of 14C-leucine in the proteins of hypothalamus and cerebral arteries both normally and in condition of cerebral blood supply disturbances produced by unilateral 20 min ligation of a common carotid artery has been demonstrated. PMID- 3196859 TI - [Dynamic activity of the splenic lymphocytes during the modelling of chronic denervation-delymphatization of the kidneys in mice]. AB - In experiments on mice CBA the activity of spleen lymphocytes was investigated in sham-operated mice and in mice with denervation-delymphatization of the both kidneys. The activity of lymphocytes was determined by registration of amounts of colony-formed elements by the method of Till and McCulloch. Periodic increase of the lymphocytes activity has been observed in mice with denervation delymphatization kidneys. It is supposed that the periodic activation of lymphoid system, induced by denervation-delymphatization, may be one of triggering mechanisms of transplant rejection. PMID- 3196860 TI - [Phenotypic correction of the immune response by L-tyrosine in mice reacting oppositely to sheep erythrocytes]. AB - The possibility of transversion of low-reacting mice into high-reacting ones evaluated by the application of the natural immunostimulators. L-tyrosine and thymic polypeptides (taktivin) were compared by their ability for the phenotypical correction of the immune response of the oppositely reacting mice. It was established that under the application of L-tyrosine to oppositely reacting mice the phenotypical correction of the immune response is possible. The dramatic increase in AFC and the AFC-SI secreting IgM is observed in the mice, low-reacting to SRBC in comparison with the high-reacting lines. PMID- 3196861 TI - [Characteristics of the phenotypic variability in the levels of DNA autoantibodies in healthy persons]. AB - Peculiarities in the distribution of autoantibody levels to native and denervated DNA have been studied. A considerable distribution of genetic factors to phenotypic variability of the traits in question has been shown. Increased levels of the investigated autoantibodies correlated with HLA-A3, B35, decreased--with HLA-A10, B17. PMID- 3196862 TI - [Structure of the hemagglutinin gene of the influenza virus during serial passages in chick embryos]. AB - The sequence analysis of HA gene of passaged variants of A/USSR/2/85 influenza virus was carried out. It was shown that in the process of passage of virus in chick embryos the structure of HA gene was not changed. These data correlated with those obtained early during investigation of A/Leningrad/337/76 influenza virus by the oligonucleotide mapping. PMID- 3196863 TI - [Preservation of the circadian rhythm of human lymphocytes under in vitro conditions]. AB - The proportions of E-rosette-forming cells on the 9th, 13th, 17th, 21st, 1st and 5th h were determined in the blood of healthy donors divided into 3 groups (4 men in each). I--the blood was taken at every specified time point and the rosette formation was tested immediately; II--the blood was taken at hour 9, stored at +20 degrees C throughout the experiment and used for the tests at the same time points; III--the blood taken at hour 9, the mononuclear cells were obtained and kept throughout the experiment for the determination of rosette formation at the same time points. In all the three groups similar circadian curves were obtained with a peak at 13th and a minimum at the 1st hour. It is believed that lymphocytes possess oscillator(s) of the activity of receptors that are used for cell subset identification. PMID- 3196864 TI - [Morphofunctional characteristics of the reproductive system in female mice of the mutant strain B10-hr rhY]. AB - The long duration of the estrous cycle, the absence of the ovulated oocytes was observed in histomorphological studies of estrous cycles and ovaries in hr rhY /hr rhY-mutants of B10-hr rhY mice strain. The absence of mutation division, ovulation and corpora lutea in ovaries was found in contrast to normal isogenic B10 females. The extragonadal cause of hairless mutant female infertility was shown. The effective method of mutant strain B10-hr rhY reproduction by using the transplantation of homozygous hairless female ovaries to isogenic recipients (+/+ or +/hr rhY) was proposed. PMID- 3196865 TI - [Effect of hypoxia on a primary cardiomyocyte culture]. AB - The primary cultures of 3-day old rats heart myocytes were used for studying hypoxia. The cells were gassed for 1 or 2 hours with 100% N2 or with the mixture of 90% N2, 5% CO2, 5% O2. The cells' morphology was tested by the light microscopy. The contractility of the cells was lost after oxygen deprivation. But it was reversible when the cells were exposed to 5% O2 for an hour and then were returned to the normal conditions. Oxygen deprivation changed the cell's morphology so that vacuolization, bubbling, contracture, exfoliation of the cell membrane from the glass surface could be observed. The number of the cells with morphological alterations increased when the content of oxygen in the gas mixture was lowered and the time of gassing was prolonged. The authors assume that the primary culture of the myocardial cells is a suitable model for studying the metabolic patterns of reversible injuries caused by one hour hypoxia (5% O2). PMID- 3196866 TI - [Proliferative activity of the hepatocytes at different times of day during prolonged hypokinesia]. AB - The white male Wistar rats were exposed to hypokinesia during 10 days. Essential oppression of the mitotic division of hepatocytes in the rats' liver at the hypokinesia was revealed. The cellular division was exposed to the daily oscillations. The quantity of mitoses prevailed in the day and evening. In these conditions the quantity of binucleate cells increased as compared with the control. The deficit of mitoses stipulates the delay of postnatal weight of liver at the hypokinesia. Binucleate hepatocytes are the analog of the polyploid cells and their large population compensates for the increased organism's need in liver function in the experiment. PMID- 3196868 TI - [Dynamics of the mineralization of the ground substance in newly formed bony tissue in organ cultures of mouse bone marrow]. AB - Na-beta-glycerophosphate was added to the organ culture medium of mice marrow fragments. New bone ground substance is formed, its mineralization degree and morphology being highly dependent upon glycerophosphate addition and removal periods. Complete or partial ground substance mineralization occurs, in last case calcium insoluble salts may be found in young apical or in old basal parts only. Ground substance deposition and mineralization dynamics in vitro is discussed, paying attention to possibility of demineralization process. PMID- 3196867 TI - [Evaluation of the capacity of the thymus to accumulate testosterone and of the nature of its interaction with the thymocytes]. AB - It was found out that thymus accumulated 3H-testosterone from blood at the same degree as liver, prostate and skeletal muscle. However, hormone was quickly eliminated from the thymus and prostate accumulated it. Thymocytes bound about 5% of testosterone accumulated by the organ. The dependence of binding of 3H testosterone by thymocytes in vitro and the absence of competition between labelled and unlabelled forms of hormone were revealed. The results obtained make it possible to conclude that thymocytes lack the systems of specific binding of androgen. PMID- 3196869 TI - [Ultrastructure of the blood-air barrier in comparison with the indices of surfactant surface activity]. AB - Ultrastructure of the air-blood barrier and surface surfactant activity were studied at different time periods of nonspecific inflammation of the lungs in guinea pigs. The animals were sacrificed 3 days, 2 weeks and 1, 2 and 4 months after beginning of the experiment. It has been demonstrated that in early periods of lung inflammation there was edema of all components of the air-blood barrier. Subsequent development of inflammation is accompanied by surface activity decrease associated with dystrophic changes in the epithelial cells of alveoli. At the same time there are compensatory changes in the lungs, directed to eliminate deficiency of surfactant. PMID- 3196870 TI - [The possible effect of the mechanical factor on the completeness of the regeneration of the spinal skin in mice]. AB - In mouse tissues, regenerates forming in the place of full-thickness skin wounds on the back, were exposed to dosed mechanical injuries. As a result the structure of final regenerates in some animals differed from the scar, that is usually formed after healing of this type of wound. PMID- 3196871 TI - In vivo hematopoietic effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and erythroleukemic mice: characterization and therapeutic applications. AB - The effects of recombinant, macrophage-derived, murine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) on hematopoiesis in vivo has been examined in normal mice and in Friend virus (FV)-induced erythroleukemic mice. Intravenous (IV) administration of a single dose of recombinant murine TNF-alpha (10(5) U per mouse) significantly suppressed normal and leukemic late-stage erythropoiesis as measured by numbers of mature erythroid colony forming cells (CFU-E) in the bone marrow and spleen and by peripheral blood reticulocyte counts. In normal animals, the immature erythroid (BFU-E), macrophage (CFU-M), and granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) compartments were significantly stimulated by TNF-alpha in both the bone marrow and the spleen. In the bone marrow of leukemic mice, the BFU-E, CFU-GM, and CFU-M progenitor cell compartments were also stimulated by treatment with the monokine. In the spleens of leukemic mice (the primary site of FV leukemia cell accumulation), relative numbers of BFU-E and CFU-GM were increased by TNF-alpha, while those of CFU-M were suppressed. TNF-alpha caused a rapid decrease in the markedly elevated spleen weights of progressively leukemic mice, and in multiple doses it caused complete clinical disease regression in a significant percentage of leukemic animals. The combination of TNF-alpha with interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) increased the incidence of leukemia regression, compared with TNF-alpha alone. These results show that TNF-alpha exerts a suppressive influence on late stage erythropoiesis in vivo and suggest that this effect might be exploited in the treatment of acute erythroleukemia, erythroid hyperplasias, and related diseases. PMID- 3196872 TI - Comparison of genetic probe with immunophenotype analysis in lymphoproliferative disorders: a study of 87 cases. AB - We examined 91 specimens (from 87 patients) for the expression of B-cell- and T cell-associated differentiation antigens and rearrangements of the Ig and beta chain of the T-cell (beta-TCR) genes. Of these, 74 were representative of various histologic subtypes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and related disorders, 11 of Hodgkin's disease, and 6 of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia. An Ig gene clonal rearrangement correlated to a monotypic (kappa/lambda) phenotype in 32 of 33 histologically defined lymphoma samples. The genotypic analysis also confirmed clonality in six of seven malignant diffuse lymphomas that were nonmonotypic but expressed pan-B antigens; in four, more than one clone was detected within individual tumors. A beta-TCR clonal rearrangement was found in 19 of 19 tumor samples considered as malignant T-cell lymphoma on the basis of histopathology and of the CD3-positive phenotype of tumoral cells, and in two cases of CD3 positive lymphomatoid disorders. A loss of pan-T antigens (CD7, CD5, CD2, CD4/CD8) was observed in all but three of these CD3-positive samples. Such an incomplete T-cell phenotype always correlated to the presence of a monoclonal process as revealed by genotypic analysis. DNA analysis was the only way to demonstrate clonality in other samples with either a polymorphous (partial involvement, pseudolymphoma, angioimmunoblastic lymphodenopathy [AILD]) or an undifferentiated (large cell anaplastic) phenotype. It is concluded that although in the majority of cases immunophenotyping alone provides criteria adequate for the diagnosis of lymphoid malignancy, in some, particularly polymorphous or large cell anaplastic processes, genetic probe analysis was additionally discriminative. PMID- 3196873 TI - Detection of leukemic clone maturation in vivo by premature chromosome condensation. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using the technique of premature chromosome condensation to detect the in vivo maturation of abnormal elements in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute leukemia. Patients were chosen for study if there were a clinical suggestion of in vivo maturation and a leukemic clone exhibiting a distinguishable karyotypic abnormality. Mature peripheral blood granulocytes were enriched by two-step Ficoll-Hypaque gradient sedimentation and fused with mitotic Chinese hamster ovary cells to induce the formation of prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC). These PCC were then analyzed for chromosome number per cell (in the case of patients with a numerical abnormality) or by G-banding (in the case of specific translocations). Of 13 patients chosen for study, 12 showed karyotypic evidence for maturation of the abnormal elements in vivo. Maturation was observed in a number of clinical situations including before treatment in benign CML and myelodysplasia, after low-dose and high-dose chemotherapy in myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and in remission. These results suggest that the technique of premature chromosome condensation can be a powerful tool in better understanding the biology of disease and mode of response to therapy in vivo in patients with leukemia and preleukemic syndromes, especially during treatment with agents thought to induce maturation of the leukemic elements. PMID- 3196874 TI - Characterization of a new megakaryocytic cell line: the Dami cell. AB - A new human megakaryocytic cell line (Dami) has been established from the blood of a patient with megakaryoblastic leukemia. The Dami cells grow primarily in suspension with a doubling time of 24 to 30 hours. By light and electron microscopy, the Dami cells range in size from 12 to 120 micron in diameter and have lobulated nuclei characteristic of megakaryocytes. At least 89% of the cells react with monoclonal antibodies against platelet glycoproteins (GP) Ib and IIB/IIIa, and glycophorin. The cells do not react with antibodies against lymphoid, monocyte, granulocyte, or macrophage antigens. Thirteen percent of the cells become polyploid, spontaneously achieving greater than 4N DNA ploidy levels. In response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), the proportion of cells with ploidy levels greater than 4N increased threefold and could be separated into discrete ploidy groups. PMA also increased the expression of GPIb, the GPIIb/GPIIIa complex,l and von Willebrand factor. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a human male hyperdiploid karyotype with a modal chromosome number of 54 to 64 and several consistent clonal chromosomal abnormalities. These included a partial deletion of chromosome 5 and a translocation involving chromosome 3. In contrast to other megakaryocytic cell lines in which only a small portion of the cells express the megakaryocytic phenotype, nearly all of the Dami cells express platelet glycoproteins. Thus, the Dami cells provide a superior model in which to study human megakaryocyte biochemistry and differentiation. PMID- 3196875 TI - Orientation and specificity of fibrin protofibril binding to ADP-stimulated platelets. AB - We have investigated the molecular basis of platelet:fibrin binding by studying interactions between platelets and protofibrils, soluble two-stranded polymers of fibrin, which are intermediates on the fibrin assembly pathway. The specificity of these interactions was examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which clearly showed thin fibers with lengths to 150 nm attached to the cell surface of normal, stimulated platelets. Immunogold electron microscopy using rabbit anti-human fibrinogen as the first stage antibody verified the identity of the surface-bound molecules, and the immunogold distribution paralleled that observed with the fibrin/fibrinogen molecules alone. Contacts between the ends of the fibers and the platelets were frequently observed, but lateral contacts were also evident. Given the diameter at the point of fibrin contact (18.2 +/- 1.3 nm), it is possible that several glycoprotein receptors were involved in binding each protofibril. Morphometric analyses demonstrated that normal platelets stimulated by ADP in the absence of exogenous fibrin(ogen) or in the presence of fibrin protofibrils and antibodies directed against the GPIIb/IIIa complex lacked this molecular layer on the surface. Neither protofibrils nor fibrin fibers adhered to the surface of Glanzmann's thrombasthenic platelets, as demonstrated by TEM and microfluorimetry. Synthetic peptides of sequence RGDS and HHLGGAKQAGDV effectively blocked the binding of protofibrils to the surface of normal, stimulated platelets while synthetic GHRP had no effect. These results provide direct evidence for multiple points of attachment between fibrin protofibrils and the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complexes present in a functional conformation on the surface of normal, stimulated platelets. PMID- 3196876 TI - Prognostic factors with high-dose melphalan for refractory multiple myeloma. AB - High doses of melphalan (HDM) and dexamethasone were administered to 43 patients with advanced multiple myeloma, 36 of whom were refractory to both standard melphalan-prednisone and vincristine-adriamycin-dexamethasone (VAD). Forty-four percent responded with greater than 75% reduction in calculated tumor mass, including three patients who achieved a complete remission. The response rate to HDM was 56% in 18 relapsing patients and 50% in 12 patients with less than 12 months of primary drug resistance, but it was only 23% among the remaining 13 unresponsive patients. A high early mortality rate of 30% was confined to 26 patients with either poor performance (Zubrod greater than 1) or impaired renal function (creatinine greater than 1.4 mg%). When this toxic treatment was given to the 21 patients with good performance (Zubrod less than 2) whose disease lacked high serum lactic dehydrogenase (less than or equal to 500 U/L) as a recently recognized feature of high-grade myeloma, a superior median survival of 18 months was obtained as opposed to only 3 months for the 22 remaining patients (P less than .001). Thus, when employed in a timely fashion, HDM overcomes resistance to standard chemotherapy and VAD and benefits selected patients with advanced myeloma. PMID- 3196877 TI - The limited importance of factor Xa inhibition to the anticoagulant property of heparin in thromboplastin-activated plasma. AB - The antifactor Xa activities of heparin fractions are widely used as an ex vivo index of their antithrombotic efficacy. Its clinical meaning, however, remains speculative. In the study reported, we measured the effects of standard heparin, a synthetic pentasaccharide heparin (antifactor Xa activity only), and a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) on factor Xa, factor Va, and thrombin generation in thromboplastin-activated plasma. We clearly demonstrated that the antifactor Xa activity of heparin contributed little in its anticoagulant activity. The inhibition of factor Va generation, dependent on the heparin antithrombin activity only, is of prime importance to the inhibition of thrombin generation in plasma. The inhibition of thrombin generation by the LMWH was comparable with that of standard heparin on the basis of their respective antithrombin specific activities, but not on the basis of their antifactor Xa activities. PMID- 3196878 TI - The incidence of painful crisis in homozygous sickle cell disease: correlation with red cell deformability. AB - To determine whether the vasoocclusive severity of homozygous sickle cell (SS) disease is influenced by cellular dehydration, we correlated the incidence of painful crisis with steady-state measurements of red cell hydration. Sixteen children with SS disease were followed for 3.3 to 8 years (mean, 6.8 years), and a single crisis rate was calculated for each patient. At the time of well visits, cellular hydration was assessed by measuring cell deformability, the percentage of red cells with a density greater than or equal to 1.1056 g/mL, and the percentage of irreversibly sickled cells (ISC). The incidence of painful crisis showed a strong positive correlation with Omax, a deformability measurement reflecting cellular hydration (r = .84, P less than .002), and with hemoglobin concentration (r = .59, P = .04). That is, higher crisis rates were observed in patients with less dehydrated, more deformable red cells and also in patients with higher hemoglobin concentrations. Furthermore, cell deformability and hemoglobin concentration were independent predictors of the incidence of painful crisis, which is consistent with separate effects of these two red cells parameters on vasoocclusive severity. PMID- 3196879 TI - Effects of recombinant erythropoietin on the concentration and cycling status of human marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells in vivo. AB - The concentration of human marrow progenitors CFU-E, BFU-E, CFU-GM, and CFU-Mk and the percentage of these progenitor cells in DNA synthesis were studied in nine patients with transfusion-dependent anemia of end-stage renal failure before and 2 weeks after treatment with human recombinant erythropoietin (Epo) at a dose of 150 to 300 U/kg intravenously three times per week. The concentration of CFU-E in the posttreatment marrow increased by a mean of 4.15-fold, BFU-E by 3.37-fold, CFU-GM by 1.86-fold, and CFU-Mk by 1.96-fold as compared with their respective concentrations in the pretreatment marrows. This increase in the concentrations of marrow progenitors was accompanied by almost a doubling of the percentage of these cells in DNA synthesis as assessed by the 3H-thymidine suicide technique. These observations demonstrate that at the progenitor cell level the human marrow responds to therapeutic doses of Epo as an organ rather than by a selective expansion of the erythroid cell line. PMID- 3196880 TI - Aggressive chemotherapy in adult primary myelodysplastic syndromes. A report on 29 cases. AB - Twenty-nine adult patients with primary myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and an excess of marrow blasts were treated by aggressive chemotherapy while still in MDS phase (20 cases) or after progression to ANLL (9 cases). Median age was 47.5 (range 18-68). Twenty-eight patients received a combination of Rubidazone and Ara C and 1 received High dose Ara C. Fourteen patients (48%) achieved complete remission (CR), 5 (17%) were treatment failures (F) and 10 (35%) died during therapy induced aplasia (DA). Median disease free survival was 8.5 months. Median survival of the whole population was 6 months from the onset of treatment, and 17 months in patients achieving CR. These results were significantly less favorable than those obtained at our institution in de novo ANLL with the same chemotherapy regimens. No statistically significant prognostic factors of treatment outcome emerged but patients with normal cytogenetic findings seemed to have both a higher CR rate and longer remissions than patients with abnormal karyotypes. Patients under 50 did not have higher CR rates than older patients, although they had longer remissions (with 3 out of 6 CRs exceeding 2 years). Finally, treatment outcome and survival were identical in patients treated in the MDS phase and in those treated after progression to ANLL. Combination chemotherapy is a highly toxic approach in MDS and essentially seems to benefit younger patients with a normal karyotype, in whom some long remissions can be obtained. PMID- 3196881 TI - Function of reticuloendothelial system in splenectomised thalassemics. AB - The activity of reticuloendothelial system (RES) was estimated in 19 patients with beta-thalassemia major, 20 +/- 4 years old, who had undergone successful splenectomy 6 +/- 5 years previously. The kinetics of 125I denatured human serum albumin in low and large doses was applied for this purpose and the parameters derived (effective RES blood flow-ERBF- and maximum phagocytic capacity-PCmax) were compared to those of nonsplenectomized thalassemics, detected in previous works, as well as to those of 13 healthy controls. In splenectomised thalassemics both parameters of RES activity were found significantly lower than those of nonsplenectomized patients (p less than 0.001). Compared to those of healthy controls, PCmax of splenectomised thalassemics was found not to be significantly different, while ERBF was significantly lower (p less than 0.001). No correlation was noted between the above parameters of RES function and the age of the patients, the age at which splenectomy was performed, the time lapsed since the operation, the amount of blood transfused to the patients after splenectomy or their serum ferritin levels. A pilot study performed in 6 out of the 19 splenectomised patients did not reveal any effect of blood transfusion on RES function parameters, by contrast to observations in nonsplenectomized thalassemics. The results of this study suggest that in splenectomised thalassemics the remaining RES reacts to the continuing hemolytic stimulus in a manner different than that of splenic RES of nonsplenectomized patients and account for, at least in part, the predisposition of the former group to infections. PMID- 3196882 TI - Treatment with natural human interferon alpha of a CML-patient with antibodies to recombinant interferon alpha-2b. AB - A patient with Philadelphia-chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia developed interferon antibodies on treatment with recombinant interferon alpha 2b. Clinically this event corresponded with progressive disease. No cross reactivity of antibodies with human leukocyte interferon was found by Western blot. Treatment was switched to human leukocyte interferon with an obvious clinical effect: WBC was reduced and platelet count stabilized, but the effect was transient and no hematologic remission was achieved. Human leukocyte interferon may be an alternative in CML-patients with neutralizing antibodies to recombinant interferon alpha. PMID- 3196883 TI - Lowered plasma erythropoietin in hypoxic rats with kidney tubule lesions. AB - The role of the kidney tubules in the renal formation of erythropoietin is incompletely understood. Therefore, the capability to produce erythropoietin in response to hypoxia was studied in rats with tubular lesions. Nephron damage was induced in two different ways. First, rats were treated with the nephrotoxic aminoglycoside gentamicin (67.5 mg/kg and day) for 14 days. The animals were then subjected to simulated altitude (6,800 m) for 6 h. The resulting plasma erythropoietin concentration was significantly lower (0.5 IU/ml) than in saline treated control rats exposed to hypoxia (1.0 IU/ml). Second, unilateral hydronephrosis was induced by ureteral ligation. The contralateral kidney was removed immediately before the animals were exposed to simulated altitude for 6 h. The plasma erythropoietin concentration in the ureter-ligated rats did not increase above the value (0.3 IU/ml) in hypoxia exposed anephric rats. These results indicate that the production of erythropoietin is reduced following tubular injury. Tubule cells may directly produce the hormone or interfere with the O2-sensing mechanisms controlling its synthesis. The latter hypothesis would seem to be supported by our failure to demonstrate in vitro erythropoietin production by the two established kidney tubule cell lines, LLC-PK1 and PK-15. PMID- 3196884 TI - Post-transfusion purpura following open heart surgery: management by high dose intravenous immunoglobulin infusion. AB - We present three cases of post-transfusion purpura (PTP) developing in the immediate post operative period after open heart surgery. All had developed platelet specific antibodies and severe anaphylactoid reactions occurred to platelet transfusion in two cases. Treatment with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IV IgG) led to complete recovery in two patients one of whom demonstrated a marked biphasic response pattern to therapy. The other died from congestive cardiac failure. PTP is a potentially fatal complication which may well become more frequent with increasing blood product usage. PMID- 3196885 TI - Correlation of aromatase activity with histological differentiation of breast cancer--a morphometric analysis. AB - Differentiation is a term that indicates the degree to which a tumor resembles histologically the tissue or cell of origin. A system to quantitate the proportion of breast cancer cells participating in glandular differentiation or remaining within ducts was employed. The degree of tumor differentiation of 58 primary breast cancers was correlated with estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and tumor aromatase activity. There was a significant association between tumor differentiation (greater than or equal to 2% cancer cells exhibiting glandular differentiation) and the presence of ER or PR in tumors. Conversely, there was no correlation between tumor differentiation and measurable tumor aromatase activity. PMID- 3196887 TI - In vitro assays to predict drug sensitivity and drug resistance. A panel discussion. PMID- 3196886 TI - Influence of endocrine status on biochemical and immunocytochemical estrogen and progesterone receptor assays in breast cancer patients. AB - Breast cancer tissue from 190 patients was studied for immunocytochemically reactive estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER, PR). Parallel cytosol ER and PR assays were performed on 159 of these patients using the dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) method. For the immunocytochemical determination, monoclonal antibodies to ER (ER-ICA kit) and PR were used in an immunoperoxidase procedure. Agreement between the two techniques in postmenopausal patients was better than in the premenopausal group (ER, kappa = 0.597 vs. 0.398; PR, kappa = 0.460 vs. 0.329). The median ER cytosol concentration in receptor-positive postmenopausal patients was significantly higher than in receptor-positive premenopausal patients (87 vs. 31 fmol/mg cytosol protein, p less than 0.001). A similar trend was also found in the immunocytochemical ER assay (270 vs. 207 histoscore units, p greater than 0.05). Significantly higher cytosol ER contents were found in patients with low serum estradiol concentration. The proportion of ER-negative tumors was slightly higher in the premenopausal patients by both methods. In the PR assays (biochemical or immunocytochemical) there were no significant differences between the two patient groups in the proportion of PR-negative tumors or in the median PR content in PR-positive tumors. PMID- 3196889 TI - Comment on 'Difference between R5020 and the anti progestin RU486 in antiproliferative effects on human breast cancer cells'. PMID- 3196888 TI - Influence of adjuvant tamoxifen on blood lymphocytes. AB - The blood lymphocyte population was studied in 23 breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen for 1.5-2 years, and in an equal number of control patients. The size and cellular composition of the blood lymphocyte population, as assessed by monoclonal antibodies directed against various subsets, did not differ between the two patient groups. However, lymphocytes from the tamoxifen treated patients exhibited a significantly lower NK activity against K562 cells. In contrast, the proliferative response of lymphocytes to ConA was significantly higher. These results indicate that tamoxifen may modulate the immune system. PMID- 3196890 TI - Brain metastases from breast cancer may respond to endocrine therapy. PMID- 3196891 TI - 11th Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. November 29-30, 1988. Program and abstracts. PMID- 3196893 TI - Report of the WHO meeting on criteria for HIV screening programmes. Geneva, 20-21 May 1987. PMID- 3196892 TI - Proceedings of the British Pharmacological Society. Nottingham, 7th-9th September 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3196894 TI - Central projections of the nervus terminalis in lampreys, lungfishes, and bichirs. AB - Central projections of the nervus terminalis were investigated in a cyclostome (Lampetra planeri), in a sarcopterygian (Protopterus dolloi), and in an actinopterygian fish (Polypterus palmas), following the injection of horseradish peroxidase into the olfactory epithelium. Despite differences in forebrain morphology (inversion versus eversion of the hemispheres), projections of the terminal nerve are similar in the species investigated. The nervus terminalis courses through the subpallium (septum) and mainly innervates periventricular nuclei in the telencephalon and diencephalon. In lampreys, the majority of labeled fibers terminate in the hypothalamus, while in bony fishes the main projection is to periventricular nuclei of the anterior commissure. The course of the nervus terminalis through the dorsomedial telencephalon in lungfishes supports the interpretation that this part of the brain constitutes the septum, and not a pallial structure. Nervus terminalis projections are compared with those in teleosts and in amphibians. The presumed lack of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the nervus terminalis of lampreys is discussed. PMID- 3196896 TI - The sensory trigeminal tract of Pacific hagfish. Primary afferent projections and neurons of the tract nucleus. AB - The central projections of primary trigeminal afferents in Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stouti) were examined by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) placed in the principal nerves of the trigeminal complex. Central to the trigeminal ganglia, labeled afferents in the ophthalmic, external and dental nerves coursed caudally in the descending trigeminal tract of the ipsilateral medulla. The trigeminal tract occupies an extensive portion of the dorsolateral medulla and is subdivided into a consistent pattern of longitudinal fascicles surrounded by narrow cellular bands. Primary trigeminal afferents were arranged somatotopically in the fascicles. Large-diameter afferents of the ophthalmic, external and dental nerves segregated into separate medial fascicles extending from the dorsomedial to the ventrolateral descending trigeminal tract. Fine-fibered afferents of the ophthalmic and external nerves formed separate dorsolateral fascicles. Additional dental afferents spread through these lateral fascicles. Labeled trigeminal fibers reached the dorsolateral funiculus of the rostral spinal cord. In addition, HRP injections of the descending trigeminal tract revealed a largely crossed projection to the mesencephalic tectum. Tectal injections of HRP retrogradely labeled neurons in the contralateral sensory trigeminal tract, confirming the existence of a tract nucleus comprised in part of neurons located in the bands of cells bordering the primary afferent fascicles. PMID- 3196895 TI - Topographic organization of the corticonuclear and corticovestibular projections from the pyramis and copula pyramidis in the albino rat. An autoradiographic orthograde tracing study. AB - The topographic organization of the corticonuclear and corticovestibular fibers from the pyramis and copula pyramidis in the albino rat was investigated by the autoradiographic orthograde tracing technique. Cortical efferent fibers from the medial part of the pyramis project to the caudoventral part of the caudomedial and middle subdivisions of the medial cerebellar nucleus, whereas those arising from the lateral part of the pyramis project to the caudomedial part of the posterior interpositus nucleus and also to the dorsal part of the lateral vestibular nucleus via the juxtarestiform body. Fibers from the medial part of the copula pyramidis project to the medial part of the anterior interpositus nucleus. On the other hand, fibers from the medial portion of the lateral part of the copula pyramidis project to the posterior interpositus nucleus, while those from the lateral portion, including the lateral limit of the copula pyramidis, project to the rostroventral part of the lateral cerebellar nucleus. These results indicate that the cortical efferent projections from the pyramis and the copula pyramidis are clearly oriented mediolaterally in the albino rat. PMID- 3196897 TI - Head tilt produced by hemilabyrinthectomy does not depend on the direct vestibulospinal tracts. AB - Head tilt is one of the most characteristic and enduring symptoms produced by hemilabyrinthectomy and is compensated by the central nervous system with time. In order to study the central mechanisms of compensation of the head tilt, it is first necessary to understand how it is produced. However, its mechanism remains unknown. Experiments were performed in cats to examine whether the direct vestibulocollic pathways are responsible for the head tilt, as suggested by some authors. Hemilabyrinthectomies produced a characteristic head tilt in cats in which the medial and/or one lateral vestibulospinal tracts (VSTs) had been interrupted. The lesions of the medial VST did not influence the preexisting head tilt produced by hemilabyrinthectomies. These results suggest that the head tilt produced by hemilabyrinthectomies does not depend on the activity of the VSTs. PMID- 3196898 TI - Antinociception vs motor effects of intrathecal vasopressin as measured by four pain tests. AB - The effects of intrathecal (i.t.) vasopressin (VP) on nociception were quantitatively tested in rats using 4 pain tests: tail flick, tail shock vocalization, hot plate, and formalin. In addition, motor effects of VP were examined qualitatively. I.t. VP produced a prolonged antinociception lasting at least 40 min on the tail flick (2.5 and 25 ng) and formalin (25 ng) tests, and a brief antinociception lasting less than 20 min on the tail shock (25 ng) and hot plate (25 ng) tests. Those rats not responding to the pain tests showed no signs of perceiving the pain stimulus, such as orientation to the stimulus or vocalization. In addition, i.t. VP produced scratching bouts (2.5 and 25 ng) and suppressed hindbody motor function (25 ng). The motor inhibitory effects of VP, although severe in some rats, were brief, lasting less than 15 min. In conclusion, i.t. VP produces antinociception in addition to its motor effects, and these properties appear to be due to separate mechanisms. PMID- 3196899 TI - AF64A-induced working memory impairment: behavioral, neurochemical and histological correlates. AB - The present studies examined the behavioral, neurochemical and histological consequences of intraventricular administration of ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A). Male Long-Evans rats were trained to perform a radial arm maze task in which a one hour delay was imposed between the fourth and fifth arm selections. Following acquisition, animals were bilaterally injected with AF64A (3 nmol/side) or CSF into the lateral ventricles and allowed 14 days to recover before behavioral testing resumed. AF64A-treated animals were markedly impaired in their ability to perform this working/episodic memory task at a variety of delay intervals. In contrast to a long-lasting impairment on the radial maze task, these animals showed no impairment in their ability to acquire a simple discrimination task (reference/skill memory). Neurochemical analysis revealed a significant (50%) decrease in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the hippocampus (HPC) 90 days following surgery. ChAT activity was not affected in the striatum, frontal and parietal cortices, cingulate or amygdala. Regional concentrations of catecholamines and indoleamines were not affected in any of these brain regions. Histological analysis of animals receiving unilateral injections of AF64A (3 nmol) into the right lateral ventricle revealed decreases in ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-IR) cells within the medial septum/vertical limb diagonal band (MS/VLDB), but not in nucleus accumbens, striatum or basal nucleus regions. These data suggest that: (1) intraventricular administration of AF64A can markedly impair working/episodic, as opposed to reference/skill memory, processes; (2) AF64A can be used to selectively alter presynaptic cholinergic indices within the hippocampus; and (3) the behavioral deficits resulting from AF64A administration are most likely a consequence of altered septohippocampal cholinergic function. PMID- 3196900 TI - Proportion of unmyelinated axons in rat molar and incisor tooth pulps following neonatal capsaicin treatment and/or sympathectomy. AB - The occurrence of unmyelinated axons was examined ultrastructurally in rat molar and incisor root pulps of normal rats, of neonatally capsaicin-treated rats, of rats subjected to neonatal capsaicin treatment followed by resection of the superior cervical ganglion and of sympathectomized but otherwise normal rats. Following capsaicin treatment the occurrence of unmyelinated pulpal axons was slightly subnormal. Sympathectomy was largely without effect on the population of unmyelinated axons in tooth pulps of capsaicin-treated rats. In normal rats the proportion of unmyelinated axons in molar pulps was not altered by sympathectomy but it caused a slight decrease in the number of unmyelinated incisor pulpal axons. These findings support the view that most of the unmyelinated axons in rat molar and incisor pulps are sensory, that the parent neurons of these axons differ from nociceptive neurons at other sites by being largely resistant to neonatal capsaicin treatment and that very few unmyelinated tooth pulp axons represent postganglionic efferents. PMID- 3196901 TI - Characterization of an inward current elicited by edrophonium in physically isolated and internally perfused Aplysia neurons. AB - We have studied the ionic and pharmacological properties of an inward current elicited by edrophonium, a cholinesterase inhibitor, on physically isolated and internally perfused Aplysia neurons using the voltage clamp, internal perfusion and rapid external perfusion techniques. The current amplitude was dependent on the external Na concentration [(Na)o] in an almost linear manner. However, complete replacement of (Na)o with Tris or sucrose failed to abolish the current. Internal application of Na [increased (Na)i] reduced the current amplitude. In normal (Na)o, changing (Ca)o (both increases and decreases in (Ca)o) reduced the current amplitude. In the sucrose-substituted (Na)o-free condition, edrophonium still could cause a small current (less than 5% of the control). However, an increased (Ca)o did not augment this residual current. Cs and Li carried the edrophonium-activated current when substituted for (Na)o. With sucrose substituted Na-free sea water outside, edrophonium elicited an outward current when the neuron was internally perfused with Cs, but not when the neuron was internally perfused with K. Therefore, it is unlikely that K is permeant. External application of tetrodotoxin, a blocker of voltage-dependent Na channels, external application of Cd and internal application of F did not affect the current. The edrophonium response was most sensitive to strychnine, which was about 10 times more potent than D-tubocurarine. Hexamethonium, however, had no effect. The local anesthetics, lidocaine and procaine, inhibited the response over the same concentration range as D-tubocurarine. We conclude that edrophonium opens a monocationic channel (presumably a type of Na channel) which is sensitive to (Ca)o.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3196902 TI - Topographic, non-collateralized basal forebrain projections to amygdala, hippocampus, and anterior cingulate cortex in the rhesus monkey. AB - Projections of the basal forebrain magnocellular complex to the limbic telencephalon of the primate were studied by combining double-retrograde tracing with immunocytochemistry. Tracers were injected into anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus or into hippocampus and amygdala. Retrogradely labeled populations of neurons were topographically arranged but intermingled peripherally. Double-labeled neurons, found only after amygdala-hippocampus injections, were very rare. Approximately 30% of hippocampopetal, 50-70% of amygdalopetal, and 50-90% of cingulopetal neurons were cholinergic; percentages varied among different regions of basal forebrain. These findings further support the concept of a system with a highly organized efferent circuitry. PMID- 3196903 TI - Climbing fibers are labelled after injection of PHA-L into the nucleus interpositus of the cat. AB - After injection of Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the interposed nucleus of the cat, labelled fibers were found in the granular layer as well as in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Those in the molecular layer were judged from their location and morphology as climbing fibers. Such labelling of climbing fibers which have not been labelled by autoradiography could be attributed to higher sensitivity and resolution of PHA-L method. In addition, Purkinje cell soma and its dendrites were labelled in a narrow stripe in the vermal and paravermal cortex. The pattern of labelling suggests that they were labelled by retrograde transport of the lectin. PMID- 3196904 TI - Progesterone effects on sexual behavior and neuronal ultrastructure in female rats. AB - Treatment of female rats with a low dose of estradiol (5% estradiol in a 5 mm Silastic capsule) and progesterone (0.5 mg) increased the percentage of neurons in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus that contained stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as compared with female rats receiving either estradiol alone or no treatment. Only females treated with both estradiol and progesterone displayed any sexual behavior, with these females responding at maximal levels. These results support the relationship between stacking of rough endoplasmic reticulum in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons and levels of sexual behavior in female rats, and provide evidence that progesterone can produce rapid changes in the morphology of hypothalamic neurons in estrogen-treated animals. PMID- 3196905 TI - Long-term observation of rats after unilateral intra-amygdaloid injection of kainic acid. AB - Electroencephalographic and clinical observations of the rats were done for 3 months after microinjection of kainic acid (KA, 0.2-1.2 micrograms) into the unilateral amygdala. With high doses of KA (0.6-1.2 micrograms) injection, 64% of rats developed spontaneous limbic seizures 14-25 days after KA injection. Among those which developed spontaneous limbic seizures, 33% of rats developed secondarily generalized seizures 26-71 days after KA injection. This is one of the best chronic models of spontaneous complex partial seizure secondarily generalized in rats, which is economical and easy to prepare. PMID- 3196906 TI - Training induced dendritic spine density changes are specifically related to memory formation processes in the chick, Gallus domesticus. AB - The density of dendritic spines on large, multipolar, projection neurons in the intermediate medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) of 1-day-old chicks was examined after training on a one-trial passive avoidance task. Chicks trained on the task were given a brief, subconvulsive transcranial electroshock 5 min after training, a procedure which rendered about half of them amnesic. The spine density was found to be significantly higher 24-26 h after training in the left IMHV in chicks that remembered the response compared to chicks rendered amnesic. These data, taken together with our earlier observations on spine density changes following training, argue strongly in favour of a specific role for dendritic spines in memory formation in the chick. PMID- 3196908 TI - Mixed-junction axon terminals on identified principal abducens motoneurons in the monitor lizard. AB - Motoneurons in the principal abducens nucleus of the monitor lizard Varanus exanthematicus were identified by retrograde labeling following application of horseradish peroxidase to the abducens nerve. The ultrastructure and synaptology of thirty labeled neurons were studied. We observed a type of axon terminal which forms mixed junctions with the cell bodies and the initial axon segments of labeled motoneurons. The juxtaposed membranes of the terminals and the motoneurons display gap junctions and small asymmetric synaptic specializations. The mixed-junction terminals contain spherical synaptic vesicles which are located immediately adjacent to the synaptic junction. They may originate from local circuit neurons or from neurons extrinsic to the principal abducens nucleus. PMID- 3196907 TI - Effect of age on collateral reinnervation of sweat glands in the mouse. AB - This study demonstrates that the number of sweat glands (SGs) innervated by individual peripheral nerves in the mouse hind paw decreases with aging but the ability for reinnervation by collateral sprouting is maintained throughout life. In one experiment, the saphenous, peroneal and tibial nerves were cut and tied, denervating all SGs of the hind paw except those receiving axons from the intact sural nerve. In another, the saphenous was the only nerve left intact. The initial number of SGs supplied only by the single intact nerve was significantly higher in young adult than older mice. The capacity of the sural and saphenous nerves to collaterally reinnervate the denervated SGs was followed by serial testing for the return of sensitivity to pilocarpine stimulation. Collaterally reinnervated SGs appeared during the second and third weeks postoperation adjacent to already active SGs, thereby increasing the total sweat area of the intact nerve, and its SG number about 3, 2 and 5 times for the sural, and 8, 2 and 2 times for saphenous nerve, in young, adult and old animals respectively. Reinnervation was slightly faster and the degree of extension greater in young than adult mice, and the degree of extension was decreased in older mice. These observations suggest that the number of sudomotor axons in the peripheral nerve, as well as their capacity for collateral reinnervation, is reduced with aging. PMID- 3196909 TI - Electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of nerve growth factor in developing mouse olfactory neurons. AB - The immunocytochemical localization of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the embryonic mouse has been examined using correlative light and electron microscope procedures. In flat-embedded thick sections, primary sensory neurons of the olfactory pathway were clearly visible by their high level of NGF-like immunoreactivity. When ultrathin sections were examined under the electron microscope, the HRP reaction product present in the nasal epithelium was confined to the cytoplasm of the chemoreceptor cells, including the dendrites projecting into the nasal cavity. The axons projecting to the olfactory bulb and axon bundles within the bulb were also stained specifically for NGF. The reaction product did not appear to be associated with any particular subcellular structure. Neither the columnar supporting cells nor the basal precursor cells showed any evidence of immunoreactivity. No evidence was found for the presence of NGF in cells such as epithelial or glial cells within the immediate environment of the receptor neurons. These first subcellular localization studies indicate the presence of high levels of NGF in neurons not known to be sensitive to the trophic molecule. PMID- 3196910 TI - Temperature-dependent and -independent apparent binding activities of [3H]glutathione in brain synaptic membranes. AB - An apparent binding activity of [3H]glutathione was examined by using synaptic membrane preparations of the rat brain. The activity was found to be more than two times as high at 30 degrees C as that found at 2 degrees C. At 2 degrees C, the apparent binding sites consisted of a single component with a Kd of 0.77 microM and a Bmax of 5.60 pmol/mg protein. In contrast, two independent separate sites with Kds of 0.56 and 12.6 microM and Bmaxs of 2.50 and 28.5 pmol/mg protein were observed at 30 degrees C. In vitro addition of Triton X-100 significantly inhibited the apparent binding activities detected at both temperatures, whereas pretreatment of the membranes with the detergent did not significantly affect both binding activities. Among 3 constituent amino acids of glutathione, L cysteine induced a selective and irreversible potentiation of the apparent activities, which occurred independently of the incubation temperature. Scatchard analysis revealed that L-cysteine drastically increased the number of the low affinity sites without significantly altering their affinity. Apparent binding activities determined at both incubation temperatures were unevenly distributed in the central and peripheral structures. Distribution profile of the temperature dependent activities was found to be closely related to that of the basal binding activity of [3H]L-glutamic acid, a putative central excitatory neurotransmitter. These results suggest that brain synaptic membranes may indeed contain specific binding sites of [3H]glutathione which have an interaction with the glutamate binding sites. Possible presence of two distinctly different apparent binding sites of [3H]glutathione, such as temperature-independent high affinity sites and temperature-dependent low affinity sites, is also suggested. PMID- 3196911 TI - Immunohistochemical and electrochemical detection of serotonin in the nervous system of Fasciola hepatica, a parasitic flatworm. AB - The head region of the trematode parasite Fasciola hepatica contains 3.47 +/- 0.42 pmol/mg wet wt. of serotonin as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrochemical detection. The head region includes the cerebral ganglia, the transverse commissure and associated nervous tissue that innervates the musculature of the oral sucker, pharynx and body wall. Tissue from the tail, which contains little nervous innervation, has approximately 20 times less serotonin (0.18 +/- 0.01 pmol/mg wet wt.). Immunohistochemistry was used to identify serotonin-like immunoreactive cells. Bipolar and multipolar cell bodies in the cerebral ganglia show serotonin-like immunoreactivity. Also evident are serotonin-like immunoreactive processes in the neuropile and in the transverse commissure that connects the ganglia, and immunoreactive peripheral bipolar cell bodies innervating the musculature of the pharynx and body wall. The cell bodies containing serotonin are organized in bilateral symmetry with homologous cell bodies and processes represented in each ganglion and on both sides of the pharynx. PMID- 3196912 TI - Morphological changes in spinal motor neurons giving rise to long-term regenerated sciatic nerve axons. AB - Morphological properties of rat spinal motor neurons were examined 14-16 months following unilateral sciatic nerve crush and compared to the properties observed in neurons contralateral to injury and in cord segments from age-matched control rats. Regenerated and control motor neurons were identified by retrograde labelling with HRP applied to sciatic nerves distal to the site of crush or at a comparable location in control nerves. Many of the experimental motor neurons were enlarged and had thickened dendritic processess compared to the finer dendrites seen in control cells. Mean cell area ipsilateral to the crush lesions was larger than mean control cell area (P-value less than 0.001) despite representation of all control cell areas in the regenerated population. These data suggest that persistent or continued morphological abnormalities occur in mammalian motor neurons following simple sciatic crush injury when examined at extended times beyond the period of axonal regeneration and clinical recovery. PMID- 3196913 TI - Abnormal neuromuscular junctions in the lateral rectus muscle of wobbler mice. AB - We have studied the lateral rectus muscles and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) of abducens motoneurons in wobbler (wr/wr) mutant mice from 26 to 58 days of age. The muscles of wr/wr weighed about 70% of the weight of littermate controls and were composed of fiber types comparable to those of controls, as assayed by succinate dehydrogenase activity. The most obvious difference between wr/wr and control NMJs was a reduction in the length of the postjunctional membrane of wr/wr mice. The mutant muscle endplate membrane was only about 70% (6.58 micron) the length of control muscle regions (9.44 micron). There were no obvious differences at the light microscopic level in the distribution of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors at junctional regions or staining of acetylcholinesterase, as assayed with alpha-bungarotoxin binding or enzyme histochemistry. Indirect immunocytochemical studies using antibodies directed against the subunits of the ACh receptor failed to indicate an abnormal presence of immature receptors clustered at the NMJs of wr/wr mice. Our findings suggest that the formation or maintenance of normal postjunctional folds and the differentiation of receptors at the junctions are under independent control during development. Furthermore, the wobbler mutation may affect muscle cell differentiation as well as neuronal differentiation. This mutant mouse should prove a useful model for study of postjunctional fold formation and function. PMID- 3196914 TI - Motor nerve outgrowth: reduced capacity for sprouting in the terminals of longer axons. AB - The ability of axons to grow or sprout can vary considerably. In this study we have examined the relation between axon length and the abundance of outgrowth from motor nerve terminals in vivo. Outgrowth from nerve terminals was evoked using botulinum toxin. Terminal axons, sprouts and neuromuscular junctions were visualized using a cholinesterase-silver stain. The amount of axonal outgrowth was compared in several proximal (e.g. rhomboid and paraspinous), intermediate, and distal (e.g. soleus and foot) muscles. Our results show that sprouting is generally more abundant in proximal than in distal muscles. There is a significant inverse correlation between nerve length and the abundance of sprouting from terminal axons. Thus, terminals of short axons appear to have more ability or potential to sprout than those of long axons. PMID- 3196915 TI - Tubulin messenger RNA: in situ hybridization reveals bilateral increases in hypoglossal and facial nuclei following nerve transection. AB - We have examined the levels of mRNA coding for tubulin in cranial nerve motor nuclei following axotomy using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Following division of their peripheral axons, the neurons in the facial and hypoglossal nuclei show increased levels of tubulin mRNA both ipsilateral and contralateral to the lesion. Tubulin in situ hybridization histochemistry provides a sensitive technique to monitor dynamics of neuronal regrowth or sprouting in the peripheral and possibly the central nervous system. PMID- 3196916 TI - Neuropeptide Y: vasoconstrictor effects and possible role in cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - The possible role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) as a vasoconstrictor substance contributing to the development of cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage was studied. Autologous blood was injected into the cisterna magna of control rabbits and rabbits that had received bilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy 2 days before blood injection. Three days after blood injection the concentration of NPY in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was 5971 +/ 551 pg/ml while CSF from control animals contained 992 +/- 162 pg/ml of NPY. The effects of porcine NPY on norepinephrine-induced contraction of rabbit cerebral arteries were also studied in vitro. NPY (1.2 nM) caused a 3-fold potentiation of norepinephrine-induced contraction of cerebral arteries. CSF from control rabbits diluted by 50% with Krebs solution had no significant effect on norepinephrine induced contraction of cerebral arteries when compared to responses in Krebs solution only; however, diluted CSF from denervated blood-injected rabbits potentiated norepinephrine-induced contraction by 2.6-fold. Antiserum containing NPY specific antibodies was used to immunoprecipitate the peptide from CSF taken from denervated blood-injected rabbits. CSF treated with this antiserum contained less than 40 pg/ml of NPY and had no effect on norepinephrine-induced contraction of cerebral arteries. These results show that the concentration of NPY in CSF of rabbits is elevated after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. In addition, NPY in CSF can potentiate the vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine which may contribute to the development of cerebral vasospasm. PMID- 3196917 TI - High levels of NPY in rabbit cerebrospinal fluid and immunohistochemical analysis of possible sources. AB - We have analyzed rabbit cerebrospinal fluid for neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) and examined the anatomical relationship of NPY-containing fibers to the cerebral vasculature and the third cerebral ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from the cisterna magna of rabbits was injected into a C18 column and subjected to HPLC. The fractions were collected, dried and reconstituted in buffer for NPY radioimmunoassay. A single peak of NPY immunoreactivity was obtained which corresponded in retention time to synthetic porcine NPY. Analysis of CSF samples produced displacement curves parallel to the standard curve. Immunohistochemistry revealed numerous NPY-labeled fibers which penetrated the ependymal lining of the third cerebral ventricle and directly bordered the ventricular lumen. Other fibers were observed in the pia which lines the ventral aspect of the hypothalamus. The basilar artery, its branches and other cerebral vessels were surrounded by NPY-labeled fibers. The results show that: (1) approximately 1 ng/ml of NPY immunoreactivity which corresponds chromatographically to synthetic porcine NPY is present in rabbit CSF; (2) NPY containing fibers surround the basilar artery and other cerebral vessels; (3) NPY may be released into the CSF from axons in the pia and from axons which penetrate the ependymal lining of the third ventricle. These observations form the basis for our analysis of the vasoconstrictor effects of NPY and its role in cerebrovasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 3196918 TI - Heterogeneous responses of neostriatal neurons to amphetamine in freely moving rats. AB - Single-unit activity was recorded from the neostriatum of unrestrained, behaving rats. Neuronal discharges were found to vary with specific motor responses, general changes in motor activity, or the presentation of orienting stimuli. In each case, however, 1.0 mg/kg D-amphetamine produced approximately equal numbers of excitations and inhibitions. A subsequent injection of a higher dose (5.0 mg/kg) either produced a greater change in firing rate in the same direction or reversed the direction of the low-dose response. Amphetamine, therefore, does not produce uniformly excitatory effects in the neostriatum of ambulant animals. In fact, the neuronal response to amphetamine appears to reflect a complex interaction of several factors, including ongoing behavior and drug dose. PMID- 3196919 TI - In vivo electrochemical detection of 5-hydroxyindole within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of freely moving rats: the effect of morphine. AB - The trigeminal nucleus caudalis is considered the equivalent of the orofacial nociceptive system of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. At the level of this trigeminal area (i.e. medullary dorsal horn) the transmission of noxious inputs is strongly modulated by a descending, serotonergic system mainly originating from the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM). The present study in freely moving animals reports the effect of morphine on the 5-hydroxyindole oxidation current recorded in the medullary dorsal horn. Complementary data from recordings in spinal dorsal horn in acutely anesthetized rats are also presented. A current recorded at 270 290 mV (peak '3'), characteristic of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), was measured with treated multi-fiber carbon electrodes, using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) or differential normal pulse voltammetry (DNPV). In control rats, the amplitude of the peak remained constant for many hours. Morphine (10 mg/kg i.p.) caused a significant increase which plateaued between 35 and 80 min (mean increase: 127 +/- 5% of control values); recovery was complete by about 3 h. Simultaneous injection of naloxone (1 mg/kg i.p.) totally abolished the effect of morphine. By contrast, morphine was without effect on peak 3 recorded in the spinal dorsal horn of chloral hydrate (450 mg/kg i.p.) anesthetized rats. It is concluded that in non-anesthetized freely moving animals morphine clearly increases the metabolism of serotonin (5-HT) in the medullary dorsal horn. This finding confirms previous neurochemical data showing an increased synthesis or release of 5-HT in the spinal cord after systemic morphine or its microinjection into either the periaqueductal gray matter or the NRM, and underlines the value of in vivo electrochemistry in monitoring changes in 5-HT metabolism directly and continuously during various physiological and pharmacological procedures. PMID- 3196920 TI - Changes in the activity of testosterone-metabolizing enzymes in the brain of male and female zebra finches during the post-hatching period. AB - The kinetic properties of the testosterone-metabolizing enzymes were studied in the hypothalamus of adult and young zebra finches of both sexes. Estradiol, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, 5 beta-dihydrotestosterone and 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol were identified as metabolites of testosterone in males and females at different ages between 5 days post-hatch and adulthood. During maturation, the maximum velocity (Vmax) of the aromatase and 5 beta-reductase decreased in males and females while the affinity of these enzymes for the substrate increased (decrease in km). These changes were more pronounced for 5 beta-reductase than for aromatase. The affinity change of the 5 beta-reductase occurred progressively during the post-hatching development between 5 and 30 days and is thus probably a true developmental process. In the case of the aromatase, the change in affinity occurred much later (after 30-40 days) and is thus probably related to the sexual maturation. These kinetic changes during development are directly related to the roles played by testosterone and its metabolites, in particular estradiol, in the differentiation and activation of reproductive behavior in the zebra finch. In particular, the dramatic decrease in 5 beta-reductase activity during sexual maturation should correspond to a potentiation of testosterone action in the brain. PMID- 3196921 TI - Rapid growth of host afferents into fetal thalamic transplants. AB - Fetal cell suspension grafts grow and differentiate when implanted into adult rat CNS areas previously neuron-depleted using an excitotoxin. There is some controversy in the literature concerning the timetable of establishment and possible extent of host-graft connections in these experimental conditions. The present study was undertaken to analyze the development of adult host monoaminergic afferents into a transplant formed by fetal thalamic neurons in the previously excitotoxically lesioned thalamus. It is demonstrated that both norepinephrin- and serotonin-immunoreactive fibers are present in the transplant as soon as 8 days after grafting. At those times, immunoreactive fibers exhibit morphological characteristics typically associated with immature stages. After longer survival time, up to 4 weeks after grafting, immunoreactive fibers are numerous in the transplant and exhibit morphological features comparable to those observed in the adult thalamus. These results demonstrate the rapid ingrowth of some fiber systems of the adult host into the transplant and suggest that grafted fetal cells can be functionally integrated into the host circuitry as soon as a few weeks after grafting. PMID- 3196922 TI - Lamina-specific arrangement of astrocytic gliosis and senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease visual cortex. AB - Alzheimer's disease (AD) visual cortex (area 17) was investigated using stains for plaques and tangles (Bielschowsky, thioflavine S) and gliosis (GFAP immunoperoxidase). Pathology was heaviest in layers II, III, IVa and IVc. Of especial interest was a thin line of plaques and astrocytic gliosis at the lower margin of layer IVc. These results could provide an insight into the pathogenesis of AD, and suggest that patients with AD may have specific visual deficits. PMID- 3196923 TI - Fast rhythms in the discharges of medullary inspiratory neurons. AB - The discharges of 44 medullary inspiratory (I) neurons in decerebrate paralyzed cats were studied using interval and spectral analysis. Most neurons had a rhythm in their discharge. In 31 the rhythm was at the frequency of, and coherent to, the high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) of I nerves, and in 7 the rhythm was in the range of medium-frequency oscillations (MFOs), with no coherence to nerve MFOs. Thus, correlated HFOs are characteristic of the I system at all levels, whereas MFOs are uncommon in medullary neurons and seem to be unrelated to general mechanisms. PMID- 3196924 TI - Interactions of adenosine and magnesium on rat hippocampal slices. AB - The potency of adenosine in reducing orthodromically evoked population potentials elicited in area CA1 of rat hippocampal slices was greatly reduced by removal of magnesium from the bathing medium. Removal of magnesium increased cell excitability, but this did not account for the loss of potency as the addition of (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (2-APV), or a reduction in extracellular calcium failed to restore adenosine inhibition. However, addition of cobalt (500 microM) did restore inhibition. The results may indicate a requirement for magnesium, or a similar divalent cation, at the A1-inhibitory adenosine receptor. The observation of excitation by adenosine in zero magnesium/low calcium may suggest an A2-excitatory receptor interaction in the absence of adenosine inhibition. PMID- 3196925 TI - Effects of apamin on the discharge properties of putative dopamine-containing neurons in vitro. AB - An in vitro brain slice preparation was used to evaluate the effects of apamin, a selective inhibitor of calcium-activated potassium channels, on the discharge characteristics of presumed dopamine-containing neurons within the substantia nigra. Apamin administration (1 microM) was associated with an increase in neuronal excitability as evidenced by the emergence of both sustained irregular and intermittent bursting activity similar to that seen spontaneously in vivo. These data suggest that the characteristic regular activity observed among putative dopamine-containing neurons in vitro is mediated, in part, by a calcium activated potassium conductance. PMID- 3196926 TI - A potent dopamine-releasing factor is present in high concentrations in the rat adrenal gland. AB - The present study shows that a novel, protease-sensitive factor present in a partially purified preparation from the rat adrenal gland selectively stimulates the release of dopamine from the rat striatal tissue superfused in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Biological activity is also found to be present in much lower concentrations in the neocortex, striatum and cerebellum but absent in liver or spleen. This putative dopamine releasing factor is probably a glycoprotein, resistent to boiling, partially inactivated by trypsin and completely inactivated by the non-specific protease pronase E. PMID- 3196927 TI - Anterior neocortical kindling in vasopressin-deficient rats. AB - Kindling of seizures with stimulation of anterior neocortex was examined in control rats and in Brattleboro rats deficient in arginine-vasopressin (AVP). There were no significant differences between control rats, homozygous Brattleboro rats, and heterozygous Brattleboro rats in the rate and pattern of kindling of generalized seizures. Thus AVP is not critically involved in anterior neocortical kindling. PMID- 3196928 TI - A mechanism for vasopressin action in the hippocampus. AB - The action of arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the rat hippocampal slice has been extensively studied. Extracellular recording indicates that the peptide excites spontaneously active neurons in the slice, though uncertainty exists regarding the identity of this cell type. Intracellular recording from pyramidal cells also reveals an excitatory action of the peptide, but these results are confounded by simultaneous constriction of small blood vessels that surround each pyramidal cell. Here we use field potential recordings to show that AVP inhibits pyramidal cell discharge and employs a pressor-type (V1) receptor to bring about its action. The results resolve issues regarding the identity of AVP targets in the slice. Each reported result is consistent with a model that posits direct AVP excitation of inhibitory interneurons and direct AVP constriction of slice microvessels. Inhibition of pyramidal cells recorded extracellularly and excitation of pyramidal cells recorded intracellularly are respective indirect consequences of the two direct effects. PMID- 3196929 TI - In vitro steroid metabolism by rat retina. AB - We have previously detected progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone and estrone in rat retina. The present experiments show that the presence of these steroids in the retina may not be due to local biosynthesis. On the other hand, they demonstrate considerable 5 alpha-reductase and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities in the rat retina. The significance of these activities in the retina is discussed. PMID- 3196931 TI - Changes in the protein components of vitelline envelope during oogenesis of a tubiculous polychaete, Schizobranchia insignis. AB - In sabellid polychaetes the vitelline envelopes, in which microvilli with glycocalyx structures at the tips are invested, change in structure during oogenesis. Vitelline envelopes isolated from Schizobranchia oocytes 25-100 micron and 160-185 micron in diameter, were analyzed in protein components by iodination, electrophoresis, Western blotting and radioactive labeling technique. The observations demonstrate that the membrane proteins of the vitelline envelopes are not consistent but variable in components during oogenesis. Most of these proteins, particularly the high molecular weight proteins, are PAS-positive glycoproteins, which may have specific carbohydrate residues binding to wheat germ agglutinin. The proteins could be labeled with [3H]valine within 36 h by incubating the whole oocytes in sea water to a high level, indicating that the proteins are actively synthesized by the growing oocytes. Synthetic rates of the proteins differ from each other at one stage and are higher in the small than in the large oocytes in general, suggesting that the membrane proteins are involved in the function of the vitelline envelopes during oogenesis. PMID- 3196930 TI - Structural and functional relationships between nuclear bodies and the nucleolus DNA body complex in the oocyte of Amphiporus lactifloreus. AB - The localization, structure and function of two types of nuclear bodies have been investigated by cytological and cytochemical electron microscopy methods in oocytes from the Hoplonemertean, Amphiporus lactifloreus. Type I nuclear bodies differentiate in contact with the nucleolus-DNA body complex, whereas type II nuclear bodies develop close to the diplotenic chromosomal axes. The structure of type I and type II spherical nuclear bodies, 4-5 micron in width, results from the association of a fibrillar reticulum with some dense included regions. The cytochemical findings following the use of osmium-ammine reaction for DNA and silver reaction for NOR proteins support the hypothesis that type II nuclear bodies, derived from the extranucleolar area, as well as type I nuclear bodies, derived from the nucleolar complex, may be involved in ribosomal biogenesis. PMID- 3196933 TI - [Clinical features of multiple organ failure in the aged]. PMID- 3196932 TI - [Protective effects of anti-oxidants in hepatic and pulmonary injuries subsequent to bowel ischemia]. PMID- 3196934 TI - [Role of the liver in multiple organ failure]. PMID- 3196935 TI - [Computerized tomography of the brain in endemic cretinism]. PMID- 3196936 TI - [Perioperative fluid therapy in major elective abdominal operations]. PMID- 3196937 TI - [Characteristics and clinical significance of the time domain and frequency domain parameters of heart sounds in patients with hypertension]. PMID- 3196938 TI - [Experimental animal model and cell model of osteosarcoma induced by radiation]. PMID- 3196939 TI - [Lipid peroxidation and myocardial reperfusion injury in open heart surgery]. PMID- 3196941 TI - [Relation between certain staple foods and atherosclerosis]. PMID- 3196940 TI - [Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and incipient diabetic nephropathy]. PMID- 3196942 TI - [Ultrastructural study of the myocardium of the right infundibulum in the tetralogy of Fallot]. PMID- 3196943 TI - [Use of SEM-EDX-WDX analysis in studying the etiology of lung cancer in tin miners of Yunnan]. PMID- 3196944 TI - [Changes in motor evoked potentials in experimental spinal cord injury]. PMID- 3196945 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in the elastic fibers in emphysematous alveolar walls]. PMID- 3196946 TI - [Controlled study on the relation between smoking and coronary heart disease]. PMID- 3196947 TI - [Preliminary study of the relation between epidemic erythermalgia and El Nino]. PMID- 3196948 TI - [Preliminary survey of human parasites in the minority groups of Hainan Island]. PMID- 3196949 TI - [Computed tomographic metrizamide myelography of intraspinal tumors. Report of 38 cases]. PMID- 3196950 TI - [Clinical value of determination of CEA in bronchoalveolar effusion fluid for detecting bronchogenic carcinoma]. PMID- 3196951 TI - [Insulin resistance and insulin receptor defect in the aged]. PMID- 3196952 TI - Uptake of General Dental Service care in the northern region 1985. PMID- 3196953 TI - The dental condition of Dutch schoolchildren assessed by a new dental health index. PMID- 3196954 TI - Findings from 1163 panelipse radiographs taken of 12-year-old children living in Hong Kong. PMID- 3196955 TI - Selection of children for fissure sealing. PMID- 3196956 TI - Cultural variations in oral hygiene practices among infants resident in an inner city area. PMID- 3196957 TI - Decisions on restorative treatment and recall intervals based on bitewing radiographs. A comparison between national surveys of Dutch and Norwegian practitioners. PMID- 3196958 TI - An analysis of the community periodontal index of treatment needs. Studies on adults in France. II. Additional treatment needs. PMID- 3196960 TI - Presidential address to the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry, Manchester, April 1988. PMID- 3196959 TI - Proposals to change the statutory duties of the Community Dental Services. PMID- 3196961 TI - Nurses help Santa Cruz sexual assault survivors. PMID- 3196962 TI - Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility and extrachromosomal DNA content of Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. AB - Seventeen Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens strains have been screened for naturally occurring antibiotic resistance, as determined by zones of inhibition from antibiotic disks. These strains were also examined for extrachromosomal DNA content. All strains screened are resistant to low levels (10-200 micrograms/mL) of streptomycin. In contrast to the previously reported data, we have found that R. flavefaciens C-94 is now susceptible to both kanamycin and tetracycline. However, R. flavefaciens FD-1 is not susceptible to kanamycin (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 40 micrograms/mL). Furthermore, R. albus 8 is resistant to tetracycline (MIC = 40 micrograms/mL), and erythromycin (MIC = 100 micrograms/mL). Six freshly isolated strains showed resistance to tetracycline (35-70 micrograms/mL), and all tetracycline-resistant strains also showed resistance to minocycline. None of these Ruminococcus determinants share homology with the streptococcal tetL, tetM, or tetN determinants. All 17 strains were screened for extrachromosomal DNA content. Nine different techniques for the detection and isolation of extrachromosomal DNA were tested. However, owing to difficulties in demonstrating or isolating plasmid DNA, it has not been possible to determine if these antibiotic resistance genes are plasmid borne. Evidence is presented to suggest that the presence of oxygen may affect the quality of the DNA obtained from Ruminococcus. PMID- 3196963 TI - Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic heterocycles by a Pseudomonas species. AB - Enrichment cultures were established with the aromatic fraction of a crude oil and screened for aromatic-degrading pseudomonads, using a sprayed plate technique. One isolate identified as Pseudomonas sp. HL7b was chosen for further study because it oxidized several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic heterocycles without an apparent lag. Using capillary gas chromatography, spectrophotometry, and radiorespirometry, it was found to be capable of mineralizing and (or) oxidizing a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, S-, N-, and O-heterocyclic analogues, and alkyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but not aliphatic hydrocarbons. The isolate displayed two colonial morphologies which correlated with variation in degradative phenotype and hydrophobicity as measured by polystyrene adherence. Four cryptic plasmids were observed in both colonial types. Pseudomonas sp. HL7b degraded dibenzothiophene co-metabolically by a recognized pathway, but this degradation was constitutive, rather than inducible as reported for other bacteria. PMID- 3196964 TI - Selective association and transport of Campylobacter jejuni through M cells of rabbit Peyer's patches. AB - M cells in the Peyer's patches may facilitate transport of pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni from the intestine. We evaluated this hypothesis by using electron microscopy to examine Peyer's patches in ligated adult rabbit ileal loops inoculated with 5-mL suspensions of 10(9) cfu/mL of Campylobacter jejuni. Peyer's patches taken at intervals from 15 min to 2 h after inoculation of loops in anaesthetized rabbits provided evidence that Campylobacter jejuni selectively adhered to M cells as opposed to absorptive epithelial cells and was transported, apparently intact, into the M cell follicle. Although intercellular organisms were seen within the follicle, many others were phagocytosed by lymphoid cells. The proximity of the lymphatic and blood circulatory systems to the M cell follicle makes this a probable route for systemic spread of Campylobacter jejuni. PMID- 3196966 TI - Proposed virulence factors among coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from two healthy populations. AB - Proposed virulence factors, including multiple antibiotic resistance and slime mediated adherence, among coagulase-negative staphylococci colonizing healthy individuals from two different study populations were examined. Resistance to methicillin was more commonly seen than initially anticipated. In addition, adherence characteristics, as quantitated by a microtiter plate method, were very similar to those of strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci causing nosocomial infections. PMID- 3196965 TI - Antifungal susceptibility testing of Trichosporon beigelii to imidazole compounds. AB - Twenty-two strains of Trichosporon beigelii have been tested for susceptibility to imidazole compounds. Ten strains were isolated from untreated genital white piedra lesions and 12 were from the same patients following treatment failure with imidazole compounds. Agar dilution and disk elution methods were compared using two media: yeast nitrogen base and antibiotic assay medium 3 (Difco). Antifungal agents tested were econazole, miconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and amphotericin B in concentrations of 0.0625-32 micrograms/mL. The most consistent results occurred with antibiotic assay medium 3 and the agar dilution method giving minimal inhibitory concentrations between 0.0625 and 0.25 micrograms/mL. Using yeast nitrogen base agar, minimal inhibitory concentrations were higher ranging from 0.0625 to 2.0 micrograms/mL. End points of growth in the disk elution method were not clearly delineated and ranged from 0.0625 to 8.0 micrograms/mL. The distribution of minimal inhibitory concentrations obtained using different media and methods were compared by chi 2 analysis, and the medium was found to significantly change the minimal inhibitory concentrations. There was no difference in the susceptibility of strains of T. beigelii to imidazole compounds whether isolated before or after treatment. It was concluded that in vitro susceptibility of T. beigelii to imidazole compounds did not necessarily predict efficacy in vivo. PMID- 3196967 TI - Cross protection between a strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis and eight other species of coagulase-negative staphylococci. AB - Passive protective activity of rabbit antiserum prepared by a representative capsular type II strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis in mice was absorbed out with homologous capsular type strains of S. simulans, S. cohnii, S. xylosus, S. hominis, S. capitis, S. hyicus, S. haemolyticus, and S. saprophyticus in addition to the homologous strain. The minimum amount of the strains required for absorption differed greatly, depending upon the strain. No absorption of the activity was shown with a strain of capsular type I and III of S. epidermidis, S. simulans, and S. cohnii, and a strain of capsular type III of S. hominis. These results suggest a possible capsular type specificity in the cross protection between strains of S. epidermidis and other species of coagulase-negative staphylococci. PMID- 3196968 TI - Steroidogenesis in fetal bovine gonads. AB - Gonadal steroidogenesis in bovine fetuses of 40 to 125 days gestation was examined using histochemical procedures and radioimmunoassay on gonadal cultures to determine the physiological correlates of gonadal morphogenesis in cattle. Gonadal morphology and the in vitro secretion patterns were distinct between the sexes by 45 days when testes secreted significantly higher levels of testosterone and androstenedione and lower levels of estrone and 17 beta-estradiol that the ovaries (p less than 0.0001). It would appear that the main steroid route in the ovaries of 45 to 70 day old fetuses is the androstenedione to estrone to 17 beta estradiol pathway. The high estrone secretion and the decreasing levels of 17 beta-estradiol and testosterone in the ovaries of 70 to 125 day fetuses suggest an inhibition of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. It is postulated that this shift in steroid biosynthetic pathways may be related to the change in cellular events from mitosis to meiosis in fetal ovaries. PMID- 3196969 TI - Halothane induced vasomotion of coronary, renal and iliac arterial rings in malignant hyperthermia susceptible swine. AB - Animals were identified as porcine malignant hyperthermia susceptible by halothane testing and were slaughtered at 90 kg of body weight. Coronary, renal and iliac arteries were isolated, dissected and 5 mm rings were mounted in 20 mL organ baths with modified Krebs solution maintained at 37 degrees C and oxygenated with 95% O2, 5% CO2. Halothane at 0%, 0.5%, 2% and 5% concentration was bubbled in the organ baths and mechanical responses were recorded over a period of 25 min. Halothane free arteries remained quiescent and the arteries from the halothane sensitive and from the halothane resistant groups reacted similarly. All arteries in the presence of halothane responded with an initial contraction of short duration followed by a relaxation and both phenomena occurred in a concentration-dependent fashion. The iliac artery was the most sensitive to halothane and responded to 0.5% concentration while coronary and renal arteries maintained the resting tension of 4 g. These results demonstrate that vascular smooth muscle, like skeletal muscle and unlike respiratory smooth muscle, has a direct pharmacological response to halothane. These observations led to the postulate that halothane by its transient but significant vasoconstrictive action could be a contributing factor to initiate the fulminant reactions occurring in malignant hyperthermia. PMID- 3196970 TI - Evaluation of acepromazine/meperidine/atropine premedication followed by thiopental anesthesia in the cat. AB - Cardiopulmonary function was assessed in healthy cats premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine, meperidine, atropine combination (premix), followed by induction and maintenance with intravenous thiopental for 30 min. Cardiac output by thermodilution, heart rate, blood pressure and blood gas analysis were evaluated over 120 min. A minor degree of respiratory depression was noted in the cats. Cardiac index (cardiac output/kg) was significantly depressed following thiopental induction and for the entire 120 min studied. Stroke volume was significantly reduced after premix administration and for 90 min posthiopental induction. No significant change in heart rate, systemic vascular resistance or blood pressure was observed. Significant cardiovascular depression was produced by the premedicant, and this persisted following thiopental anesthesia. PMID- 3196971 TI - Cardiopulmonary effects of a ketamine/acepromazine combination in hypovolemic cats. AB - The cardiopulmonary effects of a ketamine/ acepromazine combination was studied in ten cats subjected to a 25% whole blood volume loss. Test parameters included cardiac output, measured via thermodilution, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean) and blood gas analysis. Values for cardiac index, stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were calculated from these data. Posthemorrhage, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, heart rate and measurements of arterial blood pressure were significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). Following the induction of ketamine/ acepromazine anesthesia, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume and heart rate showed mild but statistically insignificant declines and were above their respective posthemorrhage values 120 min into ketamine/ acepromazine anesthesia. Measurements of arterial blood pressure showed further declines from their respective posthemorrhage values that were statistically significant (p less than 0.05). Following hemorrhage, respiratory rate increased significantly (p less than 0.05), associated with a fall in arterial CO2 tension. During ketamine/ acepromazine anesthesia, respiratory rate showed a dramatic and significant decline (p less than 0.05) with arterial CO2 tension rising to prehemorrhage values. Systemic vascular resistance, arterial O2 tension and pH remained essentially unchanged throughout the experimental period. PMID- 3196972 TI - Cardiopulmonary effects of a halothane/oxygen combination in hypovolemic cats. AB - The cardiopulmonary effects of a halothane/oxygen combination were studied in eight cats subjected to a 25% whole blood volume loss. Test parameters included cardiac output measured via thermodilution, heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean) and blood gas analysis. Values for cardiac index, stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance were calculated from these data. Posthemorrhage cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume and measurements of arterial blood pressure were significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). Heart rate remained unchanged. Following induction of halothane anesthesia the above parameters experienced a further significant decline (p less than 0.05) from their immediate preanesthetic (i.e. posthemorrhage) values. Heart rate also significantly decreased (p less than 0.05). Thirty minutes following the cessation of halothane anesthesia these values returned to near-hemorrhage levels, being above their respective preanesthetic values. Systemic vascular resistance initially rose, peaking ten minutes into halothane anesthesia, before gradually falling to prehemorrhage values at the end of halothane anesthesia. Following hemorrhage, respiratory rate demonstrated a transient increase, associated with an arterial CO2 tension fall, before returning to initial values at the preanesthetic time. During halothane anesthesia respiratory rate remained unchanged whereas arterial CO2 tension rose significantly (p less than 0.05) and pH declined slightly from preanesthetic readings. These returned to prehemorrhage values 30 minutes following the cessation of halothane anesthesia. PMID- 3196973 TI - Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae increases the susceptibility of pigs to experimental Pasteurella multocida pneumonia. AB - The interaction between Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida in experimental pneumonia was investigated in conventional pigs. The experimental animals were 49 days old when inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae; they were inoculated with P. multocida after 23 days, and killed 13 days later. In pigs inoculated only with P. multocida, clinical signs and lung lesions were not observed, and the agent was not recovered. Pigs inoculated with M. hyopneumoniae developed fever, moderate cough and dyspnea which tended to disappear, and small proliferative lung lesions from which M. hyopneumoniae was isolated. Pigs inoculated with both agents had higher fever, severe cough and dyspnea which tended to aggravate, and extensive exudative lung lesions from which organisms were isolated. All animals had similar growth rates, but the group infected with both agents consumed 60% more food. Therefore, M. hyopneumoniae causes mild pneumonia, whereas P. multocida is not pathogenic alone but aggravates the pneumonia initiated by M. hyopneumoniae. PMID- 3196974 TI - Susceptibility of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep and domestic sheep to pneumonia induced by bighorn and domestic livestock strains of Pasteurella haemolytica. AB - Bighorn sheep were inoculated intratracheally with suspensions of nonhemolytic Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T (10(12) organisms) unique to wild bighorns, with beta-hemolytic P. haemolytica biotype T (10(12) organisms) isolated from clinically normal domestic sheep or intradermally with half a dose of a cattle vaccine containing P. haemolytica biotype A (10(5) organisms). The bighorn strain caused lobar necrotizing bronchopneumonia whereas both domestic livestock strains precipitated fatal septicemia and fibrinous bronchopneumonia. The serotypes given were T3, T4, T15 and A1 and these were recovered from lung lesions and other organs. In three trials, domestic sheep were inoculated intratracheally with suspensions of bighorn sheep pneumonic lungs, and two concentrations of the P. haemolytica bighorn strain (10(4) and 10(12) organisms). One of these sheep was inoculated intrabronchially. The domestic sheep experienced a transient fever and elevated white blood cell counts. After six days, none of the sheep had lung lesions and inoculated organisms could not be recovered. It is suggested that bighorn sheep are very susceptible to P. haemolytica from domestic livestock and should not be allowed in contact with sheep or cattle. PMID- 3196975 TI - The use of liposomally-entrapped gentamicin in the treatment of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. AB - The effect of incorporation of gentamicin in liposomes on intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus was studied in vitro in cultured bovine mammary macrophages, and in experimental bovine mastitis. Liposomes were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation and ranged in size from 0.1 to 1.0 micron in diameter (mean 0.51 micron), with an encapsulation efficiency of gentamicin of 27.4%. Liposomes were taken up by in vitro cultured macrophages but intracellular killing of S. aureus over 12 h was not significantly enhanced when treatment with liposomally-entrapped gentamicin was compared to free gentamicin. Treatment of experimentally-induced S. aureus mastitis in five lactating Holstein cows (20 quarters) failed to show significant differences in bacterial counts when treatment with liposomally-entrapped gentamicin was compared to treatment with free gentamicin or blank liposomes plus free gentamicin. Gentamicin concentrations exceeded the in vitro determined minimum inhibitory concentration for 48 h when quarters were treated with 50 mg gentamicin on two occasions 24 h apart. PMID- 3196978 TI - Sylvatic trichinosis in Canada. AB - Pepsin digestion of musculature from 2253 animals revealed that sylvatic trichinosis occurred in various species of mammals from the eastern to the western Arctic and extended down into the Rocky Mountain and Foothills regions of western Canada. Infections were demonstrated in Arctic fox, red fox, wolf, raccoon, coyote, lynx, bobcat and dog. PMID- 3196976 TI - Equine vitreous humor chemical concentrations: correlation with serum concentrations, and postmortem changes with time and temperature. AB - Samples of equine vitreous humor were analyzed for urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, chloride, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and magnesium concentrations. Fresh vitreous chemical concentrations were compared to corresponding serum concentrations and expressed as a vitreous to serum ratio. The effects of postmortem time and temperature on the stability of the chemical concentrations were determined by incubation of the samples at 4 degrees C, and 20 degrees C and 37 degrees C for 6, 12, 24, or 48 h. Chemical concentrations were generally more stable at lower temperatures and shorter incubation times. PMID- 3196977 TI - Evaluation of sedative R51703 in cattle: effects on cardiorespiratory functions and rumen contraction rate. AB - R51703, a substance with 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 receptor antagonist properties, was studied to assess its potential as a sedative in cattle. Six cattle in the study group were given R51703 intramuscularly at a dose rate of 0.15 mg/kg. Sedation became obvious between 10 and 15 minutes postinjection in five of these animals and lasted for approximately 120 minutes. No significant changes (P less than or equal to 0.05) were observed in respiratory rate, arterial blood gas, acid-base values or systemic arterial blood pressure. Heart rate was significantly elevated at 40, 60, 90 and 120 minutes posttreatment, but dysrhythmias were not detected. Rumen motility, as judged by the contraction rate, was decreased but not to significant levels. All animals ate normally at the end of the study period. The results indicated that R51703 may have a role in the management of domestic cattle and that further work is indicated to assess its potential in this area. PMID- 3196979 TI - Promotion of infant formula and feeding products. PMID- 3196980 TI - Birth prevalence and recurrence rates of neural tube defects in southern Alberta in 1970-81. PMID- 3196981 TI - Chronic pain is an invisible reality. PMID- 3196982 TI - Excrement, effluent and exhalations. PMID- 3196983 TI - Are physicians' opinions about chiropractors changing? PMID- 3196984 TI - Glass is detectable on plain radiographs. PMID- 3196985 TI - Quantity and quality in postgraduate medical education: meeting the challenge. PMID- 3196986 TI - Family physician registration at locally produced short courses. AB - Physicians who do not take advantage of short courses that are offered within their community may miss the opportunity to learn about new services and consultants as well as to validate new information or practices with trusted colleagues. The registration patterns at short courses of all 505 family physicians in Calgary were assessed to determine whether the sociodemographic characteristics of attendees differed from those of nonattendees and whether the sociodemographic data were predictive of attendance or nonattendance. Four variables were predictive of attendance or nonattendance: certification status with the College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC), year of graduation, sex and hospital affiliation. Physicians who had attended four or more courses were more likely to be graduates of Canadian or US schools, to have graduated after 1969, and to be women, certificants of the CFPC and affiliated with a hospital. Universities, hospitals and professional associations planning continuing education must determine if the needs of nonattending physicians are being met through other means or if new strategies are required to ensure that these physicians have opportunities for upgrading their knowledge. Practitioners who frequently attend short courses can help planners ensure that programming is relevant. PMID- 3196988 TI - Laboratory reports of chlamydial infections in Canada in 1987. PMID- 3196987 TI - Hodgkin's disease complicating non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. PMID- 3196989 TI - Pertussis vaccine: why do some parents say no? PMID- 3196990 TI - CMA policy summary. Induced abortion. PMID- 3196991 TI - Out-of-province patients: should more hospitals go the UH route? PMID- 3196992 TI - Bioethics in the critical care unit: "Damned if you do, damned if you don't". PMID- 3196993 TI - Spend more on AIDS research, Ottawa advised. PMID- 3196994 TI - When is it time to quit? PMID- 3196995 TI - Uneasy allies: as nurses march towards 2000, some MDs get nervous. PMID- 3196996 TI - As government well runs dry, public donations to hospitals become crucial. PMID- 3196997 TI - Annual issue on child psychiatry. PMID- 3196998 TI - Our love of children. PMID- 3196999 TI - The agreement between behaviour checklists and structured psychiatric interviews for children. AB - There are few reports in the literature on the agreement between structured interviews and behaviour checklists in terms of specific diagnostic categories. The objective of this paper is to see how this agreement varies by source of information and diagnosis. One hundred children and their parents referred to a mental health clinic were given the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). Parents and teachers also completed a checklist, the Survey Diagnostic Instrument, a modification of the Child Behaviour Checklist. Using likelihood ratios, the parent checklist agreed best with the parent interview, regardless of diagnosis. Among DSM-III diagnoses, the combined disorder anxiety depression obtained the highest agreement with the DICA, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity the next, and conduct disorder the lowest. For screening purposes, combining the parent and teacher checklists appears best, while, for diagnostic purposes, using the parent checklist alone may suffice. Nevertheless, positive predictive values remain low and may remain an inherent limitation of any checklist. PMID- 3197000 TI - Morbidity and mortality of certified adolescent psychiatric patients. AB - Recent legislation has placed greater restrictions on the involuntary hospitalization and treatment of psychiatric patients. A follow-up study was done on adolescent psychiatric patients who were certified during their hospital stay. The rate of certification was 8.5%. Their functioning was compared with that of a control group of voluntarily admitted adolescents. The two main reasons for certification were suicidal behaviour and psychotic symptoms. The majority of patients required further hospital treatment during the five year period after discharge. Few patients were found to be functioning in a successful independent fashion at the time of follow-up and certified patients required much more long term social assistance. Five patients (22% of those certified) committed suicide and the combination of personality disorder and major depression was of particular importance in predicting suicide. PMID- 3197001 TI - Completed suicide in youth. AB - The purpose of this study was to collect descriptive information on a large number of children, adolescents and young adults who had committed suicide. The medical examiner's records for deaths of persons 25 and under from non-natural causes were reviewed; 656 youth suicides were identified. Children, adolescents and young adults who committed suicide were most likely to be older males with a current psychiatric disorder, usually an affective disorder or alcohol or drug abuse. Suicides appeared to be impulsive and triggered by age-normative precipitants. Sex, age and cohort differences are presented. Results are evaluated in light of previous research. PMID- 3197002 TI - Two subgroups of hyperactives as adults: correlations of outcome. AB - This prospective study explored the association of continuing symptoms of the hyperactive syndrome with adult outcome. A fifteen year follow-up compared 61 hyperactive subjects and 41 matched controls. Outcome measures examined included continuing symptoms of the hyperactive syndrome, antisocial behaviour, substance use, and emotional difficulties. Two subgroups of the hyperactive population were identified. Those hyperactive subjects with moderate or severe continuing symptoms were characterized by significant emotional difficulties, alcohol use, and antisocial behaviour. By contrast, hyperactive subjects with none or only mild continuing symptoms at follow-up did not have other difficulties in psychosocial functioning, and were, in addition, similar to the control group in many respects. The importance of continuing symptoms in determining the adult outcome of children with a diagnosis of ADDH is discussed. Accordingly, the need for comprehensive early, and ongoing interventions is emphasized. PMID- 3197004 TI - Children's adjustment during custody/access disputes: relation to custody arrangement, gender and age of child. AB - The adjustment of pre-school and latency age children, at the time of a custody/access dispute between their parents, was studied in relation to the children's age, sex and whether they were living with a parent of the same or the opposite-sex. Few adjustment problems were noted; however, older children and boys were more vulnerable. Sex of custodial parent did not predict children's adjustment. PMID- 3197003 TI - The Foster Care Research Project: summary and analysis. AB - This paper analyzes and summarizes five more detailed papers describing the Foster Care Research Project (F.C.R.P.). This compared two (individual and group) models of foster care as to their effects on foster parent satisfaction, placement breakdowns and several indices of children's adjustment in care. The group model is described and contrasted with other "extended family" models, and the results of the project, which were mixed, are summarized. A critique of the experimental design suggests why clinical gains noted in the children were not borne out experimentally. Following a clinician's analysis of the process by which the group model operated (illustrated by clinical vignettes), the paper ends by describing the content and process of two support groups for the natural children of the foster parents. PMID- 3197006 TI - A survey of child psychiatry teaching in Canada. AB - This article describes the findings of a survey of Child Psychiatry Training Programs conducted by the Education and Training Committee of the Canadian Academy of Child Psychiatry. The objectives of the Committee are identified to include teaching programs for career trainees, residents in general psychiatry, and special groups such as pediatric and family medicine residents. Information obtained on available programs for each group is outlined. PMID- 3197005 TI - Multiple personality disorder in childhood. AB - Multiple Personality Disorder (M.P.D.) has been diagnosed in adults and adolescents at an almost exponential rate over the last 10 years in contrast to the previous 100 years. Childhood M.P.D., a more recently recognized entity, has been identified both by retrospective patient reports and actual child case reports, of which we were able to note 12 in total, 4 of which may be more accurately described as "incipient M.P.D." Given the apparently rapid response to treatment compared to adults and the high morbidity caused by the adult form of the disorder, the authors recommend a "high index of suspicion" and the use of screening questionnaires to detect cases of M.P.D. in high risk populations of children. Although the natural history of M.P.D. is not known, early identification and treatment could lower the number of cases of childhood M.P.D. that become established as adult cases and decrease the associated morbidity of the disorder in both children and adults. More research is needed to establish prevalence, etiology and effective treatment methods. PMID- 3197008 TI - Psychiatric review boards and medical ethics. PMID- 3197007 TI - Teaching child and family assessment skills to medical students during brief outpatient clinic experience. AB - This paper describes a teaching process in which two 4th year medical students learn a family approach to problem solving during a short clerkship of twelve hours spread over four weekly sessions. A clinical-educational process is described, alternating "content" and "process" roles are defined, and the use of a dual earphone communication system is explained. It is suggested that this teaching system could have a wide field of application. PMID- 3197010 TI - Delusional disorder in mother and daughter: case report. PMID- 3197009 TI - Charles Bonnet syndrome. PMID- 3197011 TI - Capgras' syndrome: a synthesis of various viewpoints. PMID- 3197012 TI - The use and misuse of psychotropic prescribing for elderly psychiatric patients. AB - The presenting problems and pre-admission diagnoses of 100 consecutive admissions to a geriatric psychiatry inpatient assessment unit were assessed in a retrospective survey and the use of psychotropic medication examined. Although post-admission diagnoses showed a high proportion of depressive illness amongst the patients, depression was infrequently diagnosed prior to admission and antidepressants infrequently used. The majority of these elderly patients were referred with a diagnosis of dementia and 'behaviour problems'. These were treated prior to admission with neuroleptics or benzodiazepines in line with prescribing habits in this population reported elsewhere in North America. Attention is drawn to the significant incidence of major depression in these patients and the excellent response to treatment, both with chemotherapy or with electrotherapy. Attention is also drawn to the pre-admission prescribing of psychotropic drugs which are likely to lead to problems when used in the elderly and likely to result in significant iatrogenic disorders. PMID- 3197013 TI - Development of a suicide screening instrument for use in a remand centre setting. AB - In penal settings it is important to be able to quickly discriminate which kinds of self-destructive behaviours carry a larger suicide potential and which inmates present a greater suicide risk. This paper is a preliminary report of the first phase of a suicide research project conducted at the Calgary Remand Centre, Calgary, Alberta which has entailed the development of a tool for screening potentially suicidal inmates. The Suicide Checklist was designed for use by the nursing staff of the Centre to provide a screening process which would be: (a) reliable; (b) valid (within the broad constraints and difficulties inherent in any attempt to predict dangerousness to self); (c) standardized; (d) quick and feasible to implement; and (e) a combination of clinical and past history variables. This paper identifies some of the issues which have surrounded the development of this tool and presents findings from an initial reliability study. PMID- 3197014 TI - [The physician and disability certificates: preconceived attitudes and behaviors]. AB - Five attitudes and predicted behaviors characterize the physicians' responses (strategies) to invalidity certificates. These are: 1- scientific objectivation; 2- complicity (meaning: always completing the certificates without objective preoccupations of any kind); 3- socio political (meaning: influenced by the physician's ideas concerning ways the society should consider the non-working people: permissive or repressive); 4- negotiation (implicating a psychobiosocial approach to the patient and the problem); 5- indifference (never completing certificates, referring this role to someone else). Our recent survey (September 1986) including 92 physicians of a General Hospital (Cite de la Sante) in Laval demonstrates a preponderant attitude, the "socio political" one (A3). But, it has no relation to the preponderant predicted behavior which is the negotiation (C4), characterizing a psychobiosocial approach to the patient and the problem. This behavior has been chosen in a statistically significant way. Nevertheless, there is a relation between the attitude A1: scientific objectivation and the corresponding predicted behavior C1: scientific objectivation. Notions of rationability, professionalism and sociable desirability are evoked as explanations of these results. PMID- 3197015 TI - Carbohydrate craving and increased appetite associated with antidepressant therapy. AB - The symptom of carbohydrate craving and increased appetite (CHH) was studied in 180 outpatients receiving antidepressant treatment. One hundred and fifty-eight of these patients had a DSM-III diagnosis of panic disorder and 17, major depression. The incidence of CHH was similar in both diagnostic groups. Thus, antidepressant treatment is associated with CHH in patients with diagnoses, other than depression. Desipramine was least likely to induce CHH compared to imipramine, amitriptyline and doxepin. Most patients who developed CHH on imipramine no longer experienced this side effect when switched to desipramine. CHH was not more frequent among women and not associated with antidepressant dosage or treatment response. Histamine H-1 receptor blockade may be an important factor in the etiology of CHH. PMID- 3197016 TI - Homosexual panic: a review of its concept. AB - This paper traces the origin of the term "homosexual panic" when it was first described in 1920 to the Freudian bisexual theory of sexual development and the concepts of repressed and latent homosexuality, and questions the appropriateness of this term when used to diagnose as well as to describe different situations. Concerns are raised especially when dealing with conditions ranging from violent behaviour to outright psychotic episodes. Homosexual panic is also compared with pseudohomosexuality, and finally correlated with society's homophobic attitudes. PMID- 3197017 TI - Delusional depression following benzodiazepine withdrawal. AB - Withdrawal from long-term treatment with benzodiazepines was followed in three patients by a severe delusional depression. The delusional depression may be related to the neurotransmitter changes accompanying benzodiazepine withdrawal. Caution should be exercised in long-term use of benzodiazepines in susceptible individuals. PMID- 3197018 TI - Intractable depression and pseudodementia: a report of two cases. AB - Two cases are presented to illustrate some of the issues that arise in the management of patients diagnosed as suffering from the dementia syndrome of depression (Pseudodementia). Case 1 illustrates the dilemma of relatively normal autopsy findings in the brain in a patient presenting with a history of depression and dementia. Case 2 deals with a patient successfully treated for depression 14 years after the diagnosis of presenile dementia. Issues raised include the problem of labelling and the Rip Van Winkle situation of unanticipated recovery 14 years after this diagnosis was made. A planned approach to the treatment of pseudodementia systematically exploring available treatment options is recommended. PMID- 3197019 TI - Secondary mania with steroid withdrawal. AB - A case of mania associated with steroid withdrawal is described, and a possible etiology suggested. Milder cases of mood disturbance secondary to steroid withdrawal may be more common than previously recognized. PMID- 3197021 TI - Criminalization of the mentally ill. PMID- 3197023 TI - Mental health for Canadians: striking a balance. PMID- 3197020 TI - Drug-induced catatonia. AB - An 81 year old depressed female is described who developed catatonic-like behaviours while on the combination of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor phenelzine, and the neuroleptic haloperidol. Alternative etiologies, and the roles of the individual agents are discussed. It is suggested that whenever there is evidence of drug-induced catatonia, consideration should be given to stopping all medications. PMID- 3197022 TI - Secondary mania in a patient receiving isonicotinic acid hydrazide and pyridoxine: case report. PMID- 3197024 TI - Harnessing technology. PMID- 3197026 TI - Preceptors for pregraduates. PMID- 3197025 TI - Nursing ethics in the '80s. PMID- 3197027 TI - An alternative to nursing diagnosis. PMID- 3197028 TI - Another gift given. PMID- 3197030 TI - [In search of power]. PMID- 3197029 TI - [The denial of emotions. An essay on the causes of the denial of emotions in nurses facing the dying]. PMID- 3197031 TI - Multiple personality disorder. PMID- 3197032 TI - Facing up to AIDS. PMID- 3197033 TI - Orientation--an investment in your unit's future. PMID- 3197034 TI - Can't anyone stop that screaming? PMID- 3197035 TI - A day in clinic and hospital. PMID- 3197037 TI - [Find the donors: a nursing responsibility. Interview by Gertrude Pelletier]. PMID- 3197036 TI - [Bladder retraining]. PMID- 3197038 TI - Ethical dilemmas: a survey. PMID- 3197039 TI - The determination of the structure of blood group oligosaccharides from fully assigned 1H-n.m.r. spectra for solutions in non-aqueous solvents. AB - The fully assigned 1H-n.m.r. spectra of a blood group A tetrasaccharide and of a blood group H hexasaccharide in dimethyl sulfoxide and in pyridine by use of two dimensional COSY and homonuclear Hartmann-Hann coherence transfer methods are reported. The 1H-n.m.r. spectra of both of these compounds in deuterium oxide had been previously assigned. Since the relative proton chemical shifts in the three solvents are quite different, resonances which overlap or are strongly coupled for one solvent may be well resolved for another, thus providing an extension of the method of complete proton assignments for determination of the structure of complex oligosaccharides. Although the rotational correlation times (tau c) of these oligosaccharides are similar to the reciprocal of the spectrometer frequency, either negative or positive n.O.e. values were measurable for both oligosaccharides in all three solvents in one-dimensional difference spectroscopy by taking advantage of the dependence of tau c on the solvent viscosity and, thus, on sample temperature. Whereas n.O.e. depend strongly on temperature and solvent viscosity, the ratios of the effects between protons on the same pyranoside ring and those on different rings were observed to be similar, suggesting that the oligosaccharide conformations are not strongly dependent on solvent or temperature. PMID- 3197041 TI - Topography of coronary lesions and their relation to heart weight in patients with myocardial infarction. PMID- 3197040 TI - [Transesophageal clinical electrophysiology. Reevaluation of an obsolete technic]. PMID- 3197042 TI - [Semiquantitative evaluation of infarct area by a vectorcardiographic study: a comparison of acute phase and after 6 months]. PMID- 3197043 TI - [Evidence of pulmonary vascular hyperreactivity in the initial phase of systemic arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3197044 TI - [Diagnostic value of the echocardiography-dipyridamole test in patients with low workload exertion-induced myocardial ischemia]. PMID- 3197045 TI - [Congestive cardiomyopathy: evaluation of exercise capacity by different workload tests]. PMID- 3197046 TI - [Immediate and long-term results of valve replacement in children]. PMID- 3197047 TI - [Nuclear magnetic resonance diagnosis of the retro-esophageal aorta and left superior vena cava]. PMID- 3197048 TI - Is determination of plasma lipids useful in the differentiation of multi-infarct dementia from Alzheimer's disease? AB - Plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were studied in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 57, mean age 70 years) and multi-infarct dementia (MID, n = 69, mean age 73 years) when the patients were admitted for assessment. Both total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol but not triglycerides were lower in MID than in AD even though there was a considerable overlap. Especially in younger patients and in patients living at home the difference was not statistically significant. Further, the plasma lipid values in neuropathologically confirmed cases with AD (n = 5) and MID (n = 16) were similar at admission. Low total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were related to cardio- and cerebrovascular disorders, living in institutions, and negatively correlated to age and severity of dementia. Our results suggest that determination of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is of minor value in the differential diagnosis between AD and MID and that associated diseases, such as coronary heart disease, cardiac failure and arterial hypertension, are more important in this respect. PMID- 3197049 TI - Prognosis-determined rehabilitation of hip fractures. AB - Hip fracture patients were selected for rehabilitation using a prognostic scheme created by multiple linear discriminant analysis. The outcome of positive or negative rehabilitation prognosis was depicted graphically against time. The majority of patients (77%) who had been admitted from their own homes had a good prognosis, and 84% of them returned home within 2 months. The optimum rehabilitation time for patients with a negative prognosis was reached 4 months post-fracture, by which time most of them had either returned to their own or to an old people's home. Although the majority (84%) from the latter had a negative prognosis, more than half (53%) were rehabilitated within 2 months. Prognosis determined rehabilitation was found to be effective. Cost efficient management of the increasing number of fractures in the elderly demands short hospitalization and minimum institutional reconvalescence. PMID- 3197050 TI - Effects of age and life-long endurance training on the passive mechanical properties of rat skeletal muscle. AB - The effects of age and life-long endurance training on the mechanical properties of both slow twitch (m. soleus) and fast twitch (m. rectus femoris) skeletal muscles in rats were investigated in a longitudinal study. Wistar-rats performed treadmill-running 5 days a week for 2 years. The ultimate measures of stress strain together with the load-deformation measurements in the more physiological area of muscle function were performed. The ultimate strength and stiffness increased significantly with age, most prominently during the growth period, and significantly by training in the soleus muscle only. The results on the elastic efficiency and load-relaxation showed that the viscous and plastic properties decreased with age in both muscles. Training seemed to decrease these properties in m. soleus, whereas in m. rectus femoris the effect was reversed. PMID- 3197052 TI - Dietary habits in the eighth decade of life. AB - Of a representative sample of 231 subjects (mean age 74.6 years) 89 women and 94 men were interviewed. The dietary history method was used and the calculated intake compared with Swedish recommendations (RDA-S). Mean intakes of energy and nutrients, except for vitamin D among women, were above the RDA-S. Intake of fat was above the RDA-S, and the proportion of energy intake from fat increased with age. Those who had three cooked meals per day had a higher nutrient density than those who ate one or two such meals. Although the RDA-S were the same for men and women, women had lower mean intakes and a higher proportion of subjects below the RDA-S for calcium, iron and vitamins C and D. More women had intakes of calcium and vitamin D simultaneously below the RDA-S. In most aspects the mean dietary intake was satisfactory according to current standards, but the RDA-S for calcium seems low. Fat intake was too extensive for both sexes and many women stood in risk of undernutrition. PMID- 3197051 TI - No apparent age differences in hippocampal theta frequency in rabbits aged 3-50 months. AB - Evidence has accumulated to suggest that the hippocampus is impaired by aging processes. Hippocampal EEG was examined in 3- to 50-month-old rabbits before they were classically conditioned in the trace paradigm. Hippocampal EEG was recorded from electrodes implanted proximal to the pyramidal layer of CA1. There were no age differences in hippocampal EEG frequency over the age range of 3-50 months. Animals were subsequently trained in a trace classical conditioning paradigm, and there were large age differences in acquisition and retention. Results suggest that rabbits as young as 2.5 years old show behavioral deficits in conditioning, but hippocampal EEG frequency was not correlated with the age differences in behavior. PMID- 3197053 TI - Screening for thyroid disease in the elderly. Serum concentrations of thyrotropin and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in a representative population of 79-year-old women and men. AB - Thyroid function in individuals from a representative population of 79-year-olds was evaluated clinically and from measurements of serum thyrotropin (TSH) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3). High TSH concentrations (greater than or equal to 10 mU/l) were found in 16 of 320 women (5%) and 2 of 204 men (1%). Signs and symptoms which traditionally are regarded as related to hypothyroidism were as common in subjects with high TSH concentration as in the remaining population and occurred in 10-50% of the subjects. In the 16 women with high TSH, free thyroxine (free T4) concentrations were low in 10, whereas only one subject had low thyroxine (T4) and T3 concentrations, indicating that free T4 is a more sensitive parameter for thyroid hypofunction in the elderly. Based on the T3 assay, there was no evidence for hyperthyroidism in this population. The results indicate that high TSH concentrations are common in elderly women, less common in men. The results show that classical symptoms of thyroid dysfunction are quite common in 79-year-olds, but do not correlate with biochemical indicators of thyroid dysfunction, indicating that defining "clinically euthyroid" in an elderly may be almost impossible. PMID- 3197054 TI - Factors influencing late right ventricular ejection. AB - Forward flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery continues longer than contraction in the right ventricular free wall. The momentum of blood flow, contraction of other areas of the right ventricular free wall, and movement of the interventricular septum are possible mechanisms regulating late right ventricular ejection. In this study the changes in shortening in right ventricular free wall and in free wall to septum distance were measured using sonomicrometry. Right ventricular free wall shortening was studied in both outflow and inflow regions in hoop and apex to base axes. Pulmonary artery flow was simultaneously measured using an electromagnetic flowmeter. Right ventricular free wall in the hoop axis was motionless during late ejection. The inflow segment in the hoop axis stopped shortening before all other segments (p less than 0.01). Both outflow and inflow segments in the hoop axis lengthened after the end of shortening. Both shortening of the right ventricular free wall in the apex to base axis and decrease in free wall to septum distance were continued until the end of ejection (p less than 0.01). Compared with the right ventricular outflow segment, the inflow segment shortened for a longer duration. It is concluded that forward flow during late right ventricular ejection is associated with continued shortening of the free wall in the apex to base axis. However, the results of this study do not exclude the role of septal bulge into the right ventricle during late ejection. PMID- 3197055 TI - Mechanism of myocardial injury in dogs with hypokalaemia. AB - Hypokalaemia was induced by infusing polystyrene sulphonate into the colon of mongrel dogs. Sixty minutes after infusion adrenaline 10 micrograms.kg-1 was injected intravenously, which had no effect on serum creatine kinase activity or myocardial histology in the control dogs. However, in dogs with hypokalaemia creatine kinase activity was increased, and pronounced histological changes were seen 60 min after injection. A clear reciprocal relation was found between serum potassium concentration and creatine kinase activity. Premedication with an alpha 1 blocking agent prevented the changes associated with hypokalaemia. Heart mitochondria were prepared from other dogs with hypokalaemia 5 min after adrenaline injection and their calcium content measured. Heart mitochondrial calcium content was increased in parallel with the decrease in serum potassium concentration. Alpha 1 blockade also prevented the increase in mitochondrial calcium content. These results indicate that the intracellular calcium concentration is considerably increased by alpha 1 receptor stimulus under hypokalaemic conditions and that this increase in calcium concentration plays a crucial role in the genesis of myocardial damage. Since adrenaline increases coronary blood flow small doses of adrenaline in subjects with hypokalaemia may lead to the development of myocardial injury not associated with ischaemia. PMID- 3197056 TI - Relation of monophasic action potential recorded with contact electrode to underlying transmembrane action potential properties in isolated cardiac tissues: a systematic microelectrode validation study. AB - Monophasic action potentials, recorded with contact non-suction electrodes, have been used both clinically and experimentally. However, to date no systematic microelectrode validation studies have been done to underlying myocardial cell populations from different myocardial regions with different transmembrane potential profiles. In the present study transmembrane action potential properties, recorded with standard microelectrodes, were compared with monophasic action potentials recorded with contact electrodes in three different (endocardium, epicardium, and free running Purkinje fibre) isolated canine preparations during pacing and during spontaneous automatic activity. The mean transmembrane durations at 50% and 90% repolarisations (APD50 and APD90) of 19-30 cells at a monophasic action potential recording site was not statistically significant from monophasic action potential duration in all three tissue preparations studied. However, in endocardial preparations, composed of superficial (1-2 cell layers) Purkinje fibres with deeper ventricular muscle cells, the APD50 (139(17) ms) and APD90 (181(26) ms) of monophasic action potentials more closely reflected (but not significantly different) the underlying deeper ventricular muscle cells (APD50 134(14) ms and APD90 167(15) ms) rather than the mean transmembrane action potential durations of the underlying most superficial Purkinje fibres (166(22) ms for APD50 and 210(30) ms for APD90) (p less than 0.025). Tetrodotoxin (TTX) at 1 x 10(-6) mol.litre-1 shortened Purkinje fibre action potential duration and slightly lengthened that of ventricular muscle. Simultaneously recorded monophasic action potential showed an intermediate change in action potential duration. Incremental pacing and applied single premature stimuli resulted in similar degrees of shortening of action potential duration for both monophasic action potential and transmembrane potential in all three preparations. In endocardial preparations, barium chloride (4 mmol.litre-1) superfusion induced early afterdepolarisations, and spontaneous phase 4 depolarisations (n = 6) in both Purkinje and ventricular muscle cells giving rise to spontaneous automatic activity. These abnormal automatic activities were accurately detected by simultaneous monophasic action potential recordings. Suppression of automaticity by verapamil (0.2-0.5 micrograms.ml-1) as confirmed by transmembrane action potential recordings were similarly detected by monophasic action potential recordings (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197057 TI - Computation of derived diagnostic quantities during intermittent coronary sinus occlusion in dogs. AB - The haemodynamic responses to pressure controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PICSO) were recorded intraoperatively in dogs. After analogue-digital conversion the data for coronary sinus pressure were submitted to numerical analysis for detection of systolic and diastolic envelopes and their subsequent fitting by a non-linear model. From the model variables derived quantities, such as plateau and rise times, were constructed so as to resemble the most important features of coronary sinus pressure rise during each occlusion-release cycle. The derived quantities were then monitored during all consecutive cycles throughout the entire experiment. In each dog the measurements were taken during normal coronary artery perfusion, left anterior descending coronary artery infarction, and reperfusion. The analysis comprise time course, stability, and physiological correlates of the derived quantities, on some of which a closed loop regulation may be based. Predicted plateaus (systolic and diastolic) and mean integrals (systolic and diastolic) were found to be stable quantities which, on subaveraging of about five successive estimates, yielded a 10% accuracy on the mean. By contrast, the rise times required subaveraging of about 15 cycles to achieve the same relative stability. It is concluded that, on subaveraging, derived quantities lend themselves for closed loop regulation input. Thus this quantitative assessment of numerical coronary sinus pressure analysis, as obtained from animal data, may lay the basis for future human application. PMID- 3197058 TI - Microcarrier culture of neonatal cardiac myocytes in metabolic studies. AB - Using a new method of culturing neonatal rat heart muscle cells on collagen coated Sephadex microspheres the culture showed increasing biomass for 72 h, at which time 44% of the cells were myocytes. At 24 h after inoculation 63% of the cells were myocytes, and from 48 h onwards they were beating spontaneously. The cell yield was sufficient for metabolite determination by enzymatic cycling and fluorometric methods. The ease of manipulation of the cells on the microspheres gives this method considerable potential for studies of compartmentation, biosynthesis, and secretion in cardiac myocytes. PMID- 3197059 TI - Pilot study of a screening test for peripheral arterial disease in middle aged men: fibrinogen as a possible risk factor. AB - A simple one minute exercise test was used as a screening test for asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in a sample of 100 men in their sixth decade with no previous referrals for cardiovascular disease. Other investigations included resting ECG, non-invasive carotid artery assessment, and plasma biochemical analysis. Of these 100 men (mean age 56), 10 had evidence of peripheral disease on exercise testing, four had ischaemic changes on resting ECG, and one showed evidence of carotid artery stenosis. A total therefore of 15 out of 100 (15%) had asymptomatic arterial disease. These 15 men had increased concentrations of plasma fibrinogen (4.3(0.7) g.litre-1) compared with men with no evidence of arterial disease (3.5(0.7) g.litre-1; p less than 0.01). The one minute exercise test is a useful screening test for peripheral arterial disease, and this pilot study suggests that raised plasma fibrinogen concentrations may be an important risk factor. PMID- 3197060 TI - [Health and the environment]. PMID- 3197061 TI - [The most important results of the research plan of the Czech Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education achieved in 1986 and 1987]. PMID- 3197063 TI - [Changes in immunologic reactivity induced by hepatitis virus B]. PMID- 3197062 TI - [Non-adjuvant chemotherapy of bladder neoplasms stage T3-4 using NO-x and MO. Preliminary results of the urogenital study group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer]. PMID- 3197064 TI - [Lymphocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood in systemic erythematosis]. PMID- 3197065 TI - [Case report of comprehensive therapy]. PMID- 3197066 TI - [Theoretical foundations of pediatric medicine]. PMID- 3197067 TI - [Molecular biology aspects of the evolution of living systems]. PMID- 3197068 TI - [The present position of Czechoslovak neurosurgery and its perspectives]. PMID- 3197069 TI - [The development and contribution of experimental oncology to clinical practice]. PMID- 3197071 TI - [Kinetics of pluripotent stem cells of hematopoietic tissue in vivo]. PMID- 3197070 TI - [The ontogenesis of the reproductive function in women. The biological pattern and its deformation by social evolution]. PMID- 3197072 TI - [Theoretical basics of prevention in clinical practice]. PMID- 3197074 TI - [Applications for genetic manipulation: commercialization of genetic technology]. PMID- 3197073 TI - [Transplantation antigens and the recognition of foreign elements]. PMID- 3197075 TI - [Computer-assisted study of gentamycin administration]. PMID- 3197076 TI - Intraepidermal nerves in human digital skin. AB - Intraepidermal nerve fibers of human glabrous digital skin were investigated using a new silver impregnation method. Nerves were observed to enter the epidermis without regional preference, and to extend into the stratum granulosum. They are non-varicose (smooth) or varicose and range from less than 0.2 micron to approximately 2 micron in diameter, with varicosities up to 3 micron in diameter. Some axons branch profusely within the epithelium, giving off fine branches of differing diameters, while others appear to remain unbranched. At least some intraepidermal axons are fine branches of larger axons taking a horizontal course below the epithelial layer. Others are, at least topically, closely associated with Meissner's corpuscles. At 57 nerves per mm2 surface area, the density of intraepidermal nerves found in this investigation is much greater than that reported in recent publications, and agrees closely with values given in several older studies. PMID- 3197077 TI - Localization and identification of nuclear radioactivity in the pituitary gland and genital tract after administering 3H-testosterone, 3H-dihydrotestosterone, or 3H-estradiol to male rhesus monkeys. AB - Target cells for testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the pituitary gland and genital tract of the male primate were localized by thaw mount autoradiography, and high performance liquid chromatography was used to identify the metabolites of these steroids in cell nuclei. Castrated rhesus monkeys were injected with 3H-testosterone, 3H-dihydrotestosterone, or 3H estradiol and killed 60 min later. In the anterior pituitary gland, fewer cells were labeled and less radioactivity was taken up by cell nuclei following the administration of either 3H-testosterone (4% of pars distalis cells and 5 dpm/micrograms DNA) or 3H-dihydrotestosterone (5% of cells and 13 dpm/micrograms DNA) than following the administration of 3H-estradiol (43% of cells and 214 dpm/micrograms DNA). Most of the radioactivity in nuclei was in the form of the unmetabolized parent compound (78-94%). In prostate, seminal vesicles, and penis, 3H-dihydrotestosterone was the predominant form of nuclear radioactivity following both 3H-testosterone (67-90%) and 3H-dihydrostestosterone (94-97%) administration, and both androgens labeled epithelial and smooth muscle cells. In contrast, 3H-estradiol was taken up in unchanged form, by cell nuclei of the genital tract and it labeled connective tissue fibroblasts, but not epithelial cells. Thus, the distributions of target cells for androgens and estrogens were clearly different in all these tissues, and the uptake of testosterone resembled that of its androgenic rather than that of its estrogenic metabolite. PMID- 3197078 TI - Three-dimensional organization of the plasmalemmal vesicular system in directly frozen capillaries of the rete mirabile in the swim bladder of the eel. AB - Several recent studies comparing chemically fixed and cryofixed endothelium have indicated that glutaraldehyde fixation may result in increases in the population of "vesicles" in the cytoplasm. Other reports based on ultrathin serial-section reconstruction of chemically fixed endothelium have revealed that the vesicular system is comprised of interconnected membranous compartments, which are ultimately continuous with either cell surface but do not extend across the endothelial cell. In this study, we have investigated the three-dimensional organization of the vesicular system in directly frozen, freeze-substituted capillaries of the rete mirabile from the swim bladder of the eel, specifically using the same block of embedded capillaries in which frozen capillaries had previously been found to contain less "vesicles" than chemically fixed capillaries. The results show that essentially all vesicles remain interconnected with each other and are part of two separate sets of invaginations from the luminal and abluminal cell surface like in chemically fixed tissue. Any increase in vesicle number resulting from glutaraldehyde fixation does not affect the overall three-dimensional organization of the vesicular system in these endothelial cells. PMID- 3197079 TI - Receptor-mediated uptake of homologous low-density lipoproteins by isolated liver parenchymal cells of fetal rats. AB - The binding and uptake of gold-labeled homologous, apolipoprotein E-free low density lipoproteins (LDL) by isolated fetal rat liver parenchymal cells in suspension were studied ultrastructurally and morphometrically. Binding experiments using 125I-labeled LDL were also performed. After a 2-h preincubation in a lipoprotein-free medium and a subsequent 1-h postincubation in the presence of LDL-gold, fetal liver parenchymal cells exhibit a binding of 248 +/- 17 gold conjugates/100 micron plasma membrane and an uptake of 235 +/- 17 gold conjugates/100 micron2 cytoplasm. Compared with values obtained from freshly isolated non-preincubated cells, these data correspond to a 15-fold and an 18 fold increase in total binding and uptake of LDL-gold, respectively. Competition experiments reveal that this increase is mainly a result of a 23-fold stimulation of specific binding and a 44-fold stimulation of receptor-mediated uptake of LDL gold. The 125I-LDL binding experiments give a Kd value of 6.3 X 10(-8) M and a maximum binding capacity of 17.3 fmol LDL/10(6) cells. Our data provide evidence, further to our in vivo studies, that fetal rat liver parenchymal cells possess high-affinity binding sites for native homologous apolipoprotein E-free LDL. These sites may correspond to B, E receptors of adult rat liver parenchymal cells. PMID- 3197080 TI - Histochemical and radioautographic study of glycoprotein secretion in the epithelium lining the uterine tubes of mice. AB - Two-month-old female Swiss mice that had come into estrus were injected intravenously with L-3H-fucose and killed at 5, 15, 40 min, and 4 h after injection. Pieces of the isthmus and of the ampulla of the uterine tubes were processed for light- and electron-microscopic radioautography. Incorporation of 3H-fucose was more intense in the isthmian secretory cells than in the ciliated cells of the ampulla. Electron-microscopic radioautography of the isthmian secretory cells demonstrated that 3H-fucose was incorporated into newly synthesized glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus from where labelled glycoproteins migrated mainly to secretory granules and apical microvilli. The histochemical technique using ruthenium red confirmed the presence of glycoproteins in the contents of the secretory granules released to the lumen of the uterine tubes as demonstrated by radioautography. Other glycoproteins are transported inside small vesicles and most likely are related to the renewal of the plasma membrane. The role of the secretory glycoproteins in various events of mammalian reproduction is discussed. PMID- 3197081 TI - Influence of a short light pulse at night on the ultrastructure of the rat pinealocyte: a quantitative study. AB - Although it is generally known that light strongly influences N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonin production in the pineal gland, little information is available concerning morphological changes following light exposure. As exposure of rats to a short light pulse at night rapidly depresses melatonin synthesis, we decided to determine whether this experimental condition produces rapid changes in the pinealocyte organelles. A 30-min light pulse at night (six hours after lights out) provoked rapid changes in the relative volumes of some pinealocyte organelles. The volume fractions of mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and lipid droplets, and the numbers of dense-core vesicles and "synaptic" ribbons decreased, whereas the volume fraction of lysosomes increased. There were no differences in the volumes of granular endoplasmic reticulum and vacuoles containing flocculent material in those animals exposed to light compared with control animals. These results indicate that a short light pulse at night causes ultrastructural changes that can be interpreted as morphological features of diminished activity of pinealocytes. PMID- 3197082 TI - Neuronal degeneration in the pineal ganglion during the post-hatching development of the domestic fowl. AB - The frequency of pineal ganglia associated with the pineal tract, and the numbers of acetylcholinesterase-positive neurons in these ganglia were studied in the domestic fowl during the post-hatching period by means of the acetylcholinesterase method. Furthermore, the degeneration of nerve cells in pineal ganglia of 40-day-old domestic fowl was investigated in detail at the electron-microscopic level. The rate of pineal organs containing one or more ganglia was 50% in 2- to 13-day-old, 38% in 40-day-old, and only 10% in 1-year old domestic fowl. In parallel, the number of acetylcholinesterase-reactive nerve cells that constitute individual pineal ganglia decreased after hatching. Various degrees of neuronal degeneration were found in the pineal ganglia: swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, electron-dense degeneration of the cytoplasm, and pyknosis of the nerve cell nucleus. Clusters of macrophages containing numerous lysosomes filled with debris-like material were scattered in the ganglion. In addition, plasma cells were observed in association with degenerating nerve cells. These results confirm the suggestion that the loss of acetylcholinesterase positive nerve cells in the pineal ganglia of the domestic fowl is due to naturally occurring, programmed neuronal cell death. This process is discussed with reference to phenomena of cell death observed in other components of central nervous system. PMID- 3197083 TI - Protein and collagen content of rat skeletal muscle following space flight. AB - Biochemical determinations of non-collagenous protein and hydroxyproline were made on rat skeletal muscles following 7 days of space flight aboard the NASA space shuttle mission SL-3. Relative to ground-based controls, the wet weight of each experimental muscle was significantly reduced. This was concomitant with a reduction in non-collagenous protein in the muscles. Protein concentration, however, was reduced only in slow-twitch muscles. The effect of space flight on the concentration and hydroxyproline content was different among the muscles. As a result, the loss of muscle mass in some muscles was the consequence of a reduction in both collagenous and non-collagenous proteins, while in others it was primarily the result of a non-collagenous protein loss. PMID- 3197084 TI - Close relationships between the cells of the immune system and the epithelial cells in the rat small intestine. AB - A possible contribution of the intestinal epithelium to the immune defense system was studied by electron microscopy in the rat small intestine. The cells of the immune system (CIS) such as lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages penetrate the basal lamina into the epithelium and make close relationships with the absorptive cells. At the points of close apposition, the two cell membranes run parallel at a regular distance of about 20 nm. On the other hand, about 5% of the intestinal absorptive cells also penetrate the basal lamina into the lamina propria via their basal protrusions and show a similar close association with CIS. The basal protrusions contain many microfilaments; this indicates that they are structures with a definite function rather than a simple hernia. These findings are discussed with respect to the transport of antigenic molecules and of intercellular communication between CIS and the intestinal epithelium. PMID- 3197086 TI - Principal neurons projecting to the pineal gland in close association with small intensely fluorescent cells in the superior cervical ganglion of rats. AB - The localization in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells and of principal nerve (PN) cells innervating the pineal gland was examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. PN cells were demonstrated by means of the retrograde neuron-tracing method using the fluorescent tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG) injected into the pineal gland. SIF cells were visualized by the formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method. Twenty-nine percent of the FG-labeled PN cells were found closely associated with SIF cells. In the rostral half of the ganglion, 43% of the SIF cells were situated in juxtaposition to one or several labeled neurons. The possible influence of SIF cells on the regulation of pineal metabolism is discussed with respect to their role as both local endocrine cells and interneurons. PMID- 3197085 TI - A combined histochemical and immunohistochemical study on the dynamics of fast-to slow fiber transformation in chronically stimulated rabbit muscle. AB - Chronically stimulated fast-twitch muscles of the rabbit were histochemically and immunohistochemically analyzed in serial cross sections (1) for percentages of fiber types, and (2) for the presence of myosin heavy chain isoforms during fast to-slow transformation. By four weeks of stimulation the number of type-I fibers had increased more than fourfold, while only about 6% of the original IIB fibers remained. Type-IC and -IIC fibers transiently rose to 20% of the total fiber population. After 16 weeks, the number of type-I fibers had increased to 42%. With prolonged stimulation fewer fibers reacted with antibodies against embryonic and neonatal myosins and more with the antibody against slow myosin. The reaction for embryonic myosin was most often detected in the C fibers (IC, IIC). Immunohistochemical subtypes were observed for each fiber type in the stimulated muscles. The greatest number was seen in type-IIC fibers, which, in addition to their reaction for fast/neonatal and slow myosins, might also react with the antibodies against neonatal/embryonic and embryonic myosins. These findings indicated that the transforming fibers temporarily expressed myosin heavy chain isoforms normally not detectable in adult skeletal muscle. Myotubes reacted strongly with the antibodies against fast/neonatal and embryonic myosins, and some of them also with the antibody against slow myosin. Thus, it appears that under the influence of the low frequency stimulus pattern some of the newly formed myotubes developed into type-I fibers. PMID- 3197087 TI - Anatomy of antenno-cerebral pathways in the brain of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta. AB - In the moth Manduca sexta, the number and morphology of neuronal connections between the antennal lobes and the protocerebrum were examined. Cobalt injections revealed eight morphological types of neurons with somata adjacent to the AL neuropil that project in the inner, middle, and outer antenno-cerebral tracts to the proto-cerebrum. Neurons innervating the macroglomerular complex and many neurons with fibers in the inner antenno-cerebral tract have uniglomerular antennal-lobe arborizations. Most neurons in the middle and outer antenno cerebral tracts, on the other hand, seem to innervate more than one glomerulus. Protocerebral areas receiving direct input from the antennal lobe include the calyces of the mushroom bodies, and circumscribed areas termed "olfactory foci" in the lateral horn of the protocerebrum and several other regions, especially areas in close proximity to the mushroom bodies. Fibers in the inner antenno cerebral tract that innervate the male-specific macroglomerular complex have arborizations in the protocerebrum that are distinct from the projections of sexually non-specific neurons. Protocerebral neurons projecting into the antennal lobe are much less numerous than antennal-lobe output cells. Most of these protocerebral fibers enter the antennal lobe in small fiber tracts that are different from those described above. In the protocerebrum, these centrifugal cells arborize in olfactory foci and also in the inferior median protocerebrum and the lateral accessory lobes. The morphological diversity of connections between the antennal lobes and the protocerebrum, described here for the first time on a single-cell level, suggests a much greater physiological complexity of the olfactory system than has been assumed so far. PMID- 3197088 TI - Implantation of cultured thymic fragments in congenitally athymic (nude) rats. Ultrastructural characteristics of the developing microenvironment. AB - Cultured thymic fragments correspond to the thymic microenvironment depleted of lymphocytes and dendritic cells. When these fragments are implanted under the kidney capsule of congenitally athymic rats, lymphocytes and dendritic cells of host origin enter the graft and induce thymus-dependent immunity in the recipient. This paper describes the ultrastructure of the fragments and the changes that occur during the restoration of normal thymic architecture. At the end of the culture period of 6-9 days and in the early stages after implantation, the grafts consist of keratin-containing epithelial cells of unusual morphology that can be labelled with antibodies raised against the epithelium of the mid/deep cortex and the subcapsule/medulla. Normal thymic architecture develops, including nerves and blood vessels, as lymphocytes populate the environment, and by 4-6 weeks the epithelial cells are the same phenotypically and ultrastructurally as those found in normal rat thymus. However, some areas without lymphocytes still contain the atypical epithelial cells seen before implantation. Large multinucleated giant cells are also present with a few associated epithelial cells of subcapsular/medullary phenotype. In conclusion, the cultured thymic fragments contain a hitherto unknown precursor epithelial cell with an atypical ultrastructure and phenotype that is not seen in normal development. PMID- 3197090 TI - Localization of 28 kDa calbindin in human odontoblasts. AB - The presence of 28 kDa calbindin in human odontoblasts was studied by use of specific antibodies raised against chick duodenal 28 kDa calbindin, in immunofluorescence, immuno-peroxidase, and electron-microscopic labelling experiments. The calbindin-like protein was detected mainly in the cytoplasm of odontoblast cell bodies, in their processes and occasionally in their nuclei. Correspondingly, at the ultrastructural level, immunoreactive material was associated with the cytosol, microfilaments and cilia. These findings suggest that human odontoblasts express a 28 kDa vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, unlike those of rats and mice in which ameloblasts are the only cells immunoreactive for the protein. PMID- 3197091 TI - Separation of rabbit epiphyseal chondrocytes in various stages of differentiation. AB - Separation of fractions enriched in hypertrophic cells and proliferative cells has been achieved by density gradient centrifugation of cells from collagenase digests of rabbit epiphyseal cartilage. Concentrated suspensions of cells are centrifuged on a continuous Percoll density gradient. Hypertrophic cells remain in the upper part of the gradient and proliferative zone cells move to the lower regions. The resultant fractions show differences in mean cell diameter, alkaline phosphatase activity, morphology and synthetic activity in culture. Fractions rich in hypertrophic cells contain larger cells and more alkaline phosphatase activity than those enriched in proliferative cells. In culture the hypertrophic cells flatten as large irregular polygonal cells, whereas proliferative fractions form smaller spindle-shaped cells. In micromass culture hypertrophic fractions incorporate less 35S-sulphate and 14C-proline, and less tritiated thymidine than do proliferative fractions. These results suggest a general reduction in matrix and DNA synthesis with the attainment of the fully differentiated hypertrophic state, coincident with the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralisation of the cartilage matrix. PMID- 3197093 TI - Cluster headache: on the inadequacy of existing hypotheses concerning the origin of the autonomic phenomena. PMID- 3197089 TI - Bone formation in vitro by stromal cells obtained from bone marrow of young adult rats. AB - Cells from fetal or neonatal skeleton can synthesize bone-like tissue in vitro. In contrast, formation of bone-like tissue in vitro by cells derived from adult animals has rarely been reported and has not been achieved using cells from bone marrow. We have explored development of bone-like tissue in vitro by bone marrow stromal cells. Marrow stromal cells obtained from 40-43-day-old Wistar rats were grown in primary culture for 7 days and then subcultured for 20-30 days. Cells were cultured in either alpha-minimal essential medium containing 15% fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, and 50 micrograms/ml ascorbic acid, or the above medium supplemented with either 10 mM Na-beta-glycerophosphate, 10(-8) M dexamethasone, or a combination of both. Cultures were examined using phase contrast microscopy, undemineralized and demineralized tissue histology, histochemistry (for alkaline phosphatase activity), immunohistochemistry (for collagen type, osteonectin, and bone Gla-protein), scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, and X-ray diffraction. Collagenous, mineralized nodules exhibiting morphological and ultrastructural characteristics similar to bone were formed in the cultures, but only in the presence of both beta-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone. Cells associated with the nodules exhibited alkaline phosphatase activity. The matrix of the nodules was composed predominantly of type-I collagen and both osteonectin and Gla-protein were present. X-ray microanalysis showed the presence of Ca and P, and X-ray diffraction indicated the mineral to be hydroxyapatite. The nodules were also examined for bone morphogenetic protein-like activity. Paired diffusion chambers containing partly demineralized nodules and fetal muscle were implanted intraperitonealy in rats. Induction of cartilage in relation to muscle was observed histologically after 40 days in the chambers. This finding provided further support for the bone-like nature of the nodules. The observations show that bone-like tissue can be synthesized in vitro by cells cultured from young adult bone marrow, provided that the medium contains both beta-glycerophosphate and, particularly, dexamethasone. PMID- 3197092 TI - Ultrastructure of a neuroendocrine complex in oxyntic mucosa of normal human stomach. AB - The occurrence and ultrastructural characteristics of an extraepithelial neuroendocrine complex found in the oxyntic mucosa of a healthy young adult subject are described. The complex is composed of endocrine cells (P and ECL types) identical to those located intraepithelially and peripherally located axons embraced by cytoplasmic extension of scattered Schwann cells. PMID- 3197094 TI - The effect of metoclopramide and prochlorperazine on the absorption of effervescent paracetamol in migraine. AB - Antiemetics modify gastric emptying, a rate-limiting step in drug absorption. The absorption of effervescent paracetamol in water solution was studied in three groups of 10 female patients during acute migraine attacks. Paracetamol was preceded 30 min earlier by a rectal dose of metoclopramide, prochlorperazine maleate, or placebo. Each patient was retested with paracetamol when headache free. Migraine attacks delayed slightly the absorption of paracetamol solution. Prior administration of rectal prochlorperazine had a minor delaying effect on paracetamol absorption. The peak concentration, the time to reach the peak, and the area under the time-concentration curve from 0 to 6 h of paracetamol were similar with the three treatments. PMID- 3197095 TI - Somatosensory-evoked potential study in headache patients. AB - Somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) after median nerve stimulation were studied in 34 patients with common migraine, in 30 patients with muscle contraction headache, and in 10 cluster headache patients. The SEPs were registered before and after histamine administration. Latency values in common migraineurs showed no variation when compared with those in controls. Although not statistically significant, the N1-P2 amplitude was increased in 14 (41.1%) of these patients after histamine stimulation. No changes were observed in muscle contraction headache patients either with or without histamine administration. In all cluster headache patients, the N1-P2 amplitude decreased after histamine stimulation. These results are discussed in the light of current hypotheses concerning the pathophysiologic mechanisms of headache. PMID- 3197096 TI - EMG in common migraine: changes in absolute and proportional EMG levels during real-life stress. AB - The absolute and proportional EMG levels of the frontal, temporal, and corrugator muscles of 37 migraine patients and 37 matched controls were recorded during three experimental sessions: adaptation and real-life and experimental stress, both of long duration. Migraine patients did not show significantly different absolute EMG levels but had higher proportional EMG levels of the corrugator muscle than controls in each session. Migraine patients did not have different facial muscle responses to stress, and the two experimental groups reacted similarly to real-life and experimental stress. No relation was found between muscle activity and reported headache within 24 h after real-life stress. Increased EMG activity due to stress does not seem to be a significant cause of headache in common migraine as defined in this study, but rather a response to pain. Migraine patients with headache during stress showed lower muscle tension than patients without headache. PMID- 3197097 TI - Dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system in cluster headache. AB - Ocular sympathetic function was studied in 13 cluster headache patients during and between attacks and several weeks or months after attacks had subsided. The pupillary response to tyramine eyedrops and facial sweating and flushing in response to body heating and to the taste of chilies were also investigated during remission. Pupillary dilatation lag on the symptomatic side persisted between bouts and correlated significantly with loss of thermoregulatory sweating in the lower part of the forehead. In six patients in remission, pupillary dilatation in response to tyramine eyedrops was impaired on the symptomatic side, whereas five patients showed no sign of ocular sympathetic deficit. These findings indicate that incomplete sympathetic deficit persisted on the symptomatic side in a subgroup of cluster headache patients during remission. In most of this subgroup the pattern of sympathetic deficit was consistent with impaired function of postganglionic cervical sympathetic fibres. PMID- 3197099 TI - Pupil responsiveness in cluster headache: a dynamic TV pupillometric evaluation. AB - In this study the variations in pupil diameter induced by different stimuli (dark light adaptation, light reflex, electric stimulation of the sural nerve) were investigated in episodic (in the active or remission phases) and in chronic cluster headache (CH) patients. Pupil size monitoring was performed with a monocular, infrared TV pupillometer, and sural nerve stimuli were applied after the pain threshold had been measured as the flexion reflex threshold of the biceps femoris muscle (RIII reflex). The results were compared with those obtained in patients with "peripheral" (third neuron) Horner's syndrome and in healthy sex- and age-matched controls. On the symptomatic side we found an impairment of pupil response to light flashes and nociceptive stimuli; similar findings were sometimes evident on the pain-free side, too. These results substantiate previous observations that in cluster headache a dysfunction of the integrative central nervous system pathways also exists intercritically and mostly bilaterally, involving both autonomic regulation and pain perception mechanisms. PMID- 3197098 TI - Combined low-dose acetylsalicylic acid and dihydroergotamine in migraine prophylaxis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. AB - The efficacy of the combination of dihydroergotamine (10 mg) with acetylsalicylic acid (80 mg) (DHE + ASA) in the prophylaxis of migraine was studied in a double blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial (8 weeks twice). Of 45 patients who entered the study, 38 completed it. The number of attacks was significantly (p = 0.003) reduced during active treatment (11.5 +/- 6.2) compared with placebo (16.6 +/- 9.9). The mean duration, the mean severity, and the mean score for symptomatic acute medication of attacks did not differ significantly. The overall assessment made by the patients themselves was in favor of DHE + ASA (p = 0.001). These results indicate a moderately beneficial effect of the dihydroergotamine/low-dose acetylsalicylic acid combination in migraine prophylaxis. PMID- 3197100 TI - Cervicogenic headache: the forehead sweating pattern. AB - Forehead sweating in 11 patients with cervicogenic headache was tested with the Evaporimeter. All were studied during heating experiments, 2 patients during exercise, and 10 patients after pilocarpine stimulation. Five patients were studied during spontaneous attacks. The evaporation during spontaneous attacks was symmetrical. This was also the case after heating, exercise, and pilocarpine stimulation. These findings differ clearly from the situation in cluster headache. These observations indicate that cervicogenic headache and cluster headache differ fundamentally with regard to autonomic involvement. PMID- 3197101 TI - Cluster headache: combined assessment with pupillometry and evaporimetry. AB - Twenty-nine patients with cluster headache have been examined with the pupillometer and the evaporimeter. Pupils were dilated by sympathicomimetic drugs instilled into the conjunctival sacs, and responses of the two sides were compared. Forehead sweating was stimulated by body heating and by pilocarpine injection, and sweat evaporation on the two sides was compared. Most patients demonstrated the known patterns of hyposecretion on heating, of pilocarpine supersensitivity, and of deficient pupillary dilatation on OH-amphetamine stimulation on the symptomatic side and a supersensitivity of this pupil to phenylephrine. There were deviations from the rule for all methods of testing. Sixteen patients demonstrated a typical supersensitivity response of the pupil and of the sweat glands on the symptomatic side. Six patients had no such response, and seven patients had a discrepancy between the pupillary and the sweat gland response to stimulation, supersensitivity being present in one system only. There was a high degree of concordance between the results of the various methods of examination. PMID- 3197102 TI - Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania. XIII. The pupillometric pattern. AB - Pupillometric studies were carried out in eight patients with chronic paroxysmal hemicrania (CPH) and in age- and sex-matched controls in the basal condition and after instillation of 2% tyramine (CPH, n = 5; controls, n = 17), 1% OH amphetamine (CPH, n = 6; controls, n = 12), and 1% phenylephrine (CPH, n = 6; controls, n = 17). The pupil on the symptomatic and non-symptomatic sides in CPH patients was significantly smaller in the basal condition than in controls, particularly on the symptomatic side. The mydriatic responses to pharmacologic stimulation were essentially similar on the symptomatic and non-symptomatic sides. An evaporimetric study of the forehead sweat glands, using the body heating and pilocarpine tests, was also carried out in these patients and in age- and sex-matched controls. "Early", "intermediate", and "late" measurements demonstrated symmetry of forehead sweating. The findings for both methods of examination thus contrast with those in cluster headache patients. Pupillometric and forehead sweating patterns therefore suggest differences in the pathogenesis of the two headache entities. These tests may be used to distinguish CPH and cluster headache clinically. PMID- 3197103 TI - Essential tremor and flunarizine. PMID- 3197104 TI - Preservation of left ventricular function in patients with total occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery and wide-caliber distal vessel filling by collateral vasculature. AB - The segmental ventricular function of 76 patients with total occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was analyzed to establish the relationship between ventricular function and the presence and angiographic appearance of the collateral circulation. The relationship between function and collateral supply was found to be significant (P less than .01). The only angiographic feature of the collateral vasculature that was associated with preserved function was the caliber of the distal LAD. Wide-caliber vessels were more likely to be associated with preserved ventricular function than thin vessels (P less than .01). In contrast, both rapidly filling collateral arteries and slow filling vessels were associated with preserved ventricular function. Collateral supply maintenance was significantly associated with preserved ventricular function, even when the collaterals arose from stenotic coronary arteries. Furthermore, despite marked differences in ventricular function between the base and apex of the heart, there was a true relationship between preserved ventricular function and the presence of collateral vessels for all segments of the anterior wall. These findings may be relevant to clinical decision making and to proper interpretation of studies of ventricular function following LAD occlusion. PMID- 3197105 TI - Coronary arteriography in dogs following blunt cardiac trauma: a longitudinal assessment. AB - The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of blunt cardiac trauma on the epicardial coronary arteries of dogs by using sequential coronary arteriographic studies. A direct impact to the anterior surface of the heart at a velocity of 12 m/sec was delivered by an air pressurized impactor in eight of ten dogs with the chest open and the pericardium intact. Selective coronary arteriograms were performed percutaneously with the chest closed starting just before trauma and repeated afterward at intervals of 3 hours, 3 days, 2 weeks, and 5 weeks. Two of ten dogs were sham operated and did not undergo impact to the heart. The coronary arteries in these two dogs remained angiographically normal throughout the study period. In dogs that underwent impact and were maintained for the entire duration of the study (seven of eight dogs), injury to the epicardial coronary arteries occurred in every instance. Injury was limited mostly to branches of the left anterior descending and right coronary arteries. The left circumflex coronary artery, which was posterior to the site of impact, was always spared. The types of injury included complete branch occlusion, partial coronary obstruction, extravasation, and in one instance, an arteriovenous fistula. In nearly all instances, these injuries became evident angiographically between 3 hours and 3 days after impact and usually were completely resolved after 2 to 5 weeks. These observations indicate that the epicardial coronary arteries may be compromised by nonpenetrating cardiac impact. The resulting coronary pathology, however, resolved within a few weeks after injury. PMID- 3197106 TI - Acute myocardial infarction during percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty. AB - Balloon valvuloplasty has been shown to be a relatively safe and effective intervention in palliating the symptoms of severe calcific aortic stenosis in the elderly [1-7]. Although the mechanism of balloon valvuloplasty is plastic deformation and fracture of the calcified valve tissue [2], complications such as embolic events or acute myocardial infarction due to aortic balloon valvuloplasty are very rare. Previously published reports mentioned only one case of cerebral embolism [5] and two patients with late fatal myocardial infarction [4]. In this report we present an elderly patient with calcific aortic stenosis who developed an acute lateral myocardial infarction during percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty. PMID- 3197107 TI - Angiographic demonstration of atherosclerotic stenosis, arterial spasm, and thrombus formation in an infarct-related coronary artery. AB - Clinical, angiographic, and pathologic data support the contention that atherosclerosis, platelet aggregation, and coronary vasomotility work in unison to cause coronary thrombosis, which in turn leads to myocardial infarction. A patient is described in whom, 2 months after an acute myocardial infarction, inducible coronary artery spasm and a nonocclusive thrombus were angiographically demonstrated at the site of a minimal atherosclerotic narrowing in the infarction related vessel. This report, to the best of our knowledge, is the first time that these three pathophysiologic mechanisms have been shown, in vivo, to be occurring concomitantly in an infarct-related vessel. Documentation of the unified occurrence of these phenomena support the current concept of the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction. PMID- 3197108 TI - Coronary artery dissection secondary to blunt chest trauma. AB - A 38-yr-old woman presented with an anterolateral myocardial infarction following blunt chest trauma sustained in a motor vehicle accident. Subsequent cardiac catheterization revealed a large left ventricular aneurysm and angiographic evidence of dissection of the proximal left anterior descending artery. Review of the literature and management are discussed. PMID- 3197109 TI - Anomalous origin of the right coronary high above the left sinus of Valsalva. AB - Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta above the left sinus of Valsalva is exceedingly rare and previously has been reported to be associated with congenital aortic valve disease. We report a case of the right coronary artery arising from the mid ascending aorta, high above the left sinus, with a clinically and angiographically normal aortic valve. PMID- 3197111 TI - Effective method of delivering nifedipine sublingually. PMID- 3197110 TI - Use of a conductance (volume) catheter and transient inferior vena caval occlusion for rapid determination of pressure-volume relationships in man. AB - Determination of left ventricular pressure-volume relationships in situ ideally requires both a method for easy measurement of multiple pressure-volume loops and a rapid and reversible means of altering load. We report a technique, previously used in animals, that combines conductance catheter volumes and rapid inferior vena caval occlusion to permit routine measurement of calibrated P-V relationships in man for the first time. An 8F volume catheter with a 3F micromanometer tipped pressure catheter placed through its lumen was advanced to the left ventricular apex through a femoral artery. A thermodilution output catheter was placed through a 9F femoral venous sheath and later replaced with an IVC balloon occlusion catheter, through which a 2.5F bipolar wire was advanced for atrial pacing. A specialized data system facilitated collection, editing, and data analysis at the time of cardiac catheterization. Absolute volume calibration required cardiac output measurement and injection of hypertonic saline. IVC occlusion decreased peak left ventricular pressure by 42 +/- 17 (SD) (P less than .001) mm Hg in 15 patients. Endsystolic pressure-volume relationships (ESPVR) were determined with 5-8 cardiac cycles with an average of r2 of 0.94 +/- 0.05 and were generally reproducible. The slope of the ESPVR demonstrated consistency among a group of normal patients (n = 6), and was significantly lower than the slope derived from a group of patients with ventricular hypertrophy (n = 9). We conclude that left ventricular pressure-volume relationships can be easily and repeatedly determined as part of a routine cardiac catheterization in man. PMID- 3197112 TI - Use of sublingual nifedipine in the treatment of coronary artery spasm. PMID- 3197113 TI - Guidewire technique for severe peripheral vascular disease. PMID- 3197115 TI - An alternative way to practice dentistry. PMID- 3197114 TI - Use of balloon tipped catheter to guide placement of the bioptome sheath in right ventricular percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy. PMID- 3197116 TI - International Union of Immunological Societies. Nomenclature Committee Working Group on Lymphokines. PMID- 3197117 TI - Microperoxisomes in type II pneumocytes and interstitial cells of postnatal rat lungs. AB - Microperoxisomes in alveolar type II pneumocytes and lipid interstitial cells are visualized using the diaminobenzidine method for catalase. These organelles, with a diameter ranging from 100-800 nm, respectively 200-500 nm, and with no crystalline cores or densities, are in close relation with the endoplasmic reticulum. No luminal continuity between microperoxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum is observed. Postfixation with unbuffered ferrocyanide-reduced osmiumtetroxide contributes to a better localization of microperoxisomes in both celltypes. PMID- 3197118 TI - Wheat germ agglutinin fracture-label of Golgi apparatus membranes in proliferating cells. AB - The thin section fracture-label technique has been recently used to analyze the distribution and compartmentalization of fully glycosylated components on intracellular membranes. Labelling with the lectin wheat germ agglutinin over the freeze-fractured membranes of Golgi apparatus in various secretory and non secretory cells as well as in human peripheral lymphocytes was always very weak or absent even over the trans-most cisternae. In order to investigate if the labelling density may reflect the cellular activity in membrane biogenesis, we used in this study wheat germ agglutinin fracture-label of rapidly proliferating cells and mitogen-activated lymphocytes. Labelling over the fractured cisternae of the medial and trans portions of the Golgi apparatus was intense. Treatment with cycloheximide of proliferating cells induced a drastic reduction of the labelling over the Golgi cisternae. PMID- 3197119 TI - Androgen-dependent nuclear proteins in rat ventral prostate are glycoproteins associated with the nuclear matrix. AB - The major rat ventral prostate androgen-dependent nuclear proteins were studied using isolated nuclei, nuclear matrix and nuclear envelope fractions. Nuclear and subnuclear fractions obtained were characterized by electron microscopy and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A group of approximately 20 kDa peptides is demonstrated to be present in nuclei, nuclear matrices and nuclear envelopes from normal prostate. Time course experiments indicate that the 20 kDa peptides become drastically reduced after 7 or 10 days following castration and are incompletely restored after 3 daily testosterone injections. Lectin binding studies demonstrate that the 20 kDa peptides bind both to Concanavalin A and Wheat Germ Agglutinin. These peptides represent the major nuclear Concanavalin A binding glycoproteins from normal prostate nuclei and nuclear matrices. PMID- 3197120 TI - Preliminary studies on the cultivation and characterization of mini-pig prostate epithelial cells. AB - Mini-pig prostate epithelial cells exhibited the unique metabolic characteristics associated with the specialized function of production and secretion of high levels of citric acid. Epithelial cell suspensions from mini-pig prostate were successfully grown in primary and secondary cultures. The cultured epithelial cells exhibited rapid proliferation reaching confluency in approximately 6 days. Growth and proliferation of fibroblasts were markedly restricted by the dominance of epithelial cell growth. Confluent cultures could be maintained for approximately 6 weeks. The epithelial cells retained their polymorphic appearance in primary and secondary cultures and exhibited the characteristic formalin resistant acid phosphatase reaction. Testosterone stimulated mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (mAAT) activity and citrate production by confluent epithelial cell cultures. These initial results indicate that cultured epithelial cells derived from mini-pig prostate might be an excellent model related to human for studies of prostate biology and hormonal regulation. PMID- 3197121 TI - Effects of ethanol on protein metabolism in hepatocyte primary cultures from adult rat. AB - The effect of ethanol on protein synthesis and degradation in cultured hepatocytes from adult rat has been studied. The presence of 100 mM ethanol in the culture medium significantly decreased protein synthesis without affecting protein degradation rate. The depressing effect of ethanol on protein synthesis did not appear directly correlated with the changes in ATP level. However, an inhibition of sodium-dependent and energy-requiring systems of the plasma membrane following exposure to ethanol was observed. PMID- 3197123 TI - [Analysis of mortality in acute respiratory diseases in Czechoslovakia 1975 1986]. PMID- 3197122 TI - Structure and transport of a specific premessenger RNP particle. PMID- 3197124 TI - [Determination of immunocomplexes. V. Determination using polyclonal rheumatoid factor]. PMID- 3197125 TI - [Incidence of salmonelloses in the human population in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 3197126 TI - [Changes in the phagocytosis index of blood elements in inflammation of the appendix]. PMID- 3197128 TI - [Scientific medical information--search and retrieval]. PMID- 3197127 TI - [Comparison of the antibacterial effects of ofloxacin, oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid]. PMID- 3197129 TI - [Chronopharmacokinetics of theophylline]. PMID- 3197130 TI - [Determination of di-(2-ethylhexyl-phthalate in blood using gas chromatography]. PMID- 3197131 TI - [Evaluation of quality standards of products made from synthetic polymers which are used in medicine]. PMID- 3197132 TI - [Evaluation of the analgesic effect of RG-tannin using the "hot plate" and "tail flick" method in mice]. PMID- 3197133 TI - [Evaluation of the irritability of ophthalmic preparations using colored and radioisotope indicators in laboratory rats]. PMID- 3197134 TI - DNA sequence and organization of the mitochondrial ND1 gene from Podospora anserina: analysis of alternate splice sites. AB - Earlier, we reported that the ND1 mitochondrial gene of Podospora anserina is mosaic, containing at least three class I introns. We have now completed the sequence of the ND1 gene and have determined that it contains four class I introns of 1,820, 2,631, 2,256 and 2,597 bp with the entire gene complex containing 10,505 bp, only 1,101 of which are exon sequences. Introns 1 and 3 appear to be related in that their open reading frames (ORFS) exhibit extensive amino acid sequence similarity and like the URFN sequence from Neurospora crassa have multiple sequence repetitions. Introns 2 and 4 are similar in that both appear to be mosaic introns. Where intron 2 has many short ORFS, intron 4 has two, 391 and 262 aa respectively. The first ORF has some patch work sequence similarity with one of the intron 2 ORFs but the second ORF is strikingly similar to the single intron ORF in the ND1 gene of N. crassa. Just upstream of the sequences necessary to form the central core of the P. anserina intron 4 secondary structure, there is a 17 bp sequence which is an exact replica of the exon sequence abutting the 5' flank of the 1,118 bp N. crassa ND1 intron. Secondary structure analysis suggests that the 2,597 bp intron 4 can fold as an entity but a similar structure can be constructed just from an 1,130 bp portion by utilizing the 17 bp element as an alternate splice site. Detailed structural analysis suggests that intron 4 (as well as the single ND1 intron from N. crassa) can utilize helical configurations which bring the downstream open reading frame into juxtaposition with the exon sequences. PMID- 3197136 TI - Variation in copy number of a 24-base pair tandem repeat in the chloroplast DNA of Oenothera hookeri strain Johansen. AB - A highly variable region of chloroplast DNA has been analyzed from three isolates of Oenothera hookeri strain Johansen. The variability results from the presence of two, four or seven copies of a discrete 24-base pair tandem repeat in a segment of the chloroplast DNA within the inverted repeat. Alignment of this DNA region with the published tobacco cpDNA sequence shows that in Oenothera, the repeats are insertions within a large unidentified reading frame, with each repeat unit specifying an eight amino acid in-frame addition. A model to explain the frequent alterations in the copy number of this 24-bp unit is proposed: imprecise alignment and recombination between the two large inverted repeats followed by copy correction could result in an amplification or deletion of the 24-bp segments. PMID- 3197135 TI - Nucleotide sequence of the Physarum polycephalum small subunit ribosomal RNA as inferred from the gene sequence: secondary structure and evolutionary implications. AB - The nucleotide sequence of the Physarum polycephalum small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene has been determined. Sequence data indicate that the mature 19S SSU rRNA is 1,964 nucleotides long. A complete secondary structure model for P. polycephalum SSU rRNA has been constructed on the basis of the Escherichia coli 16S rRNA model and data from comparative analyses of 28 different eukaryotic sequences. A "four-helix" model is presented for the central domain variable region. This model can be applied both to vertebrate and most lower eukaryotic SSU rRNAs. The increased size of P. polycephalum SSU rRNA relative to the smaller SSU rRNAs from such other lower eukaryotes, as Dictyostelium, Tetrahymena or Saccharomyces is due mainly to three G+C-rich insertions found in two regions known to be of variable length in eukaryotes. In a phylogenetic tree constructed from pairwise comparisons of eukaryotic SSU rRNA sequences, the acellular myxomycete P. polycephalum is seen to diverge before the appearance of the cellular myxomycete Dictyostelium discoideum. PMID- 3197137 TI - [The effect of posterior scleroplasty on the axial length of the bulb, refraction and visual acuity]. PMID- 3197139 TI - [The effect of selenite on the uptake of 35S-cysteine in the lens in rats]. PMID- 3197140 TI - [Pathogenesis of disorders of transparency of the optic media of the eye. II. Ultrastructural changes in the vitreous body in experimental chalcosis of the eye]. PMID- 3197138 TI - [Neovascular glaucoma. II. Personal experience with cryosurgical treatment]. PMID- 3197141 TI - [Diabetic maculopathy in pregnancy]. PMID- 3197142 TI - [Treatment of lacrimal duct obstruction using dacryocystorhinostomy]. PMID- 3197143 TI - [Ischemic papilledema in Horton's disease]. PMID- 3197144 TI - [Endophthalmitis caused by the microscopic fungus Fusarium solani]. PMID- 3197146 TI - [Scientific medical information--its search and retrieval]. PMID- 3197145 TI - [The occurrence of Lyme borreliosis (Lyme disease and its European variant) in the Brno region from the viewpoint of the neurologist]. PMID- 3197147 TI - [Peripheral neuropathy in multiple sclerosis. II. Determination of single fiber jitter]. PMID- 3197148 TI - [Comparison of percutaneous heat- and glycerol-induced root lesions in essential trigeminal neuralgia]. PMID- 3197149 TI - [Use of psychopharmaceuticals in neurologic therapy. Suggestion for a therapeutic approach]. PMID- 3197150 TI - [Cross-transvertebral puncture in spinal ganglion block in the treatment of pain. Initial experience with a new percutaneous method]. PMID- 3197151 TI - [Is the extinction of central nervous system reflex activity a sufficient criterion of brain death?]. PMID- 3197152 TI - [The present state and perspectives in postgraduate education in neurology]. PMID- 3197153 TI - [Radiation burden in children during roentgenographic and radionuclide examinations of the urinary system]. PMID- 3197154 TI - [Type A behavior in children in relation to changes in primary risk factors for ischemic heart disease]. PMID- 3197155 TI - [The development of neurologic findings in children from risk pregnancies up to 6 years of age]. PMID- 3197156 TI - [Roxithromycin--a new macrolide antibiotic in the treatment of respiratory diseases and campylobacteriosis]. PMID- 3197158 TI - [Catecholamines in the treatment of circulatory failure in children]. PMID- 3197157 TI - [Molecular analysis of DNA and malignant processes]. PMID- 3197159 TI - [The physician and the computer. 21. Logical questions]. PMID- 3197160 TI - [The injury rate in various types of sports activities of children and adolescents]. PMID- 3197161 TI - [Disorders of the nervous system in hemoblastoses in childhood]. PMID- 3197163 TI - [Preliminary study on the pharmacokinetics of aminophylline controlled-release tablets]. PMID- 3197162 TI - [Forced diuresis and exchange transfusion in the treatment of severe salicylate poisoning]. PMID- 3197164 TI - [High-frequency jet ventilation therapy of 5 patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome]. PMID- 3197165 TI - [Preliminary report of plasma fibronectin determination in chronic cor pulmonale]. PMID- 3197166 TI - [Urinary polyamines measured by HPLC in lung cancer]. PMID- 3197167 TI - [Case-finding in pulmonary tuberculosis in outpatients at a general hospital]. PMID- 3197168 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid lysozyme activity in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 3197169 TI - [Preliminary study on the diagnosis of active tuberculosis by using the ABC-ELISA method]. PMID- 3197170 TI - [Therapeutic effect of DL-473 on experimental tuberculosis in mice]. PMID- 3197171 TI - [Therapeutic effect of nifedipine on the rabbit after injection of oleic acid]. PMID- 3197172 TI - [Effect of air-anion on air disinfection in respiratory care units and treatment of patients with COPD]. PMID- 3197173 TI - [Cough as the main symptom of bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3197174 TI - [Clinico-pathological analysis of 68 cases of tuberculous meningitis]. PMID- 3197175 TI - [Analysis of the misdiagnosis of primary bronchogenic carcinoma]. PMID- 3197176 TI - [Immunohistochemical study of lung cancer]. PMID- 3197177 TI - [Spontaneous hemopneumothorax. Report of 14 cases]. PMID- 3197178 TI - [Proper use of ventilators]. PMID- 3197180 TI - [Experimental studies in the treatment of type II respiratory failure with a membrane lung]. PMID- 3197179 TI - [Dehydration therapy in rabbit models of the respiratory distress syndrome induced by oleic acid]. PMID- 3197181 TI - [Hospital infection surveillance in general hospitals in China]. PMID- 3197182 TI - [A day care clinic for aged patients]. PMID- 3197183 TI - [Care of patients under allotransplantation of the parathyroid gland with a vascular pedicle]. PMID- 3197184 TI - [Prolapse of the uterus and maternal health care]. PMID- 3197185 TI - [Leukemia complicated by anorectal abscess in children: analysis and nursing]. PMID- 3197186 TI - [Comparative study on the effects of 5 disinfection methods on the hepatitis B virus in patients' serum]. PMID- 3197187 TI - [Some problems on the analysis of blood gas: study of 180 blood samples kept under different temperatures and for different durations]. PMID- 3197188 TI - [Enhancing the nurse's quality is of utmost importance to good nursing service]. PMID- 3197189 TI - [Quality administration of the operating room at the hospital]. PMID- 3197190 TI - [Experience in the nursing care of patients with Keshan disease: report of 411 cases]. PMID- 3197191 TI - [Care of patients with acute Keshan disease]. PMID- 3197192 TI - [Observations on the pupils of patients with intensive trauma of the brain]. PMID- 3197193 TI - [Nursing problems in traditional Chinese medicine]. PMID- 3197195 TI - [Preliminary study on computerized management of medical orders]. PMID- 3197194 TI - [Analysis of causes leading to dyspnea in patients after tracheotomy]. PMID- 3197196 TI - [Stress reactions of in-patients before surgery]. PMID- 3197197 TI - [Analysis and comparison of microelements in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, and its processed products]. PMID- 3197198 TI - [Determination of berberine in xianglian wan and zuojin wan using first derivative spectrometry]. PMID- 3197199 TI - [Experimental study of medicaments for alcoholism]. PMID- 3197200 TI - [Water-soluble constituents of Cordyceps sinenses (Berk.) Sacc.--the nucleosides]. PMID- 3197201 TI - [Teratogenicity of sodium artesunate]. PMID- 3197202 TI - [Influence of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and its cultured mycelia on murine platelets and immune organs after irradiation with 60Co gamma-rays]. PMID- 3197203 TI - [Comparative studies of the histology of rhizoma Arisaematis and Pinelliae]. PMID- 3197204 TI - [Control studies of the downy mildew of yanhusuo (Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang]. PMID- 3197205 TI - [Determination of rutin and immersion of the pod of Sophora japonica L. and its processed products]. PMID- 3197207 TI - [Weight variation of Chinese patent medicine]. PMID- 3197206 TI - [Optimum technical condition for heating and quencing calamine]. PMID- 3197208 TI - [Study on the technology of anti-inflammatory injections using the method of orthogonal experiment]. PMID- 3197209 TI - [Isolation and identification of antitumor constituents of diterpenoids lactone in Euphorbia fischeriana Steud]. PMID- 3197210 TI - [Selection of the extraction conditions for total anthraquinone derivatives in rhubarb by using orthogonal experiment design]. PMID- 3197211 TI - [Determination of podophyllotoxin content in the root and rhizoma of Podophyllum emodi Wall. by HPLC]. PMID- 3197212 TI - [Therapeutic effect of water-soluble fraction of radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata on endotoxin shock in cats]. PMID- 3197213 TI - [Antifertility effects of ilex cornura Lindl]. PMID- 3197214 TI - [Identification of jecur Lutra and its adultrants]. PMID- 3197215 TI - [Polyploid breeding of Achyranthes bidentata Bl]. PMID- 3197216 TI - [Trimming honeysuckle]. PMID- 3197217 TI - [Determining the content of honey in honey-made mulberry bark]. PMID- 3197218 TI - [Antibacterial constituents of the unripe fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl]. PMID- 3197219 TI - [GC-MS analysis of the essential oils in pine needles in Northeast China]. PMID- 3197220 TI - [Analysis and comparison of amino acids and trace elements of rhizoma dioscoreae]. PMID- 3197221 TI - [Anti-inflammatory effects of two species of Lysimachia christinae Hance and Desmodium styracifolium (Osbeck) Merr]. PMID- 3197222 TI - [Anti-damage effect of Apocynum venetum L. leaf extract on chromosomes]. PMID- 3197224 TI - [Technical requirements for the toxicologic testing of new drugs]. PMID- 3197223 TI - [Statistical analysis of the relation of pharmacologic actions and channels of Chinese Materia medica]. PMID- 3197225 TI - [Identification and partial comparison of the chemical components of the tortoise plastron of Testudo impressa (Guenther) and Chinemys reevesii (Gray)]. PMID- 3197226 TI - [Effects of sodium ferulate on platelet aggregation and platelet thromboxane A2 in patients with coronary heart disease]. PMID- 3197227 TI - [Anti-atherosclerosis effect with Allium nerimifolium extract capsule]. PMID- 3197228 TI - [Therapeutic effect and experimental study of yupingfeng powder in the treatment of chronic renal failure with infection]. PMID- 3197229 TI - [Hemodynamic and hemorheologic changes in weak pulse in mitral stenosis patients]. PMID- 3197230 TI - [Changes in plasma sex hormone in postmenopausal type II diabetics and therapeutic effect of diagnosis and treatment with traditional Chinese medicine]. PMID- 3197231 TI - [Comparative study on pharmacological function of back-shell and plastron of tortoise]. PMID- 3197232 TI - [Prevention against free radical damage in mice with Cynanchum auriculatum]. PMID- 3197235 TI - [Relationship between professional guidelines, curriculum and achievement in Group B Cur I students at the University of Pretoria in 1985 and 1986]. PMID- 3197233 TI - [Dachengqi decoction in the treatment of rabbits' respiratory distress syndrome]. PMID- 3197234 TI - [Antitumor effect of gypenoside]. PMID- 3197237 TI - [The C.A. Nothard Library]. PMID- 3197236 TI - A profile of professional nursing practice in the private sector in the R.S.A. PMID- 3197238 TI - A description of the personal social and scholastic background of new students first admitted to the Department of Nursing Science at Medunsa in 1986, and their expectations regarding this university. PMID- 3197239 TI - [International Symposium on African Trypanosomiasis. Limoges, 30 September-3 October 1987. Proceedings]. PMID- 3197240 TI - [Trypanosomiasis at the Neuropsychopathologic Center of Kinshasa University]. AB - The recent building of a Neuropsychopathologic Center at the Kinshasa University now allows to carry out clinical, electroencephalographic studies on human african trypanosomiasis and soon neuropsychopathologic ones. These studies are reported here. PMID- 3197242 TI - [Clinical review of endocrine disorders observed in adults with trypanosomiasis]. AB - Clinical manifestations associated with endocrinological disorders were investigated in 21 Congolese patients suffering from Gambian trypanosomiasis. 90.5% of them showed cytological abnormality in the cerebrospinal fluid. Signs and symptoms of endocrinology dysfunction occur during the course of the parasitic disease. Gonadal deficiency is the most frequent and probably the most specific disorder. Reversibility of the endocrine dysfunction after treatment is likely but needs further investigations. PMID- 3197241 TI - [Clinical neurological signs of human African trypanosomiasis at the meningoencephalitis stage (apropos of 23 cases)]. AB - Twenty-three patients with trypanosomiasis in the meningo-encephalitic period have been examined neurologically. Main neurological symptoms are evocative of the affection and consist in frontal syndrome, often shown by a cheiro-chin reflex, the most frequent objective neurological sign, extrapyramidal injury, neuro-endocrine dysfunction, vestibular, cerebellar, pyramidal and meningitis syndromes. Cerebro-spinal alterations are not steadfast. PMID- 3197243 TI - [Endocrine function and African trypanosomiasis. Evaluation of 79 cases]. AB - Although the high frequency of hypogonadism was found during the sleeping sickness, the physiological properties of the gonads have been poorly studied. We reported here the exploration of the gonadotropic axis in 79 patients infected by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. It has been noted a decrease in oestradiol for 50% of women, in testosterone levels for 50% of men whereas no decrease of pituitary gonadotropins (FSH and LH) was found. The results of the gonad adenohypophyseal tests suggested that the dysfunction may be of central origin. The studies of thyreotropic axis were also examined: a decrease in T3 and FT3 (free fraction) even though T4 was normal. The specific relationship between hypogonadism and trypanosomal infection is discussed in this report. PMID- 3197244 TI - Degeneration of serotonin-specific neurons in the brain in experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection. AB - ORMEROD and HUSSEIN (1986) have shown that an intracellular stage of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense causes the destruction of ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain. The ventricular ependymal cells are intimately associated with a plexus of nerves that react specifically with monoclonal antibody raised against serotonin. We have shown that in areas where the ependyma is damaged, the supraependymal plexus also undergoes destruction and that retrograde degeneration of the neuron as far as the dorsal raphe nucleus also occurs. Although the work is as yet unfinished, we suggest that some of the neuro psychological changes, observed in clinical sleeping sickness, may be the result of this lesion. PMID- 3197245 TI - [EEG and treatment with Arsobal in human African trypanosomiasis]. AB - EEG in patients suffering form HAT at the meningoencephalitis stage displays the characteristic features of the disease. Now since most of the patients are treated at an early stage, the majority of the EEG are normal or with mild abnormalities. Where abnormalities occur, they present a diminished background activity interrupted by bursts of synchronous and generalised polymorphic delta waves at 1.2 c/s. A strict correlation frequently exists between severity of clinical symptoms and the degree of EEG abnormality. These EEG abnormalities disappears very often, after the first period of the treatment by melarsoprol. EEG seems useful to follow the course of the patients treated by melarsoprol. PMID- 3197246 TI - [Early auditory evoked potentials in normal sheep and in sheep with trypanosomiasis]. AB - In human and animal clinics, the early auditory potential has been used for a long time in the detection of lesions through the internal auditory way in the cerebral trunk. The aim of this work tries to determine if this non invasive test is apt to show up and to follow the evolution of lesions at the level of auditory way in the cerebral trunk of sheep with trypanosomiasis. According to the human technic, the list of the early auditory potential was realized against ten healthy sheep and ten sheep with trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei brucei) at the nervous phase. No significant anomalies exist in the sheep with trypanosomiasis. The results are discussed. PMID- 3197247 TI - [Functional and immunologic involvement in human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma gambiense]. AB - In the first phase of our study, a group of 58 patients were investigated: electromyographic abnormalities were recorded in 52%, electrocardiographic abnormalities in 48%, electroencephalographic abnormalities in 47%, spirographic abnormalities in 31%. Impairments of central nervous system occur classically in Trypanosoma gambiense infection, while cardiac damage is more frequent in T. rhodesiense infection. Noted lesions are due to an immunological mechanism. In the second phase, 25 patients and controls from the same area were investigated. We tried to confirm existence and pathogeny of cardiac impairments in T. gambiense infection: incidence, symptoms, clinical and electrocardiographic signs, disturbances of cardiac rythm. There were ST segment, T wave and PR interval changes. Chest X ray showed cardiomegaly. Echocardiography revealed right ventricular dilatation. There were pericardial effusion and thickening. The immunological tests showed significantly higher IgM and immunoconglutinin levels in the patient group together with the presence of anti-heart antibodies of the IgM and IgG class. Our results suggest that cardiac impairments may be due to immune complexes. PMID- 3197248 TI - Evidence of blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier permeability impairment in Trypanosoma rhodesiense infection in vervet monkeys. AB - Blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier damage in 11 vervet monkeys was estimated before infection and during the early and late phases of Trypanosoma rhodesiense disease, using the method given by Tibbling, Link and Ohman (1977). Of the 11, only one monkey showed signs of barrier impairment that ranged from a slight (12.6) to total barrier impairment (285); the latter occurring just before the height of clinical encephalitis. The barrier reverted to normal after melarsoprol treatment at 1.8 mg/kg X 4. Between the two extremes of barrier impairment, there were periods of remission during which time the barrier reverted to normal. This monkey however continued to suffer epileptic fits for a period of three months, a condition that started soon after the treatment. PMID- 3197249 TI - [Complement: a sign of infestation of sheep by Trypanosoma brucei brucei in an experimental model: its evolution following treatment]. AB - Broad variations in complement levels are seen during the course of many infectious diseases, particularly human and animal african trypanosomiasis. In this study, sheep complement is measured by means of its haemolytic activity expressed in 50% haemolytic complement units per ml (HCU50/ml). In healthy sheep, the average value is 23.3 HCU50/ml. Complement levels dramatically decrease five days after subcutaneous inoculation of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and remain undetectable until death of non treated infected animals. Eight infected sheep are treated with graded dosages of melarsoprol when central nervous system involvement appeared. Complement levels rapidly recover normal values after efficient treatment (0.9 and 1.8 mg/kg/d). PMID- 3197250 TI - [Treatment of experimental trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma brucei brucei in sheep: study of the minimum active dose of melarsoprol]. AB - Trypanosoma brucei brucei experimentally infected sheep with central nervous system involvement were treated with melarsoprol (Arsobal, Specia, France). The purpose was to determine minimum efficiency concentrations of this drug. Eight sheep divided in four groups of two animals were treated intravenously for 3 days with the following respective dosages: 1.8, 0.9, 0.45 and 0.225 mg/kg/d. After a year of observation, efficient dosages were 1.8 and 0.9 mg/kg/d. The experimentation suggests the possibility to reduce usually given dosages in man. PMID- 3197251 TI - [Arsenical-induced encephalopathy during the treatment of African trypanosomiasis. Apropos of a case with a favorable outcome]. AB - We describe one case of reactive encephalopathy as a complication during treatment of human trypanosomiasis (T.b. gambiense) with melarsoprol (Arsobal, Mel B.). A 37 year white man who had typical T. gambiense sleeping sickness and secondary convulsions, coma and hemiplegia after three days of treatment by melarsoprol. Within 48 hours of intensive care the symptoms and signs released. In the encephalomeningeal period of trypanosomiasis the therapy currently available is the parenteral administration of organic arsenicals as melarsoprol used since the 1940s. This drug remains highly effective but severe untoward reactions occur and the incidence of mortality attributable to melarsoprol is not negligible. Choice and optimal condition of treatment are discussed. PMID- 3197252 TI - ELISA assay for melarsoprol. AB - A sensitive ELISA method has been developed for measuring the trypanocidal drug melarsoprol. The test allows for the detection of the drug in human sera and in cerebrospinal fluid at the ng/ml level. Preliminary analyses on patient sera and CSF confirm the feasibility of the method. Further application of the test will enable to conduct the necessary pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies; the drug monitoring should hopefully result in improved treatment schedules minimizing the undesired side effects, e.g. lethal encephalopathies. PMID- 3197253 TI - [A new series of antiparasitic organic arsenicals: the spiroarsoranes. Experimental trypanocidal activity]. AB - Arsenical compounds are the main therapeutic way, effective in the neurological phase of trypanosomiasis. Unfortunately, their important toxicity prevents their easy administration. Structural cyclization of arsonic acid derivatives has led to a class of non-toxic compounds: spiroarsoranes. A 47 compound primary screening on an in vivo murine model of Trypanosoma brucei brucei resulted in the isolation of a very effective derivative after a single subcutaneous injection of 30 mg.kg-1 body weight (Chemotherapeutic Index = 21). In this study, trypanocidal activity of this compound was evaluated on an in vivo sheep model of trypanosomiasis by T. brucei brucei, according to experimental model of the Institute of Neurological Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology of Limoges (France). A single subcutaneous injection of 30 and 100 mg.kg-1 b.w., and 30 and 60 mg.kg-1 b.w. was given respectively during first and second phase of trypanosomiasis. Ovine pharmacokinetics of this compound will be evaluated in a further study. PMID- 3197254 TI - [Efficacy of Ro 15-0216 against human strains of Trypanosoma gambiense maintained in rodents. A preliminary study]. AB - The 2-nitro-imidazole derivative Ro 15-0216, closely related to benznidazole used for the treatment of South American trypanosomiasis (T. cruzi) proved effective against T. brucei brucei and T. brucei rhodesiense in rodents and sheep models. Diffusion in CSF is large in dogs and sheep. We studied splenectomised or immunodepressed mice and rats, infested with T. brucei gambiense human strain T M1 isolated from a Gabonese patient with sleeping sickness. 2 groups of 5 mice were treated with oral doses of 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg for 3 days. 3 mice were injected with 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally. 3 rats were given 50 mg/kg orally for 2 days. 3 rats were injected with 25 mg/kg, 4 rats with 10 mg/kg, 2 rats with 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally. 13 animals were "controls". A dose of 10 mg/kg was rapidly active against the parasites circulating in blood. The diffusion in CSF was not studied. No side effects have been observed. 24/25 treated rodents were in good health without parasites in the blood at Day 12. PMID- 3197255 TI - [Treatment of experimental trypanosomiasis of sheep caused by Trypanosoma brucei brucei: efficacy of Ro 15-0216 (a 2-nitroimidazole derivative)]. AB - An experiment was carried out on treatment of Trypanosoma brucei brucei experimentally infected sheep with central nervous system involvement with a 2 nitroimidazole derivative: Ro 15-0216 (Hoffmann La Roche & Co Ltd, Basel, Switzerland). After a single intramuscularly or intravenously administration (25 or 50 mg/kg) of this compound in healthy sheep, levels of more than 1 microgram/ml corresponding to trypanocidal concentrations are detected in both blood and cerebrospinal fluid. However, because of short half life, two or three injections a day appeared to be necessary. Six infected sheep were treated by daily intravenous injection for six days: three animals with 25 mg/kg/d and three others with 50 mg/kg/d. Animals which relapsed received 50 mg/kg/d divided in three intravenous injections a day for six days. After a year of observation, all the animals were considered clinically and biologically cured. PMID- 3197256 TI - [The fatty acids of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. A comparative study with those of T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense]. AB - Total lipid extracts from Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T.b.b.), Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g.) and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r.) were hydrolyzed and the liberated fatty acids were methylated before analysis by gas-liquid chromatography on capillary columns. The sums of the percentages for fatty acids from the different series were compared and the following relationships for the different trypanosomes obtained: --saturated fatty acids T.b.b. greater than T.b.g. greater than T.b.r., --oleic series (omega 9) T.b.g. = T.b.r. greater than T.b.b., --linoleic series (omega 6) T.b.r. greater than T.b.g. greater than T.b.b., --linolenic series (omega 3) T.b.g. greater than T.b.b. greater than T.b.r. PMID- 3197257 TI - [Trial of pentamidine in the treatment of trypanosomiasis of sheep inoculated with Trypanosoma brucei brucei]. AB - An experimental study was carried out using 5 Trypanosoma brucei brucei subcutaneously infected sheep. Pentamidine treatment appeared in the CSF. Two animals were injected daily for 10 days and they died with drug intoxication. Two animals received drug every 3 days for 15 days: one of them died, the other was cured after 3 weeks of set-back. This preliminary study should be completed by experimentation made over a more important period of time. PMID- 3197258 TI - [Antiparasitic activity of Cis-Pt (II) pentamidine in experimental trypanosomiasis of sheep caused by Trypanosoma brucei brucei]. AB - The failure of trypanocidal therapeutics have made it a duty to use other classes of molecules which show a comparable trypanocidal efficacy with well-known medicines. In this study, the authors have evaluated the trypanocidal activity of a Cis-Platinum (II) salt, DNA-intercalating medicine used in antineoplastic therapeutics, associated with pentamidine: Cis-Pt (II) pentamidine. After primary screenings on a murine model of T. brucei brucei, Cis-Pt (II) pentamidine was evaluated on an experimental sheep trypanosomiasis model, standardized by the Institute of Neurological Epidemiology and Tropical Neurology of Limoges (France). Cis-Pt (II) pentamidine was able to cure infected mice, without relapse, after a single subcutaneous injection of 12.5 mg.kg-1 body weight. In sheep trypanosomiasis, the same treatment was used successfully during the first stage of infection. Neurological stage susceptibility and pharmacokinetics in sheep will be evaluated in a further study. PMID- 3197259 TI - [Trypanosomiasis caused by T. b. gambiense: methods of control]. AB - This paper reviews the different ways currently available for screening sleeping sickness. These ways are then integrated and discussed by the author in proposing different strategic and methodologic solutions after emphasizing the role of each of the technical stages. Altogether, there isn't one standard solution but adaptations around a main plan, according to contexts and having regard to efficiency and profitability. At all events, success depends on political will, community participation and the motivation and good training of the personnel. PMID- 3197260 TI - Studies on the possible role of oxygen-derived free radicals for impairment of protein and energy metabolism in liver ischemia. AB - The role of oxygen-derived free radicals for impaired protein and energy metabolism in ischemia and reperfusion injury to the liver is not known. In the present study, groups of rats received either catalase (20 mg/kg body weight), superoxide dismutase (SOD; 4 mg/kg body weight), or catalase + SOD i.v. 10 min before induction of ischemia in the left and median liver lobes. Control animals received corresponding volumes of solvent. The length of the ischemic period was 60 or 90 min. Protein synthesis was measured in incubated liver slices before induction of ischemia, at the end of the ischemia period, and during 2 h of reperfusion. Tissue concentrations of ATP, ADP, AMP, and hepatic tissue water were determined at the same time points. Protein synthesis and energy level were markedly reduced at the end of ischemia and were restituted during the 2-h reperfusion when the ischemic period was 60 min; they remained depressed during reperfusion when the ischemic period was 90 min. Hepatic tissue water was increased at the end of the ischemic period and remained elevated during reperfusion. There were no significant differences in protein synthesis, energy level or tissue water between catalase- or SOD-treated animals and controls either at the end of a 60- or 90-min ischemic period or during the 2-h reperfusion. The results suggest that oxygen-derived free radicals do not play a major role for impaired protein and energy metabolism in liver ischemia and following reperfusion. PMID- 3197261 TI - Myocardial depression in hyperdynamic endotoxemia. AB - The presence of myocardial depression is difficult to assess in most animal models of septic shock caused by hypovolemia. We studied endotoxemia in fluid resuscitated conscious sheep. They underwent chronic instrumentation with pulmonary artery, arterial, and left atrial catheters. After 1 week of recovery, 1.5 micrograms/kg of endotoxin (LPS) was administered intravenously over a period of 30 min. One group of nine sheep stayed on baseline fluids (2 ml/kg/h of Ringer's lactate), while a second group (n = 6) was resuscitated with 7 ml/kg/h Ringer's lactate solution over the 24-h study period. Both groups were compared with controls. Eight hours after LPS, left ventricular stroke work index was depressed in both groups. In the group resuscitated with 7 ml/kg Ringer's lactate this depression associated with a normal left atrial pressure and a constant peripheral resistance indicated a shift in the Starling work curve downward and to the right evidencing myocardial depression. PMID- 3197263 TI - Increased microvascular permeability in canine endotoxic shock: protective effects of ibuprofen. AB - The ability of sodium ibuprofen to prevent endotoxin-induced changes in vascular permeability was examined in an anesthetized canine model. Ibuprofen was administered i.v. (3.75 mg/kg) in two pretreatment doses before the administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin (0.5 mg/kg). Serum and left thoracic duct lymph samples were collected for measurement of total protein and separation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four protein fractions with molecular weights (MW) ranging from 60,000 to 1,000,000 were consistently analyzed. Administration of endotoxin alone resulted in hypotension and was accompanied by an increase in microvascular permeability as evidenced by increases in lymph flow rate, protein flux, lymph/plasma protein ratio (L/P), and permeability-surface area product (PS). Pretreatment with ibuprofen attenuated the increase in permeability as reflected by significantly lower lymph flow rate, protein flux, L/P, and PS. Electrophoretic data illustrate partial to complete protection for all four MW fractions. These results suggest that endotoxin damages microvascular integrity and increases extravasation of macromolecules as great as 1,000,000 MW. This damage is attenuated significantly by pretreatment with ibuprofen. PMID- 3197262 TI - Hypovolemic shock resuscitation with hyperosmotic 7.5% NaCl: effects on respiratory system mechanics. AB - The infusion of the hypertonic 7.5% NaCl solution stimulates the afferent vagal innervation of the lungs. In order to verify if this reflex elicits any respiratory mechanical alterations, normovolemic (n = 18) and hypovolemic (n = 18) (20 ml of shed blood/kg) guinea pigs were studied. The animals were assigned to groups of nine receiving either isotonic 0.9% NaCl or hypertonic 7.5% NaCl solutions (4 ml/kg body weight). Passive respiratory system elastance (Ers) and the maximal value of the resistance (Rrsmax) were measured. The latter was further partitioned into its minimal value (Rrsu) using the constant flow inflation method. Ers, Rrsmax, Rrsmin, and Rrsu were measured before and at 0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 minutes following the infusion. The results showed that both isotonic and hypertonic solutions, at the given volume rate, caused no significant alterations of respiratory mechanics in normovolemic and hypovolemic animals. PMID- 3197264 TI - Reduced release of TNF and PCA from macrophages of tolerant mice. AB - An early-phase tolerance to toxic doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can be induced in mice by prior administration of sublethal doses of LPS or lipid A. These tolerant mice exhibit no hypothermia on subsequent administration of LPS and can survive a challenge dose of LPS that would normally be lethal. Peritoneal exudate cells of LPS-tolerant mice synthesized significantly reduced amounts of prostaglandins and of procoagulant activity (PCA) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) when stimulated with LPS in vitro (compared to macrophages of control animals). Tolerance induction with lipid A was somewhat less effective. A regulatory mechanism of E-series prostaglandins (PGE) might be involved in the induction of hyporesponsiveness in macrophages of tolerant mice, as the LPS-stimulated TNF release could be inhibited in a dose dependent manner by preincubation with PGE1. Since PCA and TNF are mediators that are proposed to play a very important role in the pathophysiology of septic and endotoxic shock, a reduction in the release of these mediators may be partially responsible for early-phase tolerance to LPS. PMID- 3197265 TI - Deleterious effects of splanchnic congestion on hepatic energy metabolism following repeated portal triad cross-clamping in dogs. AB - Thirty minutes of warm hepatic ischemia produced by portal triad cross-clamping was repeated five times at 30-minute intervals in three groups of five dogs each: Group A was subjected only to portal triad cross-clamping; Group B received simultaneous clamping of the celiac axis and the superior mesenteric artery; and Group C had a simultaneous splenojugular shunt. The arterial blood ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/beta-hydroxybutyrate: KBR), reflecting the NAD+/NADH ratio in liver mitochondria, decreased significantly after each cross-clamping in all groups. After the first declamping, there was no significant difference in the recovery rate of the KBR among the three groups. After the second declamping, the recovery rate in Group A decreased significantly compared with the rates of Groups B and C (P less than 0.05). After the fourth declamping, the recovery rate in Group B was significantly lower than that of Group C (P less than 0.05). The hepatic energy charge [(ATP + 1/2ADP)/(ATP + ADP + AMP)] 30 minutes after the fifth declamping decreased significantly to 0.75 +/- 0.01 in Group A, compared with 0.84 +/- 0.01 in Group C (P less than 0.01). The lactate and total free plasma amino acid levels in the arterial blood increased significantly in the order of Groups A, B, and C. It is suggested that the inflow of stagnant portal venous blood to ischemic liver impairs hepatic energy metabolism. PMID- 3197266 TI - Microvascular responses of intact and adrenal medullectomized rats to hemorrhagic shock. AB - Evidence indicates that during the later stages of hemorrhagic shock there appears to be a loss of response to the control systems that would normally maintain an adequate peripheral resistance. Therefore, the reactivity of the cremaster muscle microcirculation of pentobarbital-anesthetized Wistar rats, intact and adrenal medullectomized, was studied using videomicroscopy. The left cremaster muscle was spread over an optical port in a bath filled with modified Krebs solution (pH 7.4, 34 degrees C). The right femoral artery was cannulated for determination of mean arterial pressure (Pm) and for hemorrhage of the rat. Following control measurements of Pm and microvessel diameters, cumulative dose response curves of arteriolar and venular diameters to topical norepinephrine (NE) (10(-9) - 10(-4) M) were obtained. The protocols for intact and medullectomized groups were: 1) hypovolemic shock (shed blood not reinfused)- hemorrhage of 3.2 ml/100 g, compensation allowed, and NE dose-response curves repeated and obtained again during late shock as determined by Pm declining below 60 mmHg; and 2) normovolemic shock (condition after reinfusion of shed blood)- hemorrhage into a reservoir to Pm of 40 mmHg, maintenance at this level until 25% of the bled volume had been taken back (irreversible shock), and then reinfusion of the remainder of the blood. After blood reinfusion, the NE dose-response curves were repeated and obtained again during late shock, as determined by Pm below 60 mmHg. In all of the bled animals, the A1 arterioles were constricted posthemorrhage. The A2 arterioles were constricted only in the hypovolemic intact group. The A3 arterioles of all groups were not significantly changed from control. The constricted arterioles remained so. However, the other arterioles in all groups were unchanged during the several hours until death. The threshold concentration of NE for constriction of arterioles (10% or greater) was significantly increased (decreased sensitivity) during shock in all four groups. The response of the medullectomized rats to normovolemic shock was similar to that of the intact group, indicating that the circulating catecholamines were not essential. The response of medullectomized rats to hypovolemic shock was more severe and indicated the need for circulating catecholamines to compensate for the blood volume loss. PMID- 3197267 TI - Ventricular function in endotoxic shock. PMID- 3197268 TI - Dependence of instantaneous transfer function on regional ischemic myocardial volume. AB - To obtain the instantaneous left ventricular transfer function curve (instantaneous TFC) under conditions of regional ischemia, sinusoidal accelerations ranging from 30 to 150 Hz were applied to a small area of the epicardium of cross-circulated isovolumic canine left ventricle, and the contralateral acceleration was measured under control and during regional coronary occlusion (n = 11). The TFC is the ratio of the output to input acceleration amplitudes. The instantaneous TFC was characterized as a single peaked configuration under control coronary perfusion. However, TFCs progressively changed from a single-peaked to a double-peaked configuration during regional ischemia. To quantify this change in instantaneous TFC, we defined an index D as the mean squared difference of TFC during ischemia from TFC during control. Index D was linearly related to the percent mass of the ischemic region at 40 minutes after onset of ischemia. We conclude that 1) transfer function curves are sensitive measures of myocardial heterogeneity and 2) the fractional ischemic weight of the ventricle is a major factor in determination of the deformation in instantaneous TFC at the later stages of regional ischemia. PMID- 3197269 TI - Regional volume distensibility of canine thoracic aorta during moderate treadmill exercise. AB - We characterized the in vivo mechanical properties of segments of upper descending thoracic aorta (UDTA) in terms of volume distensibility, which was derived from measurements of pulsatile intravascular pressure, inner wall radius, and length changes. Data for this analysis were obtained from six dogs at rest and during moderate treadmill exercise (8% grade, 4.5 miles/hr). Volume distensibility reflects the regional rheological properties of the UDTA at in vivo states. It was shown to be the sum of circumferential extensibility, longitudinal extensibility, and higher-order extensibilities. Circumferential extensibility and longitudinal extensibility are linear expressions of vessel kinematic changes which represent percent volume changes per pulse pressure and are due to circumferential and longitudinal dimensional changes alone. The higher order extensibilities (second and third order), however, account for the coupling effect, which is the percentage volume change per millimeter mercury pulse pressure due to the interactions among radial, circumferential, and axial dimensional changes. The volume distensibility of the UDTA during exercise was significantly less than that at rest (0.67 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.91 +/- 0.11% V/mm Hg pressure). This was the result of a significant decrease in circumferential extensibility and higher-order extensibility in response to exercise with no change in longitudinal extensibility. The higher order extensibilities were also important since the volume distensibility of the UDTA was underestimated by 10% for both rest and exercise when they were ignored. We also evaluated radial extensibility by using pressure and wall thickness data and showed that this variable did not change in response to exercise. PMID- 3197270 TI - Responsiveness of iliac collateral vessels to constrictor stimuli in atherosclerotic primates. AB - This study was performed to examine, first, the protective effects and responses of collateral vessels of the hind limb in normal and atherosclerotic monkeys and, second, the effects of chronic arterial occlusion on the development of atherosclerosis. The iliac artery was ligated on one side in cynomolgus monkeys. Sixteen months later, we recorded the pressure gradient across the limb collaterals and measured blood flow with microspheres. Collateral conductance was fivefold greater after chronic ligation of the iliac artery than after acute ligation. Despite dilatation or growth of collateral vessels after chronic ligation, iliac pressure was reduced distal to the ligation. Blood flow to the limb was normal after chronic ligation in both normal and atherosclerotic monkeys. Collateral vessels constricted in response to infusion of phenylephrine and serotonin in normal and atherosclerotic monkeys. Thus, one conclusion of this study is that collateral vessels restore limb blood flow to normal after chronic vascular occlusion in both normal and atherosclerotic monkeys, but the protective effects of collateral vessels may be compromised by vasoconstrictor stimuli. Morphometric measurements indicated that occlusion of the iliac artery reduced proliferation of atherosclerotic intima distal to the occlusion in the cholesterol-fed monkeys. Thus, a second conclusion of this study is that atherosclerosis is attenuated below an arterial occlusion. PMID- 3197271 TI - Etomoxir, a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I inhibitor, protects hearts from fatty acid-induced ischemic injury independent of changes in long chain acylcarnitine. AB - Fatty acids are known to increase the severity of injury during acute myocardial ischemia. In this study, we determined the effects of a carnitine palmitoyltransferase I inhibitor, ethyl 2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2 carboxylate (Etomoxir) on reperfusion recovery of fatty acid perfused hearts. Following a 25-minute period of global ischemia, isolated working hearts reperfused with 1.2 mM palmitate, 11 mM glucose exhibited depressed function compared to hearts perfused with 11 mM glucose alone. A low dose of Etomoxir (10( 9) M) decreased long chain acylcarnitine and long chain acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) levels but did not prevent depressed function. In contrast, a high dose of Etomoxir (10(-6) M) prevented the palmitate-induced depression of function but did not decrease myocardial long chain acylcarnitine or long chain acyl-CoA levels. At this high dose of Etomoxir, oxygen consumption per unit work was decreased during reperfusion recovery, and ATP and creatine-phosphate levels were significantly higher after reperfusion. In aerobic hearts not subjected to ischemia, Etomoxir (10(-6) M) increased glucose oxidation both in the presence and absence of palmitate, while 10(-9) M Etomoxir had no effect. In these aerobic hearts, only the low dose of Etomoxir decreased long chain acylcarnitine and long chain acyl-CoA levels. These data demonstrate that Etomoxir (10(-6) M) increases functional recovery of fatty acid perfused ischemic hearts. This protection is unrelated to changes in levels of long chain acylcarnitines but may be due to increased glucose use by the reperfused heart, resulting in decreased oxygen consumption per unit work. PMID- 3197272 TI - Laser-induced autofluorescence of human arteries. AB - A new technique for imaging the intimal surface of arteries through optic fibers has been devised. With the aid of an optical multichannel analyzer, we recorded in real time fluorescence spectra during excitation of the arterial surface with an argon ion laser. Spectral parameters were used to detect atherosclerotic plaques and to discriminate normal tissue from lipid rich and calcified atheromas. By digitizing relative intensity values and the ratios of the peak at 550 nm to that at 520 nm into a gray scale, we generated pseudocolor maps of the arterial wall of 10 human aortas. Specific color distributions were congruent with the distribution of calcified tissue visualized by soft x-ray radiography and the distribution of lipid delineated by staining with Sudan IV. Thus, bidimensional maps obtained by laser spectroscopy can be used to identify the presence and composition of atherosclerotic lesions. Fluorescence imaging may prove to be an important application of laser techniques for the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis. PMID- 3197273 TI - Modulation by the thyroid state of intracellular calcium and contractility in ferret ventricular muscle. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine whether the cardiac contractile abnormalities induced by hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism are caused by changes in intracellular Ca2+ handling or by alterations in the distribution of isoenzymes of ventricular myosin. Right ventricular papillary muscles obtained from euthyroid ferrets and ferrets treated with L-thyroxine (hyperthyroid) or methimazole (hypothyroid) were loaded with the calcium indicator aequorin for recording intracellular Ca2+ levels during isometric contraction. In muscles from the hypothyroid ferrets, peak tension was reduced and the duration of contraction prolonged compared to the controls; these changes were associated with a Ca2+ transient of decreased amplitude and prolonged duration. Hyperthyroidism produced opposite changes in the time course of the Ca2+ transient and the associated isometric contraction. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed on myosin extracted from the right ventricular free wall of control and treated ferrets. The hyperthyroid state was associated with new myosin formation as indicated by the appearance of three myosin bands on the pyrophosphate gel. Gels of myosin from hypothyroid and euthyroid ferrets showed a single band that migrated with the slowest of the three bands from the hyperthyroid ferrets. These results suggest that changes in both Ca2+ handling and myosin isoenzymes may contribute to the contractile abnormalities observed in hyperthyroidism. Alterations in intracellular Ca2+ handling alone may account for the contractile changes induced by hypothyroidism. PMID- 3197275 TI - Calcium currents are altered in the vascular muscle cell membrane of spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Calcium currents were recorded during whole-cell voltage clamp in cultured azygos venous muscle cells from 1-3-day-old normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Different holding potentials were used to separate total cell current into its transient (T) and sustained or long-lasting (L) components. In recordings from 30 WKY and 30 SHR vascular cells, total cell calcium current was the same between cells from normotensive (167 +/- 20 pA) and hypertensive (139 +/- 15 pA) rats. However, the relative proportion of T and L calcium currents was different between WKY and SHR cells. In WKY cells, the peak amplitude of the L current was less than that of the T current (42 +/- 30% of total current), whereas in SHR cells, the L current was greater (62 +/- 3% of total current). Calcium currents in vascular muscle cells from SHR were activated and inactivated at more positive potentials than in cells from WKY. This study directly compares transmembrane calcium current in isolated cells from WKY and SHR blood vessels and shows that the proportions of T and L calcium channels activated by depolarization are altered in this genetic model of hypertension. PMID- 3197274 TI - Gonadectomy and hormonal replacement changes systolic blood pressure and ventricular myosin isoenzyme pattern of spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - We investigated the influence of testosterone on systolic blood pressure, heart weight, body weight, and ventricular myosin isoenzyme pattern of male spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP). In two different study series (study 1, postpubertal; study 2, prepubertal), SHRSP were gonadectomized (HG), gonadectomized and replaced with dihydrotestosterone (HG-T), and sham operated (H). Blood pressure was significantly higher in HG-T animals in both study series. Only prepubertal gonadectomy (study 2, HG group) led to a significantly decreased blood pressure. Heart weight and body weight were significantly diminished in the HG group when compared to the H group in study 2. Dihydrotestosterone (HG-T group) reversed this effect. In both study series gonadectomy shifted the myosin isoenzyme pattern to the V3 form while testosterone replacement led to a myosin isoenzyme pattern in favor of the V1 form. We conclude that the ventricular myosin isoenzyme pattern is under the dominant control of androgens and dissociates the expression of myosin isoenzyme from both blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PMID- 3197276 TI - Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in serum determined by high-performance anion exchange liquid chromatography with detection by enzyme reaction. AB - This rapid, reproducible method for separating and determining individual alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) isoenzymes in serum is based on high performance liquid chromatography with a weak anion-exchange column (SynChropak AX 300). The isoenzymes so resolved are detected by using an on-line enzyme reaction followed by spectrophotometric monitoring at 405 nm of the 4-nitrophenol formed. Complete diagnostic profiles of the various isoenzymes present in normal and pathological sera are obtained within 20 min. The mean (and SD) normal concentrations of the bone B1 and intestinal isoenzymes in serum of adults were 3.7 (4.3) and 4.5 (3.9) U/L, respectively (n = 14), and of the bone isoenzyme B2 and liver isoenzymes L1 and L2, 5.8 (8.6), 33.0 (10.6), and 12.0 (4.8) U/L, respectively (n = 17). Concentrations of the B2 and L1 isoenzymes in adults over age 40 years differed significantly from those in adults younger than 40 years, that of bone isoenzyme being lower (P less than 0.05) and that of the liver isoenzyme being higher (P less than 0.001) in the younger adults. PMID- 3197277 TI - Quantification of lactate dehydrogenase-1 in serum with use of an M-subunit specific monoclonal antibody. AB - We have developed a rapid, one-step assay for measuring lactate dehydrogenase-1 (LD-1) activity in serum after extraction of LD-2, LD-3, LD-4, and LD-5 isoenzymes by an immobilized M-subunit-specific monoclonal antibody (D.8.1). In the assay, 100 microL of serum is mixed with 50 microL of a suspension of 0.8 micron-diameter latex particles coated with 30 micrograms of the monoclonal antibody D.8.1, then incubated at room temperature for 5 min. The latex particles, to which LD-2 through LD-5 are bound, are pelleted by centrifugation for 2 min at 12,000 X g, and the LD-1 activity is measured kinetically in the supernatant fluid. We optimized the assay for antibody immobilization, antibody concentration, and time and temperature of incubation. Serum bilirubin concentrations up to 0.33 g/L (0.56 mmol/L) did not interfere in the assay. Hemolysis interfered solely through LD-1 released from erythrocytes. The within assay CV for low-concentration quality-control material (LD-1 33 U/L) was 3.5% (n = 9) and for high-concentration material (LD-1 185 U/L) was 1.9% (n = 8); the between-assay CVs for the two materials were 6.1% (n = 9) and 2.5% (n = 10), respectively. The LD-1 activity measured in 98 samples by our assay compared well with a two-step polyclonal antibody-based assay (Isomune-LD, Roche Diagnostic Systems; r = 0.998) and with an electrophoretic method (Paragon, Beckman Instruments; r = 0.956). PMID- 3197279 TI - Fibronectin concentrations in plasma in peripheral vascular disease. AB - Fibronectin (Fn) concentrations were measured immunoturbidimetrically in plasma of normal subjects and patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) before and after venous compression, which caused Fn concentrations to increase in both normal subjects and PVD patients. Basal Fn concentrations and those after 10-min compression were not significantly different in normal subjects and PVD patients. Five minutes after the release of compression, Fn had consistently declined in normal subjects and reverted to baseline values; in contrast, in PVD patients values either increased further or decreased inconsistently. Thus the Fn concentration at 15 min was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater in PVD patients than in normal subjects. Plasma albumin concentrations, measured in parallel to ensure that changes in Fn concentrations were not nonspecific, increased to a greater extent in normal subjects than in PVD patients and reverted to normal after the removal of compression. The Fn/albumin ratio remained unchanged in normal subjects after venous compression, whereas that in PVD patients increased and remained higher, even after decompression. The sustained increase in plasma Fn concentrations and in the Fn/albumin ratio in PVD patients after venous compression may indicate endothelial injury. PMID- 3197278 TI - Increased urinary excretion of digoxin-like immunoreactive substance by insulin dependent diabetic patients: a linkage with hypertension? AB - Excretion of digoxin-like immunoreactivity (DLIS) was measured by RIA in timed overnight urine collections from 91 normotensive nondiabetic subjects and 104 normotensive insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) patients. The mean +/- SD DLIS excretion rate for the diabetic patients significantly exceeded that for the controls (73 +/- 41 vs 63 +/- 36 pg/min, P = 0.024). In both groups, the mean DLIS excretion rates for men were significantly higher (P = 0.0014, P = 0.006) than for women. In the controls, the DLIS excretion rate significantly correlated with the urinary excretion rate of creatinine (P less than 0.01), Na+ (P less than 0.05), and K+(P less than 0.05), and with the subjects' body weight (P less than 0.01), body mass index (P less than 0.05), and systolic blood pressure (P less than 0.05). In the diabetics, the DLIS excretion rate was significantly correlated with body weight (P less than 0.05) and with urinary excretion rates for albumin (P less than 0.01), creatinine (P less than 0.01), Na+ (P less than 0.05), and K+(P less than 0.05). Our data indicate that: (a) increased amounts of a cardiac glycoside-like substance (or a group of substances) are excreted in the urine of IDDM patients; (b) the urinary excretion of DLIS seems to depend on glomerular filtration rate and physiocochemical properties of glomerular membrane, as well as on subjects' body mass; and (c) because cardiac glycoside like substances may increase peripheral vascular resistance, increased urinary excretion of DLIS by IDDM patients may indicate a tendency to develop hypertension. PMID- 3197280 TI - N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase isoenzymes in serum and urine of patients with diabetes mellitus. AB - The isoenzyme pattern of N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) in serum and urine was studied in two groups of patients with diabetes mellitus and in 30 control subjects. Total NAG activity was significantly (P less than 0.001) increased in the serum and urine of the 20 diabetics with vascular complications, but was insignificantly increased in the 20 diabetics without vascular complications. Ion exchange chromatography demonstrated the presence of two major isoenzymes of NAG, A and B. The proportion of isoenzyme A activity always exceeded that of isoenzyme B. The proportion of isoenzyme B in serum of diabetics was lower than in controls; the reverse was true for urine of diabetics. The NAG isoenzymes pattern may provide additional diagnostic information regarding diabetic status and complications of diabetes. PMID- 3197281 TI - Specificity of the thiobarbituric acid reaction: its use in studies of lipid peroxidation. AB - The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction, quantified by colorimetry or fluorimetry, is the method most widely used for studying lipid peroxidation in both laboratory animals and in humans with disorders. However, concerns regarding its analytical specificity have often been expressed, because TBA reacts with a wide variety of chemical species to produce a pink to red color. In this study, we reacted TBA with various saturated and unsaturated aldehydes (both directly and in the presence of sucrose, fructose, and glucose), substituted pyrimidines, 2 deoxyribose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid. We also studied the TBA reaction with bilirubin, biliverdin, icteric serum, and serum containing hemolyzed erythrocytes, comparing the absorption spectra of these reaction products with that for malondialdehyde (MDA). The reaction products were also analyzed for MDA by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Although the TBA reaction with some of these compounds may not be important in biological studies, others could lead to misinterpretations of increased lipid peroxidation. Use of HPLC to quantify MDA is recommended because of its high analytical sensitivity and specificity, especially in the study of lipid peroxidation in human subjects. PMID- 3197282 TI - Reference values for fructosamine concentrations in children's sera: influence of protein concentration, age, and sex. AB - Fructosamine and protein (total and fractionated) were measured in the serum of 170 normal children, ages two weeks to 15 years. The mean fructosamine concentration was 2.12 mmol/L, 5% lower than the mean value observed for adults. We observed no sex-related difference in fructosamine values, but saw a pronounced age dependency of reference values. For children younger than three years, the mean concentration of fructosamine was 15% lower than in adults, but glycated protein concentrations increased with age, reaching essentially adult values by age six years. Expressing fructosamine concentrations per gram of serum total protein or of albumin weakened the influence of age, but did not eliminate it completely. We report reference intervals for fructosamine concentrations in children's sera. PMID- 3197283 TI - Free triiodothyronine measured in dried blood spots from normal, low-birth weight, and hypothyroid neonates. AB - Free triiodothyronine (FT3) has rarely been studied in neonates, primarily because of obvious problems in obtaining serum samples from neonates for research purposes. We adapted an analog radioimmunoassay for measuring FT3 in dried blood samples and used it to assay 361 samples selected from those collected for the screening for neonatal hypothyroidism. The mean FT3 concentration in healthy neonates on the fourth postpartum day is 2.55 pmol per liter of whole blood (SD 0.78 pmol/L, n = 145), the same as in healthy adults. Low-birth-weight infants have a decreased concentration of FT3, and this decrease is much greater in premature neonates than in infants at low weight for gestational age. In six hypothyroid newborns, the FT3 concentration was normal or increased, clearly indicating that FT3 assay is not a diagnostic tool for hypothyroidism. FT3 was barely detectable in one case of congenital galactosemia. PMID- 3197284 TI - Lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in the plasma of human subjects as measured in the fed and fasted states. AB - Lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in plasma are routinely estimated by using the Friedewald formula, whereby very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) is estimated to be one-fifth the plasma triglyceride concentration. Ordinarily, this formula is applied only to plasma sampled from patients in the fasted state. To determine whether lipoprotein cholesterol measurements are altered substantially in plasma sampled from nonfasting subjects, we obtained postprandial blood samples from 22 healthy subjects (nine men, 13 women, ages 22 79 years) fed a fat-rich meal (1 g fat per kilogram body wt.). The plasma triglyceride concentration increased postprandially in all subjects (233 +/- 16% of baseline at 3 h). The mean cholesterol concentration in plasma was essentially unchanged. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly decreased (94 +/- 2% at 3 h, P less than 0.001). VLDL-C and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), estimated by the Friedewald formula, were compared with measurements obtained by modified Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) methodology. As measured by either method, VLDL-C increased and LDL-C decreased significantly after the fat-rich meal. These postprandial changes were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) when estimated by the Friedewald formula than by LRC methodology. We conclude that (a) lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations measured in the fed subject differ significantly from those measured in the fasted subject, and (b) plasma must be obtained after at least a 12-h fast if an individual's risk of coronary heart disease is to be accurately assessed. PMID- 3197285 TI - Activities of creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in serum in various skeletal muscle disorders. AB - We studied possible correlations between anatomopathological and clinical features and the values for total creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) and its isoenzymes, including the proportion of CK-MB, in a population displaying several neuromuscular pathologies. Although we observed no specific isoenzyme pattern associated with the different myopathies, we found isoenzyme analysis useful in studying the histopathological evolution of illness. We also considered whether the pathology was regenerative or nonregenerative, and what type of fiber (I or II) was involved. High CK-MB percentages (greater than 6%) were associated with regenerative and type I fiber myopathies, with regenerative type tissues being the principal factor associated with an increasing proportion of CK-MB. Studying the changes in CK-MB percentage in serum appears to be useful in discriminating neuromuscular from myocardial pathologies. PMID- 3197286 TI - Catabolism of circulating enzymes: plasma clearance, endocytosis, and breakdown of lactate dehydrogenase-1 in rabbits. AB - Lactate dehydrogenase-1 (EC 1.1.1.27), intravenously injected into rabbits, was cleared with first-order kinetics (half-life 27 min), until at least 80% of the injected activity had disappeared from plasma. Radioactivity from injected 125I labeled enzyme disappeared at this same rate. Trichloroacetic-acid-soluble breakdown products started to appear in the circulation shortly after injection of the labeled enzyme. Body scans of the rabbits for 80 min after injection of 131I-labeled enzyme revealed rapid accumulation of label in the liver, peaking 10 20 min after injection. Subsequently, activity in the liver declined and radioactivity (probably labeled breakdown products of low molecular mass) steadily accumulated in the bladder. Tissue fractionation of liver, 19 min after injection of labeled enzyme, indicated that the radioactivity was present both in endosomes and in lysosomes, suggesting uptake by endocytosis, followed by breakdown in the lysosomes. Measurements of radioactivity in liver and plasma suggest that the liver is responsible for the breakdown of at least 75% of the injected enzyme. Radioautography of tissue sections of liver and spleen showed accumulated radioactivity in sinusoidal liver cells and red pulpa, respectively. These results are very similar to those for lactate dehydrogenase-5, creatine kinase MM, and several other enzymes that we have previously studied in rats. PMID- 3197287 TI - Ferrochelatase activity in human lymphocytes, as quantified by a new high performance liquid-chromatographic method. AB - We describe a new rapid, sensitive high-performance liquid-chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining ferrochelatase (EC 4.99.1.1) activity in lymphocytes. Zinc and mesoporphyrin are incubated aerobically with sonicated lymphocytes and the zinc mesoporphyrin formed is extracted with dimethyl sulfoxide-methanol-EDTA for quantification by HPLC. Incubation conditions, including the concentration of the palmitic acid activator, were optimized. The Michaelis constant (Km) was 2.1 mumol/L for mesoporphyrin, 22.2 mumol/L for zinc. The mean ferrochelatase activity (expressed as zinc mesoporphyrin formed per hour per milligram of lymphocyte protein) for a reference population was 3.25 (SD 0.43) nmol.h-1.mg-1. For three patients with erythrohepatic protoporphyria (EHP), activities were 1.11, 1.30, and 1.35. Neutrophils contain negligible ferrochelatase activity. PMID- 3197288 TI - Exponential function for calculating saturable enzyme kinetics. AB - Enzyme kinetics are usually described by the Michaelis-Menten equation, where the time-dependent decrease of substrate (-dS/dt) is a hyperbolic function of maximal velocity (Vmax), Michaelis constant (Km), and amount of substrate (S). Because the Michaelis-Menten function in its most general meaning requires an assumption of steady-state, it is less curvilinear than true enzyme kinetics. A saturation type exponential function is more curvilinear than the hyperbolic function and more closely approximates enzyme kinetics: -dS/dt = Vmax [1 - exp(-S/Km)]. The mathematical representation of enzyme kinetics can be further improved by introducing a deceleration term (Vdec), to make the assumption of a steady state unnecessary. For the action of chymotrypsin on N-acetyltyrosylethylester, the Michaelis-Menten equation yields the following: Vmax = 3.74 mumol/min and Km = 833 mumol. According to decelerated enzyme kinetics, the values Vmax = 4.80 mumol/min, Vdec = 0.0118 mumol/min, and the association constant (Ka) = 0.00111/mumol are more nearly accurate for this reaction (where 1/Ka = 901 mumol approximately Km). PMID- 3197289 TI - Error estimation in the quantification of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by selective inhibition methods. AB - A method for calculating, by selective inhibition, the activities in serum of isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) originating from bone, liver, intestine, and placenta produced results for a sample of patients for which the imprecision was five- to 25-fold higher than that of the alkaline phosphatase method used--too imprecise for routine clinical use. Error analysis by direct calculation and by Monte Carlo estimation revealed that the algorithm used in the method completely accounted for the increase in imprecision of the isoenzyme estimations. I recommend that all methods involving such algorithms or the principle of multicomponent analysis should undergo a thorough error analysis by use of the techniques described here, to obtain an estimate of the increase in imprecision that is ascribable to the particular numerical technique used. PMID- 3197290 TI - Chemometrics: measurement reliability. AB - Applying the principles of chemometrics can lead to development of a powerful, simple, comprehensive system for characterizing measurement reliability of analytical processes. The system described here consists of a format for specifications, definitions, and decision rules for evaluating and comparing analytical processes. Two cases illustrate its advantages over the use of precision, accuracy, total error, and regression statistics for such evaluations. PMID- 3197291 TI - Liquid-chromatographic quantification compared with gas-chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of verapamil and norverapamil in plasma. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining verapamil and norverapamil in plasma is presented and compared with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The plasma samples were extracted at alkaline pH with hexane containing 2-butanol (20 mL/L) and then back-extracted into phosphate buffer (0.1 mol/L, pH 3.0). For chromatography we used a reversed-phase column (Supelcosil LC-18 DB) with a mobile phase of the phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (70/30 by vol). Fluorescence detection was used (excitation at 203 nm, emission at 320 nm). Overall analytical recovery was 85%. Standard curves were linear from 1 to 1000 micrograms/L. The detection limit was 1 microgram/L. The assays are accurate and precise. We found no interferences by those substances tested. Results by HPLC and GC-MS agreed well (r = 0.99) for both verapamil and norverapamil determinations. PMID- 3197292 TI - Creatine kinase:aspartate aminotransferase activity ratio as an indicator of the source of an increased creatine kinase activity. AB - Although measurements of creatine kinase isoenzyme 2 (CK-MB) are often used to diagnose acute myocardial infarction, their sensitivity and specificity are less than 100%. Because skeletal muscle contains more CK and less aspartate aminotransferase (AST) than cardiac muscle, the CK/AST ratio might provide a useful adjunct in evaluating the source of a supranormal value for CK. I established the following decision levels in a retrospective study of 342 patients: ratios less than 14 (if total CK was 300-1200 U/L), less than 20 (CK 1201-2000 U/L), or less than 25 (CK greater than 2000 U/L) suggested myocardial infarction, with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 65%. In a validation study with 277 additional patients, liver disease and alcohol abuse caused erroneous results, leading to exclusion of 22% of these patients. In the remaining cases, sensitivity was 94%, specificity 90%. The CK/AST ratios changed little with time, suggesting that a single value would be adequate for evaluating patients with increased CK. PMID- 3197293 TI - Fully automated liquid-chromatographic determination of amino acids. AB - This inexpensive method for fully automated amino acid analysis combines the advantages of automated precolumn derivatization with o-phthaldialdehyde and favorable analytical conditions to separate and quantify 30 amino acids found in normal plasma. The system can run unattended for almost four days, during which the data are processed automatically by a personal computer and a maximum of 76 samples and 19 standards can be processed (cycle time per analysis: 55 min). Only 1 microL of deproteinized plasma is required per analysis. Coefficients of variation for retention times and areas measured for all relevant amino acids are less than 1% and 3%, respectively. The system described is well suited for quick, sensitive operation in daily practice. PMID- 3197294 TI - Influence of strenuous exercise on albumin excretion. AB - Renal albumin excretion rate was 7.3 mg/24 h (SEM 0.5, range 0.6-21.0) in 66 healthy subjects. This rate increased markedly during and shortly after strenuous exercise on a bicycle ergometer (before: 5.5 +/- 0.6 micrograms/min; during and just after: 16.9 +/- 2.2 micrograms/min; P less than 0.001; n = 30). However, albumin excretion/24 h was not significantly higher during 24 h with a period of strenuous exercise than during 24 h without such exercise (10.3 +/- 0.9 mg/24 h vs 8.5 +/- 0.7 mg/24 h). PMID- 3197295 TI - Critical evaluation of the TDx Turbo Nephelometry System. AB - We critically evaluated the Nephelometry System (TDx Turbo) for the TDx Analyzer (Turbo), as currently used for immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, and IgM) and transferrin assays. We describe hardware, software, reagent, and procedural changes made since the original publication (Clin Chem 1985;31:1474) and the mathematical treatment of data. The unit-dose format of the reagents allows for batch or panel testing of the analytes, with a throughput of 40 tests per hour. Measurements are made at pseudo-equilibrium, with sample-blank correction. The formulation of reagents and the assay scheme are such as to eliminate the need to check these assays for antigen excess. Assay sensitivities are 3% of the standard curve ranges. CVs are 8% for all assays. The system performance, when compared with rate nephelometry and radial immunodiffusion, yielded correlation coefficients of 0.97 or better for the analytes. PMID- 3197296 TI - Calculation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with use of triglyceride/cholesterol ratios in lipoproteins compared with other calculation methods. AB - Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was calculated with a formula that utilizes the triglyceride/cholesterol ratios in the different lipoprotein fractions, and also with different modifications of the Friedewald formula. Results of the former calculation correlated well with the ultracentrifugation-derived values and performed better than the other calculations at different lipid concentrations. PMID- 3197297 TI - Applicability of the Ektachem 400 analyzer for assaying analytes in miscellaneous body fluids. AB - The Ektachem analyzer, a slide-film chemistry technology, demonstrated applicability to non-serum, non-urine stimulated and actual clinical specimens having a wide range of protein concentration and pH. The simulated specimens studied had pH and protein that ranged from 2 to 9 and 0 to 88 g/L, respectively. Actual patients' specimens studied, which had protein concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 60 g/L, included peritoneal fluid, vitreous fluid, synovial fluid, pericardial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid. The analytes studied included glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, and carbon dioxide. PMID- 3197298 TI - Reflotron cholesterol measurement evaluated as a screening technique. AB - We evaluated the analytical performance of Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics' "Reflotron" analyzer for the measurement of cholesterol. Coefficients of variation (CVs) for whole-blood cholesterol were: within-day 2.0% and 2.2% at 1680 and 2670 mg/L, respectively; between-day 1.8% and 2.4% (n = 9 and 8). Results were similar for serum and heparinized or EDTA-treated single-donor plasma (CV 1.4% to 2.6%). CVs of results for two reconstituted commercial quality control materials were 3.4% and 4.6%. Heparin and hematocrit were evaluated as interferents, and critical limits for interference were identified for bilirubin, hemoglobin, and triglyceride in blood and plasma or serum. When sample collection and analysis were controlled by trained personnel, results with the Reflotron (y) compared well with those by the Ektachem procedure (x) for both blood and serum samples: r = 0.950, y = 0.944x + 130 mg/L; and r = 0.955, y = 0.93x + 43.5 mg/L, respectively. The same comparability was observed when the analysis was performed by briefly trained high-school students: r = 0.980, y = 0.949x + 23 mg/L. Performance decreased when both collection and analysis were performed by laymen: r = 0.880, y = 0.870x + 186 mg/L. PMID- 3197299 TI - Stability of serum fructosamine during storage. AB - Stability of serum fructosamine during storage was evaluated in serum specimens obtained from 27 diabetic individuals. The samples were divided into six aliquots, which were stored at -20 degrees C and -70 degrees C for two, eight, and 16 months. The minor systematic differences between the six treatments contrasted with the considerable variation of individual specimens. The mean percentage changes in the six treatments ranged between -4.6% and 7.5%, whereas the changes in individual specimens ranged from -20% to 26.7%. Several factors evidently contribute to this variation, one being progressive in vitro glycation, especially at -20 degrees C. Small changes in fructosamine concentrations between consecutively drawn specimens, determined after storage, evidently should be interpreted cautiously. Low temperatures, at least -70 degrees C, are preferable to minimize pre-analytical variation during storage. PMID- 3197300 TI - Improved liquid chromatographic/immunoassay of digoxin in serum. AB - This HPLC/immunoassay procedure measures digoxin in serum with no interference from digoxin metabolites or digoxin-like factors. We used solid-phase (C18 and Diol) extraction, a C18 column with a tetrahydrofuran/water mobile phase, and final quantification by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Deslanoside and gitoxigenin were used as the internal standard and the retention-time marker, respectively. The average CV for 300-microL samples at digoxin concentrations between 0.9 and 3.9 nmol/L was 9.3%. Minimum column lifetime with daily use was three months. We also compared results, for 49 samples from patients taking digoxin, obtained with the Abbott "TDx FPIA digoxin I" and the present procedure. Discrepancies between the two methods were substantial for 20% of the samples. PMID- 3197301 TI - Autoantibodies to thyroxin and triiodothyronine in the immunoglobulin G fraction of serum. AB - Thyroid hormone antibodies (THAbs)--i.e., antibodies to thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)--are detected rarely in human serum, where they are searched for, possibly because of a quantitatively minimal interaction between thyroid hormones (the haptens) and serum IgGs (the antibodies). The weak binding could result from these facts: (a) there are already six physiological carrier proteins for thyroid hormones; (b) THAbs usually account for a very small fraction of the total serum IgGs; (c) THAbs may have--as reported in the literature--a relatively low affinity. To ascertain whether THAbs could pass undetected in serum, we measured antibodies to T3 and T4 in both the serum and the corresponding IgG fraction of six normal persons and 45 patients with various thyroid diseases (Graves' disease, idiopathic myxedema, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, tumors), using radioimmunoprecipitation. The prevalence of antibodies to T4 was 0/51 in both the sera and the IgG fractions; the prevalence of antibodies to T3 was 1/51 in both materials. Because all of the sera that tested THAb negative were confirmed to be so in the THAb assay of the IgG fraction, we conclude that the prevalence of serum THAbs is not underestimated and that autoimmunization against thyroid hormones is really a rare phenomenon. PMID- 3197302 TI - Carboxyhemoglobin as measured by gas chromatography and with the IL 282 and 482 CO-Oximeters. AB - We measured the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) in original and CO tonometered blood samples from 53 intensive-care patients with IL 282 and IL 482 CO-Oximeters and by gas chromatography (GC), finding very strong correlations among the three methods for HbCO concentrations greater than 2.5%. For concentrations within the normal reference interval (less than or equal to 2.5%), however, the correlation between CO-Oximetry and GC is poor (r2 less than 0.26). The capillary mode of the IL 482 has a consistently lower correlation with any other method or mode. The correlations of measurements between the CO-Oximeters for total hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin were excellent (r2 greater than or equal to 0.98). Correlations for methemoglobin were lower, owing to its low concentrations in the samples. We conclude that the IL 482 and the IL 282 are analytically equivalent for all analytes measured, but that both instruments differentiate poorly between HbCO values that fall within the reference interval. PMID- 3197303 TI - Improved rapid assay of uric acid in serum by liquid chromatography. AB - This improved method for rapid determination of uric acid in serum is based on high-performance liquid-gel-permeation chromatography, with hydrophilic and highly porous vinyl alcohol copolymer as packing material. It has the following advantages: no need for sample deproteinization or use of a precolumn, more than 500 serum samples can be analyzed without having to regenerate or recondition the analytical apparatus, and the analysis for uric acid is a one-step procedure. Correlation coefficients between this method and other methods are very good (r = 0.998, 0.999). PMID- 3197304 TI - Definitive liquid-chromatographic demonstration that N-ethylglycine is the metabolite of lidocaine that interferes in the Kodak sarcosine oxidase-coupled method for creatinine. AB - Patients receiving lidocaine may show false increases of serum creatinine as assayed by the single-slide method on the Kodak Ektachem 700. Bissell et al. (Clin Chem 1987;33:951) suggested that this interference was due to oxidation of N-ethylglycine (NEG), a previously uncharacterized metabolite of lidocaine, by the sarcosine oxidase preparation used in the Ektachem creatinine slide. To investigate this possibility, we synthesized NEG, added it to drug-free human serum, and analyzed the NEG-supplemented sera for creatinine with the Ektachem 700. We found the following linear relationships between creatinine bias (y, mg/L) and NEG concentration (x, mg/L) for first (I), third (III), and fourth (IV) generation slides: I: y = 1.70x - 0.8 mg/L (n = 13, r = 1.0) III: y = 0.39x - 0.3 mg/L (n = 3, r = 1.0) IV: y = 0.79x - 1.8 mg/L (n = 13, r = 1.0) Using HPLC, we directly demonstrated the presence of NEG in sera of patients receiving lidocaine and quantified NEG concentrations in sera from four of these patients. The increasing artifactual bias in creatinine with increasing NEG concentration unequivocally confirmed that NEG is responsible for the lidocaine-associated interference in the Kodak Ektachem single-slide creatinine method. PMID- 3197305 TI - Concentrations of serotonin in plasma--a test for appendicitis? AB - We assessed the value of measuring serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in plasma (by HPLC) in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Values for patients with subsequently confirmed appendicitis (11-145 nmol/L, median 70 nmol/L) significantly (P congruent to 0.005) exceeded those for patients with abdominal pain in whom appendicitis was only a possible diagnosis (2-45 nmol/L, median 20 nmol/L). The results for appendicitis patients were bimodally distributed, with low results found in patients where surgery revealed gangrenous appendicitis with little viable appendicular tissue. We conclude that measuring serotonin may be of value in confirming or excluding the diagnosis of early acute appendicitis where the physical signs are equivocal, and thus helps reduce unnecessary appendectomies. However, serotonin is of little help in diagnosing gangrenous appendicitis, where physical signs are more likely to be clearcut. PMID- 3197306 TI - Enzyme abnormalities of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - We determined the enzyme activities of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase in serum from 23 normal controls, 27 anti-HIV seropositive individuals confirmed by Western blot, and 53 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There is a significant difference for all four enzyme activities among controls, HIV seropositive individuals, and patients with AIDS, the enzyme activities showing a progressive increase as the disease progresses. Evidently these enzyme measurements may be adjunctive biochemical markers for progression of AIDS. PMID- 3197307 TI - New kinetic method for creatinine measurement now automated in the Cobas Fara centrifugal analyzer. PMID- 3197308 TI - The "Easy 6160" analyzer evaluated. PMID- 3197309 TI - Rapid bioluminescent measurement of human erythrocyte ATP content. PMID- 3197310 TI - Antibody inhibition procedure for myocardial (CK-MB) isoenzyme determination by a modified program on the Technicon RA-1000 analyzer. PMID- 3197311 TI - Relationship between serum cholinesterase activity and duration of succinylcholine action in subjects with the "usual" phenotype for the enzyme. PMID- 3197312 TI - HPLC determination of etofenamate and flufenamic acid in biological material. PMID- 3197313 TI - Improved uric acid assay in the Paramax. PMID- 3197314 TI - Interference in a luminometric enzyme-labeled analog assay for free T4. PMID- 3197315 TI - Increased fibrinogen concentration as determined simultaneously with antithrombin III. PMID- 3197316 TI - Is a "super-sensitive" thyrotropin assay ("Magic Lite") of more diagnostic value? PMID- 3197317 TI - Lyophilizing effects on cerebrospinal fluid stored at -70 degrees C. PMID- 3197318 TI - Escape from blockade of interfering heterophile antibodies in a two-site immunoradiometric assay for thyrotropin. AB - Sandwich-type immunoassays in which mouse monoclonal antibodies are used are subject to positive interference by heterophile antibodies present in human serum. Manufacturers now customarily add nonspecific mouse immunoglobulins to absorb the heterophile antibodies and eliminate such interference. We describe the case of a patient who had spurious increases in thyrotropin concentration in serum despite use of the mouse immunoglobulins included in the assay kit. This resulted in a puzzling clinical picture, a workup, and treatment. We demonstrate that the observed increases in thyrotropin were markedly reduced by including additional amounts of mouse immunoglobulins of the appropriate class, subclass, and fragment type in the assay mixture. PMID- 3197319 TI - Lactulose interferes in the alkaline picrate assay for creatinine. AB - Errors of more than 10 mg/L in measured serum creatinine concentrations were encountered for an azotemic patient who was given lactulose orally. The magnitude of the apparent error fluctuated with the dose of lactulose. Additions of lactulose to serum produced a linear increase in the creatinine measured by each of two automated methods that involve use of the alkaline picrate (Jaffe) reaction. A lactulose concentration of 100 g/L produced positive interferences of 30 and 65 mg/L in kinetic (Beckman Astra) and continuous-flow (Technicon SMAC) assays, respectively, but caused no problem in an enzymatic assay for creatinine. The results of creatinine assays must be interpreted with caution in patients treated with lactulose. PMID- 3197320 TI - An unusual case of toluene-induced metabolic acidosis. AB - We used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze serum specimens from a patient whose metabolic ketoacidosis resulted from sniffing a toluene-containing substance; we also analyzed a sample of the abused substance itself and a serum specimen from a normal subject. The blood samples from the patient showed abnormally high concentrations of acetoacetic, azelaic, benzoic, and 3 hydroxybutyric acids, and a smaller amount of hippuric acid than in the control serum. The ketone bodies and benzoic acid appeared to be factors contributing to her acidosis and ketosis. Analysis for volatile solvents in the patient's serum revealed a low concentration of methyl acetate, in contrast to the high concentrations of toluene and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and the trace concentration of xylene in the abused substance. We consider this case unusual because the presence and concentration of specific ketoacids was unexpected in light of what was known about the patient. PMID- 3197321 TI - Secretion of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme by an immature teratoma with predominant rhabdomyosarcomatous elements. AB - A 37-year-old man with metastatic immature (malignant) teratoma with prominent rhabdomyosarcomatous elements had markedly increased activity of creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) MB in serum. There was no electrocardiographic evidence of infarction or ischemia, and autopsy revealed no myocardial infarction, significant coronary atherosclerosis, myocarditis, or invasion of the heart by tumor. A high proportion of the creatine kinase activity in a homogenate of the tumor was attributable to the MB isoenzyme. Persistent increases of creatine kinase-MB and an unusually high MB isoenzyme activity, out of proportion to total creatine kinase activity, may indicate a nonmyocardial origin of this isoenzyme. PMID- 3197322 TI - Transient increase in CK-BB after a road traffic accident. PMID- 3197323 TI - More on rapid detection of urinary albumin at low concentration. PMID- 3197324 TI - Assay for digoxin-like immunoreactive substance--loss of sensitivity. PMID- 3197325 TI - Effect of interassay precision on diagnostic accuracy. PMID- 3197326 TI - What is serum ornithine decarboxylase? PMID- 3197327 TI - CK-MB assay specificity. PMID- 3197328 TI - The NEAT program: an innovative student recruitment strategy. PMID- 3197329 TI - [Intramuscular hemangiomas. Case description]. PMID- 3197330 TI - [Malignant cyst of the neck. Diagnostic pitfall for clinicians and pathologists]. PMID- 3197331 TI - [Clinical and morphological features of intraoral mesenchymomas]. PMID- 3197332 TI - [Malignant Schwannoma (neurilemmoma) with first manifestation in the buccal area]. PMID- 3197333 TI - [Multiocular calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT)]. PMID- 3197334 TI - [Periosteal fasciitis in the jaw area]. PMID- 3197335 TI - [The period of hard substance formation in compound composite odontomas. A clinical/radiographic documentation]. PMID- 3197336 TI - [Oxygen pressure distributions in the center and periphery of malignant head-and neck tumors]. PMID- 3197337 TI - [Comparative histoautoradiographic and histological studies in benign and precancerous leukoplakias of the human buccal mucosa]. PMID- 3197338 TI - [Natural killer cell activity in lichen planus]. PMID- 3197339 TI - [Immunohistochemical studies of the oral mucosa in chronic alcoholics]. PMID- 3197340 TI - [Clinical use of non-specific antibiotic treatment for infections of the maxillofacial area]. PMID- 3197341 TI - [Toxicity of cisplatin and etoposide in patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head-and-neck area]. PMID- 3197342 TI - [Heat generation at the site of osteotomy]. PMID- 3197343 TI - [Surgical tooth preservation and rhinocystectomy for extensive cysts of the anterior upper jaw]. PMID- 3197344 TI - [Trauma-induced changes in the EEG after injuries to the visceral cranium]. PMID- 3197345 TI - Outcome of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients 66 years of age and older. AB - The outcome at three months after aneurysmal SAH in a group of older patients and a group of younger patients is compared. The patients were admitted within 72 hours of their SAH. Of 61 patients 66 years of age and older, comprising 13% of the whole patient group, 52% died, 12% remained dependent and 36% became independent. In the younger group, 55% had an independent outcome (p less than 0.01). In contrast to what we expected in the older patient group, not extracranial, but intracranial events (re-bleeds, infarcts, hydrocephalus) were by far the most frequent cause of deterioration. PMID- 3197346 TI - The effect of fludrocortisone acetate on plasma volume and natriuresis in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - In order to prevent hypovolemia fludrocortisone acetate treatment was started on admission in 39 consecutive patients with CT evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. In 28 patients an aneurysm was proven or probable, and in 21 of these the effects of fludrocortisone acetate on sodium balance and on plasma volume could be studied. In the first five days plasma volume decreased more than 10% in four patients, decreased less than 10% in five and increased in 12. The cumulative sodium balance measured over five days was negative in seven of the 21 patients. Plasma renin values were measured in 15 of the 21 patients and also in stored samples of 18 patients who were not treated with fludrocortisone acetate. Plasma renin values were less high in patients treated with fludrocortisone acetate, regardless of the presence of a negative sodium balance. In three of the 39 patients signs of pulmonary edema developed, and low serum potassium values were observed in four of the 21 patients. In comparison with previous studies, these findings suggest that fludrocortisone acetate is an effective method of decreasing the incidence of volume depletion and negative sodium balance. PMID- 3197347 TI - Autonomic dysfunction in recent onset and advanced Parkinson's disease. AB - Cardiovascular autonomic nerve function and its relation to the clinical variables of untreated recent onset and levodopa-treated advanced disease parkinsonian patients were studied. Heart rate variations were diminished in both groups when compared with age-matched controls. An orthostatic blood pressure drop was found in both disease groups. The drop was stronger and related to the levodopa dose in the advanced disease group. In conclusion, 1) in Parkinson's disease a parasympathetic damage occurs which worsens during the course of the disease, 2) the orthostatic fall in blood pressure, indicating a sympathetic dysfunction, is partly due to the disease itself and partly due to levodopa treatment. PMID- 3197348 TI - Transmission of HIV and AIDS by plasmapheresis for Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - A 58-year-old patient suffering from Guillain-Barre syndrome was successfully treated with plasma exchange therapy. Two- and half year later she developed AIDS. The only risk factor of this patient was plasmapheresis and it appeared, retrospectively, that one of the plasma donor samples contained antibodies to HIV. Knowing the exact moment of infection of our patient we documented the transfer of HIV antibodies from donor to patient, a HIV antigen peak two weeks after transmission (reflecting the initial virus replication in the patient) and subsequently the occurrence of patients' HIV antibodies and the reoccurrence of HIV antigen at the moment AIDS was diagnosed. PMID- 3197349 TI - Gradenigo's syndrome: a rare complication of otitis media. AB - A 58-year-old woman developed Gradenigo's syndrome. The clinical signs and symptoms of the otitis were rather atypical and there was a considerable delay before the correct diagnosis was made. The pathophysiology, therapy and differential diagnosis of this syndrome, which has become rare since the introduction of antibiotics, are discussed. PMID- 3197350 TI - Brain abscess--an unusual complication of cavernous sinus thrombosis. A case report. AB - An unusual case of multilocular brain abscess is reported in a 14-year-old girl, following cavernous sinus thrombosis. In absence of any other source of infection the cavernous sinus thrombosis is presumed as the cause of brain abscess. Possible pathogenesis is discussed. PMID- 3197351 TI - Solitary thalamic abscess. AB - Solitary thalamic abscess is a rare entity and very few cases are reported in the literature. A case of congenital heart disease presenting with solitary thalamic abscess and successful management by simple burrhole aspiration is reported. PMID- 3197352 TI - Abnormal EMG and SSEP in a young child with an ependymoma. AB - We report our findings on a case of ependymoma in a one-year-old boy. A partial paresis of the left arm was found but the EEG and BAEP were normal. The EMG showed fibrillations and positive sharp waves in the paretic muscles and the SSEP showed a far field negativity. After removal of the cerebral process all neurophysiologic findings normalized. We discuss a hypothesis for the established clinical neurophysiological findings. PMID- 3197353 TI - Chondroma of the cervical spine. AB - Chondroma is a benign cartilaginous tumor and rarely seen as a spinal cord tumor. The authors report a case of cervical chondroma with cord compression signs. After the total surgical removal of the lesion neurological recovery was seen, but one year later recurrence occurred with no sarcomatous transformation. PMID- 3197354 TI - Intraosseous schwannoma of the cervical spine associated with skeletal fluorosis. AB - Intraosseous Schwannoma of the cervical spine is very rare. Its association with skeletal fluorosis is also extremely rare. A case of successfully treated intraosseous neurofibroma of the cervical spine associated with skeletal fluorosis causing tetraparesis is reported. The clinical features, diagnostic aspects and the management is described and the literature is reviewed. PMID- 3197355 TI - Cerebral infarction in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Cerebral involvement associated with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis is rare. It is not influenced by treatment and the presentation can be varied. We describe a case of cerebral infarction secondary to vasculitis in a child with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3197356 TI - Aphonia as the only speech disturbance from bilateral paramedian thalamic infarction. AB - We examined a 55-year-old right-handed woman showing transient coma, amnesia, mild right hemiparesis, vertical gaze impairment and aphonia without aphasia. CT scanning revealed bilateral paramedian thalamic infarction in the territory of the thalamo-subthalamic paramedian arteries. Aphonia may occur as a consequence of thalamic lesions, but until now it has not been described as an isolated speech disturbance. PMID- 3197357 TI - Neurological manifestations of the hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). AB - The hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare disease, characterized by a long lasting hypereosinophilia of the blood and the marrow and by the presence of varying internal symptoms and frequent neurological signs. These latter can be as well central: encephalomalacy, organic psycho-syndrome, as peripheral: polyneuropathy or mononeuropathia multiplex, autonomic neuropathy and in rare cases a polymyositis. The disease clinically resembles very to periarteriitis nodosa (PAN). However, the prognosis of HES is far better, especially when early recognized and adequately treated. PMID- 3197358 TI - Acute confusional migraine. Case report and review of literature. AB - The history of a girl is described who experienced two separate episodes of acute confusion with agitation. The first occurred at the age of four after a mild head injury, the second recently at the age of thirteen after prolonged physical effort. EEG's performed during both episodes showed marked diffuse slowing. Both clinical picture and EEG normalized rapidly. Clinical features and prompt recovery made the diagnosis 'acute confusional migraine' most likely. The relevant literature and importance of recognizing the syndrome are discussed PMID- 3197359 TI - Scientific meetings of The Netherlands Society of Child Neurology. Abstracts. PMID- 3197360 TI - Lustrum scientific meeting of the Flemish Society of Neuro-Psychiatry. Knokke, 28th May 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3197361 TI - Scientific meeting of The Netherlands Society of Neurology. Nijmegen, 28th May 1988. PMID- 3197363 TI - Defining the true therapeutics and clinical pharmacology curriculum in a Canadian medical school: implications for change. AB - Concern over rational drug therapy has led to the close scrutiny of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics teaching. Course syllabuses and timetables portray the official curriculum but rarely reflect true pharmacology and content. The teaching of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics can be uniquely and comprehensively analyzed with a computer-based curriculum data base that has the capacity to identify overlap, integration, omissions, and correlations. We have developed such a system and applied it to the analysis of one medical school curriculum. Pharmacology and therapeutics teaching represents 22% of the curriculum; however, the majority occurs outside the pharmacology-controlled courses. Overlap is extensive and unplanned. Our data indicate that the true curriculum differs greatly from that in curriculum schedules and probably from that in the minds of most curriculum planners and teachers. Collaboration among pharmacologists and clinical pharmacologists and many other curriculum officers and teachers is essential if education in this area is to be improved. PMID- 3197362 TI - Bradykinin is increased during acute and chronic inflammation: therapeutic implications. AB - Bradykinin is a potent pain-producing substance, yet little is known about its role in inflammation. The present study measured circulating levels of immunoreactive bradykinin in a clinical model of acute inflammation (oral surgery) and chronic inflammation (rheumatoid arthritis) and in the rat carrageenan model of inflammation. The effects of a kallikrein inhibitor (soybean trypsin inhibitor) on blocking bradykinin synthesis in vitro and its analgesic actions in the rat model were also evaluated. Levels of immunoreactive bradykinin increased threefold to fourfold during oral surgery. Levels were twofold to threefold greater in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with control subjects. Levels of immunoreactive bradykinin increased twofold in rats during carrageenan inflammation. Soybean trypsin inhibitor blocked synthesis of bradykinin in vitro and possessed analgesic activity in rats. The results indicate that the bradykinin system is activated during inflammation. Kallikrein inhibitors may represent a new class of analgesic/antiinflammatory drugs. PMID- 3197364 TI - Maternal and neonatal urinary excretion of sulfate and glucuronide ritodrine conjugates. AB - Ritodrine is a beta 2-adrenergic agonist that is used clinically for the management of preterm labor. The beta 2 activity of ritodrine produces the relaxation of smooth muscles and is believed to act directly on the beta 2 receptors of the myometrium. Reports in the literature suggest that ritodrine is inactivated by sulfate and glucuronide conjugation, but this has not been verified in humans. Studies on animal models indicate that the sulfate conjugate is a major urinary metabolite of ritodrine. Recent investigations of maternal and neonatal urinary excretion of ritodrine indicate that 80% to 90% of the drug is in the form of conjugates. The purpose of this study was to determine the nature of these conjugates. Our study indicates that both the mother and neonate excrete glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of ritodrine. The sulfate conjugate accounts for 45% of maternal excretion and 66% of neonatal excretion; the glucuronide conjugate accounts for 38% and 23% of maternal and neonatal excretion, respectively. Significantly different metabolic profiles suggest that the neonate may be capable of forming conjugated metabolites of ritodrine. PMID- 3197366 TI - Phenytoin pharmacokinetics in critically ill trauma patients. AB - Preliminary data have suggested that phenytoin systemic clearance may increase during initial therapy in critically ill patients. The objectives for this study were to model the time-variant phenytoin clearance and evaluate concomitant changes in protein binding and urinary metabolite elimination. Phenytoin was given as an intravenous loading dose of 15 mg/kg followed by an initial maintenance dose of 6 mg/kg/day in 10 adult critically ill trauma patients. Phenytoin bound and unbound plasma concentrations were determined in 10 patients and urinary excretion of the metabolite p-hydroxyphenyl phenylhydantoin (p-HPPH) was measured in seven patients for 7 to 14 days. A Michaelis-Menten one compartment model incorporating a time-variant maximal velocity (Vmax) was sufficient to describe the data and superior to a conventional time-invariant Michaelis-Menten model. Vmax for the time-variant model was defined as V'max + Vmax delta (1 - e(-kindt)). Vmax infinity is the value for Vmax when t is large. The median values (ranges) for the parameters were Km = 4.8 (2.6 to 20) mg/L, Vmax infinity = 1348 (372 to 4741) mg/day, and kind = 0.0115 (0.0045 to 0.132) hr 1. Phenytoin free fraction increased in a majority of patients during the study period, with a binding ratio inversely related to albumin. Measured urinary p HPPH data were consistent with the proposed model. A loading and constant maintenance dose of phenytoin frequently yielded a substantial, clinically significant fall in plasma concentrations with a pattern of apparently increasing clearance that may be a consequence of changes in protein binding, induction of metabolism, or the influence of stress on hepatic metabolic capacity. PMID- 3197365 TI - Disposition of a flow-limited drug (lidocaine) and a metabolic capacity-limited drug (theophylline) in liver cirrhosis. AB - The plasma clearance after oral administration of a completely absorbed drug that is metabolized by the liver depends on its intrinsic clearance. In cirrhosis the bioavailability of a flow-dependent drug increases because of both portosystemic shunting and hepatocyte dysfunction. A drug with a high extraction ratio, lidocaine, and a drug with a low extraction ratio, theophylline, were administered to 27 patients with cirrhosis and 16 control subjects. We found a significant impairment of both theophylline clearance (p less than 0.001) and lidocaine clearance (p less than 0.001) and an increase in the lidocaine peak concentration (p less than 0.001). The three parameters were significantly correlated with each other. The impairment of theophylline metabolism did not correlate with other indexes of disease severity, whereas lidocaine clearance was lower and lidocaine peak level higher in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and evidence of portal hypertension. Thus impairment in lidocaine disposition, which reflects both hepatocyte dysfunction and portosystemic shunting, correlated closer with the severity of liver disease than did theophylline metabolism. PMID- 3197367 TI - Ventilatory effects of single, high-dose triazolam in awake human subjects. AB - The respiratory-depressant effect of the benzodiazepine-derived hypnotic triazolam was investigated with a single oral dose at two and three times the usual dosage in 62 awake normal subjects. A randomized, double-blind protocol compared the following groups: (1) placebo, (2) triazolam, 1.0 mg, (3) triazolam, 1.5 mg, and (4) morphine, 0.15 mg/kg. Differences between predrug and postdrug administration were compared. Minute ventilation (Ve), end-tidal PCO2, and the ventilatory response to CO2 (Ve/PCO2) were preserved with both 1.0 mg and 1.5 mg triazolam compared with placebo. Triazolam caused an increase in breathing frequency (+21% to 50%; p less than 0.05) as a result of a shortening of inspiratory time. Triazolam was associated with a higher Ve corrected for CO2 production and Ve/PCO2 compared with morphine. We concluded that a single dose of triazolam at two and three times the usual level does not cause respiratory depression in awake, normal subjects but does alter respiratory cycle timing causing an increase in breathing frequency. PMID- 3197368 TI - Sore throat pain in the evaluation of mild analgesics. AB - A double-blind, single-dose parallel study was conducted to assess refinements of a previously tested model for evaluating treatment of sore throat pain. Patients with tonsillopharyngitis randomly received either 400 mg ibuprofen (n = 39), 1000 mg acetaminophen (n = 40), or placebo (n = 41). At hourly intervals for 6 hours the patients reported pain intensity and pain relief on conventional scales and two sensory qualities of throat pain ("swollen throat" and "difficulty swallowing") on two new visual analog scales. Both active agents were significantly more effective than placebo for all efficacy measurements (p less than 0.01). Ibuprofen, 400 mg, was more effective than acetaminophen, 1000 mg, on all rating scales, conventional and new, at all time points after 2 hours and overall (p less than 0.01). There were no side effects. We conclude that sore throat is a pain model that can be used to discriminate between active medication and placebo, as well as between two effective over-the-counter analgesics. PMID- 3197369 TI - Therapeutic drug monitoring. PMID- 3197371 TI - Acute effect of smoking on rebreathing carbon monoxide, breath-hold carbon monoxide and alveolar oxygen. AB - 1. The rise ('boost') in carboxyhaemoglobin (HbCO) on smoking has been studied with alveolar carbon monoxide measurements before and after smoking a cigarette. We re-examined this in 28 subjects with HbCO values compared with rebreathing carbon monoxide [FACO(Rb)] and breath-hold alveolar carbon monoxide and oxygen concentrations, obtained after a 20 s breath-hold [FACO(Bh) and FAO2(Bh), respectively]. Tests were done in the order FACO(Bh) and FAO2(Bh), FACO(Rb), FACO(Bh) and FAO2(Bh) before and after smoking a single cigarette, with HbCO being measured 1 min before and after smoking. 2. The changes were expressed as the relative boost: (Post value-pre value)/(Pre value + post value)/2 X 100 For HbCO the average value was 23.7%, but the FACO(Rb) boost was only 9.8%. The first post-smoking FACO(Bh) boost was 3.9% (5.0 min after smoking), rising to 8.5% 9.4 min later. 3. The FAO2(Bh) values fell from a mean of 15.4% before smoking to 14.3% (5.0 min after smoking) then recovered to 15.4% 9.4 min later, suggesting a transient effect on pulmonary gas exchange. Correction of the first post-smoke FACO(Bh) data for this effect increased the relative boost to 11.5%. Routine FAO2(Bh) measurements may be useful in further smoking studies. 4. We conclude that none of the alveolar sampling techniques gives a reliable measurement of the acute HbCO changes associated with smoking. PMID- 3197370 TI - Angiotensin II augments sympathetically induced venoconstriction in man. AB - 1. The constriction produced by a single deep breath was measured simultaneously in two adjacent hand veins in normal volunteers. One vein was infused with angiotensin II (ANG II) while the other acted as a control. 2. At a dose lower than that required to produce direct venous constriction (1 pmol/min), ANG II significantly augmented the constriction caused by a deep breath in eight subjects (P less than 0.01). The same dose had no effect on the venoconstriction caused by infused noradrenaline (NA) in a further six subjects. 3. It is concluded that ANG II at low doses may cause venoconstriction indirectly by augmenting sympathetically induced venous tone via a presynaptic mechanism. This observation may help to explain the apparent venodilating property of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in clinical situations where the renin-angiotensin system is stimulated. PMID- 3197372 TI - Mechanism of the postural vasoconstrictor response in the human foot. AB - 1. The mechanism of postural vasoconstriction in the skin of the foot was examined in 102 healthy subjects by using laser Doppler flowmetry. 2. In 45 subjects, when one foot was lowered 50 cm below heart level and the other foot kept horizontal, blood flow was progressively reduced in the dependent foot (by 79%) with a concomitant, but less pronounced, reduction in flow in the horizontal foot (by 18%), indicating that a central mechanism is involved. After lumbar sympathetic blockade (in 10 patients with epidural anaesthesia), the flow in the horizontal foot remained virtually constant, indicating that the central component is mainly mediated via efferent sympathetic nerves, whereas the postural fall in flow in the dependent foot, though partially attenuated, was preserved, indicating that a local mechanism is mainly involved. 3. On lowering one foot below heart level in 12 subjects, there was a small but significant reduction in systolic and mean arterial pressures during the first minute of dependency. During the fourth minute, systolic pressure decreased, diastolic pressure and heart rate increased, but the mean arterial pressure was maintained. 4. In 19 subjects postural vasoconstriction was nearly abolished during local nervous blockade (lignocaine 3.7 x 10(-4)-7.4 x 10(-2) mol/l), indicating that the local mechanism mediating the vasoconstriction is mainly neurogenic in nature. However, there was still a small fall (19%) in flow in the dependent foot during blockade, probably indicating a minor contribution of a local myogenic mechanism.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197373 TI - Effect of intravenous infusion of adrenaline on the cardiovascular responses to distal body subatmospheric pressure in man. AB - 1. On two separate occasions, at least 1 week apart, seven young healthy male subjects received intravenous infusions of either adrenaline [0.27 nmol (50 ng) min-1 kg-1] or saline (154 mmol/l NaCl), plus ascorbic acid (5.68 mmol/l), over 30 min. 2. On each occasion, the subjects were exposed to distal body subatmospheric pressure (DBSP), 0 to 50 mmHg (0 to 6.65 kPa) in 10 mmHg (1.33 kPa) steps, before infusion, during the final 15 min of the infusion, and at 15 min and 30 min after the cessation of the infusion. 3. Venous adrenaline concentrations of 2.85 +/- 0.22 nmol/l were achieved during the adrenaline infusion, compared with 0.49 +/- 0.07 nmol/l during the saline infusion (P less than 0.001). At 15 min and at 30 min after cessation of the adrenaline infusion, venous adrenaline concentrations had fallen to levels similar to those achieved after the cessation of the saline infusion. 4. Heart rate rose significantly from 58 +/- 4 beats/min to 67 +/- 4 beats/min during the adrenaline infusion (P less than 0.05), but there was no further significant change in response to 50 mmHg (6.65 kPa) DBSP. At 30 min after the cessation of the adrenaline infusion, heart rate rose from 60 +/- 4 beats/min to 78 +/- 7 beats/min in response to 50 mmHg DBSP. This increase was significantly greater than that observed before the adrenaline infusion [58 +/- 4 beats/min to 69 +/- 7 beats/min during 50 mmHg (6.65 kPa) DBSP; P less than 0.01].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197374 TI - Muscle wasting in emphysema. AB - 1. We have investigated arteriovenous exchanges of tyrosine and 3-methylhistidine across leg tissue in the postabsorptive state as specific indicators of net protein balance and myofibrillar protein breakdown, respectively, in eight patients with emphysema and in 11 healthy controls. Whole-body protein turnover was measured using L-[1-13C]leucine. 2. Leg efflux of tyrosine was increased by 47% in emphysematous patients compared with normal control subjects, but 3 methylhistidine efflux was not significantly altered. 3. In emphysema, whole-body leucine flux was normal, whole-body leucine oxidation was increased, and whole body protein synthesis was depressed. 4. These results indicate that the predominant mechanism of muscle wasting in emphysema is a fall in muscle protein synthesis, which is accompanied by an overall fall in whole-body protein turnover. PMID- 3197375 TI - Free and total carnitine and acylcarnitine content of plasma, urine, liver and muscle of alcoholics. AB - 1. Plasma and urine free and total carnitine and acylcarnitine levels were assayed in 12 control subjects and 20 chronic alcoholics with fatty liver. Although the alcoholics had a wider range of values than the controls, there was no significant difference between the two groups. 2. Hepatic free and total carnitine and long- and short-chain acylcarnitines were assayed by a radioenzymatic method in samples from seven control subjects and seven alcoholics. No significant differences in any of the indices were noted between the patient and control groups and it was concluded that carnitine deficiency did not contribute to alcoholic fatty liver in patients without cirrhosis. 3. Skeletal muscle free and total carnitine and long- and short-chain acylcarnitines were assayed in eight alcoholics and seven control subjects. The alcoholics had significantly higher total and free carnitine levels. It is suggested that this reflects a selective enrichment of the biopsy sample with type I carnitine-rich fibres due to the type II fibre atrophy found in approximately half the patients. PMID- 3197376 TI - Hyponatraemia in quadriplegic patients. AB - 1. Studies were performed in five hyponatraemic (plasma sodium 129 +/- 1.6 mmol/l; plasma osmolality 268 +/- 3.0 mosmol/kg) quadriplegic patients in order to elucidate its aetiology. Five age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. 2. Daily urine volumes were high (4454 +/- 624 ml) in the quadriplegic patients secondary to habitually increased fluid intake. 3. All quadriplegic patients had suppressed plasma arginine vasopressin levels (less than 0.8 pmol/l) and were able to form dilute urine after a water load (20 ml/kg). However, free water clearance and the ability to excrete the water load were frequently impaired, and these defects were associated with reductions in both osmolar clearance and delivery of filtrate to the distal diluting sites of the nephron. 4. During hypertonic saline (5%, w/v, NaCl) infusion, plasma arginine vasopressin rose progressively before plasma osmolality reached the normal range, consistent with a resetting of the osmostat. 5. We conclude that hyponatraemia in quadriplegic patients is related to an intrarenal defect in water excretion and resetting of the osmostat coupled with increased fluid intake. PMID- 3197377 TI - Hypercortisolism and skeletal muscle injury in chronic alcoholics. PMID- 3197378 TI - FDA approves marketing of diclofenac. PMID- 3197379 TI - Study suggests added benefit from combined aspirin--streptokinase therapy after myocardial infarction. PMID- 3197380 TI - Storing extra calibration curves in the TDx assay system. PMID- 3197381 TI - Clindamycin pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration after head and neck surgery. AB - Penetration of clindamycin into surgical wounds was studied in 10 patients undergoing radical head and neck surgery. Patients received one preoperative and three postoperative intravenous doses of clindamycin 600 mg. During surgery, samples of plasma and sternocleidomastoid muscle were obtained. Additional plasma samples were collected just before the fourth dose of clindamycin, just after that dose was infused, and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after dosing. Samples of wound exudate were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after the fourth dose. The muscle, plasma, and wound exudate samples were assayed for clindamycin base by a gas-liquid chromatographic method. Plasma and wound exudate samples obtained during surgery and one and eight hours after the fourth dose were assayed by a radial immunodiffusion technique for content of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG), the major binding protein for clindamycin. Pharmacokinetic values for plasma and wound drainage were calculated and compared. Concentrations of clindamycin in muscle (three to six hours after the first dose) ranged from 0.6 to 5.1 micrograms/g; the ratio of tissue to plasma concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 0.82. The highest mean clindamycin concentration in wound drainage was 4.9 micrograms/mL after the fourth dose, approximately 90% of simultaneous plasma concentrations. Concentrations in wound exudate exceeded those measured in plasma four hours after the dose, and elimination from the wound was slower than from plasma. AAG concentrations in plasma increased from a mean of 89 mg/dL intraoperatively to 134 mg/dL postoperatively. AAG was present in wound exudate in concentrations that were approximately 53% of those observed in plasma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197382 TI - Lack of endogenous crossreactivity with three digitoxin radioimmunoassays in adults with renal insufficiency. AB - The possibility of interference by apparent digitoxin-like immunoreactive substance (DTLIS) with three radioimmunoassays was studied in patients with renal insufficiency. From each of 25 adult patients with renal insufficiency and 25 age matched and sex-matched control subjects with normal renal function, a single serum sample was obtained and assayed for digitoxin content by three commercially available radioimmunoassays (GammaCoat, Coat-A-Count, and the Wien assay). Although two of the three assays found measurable concentrations, the difference in apparent digitoxin concentrations between the control subjects and those with renal insufficiency was not significant. Assay interference could not be explained on the basis of differences in age, serum creatinine concentration, or weight. The magnitude of DTLIS interference in relation to the digitoxin therapeutic range appears to be small with the radioimmunoassays used in this study. PMID- 3197383 TI - Effect of influenza vaccine on serum concentrations of total and free phenytoin. PMID- 3197384 TI - Efficacy of 0.9% sodium chloride injection with or without heparin sodium for maintaining patency of intravenous catheters in children. PMID- 3197385 TI - Morphine concentrations in plasma, ascitic fluid, and nasogastric aspirate fluid during high-dose intravenous morphine infusion. PMID- 3197386 TI - Probable anaphylactoid reaction to a pyrethrin pediculocide shampoo. PMID- 3197387 TI - In vivo utilization of [3-14C]acetoacetate for lipid and amino acid synthesis in the 15-day-old chick. AB - 1. The utilization of different concentrations of acetoacetate for the in vivo synthesis of lipids and amino acids has been studied in brain, spinal cord, liver, small intestine and kidney of 15-day-old chicks. Both lipid and amino acid synthesis increased in an almost linear fashion with precursor concentration in the five tissues mentioned. 2. Lipid synthesis was very high in spinal cord, followed in decreasing order by brain, small intestine, liver and kidney. At the highest concentration assayed (48 mM) the main lipids synthesized were triglycerides in liver (75%) and kidney (52%) and cholesterol in brain (47%), spinal cord (47%) and small intestine (42%). 3. Amino acid synthesis from acetoacetate did not vary markedly among the five organs, although brain and spinal cord showed higher rates at the maximal concentrations of precursor. Glutamate was always the main amino acid formed. PMID- 3197388 TI - Hepatic gluconeogenesis and mitochondrial function during hibernation. AB - 1. The aim of these studies was to investigate a mitochondrial basis for changes in gluconeogenesis during hibernation. 2. State 3 respiration rates in liver mitochondria from hibernating ground squirrels were reduced by 62-66%. The limiting reaction appeared to be electron transport, particularly in respiratory complex III. 3. The mitochondrial ATP + ADP + AMP content was reduced by 29% during hibernation; cellular adenine nucleotide content was unchanged. 4. Pyruvate carboxylation in intact mitochondria was decreased 75% during hibernation, although total pyruvate carboxylase activity was not lower. 5. Rates of gluconeogenesis in intact hepatocytes isolated from hibernators were lower than in cells from non-hibernators. PMID- 3197389 TI - The measurement of plasma vitellogenin levels in a marine teleost, the spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) by homologous radioimmunoassay. AB - 1. Vitellogenin was purified from plasma of estrogen-treated spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) and was shown to be a protein of approximately 200,000 mol. wt. 2. Antisera were raised against the isolated protein and were used to develop a radioimmunoassay for spotted seatrout vitellogenin. 3. The substance measured was shown to be female-specific, hepatically-derived, estrogen-inducible and immunologically related to oocyte yolk proteins. 4. Vitellogenin levels in the plasma of female spotted seatrout were shown to rise dramatically during the period of ovarian recrudescence. PMID- 3197390 TI - Lymph esterases of the house mouse (Mus musculus)--I. Identification and possible origins of abdominal lymph esterases. AB - 1. Abdominal lymph was obtained from Mus musculus by cannulation of the thoracic duct: lymph esterases were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Seven known esterases (ES-1, ES-2, ES-5, ES-27, SE-I, SE-II and SE-III) and a newly described activity (SE-IV) were demonstrated, all of which were also present in serum. 2. Electrophoretic staining intensities indicated that the lymph esterases were less concentrated than the corresponding activities in serum, with the single exception of ES-2. This finding was supported by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis of ES-1 and ES-2 (two allozymes each). 3. The jejunum appeared to be the origin of lymph ES-2 by a comparison of organ distribution of the allozymes ES-2B and ES-2D and by monitoring the re-appearance of ES-2 in several organs, serum and lymph after total inhibition in vivo by bis p-nitrophenyl phosphate. PMID- 3197391 TI - Lymph esterases of the house mouse (Mus musculus)--II. The role of esterase-2 in fat resorption. AB - 1. Intralipid infusion into the duodenum of Mus musculus was accompanied by changes in lymph and serum concentrations of two esterase isozymes, ES-1 and ES 2. Whereas ES-1 levels declined in both lymph and serum, ES-2 levels increased 5 fold in lymph within 120 min, and fell to a plateau 3- to 4-fold the fasting level; serum levels of ES-2 increased continually. 2. The changes in lymph ES-2 concentrations were paralleled by lymph triglyceride concentration during Intralipid infusion. Genetically determined differences in the concentration of two allozymes, ES-2B and ES-2D, were reflected in differences in lymph triglyceride levels. The lymph triglyceride concentration was strongly correlated with approximately the cube root of the lymph ES-2 concentration for both allozymes. 3. The source of lymph ES-2 during fat resorption was probably an intracellular jejunal pool; serum ES-2 also re-entered the lymph but this fraction was not influenced by fat resorption. 4. Purified chylomicrons possessed no esterase activity; however, it was postulated that ES-2 plays an essential role in fat resorption and is extruded with the primary chylomicrons from the enterocyte. PMID- 3197393 TI - Hemolysates from guinea-pig reticulocytes also efficiently translate added mRNA. AB - 1. Lysate is prepared from guinea-pig reticulocytes and its translation activity is compared both quantitatively and qualitatively with that found in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. 2. Guinea-pigs are comparatively resistant to acetylphenylhydrazine, a drug used to induce reticulocytosis in rabbits. 3. The characteristics and conditions for maximal translation activity in guinea-pig reticulocyte lysates are quite similar to those described for rabbit reticulocyte systems with the possible exception of the components necessary for providing high energy phosphate bonds. 4. Both rabbit globin and brome mosaic virus messenger RNAs direct protein synthesis in the guinea pig translation system with activity similar to that found in the rabbit system. 5. Translation products synthesized in the guinea-pig and rabbit systems and fluorographed following separation on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide demonstrate similar electrophoretic patterns and intensities. PMID- 3197392 TI - Fatty acid metabolism of the perfused caudate lobe from livers of fed and fasted non-pregnant and fasted late pregnant ewes. AB - 1. Fatty acid metabolism has been compared in perfused liver lobes from fed and fasted non-pregnant sheep and fasted pregnant sheep to provide further information on the control of ketogenesis in this species. 2. Ketogenesis from exogenous palmitate was greatest in lobes from fasted pregnant sheep and least in lobes from fed non-pregnant sheep, whereas rates of ketogenesis from exogenous octanoate (0.4 mM) were similar in lobes from sheep in all three states. 3. High rates of ketogenesis from endogenous fatty acids occurred in perfused lobes from fasted pregnant sheep, apparently owing to enhanced lipolysis. 4. Activities of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) and other enzymes involved in ketone production did not change with physiological state; sheep differ markedly from rats in this respect. 5. The results suggest that the primary point of control of ketogenesis within the liver of sheep is at the level of CPT; the lack of change in maximum CPT activity suggests that control by modulators of this enzyme activity is even more important in sheep than in rats. PMID- 3197394 TI - The selective uptake of cholesterol by the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). AB - 1. The sterols of Hymenolepis diminuta are almost exclusively cholesterol or similar C-27 sterols; the free sterols of its environment (the lumen of the rat intestine) are cholesterol and various phytosterols. 2. During incubation of tapeworms with mixed micelles of taurocholate, glyceryl monooleate, and equimolar [3H]cholesterol and [14C]beta-sitosterol, the uptake of cholesterol is 40 times more rapid than the uptake of sitosterol. 3. Following uptake, the desorption of labeled sitosterol is six times more rapid than that of cholesterol. 4. We did not detect the esterification of absorbed sterols or the conversion of absorbed sitosterol of cholesterol. 5. The highly selective uptake of cholesterol and the moderately selective desorption of phytosterols can account for the selective accumulation of C-27 sterol by the tapeworm. PMID- 3197395 TI - Studies on the mechanism of cholesterol uptake by the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda). AB - 1. With increasing cholesterol content in mixed micelles, the rate of cholesterol uptake by the tapeworm approaches a limiting, maximal value. 2. This uptake is inhibited only 32-40% by other sterols, but is not markedly dependent on medium pH or tapeworm energy metabolism. 3. The competitive exchange diffusion of absorbed [14C]cholesterol could not be demonstrated. 4. The above results partially support the hypothesis that the tapeworm absorbs cholesterol by a specific carrier-mediated process. 5. Cholesterol uptake is reduced when the capacity of the micellar phase of the medium is increased, suggesting that uptake involves the intermediate partitioning of sterol from micelles into the aqueous phase of the medium. PMID- 3197396 TI - Cholesterol esterases from normal and FEC hamster liver. AB - 1. Synthetic cholesteryl esters with various acyl chain length (C2-C18) are hydrolysed by several enzymes in hamster liver. 2. The comparison of effect of inhibitors, divalent cations, detergents, pH and substrate specificity allows discrimination between four enzymes hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters, which are characterized by their enzymatic properties, two cholesterol esterases (resistant to E600) hydrolyzed medium- and long-chain cholesteryl esters, whereas short chain cholesteryl esters were hydrolyzed by two different carboxylesterases (dramatically inhibited by E600). 3. The acid cholesterol esterase (identical to the lysosomal lipase) exhibited a pH optimum at pH 5.0 and is activated by 1 mM taurocholate. 4. The alkaline cholesterol esterase (pH optimum 7.5) is not very sensitive to the tested effectors. 5. Both acid and alkaline carboxylesterases (pH optima 5.5 and 7.5), were characterized by their strict dependence on divalent cations (Mn2+ or Mg2+). 6. The acid carboxylesterase was inhibited by increasing concentrations of Triton X-100, whereas the alkaline carboxylesterase was dramatically activated by 2 g/l Triton X-100. 7. No significant difference was observed in activities of cholesterol esterases or carboxylesterases between normal and FEC hamster livers. PMID- 3197397 TI - The reactivity of p-nitrophenyl acetate with serum albumins. AB - 1. Serum albumins from nine of 10 vertebrate species were found to react rapidly with p-nitrophenylacetate. 2. The high reactivities were shown to be partially attributable to strong, rapidly reversible binding of p-nitrophenylacetate by each serum albumin. 3. As previously observed in the case of human serum albumin (Koh and Means, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 192, 73-79, 1979), this binding takes place in the primary binding site for several physiologically (i.e. tryptophan, small fatty acid anions) and pharmacologically (i.e. diazepam) important compounds. 4. Horse serum albumin differed from all other serum albumins included in this study in that it did not react rapidly with p-nitrophenylacetate, presumably, due to significant differences in its corresponding binding site. PMID- 3197398 TI - Changes in myoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase in muscle tissues of a diving bird, the Pigeon Guillemot, during maturation. AB - 1. The concentration of myoglobin (Mb) and the isozymic distribution and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in heart and pectoralis muscle were investigated at three stages of maturation of the Pigeon Guillemot, Cepphus columba. 2. Mb is not detectable in chick pectoralis; it is present in fledgling pectoralis muscle and increases four-fold in adult pectoralis. Mb concentration in heart muscle is similar in chick and fledgling and doubles in the adult. 3. LDH activities in pectoralis muscle of fledgling and adult increase to about three times that of the chick. LDH activities in heart of chick, fledgling and adult are similar to one another. 4. All five isozymes of LDH are present in both heart and pectoralis muscle at all stages; the heart muscle shows predominantly LDH-1 isozyme, and the pectoralis, LDH-5. The relative amounts of the five isozymes in the heart extract were constant during maturation but pectoralis LDH isozymes changed during maturation towards a more even distribution of the five isozymes in the adult. 5. Changes in Mb and LDH in the Pigeon Guillemot correlate with the animal's maturation from a sedentary nest sitter to an active diver and flyer. The adult pectoralis muscle probably has both aerobic function for wing-propelled short dives and flying and anaerobic capacity for longer dives. PMID- 3197399 TI - Active site histidine in pig liver aminolevulic acid dehydratase modified by diethylpyrocarbonate and protected by Zn2+ ions. AB - 1. The effect of diethylpyrocarbonate (DEP) (0.1-0.35 mM) on the purified pig liver amino-levulic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) containing 0.3 g-atoms Zn/subunit, under different pHs (6.0-7.5), temperature (0-18 degrees C) and time (0-60 min) was studied. 2. Three histidyl residues/subunit were modified by DEP (0.2 mM, pH 6.8), but activity was completely lost after the first one had reacted, indicating the presence of one histidine residue essential for ALA-D catalysis. Reactivation by treatment with hydroxylamine (0.7 mM, pH 7.0) confirmed that only histidine and no other nucleophile amino acids were directly involved in DEP inhibition. 3. Zn ions (0.5 mM) and the substrate ALA (5-10 mM) protected against DEP inactivation, protection was dependent on pH. 4. Sn, Se, Hg, Cd, Mn, Co and Pb (0.01-0.1 mM) did not significantly protect ALA-D against inactivation. 5. It is concluded that the substrate and Zn binding sites and the essential histidyl residues are in close proximity in the active center. It is proposed that in the catalytic synthesis of porphobilinogen from ALA, histidine groups have the specific role of transporting protons from the aqueous media to a hydrophobic active site. PMID- 3197401 TI - Interactions between human and carp (Cyprimus carpio) low density lipoproteins (LDL) and LDL receptors. AB - 1. We have compared the concentration and chemical composition of carp and human plasma lipoproteins and studied their interaction with human fibroblast LDL receptors. 2. The main lipoproteins in carp are of high density (HDL) in contrast to low density lipoproteins (LDL) in human. 3. Carp lipoproteins are devoid of apolipoprotein (apo) E, a major ligand for interaction with LDL receptors in mammals. 4. Carp very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and LDL but not HDL nor apoA-I cross react with human LDL in their interaction with LDL receptors on human cultured fibroblasts. 5. Carp liver membranes possess high affinity receptors that are saturable and have calcium dependent ligand specificity (apoB and apoE) similar to human LDL receptor. Carp VLDL and LDL but not HDL nor its major apolipoprotein complexed to L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine dimyristoyl (apoA-I DMPC) competed with the specific binding of human LDL to this receptor. PMID- 3197400 TI - Isoprenoid biosynthesis in a marine sponge of the Amphimedon genus: incorporation studies with [1-14C] acetate, [4-14C] cholesterol and [2-14C] mevalonate. AB - 1. We present quantitative evidence from incorporation of [1-14C] acetate that the enzymes to synthesise isoprenoids are present in the marine sponge Amphimedon sp. and that efficient carotenoid synthesis takes place. 2. The de novo synthesis of b,b-carotene and (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin may occur in a chlorophyll a-producing microalgal symbiont with subsequent aromatisation to (3R)-isoagelaxanthin by the sponge itself. 3. Amphimedon sp. contains nuclear-modified sterols derived by modification of conventional dietary sterols. PMID- 3197402 TI - Fatty acid effects on gluconeogenesis in goat, calf and guinea pig hepatocytes. AB - 1. Regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis by fatty acid was studied in goat, calf and guinea pig hepatocytes. 2. Fatty acid effects on gluconeogenesis were dependent upon species; fatty acid and gluconeogenic substrate. 3. Oleate and octanoate inhibited gluconeogenesis from propionate in guinea pig hepatocytes and stimulated it in goat hepatocytes. 4. Oleate and octanoate markedly inhibited gluconeogenesis from lactate in guinea pig hepatocytes whereas octanoate, but not oleate, decreased glucose production from lactate in goat hepatocytes. 5. Effects of fatty acids on gluconeogenesis in calf hepatocytes were similar to goat hepatocytes suggesting control of gluconeogenesis is similar among ruminant species but differs from guinea pigs. PMID- 3197403 TI - A neurosecretory hyperglycemic hormone from the sinus gland of the Mexican crayfish Procambarus bouvieri (Ortmann)--II. Structural comparison of two isoforms of the hormone. AB - 1. The hyperglycemic activity of a crude extract of Procambarus bouvieri (Ortmann) sinus glands was resolved into two UV-absorbing peaks by means of a single step of reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a mu-Bondapak-Phenyl column. These peaks have been designated Crustacean Hyperglycemic Hormones CHH-B and CHH-C in the order of elution. 2. The ratio CHH B/CHH-C was approximately 3:1, both in area under the curve and in protein content. 3. A structural comparison of the two isoforms of the CHH showed a substantial homology manifested in molecular weight (6000-6200), pI (4.79), number of residues (52-53), number of cysteines (4), number of acid residues, including their amides (12), number of basic residues (8), missing amino acids (methionine, histidine and tryptophane), amino end (blocked) and carboxyl end (isoleucine). 4. The only clear difference between the two isoforms of the CHH is their degree of hydrophobicity which might be due to minor differences in the number of neutral hydrophobic residues and/or postranslational modifications of the type amidation/deamidation of acid residues which cannot be detected in acid hydrolysates. PMID- 3197404 TI - Absence of a gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone sequence in proopiomelanocortin mRNA of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta. AB - 1. Complete nucleotide sequence of one of the salmon proopiomelanocortin mRNAs (POMC mRNAs) was determined. 2. The region corresponding to gamma-melanocyte stimulating hormone (gamma-MSH) was lacking in salmon POMC mRNA, although overall organization of the multi-hormone structure was exactly the same as that of mammalian POMC mRNAs. 3. The possible evolutional history of POMC mRNA in mammalian species may be revealed from the finding of this characteristic that salmon POMC mRNA lacks the region corresponding to gamma-MSH. PMID- 3197405 TI - Small RNAs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori as revealed by in vitro capping and in vitro transcription. AB - 1. We characterized several small RNAs in various tissues and strains of the silkworm, Bombyx mori by the in vitro capping and in vitro transcription. 2. Three subspecies of 7SL RNA, which is believed to be involved in protein secretion, were detected in the commercial strains. Structural differences among the three molecules were due to the nucleotide substitution at two positions or more. 3. A very AU-rich RNA, which is about 500 bases long, was always present in any tissue of Bombyx mori while 55 base RNA was only observed in a substantial amount in the fat body and culture cells. 4. These small RNAs were also observed among the in vitro transcripts of total Bombyx DNA in the cell-free extracts from the silkgland and fat body. PMID- 3197406 TI - Computer programs for neuroanatomy: three-dimensional reconstruction and analysis of populations of cortical neurons and other bodies with a laminar distribution. AB - The program is designed for analysis of serial microtome sections containing biological structures (bodies, particles), each of which may be represented as one point. Any subset of sections may quickly be selected for reconstruction. In addition to rotation, translation, scaling etc. two particular features are offered. (1) Section-independent parts of reconstructions may be isolated ("windows") and then reconstructed, analyzed and subdivided, like the parent data. (2) Curved, bandshaped parts may be unfolded, for inspection of distribution pattern, determination of density etc. The program is written in Pascal (source 121 Kb, compiled program 65 Kb). User-friendliness, robustness and speed were key aims. PMID- 3197407 TI - Selecting a processor for computations in molecular biophysics. AB - A number of relatively low-cost processors are now available which employ architectural features previously found only on very expensive supercomputers. The speed of these computers makes it possible to reduce the time to solution of certain problems and to resolve large problems that previously were too time consuming to perform locally. A brief overview of this type of processor is given and the implications for computations in molecular biophysics are discussed in reference to the results of a benchmark that uses the refinement of a protein structure from X-ray crystallographic data. PMID- 3197408 TI - [Basic study on nursing of patients with changing body images--the body image and personality traits of adolescents]. PMID- 3197410 TI - [Questions on modern medicine (2). I. Criticism on the physiological theory by Guiton. 2]. PMID- 3197409 TI - [Definition of psychiatry--establishment of scientific psychiatry (12)]. PMID- 3197411 TI - [Report on nursing research. Nursing practice reinforced by the action of endorphin: experience by Mrs. Nakamura in confirming the comment in practice and furthering nursing possibilities]. PMID- 3197412 TI - [In search of logic in children's cognition. Epistemology for child care]. PMID- 3197413 TI - It's in the bag. Interview by Laura Swaffield. PMID- 3197414 TI - Wound care. Cost-effective dressings. PMID- 3197415 TI - Competing for status. PMID- 3197416 TI - The mighty MMR. PMID- 3197419 TI - Personality profiles and socioeconomic factors in contraceptive use. AB - The correlation of contraceptive use with socioeconomic factors and personality profiles was examined in a sample of 3060 women by a questionnaire based on the diagnostic criteria of the DMS III. Use of safer contraceptives correlated with several socioeconomic factors, among them, the schooling of the wife had higher significance and explained most of the variance contained in other factors. Women unprotected did not show a distinct personality profile. Indices of compulsion and phobias were significantly different between groups of contraceptive use. Users of injectables showed higher scores of compulsion, whereas IUD users had higher scores of phobias. These results were interpreted to mean that personality profiles partially explain the preference for certain methods. PMID- 3197417 TI - Use-effectiveness of the ovulation method initiated during postpartum breastfeeding. AB - Between April 1981 to March 1984, 419 urban middle class postpartum women entered the Natural Family Planning (NFP) program of the Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. This NFP program teaches the Ovulation Method (Billings). Only 1.9% of the women did not learn how to recognize the mucus pattern of fertility awareness. The sample of 378 women who were practicing the method to avoid a pregnancy completed 4,935 months of use of the OM. The cumulative life table unplanned pregnancy rate at the 12th postpartum month was 11.1 +/- 1.9 and the Pearl Rate was 12.1 per 100 woman-years. The Pearl Rate calculation of method related failure was only 2.1 pregnancies per 100 woman-years. The breastfeeding group showed a significantly lower rate of unplanned pregnancies than the nonbreastfeeding group and there was no significant increase in unplanned pregnancy at the time of menstruation among previously amenorrheic women as compared to later intervals. The protection against unplanned pregnancy shown in this study should be viewed as the combination of two factors: breastfeeding and the Ovulation Method (OM) of NFP. PMID- 3197418 TI - Post-tubal sterilization problems correlated with ovarian steroidogenesis. AB - Mid-luteal phase total urinary oestrogen excretion was found to be significantly reduced in women who had previously undergone tubal sterilization at least two years before assay; pregnanediol levels at or below 2.0 mg/24 hrs were significantly more frequent for the study group. These findings indicate that reduced ovarian function is associated with that procedure. The major problems declared as having been experienced subsequent to tubal sterilization were classified into three categories; some women declared problems in more than one category: (1) Abnormal uterine bleeding and/or menorrhagia, (2) Physical problems, (3) Psychological and/or psychiatric problems. Category 1 was associated with a significant fall in total oestrogen excretion, and category 2 with a significant fall in both total oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion. Analysis of category 3 will be published elsewhere. A negative correlation between total oestrogens and cholesterol was observed. PMID- 3197420 TI - A survey of prescribing habits for high-estrogen oral contraceptives. AB - A simple survey was made of health-care providers to determine their attitudes toward oral contraceptives containing more than 50 mcg of estrogen. It was found that about two-thirds of respondents prescribe this group of medication, although few do so regularly. Their use seemed correlated with providers 40 years of age or older. Even members of an association of professionals interested in contraception frequently used these pills. Although this group of contraceptives is being phased out, it is felt that professionals should have ceased their use long ago. PMID- 3197421 TI - Humoral immunity in oral contraceptive users. I. Plasma immunoglobulin levels. AB - The worldwide acceptance of steroid-based oral contraception makes it imperative that the effect of these agents on the immune system is understood. Nevertheless, information regarding the effect of steroid-based oral contraception on plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) levels is often conflicting. In this report immunoglobulin levels in the plasma of females taking steroid-based oral contraceptives are measured in a novel manner using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No significant alterations in the levels of IgG or IgM are reported. PMID- 3197422 TI - Humoral immunity in oral contraceptive users. II. In vitro immunoglobulin production. AB - The worldwide acceptance of steroid-based oral contraception makes it imperative that the effect of these agents on the immune system is understood. Nevertheless, information regarding the effect of steroid-based oral contraception on humoral immunoregulation is limited. In this report the in vitro production of IgG and IgM is measured following stimulation with either the T-dependent activator pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or the T-independent activator fixed/killed Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (StaCw). No significant differences are observed between the in vitro IgG or IgM levels following stimulation with PWM or StaCw for females taking steroid-based oral contraceptives and females not taking steroid-based oral contraceptives. We conclude that humoral immunoregulation is unaltered in steroid-based oral contraceptive users. PMID- 3197423 TI - A histopathologic study of the effects of gossypol on the female rat. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the tissues of female rats treated with gossypol acetic acid for morphologic evidence of an underlying mechanism of infertility. The number of estrous cycles, and body and adrenal weights were also compared. The number of estrous cycles decreased in rats treated with 60 mg/kg gossypol acetic acid for 30 days. Body weights were also reduced in rats treated with 40 mg or 60 mg/kg per day for 30 days when compared to controls. However, no significant differences were found in any group when comparing adrenal weights, adrenal weight/body weight ratios or adrenal histology. The body weight loss was related, at least in part, to diarrhea and dehydration in eight of the treated animals. It is interesting that though the gossypol-treated rats had reduced numbers of estrous cycles, no histopathologic changes were found in their ovaries, uterus or vagina. PMID- 3197424 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of calvarial eosinophilic granuloma. AB - A small calvarial eosinophilic granuloma is demonstrated with T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3197425 TI - Carcinoid tumor with intradural spinal metastases. AB - A case of spinal intradural metastasis from a carcinoid tumor is reported. The case is of interest due to the rarity of central nervous system involvement by these tumors and the long latency period of the patient's presentation. PMID- 3197426 TI - Occult occipital condyle fractures presenting as tumors. AB - Occipital condyle fractures can be easily overlooked on plain radiographic examinations of the head and cervical spine. This is especially true if such a fracture is not clinically suspected, since they are very rare fractures. Two patients presented with suspected tumors of the foramen magnum region. Both had old trauma and undiagnosed old fractures of the occipital condyle. PMID- 3197427 TI - Pericardial cyst. A rare mass abutting the aorta. AB - Pericardial cysts are infrequently found. They are generally located in the cardiophrenic angle, dominantly on the right side. We present an example of a pericardial cyst in the anterior mediastinum abutting the ascending aorta. PMID- 3197428 TI - Quantitation and pattern of parenchymal lung injury in blunt chest trauma. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. AB - Sixty-nine patients with nonpenetrating pulmonary trauma were studied by chest computed tomography (CT) within 24 hours of admission. The percentage of air space filling was quantitated and compared with the requirement for ventilatory support. Pulmonary intraalveolar hemorrhage always is gravity dependent originating at the site of injury. Utilizing CT, the patients' pulmonary status was classified into three separate clinicoradiologic groups: Grade I injury (less than 18% air-space filling, no ventilator support required), Grade II injury (18 28% air-space filling, ventilator support sometimes required), and Grade III injury (greater than 28 air-space filling, ventilator support always required). The CT quantitation correlated with clinical functional studies and was useful in the therapeutic management of nonpenetrating lung injury. PMID- 3197429 TI - Computed tomography demonstration of unusual diffuse metastatic calcification secondary to renal failure. AB - We report the computed tomography findings in an unusual case of diffuse metastatic calcification secondary to renal failure. PMID- 3197430 TI - Partial lipodystrophy. Magnetic resonance findings in one case. AB - The magnetic resonance findings in a patient with acquired partial lipodystrophy are described. Adipose tissue in a variety of locations, including the retroperitoneum and bone marrow, is well demonstrated by magnetic resonance in several anatomic planes. Magnetic resonance may provide complementary information to clinical findings in evaluation of patients with partial lipodystrophy. PMID- 3197432 TI - Computed tomography diagnosis of macrodystrophia lipomatosa. AB - Isolated congenital macrodactyly, termed macrodystrophia lipomatosa, is a rare entity. It may be confused with plexiform neurofibroma, hemangioma, or lymphangioma. Computed tomography provides an ideal methodology to verify the fatty proliferation of soft tissue that accompanies bone overgrowth and distinguishes this lesion from the others in the differential list. PMID- 3197431 TI - Chondrosarcoma of the larynx. Report of a case with characteristic computed tomography findings. AB - Chondrosarcoma of the larynx is a rare lesion. Computed tomography was able to suggest this diagnosis preoperatively and aided in surgical planning by defining the extent of the mass in a 67-year-old man who presented with signs and symptoms of airway obstruction. PMID- 3197433 TI - Clinical and radiologic staging of locally advanced and inoperable bladder carcinoma. AB - Twenty-seven patients with locally advanced and inoperable bladder carcinoma (LABCa) were referred for chemotherapy. All were staged by cytoscopy, examination under anesthesia, and computed tomography (CT), and 18 also had bipedal lymphangiography (LAG). In 16 patients (56%), there was agreement between the clinical and the CT staging of the primary bladder tumor. In four of these 16 patients, CT detected lymphadenopathy in three and demonstrated pelvic bone invasion in one. Of the remaining 11 patients, CT underestimated the local extent of the bladder tumor in nine and overestimated in two. Lymphangiography was abnormal in nine patients (50%), in four of whom the abnormality was not seen on CT scan. Among the ten patients with normal LAG, six had abnormal pelvic nodes detected by CT. The LAG affected the overall staging of the tumor in five patients (16.6%). The total incidence of nodal metastasis as seen on CT, LAG, or both was 72%. Although CT and LAG may not add significantly to the clinical staging of the primary tumor in LABCa, they will affect the overall staging of the tumor by detecting lymphadenopathy. Accurate staging of these patients is important because, with aggressive chemotherapy, some of these patients might become candidates for more radical treatment such as surgery or radiotherapy. PMID- 3197434 TI - Cryopreservation of human heart cells. AB - Single cells were isolated from human heart specimens and preserved at -56 degrees C in a cryoprotecting solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide. The cells were reanimated by rapid thawing and the properties of the cells were evaluated in a physiological solution. The reanimated cells showed morphological and physiological properties similar to those seen in normal, freshly isolated cells. These results demonstrate the feasibility of storing human heart cells for long term studies. PMID- 3197435 TI - Effects of chlorpromazine and methylprednisolone on perfusion preservation of rabbit livers. AB - The isolated perfused rabbit liver was used to determine how continuous hypothermic perfusion affected liver function. Rabbit livers were perfused for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hr at 5 degrees C with the UW perfusate containing hydroxyethyl starch (5 g%) dissolved in a solution containing gluconate (80 mM), adenosine (5 mM), glutathione (3 mM), phosphate (25 mM), and additives as described previously, and they were used successfully for kidney preservation. At the end of preservation the livers were perfused in an isolated circuit with a Krebs Henseleit solution with addition of 4 g% bovine serum albumin and 10 mM glucose at 38 degrees C for 120 min. Bile was collected from the cannulated common duct. Biliary excretions of indocyanine green and liver enzymes lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase, were determined both in the cold perfusate and the normothermic perfusate. Livers were also studied after pretreatment of the donor with chlorpromazine (CPZ) and/or methylprednisolone (MP). Bile production (ml/120 min, 100 g liver) upon reperfusion produced the most interesting data and decreased from a control value of 10.3 +/- 2.6 to 9.3 +/- 1.0 (24 hr), 5.3 +/- 0.7 (48 hr), and 4.1 +/- 1.5 (72 hr). Enzyme release was not predictive of the degree of preservation-induced damage. Pretreatment of rabbits with a combination of CPZ/MP improved bile flow at 48 and 72 hr (8.3 +/- 3.0 and 7.0 +/- 1.3, P less than 0.05). Pretreatment with either drug alone also improved function after 72 hr of preservation (7.1 +/- 1.8, CPZ; 8.2 +/- 3.5, MP).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197436 TI - Effects of osmotic stress on rabbit corneal endothelium. AB - The effects of osmotic stress on corneal endothelium were investigated by exposing rabbit corneas to anisosmotic conditions, and then perfusing the corneas with isosmotic glutathione bicarbonate Ringer solution for 4 hr at 35 degrees C. During the perfusion, endothelial function was assessed by measuring corneal thickness with a specular microscope. After perfusion, the corneas were prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Endothelial ultrastructure and function were well maintained after exposure to a wide range of osmolality (0.12 2.7 osmol/kg), but this tolerance of osmotic stress was dependent both on the duration and the temperature of exposure to the anisosmotic conditions. Exposure to an osmolality of 2.7 osmol/kg for 15 min at 23 or 37 degrees C resulted in gross damage to the endothelium when the hyperosmotic agent was sodium chloride. This damage was not the result of increased osmolality per se nor cellular shrinkage because the endothelium tolerated exposure to a sucrose solution of the same osmolality for 15 min at 37 degrees C. The detrimental effect of sodium chloride, however, was mitigated by reducing the temperature of exposure to 0 degrees C or reducing the duration of exposure to 5 min. These results suggest that endothelial cells become more tolerant of high electrolyte concentrations with reducing temperature, and this could be an important factor in the survival of the endothelium in corneal cryopreservation. The results also help to define the limits of osmotic shrinkage and swelling tolerated by endothelial cells. This will be of value in overcoming the detrimental osmotic effects associated with the addition and, in particular, the removal of cryoprotectants. PMID- 3197437 TI - Storage of apheresis platelets in ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer bags: relationship between the bag size and the number of platelets maintaining aerobic metabolism. AB - The present study was designed to determine whether a bag made from ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EV) with superior flexibility at subzero temperature is suitable for a storage container of single-donor apheresis platelets. Apheresis platelets were stored with 100 ml plasma in 1-liter bags made of EV or standard polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic at 22 degrees C with constant agitation. The oxygen permeability of the 1-liter EV bag averaged 1447 nmol/min/atm, which was about 1.5 times higher than that of PVC bags. The partial oxygen tension (PO2) of platelet concentrates (PC) has linearly decreased to 16 mm Hg with increasing platelet counts. The level of the partial carbon dioxide was always higher in EV bags than in PVC bags. Oxygen consumption rates of platelets stored in EV and PVC bags with a sufficient oxygen supply averaged 1.25 and 1.20 nmol/min/10(9) platelets, respectively. The rates of glucose consumption and lactate production were not changed in two bags. Ninety percent of the total ATP production of about 8 nmol/min/10(9) platelets were generated through the aerobic metabolism. The platelet counts in the 1-liter EV and PVC bags, at which PO2 is 16 mm Hg, were 2.2 and 1.5 x 10(11) platelets, respectively. The study indicates that apheresis platelets stored in EV bags at 22 degrees C have no different metabolic changes when compared with those of PVC bags. In addition, the number of platelets maintaining the aerobic metabolism is 1.5 times higher than that of PVC bags. PMID- 3197438 TI - Hypothermic effects on action potential and force production of hedgehog and guinea pig papillary muscles. AB - Action potentials and isometric force were recorded in papillary muscles from guinea pigs and summer hedgehogs at different temperatures between 37 and 0 degrees C. The action potential of the hedgehog was of a lower amplitude (mean 83 +/- 6 mV) than that of the guinea pig (mean 110 +/- 5 mV). The action potential duration at 50% repolarization was 22 +/- 2 msec in the hedgehog as compared to 105 +/- 11 msec in the guinea pig. Moreover, there was no distinct plateau phase of the hedgehog action potential. Lowering temperature prolonged the action potential duration in the two preparations by about the same percentage. However, the guinea pig preparation became progressively less excitable below 20 degrees C. Lowered temperature produced a positive inotropic effect in the guinea pig, whereas this effect was very slight in the hedgehog heart. Postextrasystolic potentiation was seen in the guinea pig but not in the hedgehog preparation. It is suggested that this difference between the preparations may be due to a greater relative amount of activator calcium in the hedgehog heart. The difference in cold tolerance between the preparations may reflect a difference in chemical composition of the sarcolemma. PMID- 3197439 TI - Current progress in cryosurgery. AB - The 4-day sessions of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the American College of Cryosurgery in New Orleans, February 18-21, 1988, provided an intense overview of the position of cryosurgery in modern day medical practice. The variety of speakers demonstrated that interest in the therapeutic technique of cryosurgery remains high and that usage is greater, more diversified, and more selective than in past years. Emphasis at the meeting was placed on the selective use of cryosurgery, that is, defining the terms under which the physician would choose between diverse methods of local therapy, such as excision, electrosurgery, laser surgery, and cryosurgery. Most of the presentations were oriented clinically with emphasis on the results of cryosurgery. This brief report is intended to mention the important new developments in cryosurgery and to focus on some of the issues and needs that affect the future of the technique. PMID- 3197440 TI - Intracellular bacteria. PMID- 3197441 TI - Carbohydrate-protein interaction. PMID- 3197442 TI - Winter skin. PMID- 3197443 TI - Vibrio vulnificus infections. PMID- 3197444 TI - Rat mite dermatitis. AB - Infestation by the tropical rat mite (Ornithonyssus bacoti) is presented with bizarre symptoms that made an accurate diagnosis difficult. The physical characteristics, life cycle, habits, and epidemiology of the tropical rat mite are discussed, as are the rat and other hosts, the rash produced by the mite, differential diagnosis of the dermatitis, and the treatment of the dermatitis and control of the infestation. PMID- 3197445 TI - Steatocystoma multiplex treated with isotretinoin: a delayed response. AB - A patient with steatocystoma multiplex was treated with 0.75 mg per kg per day of oral isotretinoin. After one month of minimal improvement the patient discontinued therapy. Over the next two months he noted some shrinkage of his pre existing lesions, which persisted for a follow-up period of six months. Isotretinoin may show a beneficial response in some cases of steatocystoma multiplex even after use of the drug is discontinued. Isotretinoin is known to have effects beyond its treatment period that are related to its long serum half life. A small number of patients with steatocystoma multiplex have been treated with isotretinoin, with varied responses. This is the first case of a patient who discontinued therapy before a response occurred and then showed a response later. PMID- 3197446 TI - Therapy of livedo vasculitis with pentoxifylline. AB - Two patients with idiopathic livedo vasculitis responded favorably to therapy with pentoxifylline. One patient had responded to fibrinolytic therapy with phenformin and ethylestrenol before phenformin was taken off the market. Pentoxifylline (Trental) has multiple mechanisms of action, including stimulation of prostacyclin synthesis, decreased aggregation of platelets, increased deformability of red blood cells, increased mobility of neutrophils, and increased fibrinolysis. All of these factors may contribute to its successful use in the treatment of idiopathic livedo vasculitis. PMID- 3197447 TI - Simultaneous identification and banding of human chromosome material in somatic cell hybrids. AB - We have developed a method that identifies human chromosomes in human x hamster somatic cell hybrids and simultaneously bands these same metaphases. Other methods generally require separate slides for banding and detection of human chromosome material, making the precise characterization of human material difficult. Our procedure involves denaturing metaphase chromosomes, followed by in situ hybridization of biotinylated whole human DNA. Fluoresceinated avidin is then bound to the biotinylated DNA, staining the human chromosomes yellow-green when excited with UV light. Chromosome banding is achieved by staining the slides with DAPI and actinomycin D. The fluorescein and DAPI excite maximally at 488 and 355 nm and emit at 520 and 450 nm, respectively. This permits identification of the human material at one excitation wavelength and visualization of the banding patterns at another wavelength. With this procedure, we have successfully identified both intact and broken human chromosomes, as well as human material involved in human x hamster translocations. The results indicate that this procedure is more accurate and considerably more rapid than previous methods and can be routinely employed for the cytogenetic analysis of human x rodent hybrids. PMID- 3197448 TI - Genetic mapping of the human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor gene to chromosome region 1q31----q41. AB - Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein which is expressed by epithelial cells and is involved in the transcellular transport of polymeric immunoglobulins into secretions. We cloned the human gene for PIGR and used the clone to obtain probes to determine the chromosomal localization of PIGR. Analysis of somatic cell hybrids and in situ chromosomal hybridization localized the human PIGR gene locus to 1q31----q41. PMID- 3197449 TI - A system for deriving revertants of oncogene-transformed human cells. AB - We have previously shown that some transformed derivatives of the human osteosarcoma-derived cell line HOS are killed by treatment with 1 microM ouabain at pH 8.2, whereas their nontransformed counterparts are relatively unharmed by the same conditions. HOS cells transformed by v-Ki-ras and RAS, v-fms, or MET are susceptible to 1 microM ouabain while those transformed by v-fes are not. Here we describe the adaptation of this differentially cytotoxic effect as a method to enrich for cells which revert to a nontransformed phenotype. We have optimized parameters which increase the differential cytotoxicity, including pH and potassium concentration during and subsequent to ouabain treatment. The efficiency of this procedure was tested in mixed cell experiments where model populations were constructed consisting of HOS cells mixed with an excess of v-Ki ras-transformed HOS cells. Two successive OAK treatments (ouabain/alkaline/K+ free) were sufficient to recover nontransformed cells free of ras-transformants as indicated by genetic markers and morphology. This HOS/ouabain system is currently being used to derive revertants of ras-transformed human cells and could facilitate the isolation of genes interacting in the pathways by which these cells are transformed. PMID- 3197450 TI - Mapping of rat prostatic binding protein genes C1, C2, and C3 to rat chromosome 5 by in situ hybridization. AB - Rat prostatic binding protein genes C1, C2, and C3 were mapped on rat chromosome 5 by in situ hybridization on rat peripheral blood chromosome preparations using three different cDNA probes. Of the grains detected, 15.9%, 25.2%, and 19.6%, respectively, mapped to chromosome 5. For each probe, the label was predominantly located on 5q31, but for C2 and C3 an additional site on 5q21 was found. The results suggest that three genes coding for the different polypeptide chains of rat prostatic binding protein map to the same chromosome and presumably to the same chromosome band. PMID- 3197451 TI - Localization of the human X-linked gene for chronic granulomatous disease to the mouse X chromosome: implications for X-chromosome evolution. AB - The gene encoded at the human X-linked chronic granulomatous disease locus (cytochrome b245 beta subunit) has been mapped to the mouse X chromosome using an interspecific Mus domesticus x M. spretus cross. The localization of this gene provides detailed information on one of the proposed ancestral breakpoints that account for the divergent evolution of the mouse and human X chromosomes. PMID- 3197452 TI - The ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) locus is linked and distal to D10S20 on the long arm of chromosome 10. PMID- 3197453 TI - Synaptonemal complexes in a subfertile man with a pericentric inversion in chromosome 21. Heterosynapsis without previous homosynapsis. AB - Analysis of surface-spread synaptonemal complexes of zygotene and pachytene spermatocytes was carried out on a human male carrier of a pericentric inversion of chromosome 21 ascertained after four miscarriages. The synaptic behavior of the bivalent, which could be unambiguously identified by its nonaligned kinetochores, was analyzed. All zygotene and pachytene spermatocytes had 22 linearly paired autosomal bivalents, with apparently normal synaptonemal complexes, and no evidence of a loop configuration in the 50 cells analyzed. According to the XY type (classification of Solari), the cells were distributed across zygotene and pachytene stages, not exclusively in the late pachytene to which adjustment is conventionally thought to be confined. It is suggested that inverted segments heterosynapse at early pachytene, without previous homosynapsis. It is expected that this meiotic process leads to failure of crossing-over, reduces the production of unbalanced gametes, and the risk of recombinant offspring, but can increase the incidence of aneuploidy as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis I (a frequent cause of pregnancy wastage). PMID- 3197454 TI - A functional mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene (Odc) maps to chromosome 12: further evidence of homoeology between mouse chromosome 12 and the short arm of human chromosome 2. AB - We have used a DNA probe specific for a functional mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene (Odc) in conjunction with a panel of Chinese hamster x mouse somatic cell hybrids to assign Odc to mouse chromosome 12. This assignment provides further evidence of genetic homoeology between a region of mouse chromosome 12 and the distal short arm of human chromosome 2. PMID- 3197455 TI - Silver fox gene mapping: conserved chromosome regions in the order Carnivora. AB - Twenty-three silver fox x hamster somatic cell hybrid clones were used to assign 15 fox genes: GPI to chromosome 1; PGD to chromosome 2; MDH2 to chromosome 3; ESD to chromosome 6; LDHB to chromosome 8; NP to chromosome 10; LDHA to chromosome 11; APRT, ENO1, and PGM1 to chromosome 12; IDH1 and MDH1 to chromosome 16; and GLA, G6PD, and HPRT to the X chromosome. High-resolution G-banding of human, cat, mink, and fox chromosomes containing homologous regions (according to genetic maps) revealed regions of putative homology. The results lend support to the suggestion that the most considerable karyotypic reorganization of the ancestral genome in the order Carnivora occurred during Canidae formation. The details of karyotypic evolution in mammals are discussed. PMID- 3197456 TI - Conserved repetitive DNA sequences (Bkm) in normal equine males and sex-reversed females detected by in situ hybridization. AB - In situ hybridization with a cloned banded krait sex-specific repetitive DNA probe (Bkm) indicates a high concentration of Bkm sequences on the horse Y chromosome in both normal XY males and XY sex-reversed females. Lesser, but still significant, concentrations of Bkm sequences were mapped to horse chromosomes 3, 4, and 30. PMID- 3197457 TI - Independent-living services for at-risk adolescents. PMID- 3197458 TI - Preparing foster adolescents for self-support: a new challenge for child welfare services. PMID- 3197459 TI - Vocational preparation and employability development. AB - Finding and keeping a job are multidimensional tasks that foster care youths discharged to independent living must master. Foster care agencies play critical roles ranging from the development of individualized case plans and skill training to identifying and accessing community resources in helping youths to meet these challenges. PMID- 3197460 TI - [A preliminary study for cellular, albumin and immunoglobulin components of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in normal control, pulmonary T.B. and malignant lung diseases]. AB - Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a new diagnostic tool which could be applied repeatedly to investigate the nature of lesion in pulmonary diseases. To evaluate the clinical significance of the difference in immunoglobulin content for the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant pulmonary diseases, we performed bronchoalveolar lavage for 64 patients. They included 12 patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, 12 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, 20 patients with benign non-specific bronchopulmonary diseases (these including 6 patients with pneumoconiosis, 6 patients with bronchietasis, 2 patients with paraquate intoxication, 6 patients with pneumonia) and 20 healthy persons as of the control group. We analyzed the following items: (1) cell count (2) differential count (3) protein content (4) immunoglobulin content. The results showed that there were increase in PMN cells in paraquate intoxication, pnuenmonia and bronchiectasis. While there was lymphocytosis in pulmonary tuberculosis. In comparison with the control group, there was elevation of statistical significance in the IgA/Albumin ratio in bronchogenic carcinoma and pulmonary tuberculosis. Although the IgG/Albumin ratio would be elevated with statistical significance among a variety of pulmonary diseases, it was particularly high in pulmonary tuberculosis. In contrast, the IgA/IgG ratio was significantly increased only in bronchogenic carcinoma. In conclusion, there were differences in the cell number, differential cell count, protein content and immunoglobulin content among various pulmonary diseases. It may be useful in making differential diagnosis between benign and malignant pulmonary disease and the prediction of prognosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197461 TI - [Evaluation on the capability of indole pyruvic acid production by members of Proteeae on different brands of sulfide-indole-motility]. AB - Members of Proteeae were vertically inoculated into different brands of sulfide indole-motility (SIM) medium for evaluating the capability of IPA production. A total of 328 clinical strains of tribe Proteeae was used as tested organisms, including 186 Proteus mirabilis strains, 62 Morganella morganii strains, 31 Proteus vulgaris strains, 27 Providencia rettgeri strains, 14 Providencia stuartii and 8 Providencia alcalifaciens strains. Seven different brands of SIM medium used in this study are Kyokuto and Eiken from Japan; Gibco, Difco, Scott and BBL from U.S.A.; as well as Oxoid from England. The results indicate that SIM medium of kyokuto is the most suitable medium for Proteus spp. and Providencia spp. to produce IPA (positive rates are 95.4% and 93.0%, respectively) but not for Morganella morganii (16.1%). Eiken, Gibco and BBL SIM medium are only good for Providencia spp. to produce IPA (positive rates are 95.5%, 85.1% and 87.8%, respectively). Take account the tribe Proteeae the best SIM medium to detect IPA production was from Kyokuto (80%) and the worst was Oxoid (0.3%). Since SIM medium can constantly detect the production of H2S, the relationship between H2S and IPA was analyzed. We found that there is no obvious interaction between these two characters. Production of phenylalanine deaminase (PD) is one of the important characters for tribe Proteeae. We compared PD and IPA positive rates of each members and found that the ability to produce PD and IPA is almost identical for each member in tribe Proteeae except Morganella morganii.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197462 TI - [The value of cryo-, electro- and laser therapy in rectal cancer]. PMID- 3197463 TI - [Effect of blood transfusion on tumor recurrence and rate of survival in colorectal cancer]. AB - In 439 curatively resected colorectal cancer patients determinants for homologous blood transfusion and its influence on postoperative and long-term results were evaluated. The rate of transfusion was significantly higher in women, rectal cancers, large tumors, advanced pT-stage and extended resections but not in tumor stenosis, lower graded tumors, advanced Dukes-stage or less experienced surgeons. Transfused patients showed significantly more postoperative complications, higher recurrence rates as well as less favorable long-term survival. Homologous blood transfusions are correlated with survival rates. PMID- 3197465 TI - [Treatment strategies in symptomatic pancreas divisum]. PMID- 3197466 TI - [Orthopedic surgery in small carnivora. Surgical treatment of fracture of the lower part of the forelimb and metacarpus by single and simultaneous osteosynthesis]. PMID- 3197464 TI - [Intestino-esophageal reflux following gastrectomy. Mechanism of action and effectiveness of esophago-jejunoplication]. AB - The influence of the type of reconstruction after gastrectomy upon the postoperative reflux was analyzed in 30 patients. The refluxed material could be directly gained by the long-term reflux aspiration test and, thus, the quality including bile acids could be evaluated. After esophago-jejunoplication and Roux en Y-derivation 5 out of 7 patients were asymptomatic; only one patient suffered from mild esophagitis. Total bile acid concentration was near to the test systems sensitivity. The result in 11 patients after esophago-jejunostomy without Y-en Roux, but with a preserved lower esophageal sphincter (LES) are similar to the former group, whereas in all cases of 12 patients in whom the LES was resected, severe reflux esophagitis and excessively elevated bile acid concentrations were present. These results confirm that a jejunoplication supports the antireflux effect of preserved parts of the LES. If--for oncologic reasons--the LES has to be resected, free intestinal-esophageal reflux is following. In these cases a Roux en Y-derivation is required. PMID- 3197468 TI - [Pregnancy following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer and gamete intrafallopian transfer]. PMID- 3197467 TI - [Intrascrotal teratoma forming a free foreign body in the tunica vaginalis. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3197469 TI - [Clinical management of pregnancy complicating primary hypothyroidism: report of 11 cases]. PMID- 3197471 TI - [Pregnancy-induced hypertension score and immunoglobulin levels]. PMID- 3197470 TI - [Changes in serum levels of trace elements in normal pregnancy and placental barrier modulation]. PMID- 3197473 TI - [Research on operative mode of artificial vagina with sigmoid colon]. PMID- 3197472 TI - [Rupture of a chocolate cyst of the ovary. A new gynecologic emergency]. PMID- 3197474 TI - [Vaginoplasty with sigmoid: a report of 53 cases]. PMID- 3197475 TI - [Ascitic chromosomal assay in the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma]. PMID- 3197477 TI - On real food. PMID- 3197476 TI - [A suggestion for substaging of stage III ovarian cancer: an analysis of 132 cases]. PMID- 3197478 TI - Successful staff meetings. PMID- 3197480 TI - [Preliminary report of the surgical treatment of the severely fissured tongue]. PMID- 3197479 TI - [Preliminary experimental study of pulp mummification]. PMID- 3197481 TI - [Clinical study of the early eruption of 74 bicuspids]. PMID- 3197482 TI - [Measurement of the surface area and thickness of 30 adult mandibular bones]. PMID- 3197484 TI - [Experimental study and clinical application of alveolar ridge augmentation with bioactive glass ceramics]. PMID- 3197483 TI - [Nonsurgical treatment of radicular cysts]. PMID- 3197485 TI - [Effect of hyperthermia on squamous carcinoma cells (Tca8113) of the human tongue in vitro]. PMID- 3197486 TI - [Technic of making a 3-dimension photoelastic model of the tooth and its supporting structures]. PMID- 3197487 TI - [Detection of plasmids in Streptococcus mutans]. PMID- 3197488 TI - [Indications and safety of bilateral radical neck dissection]. PMID- 3197490 TI - [Computed tomography of tumors in the infratemporal, parapharyngeal space and pterrgopalatine fossa]. PMID- 3197489 TI - [Use of the temporoparietal fascial island flap in cheek reconstruction]. PMID- 3197491 TI - [Nature of masticatory muscle damage in patient with temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome]. PMID- 3197492 TI - [Intraoral horizontal osteotomy genioplasty]. PMID- 3197493 TI - [Relation of serum glutathione S-transferase activity and pathologic abnormalities of the liver]. PMID- 3197494 TI - [Delta infection in several regions of China]. PMID- 3197495 TI - [Effect of furazolidone on gut catecholamine levels in cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer in the rat]. PMID- 3197496 TI - [Neurologic aspects of hyperaldosteronism: a clinical analysis of 38 cases]. PMID- 3197497 TI - [Allergen skin test: an analysis of the results in 1030 patients with bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3197498 TI - [Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy arising in Sjogren's syndrome]. PMID- 3197499 TI - [Low-dose ARA-C and HOAAP regimen in the treatment of adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: analysis of 59 cases]. PMID- 3197500 TI - [Clinical experiences in transbronchial lung biopsy]. PMID- 3197501 TI - [Respiratory diseases and hypophosphatemia]. PMID- 3197502 TI - [Serum free amino acids in chronic cor pulmonale]. PMID- 3197504 TI - [Localization of the site of right bundle branch block. Report of 52 cases using computer-assisted body surface potential mapping]. PMID- 3197503 TI - [Preliminary study of the relation of acute myocardial infarction and thyroid hormones]. PMID- 3197505 TI - [Cerebral stroke after myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3197506 TI - [Fibronectin in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing dialysis]. PMID- 3197507 TI - [Familial Graves' disease with HLA]. PMID- 3197508 TI - [Adverse neurologic effects of metoclopramide. Report of 60 cases]. PMID- 3197509 TI - [Estimation of fibronectin content in ascitic fluid: an index of malignancy]. PMID- 3197510 TI - [Association of HLA with Behcet's disease and its significance]. PMID- 3197511 TI - [Acute leukemia surviving more than 5 years. A study of 25 cases]. PMID- 3197512 TI - Plasticity of the neuromuscular system. PMID- 3197513 TI - In vitro analysis of specificity during nerve-muscle synaptogenesis. AB - The early phase of synapse formation was studied in cultures of Xenopus laevis spinal neurons and myotomal muscle cells. Two early events are described: the pulsatile secretion of acetylcholine from the nerve terminal in response to myocytic or neuronal contacts, and the development of nerve-myocyte adhesion during the first few minutes of contact. The specificity in these early events in synaptogenesis was assessed with respect to the positional and clonal relationships of the neurons and myocytes. Axial position and lineage were determined by injecting embryos with a fluorescent dye, such that dissociated cells could subsequently be identified in culture. We examined the efficacy of spontaneous synaptic currents, and the relative preponderance of growth cone myocyte associations, for neurite-myocyte pairs of the same or dissimilar origin. Neither of these two assays revealed a dependence on the axial position or the lineage of the cells. Although these studies indicate that early nerve-muscle interactions show little positional or clonal selectivity, myocytes clearly influence the onset of synaptic function. PMID- 3197515 TI - Physiological factors influencing the growth of skeletal muscle. AB - The growth of muscle can be regulated by developmental changes or by alterations in hormone levels or in the rate or amount of work demanded. The mechanisms and structures involved in growth processes can be studied by controlling these factors. The models used are chicken anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle under the influence of overloading and rabbit tibialis anterior (TA) muscle under the influence of chronic nerve stimulation. Both models involve changes in the isoform of myosin that is expressed. Methods of study include quantitative ultrastructural analysis, immunofluorescence and in situ mRNA hybridization. In overloaded chick ALD fibres polysomes are nonuniformly distributed between the myofibrils and in a peripheral annulus even though subcellular concentrations of the new isoform are not found. In normal rabbit muscle the highest concentration of myosin mRNA detected by in situ hybridization is found in the subsarcolemmal zone. In stimulated TA polysomes are found between myofibrils. It appears that the myosin mRNA accumulates at specific cell locations before translation; then diffusion of isomyosin and rapid exchange into myofibrils follows. Therefore, regulation of growth may be possible at the transcriptional, translational and assembly stages. PMID- 3197514 TI - Reorganization of synaptic inputs to developing skeletal muscle fibres. AB - During early stages of postnatal development skeletal muscle fibres of mammals are contacted by several axons. The transition from poly- to mononeuronal innervation has been extensively studied on the rat soleus. The role of activity in this process has been acknowledged but the mechanisms leading to synapse remodelling are not understood. The participation of the muscle has to be taken into account; if muscles are paralysed by alpha-bungarotoxin, the elimination of terminals is arrested. Changes in Ca2+ also influence the rate of removal of terminals. Calcium seems to act through a calcium-activated neutral protease (CANP) present in nerve endings. If CANP is inhibited, elimination fails to take place. Thus Ca2+ enters the terminal and activates the CANP. Release of K+ ions from active muscle could link muscle activity and synapse elimination. Excess K+ was found to reduce nerve-muscle contacts, by depolarizing terminals and allowing Ca2+ entry. A greater increase of Ca2+ concentration in smaller terminals would be expected, because of their surface-to-volume ratio, and they are preferentially eliminated. Thus elimination depends on the unequal size of terminals at the endplate. Therefore the 'survivability' of individual nerve endings may already be determined at the time of synapse elimination. PMID- 3197516 TI - [A case-control study of relationship between smoking, hypertension and coronary heart disease]. PMID- 3197517 TI - [Investigation on HBV contamination of equipment]. PMID- 3197518 TI - [Classification of heat stroke and sun stroke]. PMID- 3197519 TI - [Proteinuria caused by occupational exposure to mercury]. PMID- 3197520 TI - [Pathological studies of an asbestosis case complicated by pleural malignant mesothelioma at autopsy]. PMID- 3197521 TI - [A preliminary study of the interaction of iodide and fluoride in experimental iodide-goiter and fluorosis]. PMID- 3197522 TI - [Effects on the extremities' micro-circulation--Raynaud's disease caused by drinking high arsenic well water]. PMID- 3197523 TI - [The levels of SO2, NOx and CO to which each population group living in Kun District of Baotou City was exposed]. PMID- 3197524 TI - [Sampling, separation, identification and determination of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the air]. PMID- 3197526 TI - [Thermonuclease assay--a rapid method for screening Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning]. PMID- 3197525 TI - [Observations by quantitative electron microscopy of the action of zinc in protecting the liver from cadmium damage]. PMID- 3197528 TI - [Intracaudate grafting of the adrenal medulla in the treatment of Parkinson's disease]. PMID- 3197527 TI - [Antibiotic residue in milk, milk products and its lasting time in milk secreted by sick cows in Jiangsu Province]. PMID- 3197529 TI - [Changes in exophthalmos after subtotal thyroidectomy for hyperthyroidism]. PMID- 3197531 TI - [Misdiagnosis of broncho-pulmonary cysts: analysis of 19 cases]. PMID- 3197530 TI - [Experimental and clinical use of porous biological membranes in the injured solid intra-abdominal organs]. PMID- 3197532 TI - [Anatomy and repair of partial atrioventricular canal]. PMID- 3197533 TI - [Analysis of 57 cases of unilateral diseased lungs treated by pleuropneumonectomy]. PMID- 3197534 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of endomyocardial fibrosis]. PMID- 3197536 TI - [Pedicled osteocutaneous flap of the fibula for the treatment of tibial defects]. PMID- 3197535 TI - [Plica syndrome of the knee]. PMID- 3197538 TI - [Supra-choice renal arterobranching embolization in renal cell carcinoma]. PMID- 3197537 TI - [Copper and zinc content of the serum of burned patients]. PMID- 3197541 TI - [Applied anatomy of the gluteal triangle]. PMID- 3197539 TI - [Clinical uses of the scapular flap]. PMID- 3197540 TI - [Anatomical study of lymph vessels accompanying the cephalic vein]. PMID- 3197543 TI - [Extraction of swine bone morphogenetic protein and observations on its osteoinductive bioactivity by heterogenic intramuscular implantations and repair of experimental skull defects]. PMID- 3197542 TI - [Purification of porcine bone morphogenetic protein and study of its osteo inductive activity]. PMID- 3197544 TI - [Experience in the surgical management of carotid body tumors]. PMID- 3197545 TI - [Surgical treatment of severe scoliosis (above 100 degrees Cobb)]. PMID- 3197546 TI - [Intervertebral fusion of a lumbo-sacral segment with insertion of a rotated local bone block by anterio-lateral approach]. PMID- 3197547 TI - [Treatment of unstable fracture-dislocation of the thoracolumbar spine with Luque's U-shaped rod]. PMID- 3197548 TI - [Anterior fusion by anterio-lateral approach in the treatment of atlanto-axial instability]. PMID- 3197549 TI - [Treatment of degenerative thoracic stenosis using a new method: en-bloc hemi apophysio-laminectomy]. PMID- 3197550 TI - [Enlarging the spinal canal in cervical stenosis: report of 41 cases]. PMID- 3197551 TI - [Value of CT scanning and myelography in the diagnosis of herniation of a lumbar disc]. PMID- 3197552 TI - [Reasons for reoperation on patients with failed lumbar disc surgery]. PMID- 3197553 TI - [Measurements of portal venous pressure in 100 normal Chinese]. PMID- 3197554 TI - [Surgical treatment of carotid body tumors]. PMID- 3197556 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of esophageal carcinoma with multiple primary malignant lesions]. PMID- 3197555 TI - [Abdominal apoplexy]. PMID- 3197557 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of intraspinal hydatidosis]. PMID- 3197558 TI - [Surgical treatment of chest wall tuberculosis]. PMID- 3197559 TI - [Lumpectomy of the lung with an electrotome]. PMID- 3197560 TI - [Pulmonary artery reconstruction and bronchoplastic procedures in the treatment of lung cancer]. PMID- 3197562 TI - [Management of upper urinary calculi: non-invasive removal versus open surgery]. PMID- 3197561 TI - [Henle's trunk and its related veins]. PMID- 3197563 TI - [Percutaneous antegrade endoscopy in the removal of ureteral stones]. PMID- 3197565 TI - [Treatment of vascular impotence by arterialization of the penile vein: report of 10 cases]. PMID- 3197564 TI - [Experience in electrohydraulic shock wave lithotripsy of bladder stones in 502 cases]. PMID- 3197567 TI - [Factors influencing postoperative recurrence of bladder cancer]. PMID- 3197566 TI - [Use of a self-design directional multifunction intraurethral scar resector]. PMID- 3197568 TI - [Surgical management of atherosclerotic ischemic lower extremities]. PMID- 3197569 TI - [Modified percutaneous transsplenic splenoportography and its clinical use]. PMID- 3197571 TI - [Decompression and fusion in flexion in the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis]. PMID- 3197570 TI - [Sleeve jejuno-jejunostomy technic in Roux-Y choledocho-jejunostomy for the prevention of intestinal reflux]. PMID- 3197572 TI - [Percutaneous aspiration lung biopsy: a new method of localizing small- to medium sized lesions]. PMID- 3197573 TI - [Preliminary study of the mineral composition of gallstones]. PMID- 3197574 TI - [Relation between pathology and strength of post-poliomyelitic muscle]. PMID- 3197575 TI - [Lymph nodes of the axillary region in the Chinese]. PMID- 3197576 TI - Effect of temperature on the ovipositional biology and egg viability of the cattle tick Boophilus annulatus (Acari: Ixodidae). AB - The effect of temperature on the ovipositional biology of Boophilus annulatus (Say) was determined under laboratory conditions. Engorged females subjected to constant temperatures of 12 and 45 degrees C died without ovipositing, while females held at 15 and 40 degrees C laid eggs which did not hatch. The preoviposition period at 25-40 degrees C was 2-3 days; however, significant increases occurred at 20 degrees C (5.2 days) and at 15 degrees C (16.3 days). The number of eggs laid per female was ca. 2700 at temperatures of 25-35 degrees C, but decreased significantly at 20 degrees C (ca. 2300 eggs/female), 15 degrees C (ca. 1800 eggs/female), and at 40 degrees C (ca. 300 eggs/female). No differences were observed in the Conversion Efficiency Index (CEI) values at temperatures of 20-30 degrees C (ca. 50%), while temperatures of 15 and 40 degrees C produced the lowest CEI values at 35.6 and 4.9%, respectively. Hatch ability of eggs was ca. 80% at temperatures of 20-35 degrees C. Incubation period of eggs ranged from 52.2 days at 20 degrees C to 16.2 days at 35 degrees C. The thermal threshold for egg development determined by linear regression was 12.9 degrees C. Females subjected to four fluctuating temperature regimens produced no differences in number of eggs/female (ca. 2400), CEI (ca. 50%), or hatchability of eggs (ca. 75%). Preoviposition period and incubation were significantly affected by a change in the thermoperiod, becoming longer in duration as the temperatures were decreased. From studying females exposed for various intervals from 0 to 105 days at 12 degrees C, indications were that the longer the exposure period the more adverse the effects were on oviposition and egg-hatch. Correspondingly, exposure of eggs to a temperature of 15 degrees C for up to 105 days gave indications that the longer the eggs remained at 15 degrees C, the lower the hatch would be after transfer back to a temperature of 25 degrees C. PMID- 3197577 TI - Effect of 20-hydroxyecdysone on neurosecretory cell activity in female Hyalomma dromedarii synganglion (Acari: Ixodidae). AB - Twenty micrograms of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE) were applied topically to nymphal Hyalomma dromedarii Koch on the day of detachment. In emerging adult females, some neurosecrtory cells (NSC) in certain synganglion centers exhibited changes in size and/or neurosecretory material (NSM) shape, distribution and/or quantity. These changes were compared with those normally occurring in untreated unfed, semifed virgin and mated, and engorged females. 20-HE effects included (a) accelerating the changes induced by mating and/or feeding in certain NSC, (b) reducing, to various extents, NSC response to mating and feeding, and (c) inducing changes in some NSC which do not normally exhibit any changes in untreated females. The results suggest that (a) most female NSC respond more or less similarly to indigenous 20-HE, (b) 20-HE may have a role as a positive feedback regulator for NSM synthesis and/or release by certain NSC, (c) the response to 20-HE may be primarily a function of NSC location in the synganglion, and/or (d) NSC considered to be of one type may actually belong to different cell types. PMID- 3197578 TI - Surface skin lipids of birds--a proper host kairomone and feeding inducer in the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. AB - A factor in bird skin responsible for D. gallinae feeding on its natural hosts was investigated. Both skin and plumage of chickens contained substance(s) attractive to mites which was easily dissolved in benzene derivates, amyl acetate or ethyl acetate, thermostabile up to 100 degrees C, nonvolatile, alkaline hydrolysable, and susceptible to oxidation. Components of surface skin lipids were ascertained to be the host-markers when using chromatographic separation and consecutive in vitro feeding technique for testing the isolates. Purified specific fowl diol esters of fatty acids prepared from the secretion of uropygial (preen) glands of hens were at least as effective a feeding stimulant for the mites as the natural extract of surface lipids of birds. PMID- 3197579 TI - Feeding performance of Amblyomma variegatum (Acarina: Ixodidae) fed repeatedly on rabbits. AB - Rabbits infested with different stages of Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius, 1794 became resistant to subsequent infestations by the same tick. Resistance was manifested by a reduction of 73.6% in the mean engorged weight of female ticks by the 3rd infestation. By the 5th infestation, only 70% of the nymphs engorged and their mean engorged weight was 57.7% of that of nymphs fed on tick-naive control rabbits. In the case of larvae, there was a 22.8% reduction in their mean engorged weight by the 6th infestation. Based on increases in body length while feeding on tick-naive rabbits, the nymphs could be divided into four feeding categories, i.e. Nl (unfed), N2, N3 and N4 (increasing states of engorgement). While 92-96% of ticks which dropped from susceptible rabbits fitted into feeding category N4, only 28% of those that dropped from tick-resistant rabbits fitted into that category. The remainder of the ticks fitted into categories N3 (60%) and N2 (12%). The majority of those ticks with reduced weight developed into adults which had an atypical scutal ornamentation pattern, in that an additional pair of lateral spots was regularly observed on the males. The females of such ticks deposited small numbers of eggs from which no larvae hatched. PMID- 3197580 TI - Cisapride stimulates propulsive motility patterns in human jejunum. AB - The effects of cisapride on upper gut motility were studied in seven healthy volunteers by means of a novel intraluminal electromyographic technique in a placebo-controlled study. In the interdigestive state, cisapride (10 mg intravenous bolus injection) markedly increased the number of spike bursts. The most obvious effect was observed during the first 5-min period when a nonmigrating phase-3-like activity (stationary phase 3) occurred, which lasted for 2.6 +/- 0.4 min. This initial pattern was followed by an intense phase 2 activity, characterized by a 10-fold increase in the number of groups of repetitive spike bursts and a sixfold increase in the number of ultrarapid single propagated spike bursts (ultrarapid peristaltic rushes). Cisapride induces in the human upper gut a remarkable pattern of aborally propagated (peristaltic) contractions, which are very likely responsible for the active propulsion of intestinal contents in the interdigestive state. PMID- 3197582 TI - Repeatability of lactulose hydrogen breath test in subjects with normal or prolonged orocecal transit. AB - The within-subject repeatability of orocecal transit assessed with lactulose hydrogen breath test was evaluated in 15 healthy volunteers and 16 constipated or obese patients. The test was repeated twice in each subject. Mean (SD) transit time was 105 (63) and 103 (60) min in the first and second series of tests, respectively, showing that the first measurement did not affect the second. The within-subject repeatability of the test was related to the length of transit, the scatter of the differences between the first and second test being greater with the increase of the mean gastrointestinal transit time. The 95% coefficient of repeatability was 84 min for all measurements and 30 and 118 min, respectively, for transit times under and over 100 min. The lowest reproducibility of the test was found in constipated patients with prolonged orocecal transit. PMID- 3197581 TI - Zinc clearance correlates with clinical severity of Crohn's disease. A kinetic study. AB - After peroral and intravenous loading of zinc in 10 patients with Crohn's disease, a kinetic analysis of serum zinc was carried out. The patients were divided into two groups depending on the clinical activity indices (group A:five with active form and group B:five with inactive form). The mean level of serum zinc was significantly reduced in group A patients, but not in group B, when compared to findings in control subjects. A significant reduction in AUCpo (area under the concentration vs time curve by peroral administration), accompanied by increased zinc clearance (ClZn) was also found in group A but not in group B. The ClZn significantly correlated with clinical activity indices. Absorption efficiency, the ratio of AUCpo/AUCiv (area under the concentration vs time curve by intravenous administration), was similar in group A, group B, and the control. Therefore, the absorption of zinc in patients with the disease seems to be intact, regardless of whether they have the active or inactive form of Crohn's disease. The hypozincemia seen in patients with Crohn's disease is presumably related to an accelerated turnover rather than to a malabsorption of zinc. PMID- 3197583 TI - Effect of aging on gastric acid secretion, serum gastrin, and antral gastrin content in rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of aging on gastric acid secretion and on serum and antral concentrations of gastrin in rats. Young and old Fischer 344 rats were prepared with gastric fistulas. Twenty-four hours after surgery, graded doses of human synthetic gastrin-17 (SHG-17) (2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 micrograms/kg) were given intravenously in random order. Gastric secretions were collected for gastric acid measurement before and at 15-min intervals after each dose of gastrin. In a separate study, blood was collected and the stomachs were removed for antral gastrin extraction from fed young and old rats. Serum and antral gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay. The basal and gastrin-stimulated acid secretions were significantly decreased in aged rats compared to the young rats. The basal acid output was 0.4 +/- 0.2 microeq/15 min in the aged rats and 1.5 +/- 0.5 microeq/15 min in the young. The maximal acid output stimulated by gastrin was 11.1 +/- 1.8 microeq/15 min in the aged rats and 24.2 +/- 2.8 microeq/15 min in the young. Both serum and antral concentrations of gastrin were significantly decreased in aged rats. Serum gastrin concentration was 114.8 +/- 7.4 pg/ml in the aged rats and 192.0 +/- 14.4 pg/ml in the young. Antral gastrin concentration was 3.9 +/- 0.5 micrograms/g tissue in the aged rats, which was significantly less than the concentration in the young (6.5 +/- 0.4 micrograms/g tissue). Antral gastrin content did not change with aging.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197584 TI - Upper gastrointestinal tract dysfunction in bulimia. AB - Bulimia nervosa is a health problem of increasing magnitude that is estimated to affect 2-5% of the American adolescent and young adult female population. Because of the magnitude of this clinical problem and because of the importance of the upper gastrointestinal tract in its expression, a intradepartmental program of health care for patients affected with the disease was initiated. Eleven consecutive symptomatic bulimic individuals have been evaluated jointly by the gastroenterology and the psychiatry departments of the University of Pittsburgh. Five of these 11 individuals were found to have clinically important upper gastrointestinal pathology including ulcerative esophagitis, erosive gastritis, duodenal ulcer, and delayed gastric emptying. These gastrointestinal conditions could have been either a result of or have contributed to the symptomatology of these five patients. These data suggest that bulimic subjects have clinically important gastroenterological disease processes that require specific diagnosis and treatment independent of the psychiatric treatment provided for the bulimic condition. PMID- 3197585 TI - Marked secretion of pyruvate in human duodenal juice stimulated with pancreozymin or secretin. AB - Pyruvate and lactate in duodenal aspirates were investigated to determine whether they are excreted from human pancreas as substrates for alkaline secretion as is bicarbonate. Secretion of these acids was compared with that of another organic acid, citrate, which is thought to be excreted in close relationship to digestive enzymes. All acids were assayed in the fluid obtained from 11 subjects without pancreatic diseases, before and after sequential intravenous injections of 1 unit/kg pancreozymin and 1 unit/kg secretin. Pyruvate concentrations were markedly increased by each stimulation, especially by secretin, and the cumulative excretions of pyruvate and bicarbonate after secretin stimulation were significantly correlated among the subjects. In contrast, lactate concentrations, although high just after administration of pancreozymin, declined to a considerable extent following each injection, rather similar to those of protein or citrate. These data suggest that pyruvate may be secreted from human pancreatic duct cells similar to bicarbonate secretion through mechanisms related to alkaline secretion. PMID- 3197587 TI - Recovery from hepatic vein thrombosis (Budd-Chiari syndrome) complicating ulcerative colitis. AB - A 22-year-old female with active ulcerative colitis developed massive ascites, hypoalbuminemia, and hepatomegaly compatible with thrombosis of the hepatic veins. The diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome was confirmed by ultrasonography, computed tomography, and by liver biopsy. A search of the literature disclosed only three previous reports of Budd-Chiari syndrome occurring in patients with ulcerative colitis. All patients have been young females with active colitis and no other known risk factor for the development of hepatic vein thrombosis. Our patient, unlike the previously reported patients who died, recovered sufficiently to be discharged from the hospital. PMID- 3197586 TI - Effects of secretin on content of PGE2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha in gastric mucosa. AB - To determine the involvement of prostaglandins in the action of secretin on the promotion of the healing process in injured gastric mucosa, the effect of secretin infusion on the content of PGE2 and 6-keto PGF1 alpha (a major metabolite of PGI2) in human gastric mucosa was investigated. Specimens of both normal and injured mucosa were obtained from each of the patients who underwent polypectomy a week prior to the study. The specimens were obtained before and 20 min after intravenous infusion of secretin [2 Crick, Harper and Raper (CHR) units/kg] or saline. The basal content of PGE2 in injured mucosa was three times higher than that in normal gastric mucosa. Secretin did not increase the PGE2 content of normal gastric mucosa. However, secretin induced a sevenfold increase in the PGE2 content of injured mucosa. The content of 6-keto PGF1 alpha was not affected by secretin. These results suggest that, in injured mucosa, PGE2 is involved in the healing process and in the action of secretin as well. PMID- 3197588 TI - Blood exchange and transfusion therapy for acute cholestasis in protoporphyria. AB - Acute cholestasis is a rare complication of EPP with a high mortality rate despite extensive treatment with corticosteroids, cholestyramine, and antioxidants. A single survivor, reported in the literature, was treated with blood exchange transfusions. We treated two EPP patients with blood exchange and additional blood transfusions which resulted in full clinical and biochemical recovery from the cholestasis and accompanying hepatitis. Recurrences of the cholestasis and hepatitis could repeatedly be corrected by additional blood transfusions. PMID- 3197589 TI - Common bile duct obstruction by portal cavernoma. AB - Obstructive jaundice occurring in a patient with portal hypertension is a rare association. In this report, a 24-year-old patient is described who had biliary obstruction due to a portal cavernoma compressing the common bile duct and in whom surgical decompression of the portal system resulted in relief of the biliary obstruction, thus proving that the dilated portal vein collaterals were compressing the biliary tract and producing jaundice. Although biliary obstruction due to a portal cavernoma has been described earlier, this is, to the best of our knowledge, the first case described in which improvement followed shunt surgery. PMID- 3197591 TI - [The effect of delta-sleep peptide on Cyprinidae]. PMID- 3197590 TI - Normal levels of gliadin antibodies in symptomless celiac disease. PMID- 3197592 TI - [Mechanism of stimulation by mutagens]. PMID- 3197593 TI - [Depolarization shifts of membrane potential of the command neurons of snail avoidance reflex during long-term sensitization]. PMID- 3197594 TI - [Effect of Mg2+ on fast Ka+-channels in molluskan neurons]. PMID- 3197595 TI - [Protective effects of lidoflazine and mioflazine in ischemic myocardium]. PMID- 3197597 TI - [Experimental study of the vascular structure in the left ventricular wall and its collateral circulation with the cardiac cavity]. PMID- 3197596 TI - [Effect of hyperlipemic serum on the isolated culture of the aortic smooth muscle and atheroma plaque cell of rabbits]. PMID- 3197598 TI - [Effect of sodium molybdate on the mechanism of electromechanic activity in heart muscle in guinea pigs]. PMID- 3197599 TI - [Electrophysiologic studies of ventricular tachycardia in cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3197600 TI - [Effect of diltiazem on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3197601 TI - [Effects of intravenous propafenone on patients with supraventricular tachycardia evaluated with esophageal programmed electrical stimulation]. PMID- 3197602 TI - [Plasma fibronectin level in pediatric open heart surgery]. PMID- 3197603 TI - [Left ventricular relaxation and compliance in normal subjects]. PMID- 3197604 TI - [Clinical evaluation of using postexercise QTc and R wave amplitude to diagnose coronary artery disease]. PMID- 3197605 TI - [Analysis of systolic interval and cardiac output in acute myocardial infarction patients during the recovery period]. PMID- 3197606 TI - Postmarketing surveillance--how should doctors get involved? PMID- 3197607 TI - Preventing tetanus now. PMID- 3197608 TI - [Type 1 diabetes mellitus and bulimia--a life-threatening double illness]. AB - Among 339 patients with anorexia nervosa and 208 with bulimia there were 11 (ten females) with both bulimia and type I diabetes. In all of them it proved impossible, often over many years, to control the wide swings in the carbohydrate metabolic state, resulting in often severe diabetic complications. From one to 15 years elapsed before a diagnosis of bulimia was made. In three patients the eating disorder had preceded the onset of manifest diabetes. Six patients did not vomit, a common sign of bulimia: they "regulated" their weight via renal glucose loss or even by manipulating insulin dosage. Psychotherapy had a favourable effect on the diabetes in six patients, three continued to need treatment, while two failed to undergo treatment. PMID- 3197610 TI - [Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy]. PMID- 3197609 TI - [Temporary exertion-dependent paresthesias in agenesis of the inferior vena cava]. AB - A 23-year-old man with agenesis of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and azygos continuation had progressive, temporary, activity-dependent paraesthesias of the legs which developed after increasing sports activity as a soldier. The diagnosis was made from the chest X-ray (enlarged azygos shadow) and the computed tomogram (retro- and para-aortic space-occupying structures representing the enlarged collaterals draining the lower half of the body). There are at present no known therapeutic measures for this very rare anomaly. Management thus focuses on the prevention of complications, such as thromboses in the distal drainage channels. PMID- 3197611 TI - [Compensation for the drugs only when the physician is at fault]. PMID- 3197612 TI - [Accidental inversion of the gastroscope in the esophagus]. PMID- 3197613 TI - [How many patients with acute myocardial infarction can be treated by thrombolysis?]. AB - Thrombolytic treatment of acute myocardial infarction (MI) is limited by the time elapsed since onset, accuracy of the diagnosis and the presence of contra indications. These factors were prospectively investigated in 173 consecutive patients with proven acute MI, admitted to a city hospital between July and December 1986. Fifty-eight patients (35%) were admitted within three hours of onset of symptoms. Delay in calling a doctor or ambulance was significant: 50% of patients waited for more than two hours after onset of symptoms, 40% more than three hours. Duration of transport to hospital averaged 30 min. Infarct-typical angina of at least 30 min had been present in 143 patients (83%). Atypical symptoms and silent MI was more frequent in the older patients. Diagnostic ST segment elevation of 2 to 3 mm on admission was present in 59 (34%) patients. After consideration of contraindications, present in 120 patients with altogether 165 potential factors, thrombolytic treatment was possible in only seven (4%) of those with the greater ST elevations within three hours after onset of symptoms and 13 (7.5%) within six hours. The most frequent contraindications were age (over 75 years), hypotension, re-infarction at the same site, intramuscular injections (unspecified drugs) within the preceding seven days, or resuscitation with cardiac massage before admission. PMID- 3197615 TI - [Problems of idiopathic chylothorax]. AB - Conservative management of a chylothorax in a 57-year-old man was unsuccessful (25 l chylous fluid removed over three weeks). But chylous flow ceased immediately after thoracotomy with ligation and resection of the thoracic duct. The aetiology of the chylothorax remained obscure despite extensive preoperative diagnostic measures and histological examination of the thoracic duct. PMID- 3197616 TI - [Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis]. PMID- 3197614 TI - [Salivary 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentration in monitoring of the treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia]. AB - The salivary concentration of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) was determined in 11 patients (aged 6 months to 13 years) with congenital adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) due to C21-hydroxylase deficiency and six healthy controls, in order to assess its value in monitoring treatment of AGS. Salivary 17-OHP was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay after extraction with dichloromethane. Only 100 microliters of saliva was needed for the assay. There was a good correlation (r = 0.93; P less than 0.01) between 17-OHP concentrations in paired saliva and serum samples from the patients and the control subjects. There was a wide scatter in salivary 17-OHP levels in the range between 164 ng/l (1.7 ng/ml in serum) of satisfactorily or overtreated patients and 15,500 ng/l (247 ng/l in serum) of undertreated patients. Levels in normal children were between 200 and 300 ng/l. It is concluded that treatment of congenital AGS (21-hydroxylase deficiency) can be carefully monitored in children with the noninvasive, frequently repeatable measurement of salivary 17-OHP. PMID- 3197617 TI - [To which body dimensions must the cardiocirculatory measurement values be related?]. PMID- 3197619 TI - [Central venous catheter]. PMID- 3197618 TI - [Candidal mediastinitis and pleural empyema in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3197620 TI - [Migraine after red wine]. PMID- 3197621 TI - [Bile duct surgery and surgical endoscopy]. PMID- 3197622 TI - [Influence of preoperative selective endoscopy on the results and treatment concept of bile duct surgery]. AB - Combined endoscopic and surgical intervention was undertaken in 728 consecutive patients with primary or secondary gallstone disease. In primary gallstone disease the combined treatment resulted in a residual stone rate of 1.28%, and 1.09% for the total group. Intervention on the lower biliary tract (n = 228) resulted in a morbidity rate of 7.4% and a mortality rate of 1.3%. The corresponding figures with purely endoscopic procedures were 1.2 and 0.0%, respectively. Intraoperatively manometrically tested papillary function after endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) revealed no significant difference from normal. In patients with proven biliary pancreatitis the mortality rate after EPT was 2.9%. These results indicate that routine inclusion of endoscopy into the surgical treatment concept for gallstone disease can improve the overall results. PMID- 3197623 TI - [Follow-up after dilatation of congenital and acquired aortic stenosis]. AB - Until 31 December 1987, a total of 85 transfemoral balloon valvuloplasties (TBV) had been performed for aortic valve stenosis, on 25 patients with noncalcified congenital and 58 (aged 66 +/- 10 years) with acquired (calcified) stenosis. The procedure had to be repeated in two infants because of early re-stenosis. The systolic transvalvular pressure gradient was reduced from 93 +/- 29 (mean +/- SD) to 51 +/- 20 mm Hg in acquired stenoses, and from 87 +/- 24 to 44 +/- 15 mm Hg in congenital stenoses. Invasive pressure measurements in 16 patients with acquired stenosis 3-11 months (mean of 8 months) post-TBV demonstrated partial or complete re-stenosis in all patients. In contrast, only 3 of 17 patients with congenital stenosis had significant re-stenosis 4-38 months (mean of 16 months) after TBV. These results demonstrate that TBV gives similar immediate results in acquired, calcified and congenital, non-calcified aortic stenosis. However, the intermediate and long-term results are much better in the congenital form, because re-stenosis is rare, whereas the primary success failed to persist in any of the patients with the acquired form. PMID- 3197624 TI - ["Diabetic" proliferative retinopathy and nodular glomerulosclerosis without diabetes mellitus]. AB - A 65-year-old woman of normal weight, hospitalized because of pleuritis, was found to have chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance 20 ml/min). Renal biopsy (light and electron-microscopy) revealed nodular glomerulosclerosis (Kimmerstiel-Wilson disease), described as a diabetes-specific renal change. Fundoscopy discovered bilateral proliferative retinopathy as seen in diabetes. But oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were normal, excluding a manifest diabetic metabolic disorder. No other cause of the glomerulosclerosis (such as amyloidosis or multiple myeloma) was found. The patient had been overweight for a time when younger, reversed by dieting. It is suggested that the "diabetic" changes in the kidneys and eyes without diabetes could be the result of a transitory disorder of glucose tolerance during the period of obesity. PMID- 3197625 TI - In situ hybridization reveals differential spatial distribution of mRNAs for type I and type II collagen in the chick limb bud. AB - During limb development, type I collagen disappears from the region where cartilage develops and synthesis of type II collagen, which is characteristic of cartilage, begins. In situ hybridization using antisense RNA probes was used to investigate the spatial localization of type I and type II collagen mRNAs. The distribution of the mRNA for type II collagen corresponded well with the pattern of type II collagen synthesis, suggesting control at the level of transcription and mRNA accumulation. In contrast, the pattern of mRNA for type I collagen remained more or less uniform and did not correspond with the synthesis of the protein, suggesting control primarily at the level of translation or of RNA processing. PMID- 3197626 TI - Role of segment polarity genes in the definition and maintenance of cell states in the Drosophila embryo. AB - Segment polarity genes are expressed and required in restricted domains within each metameric unit of the Drosophila embryo. We have used the expression of two segment polarity genes engrailed (en) and wingless (wg) to monitor the effects of segment polarity mutants on the basic metameric pattern. Absence of patched (ptc) or naked (nkd) functions triggers a novel sequence of en and wg patterns. In addition, although wg and en are not expressed on the same cells absence of either one has effects on the expression of the other. These observations, together with an analysis of mutant phenotypes during development, lead us to suggest that positional information is encoded in cell states defined and maintained by the activity of segment polarity gene products. PMID- 3197627 TI - An embryonic pineal body as a multipotent system in cell differentiation. AB - The differentiating potency of pineal cells from 8-day quail embryos was studied with cell culture. It was found that the differentiation of striated muscle fibres occurred abundantly in the pineal cells cultured in hypertonic culture conditions. Muscle nature of these fibres was confirmed by utilizing the antiserum against the striated muscle type creatine kinase (MM-CK). When CO2, NAHCO3, NaCl, KCl and MgCl2 were added in hypertonic concentrations, extensive myogenesis occurred in cultured pineal cells. Myogenesis in pineal cultures began as early as 2 days and, after 3 days in the medium with 75 mM additional NaCl, reached 100-fold when compared with that in the isotonic medium. Muscle fibres from pineal cells in culture were similar in morphology to the skeletal muscle fibres of mesodermal origin in situ. Myogenesis of pineal cells under hypertonic conditions was accompanied by the synthesis of a unique 56 x 10(3) Mr protein, which was not found in the intrinsic muscle cells. Clonal cell culture revealed that about 80% of clonable pineal cells were myogenic precursors. Pineal cells of 8-day quail embryos were not only myogenic but oculopotent (melanogenic and lentoidogenic) in cultures. This study examined whether multipotential progenitor cells with both potentials are present in the pineal or not. The results showed that at least 16% of all clonable pineal cells were multipotent precursors. The embryonic pineal is considered to be a typical multipotent system in parallel with the pigmented and neural retina, the neural crest and the teratocarcinoma. PMID- 3197628 TI - Influence of chromosomal determinants on development of androgenetic and parthenogenetic cells. AB - We have examined the role of germline-specific chromosomal determinants of development in the mouse. Studies were carried out using aggregation chimaeras between androgenetic----fertilized embryos and compared with similar parthenogenetic----fertilized chimaeras. Several adult chimaeras were found with parthenogenetic cells but none were found with androgenetic cells. Analysis of chimaeras at mid-gestation showed that parthenogenetic cells were detected in the embryo and yolk sac but that androgenetic cells were found only in the trophoblast and yolk sac and not in the embryo. The contribution of parthenogenetic cells to the embryo and yolk sac was increased by aggregating 2 cell parthenogenetic and 4-cell fertilized embryos but the contribution of parthenogenetic cells in extraembryonic tissues remained negligible even after aggregation of 4-cell parthenogenetic and 2-cell fertilized embryos. Furthermore, parthenogenetic cells were primarily found in the yolk sac mesoderm and not in the yolk sac endoderm. These results suggest that maternal chromosomes in parthenogenetic cells permit their participation in the primitive ectoderm lineage but these cells are presumably eliminated by selective pressure or autonomous cell lethality from the primitive endoderm and trophectoderm lineages. Conversely paternal chromosomes in androgenetic cells confer opposite properties since the embryonic cells can be detected in the trophoblast and the yolk sac but not in the embryos, presumably because they are eliminated from the primitive ectoderm lineage. The spatial distribution of cells with different parental chromosomes may occur partly because of differential expression of some genes, such as proto-oncogenes, and partly due to their ability to respond to a variety of diffusible growth factors. PMID- 3197629 TI - Regional expression, pattern and timing of convergence and extension during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. AB - We show with time-lapse micrography that narrowing in the circumblastoporal dimension (convergence) and lengthening in the animal-vegetal dimension (extension) of the involuting marginal zone (IMZ) and the noninvoluting marginal zone (NIMZ) are the major tissue movements driving blastopore closure and involution of the IMZ during gastrulation in the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Analysis of blastopore closure shows that the degree of convergence is uniform from dorsal to ventral sides, whereas the degree of extension is greater on the dorsal side of the gastrula. Explants of the gastrula show simultaneous convergence and extension in the dorsal IMZ and NIMZ. In both regions, convergence and extension are most pronounced at their common boundary, and decrease in both animal and vegetal directions. Convergent extension is autonomous to the IMZ and begins at stage 10.5, after the IMZ has involuted. In contrast, expression of convergent extension in the NIMZ appears to be dependent on basal contact with chordamesoderm or with itself. The degree of extension decreases progressively in lateral and ventral sectors. Isolated ventral sectors show convergence without a corresponding degree of extension, perhaps reflecting the transient convergence and thickening that occurs in this region of the intact embryo. We present a detailed mechanism of how these processes are integrated with others to produce gastrulation. The significance of the regional expression of convergence and extension in Xenopus is discussed and compared to gastrulation in other amphibians. PMID- 3197630 TI - The behaviour and function of bottle cells during gastrulation of Xenopus laevis. AB - The behaviour of bottle cells in normal and microsurgically altered gastrulae and in cultured explants of Xenopus laevis was analysed, using time-lapse micrography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cell tracing with fluorescein dextran amine (FDA). The results shed new light on the function of bottle cells. Bottle cells forming in vivo show a predominantly animal-vegetal apical contraction and a concurrent apical-basal elongation, whereas those forming in cultured explants show uniform apical contraction and remain rotund. Bottle cells forming in embryos with fewer subblastoporal cells contract more uniformly than those in normal embryos and release of normal bottle cells from supra- and subblastoporal cells results in immediate loss of the bottle shape. These results, and an analysis of the effects of bottle cell formation on the shapes and movements of surrounding tissues, show that unique shape of bottle cells and their probable function in development are not intrinsic properties but result from a modulation of the effect of a uniform and intrinsic apical contraction by the geometric and mechanical properties of the surrounding tissue. Mechanical simulations of bottle cell formation, using the finite element method, suggest how the site of bottle cell formation and the thickness and stiffness of adjacent tissues might change the effects of their formation. These results and FDA marking of prospective bottle cells and the adjacent deep mesodermal cells suggest that bottle cells function during their formation to initiate the involution of the prospective mesodermal mantle. Later they respread to deepen the archenteron and to form its peripheral wall. PMID- 3197631 TI - Secretion of collagen types I and II by epithelial and endothelial cells in the developing chick cornea demonstrated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. AB - Cells involved in the synthesis of collagen types I and II in the cornea of developing chick embryos have been studied by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Corneas processed for in situ hybridization with the type I and II collagen probes demonstrated specific mRNAs in the epithelium of embryos at stage 18 with an increase at stages between 26 and 31, and then gradual decrease to the background level in the next several days. In the endothelium, a small amount of specific mRNA was recognized through these stages. In the stroma, only sections hybridized with the type I probe demonstrated mRNA in fibroblasts. Immunostaining demonstrated specific collagen types in the stroma at sites which were closely associated with cells containing specific mRNAs. Both collagens type I and II were present beneath the epithelium as narrow bands at stage 18; as the thicker primary stroma at stages 20 and 26; and as subepithelial, subendothelial and stromal staining at stage 31. Thereafter, type I collagen was increased in the stroma but it was also noted in the subepithelial and, to a lesser degree, subendothelial regions, whereas type II collagen was gradually confined to the subendothelial matrix. Electron microscopic examination of sections from 5-day old (stage-27) embryo corneas using antibodies against the carboxyl propeptides of type I and II procollagens revealed the presence of these procollagens within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi vesicles in both epithelial and endothelial cells. In the epithelial cells both the periderm and basal cells contained these procollagens within the cytoplasmic organelles. These results indicate that not only the epithelial cells, but also the endothelial cells secrete collagen types I and II during the formation of the primary corneal stroma and for several days after invasion of fibroblasts. PMID- 3197632 TI - Can retinal adhesion mechanisms determine cell-sorting patterns: a test of the differential adhesion hypothesis. AB - Embryonic chick neural retina cells possess two classes of adhesion mechanism, one Ca2+-independent, one Ca2+-dependent, responsible for short-term cell aggregation. This study investigates the role of these mechanisms in the long term cell sorting potentially relevant to in vivo histogenesis. Retina cells are prepared either with both (E cells) or with only one mechanism (TC cells, CD; LTE cells, CI), respectively. The two types of cell preparations are differentially labelled using fluorescein or rhodamine isothiocyanate, mixed and allowed to aggregate in the presence or absence of cycloheximide at 0.5 microgram ml-1 to retard metabolic recovery of the removed adhesive mechanism. When observed by fluorescence and phase-contrast microscopy, the aggregates formed in cycloheximide show cell sorting, the cells with both mechanisms assuming a more interior position relative to those with a single adhesion mechanism. In parallel hanging-drop experiments, preformed aggregates of cells with a single adhesion mechanism are seen to spread upon aggregates of cells with both mechanisms. No sorting occurs amongst cells from a given stage prepared using any single dissociation protocol. The observed cell sorting would thus seem to derive exclusively from differential cell adhesiveness dependent upon the different dissociation conditions and maintained in the presence of cycloheximide. The experiments support the hypothesis that the dual CI and CD adhesion mechanisms in question can play a central role in governing cell-sorting behaviour during normal histogenesis. PMID- 3197633 TI - Segmental pattern of development of the hindbrain and spinal cord of the zebrafish embryo. AB - In the ventral hindbrain and spinal cord of zebrafish embryos, the first neurones that can be identified appear as single cells or small clusters of cells, distributed periodically at intervals equal to the length of a somite. In the hindbrain, a series of neuromeres of corresponding length is present, and the earliest neurones are located in the centres of each neuromere. Young neurones within both the hindbrain and spinal cord were identified in live embryos using Nomarski optics, and histochemically by labelling for acetylcholinesterase activity and expression of an antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody zn-1. Among them are individually identified hindbrain reticulospinal neurones and spinal motoneurones. These observations suggest that early development in these regions of the CNS reflects a common segmental pattern. Subsequently, as more neurones differentiate, the initially similar patterning of the cells in these two regions diverges. A continuous longitudinal column of developing neurones appears in the spinal cord, whereas an alternating series of large and small clusters of neurones is present in the hindbrain. PMID- 3197634 TI - The contribution made by a single somite to the vertebral column: experimental evidence in support of resegmentation using the chick-quail chimaera model. AB - The somitic involvement in the formation of the vertebral column was examined using the chick-quail chimaera model. Single cervical somites from quail donor embryos were transplanted into similarly staged chick host embryos. Following further incubation, serial sections of variously staged embryos were stained with the Feulgen reaction to distinguish the two cell populations. Quail cells were generally located within a delimited region in one half of each of the two adjacent vertebrae, as well as in the intervening disc. The horizontal plane of division through each vertebra passed approximately through the centre of the body and divided the neural arch into rostral and caudal halves through the rostral border of the caudal notch. These results give support to the controversial theory of resegmentation, in which it was suggested that there is an apparent realignment of segmentation between the somite stage and the subsequent vertebral stage of development. PMID- 3197635 TI - Specific guidance of motor axons to duplicated muscles in the developing amniote limb. AB - The effect of alteration of limb pattern upon motor axon guidance has been investigated in chick embryos. Following grafting of the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) into the anterior margin of the early limb bud, limbs develop with forearms duplicated about the anteroposterior axis. The position of motoneurones innervating the duplicated posterior forearm extensor EMU was mapped by retrograde transport of horse radish peroxidase (HRP). The motor pool labelled from injection into the anteriorly duplicated EMU muscle is consistently similar to that supplying the posterior EMU muscle on the unoperated side of the embryo. In those cases where the axons are well filled, their trajectories from the injection site are observed to change position within the radial nerve to specifically innervate the duplicated muscle. The axons modify their trajectories proximal to the level of limb duplication in a region where there is no change in the pattern of overt differentiation of the limb cells. This suggests that axons may use a cell's positional value to navigate and provides significant support for the theory of positional information. PMID- 3197637 TI - Pulsatile intravenous growth hormone (GH) infusion to hypophysectomized rats increases insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acid in skeletal tissues more effectively than continuous GH infusion. AB - In this study we have investigated a possible functional role of the plasma pattern of GH in regulation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA in liver, skeletal muscle, and rib growth plate of the rat. Hypophysectomized male rats given T4 and glucocorticoid replacement therapy were equipped with indwelling jugular venous cannulae attached via swivels to a multichannel pumping system programmed to deliver human GH in a continuous or pulsatile (one pulse per 3 h) pattern for 5 days. At the end of the experiment, skeletal muscle, rib growth plates, and liver from intact and hypophysectomized rats were homogenized, and total nucleic acid was prepared. IGF-I mRNA was quantitated by solution hybridization assay using a RNA probe radiolabeled with [35S]UTP. Pulsatile treatment with GH in a dose of 1.5 U/kg.day induced a 3- to 5-fold increase in the levels of IGF-I mRNA in skeletal muscle and rib growth plates. In contrast, continuous infusion with GH was much less effective in these tissues. In the liver both continuous and pulsatile GH infusion significantly elevated the amount of IGF-I mRNA, and there was no significant difference between these two treatments. In the tissues studied similar results were obtained with a higher dose of GH (3.0 U/kg.day). Pulsatile GH treatment stimulated longitudinal bone growth more effectively than continuous GH treatment, confirming earlier studies. It is concluded that pulsatile GH treatment is more effective than continuous GH infusion in increasing IGF-I mRNA levels in rib growth plate and skeletal muscle, i.e. two major target organs for the anabolic effects of GH. PMID- 3197636 TI - [Plasma concentrations of clomipramine and its desmethyl metabolite in man. Methodologic limits]. AB - The purpose of the present work was to study the correlations between clinical response and plasma concentrations of clomipramine or desmethylclomipramine, using two different methods of dosage: radio-immunoassay and high pressure liquid chromatography, compared with mass spectrometry method. The results vary according to the method used, suggesting that methodological problems might explain, at least partly, the discrepancies observed in the literature. PMID- 3197638 TI - Changes in ambulatory activity and dopamine turnover in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. AB - We have observed the acute effects of streptozotocin (STZ) on ambulatory activity by employing the automatic apparatus for continuous and direct measurement of drinking and ambulation. Ambulatory activity (counts) in the control periods was 298.2 +/- 20.1 in the dark, 35.6 +/- 9.4 in the light, and 343.9 +/- 24.1 over 24 h. After administration of STZ (60 mg/kg, ip), the ambulatory activity gradually decreased [at 3 days: 165.0 +/- 12.3 in the dark (P less than 0.001), 34.0 +/- 10.5 in the light (P = NS), and 199.0 +/- 10.5 over 24 h (P less than 0.001). For determination of statistical significance, values were compared with those at the same time in the control groups. We observed decreased ambulatory activity in STZ induced diabetic rats during the dark, but not the light, cycle. Moreover, ambulatory activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats gradually decreased, while the blood glucose level rose. Ambulatory activity correlated inversely with blood glucose level (r = -0.76; P less than 0.05). We measured the ratio of dopamine (DA) to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (nanograms per g) in the striatum. The turnover rate of DA was significantly lower in the diabetic rats than in the control group [diabetic, 0.102 +/- 0.003; control, 0.112 +/- 0.001 (mean +/- SE); P less than 0.05]. A negative correlation between the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid to DA ratio and blood glucose level was observed (r = -0.693; P less than 0.01). The present study suggests that there are metabolic abnormalities in the striatum dopaminergic neurons of STZ-induced diabetic rats associated with decreased ambulatory activity. PMID- 3197639 TI - Opioid inhibition of luteinizing hormone release declines with age and acyclicity in female rats. AB - The current study assesses changes in opioid inhibition of LH secretion with age in female rats. We administered naloxone (NAL; 2 mg/kg, iv) to regularly cycling estrous rats of three age groups and measured serum LH in serial samples drawn from intraatrial catheters before and after treatment. The serum LH rise 10 min after NAL treatment in 4- to 6-month-old rats was significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) compared with that in 1.5- to 3-month-old animals, and no LH response was observed in 8- to 11-month-old rats. On early proestrus, LH secretion was also reduced 10 min after NAL treatment in older vs. younger rats, but all groups demonstrated belated LH rises 1 h after treatment during proestrus. Persistent estrous (PE) rats released less LH after NAL treatment than age-matched estrous rats (P less than 0.025). Higher dose NAL treatment did not increase LH release in estrous or PE rats. These results support the hypothesis that opioid inhibition of LH secretion diminishes with age in cycling rats. Furthermore, opioid tone is a function of estrous state as well as age. PE rats have lower opioid tone than cycling animals of the same age. Our findings suggest a possible role of diminished opiate tone in reproductive senescence. PMID- 3197640 TI - Effects of a natural versus artificial environment on the tempo of maturation in female rhesus monkeys. AB - To identify factors that regulate the tempo of growth and puberty, the present study examined how the environment influenced the timing of menarche and first ovulation in rhesus monkeys and how these events were related to differential rates of growth. Spring-born females were raised from 12 months of age under natural outdoor conditions (OH; n = 6) or indoors (IH; n = 9) under a controlled photoperiod (12h of light, 12h of darkness) and temperature (20-23 C). Ages at the initial increases in serum bioactive LH levels (27.7 +/- 0.7 vs. 31.4 +/- 1.0 months), menarche (26.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 32.5 +/- 0.9 months), and first ovulation (33.9 +/- 1.4 vs. 43.5 +/- 0.3 months) were significantly advanced in IH compared to OH females. First ovulation for the OH females occurred exclusively in October and November of the fourth year, whereas the distribution of first ovulation of IH females was biomodal, with seven of nine occurring in November or December at 31.8 +/- 0.5 months, and two of nine ovulating in September or October at 41.2 +/ 0.5 months. Serum levels of PRL varied seasonally in OH females throughout development, with peaks in July and nadirs in October. A similar rhythm was observed for IH females during the first 12 months of indoor housing, after which point the period decreased from 11.9 +/- 0.5 to 9.3 +/- 0.6 months. Overall increments in body weight did not differ between groups. An acceleration of growth in both crown-rump and tibial lengths occurred just before menarche in both groups, and this occurred at about 26 months for IH and about 32 months for OH females. Skeletal maturity was significantly advanced at 27 months in IH females and at every chronological age thereafter. Serum concentrations of somatomedin-C and GH paralleled group differences in bone maturation. Both hormones were significantly elevated by 16-18 months of age in IH animals compared to OH females and remained so until 34-36 months of age. Although a distinct seasonal rhythm in both GH and somatomedin-C was evident in OH animals, no such pattern was observed in IH females. These data suggest that exposure to an outdoor environment moderates the tempo of both sexual and skeletal maturation. The acceleration in reproductive development in animals exposed to a constant environment was associated with an acceleration in bone maturation, suggesting that common factors may be responsible for the initiation of both events. PMID- 3197641 TI - Biological, immunological, and binding properties of recombinant mouse placental lactogen-I. AB - Mouse placental lactogen-I (mPL-I) cDNA was inserted into a eukaryotic expression vector and introduced into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cell lines that secrete high concentrations of mPL-I were isolated, and this glycoprotein was purified from the cell culture-conditioned medium. Recombinant mPL-I (mPL-Ir) is very similar to placental mPL-I (mPL-Ip) in its recognition by polyclonal antisera raised against either mPL-Ip or mPL-Ir, in displacing [125I]iodo-mPL-II from binding sites on mouse liver microsomal membranes, and in stimulating the synthesis of alpha-lactalbumin in primary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells. Structural comparison of mPL-Ir and mPL-Ip by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that mPL-Ir comprises several proteins with mol wt ranging from 34.5-38K, while mPL-Ip consists of a similar set of proteins with mol wt ranging from 36.5-42K. Treatment of the two proteins with neuraminidase resulted in similar 2-4K decreases in mol wt. Treatment of mPL Ip with peptide:N-glycosidase-F to remove asparagine-linked oligosaccharide chains resulted in the formation of 28K and 29K mol wt species, while treatment of mPL-Ir with the same enzyme yielded 28K and 28.5K mol wt products. PMID- 3197642 TI - Isolation of 16,000-dalton parathyroid hormone-like proteins from two animal tumors causing humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. AB - A 16K PTH-like protein with a unique primary structure has recently been isolated from several human tumors associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Certain spontaneous and transplantable animal tumors also cause this syndrome. The responsible mediator in these animal tumors is not known. We report the isolation of 16K proteins from the rat H500 Leydig cell tumor and the canine apocrine cell adenocarcinoma of the anal sac. Both proteins are potent activators of PTH receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase in bone cells. Both proteins demonstrate similarities in amino acid composition to one another and to the human PTH-like protein. Limited amino-terminal sequence information from the canine protein demonstrates homology with the human PTH-like protein. Antibodies raised to a synthetic human PTH-(1-36)-like peptide cross-react with both the rat and canine proteins in an immunoradiometric assay. These data demonstrate that by physical and immunological criteria PTH-like peptides are present in these animal tumors that appear to be closely related to the human PTH-like peptide. These data further suggest that this protein is not unique to humans, but has an evolutionary origin which extends back at least 65-80 million yr. PMID- 3197643 TI - Purification and characterization of an adenosine triphosphate-stimulated factor that enhances the nuclear binding of activated glucocorticoid-receptor complex from rat liver. AB - The ATP-stimulated translocation promoter (ASTP), a protein that increases the nuclear binding of partially purified activated glucocorticoid-receptor complexes (GRC) in the presence of ATP, was purified from the liver of adrenalectomized rats to apparent homogeneity, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purification procedure consisted of DEAE cellulose chromatography, heat treatment (60 C; 3.5 min), and sequential chromatographies on agarose gel filtration, hydroxylapatite, Mono Q, and S Sepharose. ASTP had a mol wt of 93,000, as determined by gel filtration on Bio Gel A-0.5 m, and was composed of two apparently identical subunits with mol wt of 48,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The sedimentation coefficient of ASTP was 6.5s, and its isoelectric point was 4.5. ASTP activity was dependent on the physiological concentration of ATP, although ASTP did not bind to ATP-agarose. Neither ADP nor AMP affected its activity. An analysis of the nuclear binding behavior of GRC suggested that the affinity of GRC for nuclei in the presence of ASTP is much greater than that in the absence of ASTP. In the presence of ATP, ASTP increased the binding of GRC to chromatin, but not to DNA-cellulose, suggesting that ASTP acts as a regulatory component, altering the chromosomal binding of GRC in rat liver. PMID- 3197644 TI - Iodothyronine 5'-deiodination in rat kidney microsomes: sensitivity to propylthiouracil. AB - When activated by dithiothreitol, iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase (I-5'D) activity in kidney microsomes is less sensitive to inhibition by propylthiouracil (PTU) and iopanoate (IOP) at nanomolar, compared to micromolar, substrate concentrations. The enzymatic activities at nanomolar substrate concentrations are, however, completely eliminated in the presence of a combination of 10 microM IOP and 100 microM PTU. In this report we present evidence that 1) the relative PTU insensitivity results from the residual activities of the high Km enzyme which, while being very sensitive to PTU inhibition at micromolar substrate concentrations, becomes progressively less PTU sensitive as substrate concentrations decline relative to its Km; and 2) the relative IOP insensitivity is due to the presence in kidney microsomes of a low Km enzyme which is relatively insensitive to IOP, but highly sensitive to inhibition by PTU. Classifying the deiodinases on the basis of PTU sensitivity, therefore, requires that not only the thiol concentrations, but, as in the case of the type I enzyme, also the substrate concentrations be specified. The PTU resistance of the type I enzyme at nanomolar substrate concentrations suggests a role of this enzyme in T3 neogenesis in PTU-treated animals. PMID- 3197645 TI - Oxyntomodulin and glicentin: brain-gut peptides in the rat. AB - Glucagon-like materials and glucagon have been identified by immunoassay and immunocytochemistry in the mammalian central nervous system. However, the molecular forms relevant to brain glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) have not been precisely defined. In the rat small intestine, more than 90% of GLI is constituted by two peptides: oxyntomodulin (OXM) and glicentin. This work was initiated to characterize and determine the concentrations of these two peptides and glucagon in the rat central nervous system and to compare their relative proportions with those found in the gut. Different regions from the adult rat brain were analyzed by HPLC in association with RIA, using a central glucagon antiserum and an antibody directed toward the C-terminal end of OXM and glicentin. The elution profiles of hypothalamus extracts were constituted by two main peaks, both detected by the two antibodies used and displaying the same retention times as glicentin and OXM, respectively. A third small peak, which coeluted with glucagon, was constantly recorded with the central glucagon antiserum. The percentages of glicentin, OXM, and glucagon in 10 hypothalami were 37 +/- 1%, 55 +/- 1%, and 8 +/- 2%, respectively (n = 8). This distribution was quite similar to that in small intestinal extracts (38 +/- 1%, 59 +/- 1%, and 1.3 +/- 0.1%, respectively; n = 7); however, the peptide concentrations were almost 50-fold greater in intestine than in hypothalamus. In the medulla oblongata, the same peptide ratio was observed, with 10-fold lower concentrations compared to those in hypothalamus. In olfactory bulb, cerebellum, and cortex the concentrations were close the the detection limit, whereas they could be not detected in the pituitary. The combination of HPLC and specific RIAs allowed us to unambiguously characterize OXM and glicentin as the major components of GLI in the rat hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. The same proportion of these two peptides in the central nervous system and the gut indicates that a similar posttranslational processing exists in these rat tissues, another example of the brain-gut axis. PMID- 3197646 TI - Growth enhancement of transgenic mice expressing human insulin-like growth factor I. AB - A line of transgenic mice carrying a chimeric gene composed of human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) coding sequences fused to the mouse metallothionein I promoter was generated to study the effects of chronically elevated exposure to IGF-I. Mice in this line overexpress IGF-I in most tissues studied and have circulating IGF-I levels 1.5 times the normal value. This results in a growth response manifested by a 1.3-fold increase in weight as a result of selective organomegaly without an apparent increase in skeletal growth. In addition, expression of the endogenous GH and IGF-I genes is inhibited. These results are consistent with IGF-I playing an important role in the control of somatic growth. PMID- 3197647 TI - Immunocytochemical localization of estradiol and progesterone receptors in the monkey ovary throughout the menstrual cycle. AB - Both estradiol and progesterone may act locally to modulate ovarian function in various species. This study examined the distribution of estradiol and progesterone receptors (ER and PR, respectively) within the primate ovary throughout the menstrual cycle. Ovaries were collected from rhesus or cynomolgus monkeys during the early, mid-, and late (n = 3-6/stage) follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. The tissues were processed for indirect immunocytochemical localization of receptors with specific monoclonal antibodies against ER (H222 and D75) and PR (JZB39). Specific immunocytochemical staining, as determined by comparing adjacent tissue sections incubated with either receptor antibodies or a nonspecific antibody, was exclusively nuclear. Both ER and PR were localized in the germinal epithelium of ovaries at all stages of the cycle. ER was not detected in any other ovarian structure (i.e. stroma, follicles, interstitial tissue, or corpora lutea) regardless of the stage of development. However, ER was detected in other estrogen-responsive tissues, e.g. the oviduct of the monkey and corpora lutea of the pseudopregnant rabbit. In the monkey ovary, PR was detected in stromal and interstitial tissues as well as theca interna and externa of healthy and atretic follicles at all stages of the cycle. The granulosa cells of some primordial and primary follicles demonstrated staining for PR. However, the granulosa layer of follicles that developed beyond the primary stage were consistently negative for PR. Only the granulosa layer of large preovulatory follicles that showed signs of luteinization after the LH surge showed staining for PR equivalent to that in the theca. Monkey corpora lutea exhibited specific nuclear staining for PR. Moreover, the percentage of receptor-positive nuclei in the corpus luteum varied (P less than 0.05) between the early (28 +/- 3%), mid (48 +/- 1%)-, and late (4 +/- 2%) luteal phase of the cycle. Nonfunctional (serum progesterone less than 0.5 ng/ml) regressing corpora lutea did not exhibit for staining for PR. Luteal cells that were PR positive also contained histochemically detectable 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. These data are consistent with the concept of a receptor-mediated autocrine or paracrine role for progestins, but not estrogens in the gametogenic and endocrine functions of the primate ovary throughout the menstrual cycle. PMID- 3197648 TI - Effect of long term deprivation of luteinizing hormone on Leydig cell volume, Leydig cell number, and steroidogenic capacity of the rat testis. AB - Leydig cells atrophy, losing cytoplasmic volume and the capacity for testosterone secretion, within 1-2 weeks of LH deprivation. We investigated the effects of long term (0-16 weeks) LH deprivation on the volume of an average Leydig cell, the volume of Leydig cells per testis, the number of Leydig cells per testis, and testosterone secretion by in vitro perfused testes. Endogenous LH was suppressed in adult rats by testosterone/estradiol-filled (TE) Silastic implants. The presence of Leydig cells in testes was verified by 1) morphological examination using light and electron microscopy, 2) histochemical localization of 3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity (3 beta HSD), and 3) conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone by in vitro perfused testes. Marked quantitative differences existed in Leydig cell morphology among control and treated rats. The volume of an average Leydig cell and the total volume of Leydig cells per testis decreased (P less than 0.01) rapidly and progressively after TE implantation. At 16 weeks, the average Leydig cell lost 90% of its cytoplasmic volume and 65% of its nuclear volume. Analysis of variance failed to detect a significant decline in Leydig cell number per testis, despite a 16% reduction from the value in control rats (22.2 +/- 1.5 x 10(6)) in rats treated for 16 weeks (18.7 +/- 1.5 x 10(6)). After TE implantation, LH-stimulated testosterone secretion by in vitro perfused testes diminished (P less than 0.01) rapidly to 5% of the control values at 1 week and less than 0.3% of the control value from 4-16 weeks. In contrast, 25% of 3 beta HSD activity was retained (P less than 0.01 vs. controls) at 16 weeks, based on the rate of pregnenolone conversion to progesterone. Moreover, testes of treated rats secreted progesterone at a rate twice that of controls, when the steroid secretion rates were expressed per volume of Leydig cell cytoplasm. Loss of the testosterone-secreting capacity of testes after LH withdrawal was associated with a loss in the volume, but not a significant loss in the number, of Leydig cells. Thus, LH was required to maintain the differentiated structure and function of Leydig cells, but was not required to maintain the overwhelming majority of Leydig cells in the adult rat testis through 16 weeks. Moreover, at least one steroidogenic enzyme, 3 beta HSD, was retained by Leydig cells after long term LH deprivation. PMID- 3197649 TI - Different intracellular and intranuclear transport of triiodothyronine enantiomers in rat skeletal myoblasts. AB - The mechanism(s) responsible for the different biological potency of L- and D-T3 was investigated in rat L6E9 myoblasts. After incubation with intact cells at 37 C L-T3 cellular and nuclear uptakes were 91% and 70% higher than those of D-T3, respectively, but values for nuclear uptake as a fraction of cellular uptake were similar. The difference between the enantiomers was abolished at 4 C, and metabolic and endocytotic inhibitors reduced nuclear and extranuclear saturable uptake of L-T3 to a similar degree, but had little or no effect on D-T3 uptake. The affinity constants (Ka) for L- and D-T3 binding to isolated nuclei were similar, but the apparent nuclear Ka of L-T3 in intact cells was 5-fold greater than that of D-T3. The findings suggest that stereospecific transport, mainly active at the plasma membrane, occurs in rat skeletal muscle cells. This discriminative pathway of cell entry facilitates L-T3 uptake by an energy dependent pathway not shared by D-T3 and may explain the greater potency of L-T3 than D-T3. PMID- 3197650 TI - An incidentally discovered case of Cushing's syndrome without clinical signs. AB - This paper describes a middle-aged man in whom an adrenal mass was incidentally discovered by upper abdominal echogram. Physical examination revealed no signs of Cushing's syndrome. The plasma cortisol level at 0800 h was within the normal range, but the diurnal rhythm had disappeared. Plasma ACTH was undetectable throughout the whole day. Urinary 17-OHCS was slightly increased and was not suppressed by 2 mg or 8 mg dexamethasone. Metyrapone test and CRF test revealed no response. A left adrenalectomy was performed and histological diagnosis of the removed tumor was an adrenal adenoma. After operation, oral steroid supplementation was necessary. These data suggest that the autonomous cortisol secretion by the tumor accounted for all his daily cortisol secretion, but it was too small to be clinically functional. We propose that every patient with an incidentally discovered adrenal mass should be subjected to endocrinological evaluations. PMID- 3197651 TI - Urinary iodide excretion measured with an iodide-selective ion electrode: studies on normal subjects of varying ages and patients with thyroid diseases. AB - As a part of studies concerning clinical application of the measurement of urinary iodide with an iodide-selective ion electrode, we report here the reference values for the iodide content or concentration in morning spot urine specimens from normal subjects of varying ages and studies with patients with thyroid diseases in Japan. The number distribution of the iodide content or concentration in the morning specimens appeared logarithmic normal in adults, children and infants. Normal ranges found in 95 per cent of populations of healthy subjects were 5.3 to 62.0 mumoles/g Creatinine (Cr) for adults, 5.3 to 42 mumoles/g Cr for children, and 1.9 to 56 microM for infants, respectively. Urinary iodide concentrations in breast-fed infants varied widely compared with those in bottle-fed infants. Mean values were 16.4 microM for breast-fed infants and 8.6 microM for bottle-fed infants, and they were not statistically different. Urine samples from the infants with transient hypothyroidism, who had undergone amniofetography showed extraordinarily high iodide concentrations, even though they were measured at 20th, 29th and 30th days after birth. Although urinary iodide excretion in patients with simple goiter was within normal limits, the mean was statistically lower than that in normal controls (p less than 0.001). Because of the simplicity and rapidity of the electrode method, we strongly recommend it for use in examining iodide excretion in patients with various thyroid diseases. PMID- 3197652 TI - Growth hormone inhibits renotropic action of luteinizing hormone-isoform(s). AB - We recently purified luteinizing hormone (LH)-isoforms with renotropic activity from ovine pituitaries based on the stimulation of [3H] thymidine incorporation into renal DNA of castrated-hypophysectomized rats. In this study, we examined the hormonal interactions between ovine growth hormone (GH) and this LH-isoform in renal DNA synthesis. A single injection of LH-isoform (40 micrograms) significantly increased [3H] thymidine incorporation, but an injection of GH (200 micrograms) did not, during experimental periods of up to 26 hours. Repetitive ovine GH treatment (5 days) did not change basal [3H] thymidine incorporation, either, although its biological activity was evidenced by an increase in insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Stimulated [3H] thymidine incorporation by LH isoform (100 micrograms) was significantly suppressed by an injection of GH (200 micrograms) and was, to a greater extent, by repetitive treatment with GH (200 micrograms/day, for 3 or 5 consecutive days). These results demonstrated one example of the effect of complex hormonal interactions on kidney growth. PMID- 3197653 TI - Cloning of glucocorticoid-responsive mRNA in the rat thymus. AB - To elucidate the molecular mechanism of rat thymus involution induced by administration of glucocorticoid, we screened a cDNA library for polysomal poly(A)+RNA from adrenalectomized rat thymi by a differential colony hybridization method. Labeled cDNAs for mRNAs isolated from thymi of adrenalectomized rats and rats receiving dexamethasone (Dex) treatment were used as probes. Eight cDNA clones for mRNAs which had a diminished response to administration of Dex were isolated. The relative concentration of cloned mRNAs in the thymic polysomal RNA was significantly decreased 3 h after hormone administration, while changes in the nuclear RNA were not significant after Dex administration. One of the selected cDNA clones designated pRTGR-8 corresponded to mRNA of about 3,000 nucleotides, and a nuclear run-off transcription assay indicated that the rate of transcription of pRTGR-8 RNA was repressed by Dex administration. The cloned cDNAs obtained in this experiment may provide useful probes for studying the negative regulation mechanism of gene expression by glucocorticoids. PMID- 3197654 TI - The effects of peritoneal macrophages on monolayered luteal cell progestin secretion in the rat. AB - Functionally active or regressing luteal cells were obtained from pseudo-pregnant (psp) rats between days 5-8 of psp or on day 15 of psp, respectively. They were monolayer-cultured (10(6)/dish) in the presence of 0.2 micrograms/ml LH 2.0 micrograms/ml PRL and 10 micrograms/ml pregnenolone for 4 days with or without macrophages, although functionally active luteal cells secreted progesterone dominantly during day 1 of culture (Day 1), the amounts of progesterone and 20 alpha-OH-P secreted were inverted on Day 2, and the dominance of 20 alpha-OH-P continued from Day 2 to Day 4. In the functionally regressing luteal cell culture, more 20 alpha-OH-P than progesterone was secreted throughout the culture period. The addition of peritoneal macrophages (2.5 X 10(6] to the active luteal cell monolayer lengthened the dominance of progesterone secretion for an additional day and the inversion occurred on Day 3. The progestin ratio (progesterone/20 alpha-OH-P) on Day 2 was maintained significantly higher. The daily addition of macrophages maintained the progesterone dominance throughout the culture period. On the other hand, macrophages had no effect on luteal cells already functionally regressing. These results indicate that macrophages are effective in maintaining the progesterone secreting activity of luteal cells in vitro. PMID- 3197655 TI - Increase in peripheral large granular lymphocytes in postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis. AB - In order to elucidate the mechanism of postpartum aggravation of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), we serially examined the change in the proportion of peripheral large granular lymphocytes (LGL), which have activities of NK, K and/or cytotoxic T cells, in their postpartum period. Within 6 months postpartum, the percentage of LGL increased transiently in patients with AITD who remained euthyroid, or developed destructive thyrotoxicosis and/or hypothyroidism due to thyroiditis and even in normal controls. These changes in the LGL percentage were more obvious in the patients who had marked postpartum thyroid dysfunction. In contrast, we did not find a definite increase in the LGL percentage within 6 months postpartum in patients with Graves' disease who relapsed into Graves' thyrotoxicosis. These deta suggest that the increase in LGL in the postpartum period may be related to the induction of postpartum destructive thyrotoxicosis and/or hypothyroidism in AITD. PMID- 3197656 TI - Assessment of the relationship between serum thyroid hormone levels and peripheral metabolism in patients with anorexia nervosa. AB - It has been observed that basal and/or TRH-stimulated serum TSH levels occasionally conflict with the actual values of circulating thyroid hormones in patients with anorexia nervosa. In the present study sixteen female patients with anorexia nervosa during self-induced starvation displayed clinical findings suggesting hypothyroidism, e.g., cold intolerance, constipation, bradycardia, hypothermia and hypercholesterolemia in association with decreased serum total T3 (62.8 +/- 5.2 ng/dl) and T4 (6.6 +/- 0.3 micrograms/dl). Markedly decreased T3 correlated positively with average heart rate (r = 0.5655, P less than 0.025) and negatively with total cholesterol (r = -0.7413, P less than 0.005). This result may suggest that peripheral metabolic state of the underweight anorexics depends considerably upon the serum T3 concentration. Despite decreased total thyroid hormones, free T4 assayed by radioimmunoassay was normal in all five cases examined (1.4 +/- 0.2 ng/dl) and the free T4 index in fifteen cases was normal except in one case. Basal TSH was not increased and TSH response to exogenous TRH was not exaggerated in any. These results may be compatible with a theory that free T4 has a dominant influence on pituitary TSH secretion. Furthermore, glucocorticoids may also have some influence on depressed TSH response, because an inverse correlation between increased plasma cortisol and the sum of net TSH increase after TRH was observed in twelve cases examined. In conclusion, it is suggested that normal sensitivity of peripheral tissues and pituitary thyrotroph to different circulating thyroid hormones is maintained in anorexia nervosa patients even during severe self-induced starvation, and that the metabolic state in these patients is considerably under the influence of circulating T3. PMID- 3197657 TI - Expression and regulation of c-erb-A mRNA from lymphocytes in patients with thyroid dysfunction. AB - To investigate the expression and the regulation of nuclear triiodothyronine (T3) receptor at the gene level, cellular(c)-erb-A mRNA isolated from lymphocytes in patients with thyroid dysfunction was examined by Northern gel analysis and dot blot hybridization using viral (v)-erb-A cDNA probe. Human lymphocytes contained c-erb-A mRNA (approximately 2.0 kilobase (kb) in length), and c-erb-A mRNA, which was determined by dot blot hybridization, was observed to be increased in hypothyroid patients but unaltered in hyperthyroid patients. The high level of c erb-A mRNA may contribute in part to the increase in nuclear T3 receptor and these results suggest the presence of up-regulation of nuclear T3 receptor at the gene level in the lymphocytes of hypothyroid patients. PMID- 3197658 TI - Significance of serum thyrotropin and plasma dopamine concentration in the regulation of thyroid function in elderly subjects. AB - In our previous study, we observed a tendency towards an age-related increase in the serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration. Regulatory mechanisms of TSH secretion in elderly subjects were studied. In 43 elderly subjects, serum TSH did not correlate significantly with serum T4, T3 free T4 or rT3. Further, those with increased TSH (greater than 5 mU/l, 9 subjects) did not overlap with those with low T3 (less than 0.92 nmol/1, 8 subjects). Increases in serum TSH were not associated with the presence of circulating anti-thyroid autoantibodies. A TRH test using a 500 micrograms single bolus injection was performed in 15 subjects. TSH response (basal: 1.92 +/- 1.42 (s.d.) mU/1, peak: 11.25 +/- 5.33 mU/1, sigma: 26.74 +/- 12.89 mU/1, respectively) did not differ significantly from that of younger subjects. T3 response after TRH varied greatly and a close correlation was observed between basal T3 and peak T3 (r = 0.86), and also between peak T3 and delta T3 (r = 0.81). A significant correlation was observed between sigma TSH and basal T3 (r = 0.60). Neither plasma cortisol, epinephrine nor norepinephrine concentrations showed any significant correlation with basal and TRH-stimulated TSH or T3 concentrations. However, the plasma dopamine concentration correlated significantly with sigma TSH (r = 0.60) and basal T3 (r = 0.52), respectively. In conclusion, the increase in serum TSH observed in elderly subjects was felt to represent a physiological adaptation to maintain serum T3. Low T3 subjects appear to have a disturbance in this mechanism, with decreased TSH and T3 response to TRH stimulation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197659 TI - A comparison of subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of human growth hormone (hGH) and increased growth rate by daily injection of hGH in GH deficient children. AB - Plasma human growth hormone (hGH) profiles and biological activities of recombinant hGH were compared after im and sc injection in 8 normal volunteers. The time to reach maximal plasma GH and plasma hGH concentrations and the areas under the curve of hGH profiles did not differ significantly after im and sc injections. The biological effect of hGH in increasing nonesterified fatty acid and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was the same after both im and sc injections. During 6 months of daily sc administration of recombinant hGH in 20 naive patients, their height increased between 5 and 16.5 cm with a mean of 11.0 +/- 3.0 cm/year. In 27 patients who switched from hGH injections of 2-4 times/week to daily injections, the height increased between 5.3 and 16.5 cm with a mean of 8.3 +/- 2.2 cm/year. These values were greater than those observed in a previous study in which the same amount of hGH was injected in 2-4 doses per week. Plasma IGF-I increased more with daily sc administration than with 2-4 doses per week. The rate of appearance of an antibody to hGH was low (0.5%) and there were no notable changes in blood cell count, urinalysis and/or routine chemistries during the 6 months of daily recombinant hGH treatment. These results show that sc daily administration of hGH is safe, has a greater growth promoting effect, and can be recommended for the treatment of patients with GH deficiency. PMID- 3197660 TI - The interference of acebutolol administration in the measurement of urinary 17 ketosteroid by Zimmermann's method. AB - A patient with essential hypertension receiving the oral administration of acebutolol, a beta 1-selective adrenergic blocker, showed a marked increase in urinary 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) excretion determined by Zimmermann's method. Since the normal concentration of each fraction of 17-KS was found in this case by gas chromatography, the possibility of an abnormality in steroid metabolism could be excluded from the mechanism of the increase in the measured value for urinary 17 KS. In the urine samples from patients treated with acebutolol, acebutolol and acetylated acebutolol, a main metabolite of acebutolol, were found equally among them. Moreover, acebutolol or acetylated acebutolol resulted in a dose-dependent increase in 17-KS by Zimmermann's method in phosphate buffered saline or in a urine sample. However, the other beta-blockers, such as propranolol, alprenolol and oxprenolol did not show any effect on the determined value for urinary 17-KS. Thus it was concluded that the activated methylene group of acebutolol and acetylated acebutolol may interfere with the measured values obtained by Zimmermann's method. PMID- 3197661 TI - A case of large prolactinoma supposed to be cured by bromocriptine therapy. AB - The authors reported a patient with a large prolactinoma (PRL 1,716 ng/ml) who was treated with bromocriptine for two years and followed up for a subsequent 36 months. After the start of the therapy, the tumor size was dramatically reduced, and finally the disappearance of the tumor was confirmed by high resolution coronal CT. The serum prolactin level and pituitary function were normalized. The tumor has not regrown and the blood prolactin level has remained normal for 36 months since the discontinuation of bromocriptine administration. This is a very rare case report on the eradicative effect of bromocriptine on such a large prolactinoma. Another characteristic of this case was that the prolactin reserve was maintained not only before the therapy but also during the early stage of the therapy. PMID- 3197662 TI - Proliferative response of seminal vesicle cells to androgen in mice castrated neonatally and pretreated with estrogen or androgen at adulthood. AB - Seminal vesicle cells of neonatally castrated adult mice show poor response to androgen, compared to those of mice castrated at adulthood; effects of pretreatment with androgen or estrogen at adulthood on androgen-induced proliferation of the seminal vesicle cells were examined in neonatally castrated mice. Male mice castrated at day 0 after birth were pretreated with daily injections of testosterone propionate (TP, 100 micrograms/mouse), 17 beta estradiol (E2, 5 micrograms/mouse) or vehicle for 20 days starting from day 60; daily TP injections (100 micrograms/mouse) for 30 days were started again from day 110 in all the pretreated mice to examine androgen-induced proliferation by incorporation of 5-[125I]iodo-2'-deoxyuridine into the whole seminal vesicles. Both TP and E2 pretreatments significantly increased the seminal vesicle weight found before TP treatment. However, androgen-induced proliferation of the seminal vesicle found in neonatally castrated mice (poor response; long duration with a low peak on day 3) was changed at least in part to that found in mice castrated at adulthood (good response; short duration with a high peak on day 3) only following the TP pretreatment but not at all following the E2 pretreatment. The E2 pretreatment induced poor androgen-induced proliferation with a low peak on day 7. PMID- 3197663 TI - Why do thin stockings keep legs so warm? PMID- 3197665 TI - Development and use of an air-cooled suit for work in nuclear reactors. PMID- 3197664 TI - Air-sources, supply and cooling. PMID- 3197666 TI - A personal conditioning system based on a liquid-conditioned vest and a thermoelectric supply system. PMID- 3197667 TI - The design, development and assessment of electrically heated gloves used for protecting cold extremities. PMID- 3197668 TI - Wearer related performance standards for conditioned clothing. PMID- 3197669 TI - The ergonomics of ventilated operating theatre clothing. PMID- 3197671 TI - Legislation and the employer's liability. PMID- 3197670 TI - Proceedings of a conference on recent advances in protective clothing- conditioned garments. Harrow, 10 December 1986. PMID- 3197672 TI - Conditioned clothing: the needs of industry and the wearer. PMID- 3197673 TI - Protective clothing: heat exchange and physiological objectives. PMID- 3197674 TI - Epileptic discharges induced by intermittent light stimulation in photosensitive baboons: a current source density study. AB - The current source density (CSD) method was applied to the study of paroxysmal discharges (PDs) induced by intermittent light stimulation (ILS) in Papio papio baboons made photosensitive by a subconvulsant dose of allylglycine. CSD was studied in the motor and premotor areas (4 and 6). Laminar profiles of sinks and sources are similar in both areas. Nevertheless, the motor area seems to become involved first since it shows the earliest and most prominent sink in layer III. Such a sink, correlated with the PD spike, moves progressively upward to the cortical surface. The localization and other experimental arguments obtained by the same method suggest that this sink could be mainly of dendritic origin. The cortico-cortical afferents to the superficial layers of the motor area might thus determine the generation of this sink. A smaller sink, detected at the same latency between layers V and VI could correspond to synaptic activations due to thalamo-cortical afferents probably arriving on the pyramidal cells which project to the spinal cord. Intense sinks correlated with the PD wave in layer V could be passive, due to active sources lying just above and/or below, because in previous studies an inhibition of the cellular discharges was always observed in correlation with the wave. It is suggested that ILS triggered PDs involve visual cortico-cortical afferents directed mainly to the superficial layers of the motor area provoking an intense synaptic activation of the cellular elements situated at this level. PMID- 3197675 TI - The anticonvulsant action of nafimidone on kindled amygdaloid seizures in rats. AB - The anticonvulsant effectiveness of nafimidone (1-[2-naphthoylmethyl]imidazole hydrochloride) was evaluated in the kindled amygdaloid seizure model in rats. Nafimidone (3.1-120 mg/kg i.p.) was evaluated at 30 min in previously kindled rats using both threshold (20 microA increments) and supranthreshold (400 microA) paradigms. Nafimidone (25-50 mg/kg) significantly reduced supranthreshold elicited afterdischarge length and seizure severity only at doses with some prestimulation toxicity. The maximum anticonvulsant effectiveness for the 25 mg/kg i.p. dose of nafimidone was seen between 15 and 30 min utilizing a suprathreshold kindling paradigm. Nafimidone did not significantly elevate seizure thresholds at the doses tested; however, nafimidone (3.1-50 mg/kg) reduced the severity and afterdischarge duration of threshold elicited seizures in a non-dose response manner. Drug-induced electroencephalographic spikes were seen in both cortex and amygdala in most kindled rats receiving 100-120 mg/kg i.p. within 30 min of dosing before electrical stimulation. The frequency of spike and wave complexes increased in most of these animals leading to drug induced spontaneous seizures and death in approximately 25% before electrical stimulation. This study has demonstrated that although nafimidone can modify both threshold and suprathreshold elicited kindled amygdaloid seizures, it lacks significant specificity in this model of epilepsy. PMID- 3197676 TI - Inhibitory effect of TJ-960 (SK) on pentylenetetrazol-induced EEG power spectrum changes. AB - Effects of the Japanese kampo medicine 'Shosaiko-to-go-keishika-shyakuyaku-to' (TJ-960), which is a mixture of 9 herbal drugs and is practically equivalent to 'Saiko-keishi-to' (SK), on the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced EEG power spectrum changes were examined. The EEG power spectrum change with 2 PTZ administrations at an 80 min interval was clearly inhibited by oral administration of 1.0 mg/kg of TJ-960. By separate single administrations of the main component herbal drugs, Bupleuri radix, Cinnamomi cortex, Paeoniae radix and Zingiberis rhizoma, only Paeoniae radix showed statistically significant inhibition of PTZ-induced EEG power spectrum changes at a proportional dose of 1.0 mg/kg of TJ-960. The other main component herbal drugs showed no statistically significant inhibitory effect although they had a tendency to inhibit. These findings suggest that the Japanese Kampo medicine, TJ-960 (SK), has an inhibitory effect on PTZ-induced power spectrum changes and one of the component herbal drugs, Paeoniae radix, is the important component drug. PMID- 3197677 TI - Reduction of dosing frequency of carbamazepine with a slow-release preparation. AB - The occurrence of side effects and epileptic seizures and the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide were studied using a slow release CBZ preparation, Neurotol slow, and a conventional CBZ preparation, Tegretol. The study was an open, randomized cross-over trial, with a 2 week study period for each preparation. Tegretol was given 3 times and Neurotol slow twice a day. The earlier CBZ dose was kept unchanged. The initial sample consisted of 24 adult epileptic patients receiving CBZ treatment of whom 20 patients were evaluable. The fluctuation in serum CBZ concentrations did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment periods, even though the interdose interval of Neurotol slow was 4 h longer than that of Tegretol. The switch-over from conventional CBZ to the slow-release formulation did not seem to alter the efficacy and side effects of CBZ. By using Neurotol slow instead of a conventional CBZ preparation, Tegretol, it is evidently possible to reduce the dosing frequency from 3 times a day to twice daily administrations. PMID- 3197678 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging in epilepsy: a controlled study. AB - The authors present a study of 50 patients with epilepsy and 14 healthy controls using a standardized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. Gross inspection of MRI scans identified major cerebral pathology and supplemented computerized tomography (CT) data. With further analysis of spin-lattice (T1) relaxation times, significant differences from controls emerged in epilepsy patients, even with normal CT scans, particularly in the temporal lobes. Patients with generalized seizures had increased T1 values in the thalamus. Also prolonged T1 in patients with focal seizures was noted on the ipsilateral side. These results of MRI imaging are discussed in relation to other imaging modalities in epilepsy. Further, the potential benefit of MRI in localization of seizure focus and specific pathophysiological mechanisms in seizure disorders are considered. PMID- 3197679 TI - Corpus callosotomy for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. AB - Twenty-five patients underwent anterior corpus callosotomy (ACC) for treatment of uncontrolled seizures. Two patients died, and 6 patients experienced perioperative complications which resolved. A statistically significant reduction of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (17 patients; P less than 0.05) and complex partial seizures (11 patients; P less than 0.05) occurred following ACC. A single patient with atonic seizures became free of atonic seizures. Two patients had a greater than 50% reduction in seizures resulting in falls, a single patient became free of episodes of status epilepticus, and in 2 patients the seizures changed from generalized tonic-clonic seizures to hemiconvulsive seizures. Thus ACC appears to decrease the severity and frequency of disabling seizures in some patients with uncontrolled seizures. PMID- 3197680 TI - Multietiological determinants of psychopathology and social competence in children with epilepsy. AB - The purpose of this investigation was to inquire into the multietiological determinants of psychopathology and social competence in children with epilepsy. The relationship between behavioral functioning as assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist and a variety of biological, psychosocial, medication and demographic risk factors was investigated in a sample of 183 children with epilepsy aged 6 16. Several risk factors were found to be related to each behavioral measure. The results are discussed both in terms of their implications for models of psychopathology in epilepsy as well as their relationship to previous findings in the epilepsy/psychopathology field. PMID- 3197681 TI - Self-induction of seizures in photosensitive patients in a tropical country. AB - Two Sri Lankan girls who, in their childhood, developed self-induced epilepsy are reported. The seizures were tonic-clonic and induced by rubbing the forehead in one case and by waving one hand in front of the eyes in the other. These manoeuvres performed while gazing at a bright light evoked generalised polyspike and wave discharges. The patients had no explanation for their behaviour but the most likely basis for the act was attention-seeking. One patient whose seizures were not controlled with phenytoin received clobazam as adjuvant therapy and showed a marked improvement clinically and electroencephalographically. PMID- 3197682 TI - Evidence of hypothyroidism in the genetically epilepsy-prone rat. AB - A number of neurochemical and behavioral similarities exist between the genetically epilepsy-prone (GEPR) rat and rats made hypothyroid at birth. These similarities include lower brain monoamine levels, audiogenic seizure susceptibility and lowered electroconvulsive shock seizure threshold. Given these similarities, thyroid hormone status was examined in GEPR rats. Serum samples were collected from GEPR-9 and non-epileptic control rats at 5, 9, 13, 16, 22, 31, 45, 60, 90, 150 and 350 days of age. Serum thyroxine (T4) levels were significantly lower in GEPR-9 rats compared to control until day 22 of age. GEPR 9 thyrotropin (TSH) levels were significantly elevated during the period of diminished serum T4. GEPR-9 triiodothyronine (T3) levels were lower than control throughout the first year of life. The data indicate that the GEPR-9 rat is hypothyroid from at least the second week of life up to 1 year of age. The critical impact of neonatal hypothyroidism on brain function coupled with the development of the audiogenic seizure susceptible trait by the GEPR-9 rat during the third week after birth suggests that neonatal hypothyroidism could be one etiological factor in the development of the seizure-prone state of GEPR-9 rats. PMID- 3197683 TI - Psychological effects of subclinical epileptiform EEG discharges. I. Scholastic skills. AB - The possible effects of subclinical epileptiform EEG discharges on educational skills have been studied. Twenty children with proven or suspected epilepsy and known subclinical EEG discharges underwent telemetric EEG and video monitoring during standard tasks of reading, mental arithmetic and manual dexterity, and at rest. The discharge rate was significantly lower at rest than during execution of a task. For both reading and arithmetic, the discharge rate was higher when the child was presented with material appropriate to his own level of ability than when easier or more difficult material was given. High discharge rates were associated with low test performance particularly for arithmetic. Reading speed was significantly increased during the discharges, but overall reading efficiency was significantly reduced with respect to the non-discharge condition. The decrement of reading efficiency was greater for longer than for shorter discharges. The findings confirm that otherwise subclinical EEG discharges may be accompanied by momentary impairment of scholastic skills. The interaction between discharges and cognitive function is, however, complex and the nature and level of difficulty of the task in turn affects the rate of EEG discharge. PMID- 3197684 TI - Psychological effects of subclinical epileptiform EEG discharges in children. II. General intelligence tests. AB - Twenty-one children with suspected or proven epilepsy and subclinical epileptiform EEG discharges in the waking state were studied. The EEG was telemetered and behaviour recorded by closed-circuit television during performance of a general intelligence test (RAKIT, shortened version) which comprised 6 subtests. Mean total IQ was below that of control populations and the subtests profile was abnormal, due particularly to impaired performance on a subtest concerned with verbal short-term memory. This effect was accounted for by that subgroup of children who exhibited discharges during the test; those who did not show discharges at that time were unimpaired. Performance of 3 of the subtests was impaired when discharges occurred during presentation of the test item or between presentation and response. The findings suggest that cognitive impairment found in people with epilepsy may not only represent a more or less static disability, due to drugs, cerebral pathology, etc., but may in part be an intermittent process related to the occurrence of subclinical epileptiform discharges. These preliminary findings need to be amplified but have implications both for interpretation of neuropsychological studies in persons with epilepsy and also for the drug treatment of those who continue to exhibit subclinical EEG discharges when overt seizures have been controlled. PMID- 3197686 TI - Ictus emeticus and the insular cortex. AB - A 30-year-old man had a long history of seizures that began with feelings of tightness in his throat and fear, followed by projectile vomiting and head and eye deviation to the left. These episodes were not completely controlled by antiepileptic medications. Video EEG monitoring confirmed his clinical description. Corticography was performed before and after temporal lobectomy and revealed residual spikes in the unresectable tissue of the insula. Three years postoperatively he has had no seizures with vomiting but has occasional 'auras' of throat tightening and fear. The case suggests that the insula may be a trigger area for emesis but requires anterior-mesial temporal cortex for completion. PMID- 3197685 TI - A study of the corpus callosum in epilepsy using magnetic resonance imaging. AB - The corpus callosum of a group of epileptic patients (N = 48) was compared to that of normal healthy volunteers (N = 14) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mid-callosal thickness was significantly greater in the sub-group of epileptic patients with generalized seizures. This provides some support for the concept of the corpus callosum playing a role in seizure propagation. PMID- 3197687 TI - Febrile convulsions in an adult as presenting symptom of intracranial dermoid cyst: a case report. AB - A 32-year-old man had generalized tonic-clonic epileptic seizures associated with episodes of recurrent high fever for 6 years. Repeated physical examinations including neurological status, EEG and nuclear brain scan were negative. Brain CT showed a non-homogeneous parasellar cyst of low density and fat-fluid levels in the lateral ventricles. The diagnosis of intracranial dermoid cyst was confirmed at surgery and histopathologically. Recurrent febrile convulsions and chemical meningitis may be the only clinical manifestations of ruptured dermoid cyst. The CT features of intracranial dermoid cyst are pathognomonic. PMID- 3197689 TI - Unchanged regional norepinephrine glycol metabolite levels in rat brain two months after amygdala kindling. AB - Concentrations of the norepinephrine (NE) glycol metabolites MHPG (3-methoxy-4 hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol) and DHPG (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol) were examined in 13 brain regions of amygdala-kindled and yoked control rats. The subjects were killed 2 months after the kindled rats had exhibited their sixth 'stage 4-5' generalized seizure. In experiment 1, small but statistically significant decreases in total MHPG levels were found in the right hippocampus (91.6% of control) and hypothalamus (90.7% of control). When the study was repeated with 2 additional control groups, non-kindled, electrically stimulated controls and maximal electroshock convulsion controls, however, these small changes were not seen. The data suggest that since amygdala kindling does not produce any consistent, long-lasting alterations in brain regional NE glycol metabolite levels, there are no consistent, long-term changes in central NE neuronal activity. PMID- 3197688 TI - Anticonvulsant action of the nucleoside transport inhibitor, soluflazine, on synaptic and non-synaptic epileptogenesis in the guinea-pig hippocampus. AB - The effects of the nucleoside transport inhibitor, soluflazine, were examined on synaptic and non-synaptic epileptogenesis, and on paired-pulse facilitation and inhibition in the CA1 region of the guinea-pig hippocampal slice. In the model of synaptic epileptogenesis, excitation was enhanced by omitting Mg2+ from the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). This procedure induced a second epileptogenic population spike (PS) after orthodromic stimulation, which was inhibited by soluflazine (IC50 value 1.2 x 10(-6) M). In the non-synaptic model of epileptogenesis spontaneous depolarizing 'burst' discharges were induced in CA1 by lowering the concentration of Ca2+ and increasing the concentration of K+ and Mg2+. The IC50 value of soluflazine was 6.0 x 10(-7) M for antagonizing 'burst' frequency and 7.5 x 10(-6) M for 'burst' amplitude, indicating a preferential effect on 'burst' initiation. After paired orthodromic stimuli to stratum radiatum, the amount of synaptic facilitation of PS amplitude was significantly increased by soluflazine. This was mainly due to a decrease in the size of the PS induced by the conditioning pulse. The amount of PS inhibition after antidromic/orthodromic stimulation was not significantly altered by soluflazine. With the exception of the failure of soluflazine to attenuate inhibition, the results obtained with soluflazine resemble those reported for adenosine. This strengthens the hypothesis that soluflazine increases the extracellular concentration of adenosine. Further, the results indicate that centrally active nucleoside transport inhibitors may be a new class of antiepileptic drug. PMID- 3197690 TI - Experimental secondarily generalized convulsive status epilepticus induced by D,L homocysteine thiolactone. AB - Secondarily generalized convulsive status epilepticus was induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of D,L-homocysteine thiolactone to rats with actively epileptogenic cobalt lesions in motor cortex. This induced focal motor seizures which secondarily generalized. Control animals not treated with antiepileptic drugs had a mean of 18.3 generalized convulsions over a mean period of 103.8 min. Electrographic patterns seen during status epilepticus are described and are very similar to those seen during human status epilepticus. Phenytoin, phenobarbital, diazepam and lorazepam were all effective in arresting the generalized seizures when given i.p. after the second such seizure. Efficacy was serum drug concentration dependent. Concentrations effective in arrest of generalized seizures in this model are similar to those reported to be effective in the treatment of human status epilepticus. Diazepam ED50s for control of generalized tonic-clonic seizures and for arrest of all seizure activity were determined. PMID- 3197692 TI - Allopurinol as an add-on drug in the management of intractable epilepsy. AB - The efficacy of allopurinol as an antiepileptic drug has been assessed in a 12 week add-on open uncontrolled study in a small series of 12 patients with intractable epilepsy. Weekly seizure frequencies were observed to be reduced in 4 patients and increased in 5 patients but these changes were not significant and could be attributed to the random variation of seizures. PMID- 3197691 TI - Depressed convulsions by diazepam and its effects on brain monoamines and amino acids in E1 mice. AB - The effect of diazepam on inbred mutant E1 mice, which develop convulsive seizures after repeated sessions of being tossed up, was examined. Acute administration of diazepam (32 mg/kg, i.p.) completely inhibited the convulsions. At that time, the dopamine level was increased in the cortex and hippocampus, and the norepinephrine level in the cerebellum was decreased. 5-Hydroxytryptamine levels were not changed. As for amino acids, the glutamine level increased and the levels of GABA, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine and other amino acids were not changed. PMID- 3197693 TI - Increased activity of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in actively epileptic human cerebral cortex. AB - We measured the activities of the cholinergic marker synthetic and catabolic enzymes choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in surgical specimens obtained from 38 patients immediately following anterior temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy. Samples from patients with actively spiking lateral temporal cortex were compared to non-spiking lateral temporal cortex obtained from patients in whom the epileptic discharges were confined to the hippocampus. Mean activities of ChAT and AChE were increased by 25% (P less than 0.01) and 30% (P less than 0.025) respectively in the spiking vs. non spiking cortex. We suggest that the above-normal activity of these cholinergic marker enzymes may reflect sprouting of cholinergic nerve terminals in spontaneously spiking cortex of some patients and/or increased acetylcholine metabolism secondary to the stimulatory effect of the ongoing epileptic discharge. PMID- 3197694 TI - Mechanism of electrographic seizure generation in the hippocampal slice in Mg2+ free medium: the role of GABAa inhibition. AB - We recently have described a new model of ictal-like electrographic activity in the hippocampal slice. When magnesium is eliminated from the medium bathing the hippocampal slice, spontaneously occurring electrical events which closely resemble electrographic seizures can be recorded extracellularly from area CA3. In order to begin to understand the mechanisms of initiation and termination of these seizures, the present study investigated the role of GABAa-mediated inhibition in these processes. Prior to the onset of a seizure recorded from stratum pyramidale of CA3, a twin-pulse stimulus to stratum radiatum of CA3 evoked twin EPSPs. Following the seizure, the same stimulation triggered a strong epileptiform burst. This is consistent with the known reduction of GABAa inhibition after seizures in vivo. Addition of bicuculline, picrotoxin, or penicillin, which reduce the efficacy of GABAa-mediated inhibition in this system, caused triggered epileptiform bursting to occur prior to the seizure as well. They also lowered the threshold for the production of seizures, facilitating their spontaneous occurrence or elicitation by fewer stimulus pulses. This suggests that the GABAa inhibition present in magnesium-free (0-Mg) plus baclofen medium tends to suppress the onset of seizures and raises the seizure threshold. However, these drugs did not prolong the ictal events. This suggests that in this model, GABAa-mediated inhibition is not responsible for termination of the seizure-like activity. Although there is some potentiation of the tonic firing phase of the seizures under these conditions, there is no gross change in the morphology of the events when inhibition is suppressed. In this model, therefore, GABAa-mediated inhibition plays a limited role in determining the structure and duration of the ictal events, but may contribute to the seizure threshold. PMID- 3197695 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow and kainic acid-induced focal limbic seizures in cats. AB - An experimental limbic seizure was induced in cats by microinjection of kainic acid into the left amygdala. Measurement of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the limbic structure and cerebral cortex was performed by means of the hydrogen clearance method. Immediately after the development of continuous multiple spikes, rCBF increased about 2-fold in the left amygdala (LA) and remained so during the seizure. When continuous multiple spikes were transmitted to the left hippocampus (LH), rCBF in the LH increased to 140% of the baseline value, but in the right amygdala (RA) and left sensorimotor cortex (LCx) it remained unchanged. During limbic seizure in which spike discharges propagated to the LCx, rCBF in the LA, RA, LCx and LH increased to 220%, 130%, 120% and 190%, respectively. In the interictal stage in which interictal spike discharges intermittently appeared in the LA, rCBF returned to baseline values in the primary and secondary foci. The results show that rCBF increased almost simultaneously with the development of the seizure in the primary focus and the areas where seizure propagation were observed, and returned to baseline value once the seizure had disappeared. During the interictal stage, rCBF in the primary focus was only slightly increased in spite of persistence of interictal spike discharges. PMID- 3197696 TI - Oxcarbazepine-induced hyponatremia, a cross-sectional study. AB - In order to estimate the frequency of hyponatremia in patients treated with oxcarbazepine (OxCZ), a cross-sectional study was carried out. 21 of 41 patients being treated with the drug were found to be hyponatremic (serum sodium levels less than 135 mmol/l). None was found to be hypernatremic (serum sodium levels greater than 145 mmol/l). A non-significant trend towards increasing frequency of hyponatremia with increasing age was observed. Patients treated with dosages above 30 mg/kg/day had a significantly higher risk of becoming hyponatremic. PMID- 3197697 TI - Comparison of the effects of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine on peripheral nerve conduction. AB - Twenty-five epileptic outpatients were studied to assess possible effects of the first 6 months of treatment with carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine using serial peripheral nerve conduction measurements. Carbamazepine caused a small slowing effect on the motor conduction of the median nerve after 4 weeks of treatment, and the effect was correlated with the fasting serum concentration of the drug. Slowed motor conduction value of the median nerve was also observed after 6 months of treatment with carbamazepine. Oxcarbazepine did not cause any statistically significant slowing of nerve conduction. PMID- 3197698 TI - Seizure activity in vitro: a dual focus model. AB - Recently, we have reported that the exposure of hippocampal slices in vitro to artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing no added magnesium results in ictal-like (ictaform) activity in area CA3 of the hippocampal formation. Other reports describe such activity in slices of entorhinal cortex (EC) under similar conditions. Because of the close interrelationship between the entorhinal area and the hippocampal formation, we have begun to study, in vitro, brain slices which contain both the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampal formation. In these slices, we have found that, in the magnesium-free (0-Mg2+) model, there is good electrical communication between area CA3 and the EC. Simultaneous recordings of the activity in the EC and CA3 showed that, when the circuitry linking the two areas was intact, the EC tended to initiate the ictaform activity and lead CA3. However, late in the event, CA3 could lead EC. Furthermore, interictal-like spontaneous bursting in CA3 led to a disorganized pattern of ictaform activity in EC. Finally, when the EC was separated from the hippocampal formation, both areas were capable of ictaform activity which was temporally unrelated. This model provides the opportunity to explore the relationship between two epileptogenic areas in vitro, and to compare and contrast the morphology of the ictaform activity present in both structures. As such, it may prove valuable in both pharmacological and physiological studies of seizure disorders. PMID- 3197699 TI - Effects of kynurenic acid on amygdaloid kindling in the rat. AB - The anticonvulsant properties of the endogenous excitatory amino acid antagonist, kynurenic acid (KYA), were studied in prepubescent and adult rats using the amygdaloid kindling model of epilepsy. Treatment with intracerebroventricular KYA (360 nmoles (adult dose) or 240 nmoles (prepubescent dose] prior to administration of the electrical kindling stimulus significantly reduced the rate of kindling in both age groups. However, there was no significant difference between the KYA-treated and the controls in mean afterdischarge threshold in either age group. The results of this study indicate that with the kindling model KYA has a significant anticonvulsant effect in both prepubescent and adult rats. PMID- 3197700 TI - Sex-specific distinctions in audiogenic convulsions exhibited by severe seizure genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPR-9s). AB - The severe seizure genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR-9) is characterized by a broad-based seizure predisposition and is increasingly recognized as a useful model of epilepsy. When sound stimulated, members of the GEPR-9 colony exhibit complete tonic extensor convulsions. Female GEPR-9s appear to experience a higher frequency of more severe seizures than males when they are sound stimulated. The purpose of this report is to examine and document this observation. Convulsive behavior was evaluated in approximately 4400 GEPR-9s. Each of these animals was sound stimulated 3 times at weekly intervals. Audiogenic response score (ARS), latency to wild running and latency to convulsion were recorded for each animal in each of the 3 tests. For the first 2 weekly tests, females exhibited a significantly higher incidence of complete tonic convulsions, a significantly higher ARS and significantly shorter latencies to wild running and convulsions than did males. The significant differences in latencies persisted through the 3 tests, whereas an increase in the incidence of complete tonic convulsions among males led to a diminution of the differences between males and females in the other parameters. The possible underlying biochemical differences that are responsible for this sex difference in seizure severity are, as yet, unknown. PMID- 3197701 TI - Abnormal aluminium, cobalt, manganese, strontium and zinc concentrations in untreated epilepsy. AB - The concentration of 38 trace and bulk elements in the serum from 19 patients with recent onset of epilepsy and 20 age- and sex-matched controls was estimated by neutron activation analysis or inductively coupled plasma source by mass spectrometry. The concentrations of aluminium, strontium and zinc were significantly higher and the concentrations of cobalt and manganese were significantly lower than controls. Low concentrations of manganese and high concentrations of zinc in epilepsy have been previously reported but the abnormalities of aluminium, cobalt and strontium are new findings. The possible significance of these results in the pathogenesis of epilepsy is discussed. PMID- 3197702 TI - Inhibitory effect of a mixture of herbal drugs (TJ-960, SK) on pentylenetetrazol induced convulsions in E1 mice. AB - TJ-960 is a spray-dried mixture of 9 herbal drugs. The convulsions of E1 mice induced by pentylenetetrazol (18 mg/kg) were completely inhibited by p.o. administration of TJ-960 at a daily dose of 1.0 g/kg both in 8-week-old and 4 week-old E1 mice. These findings suggest that TJ-960 has an inhibitory effect on the convulsions of this hereditary animal model of epilepsy. PMID- 3197704 TI - Anatomical and behavioral analyses of the inheritance of audiogenic seizures in the progeny of genetically epilepsy-prone and Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - Our previous studies have shown an increase in the number of GABAergic and total neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of the genetically epilepsy-prone rat (GEPR-9) as compared to the non-seizing Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat. To determine whether an increase in neuron number in the IC is genetically associated with seizure behavior, seizing and non-seizing offspring of GEPR-9 and SD progenitor strains were studied as well as offspring from backcrosses made with F1 and either GEPR-9 or SD rats. In addition, the ontogeny of seizure behavior was studied in seizing rats from these same backgrounds. The development of seizure behavior in GEPR-9s was shown to be dependent on age and the number of exposures to sound stimulus up until the age of 9 weeks. The F1 and F2 generations displayed different audiogenic seizure profiles than those of the two progenitor strains. In the F1 generation, the ratio of seizing to non-seizing rats was always greater than 3:1, and the distribution of seizure scores was similar for males and females. In addition, the off-spring from backcrosses made with F1 rats (high or low seizing) and GEPR-9s displayed maximal audiogenic response scores (ARS) of 9, a characteristic of the GEPR-9s used in this study. The results of these genetic studies indicate a polygenetic inheritance of this autosomal dominant trait of audiogenic seizure susceptibility. For the quantitative study of neuronal density in the IC, neurons were counted from cresyl violet-stained preparations from seizing and non-seizing F1 and F2 rats, backcrosses from different categories and age-matched SD rats. Statistically significant increases in the number of both small (70% increase) and medium-sized (14% increase) neurons occurred in the high seizing animals (ARS = 7-9) as compared to either the non-seizing F2 or SD rats. In addition, a significant increase in the number of small neurons (77% increase) occurred in the high seizing offspring of the F1 X GEPR-9 backcross as compared to that of the non-seizing offspring of the F1 X SD backcross. The data from 25 rats generated a 0.9 coefficient of linear correlation between ARS and the number of small neurons. The results from the anatomical studies suggest that the inheritance of audiogenic seizures appears to be closely linked to the increase in cell number. Therefore, the increase in cell number in the IC may be an important determinant of seizure behavior for GEPR-9s. PMID- 3197705 TI - Response properties of rapidly recurring hippocampal seizures in rats. AB - Previous work has shown that closely spaced stimuli can activate short-term and long-term inhibitory processes that suppress kindling and the expression of kindled responses. The present experiments employed stimulus trains of longer duration than traditionally used in kindling work. Hippocampal seizures were triggered in rats at rates considerably faster than those reported to activate these inhibitory processes. Such rapidly recurring hippocampal seizures (RRHS) promptly led to a persistent, fully kindled state in which consistent kindled motor responses, constant duration electrographic seizures and stable afterdischarge thresholds were present. These kindled responses could be elicited every 30 min for 6-8 h/day on an alternate day schedule, but the kindled responses depended on delivery of supramaximal stimuli. Extending the number of RRHS on a given test day led to the appearance of a slowly developing but enduring suppression of kindled responses and an elevation of afterdischarge thresholds. Restricting the study period to 6 h on a given day, but using a consecutive instead of alternate day schedule, also led to a long-duration suppression of kindled responses. These results show that the short-duration inhibitory processes associated with kindled seizures can be more easily overcome than long-duration processes. The latter seem to involve an elevation of afterdischarge thresholds. The experiments also establish procedures by which detailed investigations of the effects of experimental manipulations on kindled responses can be examined. PMID- 3197703 TI - Dopamine agonist treatment of self-induced pattern-sensitive epilepsy. A case report. AB - Abusing his own pattern sensitivity, a mentally retarded boy displayed frequent self-induced seizures resistant to conventional anticonvulsive treatment. Bromocriptine and fenfluramine have been successful in terminating self-induced seizures by means of blocking the photosensitive triggering mechanism. Secondary to this effect, the pathological drive toward seizures diminished. The possible mechanism of action has been discussed briefly. PMID- 3197706 TI - Screening and characterization of antiepileptic drugs with rapidly recurring hippocampal seizures in rats. AB - A method to efficiently screen antiepileptic drugs (AED) for their actions against complex partial and secondarily generalized seizures is presented. The procedure relies on rapidly recurring hippocampal seizures (RRHS) in rats which are first used to bring epileptic responses to a stable, fully kindled state and then to test 3 parameters--behavioral seizures, electrographic seizures, and afterdischarge thresholds--before and after drug administration. With the methods described, the effects of a given drug treatment can be thoroughly determined in a single study period. Quantitative determinations of dose-response, time-action and relative potency characteristics are readily ascertained. A battery of known AED, encompassing those in common clinical use, was studied with this system. Kindled motor seizures (classes 4 and 5) were more readily suppressed than limbic behavioral seizures (classes 1-3). Electrographic seizures were usually, but not always, shortened concurrently with suppression of behavioral seizures. Under the conditions of this study, afterdischarge thresholds were not elevated, indicating that a critical role of AED is to counteract seizure spread and prolongation. The overall behavior of the RRHS test system with AED was identical to that with traditional amygdala kindled seizures and results were in good agreement with the clinical responsiveness of the kinds of seizures that these experimental systems model. The features of RRHS make it a useful system for screening new agents for antiepileptic effects, even in circumstances where little or no information about the drug under study is available. PMID- 3197708 TI - Polycystic ovarian disease. PMID- 3197707 TI - Inhibitory control by substantia nigra of generalized epilepsy in the cat. AB - Previous investigations have shown that the basal ganglia may exert a regulating influence on cortical epilepsy. Stimulation of the caudate nucleus enhances cortical penicillin (PCN) spikes. Stimulation of globus pallidus internus reduces cortical spike frequency. Since the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) seems to have an inhibitory action on the ventro-anterior (VA) and ventro-lateral (VL) thalamic nuclei and thalamic neurones send an excitatory influence to the cortex, we undertook an investigation to study nigral influence on cortical epilepsy induced by PCN. Experiments were conducted on encephale isole cats in which steady interictal activity was induced by means of parenteral PCN administration (feline generalized PCN epilepsy). Variations occurring in cortical PCN spikes following activation of either pars compacta (SNpc) or SNpr were analyzed. Electrical stimulation of SNpc reduced spike frequency and amplitude in 19% of the total number of stimulations; SNpr stimulation significantly inhibited cortical spikes, especially in the precruciate gyrus, in 80% of cases. The experimental findings constitute an electrophysiological feature of the control exerted by SNpr on the thalamo-cortical re-exciting loop. A putative preferential role of SNpr in the regulation of abnormal phenomena involving the neocortex is emphasized. PMID- 3197709 TI - Haemodynamic effects of high plasma concentrations of bupivacaine in the dog. AB - The threshold concentrations responsible for circulatory collapse were experimentally investigated by intravenously infusing the drug at high rates (0.2 and 0.3 mg kg-1 min-1 over 20 min, and 0.4 mg kg-1 over 10 min) to 11 anaesthetized and ventilated dogs. Bupivacaine plasma concentrations at the time of haemodynamic measurements were, respectively, 4303 +/- 46, 5829 +/- 615, and 8930 +/- 689 ng ml-1 (means +/- SEM). Cardiac output appeared to be the first and the most affected of the haemodynamic variables studied. Its reduction was already significant with the 0.2 mg kg-1 min-1 bupivacaine infusion, whereas mean systolic blood pressure remained unchanged because of the compensatory increase in vascular resistance. The fall of cardiac output was enhanced by the rise in bupivacaine infusion rate, with simultaneous substantial decreases in left ventricular pressure and LV dP/dt max. At this stage, the increase in systemic vascular resistance was less marked than at low infusion rates, and was not sufficient to prevent hypotension. The variations of mean pulmonary blood pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure did not reach statistical significance, and the absence of significant change in mean pulmonary blood pressure at the time cardiac output was reduced reflected the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. These results suggest that high plasma concentrations of bupivacaine exert a depressant effect on cardiac contractions earlier than on arteriolar tone. PMID- 3197710 TI - Lorazepam fast-dissolving drug formulation (FDDF) and intravenous administrations as anaesthetic premedicants: a pharmacokinetic analysis. AB - The pharmacokinetics of lorazepam premedication were studied in 16 patients using two different formulations (intravenous and FDDF oral administrations). Arterial blood samples were taken at intervals for up to 600 min after administration of 4 mg of each formulation, and plasma lorazepam concentrations were determined by gas-chromatography with electron capture detection. Concentration-time data for individual subjects were analysed by model-independent methods. The derived pharmacokinetic parameters indicated a rapid distribution (median T1/2 lambda 1 i.v. = 15.2 min, median T1/2 lambda 1 oral = 31.6 min) into a steady-state volume of distribution approximating total body water, with a long elimination half-life and a low clearance. Vdss and clearance were similar with both treatments. The absorption of FDDF lorazepam was rapid in half of the patients and provided a high plasma concentration of lorazepam (Cmax = 61.8 ng ml-1) in a short time interval (Tmax = 58 min), but there were considerable inter-individual differences. This variability in absorption might explain why premedication with FDDF lorazepam is sometimes less effective than expected. PMID- 3197711 TI - Lectin-stimulated lymphocyte responses: use and misuse in clinical research. AB - The use of mitogen stimulation assays in clinical research has increased rapidly during the last 25 years. However, little is understood about the mechanisms of action of mitogens. This, coupled with the complexity of the mitogen stimulation assay, has led to much misuse and abuse of this assay system. Data are presented that demonstrate the inherent variability of the assay system due to diurnal variation in the response of human lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation and to the variation in response between patients. It is argued that the use of the assay should be confined to rigorously controlled studies using either animal lymphocytes or paired samples from humans, one of which should be treated in vitro with test material. PMID- 3197712 TI - Animal research in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Recommendations of a working party of the European Academy of Anaesthesiology. PMID- 3197713 TI - The binding of 1,10-phenanthroline to specifically active-site cobalt(II) substituted horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase. A probe for the open-enzyme conformation. AB - We have studied the binding of 1,10-phenanthroline to specifically active-site cobalt(II)-substituted horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase [Co(II)-LADH]. The dissociation constant is a factor of 6500 smaller than in the native enzyme. Spectral evidence is given which shows that 1,10-phenanthroline does not remove the catalytic Co(II) ion and that binding of 1,10-phenanthroline renders the catalytic metal ion pentacoordinate. The maximum limiting rate constant for the association of 1,10-phenanthroline to Co(II)-LADH is about 60 s-1. This is about a third of the value (169 s-1) determined for native horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase, Zn(II)LADH [Frolich et al. (1978) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 189, 471 480]. For cadmium(II)-substituted horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase, [Cd(II)LADH] the maximum limiting rate constant for association of 1,10-phenanthroline increased to 590 s-1. These findings demonstrate that the rate-limiting step is strongly dependent on the chemical nature of the catalytic metal ion and its immediate environment. 1,10-Phenanthroline is shown to bind to the Co(II) LADH.NAD+ complex in the open conformation. The maximum limiting rate constant remains unchanged in the presence of NAD+. The data have been used to derive a kinetic scheme for the formation of ternary complexes including NAD+ that involves a slow intermediary step. PMID- 3197714 TI - Dissociation of outer-sphere water is rate-limiting for the binding of ligands in the active site of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. AB - The association of imidazole and auramine O to native horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase [Zn(II)LADH] and active-site specifically cobalt(II)-substituted horse-liver alcohol dehydrogenase [Co(II)LADH], respectively, has been investigated. In all cases [except imidazole binding to Zn(II)LADH in the presence of auramine O] the association rates approached an upper limit (kmax). The kmax values were compared for the metal ligands imidazole (monodentate), 1,10 phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridine (bidentate; see also the preceding paper), and for auramine O which does not coordinate to the catalytic metal ion. Independent of the large differences in their structure and metal-bonding capability, all these compounds exhibit common, maximum, limiting rate constants of about 60 s-1 and 200 s-1 for Co(II)LADH and Zn(II)LADH, respectively. These results demonstrate that kmax is strongly dependent on the catalytic metal ion but not on the ligand. The absence of spectral changes in the d-d transitions of the catalytic Co(II) ion upon auramine O binding to Co(II)LADH indicates that the rate-limiting step is not accompanied by a major conformational change. Finally, it is concluded that reactions in the inner coordination sphere of the catalytic metal ion (i.e. the metal-bound water molecule) are not responsible for the step characterized by kmax. We propose the rate-limiting step to consist of the dissociation of one or several water molecules from the second coordination sphere of the catalytic metal ion in the active site of LADH in its open conformation. PMID- 3197715 TI - TGGCA protein is present in erythroid nuclei and binds within the nuclease hypersensitive sites 5' of the chicken beta H- and beta A-globin genes. AB - The developmentally regulated 5'-flanking DNase-I-hypersensitive site of the chicken beta H-globin gene in nuclei contains a subregion which is resistant to DNase I and which disappears when nuclei are extracted with 0.3 M NaCl, suggesting that there are salt-extractable proteins bound to sequences within this region. The 0.3 M NaCl extract contains two proteins which bind in vitro to these sequences. One of the binding sequences has an inverted repeat very similar to that bound by TGGCA protein. Partially purified TGGCA protein from chicken liver binds to this sequence in vitro giving exactly the same footprint as that obtained with erythroid nuclear proteins. Similarly TGGCA protein binds to an inverted repeat with the beta A-globin 5'-hypersensitive site giving a footprint identical to that obtained with erythroid nuclear protein extracts. From competition footprinting experiments and the electrophoretic mobility of the protein-DNA complex, it is concluded that the erythroid proteins previously described as binding to the beta H- and beta A-globin inverted repeats within the 5'-flanking hypersensitive sites both belong to the TGGCA protein family. PMID- 3197716 TI - The complete sequence of a chicken-muscle cDNA encoding the acidic ribosomal protein P1. AB - We have isolated and sequenced a complete cDNA encoding the acidic phosphoprotein P1 from chicken. The analysis of the deduced protein sequence and its comparison with the known sequence of P proteins from human, rat and Artemia salina indicates that the central, alanine-rich region of these proteins was probably generated by internal duplications of the gene followed by modifications within each repeat. This observation explains the length heterogeneity and sequence divergence of this particular region when compared with the highly conserved structure of the remaining segments of the protein. PMID- 3197717 TI - Relationship between the tyrosination state of tubulin and the activities of tubulin:tyrosine ligase and tubulin carboxypeptidase in rat muscle during development. AB - Tubulin can be post-translationally modified by the incorporation or the release of a tyrosine residue at the COOH-terminus of the alpha subunit. The present study demonstrates that rat muscle soluble preparations contain tubulin carboxypeptidase besides tubulin:tyrosine ligase. The state of tyrosination of tubulin and the activities of both the ligase and the carboxypeptidase were examined in rat muscle during development. The proportion of tyrosinated tubulin with respect to tyrosinable tubulin (tyrosinated plus detyrosinated tubulin) decreased from 83% (new-born rats) to 28% (adult rats) with the corresponding increase in detyrosinated tubulin. The activities of the enzymes decreased continuously and in a near parallel fashion during development. These results indicate that the changes in the tyrosination state of tubulin can not be explained merely by changes in the enzyme activities. We also compared the ability of rat muscle and brain [14C]tyrosinated tubulin to act as substrate of the carboxypeptidase. Muscle tubulin was found to be a less efficient substrate than brain tubulin. PMID- 3197718 TI - Properties of a 19-kDa Zn2+-binding protein and sequence of the Zn2+-binding domains. AB - A novel 19-kDa protein has been described recently [Brand, I.A. and Soling, H.-D. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 5895-5900] which is able to inactivate 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase reversibly in a Zn2+-dependent manner. We present now additional biochemical and physicochemical data concerning this protein. It is extremely acidic with 40% glutamic and 15% aspartic acid residues. It contains no sulfur, aromatic amino acids, histidine or isoleucine. The protein has four binding sites for Zn2+ with an apparent Kd of about 6 microM. Two of these binding sites are called unspecific as Zn2+ is displaced from these binding sites at physiological concentrations of free Mg2+ (0.75 mM) and at high salt concentrations (100 mM NaCl). Whereas Mg2+-binding to the two other so-called specific Zn2+-binding sites occurs only at Mg2+ concentrations at about 5 mM. The four Zn2+-binding sites were detected on a tryptic peptide (T8) of 43 amino acid residues, which still possessed biological activity. This peptide has been sequenced and is characterized by four clusters of acidic amino acids separated by only a few neutral amino acids. The two specific Zn2+-binding sites could be detected in the C-terminal portion of T8, the two unspecific Zn2+-binding sites must therefore be located at the N-terminal portion. The Zn2+-binding domains of the 19-kDa Zn2+ binding protein described here are completely different from those of the 'zinc finger' discovered in several DNA-binding proteins. PMID- 3197719 TI - Inhibitors of liver lysosomal acid phospholipase A1. AB - Lysosomal acid phospholipase A1, as well as other lysosomal enzymes, may be released under pathophysiological conditions into extralysosomal compartments. As shown here, several unspecific mechanisms exist which inhibit the hydrolysis of membrane diacylphospholipids by lysosomal acid phospholipase A1 and hence prevent an uncontrolled membrane destruction. These findings were obtained by employing partially purified rat liver lysosomal acid phospholipase A1 and sonicated radioactively labeled phosphatidylethanolamine or phosphatidylcholine as substrate. The inhibitory principles found include (1) pH, (2) inorganic cations, and (3) various proteins. Inorganic cations and proteins, however, inhibited lysosomal acid phospholipase A1 activity only below pH 6.0, and inhibition never exceeded 96%. Of the inorganic cations studied, the divalent species, as compared to the monovalent one, impaired lysosomal acid phospholipase A1 activity at significantly lower concentrations. Virtually all of the intracellular and extracellular proteins studied inhibited the enzyme activity, but the inhibitory potencies of the different proteins varied considerably. In general, basic and hydrophobic proteins were the most potent inhibitors, whereas glycoproteins appeared to be less inhibitory. The degree of inhibition of the enzyme activity in both proteins and inorganic cations depended on the substrate concentration and not on that of the enzyme. Binding studies provided evidence for inhibitor substrate and against inhibitor-enzyme interactions. PMID- 3197720 TI - Expression of cytochrome P-450 isozymes in the liver of hypophysectomized rats. Evidence for different regulation mechanisms concerning P450IIB and P450IIIA subfamilies. AB - 1. Monooxygenase activities have been examined in rat liver to determine the effects of castration and hypophysectomy on cytochrome P-450 species. In adult males, hypophysectomy caused a decrease of total P-450 concentration, aniline hydroxylase, benzopyrene hydroxylase, benzphetamine demethylase, testosterone hydroxylase and imipramine hydroxylase and demethylase activities. The treatment of hypophysectomized animals with human growth hormone or testosterone did not restore the full activity. 2. When probed with antibodies, microsomes from hypophysectomized males and females exhibited an intense reaction with a polyclonal anti-(phenobarbital-induced P-450) which was not observed with a monoclonal antibody of anti-(phenobarbital-induced P-450). 3. These microsomal preparations also reacted with an antibody raised against a developmentally regulated P-450. No sex difference could be detected with this antibody. Furthermore, administration of human growth hormone to hypophysectomized males prevented this immunoreaction. 4. Total RNA has been prepared from the same liver; when probed with cDNAs, no changes occurred in the content in P-450 b/e, PB 24 (a constitutive member of the phenobarbital subfamily) and phenobarbital inducible mRNA for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase. 5. In contrast, P-450 mRNA induced by pregnenolone 16 alpha-carbonitrile was modulated by hormonal manipulations: lower in females and castrated males than in intact males, increased in both sexes after hypophysectomy. Treatment of hypophysectomized males with human growth hormone abolished this rise in pregnenolone-16 alpha carbonitrile-induced P-450 mRNA accumulation. Data collected in this study support the assumption that hypophysectomy acts differently on the regulation of various P-450 isozymes and that this regulation clearly does not involve the phenobarbital subfamily of P-450s. PMID- 3197721 TI - Alteration of the genes for glycophorin A and B in glycophorin-A-deficient individuals. AB - Glycophorins A and B are homologous glycoproteins of the red cell membrane which carry the blood-group MN and Ss antigens, respectively, and are encoded by two distinct genes closely linked on chromosome 4, which are probably derived from each other by duplication during evolution. The lack of glycophorin A is associated with the rare phenotype En(a-), indicating individuals who are defective for MN antigens, as well as for the Ena antigens, also located on this glycoprotein. The En(a-) condition is heterogenous and includes two categories of variants exemplified by the Finnish and the English types referred to as En(Fin) and En(UK), respectively. By Southern blot and preliminary genomic clone analyzes we have compared the status of the genes for glycophorins A and B, as well as that of the gene encoding glycophorin C, another unrelated red cell membrane glycoprotein, in the En(a-) variants and in the En(a+) control donors. Our data indicate that the En(Fin) variant is homozygous for a complete deletion of the glycophorin A gene without any detectable abnormality of the genes encoding glycophorins B or C. In the genome of the En(UK) variant, with the presumed genotype Mk/En(UK), and where the Mk condition abolishes the expression of MN and Ss antigens, we have identified several abnormalities of the glycophorin A and B genes, but the glycophorin C gene was unaffected. Our results strongly support the view that in Mk chromosome the glycophorin A and B genes are largely deleted, whereas the En(UK) chromosome probably contains a gene fusion product encoding a hybrid glycoprotein AM-B, composed of the N-terminal portion of a blood group M type glycophorin A and of the C-terminal portion of glycophorin B. The determination of the 5' and 3' limits of the hybrid gene and elucidation of the mechanism involved will require sequencing of the rearranged DNA of the variant and a full knowledge of the organization of the glycophorin A and B genes. PMID- 3197722 TI - A 15,000-Mr protein proteolytically derived from vitellogenin within oocyte of Perinereis cultrifera (polychaete annelid). Identification, purification and partial characterization. AB - It has been shown previously in our laboratory that, in Perinereis cultrifera, the four mature vitellin subunits (Mr 98,000, 22,000, 20,000, 16,000) are proteolytically derived within the oocyte from a single extraoocytic precursor, vitellogenin, with an apparent Mr (176,000) higher by 20,000 than the sum of the Mr of the four end products. In this report, it is shown that a 15,000-Mr protein, designated as P15, not only accumulates in maturing oocytes but also originates from outside these cells similarly to vitellin. Moreover in vivo labelling experiments indicate that the appearance of P15 occurs after vitellogenin enters the oocyte, concurrently with the appearance of the lower-Mr fragments characteristic of vitellin. From these data, it is concluded that P15 most likely represents a vitellogenin-derived protein which is generated within the oocytes during the transformation of vitellogenin into vitellin. This conclusion is further supported by the additional finding that P15 immunologically cross-reacts with vitellogenin but not with mature vitellin. P15 has been purified to homogeneity from the soluble protein fraction of submature oocytes and partially characterized. The 15,000-Mr protein exists in a monomeric form with a pI of about 7.7. Unlike vitellin, P15 does not contain significant amounts of lipid or carbohydrate and has a low absorbance at 280 nm. The amino acid composition of the purified protein is also presented. PMID- 3197723 TI - Mycolic acids of Mycobacterium aurum. Structure and biogenetic implications. AB - Mycobacterium aurum (type strain) was analyzed for its mycolate content. Three types of mycolates were identified: di-unsaturated, oxo and dicarboxy mycolates, each type being constituted by two subtypes. The acid released by pyrolysis was identified as docosanoic acid. By use of mass spectrometry and oxidation techniques, the structures of these six subtypes of mycolates were elucidated. They contain Z and E double bonds, the latter having an adjacent methyl branch. No cyclopropane ring was observed. All the methyl branches occurring in these mycolates derived from methionine, the methyl-branched chiral center adjacent to the double bond having an R configuration. The structures of the major di unsaturated mycolates suggest that they cannot be the precursors of oxo mycolates. The amount of long-chain secondary alcohol (2-octadecanol) obtained from the whole cells was found to be much greater than that expected from hydrolysis of wax ester mycolate (ester of 2-octadecanol and dicarboxy-mycolic acid). Further investigations showed that 2-octadecanol was also present in triacylglycerols, esterifying the omega-carboxyl group of long-chain fatty acids structurally related to dicarboxy-mycolates. PMID- 3197724 TI - Platelet-activating-factor-induced serum-albumin release from rabbit platelets in the absence of calcium. AB - Using a radioimmunoassay for rabbit-serum albumin, platelet-activating-factor induced serum-albumin release by platelets was monitored under non-aggregating conditions. The four main results from this study are as follows. The EC50 of the release was of the same order of magnitude as the aggregation EC50 in the presence of calcium. The release took place within 2 min and was inhibited by BN 52021, which is a very specific inhibitor of the platelet-activating-factor aggregating effect. Serum-albumin release was much greater than serotonin release. PMID- 3197725 TI - Primary structure of chicken skeletal muscle and fibroblast alpha-actinins deduced from cDNA sequences. AB - The complete 897-amino-acid sequence of chicken skeletal muscle alpha-actinin and the 856-amino-acid sequence (97% of the entire sequence) of chicken fibroblast alpha-actinin have been determined by cloning and sequencing the cDNAs. Genomic Southern analysis with the cDNA sequences shows that skeletal and fibroblast alpha-actinins are encoded by separate single-copy genes. RNA blot analyzes show that the skeletal alpha-actinin gene is expressed in the pectoralis muscle and that the fibroblast gene is expressed in the gizzard smooth muscle as well as in the fibroblast. The deduced skeletal alpha-actinin molecule has a calculated Mr of 104 x 10(3), and each alpha-actinin can be divided into three domains: (1) the NH2-terminal highly conserved actin-binding domain, which shows similarity to the product of the Duchenne's muscular dystrophy locus; (2) the middle rod-shaped dimer-forming domain, which contains the spectrin-type repeat units; and (3) the COOH-terminal two EF-hand consensus regions. Comparison of the skeletal alpha actinin sequence with the fibroblast and smooth muscle alpha-actinin sequences demonstrated that the EF-hand structure was conserved in all of these alpha actinin sequences, despite the reported variability of the Ca2+ sensitivities of the actin-gelation by various alpha-actinin isoforms. PMID- 3197726 TI - Involvement of the constituent chains of botulinum neurotoxins A and B in the blockade of neurotransmitter release. AB - 1. The abilities of botulinum neurotoxins, types A and B (single and two-chain forms) to inactivate an intraneuronal component required for transmitter release were quantified in a phrenic-nerve-diaphragm preparation, cerebrocortical synaptosomes or the buccal ganglion of Aplysia californica and compared with the mouse toxicity assay. 2. Homogeneous preparations of the individually renatured polypeptide chains of both toxin types showed low residual toxicity in the whole animal and had no effect on neurotransmission in all three systems, when tested singly. 3. Mixtures of individually renatured heavy chain, from type A or B, and either light chain proved very effective in blocking the evoked release of acetylcholine when bath-applied to the buccal ganglion of Aplysia whilst they were relatively inactive on mammalian nerve terminals, indicating a less efficient uptake of the polypeptides in the latter. 4. When renatured together, the homologous, but not the heterologous, chains of each toxin type yielded toxic, disulphide-linked two-chain species. 5. A role for the heavy chain alone in acceptor recognition and membrane translocation was implicated by the blockade of acetylcholine release produced when light chain was applied to a ganglion of Aplysia previously bathed in heavy chain and washed extensively. No blockade was observed when the order of application of the two chains was reversed. 6. These findings are discussed in the context of the intracellular requirement for both the constituent toxin chains for toxicity, and in the apparent need for these chains to be linked via a disulphide bond for uptake in rodents but not in Aplysia. PMID- 3197727 TI - Complete thrombotic obliteration of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch as a cause of acute heart failure in a newborn. AB - Thrombosis of the great vessels, and especially of the aorta, is rare in neonates. We report a case with thrombosis of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk and subclavian artery. Clinically, severe heart failure occurred on the 1st day of life and the diagnosis was confirmed by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization, including angiocardiography. Left ventricular function was found to be extremely depressed. An infusion with prostaglandin E1 was initiated in order to improve the systemic circulation by dilating the arterial duct. The infant died of neurological complications prior to surgery. PMID- 3197728 TI - Cardiovocal syndrome in an infant with a double outlet of the right ventricle. AB - A 9-month-old boy with cardiovocal syndrome--paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, and congenital heart disease--a double outlet of the right ventricle and pulmonary arterial hypertension is described. He had a hoarse cry due to left recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, which was diagnosed by indirect laryngoscopy. Paralysis was caused by traction of the enlarged great arteries on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve. After heart surgery the infant's voice returned to normal. It is important to recognize this rare syndrome at an early stage, as it may cause difficulties in postoperative respiratory management. PMID- 3197729 TI - Neonatal metatarsus adductus, joint mobility, axis and rotation of the lower extremity in preterm and term children 0-5 years of age. AB - A total of 484 premature children and a control group of 114 healthy term children underwent orthopaedic follow-up from birth to 5 years of age. At birth, metatarsus adductus was found to be more frequent in twins than in single infants (41% vs 16%; P less than 0.01), but occurred with equal frequency in single preterm and term infants (16% vs 12%). By 5 years of age, metatarsus adductus had resolved in all the term but only in 81% of the preterm children (P less than 0.05). In the preterm and term groups, knee axis (mean intermalleolar distance 22.0 mm vs 20.1 mm), tibial torsion (mean angle -1.2 degrees vs + 0.6 degrees) and angle of gait (mean angle + 1.5 degrees vs + 0.7 degrees) at 5 years were statistically insignificant. Hip function at 5 years was similar in normal preterm and term children but significantly decreased in preterm children with cerebral palsy, more so with regard to abduction (56 degrees vs 39 degrees, P less than 0.05) and extension (22 degrees vs 8 degrees, P less than 0.01). The difference between the sexes was insignificant in both the preterm and term groups. PMID- 3197730 TI - Glomerular filtration rate in the preterm infant: the relation to gestational and postnatal age. AB - In 41 preterm neonates with a gestational age (GA) varying from 27 to 36 weeks, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was measured by means of the continuous inulin infusion technique. The reliability of the technique was confirmed. During postnatal development GFR was found to increase in two ways: firstly, an increase with advancing gestational age, associated with the increase in body weight (BW) [GFR (ml/min) = 0.15 X GA-3.20, r = 0.48, P = 0.0048]; secondly, a postnatal increase, being independent from increment in BW. An increase in GFR (ml/min.kg) from 0.88 +/- 0.23 to 1.18 +/- 0.28 was observed between day 4 and day 11 postnatally (P less than 0.008). This latter increase is probably associated with changes in renal haemodynamics. No significant influence of artificial ventilation on GFR could be demonstrated in preterm neonates. PMID- 3197731 TI - Pyoderma gangrenosum in acute myeloid leukaemia during immunosuppression. AB - We describe a patient who developed pyoderma gangrenosum during the remission phase of acute myeloid leukaemia whilst receiving maintenance therapy with methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine. The spontaneous resolution of these skin lesions following discontinuation of chemotherapy suggests that these drugs may be of major significance in the aetiology of pyoderma gangrenosum. Nevertheless, 27 months later, a relapse of the leukaemia followed. Although pyoderma gangrenosum occurred during clinical remission, we cannot rule out a synergism of leukaemia and chemotherapy in its pathogenesis. PMID- 3197732 TI - Clastogen-induced fragility may differentiate pancytopenia of congenital dyskeratosis from Fanconi anaemia. AB - A male infant is reported with congenital dyskeratosis and pancytopenia Zinsser Engman-Cole. The bone marrow pathology showed similarities to Fanconi anaemia. Ophthalmological complications were vitreous haemorrhage, haemorrhagic cataracta complicata and glaucoma. Spontaneous and diepoxybutane-induced chromosomal fragility was within the range of normal cells but was elevated through induction with 4-nitroquinoline-oxide. These findings are contrasted with those of Fanconi anaemia. PMID- 3197733 TI - Multifocal leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine in childhood. AB - We recently observed a 4-year-old Chinese boy with multifocal leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine with evidence of dissemination. Complete surgical excision was not possible and the response to postoperative chemotherapy was poor. The patient died 3 months after diagnosis. The prognosis for disseminated intestinal leiomyosarcoma in childhood appears to be poor. PMID- 3197734 TI - Cardiac tumour in a neonate with tuberous sclerosis: echocardiographic demonstration and magnetic resonance imaging. AB - In a neonate with tuberous sclerosis, cardiac tumours were diagnosed by two dimensional echocardiography and evaluated by electrocardiogram-gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The tumour size, shape and mobility in the ventricular cavities were more precisely determined by two-dimensional echocardiography than electrocardiogram-gated MRI, while the extent of tumour mass at the apex was more clearly delineated by MRI. As two-dimensional echocardiography provides real-time imaging of cardiac anatomy without sedation, it is useful for initial evaluation of cardiac masses in neonates with genetic predisposition to tuberous sclerosis. PMID- 3197736 TI - Maternal phenylketonuria: successful outcome in four pregnancies treated prior to conception. AB - The management of four pregnancies in two phenylketonuric women is described. A successful outcome in these pregnancies is ascribed to the initiation of treatment prior to conception and the maintenance of tight control with serum phenylalanine between 100 and 400 mumol/l throughout the gestation period. A trial of diet is desirable before a decision is made about pregnancy and before contraception is ceased. Close contact must be maintained with female phenylketonurics throughout their reproductive life to ensure that this process is followed. PMID- 3197735 TI - Chromosome translocation (2;13)(q37;q14) in a disseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. AB - Chromosome analysis of tumour cells in the bone marrow of a 13.5-year-old girl (without a primary tumour) revealed a pseudo-diploid or pseudo-tetraploid karyotype with a translocation involving the long arms of chromosomes 2 and 13: t(2;13)(q37;q14). This finding enabled the diagnosis of a disseminated alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) to be established. The patient was treated by cytotoxic chemotherapy, went into complete remission, but died of relapse 14 months after diagnosis. As several cases with this translocation have been described recently, this additional report confirms that t(2;13) is specific for the alveolar subtype of RMS. PMID- 3197737 TI - 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria: a phenotype in which activity of 3-methylglutaconyl coenzyme A hydratase is normal. AB - 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria has been found in two distinct syndromes. In one there is deficient activity of 3-methylglutaconyl coenzyme A hydratase, and the only clinical manifestation observed has been retardation of speech development. In the other, which includes a majority of the patients studied, we document that the activity of this enzyme in fibroblast extracts is normal. The phenotype of this disorder is one of profound neurological impairment with retarded psychomotor development, hypotonicity and/or spasticity, convulsions or EEG abnormalities, and sensorineural changes in the eye and ear. PMID- 3197738 TI - Endocrinological studies in the hypertelorism-hypospadias (BBB) syndrome. PMID- 3197739 TI - Nosocomial meningitis due to Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus in a neonatal intensive care unit. PMID- 3197740 TI - Pulmonary crepitations: a clue in the diagnosis of pulmonary interstitial emphysema? PMID- 3197742 TI - Influence of theophylline on gastro-oesophageal reflux and asthma. AB - The aim of the study was to determine whether gastro-oesophageal (GO)-reflux was increased by normal maintenance doses of theophylline, and if so, whether this was detrimental to lung function in asthmatic patients with symptoms of reflux. In 25 patients with moderate or severe bronchial asthma and a history of respiratory symptoms aggravated by reflux, two consecutive oesophageal 24-h pH recordings were made, one with and the other without their ordinary dose of slow release theophylline. The theophylline treatment caused a significant increase in total reflux time and reflux symptoms but did not worsen the asthma. Patients with subtherapeutic serum levels showed significant improvement in lung function and those with therapeutic serum levels did not. It is concluded that theophylline, in view of its potential to exacerbate GO-reflux, should be used with caution as maintenance therapy in asthmatic patients with GO-reflux. PMID- 3197741 TI - Influence of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis on serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration and drug binding. AB - The influence of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) on the concentrations of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in serum and dialysate and on the serum binding of oxprenolol, propranolol and phenytoin has been studied. Before starting CAPD treatment, the serum binding of oxprenolol and propranolol was higher and that of phenytoin lower than in healthy volunteers, and the serum alpha 1-AGP concentration was higher. During the first days to weeks after starting CAPD, the serum alpha 1-AGP concentration rose with a concomitant increase in the binding of oxprenolol and propranolol. Subsequently, the alpha 1 AGP level and the binding of oxprenolol and propranolol decreased to the values found before starting CAPD. The binding of phenytoin showed little change. The concentration of alpha 1-AGP in dialysate was 2 to 5% of that in serum. PMID- 3197743 TI - The pharmacokinetics of theophylline and enprofylline in patients with liver cirrhosis and in patients with chronic renal disease. AB - We have studied the pharmacokinetics of theophylline and enprofylline in patients with liver cirrhosis, patients with chronic renal failure, and healthy subjects, and have assessed the predictive value of routine tests of liver function and renal function (creatinine clearance) for theophylline and enprofylline total body clearances. Theophylline clearance was significantly decreased in the patients with liver cirrhosis compared with both the patients with renal failure and the healthy subjects (the mean values in the three groups were 24, 47, and 46 ml.h-1.kg-1 respectively. Enprofylline clearance was significantly decreased in the patients with chronic renal failure, compared with both the patients with liver cirrhosis and the healthy subjects (the values in the three groups were 64, 250, and 289 ml.h-1.kg-1 respectively. There was a strong correlation between creatinine clearance and enprofylline clearance, while there was only a poor correlation between the liver function tests and theophylline clearance. It appears that in various clinical situations enprofylline elimination can be predicted more precisely than theophylline elimination, which may make the drug safer in clinical practice. PMID- 3197744 TI - Extent and pharmacokinetic mechanisms of oral atenolol-verapamil interaction in man. AB - Chronic coadministration of oral verapamil with oral atenolol resulted in a variable increase in atenolol steady-state plasma concentrations in a group of 10 patients on chronic maintenance therapy. Individual subjects showed changes in area under the plasma atenolol concentration-time curve (AUC) of more than 100%, however group comparisons did not achieve statistical significance unless normalized for verapamil dose. Renal clearance of atenolol was shown to be decreased by more than 25% in 2 subjects studied using intravenous dosing of atenolol. This interaction is likely to contribute to the documented clinical intolerance of combinations of atenolol and verapamil. PMID- 3197745 TI - Pharmacokinetics of pirprofen and its pyrrol metabolite in elderly patients. AB - Plasma concentrations of pirprofen and of its pyrrol metabolite were assessed in 9 elderly patients (3 males, 6 females; mean age 76 years) suffering from chronic degenerative disease. Pirprofen 400 mg in 4 ml was administered i.m. and the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug and the metabolite was calculated. The AUC, Cmax and t1/2 of pirprofen were similar to those found in previous studies, and, as expected, those parameters for the pyrrol metabolite were lower (Cmax = 2.8 micrograms/ml-1; tmax = 6.4 h; AUC(0-32) = 56.5 micrograms.h.ml-1). One patient (n = 8) showed different pharmacokinetic behaviour, which is discussed. The data suggest that age has little influence on the pharmacokinetic of pirprofen, although unpredictable responses should always be considered in clinical practice. PMID- 3197746 TI - Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oxazepam. AB - Six healthy volunteers received oxazepam 15 mg i.v. and orally at an interval of at least one week. The kinetic variables of i.v. oxazepam were: elimination half life (t1/2 beta) 6.7 h, total clearance (CL) 1.07 ml.min-1.kg-1, volume of distribution (Vc) 0.27 l.kg-1 (0.21-0.49) and volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) 0.59 l.kg-1. The intravenous disposition of unbound oxazepam was characterized by a clearance of 22.5 ml.min-1.kg-1 and a distribution volume of 12.3 l.kg-1. After oral oxazepam the peak plasma level was reached in 1.7 to 2.8 h. The plasma t1/2 beta at 5.8 h was not significantly different from the i.v. value. Absorption was almost complete, with a bioavailability of 92.8%. Urinary recovery was 80.0 and 71.4% of the dose after intravenous and oral administration, respectively. Renal clearance (CLR) of the glucuronide metabolite was 1.10 ml.min-1.kg-1 (0.98-1.52). Oxazepam was extensively bound to plasma protein with a free fraction of 4.5%. PMID- 3197747 TI - The pharmacokinetics of bendazac-lysine and 5-hydroxybendazac, its main metabolite, in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. AB - We have studied the pharmacokinetics of bendazac and its major metabolite, 5 hydroxybendazac, in 11 patients with hepatic cirrhosis after the oral administration of a single 500 mg tablet of bendazac-lysine, and compared them with those obtained from 10 healthy adults. The rate of absorption of bendazac, as assessed by tmax and Cmax, is similar in patients and in healthy subjects. The drug is eliminated mostly by metabolism in healthy adults, more than 60% of the dose being excreted in the urine as 5-hydroxybendazac and its glucuronide. Hepatic insufficiency impairs this metabolism, a two-fold decrease in apparent plasma clearance (CL/f) being observed in the patients. Although the plasma unbound fraction of bendazac is increased in patients (the drug is highly bound to plasma albumin), the apparent volume of distribution (V/f) is unchanged. In consequence, the half-life of bendazac is increased two-fold in the patients. Impairment of metabolism decreases the formation of 5-hydroxybendazac, but metabolism remains the main route of its elimination. Renal excretion of bendazac accounts for about 10% of the dose in both patients with cirrhosis and healthy subjects. We conclude that in patients with severe hepatic insufficiency the daily dose of bendazac-lysine should be halved. PMID- 3197748 TI - Estimating reduced availability due to first pass elimination from relative total clearance and renal clearance. AB - A simple formula is presented for estimating the systemic availability of an orally administered drug from the relative total clearance (oral clearance) when renal clearance forms an important part of total clearance. Hepatic plasma flow is used in the equation and is represented by an average value taken from the literature. The formula is applied to data for cimetidine discussed in the literature. A further application is demonstrated for a drug under development for which an intravenous formulation was not available. It is possible to estimate the upper and lower limit of availability if some information on the amount of drug absorbed is available. PMID- 3197749 TI - Compliance with anti-tuberculous therapy: a field trial of a pill-box with a concealed electronic recording device. AB - We have conducted a field trial of a pill-box containing a concealed electronic device for monitoring compliance in 23 consecutive adult out patients taking a rifampicin/isoniazid combination once daily. In 22 cases, the times when the box was opened were successfully recorded for the entire period (mean (SD) 26 (5) days) between successive clinic visits. In the other patient the record terminated after one week, a broken box being returned. Both totality of compliance (as assessed by box openings) and consistency of compliance (the proportion of the total number of intervals between openings which were of 22 to 26 h in length) were significantly greater in those studied in the intensive than in the maintenance phase of therapy. Patients may have taken the reduction in medication at the end of the intensive phase as signalling cure. A computer program has been developed to display the recorded data. This allowed the physician responsible to assimilate at a glance the patient's tablet-taking habits. In routine practice knowledge of the presence of the device may improve compliance and a discussion of the graphical display may prove of value in counselling. PMID- 3197750 TI - Effect of antipyrine coadministration on the kinetics of acetaminophen and lidocaine. AB - Pharmacokinetic interactions between antipyrine and acetaminophen were evaluated in 7 healthy volunteers. On 3 occasions subjects received: 1, antipyrine 1.0 g intravenously (i.v.); 2, acetaminophen 650 mg i.v.; 3, antipyrine 1.0 g and acetaminophen 650 mg i.v. simultaneously. Between Trials 1 and 3, antipyrine elimination t1/2 (17.2 vs 17.4 h), clearance (0.44 vs 0.43 ml.min-1.kg-1) and 24 h recovery of antipyrine and metabolites (313 vs 293 mg) did not differ significantly. Between Trials 2 and 3, acetaminophen VZ was reduced (1.14 vs 1.00 l.kg-1), t1/2 prolonged (2.7 vs 3.3 h), clearance reduced (4.8 vs 3.6 ml.min-1.kg 1), and fractional urinary recovery of acetaminophen glucuronide reduced. Eight additional subjects received 50 mg of lidocaine hydrochloride i.v. in the control state, and on a second occasion immediately after antipyrine 1.0 g given i.v. The two trials did not differ significantly in lidocaine VZ (2.6 vs 2.7 l.kg-1), t1/2 (2.0 vs 2.4 h) or clearance (15.0 vs 13.5 ml.min-1.kg-1). Although acetaminophen does not alter antipyrine kinetics, acute administration of antipyrine appears to impair acetaminophen clearance, possibly via inhibition of glucuronide formation. However, antipyrine has no significant effect on the kinetics of a single i.v. dose of lidocaine. PMID- 3197751 TI - Ketanserin treatment and serotonin in patients with primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. AB - In a double-blind, placebo cross-over study in 14 patients with Raynaud's disease, oral ketanserin 40 mg b.d. for two months reduced the number of digital ischaemic attacks in 36% of the patients, with no difference between primary or secondary cases. Intraplatelet and circulating serotonin concentrations were significantly higher in patients than in controls. During treatment there was a significant decrease in intraplatelet serotonin, but no change in circulating serotonin or in the amount of serotonin released by platelets in vitro. The results suggest that oral ketanserin is of minor help in Raynaud's phenomenon and they support a role for serotonin in the disorder. PMID- 3197752 TI - Pharmacokinetics of ranitidine in patients undergoing haemofiltration. AB - The pharmacokinetics of ranitidine was investigated in 11 patients with acute or end stage renal failure during haemofiltration. Each patient received 50 mg ranitidine i.v. The mean distribution and elimination half lives were 0.13 and 2.57 h, respectively. The total body clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vz) were 298 ml.min-1 (5.19 ml.min-1.kg-1) and 1.08 l.kg-1, respectively. About 17.1% of the administered dose was removed by haemofiltration (in approximately 20 l filtrate). Five of the patients still had some urine output and they excreted 0.1 to 11.8% of the dose in urine in 24 h. The haemofiltration clearance was 66.9 ml.min-1 at a filtrate flow rate of 86 ml.min-1, corresponding to a mean sieving coefficient of 0.78 (n = 6). As plasma concentrations were still in an effective range after haemofiltration, dose supplementation is not recommended. PMID- 3197753 TI - Biliary excretion of phenprocoumon and metabolites. AB - To evaluate phenprocoumon elimination its possible biliary excretion was evaluated in addition to the known pathway of renal elimination. Bile samples were obtained during diagnostic endoscopy in patients receiving chronic phenprocoumon therapy and were analyzed for phenprocoumon and its metabolites by HPLC and GC-MS. The following substances were detected, mainly in conjugated form: unchanged phenprocoumon and the metabolites 7-hydroxy-, 4'-hydroxy-, and 6 hydroxy-phenprocoumon. The data provide direct evidence of the biliary elimination of unchanged phenprocoumon and its metabolites in humans. PMID- 3197754 TI - Diurnal effects on debrisoquine hydroxylation phenotyping. AB - A study was performed to show whether debrisoquine phenotyping could be performed as an overnight procedure. Phenotyping of 33 normal volunteers was carried out during the day and night. A good correlation was observed between the day- and night-time metabolic ratios, although wide variation was observed in 3 subjects. PMID- 3197755 TI - Characteristics of ascorbate transport in the rabbit iris-ciliary body. AB - The accumulation and efflux of [14C]ascorbic acid by the rabbit iris-ciliary body were examined in vitro. Accumulation of labelled ascorbate was observed to be reduced significantly by ouabain(10(-4) M), low sodium solutions, 0 degree C and dinitrophenol (10(-3) M). These findings suggest that the ascorbate uptake mechanism is linked to metabolism via the sodium gradient. In addition, labelled ascorbate uptake was diminished by both phloretin (10(-4) M) and phlorhizin-(10( 4) M), two glucose transport inhibitors. Clear differences were observed between the characteristics of [14C]ascorbic acid uptake and efflux. In contrast to the uptake, 14C-labelled, ascorbate efflux from the iris-ciliary body was not significantly altered by dinitrophenol, phloretin, or phlorhizin. The observation that the efflux of labelled ascorbate was not diminished by either dinitrophenol or ouabain supports the concept that the process of ascorbate efflux from the iris-ciliary body is passive and not sodium dependent. It was demonstrated that a vigorous rate of [14C]ascorbate efflux from the iris-ciliary body persisted even when the external ascorbate level was elevated to 1 mM, the concentration found in aqueous humor. PMID- 3197756 TI - Transport of fluorescein in the rabbit eye after treatment with sodium iodate. AB - The outward active transport and the inward permeability of the blood-retinal barrier were studied in the rabbit eye after i.v. administration of sodium iodate. The active transport was evaluated from the half-time of disappearance of the vitreous fluorescein following intravitreal administration, and the inward permeability was evaluated from the vitreous concentration of fluorescein monoglucuronide after i.v. administration. The half-time of the vitreous fluorescein was 3.5 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- S.D.) hr, and 3.9 +/- 0.2 hr before and within 6 hr after iodate administration, respectively. After 24 hr, the half-time was 11.7 +/- 1.7 hr, similar to that of fluorescein monoglucuronide, 12.0 +/- 2.7 hr. The vitreous and the anterior chamber concentration of fluorescein monoglucuronide was measured at 1 hr after the i.v. dye injection. The vitreous concentration in the rabbits given iodate 3 hr before the dye injection was significantly greater than in the normal eyes, while the anterior chamber concentration was not different. Since fluorescein is rapidly metabolized to fluorescein monoglucuronide, differences in parameters determined using systemic fluorescein under two treatments or in disease states may be the result of alteration of the dynamics of fluorescein, fluorescein monoglucuronide, or both. PMID- 3197757 TI - Slit-lamp studies of the rhesus monkey eye: III. The zones of discontinuity. AB - The rhesus monkey lens exhibits two zones of discontinuity, one anteriorly and one posteriorly. They are first discernible by slit-lamp photography as performed in this study at around age 7 years in iridectomized eyes, and become more distinct with increasing age. Their thickness and distance from each other along the polar axis are independent of lens age, but their distance from the lens surface increases with increasing age. Upon accommodation, the distance between the two zones increases while all other distances along the polar axis remain unchanged, indicating that, as in the human, overall alterations in rhesus lenticular shape and thickness with accommodation primarily reflect changes in the shape of the central region. The curvature of each zone becomes sharper in a linear fashion with accommodation, with the slope of the relationship being similar to those for lens surfaces. PMID- 3197758 TI - Phagocytosis by trabecular meshwork cells: sequence of events in cats and monkeys. AB - Trabecular meshwork cells have well-established phagocytic properties. However, the sequential stages of this process have not been studied in detail. Zymosan particles, yeast cell walls 3 micron in diameter, were either injected or perfused into the anterior chambers (AC) of cats and monkeys. Glutaraldehyde (3%) was then infused into the AC at 1-, 6-, 17-, 30- and 60 min and the fate of the particles observed by transmission electron microscopy. After contact with zymosan particles, trabecular meshwork cells demonstrated short cytoplasmic extensions at contact sites and an increased number of cytoplasmic organelles. Internalization of the particles occurred by 6 min in the cat and by 17 min in the monkey. In both species similar events occurred following internalization of zymosan: trabecular cells, laden with particles, rounded up, detached from their underlying collagenous beams and migrated towards Schlemm's canal or the aqueous plexus. By 1 hr the individual trabecular cells completed the entire sequence of phagocytic events although some cells were always observed in earlier stages of the process. These data document for the first time the timing of the cellular events that take place during zymosan particle phagocytosis by trabecular meshwork cells. PMID- 3197759 TI - The role of the iris-ciliary complex in the control of protein synthesis by the organ cultured rabbit ocular lens. AB - When freshly isolated rabbit lenses were co-cultured with iris-ciliary body (IC), the protein synthetic activity of these lenses decreased significantly. The inhibitory effect is temporal as longer incubation showed greater inhibition. it was also found that the presence of IC in the culture medium increases the sodium ion levels in the lenses and causes some decrease in the potassium ion levels. Both the protein synthetic activity and cation levels of the lenses cocultured with IC are at least partially reversible. It seems that the IC-derived factor(s) has a molecular weight of more than 1 kDa. It is not clear from these experiments whether the altered cation balance is responsible for the inhibition of the protein synthesis. PMID- 3197761 TI - Diurnal rhythm in the electroretinogram of the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) pigmented rat. AB - RCS pigmented rats, born and raised in cyclic light for 22-23 days and then placed in darkness for up to 24 hr, showed a diurnal rhythm in the rod electroretinogram (ERG) that was comparable with that seen in normal pigmented rats. a-Wave and b-wave sensitivities were 21- and 34% lower, respectively, 1.5 hr after expected light onset compared with those at other times of day. In contrast to findings in normal rats, however, these sensitivity decreases in the RCS rats were not associated with an increase in the frequency of large phagosomes in the pigment epithelium; phagosome frequency was subnormal and relatively constant over the day. These findings suggest that depressed ERG sensitivities 1.5 hr after expected light onset in both normal and RCS pigmented rats reflect altered rod photoreceptor function associated with the process of outer-segment disc shedding and not with engulfment of shed discs into phagosomes by the pigment epithelium. PMID- 3197760 TI - A novel photopigment candidate in membranes of cultured chick pineal cells. AB - The photopigment of avian pineal which mediates light sensitivity was sought via its chromophore. Chick pineal cells in primary cultures were incubated overnight in the dark with [3H]retinol. Reduction of Schiff's bases with cyanoborohydride prior to SDS-PAGE revealed radioactivity bound to a 30 kDa component in pinealocyte membranes. All-trans-retinal, but not retinol or retinoic acid, incubated with pinealocyte homogenates prior to reduction, resulted in a loss of radioactivity from the 30 kDa region of the gel. The radioactivity was also displaced by NH2OH in the dark. Incubation of cultured cells or homogenates with retinoyl fluoride, an acylating agent specific for the retinal binding site of opsins, also displaced radioactivity from the protein. Furthermore, retinoyl fluoride, added to chick pineal cells in culture, blocked the suppressive effect of light on melatonin output by these cells. Taken together these results raise the possibility that the 30 kDa protein mediates photosensitivity in the chick pineal. PMID- 3197762 TI - Effects of age and dietary vitamin C on the contents of ascorbic acid and acid soluble thiol in lens and aqueous humour of guinea-pigs. AB - Variations in ascorbate and thiol concentration in lens and aqueous humour, with age and vitamin C nutrition, are of potential biological importance. To study these relationships, Dunkin-Hartley guinea-pigs were maintained for periods of up to 1.3 yr on diets containing either high or low (marginal) vitamin C. Ascorbate contents of liver, spleen, adrenals, lens and aqueous humour, and acid-soluble thiol of lens and aqueous humour were measured. High vitamin C intake maintained ascorbate levels in the internal organs between five and 30 times the level attained by the low vitamin C intake and aqueous humour vitamin C was 10-20 times higher at high vitamin C intake. Lens ascorbate, however, was only about twice as high at high vitamin C intake than at low intake, and at both intake levels it declined steadily to about half its initial value, after 1.3 yr. Thus an animal aged 1.3 yr on the low intake had about one-quarter to one-fifth of the lens ascorbate level of a young animal receiving a generous intake. Acid-soluble thiol in the lens, in contrast to ascorbic acid, increased significantly with age but was not significantly affected by dietary vitamin C intake. Acid-soluble thiol in the aqueous humour was only 0.5-2% of the concentration found in lens, and unlike the lens thiol level, it declined with age. No sex differences were observed for ascorbate or thiol levels either in lens or in aqueous humour. PMID- 3197763 TI - Glucose flux and the redox state of pyridine dinucleotides in the rat lens. AB - The concentration of alpha-glycerophosphate (GP) appeared to increase and readily reached a new steady state in lenses incubated with KCN or under hyperglucosic condition. This increase can be explained by the change in NADH/NAD ratio under each condition. The relative ratio of pyridine dinucleotides (NADH/NAD) was calculated from equilibrium equations of two NAD-linked enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). The change in NADH/NAD ratio based on biochemical assays correlates well with that estimated from GPDH reaction. This indicates that measurements of pyridine dinucleotides (e.g. in vivo redox fluorometry) can be used to demonstrate lens metabolic status. PMID- 3197764 TI - Keratoconus: I. Biochemical studies. AB - The present study analyses collagenous and non-collagenous components from age matched normal and keratoconus corneas. Intact keratoconus corneas showed decreased collagen, total protein, and hydroxylysine levels, with normal reducible collagen cross-linking. Non-collagenous fractions were isolated from corneas with a 4 M guanidine procedure. As demonstrated by PAGE-silver stain, the keratoconus cornea guanidine extracts had a 75 kDa band that was absent in normal cornea guanidine extracts. In addition, there was a markedly increased level of protein, uronic acid and neutral hexose in keratoconus extracts as compared with controls. Our Western blot studies showed increased affinity for the castor-bean agglutinin (RCA120, specific for terminal galactose) in the keratoconus extracts as compared with normals. These data suggest the presence of an abnormal noncollagenous component in keratoconus corneas. PMID- 3197765 TI - Distribution of synaptic inputs onto goldfish retinal ganglion cell dendrites. AB - Retinal ganglion cells in the goldfish were labeled by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, and areas near the optic disk where the dendrites appeared to be completely filled were analyzed by electron microscopy. Only 6% of their inputs were ribbon synapses from bipolar cells; the other 94% of the inputs were conventional synapses mostly or entirely from amacrine cells. There were three strata of the inner plexiform layer with high densities of inputs to ganglion cells, the first centered at approx. 50% and the second at approx. 80% of the inner plexiform layer depth, as measured from the ganglion cell layer to the inner nuclear layer. These two strata comprised 25% of the volume but contained 41% of the inputs to ganglion cells. There were also two strata with very low densities of ganglion cell inputs located near the boundaries of the inner plexiform layer, from 0- to 15% and 90- to 100% of the depth. These strata, which also comprised 25% of the volume, contained only 7% of the inputs to retinal ganglion cells. These strata near the boundaries of the inner plexiform layer also contained 81% of the processes with large, dense-cored vesicles characteristic of peptidergic neurons. We concluded that each of the two sublaminae, a and b, identified previously by physiological criteria, could be further divided into at least two strata, one near the boundary of the inner plexiform layer with abundant peptidergic terminals and very few ganglion cell synapses and another near the center of the inner plexiform layer with numerous ganglion cell synapses. We also propose a hypothesis that could explain the functions of these additional strata. PMID- 3197766 TI - Functional innervation and contractile properties of the human iris sphincter muscle. AB - To investigate the pattern of innervation and the contractile properties of human iris sphincter muscle, we have observed the effects of field stimulation, various drugs and excess-K+ solutions on isometric tension development in strips of the iris sphincter from five humans. Spontaneous mechanical responses were not observed in these tissues. Electrical field stimulation (50 V, 0.8 msec, 20 Hz) evoked a contraction which was abolished by 10(-7) M tetrodotoxin (TTX) or by 10( 6) M atropine, thereby indicating that the response was cholinergically mediated. In the presence of atropine, electrical field stimulation did not affect muscle tone, even when this was elevated by histamine. The effect of exogenously applied noradrenaline (NA) varied among the specimens, i.e. in three out of four cases a contraction was evoked while a relaxation occurred in one preparation. The contraction evoked by NA was blocked by phentolamine (10(-6) M) and the relaxation was blocked by timolol (10(-6) M). Excess-K+ solutions, dose dependently contracted the muscle strips and application of 10(-6) M atropine decreased the amplitude of these contractions. The results indicate that the human iris sphincter is innervated by excitatory cholinergic nerve fibres and that the adrenergic innervation is sparse. In addition, this muscle possesses both alpha and beta adrenoceptors. Activation of alpha receptors produces a contraction whilst activation of the beta adrenoceptors causes relaxation. PMID- 3197767 TI - Reversible osmotic cataracts in spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) eye lens. PMID- 3197768 TI - Retinal blood flow and its autoregulation measured by intraocular hydrogen clearance. AB - Retinal blood flow (RBF) was measured with polarographic electrodes at the inner retinal surface using the hydrogen clearance technique. This new intraocular technique allowed repeated and reproducible measurements of retinal blood flow. Usually the clearance curves were monoexponential, indicating that hydrogen clearance in only one compartment, the retina, was being measured. In order to quantitatively describe the autoregulation of retinal blood flow with oxygen tension, the retinal blood flow was measured at levels of arterial blood oxygen tension ranging from 20 to 250 mmHg. The retinal blood flow was found to decrease progressively with increased arterial blood oxygen tension. Linear regression analysis showed a statistical fit (P less than 0.01) between retinal blood flow and arterial blood oxygen tension (PaO2): RBF (ml min-1 100 g-1)-1 = 79.2-0.17 x PaO2 (mmHg)-1. The average blood flow in the cat was found to be 56 +/- 10 ml min 1 100 g-1 (mean +/- 1 S.D., n = 11) at an average arterial blood oxygen tension of 128 mmHg. PMID- 3197769 TI - [3H]imipramine binding in the retinas of chickens and pigs. AB - High-affinity [3H]imipramine binding sites detected in the brain are associated with the neural uptake mechanism for serotonin. In this study [3H]imipramine binding in the retinal synaptosomal P2-fraction, which contains the serotonin accumulating nerve terminals, was characterized using two different animal species, chicken and pig, and with a wide range of imipramine concentrations. The specific binding of imipramine was saturable. When homogenates were prepared from fresh retinas, a high-affinity binding site in the nanomolar range and a low affinity binding site in the micromolar range were always found. In the pig retina only a high-affinity binding site was found after freezing. The Bmax-value of the high-affinity binding was about 10 times greater in the retinas of pigs than in those of chickens; Bmax-values for fresh homogenates were 1711- and 235 fmol mg-1 protein and those for frozen homogenates were 2066- and 146 fmol mg-1 protein in pig and chicken retinas, respectively. Our results confirm the complexity of imipramine binding described for different regions of the brain. The great difference in the Bmax-values of the high-affinity binding in chicken and pig retinas might indicate differences between species in the serotonergic system. PMID- 3197770 TI - Glucose concentration profiles of normal and ultraviolet radiation-exposed rabbit corneas. AB - The passage of glucose within the cornea has been thought to occur by passive diffusion processes. However, corneal glucose concentration profiles have not been established to support this notion. While microfluorometric methods of metabolite assay typically have been used as a means of assessing regional brain metabolism, this unique methodology of tissue isolation and metabolite determination has not previously been applied to the cornea. Since this technique permits metabolite quantification on microgram-sized tissue samples, a co ordinated corneal glucose concentration profile can be obtained. Tissue preparation consisted of liquid nitrogen freezing, cryo-sectioning, and freeze drying, with storage at -20 degrees C. The sections were thawed under vacuum pump, subsectioned, weighed, and assayed for glucose concentration (by dry weight). This study established a glucose concentration profile of the epithelium, anterior stroma, midstroma, posterior stroma, and endothelium for the normal pigmented rabbit cornea. A glucose concentration profile for UV radiation exposed rabbit corneas also was documented. The UV radiation glucose profile data indicate the presence of an active transport mechanism capable of delivering glucose into the corneal epithelium against a concentration gradient. The presence of a transport system that 'pulls' glucose through the deeper corneal layers thus would make epithelial integrity important for the maintenance of overall corneal viability. PMID- 3197771 TI - Retarded and distinct progress of lens opacification in congenic hereditary cataract mice, Balb/c-nct/nct. AB - The Nakano cataract gene, nct, was introduced into Balb/c mice by repeated backcrosses to elucidate the possible effects of background genes on its expression. The resulting congenic Balb/c-nct/nct mice were characterized by retarded and sporadic cataract formation with a tendency of further retardation in males and by the different disease process of cataract as compared with Nakano mice. The age of 50% cataract incidence was 60 days in females and 90 days in males compared with 22 days in Nakano mice, and lens opacification commenced in a diffuse, mild form at the cortex in congenic but in a pin-head, intense form at the core in Nakano mice. Sex hormones seemed to be involved in the difference in cateractogenesis between male and female mice. Microphthalmia was slighter in degree in Balb/c background mice. The results indicated that the nct-dependent cataractogenesis may be influenced by background genes and some non-hereditary factors. Balb/c-nct/nct mice will provide a new type of hereditary cataract model. PMID- 3197772 TI - Biochemical characterization of retinal protein and phospholipid synthesis in mice exposed transplacentally to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. AB - Transplacental exposure to the DNA alkylating agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on day 16 of gestation in CD-1 albino mice induces a degeneration of the retina, the severity of which depends upon the dosage level of the drug. A 1 mg kg-1 dose provokes a progressive retinal degeneration in the offspring which begins at about 4-6 weeks of age and is characterized by gradual thinning of the retinal layers. A 15 mg kg-1 dosage of MNU provokes severe retinal dysplasia characterized morphologically by rosettes in the outer nuclear layer and loss of rod outer segments (ROS). In the present biochemical experiments, retinal protein synthesis was examined in mice 2-, 4-, and 6 weeks of age exposed to 1 mg kg-1 MNU and 2- and 5 weeks of age exposed to 15 mg kg-1 MNU. Phospholipid synthesis was examined in mice 2-, 4-, 6- and 12 weeks of age exposed to 1 mg kg-1 MNU and at 2 weeks in mice exposed to 15 mg kg-1 MNU. Retinas were incubated for 2 hr at 37 degrees C in media supplemented with either [3H]leucine for protein synthesis studies or [3H]glycerol for phospholipid synthesis experiments. Aliquots of crude ROS and the retinal debris were taken for protein determination, scintillation counting, SDS-PAGE separation of labeled opsin, phosphorus determination and TLC separation of phospholipids. Results indicated that mice exposed to 1 mg kg-1 MNU did not differ significantly from age-matched controls in these measurements, whereas mice exposed to 15 mg kg-1 MNU were significantly different from controls. These results suggest that even as early as 2 weeks of age protein and lipid metabolism are adversely affected in mice exposed to the higher dose of the alkylating agent at a critical time in retinal development, but general protein and lipid synthesis is not affected in animals exposed to 1 mg kg-1 MNU at least up to 12 weeks of age. These studies suggest further investigation of more subtle derangement in the retinal function in animals exposed to low levels of MNU. PMID- 3197773 TI - Suppression of lens gamma-crystallin encoded by Len-1 in the mutant mouse with eye lens obsolescence (Elo). AB - Eye lens obsolescence (Elo) is a heritable, autosomal dominant eye disorder in mice. The Elo mutation lies close to the Len-1 locus on mouse chromosome 1, and it was speculated that the Elo locus affects the expression level of gamma crystallin. To clarify this, we used the BASO-DALT system to compare the amount of lens gamma-crystallin between Elo and normal mice. The lens extracts from 10 day-old Elo mice revealed the same profiles and expression levels of alpha- and beta-crystallins as those of +/+ mice. Among gamma-crystallins, the amounts of the components encoded by Len-1 were lower than wild-type levels, but that encoded by Len-2 was not in the Elo mouse. NaDodSO4-gel analysis revealed that the lower gamma-crystallin level could be detected as early as the 14-day stage in the lens of the Elo mouse embryo. The suppression of gamma-crystallin gene expression in Elo mice was examined at the mRNA level. The concentration of gamma 2-crystallin mRNA in Elo mice lens was estimated at 1/13 of that of normal lens, indicating that a small amount of transcript production from gamma-crystallin genes may cause the low level of gamma-crystallin in Elo lens. PMID- 3197774 TI - Glutathione inhibits the glycation and crosslinking of lens proteins by ascorbic acid. AB - The incubation of crude extracts of bovine lens with 20 mM ascorbic acid leads to the formation of covalent adducts even in the presence of saturating levels of a metal chelator. When dialysed lens extracts were used both ASA-protein adducts and highly crosslinked lens proteins were observed which are similar to those found in the water insoluble fraction from cataractous lenses. Both adduct formation and protein crosslinking, however, were markedly inhibited if undialysed lens extracts were used or if increasing concentrations of glutathione were added to the incubation mixture. Similar inhibition was seen with cysteine, dithiothreitol and sodium bisulfite, but little effect was observed with the glutathione analog ophthalmic acid or with free radical quenchers. Glutathione was readily oxidized during the incubation and no oxidation of ascorbic acid was observed until all the reduced glutathione was exhausted. No loss of ascorbic acid and no protein crosslinking were observed when oxygen was completely removed from the reaction mixture. These data strongly suggest that the glycating species was an oxidized form of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid solutions displayed a rapid oxidation in vitro, which was decreased 80-fold upon the addition of 1 mM chelator and was completely inhibited by both glutathione and chelator. A rapid decrease in the level of dissolved oxygen was seen in the presence of ascorbic acid or ascorbic acid and glutathione, but not with glutathione alone. These data argue that glutathione inhibits glycation by rapidly reducing dehydroascorbic acid back to ascorbic acid, which is not active in protein glycation PMID- 3197775 TI - Morphological study of the anterior segment of cynomolgus monkey eyes following treatment with prostaglandin F2 alpha. AB - Topically applied prostaglandin F2 alpha has been shown to lower intraocular pressure in cynomolgus monkeys. In this study the morphological changes, following topical treatment with 4-50 micrograms of prostaglandin F2 alpha for 4 8 days, were investigated. Semiquantitation of (1) accumulation of white blood cells as one sign of inflammation, (2) edema and (3) enlarged spaces between ciliary muscle cells were performed. Eighty sections per eye encompassing the whole circumference were investigated. No accumulation of white blood cells was seen in any of the eyes. Slight edema in the most anterior part of the ciliary processes occurred in most eyes, but only in part of the circumference. These changes could be either directly induced by the prostaglandin treatment or secondary to the decrease in intraocular pressure. The most pronounced change was the dilatation of the intramuscular spaces. These enlarged spaces could explain the physiologically shown increase in uveoscleral outflow. PMID- 3197776 TI - Transplantation of retinal pigment epithelial cells to immature and adult rat hosts: short- and long-term survival characteristics. AB - Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells isolated from 6-8-day-old pigmented Long Evans rat eyes were successfully grafted onto Bruch's membrane in albino Sprague Dawley hosts ranging in age from 10 days postnatal to young adulthood. Injections of RPE cells were made into the subretinal space using a lesion paradigm which penetrates through the dorsal surface of the eye cutting through the sclera and choroid. Suspensions of pigmented RPE cells were labeled with Nuclear Yellow prior to transplantation, and at 1 week after grafting, the transplanted RPE cells were found attached to previously denuded areas of Bruch's membrane. The grafted RPE cells were positively identified by double labeling-only those RPE cells with melanosomes in their cytoplasm showed fluorescent Nuclear Yellow labeling; host albino RPE cells showed no nuclear labeling. The grafted RPE cells developed a normal relationship with photoreceptor cell outer segments as seen by electron microscopy. When compared with intact retinas or host control areas there were no significant differences in the thickness of the outer nuclear layer or in the lengths of photoreceptor inner and outer segments underneath the grafted RPE cells for at least 3 months after transplantation, which was the longest survival time examined. PMID- 3197777 TI - Biomarkers of aging. Proceedings of a conference. Chicago, Illinois, November 18 and 19, 1986. PMID- 3197778 TI - Biomarkers in aging and toxicity. PMID- 3197779 TI - Strategies for biomarker research: experimental and methodological design. AB - The meaning of the term biomarker is discussed, a model believed to be of some use in thinking about biomarkers of age and of aging is presented, and some suggestions about pertinent research strategy and tactics are provided. PMID- 3197780 TI - Long-lived lines of Caenorhabditis elegans can be used to establish predictive biomarkers of aging. AB - Long-lived recombinant inbred lines, some of which have mean and maximum life spans up to 70% longer than wild type, were used in these analyses. Longer life results from a slower exponential rate of increase in mortality. General motor activity decreases with chronological age in all genotypes; this decay in general motor activity is a biomarker of aging in that it is a predictor of maximum life span. The aging process has also been dissected into component processes. The length of development and the length of reproduction are unrelated to increased life span; lengthened life is due entirely to an increase in post-reproductive life span. Development, reproduction, and life span are each under independent genetic control. General motor activity and life span share at least one common rate-determining genetic component. PMID- 3197781 TI - Cellular biomarkers of aging. AB - Normal human fibroblast-like cells show a declining proliferative capacity with age. Eventually the cultures become senescent and incapable of replicating. Loss of proliferative capacity is characterized by a declining fraction of cells which synthesize DNA in a defined time period, a gradually increasing cell cycle time, and a declining saturation density. For 36 sublines of WI-38 cells and 17 sublines of IMR-90 cells, we have characterized the fraction of cells synthesizing DNA and the saturation density throughout their life spans. These parameters were both related in a regular and consistent way with the percent life span completed and determined retrospectively by cell counts at each subcultivation until phase-out. Thus, these two determinations serve as independent biomarkers for cell culture aging as they relate to one functional parameter--proliferative capacity. As such, they can be used to assess functional age independently of chronological age. PMID- 3197782 TI - Biomarkers of aging: tissue markers. Future research needs, strategies, directions and priorities. AB - Objective tests that allow early detection of deleterious changes with age are necessary to develop treatments enhancing the health span--the length of healthy life. Here we report tests of eight biological systems that can be performed in mice with no harm to the subjects. Male and female B6, CBA and F1 mice were used. While most test results correlated with chronological age in most genotypes, none predicted subsequent longevities in more than two genotypes. Surprisingly, the open field activity test that most consistently predicted longevities, did not correlate with chronological age. Six tests predicted beneficial effects of food restriction in F1 males, but only one correctly predicted the deleterious effects of the same food restriction regimen in B6 males. These results suggest that different biological systems age at different rates, that rates are affected by genotype and that an anti-aging treatment beneficial in one genotype may be harmful in another. PMID- 3197783 TI - Mathematical and statistical strategies for biomarker research of aging. AB - The continuing revolution in personal computers has placed computing power rivaling that of some computational laboratories on the desktops of many investigators. Contained in this article are some suggestions for taking advantage of this enhanced computing power in analyzing data in which an investigator does not have control over his sample. Sample reuse methods, called the jackknife and the bootstrap, are discussed, along with possible applications of time-series methods. Some suggestions for getting help from mathematical scientists are also included. PMID- 3197784 TI - Commentary on biomarkers of aging in the nervous system. PMID- 3197785 TI - Effects of chronic dietary restriction on sensory-motor function and susceptibility to stressor stimuli in the laboratory rat. AB - Two sets of experiments describing the effects of chronic undernutrition on sensory-motor function and susceptibility to environmental stressors are described. In the first, Fischer 344 rats between 10 and 12 months of age were placed on an every-other-day feeding regimen. Behavioral tests designed to assess sensory function (auditory and visual thresholds), somato-motor competence (hang time from a horizontal wire, balance on a narrow beam, descent of a wire mesh pole), and sensory-motor integrity (auditory startle) were then conducted every 3 to 6 months. Chronic undernutrition significantly increased life span and increased somato-motor competence but did not affect sensory function or sensory motor integrity. In the second set of experiments both acute and chronic dietary restriction impaired the ability of young adult Sprague-Dawley rats to effectively thermoregulate in response to a cold environment. Body temperature dropped more rapidly and recovered at a slower rate in the dietarily restricted animals. Fischer 344 rats maintained on a restricted diet for 16 months were similarly impaired. The latter findings suggest that techniques for extending life span based on laboratory animal models may have little relevance to either animals or humans living in their natural habitats where a wide variety of environmental stressors are encountered. PMID- 3197786 TI - Aging hypotheses, aging markers and the concept of biological age. AB - The following two points are made in this article: (1) the likely existence of more than one underlying cause of senescence strengthens the case for the development of a number of reliable markers of aging and (2) the concept of a single biological or functional age for an organism should be used with great caution, if at all. PMID- 3197787 TI - Genetic linkage studies in Alzheimer's disease families. AB - Alzheimer's disease is a devastating neurological disorder and the leading cause of dementia among the elderly. Recent studies have localized the gene for familial Alzheimer's disease to chromosome 21 in a series of early onset AD families (mean age of onset less than 60). Familial late onset AD (mean age of onset greater than 60) is a more common clinical form of the disorder. Thirteen families with multiply affected Alzheimer's disease family members were identified and sampled. Ten of these families were of the late onset Alzheimer's disease type. Simulation studies were used to evaluate the usefulness of these pedigrees in linkage studies in familial Alzheimer's disease. Linkage studies undertaken to test the localization of both early onset and late onset Alzheimer's disease families to chromosome 21 failed to establish linkage and excluded linkage from a large portion of the region where the early onset Alzheimer's disease gene was localized. These findings suggest that more than one etiology may exist for familial Alzheimer's disease and indicate the need for continued screening of the genome in familial Alzheimer's disease families. PMID- 3197788 TI - Fine structural correlates of vascular permeability of chromaffin cell transplants in CNS pain modulatory regions. AB - Adrenal medullary tissue, bovine chromaffin cells, and PC12 cells were transplanted into the pain modulatory regions of the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) or dorsal spinal cord. Fine structural studies of vascular permeability of these grafts revealed that in all three cases, the capillary endothelium of the graft vasculature was attenuated and fenestrated, unlike that of the surrounding host CNS tissue. The intravascular injection of the protein marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), enters the grafted tissue parenchyma and is found in the extracellular space of the surrounding host CNS. In contrast, control gelfoam transplants, which become vascularized, do not contain vessels with fenestrated endothelium and do not leak HRP. Since cell suspension implants do not contain endothelial cells, the vasculature of the grafts must be derived from the host. However, as their morphological characteristics are similar to those of the in situ adrenal medulla, it appears that the tissue environment of the graft influences the permeability properties of the vascular bed. The increased permeability to HRP is apparently permanent and most likely is due to the passage through endothelial cell fenestrae. PMID- 3197789 TI - Seizures and recovery from experimental brain damage. AB - The effects of the gamma-aminobutyric acid antagonist, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), on recovery from somatosensory and motor asymmetries after unilateral sensorimotor cortex lesions were investigated. Behavior was assessed using a bilateral tactile stimulation test and a measure of forelimb motor coordination. Immediately after surgery, the PTZ-treated and saline (SAL) control groups both exhibited severe ipsilateral behavioral asymmetries. Rats receiving PTZ recovered significantly faster from somatosensory asymmetry than those receiving SAL. Recovery was complete in the PTZ group within 3 postoperative weeks, while the SAL group failed to reach a comparable level until 2 months after surgery. There was no difference between PTZ and SAL groups on recovery of forelimb motor coordination. No difference in lesion size between the SAL and the PTZ groups could be found. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that post-traumatic neuronal depression may contribute to the severity of sensorimotor deficits observed after brain damage. PMID- 3197790 TI - Site specificity of adrenalectomy-induced brain growth. AB - Infant, juvenile, and adult brain growth is modulated by corticosterone. This study was designed to determine whether such modulation is confined to certain specific brain areas, and if the pattern of growth revealed is consistent across strains of rats. Young female Sprague-Dawley-derived rats were either adrenalectomized (ADX) or sham-operated (Sham) and allowed to mature 45 days before they were sacrificed for histological analysis. Fore brain sections were taken at several planes for display by projection microscope. Of the 21 sites examined, ADX exerted its greatest effect upon neocortical tissue and myelinated fiber tracts. The only other brain region affected was thalamus, which exhibited a significant widening as a result of ADX. In contrast, archicortical structures were notably unaffected by ADX. Neither the hippocampus, measured from a variety of planes, nor nuclei in the septal area were subject to increased growth by ADX. This general portrayal of ADX's site specificity held across strains of rats. However, there were local differences. Within the neopallium, the frontal region underwent the greatest thickening in one strain, while the occipital area was most strongly affected in the other. Parietal cortex was equally responsive in both strains. The pattern of sensitive vs insensitive sites bore a resemblance to the pattern of increased growth brought about by environmental enrichment as well as the fore brain distribution of Type 2 corticosterone receptors. PMID- 3197791 TI - Amygdaloid kindling with bicuculline methiodide in rats. AB - The effect of repeated intraamygdaloid injection of bicuculline methiodide (BM) was studied in rats. Chemitrodes for both microinjection and electrographic recording were implanted into the left basolateral amygdala. Two weeks after the surgery, a subconvulsive dose of BM (0.2 or 0.4 nmol) was administered through the chemitrodes every fourth day. Repeated injections caused a progressive seizure development which was comparable to that seen with electrical kindling. The kindling effect persisted after a 6-month interruption of the stimulation. When a mixture of BM and GABA agonist (GABA 20 nmol, muscimol 2 nmol, or baclofen 5 nmol) was injected into the amygdala of kindled rats, seizure activity was markedly suppressed to stage 0 or 1. On the other hand, an intraamygdaloid injection of picrotoxin (0.8 nmol) brought about the same seizure as induced by BM, whereas no seizure was observed with strychnine (4 nmol). No histological change specific to this kindling was detected. The present results indicate that chemical kindling can be induced by repeated local injection of BM into the amygdala, and that the mechanism underlying this kindling is closely associated with local postsynaptic GABA receptors in the amygdala. This GABAergic system may also be important in other types of kindling. PMID- 3197793 TI - Studies on quantitative morphology. XIII. Heterogeneity in the mammary gland of rats. AB - In the rat mammary gland, the distribution of tissues forming this organ is not homogeneous. In order to get representative information about the percentual distribution of lumina, epithelial, adipous and connective tissues it is necessary to take serial sections from the whole organ. This is a very strenuous procedure and is defensible at most in small organs. We demonstrated that, in general, 2-4 histological sections are satisfying all demands when they are taken at distances of about 600-1,000 micron. The percentages of glandular constituents are appropriately ascertained by using a net point system with distances of about 600 micron between single points, provided there is sufficient number of hits. For special purposes, e.g. the recording of drug effects, it is advisable to reduce the distances of step sections to 400-500 micron with net point distances of about 200 micron. Here we found a good compromise complying with both accuracy of results and expenditure of measuring time. PMID- 3197792 TI - Proximodistal gradient in endoneurial fluid pressure. AB - Endoneurial fluid pressure measurements were made in the interstitial space of rat L5 dorsal root ganglia and in the corresponding sciatic nerves. Endoneurial fluid pressure was always higher in the ganglia than in the paired distal nerve. This proximodistal gradient in endoneurial fluid pressure may be the driving force responsible for the proximodistal convection of endoneurial fluid. PMID- 3197794 TI - Rat endomyocardial disease: a neural origin? AB - Of 58 cardiac lesions in rats from a Sprague-Dawley-derived strain, representing different stages of endomyocardial disease including 10 cases progressing to tumors, most stained positively for S-100 protein, while duplicate sections of selected cases also reacted positively for neuron-specific enolase. The results demonstrate the probable neural origin of these lesions. PMID- 3197795 TI - Pathology of hepatic peroxisomes in chronic hepatitis B and immunosuppression. AB - After kidney transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy patients with chronic hepatitis B show not only peroxisome proliferation in hepatocytes but also additional alterations of these organelles: lysis and occasional complete loss of peroxisomes in HBsAg areas as well as lysis and/or autophagocytic degradation of peroxisomes in hepatocytes which contained hepatitis-B virus particles. Two mechanisms are suggested as being significant for the numerical decrease of peroxisomes in HBsAg areas: Reduced neogenesis, but typical lytic degradation; Direct toxic action of immunosuppressive substances. For elucidation further studies have to be undertaken. PMID- 3197796 TI - Relation between renal and hepatic excretion in drugs. VIII. Influence of triiodothyronine on maturation of phenol red excretion in rats. AB - Experiments were performed on 10-, 20-, and 55-day-old female rats. Administration of triiodothyronine (T3; 10 or 20 micrograms/100 g b.wt. for 3 days, once daily) was followed by a significant increase in renal phenol red excretion in 20-day-old and older rats. In 10-day-old rats there was no stimulatory effect of T3 on renal excretion of the dye. On the other hand, biliary excretion of phenol red was significantly diminished in all age groups. Surprisingly, in nephrectomized rats there was a significant increase in hepatic dye excretion in 20- and 55-day-old rats after T3. This increase in transport capacity via liver was connected with a distinct rise of bile flow. In experiments on tissue slices phenol red accumulation was investigated at different medium concentrations. In renal cortical slices there was no significant influence of T3 on specific accumulation of phenol red per 1 g organ wet weight, whereas aerobic accumulation of the dye seems to be diminished in liver tissue after T3 treatment. But in all age groups kidney weight increased significantly. Calculation of total accumulation (= specific accumulation x organ wet weight) resulted in a significantly enhanced renal transport capacity for phenol red in all age groups. In contrast, total hepatic accumulation was reduced independently of age. PMID- 3197797 TI - Histoautoradiographic detection of 3H-thymidine and 3H-proline in the vascular wall of domestic swine in experimental atherosclerosis. Is there an effect of saturated/unsaturated fatty acids in high cholesterol diet? AB - In vitro labeling of arterial wall samples from domestic swine with tritiated thymidine or proline was used to establish the effect of unsaturated (sunflower oil) or saturated (beef tallow) fatty acids in the presence of enteral cholesterol on DNA and collagen synthesis. Histoautoradiography of samples incubated in vitro gives labeling patterns and indices comparable to in vivo labeling. Preliminary results show that these nutrient fats do not differ in their effect on the DNA and collagen synthesis of vascular wall cells both in the presence and absence of intimal changes. PMID- 3197798 TI - Histochemical changes in the composition of mucins in goblet cells during methotrexate-induced mucosal atrophy in rats. AB - Changes in the composition of mucins in jejunal goblet cells were investigated histochemically after a single intraperitoneal injection of methotrexate in rats (40 mg methotrexate/kg body weight). At 48 h after injection of methotrexate, when mitotic activity in the crypts approximates to zero, an almost complete disappearance of mucin-containing goblet cells can be observed. At 96h, when proliferative activity in crypts is excessive, neutral mucin- and sialomucin containing goblet cells dominate in the crypts, whereas in controls the crypts display sulphomucin-containing goblet cells. At 144h neutral mucin- and sulphomucin-containing goblet cells dominate in the crypts. Both at 48 and 96h after injection of methotrexate a significant decrease in the number of villous goblet cells takes place, whereas with respect to the quality of the mucins in the goblet cells no difference can be found in comparison with control rats. At 144h the villi have recovered from the preceding temporary decrease of goblet cells. The histochemical composition of the population of goblet cells is still aberrant and shows goblet cells containing neutral mucins and sulphomucins principally, whereas in controls sialomucin-containing goblet cells dominate on the villi. The established changes in the composition of mucins in goblet cells cannot be attributed to methotrexate-induced malnutrition, as pair-fed control rats clearly demonstrate. Our results clearly demonstrate that conspicuous quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the synthesis of mucins in goblet cells occur during the hyporegenerative and hyperregenerative phase of methotrexate-induced mucosal atrophy. PMID- 3197799 TI - The influence of dietary low and high unsaturated fats and cholesterol on the fatty acid pattern of serum and aortic cholesteryl esters and the lipid deposits of pig aorta. AB - 16 three-month-old female pigs were divided into 3 groups. 6 animals received a semi-synthetic diet containing 15% sunflower oil (g/100 g food) and 1.25% cholesterol (SF group). In 6 animals the sunflower oil was replaced by beef tallow (BT group). 4 control animals 1.5% sunflower oil and without cholesterol. The serum cholesterol levels of the SF group rose moderately, those of the BT group moderately or highly. The relative lipid infiltrated intima area (LIA) and the cholesteryl ester (CE) content of aortas were generally lower in the SF group than in the BT group in comparison to the serum cholesterol levels. The dietary fatty acid pattern determined the fatty acid composition of CE in the serum and extracellular lipid of the aortic lesions. With regard to the intracellular changes of fatty acid pattern of CE (decrease in dienoic acid, predominantly linoleic acid, and increase in monoenoic acids, predominantly oleic acid, and in trienoic acids and higher unsaturated fatty acids), there were important differences between the 2 dietary groups. The dienoic acid content of CE decreased intracellularly from 61% to 30.5%, at the most, in the SF group, and then stopped. In the BT group only 26-35% dienoic acid was available from the extracellular CE and was reduced intracellularly to 9% at the most. In the SF group the intracellular increase in monoenoic acid content of CE was related to the decrease in dienoic acid content. In the BT group this was true only for some lipid deposits of the aorta; in other lesions the monoenoic acid content remained nearly constant or even decreased with decrease in linoleic acid whereas the increase in trienoic acid content was especially high suggesting that an unphysiological trienoic acid (20:3 delta 5, 8, 11), originating from oleic acid, was formed in greater amounts. Our findings point to the development of an essential fatty acid deficiency in the foam cells of aortic lesions in the BT group which may result in an unfavorable influence on the cholesterol clearance from the cells and the arterial wall. PMID- 3197800 TI - Relation between renal and hepatic excretion of drugs: IX. Acceleration of phenol red excretion via kidney and liver in rats of different ages by dexamethasone treatment. AB - Experiments were performed on 10-, 20-, and 55-day-old female rats. After treatment with dexamethasone (60 or 80 micrograms/100 g b.wt. for 3 days, once daily) there is a significant increase in renal phenol red excretion only in 10 day-old rats. In contrast, the stimulatory effect of dexamethasone treatment on the hepatic excretion of this dye occurs exclusively in mature, 55-day-old rats. After repeated administration of this hormone in nephrectomized rats there is an increase of hepatic phenol red excretion, and maximal transport capacity increases from 6-8 to 12 mg/100g b.wt. X hour. In renal cortical slices there is no significant influence of dexamethasone on phenol red accumulation in vitro, whereas accumulation of the dye in liver tissue seems to be diminished. In rats of all groups kidney and liver weights increased significantly after dexamethasone treatment. Calculation of total accumulation capacity (= accumulation per 1 g X organ wet weight) also results in unchanged accumulation capacity in the kidney, but transported phenol red amounts in the liver are distinctly diminished. This is in contrast to the in vivo findings. Possible reasons are discussed. PMID- 3197801 TI - Relation between renal and hepatic excretion of drugs: X. Excretion of nalorphine in young and adult rats pretreated with hormones or xenobiotics. AB - Different processes are involved in renal and hepatic excretion of organic anions and cations. In contrast to our knowledge of anion excretion, information about cation transport in kidney and liver is relatively scarce. In this study, the elimination of nalorphine was investigated to characterize the relation between renal and hepatic excretion of organic cations. Nalorphine is excreted effectively both via kidney and liver. However, its hepatic excretion dominates in adult rats. In young, 20-day-old animals biliary nalorphine elimination is immature and the excreted amounts are significantly lower. Renal excretion of nalorphine is quite similar in rats of both ages. After bile duct ligation renal excretion of nalorphine increases significantly in adult rats whereas it remains unchanged in young ones. Remarkably, after bilateral nephrectomy hepatic elimination of nalorphine is even diminished in both age groups. In further experiments renal excretion of nalorphine could be stimulated in adult rats after repeated administration of trometamol, triiodothyronine, or dexamethasone; these treatments had no consequences on biliary secretion of nalorphine. PMID- 3197802 TI - Fructose-1,6-diphosphate reduces acute ECG changes due to doxorubicin in isolated rat heart. AB - Doxorubicin (DXR) (0.17 x 10(-4) M) induces an acute cardiotoxicity in isolated rat heart; there is a progressive widening of the S alpha T segment, with a decrease in force derivatives and in the coronary flow. Concurrent perfusion with fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) (10(-5)-10(-4) M) dose-dependently reduces the S alpha T enlargement but fails to affect the reduction in force derivatives and coronary flow. The target of cardiac protection by FDP might be the ionic mechanisms underlying the action potential configuration. PMID- 3197803 TI - Thyroid hormone binds to human corpus luteum. AB - A high affinity, low capacity 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) specific binding was detected in the nuclei preparation from human corpus luteal nuclei by using an in vitro thyroid hormone binding assay. The bound hormone was efficiently separated from free hormone by the use of 40% polyethylene glycol. Under standardized assay conditions of pH 8.6 at 37 degrees C and a 2-h incubation time, the binding in the corpus luteal nuclei was saturable with Kd 4.94 x 10( 10) M with low maximum binding capacity (1.70 p mol/mg DNA). Competitive binding studies with hormone analogues indicated that T3 binding to corpus luteal nuclei is hormone-specific. Findings indicated a direct effect of thyroid hormone on the human corpus luteum. PMID- 3197804 TI - Vitamins and other metabolites in various sera commonly used for cell culturing. AB - Many cell culture media use different sera to enhance growth. We assayed vitamins and some related metabolites in different sera and identified the concentration of: thiamin, biotin, folates, riboflavin, pantothenates, nicotinates, vitamins B6, B12, A, E, C, and carotenes and some related metabolites: biopterins, free inositol, free and total choline, total carnitines in chicken, horse, rabbit, goat, pig, calf, newborn calf, fetal calf and human sera. Results indicate that vitamin and metabolite content of different sera vary. Such variations could produce fluctuant effects on cell culturings if the metabolite content of the serum is not documented. PMID- 3197805 TI - Arylsulfatase in coelomocytes of Holothuria polii. AB - Holothuria polii coelomocytes possess arylsulfatase enzymes. Two pH optima were found for arylsulfatase activity in cell lysate preparations, one at pH 5.0 and the other at pH 5.8. Both increased after injection of zymosan particles or formalinized sheep red blood cells (fSR-BC), indicating an active role of the enzymes during phagocytosis of particulate substances. Under a light microscope, the acid hydrolase arylsulfatase were localized in the granules of spherula cells, and therefore considered lysosomal in nature. PMID- 3197807 TI - A marine Micrococcus produces metabolites ascribed to the sponge Tedania ignis. AB - Extracts of the sponge Tedania ignis have been reported to contain several diketopiperazines. As part of an investigation of the commensal and symbiotic microflora of sponges, we have consistently isolated, from specimens of T. ignis, a Micrococcus sp. which produces diketopiperazines in laboratory cultural media. This is the first demonstration that a bacterium associated with a sponge produces secondary metabolites ascribed to the sponge host. PMID- 3197806 TI - Intact teratogenic immunoglobulins may reach the rat embryo. AB - It is known that heterologous antiserum against rat kidney homogenate may induce congenital malformations when injected into pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis. Teratogenic rabbit antibodies against a purified rat renal tubular glycoprotein were isolated, labelled with 125I and injected into pregnant rats on the 10th day of gestation. Extracts of visceral yolk-sacs (VYS) and embryos were obtained 16 h later and chromatographed separately on a Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration column. The resultant chromatograms showed several radioactive peaks, one of which coincided with the eluate of intact rabbit immunoglobulins G (IgG). We interpret the result as an indication that some undigested intact teratogenic IgG were present in VYS and the embryo. PMID- 3197808 TI - Retrospection and prognostication: ontogeny of a discipline. PMID- 3197809 TI - Circabidian rhythm: its appearance and disappearance in association with a bright light pulse. AB - A shift from circadian to circabidian periods or vice versa was observed in the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness under temporal isolation. The shift occurred in two subjects, 3 times in association with a single bright light pulse applied, 4 times in all. The finding suggests that the bright light pulse has an additional effect to the phase shift on the human circadian system. PMID- 3197810 TI - Nonlinear dynamics in sudden cardiac death syndrome: heartrate oscillations and bifurcations. AB - Patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death show evidence of nonlinear heartrate dynamics, including abrupt spectral changes (bifurcations) and sustained low frequency (.01-.04 Hz) oscillations in heartrate. PMID- 3197811 TI - Phagocytic system stimulation in experimental atherosclerosis of chicks. AB - The effects of activation of the phagocytic system by BCG on the development of diet-induced atherosclerosis was studied in chicken. Injections of BCG had a marked effect on atherogenesis, which was either inhibitory or stimulatory, depending on the route of BCG administration and on the timing. A slight, but significant inhibition was obtained by intraperitoneal injection of BCG administered during the dietary treatment. A more pronounced and significant inhibition was observed in chicks given BCG subcutaneously 8 weeks before the start of the dietary regimen. The findings are consistent with a previously proposed notion that immunization at an early age may affect the course of later life atherosclerosis. PMID- 3197812 TI - Dose-dependence of doxorubicin effect on actin assembly in vitro. AB - Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), one of the most potent antibiotics used in tumor chemotherapy, shows many undesirable side effects. We studied the effect of different drug concentrations on the biochemistry of cell motility and, in particular, on potassium-induced actin polymerization. It is well known, in fact, that the actin aggregational status could dramatically influence many cell motility manifestations. Our results clearly show that stoichiometric and substoichiometric amounts of doxorubicin negatively influence actin polymerization by inhibiting both the filament growth and the polymer amount at steady-state; the balance between the two different effects seems to be in relation to the drug concentration. The obtained results could explain some of the doxorubicin effects previously observed in vivo. PMID- 3197813 TI - The fibroblast-like nature of myofibroblasts. AB - The myofibroblast is found in normal tissue as well as in a wide variety of pathological processes. We have cultured myofibroblasts and dermal fibroblasts and have found that they secrete similar type-specific procollagens into the culture media. These were primarily type I and III procollagens with a predominance of type I procollagen. These patterns are distinctly different from those of smooth muscle cells, which synthesize predominantly type III procollagen. Cultured fixed cells were also examined by immunohistochemistry. Both myofibroblasts and fibroblasts stained positively with antibodies to type I and III procollagens. Reaction to type V procollagen antibodies was prominent only in the myofibroblast, as was immunostaining with anti-muscle actin antibodies. Immunostaining with desmin antibodies was negative in both cell types. By electron microscopy, the myofibroblast had well-developed dense microfilament fibers of 40-80 degrees that were prominent in the long axes of the cells near the cellular margins. Although the myofibroblast has properties of both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, it appears to be most likely a modified fibroblast that has undergone differentiation, probably in response to specific signals from the extracellular matrix. PMID- 3197814 TI - Iodine in rat alveolar macrophages following amiodarone treatment: quantitative X ray microanalysis. AB - The techniques of cryomicrotomy and X-ray microanalysis were used to quantitatively measure the subcellular distribution of iodine in rat alveolar macrophages following a single administration of the iodine-containing antiarrhythmic drug, amiodarone. When frozen, dried sections were analyzed, small amounts of iodine were found throughout the alveolar macrophages, but the major accumulations were observed in amorphous bodies and dense granules. The highest to lowest accumulation is in the following order: amorphous bodies (90 mmole I/kg dry wt) greater than dense granules (50 mmole I/kg dry wt) greater than nucleus = cytosol (10 mmoles I/kg dry wt). The amorphous bodies can contain high and low levels of iodine and the granules are found to have high and low levels of iron. Granules with the high and low levels of iron and amorphous bodies with the high and low levels of iodine can be found in the same cells. X-ray microanalysis proved useful in describing the intracellular distribution of iodine-labeled species following amiodarone administration. PMID- 3197815 TI - On the mechanism of action of lonidamine: a study on human erythrocyte membrane. AB - The incubation of human erythrocytes with increasing levels of the antineoplastic drug Lonidamine clearly indicated a dose-dependent effect on the lipid composition of the plasma membranes. A selective transfer of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol from membrane to incubation medium and the consequent enrichment in phosphatidylethanolamine of the membrane itself was observed. Moreover, the membranes were found to contain increasing levels of the drug which was incorporated at a constant membrane/medium partition ratio. The changes in composition appeared to be consistent with morphological alterations observed by scanning and freeze-fracture electron microscopy demonstrating changes in cell shape, the presence of numerous intracellular vesicles, and a membrane protein rearrangement. The analysis of intact red cells by nuclear magnetic resonance ruled out the possibility that the alterations described above could be due to an ATP depletion. This further confirmed that cell membranes were the primary target of the Lonidamine action, the previously described energy metabolism impairment being a consequence of a selective damage of cellular membranes, probably originating from the incorporation of the drug into the lipid bilayer. PMID- 3197816 TI - Elevation of plasma fibronectin and serum amyloid P in autoimmune NZB, B/W, and MRL/1pr mice. AB - The acute-phase proteins, fibronectin (Fn) and serum amyloid P (SAP), are opsonins which by virtue of their adhesive properties may be involved in the glomerular nephritis associated with splenic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Because of their possible involvement in the pathophysiology of lupus, plasma Fn and SAP levels from three strains of autoimmune mice were measured over time to determine if Fn and SAP rose as the mice sickened and renal function degenerated. Baseline levels of Fn and SAP were measured when the mice were between 1.5 and 3 months of age. The characteristic rapid onset of autoimmune disease in MRL/1pr mice was accompanied by a two- to threefold increase in plasma Fn and SAP by Day 100. The B/W mice, which develop autoimmune disease more slowly, did not have a significant increase in plasma Fn and SAP until Day 240. The NZB mice, with the most delayed onset of disease, exhibited a modest but significant elevation of plasma Fn and SAP by Day 360. Histologic examination of the kidneys of B/W and NZB mice indicated that pathological abnormality of the glomeruli and tubules coincided with the elevation of plasma Fn and SAP levels. In contrast, blood samples taken over time from normal BALB/c mice did not possess abnormal levels of Fn or SAP. It appears that elevation of plasma Fn and SAP in the MRL/1 pr, B/W, and NZB mice is related to the onset and severity of autoimmune disease and the subsequent loss of renal function. PMID- 3197818 TI - Modulation of adriamycin uptake by lonidamine in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. AB - The effect of Lonidamine, 1-(2,4 dichlorobenzyl)-1-H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid, on the uptake of Adriamycin by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells has been investigated. The uptake of Adriamycin is greatly stimulated by Lonidamine and the increase depends on the energy sources of the cell. In the presence of glucose the intracellular drug content is remarkably lower than that in its absence. This difference lies in the mechanism by which Lonidamine enhances the uptake of Adriamycin. The Adriamycin efflux is via an active transport process and, in the presence of glucose, both aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation contribute to ATP synthesis. Although Lonidamine inhibits both these pathways, there is still sufficient ATP to extrude a certain amount of Adriamycin. The elevated intracellular concentration of Adriamycin depends not only on the Lonidamine-inhibited outward transport but also on higher membrane permeability which allows a low concentration of Adriamycin (18 microM) to interfere also with the oxidative metabolism of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. PMID- 3197819 TI - Hypocholesterolemia in acute myelogenous leukemia. AB - Plasma-cholesterol concentrations were determined in 85 acute myelogenous leukemia patients. Measurements were repeated in 28 cases during remission. Mean plasma-cholesterol concentration (+/- SD) at diagnosis was 3.95 mmol/l (+/- 1.29). 47 patients (55.3%) had hypocholesterolemia (less than 3.87 mmol/l). Among the main clinical, hematologic and biochemical parameters, only high leukocyte counts were correlated with hypocholesterolemia. As far the FAB subtypes are concerned, the lowest cholesterol levels were observed in leukemias with monocytic component. However, although the same FAB subtypes showed significantly higher leucocytes counts than the other subtypes, both parameters were independently related to low cholesterol levels. Remission was associated with a significant increase in cholesterol levels in those patients with low cholesterol concentrations or high leukocyte counts at diagnosis. These results support the idea that initial hypocholesterolemia in acute myelogenous leukemia is related to the tumoral mass present at diagnosis. PMID- 3197817 TI - Effects of intratracheal administration of xanthine plus xanthine oxidase on lung antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and collagen in hamsters. AB - Xanthine (X) and xanthine oxidase (XO) were injected intratracheally (IT) in hamsters at Day 0 (38 mg X, 100 micrograms XO) and Day 5 (38 mg X, 250 micrograms XO). Control hamsters received saline or X (38 mg) plus boiled XO (100, 250 micrograms). Cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased from control of 286 to 337 and 335 units/lung at Days 12 and 19, respectively, but decreased to 228 units/lung at Day 33; mitochondrial SOD activity increased at Day 12 from control of 57 to 71 units/lung and then decreased at Days 26 and 33 to 42 and 33 units/lung, respectively. Glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities rose from their control values of 1161 and 1151 to 1561 and 2287 units/lung at Day 12, respectively; thereafter, GR activity decreased to 512 and 462 units/lung at Days 19 and 26, respectively. Glutathione transferase declined at Day 12 but increased at Day 26 after initial treatment. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity declined from control of 1071 to 693 units/lung at Day 2 and returned to control thereafter. Catalase activity remained unaffected. Hydroxyproline was increased from 903 micrograms/lung in control to 1080, 1301, 1195, and 1148 micrograms/lung at Days 12, 19, 26, and 33, respectively. Malonaldehyde increased from 40 nmole/lung in control to 70 and 113 nmole/lung at Days 12 and 33, respectively. The ratio of right ventricle to left ventricle and septum increased significantly from control of 0.277 to 0.318 at Day 33. Histopathology at Days 2 and 4 revealed peribronchiolar and arteriolar inflammation, and diffuse alveolitis. By Day 12 there were thickened alveolar septa and foci of fibrotic consolidation. PMID- 3197820 TI - Effect of chronic ethanol administration on iron metabolism in the rat. AB - This study shows that the ingestion of ethanol provokes alterations in iron metabolism which may lead to iron overload. Impaired release of reticuloendothelial iron was shown by a decrease of the maximum red blood cell utilization when radioactive iron was supplied as colloidal iron. An impairment in the erythropoietic activity of ethanol-treated animals was also observed, as can be seen from the reduced plasma iron turnover and red blood cell utilization within 24 h of iron administration. A rise in marrow transit time was also observed. In ethanol-treated rats there was an increase in the amount of iron retained both in the liver and the spleen. This was observed in both sexes and also in the offspring from ethanol-treated mothers. PMID- 3197821 TI - Bone marrow karyotype and prognosis in primary myelodysplastic syndromes. AB - Bone marrow karyotype, survival time, and the rate of progression to leukaemia were studied in 111 unselected patients with primary myelodysplastic syndromes. The 49 patients (44%) with clonal chromosome aberrations had survival time (median 29 months) similar to that found in the 62 patients with normal bone marrow karyotype (24 months, p greater than 0.10). The presence of multiple (greater than 2) abnormalities (17 patients) was strongly associated with poor prognosis, with a median survival of only 7 months (p less than 0.001). Prognostic information could be attributed to 2 specific abnormalities, del(5q) and -7: Presence of del(5q) as the sole anomaly was associated with long survival (36+ months), whereas monosomy 7 was a bad prognostic sign (6 months). The risk for leukaemia development correlated neither with the number of chromosome abnormalities nor with any particular anomaly. Our findings demonstrate the prognostic importance of quantifying the complexity of bone marrow chromosome changes. They also emphasize that different specific abnormalities convey widely different prognostic information in primary myelodysplastic syndromes. PMID- 3197822 TI - Prognostic factors in Hodgkin's disease stage IV. AB - 104 patients with previously untreated Hodgkin's disease stage IV were examined and treated at the Finsen Institute between 1969 and 1983. 99 patients were treated with combination chemotherapy (MOPP or equivalent regiments) with or without additional irradiation of some involved areas. Prognostic factors including age, sex, peripheral plus intrathoracic nodal tumour burden, intraabdominal nodal tumour burden, B-symptoms, histologic subtype, number of involved nodal regions, mediastinal involvement, number of involved extranodal sites, type of extranodal involvement, ESR, and haematologic and other blood values, together with exploratory laparotomy and treatment were examined in multivariate analyses. With regard to disease-free survival, the only factors of independent prognostic significance were sex and lymphocytopenia. With regard to overall survival the factors of independent significance were age, sex, bone marrow involvement, and an elevated serum creatinine. If only deaths of Hodgkin's disease were considered in overall survival, both lymphocytopenia and bone marrow involvement had independent prognostic significance. These two factors thus emerged as the most important prognostic factors in disseminated Hodgkin's disease, and both would appear to be related to the patient's total tumour burden. PMID- 3197823 TI - Analysis of leucocyte differentiation antigens in blood and bone marrow in patients with refractory anaemia (RA) and RA with sideroblasts. Prognostic implications of sequential and follow-up data. AB - 34 patients with primary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), initially diagnosed as subtypes refractory anaemia (RA) and RA with ringed sideroblasts (RA-S), were followed to investigate the distribution of lymphoid and myeloid differentiation antigens in the blood and bone marrow in search of potential prognostic significance with regard to progression to RA with an excess of blasts (RAEB) or acute myeloid leukaemia, and for relations to clinical, morphological and cytogenetic findings. Patients who later progressed to RAEB had significantly decreased percentages of anti-T8 positive T-suppressor cells in the blood at diagnosis compared to those who did not (p = 0.05). Sequential analysis showed a decrease with time also in the percentages of anti-T8-positive cells (p = 0.05). In the bone marrow, progressing patients initially showed significantly increased percentages of anti-My9-positive immature myeloid cells (p less than 0.001), and the percentages of anti-My9-positive cells in the bone marrow increased with time (p less than 0.005). Analysis of the pooled data revealed a statistically significant relation between increasing percentages of anti-My9-positive cells and the frequencies of clonally abnormal (p less than 0.001) and abnormal (p = 0.004) metaphases. PMID- 3197824 TI - Management of polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and myelofibrosis with hydroxyurea. AB - A total of 59 symptomatic patients with myeloproliferative disorders (polycythaemia vera 24 pats., essential thrombocythaemia 25 pats., myelofibrosis 10 pats.) and elevated platelet counts were studied during 1653 months of continuous treatment with hydroxyurea. Reduction of the platelet level to less than 500 x 10(9)/l was achieved within 8 weeks in 86% of polycythaemia pats., 80% of thrombocythaemia pats., 60% of myelofibrosis pats. Control of disease-related symptoms was achieved within 1 year in 78% of the patients. There was no instance of severe bone marrow toxicity. Side-effects of hydroxyurea were modest. Survival was excellent, with 86% probability of survival after 5 yr of therapy. We consider hydroxyurea a first-choice alternative in the treatment of patients with polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and mylofibrosis with thrombocytosis. PMID- 3197825 TI - IgE-producing low-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. AB - An unusual case of IgE-producing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is presented. The patient's history included a 6-year period of increasing IgE level before a low grade NHL was diagnosed. The patient developed lymph node, skin, bone marrow and lung infiltrations. With a cytostatic combination therapy a temporary improvement was achieved, but the patient died from progressive disease after 2 yr. The morphological appearance of the tumour varied between that of LP immunocytoma and a centrocytic lymphoma. Immunophenotype studies showed intracytoplasmic IgE lambda in tumour cells and B-cell surface phenotype (BB-1 pos; OKT 10 pos; PCA weakly pos and SIgE lambda). PMID- 3197826 TI - Do mitochondrial DNA fragments promote cancer and aging? AB - Reactive oxygen species are important in carcinogenesis, diseases, and aging, probably through oxidative damage of DNA. Our understanding of this relationship at the molecular level is very sketchy. It has recently been found that in mitochondria oxidative DNA damage is particularly high and may not be repaired efficiently. I propose that oxidatively generated DNA fragments escape from mitochondria and become integrated into the nuclear genome. This may transform cells to a cancerous state. Time-dependent nuclear accumulation of mitochondrial DNA fragments may progressively change the nuclear information content and thereby cause aging. This proposal can be tested experimentally. PMID- 3197827 TI - Location of a region of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor involved in selective effector coupling. AB - Chimaeric muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) in which corresponding portions of mAChR I and mAChR II are replaced with each other have been produced in Xenopus oocytes by expression of cDNA constructs encoding them. Functional analysis of the chimaeric mAChRs indicates that a region mostly comprising the putative cytoplasmic portion between the proposed transmembrane segments V and VI is involved in selective coupling of mAChR I and mAChR II with different effector systems. In contrast, the exchange of this region between mAChR I and mAChR II does not significantly affect the antagonist binding properties of the two mAChR subtypes. PMID- 3197828 TI - A case of carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency in human skeletal muscle. AB - A 20-year-old man was shown to have a deficiency of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) II in skeletal muscle. The evidence was: (i) there was no significant oxidation of [9,10-3H]-palmitate or of [1-14C]palmitate in mitochondrial fractions from fresh skeletal muscle from the patient; (ii) all the CPT activity in a homogenate of fresh muscle from the patient was overt (CPT I) with no increase in activity after the inner membrane was disrupted; (iii) all the CPT activity in the patient's muscle was inhibited by malonyl-CoA; and (iv) an immunoreactive peptide of 67 kDa corresponding to CPT II, present in mitochondria from controls, was absent in those from the patient. PMID- 3197829 TI - Identification of two distinct protein carboxyl methyltransferases in eucaryotic cells. AB - Two distinct protein carboxyl methyltransferases (PCM) were identified in the electric organ of Torpedo ocellata. They were separated from each other in the active form by means of nondenaturing gel electrophoresis and by p (chloromercuri)benzoate-agarose chromatography, and were individually identified by specific polyclonal antibodies. The existence of at least two distinct PCMs in eucaryotic cells raises the possibility that these enzymes are involved in distinct transmethylation reactions. PMID- 3197830 TI - Apomyoglobin forms a micellar complex with phospholipid at low pH. AB - Apomyoglobin was found to break down phosphatidylcholine vesicles to form a micellar complex at pH 4. Size reduction during this process was observed by measuring light scattering at 400 nm and by passing the complex through a gel filtration column. Micellar complex formation was confirmed by electron microscopy. PMID- 3197831 TI - Adhesion defect of ascites cells corrected with membrane-bound attachment molecules. AB - Adhesion is obligatory for cell proliferation in most types of cells. This function becomes defective after malignant transformation. An extreme example is ascites cells which proliferate in suspension. The nature of their defects remains obscure. Here we show that the linking of biotin molecules to the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells enables these cells to spread normally on an avidin coated substrate. The spreading was the result of specific avidin-biotin interaction. The morphology of the spread cells and sensitivity to different inhibitors are similar to those of normal epithelia. Thus it is enough to supply appropriate substrate-adhesive molecules to the ascites cell surface to normalize their adhesion. PMID- 3197832 TI - Protein secondary structure and homology by neural networks. The alpha-helices in rhodopsin. AB - Neural networks provide a basis for semiempirical studies of pattern matching between the primary and secondary structures of proteins. Networks of the perceptron class have been trained to classify the amino-acid residues into two categories for each of three types of secondary feature: alpha-helix or not, beta sheet or not, and random coil or not. The explicit prediction for the helices in rhodopsin is compared with both electron microscopy results and those of the Chou Fasman method. A new measure of homology between proteins is provided by the network approach, which thereby leads to quantification of the differences between the primary structures of proteins. PMID- 3197833 TI - Tetrameric structure of the nonactivated glucocorticoid receptor in cell extracts and intact cells. AB - Mouse lymphoma cells contain a nonactivated glucocorticoid receptor of Mr approximately 330,000 which is heteromeric in nature and is unable to bind to DNA. Following affinity labeling of the steroid-binding subunit and subsequent cross-linking with dimethyl suberimidate at various times either in cell extracts or in intact cells, a series of labeled bands was detected in SDS gels. From the molecular masses of completely and partially cross-linked complexes we conclude that the large nonactivated receptor is a tetramer composed of two 90 kDa subunits, one 50 kDa polypeptide and one steroid-binding subunit. PMID- 3197834 TI - Sulfated N-linked carbohydrate chains in porcine thyroglobulin. AB - N-linked carbohydrate chains of porcine thyroglobulin were released by the hydrazinolysis procedure. The resulting mixture of oligosaccharide-alditols was fractionated by high-voltage paper electrophoresis, the acidic fractions were further separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on Lichrosorb-NH2, and analyzed by 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy and, partially, by permethylation analysis. Of the acidic oligosaccharide-alditols, the following sulfated carbohydrate chains could be identified: NeuAc alpha 2----6Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1----3[(SO3Na----3)Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta1----2-Mana alpha 1----6]Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----6]GlcNAc-ol and NeuAc alpha 2----6Gal beta 1----4(SO3Na----)0-1 GlcNAc beta 1----2-Man alpha 1--- 3[NeuAc alpha 2----6Gal beta 1----4(SO3Na----6)1-0GlcNAc beta 1----2Man alpha 1-- -6]Man beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----4[Fuc alpha 1----6]GlcNAc- ol. The sulfated structural elements for porcine thyroglobulin form novel details of N-linked carbohydrate chains. They contribute to the fine structure of these oligosaccharides and are another type of expression of microheterogeneity. PMID- 3197835 TI - A novel crystallin from octopus lens. AB - Lens crystallins were isolated from cephalopods, octopus and squid. Two protein fractions were obtained from the octopus in contrast to only one crystallin from the squid. The native molecular mass for these purified fractions and their polypeptide compositions were determined by gel filtration, sedimentation analysis, and SDS-gel electrophoresis. Octopod and decapod lenses share one common major squid-type crystallin of 29 kDa, with one additional novel crystallin present only in the octopus lens. This newly-characterized crystallin (termed omega-crystallin) exists as a tetrameric protein of 230 kDa, consisting of 4 identical subunits of approx. 59 kDa. It is distinct from the previously known crystallins both in amino acid composition and subunit structure. N terminal sequence analysis indicated that the omega-crystallin is N-terminally blocked, whereas the major octopus crystallin is identical to the reported squid crystallin with regard to the first 25 residues of protein sequence. Sequence similarity between this major cephalopod crystallin and glutathione S-transferase were found, which suggested some enzymatic role of crystallins inside the cephalopod lens. PMID- 3197836 TI - Rapid preparation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor for crystallization in detergent solution. AB - A novel rapid purification method for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo electric tissue was developed. It allows preparation of 10 mg quantities of pure and stabile receptor protein within 2 days. This protein is used for crystallization attempts. Conditions are described which reproducibly yield crystals. PMID- 3197837 TI - Conformation of 1,4-dihydropyridine--planar or boat-like? AB - The geometry of the 1,4-dihydropyridine molecule was completely optimized employing three different ab initio basis sets (6-31 G*, 4-31G, STO-3G). The most reliable 6-31G* basis set provides a very flat boat conformation which may easily undergo defolding to a planar ring arrangement. This result is discussed with respect to enzymatic redox cofactors and the pharmacological activity of dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. PMID- 3197839 TI - A methyl-CoM methylreductase system from methanogenic bacterium strain Go 1 not requiring ATP for activity. AB - Crude inside-out vesicles from the methanogenic strain Go1 were prepared via protoplasts. These vesicles catalyzed methane formation from methyl-CoM and H2 at a maximal rate of 35 nmol/min.mg protein. Methane formation by the vesicles did not depend on the addition of ATP. This was in contrast to conventionally prepared crude extracts from the same organism or from Methanosarcina barkeri which exhibited strict ATP dependence of methanogenesis. ATP analogues inhibited methanogenesis by extracts to a much higher extent than that by vesicles. Both, particulate and soluble components prepared from the crude vesicles by ultracentrifugation were necessary for ATP-independent methane formation from methyl-CoM and H2. Hydrogenase activity was mainly associated with the particulate fraction whereas methyl-CoM methylreductase could be assigned to the soluble fraction. The detergent sulfobetaine inhibited methane formation from methyl-CoM without affecting hydrogenase or titanium citrate-dependent methylreductase activities, indicating that an additional membraneous component is involved in methanogenesis for methyl-CoM and H2. PMID- 3197838 TI - The complete amino acid sequence of bovine milk angiogenin. AB - The amino acid sequence of angiogenin isolated from bovine milk was deduced by gas-phase sequencing of the protein and its fragments. The protein contains 125 residues and has a calculated molecular mass of 14,577 Da. The sequence is highly homologous (65% identity) to the sequence of human angiogenin, most of the differences being the result of conservative replacements. Like human angiogenin, the bovine protein is also homologous to bovine pancreatic RNase A (34% identity) and the three major active site residues known to be involved in the catalytic process, His-14, Lys-41 and His-115, are conserved. When tested against conventional substrates for RNase A activity, bovine angiogenin displays the same selective ribonucleolytic activity as human angiogenin. The sequence of bovine angiogenin contains the cell recognition tripeptide Arg-Gly-Asp which is not present in the human protein. PMID- 3197840 TI - Activation of human pepsinogens. AB - Human pepsinogen A3 and A5 have been purified to chromatographic and electrophoretic homogeneity. At pH 2 pepsinogen A3 activates at a much faster rate than pepsinogen A5. Leu-23-Lys-24 is the first bond cleaved during activation of pepsinogen A3. This bond is also cleaved in pepsinogen A5, but together with the cleavage of Asp-25-Phe-26. Amino acid sequencing shows that pepsinogen A3 has Glu at position 43, whereas pepsinogen A5 has Lys. PMID- 3197841 TI - Characterization of mouse reticulocyte free globin mRNP. AB - Globin messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (free and polysomal) from mouse reticulocyte lysates were characterized for their mRNA composition, translational activity as well as the proteins in direct contact with them. In contrast to the homogeneous single-peak distribution of rabbit and duck reticulocyte free mRNPs, mouse free mRNP particles were heterogeneously dispersed on the sucrose density gradient into two major domains called region I and region II. Region I appeared enriched with alpha-globin mRNP and region II with beta-globin mRNP. mRNP from both regions was translationally active. Examination of lysates prepared from beta-thalassemic mice revealed a reduction of translatable beta minor mRNP within region I, supporting the hypothesis of a compensatory recruitment of beta minor free mRNP into polysomes in beta-thalassemic mice. PMID- 3197842 TI - Opportunity for unity. PMID- 3197843 TI - Research: practicalities and pitfalls in the service setting. PMID- 3197844 TI - CCRN certification: exclusive or expensive? PMID- 3197845 TI - Stresses experienced by spouses of patients in a coronary care unit with myocardial infarction. PMID- 3197846 TI - Physiologic nursing diagnoses are necessary and appropriate for critical care. PMID- 3197847 TI - Use of heparinized intraarterial lines to obtain coagulation samples. PMID- 3197848 TI - Potassium supplementation: how and why? PMID- 3197849 TI - [Antidromic cortical responses and neuronal retrograde degeneration during stimulation and dissection of the fibers of the corpus callosum]. PMID- 3197850 TI - [Characteristics of neurophysiologic changes in experimental stress induced by long-term group isolation in rats]. AB - Long-term sexual conflict situation induced changes in main statistical parameters of firing rate in the hippocampus, amygdala and septum both in intact rats and in those under stress. The latter were shown to reveal an increased number of the neurons with polymodal distribution of interspike intervals in all the structures under study. PMID- 3197852 TI - [Effects of the intersensory action of sound on the performance of a simple motor reaction to light in the cat]. AB - In 6 alert cats, placing responses to light and their latencies with added sound stimuli were investigated. The latency recovery cycles demonstrated that in cases of sound-light intervals 750-0 ms and light-sound intervals 0-75 ms the latencies to light were reduced, the maximum of this effect being at sound-light intervals 250-200 ms. Latency to light was enhanced at light-sound intervals 100-350 ms, the maximum being at 100-200 ms. Spatial location of sound source affected the latencies: when the sound source spatially coincided with the light source, the effect of latency shortening was most obvious. PMID- 3197851 TI - [Transcranial electroanalgesia in rats: an optimal regimen of electrical stimuli]. AB - According to earlier experimental results in rabbits the maximal analgesic effect in rats as determined by vocalization test was elicited by transcranial application of combination of direct current and rectangular pulses (70 Hz, 3.0 3.5 ms) with optimal ratio of amplitudes of direct and mean pulse currents being about 2:1. In anesthetized rats during the transcranial application of the current with parameters optimal for analgesia the most prominent inhibition of the nociceptive blood pressure reflexes were also shown. The similar results obtained in different species of animals confirmed our earlier conclusion that the most pronounced transcranial analgesia may be elicited by the narrow band current parameters only. Directions of further investigation on the electroanalgesia mechanisms using transcranial current application in rats as an experimental model are discussed. PMID- 3197853 TI - [The role of cholinergic mechanisms in altering the functional activity of the rabbit brain during motion sickness]. PMID- 3197855 TI - [Post-denervation changes in the membrane potentials of muscle fibers in cold adapted rats]. AB - In rats, the resting and active MPs of single muscle fibers of fast (m. gastrocnemius) and slow (m. soleus) denervated muscles were measured in cold adapted and control animals. Electrophysiological characteristics of muscle fibers were studied within 10 days after dissection of the sciatic nerve. Postdenervation changes in the control group were less obvious in the fast fibers, whereas in cold-adapted rats they were lesser in the slow muscle fibers. PMID- 3197854 TI - [The electrical and contractile activity of denervated smooth muscle]. AB - The effect of norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin and potassium chloride on electrogenesis and contraction was studied on innervated and denervated smooth muscles of cat's nictitating membrane. Denervated smooth muscles generate slow depolarizing potentials with the APs corresponding to tonic and phasic contractions, resp. Tonic contractions occur with no considerable change fo the MP in innervated muscles, phasic contractions being absent. Spontaneous generation of the APs is only possible in denervated muscles. Pharmacomechanical type of coupling between excitation and contraction seems to be characteristic of innervated smooth muscles, whereas electromechanical type is characteristic of denervated muscles. The denervation seems to result not only in the change of cells' sensitivity to transmitters but in the abnormality of coupling processes between excitation and contraction as well. PMID- 3197856 TI - [The electrical field of the heart in rats with spontaneous hypertension]. AB - The body surface potential of the SHR rats' heart was differently distributed both at the beginning of ventricular activity and during the repolarization in 4- to 6-week- and in 8- to 11-month-old rats. The positive extreme moved cranially to the right in 4-6-week rats and cranially to the left in 8- to 11-month-old rats thus suggesting a predominance of the right ventricle function in young rats and the left ventricle hypertrophy in older ones. The primary character of the right ventricle hyperfunction in young rats SHR is considered as the 1st phase of the cardiovascular system response to genetically determined increase in the arterial pressure. PMID- 3197857 TI - [Effect of hydrogen peroxide on the permeability of the walls of the mesenteric venules for fluorescein]. AB - An algorithm of the fluorescent microscopy data analysis enabled to assess the coefficient of the diffusion permeability of the microvessels' walls for substances with small molecular mass (sodium fluorescent). A short-term application of hydrogen peroxide increased relative values of the coefficient. The effect of the oxygen free radicals on the permeability seems to be associated with structural disorder of the glycocalix in intercellular contacts of the microvessels' endothelium. PMID- 3197858 TI - [Lympho- and hemodynamic reactions during the contraction of the skeletal musculature of the hindlimb in dogs]. AB - Alterations in arterial pressure (AP) values, blood and perfusate flow from the thoracic duct, lymph and perfusate flow from the femoral lymphatic vessel during femoral muscle contractions induced by electrical stimulation applied for 1.5 and 3.0 min, were studied: the AP values were decreased by 10-15 mm Hg, the blood flow increased to 293.5 +/- 21.7%, the lymph flow increased to 525.4 +/- 29.8%, the perfusate flow from the thoracic duct raised to 81.8 +/- 4.7%, and the perfusate flow from the lymphatic vessel increased to 650.0 +/- 28.2%. The increase in the lymph flow during 1.5 min stimulation seems to be due to squeezing of lymph out of the lymphatic channel, whereas during 3 min stimulation it was due to enhanced lymph production. PMID- 3197859 TI - [Reactive characteristics of the peripheral lymphatic and blood vessels under the influence of histamine]. PMID- 3197860 TI - [Effect of serotonin on the myoelectrical activity of the body of the stomach, the pyloric sphincter and duodenum]. AB - 8-10 mg/kg serotonin augmented the AP amplitude in the duodenum and reduced it in the stomach and pyloric sphincter in rabbits, the burst frequency in the duodenum smooth muscles being much higher than in the latters. The amount of APs in each burst increased after serotonin administration in the duodenum and decreased in the stomach and pyloric sphincter, the activating effect of serotonin on the duodenum smooth muscles preceding its inhibitory effect on the latter's smooth muscles. The higher sensitivity to serotonin seems to be due to a higher concentration of endogenous serotonin in the duodenum tissue. PMID- 3197861 TI - [Coupled thermoregulatory and hemodynamic effects in the central administration of bombesin]. AB - C-terminal nonapeptide of bombesin introduced into the rabbit brain lateral ventricle increased the arterial pressure by 21.5 mm Hg while decreasing the heart rate by 89.5 min-1. Comparison of these findings with earlier data on the effect of bombesin on peripheral blood flow and gastrointestinal functions suggested a reciprocal effect of bombesin on the tone of vegetative (mainly sympathetic) spinal neurons. PMID- 3197862 TI - [An experimental model of the mechanical heterogeneity of the myocardium]. PMID- 3197863 TI - [Catheterization of the major vessels of newborn calves]. PMID- 3197864 TI - FNA's President message. "No system can endure that does not march and march we must, or retreat we shall". PMID- 3197865 TI - Societal commitment--a prerequisite to the nursing profession's survival. PMID- 3197866 TI - USF to provide AIDS education for health providers. PMID- 3197867 TI - Social aspects of AIDS. PMID- 3197868 TI - The impact of interpersonal skills training on responses to patients' emotional concerns by nursing staff in a general hospital. PMID- 3197869 TI - A reappraisal of the development of the eyelids. AB - The eyelids develop from ectoderm and from mesoderm. This evolution passes through distinct phases of maturation. Contemporaneously, the anterior segment of the eye takes form. The role of the amniotic fluid in the development of the eyelids is considered. The purpose of this report is to describe the development of the eyelids. The evolution of the eyelids from early embryonic life through different stages of development to term is examined. PMID- 3197870 TI - Eyelid and orbital fascial attachments and their clinical significance. AB - Orbital connective tissue can be considered as an additional locomotory system of the eye. It is involved in orbital fractures, explaining the bizarre motility patterns in these patients. Various conditions, in patients with Graves' disease, are explained using the orbital connective tissue system as a key-stone. Avoidance of postoperative complications are discussed in eyelid lengthening and shortening procedures. PMID- 3197871 TI - Histological changes in congenital and acquired blepharoptosis. AB - Histological specimens of eyelids from patients with congenital genuine ptosis and acquired involutional ptosis are compared. In congenital ptosis there is evidence of true muscular dystrophy of the levator muscle as demonstrated by: loss of cross striations, random decrease in muscle fibre diameter, sarcolemmal retraction, nuclei alignment, and fibrous and fatty tissue displacement of the striated fibres. In involutional ptosis disinsertion of the levator aponeurosis from its normal insertion on the inferior-anterior surface of the tarsus is demonstrated. Correlation between clinical presentation and surgical correction is explained in light of these findings. PMID- 3197872 TI - Transposition of the levator muscle and its reinnervation. AB - The frontalis transposition of the levator muscle changes the motor innervation of the muscle from the third nerve to the facial nerve. This contributes together with the sling effect of the transfer to achieve a satisfactory result in the treatment of neurogenic ptosis as in the ptosis of the Marcus Gunn's phenomenon. PMID- 3197873 TI - Treatment of canalicular block. AB - Canalicular obstructions especially those of the inferior canaliculus present some of the most difficult problems in lacrimal surgery. Before surgery, the clinical examination must elicit the degree of discomfort and the length and position of the stenosis. If the stenosis is partial, a bincanalicular intubation is the treatment of choice, but if the stenosis is on the punctum or in the common canaliculus, or if the stenosis is limited, conservative surgery should be used. If the stenosis is long, one of the best methods of obtaining lacrimal drainage is by the use of Jones' procedure. However because post-operative complications are common this method has been modified by the use of a silicone tube introduced into the naso-lacrimal duct. This has now been performed for over 10 years. PMID- 3197874 TI - Does vitrectomy increase trans-scleral water movement? PMID- 3197875 TI - Hormonal regulation of differentiation of human fetal prostate and Leydig cells in vitro. AB - Trowell type of organ culture was used for correlative study of the human fetal prostate and Leydig cell differentiation at the ultrastructural level. Androgens accelerated the differentiation of human urethral epithelial cells into secretory prostatic cells and the ultrastructure resembled that in vivo. Also Leydig cells retained in organ culture the same ultrastructural features as in vivo and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) accelerated their differentiation. It is concluded that this type of culture technic can be used in the study of early differentiation of human genital organ and androgenes and hCG take part of human prostatic and Leydig cell differentiation. PMID- 3197876 TI - Extracellular ATP and ADA-buffer enable chick embryo fibroblasts to grow in secondary cultures in protein-free, hormone-free, extracellular growth factor free medium. AB - The replacement of HEPES with ADA buffer and addition of ATP to the serum-free, protein-free Eagle's minimal essential medium (EMEM) caused stimulation of proliferation in sparse, secondary cultures of resting chick embryo fibroblasts. Better cell growth and highly reproducible results were obtained if the cells had been dispersed from primary cultures with EGTA and thereafter remained without any further contact with serum or other extracellular proteins than when trypsin was used. The frequent changes of culture medium caused no retardation of cell growth. The observed more than 12 fold increase in the cell number after stimulation of the cultures with ATP is interpreted in favour of the conceptions assuming a significant role of intracellular calcium and intracellular pH in regulation of cell proliferation. PMID- 3197877 TI - The effect of doxycycline on the intestinal alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) activity in rat. A quantitative study. AB - The doxycycline effect on the alkaline phosphatase activity in the small intestinal glandular epithelium in rat was examined, using the interferometric technique. The antibiotic caused a statistically significant fall of the alkaline phosphatase activity and the enzyme was found to decrease with consecutive doses of the drug. PMID- 3197878 TI - Chloroplast proteins of cytoplasmic origin. Effect of chloramphenicol on their synthesis, transport and intraplastidial localization. Ultrastructural autoradiographic studies. AB - Ultrastructural autoradiographic studies after application of 3H-lysine indicate that during the transformation of the etioplasts into chlorplasts in the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) the protein synthesis in plastids occurs mainly near the thylakoid membranes and the prolamellar bodies: most of the autoradiographic grains are placed over the structures. After 24 h postincubation in nonradioactive medium the ratio of the number of silver grains associated with thylakoids to those over stroma increases more than 2.5 times in control plants, whereas in cells treated with chloramphenicol only 1.5 times. Simultaneously in chloramphenicol-treated plants an increase in plastid envelope labelling is observed. It has been assumed that chloramphenicol, having no inhibitory effect on the synthesis and transport of proteins imported from the cytoplasm to the plastid, lowers their penetration inside the plastid as well as their incorporation into the thylakoid membrane. PMID- 3197880 TI - Fifth International Symposium on Migration. 10-11 September 1987, London. PMID- 3197879 TI - Stereological studies on germ cell mitochondria of rat during spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. AB - The following stereological parameters of mitochondria were calculated in rat germ cells during the spermatogenesis: volume density of matrix, outer compartment, outer membrane and inner membrane, surface density of outer membrane and inner membrane. They were the basis to calculate the partition coefficient of matrix and partition coefficient of outer compartment. The matrix volume demonstrated a decreasing in mitochondria of germ cells during spermatogenesis. The relative volume of outer compartment was calculated with the intracristal spaces and revealed increasing from spermatogonia to spermatids. The partition coefficient for the matrix significantly decreased. Our observations suggest that transformation of mitochondrial configuration during spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis is the expression of intensive metabolic processes and activity of membrane transport in germ cells. PMID- 3197881 TI - Allowing the dying to die. PMID- 3197882 TI - Delaware psychiatry circa 1988. PMID- 3197883 TI - Should pharmaceutical companies provide CME? PMID- 3197885 TI - Diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome. PMID- 3197884 TI - Taking the malpractice crisis into physician hands. PMID- 3197886 TI - Saliva may protect against HIV infection. PMID- 3197888 TI - The medium and the message. PMID- 3197887 TI - Licensure by credentials: its effect on practice value. PMID- 3197889 TI - Ten ways to work smarter, not harder. PMID- 3197891 TI - Today's office design: more comfort and efficiency available. PMID- 3197890 TI - TMJ: is it a syndrome or symptom? PMID- 3197892 TI - Facial and dental "beauty" is goal at skin care clinic. PMID- 3197893 TI - Drugs in dentistry: Commonly prescribed medications, Part IV. PMID- 3197894 TI - Employer/employee relationships. PMID- 3197895 TI - [Laser treatment of superficial penile tumors]. PMID- 3197896 TI - [Erythrohepatic protoporphyria]. PMID- 3197897 TI - [Information needs of patients with psoriasis]. PMID- 3197899 TI - [Epidermal lectin binding in psoriasis vulgaris. IV. Fucosyl glycoconjugates]. PMID- 3197898 TI - [Epidermal lectin binding in psoriasis vulgaris. III. Galactosamine and glucosamine glycoconjugates]. PMID- 3197900 TI - [Effect of urea on the water binding capacity of the human stratum corneum]. PMID- 3197901 TI - [Detection of sperm antibodies using the plate agglutination test and direct IgG antiglobulin reaction]. PMID- 3197902 TI - [Epidermolysis bullosa from the dermatologic and stomatologic viewpoint]. PMID- 3197903 TI - [Angiosarcoma of the scalp and face in the elderly]. PMID- 3197904 TI - Lectin binding of subunits of placental and serum oxytocinase after electrophoresis and transblotting to nitrocellulose. AB - 1. Oxytocinase enzymes were purified from maternal serum and human placenta, run by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto nitrocellulose. Both enzymes were homogeneous in protein staining with Mr of 145,000. 2. Both serum and placental oxytocinases bound concanavalin A (Con A), limax flavus agglutinin (LFA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The WGA-binding of the placental enzyme was more strongly inhibited by 0.2 M N-acetylglucosamine than that of the serum enzyme which may indicate a higher sialic acid content in the serum enzyme. 3. Neuraminidase treatment did not affect the binding of Con A but decreased the binding of WGA to serum and placental enzymes. Serum enzyme showed a pl 4.7 on isoelectric focusing. PMID- 3197905 TI - Effect of some antineoplastics on metabolic heme pathway. AB - 1. The porphyrinogenic ability of several antineoplastics used in the therapy of the different cancers was evaluated. The action of cyclophosphamide, busulfan and 5-fluorouracil on the amount and nature of the accumulated hepatic porphyrins and on the activity of delta-aminolaevulinate synthase (ALA-S), were estimated at different doses and times of drug treatment in 17-day-old chick embryos. 2. It was observed that cyclophosphamide produces a significant increase in the accumulation of hepatic porphyrins at different doses as well as in the activity of the ALA-S, at all the incubation times. Cyclophosphamide alters the pattern of porphyrins accumulated in the liver, where a coproporphyrin: protoporphyrin ratio higher than in the controls can be observed. 3. Busulfan increased the hepatic porphyrins accumulated in the liver but to a lesser degree than cyclophosphamide. 4. 5-Fluorouracil did not modify the hepatic porphyrin content when it was administered at doses up to 40 mg/embryo. 5. When the embryos were injected with busulfan or 5-fluorouracil no significant differences were observed in the activity of ALA-S up to 11 hr of incubation. 6. These results indicate that cyclophosphamide has a remarkable porphyrinogenic capacity in chick embryo while busulfan, notwithstanding the fact that it alters the haem pathway, it does so to a degree that does not impair the regulation of ALA-S activity. Fluorouracil seems to be non porphyrinogenic in this system, up to 40 mg/embryo. PMID- 3197906 TI - Interaction of riboflavin binding protein with riboflavin, quinacrine, chlorpromazine and daunomycin. AB - 1. circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements were used to study the reversible unfolding of riboflavin-riboflavin binding protein complex. Both methods showed that the complex was unfolded according to the two-state model. 2. The results suggest that riboflavin was strongly bound in the hydrophobic cleft of the protein and that it could not be dislodged by TFE, MeOH or SDS without major unfolding of the unique tertiary structure of the protein. 3. In addition, it has been also shown that quinacrine, chlorpromazine and daunomycin did not form stereospecific complexes with riboflavin binding protein. PMID- 3197907 TI - Kinetics of in vivo inhibition of tissue cathepsin D by pepstatin A. AB - 1. We have investigated the kinetics of inhibition of cathepsin D in heart, liver and skeletal muscle of CD-1 mice following administration of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg i.p. of pepstatin A, a specific inhibitor of this protease. 2. In the liver, a significant inhibition of cathepsin D occurred up to at least 15 days, whereas, in heart and skeletal muscle, this inhibition lasted for a much shorter period of time. 3. These results show that the recovery of enzyme activity to normal values is dose-dependent and that, at the same dose level, marked differences occur in the recovery of enzyme activity in these organ tissues, the liver being the most sensitive one. PMID- 3197908 TI - The chick embryo fibroblast cytosolic DNA complex--a possible cell-cell messenger. AB - 1. The uptake of [3H]thymidine and [3H]uridine labelled DNA-RNA cytosol complex has been studied in chick embryo fibroblast cells. 2. The complex appears to be cleaved into DNA and RNA containing fragments in the recipient cell nucleus: both then enter the cell cytosol fraction, but the RNA fragment in particular is rapidly degraded. 3. Although [3H]thymidine labelled material present in the nucleus co-extracts with bulk nuclear DNA, caesium gradienting shows little or no evidence that integration of host and imported DNA has occurred. 4. It is suggested that the cytosolic/extruded DNA complex may be a "messenger" DNA, capable of the transfer of regulatory information between cells on a transient basis. PMID- 3197909 TI - Dependence with nutritional status of the ethanol effects on fatty acid metabolism in rat hepatocytes. AB - 1. The effects of ethanol on fatty acid synthesis, esterification and oxidation were studied in hepatocytes isolated from fed and 24 hr fasted rats. 2. [3H]H2O was preferentially incorporated into the glycerol backbone of triglycerides and phospholipids. Addition of ethanol markedly increased the incorporation of this label in both classes of glycerolipids; the increase was higher in fasted rat hepatocytes, both in the glycerol backbone and acyl groups of glycerolipids. 3. Ethanol increased [U-14C]palmitate incorporation into triglycerides only in hepatocytes from fasted rats. 4. [14C]CO2 and total acid soluble product formation from [1-14C]palmitate resulted inhibited by ethanol both in the fed and the fasted state. PMID- 3197910 TI - Properties of chicken erythrocyte delta-aminolevulinate synthase. AB - A procedure is described for preparing a fraction highly enriched for chicken blood delta-aminolevulinate synthase (ALA-S) using animals recovering from acetylphenylhydrazine-induced anemia. 1. Blood cells collected from chickens recovering from anemia were disrupted by nitrogen cavitation, and the mitochondrial fraction was prepared from the cell homogenates. ALA-S was released then from mitochondria by sonication and isolated by a procedure involving gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-150, fractionation with ammonium sulfate, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, and preparative isoelectric focusing. 2. Electrophoretic analyses under denaturing conditions indicated that the final ALA-S preparation was particularly enriched from a 62,200 Da polypeptide. The enzyme eluted from Sephadex G-200 with an equivalent molecular weight of 115,000; this suggested that active ALA-S was a dimer. 3. ALA-S was most active in the pH range of 7.0-8.0, with an apparent KM of 13 microM for succinyl-CoA and of 4.0 mM for glycine. The activity was inhibited 50% by 30 microM hemin. PMID- 3197911 TI - Purification of malate dehydrogenase from chicken liver mitochondria. Existence of a small quantity of cytosolic isoenzyme. AB - 1. A new purification method for chicken liver mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase is described. The application of affinity chromatography through 5'AMP-Sepharose and Blue-Sepharose permits to obtain homogeneous preparations, with good yields (47%), in a short time (48 hr). 2. The 5'AMP-Sepharose chromatography reveals the presence of two malate dehydrogenase species in the mitochondrial extracts. 3. A comparative study of these forms point out the cytosolic nature of the minority form and suggests that its presence could be due to a slight interaction of the cytosolic malate dehydrogenase with mitochondrial membranes. PMID- 3197913 TI - The use of low molecular weight heparins for postsurgical deep vein thrombosis prevention in orthopaedic patients. AB - The prophylactic antithrombotic efficacy of a low molecular weight heparin was compared with a traditional unfractionated calcium heparin after orthopaedic surgery in 140 patients. Deep vein thromboses were detected in legs either by Doppler sonography or [125I]fibrinogen uptake tests in five (7.1%) and seven (10%) patients, respectively. The capacity of both drugs to prevent deep vein thrombosis was demonstrated. Compared with the control group, those who used low molecular weight heparin showed a significant increase of activated factor X inhibition and smaller increases in activated partial thromboplastin times. Tolerability of both drugs was good, with a low incidence of local side-effects. PMID- 3197912 TI - Effects of nicardipine on chronic stable effort angina: a non-invasive assessment. AB - The effects of 60 mg/day nicardipine hydrochloride were evaluated in a 4-week single-blind study on 12 patients with chronic stable effort angina. All patients completed the treatment with few reports of adverse effects. Nicardipine hydrochloride was effective in reducing the incidence of anginal attacks and consumption of glyceryl trinitrate. Treadmill exercise time, angina onset time and the time to 1 mm ST-segment depression were increased. The extent of ST segment depression was reduced at maximum comparable exercise, with a reduced rate-pressure product and, at maximum exercise, with an increased rate-pressure product. Myocardial stress 201Tl scintillography was carried out in eight of the patients and showed improved washout in antero-septal, infero-apical and postero lateral segments. Echocardiographic measures of left ventricular function were enhanced because of reduction of afterload. Systemic vascular resistance and end systolic stress were also decreased and a significant correlation was found between the increase in ejection fraction and reduction of systolic blood pressure. It is concluded that nicardipine hydrochloride is effective in the control of stable effort angina by reducing myocardial oxygen consumption and enhancing coronary blood flow thereby improving left ventricular function. PMID- 3197914 TI - Vulvovaginal candidosis: comparison of 3-day treatment with 2% butoconazole nitrate cream and 6-day treatment with 1% clotrimazole cream. AB - Sixty-three women with laboratory confirmed diagnoses of vulvovaginal candidosis were enrolled into this randomized, single-blind, parallel comparison of treatment with 2% butoconazole nitrate cream for 3 days and 1% clotrimazole cream for 6 days. Approximately 1 week after treatment ended both medications had substantially relieved vulvovaginal discharge, itching, burning, erythema and swelling. Both fungal cultures and potassium hydroxide stained preparations of vaginal secretions were negative for 93.3% of the butoconazole nitrate-treated patients. Comparable results for clotrimazole-treated patients were 80.6% and 77.4%, respectively. Both treatments improved the clinical signs and symptoms of candidosis. More butoconazole nitrate-treated patients (53.3%) had a 'very good' clinical response to treatment than clotrimazole-treated patients (38.7%). None of these differences was statistically significant, nor were statistically significant differences found between the percentages of patients considered clinically, microbiologically, or therapeutically cured in each group. No adverse experiences were associated with either treatment. Thus, the 3-day butoconazole nitrate regimen was considered as efficacious and safe as the 6-day clotrimazole regimen. PMID- 3197915 TI - Clinical evaluation of rectally administered ampicillin in acute otitis media. AB - An ampicillin suppository was compared with amoxycillin suspension in the treatment of acute otitis media in children. Both antibiotics were given three times daily for 5 days in a daily dose of 25-50 mg/kg body weight. Safety was evaluated in 454 patients in the group given suppository and in 229 given the suspension, and 421 and 229 patients, respectively, were evaluable for efficacy. Ampicillin was rapidly absorbed and produced plasma concentrations well above the minimum inhibitory concentration for common respiratory pathogens. The overall clinical outcome was satisfactory (cured plus improved) in 89% of the patients given the suppository and in 86% given the suspension. Gastro-intestinal disturbances occurred in 28.4% of the patients given the suppository compared with 14.4% of those given the suspension. Perianal irritation was recorded in 12.1% of the patients given the suppository and in 5.2% of those given the suspension. Treatment was interrupted in 9.8% of patients given the suppository and in 0.9% of those given the suspension. In spite of these discomforts rectally administered ampicillin is considered to be a good alternative in children when oral medication is not feasible. PMID- 3197916 TI - Ciprofloxacin in elderly patients with underlying chronic diseases. AB - Age is not as important in predisposing to infections as are the associated problems peculiar to certain age groups. Factors such as the advanced age of the patients combined with the presence of chronic disease reduce their resistance to infection. This study comprises 212 elderly patients (aged 65-98 years) who were treated with 500-1000 mg/day ciprofloxacin for 1-18 days. Despite the high incidence of associated chronic diseases, microbiology showed that infections were eradicated in 88.5%. Clinical resolution occurred in 75.5% of patients and clinical failure occurred in 6.1%. Treatment was well tolerated, with clinical side-effects reported in only seven patients. Ciprofloxacin may be considered an effective and safe antimicrobial agent for the treatment of infections in the elderly. PMID- 3197918 TI - Subcellular fractionation of the ovine corpus luteum: association of progesterone with ovine luteal membranes? AB - Sheep corpus luteum homogenates were fractionated by centrifugation on continuous sucrose density gradients, with or without digitonin, and gradient fractions were assayed for progesterone, and for a range of intracellular organelle and plasma membrane markers. Digitonin had little effect on the density distributions of mitochondrial, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum lysosomal (GERL) membranes. However, digitonin did disrupt lysosomal membranes, leading to release of acid hydrolases, and induced a decrease in buoyant density of NADH-cytochrome c reductase, a putative smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) marker. Oxytocin-containing granules were clearly resolved from other organelles accumulating in a sharp peak (density, 1.20 g/cm3). Luteal cell-surface membrane marker activities equilibrated at similar buoyant densities in control gradients, and pretreatment with digitonin induced a marked increase in their buoyant densities. The majority of the progesterone of the sheep corpus luteum equilibrated at a buoyant density of 1.10 g/cm3 in control gradients, and was highly perturbed by digitonin. These fractions also accumulated [3H]progesterone. The buoyant density profile of progesterone in both control and digitonin-treated gradients most closely resembled that of sheep luteal lactogenic receptor, a putative plasma-membrane marker. PMID- 3197917 TI - Evidence for a preferential iodination site within the thyroglobulin molecule. AB - Mouse 330 kDa thyroglobulin labeled in vivo was analyzed using a tryptic peptide mapping technique and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 30 min after Na125I injection, one peptide spot (spot 7) on a silica gel plate was the only prominent labeled peptide, followed by other labeled peptide spots after 1 h. HPLC showed that spot 7 was rich in monoiodotyrosine. The ratios between the iodoamino acids were strictly maintained from 1 to 6 h after Na125I injection. Spot 7 was again the first spot that appeared from the samples of iodine deficient mice. These data indicate that there is some preferential iodination site(s) within the thyroglobulin molecule and also that their iodoamino acid composition is predetermined. PMID- 3197919 TI - Estrogen regulation of rat anterior pituitary adenylate cyclase. AB - The effect of chronic estrogen treatment on the stimulation and dopamine inhibition of anterior pituitary (AP) adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was examined. Treatment of ovariectomized female rats with estradiol for 21 days resulted in a 450% increase in AP weight compared to ovariectomized controls. Stimulation of AC by guanine nucleotides (GN) (1 nM-0.1 mM) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (1 microM) was reduced by 50%. Stimulation of AC by fluoride ions was unchanged by estradiol treatment. Stimulation above basal by forskolin was reduced by variable amounts (23-50%), and depended on the concentration of forskolin used. Inhibition of AC mediated by D2-dopamine receptors was decreased by 45%. Estrogen treatment had no effect on the toxin-catalyzed incorporation of [32P]ADP into stimulatory and inhibitory GN regulatory proteins. These results indicate that the effect of estrogen on the anterior pituitary include modulation of stimulated, dopamine-inhibited and basal AC activity. PMID- 3197920 TI - Calcium-agonistic action of Mn2+ in the parathyroid cell. AB - The effects of 3.0 mM Mn2+ on parathyroid hormone (PTH) release, 45Ca fluxes and the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+i) were studied in vitro with use of parathyroid glands from rats and cattle. Mn2+ inhibited PTH release by about 70 and 60% at Ca2+ concentrations of less than 10 nM or 0.5 mM, respectively, and like the inhibitory effect of Ca2+, that of Mn2+ was rapid and reversible. Mn2+ induced inhibition of the PTH release was associated with reduction of 45Ca uptake by about 50% and a marked but temporary increase in 45Ca efflux. Mn2+ induced a rapid transient increase in Ca2+i provided that the intracellular release of Ca2+ had not already been triggered by previous exposure to 3.0 mM Ca2+. This initial action was apparently followed by influx of Mn2+, since pronounced quenching of the fluorescence from the Ca2+ indicator fura-2 was observed. The results indicate that Mn2+ behaves in several respects like a calcium analogue in parathyroid cells and may inhibit PTH release by interfering directly with the secretory machinery. PMID- 3197922 TI - Formation of the transverse nerve in moth embryos. II. Stereotyped growth by the axons of identified neuroendocrine neurons. AB - We are interested in the cellular mechanisms that guide neuroendocrine axons to their neurohaemal target regions and that regulate the extent and positioning of their terminal arbor. The neurohaemal organ we have studied is the segmentally repeated transverse nerve of the moth Manduca. In the mature animal, two motor neurons and a heterogeneous set of identified neuroendocrine neurons project to this nerve; the latter release hormonal peptides from along its length. In the preceding report, we demonstrated that during embryogenesis, the position, trajectory and extent of the transverse nerve are anticipated by two sets of nonneuronal cells, the strap and the bridge. In this paper we show that four identified neuroendocrine neurons (L1 and B1-3), like the identified motor neurons before them, elaborate growth cones that use this preexisting scaffolding as a substrate for axonal elongation. Moreover, growth cone navigation by these neuroendocrine neurons is as precise and invariant as that displayed by the motor neurons. One feature that differentiates the behavior of the developing neuroendocrine cells from that of the motor neurons is a stereotyped interaction that the L1 and B1-3 axons undergo with an identified syncytial cell that lies in close proximity to the strap. Each neuroendocrine neuron specifically adheres to the syncytium by extending numerous filopodia, and an occasional large lamellopodium, over its surface. These contacts are maintained by the neuroendocrine axons after their growth cones have left the vicinity of the syncytium and proceeded into the strap/bridge complex. Adhesion to the syncytium is transient and specific to the neuroendocrine neurons: although motor neuron axons are present at this same time and place, they display no affinity for the syncytium. This distinction correlates with the fact that the neuroendocrine neurons go on to elaborate arbor within the confines of the transverse nerve, while the motor neurons do not. We suggest that the syncytium may act as a "fictive target" for these neurons to aid in the differentiation of features that are specific to their cellular phenotype. PMID- 3197921 TI - Cell differentiation features in embryos resulting from interphylum nuclear transplantation: echinoderm nucleus to ascidian zygote cytoplasm. AB - When an echinoderm nucleus was transplanted into an ascidian zygote cytoplast there was developmental cooperation at the cellular level between nucleus and cytoplasm of these normally nonhybridizable species. A blastula stage nucleus from the sand dollar Echinarachnius parma was injected into an activated but nonnucleate egg fragment of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. During culture, some of the "hybrid" embryos displayed ultrastructural evidence of cellular differentiation. Two recognizable features were (1) extracellular matrix components, and (2) neural cell characteristics, including elaboration of associated cilia. Nonnucleate zygote fragments alone, and such fragments injected with seawater or punctured by glass needle, did not develop organized subcellular structures. Morphologic expressions resulting from nuclear transplantations between these two phyla (Echinodermata and Chordata) seemingly indicate functional interactions at a gene regulatory level. Creation of such nuclear cytoplasmic hybrids suggests thereby a means of exploring the nature of the egg cytoplasmic agents in ascidian embryos that appear to determine gene expression related to histospecific differentiation products. PMID- 3197923 TI - Fertilization in Discoglossus pictus (Anura). I. Sperm-egg interactions in distinct regions of the dimple and occurrence of a late stage of sperm penetration. AB - The heterogeneity of the egg surface with respect to receptivity to sperm was investigated in Discoglossus pictus; in this species fertilization occurs only in an indentation called the dimple, at the center of the animal hemisphere. Following insemination sperm are seen in the outermost jelly layers and in the lens-shaped jelly plug, converging to the dimple center, D1. A fertilization potential (FP) is recorded 30 sec following insemination. About 30 min after fertilization, when fertilization cones can be detected easily, immotile sperm are found at the center of the cone, where 10 min later they accomplish penetration. After 15 min the cone regresses and the second polar body is extruded. In eggs where the plug was experimentally displaced with respect to the dimple, spermatozoa contacted the sides of the dimple and simple protrusions formed but not cones. Spermatozoa do not elicit a normal FP in these regions but small step depolarizations which may be followed by a gradual rise to a positive plateau potential. Such eggs do not develop. In the protrusions, sperm may be only partially incorporated and the unpenetrated portion appears to degenerate. We conclude that at least two regions exist in the dimple: D1, where the FP is triggered, cones are formed, sperm penetration is fully accomplished and development is initiated; and D2 + D3 where the electrical response is not a normal FP, cones do not form, total sperm penetration does not occur, and development is not initiated. PMID- 3197924 TI - Cell death delineates axon pathways in the hindlimb and does so independently of neurite outgrowth. AB - We wished to know whether the cell death and phagocytosis seen near the outgrowing nerve front in the hindlimb delineate axon pathways and, if so, whether the cells died only in the presence of growth cones. We unilaterally deleted the lumbosacral neural tube and reconstructed the patterns of neurite outgrowth and phagocytes during the stage when neurites first begin to colonize the thigh. In the control limbs, sensory and motor nerve pathways coincided with sites of phagocytosis, including those pathways that had yet to be colonized by growth cones. For instance, phagocytes were clustered at foci within the muscle masses where muscle nerves form a day later. However, they were not seen in adjacent, nonpathway regions such as posterior sclerotome or dorsal and ventral to the region of the plexus in which axons extend only posteriorly. Phagocytes were also seen in defined regions that are probably inaccessible to growth cones because they are too distant from pathways (i.e., subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge) or express substances that are typical of precartilagenous tissues which may prohibit axon advance. In the experimental limbs, we conservatively estimated that neurite outgrowth was reduced to less than one tenth (neurites were visible only with electron microscopy) or less than one third of normal. Outgrowth extended less far distally and, in half the cases, motor innervation was completely abolished. Despite the extensive reduction in neurite outgrowth, the distribution of phagocytes was indistinguishable from that of the control side. Furthermore, the number of phagocytes did not differ significantly. We conclude that cell death delineates axon pathways remarkably well and does so without an interaction with growth cones; it is an independent characteristic of the axonal pathways and may be directly or indirectly important to axonal pathfinding. This is the first identification of a feature that characterizes prospective nerve pathways in the hindlimb. PMID- 3197925 TI - Glycosaminoglycans vary in accumulation along the neuraxis during spinal neurulation in the mouse embryo. AB - We have utilized the method of whole embryo culture for metabolic labeling of mouse embryos with [3H]glucosamine during closure of neural folds at the posterior neuropore (27- to 29-somite stage). Accumulations of newly synthesized glycopeptides, lactosaminoglycans, hyaluronate, and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were assessed by ion-exchange chromatography of glycoconjugates isolated from labeled embryos. Accumulation of hyaluronate and sulfated GAG was greatest in the posterior neuropore and decreased progressively toward the hindbrain where neurulation was already complete. Hyaluronate comprised a progressively smaller proportion of total newly synthesized glycoconjugate from the posterior neuropore toward the cranial region and glycopeptides showed the opposite trend. Sulfated GAG and lactosaminoglycans showed no consistent differences in relative abundance along the neuraxis. Autoradiographic analysis of newly synthesized glycoconjugates revealed especially heavy incorporation into developing basement membranes, beneath the neuroepithelium and around the notochord, in the posterior neuropore and recently closed neural tube regions, but not at more cranial levels of the neuraxis. Predigestion of sections with a specific hyaluronidase showed a significant quantity of this glycoconjugate to be hyaluronate. These results are consistent with a role for neuroepithelial and notochordal basement membrane hyaluronate in spinal neurulation. PMID- 3197926 TI - Accumulation of basement membrane-associated hyaluronate is reduced in the posterior neuropore region of mutant (curly tail) mouse embryos developing spinal neural tube defects. AB - We investigated the accumulation of newly synthesized glycoconjugates during spinal neurulation in mutant curly tail mouse embryos, a proportion of which develop lower spinal neural-tube defects (NTD). Embryos undergoing closure of the posterior neuropore (27- to 29-somite stage) were labeled in vitro with [3H]glucosamine, and [3H]glycoconjugates were analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography. Mutant embryos undergoing normal spinal neurulation exhibited a pattern of glycoconjugate accumulation closely similar to that observed for nonmutant embryos (Copp and Bernfield, 1988, Dev. Biol. 130, 573-582). Mutant embryos developing spinal NTD accumulated reduced amounts of [3H]hyaluronate specifically in the posterior neuropore region. Other embryonic regions and other glycoconjugates appeared unaffected by the developmental abnormality. Autoradiographic analysis of labeled curly tail embryos confirmed that [3H]hyaluronate accumulates in reduced amounts in the posterior neuropore region and indicated that this reduction is mainly localized to the site of developing basement membranes, beneath the neuroepithelium and around the notochord. Accumulation of [3H]hyaluronate in the interstitial mesenchymal matrix of the posterior neuropore region is not consistently affected in embryos developing spinal NTD. These results provide support for a role for basement-membrane hyaluronate in lower spinal neurulation. PMID- 3197927 TI - Synthesis of two storage proteins during larval development of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. AB - Studies of synthesis and accumulation of the two storage proteins arylphorin and female-specific protein (FSP) during the final two larval instars of the tobacco hornworm showed both stage and temporal specificity. Arylphorin was present in both stages, but its synthesis ceased during the molt, during starvation, and at the wandering stage, and then resumed about 24 hr after the onset of feeding. During the larval molt about 25% of injected iodinated arylphorin was incorporated into the newly forming fifth instar cuticle. The cessation of arylphorin synthesis was mimicked by exposure of the fat body to 1 microgram/ml 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) in complete Grace's medium or to dilutions of Grace's medium greater than 50%. Lower concentrations of 20HE were ineffective, indicating that the cessation of synthesis in vivo was likely due to a combination of lack of excess nutrients and the hormonal milieu. The female specific protein was not synthesized until the final larval instar, appearing first in females on Day 2 and later in males at the time of wandering, with synthesis continuing throughout the prepupal period. In vitro studies showed that this protein was synthesized as a 620-kDa protein, and then during secretion a 730-kDa immunoreactive form also appeared. Synthesis of FSP was inhibited by exposure of Day 2 fat body to 1 microgram/ml 20HE for 24 hr. Ligation followed by 20HE infusion showed that the disappearance of FSP from the hemolymph during the prepupal period was controlled by the rising ecdysteroid titer. PMID- 3197928 TI - Regulation of expression of arylphorin and female-specific protein mRNAs in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. AB - Two non-cross-hybridizing cDNA clones were isolated from a lambda gt11 cDNA library prepared from Day 2 fifth instar female fat body of Manduca sexta and shown by hybrid selection to code respectively for the two storage proteins arylphorin and female-specific protein (FSP). Analysis of the developmental expression of arylphorin showed its presence during the feeding phases of the penultimate (fourth) and final (fifth) larval instars and its absence during the molt. Abdominal ligation of larvae followed by infusion of Grace's medium showed that this amino acid-rich medium was able to maintain arylphorin expression in fourth instar larvae, but not continued high expression in fifth instar larvae. This nutrient medium however was sufficient to allow initiation of expression in newly ecdysed fifth larval abdomens. Infusion of 5 micrograms 20-hydroxyecdysone (20HE) caused a significant reduction of arylphorin RNA in ligated fourth larval abdomens, whereas 50 micrograms was required in Day 2 fifth larval abdomens to suppress this RNA. Thus, both the lack of incoming nutrients and the rising titer of ecdysteroid contribute to the loss of arylphorin mRNA at the molts and at wandering. By contrast, FSP mRNA was first detected in females on Day 2 of the fifth instar, but not in males until wandering, and then was present throughout the prepupal period. In females allatectomy caused the precocious appearance of FSP mRNA which was prevented by application of 10 micrograms methoprene, a juvenile hormone analog. Expression of FSP mRNA in males however appeared to be independent of hormonal milieu. PMID- 3197929 TI - Development of the central nervous system of the larva of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis L. I. The early lineages of the neural plate. AB - The early lineages of the larval central nervous system (CNS) of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, have been traced using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of embryos fixed at 12-min intervals. The CNS precursors lie superficially, exposed for a long portion (9.3 hr of 42%) of embryonic development, in the neural plate. In the 64-cell stage embryo the neural plate contains 10 cells; in all but the first vegetal division these divide with transverse cleavage planes. Synchrony is progressively lessened, but temporal sequence is always exact. Successive divisions occur initially at 30-min intervals. Our analysis confirms existing lineage descriptions for the neural plate up to the end of gastrulation and advances the lineage record through the crucial and temporally complex ninth cleavage, during which cells divide by the following rules: medial cells in each row divide first; the anterior row of vegetal daughter cells divides before their posterior siblings; the posterior row of animal daughter cells divide before their anterior siblings. All cells attain their 10th generation, but four cannot be followed by SEM. In preparation for neurulation the neural plate then comprises 76 cells, forming up to four rows each of eight vegetal hemisphere cells located on the dorsal surface of the embryo, anterior to the blastopore, and eight rows each of six animal hemisphere cells, located anterior to the rows of eight. The temporal and spatial patterns of early cleavage stages have been confirmed in vivo by observations using Nomarski optics. PMID- 3197930 TI - Development of the central nervous system of the larva of the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis L. II. Neural plate morphogenesis and cell lineages during neurulation. AB - We describe the lineage and morphogenesis of neural plate cells in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, from reconstructed cell maps of embryos at 12-min intervals during and after neurulation, between 31 and 61% of embryonic development. Neurulation commences in a posterior to anterior wave following in the wake of the ninth cleavage, when all cells, except possibly four, are in their 10th generation. The neural plate then comprises 76 cells, in up to four posterior rows each of eight vegetal-hemisphere cells, and eight anterior rows each of six animal-hemisphere cells. Two cells are lost from the neural plate to the muscle cell line during neurulation and four cells are gained from ectoderm outside the plate. All cells become wedge-shaped. Simple, stereotyped positional changes transform cells from lateral locations in the plate to posterior locations in the tube; bilateral partners shear their midline positions to form the keel, and ectodermal cells zipper up dorsally to form the capstone, of a tube which is four cells in cross section posteriorly, but more complex anteriorly. Neither cell death nor migration occur during neurulation. Divisions become asynchronous and the cell-cycle extends; 170 10th- to 12th-generation cells exist by the time the neural tube becomes completely internalized. Generally, only one further division is required to complete the lineage analysis, two at the most. Neural plate cell divisions were invariant using our observational methods, and their lineage is compared with that from recent studies of H. Nishida (1987, Dev. Biol. 121, 526 541). PMID- 3197931 TI - Retinoic acid promotes proliferation and chondrogenesis in the distal mesodermal cells of chick limb bud. AB - Distal and proximal mesoderm of chick limb bud was respectively dissociated and cultured in the medium containing various concentrations of retinoic acid (RA). At low concentrations (5-50 ng/ml), RA promoted proliferation and chondrogenesis in the distal mesodermal cells. The distal cells of stage 20-24 limb buds were responsive to RA, although those of stages 25-27 were unresponsive. Both the cells of anterior and posterior regions of the distal mesoderm were responsive to RA, while the cells of proximal mesoderm were unresponsive. At higher concentrations, the growth-promoting effect of RA was reduced and chondrogenesis in the distal cells was rather inhibited. These results were discussed in relation to the role of RA as the morphogen in normal limb development and experimental duplicate formation. PMID- 3197933 TI - [The geography of denominations of gypsies from the Indus to the Ibar]. AB - Among the numerous, to some extent rather different denominations which the gypsies received from their individual hosts on their apparently entangled migration ways from their aboriginal Indian home to the west, in the far and wide reaching countries spreading between the valley of the Indus and the region of the sources of the river Ibar, the northern liguistic frontier of the Albanian language, 2 larger denomination areas can be encircled. The 1st circle is characterized by the names of the type gebti in Persian, and KIptI in Turkish, resp., the 2nd circle by the denominations of the type Cingene in Turkish, and (a)tsinganos in Greek. The boundaries of both denomination circles run along a line which extends on all sides in equal short distances from the northwestern western, resp., and southwestern boundaries of nowadays Iran with one exception, namely of one part of the eastern frontier of Turkey where the denomination boundary is pushed forward in a comparatively far reaching loop to the west. On both sides of this boundary-line there accidentally occur some denominations which in view of their place value assert themselves only little and are to be ascribed to the respective other denomination circle. On the basis of these facts, an attempt has been made to bring these peculiarities of denominations into causal relationship with two enormous and disastrous situations in the life of the ancestors of nowadays occidental gypsies, namely with the invasion of the Huns in India in the 5th century A.D. and the Mongolian assault in the Iran in the 13th century A.D. These 2 events brought about further historic migration shifts of the border overflowing extent. At present, the so-called gypsies of India have only little in common with the gypsies of Europe although certain features of like shape especially in their stock of words are unmistakable. PMID- 3197932 TI - The development of mouse oocyte cortical reaction competence is accompanied by major changes in cortical vesicles and not cortical granule depth. AB - The basis for the incompetence of the cortical reaction in germinal vesicle stage (GV) mouse oocytes was studied by evaluating cortical granules (CGs) and vesicles in GV and mature oocyte cortices. Dark and light CGs had a similar mean distance of 0.4-0.6 micron from the plasma membrane for GV and mature cortices. The cortex of mature oocytes had a large population of membrane-bounded, 0.1-1.0 micron (diameter) vesicles. More than three times as many vesicles were observed in the CG domains of mature oocytes as were observed in GV oocytes. This lack of cortical vesicles (with their potential to store calcium) and not CG depth may account for cortical reaction incompetence in GV oocytes. PMID- 3197934 TI - [The sphenoid sinus, clinical anatomy of approaches to the pituitary region]. AB - Sphenoidal sinus, clinical anatomy: mean values of measurements and research. The ostium of the sinus is situated 4.8 mm paramedian, 4 mm behind the sphenoid sinus with a width of 13.8 mm. Conchal types were estimated in 3%, presellar types in 23.8%, sellar types in 28.6% and postsellar sinuses in 47.6%. The ostium of the sphenoid sinus has a distance to the anterior wall of the Sella turcica mean = 14.6 mm. Included are length values of the sinus, the prominences in the side wall, and the recessus. Our results are discussed with the results of earlier researchers. PMID- 3197935 TI - [Studies on the tendinous compartments of the extensor muscles on the back of the human hand and their tendon sheaths. II]. PMID- 3197936 TI - Notes on the typology of the skull of the Myrmecophagidae (Mammalia, Edentata). AB - The skulls of Myrmecophaga, Tamandua, and Cyclopes are klinorhynch; the upper jaw is situated rostral to the neurocranium and to a varying degree ventral to the plane of the median basis cranii. The median part of the base of the neurocranium is the structure to which the anatomical modifications in the median plane are referred. The kyphosis, which determines the situation of the upper jaw, is prebasically located either within the upper jaw (Myrmecophaga, Tamandua) or at its basis (Cyclopes). PMID- 3197937 TI - Cardiac growth in staged human fetuses: an allometric approach. AB - The human cardiac growth was studied on 30 staged fetuses (gestational age ranged from 10 to 38 weeks post conception, WPC). The hearts were quantitatively evaluated considering their weight and the following linear parameters: the pulmonary (da.p.) and aortic (dA) internal diameters, the right (VR) and left (VL) ventricular wall thickness, the ventricular width (dV), and the length "sulcus terminalis-apex cordis" (Lst-apex). The data were correlated with the gestational age by using the allometric method (Y = bX alpha). The equations and the growth curves are presented. In the fetal life, we observe that the body weight is 134 times larger than the heart weight, the Lst-apex is 1.07 times larger than the dV, the da.p. is 1.50 times larger than the dA, and the VL is 1.19 times larger than the VR. PMID- 3197939 TI - [Macroscopic description of the bones of the forelimb of Pudu pudu (Molina 1782)]. AB - The present study describes the anatomical details of the bones of the thoracic limb from Pudu pudu (Molina 1782). The results were similar to findings discovered in Capreolus capreolus, Dama dama, and Ovis aries, while there were hardly any similarities to findings in Capra hircus. PMID- 3197940 TI - [Metastyloid, parastyloid and secondary pisiform bones]. AB - 3 rare cases of accessory osseous carpal elements are described and compared with similar cases of the literature. Especially a case of a well developed metastyloid bone combined with a parastyloid bone is remarkable. Furthermore a very regressive metastyloid bone and, appearing in another hand, a pisiforme secundarium is described. PMID- 3197938 TI - [Models of the geometry of the human ankle bone pulley: two series of geometric models for demonstrating the biomechanics of the ankle joint]. AB - 2 series of models demonstrate the geometrical shape of the human trochlea tali. We have changed step by step the shape of the 2 flanking articular facets of the trochlea, the course of the edges of the trochlea, and the length of their radii, and so we have found a model responding to the biomechanic conditions of the trochlea tali. The convex surface of this model (corresponding to the superior articular surface, i.e. the facies superior trochleae tali) is a torse, the medial flanking facet (corresponding to the medial articular facet of the trochlea, i.e. the facies malleolaris medialis) is a flat cone, the lateral flanking facet (corresponding to the lateral articular facet of the trochlea, i.e. the facies malleolaris lateralis) is a screwed (helicoidal) face. The resulting model shows the 2 completely different phases of motion in the ankle joint: During dorsiflexion (motion setting out from the neutral position towards the final position of dorsiflexion), the internal malleolus leads the talus, whereas the external malleolus is pushed outwards by the screwed lateral articular facet of the trocheal. The trochlea is moved like a hinge. In the final position of dorsiflexion, the malleoli tightly embrace the 2 flanking facets of the trochlea, whilst an obvious cleft appears dorsally and medially between the superior articular surface of the trochlea and the tibial roof (i.e. the facies articularis inferior tibiae). During plantarflexion (motion setting out from the neutral position towards the final position of plantarflexion), the external malleolus leads the talus, whereas the medial articular facet of the trochlea withdraws from the internal malleolus. The trochlea is moved like a screw. In the final position of plantarflexion, the superior articular surface of the trochlea closely contacts the tibial roof, whilst an obvious cleft appears between the medial articular facet of the trochlea and the internal malleolus. PMID- 3197941 TI - An ultrastructural and morphometric study of pre- and post-hatching satellite cells in lumbar sensory ganglia of Gallus gallus domesticus L. AB - An electron microscopic study of satellite cells in the sensory lumbar ganglia from 12 pre- and post-hatching stages of Gallus gallus domesticus L., between the 5th and 120th d, was undertaken. A combined light and electron microscopic morphometric analysis was made in 10 and 18 d embryos and in 8, 35, 61, and 120 d post-hatching specimens. RER, SER, Golgi complex, mitochondria, free ribosomes, cell expansions, pinocytotic vesicles, subsurface cisternae and adhering, gap, and tight junctions are described from the different stages considered. Although a continuous increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic volumes is observed, there is a tendency towards a decrease in the cytoplasm/nucleus and nerve cell/satellite cell volume ratios. PMID- 3197942 TI - Thyroidectomy and the termination of juvenile refractoriness in the red-legged partridge (Alectoris graeca chukar). AB - The role of thyroid hormones in the maintenance of juvenile refractoriness was studied in the red-legged partridge hybrid, Alectoris graeca chukar. Juvenile partridges, maintained on long (20L:4D) daylengths from hatch, were radiothyroidectomized at 6 1/2 weeks of age, and after 2 weeks were either held on long days or transferred to short (8L:16D) daylengths. Short-day thyroidectomized birds showed no evidence of gonadal growth 18 weeks after thyroidectomy, and neither did euthyroid controls on either short or long daylengths. Thyroidectomized birds held on long daylengths did show significant gonadal growth at this point. Further treatment with low levels of thyroxine (10 micrograms/bird) led to even greater testicular development in long-day thyroidectomized birds, but had no effect on the gonads of short-day thyroidectomized or euthyroid birds. PMID- 3197943 TI - Gonadal steroid modulation of basal and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide stimulated prolactin release by turkey anterior pituitary cells. AB - Porcine vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP; 10(-9) to 10(-7) M) was a potent stimulator of prolactin (PRL) release by anterior pituitary cells from immature and laying turkey hens. Basal and VIP-induced PRL release of cells from laying hens were diminished (P less than 0.05) when the cells were cultured for 48 hr in the presence of charcoal-stripped laying hen serum, but not when the cells were cultured in the presence of whole laying hen serum. This change in VIP-induced PRL release was not evident when cells were derived from immature hens. Basal PRL release by cells from laying hens was not altered by the presence of estradiol (E2; 10(-12) to 10(-5) M), although such release was generally enhanced in cultures of cells from immature hens containing E2. The presence of E2 enhanced (P less than 0.05) the magnitude of the VIP-induced PRL release by cultures of cells from laying hens and diminished (P less than 0.05) the magnitude of this release in cultures of cells from immature hens. Cells from immature and laying hens exposed to progesterone (P4; 10(-5) M) for 96 hr exhibited enhanced basal PRL release, though lower P4 concentrations had no effect. Utilizing cells from laying hens, P4 exposure for 24 hr resulted in diminished (P less than 0.05) VIP induced PRL release, while P4 exposure for 96 hr resulted in markedly enhanced (P less than 0.05) VIP-induced PRL release. Basal PRL release was generally not altered by the presence of testosterone (T). The VIP-induced PRL release by cells derived from immature and laying hens was diminished (P less than 0.05) by the presence of T. Prolactin release in the turkey is likely modulated by gonadal steroids acting directly on the cells of the anterior pituitary. PMID- 3197945 TI - Hormonal changes associated with natural and manipulated incubation in the sex role reversed Wilson's phalarope. AB - Wilson's phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) is characterized by intense female intrasexual competition and exclusive male parental care. Females occasionally are polyandrous and no territories are defended. Prolactin (Prl) and testosterone (T) were analyzed from plasma samples obtained from individuals of different reproductive stages. Males tended to have higher plasma Prl levels than females throughout the breeding season. Prolactin levels of males declined posthatch, reaching baseline levels when chicks were approximately 9 days old--the time when chicks approach thermal independence and brooding is minimal. Testosterone levels dropped at the onset of incubation and remained low through the brooding period. Eggs were manipulated such that some males incubated clutches for shortened periods, others for extended periods. Regardless of the length of incubation, Prl levels were determined primarily by environmental events, i.e., incubation, hatching, and brooding. PMID- 3197944 TI - Comparative biochemistry and physiology of teleocalcin from sockeye and coho salmon. AB - This is a comparative study of the glycoprotein hormone, teleocalcin, from the corpuscles of Stannius of sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and coho (O. kisutch) salmon. Coho teleocalcin was purified by the same procedures used previously to obtain sockeye teleocalcin and was obtained in a comparable yield. Both salmon teleocalcins had the same molecular weight as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and both appeared to have the structure of disulfide-linked oligomers. The two hormones were similar on the basis of amino acid and carbohydrate composition and shared 95% homology in the first 40 residues on the N-terminal. The salmon teleocalcins also shared 80% homology with the predicted 1 40 N-terminal sequence from Australian eels (Anguilla australis). Both teleocalcins had potent inhibitory effects on gill calcium uptake in intact rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). However, these effects were observed only at the peak in the calcium uptake cycle that is displayed by this species. In North American eels (A. rostrata), the acute administration of both teleocalcins caused significant inhibition of gill calcium uptake without any concomitant changes in plasma calcium levels or other plasma electrolytes. In 4- and 7-day stanniectomy (STX) eels, the acute administration of coho teleocalcin significantly reduced or completely abolished the accelerated gill calcium transport that occurs postoperatively, with no concomitant changes in plasma electrolytes or post-STX hypercalcemia. These experiments provide further evidence that teleocalcin is a regulator of gill calcium transport and has no acute hypocalcemic effects in fish. PMID- 3197946 TI - A gonial mitosis-stimulating factor in cerebral ganglia and hemolymph of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis L. AB - A gonial mitosis-stimulating factor produced by the cerebral ganglia of the mussel Mytilus edulis has been demonstrated. This factor induces an increase of [3H]thymidine incorporation in the DNA of isolated mantle cells. Dose-response data are obtained with the methanol phase of an acidic ganglia extract. The rate of [3H]thymidine incorporation is compared with aspartate transcarbamylase specific activity, another bioassay previously described to estimate mitotic activity. This heat-stable mitogenic factor appears to have a molecular weight of less than 5000 Da. A gonial mitogenic factor is also found in the hemolymph and circulatory cells. PMID- 3197947 TI - Development of sensitivity to maturation-inducing steroids in the oocytes of the daily spawning teleost, the kisu Sillago japonica. AB - The responsiveness of oocytes to 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17 alpha,20 beta-diOH-P), 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17 alpha-OH-P), and silver carp gonadotropin (GtH) was examined in vitro at seven different times of the day (0100, 0500, 0800, 1000, 1300, 1700, 2100 hr) in a daily spawning teleost, the kisu Sillago japonica. 17 alpha,20 beta-DiOH-P, 17 alpha-OH-P, and GtH were effective in inducing germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and ovulation in kisu oocytes. However, the oocytes of the kisu responded to these hormones during a limited time of the day (2100-1000 hr), and their responsiveness to steroids and GtH was different with the sampling time. After a 20-hr incubation, the oocytes with yolk globules were classified into four stages based on their responses (GVBD) to GtH and steroids. Stage A, the oocytes did not respond to either GtH or steroids. These unresponsive oocytes were observed in all the ovaries examined. Stage B, GVBD could be induced by GtH but not by steroids. These oocytes were found in the ovaries collected from 2100 to 1000 hr. Stage C, GVBD could be induced by both GtH and steroids. These oocytes were found only between 0800 and 1000 hr. Stage D, oocytes spontaneously underwent GVBD without hormones. These oocytes were found between 1300 and 1700 hr. Ovulated oocytes were found in the ovaries collected during 1700-0500 hr. These results indicate that the kisu possesses a daily rhythm in oocyte development from stage A to stage D, and that the sensitivity to 17 alpha,20 beta-diOH-P appears at stage C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3197949 TI - Daily cycles in plasma melatonin levels under long or short photoperiod in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. AB - A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for plasma melatonin (MLT) was simplified for use with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Plasma was partially purified with Sep-Pak C18 cartridge before RIA. The inhibition curves for the Sep-Pak C18 fraction from the plasma of carp, goldfish (Carassius auratus), yellow tail (Seriola quinqueradiata), Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), bora (Mugil cephalus cephalus), kisu (Sillago japonica), ishigarei (Kareius bicoloratus), and shimaisaki (Rhyncopelates oxyrhynchus) were parallel with the MLT standard curve. There was a highly significant correlation between MLT added to carp plasma and that which was recovered (r = 0.997, P less than 0.01). Intraassay coefficients of variation at low, medium, and high levels were 4.7, 5.2, and 6.4, respectively. Interassay coefficients of variation at low, medium, and high levels were 11.8, 8.2, and 24.1%, respectively. The lower limit of detection was 11 pg/tube. Plasma MLT levels were investigated every 2 hr in carp under 16L-8D and 8L-16D at 24 degrees. Under both photoperiods, MLT levels showed marked daily patterns, i.e., the levels were high (220-540 pg/ml) during the dark phase and low (23-104 pg/ml) during the light phase. Tricaine methanesulfonate markedly interfered with the MLT measurements, while ethylcarbamate did not show any significant influence. Sexual difference in plasma MLT levels in carp was not observed. These observations suggest that MLT is an important hormone in photoperiodism and/or a circadian rhythm in fish. PMID- 3197948 TI - Changes in progesterone metabolism in the chicken hypothalamus during induced egg laying stop and molting. AB - In the present study, we have established and validated a radioenzyme assay which permits us to quantify progesterone metabolism in the chicken brain. Progesterone metabolism was then studied in five brain areas obtained by microdissection from the telencephalon (part of the lobus paraolfactorius immediately rostral to the preoptic area), the preoptic area, and the hypothalamus. Three metabolites of progesterone were produced in large amounts in these brain regions and were quantified in this study: 5 beta-pregnane-3,20-dione (5 beta-DHP) as well as its metabolite 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-pregnane-20-one (5 beta,3 alpha-ol) and 5 alpha pregnane-3,20-dione (5 alpha-DHP). The unmetabolized progesterone was also recovered and quantified. The 5 beta-reduction of progesterone (production of 5 beta-DHP and 5 beta,3 alpha-ol) was very active but its 5 alpha-reduction (production of 5 alpha-DHP) was almost absent in the lobus paraolfactorius. An opposite pattern of metabolism was found in the preoptic area and the hypothalamus (higher 5 alpha- but lower 5 beta-reductase activity). The changes in progesterone metabolism in these brain areas were then studied in groups of hens submitted to induced egg laying stop and molting. A significant decrease in progesterone 5 alpha-reduction was found in the median hypothalamus of hens during the period of molt. Simultaneously, the experimental procedures induced significant decreases in the production of 5 beta-DHP by the lobus paraolfactorius, anterior, and medial hypothalamus but induced a significant increase in the production of this metabolite in the preoptic area. These changes are likely to be involved in the control of reproductive functions including sexual behavior and secretion of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, and a number of possible causal mechanisms are presented. These should now be tested experimentally especially in view of the very limited information which is now available on the biological effects of the metabolites of progesterone. PMID- 3197951 TI - Involvement of serotonin in prolactin release induced by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). AB - In anesthetized female turkeys electrical stimulation of the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) for 30 min caused increases in plasma prolactin (Prl); with maximum increase above the prestimulation level being 33.6 +/- 5.7 ng/ml for laying hens and 768.1 +/- 187.6 ng/ml for incubating hens. The possibility that serotonin (5 HT) plays a role in electrical stimulation-induced Prl release was investigated after administration of methysergide, a 5-HT receptor blocker (20 mg/kg), and stimulation in either the VMN or the infundibular nuclear complex-median eminence (INF-ME) region. Electrical stimulation in both the VMN and INF-ME region caused increases (P less than 0.05) in plasma Prl. Pretreatment with methysergide prevented the increase in plasma Prl that follows electrical stimulation in the VMN but had no effect on electrical stimulation-induced Prl release in the INF-ME region. We conclude that Prl release in the female turkey requires the functional integrity of serotonergic neurons within the VMN. PMID- 3197950 TI - Temporal pattern of appearance and distribution of cholecystokinin-like peptides during development in Xenopus laevis. AB - Cholecystokinin (CCK) radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry were used to localize the expression of CCK-like peptides in the gut, brain, and skin of Xenopus laevis during development from fertilization through metamorphosis to the adult form. CCK-like peptides were first detected in the gut shortly before food was first observed in the lumen of the intestine. This CCK-like immunoreactivity (CCK-li) was localized in endocrine cells in the duodenal mucosa. Gut CCK-li decreased during metamorphosis coincident with gut histolysis. After metamorphosis, gut CCK-li appeared in the newly organized gastric antrum at Nieuwkoop-Faber stage 62-63 and reappeared in the reconstituted duodenum at stage 63-64. In both cases, CCK-li was localized in endocrine cells. In both the gastric antrum and the duodenum, the first appearance of CCK-li preceded the functional activity of its target tissues. CCK-li increased in the brain during brain primary differentiation and again during metamorphic climax coincidentally with the differentiation of the hypothalamo-hypophysial system. Brain CCK-li then declined during the transition from larva to adult. We conclude that the first presence of food in the lumen of the larval gut does not induce the appearance of CCK-li and that CCK may play a role in regulating the development of the gastrointestinal tract and brain in X. laevis. PMID- 3197952 TI - Production and characterization of radiation-sensitive meiotic mutants of Coprinus cinereus. AB - We have isolated four gamma-ray-sensitive mutants of the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. When homozygous, two of these (rad 3-1 and rad 9-1) produce fruiting bodies with very few viable basidiospores, the products of meiosis in this organism. A less radiation-sensitive allele of RAD 3, rad 3-2, causes no apparent meiotic defect in homozygous strains. Quantitative measurements of oidial survival of rad 3-1; rad 9-1 double mutants compared to the single mutants indicated that rad 3-1 and rad 9-1 mutants are defective in the same DNA repair pathway. In the few viable basidiospores that are produced by these two strains, essentially normal levels of meiotic recombination can be detected. None of the mutants exhibits increased sensitivity to UV radiation. Cytological examination of meiotic chromosomes from mutant and wild-type fruiting bodies showed that rad 3-1 homozygous strains fail to condense and pair homologous chromosomes during prophase I. Although rad 9-1 strains are successful at chromosome pairing, meiosis is usually not completed in these mutants. PMID- 3197953 TI - Phenotypic assortment in Tetrahymena thermophila: assortment kinetics of antibiotic-resistance markers, tsA, death, and the highly amplified rDNA locus. AB - Phenotypic assortment in Tetrahymena thermophila results from random distribution of alleles during amitotic division of the macronucleus. The rate of assortment is dependent on input ratio and the number of assorting units. The assortment of the antibiotic resistance markers Chx, Mpr and gal was determined and is consistent for each with the model of 45 assorting chromosomes. The gene tsA (previously ts-1) shows normal assortment, in contrast to previous reports. A mutation in the highly amplified ribosomal locus (rdnA2) assorts as if present at only 45 copies. Death of clones occurred at a rate consistent with assortment for a single gene. PMID- 3197954 TI - Lethal and amanitin-resistance mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans ama-1 and ama-2 genes. AB - Mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans resistant to alpha-amanitin have been isolated at a frequency of about 1.6 x 10(-6) after EMS mutagenesis of the wild-type strain, N2. Four new dominant resistance mutations have been studied genetically. Three are alleles of a previously identified gene, ama-1 IV, encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. The fourth mutation defines a new gene, ama-2 V. Unlike the ama-1 alleles, the ama-2 mutation exhibits a recessive-lethal phenotype. Growth and reproduction of N2 was inhibited at a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml amanitin, whereas ama-2/+ animals were inhibited at 100 micrograms/ml, and 800 micrograms/ml was required to inhibit growth of ama-1/+ larvae. We have also determined that two reference strains used for genetic mapping, dpy-11(e224)V and sma-1(e30)V, are at least four-fold more sensitive to amanitin that the wild-type strain. Using an amanitin-resistant ama-1(m118) or ama-1(m322) strain as a parent, we have isolated amanitin-sensitive mutants that carry recessive-lethal ama-1 alleles. The frequency of EMS-induced lethal ama-1 mutations is approximately 1.7 x 10(-3), 1000-fold higher than the frequency of amanitin-resistance alleles. Nine of the lethal alleles are apparent null mutations, and they exhibit L1-lethal phenotypes at both 20 degrees and 25 degrees. Six alleles result in partial loss of RNA polymerase II function as determined by their sterile phenotypes at 20 degrees. All but one of these latter mutations exhibit a more severe phenotype at 25 degrees C. We have also selected seven EMS-induced revertants of three different ama-1 lethals. These revertants restore dominant resistance to amanitin. The selection for revertants also produced eight new dominant amanitin resistance alleles on the balancer chromosome, nT1. PMID- 3197955 TI - Fine-structure genetics of ama-1, an essential gene encoding the amanitin-binding subunit of RNA polymerase II in Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - A fine-structure genetic map has been constructed for ama-1 IV, an essential gene in Caenorhabditis elegans encoding the amanitin-binding subunit of RNA polymerase II. Sixteen EMS-induced recessive-lethal mutations have been positioned in the gene by determining their intragenic recombination frequencies with m118, a mutation that confers dominant resistance to alpha-amanitin. The 16 mutants, all isolated in the ama-1(m118) background, include 13 that are early larval lethals, and three that are mid-larval lethals, at 25 degrees. Six of the mutants exhibit temperature-dependence in the severity of their phenotype. Intragenic recombination between the lethal site and the parental resistance mutation was detected by means of resistance to amanitin. Recombinants were detected at frequencies as low as 2 X 10(-6). The segregation of the closely linked flanking markers, unc-17 and unc-5, revealed whether the lethal mutation was to the left or the right of m118. By adding the distances between the extreme left and right mutations, the ama-1 gene is estimated to be 0.011 map unit long, with m118 positioned 0.004 map unit from the left-most lethal mutation. To order the lethal mutations with respect to each other, viable heteroallelic strains were constructed using the free duplication, mDp1[unc-17(e113) dpy-13(+) ama-1(+)]. The heteroallelic strains were sensitive to amanitin, and recombination events between the lethal mutations were specifically selected by means of the dominant amanitin resistance encoded on the recombinant chromosome. The segregation of outside markers revealed the left-right order of the lethal mutations. The position of mutations within the gene is nonrandom. Functional domains of the ama 1 gene indicated by the various lethal phenotypes are discussed. PMID- 3197956 TI - Developmental genetics of chromosome I spermatogenesis-defective mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - Mutations affecting Caenorhabditis elegans spermatogenesis can be used to dissect the processes of meiosis and spermatozoan morphological maturation. We have obtained 23 new chromosome I mutations that affect spermatogenesis (spe mutations). These mutations, together with six previously described mutations, identify 11 complementation groups, of which six are defined by multiple alleles. These spe mutations are all recessive and cause normally self-fertile hermaphrodites to produce unfertilized oocytes that can be fertilized by wild type male sperm. Five chromosome I mutation/deficiency heterozygotes have similar phenotypes to the homozygote showing that the probable null phenotype of these genes is defective sperm. Spermatogenesis is disrupted at different steps by mutations in these genes. The maturation of 1 degree spermatocytes is disrupted by mutations in spe-4 and spe-5. Spermatids from spe-8 and spe-12 mutants develop into normal spermatozoa in males, but not in hermaphrodites. fer-6 spermatids are abnormal, and fer-1 spermatids look normal but subsequently become abnormal spermatozoa. Mutations in five genes (fer-7, spe-9, spe-11, spe-13 and spe-15) allow formation of normal looking motile spermatozoa that appear to be defective in either sperm-spermathecal or sperm-oocyte interactions. PMID- 3197957 TI - Evidence for non-neutrality of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in Drosophila pseudoobscura. AB - Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes usually are assumed to be neutral, unselected markers of evolving female lineages. This assumption was tested by monitoring haplotype frequencies in 12 experimental populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura which were polymorphic for mtDNA haplotypes. Populations were maintained for at least 10 generations, and in one case for 32 generations, while tests of mtDNA selective neutrality were conducted. In an initial population, formed from a mixture of two strains with different mitochondrial haplotypes, the frequency of the Bogota haplotype increased 46% in 3 generations, reaching an apparent equilibrium frequency of 82% after 32 generations. Perturbation of this equilibrium by addition of the less common haplotype resulted in a rapid, dramatic increase in frequency of the second haplotype, and a return to essentially the same equilibrium frequency as before perturbation. This behavior is not consistent with mtDNA neutrality, nor is the equilibrium consistent with a simple model of constant selection on the haploid mtDNAs. Replicate cage experiments with mtDNA haplotypes did not always generate the same result as the initial cage. Several lines of evidence, including manipulations of the nuclear genome, support the idea that both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes are involved in the dramatic mtDNA frequency changes. In another experiment, strong female viability selection was implicated via mtDNA frequency changes. Although the causes of the dramatic mtDNA frequency changes in our populations are not obvious, it is clear that Drosophila mitochondrial haplotypes are not always simply neutral markers. Our findings are relevant to the introduction of a novel mtDNA variant from one species or one population into another. Such introductions could be strongly favored by selection, even if it is sporadic. PMID- 3197958 TI - Genetic analysis of mouse t haplotypes using mutations induced by ethylnitrosourea mutagenesis: the order of T and qk is inverted in t mutants. AB - The t region of mouse chromosome 17 exhibits recombination suppression with wild type chromatin. However, the region has resisted classical genetic dissection because of a lack of defined variants. Mutations induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) at the Brachyury (T), quaking (qk), and tufted (tf) loci of the mouse tw5 haplotype have now allowed the analysis of crossovers between two complete t haplotypes. A classical breeding analysis of the complete t haplotypes, tw5 and t12, utilizing the newly induced markers, reveals two inversions in t chromatin: one involving T and qk, and one involving tf and the H-2 complex. Moreover, the recombination frequency between the loci of T and qk is reduced compared to the frequency reported in normal chromatin. These two inversions are a sufficient explanation for the recombination inhibition with normal chromatin exhibited by t haplotypes isolated from the wild. Furthermore, the reduced recombination frequency between T and qk may indicate that the proximal gene rearrangement is not a simple inversion. PMID- 3197960 TI - Genetic factors controlling the proliferative activity of mouse epidermal melanocytes during the healing of skin wounds. AB - A cut was made on the middorsal skin of newborn mice of strains C57BL/10J, C57BL/10J-A/A, and C3H/He using fine iridectomy scissors. In the epidermis within 1 mm of the wound edge in C57BL/10J and C57BL/10J-A/A, the melanocyte population positive to the dopa reaction as well as the melanoblast-melanocyte population positive to the combined dopa-premelanin reaction increased dramatically until the 3rd day, then gradually decreased. In contrast, the melanocyte population of C3H/He did not increase after wounding, despite that the melanoblast-melanocyte population increased. Pigment-producing melanocytes in mitosis were frequently found in C57BL/10J and C57BL/10J-A/A, but not in C3H/He. The F1, F2, and backcross matings were performed to get some information about the genetic basis of the difference between C57BL/10J and C3H/He. In the F1 generation the offspring from reciprocal crosses exhibited intermediate values in both populations on the 3rd day after wounding. The F2 generation included the C3H/He type, F1 type, and C57BL/10J type in a ratio of 1:2:1 in both populations. Moreover, both reciprocal backcrosses gave 1:1 ratios of parent type to F1 type in both populations. These results indicate that the proliferative activity of mouse epidermal melanocytes during the healing of skin wounds are controlled by semidominant genes. PMID- 3197959 TI - The antimorphic nature of the Tc allele at the mouse T locus. AB - The T locus on mouse chromosome 17 is haploid-insufficient: deletion/+ heterozygous mice have a short tail. One exceptional allele, Tc, produces a tailless phenotype in heterozygous mice. Thus, Tc has a more severe phenotype than that of a deletion allele, suggesting either that Tc is further deleted for a neighboring locus, resulting in the additional phenotype, or that Tc is a gain of-function mutation. We have shown that Tc is not deleted for the D17Leh119 and D17RP17 loci flanking T, which are deleted in some T alleles. Thus, the severity of the Tc phenotype is not due to the deletion of an adjacent locus. We have also examined the genetic nature of the Tc allele by placing it in trans with a T locus duplication, twLub2, which has previously been independently confirmed at the molecular level to have a duplication in the chromosomal region including the T locus. We have shown that Tc is partially complemented by twLub2, unlike a null allele (deletion) which was previously shown to be fully complemented by twLub2. These results indicate that Tc behaves genetically as an antimorph, exerting its effect by antagonizing the function of a wild-type allele at the T locus. The apparent correlation between the gene dosage at the T locus and the length of the body axis is discussed. PMID- 3197961 TI - The maintenance of single-locus polymorphism. I. Numerical studies of a viability selection model. AB - The ability of viability selection to maintain single-locus polymorphism is investigated with two models in which the population is bombarded with a series of mutations with random fitnesses. In the first model, the population is allowed to reach equilibrium before mutation resumes; in the second the iterations and mutation occur simultaneously. Monte Carlo simulations of these models show that viability selection is easily able to maintain stable 6- or 7-allele polymorphisms and that monomorphisms and diallelic polymorphisms are uncommon. The question of how monomorphisms arise is also discussed. PMID- 3197962 TI - [A new pathogenic trait encoded by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis pVM82 plasmid]. AB - The strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolated from patients in the course of outbreaks of infection (epidemic strains) were found to possess at least two plasmids with molecular masses of 45 and 82 MD. In contrast, the strains obtained in sporadic cases harbored different sets of plasmids, but never the 82 MD plasmids. These plasmids designated pVM82 and isolated from strains of different geographic regions of the country were identical. pVM82 have no homology with Y. pestis plasmids of the similar size coding for the FraI antigen. The pVM82 DNA was found to be composed of the 57 MD plasmid DNA and the 25 MD fragment of Y. pseudotuberculosis DNA. Using Western blot hybridization technique it was shown that the presence of pVM82 suppressed formation of antibody against some major antigenic determinants of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Immunosuppression took place when the animals were infected with bacteria grown below 20 but not at 37 degrees C. The 57 MD plasmid failed to produce immunosuppression. It was concluded that the 25 MD fragment of pFN82 encoded a novel pathogenic factor responsible for immunosuppression. PMID- 3197963 TI - [Allotypes of swine serum proteins]. AB - A series of intraspecific immunizations of pigs by whole blood serum in complete Freund's adjuvant was performed. Four allo-antisera to different serum allotypes were obtained. These allotypes were assigned to A1, B1, C1 and D1. The results of identification show that the allotype A1 is probably a marker of immunoglobulin G. The allotypes B1, C1 and D1 were established to belong to different alpha globulins, D1 being a marker of lipoprotein. Two geographically isolated populations of white large breed were tested. Two allotype combinations were found to be independent of one another and of sex. Significant differences in allotype frequency between two populations were only established for the G1 (F = 0.142 and 0.334; P less than 0.01). In both populations allotype B1 has the frequency 1.0, the frequencies of allotype A1 being 0.734 and 0.747. Most rare is the allotype D1 (F = 0.078 and 0.082). PMID- 3197964 TI - [The role of migration processes in the formation of marriage structure of Moscow population. II. Assortative mating for the age, birthplace and nationality]. AB - Positive assortative mating for age at marriage, birthplace and nationality has been revealed by means of sample analysis of couples married in Moscow in 1955 and 1980. The correlation coefficient between mates for age at marriage was r = 0.81 in 1955 and r = 0.88 in 1980; the age difference between spouses had a mean of 1.55 and 2.21 years, respectively. The determinative role of migration in forming Moscow population marriage structure accounts for the fact that the greater part of marriages registered in the capital are between migrants from various regions of the USSR or between the Moscow-born and the migrants. The proportion of marriages between individuals born in Moscow has increased over 25 years from 10 to 38%, these values being significantly higher than those expected under random mating between the migrants and the Moscow-born. The contingency coefficient measuring the association between the birthplaces of husband and wife was K = 0.16 in 1955 and K = 0.11 in 1980, the preferential marriage between mates born in the same region being still significant even when marriages are registered in Moscow. The highest degrees of assortative mating were observed for nationality character: K = 0.37 in 1955 and K = 0.28 in 1980. The decrease in these values over the past 25 years has resulted in a slight growth of the proportion of international marriages (from 14.75 to 16.53%) which has not yet reached the level expected under panmixia (about 21%). PMID- 3197965 TI - [The role of migration processes in the formation of the marriage structure of Moscow population. III. Assortative mating as a factor counteracting the outbreeding]. AB - The genetic consequence of positive assortative mating for the demographic characters in the megapolis population is being discussed. PMID- 3197966 TI - [Genetic restriction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to tuberculin in mice]. AB - An adoptive local transfer method has been used to study the immunological features and genetic restriction of cell interaction during the development of the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin in mice. Peritoneal cells from the BCG-infected mice transfer the DTH to intact animals (into hind footpad) in both syngeneic and allogeneic donor-recipient combinations. Nonadherent cells (macrophage-deleted) transfer the reaction in syngeneic but not allogeneic combination. The use of H-2 recombinant mouse strains demonstrated that successful transfer of the DTH requires I-A subregion compatibility. Treatment of CBA cells with anti-Thy-1.2 antiserum abrogates the reaction transfer. These results indicate that antigen presentation to immune T-cells proliferating during DTH to tuberculin is mediated through the molecular products of the I-A subregion. PMID- 3197967 TI - Problems with mobility. Heading for a fall. PMID- 3197968 TI - Foot care: stepping out. PMID- 3197969 TI - Let's see action. PMID- 3197970 TI - Foreign view. PMID- 3197972 TI - Kith, kin and care. PMID- 3197971 TI - Reality orientation--the real thing. PMID- 3197973 TI - Mental health--training in mind. PMID- 3197974 TI - Quality assurance--value judgements. PMID- 3197975 TI - Sitting next to Nellie. PMID- 3197976 TI - The British Society of Gastroenterology, 49th meeting. Sheffield, 14-16 September 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3197977 TI - Open access colonoscopy for suspected colonic neoplasia. AB - An open access endoscopy service for direct referral of patients suspected to have colonic neoplasia has been analysed. In the first year of the service 137 patients were referred by 52 general practitioners. The most common reason for referral was rectal bleeding (58%). Colonoscopy was done without outpatient consultation or barium enema examination in 130 patients: there were no complications. The diagnostic yield was 57%: 34 patients (25%) had neoplasia (cancer 14, adenoma 20), which was higher than the yield of neoplasia in patients referred for open access double contrast barium enema during the same period. Only nine patients (7%) needed further investigation because colonoscopy was incomplete and 21 (16%) were treated by polypectomy at the diagnostic colonoscopy. PMID- 3197978 TI - Effect of high fat consumption on cell proliferation activity of colorectal mucosa and on soluble faecal bile acids. AB - To assess the effect of fat consumption on the proliferation of the rectal mucosa, 30 normal volunteers (22 to 71 years) were randomly allocated to three groups: (a) basal low fat diet containing 30 g of fat per day; (b) the basal diet with doses of 30 g corn oil taken with each of the three meals: 120 g fat/day; (c) the basal diet with one dose of 90 g corn oil after the last meal: 120 g fat/day. Rectal biopsies were taken 15 cm from the anal verge after five days on the diets and mucosal cell proliferation was measured by labelling index (LI). The LI was significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in group (c) (9.2) than in group (a) (5.9), with group (b) intermediate (6.8). In multiple stepwise regression analysis, the data were best fitted with age and the variable indicating fat consumed as a bolus as predictors of LI (r2 = 0.39, p less than 0.001). In separate analyses the regression coefficient with age in the fat bolus group was 0.23, p less than 0.001. There was some tendency towards lower bile acids in the faecal water in group (a) than in groups (b) and (c) following the diets and between the bile acids and LI (for lithocholic acid r = 0.48, p = 0.01). These data show that dietary fat given as a bolus can lead to an increase in the proliferation of human colonic cells, possibly as a consequence of raised levels of cytotoxic acidic lipids in the faecal stream. PMID- 3197979 TI - Increased rate of spinal trabecular bone loss in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. AB - The rate of spinal trabecular bone loss during one year was measured in 54 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The mean change in spinal bone mineral content was -5.1 mg/ml K2HPO4, representing 3% of the initial bone mineral content. The rate of bone loss showed a significant negative correlation with body mass index (r = -0.276, p less than 0.05) but no other significant correlations were found with other clinical or biochemical indices, including the total amount of prednisolone taken during the course of the study. Eleven patients had bone loss greater than 15 mg/ml/year; these included four non steroid treated patients, two of whom had disease confined to the large bowel. The results indicate rapid rates of bone loss in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease over the course of one year. Although steroid therapy and malnutrition are likely to be contributory factors in some patients, other, as yet unidentified, risk factors also operate. The rapid bone loss observed in some patients emphasises the need for effective prophylactic regimes. PMID- 3197980 TI - Prostaglandin E2 is a mediator of 5-hydroxytryptamine induced water and electrolyte secretion in the human jejunum. AB - Studies in the rat jejunum in vivo have shown that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) causes secretion of fluid and luminal release of prostaglandin (PG) E2. These effects can be blocked by indomethacin and ketanserin, which suggests that PGE2 may be an important intermediate in the transduction mechanism leading to 5-HT induced fluid secretion. To test this hypothesis in man 'steady state' perfusions (9 ml/min) were done in eight healthy volunteers using the triple lumen technique. The proximal jejunum was perfused with Ringer's solution which contained 51Cr-EDTA as a non-absorbable marker. Before and after the administration of indomethacin (1.0 mg/kg iv) the effects of exogenous 5-HT (10 micrograms/kg/min iv) on jejunal net transport of fluid and electrolytes and jejunal flow rate (JFR) of PGE2 were measured in 15-min periods for 2 x 60 minutes after a 60 minute control period. 5-HT reversed fluid and electrolyte absorption into profuse secretion (p less than 0.01, Duncan's multiple range test) and significantly increased JFR of PGE2 (p less than 0.01). Indomethacin partly restored fluid and electrolyte absorption (p less than 0.01) and inhibited JFR of PGE2 (p less than 0.05). These results provide further evidence in favour of the theory that PGs are involved in 5-HT induced intestinal fluid secretion. PMID- 3197982 TI - Effect of intragastric pH on mucosal protective action of sucralfate. AB - Acid intragastric pH is believed to be mandatory for mucosal protective action of sucralfate, but evidence for its efficacy at neutral pH is lacking. The effect of sucralfate on gastric mucosal erosions induced by oral administration of aspirin and bile acids at acidic pH of 1.5 and 3.9, and near neutral pH of 6.5 was investigated in 320 rats. The effect of sucralfate on the intragastric pH four hours after the ingestion of test solutions was also examined. The incidence and severity of mucosal erosions induced by aspirin and bile acids were lower in animals treated with sucralfate at acidic (p less than 0.001) and near neutral (p less than 0.01) intragastric pH. Mucosal protection was greater with ingestion of sucralfate 300 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, than with 100 mg/kg. The intragastric pH was higher (p less than 0.001) in sucralfate treated groups at pH 3.9 and 6.5. This study provides evidence that sucralfate protects against mucosal injury at near neutral, as well as at acidic pH. PMID- 3197981 TI - Stimulation of pyloric motility by intraduodenal dextrose in normal subjects. AB - Recent studies suggest that the pylorus may play an important role in the regulation of the gastric emptying of nutrient liquids in man. Dextrose solutions in the range 5-25 g/dl have been reported to empty from the human stomach at a constant caloric rate of 2.1 kcal/min. This study examined, in 12 healthy volunteers, the effects of intraduodenal dextrose on pyloric motility. Dextrose solutions, 5, 10, 15, and 25 gde/dl and saline solutions, 0.9 and 2.7 g/dl were infused into the duodenum at 4 ml/min for 10 minutes. Antral, pyloric, and duodenal motility were monitored with sideholes and a sleeve sensor positioned across the pylorus. Significant increases in the rate of isolated pyloric pressure waves and in basal pyloric pressure were seen with 15 and 25 g/dl dextrose (p less than 0.02) and 2.7 g/dl saline (p less than 0.05). The intensity and duration of the phasic and tonic pyloric motor responses to intraduodenal dextrose were dose dependent and correlated directly with the rate of calorie delivery (p less than 0.005 for each parameter). Intraduodenal delivery of dextrose at a rate in excess of 2.1 kcal/min stimulates both phasic and tonic pyloric contraction. These changes in pyloric motility may contribute to the close regulation of the emptying of dextrose from the stomach. PMID- 3197983 TI - Pancreatic ductal mucinous hyperplasia: distribution within the pancreas, and effect of variation in ampullary and pancreatic duct anatomy. AB - The prevalence and amount (hyperplasia score) of ductal mucinous hyperplasia (DMH) were estimated in 12 predetermined areas taken from 102 pancreases obtained at necropsy from patients dying of non-pancreatic diseases. The mean prevalence of DMH was 18% (213/1206) per section and 63% (63/102) per pancreas. Different areas of the pancreas could be stratified by amount of DMH into 'high' (hyperplasia score greater than 0.09), 'intermediate' (0.06-0.09), and 'low' (less than 0.06). There was no significant difference in either prevalence or amount of DMH with variation in ampullary or pancreatic ductal anatomy. There was significantly (p less than 0.05) less DMH adjacent to the accessory papilla when it was patent, compared with when it was not patent and the accessory duct communicated with the main pancreatic duct. The findings suggest that DMH is a proliferative response to exogenous agents which injure the pancreas, and that some areas of the pancreas are more vulnerable than others to this damage. There was no evidence that this injury was associated either with reflux, or with any particular variation in pancreatic duct anatomy. The association between DMH and occlusion of the accessory papilla may explain the susceptibility of pancreas divisum to pancreatitis. PMID- 3197984 TI - Quantitative 99mTc-DISIDA scanning and endoscopic biliary manometry in sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. AB - Sphincter of Oddi (SO) dysfunction is a recognised cause of postcholecystectomy pain, but a difficult condition to diagnose, requiring endoscopic biliary manometry (EBM) to confirm sphincter motor abnormalities. We have assessed quantitative cholescintigraphy in 10 postcholecystectomy (PC) patients with clinical and manometric evidence of SO dysfunction, 10 PC patients with non biliary type abdominal pain and 10 asymptomatic PC volunteers acting as controls to determine its value as a non-invasive screening test. Quantitative 99mTc DISIDA scans lasted 60 minutes, activity/time curves being created by computer analysis using the entire hepatobiliary system as region-of-interest (ROI). Scintigraphic analysis demonstrated that the time in minutes to maximum counts (Tmax) was significantly increased in the SO dysfunction group compared with the non-biliary pain group and the asymptomatic volunteers (p less than 0.001). The per cent of biliary tracer emptied was also significantly less in the SO dysfunction group than either of the other groups at both 45 minutes (p less than 0.01) and 60 minutes (p less than 0.02). We conclude that quantitative cholescintigraphy may be a valuable non-invasive screening test in clinically suspected SO dysfunction. PMID- 3197985 TI - Effects of morphine on the human sphincter of Oddi. AB - The effects of morphine on intraluminal pressures recorded from the sphincter of Oddi (SO) at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in 19 patients who were without evidence of biliary or pancreatic disease were studied. Morphine was given in four successive doses of 2.5, 2.5, 5, and 10 micrograms/kg iv at five minute intervals. Morphine in subanalgesic doses increased the frequency of SO phasic pressure waves to a maximum of 10-12/min, caused the phasic waves to occur simultaneously along the sphincter segment, increased phasic wave amplitude from 72 (26) (SE) to 136 (31) mmHg, and increased SO basal pressure from 10 (1) to 29 (9) mmHg (p less than 0.05). The effects of morphine on the SO are mediated by more than one opioid receptor type, as naloxone competitively antagonised the increase in phasic wave frequency induced by morphine, but did not affect the increase in SO basal pressure elicited by morphine. When given after naloxone, morphine decreased phasic wave amplitude, an inhibitory effect that is normally masked by morphine's dominant naloxone sensitive excitatory effect. Mu receptors do not appear to be involved in control of spontaneous SO motor function, as naloxone alone did not affect SO motor activity. The excitatory effects of morphine on the SO are not mediated by cholinergic nerves, as they were not blocked by atropine. Cholinergic nerves, however, may have a role in regulating spontaneous SO motor function because atropine alone depressed phasic wave activity and basal pressure. Although morphine does cause 'spasm' of the human SO, its effects are more complex than is commonly believed. PMID- 3197986 TI - Reflux oesophagitis and oesophageal transit. PMID- 3197988 TI - Cholecystokinin release and biliopancreatic secretion in response to selective perfusion of the duodenal loop with aminoacids in man. AB - The aim of this study was to measure the role of the duodenal loop in biliopancreatic secretion in man by infusing various stimuli at the ampulla of Vater and collecting duodenal contents at the ligament of Treitz, above an occluding balloon. Perfusion at 10 ml/min of a first mixture of aminoacids - phenylalanine (47.2 mmol), methionine (38.2 mmol), tryptophan (11 mmol), valine (61.6 mmol) - increased cholecystokinin (CCK) plasma concentrations and duodenal bile salt output (p less than 0.005) as compared with a control electrolyte solution, but did not change pancreatic enzyme secretion significantly; duodenal infusion of another aminoacid mixture - arginine (32.4 mmol), histidine (14.1 mmol), leucine (36 mmol), isoleucine (21.5 mmol), lysine (31 mmol), threonine (23 mmol) - did not change CCK plasma concentrations, bile salt or pancreatic enzyme output. The respective role of duodenal distension and endogenous CCK was investigated by perfusing the first aminoacid solution and the control solution at 2, 5, and 10 ml/min. Changing the perfusion rate of control solution from 2 to 5 ml/min led to a significant increase (p less than 0.01) in pancreatic secretion with no further increase at 10 ml/min. Bile salt output was not influenced by the perfusion rate of control solution. During the perfusion of the aminoacid solution, despite a stepwise increase in CCK release, the only significant change in pancreatic secretion was an increase of lipase output (p less than 0.05) when the infusion rate was raised from 2 to 5 ml/min. Our results suggest that duodenal CCK release (1) depends on the nature of aminoacids (2) has predominant role in the regulation of pancreatic secretion at low perfusion rate but is less effective when superimposed on a mechanical stimulus caused by duodenal distension (3) is a major stimulus for gall bladder contraction which is not influenced by duodenal distension. PMID- 3197987 TI - Glutathione deficiency in alcoholics: risk factor for paracetamol hepatotoxicity. AB - Patients chronically abusing ethanol are more susceptible to the hepatotoxic effects of paracetamol. This could be due to an increased activation of the drug to a toxic metabolite or to a decreased capacity to detoxify the toxic metabolite by conjugation with glutathione (GSH). To test these hypotheses paracetamol 2 g was administered to five chronic alcoholics without clinical evidence of alcoholic liver disease and five control subjects. The urinary excretion of cysteine- plus N-acetyl-cysteine-paracetamol, the two major products of detoxification of the reactive metabolite of paracetamol, was not significantly higher in chronic alcoholics arguing against a substantially increased metabolic activation of paracetamol. Chronic alcoholics had significantly lower plasma concentrations of GSH than healthy volunteers, however (4.35 (1.89) microM v 8.48 (2.68) microM, p less than 0.05) before the administration of paracetamol, and plasma GSH reached lower concentrations in the alcoholics after paracetamol (2.40 (1.36) v 6.26 (2.96) microM). In a group of patients with alcoholic hepatitis intrahepatic GSH was significantly lower than in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis and patients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis, suggesting that low plasma GSH in alcoholics reflects low hepatic concentrations of GSH. The data indicate that low GSH may be a risk factor for paracetamol hepatotoxicity in alcoholics because a lower dose of paracetamol will be necessary to deplete GSH below the critical threshold concentration where hepatocellular necrosis starts to occur. PMID- 3197989 TI - Is ascites caused by impaired hepatic inactivation of blood borne endogenous opioid peptides? AB - Methionine enkephalin and catecholamines were measured in carefully collected plasma samples from 25 patients with cirrhosis and ascites, and 25 with cirrhosis without ascites, 15 disease and 15 healthy controls. Methionine enkephalin was invariably raised in the ascites group, the median value being 4.6-6.9 times that of the other three groups. Similarly, in the ascites group, median noradrenaline was increased 2.5-4.2 and median adrenaline 1.8-2.5 times that of the other groups. Plasma methionine enkephalin is considerably raised in patients with cirrhotic ascites and has actions which could enable it to be an initiating factor of ascites formation. PMID- 3197990 TI - Colonic mass movements in idiopathic chronic constipation. AB - As relatively little is known of human colonic motor activity either in health, or in pathological conditions, we investigated mass movements in 14 chronically constipated patients and 18 healthy volunteers. Mass movements were recorded from proximal and distal colon during 24 h (12 noon-12 noon) by a colonoscopically positioned multilumen manometric probe and low compliance infusion system. Patients and controls differed significantly in the number (mean 2.6 (0.7) v 6.1 (0.9) (SE), p = 0.02) and duration (mean 8.2 (1.6) v 14.1 (0.8) s, p = 0.04) of mass movements. The data suggest that one pathophysiological mechanism of constipation may be decreased propulsive activity. A circadian pattern, with a significant difference between day and night distribution, was documented in both groups. The patients reported decreased defecatory stimulus concomitant with the mass movements. PMID- 3197992 TI - Screening of colorectal tumours using an improved faecal occult blood test. Quantitative aspects. AB - A recently developed double test for detecting faecal occult blood (a sensitive guaiac test combined with a quantitative immunological human haemoglobin test), was adapted to population screening. The study involved an unselected population of 10,343, aged 49-74 years. There was 66.5% participation. 174 colonoscopies were done, yielding seven adenocarcinomas, 44 adenomas and four hyperplastic polyps. By eliminating benign anal tract bleeding, the number of endoscopies decreased from 340 to 174. Most tumours showed an absorbance over 0.80, and it is suggested that by setting the lower limit of positivity at the 0.80 absorbance level, the number of clinical examinations could fall to about 1%, without substantially missing tumours. PMID- 3197991 TI - Changes in colonic motility induced by sennosides in dogs: evidence of a prostaglandin mediation. AB - The effects of sennosides on colonic motility were investigated in eight conscious dogs chronically fitted with two strain gauge transducers in the proximal colon, an intracolonic silicone catheter and a polyethylene catheter implanted in a branch of the right colonic artery. Oral sennosides (30 mg/kg) inhibited colonic motility for 12 to 18 h after a three to six hours delay, and associated with giant contractions and diarrhoea. The minimal oral dose of sennosides to produce such changes varied from 5 to 15 mg/kg. Intracolonic sennosides at the minimal effective dose and at 30 mg/kg reproduced the effects of oral sennosides, but with a shorter latency (0.5-1.5 h). Intracolonic PGE2 (100 micrograms/kg) in viscous gel medium or intra-arterial PGE2 (10 micrograms/h) inhibited colonic motility and induced giant contractions often associated with defecation. The colonic motor changes induced by intracolonic sennosides at the minimal effective dose, but not those induced by intracolonic PGE2, were blocked by intra-arterial indomethacin (10 micrograms/h) or piroxicam (5 micrograms/h). These results suggest that colonic motor actions of sennosides are mediated through a local prostaglandins synthesis, as they were blocked by cyclooxygenase inhibitor and reproduced by PGE2. PMID- 3197994 TI - Smoking and sugar intake are separate but interactive risk factors in Crohn's disease. AB - Previous studies have consistently found strong positive associations between refined sugar intake and Crohn's disease (CD) and recently between smoking and CD. As refined sugar intake and smoking are themselves associated we have enquired about smoking and added sugar intake (AS) and smoking in CD using a postal questionnaire sent to 104 CD patients and 153 community controls. Smoking and AS were associated with one another. After adjusting for AS, smoking showed a significant association with CD with a relative risk of 1.8. After adjusting for smoking habit, AS was also strongly associated with CD in never and exsmokers and in a dose response pattern, with the relative risks for no AS, less than 50 g/day and greater than 50 g/day being respectively 1.0, 1.8, and 4.6 (chi 2 = 12.1; p less than 0.005). No association between CD and AS was evident in smokers. The AS relationship was supported by a separate association between frequency of confectionery consumption and CD. These findings indicate that while smoking and AS are individually associated with CD combined exposure results in no further increase in risk, suggesting that they may operate through a common mechanism. PMID- 3197993 TI - Total body water and total body potassium in ileostomy patients before and after conversion to the continent ileostomy. AB - Total body water (TBW) and total body potassium (TBK) were studied in 40 ileostomists before (with conventional ileostomy) and one year after conversion to a continent ileostomy. Each patient acted as his own control. Total body water was determined by using an isotope dilution technique and TBK by counting the gamma radiation from the naturally present nuclide 40K in a whole body counter. Measured values of TBW and TBK were compared intraindividually (conventional versus continent ileostomy) and also with 'normal values' obtained from the same laboratory and based on a multiple regression analysis of data from 476 healthy controls. There was no evidence of water or potassium depletion in ileostomy patients, neither before nor after construction of the continent ileostomy. PMID- 3197995 TI - Role of oxygen derived free radicals in platelet activating factor induced bowel necrosis. AB - The mechanism of tissue and cell injury in ischaemic bowel necrosis is unclear. The present study investigated the role of oxygen derived free radicals in the development of bowel necrosis using injections of platelet activating factor (PAF) into the mesenteric vasculature. Animals were pretreated with allopurinol or superoxide dismutase together with catalase, before administration of PAF. Superoxide dismutase/catalase markedly improved the PAF-induced lesions, indicating that most of the intestinal damage after PAF injection is because of the release of oxygen radicals. The major source of oxygen radicals is xanthine oxidase, as allopurinol ameliorated small bowel lesions. Pretreatment with allopurinol produced a significant (p less than 0.01) preventive effect on PAF induced hypotension. In contrast, superoxide dismutase/catalase did not alter PAF induced hypotension. Superoxide dismutase/catalase pretreatment improved PAF induced haemoconcentration and leucopenia, while allopurinol showed no effect. PMID- 3197996 TI - Investigation of mycobacteria in Crohn's disease tissue by Southern blotting and DNA hybridisation with cloned mycobacterial genomic DNA probes from a Crohn's disease isolated mycobacteria. AB - A mycobacterial aetiology for Crohn's disease (CD) has been suggested. Slow growing mycobacteria indistinguishable from M paratuberculosis, the causative agent of enteritis in ruminants (Johne's disease) have been isolated from CD tissues. We have used cloned genomic DNA probes derived from a CD isolated mycobacteria strain Ben, to investigate the presence of mycobacterial DNA sequences in CD tissues. DNA was extracted from total tissue from 17 CD and four control gut specimens. DNA was digested with restriction endonucleases, electrophoresed and transferred to nylon membranes by Southern blotting and hybridised to radiolabelled DNA probes. No mycobacterial DNA was detected in any tissue sample studied. Reconstitution experiments with known numbers of in vitro cultured mycobacteria showed sensitive detection of mycobacterial DNA. DNA extracted from mouse liver, infected with M lepraemurium revealed a strong hybridisation signal and showed the applicability of the experimental approach to the detection of mycobacterial DNA in naturally infected tissues. The results do not provide evidence for the involvement of mycobacteria in the pathogenesis of CD but do not exclude the possibility of low levels of infection in subsets of intestinal cells with spheroplast or cell wall deficient forms of mycobacteria. PMID- 3197997 TI - Employment problems and prospects for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. AB - A random sample of 170 patients (88 men) with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (75 ulcerative colitis) were first interviewed in 1978 about their employment status, problems at work, and influence of surgery. Surgery had been carried out on 120 and 53 had an ileostomy. After six years 144 (92%) of the 156 survivors replied to a follow up postal questionnaire. Of the initial sample, 122 (72%) were working and there were only three (1%) registered unemployed. After six years a similar proportion were working and only seven (5%) were unemployed. Continuity of employment was good with 57% in the same job. Changes in work because of health had been made by 72 patients mainly caused by bowel disease. After surgery 10% completely changed and 22% modified their work while a few had to retrain or retire. Panproctocolectomy and ileostomy resulted in more changes and longer time off work after surgery than colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis, with 35% and 17% respectively off work after one year. Problems at work, in particular general malaise and arthritis were experienced by 34 (28%) patients. Fewer problems were experienced by patients with a stoma who also had less sickness absence than those without a stoma. Colleagues and employers were usually supportive although some patients encountered discrimination especially those with a stoma or working in the food industry. Few patients had been counselled on their work. In general employment prospects and time off work were good and employers should be encouraged to take an optimistic and supportive role. Doctors should consider that convalescence after surgery may be longer than they perceive and must provide better counselling for patients. PMID- 3197998 TI - Dysmotility of the small intestine in irritable bowel syndrome. AB - Though the pathophysiology of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is commonly attributed to dysfunction of the large intestine, evidence exists to incriminate the small bowel. In order to further explore the role of the small bowel in IBS several stimuli were applied, in an attempt to unmask the dysmotility of the jejunum and ileum. These included infusions of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK OP), a high fat meal, neostigmine and balloon distension of the ileum. Three groups (n = 8) each of age and sex matched healthy volunteers were studied; patients with IBS complained of predominant constipation (n = 8) or diarrhoea (n = 8). Patients with IBS responded excessively to stimulation by CCK-OP, fatty meal, and ileal distension. In general patients with diarrhoea were more sensitive to stimuli than those with constipation. The ileum responded more to stimulation than the jejunum. As in the large bowel, stimuli appear to unmask intestinal dysmotility in patients with IBS. Motor abnormalities were often accompanied by abdominal symptoms, raising the possibility that dysfunction of the small bowel contributes to the symptoms of IBS. PMID- 3197999 TI - Acute ethanol dosage reduces the synthesis of smooth muscle contractile proteins in the small intestine of the rat. AB - The effects of an acute dose of ethanol (75 mmol/kg body weight; ip) on protein synthesis were investigated in the small intestine of the rat (n = 6). Control rats (n = 6) were injected with isovolumetric 0.15 mol/l NaCl, ip. After 2.5 h, fractional rates of protein synthesis (defined as the percentage of tissue protein renewed each day by synthesis and RNA efficiencies (defined as the amount of protein synthesised per unit RNA) were measured with a large flooding dose (0.3 Ci/mol; 150 mmol/l; 150 mumol/100 g body weight; iv) of [4(3)H] phenylalanine. Rats were killed 10 minutes after injection of the isotope and portions of the small intestine were rapidly dissected and frozen. Tissues and plasma were processed for phenylalanine specific radioactivities to obtain fractional rates of protein synthesis or protein synthesis rates relative to RNA. Rates of protein synthesis in mixed tissue proteins fell approximately 15-25% (p ranged from less than 0.005 to greater than 0.05), in response to acute ethanol dosage. The decrease in the synthesis rates of the cytoplasmic protein fraction was similar (p less than 0.025). Proteins extracted from the smooth muscle contractile apparatus, however, showed a greater response to ethanol--that is, 40 50% inhibition in protein synthesis (p less than 0.001). It is therefore possible that the functional disturbances in the ethanol-exposed gut may be because of changes in smooth muscle protein turnover with decreased amounts of contractile apparatus. PMID- 3198000 TI - Effect of ICS 205-930 (a specific 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) on gastric emptying of a solid meal in normal subjects. AB - The effects on gastric emptying of a solid meal of the specific 5-HT3-receptor antagonist ICS 205-930, 10 mg and 20 mg intravenously were assessed with a scintigraphic technique in 12 normals. The 50% emptying time was less, the lag phase was shorter and the post lag emptying rate was faster after 20 mg ICS 205 930 (p less than 0.02). After 10 mg ICS 205-930 the lag phase was significantly shorter compared with placebo (p less than 0.04). These results suggest that 5 HT3 receptors may be involved in the regulation of gastric emptying in man. PMID- 3198001 TI - Mechanisms governing the biphasic pattern of gastric emptying after truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty. AB - The pattern of gastric emptying after truncal vagotomy and drainage is usually biphasic. An early rapid phase is followed by a characteristically abrupt transition to slow emptying. The mechanisms responsible for this pattern were studied in six dogs with truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty, fitted with a proximal duodenal cannula. Gastric emptying was measured using gamma camera imaging of a radiolabelled 15% dextrose test meal. Sixty one hour studies were done using five designs. (1) With the cannula closed gastric emptying was initially rapid, followed by stasis (emptying at 15 min - 32% (5.3), 60 min - 34% (4.8); mean (SE)). (2) With the cannula open emptying was very rapid (15 min - 76% (4.2) p less than 0.001, 60 min - 88% (2.6) p less than 0.001 ANOVA). (3) Distal duodenal instillation of isotonic saline, at a rate equivalent to gastric emptying with the cannula closed, did not retard this rapid emptying (15 min - 78% (10.6), 60 min - 90% (5.4)). (4) With duodenal instillation of 15% dextrose, gastric emptying remained faster than in studies without diversion (15 min - 50% (7.0) NS, 60 min - 65% (6.8) p less than 0.01), but was slower than during diversion alone (p less than 0.05). (5) Finally, duodenal instillation of 15% dextrose before administration of the test meal produced slower initial emptying without subsequent stasis (15 min - 24% (4.5), 60 min - 47% (10.6)), although the amounts emptied were not significantly different from those with the cannula closed. These results indicate that after truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty small bowel resistances play a significant role in controlling gastric emptying. Osmoreceptor responses persist after truncal vagotomy, but sympathetic inhibitory responses to small bowel distension are not involved in the regulatory process. PMID- 3198002 TI - Lymphocytic gastritis: a newly described entity: a retrospective endoscopic and histological study. AB - Lymphocytic gastritis is a histopathological entity characterised by the accumulation of small lymphocytes in the surface and foveolar epithelium. In order to investigate the correlation between endoscopy and histology in this condition, 192 observations selected on the basis of a presumed diagnosis of erosive or varioliform gastritis were reviewed. Ninety two instances corresponded to lymphocytic gastritis, while 100 did not show any particular microscopic feature and were labelled non-specific gastritis. There was a good correlation (48 of 58) between the diagnosis of the so-called varioliform gastritis and the histological evidence of lymphocytic gastritis. The correlation was even better when nodules, erosions, and enlarged folds were considered. Lymphocytic gastritis has a typical endoscopical appearance consisting of nodules, erosions, and large folds predominating in the gastric body. This contrasts with non-specific gastritis, which affects the antrum and produces erosions on a flat mucosa. PMID- 3198003 TI - Peliosis hepatis induced by 6-thioguanine administration. AB - A patient with acute myeloblastic leukaemia developed jaundice revealing peliosis hepatis after receiving 6-thioguanine for two months. Peliosis hepatis was severe and was associated with mild lesions of centrilobular veins. Withdrawal of 6 thioguanine was followed by a progressive improvement of liver dysfunction. This report shows that 6-thioguanine, a thiopurine already reported to be responsible for veno-occlusive disease of the liver, can induce peliosis hepatis. This suggests that some liver vascular disorders caused by thiopurines (6-thioguanine, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine), particularly peliosis hepatis, veno-occlusive disease, sinusoidal dilatation and perisinusoidal fibrosis, might be related syndromes caused by similar lesions at different sites. PMID- 3198005 TI - Recurrent bleeding from cutaneous venous collaterals in portal hypertension. AB - In portal hypertension, three types of cutaneous portosystemic collaterals may develop: the 'classical' caput Medusae, enterostomal varices and scar or adhesion related abdominal collaterals. Two patients were treated with severe and recurrent bleeding from adhesion-related collaterals, a complication not reported previously. In the first patient bleeding was only controlled by mesocaval shunt operation; the second patient suffered no further recurrence after local sclerotherapy. PMID- 3198004 TI - Hypertrophic gastritis associated with increased gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 concentrations in a patient with the carcinoid syndrome. AB - A case of a 69 year old man in whom hypertrophic gastritis was associated with the carcinoid syndrome is reported. Concentrations of prostaglandin E2 were increased in plasma, gastric juice, gastric mucosa and urine. He had marked hypochlorhydria in response to pentagastrin stimulation (Peak acid output (PAO) pg:0.2 mmol/h). After successful hepatic arterial embolisation of the metastases (as indicated by an 85% decrease in 24 h urinary 5-HIAA) the concentrations of prostaglandin E2 decreased in the plasma, gastric juice and gastric mucosa. The gastric mucosal hypertrophy regressed and secretion of acid in response to pentagastrin returned (PAO pg:9.0 mmol/h). These findings suggest that the carcinoid tumour was producing a substance which stimulated increased local synthesis of prostaglandin E2 in the gastric mucosa, with concomitant gastric mucosal hypertrophy and inhibition of gastric acid secretion. PMID- 3198007 TI - Sigmoid motility recording. PMID- 3198006 TI - Markers for faecal fat estimation in monitoring steatorrhoea in cystic fibrosis. AB - Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 is one of numerous substances used as non absorbable markers to correct for variable faecal output when assessing daily faecal losses of nutrients. The introduction of enteric coated micro-encapsulated pancreatic enzyme (EMPE) preparations has greatly improved the control of fat malabsorption in cystic fibrosis and chronic pancreatitis patients. Unfortunately, these enzyme preparations contain significant quantities of PEG 4000 or polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP) as components of the enteric coating and thus PEG 4000 cannot be used either as a faecal marker, or in intubation studies, if these enzyme preparations are being used. PMID- 3198008 TI - Colorectal cancer in UC. PMID- 3198009 TI - Effects of meal temperature on intraluminal upper gastrointestinal temperature and motility. PMID- 3198010 TI - Cimetidine, carbenoxolone and gastric mucus. PMID- 3198011 TI - Endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct calculi. PMID- 3198012 TI - A new cestode, Wardium gvozdevi sp. n. (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae), and its biology. AB - A new species, Wardium gvozdevi sp. n., was described from a slender-billed gull (Larus genei Breme) in central Kazakhstan (Lake Tengiz). It was experimentally established that brine shrimps Artemia salina, abundant in the lake, are obligatory intermediate host of the cestodes. Wardium gvozdevi develops in the intermediate host (from an oncosfere to a cysticercoid) during 12-15 days under conditions of Lake Tengiz with the extremely salt water (65-80 per mill) and temperatures of 22-24 degrees C. PMID- 3198013 TI - Cysticercus bovis: pinocytosis in the Cysticercus tegument. AB - The authors have found that pinocytosis occurs in the tegument of C. bovis from the fourth week after infection. Electron-lucid bladders surrounded by plasma membrane were encountered in the distal cytoplasm. The pinocytosis occurred in form of micropinocytotic bladders only in the bladder tegument but not in the scolex. The bladders appeared first in the superficial part of the distal cytoplasm. During the following periods of development of the larva they were dispersed in the whole distal cytoplasm and were found even in the processes of subtegumental cells and inside these cells near the heterolysosomes. PMID- 3198014 TI - Rhabdochona longleyi sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from blind catfishes, Trogloglanis pattersoni and Satan eurystomus (Ictaluridae) from the subterranean waters of Texas. AB - A new nematode species, Rhabdochona longleyi sp. n. is described from the intestine of two species of blind catfishes, Trogloglanis pattersoni Eigenmann (type host) and Satan eurystomus Hubbs et Bailey (both fam. Ictaluridae, Siluriformes) from the subterranean waters (artesian wells penetrating San Antonio pool of Edwards Aquifer) of Texas, USA. It is characterized largely by the presence of only six anterior teeth in the prostom, simple deirids, by the shape and length of spicules (0.42 to 0.50 mm and 0.093-0.102 mm), shape of the tail tip (rounded), and by filamented eggs. R. longleyi probably adapted to the environment of the aquifer by utilizing available troglobitic crustaceans instead of aquatic insects as an intermediate host. PMID- 3198015 TI - The feather mites of the family Proctophyllodidae (acari, sarcoptiformes) from Nepalese birds. AB - Eight species of birds of the families Fringillidae (3), Motacillidae (2), Prunellidae (1), Pycnonotidae (1) and Turdidae (1) were found to be parasitized by 8 species of the genus Proctophyllodes, 3 of them being new to science: P. danieli sp. n. from Pycnonotus leucogenys, P. macrophallus sp. n. from Prunella collaris and P. puniceus sp. n. from Pyrrhospiza punicea. Other species recorded are P. anthi, P. cotyledon, P. glandarinus, P. leucosticti and P. aff. poublani. All hosts were collected in the region of the Barun river valley in East Nepal in the altitude of 3,600-4,900 m a. s. l. PMID- 3198016 TI - Cutaneous and blood leucocyte response of pigeons to larval Argas polonicus feeding. AB - Dynamics of granular leucocyte response in peripheral blood of naive and sensitized pigeons infested with Argas polonicus larvae was only slightly dissimilar. In both cases a marked increase of heterophil and eosinophil counts and only a mild increase of basophil count were recorded at 6 hours post infestation. In naive hosts the basophil count increased again at 96 hours post infestation, but in sensitized hosts it did so as early as 48 hours post-tick attachment and was also accompanied by an increase of eosinophil levels 72 and 96 hours post-infestation. Cutaneous response of sensitized hosts at the tick feeding site was characterized by a large heterophil accumulation at 24 hours post-infestation, by an increased eosinophil count at 48 hours and basophil counts at 72 and 96 hours post-infestation. In primary hosts lesions were characterized by a mild increase of heterophil count later than 48 hours post infestation and by slight eosinophil accumulations at 24 and 48 hours post-tick attachment, as well as basophil accumulation as late as 96 hours post infestation. Cutaneous lesions of sensitized hosts were accompanied by apparent inflammatory changes which were mild and sometimes missing in primary hosts. Cytotoxic and degenerative alterations of basophils and other granulocytes were observed as well as vesiculation of secretory granules of basophils. Cutaneous response of sensitized hosts to larval A. polonicus feeding can be characterized as a cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity. PMID- 3198017 TI - First record of Eimeria christianseni Walden, 1961 in swans in Czechoslovakia. PMID- 3198018 TI - Detection of antigens common to salivary glands and other tissues of tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae). AB - The study demonstrates the common antigens to salivary gland, fat body, mesenteron, thorax muscle, native whole body, and dried whole body homogenates of tsetse flies, G. palpalis palpalis. The possibilities of their origin and the role in hypersensitivity induction and its propagation are discussed. PMID- 3198019 TI - Movement and adhesion of chick embryo sclerotome cells in vitro. PMID- 3198020 TI - Artificial fertilization and developmental stages of Solea solea (L.) in Egypt. PMID- 3198022 TI - 3NTPT--a newly discovered anti-fertility agent. IV. Tumour-like growth in the ovary of Dysdercus koenigii (Fabr.). PMID- 3198021 TI - Observations on intraspecific variation of total protein, amino acid and total nonprotein compound levels and their fractions in the muscles, hepatopancreas and gonads of two crustaceans, Portunus pelagicus (L.) and Penaeus kerathurus (L.), in relation to maturation. II. Total nonprotein compounds and their fractions. PMID- 3198024 TI - Effect of thyroxine on testicular activity in the toad Bufo regularis. PMID- 3198023 TI - Early stages of development of the human retinal astroglia. A neurohistological study. PMID- 3198026 TI - Distribution and localization of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the pancreas of Lepus europaeus. PMID- 3198025 TI - Effect of vasectomy on spermatogenesis in the albino rat Mus norvegicus. PMID- 3198028 TI - Comparative histoenzymological studies of the liver of some teleosts in relation to their feeding habits. PMID- 3198027 TI - The effect of juvenile hormone on Musca domestica vicina Macq. I. Development. PMID- 3198029 TI - Testosterone and its effect on spermatogenesis in the Egyptian toad. PMID- 3198030 TI - The beginning of new evolutionary movement as a consequence of progressive developmental changes in the terminal stages of morphogenesis. PMID- 3198031 TI - Endocrine control of maturation in males of Poekilocerus pictus Fabr. (Insecta). PMID- 3198032 TI - Endocrine control of metamorphosis in Poekilocerus pictus Fabr. (Insecta). PMID- 3198033 TI - Insular course of the branches of the middle cerebral artery. PMID- 3198034 TI - The effect of various saccharin forms on gastro-intestinal tract, urine and bladder of male rats. AB - Sodium saccharin, potassium saccharin, calcium saccharin and the free acid when fed to young male rats at a level of about 200 mumol/g diet all produced an equivalent increase in the caecal enlargement indicating that this phenomenon was due to the saccharin ion and not the accompanying cation. The sodium and potassium salts caused greater polydipsia and polyuria than the calcium or free acid forms. Simple hyperplasia of the bladder was noted in the rats ingesting the sodium and potassium salts but not in those ingesting the calcium or free acid forms. The difference in urine and bladder response to the salt forms is not attributable to the difference in the total urinary saccharin or the urinary concentration of saccharin. These results suggest that excess water absorption from the lower bowel and the concomitant bladder responses are dependent upon monovalent cation absorption but independent of saccharin absorption. PMID- 3198035 TI - Reduction of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach neoplasms in mice given nitrite and dietary soy sauce. AB - This study was conducted to determine the effects of nitrite (0.05% in drinking water) and soy sauce (20% in a refined diet) on the initiation and promotion of benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach neoplasia in ICR mice. In two experiments nitrite and soy sauce together significantly reduced the number of neoplasms per animal. Soy sauce (without nitrite) produced a smaller apparent (non-significant) reduction whereas nitrite (without soy sauce) had no effect. Evidence suggested that soy sauce might contain factors that reduce calorie absorption or utilization, but this observation was independent of the inclusion of nitrite in the drinking-water and therefore could not by itself explain the significant reduction in neoplasms in mice given soy sauce plus nitrite. Protection appeared to primarily involve the tumour promotion stage. PMID- 3198036 TI - Formation and persistence of ethylguanines in liver DNA of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) treated with diethylnitrosamine by water exposure. AB - Diethylnitrosamine exposure via the water resulted in the formation of 7 ethylguanine and O6-ethylguanine in rainbow trout liver DNA. The modified bases were quantitated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and fluorescence spectrophotometry. In vivo 7-ethylguanine and O6-ethylguanine levels were directly proportional to DEN concentrations between 62.5 and 250 ppm. 7 Ethylguanine and O6-ethylguanine levels were approximately directly proportional to duration of exposure to DEN between 0 and 6 hr under the conditions used, with less than proportionate increases thereafter. Removal of ethylguanines from liver DNA following a 24-hr exposure to 250 ppm DEN (a known carcinogenic regimen) was biphasic; 24% of the O6-ethylguanine and 32% of the 7-ethylguanine found immediately after exposure were removed in 12 hr but no significant decline was found over the period from 12 to 96 hr after exposure. Alkyl acceptor protein activity in trout liver was examined to assess the role of enzymatic repair in the observed loss of O6-ethylguanine in vivo. Although an O6-alkylguanine repair system similar to the alkyltransferase system reported in rodents was found in trout liver, only 4% of the O6-ethylguanine lost from DNA after exposure to 250 ppm DEN can be accounted for by activity of the alkyl acceptor protein. The high incidence of liver tumours observed in DEN-treated rainbow trout may be related to the rapid formation and substantial persistence of the promutagenic O6 ethylguanine in liver DNA. PMID- 3198037 TI - A comparative study of the hepatotoxicity of 1-fluoropentane and 1-fluorohexane. AB - Phenobarbitone pretreatment potentiated hepatocyte lesions in male rats 24 hr after treatment with 1-fluoropentane (3.5 mg/kg body weight) and 1-fluorohexane (0.17 mg/kg body weight). Serum levels of the enzymes ornithine carbamyltransferase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and gamma glutamyltranspeptidase were significantly elevated by the test compounds with the peak effect occurring 24-72 hr after a single ip administration. Significant elevation of hepatocyte triglyceride content and mitochondrial calcium and citrate levels were demonstrated 24 and 48 hr after a single ip injection of 1 fluoropentane or 1-fluorohexane, respectively. PMID- 3198038 TI - Formaldehyde concentrations in the blood of rhesus monkeys after inhalation exposure. AB - The effect of subchronic exposure to formaldehyde (HCHO; 6 ppm; 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 4 wk) on the HCHO concentration in the blood of three rhesus monkeys was investigated. Immediately after the final exposure, the monkeys were sedated, and blood samples were withdrawn 7 min after the end of exposure. The HCHO concentration in the blood, determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was 1.84 +/- 0.15 micrograms/g blood and did not differ significantly after a further 45 hr without exposure to HCHO (2.04 +/- 0.40 micrograms/g blood). The average concentration of HCHO in the blood of exposed monkeys was also not significantly different from that of three unexposed controls (2.42 +/- 0.09 micrograms/g blood). However, individual monkeys differed significantly from one another with respect to their blood concentrations of HCHO. These results indicate that subchronic inhalation exposure of non-human primates to HCHO has no significant effect on the HCHO concentration in the blood, and that the average concentration of HCHO in the blood of monkeys is similar to that in the blood of humans. PMID- 3198039 TI - How to detect irradiated food. PMID- 3198040 TI - A complex cortical reaction leads to formation of the fertilization envelope in the lobster, Homarus. AB - We have examined the formation of the fertilization envelope in the lobsters Homarus americanus and H gammarus. Oocytes were fixed for electron microscopy either in the ovary or following extrusion from the gonopore. Mature ovarian oocytes are surrounded by a coat (envelope 1), which is comprised of small electron-dense granules and structures resembling "bottlebrushes." At least part of this coat is synthesized by the follicle cells of the ovary. The cortex of ovarian oocytes contains four types of vesicles that we refer to as high-density vesicles (HDV), low-density vesicles (LDV), moderately dense vesicles (MDV), and ring vesicles (RV). Oocytes that were electrically extruded from the gonopore and fixed immediately had an envelope identical to that of ovarian oocytes. The cortex of gonopore oocytes contained the four types of vesicles found in ovarian oocytes. When unfertilized gonopore oocytes were allowed to incubate in sea water, the oocyte cortex appeared unaltered, but envelope 1 swelled and the bottlebrushes dispersed. When recently fertilized oocytes were fixed during natural spawning or following in-vitro fertilization, each type of vesicle was released in sequence from the cortex of the oocyte. The contents of the HDV and LDV appeared first in the perivitelline space, but their fate could not be determined at later times. The ring-shaped elements of the RV and the moderately electron-dense material of the MDV were released exocytotically somewhat later; these materials coalesced in the perivitelline space to form a new coat (envelope 2). Envelope 1 subsequently condensed to its original thickness and appeared firmly attached to envelope 2. Our results show that the fertilized lobster egg is surrounded by two discrete coats. The outer coat, which is formed in the ovary, undergoes a swelling/condensation cycle at spawning. The inner coat originates from a complex cortical reaction. Together these coats comprise the fertilization envelope of the lobster egg. PMID- 3198041 TI - Evaluation of assay conditions for the zona-free hamster ova bioassay of boar sperm fertility. AB - The ability to penetrate zona-free hamster ova may be a very useful test of fresh and frozen boar sperm fertility. These studies were designed to optimize assay conditions prior to evaluation of the accuracy of the bioassay in predicting boar sperm fertility. The ability to penetrate zona-free hamster ova was greater in sperm washed on a Percoll gradient than in sperm washed by dilution and centrifugation. Penetrating ability was greater in sperm from the sperm-rich fraction than from the whole ejaculate but did not differ among different aliquots of the sperm-rich fraction and did not decrease when the prewashing interval was increased from 15 to 85 min. Frequency of collection of ejaculates (1, 3, or 5 times per week) did not affect the penetrating ability of the sperm. Penetration rate was greater when sperm were coincubated with zona-free hamster ova at 39 degrees C compared to 37 degrees C. Sperm from an infertile boar had reduced penetrating ability compared to sperm from fertile boars (11% vs 93%, P less than .001). These studies suggest that the zona-free hamster ova bioassay may be a useful assessment of fresh boar sperm fertility. PMID- 3198043 TI - Toxicity potential of residual ethylene oxide on fresh or frozen embryos maintained in plastic straws. AB - The toxic effects of residual ethylene oxide (EtO), a frequently used gas sterilant, on embryos either frozen for long-term purposes or stored acutely for 30 min to 9 hr in a fresh condition in 0.25-ml straw containers were evaluated. In Experiment 1, fresh embryos were frozen (using conventional technology) in straws previously aerated for 0 hr to 8 mo after EtO sterilization. With the exception of the 8-mo group in which survival and quality ratings were depressed, embryo viability was not affected significantly by short-term prefreeze and post thaw exposure to EtO residues. Experiment 2 was conducted to analyze the influence of prefreeze exposure to EtO residues on embryo development in vitro for embryos temporarily stored in previously sterilized straws aerated for different intervals. Compared to non-EtO-sterilized control straws, the development, quality, and viability of embryos exposed to EtO-treated straws were compromised (p less than 0.05) as the aeration interval decreased and the exposure interval increased. The combined results of both experiments indicate that EtO-treated straws can be used to cryopreserve gametes efficiently, but only if the aeration interval is greater than or equal to 72 hr and the prefreeze duration of exposure is less than or equal to 3 hr. PMID- 3198042 TI - A quantitative assay for capacitation: evaluation of multiple sperm penetration through the zona pellucida of salt-stored hamster eggs. AB - The endpoint for sperm capacitation occurs when spermatozoa become able to penetrate intact zonae pellucidae of unfertilized homologous eggs. Activation of eggs stimulated by sperm fusion or by gamete aging initiates changes in zonae pellucidae that bar further sperm entry. This zona block mechanism reduces the usefulness of eggs as indicators for sperm capacitation. Egg storage in concentrated salt solutions destroys the zona block mechanism while retaining the biological sperm receptor/activator functions of the zona pellucida [Yanagimachi et al., Fertil Steril 31:562-574, 1979]. We have developed techniques for the quantitative assay of capacitation using multiple sperm penetration into zonae and have evaluated the sperm-response characteristics of hamster eggs stored in a modified salt solution (STOR). Sperm, preincubated in capacitating or noncapacitating treatments (CAP or NOCAP, respectively), were coincubated with unfertilized and fertilized STOR-treated zonae for 4 hr. Then zonae were stripped of externally bound sperm and the sperm heads in the perivitelline space (PVS) were fluorescently labeled with Hoechst dye 33342. Entry of CAP sperm into the PVS of STOR-treated unfertilized eggs was highly correlated with sperm concentration (Rw = .859) and was log linear from 1 X 10(3)-2 X 10(5) CAP sperm/ml. At 2 X 10(5) CAP sperm/ml, the mean number of PVS sperm was 63.5 and the maximum observed was 158. NOCAP sperm very rarely penetrated unfertilized zonae (2 sperm into 75 eggs). Few CAP sperm entered the PVS of STOR-treated fertilized eggs (two sperm into 54 eggs at 2 X 10(5) sperm/ml) unless the sperm concentration was raised to high levels. Differences between replicates were due to male but not female (ie, egg) differences. We conclude that 1) STOR-treated unfertilized zonae can be used to accurately quantitate differences between sperm capacitation and/or fertility states and 2) the availability of large numbers of homogeneous "shelf-stable" zonae will make it feasible to perform hamster sperm capacitation bioassays on a large scale. PMID- 3198044 TI - Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of Lepidogalaxias salamandroides and its phylogenetic significance. AB - The spermatozoon of Lepidogalaxias salamandroides possesses an acrosome (putative), one or two perforatoria (putative) but no nine-triplet centrioles. Two elongated mitochondria (12 micron long) are situated in parallel between the nucleus (20 micron long) and the axoneme (53 micron long). The above features are unique among other teleosts with internal fertilization. The presence of an "acrosome" in this primitive teleost supports the hypothesis that this structure has been secondarily lost in teleosts during evolution. The uncertainty of phylogenetic placement of this fish is reflected by its unique sperm ultrastructure. PMID- 3198045 TI - Hamster sperm motility transformation during development of hyperactivation in vitro and epididymal maturation. AB - The transformation of hamster sperm motility during capacitation in vitro and during maturation in the caudal epididymis was analyzed and compared using videomicrography. Sperm recovered from the distal portion of the caudal epididymis, as well as ejaculated sperm recovered from the uterus exhibited low amplitude, planar flagellar beating. By 3 hr of incubation under capacitating conditions, the caudal epididymal sperm were swimming in helical patterns apparently produced by significantly increased acuteness of flagellar bending and by torsion seen as abrupt, periodic turning of the head. By 4 hr, most sperm were hyperactivated, swimming in circles resulting from asymmetrical, planar flagellar bending that was significantly more acute than the preceding patterns. When motility parameters of fresh sperm were compared with those of sperm swimming in the transitional helical pattern and with hyperactivated sperm, transitional sperm had significantly higher net and average path velocities than the others, indicating that they covered space at the greatest rate. This suggests that the transitional phase plays an important role in sperm transport. Sperm recovered from the proximal region of the caudal epididymis, near the corpus, swam in either the helical or hyperactivated patterns, or a mixture of the two. The means of their flagellar curvature ratios and linear indices were intermediate between helical and hyperactivated mean values. Thus, sperm undergoing final maturation in the caudal epididymis reverse the pattern of development of hyperactivation. Also, the development of hyperactivated motility must therefore entail induction of a preexisting potential for flagellar movement, rather than a maturational process. PMID- 3198046 TI - Correlation between sperm creatine phosphokinase activity and sperm concentrations in normospermic and oligospermic men. AB - Toward the development of biochemical probes for the assessment of sperm function we have measured the activities of sperm creatine-N-phosphotransferase (CPK). There was a highly significant inverse correlation (P less than 0.001 in all comparisons) between sperm CPK activities and sperm concentrations in specimens of normospermic and oligospermic men with greater than 30 million sperm/ml (0.106 +/- 0.01 SEM, N = 90, expressed as CPK U/100 million sperm), 20-30 million sperm/ml (0.333 +/- 0.07 SEM, N = 30) and 10-20 million sperm/ml (0.583 +/- 0.12 SEM, N = 30) when compared with the CPK values of the less than 10 million/ml specimens (2.242 +/- 0.46 SEM, N = 30). Furthermore, the distribution of CPK activities within these four groups showed that 96%, 67%, 43%, and 4% of the samples, respectively, were in the less than 0.250 CPK U/100 million sperm normal range (mean + 2 SD of the greater than 30 million sperm/ml group). However, there was no relationship between sperm CPK activities and the values of sperm motility (P greater than 0.15) or morphology (P = 0.38) in the samples. The migrated sperm fractions (significantly improved in motility and velocity parameters) showed CPK activities lower than the initial semen specimens (P less than 0.01, N = 150). In fact, in some oligospermic men the CPK activities of the migrated sperm fractions were within the range of normospermic samples.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198047 TI - The role of membrane-active lipids in the protection of ram spermatozoa during cooling and storage. AB - The interactions of ram spermatozoa with exogenous liposomes of varying composition were studied, with the aim of examining the mechanisms by which some lipids protect against cold-induced damage during cryostorage. Liposomes containing various preparations of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol enhanced sperm survival during storage at 5 degrees C, both in terms of motility and acrosomal integrity. A membrane-fluidizing agent, A2C, was slightly deleterious in this respect. Cholesterol-containing liposomes were not superior in their effects to those prepared without cholesterol. Thus stabilization of the plasma membrane by cholesterol loading may be unimportant. When sodium vanadate was used as a functional probe of membrane integrity, the cryoprotective effects of lipids were apparent despite increased plasma membrane permeability. Incubation of spermatozoa with positively charged liposomes, containing stearylamine, caused considerable loss of motility and acrosomal damage, coupled with cellular aggregation. There was also some evidence that the presence of calcium lessened the effectiveness of liposomes in protecting spermatozoa against damage during cooling. PMID- 3198048 TI - Rhesus monkey sperm penetration into zona-free hamster ova: comparison of preparation and culture conditions. AB - A major problem in development of nonhuman primate in vitro fertilization is the selection of donor males and repeated collection of consistent sperm samples. In practice, collection of a viable semen sample is highly dependent on operator technique and the type of animal restraint. We report an updated method for semen collection from the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), use of TES-Tris (TEST) Yolk Buffer (TYB) for prolonged sperm storage and improved results of hamster ovum penetration assay. Semen was obtained from adult males restrained with 2.0 mg/kg IM ketamine hydrochloride prior to direct penile stimulation (Grass SD-9, frequency 150, delay 9, duration 7, volts 12-18, repeat mode, twin pulse). Liquified semen was washed and centrifuged twice at 100 X g for 5 min in BWW, Ham's F-10 and TALP and allowed to swim-up 60 min at 37 degrees in 5% CO2 and air. Alternatively, semen was mixed 1:1 with TYB, refrigerated 20 h at 4 degrees C, centrifuged at 100 X g for 5 min, and the pellet resuspended in 1.0 ml of TALP or BWW prior to use. Hamster ova penetration was achieved with capacitated macaque sperm. Penetration was significantly improved (P less than .001) with preincubation in TYB followed by resuspension in TALP (79%). PMID- 3198050 TI - Development of hamster two-cell embryos in the isolated mouse oviduct in organ culture system. AB - Hamster early two-cell embryos developed to the expanded blastocyst stage within the isolated mouse ampulla maintained in organ culture system. Mouse ampullae isolated at different times after treating the mice with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (0-72 h) or pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) (30-32 h) were flushed with culture medium, and hamster early two-cell embryos were introduced into these ampullae. Mouse ampullae isolated at 14-32 h after hCG injection were more favorable for the development of the embryos than those isolated at 70-72 h. When mouse ampullae were isolated 30-32 h after hCG or PMSG treatment, 39% of the cultured eggs developed, some of them to the expanded blastocyst stage after additional culture for 65-70 h. These results indicate that unknown oviductal factors stimulate the development of hamster early two cell embryos, and these factors are under the control of hCG or PMSG. In addition, these factors are common to the mouse and hamster. PMID- 3198049 TI - Quantitative comparison of the passage of homologous and heterologous spermatozoa through the uterotubal junction of the golden hamster. AB - A quantitative method was used to determine whether the spermatozoa of foreign species could pass through the uterotubal junction (UTJ) of the hamster as efficiently as homologous (hamster) spermatozoa. Estrous female hamsters were artificially inseminated with epididymal spermatozoa of homologous and heterologous (foreign) species. The number and distribution of spermatozoa in the oviduct were determined several hours after insemination (shortly before ovulation). The passage of immotile (dead) hamster spermatozoa through the UTJ was also examined. It was found that the spermatozoa of all foreign species tested (rat, mouse, guinea pig, and rabbit), as well as immotile hamster spermatozoa, could pass through the UTJ but did so in much smaller numbers compared to live hamster spermatozoa. This was not specifically due to poor survival of foreign spermatozoa in the hamster uterus, as the viability of all inseminated spermatozoa (including hamster spermatozoa) was considerably reduced by 1 h after insemination. While a large number of live hamster spermatozoa were distributed throughout the caudal isthmus at the time of examination, none or only a very few foreign spermatozoa had advanced this far. The few foreign and immotile spermatozoa that reached the caudal isthmus were confined to the first ascending loop of this segment. Some possible causes for the small number and retarded advance of foreign spermatozoa in the hamster oviduct were discussed. PMID- 3198051 TI - Fine structure of early human embryos frozen with 1,2 propanediol. AB - Previous studies by a French group (Fertil Steril 44:645-651, 1985) have shown that two- to eight-cell human embryos can survive slow freeze-thawing with propanediol in a biological freezer. These embryos were assessed for morphological appearance by phase-contrast microscopy. We assessed the structure of 25 frozen-thawed one- to 12-cell embryos, obtained from our in vitro fertilization (IVF) and GIFT programmes, by phase-contrast and electron microscopy, using the same method of cryopreservation. One-fourth of the embryos examined had all cells intact, and more than one-half the embryos had over 50% of their cells well preserved. Some of these embryos had unequal blastomeres and cytoplasmic fragments. Ultrastructural assessment revealed good preservation of fine structure in the intact blastomeres of all embryos and maintenance of cell to-cell contacts. Most cytoplasmic organelles, cell membranes, and nuclei were well preserved compared to nonfrozen controls. The cells that were cryoinjured showed varying degrees of disorganization of the cell membrane, cytosol, and cellular membranes, including swelling and disruption of the nuclear envelope. Disruption of the zona was somewhat rare. Small cytoplasmic fragments were less prone to cryoinjury than blastomeres. The use of propanediol for embryo cryopreservation seems to be feasible; frozen embryos with more than 50% cells intact have produced 10 pregnancies after embryo transfer (Fertil Steril 46:268 272, 1986). Replacement of 17 frozen embryos in seven patients has resulted in a twin pregnancy in Singapore. However, the effects of freezing on the mitotic spindles of embryonic cells need to be investigated further. PMID- 3198052 TI - Fine structure of sheep fertilization in vitro. AB - The fertilization events of the sheep oocyte have been investigated by electron microscopy. Thirty-two oocytes recovered from the oviducts of superovulated ewes were fertilized in vitro by a procedure that has given rise to full embryonic development (Crozet et al.: Gamete Res 16:159-170, 1987) and were analyzed at different stages of fertilization. Sperm incorporation in the ooplasm occurred as early as 2 h postinsemination (PI). One hour later, a fertilization cone containing very few cytoplasmic organelles developed above the decondensing sperm chromatin. It was a transitory structure which disappeared when the male pronucleus (PN) was formed. The second meiotic division of the oocyte resumed soon after sperm incorporation; abstriction of the second polar body occurred by 3-4 h PI; the polar body constriction was associated with microfilaments. Both the male and female PN were formed at 5 h PI and were surrounded by nuclear envolopes containing pore complexes. The female PN was characterized by patches of condensed chromatin; the male PN was closely associated with the sperm neck and proximal midpiece. Thereafter the PN migrated toward the center of the egg, where the spindle of the first cleavage division was observed at 21 h PI. Dispermic ova analyzed at 2-4 h PI contained 2 decondensing sperm heads and 2 fertilization cones which have reached the same stage, thus suggesting that a few sperm may penetrate quite simultaneously. Multipronucleate eggs were characterized by disturbance of the PN migration. PMID- 3198054 TI - Fertilizing potential of acrosome-defective sperm following microsurgical injection into eggs. AB - Ejaculates from three infertile men were examined ultrastructurally and found to include a high number of amorphous acrosomeless spermatozoa. Two of the patient's spermatozoa exhibited the typical characteristics of round-head syndrome- spherical-shaped heads completely absent of acrosome and postacrosomal sheath. The semen of the third patient was found to contain a mixture of round-headed and irregularly shaped acrosomeless sperm and a small percentage of normal acrosome intact sperm. Previous studies have shown that acrosomeless sperm do not have the ability to bind or penetrate zona-free hamster eggs (Weissenberg et al., Syms et al.). In an attempt to determine if such amorphous sperm are capable of decondensation and pronuclear formation, sperm of all three men were microsurgically injected into zona-intact hamster eggs. All of the sperm injected were found to be capable of decondensation or pronuclear formation, suggesting that if the inability to penetrate an egg is bypassed, the sperm of these infertile men are capable of participating in the early events of fertilization. PMID- 3198053 TI - Evidence for two forms of phospholipase A2 in human semen. AB - The molecular weight of the active unit of phospholipase A2 (PA2) in human seminal plasma and spermatozoa was determined using the radiation inactivation technique. Fresh spermatozoa possess more than one form of PA2 activity as judged by the biphasic nature of the curve obtained during enzyme inactivation. However, when stored frozen for several months followed by a period of heating for 60 min at 60 degrees C prior to irradiation, the sperm exhibited PA2 activity, which corresponded to a single low molecular mass form of 12,000 d when radioactive phosphatidylcholine (PC) was used as substrate and 8,000 d when radioactive phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was used as substrate. In fresh seminal fluid, only one active form of PA2 was detected as judged by the linear nature of the curve obtained during enzyme inactivation by irradiation. Using PC as substrate, the active unit was again estimated to be 12,000 d, whereas it corresponded to 18,000 d when PE was used. The PA2 activity associated with normal spermatozoa exhibited a 60% decrease in activity after storage at -20 degrees C for 48 hr followed by a heating period of 10 min at 60 degrees C. Long-term storage of spermatozoa at -20 degrees C also resulted in a similar decrease in the deacylation of PC. No further loss of activity was observed during subsequent heat treatment at 60 degrees C. Seminal plasma, however, showed no loss of activity following short (48 hr at 4 degrees C or -20 degrees C) or long-term storage and subsequent heat treatment. Thus, the behavior of PA2 when the effect of temperature was studied and in radiation inactivation experiments indicates that the low molecular weight component in the seminal plasma as well as in spermatozoa is temperature resistant. However, in fresh spermatozoa, a second form of PA2 was found and was sensitive to changes in temperature. PMID- 3198055 TI - Does phospholipase C inhibit fusion between hamster sperm and zona-free eggs? AB - Previous studies (Hirao and Yanagimachi: Gamete Res. 1:3-12, 1978) have found that phospholipase C (PLC) preparations inhibit sperm-egg fusion. We have attempted to duplicate these results with PLC, as well as with a more specific enzyme, phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC. PLC preparations were applied externally to zona-free hamster eggs prior to incubation with sperm. Phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC did not inhibit sperm penetration. The degree of sperm-egg fusion observed after egg exposure to PLC, however, was dependent upon the purity of the commercial preparation. An impure sample of PLC inhibited sperm penetration, while a more purified preparation did not. The morphology of eggs was unaffected by exposure to phosphatidylinositol-specific PLC and the more purified PLC preparation. The impure preparation, however, was disruptive primarily to the egg plasma membrane as well as to internal organelle organization. The degree of damage by the impure PLC preparation was concentration dependent. The results suggest that as purity of the PLC preparation is increased, the adverse effects of PLC on sperm-egg fusion become negligible. PMID- 3198056 TI - Effects of induction current and other factors on large-scale electrofusion for pronuclear transplantation of mouse eggs. AB - In this paper, we describe the procedure of large-scale and efficient electrofusion for pronuclear transplantation in mouse eggs and the tolerance of the eggs for electric stimulus, assessed in vitro and in vivo development. The fusion chamber was arranged in parallel by dielectrodes (30-mm length, 1-mm width, and 2-mm height), and 0.3 M mannitol in distilled water was used as a fusion solution. The agglutination cleavage of enucleated eggs with karyoplast was easily orientated in parallel with electrodes by alternating current between 100 and 500 kHz at 2 and 10 V/mm. Immediately after the orientation, a direct current of 150 V/mm was given for 200 microseconds twice and repeated three times to induce fusion of the enucleated eggs with karyoplast. More than five eggs, at least, can be submitted to electrofusion at the same time. The eggs that were not fused were treated again in the same manner. The proportion of eggs fused with karyoplast was increased by preincubation in M16 medium prior to submitting them to the electrofusion. When the eggs were incubated for 60 min, 80% of them were fused with karyoplast by the first electric treatment; in contrast, only 19% of the eggs were fused if they were submitted to electrofusion directly. It was found that between the CD-1 and F1 strains there was a difference in tolerance of the eggs to electric stimulus and that this was depend on the nuclei but not on cytoplasm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198057 TI - Fate of sperm tail components after incorporation into the hamster egg. AB - The changes in the cytoplasmic organelles of sperm tail in golden hamster eggs fertilized in vivo were observed by electron microscopy. Eggs were obtained from oviducts of hamsters that had been superovulated and inseminated by injection of cauda epididymal spermatozoa into the uteri. In the egg cytoplasm 10 hours after insemination, some of the mitochondria of the spermatozoon midpiece had begun to swell, and a number of multivesicular bodies were observed surrounding the midpiece. The fibrous sheath of the principal piece quickly disappeared prior to the first cleavage, whereas the axoneme and outer dense fibers were unaltered. During the two-cell stage, numerous multivesicular bodies gathered around the midpiece and fused with the mitochondria. The heterophagic vacuoles thus formed then gradually separated from the axial fibers. The outer dense fibers were disarranged and partially torn into small segments; then they seemed to dissociate into substructural granular components. The axonemal microtubules had begun to swell but were still present in the two blastomeres. It is indicated from these observations that at least the mitochondria of the tail constituents carried into the oocyte are digested into small molecular elements by the multivesicular bodies and are possibly distributed as nutrients for the blastomeres during the early stage of development. PMID- 3198058 TI - Effects of delayed mating on preimplantation embryos in spontaneously ovulated mice. AB - The effects of delayed mating on mouse preimplantation embryos (78 +/- 1 hours) were studied by setting up different mating periods in relation to the estimated time of spontaneous ovulation. Copulation occurred even in the late morning and early afternoon after the night of spontaneous ovulation. However, females mated in the early afternoon had no viable embryos at the time of laparotomy. Although embryonic development was not affected in the groups mated 6 or 10 hours after estimated ovulation, the percentage of degenerated embryos was increased in these groups. These results suggest that prolonged intervals between the estimated time of ovulation and mating have some deleterious effects on preimplantation embryos. PMID- 3198060 TI - Duration of epididymal sperm transit in hamster: an autoradiographic study. AB - The time required for passage of spermatozoa through the epididymis has been determined in hamster employing quantitative light microscopic autoradiography with 3H-thymidine. The time required for spermatozoa to traverse the caput is 3 days; corpus, 2 days; proximal cauda, 2 days; distal cauda, 6 days. An additional 2 days are required for passage of spermatozoa through the proximal ductus deferens. The total duration of sperm transit through the ductus epididymis in sexually rested hamster has been estimated at about 15.0 days. PMID- 3198061 TI - DNA content of spermatozoa in different genetic lines of turkeys. AB - The variability of DNA content in turkey spermatozoa of four different lines and its correlation with body weight and sperm concentration were studied. In lines selected for lower body weight the DNA content was 2.034 and 2.036 pg per spermatozoon. In lines selected for higher body weight the DNA content was 2.267 and 2.370 pg per spermatozoon. Sperm concentration in 1 mm3 of semen, however, was higher in lines with a lower body weight (6.08-6.21 million) in comparison with lines selected for higher body weight (5.46-5.67 million). The correlations between the DNA content and sperm concentration were negative (r ranged from .457 to -.860). PMID- 3198059 TI - Epididymal sperm profiles in young adult, middle-aged, and testosterone supplemented old rats. AB - Both ejaculated semen and epididymal contents from an individual male contain sperm that differ in various physicochemical characteristics. An experiment is reported in which epididymides from rats 5-24 months old were subjected to density gradient centrifugation to separate gametes of different stages of maturity. The research was designed to examine typical changes in "profiles" of sperm maturity during the reproductive lifetime of rats. Also, testosterone complexed with cyclodextrin that mimics the episodic release of the endogenous hormone was used to supplement the decreased circulating titers of some of the old males. Results revealed clear ontogenetic patterns of gradually decreasing reproductive competence as measured by absolute numbers of sperm, circulating levels of testosterone, and various other physiological markers of fertility. Sperm profiles also revealed age-specific changes with a shift toward progressively more mature, perhaps senile, gametes that begins at middle age. Testosterone supplementation (400 micrograms/kg b.w./day for 30 days) failed to restore sperm numbers or other measures of physiology in the old males, but the steroid modified sperm profiles to approximate more closely the profiles characteristic of young adult males than either untreated middle-aged or old males. The data were interpreted as suggesting that epididymal sperm profiles clearly identify males of different ages, and that the aging epididymis retains its capacity to respond to manipulations that modify the endocrine milieu. PMID- 3198062 TI - Time sequence of germinal vesicle breakdown in pig oocytes after cycloheximide and P-aminobenzamidine block. AB - All porcine oocytes cultured 20 hr in medium with 10 micrograms/ml cycloheximide rested in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage but with the highly condensed bivalents in nucleoplasm. When these oocytes were washed and cultured in the control medium for 2, 4, and 6 hr, germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) was completed in 0, 86, and 100% of them, respectively. When similarly inhibited oocytes cultured successively only 2.5 hr in the control medium were given again in cycloheximide enriched medium (3.5 hr), nearly all of them reached late diakinesis stage again. It means that oocytes cultured for 20 hr and washed free of this inhibitor of protein synthesis completed GVBD rapidly (4 hr) and protein synthesis crucial for nuclear membrane disintegration occurred already during the first 2 hr after washing of inhibitor. All oocytes cultured for 20 hr in medium with 1 mM p aminobenzamidine rested in GV with chromatin around the compact nucleolus. The successive culture in cycloheximide (20 hr) and p-aminobenzamidine (10 hr) prevented GVBD in all oocytes, too. In contrast, when the oocytes washed after cycloheximide block (20 hr) were cultured in p-aminobenzamidine enriched medium 2 and 3 hr and again for 6 hr in cycloheximide medium, the nuclear membrane dissolved in 62 and 68% of oocytes, respectively. These data suggest that inhibition of protein synthesis in pig oocytes does not prevent the high condensation of bivalents in GV. However, nuclear membrane breakdown requires the successive protein synthesis and proteolysis. PMID- 3198063 TI - In vivo effects of molybdate on activation of rat liver cytosol glucocorticoid receptor. AB - To clarify the in vivo events following administration of steroid hormones, the effect of molybdate on the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) translocation in rat livers after administration of glucocorticoids was examined. After injection of hydrocortisone-succinate (Hydro) (200 micrograms/150 g rat) into the inferior vena cava of adrenalectomized rats, 3H-dexamethasone (3H-Dex) binding in liver cytosol rapidly decreased within 5 min, followed by a rapid replenishment. This decrease in binding was partially prevented by pre-treating the animals with 20 mg of sodium molybdate (Mo), which was considered to inhibit GR activation. Administration of 200 micrograms/150 g body weight of hydrocortisone caused a rapid replenishment of the binding sites following the depletion. Administration of molybdate 5 min after the hydrocortisone injection did not influence the replenishment. The GR content was increased significantly 20 min after the administration of molybdate in intact rats but not in adrenalectomized rat. It is concluded that activation of the hormone receptor complex observed in vitro also occurs in vivo after administration of glucocorticoid to animals. PMID- 3198064 TI - Lipid metabolism in lipoatrophic diabetes. AB - Some aspects of lipid metabolism were studied in 4 patients with a congenital lipoatrophic diabetes (LAD) associated to a type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. The analysis of lipoprotein composition, expressed as mg/dl, demonstrates a significant increase of VLDL mass and a significant reduction of HDL mass. The analysis of lipoprotein composition, expressed as per cent of total mass demonstrates an increase of the triglyceride content in all fractions and a significant reduction of the cholesterol and phospholipid content in HDL2 particles. Apo C-II, C-III0, C-III1 and C-III2 levels in lipoprotein fractions were normal in LAD patients. Lipoprotein lipase activity in omental adipose tissue, collected during laparoscopy in one patient was undetectable. The serum of this patient did not fully activate the lipoprotein lipase eluted from normal adipose tissue. In all patients the adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity in post-heparin plasma was blunted or near absent. Thus a reduced peripheral clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein could be an important determinant of lipoprotein abnormalities in lipoatrophic diabetes. PMID- 3198065 TI - Subdiabetogenic doses of alloxan and endogenously formed nitrosamine failed to cause vertically transmitted diabetes in mice. PMID- 3198066 TI - Estradiol-induced increase in serum HGH-density lipoprotein cholesterol and its relationships with zinc and copper status in ovariectomized rats. PMID- 3198067 TI - Radioimmunoassay of 2-methoxyestriol in pregnancy plasma. PMID- 3198068 TI - Payment exposes faults in health care system. PMID- 3198069 TI - Financial problems spur '88 operating changes. PMID- 3198071 TI - Malpractice insurance rates continue stabilizing. PMID- 3198070 TI - Hospitals suffer as expenses outpace revenue. PMID- 3198073 TI - For some HMOs, amendments don't go far enough. PMID- 3198072 TI - Ad budgets slow in the new age of accountability. PMID- 3198074 TI - Outpatient care falls from grace with employers. PMID- 3198075 TI - Pharmacies gain profits... PMID- 3198076 TI - . . . as pharmacists gain respect. PMID- 3198077 TI - Research spending surges. PMID- 3198078 TI - Solving pharmacist shortages. PMID- 3198080 TI - High liability premiums cause trouble for MDs. PMID- 3198079 TI - Medicinal software. PMID- 3198082 TI - HCFA monitors outpatient and home care growth. PMID- 3198081 TI - 1988 interviews: experts comment on the issues. PMID- 3198083 TI - Hospitals and suppliers work together in 1988. PMID- 3198084 TI - Technology forces delicate issues on hospitals. PMID- 3198085 TI - Human resources: no shortage of problems in '88. PMID- 3198086 TI - CEOs nursed bottom lines to promote mission. PMID- 3198087 TI - Corporate support for quality of care standards. PMID- 3198088 TI - [The preparation of a biotin-labeled HDV cDNA probe and its application to spot hybridization]. PMID- 3198089 TI - [McAb-immunoblotting assay for the detection of circulating antigens of Pagumogonimus skrjabini]. PMID- 3198091 TI - [Determination of deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of several leptospiral serovars]. PMID- 3198090 TI - [Excitatory effect of microinjection of coriaria lactone into the rabbit's nucleus tractus solitarius region on respiration]. PMID- 3198092 TI - [Quantitation of human apolipoprotein B100 by immunoturbidimetric assay]. PMID- 3198093 TI - [The observation and measurement of the popliteal artery and its branches]. PMID- 3198094 TI - [Study on the inhibition of solid form of S-180 through water soluble polysaccharides from Flammulina velutipes]. PMID- 3198095 TI - [Studies of the effect of nickel and nickel compounds on transformation on Syrian hamster embryo cells]. PMID- 3198096 TI - [Study on blockage of esophageal cancer in rats with selenium]. PMID- 3198097 TI - [Reversed-phase HPLC determination of SC1001A in plasma]. PMID- 3198099 TI - [Study of factors influencing the Saltzman factor in spectrophotometric determination of NO2 in air]. PMID- 3198098 TI - [The synthesis, animal experiments, and preliminary clinical trial of Cr (III) nicotinic acid-amino acids mixed ligand complexes]. PMID- 3198100 TI - [The use of avidin-biotin peroxidase complex-ELISA for the examination of HBsAg]. PMID- 3198101 TI - [Surveillance of antibodies to human influenza A and B virus in swine population in different seasons in Chengdu]. PMID- 3198102 TI - [Study of the methodology for social psychological investigation of the personnel of an enterprise]. PMID- 3198104 TI - [Genetic studies on certain behavior traits of human beings with the twin method]. PMID- 3198103 TI - [Normal values and predictive equations of pulmonary function of healthy adults measured by electronic spirometer]. PMID- 3198105 TI - [Optical and ultrastructural changes in the rabbit lens caused by microwaves]. PMID- 3198106 TI - [Intraductal papilloma of the breast. A report of 110 cases]. PMID- 3198107 TI - [Inversion-stripping esophagectomy for treatment of hypopharyngeal, esophageal and cardial carcinomas]. PMID- 3198108 TI - [Aspergillus brain abscess. Report of two cases]. PMID- 3198110 TI - Blastomere karyotyping and transfer of chromosomally selected embryos. Implications for the production of specific animal models and human prenatal diagnosis. AB - A method is described that permits the generation of four isolated blastomeres after embryo splitting of murine four-cell eggs and the subsequent chromosomal analysis of one of the obtained 1/4-blastomeres. According to the karyograms obtained, embryos can be selected for reimplantation and furthermore triplicated via the embryo splitting procedure. By employing the described experimental setup, it is possible specifically to produce trisomy 16----2n aggregation chimeras as a postnatal model system of human Down's syndrome. The design can also be used for embryo sexing in stock farming and the selective reproduction of sexed farm animals via embryo transfer. Furthermore the application of blastomere karyotyping in human genetic counseling is discussed for the descendants of carriers of Robertsonian translocations. In addition the reported method could be employed for the genotypic identification of early homozygous embryonic stages from persons carrying frequent recessive mutations. The proposed design could, therefore, widen the spectrum of prenatal diagnosis. PMID- 3198109 TI - Similar molecular deletions on chromosome 15q11.2 are encountered in both the Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. AB - Comparative molecular analysis of chromosome 15, sub-band q11.2 of patients with the Prader-Willi or Angelman syndromes demonstrates that they have a similar deletion. An hypothesis is presented that attempts to explain the tremendous degree of clinical heterogeneity in these diverse deletion-associated syndromes based on abnormal haplotypes present on the cytogenetically normal homolog. This hypothesis also addresses genetic similarities between patients who have deletion and those who have the inv dup(15) by postulating that these syndromes are caused by relative dosage ratios of normal versus abnormal alleles. PMID- 3198111 TI - Population cytogenetics of folate-sensitive fragile sites. I. Common fragile sites. AB - The location and frequency of folate-sensitive common fragile sites (CFS) were studied in three populations: (1) 111 mentally retarded children of school age, (2) 240 mentally subnormal children attending special schools, and (3) 85 healthy children attending normal schools. Common fragile sites were found at 54 chromosomal bands including also the band Xq27, where gaps and breaks were detected in 4% of the children. The most frequent CFS were FRA3B (at 3p14.2), FRA6E (at 6q26), and FRA16D (at 16q23) seen in 73%, 65%, and 58% of the individuals totally studied. The frequencies of CFS-positive individuals did not differ among the populations. The variation found in the distribution of CFS among the populations was primarily assumed to be due to sampling differences and study method. The rate of expression of the most frequent CFS varied significantly among the individuals, seeming to suggest that polymorphism exists at those CFS. PMID- 3198113 TI - Cytogenetic analysis of sperm from a male heterozygous for a 13;14 Robertsonian translocation. AB - Cytogenetic analysis of 121 sperm from a man heterozygous for a t(13;14) Robertsonian translocation was performed using the technique of in vitro penetration of hamster eggs. The frequency of sperm that were chromosomally unbalanced with respect to the translocation was 27%. The frequency of chromosomally normal (36%) and balanced (38%) complements was approximately equal, as theoretically expected. There was no evidence for an interchromosomal effect since the frequency of numerical chromosomal abnormalities (2.5%) and structural chromosomal abnormalities (10.7%)--both unrelated to the translocation -were within the normal range of control donors. The ratio of X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm was equal, and there was no evidence for preferential segregation of the X chromosome with the translocation. PMID- 3198112 TI - The pathology of trisomy 13 syndrome. A study of 12 cases. AB - Anatomical and histopathological findings in 12 cases of trisomy 13 syndrome (nine with classic full trisomy and three with trisomy 13 and an unbalanced Robertsonian 13/13 translocation) are reported. Emphasis is on the brain defects, cardiovascular anomalies, and histological organ dysplasia. Eight patients showed abnormal development of the forebrain and midline facial structures (holoprosencephaly). Cardiovascular malformations were invariably present, the leading malformation being an infundibular ventricular septal defect often in combination with dextroposition of the aorta and abnormalities of the semilunar valves. Histological abnormalities giving evidence of organ dysplasia were observed in the central nervous system, eyes, pancreas, kidneys, and ovaries. Mild cystic renal dysplasia was a constant feature. Foci of persistent nodular renal blastema were found in six cases. The pancreatic dysplasia appears to be pathognomonic for trisomy 13. These observations illustrate the importance of pathological studies in the recognition of chromosome abnormalities and, more specifically, of trisomy 13 syndrome. Based on autopsy data, trisomy 13 can be diagnosed - or ruled out - with certainty, even in the absence of karyotyping. PMID- 3198114 TI - A new LDL receptor gene deletion mutation in the South African population. AB - A previous study of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene haplotype distribution in 12 unrelated South African patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia indicated the existence of several different receptor gene mutations in this patient pool. We have now screened these subjects for large insertion or deletion mutations at their receptor gene loci by restriction fragment size analysis using the Southern blot hybridization technique. We have detected a hitherto undescribed 2.5-kb deletion, which mapped to the central region of the gene, and most likely includes all of exons 7 and 8. The deletion was confined to two of the three so-called coloured individuals in this racially divided sample. Both probands were homozygous for the deletion with a strong possibility of consanguinity in one of the families. Mendelian inheritance was shown in both families and all carriers detected manifested elevated plasma LDL cholesterol levels. The origin of the deletion is unclear but may have been present in the indigenous Khoisan population or have been brought to South Africa by early European or Indonesian settlers. PMID- 3198115 TI - Segregation of linked probes to myotonic dystrophy in a family demonstrating that 152 and APOC2 are on the same side of DM on 19q. AB - The two markers most closely linked to the myotonic dystrophy (DM) locus on chromosome 19 are the gene that codes for apolipoprotein CII (APOC2) and the anonymous probe D19S19 (LDR152). Both of these markers show tight linkage to DM, with maximum lod scores of greater than 20 at recombination fractions of less than 0.05. We have identified, in a family in which DM segregates, an affected individual where a meiotic recombination event has occurred in which both of these linked markers have crossed over with the gene defect. This demonstrates that APOC2 and D19S19 are probably on the same side of DM. PMID- 3198116 TI - Synergistic effect of hydroxyurea and excessive thymidine on the expression of the common fragile sites at 3p14 and 16q23. AB - There is a synergistic effect between hydroxyurea (HU) and high concentrations of thymidine (TdR) on the induction of the common fragile sites at 3p14 and 16q23. The frequencies of expression of these fragile sites were significantly higher than in the controls when excessive TdR (0.5 mM) and HU (4 mM) were added into lymphocyte cultures in MEM medium 24 h and 2 h before harvest. Two conditions for the maximum expression of common fragile sites, such as fra(3)(p14), fra(16)(q23) are discussed. The TdR-HU fra(3)(p14)-inducing system might be modified effectively and consistently to improve the prenatal diagnosis of the fragile X syndrome. PMID- 3198117 TI - Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants and their frequency in Guangdong, China. AB - Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was characterized in blood samples obtained from 97 randomly selected males with enzyme deficiency from various regions of Guangdong Province, China. Nine new variants (Gd Kaiping, Gd Boluo, Gd Huiyang, Gd Gaomin, Gd Qing-Baijiang, Gd Gaozhou, Gd Huazhou, Gd Nanhai, and Gd Guangzhou) were identified. Of the 31 variants found in this province, Gd Kaiping, Gd Taiwan-Hakka, Gd Haad Yai, Gd Haad Yai-like and Gd Huiyang occurred most frequently. The frequency of each variant was calculated. The results demonstrated that the genetic heterogeneity of G6PD deficiency was high in this area. PMID- 3198118 TI - Assignment of human platelet GP2B (GPIIb) gene to chromosome 17, region q21.1 q21.3. AB - The platelet GPIIb-IIIa complex functions as a receptor for fibrinogen, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor on activated platelets. This glycoprotein is a member of a broadly distributed family of structurally and immunologically related membrane receptors involved in cell-cell contact and cell-matrices interactions. GPIIb-IIIa is a heterodimer complex composed of GPIIb (the alpha subunit), which consists of two disulfide-linked heavy and light chains, and GPIIIa (the beta subunit), which is a single polypeptide chain. Congenital absence of platelet GPIIb-IIIa in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia results in a severe bleeding disorder characterized by defective platelet aggregation and failure of fibrinogen to bind to platelets. The gene coding for GPIIb was located on 17q21.1 17q21.3 as determined by in situ hybridization with a 2650-bp GP2B (GPIIb) cDNA probe prepared from human megakaryocytes. PMID- 3198120 TI - Assignment of human coagulation factor XII (fXII) to chromosome 5 by cDNA hybridization to DNA from somatic cell hybrids. AB - Human coagulation factor XII (fXII), a serine protease synthesized in liver and active in plasma, is involved in a wide variety of functions, including blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, bradykinin and complement activation. A complementary DNA (597 bp) encoding amino acid -16 to amino acid 183 of fXII protein was used to determine the chromosomal location of the fXII gene. DNAs from hamster-human somatic cell hybrids were digested with restriction enzymes and hybridized with the fXII cDNA. By the Southern method it was shown that restriction fragments able to hybridize to fXII cDNA are present only in DNA extracted from clones retaining human chromosome 5. PMID- 3198119 TI - Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease: identification of heterozygotes with magnetic resonance imaging? AB - We report magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in two obligate and four facultative carriers for the "classical" X-linked form of Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD). In T2-weighted images MR revealed bilateral multiple areas with signal hyperintensity in the periventricular and subcortical white matter in five women. Until suitable and closely linked DNA probes are found for heterozygote determination, MRI may represent a suitable means for carrier detection in individuals at risk in PMD families. PMID- 3198121 TI - Different numbers of maternal and paternal siblings of cystic fibrosis patients. AB - When 458 parents of children suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF) from all over the German Democratic Republic were interviewed to determine the number of their siblings, it was found that the maternal families had a total of 1369 children and the paternal, 1220. While the fathers of CF patients tended to originate from families with one or two children, more mothers than fathers came from families with three to twelve children (P = 0.01). The average number of children in the maternal families was 2.99; in the paternal families, only 2.66. To rule out any methodological errors, sibs of mothers and fathers of various control groups were studied. We found that the number of siblings in these groups was balanced. The differences in our findings are probably due to CF heterozygosity. The underlying mechanism is unknown. PMID- 3198122 TI - Interstitial deletion of chromosome 15: two cases. AB - Two cases of interstitial deletion of chromosome 15 with similar clinical features are presented. In one case, assay of hexosaminidase A enabled us to confirm that the structural gene is located between 15q22 and 15q25 and that it is included in the deletion. PMID- 3198124 TI - Variability of human rRNA genes: inheritance and nonrandom chromosomal distribution of structural variants of nontranscribed spacer sequences. AB - Human rRNA genes contain variable regions, one of which is located in nontranscribed spacers (NTSs) closely downstream from the 3'-end of the transcribed region. This polymorphism may be detected by means of blot hybridization analysis as a set of distinct restriction fragments corresponding to this part of the rRNA genes. We have analyzed DNA of 51 individuals and found eight structural NTS variants of this region; two of these were common to all individuals analyzed, and six others were found in different combinations and with different frequencies. The copy number of each variant also differed but was not less than 10-20 copies per cell. The analysis of DNA isolated from leukocytes of the members of 11 families indicated that some of the structural variants (of the NTS region) are inherited as a single Mendelian locus. We propose that rRNA genes that belong to one particular structural variant form clusters on separate chromosomes. To test this proposition, we developed a combined method, including AgNO3-staining of chromosomes, in situ hybridization, and DNA analysis with methylation-sensitive restrictases, and used it for study of persons who had methylated rRNA genes located on AgNO3-negative nucleolar organizers. It was found that in three of four cases methylated genes really belonged to one structural variant. This approach may be used for detailed localization of separate classes of NTS structural variants of human rRNA genes. PMID- 3198123 TI - A family study of multiple mutations of alpha and delta glycophorins (glycophorins A and B). AB - Glycophorins alpha and delta are the carriers of the antigens of the MNSs blood system; this report documents the presence of three glycophorin mutations in two individuals of a 16 member family. Erythrocytes were examined by serology, sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. The inheritance pattern and immunoblot profile revealed: (1) A variant Dantu glycophorin showed properties consistent with a delta-alpha glycophorin hybrid structure, previously noted in other individuals. The gene responsible for the Dantu glycophorin in this family is linked to a gene coding for an M-specific alpha glycophorin. (2) Another variant glycophorin, Mi-III glycophorin, was first revealed by immunoblotting and subsequently confirmed by erythrocyte antigen typing. This autosomal dominant trait is associated with N blood group activity and the inheritance pattern indicates that it could be a variant of delta glycophorin. (3) In the individuals with both Dantu and Mi-III glycophorins a delta glycophorin deficiency was observed suggesting that a deletion or alteration of delta gene may exist cis to the Dantu gene. Our findings that document clustering of multiple mutations in MNSs gene loci in the propositus family are very unusual as such variants are relatively rare. PMID- 3198126 TI - Molecular evidence that the esterase-D gene lies proximal to the retinoblastoma susceptibility locus in chromosome region 13q14. AB - Somatic cell hybrids have been created between transformed mouse 3T3 cells and fibroblasts from a retinoblastoma patient with normal red-cell esterase-D (ESD) levels and a constitutional deletion of chromosome region 13q14-q31. In one subclone, which has retained the deletion chromosome but not the homologous normal copy, we have demonstrated the presence of the human ESD gene sequence. The breakpoint in this patient therefore must have occurred between the ESD gene and the retinoblastoma (Rb) predisposition locus. We have also been able to demonstrate that the ESD gene lies proximally to be the Rb gene in region 13q14. The recently isolated 4.7R cDNA gene sequence was absent from the deletion containing hybrid, a finding consistent with the hypothesis that this sequence represents the Rb gene itself. PMID- 3198125 TI - Isolation of human chromosome 21 sequences and their application to in situ hybridization. AB - We report the isolation of 50 independent unique sequences from a human chromosome 21 library (identification code LA21 NSO1). These sequences were individually assigned to chromosome 21 using a mouse-human somatic hybrid cell line, WAVR 4d-F94a. Use of these unique clones as a mixture of probes for in situ hybridization of human metaphase chromosomes demonstrated strong signals on chromosome 21. These unique DNA sequences should provide useful tools for structural and functional analysis of human chromosome 21. The use of these sequences for the detection of Down syndrome is discussed. PMID- 3198127 TI - Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda: linkage with genetic markers from the distal short arm of the X chromosome. AB - A linkage study of six families with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDL) has been performed. A linkage to site DXS41 (theta = 0.08; z = 3.07) and DXS92 (theta = 0.05; z = 2.95) has been established. We propose that the SEDL locus lies on the distal part of the short arm of the X chromosome. PMID- 3198128 TI - Family studies in scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) demonstrating an HLA-linked increased chromosomal breakage rate in cultured lymphocytes. AB - An increased chromosomal breakage rate (ICBR) was found in 27 of 28 patients with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis, SS) - 5 with the syndrome including calcinosis cutis, Raynaud phenomenon, esophagus hypomotility, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia (CREST), 4 incomplete CREST, 1 overlapping syndrome, 18 progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Not only the patients, but also about half of their first-degree relatives showed an increased chromosomal breakage rate (more than 5 breaks per 100 metaphases). This character segregated as a dominant marker in nine families of scleroderma patients. In the six informative of the nine families, the ICBR trait showed close linkage with the HLA region on chromosome 6 (total lod score 5.5 at theta = 0). In these families, ICBR was predominantly observed in linkage with HLA haplotype A1, Cw7, B8, C4AQ0B1, DR3 which is frequently observed in autoimmune diseases. The nature of the agent inducing chromosomal breakage in cultured lymphocytes of some, but not all family members of scleroderma patients remains to be clarified. PMID- 3198129 TI - Klinefelter's syndrome in Sardinia and Scotland. Comparative studies of parental age and other aetiological factors in 47,XXY. AB - Data on 151 non-mosaic 47,XXY males from Sardinia, previously reported by Filippi (1986), were analysed for associations with parental ages at birth, sib order and sex ratio among siblings. The results confirm those of the earlier Scottish-based studies in that: (1) there was a significant increase in risk of 47,XXY livebirths at advanced parental ages; (2) maternal age, and maternal age alone, was sufficient to explain the effect; (3) there were no independent effects of paternal age or sib order once maternal age had been taken into account; (4) there was no evidence of any distortion of the sex ratio among siblings. Estimates of relative risk at different maternal ages were compatible with those from the Scottish studies, and pooled estimates are therefore derived. They suggest, for example, that the risk at maternal age 40 years is 2-3 times that at age 30 years. In 33 cases, the parental origin of the supernumerary X chromosome was determined by analysing the segregation of genetic markers. The mean parental ages of 19 'maternal' cases were significantly raised above those of controls, whereas those of 14 'paternal' cases were slightly, and marginally significantly, reduced. The conclusions were essentially unaffected by whether the Sardinian population, the siblings of cases or a group of 94 unrelated Sardinian males were used as controls. PMID- 3198130 TI - A mosaic 45,X/46,X,r(?) karyotype investigated with X and Y centromere-specific probes using a non-autoradiographic in situ hybridization technique. AB - The sex-chromosomal origin of the ring chromosome in a pre-pubertal non-virilized female patient presenting with a 45,X/46,X,r(?) karyotype could not be resolved by conventional cytogenetic (including G11) methods. Non-autoradiographic in situ hybridization of biotinylated X and Y centromere-specific alphoid repetitive sequence probes unequivocally and rapidly identified the ring to be of X origin. PMID- 3198131 TI - Effects of folate in culture medium on common fragile sites in lymphocyte chromosomes from normal and leukemic children. AB - The expression of common fragile sites at 69 bands was evaluated in 20 normal children and in 15 children with newly diagnosed acute leukemia using medium with folate (FA+) and without folate (FA-). As expected, the FA- medium significantly increased expression of aberrations in all study groups but the differences were larger for normal children than leukemic children. The major effect of the FA- medium was a generalized increase in aberration frequency over all sites rather than site-specific increases. A tendency toward clumping of aberrations within cells was exhibited in both media. Aberrations were seen at 81% (FA+) and 83% (FA ) of the 69 bands, with 4 sites - 3p14, 6p21, 9q13, and 17q23 - recorded in most of the study individuals. In addition, 12 sites not previously recorded as common or rare sites had significant levels of expression in at least one study group. PMID- 3198133 TI - Effect of human blood mononuclear cell populations in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) using two murine (CO17-1A and Br55-2) and one chimeric (17 1A) monoclonal antibodies against a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (SW948). AB - Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy individuals were studied for their lytic capability in ADCC using SW948 (a human colorectal carcinoma cell line) as target cells. Three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were used: two mouse MAbs (IgG2A) against the antigenic structures CO17-1A and BR55-2 respectively and one chimeric MAb 17-1A (IgG1) (mouse-human). Three kinds of effector cells were prepared. PBMC were purified on a Ficoll-Isopaque gradient (FIP cells) (a mixture of lymphocytes and monocytes). To obtain pure monocytes (greater than 90%), PBMC were centrifuged on a Nycodenz gradient (Nycodenz cells). Highly purified lymphocytes (greater than 98%) were obtained by treatment of FIP cells with iron powder and removal of phagocytic cells (PBL cells). Monocytes had the highest lytic capability. FIP cells were less effective than monocytes. PBL cells had the poorest killing activity. In reconstitution experiments addition of increasing amount of monocytes to PBL resulted in an augmented cytotoxicity. The numbers of Leu-M3+ cells, Leu-M5+ cells (monocytes) and CD16+ cells correlated positively to cytotoxicity. Higher concentration of MAb 17-1A was required to reach the same level of cytotoxicity using FIP cells as effector cells as compared to monocytes. MAb BR55-2 induced the same cytotoxic activity as MAb 17-1A. Combination of these two MAbs did not increase the lytic capability. Chimeric MAb 17-1A mediated ADCC in a dose-dependent fashion. The chimeric MAb was consistently more effective than the mouse MAb. PMID- 3198132 TI - Genetic studies of low-abundance human plasma proteins. IX. A new allele at the complement subcomponent C1R structural locus. AB - Genetic variation in the C1R subcomponent of the first complement component C1 was investigated in U.S. whites by isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting. In addition to the previously described two alleles, the products of a new and rare third allele designated C1R*3 were detected. The expression of the new allele is consistent with autosomal codominant inheritance, which is confirmed by family data. The frequencies of the C1R*1, C1R*2 and C1R*3 alleles in 201 randomly selected U.S. whites are: 0.908, 0.090, and 0.002, respectively. PMID- 3198134 TI - A screening technique for monoclonal antibody production: application of an indium slide immunoassay. AB - A simple technique is described that is suitable for rapid screening of hybridoma microculture fluids for monoclonal antibody producing hybrids. The procedure measures increase in light scatter due to the antigen-antibody reaction on a surface of indium metal coated upon glass and does not require use of a labeled second antibody. Techniques minimizing nonspecific binding in such assays are presented. The procedure was used to screen hybridoma microculture fluids containing mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against human mitochondrial isoenzyme of aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1). The technique was compared to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and similar semi-quantitative results were found for sample cultures tested in the two procedures. The new screening procedure affords a simple screening assay without sacrificing sensitivity or specificity of standard methods. PMID- 3198135 TI - Optimization of electrofusion parameters for efficient production of murine hybridomas. AB - Several factors which affect the production of murine hybridomas by electrofusion using SP2/0 myelomas were examined. These factors included the ionic composition, specific resistance and osmotic strength of the fusion medium, proteolytic pretreatment of the cells, and field strength of the single, rectangular, 15 or 20 microseconds electric pulse. Individual experiments were observed by phase microscopy, video-recorded, and subsequently analyzed. The efficiency of hybridoma formation was measured by the number of hybrid colonies which survived HAT medium selection. In most cases, the peak efficiency occurred when the pulse field was between 3 and 4 kV/cm. Ca++ and Mg++, in 0.1 and 0.5 mM concentrations, respectively, helped to prevent large-scale SP2/0 lysis following pulse application. Reduction of the osmolarity of the fusion medium allowed for an approximate two-fold increase in the hybrid production efficiency. However, other variations, including an increase of the specific resistance of the medium to 1.7 x 10(4) omega cm, and a reduction of the pulse width to 15 microseconds, allowed significantly higher efficiencies. Dispase pretreatment of the myelomas led to additional improvements when using a 15 microseconds pulse. The data suggest that for this system, the highest efficiencies are obtained by maximizing the attractive polarization forces between cells, while adjusting the ionic composition and pulse parameters to preserve myeloma viability. PMID- 3198136 TI - A spiral nerve cuff electrode for peripheral nerve stimulation. PMID- 3198137 TI - Influences of stimulation conditions on recruitment of myelinated nerve fibers: a model study. PMID- 3198138 TI - Segmentation of echocardiographic images using mathematical morphology. PMID- 3198140 TI - Interference-rejection characteristics of biopotential amplifiers: a comparative analysis. PMID- 3198139 TI - Use of spectral analysis in the detection of frequency differences in the electrogastrograms of normal and diabetic subjects. PMID- 3198141 TI - Mathematical dipoles are adequate to describe realistic generators of human brain activity. PMID- 3198142 TI - Biochemical and acoustical parameters of normal canine skin. PMID- 3198143 TI - Interdome interactions in cutaneous type I receptors. PMID- 3198144 TI - A volume conductor model of the thorax for the study of defibrillation fields. PMID- 3198145 TI - Moderation of antibody response to defined antigens. PMID- 3198146 TI - Sexual dimorphism on the immune responses of the snake, Psammophis sibilans. AB - Recent trends in research have documented the influence of sex factors on the immune response of higher vertebrates. The present study is the first to indicate the existence of sex-dependent differences in the immune potentiality in reptiles. In optimal seasonal conditions, kinetics of the primary anti-rat erythrocytes (RRBC) antibody response were compared in individual male and female snakes, Psammophis sibilans. Antigen specific rosette forming cells (RFC) were enumerated in the spleen after in vivo primary immunization with 0.5 ml of 10% RRBC. A greater RFC activity as well as highest antibody titers were noted in females as compared to males. In addition, the peak of primary antibody response to RRBC in males was somewhat delayed in comparison with females. A similar pattern of sex-dependent differences was also observed regarding mitogen responsiveness to Con A, PHA and LPS with female lymphocytes being always the highest responders. In conclusion, female snakes demonstrated an elevated response in almost all comparative tests. Thereafter, at least under physiological conditions, our observations suggest a possible influence of sex hormones as immunoenhancers/immunosuppressors in reptiles. PMID- 3198148 TI - Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 1987. WHO Nomenclature Committee. PMID- 3198147 TI - Comparison of NK activity in mouse spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes. AB - Natural killer (NK) cells originating in mouse peripheral blood were studied with regard to their lytic activity against YAC-1 target cells and to their expression of asialo-GM1 marker on their surface. In Balb/c, CBA/LAK and A/J mice, PBL were found to be approximately twice as effective as splenocytes. Splenic and peripheral NK cells were shown by flow cytometry to have similar lytic potential per cell; the difference in NK activity found in the spleen and in PBL was solely due to the differences in the size of the NK cell population found in the two sites. Strain distribution of NK activity in PBL followed the same pattern observed in splenocytes. The difference in NK activity between CBA and Balb/c mice was shown to be due to the fact that the lytic potential per NK cell was approximately twice as high in the former. PMID- 3198149 TI - Morphology and replication of a degenerating chromosome in Drosophila miranda. PMID- 3198151 TI - Suppression of LH levels in male rats by a 10 K dalton peptide isolated from human testes. PMID- 3198152 TI - Effect of pinealectomy and photoperiod on testis and thyroid gland of the Indian tropical palm-squirrel Funambulus pennanti. PMID- 3198150 TI - Cytometric studies on lymphoid cells from normal and leukaemic AKR mice. PMID- 3198154 TI - Nature of PGE2 induced inhibition of acetylcholine contracture of rectus abdominis muscle of toad. PMID- 3198153 TI - Effect of magnesium and pyridoxine supplementation on glycolate induced hyperoxaluria in male albino rats. PMID- 3198156 TI - In vitro uptake and release of epinephrine in chicken spleen slices. PMID- 3198155 TI - Neuromuscular blocking activity of 6-phenylphenanthridine-3,8-bis-(tri methylammonium) iodide (compound 76-805). PMID- 3198157 TI - Inhibition of albumin denaturation and antiinflammatory activity of dehydrozingerone and its analogs. PMID- 3198158 TI - Calcium oxalate crystal growth studies in polyacrylamide gels: Part I--Influence of urea and amino acids on crystal aggregation. PMID- 3198159 TI - Strain improvement studies for neomycin production by Streptomyces marinensis. PMID- 3198161 TI - Acrosome separation from buffalo spermatozoa by chemical dissection. PMID- 3198160 TI - In vitro effectiveness of estradiol-17 beta, androgens, corticosteroids, progesterone, and other pregnene derivatives on germinal vesicle breakdown in oocytes of the exotic common carp Cyprinus carpio (L.). PMID- 3198163 TI - Heart lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes as a function of age, exercise and experimental necrosis. PMID- 3198162 TI - Protective efficacy of dithiothreitol in experimental acute renal failure: a verification with lipolytic activity of adipose tissue. PMID- 3198164 TI - Separation of human plasma lipoproteins suitable for cholesterol determination by gel permeation chromatography. PMID- 3198165 TI - Biodistribution and plasma protein binding of 2-formyl-1-methyl pyridinium methiodide (2-PAM) in sheep (Ovis aries). PMID- 3198167 TI - Effect of injected organ homogenates on tissue lipid metabolites of uninfected snail host Lymnaea luteola. PMID- 3198166 TI - Karyotypes and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in various types of leukemia. PMID- 3198168 TI - Detection of HBsAg in circulating immune complexes in asymptomatic carriers & various hepatic disorders due to hepatitis B virus. PMID- 3198169 TI - Comparison of sensitivity of Mycobacterium spp. to combinations of clavulanic acid & penicillins with certain antitubercular agents. PMID- 3198170 TI - Hydrogen peroxide producing potential of alveolar macrophages & blood monocytes in pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 3198171 TI - A sensitive ELISA for detection of circulating antigens in kala azar patients. PMID- 3198172 TI - Role of microbial study in selection of subjects for in vitro fertilization & embryo transfer (IVF-ET). PMID- 3198174 TI - Serum HDL-cholesterol & urinary cholesterol in nephrotic syndrome. PMID- 3198173 TI - Interference of antithyroglobulin autoantibodies in serum thyroglobulin estimation by RIA. PMID- 3198176 TI - Platelet monoamine oxidase in unipolar and bipolar depression. PMID- 3198175 TI - Globin synthesis in thalassemia syndromes among Indians--a preliminary report. PMID- 3198177 TI - Development of paracetamol induced hepatocellular tolerance in albino rats. PMID- 3198178 TI - A preliminary report on influence of progesterone on bacterial multiplication in experimental mouse pyelonephritis. PMID- 3198179 TI - Ocular biometry in primary angle closure glaucoma in Indians. PMID- 3198180 TI - Mechanism of anti-ulcerogenic effect of amentoflavone. PMID- 3198181 TI - In vitro susceptibility of thiamphenicol against Salmonella typhi. PMID- 3198182 TI - Comparison of L-asparaginase activity in different species of Vibrio. PMID- 3198183 TI - Autogenous vaccine therapy in human cutaneous staphylococcosis. PMID- 3198185 TI - Seminal plasma & sperm antibody activity in vaginal fluid of infertile women. PMID- 3198184 TI - Comparison of clotrimazole with nystatin in preventing oral candidiasis in neutropaenic patients. PMID- 3198186 TI - Vascular adrenoceptor sensitivity to graded doses of norepinephrine infusions in undernourished subjects. PMID- 3198187 TI - A protocol to detect neurological disorders in the community. PMID- 3198189 TI - Coliform count in water sources in an urban slum community in Burdwan, West Bengal. PMID- 3198188 TI - Sperm immobilizing activity of betaine obtained from Malvaviscus conzattii flower extract. PMID- 3198190 TI - The classification of childhood tumours. PMID- 3198191 TI - Methods for detecting DNA damaging agents in humans: applications in cancer epidemiology and prevention. Proceedings of a symposium. Espoo, Finland, 2-4 September 1987. PMID- 3198192 TI - Immunocytochemical localization of DNA adducts in rat tissues following treatment with N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine. AB - Immunocytochemical visualization of O6-methylguanosine (meGua) and 7-meGua shows that DNA methylation by N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine(NMBzA) occurs not only in the target organs for tumour induction by this nitrosamine, the oesophagus and (occasionally) the tongue, but also in other tissues (liver, lung, trachea, tracheal glands and nasal cavity) for which no tumour induction by NMBzA has been reported. Thus, the organotropic carcinogenic action of NMBzA cannot be exclusively ascribed to differences in levels of DNA methylation. Additional determinants of the cancer risk in extra-oesophageal tissues could be the small size of the NMBzA-activating target cell population and a low proliferative activity. PMID- 3198193 TI - A model system for studying covalent binding of food carcinogens MeIQx, MeIQ and IQ to DNA and protein. AB - We have studied the covalent binding of carcinogenic aminoimidazoazaarene compounds to macromolecules in a microsomal model system. The 14C-labelled compounds were incubated with rat-liver microsomes, and binding to macromolecules was measured after their precipitation on glass filters, which were washed several times in organic solvents. The amount of radioactivity was determined by liquid scintillation counting. Covalent binding was dependent on the addition of NADPH, with an optimal concentration of about 1 mM. The binding appeared to follow saturation kinetics when carcinogen concentrations were lower than 200 microM, with Km values of less than 20 microM. At 50 microM, 2-amino-3,4 dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoline (MeIQ) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoline (IQ) bound more effectively than 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoxaline (MeIQx). When DNA was included in the incubations, binding to this macromolecule was ten-fold less per milligram than binding to proteins. In comparison with microsomes from untreated animals, those from rats treated with beta-naphthoflavone caused up to nine-fold more binding of MeIQx, six-fold more of IQ and three times as much of MeIQ. Induction by Aroclor 1254 caused up to 17 fold more binding, whereas induction by phenobarbital caused up to three-fold more binding. The effects of the inducers were greatest for MeIQx and IQ, while smaller effects were seen for MeIQ. The results are most consistent with cytochrome P450-dependent metabolic activation of the carcinogens to hydroxylamine metabolites, for which an isoenzyme(s) inducible by polyaromatic and polychlorinated hydrocarbons is most effective. To our knowledge, this is the first report that MeIQx is metabolized to reactive species capable of covalent binding to macromolecules. PMID- 3198194 TI - Approaches to the development of assays for interaction of tobacco-specific nitrosamines with haemoglobin and DNA. AB - The tobacco-specific, nicotine-derived nitrosamines 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3 pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) are among the most important carcinogens in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Treatment of Fischer 344 rats with these carcinogens resulted in alkylation of haemoglobin and DNA by the 4-(3 pyridyl)-4-oxobutyl group formed during their metabolism. This alkyl group can be detached from globin or DNA under mild hydrolytic conditions as 4-hydroxy-1-(3 pyridyl)-1-butanone, which appears to be a potentially useful dosimeter for human exposure to, and activation of, tobacco-specific nitrosamines. PMID- 3198196 TI - Methods for detecting DNA damaging agents in humans. Summary: adducts. PMID- 3198195 TI - Assessment of passive and transplacental exposure to tobacco smoke. AB - Although tobacco smoke has been shown to be highly genotoxic in various experimental systems, most nonmolecular methods designed to assess exposure to mutagens are too insensitive to detect passive exposure to tobacco smoke. Biochemical markers of intake--cotinine and thiocyanates in body fluids--were shown to be elevated after occupational, passive or transplacental exposure to tobacco smoke, while no response was seen in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in cultured blood lymphocytes. After occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, the intake marker levels are generally less than 5% of the levels found in active smokers, while cord blood levels (representing fetal exposure) are at about the same level as in the mothers at the time of delivery. PMID- 3198197 TI - Haemoglobin adducts of aromatic amines in people exposed to cigarette smoke. AB - In a population-based study in Turin, Italy, smokers of blond tobacco showed 4 aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) adduct levels some three times higher than nonsmoking subjects, and smokers of black tobacco showed levels about five times greater than nonsmokers. A dose-response relationship between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and 4-ABP adduct level was observed, but did not account for the higher adduct levels observed in smokers of black tobacco. Smoking-related increases in haemoglobin adducts were also observed for o-toluidine, p-toluidine, 2,4-dimethylaniline and 2-ethylaniline. Smoking subjects showed 3-aminobiphenyl adduct levels about 12 times greater than those of nonsmokers, who rarely showed a detectable level. This may indicate that there are fewer sources of 3 aminobiphenyl exposure not related to tobacco smoke. Smokers of black tobacco showed higher adduct levels than smokers of blond tobacco for 4-ABP, p-toluidine and 2,4-dimethylaniline. PMID- 3198198 TI - Haemoglobin binding in control of exposure to and risk assessment of aromatic amines. AB - Haemoglobin is proposed as a dose monitor for aromatic amines. Metabolically formed nitrosoarenes react with sulphydryl groups of haemoglobin and, after intramolecular rearrangement, yield sulphinic acid amides. This type of adduct is stable in vivo but can readily be hydrolysed after haemoglobin is isolated from blood samples, usually yielding the parent amine, which is quantified by gas chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. The haemoglobin binding index was determined in rats for a series of monocyclic aromatic amines, benzidine and some benzidine congeners. The following relationships are discussed: between binding of metabolites to DNA and to proteins; between haemoglobin binding and biological endpoints such as carcinogenesis and methaemoglobin formation; and between haemoglobin binding and molecular endpoints such as DNA binding and protein binding in liver and kidney. Haemoglobin binding correlates with a biologically active dose of aromatic amines and is thus well suited for monitoring exposure. The relationship between haemoglobin binding and the dose at critical targets is more complex, and, at present, carcinogenic risk cannot be assessed from biological monitoring data. PMID- 3198199 TI - Assessment of exposure and susceptibility to aromatic amine carcinogens. AB - As a consequence of human exposure to carcinogenic aromatic amines, biochemical approaches to risk assessment have emphasized metabolic determinants of individual susceptibility and quantification of arylamine-macromolecular adducts. A known genetic polymorphism in humans, hepatic arylamine acetyltransferase activity, has been associated with differences in individual susceptibility to urinary bladder (slow acetylators) and colorectal (rapid acetylators) cancers. Similarly, the high specificity of an inducible human cytochrome P450 towards the N-oxidation of 4-aminobiphenyl and other aromatic amines is consistent with metabolic differences that can be used to predict relative human risk. Exposure to aromatic amines has also been documented, primarily by quantification of adducts with protein or DNA. Using 32P-postlabelling methods and a competitive avidin/biotin-amplified enzyme-linked immunoassay, we have estimated 4 aminobiphenyl-DNA adduct levels in surgical samples of human peripheral lung and urinary bladder epithelium and report values ranging from 2 to 97 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides. PMID- 3198200 TI - DNA adduct formation during continuous feeding of 2-acetylaminofluorene at multiple concentrations. AB - A linear relationship was observed between the administered dose and DNA adduct levels in the livers and bladders of BALB/c mice fed the carcinogen, 2 acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), continuously for one month. A similar linear correlation was found between the probit of the liver tumour incidence and the log of the liver DNA adduct levels; however, because there is a no-observable effect level for bladder tumour induction, the relationship between the probit of the bladder tumour incidence and bladder DNA adduct levels was not linear. These data suggest that the relationship between DNA adduct formation and tumour incidence may be tissue specific. PMID- 3198202 TI - Micronuclei in cytokinesis-blocked lymphocytes as an index of occupational exposure to alkylating cytostatic drugs. AB - Micronucleated peripheral blood lymphocytes were analysed in cytochalasin-B treated binucleated lymphocytes using cytocentrifuged preparations. Increased numbers of micronuclei were observed in lymphocytes of groups of workers from industry and hospitals potentially exposed to cyclophosphamide. The finding was independent of the age of the subjects, which was also correlated with micronuclei formation. PMID- 3198201 TI - Methods for detecting DNA damaging agents in humans. Summary: epidemiological applications. PMID- 3198204 TI - Single-strand breaks in DNA of peripheral lymphocytes of styrene-exposed workers. AB - Single-strand breaks (SSB) were determined by means of the DNA unwinding technique in peripheral lymphocytes of styrene-exposed workers and referents. A slight increase in SSB was observed among exposed subjects in comparison with a control group of office workers. A correlation was found between SSB, the excretion of mandelic acid and the concentration of styrene glycol in blood. The present work suggests that the DNA unwinding technique can be used for screening workers exposed to genotoxic compounds. PMID- 3198205 TI - Induction of single-strand breaks in liver DNA of mice after inhalation of vinyl chloride. AB - NMRI female mice were exposed to 100, 250 and 500 ppm vinyl chloride (VC). Cell nuclei were prepared from the liver, and single-strand breaks (SSB) were determined by the DNA unwinding technique. Haemoglobin (Hb) was isolated from the blood, and the degree of alkylation was determined as a measure of in-vivo dose by means of a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. A maximum level of SSB in liver DNA and of adduct levels of Hb was reached at 500 ppm, indicating that saturation of metabolic activation of VC had been achieved. The results demonstrate that VC induces SSB in liver DNA of mice in a dose-dependent manner and that about 80% of the damage is repaired within 20 h. PMID- 3198206 TI - Determination of specific mercapturic acids in human urine after experimental exposure to toluene or o-xylene. AB - Volunteers were exposed to toluene and o-xylene for 4 h at 300 mg/m3 and 350 mg/m3, respectively, in an exposure chamber. Urine voided during and after the exposure was analysed for S-benzyl-N-acetylcysteine (toluene mercapturic acid) and S-(o-methylbenzyl)-N-acetylcysteine (o-xylene mercapturic acid). The amount of S-(o-methylbenzyl)-N-acetylcysteine found in urine after exposure corresponded to a metabolic yield of less than about 0.01% of the total uptake. No S-benzyl-N acetylcysteine was found. Thus, determination of specific mercapturic acids after exposure to toluene or o-xylene can hardly be used for genotoxic monitoring. PMID- 3198203 TI - Detection of styrene oxide-DNA adducts in lymphocytes of a worker exposed to styrene. AB - The 32P-postlabelling procedure has been used to detect styrene oxide (SO)-DNA adducts. Reactions of SO with DNA and dGMP in vitro produced adducts that were similar, indicating that dGMP was the primary base for modification in DNA. Two SO adducts were also detected in DNA isolated from lymphocytes of a styrene exposed worker but not in DNA from an unexposed worker. These results indicate that 32P-postlabelling can be used for quantification of DNA adducts in workers exposed to styrene. PMID- 3198207 TI - Estimation of the cancer risk of genotoxic chemicals by the rad-equivalence approach. AB - The genotoxic effectiveness of ethylene oxide is compared with that of gamma radiation, as measured by induced transformation of C3H 10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts. The resultant value of the quality factor, Q approximately 80 rad/mM X h, is compatible with earlier data on mutation and other endpoints in various test systems. This quality factor can thus be used to estimate the risk of exposures to ethylene oxide or its precursor, ethene, on the basis of human doses monitored by haemoglobin adducts. PMID- 3198208 TI - Epidemiological studies on ethylene oxide and cancer: an updating. AB - In 1959, Dr Lars Ehrenberg and a coworker warned the Swedish authorities that ethylene oxide, a common chemical, constituted a potential cancer hazard. Twenty years later, the first epidemiological study and case reports were published indicating an increased cancer risk after occupational exposure to ethylene oxide. An updating of three small Swedish cohorts comprising 709 employees revealed 33 deaths from cancer whereas 20 were expected from national average rates. The excess was due mainly to an increased risk of stomach cancer in one production plant and an excess of blood and lymphatic malignancies in all three cohorts. The results are in accordance with the results of clastogenic, animal and short-term tests and support Professor Ehrenberg's hypothesis, formulated 28 years ago. PMID- 3198209 TI - An immunoassay for monitoring human exposure to ethylene oxide. AB - A novel immunochemical approach has been developed to monitor human exposures to ethylene oxide (EO). The method exploits the interaction of EO with the amino function of the N-terminal valine residue of the alpha-chain of human haemoglobin (Hb). Antibodies were raised against the adducted valine in the form of the N terminal tryptic heptapeptide and have been used to develop a sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the adducted heptapeptide. This method has been fully validated against a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method and has been applied to the monitoring of EO exposure in a group of sterilization workers. PMID- 3198211 TI - 2-Hydroxyethylation of haemoglobin in man. AB - Exposure of humans to 2-hydroxyethylating agents, such as ethylene oxide, results in the formation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine (HOEtVal) at the N-terminal amino acid of haemoglobin. A novel method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been used to monitor the presence of this adduct in smokers and control subjects, and dose-response relationships were investigated between HOEtVal in haemoglobin, number of cigarettes smoked per day and plasma cotinine levels. PMID- 3198210 TI - Determination of specific urinary thioethers derived from acrylonitrile and ethylene oxide. AB - A simple analytical method has been developed for the determination of specific urinary thioethers. Mercapturic acids present in urine are first de-acetylated enzymatically or by acid hydrolysis. Cysteine conjugates thus formed are reacted with o-phthalaldehyde and mercaptoethanol, yielding fluorescent derivatives, which are further separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in a reverse-phase system. The method is applicable to the determination of the following thioethers: 2-hydroxyethylmercapturic acid (N-acetyl-S-2-hydroxyethyl-L cysteine; HMA), carboxymethylmercapturic acid (N-acetyl-S-carboxymethyl-L cysteine; CAMA) and 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid (N-acetyl-S-2-cyanoethyl-L cysteine; CYMA), and the corresponding cysteine conjugates, S-2-hydroxyethyl-L cysteine (HCYS), S-2-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine (CACYS) and S-2-cyanoethyl-L cysteine (CYCYS). The excretion pattern of these thioethers in rats exposed to acrylonitrile and various rodents exposed to ethylene oxide is reported. Thioether excretion can be dependent on species and route of administration. The analytical procedure may prove to be applicable to the biological monitoring in humans of exposure to acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, 1,2 dibromoethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. PMID- 3198213 TI - Determination of 7-methylguanine by immunoassay. AB - Antisera to 7-methylguanine (7-meGua) were obtained using a novel analogue of 7 meGua which was bound covalently to methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) and was used as an antigen. Rabbit antisera at high dilution (1 in 10(5] recognized 7 meGua-ovalbumin, and the free base itself was detected at low levels (1 pmol/well) in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A number of purines have been screened for cross-reactivity, and only those of closely related structure (e.g., 7-methylxanthine) cross-reacted to any appreciable extent (50% inhibition at 250 pmol/well). The ELISA procedure was used to quantify 7-meGua in DNA following neutral thermal hydrolysis. Currently, the sensitivity of this assay is of the order of 10-100 mumol 7-meGua/mol Gua. PMID- 3198212 TI - Detection of O4-ethylthymine in human liver DNA. AB - O4-Ethyl-2'-deoxythymidine (O4-EtdThy) in human liver DNA was quantified, in order to monitor possible human exposure to ethylating agents, using a highly sensitive immunological detection method. In 30 of 33 cases analysed, O4-EtdThy was detected at above the detection limit (i.e., 3 x 10(-8) O4-EtdThy/2'-deoxy thymidine[dThy]), indicating actual chronic exposure to ethylating agents. The mean content of O4-EtdThy in 19 cases of malignant tumours was significantly higher than that in 11 nonmalignant cases (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3198214 TI - Detection of O6-methylguanine in human DNA. AB - Using very specific antibodies in sensitive radioimmunoassays for O6 methyldeoxyguanosine (O6-medGuo), we have been able to detect the presence of this modification in human DNA. Since O6-medGuo is not likely to be a normal component of DNA, its presence must be due to exposure to environmental alkylating agents. We have studied two groups of samples, one of which appears to have received exposure to an alkylating agent (so that most members of the group show a detectable level of O6-medGuo). Although some individuals in the other group showed detectable O6-medGuo (sometimes at levels exceeding those observed in the first group), the majority showed undetectable levels. This may indicate that they had much less exposure to environmental alkylating agents than the first group and that some individuals may have received additional exposures due to other factors such as life style or drugs that they may have been given. PMID- 3198215 TI - Detection of DNA adducts by postlabelling with 3H-acetic anhydride. AB - A method has been developed for detecting 7-alkylguanines which is based on derivatization of hydroxyl and primary amino groups with 3H-acetic anhydride. The derivatization procedure is devised for 7-methylguanine, with examination of reaction kinetics. The method is applied to the detection of the isomeric styrene oxide-guanine adducts; styrene-7,8-oxide is the active metabolite of styrene. The procedure can be used as a postlabelling method for the simultaneous detection of several adducts after selective depurination of 7-alkylguanines from DNA. PMID- 3198217 TI - Determination of cisplatin in blood compartments of cancer patients. AB - A new approach has been developed to determine the levels of cisplatin in different blood compartments of treated cancer patients. The cisplatin content of plasma, plasma proteins, red blood cells and white blood cell DNA can be measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The approximate levels of cisplatin were 10, 500 and 100 ng Pt/ml blood in plasma, plasma proteins and haemoglobin, respectively; in white blood cell DNA, the level of cisplatin was about 1 pg/microgram DNA. Preliminary data indicate that cancer patients have measurable amounts of cisplatin in their blood compartments. Furthermore, antibodies have been raised against cisplatin-DNA, with which 50% inhibition occurs at 50-100 fmol cisplatin. The detection limit is about 1-10 fmol cisplatin/microgram DNA. Enzyme immunoassay techniques will be used to detect cisplatin-DNA adducts in white blood cell DNA of cancer patients. PMID- 3198216 TI - Induction and removal of cisplatin-DNA adducts in human cells in vivo and in vitro as measured by immunochemical techniques. AB - The same spectrum of cisplatin adducts was detected in DNA isolated from white blood cells of a cisplatin-treated cancer patient as had been found in cisplatin treated DNA in vitro. The adducts were quantified in femtomole amounts by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with three antisera raised against synthetic cisplatin-containing (oligo)nucleotides. For this assay, DNA samples digested with nucleases were fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography; the fractions were used as inhibitors of antibody binding. Determinations of the main adduct formed, cis-Pt(NH3)2d(pGpG), in patients immediately after a first treatment with equal doses of cisplatin showed interindividual differences in the platination levels of the white blood cells. These differences were found to correlate with those found after in-vitro exposure to cisplatin of blood samples taken from patients before treatment. In vivo, about 75% of the adducts formed after the first treatment were removed within 24 h. During a five-day course, the amounts of the main adduct increased after the first three administrations; no increase was seen on day 4 or 5. By day 6, considerable removal of adducts had occurred. Analysis of the formation and repair of the cis-Pt(NH3)2d(pGpG) adducts in cultured cells, i.e., human fibroblasts with different DNA repair capacities and one bladder and two testicular human cancer cell lines, indicated that both the amounts of adducts formed and the ability of the cells to repair the adducts can differ. These differences appear to determine the susceptibility of the cells for the cytotoxic action of cisplatin. PMID- 3198218 TI - Immunoassay of dithymidine cyclobutane dimers in nanogram quantities of DNA. AB - Immunological assays for DNA photoproducts, which have been in use for a number of years, provide a rapid means for quantifying photodamage in DNA. Radioimmunoassays (RIA) are capable of measuring photoproducts in microgram quantities (1-10 micrograms) of DNA extracted from biological samples, e.g., animal skin or cultured cells. We have refined an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the analysis of cyclobutadithymidine (T-T) photoproducts in nanogram quantities (3-100 ng) of DNA. T-T photoproducts were detectable in 30 ng DNA irradiated with a minimum of 10 J/m2 of 254 nm ultraviolet light (UV). The efficiency of T-T induction in DNA was approximately 4000-fold lower per unit dose using a solar-simulating UV radiation source (290 400 nm) than with 254 nm radiation. The assay was used to measure T-T photoproducts induced by solar-simulated UV radiation in hamster skin and human skin and should be useful for the routine analysis of photoproducts in small amounts of DNA (500-1000 ng) available from human skin biopsies. PMID- 3198219 TI - Novel uses of mass spectrometry in studies of adducts of alkylating agents with nucleic acids and proteins. AB - Several recent and major advances in the technology of mass spectrometry (MS) have greatly promoted use of this technique for the study of the interaction of alkylating agents with biomolecules. MS, in combination with gas chromatography (GC), may now be used to quantify adducts of carcinogens with proteins at levels down to 20 pmol/g protein. Soft ionization techniques have proved invaluable in determining the structure of carcinogen adducts with both DNA and proteins, and the newly developed tandem MS promises to be of considerable use in the characterization of complex carcinogen adduct mixtures. PMID- 3198221 TI - Monitoring human exposure to carcinogens by ultrasensitive postlabelling assays: application to unidentified genotoxicants. AB - The 32P-postlabelling assay is a recently developed analytical tool for the detection and measurement of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) adducts formed by covalent binding of identified or unidentified electrophiles. The detection limit of the assay for many adducts is as low as 0.3 amol adduct/microgram DNA ( = one adduct/10(10) DNA nucleotides, or one adduct per mammalian genome). As presented here, the method can be applied to DNA alterations elicited by (i) complex mixtures of genotoxicants (e.g., cigarette smoke, occupational exposures), (ii) oestrogens (i.e., hormones that cause DNA damage via the formation of unidentified electrophiles), and (iii) DNA-reactive chemicals that may be formed metabolically in animal tissues without known exposure and give rise to adduct like DNA alterations (termed I compounds). PMID- 3198222 TI - An aromatic DNA adduct in colonic mucosa from patients with colorectal cancer. AB - The incidence of colorectal cancer in the western hemisphere is though to be the result, in part, of environmental agents, and many studies strongly implicate diet as a determining factor. It is conceivable that the ingestion of genotoxic chemicals present in food or the endogenous formation of such substances in the gut may initiate colorectal cancer in humans. In the present study, 32P postlabelling has been used to examine DNA from normal-appearing colonic mucosa obtained from (i) patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer and (ii) adult and fetal controls for the presence of aromatic DNA adducts. PMID- 3198220 TI - Pentafluorobenzylation of alkyl and related DNA base adducts facilitates their determination by electrophore detection. AB - The DNA adduct O4-ethylthymine can be alkylated under mild conditions with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. The product has good gas chromatographic characteristics and also forms a structurally characteristic anion in high yield when subjected to electron capture mass spectrometry. Related adducts for other DNA bases behave similarly. These properties stimulated us to develop a general analytical method based on the derivatization reaction. Important for this method is an oxidation-elimination reaction that mildly releases a base from a nucleoside. Thus, a general analytical method based on pentafluorobenzylation is now available for determining many alkyl and related DNA adducts. PMID- 3198223 TI - Enhancement of sensitivity of fluorescence line narrowing spectrometry for detection of carcinogen-DNA adducts. AB - Fluorescence line narrowing (FLN), is a method by which highly characteristic spectra have been obtained for a large number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts and is well suited for the analysis of exposures to complex mixtures of PHA. The basic method is described and recent improvements discussed which overcome one of the major limitations of the method to its wider application to biological samples, that is its sensitivity. PMID- 3198225 TI - Human organ culture techniques for the detection and evaluation of genotoxic agents. AB - In order to obtain information on the genotoxic metabolism of carcinogens in human skin in vivo, model in-vitro systems have been developed to mimic in-vivo metabolism qualitatively. Direct labelling (3H and 14C) and 32P-postlabelling analyses of benzo[alpha]pyrene (BP)-DNA adducts in human skin explants, CD1 mouse explants and CD1 mouse skin in vivo have thus allowed comparisons of the genotoxic metabolism of BP in mouse and human skin. PMID- 3198224 TI - Search for unknown adducts: increase of sensitivity through preselection by biochemical parameters. AB - Electrophilically reactive compounds or metabolites that occur in humans can be monitored through their reaction products with proteins and DNA. The identification of genotoxic risk factors, e.g., by haemoglobin (Hb) adducts, comprises both the identification of the causative factor and an estimate of the contribution to risk. The problems involved are illustrated by efforts to trace the origin of the observed background hydroxyethylations in Hb from persons without occupational exposures. Earlier work showed influences of smoking and, in animal studies, of dietary fat and intestinal flora on the levels of hydroxyethyl adducts to N-terminal valine. Efforts to measure adducts originating from ethene in environmental tobacco smoke and urban air show, however, that the resolving power of the methods used for identifying unknown risk factors must be increased. Studies of groups with excessive living habits and biochemical parameters that favour higher tissue doses of electrophiles would also enhance the possibilities of identifying risk factors. PMID- 3198226 TI - Nonselective and selective methods for biological monitoring of exposure to coal tar products. AB - Biological monitoring of exposure to coal-tar products has been carried out using the nonselective urinary mutagenicity and thioether assays and a selective method for the detection of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine. The sensitivities of the three methods have been compared. In several work environments, no increase that could be related to exposure to coal-tar products was found with the nonselective methods, whereas the levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine were enhanced. The applicability of the method for the detection of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine is further demonstrated. PMID- 3198227 TI - An improved standardized procedure for urine mutagenicity testing. AB - The aim of the present study was to optimize the procedures for urinary mutagenicity testing in order to lower the baseline variation in mutagenic activity found in urine from unexposed subjects and to increase the sensitivity of the method. This was accomplished by using urine from nonsmokers and smokers as well as chemically spiked nonsmokers' urine. Diet was standardized. The number of mutants per ml of urine calculated from the linear portion of the dose response curve was used as a measure of mutagenicity. The parameters investigated were (i) the total volume of urine per resin volume, (ii) the flow rate, (iii) the pH, (iv) the ionic strength of the urine, and (v) elimination of histidine. XAD-2 and C18 Sep-Pak resins recovered mutagens in smokers' urine and in chemically spiked urine with the same efficiency when an optimized procedure was adopted. The optimized procedure using a maximum volume of 50 ml acidified urine per Sep-Pak cartridge, or equal amount of XAD-2 resin, gave well over ten times greater recovery of mutagens from smokers' urine than in earlier reports. Histidine was effectively eliminated, and the background variation was also lowered. PMID- 3198228 TI - Problems in monitoring mutagenicity of human urine. AB - Blue-cotton (-rayon) adsorbable fractions of human urines were examined for mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 with metabolic activation. Ingestion of cooked beef caused significant increases in urinary mutagenicity that were comparable to that caused by cigarette smoking. When a sample obtained after ingestion of cooked beef was passed through a carboxymethyl cellulose column, the mutagenicity of the eluate was found to be almost one order of magnitude greater than that of the original sample, suggesting the presence of antimutagenic factors in the sample. The oleic acid content of the sample was not great enough to account for this phenomenon. Other urine samples subjected to column fractionation were found to contain the putative antimutagenic factors. This finding further confounds the monitoring of urinary mutagenicity. PMID- 3198230 TI - Formation of DNA adduct 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine induced by man-made mineral fibres. AB - Two man-made mineral fibres, rockwool and glasswool, were found to mediate hydroxylation of deoxyguanosine and calf thymus DNA to form the DNA adduct 8 hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine. The modification of the nucleoside is probably mediated by hydroxyl radicals and may play a role in fibre-induced carcinogenesis. PMID- 3198229 TI - Measuring oxidative damage in humans: relation to cancer and ageing. AB - Many uncertainties remain about the free-radical theory of ageing and the role of oxidative damage to DNA in cancer. The chemistry and biochemistry of radical induced DNA damage are now well characterized in vitro, but the complexity of in vivo systems leaves this area still largely unexplored. Measurement of thymine and thymidine glycols in urine may be a means of assaying background levels of radical-induced DNA damage in live organisms. Similar approaches may prove useful for testing some of the predictions of the free-radical theory of ageing and of the contribution of free radicals to cancer. PMID- 3198232 TI - Looking ahead: algebraic thinking about genetics, cell kinetics and cancer. AB - The cancer cell phenotype is modelled as a set of necessary genetic changes containing from one to three changes for any particular set of developmentally identical cells (tissue). This analysis suggests that a person in whose tissue an early genetic change occurs during ontogeny will perforce have a markedly higher number of cells in single sectors containing the necessary set of genetic changes. It is hypothesized that this numerical expectation is a dominant factor in determining the probability that a particular person will develop a tumour in a particular tissue. PMID- 3198231 TI - Application of biological markers to the study of lung cancer causation and prevention. AB - Lung cancer is now the major cause of cancer deaths in the USA and is an increasingly significant cancer worldwide. Biological markers could be used to prevent lung cancer by allowing more timely and precise understanding of the role of environmental factors. So far, biological markers that can serve as carcinogen dosimeters have been investigated in only a small number of pilot studies of populations with current or past exposure to lung carcinogens. We describe several of our collaborative studies involving smokers, various worker populations, lung cancer cases and controls in order to illustrate the advantages and the limitations of 'molecular epidemiology'. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with antibodies to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts has been used in conjunction with one or more of the following: physicochemical techniques to monitor carcinogen adducts on haemoglobin, cytogenetic methods to quantify sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and chromosomal aberrations, and Southern and western blot analyses of oncogene activation. Increased levels of markers of biologically effective doses have generally been seen in exposed and high-risk groups when compared to controls. We have also observed significant background levels of such markers and interindividual variation in levels of certain biological markers resulting from exposures to carcinogens. Thus, these methods may be particularly useful in identifying segments of the population that have received a significant effective dose and hence can be considered to be at elevated risk of cancer. Such studies are necessary to validate laboratory methods and lay the groundwork for more definitive molecular epidemiological investigations of lung cancer. PMID- 3198233 TI - Application of antibody methods to the detection of aflatoxin in human body fluids. AB - Four different approaches to the quantification of human exposure to aflatoxins (AF) are presented: (i) analysis of urinary AF metabolites and DNA adducts, (ii) assay of AF bound to blood proteins and to lymphocyte DNA, (iii) immunocytochemical localization of AF in individual cells, and (iv) detection of AF in human breast milk. The potential applications of these approaches for assessing the role of both AF and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are presented. The advantages and limitations of the methods for use in large-scale epidemiological studies are discussed, with particular attention to sensitivity. PMID- 3198234 TI - Detection in human cells of alkylated macromolecules attributable to exposure to nitrosamines. AB - Various methods for detecting DNA alkylation adducts are described briefly, with emphasis on immunoassays using antibodies against O6-methyldeoxyguanosine (O6 medGua), O4-methylthymidine (O4-meThy) and 7-methyldeoxyguanosine (7-medGua). The application of these methods to epidemiological studies is discussed, and results obtained so far on the presence of DNA alkylation adducts in human tissues are presented. PMID- 3198235 TI - Urinary N-nitrosamino acids as an index of exposure to N-nitroso compounds. AB - On the basis of results from animal experiments and studies in human subjects, the amount of nitrosoproline (NPRO) excreted in 24-hr urine following ingestion of precursors (proline, nitrate) has been measured as an index of endogenous nitrosation. Several protocols of the NPRO test have been applied to human subjects, in order to study the kinetics and dietary modifiers of endogenous nitrosation, and in clinical and epidemiological studies. These studies have demonstrated that endogenous nitrosation in humans is highly complex and is influenced by factors such as gastric pH and amounts of precursors, catalysts and inhibitors. Thus, individual monitoring for nitrosation potential, rather than analyses of precursors in saliva, urine and gastric juice, is necessary in order to establish a causal relationship between endogenous nitrosation and human cancer. Results obtained after application of the NPRO test to subjects at high risk for cancers of the stomach, oesophagus, oral cavity and urinary bladder are summarized. PMID- 3198236 TI - Methods for detecting DNA damaging agents in humans. Summary: methods. PMID- 3198237 TI - Urinary excretion of 3-methyladenine in humans as a marker of nucleic acid methylation. AB - Antisera to 3-methyladenine (3-meAde) were obtained using a novel analogue of 3 meAde which was bound covalently to methylated bovine serum albumin and used as an antigen. 3-meAde keyhole limpet haemocyanin (3-meAde-KLH) was detected at high dilutions of the antisera (1 in 10(4), and 3-meAde itself inhibited the recognition. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), at room temperature, 3-meAde was detected at 1 pmol/well; however, in a non-equilibrium assay at 4 degrees C, a considerable enhancement of sensitivity was obtained, and 3-meAde was detected at 70 fmol/well. Due to the presence of other purines, the direct determination of urinary 3-meAde was not possible, and a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) clean-up step, followed by ELISA, has been developed. Human urine samples have been analysed by this method and the results compared to those obtained by a gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method. PMID- 3198238 TI - N-nitrosoproline excretion in patients with gastric lesions and in a control population. AB - N-Nitrosoproline (NPRO) excretion was measured in a group of hospital in-patients who were identified as either bearing gastric lesions or having apparently healthy stomachs. NPRO was assayed in background 24-h urine samples and then in urines collected after loading doses of nitrate and proline. The presence of gastric lesions was associated with altered gastric juice pH and nitrite concentration, but not with NPRO excretion. The significance of NPRO excretion as a marker of endogenous nitrosation is dependent on the interpretation of this result. PMID- 3198239 TI - Single neuronal activities from CA3 region of hippocampus during conditioning, in mobile unanaesthetised conscious rabbits. AB - Single neuronal activities of 93 units from CA3 region of hippocampus were studied in unanaesthetised mobile rabbits. Effects of repeated reinforced conditioned stimuli (CS+) were observed on these neuronal firing pattern. The conditioned stimuli (CS) consisted of a tone 600 Hz for 6 seconds which was reinforced by a subcutaneous electrical shock (0.4 V, frequency 250 sec, and pulse width 300 microsec) for one second duration (CS+). Ten such CS+ were applied at the gap of 5 min, in between. As majority of CA3 neurons showed irregular spontaneous activities-the histograms drawn after calculation of interspike intervals showed a definite pattern of discharge which could be compared before, during and after multiple CS+. Two groups of neurons could be identified by their resting firing pattern. One group consisting of 21 neurons (22.5% approximately) showed complex spikes, with spike frequency less than 2 to 8 per sec. They were complex spike cells (CSC). The other group consisting of majority of neurons (72 neurons, 77.5% approximately) showed comparatively high spike frequency greater than 8 to 40 per sec (theta cells). Both the group of neurons reacted tonically to CS+. All complex spike cells and 54% of theta cells showed inhibitory reaction and 46% of theta cells showed excitatory reaction to CS+. But with repeated presentation (4th to 5th) of CS+ the reaction gradually declined and finally after tenth CS+ it disappeared and resting firing pattern was observed. Thus it seems that the neurons of CA3 region have an intrinsic habituation capability. The probable cause, mechanism and the significance for the habituation has been discussed here. PMID- 3198240 TI - Effect of flickering light stress on certain biochemical parameters in rats. AB - The acute effects of flickering light of 80 Lux intensity for thirty minutes duration, on plasma corticosterone, total serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) levels were studied in albino rats. Statistically significant increase was observed in the corticosterone, cholesterol, SGOT and SGPT, while a marked reduction was seen in the serum triglyceride level, indicating that the flickering light is a potent stressor to these animals causing alterations in the biochemical parameters studied. PMID- 3198241 TI - Effect of short term yoga practice on ventilatory function tests. AB - Twentyfive normal male volunteers undergoing a ten weeks course in the practice of yoga have been studied by some parameters of ventilatory functions tests. The observations recorded at the end of ten weeks of the course have shown improved ventilatory functions in the form of lowered respiratory rate, increased forced vital capacity, FEV1, maximum breathing capacity and breath holding time, while tidal volume and %FEV1, did not reveal any significant change. Thus, a combined practice of yoga seems to be beneficial on respiratory efficiency. PMID- 3198244 TI - The sex-related difference in the convulsant action of picrotoxin in rats. PMID- 3198242 TI - Late inflammatory swelling by carrageenan in rat's subcutaneous neck tissue. AB - When injected subcutaneously in the dorsum of neck in albino rats, carrageenan produced inflammatory swelling which reached peak after about 16 hr. The occurrence of the peak inflammatory swelling was delayed but not significantly reduced in severity by aspirin or indomethacin which were administered repeatedly. Phenylbutazone significantly reduced and dexamethasone almost completely inhibited it. In rat hind paw model, subplantar carrageenan injection produced peak inflammatory swelling after about 4 hr which was significantly reduced by all anti-inflammatory drugs mentioned above. It is interesting that an inflammagen when injected at different sites in the same species elicits responses which differ in the time course and drug responses. PMID- 3198245 TI - The effect of rifampicin on piroxicam kinetics. PMID- 3198243 TI - Autoinhibition and desensitization of serotonergic responses in guinea pig ileum. AB - The present study was undertaken to investigate the autoinhibition and desensitization of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) using another agonist MK-212 on guinea pig ileum. 5-HT and MK-212 produced dose dependent contractions of guinea pig ileum. The responses to MK-212 were reduced in the presence of 5-HT and vice versa. Neither 5-HT nor MK-212 produced any change in the responses to histamine, acetylcholine or KCl. Increase in Ca++ in bathing fluid reversed the desensitization produced by MK-212 or 5-HT. Our data suggest that 5-HT and MK-212 produce desensitization which is specific for serotonergic receptors and possibly involves Ca++ ions. PMID- 3198246 TI - Effect of Nagarmotha (Cyperus rotundus Linn) on reserpine-induced emesis in pigeons. PMID- 3198248 TI - Instability of leukocyte aggregation: lack of evidence for leukoembolization during various states of inflammation. AB - This study centers on the question of whether the phenomenon of leukocyte aggregation, which is typical to inflammatory conditions, is pathogenic per se. We examined patients and laboratory animals in whom the presence of aggregated leukocytes in the peripheral blood was documented by direct visualization and where, despite the presence of aggregated leukocytes, neither the patients nor the laboratory animals showed clinical or pathological evidence for leukoembolization. Our in vitro findings about the reversibility of the phenomenon of leukocyte aggregation help to explain the above-mentioned observations as well as the well-known daily clinical experience that, despite complement activation and other aggregatory stimuli, there is no clinical or pathological evidence for leukoembolization. PMID- 3198247 TI - Regulation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein plasma concentration by sex steroids and adrenal-cortical hormones during experimental inflammation in the rat. AB - Treatment of adult intact rats with sex steroids (estradiol-17 beta, ethynylestradiol, dihydrotestosterone) raises the concentration of serum acute phase alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Estrogens are more effective than dexamethasone, and experimental inflammation causes an additive effect on AGP synthesis when ethynylestradiol is given simultaneously. Adrenaline is also able to increase the AGP level. Experiments with adrenalectomized and adrenalectomized plus castrated rats result in a 50% reduction in the serum level of AGP as compared with that in normal and hypophysectomized rats. Although ethynylestradiol is the strongest inducer of AGP synthesis in intact animals, it is unable to enhance significantly the AGP level in adrenalectomized rats, contrary to dexamethasone. Adrenalectomized rats are incapable of undergoing a substantial increase in plasma AGP level following experimental inflammation, and ethynylestradiol or adrenaline cannot take the place of dexamethasone in inducing high levels of AGP in these inflamed rats. These results indicate that glucocorticoids play an obligatory role in modulating AGP synthesis either by directly regulating the AGP gene or in modulating AGP synthesis by increasing the stability of AGP mRNA. Finally, it is suggested that glucocorticoids may also act in unmasking receptor binding sites at the AGP gene level for other mediators such as sex steroids and putative inflammatory factors. PMID- 3198249 TI - Fibronectin: source of mannose in a highly purified respiratory mucin. AB - Human bronchial mucin, solubilized in an aqueous solution of sodium azide and protease inhibitors, was purified by molecular sieve chromatography. The mucin was purified by Sepharose 4B and 2B column chromatography. Chemical analyses of this preparation showed a typical mucin profile of amino acids and carbohydrates, except for the presence of an appreciable amount of mannose. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel (5%) electrophoresis of this material showed a high Mr glycoprotein at the top of the gel and two additional bands with mobilities of fibronectin subunits (230 and 210 kD). The fibronectin was separated from the mucin by geletin-Sepharose column chromatography, and the fibronectin eluted from the column was immunologically similar to fibronectin purified from human serum. Ion-exchange chromatography of purified mucin resulted in neutral and acidic fractions. The neutral mucin was the major component. Chemical composition of these two fractions indicated that the amount of threonine, serine, and sialic acid was higher in the acidic fraction, whereas the neutral fraction contained more proline, aspartic acid, leucine, glycine, fucose, and galactose than the acidic fraction. PMID- 3198250 TI - [The dental assistant faced with contamination]. PMID- 3198252 TI - [AIDS and dentists]. PMID- 3198253 TI - [How to protect the patient's face from the prophy-jet]. PMID- 3198251 TI - [Antiseptic activity of a formaldehyde-tyrothricin combination and its effect on gingival inflammation]. PMID- 3198254 TI - Acute volar compartment syndrome of the forearm secondary to fractures of the distal radius. AB - We present five cases of acute volar compartment syndrome developing as a complication of fractures of the distal radius. The patients were all males under the age of 50 years who sustained comminuted or displaced fractures of the distal radius. We suggest that this indicates an 'at risk' group. The interval between injury and the onset of symptoms of volar compartment syndrome varied between 12 and 48 hours. The diagnosis of each case was made clinically and confirmed at operation. With early extensive decompression full neurovascular recovery can be expected. PMID- 3198255 TI - Age, overweight, sex, and knee instability: their relationship to the post traumatic osteoarthrosis of the knee joint. AB - A study was undertaken to find out what effect age, weight and sex had on the development of osteoarthrosis after ligament injuries of the knee. These factors were not important, but the primary treatment determined the functional result. Early stability should be restored. PMID- 3198256 TI - Pilon fractures of the tibia: a study based on 19 cases. AB - Twenty-seven pilon fractures of the tibia were identified from 733 adult tibial and ankle fractures admitted to the Coventry and Warwickshire Hospital in 5 years. Nineteen of the 27 were reviewed. The fractures were classified into types I, II and III according to the AO/ASIF system. Treatment was by splintage in plaster-of-Paris or open reduction and internal fixation, and an external fixator for one type III. Non-operative treatment produced good functional results in all type I fractures, poor results in type II and was not applicable to type III. Eight of 11 types II and III fractures, treated by internal fixation achieved good functional results. Hindfoot disability was assessed from subtalar movements. It is concluded that open reduction and internal fixation is indicated in types II and III pilon fractures. Subtalar motion is negligibly restricted in type I fractures, while in types II and III internal fixation is followed by recovery of hindfoot function. PMID- 3198257 TI - An attempt at self-decapitation: case report. PMID- 3198258 TI - Herbert screw fixation of osteochondral fractures of the patella. AB - Two cases of osteochondral fractures of the patella are presented. These osteochondral fractures have been reduced and fixed with the Herbert scaphoid screw. This screw has several advantages over conventional methods of treatment of osteochondral fractures in that the screw is entirely buried in the bony fragment and no portion of the screw lies proud. The differential pitch of the two threads in the screw allows interfragmentary compression. The size of the screw is such that minimal articular cartilage damage is incurred in inserting the screw and this method of treatment does not require a second arthrotomy for removal of the screws. PMID- 3198260 TI - Silastic foam in injured patients. AB - Four dressing techniques are described; these techniques enable patients with granulating wounds complicating skeletal injuries to be treated as outpatients. The patients perform their own dressings, thus reducing demands on nursing services and freeing hospital beds. In a study of 63 patients there was no problem in managing the wounds from weekly outpatient clinics; good wound healing was achieved. PMID- 3198261 TI - Isolated dislocation of the radial head: a report of two cases. AB - Two cases of isolated dislocation of the radial head in children are presented. The clinical presentation, radiographic appearances, management and prognosis are discussed, and a brief literature review is presented. PMID- 3198259 TI - Development of a Charcot joint after intertrochanteric fracture. PMID- 3198262 TI - "A pulled muscle". Partial avulsion of the extensor indicis proprius tendon following a hyperflexion injury. PMID- 3198263 TI - Intramedullary fixation of fracture of the sternum. AB - A case of fracture of the sternum in a patient suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta is presented. Internal fixation was carried out using a plate which was placed within the medulla. The described technique is simple and useful for the rarely indicated operative treatment of fractures of the sternum. PMID- 3198264 TI - Fracture-dislocation of the ankle with rupture of the deltoid ligament. AB - Rupture of the deltoid ligament usually occurs in association with a fracture of the fibula. While reduction and internal fixation of the fibula is usually recommended, the deltoid ligament is left unrepaired. A 15-month follow-up of 30 patients with such injuries revealed that 41 per cent of the patients continued to experience pain while walking and 34 per cent were restricted by the pain in their activities. In 34 per cent of patients these symptoms originated from chronic overuse of the attenuated deltoid ligament rather than ankle instability which, though present in 17 per cent of cases, was rarely the cause of symptoms. Surgical treatment of these injuries resulted in morbidity and a poor symptomatic and functional result in 41 per cent of patients. PMID- 3198265 TI - The role of the anterior tibio-fibular ligament in talar rotation: an anatomical study. AB - An anatomical study of fresh cadaver ankles has been made to examine the role of the anterior tibio-fibular ligament. It was found that when this ligament was divided along with division of the fibula, either above or below the syndesmosis, there was a degree of external rotation of the talus within the ankle mortise. This suggests that the anterior tibio-fibular ligament is one of the main structures of the ankle joint acting against excessive fibular movement and preventing external rotation of the talus within the ankle joint. PMID- 3198266 TI - Plication of the anterolateral capsule of the ankle with extensor digitorum brevis transfer for chronic lateral ligament instability. AB - Thirty sportsmen and women with chronic sprain of the lateral ligament of the ankle characterized by instability and pathological talar tilt have been treated by plication of the anterolateral capsule with extensor digitorum brevis transfer and all have returned to normal sporting activity. PMID- 3198267 TI - Evans' procedure in the treatment of chronic instability of the ankle. AB - During the period 1979-1983, 34 patients were treated for chronic instability of the ankle which was confirmed by stress radiography, using Evans' procedure. Of the injuries, 65 per cent were sustained at sport. A feeling of instability was the main presenting symptom (85 per cent). All the patients were examined clinically and with stress radiography at follow-up. The results were regarded as good in 27 cases (80 per cent), fair in five (14 per cent) and poor in two cases. None of the patients found the limitation of subtalar inversion disturbing. In the radiographic examination using a Cheuba stress-producing device, the magnitude of anterior drawer instability as well as the talar tilt was significantly reduced (P less than 0.001). PMID- 3198268 TI - External fixation of fractures of the tibia: clinical experience of a new device. AB - The performance of a new external fixator was assessed in 50 cases of various types of fractures of the tibia. The fixator comprises an adjustable single outrigger bearing offset pins which offers considerable versatility in its use. The angle at which the pins are offset gives the device considerable torsional and angulatory stability, but its compressive strength is low, allowing axial loading of the fracture during weight bearing. The incidence of complications such as non-union, malunion, and pin-track infection was low. The time to bony union was shorter in cases in which the fixator was applied without exposure of the fracture, compared with those in which the fracture was reduced under direct vision. The time to bony union was also slightly shorter in cases where external fixation was the primary form of treatment, compared with those receiving preliminary os calcis traction. PMID- 3198269 TI - Fracture clinic referrals: the need for self audit. AB - An audit was carried out on 250 patients who attended an acute orthopaedic clinic following referral from the Accident and Emergency Department. Of the patients 17.2 per cent had an incorrect diagnosis made, and 12 per cent of the patients had been incorrectly treated. Of all plaster splints 49.4 per cent were removed, and 25.4 per cent were substantially altered by the orthopaedic staff. Six per cent of patients were admitted from the clinic. The implications of these results on the need for audit and direct feedback in order to improve the quality of care and efficient use of resources are discussed. PMID- 3198270 TI - Ski injuries, the significance of flake fractures. AB - All patients returning from skiing holidays who had sustained injuries of the knee ligaments were assessed. Thirteen patients had radiologically evident flake fractures around the knee. Of these, all had marked laxity when examined under anaesthetic. In ten cases the accident had occurred at low speed. It is concluded that all knee injuries following a skiing fall must be examined to exclude ligament laxity. The relevance of the bony flakes is discussed. PMID- 3198271 TI - Oil and petrol drum explosions. Injuries and casualties by exploding oil and petrol drums containing various inflammable liquids. AB - If ignited, an evaporated inflammable liquid remaining mixed with air in an oil or petrol drum may cause an explosion in which the top and bottom of the drum are blown off by the blast and act as projectiles causing extensive injuries to persons nearby. To analyse the occurrence of this type of accident and to study the injuries involved information was sought from all police districts in Denmark and all the departments of plastic surgery with a burns unit. The investigation revealed a total of 21 accidents caused by oil drum explosions over a period of 36 years with 16 injured within the last 5 years in a population of five million people. Fifteen accidents occurred during attempts to divide a drum with a disc grinder or a cutting blow-torch; five of the victims were welding drums or using drums as a support when welding or cleaning iron materials and one man was shifting a drum which exploded because of the heat of the sun. Five men were killed: three died from burns and two from fatal brain injuries. Two men with several facial fractures survived. Five victims received injuries to the lower limb and presented with a total of six open, comminuted fractures of the tibia. Nine men had burns covering from 2 to 50 per cent of the body surface, up to 30 per cent of the burns being full-thickness. This paper draws attention to the extreme danger of working on apparently empty oil or petrol drums with tools generating heat or sparks, unless specific precautions are taken. PMID- 3198272 TI - Incidence of osteomalacia in fractures of the proximal end of femur. AB - Twenty-six cases of fractures of the proximal end of the femur were studied to assess the role of osteomalacia. Biochemical, radiological and histological investigations were carried out in all the cases. Osteomalacia, commonly subclinical, was found to be the underlying cause in 65 per cent of cases. Histological analysis of iliac crest biopsy was the only reliable way of diagnosing subclinical osteomalacia. PMID- 3198273 TI - Undisplaced fracture of the neck of the femur: results of treatment of 100 patients treated by single Watson-Jones nail fixation. AB - In a review of 100 patients with clinical and radiological evidence of undisplaced Garden stage I and II fractures of the neck of the femur treated by fixation with a single Watson-Jones nail, the early mortality was 4 per cent and in 93 cases with complete radiological data important displacement of the fracture during surgery occurred on one occasion. Of 72 patients with a mean follow-up of 22.6 months (range 3-83 months) 68 patients (94.4 per cent) achieved union and non-union occurred in 4 patients (5.6 per cent) all of whom required further surgery. In 40 patients with united fractures with a minimum follow-up of 2 years (mean 41.2 months; range 24-83 months) the overall incidence of avascular changes was 22.5 per cent; three patients required revisional surgery for late segmental collapse and a further six patients had avascular changes with minimal symptoms. Single nail fixation is a safe reliable procedure and there appears to be little indication for multiple fixation or compression devices for this fracture. PMID- 3198274 TI - The outcome of fractures of the distal radius in young adults. AB - Fractures of the distal radius in young adults are not uncommon, but have received little attention in the literature. This paper reports a series of 40 fractures of the distal radius. The quality of reduction was found to relate directly to the final result. The authors suggest that open reduction and internal fixation be used more frequently in the management of this fracture. PMID- 3198275 TI - Titanium dioxide induced chemiluminescence of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. AB - The ability of different titanium dioxides (TiO2) to induce production of reactive oxygen metabolites by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was studied. Pure rutile or anatase preparations show only a weak chemiluminescent response. Surface-modified TiO2 causes a strong chemiluminescent response with a biphasic configuration resembling that of quartz. Sonication of the dust suspensions resulted in a strong enhancement of the chemiluminescent response, with each dust preparation showing approximately equal maximal activity. However, coated TiO2 still exhibited a different mode of cell activation. The chemiluminescence inducing activity of the different TiO2 studied did not correlate with their hemolytic activity. As polyvinyl-pyridin-N-oxide (PVPNO) inhibits the chemiluminescence induced by coated TiO2 samples, it seems that both particle size and surface structure determine the mode and intensity of activation of human PMNL by TiO2. The results point out the need for in vivo testing and comparison of different TiO2 preparations. PMID- 3198276 TI - Kinetic interpretation of the exposure test for styrene. AB - The excretion kinetics of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids investigated over three subsequent days after cessation of styrene inhalation could be expressed by biphasic functions, similar for both metabolites; the half-times for the first and the second phases were 2.5 and 30 h, respectively. The possibility of styrene accumulation in exposure repeated daily was assessed by kinetic modelling; it appears negligible if measurements are based on urine samples collected at the end of the working shift. The above contention has been examined in workers exposed to styrene in the polyester industry: concentrations of styrene in air monitored continuously varied from 26 to 130 mg/m3. The relationship between styrene concentration and rate of urinary excretion of the total amount of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids was rectilinear and demonstrated a reasonable agreement between experimental and industrial data. The trends of concentrations within the day and week gave no indication of substantial styrene cumulation under repeated industrial exposure. PMID- 3198277 TI - Influence of diet and other factors on urinary levels of thioethers. AB - Urinary excretion of thioethers has been used as an indicator of exposure to potentially alkylating agents in several studies. These studies, however, often had the disadvantage of high and varying background values. We have studied methods for sampling and determination of urinary thioethers. Modifications have been made making it possible to increase the sensitivity of the method substantially. The thioethers were extracted with ethyl acetate and hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide. The thiols were then determined spectrophotometrically with the reagent of Ellman. The extraction procedure and the addition of the reagent were found to be critical steps, whereas the crude urine samples were comparatively stable during storage at -20 degrees C. Diet was found to be the most important factor. Using a standardized diet over 24 h with chicken, potatoes, bread and dairy products as the major components, excluding vegetables of the Cruciferae family, 24 subjects excreted low amounts of thioethers, 3.2 +/- 0.2 mmol/mol creatinine, (mean +/- SEM). Individual values did not exceed 6.5 mmol/mol creatinine. Without food restrictions the mean values and the standard deviations were increased up to five and ten times respectively. Ingestion of certain foodstuffs increased the thioether excretion up to 20 times. Twelve smokers (20 cig/d) excreted 6.7 +/- 0.4 mmol/mol creatinine (mean +/- SEM, afternoon samples and standardized diet). No effects of gender and age of the subject could be observed. It is recommended that diet factors be kept under strict control to increase the sensitivity of the thioether assay and to avoid misleading results due to diet effects. PMID- 3198278 TI - Radon-222 concentration in groundwater and cancer mortality in North Carolina. AB - In a geographic correlation study, we explored the possibility that residential exposure to radon in groundwater may be related to cancers other than lung cancer. Measurements of radon in groundwater and 1978-1982 cancer mortality data from North Carolina, USA were used to investigate this relationship. Counties were categorized in two levels of radon exposure according to measured radon concentration and geology. In the lower exposure group (unexposed) county mean radon concentrations ranged from 0-228 pCi/l (0-8436 Bq/m3), and in the upper group (potentially exposed) the range of county average concentrations was 229 10892 pCi/l (8473-403004 Bq/m3) (median 1375 pCi/l (50875 Bq/m3)). Adjusted mortality ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for selected cancers, including leukemias, gastro-intestinal tract cancers, and respiratory tract cancers excluding lung cancer. In contrast to other ecologic studies, we found no consistent association between radon level and cancer mortality. PMID- 3198279 TI - Simultaneous determination of urinary creatinine and metabolites of toluene, xylene, styrene, ethylbenzene and phenol by automated high performance liquid chromatography. AB - An attempt was made to establish a method for the direct determination of urinary concentrations of creatinine, hippuric acid, methylhippuric acid and mandelic acid by automated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Urine was diluted with distilled water or mobile phase, then the mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant was injected into HPLC. A stainless-steel column packed with octadecyl silanized silicate was used, and the mobile phase was a solution of [20 mM potassium phosphate monobasic containing 3 mM sodium 1 decanesulfonate]/acetonitrile (85/15). Another HPLC method for the determination of urinary concentration of phenol, metabolites of benzene and/or phenol is also described. Phenyl sulfate and phenyl glucuronide in urine were hydrolyzed enzymatically into phenol. The hydrolyzed mixture was injected into HPLC with the ODS column. The mobile phase was a solution of [20 mM potassium phosphate monobasic containing 1 mM sodium 1-decanesulfonate]/acetonitrile (85/15). The ratio of hippuric acid (HA) concentration to creatinine concentration determined by the urine of students after physical exercise was similar to that before exercise. Moreover, the coefficient of correlation found between the toluene concentration in a workshop and the HA concentration in workers' urine, corrected for creatinine, was higher than that obtained between the toluene concentration and the uncorrected HA concentration. For assays on stored urine samples, urine was spotted on filter paper, dried and kept several weeks, and then MA, HA, o MHA, m-MHA and creatinine in the filter paper were eluted with 50% methanol and their concentrations determined by HPLC. PMID- 3198280 TI - Chlorinated drinking water XAD isolates do not affect the sister chromatid exchange frequency. AB - The influence of conventional water treatment on genotoxic activity was investigated in the in vitro sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test after isolating the organic contaminants with XAD-2/4 and XAD-8 macroreticular resins. A dose related, SCE-inducing effect could not be detected in the human peripheral lymphocyte system. PMID- 3198281 TI - Prevalence of vibration-induced white finger and assessment of vibration exposure among travertine workers in Italy. AB - Among 76 stonedrillers and stonecutters/chippers working in the Rapolano travertine quarries (Tuscany, Italy), 27 subjects (35.5%) were affected with vibration-induced white finger (VWF). The median latent period for VWF was ten years (range 0.1-26 years). A VWF prevalence of 8% was found among 60 comparable controls (P less than 0.0001). Vibration measurements showed that the frequency weighted accelerations for two rock-drills and two small chipping hammers ranged from 19.7 to 36.4 m/s2. Weighted accelerations between 2.4 and 4.1 m/s2 were measured on the handles of a vertical grinder and a hand cutter. Vibration data, daily exposure time and total duration of exposure period were used to calculate two indicators of vibration dose such as the four-hour, energy-equivalent, frequency-weighted acceleration (m/s2) and the vibration exposure level (dB). A significant association between the vibration exposure level and the severity of VWF stages was observed among the travertine operators. The dose-effect relationship proposed by ISO 5349 was not suitable for the data of the present study because it overestimates the risk due to hand-transmitted vibration in the travertine workers. Finally, the results of a cold test indicated that the rewarming time of fingertips to room temperature was more prolonged in the operators with VWF than in those without VWF and in the controls. PMID- 3198282 TI - Behavioral studies in petrol pump workers. AB - Behavioral studies were conducted on 90 petrol pump workers to study the effect of petrol on the central and peripheral nervous systems. Sixty-four control subjects of similar age and socio-economic status were also taken for purposes of comparison. Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), Benton Visual Retention Test, Digit Span Test, Progressive Matrices, Digit Symbol Test and Mirror Drawing Test were used for behavioral studies. Immediate and delayed memory were found to be significantly affected in exposed workers. Intellectual capacity and psychomotor ability were also significantly affected (P less than 0.01). Psychomotor ability and visuomotor learning ability were more affected (P less than 0.05) among the exposed subjects than among the controls. However, stability and extroversion introversion ability remained unaffected. PMID- 3198283 TI - Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels. V. Effects of time zone crossings. AB - Daily diary records of sleep and activity, and 4-h measurements of body temperature, performance and subjective alertness were collected on board ship from 15 watchkeepers on the 4-on/8-off system, and from 28 dayworkers, on both westward and eastward transatlantic voyages. The data from a balanced sample of the subjects were analysed over selected 8-d periods of the voyages where four or five time zones were crossed. During these periods the average amount of daily sleep obtained by dayworkers on the eastward voyage was more than 1 h less than that on the westward voyage, and its quality was rated lower. Watchkeepers' main sleep was also shorter when travelling eastward, but this reduction was partially compensated for by a slightly longer secondary sleep. With the exception of subjective alertness on the eastward voyage, the basic phase of the circadian rhythms in the measured variables adjusted appropriately to the clock changes associated with the time zone crossings. The normal shape of the average daily curves was, however, altered differentially in the two directions of travel; as a result, morning levels of all variables were lower on the eastward voyage than on the westward, but evening levels were higher. These distortions of rhythm waveforms, which probably arose from a combination of endogenous and exogenous factors, add another dimension to the basic problem caused by the effects of circadian rhythms on operational efficiency in the shipboard situation. This problem can only be solved by the development of alternative watchkeeping systems which take full account of these rhythms. PMID- 3198284 TI - Work at sea: a study of sleep, and of circadian rhythms in physiological and psychological functions, in watchkeepers on merchant vessels. VI. A sea trial of an alternative watchkeeping system for the merchant marine. AB - A trial of an alternative to the traditional 4-on/8-off watchkeeping system was made on a container ship during a round trip from Europe to the Far East. The three navigating officers on the ship operated the new system, which involved "compressed" working hours with a long unbroken period of rest, during two sections of the voyage, one of which included six stops at ports. Despite unforeseen problems arising mainly from these stops, questionnaire responses concerning the new system were not altogether unfavourable to it, and daily records kept by the officers gave some support to the hypothesis that sleep would be better than under the traditional system. However, a number of difficulties were encountered; these are discussed in relation to the design of future studies of alternative watchkeeping systems. PMID- 3198285 TI - Sensitization to green coffee bean (GCB) and castor bean (CB) allergens among dock workers. AB - Dock workers (n = 218) occupationally exposed to green coffee beans (GCB) were studied, using a specific questionnaire for allergic symptoms and skin tests for common and occupational allergens. Thirty-one workers (14.3%) complained of allergic symptoms of the eye, nose and bronchial system at the workplace. The prick tests, using both commercial allergens and specific extracts prepared from the most common types of coffee and their corresponding sacks, confirmed a sensitization in 21 workers (9.6%). A positive skin reaction to castor beans (CB) was found in nearly all these cases; in ten workers there was also a positive reaction to GCB allergens and in 14 cases prick tests were positive to extracts of sacks. There was a good concordance between prick tests and specific IgE for CB (95.0%) and also, but to a lesser extent, for GCB. The authors concluded that there is a significant risk of sensitization to CB and GCB allergens in dock workers occupied in handling green coffee bean, despite the fact that the exposure is not continuous. CB emerged as a common contaminant of GCB from various countries. For effective prevention, a modification of the methods of transport is required to avoid CB contamination to other products. Eliminating environmental dust during shipping operations is the most important preventive measure and it can be achieved by the use of containers, as some exporting countries are already doing. PMID- 3198286 TI - Effects of lead on red blood cell membrane proteins. AB - The effects of lead on red blood cell (RBC) membrane proteins were studied in two groups of workers with different lead exposure levels: Group I (6 subjects employed in a battery plant) with a mean blood lead of 40.1 (SD = 3.7) micrograms/100 ml; Group II (5 workers employed in different industries) with a mean blood lead of 60.6 (SD = 8.0) micrograms/100 ml, compared with a control group with mean blood lead of 15.6 (SD = 9.3) micrograms/100 ml. The analysis of RBC membrane polypeptides was carried out by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and by using a densitometer for percentage measurement of the bands corresponding to protein fractions. The results show a very significant decrease in Band 3 (anion channel) and 4.1 in more exposed workers (Group II) only. The effects of lead on RBC membrane proteins seem to be evident at blood-lead levels higher (greater than 50 micrograms/100 ml) than those previously reported in literature. These results confirm the effects of lead on membrane proteins, even if the exact mechanism, particularly the influence of proteolysis and the meaning of the interference, still needs to be investigated thoroughly. PMID- 3198288 TI - Comparison of two analytical procedures for the determination of free urinary catecholamines under the demands of shiftwork experiments. AB - A typical shiftwork experiment was chosen to prove the validity of an automated procedure for the analysis of free noradrenaline and adrenaline in urine. The method consists of a column switching technique with an adsorption/elution clean up and a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography followed by chemical reaction detection based on the trihydroxyindole method. The analysis of variance was performed using a second data set obtained by a semi-automated procedure for which the accuracy had already been confirmed. The analysis of covariance showed that for field studies, as well as for laboratory experiments in which the variances contributed by the experiments themselves are greater than 10% rel., the data sets of the two methods provide the same information. PMID- 3198287 TI - Health risk assessment of residents living on harbour sludge. AB - A modelled approach for the assessment of exposure and health risks in a case of soil pollution with an unknown but probably large number of potential contaminants is presented. In 1983 the Steendijkpolder, a housing estate of about 800 houses, an agglomeration of schools and a tennis hall was built directly on a 4-m-thick layer of harbour sludge. The sludge originated from around 20 harbour basins in Rotterdam and the industrial area around the Nieuwe Waterweg. In the soil organic solvents, PAH's, aldrin, dieldrin, isodrin, telodrin and several heavy metals were found to be present as contaminants. Not all contaminants, including a number of halogenated compounds, were identified. The investigation of the other relevant environmental compartments in this situation, e.g. drinking water, indoor-air and home grown vegetables showed that soil ingestion was the predominant route of intake of contaminants. Therefore the exposure of infants (age: 2-3 years) was calculated. The calculated intake of PAH by soil ingestion was around half the average intake of PAH in the daily diet. The extra exposure to drins (a group of cyclodiene insecticides) due to soil ingestion and inhaled contaminated indoor air was calculated to exceed twice the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of dieldrin. The calculated maximal intake of Pb by soil ingestion exceeded the average intake of Pb in the daily diet by around 1.4 times. The maximal intake by soil ingestion of the other identified contaminants was relatively low. It was concluded that with the present knowledge the calculated exposure would not result in observable health damage. PMID- 3198290 TI - Molecular basis of drug action in anesthesia. PMID- 3198289 TI - Isolated and combined effects of prolonged exposures to noise and whole-body vibration on hearing, vision and strain. AB - This study was carried out in order: (1) to examine the effects of isolated and combined prolonged exposures to noise and whole-body vibration on hearing, vision and subjectively experienced strain, and (2) to check the combined effects with repeated exposures. Six male subjects were exposed twice to noise (N) at 92 dBA, whole-body vibration (V) in the Z-axis at 4 Hz and 1.0 ms-2 rms, and noise and vibration (NV) for 90 min with each condition. Temporary threshold shifts of hearing (TTS) and their integrals (ITTS) were measured at 4, 6, 10, and 12 kHz. Visual acuity was examined by means of a very sensitive test. Cross-modality matching (CMM) of the handgrip force was used to judge the subjectively experienced strain. NV induced a clear tendency of higher TTS and ITTS than N, with several significant differences most pronounced at 10 kHz. With repeated exposures, the effect of NV decreased, while the reactions to N and V remained unchanged. The individual reactions to NV differed. The influence of the duration of exposures on vision depended on the condition; N caused time-dependent changes, whereas V did not. CMM-data increased with the duration of the exposure during V and NV. N was generally judged to be more straining than V; NV caused higher strain than V during the first 30 min of exposure only. Correlations between different effects suggest certain links between them. Additionally, less motivation--daily obtained by a questionnaire--often correlated with higher ITTS during N and NV. The results also illustrate the combined effects on the individual susceptibility, repetition of exposure, the kind of response, and, possibly, the actual psychic state. PMID- 3198292 TI - Physiological responses to cold (10 degrees C) in men after six months' practice of yoga exercises. PMID- 3198291 TI - Effect of primary hypohydration on physical work capacity. PMID- 3198293 TI - Effect of season on milk temperature, milk growth hormone, prolactin, and somatic cell counts of lactating cattle. PMID- 3198294 TI - Demonstration of correlations between the 8 and 10 kHz atmospherics and the inflammatory reaction of rats after carrageenan injection. PMID- 3198295 TI - Amoxicillin kinetics and ethanol ingestion. AB - The effect of ethyl alcohol ingestion on amoxicillin kinetics was studied. Eight healthy volunteers participated in the study. They received, in three separate occasions, a 500-mg dose of the antibiotic given with water, hydroalcoholic solution or pisco-sour. Blood samples were drawn at appropriate intervals. Amoxicillin was assayed using a microbiological method. Absorption and disposition parameters were calculated by classical pharmacokinetic techniques. There were no statistical significant differences in the rate of elimination of the antibiotic in the three experimental conditions. Ethanol affected significantly the absorption rate constant, lag time and t peak. On the other hand, Cmax and AUC were not significantly modified. Thus, it can be concluded that ethyl alcohol has influence on the rate but not on the extent of absorption. PMID- 3198296 TI - Some questions of aminoglycoside therapy in the intensive care unit. AB - The pharmacokinetics of tobramycin and gentamycin was studied in patients of the intensive care unit. The "blood-bronchus barrier" was studied by determining the serum and sputum concentrations of the two drugs. At systemic administration, both aminoglycosides passed into the bronchial secretion and when they were inhaled, they appeared in the serum. By culturing the sputum samples of the patients of the intensive care unit, a high ratio of gram-negative pathogens was found. Bacteria were detected in some cases on the objects surrounding the patients, too. PMID- 3198297 TI - Pharmacokinetic study of a new sustained release preparation of propranolol in normal healthy volunteers. AB - The pharmacokinetics of a sustained release (SR) propranolol (Betalong) were compared with conventional propranolol (Inderal) after single and multiple dosing in 8 normal healthy volunteers. The study was designed in a crossover fashion. SR propranolol 80 mg in a single dose maintained the plasma concentration of propranolol above the minimum therapeutic concentration up to 25 h. The steady state propranolol concentration after 80 mg conventional propranolol twice daily and SR propranolol 80 mg daily was almost similar. The results indicate that Betalong (SR propranolol) satisfies the pharmacokinetic criteria expected of a sustained release preparation of propranolol and may be useful in single daily dose. PMID- 3198298 TI - Plasma protein binding of zolpidem in liver and renal insufficiency. AB - Similar degree (65-66%) of binding of zolpidem (0.1 microgram/ml) was found with physiological concentrations of isolated human albumin (40 g/l) or alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (1 g/l). Zolpidem binding was studied in plasma from 6 healthy subjects, 12 patients with renal failure, 12 patients with liver cirrhosis and 12 chronic uremics maintained on hemodialysis as well as in 12 serum samples from the placental cord. The unbound fraction (mean +/- s.e.m.) was 8.1 +/- 0.2% (healthy volunteers), 10.8 +/- 0.4% (renal failure), 11.3 +/- 0.7% (liver cirrhosis); 14.9 +/- 1.0% (before hemodialysis); 9.8 +/- 0.4% (after hemodialysis) and 13.2 +/- 0.9% (placental cord). All values, except those after hemodialysis, were significantly different (Dunnett's test) from those of the volunteers. Hemodialysis significantly increased the binding of zolpidem in plasma. The kinetics of protein binding of zolpidem were investigated in plasma samples from 3 healthy subjects. The average number of binding sites was 1.83 x 10(-7) mol per gram protein and the average association constant was 4.49 x 10(5) M-1. PMID- 3198299 TI - Human pharmacokinetics of erythromycin propionate-N-acetylcysteinate: comparative evaluation with erythromycin stearate and N-acetylcysteine. AB - The pharmacokinetic pattern of erythromycin propionate-N-acetylcysteinate (EPAC) (erythromycin stinoprate I.N.N.), a new derivative, was studied on 12 healthy volunteers after single and multiple oral treatments. Microbiological and/or HPLC analytical methods were used to titer either erythromycin as base, propionate and total or N-acetylcysteine (NAC). In the acute experiment, a comparative evaluation was performed with erythromycin stearate (ES) and with N acetylcysteine, according to a randomized-multi-crossover design. EPAC showed a better bioavailability than ES with longer-lasting serum levels of active antibiotic. NAC concentrations in the serum after EPAC were practically identical to those found after an oral administration of NAC alone. The multiple treatment study, performed in the same 12 volunteers with only EPAC, indicated that the pharmacokinetic pattern is somewhat different from that observed after a single dose, since higher concentrations were present at the steady state conditions. PMID- 3198300 TI - A possible mechanism on the potentiating vascular effect of coadministration of ifenprodil tartrate and calcium hopantenate: a study in the internal carotid artery. AB - Recently, it has been proposed that the combined administration of ifenprodil tartrate and calcium hopantenate might produce a beneficial synergistic effect in the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases. To further examine this clinical phenomena, the blood flow in the internal carotid arteries of the rat and the isometric tension of canine internal carotid arteries were measured with a transit-time ultrasonic volume flowmeter and a force transducer, respectively. Ifenprodil tartrate produced a sustained increase in the internal carotid arterial blood flow of rats, while calcium hopantenate had no effect. However, the increase in the internal carotid arterial blood flow induced by ifenprodil tartrate was significantly enhanced by calcium hopantenate. Ifenprodil tartrate caused a dose-related relaxation of K+-induced contractions in the isolated canine internal carotid arteries, while calcium hopantenate had no effect. The dose-response curve of ifenprodil tartrate was shifted to the left by pre incubation in calcium hopantenate. Ifenprodil tartrate inhibited the K+-induced Ca2+ uptake in the canine internal carotid arteries, and the inhibition induced by ifenprodil tartrate was significantly enhanced by calcium hopantenate. These results suggest that the observed enhancement by calcium hopantenate of the ifenprodil tartrate effect on the internal carotid arterial blood flow was due to increased vascular myorelaxation resulting from the influence of calcium hopantenate on the Ca2+ movement. PMID- 3198301 TI - Relationships between verapamil plasma concentrations and its antihypertensive action. AB - Twenty-seven hypertensive outpatients were studied to evaluate the efficacy of verapamil after a single oral dose as well as following a short-term treatment and also in combination with oxprenolol. Blood pressure was significantly reduced (p 0.01) after verapamil monotherapy and the combined treatment. PR interval was lengthened from 30 min to 4 h during acute testing, and also after short-term treatment. QT was only prolonged after the verapamil monotherapy. Systolic time intervals (STIs) were not modified, except left ventricular ejection time (LVETc). Direct correlations were found among verapamil plasma concentrations and changes provoked on blood pressure and PR interval. The mean side effects found were disturbance of atrioventricular conduction in two patients without ulterior complications. The results suggest that verapamil monotherapy or in combination with oxprenolol could be useful in the treatment of essential hypertension. PMID- 3198302 TI - A survey of analgesic drug utilization within and between clinical units in a health district. AB - A computer-based survey was carried out to compare analgesic prescription within and between three hospitals in a health district. More than 70% of patients in these hospitals were prescribed one or more non-steroidal analgesics, and more than 20% one or more narcotic analgesics at least on an as-required (AR) basis. The program permitted detailed monitoring of prescriptions for particular indications, and of the prevalence of potentially interacting combinations. It was also possible to compare prescribing habits with formulary recommendations. An extension of its use to other drug groups should allow monitoring of the effects of education and of introducing new drug prescribing policies locally and nationally. PMID- 3198303 TI - Atenolol and/or nifedipine in effort angina: which is the treatment of choice for exercise coronary protection? AB - The authors performed a long-term, double-blind, crossover, randomized study on the effects of two drugs (atenolol, 100 mg/day, or nifedipine, 10 mg t.i.d.) when administered alone or in combination on the exercise tolerance in 10 patients with stable angina on effort (mean age 52 +/- 4 years, 8 males and 2 females) and documented significant (greater than or equal to 70%) obstructive coronary lesions at angiography. None of the drug treatments improved exercise duration or maximal sustained work load. Atenolol decreased significantly ST segment depression to -1 +/- 0.8 from -1.91 +/- 0.7, baseline and -2.05 +/- 0.5, placebo. Nifedipine was not better than placebo. The atenolol plus nifedipine treatment was better than placebo (p less than 0.001) or nifedipine alone (p less than 0.05) but was not more significantly efficacious than atenolol alone. Long-term management of exertional angina can be usefully performed using atenolol. The use of nifedipine at the present dose of 10 mg, although well tolerated, did not improve the ST signs of ischemia. PMID- 3198304 TI - Effect of the antiviral compound MDL 20,610 on some aspects of murine immune function. AB - At physiologically relevant concentrations an antiviral compound should not perturb the host's ability to mount an immune response against the infecting virus or some other opportunistic pathogen. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the antiviral compound MDL 20,610 using murine models. When tested in vitro at the limit of aqueous solubility (6 microM), MDL 20,610 has no significant effect on neutrophil function as assessed by cell migration against FMLP and LTB4 gradients, myeloperoxidase secretion or 0.-2 production. In addition, 6 microM MDL 20,610 has no significant effect on macrophage function as determined by 0.-2 production, Ia and Mac-1 antigen expression and expression of Fc gamma receptors. Finally, MDL 20,610 does not significantly affect in vivo (1-100 mg/kg/day) NK cell activity or DTH to oxazolone; but treatment of mice with 50 or 100 mg MDL 20,610/kg/day significantly (P less than 0.01) enhances SRBC IgM antibody synthesis. These data indicate that MDL 20,610 is relatively devoid of immunomodulatory activity. PMID- 3198305 TI - Effect of hydrocortisone on human natural killer activity and its modulation by beta interferon. AB - It is well known that glucocorticoids depress the natural killer (NK) activity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes when used both in vivo and in vitro. Since interferons enhance natural cytotoxicity, potential interaction between beta interferon and hydrocortisone hemisuccinate has been investigated using mononuclear cells of peripheral blood obtained from 17 healthy donors. At the end of in vitro treatment mononuclear cells were tested for NK activity against K562 cells in a 4 h 51Cr-release assay. The results suggest that beta-interferon at the optimal treatment schedule (i.e. before and after exposure to hydrocortisone) is capable of abrogating the hydrocortisone-mediated impairment of NK function. These findings provide valuable suggestions for optimal treatment schedules with beta-interferon (i.e. beta-interferon treatment before and after exposure of effector cells to hydrocortisone) for overriding the suppressive effects of glucocorticoid therapy on natural immunity. PMID- 3198306 TI - Modulation by suramin of NK and monocytic cell-mediated cytotoxicity in human and murine cells. AB - The in vitro effects of suramin, a compound recently tested in AIDS treatment, were investigated on human and murine NK and monocyte macrophage cytotoxicity and monocyte migratory ability. In a short-term, TNF-dependent assay, pre-exposure (4 18 h) to 100-400 micrograms/ml suramin was associated with a markedly increased cytotoxicity by human monocytes and murine-elicited peritoneal macrophages, paralleled by a greater cytotoxic capacity in the supernates of these effectors. Preincubation with the same pharmacological suramin concentrations also resulted in enhanced spontaneous and directed migration in monocytic cells. Suramin preincubated human PBL and murine splenocytes were unchanged in their basal NK cytotoxicity but exhibited a deficient response to IFN. Pre- and post-incubations with suramin resulted in increased macrophagic cytotoxicity for TNF-insensitive targets. Conversely, postincubation of effectors with the drug at 100-400 micrograms/ml was associated with profound decreases in both NK and TNF-mediated macrophagic cytotoxicities, and prior exposure to suramin of macrophagic supernates resulted in reduced cytotoxic activity. The mechanisms involved in the complex modulatory activity of suramin for monocyte macrophages and NK cells and the possible therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3198308 TI - Altered lymphocyte proliferation of immunized rats after neurological manipulation with capsaicin. AB - The neurotoxic agent capsaicin was used for depletion of the content of neuropeptides in c-fibers of the sensory nerve system in rats. The effect of the capsaicin treatment on the immune response was assessed as lymphocyte proliferation of spleen cells, stimulated with Con A. Treatment of 2 day old rat pups and adult rats did not alter the lymphocyte proliferative response to Con A in nonimmunized rats. Spleen cells from capsaicin-treated and subcutaneously immunized rats showed a decreased proliferation response to Con A. Capsaicin treatment of aerosol immunized rats did not affect the proliferation level of the spleen cells to the same extent. The results indicate that abolishment of the content of neuropeptides in the c-fibers of sensory nerves with capsaicin, affects the immune response. PMID- 3198309 TI - Sympathetic activity and food intake of rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. AB - Following ventromedial hypothalamic lesions, food intake increased from 60 to slightly more than 77 kcal/day during the first 6 days. Body weight increased and sympathetic activity, as measured by the electrical firing rate of efferent nerves to interscapular brown adipose tissue, decreased significantly. During a 6 day period of intragastric overfeeding in which animals with hypothalamic lesions received 60 kcal for the first day and 80 kcal for the remaining 5 days, the VMH lesioned animals gained significantly more weight than the intact, sham-lesioned controls. This difference in weight gain was paralleled by the increased weight of liver and white adipose tissue. The lesioned animals showed a highly significant reduction in sympathetic activity compared to the normal or slightly increased values observed in the sham-lesioned animals. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that food-induced increases in sympathetic activity are modulated by the ventromedial hypothalamus. PMID- 3198307 TI - Rosmarinic acid: a new inhibitor of complement C3-convertase with anti inflammatory activity. AB - Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a naturally occurring compound, isolated from Rosmarinus officinalis or Melissa officinalis which inhibits the in vitro immunohaemolysis of antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes by guinea pig serum. In further experiments this reduced immunohaemolysis was found to be due to inhibition of the C3 convertase of the classical complement pathway. The threshold concentration for inhibition of C3-convertase was 10(-6) mol/l. RA with an optimal inhibitory concentration between 5 and 10 mumol/l., resulting in about 70% inhibition of haemolysis. However, higher concentrations of RA were less effective at inhibiting C3-convertase. The inhibition may not be specific for C3-convertase, since another serine protease, elastase, was also weakly inhibited by RA in vitro. RA also exhibited inhibitory activity in three in vivo models in which complement activation plays a role. Thus, RA (0.316-3.16 mg/kg i.m.) reduced paw oedema induced by cobra venom factor (CVF) in the rat, and at 1-100 mg/kg p.o. inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the rat. In addition, at 10 mg/kg i.m. RA impaired in vivo activation by heat-killed Corynebacterium parvum (i.p.) of mouse macrophages, as measured by the decreased capacity of the activated macrophages to undergo the oxidative burst. RA (0.1-10 mg/kg i.m.) did not inhibit t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced paw oedema in the rat, indicating selectivity for complement-dependent processes. PMID- 3198311 TI - Effects of a behavioral weight-loss program food purchases: instructions to shop with a list. AB - Effects of instructions to shop with a list on subsequent food purchases were evaluated in the context of a 12-week behavioral/nutritional weight loss program. In the fifth class, subjects were taught to prepare a weekly menu, convert the menu to a shopping list, adjust the list for foods already on hand and organize the list to be consistent with supermarket layout. Subjects were told to attempt to restrict their purchases to items and amounts on the list. Food purchases were reduced from 16,188 kcal per person per week prior to the shopping class to 9625 kcal during the remainder of the treatment period in five subjects losing greater than or equal to 4.5 kg during treatment and from 14,620 kcal to 12,305 kcal for five subjects losing less than 4.5 kg during the treatment. The decrease for subjects losing less than 4.5 kg did not reach significance, but a further decrease to 10,254 kcal during follow-up was significantly less than pre intervention purchases. Reductions posted by the greater than or equal to 4.5 kg subjects were maintained over a 12-week post-treatment follow-up period. A non equivalent control group of six shoppers who were not attempting to lose weight did not change over the same time period, (averaging 14,470, 14,939 and 12,636 kcal at pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up respectively), ruling out seasonal factors as an alternative explanation. Food purchases were also analyzed for qualitative changes. PMID- 3198310 TI - Differentiation of rabbit adipocyte precursors in primary culture. AB - A primary culture system was used to study the adipose conversion of adipocyte precursors derived from the stromal-vascular fraction of perirenal adipose tissue of rabbit fetuses Differentiation was assessed by the development of glycerol-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, Acid:CoA ligase and lipoprotein lipase activities. Stromal-vascular cells were not able to differentiate when maintained in a medium supplemented with fetal calf serum or with rabbit serum. In contrast, differentiation was induced when the medium was supplemented with rabbit plasma. It also occurred when the growth phase was performed in serum provided that the serum was replaced by plasma when the cultures reached confluence. Supplementation of the culture medium with mesenteric lymph or chylomicrons as lipid sources greatly enhanced both lipid accumulation and the level of enzymatic markers of adipocyte differentiation. Following confluence in serum, cell proliferation ceased almost completely. In contrast, cells in the presence of plasma continued to proliferate, leading to a higher cell density at the time of adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest a positive effect of plasma on the post-confluent mitoses of susceptible cells. To our knowledge, it is the first time that such a difference between plasma and serum has been shown for the differentiation of adipocytes, using an homologous system. These studies also demonstrate that rabbit adipocyte precursors differentiating in primary culture show both similarities to and differences from the adipocytes of cell lines or cell precursors obtained from other animal species. PMID- 3198312 TI - Vitamin A-deficient diet and its effect on the body weight of dehydroretinol-rich freshwater fish. AB - Vitamin A-deficient diet affected the body weight or growth of Heteropneustes fossilis, a freshwater siluroid rich in 3-4,dehydroretinol. The fish lost body weight after 20-30 days of administration of vitamin A-deficient diet. Cessation of growth occurred owing to vitamin A-deprivation, whereas control fish after supplementation of vitamin A continued their growth. Initial growth of the fish after administration of vitamin A-deficient diet is regulated by its initial vitamin A-reserve, whereas successive deficiency lead to the cessation of growth or weight loss. Supplementation of retinyl acetate to vitamin A-deficient fish compensate the loss of body weight. PMID- 3198314 TI - Plasma vitamin A, retinol-binding protein, and prealbumin in postoperative breast cancer patients. AB - Plasma vitamin A and its circulatory transport proteins, retinol-binding protein (RBP) and prealbumin, were measured in nine postoperative female breast cancer patients, who were apparently disease-free at the time of blood collection. The plasma concentrations of these parameters were found to be similar to that of the age- and sex-matched healthy controls with the exception of two patients, who subsequently had cancer recurrence. The values of vitamin A, RBP, and prealbumin were all very low in these two patients. PMID- 3198313 TI - Intrahepatic distribution of vitamin A in humans and rats. AB - Liver vitamin A was determined in 10 different regions of the liver from 13 rats and 17 human individuals deceased of various causes. Linear regression analysis and comparison of the values obtained from the different anatomical regions showed that, despite a high degree of heterogeneity in distribution and lack of a consistent pattern, samples from any of the sites analyzed ensure representativeness of the whole liver concentration, taken as the average of the values from the 10 samples of each liver. This means that properly trained personnel, but not necessarily specialized, could draw the liver samples, thus significantly reducing the cost of surveys of vitamin A status based on liver reserves of the vitamin determined at autopsy. PMID- 3198315 TI - Enterohepatic circulation of newly administered alpha-tocopherol in the rat. AB - We have measured the magnitude of the enterohepatic circulation of newly administered [3H]-alpha-tocopherol in rats. One group of animals (day-1 rats) was used to prepare [3H]-alpha-tocopherol-containing lymph. Another set of animals (day-2 rats) was divided into control and vitamin E supplemented (+E) groups, which were used to study the enterohepatic circulation of [3H]-alpha-tocopherol from day-1 rat lymph administered into the jugular vein of day-2 rats. Mesenteric lymph duct and common bile duct cannulations were performed. The enterohepatic circulation in day-2 rats of intrajugularly administered [3H]-alpha-tocopherol in chylomicrons was found to be 1.78 +/- 0.23% for control and 0.98 +/- 0.08% for +E rats (p less than 0.01). A considerable quantity (13.3 +/- 4.3% in control vs 19.2 +/- 4.7% in +E) of [3H]-radioactivity was recovered in bile over 24 h, of which pure [3H]-alpha-tocopherol was 3.17% in control and 1.04% in +E bile. More than 95% of [3H]-radioactivity recovered in day-2 control and +E bile was more polar than alpha-tocopherol shown by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In contrast, more than 95% of [3H]-radioactivity appearing in day-2 lymph was unchanged alpha-tocopherol. Thus, the magnitude of enterohepatic circulation of alpha-tocopherol is very small in rats. Quantitation of the enterohepatic circulation of vitamin E under different physiological conditions remains to be investigated. PMID- 3198316 TI - Myocardial vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) contents of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats. AB - As a membrane-associated antioxidant, tissue vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) may help protect heart muscle from irreversible necrosis during myocardial ischemia. The vitamin E content of heart-muscle membrane from the spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat, an animal model of cardiovascular disease, has been determined and compared to that of the myocardial membranes of the Wistar-Kyoto normotensive (W/K) parent strain. It was found that SH-rat myocardial membranes contained some 3-fold less vitamin E than did cardiac membranes in the normotensive strain. These data demonstrate that SH-rat myocardium is deficient in membrane alpha-tocopherol and, hence, in its lipid-soluble antioxidant capacity with respect to heart muscle of the normotensive animal. PMID- 3198318 TI - Tissue ascorbate as a metabolic marker in cadmium toxicity. AB - Daily subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride for two weeks to normal and protein restricted rats show significant increase in the wet weight of liver, kidney, adrenal and decrease in pituitary, testis and thyroid, while no significant changes are observed in the brain. The concentration of ascorbic acid (AA) decreased significantly in plasma, liver, kidney, spleen, adrenal, pituitary and brain but increased in testis and thyroid whereas no significant alteration was observed in the pancreas after cadmium treatment in both the dietary regimen. It is apparent that cadmium causes the alteration of AA in different tissues/organs of the body in normal protein dietary state which is further potentiated in protein restricted condition. During stress, the metabolism of different tissues responds differentially as far as their AA concentration is concerned. Therefore the alteration of AA level in the different tissues/organs might have some correlation with the extent of cadmium toxicity. PMID- 3198317 TI - Is pyridoxine an essential nutrient for bone? AB - Plasma PLP and PL levels were drastically reduced in the B6-deficient group. The plasma and erythrocyte activities of AspAT were depressed by 35 and 15%, respectively. The B6-deficient diet also produced a slight decrease in the plasma levels of AP (holoenzyme and bone isoenzyme) and OH-Pro. This change was accompanied by a slight increase of Pi A negative correlation was found between plasma AP and PLP. PMID- 3198319 TI - Blood vitamin C concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus. AB - Plasma and buffy layer vitamin C concentrations have been measured in insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent diabetic patients and the results compared with age and gender matched non-diabetic controls. No differences were found between the controls and the diabetics nor between the different types of diabetes, although patients who had had clinical diabetes for longer had higher plasma vitamin C values than patients in whom the disease was not long standing. There were no significant changes in the distribution of vitamin C between plasma and white cells in the diabetic nor in patients with marked hyperglycaemia. We conclude that the vitamin C intakes of the majority of diabetic patients we studied, who are probably typical of diabetics receiving hospital treatment in the United Kingdom, are adequate and are sufficient to maintain satisfactory plasma and buffy layer vitamin C concentrations. These findings are discussed in the light of reports which have shown lower levels of vitamin C in the blood of diabetic patients and competition between vitamin C and glucose for transport across the cell membrane. PMID- 3198320 TI - Histamine and ascorbic acid: a survey of women in labor at term and significantly before term. AB - In ascorbic acid-requiring species (human, guinea pig), elevations of circulating histamine occur as the result of marginal ascorbic acid status. Marginal ascorbic acid status during pregnancy is associated with preeclampsia, abruption, and prematurity. Furthermore, circulating histamine is known to be elevated in these complications perhaps as a result of placental dysfunction which diminishes normal placental histaminase. We hypothesized that women with preeclampsia and premature labor would have elevated histamine and the lowest concentrations of ascorbic acid. Plasma total whole blood histamine and ascorbic acid were surveyed in women in term (T) and preterm (PT) labor. Blood histamine was elevated in PT compared to T labor but so was plasma ascorbate, indicating that marginal ascorbate status does not cause the elevated circulating histamine observed in PT. However, marginal ascorbate status concomitant with reduced placental histaminase may contribute to further increases in circulating histamine and to any pathology which might result from elevated histamine. Regression analysis of histamine on ascorbate for T and PT labor revealed a significant inverse relationship between ascorbate and histamine only in PT labor (p less than 0.027). An unexpected finding was that a history of maternal cigarette smoking, to a degree which resulted in marginal ascorbic acid status, confounded the relationship between ascorbate and circulating histamine in T labor. PMID- 3198321 TI - Ocular alterations induced by hyperproteinic diet in growing rats. AB - According to literature reports about experimental damages in several organs with high metabolic rate induced by a rich animal protein diet, authors studied in rats, which had been exposed to hyperproteinic diet (casein 40%, lactalbumin 20%) since fetal life, the eyeball and external ocular muscle modifications. Histologic studies at different times have shown that in 60 day old rats a vacuolar degeneration was present in both rod and cone layer and outer nuclear layer of the retina. In 80 day old rats, together with a complete degeneration of the whole retina, external ocular muscles appeared severely fragmentated showing lipid degeneration areas along their bundles. PMID- 3198323 TI - Mortality rate, causes and predictive factors of death in severely obese patients. AB - Several studies have investigated the relationship between obesity and mortality or cardiovascular disease (CVD) reporting conflicting results. The very few data collected on extremely obese patients have shown an increased mortality in these patients compared to the general population. Two hundred and sixtyfour (182 f, 82 m) severely obese patients (BMI greater than or equal to 35 w/h2) living in Southern Italy (hospitalized from 1972 to 1985 in our Metabolic Unit for a weight reduction program) were followed-up for a mean period of 7.1 years. Twentynine (20f, 9m) deaths were recorded during the follow-up. Higher mortality was found at all ages and in both sexes in these patients when compared to the general italian population. The excess mortality reached its peak in the age range 25-54 yrs (observed/expected mortality rate was 6.9 in females and 4.32 in males) diminishing by aging in both sexes (3.52 in females and 1.56 in males in age range 55-72 yrs). Death from CV disease was found more frequent than in the general italian population but it was unable to fully explain the excess mortality. Predictive factors of mortality were: in females age, BMI, and serum glucose and in males only age. In conclusion severely obese patients living in Southern Italy have a very high mortality rate. The excess mortality is not fully explained by cardiovascular disease. PMID- 3198322 TI - The effect of cholesterol feeding on lipid peroxide, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase in the liver of rats. AB - Liver cholesterol, phospholipid, triglyceride, lipid peroxide and glutathione levels as well as glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activities were determined in rats fed a high-cholesterol (2%, w/w), high-cholic acid (0.5%, w/w) diet for 3 months. Cholesterol feeding caused an increase in hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride levels, but no change was observed in hepatic phospholipid levels. In addition, a significant increase in hepatic lipid peroxide levels and a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase activities have been observed. However, hepatic glutathione content after cholesterol feeding remained unchanged. These results show that cholesterol feeding leads to the stimulation of hepatic lipid peroxidation as well as impairment of glutathione-related enzyme activities in rats. PMID- 3198324 TI - Effect of vitamin A deficiency on destruction of vitamin A in vitro by rat erythrocyte lysates. PMID- 3198325 TI - Vitamin A, provitamin A and vitamin E serum concentrations in cystic fibrosis patients. PMID- 3198327 TI - A new long-term in vitro invasion assay using fibrous connective tissue matrices maintaining architectural characteristics of connective tissue. AB - A long-term invasion assay using fibrous connective tissue matrices was developed. The matrices were prepared by treating murine skin or human dura mater with 25 mM ammonium hydroxide containing proteinase inhibitors at 4 degrees C for 7 days. They could be maintained almost indefinitely without the degeneration and necrosis. Electron micrographs of them revealed the preservation of native collagen fibers, and sequential enzyme digestion showed the presence of glycoprotein in the matrices. Local dissolution of extracellular matrix by cultured human rectal adenocarcinoma cell line, RCM-1, was observed morphologically and confirmed by a quantitative assay using radiolabeled matrices. The destruction of extracellular matrix occurred associated with membrane vesicle-shedding from the cells. Both the advantages and disadvantages of this assay were discussed. PMID- 3198326 TI - Invasiveness in vitro of mixed aggregates composed of two human mammary cell lines MCF-7 and HBL-100. AB - Interactions between invasive and noninvasive cells were studied via confronting cultures between mixed cell aggregates and embryonic chick heart fragments in vitro. The mixed aggregates were composed of MCF-7 and HBL-100 cells, both derived from human mammary epithelium. HBL-100 cells invade into the heart fragments when confronted as unmixed aggregates, while MCF-7 cells do not. Using mixed aggregates HBL-100 cells still invade into the heart tissue, but MCF-7 cells sort out to the periphery of the cultures and do not invade. Two mechanisms concerning the noninvasiveness of MCF-7 cells in vitro are discussed: the homotypic adhesion of the MCF-7 cell population due to the presence of numerous desmosomes, and the incapability of MCF-7 cells to migrate on extracellular laminin present in the embryonic chick heart and in the HBL-100 cell population. PMID- 3198328 TI - Molecular rearrangement of 5-(a-hydroxy-alkanoylamino)-2,4,6-triiodo-isophthalic acid amides. AB - Iomeprol, a new nonionic contrast agent, undergoes in alkaline solution a Smiles type intramolecular rearrangement to give 5-methylaminocarbonylmethoxy-2,4,6 triiodoisophthalic acid-bis-(2,3-dihydroxypropylamide). The rearranged product was isolated and its structure confirmed by spectra and by synthesis. The reaction is reversible and could be extended to some structurally related compounds. PMID- 3198329 TI - Isomerism in iohexol and ioxilan. Analysis and implications. AB - Pharmacologically useful contrast media (CM) must be highly water-soluble to form stable supersaturated solutions. Iohexol and ioxilan both contain centers of potential isomerism stemming from the D,L hydroxyalkyls, the carbamoyl substituents, the alkylated anilide nitrogen and the acetylated anilide. The D,L isomers are individual compounds, both highly water-soluble and equally highly hydrophilic. The carbamoyl rotamers result from steric restriction by the adjacent iodines, and are interconvertible at physiologic temperature ranges; only at low temperatures can high field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) identify them. The isomers resulting from the alkylated anilide are fixed, but since they can exist only by reference to fixed carbamoyls, they are not relevant at physiologic temperatures. The N-acetyl endo-/exo-isomers are crystallizable from alcoholic solvents and identifiable by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and hydrogen-1 (1H) and 13C NMR. They interconvert rapidly in water, forming stable and highly soluble mixtures. All isomers of iohexol or ioxilan, based on HPLC, are similarly highly hydrophilic, and are expected to show low binding to biomacromolecules with a concomitantly high biological tolerance. Since these mixtures are unavoidable, they must be considered a pharmacologic entity. PMID- 3198330 TI - Does dilution of contrast media affect contrast enhancement? An experimental study in rats. AB - The effect of contrast media (CM) dilution on contrast enhancement was studied using CM representing four structurally different molecular types at osmolalities ranging from 135 to 1340 mosm/kg. Diatrizoate (ionic monomer), iopamidol (nonionic monomer), ioxaglate (ionic dimer), and iodecol (nonionic dimer) were each given at a dose of 500 mgI/kg and at concentrations of both 300 and 150 mgI/mL. Contrast media concentrations were measured using iodine 125I. Tissue blood volumes were determined using human serum albumin labeled with 131I. For each of the four CM at each of the two concentrations and after each of five time intervals following injection (0, 15, 40, 120, and 300 seconds), five rats were killed (total = 200 rats). Blood and 14 other tissues were studied. Dilution of the CM did not lead to any lower iodine tissue concentrations, iodine distribution volumes, plasma volumes, or hematocrit. The authors conclude that lowering CM osmolality by dilution with water should improve tolerance without affecting CT contrast enhancement. PMID- 3198332 TI - The cardiovascular effects of iodinated contrast media injections. AB - Intravascular iodinated contrast media are used in high doses and high concentrations to achieve the necessary x-ray attenuation. These solutions have densities, viscosities, and osmolalities considerably higher than body fluids. The properties of the solutions are responsible for many of the dose-dependent side effects of intravascular injection. There are significant differences among the media available today; however, all will produce some side effects. PMID- 3198331 TI - A liposomal contrast agent. Preliminary communication. AB - Iopamidol-carrying liposomes were studied as potential hepatosplenographic contrast agents. Large unilamellar vesicles (0.3-1 mu) prepared from phosphatidylcholine:Dipalmotylphosphatidic acid (PC:DPPA) 9:1 and 300 MgI/mL iopamidol solution showed favorable entrapment measured as mg entrapped iodine/mg lipids (I/L). The effect of extrusion through polycarbonate membranes on liposome characteristics and in vivo distribution was investigated. Extrusion above the transition temperature of lipids reduced the average size and size distribution and increased the I/L ratio. Distribution studies of extruded and nonextruded liposomes in rats demonstrated different behavior of the preparations; extruded liposomes showed higher spleen uptake than did unextruded, while liver uptake was comparable; lung entrapment, observed with unextruded particles, was almost eliminated with extruded liposomes. Preliminary imaging studies in rats were carried out at a dose of 250 mgI/kg; typical computed tomography (CT) scans of the liver demonstrated contrast enhancement of greater than or equal to 60 HU from 90' up to 240' after injection. PMID- 3198333 TI - The importance of sodium concentration on the incidence of fibrillation during coronary arteriography in dogs. AB - Coronary arteriography is known to produce electrical disturbances including conduction disturbances, arrhythmias, and ventricular fibrillation. A canine model for studying ventricular fibrillation has been developed that uses relatively long injections in the right coronary artery. In experiments in 49 dogs over a five-year period, the authors have consistently observed that with low osmolality contrast media, the incidence of ventricular fibrillation becomes quite high when the formulation contains less than 3.2 mmol/L sodium. This effect seems independent of the concentration of the contrast media molecules. High concentrations of the ionic monomer diatrizoate cause fibrillation despite high sodium concentrations. PMID- 3198334 TI - The effect of sodium on the fibrillatory potential of ioversol. AB - The spontaneous ventricular fibrillation (VF) potential of the nonionic contrast media, ioversol (IOV), with and without the addition of sodium was examined during right coronary artery (RCA) injections into anesthetized closed-chest dogs. Protocols included fixed volume (6 mL) and fixed rate (0.4 and 0.6 mL/sec) injections to compare two or more of the following: IOV, IOV + (0.075-0.9% wt/vol) NaCl, and sodium/meglumine diatrizoate (DIA). In these studies, the incidence of VF for IOV alone was either greater that with IOV + NaCl formulations or, if equivalent, the incidence of other arrhythmias was greater with IOV alone than with the sodium formulations. When DIA was included in the comparisons, the incidence of VF was always greater than IOV with or without sodium. There was a sodium-related concentration prolongation in QT interval that, at 0.9% NaCl, approximated that with DIA, even though the incidence of VF for the sodium formulation was 0/15 vs. 6/12 for DIA. Thus, the addition of sodium to IOV appears to reduce the propensity for sponteneous VF in the canine model. PMID- 3198335 TI - Contrast media-induced ventricular fibrillation. AB - The incidence of ventricular fibrillation with various contrast media (CM) was assessed by canine right coronary arteriography. After the catheter was impacted into the right coronary artery, it was infused continuously with CM for 25 seconds or until fibrillation occurred. The incidences of ventricular fibrillation were significantly higher with high-osmolality CM and low-osmolality CM without sodium ions than with low-osmolality CM containing a physiologic amount of sodium ions. The incidence of ventricular fibrillation was suggested to be related to hyperosmolality and the absence of sodium ions even in low osmolality CM. PMID- 3198336 TI - Vasodilatation and vasoconstriction in the rabbit isolated aorta. Effects of ioxilan, iohexol, and diatrizoate. AB - The vasomotor effects of contrast media (CM), ioxilan, iohexol, and diatrizoate, and their isoosmotic sucrose solutions as controls, were studied in vitro in rings of thoracic aortas of rabbits. When the osmotic pressure of CM or controls reached the region of 380 mOsm/kg, vasoconstriction developed, reaching a maximum in about 1 hour; it was reversible. It could not be blocked by phentolamine, and therefore did not involve alpha-adrenoceptors. When added to aortic rings precontracted with noradrenaline, all of the CM produced vasodilatation, while reactions to sucrose varied. When endothelium was removed, CM still produced vasodilatation, suggesting a direct chemotoxic effect on smooth muscle. The dilatation effect does not involve the muscarinic receptors, beta-adrenoceptors, or stimulation of prostacyclin synthesis, since the vasodilator response was not blocked by atropine, propranolol, or indomethacin. Blockage of calcium channels did not appear to be a contributing factor. Since the dilator response to all CM was augmented in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor, iso butylmethylxanthine (IBMX), it is likely that CM produce vasodilatation chemotoxically by activating the production of a cyclic nucleotide. PMID- 3198337 TI - Do contrast media aggravate Fanconi's syndrome in rats? A comparison of diatrizoate, iohexol, and ioxilan. AB - Urine profiles (albumin, glucose, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase [NAG], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], L-gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT], sodium, and phosphate) were followed for seven days after intravenous (IV) administration of either diatrizoate, iohexol, ioxilan, or saline in 24 Wistar rats with a tubular dysfunction induced by IV sodium maleate. Ioxilan and saline had a similar effect on albumin excretion, iohexol had an intermediate effect, and diatrizoate increased it significantly from day 2 to day 7. Glucosuria was significantly greater after diatrizoate than after the nonionic contrast media (CM) or saline. Diatrizoate delayed normalization of enzymuria, whereas iohexol and ioxilan did not. None of the CM affected urinary sodium or phosphate excretion. It is concluded that Fanconi's syndrome is significantly aggravated only by diatrizoate. PMID- 3198338 TI - Urine profiles following intravenous diatrizoate, iohexol, or ioxilan in rats. AB - The effects of intravenous diatrizoate, iohexol, ioxilan, or saline on albumin, glucose, sodium and the enzymes N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and L-gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) in the urine of 24 normal Wistar rats were followed for seven days. During the first two hours after administration of diatrizoate, all profile components changed markedly; the albumin excretion was significantly greater than following ioxilan and iohexol; glucose, LDH, and GGT excretions were significantly greater than following ioxilan. Iohexol and ioxilan caused a higher excretion of albumin, LDH, and GGT than saline. Iohexol also increased glucose and sodium levels. Glucose and GGT were significantly higher following iohexol than following ioxilan. Both high osmolar and low osmolar contrast media may cause temporary glomerular and tubular damage. Urine profile components are affected most by diatrizoate, less by iohexol, and least by ioxilan. PMID- 3198339 TI - Iodinated contrast agents: effect on acetylcholine hydrolase. In vitro study. AB - Several conventional and new contrast media were studied in vitro in order to evaluate their effects on acetylcholine hydrolase. Iohexol proved to be the most potent inhibitor of cholinesterase; all other conventional ionic agents are not inhibitors or they are weak inhibitors at the concentrations that are apparently achieved locally in clinical practice. The full clinical significance of the relationship between cholinesterase inhibition in vitro and contrast media toxicity must be reviewed. PMID- 3198340 TI - Effect of a new nonionic contrast agent, ioxilan, on human erythrocytes and the hemostatic and serum complement pathways. AB - A new nonionic contrast medium (CM), ioxilan, was compared with iohexol and iopamidol. Following incubation of whole heparinized blood with CM, the morphology and osmotic fragility of erythrocytes were studied, the former by transmission electron microscopy. Effects on platelets and hemocoagulation were determined by standard hematologic procedures. Effects on serum complement were evaluated by measurement of total hemolytic complement (CH50), C3, C4 consumption and the presence in serums of C3c as determined by immunoelectrophoresis. Ioxilan affected the erythrocyte membrane less than iohexol and iopamidol: the latter two produced acanthocytes, whereas ioxilan had no effect on erythrocyte morphology; also, erythrocytes exposed to ioxilan (and iopamidol) were more resilient to hypotonic saline solutions than those exposed to iohexol. In all tests, all CM showed anticoagulant activity, albeit much less when compared with ionic CM. At equal iodine concentration, ioxilan reduced the platelet aggregation and whole blood clotting time more than did iohexol. None of the CM activated the serum complement system. PMID- 3198341 TI - Use of low-osmolality contrast media in patients with previous reactions. PMID- 3198343 TI - Effect of iodinated contrast media on the phagocytic activity of human leukocytes. A new toxicity test. AB - The effect of radiographic contrast media on zymosan-induced phagocytic activity of human blood samples was studied with an automatic luminometer. At iodine concentration of 0.2% biliary contrast media almost totally inhibited leukocyte phagocytosis. The effects of iohexol and iopamidol were nearly identical, eg, negligible inhibition at 0.05% and about 65% inhibition at 1%. Metrizamide, iodixanol, and iopentol cause no or little inhibition at concentrations 0.05% and 0.2% and about 50% inhibition at the concentration of 1% iodine. Among ionic contrast media, sodium salts inhibited leukocyte phagocytosis in vitro less than methylglucamine salts. Because the chemiluminometric method is rapid and easily reproducible even in large series, it may be useful in toxicity surveys of potential contrast media. PMID- 3198342 TI - Biochemical aspects on adverse reactions to contrast media. Changes of kininogen levels in dog plasma after intravenous injections of iohexol, iopamidol, and iothalamate. AB - The adverse reactions to contrast media have been investigated by several authors but the exact mechanisms have not yet been established. To study whether kinin releasing systems are involved in these adverse reactions, we determined total plasma kininogen levels at intervals up to 30 minutes after the intravenous injections of contrast media in dogs. Injections of iohexol, iopamidol, and iothalamate decreased total plasma kininogen levels. This effect increased with increasing dose of the media and suggests that they activated the kinin-releasing systems in the plasma. PMID- 3198344 TI - Use of peak expiratory flow rate to identify patients with increased risk of contrast medium reaction. Results of preliminary study. AB - Although the intravenous injection of iodinated contrast media is usually well tolerated by patients, it does cause a significant number of side effects. The current study was designed to determine whether the measurement of peak expiratory-flow rate before injection of contrast medium can be taken as a predictor of reactions to contrast media. The study covers a population of 100 patients who underwent excretory urography; those with a history of allergy or atopic hypersensitivity were given premedication before contrast injection. Peak expiratory-flow measurements were made 10 minutes before, and immediately before injection, and at 1 and 15 minutes postinjection by a Wright flow meter. They revealed a subclinical bronchospasm after the intravenous injection of iodinated contrast medium that was more severe for subjects demonstrating an untoward reaction to contrast media. A single measurement of peak expiratory flow 10 minutes before contrast injection is, in itself, a good indicator of increased risk. A patient with a peak expiratory flow of less than 400 L/min 10 minutes before the injection, runs a 3.8 times higher risk of developing an adverse reaction to intravascular radiodiagnostic compounds in this study. PMID- 3198345 TI - A predictive test for adverse reactions to contrast media. Preliminary results. AB - In a prospective study, whole blood samples drawn from patients prior to their being injected with contrast media were incubated with zymosan to activate the complement cascade. The samples were tested for various analytes, including C3a, thromboxane B2 (TxB2), beta thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 (PF4). Of 207 patients receiving contrast media, only eight experienced reactions, which were mild. Levels of the platelet constituents were generally elevated in these patients. Specificity and sensitivity were 89% and 83%, respectively, for the combined TxB2 and PF4 radioimmunoassay data. Using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney rank sum test, both PF4 and TxB2 were collected with RCM reactions at the R less than .05 level. Although preliminary, the results suggest that RCM reactions are predictable by the in vitro test procedures described. PMID- 3198347 TI - A rat EEG model for evaluating contrast media neurotoxicity. AB - The electroencephalographic (EEG) effects of intracisternally administered x-ray contrast media were evaluated in rats as a means of assessing neurotoxicity. Rats were ventilated with a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen (70/30) sufficient to maintain light anesthesia/analgesia and neuromuscular blockade was induced to prevent movement artifacts. A femoral artery was catheterized for monitoring arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate, blood gases, and pH. Four 22-gauge stainless steel needle electrodes were inserted underneath the scalp for recording EEG. Approximately 1 hour after the start of EEG recording, test agents were injected via the cisterna magna and rats were placed in a 20 degrees head down position. EEG and BP were monitored continuously for up to 160 minutes postinjection. Blood gases and pH were monitored periodically. The effects of meglumine iothalamate (IOT), metrizamide (MET), iogulamide (IOG), and ioversol (IOV) were compared at dose levels from 30 to 240 mgI/kg. Normal saline was injected as a control substance and caused no changes in EEG, blood gases, pH, and BP for up to 160 minutes postinjection. IOT (30 mg I/kg) produced profound EEG effects consistent with epileptogenic activity, followed by slowing and subsequent death in 3 of 4 animals. Metrizamide had minimal EEG effects at 30 mg I/kg but at 60 mg I/kg, and 120 mg I/kg produced moderate to severe EEG changes including epileptiform patterns and death in 33% of animals. IOV caused mild EEG abnormalities in 4 of 12 animals at 120 mg I/kg, mild EEG abnormalities in 6 of 11 animals, and moderate EEG abnormalities in 1 of 11 animals at 240 mg I/kg.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198348 TI - Comparison of water-soluble contrast media and barium in rats with small bowel obstruction or ischemia. AB - The experimental results from comparing the low-osmolar radiographic contrast media (CM) iohexol, iodixanol, and ioxaglate to the hyperosmolar CM sodium diatrizoate or barium for enteric follow-up examination in rats, suggest that low osmolar CM are the better alternatives for use in examinations of obstructed small intestine. Excretion of iodine to the urinary bladder in rats with acute intestinal ischemia indicates that water soluble CM may be helpful in the discrimination between this serious disease and simple obstruction of the small intestine. PMID- 3198346 TI - In vitro models for testing the metabolic effects of myelographic contrast media. AB - Water-soluble nonionic x-ray contrast media have greatly improved the quality and safety of myelography. Toxic side effects are still observed however. The side effects are generally worse with the first nonionic agent, metrizamide, which has a glucoselike side group. Two in vitro models were developed to examine the effects of contrast media on glucose metabolism. Using rat hippocampus slices, the authors observed significant depression of carbon dioxide production by metrizamide and by deoxyglucose, a known metabolic inhibitor. Iohexol and iopamidol did not cause significant depressions. In rat brain synaptosomes the authors did not observe a depression of the uptake of deoxyglucose 14C by any media tested. These studies indicate that metrizamide can create metabolic depression but that it does not compete with glucose for the membrane glucose carrier. PMID- 3198349 TI - Transverse relaxation (1/T2) of solvent protons induced by magnetized spheres and its relevance to contrast enhancement in MRI. AB - At typical imaging fields, the transverse relaxation rates 1/T2 of the protons of soft tissue are much greater than their longitudinal rates 1/T1. Because of this, clinical magnetic resonance images are generally collected using relatively short values of TR, an approach that both increases comfort for the patient and reduces medical costs. As a result, image contrast is dominated by the 1/T2 values of the tissue protons. Currently, small single-ion paramagnetic complexes--Gd-DTPA is the prime example--are being used to enhance contrast in clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, such agents contribute comparably to 1/T1 and 1/T2 so that their utility is greatest when introduced into body fluids, for which 1/T1 and 1/T2 are also comparable; they are much less useful for enhancing contrast of soft tissue. For this, one must look elsewhere, to rather large aggregates of paramagnetic ions, which may either be paramagnetic or ferromagnetic. Iron in its many chemical and biochemical forms, both exogenous and endogenous, is important in this respect. Its presence in ferritin and hemosiderin--in excess in some diseases--is one example; deoxyhemoglobin in cells and methemoglobin in blood pools from trauma are others in which endogenous iron in several oxidation states is important. Magnetic particulates of various iron oxides are now being used as exogenous agents for enhancing 1/T2 preferentially at imaging fields. Predicting contrast enhancement under such circumstances can become rather complex, not because the theory is difficult, but because the underlying concepts are subtle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198350 TI - The importance of nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles in MRI contrast media development. AB - Observation of the relaxivity of MRI contrast media over a wide range of magnetic fields is not only necessary for predicting their efficiency at any field but also compulsory for understanding and improving their mechanisms of action. The best experimental approach to this problem is the field cycling method, which allows the exploration of nuclear relaxation over a broad interval of magnetic field intensity but requires a specially dedicated instrument called a relaxometer. Particularly relevant are the relaxivity profiles of the two chelates Gd-DOTA and Gd-DTPA. Both show an important decrease from low to high fields within the current imaging range (0.02 T to 1.5 T). Although high field relaxivities of these chelates are similar, Gd-DTPA becomes less efficient in facilitating water protons relaxation at fields lower than 0.15 T. This behavior has to be related to different electronic relaxation times due to a different chelate symmetry. PMID- 3198351 TI - Gd-DOTA, a potential MRI contrast agent. Current status of physicochemical knowledge. AB - The complex (Gd-DOTA) meglumine has recently been used as an MRI contrast agent in humans. Due to its particularly interesting physicochemical properties, the risk of in vivo dissociation of the complex is reduced. Indeed, as a result of the macrocyclic nature of the DOTA ligand, Gd-DOTA appears very stable, demonstrating a calculated conditional stability constant of 10(22.19) at pH = 7. Other characteristics making Gd-DOTA a positively attractive compound include slow dissociation kinetics inherent in the rigidity of the macrocycle and marked specific affinity of DOTA for gadolinium in comparison with other endogenous ions. Finally, although the relaxivity R1 of Gd-DOTA at 20 MHz appears similar to that of Gd-DTPA, Gd-DOTA demonstrates higher paramagnetic efficacy at low field strength due to greater symmetry of the complex. Such promising properties open up wide prospects for the use of Gd-DOTA in MRI. PMID- 3198352 TI - Comparative chemical structure and pharmacokinetics of MRI contrast agents. AB - The blood clearance kinetics of five gadolinium complexes, Gd(L), were determined in rats and the results interpreted in terms of an open two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The complexes were tested in vitro for stability in serum and in aqueous solutions of ions that they might encounter in vivo and that might be expected to react with the Gd(L) complexes to produce uncomplexed gadolinium. Reaction with serum was observed in two instances. Chemical structural differences among the chelating ligands appear to govern the overall reactivity of their Gd(L) complexes. It may be inferred from the results that a preferred structural feature of the ligand is the presence of a 12-membered 1,4,7,10 tetraaza macrocycle. PMID- 3198353 TI - Oxygen-17 contrast agents. Fast imaging techniques. AB - Under physiologic conditions the stable isotope oxygen-17, in the form of O-17 water, lowers the proton T2 of blood, CSF, tissues, and whole organisms. With MRI the resulting changes in intensity can be detected using spin-echo pulse sequences, but much greater sensitivity is achieved in a fraction of the time with a steady-state free precession sequence such as FISP. With this sequence it is possible to detect levels as low as 0.4% Oxygen-17 water in 53 seconds or less. PMID- 3198354 TI - A magnetic resonance imaging contrast medium for the liver and bile. AB - A pharmacokinetic investigation of a paramagnetic Cr-HIDA derivative was performed. Blood, bile, and urine were collected during the first 2 hours after injection of Cr-HIDA 0.01, 0.05, and 0.25 mmol/kg in rats or rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of the substance were found to be similar to those of the biliary iodinated contrast media in common use. Magnetic resonance imaging performed at 10 minutes after injection into the animals revealed that it was necessary to use doses higher than 0.01 mmol/kg to obtain a diagnostically significant increase in signal intensity from the liver. The gallbladder, however, was clearly defined at this dose level. PMID- 3198356 TI - Canine acute myocardial infarction. In vivo detection by MRI with gradient echo technique and contribution of Gd-DOTA. AB - This experimental study was designed to evaluate the sensitivity of MRI in the detection of acute myocardial infarction, determine the utility of fast gradient echo (GE) imaging and study possible improvements in diagnostic efficacy using a paramagnetic contrast agent (gadolinium-DOTA). Myocardial infarcts were induced in 11 dogs by semidistal embolization and imaged using spin-echo and/or GE pulse sequences, short TRs (250 to 450 ms) and cardiac gating. After the dogs died, the heart was imaged under the same conditions as in vivo. Blind comparisons between precontrast, postcontrast (0.1 mM/kg and 0.5 mM/kg), postmortem images and anatomic findings (triphenyl-tetrazolium-chloride staining) were recorded. This study shows that infarcted areas can be detected on plain MRI images in the form of a hypersignal, probably attributable to increased proton density, with better efficiency of GE compared with spin-echo imaging; injection of gadolinium-DOTA allows better delineation of infarcted areas, especially for 10 minutes after administration. PMID- 3198355 TI - B-19036, a potential new hepatobiliary contrast agent for MR proton imaging. AB - B-19036 is an octadentate chelate of the paramagnetic ion Gd3+ under investigation as a proton relaxation enhancer (PRE) in magnetic resonance (MR) proton imaging. Its relaxivity was determined at 0.5 T by pulse spectrometry in various biologic fluids and in liver tissue homogenate. The ligand selectivity versus gadolinium was assessed in comparison with that versus other ions of biologic interest. Acute toxicity was determined after intravenous (IV) and intracerebral administration to mice. Pharmacokinetic studies conducted in rats indicated that unlike Gd-DTPA, where excretion is exclusively renal, biliary route plays a significant role in the excretion of B-19036, suggesting its possible use for hepatobiliary imaging. PMID- 3198357 TI - Comparative pharmacokinetics of gadolinium DTPA and gadolinium chloride. AB - An intravenous injection of 153Gd-labeled gadolinium-DTPA or gadolinium chloride was given to 60 rats, which were killed either 15, 40, 120, 300, 900, or 3600 seconds later. Tissue concentrations of gadolinium in the blood, liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, renal cortex, renal medulla, lungs, heart, adrenals, gluteal muscle, fat, skin, thymus, brain, thyroid, and parathyroids were measured. Five animals were killed at each time interval with gadolinium-DTPA, and at each of the latter four time intervals (15 and 40 seconds excluded) with gadolinium chloride. The pharmacokinetics of gadolinium-DTPA and chloride differ markedly in terms of tissue concentration, distribution volumes, and the time course of these parameters. Gadolinium, when injected as a chloride, evidently forms insoluble carbonate and phosphate precipitates in the blood, which are taken up by the reticuloendothelial system. The distribution of gadolinium-DTPA on dynamic MRI should closely parallel the distribution of iodinated contrast media on dynamic computed tomography. PMID- 3198358 TI - In vitro interactions of gadolinium DOTA meglumine and gadolinium DTPA meglumine on hemostasis. AB - The interactions of two gadolinium complexes (Gd-DOTA meglumine and Gd-DTPA meglumine) with hemostatic function have been analyzed using: (1) coagulation reactions (extrinsic and intrinsic pathways and fibrinoformation) and (2) platelet function investigations (aggregation, release of Ca++ and ATP after stimulation with collagen 2.5 micrograms/mL). The data obtained with Gd-DTPA meglumine (Mgl) exhibited a significant increase of the intrinsic coagulation pathway and a delay in fibrinoformation, although there is no alteration of the effect of thrombin on fibrinogen (fibrinopeptid A determinations). Platelet aggregation and release are moderately modified. In contrast, Gd-DOTA Mgl exerts no effect on the coagulation system and only minor effects on platelet functions. It is suggested that at least one mechanism involves the complexation of ionized calcium because Gd-DTPA Mgl and Gd-DOTA Mgl complex, respectively, 45% and 23% of ionized calcium in plasma. However, other mechanisms such as an alteration of fibrin polymerization are not unlikely. PMID- 3198359 TI - Factors determining the proton T1 relaxivity in solutions containing Gd-DTPA. AB - The relaxation times T1 and nuclear Overhauser effects were measured in the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of the diamagnetic calcium (Ca) and lanthanum (La) analogs of Gd-DTPA. From these data the correlation times for the molecular reorientation tau R were calculated; it is suggested that this term is the dominant one in the evaluation of the paramagnetic relaxation equation. The similar tau R values obtained in water and blood serum ruled out the occurrence of any adduct formation between Gd-DTPA complex and the macromolecular framework in the latter system. The difference in relaxivity shown by Gd-DTPA in the two media is interpreted in terms of influence of the serum components on the dissociation equilibrium of Gd-DTPA. PMID- 3198360 TI - A new class of contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging based on selective reduction of water-T2 by chemical exchange. AB - Compounds containing mobile protons can act as contrast agents by increasing the value of the term (1/12 - 1/11). The efficiency of this method is markedly pH- and field-dependent. There are many such compounds allowing a choice to be made based on the characteristics of the tissue or organ, magnetic field strength, and solution pH levels. The properties of some of these chemicals have been investigated at different magnetic field strength and solution pH levels. The authors report herein the properties of iopamidol a well-known x-ray contrast agent, and stress its potential effect as an MRI contrast agent. The influence on the T2 decrease of the chemical shift separation delta omega (in frequency units) between water and exchangeable proton of the contrast agent may be increased by adding suitable shift reagents which interact with basic sites close to the protons involved in the chemical exchange. PMID- 3198361 TI - Experimental study of DOTA-gadolinium. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacologic properties. AB - Pharmacokinetic and acute-toxicity studies of Gd-DOTA meglumine (Mgl) were evaluated in various animals and compared with those of Gd-DTPA Mgl. The agents were injected intravenously at two dosages: 0.1 or 0.5 mmol/kg. Various organs and tissues were removed at specified times after injection and assayed for gadolinium (Gd) concentration. The two complexes behave in an identical fashion in their short-term biodistribution and excretion. The very rapid distribution in the body (except in the brain) and the high clearance from blood are due to an extravascular distribution. The small distribution volume and the very high hydrophilicity account for its extracellular localization. There is no accumulation within any organ. Rapid disappearance, short half-life, size, and hydrophilicity of these molecules are in agreement with urinary elimination by free glomerular filtration. Whatever the species or the salt used, Gd-DOTA appears safer in its acute toxicity than Gd-DTPA with an 85% higher safety factor. These results can be explained by the greater stability of Gd-DOTA (very slow kinetics of dissociation and greater specificity of DOTA than DTPA for gadolinium), and the lower osmolality of DOTA than DTPA. The pharmacokinetic characteristics and the very low toxicity of Gd-DOTA Mgl may prove its suitability for intravenous or oral administration in humans. PMID- 3198362 TI - Serum iron and serum bilirubin after administration of Gd-DTPA-dimeglumine. A pharmacologic study in healthy volunteers. AB - Gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA-dimeglumine is an extracellular contrast agent (0.5 mol/L) for magnetic resonance imaging. At a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight occasional slight transient elevations of serum iron and bilirubin were observed. To verify these findings, to determine time course, and to assess probability of drug relationship, a single-blind, randomized cross-over study in 12 healthy male volunteers was conducted. Either 0.25 mmol Gd-DTPA/kg body weight or the corresponding volume control 0.5 ml 0.9% saline/kg body weight were injected intravenously with an interval of one week. No relevant clinical side effects were reported or observed. Differences between the two treatments were found for serum iron, total bilirubin, and indirect bilirubin. An increase of serum iron and total bilirubin is observed at 3 to 4 hours postinjection, with a maximum at 6 to 12 hours. At 24 hours after injection all values were back to baseline range. This is a predictable side effect of no recognizable clinical consequence. The unchanged values of the intraerythrocytic enzymes and of haptoglobin indicate the minor nature of this phenomenon. Current experiences with the clinical application of Gd-DTPA at a dose of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight suggest that serum iron and bilirubin increases with that dose are less frequent and less marked than increases shown in this study at a dose of 0.25 mmol/kg body weight. PMID- 3198363 TI - Indications for the use of Gd-DTPA in MRI of the central nervous system. Experiences in patients with cerebral and spinal diseases. AB - A total of 209 intracranial and spinal diseases were evaluated before and after administration of the paramagnetic contrast agent Gd-DTPA. The results justify the use of Gd-DTPA in intracranial and spinal tumors for better visualization of location and extent of a lesion and for better tissue differentiation. In inflammatory diseases Gd-DTPA allows the differentiation between active and chronic lesions. PMID- 3198364 TI - The utility of contrast media in MRI at 0.02 T. A preliminary report. AB - The effect of 0.1 mmol gadolinium-DTPA on ultralow field magnetic resonance (MR) images of intracranial neoplasms was studied on 20 patients. Tumors that characteristically were enhanced markedly on computed tomography (CT) (meningiomas, acoustic neuromas) demonstrated moderate to marked contrast enhancement with inversion recovery sequences and with saturation recovery sequences with a short repetition time. Standard spin-echo sequences failed to show any contrast effect. The enhancement of gliomas and metastases was weak and often absent. Contrast enhancement, when present, was helpful in delineating the tumor from surrounding edema but the differentiation of living from necrotic tumor was not successful because of low signal intensity. The low effect of gadolinium-DTPA at 0.02 T may be due to a relatively higher T2 weighting of available pulse sequences. The relaxing effect of macromolecules may also change the proportional effect of paramagnetic substances in an ultralow magnetic field. PMID- 3198365 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging studies on nude mice grafted with colorectal adenocarcinoma using gadolinium-labeled monoclonal antibody. AB - A monoclonal antibody (Ab) 19.9 specific for colorectal carcinoma was labeled with a high number of gadolinium (Gd) atoms for its potential application as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The DTPA was conjugated to 19.9 Ab via the bicyclic DTPA anhydride method (c. DTPA) using c. DTPA/Ab molar ratios between 5 and 150. The aggregates present in great amount at high c. DTPA/Ab ratios were systematically removed. Then the exact number of DTPA effectively conjugated, the immunoreactivity of the resulting 111In-DTPA-Ab were measured. The number of DTPA conjugated per antibody can be increased 20 to 25 with only a little loss of immunoreactivity. The 19.9 antibody conjugated with 16 and 25 DTPA was labeled with 153GdCl3 for pharmacokinetic studies on xenografted nude mice and with nonradioactive gadolinium to measure ex vivo the effect on the relaxation time T1 of the tumor. We found a 15 to 20% decrease of T1 on the tumor. In vivo experiments using a Bruker system and the same animal model showed a difference in the tumor contrast after the injection of 2 mg of Gd-labeled Ab. PMID- 3198367 TI - Perfluoroctylbromide and hepatosplenic computed tomography. Preliminary clinical study. AB - The preliminary results of perfluorocytlbromide (PFOB) emulsion when used as an intravenous contrast agent for hepatosplenic CT imaging in humans are reported. Ten patients were examined using dosages ranging from 1 to 2 g/kg. There was good clinical and biochemical tolerance. Diagnostic dose for liver enhancement seems to be at least 2 g/kg, whereas 1 g/kg was sufficient for splenic enhancement. PMID- 3198366 TI - Potential role of PFOB in diagnostic imaging. AB - Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) are versatile compounds with a variety of applications in industry and in medicine. Their medical applications are in oxygen transport and diagnostic imaging. These agents are the only ultrasound contrast agents capable of altering tissue echogenicity. The bromine atom in perfluoroocytlbromide (PFOB) makes this agent the only PFC visible by computed tomography. PFOB contains many fluorine atoms and no hydrogen, so it can be used for fluorine MR imaging or as a signal void for hydrogen imaging. All of these applications are presently in clinical trials in the United States and Europe. PFOB is an exciting new contrast agent because of its low or insignificant toxicity, its universality across all imaging modalities, and its potential impact upon diagnostic applications. PMID- 3198368 TI - A general and personal perspective on contrast material research. AB - Nonionic media have substantially reduced local toxicity in animal and human studies. The impact on systemic toxicity is less clear. In the final analysis, an understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms that appear to play a role in the genesis of reactions invoked with ionic media will be important in understanding the reactions invoked by nonionic media. We believe that bradykinin may contribute significantly to contrast media (CM) reactions. An underlying allergic diathesis may "prime" plasmas for potentiated contact system activation with subsequent bradykinin production. Three factors have been identified in increased concentrations in the plasmas of allergics/asthmatics that potentiate contact system activity in vitro. These are: (1) an endogenous heparin-like material having functional heparin properties; (2) an endogenous heparin-like material without functional heparin properties; and (3) a complex of the plasma inhibitor alpha 2-macroglobulin, with kallikrein, a plasma contact system protease. In clinical studies, we have demonstrated that corticosteroids administered as pretreatment will diminish significantly the incidence of reactions, and that similar pretreatment will diminish the plasma concentrations of heparin-like substances without functional heparin properties. Finally, we have shown in preliminary studies that CM can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, the substance having a major responsibility for in vivo bradykinin hydrolysis. PMID- 3198370 TI - Radiologist's responsibility in France when using contrast media. AB - French physicians must obtain their patient's consent before carrying out an action that interferes with the patient's corporal integrity. The doctor must use simple, approximate, intelligent, and honest words that help the patient to reach the indispensable decision. Proof of lack of consent lies with the patient. Three lawsuits dealing with contrast media use illustrate the application of the French general principles of medical responsibility and compliance with present standards of information for the patient. PMID- 3198371 TI - Ethical and financial considerations in Australia. AB - Australian nonionic contrast media experience follows the European pattern and anticipates developments in the United States. Cost concerns and unclear safety advantages led the Royal Australian College of Radiologists to develop guidelines for contrast media usage and an adverse reaction survey. PMID- 3198372 TI - Radiological contrast media. Ethical and financial considerations. PMID- 3198369 TI - Current contrast media and ioxilan. Comparative evaluation of vascular pain by aversion conditioning. AB - Vascular pain caused by contrast media (CM) cannot be quantified by subjective patient reports or manifest pain reactions in experimental animals. Therefore, conditioned taste aversion (CTA), a psychopharmacological method, was used in double-blind femoral arteriography in rats to compare a new nonionic monomeric CM, ioxilan, with iohexol, iopamidol (all at 350 mgI/mL) and 22% sorbitol. A chronically implanted femoral artery catheter was used to inject 0.2 mL/kg body weight. By measuring the intake of water laced with the flavor that thirsty rats had learned to associate with the injection, the degree of aversion, assumed proportional to pain, was determined. Ioxilan (690 mOsm) produced the least pain, followed by iopamidol (810 mOsm), iohexol (844 mOsm) and sorbitol (1410 mOsm). Since all test substances are highly and similarly hydrophilic and nonionic, the intensity of vascular pain must depend on solution osmolality, rather than on chemotoxicity or ionicity. Compounds of the lowest osmolality, ig, ioxilan, elicit the least vascular pain. PMID- 3198374 TI - An international symposium to discuss ionic versus nonionic contrast agents and their effects on blood components. March 24-25, 1988, Grand Cayman Island. PMID- 3198373 TI - Effect of structure on biological tolerance. Comparison of triiodobenzene derivatives. AB - Synthesis of basic structures of contrast media is reviewed. Biological tolerance of ionic and nonionic derivatives of triiodobenzene are related to the degree of withdrawal of electrons from their aromatic systems. PMID- 3198375 TI - Do nonionic contrast media increase red cell aggregation and clot formation? AB - Red cell aggregate formation was studied both macroscopically and microscopically in blood mixed with a contrast medium, either ioxaglate or iohexol. Whole blood was layered on top of the contrast medium, and after being shaken, blood cells were separated from the medium by centrifugation. The kinetics of red cell aggregate formation were measured by a transparent rheoscope and a photoaggregometer at different shear rates. Coagulation studies were conducted on citrated platelet-rich plasma mixed with contrast media. Platelet shapes were observed with phase contrast optics, and coagulation times were measured. It was demonstrated that the increased red cell aggregation, which occurred during the initial contact between blood and the contrast medium, dispersed after being submitted to shear force and did not re-form in the remaining plasma. Since this phenomenon is associated with high concentrations of contrast media in nonflowing blood, the high shear rate in arteries and arterioles make it unimportant in the in vivo situation. Within highly concentrated contrast media solutions, blood clot formation was not inducible, and the risk of thrombus formation in fresh blood drawn into contrast medium-filled syringes appears minimal. PMID- 3198376 TI - Red blood cell aggregation versus blood clot formation in ionic and nonionic contrast media. AB - The effects of ionic and nonionic radiographic contrast media on human blood in plastic syringes were investigated in an in vitro double-blind study. Venous blood, which was drawn into plastic syringes containing one of four (iohexol, iopamidol, diatrizoate sodium meglumine, and ioxaglate sodium meglumine) contrast media, was visually inspected at predetermined time intervals before and after mixing. Aliquots of the mixtures of blood and contrast media also were evaluated microscopically. Irregular red blood cell (RBC) aggregates were observed with the nonionic contrast media. Pronounced RBC morphologic alterations occurred with diatrizoate (ionic), and marked crenation was observed with ioxaglate (ionic). Observed aggregates were freely disaggregated in isotonic saline. Recovered supernatant blood from centrifuged aliquots of the mixtures was evaluated for clot formation. There was no evidence of blood clot formation within 1 hour after blood was introduced into syringes containing either ionic or nonionic contrast media. This time period exceeded the normal clotting time, since blood in syringes without contrast media formed clots within 30 to 45 minutes. Both the nonionic and ionic contrast media prolonged coagulation. PMID- 3198377 TI - Erythrocyte aggregation in iohexol and other nonionic media. AB - Erythrocytes aggregate when blood comes into contact with solutions of nonionic substances such as glucose or the contrast medium iohexol, especially at a reduced pH (eg, 6.8). The aggregates are not clots because they form rapidly even in heparinized blood, do not contain fibrin, and disappear at once when they are added to plasma or other ionic media. Formation of these aggregates in solutions of glucose or iohexol can be decreased by including a low concentration of an ionic solute such as NaCl or by maintaining the pH close to 7.4. PMID- 3198378 TI - Effects of contrast media on erythrocyte and platelet interactions with endothelial cell monolayers exposed to flowing blood. AB - Although there have been reports of clot formation in angiographic syringes containing nonionic contrast agents, these clots are now believed to be aggregates of red cells that form in the low ionic strength, low pH, zero shear rate environment of contrast media syringes. In an in vitro controlled flow system that stimulates blood flow through a microvessel, we found that large (100 microns or more) red cell aggregates are not seen with any of the media tested (iohexol, sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate, and ioxaglate); aggregates that form under shear conditions are rouleaux. The degree of rouleau formation, compared with saline controls, is greatest with ioxaglate, least with diatrizoate, and intermediate with iohexol. Platelet adhesion/aggregation at a site of injury to vascular endothelium is not significantly affected by iohexol. Rouleaux formation, a potential determinant of local levels of thrombin and other platelet-activating substances, is shown to occur in the lee of mural platelet thrombi. PMID- 3198379 TI - Ionic versus nonionic contrast agents and their effects on blood components. Clinical summary and conclusions. PMID- 3198380 TI - The phenomenon of uncertainty in women with breast cancer. PMID- 3198381 TI - Factors relevant to patient assault. PMID- 3198382 TI - Predictors of patient assault on acute inpatient psychiatric units: a pilot study. PMID- 3198383 TI - Aging women and depression: unresolved conceptual, etiologic, and epidemiologic issues. PMID- 3198384 TI - Assessing mental health needs in the rural community: a critique of assessment approaches. PMID- 3198385 TI - Perspectives for psychiatric nurses on homelessness. PMID- 3198386 TI - A diagnostic test for migraine using the visual evoked potential. PMID- 3198388 TI - The hypnic headache syndrome. PMID- 3198387 TI - Visual evoked potential in patients with migraine. PMID- 3198389 TI - Regional cerebral blood flow in the different clinical types of migraine. PMID- 3198390 TI - Migraine markers. PMID- 3198392 TI - Entry by pressure-driven flow or molecular diffusion? A reassessment of 222Rn concentrations measured in an energy-efficient house. PMID- 3198391 TI - Radiation safety in commercial air traffic: a need for further study. PMID- 3198394 TI - Environmental radioactivity and man--the 1988 Sievert lecture. PMID- 3198393 TI - Computing remainder dose equivalent for HE. PMID- 3198395 TI - Feeding green-cut forage contaminated by radioactive fallout to dairy cows. AB - Grass contaminated by radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident was cut with 150 mm (Treatment 1) and 50 mm (Treatment 2) stubble height and fed to 20 dairy cows. The transfer of 137Cs and 131I from the greencut forage to milk was studied during a four-week and a two-week period, respectively. The four-week period was followed by a three-week period with nearly uncontaminated feeds. Cutting with high stubble height significantly reduced the activity concentration in forage compared with low stubble cutting, the average contents kg-1 dry matter being 385 Bq 137Cs and 24 Bq 131I in Treatment 1 versus 6656 Bq 137Cs and 249 Bq 131I in Treatment 2. Apparent treatment effects were also demonstrated by the 137Cs concentration in milk, with maximum weekly means of 23 Bq kg-1 (Treatment 1) and 92 Bq kg-1 (Treatment 2). Single day maximum concentrations of 131I in milk were 4 Bq kg-1 (Treatment 1) and 9 Bq kg-1 (Treatment 2). The mean transfer coefficients (d kg-1) were calculated to be 0.67 X 10(-2) and 0.19 X 10(-2) for 137Cs (weeks 2-4) and 1.8 X 10(-2) and 0.2 X 10(-2) for 131I (week 2) in Treatments 1 and 2, respectively. The lower value for 137Cs might possibly be associated with an enhanced ash content of the forage. Feeding nearly uncontaminated rations rapidly decreased the 137Cs levels in milk in both treatments with calculated effective half-times over the three-week period of 10 and 7 d, respectively. PMID- 3198396 TI - Radiocesium concentration in migratory birds wintering in Spain after the Chernobyl accident. AB - Levels of 137Cs and 134Cs resulting from the Chernobyl nuclear accident were studied in 195 birds that winter in two regions of Spain. Only five of the 12 species examined were contaminated. The average values for 137Cs vary between 1.6 and 41 Bq kg-1 fresh. In particular, the contamination for song-thrushes (Turdus philomelos) are compared between the regions of Extremadura and Valencia, 350 km east of Extremadura at the same latitude. The results show that the contamination of birds wintering in Spain decreases from east to west. The whole-body dose commitment for humans consuming these contaminated birds was calculated. The values are well below the established ICRP guideline. PMID- 3198397 TI - Radionuclide transport from soil to air, native vegetation, kangaroo rats and grazing cattle on the Nevada test site. AB - Between 1970 and 1986 the Nevada Applied Ecology Group (NAEG), U.S. Department of Energy, conducted environmental radionuclide studies at weapons-testing sites on or adjacent to the Nevada Test Site. In this paper, NAEG studies conducted at two nuclear (fission) sites (NS201, NS219) and two nonnuclear (nonfission) sites (Area 13 [Project 57] and Clean Slate 2) are reviewed, synthesized and compared regarding (1) soil particle-size distribution and physical-chemical characteristics of 239 + 240Pu-bearing radioactive particles, (2) 239 + 240Pu resuspension rates and (3) transuranic and fission-product radionuclide transfers from soil to native vegetation, kangaroo rats and grazing cattle. The data indicate that transuranic radionuclides were transferred more readily on the average from soil to air, the external surfaces of native vegetation and to tissues of kangaroo rats at Area 13 than at NS201 or NS219. The 239 + 240Pu resuspension factor for undisturbed soil at Area 13 was three to four orders-of magnitude larger than at NS201 and NS219, the geometric mean (GM) vegetation-over soil 239 + 240Pu concentration ratio was from ten to 100 times larger than at NS201, and the GM GI-over-soil, carcass-over-soil and pelt-over-soil 239 + 240Pu ratios for kangaroo rats were about ten times larger than at NS201. These results are consistent with the finding that Area 13, compared with NS201 or NS219, has a higher percentage of radioactivity associated with smaller soil particles and a larger percentage of resuspendable and respirable soil. However, the resuspension factor increased by a factor of 27 at NS201 when the surface soil was disturbed, and by a factor of 12 at NS219 following a wildfire. The average (GM) concentration of 239 + 240Pu for the GI (and contents) of Area 13 kangaroo rats and for the rumen contents of beef cattle that grazed Area 13 were very similar (400 vs. 440 Bq kg-1 dry wt, respectively) although the variability between individuals was very large. The GM carcass-over-GI 239 + 240Pu concentration ratio for kangaroo rats at Area 13, Clean Slate 2, and NS201 were similar in value (approximately 2 X 10(-2)), as were the GM GI-over-vegetation concentration ratios (approximately 2 X 10(0)) (no statistical differences).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3198398 TI - A comparative study on different methods of measuring Rn concentrations in homes. AB - Three methods of measuring 222Rn concentration in homes were compared. In 91 dwellings, measurements were made with thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) for two weeks during the winter, with alpha track Track Etch type SF dosimeters (ATDs) for six months during the heating season and for one year. There was a high correlation between the TLD and the six-month ATD values (r = .83) and between the six-month and the one-year ATD values (r = .80). On the average, however, the arithmetic and geometric means of the ATD (six-month) values were approximately 50 Bq m-3 higher than the TLD values (p less than .0001). The six month ATD values also were, on the average, approximately eight percent higher than the one-year values. This difference is probably caused by decreased ventilation during the colder part of the year. The results indicate that the measurement methods under study may be of value for exposure assessments in epidemiologic studies, but also that estimates of risk per unit radiation exposure should be interpreted with caution. PMID- 3198399 TI - Plant/soil concentration ratios of 226Ra for contrasting sites around an active U mine-mill. AB - Concentrations of 226Ra were determined in native vegetation and underlying substrate (soil and tailings) at various sites around a conventional open-pit, acid leach U production operation in Wyoming. Plant/soil concentration ratios (CRs) for 226Ra were estimated for various sites, including weathered tailings; a tailings impoundment shoreline; downwind from exposed tailings; a mine overburden reclamation area; and several background locations. Radium-226 concentrations for vegetation and substrate and CR values from the perturbed sites were elevated above background. The highest vegetation concentration (1.3 Bq g-1) was found in a grass which had invaded exposed, weathered tailings. Levels of 226Ra in soil and vegetation and CR values decreased with distance from the tailings impoundment edge. CR values varied significantly among sites, but few differences were found between plant species groups. The observed CR values ranged from 0.07 at the background and reclamation areas to 0.4 downwind from the tailings area. Average CR values for plants growing on exposed tailings and within one meter from the impoundment edge were 0.15 and 0.3, respectively. CR values of 226Ra for plants on tailings substrates were comparatively low in contrast to other radionuclides in the U chain. We speculate that in the case of sulfuric acid leached tailings-derived material, 226Ra is sequestered as sulfate, which is highly insoluble relative to the sulfates of the other elements (e.g., U and Th) resulting in reduced availability for plant uptake. PMID- 3198400 TI - Biokinetics and dosimetry of inhaled Cm aerosols in beagles: effect of aerosol chemical form. AB - This study was designed to provide tissue distribution data of 244Cm that was inhaled by beagle dogs. Two chemical forms that were presumed to bracket the solubility of pure Cm compounds in vivo were used: 244Cm2O3 (oxide) and 244Cm(NO3)3 (nitrate). Adult dogs of both sexes received a single brief pernasal exposure to either a monodisperse aerosol of 244Cm2O3 (1.4 micron activity median aerodynamic diameter, AMAD, and 1.16 geometric standard deviation, sigma g) or a polydisperse aerosol of 244Cm(NO3)3 (1.1 micron AMAD, 1.74 sigma g). The resulting initial pulmonary burdens (IPB) were 1.5 and 1.7 kBq kg-1 body mass for the oxide and nitrate groups, respectively. The tissue distribution data obtained from the dogs that were serially sacrificed from 4 h to 2 y after exposure showed that both chemical forms were very soluble in vivo. For the oxide group, 78% IPB was cleared from the lung with a T 1/2 of 7.6 d, whereas for the nitrate group, 42% IPB cleared with a T 1/2 of 0.6 d. The lung retention for each group was described by three-component exponential functions. Most of the Cm that cleared the lung was redeposited in the liver (37% IPB) and skeleton (27% IPB), with lesser amounts in the muscle, fat and connective tissue (3.5% IPB) and kidney (approximately 2% IPB). The only significant difference noted in the biokinetics of Cm for the two exposure groups was a more rapid translocation of Cm from the lung to liver and bone during the first 10-20 d after exposure to the nitrate compared to the oxide chemical form. Extrapolation of these data to obtain estimates of committed dose equivalents for man indicate substantial agreement with the limits for occupational exposure specified by ICRP 30 (1979). PMID- 3198401 TI - Determination of U in human tissues by delayed neutron activation analysis. AB - A rapid, sensitive and highly selective technique using Delayed Neutron Activation Analysis (DNAA) has been used to determine U concentrations in human tissues. Two different sample preparation techniques were compared: one involves total matrix destruction to a dry ash while the other is a nondestructive preparation of the wet sample. The data obtained from the analyses of the same sample by DNAA of wet tissues, DNAA of ashed tissues and from radiochemical analyses using alpha spectroscopy (a standard method of U determination) were statistically equivalent on the basis of variance analysis at the p = 0.05 level. PMID- 3198402 TI - Sugar as an emergency populace dosimeter for radiation accidents. AB - Ordinary sugar can be used as an emergency dosimeter for any person exposed to a nuclear or radiation accident. The number of free radicals in sugar created by radiation does not decrease at room temperature for two months after irradiation and is not changed by thermal treatment for about 18 h at even 55 degrees C. A 600 mg granulated sugar sample can detect about 0.05 Gy (5 rad) as the minimum detectable absorbed dose using electron spin resonance equipment. If sugar is present at the time of a radiation or nuclear accident, the absorbed dose can be evaluated from the sugar and will be useful for both the medical treatment and health effects of the exposed persons. PMID- 3198403 TI - Protective action guide for radioactive material transportation accidents. AB - This paper briefly describes a report which has been developed to enable protective action guidance to be determined for transportation accidents involving radioactive material. The protective action guide uses data from on scene observations as input to a series of simple flow charts leading to protective action recommendations. Where the necessary data is unavailable or unknown, the guide uses the assumptions and results found in the authors' worst case hazards analysis report. PMID- 3198405 TI - System for measurement of 222Rn at low levels in natural waters. PMID- 3198404 TI - Hazards assessment of worst case transportation accidents involving typical radioactive material shipments. AB - This paper reports the results of a study performed for the Oregon Department of Energy. The objectives of the study were to characterize the range of radioactive material shipments through the state and to determine the worst radiological hazards which might arise if these shipments were involved in transportation accidents. The direct and indirect radiological hazards were analyzed for worst case accidents involving a total of 10 typical shipments. The direct hazard primarily involved the gamma radiation from the material, while the indirect hazard considered the airborne release hazards of inhalation/ingestion, cloudshine and groundshine. The general and specific assumptions used in the study are given, and the results are tabulated, giving doses and dose rates as a function of distance. The data from the study are being incorporated into a protective action guide for use by state and local emergency responders. This guide bases the protective actions on the available, observable data and on flow charts which use the worst-case assumptions for unknown data. PMID- 3198406 TI - Probabilistic performance assessment for radioactive waste disposal: a simplified biosphere model. PMID- 3198407 TI - Team work. PMID- 3198409 TI - Social Security changes since April 1988. PMID- 3198408 TI - Health visitors in inner and outer London--do they differ? PMID- 3198410 TI - Stress in health visiting: qualitative accounts. PMID- 3198411 TI - The elderly today and tomorrow. Heart disease in later life. PMID- 3198412 TI - Facilitator--the birth of a new profession. PMID- 3198415 TI - A group for parents who have children with sleeping problems. PMID- 3198414 TI - The parent network. PMID- 3198413 TI - Coughs and colds in children. PMID- 3198416 TI - That's health visiting. PMID- 3198418 TI - The Genetical Society, two hundred and eighth meeting. 13th-15th April 1988, Norwich. Abstracts. PMID- 3198417 TI - The chromosome complement of Sorex granarius--the ancestral karyotype of the common shrew (Sorex araneus)? AB - We present the G-band karyotype of Sorex granarius (Miller, 1910). With minor exceptions, each of the acrocentric autosomes in this karyotype is completely homologous to one of the chromosome arms in the karyotype of the common shrew (Sorex araneus L., 1758). If, as is the simplest interpretation, the karyotypic evolution in S. araneus is by repeated Robertsonian fusion, the karyotype in S. granarius represents the ancestral condition. We urge breeding studies to establish whether the designation of S. granarius as a full species is justified. PMID- 3198419 TI - Effects of pregnancy on the extrinsic innervation of the guinea pig uterus. A histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. AB - The extrinsic innervation of the guinea pig uterus was studied by immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and enzyme histochemical methods. The extrinsic innervation was organized in two major ways. One consisted of nerve trunks and non-varicose nerve fibres running in the suspensory ligament, and the other of a plexus of varicose nerve fibres surrounding vessels, and non-vessel related non-varicose nerve fibres in the mesouterus. The use of different neuronal and Schwann cell markers showed that the extrinsic innervation was predominantly adrenergic and contained only few peptidergic nerves. Acetylcholinesterase-positive (cholinergic) nerves were only found around the uterine artery. In late pregnancy, the extrinsic nerves of the mesouterus adjacent to foetus-containing uterine horns underwent pronounced degenerative changes comprising both Schwann cell and axonal structures. In comparison, no changes were found in extrinsic nerves of mesouteri adjacent to non-foetus bearing uterine horns or in extrinsic nerves in the suspensory ligaments. Further, chemical sympathectomy produced axonal degeneration but no changes in the Schwann cells. In conclusion, the pregnancy-induced nerve degeneration is of a very special type different from that following chemical sympathectomy and represents a local phenomenon related to the conceptus. Hypothetically, this could be of importance for counteracting disturbances in placental blood flow. PMID- 3198421 TI - Automated histochemical analysis of cell populations in the intact follicle associated epithelium of the mouse Peyer's patch. AB - A new technique of quantitative histochemistry has been developed to study the cellular composition of the follicle-associated epithelium of the mouse Peyer's patch. This technique involves applying naphthol AS-BI phosphate to the surface of intact tissue where it is hydrolysed by alkaline phosphatase present in the luminal membrane of the epithelial cells. Naphthol AS-BI produced by this reaction is then coupled to Fast Red TR diazonium salt at the site of hydrolysis. M cells present in the epithelium contain little alkaline phosphatase activity and, therefore, remain white. Treatment with Alcian Blue is finally used to label goblet cells. Subsequent quantitative analysis of alkaline phosphatase-rich cells is carried out by scanning microdensitometry. Using this technique it is possible to detect two populations of alkaline phosphatase-containing cells in mice reared in a normal animal house environment. These results are discussed in relation to possible interactions taking place between enteric antigens and the gut associated lymphoid tissue which could reduce the ability of follicle-associated enterocytes to express alkaline phosphatase. PMID- 3198422 TI - Glycosaminoglycans in human gallbladder basement membrane: nature and quantitative changes in chronic cholecystitis. AB - Using cuprolinic blue as a stain along with enzymic digestion, heparan sulphate has been identified as the main glycosaminoglycan in the basement membrane of human gallbladder epithelium. The amount of glycosaminoglycans was quantified by counting the number of molecular profiles cm-2 in electron micrographs of mildly, moderately and severely inflamed gallbladders. There is a significant increase (P = 0.009) in the amount of glycosaminoglycans in the basement membranes of severely inflamed gallbladders compared with cases of mild chronic cholecystitis. Differences, although present, are less significant when mild and moderate or moderate and severe cholecystitis are compared. The findings suggest that there is a continuous accumulation of heparan sulphate in the basement membrane in chronic cholecystitis which increases in amount with the severity of inflammation. PMID- 3198420 TI - An ultrastructural study of the morphology and lectin-binding properties of human mast cell granules. AB - The morphological characteristics and lectin-binding properties of mast cell granules from four human neurofibromata are described. Ultrastructural examination of the granules revealed that some contained dense cores, others had membranous configurations and some forms were intermediate between the two. A round electron-lucent area was present in some granules. After treatment with biotinylated lectins (10 micrograms ml-1) followed by an avidin-peroxidase revealing system (5 micrograms ml-1 in 0.125 M Tris-buffered saline with 0.347 M NaCl, pH 7.6), mast cell granules strongly bound Concanavalin A, garden pea, lentil, wheatgerm, erythro- and leuco-kidney bean lectins. This indicated the presence of abundant N-linked complex-type saccharide sequences. Soybean and peanut lectins showed only weak binding, while the presence of sparse alpha-L fucosyl terminals was indicated by the weak binding of winged pea lectin. The staining intensity of wheatgerm lectin was considerably reduced when incubated in the presence of its specific competing sugar tri-N-acetylchitotriose. Despite a wide variety of morphological differences between granules, all showed similar staining patterns and all granules within a single cell shared the same binding characteristics. PMID- 3198423 TI - [3d Expert Workshop on Locabiosol. German HNO congress. Nuremberg, 15 May 1988]. PMID- 3198425 TI - US osteopathic medical school finances. PMID- 3198424 TI - Undergraduate osteopathic medical education. PMID- 3198427 TI - AOA continuing osteopathic medical education. PMID- 3198426 TI - Osteopathic postdoctoral education in transition. PMID- 3198428 TI - A prescription for taking medicine properly. PMID- 3198429 TI - Pain in children. PMID- 3198432 TI - Pharmacologic management of acute and chronic pediatric pain. PMID- 3198431 TI - Recurrent abdominal pain in children. PMID- 3198430 TI - Assessment and management of chronic pediatric headaches. PMID- 3198433 TI - Tumorectomy and radiotherapy in early breast cancer: a report on 392 patients. AB - This study includes 392 patients (231 Stage I and 161 Stage II) treated by tumorectomy followed by radiotherapy. The overall actuarial survival for all the patients is 86.5% at 5 years and 78% at 10 years. The 5-year NED survival is 70.2%. The survival rates are depending on the loco-regional extension: Stage I: 92% survival at 5 years and 84% at 10 years; Stage II: 82% survival at 5 years and 75% at 10 years. The percentage of local recurrences were 13% for all stages (10.6% for Stage I, 16% for Stage II), of lymph node recurrences: 1.5% for all stages, 1.3% for Stage I, 2% for Stage II, of distant metastases: 11.2% for all stages, 8% for Stage I and 16% for Stage II. The loco-regional control rates were analyzed according to the TNM classification and discussed and compared to several literature data. The breast preservation rates were at 5 years 85% for Stage I and 80.9% for Stage II. Cosmetic results are judged as good in 80% by doctors and in 90% by patients themselves with very low complication rates. PMID- 3198434 TI - Definitive irradiation in carcinoma of the vagina: long-term evaluation of results. AB - A retrospective analysis of 165 patients with histologically confirmed carcinoma of the vagina is reported. Actuarial disease-free 10-year survival was: Stage 0 (16 patients)--94%, Stage I (50 patients)--75%, Stage IIA (49 patients)--55%, Stage IIB (26 patients)--43%, Stage III (16 patients)--32%, Stage IV (8 patients) -0%. All but one of the in situ lesions were controlled with intracavitary therapy. Of the patients with Stage I disease, 86% showed no evidence of vaginal or pelvic recurrence. Most of them received interstitial or intracavitary therapy or both; the addition of external beam irradiation did not significantly increase survival or tumor control. In Stage IIA (paravaginal extension) 61% of the tumors were controlled with a combination of brachytherapy and external beam irradiation. Ten of 16 Stage III tumors were controlled in the pelvis. Two of the patients with Stage IV disease had no recurrence in the pelvis with relatively high doses of irradiation. The total incidence of distant metastases was 16% in Stage I, 30.6% in Stage IIA, 46.1% in Stage IIB, 62% in Stage III, and 50% in Stage IV. The dose of irradiation delivered to the primary tumor or the parametrial extension was critical in achieving successful results. The incidence of grade 2-3 complications (12%) is correlated with the stage of the tumor and type of treatment given. More effective irradiation techniques including the optimization of dose distribution by judicious combination of external irradiation and interstitial brachytherapy will be necessary to enhance loco regional tumor control. The high incidence of distant metastases underscores the need for earlier diagnosis and effective systemic cytotoxic agents if survival is to be significantly improved in these patients. PMID- 3198435 TI - The effect of dose on local control of prostate cancer. AB - Three patterns of care outcome surveys in prostate cancer totalling 1516 patients had been combined and analyzed for the effect of dose on infield recurrence. There are significant dose effects observed in the overall data (1516 patients, p = .003), Stage B cancers (725 patients, p = .004) and Stage C cancers (624 patients, p = .059). No dose effect was observed for Stage A cancers (168 patients, p = .217) within the dose range observed (5500 cGy to greater than 7000 cGy). For patients with Stage B cancer one may conclude that dose between 6000 cGy and 6999 cGy is appropriate. Patients treated to less than 6000 cGy show a highly significant increase in local failure. Patients treated to greater than 7000 cGy do not show a demonstrable improvement in local control, but do show an increase in complications. Patients with Stage C cancer appear to require dose that is equal or greater than 7000 cGy to obtain the best local control, and the potential increased morbidity of these high doses appears to be justified in this stage of the disease. Patients who have been given hormonal therapy more than 1 month prior to radiation therapy show an increase in local failure rate for all stages of cancer. This is presumed to be the selection of poor risk patients for adjuvant hormonal treatment or by referring non-responding hormone treated patients for radiation therapy. Histologic grade exerts a major influence on local failure for patients with Stage C disease (p = less than .001), identifying an important stratification point for prospective clinical trials and a sub-group for which it is important to develop strategies for improving local control. The policy of treating all stages of prostate cancer with the same dose is not supported by these data. PMID- 3198437 TI - Swine basal cell proliferation during a course of daily irradiation, five days a week for six weeks (6000 rad). AB - In swine skin irradiated with 200 rad per day, 5 days per week for 6 weeks, basal cell density remained at control levels for the first 2 weeks and then decreased to a nadir of 50% at 38 days. Thereafter it began increasing and returned to near control levels within 1 day after the end of irradiation on day forty-three. The mitotic index increased progressively to a maximum value three times the controls at day forty-two and then decreased as the cell density returned to control levels. The pattern strongly suggests that cell proliferation occurred during the period of irradiation. The cell density changes are simulated by a model in which doubling time switches from 12 days to 2.5 days at the 50% cell density level. PMID- 3198436 TI - Conservative treatment of bladder carcinoma by partial cystectomy and interstitial iridium 192. AB - From 1971 to 1984, 85 patients with bladder carcinoma were treated conservatively at the Henri Mondor Hospital by a combination of short course of pre-operative external pelvic irradiation, iliac node dissection, partial cystectomy, and iridium 192 implantation. There were 79 transitional cell carcinomas (G1: 12, G2: 25, G3: 36, Gx: 6) and 6 squamous cell carcinomas. By clinical stage, based on endoscopic resection, there were 43 T1, 30 T2, 5 T3, and 7 Tx. After partial cystectomy the pathologic stage distribution was: 41 pT1, 31 pT2, and 13 pT3. Crude disease-free survival at 5 years is 72% for T1 tumors and 55% for T2, but overall only 16% of patients died of bladder carcinoma. Local failures were seen in 11.5% of T1 and 0% of T2 tumors, and second bladder tumors developed at a distance from the treated site in 11.5% of T1 and 7% of T2. There is a non significant trend for intravesical recurrences (both local failures and second tumors) to occur more frequently for G1 tumors (25%) than for G2 (16%) or G3 (7%). At 5 years 95% of disease-free survivors have a functioning bladder. Regional or distant metastases occurred in 54% of patients with pT3 tumors and 10% of those with pT1 or pT2; within each stage there was no apparent influence of grade on metastatic risk. The four patients with histologically positive iliac nodes received additional post-operative external pelvic irradiation; three died of metastases and one is disease free at 10 years. No abdominal scar recurrences were seen. Late complications occurred in 6% of the population. For T1 tumors we suggest modification of the described protocol, eliminating the pre-operative irradiation and the lymph node dissection. If there is no doubt as to the pathologic stage after complete endoscopic resection, iridium 192 implantation delivering a dose of 60 Gy, without partial cystectomy, may be sufficient management. By contrast, for T2 tumors, all elements of the protocol seem important to obtain optimal results. PMID- 3198438 TI - A comparison of mathematical models for regeneration in acutely responding tissues. AB - A mathematical model is presented to describe the regenerative response of mouse gut epithelal cells to radiation. The model, derived from radiobiological principles, predicts the cellular surviving fraction following any irradiation regimen. There are three basic elements to the model (a) a single dose survival curve, either the linear-quadratic or the two-component model, (b) a part to incorporate the regenerative response, either a Gompertzian or a logistic growth and (c) a part to accomodate the delayed onset of regeneration, including either a mitotic delay, a fixed time delay, both, or neither. The models are similar in spirit, but different in detail to the model proposed by Cohen. The various models are evaluated on three large datasets, where the response is cell survival in the jejunum or the colon measured using the crypt colony assay. The models were fit and the parameter estimates and standard errors were obtained from the raw observations using non-linear least squares. It is concluded that Gompertzian growth gives a better fit to the data than logistic growth; the delayed onset of regeneration in these tissues can be best accounted for by a mitotic delay or a mitotic delay plus a fixed time delay, and there is little to choose between the linear-quadratic and the two-component model. There was a strong relationship between the tissue cell cycle time and the regenerative response, the mitotic delay being longer and the rate of regeneration slower for the colon than for the jejunum. PMID- 3198439 TI - Aortic wall injury following intraoperative irradiation. AB - The type, extent, and probability of vasculopathy in canine abdominal aortas were determined 5 years after large single radiation doses given intraoperatively (IORT) either alone or with fractionated doses of external beam irradiation (EBRT) to compare with the response following EBRT only. Young adult beagle dogs were used. For IORT, a 5 x 8 cm electron applicator was used to deliver 6 MeV electrons to the paraaortic region. For EBRT of the paraaortic region, 6 MV photons were given in variable total doses in 30 fractions in 6 weeks. For the combination, variable IORT doses were given following an EBRT dose of 50 Gy given in 2 Gy fractions in 5 weeks. Necropsies were performed 4 to 5 years after irradiation. Transverse sections of the aorta were examined for lesions. Probit analyses were done to determine the dose with a 50% probability to cause severe lesions of the aorta 5 years after treatment. The most severe lesions were variably organized thrombi which occupied at least a third of the luminal area or intimal surface of the aorta. Six dogs with thrombi had dissecting aneurysms. That occurred at doses as low as 25 Gy IORT plus 50 Gy EBRT (1 of 4 dogs). The doses with a 50% probability for causing aneurysms and/or severe thromboses of the aorta were 35 Gy IORT (95% C.I., 29 to 46 Gy) and 27 Gy IORT plus 50 Gy EBRT (95% C.I., 20-40 Gy). No large thrombi or aneurysms were observed 5 years after EBRT to doses as high as 80 Gy. Comparison of the ED50s for IORT alone to that of IORT combined with EBRT indicated that 50 Gy given in 25 fractions had the impact of about 8 Gy IORT. Based on the response of younger adult dogs it appears that IORT doses greater than 30 Gy alone or 20 Gy IORT combined with 50 Gy EBRT would be accompanied by a significant risk of life threatening lesions of the aorta. This is in contrast with several earlier reports indicating that the tolerance dose of canine aorta was 50 Gy IORT. PMID- 3198440 TI - Japan gastric trials in intraoperative radiation therapy. AB - Based upon our clinical results indications of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) for gastric cancer were summarized as follows: (a) The primary tumor must be surgically removed. (b) There must be no metastases to the liver or peritoneum. (c) Serosal invasion must be limited to the posterior wall of the stomach. IORT is not adaptable to patients in whom there is direct invasion of the peritoneum beyond the anterior wall because of the ease of peritoneal dissemination. (d) All unresectable lesions must be encompassed by a single radiation field. (e) No significant difference between cumulative survival of patients with Stage I gastric cancer who were treated by IORT or surgery alone was found. Therefore IORT may be of no benefit to the prognosis of patients with Stage I gastric cancer. As for the IORT dose, it is recommended that for clinically undetectable lesions a single dose of 28 Gy be delivered. For macroscopic remnants 30-35 Gy should be delivered depending upon the residual tumor size. The electron energy is selected so that the entire lesion is included by the 90% isodose line. When IORT is applied to a curative operation, the radiation field is positioned toward the lymph node groups around the celiac axis, which are hard to eliminate by a surgical procedure. PMID- 3198441 TI - The association of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with thoracic irradiation (RT). AB - The authors report two cases of apparent adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following limited thoracic irradiation for lung cancer. Respiratory failure followed rapidly after irradiation with diffuse bilateral infiltrates, both in and out of the irradiated volume along with progressive hypoxemia unresponsive to oxygen management. Other potential causes of lung injury such as lymphangitic tumor, cardiac failure, and infections were excluded by both premortem and postmortem examination. Autopsy findings in both irradiated and unirradiated volumes of lung were consistent with hyaline membrane changes. The possible relationship between radiation therapy to limited lung volumes and the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome is discussed. PMID- 3198442 TI - Phase I-II study of prophylactic hepatic irradiation with local irradiation and systemic chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. AB - Although the addition of 5-FU to radiation therapy for locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas improved short-term survival (GITSG), there were no differences in patterns of failure. Hepatic metastases were equally common in both groups. Therefore, a pilot study of prophylactic hepatic irradiation was developed. Between March 1983 and May 1985, 16 patients were entered in a Phase I/II study of prophylactic hepatic irradiation with local irradiation and systemic chemotherapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas at the Medical College of Wisconsin Affiliated Hospitals. Megavoltage radiation (1.8 Gy/fraction) was given to the pancreas with a minimal margin (2 cm) around the tumor, localized by surgical clips or CT scan with a total dose of 61.2 Gy over 7 weeks. Prophylactic hepatic irradiation was added to the fourth week of irradiation to a total dose of 23.4 Gy over 21/2 weeks. 5-Fluorouracil, 500 mg/M2/day was given at Day 1, 2, 3, 29, 30, and 31 of radiotherapy, then a weekly maintenance for 1 year. Fifteen patients were evaluable: One patient refused chemotherapy. The follow-up period was 14 to 50 months (median 26 months). The most common side effect was nausea. Maintenance 5-FU was discontinued in one patient because of GI bleeding. Three quarters of the patients developed temporary elevations of hepatic enzymes. No severe or life-threatening complications were observed. One, 2-, 3-, and 4-year disease-free survivals are 66.7%, 46.7%, 20% and 13.3%, respectively. Patterns of failure revealed that only two patients had hepatic metastasis as the first site of failure, five patients died of abdominal carcinomatosis, and three patients failed in the pancreas. Two patients died without evidence of cancer. Two patients are alive and well beyond 4 years after the diagnosis. This study confirms that such aggressive combined modality treatment is well tolerated and suggests that the frequency of hepatic metastasis can be reduced. PMID- 3198443 TI - Conventional radiation therapy in the management of arteriovenous malformations of the central nervous system. AB - Between 1967 and 1981, five patients were treated for vascular malformation of the central nervous system using conventional radiotherapy at Stanford University Medical Center. Two patients had arteriovenous malformations (AVM's) of the spinal cord, two patients had intracranial AVM's, and one patient had a hemangio epithelioma of the occiput. All patients demonstrated clinical improvement after high dose radiation therapy with follow-up from 5 to 20 years. There have been no complications directly attributable to radiation therapy. PMID- 3198444 TI - Intracavitary irradiation of carcinomas of the uterus and cervix: the Creteil method. AB - The Creteil method is a logical and simple system for intracavitary therapy of cervical and uterine cancer. The system is based on the use of a plastic cervico vaginal moulage loaded with 0.5 mm diameter iridium 192 wire sources. The dimensions of both the moulage and the sources correspond to the size of the cervix being treated according to precisely defined relationships. The dose is specified on a reference isodose of a "fixed" value enclosing the pear-shaped target volume whose dimensions depend on the geometry of the sources. Source geometry in turn, depends on the size of the cervix. Thus, the dimensions of the target volume can be accurately predicted at the time of the application. Furthermore, treatment can be performed in a single application, with all sources having the same linear reference air kerma rate (or activity). Radioprotective measures are simple but effective and the patient is not subjected to the restrictions imposed by attachment to an after-loading apparatus. Our clinical results for early Stage T1 and T2a cervical tumors show excellent local control without major treatment complications or long term sequelae. PMID- 3198445 TI - Psychoanalysis is alive and well: meeting the challenges of diversity. PMID- 3198446 TI - The negative therapeutic reaction: the uses of negation. AB - The negative therapeutic reaction can be used as a lens illuminating issues of psychoanalytic technique and therapeutic change. Its paradoxical development is examined within the context of current controversies involving the concepts of borderline personality organization and empathy. Negative therapeutic reactions are seen to reflect, among other failings, the failure of theory to "contain" dialectical tensions between self and other, subject and object, health and illness. Greater theoretical sophistication can point the way toward vigorous and more hopeful therapeutic engagement of these challenging reactions. PMID- 3198447 TI - Freud's "narcissism of minor differences": a review and reassessment. AB - Freud coined the name and briefly described the narcissism of minor differences. Although he initially regarded it as a form of individual behavior, he later came to see its implications for groups. This paper explores the manifestations of the narcissism of minor differences in psychoanalytic organizations and treatment. In contrast to Freud's observation that the narcissism of minor differences is relatively harmless, I suggest that in the social sphere it harbors the potential for a pernicious escalation into hostile and destructive actions on a widespread scale. PMID- 3198448 TI - Fairbairn's 'basic endopsychic situation' considered in terms of 'classical' and 'deficit' metapsychological models. AB - W. R. D. Fairbairn's singularly original contributions to an understanding of psychoanalytic object-relations theory are grounded upon what he termed the "basic endopsychic situation." Fundamental to that formulation are: (1) there exist from the beginning an "original object" and an "original ego" which form the matrix of later-developed mental structure, (2) the process of splitting is responsible for that development, (3) splitting and repression are essentially equivalent, (4) the dynamic of repression is aggression, and (5) schizoid and hysterical phenomena are dynamically similar. It is the author's conclusion that these and other related formulations lead ineluctably to a concept of mental structure that necessarily incorporates elements of both "deficit" and "drive defense" models and the paper that follows attempts to develop and explicate that conclusion by means of a detailed examination of relevant parts of Fairbairn's writings. PMID- 3198449 TI - Nerds, or neuroevolutionary rostral developers: a contribution to the future of characterology. AB - Psychoanalytic medicine can incorporate information from the neurosciences to expand anatomic characterology through new knowledge of brain function. One focus of interest that is not currently targeted by research into specific pathological conditions is that of the highly intelligent, scientific person. This paper designates by the ambivalent popular term "nerds" persons whose brain development enables them to manipulate very abstract concepts such as those in math and physics. This ability, which may be in the direction of human brain evolution, contributes to personality development in a way that is not conflicted but leads to investments of mental abilities with intense interest. Personality traits may result that are misunderstood and unpopular despite the crucial need for such persons at this point in our society's history. Portrayals of the nerd type in films, neurological, mental, and social factors favoring the development of nerds, and biographical and case materials round out this description of the type, for which further refinements of our neuropsychiatric and psychoanalytic understanding may be sought. PMID- 3198450 TI - The use of mailed questionnaires to conduct survey research. AB - The purpose of this paper is to present a brief outline of the methods and procedures needed to design, construct, and conduct a research study using a mailed questionnaire. Particular attention is paid to those details that have an impact on increasing response rates, as this will improve the validity of data collected. In addition, the paper focuses on suitability of this method for survey research in psychoanalysis. PMID- 3198451 TI - Variations in secondary themes of the Oedipal legend. PMID- 3198452 TI - Call for action on violation of practice acts. PMID- 3198453 TI - Limitations on the right to practice veterinary medicine. PMID- 3198454 TI - Dog owners and their use of veterinary services. PMID- 3198455 TI - Fraud in health claims. PMID- 3198456 TI - Farmers in distress: how veterinarians can help out. PMID- 3198457 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of food animal educational diseases. PMID- 3198458 TI - Breeding soundness examination of yearling beef bulls. AB - Yearling beef bulls were subjected to a breeding soundness examination (BSE) at completion of performance testing programs at 4 locations over 5 years. Of 862 bulls, 80.1% were classified as satisfactory potential breeders, 7.3% as questionable potential breeders, and 12.7% as unsatisfactory potential breeders. Year (P less than 0.01), location (P less than 0.01), and breed (P less than 0.01) affected the percentage of bulls classified as satisfactory; age of the bulls did not affect this percentage. Adjusted mean scrotal circumference (SC) measurements were 31, 33.2, and 34.8 cm for bulls classified as unsatisfactory, questionable, and satisfactory (P less than 0.01), respectively. Of 109 bulls classified as unsatisfactory, 2.8% were so classified because of poor semen quality alone; 41.3% had no ejaculate in 4 separate electroejaculation attempts. Other abnormalities in these 109 bulls included reproductive tract infections (22%), persistent penile frenulum (16.5%), testicular abnormalities (8.3%), fibropapilloma (1.8%), hernia (1.8%), aplastic epididymis (1.8%), penile abnormalities (1.8%), pendulous sheath (0.9%), and eye abnormalities (0.9%). Age had a significant effect on SC in bulls at 3 locations and on percentage of normal cells, primary abnormalities, and secondary abnormalities as well as BSE score at 1 location. Percentage of primary and secondary abnormalities as well as SC were different across years at 2 locations, and percentage of normal and motile cells as well as BSE score were different across years at 1 location. Breed effects were significant for SC, percentage of primary abnormalities, and BSE score at 3 locations and for percentage of normal and motile cells at 1 location. PMID- 3198460 TI - Surgical repair of urethral transection in a horse. AB - A recently castrated horse was examined because of preputial and ventral abdominal swelling, prolapse of the preputial fold, and serosanguinous fluid dripping from the external urethral orifice. After a poor response to initial medical management, a urethral laceration was found during exploratory surgery. Half of the ventral portion of the corpus cavernosum penis had been transected. Primary closure was followed by healing without complications. PMID- 3198459 TI - Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp isolated from feline skin lesions. AB - Swab specimens obtained from skin lesions of 45 cats were cultured bacteriologically for staphylococci. Thirty-two staphylococcal isolates were recovered from 30 cats and were biotyped, using biochemical tests contained in a staphylococcal identification system. Of 23 isolates considered coagulase positive, 16 were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, 5 as S intermedius, and 2 as S hyicus. Of 9 isolates considered coagulase-negative, 6 were identified as S simulans, 2 as S epidermidis, and 1 as S xylosus. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were done on all staphylococcal isolates, using a disk-diffusion method. Staphylococcal isolates were susceptible to clavulanic acid-amoxicillin, cloxacillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Resistance to penicillin G, ampicillin, and tetracycline was frequent. PMID- 3198461 TI - Congenital inguinal hernias associated with a rent in the common vaginal tunic in five foals. AB - Five foals were admitted because of colic that developed within 24 hours after birth. Physical examination revealed swelling from the inguinal region to the cranial aspect of the prepuce. Through the skin overlying the swelling, distended loops of bowel could be palpated. The hernias could be reduced with the foals restrained in dorsal recumbency. Surgical exploration showed the swelling to be an inguinal hernia with small bowel herniation through a rent in the common vaginal tunic. Concurrent rupture of the vaginal tunic should be suspected when a congenital inguinal hernia is associated with colic, swelling that extends to the prepuce, or intestine that is easily palpated within the hernial swelling. Repeated manual reduction in these cases would be of little benefit and surgical intervention would be recommended. PMID- 3198462 TI - Visceral leishmaniasis in an English foxhound from an Ohio research colony. AB - Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in a 5-year-old English Foxhound born and housed in an Ohio research colony. Physical examination revealed pyrexia, hematochezia, panuveitis, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Hematologic and serum biochemical abnormalities consisted of anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, azotemia, and proteinuria. Postmortem examination revealed widely disseminated (spleen, bone marrow, lymph node, liver, kidney, lungs) Leishmania amastigotes within macrophages. PMID- 3198463 TI - Acquired cutaneous lymphangiectasis in a dog. AB - A 3-year-old male mixed-breed dog had swelling of the penile sheath, which developed after the dog was castrated at 1 year of age. Physical examination revealed pitting edema and multiple turgid vesicles on the prepuce and inguinal area. Histologic evaluation of the vesicles revealed thin epidermis elevated by dermal proliferation of dilated lymphatic channels. The diagnosis was acquired cutaneous lymphangiectasia. Clinical signs resolved concurrent with furosemide administration. Preputial swelling without vesicles recurred 1 and 2 years later and partially resolved after furosemide administration. PMID- 3198464 TI - Use of DNA bar codes to resolve a canine paternity dispute. AB - The DNA fingerprinting method was used to resolve a canine paternity dispute. During the same estrus, a Shih Tzu bitch was inseminated by 2 dogs--a Shih Tzu and a Coton de Tulear. Because both breeds are alike phenotypically, it was difficult to decide whether the pups were purebred or of mixed breeding. The DNA bar codes indicated unambiguously that the 2 sires had fathered one pup each, thus documenting superfecundation. PMID- 3198465 TI - Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Alternaria alternata in a cat. AB - Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Alternaria alternata was diagnosed in a 6-year-old cat. A lesion in the nose resulted in enlargement of the dorsum of the nose. Similar appearing lesions had been removed from the dorsum of the nose 1 and 4 years earlier. The lesion recurred 3 months after surgical excision and irregular administration of ketoconazole. A second cytoreductive operation followed by 5 months' treatment with ketoconazole resolved the infection. Nasal trauma occurring at 8 months and at 5 years before initial examination may have predisposed the cat to development of the Alternaria infection. PMID- 3198466 TI - Pancreatic abscess in dogs: six cases (1978-1986). AB - Pancreatic abscess was diagnosed by exploratory celiotomy in 6 dogs. The most common clinical signs included acute onset of lethargy (n = 5), anorexia (n = 6), vomiting (n = 5), and diarrhea (n = 2). Physical examination revealed pain response to abdominal palpation (n = 5), depression (n = 5), icterus (n = 3), fever (n = 3), and cranial abdominal mass (n = 2). Consistent preoperative clinicopathologic abnormalities included leukocytosis with left shift, observance of toxic neutrophils on the blood smear, hyperlipasemia, hyperamylasemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. In 5 of 6 dogs, abdominal radiography revealed increased soft tissue density in the cranial portion of the abdomen. Ultrasonography performed on 4 dogs confirmed pancreatic mass. In all dogs, exploratory celiotomy revealed a cavitary pancreatic mass that contained sterile, mucopurulent material. Histopathologic diagnoses included acute necrotizing or chronic-active pancreatitis and steatitis. Two dogs were euthanatized at the time of diagnosis, and the remaining 4 were treated by use of pancreatic debridement(s), open abdominal drainage, and intensive administration of fluids and antibiotics. One dog was euthanatized 4 days after surgery, because of progressive pancreatic abscessation. Three dogs recovered and were discharged. PMID- 3198467 TI - The potential of biotechnology for improving animal health and productivity. PMID- 3198468 TI - Social interactions and the coordination of reproductive behavior in rodents and nonhuman primates. PMID- 3198470 TI - Weak low frequency electromagnetic fields and chick embryogenesis: failure to reproduce positive findings. AB - Fertilised chicken eggs were incubated for 48 hours while exposed to pulsed trains of magnetic fields having a duration of 0-5 ms, a rise time of 42 microsecond, and a pulse repetition rate of 100 at a magnetic field flux density of 1 microT. Some eggs were exposed to 1,552 rad X-rays as a positive control. After exposure the embryos were scored blind for a variety of morphological features. X-irradiated eggs displayed highly significant and repeatable anatomical alterations. There were no differences between magnetic field-exposed, sham-exposed and control eggs. PMID- 3198469 TI - Studies of fluid and spermatozoal transport in the extratesticular genital ducts of the Japanese quail. AB - Stereological studies of the spermatic ducts of the quail were carried out for comparison between different parts of the system and those of other species, and to provide a basis for future physiological studies. Duct length, surface areas and volumes of various components of the ducts were determined. Values were subsequently used to calculate net fluxes of fluid across the duct epithelium, spermatozoal velocity and the distribution of spermatozoa throughout the system. It was concluded that the extratesticular spermatic ducts are divided into 2 main parts: (1) the ductuli efferentes where spermatozoa spend a brief period (8 minutes) and which are adapted for considerable net fluid reabsorption (100 microliters/cm2/h), and (2) the connecting ducts, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens where spermatozoa spend a longer period (24 hours) and which are involved in little net fluid transport (0.14-2.1 microliter/cm2/h). Most spermatozoa (92.3%) are located in the ductus deferens. The velocity of spermatozoal transport is much the same through the quail spermatic ducts (0.37 mm/min) as through the mammalian epididymis, the difference between classes in the duration of spermatozoal transport being due to differences in the distance that they travel. In a comparison between estimates of spermatozoal concentration using stereological methods and direct counts of spermatozoa in samples collected using micropuncture procedures it was concluded that both methods gave similar results. PMID- 3198471 TI - A fraction of labelled mitoses study on adrenal chromaffin tissue in the newborn mouse and the effect of hydrocortisone. AB - Hydrocortisone was administered to gravid mice from the thirteenth day of pregnancy until term. In vivo fraction of labelled mitoses experiments on intra adrenal chromaffin tissue of newborn mice were performed to assess the effect of hydrocortisone on the cell cycle in this tissue. In untreated mouse intra-adrenal chromaffin tissue the total cell cycle time was 7 hours, being made up as follows: S phase 1 1/2 hours, G2 phase 1 hour, M phase 4 hours (by analysis of results, not by assumption) and G1 phase 1/2 hour (by subtraction). Hydrocortisone administration was without marked effect on these values. These results are discussed in the context of the influence of corticosteroids on the development biology of chromaffin tissue, both intra- and extra-adrenal. PMID- 3198472 TI - Effects of ageing and chronic dietary restriction on the morphology of fast and slow muscles of the rat. AB - The soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the hindlimb and the flexor digitorum profundus muscle of the forelimb were studied in ad libitum-fed control and age-matched diet-restricted male rats at various ages from weaning to senescence. Growth of individual muscles was accomplished by fibre hypertrophy and not hyperplasia. Between weaning and one year, fibre numbers remained constant in the soleus but fell by 50% in the extensor digitorum longus. Both muscles displayed increasingly oxidative fibre type profiles with advancing age, irrespective of dietary status. This was particularly noticeable in the soleus, which transformed its fibre population from one containing 35% fast fibres at weaning to one with no fast fibres at 91 weeks. In senility, however, the fibre type population again displayed 25% fast fibres. The capillary: fibre ratio and the capillary density were correlated with muscle fibre size in both hindlimb muscles. Although capillarity increased with age, expected differences between fast and slow muscles were probably minimised by the high proportion of FOG fibres in the extensor digitorum longus. Both hindlimb muscles displayed significant increases in the ratio of connective: muscle tissue with increasing age. The soleus invariably contained more connective tissue than the extensor digitorum longus. Dietary restriction reduced the rate of increase, so that the connective tissue content was approximately one half that found in control muscles at one year. Various pathological features associated with old age were delayed considerably in the muscles of the diet-restricted rats. It is concluded that chronic dietary restriction imposed directly after weaning has a dramatic effect on the normal growth and ageing of skeletal muscle. PMID- 3198474 TI - The rostral nasal anatomy of two elephant shrews. AB - The nasal anatomy of Elephantulus brachyrhynchus and E. myurus shows adaptations needed for a long, mobile snout with no special chemosensory features. Olfactory and vomeronasal neuroepithelia do not extend rostral to the nasal opening of the incisive ducts. Their fine structure presents no unusual features. Separate dorsal, lateral and ventral cartilages and fenestrations in the septal cartilage permit snout flexibility. Dorsal and ventral tubular glands extend the whole length of the snout under the dermis but only release their secretions at the tip, together with the products of the nasolacrimal and lateral nasal gland ducts. These secretions may protect the bare rostral epithelium from the chemical defences of termites and ants, which are major food items. A ventral groove in the snout communicates directly with the sulcus of the incisive papilla on the rostral palate. The oral openings of the incisive ducts also lie within the sulcus. Variability in the relation of the vomeronasal duct to the incisive duct and in the presence of taste buds on the incisive papilla in the two species of Elephantulus studied here limit their value as evidence of relationships between elephant shrews and other insectivores and prosimians. PMID- 3198473 TI - An efficient sampling scheme for estimating fibre number from nerve cross sections: the fractionator. AB - Biopsies were made on six rat tibial nerves and 'absolute' numbers of myelinated fibres determined by counting all fibres in all nerve trunks. Subsequently, two unbiased sampling schemes-systematic random quadrat (SRQ) and 'fractionator' sampling-were used to select fibres from the same nerves and to obtain estimates of their numbers. Both schemes captured roughly 200 out of the total of 3000 myelinated fibres found in these nerve trunks, all of which were sampled exhaustively, without replacement. Estimates of fibre number were derived by an established approach, the 'ratio technique' (using SRQ samples), and by a new principle, the fractionator (using fractionator samples). Counting all fibres in every nerve trunk took almost 6 hours. Both the ratio technique and the fractionator approaches provided efficient and unbiased estimates of fibre numbers. Six nerve trunks were analysed by SRQ sampling in 77 minutes, compared with 65 minutes by the fractionator. Apparent differences between the two approaches were of minor interest when set against the benefits of sampling per se. These findings are likely to be of practical concern to those wishing to examine nerves with great numbers of fibres and/or to examine large numbers of nerves. PMID- 3198475 TI - An electron microscopic study of macrophages in the meninges of the human embryonic optic nerve. AB - Macrophages were found in the meningeal sheath of the human optic nerve at all ages from 8 to 18 weeks post-conception. At 8 weeks the majority of macrophages contained few cytoplasmic organelles or vacuoles, but even at this age a small number of cells packed with small dense bodies were present. With increasing age the number of organelles increased and some vacuolated macrophages were present. The morphology of macrophages largely depended on the part of the meninges in which they were situated. Those lying in the subarachnoid space or loose outer layers of the dura were irregularly shaped and often vacuolated, whereas those lying in the tightly packed layer of arachnoid at its junction with the dura were elongated and contained few, if any, vacuoles. A few meningeal macrophages were observed apparently migrating along the fibrous septa which carry blood vessels into the substance of the nerve. The main structural differences between meningeal macrophages and optic nerve microglia (Sturrock, 1984) were the presence in the latter of numerous small vacuoles and long strands of endoplasmic reticulum. These structural differences may be the result of microglia being actively engaged in phagocytosis of the large number of degenerating axons which are present in the optic nerve between 8 and 10 weeks post-conception. PMID- 3198476 TI - On internodal length. AB - A study has been made of changes in internodal lengths in rat tibial nerves and human sural nerves with age. Myelinated fibre counts on these nerves showed that maximum numbers were reached at an early stage of development. The slope of regression lines relating internodal length to fibre diameter was relatively flat at this stage, but became steeper with increasing age. Maximum internodal length in rat tibial nerve was closely related to growth of the limb bones. Whilst this study confirms that the largest fibres are subjected to hind limb growth for the greatest period, and therefore have the longest internodes, it does not support the generally accepted view that short internodes are the consequence of the later myelination of small fibres, and hence shorter period of extension due to growth. PMID- 3198478 TI - An investigation of the topography of the lymphatic system of the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). 1. The superficial lymphatic system. AB - The superficial lymphatic system of the grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus is described. The description is based on dissections of 130 eastern grey kangaroos. The most significant difference found between the superficial lymphatic drainage pattern of kangaroos and that of the domestic species was the existence of large inguino-axillary lymphatic trunks in the kangaroo. Thus in the kangaroo, instead of lymph passing from the inguinal lymphocentre to the lumbar lymphatic trunks as is the situation in the domestic animals, lymph passes from the inguinal lymphocentre to the axillary lymphocentre. Apart from the lymph draining from the head and ventral neck (which passes to the superficial cervical lymphocentre) and lymph which may pass from the superficial lymphatic vessels to deeper lymphatic vessels, all the superficial lymphatic drainage of the kangaroo passes through the axillary lymphocentre. From the viewpoint of the meat inspection of the carcasses of kangaroos taken as game meat animals, pathology of the axillary lymphocentre may reflect disease in a much wider range of body regions than it would in a domestic animal. PMID- 3198477 TI - Ultrastructural morphometric observations on the extramural aortico-pulmonary bodies of the domestic fowl. AB - The extramural aortico-pulmonary bodies of the domestic fowl were analysed in electron micrographs by point-counting morphometry. The Type I cell constituted about 34% of the total volume of the parenchyma, whereas the supporting cells (Type II cells, pericytes and Schwann cells) constituted about 26%. The blood capillaries occupied the lowest volume density of about 5%. The mitochondria and the dense-cored vesicles occupied about the same volume (8%) of the Type I cell cytoplasm. The results obtained in the present study are compared with other similar studies on the aortic and carotid bodies of mammals. PMID- 3198479 TI - The site of the tendinous interruption in semitendinosus in man. AB - Forty six cadaveric lower limbs were examined to define the presence, site and shape of the tendinous interruption in semitendinosus. It was found to be: 1. Present in all limbs studied. 2. Single in all limbs studied. 3. V-shaped with a short lateral limb and a long medial limb measuring one fifth of the total muscle length. 4. Its apex is one third of the total muscle length from the origin of the muscle. PMID- 3198480 TI - Chondrocyte distribution in the articular cartilage of human femoral condyles. AB - The distribution of chondrocytes throughout the total thickness of articular cartilage from the femoral condyles of infants, children and adults has been studied using serial sections cut parallel as well as perpendicular to the articular surface. The thickness of the articular cartilage was estimated in fixed sections. In one of the adult specimens, the thickness of the articular cartilage was estimated firstly by direct measurement of the cut surfaces of a series of blocks cut from both condyles and then from the number of parallel sections of the cartilage prepared from those blocks. Cell density was highest in the superficial zone of all specimens examined, declining to lower values in the deep zone of the cartilage. Within this pattern the infant specimens had the highest values for cell density and the adults the lowest, with values for children in an intermediate range. There was no significant variation in cell density across the condyles of the selected adult specimen. The absolute values for cartilage thickness depended on the method used, but in general total thickness was found to approximately double from late gestation to maturity. In the selected adult specimen, the cartilage was thickest just anterior and posterior to the main weight-bearing area of the condyles. PMID- 3198481 TI - The area of the articular surface of the distal end of the human femur. AB - A simple method of measuring the articular surface area of the distal end of the femur is described. The mean area value was 43.8 +/- 8.6 cm2. The area value was related to the relative size of the bone as measured by the inter-epicondylar distance. PMID- 3198482 TI - The innervation of the adrenal gland. I. The source of pre- and postganglionic nerve fibres to the rat adrenal gland. AB - The sympathetic innervation of the rat adrenal medulla was studied using the fluorescent tracer Fast Blue. Labelled preganglionic cell bodies were located in the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord at segments T1 and L1; the greatest number was found in T9. The ILp nucleus contained 95%, the ILf nucleus 4%, and the IC nucleus 1% of the total number of labelled preganglionic cells. Labelled postganglionic cell bodies were found in the sympathetic ganglia at levels T4 and T12; the maximum number were located in ganglia at T9 and T10. In addition, labelled cells were found in the suprarenal ganglion. No labelled cells were found in the ganglia of the coeliac plexus. The number of labelled preganglionic cells in the spinal cord accounted for 88.6%, the labelled cells in the sympathetic chain for 8.7% and those in the suprarenal ganglia for 2.7% of the total number of labelled cells found. The detailed distribution within the gland of postganglionic axons has yet to be determined, but it is thought that some are destined for the adrenal cortex. PMID- 3198483 TI - An ultrastructural study of the cere of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia). AB - The relative scarcity of primary and secondary skin infections in birds depends, at least in part, on the functional morphological barrier presented by the avian integument. Both transmission and scanning electron microscopical techniques were used to study the ultrastructural morphology of the epidermal barrier in the cere of the domestic racing pigeon. The epidermis is composed of sebokeratocytes which are responsible for producing not only the keratin proteins of the keratinized stratum corneum, but also the lipid emulsion forming the surface lipid layer and filling the intercellular spaces. The possible importance and role of these components in the defensive barrier presented by the skin is discussed. PMID- 3198485 TI - The tentorial nerve in monkeys is a branch of the cavernous plexus. AB - The origin and content of the tentorial nerve in cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys were studied using light and electron microscopic inspection of interrupted serial sections of the trigeminal/cavernous sinus region combined with selective nerve degeneration. The nerve was invariably a branch of the cavernous plexus rather than a branch of the trigeminal ganglion or ophthalmic nerve as described in earlier reports. The cavernous plexus branch forming the tentorial nerve joined and passed back in the trochlear nerve while it remained in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, then left the trochlear to be distributed in the tentorium cerebelli. It was composed of trigeminal fibres mainly from the ophthalmic division together with sympathetic fibres from the superior cervical ganglion. The source of another group of unmyelinated fibres was unidentified but they are likely to be parasympathetic. PMID- 3198486 TI - Esterase profile of human masseter muscle. AB - The esterase profile of fresh human masseter muscle was investigated by use of histochemistry and electrophoresis. The histochemical methods included reactions for alpha-naphthyl esterase, myofibrillar ATPase, reverse myofibrillar ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase. In frozen sections of the muscle the coloured reaction product for esterases was present both as a diffuse sarcoplasmic coloration and as distinct granules. The intensity of diffuse reaction was used to classify the muscle fibres as strongly, moderately and weakly reacting. The fibres with strong esterase activity belonged to Type I and iiC. iM and Type II A fibres showed a moderate esterase reaction and Type II B fibres had a low activity. The electrophoretic gels stained for esterase activity showed that the human masseter muscle possesses a slow migrating double band with high enzyme activity and a cascade of faster migrating isoenzymes. In isoelectric focused gels the major esterases showed isoelectric points around pH 5. PMID- 3198488 TI - Novel antifungal antibiotics octacosamicins A and B. I. Taxonomy, fermentation and isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological activities. AB - Two antifungal antibiotics octacosamicins A and B were isolated from the culture broth of a strain of actinomycetes, which was identified as a strain of Amycolatopsis. These antibiotics were isolated by resin adsorption and purified by column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Both antibiotics were found to be new substances from their physico-chemical properties. They showed broad antifungal spectra. PMID- 3198487 TI - A reappraisal of the structure of normal canine articular cartilage. AB - It has been shown that some of the controversy over the structure of articular cartilage may be due to slight differences in the orientation of the sample that has been studied. As our decisive criterion we have used the simple physical fact that elongate proteins, such as collagen micelles, that can exhibit form birefringence, had to show virtually straight extinction when viewed under crossed polars. The use of a variably adjustable microtome chuck facilitated small adjustments in the orientation of the cartilage to meet this criterion. Under these conditions, the collagen of the matrix has been shown to be aligned mainly perpendicularly to the surface which was bounded by a thin lamina in which the collagen showed birefringence at 90 degrees to that of the matrix. The conventionally described zonation of articular cartilage has been shown to be inadequate for that of the dog tibial plateau. The conventional Zone 2 has been shown to consist of two zones, Zones 2a and 2b, with different cell sizes, cell concentrations, and concentration of matrix components. PMID- 3198484 TI - The demonstration of the cutaneous distribution of saphenous nerve C-fibres using a plasma extravasation technique in the normal rat and following nerve injury. AB - The distribution and density of innervation by saphenous nerve C-fibres has been demonstrated, in the intact rat and following nerve injury, using a dye-labelled plasma extravasation technique. In the intact rat the area demarcated by the dye corresponded to the area supplied by the whole nerve as determined by dissection and electrophysiologically. This technique is, therefore, valid for the mapping of the cutaneous distribution of nerves in the normal rat. Under other conditions, e.g. following nerve injury, it cannot be assumed that the distribution of C-fibres capable of evoking the dye response corresponds with that of other types of fibre. After either crush or section injury there was evidence, using the dye technique, of regeneration of saphenous C-fibres. Within 20 weeks of crush injury the extent of the area innervated by these fibres was similar to that in the intact animal, although the density of the reinnervation did not reach normal levels until some time later. There was then a reduction in the extent and particularly in the density of the C-fibre innervation. The possible significance of these observations is discussed. Regeneration after nerve section followed a longer time course and even one year after the injury neither the extent nor density of the reinnervation had reached normal levels. PMID- 3198489 TI - Novel antifungal antibiotics octacosamicins A and B. II. The structure elucidation using various NMR spectroscopic methods. AB - The structures of octacosamicins A and B, two new antifungal antibiotics, were studied by spectrometries and chemical modifications. The 2D NMR techniques including 1H-detected heteronuclear multiple bond correlation method were successfully applied to this study. These antibiotics have unique linear chain structure possessing N-hydroxyguanidyl group at the terminal. PMID- 3198490 TI - Metabolites of microorganisms. 248. Synthetic analogs of saphenamycin. AB - A synthesis of racemie saphenic acid is described. From this acid 9 ester derivatives of saphenamycin were prepared. Those with aromatic acid components showed high activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Of the esters with aliphatic acid moieties only the acetate and, to a lesser extent, the butyrate showed considerable anti-bacterial activities, whereas esters with higher fatty acids showed strongly reduced, if any, activities against some test organisms. Similar results were obtained with ID50 values against the eucaryotic tumor cell line CCRF/CEM. The salicylate, which is structurally similar to saphenamycin, was most active. PMID- 3198491 TI - A new macromolecular antitumor antibiotic, C-1027. I. Discovery, taxonomy of producing organism, fermentation and biological activity. AB - Strain C-1027, an actinomycete isolated from a soil sample collected in China, was found to produce the new antibiotic, C-1027. From taxonomical studies on its morphological, cultural and physiological characteristics, this antibiotic producing strain was identified as Streptomyces globisporus C-1027. Antibiotic C 1027 has antimicrobial activity against most Gram-positive bacteria but not against Mycobacterium sp. or Gram-negative bacteria. This antibiotic shows remarkable activity in spermatogonial assay and potent cytotoxicity against KB carcinoma cells in vitro, and exhibits inhibition on transplantable tumors in mice. PMID- 3198493 TI - FR-900520 and FR-900523, novel immunosuppressants isolated from a Streptomyces. I. Taxonomy of the producing strain. AB - A new subspecies of the genus Streptomyces, the proposed name of which is Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. yakushimaensis subsp. nov., is described. Soil isolate, strain No. 7238, produces the novel immunosuppressants, FR-900520 and FR 900523. The organism is characterized by its gray aerial mycelium color, hygroscopic spore mass and spiral spore chains with warty or spiny spore surfaces. It is nonchromogenic. Strain No. 7238 shows characteristics most closely related to Streptomyces antimycoticus and S. hygroscopicus, although there are differences in physiological characteristics and carbohydrate utilization. In terms of morphological characteristics, strain No. 7238 is different from S. antimycoticus, but resembles S. hygroscopicus. The differences are not sufficient to establish a new species. It would be most suitable to designate strain No. 7238 as a new subspecies within the species of S. hygroscopicus. PMID- 3198494 TI - Synthesis and biological activity of a new cephalosporin, BMY-28232 and its prodrug-type esters for oral use. AB - The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazol-4 yl)-2-hydroxyiminoacetamido]-3-[( Z)-1- propenyl]-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (BMY 28232), its 3-alkenyl analogs (6 and 7) and O-substituted derivatives of the oxyimino moiety (10) are described, as well as the oral pharmacokinetics and in vivo activities of the 1-acetoxyethyl ester of BMY-28232 (BMY-28271) and its analogous esters (11). The 3-alkenyl groups were introduced by the Wittig reaction of the ylide (2) prepared from the 3-chloromethyl cephem (1) to afford the Z (main) and E (minor) isomers regarding the 3-side chain. The O-substituted derivatives (10) were prepared by 7-N-acylation of the 7-amino cephem (4a) with the corresponding O-substituted side chain acids (8). The prodrug esters (11) were prepared by esterification of BMY-28232 with an appropriate halide. BMY 28232 was the most active among the 3-alkenyl analogs tested against Gram negative organisms and much more active than the O-substituted derivatives against Gram-positive bacteria. BMY-28271 showed good oral bioavailability (66%) and good in vivo efficacy in mice against infections of Staphylococcus aureus Smith (PD50, 0.68 mg/kg) and Escherichia coli Juhl (0.54 mg/kg). PMID- 3198492 TI - A new macromolecular antitumor antibiotic, C-1027. II. Isolation and physico chemical properties. AB - A new macromolecular antibiotic C-1027 was obtained from the broth filtrate of Streptomyces globisporus C-1027 by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, DEAE cellulose column chromatography and gel filtration chromatography on a Sephadex G 75 column. This antibiotic, prepared as a white powder, is an acidic polypeptide having an isoelectric point of pH 3.5-3.7 and a molecular weight of 15,000 as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. The acid hydrolysate of the purified antibiotic C-1027 contained no methionine or tryptophan. From the physico-chemical data, it may be considered to possess a very labile non-protein chromophore. PMID- 3198495 TI - Synthesis and structure-activity studies of new 4''-O-acyltylosin derivatives of therapeutic interest. AB - Eleven 4''-O-acyltylosin derivatives were synthesized and subjected to a two-step screening system consisting of antimicrobial activity and esterase stability assays. The new derivatives were all active against macrolide-resistant Staphylococci and mycoplasmas, but only 4''-O-(4-methoxy)phenylacetyltylosin and 4''-O-(4-acetyl)phenylacetyltylosin showed better resistance to mouse liver esterase than 4''-O-phenylacetyltylosin (reference compound C). PMID- 3198496 TI - Erythromycin A 11,12-methylene acetal. AB - Erythromycin A 11,12-methylene acetal (5) and the corresponding 9-methoxime, 9 dihydro, and 8-hydroxy derivatives have been prepared and their antibacterial activities compared with those of erythromycin A and its 11,12-cyclic carbonate. The simple methylene acetal 5 showed excellent activity against Gram-positive organisms in vitro. PMID- 3198497 TI - Biosynthesis of the macrolide antibiotic patulolides by Penicillium urticae S11R59: identification of the origin of carbon atoms by 13C NMR spectroscopy. AB - Patulolides are 12-membered macrolides produced by Penicillium urticae S11R59, and they are the simplest macrolide antibiotics. All carbon signals, including six methylene signals of patulolides A (1), B (2), and C (3), were completely assigned by use of the 13C two-dimensional INADEQUATE. The biosynthesis of patulolides was investigated with 13C labeled acetate. Feeding of [1-13C]acetate to a culture of P. urticae S11R59 gave patulolides A (1), B (2), C (3), each of which showed enrichment at carbons 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11; enrichment at carbons 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 was observed upon feeding of [2-13C]acetate. These results showed that patulolides A (1), B (2), and C (3) are pure acetogenic hexaketides derived from six acetate units coupled in head-to-tail fashion. PMID- 3198498 TI - Studies on the biosynthesis of the antibiotic crisamicin A and carbon-13 magnetic resonance assignments. AB - The biosynthesis of crisamicin A, a novel dimeric isochromanequinone antibiotic from Micromonospora purpureochromogenes subsp. halotolerans has been investigated by [1-13C] and [2-13C] labeled acetate precursor feeding experiments. Analysis of the proton noise decoupled and off resonance 13C NMR spectra of 13C enriched and unenriched crisamicin A and their acetate derivatives indicated the biosynthesis via the polyketide pathway, as expected. Further analysis of the enriched spectra allowed the complete assignment of the carbon signals. Of particular interest was the establishment of the linkage between the two monomeric halves of the molecule and determination of the location of the phenolic hydroxyls. PMID- 3198499 TI - Cyclogregatin, a new metabolite from Aspergillus panamensis. PMID- 3198500 TI - Studies on penem antibiotics. I. Synthesis and in vitro activity of novel 2 chiral substituted penems. PMID- 3198501 TI - Substrate specificity of cloned deacetoxycephalosporin C/deacetylcephalosporin C synthetase. PMID- 3198502 TI - Pradimicin, a novel class of potent antifungal antibiotics. PMID- 3198503 TI - The use of DNA repair deficient mutants to detect antianaerobic agents. PMID- 3198504 TI - Inhibitory effect of new antibiotic, pradimincin A on infectivity, cytopathic effect and replication of human immunodeficiency virus in vitro. PMID- 3198505 TI - Volume flow rate of perilymph in the guinea-pig cochlea. AB - The rate of longitudinal flow of perilymph has been measured using an ionic tracer technique. Spread of the tracer trimethylphenylammonium (TMPA) along the perilymphatic scalae was monitored with ion-selective microelectrodes following injection of a minute bolus (approximately 50 nl) of 150 mM TMPAC1 one turn away. This amount of TMPA had virtually no toxic effect on cochlear function. The spread of tracer by longitudinal volume flow and passive diffusion were separated by comparing tracer movements in both apical and basal directions along the scalae in two groups of animals. Experimental findings were compared with a mathematical model which combined diffusion and volume flow. Our results demonstrated that when electrodes were completely sealed into the cochlea, the rate of longitudinal volume flow in scala tympani was extremely slow, approximately 1.6 nl/min in the apical direction. Longitudinal flow was not detectable in scala vestibuli. When the otic capsule was perforated, flow rates of over 1 microliter/min were recorded in scala tympani, probably as a result of cerebrospinal fluid entry through the cochlear aqueduct. When the cochlea was sealed (with recording electrodes in place) and cerebrospinal fluid pressure was released, there was no significant basally-directed flow of perilymph in scala tympani. These findings support the concept that perilymph composition is maintained by local, cochlear mechanisms which do not involve longitudinal volume flow. They provide strong evidence that perilymph is not secreted in one region and resorbed at a spatially distant site. PMID- 3198507 TI - The effect of temperature on the tuning and physiology of insect auditory receptors. AB - The characteristic sound frequency, maximum spike response, spontaneous activity and rate of adaptation of individual auditory receptors in locusts increase as the ambient temperature increases. For changes in the ambient temperature between 22 degrees C and 32 degrees C the characteristic frequency shifted by 0.1 to 0.2 octaves per degree centrigrade with an average thermal Q10 of 2.93 and the maximum rate of production of action potentials of individual receptors doubled. These effects exceed those expected from temperature dependent changes in mechanical properties of the tympanic membrane or the auditory organ. It is therefore concluded that the receptors contain a temperature dependent cellular process that contributes to the tuning of the sensilla. PMID- 3198506 TI - Contributions of the middle ear to the development of function in the cochlea. AB - The contribution of middle ear immaturities to the development of cochlear microphonic potential (CM) responses was studied throughout the ontogeny of auditory function in the Mongolian gerbil. CM produced by direct mechanical stimulation of the stapes was compared with CM generated by acoustic stimulation of the intact ear at various postnatal ages. The results indicated that during development acoustically generated CM reflects middle ear as well as inner ear maturational factors. With direct stapes driving, CM was first elicited at 10 days after birth (DAB), two days earlier than with acoustic stimulation. Controlling for the contributions of middle ear immaturity, maturation of the inner ear accounted for approximately a 75 dB improvement in CM thresholds between 10 and 18 DAB. Comparisons between the results obtained with the acoustic and stapes driving stimulation protocols suggested that the major maturational changes in the middle ear conduction apparatus occurred between 14 and 16 DAB. This period was associated with the final stages of resorption of middle ear mesenchyme and ossicular ossification. Before 16 DAB, acoustically evoked CM thresholds reflect approximately a 25 dB loss in sensitivity due to middle ear immaturity. PMID- 3198508 TI - Effect of elevated potassium concentration in the perilymph on the nonlinearity of cochlear microphonics in the guinea-pig cochlea. AB - Various characteristics of cochlear microphonic responses (CM) were measured in the guinea-pig after perfusing scala tympani with KCl solutions. In addition to a decrease of CM magnitude, the nonlinearity and the symmetry of waveform showed typical modifications suggesting, in addition to a depolarization of hair cells, some mechanical alterations. PMID- 3198509 TI - Single-tone intensity discrimination based on auditory-nerve rate responses in backgrounds of quiet, noise, and with stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle. AB - We use simple statistical models of the firing patterns of high, medium, and low spontaneous rate auditory-nerve fibers to study mechanisms which determine the overall dynamic range of the auditory periphery. The models relate experimentally measured rate response properties of fibers with best frequency (BF) near 8.0 kHz to their ability to encode changes in BF tone level by changes in discharge rate in backgrounds of quiet and noise, with and without electrical stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB). Application of the models to the BF tone rate responses of auditory-nerve fibers in backgrounds of quiet shows that optimum processing of the rate responses of fibers with BF near 8.0 kHz yields performance in the intensity discrimination task meeting or exceeding that of human subjects over an 80 dB range of levels. By defining a statistical measure of dynamic range, we confirm the results of Costalupes et al. (1984) demonstrating that masking noise shifts the dynamic range of auditory-nerve fibers to higher stimulus levels, thus preventing rate saturation. However, model analysis shows that masking noise also produces large reductions of dynamic range as well as large increases in the minimum intensity difference that can be encoded by the rate responses of single and ensembles of fibers. Electrical stimulation of the COCB can restore auditory-nerve fiber dynamic range and sensitivity to changes in BF tone level in noise backgrounds, in some cases to roughly that observed in backgrounds of quiet. PMID- 3198511 TI - Morphology of the basilar papilla of the bobtail lizard Tiliqua rugosa. AB - The morphology of the basilar papilla of the bobtail lizard was investigated with standard light- and scanning-electron-microscopical methods. The papilla can be subdivided into two parts: a small apical segment which is rather uniform in structure and a long basal segment which displays various systematic changes along its length, for example in the density of the hair cells, the height and shape of the hair-cell stereovillar bundles, the number of stereovilli per bundle and the size of the tectorial structure. In addition, the tectorial structures overlying the two segments are very different in size and morphology. Both tectorial structures are probably sensitive to changes in their ionic environment. The possible functional implications of the papillar morphology described here are discussed with respect to a model of frequency tuning in the bobtail lizard. PMID- 3198510 TI - Masked thresholds of auditory midbrain neurons in the frog Rana ridibunda. AB - Single-unit recordings from neurons in the torus semicircularis of Rana ridibunda were analyzed to determine the degree to which these neurons can detect acoustic stimuli superimposed on continuous, broad-band noise. In the first series of trials the stimuli were tone pulses 25 ms long, 5 dB above threshold, and at the characteristic frequency of the neuron. Most cells responded to the stimulus for signal-to-noise ratios of 25-35 dB (tone intensity minus spectral noise density); the lowest values were about 20 dB. The same signal-to-noise ratio was obtained with tones 20 dB above threshold. In the second series, conspecific mating calls at an intensity of 60 dB were tested. Here the signal-to-noise ratio (peak intensity of the call minus noise level) was usually 45-60 dB, in 5 of 27 cells it was 40 dB. Increasing the call intensity to 80 dB raised the SNR by an average of 6 dB. Noise-tolerant units more commonly gave synchronous responses to the pulse groups in the call, and are better tuned to its frequency range, than noise sensitive units. PMID- 3198512 TI - Off-responses in the auditory system in relation to the signal end phase and neuronal characteristic frequency. AB - Off-responses of single neurons from the inferior colliculus (IC) as well as summed off-responses (evoked potentials) from the IC, cochlear nucleus and auditory nerve were studied while varying the end phase of tonal signals. It was found that with tonal signals higher than the characteristic frequency, off responses at all the auditory levels studied were greatest at the end phases near 0 and 180 degrees and were of minimal value at the end phases near 90 and 270 degrees. On the contrary, with tonal signals lower than the characteristic frequency, the greatest off-responses corresponded to the end phases near 90 and 270 degrees, and responses of the lowest value were registered at the end phases near 0 and 180 degrees. The observed phenomena did not result from transient 'off'-responses of the acoustic system. It is suggested that they reflect certain cochlear processes connected with different effectiveness of oscillation phases at frequencies below and above the resonance. PMID- 3198513 TI - Decreased protein synthesis in cochlear nucleus following developmental auditory deprivation. Use of vascular saline perfusion to improve small tissue sample analysis. AB - The incorporation of tritiated leucine was used as an index of protein synthesis in the cochlear nucleus (CN) of mice unilaterally (right side) hearing deprived throughout the period of hearing development. Right-left differences in radiolabel concentration were measured by scintillation counting of whole tissue homogenates. To improve upon the detection of small differences in radiolabel incorporation, the brain was perfused with saline prior to removal of CN tissue and the results compared with the standard nonperfusion method of tissue collection. Statistical analyses demonstrated the perfusion significantly reduced the acid soluble (unbound) label in CN without affecting the amount of protein bound label. Furthermore, a significant right side decrease in leucine incorporation was seen with the perfusion treatment, but not in the nonperfused treatment. This demonstrated that developmental auditory deprivation led to a decrease in protein synthesis at maturity. The results also demonstrated that mechanisms for leucine uptake were not impaired and the decrease in protein synthesis was not due to reduced availability of precursor amino acid. Thus, the use of saline perfusion prior to tissue collection facilitated the identification of protein synthesis differences that were unidentified by the traditional method. PMID- 3198514 TI - Acetylcholine modulated potassium channel in the hair cell of the toadfish saccule. AB - Sensory transduction in the acoustic-lateralis system is modulated by an efferent synapse on the sensory hair cells and afferent fibers. Acetylcholine has been implicated as a neuro-transmitter at this synapse. This work addresses the ionic mechanism of action of acetylcholine on the hair cell of the toadfish saccule using path clamp methods and single channel recording. Acetylcholine and oxotremorine, a muscarinic agonist, were found to increase the open time and opening rate of a high conductance K+ channel in the basolateral walls of the hair cell. This effect is not dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in the extracellular media. The involvement of an intracellular mediator is implicated since bath applied agonist opens K+ channels isolated under the recording pipette. PMID- 3198515 TI - Olivocochlear neurons in the brainstem of the mouse. AB - The locations of efferent auditory neurons in the white mouse were determined using retrograde transport of HRP from the cochlea. Labeled neurons were localized in the lateral superior olivary nucleus (LSO) and ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB). The total number of efferent neurons was determined to be 475; of these 34.5% are medial group efferents and 65.4% are lateral group efferents. The ipsilateral LSO contains 99% of the lateral group neurons and the contralateral VNTB contains 75% of the medial group neurons. PMID- 3198516 TI - An anomaly in the auditory brain stem projections of hypopigmented ferrets. AB - The number of cochlear nucleus (CN) neurones projecting to the ipsi- and contralateral inferior colliculus (IC) was studied in darkly pigmented and hypopigmented ferrets by the retrograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin horseradish peroxidase. The contralateral projection in all divisions of the CN of both albino and 'red eyed' ferrets was normal. However, the ipsilateral projection from the anteroventral CN was significantly smaller in albino than in pigmented ferrets. The volume of each division of the CN was also measured and was found to be the same in albinos as in pigmented animals. The results show that hypopigmented ferrets have at least one anomaly among the connections of the auditory brain stem. PMID- 3198517 TI - Are the stereociliary tip linkages on outer hair cells in the guinea pig cochlea sensitive to chronic application of kanamycin? PMID- 3198518 TI - Ganglion cell and hair cell loss in Coturnix quail associated with aging. AB - Hair cells and ganglion cells were examined in young adult (3 month old) and senescent (3 to 6 year old) quail (Coturnix coturnix). Following sacrifice the basilar papillae, along with the ganglia, were fixed, embedded in plastic and sectioned serially at 100 micron intervals from basal to apical tip. Hair cells and ganglion cells were counted from three micron thick sections at each interval. Hair cell number remained constant between age groups (less than 10% loss even in the oldest group). Ganglion cell number, on the other hand, was considerably reduced in the senescent birds (20-60% loss). These results are similar to quantitative results in senescent mammals and suggest that ganglion cell loss may be generalized response to aging. PMID- 3198519 TI - Post-stimulatory effects of direct current stimulation of the cochlea on auditory nerve activity. AB - Glass micro-electrode recordings from the spiral ganglion of the basal turn of the guinea pig cochlea have been obtained before, during and after negative (cathodic) current injection into scala tympani. Electrical stimulation with currents between 100 microA and 900 microA produced a marked increase in firing rate of the afferent neurons for the first 3 min of electrical stimulation. This was followed by a fall in firing rate to rates near or below the pre-stimulatory spontaneous rate if stimulation continued. Continuous electrical stimulation lasting 5 or 10 min reduced neural sensitivity to acoustic stimulation. Although threshold elevation was greatest for sound frequencies near the characteristic frequency of each neuron, thresholds could also be elevated at lower frequencies on the tail of the frequency-threshold tuning curve. After electrical stimulation a fall in the amplitude of the low-frequency microphonic recorded at the round window was also observed, indicating a disruption of the outer hair cell transduction. These effects were highly localized in the basal turn near the site of current injection, and were not associated with any significant structural changes in the organ of Corti, except after stimulation with very high current intensities. PMID- 3198520 TI - Modulation transfer function of efferent neurones in the guinea pig cochlea. AB - The dynamic properties of single olivocochlear efferent neurones in the guinea pig cochlea were examined using sinusoidally amplitude modulated (AM) pure tones. The neural discharge, when displayed as a cyclic histogram, clearly followed the rapid fluctuations in the continuous input sound. Modulation transfer functions (MTFs) were constructed and in most cases showed a peak in the modulation response (MR) at a modulation frequency (MF) of 100 Hz. At this frequency a gain of as much as 12 dB was evident relative to the 30% modulated input signal. In 24% of neurones however, a large MR was present even at low MFs. This plurality of MTFs may be the result of recorded neurones emanating from a variety of cell bodies of origin. Efferent group delays (mean of 8.2 +/- 1.0 ms) were shorter and more tightly distributed than the minimum onset latency measurements (mean of 24.2 +/- 12.5) made on the same neurones. It seems evident that a post-synaptic potential build is required from the onset of a stimulus to the first spike discharge. This may occur within a single afferent-interneurone(s)-efferent reflex arc. Among a variety of alternative explanations, the observation is consistent with the notion that the olivocochlear neurones receive facilitatory input from higher centres, which is suppressed under barbiturate anaesthesia. Continuous AM signals may allow post-synaptic build up and eliminate the dependence on this higher input and hence yield a short group delay. PMID- 3198521 TI - Electrical stimulation of cochlear efferents at the round window reduces auditory desensitization in guinea pigs. I. Dependence on electrical stimulation parameters. AB - Electrical stimulation at the round window with pulsed short trains has been shown to elicit classical efferent effects on N1 amplitudes at the cochlea. This report demonstrates that round window stimulation as a continuous burst can reduce temporary threshold shifts (TTS) caused by a simultaneous monaural loud sound exposure. This result is similar to recent reports that stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB) at the floor of the fourth ventricle can reduce TTS. Like COCB stimulation at the brainstem, the effect of round window stimulation could be abolished by strychnine, with a time course paralleling the blocking action of strychnine on the traditional COCB effects of pulsed short trains on N1 amplitudes. This report also established parameters for optimal effects of the round window stimulus and found them to be similar to the optimal parameters for the effects of brainstem stimulation on TTS. Tonic effects on TTS were also observed, with reductions in TTS being obtained as much as 7 min after a 1 min-long round window stimulus. Such tonic effects did not appear to be due to persistent effects at the cochlea but were suggested to be due to a long term resetting of some central site activated by antidromic stimulation from the round window. PMID- 3198522 TI - Electrical stimulation of cochlear efferents at the round window reduces auditory desensitization in guinea pigs. II. Dependence on level of temporary threshold shifts. AB - This report demonstrates that electrical stimulation of the efferents at the round window reduces temporary threshold shifts in a protective manner. For a standard set of stimulating parameters greatest reductions in TTS were found to exposures that caused the greatest amounts of TTS to occur. Low level exposures that caused low levels of TTS from which the cochlea could recover relatively quickly were not affected by the standard electrical stimulus. Intermediate reductions were obtained to intermediate levels of exposure, resulting in intermediate levels of TTS. Increasing current levels or duration of stimulation did not produce reductions in the low level TTS; a higher rate of stimulation was, however, able to reduce the low level TTS. Even with the higher rate of stimulation, greatest reductions in TTS occurred at the higher levels of exposure. These results are identical to the effects of COCB stimulation at the level of the brainstem and argue for viewing the COCB as a protective pathway. PMID- 3198523 TI - Auditory responses to the envelopes of pseudorandom noise stimuli in humans. AB - Averaged scalp potentials evoked by continuous pseudorandom noise can be cross correlated with the evoking stimulus, yielding a cross-correlation function (CCF) which reflects neural phase-locking and is quite sensitive for low-frequency stimulus components [M.J. Wilson and R.A. Dobie (1987) Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 66, 529-538]. However, for higher frequency signals, replicable CCFs can only be obtained at moderate to high intensities. Since auditory neurons also respond to envelopes of complex sounds, even for high-frequency carriers, we compared scalp responses evoked by band-limited complex sounds to the envelopes of these sounds; the resultant envelope cross-correlation functions (ECCFs) contained replicable response components primarily below 1,000 Hz, regardless of the evoking stimulus spectrum. ECCF thresholds for three octave-band stimuli (830 1,562, 1,611-3,125, and 3,174-6,201 Hz) were more sensitive than CCF thresholds (P = 0.006), averaging 35 dB spectrum level for 10 normal subjects. When stimuli with only odd harmonics were used, replicable odd-component scalp responses were seen only in the spectral range of the stimuli, while even-component responses (presumably to stimulus envelope) were seen only in low-passed scalp responses. PMID- 3198524 TI - Postnatal development of the organ of Corti in the wild house mouse, laboratory mouse, and their hybrid. AB - Length of the basilar membrane, number and distribution of cochlear receptors, and the width of the triad of outer hair cells were analyzed in the course of the postnatal development and in adult individuals in wild and laboratory house mice and in hybrids of these species. While in newborn animals the triad of outer hair cells was wide at the base and narrow at the apex, the opposite was true for adult animals. The parameter decreased at the base and increased at the apex during postnatal development. The center of differentiation of (the reticular lamina of) the organ of Corti was localized at 40-50% of the basilar membrane length from the base and corresponded to the region with the maximum density of inner hair cells. The reticular lamina in the apical half of the cochlea matured earlier than in the basal half. Distribution of receptors did not change after birth. The shortest basilar membrane and the slowest rate of maturation were found in wild mice. Hybrids had the longest basilar membrane and the highest rate of maturation. These facts are considered an effect of heterosis. PMID- 3198525 TI - Feedlot performance and pregnancy inhibition of heifers treated with depot formulated melengestrol acetate. AB - In dose titration trials beef heifers received depot-formulated melengestrol acetate (DEPO-MGA) in single s.c. ear injections to determine effects on performance and pregnancy inhibition. In a 112-d feedlot trial, 105 heifers were assigned to light, medium and heavy weight blocks on five treatments: dietary MGA (.5 mg.hd-1.d-1), control (no MGA) or DEPO-MGA on d 1 at .5, 1.0 or 1.5 ml/hd (30, 60 or 90 mg MGA/hd, respectively). A high-energy cracked corn diet was fed to all heifers ad libitum. At d 56 and d 112, ADG and feed/gain were not affected (P greater than .05) by dietary MGA or DEPO-MGA treatments, although dietary MGA tended to increase 112-d ADG (1.67 vs 1.58 kg) compared with controls. In a pasture trial, 100 beef heifers were assigned by weight to five treatments: control (no MGA) or DEPO-MGA injected on d 1 at .5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 ml/hd (30, 60, 90 or 120 mg MGA/hd, respectively). Heifers were pastured as a single herd and were exposed to fertile bulls from d 7 to d 181. Weights and pregnancy data were recorded at d 62, 90, 134, 181 and 225. Heifer ADG was not affected (P greater than .05) by DEPO-MGA treatment at any weighing date. By d 90, 90% of control heifers were pregnant, and 100% were pregnant by d 134. Pregnancy inhibition rates of 90% to 100% for each DEPO-MGA treatment at d 62, 90 and 134 were higher (P less than .01) than those in control heifers. Pregnancy was inhibited in 90% of heifers on 60-mg and 90-mg DEPO-MGA treatments through d 181, and in 95% of heifers on the 120 mg DEPO-MGA treatment through d 225. PMID- 3198526 TI - Kidding rates of angora goats passively immunized against estrogens. AB - The objective of this study was to determine the effect of passive immunization against estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) or estrogens (nonspecific; Ens) on ovulation rate and kidding rate in Angora does. On d 0 of the study, Angora does were divided into four treatment groups: 1) passively immunized against E1 (n = 14); 2) passively immunized against E2 (n = 24); 3) passively immunized against Ens (n = 9); and 4) injected with normal goat serum (control; n = 23). Fertile bucks were allowed to mate with the does from d 2 to 44. Immunization treatments did not influence (P greater than .1) percentage of does exhibiting estrus, percentage of does kidding or kid death rate. Ovulation rate was greater (P less than .06) in E2 and Ens immunized does than in control does. Both E2 and Ens treatments resulted in a greater (P less than .05) percentage of does giving birth to twins rather than singles compared with E1 or control treatments (70, 83, 27 and 31% twin births for E2, Ens, E1 and control, respectively). This increase in twin births resulted in kid crops per doe exposed of 142 and 122% for E2 and Ens compared with 100 and 91% for E1 and control treatments (P less than .05 for E2 vs control). These results demonstrate that the incidence of twin births can be increased by passively immunizing does against E2. PMID- 3198527 TI - Use of mononuclear leukocyte insulin receptor characteristics as predictors of carcass composition in heifers and steers. AB - Total insulin specific binding (IB) and the number and affinity of insulin receptors on mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) were used to predict carcass composition of heifers and steers. Dependent variables were kidney fat, body cavity fat, s.c. fat, intermuscular fat, lean and bone. Independent variables were parameters that could be measured on the live animal, including insulin receptor characteristics, age, shrunk weight, breed and carcass s.c. rib fat thickness (SUB). All carcass fat characteristics and IB were greater for heifers than for steers, but the ability to predict either heifer or steer carcass fat characteristics was not improved by inclusion of IB in prediction equations. However, the number of low-affinity insulin receptors on MNL contributed significantly to the prediction of all heifer carcass characteristics except bone. Carcass s.c. rib fat thickness also entered the prediction equations for all heifer carcass characteristics except kidney fat. In the prediction of heifer kidney fat, the only significant independent variable was the number of low affinity insulin receptors on MNL (R2 = .38). Carcass characteristics of steers were better predicted by SUB than were heifer carcass characteristics, and insulin receptor characteristics, when added to steer equations that contained SUB, improved R2 by .10 or less. Our results suggest that insulin receptor characteristics will be most useful in the prediction of carcass characteristics of heifers where there is a poor relationship between quantity of s.c. fat and other carcass fat depots. PMID- 3198528 TI - The influence of high planes of nutrition on skeletal growth and development of weanling horses. AB - Effects of high dietary levels of energy, protein and Ca and deficient levels of Ca on skeletal growth and development in the equine were studied in two experiments. The weanlings were fed grain-based diets. In Exp. 1, Group 1 (Ctl) received all nutrients at NRC recommended levels for growth; Group 2 (HE) received 150% of their digestible energy (DE) requirement; Group 3 (LC) received 150% of DE and 35% of Ca requirements. In Exp. 2, Group 1 (Ctl) again received all nutrients at NRC recommended levels for growth; Group 2 (HEP) received 150% of DE and 275% of CP requirements; Group 3 (HEPC) received 150% of DE, 275% of CP and 500% of Ca requirements. In addition, all groups had access to pasture. The HE treatment resulted in greater (P less than .10) increases in BW and total cortical width. However, LC weanlings had lower (P less than .10) gains in third metacarpal length and radiographic bone density. Cumulative increases in BW and wither height were greater (P less than .10) for the HEP and HEPC weanlings than for the Ctl weanlings. Increases in third metatarsal length also were greater (P less than .10) for HEP weanlings than for Ctl weanlings. Higher planes of nutrition increased body weight gains and growth rate of several long bones. However, skeletal development (e.g., cortical area) may be compromised by a high rate of growth. PMID- 3198529 TI - Effects of gender, time of castration, genotype and feeding regimen on lamb growth and carcass fatness. AB - Two concurrent trials were conducted to examine the effects of gender, time of castration, genotype and feeding regimen on lamb growth rate and carcass fatness. Trial 1 compared Polypay and Coopworth x Polypay male lambs either left intact or castrated early, mid or late in growth. Trial 2 compared Hampshire-sired lambs (females, early castrate wethers and late castrate wethers) from Suffolk x Coopworth dams and whiteface x Coopworth dams. Gender and time of castration significantly affected growth rate in Trial 1 but not in Trial 2. Rams were more efficient than wethers, but no other gender or time of castration effects on feed efficiency were observed. Delaying castration and pasture grazing both reduced fatness. Lambs grazed on irrigated pastures until they weighed 41 kg then finished in drylot had a lower dressing percentage than lambs fed in the drylot throughout, but USDA quality grades were similar. Substitution of Polypay genes by Coopworth genes in crossbred lambs did not significantly alter any of the fatness traits measured but increased ribeye area. Hampshire-sired lambs grew faster than whiteface lambs, particularly in drylot. They had a higher dressing percentage without increased fatness, apparently because of greater muscling in ribeye and leg. PMID- 3198530 TI - Influences of gender, time of castration, genotype, birthtype and feeding regimen on lamb longissimus fiber type proportions. AB - Two trials examined genetic and environmental influences on muscle fiber type proportions. Trial 1 compared Polypay and Coopworth x Polypay male lambs either left intact or castrated early, mid or late in growth. Trial 2 compared Hampshire sired lambs (females, early castrate wethers and late castrate wethers) from Suffolk x Coopworth dams and whiteface x Coopworth dams. Half the lambs in each trial were raised from weaning to 52 kg slaughter weight in drylot; the other half were reared to 41 kg on pasture before being finished in drylot. Analysis of longissimus tissue samples revealed no significant differences among rams, wethers and ewes in proportions of muscle fiber types. Early castration increased the proportion of alpha red fibers in Trial 1 (P less than .01) but not in Trial 2. Polypay lambs had a higher proportion of beta red fibers (P less than .05) than the Coopworth x Polypay lambs, but no differences were seen between the genotypes of Trial 2. Single-born lambs in Trial 1 had a 6% higher proportion of alpha white fibers (P less than .05) than twin-born lambs; however, this difference was not detected in Trial 2. Drylot lambs had a higher proportion of beta red fibers than pasture-reared lambs, the difference being 5% (P less than .01) in Trial 2. Muscle fiber type proportions were not found to be related to growth rate and carcass fatness, and no evidence of differential fiber transformation was found in this trial. PMID- 3198532 TI - Estimates of genetic parameters for carcass measures of body composition and growth in swine. AB - Records for pigs included in an experiment on reciprocal recurrent selection conducted from 1956 through 1971 at the USDA Beltsville Agriculture Research Center were analyzed to obtain estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations and to derive prediction equations for estimating weight of lean cuts (WTLC) and percentage of lean cuts of shrunk slaughter weight (LCPC). Lean cuts growth rate (LCGR) was then estimated as WTLC/age of pig at slaughter. The base population consisted of two unrelated crossbred strains. A total of 1,294 records of F1 and F2 crossbred pigs were analyzed with one barrow and one gilt from each litter. Estimates of heritabilities and genetic correlations were computed with sire components of variance and covariance from a nested analysis of variance with an assumed model of years, strain-lines within years, sire within strain-lines, dams within sires and residual. Degrees of freedom were 307 for sires in strain-lines, 270 for dams in sires and 646 for residual. Heritability (h2) estimates were .42 +/- .13, .41 +/- .13 and .27 +/- .18 for WTLC, LCPC and LCGR, respectively, and .71 +/- .16, .38 +/- .13, .31 +/- .13 and .25 +/- .15 for carcass length, average backfat thickness, longissimus muscle area and ADG in BW, respectively. These estimates were apparently the first published genetic estimates involving LCGR based on carcass data. It was recommended that prediction equations to estimate WTLC, LCPC and LCGR for use in swine testing programs be derived from current meat-type pigs. PMID- 3198531 TI - Inbreeding and immunoglobulin G1 concentrations in cattle. AB - Immunoglobulin G1 concentration (IgG1) was measured in presuckle colostrum and calf serum obtained at 36 h and at weaning from inbred and straightbred Angus, Brangus, Hereford, Red Angus and Simmental cattle. Sources of variation considered as dam traits examined for IgG1 in colostrum and 36-h calf serum included line of sire, sire within line, age, and linear regression of IgG1 on inbreeding of dam. Only line of sire and inbreeding of dam were significant in the analysis of 36-h calf serum. Sources of variation considered as calf traits examined for IgG1 in calf serum at 36 h and at weaning included line of sire, sire within line, sex of calf, age of dam, and regressions of calf serum IgG1 on inbreeding of the calf and on dam's colostral IgG1. Only sire within line and the regression on dam's colostral IgG1 were significant for calf serum IgG1 at 36 h. Large differences existed in 36-h calf serum IgG1 between sires both within lines and when lines were ignored. Calves with 36-h serum IgG1 of less than 10 mg/ml were two to four times more likely to die before weaning than calves with higher IgG1 levels. The heritability estimates of IgG1 by paternal half-sib analysis were .41 +/- .30 for colostrum measured as a trait of the dam and .56 +/- .25 for 36-h. calf serum and .05 +/- .17 for calf serum at weaning considered as a trait of the calf. These estimates indicate that IgG1 in colostrum and 36-h calf serum could be increased by selection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198534 TI - Relationships among absolute growth rate, relative growth rate and feed conversion during postweaning feedlot performance tests. AB - Knowledge of the relationships between absolute growth rate (AGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and feed conversion (FCONV) of bulls in postweaning feedlot performance tests can give cattle producers important information for selecting superior sires. Weight gain and FCONV data that were collected during 16 yr were analyzed from 393 Angus and 340 Hereford bulls by 26 and 27 sires, respectively, that were individually fed in 140-d tests. Sire variance and covariance components were used to obtain heritability (h2) estimates for AGR, RGR and FCONV and the genetic correlations (rg) and phenotypic correlations (rp) among these traits. Respective mean AGR, RGR and FCONV were 1.27 +/- .14 kg/d, .4378 +/- .0395%/d and 7.32 +/- .58 kg/kg for the Angus and 1.28 +/- .12 kg/d, .4552 +/- .0388%/d and 6.56 +/- .46 kg/kg for the Hereford bulls. Estimates of h2 were similar for AGR and RGR in both Angus (.36 +/- .11 and .22 +/- .09) and Hereford (.33 +/- .11 and .20 +/- .09) bulls. The h2 estimates for FCONV were .14 +/- .07 for Angus and .13 +/- .08 for Herefords. For the Angus and Hereford bulls, respectively, rg were .86 +/- .09 and .86 +/- .13 between AGR and RGR, -.84 +/- .38 and -.74 +/- .49 between AGR and FCONV and -.84 +/- .49 and -.61 +/- .64 between RGR and FCONV. The rp were .80 +/- .03 and .68 +/- .04 between AGR and RGR, -.58 +/- .05 and -.51 +/- .05 between AGR and FCONV and -.71 +/- .04 and .73 +/- .04 between RGR and FCONV for the Angus and Hereford bulls, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198533 TI - Effect of preweaning nutritional management on yearling weight response in an open-herd selection program. AB - Records on 276 progeny were collected in the final 2 yr (1984 and 1985) of an 8 yr Hereford cattle selection project. Selection was practiced using the top sires from the American Hereford Association's National Cattle Evaluation based on yearling weight expected progeny difference. An unselected control line was maintained to monitor environmental change. One-half of each line was creep-fed during the preweaning period for the last 2 yr to evaluate genotype x environment interactions. Direct response to yearling weight selection averaged 28 +/- 8 kg. Correlated response to selection amounted to .057 +/- .028 kg/d in preweaning ADG, 14 +/- 6 kg in weaning weight, .085 +/- .033 kg/d in postweaning ADG, 4.6 +/ 1.5 cm in yearling hip height and 11.2 +/- 3.0 cm2 in yearling pelvic area. Yearling fat thickness and scrotal circumference were not significantly affected by selection. Significant effects of creep feeding were observed for yearling weight (15 +/- 3 kg), preweaning ADG (.067 +/- .012 kg/d), weaning weight (13 +/- 2 kg), yearling hip height (1.2 +/- .5 cm) and yearling fat thickness (.07 +/- .03 cm). Postweaning ADG, yearling pelvic area and yearling scrotal circumference were not affected by creep feeding. No significant genetic group x creep feeding effects were found for any of the traits analyzed, indicating calves genetically superior for growth did not gain any additional advantage from creep feeding. PMID- 3198535 TI - Influence of prenatal and postnatal fraternity size on reproduction in swine. AB - Hypotheses of a negative association between fraternity size (size of litter in which an individual develops prior to birth or is reared following birth) and ovulation rate or litter size were tested by examining reproduction of females born or reared in varying prenatal and postnatal fraternities. Gifts were randomly assigned to develop prenatally and be reared postnatal in small or large fraternities. Dams of experimental animals were randomly assigned to one of two prenatal fraternity size treatments, either unilateral oviductal ligation (to bear a small prenatal litter) or no ligation (to bear a normal prenatal litter). Whereas this did result in differences (P less than .01) in litter size at birth (small = 6.2 +/- .4 vs large = 9.6 +/- .9), there was considerable overlap in observed litter sizes between ligated and nonligated dams. Consequently, effects of prenatal fraternity size were examined by regression. Distinct differences in postnatal fraternity size were created by randomly assigning piglets to small (5 piglets) or large (10 piglets) postnatal fraternities within 24 h of birth. Differences in postnatal fraternity size were maintained through weaning at 3 wk (small = 4.9 +/- .1 vs large = 9.4 +/- .2). Weights at birth (regression of birth weight on prenatal fraternity size = -.07 +/- .02, P less than .01) and weaning (small = 6.09 +/- .15 vs large = 5.46 +/- .17 kg, P less than .01) were heavier for gilts from small prenatal and postnatal fraternities, respectively, compared with gilts from large fraternities. Effects of prenatal and postnatal size on BW did not persist following weaning (P greater than .20). PMID- 3198536 TI - Metabolic heat production of neonatal calves during hypothermia and recovery. AB - Metabolic heat production and rectal temperature were measured in 19 newborn calves (41.8 +/- 3.7 kg) during hypothermia and recovery when four different means of assistance were provided. Hypothermia of 30 degrees C rectal temperature was induced by immersion in 18 degrees C water. Calves were rewarmed in a 20 to 25 degree C air environment where thermal assistance was provided by added thermal insulation or by supplemental heat from infrared lamps. Other calves were rewarmed by immersion in warm water (38 degrees C), with or without a 40-ml drench of 20% ethanol in water. Resting (prehypothermia) and cold-induced summit metabolism of the calves was 2.5 +/- .1 and 8.2 +/- .22 W/kg and occurred at rectal temperatures of 39.5 +/- .06 and 36.2 +/- .26 degrees C, respectively. During cooling, metabolic heat production declined at the rate of .65 W/kg per degrees C decline in rectal temperature. The time required to regain euthermia from a rectal temperature of 30 degrees C was longer for calves with added insulation and those exposed to heat lamps than for the calves in the warm water and warm water plus ethanol treatments (90 and 92 vs 59 and 63 +/- 6.4 min, respectively). During recovery, the calves rewarmed with the added insulation and heat lamps produced more heat metabolically than the calves rewarmed in warm water. Total heat production during recovery was 34.1, 31.1, 18.3, 16.9 +/- 1.07 kJ/kg for the calves with added insulation, exposed to the heat lamps, in warm water and in warm water plus an oral drench of ethanol, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198537 TI - Effect of switching diets on growth and digesta kinetics of cattle. AB - An approach was developed for describing live weight gain and the contribution of wet gut fill gain to live weight gain in growing cattle. In a continuous growth study, energy densities of winter:spring diets were used to define four treatment groups of cattle. Concentrates and forages were the major ingredients of higher and lower energy-density diets, respectively. Cattle receiving high and low energy sequences (HH and LL) were designated as control groups and were compared with two change-over groups: high to low (HL) and low to high (LH). Switches involved simultaneous changes in several feed characteristics. Every 2 wk for 4 mo, 39 heifers and 19 steers were weighed. Switching young cattle to another diet affected growth during the 2 wk immediately after the switch. After being switched to the lower energy-density diet (i.e., pasture), HL and LL groups lost (P less than .001) from 3.5 to 27.4 kg in both fed and fasted weight. Neither fed nor fasted weights of HH and LH steers changed during the switch to the higher energy-density diet (i.e., concentrates); HH and LH heifers continued to gain (P less than .001). Throughout the remainder of the study, growth rates of cattle were similar for HH and LH groups and for HL and LL groups. In spring, cattle consuming concentrate diets (HH and LH) had greater fill (P less than .001) than pasture-fed contemporaries (HL and LL). Less frequent measurement of growth characteristics would have obscured important facets of growth. A loss of weight followed by continuous gain is not equivalent to a reduced growth rate. PMID- 3198538 TI - The digestibility of biotin in protein supplements and cereal grains for growing pigs. AB - Studies were carried out with six growing barrows fitted with a simple T-cannula 5 to 10 cm anterior to the ileo-cecal sphincter. In Exp. 1, the digestibility of biotin was determined in three cornstarch-based diets formulated to contain 16% CP by supplementation with soybean meal (SBM), meat and bone meal (MBM) and canola meal (CM). In Exp. 2 the digestibility of biotin was determined in three diets that contained 96.8% barley, corn or wheat. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted according to a replicated 3 X 3 latin square design. In Exp. 3 pigs were fed a cornstarch-based diet supplemented with 12% vitamin-free casein to determine the amount of endogenous biotin. In Exp. 4 the digestibility of supplemental biotin was determined. There was a small amount of endogenous biotin in ileal digesta, 11 micrograms/kg DMI. Digestibilities of biotin determined at the distal ileum (apparent digestibilities corrected for endogenous biotin) were 55.4, 2.7 and 3.9% in SBM, MBM and CM, respectively, and 4.8, 4.0 and 21.6% in barley, corn and wheat, respectively. The digestibility of supplemental biotin was 93.5%. There was a large increase in the level of biotin between digesta collected from the distal ileum and in feces, ranging from 138 to 324 micrograms/kg DMI. With the exception of the CM diet, this increase exceeded dietary biotin intake. Biotin in many feedstuffs was not available in the small intestine. PMID- 3198539 TI - Fumaric and citric acids as feed additives in starter pig diets: effect on performance and nutrient balance. AB - The effect of dietary citric acid (CA) and fumaric acid (FA) on pig weight gain (ADG) and gain/feed (G/F) was studied in two trials using 192 crossbred, 4-wk-old weaning pigs. Three dietary levels (0, 1.5 or 3.0%) of either FA (Trial 1) or CA (Trial 2) with or without an antibiotic supplement (110 mg chlortetracycline, 110 mg sulfamethazine and 55 mg penicillin/kg diet) formed six treatment combinations in each trial. These six diets were fed to two replicate pens of eight pigs each for a 4-wk period. In Trial 1, ADG was improved (P less than .01) during wk 1, and G/F was improved during wk 1 (P less than .01) as well as during wk 1 to 2 (P less than .05) for pigs consuming FA-supplemented diets. In Trial 2, CA had no beneficial influence on ADG during the 4-wk trial. However, feed intake during wk 1 was depressed (P less than .05) by adding CA, as was G/F during wk 1 to 2 (P less than .05). Based on these results, FA was selected to be used in a nutrient balance study. Twelve 4-wk-old weanling pigs were fed one of three diets: control (C), C + 1.5% FA, or C + antibiotic supplement (A). Diet digestible energy (DE), ME and N-corrected ME (MEN) were not different among treatments. Nitrogen balance, percentage N retained and apparent N digestibility were not affected by dietary treatment. Calcium balance and percentage of Ca retained were unaffected by diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198540 TI - Effects of litter size and light regimen imposed during lactation on ovarian follicular population at weaning in third-parity sows. AB - Sixteen third-parity sows maintained under two photoperiod treatments (16 h light: 8 h dark [16 h] or 4 h light: 20 h dark [4 h]) were assigned to be unilaterally ovariectomized (left ovary) at weaning on d 28 after farrowing a small litter (12 or fewer piglets; S) or a large litter (more than 12 piglets; L). Antral follicles were classified as atretic or nonatretic and divided into six size classes. The right ovary was obtained at slaughter, 16 d after estrus was detected. Number of antral follicles in the left ovary was greater (P less than .05) for L sows (540) than for S sows (427). Sows exposed to 16 h of light with large litters had a higher number of atretic follicles than all other groups (litter size x photoperiod interaction, P less than .05). Number of nonatretic follicles were similar between groups. However, when nonatretic follicles were classed by size (1 = smallest; 6 = largest), their distribution differed. In Class 1, L sows had more follicles than S sows (P less than .05). For Classes 3 and 4, photoperiod interacted with litter size to decrease the number of follicles in L 16 h sows (litter size x photoperiod interaction, P less than .05). These lower numbers of nonatretic follicles were related to a higher rate of follicular atresia in L 16 h sows. In Classes 2, 3 and 4, L 16 h sows had more atretic follicles than any other group (litter size x photoperiod interaction, P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198541 TI - Effects of zeranol on in vitro growth hormone release by lamb and rat pituitary cells. AB - A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the effect of zeranol on release and synthesis of growth hormone (GH) by anterior pituitary cells established in either static or continuous flow cultures. Young adult male rats, slaughter-age lambs and juvenile lambs were used as sources of pituitary cells. In static primary cell cultures, no consistent effect of zeranol at 10(-7), 10( 9) or 10(-11) M was demonstrated by either rat or ovine cells. Rat pituitaries established in perifusion culture chambers showed no repeatable response to zeranol. Dissociated cells from lambs established in perifusion culture, however, had significant increases in release of GH in response to 37% of zeranol pulse exposures. When dissociated cells from juvenile lamb pituitaries were used, up to 10-fold increases in GH release consistently were measured within minutes of exposure to zeranol. PMID- 3198542 TI - Carbon kinetics of milk formation in Holstein cows in late lactation. AB - Carbon transfer to milk in Holstein cows in late lactation was measured by introducing changes in the natural stable carbon isotope composition of the feed. Six Holstein cows in mid-lactation were placed on a diet naturally low in 13C ( 25.0% vs Pee Dee belemnite [PDB] an international carbon isotope standard), based on alfalfa-barley, and six others were placed on a diet naturally enriched in 13C (-11.5% vs PDB), based on corn. After a 7-wk equilibration period on these diets, three cows were switched from alfalfa-barley to corn, and three were switched from corn to alfalfa-barley. The three other cows in each group served as controls. 13C/12C ratios were measured in daily morning milk samples during the week before and for 6 wk after the changes in diet. After the diets had been switched, milk isotope ratios rapidly approached the isotopic composition of the new diet, indicating rapid transfer of dietary carbon into milk. The data were consistent with a model whereby milk was synthesized from a single precursor pool that responded rapidly to dietary perturbation. The milk precursor pool had a half-life of approximately .9 d and had a mass of approximately 7 kg of carbon, which was renewed daily by the entry of 5 kg of digestible dietary carbon. PMID- 3198543 TI - Rate, composition and efficiency of growth in feedlot steers reimplanted with growth stimulants. AB - Eighty Charolais-cross steer calves (283 kg) were fed a moderately high-energy (2.89 Mcal ME/kg) diet for 189 d to examine the effects of reimplantation of 36 mg of zeranol (Ralgro) or 200 mg progesterone plus 20 mg estradiol benzoate (Synovex-S) on the rate, composition and efficiency of gain, skeletal size and carcass parameters in a comparative slaughter trial. The implant treatments included unimplanted controls (C), Ralgro initially (R1), Synovex-S initially (S1), Ralgro initially and a reimplant at 84 d (R2) and Synovex-S initially and a reimplant at 84 d (S2). Both implants increased (P less than .06) gains by 8.1% from 0 to 84 d. Ralgro and Synovex-S increased (P less than .01) daily gains by 11.5% and 25.2%, respectively, from 84 to 189 d. The duration of the response to a single implant appeared to be in excess of 140 d; thus, reimplantation did not further increase daily gains. Reimplantation did improve (P less than .05) feed utilization in Ralgro implanted steers, however. Ralgro and Synovex-S increased (P less than .01) the rate of empty body (EB) protein accretion by 14.1% and 24%, respectively, without affecting EB fat growth. The efficiency of protein gain per unit protein (P less than .05) or energy intake (P less than .04) was improved, but the efficiency of energy gain per unit energy intake was not affected by implantation. Carcass weights of implanted steers were 5% greater (P less than .04) when adjusted to an equal carcass fatness. Both growth stimulants increased hip height (P less than .02), wither height (P less than .08) and body length (P less than .08) over C steers at slaughter. PMID- 3198544 TI - Experimental evaluation of public policy: the case of state legislation for child passenger safety. AB - Observations of children in automobiles were made in seven states before and after implementation of legislation requiring use of child passenger safety devices. Increases in safe seating for children covered by state laws and children under 1 year old were observed in three of the five states implementing legislation during this study. Decreases in safe seating for these age groups were observed in two states, however. Increases in safe seating for children from 1 to 5 years old were observed in four of these five states. Although methodological limitations require cautious interpretation, these data suggest the impact child safety seat laws may have on compliance. Implications of this research for policies on child passenger safety and the importance of exploiting naturally occurring public experiments are discussed. PMID- 3198545 TI - Teaching self-protection to children using television techniques. AB - This study compared the effectiveness of a videotape training program with other methods of teaching children self-protection to prevent child abduction. Subjects were kindergarten and first-grade students. Four experimental conditions were presented: videotape with behavior rehearsal, videotape only, a standard safety program, and no training. Acquisition of self-protective behaviors was measured at posttraining and follow-up by having confederate adults entice the children near their schools and homes. Results revealed that the videotape program with behavior rehearsal was highly effective in teaching children safe responses to potential abductors. The standard safety program was effective with fewer than half of the children. Three fourths of the children who received no training immediately agreed to go with the confederate suspects. The videotape program can be easily used with groups of young children in a classroom setting. PMID- 3198546 TI - Promoting safety belt use among state employees: the effects of prompting and a stimulus-control intervention. AB - This study assessed the effects of dashboard stickers and signature sheets on safety belt use among occupants of state-owned vehicles in three Florida agencies. The stickers and signature sheets contained information regarding a regulation requiring safety belt use and a consequence of a 25% reduction in benefits for noncompliance if the driver were to become involved in an accident. Safety belt use significantly increased during the intervention phase in all three agencies and maintained variable but high levels for 5 months. In Agency 1 and Agency 2 (stickers plus signature sheets) safety belt use increased from averages of 10.8% and 9.4% during baseline to 57.4% and 47.0%, respectively, during intervention. In Agency 3 (stickers only) the rates of safety belt use averaged 9.7% during baseline and 38.0% during intervention. Some increases in private vehicle use were observed. A substantial reduction in workers' compensation claim costs was shown for the target agencies with some reductions also shown in the nontarget agencies. PMID- 3198547 TI - The effects of nighttime seat belt enforcement on seat belt use by tavern patrons: a preliminary analysis. AB - The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of police enforcement and the use of signs and posters in promoting seat belt use by nighttime tavern patrons. Ten taverns in two cities served as sites. Data were collected on the nighttime seat belt use of tavern patrons and daytime citywide seat belt use. Results indicated that the intervention increased nighttime seat belt use by tavern patrons. Daytime seat belt use increased in one city and remained at a high level in the other following the intervention. Because previous research has shown that tavern patrons are overrepresented in the impaired driving population, and that seat belt use decreases the likelihood of serious injury or death, results of this study suggest that enforcement of seat belt use could reduce casualties resulting from impaired driving. PMID- 3198548 TI - The behavioral impact of an advertising campaign to promote safety belt use. AB - Safety belt use was observed at one restaurant during McDonald's "Make It Click" promotional campaign. Following baseline, the program was monitored without intervention. During the final 2 weeks of the campaign an incentive strategy was added providing a large soft drink contingent on safety belt use. Safety belt use did not change from baseline levels before the incentive phase. The rate of belt use increased under contingent reward and declined during follow-up. The effects of a verbal prompt could not be assessed because of the almost nonexistent use of the "Make It Click" stickers throughout the study. PMID- 3198549 TI - Basing the treatment of stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors on hypotheses of their causes. AB - Stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors are common forms of maladaptive responding demonstrated by severely handicapped persons. Various review papers suggest that no single treatment procedure is universally effective. Although there may be many reasons for this finding, one could be that people engage in these behaviors for various reasons, and that procedures that are incompatible with the cause of the behavior are unlikely to be effective. These studies also suggest many hypotheses for the development and maintenance of these behaviors, three of which are the self-stimulation, positive reinforcement, and negative reinforcement hypotheses. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether one of these hypotheses could be matched to the cause of the behavior and used as an effective treatment procedure. We therefore compared one hypothesis with one other for 3 subjects in a three-phase study. During baseline, data were taken in two classrooms for each subject, and a judgement was made about the hypothesis most likely to be related to the cause of the behavior. During the second phase, a treatment based on that hypothesis was used in one classroom, and a treatment based on another hypothesis was used in the second classroom. During the third phase, the treatment that was most effective in the second phase was used in both classrooms. Results showed that a successful treatment program can be developed on an hypothesis of why the behavior occurred during baseline. Results are discussed in terms of supporting the argument that treatment programs should be based on a functional analysis of the behavior in its environmental context. PMID- 3198550 TI - Training self-advocacy skills to adults with mild handicaps. AB - We developed and empirically evaluated an instructional program to teach self advocacy skills to eight young adults with mild handicaps. Participants were taught to discriminate whether or not possible violations of legal rights occurred in socially validated scenarios and, if so, to role-play how to redress rights violations. Experimental control was demonstrated with a multiple probe design across four general legal rights categories for the discrimination component of training, and a multiple probe across groups of subjects for the redressing legal rights component of training. Participants' behavior was probed in simulations and deceptions of legal rights violations in natural settings. There were marked increases in dependent measures after instruction. Difficulties in assessing generalization and maintenance of low-rate behaviors and suggestions for future research are presented. PMID- 3198551 TI - Training young parents to identify and report their children's illnesses. AB - We developed a comprehensive training program to teach young parents what symptoms to look for to judge the severity of their children's illnesses, what to do at home to comfort their children, and when to consult their children's physician or take them for emergency treatment. Three pairs of subjects received training that included written handouts, verbal instructions, modeling, positive practice, and verbal reinforcement. Skill acquisition was assessed by a behavioral test in which parents assessed, treated, or reported a simulated illness in a child. Written materials when used alone did not improve the parent's ability to identify and report children's illnesses. Modeling and role playing followed by positive practice were successful in teaching these parents skills that were maintained for 3 months without additional training or instruction. PMID- 3198552 TI - Heterogeneity in acute undifferentiated leukemia. AB - From January 1985 to May 1987, we studied 256 adults with newly diagnosed acute leukemia. Acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) was diagnosed in 12 of the 256 (4.6%) cases when lineage could not be delineated by light microscopy and light cytochemistry. To further characterize the blasts, immunophenotyping, ultrastructural myeloperoxidase (UMPO), and ultrastructural platelet peroxidase parameters were examined in 10, 11, and 6 of the 12 cases, respectively. Five cases demonstrated UMPO and were reclassified as acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Of the six UMPO-negative cases, three had a myeloid and one had a mixed immunophenotype. One UMPO-negative patient with a myeloid immunophenotype was probed for the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (JH) and the beta chain of the T cell receptor gene (Tcr beta) with no evidence of rearrangement. Six cases were treated with standard acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) chemotherapy and failed to achieve complete remission (CR). Various AML chemotherapeutic regimens produced CR in only 3 of the 12 cases. One case was treated with gamma interferon and the other 2 with high-dose Ara-C. Our findings indicate a myeloid lineage can be detected by UMPO (5/12) in some cases of AUL. A germline configuration with JH and Tcr beta in one case as well as a myeloid immunophenotype in 3 UMPO-negative cases raises the possibility that myeloid lineage commitment may occur in the absence of myeloid peroxidase (MPO) cytochemical positivity. PMID- 3198553 TI - Completed suicide in children and adolescents. PMID- 3198555 TI - Hopelessness, depression, and suicidal intent among adolescent suicide attempters. PMID- 3198554 TI - Suicidal behavior, depression, and conduct disorder in hospitalized adolescents. PMID- 3198556 TI - Evaluation of a suicide awareness curriculum for high school students. PMID- 3198557 TI - Issues of adolescent development for survivors of childhood cancer. PMID- 3198558 TI - Differentiating depression in medically ill children and adolescents. PMID- 3198560 TI - Assessment of childhood depression: correspondence between reports by child, mother, and father. PMID- 3198559 TI - Mood and memory changes in asthmatic children receiving corticosteroids. PMID- 3198561 TI - Depression and symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. PMID- 3198562 TI - Correlation of serum and salivary cortisol levels in prepubertal school-aged children. PMID- 3198563 TI - Nocturnal growth hormone secretion in depressed older adolescents. PMID- 3198564 TI - MAOIs in adolescent major depression unresponsive to tricyclic antidepressants. PMID- 3198566 TI - The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children. PMID- 3198565 TI - The survey form of the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version: norms from an epidemiological study. PMID- 3198567 TI - Behavior problems in children of parents with anxiety disorders. PMID- 3198568 TI - Use of a coping approach in the management of children with conversion reactions. PMID- 3198569 TI - Use of buspirone in an adolescent with overanxious disorder. PMID- 3198570 TI - Behavioral deviance in 13-year-old twins: an item analysis. PMID- 3198571 TI - Psychostimulant rebound in attention deficit disordered boys. PMID- 3198572 TI - Desipramine treatment of boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and tics: preliminary clinical experience. PMID- 3198573 TI - Resolved: child and adolescent psychiatric practice in the twenty-first century will largely be hospital based. PMID- 3198574 TI - Validating child sexual abuse. PMID- 3198575 TI - The continuity of knowledge. PMID- 3198576 TI - Development of special sections. PMID- 3198577 TI - The use of methylphenidate in autism. PMID- 3198578 TI - Mood changes associated with the menstrual cycle. PMID- 3198579 TI - Mood changes associated with reproductive life events: an overview of research and treatment strategies. PMID- 3198580 TI - Clinical significance of premenstrual dysphoric changes. AB - Women who report premenstrual dysphoric changes are more likely to have had prior (and are at increased risk for subsequent) episodes of major depressive disorder than are women who do not experience these changes. Women who are currently depressed tend to have premenstrual exacerbations or changes in their symptoms. During the premenstrual period, there is an increased likelihood of suicidal, aggressive, or impulsive behavior and for admission to a psychiatric facility. The authors discuss the possible influence of menstrual cycle phases on the evaluation and treatment of women by investigators and therapists. PMID- 3198581 TI - Anxiety, depression, and menstrual symptoms among freshman medical students. AB - Based on data from a larger longitudinal study of medical students and physicians, this study establishes the incidence of some menstrual symptoms in a nonclinical population of 82 healthy, female, first-year medical students and investigates the correlation of self-reported anxiety and depression scores with these symptoms. Findings show that nearly half reported the frequent occurrence of at least one menstrual symptom that appeared to cause discomfort but did not interfere with performance. The data suggest an association between anxiety and depression scores and certain self-reported menstrual symptoms in this population. The study suggests the need for further investigation of the nature of the relationship between dysphoric moods and menstrual symptoms in healthy women. PMID- 3198582 TI - Buspirone and dyskinesia. PMID- 3198583 TI - Treatment of psychiatric emergencies. PMID- 3198584 TI - The oral features of betel nut chewers without submucous fibrosis. AB - This study examines the betel nut chewing practices, and the resulting oral clinical and histological features of 20 chewers who were without the diagnostic characteristics of submucous fibrosis. All chewed pan; the average duration of the habit was 10.5 years and the average frequency 7.1 quids per day. Eleven complained of intermittent burning and soreness of the mouth and 12 depicted blanching of the mucosa. Only 2 subjects were free from symptoms or signs. Eighteen chewers revealed an abnormal epithelium with extensive hyperplasia in 10 subjects and the rest demonstrated varying degrees of hyperplasia with abnormal maturation of the epithelium. Seven of the latter showed atypia as well. Parakeratosis was present in 7 and pigment incontinence in 9. Varying degrees of chronic inflammation featured in 17 specimens and the lamina propria was dense and hyalinized in 9. No correlation was found between the histological features, the clinical features and the various aspects of the habit. It is concluded that chewing betel nut will lead to pathological changes in the mucosa, but that neither the frequency nor the duration of the habit are accurate predictors of the extent of these changes or when they are likely to occur. PMID- 3198585 TI - [Effect of a helium-neon laser on cellular growth: an in vitro study of human gingival fibroblasts]. AB - For a better understanding of the clinical effects obtained with lasers of low power on oral wounds, an in vitro study was conducted on human fibroblasts obtained from a primary gingival culture in order to evaluate the effect of one or several irradiations obtained with a Helium-neon laser (632.8 nm, 10 mW). An irradiation of 10 minutes (1.2J/cm2) induced a growth acceleration of the cellular population compared to a non-irradiated control population. The greatest effect was obtained four days after treatment. Furthermore, if the cells were submitted to repeated irradiations every four days, the cellular divisions increased after each treatment. A careful interpretation of these in vitro results on healing time of oral wounds in vivo would suggest that it may be due partly to a recycling actin of low power lasers on resting cells. PMID- 3198586 TI - Neutrophil function in patients with localized juvenile periodontitis and with rapidly progressive periodontitis. AB - PMN chemotactic function and oxydative metabolism were investigated in 13 patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP) and 9 patients with localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) using a chemotaxis assay (CHA), luminol chemiluminescence (CL) and nitroblue-tetrazolium (NBT) tests. In the LJP patients there was a significantly lower CHA than in the RPP patients (less than 40%). Three out of the 13 RPP patients displayed a cell-dependent increase of CHA and in 3, the reduced CHA measured was serum-associated whilst among the 9 LJP patients, a cell-dependent defect of CHA was present in 5 patients, a serum associated defect in one patient and a combined cell- and serum-associated defect was found in another patient. The average values of CL in the RPP patients were significantly lower (1309.3 +/- 814.2) than those measured in the LJP group (2208 +/- 826.9). In contrast, the mean NBT test values indicated a lower phagocytic function in the LJP patients than in the RPP ones suggesting also the presence of a serum-dependent factor in RPP and that of a combined cell- and serum-response in LJP. According to these results, the neutrophil dysfunction in RPP, as indicated by both the chemotaxis and the oxydative metabolism nature, was frequently associated with a serum factor. PMID- 3198588 TI - [Primary distal anomalies due to Schwann cell separation of human pulp myelinated axons]. AB - This paper reports the presence in the human dental pulp of myelinated axons rich in disordered neurofilaments and with stasis of the axonal flow. These axons underwent a process of separation of their axoplasm by cytoplasmic extensions of the Schwann cells observed for the first time. As soon as the bipartition was achieved, one of the cytoplasmic compartments was lysed whereas the other remained intact. PMID- 3198587 TI - [Evaluation of the Caridex system and its pulp biocompatibility]. AB - A study of the pulpal biocompatibility of the Caridex system was carried out on human premolars to be extracted bilaterally for orthodontic reasons, in 3 volunteers aged 10 to 13 years. A class V cavity was prepared bilaterally on the 2 premolars to be extracted: one of the cavities was washed with Caridex. The other was used as a control. The extractions were made immediately, 4 and 7 weeks after these operative procedures. Histological examinations showed that the Caridex system was biocompatible for the human dental pulp. A comparative study of carious cavities was conducted using light microscopy, Gram stain and transmission electron microscopy on the quality of the cleaning obtained after conventional cavity preparation and use of the Caridex system. After Caridex treatment, the dentinal surface was free of demineralized zones and no smear layer was present. The occasional presence of bacteria was noticed after conventional use of a bur as well as after Caridex. More limited clinical indications of the Caridex system are proposed. PMID- 3198589 TI - Dental anomalies in patients with familial and sporadic cleft lip and palate. AB - Based on the frequency of occurrence of cleft lip and palate (CLP) in a family, a distinction has been made between familial and sporadic CLP. It was presumed that the genetic predisposition in familial CLP is high, while in sporadic CLP environmental factors play an important role. This study describes the possible relationship between the incidence of dental anomalies and the genetic predisposition of CLP in both the deciduous and permanent dentition. Dental anomalies were studied in 100 CLP patients and 38 control subjects. Neither the number of dental anomalies, nor the numbers of missing and supernumerary teeth differed significantly between familial and sporadic cases. A comparison between subjects with and without CLP showed a significant difference in the morphology of the dentition of the upper jaw. This difference was quantitative rather than qualitative. This study indicates a direct relationship between cleft formation and formation of the teeth, irrespective of the genetic predisposition and the severity of the cleft (i.e. uni- or bilateral). PMID- 3198591 TI - Amino acid sequence of the triple-helical domain of human collagen type VI. AB - The complete amino acid sequence of the triple-helical domain of human collagen VI was deduced from sequences of appropriate cDNA clones and confirmed to about 50% by Edman degradation of tryptic peptides. This domain consists of three different peptide segments containing some 335-336 amino acid residues originating from central portions of the alpha 1 (VI), alpha 2(VI), and alpha 3(VI) chains, respectively. Sequence identity in the X/Y positions of the Gly-X-Y repeats is rather low (10-15%) between the chains. Peculiar features of these sequences include 3 cysteine residues about 50 (alpha 3(VI)) and 89 (alpha 1(VI), alpha 2(VI)) residues away from the N-terminus and several Gly-X-Y interruptions clustered in the C-terminal two-thirds of the triple helix. These structures are presumably required for cross-linking collagen VI oligomers and for super-coiling of triple helices in the dimers. Other features include 11 Arg-Gly-Asp sequences, some of which are likely to be used as cell-binding sites, and four Asn-X-Thr sequences, allowing N-linked glycosylation along the triple helix. Junctional areas close to the helix contain short, cysteine-rich segments which may seal the triple-helical domain through disulfide bond formation, endowing it with high stability. These features, together with a low sequence homology to fiber-forming and basement-membrane collagens, document the unique character of collagen VI, whose triple helix is specifically adjusted for forming microfibrils in tissues. PMID- 3198590 TI - Rationale for engineering an enzyme by introducing a mutation that compensates for a deletion. AB - Procedures are needed for the manipulation of enzymes to introduce improved catalytic efficiencies and substrate affinities, even in the absence of information on three-dimensional structure. We previously described a selection for amino acid replacements that compensate for a large polypeptide deletion in an enzyme. The rationale is that, because of the missing polypeptide sequence, compensatory replacements must create new enzyme-substrate contacts that are not present in the native protein. Here we introduce into an undeleted enzyme a mutation that compensates for a large deletion in the same enzyme. Binding and kinetic measurements show that this mutation has the same effect on the undeleted as on the deleted protein. The results suggest that a new enzyme-substrate interaction has been created by the mutation and that its contribution to the interaction energy is similar in both the deleted and undeleted molecules. Introduction of this class of mutations into enzymes may in general be useful for engineering them to have improved interactions with ligands and substrates. PMID- 3198592 TI - Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants deficient in an anion exchanger functionally similar to the erythroid band 3. AB - Studies in Chinese hamster ovary cells demonstrate the presence of an anion exchanger, which has some of the properties of the band 3 transporter in erythrocytes. 1) Extracellular chloride is a competitive inhibitor of sulfate influx and stimulates sulfate efflux, suggesting that the mechanism of uptake is SO2-(4)/Cl- exchange. 2) The anion exchange inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene 2,2'-disulfonic acid inhibits sulfate uptake in a dose-dependent manner. Half maximal inhibition is achieved at 0.06 microM 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2' disulfonic acid. 3) Low extracellular pH markedly stimulates sulfate uptake. A 6 fold decrease in the apparent Km is observed at pHout 5.5 as compared to pHout 7.5. However, studies carried out over a broad range of extracellular SO2-(4) concentrations indicate the presence of three components of this transport activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells: two high affinity low capacity systems, one in the range 0.5 microM less than [SO2-(4)]out less than 50 microM and one in the range 50 microM less than [SO2-(4)]out less than 150 microM, and a low affinity, high capacity system (at [SO2-(4)]out greater than 150 microM). These properties have not been previously reported for the erythroid band 3 transporter. The availability of mutants deficient in these activities has enabled us to carry out studies which suggest that the high affinity systems are functionally independent of the low affinity system, but that all systems are dependent on the same anion exchange protein. Studies in a mutant which lacks all components of the transport activity indicates that the anion exchanger may be instrumental in the regulation of the intracellular pH in Chinese hamster ovary cells. PMID- 3198593 TI - The catalytic site of rat hepatic lauric acid omega-hydroxylase. Protein versus prosthetic heme alkylation in the omega-hydroxylation of acetylenic fatty acids. AB - Cytochrome P-450LA omega purified from clofibrate-induced rat liver oxidizes lauric acid to 11- and 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid in approximately a 1:17 ratio at a rate of 20 nmol/nmol P-450/min. In contrast, cytochrome P-450b oxidizes lauric acid much more slowly (0.5 nmol/nmol P-450/min) to an 8:1 mixture of the same metabolites. Western blot analysis indicates that P-450LA omega accounts for 1-2 and 16-30%, respectively, of the total cytochrome P-450 in uninduced and clofibrate-induced rat liver. Cytochrome b5 increases the efficiency of omega hydroxylation but not the rate of catalytic turnover. Incubation of the enzyme with 10-undecynoic acid (10-UDYA) results in loss of approximately 45% of the enzymatic activity but none of the enzyme chromophore. Approximately 1 mol of 1,11-undecandioic acid is produced per mole of inactivated enzyme. This extraordinary inactivation efficiency is confirmed by NADPH consumption studies. Approximately 0.5 equivalents of label are covalently bound to the enzyme when it is incubated with 14C-labeled 10-UDYA. 11-Dodecenoic acid appears not to be a substrate for cytochrome P-450LA omega but is oxidized, presumably by a contaminating isozyme, to a 10:1 mixture of 11,12-epoxydodecanoic acid and 12 oxododecanoic acid. The results suggest the presence of two closely related P 450LA omega enzymes, only one of which is susceptible to inactivation by 10-UDYA. They also indicate that cytochrome P-450LA omega has a highly structured active site that sterically suppresses omega-1-hydroxylation in order to deliver the oxygen to the thermodynamically disfavored terminal carbon. Protein rather than heme alkylation follows from this reaction regiospecificity. PMID- 3198594 TI - The complete primary structure of the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein from bovine retina. AB - Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) carries 11-cis-retinol and 11-cis retinaldehyde as endogenous ligands and may be a functional component of the visual cycle. The complete amino acid sequence of CRALBP from bovine retina has been determined by direct microanalysis of the protein. Bovine CRALBP contains 316 residues in a single amino-terminal-blocked chain corresponding to a molecular weight of 36,421, inclusive of the blocking group. Overlapping peptides were generated by cleavage of lysyl, arginyl, methionyl, glutamyl, and one tryptophanyl bond and sequenced by gas-phase Edman degradation. Analysis of amino terminal arginyl and methionyl peptides by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry identified the N alpha-blocking group as an acetyl moiety, and tandem mass spectrometry provided the sequence of the first 9 residues. Comparison of CRALBP with other known protein sequences reveals no significant structural relatedness. The present results provide a basis for relating CRALBP domains with physiological function and for the future development of a more detailed three-dimensional model of the interaction of 11-cis-retinaldehyde with protein. PMID- 3198595 TI - Cloning of the cDNAs encoding the cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein from bovine and human retina and comparison of the protein structures. AB - A 1173-base pair cDNA encoding bovine cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) was cloned from a bovine retinal cDNA expression library using as probes both anti-CRALBP polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA corresponds exactly to that determined by direct analysis of NH2-terminally acetylated bovine CRALBP (Crabb, J. W., Johnson, C. M., Carr, S. A., Armes, L. G., and Saari, J. C. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18678-18687). Nick-translated bovine CRALBP cDNA probes were then used to clone from a human retinal cDNA library a 1317-base pair cDNA encoding human CRALBP. Bovine and human CRALBP are 92% identical in amino acid sequence and not related to any other known protein sequence. Both the bovine and human proteins contain 316 residues and have calculated molecular weights of 36,378 and 36,347, respectively, exclusive of the NH2-terminal blocking groups. The CRALBP cDNA clones should prove valuable as tools for studying the physiological role of the protein in vision and visual disorders. PMID- 3198596 TI - Esterification by rat liver microsomes of retinol bound to cellular retinol binding protein. AB - We have investigated the esterification by liver membranes of retinol bound to cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP). When CRBP carrying [3H]retinol as its ligand was purified from rat liver cytosol and incubated with rat liver microsomes, a significant fraction of the [3H]retinol was converted to [3H]retinyl ester. Esterification of the CRBP-bound [3H]retinol, which was maximal at pH 6-7, did not require the addition of an exogenous fatty acyl group. Indeed, when additional palmitoyl-CoA or coenzyme A was provided, the rate of esterification increased either very slightly or not at all. The esterification reaction had a Km for [3H]retinol-CRBP of 4 +/- 0.6 microM and a maximum velocity of 145 +/- 52 pmol/min/mg of microsomal protein (n = 4). The major products were retinyl palmitate/oleate and retinyl stearate in a ratio of approximately 2 to 1 over a range of [3H]retinol-CRBP concentrations from 1 to 8 microM. The addition of progesterone, a known inhibitor of the acyl-CoA:retinol acyltransferase reaction, consistently increased the rate of retinyl ester formation when [3H]retinol was delivered bound to CRBP. These experiments indicate that retinol presented to liver microsomal membranes by CRBP can be converted to retinyl ester and that this process, in contrast to the esterification of dispersed retinol, is independent of the addition of an activated fatty acid and produces a pattern of retinyl ester species similar to that observed in intact liver. A possible role of phospholipids as endogenous acyl donors in the esterification of retinol bound to CRBP is supported by our observations that depletion of microsomal phospholipid with phospholipase A2 prior to addition of retinol-CRBP decreased the retinol-esterifying activity almost 50%. Conversely, incubating microsomes with a lipid-generating system containing choline, CDP-choline, glycerol 3 phosphate, and an acyl-CoA-generating system prior to addition of retinol-CRBP increased retinol esterification significantly as compared to buffer-treated controls. PMID- 3198597 TI - Isolation and characterization of four major neutral glycosphingolipids from the liver of the English sole (Parophrys vetulus). Presence of a novel branched lacto ganglio-iso-globo hybrid structure. AB - We have previously reported on carbohydrate structures of the major acidic glycosphingolipids from the liver of the English sole, Parophrys vetulus (Ostrander, G. K., Levery, S. B., Hakomori, S., and Holmes, E. H. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 3103-3110). We have now isolated four major neutral glycosphingolipids from English sole liver. They have been characterized by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, methylation analysis, and by fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry. In addition to neutral glycosphingolipids with known structures (CMH, lactosylceramide, and Gg3), a major polar neutral glycosphingolipid was isolated and characterized as having the following novel structure: (formula; see text) The compound represents a novel hybrid of neolacto-, ganglio-, and iso globo-series glycosphingolipid structures, a combination not previously encountered. Furthermore, the linkage Fuc alpha 1----3GalNac has not been previously reported for a glycosphingolipid. The relationship of these structural elements to known glycoconjugates is discussed. PMID- 3198598 TI - Identification of the fifth axial heme ligand of chloroperoxidase. AB - Chloroperoxidase from Caldariomyces fumago catalyzes the peroxidative chlorination of organic acceptor molecules. From a variety of spectroscopic data, it had long been thought that chloroperoxidase possessed an active site structure similar to that of cytochrome P-450cam. Resonance Raman studies conducted with isotopically substituted enzyme proved conclusively that the fifth axial ligand to the ferriprotoporphyrin IX moiety of chloroperoxidase is indeed a cysteine thiolate (Bangcharoenpaurpong, O., Champion, P. M., Hall, K. S., and Hager, L. P. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 2374-2378). In this study, Ellman's reagent, 5,5' dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), was used to ascertain which of the 3 cysteine residues in the primary structure of chloroperoxidase serves as the fifth axial heme ligand; two of the cysteine residues were earlier shown to be involved in a disulfide linkage. Apoprotein was labeled under denaturing conditions with 5,5' dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). A unique peptide, containing the thionitrobenzoate adduct, was isolated via reverse phase HPLC following digestion with endoproteinase Glu-C. Amino acid and Edman sequence analysis revealed the fifth axial ligand in chloroperoxidase to be cysteine 29. Under reducing and denaturing conditions, incubation of apochloroperoxidase with Ellman's reagent resulted in 3 labeled residues. Proteolysis and isolation of the labeled peptides using reverse phase HPLC and subsequent Edman sequence analysis detected and identified the thionitrobenzoate adducts of each of the three cysteinyl peptides of chloroperoxidase. PMID- 3198600 TI - Sequences of complete cDNAs encoding four variants of chicken skeletal muscle troponin T. AB - cDNAs containing the complete coding sequences of four isoforms of troponin T derived from 1-week-old chick skeletal muscle have been isolated and sequenced. While the 5' and 3' untranslated regions and most of the coding sequence were identical for each, dramatic differences were observed in the NH2-terminal region corresponding to amino acid residues 10-37 of rabbit skeletal troponin T. These sequence differences correspond to the alternatively spliced but not mutually exclusive exons 4 to 8 of the rat skeletal muscle troponin T gene. In addition, we observe a sequence corresponding to an extra exon or exons (between 5 and 6) present in the chicken skeletal muscle gene and not previously detected in the rat skeletal or chicken cardiac genes. This sequence of 63 nucleotides consists of an almost perfect repeat of 30 and 33 nucleotides and has previously been shown to be represented as a protein variant in chicken skeletal muscle. A difference is also present in one cDNA clone corresponding to the alternatively spliced (mutually exclusive) exons 16 and 17 of the rat gene. In the protein, this corresponds to a region implicated in the interaction of troponin T with troponin C, tropomyosin, and perhaps troponin I and F-actin. PMID- 3198601 TI - Evidence against in vivo presence of 2-(2-furoyl)-4(5)-(2-furanyl)-1H-imidazole, a major fluorescent advanced end product generated by nonenzymatic glycosylation. AB - The reaction of protein amino groups with glucose leads to the formation of a stable Amadori product via a Schiff base adduct, which is further converted to advanced glycosylation end products (AGE) with color and unique fluorescence characteristics. 2-(2-Furoyl)-4(5)-(2-furanyl)-1H-imidazole (FFI) was recently identified as a major fluorescent compound (Ponger, S., Ulrich, P.C., Bencsath, F.A., and Cerami, A. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 2684-2688). Its in vivo and in situ presence was further demonstrated by radioimmunoassays (Chang, J.C.F., Ulrich, P.C., Bucala, R., and Cerami, A. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7970 7974). In the present study the occurrence of FFI in AGE-proteins was reassessed. The radioimmunoassay using anti-FFI antibody and high performance liquid chromatography failed to detect FFI in AGE samples obtained from bovine serum albumin, poly-L-lysine, oligo-L-lysine, and L-lysine. Even after acid hydrolysis or proteinase K digestion, FFI was undetectable. To our surprise, however, the addition of ammonia to these acid hydrolysate led to the production of FFI, suggesting the importance of acid hydrolysis and subsequent reaction with ammonia for the generation of FFI. This observation was fully supported by model experiments using AGE-samples prepared by incubating glucose with monoaminocarboxylic acids such as beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Thus, a nonfluorescent FFI precursor is produced by acid hydrolysis, and its conversion to fluorescent FFI occurs upon subsequent reaction with ammonia, the evidence against the presence of FFI in AGE-proteins. PMID- 3198599 TI - Mechanism of anthraquinone-induced calcium release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. AB - The anthraquinones, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, daunorubicin and rubidazone are shown to be potent stimulators of Ca2+ release from skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles and to trigger transient contractions in chemically skinned psoas muscle fibers. These effects of anthraquinones are the direct consequence of their specific interaction with the [3H] ryanodine receptor complex, which constitutes the Ca2+ release channel from the triadic junction. In the presence of adenine nucleotides and physiological Mg2+ concentrations (approximately 1.0 mM), channel activation by doxorubicin and daunorubicin exhibits a sharp dependence on submicromolar Ca2+ which is accompanied by a selective, dose-dependent increase in the apparent affinity of the ryanodine binding sites for Ca2+, in a manner similar to that previously reported with caffeine. Unlike caffeine, however, anthraquinones increase [3H]ryanodine receptor occupancy to the level observed in the presence of adenine nucleotides. A strong interaction between the anthraquinone and the caffeine binding sites on the Ca2+ release channel is also observed when monitoring Ca2+ fluxes across the SR. Millimolar caffeine both inhibits anthraquinone-stimulated Ca2+ release, and reduces anthraquinone-stimulated [3H]ryanodine receptor occupancy, without changing the effective binding constant of the anthraquinone for its binding site. The degree of cooperativity for daunorubicin activation of Ca2+ release from SR also increases in the presence of caffeine. These results demonstrate that the mechanism by which anthraquinones stimulate Ca2+ release is caused by a direct interaction with the [3H]ryanodine receptor complex, and by sensitization of the Ca2+ activator site for Ca2+. PMID- 3198602 TI - The roles of active site hydrogen bonding in cytochrome P-450cam as revealed by site-directed mutagenesis. AB - The role of the active site hydrogen bond of cytochrome P-450cam has been studied utilizing a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and substrate analogues with altered hydrogen bonding capabilities. Cytochrome P-450cam normally catalyzes the regiospecific hydroxylation of the monoterpene camphor. The x-ray crystal structure of this soluble bacterial cytochrome P-450 (Poulos, T. L., Finzel, B. C., Gunsalus, I. C., Wagner, G. C., and Kraut, J. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 16122-16128) indicates a specific hydrogen bond between tyrosine 96 and the carbonyl moiety of the camphor substrate. The site-directed mutant in which tyrosine 96 has been changed to a phenylalanine and the substrate analogues thiocamphor and camphane have been used to probe this interaction in several aspects of catalysis. At room temperature, both the mutant enzyme with camphor and the wild type enzyme with thiocamphor bound result in 59 and 65% high-spin ferric enzyme as compared to the 95% high spin population obtained with native enzyme and camphor as substrate. The equilibrium dissociation constant is moderately increased, from 1.6 microM for the wild type protein to 3.0 and 3.3 microM for wild type-thiocamphor and mutant-camphor complexes, respectively. Camphane bound to cytochrome P-450cam exhibits a larger decrease in high spin fraction (45%) and a correspondingly larger KD (46 microM), suggesting that the carbonyl moiety of camphor plays an important steric role in addition to its interaction as a hydrogen bond acceptor. The absolute regioselectivity of the mutant enzyme, and of the wild type enzyme with thiocamphor, is lost resulting in production of several hydroxylated products in addition to the 5-exo-hydroxy isomer. Based on rates of NADH oxidation, comparison of the substrate specificity for these systems (kcat/KD) indicates a 5- and 7-fold decrease in specificity for the mutant enzyme and thiocamphor-wild type complex, respectively. The replacement of the cytochrome P-450cam active site tyrosine with phenylalanine does not affect the branching ratio of monooxygenase versus oxidase chemistry or peroxygenase activity (Atkins, W.M., and Sligar, S.G. (1987) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 3754-3760). PMID- 3198603 TI - Purification of RNA polymerase IIO from calf thymus. AB - Three subspecies of RNA polymerase II, designated IIO, IIA, and IIB, have been described in calf thymus and shown to differ in the apparent molecular weight of their largest subunits, designated IIo, IIa, and IIb, respectively. The objective of this study was to develop a procedure for the purification of RNA polymerase IIO. This form of the enzyme predominates in vivo and is responsible for the transcription of most cellular genes. RNA polymerase II is solubilized from isolated calf thymus nuclei in the presence of high concentrations of chelators, precipitated with polyethyleneimine, extracted with salt, and precipitated with (NH4)2SO4. The solubilized enzyme is resolved from factors that destabilize RNA polymerase IIO by chromatography on heparin-Sepharose CL-4B and DE52. RNA polymerase IIO is then partially resolved from RNA polymerases IIA and IIB by chromatography on DEAE-5PW and further purified by chromatography on Phenyl Superose and Mono Q. RNA polymerase IIO was purified 1000-fold from the polyethyleneimine eluate resulting in about 130 micrograms of RNA polymerase IIO from 300 g of calf thymus. The specific activity of RNA polymerase IIO, in nonselective assays using calf thymus DNA as template, is 440 units/mg and not significantly different from that of RNA polymerases IIA and IIB. The similar transcriptional activities in nonselective assays suggest that the C-terminal domain of the largest RNA polymerase II subunit does not play a major role in the elongation phase of the reaction when deproteinized DNA serves as template. The small subunits of RNA polymerase IIO are indistinguishable from those of RNA polymerases IIA and IIB. PMID- 3198604 TI - Degradation of intracellular protein in muscle. Lysosomal response to modified proteins and chloroquine. AB - We previously showed that radioactive N-ethylmaleimide injected intramuscularly reacts with actomyosin and other muscle proteins and that a transfer of these modified proteins to lysosome-rich large granules was associated with their degradation (Gerard, K. W., and Schneider, D. L., (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 11798-11805). We now show that muscle cells, when challenged by an increase in proteins modified with N-ethylmaleimide, can increase degradation by increasing the activities of enzymes involved in protein turnover. Cathepsin B activity increased 2-fold 36 h after injection of N-ethylmaleimide. In contrast, non lysosomal proteolytic enzymes, calcium-dependent protease, and leucine aminopeptidase, did not significantly increase. Lysosomes are also involved in the degradation of normal muscle proteins labeled with [3H]leucine. Treatment with chloroquine, a known inhibitor of lysosome function, resulted in an inhibition of protein degradation, in an increase of the muscle protein content, and in the accumulation of radioactive proteins in lysosomal fractions. Chloroquine treatment for 2 days led to a 270% increase in cathepsin B and a 160% increase in lysosomal ATPase activities, but only a 30% increase in neutral proteinase activities. These results indicate a role for lysosomes in regulation of protein turnover in muscle. PMID- 3198605 TI - Cloning of cDNAs encoding human lysosomal membrane glycoproteins, h-lamp-1 and h lamp-2. Comparison of their deduced amino acid sequences. AB - We have isolated and sequenced cDNA clones corresponding to the entire coding sequences of the human lysosomal membrane glycoproteins, lamp-1 and lamp-2 (h lamp-1 and h-lamp-2). The deduced amino acid sequences indicate that h-lamp-1 and h-lamp-2 consist of 416 and 408 amino acid residues, respectively, and suggest that 27 and 28 NH2-terminal residues are cleavable signal peptides. The major portions of both h-lamp-1 and h-lamp-2 reside on the luminal side of the lysosome and are heavily glycosylated by N-glycans: h-lamp-1 and h-lamp-2 were found to contain 19 and 16 potential N-glycosylation sites, respectively. The findings are consistent with the results obtained by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase F treatment of h-lamp-1 and h-lamp-2 precursors, described in the preceding paper (Carlsson, S. R., Roth, J., Piller, F., and Fukuda, M. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 18911-18919). These N-glycosylation sites are clustered into two domains separated by a hinge-like structure enriched with proline and serine in h-lamp-1 or proline and threonine in h-lamp-2. The two domains of h-lamp-1 on each side of the hinge region are homologous to each other, whereas no such homology was detected between the two domains of h-lamp-2. Both proteins have one putative transmembrane domain consisting of 24 hydrophobic amino acids near the COOH terminus, and contain a short cytoplasmic segment composed of 11 amino acid residues at the COOH-terminal end. Comparison of h-lamp-1 and h-lamp-2 sequences reveal strong homology between the two molecules, particularly in the proximity to the COOH-terminal end. It is possible that this portion is important for targeting the molecules to lysosomes. These results also suggest that lamp-1 and lamp-2 are evolutionarily related. Comparison of known lamp-1 sequences among different species, on the other hand, show that human lamp-1 has more similarity to lamp-1 from other species than to human lamp-2. This fact, taken together with the finding that h-lamp-2 lacks repeating domains, suggests that lamp-1 and lamp 2 diverged from a putative ancestor gene in early stages of evolution. These results also suggest that lamp-1 and lamp-2 probably have distinctly separate functions despite the fact that they share many structural features. PMID- 3198606 TI - Multiple messenger RNA species give rise to the structural diversity in acetylcholinesterase. AB - Acetylcholinesterase exists predominantly as a secreted enzyme which remains cell associated at specific extracellular locations. Its extensive structural diversity appears responsible for the unique cellular disposition of the enzyme. To examine the molecular basis of the structural divergence of acetylcholinesterase species, we hybridized total RNA from Torpedo californica electric organ with restriction fragments from a cDNA encoding the catalytic subunits of asymmetric species of acetylcholinesterase. Multiple RNA species up to 14 kilobases in length can be detected on Northern blots using a full-length cDNA for hybridization. Each of these RNA species also hybridizes with smaller restriction fragments within the open reading frame and 3'-untranslated region of the cDNA. This indicates that the entire open reading frame plus the 3' untranslated region is contained in the large RNA species. RNase protection experiments revealed at least three points of divergence for the message species. One occurs within the COOH-terminal portion of the open reading frame at a position just 5' to the TGA stop codon. This divergence accounts for the two classes of acetylcholinesterase found in abundance in Torpedo. The site of splicing has been further defined by isolating a genomic clone containing the exon serving as the potential splice donor. We find a divergence between the cDNA and genomic DNA at the position estimated by the protection experiments. A less abundant divergence in mRNA can also be detected in the 3'-untranslated region. Another divergence occurs as a deleted sequence within the 5'-noncoding region and may be important for controlling translation efficiency. Since it is hypothesized that a single gene encodes acetylcholinesterase, the divergences in the very 3' region of the open reading frame and the 5'-noncoding region correspond to presumed splice junction boundaries where alternative RNA splicing occurs. PMID- 3198607 TI - Purification and characterization of a novel monomeric glutathione peroxidase from rat liver. AB - A novel glutathione peroxidase, which is active toward hydroperoxides of phospholipid in the presence of a detergent, has been purified to homogeneity from a rat liver postmicrosomal supernatant fraction by ammonium sulfate fractionation and three different column chromatographies. From a DE52 column, glutathione peroxidase active toward phosphatidylcholine dilinoleoyl hydroperoxides was eluted in one major and two minor peaks. The enzyme in the major peak was found to be separated from the "classic" glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferases and further purified by Sephacryl S-200 and Mono Q column chromatographies. The purified enzyme was found to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions as well as that in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 22,000, and that by gel filtration was comparable, indicating that the enzyme protein is a single polypeptide. The purified enzyme was found to catalyze the reduction of phosphatidylcholine dilinoleoyl hydroperoxides to the corresponding hydroxy derivatives. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was found at pH 6.2, and the optimum pH for the enzyme activity was 8.0. The enzyme was active toward cumene hydroperoxide, H2O2, and 1-monolinolein hydroperoxides in the absence of a detergent. The enzyme activity toward phospholipid hydroperoxides was minute in the absence of a detergent but was remarkably enhanced by the addition of a detergent. From these results, the presently purified enzyme is obviously different from the classic glutathione peroxidase and also from phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase purified from pig heart (Ursini, F., Maiorino, M., and Gregolin, C. (1985) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 839, 62-70), though considerably similar to the latter. PMID- 3198608 TI - Purification of a protein doublet that binds to six TGG-containing sequences in the promoter for hamster 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. AB - The gene for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, the rate controlling enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, is transcribed at a relatively high level when cellular sterols are depleted and is repressed when sterols accumulate. We have previously reported that the regulatory region of the hamster reductase gene contains eight different sequences that bind nuclear proteins as determined by DNase I footprinting assays. We here report the purification of a single activity that accounts for six of these footprints. This activity was found in a doublet of proteins (designated reductase promoter factor 1, RPF-1) that have apparent molecular weights of 33,000 and 35,000. They were isolated by DNA affinity chromatography using oligonucleotides corresponding to either of two footprinted sequences. The 33- and 35-kDa species were present as monomers, as indicated by gel filtration and gradient ultracentrifugation. Oligonucleotides corresponding to any one of the six footprinted sequences prevented the binding of RPF-1 to all of the other sequences, indicating that all six bind to a single site in RPF-1. The only sequence shared by all six footprinted sequences is the trinucleotide, TGG, both of whose guanosines made contact with RPF-1, as determined by methylation interference assays. The footprinted sequence that binds RPF-1 with highest affinity contains the palindrome, TGG(N7)CCA, which conforms to the consensus sequence for binding NF-1, a nuclear protein that stimulates replication of adeno-virus-2. Purified RPF-1 was shown to bind to the adenovirus NF-1 binding site with high affinity. Although the apparent molecular weight of the RPF-1 doublet was lower than the molecular weight range for NF-1 proteins (52,000-66,000), it is likely that the 33-35-kDa doublet is derived from a larger NF-1-like protein as a result of proteolysis. We conclude that RPF-1 belongs to a group of TGG-binding proteins that includes NF-1 and other proteins previously described as CCAAT binding proteins. This protein binds to six sites in the promoter region for hamster 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, where its function remains to be determined. PMID- 3198609 TI - Spontaneous peptide bond cleavage in aging alpha-crystallin through a succinimide intermediate. AB - Cleavage of specific peptide bonds occurs with aging in the alpha A subunit of bovine alpha-crystallin. One of the breaks occurs at residue Asn-101. This same residue undergoes in vivo deamidation, isomerization, and racemization. Deamidation and isomerization are known to occur via succinimide ring formation of labile asparagine residues. Model studies on peptides have shown that imide formation can also lead to peptide bond cleavage (Geiger, T., and Clarke, S. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 785-794). In that case, both asparagine and aspartic acid amide would be expected as C termini of the truncated polypeptide, and this is indeed the case in the alpha A-(1-101)-chain. This thus represents a first example of nonenzymatic in vivo peptide bond cleavage in an aging protein through the formation of a succinimide intermediate. In addition, we found that in bovine lens no detectable conversion (through the action of protein-carboxyl methyltransferase) of isoaspartyl to normal aspartyl residues occurs in vivo after deamidation of Asn-101. PMID- 3198610 TI - The iron-responsive element is the single element responsible for iron-dependent translational regulation of ferritin biosynthesis. Evidence for function as the binding site for a translational repressor. AB - Ferritin, a cytoplasmic protein critical in iron metabolism, displays iron dependent regulation of its biosynthetic rate with no corresponding changes in mRNA levels. An iron-responsive element (IRE) has been identified in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the human ferritin heavy chain mRNA which, when placed in the 5'-UTR of heterologous reporter genes, confers iron-dependent translational regulation to the hybrid mRNAs. However, whereas the biosynthetic rate of ferritin in response to changes in iron status exhibits a 30-80-fold range, the apparent ranges observed for reporter gene constructs utilizing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays or human growth hormone radioimmunoassays have been much less. A deletion and reconstitution study was undertaken to address the possibility that regions of the ferritin gene and mRNA other than the IRE may be necessary for the production of the full range of iron regulation. Data are presented that demonstrate that the IRE alone is capable of conferring iron-dependent translational regulation of biosynthesis to downstream encoded proteins that is both qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that observed with expression of ferritin itself. Thus, the complete range of iron dependent translational regulation conferred by the IRE occurs independently of the presence of the ferritin promoter, other regions of the ferritin 5'-UTR, the ferritin coding region, and the ferritin 3'-UTR. Additionally, experiments addressing the translatability in vivo of various ferritin construct mRNAs support the theory that the IRE functions as the binding site for a translational repressor. PMID- 3198611 TI - Yolk proteins from nematodes, chickens, and frogs bind strongly and preferentially to left-handed Z-DNA. AB - Yolk proteins purified from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, from the frog Xenopus laevis, and from chicken eggs all have the unexpected property of binding strongly and preferentially to a left-handed Z-DNA probe, brominated poly(dG-dC). We estimate that the nematode proteins bind to Z-DNA with an association constant of at least 10(4) (M-1) and that this association constant is at least 40-50-fold higher than the association constant to B-DNA. Thus, yolk proteins have a higher Z-DNA specificity than most of the Z-DNA binding proteins previously isolated from other sources. Although yolk protein binding to Z-DNA is poorly competed by a wide variety of nucleic acids, the interaction is strongly competed by the phospholipids cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid (500-1000-fold better than by the same mass of B-DNA). We suggest that Z-DNA interacts with the yolk protein phospholipid binding site. In general, our results emphasize the danger of using physical properties to infer biological function. In particular, our results should raise serious questions about the biological relevance of previously isolated Z-DNA binding proteins. PMID- 3198612 TI - Characterization of proteins that associate with an unglycosylated form of the transferrin receptor in A431 cells. AB - A protein doublet (Mr = 135,000/130,000) was found to coprecipitate with an unglycosylated form of the transferrin receptor in tunicamycin-treated A431 cells. This doublet is not detected with either a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody to the transferrin receptor on Western blots indicating that these proteins do not interact directly with transferrin receptor antibody. Proteolytic digestion patterns of the individual proteins of the Mr = 135,000/130,000 doublet suggest that they are related to one another and are distinct from the transferrin receptor. Further characterization of these proteins indicates that they form a high molecular weight complex with the unglycosylated but not the glycosylated form of the transferrin receptor. Pulse-chase experiments demonstrate that the proteins post-translationally associate with the receptor. PMID- 3198613 TI - Phosphorylation and inactivation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase from the anaerobic parasitic nematode, Ascaris suum. Stoichiometry and amino acid sequence around the phosphorylation sites. AB - Tryptic digestion of the fully phosphorylated Ascaris suum pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yielded a single tetradecapeptide containing 2 phosphorylated serine residues. Its amino acid sequence was Tyr-Ser-Gly-His-Ser(P)-Met-Ser-Asp-Pro-Gly Thr-Ser(P)-Tyr-Arg and was very similar to one of the tryptic phosphopeptides isolated from mammalian and yeast pyruvate dehydrogenases. At partial phosphorylation, three peptides were isolated which corresponded to the monophosphorylated (sites 1 and 2) and diphosphorylated tetradecapeptides. In contrast to results reported from mammalian complexes, phosphorylation of the ascarid complex paralleled inactivation, and no additional phosphorylation occurred after inactivation was complete. Complete inactivation of the complex was associated with the incorporation of 1.7-1.9 mol of phosphoryl groups/mol of alpha-pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit, and the strict preference of the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase for site 1 was not observed. Whereas site 1 was initially phosphorylated more rapidly than site 2, at 50% inactivation, 41% of the incorporated phosphoryl groups were incorporated into site 2. In addition, substantial amounts of peptide monophosphorylated at site 2 also accumulated, suggesting that prior phosphorylation at site 1 was not necessary for phosphorylation at site 2. Phosphorylation also caused a marked decrease in the mobility of the alpha-pyruvate dehydrogenase subunit on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and the apparent separation of mono- and diphosphorylated forms of the enzyme. The significance of these observations in the regulation of the unique anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism of A. suum is discussed. PMID- 3198615 TI - Terminally differentiated neonatal rat myocardial cells proliferate and maintain specific differentiated functions following expression of SV40 large T antigen. AB - Early in neonatal development, differentiated myocardial cells lose their ability to proliferate, and further enlargement of the heart occurs through hypertrophy of existing cardiac muscle cells. To study the process of myocardial growth and hypertrophy we have recently utilized a neonatal rat myocardial cell model (Lee, H. R., Henderson, S. A., Reynolds, R., Dunnmon, P., Yuan, D., and Chien, K. R. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 7352-7538). The present study was designed to determine if the expression of SV40 large T antigen would be capable of restoring the proliferative capacity of terminally differentiated neonatal rat myocardial cells. Utilizing a replication-defective recombinant human adenovirus which contains an SV40 early T antigen insert, maximal expression of T antigen was achieved at 24-48 h postinfection, with over 85-90% of the cells displaying positive T antigen staining. Furthermore, the expression of the T antigen-induced proliferation of the myocardial cells without the loss of expression of certain differentiated properties, including myosin light chain expression and assembly into organized myofibrils, spontaneous contractile activity, and a chronotropic response to adrenergic agonists. These results demonstrate the utility of recombinant human adenoviruses to achieve high efficiency transient expression of foreign genes in differentiated myocardial cells and suggest that the expression of T antigen may provide a suitable model to study the biochemical events which are required to maintain the proliferative capacity of myocardial cells. PMID- 3198614 TI - Heparin type IV collagen interactions: equilibrium binding and inhibition of type IV collagen self-assembly. AB - Interactions between type IV collagen and heparin were examined under equilibrium conditions with rotary shadowing, solid-phase binding assays, and affinity chromatography. With the technique of rotary shadowing and electron microscopy, heparin appeared as thin, short strands and bound to the following three sites: the NC1 domain, and in the helix, at 100 and 300 nm from the NC1 domain. By solid phase binding assays the binding of [3H]heparin in solution to type IV collagen immobilized on a solid surface was found to be specific, since it was saturable and could be displaced by an excess of unlabeled heparin. Scatchard analysis indicated three classes of binding sites for heparin-type IV collagen interactions with dissociation constants of 3, 30, and 100 nM, respectively. Furthermore, by the solid-phase binding assays, the binding of tritiated heparin could be competed almost to the same extent by unlabeled heparin and chondroitin sulfate side chains. This finding indicates that chondroitin sulfate should also bind to type IV collagen. By affinity chromatography, [3H]heparin bound to a type IV collagen affinity column and was eluted with a linear salt gradient, with a profile exhibiting three distinct peaks at 0.18, 0.22, and 0.24 M KCl, respectively. This suggested that heparin-type IV collagen binding was of an electrostatic nature. Finally, the effect of the binding of heparin to type IV collagen on the process of self-assembly of this basement membrane glycoprotein was studied by turbidimetry and rotary shadowing. In turbidity experiments, the presence of heparin, even in small concentrations, drastically reduced maximal aggregation of type IV collagen which was prewarmed to 37 degrees C. By using the morphological approach of rotary shadowing, lateral associations and network formation by prewarmed type IV collagen were inhibited in the presence of heparin. Thus, the binding of heparin resulted in hindrance of assembly of type IV collagen, a process previously described for interactions between various glycosaminoglycans and interstitial collagens. Such regulation may influence the assembly of basement membranes and possibly modify functions. Furthermore, qualitative and quantitative changes of proteoglycans which occur in certain pathological conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, may alter molecular assembly and possibly permeability functions of several basement membranes. PMID- 3198616 TI - Purification and characterization of an estrogen-inducible membrane glycoprotein. Evidence that it is a transferrin receptor. AB - A number of N-linked membrane glycoproteins are induced during chick oviduct differentiation. We have purified a major estrogen-inducible glycoprotein (Mr = 91,000) to homogeneity by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparison of partial NH2-terminal sequence data with membrane glycoproteins having similar Mr showed a limited homology with human and murine transferrin receptors. We observed that oviduct membranes contain estrogen inducible transferrin receptor activity (Kd = 2-8 x 10(-8) M). Analytical purification of the putative receptor on an ovotransferrin-Affi-Gel affinity column and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis reveals a protein of Mr, 180,000, which contains two disulfide-linked subunits of Mr 91,000. The receptor reacts very strongly with antibodies prepared against the 91-kDa glycoprotein on Western blots. Western blot analysis confirms that the 91 kDa glycoprotein is induced by estrogen. The protein has 2% total carbohydrate with Man, GlcNAc, Gal, GalNAc, and NeuAc in a molar ratio of 6:4:2:1:1. The protein contains at least one O-linked moiety. Analysis of the O-linked moiety by glycosidase digestions and gel filtration indicates there are sialo tetra- and trisaccharides and a neutral disaccharide(s). Labeled N-linked glycopeptides were prepared by pronase digestion, beta-elimination, and 3H-acetylation. The N-linked oligosaccharides include high mannose and complex neutral nonbisected biantennary types in an approximate ratio of 3:1 as determined by serial lectin affinity chromatography. PMID- 3198617 TI - A single 12.5-kilobase androgen-regulated mRNA encoding multiple proline-rich polypeptides in the ventral prostate of the rat. AB - Synthetic 32P-labeled oligonucleotides have been used to identify the prostatic proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) mRNA which has partially been characterized. The 14-mer d(G-G-T-T-C-T-G-C-A-T-A-A-T-G) complementary to the coding sequence for His-Tyr-Ala-Glu-Pro, a sequence element occurring in all 38-residue PRP variants, hybridizes specifically with a 12.5-kilobase mRNA which is clearly androgen controlled. This oligonucleotide was used as an efficient primer for the construction of a PRP-specific lambda gt10 cDNA library. The nucleotide sequence of the inserts from several recombinant clones has been determined. This structural analysis revealed a PRP mRNA encoding a large precursor containing a number of tandemly repeated units. Each repeat codes for a sequence of 100 amino acids in which the highly conserved PRP sequence is embedded. From this polyprotein the large number of PRP variants must be generated by a post translational processing mechanism which is still unknown. The high degree of conservation of both nucleotide and amino acid sequence in the entire unit also indicates that the PRP gene(s) likely evolved by multiplication of a 300-base pair ancestral DNA sequence. This has resulted in a noninterrupted repetitive DNA coding segment which is detected at the genomic level. PMID- 3198618 TI - Sites phosphorylated in myosin light chain in contracting smooth muscle. AB - Purified smooth muscle myosin light chain can be phosphorylated at multiple sites by myosin light chain kinase and protein kinase C. We have determined the sites phosphorylated on myosin light chain in intact bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Stimulation with 10 microM carbachol resulted in 66 +/- 5% monophosphorylated and 11 +/- 2% diphosphorylated myosin light chain after 1 min, and 47 +/- 4% monophosphorylated and 5 +/- 2% diphosphorylated myosin light chain after 30 min. Myosin heavy chain contained 0.06 +/- 0.01 mol of phosphate/mol of protein which did not change with carbachol. At both 1 and 30 min the monophosphorylated myosin light chain contained only phosphoserine whereas the diphosphorylated myosin light chain contained both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Two-dimensional peptide mapping of tryptic digests of monophosphorylated and diphosphorylated myosin light chain obtained from carbachol-stimulated tissue was similar to the peptide maps of purified light chain monophosphorylated and diphosphorylated, respectively, by myosin light chain kinase; these maps were distinct from the map obtained with tracheal light chain phosphorylated by protein kinase C. Phosphorylation of tracheal smooth muscle myosin light chain by myosin light chain kinase yields the tryptic phosphopeptide ATSNVFAMFDQSQIQEFK with S the phosphoserine in the monophosphorylated myosin light chain and TS the phosphotreonine and phosphoserine in the diphosphorylated myosin light chain. Thus, stimulation of tracheal smooth muscle with a high concentration of carbachol results in formation of both monophosphorylated and diphosphorylated myosin light chain although the amount of diphosphorylated light chain is substantially less than monophosphorylated light chain. In the intact muscle, myosin light chain is phosphorylated at sites corresponding to myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation. PMID- 3198619 TI - Ferritin iron kinetics and protein turnover in K562 cells. AB - The binding, incorporation, and release of iron by ferritin were investigated in K562 cells using both pulse-chase and long term decay studies with 59Fe transferrin as the labeled iron source. After a 20-min pulse of labeled transferrin, 60% of the 59Fe was bound by ferritin with the proportion increasing to 70% by 4 h. This initial binding was reduced to 35% when the cells were exposed to the chelator desferrioxamine (5 mM) for an additional 30 min. By 4 h the association of 59Fe with ferritin was unaffected by the presence of the chelator, and levels of 59Fe-ferritin were identical to those in control cells (70%). Between 4-10h there was a parallel decline in 59Fe-ferritin in both control and desferrioxamine-treated cells. When incoming iron was bound by ferritin it was, therefore, initially chelatable but with time progressed to a further, nonchelatable compartment. In turnover studies where ferritin was preloaded with 59Fe by overnight incubation, 50% of the label was released from the protein by 18 h, contrasting with a t 1/2 for cellular iron release of approximately 70 h. The half-time of 59Fe release from ferritin was accelerated to 11 h by the presence of desferrioxamine. The half-time for ferritin protein turnover determined by [35S]methionine labeling was approximately 12 h in the presence or absence of the chelator. Thus, when the reassociation of iron with ferritin was prevented by the exogenous chelator there was a concordant decay of both protein and iron moieties. The direct involvement of lysosomes in this turnover was demonstrated by the use of the inhibitors leupeptin and methylamine which stabilized both 59Fe (t 1/2 = 24 h) and 35S (t 1/2 = 25.6 h) labels. We conclude that in this cell type the predominant mechanism by which iron is released from ferritin is through the constitutive degradation of the protein by lysosomes. PMID- 3198620 TI - Bombesin, diacylglycerols, and phorbol esters rapidly stimulate the phosphorylation of an Mr = 80,000 protein kinase C substrate in permeabilized 3T3 cells. Effect of guanine nucleotides. AB - We have used digitonin permeabilization to study the mechanism of bombesin induced activation of protein kinase C in Swiss 3T3 cells. Protein kinase C mediated phosphorylations in permeabilized cells were identified using phorbol esters and diacylglycerols. Addition of phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP and digitonin caused a marked and rapid time- and dose dependent increase in the phosphorylation of an Mr 80,000 cellular protein (maximum stimulation = 12.6 +/- 1.6-fold after 1 min, EC50 = 27 nM). 1-oleoyl-2 acetylglycerol substituted for PDBu in stimulating the phosphorylation of Mr 80,000 protein (EC50 = 13 microM). Bombesin also caused a striking increase in the phosphorylation of Mr 80,000 protein with a time course similar to that observed with PDBu. This phosphorylation was mimicked by mammalian bombesin-like peptides and blocked by the bombesin antagonists [D-Arg1,D-Phe5,D Trp7,9,Leu11]substance P and [Leu13 psi (CH2NH)Leu14]bombesin. Down-regulation of protein kinase C in intact cells by prolonged exposure to PDBu prevented Mr 80,000 protein phosphorylation upon subsequent bombesin addition in digitonin permeabilized cells. Comigration on one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and phosphopeptide mapping confirmed that the Mr 80,000 protein phosphorylated in permeabilized cells was indistinguishable from the Mr 80,000 protein which is the major protein kinase C substrate in intact cells. The GDP analogue guanosine-5'-O (2-thiodiphosphate) (GDP beta S) caused a 70% inhibition of the bombesin-induced phosphorylation of Mr 80,000 protein but had no effect on the phosphorylation induced by PDBu. Bombesin stimulated Mr 80,000 protein phosphorylation in permeabilized cells in a dose-dependent manner (EC50 = 4 nM), and GDP beta S shifted the bombesin dose response curve to higher bombesin concentrations (EC50 = 14 nM). These results demonstrate for the first time a growth factor receptor mediated activation of protein kinase C in permeabilized cells and provide functional evidence for the involvement of a G protein in the transmembrane signaling pathway that mediates the stimulation of protein kinase C by bombesin in Swiss 3T3 cells. PMID- 3198622 TI - Alteration of a developmentally regulated, heat-stable polypeptide in the lens of the Philly mouse. Implications for cataract formation. AB - The beta-crystallin basic principal polypeptide (beta Bp) appears to be altered in the lens of the Philly mouse and may be the main defect in this hereditary cataract. Northern blot analysis showed that an mRNA encoding for beta Bp is present in the Philly mouse lens, but normal beta Bp could not be detected. Instead, a different protein related to beta Bp has been observed. Western blot analysis with antibodies against specific beta Bp peptide sequences showed that the Philly protein shares the same amino-terminal residue as beta Bp but lacks a part of the carboxyl-terminal half of normal beta Bp. The altered protein is slightly smaller than beta Bp and has a more acidic isoelectric point by two dimensional gel electrophoresis. It also lacks the property of heat stability characteristic of normal beta Bp. The mapping of the alteration in beta Bp may give insight into the nature of the heat stability of this protein as well as some indication of the structural components that are necessary to maintain optical clarity in the lens. PMID- 3198621 TI - Generation of an active protein-tyrosine kinase from lymphocytes by proteolysis. AB - The major NaCl-stimulated protein-tyrosine kinase activity found in soluble thymus extracts, as measured by the phosphorylation of angiotensin I, is a 40-kDa enzyme known as p40 (Zioncheck, T. F., Harrison, M. L., and Geahlen, R. L. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 15637-15643). Antibodies prepared against p40 cross-react with a 72-kDa protein-tyrosine kinase (p72) from spleen or thymus that is closely related to p40 by peptide-mapping experiments. The recovery of p40 from spleen homogenates is reduced while the recovery of p72 is enhanced by the addition of high concentrations of leupeptin or soybean trypsin inhibitor to the homogenization media. The generation of p40 in spleen homogenates occurs with a concomitant increase in protein-tyrosine kinase activity. Activated catalytic fragments of 38-43 kDa can be generated by the treatment of partially purified p72 with trypsin or papain. The p72 protein-tyrosine kinase is found at the highest levels in spleen, thymus, and lung, tissues that also have high protein tyrosine kinase activity and generate high levels of p40 following homogenization. p72 is also found in certain T and B cell-derived cell lines and in NIH3T3 cells. PMID- 3198623 TI - Isolation and characterization of dermatan sulfate proteoglycans synthesized by cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. AB - Three glucuronic acid-rich dermatan sulfate proteoglycans (DS-PGs) have been isolated by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques from cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells and characterized structurally. The smallest of the DS-PGs (DS-II) has an apparent Mr of approximately 100,000 and glycosaminoglycan chains of Mr approximately 29,000. Core glycoprotein samples prepared by chondroitin ABC lyase digestion run as doublets of Mr = 45,000 and 48,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A decrease in core size is apparent after N-glycanase digestion, or when DS-PG is isolated from tunicamycin-treated cultures, providing evidence that the core protein is N glycosylated. Isolated DS-II shows evidence of self-association when subjected to liquid chromatography under conditions of reduced ionic strength, but not during sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition, DS-II, but not other endothelial cell DS-PG subclasses, is bound by an antibody against human skin fibroblast DS-PG, indicating that this DS-PG belongs to a family of widely distributed small DS-PGs, previously isolated from various connective tissues. A slightly larger (Mr approximately 220,000) DS-PG (DS-I) can be separated from DS-II by preparative electrophoresis. Despite similarities in core size and extent of N-glycosylation between DS-I and DS-II, DS-I shows only limited ability to self-associate, and does not interact with the anti-fibroblast DS-PG antibody. DS-I glycosaminoglycan chains are also smaller (Mr approximately 18,000) than those from DS-II, similar in size to the chains borne by the DS-PG subclass of largest size (high molecular weight (HMW)-DS). HMW-DS, which predominated in cell layer extracts, runs with a Kav of 0.45 on Sepharose CL-2B and is estimated to have an Mr greater than 700,000. Reduction and alkylation of HMW-DS indicates that it forms disulfide-bonded aggregates with other matrical proteins within the cell layer. HMW-DS displayed multiple protein cores (Mr greater than 200,000) upon chondroitin ABC lyase treatment. Despite some similarity in size to the family of large, aggregating chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and DS-PGs, immunological evidence suggests that it lacks a hyaluronic acid binding region. PMID- 3198624 TI - A substitution of cysteine for glycine 748 of the alpha 1 chain produces a kink at this site in the procollagen I molecule and an altered N-proteinase cleavage site over 225 nm away. AB - In previous work (Vogel, B. E., Minor, R. R., Freund, M., and Prockop, D. J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 14737-14744), we identified a single-base mutation that converted the glycine at position 748 of the alpha 1 chain of type I procollagen to a cysteine in a proband with a lethal variant of osteogenesis imperfecta. In addition to posttranslational overmodification, the abnormal molecules displayed decreased thermal stability and a decreased rate of secretion. An unexplained finding was that procollagen was poorly processed to pCcollagen in postconfluent cultures of skin fibroblasts. Here, we show that the procollagen synthesized by the proband's cells is resistant to cleavage by procollagen N-proteinase, a conformation-sensitive enzyme. Since the only detectable defect in the molecule was the cysteine for glycine substitution, we assembled several space-filling models to try to explain how the structure of the N-proteinase cleavage site can be affected by an amino acid substitution over 700 amino acid residues or 225 nm away. The models incorporated a phase shift of a tripeptide unit in one or both of the alpha 1 chains. The most satisfactory models produced a flexible kink of 30 degrees or 60 degrees at the site of the cysteine substitution. Therefore, we examined the procollagen by electron microscopy. About 25% of the molecules had a kink not seen in control samples, and the kink was at the site of the cysteine substitution. PMID- 3198625 TI - The formation and function of DNase I hypersensitive sites in the process of gene activation. PMID- 3198627 TI - Protein kinase C alterations in the fetal rat brain after global ischemia. AB - Marked changes in the intracellular localization of brain protein kinase C are evident after global ischemia generated by the restriction of the placental blood flow in the near-term rat embryo. A rapid (5 min) ischemia-dependent translocation of the enzyme from the cytosol to the particulate membrane fraction, which is completely reversible upon reperfusion, is observed. After 30 min of ischemia, substantial losses in protein kinase C activity and content as measured by [3H]phorbol dibutyrate binding are apparent. This is accompanied by a marked increase of a Ca2+-phosphatidylserine-independent kinase activity, already evident after 5 min of ischemia. By 15 or 30 min the total activity of the latter enzyme is equally distributed between the particulate and the cytosol fractions and is more than 3-fold higher in ischemic in comparison to naive animals. Activation and possible deregulation of protein kinase C are proposed to represent an initial step in the pathophysiology of brain ischemia. PMID- 3198626 TI - Head-to-head arrangement of murine type IV collagen genes. AB - The genes for the two dissimilar subunits of type IV collagen are organized in a head-to-head manner with their translation initiation codons within 874 base pairs. Murine genomic clones which contain portions of both genes have been isolated and characterized. These clones contain the first exon of the alpha 1(IV) chain and the first 3 exons for the alpha 2(IV) chain within a 1.7-kilobase HindIII fragment. The intergenic region appears not to resemble previously described bidirectional promoters. The HindIII fragment is present as a single copy in the mouse genome ruling out the presence of one of these gene fragments as a pseudogene. These findings agree with linkage studies of these two genes and differ from the known organization of human fibrillar collagen genes which have been found to be dispersed within the human genome. PMID- 3198628 TI - A new class mutation of low density lipoprotein receptor with altered carbohydrate chains. AB - In a monensin-resistant mutant (Monr-31) of Chinese hamster ovary cells, the O linked sugar chains of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor are altered, suggesting a mutation at a Golgi apparatus gene. In a compactin-resistant mutant (MF-2) of Chinese hamster V79 cells, the mature LDL receptor is apparently 5000 daltons smaller; the difference is due to altered glycosylation of O-linked sugar chains. Hybrids between MF-2 and Monr-31 still produced LDL receptor molecules with aberrant sugar chains; thus both mutants are in the same complementation group. Krieger and his colleagues (Krieger, M., Kingsley, D., Sege, R., Hobbie, L., and Kozarsky, K. (1985) Trends. Biochem. Sci. 10, 447-452) have classified Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants with altered LDL receptor structure into four groups: ldlA, ldlB, ldlC, and ldlD. Cell-cell hybrids between their ldl mutants and Monr-31 produced wild type mature LDL receptors with normal molecular sizes, suggesting that these compactin- and monensin-resistant mutants define a new class of LDL receptor mutant. Since both of our mutants are defective in internalization of LDL, we assign them as int mutants. This may imply a further etiology for hypercholesterolemia, and cases can now be examined for such a class. PMID- 3198629 TI - Regulation of glycosylation. The influence of protein structure on N-linked oligosaccharide processing. AB - The Sindbis virus glycoproteins, E1 and E2, comprise a useful model system for evaluating the effects of local protein structure on the processing of N-linked oligosaccharides by Golgi enzymes. The conversion of oligomannose to N acetyllactosamine (complex) oligosaccharides is hindered to different extents at the four glycosylation sites, so that the complex/oligomannose ratio decreases in the order E1-Asn139 greater than E2-Asn196 greater than E1-Asn245 greater than E2 Asn318. The processing steps most susceptible to interference were deduced from the oligosaccharide compositions at hindered sites in virus from baby hamster kidney cells (BHK), chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF), and normal and hamster sarcoma virus (HSV)-transformed hamster fibroblasts (Nil-8). Persistence of Man6 9GlcNAc2 was taken to indicate interference with alpha 2-mannosidase(s) I (alpha mannosidase I), Man5GlcNAc2, with UDP-GlcNAc:alpha-D-mannoside beta 1----2-N acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GlcNAc transferase I), and unbisected hybrid glycans, with GlcNAc transferase I-dependent alpha 3(alpha 6)-mannosidase (alpha mannosidase II). Taken together, the results indicate that all four sites acquire a precursor oligosaccharide with equally high efficiency, but alpha-mannosidase I, GlcNAc transferase I, and alpha-mannosidase II are all impeded at E2-Asn318 and, to a lesser extent, at E1-Asn245. In contrast, sialic acid and galactose transfer to hybrid glycans (in BHK cells) is virtually quantitative even at E2 Asn318. E2-Asn318 carried no complex oligosaccharides, but the structures of those at E1-Asn245 indicate almost complete GlcNAc transfer by UDP-GlcNAc:alpha-D mannoside beta 1----2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (GlcNAc transferase II), galactosylation, and sialylation. Because the E2-Asn318 and E1-Asn245 glycans have previously been shown to be less accessible to a steric probe than those at E2-Asn196 or E1-Asn139, a simple explanation for these results would be that alpha-mannosidase I, GlcNAc transferase I, and alpha-mannosidase II are more susceptible to steric hindrance than are the later processing steps examined. Finally, in addition to these site-specific effects, the overall extent of viral oligosaccharide processing varied with host and cellular growth status. For example, alpha-mannosidase I processing is more complete in BHK cells compared to CEF, and in confluent Nil-8 cells compared to subconfluent or HSV-transformed Nil 8 cells. PMID- 3198630 TI - Ribosomal RNA processing. Limited cleavages of mouse preribosomal RNA by a nucleolar endoribonuclease include the early +650 processing site. AB - A highly purified nucleolar associated endoribonuclease was tested for possible involvement in the processing of precursor ribosomal RNA at a primary cleavage site approximately 650 nucleotides downstream from the transcription initiation site. Preribosomal RNA sequences containing the +650 region were synthesized in vitro and subsequently digested over a range of concentrations of the nucleolar endoribonuclease. Cleavages generated by the nucleolar endoribonuclease were localized both by S1 nuclease protection analysis and primer extension analysis. A more precise determination of the specificity of cleavage was achieved by chemical cleavage DNA sequence analysis. These data demonstrated that the purified nucleolar endoribonuclease specifically cleaved the precursor ribosomal RNA transcript at the +650 site. Additional enzyme-dependent cleavages were observed upstream to the +650 site in a region which is rapidly degraded following processing at the +650 site in vivo. No major cleavages were observed for a distance of approximately 250 nucleotides downstream from the +650 site in a conserved region of sequence previously shown to be important in specifying processing at the +650 site. As a control, pancreatic ribonuclease, a single strand-specific endoribonuclease, was shown not to produce similar cleavages in the +650 region, indicating that cleavage by the nucleolar RNase was not simply due to accessibility of the RNA at the +650 site. Taken together, these results suggest that the nucleolar endoribonuclease may be necessary and sufficient to catalyze one of the initial endonucleolytic cleavages in preribosomal RNA processing. PMID- 3198631 TI - Structural organization, DNA sequence, and expression of the calmodulin gene. AB - Calmodulin is encoded in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by a single gene that 1) has multiple intervening sequences, 2) has 5' structural motifs that are phylogenetically conserved, 3) contains 5' sequences that are similar to those found in genes of some transforming, cytoskeletal, and stress-response proteins, and 4) produces at both life cycle stages, a single size class of mRNA and proteins that are identical in amino acid sequence. Based on the amino acid sequence of calmodulin from the vegetative phase of the life cycle, synthetic oligonucleotide probes, containing inosine in order to reduce codon redundancy, were used to detect and isolate cloned cDNAs coding for the gametic phase calmodulin. The complete DNA sequence was elucidated and shown to code for a protein identical to the vegetative phase protein. Analysis of the production of calmodulin mRNA indicates that protein production is under quantitative regulation and possibly coupled with the synthesis of other proteins in the flagellar apparatus. The full length cDNA was used to isolate overlapping genomic clones that include the entire calmodulin transcriptional unit and 5' regulatory sequences. The complete DNA sequence of the gene, including all intron sequences, was elucidated. The DNA sequence of the coding regions shows some phylogenetic conservation. Finally, there are regions of 5' sequence reminiscent of sequence motifs recently identified as binding sites of transcriptional regulatory proteins. Overall, these studies suggest possible molecular genetic relationships between calmodulin, a transducer of intracellular calcium signals, and other proteins involved in eukaryotic cell structure, motility, and homeostasis. PMID- 3198632 TI - Biogenesis of acetylcholinesterase molecular forms in muscle. Evidence for a rapidly turning over, catalytically inactive precursor pool. AB - Tissue-cultured chicken embryo muscle cells synthesize several molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which differ in oligomeric structure and fate as membrane-bound or secreted molecules. Using irreversible inhibitors to inactivate AChE molecules we show that muscle cells rapidly synthesize and assemble catalytically active oligomers which transit an obligatory pathway through the Golgi apparatus. These oligomers acquire complex oligosaccharides and are ultimately localized on the cell surface or secreted into the medium. Immunoprecipitation of isotopically labeled AChE shows that the oligomers are assembled shortly after synthesis from two allelic polypeptide chains. About two thirds of the newly synthesized molecules are assembled into dimers and tetramers, and once assembled these forms do not interconvert. Comparison of newly synthesized catalytically active AChE molecules with isotopically labeled ones indicates that a large fraction of the immature molecules are catalytically inactive. Pulse-chase studies measuring both catalytic activity and isotopic labeling indicate that only the catalytically active oligomers are further processed by the cell, whereas inactive molecules are rapidly degraded intracellularly by an as yet unknown mechanism. Approximately 70-80% of the newly synthesized AChE molecules are degraded in this manner and do not transit the Golgi apparatus. These studies indicate that muscle cells synthesize an excess of this important synaptic component over that which is necessary for maintaining normal levels of this protein. In addition, these studies indicate the existence of an intracellular route of protein degradation which may function as a post translational regulatory step in the control of exportable proteins. PMID- 3198633 TI - On the mechanism of spermine transport in liver mitochondria. AB - Spermine penetrates the mitochondrial matrix at significant rates which increase sharply and non-ohmically with membrane potential. In this respect, spermine uptake is qualitatively similar to that of other cations whose electrophoretic transport has been studied in mitochondria. At 200 mV and 1 mM spermine, the observed rate of spermine uptake was about 7 nmol x mg-1 x min-1, and the rate constant was about 8 times greater than that of tetraethylammonium cation. These rates are remarkably rapid considering that spermine is largely tetravalent at the pH of the experiment. The fluxes of spermine and tetraethylammonium are log linear with membrane potential. The slope of the tetraethylammonium plot is consistent with leakage of this ion across a sharp Eyring barrier located in the middle of the membrane. The slope of the spermine plot is half that predicted by such a leak pathway, raising the possibility that spermine may cross the inner membrane by means of a channel. Whatever its mechanism of penetration, if comparable rates of uptake obtain in vivo and if spermine is not metabolized within the mitochondrial matrix, then a separate efflux mechanism would appear to be required to prevent unlimited spermine loading. PMID- 3198634 TI - Sodium-dependent nucleoside transport in mouse intestinal epithelial cells. Two transport systems with differing substrate specificities. AB - Nucleoside transport was examined in freshly isolated mouse intestinal epithelial cells. The uptake of formycin B, the C nucleoside analog of inosine, was concentrative and required extracellular sodium. The initial rate of sodium dependent formycin B transport was saturable with a Km of 45 +/- 3 microM. The purine nucleosides adenosine, inosine, guanosine, and deoxyadenosine were all good inhibitors of sodium-dependent formycin B transport with 50% inhibition (IC50) observed at concentrations less than 30 microM. Of the pyrimidine nucleosides examined, only uridine (IC50, 41 +/- 9 microM) was a good inhibitor. Thymidine and cytidine were poor inhibitors with IC50 values greater than 300 microM. Direct measurements of [3H]thymidine transport revealed, however, that the uptake of this nucleoside was also mediated by a sodium-dependent mechanism. Thymidine transport was inhibited by low concentrations of cytidine, uridine, adenosine, and deoxyadenosine (IC50 values less than 25 microM), but not by formycin B, inosine, or guanosine (IC50 values greater than 600 microM). These data indicate that there are two sodium-dependent mechanisms for nucleoside transport in mouse intestinal epithelial cells, and that formycin B and thymidine may serve as model substrates to distinguish between these transporters. Neither of these sodium-dependent transport mechanisms was inhibited by nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside (10 microM), a potent inhibitor of one of the equilibrative (facilitated diffusion) nucleoside transporters found in many cells. PMID- 3198635 TI - The primary structure of a cell-binding bone sialoprotein. AB - We have determined the amino acid sequence of rat bone sialoprotein (BSP). The sequence deduced from a 1974-base pair cDNA encodes a protein of 320 residues, including a 16-residues long signal peptide. The mature BSP has a molecular mass of 33,600 and contains predominantly glutamic acid and glycine residues, which constitute 32% of all residues. The glutamic acid residues are typically distributed in clusters of up to 10 consecutive residues. The tissue distribution of BSP mRNA suggests that the protein may be a unique product of cells in bone tissue. BSP contains an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence, which presumably is responsible for its cell binding properties (Oldberg, A., Franzen, A., Heinegard, D., Pierschbacher, M., and Ruoslahti, E. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 19433-19436). PMID- 3198636 TI - Structure and organization of mouse U3B RNA functional genes. AB - We report the isolation and primary structure of three genes encoding mouse U3B RNA which are expressed after injection into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Over the U3B RNA coding region, their sequences are perfectly identical, showing nine point differences with rat U3B, which do not alter the RNA secondary structure. A comparison of the three mouse sequences for the gene flanks reveals the extensive divergence of the downstream regions, except for a few nucleotides adjacent to the U3 RNA coding region, which contain a motif matching the consensus sequence for the U small nuclear RNA 3' end formation signal. By contrast, the upstream flanking regions are strongly homologous up to position -500, but they completely diverge thereafter. Within the homologous portion of 5' flanks, several motifs can be recognized which are unambiguously related to sequence elements involved in the transcriptional control of other U small nuclear RNA genes: two of these motifs precisely map at the locations (relative to the transcription start site) expected for the proximal and distal (enhancer-like) sequence elements of U small nuclear RNA genes, and "Sp1"-GC boxes and a CCAAT box are also present in their vicinity. The comparison with the rat U3B gene confirms that the preferential preservation of the 5'-flanking sequences extends up to position -500, suggesting the functional importance of sequences well upstream from the distal sequence element of the promoter. Two of the mouse genes are closely linked in genomic DNA (5 kilobase pairs apart, same orientation) and seem to have been homogenized through a recent conversion event. More generally, this small multigene family (at most six to seven copies of functional U3B genes per mouse haploid genome) appears to have undergone a concerted evolution in rodents. PMID- 3198637 TI - The complete primary structure of the alpha 2 chain of human type IV collagen and comparison with the alpha 1(IV) chain. AB - The complete primary structure of the human type IV collagen alpha 2(IV) chain has been determined by nucleotide sequencing of cDNA clones. The overlapping cDNA clones cover 6,257 base pairs with a 5'-untranslated region of 283 base pairs, the 5,136-base pair open reading frame, and the 3'-untranslated region of 838 base pairs. The predicted amino acid sequence demonstrates that the complete translation product consists of 1,712 residues corresponding in molecular weight to 167,560. The translated polypeptide has a signal peptide of 36 amino acids, an amino-terminal noncollagenous part of 21 residues, a 1,428-residue collagenous domain with 23 interruptions, and a carboxyl-terminal noncollagenous (NC) domain of 227 residues. The calculated molecular mass of the mature human alpha 2(IV) chain is 163,774 Da. PMID- 3198639 TI - The rat facilitated glucose transporter gene. Transformation and serum-stimulated transcription initiate from identical sites. AB - The gene encoding the rat brain facilitated glucose transporter protein was cloned and partially sequenced. The transcribed regions encode 10 exons that span about 30 kilobases of genomic DNA. The intron size is markedly biased, the first two significantly greater in length than the seven others. All of the introns are predicted to occur in regions that encode putative extramembranous domains of the protein, consistent with the proposed topology of 12 alpha-helical membrane spanning segments. In brain, transcription of the glucose transporter gene initiates at two adjacent adenosine residues located about 30 base pairs 3' to a TATA sequence. In addition, there is at least one minor upstream start site. Both transformation of fibroblasts by the oncogenic retrovirus Fujinami sarcoma virus and stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts with serum increase transcription of the glucose transporter gene from identical initiation sites, which are the same as the predominant start sites in brain. The use of the same promoter for increased transcription under both conditions is consistent with the hypothesis that the regulation of gene expression by normal growth and by oncogenesis is mediated by similar or identical pathways. PMID- 3198638 TI - Enhanced carrier-mediated lactate entry into isolated hepatocytes from starved and diabetic rats. AB - Hepatic plasma membrane lactate transport was studied in isolated hepatocytes prepared from fed, starved, and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Carrier-mediated lactate entry was determined using the lactate transport inhibitors alpha-cyano-3 hydroxycinnamate and D-3-hydroxybutyrate and was significantly greater in hepatocytes from starved compared to fed rats and in hepatocytes from diabetic fed compared to fed rats. The saturable component of lactate entry which corresponds to carrier-mediated transport was higher in the starved than in the fed state with results from diabetic fed being intermediate between the two. Insulin treatment prevented the increment in carrier-mediated lactate transport observed in hepatocytes from diabetic fed rats. The data indicate that hepatic plasma membrane lactate transport is increased under conditions of starvation and diabetes mellitus. This may partly explain the increased gluconeogenic flux under these conditions. PMID- 3198640 TI - Transforming growth factor-beta increases transcription of the genes encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor and fibronectin in normal rat kidney fibroblasts. AB - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a potent modulator of cell growth in many systems. In normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts, TGF-beta synergizes with epidermal growth factor (EGF) to stimulate growth in soft agar, a characteristic of the transformed phenotype. Many biochemical effects of TGF-beta occur at the cell surface. Increased binding of EGF and synthesis of extracellular matrix components such as fibronectin and collagen are primary responses of NRK cells to TGF-beta. Although specific membrane receptors for TGF-beta have been identified, the mechanism of action of this factor is not well understood. Here we demonstrate that TGF-beta enhances the expression of the EGF receptor in NRK cells through an increase in the level of EGF receptor gene transcripts. Analysis of nuclear run-off transcription levels and mRNA half-lives indicate that the elevation in EGF-receptor mRNA results from an increase in the rate of transcription. Dose-response and kinetic studies suggest that the EGF receptor response to TGF-beta is biphasic, possibly resulting from the action of multiple TGF-beta receptors. TGF-beta also elevates the levels of fibronectin and tubulin transcripts in NRK cells; however, the mechanism differs for each gene. The increase in fibronectin mRNA in response to TGF-beta results from an increased rate of gene transcription. Tubulin mRNA levels, in contrast, appear to be post transcriptionally regulated. These results implicate TGF-beta as a transcriptional activator of the genes for both the EGF receptor and fibronectin and suggest the two genes may be regulated through a common pathway in this cell type. PMID- 3198641 TI - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced rise in cytosolic calcium and activation of outward K+ current monitored simultaneously in individual GH3B6 pituitary cells. AB - Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) acts on pituitary cells to raise the cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and causes simultaneously a transient hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane. The combination of the microfluorimetric monitoring of [Ca2+]i with electrophysiological recordings obtained using the patch clamp technique in its whole cell configuration, allows the analysis of the correlation between changes in [Ca2+]i and the alterations in ionic currents at the plasma membrane. It was shown that in the absence of hormone stimulation, a depolarization-induced change in steady state [Ca2+]i, as well as the internal perfusion with Ca2+ at microM levels at constant membrane potential led to the activation of outward K+ current. TRH stimulation resulted in a marked but transient rise in [Ca2+]i; concomitantly, there was an increase in membrane conductance and an enhancement of outward current. During the time course of an individual response, an excellent correlation between the changes in [Ca2+]i and those in conductance or current was observed. The relative changes of current and conductance during the TRH response were consistent with the activation of a single type of ionic current, the apparent reversal potential of which coincided with the equilibrium potential for K+. A strong correlation between the TRH-induced changes in [Ca2+]i and K+, conductance was demonstrated in a large number of cells with varied kinetic features: significant correlation coefficients were found both for the transition time from basal to maximal values (r = 0.85, p less than 0.001) as well as for the total duration of the responses (r = 0.68, p less than 0.002). It is concluded that during the early phase of TRH action, the hormone-induced rise in [Ca2+]i is the principal cause of enhanced K+ channel activation. PMID- 3198643 TI - Selective priming of rate and duration of the respiratory burst of neutrophils by 1,2-diacyl and 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl diglycerides. Possible relation to effects on protein kinase C. AB - Both 1,2-diacyl- and 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols are released during stimulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL). 1,2-Diacylglycerols have received intense interest as intracellular "second messengers" due to their ability to activate protein kinase C (Ca2+ phospholipid-dependent enzyme). However, little is known about bioactivities of the alkylacylglycerols. This study compared the ability of 1,2-diacyl- and 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerols to modulate the respiratory burst of stimulated PMNL, a response which depends on the activation of an NADPH oxidase to generate bactericidal species of reduced oxygen. Direct stimulation by N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe caused an abrupt release of H2O2 which ceased within 2.5 min. Preincubation with diacylglycerols (1-oleoyl-2 acetylglycerol,5-30 microM, and 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol,2-5 microM) caused a decrease in lag time, 3-fold increase in initial rate of H2O2 release, and marked prolongation of the response to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (features characteristic of a priming effect). Preincubation with alkylacylglycerols (1-O-delta 9-octadecenyl 2-acetylglycerol, 5-30 microM, and 1-O-octyl-2-octanoylglycerol, 20-50 microM) primed initiation (shortened lag time and increased velocity) but, in contrast to diacylglycerols, did not alter duration of H2O2 release. While low concentrations of diacylglycerols (5-30 microM) primed PMNL, higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 70 microM) stimulated the cells directly. In contrast, higher (70-100 microM) concentrations of alkylacylglycerols did not prime the responses but, in fact, inhibited priming (especially of duration) induced by diacylglycerol. The high concentrations of alkylacylglycerol also inhibited direct stimulation induced by high concentrations of diacylglycerol. Direct stimulation by high concentrations of diacylglycerol probably involves activation of protein kinase C, whereas alkylacylglycerol was found to inhibit activation of protein kinase C by diacylglycerol in vitro. Thus, diacylglycerols are complete priming agonists, altering both rate and duration of the response. In contrast, alkylacylglycerols may have biphasic, concentration-related effects in modulation of functions of PMNL. At low concentrations, they may facilitate initiation of functional events; however, as their concentration increases, they may serve to terminate responses. The distinct priming effects of these diglycerides also reveal that priming can involve at least two distinct events: 1) initiation and 2) prolongation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3198642 TI - The activator protein for glucosylceramide beta-glucosidase from guinea pig liver. Improved isolation method and complete amino acid sequence. AB - beta-Glucosidase activator (SAP-2) is a family of heat-stable, acidic glycoproteins which stimulate enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosylceramide. In this study, we improved the purification method and found that SAP-2 is highly heterogeneous. A hot water extract of frozen guinea pig liver was fractionated by ammonium sulfate sedimentation, then chromatographed with DEAE-Sephacel, Sephadex G-75, and concanavalin A-Sepharose. A fraction binding to concanavalin A Sepharose was purified further with a C4 high performance liquid chromatography reverse phase column. This yielded several peaks, the main one of which was studied. The specific activity of the purified SAP-2 was 35 units/micrograms (1 unit produces 50% stimulation of a basal glucosidase preparation). N-terminal amino acid sequencing showed that this preparation is a mixture of polypeptides differing in the presence or absence of one or two of the end amino acids. The complete amino acid sequence of the 81 residues in SAP-2 has been determined. Comparison of the sequence of guinea pig SAP-2 with the sequence of human sphingomyelinase activator revealed 58% homology and quite similar hydropathy profiles. Both proteins possess a highly hydrophilic region around Asn-22, which is glycosylated, and 6 cysteine residues, in oxidized form, located in the same positions. Comparison with the published nucleotide sequence for the precursor form of the human activator protein for sulfatide sulfatase (SAP-1) suggested that this activator also has a possibly glycosylated Asn and 6 Cys residues at similar positions, although the remainder of the molecule is somewhat different. Examination of another region of the precursor's nucleotide sequence, assuming a few changes in the identifications, revealed the presence of the sphingomyelinase activator. It appears that two or more activators are derived from a single precursor protein. Marked homologies were seen also with a lung surfactant protein and a sulfated glycoprotein from Sertoli cells. PMID- 3198644 TI - Studies on the role of actin's aspartic acid 3 and aspartic acid 11 using oligodeoxynucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis. AB - One or more of the five acidic amino-terminal residues of skeletal muscle actin have been implicated as being important in a number of actin-related processes. We have constructed a series of actins containing mutations at Asp3 and Asp11 and tested these mutant proteins for their ability to bind to DNase I-agarose, polymerize with rabbit skeletal muscle actin, undergo amino-terminal processing, and bind to the myosin-S1 subfragment. The mutant actins were expressed in vitro using a coupled transcription/translation system which involves the synthesis of mutant RNAs with SP6 RNA polymerase followed by their translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. When Asp3 was changed to Ala, His, or Asn there was no difference in the tested properties as compared to wild type actin. These results suggest that an acidic residue at position 3 is not critical for the actin functions measured. When Asp11 was changed to Glu, Asn, or His or if the conserved Asp-Asn sequence at positions 11 and 12 was reversed, the mutants were able to copolymerize with rabbit skeletal muscle actin and be cross-linked to myosin-S1 to nearly the same extent as wild type actin. However, the amount of in vitro-synthesized actin capable of binding to DNase I-agarose with high affinity or undergoing amino-terminal processing was reduced significantly relative to the wild type actin synthesized in vitro. The Asp11 mutants ran anomalously on native polyacrylamide gels suggestive of a conformational change induced in the actin. Together, these results suggest that Asp11 may be important in proper actin folding and function. PMID- 3198645 TI - Identification of attachment proteins for DNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells. AB - Protein candidates for the attachment of DNA within eukaryotic cell nuclei were identified by isolating nuclear matrix proteins and determining which of those proteins co-sedimented with DNA within a 5.7 M CsCl gradient. The presence of attached nucleic acid was detected after the proteins were subjected to the denaturing conditions of isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate two dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The attached nucleic acid was detected with silver staining, ethidium bromide, and Amido Black binding. The nucleic acid was identified as DNA based on its ability to be labeled in vitro by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase and DNA polymerase I (Klenow). Three proteins were identified as containing attached DNA, one of which was vimentin. The proteins had apparent Mr and pI values of 70,000, 4.3; 70,000, 5.3; and 57,000, 4.8, respectively. We propose that these proteins are within a class of nuclear proteins containing firmly attached DNA and have referred to them as DNA attachment proteins. PMID- 3198646 TI - Limited proteolysis of the nitrate reductase from spinach leaves. AB - The functional structure of assimilatory NADH-nitrate reductase from spinach leaves was studied by limited proteolysis experiments. After incubation of purified nitrate reductase with trypsin, two stable products of 59 and 45 kDa were observed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The fragment of 45 kDa was purified by Blue Sepharose chromatography. NADH ferricyanide reductase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase activities were associated with this 45-kDa fragment which contains FAD, heme, and NADH binding fragment. After incubation of purified nitrate reductase with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, two major peaks were observed by high performance liquid chromatography size exclusion gel filtration. FMNH2-nitrate reductase and reduced methyl viologen-nitrate reductase activities were associated with the first peak of 170 kDa which consists of two noncovalently associated (75-90-kDa) fragments. NADH ferricyanide reductase activity, however, was associated with the second peak which consisted of FAD and NADH binding sites. Incubation of the 45-kDa fragment with S. aureus V8 protease produced two major fragments of 28 and 14 kDa which contained FAD and heme, respectively. These results indicate that the molybdenum, heme, and FAD components of spinach nitrate reductase are contained in distinct domains which are covalently linked by exposed hinge regions. The molybdenum domain appears to be important in the maintenance of subunit interactions in the enzyme complex. PMID- 3198647 TI - Purified human factor activates heat shock promoter in a HeLa cell-free transcription system. AB - Heat shock protein (hsp) genes are typically silent and are activated by various stresses including heat. As a first step toward understanding this activation event, a human factor, referred to here as human heat shock transcription factor (human HTF), has been purified approximately 14,000-fold from extracts of heat treated HeLa cells by means of sequence-specific DNA affinity chromatography. The most highly purified fraction of human HTF binds specifically to the known regulatory sequence element (HSE) of hsp genes as shown by footprinting experiments. Purified human HTF has an apparent molecular mass of 83 kDa. Human HTF is specifically required for activation of an hsp gene promoter in a reconstituted in vitro transcription system from human cells. Activation is dependent on the presence of the HSEs in the transcription template. PMID- 3198648 TI - Induction of 68,000-dalton heat shock proteins by cyclopentenone prostaglandins. Its association with prostaglandin-induced G1 block in cell cycle progression. AB - Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGs) such as PGA2 and delta 12-PGJ2 act specifically on cells in the G1 phase and induce block of cell cycle progression (Ohno, K., Sakai, T., Fukushima, M., Narumiya, S., and Fujiwara, M. (1988) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 245, 294-298). In this study, we characterized proteins induced by these PGs in HeLa S3 cells of synchronized growth and examined its association with the cell cycle block. HeLa S3 cells transiently expressed two 68 kDa proteins of isoelectric points of 5.5 and 5.6 in the G1 phase of cell cycle. When G1-enriched cells were incubated with either PGA2 or delta 12-PGJ2, synthesis of these proteins was markedly enhanced. Enhancement by delta 12-PGJ2 was persistent and irreversible, whereas that by PGA2 was reversible. delta 12 PGJ2 also enhanced the synthesis of two additional 68-kDa proteins with isoelectric points of 5.8 and 5.9. On two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, these proteins overlapped exactly with the 68-kDa heat shock proteins induced in cells treated at 43 degrees C for 90 min. They were also indistinguishable from the heat shock proteins in limited proteolysis. When delta 12-PGJ2 was incubated with G2/M phase cells, it induced only a small and transient increase in the 68-kDa proteins. These results suggest that cyclopentenone PGs extensively induce 68-kDa heat shock proteins in the G1 phase HeLa S3 cells and this induction is closely associated with the G1 block of cell cycle progression caused by these PGs. PMID- 3198649 TI - Importance of the propeptide sequence of human preproparathyroid hormone for signal sequence function. AB - The function of amino-terminal pro-specific peptides (propeptides), sequences often found on intermediate precursor forms of secreted proteins, is poorly understood. Human preproparathyroid hormone (prepro-PTH), a precursor protein containing such a propeptide, is initially synthesized as a precursor containing a 25-amino acid signal sequence, a 6-amino acid propeptide, and the 84-amino acid mature secreted peptide. Cloned cDNA encoding prepro-PTH and synthetic oligonucleotides were used to generate a mutant missing precisely the pro specific sequences. The effects of this deletion on signal sequence function and on secretion per se were assessed after expression of the mutant cDNA in intact cells and in a cell-free translation system using synthetic mRNA in the presence of microsomal membranes. The mutant precursor protein was inefficiently translocated and cleaved, and cleavage occurred both at the normal site and within the signal sequence. Thus, for the eukaryotic protein prepro-PTH, sequences immediately downstream and separate from the classically defined signal sequence facilitate accurate and efficient signal function. PMID- 3198650 TI - An intrinsic membrane glycoprotein of the golgi apparatus with O-linked N acetylglucosamine facing the cytosol. AB - We have recently described the occurrence of integral membrane glycoproteins in rat liver smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum with O-N-acetylglucosamine facing the cytosolic and luminal sides of the membrane (Abeijon, C., and Hirschberg, C. B. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 1010-1014). We now report that integral membrane glycoproteins with cytosolic facing O-N acetylglucosamine also occur in membranes of rat liver Golgi apparatus. This was determined following incubation of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus, which were sealed and of the same membrane topographical orientation as in vivo, with UDP [14C]galactose and saturating amounts of bovine milk galactosyltransferase. This enzyme does not enter the lumen of the vesicles and specifically catalyzes the addition of galactose, in a beta 1-4 linkage, to terminal N-acetylglucosamine. Under these conditions, galactose was transferred to a glycoprotein of molecular mass of 92 kDa. This protein was insoluble in sodium carbonate, pH 11.5, conditions under which integral membrane proteins remain membrane bound and was insensitive to treatment with peptide:N-glycosidase F. beta Elimination and chromatography showed that radiolabeled galactose was part of a disaccharide which was characterized as Gal beta 1-4GlcNAcitol. This glycoprotein is specific of the Golgi apparatus membrane. Intrinsic membrane glycoproteins with this unusual carbohydrate membrane orientation thus occur in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of rat liver. PMID- 3198651 TI - Oxidative hemolysis of erythrocytes and its inhibition by free radical scavengers. AB - The oxidative hemolysis of rabbit erythrocytes induced by free radicals and its inhibition by chain-breaking antioxidants have been studied. The free radicals were generated from either a water-soluble or a lipid-soluble azo compound which, upon its thermal decomposition, gave carbon radicals that reacted with oxygen immediately to give peroxyl radicals. The radicals generated in the aqueous phase from a water-soluble azo compound induced hemolysis in air, but little hemolysis was observed in the absence of oxygen. Water-soluble chain-breaking antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, and water-soluble chromanol, suppressed the hemolysis dose dependently. Vitamin E in the erythrocyte membranes was also effective in suppressing the hemolysis. 2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethyl-6-chromanol, a vitamin E analogue without phytyl side chain, incorporated into dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine liposomes, suppressed the above hemolysis, but alpha-tocopherol did not suppress the hemolysis. Soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes also induced hemolysis, and a lipid-soluble azo initiator incorporated into the soybean phosphatidylcholine liposomes accelerated the hemolysis. The chain-breaking antioxidants incorporated into the liposomes were also effective in suppressing this hemolysis. PMID- 3198652 TI - Distinct pathways mediate transcriptional regulation of platelet-derived growth factor B/c-sis expression. AB - The biochemical mechanisms responsible for regulating cellular platelet-derived growth factor expression are incompletely understood. Our previous studies have shown that platelet-derived growth factor B/c-sis mRNA levels are induced in human renal microvascular endothelial cells by either thrombin or transforming growth factor (TGF-beta), while exposure to agents which elevate cAMP levels blocks the induction responses. The current studies use combined transcription run-off and message decay rate experiments to show greater than 3-fold increases in rate of transcription after stimulation with either thrombin or TGF-beta. c sis message has a 70-90-min half-life under basal conditions that is effectively unaltered by thrombin or TGF-beta. Forskolin does not decrease the stability of c sis mRNA, although it attenuates transcription increases seen with inducing agents. TGF-beta induction of c-sis transcription is mediated independent of the protein kinase C (Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent enzyme)-mediated responses to phorbol ester, as it remains intact following down-regulation of protein kinase C response; TGF-beta and phorbol elicit additive induction. Inhibitory effects of cAMP upon transcription act distal to early thrombin-receptor-coupled increases in phosphatidylinositol turnover and are capable of turning off TGF-beta activated transcription after activation has been established. Both inducing and suppressing agents alter endothelial platelet-derived growth factor B/c-sis mRNA expression dominantly through effects upon rates of transcription, cAMP suppression of transcription is dominant, and TGF-beta and phorbol esters mediate induction of transcription through distinct pathways. PMID- 3198653 TI - Echistatin. A potent platelet aggregation inhibitor from the venom of the viper, Echis carinatus. AB - A 49-residue protein, echistatin, which inhibits platelet aggregation, was purified from the venom of the saw-scaled viper Echis carinatus. The purification procedure included gel filtration on Sephadex G-50, cation-exchange chromatography on Mono S, and C18 reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The purified protein was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, and NH2-terminal sequence analysis. Echistatin is a single-chain polypeptide with a molecular weight of 5400 and a native isoelectric point of 8.3. The most abundant amino acid, cysteine, accounts for 8 of the 49 residues in the protein. A 10-residue segment of echistatin shows 90% identity to a portion of the sequence of trigramin, a platelet aggregation inhibitor from the green tree viper Trimereserus gramineus (Huang, T.-F., Holt, J. C., Lukasiewicz, H., and Niewiarowski, S. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16157-16163). Echistatin contains the sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid, which is common to proteins which bind to the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. It also contains the sequence proline arginine-asparagine-proline, which is found in the A alpha chain of human fibrinogen at position 267-270. The purified protein inhibits fibrinogen dependent platelet aggregation initiated by ADP with an IC50 of 3 x 10(-8) M and also prevents aggregation initiated by thrombin, epinephrine, collagen, or platelet-activating factor. Reduction of echistatin abolished its inhibitory activity. PMID- 3198654 TI - Degradation of structurally characterized proteins injected into HeLa cells. Effects of intracellular location and the involvement of lysosomes. AB - Thirty-five proteins of known x-ray structure were radioiodinated and injected into HeLa cells. The cells were then cultured in the presence or absence of the lysosomotropic agents, ammonium chloride and chloroquine. These compounds did not inhibit the degradation of an injected protein unless its half-life was greater than 45 h. Among the more stable proteins the extent of inhibition was proportional to their half-lives. These results indicate that all injected proteins are transferred to lysosomes at comparable rates such that the fraction of a specific protein degraded in lysosomes depends upon its rate of degradation in the cytosol. That is, basal autophagy is nonselective in HeLa cells. The intracellular location of each injected protein was measured by homogenization of injected cells in sucrose and differential sedimentation or by extraction in buffers containing Triton X-100. Solubilities of the injected proteins ranged from 6 to 89%, and stabilities of 10 proteins, originally extracellular in function, were inversely proportional to their solubility. These results illustrate the potential importance of subcellular location on protein stability in the cytosol. PMID- 3198655 TI - Degradation of structurally characterized proteins injected into HeLa cells. Tests of hypotheses. AB - We have compared sequence and structural features of 35 proteins to their metabolic stabilities in HeLa cells. No relationship was observed between the half-life of an injected protein and its subunit molecular weight, isoelectric point, hydrophobicity, thermostability, surface charge density, or N-terminal residue. Other properties, including susceptibility to oxidation, specific combinations of amino acids, secondary structure composition, and solvent exposed residues, also failed to correlate with protein stability. Although a weak inverse correlation was obtained when stability was compared to asparagine and glutamine content, we conclude that the degradation of an injected protein is unlikely to be related to any single structural parameter. Rather, we hypothesize that it results from an interplay between subcellular location and still poorly defined surface features of the injected proteins. PMID- 3198656 TI - A procedure for total protein determination with special application to allergenic extract standardization. AB - A method for total protein determination of allergenic extracts has been developed and evaluated. Samples were hydrolyzed with 5 M NaOH followed by colorimetric determination with ninhydrin of the released amino acids using bovine serum albumin as the standard. The entire procedure was carried out in disposable plastic tubes. Substances (glycerol, phenol and mannitol) commonly present in allergenic extracts manufactured for human use did not affect the assay results. Analyses of four different pollen extracts by the method gave good agreement with amino acid analyses. Other methods of analysis (total N, protein N unit assay, Lowry) gave more variable results compared with amino acid analysis. Analysis of the total protein content of 53 different lots of allergenic extracts gave narrow ranges of values for each species. Standardized mite extracts analyzed for total protein by US FDA-licensed manufacturers using this assay showed a good correlation of biological activity with total protein. PMID- 3198657 TI - Interference between strains in live virus vaccines, I: Combined vaccination with measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. AB - One to four different lots of four commercially available trivalent measles-mumps rubella vaccines were tested for their efficacy as measured by the induction of antibodies to the three vaccine viruses. All of the products were satisfactory although a 100% seroconversion rate was attained regularly only with rubella vaccine. The live virus in the different measles and mumps vaccine components and especially the relative amounts of measles to mumps virus varied widely. Obviously, the efficacy of a vaccine should not be judged only by the virus content. Of main importance is the further adjustment of the dosage of the interfering vaccine virus strains in relation to their attenuation. PMID- 3198658 TI - A rabies agglutination test (RAT) for rabies antibody detection. AB - An agglutination test has been developed for the detection of rabies antibodies after human vaccination. The rabies agglutination test (RAT) is based on the capability of specific antibody to agglutinate sensitized polystyrene (or latex) beads. In the RAT, latex beads were coated, in a first step, with inactivated and purified rabies virus (PV strain adapted and propagated on BHK-21 cells) and, in a second step, with bovine serum albumin. Negative control beads were coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) only. To test for human antibody, several microliters of serum were mixed on a glass slide with an equal volume of virus-sensitized beads and the mixture was gently agitated. After a few minutes, agglutination was visible with sera which had been characterized as positive by the virus neutralization antibody (VNAb) technique. No agglutination was observed with negative sera tested with virus-coated beads or with positive sera tested with BSA-coated beads. Virus-sensitized beads were agglutinated when the virus neutralizing antibody titres were equal to or greater than 2.5 international units per ml (IU/ml) in human sera. The concordance between the RAT results and VNAb titres was about 97% when 2.5 IU/ml was taken as the cut off value for determining the positive sera with the VNAb technique. The possibility that clinicians might use the RAT as a simple means to determine sero-conversion at the end of the post-exposure treatment of patients is discussed. PMID- 3198661 TI - The effects of purified pertussis components and lipopolysaccharide on the results of the mouse weight gain test. AB - The effects of highly purified components of Bordetella pertussis, that is pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), and of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were studied in the active mouse weight gain test (MWGT). The PT when given alone or with other components in various combinations caused weight losses and deaths 2-3 days after inoculation but FHA was not toxic in the MWGT. When FHA was given with PT, the toxic effect of PT was reduced. The LPS caused weight losses at 24 h which decreased when LPS was given with PT. The toxic effects of PT as indicated by late deaths and late weight losses or failure to gain weight continued until 14 days after inoculation. The various components had similar effects on mouse weight gain in both LACA and NIH strains of mice. The doses of PT used in the MWGT caused marked leucocytosis but FHA and LPS did not. No agglutinins appeared in the sera of mice inoculated with various purified components. The components were thus pure and did not contain agglutinogens. PMID- 3198660 TI - Characterization of Vero cells. AB - A cell line used in the production of biologicals should be free of infectious agents, and 'described with respect to cytogenetic characteristics and tumorigenicity'. Vero, a continuous cell line derived from a normal African green monkey kidney, was examined for the presence of retroviruses and for tumorigenic potential. We were unable to detect the presence of retroviruses by reverse transcriptase assay, electron microscopy or hybridization of cellular genomic DNA with Mason-Pfizer monkey virus DNA probes. In addition, passage 156 Vero cells did not form progressively growing tumors in nude mice or grow with high efficiency in soft agarose. PMID- 3198659 TI - The toxin binding inhibition test as a reliable in vitro alternative to the toxin neutralization test in mice for the estimation of tetanus antitoxin in human sera. AB - A method for the screening of human sera for tetanus antibodies has been developed and evaluated. The toxin binding inhibition test (ToBI-test) is based on inhibition of the binding of tetanus toxin to an antitoxin-coated immunoassay microtitre plate by tetanus antibodies. Serum samples from 191 healthy adults with different vaccination histories have been titrated for tetanus antibodies by the toxin neutralization (TN) test in mice, by toxoid-ELISA and by the ToBI-test. In every respect, the ToBI-test proved to be the best in vitro alternative to the TN-test in mice. Comparisons showed a higher degree of correlation between the ToBI-test and the TN-test than between the toxoid-ELISA and the TN-test. Furthermore, no overestimation of antibody content was seen in titrating low titre sera by the ToBI-test. In contrast, several false positive results were seen when using the toxoid-ELISA. It is concluded that the ToBI-test is a reliable and precise alternative to the TN-test and can be performed under simple laboratory conditions in a short time. PMID- 3198662 TI - Comparison of the muscarinic receptors of the guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae and trachea in vitro. AB - 1. The muscarinic receptor profile of the guinea-pig oesophageal muscularis mucosae has been compared to that of the trachea in vitro. There was no significant difference in the potency of the following muscarinic agonists at muscarinic receptors in the two tissues: carbachol, RS-86, ethoxyethyltrimethyl ammonium, bethanechol and pilocarpine. RS-86 was 6-fold more potent at receptors in the muscularis mucosae in comparison to the trachea. There was no difference in the affinity of either carbachol or RS 86 at receptors in the two tissues. 2. The affinities (pA2) of the majority of antagonists (atropine, 4 diphenylacetoxy N-methylpiperidine methiodide, AF-DX 116, silabenzhexol, methoctramine and gallamine) were similar at receptors in the muscularis mucosae and trachea. In contrast, the affinity of pirenzepine was approximately 5-fold greater at receptors in the muscularis mucosae (pA2 = 7.4) in comparison to receptors in the trachea (pA2 = 6.8). 3. It is concluded that the muscarinic receptor profile of the oesophageal muscularis and trachea are similar and only differ slightly with respect to the affinity of pirenzepine. Consequently, it is difficult to justify receptor heterogeneity in these two tissues. PMID- 3198663 TI - Negative and positive influences exerted by purine compounds on isolated guinea pig atria. AB - 1. In spontaneously beating atria isolated from reserpine-treated guinea-pig adenosine, AMP, ADP, ATP (2 microM) and alpha, beta-methylene ATP (0.4 microM) induced a dual effect: a short lasting negative response, characterized by a reduction in contractile force and in frequency rate, followed by a positive phase of increased inotropism and chronotropism. N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (5 nM) induced only the depressant effects whereas inosine (2 microM) was completely inactive. 2. The early, negative influences were antagonized by 8 phenyltheophylline (0.5-10 microM), an alkylxanthine that competes with purines for P1 receptors. 3. The late, positive response was potentiated by 8 phenyltheophylline (0.5-10 microM) and suppressed by quinidine (5 microM), that blocks the effects of adenine compounds mediated by P2 receptors. 4. In spontaneously beating as well as in electrically driven atria, desensitization of P2 purinoceptors by long lasting exposure to alpha, beta-methylene ATP (8 microM) abolished the late positive response to ATP. In preparations treated with both alpha, beta-methylene ATP and 8-phenyltheophylline, ATP was ineffective. 5. These results suggest that, besides P1 receptors, P2 receptors are also present in guinea-pig atria, mediating stimulatory effects of adenine compounds. PMID- 3198664 TI - Dose-related effects of detomidine on autonomic responses in the horse. AB - 1. Detomidine is a novel veterinary sedative analgesic which is thought to act by stimulation of alpha 2 adrenoreceptors. The present study was undertaken to determine the direction, time course, and dose-response relationship of detomidine on specific autonomic responses in the unanaesthetized horse. 2. Detomidine was administered intravenously to eight adult thoroughbred racehorses at doses of 0.010-0.040 mg kg-1, according to a double-blind Latin square crossover design. Cardiac and respiratory rates, pupil diameter and rectal temperature were monitored for 180 min postinjection. 3. Detomidine produced prolonged dose-related bradycardia and bradypnoea. This was accompanied by a briefer period of dose-related mydriasis. Response duration, rather than peak was consistently increased as a function of dose. 4. Rectal temperature was not altered in a dose-dependent fashion. Low doses of detomidine produced late onset hypothermia, while high doses produced early and late onset hyperthermia. 5. These data indicate the uniqueness in autonomic response by the horse to alpha 2 adrenoreceptor stimulation. PMID- 3198665 TI - Prostaglandin F2 alpha augments the response to parasympathetic fibre stimulation in an isolated innervated preparation of rabbit trachea. AB - 1. We have devised an isolated innervated preparation of rabbit trachea in which parasympathetic fibres can be stimulated either pre- or postganglionically. 2. Contractions induced by transmural stimulation of the tracheal smooth muscle and by stimulation of the proximal end of the vagus nerve were both inhibited by tetrodotoxin and atropine indicating that acetylcholine release from neural fibres was responsible for each contraction. 3. Only the contraction induced by stimulation of the vagus nerve was significantly inhibited by hexamethonium indicating that this response was mediated by preganglionic stimulation. 4. The contractions induced by both pre- and postganglionic stimulation were potentiated by prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha). The potentiation was short-lasting and could not be repeated in the same preparation. 5. In contrast prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) inhibited each form of stimulation-induced contraction in a dose-related manner. 6. In separate experiments PGF2 alpha also potentiated the contractile response to exogenous acetylcholine in isolated non-innervated tracheal segments. This localizes the action of PGF2 alpha to the smooth muscle. 7. These effects of PGF2 alpha may be important in the inflammation which accompanies airway disease. PMID- 3198667 TI - The value of standards to an embattled profession. PMID- 3198666 TI - Differences in antagonist affinities at muscarinic receptors in chick and guinea pig. AB - 1. The antimuscarinic effects of a number of muscarinic antagonists in left atrium and ileum of the chick and guinea-pig were evaluated. 2. In agreement with findings in the guinea-pig, pirenzepine did not differentiate between muscarinic receptors in the left atrium and ileum of the chick. However, its affinity in this species was 5- to 10-fold higher than that observed in similar mammalian tissues. 3. Gallamine, methoctramine and himbacine are cardioselective antagonists in the guinea-pig with a selectivity index of 20, 25 and 10 respectively. However, in the chick, while himbacine maintained its cardioselective effect, gallamine was non-selective and methoctramine was only 4 fold more selective. 4. Secoverine, a non-selective antagonist in guinea-pig exhibited a small degree of cardioselectivity in the chick. 5. The ileoselective effect of 4-DAMP in the chick was much greater than that observed in the guinea pig. 6. It is concluded that muscarinic receptors in cardiac and smooth muscles of the chick differ from those in the guinea-pig. PMID- 3198668 TI - Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. Part I: Decision-making errors with interlocking fixation. AB - Dynamic intramedullary fixation depends on the configuration of the fracture for postoperative stability. Unanticipated loss of reduction of the fracture after dynamic intramedullary nailing of the femur may result from errors in surgical decision-making, specifically the failure to insert both proximal and distal interlocking screws. Of 133 dynamic femoral intramedullary nailings that were performed after interlocking techniques became routinely available, fourteen (10.5 per cent) were complicated by loss of postoperative fixation and reduction. Thirteen of the fourteen femora shortened an average of 2.0 centimeters; the remaining femur shortened slightly, with clinical loss of rotational stability. Eight of fourteen patients elected some form of surgical revision, most commonly closed osteoclasis with restoration of femoral length, followed by the insertion of a statically locked nail. Errors in surgical judgment were attributed to inadequate preoperative analysis of the pattern of the fracture; undetected intraoperative comminution during reaming or insertion of the nail, or both; or postoperative failure to recognize an increase in comminution and instability of the fracture. We suggest using high-quality preoperative radiographs to detect non-displaced comminution of the major fracture fragments. Any increase in comminution of the fracture that occurs with reaming of the canal or insertion of the nail is an indication for static interlocking fixation. Radiographs that are made immediately postoperatively should be analyzed while the patient is under anesthesia, and any previously undetected instability of the fracture should be treated by static interlocking fixation. Dynamic intramedullary stabilization of the femur should be reserved for transverse or short oblique fractures at the femoral isthmus that have type-I or type-II comminution. PMID- 3198669 TI - Intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures. Part II: Fracture-healing with static interlocking fixation. AB - A consecutive, prospective series of ninety-seven patients who had 100 fractures of the femoral shaft that were treated with static interlocking nailing was analyzed to determine the incidence of union of the fracture without planned conversion from static to dynamic intramedullary fixation as a technique to stimulate healing of the fracture. Eighty-four patients (eighty-seven fractures) were studied through union of the fracture (average follow-up, fourteen months). Eighty-five (98 per cent) of the eighty-seven fractures healed with static interlocking fixation. Two patients needed conversion from static to dynamic interlocking fixation because of inadequate fracture-healing; both progressed to uneventful union. The time to full weight-bearing (average, eleven weeks) was individualized for each patient and depended on the cortical contact of the major fragments, the presence of bridging callus as seen on radiographs, and the extent of other injuries of the ipsilateral lower extremity. No deformation or failure of the static interlocking device developed after early walking with weight bearing, but fatigue failure of one nail occurred in a non-ambulatory patient who had an intracranial injury. Pain related to soft-tissue irritation by the prominent heads of the interlocking screws, clinically presenting as bursitis or snapping of the iliotibial band, was severe enough in six patients to necessitate removal of either the proximal or the distal screw after union of the fracture. We concluded that static interlocking of intramedullary nails in femoral shaft fractures does not appreciably inhibit the process of healing of the fracture, and that routine conversion to dynamic intramedullary fixation, although occasionally necessary, need not be performed. PMID- 3198670 TI - Broken intramedullary nails. AB - Between 1962 and 1987, we treated fifty-six patients for sixty broken intramedullary nails, using a custom-made hook to extract the distal fragment of the nail. The charts and radiographs of all of the patients were reviewed. Thirty nine of the nails had been inserted in a fresh fracture, which usually was comminuted; eight had been used for fixation of an osteotomy; nine, for fixation of a non-union; and four, for treatment of a pathological fracture. Several small diameter intramedullary nails broke at the site of the fracture or non-union. In contrast, the sites of breakage in the interlocking nails were the interlocking holes and the welded junction of the top insertional portion and the proximal slot. Many of the breakages were in patients who had an unstable fracture pattern. The interval between insertion and breakage ranged from one to 120 months. PMID- 3198671 TI - Isolated talocalcaneal arthrodesis. A technique using moldable bone graft. AB - Combined autogenous iliac-crest bone-grafting and fixation with a pin or screw was used to achieve a fusion of the talocalcaneal joint in forty-one adults (forty-five arthrodeses). At a mean length of follow-up of fifty-seven months (range, thirty to ninety-six months), thirty-seven (90 per cent) of the patients were satisfied with the result. Objectively, the results were excellent after thirty-nine arthrodeses (87 per cent), good or fair after five (11 per cent), and poor after one (2 per cent). There was one non-union and one superficial wound infection. At the time of follow-up, no secondary degenerative changes in the associated joints of the hind part of the foot were identified on roentgenograms. The surgical technique appears to be appropriate and effective in the treatment of arthritis of the talocalcaneal joint in adults. PMID- 3198672 TI - The forty-five-degree posteroanterior flexion weight-bearing radiograph of the knee. AB - Posteroanterior weight-bearing radiographs, made with the knee in 45 degrees of flexion, were compared with conventional radiographs for fifty-five patients who had surgical treatment for a lesion causing pain in one knee. Narrowing of the cartilage space of two millimeters or more was defined as indicative of major degeneration (grade III or IV). Comparison of the intraoperatively observed degeneration with the narrowing that was seen on the radiographs revealed that the posteroanterior weight-bearing radiographs that were made with the knee in 45 degrees of flexion were more accurate (p less than 0.01), more specific (no false positives) (p less than 0.01), and more sensitive (fewer false-negatives) than the conventional extension weight-bearing anteroposterior radiographs. PMID- 3198674 TI - Miyakawa patellectomy. AB - A Miyakawa patellectomy was done in seventeen patients (twenty knees) for either osteoarthritis or chondromalacia of the patella, or both, secondary to malfunction of the extensor mechanism. Patients who had had a patellar fracture were not included in the series. The Miyakawa patellectomy realigns the extensor mechanism, with the proper tension, and centers the functional pull of the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament. A superficial strip of the quadriceps tendon is pulled distally to fill the void that was left by removal of the patella and to maintain proper length. The musculotendinous portions of the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis are advanced over this defect in the midline and are sutured to the quadriceps tendon. The average length of follow-up was 13.8 years (range, 3.6 to 31.7 years). Nineteen of the twenty knees had a good or excellent subjective result and eighteen had a good or excellent objective result. No subsequent surgical treatment was needed for problems that were caused by malfunction of the extensor mechanism of the knee. PMID- 3198673 TI - Acute tears of the anterior cruciate ligament. Surgical versus conservative treatment. AB - In a prospective eight-year study comparing surgical and conservative treatment of acute tears of the anterior cruciate ligament, ninety-two patients in whom a tear had been confirmed either by arthroscopy or by arthrotomy were treated and could be followed. The choice of treatment was determined entirely by whether the result of a pivot-shift test was graded as absent, trace, or mild (non-operative treatment) or as moderate or severe (surgical treatment). Surgical treatment consisted of primary repair of the torn ligament and augmentation with a patellar tendon graft. Twenty-two patients were treated non-operatively, and the results were evaluated after twenty-four to eighty-two months (average, forty-eight months). Seventy patients were treated surgically, and fifty-two of them (approximately 70 per cent) returned for follow-up after twenty-four to 100 months (average, forty-eight months); an additional eighteen patients answered a questionnaire. In the non-operative group, about half of the results were graded as excellent or good and half, as fair or a failure. In the surgical group, all but two of the patients had an excellent or a good result; two patients had a fair result. No result was graded as a failure. The results of this study suggest that when the pivot-shift test is not strongly positive, half of the patients will do reasonably well after treatment with a non-operative program of functional rehabilitation. The patients in this study who had a more unstable knee had far better results after a repair and augmentation procedure than have been previously reported after primary repair alone. PMID- 3198675 TI - Arthroscopic meniscectomy for discoid lateral meniscus in children. AB - We reviewed the cases of forty-six children who were less than fifteen years old and in whom total, subtotal, or partial arthroscopic meniscectomy was performed for symptomatic discoid lateral meniscus in fifty-three knees. The average length of follow-up was 31.2 months. A meniscal tear was evident in each knee. The extent of the meniscectomy depended on the site and shape of the tear, as did the symptoms and signs. We tried to establish the width of partial meniscectomy of a discoid meniscus that would prevent new tears. PMID- 3198676 TI - The bioenergetics of preservation of limbs before replantation. The rationale for intermediate hypothermia. AB - Of all tissues of the extremities, muscle is the least tolerant of ischemia. Hypothermia of tissue is considered beneficial for the maintenance of viability of muscle in amputated limbs before surgical replantation, but it has never been established that conventional cooling in an ice bath or its equivalent (temperature of tissue, approximately 1 degree Celsius) is the optimum level of hypothermia for minimizing metabolic derangement in ischemic muscle. In this study, we first defined the time course and level of metabolic derangement of muscle in twenty-eight ischemic hind limbs in cats at 22, 15, 10, 5, and 1 degree Celsius. The levels of adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine and the mean intracellular pH of the muscles in the lateral aspect of the thigh in each limb were monitored with phosphorus nuclear magnetic-resonance spectroscopy over time. The excised muscles from six freshly amputated legs of live humans were then similarly studied to determine whether muscles from cats and from humans exhibit comparable bioenergetic responses to hypothermic ischemia. A final series of ten ischemic hind limbs from cats was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance and muscle biopsy for direct biochemical assay of tissue energy metabolites to compare the metabolic benefits of two different methods of preserving limbs: continuous cooling in an ice bath, and a newly devised protocol for the rapid induction and maintenance of so-called intermediate (10 +/- 5 degrees Celsius) hypothermia of tissue. Ischemic skeletal muscle in cats exhibited a paradoxical metabolic response to extreme cold (1 degree Celsius). The rate of metabolic deterioration progressively declined with decreasing temperature of tissue to 10 degrees Celsius. However, at 5 degrees Celsius, no additional benefit was detected, and at 1 degree Celsius, there was a significant acceleration in the rates of degradation of adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine and in the production of lactate. The rate of degradation of adenosine triphosphate in human ischemic muscle was also faster at 1 degree Celsius than at 10 degrees Celsius. This paradoxical response is apparently due to a severe inhibition of the calcium pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the muscle cell at temperatures of less than 5 degrees Celsius. The inhibition permits an efflux of calcium to the myofibrils, which stimulates both glycolysis and the degradation of adenosine triphosphate by myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase. PMID- 3198677 TI - Results of amputation for gangrene in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Selection of amputation level using photoelectric measurements of skin-perfusion pressure. AB - Evaluation was done of 235 patients who had had 273 primary amputations for gangrene. Measurements of local skin-perfusion pressure or systolic blood pressure were made in 222 limbs (188 patients). For the other fifty-one limbs, for which no measurements of pressure were available, the surgeon elected to perform an above-the-knee amputation in nine of seventeen diabetic limbs and a below-the-knee amputation in eight. An above-the-knee amputation was selected by the surgeon for thirty-two of thirty-four non-diabetic limbs and a below-the-knee amputation, for two for which no measurements of pressure were available. Local skin-perfusion pressure was measured distal to the knee before amputation, using a standardized photoelectric technique in 203 limbs and systolic blood-pressure measurements in nineteen. Skin-perfusion pressure was also measured above the knee in seventy-six of the 222 limbs in which a pressure was determined below the knee. These measurements were made available to the surgeon for use as an adjuvant guide to clinical assessment in selecting the appropriate level of amputation. Seventy-four patients (ninety-two amputations) had diabetes and 114 patients (130 amputations) did not. The limbs of the diabetic patients had a significantly higher skin-perfusion pressure at the below-the-knee level (p less than 0.001) than did those of the non-diabetic patients. The ratios of below-the knee to above-the-knee amputations for the diabetic and non-diabetic patients were 3.8 to one and 1.3 to one (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198678 TI - Correlation of mechanical properties of vertebral trabecular bone with equivalent mineral density as measured by computed tomography. AB - We tried to determine whether mineral-equivalent measurements that were obtained using computed tomography could be used to predict the mechanical properties of vertebral trabecular bone. Vertebral bodies that had been obtained during routine autopsy were evaluated by computed tomography. The mechanical properties of the vertebral trabecular bone were determined by subjecting cylindrical specimens to simple compression until failure occurred. The ultimate strength and elastic modulus were determined from load time curves, using constant displacement rate loading. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine the weight per cent calcium of each specimen, and quantitative light microscopy was used to determine area fraction bone. Significant positive correlations were found between the observed mechanical properties of the trabecular bone and the equivalent mineral density as measured by computed tomography. Compressive strength (r = 0.720), elastic modulus (r = 0.574), trabecular calcium density (r = 0.780), and area fraction bone (r = 0.579) were all correlated with the equivalent mineral density. PMID- 3198680 TI - Release of gentamicin from acrylic bone cement. Elution and diffusion studies. AB - It has been generally assumed that release of antibiotic from methylmethacrylate occurs either from the surface, through pores in the matrix of the cement, or by diffusion through the matrix. In vitro and in vivo studies of the release of antibiotic from cement have produced variable and inconsistent results. In our laboratory, preliminary observations suggested that antibiotic is released from methylmethacrylate by flow through an interconnecting series of voids and cracks in the cement, rather than through diffusion after having been homogeneously distributed throughout the cement. Therefore, experiments were performed to answer the fundamental question of whether the matrix of methylmethacrylate bone cement is permeable to gentamicin. In vivo elution studies were performed on injection-molded rods of methylmethacrylate that had been loaded with two different amounts of gentamicin. The first group of rods contained 0.5 gram of gentamicin for each packet and the second, 1.5 grams for each packet. The rods were embedded subcutaneously in the subcostal region of sheep for three months. Bioassay of sections of the rods, using the tube-diffusion technique of Mitchison and Spicer, showed that the more highly loaded cement had released a significantly greater proportion of gentamicin. This occurred because the more highly loaded cement contained a greater number of defects that contained gentamicin (filled voids and interconnecting cracks). In vitro diffusion studies were also performed, using 0.8-millimeter-thick disks of methylmethacrylate that did not contain antibiotic. Test solutions of either gentamicin or methylene blue were placed in the inner compartments of diffusion chambers. The outer compartments contained tissue-culture medium 199, which was sampled monthly and assayed for gentamicin or methylene blue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198679 TI - Radial osteotomy and Bowers arthroplasty for malunited fractures of the distal end of the radius. AB - Radial osteotomy and hemiresection arthroplasty was performed in fifteen patients who had malunion of a fracture of the distal end of the radius with symptoms predominantly in the radio-ulnar joint and limited rotation of the forearm. Postoperatively, all of the patients had improved rotation and stability of the distal radio-ulnar joint, as well as satisfactory relief of pain. Over-all, grip strength increased an average of 30 per cent, and every patient had substantial improvement in function. The result was very good in four patients, good in eight, and fair in three. PMID- 3198681 TI - Anterior approach to the knee with osteotomy of the tibial tubercle for bicondylar tibial fractures. PMID- 3198682 TI - Monoclonal antibodies to a membrane glycoprotein induce the phosphorylation of histone H1 in sea urchin spermatozoa. AB - Two groups of mAbs reacting with external domains of a major sea urchin sperm membrane glycoprotein of 210 kD were isolated. Previous studies have shown that group I mAbs inhibit the acrosome reaction induced by egg jelly and also cause large increases in intracellular Ca2+ [( Ca2+]i). Group II mAbs, at comparable levels of cell surface binding, neither inhibit the egg jelly-induced acrosome reaction nor cause increases in [Ca2+]i. In this paper, we investigate the ability of these mAbs to induce the cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of sperm histone H1. Group I mAbs induce H1 phosphorylation to the same level and on the same peptide, as occurs upon treatment of sperm with egg jelly. These mAbs also activate adenylate cyclase to the same extent as egg jelly. Group II mAbs do not induce H1 phosphorylation and are only poor activators of adenylate cyclase. Group I mAbs compete with each other, but not with group II mAbs, for binding to the cell surface. These data indicate that the activation of adenylate cyclase is an initial event in the pathway leading from the binding of mAbs to a specific domain of the 210-kD protein at the cell surface, to the discrete phosphorylation of histone H1 in highly condensed sperm chromatin. The domain on the 210-kD protein recognized by group I mAbs plays a critical role in signal transduction during the early events of fertilization. PMID- 3198683 TI - Secreted hepatitis B surface antigen polypeptides are derived from a transmembrane precursor. AB - Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), the major coat protein of hepatitis B virus, is also independently secreted from infected cells as a lipoprotein particle. Secretion proceeds without signal sequence removal or cleavage of other segments of the polypeptide. We have examined the synthesis and transport of HBsAg in cultured cells expressing the cloned surface antigen gene. Our results show that HBsAg is initially synthesized as a integral membrane protein. This transmembrane form is slowly converted to a secreted lipoprotein complex in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum via a series of definable intermediates, after which it is secreted from the cell. This unusual export process shares many features with the assembly and budding reactions of conventional enveloped animal viruses. However, it differs importantly in its absence of a requirement for the participation of nucleocapsid or other viral proteins. PMID- 3198684 TI - Real-time observations of microtubule dynamic instability in living cells. AB - Individual microtubule dynamics were observed in real time in primary cultures of newt lung epithelium using video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy and digital image processing. The linear filaments observed in cells corresponded to microtubules based on three criteria: (a) small particles translocated along them; (b) the majority of them disappeared after incubation in nocodazole; (c) and the distribution observed by differential interference contrast correlated with anti-tubulin immunofluorescence staining of the same cell. Microtubules were most clearly observed at the leading edge of cells located at the periphery of the epithelial sheet. Microtubules exhibited dynamic instability behavior: individual microtubules existed in persistent phases of elongation or rapid shortening. Microtubules elongated at a velocity of 7.2 micron/min +/- 0.3 SEM (n = 42) and rapidly shortened at a velocity of 17.3 micron/min +/- 0.7 SEM (n = 35). The transitions between elongation and rapid shortening occurred abruptly and stochastically with a transition frequency of 0.014 s-1 for catastrophe and 0.044 s-1 for rescue. Approximately 70% of the rapidly shortening microtubules were rescued and resumed elongation within the 35 x 35 micron microscopic field. A portion of the microtubule population appeared differentially stable and did not display any measurable elongation or shortening during 10-15-min observations. PMID- 3198685 TI - Calmodulin stabilization of kinetochore microtubule structure to the effect of nocodazole. AB - To investigate the function of calmodulin (CaM) in the mitotic apparatus, the effect of microinjected CaM and chemically modified CaMs on nocodazole-induced depolymerization of spindle microtubules was examined. When metaphase PtK1 cells were microinjected with CaM or a CaM-TRITC conjugate, kinetochore microtubules (kMTs) were protected from the effect of nocodazole. The ability of microinjected CaM to subsequently protect kMTs from the depolymerizing effect of nocodazole was dose dependent, and was effective for approximately 45 min, with protection decreasing if nocodazole treatment was delayed for more than 60 min after injection of CaM. The CaM-TRITC conjugate, similar to native CaM, displayed the ability to activate bovine brain CaM-dependent adenylate cyclase in a Ca++ dependent manner and showed a Ca++-dependent mobility shift when subjected to PAGE. A heat-altered CaM-TRITC conjugate also protected kMTs from the effect of nocodazole. However, this modified CaM was not able to activate adenylate cyclase nor did it display a Ca++-dependent mobility shift when electrophoresed. In a permeabilized cell model system, both CaM analogs were observed to bind to the spindle in a Ca++-independent manner. In contrast, a performic acid-oxidized CaM did not have a protective effect on spindle structure when microinjected into metaphase cells before nocodazole treatment. The oxidized CaM did not activate adenylate cyclase and did not exhibit Ca++-dependent mobility on polyacrylamide gels. These results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that CaM binds to the mitotic spindle in a Ca++-independent manner and that CaM may serve in the spindle, at least in part, to stabilize kMTs. PMID- 3198686 TI - Release of intact microtubule-capping structures from Tetrahymena cilia. AB - The distal ends of ciliary microtubules are attached to the membrane by microtubule-capping structures. The capping structures are located at the sites of tubulin addition and loss in vivo and may be part of the regulatory system that directs ciliary and flagellar microtubule assembly. This study describes conditions for the release and stabilization of microtubule capping structures as a first step in their purification. Two types of capping structures, the distal filaments and the central microtubule caps, are selectively and independently released from the axoneme by CaCl2 and MgCl2 but not by MgSO4, ZnCl2, NaCl, KCl, or KI. The release of the caps and filaments is specific for Ca+2, Mg+2, and Cl- and is not simply a function of ionic strength. The capping structures are released without major disruption of the axonemal structure. In addition to providing a means to purify and identify the cap and filament components, these results suggest ways in which their binding to the axoneme may be modulated during periods of microtubule growth or shortening. This report also reveals that the distal filaments are composed of two separable components, a small bead inserted into the end of each A-tubule and a "Y"-shaped plug and filament that slips through the bead. PMID- 3198688 TI - Glioblastoma infiltration into central nervous system tissue in vitro: involvement of a metalloprotease. AB - Differentiated oligodendrocytes and central nervous system (CNS) myelin are nonpermissive substrates for neurite growth and for cell attachment and spreading. This property is due to the presence of membrane-bound inhibitory proteins of 35 and 250 kD and is specifically neutralized by monoclonal antibody IN-1 (Caroni, P., and M. E. Schwab. 1988. Neuron. 1:85-96). Using rat optic nerve explants, CNS frozen sections, cultured oligodendrocytes or CNS myelin, we show here that highly invasive CNS tumor line (C6 glioblastoma) was not inhibited by these myelin-associated inhibitory components. Lack of inhibition was due to a specific mechanism as the metalloenzyme blocker 1,10-phenanthroline and two synthetic dipeptides containing metalloprotease-blocking sequences (gly-phe, tyr tyr) specifically impaired C6 cell spreading on CNS myelin. In the presence of these inhibitors, C6 cells were affected by the IN-1-sensitive inhibitors in the same manner as control cells, e.g., 3T3 fibroblasts or B16 melanomas. Specific blockers of the serine, cysteine, and aspartyl protease classes had no effect. C6 cell spreading on inhibitor-free substrates such as CNS gray matter, peripheral nervous system myelin, glass, or poly-D-lysine was not sensitive to 1,10 phenanthroline. The nonpermissive substrate properties of CNS myelin were strongly reduced by incubation with a plasma membrane fraction prepared from C6 cells. This reduction was sensitive to the same inhibitors of metalloproteases. In our in vitro model for CNS white matter invasion, cell infiltration of optic nerve explants, which occurred with C6 cells but not with 3T3 fibroblasts or B16 melanomas, was impaired by the presence of the metalloprotease blockers. These results suggest that C6 cell infiltrative behavior in CNS white matter in vitro occurs by means of a metalloproteolytic activity, which probably acts on the myelin-associated inhibitory substrates. PMID- 3198687 TI - Isolation and characterization of the mouse acetylcholine receptor delta subunit gene: identification of a 148-bp cis-acting region that confers myotube-specific expression. AB - We have isolated the gene encoding the delta subunit of the mouse skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and have identified a 148-bp cis-acting region that controls cell type-specific and differentiation-dependent gene expression. The 5' flanking region of the delta subunit gene was fused to the protein-coding region of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene and gene fusions were transfected into C2 mouse skeletal muscle cells. Both transiently and stably transfected cells were assayed for CAT gene expression. Deletions from the 5' end of the mouse delta gene demonstrate that 148 bp of 5' flanking DNA is sufficient to confer cell type-specific and differentiation-dependent expression: CAT activity is present in transfected myotubes, but not in transfected 3T3 cells or 10T1/2 cells. Moreover, the level of CAT expression in myotubes transfected with constructs containing 148 bp of 5' flanking DNA from the delta subunit gene is identical to that in myotubes transfected with constructs containing 3.2 kb of 5' flanking DNA and similar to expression from the SV-40 early promoter. Increased CAT activity in myotubes is a result of an increased rate of transcription from the delta subunit promoter, since CAT RNA levels are also 35-fold more abundant in myotubes than myoblasts. In contrast, the SV-40 early promoter is similarly active in all cell types. Thus, 148 bp of 5' flanking DNA from the delta subunit gene contains all the information required for cell type-specific and differentiation-dependent expression of the AChR delta subunit. PMID- 3198690 TI - Echinonectin: a new embryonic substrate adhesion protein. AB - An extracellular matrix molecule has been purified from sea urchin (Lytechinus variegatus) embryos. Based on its functional properties and on its origin, this glycoprotein has been given the name "echinonectin." Echinonectin is a 230-kD dimer with a unique bow tie shape when viewed by electron microscopy. The molecule is 12 nm long, 8 nm wide at the ends, and narrows to approximately 4 nm at the middle. It is composed of two 116-kD U-shaped subunits that are attached to each other by disulfide bonds at their respective apices. Polyclonal antibodies were used to localize echinonectin in paraffin-embedded, sectioned specimens by indirect immunofluorescence. The protein is stored in vesicles or granules in unfertilized eggs, is released after fertilization, and later becomes localized on the apical surface of ectoderm cells in the embryo. When used as a substrate in a quantitative in vitro assay, echinonectin is highly effective as an adhesive substrate for dissociated embryonic cells. Because of the quantity, pattern of appearance, distribution, and adhesive characteristics of this protein, we suggest that echinonectin serves as a substrate adhesion molecule during sea urchin development. PMID- 3198689 TI - Requirements for the Ca2+-independent component in the initial intercellular adhesion of C2 myoblasts. AB - Using a sensitive and quantitative adhesion assay, we have studied the initial stages of the intercellular adhesion of the C2 mouse myoblast line. After dissociation in low levels of trypsin in EDTA, C2 cells can rapidly reaggregate by Ca2+-independent mechanisms to form large multicellular aggregates. If cells are allowed to recover from dissociation by incubation in defined media, this adhesive system is augmented by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism with maximum recovery seen after 4 h incubation. The Ca2+-independent adhesion system is inhibited by preincubation of cell monolayers with cycloheximide before dissociation. Aggregation is also reduced after exposure to monensin, implicating a role for surface-translocated glycoproteins in this mechanism of adhesion. In coaggregation experiments using C2 myoblasts and 3T3 fibroblasts in which the Ca2+-dependent adhesion system was inactivated, no adhesive specificity between the two cell types was seen. Although synthetic peptides containing the RGD sequence are known to inhibit cell-substratum adhesion in various cell types, incubation of C2 myoblasts with the integrin-binding tetrapeptide, RGDS, greatly stimulated the Ca2+-independent aggregation of these cells while control analogs had no effect. These results show that a Ca2+-independent mechanism alone is sufficient to allow for the rapid formation of multicellular aggregates in a mouse myoblast line, and that many of the requirements and perturbants of the Ca2+-independent system of intercellular myoblast adhesion are similar to those of the Ca2+-dependent adhesion mechanisms. PMID- 3198692 TI - The polarized distribution of an apical cell surface glycoprotein is maintained by interactions with the cytoskeleton of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. AB - A monoclonal antibody made against a 135-kD glycoprotein (gp135) on the plasma membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells was used to study the development and maintenance of epithelial cell surface polarity. Immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy of confluent monolayers demonstrated that gp135 had a polarized cell surface distribution and was only localized on the apical surface. The role of membrane contacts in establishing gp135 polarity was determined by plating cells in low Ca++-medium to prevent the formation of intercellular junctions. Quantitative immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that gp135 had a polarized distribution on cells lacking membrane contacts and was observed on the apical surface at a density 24 times that of the basal membrane contacting the substratum. The possibility that gp135 was associated with components of the apical cytoskeleton was investigated using cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs. Incubation in cytochalasin D produced a clustering of both actin and gp135, and double-label fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that these proteins were colocalized. Experiments using nocodazole had no effect, suggesting that gp135 could be interacting with actin microfilaments, but not microtubules. Treatment with Triton X-100 extracted approximately 50% of the gp135 and immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that the gp135 which remained associated with the detergent-insoluble cytoskeleton had a distribution identical to that of control cells. Experiments demonstrating that gp23, a nonpolarized glycoprotein, was preferentially extracted from the apical membrane suggested that the improperly sorted apical gp23 did not interact with the cytoskeleton. These results provided evidence that the polarized cell surface distribution of gp135 was maintained through its interaction with actin in the apical cytoskeleton. PMID- 3198694 TI - Chance encounters and precision in mitosis. PMID- 3198691 TI - Selective anchoring in the specific plasma membrane domain: a role in epithelial cell polarity. AB - We have studied the role of restrictions to lateral mobility in the segregation of proteins to apical and basolateral domains of MDCK epithelial cells. Radioimmunoassay and semiquantitative video analysis of immunofluorescence on frozen sections showed that one apical and three basolateral glycoproteins, defined by monoclonal antibodies and binding of beta-2-microglobulin, were incompletely extracted with 0.5% Triton X-100 in a buffer that preserves the cortical cytoskeleton (Fey, E. G., K. M. Wan, and S. Penman. 1984. J. Cell Biol. 98:1973-1984; Nelson, W. T. and P. J. Veshnock. 1986. J. Cell Biol. 103:1751 1766). The marker proteins were preferentially extracted from the "incorrect" domain (i.e., the apical domain for a basolateral marker), indicating that the cytoskeletal anchoring was most effective on the "correct" domain. The two basolateral markers were unpolarized and almost completely extractable in cells prevented from establishing cell-cell contacts by incubation in low Ca++ medium, while an apical marker was only extracted from the basal surface under the same conditions. Procedures were developed to apply fluorescent probes to either the apical or the basolateral surface of live cells grown on native collagen gels. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of predominantly basolateral antigens showed a large percent of cells (28-52%) with no recoverable fluorescence on the basal domain but normal fluorescence recovery on the apical surface of most cells (92-100%). Diffusion coefficients in cells with normal fluorescence recovery were in the order of 1.1 x 10(-9) cm2/s in the apical domain and 0.6-0.9 x 10(-9) cm2/s in the basal surface, but the difference was not significant. The data from both techniques indicate (a) the existence of mobile and immobile protein fractions in both plasma membrane domains, and (b) that linkage to a domain specific submembrane cytoskeleton plays an important role in the maintenance of epithelial cell surface polarity. PMID- 3198695 TI - Effects of elevated intracellular magnesium on cytoskeletal integrity. AB - Increasing the intracellular magnesium concentration of PtK2 cells by 1 mM or more resulted in the disassembly of the interphase microtubule array over a period of 5 min after microinjection. This effect was found to be both transient and fully reversible, with the microtubule arrays reforming after further incubation. These effects were studied using immunofluorescence microscopy of fixed cells, and also in living cells using rhodamine-tubulin or rhodamine conjugated anti-tubulin antibodies and image intensification and enhancement techniques. Simultaneously and accompanying the disassembly of the microtubule arrays the F-actin stress fibres also disappeared, usually leaving the peripheral and perinuclear F-actin microfilaments intact. In contrast, increasing intracellular magnesium appeared to have no effect on the vimentin-containing intermediate filaments of PtK2 cells. These effects on the cytoskeleton were specific to magnesium and could not be mimicked by either microinjection of injection buffer of equivalent ionic strength or sham injection. Raising the intracellular free calcium to the same extent resulted in the disassembly of the microtubule network, but appeared to have no effect on the F-actin stress fibres. PMID- 3198693 TI - Vectorial secretion of proteoglycans by polarized rat uterine epithelial cells. AB - We have studied proteoglycan secretion using a recently developed system for the preparing of polarized primary cultures of rat uterine epithelial cells. To mimic their native environment better and provide a system for discriminating apical from basolateral compartments, we cultured cells on semipermeable supports impregnated with biomatrix. Keratan sulfate proteoglycans (KSPG) as well as heparan sulfate-containing molecules (HS[PG]) were the major sulfated products synthesized and secreted by these cells. The ability of epithelial cells to secrete KSPG greatly increased in parallel with the development of cell polarity. Furthermore, KSPG secretion occurred preferentially to the apical medium in highly polarized cultures. In contrast, HS(PG) secretion did not increase along with development of polarity, although most HS(PG) (85%) were secreted apically as well. Pulse-chase studies indicated that highly polarized cultures secreted 80 90% of the sulfated macromolecules they synthesized, predominantly to the apical secretory compartment. The half-lives for KSPG and HS(PG) secretion were approximately 3 and 4 h, respectively. Parallel studies of cells cultured on tissue culture plastic-coated with biomatrix indicated that neither the state of confluency nor the biomatrix was primarily responsible for inducing the KSPG secretion observed in polarizing cultures. Experiments with uterine strips indicated that the steroid hormone, 17-beta-estradiol, markedly stimulated synthesis and secretion of sulfated macromolecules, but had no preferential effect on KSPG production. The ratio of KSPG to HS(PG) secretion from uterine strips was similar to that found in the apical medium of highly polarized cell cultures. Thus, the pattern of proteoglycan secretion observed in polarized cell cultures mimicked that observed for uterine cells, although the preferential increase in KSPG production by polarized cells could not be attributed to an estrogen response. Collectively, these studies describe the major sulfated molecules secreted by rat uterine epithelial cells under varying conditions and provide evidence for a novel influence of cell polarity on the cell's ability to secrete sulfated glycoconjugates. PMID- 3198696 TI - Estramustine binds MAP-2 to inhibit microtubule assembly in vitro. AB - We have investigated the ability of estramustine to bind to rat brain microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) and purified MAP-2 in vitro. [3H]estramustine's relative affinity for tubulin and MAPs was assessed by gel filtration chromatography, immunoprecipitation and binding assays. Scatchard analysis demonstrated a specific affinity of the drug for MAP-2. Calculations from kinetic parameters and non-linear regression analysis gave a Kd of 15 microM, and a Bmax of 3.4 x 10(-7)M ml-1. Extrapolation of this value suggested that each MAP-2 molecule binds approximately 20 molecules of estramustine. Microtubule assembly studies and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that at 20-60 microM levels, estramustine inhibited the association of MAPs with taxol microtubules. Turbidity (A350) studies further demonstrated that 20-60 microM-estramustine inhibited MAP-2-driven tubulin assembly and produced microtubule disassembly. Electron-microscopic studies confirmed the centrifugation and turbidity results. The data demonstrated that estramustine can bind MAPs and MAP-2 specifically, thereby inhibiting microtubule assembly. PMID- 3198697 TI - The use of cell division cycle mutants to investigate the control of microtubule distribution in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. AB - We have characterized the changes in microtubule organization that occur through the cell division cycle of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. During interphase, groups of cytoplasmic microtubules, independent of the spindle pole body (SPB), form an array extending between the cell tips. These microtubules are involved in positioning the nucleus at the cell equator and in the establishment of cell polarity. At mitosis, the interphase array disappears and is replaced by an intranuclear spindle extending between the now duplicated SPBs. Elongation of the spindle sees the appearance of astral microtubules emanating from the cytoplasmic face of the SPBs. These persist until the end of anaphase whereupon the spindle microtubules depolymerize and two microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) at the cell equator re-establish the interphase array. We have used the unique properties of various cell division cycle mutants to investigate further the function of these different microtubule arrays and their temporal and positional control. PMID- 3198698 TI - Elongation of G1 phase by transient exposure of rat 3Y1 fibroblasts to caffeine during the previous and present generations. AB - When density-arrested rat 3Y1 fibroblasts were stimulated to enter S phase by seeding sparsely in fresh medium, caffeine inhibited this stimulation. When compared at the doses that gave the same levels of the inhibition of entry into S phase, caffeine inhibited protein synthesis to a far lesser extent than cycloheximide. This indicates that caffeine affects some event(s) specific to entry into S phase rather than general protein synthesis. When cells synchronized at early S phase were exposed to caffeine, progression of S and G2 phases was prolonged by only 1 h (from 6 h to 7 h). However, after removal of caffeine at mitosis, the G1 phase was prolonged for 5 h (from 11 h to 16 h). These results are consistent with our model that the initiation of S phase is regulated throughout the period between the adjacent S phases. When cells were incubated with normal medium containing serum during the S and G2 periods, a subsequent 6-h pulse exposure to caffeine caused prolongation of G1 phase for 7 h (from 11 h to 18 h). On the other hand, when cells were incubated in the absence of serum during these periods, the prolongation was only 2 h (from 16 h to 18 h). Similarly, entry into S phase was prolonged only 2 h, when a 6-h pulse exposure to caffeine was given immediately after release from density arrest or serum deprivation arrest. These results indicate the involvement of the relaxation process, which is not affected by caffeine, when serum-deprived cells or density arrested cells restore the process prerequisite for entry into S phase. PMID- 3198699 TI - Tubulin gene expression in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cell cycle: elimination of environmentally induced artifacts and the measurement of tubulin mRNA levels. AB - To investigate the involvement of tubulin gene expression in controlling cell division events in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii we have measured tubulin mRNA levels during the cell cycle under different environmental conditions. In C. reinhardtii cells grown under the synchronizing conditions of 14 h of light followed by 10 h of darkness, mRNAs for tubulin and associated flagellar proteins were found to accumulate periodically with a peak just prior to cell division. This was not seen when previously synchronized cells were transferred to constant environmental conditions in a turbidostat, suggesting that dramatic changes in tubulin mRNA levels are not required for successful completion of the cell cycle. A hypothesis to explain the patterns of tubulin mRNA accumulation found under different environmental conditions is presented. PMID- 3198700 TI - Fibronectin observed in the nuclear matrix of HeLa tumour cells. AB - We have investigated the intracellular distribution of insoluble fibronectin in HeLa tumour cells. By indirect immunofluorescence microscopy fibronectin was detected in the nuclear region, but not in the region of the cell surface. Isolated nuclei and isolated nuclear matrices also stained for fibronectin. By quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), fibronectin was found almost exclusively in the subcellular fraction of isolated nuclear matrices. Using immunoblotting techniques fibronectin was detected in nuclear matrices isolated from cells grown in standard and in fibronectin-depleted medium. The data demonstrate that fibronectin in HeLa tumour cells is preferentially associated with the nuclear matrix. PMID- 3198701 TI - Clonality of preneoplastic liver lesions: histological analysis in chimeric rats. AB - The clonality of chemically induced altered hepatocellular foci was examined in rat liver. Chimeric rats composed of two histologically distinguishable cell lineages were placed on an initiation-promotion protocol for liver cancer induction. This resulted in multiple lesions of altered enzyme expression. These altered hepatocellular foci are generally considered to be initiated sites susceptible to cancer formation. The cellular origins of these lesions were determined by aligning sections demonstrating cell lineage with serial sections stained for altered enzyme expression. Analysis included 110 areas of deficient ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity and 59 glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9; G-6-Pase) deficient lesions, 744 foci of re-expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (EC 2.3.2.2; gamma-GT), and decreased glycogen mobilization (187 lesions). Of the 1100 focal enzyme alterations, 1054 were shown to be composed entirely of cells from a single lineage of the two lineages present in the mosaic tissue. Multiple alterations occurred within given lesions. Lesions with up to four phenotypic alterations were found to consist of cells of a single lineage. These results suggest that individual enzyme-altered foci are clonal in origin and that phenotypic heterogeneity within altered hepatocellular foci is due to lesion progression within a clonal population and not to a multicellular derivation. PMID- 3198702 TI - Intracellular diaphragmed fenestrae in cultured capillary endothelial cells. AB - The endothelium of visceral capillaries is characterized by the occurrence of numerous fenestrae, which are usually bridged by a thin, single-layered diaphragm. Both in vivo and in vitro, diaphragmed fenestrae perforate the endothelial cell cytoplasm in the most attenuated regions of the cell. We report here that in capillary endothelial cells grown under experimental conditions promoting the development of intracellular lumina (for example, suspension within a three-dimensional collagen matrix), diaphragmed fenestrae can form in a unique, previously undescribed intracellular location - that is, within thin cytoplasmic septa separating contiguous luminal compartments. PMID- 3198703 TI - Tight-junctional strands first appear in regions where three cells meet in differentiating olfactory epithelium: a freeze-fracture study. AB - Tight junctions of the olfactory epithelium of rat embryos were studied at the 14th day of gestation and during their subsequent development. Two different epithelial morphologies could be distinguished at the 14th gestational day. In one group of embryos the epithelial surface appeared undifferentiated, with tight junctional strands found exclusively in regions where three cells met. The main orientation of these strands is in a direction parallel to the longitudinal orientation of the epithelial cells. These junctions resemble tight junctions that interconnect three cells, i.e. tricellular tight junctions, in that respect. However, unlike these the junctions mainly have single strands of particles, whereas tricellular junctions usually consist of paired strands of particles. Tight-junctional strands were completely absent in areas where two cells met. These areas, i.e. those of incipient bicellular tight junctions, had gap-junction like aggregates of intramembranous particles. Another group of 14-day-old embryos displayed a differentiating olfactory epithelial surface with bicellular as well as tricellular tight-junctional strands. The latter ones were paired. Here too the tight-junctional belts displayed some gap-junction-like aggregates of particles, but there were considerably fewer of these than earlier. As one or the other tight-junctional appearance was always seen in a single freeze-fracture replica, it is reasonable to assume that the two tight-junctional appearances reflect a sequential pattern of differentiation peculiar to the whole surface of the olfactory epithelium, i.e. to surfaces of receptor cells as well as to surfaces of supporting cells. It would appear that, at the onset of olfactory epithelial differentiation, tight junctions first interconnect cells in regions where three cells meet and that tricellular strand formation precedes the formation of bicellular strands. When strands were present at the 14th day of embryonic development, their numbers were lower than those found later. However, strand packing, expressed as the density per micrometre of strands parallel to the epithelial surface, increased beginning at the 16th day of embryonic development. PMID- 3198704 TI - Induction of fibroblast spreading by Mn2+: a possible role for unusual binding sites for divalent cations in receptors for proteins containing Arg-Gly-Asp. AB - Mn2+ at low (microM) concentrations fulfils the divalent cation requirement for spreading of BHK21 cells on fibronectin. At much higher concentrations, Mn2+ (and to a small extent also Mg2+) induces spreading on haemoglobin, not normally an adhesive protein. Since high Mn2+ also induces spreading of BHK variants unresponsive to exogenous fibronectin, it is unlikely to be acting as a cofactor for secreted cellular fibronectin or by stimulating its secretion. High Ca2+, but not Mg2+, inhibits the induction of spreading by Mn2+ on haemoglobin. Pre treatment of cells with high concentrations of trypsin decreases the rate of spreading induced by Mg2+ on fibronectin, and by Mn2+ on haemoglobin, to similar extents. High and low Mn2+ could induce spreading, either by different mechanisms or through a common pathway. In the second case, at both concentrations, Mn2+ could act by binding to Ca2+/Mg2+ sites in one or more receptors for adhesion proteins. This would require binding of Mn2+ or Mg2+ to these sites to activate the receptors in the absence of adhesion proteins, and the effect of such proteins to be to increase the affinity of the sites for metal ions. The sites in question may be formed by sequences homologous to those found in the extracellular domains of the vitronectin receptor and platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb. Although very similar to the Ca2+-binding loop in the EF hand of calmodulin, these sequences more closely resemble bacterial galactose-binding protein in lacking one of the conserved co-ordinating side-chains. PMID- 3198705 TI - Membrane-cytoskeleton interactions in the flagellum: a 240,000 Mr surface-exposed glycoprotein is tightly associated with the axoneme in Chlamydomonas moewusii. AB - The flagellar surface of Chlamydomonas moewusii is a dynamic structure involved in several adhesive and motile events. In this report, we describe for the first time the flagellar membrane components of vegetative C. moewusii. A glycoprotein (or pair of glycoproteins) with an apparent molecular weight of 240 x 10(3) is the dominant flagellar protein (other than the tubulins) in this species of Chlamydomonas. Both a rabbit polyclonal antibody (designated P-19) and the lectin concanavalin A recognize this 240K (K = 10(3) Mr) glycoprotein on nitrocellulose transblots of flagellar proteins. Fluorescence microscopic studies using these same two probes suggest that the 240K glycoprotein is exposed at the flagellar surface. Direct evidence that the 240K glycoprotein is exposed at the flagellar surface is provided by vectorial labelling with a N-hydroxysuccinamide derivitized biotin reagent (NHS-LC-biotin). Nonionic detergent extraction of isolated flagella fails to solubilize most of the 240K glycoprotein, although it completely removes the flagellar membranes as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, immunofluorescence microscopy of isolated axonemes demonstrates that both P-19-defined epitopes and surface-biotinylated proteins continue to be associated with the axoneme structure after detergent treatment. These observations demonstrate that the 240K flagellar protein is a glycoprotein that is both exposed at the flagellar surface and tightly coupled to the underlying cytoskeleton (axoneme). Because of its cell surface orientation and axonemal linkage, it is likely that the 240K glycoprotein plays an important role in the adhesive and/or motile phenomena exhibited by the C. moewusii flagellar surface. PMID- 3198706 TI - Pachytene spermatocyte and round spermatid binding to Sertoli cells in vitro. AB - Spermatogenic cells differentiate in vivo while in continuous contact with the Sertoli cell. During differentiation, the spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells form a number of morphologically distinct stage-specific adhesions. We describe an in vitro assay system for studying the adhesion of spermatogenic cells to Sertoli cell monolayers. Mixed populations of spermatogenic cells or enriched fractions of pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids were labelled with the vital dye, fluorescein diacetate, prior to their addition to Sertoli cell monolayers so that the adhesion of viable spermatogenic cells could be quantified. Using this assay system, the number of pachytene spermatocyte and round spermatid binding sites on the Sertoli cell monolayer were similar, but the kinetics of binding were different. Pachytene spermatocytes were able to inhibit significantly round spermatid binding, while round spermatids did not significantly inhibit pachytene spermatocyte binding. After coculture for 24-48 h, spermatocytes form junctional structures with Sertoli cells that are similar to desmosome-like junctions. These results suggest that pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids bind to Sertoli cells by different mechanisms. PMID- 3198707 TI - The initial stages in the action of an insecticidal delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis on the epithelial cells of the malpighian tubules of the insect, Rhodnius prolixus. AB - The effects of the 27 X 10(3) Mr insecticidal delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis have been studied using, as a model system, isolated insect Malpighian tubules. At all concentrations of the toxin higher than 1 microgram ml-1 (4 X 10(-8) moll-1) applied to the outer surface of the tubules, fluid secretion failed within about 30 min. Except at very high concentrations, where failure always takes at least 30 s, there was an inverse relationship between the concentration of toxin and the time of failure of toxin treated tubules. During exposure to toxin, the tubules were initially unaffected for a relatively long period and then rapid failure occurred. If the tubules were removed into toxin-free saline just before failure would have occurred, fluid secretion remained normal for at least 2 h, but on return to the origin toxin containing saline failure was almost immediate. The toxin was found not to bind to the basement membrane. Ultrastructural changes became evident as tubule failure occurred. These initially involved modifications to the basal side of the cells, but later also to the luminal microvilli. Intercellular junctions became disassociated and cytoplasmic vacuolization occurred. The population of intramembranous particles in the basal membranes became reduced with time. Our findings suggest the following hypothesis for the initial stages in the interaction of the toxin with the tubules. Toxin molecules attach to the accessible cell membranes progressively and irreversibly. They do not readily associate by diffusing laterally in the membrane, so that toxic effects develop only when sufficiently large numbers of them attach close together. The molecules may then associate in some way as a complex, perhaps forming a pore in the membrane. Relatively few such pores lead rapidly to cell failure and death. PMID- 3198708 TI - A morphologically distinct candidate for an epithelial stem cell in mouse mammary gland. AB - Transplantation studies demonstrate that an epithelial stem cell component must exist in the mouse mammary gland throughout life. Samples taken from any portion of the mammary gland at any age and at any developmental stage, including full functional differentiation, give rise to mammary epithelial outgrowths with complete developmental capacity. Cytological examination of mouse mammary gland explants revealed the presence of morphologically distinct cells distributed sporadically among the mammary epithelium, whose behaviour in vivo and in vitro suggested that they might represent a latent epithelial stem cell population. These pale-staining cells possessed large spherical nuclei, a clear cytoplasm and a round smooth-contoured shape. Electron microscopy confirmed their pale-staining characteristics and revealed a cytoplasm sparsely populated with organellar structures, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Their epithelial genealogy was demonstrated by the presence of terminal bars and tight junctions formed with their epithelial cell neighbours. In vivo, these cells were found among mammary epithelial cell populations in 16-day-old embryos onward in both ductal or lobular structures during all stages of pregnancy, lactation and involution. In explant cultures, these cells did not undertake a secretory morphology in the presence of lactogenic hormones, although occasionally they became immunologically positive for casein. They did not incorporate [3H] thymidine into their nuclei under any of the experimental conditions used; however, they appeared to undergo mitosis within 4 h regardless of the presence or absence of hormone(s). At 24 h increased numbers of pale cells were found in pairs or in groups. At 72 h in the presence of IFPrl (medium containing insulin, hydrocortisone and prolactin), the pairs and groups of pale cells observed at 24 h were not found. Instead, individual pale cells were seen among groups of cytologically and functionally differentiated secretory epithelial cells. When lactogenic hormones were not present, groups of pale cells were still present in the explants at 72 h. These findings suggest that the pale cells are arrested at G2 phase of the cell cycle and that they give rise by mitosis to daughter cells capable of differentiating in the presence of lactogenic stimuli. Inhibition of DNA synthesis in the explants did not alter these cellular events. PMID- 3198709 TI - A Dictyostelium mutant with severe defects in alpha-actinin: its characterization using cDNA probes and monoclonal antibodies. AB - Cells of a Dictyostelium discoideum mutant deficient in binding a monoclonal antibody to alpha-actinin have previously been shown to grow and develop similarly to the wild type and to exert unimpaired chemotaxis as well as patching and capping of membrane proteins. Here we show that the normal 3.0 kb message for alpha-actinin is replaced in the mutant by two RNA species of approximately 3.1 and 2.8 kb. The 3.1 kb RNA was recognized by DNA fragments from all parts of the coding region, while the 2.8 kb RNA hybridized to all but a 3'-terminal fragment. Proteins synthesized in the mutant were analysed using four monoclonal antibodies that in the wild type specifically recognize the 95 x 10(3) Mr polypeptide of alpha-actinin. Cleavage mapping indicated that the binding sites of these antibodies are distributed over a region comprising more than half of the alpha actinin polypeptide chain. In the mutant, three of the antibodies faintly labelled two polypeptides of 95 x 10(3) Mr and 88 x 10(3) Mr; the fourth antibody, which binds closest to one end of the polypeptide chain, faintly labelled the 95 x 10(3) Mr polypeptide only. The 88 x 10(3) Mr polypeptide most probably lacks the C-terminal portion of alpha-actinin. The binding of an antibody that recognized both polypeptides was quantified by a radio-immuno competition assay using wild-type alpha-actinin as a reference. In a mutant cell extract containing total soluble proteins the antibody binding activity was decreased to 1.1% when compared with wild-type extract. After their partial purification and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the mutant 95 x 10(3) Mr and 88 x 10(3) Mr polypeptides were barely detectable as Coomassie Blue-stained bands, indicating that in the mutant not only certain epitopes of alpha-actinin were altered but the entire molecule is almost completely lacking. When the fitness of mutant cells relative to wild type was determined during growth in nutrient medium, a slight disadvantage for the mutant was indicated, by finding selection coefficients between 0.03 and 0.05. PMID- 3198710 TI - Cultured epithelial cells derived from human foetal pancreas as a model for the study of cystic fibrosis: further analyses on the origins and nature of the cell types. AB - The establishment of a tissue-culture system for epithelial cells derived from human foetal pancreas has recently been reported. Further analyses have now been made on these cells in vitro, together with parallel investigation of the distribution of different cell types within the intact foetal pancreas. Results support the view that the cultured cells are ductal in origin and nature. Pancreatic epithelial cell cultures have also been established from foetuses with cystic fibrosis. PMID- 3198711 TI - Feminine beauty: the impact of culture and nutritional trends on emerging images. PMID- 3198712 TI - Explication of Neuman's model: a holistic systems approach to nutrition for health promotion in the life process. PMID- 3198713 TI - The physiology of eating and starvation. PMID- 3198714 TI - Healthy eating for the 1980s and 1990s. PMID- 3198716 TI - Quality of adult vocalizations affects the quality of infant vocalizations. PMID- 3198715 TI - Fat: a women's issue in search of a holistic approach to treatment. PMID- 3198717 TI - Patterns of parental vocabulary selection in speech to very young children. PMID- 3198718 TI - Role of adult input in young children's category evolution: II. An experimental study. PMID- 3198719 TI - The effect of previously learned words on the child's acquisition of words for similar referents. PMID- 3198720 TI - The semantic development of negation: a cross-linguistic longitudinal study. PMID- 3198721 TI - Development of forms and functions of interrogatives in children: a longitudinal study in Tamil. PMID- 3198722 TI - The effect of animacy on children's noun order in verb-final sequences. PMID- 3198723 TI - Private speech: evidence for second language learning strategies during the 'silent' period. PMID- 3198724 TI - New names from old words: related aspects of children's metaphors and word compounds. PMID- 3198725 TI - Cognitive and linguistic factors in the development of word definitions. PMID- 3198726 TI - Local and topological processing in sentence comprehension by French and Spanish children. PMID- 3198727 TI - Variation in human biology and child phonology: a response to Goad and Ingram. PMID- 3198728 TI - The language bioprogram hypothesis: a reply to Youssef. PMID- 3198729 TI - Syntactic categories in early child language: some additional data. PMID- 3198730 TI - Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays: a method of data analysis. AB - Diagnostic tests are usually evaluated in terms of simple qualitative measures of sensitivity and specificity. When comparing different quantitative assays such as ELISAs, it is often more useful to deal with actual values (sample optical density/cut-off optical density ratio (OD ratio] rather than the qualitative relationship to the cut-off, i.e. positive or negative. This allows for a statistical approach to the questions of sensitivity and specificity. The National HIV Reference Laboratory of Australia has developed an approach for determining statistical estimates of sensitivity and specificity in terms of delta (delta). Delta is defined as the distance of the mean OD ratio of the sample population from the cut-off measured in standard deviation units. This paper discusses the derivation of this measurement and its usefulness when evaluating ELISA tests. PMID- 3198731 TI - An evaluation of competitive and second generation ELISA screening tests for antibody to HIV. AB - Two competitive anti-HIV ELISA screening assays (Behring and Wellcozyme) and two second generation assays using antigens generated by recombinant DNA technology (Abbott) and synthetic peptides (Biochrom) were evaluated against common panels of anti-HIV positive sera and sera known or thought likely to give false positive reactions. The assays were also tested on fresh sequential blood donations. Conventional estimates of sensitivity and specificity did not reveal a significant difference between the assays. Statistical analyses using log10 transformed data to determine delta values (the distance of the mean optical density (OD) ratio from the cut-off measured in standard deviation units) showed the Abbott assays to have the highest probability (greater than 99.99%) of detecting anti-HIV positive samples and the Behring assay as having the highest probability (greater than 99.99%) of correctly identifying anti-HIV negative specimens. The combined data from conventional estimates of sensitivity and specificity and delta values suggests that the Abbott assay is the test of choice for screening purposes. PMID- 3198732 TI - Enhanced production of poxvirus vectors by high speed rolling. AB - The amount of CPE produced by vaccinia vectors in cultures rolled at 96 revolutions per minute (rpm) was significantly enhanced when compared to cultures rolled at 2 rpm or held stationary. Cultures rolled at 96 rpm had significantly more foci (46.3 +/- 8.4) than cultures held stationary (16.3 +/- 6.5) or rolled at 2 rpm (27.6 +/- 2.8). The size of foci in cultures rolled at 96 rpm was also significantly larger than foci in cultures rolled at 2 rpm or held stationary (F = 12.65, P less than 0.01). Cultures infected with a low multiplicity of infection and rolled at 96 rpm developed maximum CPE 4 days earlier than stationary cultures. When compared to stationary conditions, cultures rolled at 2 rpm had a 7.0-fold geometric mean increase in viral yield. However, cultures rolled at 96 rpm had a 75-fold geometric mean increase in viral yield. These data suggest that cultures inoculated with vaccinia vectors should be rolled to maximize viral replication. PMID- 3198733 TI - The prognosis and long-term course of viral encephalitis. AB - Of 33 patients with viral encephalitis, four (three women, one man) succumbed to the disease. Of the surviving patients, 23 were followed for a median interval of 4 years after discharge. A considerable residual syndrome could be detected in two cases only. The outcome was determined by identification of causative organism (especially herpes simplex virus), initial consciousness disturbances and pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. On the other hand, the age of the patients, electroencephalographic findings and a symptomatic epilepsy played no major role. Without confirmed virus findings, immunoglobulins were as effective as the virostatic therapy regimens; with identification of causative organism, combined treatment with acyclovir and immunoglobulins was most effective. PMID- 3198734 TI - Clinical course of subacute HIV encephalitis. AB - A subacute encephalitis is increasingly recognized to be the most frequent cerebral manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Contradictory reports are given in the literature concerning its clinical course. In the present study, a group of 19 patients with subacute encephalitis was followed for an average of 210 days. A steady progression of the disease was documented using the Karnofsky index. An advanced disease, rated according to the Walther Reed staging classification, but not isolated immunological parameters such as the ratio of OKT4/8 subsets are associated with more rapid progression of the encephalitis. Age, social status, duration of HIV positivity and antibody titers to cytomegalovirus could not be identified as contributing factors. PMID- 3198735 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid. AB - The relative concentrations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in relation to equal IgG contents of 46 serum cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 32 patients were determined by serial dilution in an anti-HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ratio of CSF and the serum HIV antibody concentration was expressed as QHIV = CSF dilution/serum dilution. QHIV is regarded as a parameter for specific intrathecal HIV antibody production. The QHIV ranged from 0.7 to 16. Six of seven patients with clinical signs of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related dementia (ARD), but only seven of 25 patients without clinical diagnosis of ARD showed a QHIV greater than 2. PMID- 3198736 TI - Oligoclonal bands in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV infection. AB - Matched samples of serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 15 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients were examined after isoelectric focusing. The appearance of oligoclonal bands only in the CSF could indicate the primary HIV infection of CNS in early stages of the disease. Later, the increasing number of autochthonous oligoclonal bands in the CSF suggested locally synthesized IgG against opportunistic infections. Because of the immunodeficiency, T cell independent polyclonal B cell stimulation might mask the oligoclonal pattern. PMID- 3198737 TI - Neurosyphilis in HIV infection--persistence after high-dose penicillin therapy. PMID- 3198738 TI - EEG discharges in WR 1-5 HIV-seropositive hemophiliacs. AB - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients show involvement of the central and/or peripheral nervous system. We present here the results of electroencephalographic (EEG) findings in stage WR 1-5 HIV-seropositive hemophiliacs from a total of 184 who attended our clinic prior to October 1987. PMID- 3198739 TI - Characteristic early findings in viral encephalitis. PMID- 3198740 TI - Prognostic value of computed tomography and cerebrospinal fluid analysis in viral encephalitis. PMID- 3198741 TI - Acute encephalitis with intrathecal synthesis of measles antibodies. PMID- 3198742 TI - Morphogenesis of measles virus on C6 rat glioma cells. AB - Rat glioma cells (C6) persistently infected with measles virus show a locally dissociated distribution of budding processes at the cell surface. PMID- 3198743 TI - Limbic encephalitis: two cases. PMID- 3198744 TI - Lymphocyte subtyping in aseptic and bacterial inflammation of the CNS. PMID- 3198745 TI - On the immunopathology of plaque development and repair in multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3198747 TI - Protein gradients in the cerebrospinal fluid and the calculation of intracerebral IgG synthesis. AB - When six successive samples of 2.5 ml cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were withdrawn from eight multiple sclerosis (MS) and 12 other neurological disease (OND) patients, the IgG index rose continuously between 2.9 and 24.0%, while both the Tourtellotte as well as the Reiber/Felgenhauer formulas were less affected. PMID- 3198746 TI - The long march of the cerebrospinal fluid profile indicative of clinical definite multiple sclerosis; and still marching. AB - Much progress has been made, especially in the last two decades, in laboratory aids to diagnosis and to follow the course of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile indicative of MS, though not pathognomonic of MS, is present in almost every case of clinical definite MS in a chronic progressive phase (probably also true for early MS). The cardinal aspect of the profile is intra-blood-brain barrier (BBB) IgG synthesis which can be qualitatively detected by determining unique CSF oligoclonal IgG bands and quantitated by rate formula, mg/day. We believe that intra-BBB IgG synthesis is caused by a persistent antigen, most likely a virus, possibly measles. A number of issues about the profile are proposed and opportunities are presented to resolve them. PMID- 3198748 TI - Immunological parameters in cerebrospinal fluid and P100 latencies of visual evoked potentials in patients with encephalomyelitis disseminata. PMID- 3198749 TI - Prognostic relevance of initial clinical and paraclinical parameters for the course of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3198750 TI - A new approach for the treatment of demyelinating diseases? PMID- 3198751 TI - Encephalomyelitis and demyelinating diseases in patients with extracerebral malignant tumors. AB - We examined central nervous system (CNS) lesions in 456 patients with primary extracerebral malignant tumors. Inflammatory reactions caused by viral (progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), herpes zoster varicella), fungal, or bacterial infections could be demonstrated in 20 patients. In a further 19 patients, the brain tissue showed lymphocyte infiltrates of unknown etiology and, in four of these, autopsy revealed probable paraneoplastic, non bacterial, endocarditis as a possible explanation for the local inflammatory reaction. The frequency of thrombophlebitis, non-arteriosclerotic thrombosis and arteritis was significantly higher than in a control group of 2052 tumor-free patients. Focal spongiform-axonopathic lesions (24 cases) as well as diffuse leukoencephalopathy (11 cases) were interpreted as probably being at least in part paraneoplastic because the same alterations could also be observed in patients who had never undergone cytostatic or radiation therapy. The possible pathogenetic conditions are discussed and a classification of these tumor accompanying, but not always tumor-dependent, lesions suggested. PMID- 3198753 TI - The value of plasmapheresis in the treatment of acute and chronic Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 3198752 TI - Role of therapeutic plasmapheresis in the acute Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - Plasmapheresis modifies the course of the acute Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) in terms of time-related parameters such as time on a respirator or time to achieve a specific area of improvement at specific times after onset of the illness such as at 1 month and at 6 months. Certain factors are associated with poorer outcomes in acute GBS. These include amplitude of compound muscle axon potentials on stimulating distally, time of onset of disease of 7 days or less, need for ventilatory support, and older age. Plasmapheresis, the only variable that the physician can influence, has a beneficial effect over and above all these factors. PMID- 3198754 TI - High-dose steroid therapy in Guillain-Barre syndrome. AB - In a pilot study, high-dose steroid therapy in acute Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) proved to be successful. The pharmacodynamic aspects of this approach appear interesting and worthy of further investigation. An initial dose of 1000 or 500 mg methylprednisolone is recommended which should be given in four divided doses per day. A very slow reduction in the dose is necessary to avoid a relapse. Lack of response correlated with late onset of therapy and high age of the patients. PMID- 3198755 TI - Local IgM production in meningoradiculitis Bannwarth and neurosyphilis. PMID- 3198756 TI - Regulation of biliary cholesterol secretion. Functional relationship between the canalicular and sinusoidal cholesterol secretory pathways in the rat. AB - The functional interrelationship between biliary cholesterol secretion, sinusoidal lipoprotein cholesterol secretion and bile salt synthesis was studied in the rat. Diosgenin, fructose, and colestipol in the diet were used to, respectively, influence biliary cholesterol output, VLDL production and bile salt synthesis. In the acute bile fistula rat, biliary cholesterol output was 700% increased by diosgenin and 50% decreased by fructose. In the rats fed both diosgenin and fructose, biliary cholesterol secretion was increased only by approximately 200%, whereas biliary bile salts and phospholipid outputs were unchanged. In the isolated perfused liver, VLDL-cholesterol output was 50% reduced by diosgenin alone, but was unchanged following feeding of diosgenin plus fructose. However, the livers of rats fed diosgenin plus fructose exhibited a 700% increase in VLDL-triglyceride production and a 200% increase in VLDL cholesterol output. A significant reciprocal relationship between VLDL cholesterol secretion and the coupling ratio of cholesterol to bile salts in bile was observed. Colestipol added to the diet maintained both sinusoidal and biliary cholesterol outputs within the normal range. In the chronic bile fistula rat, colestipol increased bile salt synthesis by 100% while diosgenin and fructose diets had no effect. Similarly, the addition of fructose to the colestipol diet did not decrease bile salt synthesis. These data suggest a reciprocal relationship between biliary cholesterol secretion and hepatic secretion of cholesterol as VLDL particles. The free cholesterol pool used for bile salt synthesis seems functionally unrelated to the pool from which VLDL-cholesterol and biliary cholesterol originate. These findings support the idea that metabolic compartmentalization of hepatic cholesterol is a major determinant of the quantity of cholesterol available for recruitment by the bile salt-dependent biliary cholesterol secretory mechanism. PMID- 3198757 TI - Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. In vitro assessment of risk. AB - Arene oxide metabolites of aromatic anticonvulsants (phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine) may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions. We investigated 53 patients with clinical sensitivity to anticonvulsants by exposing their lymphocytes in vitro to drug metabolites generated by a murine hepatic microsomal system. The diagnosis of a hypersensitivity reaction was corroborated by in vitro rechallenge for each drug (phenytoin, n = 34; phenobarbital, n = 22; carbamazepine, n = 25) when cytotoxicity (% dead cells) exceeded 3 SD above the mean result for controls. Cross-reactivity among the drugs was noted. 7 out of 10 patients who had received all three anticonvulsants had adverse reactions to each. 40 out of 50 patients tested to all three drugs in vitro were positive to each. Adverse reactions were indistinguishable among anti-convulsants. Skin rash (87%), fever (94%), hepatitis (51%), and hematologic abnormalities (51%) were common clinical features of each drug. 62% of reactions involved more than two organs. Cells from patients' parents exhibited in vitro toxicity that was intermediate between values for controls and patients. In vitro testing can help diagnose hypersensitivity to anticonvulsants. Cells from patients may also be used for prospective individualization of therapy to decrease risk of adverse reaction. Cross reactivity among the major anticonvulsants is common and should be considered before deciding on alternative therapy. PMID- 3198758 TI - Hypoxia-induced increases in pulmonary transvascular protein escape in rats. Modulation by glucocorticoids. AB - Pulmonary edema after ascent to altitude is well recognized but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. To determine whether altitude exposure increases lung vascular permeability, we exposed rats to a simulated altitude of approximately 14,500 feet (barometric pressure [Pb] 450 Torr) and measured the pulmonary transvascular escape of radiolabeled 125I-albumin corrected for lung blood content with 51Cr-tagged red blood cells (protein leak index = PLI). Exposures of 24 and 48 h caused significant increases in PLI (2.30 +/- 0.08 and 2.40 +/- 0.06) compared with normoxic controls (1.76 +/- 0.06), but brief hypoxic exposures of 1 13 h produced no increase in PLI, despite comparable increases in pulmonary artery pressure. There were associated increases in gravimetric estimates of lung water in the altitude-exposed groups and perivascular edema cuffs on histologic examination. Normobaric hypoxia (48 h; fractional inspired oxygen concentration [FIO2] = 15%) also increased lung transvascular protein escape and lung water. Dexamethasone has been used to prevent and treat altitude-induced illnesses, but its mechanism of action is unclear. Dexamethasone (0.5 or 0.05 mg/kg per 12 h) started 12 h before and continued during 48 h of altitude exposure prevented the hypoxia-induced increases in transvascular protein escape and lung water. Hemodynamic measurements (mean pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac output) were unaffected by dexamethasone, suggesting that its effect was not due to a reduction in pulmonary artery pressure or flow. The role of endogenous glucocorticoid activity was assessed in adrenalectomized rats that showed augmented hypoxia-induced increases in transvascular protein escape, which were prevented by exogenous glucocorticoid replacement. In summary, subacute hypoxic exposures increased pulmonary transvascular protein escape and lung water in rats. Dexamethasone prevented these changes independent of reductions of mean pulmonary artery pressure or flow, whereas adrenalectomy increased pulmonary vascular permeability and edema at altitude. Increases in vascular permeability in hypoxia could contribute to the development of high-altitude pulmonary edema and endogenous glucocorticoids may have an important influence on pulmonary vascular permeability in hypoxia. PMID- 3198759 TI - Monocyte migration into the subendothelial space of a coculture of adult human aortic endothelial and smooth muscle cells. AB - Human aortic endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) were isolated and used to form a multilayer of EC-SMC separated by a layer of collagen. SMC and/or collagen layers exerted minimal effects on Na+ transport but impeded the transport of LDL. The presence of an endothelial monolayer markedly reduced the transport of Na+ and LDL. When monocytes were presented to the complete coculture, in the absence of added chemoattractant, one monocyte entered the subendothelial space for every one to three EC present. In contrast, neither collagen nor SMC plus collagen nor EC plus collagen induced comparable monocyte migration. Despite massive migration of monocytes into the coculture, no significant alteration in Na+ transport was observed. LDL transport into the preparation during massive monocyte migration increased modestly, but this was far less than the amount of LDL transported in the absence of an endothelial monolayer. We conclude that (a) the endothelial monolayer was the principal permeability barrier, (b) a substantial migration of monocytes occurred in the absence of added chemoattractant when both EC and SMC were present in the coculture, (c) endothelial barrier function was largely maintained after monocyte migration; and (d) these experiments indicate the need to study all three cell types (monocytes, EC, and SMC) together to understand the complex interactions that occur between these cells. PMID- 3198760 TI - Proteinase 3. A distinct human polymorphonuclear leukocyte proteinase that produces emphysema in hamsters. AB - Studies were designed to explore the possibility that human polymorphonuclear leukocyte granule constituents in addition to elastase (HLE) had the potential to cause emphysema. A two-step purification of three serine proteinases was developed. Granule extract proteins were initially separated by dye-ligand affinity chromatography. Fractions eluted were divided into four pools. Hamsters were given a single intratracheal instillation of saline +/- 0.1 mg protein of each pool. While pool 2 contained HLE and cathepsin G, the most dramatic bullous emphysema developed in animals treated with pool 4. The esterase from pool 4, designated proteinase 3 (PR-3) was purified, characterized in vitro, and tested for its ability to cause emphysema. PR-3 is a neutral serine proteinase with isoenzyme forms. Its ability to degrade elastin at pH 6.5 is slightly greater than that of HLE, but it is less active than HLE at pH 7.4 or 8.9. PR-3 has weak activity against azocasein. Its ability to degrade hemoglobin is intermediate to that of HLE and cathepsin G at pH 7.4. PR-3 has no activity against chromogenic substrates specific for HLE or cathepsin G. Its pI is substantially less than HLE or cathepsin G. It is also immunologically distinct from HLE. It induces emphysema in hamsters commensurate with that of HLE. We conclude that PR-3 may be important in the pathogenesis of human emphysema. PMID- 3198761 TI - Characterization of serum platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase. Correlation between deficiency of serum PAF acetylhydrolase and respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children. AB - Platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase has been recognized as an enzyme that inactivates PAF. We developed a convenient and reproducible method for determining human serum PAF acetylhydrolase activity. The assay was based on measurement of [14C]acetate produced from 1-O-alkyl-2-[14C]-acetyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine upon precipitation of the complex of radioactive substrate and albumin with TCA. The apparent Km value of PAF acetylhydrolase (near the physiological concentration of serum protein) was 1.5 X 10(-4) M PAF. 32 subjects with serum PAF acetylhydrolase deficiency were found among 816 healthy Japanese adults. The low PAF acetylhydrolase activity in the deficient serum might not be due to the presence of enzyme inhibitor. Both the sensitivity to PAF and the metabolism of PAF in platelets from PAF acetylhydrolase-deficient subjects were almost the same as those of normal subjects. Deficiency in serum PAF acetylhydrolase appeared to be transmitted by autosomal recessive heredity among five Japanese families. Among healthy adults, healthy children, and asthmatic children, who were grouped into five classes on the basis of respiratory symptoms (remission, wheezy, mild, moderate, and severe groups), the probability of PAF acetylhydrolase deficiency was significantly higher in groups with severe symptoms (moderate and severe) (P less than 0.01). These results suggest that deficiency of serum PAF acetylhydrolase might be one of the factors leading to severe respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children. PMID- 3198762 TI - Uptake of fatty acids by jejunal mucosal cells is mediated by a fatty acid binding membrane protein. AB - The previous identification of a membrane fatty acid binding protein (MFABP) in brush border plasma membranes of the jejunum suggested that mucosal cell uptake of fatty acids might represent a carrier-mediated transport system. For evaluation of this hypothesis cellular influx kinetics (V0) of [3H]-oleate were examined in isolated rat jejunal mucosal cells. With increasing unbound oleate concentration in the medium V0 was saturable (Km = 93 nM; Vmax = 2.1 nmol X min-1 per 10(6) cells) and temperature dependent with an optimum at 37 degrees C. Pretreatment of the cells with a monospecific antibody to MFABP significantly inhibited V0 of oleate, other long-chain fatty acids, and D-monopalmitin, but not of L-alanine. Moreover, in the in vivo system of isolated perfused jejunal segments the physiologic significance of MFABP in the directed overall intestinal absorption process of fatty acids was documented. In the presence of the anti MFABP oleate absorption was markedly reduced, whereas uptake of L-alanine remained unaltered. By antibody inhibition studies it was suggested that this membrane carrier also reveals transport competence for various other long-chain fatty acids, D-monopalmitin, L-lysophosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol. These data support the hypothesis that absorption of fatty acids is mediated by a fatty acid binding membrane protein. PMID- 3198763 TI - Myocardial substrate utilization during exercise in humans. Dual carbon-labeled carbohydrate isotope experiments. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate myocardial substrate utilization during moderate intensity exercise in humans. Coronary sinus and arterial catheters were inserted in nine healthy trained male subjects (mean age, 25 +/- 6 (SD) years). Dual carbon-labeled isotopes were infused, and substrate oxidation was quantitated by measuring myocardial production of 14CO2. Supine cycle ergometer exercise was performed at 40% of the subject's maximal O2 uptake. With exercise there was a significant increase in the arterial lactate level (P less than 0.05). A highly significant positive correlation was observed between the lactate level and the isotopic lactate extraction (r = 0.93; P less than 0.001). The myocardial isotopic lactate uptake increased from 34.9 +/- 6.5 mumol/min at rest to 120.4 +/- 36.5 mumol/min at 5 min of exercise (P less than 0.005). The 14CO2 data demonstrated that 100.4 +/- 3.5% of the lactate extracted as determined by isotopic analysis underwent oxidative decarboxylation. Myocardial glucose uptake also increased significantly with exercise (P less than 0.04). The [14C]glucose data showed that only 26.0 +/- 8.5% of the glucose extracted underwent immediate oxidation at rest, and during exercise the percentage being oxidized increased to 52.6 +/- 7.3% (P less than 0.01). This study demonstrates for the first time in humans an increase in myocardial oxidation of exogenous glucose and lactate during moderate intensity exercise. PMID- 3198765 TI - Determinants of hepatic function in liver cirrhosis in the rat. Multivariate analysis. AB - We investigated the determinants of hepatic clearance functions in a rat model of liver cirrhosis induced by phenobarbital/CCl4. Aminopyrine N-demethylation (ABT), galactose elimination (GBT), and serum bile acids (SBA) were determined in vivo. The livers were then characterized hemodynamically: intrahepatic shunting (IHS) was determined by microspheres and sinusoidal capillarization by measuring the extravascular albumin space (EVA) by a multiple indicator dilution technique. The intrinsic clearance was determined by assaying the activity of the rate-limiting enzymes in vitro. Hepatocellular volume (HCV) was measured by morphometry. ABT and SBA, but not GBT, differentiated cirrhotic from normal liver. IHS ranged from normal to 10%; all cirrhotic livers showed evidence of sinusoidal capillarization (reduced EVA). The cirrhotic livers showed a bimodal distribution of HCV, HCV being decreased in 50% of the cirrhotic livers. Multivariate analysis showed EVA and portal flow to be the main determinants of microsomal (ABT) and cytosolic (GBT) clearance function; SBA, by contrast, were determined solely by IHS. We conclude that sinusoidal capillarization is the main determinant of hepatic clearance, while serum bile acids reflect intrahepatic shunting. These findings emphasize the importance of alterations of hepatic nutritional flow to explain reduced clearance function in cirrhosis of the liver. PMID- 3198764 TI - Hydrogen peroxide stimulates the synthesis of platelet-activating factor by endothelium and induces endothelial cell-dependent neutrophil adhesion. AB - Oxidant-induced damage to the intima of pulmonary and systemic vessels is thought to be an important mechanism of injury in a variety of syndromes of vascular damage. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an active oxygen metabolite that may induce intimal injury by cytolytic attack or by inducing biochemical and functional alterations in the endothelial cells (EC); however, mechanisms involved in noncytolytic perturbation of EC are largely unknown. We found that H2O2 stimulated the synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) by primary cultures of bovine pulmonary artery endothelium (BPAEC) and by human umbilical vein endothelium (HUVEC). In each cell type the incorporation of [3H]acetate into [3H acetyl]PAF was concentration- and time-dependent and was temporally dissociated from severe plasma membrane disruption and cytolytic cell injury; the newly synthesized PAF remained associated with the EC. H2O2 caused permeabilization of EC to 45Ca2+ and an increase in intracellular Ca2+, suggesting that a transmembrane Ca2+ flux is the signal that initiates PAF synthesis. H2O2 also induced the endothelial cell-dependent adhesion of neutrophils to HUVEC monolayers. This response was rapid, with an onset within minutes and a subsequent time course that paralleled the time course of PAF accumulation, and was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ but not on de novo protein synthesis. These studies demonstrate that H2O2 can induce two rapid activation responses of endothelium, PAF synthesis and EC-dependent neutrophil adhesion, events that may be important in physiologic and pathologic inflammation. PMID- 3198766 TI - Sterol synthesis and low density lipoprotein clearance in vivo in the pregnant rat, placenta, and fetus. Sources for tissue cholesterol during fetal development. AB - Whereas the greatest relative increase in body mass occurs during the third trimester of fetal life, the source of the cholesterol that supports this growth is uncertain. These studies used [3H]water and 125I-cellobiose-labeled low density lipoproteins to quantitate absolute rates of cholesterol acquisition in vivo by the fetus of the rat. Preliminary studies demonstrated that [3H]water administered intravenously to the mother rapidly equilibrated with the body pool of water in the fetus and that 22-microgram atoms of H from the water pool were incorporated into each micromole of newly synthesized cholesterol. After administration of [3H]water to pregnant rats, the rates of sterol synthesis per 100 g of whole body weight were severalfold higher in the fetus than in the dams. Individual organs of the dam such as the liver, however, had much higher synthetic rates than those in the fetus. When maternal hepatic cholesterol synthesis was suppressed by cholesterol feeding, newly synthesized cholesterol disappeared from the maternal blood yet there was essentially no change in the rate of appearance of newly synthesized sterol in the fetus, placenta, and fetal membranes. The placenta did take up low density lipoproteins at rates equal to about one-third of that seen in the maternal liver, but none of the apolipoprotein or cholesterol was transferred to the fetus. These studies indicate that the rat fetus receives little or no cholesterol from the mother but, rather, satisfies its need for cholesterol during fetal development through local synthesis. Furthermore, the fetal membranes appear to be an important site for sterol synthesis in the fetal compartment. PMID- 3198767 TI - Differential nephrotoxicity of low molecular weight proteins including Bence Jones proteins in the perfused rat nephron in vivo. AB - To investigate the pathogenetic mechanisms of tubule nephrotoxicity of low molecular weight proteins (LMWP), proximal tubules (PT) of rats were perfused in vivo with artificial tubule fluid (ATF) containing one of five LMWPs: three human Bence Jones proteins (BJP), beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), and rabbit myoglobin (MYG). Volume (JV), chloride (JCl) and glucose (JG) fluxes in these perfused PTs were compared with those determined using ATF alone. In separate experiments, perfused nephrons were examined with electron and immunoelectron microscopy. After exposure to BJP1 or BLG, JV, JCl, and JG were less (P less than 0.05) than corresponding control fluxes. Cell damage of these perfused PTs, along with cellular debris in the distal tubules, was prominent. The PT lysosomes often appeared atypical and contained crystals. In contrast, perfusion with BJP2, BJP3, or MYG did not alter JV, JCl, or JG. These findings were corroborated by the normal ultrastructure of these PTs despite immunohistochemical evidence of endocytosis of the BJPs. Isoelectric point, molecular form, and isotype were not factors associated with PT damage. In addition, proteins with pI less than 7.4 precipitated in the distal nephron, forming acellular casts. Thus, certain nephrotoxic LMWPs damaged the PT, while others precipitated in the distal tubule, obstructing the nephron. These two pathogenetic mechanisms may independently be responsible for tubulointerstitial nephropathy of LMWPs in humans. PMID- 3198768 TI - Metabolism of apolipoprotein B-100 in large very low density lipoproteins of blood plasma. Kinetic studies in normal and Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. AB - The metabolism of radioiodinated apo B-100 in large VLDL from normal and Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits, with diameters exceeding 450 A, was studied in corresponding recipient rabbits. In both cases approximately 87% of the particles contained apolipoprotein (apo) E (B,E particles). In normal rabbits, apo B in these B,E particles was removed from blood plasma much more rapidly than apo B in B,E particles in smaller VLDL and few of the large B,E particles were converted to lipoproteins of higher density. In WHHL rabbits, approximately 60% of the apo B in B,E particles in large VLDL was removed at a comparably rapid rate, but an appreciable fraction of the remainder, which was removed slowly, was converted to particles of higher density, as are the B,E particles in smaller VLDL. From kinetic analysis of these and other data, an hypothesis was formulated from which it is estimated that apo B in large VLDL accounts for 18 and 41% of apo B transport in normal and WHHL rabbits, respectively, despite the fact that these lipoproteins contain less than 5% of the apo B in total VLDL. Failure to account for the contribution of large VLDL to VLDL turnover may lead to serious underestimation of total apo B transport in the blood. PMID- 3198770 TI - Delta 4-3-oxosteroid 5 beta-reductase deficiency described in identical twins with neonatal hepatitis. A new inborn error in bile acid synthesis. AB - A new inborn error in bile acid synthesis, manifest in identical infant twins as severe intrahepatic cholestasis, is described involving the delta 4-3-oxosteroid 5 beta-reductase catalyzed conversion of the key intermediates, 7 alpha-hydroxy-4 cholesten-3-one and 7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one for chenodeoxycholic and cholic acid synthesis, to the respective 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta (H) products. This defect was detected by fast atom bombardment ionization mass spectrometry from an elevated excretion and predominance of taurine conjugated unsaturated hydroxy-oxo-bile acids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed these to be 7 alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholenoic and 7 alpha,12 alpha-dihydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholenoic acids (75-92% of total). Fasting serum bile acid concentrations were greater than 37 mumol/liter; chenodeoxycholic acid was the major bile acid, but significant amounts of allo(5 alpha-H)-bile acids (approximately 30%) were present. Biliary bile acid concentration was less than 2 mumol/liter and consisted of chenodeoxycholic, allo-chenodeoxycholic, and allo cholic acids. These biochemical findings, which were identical in both infants, indicate a defect in bile acid synthesis involving the conversion of the delta 4 3-oxo-C27 intermediates into the corresponding 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta(H) structures, a reaction that is catalyzed by a delta 4-3-oxosteroid-5 beta reductase enzyme. This defect resulted in markedly reduced primary bile acid synthesis and concomitant accumulation of delta 4-3-oxo-and allo-bile acids. These findings indicate a pathway in bile acid synthesis whereby side chain oxidation can occur despite incomplete alterations to the steroid nucleus, and lend support for an active delta 4-3-oxosteroid 5 alpha-reductase catalyzing the conversion of the delta 4-3-oxosteroid intermediates to the respective 3 alpha hydroxy-5 alpha(H)-structures. PMID- 3198771 TI - Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Genetic evidence for identical mutations in two partially deficient subjects. AB - In past reports of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency a marked degree of molecular heterogeneity has been noted. We have previously described two apparently unrelated subjects with partial HPRT deficiency, G.S. and D.B., who have a mutant form of HPRT with remarkably similar alterations in physical and kinetic properties. The mutation in G.S. is a serine to leucine substitution at amino acid 110 as determined by amino acid sequence analysis. This mutant enzyme has been designated HPRTLondon. We have examined HPRT cDNA from D.B. using two different methods to determine if the similar properties of mutant HPRT from these two subjects are the result of a common mutation. HPRT cDNA clones were obtained by routine cloning techniques and by polymerase chain reaction amplification of single-stranded cDNA reverse transcribed from mRNA derived from subject D.B. Dideoxynucleotide sequencing revealed a single mutation, a C to T transition at bp 329 in clones generated by both methods. This mutation in D.B. predicts the identical amino acid substitution described in HPRTLondon. A C to T nucleotide transition at 329 in D.B. creates an Hpa I site in exon 4 of the HPRT gene. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from lymphoblasts derived from G.S. and D.B. revealed that both have this additional Hpa I site, indicating that the similarly altered protein sequence is due to the identical transition in the HPRT gene. PMID- 3198769 TI - Antiadrenergic effects of adenosine on His-Purkinje automaticity. Evidence for accentuated antagonism. AB - The effects of adenosine on the human His-Purkinje system (HPS) were studied in nine patients with complete atrioventricular (AV) block. Adenosine had minimal effect on the control HPS cycle length, but in the presence of isoproterenol increased it from 906 +/- 183 to 1,449 +/- 350 ms, P less than 0.001. Aminophylline, a competitive adenosine antagonist, completely abolished this antiadrenergic effect of adenosine. In isolated guinea pig hearts with surgically induced AV block, isoproterenol decreased the HPS rate by 36%, whereas in the presence of 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenyl-xanthine, a potent adenosine antagonist, the HPS rate decreased by 48% and was associated with an increased release of adenosine. Therefore, by blocking the effects of adenosine at the receptor level, the physiologic negative feedback mechanism by which adenosine antagonizes the effects of catecholamines was uncoupled. The results of this study indicate that adenosine's effects on the human HPS are primarily antiadrenergic and are thus consistent with the concept of accentuated antagonism. These effects of adenosine may serve as a counterregulatory metabolic response that improves the O2 supply demand ratio perturbed by enhanced sympathetic tone. Some catecholamine-mediated ventricular arrhythmias that occur during ischemia or enhanced adrenergic stress may be due to an imbalance in this negative feedback system. PMID- 3198772 TI - Lyophilized auricular cartilage as a replacement for the interarticular disc of the craniomandibular joint. An experimental study in guinea pigs. AB - Meniscectomy has major disadvantages and should be abandoned. Replacement of the removed interarticular disc is mandatory. As the harvesting of autogenous transplants requires the creation of a donor site defect, the use of preserved allogenic material seems justified. The interarticular disc of six young adult albino guinea pigs was replaced with preserved allogenic auricular cartilage. From the clinical and histological results we concluded that the postoperative clinical course of all animals paralleled the histological appearance of the joints. The transplants showed marked degree of resorption, but were replaced by fibrous connective tissue with focal cartilage formation. This newly formed structure resembled the original disc and protected the articular components of the joints, which, 24 weeks postoperatively, hardly differed from the controls. The role of the synovia in the formation of the "new disc" was quite evident. PMID- 3198773 TI - Condylar displacement after oblique sliding osteotomy of the mandibular rami. A stereometric and plain radiographic study. AB - Condylar displacement after oblique sliding osteotomy was examined in 8 patients by X-ray stereometry and plain radiography. During the first 8 postoperative weeks the displacement was in a medial/superior/posterior direction. After removal of the intermaxillary fixation a continuous lateral translation was found together with an initial inferior and a minor anterior translation which after 6 months postoperatively changed to a posterior translation. At 12 months postoperatively a difference in findings of condylar position was found between the X-ray stereometric and plain radiographic analyses. We regard this difference as due to the sum of remodelling and method errors. PMID- 3198775 TI - A micro-system for cranio-maxillofacial skeletal fixation. Preliminary report. AB - For application within special anatomical areas, such as the naso-ethmoidal area, the orbit and the frontal sinus wall and for infant cranio-facial surgery a Vitallium micro-plate-system has been developed, with screws of 0.8 mm diameter. The micro-plates, of 0.5 mm thickness, provide rigid fixation of very thin bony structures, and at the same time, minimal interference with the overlying soft tissues. PMID- 3198774 TI - Decompression of the orbit and the optic nerve in different diseases. AB - During the past six years, visual loss in 60 patients was caused by infectious processes and mucoceles of the ethmoid region, benign paranasal tumours, endocrine ophthalmopathies, head trauma etc. Comparison of preoperative and postoperative visual function in 48 cases treated by decompression of the orbit and in 12 cases treated by decompression of the optic nerve demonstrated visual improvement of 68 percent on average. Surgically, we preferred the transethmoidal route and in some cases the lateral osteoplastic approach. With regard to the success of the surgical therapy, a correlation between the time of manifestation of the visual loss and the time of surgery was found. The results mainly depended on the underlying diseases. PMID- 3198776 TI - Thorotrast-induced oro- and hypopharyngeal fibrosis with recurrent bleeding. AB - Thorium dioxide, widely used as a contrast material, is a producer of alpha particle radiation. This is well demonstrated by autoradiography. The case described illustrates that life-threatening, thorium dioxide-induced pharyngeal haemorrhage may occur even with an occluded carotid artery. The radiation exposure caused an intense foreign body reaction with a marked cell-deficient fibrosis. The alpha particles are well demonstrated by autoradiography. In addition, we were able to show a defect in the wall of the carotid artery due to the Thorotrast injection, which was closed by cell-depleted connective tissue. As the radioactivity of the nuclides of thorium dioxide peaks 30-40 years after its first application, the morbidity will increase and the disease has to be taken into careful consideration in head and neck tumour lesions. PMID- 3198777 TI - Dark-field microscopy of subgingival plaque microflora in Indian and English subjects. AB - This present investigation reports on the microbial pattern of subgingival plaque from English and Indian subjects living in the West Midlands of England. Subgingival plaque from healthy and diseased sites was studied using darkfield microscopy. The results indicate that significant differences exist in microbial flora of clinically normal and diseased sites of English as well as Indian subjects. Coccoid cells predominated in healthy sites, with an increase of 21% in the spirochaetes in diseased sites. The ratio of non-motiles to motiles was 1:0.6 in healthy sites, whereas in diseased sites the ratio observed was 1:1.8 in English subjects and 1:3.6 in Indian subjects. Comparison of healthy sites in Indians with healthy sites in English subjects revealed significant differences between numbers of rods (p less than 0.05). Comparing diseased sites of Indians with diseased sites in English subjects revealed significant difference between both cocci (p less than 0.05) and motile rods (p less than 0.01). A positive correlation between chronic inflammatory periodontal disease and spirochaete burden, and a negative one between the disease and coccal burden, was found. PMID- 3198778 TI - Improvement of oral hygiene habits: a psychological approach. 2-year data. AB - The present communication attempts to determine the effects of individual interviews, conducted by a psychologist, on unmotivated patients' oral hygiene habits. For this investigation, 26 subjects were selected according to the following main criteria: (a) patients with good motor skills (to make sure that poor hygiene was due to poor compliance and not to poor dexterity); (b) patients suffering from periodontitis of Cl II and Cl III of the Modified Nomenclature of the American Academy of Periodontology; (c) patients, who had never been taught toothbrushing techniques prior to attending 4 routine sessions on oral hygiene, and who in spite of understanding the pathogenic relation between plaque and disease, were unable to reach a plaque index score beneath the 50% level. The 26 selected patients were divided randomly into 2 equal groups. Subjects assigned to the 1st group were submitted to interviews with a psychologist, whereas those of the 2nd group were not (control group). Throughout the investigation period, the plaque indices were scored for both groups at 3-month intervals. Results revealed a decrease of plaque index scores in the interviewed group, from 68% to 49%. During the same period, the non-interviewed group exhibited virtually no change. PMID- 3198779 TI - Stereological observations on long-term experimental gingivitis in man. AB - The purpose of the present investigation was to study stereologically the histopathologic changes in the gingiva during 6 months of abolished oral hygiene and to study the development of chronic gingivitis in man. After a thorough prophylaxis procedure, 5 dental students performed optimal oral hygiene under supervision for a period of 3 weeks. At the end of this pre-experimental phase, they were asked to abolish all oral hygiene procedures for 4 (2 individuals) to 6 months (3 individuals). At day 21, and after 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months, the gingival exudate flow rate and the gingival index were assessed, and buccal gingival biopsies taken. Semi-thin histologic sections were stained with basic fuchsine and methylene blue. By point counting at 2 different levels of magnification, the volume densities of epithelium, infiltrated (ICT) and non infiltrated connective tissue, and collagen were estimated. The %s of fibroblasts, PMN's lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages were estimated in a predetermined standardized area close to the apical termination of the junctional epithelium. With increasing time, the volume densities of the ICT rose concomitantly with a decrease in the volume densities of the collagen. In spite of great interindividual variations, a slow shift in the proportions of some cell populations was consistently observed. While the fraction of PMN's, lymphocytes and macrophages remained stable, a decrease of fibro-blasts (57 to 39%) and an increase of plasma cells (0.2 to 10%) was observed. This study has, therefore, demonstrated that, in 6 months of plaque accumulation, a chronic gingivitis with a predominance of PMN's and lymphocytes develops.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198780 TI - Periodontal health at first permanent molars adjacent to primary molar stainless steel crowns. AB - The present investigation was designed to study the effect of stainless steel crowns (SSC), placed on second primary molars, on the periodontal tissues of neighbouring first permanent molars. 36 children (9-12 years old) with an SSC on a second primary molar on one side of the mouth only, were selected for the study. A clinical and radiographic examination was performed at the mesial surface of the first permanent molar, adjacent to the SSC, and at the corresponding area on the contralateral side of the mouth. The clinical examination included gingival and plaque index scores and probing depth measurements. In the radiographic examination, the marginal bone level was assessed. No statistically significant differences in plaque index scores, gingival index scores and probing pocket depth were noted between the mesial surface of first permanent molars and the contralateral control area. Nor were any significant differences in bone level seen. The present findings suggest that the presence of a well-adapted SSC on a second permanent molar does not affect the periodontal health of the neighbouring first permanent molar. PMID- 3198781 TI - Forced eruption combined with gingival fiberotomy. A technique for clinical crown lengthening. AB - A new approach to clinical crown lengthening has been developed and described. The technique combines controlled eruptive tooth movement and incision of the supracrestal gingival attachment. The procedure was performed in patients with severe destruction of a tooth crown and in whom clinical crown lengthening procedures were essential before the teeth could be properly restored. Controlled eruptive forces were activated by simple orthodontic appliances. During the active phase of forced eruption, repeated intrasulcular incisions through the junctional epithelium and the supracrestal connective tissue attachment were performed. The technique prevented coronal displacement of the gingiva and the attachment apparatus during the orthodontic extrusion, thus overcoming the need for corrective osseous surgery. PMID- 3198782 TI - The effects of periodontal therapy on serum antibody (IgG) levels to plaque microorganisms. AB - The influence of periodontal therapy on serum antibody titers to selected periodontal disease-associated microorganisms was assessed in 23 patients having chronic inflammatory periodontal disease (CIPD). The immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were determined by the microELISA technique in serum samples obtained prior to treatment; following a hygienic phase which included scaling, root planing, and oral hygiene instruction; following surgical treatment; and one year and two years following hygienic phase (maintenance phase). Considerable individual variability existed in the magnitude of immune response to specific bacterial preparations. Significant reductions in the mean antibody titers were seen to A. viscosus, S. sanguis, F. nucleatum, S. sputigena, B. gingivalis, B. intermedius, B. melaninogenicus, T. vincentii, and T. denticola by the end of the second year of maintenance. There was no consistent response to Capnocytophaga. When individual patient responses were examined, 6 of the 23 were found to have elevated titers to at least one of the microorganisms in the interval between pretreatment and the end of the hygienic phase; however, in all but one case, the titers at the end of the second year of maintenance were below pretreatment levels. Antibody levels to bacteria such as S. sanguis were modified during therapy. This would indicate that immune responses to microbes not generally considered to be "periodontal pathogens" may be modified by adjuvant activity associated with subgingival plaque or changes in the environment of the sulcus and that subsequent changes in titer do not necessarily reflect a role of that microorganism in the disease process. PMID- 3198783 TI - Remodelling of interdental alveolar bone after periodontal flap procedures assessed by means of computer-assisted densitometric image analysis (CADIA). AB - The purposes of this study were to evaluate digitized images from standardized radiographs for quantitative changes in alveolar bone density following periodontal surgical procedures, and to correlate these changes to the changes in the clinical parameters P1I, GI, PD, AL. 14 crown-lengthening procedures for restorative purposes were performed in 13 patients and 15 modified Widman flaps were performed in 15 patients, providing 61 surgical interdental test sites and 61 matching controls. Standardized radiographs were obtained immediately post operatively, and at 1 and 6 months postsurgically. Digitized images were obtained from the radiographs by means of a video camera linked to an image processor and a computer. Quantitative information regarding density changes within windows covering the interdental alveolar crest was obtained after superimposition and grey-level correction of images to be compared. The results indicated statistically significantly more density loss 4 to 6 weeks postsurgically at test sites treated by periodontal surgical procedures compared to corresponding controls. Significant differences in the remodelling activity between the patients exposed to crown lengthening procedures for restorative purposes and the periodontitis patients in the period 1 to 6 months postsurgically were evident. CADIA assessed differences in the tissue changes in the healing phase following periodontal surgical procedures, which were not detected by the clinical variables applied. PMID- 3198784 TI - Accuracy of repeated single versus averages of repeated duplicates of probing depth measurements. AB - The present study aims to determine to which extent averages or deepest recordings of repeated duplicates of probing depth measurements may increase the accuracy as compared to repeated single measurements. In total, 1247 sites were recorded in 8 patients with advanced periodontitis. The patients had received initial treatment. Each site was probed 4 times with time intervals of 100 min. The standard deviation of differences between repeated single measurements of 0.97 mm decreased with a factor square root of 2 to 0.69 mm for differences between averages of repeated duplicates of measurements. Differences between the averages and the deepest recordings of repeated duplicates of measurements showed a non-Gaussian distribution. This implies that the type-I error can not be computed on the basis of the standard deviation of the error with the use of parametric statistical analysis. The best estimate for the type-I error is the observed frequency of differences. The type-I error for differences of 3 mm or more between repeated single measurements decreased from 1.5% to 0.9% and 0.2%, when deepest recordings and averages of repeated duplicates of measurements, respectively, were compared. PMID- 3198786 TI - Brainstem origin of serotonin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive afferents to the opossum's cerebellum. AB - Previous studies have described the distribution of serotonin- and enkephalin immunoreactive elements in the posterior lobe vermis of the opossum's cerebellum. In the present study we have used a double labeling paradigm which combines the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with serotonin and enkephalin immunohistochemistry to determine the brainstem origin of serotoninergic and enkephalinergic neurons that project to the opossum's cerebellar cortex. Subsequent to HRP injections into the posterior lobe vermis, widespread areas of the medulla and pons were found to contain retrogradely labeled neurons. Serotonin-immunoreactive somata are present primarily in the raphe nuclei and the adjacent reticular formation. Enkephalinergic neurons were numerous in the raphe nuclei, medial accessory olive, gigantocellular reticular formation, locus coeruleus, and the nucleus of the trapezoid body. However, serotoninergic neurons that project to the cerebellum were located only in the medullary pyramids and the reticular formation adjacent to the raphe. Double labeled enkephalinergic neurons were located 1) within the medullary pyramids, 2) throughout the extent of the caudal medial accessory olive, 3) in the rostral subnucleus a of the medial accessory olive, 4) in the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars ventralis, 5) in the nucleus reticularis lateralis, and 6) in the nucleus reticularis ventralis lateral to the inferior olivary complex. These results indicate that although neurons containing serotonin and enkephalin immunoreactivity may be present in some of the same pontine and medullary nuclei, those serotoninergic and enkephalinergic neurons that project to the cerebellum are present primarily in restricted and spatially separate regions of the caudal medulla. PMID- 3198787 TI - Microsurgical analyses of avian neurulation: separation of medial and lateral tissues. AB - Neurulation, formation of the neural tube, is a complex process involving shaping and bending of the neural plate and closure of the neural groove. We have used avian embryos as model systems to study this process. In the present investigation, blastoderms were cut parasagittally through their entire thickness, either unilaterally or bilaterally, at two mediolateral locations: 1) at the juncture between prospective neural plate and prospective surface epithelium, and 2) at the juncture between the midline strip of prospective neural plate and more lateral prospective neural plate. In the first experiment, shaping of the neural plate seemed normal, but elevation and convergence of the neural folds and closure of the neural groove were inhibited (except at the forebrain level). This result demonstrates that extrinsic forces generated by lateral tissues are required for neural plate bending and neural groove closure. In the second experiment, neuroepithelial cells within the isolated, midline strip became wedge shaped. This result indicates that neuroepithelial cell "wedging" is an active event occurring independently of forces generated by elevation of the neural folds. Additional studies are required to define the natures of neurulation forces and the mechanisms by which they are generated. PMID- 3198785 TI - Gingivitis in the human deciduous dentition. A correlative clinical and block surface light microscopic (BSLM) study. AB - This study examined the relationship between clinical and histomorphometric parameters in the human deciduous dentition. Clinical parameters including plaque index, gingival swelling, gingival color, tooth mobility and degree of root resorption were determined prior to the extraction of teeth. The teeth were extracted with their surrounding gingiva in order to preserve the in situ relationship between the hard and soft tissues. Histomorphometric analysis was carried out on 55 sites, using block surface light microscopy (BSLM). Apical migration of the junctional epithelium was found at 53% (29) of the sites. The gingival sulcus was shallow (0.3 +/- 0.19 mm) and coronal to the cemento-enamel junction at 84% (46) of the sites. Junctional epithelium with retepegs was present at 89% (49) of the sites, whilst an inflammatory cell infiltrate (ICI) was present at all sites examined. The ICI was located opposite to the junctional epithelium and cementum at 80% (44) of the sites. The extent of ICI correlated positively with the patients' age and was significantly increased when clinical evidence of gingival swelling or redness was present. PMID- 3198788 TI - Distribution of histamine in the cockroach brain and visual system: an immunocytochemical and biochemical study. AB - The distribution of histamine-immunoreactivity in the carbodiimide-fixed brain and visual system of the cockroach was revealed immunocytochemically with an antiserum against histamine (HA). Histamine levels were measured with high pressure liquid chromatography. The results show a widespread distribution of histamine-containing somata and fibers in the brain, particularly in the visual system. The most intense immunolabeling was seen in the retinal photoreceptors and in the first optic ganglion, the lamina, where the short visual fibers make synaptic connections with the monopolar neurons, which also displayed immunofluorescence. Immunoreactive long visual fibers traversed the lamina and outer chiasma, terminating in the distal medulla. Tracts of histamine immunopositive fibers appeared to link the optic ganglia to the protocerebrum. Prominent histamine-containing neurons were situated in the lateral protocerebrum. Immunolabeled pathways consisting of large-diameter fibers also were seen in the cockroach brain. The central parts of the brain, including the central body, were reached by thick immunoreactive fibers that gave rise to intensely fluorescent varicose processes there. In the mushroom bodies, immunoreactivity was limited to the calyces. The protocerebral bridge was nonreactive. Immunofluorescence was seen also in the antennal lobes, but not in the antennal nerves. The biochemical measurements correlated well with the immunocytochemical data. The retinas and optic lobes, measured together, contained remarkably large amounts of histamine. These results reinforce the hypothesis presented by Hardie ('87) and Elias and Evans ('83) that histamine functions as a neurotransmitter in the photoreceptors of some, if not all, insect species. PMID- 3198789 TI - Changes with age in the morphology of the cochlear nerve in rats: light microscopy. AB - Cochlear nerve morphology was examined in a series of rats ranging in age from young adulthood to advanced age in order to assess the extent of fiber loss and the nature of degenerative changes with age. The animals were perfused via the aorta with mixed aldehydes. Blocks including the cochlear nerves were removed, embedded in Araldite, and sectioned in a plane transverse to the longitudinal axis of the nerve. Analysis of the material included counts of normal and degenerating fibers and of glial cells, maps of fiber packing densities, and measurements of the cross-sectional area of the nerve. The median number of normal fibers in the young adult animals (2-3 months) was 21,218. This number was reduced by 21% at 26.5 months and by 24% in the oldest group (35-36 months). The number of degenerating myelin sheaths was first seen to be significantly increased at 6 months, reached a peak at 26.5 months, and declined at 35-36 months. There was an age-related increase in the cross-sectional area of the nerve, amounting to about 60% at 26.5 months and to about 50% at 35-36 months. Fiber packing density decreased evenly with age over the area of the nerve. The increased cross-sectional area and decreased fiber packing density appeared to be related to increases in the thickness of myelin sheaths and in the area occupied by interneural elements. PMID- 3198790 TI - Auditory receptor of the red-eared turtle: I. General ultrastructure. AB - The auditory receptor of the red-eared turtle has been the subject of intensive electrophysiological study within the last decade, yet the details of its ultrastructure have remained uninvestigated. In the present report information is derived from an analysis of specimens prepared for light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Attention is focused on the ultrastructure of hair cells, supporting cells, and nerve fibers within the sensory epithelium as well as the basilar membrane upon which it rests. A description of the receptor's relations to surrounding sensory epithelia, the limbus of the cochlear duct, and the basilar membrane is also included. Observations are discussed in the light of similar information from other reptilian auditory receptors and the mammalian organ of Corti. PMID- 3198792 TI - The nuclei of origin of monoaminergic, peptidergic, and cholinergic afferents to the cat nucleus reticularis magnocellularis: a double-labeling study with cholera toxin as a retrograde tracer. AB - Using a sensitive double-immunostaining technique with nonconjugated cholera toxin B subunit (CT) as a retrograde tracer, we examined the cells of origin and the histochemical nature of afferents to the cat nucleus reticularis magnocellularis (Mc) of the medulla oblongata. After injections of CT confined to the Mc, we found that the major afferents to the Mc arise from: (1) the lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus of the anterior commissure, the preoptic area, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the posterior hypothalamus, and the nucleus of the fields of Forel; (2) the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the mesencephalic reticular formation, and the ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal grey; (3) the nuclei locus coeruleus alpha (LC alpha), peri-LC alpha, locus subcoeruleus, and reticularis pontis oralis and caudalis; (4) the caudal raphe nuclei; and (5) the nucleus reticularis ventralis of the medulla.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3198791 TI - Auditory receptor of the red-eared turtle: II. Afferent and efferent synapses and innervation patterns. AB - Innervation patterns in the auditory receptor of the red-eared turtle were reconstructed from serial ultrathin sections. Four locations were studied, including three on the basilar membrane and one on the basal limbus. In that area of the papilla located above the apical end of the basilar membrane most cells were innervated by single afferent fibers which, in turn, supplied as many as three cells. Although afferents in the midmembrane area of the papilla supplied fewer cells, the innervation pattern was similar in other respects to that in the apical area including an abundance of efferent synapses on afferents. In contrast, hair cells in the basal membrane area were contacted by two afferent fibers and had five times as many afferent synapses as observed previously. Here, each afferent made twice as many synapses as fibers in the previous two areas and supplied one or two hair cells but received no efferent synapses. In the basal limbus area, each hair cell was contacted by as many as eight afferents and each afferent supplied as many as seven hair cells. The significance of these innervation patterns is discussed in the light of structural information obtained from other vertebrate auditory receptors and in the light of available functional information derived from the turtle papilla. PMID- 3198793 TI - Morphogenesis of the brain in the harbour porpoise. AB - Morphogenesis of the brain in a cetacean species has been investigated by means of reconstructions from serial sections of successive prenatal stages of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Four specimens ranging from 10 to 46 mm crown-rump length (CRL) were selected and three-dimensional reconstructions of the developing brains were obtained with the plate model method. External and internal characteristics, established as criteria for staging embryonic development of primates and rodents, revealed that a common ontogenetic plan regarding the chronological sequence of morphogenetic events exists in mammalian orders as different as primates and odontocetes. Comparison of the 10-mm and 11.5 mm CRL harbour porpoise brains with those in other mammalian embryos of a similar ontogenetic stage (stages 16 and 17) showed a high degree of correspondence in morphological features. This ontogenetic age group therefore might still be considered as a generalized mammalian one. However, during succeeding morphogenesis of the Phocoena brain, qualitative and quantitative divergences from other mammalian groups became manifest, such as those found in the 24-mm CRL specimen (corresponding to mammalian stages 20, 21). Early foetuses of the harbour porpoise (46 and 65 mm CRL) already exhibited a variety of typical odontocete brain features, such as absence of olfactory bulb, thick cochlear nerve, and strong progression of brainstem structures. Morphogenesis of the harbour porpoise brain is discussed from a comparative perspective, incorporating the literature on the development of mammalian brains. Part of this study has been published in abstract form (Buhl and Oelschlager: Acta Anat. (Basel) 120:15 16 (Abstract), '84). PMID- 3198794 TI - Dorsal raphe serotoninergic branching neurons projecting both to the lateral geniculate body and superior colliculus: a combined retrograde tracing immunohistochemical study in the rat. AB - Injections of HRP into the superior colliculus labelled cells in the lateral cell groups of the dorsal raphe nucleus. The cytoarchitectural features and location of these cells showed remarkable similarities with those known to project to the lateral geniculate body, and, therefore, the possible existence of branching neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus projecting to these two visual structures was tested. Injections into the lateral geniculate body and the superior colliculus of several fluorescent tracers--namely, Fast Blue, Fluoro-Gold, propidium iodide, rhodamine-B-isothiocyanate, and Diamidino Yellow, used in different combinations, showed single- and double-labelled neurons in the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe nucleus. In order to verify the chemical nature of these cells, the tissue was processed for immunofluorescence with serotonin antibodies. The results obtained showed several triple-labelled cells exhibiting two fluorescent tracers as well as 5-hydroxytryptamine-like immunoreactivity. Some immunonegative tracer positive cells were also observed, suggesting their nonserotoninergic nature. Finally, electrolytic lesions of the lateral wings of the dorsal raphe nucleus caused a gradual disappearance of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in these visual areas following different survival times. This correlated well with a decrease in the serotonin content studied by high-pressure liquid chromatography. These results support a role of the serotoninergic dorsal raphe projection to the lateral geniculate body and to the superior colliculus in the processing of visual information, and they suggest that serotonin may have a coordinating influence on primary visual centers. PMID- 3198795 TI - Development of spinocerebellar afferents in the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis. AB - The development of spinocerebellar projections in the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, was studied with horseradish peroxidase as an anterograde and retrograde tracer. Early in development cells of origin of spinocerebellar projections were found, contralaterally, in or close to the medial motor column. In older tadpoles ipsilaterally projecting spinal neurons were also labeled from the cerebellum. These are virtually indistinguishable from the large primary motoneurons that occupy a very similar position in the spinal cord. Most of the labeled spinal cells were found in the thoracic spinal cord; they lie halfway between the brachial and lumbar secondary motor columns. Surprisingly, no primary spinocerebellar projection arising from dorsal root spinal ganglion cells could be demonstrated in X. laevis tadpoles and adult toads. Therefore, fibers in the cerebellum that were labeled anterogradely from the spinal cord can be expected to originate exclusively from the secondary spinocerebellar tract cells. These fibers appear to cross the cerebellum in or at the border of the granular layer. The present data suggest that in X. laevis early in the development of the cerebellum a distinct secondary spinocerebellar projection is already present, originating in neurons that can be compared with the "spinal border cells" in mammals. The relative sparseness of this secondary spinocerebellar projection and the apparent absence of primary spinocerebellar afferents probably indicate that spinocerebellar pathways are only of minor importance in X. laevis. The possibility remains, however, that the expansion of the secondary spinocerebellar pathway only starts when metamorphosis has been completed. PMID- 3198796 TI - Descending pathways to the spinal cord: a comparative study of 22 mammals. AB - In order to estimate the qualitative commonalities and range of variation among major descending spinal pathways relevant to mankind's ancestral lineage, the supraspinal cell groups originating fibers descending directly to the spinal cord were examined in 22 mammalian species. In a standardized retrograde tract-tracing procedure, flakes of raw HRP were applied directly to the freshly cut fibers of the spinal cord after it had been hemisected at the C1-C2 junction. After a 72 hour survival period, brain and spinal cord tissues were processed by conventional HRP-processing techniques. This procedure was performed on 94 individual animals. Of this total, 41 individual cases were eliminated by a rigorous culling procedure. The results are based on 53 individuals representing 15 species selected for their successive kinship with mankind and seven species in two other lineages selected for the convergence of their visual or sensorimotor systems with anthropoids. The 22 species represent 19 genera, 14 families, eight orders, and two subclasses of Mammalia. The results show that at least 27 supraspinal cell groups, each containing intensely labeled cells, can be readily identified in each of the species. Despite vast quantitative differences in cell number and cell size, this qualitative uniformity among the relatively large number of diverse taxa suggests that the same pathways were probably present in the extinct ancestors throughout mankind's mammalian lineage and are probably still present in extant viviparous mammals as well. If so, these pathways are as old in phylogenetic history as the last common ancestor of marsupial and placental mammals--dating from the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, perhaps 145-120 million years ago. Further comparison of the results with similar experimental findings in members of other vertebrate classes supports the notion that several of these same pathways can be traced to even more remote ancestry, with some possibly as old as the entire vertebrate subphylum--dating from the early Devonian or before, perhaps 430 million years ago. Within mankind's ancestral lineage, from the appearance of vertebrates to the appearance of mammals, there seems to have been an irregular stepwise augmentation of the set of descending pathways until the full mammalian complement was finally attained with the appearance of the corticospinal tract. PMID- 3198797 TI - Kinesthetic cortical area anterior to primary somatic sensory cortex in the raccoon (Procyon lotor). AB - Extracellular microelectrode recording of cortical unit activity, with subsequent histological examination, was used to determine the extent, organization, and cytoarchitecture of the zone of muscle afferent projections (kinesthetic cortex) anterior to the primary somatic sensory cortex in anesthetized raccoons. Activity was evoked in response to mechanical stimulation of muscles from which the overlying skin had been dissected away. Most kinesthetic responses were elicited in a contiguous cortical area, which included: the anterior bank of the lateral arm, and the fundus and posterior bank of the medial arm of the medial central sulcus; and the anterior two-thirds of the interfundic rise within the interbrachial sulcus. Some responses were recorded in a separate small area of the anterior bank at the medial end of the lateral central sulcus. Somatotopy was evident with forelimb represented lateral to hindlimb. Proximal limb muscles were represented in the center of the medial central sulcus; distal muscle projections were medial (hindlimb) or lateral (forelimb) in the same sulcus. Most representations were of flexor and extensor muscles of the contralateral carpus and forepaw digits. Activity at a given recording locus in the kinesthetic area could be elicited by both flexor and extensor muscles, which acted about a common joint. Low amplitude units evoked by cutaneous stimulation of the dissected skin were recorded in the kinesthetic area; these were from receptive fields of skin that normally overlay the muscles whose higher-amplitude evoked kinesthetic units were represented in that same recording locus. The kinesthetic zone was anterior to primary somatic sensory cortex, where the outer stripe of Baillarger and granular layer IV become attenuated. In the hindlimb muscle representation area, the additional criterion of area 3a (large pyramidal cells in layer V) was seen. However, no cytoarchitecture could be identified that was consistently associated with the kinesthetic cortex. PMID- 3198798 TI - Localization of putative GABAergic neurons in the larval tiger salamander retina by immunocytochemical and autoradiographic methods. AB - Putative GABAergic neurons in the larval tiger salamander retina were localized by a comparative analysis of glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity (GAD-IR), GABA-like immunoreactivity (GABA-IR), and high-affinity 3H-GABA uptake at the light microscopical level. Preliminary data showed that all GAD-IR neurons were double labeled for GABA-IR. However, because the weak somatic labeling with GAD IR, we could not determine if the converse were true. Neurons commonly labeled with GABA-IR and 3H-GABA uptake include horizontal cells, type I (outer) and type II (inner) bipolar cells, type I (inner) and type II (outer) amacrine cells, and cell bodies in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). In addition, interplexiform cells were identified with GABA-IR. The presence of GABA-IR ganglion cells was indicated by GABA-IR fibers in the optic fiber layer and optic nerve as well as by a GABA-IR cell in the GCL that included a labeled axon. The percentage of labeled somas in the inner nuclear layer (INL) compared to all cells in each layer was similar for the two methods: 30% in INL 1 (outer layer of somas), 15% in INL 2 (middle layer), 43-52% in INL 3 (inner layer), and about 21-26% in the GCL. Labeled processes were found in three bands in the inner plexiform layer, with the densest band located in the most proximal part. Postembedding labeling of 1-micron Durcupan resin sections for GABA-IR showed the same general pattern as obtained with 10-microns cryostat sections, with additional staining, however, of type II (inner) bipolar cell Landolt's clubs. Extensive colocalization of labeling was indicated, and we conclude that GABA-IR can serve as a valid and reliable marker for GABA-containing neurons in this retina and suggest that GABA serves as a transmitter for horizontal cells, several types of amacrine cell, a type of interplexiform cell, and perhaps a small percentage of type I and type II bipolar cells and ganglion cells. PMID- 3198799 TI - Axons added to the regenerated visual pathway of goldfish establish a normal fiber topography along the age-axis. AB - Throughout a goldfish's life, new generations of ganglion cells are added on the retinal margin and their axons extend centrally to occupy predictable positions in the retinotectal pathway, adjacent to their predecessors and subjacent to the pia. The stacking of successive generations of axons defines the age-axis of the pathway. This study examined whether an ordered array of predecessor axons is a prerequisite for the patterned growth of new axons. One optic nerve was crushed intraorbitally and the fish was injected with 3H-thymidine to label the proliferating cells on the retinal margin. The ring of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells separated retina that was present at the time of nerve crush (inside the ring) from new retina added afterward (outside). After a period of 14-16 months postcrush, both tectal lobes received two punctate applications of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), one in the central and the other in peripheral tectum, to retrogradely label contralateral retinal ganglion cell bodies and their axons. The pattern of HRP labeling from the control tectum confirmed earlier work: axons on the central tectum had somata in the central retina, and axons on the peripheral tectum had somata in the peripheral retina. The labeled cells and axons were both in predictable patterns. The somata that were backfilled from applications to the center of the experimental tectum lay inside the radioactive ring and had therefore regenerated their axons. The patterns of their labeled axons in the optic pathway and of their somata in the retina were typical of the regenerated condition as described in earlier studies. The somata backfilled from the periphery of the experimental tectum were outside the radioactive ring and had been added after the optic nerve crush. The patterns of their labeled axons and somata were comparable to the normal pattern. These observations indicate that new axons do not depend on an ordered array of predecessors to reestablish normal order along the age-axis of the pathway. PMID- 3198800 TI - Motor nuclei of peroneal muscles in the cat spinal cord. AB - The cat peroneal muscles have been used in numerous investigations dealing with the physiological properties of motor units, muscle spindles, and Golgi tendon organs. This report presents a study of the organization of peroneal motor pools in the cat spinal cord by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from individual muscles to the corresponding motoneurons. The motor nuclei of peroneus longus (PL), peroneus brevis (PB), and peroneus tertius (PT) muscles formed thin columns in the lateral part of the ventral horn in spinal segments L6-S1. In the transverse plane, the PT and PL nuclei occupied, respectively, dorsolateral and ventromedial positions, with PB nucleus in an intermediate position overlapping with the other two nuclei. Measurements of cell body diameters allowed identification of alpha and gamma subgroups in peroneal motoneuron populations. The average numbers of motoneurons were about 96 alpha and 60 gamma in PL, 75 alpha and 54 gamma in PB, and 34 alpha and 23 gamma in PT. Comparison with data from electrophysiological studies indicated that whole populations of motoneurons were labeled in each motor nucleus. The proportions of gamma motoneurons were the same, and cell bodies of gamma motoneurons had similar sizes in the three peroneal populations. In contrast, alpha motoneurons were significantly smaller in PB than in the two other pools, in keeping with the fact that PB contains a proportion of slow motor units larger than the two other muscles. In large samples of homonymous motoneurons, the numbers of first-order dendrites correlated linearly with motoneuron sizes. PMID- 3198802 TI - Ultrastructural characteristics of GD3 ganglioside-positive immature glia in rat forebrain white matter. AB - Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy were used to examine the ultrastructural features of immature neuroectodermal cells of the rat forebrain in their early stages of differentiation. We used a monoclonal antibody (AbR24) to GD3 ganglioside, which binds to cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ). R24 also labels immature cells in developing white and gray matter (LeVine and Goldman: J. Neurosci. in press, '88, and accompanying paper). Sections of developing cingulum and white matter adjacent to the cingulum were examined at E18, P4, and P10 by using a preembedding immunocytochemical technique with PAP reagents. Labeled cells seen earliest were large, with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios and few cytoplasmic organelles. With time, smaller forms appeared, with prominent Golgi apparatus and processes containing microtubules. Labeled cells with similar characteristics but which contained cytoplasmic vacuoles were also observed. The results indicate a series of ultrastructural transformations that are consistent with oligodendrocyte differentiation. PMID- 3198801 TI - Spatial and temporal patterns of oligodendrocyte differentiation in rat cerebrum and cerebellum. AB - Oligodendrocytes are largely generated postnatally during mammalian CNS development. We have used a variety of antibodies to label immature neuroectodermal cells and developing oligodendrocytes in several areas of the rat CNS. Antibodies included those to GD3 ganglioside, a characteristic glycolipid of immature cells; carbonic anhydrase (CA), contained primarily in oligodendrocytes; and galactocerebroside and myelin basic protein, myelin components. Several aspects of oligodendrocyte development were examined: changes in shapes of immature cells with respect to time and to location within the brain, the sequential acquisition of the various markers, and possible sites of origin and pathways of precursor cell migration. Our observations suggest that oligodendrocytes in the forebrain and cerebellum arise from cells of the subventricular zone (SVZ) adjacent to the ventricles and migrate into and through nearby white and gray matter. During maturation, there are distinct patterns of morphological changes that correlate with time, locations of the cells in the brain, and acquisition of specific markers. PMID- 3198803 TI - Relation of patient pretreatment characteristics to the therapeutic alliance in diverse psychotherapies. PMID- 3198805 TI - Therapist competence and patient outcome in interpersonal psychotherapy of depression. PMID- 3198804 TI - The accuracy of therapists' interpretations and the outcome of dynamic psychotherapy. PMID- 3198807 TI - Detecting depression in elderly medical inpatients. PMID- 3198806 TI - Post-stroke depression in primary support persons: predicting those at risk. PMID- 3198808 TI - Factor structure of mental health measures for older adults. PMID- 3198809 TI - Measuring processes of change: applications to the cessation of smoking. PMID- 3198810 TI - Exposure plus response-prevention treatment of bulimia nervosa. PMID- 3198811 TI - Assessment of the psychometric properties of the Adaptive Behavior Scale with psychiatric patients. PMID- 3198812 TI - Convergence between the Daily Stress Inventory and endocrine measures of stress. PMID- 3198813 TI - Engaging adolescent drug abusers and their families in treatment: a strategic structural systems approach. PMID- 3198814 TI - Can children understand and use a rating scale to quantify somatic symptoms: Assessment of nausea and vomiting as a model. PMID- 3198815 TI - Family-School context: parent and teacher agreement on child temperament. PMID- 3198816 TI - Pediatric malingering: the capacity of children to fake believable deficits on neuropsychological testing. PMID- 3198817 TI - Effects of sugar (sucrose) on children's behavior. PMID- 3198819 TI - Inability to predict cardiovascular disease from hostility scores or MMPI items related to type A behavior. PMID- 3198818 TI - Use of MMPI subtypes in predicting completion of residential alcoholism treatment program. PMID- 3198820 TI - Thai and American perspectives on over- and undercontrolled child behavior problems: exploring the threshold model among parents, teachers, and psychologists. PMID- 3198821 TI - Defense mechanisms in the anaclitic and introjective personality configuration. PMID- 3198822 TI - Variables associated with participation and outcome in a worksite smoking control program. PMID- 3198823 TI - Exploration of the type A behavior pattern in chronic headaches sufferers. PMID- 3198824 TI - Early adolescent adjustment to recent parental divorce: the role of interparental conflict and adolescent sex as mediating variables. PMID- 3198825 TI - Prevalence of firesetting and related behaviors among child psychiatric patients. PMID- 3198826 TI - Professionals in mutual help groups: impact on social climate and members' behavior. PMID- 3198827 TI - Effects of sex and lesion locus on measures of intelligence. PMID- 3198828 TI - The relation between immunity and health: comment on Pennebaker, Kiecolt-Glaser, and Glaser. PMID- 3198830 TI - Nurturing the roots of intelligence. PMID- 3198829 TI - Confronting traumatic experience and immunocompetence: a reply to Neale, Cox, Valdimarsdottir, and Stone. PMID- 3198832 TI - Labial hypoplasia of primary canines in black Head Start children. AB - During routine examinations of 334 black Head Start children in Mississippi, many presented with areas of hypoplasia on the labial surfaces of the mandibular primary canines. Mean prevalence was 38 percent in fluoridated areas and 36 percent in areas without fluoridation. As it appears that hypoplastic defects have a strong potential to become carious, one should expect that the incidence of 25 percent reported here would continue to increase. PMID- 3198831 TI - And what of the children? AB - Now that legislative efforts on behalf of the elderly have been completed, it seems appropriate to pose the question 'How have the children fared; have they once again been over-shadowed by our concern for the elderly?' In 1986, more than twelve million children--almost 20 percent of all children--lived in poverty. PMID- 3198833 TI - Sealant knowledge and use by pediatric dentists: 1987 Minnesota survey. AB - Sealants are safe, cost-effective, and easy to apply. All of the pediatric dentists surveyed in this study reported using sealants. Only 46 percent, however, applied sealants more than ten times per week. Sealant use was most often for the six- to fourteen-year-old age-group. PMID- 3198834 TI - Clean vs sterile technique for pediatric dental patients in the operating room. AB - Recommendations on the need for clean or sterile technique have been made based on personal experience. This retrospective analysis of 100 children and adolescents who received dental treatment in the operating room shows no statistical difference in morbidity or postoperative complications between patients treated with the different techniques. PMID- 3198835 TI - Patient and operator attitudes toward rubber dam. AB - The increasing reliance of modern dentistry on adhesive materials, has acted as a renewed incentive for the use of rubber dam. A safe, dry field in a comfortable patient, with the teeth and colored rubber dam contrasting, are the major advantages to the operator. Few articles have assessed the reactions of either the patient or the operator; in this study, it is accepted well. PMID- 3198836 TI - Tooth-germ sequestration as a sequela of chronic periapical inflammation of the primary predecessor. AB - In this case the permanent successor was so radiographically indistinct due to the inflammatory process that this three-year-old Arab boy might have been classified as having congenital absence of the mandibular left first premolar, if the mass had not been sent for histological section. The clinical implications are identical. PMID- 3198837 TI - Comparison of Kodak D-speed and E-speed x-ray film in detection of proximal caries. AB - Due to the differences in the findings of earlier studies, it was decided to investigate further and compare the two film types. This study compared the radiographic images of proximal caries lesions on D-speed radiographic film with those seen on an E-speed radiograph. No significant difference was found in the ability of dentists to diagnose. PMID- 3198838 TI - Vitamin D-dependent rickets type II: report of three cases. AB - In this study the dental findings of three patients with vitamin D-dependent rickets (DDR) type II with alopecia, who were treated with large doses of vitamin D3 derivatives, are described. Dental development that is at or near a normal level can be achieved in controlled patients, permitting routine treatment of carious teeth. PMID- 3198839 TI - AIDS commission report. PMID- 3198840 TI - A rheological study of the role of additives on the setting of glass-ionomer cements. AB - The effects of various additives on the setting of the glass-ionomer cement system was studied by means of cone and plate viscometry. The action of (+) tartaric acid, the most important additive, on the setting reaction depended on its concentration. Low concentrations accelerated the development of viscosity of the cement paste, while high concentrations retarded it. At intermediate concentrations, (+)-tartaric acid had an interesting, uniquely favorable effect on setting characteristics. First, it induced a lag period in the setting process during which the viscosity of the cement paste remained constant. This lag period was followed by a sharp, almost exponential, increase in viscosity. Thus, (+) tartaric acid was found to have a dual effect on setting, first inhibiting gelation and then accelerating it. The practical effect is to prolong working time and sharpen setting. No other hydroxyacid, not even meso-tartaric acid, combined these advantageous effects. Meso-tartaric acid, for example, repressed the development of viscosity at all stages of the reaction. Other hydroxyacids either accelerated or retarded the development of viscosity throughout the course of the reaction. PMID- 3198841 TI - Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the role of tartaric acid in glass-ionomer dental cements. AB - (+)-Tartaric acid is incorporated into glass-ionomer dental cements to control the setting characteristics. FTIR has been used to examine the cements as they set, and has confirmed previous results that (+)-tartaric acid reacts more readily with the glass than does poly(acrylic acid), thereby delaying the setting of the cement. Subsequently, ions released by the glass become available for reaction with the polyacid, and gelation occurs. (+)-Tartaric acid not only reacts rapidly to yield calcium tartrate, but also enhances the rate at which aluminum polyacrylate is formed within the cement. Mesotartaric acid, by contrast, while rapidly forming calcium tartrate, does not enhance the rate of aluminum polyacrylate formation. As a result, this latter isomer merely suppresses the setting process; unlike (+)-tartaric acid, it does not also sharpen the set. PMID- 3198842 TI - Utilization of a continuous streptococcal surface to measure interbacterial adherence in vitro and in vivo. AB - Cell-to-cell interactions are essential for the formation of dental plaque. A continuous layer of Streptococcus sanguis SA-1 cells fixed to a solid surface has been used to evaluate interactions among this bacterium, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Streptococcus sobrinus. S. sanguis cells were attached to a Falcon 3001 tissue culture plates or bovine enamel chips, coated with a biological adhesive. Scanning electron microscopy of the chips showed the streptococci as a contiguous surface. Radiolabeled bacteria were used to measure a second-species interbacterial adherence to the streptococcal-coated culture plates. Strains of H. parainfluenzae known to coaggregate (strain HP-28) and not to coaggregate (strains HP-42 and HP-80), in suspension with S. sanguis strain SA 1, were studied for adherence. Ten-fold-higher numbers of coaggregating strain HP 28 adhered in vitro to the streptococcal layer than did the non-coaggregating strains. S. sobrinus strain 6715 did not show appreciable adherence to the S. sanguis surface. Saliva did not affect the adherence of coaggregating or non coaggregating H. parainfluenzae strains to S. sanguis strain SA-1. Bovine enamel chips, coated with streptococci, mounted on modified orthodontic appliances and placed in the mouths of three volunteers, facilitated the measurement of interbacterial adherence in vivo of streptomycin-resistant strains of H. parainfluenzae (HP-28R or HP-42R). Suspensions of bacteria were placed into the mouth, distributed throughout, and expectorated. After 15 or 120 minutes, the appliance with the chips was removed, the chips sonified, and colony-forming units (CFU) of streptomycin-resistant haemophili determined per chip.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198843 TI - The effect of lactic and acetic acid on the formation of artificial caries lesions. AB - Fluoride specifically adsorbed to hydroxyapatite reduces the rate of dissolution of hydroxyapatite. Since specific adsorption is a property which anions of all weak acids have in common, it is expected that the anions of lactic and acetic acid will be specifically adsorbed to hydroxyapatite too and in this way will cause a reduction in the rate of dissolution of hydroxyapatite. In order to investigate this, we used the experimental results from Featherstone and Rodgers (1981). Calculations of the rate of increase of the lesion depth in dental enamel per mmol. L-1 of the un-ionized acid revealed that lesion progress was pH dependent and was lowest at that pH which corresponds with the pK-value of the relevant acid. It is concluded that the anions of lactic and acetic acid are specifically adsorbed to the enamel mineral and in this way reduce the rate of dissolution of the mineral. This suggests that a description of the development of an artificial caries lesion in mathematical terms should include the effect on the rate of dissolution of the mineral of specific adsorption of the relevant acid anions to the mineral. PMID- 3198844 TI - Composition of pooled resting plaque fluid from caries-free and caries susceptible individuals. AB - The composition of pooled resting plaque fluid from 10 population samples, grouped according to age (8-11, 14-17, 18-25 years) and caries status (caries free, CF, DMFS = 0; caries-susceptible, CS, DMFS greater than 10), was determined by means of ion chromatography. Subjects received a dental prophylaxis one week prior to plaque collection, abstained from oral hygiene for 48 hours, and did not eat or drink for at least one hour prior to plaque collection. Plaque samples from each group were pooled under mineral oil and centrifuged (15,000 g) for 45 minutes at ambient temperature. Supernatants were analyzed for organic acids, inorganic anions, mono- and divalent cations, and pH value. The ions Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, and phosphate were present in all samples. Acetic and propionic acids were predominant, comprising over 75% of the acid (anions) present under resting conditions. Succinic, lactic, formic, and butyric acids were present in lower concentrations. Within each age group, the mean values for pH and NH4+ concentration were higher in the caries-free group; the differences between mean values (CF: pH, 6.35; NH4+, 52 mmol/L; CS: pH, 5.85; NH4+, 37 mmol/L) were found to be statistically significant (p less than 0.05) when all data for the CF and CS groups were combined. Significantly higher concentrations of Mg2+ and butyric acid were also found for the combined CF data. Concentrations of all other constituents were similar. Calculations indicate that plaque fluid is supersaturated with respect to enamel mineral and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, with a significantly higher degree of saturation with respect to enamel mineral in the CF group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198845 TI - Composition and buffer capacity of pooled starved plaque fluid from caries-free and caries-susceptible individuals. AB - The composition of pooled starved plaque fluid from six population samples, grouped according to age (8-11, 12-16, 8-17, 18-22 years) and caries status (caries-free, CF, DMFS = 0; caries-susceptible, CS, DMFS greater than 10), was determined by means of ion chromatography. Prior to plaque collection, all subjects abstained from oral hygiene for 48 hours and fasted overnight. In addition, selected subjects also received a dental prophylaxis one week prior to plaque collection. Plaque samples from each group were pooled under mineral oil and centrifuged at 15,000 g (ambient temperature) for 45 minutes. Supernatants were then analyzed for organic acids, inorganic anions, and mono- and divalent cations. Plaque fluid samples from CF and from the CS subgroups were also titrated with standard HCl for exploration of the inherent buffer capacity. The ions Na+ NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, phosphate, and carbonate were present in all samples analyzed. Formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and trace amounts of isobutyric and isovaleric acids were detected, with acetic and propionic acids comprising between 85 and 94% of the total acids. Little (less than 1 mmol/L) to no succinic or lactic acid was detected in starved plaque fluid. No apparent difference was detected in the composition and saturation status of pooled starved plaque fluid from CF and CS individuals. These results suggest that caries susceptibility is not necessarily correlated with the plaque fluid composition of pooled starved plaque. In addition, no apparent difference in the inherent buffer capacities of these samples could be detected, consistent with the noted similarities in composition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198846 TI - Effect of zeta potential and surface energy on bacterial adhesion to uncoated and saliva-coated human enamel and dentin. AB - Physicochemical surface characteristics of early plaque-forming bacteria and of human tooth surfaces were measured to establish their role in bacterial adhesion to intact dental tissue slabs. In addition, the influence of an experimental salivary pellicle was evaluated. Strains of S. mutans, S. sanguis, S. salivarius, A. viscosus, and A. odontolyticus showed relatively high surface free energies (range, 99-128 mJ.m-2) and carried a negative surface charge, at both physiological (mu = 0.057) and low (mu = 0.020) ionic strengths of the medium. Very large differences in hydrophobicity were detected when the hexadecane adsorption test was used for measurement. Powdered enamel and dentin were also negatively charged at low ionic strength but were slightly positively charged in the physiological buffer. The surface free energy of enamel and dentin increased upon saliva coating, whereas the surface charge was always negative. The adhesion experiments showed: (1) large differences in the binding of various bacteria to the same surface; (2) an up to 20-fold difference in the binding of the same bacterium to different surfaces, although the binding of some strains was relatively independent of the type of surface or presence of a salivary pellicle; (3) a significant decrease in adhesion when the ionic strength of the medium was lowered, due to increased electrostatic repulsion (however, the adhesion of some bacteria was independent of the ionic strength of the medium); (4) different time dependent adherence kinetics, depending on both the bacteria and nature of the solid surface; and (5) a propensity for plaque streptococci to bind to uncoated dentin. PMID- 3198847 TI - Risk factors for dental fluorosis in a fluoridated community. AB - We conducted a case-control study to determine the sources of fluoride which are particular risk factors to dental fluorosis. Cases and non-cases were identified by the screening of 8-, 9-, and 10-year-old schoolchildren in the fluoridated community of East York, Ontario. Parents were interviewed about the child's first five years of residence and about diet and preventive caries practices. The Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio and associated chi-square tests were used to assess the association of fluorosis with several potential sources, controlling for other sources of fluoride and mother's education. The prevalence of mild fluorosis [1-4 on the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (1978) Index] was 13%. Those who brushed their teeth before the age of 25 months had 11 times the odds of fluorosis compared with those beginning toothbrushing later; prolonged use of infant formula (greater than or equal to 13 months) was associated with 3.5 times the risk of fluorosis, compared with no, or shorter duration of, formula use. We estimate that these factors were responsible for 72% and 22%, respectively, of the cases in our population. Dental fluorosis is not a public health problem in East York, but parents should be advised to supervise toothbrushing by children under 2 years of age. PMID- 3198848 TI - The influence of high- and low-molecular-weight inhibitors on dissolution kinetics of hydroxyapatite and human enamel in lactate buffers: a constant composition study. AB - The kinetics of dissolution of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and human enamel (HE) powders in lactate buffers was investigated by means of a Constant Composition technique. The rates were interpreted in terms of a surface-controlled dissolution mechanism. It was shown that the overall dissolution of both HAP and HE crystallites in lactate buffers resulted from an interplay of the calcium chelating action of lactate ion, its interaction with surface calcium sites, and the retardation effects of both ionized (L-) and un-ionized (HL) lactic acid due to adsorption at phosphate surface sites. The presence of lactate in demineralizing solutions also influenced the "acquired crystallite resistance" for dissolution, and the rates decreased as the reaction proceeded. The influence of surface protective agents [methanehydroxydiphosphonate (MHDP) and polyacrylic acid (PAA)] on HAP and HE dissolution rates was also extensively studied in partially saturated lactate buffer (0.05 mol L-1). Although the overall kinetic effects of both additives appeared to be similar, there were considerable mechanistic differences. MHDP might interact with lactate by competition for surface calcium sites. In contrast, PAA appeared to act independently of lactate under the experimental condition used. This would tend to support the recommendation of White (1987), that PAA was more suitable as a surface protective agent for artificial caries lesion preparation. PMID- 3198849 TI - Methods of disinfection of the water system of dental units by water chlorination. AB - The aim of the present study was to develop a simple disinfection method for reducing the content of bacteria in the water system of dental units to an acceptable level. The study was carried out at the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, on 250 dental units. Samples of the cooling water supplying the ultrasonic scalers and of the water supplying the water glasses were obtained from eight different units representing different parts of the school. Disinfection of the water system was carried out by addition of chlorine to the pipe water near the institution's main water intake. The chlorination of the water was automatically regulated, and the installation was so flexible that the concentration of chlorine and the time and frequency of the chlorination could be varied. Different modes of chlorine dosage were examined. Before chlorination, the bacterial content in the water system of the units was about 10(4)-10(5) cfu/mL. It was found that an intermittent chlorination with 0.5-1 ppm chlorine for 10 minutes every day could reduce the normal bacterial counts in the water system to about a few hundred per mL. PMID- 3198850 TI - Correlation of the hydrolysis of benzoyl-arginine naphthylamide (BANA) by plaque with clinical parameters and subgingival levels of spirochetes in periodontal patients. AB - Recent studies have shown that the extent of hydrolysis by plaque of the trypsin substrate, N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA), correlates with the numbers and proportions of spirochetes in subgingival plaque samples, and appears to be an indicator of clinical disease. In this study, BANA hydrolysis by subgingival plaque was evaluated in a blind manner for its ability to reflect both clinical parameters and subgingival levels of bacteria and spirochetes. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from periodontally healthy and diseased sites in 23 untreated periodontal patients and in 13 treated and maintained periodontal patients. In untreated patients, BANA hydrolysis was statistically associated with the total number of spirochetes and bacteria in the plaque sample, but in the treated patients BANA hydrolysis was statistically associated only with the spirochetes. Most BANA-positive reactions in both patient groups were from the sites which were clinically diseased and high in spirochetes. The majority of the negative reactions for BANA hydrolysis in both patient groups was among the sites which were periodontally healthy and low in spirochetes. Specificity and sensitivity of the test were above 80% for disease status in untreated patients. The predictive value of a positive and negative test was above 83%. Slightly lower sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were found in the treated group. The BANA reaction appears to be an accurate and simple indicator of both clinical disease status and plaque levels of spirochetes in individual tooth sites in untreated and treated periodontal patients. PMID- 3198852 TI - Cusp height relationships between the upper and lower molars in Japanese subjects. AB - Relationships of cusp height between the upper and lower first molars and between the deciduous second molars in Japanese subjects were analyzed with the aid of moire contourography. In permanent molars, the height of the hypoconid had a mean value similar to that of the upper trigonal cusps, indicating that upper and lower functional cusps of the same height occlude with each other. In deciduous second molars, however, hypoconid heights were significantly smaller than trigonal cusp heights. Such differences in cusp height between permanent and deciduous dentition may be related to the function and phylogeny of tooth or jaw movements. PMID- 3198851 TI - Periodontal disease in adolescents: some clinical and microbiologic correlates of attachment loss. AB - The influence of several clinical and microbiological variables on the site specific risk of attachment loss was studied in Navajo Indian adolescents aged 14 19. Diagnoses were made at mesio-buccal sites of the four first permanent molars. Case-control analytical methods were used, with A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. gingivalis, and B. intermedius considered the "risk" variables, and with calculus, gingival bleeding, age, and gender treated as possible confounders. The presence of B. intermedius significantly increased the likelihood that attachment loss would be diagnosed at a site (odds ratio = 2.86). However, this association was confounded by calculus and gingival bleeding; when either or both were present, the effect of B. intermedius was markedly weaker. Step-wise multiple logistic regression analyses showed that, of the variables considered, the combination of calculus, gingival bleeding, and B. intermedius gave the most parsimonious explanation of the presence of attachment loss. The chance that attachment loss would be diagnosed was increased five times when calculus was present, 16.5 times in the presence of both calculus and gingival bleeding, and 37 times when these variables plus B. intermedius were observed at a particular site. PMID- 3198853 TI - Adhesion of composite resin to bleached and unbleached bovine enamel. AB - Cylinders of microfil and small-particle light-cured composite resin were bonded to the flattened labial enamel surface of young bovine incisor teeth which had previously been subjected to four different treatments: (1) teeth immersed in 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) for 60 min and etched (E) with 37% phosphoric acid gel for 60 sec; (2) teeth immersed in saline (S) for 60 min and E for 60 sec; (3) teeth E for 60 sec and immersed in HP for 60 min; and (4) teeth E for 60 sec, immersed in S for 60 min. Specimens were stored in water at 37 degrees for one and seven days prior to tension- and shear-testing. A total of 256 teeth was tested--eight teeth in each group for each day, for each resin, and for each test. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that there was a highly significant reduction in adhesive bond strength of the resins when the enamel was exposed to HP as compared with S. SEM examination of randomly selected fractured test specimens indicated that this reduction in adhesive bond strength occurred primarily at the bonding resin-enamel interface. Less significant differences in bond strength were noted in the control specimens, with regard to resin type, time of storage, and the etching order. PMID- 3198855 TI - Academic dentistry in the United Kingdom. PMID- 3198854 TI - Degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joint in two Australian aboriginal populations. AB - The frequency and severity of degenerative changes in the temporomandibular joints in two Australian Aboriginal populations with different patterns of tooth wear, craniofacial morphology, and temporomandibular joint morphology were examined. The incidence of degenerative changes differed between groups and between sexes and increased with age, ranging from zero in the youngest groups to 65% in the oldest, most severely affected group. Degenerative changes of the fossa were more frequent than condylar changes. Significant associations between degenerative changes and both the pattern of tooth wear and aspects of facial morphology were also evident. PMID- 3198856 TI - Diet and caries: human experiments. PMID- 3198857 TI - The degree of saturation in 47 single-site nanoliter samples of plaque fluid. PMID- 3198858 TI - Integration of fenoxycarb into a German cockroach (Orthoptera: Blattellidae) management program. PMID- 3198859 TI - Comparison of two gelling agents for screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larval diets. PMID- 3198860 TI - Response of the larvae and pupae of the oriental rat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) to chemicals of different chemical types. PMID- 3198861 TI - House fly (Diptera: Muscidae) monitoring method comparisons and seasonal trends in environmentally controlled high-rise, caged-layer poultry houses. PMID- 3198862 TI - Evaluation of two voice-separation algorithms using normal-hearing and hearing impaired listeners. AB - Two signal-processing algorithms, designed to separate the voiced speech of two talkers speaking simultaneously at similar intensities in a single channel, were compared and evaluated. Both algorithms exploit the harmonic structure of voiced speech and require a difference in fundamental frequency (F0) between the voices to operate successfully. One attenuates the interfering voice by filtering the cepstrum of the combined signal. The other uses the method of harmonic selection [T. W. Parsons, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 911-918 (1976)] to resynthesize the target voice from fragmentary spectral information. Two perceptual evaluations were carried out. One involved the separation of pairs of vowels synthesized on static F0's; the other involved the recovery of consonant-vowel (CV) words masked by a synthesized vowel. Normal-hearing listeners and four listeners with moderate to-severe, bilateral, symmetrical, sensorineural hearing impairments were tested. All listeners showed increased accuracy of identification when the target voice was enhanced by processing. The vowel-identification data show that intelligibility enhancement is possible over a range of F0 separations between the target and interfering voice. The recovery of CV words demonstrates that the processing is valid not only for spectrally static vowels but also for less intense time-varying voiced consonants. The results for the impaired listeners suggest that the algorithms may be applicable as components of a noise-reduction system in future digital signal-processing hearing aids. The vowel-separation test, and subjective listening, suggest that harmonic selection, which is the more computationally expensive method, produces the more effective voice separation. PMID- 3198863 TI - The acoustic signature for intelligibility test words. AB - As part of a research program that aims to develop an explicit acoustic basis for a single-word intelligibility test, an initial attempt to characterize the formant trajectories and segment durations of seven test words produced by 30 normal speakers is described. These characterizations are referred to as "acoustic signatures." The data indicate that: (1) formant trajectories show two sex effects, namely, that females are more variable as a group than males and tend to have greater slopes for the transitional segment of the second-formant trajectories and that these effects are consistent across words; (2) Bark transformations of the frequency data do not seem to eliminate the interspeaker differences in formant trajectories, nor do they eliminate either of the sex effects described above; and (3) segment durations have different variabilities depending on the syllabic structure of the word; no sex effect was noted here. The discussion focuses on the appropriate form for the acoustic signatures, as well as factors that should be considered in selecting words for signature development. To demonstrate the potential application of these data, formant trajectory and segment duration data from 18 speakers with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and varying degrees of dysarthria are compared to the acoustic signature for the word wax. PMID- 3198864 TI - A pitch-synchronous analysis of hoarseness in running speech. AB - A method of pitch-synchronous acoustic analysis of hoarseness requiring a voice sample of only four fundamental periods is presented. This method calculates a noise-to-signal (N/S) ratio, which indicates the depth of valleys between harmonic peaks in the power spectrum. The spectrum is calculated pitch synchronously from a Fourier transform of the signal, windowed through a continuously variable Hanning window spanning exactly four fundamental periods. A two-stage procedure is used to determine the exact duration of the four fundamental periods. An initial estimate is obtained using autocorrelation in the time domain. A more precise estimate is obtained in the frequency domain by minimizing the errors between the preliminary calculated power spectrum and the predicted spectrum spread of a windowed harmonic signal. Analysis of synthesized voices showed that the N/S ratio is sensitive to additive noise, jitter, and shimmer, and is insensitive to slow (8 Hz) modulation in fundamental frequency and amplitude. An analysis of pre- and postoperative voices of six patients with benign laryngeal disease showed that the N/S ratio for vowel /u/ in running speech consistently improved after surgery for all subjects, in agreement with their successful therapeutic results. PMID- 3198865 TI - Binaural summation and lateralization of transients: a combined analysis. AB - Subjects judged the loudness and the lateral position of dichotic transient signals, which were presented at equal and unequal levels, synchronously and asynchronously, to the two ears. Binaural loudness summation of clicks does not obey a law of linear addition: It is partial at low level and superadditive at high level. Supersummation is greater for interaurally delayed clicks than for coincidental ones. The relation between click loudness and sound pressure (over moderate SLs) can be described as a power function with a greater exponent for the binaural function. Lateral positions spread over a greater range for interaural level differences than for interaural time differences. The time intensity trading ratio was greater than is typically reported for tones. When sound lateralization was induced by interaural time difference, but not by intensity difference, a virtually perfect negative correlation between loudness and extent of off-center displacement existed. PMID- 3198866 TI - Pure-tone sensitivity of human infants. AB - Pure-tone thresholds at frequencies ranging from 250 to 8000 Hz were estimated for 3-, 6-, and 12-month-old infants and for adults, using the Observer-based Psychoacoustic Procedure (OPP). Sounds were presented monaurally using an earphone. Psychometric functions of infants were similar to those of adults, although 3-month-olds had shallower functions at higher frequencies. The thresholds of 6- and 12-month-old infants were 10-15 dB higher than those of the adults, with the difference being greater at lower frequencies. This result is in general agreement with results from other laboratories. The thresholds of 3-month olds were 15-30 dB higher than those of adults. The greatest difference between 3 month-olds and adults was at 8000 Hz. This threshold difference is smaller than that reported in earlier behavioral studies; higher thresholds at high frequencies have been previously reported for newborn and 3-month-old infants. The relative contributions of sensory and nonsensory variables to these age differences are discussed. PMID- 3198867 TI - Spectro-temporal analysis in normal-hearing and cochlear-impaired listeners. AB - Detection thresholds for a 1.0-kHz pure tone were determined in unmodulated noise and in noise modulated by a 15-Hz square wave. Comodulation masking release (CMR) was calculated as the difference in threshold between the modulated and unmodulated conditions. The noise bandwidth varied between 100 and 1000 Hz. Frequency selectivity was also examined using an abbreviated notched-noise masking method. The subjects in the main experiment consisted of 12 normal hearing and 12 hearing-impaired subjects with hearing loss of cochlear origin. The most discriminating conditions were repeated on 16 additional hearing impaired subjects. The CMR of the hearing-impaired group was reduced for the 1000 Hz noise bandwidth. The reduced CMR at this bandwidth correlated significantly with reduced frequency selectivity, consistent with the hypothesis that the across-frequency difference cue used in CMR is diminished by poor frequency selectivity. The results indicated that good frequency selectivity is a prerequisite, but not a guarantee, of large CMR. PMID- 3198868 TI - Duration discrimination of steady and gliding tones: a new method for estimating sensitivity to rate of change. AB - Thresholds for the detection of differences in duration were measured in a two alternative, forced-choice task for four types of signals, all centered at 2000 Hz: (1) sinusoids fixed in frequency and level; (2) sinusoids of fixed frequency whose level was swept up or down by 5 or 10 dB; (3) sinusoids of fixed level whose frequency was swept up or down by 100 Hz; and (4) sinusoids whose level was swept up or down by 10 dB and whose frequency was swept up or down by 100 Hz. For types (2)-(4), the direction of the sweeps was fixed within a run. The duration of the standard was either fixed at 750 ms or was varied randomly from trial to trial by up to +/- 7% about 750 ms. The duration of the comparison signal was initially 100 ms greater than that of the standard and was varied adaptively to determine threshold. The pattern of results was similar for all four subjects tested. Duration-discrimination thresholds for the signals that were swept in level and/or frequency were lower than those for the fixed signal, typically by 15-20 ms. This indicates that subjects were sensitive to the rate of change of frequency and/or level and could use this as a cue for duration discrimination. The Weber fraction for rate of change was estimated to be about 0.05-0.06 and was similar for changes in level and in frequency. PMID- 3198869 TI - Illusory continuity of tonal and infratonal periodic sounds. AB - Temporal induction can restore masked or obliterated portions of signals so that tones may seem continuous when alternated with sounds having appropriate spectral composition and intensity. The upper intensity limits for the induction of tones (pulsation thresholds) are related to masking functions and have been used to define the characteristics of frequency domain (place) analysis of tones. The present study has found that induction also occurs for infratonal periodic sounds that require a time domain analysis for perception of acoustic repetition. Limits for temporal induction were determined for iterated frozen noise segments from 10 2000 Hz alternated with a louder on-line noise. Masked thresholds were also obtained for the pulsed signals presented along with continuous noise, and it was found that the relation between induction limits and masking changed with frequency. The results obtained for induction and masking are discussed in terms of general principles governing restoration of obliterated sounds. PMID- 3198870 TI - Modification of spontaneous and evoked otoacoustic emissions and associated psychoacoustic microstructure by aspirin consumption. AB - The discovery that aspirin consumption can abolish spontaneous otoacoustic emissions [D. McFadden and H.S. Plattsmier, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 76, 443-448 (1984)] provides a technique for further exploring the relation between otoacoustic emissions (spontaneous and evoked) and psychoacoustic threshold microstructure. Spontaneous emissions, delayed evoked emissions, synchronous evoked emissions, and threshold microstructure in four subjects were monitored before, during, and after consumption of 3.9 g of aspirin per day (three 325-mg tablets every 6 h) for 3 or 4 days. The changes in spontaneous emissions are consistent with the findings of McFadden and Plattsmier except that one spontaneous emission appeared to plateau at a reduced level above the noise floor during the last day and a half of the 3-day period of aspirin consumption. Evoked emissions and threshold microstructure were also reduced by aspirin consumption but persisted longer and recovered sooner. In most instances, the initial change in threshold microstructure was a trend to increased sensitivity (reduced thresholds), with a greater increase near threshold maxima than at threshold minima. Further reduction in the levels of the evoked emissions was accompanied by the eventual decrease in sensitivity (elevation of all thresholds). PMID- 3198871 TI - Offset AP masker tuning curve and the FFT of the stimulus. AB - In previous experiments, it was noted that a cochlear compound action potential (CAP) can be produced by the offset of a tone, provided that the amplitude of the tone is modulated by a trapezoid with slopes that are typically much steeper than required to produce onset responses. Subsequently, such trapezoidal tone bursts with steep slopes were used as probe stimuli in simultaneous and forward masking experiments that were designed to evaluate the tuning characteristics of these offset CAPs. Masker tuning curves (MTCs) were generated by plotting the masker frequency necessary to reduce the amplitude of the offset CAP by 50%. Simultaneous masking of the offset CAP generated a W-shaped MTC, with two sharply tuned tips and one sharply tuned peak. Forward masking generated a sharply tuned V-shaped offset MTC. By contrast, for onset CAPs, both simultaneous and forward masking generated V-shaped MTCs. The very steep stimulus slopes required to produce an offset CAP are likely to generate much more acoustic splatter than the more gradual slopes required to produce an onset CAP, and this may be related to the different shapes of the onset and offset simultaneous MTCs. To explore this possibility, the relationship of the spectral characteristics (determined by fast Fourier transform, or FFT) to the shape of the MTC was studied.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198872 TI - Particle gathering and microstreaming near ultrasonically activated gas-filled micropores. AB - Nonthermal bioeffects of ultrasound can be induced by the physical mechanisms of radiation force and acoustic microstreaming. In this study, microscopical observations of the influence of these mechanisms on small particles near ultrasonically activated gas-filled micropores in thin plastic sheets were compared to approximate theoretical treatments of the particle behavior. The microstreaming flow was localized within a toroidal eddy around an active micropore, as indicated by isopycnic 1-micron polystyrene spheres. The size of the flow pattern seemed to decrease slowly with increasing frequency in the range 0.7-3.5 MHz. Flow was radially inward along the surface, rather than outward as expected from the theory. All the particles tested, which included particles with density less than, equal to, or more than the medium, seemed to accumulate at the micropores. From the theory for the radiation force, the particles less dense than the medium were expected to be repulsed from the micropores. Therefore, the theories for these phenomena, at least to the level of approximation available, may not be completely adequate for the detailed analysis of these phenomena. PMID- 3198873 TI - Wide-angle one-way wave equations. AB - A one-way wave equation, also known as a paraxial or parabolic wave equation, is a differential equation that permits wave propagation in certain directions only. Such equations are used regularly in underwater acoustics, in geophysics, and as energy-absorbing numerical boundary conditions. The design of a one-way wave equation is connected with the approximation of (1-s2)1/2 on [-1,1] by a rational function, which has usually been carried out by Pade approximation. This article presents coefficients for L2, L infinity, and other alternative classes of approximants that have better wide-angle behavior. For theoretical results establishing the well posedness of these wide-angle equations, see the work of Trefethen and Halpern ["Well-posedness of one-way wave equations and absorbing boundary conditions," Math. Comput. 47, 421-435 (1986)]. PMID- 3198874 TI - Diffraction effects of planar transducers using a numerical expression for edge waves. AB - It is well established that the field from uniformly vibrating piston transducers may be considered as being derived from two components: a plane wave and an edge wave. These have been both predicted and observed in practice, but it would seem that a mathematical expression for the edge-wave component has not yet been developed fully. In this article, expressions are developed for the pressure and particle velocity edge waves that can be used to calculate the field that results when a plane wave is diffracted by an edge. The expressions are used to study a particular example, namely, that of an arbitrarily shaped piston radiator. The results for certain situations are shown to agree with existing solutions for a disk source. PMID- 3198875 TI - Vocal tract shapes of a flautist in performance. AB - Lateral view x rays of a flautist in performance show that there is no variation in vocal tract shape with pitch, and that the larynx is lowered from the rest position when notes are played. PMID- 3198877 TI - Esthetics correction. PMID- 3198876 TI - Revisiting stop-consonant perception for two-formant stimuli. AB - The purpose of this study was to reexamine the factors leading to stop-consonant perception for consonant-vowel (CV) stimuli with just two formants over a range of vowels, under both an open- and closed-response condition. Five two-formant CV stimulus continua were synthesized, each covering a range of second-formant (F2) starting frequencies, for vowels corresponding roughly to [i,I,ae,u,a]. In addition, for the [I] and [a] continua, the duration of the first-formant (F1) transition was systematically varied. Three main findings emerged. First, criterion-level labial and alveolar responses were obtained for those stimuli with substantial F2 transitions. Second, for some stimuli, increases in the duration of the F1 transition increased velar responses to criterion level. Third, the response paradigm had a substantial influence on stop-consonant perception across all vowel continua. The results support a model of stop consonant perception that includes spectral and time-varying spectral properties as integral components of analysis. PMID- 3198878 TI - When not to restore. PMID- 3198879 TI - Factors to be considered by dentists in selecting dental laboratories. PMID- 3198880 TI - Emphasis. Building a winning team: dentists and their staff. PMID- 3198881 TI - Bilateral giant cell granulomata of the mandible: report of case. AB - This report of case discusses a bilateral giant cell granulomata of the mandible without the superimposed systemic finding of hyperparathyroidism. This is believed to be the first such report found in the English dental literature. PMID- 3198882 TI - Clinical evaluation comparing sealant and amalgam after 7 years: final report. AB - A study compared two alternative methods for the clinical treatment of occlusal pits and fissures in the early posteruption state. On contralateral pairs of permanent first and second molars, one molar was given a preventive treatment with pit and fissure sealant, and the paired molar surfaces were restored with amalgam. The retreatment rate for sealant was highest after 6 months (20%) and declined to 11% or less during the 7 years. A generalized margin deterioration was seen in more than 50% of amalgam restorations, whereas 55% of the sealant margins remained not detectable clinically. The data from this study support the application of pit and fissure sealant as a treatment within the specific limitations of a controlled preventive program and professional supervision. PMID- 3198883 TI - An easily fabricated occlusal splint. AB - An easy and inexpensive method for fabrication of an occlusal splint has been described. It has a high degree of patient acceptance and is effective in treating TMJ dysfunction symptoms. If a hard acrylic occlusal splint is preferred, the aforementioned method can be used as an interim appliance until necessary appointments can be scheduled. PMID- 3198885 TI - Where does malpractice prevention end and harassment protection begin? PMID- 3198884 TI - Painless swelling of the lower lip. AB - A characteristic example of a mucocele has been presented. Clinicians should be aware that even though these lesions have a distinctive clinical appearance and react biologically in a fairly characteristic manner, they must be differentiated from benign and malignant neoplasms that appear and react clinically similar to mucous retention phenomenons. Microscopic examination of tissue from the lesion is the only definitive method to make this differentiation. PMID- 3198886 TI - Cause for concern. PMID- 3198887 TI - Aging and mental health care. PMID- 3198888 TI - Elderly image seen by health-care professionals. PMID- 3198889 TI - The psychoactive properties of commonly prescribed drugs. PMID- 3198890 TI - Shopping with older adults. PMID- 3198891 TI - Oral care & older adults. PMID- 3198892 TI - The Journal of Child Neurology and child neurology: growing together. PMID- 3198893 TI - Prevention of rapidly progressive scoliosis in Duchenne muscular dystrophy by prolongation of walking with orthoses. AB - We reviewed the incidence and severity of scoliosis in 93 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy who had been rehabilitated in light-weight knee-ankle-foot orthoses at the point of loss of ambulation, between the ages of 6 and 12 years. There was an inverse relationship between the severity of the scoliosis and the age walking was lost in the orthoses. The scoliosis was less severe in the 20 boys (22%) who walked in their orthoses beyond 13 years of age than in those who stopped walking in their orthoses before 13 years. There was also a rapid deterioration in the scoliosis between the ages of 13 and 15 years in boys who had stopped walking in their orthoses before the age of 13 years, while in comparison, boys of the same age who were ambulant in their orthoses beyond 13 years showed a much slower rate of deterioration. These results strongly suggest that walking in orthoses beyond the age of 13 years prevented rapid progression of scoliosis between 13 and 15 years of age, ie, during the pubertal growth spurt. PMID- 3198894 TI - Ontogeny of human pineal gland. PMID- 3198895 TI - Dysmaturation neuromyopathy: correlation with minimal neuropathy in sural nerve biopsies. AB - Dysmaturation (neuro)myopathy without specific histochemical or cytoarchitectural characteristics accounts for many cases of hypotonia in infancy. We obtained a maturation profile for type I and type II fibers from birth to 6 years of age, from which a classification of fiber dysmaturation based on fiber-type hypotrophy and coefficient of fiber variation is presented. We analyzed the morphometric, ultrastructural, and single fiber teasing findings in the sural nerve of ten infants with hypotonia and dysmaturation myopathy based on the above classification. Data on endoneurial area, myelinated fiber density, proportion of large (greater than 6 micron) myelinated fibers, unmyelinated fiber density, regression analyses of myelin area:axon area, and mean myelin thickness were developed. Abnormalities in large myelinated fiber density (3 cases), disturbances in myelination index (5), and single fiber teasing abnormalities in internode length (1) were found. Ultrastructural abnormalities were observed and classified as group 0 changes similar to the five control nerves; group 1, in which rare fibers showed degeneration or basement membrane duplication; and group 2, which was characterized by multiple abnormalities including degenerate nuclei, amyelinate fibers, degeneration/regeneration, excessive basal lamina reduplication, and hypomyelination. This study provides evidence that minimal neuropathic abnormalities are present in the sural nerve of infants carrying a diagnosis of dysmaturation neuromyopathy. PMID- 3198896 TI - Fatal pneumococcal infection in neurocutaneous melanosis. PMID- 3198897 TI - Weinberg Screening Affective Scales (WSAS and WSAS-SF). PMID- 3198898 TI - Good outcome associated with cerebral reconstitution in hydrocephalus. PMID- 3198899 TI - Rett syndrome and autism. PMID- 3198900 TI - Cognitive profile of Rett syndrome. AB - We report preliminary studies in 18 girls with Rett syndrome (15 typical, three atypical cases) who were studied using a number of neuropsychologic measures. Results indicate a relative preservation of gross motor and daily living skills at the developmental level of the age of onset of the condition. Other adaptive functions were more depressed. Higher levels of object permanency were found in this population than reported previously. Our results indicate that islands of motor and intellectual function persist in Rett syndrome patients. These data may be useful for therapeutic intervention. PMID- 3198901 TI - The nutritional aspects of Rett syndrome. AB - Nutrition is a major problem for the Rett patient. We have studied 21 girls with Rett syndrome (19 typical, two atypical). We report our experience in this population with the nutritional aspects of Rett syndrome, the typical dietary habits, and various nutritional deficiencies. Further experience with the use of high fat diets is reported. PMID- 3198902 TI - The orthopedic management of Rett syndrome. AB - Musculoskeletal deformity sufficiently severe to require orthopedic surgery is a significant problem in Rett syndrome. Preliminary results from the study of 16 patients suggest deformity in nearly all patients. Eight patients in stage III and seven patients in stage IV showed clinical evidence of scoliosis. Radiographic studies confirmed a structural curve in nine of ten patients studied. Heel cord tightening was seen in nine of 16 patients. Hip instability was identified as an area of potential concern in the Rett patient. PMID- 3198903 TI - Autistic spectrum disorders: clinical presentation in preschool children. AB - It is well recognized that children with "autistic features" constitute a very heterogeneous population. There is a growing consensus that the core symptoms seen in autism include deficits in: (1) social/affective/behavioral functions, (2) developmental language disorders with concomitant deficits in interpersonal communication, and (3) play/preferred activities/preoccupations which have a repetitive or stereotypic quality. The definition of the boundaries of "autism" as opposed to other related pervasive developmental disorders is widely debated among clinicians and research investigators alike. In the present paper, it is argued that autism is a cover term for a spectrum disorder with similarities and differences in the clinical presentation of preschool children. A model for subtyping the autistic spectrum disorders is suggested. PMID- 3198904 TI - Rett syndrome: qualitative and quantitative differentiation from autism. AB - Patients with Rett syndrome appear to fulfill the Rendle-Short criteria for the diagnosis of autism, but the pattern of their behavior is qualitatively different from children with autism. Until a biologic marker is identified, diagnosis is based on clinical assessment. In order to standardize this clinical assessment and to provide objective criteria for the evaluation of potential therapeutic modalities, motor and behavioral characteristics of 15 Rett patients were analyzed. The patients with Rett syndrome differed from autistic children in having ataxia, breath-holding, hyperventilation, bruxism, simplicity of stereotypies, and hand apposition. The children with autism demonstrated complex stereotypies and verbal but not motor regression. The more typical features of autism, namely, poor eye contact, lack of sustained interest, speech disturbance, and repetitive truncal rocking motions were poor discriminators between the two groups. PMID- 3198905 TI - Role of the International Rett Syndrome Association. AB - Since 1984, the International Rett Syndrome Association has brought together families of girls with Rett syndrome, disseminated information about the syndrome, and supported research efforts. Through its computerized records, the Association can match parents most able to provide support for one another, refer parents to physicians familiar with Rett syndrome, keep accurate statistical records of the disease, and connect researchers with subjects willing to participate in investigations. The Association helps families adjust emotionally and practically to living with a Rett syndrome patient and works toward long-term answers by promoting understanding and improved treatment for the condition. PMID- 3198906 TI - Recruiting parents of children with a fatal disease as co-investigators. AB - Information about Rett syndrome should be imparted to parents of newly diagnosed children by a physician who is familiar with the disease and the care of affected children. Symptomatic treatment should be discussed and a follow-up schedule planned. Parents should be referred to a support group for parents of similarly afflicted children and should be informed about current research efforts. The contribution to knowledge about Rett syndrome that can be made by allowing postmortem examination of the child should be emphasized; parents can thereby be enlisted as co-investigators into this poorly understood disease. PMID- 3198907 TI - Recommendations regarding handling of the necropsy in Rett syndrome. AB - In order to maximize biochemical, neurochemical, molecular, and pathologic information from patients with Rett syndrome, a uniform procedure has been developed for the conduct of the postmortem examination. Tissue should be prepared for freezing, for electron microscopy studies, and for standard histologic examination. For the purposes of uniformity, three central repositories for necropsy materials have been established and are available at all times. In the event of the death of a patient with Rett syndrome, parents who consent to necropsy should request that materials be handled according to the protocol and transported under appropriate conditions to the central repository. The National Neurological Research Bank (Los Angeles), the Brain Tissue Bank (Belmont, Mass), and the Department of Neuropathology at Johns Hopkins Hospital (Baltimore) have agreed to serve as repositories for tissues. A committee of the International Rett Syndrome Association medical advisory panel will monitor this process in cooperation with the directors of the respective tissue banks. PMID- 3198908 TI - Physicochemical, toxicological and hygienic aspects of ethylene oxide application for the sterilization of medical products. III. Setting hygienic norms in sterilized medical products. AB - Some of the drawbacks are discussed associated with hygienic norms for gaseous sterilizing agents in polymeric products for medical applications. A new approach is proposed for regulating ethylene oxide (EO) in such products. To this end, limiting types of biological effect and its pathways have been determined and substantiated as well as the reliability factor for establishing hygienic norms for EO in medical products. Daily threshold EO limit values were calculated for momentary and repeated exposure of humans. The duration of long-term and short term exposure of the patient to sterilized products was evaluated on the basis of EO extraction kinetics from a variety of materials. Using daily threshold limit values, threshold residual values (TRV) of EO were calculated for different groups of polymeric products for medical applications. PMID- 3198909 TI - Hormonal and organ weight changes in rats exposed to simultaneous chronic effects of CO and NO2. AB - Activity of the pituitary-adrenocortical, sympathico-adrenomedullary and thyroid gland systems was examined in groups of male adult rats, average weight 180 g, exposed for 2 months to a mixture of 7 mg.m-3 NO2 and 32 mg.m-3 CO in air and in groups of matched controls inhaling fresh air. Corticosterone (B) concentrations in the serum of rats were determined by the competitive protein-binding method, noradrenaline (NA) in the hypothalamus and catecholamines (CA) in suprarenals by fluorometry, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the thyroid gland by the RIA technique. Measurements of organ weight were related to overall body weight. The data emerging from this study were evaluated using the Student t-test. CONCLUSIONS: one-month exposure led to a decrease in hypothalamic NA and an increase in rat spleen weight; increase in CA concentration in the adrenals was initially insignificant, by the end of a 2-month exposure it reached the level of statistical significance; serum concentrations of B, T3 and T4 remained unaffected and so was the weight of the body, liver, lungs, suprarenals and the hypothalamus of exposed rats; at the concentrations used, NO2 and CO acted as synergists producing a mild stressogenic reaction affecting the activity of the sympathico-adrenomedullary system of exposed rats. PMID- 3198910 TI - Determining the basic characteristics of aerosols suitable for studies of deposition in the respiratory tract. AB - Studies of aerosol particle deposition in the respiratory tract requires experimental inhalation of artificial model aerosols. The paper formulates some of the most important requirements for the properties of such aerosols. Several suitable fractions were prepared as part of a research project dealing with the use of microporous polymers for diagnostic purposes. 5 fractions of the polymer designated G-gel 60 with the particle size as stated by the manufacturer, ranging from 3 to 7 micron were evaluated using a 16-channel particle dispersity analyzer HIAC/ROYCO MT 3210 with the sensor 1200 and operated by a microprocessor, the equipment being coupled to an APPLE IIe computer. G-gel 60 particles introduced into the aerosol were characterized by the parameters CMAD, MMAD and sg both numerically and graphically. The measurement procedure was found to be very sensitive with respect to all fractions in evaluating the subtile differences between different lot numbers of the aerosol. G-gel 60 fractions characterized both numerically and graphically were compared with the known aerosols from paraffin oil and atmospheric air. The equipment MT 3210 enables prompt determination of the percentages of aerosol particles distribution by size class. The authors conclude that the procedure, both in its numerical and graphical versions, is particularly suitable for the diagnosis of aerosol particles deposition in the respiratory tract, offering a new application for HIAC/ROYCO in the field of medicine. In evaluating atmospheric aerosol in exhaled air, the number of particles was found to be below that in inhaled air, the difference being dependent on the choice of investigation methods. Percentual distribution of deposited particles following one minute ventilation proved to be at its maximum, as regards atmospheric aerosol, in the 0.30-0.50 micron range. The deposition curve was similar to already published curves, being characterized by an S-shaped pattern with maximum deposition in the greater size classes. An analysis of inhaled, exhaled and deposited aerosol suggested that deposited aerosol is more polydisperse and has particles of greater sizes than inhaled aerosol. Investigation of the effect of apnoe on deposition indicated that deposition increased as a function of apnoeic pause. PMID- 3198912 TI - The system of the epidemic process. AB - An original social-ecological concept of the epidemic process has been constructed on the basis of using social ecology, systemic approach and the basic principles of cybernetics. According to this concept, the epidemic process is regarded as a biosocial, hierarchic, integral system providing for the reproduction of the species of human parasites. At a higher level of organization, the epidemic process is an epidemiological social-ecological system consisting of two interacting subsystems: the biological (epidemiological ecosystem) and the social (social and economic conditions of life of the society) subsystems where the biological subsystem plays the role of the governed object and the social acts as the internal regulator of these interactions. On the basis of this concept a rational structure of the system of epidemiological surveillance over infectious diseases has been proposed according to which each level of the structure of the epidemic process should be subject to adequate monitoring. PMID- 3198911 TI - Dietary copper intake of the population. AB - Average copper intakes by different groups of the Czech population, supplemented by the results of serum copper level determinations, are surveyed. It is shown that the dietary copper intake averages in males range from 1.26 to 3.08 mg per person per day, in females from 1.61 to 2.37 mg per person per day. The main copper sources are cereals and meat. Judged by the recommended allowances, dietary intakes of this trace element in Czechoslovakia appear adequate. This is supported by the serum copper levels (18.55-25.8 mumol/l) in the selected groups of the population: none of these was below the range of normal physiological limits. PMID- 3198914 TI - Investigations of Salmonella strains from different clinical-epidemiological origin with phenolate and hydroxamate (aerobactin)--siderophore bioassays. AB - By means of phenolate siderophore negative S. typhimurium mutants as indicators, a bioassay for the detection of phenolate production was applied in Salmonella species. Different Salmonella strains have a weak or normal phenolate siderophore production. Host-adapted Salmonella strains show weak, other strains of Salmonella show normal growth zones of the indicator strain. Besides phenolate siderophore production there are defined S. typhimurium strains, exhibiting phage type ut/ut, biochemical type a and some strains of S. wien, S. infantis and S. haifa from nosocomial infection producing hydroxamate siderophore (aerobactin) as a compotent of a second iron uptake system. PMID- 3198913 TI - Socioeconomic factors in the etiology of rheumatic fever. AB - In a case control study we evaluated the effects of socioeconomic and some other factors on the risk of Rheumatic Fever (RF) occurrence. We compared 148 patients, with RF first attack, with 444 controls individually matched to the patients for age, sex, and place of residence. The unemployment of parents was found to be the most closely related to RF, the estimated relative risk (RR) being 10.37 (95 per cent confidence limits 5.31 to 20.24). Among other socioeconomic factors, the following were found to be significantly related to RF: low education of mother, the RR being 2.58 (CL 1.38 to 4.83), change of place of residence during last 5 years, the RR being 5.00 (CL 1.52 to 7.93) and poor living conditions, that is, deteriorated condition of dwellings, the RR being 1.83 (CL 1.12 to 2.98), home dampness, with the RR of 2.48 (CL 1.34 to 4.61) and home crowding expressed as more then 2 persons per room, the RR being 1.72 (CL 1.08 to 2.72), less then 5 m2 of living space per capita, with the RR of 2.83 (CL 1.19 to 6.71) and sleeping in bed with other person, giving the RR of 1.65 (CL 1.02 to 2.66). Out of other factors observed, that were the subject matter of the study, history of frequent sore throat and family history positive on RF were found to be significantly more frequent in patients then in their controls, with corresponding RR of 2.01 (CL 1.41 to 2.89) and 2.81 (CL 1.68 to 4.69) respectively. PMID- 3198915 TI - Survival and virulence of salmonellae in water. AB - Survival and virulence of salmonellae in drinking and surface waters were tested in a series of model experiments using suspensions of fresh strains of Salmonella enteritidis as a tester strain. Environmental conditions in surface water, modeled by the addition of increasing amounts of municipal sewage, were simulated to have the organic pollution load equivalent COD to 5.3-9.7-15.2 mg O2/l and the coliform counts ranging from 2 X 10 to 2 X 10(3) per ml water. The experiments were carried out at 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C, i.e. at temperatures simulating the two crucial points of the year-round thermal characteristics of water in the external environment. Suspensions of S. enteritidis in water had the initial density ranging between 1 X 10(2) and 1 X 10(4) (per ml, tests for virulence were carried out in the guinea pig eye (conjunctivitis reaction). Time of S. enteritidis survival in the drinking water free of organic pollutants was directly affected by the initial density of strain and indirectly by water temperature, in surface water the most significant variable turned out to be the degree of organic pollution: the time of survival clearly tended to shorten as the complex of organic pollutants in water increased. At the highest degree of organic pollution (COD concentration 15.2 mg per ml) S. enteritidis survival was restricted to less than 24 h whereas in drinking water it could reach up to 30 days. The survival time was always identical with the time of virulence persistence. PMID- 3198916 TI - Increases in renal angiotensin II content and tubular angiotensin II receptors in prehypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - To examine the role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we measured angiotensin II contents and tubular 125I-angiotensin II binding sites in the kidney of SHR and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). In prehypertensive (4-week-old) SHR, not only the kidney angiotensin II content but also the angiotensin II receptor density in brush border membranes were significantly higher than in the WKY. In contrast, angiotensin II levels in the 20-week-old SHR kidneys were significantly lower than in the WKY. Acceleration of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system and the increased density of tubular angiotensin II receptors in young SHR may therefore play an important role in the development of high blood pressure in SHR. PMID- 3198917 TI - 24-hour blood pressure monitoring: evaluation of Spacelabs 5300 monitor by comparison with intra-arterial blood pressure recording in ambulant subjects. AB - The accuracy of 24-h blood pressure values obtained by ambulatory monitoring via the Spacelabs 5300 device was evaluated by comparison with simultaneous 24-h intra-arterial blood pressure recording from the contralateral arm. The comparison was made in eight essential hypertensive subjects in whom non-invasive blood pressure was measured every 15 (day) or 30 min (night). The measurements were automatically and visually edited to eliminate artefactual readings and hourly and 24-h means were calculated separately for systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The corresponding intra-arterial blood pressure means were also calculated. In the group as a whole, hourly means obtained by the non-invasive device were similar or only slightly different from those recorded intra arterially. The 24-h systolic blood pressure mean obtained non-invasively was not significantly different from that obtained intra-arterially (138.4 +/- 9.1 and 142.9 +/- 9.2 mmHg, respectively), nor were the corresponding 24-h diastolic blood pressure means significantly different (83.5 +/- 4.5 and 80.6 +/- 3.5 mmHg, respectively). However, in spite of these similarities, there were contrasting and often large discrepancies between non-invasive and intra-arterial values in individual subjects. For the 24-h systolic blood pressure mean the discrepancies ranged from 7.6 +/- 1.1 to 16.1 +/- 2.2 mmHg and for the 24-h diastolic blood pressure mean, from 3.5 to 13.2 mmHg. Thus, the Spacelabs 5300 device has a limited ability to correctly estimate ambulatory blood pressure in individual subjects. It may be better suited for the estimation of group blood pressures, but only because errors are smoothed by the summation of individual errors of opposing signs. PMID- 3198918 TI - Quantitative analyses of the relationship between C3 consumption, C3b capture, and immune adherence of complement-fixing antibody/DNA immune complexes. AB - We have studied the turnover of the third component of C (C3) and capture of the major cleavage fragment of C3 produced during C activation (C3b) that occurs when soluble antibody/DNA immune complexes (IC) active C. We used the Amersham RIA kit for the minor cleavage fragment of C3 produced during C activation (C3a), and a new assay utilizing mAb to C3b to measure the fraction of active C3 in a C source after the IC activate C. These mAb, along with a mAb to human IgG, allowed us to measure IC stoichiometries. The efficiency of C3 turnover by the IC is quite high, and under conditions of Ab excess, the maximum number of IgG bound per dsDNA corresponds to 1 IgG/20 to 30 base pairs. The maximum number of C3b found in the IC corresponds to less than 1 C3b/IgG, and the vast majority of the captured C3b is bound to the IgG, and not to the DNA. We identified several IC that consumed large amounts of C3, and captured large amounts of C3b, but did not bind to human E via C3b receptors (C receptor type 1). This finding suggests that the ability of IC to bind to human E depends upon the number and distribution of captured C3b molecules and the conformation and size of the DNA Ag, which reflects the need for multivalent binding between several properly arrayed C3b and a "cluster" of C receptor type 1 on the human E membrane. IC that activate C3 but do not bind to E would presumably "escape" the E IC clearance mechanism, but could deposit in susceptible organs and tissues and play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE because of their potential to generate the inflammatory products of C activation. PMID- 3198919 TI - Analysis of the binding of C-reactive protein to histones and chromatin. AB - C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase serum protein in man which binds to phosphocholine (PC) in a calcium-dependent manner. CRP has been shown to bind to chromatin and nucleosome core particles. However, CRP does not bind to DNA and there is conflicting evidence regarding the binding of CRP to histones. In the present study, binding of CRP to chromatin was confirmed by ELISA using chromatin bound to microtiter wells. When chromatin depleted of histone H1 was used in the same assay, no CRP binding was detected. Similar results were observed using a competitive inhibition ELISA. These results indicate an important role for H1 in the binding of CRP to chromatin. Further studies were done to characterize the binding of CRP to purified individual histones. CRP binding to histones was demonstrated first by blotting. Calf thymus histones were separated on a 15% SDS polyacrylamide gel, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with 125I-CRP. CRP bound to H1 and H2A and to a lesser extent to H2B. Non-specific binding to H3 was seen and no binding to H4 was observed. CRP binding to purified individual histones was tested by ELISA. Essentially identical results were seen to those obtained by blotting. CRP binding to the H2A-H2B complex was observed as well as reactivity with trypsin-resistant fragments of H2A, H2B, and H3. By blotting and by ELISA all CRP reactions were blocked by PC and EDTA indicating binding through the calcium-dependent PC-binding site on CRP. These studies further characterize the nature of the binding of CRP to chromatin and histones and show that the presence of H1 on chromatin is required for CRP binding. PMID- 3198920 TI - Mapping of the transcriptional regulatory domains responsible for the difference in the promoter activity between mouse C4 and Slp (sex-limited protein) genes. AB - The genes for the fourth complement component (C4) and sex-limited protein (Slp) of the mouse exhibit a high degree of sequence homology and have probably been derived by recent gene duplication from a common ancestor gene, but their mode of expression is greatly different in most standard mouse strains. Although the C4 gene is constitutively expressed, the Slp gene is expressed only under the influence of androgens or not expressed at all. To map the transcriptional regulatory domains that are responsible for the difference in the promoter activity between the mouse C4 and Slp genes, we constructed various hybrid promoters from the 5'-flanking DNA of the C4 and Slp genes of the FM strain and tested for their transcriptional activity. The hybrid promoters were inserted into the HindIII site located immediately upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene of the plasmid pSVOcat. The expression of CAT was assayed in transiently transfected HepG2 cells and in permanently transfected Ltk- cells. The transcriptional regulatory region responsible for the difference between the C4 and Slp gene expression was mapped within the 5'-flanking region of about 400 nucleotides near the promoters of the C4 and Slp genes. By S1 mapping analysis, it was shown that the CAT activities expressed in transfected cells were due to the transcripts correctly initiated from the promoter of the C4 or Slp genes in the chimeric constructs. PMID- 3198922 TI - Development of a sensitive monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for mitozantrone. AB - A mouse monoclonal antibody (NO-1) with specificity for the anti-cancer drug mitozantrone (MZ) (Novantrone) was produced by immunization of a BALB/c mouse with mitozantrone-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (MZ-KLH) conjugate. When used in an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), NO-1 permitted the accurate and reproducible detection of between 0.25-50 ng/ml of MZ in pooled human serum, the standard curve obtained within this range being virtually linear. The assay demonstrated good reproducibility with intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) of between 1.41% and 7.02% and an inter-assay CV of 3.45%. Regression analysis of levels of MZ detected by ELISA vs. the actual amounts added to pooled human serum gave a very good correlation coefficient of r = 0.995. NO-1 showed no cross-reactivity with either bisantrene or daunorubicin. A simple pharmacokinetic study was undertaken in rabbits given MZ intravenously at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight. Levels of MZ in rabbit serum measured with the assay ranged between 82 and 170 ng/ml for rabbits 1 and 2, respectively at 15 min falling to 1.25 ng/ml by 48 h for rabbit 1 and falling to undetectable levels by 120 h for rabbit 2. PMID- 3198921 TI - Lysis by RNK-16 cytotoxic lymphocyte granules. Rate assays and conditions to study control of cytolysis. AB - Dense subcellular granules of cytolytic lymphocytes can mediate rapid lysis of erythrocytes or nucleated cells. The granules contain several different proteases and proteoglycans that regulate cytolysis. We describe a rate assay that we have already used to demonstrate the requirement for serine proteases in granule mediated lysis. In this assay, 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes are lysed by limiting concentrations of granules from RNK-16 tumor cells. Cytolysis is initiated by the addition of calcium (1 mM final concentration) and stopped at 0.5-1 min intervals by acidification to pH 6.0. The effects of the granule protein concentration, temperature, the concentration of erythrocytes, pH, and the concentration of calcium on the rate of lysis are reported. A preliminary mathematical approach is described and suggested as a means to differentiate 'lag' or activation times from the initial burst of lysis. With this rate assay, we have found four classes of protease inhibitors that block granule-mediated lysis (Hudig et al. (1987) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 149, 882). The utility of the rate assays is underscored by the observation that reversible protease inhibitors only showed rates of cytolysis whereas irreversible protease inhibitors stopped cytolysis completely. Rate assays are essential for future analyses of the complex physiological regulation of granule-mediated cytotoxicity by proteases, endogenous protease inhibitors and proteoglycans. PMID- 3198923 TI - Production of large amounts of mouse polyclonal antisera. AB - A simple and inexpensive method for producing larger volumes of mouse polyclonal antisera is described. Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized with different human sperm antigens classified according to molecular weight. Mice were immunized twice with the antigen, twice pristane pretreated, and then injected with a non antibody-secreting myeloma cell line to induce ascites formation. Antibody activity of the ascites fluid approximated that of the serum. Thus, one mouse can provide about six times the amount of antibody-containing fluid usually obtained after conventional immunization. This method also may be applicable for ascites fluid production in nude mice. PMID- 3198924 TI - Effect of serum albumin on the recovery of human IgA1 from immobilized jacalin. AB - Published methods for affinity purification of human IgA1 on immobilized jacalin are based on binding through galNac residues in the IgA1 hinge region. The present study shows that in addition to this galNac-dependent binding an 'alternative' binding mechanism, involving protein-protein interactions, is operative. Moreover, human (HSA) and bovine (BSA) serum albumins were also observed to interact with jacalin through the 'alternative' mechanism, though much more weakly than IgA1. HSA and BSA did not interfere with the galNac dependent binding of IgA1, but inhibited the 'alternative' binding of IgA1 to jacalin-Sepharose, probably by competition. Thus, IgA1 from serum samples was almost completely bound through the galNac-dependent mechanism, but part of the IgA1 from samples containing little or no HSA or BSA was bound by the 'alternative' mechanism. Washing of jacalin-Sepharose columns with excess BSA could disrupt the 'alternative' binding and subsequent washing with 0.8 M D galactose in 0.5 M NaCl/PBS was sufficient to elute all IgA1. The 'alternative' binding to jacalin is probably not restricted to the above-mentioned proteins. Purification of IgA1 by precipitation with jacalin and subsequent gel filtration of the D-galactose-dissolved precipitate was not practical, since jacalin-IgA1 precipitates did not dissolve completely and new complexes were formed during the gel filtration procedure. PMID- 3198926 TI - Evaluation of target cells for HIV-1-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays. AB - The T cell line, CEM-E5, acutely and chronically infected with HIV-1, was used as a target cell in a standard 51Cr release HIV-1-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. CEM-E5, acutely infected with HIV-1, showed peak sensitivity to lysis in an HIV-1 specific ADCC assay on day 9 after infection. CEM-E5 clones, chronically infected with HIV-1, that productively express the virus were better ADCC targets than infected clones that do not express HIV-1. One clone, C5D7, was identified which was particularly sensitive to lysis in the ADCC assay. This cell line grows continually and is stable in culture and appears to be the best target for HIV-1-specific ADCC in our system. PMID- 3198925 TI - A biotin-labelled antigen radioimmunoassay (BILA) for antibodies to membrane antigens useful for monoclonal antibody screening. AB - Viable cells or protein extracts were labelled with N-hydroxysuccinimidobiotin and used as target antigens in a biotin-labelled antigen radioimmunoassay (BILA). The binding of the biotinylated antigens to capture antibodies coated on the bottoms of 96-well plastic plates were measured using 125I-labelled streptavidin as the detection step. The assay circumvents some of the problems associated with solid-phase RIA and permits screening of antibodies to undefined protein antigens present in very small amounts in complex protein solutions. PMID- 3198927 TI - A radioimmunoassay to screen for antibodies to native conformational antigens and analyse ligand-induced structural states of antigenic proteins. AB - A radioimmunoassay is described in which antigenic protein was immobilized by incubating nitrocellulose filters of defined diameter with antigen-containing solutions. The amount of adsorbed antigen increased in a linear fashion over a wide range of antigen concentrations. The antigen-antibody reactions and the indicator reactions were performed by incubating the filters with appropriate solutions. During the test any contact of the antigen with air was avoided. Antigenic sites which are sensitive to protein denaturation by drying could be detected with the assay. The assay was also used to screen hybridoma supernatants for antibodies directed against Na+ cotransport proteins from renal brush-border membranes. Monoclonal antibodies were selected which showed different binding characteristics depending on whether or not substrates of Na+ cotransporters were present. Since binding of several antibodies was altered by two different substrates and not by non-transported control substances, these monoclonal antibodies were believed to interact with more than one transport system. One of the antibodies, which showed different antibody binding after addition of D glucose or L-lactate, bound to a polypeptide component of the renal Na+-D-glucose cotransporter and was able to inhibit Na+ gradient-dependent D-glucose uptake in brush-border membrane vesicles (Koepsell, Korn, Raszeja-Specht, Bernotat Danielowski, Ollig, 1988, J. Biol. Chem., in press). To investigate the effects of D-glucose and L-lactate on the binding of this antibody concentration dependence was measured. High and low affinity binding sites for D-glucose and L lactate were characterized thereby demonstrating that the radioimmunoassay permits investigations of the properties of high and low affinity substrate binding sites. PMID- 3198928 TI - [The urologic spirale: a therapeutic possibility in the treatment of prostatic carcinoma]. AB - The urological spirale used exclusively as an intraprostatic catheter without communicating with the extracorporeal space offers patients with obstructive invasive prostatic carcinoma, who are unsuitable for surgical intervention, an additional treatment. Without interfering with the function of the urethra the danger of an ascending infection caused by a foreign body and the discomfort of a foreign body can be avoided. Occasionally normal micturition can be established. This was successful in 4 out of 8 patients for 3-12 months approximately, although in 2 of the 4 patients the spirale had to be removed on account of persistent irritation and infection. In the other 2 the spirale was successful until death after approximately 12 months. Even if we do not agree with the high rate of acceptability claimed in men suffering from cancer of the prostata, the attempt to use the spirale seems justified in special circumstances. PMID- 3198929 TI - [Value of the continuous guide in endoscopic operations on the upper urinary tract]. AB - Endoscopic operations on the upper urinary tract, whether they are performed from below upwards from the bladder or from above downwards from the kidney, are faced by a common difficulty: the risk of a false passage. This has led to the idea of using a flexible metal guide, as in vascular radiology. However, such a non-tense guide is not really a guide, as nothing prevents it from twisting around the end of the instrument which it is intended to guide, resulting in false passages. In contrast, a guide which is brought out through the urethral meatus and at the lumbar fossa can be placed under tension, preventing any deviation of the instrument or its covering catheter. The continuous guide is essentially used in three situations: 1. percutaneous nephrolithotomy: when a second phase is not excluded, the continuous guide will make it much easier; 2. descending ureteroscopy; 3. ascending ureteroscopy. PMID- 3198930 TI - [The role of retraining in urinary incontinence in women]. AB - Sphincter rehabilitation is currently an excellent therapeutic approach to urinary incontinence in women, on the same level as surgery and medical treatment. The indication for rehabilitation must be based upon clinical and paraclinical (urodynamic and radiological studies) assessment. Sphincter electro stimulation results in awareness of perineal contraction. Biofeedback improves the strength and persistence of contraction. Long term results of such rehabilitation can be maintained only if the patient continues exercises alone. Priority indications for rehabilitation are: postpartum incontinence, incontinence in women desiring further pregnancies, sphincter insufficiency. Results of the present study involve 74 patients with stress urinary incontinence, giving 58% good results, 22.5% improvement and 19.5% failures. PMID- 3198931 TI - [Treatment by omentoplasty of vesicorectovaginal and rectovaginal fistulae]. AB - In order to close the vesicorectovaginal fistulas (15 cases operated on) or rectovaginal (5 cases operated on) of irradiation origin, the author modifies his classical technique for the omentoplasty of the fistulous orifice, in terms of an obstruction in the upper thirds or the half of the vagina by using the pediculated omentum. The surgery is performed in two surgical times during the same operation: 1. the vaginal time is compulsory as the first surgical time consisting of the avivement the upper part of the vagina by the excision of the vaginal mucosa surrounding the fistulous orifices; 2. the abdominopelvian time consisting of the mobilization of the omentum (Kiricuta's technique), its descending into the pelvis and then, by an extensive cystotomy, the omentum is inserted into the vagina through the vesicovaginal fistulous orifice. The adherence created between the omentum and the vaginal wall free of mucosa, results in the cure of the fistulas. There are presented different technical variants. Out of 20 surgical cases, 18 were cured per primam during 14 days. Only 2 cases died due to peritonitis. PMID- 3198932 TI - Feeding behavior of Aedes aegypti larvae and toxicity of dispersed and of naturally encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis. PMID- 3198933 TI - Gonadal neoplasms in hard shell clams Mercenaria spp., from the Indian River, Florida: occurrence, prevalence, and histopathology. PMID- 3198934 TI - Enzymatic gene amplification: qualitative and quantitative methods for detecting proviral DNA amplified in vitro. AB - We evaluated various detection methods to identify amplified human retroviral sequences after Thermus aquaticus-directed polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A combination of hybridization formats and direct incorporation assays provided the most information. This multiphasic approach enabled us to detect specific human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-homologous regions in several HTLV-I seronegative patients with T cell lymphoma, as well as variants of HTLV-I and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients with prototype disease. In all diagnostic assays designed to detect a particular retrovirus, it was necessary to include a hybridization step, because sequences (endogenous or exogenous) homologous to certain primers were present in most human DNA preparations and yielded discrete products, sometimes of the predicted molecular weight, after amplification. These products could be discriminated by hybridization from amplified prototype proviral sequences. The intensity of the signal generated after hybridization was proportional to input target DNA, an observation making it feasible to quantitatively measure the proviral load in a DNA sample. PMID- 3198935 TI - Characterization of a sequence of human T cell leukemia virus type I from a patient with chronic progressive myelopathy. AB - DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals with chronic progressive myelopathy (CPM) were extensively analyzed for the presence of human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type I-like sequences by using the polymerase chain reaction. The DNA samples were amplified with oligonucleotides from three separate regions of HTLV viral genomes. A portion of the amplified viral genome from a representative patient was sequenced after molecular cloning into bacteriophage M13. Sequence data indicate that HTLV type I and not a related virus is associated with CPM. PMID- 3198936 TI - Comparison of live, attenuated H1N1 and H3N2 cold-adapted and avian-human influenza A reassortant viruses and inactivated virus vaccine in adults. AB - The infectivity, immunogenicity, and efficacy of live, attenuated influenza A/Texas/1/85 (H1N1) and A/Bethesda/1/85 (H3N2) avian-human (ah) and cold-adapted (ca) reassortant vaccines were compared in 252 seronegative adult volunteers. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the H1N1 reassortant vaccine were also compared with those of the trivalent inactivated virus vaccine. Each reassortant vaccine was satisfactorily attenuated. The 50% human infectious dose was 10(4.9) for ca H1N1, 10(5.4) for ah H1N1, 10(6.4) for ca H3N2, and 10(6.5) TCID50 for ah H3N2 reassortant virus. Within a subtype, the immunogenicities of ah and ca vaccines were comparable. Five to seven weeks after vaccination, volunteers were challenged with homologous wild-type influenza A virus. The magnitude of shedding of virus after challenge was greater than 100-fold less in H1N1 vaccinees and greater than 10-fold less in H3N2 vaccinees compared with unimmunized controls. The vaccines were equally efficacious, as indicated by an 86%-100% reduction in illness. Thus, the ah A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 and the ca A/Ann Arbor/6/60 reassortant viruses are comparable. PMID- 3198937 TI - Human T lymphotropic virus type I antibody patterns: evidence of difference by age and risk group. AB - Detection of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) antibody was assessed on 368 sera from subjects with different clinical features and from different parts of the world. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay for purified p24 antibodies (p24-RIA) used as screening tests agreed in 88.7% of the sera. The results from 247 selected sera were compared with western blot (WB). WB was reactive in sera five to 25 times more dilute than the last positive ELISA or p24-RIA, but different WB batches varied in sensitivity. ELISA was more sensitive than p24-RIA, and p24-RIA was more specific than ELISA. Indeterminate WB interpretations were common (25.5%). Most seropositive intravenous drug abusers had unusually strong p24 bands by WB. Among healthy individuals, positive WB reactivity increased with age, whereas indeterminate reactivity declined (P = .034). Thus, more-sensitive and -specific HTLV-I antibody tests are needed. PMID- 3198938 TI - A large outbreak of mumps in the postvaccine era. AB - During a county-wide mumps outbreak in Nashville, Tennessee, 332 cases of mumps were identified at a public high school (attack rate, 18.8%). A pep rally 17 d before the peak of the outbreak at a single public high school may have provided an opportunity for point-source exposure. A case-control study demonstrated that vaccine efficacy was 75% (we used provider-verified records and excluded students with a history of mumps disease). Although school records were nonuniform, mumps immunization status was correct, compared with provider-verified records, in at least 85% of both cases and controls. Parental reports were much less reliable. The cost of the outbreak was estimated at $154/case. Receiving mumps vaccine at a vaccine clinic held after the outbreak had peaked was associated with a decrease in risk of mumps disease. Thus, these clinics may have a role in the control of such outbreaks. PMID- 3198939 TI - Structure-activity relationship of toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1: derivation and characterization of immunologically and biologically active fragments. AB - Toxic-shock-syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), a 22-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide, was proteolyzed by papain, generating three distinct fragments, identified as 16, 12, and 10 kDa (based on molecular masses estimated from the predicted amino acid sequence). The NH2-terminal sequence analysis of the fragments indicated that the peptide bonds between Tyr-52 and Ser-53 and between Gly-87 and Val-88 were cleaved. Functional activity, evaluated through enzyme-linked immunosorbent and inhibition assays, was demonstrated only with the 16- and 12-kDa fragments. The presence of homologous and heterologous antigenic determinants on the fragments was demonstrated by immunoblotting. In in vitro stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the 12-kDa fragment was significantly (P = .003) more active than the 16-kDa fragment. The former composed 75% of the latter and occupied the COOH-terminal portion of the holotoxin. The functional domains were located on two-thirds of the TSST-1 molecule, toward the COOH-terminal end, and mitogenicity apparently was separable from serological activity. PMID- 3198940 TI - A nationwide incidence survey of Kawasaki disease in 1985-1986 in Japan. AB - Nationwide epidemiological surveys of Kawasaki disease have been conducted nine times in Japan since 1970. By the end of 1986, 83,857 (male:female ratio, 1.4) cases were reported. We summarize the results of these surveys, especially the latest survey of cases from January 1985 to December 1986. There were three epidemic years - 1979, 1982, and 1986. The ratios of the number of patients diagnosed in each of those years to the number in the preceding year were 2.0, 2.4, and 1.7, respectively. The last epidemic started in a metropolitan area of Tokyo in December 1985 and propagated northwards and southwards to involve almost all of the country in six months. The age-specific incidence curve showed a unimodal peak at nine to 11 months of age. The proportion of sibling cases was approximately 2%. The epidemiological pictures suggested that the disease was caused by an unknown biologic agent that is common in the community and that spreads easily among very young children. PMID- 3198941 TI - Clostridium tertium septicemia in patients with neutropenia. AB - Eighteen adult patients with hematologic malignancy developed bacteremia due to Clostridium tertium while neutropenic. Fifteen had accompanying abdominal pain, colonic bleeding, or diarrhea, and three had perianal cellulitis. Fourteen recovered with antibiotic therapy alone; no patient was treated by surgery. C. tertium is an unusual Clostridium because it is resistant to many beta-lactam antibiotics and to metronidazole but is susceptible to vancomycin, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. It is possible that use of third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime) for treating febrile episodes in the absence of any selective intestinal decontamination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or ciprofloxacin may have resulted in selection for C. tertium in our patients. PMID- 3198942 TI - Acute pyelonephritis associated with bacteriuria during long-term catheterization: a prospective clinicopathological study. AB - Bacteriuria is virtually universal in long-term catheterized patients. This blinded autopsy study of 75 aged nursing home patients demonstrated that acute inflammation of the renal parenchyma was present in 38% of patients with a urinary catheter in place at death versus 5% of noncatheterized patients (P = .004). Of a number of clinical and demographic variables studied, only catheterization was significantly related to acute renal inflammation. Acute cystitis was uncommon, but each case was associated with inflammation of at least one kidney. The majority of kidneys showing acute inflammation (21 [68%] of 31) were not accompanied by acute pyelitis. Acute renal inflammation with or without pelvic inflammation is a common finding in nursing home patients dying with urethral catheters in place. This finding provides additional support for the development of alternatives to the indwelling urethral catheter. PMID- 3198943 TI - In vivo killing of intracellular visceral Leishmania donovani by a macrophage targeted hydrogen peroxide-generating system. PMID- 3198946 TI - Defective lymphocyte chemotaxis in patients with AIDS. PMID- 3198947 TI - The effect of altitude and weather on the occurrence of outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus infections. PMID- 3198945 TI - Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in a patient with AIDS-related complex. PMID- 3198944 TI - Bacterial translocation in patients with colorectal cancer. PMID- 3198948 TI - Spontaneous reports of bleeding: comparison of N-methylthiotetrazole side chain (MTT) and non-MTT cephalosporins. PMID- 3198949 TI - Characterization of a dexamethasone-treated rat model of cryptosporidial infection. PMID- 3198950 TI - Greater risk of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in dogs than in people. PMID- 3198951 TI - Legionella pneumophila subgroups, monoclonal antibody reactivity, and strain virulence in Burlington, Vermont. PMID- 3198952 TI - Head structure of bacteriophages T2 and T4. AB - The length-to-width ratios of bacteriophage T2 and T4 heads and stereometric angles specifying the prolate icosahedral T2 capsid were evaluated on electron micrographs recorded from samples prepared by a variety of methods. The copy numbers of the major capsid protein, gp23*, of T2 and T4 phages were compared by quantitative gel electrophoresis. Taken together, the resulting values are most compatible with triangulation numbers T = 13 and Q = 21 for both T2 and T4, thus confirming the previously proposed capsid architecture of T4 revealed by indirect measurements and thereby eliminating the repeatedly reported discrepancy between T2 and T4 in favor of a common Q number of 21 corresponding to 960 copies of gp23*. PMID- 3198955 TI - Need for social welfare of leprosy patients. PMID- 3198954 TI - Morphological and functional reconsideration of the cytoplasmic bridges which connect male germ cells in snails. AB - Cytoplasmic bridges (CB) between male germ cells of three fresh-water snails have been examined by electron microscopy, using ultrathin sections and freeze fracture replicas prepared by ordinary methods and after use of filipin for indicating the presence of membrane cholesterol. The bridge plasma membrane, which was formerly considered to be smooth, was found in these snails to be corrugated. The corrugations were periodically parallel and oriented parallel to the axis of the bridge. The mature bridges showed very low densities of intramembranous particles. No filipin-sterol complexes formed on either the P face or the E face of the bridge plasma membrane, in contrast to plasma membranes elsewhere. The numbers of corrugations in each CB varied with the species. The membrane corrugations overlie bundles of electron dense fibers measuring approximately 30 nm in diameter and 60 nm in center-to-center distance, fitting into convexities of the plasma membrane. The present observations lead us to the necessity of reconsidering the morphological and functional aspects of cytoplasmic bridges in vertebrate as well as in invertebrate germ cells. PMID- 3198953 TI - Early changes in the substructure of the marginal bundle in human blood platelets responding to adenosine diphosphate. AB - Human blood platelets were exposed to 10 microM adenosine diphosphate in order to induce shape changes and their ultrastructure was examined in preparations fixed with a glutaraldehyde-tannic acid mixture. Within 5 sec after the addition of ADP the marginal bundle along the perimeter of the platelet had undergone profound changes. The intertubular filaments of the marginal bundle were lost and, probably as a consequence, the microtubules were dispersed. The microtubules also had fragmented and appeared as straight rods rather than smoothly curved coils. Profiles with 14 or 15 protofilaments rather than the common 13-unit pattern were seen in 16% of the cross-sectioned microtubules. The proportion of incomplete (C shaped) microtubules or of microtubules with an electron-dense interior also had increased and were interpreted as sections near the terminal ends of a microtubule. We interpret the C-shaped and the "filled" microtubules as signs of a disassembled microtubule and the 14- and 15-protofilament profiles as probably representing new (ends of) microtubules reassembled with a defective control of the proper structure. PMID- 3198956 TI - Conformational changes in the IgG molecule of lepromatous sera using laser Raman spectroscopy. AB - In the present work we report our studies on IgG separated from the serum of lepromatous patients and non-lepromatous leprosy cases using Laser Raman Spectroscopy. Striking spectral changes in LL cases have been observed in the following special regions: (a) the amide I and III, (b) the S-S and C-S stretching (c) the skeletal bending and (d) skeletal stretching regions. These changes indicate a decrease in the amount of beta-structure and a transition towards alpha-helical conformation. PMID- 3198957 TI - Serum enzyme profile in leprosy patients. PMID- 3198958 TI - Squamous cell carcinoma developing in trophic ulcer in leprosy. AB - Two cases of leprosy patients having trophic ulcer over the heel, later developed squamous cell carcinoma are reported along with follow up. PMID- 3198959 TI - Malignant transformation of trophic ulcer in leprosy. AB - Malignancy developing in the trophic ulcer of leprosy is no more a rarity. In four years period we detected seven cases of squamous cell carcinoma developing in the trophic ulcer in patients with lepromatous leprosy. PMID- 3198960 TI - An evaluation of the Semmes-Weinstein 6.10 monofilament as compared with 6 nylon in leprosy patients. AB - In a previous study Birke and Sims (1986) identified the 5.07 (10 y) Semmes Weinstein monofilament, as the most useful tool, in measuring protective sensation in the sole of the foot of leprosy patients. This study has demonstrated that the standard 6 Nylon being used in Karigiri, is as good as the monofilament, in assessing protective sensation in leprosy patients. However there is a need for standardising procedures for measuring sensory loss in leprosy patients. PMID- 3198962 TI - Solutions of some of the social problems of leprosy patients. PMID- 3198961 TI - Gustatory rhinorrhoea syndrome: result of misreinnervation in leprosy. AB - A case of excessive rhinorrhoea in response to taste stimulus, due to misdirection of regenerating nerve fibres following recovery of facial nerve in leprosy is described under title of "Gustatory Rhinorrhoea Syndrome". The pathophysiology of such conditions are discussed in the light of available literature. PMID- 3198963 TI - Task oriented medical education in leprosy for undergraduates in medical colleges in India. PMID- 3198964 TI - Chromoblastomycosis in a residual patch of leprosy. AB - A middle aged male who had adequate dapsone monotherapy for borderline tuberculoid leprosy developed chromoblastomycosis within the residual analgesic patch during the post-treatment follow up period. Cladosporium carrionii, the causative fungus was isolated from culture in Sabouraud's agar. There was prompt therapeutic response to oral ketoconazole. The possible factors for development of chromoblastomycosis in this patient are discussed. PMID- 3198965 TI - Tetanus in patient with lepromatous leprosy (I). AB - Tetanus in lepromatous leprosy is rare and reported occasionally as case reports only. We present a case of lepromatous leprosy who succumbed to death due to rapidly progressing tetanus. The mechanism of protection from tetanus in leprosy is discussed. PMID- 3198966 TI - Tetanus in leprosy patient (II). AB - Leprosy patients are protected from tetanus due to acquired natural immunity against tetanus. The incidence of tetanus in Leprosy is very low. A case of Indeterminate Leprosy developing tetanus following injury and terminating fatally is presented. PMID- 3198967 TI - Occurrence of reversal reactions in BT patients during who paucibacillary leprosy MDT (1982). AB - 55 B.T. patients were treated with WHO Paucibacillary MDT (1982). The patients suffered from reversal reaction neither at the time of initiation of MDT nor prior to that. During the 6 months period of MDT, one patient developed reversal reaction of a skin patch, and another patient developed neuritis of a peripheral nerve trunk. PMID- 3198968 TI - Schieffelin Leprosy Research and Training Centre, Karigiri. Annual report for 1986. PMID- 3198969 TI - Bombay leprosy project. Report of activities: 1976-1986. PMID- 3198970 TI - Paralysis in hind limbs of mouse inoculated with M. leprae. PMID- 3198971 TI - On the writeup on "Training in leprosy" published by Dr. D. S. Chaudhury. PMID- 3198972 TI - A homogeneity test for follow-up studies. AB - A statistical method is presented for detecting random variation in the transition probabilities of certain simple, discrete-time Markov chains that have been found useful for modelling follow-up studies. PMID- 3198973 TI - Membrane voltage changes in passive dendritic trees: a tapering equivalent cylinder model. AB - An exponentially tapering equivalent cylinder model is employed in order to approximate the loss of the dendritic trunk parameter observed from anatomical data on apical and basilar dendrites of CA1 and CA3 hippocampal pyramidal neurons. This model allows dendritic trees with a relative paucity of branching to be treated. In particular, terminal branches are not required to end at the same electrotonic distance. The Laplace transform method is used to obtain analytic expressions for the Green's function corresponding to an instantaneous pulse of current injected at a single point along a tapering equivalent cylinder with sealed ends. The time course of the voltage in response to an arbitrary input is computed using the Green's function in a convolution integral. Examples of current input considered are (1) an infinitesimally brief (Dirac delta function) pulse and (2) a step pulse. It is demonstrated that inputs located on a tapering equivalent cylinder are more effective at the soma than identically placed inputs on a nontapering equivalent cylinder. Asymptotic solutions are derived to enable the voltage response behaviour over both relatively short and long time periods to be analysed. Semilogarithmic plots of these solutions provide a basis for estimating the membrane time constant tau m from experimental transients. Transient voltage decrement from a clamped soma reveals that tapering tends to reduce the error associated with inadequate voltage clamping of the dendritic membrane. A formula is derived which shows that tapering tends to increase the estimate of the electrotonic length parameter L. PMID- 3198974 TI - Carotid restenosis: should they all be reoperated on? AB - Restenosis of carotid arteries after endarterectomy is a rare complication; in our series 1.2% (19 patients - 20 recurrences out of 1658 operations - Dec. 1985). It usually occurs early, i.e. in the first months (12 cases) with features of myointimal hyperplasia. Peroperative angiography should be routinely performed to rule out technical errors that might be mistaken for restenosis. At the time of reoperation, 12 patients were symptomatic. The operation consisted of 6 second endarterectomies, 13 saphenous vein grafts and 1 PTFE graft. The postoperative period was uneventful in 14 cases, but in the remaining patients there were 2 transient ischemic attacks, 2 monoplegias and 1 dysphasia (with immediate thrombosis of the bypass in 3 cases). Five patients were lost at follow-up. In the remaining 14 patients, the follow-up period varied between 3 and 84 months (mean: 20 months). Presently 11 carotid arteries are patent. In one case involving a venous patch, the artery is dilated. All 12 of these patients are asymptomatic. One thrombosed bypass is also asymptomatic. The two monoplegias occurred in patients whose bypasses occluded immediately. The recurrence rate varied according to the imaging technique. i.e. pulsed Doppler, B-mode scanning or angiography, used to detect restenosis. Restenosis usually remains asymptomatic even in patients with hemodynamically significant lesions. Restenosis due to myointimal hyperplasia does not carry the risk of embolism and atheromatous stenosis does not have the same prognosis. In our experience immediate and long term results of red are not as good the first endarterectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198975 TI - Diagnostic investigation and special treatment of chronic abdominal ischaemia. AB - Chronic abdominal ischaemia (C.A.I.)--abdominal angina--is a neglected gastrointestinal vascular condition, with chronic complaints and symptoms for the patient posing severe diagnostic and therapeutic problems. In the angiologic department of the Interunion Scientific Center of Surgery during the past 25 years, chronic intestinal ischaemia was diagnosed in 150 patients, a number representing 2.5% of the whole population with pathology form the aorta and its branches. Etiological factors of disease of the celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery occlusion were the intravascular factors in 99 patients, atherosclerosis in 63 and nonspecific aorto-arteritis in 36. Extravascular factors: median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm, celiac plexus, periarterialfibrous, nerve fibers and tumor of pancreas were found in 51 patients. Of the 150 patients with C.A.I., 84 (56%) were operated and 87 operations were performed; of these 6 (4%) had a transluminal dilatation. A left thoraco-diaphragmatic approach to these vessels, via a lumbar incision through the last intercostal space in 62 patients was carried out. In those cases where the operation on the inferior mesenteric artery was combined with an operation on the abdominal aorta, the vessels were approached through a typical laparotomy (16 patients). In C.A.I. we perform 2 types of operations: partially reconstructive (decompressive) and reconstructive operations. Partially reconstructive (decompressive) operations were performed in case of compression of unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta in order to free the artery from extraluminal causes of pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198976 TI - Cardiovascular surgery and heparin induced thrombocytopenia. AB - The Authors report a series of 21 cases of heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) observed in a Department of Cardiovascular Surgery. The indication for heparin treatment was a cardiac procedure in 12 cases, peripheral arterial reconstructive surgery in 3 cases and in 6 cases a prevention of embolism. Two routes were used for heparin administration: subcutaneous and intravenous injections. The diagnosis was biological on low platelet counts (p.c.) in 4 cases, in 7 cases a deep venous thrombophlebitis and in 9 cases an acute arterial ischemia complicated the heparin treatment. From the 7th to 15th day after heparin treatment the p.c. had risen to the average value of 46,857/mm3. The diagnosis was clinical in 3 cases, biological with a positive aggregation test in the presence of heparin in 11 cases out of 14 biological tests performed and pathological with observation of white clots in 11 cases. The related mortality rate to HIT was 28.5% of the cases (6 cases). HIT is a rare but severe complication often associated with thrombo-embolic complications. The routine check of p.c. before and after the first week of heparin treatment is reasonable. The negative aggregation test in the presence of heparin does not permit to confirm this diagnosis. The drop in the p.c. between the 6th to 10th day after heparin treatment required an immediate arrest of this type of anticoagulation and replacement with Coumadin. The low molecular weight Heparin may induce cross matching reactions with heparin and therefore is not used as treatment for HIT. In emergency, cardiac surgery with the use of the extra-corporeal circulation device can be performed with success with heparin (2 cases). PMID- 3198977 TI - Peripheral vascular effects of calcium entry blockers in normal volunteers. AB - The peripheral vascular effects of calcium entry blockers have been scarcely investigated. Therefore we examined the effects of different doses of tiapamil and nifedipine in two groups of volunteers. The measurements were done by plethysmography. At a lower dose there is a significant increase in venous capacity. At a higher dosage there is an increase of the arterial flow, eliciting a reflex sympathetic stimulation with heart rate increase and venoconstriction. Therefore calcium entry blockers can be considered as arterial and venodilators. PMID- 3198978 TI - Blood lipid abnormalities in patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease. AB - Blood lipid profile was investigated in 40 patients suffering from peripheral vascular disease (PVD). The most frequent abnormality was the increase of cholesterol and triglycerides. HDL-cholesterol and the subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 were decreased but not significantly. Cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio was significantly increased suggesting an abnormal cholesterol distribution on lipoprotein fractions. Apolipoproteins AI and AII were within normal range while apolipoproteins B, CII, CIII, and E were significantly increased. This study provide further findings on the blood lipid abnormalities in patients affected by PVD. PMID- 3198979 TI - Changes induced by gemfibrozil on lipidic, coagulative and fibrinolytic pattern in patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. AB - A short term open study (90 days) was carried out with Gemfibrozil in patients (n = 10) suffering from type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. For the whole observation period (120 days) the patients followed a standard diet. Every 30 days the following parameters were checked: total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, HDL-C and its fractions (HDL2-C and HDL3-C), apolipoprotein A1 and B, glucose, fibrinogen, plasminogen, euglobulin lysis time, antithrombin III, alpha-2 antiplasmin and PTT. The administration of the drug caused a reduction of serum triglycerides by 39.5%, an increase of HDL-C by 16.2% together with a significant increase of cholesterol bound to HDL2 (+27.6%). A significant increase was also noticed for the mean levels of apolipoprotein A1 (+19.8%), confirming thus the antidislipidemic effect of the drug. Significant reductions were also found in the mean levels of fibrinogen and alpha-2-antiplasmin together with a return to normality of mean values of antithrombin III and of the euglobulin lysis time. The effect on the lipid, haemocoagulative and fibrinolytic parameters shows that the administration of Gemfibrozil causes favourable changes both on the hyperlipoproteinemic pattern and on the thrombophilic state present in these patients. PMID- 3198980 TI - Brachial jugular autogenous spiral vein bypass for obstruction of subclavian vein. AB - Recent advances in venous reconstruction allow the surgeon to bypass obstructive lesion of the venous system successfully. Because of low pressure and low velocity flow in the venous system, and adjunct temporary arteriovenous fistula appears to be essential for patency of the venous bypass. The existing data has shown that autogenous vein is superior to prosthetic material for bypassing venous obstruction. We are presenting a 44-year-old patient who has failed medical treatment and successfully been treated by this method. PMID- 3198981 TI - Acute carotid occlusion in course of treatment with anticoagulant. PMID- 3198982 TI - Effects of proparacaine on actin cytoskeleton of corneal epithelium. AB - Chronic use of proparacaine, a topical ocular anesthetic, is associated with punctate keratopathy and delayed epithelial wound healing. Spreading corneal epithelial cells normally elaborate cytoplasmic arrays of actin-rich stress fibers which insert onto the inner surface of the cell membrane at discrete adhesion complexes. As actin is implicated in cell-to-substratum adhesion and cell motility, the effects of proparacaine on the actin cytoskeleton of corneal epithelial cells were studied in vitro. Spreading rat corneal epithelial cells in tissue culture were treated with proparacaine hydrochloride. At the lowest drug concentration used (0.01 mM), no effects were seen on the actin cytoskeleton. At 1.0 mM, some disruption of stress fibers was evident and actin was redistributed in a diffuse fashion. Many of the intact stress fibers had abnormal morphology, distribution, and orientation. Scanning electron microscopy showed a loss of cell extensions and cell-to-substratum adhesiveness at the leading epithelial edge. Above 1.0 mM, cell spreading was completely abolished and most cells detached from the substratum. After a washout period with drug-free media, these effects were reversible at concentrations of 1.0 mM or less. We postulate that one mechanism by which proparacaine inhibits corneal epithelial migration and adhesion is through alteration of the actin cytoskeleton. PMID- 3198983 TI - Aminozolamide suspension: the role of the vehicle in a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. AB - Aminozolamide (6-amino-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor derived from ethoxzolamide that has been shown in gel formulation to lower IOP in rabbits, primates and humans. This study was designed to determine whether aminozolamide in suspension was also effective in lowering IOP. In separate single dose and multiple dose studies, patients with ocular hypertension were tested over 24 hours. No statistically significant drop in intraocular pressure was noted between the treated and control eye. In addition, conjunctival injection was noted in three of eleven subjects after multiple dosing. These studies suggest that retention of aminozolamide at the active site is inadequate when delivered in a suspension vehicle. In the past 10 years, efforts to develop an effective topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor have been vigorously pursued. This has been aided by advancements in drug delivery and chemical synthesis involving molecular modification of existing carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Various compounds have been developed that retain carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity, penetrate the cornea and optimize the other important pharmacokinetic properties to lower intraocular pressure. One such compound, aminozolamide (6 amino-2-benzothiazolesulfonamide) is derived from ethoxzolamide. In suspension, it has been shown to lower IOP in rabbits and primates. It also has been shown to lower IOP in patients with ocular hypertension when delivered in a gel vehicle. The carbomer gel vehicle, a drug delivery system also used with pilocarpine (Pilopine HS), is used to prolong ocular contact and enhance penetration. The importance of the role of the vehicle in a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor has not been assessed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198984 TI - Autonomic drug effects after chronic lowering of ocular cholinergic input. II. Intraocular pressure responses. AB - Cholinergic input to the anterior segment of the eye was chronically reduced by ciliary ganglionectomy in cats and by treatment with hemicholinium-3 in both rabbits and cats. The parasympathetically denervated cat eyes developed super sensitivity to the intraocular pressure lowering effects of carbachol and echothiophate. On the other hand, responsiveness to the similar effects of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and isoproterenol was not changed. After both acute and chronic treatment of rabbit eyes with hemicholinium-3, intraocular pressure was markedly lowered, but the facility of aqueous outflow after chronic treatment was not changed. During chronic treatment of cat eyes with hemicholinium-3, intraocular pressure was also lowered. Three days after chronic delivery of this acetylcholine synthesis inhibitor to the eyes of cats, the rate of formation of aqueous humor was reduced by 50 percent. These results suggest that chemical compounds lowering ocular cholinergic input may possess a pharmacological profile useful as an alternative means for the treatment of glaucoma. PMID- 3198985 TI - The Emory mouse cataract: the effects on cataractogenesis of alpha-tocopherol, penicillamine, triethylenetetramine, and mercaptopropionylglycine. AB - The Emory mouse develops a late-onset hereditary cataract bearing some resemblances to human senile cataract. It was used as a model system for testing the effects of several drugs expected to have anticataractogenic potential. A low level of added dietary alpha-tocopherol had only a marginal effect. Penicillamine increased lens soluble protein, a good index of lens viability. Triethylenetetramine was too toxic to permit satisfactory treatment. Mercaptopropionylglycine produced several positive effects including a retardation of cataract at 6 months of age; parameters which increased under drug treatment were lens weight, soluble protein content and protein sulfhydryl, but not glutathione. There was no effect on the total calcium concentration. PMID- 3198986 TI - Effects of a fish oil dietary supplement on endotoxin-induced ocular inflammation. AB - We compared the effects of fish oil versus corn oil dietary supplements on two rabbit models of uveitis induced by either intravenous (IV) or intravitreal (IVT) Escherichia coli endotoxin. Addition of fish oil to a standard diet consistently diminished the rise in aqueous humor prostaglandin E2 levels 24 hours after IVT endotoxin injection or 3 hours following IV endotoxin injection. Aqueous humor thromboxane B2 levels following IV or IVT endotoxin injection were also lower in rabbits fed a fish oil supplemented diet. However, the fish oil diet resulted in only a modest attenuation of increases in ocular vascular permeability following either IVT or IV endotoxin injection. Fish oil supplementation inconsistently reduced leukocyte infiltration into the anterior chamber following IVT endotoxin. In contrast to the reported ability of fish oil dietary supplements to reduce corneal inflammation, these models of anterior uveal inflammation do not seem to be altered in a clinically significant manner. PMID- 3198987 TI - Evaluation of perineal descent by defaecography. AB - Perineal descent was studied by defaecography with the patients in the sitting position in 55 healthy volunteers, 21 women with idiopathic faecal incontinence and 8 women with obstructed defaecation. This technique provides data necessary for the evaluation of defaecation disorders, i.e. morphological changes during defaecation as well as the dynamics of the pelvic floor. It was found that the pelvic floor position during rest and during straining is almost the same in women with incontinence and in women with obstructed defaecation. Furthermore patients with normal position of the pelvic floor during rest may exhibit considerable descent during straining while patients with abnormal position of the perineum during rest may show normal descent during straining. This observation may indicate that the first sign of abnormal function may be an increased descent during straining, only later following by descent during rest. The importance of establishing control data is emphasized since differences in defaecographic techniques between different centres may render comparison difficult. PMID- 3198988 TI - Rectal cancer: factors influencing the development of local recurrence after radical anterior resection. AB - The study was designed to select criteria which influence the incidence of local recurrence after radical anterior resection for rectal cancer. Local recurrence developed in 18 patients (20%) out of 90. All patients entered a prospective clinical study for the detection of local recurrence (mean observation time: 50 months). The following criteria were evaluated retrospectively: age, sex, staging, grading, gross appearance of the tumour, lymphatic reaction, invasion of lymph- and blood vessels, perineural invasion, mucus production of the tumour and width of the distal margin of clearance (measurement in cm in the specimen immediately after resection). The incidence of local recurrence (%) depended on Dukes stage (A: 7%, B: 17%, C: 40%; p less than or equal to 0.03), grading (well differentiated: 5%, average: 20%, poorly differentiated: 55%; p less than or equal to 0.02), gross appearance (protuberant: 15%, infiltrating: 47%; p less than or equal to 0.006), lymphatic stroma reaction (yes: 10%, no: 45%; p less than or equal to 0.006), invasion of veins (yes: 75%, no: 20%; p less than or equal to 0.0002), perineural invasion (yes: 52%, no: 17%; p less than or equal to 0.001) and the margin of clearance (less than 1 cm: 52%; 1-3 cm: 10%, greater than 3 cm: 15%; p less than or equal to 0.02 Mantel, p less than or equal to 0.05 Breslow between less than 1 cm vs 1-3 cm and greater than 3 cm, respectively). Local recurrence was not related to age, sex and mucus production of the tumour. Unfavourable morphological criteria may help to define groups with a higher risk of developing local recurrence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3198989 TI - Intraoperative irrigation and primary resection for obstructing lesions of the left colon. AB - The treatment of choice for left sided colonic obstruction is still controversial. We tried primary resection and anastomosis with the aid of intraoperative irrigation of the dilated proximal colon. Twenty-one cases of obstructive carcinoma of the left colon and four cases of sigmoid colon volvulus were managed using this approach. After the antegrade or retrograde intraoperative irrigation, primary resection and anastomosis without colostomy was performed in all 25 cases. There was only one case with anastomotic leakage. The satisfactory results of our present study and of the previous reports of intraoperative irrigation lead us to recommend intraoperative irrigation and primary anastomosis for left sided colonic obstruction except when the general condition of a patient is very poor or when the prognosis is expected to be poor due to the advanced spread of carcinoma. PMID- 3198990 TI - Function of the striated anal sphincter during straining in control subjects and constipated patients with a radiologically normal rectum or idiopathic megacolon. AB - The function of the striated anal sphincter during defaecation straining was recorded by manometry and electromyography (E.M.G.) in 31 constipated patients who were unable to expel a water-filled rectal balloon with effort. This group was divided on the basis of measurement of colonic diameter into those with megacolon and those with a normal sized colon. The latter group was further divided into those with normal transit and those with slow transit. The results were compared with those recorded from 15 control subjects with normal bowel function. With straining, anal pressure fell in 12 of 15 controls while in 3 it increased. In 30 of 31 constipated patients, anal pressure rose paradoxically with straining. Electromyographic recording in controls during straining demonstrated decreased activity in 5, in 4 no change and in 5 an increase in activity. In 28 of 31 constipated patients E.M.G. activity increased with straining. These results suggest that external sphincter contraction during straining occurs in some normal subjects but more frequently among patients with constipation of different types. PMID- 3198991 TI - Do patients with haemorrhoids have pelvic floor denervation? AB - Straining at stool is found in patients with haemorrhoids, rectal prolapse and neurogenic (idiopathic) faecal incontinence. In the latter two conditions perineal descent and pudendal neuropathy occur. We have carried out anal manometry, measurement of perineal descent, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) and single fibre EMG in the external anal sphincter in 16 patients with haemorrhoids and 20 matched control subjects to determine whether patients with haemorrhoids have pudendal nerve damage. There was no significant difference in resting or voluntary contraction pressures or in the incidence of slow waves or ultra-slow waves between the patients with haemorrhoids and controls. There was a significant difference between the groups in the position of the perineum with respect to the ischial tuberosities at rest (p less than 0.025) and on defaecation straining (p less than 0.005). The mean PNTML was higher in the haemorrhoid group but this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.07). The mean fibre density was significantly higher in the haemorrhoid group (p less than 0.025). These findings show that patients with haemorrhoids are more likely to have abnormal perineal descent with pudendal neuropathy. PMID- 3198996 TI - Acquired subglottic stenosis in infants. Proceedings of Round Table meeting. London, October 1987. PMID- 3198994 TI - The lost polyp: a guide to retrieval during colonoscopy. AB - Polyps resected during colonoscopy should be recovered and sent for pathologic examination. Unfortunately retrieval is incomplete ranging from 85-100% in reported series. There are several specific techniques aimed to increase the retrieval rate which in our experience amounted to 94.5% of a series of 182 polypectomies in 100 consecutive patients. All lost polyps were small and were thought to have been aspirated through the suction channel of the endoscope. In our study 10% of the initially "lost" polyps were within the instrument prior to cleaning. Various forms of polyp retrieval are reviewed with special attention to locating the aspirated polyp. PMID- 3198993 TI - Ulcerative colitis in a developing country of Africa: the Baragwanath experience of the first 46 patients. AB - Ulcerative colitis is reported to be rare in black populations of sub-Saharan Africa. This series of the first 46 patients treated at Baragwanath Hospital, Soweto, indicates that most patients (72%) presented with severe symptoms and extensive colonic involvement. There is a paradox of severe extensive disease yet relative lack of complications requiring surgery. This is probably due to the modification of the natural history of the disease through medical treatment, particularly corticosteroid therapy. There is a long delay between onset of symptoms and diagnosis (3 years). Ulcerative colitis affects mainly women. The mean age of presentation is 36 years. Patients are urbanized and most belong to the upper educational group while a significant proportion are in the higher occupational categories. Follow-up is poor with only one third of patients regularly attending the out-patients department once the disease is controlled. PMID- 3198997 TI - Nursing and home aspects of the care of a child with tracheostomy. PMID- 3198995 TI - Rectal sensation, the rectoanal reflex, and faecal incontinence. PMID- 3198992 TI - Effect of ketanserin, a selective antiserotoninergic drug, on human anal canal pressure. AB - The effect of Ketanserin, a new antiserotoninergic drug, on human anal pressure in vivo was investigated. Anal pressure was recorded continuously in 14 normal subjects by a low-compliance water perfused probe with two recording points at the sphincter level. After a 30-min basal tracing Ketanserin (10 mg IV as bolus) or placebo was administered in a double blind manner, and the recording continued for 1 h. The results show that Ketanserin induced a 30% fall in anal pressure soon after its administration which was statistically significant when compared with the placebo (p less than 0.01). This effect lasted up to 40 min of recording and was followed by a return to control values within 1 h. PMID- 3198998 TI - The pathology of neonatal endotracheal intubation and its relationship to subglottic stenosis. PMID- 3198999 TI - Laryngeal characteristics after reconstruction for subglottic stenosis: a clinical correlation. PMID- 3199001 TI - Surgical management of acquired subglottic stenosis. PMID- 3199000 TI - Acquired subglottic stenosis in infants. The parent's view. PMID- 3199002 TI - Tracheostomy study. PMID- 3199003 TI - Changes in the brainstem evoked responses following jugular vein ligation. AB - Blockage of both jugular veins is often followed by signs of intracranial hypertension. The use of brainstem evoked responses (BSER) in the detection of brainstem compression following jugular vein ligation in guinea pigs was studied. Thirty pigmented guinea pigs were studied. Unilateral jugular vein ligation was performed in 10 animals and bilaterally in 10. Ten animals were controls. The BSER to clicks at 20 db above hearing thresholds before and 6 hours following ligation of one or both jugular veins were recorded. No change in the hearing threshold was observed following jugular vein(s) ligation. However, prolongation of the I-III and III-IV interpeak intervals were observed following both unilateral and bilateral jugular vein ligation. The results suggest that BSER monitoring may be useful in the early detection of brainstem compression following jugular vein ligation in head and neck surgery. PMID- 3199004 TI - Otosclerosis--an inflammatory disease of the otic capsule of viral aetiology? AB - Fragments of otospongiotic and otosclerotic footplates were investigated by immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies IgG, IgA, IgM were found to be bound to the vascular connective tissue of the resorption lacunae, IgG also to osteocytes. The application of antibodies against mumps, measles and rubella antigens showed the expression of the relevant viral antigens in the large cells of the resorption lacunae, in the vascular connective tissue, and in osteocytes, osteoclasts and chondrocytes, present in or around the otospongiotic areas. In the sclerotic stage only the perivascular connective tissue and chondrocytes have expressed viral antigens whereas IgG was restricted to the osteocytes of the sclerotic focus and to the residual perivascular tissue. Two footplates with postinflammatory sclerosis serving as controls revealed only IgG in some chondrocytes. Healthy footplates showed neither a deposition of antibodies nor any expression of viral antigens. These results favour a viral aetiology of otosclerosis as an inflammatory vascular reaction of the otic capsule initiated or caused by the viruses of measles, rubella and mumps. PMID- 3199005 TI - Relapsing malignant otitis externa successfully treated with ciprofloxacin. AB - Two cases are presented, both patients with advanced relapsing malignant otitis externa. The antibiotic ciprofloxacin has strong anti-pseudomonal activity. It was given orally for six months to both patients, following administration of the traditional parenteral antibiotic courses, and in each case the disease has been extinguished. We therefore recommend that the management of patients shown to have malignant otitis externa should include strict diabetic control, regular local aural toilet, gentamicin ear drops and a six week course of parenteral antipseudomonal antibiotic agents (usually gentamicin and azlocillin) together with metronidazole to cover any anaerobic element in the infection. This regimen should be followed by a six month course of oral ciprofloxacin (750 mg b.d.). Indium scans should be used to monitor recovery. We believe that this regimen can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients suffering from malignant otitis externa with cranial nerve involvement. PMID- 3199007 TI - The release of histamine from nasal polyp tissue and peripheral blood when challenged with antihuman IgE, house dust mite extract and mixed grass pollen extract and compared with positive skin tests. AB - Nasal polyps are a condition of uncertain aetiology but are associated with diseases of the lower respiratory tract, in particular, asthma and cystic fibrosis. Asthma may be mediated by mast cell reactions and the commonest allergen to degranulate mast cells is house dust mite. Mast cells have been shown to be degranulated in nasal polyps. This study looks at thirty-six patients who had nasal polypectomy and of whom fourteen were asthmatic to see if histamine was released from polyp tissue and peripheral blood when they were challenged with antihuman IgE and extracts of house dust mite and mixed grass pollens. These results were compared with skin tests to these allergens. A release of above 15 per cent of the total histamine was considered positive. Eight patients released histamine from polyp tissue but only three patients released histamine with both anti IgE and allergen extracts. The release from blood compared well with positive skin tests (p greater than 0.05 corrected chi square). Although allergy may cause mast cell degranulation in polyp tissue, this study suggests that it is unlikely to be a common cause of nasal polyps. PMID- 3199006 TI - Antibody response to pneumococcal vaccination as related to tonsillectomy. AB - In each of twelve matched pairs of patients undergoing tonsillectomy one patient was vaccinated with Pneumovax, a pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen, prior to tonsillectomy, the other patient being vaccinated after tonsillectomy. Sera were tested for antibody response to three different pneumococcal types of IgG, IgA and IgM classes. The patients with intact tonsils at vaccination did not develop higher antibody response than did those tonsillectomised prior to vaccination. On the contrary, in the case of pneumococcus type 6A, the IgM antibody response in tonsillectomised patients was significantly higher than that in patients with intact tonsils at vaccination (p = 0.021). Thus, the present study did not support the notion that tonsillectomy affects antibody response against pneumococcal vaccination. The palatine tonsils' role as an immunologically reactive organ is also discussed. PMID- 3199008 TI - The effect of vidian neurectomy on nasal mucociliary clearance. AB - The physiological factors controlling mucociliary transport are largely unknown. Nasal mucociliary clearance was measured using the saccharin test in seven patients who had previously undergone vidian neurectomy for vasomotor rhinitis. Persistent denervation was suggested by impaired tear secretion. The control group consisted of thirty-four patients with vasomotor rhinitis who had not had surgery. There was no significant difference in clearance times between the two groups, suggesting that mucociliary transport is well preserved in the absence of neural control. PMID- 3199009 TI - Mandibular pathology presenting as a parotid tumour. AB - Swelling in the parotid region is often the presenting sign of a tumour of salivary gland origin. However, the possibility of disease involving adjacent structures must always be considered. Three cases are presented where pathology of the mandibular ramus presented as swelling in the parotid region. A clinical diagnosis of a parotid tumour was made, parotidectomy scheduled, and in two cases carried out before the correct diagnosis was reached. Difficulties of differential diagnosis are discussed, and imaging techniques reviewed. The value of plain radiographs of the adjacent hard tissues is emphasised. Careful interpretation should be based on a sound understanding of pathology of the jaws. PMID- 3199010 TI - Non-Hodgkin's extranodal lymphoma: a clinico-pathological study of 24 cases involving head and neck sites. AB - A series of 24 patients with a documented diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's extranodal lymphoma (ENL) involving head and neck sites (excluding the cranial cavity) has been studied. In view of recent advances in the diagnosis of lymphoma, a retrospective histopathological review has been undertaken to place all patients in standardized classifications for morphology (the working formulation) and immunology (Kiel). This resulted in a change of diagnosis from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in four. The histopathology of these four cases, and the implication of such changed diagnoses are discussed. Of the 20 patients confirmed as having non Hodgkin's ENL, 16 had primary ENL and four had an ENL focus secondary to disease elsewhere. Three patients in this series had an initial diagnosis made of another malignancy, but histopathological review prior to treatment changed the diagnosis to ENL. Details of presentation, pretreatment evaluation, immunohistochemistry, treatment and course have been analysed. The principal treatment policy for primary ENL has been radiotherapy. Of the 12 patients who received this treatment ten achieved a complete response (83 per cent). Eight remain free of disease at the time of writing. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy is also considered. PMID- 3199011 TI - Laryngeal cysts: clinical relevance of a modified working classification. AB - Laryngeal cysts from 72 patients were examined and reclassified according to a modified working classification. In this series, 47 patients (66 per cent) had epithelial cysts, 11 patients (15 per cent) oncocytic cysts and 14 patients (19 per cent) tonsillar cysts. Epithelial cysts were commonest in the region of the epiglottis (20/47) and laryngeal ventricle (24/47). Oncocytic cysts tended to lie in the region of the ventricle whereas tonsillar cysts occurred almost exclusively in the valleculae, epiglottis and pyriform region (13/14). The authors conclude that the modified working classification of laryngeal cysts is easy to apply, of clinical relevance, and allows classification of cysts where operative trauma to the specimen obscures the relationship of the cyst to the surface epithelium. The origin and significance of tonsillar cysts are discussed and a relationship to the lympho-epithelial cyst of the oral cavity is suggested. PMID- 3199012 TI - Malignant otitis externa due to Staphylococcus infection. AB - A case of malignant otitis externa occurring in a fit 25-year-old non-diabetic male is reported. The clinical and histological findings support this diagnosis but neither identification nor culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was made and the condition was bilateral. The only pathogen identified was Staphylococcus aureus which has been reported in only two previous cases. PMID- 3199013 TI - Non-Hodgkins lymphoma of the temporal bone. AB - The temporal bone may be involved by primary or secondary neoplasms. The latter are uncommon but well documented in the literature, the usual primary sites being breast, kidney, lung, stomach, larynx and prostate (Schuknecht et al., 1968). Lymphoma rarely invades the temporal bone and is usually confined to the lymphoreticular system and gastrointestinal tract. A case of non-Hodgkins lymphoma of the temporal bone is presented. PMID- 3199014 TI - Basal cell carcinoma of the middle ear--a natural history. AB - The natural course of basal cell carcinoma of the middle ear is described. This tumour is extremely rarely found in the middle ear and only two cases have been reported to date. The appearance of the tumour was heralded by earache and deafness, followed years later by wide local destruction of the temporal and parietal bones, base of skull, facial palsy and multiple distant metastases. The patient refused both surgical and irradiation therapy and died 10 years after the initial diagnosis. PMID- 3199015 TI - Papillary endothelial hyperplasia in the nose. AB - Benign papillary endothelial hyperplasia is a very rare lesion of the nasal cavity; histologically, it may be mistaken for an angiosarcoma. An awareness of this and the ways in which it differs from angiosarcoma will prevent incorrect diagnosis and inappropriate treatment by surgery or radiotherapy. A case report of each condition involving the nasal cavity is presented. PMID- 3199017 TI - Kikuchi's disease--apparent malignancy of a neck mass. AB - We report a case of Kikuchi's disease presenting as cervical lymphadenopathy in an adolescent. The original histological diagnosis in this case was a metastatic neoplasm. We wish to highlight the importance of this rare condition because of its potential for mimicking malignancy. PMID- 3199016 TI - Squamous carcinoma of the sphenoid sinus in association with inverted papillomatosis. PMID- 3199018 TI - Enlarged cervical lymph node due to African histoplasmosis. PMID- 3199019 TI - Laryngeal oedema complicating thyroid lymphoma. AB - A case is described in which recurrent laryngeal oedema was the presenting feature of thyroid lymphoma. Conventional isotope scanning was of no value in reaching the diagnosis. PMID- 3199020 TI - Kaposi's sarcoma of the trachea. AB - The most common tracheal neoplasms are epidermoid carcinomas, papillomas and cylindromas. Kaposi's sarcoma, confined primarily to the trachea, is one of the rarest tumours. The clinical and histological picture of a case of Kaposi's sarcoma of the trachea in a young, pregnant woman, presenting with severe airway obstruction, is described here. The emergency tracheoscopy dislodged a mass from the trachea, which turned out to be a Kaposi's sarcoma on histology. Although Kaposi's sarcoma is one of the manifestations of AIDS, this patient had neither any underlying immunodeficiency nor any skin, visceral or lymphatic lesions. PMID- 3199021 TI - Pseudosarcoma of the oesophagus. AB - The presentation, histology and management of a pseudosarcoma (or polypoid carcinoma) of the oesophagus are presented. Historical and modern theories of pathogenesis are discussed. Though rare, ENT surgeons should be aware of these tumours, as patients with such tumours present early and potentially have a much better prognosis than those with the more common oesophageal malignancies. PMID- 3199022 TI - Accessory nerve schwannoma extending extracranially to the second cervical level of vertebra. AB - We described a 67-year-old man who had a right jugular foramen tumour expanding extracranially to the level of C2 cervical body. Paralysis of the glossopharyngeal, vagal, accessory, hypoglossal nerves and sensorineural hearing disturbance were found. The tumour originated from the accessory nerve and the histological examination revealed it was schwannoma. Accessory nerve as an origin of the jugular foramen neurinoma and its pre-operative neurological signs are reviewed. PMID- 3199023 TI - Schwannoma of the cervical sympathetic chain. AB - Two cases of schwannomas of the cervical sympathetic chain (CSC) are described. Eleven clearly documented cases have been described in the previous literature. These tumours are usually solitary, asymptomatic cervical masses that occur within the upper carotid sheath or parapharyngeal space. The lesions tend to be hypervascular, but not to the same extent as chemodectomas. Angiography may be employed for differential diagnosis. Schwannomas of the CSC are usually readily excised by a cervical approach. Horner's syndrome is a frequent post-operative sequel, despite anatomical preservation of the sympathetic chain. This neurological impairment is usually asymptomatic. Recurrences and malignant degeneration rarely occur. PMID- 3199024 TI - United Federation of Teachers. PMID- 3199025 TI - The effects of revision strategy instruction on the writing performance of students with learning disabilities. PMID- 3199026 TI - Effects of corrective feedback on word accuracy and reading comprehension of readers with learning disabilities. PMID- 3199027 TI - A cooperative assessment strategy for evaluating school-aged children with language impairments. PMID- 3199028 TI - Managing resistance: an essential consulting skill for learning disabilities teachers. PMID- 3199029 TI - Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Test Battery profiles: a comparative study of college freshmen with and without learning disabilities. PMID- 3199030 TI - Retention and nonretention of at-risk readers in first grade and their subsequent reading achievement. PMID- 3199031 TI - The exclusionary clause and the disadvantaged: do we try to comply with the law? PMID- 3199033 TI - [Efficacy of lympho-venous anastomosis]. AB - More than 500 cases of lymphatic edema of the limbs due to various etiologies have been seen since 1979. 478 surgical procedures have been carried out in 407 of them, including 267 lymphovenous anastomoses. Early and long-term positive results were obtained in 85% and 70% of cases respectively. The maximum follow-up period is 8 years. These results confirm the efficacy of such anastomoses. Best results were obtained in secondary lymphedema. Peroperative measurement of lymphatic pressure is important in determination of the subsequent prognosis of anastomoses. Results are also proportional to the number of lymph vessels shunted into veins. PMID- 3199032 TI - [Venous plethysmography in a sitting position]. AB - We studied the venous capacity of the lower limbs by strain gauge plethysmography during venous occlusion (delta v60) and by a dependency test (delta v postural) (from the supine to the sitting position). We were also interested by the performance of the calf musculovenous pump, assessed in two positions: sitting and standing (delta v exercise). The volume changes are increasing when we consider limbs with sequelae of deep vein thrombosis, normal lower limbs and extremities with primary varices. delta v60: 2.13%, 2.84%, 4.24%; p less than 0.01. delta v postural: 1.32%, 1.94%, 3.66%; p less than 0.01. delta v exercise: 0.48%, 1.47%, 2.09%; p less than 0.01. The study of the expelled volume during calf muscle exercise is easier in the sitting than in the standing position and it leads to a better discrimination between normal limbs and limbs suffering from sequelae of deep vein thrombosis. The dependency test with measurement of the venous capacity when going from the supine to the sitting position (with the leg dependent) and the assessment of the calf muscles pump, also in the sitting position, are the basis of a simple approach to the quantitation of venous insufficiency. PMID- 3199034 TI - [Plasma viscosity and erythrocyte filterability in borderline hypertension]. AB - Hemorheological constants (plasma viscosimetry and erythrocyte filtrability index) were studied in 153 male subjects aged 19 to 23. Borderline hypertension defined by clinical criteria was found in 61 of these patients. Whilst there was no notable modification in plasma viscosity, by contrast there was a significant link between erythrometry and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Erythrocyte deformability was all the more marked as blood pressure rose. These results would contrast with findings in the literature in cases of definite hypertension. The borderline nature of hypertension and the youth of the population was such that it could be considered that barometric factors had not yet influenced erythrocyte filtrability. The following hypothesis is therefore attractive: initially the red cell adapts itself to any possible increase in peripheral resistance. As the years go by its deformability is lessened by adverse changes affecting its membrane cytoskeleton. PMID- 3199035 TI - [Study of the veins of the foot by counter-current phlebography]. AB - 83 CF phlebographies of the foot veins were carried out in varicose vein sufferers of both sexes in order to better understand the return venous circulation of the foot in detail, its abnormalities, and also to attempt to explain edema of the foot suffered by many varicose vein patients to varying degrees of severity after saphenous stripping. Films were obtained by direct needle puncture at different sites on the fore-foot, after a tourniquet was placed around the ankle. The route taken by the contrast medium injected was followed on a fluoroscop screen and photographed. Images obtained were classified under 4 headings: 1) slight, 2) moderate, 3) loaded and 4) overloaded opacification. In normal or slightly pathological cases (group 1 and 2), contrast medium was evacuated via a route ranging from level 1 (superficial) to level 3 (deep), this being the "usual evacuation circuit." In frankly pathological cases (groups 3 and 4), a "subsidiary evacuation circuit" may develop. It is also possible that after a degree of stagnation (by obstruction of the main veins of the foot) the contrast medium is very slowly evacuated by a number of small collateral veins. Edema of the foot as seen in some varicose vein patients as well as that which occurs post-operatively in the majority of patients undergoing varicose vein surgery is felt to be more often due to valve incompetence and to hypotonicity of the venous walls rather than to thrombosis of a deep vein of the foot. PMID- 3199036 TI - [Acute intestinal ischemia from arterial thrombosis. Value of emergency arteriography and revascularization]. AB - A 77 year old woman undergoing surgery for acute digestive arterial thrombosis, was successfully revascularized without intestinal resection. Early diagnosis is difficult and is based upon evaluation of past history and an arteriography when there is the slightest doubt. Apart from when necrosis is already developed, revascularization by aorto-superior mesentric by-pass using an autologus saphenous vein and a routine "second look" to assess intestinal viability is the best therapeutic approach. PMID- 3199038 TI - [Detection and treatment of of atherogenic hyperlipidemias]. AB - Atherogenic hyperlipidemias are the commonest types of primary hyperlipidemia and include pure hypercholesterolemia, endogenous hypertriglyceridemia and mixed hyperlipidemia. They affect almost 4% of the population. PMID- 3199037 TI - [Evaluation of arteritis of the lower limb. Conditions in which digitalized arteriography is sufficient]. AB - Indications for arteriography in obliterative arterial disease of the lower limbs essentially involve assessments before dilatation or operation in the presence of disabling intermittent claudication or rest pain or gangrene or moderate symptoms when Doppler findings indicate the possibility of dilatation. In order to ensure the best selection of potential surgical patients and select the appropriate technique, arteriograms must show the entire arterial system from the coeliac aorta to the most distal point. Previously this could be obtained only by conventional arteriography using a large film cassette. In view of the advantages of digitalized arteriography via an arterial approach, the possibility of obtaining equally accurate and continuous images with this technique were evaluated. The method involved 12 to 15 successive injections, with a mean total dose of 100 ml of contrast medium, precise identification of X-ray fields and end to end mounting of films. Not only were the images of identical quality, but this quality appeared to be more constant and it was often possible to visualize distal arteries with a low flow rate. Complications were exceptional in view of the absence of general anesthesia, use of a finer catheter and fractionnation of injections of contrast medium. The majority of these investigations were carried out on an ambulatory basis, whilst the majority of standard arteriograms require hospitalization. Patient comfort was increased and cost decreased. In conclusion, digitalized arteriography by an arterial approach offers a complete image of the arterial system from the renal arteries to the pedal arches provided X-ray fields are carefully identified and films are mounted end to end.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199039 TI - [Treatment of borderline arterial hypertension. Directives of the OMS and the International Society of Hypertension]. PMID- 3199040 TI - [Quantitation of left ventricular function after an inferior or superior myocardial infarct. Comparative value of resting ejection fractions or after effort]. PMID- 3199041 TI - A singular dispersion relation arising in a caricature of a model for morphogenesis. AB - In 1983 Oster et al. proposed a model for morphogenesis consisting of a system of partial differential equations in which the dispersion relation for the problem linearised about the zero solution has a singularity. That is, the initial growth rate sigma of a small perturbation of wave number k from the zero solution tends to positive or negative infinity as k tends to some critical value kc from above or below respectively. We consider here as a caricature of the model a single partial differential equation with a similar dispersion relation in a bounded one dimensional domain. The wave number, or equivalently the domain size, may be thought of as a bifurcation parameter. For the Neumann problem a phenomenon arises in which, as the domain size l increases past a critical value ln, the linear stability of the n-th mode jumps from one solution to a remote solution. That is, for l less than ln the trivial solution is unstable and a certain non trivial solution is stable to perturbations of mode n, whereas for l greater than ln the opposite is true. For the Dirichlet or the Robin problem a linear stability change in the trivial solution occurs, but no corresponding change in any other solution has been found. The corresponding initial boundary value problems are then considered. An asymptotic analysis is performed in the weakly nonlinear limit in the particular case in which only one mode is unstable and gives an asymptotic solution for two classes of nonlinearity, one symmetric and the other asymmetric about u = 0. A development of the method of harmonic balance is then used to obtain approximate solutions in the strongly nonlinear case and when more than one mode may be unstable. PMID- 3199042 TI - Regulation of differentiation in a population of cells interacting through a common pool. AB - We consider a model of a suspension of a cell population in a well-mixed medium. There are two chemical substances, say A and H, reacting in each cell of the population and the substance H can only diffuse from the inside of cell to the medium or vice versa across the cell membrane. The medium is well mixed that the concentration of H is kept uniform over the medium. Cells interact indirectly with each other through the medium. The differential equations governing the dynamics of the suspension are analyzed using standard techniques for differential equations. It is shown that the cell population divides into several groups in respect of the chemical concentrations as time elapses. It is also shown how the fraction of the number of cells belonging to each subgroup to the total number of cells is regulated. The results may be used to explain the mechanism for differentiation of multi-cellular organisms. PMID- 3199043 TI - Existence and uniqueness of solutions in general multisolute renal flow problems. AB - This paper considers systems of differential equations that describe flows in renal networks. The flow geometry is of the type that occurs in modelling the renal medulla. The unknowns in the system include the flow rate, the hydrostatic pressure, and the concentrations of the various solutes. Existence and uniqueness of solutions of the appropriate boundary value problems are established, in the case of small permeability coefficients and transport rates, or large diffusion coefficients and small resistance to flow constants. PMID- 3199044 TI - Asymptotic stability in a generalized probabilistic/deterministic model of the cell cycle. AB - A new mathematical model of the cell cycle is presented which generalizes the probabilistic/deterministic model of Lasota-Mackey and the tandem model of Tyson and Hannsgen. By the use of a multiplicative (exponential) Lyapunov function a stability theorem is proved, parallel to the results of Lasota-Mackey. Some open problems related to the tandem model are also solved. PMID- 3199045 TI - External stability and ESS: criteria for initial increase of new mutant allele. PMID- 3199046 TI - Comparative medical ethics: an introduction. PMID- 3199047 TI - Bioethics in Thailand: the struggle for Buddhist solutions. AB - The Thai concern for bioethics has been stimulated by the departure of Thai medicine from its long tradition through the introduction of Western medical models. Bioethics is now being taught to Thai medical students emphasizing moral insights and principles found within Thai culture. These are to a large extent Buddhist themes. Veracity is always a duty for people in general and medical personnel in particular. Falsehoods and deception cannot be morally justified simply on the grounds that we think it is good for another. Buddhism also prohibits killing. The doctrine of kamma holds that joys and sorrows are the result of one's own past actions. Kamma must run its course or will be manifest in a future life. Mercy-killing also violates the Buddhist psychology. A physician who kills subconsciously transfers his aversion to suffering to the one who embodies the suffering. Buddhist justice is understood in terms of impartiality and equal treatment. Compassion goes beyond justice to self-giving and self-denial. It is central to the path to the attainment of highest human fulfillment. PMID- 3199048 TI - On not harming: two traditions. AB - While ancient in origin, the principle, "Do No Harm," continues to occupy a prominent place in many present-day medical ethics codes. Of all the versions of the principle two distinct varieties can be distinguished. These parallel two ethical traditions. This paper develops the contrast between the two versions, relates them to the two ongoing ethical traditions, and then uses insights from contemporary ethical theory to demonstrate the significance of one of the versions. Finally it suggests some contemporary applications for a medical ethic and medical education. PMID- 3199049 TI - Effects of fixation delay and colchicine on the presence of stippled material in the newly formed enamel of the rat incisor. PMID- 3199050 TI - Intermediate virions in maturation of human immunodeficiency virus, strain LAV. PMID- 3199051 TI - Cytoplasmic tubular arrays in canine neurons containing intracisternal microtubules. PMID- 3199052 TI - An improved embedding method employing epoxy resin Quetol 651 for stereoscopic observation of thick sections under a 300 kV transmission electron microscope. PMID- 3199053 TI - The substitution-fixation of Staphylococcus aureus. PMID- 3199055 TI - Characteristics of milk ejection, associated intramammary pressure changes and oxytocin release in the mare. AB - The neuroendocrine reflex theory of milk ejection was investigated in the horse under natural suckling conditions. To this end 12 lactating mares were provided with acute jugular catheters and with intramammary pressure (IMP) recording catheters. The foal had free access to the contralateral mammary complex. Intramammary pressure could thus be recorded while blood was drawn simultaneously for oxytocin analysis from the undisturbed animal. Suckling periods associated with a characteristic increase in IMP lasted significantly longer than unsuccessful nursing attempts. Elements of successful sucklings involved physical stimulation of the mammary gland, a quiet phase and a sudden increase in IMP. Successful suckling took place at about 20-min intervals with a wide range from less than 5 min to greater than 100 min. Between 5 and 10 mU oxytocin i.v. were sufficient to evoke an increase in IMP identical in shape and duration to a naturally induced increase in IMP. Mean peak oxytocin levels reached 15.8 pmol/l plasma, with a maximal release of 39 pmol/l. In the majority of cases (greater than 80%) peak oxytocin release did not occur until after the increase in IMP; in some cases an oxytocin surge was not detectable at all, despite a milk ejection associated increase in IMP. In three cases increase in IMP could be observed while the foals were away from the mother with no signs of any intention to suckle. The data indicate that in the horse some elements of the neuroendocrine reflex, such as tactile stimulation of the teat and a surge of oxytocin before an increase in IMP, are facultative and not essential for normal milk ejection. PMID- 3199054 TI - Neuroendocrine responsiveness to light during the neonatal period in the sheep. AB - Circulating prolactin concentrations were monitored during the early postnatal period in sheep to evaluate their response to photoperiod. In the first experiment, male and female lambs were exposed from 1 week of age, with their mothers, to either long days (16 h light: 8 h darkness; n = 15) or short days (8 h light: 16 h darkness; n = 16) to test whether they could discriminate different day lengths. In both sexes, serum prolactin concentrations were higher on long than on short days during the first 7 weeks after birth. In the second experiment, female lambs (n = 21) were raised on long days from 2 weeks of age. The superior cervical ganglia were removed bilaterally at 4 weeks of age from 14 lambs to lesion the sympathetic innervation to the pineal gland, and thus ablate the nocturnal increase in pineal melatonin secretion. After surgery, serum prolactin concentrations on long days were significantly lower in ganglionectomized lambs than in the intact controls. In the third experiment, the amplitude of the night-time melatonin rise was artificially increased in female lambs (n = 8) between 2 and 7 weeks of age to adult levels. Unrestrained lambs were infused during the 8-h dark phase of each day with melatonin by means of a self-contained, computerized syringe-pump. Concentrations of circulating prolactin did not differ from those in uninfused lambs (n = 8) with lower endogenous nocturnal melatonin. These results reveal that the sheep can discriminate photoperiod cues during the early postnatal period, and suggest that the low-amplitude melatonin rhythm in the neonatal lamb is sufficient to mediate this response. PMID- 3199056 TI - Evidence of a functional aromatase system in the pituitary gland of the chick embryo in vitro. AB - The in-vitro effects of oestradiol and testosterone, alone or together with an aromatase inhibitor (1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione), on the appearance of progesterone receptor (PR) in the pituitary were studied in the chick embryo. Whole pituitary glands from 10-day-old embryos were cultured for 2 days in a hormonally defined medium. The oestrogenic activity of the hormone added to the medium was determined by the induction of PR in nuclei of pituitary cells. Cells containing PR were identified by immunohistochemistry with an antibody to PR. Pituitary cells contained PR in their nuclei after 48 h of incubation with oestradiol or testosterone (0.1 mumol/l). Dihydrotestosterone failed to induce PR in pituitary cells, as did testosterone if the aromatase inhibitor was added to the culture medium. It is concluded that testosterone is aromatized locally at the level of the pituitary and, consequently, acts through the oestradiol receptor to induce the appearance of PR in pituitary cells. PMID- 3199057 TI - Testicular steroid metabolism during development in the normal and hypogonadal mouse. AB - The patterns of testicular steroidogenesis were investigated during postnatal development in the normal mouse and in the hypogonadal (hpg) mouse from 20 days. The hpg mouse lacks GnRH and may be used to examine the function of this peptide in normal gonadal development. Testicular tissue was incubated with [3H]pregnenolone and metabolites were separated by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. In the normal mouse from 1 to 10 days, metabolism occurred predominantly through the delta 4 pathway, and progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and testosterone were the main metabolites formed, together with significant amounts of an unidentified polar steroid. Between 15 and 25 days, androstenedione became the major metabolite formed from pregnenolone. There was also a marked increase in 5 alpha-reductase activity during this age range, and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5 alpha androstane-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol were significant metabolites. In normal animals older than 30 days, testosterone became the major metabolite, and between 30 days and adulthood the pattern of metabolism changed significantly due to increased formation of intermediates from the delta 5 pathway. In the hpg mouse between 20 and 30 days, the pattern of steroid metabolism was unlike that of any age of the normal animal. Progesterone was the major metabolite formed and dehydroisoandrosterone was the major C19 steroid formed, although significant levels of androstenedione and testosterone were also formed. After 30 days there was a marked decrease in steroid metabolism, with androstenedione (the major androgen) being formed mainly through the delta 4 pathway.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199058 TI - Effects of progestins on sexual behaviour in castrated lizards (Cnemidophorus inornatus). AB - In many male vertebrates, androgens stimulate, while progesterone inhibits, sexual behaviour. Testicular androgens also control sexual behaviour in males of the lizard Cnemidophorus inornatus. However, administration of progesterone will reinstate sexual behaviour in castrated animals. Increased doses of progesterone did not result in increased numbers of responders; at all doses tested approximately 36% (n = 45) of animals treated with progesterone responded as reliable courters. A high percentage (60-68%) of progesterone-sensitive individuals maintained their sensitivity over a period of months. A synthetic progestin 17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione with low rates of metabolism and conversion, also stimulated sexual behaviour in castrated C. inornatus. Finally, the synthetic antiprogestin 11 beta-4-dimethylaminophenyl-17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-1-propinyl- 4,9-oestradiene-3-one inhibited the stimulatory effects of progesterone on sexual behaviour but failed to inhibit the stimulatory effects of androgens. These findings indicate an unusual departure from the characteristic pattern of steroid sensitivities of neural centres controlling sexual behaviour. PMID- 3199059 TI - Increases in plasma concentrations of steroids in the rat after the administration of caffeine: comparison with plasma disposition of caffeine. AB - It was demonstrated that the altered endocrine environment caused by caffeine consumption could be equated with a stress-like pattern of response. A single acute treatment with caffeine (30 or 60 mg/kg) to male rats approximately 85 days old caused plasma concentrations of corticosterone, progesterone, testosterone and Na+ to rise significantly above control values. These changes were evident 3 min after caffeine administration and were maintained for 1-4 h before returning to normal. In animals exposed to daily chronic caffeine treatment for 10 days or more the levels of progesterone fell and Na+ rose significantly compared with control values at 24 h after administration. Following a single treatment of 30 mg/kg, caffeine was detected in blood plasma after 3 min, and reached peak levels by 1 h. After 24 h, less than 2% of the peak levels of caffeine remained. Metabolites of caffeine were detectable within 6 min and reached their peak levels 4 and 12 h later for theophylline and theobromine respectively. It is suggested that high steroid levels may in the long-term cause an altered hepatic clearance pattern affecting both steroid metabolism and caffeine elimination. A preliminary study of the morphology of livers from males chronically exposed to caffeine revealed that the hepatic cells lost cytoplasmic matrix, and that the sinusoids did not show up as clear spaces, compared with those in the controls. PMID- 3199060 TI - Validation of a heterologous radioimmunoassay for insulin-like growth factor-I in bovine serum. AB - A quantitative, repeatable, heterologous radioimmunoassay (RIA) for insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) was developed for bovine serum. Untreated serum could not be assayed due to interference by IGF-I-binding protein. Serum acidified to pH 3.6 in glycine-HCl (0.1 mol/l) for 24 h at 37 degrees C and neutralized with NaOH produced inhibition curves non-parallel to the [Thr59]-IGF-I standard. Neutralization by 40-fold dilution of acidified serum samples with assay buffer produced inhibition curves nearly parallel to the IGF-I standard. Complete parallelism was achieved by utilizing preprecipitated normal rabbit serum-sheep anti-rabbit gamma-globulin to separate antibody-bound 125I-labelled IGF-I from free 125I-labelled IGF-I. Recovery of IGF-I (1.3-52.3 fmol) added to serum was quantitative. The sensitivity of the RIA (n = 6) was 8.25 +/- 0.17 (S.E.M.) fmol. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 3.03 and 4.95% respectively. Serum IGF-I levels measured in beef calves at weaning were positively correlated with weaning weight, total weight gain from birth to weaning and average daily weight gain. In conclusion, a heterologous RIA for IGF-I in beef serum which is sensitive, accurate, precise and repeatable has been developed. PMID- 3199061 TI - In-vitro secretion of prolactin and growth hormone in the presence of melatonin by pituitary gland from mink kept under long or short days. AB - Mink anterior pituitaries were incubated in Medium 199 for up to 9 or 13 days. Biological activity of prolactin and GH was determined. Daily concentrations of prolactin and GH in the incubation medium were also measured by radioimmunoassay and radioreceptor assay. When females were kept under short days for several weeks before the experiment, a significant decrease in prolactin secretion by the anterior pituitary was observed as compared with that in females maintained under long days. In contrast, secretion of GH was not modified by the photoperiodic history of the animals. Pineal gland denervation by ablation of the superior cervical ganglia a few months before the experiment, or addition of melatonin to the incubation medium of anterior pituitaries from intact or ganglionectomized females, did not modify the secretion of prolactin and GH. The pituitary gland does not therefore seem to be a direct target site for melatonin in transducing the duration of daylength on the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. PMID- 3199062 TI - Hormonal regulation of DNA polymerase-beta activity in the rat thyroid gland. AB - Using hypophysectomized rats, it has been shown that DNA polymerase-beta activity in the adrenal gland and testis is largely influenced by pituitary trophic hormones. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of thyroid extracts revealed three peaks of DNA polymerase-beta activity sedimenting at 3.3S, 7.3S and 12S. Of these, hypophysectomy induced a decrease in the 3.3S DNA polymerase-beta, whereas other molecular forms were affected only slightly. DNA polymerase-alpha and gamma activities were unaffected by hypophysectomy. These changes in DNA polymerase-beta caused by hypophysectomy were reversed by daily i.p. injection of TSH. Furthermore, stimulation of the thyroid by excess TSH induced by the administration of 1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole resulted in an increase of all forms of thyroid DNA polymerase-beta. These results show that the level of DNA polymerase is relatively constant after hypophysectomy but that DNA polymerase beta in the rat thyroid gland is also modulated by TSH mainly through the change of activity of the polymerase-beta which sediments at 3.3S. PMID- 3199063 TI - Plasma clearance in the rat of the LH bioactivity of two human LH standards of differing molecular composition. AB - The LH biological potency of the International Reference Preparation (IRP) of Human Pituitary LH for Immunoassay (IRP 68/40) relative to that of the 2nd IRP of Human Pituitary FSH and LH for Bioassay (IRP 78/549) is markedly greater when estimated by in-vitro interstitial cell testosterone production (TICT) bioassay than by in-vivo bioassay, and by the 4-h ovarian ascorbate depletion (OAAD) assay than by the 4-day seminal vesicle weight gain assay. Other preparations of human LH which, like IRP 68/40, were highly purified, showed a similar spectrum of bioactivity in these assay systems and also contained a higher proportion of more basic LH isoforms than are found in crude pituitary extracts such as IRP 78/549. In an attempt to explain these differences, a comparison was made of the plasma survival in rats of the LH bioactivity (by TICT assay) of these two preparations. Contrary to expectation, their relative plasma clearance rates over a 4-h period did not account for their differing bioactivities. The plasma half-life of the LH bioactivity (with 95% confidence limits) was estimated to be 42.4 (35.3-49.5) min for IRP 68/40 and 41.3 (31.5-51.0) min for IRP 78/549. Furthermore the time course of action in vivo of IRP 78/549 did not appear to be more prolonged than that of IRP 68/40. Thus their plasma testosterone responses during the course of these 4-h plasma clearance studies were similar, and estimates of the LH potency of IRP 68/40 relative to that of IRP 78/549 were no greater by 2-h than by 4-h OAAD assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199064 TI - Effect of tamoxifen on oestrogen binding, lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and blood clotting parameters in premenopausal women with breast pain. AB - As part of a controlled trial of the use of tamoxifen for the treatment of mastalgia, some of the metabolic and haematological effects of this agent were measured. A panel of haemostatic variables including prothrombin time, kaolin cephalin clotting time, fibrinogen, euglobulin lysis time, factor VII, factor VIII, protein C and anti-thrombin III were determined. In addition, levels of sex hormone-binding globulin and both total and free oestradiol were estimated. No alteration in clotting function was found during the administration of tamoxifen, although hepatic function did alter during this period with an increase in concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin. There was a significant increase in total oestradiol and free oestradiol although the percentage of biologically available free oestradiol fell slightly during the course of tamoxifen treatment. There was a slight reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with an increase in HDL2, a subclass of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, consistent with an oestrogen-agonist effect. These data suggest that tamoxifen administration does not adversely influence haemostatic mechanisms or lipoprotein metabolism in the short term. PMID- 3199065 TI - 178th meeting of the Society for Endocrinology. 16-18 November 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3199066 TI - Tumor necrosis factor/cachectin. Induction of hemorrhagic necrosis in normal tissue requires the fifth component of complement (C5). AB - TNF induces hemorrhagic necrosis (HN) when injected into skin exposed to bacterial agents but not when injected into normal skin. In this paper, we present several lines of evidence suggesting that TNF requires the fifth component of complement (C5) to induce HN in skin exposed to bacteria. First, mouse strains that do not have C5 did not develop HN after injection of TNF and bacteria into skin. Second, plasma from C5-sufficient mice could correct the defect in these C5-deficient mice. Third, heating at 56 degrees C for 30 min inactivated the capacity of plasma to reconstitute C5-deficient mice. Fourth, CVF, which is known to inactivate complement, abrogated the capability of C5 sufficient mice to respond. Fifth, depleting plasma of hemolytic activity while generating C5a did not affect the capacity of the activated plasma to reconstitute C5-deficient mice. Finally, only the plasma fraction containing molecules of the size range of C5a reconstituted C5-deficient mice. These findings indicate that C5a and not the membrane attack complex is required for HN. Although we do not know through which mechanism C5a participates in the development of HN, we propose that the described HN response is related to a local defense mechanism in which TNF and C5a lead to the disruption of capillaries in the direct vicinity of bacteria. By this mechanism the rapid spread of bacteria or their products into the circulation is prevented. Such a tissue response is consistent with the known higher susceptibility of C5 deficient mice to bacterial infections and provides a model with which to search for the multiple steps involved in this important local defense mechanism. PMID- 3199067 TI - Resistance of cytolytic lymphocytes to perforin-mediated killing. Lack of correlation with complement-associated homologous species restriction. AB - CTL and NK cells resist self-mediated killing and lysis by their own pore-forming protein (PFP; perforin). Perforin, like C, lyses RBC. Efficient C-mediated lysis of RBC occurs when both C and RBC are from different species (homologous species restriction). A protective surface protein (C8-binding protein, homologous restriction factor) has been reported to mediate both homologous species restriction in C-dependent cytolysis and protection of some target cells against perforin-induced lysis. We show here that perforin, unlike C, lyses target cells across a variety of species, including the homologous one, while the same target cell populations resist the attack by homologous C. Perforin-containing extracts of CTL and LAK/NK cells from three species (rat, mouse, and human) and purified mouse perforin were tested against RBC from 10 different species, several nucleated target cell lines, and one primary cell population (thymocytes). While resisting lysis by homologous C, most of these cell types were lysed effectively by perforin without any homologous restriction pattern. CTL and NK cells, like other nucleated targets, are resistant to lysis by homologous but not heterologous C; however, these cell types are resistant to both homologous and heterologous perforin. Together, our results suggest that the protective mechanisms associated with C- and perforin-mediated lysis are distinct. PMID- 3199068 TI - The organization of the mouse Igh-V locus. Dispersion, interspersion, and the evolution of VH gene family clusters. AB - We have constructed a panel of Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed pre-B cells to study the organization of the mouse VH gene families. Based on the analyses of VH gene deletions on 51 chromosomes with VH gene rearrangements, we have inferred a map order of the Igh locus that holds for both the Igha and Ighb haplotypes. We show that members of each VH gene family are generally clustered, although three family clusters (VHS107, VH36-60, VGAM3.8) are dispersed in two or three subregions of the locus. Members of two VH gene families, VHQ52 and VH7183, are extensively interspersed and map within the same subregion. An examination of the distribution of VH group members (VH II, I, and III) within the locus suggests that two major duplications may, in part, explain the dispersed pattern of VH family clusters. The relationship of VH organization and functional expression is discussed in terms of position-dependent and complexity-driven models. PMID- 3199069 TI - Isolation of a complementary DNA clone encoding a precursor to human eosinophil major basic protein. AB - A 14-kD protein was purified from human PMNs and its NH2-terminal sequence was determined. Comparison of a portion of the NH2-terminal sequence of this protein to the recently reported NH2-terminal sequence of eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) showed them to be identical. To aid further characterization of the structural and functional properties of this molecule, we isolated from an HL-60 cDNA library a single class of cDNA clones whose sequence matched exactly the NH2 terminal amino acid sequence of the 14-kD polypeptide. Northern analysis of HL-60 cells suggests that MBP is constitutively expressed in HL-60 cells and is highly transcribed from a single copy gene. The sequence of the full-length cDNA clones predicts that MBP is synthesized as a 23-kD precursor form (pro-MBP) which is subsequently cleaved to release the mature 14-kD MBP. The putative pro-MBP has a predicted pI of 6.0, but both the charged and the hydrophobic residues are asymmetrically distributed, creating a bipolar molecule. The NH2-terminal half has a predicted pI of 3.7 and is hydrophilic, while the COOH-terminal half (corresponding to mature MBP) has a predicted pI of 11.1 and is hydrophobic. PMID- 3199071 TI - Cellularly defined minor histocompatibility antigens are differentially expressed on human hematopoietic progenitor cells. AB - Previously, five CTL lines directed against minor histocompatibility (mH) antigens designated HA-1-5 have been established from peripheral blood of patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and have been characterized using population and family studies. All cell lines showed specific HLA class I-restricted lysis of PHA-stimulated peripheral blood target cells from donors positive for the particular mH antigens. After 4 h of incubation of the mH antigen HA-3-specific CTL line with bone marrow cells from HA-3+ donors, complete class I-restricted inhibition of colony growth of the hematopoietic progenitor cells was observed even at low E/T ratios, indicating that the HA-3 antigen is strongly expressed on hematopoietic stem cells. Therefore, this antigen may be a target structure in the immune-mediated rejection of the hematopoietic graft in case of incompatibility for this determinant between donor and recipient in allogeneic BMT. In contrast, incubation of bone marrow cells with the antigen specific anti-HA-1, -2, -4, and -5 CTL lines did not result in growth inhibition of the hematopoietic progenitor cells tested. After a prolonged incubation time and using a very high E/T ratio, progenitor cells from HA-2+ or HA-5+ donors were killed to some extent by the anti-mH-specific CTL lines, although the growth inhibition observed was minor and variable. Our results show that mH antigens are differentially expressed on human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Therefore, only some of these antigens may be targets in immune-mediated rejection of the bone marrow graft. PMID- 3199070 TI - Three spontaneous H-2Db mutants are generated by genetic micro-recombination (gene conversion) events. Impact on the H-2-restricted immune responsiveness. AB - Sequence analysis of the mutant Dbm13, Dbm14, and Dbm24 genes indicate that they differ from the parental Db gene by 4, 1, and 8 nucleotides, respectively. The mutant sequences substituted into Dbm13 and Dbm24 are identical to those found in the Kb gene, at the homologous positions. Thus, similar to the Kb gene, the Db gene is able to undergo micro-recombination (gene conversion) events with other class I genes. Such data suggest that micro-recombination events could be an important mechanism for the diversification of all H-2 genes. The Db mutant products share a common theme: the alterations in all occur at amino acid residues whose side chains in the homologous class I HLA-A2 molecule project into the postulated peptide antigen-binding cleft, and hence, would be expected to alter the binding of foreign or self peptides. Due to such changes, the bm14 mouse has become a nonresponder in the CTL response to Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV), as the alteration of one amino acid residue at position 70 (a Gln to His) is sufficient to entirely abrogate the cell-mediated response to the virus. On the other hand, the bm13 mouse has shifted the major part of its M-MuLV restriction to Kb, a profound alteration in CTL responsiveness due to the alteration of three amino acids (Leu to Gln at 114, Phe to Tyr at 116, and Glu to Asp at 119) in a peptide stretch of beta-pleated sheet structure lining the bottom of the antigen-binding cleft. Thus, study of these mutants reveals that, in one step, micro-recombination at the genetic level has resulted at the protein level in profound changes in the immune response to viral infection. Such a mechanism operating at the population level can be a driving force during evolution for modulating the character of CTL immunity. PMID- 3199072 TI - Induction of lymphokine-activated killer-like cells by cancer chemotherapy. AB - Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity against NK-resistant target tumor cells was found in the peripheral blood of tumor-bearing patients approximately 1 mo after combined chemotherapy. The recognition specificity of these effector cells was broad and had no restriction. From the experiments of negative selection with mAbs and complements, these newly developed killer cells after chemotherapy were thought to be LAK-like cells. Contribution of these LAK-like cells to the mechanism of action of anticancer drugs remains to be clarified. PMID- 3199073 TI - Mononuclear phagocytes have the potential for sustained hydroxyl radical production. Use of spin-trapping techniques to investigate mononuclear phagocyte free radical production. AB - Monocytes lack lactoferrin and have much less myeloperoxidase than neutrophils. They also acquire a potential catalyst for .OH production (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) as they differentiate into macrophages. Consequently, the nature of free radicals produced by these cells was examined using the previously developed spin-trapping system. When stimulated with either PMA or OZ neither monocytes nor monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) exhibited spin trap evidence of .OH formation. Pretreatment with IFN-gamma failed to induce MDM .OH production. When provided with an exogenous Fe+3 catalyst, both stimulated monocytes and MDM, but not PMN, exhibited sustained .OH production, presumably due to the absence of lactoferrin in mononuclear phagocytes. Sustained production of .OH could contribute to the microbicidal activity of mononuclear phagocytes as well as inflammatory tissue damage under in vivo conditions where catalytic Fe+3 may be present. PMID- 3199074 TI - Virally induced modulation of murine IgG antibody subclasses. AB - The isotypic distribution of murine IgG was examined after infection with several viruses. The results indicate that when a hypergammaglobulinemia was induced by the infection, it was restricted to the IgG2a and, to a lesser extent, to the IgG2b subclasses. In addition, when mice were infected with some viruses concomitantly with the immunization with a soluble protein antigen, a modification in the isotypic distribution of antiprotein antibodies was observed, with a preferential production of IgG2a. These observations indicate that viral infections can actively influence the switch of Igs and selectively stimulate the production of the IgG2a subclass. PMID- 3199075 TI - Seronegative virus carriers in the infection of rabbits with human T lymphotropic virus type I. AB - Six HTLV-I-transformed T cell lines were prepared from PBL of three rabbits each of B/J and Chbb:HM strains, and were inoculated into newborn rabbits of these two strains, and of their F1 hybrid. None of three B/J cell lines induced anti-HTLV-I antibody response in newborn B/J rabbits, whereas all three Chbb:HM cell lines did induce a response in newborn Chbb:HM rabbits. These B/J cell lines however could induce antibody response in adult B/J as well as newborn Chbb:HM rabbits, and a Chbb:HM cell line could induce a response in a newborn B/J rabbit. Similar unresponsiveness was observed in (B/J x Chbb:HM)F1 hybrids neonatally inoculated with B/J cells. Unresponsiveness was abrogated by reinoculation of some but not other cell lines. Viral antigen-positive cell lines harboring HTLV-I provirus genomes were established from such seronegative B/J and F1 rabbits. Simultaneous inoculation of HTLV-I-transformed cells and SPV resulted in the induction of papilloma and antibody against SPV, but not antibody against HTLV-I. The present findings thus reveal that neonatal infection of HTLV-I could result in immunological tolerance to the virus antigens, thereby leading to a persistent infection without antibody induction. PMID- 3199076 TI - Lipid and lipoprotein contents of human follicular fluid. AB - The concentrations of total cholesterol, phospholipids, triacylglycerols and lipoproteins were measured in 87 follicular fluids obtained from 35 women undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The results were correlated with the levels of progesterone in follicular fluid. Two different types of ovarian stimulation were used. High density lipoproteins were the dominant lipoproteins found in the preovulatory follicular fluid. Low density lipoproteins were absent or appeared in trace amounts. Significantly higher triacylglycerol and high density lipoprotein levels were found when stimulation with human menopausal gonadotropins and chorionic gonadotropin was applied, as compared to the clomiphene citrate-menopausal gonadotropin-chorionic gonadotropin menstrual cycle. In both groups, extracorporal fertilization resulted in cleavage of oocytes and embryo transfer. No significant correlation between any follicular fluid lipid and progesterone concentration was found. The lipids estimated in the follicular fluid appeared to have no influence on the oocyte fertilizability. The presence of triacylglycerols and high density lipoproteins in the follicular fluid may indicate follicular wall permeability under the treatment with menopausal gonadotropins. PMID- 3199077 TI - [Studies on the reaction of wheat germ agglutinin with serum glycoproteins. Lectins as reagents. III]. AB - Solutions of wheat germ agglutinin exclusively but incompletely react with serum glycoproteins containing N-acetylneuraminic acid, viz. alpha 2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, haemopexin, immunoglobulin A, alpha 1-acid glycoprotein, ceruloplasmin, immunoglobulin M (in decreasing order) and others. The precipitation does not proceed stoichiometrically and depends on lectin and polyethyleneglycol concentration, temperature, pH-value, ionic strength, and matrix effects. Presumedly, the reaction is initiated by specific and electrostatic interactions of wheat germ agglutinin with sialic acid residues of the glycoprotein and followed by binding of N-acetylglucosamine residues. A minimal precipitation of albumin is due to its complex formation with glycoproteins via disulphide bonds. Although wheat germ lectin precipitation sensitively detects serum sialoproteins, its intensity does not reflect the amount of N-acetylneuraminic acid in serum glycoproteins, thus calling in question the analytical use of this lectin for the measurement of sialoglycoconjugates. PMID- 3199078 TI - Isolation of immunoglobulins and their use in immunoaffinity HPLC. AB - For the isolation of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies different high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) methods were investigated. Specially designed "mixed-bed" ion-exchange and hydroxylapatite columns as well as hydrophobic interaction columns were efficiently applied to the isolation of monoclonal antibodies. When these methods are used for the isolation of polyclonal antibodies from antiserum, the sample has to be pre-treated, e.g. by removal of serum albumin. Protein A HPAC is an easy method and quick to handle, especially for the preparative isolation of antibodies. The antibodies that do not bind to protein A, can be purified by protein G HPAC. If this method cannot be used because of the rather extreme elution conditions, hydroxylapatite, ion-exchange or hydrophobic interaction HPLC have to be considered as alternatives. We further concentrate on immunoaffinity HPLC with immobilized antibodies. This method has proved to be very effective for one-step isolation of antigens, even from very complex samples such as plasma membrane extracts. The problem with immunoaffinity HPLC is the quick deterioration of the columns, caused by increasing denaturing of the immobilized antibodies during elution. In order to solve this problem, an indirect method is recommended for analytical immunoaffinity HPLC. For this purpose, the antibodies are bound to a protein A HPAC column. The solution containing the antigens is then applied. After washing, the antigen-antibody complex is eluted from the column. PMID- 3199080 TI - Serum water determination by means of microwave evaporation. AB - A novel method is described for the determination of serum water using a microwave oven. The sources of experimental errors were analysed. Serum samples from two hundred patients were analysed for sodium, water and protein, and the data were used to calculate serum sodium molalities. A possible correlation was investigated between serum water content and protein concentration. The results were compared with those in the literature. PMID- 3199079 TI - [A new immunoluminometric solid phase sandwich assay for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen]. AB - A solid phase quantitative immunoluminometric assay for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (Anti-HBsAg) is described. This solid phase assay uses polystyrene balls of 6.4 mm diameter, coated with pure hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) obtained from the plasma of chronic HBsAg carriers. After incubation with patient serum (90 min), HBsAg labelled with 7-(4-aminobutyl-N ethyl)naphthalene 1,2-dicarboxylic acid hydrazide hemisuccinamide (ABEN-H) was used as the signal carrier. Dilutions of samples and standards were made with sera previously shown to be negative for anti HBsAg. The lower detection limit was about 1.3 U/l the upper limit for undiluted serum about 1000 U/l. The mean coefficient of variation was 5%. The dynamic range (expressed as the signal ratio of the highest standard: zero standard) was 182:1 and covered the range 23-4200 relative light units. The assay was tested for specificity and gave no false positive reactions in the presence of other hepatitis B antigens and antibodies. PMID- 3199082 TI - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), Scientific Committee, Clinical Section, Expert Panel on Theory of Reference Values. Approved recommendation (1988) on the theory of reference values. Part 3. Preparation of individuals and collection of specimens for the production of reference values. PMID- 3199083 TI - Drug treatment of moderate hypercholesterolemia. PMID- 3199084 TI - Papanicolaou smear techniques. PMID- 3199081 TI - International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), Education Committee. Guidelines for the training of medical graduates in clinical chemistry. PMID- 3199085 TI - Depression: somatization and social factors. PMID- 3199086 TI - Male sexual impotence: a case study in evaluation and treatment. PMID- 3199087 TI - Diagnostic criteria and the management of dystocia. AB - Cephalopelvic disproportion has been identified as making an important contribution to the rising cesarean birth rate. O'Driscoll and colleagues in Dublin, Ireland, have suggested replacement of cephalopelvic disproportion by the term dystocia for failure of labor to progress and have defined two major subcategories: (1) true cephalopelvic disproportion, and (2) inefficient uterine action. A chart audit of reported indications for cesarean birth in a family practice residency population was done, and patients were classified using the O'Driscoll et al diagnostic criteria for dystocia. When reclassified, the percentage of cesarean births in this population for true cephalopelvic disproportion did not differ significantly from that reported from Dublin (6.1 as compared with 8.8), while the percentage done for inefficient uterine action was significantly greater (35.4 as compared with 4.2). This finding suggests there is a set of labors amenable to a management strategy that could result in a decrease in the cesarean birth rates if efficient uterine action is assured with adequate use of oxytocin. PMID- 3199088 TI - Hypocholesterolemic effects of nicotinic acid and chromium supplementation. AB - During the course of a study of the hypoglycemic effects of nicotinic acid and chromium on humans, two hypercholesterolemic subjects were found to experience clinically significant decreases in serum cholesterol levels. These subjects have now been followed for one year. The first subject had a cholesterol level of 10.33 mmol/L (399 mg/dL). Daily supplementation for four weeks with 100 mg of nicotinic acid (niacin) and 200 micrograms of chromium chloride led to a decrease in serum cholesterol to 8.86 mmol/L (342 mg/dL). Further supplementation for four months led to a further decrease in serum cholesterol to 7.25 mmol/L (280 mg/dL). The second subject had a cholesterol level of 8.73 mmol/L (337 mg/dL). Four weeks of supplementation lowered the level to 6.73 mmol/L (260 mg/dL). When supplementation was discontinued, the cholesterol level rose slightly. When supplementation was reinstituted, the cholesterol level decreased to 6.68 mmol/L (258 mg/dL). PMID- 3199089 TI - Medical and psychosocial correlates of self-reported depressive symptoms in family practice. AB - A study was undertaken to examine the medical and psychosocial correlates of self reported depressive symptoms in patients drawn from six community-based family practices. Of 293 adult patients approached in reception rooms, 262 between the ages of 17 and 70 years agreed to complete a brief screening instrument containing the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Twenty-seven percent of these patients scored in the depressed range. The twofold excess of depressed women occurred at the point of seeking consultation rather than within the reception room sample. None of the depressed patients gave depression as their reason for visit. A weighted sample of 57 depressed and 39 nondepressed patients was selected for a telephone interview incorporating previously validated measures of physical health, life stress, and social support. Self reported depression scores were associated with physical symptoms, chronic health problems, recent life events, and a lack of supportive relationships. Additionally, the association between physical symptoms and depression was not due to simple overlap between measures, and less severe interpersonal disturbance was a better predictor of depression than were traumatic life events. Additive combinations of stress, health, and support variables accounted for up to 30 percent of the variance in depression. Overall, the results highlight the difficulties facing family physicians attempting to detect depression among their patients. PMID- 3199090 TI - Perceptions of family practice residents regarding health care and poor patients. AB - The purpose of this study was to assess residents' beliefs about the poor. Residents from eight different Ohio residency programs completed the questionnaire (N = 130). No significant differences were found in beliefs about the poor based on resident age, year of residency training, size of the community in which the resident was raised, and percentage of low-socioeconomic-status patients cared for. Most residents perceived the welfare system as lacking; 83 percent agreed the poor are caught in a "cycle of poverty," 82 percent agreed welfare benefits cause the poor to be dependent upon the system, and 48 percent believed indigent women become pregnant and have babies so they can collect welfare support. Conversely, only one in four residents believed that most poor people become poor as a result of lack of effort on their part, and one in five believed that society is coddling the poor. The majority of residents believed that poor patients are more likely than others to miss appointments without canceling (73 percent), more likely to be late for appointments (51 percent), and less knowledgeable about their illnesses (80 percent). One in four residents believed that poor patients tend not to appreciate the work of physicians and nurses, and 43 percent claimed that the poor are more difficult patients. The majority of residents believed that the poor are unlikely to practice preventive health behaviors (72 percent) or to be compliant with their medical regimen (60 percent). Finally, 41 percent believed that poor patients usually care less than others about their own health status. PMID- 3199091 TI - Attitudes of family medicine residents toward homosexuality. PMID- 3199092 TI - Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of limb ectoderm on in vitro chondrogenesis. AB - Previous studies have indicated possible dual effects of the limb ectoderm in cartilage differentiation. On one hand, explants from early (stage 15) wing buds are dependent on contact with the limb ectoderm for cartilage differentiation (Gumpel-Pinot, J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 59:157-173, 1980). On the other hand, limb ectoderm from stage 23/24 wing buds inhibits cartilage differentiation by cultured limb mesenchyme cells even without direct contact (Solursh et al., Dev. Biol. 86:471-482, 1981). In the present study, ectoderms from both stage 15/16 and stage 23/24 wings are cultured under the same conditions, and ectoderms from each source are shown to have two effects. Each stimulates chondrogenesis in stage 15 wing bud mesenchyme, and each inhibits chondrogenesis in older wing mesenchyme. The results suggest that the limb ectoderm has at least dual effects on cartilage differentiation, depending on the stage of the mesenchyme. One effect involves an early mesenchymal dependence on the ectoderm. This effect requires contact between the ectoderm and mesoderm (Gumpel-Pinot, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 59:157-173, 1980) but also can be observed at a distance from the ectoderm. Later, the ectoderm can act without direct contact between the ectoderm and mesoderm to inhibit chondrogenesis over some distance. PMID- 3199093 TI - Caffeine promotes in vitro fertilization of mouse ova within 15 minutes. AB - Epididymal sperm were collected from C57Bl6/J X DBA2/J (B6D2) males and allowed to capacitate for 2 hr. When cumulus-free oocytes were exposed to sperm for 15 min in either the presence (6.0 mM) or absence of caffeine, fertilization did not occur. However, when cumulus cells were left intact, 23% of oocytes were fertilized in caffeine-free medium and 62% in caffeine-containing medium. When cumulus-free oocytes were incubated with sperm for 30 min, none was fertilized in the absence of caffeine, but 33% were fertilized when 6.0 mM caffeine was present (P less than .02). These effects of caffeine were on the sperm, as sperm exposed to caffeine and then coincubated with oocytes for 15 min in essentially caffeine free media fertilized a similar percent of oocytes (93%) as when sperm and oocytes were exposed to caffeine during the fertilization period (86%). When sperm were capacitated in caffeine-containing medium, the percentage of ova fertilized was similar to capacitation without caffeine. We conclude that both cumulus cells and caffeine speed up the fertilization process with mouse gametes and that the effect of caffeine is on the sperm, but not due to more rapid capacitation. PMID- 3199094 TI - Evidence suggesting a role for sperm metalloendoprotease activity in penetration of zona-free hamster eggs by human sperm. AB - It has been reported that metalloendoprotease (MEP) activity is involved in somatic cell membrane fusion events and in the sea urchin sperm acrosome reaction (AR). MEP activity also has been demonstrated in human and other mammalian sperm. The present study was concerned with investigating whether a human sperm MEP is important in membrane events necessary for sperm egg fusion. Ejaculated human sperm were washed, capacitated in vitro, and preincubated with the competitive MEP inhibitors phosphoramidon (50 microM) or CBZ-L-phenylalanine (1 mM), with 100 microM diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), a heavy metal chelator, or as controls, with the appropriate solvents. The AR was initiated in vitro with preovulatory human follicular fluid and the sperm washed to dilute inhibitors and then coincubated with zona-free golden hamster eggs (zonae and cumuli removed with trypsin and hyaluronidase, respectively). Eggs were washed after 0.5 h, and the number of sperm remaining bound was counted. After 2.5 h further incubation, the eggs were stained with acetolacmoid or acetoorcein and penetration was assayed by counting the number of decondensed sperm heads per egg (penetration index) and the percent of penetrated eggs. The inhibitor treatments did not decrease the percentage of penetrated eggs (range 80-90%), but a significant reduction in the penetration index was observed. Phosphoramidon reduced the penetration index by 45%, CBZ-L-phenylalanine by 57%, and DTPA by 56%. None of the inhibitors decreased the penetration index or the percentage of penetrated eggs when added directly to suspensions of acrosome-reacted sperm and zona-free eggs at the diluted levels that would have been present after washing inhibitor treated sperm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199095 TI - Bioengineered human growth hormone supports limb regeneration in the hypophysectomized newt Notophthalmus viridescens. AB - It is well documented that growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy will restore normal limb regeneration to hypophysectomized adult newts. However, it is also known that the GH preparations used in previous reports were contaminated by other pituitary hormones shown to support regeneration when administered free of GH. The recent availability of bioengineered human GH was studied for its ability to restore the regenerative capacity to hypophysectomized newts. Five days posthypophysectomy adult newts were subject to forelimb amputation distal to the elbow. Animals were divided into three groups (n greater than 20). Each received one of three GH preparations: pituitary-derived bovine GH, pituitary-derived human GH, or bioengineered human GH. GH was administered via intraperitoneal injection (0.029 IU/50 microliters) on alternate days for either the first 5 days (total of 3 injections) or for 35 days (total of 18 injections). Pituitary-intact and hypophysectomized control newts were subjected to forelimb amputation and injected with hormone diluent. All newts that received GH demonstrated normal limb regeneration to the early digitiform stage by 35 days postamputation. None of the hypophysectomized control newts showed any evidence of regeneration. We conclude that GH alone can restore the ability to undergo normal limb regeneration to hypophysectomized newts. PMID- 3199096 TI - The relationship between the base composition of bacterial DNA and its intracellular melting temperature as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. AB - The correlation between the melting temperature of intracellular DNA, determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of whole bacteria, and its guanine + cytosine (G + C) content, was examined for 58 species of bacteria. Samples of vegetative cells were heated in a Perkin-Elmer DSC-2C at 10 degrees C min-1 from 5 to 130 degrees C, cooled to 5 degrees C and then re-heated as before. Literature values for the mole fraction of G + C, XGC, were linearly related to the temperature, Tmax, at which the reversible peak, pr, observed on the second heating run was at a maximum, via the equation XGC = (Tmax -73.8)/41.0. This equation accounted for 91.9% of the variance in XGC with 95% confidence limits of +/- 7.3%, approximately 1.6 times the corresponding uncertainty (+/- 4.5%) quoted by De Ley (Journal of Bacteriology 101, 738-754, 1970) for estimates based on the spectroscopically determined melting temperature of purified DNA. Random errors of measurement of Tmax did not greatly limit the precision of the prediction and it was concluded that factors additional to base composition affected the temperature of DNA melting within the bacterial cell. Displacement of Tmax values from the fitted line was particularly noticeable in Campylobacter, Corynebacterium and Bacterionema species and part of the residual variation appeared to be species specific, possibly caused by differences in intracellular solute concentration. PMID- 3199097 TI - Transformation of Streptococcus sanguis to intrinsic penicillin resistance. AB - A series of step-level penicillin-resistant derivatives of Streptococcus sanguis V288 (Challis) were obtained through successive genetic transformations. The DNA donor used was a laboratory-derived, penicillin-resistant multistep mutant of the recipient strain. Detection of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of wild type and transformants revealed five major PBPs. While it was found that S. sanguis can acquire intrinsic resistance in a stepwise manner and the mechanism was similar to those of some other organisms (changes in penicillin-binding protein affinity and/or in extent of penicillin binding), multiple-PBP changes accompanied a single step-level of resistance. All of the PBPs showed varying degrees of decreased affinity for [3H]benzylpenicillin with increasing penicillin resistance. Of these, the consistent, dramatic and progressive decrease of PBP 4 binding was most notable. After an initial decrease at the first step-level of resistance, PBP 5 was restored to wild-type levels, indicating a possible important role in survival. Genetic linkage of the first two step-levels of resistance was demonstrated by examination of transformation frequencies and by hit-kinetics experiments. A convenient method is described for the quantitative comparison of fluorographs containing PBPs with a wide range of affinities for penicillin. PMID- 3199098 TI - Adherence of streptococci to surface-modified glass. AB - Four types of surface-modified glass were prepared. Aminopropyl glass was prepared by alkylsilylation of glass slides with gamma aminopropyltriethoxysilane. This glass carries primary amino groups which may be protonated at pH 7.2. Owing to the presence of both positively charged ions and hydrophobic ethoxyl groups, the glass is considered to be amphipathic. Three other types of surface-modified glass slides were prepared from aminopropyl glass by forming Schiff's bases with three aldehydes: glucose, glyoxylic acid and hexanal. The aldehyde-treated slides were subsequently reduced using sodium borohydride. Thus, the surface of the glass was rendered hydrophilic, ampholytic or hydrophobic, respectively. The adherence of two Streptococcus sanguis strains and two Streptococcus mutans strains to the surface-modified glass slides was studied. Different strains showed differences in adherence to these slides depending on their physico-chemical surface properties. For S. sanguis ATCC 10556, hydrophobic bonds seemed to be most important, while in S. mutans OMZ 176, ionic interactions made the highest contribution to adhesion. Hydrogen bonds seemed to contribute least to adherence. PMID- 3199099 TI - Activation of a beta-tubulin gene during early development of the plasmodium in Physarum polycephalum. AB - Uninucleate amoebae of Physarum polycephalum strain CL undergo apogamic development to form multinucleate plasmodia via an intermediate stage of large, uninucleate cells irreversibly committed to plasmodial development. This amoebal plasmodial transition involves major changes in tubulin gene expression and the organization of microtubular structures. We analysed the expression of the betC locus, which encodes the plasmodial-specific beta 2-tubulin, during plasmodial development. A key question addressed was the timing of expression of betC in relation to the last open mitosis of the amoeba and the first closed mitosis of the plasmodium during the transition. Culture conditions were improved to yield partly synchronous differentiating cultures containing 50-60% committed cells, in order to facilitate biochemical analysis of development. Northern blotting indicated that betC RNA was virtually absent from amoebae and from early differentiating cultures. However, betC transcripts could already be detected in differentiating cultures containing only 0.1% of committed cells; the relative amount of betC transcripts increased as the percentage of committed cells in differentiating cultures increased. In fully developed plasmodia, there was at least a 330-fold increase in the betC transcript level compared to that in amoebae. We conclude that betC is activated during the amoebal-plasmodial transition immediately before or during the commitment event. Small amounts of beta 2-tubulin polypeptide could first be detected by Western blotting around the stage of the first closed mitosis. Thus beta 2-tubulin may participate in the first closed mitosis that committed cells undergo during their development into plasmodia. PMID- 3199100 TI - New bacteriophages active on strains of Hyphomicrobium. AB - Fifty-five lytic bacteriophages isolated from water and soil samples were active on many strains of the genus Hyphomicrobium. The optimal isolation procedure was an adsorption method in which samples from a habitat similar to that of the respective host bacterium were used as the phage inoculum. According to the morphology and nucleic acid type these bacteriophages belonged to different families: Myoviridae (type A1: five phages); Styloviridae (type B1: 33 phages; type B2: eight phages) and Podoviridae (type C1: nine phages). The Styloviridae (type B1) appeared in two morphological variants (tails flexible or rigid). All phages investigated were specific for the genus Hyphomicrobium and were unable to lyse members of other genera of hyphal, budding bacteria (e.g. Hyphomonas, Pedomicrobium, genus D, genus T). The host specificity of 42 phages was tested with 156 Hyphomicrobium strains: 122 strains were lysed by at least one of these phages, but 34 Hyphomicrobium strains were not susceptible. Morphotype B1 phages with identical morphology could be distinguished according to their host-range properties on prophage-containing Hyphomicrobium strains. With regard to differences in morphology and host range, 25 phages were selected for more detailed investigations. From these phages DNA was isolated; the melting transition midpoints (Tm) ranged from 67 to 93 degrees C. The upper and higher values suggested the presence of DNA modifications. Six different adsorption patterns could be distinguished among the Hyphomicrobium phages. Preferred attachment sites were the proximal pole of the mother cell, the hyphal tip, the distal pole of the bud, and the distal pole of the swarmer cell. PMID- 3199101 TI - Genetic diversity of African swine fever virus isolates from soft ticks (Ornithodoros moubata) inhabiting warthog burrows in Zambia. AB - The genomes of African swine fever virus isolates collected from soft ticks (Ornithodoros moubata) inhabiting warthog burrows in four areas of Zambia were compared by restriction enzyme site mapping. Isolates from different areas showed considerable diversity. The regions of genomes that differed between isolates were distributed throughout the virus genome, although some more conserved regions were identified, such as the right-hand third of the genome. The genomes of seven isolates from neighbouring warthog burrows within Livingstone Game Park in southern Zambia were more similar to each other than those from different areas. However, a number of differences were observed even between the genomes of isolates from the same warthog burrow. The variation between these latter isolates probably resulted from point mutations located at various positions along the genome, in addition to small additions or deletions at both terminal regions. Restriction enzyme site mapping indicated that one isolate may have originated by earlier recombination between two distinguishable viruses. PMID- 3199102 TI - Production and characterization of bovine monoclonal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus. AB - Six interspecific hybridomas (heterohybridomas) secreting bovine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were produced. Four of the heterohybridomas were formed using the mouse myeloma cell line NS1 as the fusion partner, one using NS0, and the remaining heterohybridoma was formed using a bovine X murine hybridoma as the fusion partner. Five heterohybridomas secreted bovine IgG1 and one secreted IgG2. All six MAbs recognized human subtype A and B viruses as well as bovine RS virus. They were specific for the fusion glycoprotein and reacted with a 140K dimer and a 70K monomer in a Western blot of native antigen; three also bound to the 46K F1 component and its 22K cleavage product in a blot of reduced antigen. Two of these MAbs neutralized RS virus infectivity, inhibited virus-induced fusion, lysed RS virus-infected cells in the presence of complement and protected mice against RS virus challenge. PMID- 3199103 TI - Separation of functional West Nile virus replication complexes from intracellular membrane fragments. AB - Flaviviruses encode seven non-structural proteins for which functions have not yet been described. The identification of the viral and possible host proteins which may be involved in flavivirus replication has been impeded by the fact that the viral replication complexes are tightly associated with endoplasmic reticular membranes within infected cells and that in vitro polymerase activity is associated with large membrane fragments. To facilitate further study of flavivirus replication complexes, selected ultrapure detergents were analysed for their effect on West Nile virus (WNV) in vitro RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and for their ability to release functional replication complexes from partially purified intracellular BHK-21 membrane fragments. A few previous reports indicated that flavivirus in vitro polymerase activity was sensitive to detergent treatment. The present study indicates that WNV polymerase activity is variably inhibited depending on the concentration and identity of the detergent used. Of the five detergents (Tween 20, maltoside, octylglucoside, lubrol PX and sodium deoxycholate) tested, sodium deoxycholate was the most efficient at releasing functional viral replication complexes from intracellular membranes. PMID- 3199104 TI - Resuming social approaches to psychiatric disorder: a critical contemporary need. PMID- 3199105 TI - Interpersonal problem solving in alcoholics. AB - In Study 1, a verbal role-playing test of interpersonal problem solving, the Adaptive Skills Battery (ASB), and selected "impersonal" neuropsychological problem-solving tests were given to male alcoholics (N = 73) in a VA alcohol treatment program and to male nonalcoholic controls (N = 36). Alcoholics' ASB competency scores under a "give your typical response" instructional set were significantly lower than controls' scores. In response to a "give the very best response" set, ASB scores for alcoholics and controls did not differ. Alcoholics' interpersonal problem-solving deficits appear to be due to their less effective execution of cognitive or problem-solving skills as opposed to their capacities for such skills. A lack of correlation between performance on impersonal neuropsychological tests and performance on the ASB suggests that these areas of functioning involve quite different psychological processes. In Study 2, alcoholics with alcoholic family members (family history positive) were found to have lower ASB scores than family history negative alcoholics. "Best" ASB responses were positively correlated with therapists' ratings of treatment behaviors and treatment outcome; "typical" ASB responses were not. Thus, alcoholics' therapeutic progress was predicted by their conceptualization of the "best" response in the interpersonal problem-solving situations and not by their typical pretreatment response. PMID- 3199106 TI - Differences among treatment clinic types in attitudes toward narcotic addiction. AB - Factor analysis of data from a general survey of attitudes and opinions concerning narcotic addiction and its treatment revealed 10 major dimensions, five of which were likely to have significant implications for drug abuse intervention strategies. For these latter dimensions, differences were determined among clients and staff according to type of treatment clinic (three types involving the provision of methadone maintenance in various combinations with other treatments and one involving the use of abstinence only). The most pronounced differences were between the methadone clinics and those offering abstinence only. Both the clients and staff of abstinence clinics were more skeptical concerning treatment effectiveness, were more negative regarding the use of narcotic drugs, and were more disposed to the use of ex-addict counselors and group procedures in treatment. PMID- 3199108 TI - Ethnic differences in seclusion and restraint. AB - Data on seclusions or restraints were analyzed by ethnic group for 587 patients in 19 New York State psychiatric hospitals for a 4-week period. No differences among White, Black, or Hispanic patients were found for sex; type of ward where episode occurred; frequency of, length of, or reason for confinement; or the administration of medication as needed. The groups did differ in age, diagnosis, and target of their assaults. When analyzed by age groups, minority patients were not overrepresented in the secluded/restrained sample. Age was the most important variable to account for ethnic differences in confinement. PMID- 3199107 TI - Psychopathology in cocaine abusers. Changing trends. AB - The authors studied a group of 149 hospitalized cocaine abusers as a follow-up to previous research performed in 1980-82, which had revealed a high prevalence of affective disorder in cocaine abusers. The authors hypothesized that the changing epidemiology of cocaine abuse since that time may have been accompanied by changes in the characteristics of patients seeking treatment for dependence on the drug. The cocaine abusers were compared with 293 other drug abusers to see whether clinical changes over time were specific to individuals abusing cocaine. The authors found slightly more affective disorder in the cocaine abusers when compared with the other patients (26.8% vs. 20.1%), with a significantly higher rate of cyclothymic disorder (11.4% vs. 2.7%, p less than .001). Affective illness was significantly more prevalent in the first-degree relatives of the cocaine abusers when compared with the sex-matched relatives of the other patients (p less than .05). Diagnostic trends changed a great deal, however, between the original 1980-82 study sample and the follow-up 1982-86 sample. The rate of affective disorder decreased over time from 50.0% to 21.0% (p less than .01), and the rate of affective illness in the families also declined, from 31.0% to 11.5% in females (p less than .001) and from 14.3% to 2.2% in males (p less than .001). No such change occurred in the comparison group of opioid and central nervous system depressant abusers. The authors conclude that although a substantial number of cocaine abusers suffer from concurrent affective disorder, this form of premorbid psychopathology has become a less important risk factor for the development of chronic cocaine abuse as cocaine use has become more widespread. PMID- 3199109 TI - Differences between psychotic and nonpsychotic patients on content dimensions of the MMPI Sc scale. AB - This study examined elevated MMPI Sc scores among psychotic and nonpsychotic patients to determine whether homogeneous item-content dimensions could clarify the precise meaning of elevations on scale Sc. A total of 45 psychotic patients were compared with 56 nonpsychotic psychiatric patients on the Harris and Lingoes subscales of the Sc scale. All subjects had T-score elevations on scale Sc greater than or equal to 70. The two criterion groups did not differ on overall scale Sc scores, but a distinctive pattern of subscale scores emerged that discriminated the samples. Psychotic patients obtained significantly higher scores on subscales measuring bizarre thinking and perceived loss of control over impulses and emotions. Conversely, nonpsychotics endorsed significantly more items on subscales concerned with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and thinking difficulties. These data suggest that homogeneous item-content dimensions of the Sc scale provide a means for distinguishing between psychotic and nonpsychotic patients who otherwise appear similar on overall scale Sc. PMID- 3199110 TI - The embedded set procedure. Comment on Galbraith, MacCrimmon, and Steffy. AB - The reaction-time crossover phenomenon discovered by Rodnick and Shakow has come to be studied mainly with the embedded isotemporal sets procedure and indexed by the difference in reaction time to regular and irregular trials at a 7-second preparatory interval (PI). A 1983 report in this journal by Galbraith et al. (J Nerv Ment Dis 171:670-675) demonstrated that the magnitude of crossover at this PI was influenced by the duration of the preparatory interval immediately prior (PPI) to the first trial of the 7-second isotemporal blocks. Secondary analyses reported here extend the examination of PPI influences and indicate: a) that the crossover phenomenon as assessed in the embedded sets procedure is due mainly to the very slow reaction time to the first trial of the 1-second isotemporal blocks; and b) that crossover in this paradigm is partially due to uncontrolled PPI influences across the 1-, 3-, and 7-second embedded blocks. These are further reasons for returning to the original Rodnick-Shakow method as Galbraith et al. recommended. PMID- 3199111 TI - Three new cases of the reincarnation type in Sri Lanka with written records made before verification. PMID- 3199112 TI - Neuroleptic-induced pyrexia. A benign variant. PMID- 3199113 TI - Factors influencing the ingestion of Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae by Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). AB - Culicoides variipennis were fed under controlled conditions on two ponies that exhibited seasonal changes in Onchocerca cervicalis microfilarial (mf) skin density and skin distribution. The seasonal changes did not radically affect mf ingestion. Flies were fed on the umbilicus of infected ponies by two methods: individual feeding in consecutive order at the same site, or by mass feeding. Linear regression analysis indicated that ingestion of microfilaria was independent of feeding time and engorged weight. In the individual feeding data, there was a trend toward an increased ingestion of mf as the feeding time increased. Mass feeding trials suggest early feedings by C. variipennis may influence mf ingestion rates of flies that feed on subsequent days. Of the 1,104 flies feeding on both ponies over a 2-year period, 220 (20%) ingested mf and 99 (9% of all engorged flies) ingested only one mf. PMID- 3199114 TI - Host feeding patterns of Anopheles culicifacies species A and B. AB - Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis was used to assay bloodmeals to determine the host specificity of Anopheles culicifacies species A and B, collected from areas in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Results indicated the predominantly zoophagic nature of species A and B with a relatively higher degree of anthropophagy for species A. Further, the human blood index was found to be related to the proportion of human and cattle population in an area. This study is significant because, of the two species only species A was incriminated as the vector of malaria in these areas. PMID- 3199115 TI - Efficacy of two formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (H-14) against Aedes vexans and safety to non-target macroinvertebrates. AB - An experimental Sandoz formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (SAN 402 SC 98) was several times more effective than Abbott ABG 6188 against larvae of Aedes aegypti and Ae. vexans in the laboratory. Field applications of SAN 402 SC 98 at 0.25 liter/ha and ABG 6188 at 1.00 liter/ha resulted in more than 97% control of Ae. vexans larvae after 48 hours, with residual activity of 24 hours or less. The amphipod, Hyallela azteca, and 4 species of water beetles were apparently unaffected by 100 ppm SAN 402 SC 98, which is 1,449 times the 24 hour LC50 for third instar Ae. vexans larvae. PMID- 3199116 TI - A survey of mosquitoes breeding in used tire stockpiles in Connecticut. AB - A larval survey of nine used tire disposal sites in Connecticut, was conducted from June through October 1987. No larvae of Aedes albopictus were uncovered indicating that this mosquito is not yet established in the state. However, eight other mosquito species in four genera were found. The most abundant and widely distributed species found breeding in permanent tire dumps were Ae. atropalpus, Ae. triseriatus and Culex restuans. Culex pipiens was the second most common Culex species followed by Cx. territans and Cx. salinarius. Other species included Anopheles punctipennis and Culiseta melanura. Larvae of Ae. atropalpus and Cx. salinarius were most frequently recovered from tire casings exposed to direct sunlight, while Ae. triseriatus and Cs. melanura predominated in tires shaded by bordering trees and low-lying vegetation. The other mosquito species showed no discernable preference for either habitat type. PMID- 3199118 TI - Is the Horaana strain of the Culex pipiens group Culex pipiens pallens? AB - The validity of the Horaana strain of the Culex pipiens group as Cx. pipiens pallens was studied. Judging from the fourth instar characters and morphology of the adult male genitalia, this laboratory strain is now out of the range of ordinary Cx.p. pallens in Japan, and must be identified as Cx. p. quinquefasciatus. PMID- 3199117 TI - Dispersal of Culex quinquefasciatus from a dairy in southern California. AB - The dispersal of Culex quinquefasciatus was studied near Norco, California in a periurban situation of southern California. Concurrent studies indicated that host-seeking females were most active up to one hour after sunset. A mark-release recapture technique was used to document a mean distance traveled of 0.91 km in 12 hr (the first flight period) and a cumulative distance of 1.27 km after 36 hr (following the second flight period). Nearly 0.32% of 47,750 marked females were recaptured. A majority of the population moved with the prevailing wind. Unmarked females were captured at all trapping locations in the study. PMID- 3199120 TI - Mosquito repellents: monocarboxylic esters of aliphatic diols. AB - Selected monocarboxylic esters of aliphatic diols that contained an alicyclic group in the acyl portion of the molecule were effective repellents for Aedes aegypti, Anopheles quadrimaculatus and An. albimanus when tested on cloth. Although 25 of the esters provided greater than 21 days of protection against all 3 species, the repellent potency of the 143 hydroxyesters that were tested was found to vary with mosquito species. Anopheles quadrimaculatus was especially susceptible to this type of structure; 112 of the esters provided greater than 21 days of protection and 56 provided greater than 100 days of protection. Aedes aegypti was moderately susceptible to these repellents; 72 esters provided greater than 21 days of protection. Anopheles albimanus was the most difficult mosquito to repel. Only 29 of the esters provided greater than 21 days of protection. PMID- 3199119 TI - Susceptibility status of Aedes albopictus to three topically applied adulticides. AB - The baseline susceptibility of Aedes albopictus (Sabah strain) to malathion was determined. Both laboratory-colonized and field-collected Ae. albopictus at Harris County, TX are resistant to malathion but susceptible to Scourge. The acute toxicity of bendiocarb to Ae. albopictus is confounded by its rapid knockdown and delayed recovery syndrome of poisoning. PMID- 3199121 TI - Efficacy of new insect growth regulators against mosquito larvae in dairy wastewater lagoons. AB - Four new insect growth regulators (IGRs) and a slow-release formulation of a currently-used IGR were evaluated for the control of Culex peus and Cx. quinquefasciatus in dairy wastewater lagoons. The IGR AC-291898 (CME 13406) proved highly efficacious, producing 100% control for one week and about 98% control for two weeks at the rate of 0.05 lb AI/acre (0.056 kg/ha). The IGR XRD 473 produced similar results at this rate. The effective rate of these two compounds seems to be in the range of 0.05 to 0.1 lb AI/acre (0.056-0.11 kg/ha). A granular formulation of S-31183 (0.5 G) applied at 0.05 lb AI/acre (0.056 kg/ha) yielded mediocre reduction whereas fenoxycarb EC 1 at up to 0.25 lb AI/acre (0.28 kg/ha) and methoprene 4% slow release pellets at up to 1.0 lb AI/acre (1.12 kg/ha) produced little or no control of Culex in the dairy wastewater lagoons. These compounds need to be applied at higher rates or suitable formulations will have to be developed to achieve satisfactory control. PMID- 3199122 TI - Evaluation of ULV naled applied simultaneously against caged adult Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culicoides furens. AB - Two experiments were conducted to test application of ULV naled against adult Aedes taeniorhynchus and Culicoides furens exposed simultaneously in cages hung on poles at selected heights and distances from the spray source. ULV spray was released at 0.14 oz active ingredient/acre, droplet size 13.5 micron mmd. In both experiments, insecticide largely carried over the first poles. The greatest mortality occurred at the second pole position, 18.3 and 25.7 m, respectively, from the spray origin, and diminished progressively with increasing distance. Cages at the highest elevation (183 cm) showed the greatest mortality, while those near the ground (15 cm) were substantially less affected. Regression analysis showed that 70% control or better was attained up to a distance (beyond a line 10 m from the release point) of 23 m in the case of Ae. taeniorhynchus and 18 m in the case of C. furens. ULV naled, applied as described, was not particularly effective for control of Ae. taeniorhynchus and C. furens, and was poor for insects exposed in low vegetation. PMID- 3199123 TI - Cytogenetic evidence for a fifth species within the taxon Anopheles dirus in Thailand. AB - Crossbreeding and chromosomal evidence are presented for the existence of a fifth sibling species within the taxon of Anopheles dirus in Thailand. The new species is morphologically identifiable as Anopheles balabacensis "Fraser's Hill form." Structural differences in mitotic chromosomes and extensive asynapsis in hybrid polytene chromosomes indicate that significant genetic divergence exists between this species and its closest relatives, An. dirus species A, B, C and D and An. balabacensis. PMID- 3199124 TI - Rate of oviposition by Culex quinquefasciatus in San Antonio, Texas, during three years. AB - Two artificial oviposition sites containing aged alfalfa pellet infusion were exposed to natural populations of Culex quinquefasciatus in San Antonio, Texas, for 3 years. Numbers of egg rafts were counted daily and compared to weather data from a nearby station. Egg rafts were generally most numerous in summer months, declining in fall and increasing in spring. Oviposition occurred in winter only when temperatures were high enough. A particularly severe winter in 1983-84 reduced winter activity, but was followed by a great increase in oviposition in late spring. In summer, increases of oviposition were correlated with rainfall 2 to 3 weeks before the time of oviposition. Rainfall at the time of oviposition appeared to decrease oviposition. On a seasonal basis, lack of rainfall in the summer of 1984 was correlated with a decrease in oviposition. PMID- 3199126 TI - Aedes albopictus in Florida. PMID- 3199125 TI - Field application of Romanomermis culicivorax (Mermithidae: Nematoda) to control anopheline larvae in southern Iran. AB - The efficacy of the parasitic nematode Romanomermis culcivorax in controlling anopheline larvae, including malaria vectors, was studied in Fars and Baluchistan provinces. Twenty sites were treated once with the preparastic stage of R. culicivorax in 1984 with 3,000, 5,000 or 10,000 preparasites per m2 surface area, depending on larval density. The average parasitism of anopheline larvae ranged from 56 to 69% based on 24 hr posttreatment dissections. No correlation was found between the level of parasitism and the density of mosquito larvae present in a site. About 61% parasitism was obtained when different rates of preparasites were released in 14 larval breeding sites in 1985. No apparent difference was observed in the rate of parasitism in 10 sites receiving one treatment compared with four sites receiving two treatments, with a seven day interval between each treatment. Romanomermis culcivorax was established in the release sites but caused only minor reductions in anopheline larval populations. The nematode would be of limited use in antimalaria campaigns in southern Iran. PMID- 3199127 TI - Aedes thelcter from the lower Colorado River in California. PMID- 3199128 TI - Salinity tolerance of Leptolegnia chapmanii (Oomycetes: Saprolgeniales), a fungal pathogen of mosquito larvae. PMID- 3199129 TI - Effects of dengue-1 infection in Aedes albopictus on its susceptibility to malathion. PMID- 3199130 TI - Nutrient accumulation in three mosquitoes during larval development and its effect on young adults. PMID- 3199131 TI - Discovery of Aedes (Howardina) bahamensis in the United States. PMID- 3199132 TI - The collection of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Baltimore, Maryland. PMID- 3199133 TI - Characterization of Cu2+ and Fe3+ -mesoporphyrin complexes with histidine-rich glycoprotein: evidence for Cu2+ -Fe3+ -mesoporphyrin interaction. AB - One equivalent of Fe3+ -mesoporphyrin (heme) is coordinated by two axial histidine ligands to a preferred site on histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG). This study shows that titration of this stochiometric heme.HRG complex with 0-20 equivalents of Cu2+ produces a series of pronounced spectral changes indicative of multiple, sequential alterations of the heme environment. A monotonic low- to high-spin heme transition characterized by a decrease in resonance amplitude at g = 2.99, an increase at g = 6.0, and an increase in absorptivity at 620 nm is induced with the addition of the first 10 Cu2+ equivalents. Furthermore, optical absorption and circular dichroism spectra exhibit isosbestic and isodichroic points throughout the addition of the first 8 and 12 equivalents, respectively. The isosbestic points imply a transition between two optically well defined axial heme coordinations, and the isodichroic points suggest that these axial coordinations also represent two distinct protein conformations. A second isosbestic is formed during the addition of 14-20 equivalents of Cu2+, again suggesting well-defined coordinations; however, changes in the EPR spectra over this range are more complex. Whereas the amount of low-spin (g = 2.99) heme.HRG complex continues to decrease with the addition of 10-20 Cu2+ equivalents, the amount of the high-spin (g = 6.0) complex reaches a maximum near 14 equivalents and decreases markedly thereafter. Of potentially greater significance is the appearance of signals at g = 9.3 (maximum), 7.7 (maximum), 4.8 (crossover), and 1.61 (minimum) after addition of 10 or more Cu2+ equivalents. Some of these signals are similar to those exhibited by cardiac cytochrome c oxidase upon reduction and reoxidation. Thus, even without the addition of exogenous reductants and oxygen, the interaction of Cu2+ with the stoichiometric heme.HRG complex may produce structural features similar to those found in a mechanistically important but poorly understood form of cardiac cytochrome c oxidase. PMID- 3199134 TI - Structural and chemical characterization of inorganic deposits in calcified human mitral valve. AB - X-ray diffraction, i.r. absorption, and chemical analyses have been carried out on the mineral deposits of calcified human mitral valves and glutaraldehyde preserved porcine aortic grafts. The mineral deposits isolated from highly calcified mitral valves and porcine aortic grafts are constituted of type B carbonate apatite. Magnesium substituted beta-tricalcium phosphate is present, together with an apatitic phase similar to dahllite, in the ashes of poorly calcified mitral valves. The contraction of the unit cell of beta-tricalcium phosphate due to magnesium incorporation is compared with the variation of the lattice constants of synthetic beta-tricalcium phosphate at different degree of magnesium substitution for calcium. The results reveal the important role of magnesium on the calcification of human valves. In fact, the apatitic phase deposited at the beginning of the calcification process, when there is a high magnesium content, converts completely into beta-tricalcium phosphate by heat treatment at 1,000 degrees C. On the other hand, when the calcification becomes massive, magnesium content appears highly reduced, and the deposited apatitic phase is characterized by a high thermal stability. PMID- 3199135 TI - Retention of the posterior cruciate in total knee arthroplasty. AB - Retention of the posterior cruciate ligament in total knee arthroplasty is discussed in biomechanical and clinical terms and the implications for design, kinematics, function, and prosthesis longevity considered. The specific roles of passive range of motion, femoral rollback, stresses on the implant-bone prosthesis cement system, and wear are examined. The authors argue that the posterior cruciate ligament improves passive range of motion, the mechanical efficiency of the knee musculature and thus improved stairclimbing efficiency, reduces stress at the cement-bone-implant interfaces, and has little or no impact on the polyethylene wear problems. PMID- 3199136 TI - A 5-9-year follow-up study of the Sheehan total knee arthroplasty. AB - Of 83 Sheehan total knee arthroplasties evaluated 5-9 years after surgery, 14 had been revised for mechanical failure and 9 for late sepsis, leaving 60 cases for clinical and radiologic evaluation. Fifty-seven percent of the patients achieved satisfactory pain relief, but only 15% were satisfied with their knees. There was loss of alignment in 48% of cases. Most patients exhibited some degree of varus/valgus instability. These complications are attributed to polyethylene wear, a major problem in this series. Sixty percent of the patients had anterior knee pain and 48% had radiologic evidence of patellar dysfunction. The overall poor results and the high rate of revision have persuaded the authors to abandon this procedure. PMID- 3199137 TI - Should the posterior cruciate ligament be retained or resected in condylar nonmeniscal knee arthroplasty? The case for resection. AB - The arguments for resection of the (anterior and) posterior cruciate ligament(s), as a step in total knee arthroplasty, are reviewed on the basis of the authors' personal experience and the work of others published in the literature. PMID- 3199139 TI - Total blood loss in major joint arthroplasty. A comparison of cemented and noncemented hip and knee operations. AB - Blood loss is an important aspect of any major surgery. With increased experience and increasing use of noncemented prostheses, there are indications that the total blood loss is higher in noncemented than in similar cemented arthroplasties. This report is a retrospective study of blood loss comparing cemented and non-cemented cases. In a total of 30 total hip and 37 total knee arthroplasties that were reviewed in detail, the difference in blood loss between the two groups was statistically significant. The authors give suggestions on how to reduce blood loss in noncemented knee procedures. PMID- 3199138 TI - Total knee arthroplasty kinematics. An in vivo evaluation of four different designs. AB - Thirty-four patients who had 42 total knee arthroplasties during the past 5 years were examined. Four types of total knee arthroplasties (Tricon-M, PCA, Variable Axis, and Anametric) were evaluated, using a computerized knee evaluation system. The patients and 10 controls with normal knees were tested for anteroposterior stability with the Lachman test, medial/lateral stability at 20 degrees, varus/valgus stability at 20 degrees, internal/external rotation at 80 degrees and 20 degrees of flexion, and internal/lateral rotation (screw home) over the active range of motion. At 30 degrees of flexion, the Variable Axis prosthesis was 54% more constrained than the normal knee to anterior/posterior shear. The Anametric and the Variable Axis were more lax under varus/valgus stress than the normal knee by 85% and 71%, respectively. There were no statistical differences for any of the other tests. PMID- 3199140 TI - The effect of posterior tibial slope on knee stability after Ortholoc total knee arthroplasty. AB - The effect of posterior tibial slope was evaluated in a rotationally unconstrained anterior cruciate ligament-sacrificing total knee replacement (Ortholoc, Dow Corning Wright, Arlington, TN). Sloping the surface 7 degree posteriorly loosened the knee to varus-valgus and anterior-posterior stress in flexion. Eliminating posterior slope improved varus-valgus stability in flexion but slightly increased anterior-posterior laxity in extension. Values for the 3 degree posterior slope knee were between the values for 0 degree and 7 degree sloped surfaces, but not significantly different statistically from either. Total knee replacement designs with a posterior tibial slope are likely to promote anterior-posterior and varus-valgus laxity in flexion, and those with no posterior slope or 3 degree posterior slope are most likely to achieve normal stability in flexion and extension. PMID- 3199141 TI - A model for easy location of the center of the femoral head during total knee arthroplasty. AB - Demographic data and radiographs of 115 patients (230 hips) were evaluated to determine factors significantly related to the location of the center of the femoral head, the point critical in determining proper knee alignment during total knee arthroplasty. Separate regression analysis for men and women showed the distance between the anterior iliac spines to be the only clinically significant factor related to the position of the femoral head center (P less than .0001). A model for each sex was then developed, which allowed easy location of the center point from this readily available distance. PMID- 3199142 TI - Effects of gentamicin and monomer on bone. An in vitro study. AB - Gentamicin-loaded bone cement is used with increasing frequency in primary and revision arthroplasty. Considering the high local concentration and the well known toxic effect of gentamicin on the kidney, a similar inhibiting effect on bone tissue might be expected. In a series of in vitro studies using paired mouse calvaries cultured for 2 days, the authors found a dose-dependent decrease in the release of previously incorporated calcium-45 (45Ca) or tritiated proline and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity. In combination with methylmethacrylate, a small additional reduction in 45Ca release and a marked decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity were recorded. These results indicate that released gentamicin and monomer from antibiotic-supplemented bone cement depresses bone turnover and might thus play an important part in the pathogenesis of loosening. PMID- 3199143 TI - Wear of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene components of 90 retrieved knee prostheses. AB - Wear of the ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components in total knee arthroplasties is a potential long-term problem. Ninety total knees of various designs with implant times up to 10 years were retrieved. The wear noted in the majority of components was much greater than that noted in wear studies of acetabular components in total hip prostheses. Abrasion from cement or bone and delamination wear were particularly pronounced in the knee. Delamination, consisting of complete breakup of material in flakes and particles, appeared to be initiated by intergranular material defects and propagated by the excessive subsurface stresses beneath the contact zone. Material that was free of defects did not show delamination wear even after long time periods in a highly stressed, low-conformity design. Wear particles of UHMWPE can result in adverse tissue reaction with cellulitis, giant cell reaction, and necrotic tissue, and these effects could be cumulative with time. There is some evidence that particles can lead to bone resorption, including at the implant-bone interface, which could accelerate loosening. There is cause for concern as to the long-term effects of UHMWPE in total knee arthroplasty. This suggests the need for improved processing methods or more wear-resistant materials. PMID- 3199144 TI - Revision of well-fixed cemented, porous total knee arthroplasty. Report of six cases. AB - Revision of cemented, porous ingrowth total knee arthroplasties poses several technical problems that are unique to these implants, especially component extraction. Six cases are presented to illustrate these difficulties, with particular attention given to revision techniques. The revisions were performed not for aseptic loosening but for causes in which all the implants were securely affixed to bone. To avoid large amounts of bone loss during extraction, the cement-prosthesis interface should be disrupted with high-speed instruments, such as a high-speed burr or oscillating saw. The tibial component may need to be disassembled to gain access to the tibial fixation peg. The potential problems of revision of cemented, porous total knee implants may necessitate bone grafting or custom-designed prostheses. PMID- 3199145 TI - The veil of commercialism. PMID- 3199146 TI - MENTHOR, a database system for the storage and retrieval of three-dimensional molecular structures and associated data searchable by substructural, biologic, physical, or geometric properties. AB - MENTHOR is a database system for the storage and retrieval of three-dimensional coordinate and charge information on molecules as well as of traditional biological and physical properties. Our molecular graphics system retrieves from MENTHOR structural information in individual molecules and receptor map/macromolecular binding site hypotheses. Substructural searches of MENTHOR are used to find starting coordinates for molecular modeling and traditional database searches of MENTHOR identify compounds for which modeling is needed. It also forms the data to be searched with ALLADDIN, our substructure/geometric search program. MENTHOR expedites molecular modeling by organizing previous work and facilitating transmission of information between individuals. Examples from modeling of D-2 receptor agonists are shown. PMID- 3199147 TI - Public access to X-ray diffraction data. PMID- 3199148 TI - Forces in molecular recognition: comparison of experimental data and molecular mechanics calculations. AB - NMR studies of the rotation barrier of the disaccharide of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin have been used to test the performance of computer simulation techniques using molecular mechanics. In the absence of any solvated water, no correlation could be found between experiment and calculation. By introducing solvent water molecules into the binding region of the antibiotic, the NMR results could be simulated both qualitatively and quantitatively within experimental error without using massive computational resources. PMID- 3199150 TI - Orientation and structure-building role of the water molecules bound at the contact surface of the dihydrofolate reductase-methotrexate complex. AB - Orientation of ten water molecules bound strongly at the contact surface of the dihydrofolate reductase-methotrexate enzyme-inhibitor complex was determined theoretically. To optimize the orientation of the water molecules, a recent method based on a simple electrostatic model was applied. The electrostatic complementarity in the binary complex was investigated using the lock-and-key model, considering the effect of the water molecules as well. The strongly bound water molecules improve the electrostatic fit in the pteridine region of methotrexate. Their role in the benzoic amide and gamma-glutamate region is to decrease the internal energy by creating water bridges among remote polar sites making it possible to form H-bonds. Some modifications in the inhibitor structure were proposed for achieving greater inhibitor potency. The presumably enhanced effect is ascribed to the free energy gain in repelling the water molecules from the contact surface to the bulk of the solvent, and, in other cases, to internal energy decreases due to better electrostatic fit in the enzyme-inhibitor complex. PMID- 3199151 TI - Forging the future. PMID- 3199149 TI - Molecular modeling and dynamics of neuropeptide Y. AB - A combination of molecular modeling and molecular dynamics (MD) is used to determine a theoretical structure for neuropeptide Y (NPY). Starting with the X ray structure for avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP), the substituted amino acids were mutated, the side chains oriented to local potential energy minima, and the entire structure minimized and subjected to an MD simulation. Comparison of the resulting NPY structure with APP X-ray and MD results showed secondary structural elements to be maintained and RMS fluctuations to be similar, although differences in both were observed. The approach presented offers a means to study the structure-function relationships of NPY and other similar polypeptides when combined with pharmacological measurements. PMID- 3199152 TI - An investigation into the construction of molecular models by the template joining method. AB - The results of a wide-ranging investigation into some of the different methods available for performing the 'joining' of templates to build molecular models show that the choice of algorithm can significantly affect the quality of the results obtained, and different algorithms are most suited to particular categories of join. PMID- 3199153 TI - A modification to the COSMIC parameterisation using ab initio constrained potential functions. AB - The H..H non-bonded potential employed in the current COSMIC force field has been contrasted with H..H potentials used in a number of other force fields. Initial conversion of the variety of functions to a Morse format, achieved using a simple graphical fitting procedure, allowed a direct comparison to be made, showing the COSMIC potential to differ considerably from the other potentials. This difference was reflected in the failure of COSMIC to reproduce ab initio and experimental energies for molecules with significant H..H interactions, with particular reference to the energy curves of benzophenone and diphenyl ether. Considerable improvement in these energies is produced by the use of a Morse function originally based on the H..H potential used in MM3. PMID- 3199156 TI - Management of patients with sudden cardiac death caused by ventricular dysrhythmias. PMID- 3199154 TI - Perspectives in QSAR: computer chemistry and pattern recognition. AB - Computer chemistry allows a detailed description of properties for a wide range of molecular environments. In these respects it offers substantial benefits to the QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship) analyst. Problems associated with the resulting wide data matrices are, it is proposed, amenable to solution through multivariate 'pattern recognition' techniques. PMID- 3199155 TI - Computer simulation of the binding of quinocarcin to DNA. Prediction of mode of action and absolute configuration. AB - Computer-based models were derived for the covalent and noncovalent binding of the antitumor antibiotic quinocarcin to a representative DNA segment, d(ATGCAT)2. They showed that a mode of action, involving opening of the oxazolidine ring to give an iminium ion, followed by initial noncovalent binding in the minor groove and subsequent alkylation of the 2-amino group of guanine, was rational and attended by favorable interaction energies in each step. The best model had the aryl ring of quinocarcin lying in the 3' direction from the covalent binding site and an R configuration at the carbon involved in covalent bond formation. It also showed that the preferred absolute configuration for quinocarcin was the reverse of that arbitrarily assigned in the literature. PMID- 3199158 TI - Nursing care of the dysrhythmia patient hospitalized for electrophysiology testing. PMID- 3199157 TI - Mechanisms of dysrhythmia formation. PMID- 3199159 TI - Psychologic support of the survivor of sudden cardiac death: application of the crisis intervention methodology. PMID- 3199160 TI - "The responsible powerless": nurses and decisions about resuscitation. PMID- 3199161 TI - Current recommendations for basic life support: application of the nursing process. PMID- 3199162 TI - Educational issues in basic and advanced cardiac life support. PMID- 3199163 TI - Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. PMID- 3199165 TI - Cancer pain education: a call for role models. PMID- 3199164 TI - AICD implantation: treatment for malignant ventricular dysrhythmias. PMID- 3199166 TI - Cisplatin as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer. AB - Cisplatin has had only minimal activity when used as second- and third-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). There have been no phase II studies in the United States evaluating cisplatin in patients with MBC with no prior chemotherapy. We therefore treated 20 consecutive patients with cisplatin 30 mg/m2/d for four days every 3 weeks for a maximum of six courses. We obtained partial responses in nine of 19 evaluable patients (47%), with responses in liver, lung, and soft tissue indicator lesions. Our data suggest that cisplatin has substantial single-agent activity as front-line therapy in MBC, and should be considered for inclusion in first-line combination chemotherapy regimens. PMID- 3199167 TI - Residual abdominal masses in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma after combination chemotherapy: significance and management. AB - When patients with aggressive lymphoma present with intraabdominal disease, a stable residual mass is frequently detected radiographically at the time of the clinical complete remission. To discern the optimal management for this clinical problem, we reviewed 241 patients with aggressive lymphoma treated at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) from 1977 to 1986. Seventy-two/241 patients (30%) had an abdominal mass at diagnosis and 29/72 (40%) were left with a radiographically detectable residual mass at clinical complete remission. The likelihood of a residual mass was much higher for patients with bulky disease (P2 less than .0003) (two-tailed test [P2]). Twenty-nine patients had radiologically stable residual masses after therapy, and of 22 (76%) with pathologic evaluations, 21 had negative specimens (95%) and one was positive (5%). None of the patients with negative pathologic evaluation has relapsed in the abdominal site (median follow-up, 31 months). Seven patients were observed clinically without laparotomy: five are alive, without evidence of disease, at 2 to 9 years; two relapsed with disseminated disease within 2 months of chemotherapy. Initial tumor size and size of the residual mass did not correlate with residual disease, since residual masses identified by radiographic examination did not usually harbor viable lymphoma cells. Aspiration cytology was negative for residual tumor in 15/16 cases. One negative result was not confirmed at laparotomy, presumably due to sampling error. The one positive aspiration was followed by a negative laparotomy, possibly due to subsequent tumor necrosis. Restaging laparotomy has a low yield. In most patients with aggressive lymphoma who have otherwise completely responded to carefully administered full-dose combination chemotherapy, stable residual abdominal masses can be closely followed clinically without surgical exploration. PMID- 3199168 TI - Radiotherapy for stage 2 testicular seminoma: the prognostic influence of tumor bulk. AB - Forty-nine consecutive patients with stage 2 testicular seminoma were treated with primary radiotherapy from 1968 to 1985. Overall diseases-free survival (DFS) for patients with 36 months minimum follow-up was 82% at 3 years. This figure did not decline further with time. Infradiaphragmatic bulk disease was found to be a significant prognostic factor for local and distant relapse as well as for ultimate survival. Patients with either stage 2A or 2B disease (infradiaphragmatic bulk less than or equal to 10 cm size) had a 3-year DFS of 89% compared with a 64% 3-year DFS rate for patients with stage 2C disease (infradiaphragmatic bulk greater than or equal to 10 cm size). The (local plus distant) relapse rate was 4.0% for patients with stage 2A disease, 16.7% for patients with stage 2B disease, and 33.3% for patients with stage 2C disease. The majority of distant relapses were multifocal and prophylactic mediastinal irradiation did not appear to influence either relapse rate nor overall survival. Of seven patients who relapsed, four died of progressive malignancy, two deaths were related to salvage chemotherapy, and only one patient is alive and well following successful chemotherapeutic salvage. On the basis of our experience, we recommend radiotherapy with the use of modern imaging techniques as initial treatment for patients with retroperitoneal masses less than 10 cm size. Aggressive cisplatin-based chemotherapy should be seriously considered for patients with retroperitoneal masses greater than or equal to 10 cm size, or for patients who relapse following radiotherapy. PMID- 3199169 TI - Clinicopathologic correlations of cutaneous neuroendocrine Merkel cell carcinoma. AB - A study of 50 consecutive cases (22 men, 28 women; age range, 39 to 84 years; mean age, 65 years) of cutaneous neuroendocrine Merkel cell carcinoma (CNC), 39 of whom had a mean follow-up of 34 months, revealed that the prognostic significance of the histopathologic subtyping in trabecular, solid, and diffuse variants of CNC was not as important as the pathologic postsurgical staging in localized, regional, and extraregional disease. The overall mortality was 23.5%. None of the 19 patients with localized disease died of CNC, while 11% of the 24 patients with regional disease and all seven patients with extraregional disease at presentation died of CNC. A second primary malignancy was found to be associated with the CNC in 15% of the cases. The clinical course in patients with localized disease was favorable in spite of the high number of local recurrences. Also, the presence of regional metastases was not related to an unfavorable prognosis. In 68% of the cases the disease involved the lower limbs or girdle. In ten cases the overt exophytic presentation of primary CNC was replaced by the presence of tumor masses infiltrating the inguinal soft tissues with or without nodal involvement. PMID- 3199170 TI - International criteria for diagnosis, staging, and response to treatment in patients with neuroblastoma. AB - Neuroblastoma is one of the most common tumors in childhood. However, it often has been difficult to compare clinical and laboratory studies of this disease due to a lack of uniform criteria for diagnosis, staging, and response. An international group of conferees addressed each of these issues and reached a consensus. Specific criteria for making a diagnosis of neuroblastoma are defined. A new neuroblastoma staging system is proposed that takes into account the most important elements of current but incompatible systems. Finally, criteria for response to treatment are standardized. The criteria proposed herein represent an international consensus of essentially every major pediatric oncology group or organization in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The staging system should be referred to as the International Neuroblastoma Staging System, and the response criteria as the International Neuroblastoma Response Criteria. Implementation of these criteria will greatly facilitate the comparison of clinical and laboratory studies by different groups and countries. Furthermore, these criteria should serve as a foundation on which future modifications or improvements can be based. PMID- 3199171 TI - Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous methotrexate. AB - The pharmacokinetics of subcutaneously administered methotrexate was studied as a parenteral alternative to oral administration. An initial feasibility study was performed in Rhesus monkeys comparing the subcutaneous route to intravenous (IV) injection and oral administration. The subcutaneous dose was completely absorbed and a sustained-release effect was observed when compared with the IV dose. No local or systemic toxicities resulted from subcutaneous methotrexate in the animals. Twelve children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia on maintenance therapy protocols prescribing either 7.5 mg/m2 biweekly or 40 mg/m2 weekly were also monitored after both a subcutaneous and an oral dose of methotrexate. Four children at the higher dosage level were also studied after an equal IV dose. The subcutaneous dose was again completely absorbed in these children at both dose levels, whereas the oral dose, which produced comparable plasma drug concentrations at the lower dosage level, resulted in a total drug exposure (area under the plasma concentration-time curve) that was one third that of the equal subcutaneous dose at the higher dosage level. No local or systemic toxicity was attributed to the subcutaneous methotrexate. Subcutaneous administration of methotrexate is well tolerated and well absorbed and appears to overcome the problems associated with oral administration, including variable absorption and saturation of the absorption mechanism with increasing doses. PMID- 3199172 TI - Coordination and inhomogeneous activation of human arm muscles during isometric torques. AB - 1. In this study we have recorded the activity of motor units of the important muscles acting across the elbow joint during combinations of voluntary isometric torques in flexion/extension direction and supination/pronation direction at different angles of the elbow joint. 2. Most muscles are not activated homogeneously; instead the population of motor units of muscles can be subdivided into several subpopulations. Inhomogeneous activation of the population of motor units in a muscle is a general finding and is not restricted to some multifunctional muscles. 3. Muscles can be activated even if their mechanical action does not contribute directly to the external torque. For example, m. triceps is activated during supination torques and thus compensates for the flexion component of the m. biceps. On the other hand, motor units in muscles are not necessarily activated if their mechanical action contributes to a prescribed torque. For example, there are motor units in the m. biceps that are activated during flexion torques, but not during supination torques. 4. The relative activation of the muscles depends on the elbow angle. Changing the elbow angle affects the mechanical advantage of different muscles differently. In general, muscles with the larger mechanical advantage receive the larger input. 5. We have calculated the relative contributions of some muscles to isometric torques. These contributions depend on the combination of the torques exerted. 6. Existing theoretical models on muscle coordination do not incorporate subpopulations of motor units and therefore need to be amended. PMID- 3199173 TI - Properties of somata of spinal dorsal root ganglion cells differ according to peripheral receptor innervated. AB - 1. Intracellular recordings were made in the somata of dorsal root ganglion cells in the L7 or S1 DRG in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. The properties of the action potentials (amplitude, duration, peak rate of rise), duration of afterhyperpolarization (AHP), magnitude of inward rectification, and axonal conduction velocity were measured. The adequate stimulus was determined, and the extent to which these properties are correlated was investigated. 2. All cells with receptive fields could be classified as mechanoreceptors. Most cells with A beta-axons (greater than 36 m/s) could be activated by gentle mechanical stimulation but a small minority with conduction velocity in the low end of the A beta-range were nociceptors. Cells with A-delta-axons (2-36 m/s) innervated either the very sensitive Down hair follicles (D-hairs) or high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs). In addition a group of A-delta-fibers was found for which no receptive field could be described. Their spikes, AHPs, and membrane properties were indistinguishable from those of cells supplying HTMRs (see below) and they were lumped together with A-delta-HTMRs. 3. A-beta-neurons exhibited smaller, briefer spikes than A-delta-neurons, even those supplying D-hairs. Peak rate of rise (dV/dt)max and inward rectification were significantly larger in A beta-cells than in A-delta s, whereas AHP duration and input resistance were smaller. However, the values of these parameters in cells of a given conduction velocity range were generally associated with receptor type. 4. A-delta-HTMRs exhibited spikes of greater amplitude and duration, longer AHP duration, and smaller inward rectification than D-hairs. The long duration of these spikes was due largely to a prominent hump on their descending limb. Input resistance was similar in both groups of cells. 5. A-beta-HTMRs differed from A-beta-cells innervating low threshold receptors in the same general way that A-delta-HTMRs differed from D-hairs. However, A-beta-LTMRs supplying different receptor types (e.g., slowly adapting type I, Pacinian corpuscles, etc.) exhibited no correlation between receptor type and electrophysiology of the soma. 6. These differences in spike parameters occur at the level of the membrane rather than in the degree of somal invasion because the largest amplitude spikes also exhibited the slowest time course (i.e., in HTMRs). Systematic variation in AHP duration and inward rectification also suggest differences in the proportions of ionic channel types among these cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3199174 TI - Functional specialization of central projections from identified primary afferent fibers. AB - 1. Somata of primary afferent fibers were impaled in the L7 or S1 dorsal root ganglion in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Individual cells (n = 182) were characterized according to receptive field (RF) and by the peripheral mechanoreceptor they innervated. They were then stimulated intracellularly while recording the evoked cord dorsum potentials (CDPs) simultaneously at four sites. CDPs were recorded in response to single fiber stimulation while varying both the frequency and the numbers of action potentials (APs) evoked per trial. Stimulus parameters included: 1) single APs evoked at both high (18 Hz) and low (0.67 Hz) frequencies, 2) pairs of APs (50-ms ISI) delivered at 0.67 Hz, and 3) trains of four APs (20-ms ISI) also delivered at 0.67 Hz. The properties of the CDPs and their relationship to receptor type innervated by the fiber were determined. 2. CDPs evoked by 18-Hz stimulation consisted of an axon fiber spike followed at a short latency [600 +/- 9.9 (SEM) microseconds] by the onset of a monophasic negative wave. A-beta-afferent fibers innervating slowly adapting type 1 and 2 receptors (SA1 and SA2) evoked the largest amplitude CDPs followed by field and hair follicle afferents while A-delta-fibers rarely produced measurable CDPs at this frequency of stimulation. 3. The magnitude of the CDP varied at the four recording sites with clear evidence in individual experiments that the projections of individual fibers are somatotopically organized. 4. CDPs evoked by 0.67-Hz stimulation had the same onset latency but were larger in amplitude and had longer time-to-peak and durations than those elicited by high frequency stimulation. Under these conditions A-beta-fibers innervating hair follicles produced the largest CDPs followed by field receptors and SA1s and SA2s. A-beta- and A-delta-fibers innervating high threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs) and A delta-fibers innervating down hair follicles (D-hairs) produced CDPs of amplitude and duration similar to those evoked by slower A-beta-fibers. 5. The response to a test stimulus delivered 50 ms after a conditioning stimulus to the same single fiber was always depressed in the case of A-beta-fibers supplying rapidly adapting receptors. The conditioning stimulus exerted relatively little effect on the response to the test stimulus for A-beta- fibers innervating slowly adapting receptors. The test response to stimulation of A-beta- and A-delta- fibers innervating HTMRs was consistently facilitated while stimulation of A-delta- D hairs evoked either marked facilitation or slight depression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3199175 TI - Facilitation and depression in the responses of spinal Renshaw cells to random stimulation of motor axons. AB - 1. We investigated the responses of cat lumbosacral Renshaw cells to pseudo Poison stimulus sequences (of three different mean rates) delivered to motor axons in ventral roots or various muscle nerves. The Renshaw cell responses were evaluated by computation of peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs). 2. PSTHs computed with respect to all the stimuli showed, before the reference time, near constant bin contents corresponding to the mean firing probability (rate), and an initial excitatory component (increase in discharge probability) after the reference time, followed by a small but longer-lasting reduction of firing rate. These two response components were strongly correlated linearly. It is suggested that the postexcitatory rate reduction is predominantly due to afterhyperpolarization. 3. In general, Renshaw cell responses to any stimulus in a stimulus train depended upon the stimulation history. In the averaged record, the response to the second of a pair of stimuli was affected by the first stimulus independently of intervening (random) stimuli. Very often, the second response showed a long-lasting depression (from 25 to greater than 250 ms). In a number of cases a briefer facilitating effect preceded the depression. 4. These conditioning effects were largely homosynaptic, i.e., confined to the particular input channel that was stimulated. This was shown by stimulating two different nerves (or nerve branches) with independent random patterns of similar mean rates and determining the cross-conditioning exerted by one input channel on the excitatory effects of the other. At small intervals between conditioning and test stimuli of some tens of milliseconds, a facilitatory effect could often be seen, which almost certainly reflected spatial summation. However, the subsequent depressant effect was largely accounted for by the postexcitatory rate reduction consequent to the conditioning stimulus in the parallel channel. Autoconditioning was still present. 5. The amount of facilitation and depression as well as their balance depended on the average Renshaw cell response. This in turn depended, at each mean stimulus rate, on the strength of synaptic coupling between an input channel and the cell, and on the mean stimulus rate, declining with an increase in mean rate. That is, the facilitation increased and the depression decreased with decreasing synaptic coupling and increasing mean stimulus rate. 6. Several factors may contribute to facilitation and depression; these are discussed with respect to their relative quantitative significance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3199176 TI - Temporal coding of resonances by low-frequency auditory nerve fibers: single fiber responses and a population model. AB - 1. We recorded responses of low-frequency auditory nerve fibers (characteristic frequency (CF) less than 3 kHz) in the cat to resonant stimuli with varied natural frequencies, damping coefficients, and sound pressure levels. Responses to resonances were synchronized to frequencies lying between the peak frequency of the stimulus spectrum and a frequency near the fiber's CF. The frequency of the dominant synchrony in the response varied systematically as a function of the stimulus parameters. 2. More lightly damped resonances, which have sharp spectral peaks, elicited synchrony closer to the peak frequency, whereas the broader peaks of more highly damped resonances elicited synchrony closer to the fiber's CF. Thus as the stimulus was varied from an undamped tone to a highly damped transient, the dominant component of the synchronized response moved from the peak frequency of the stimulus toward the CF of the fiber. The trajectory of the dominant component varied as a function of stimulus level, with higher levels resulting in synchrony biased toward the peak of the stimulus spectrum over a wider range of damping. 3. The frequency tuning and synchronization characteristics of a fiber, along with the stimulus parameters, determined the temporal properties of its response to complex stimuli. Using reverse correlation (revcor) filters to characterize the tuning and synchronization of auditory nerve fibers, we were able to predict the temporal properties of responses to resonant stimuli. 4. A parametric model was fit to measured revcor functions derived from responses of auditory nerve fibers to wideband noise. In this way, a bank of model revcor filters was developed based on our population of measured filters. 5. The filter bank was used to model the response of a population of auditory nerve fibers to resonances. Temporal patterns present in the response of a population of fibers encoded the parameters of resonant stimuli. 6. The model revcor filter bank provided a means of studying temporal response patterns of the population of fibers to other complex sounds. 7. The output of the population model is a representation of the temporal information provided by the auditory periphery to the central nervous system; thus it provides a potentially useful tool for testing hypotheses concerning the processing of temporal information by the central auditory system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3199177 TI - Acute effects of spinal transection on EPSPs produced by single homonymous Ia fibers in soleus alpha-motoneurons in the cat. AB - 1. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated in soleus motoneurons by single homonymous Ia-fibers were measured using intracellular recording and the spike-triggered averaging technique. Two groups of barbiturate-anesthetized adult cats were studied: one with the spinal cord intact and the other with the spinal cord severed at thoracic segment 13 (T13) several hours prior to recording. 2. In cord-transected cats, single homonymous Ia-fibers produced EPSPs in soleus motoneurons that were, on average, larger and faster rising relative to normal, as they are for those produced in medial gastrocnemius (MG) motoneurons (8, 12, 13, 40). Specifically, mean EPSP amplitude and rise time were, respectively, 261 +/- 22 microV and 0.65 +/- 0.05 ms for the transected group vs. 160 +/- 21 microV and 0.96 +/- 0.08 ms for the intact group. The group means for each parameter were significantly different (P less than 0.005). 3. The group difference in EPSP amplitude was largely due to a decrease in number of small EPSPs in the transected group (11% less than 100 microV compared with the normal 41%) and not due to the occurrence of unusually large ones. Ratios of the largest to smallest amplitude EPSPs produced in the same motoneuron were similarly distributed for intact and transected groups, implying that the effect of transection on EPSP size was uniform across different Ia-fiber synapses made with the same motoneuron. Mean EPSP amplitude for each transected cat (n = 5) was larger than normal, but in some cases the increase took greater than 10 h to express itself. 4. The normal tendency for EPSP rise time to decline on average with amplitude was absent in the transected group, wherein rise time was reduced to similar average values in all amplitude categories. This suggests that the decrease in rise time occurred independently of the increase in amplitude. In contrast, EPSP half-width, which tended tow ward lower than normal values [5.63 +/- 0.36 (SE) ms vs. 6.51 +/- 0.44 ms; P greater than 0.10], decreased in proportion with rise time as evidenced by the preservation of the normal relation between those parameters in transected cats. Normalizing EPSPs by motoneuron time constant (tau) reduced the group differences in rise time and half-width, suggesting that a fall in tau contributes to the abbreviation of EPSP time course. 5. The condition of the spinal cord best accounted for differences in synaptic strength between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3199178 TI - Yaw direction neurons in the cat inferior olive. AB - 1. Single units that responded to yaw rotation were recorded extracellularly in the caudal inferior olive (IO) of barbiturate-anesthetized cats. Of 276 neurons, 55 responded reliably to yaw, and extensive quantitative data were recorded from 25. 2. No yaw-sensitive IO neuron responded to somatosensory or auditory stimuli but two responded, though unreliably, to flash. 3. Yaw-sensitive IO cells fired at low (1-4 spikes/s), irregular rates during one direction of rotation. Though cells responded reliably during yaw, firing rates varied considerably from cycle to cycle. Rotation speed and acceleration were not represented in any cell's firing rate. 4. Eighty five percent (47/55) of yaw-sensitive cells fired during contralateral rotation, 9% (5/55) during ipsilateral rotation, and 6% (3/55) fired from late in the ipsilateral phase of a sinusoidal oscillation to the middle of the contralateral phase. 5. Responses were tested to 0.1-Hz sinusoidal yaw oscillations with a range of peak angular velocities (1-200 degrees/s). Thresholds were not sharp because of the cycle to cycle variability in response rates but were estimated using averaged responses. The peak rate of the most sensitive cell was driven to criterion (2 SD above spontaneous rate) by an oscillation with a peak velocity of 1 degrees/s. Other cells reached criterion between 5 and 50 degrees/s. 6. Sinusoidal oscillation at all frequencies tested (0.01-0.5 Hz) elicited approximately the same firing rates. Even at 0.01 Hz cells responded well. Responses lagged acceleration by approximately 25 degrees at 0.01 Hz and shifted to later parts of the cycle as frequency increased so that firing lagged acceleration by approximately 200 degrees at 0.5 Hz. 7. Histological reconstruction showed that yaw-sensitive neurons were recorded in olivary subnucleus beta (N beta), the dorsal cap of Kooy (DC), the posterior medial region of the medial accessory division of the inferior olive (MAO), and in the medial-lateral center of the caudal MAO. 8. Yaw-sensitive neurons in the inferior olive provide a signal to the cerebellum that indicates the direction of passive rotation over a wide range of velocity and acceleration. The signal from individual neurons does not reliably encode either rotation velocity or acceleration. Yaw-sensitive IO neurons are therefore unlike other central vestibular neurons but are similar to somatosensory IO cells which signal the presence, but not the intensity of a stimulus. PMID- 3199179 TI - Response of vestibular neurons to head rotations in vertical planes. I. Response to vestibular stimulation. AB - 1. We have studied, in decerebrate cats, the responses of neurons in the lateral and descending vestibular nuclei to whole-body rotations in vertical planes that activated vertical semicircular canal and utricular receptors. Some neurons were identified as vestibulospinal by antidromic stimulation with floating electrodes placed in C4. 2. The direction of tilt that caused maximal excitation (response vector orientation) of each neuron was determined. Neuron dynamics were then studied with sinusoidal stimuli closely aligned with the response vector orientation, in the range 0.02-1 Hz. A few cells, for which we could not identify a response vector, probably had spatial-temporal convergence. 3. On the basis of dynamics, neurons were classified as receiving their input primarily from vertical semicircular canals, primarily from the otolith organs, or from canal+otolith convergence. 4. Response vector orientations of canal-driven neurons were often near +45 degrees or -45 degrees with respect to the transverse (roll) plane, suggesting these neurons received excitatory input from the ipsilateral anterior or posterior canal, respectively. Some neurons had canal related dynamics but vector orientations near roll, presumably because they received convergent input from the ipsilateral anterior and posterior canals. Few neurons had their vectors near pitch. 5. In the lateral vestibular nucleus, neurons with otolith organ input (pure otolith or otolith+canal) tended to have vector orientations closer to roll than to pitch. In the descending nucleus the responses were evenly divided between the roll and pitch quadrants. 6. We conclude that most of our neurons have dynamics and response vector orientations that make them good candidates to participate in vestibulospinal reflexes acting on the limbs, but not those acting on the neck. PMID- 3199180 TI - Response of vestibular neurons to head rotations in vertical planes. II. Response to neck stimulation and vestibular-neck interaction. AB - 1. We have studied the responses of neurons in the lateral and descending vestibular nuclei of decerebrate cats to stimulation of neck receptors, produced by rotating the body in vertical planes with the head stationary. The responses to such neck stimulation were compared with the responses to vestibular stimulation produced by whole-body tilt, described in the preceding paper. 2. After determining the optimal vertical plane of neck rotation (response vector orientation), the dynamics of the neck response were studied over a frequency range of 0.02-1 Hz. The majority of the neurons were excited by neck rotations that brought the chin toward the ipsilateral side; most neurons responded better to roll than to pitch rotations. The typical neck response showed a low-frequency phase lead of 30 degrees, increasing to 60 degrees at higher frequencies, and a gain that increased about threefold per decade. 3. Neck input was found in about one-half of the vestibular-responsive neurons tested with vertical rotations. The presence of a neck response was correlated with the predominant vestibular input to these neurons; neck input was most prevalent on neurons with vestibular vector orientations near roll and receiving convergent vestibular input, either input from both ipsilateral vertical semicircular canals, or from canals plus the otolith organs. 4. Neurons with both vestibular and neck responses tend to have the respective orientation vectors pointing in opposite directions, i.e., a head tilt that produces an excitatory vestibular response would produce an inhibitory neck response. In addition, the gain components of these responses were similar. These results suggest that during head movements on a stationary body, these opposing neck and vestibular inputs will cancel each other. 5. Cancellation was observed in 12 out of 27 neurons tested with head rotation in the mid-frequency range. For most of the remaining neurons, the response to such a combined stimulus was greatly attenuated: the vestibular and neck interaction was largely antagonistic. 6. Neck response dynamics were similar to those of the vestibular input in many neurons, permitting cancellation to take place over a wide range of stimulus frequencies. Another pattern of interaction, observed in some neurons with canal input, produced responses to head rotation that had a relatively constant gain and remained in phase with position over the entire frequency range; such neurons possibly code head position in space. PMID- 3199182 TI - Control of contractile properties within adaptive ranges by patterns of impulse activity in the rat. AB - These experiments explore the relationship between patterned impulse activity and contractile properties of skeletal muscles. Soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of adult rats were denervated and stimulated directly from 4 to 15 weeks with the same number of pulse trains at different intratrain pulse frequencies (1-500 Hz), with different numbers of pulse trains (864-4,320,000 pulses/d) at the same intratrain pulse frequencies, or with different combinations of pulse trains at 10 and 100 Hz. Chronic stimulation of the denervated SOL resulted in twitch times-to-peak and half-relaxation times that varied in a graded manner between values longer than those in the normal SOL to values as fast as those in the normal EDL, depending upon the pattern used. Increasing pulse frequencies (constant number) resulted in faster twitches, lower twitch/tetanus ratios, increasing post-tetanic potentiations, and larger tetanic tensions. Increasing pulse numbers (constant frequencies) resulted in slower twitches, lower twitch/tetanus ratios, post-tetanic depressions, and higher fatigue indices. The effect of varying the pulse number on twitch parameters was greater at low frequencies (10-20 Hz) than at high frequencies (100 Hz). SOL muscles receiving pulse trains at both 10 and 100 Hz became much faster than muscles receiving pulse trains at 10 Hz only, even in the experiments where the stimulation pattern contained 9 times as many pulses at 10 as at 100 Hz. Chronic stimulation of both the denervated and the innervated EDL with large numbers of pulses at 10 or 15 Hz resulted in twitches that were only half as slow as those induced in the SOL by the same "slow" patterns. In addition, these patterns led to a marked decrease in maximum tetanic tension and a marked increase in twitch/tetanus ratio. During stimulation with a small number of pulses at 150 Hz, on the other hand, twitch speed, twitch/tetanus ratio, and maximum tetanic tension remained normal or almost normal. We conclude that the isometric twitch and related properties of the rat SOL muscle can be graded within wide "adaptive ranges" by varying either the number or the frequency of pulses. In the EDL, the corresponding adaptive ranges appear much narrower, suggesting that the EDL and the SOL contain intrinsically different muscle fibers. PMID- 3199181 TI - Response properties of cochlear efferent neurons: monaural vs. binaural stimulation and the effects of noise. AB - 1. Discharge properties of olivocochlear efferent neurons were measured in anesthetized cats. Previous studies of these neurons concentrated on monaural stimulation with tones and found sound-evoked discharge rates rarely exceeded 60 spikes/s (16, 20). In the present study, rates as high as 140 spikes/s were achieved by binaural stimulation and/or the addition of noise. Based on studies on the known effects of electrically stimulating the efferents such high rates of sound-evoked efferent activity probably have significant feedback effects on the auditory periphery. 2. Spontaneous discharge rate (SR) was weakly correlated with threshold among efferent neurons: those with SRs greater than 1 spikes/s were generally more sensitive than spontaneously inactive fibers. The discharge rate measured in the absence of acoustic stimulation was shown to be dependent on stimulation history: some units with zero SR became spontaneously active after several minutes of continuous noise stimulation. 3. For stimulation with monaural tones, efferent excitability varied with characteristic frequency (CF): units with CF less than 10 kHz tended to have lower thresholds, higher discharge rates, and shorter latencies than higher CF units. These differences could be minimized by the addition of broadband noise (see below). 4. When tones were presented to one ear at a time, most efferent units appeared monaural (91%), with roughly two thirds excited by ipsilateral stimuli and one-third by contralateral stimuli. However, the effects of simultaneous stimulation of the two ears suggested that the great majority of efferent units have binaural inputs: the addition of opposite-ear noise or tones, which presented alone were not excitatory, typically enhanced the response to main-ear stimulation. This type of binaural facilitation was strongest among low-CF efferents when the opposite-ear stimuli were tones, and strongest among high-CF units when the opposite-ear stimulus was broadband noise. 5. The binaural facilitation seen using opposite-ear noise both lowered the threshold (by as much as 40 dB) and increased the discharge rate (by as much as 80%) to tones presented in the main ear. Significant facilitation was seen with noise levels as low as 25 dB SPL or tone levels as low as 30 dB SPL. In general, the weaker the response to monaural stimuli, the stronger the binaural facilitation. 6. The facilitatory effects of stimulation with continuous noise could outlast the stimulus. Persistent increases in efferent sensitivity were documented following 10-min exposures to broadband noise at 85-115 dB SPL. PMID- 3199183 TI - Context-US learning in Aplysia californica. AB - Two experiments explored learning about the relation between an unconditioned stimulus (US) and the context in which that US was delivered in Aplysia californica. Subjects were exposed to 2 different contexts. They received a series of moderate electric shock USs in one context but not in the other. Experiment 1 revealed that the context-shock pairings were sufficient to establish an association between that context and the shock. That association was demonstrated by the ability of the reinforced context to enhance a defensive reflex and to reduce learning about a conditioned stimulus (CS) that was subsequently paired with the shock US. Experiment 2 provided evidence that the context-US association could be extinguished by simple nonreinforced exposure to the reinforced context. These results show that context conditioning is not unique to vertebrate learning. We argue that this learning is difficult to accommodate within current contiguity-based neuronal models of learning. PMID- 3199184 TI - Conditional discrimination learning in Aplysia californica. AB - Two experiments examined whether the relation between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US) might be brought under the control of contextual stimuli in the invertebrate Aplysia californica. Subjects received exposure to 2 different contexts. In both experiments, a tactile CS was paired with a shock US in one of those contexts. In the other context, that tactile CS was either nonreinforced (Experiment 1) or explicitly unpaired with the shock US (Experiment 2). Responding to the CS during a subsequent test was greater in the context in which that CS had been paired with the US compared with the context in which it had been nonreinforced or unpaired. These findings are discussed in terms of theories of conditional discrimination learning. PMID- 3199186 TI - Dendritic spines of rat cerebellar Purkinje cells: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics. AB - We have used serial electron microscopy and 3-dimensional reconstructions of dendritic spines from Purkinje spiny branchlets of normal adult rats to evaluate 2 questions about the relationship of spine geometry to synaptic efficacy. First, do relationships between spine geometry and other anatomical indicators of synaptic activity suggest that spine size and shape might be associated with synaptic efficacy? Reconstructed spines were graphically edited into head and neck compartments; the area of the postsynaptic density (PSD) was measured; the volume of spine smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) was computed; and all of the vesicles in the axonal varicosities were counted. Spine head volume and the volume of SER contained in the head are well correlated with the area of the PSD and the number of vesicles in the presynaptic axonal varicosity. Spine neck diameter does not fluctuate with PSD area, head volume, or the vesicle number. These results suggest that the dimensions of the spine head, but not of the spine neck, are likely to reflect differences in synaptic efficacy. Second, does the geometry of cerebellar spine necks reduce the transfer of synaptic charge to the recipient dendrite from the theoretical maximum that could be transferred if the synapse were on a dendritic shaft? Comparison of volume to surface area showed that the spine heads are approximately spherical and the necks are approximately cylindrical. Application of results from a biophysical model that assumed these geometrical shapes for spines (Wilson, 1984) showed that the cerebellar spine necks are unlikely to reduce transfer of synaptic charge by more than 5-20% even if their SER were to completely block passage of current through the portion of the neck that it occupies. We suggest that the constricted spine neck diameter might serve to isolate metabolic events in the vicinity of activated synapses by reducing diffusion to neighboring synapses, without significantly influencing the transfer of synaptic charge to the postsynaptic dendrite. PMID- 3199185 TI - Changes in rapidly transported proteins in developing hamster retinofugal axons. AB - Proteins synthesized in retinal ganglion cells and conveyed to the terminals of optic tract axons in the rapid phase of axonal transport were analyzed at different developmental stages in the hamster. Animals between 2 d of age and adulthood were labeled intraocularly with 35S-methionine, and after a 4 hr survival time, the superior colliculus was dissected out, subjected to subcellular fractionation, and radiolabeled proteins in the particulate fraction analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The previously identified growth-associated phosphoprotein, GAP-43 (GAP-48, B-50, F1, pp46), was synthesized and transported at high levels in the neonate, but these levels declined precipitously after the second postnatal week. Immunohistochemical studies using a monospecific antibody showed that GAP-43 was localized along the entire length of retinal axons in the optic tract and target areas in P2 animals but was virtually absent in the adult visual pathway. By metabolic labeling, 2 proteins with molecular weights of about 230 kDa also showed a sharp decrease during development. In contrast, acidic proteins of 27 and 64 kDa, which were barely detectable in the neonate, increased steadily to become the most heavily labeled proteins of rapid axonal transport by the second postnatal week. Another group of proteins, of about 94-110 kDa, also rose to peak levels after birth but then declined. Temporal correlations between the molecular changes described here and the known anatomical events in optic tract development suggest that the synthesis and transport of particular membrane proteins may be directly related to the sequence of morphological changes. PMID- 3199187 TI - A slowly inactivating potassium current truncates spike activity in ganglion cells of the tiger salamander retina. AB - Voltage-gated ganglion cell membrane currents were studied under whole-cell patch clamp in isolation and in retinal slices. The cells were identified by (1) backfilling their axons with rhodamine and later identifying them by their fluorescence in the slice or the mix of isolated cells or (2) by filling them with Lucifer yellow during recording in retinal slices. Both methods yielded cells with similar currents. In some cases, isolated cells lacked processes yet showed currents similar to other cells, suggesting that voltage-gated currents in all cells were located primarily at the soma. Both a conventional inactivating sodium current and a sustained calcium current were found. We describe 3 inactivating outward currents, ordered in their rate of inactivation. The fastest current resembled IA reported by Connor and Stevens (1971a, b). A slower current labeled IB inactivated with a time constant of 339 msec at 0 mV. The current with slowest inactivation is labeled IC here, inactivating with a time constant of 4.03 sec at 0 mV. An additional outward current was sustained and calcium dependent labeled IK(Ca). IB was the largest of these currents. It was slower than IA, was not blocked by 4AP, and inactivated over a much more positive potential range. IB appears to play an important role in spike generation, different from that of IA: Its inactivation leads to a slow depolarizing shift of the membrane during a current step, truncating spike activity after about 300-700 msec as the membrane potential enters the region of sodium inactivation. We analyze how the inactivating outward current acts to ensure a graded spiking response and to truncate the spiking output in the presence of large excitatory inputs. PMID- 3199188 TI - Two anatomically specific classes of candidate cholinoceptive neurons in the rat olfactory bulb. AB - The pharmacohistochemical technique of Butcher (1978) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunocytochemistry were used to demonstrate the presence, morphology, and differential distribution of 2 classes of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive, ChAT-negative neurons in the rat olfactory bulb. One population of these neurons is located preferentially in a stratum just deep to the mitral cell layer (mcl). These AChE-positive intramitral neurons are significantly larger than the predominant inframitral neuronal type, the granule cell. Inframitral AChE-positive neurons appear to send processes deeper into the granule cell layer and superficially into the external plexiform layer (epl), above the mcl. Neurophysiological experiments reported in a companion article are consistent with the existence of a population of cholinoceptive neurons with the location and characteristics of these large inframitral interneurons. A second class of AChE-positive, ChAT-negative neurons is found exclusively in the glomerular layer. These neurons are located primarily in the periglomerular region and the superficial third of the epl; they are somewhat larger than typical periglomerular cells. Juxtaglomerular AChE neurons are smaller than inframitral AChE neurons. Since there are no neurons in the olfactory bulb that produce ChAT, the synthetic enzyme for ACh, the AChE-positive cells reported here are hypothesized to be cholinoceptive neurons for the cholinergic projection from the basal forebrain to the olfactory bulb. Anatomical, physiological, and receptor-ligand binding data are consistent with this interpretation. PMID- 3199189 TI - Neurophysiology of magnocellular forebrain inputs to the olfactory bulb in the rat: frequency potentiation of field potentials and inhibition of output neurons. AB - Basal forebrain nuclei send projections, including cholinergic fibers, to forebrain cortical targets. These systems have been associated with several important functions, but their physiological actions are poorly understood. We have studied the neurophysiological characteristics of one of these systems, the projection from the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band (HDB) to the main olfactory bulb (MOB) in the rat. Single shocks to HDB produce modest field potentials in MOB with no detectable effect on the discharge characteristics of the principal output neurons of the MOB, the mitral cells. By contrast, continuous stimulation at 10 Hz for several seconds causes dramatic changes in the HDB field potential and mitral cell firing. During this period of stimulation, there is an initial facilitation of the field potential followed by a period of moderately reduced response amplitude that lasts a few seconds. This brief period of depression is succeeded by a sudden and marked potentiation of response amplitude and duration. This potentiated response can be maintained indefinitely by stimulation at lower frequencies than those required to initiate the potentiation effect. Coincident with the onset of the potentiated response, the spontaneous activity of the mitral cells is completely inhibited. Both the potentiation and mitral cell inhibition can be maintained indefinitely by continued stimulation at frequencies as low as 6 Hz. These observations demonstrate that magnocellular basal forebrain neurons exert powerful regulatory actions on specific neuronal populations in cortical targets. PMID- 3199190 TI - The sequential appearance of low- and high-molecular-weight forms of MAP2 in the developing cerebellum. AB - Mammalian microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) exists in high-molecular-weight (Mr approximately 280,000) and low-molecular-weight (Mr approximately 70,000) forms, with the latter protein being more abundant in embryonic brain homogenates than in preparations from mature brain (Riederer and Matus, 1985). In the current study, we have shown that avian MAP2 also exists as both high- (Mr approximately 260,000) and low-molecular-weight (Mr approximately 65,000) forms whose relative abundance changes during brain maturation, indicating a conserved function for these proteins during vertebrate neuronal morphogenesis. Using indirect immunohistochemistry, we have determined the cellular distribution of the high- and low-molecular-weight forms of MAP2 in the developing avian cerebellum. In the embryonic cerebellum, low-molecular-weight MAP2 is found in the external granular layer and in epithelial cells. High-molecular-weight MAP2 is found only in neurons that have commenced dendrogenesis, i.e., Purkinje cells and neurons within the internal granular layer. Thus, low-molecular-weight MAP2 is not only more abundant in embryonic nervous tissue than in the adult, but it also appears in glia and in differentiating neurons before the high-molecular-weight form. We have also shown that in the mature cerebellum high-molecular-weight MAP2 cannot be detected with monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antisera in Purkinje cell dendrites. Polyclonal antisera against the regulatory subunit of the cAMP dependent protein kinase, which is associated with MAP2 in the Purkinje cell dendrites of the rat, also fail to stain Purkinje cell dendrites in the mature quail cerebellum. This suggests that high-molecular-weight MAP2 may be necessary for the establishment of dendrites but is not necessary for the maintenance of dendritic form. PMID- 3199191 TI - Stereoscopic mechanisms in monkey visual cortex: binocular correlation and disparity selectivity. AB - The neural signals in visual cortex associated with positional disparity and contrast texture correlation of binocular images are the subject of this study. We have analyzed the effects of stereoscopically presented luminous bars and of dynamic random-dot patterns on the activity of single neurons in cortical visual areas V1, V2, and V3-V3A of the alert, visually trained rhesus macaque. The interpretation of the results and considerations of possible neural mechanisms led us to recognize 2 functional sets of stereoscopic neurons. (1) A set of neurons, tuned excitatory (T0) or tuned inhibitory (TI), which respond sharply to images of zero or near-zero disparity. Objects at or about the horopter drive the T0 neurons and suppress the TI, while objects nearer and farther have the opposite effects on each type, inhibition of the T0 and excitation of the TI. The activity of these neurons may provide, in a reciprocal way, the definition of the plane of fixation, and the basic reference for binocular single vision and depth discrimination. (2) A second set of neurons includes tuned excitatory at larger crossed or uncrossed disparities (TN/TF) and neurons with reciprocal excitatory and inhibitory disparity sensitivity with cross-over at the horopter (NE/FA). Binocularly uncorrelated image contrast drives these neurons to a maintained level of activity, which shifts, in response to correlated images, toward facilitation or suppression as a function of positional disparity. These neurons may operate in the neural processing leading to stereopsis, both coarse and fine, and also provide signals for the system controlling binocular vergence. These results indicate that cortical visual neurons are binocularly linked to respond to the relative position and contrast of the images over their receptive fields, and also that both these aspects of binocular stimulation may be utilized by the brain as a source of stereoscopic information. PMID- 3199192 TI - Colocalization of taurine- and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellum of the rat with monoclonal antibodies against taurine. AB - Two monoclonal antibodies against fixative-modified taurine, Tau1 and Tau2, were produced, characterized, and used in the present study to analyze the distribution of taurine in the cerebellum of the rat. In addition, immunohistochemical colocalization experiments were performed to determine whether cerebellar neurons contain both taurine and its synthesizing enzyme, cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSADC). In ELISAs, both Tau1 and Tau2 displayed high affinities for taurine conjugated to various carrier proteins and possessed some cross-reactivity for other amino acids which are present in lower concentrations in the brain than taurine. Tau2 was found to recognize only taurine and hypotaurine when paraformaldehyde was used to fix the amino acids to carrier proteins. With the use of glutaraldehyde fixation, Tau1 cross-reacted with conjugates of beta-alanine and hypotaurine and Tau2 cross-reacted strongly with conjugates of cysteic acid and hypotaurine and weakly with cysteine sulfinic acid. Despite different cross-reactivities, Tau1 and Tau2 exhibited almost identical patterns of neuronal staining in bands of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Staining of Purkinje cell dendrites was more prominent than staining of the soma. Light immunoreactivity was present in Golgi, stellate, and basket cells. A scattered population of granule cells displayed taurine-like immunoreactivity at the electron microscopic level. Immunostaining was identified in some terminals in the Purkinje cell layer and in a limited number of mossy fibers. Tau2-like immunoreactivity was colocalized with CSADC-like immunoreactivity in the cerebellar neurons described above. These immunoreactive cells may represent a subpopulation of neurons that contain a higher concentration of taurine than neighboring cells due to their ability to synthesize taurine. The intense immunoreactive staining of Purkinje cell dendrites provides support for the hypothesis that calcium-dependent release of taurine in the cerebellum may originate primarily from dendritic rather than synaptic processes and suggests a neuromodulator role for taurine in the cerebellum. PMID- 3199194 TI - Evidence for the transneuronal regulation of cerebellin biosynthesis in developing Purkinje cells. AB - We have investigated the expression of a unique class of neuropeptides, the cerebellins, in normal and neurodevelopmentally mutant mice. Employing HPLC separation, gas-phase Edman sequencing, and immunocytochemistry, the normal Balb/c mouse cerebellum is shown to contain 2 Purkinje cell-specific neuropeptides, cerebellin and des-Ser1-cerebellin. In this strain of mouse the cerebellins appear during early postnatal development and their subsequent levels parallel the most dramatic period of cerebellar development: granule cell migration and parallel fiber formation, synaptogenesis, Purkinje cell dendritic maturation, and establishment of adult cytoarchitecture. In mutant mice (reeler, weaver, and staggerer), in which these early developmental events are markedly disrupted, Purkinje cells contain much lower levels of cerebellin and des-Ser1 cerebellin. In general there is a correlation between the formation and number of parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses and cerebellin levels. For example, the staggerer mutant, which totally lacks these synapses, is essentially devoid of cerebellin, whereas in reeler, cerebellin seems to be dependent upon the position of individual Purkinje cells and their ability to form contacts with granule cells. These results indicate that granule cells can modulate the level of cerebellin in Purkinje cells. A number of models to explain these data are discussed. PMID- 3199193 TI - Parabrachial innervation of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus: an electron microscopic study using the tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). AB - Ascending pathways from the brain stem play a key role, generally facilitatory, in controlling the transmission of retinal information through the lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex (for reviews, see Singer, 1977; Burke and Cole, 1978; Sherman and Koch, 1986). In order to characterize the morphological basis of this brain-stem control, we used the electron microscope to study synaptic terminals labeled anterogradely from injections of the tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the parabrachial region of the brain stem. The labeled axons, which are fine and unmyelinated in our material, form conventional synaptic contacts onto both relay cells and interneurons. These connections are surprisingly selective for certain postsynaptic elements such as the dendritic shafts and appendages of relay cells and the presynaptic dendritic terminals of interneurons. That is, the morphology of contacts made from parabrachial axons varies with the specific postsynaptic profile. Even a single axon can form symmetrical contacts onto F2 terminals, which are synaptic terminals deriving from dendrites of interneurons, and dendritic shafts of relay X cells, and form asymmetrical contacts onto dendritic appendages of the same relay X cells. Reconstructions of the dendritic segments postsynaptic to the labeled terminals show that the dendritic appendages receive retinal and parabrachial input in triadic relationships with F2 terminals: a retinal or parabrachial axon contacts the F2 terminal, and the F2 terminal plus the retinal or parabrachial axon contact the dendritic appendage. This positioning of the parabrachial innervation is well suited for control of retinal transmission. Finally, the dual morphology of the parabrachial synaptic contacts suggests that their actions may differ depending on the postsynaptic target. PMID- 3199195 TI - Associative learning modifies two behaviors in the leech, Hirudo medicinalis. AB - We report that 2 behaviors, stepping and shortening, are modified by associative learning in the leech, Hirudo medicinalis. Experiment 1 explored conditioning of the "stepping" response. Paired presentations of touch to the medial dorsal surface of the leech and shock to the tail of the leech resulted in the development of stepping to the touch. Leeches in control groups experiencing the CS alone, US alone, or explicitly unpaired presentations of the CS and US did not. In experiments 2-4, classical conditioning explored conditioning of the touch-elicited shortening reflex. We found that the reflex was enhanced following paired CS-US presentations but not following CS alone, US alone, or explicitly unpaired presentations of the stimuli. Moreover, the learning was extinguished following 15 unreinforced presentations of the CS but was retained for at least 24 hr without extinction training. Moreover, the associative effect was not evident when the CS and US were presented in a backward relationship. That is, no learning was observed when the US preceded the CS. Lastly, the hand-held stimuli were replaced with implanted electrodes. Using a 3 V pulse that mimicked the touch stimulus (CS), we found that paired CS-US presentations produced a significant enhancement in the shortening reflex. Again, no enhancement was observed following unpaired CS, US presentations. PMID- 3199196 TI - A behavioral analysis of habituation and sensitization of shortening in the semi intact leech. AB - We have previously demonstrated that the shortening reflex of the leech Hirudo medicinalis displays habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization. In this paper we demonstrate that the shortening reflex of the semi-intact animal also displays these phenomena. In the first experiment we found that the magnitude of the touch-elicited shortening reflex decreased as a result of repeated stimulations of the skin every 2 min. The second experiment examined the change in this reflex as a function of the interstimulus interval (ISI). The reflex failed to decrease when the ISI was 10 sec, but decreased significantly when the ISI was either 45 or 360 sec. Finally, in a third experiment we found that the presentation of noxious stimuli prior to habituation training prevented habituation. Thus, as we have observed previously in the intact animal, the semi intact animal displays habituation, dishabituation, and sensitization. PMID- 3199197 TI - Timing factors in the coordination of speech movements. AB - Speech movement coordination involves substantial timing adjustments among multiple degrees of muscles and movement freedom. The present investigation examined the kinematic and muscle timing adjustments associated with the production of select speech movements. For oral closing movements, the timing of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw peak velocities were found to be tightly coupled, apparently reflecting a coordinative strategy. In contrast, oral opening movements demonstrated reduced temporal coupling and inconsistent sequencing across subjects. Overall, it appears that the temporal organization of speech movements varies with the specific movement goals. In order to evaluate the coordinative patterns for oral closing in detail, the temporal adjustments of multiple perioral muscles associated with the systematic closing peak velocity relations were examined. The relative timing of muscle onsets and peak EMG amplitudes was found to be predictably related to the peak velocity timing variations, suggesting that the motor commands are temporally scaled to generate changes in speaking conditions. It was also found that the mechanical properties of the speech articulators influence movement coordination and can be exploited to maximize movement efficiency. The systematic change in muscle timing characteristics for all synergistic muscles apparently reduces the degrees of freedom to control, thereby facilitating the coordination process. PMID- 3199198 TI - Localization of a family of muscarinic receptor mRNAs in rat brain. AB - A family of 4 rat muscarinic receptors (m1, m2, m3, and m4) have recently been cloned and sequenced (Bonner et al., 1987). Since pharmacological probes that are presently available do not appear to distinguish among 3 of these muscarinic receptors, we constructed oligonucleotide probes corresponding to the N-terminal sequences of the muscarinic receptors and used them to specifically localize m1, m2, m3, and m4 mRNA in sections of rat brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Northern analysis demonstrated a 3.1 kilobase (kb) m 1 mRNA, a 4.5 kb m3 mRNA, and a 3.3 kb m4 mRNA in cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum. In situ hybridization histochemistry indicated a prevalence of m1 mRNA in the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus, the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, the olfactory bulb, amygdala, olfactory tubercule, and piriform cortex. Caudate putamen and cerebral cortex showed moderate levels of labeling. m2 mRNA was detectable in the medial septum, diagonal band, olfactory bulb, and pontine nuclei. m3 and m4 mRNA were also prevalent in the olfactory bulb and pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus but were present only in low levels in the dentate gyrus. m3 mRNA was present in superficial and deep layers of the cerebral cortex, whereas m4 mRNA was more evenly distributed with a slightly more intense labeling evident in the midcortical layer. In addition, m3 mRNA was present in a number of thalamic nuclei and brain-stem nuclei, while m4 mRNA predominated in the caudate putamen. These data offer a new basis on which to interpret the heterogeneity of muscarinic actions in the CNS. PMID- 3199200 TI - The effects of hyperstriatal lesions on one-trial passive-avoidance learning in the chick. AB - The roles of different forebrain structures in memory formation in the chick were investigated using restricted radio-frequency lesions. Young chicks will spontaneously peck at a small bright bead. If the bead has been coated with a distasteful substance, the chicks learn not to peck a similar bead on subsequent presentation. Thus, in a single trial chicks learn not to peck at an aversive stimulus. Bilateral lesions of the intermediate part of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) prevented the acquisition of this 1-trial passive-avoidance learning task. However, neither bilateral lesions of the lateral cerebral area (LCA) nor sham operation affected learning. IMHV has previously been shown to be critically involved in the learning process of imprinting in the chick. The present experiment demonstrates that the role of IMHV in learning is not restricted to imprinting. The function of IMHV in imprinting has been suggested to be concerned with the recognition of objects. In the present study sham operated and LCA-lesioned chicks recognized the visual characteristics of the training bead and did not avoid a bead of a different color in the test. We propose that IMHV-lesioned chicks fail to learn the task because they are unable to recognize the visual characteristics of the training bead and consequently cannot make the association between the bead and the unpleasant taste. PMID- 3199199 TI - A unique membrane protein is expressed on early developing limbic system axons and cortical targets. AB - The limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP) is a 64 kDa protein that, in the adult brain, is present in cortical and subcortical regions comprising the limbic system (Levitt, 1984). The developmental expression of LAMP was studied in fetal rat brains to determine the specific patterns of distribution and the cellular elements that exhibit LAMP immunoreactivity. Light microscopic immunocytochemical analysis revealed that LAMP is expressed on neurons and their growing axons early in fetal development, at a time coincident with pathway formation and differentiation of limbic system nuclei. In the forebrain, where limbic system structures are heavily concentrated, immunoreactivity appears on subpopulations of axons in a temporal sequence that correlates with the time of formation of pathways carrying limbic system axons. Thus, staining is evident first at embryonic day (E) 15 on fibers within the internal capsule coursing from the diencephalon to cortex. LAMP immunoreactivity appears over the next 3 d in the anterior commissure, fornix, and corpus callosum. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical analysis reveals dense surface staining of fascicles of developing axons and growth cones. The axonal staining is transient, disappearing during the second postnatal week of development. In cerebral cortex, cells in presumptive limbic cortical regions such as lateral perirhinal sulcal cortex and prefrontal cortex are LAMP immunoreactive from the inception of the cortical plate. These cortical regions are clearly delineated from surrounding unstained nonlimbic areas as early as E15. Thus, LAMP expression in the cortex may represent one of the earliest markers of specific cytoarchitectonic areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199201 TI - Inhibition of voltage-gated K channels in synaptosomes by sn-1,2 dioctanoylglycerol, an activator of protein kinase C. AB - Tracer efflux studies were used to determine the effect of activation of protein kinase C on K channel function in rat brain synaptosomes. Hippocampal synaptosomes were treated with sn-1,2-dioctanoylglycerol (diC8), a synthetic diacylglycerol (DG) analog that activates protein kinase C. DiC8 inhibited depolarization-induced 86Rb efflux through voltage-gated K channels but did not affect the component of efflux corresponding to Ca-activated K channels. In time course experiments, diC8 inhibited two components of 86Rb efflux: efflux through a rapidly inactivating, voltage-gated K channel (responsible for the "A" current) and that through a slowly inactivating, voltage-gated K channel (believed to be the "delayed rectifier"). Experiments with specific blockers of these voltage gated K channels supported this observation. Inhibition of K-stimulated 86Rb efflux by diC8 was time dependent: at least 15 sec of preincubation was required before the effect could be observed. The effect of diC8 was concentration dependent: 50 microM diC8 produced a half-maximal inhibition of K-stimulated 86Rb efflux. The idea that the inhibition of synaptosome K channels by diC8 resulted from activation of C kinase was supported by pharmacological evidence. The action of diC8 was mimicked by 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, another DG analog that activates protein kinase C, but not by deoxy-diC8, a DG analog that does not activate C kinase. Inhibition of C kinase by sphingosine or H-7 prevented the diC8 effect. These studies demonstrate that synaptosomes are a good model in which to study modulation of mammalian CNS K channels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199203 TI - Selection of postsynaptic serotonin receptors during reinnervation of an identified leech neuron in culture. AB - Serotoninergic Retzius neurons reform an inhibitory synapse onto pressure sensitive mechanosensory (P) neurons when the cells are removed from the nervous system of the leech and are juxtaposed in tissue culture. The somas of P cells in situ and single (uninnervated) P cells in culture have both a depolarizing and Cl dependent hyperpolarizing response to application of the transmitter serotonin (5 HT). Synaptic release of 5-HT by a Retzius cell in situ and in culture evokes a Cl-dependent postsynaptic response but does not appear to activate the depolarizing receptors. We have characterized the ionic currents induced by synaptically released and applied 5-HT in voltage-clamped P cells in culture in order to determine the responses to transmitter and their modifications following innervation. When 5-HT was applied to single P cells, 2 types of channels were activated by 5-HT and could be distinguished by changing the ionic composition of the superfusion solution. In an impermeant cation (TrisCl) solution, a 5-HT dependent Cl current was activated. When single P cells were superfused with a Cl free solution (Cl replaced by impermeant SO4), 5-HT activated a monovalent cation current. Following innervation of a P cell by a cocultured Retzius cell, the reversal potential of the peak postsynaptic current depended on the Cl gradient and the synaptic response was blocked by the Cl channel blocker 9 anthracenecarboxylic acid. Thus, synaptic release of 5-HT activated solely the Cl channels and not the cationic channels. Pipette application of 5-HT onto innervated P cells activated a Cl conductance comparable in magnitude to the synaptic response. In contrast, the cationic conductance was reduced roughly 5 fold. It is concluded that innervation of a P cell by a Retzius cell resulted in clustering of the synaptic 5-HT receptors, which activate Cl channels and reduction of the nonsynaptic, cationic response. The result is a selection of receptors in the cultured P cell that mimics the pattern observed in vivo. PMID- 3199202 TI - Activation of the hippocampus and dentate gyrus by working-memory: a 2 deoxyglucose study of behaving rhesus monkeys. AB - The 2-deoxyglucose method was used to examine metabolic activity in the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and amygdala of rhesus monkeys performing working memory and control tasks. A working-memory group was tested on 1 of 3 tasks requiring trial-by-trial updating of information: delayed spatial response, delayed spatial alternation, or delayed object alternation. A control group was tested either on an associative memory problem, visual pattern discrimination, or a sensory-motor task that did not have an explicit mnemonic component. Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in specific layers of the dentate gyrus and the CA1 and CA3 sectors of the hippocampus, as well as in 7 distinct nuclei of the amygdala, was measured and compared across groups. Metabolic rate in specific layers of the dentate gyrus and the CA3 and CA1 fields of the hippocampus was enhanced in the working-memory compared with the control group: LCGU was between 18 and 24% higher in the granule cell and molecular layers of the dentate gyrus and in the molecular and radiatum layers of CA1 and CA3 in the hippocampus. In contrast, no significant group differences in LCGU were found for any of the 7 amygdaloid nuclei examined: the lateral, lateral basal, medial basal, accessory basal, cortical, central, and medial nuclei. These results are consistent with previous evidence showing that lesions of the hippocampus affect memory selectively, producing deficits on some memory problems while sparing others. Our findings further suggest that working-memory may be a common denominator among those tasks that are sensitive to hippocampal damage in monkeys. The contribution of the amygdala to performance on memory tasks, on the other hand, appears to be independent of the specific type of memory process that is engaged. PMID- 3199204 TI - Single-channel analysis of four distinct classes of potassium channels in Drosophila muscle. AB - A number of mutations have been shown to affect potassium channels in Drosophila muscle. Single-channel analysis of the effects of mutations will prove a powerful approach for studying the molecular mechanisms of ion channel gating. As an initial step towards studying the effects of mutations at the single-channel level, we have characterized wild-type potassium channels in cultured embryonic myotubes using whole-cell, cell-attached, inside-out, and outside-out configurations of the patch-clamp technique. The myotubes differentiate in vitro from primary cultures of late-gastrula stage embryos of Drosophila. The whole cell outward currents develop in a characteristic sequence. At 8 hr after plating a small delayed outward current is present. Between 10 and 12 hr after plating an A-type outward current develops, followed, between 13 and 16 hr, by a large increase in the delayed current. The A-type current is absent at all developmental stages in myotubes homozygous for the mutant ShKS133. At least 4 different types of potassium channels contribute to the whole-cell outward currents: a fast transient 14 pS A-type potassium channel (A1), a slowly inactivating 14 pS potassium channel (KD), a 40 pS potassium channel that does not inactivate during voltage pulses up to 2.4 sec in duration (KO), and a 90 pS potassium channel that is strongly activated by membrane stretch (KST). Channels indistinguishable from the KD and KST channels were also observed in patch-clamp studies on larval body wall muscle fibers. A1 channels were also present in intact dorsal longitudinal flight muscles. The A1 channel underlies the rapidly inactivating component of the whole-cell current. It inactivates with a similar time course and voltage dependence to the A-current and is similarly blocked by 5 mM 4-aminopyridine. The KD channel underlies a large fraction of the delayed component of the whole-cell current. Ensemble averages of single KD channels inactivate with the same time course as the delayed current. The KO channel represents a smaller fraction of the whole-cell delayed outward current. Its increase in open probability with voltage is due primarily to a voltage dependence of its closed times. The KST channel is voltage and calcium independent and would therefore only contribute to the leak whole-cell current. PMID- 3199205 TI - cDNA cloning and characterization of three genes uniquely expressed in cerebellum by Purkinje neurons. AB - The characteristics that distinguish the different neuronal cell types of an organism are believed to be primarily determined by unique patterns of cellular gene expression. The identification of cell-type specific molecules should therefore provide a good basis for understanding the biology of specific neuron types. In this paper, we describe the isolation of cDNA clones corresponding to mRNA uniquely expressed by Purkinje cells in mature mouse cerebellum. Three cDNA clones were selected from a library of normal mouse cerebellar cDNA by virtue of their failure to hybridize to mRNA sequences from the cerebella of Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mice. The cDNA clones were shown by in situ and Northern hybridization to correspond with mRNA present in Purkinje cells but absent or at low levels in other cell types of the cerebellum. By sequence analysis, clone PCD29 was determined to encode the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28K. Clones PCD5 and PCD6 encode previously undescribed proteins of 99 and greater than 500 amino acids, respectively. All 3 PCD clones hybridized to mouse mRNA from sources other than cerebellum; clone PCD5 was found to have the most restricted expression, as it hybridized only to mRNA from cerebellum and eye. To define potential correlations between the PCD clones and mutations in the mouse genome known to affect Purkinje cells, clones PCD5, PCD6, and PCD29 were localized to mouse chromosomes 8, 6, and 4, respectively. PMID- 3199207 TI - Size and shape of the lingual surface of the upper molar. PMID- 3199206 TI - Expression of two developmentally regulated brain-specific proteins is correlated with late outgrowth of the pyramidal tract. AB - The regulation of axon outgrowth is not well understood. In previous studies, however, axon elongation has been well correlated with expression of a small number of growth-associated proteins (GAPs). To identify other proteins whose expression could be correlated with axon outgrowth during development of CNS pathways, monoclonal antibodies were raised against growth cone particles isolated from neonatal hamster brains. Two of these antibodies recognized a brain specific 33 kDa protein associated with intracellular membranes of axons and growth cones. Immunoblotting demonstrated a sharp developmental decline in levels of the protein in hamster brain during the first postnatal week and a more gradual decline thereafter. Immunocytochemical studies with the antibodies revealed ubiquitous staining of the neuropil during the first several days, which by the end of the first week became restricted to a few later-maturing pathways. Staining was most intense in the pyramidal tract and was well correlated with axon outgrowth, which continues until 14 d in this pathway. These results suggest that the 33 kDa protein may, like previously identified GAPs, play a role in axon elongation. Late outgrowth of the hamster pyramidal tract is also correlated with expression of another developmentally regulated protein, the high-molecular weight neurofilament subunit (NF-H). Immunostaining with a monoclonal antibody that recognized phosphorylated NF-H demonstrated that this subunit does not begin to appear in the late-maturing pyramidal tract fibers until several weeks after birth, in striking contrast to intense immunoreactivity of other spinal cord pathways from postnatal day 1. This finding suggests that specific pathways may have a highly idiosyncratic time course for expression of neurofilament subunits. PMID- 3199208 TI - Alkaline phosphatase activities of cultured human periodontal ligament cells. PMID- 3199209 TI - Multivariate analysis of periodontal disease and subgingival microbial compositions--in patients treated with fixed prosthetic appliances. PMID- 3199210 TI - Relationship between the values of masticatory efficiency and biting pressure in children with cerebral palsy--inter-relationship between the maximum biting pressure, chewing cycle and the value of masticatory efficiency. PMID- 3199211 TI - Surgical treatment of craniosynostosis. AB - The authors report their experience with the cranial recontouring techniques in the treatment of craniosynostoses. The results obtained treating sixteen children suggest that these techniques can be tolerated well by patients, with very limited postoperative complications. It is underlined that the precocity of the surgical treatment is an indispensable prerequisite in order to obtain satisfactory clinical and cosmetic results. PMID- 3199212 TI - Cerebral abscesses: topic treatment with antibiotics. AB - The Authors, after a brief discussion of current therapies used in the treatment of cerebral abscesses, present a series of 10 cases treated topically with antibiotics (through drill-hole and puncturing of the abscess). The determining role of CT scan in this technique is emphasised. PMID- 3199213 TI - An advanced system for electrocoagulation in neurosurgery. AB - The authors present a new, advanced system for electrocoagulation. In order to solve the problems connected with standard and bipolar EC machines available to date (i.e.: uneven and incostant coagulation; adhesion of tissue to the tips of the forceps, etc.), the Authors realized bipolar screened forceps with a well balanced current flow to avoid any heat dissipation. This new type of forceps are fed by a peculiar, two-step heating pattern, time dependent, that coagulates only the core of the clamped tissue. PMID- 3199215 TI - An unusual case infection following spinal surgery. AB - A case of extensive subcutaneous inflammation infection four months after a spinal operation is presented. The patient had had an extensive laminectomy and foraminotomy for lumbar canal stenosis and protruded discs at L3/L4 and L4/L5 levels. Four months postoperatively, bilateral gluteal abscesses developed and were treated by surgical evacuation. Three months after the evacuation of the abscesses, extensive inflammation and purulent infiltration of the laminectomy wound together with recurrence of the gluteal abscesses were noticed. In spite of reevacuation of the abscesses the inflammation persisted. A syringography disclosed communication of the gluteal abscesses with the laminectomy wound. Eventually this complication was treated by surgical reexploration of the laminectomy wound, during which it was found that the inflammation, although longstanding, did not spread to the intervertebral spaces. PMID- 3199214 TI - The use of human fibrin glue and of the suture in polyglactin 910 in extraintracranial by-pass. AB - At the Division of Neurosurgery of Fatebenefratelli-Oftalmico Hospital in Milano, 12 of the last 22 temporosylvian anastomosis have been performed employing sutures with separate points in mixed materials, partly nylon and partly Polyglactin 910 (reabsorbable) in order to avoid as much as possible the disadvantages of permanent sutures; in the other 10 consecutive cases reducing about 50% the points of suture and employing human fibrin glue as complement of the suture, in order to respect better the arterial wall and to reduce significantly the critical times of the operation (clampage). The Authors compared the clinical and instrumental results of the patients of this series with the ones of a previous series operated with traditional technique and pointed out a better success in the last operations (mixed materials and fibrin glue). PMID- 3199216 TI - Forth ventricle hematoma in a eight-year-old child. AB - We report the case of a 4th ventricle hematoma due to rupture of an angioma localized in the cerebellar vermis, in an eight-year-old child. Only seven cases of a vascular malformation in such a localization, angiographically and/or pathologically verified, have been previously reported. The girl died, in spite of prompt surgical treatment. Also the clinical presentation of this kind of case is very rare. PMID- 3199218 TI - Dynamic hydration effects in an electron microscope cold stage. AB - Water can be a substantial proportion of the residual gas in modern electron microscopes even when frozen hydrated specimens are not used. During measurements of the mass thickness of thin collodion film specimens at low temperatures, it was found that a volatile surface layer (condensed water) modified the apparent rate of mass loss induced by radiation exposure. Mass loss can be enhanced by the presence of water (specimen "etching"), or mass loss can be masked by the dynamic adsorption of water to the specimen surface. The microscope or the grid can be a secondary source of the water; even with cold anticontaminator plates in the vicinity of the specimen, water can be desorbed by x-rays or backscattered electrons. In one typical situation, the mass loss rate appears reduced (due to water adsorption), but the ultimate damage is greater (due to etching). These results illustrate that care must be taken in interpreting mass thickness measurements made in the presence of water and that the lowest stage temperature does not necessarily produce the best observation conditions for all specimens. PMID- 3199217 TI - Containment system for the preparation of vitrified-hydrated virus specimens. AB - A guillotine-type quick freezing device and a bio-hazard containment box have been designed, constructed, and used to prepare vitrified-hydrated specimens of viruses in their native environment. Special design considerations include the preservation of the specimen in its natural state in vitrified ice, prevention of virus aerosols escape, and control of the potentially explosive air-coolant vapor mixtures. PMID- 3199219 TI - Artifacts introduced by ion milling in Al-Li-Cu alloys. AB - Ion milling is commonly used to prepare specimens for observation under transmission electron microscope (TEM). This technique sometimes introduces artifacts in specimens contributing to misleading interpretation of TEM results as observed in the present investigation of Al-Li-Cu alloys. This type of alloy, in general, contains several kinds of precipitates, namely delta', T1, and theta'. It is found that ion milling even for a short time produces drastic changes in the precipitate characteristics as compared to standard electropolishing methods of specimen preparation for TEM. Careful analysis of selected area diffraction patterns and micrographs shows that after ion milling delta' precipitates are very irregular, whereas other precipitates coarsen and they are surrounded by misfit dislocations. In situ hot-stage TEM experiments were performed to relate the microstructure to that observed in the ion-milled specimen. Results and causes of ion milling effects on the microstructure are discussed in relation to standard electropolishing techniques and in situ hot stage experiment. PMID- 3199220 TI - Backscattered electron imaging of lectin binding sites in tissues following freeze-fracture cytochemistry. AB - Recently, cytochemical techniques have been applied for localizing membrane components; however, transmission electron microscopy only provides two dimensional information about their distribution. Scanning electron microscopy, on the other hand, offers the possibility of examining the three-dimensional architecture of biological samples. The fracture-label cytochemical technique was combined with the backscattered electron imaging (BEI) mode of the scanning electron microscope to visualize the in vivo distribution of lectin binding sites on freeze-fractured biological membranes in tissues and cells. Pancreatic and testicular tissues, fixed with glutaraldehyde, were freeze-fractured and labeled with Helix pomatia lectin-gold or Ricinus communis I-gold complexes. The labeled specimens were then critical-point dried and replicated with platinum-carbon for routine transmission electron microscopy or with carbon alone for BEI. Lectin gold labeling of fractured plasma and intracellular membranes observed with BEI showed a labeling pattern similar to that seen by the replica method. However, BEI-fracture-label provided additional information about the distribution of the labeling with respect to three-dimensional organization of tissues and cells. Large sample areas could be examined, making this technique particularly useful as a survey method for specimens that are either differentially labeled or composed of heterogenous cell populations. PMID- 3199221 TI - Enzyme-gold affinity labelling of cellulose. AB - The enzyme-linked colloidal gold affinity labelling technique was tested as a method to localize cellulose on thin sections of plant cell walls and slime mold spores. Commercially available cellulase from cultures of Trichoderma reesei, the main components being cellobiohydrolase I and II (CBH I, CBH II) and endoglucanase (EG), was linked to colloidal gold by using standard techniques and applied as a dilute, buffered suspension to thin sections. After brief exposure, e.g., 15-30 minutes, cellulose exposed on the surface of sections was labelled with the enzyme-gold complex. Poststaining did not appear to have a deleterious effect on the labelled sections. The specificity of labelling was demonstrated by its complete inhibition when carboxymethylcellulose was incorporated in the labelling mixture, by lack of labelling of 1,4-beta-mannans or 1,3-beta-xylans in noncellulosic walls of marine algae, by lack of labelling of 1,4-beta-glucans in chitin, by much lower labelling density when done at 4 degrees C, and by lack of labelling when sections were predigested with cellulase. Labelling with the crude commercial cellulase was compared to labelling with purified CBH I-, CBH II-, and EG-linked colloidal gold, and the labelling pattern was similar. This method was found useful on conventionally fixed material and required no special preparation other than the use of inert (Ni or Au) grids and 0.5% gelatin to reduce nonspecific binding of the gold complex. Labelling was similar in the several embedding resins tested: LR White, Lowicryl K4M, Epon 812, and Spurr's.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199222 TI - Digitization of electron micrographs: a comparison of three different types of scanners. AB - Some aspects of digitization of electron micrographs have been investigated. The performances of a flat-bed, a rotating drum, and a diode array scanner have been evaluated. Estimates have been achieved for resolution, mechanical and optical stability, and optical density response. It is concluded that for routine transmission electron microscopy of, for example, negatively stained biologic specimens, a diode array scanner produces data good enough to obtain resolutions at a level normally expected. High speed is the major advantage with this type of equipment. However, for high-resolution work it is necessary to use a conventional scanner with a relatively slow scan speed. PMID- 3199223 TI - A procedure for making phosphor viewing screens for the transmission electron microscope. AB - A technique is described for preparing uniform, durable phosphor layers for viewing screens suitable for the transmission electron microscope; a settling procedure is used. The example described here is for a high-voltage instrument, but with adjustment of the coating density, the technique should be equally suitable for screen preparation for transmission electron microscopes that operate at lower acceleration voltages. PMID- 3199224 TI - Preliminary observations on rapidly-frozen, freeze-fractured and deep-etched rat olfactory cilia rotary-replicated with tantalum/tungsten. PMID- 3199225 TI - Specimen chambers for critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy. PMID- 3199226 TI - Advances in analytical electron microscopy: Part I. PMID- 3199228 TI - Introduction to X-ray microanalysis in biology. AB - This paper gives an introduction to X-ray microanalysis for biologists. The physical principles of X-ray microanalysis and the instrumentation used in wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive analysis are reviewed. A special problem in biological microanalysis is the adequate preparation of the specimen: The preparative method must retain the localization of the element(s) of interest and allow identification of morphological features at the level of analytical resolution. Conventional preparation methods for electron microscopy have only a limited applicability in biological X-ray microanalysis, and often cryomethods have to be used. Methods for qualitative analysis and some common pitfalls and artefacts are discussed. The possibilities and limitations of electron-probe X ray microanalysis with regard to biological specimens are compared to those of other microanalytical techniques. PMID- 3199227 TI - Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of biological specimens. AB - Qualitative X-ray microanalysis of biological specimens requires an approach that is somewhat different from that used in the materials sciences. The first step is deconvolution and background subtraction on the obtained spectrum. The further treatment depends on the type of specimen: thin, thick, or semithick. For thin sections, the continuum method of quantitation is most often used, but it should be combined with an accurate correction for extraneous background. However, alternative methods to determine local mass should also be considered. In the analysis of biological bulk specimens, the ZAF-correction method appears to be less useful, primarily because of the uneven surface of biological specimens. The peak-to-local background model may be a more adequate method for thick specimens that are not mounted on a thick substrate. Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of biological specimens generally requires the use of standards that preferably should resemble the specimen in chemical and physical properties. Special problems in biological microanalysis include low count rates, specimen instability and mass loss, extraneous contributions to the spectrum, and preparative artifacts affecting quantitation. A relatively recent development in X-ray microanalysis of biological specimens is the quantitative determination of local water content. PMID- 3199229 TI - Quantitative X-ray analysis of biological fluids: the microdroplet technique. AB - X-ray microanalysis can be used to quantitatively determine the elemental composition of microvolumes of biological fluids. This article describes the various steps in preparation of microdroplets for analysis: The manufacturing of micropipettes, the preparation of the specimen support, the deposition of droplets on the support, shock-freezing, and lyophilization. Examples of common artifacts (incomplete rehydration prior to freezing or partial rehydration after lyophilization) are demonstrated. Analysis can be carried out either by wavelength-dispersive analysis, which is the most sensitive method, or by energy dispersive analysis, which is more commonly available. The minimum detectable concentration is 0.05 mmol.liter-1 for 0.1-nl samples analyzed by wavelength dispersive spectrometry and 0.5-1 mmol.liter-1 for samples analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometry. A major problem, especially in wavelength-dispersive analysis, where high beam currents are used, is radiation damage to the specimen; in particular chloride (but also other elements) can be lost. Quantitative analysis requires the use of standard solutions with elemental concentration in the same range as those present in the specimen. PMID- 3199230 TI - Progress in quantitative X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated bulk biological samples. AB - The analysis of bulk frozen-hydrated biological samples has developed now to a level where practical application of the technique is possible. Provided the sample is carefully coated with a conductive metal, the development of a space charge capable of causing a significant distortion of the electron diffusion volume does not seem to occur, and analytical resolution can be conveniently held to approximately 2 micron (both depth and lateral resolution). Two valid quantitative methods are available, and two methods of determining dry weight fractions are also available. An area where further research could lead to improvement in analysis of frozen-hydrated bulk samples is in the investigation of fracturing methods. If fracture planes that were flat and reproducible could be easily obtained, some of the difficulties of analysing frozen-hydrated bulk samples would be considerably reduced. PMID- 3199231 TI - X-ray microanalysis of freeze-dried and frozen-hydrated cryosections. AB - The elemental composition and the ultrastructure of biological cells were studied by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. The preparation technique involves cryofixation, cryoultramicrotomy, cryotransfer, and freeze-drying of samples. Freeze-dried cryosections 100-nm thick appeared to be appropriate for measuring the distribution of diffusible elements and water in different compartments of the cells. The lateral analytical resolution was less than 50 nm, depending on ice crystal damage and section thickness. The detection limit was in the range of 10 mmol/kg dry weight for all elements with an atomic number higher than 12; for sodium and magnesium the detection limits were about 30 and 20 mmol/kg dry weight, respectively. The darkfield intensity in STEM is linearly related to the mass thickness. Thus, it becomes possible to measure the water content in intracellular compartments by using the darkfield signal of the dry mass remaining after freeze-drying. By combining the X-ray microanalytical data expressed as dry weight concentrations with the measurements of the water content, physiologically more meaningful wet weight concentrations of elements were determined. In comparison to freeze-dried cryosections frozen-hydrated sections showed poor contrast and were very sensitive against radiation damage, resulting in mass loss. The high electron exposure required for recording X-ray spectra made reproducible microanalysis of ultrathin (about 100-nm thick) frozen hydrated sections impossible. The mass loss could be reduced by carbon coating; however, the improvement achieved thus far is still insufficient for applications in X-ray microanalysis. Therefore, at present only bulk specimens or at least 1 micron thick sections can be used for X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated biological samples. PMID- 3199232 TI - Low temperature techniques for X-ray microanalysis in pathology: alternatives to cryoultramicrotomy. AB - Many diseases are associated with a change in the distribution of diffusible ions at the cell or tissue level. These diseases can profitably be studied by X-ray microanalysis. This technique for the study of ion distribution requires the use of cryoprepared specimens. Analysis at low or medium resolution can be carried out on thick or semi-thick cryosections, or on frozen-hydrated or freeze-dried embedded bulk samples. Such analyses are particularly useful in the initial stages of an investigation or when data from a large number of samples have to be acquired. Also X-ray microanalysis of cultured or single cells prepared by freeze drying can be used to rapidly collect information on a large number of cells. Analysis at high resolution has to be carried out on thin sections: Cryosections or sections of freeze-substituted or freeze-dried embedded tissue. For the latter type of specimens, the use of low-temperature embedding methods may have important advantages. PMID- 3199233 TI - Cytochemical applications of X-ray microanalysis. AB - X-ray microanalysis (XRMA) has been applied to a wide variety of cytochemical problems, but the most valuable applications have been to the validation of cytochemical methods (by the qualitative or quantitative analysis of reaction products), and to the simultaneous localization of more than one substance, which cannot easily be achieved by using alternative methods. The latter applications involve stoichiometric studies (the quantitative relationships between reaction products and substrates), and distribution studies. Ultrastructural cytochemistry with XRMA is limited by the need to use high-brightness electron sources. Apart from the limited availability of such sources, they may cause unacceptable damage to the specimen. Preparation methods for cytochemistry using XRMA are reviewed; in principle these do not differ from those used for other cytochemical applications, but it is important not to introduce extraneous elements (from fixative, buffer, or embedding medium) into the specimen, where the additional X ray peaks may interfere with the analysis. Quantification in XRMA of cytochemical preparations poses special problems, because the addition of the reaction product to the specimen alters the yield of continuum X rays, used for assessing the mass of the specimen, and also dilutes endogenous elements. However, measurement of ratios between characteristic elemental peaks is a useful method in X-ray microanalytical cytochemistry, and it is concluded that one of the most important attributes of XRMA for cytochemical purposes is the ease with which the substances of interest can be measured. PMID- 3199234 TI - Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the kidney: Part I. PMID- 3199235 TI - Morphological alterations of the glomerular (visceral) epithelium in response to pathological and experimental situations. AB - The glomerular (visceral) layer of Bowman's capsule is comprised of a unique population of cells which have been termed "podocytes." Arising from these cells are large major processes and numerous smaller foot processes which completely surround underlying glomerular capillary loops. Podocyte foot processes interdigitate with each other and are separated by spaces (filtration slits) which are designed to facilitate flow of a large amount of filtrate across the glomerular wall. Podocytes exhibit dramatic morphological changes in response to the nephrotic syndrome and some forms of acute renal failure and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of these conditions. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that a reduction in the sialic acid component of a thick anionic surface coat plays a major role in the morphological changes that these cells exhibit in the nephrotic syndrome. Also, it has been shown that filamentous actin concentrated mainly within podocyte foot processes are the contractile elements responsible for altering the shapes of these processes. There is evidence to suggest that by altering the shapes of their foot processes, podocytes in the normal kidney are able to alter the number of fully patent filtration slits and thereby actively regulate the rate of solute efflux across the glomerular wall. In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that cytoplasmic microtubules are probably not involved in alterations of the podocyte foot processes but do appear important in maintaining the morphological integrity of podocyte cell bodies and their major processes. In the present paper, the morphological changes which glomerular podocytes exhibit in response to the nephrotic syndrome, various forms of acute renal failure, and during in vitro incubation are discussed along with studies of the possible roles of cytoplasmic microtubules, microtubules, and the glomerular anionic surface coat in these changes. PMID- 3199236 TI - Relationship between structure and function in renal proximal tubule. AB - Epithelia which support large transepithelial fluid movements are generally found to have histologic specializations which increase the surface areas of the cell membranes across which flows occur. A relationship between structure and function seems obvious in those cases. On the other hand, the area increasing specializations may also result in complicated shapes for the cells and their adjacent intercellular channels. In this paper we review the means for examining cell shape by quantitative stereologic techniques and the results obtained for the epithelium of the proximal renal tubule. We conclude that cell shape not only is a critical ingredient in any structure-function correlation for that tissue but also a "fingerprint" and a powerful tool with which one can predict and study epithelial absorptive flows and their driving forces. PMID- 3199238 TI - Morphology of the minipig kidney. AB - The minipig has a multilobar kidney with a wide cortex and short papilla. The vascular bundles are of a simple type. Although short and long looped nephrons are both present, the short looped kind predominates. The minipig has many morphological similarities to dog and human kidneys. One particularly unique feature of the minipig papillary collecting duct cells, however, is the presence of electron-dense granules in the basal cytoplasm which appear to be secreted into the lateral intercellular spaces, perhaps forming a water-tight seal in a manner analogous to membrane-coating granules found in the epidermis of skin. PMID- 3199237 TI - First image from a positron reemission microscope. PMID- 3199239 TI - Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the kidney: Part II. PMID- 3199240 TI - Hypoxic injury to medullary thick ascending limbs in perfused rat kidneys: reversible and irreversible phases. AB - The tubular epithelial cells located in the renal medulla are normally working in a hypoxic milieu. In isolated rat kidneys perfused with a cell-free medium, the medullary thick ascending limbs of Henle's loop are selectively and reproducibly injured by the imbalance between oxygen demand and supply in this area. Hypoxic lesions rapidly progress from reversible to irreversible forms of cell damage. Reversible injury consists of chromatin margination and mitochondrial swelling, which can disappear upon restoration of an adequate balance of oxygenation. Irreversible injury consists of nuclear pyknosis and cytoplasmic fragmentation, lesions which persist after re-oxygenation or even progress to cell death. Reversible and irreversible phases of hypoxic injury in this distal tubule segment are comparable to, but different from, those previously defined for the proximal tubule. PMID- 3199241 TI - Advances in image processing for electron microscopy: Part I. PMID- 3199242 TI - Subjects in search of an author: speculations on the future of electron image processing. PMID- 3199243 TI - Perceived self-efficacy and burnout among registered nurses. PMID- 3199244 TI - Directions for nursing research in New York State. PMID- 3199245 TI - Nursing research: state of the art. PMID- 3199246 TI - Measurement of hope in the elderly institutionalized person. PMID- 3199248 TI - [A clinical observation of advanced head and neck cancer]. PMID- 3199247 TI - Improved static lung preservation with corticosteroids and hypothermia. AB - With methylprednisolone as a chemical inhibitor of leukocytes, extended preservation was conducted with an isolated rabbit lung model. The heart-lung blocks of 39 New Zealand white rabbits were flushed in situ with 100 ml of Euro Collins' solution, harvested, inflated (70%), and preserved at 4 degrees C. Lungs immediately reperfused with whole blood (control lungs, group 1) were compared with lungs preserved without methylprednisolone for 5, 12, and 24 hours (groups 2 to 4) and those preserved with methylprednisolone for 12 and 24 hours (groups 5 and 6, respectively). Methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) was administered before harvest and was used as an additive to the flush and in the blood reperfusate. Hypothermia and Euro-Collins' flush alone provided adequate preservation for up to 5 hours; however, lung edema was evident by 12 hours of cold ischemia and became severe by 24 hours. By all measured parameters, the lungs in group 5 (treated with methylprednisolone) demonstrated values equal to or better than control lungs. By 24 hours of preservation the beneficial effects of the steroid treatment were no longer evident. Histologic evaluation revealed mild to moderate injury after 5 hours of cold ischemia; progressive edema and hemorrhage were found after 12 and 24 hours of preservation. This injury was significantly ameliorated by methylprednisolone treatment at 12 hours but not at 24 hours. This study suggests that static preservation for up to 5 hours is possible with hypothermia and a Euro-Collins' flush and that extended preservation to 12 hours is possible with pharmacologic dosages of methylprednisolone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199249 TI - [Children's sinusitis seen by Waters' view]. PMID- 3199250 TI - [Electron microscopic observation on monostotic fibrous dysplasia of temporal bones]. PMID- 3199252 TI - [Enquete survey on sudden deafness and comparison between the criteria for prognosis and subjective improvement]. PMID- 3199251 TI - [Long-term results of the treatment of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus]. PMID- 3199254 TI - [Distribution of the postoperative cyst of the maxilla]. PMID- 3199253 TI - [Functional evaluation of T-E shunt]. PMID- 3199255 TI - [Clinicopathological study on 8 cases with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas of the salivary glands]. PMID- 3199256 TI - [The influence of head size upon the wave-form of auditory brain stem responses]. PMID- 3199257 TI - [The effect of S-carboxymethylcysteine on ciliary beat frequency of nasal mucosa]. PMID- 3199258 TI - [Effects of exercise on nasal patency]. PMID- 3199259 TI - [Effect of adaptive VOR gain changes on OKR gain control]. PMID- 3199260 TI - [Nasal response to chemical mediators in nasal allergy]. PMID- 3199262 TI - An analysis of spontaneous and chemotherapy-associated changes in skeletal osteosarcomas. AB - Microscopically assessed changes observed in large sections of osteosarcomas from patients who had undergone pre-operative chemotherapy (PCT) (n = 22), or no chemotherapy (n = 22), were examined either quantitatively, semiquantitatively, or qualitatively. Eight tumour characteristics were associated with the treatment mode by way of a stepwise logistic analysis. Minimal amount of viable tumour tissue (less than 10 per cent) and strong fibroblastic proliferation were each proved to be associated with PCT. These two variables in combination indicated a good response to PCT. The discrimination between PCT and non-PCT patients based on statistical analysis was superior to discrimination based on 'overall impression'. PMID- 3199261 TI - Morphometric analysis of coronary artery stenosis: an accuracy and reliability study. AB - Luminal narrowing was assessed in 238 transverse segments obtained from coronary arteries removed at postmortem. In each segment, narrowing was assessed by gross visual estimation before and after fixation, and on histological sections by stereological point counting and computer-assisted planimetry. Computer-assisted planimetry was found to be accurate and reliable but the equipment needed is expensive, and requires specialized software and an experienced user. Morphometric measurement by stereologic point counting was accurate, rapid, simple, and inexpensive. In comparison with computer-assisted planimetry visual estimation was found to be neither accurate nor reliable. Our results indicate point counting as the method of choice for assessment of coronary artery luminal narrowing by atherosclerosis. PMID- 3199263 TI - Chronic serum sickness glomerulonephritis: modification of the immune response influences the rate of removal of mesangial electron-dense deposits. AB - We have used a chronic serum sickness model of glomerulonephritis to investigate whether gross interference with the immune system can influence the rate of removal of antigen and established electron-dense deposits from the glomerulus. Radio-labelled cationized bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as antigen. During the 2 weeks after the cessation of injections, the rate of removal of antigen from isolated glomeruli and from renal cortex, liver, spleen, and lung was measured. The rate of removal of mesangial and subepithelial deposits was assessed by point-counting. Urinary excretion of free and protein-bound isotope was also measured. Having quantified the rate of removal of antigen and deposits from the glomerulus, we attempted to influence the rate of removal by interfering with the immune response in the course of recovery. Contrary to our expectations, stimulation of the immune system with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant, 4 days after the last injection of antigen, inhibited the removal of antigen and mesangial electron-dense deposits. Prednisolone had no detectable effect, but large doses of a non-nephritogenic form of the antigen (native BSA) enhanced removal. Removal of antigen and mesangial deposits was inversely correlated with the levels of circulating anti-BSA antibody, suggesting that specific antibody, circulating through the mesangium, inhibits the removal of antigen which is already trapped at that site. None of the forms of intervention applied during recovery produced a detectable change in the rate of removal of subepithelial deposits. PMID- 3199265 TI - Efficiency of "Biotest RCS" as a sampler of airborne bacteria. PMID- 3199264 TI - The pathology of diabetic hepatitis. AB - Liver biopsies from nine patients with maturity-onset diabetes and fatty liver hepatitis were semiquantitatively assessed, and the findings compared with those in alcoholic hepatitis. Overall appearances were similar, but the lesion in some diabetics was periportal rather than perivenular in location, and nuclear vacuolation of hepatocyte nuclei was always present. The inflammatory infiltrate often included neutrophil leucocytes, as in the alcoholic. In three patients with multiple biopsies, progression appeared to be slow, but one patient developed cirrhosis. PMID- 3199266 TI - Effect of glutathione on photolytic degradation of doxorubicin hydrochloride. PMID- 3199267 TI - Interaction of microspheres with blood constituents. III. Macrophage phagocytosis of various types of polymeric drug carriers. PMID- 3199268 TI - Diarrheal disease and zinc supplementation. PMID- 3199269 TI - Metoclopramide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. AB - The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metoclopramide oral solution were evaluated in six infants (0.9-5.4 months) with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) following the initial and 10th dose of 0.15 mg/kg administered every 6 h. Metoclopramide pharmacodynamics were assessed by pre- and post-dose comparison of esophageal pH monitoring data and clinical evaluation of improvement in GER symptoms. A significant reduction in the number of episodes of pH less than 4 for greater than 5 min and the longest episode of GER was seen between the predose and 10th dose (steady-state) evaluation periods. Four of the 6 patients had a 75% reduction in reflux time and demonstrated improvement in clinical symptoms by the 10th dose. Metoclopramide pharmacokinetics were best characterized by a one compartment open model following the first and 10th doses. Metoclopramide serum concentrations (mean +/- SD) ranged from 56.2 +/- 23.5 to 32.7 +/- 13.2 ng/ml within a 6-h dosing interval at steady state. There were no significant differences between the first versus tenth dose values for Tmax (2.0 +/- 0.5 versus 2.2 +/- 0.4 h), Kel (0.14 +/- 0.03 versus 0.17 +/- 0.04 h-1), Vdarea (4.9 +/- 0.4 versus 4.4 +/- 0.6 L/kg), or clearance (0.66 +/- 0.16 versus 0.67 +/- 0.13 L/h/kg). The youngest subject (3.5 weeks) had a metoclopramide t 1/2 of 23.1 h following initial dose, which decreased to 10.3 h at steady-state. Care should be exercised in using the 0.15 mg/kg dose in infants less than 1 month of age as prolonged clearance may produce excessive serum concentrations. PMID- 3199270 TI - Pathophysiology of gastroesophageal reflux and distal esophageal motility in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease. AB - We investigated the mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and esophageal motility during endogenous esophageal acid exposure in 17 patients with reflux disease alone (age range 3-20 months) (group A) and in 10 patients with reflux disease complicated by esophagitis (age range 4-19 months) (group B), by simultaneous recording distal esophageal sphincter relaxation was the predominant mechanism of reflux in both groups of subjects; however, it was more frequent in group B patients (Bpts), whereas reflux episodes due to appropriate sphincter relaxation were detected more frequently in group A patients (Apts). During endogenous acid exposure, primary peristalsis was the most frequent esophageal motor event in all patients; furthermore, its amplitude was significantly higher in Apts as compared with Bpts. Primary peristalsis was more efficacious (rise of intraluminal pH by at least 0.5 unit) in patients with reflux disease alone, whereas nonspecific motor irregularities were more common in children with reflux esophagitis. It is concluded that the major mechanism of GER in patients with reflux esophagitis is an inappropriate sphincter relaxation; reflux due to appropriate sphincter relaxation is associated with less severe reflux disease; and patients with esophagitis exhibit a deranged esophageal motility during spontaneous acid exposure. PMID- 3199271 TI - Developmental changes of lactose malabsorption in normal Chinese children: a study using breath hydrogen test with a physiological dose of lactose. AB - The malabsorption of a physiological dose of lactose (0.5 g/kg body weight) was studied in 726 healthy Chinese children, ranging in age from 3 to 18 years, using the breath hydrogen test. The prevalence of lactose malabsorption was found to increase with age; it occurred in less than 15% of preschool-age children and in approximately 45% of younger school-age and 60% of older school-age children. Approximately 70% of adolescents measured showed malabsorption. The critical period of change was from 6 to 7 years of age, with the lactose malabsorption rate rising abruptly from 12 to 43%. The incidence of lactose intolerance in teenagers and adolescents was 27 and 33%, respectively. The great majority of them had only dull abdominal pain. No case of lactose intolerance was seen in children less than 9 years of age. These results indicated that preschool Chinese children can absorb a physiological dose of lactose (equivalent to the average amount of milk consumed daily) without any adverse effects. In contrast, one half of school-age children and two thirds of adolescents were malabsorbers. PMID- 3199272 TI - Lactose malabsorption and recurrent abdominal pain in Italian children. AB - The role of lactose malabsorption (LM) was investigated in 32 children (mean age 8.13 +/- 2.46 years) with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP). LM was detected in 75% of them by a lactose breath hydrogen test (LBHT) after a 2-g/kg (max 50-g) load. Of the 18 malabsorbers who participated in a 3-month lactose-free diet (LFD), 14 were judged "improved" and reported lower pain frequency (p less than 0.001). The malabsorbers who improved versus the not improved had comparable past lactose ingestion but were distinguishable on the basis of their lactose absorption capacity (0.36 vs. 0.81 g/kg; p less than 0.01), as subsequently determined by multiple LBHTs with 25-, 12.5-, and 6-g loads. The ratio between past lactose ingestion and lactose absorption was 1.89 in the improved and 0.55 in the not improved groups (p less than 0.01), retrospectively indicating lactose as a possible cause of the symptoms in the improved group. The reintroduction of lactose in amounts not exceeding the absorption capacity into the diet of each malabsorber who had improved with LFD caused relapse in none of the 14 subjects monitored for 2-6 months. In conclusion, LM seems an important cause of symptoms in Italian children with RAP. Assessment of the lactose absorption threshold of each subject of LBHTs provides a basis for reintroduction of "calibrated" amounts of lactose-containing foods (e.g., milk) into the diet. PMID- 3199273 TI - Relationship of endomysial antibodies to jejunal mucosal pathology: specificity towards both symptomatic and asymptomatic celiacs. AB - Serum immunoglobulin A class antibodies reactive to the endomysial lining of the smooth muscle bundles of the gastrointestinal tract have recently been reported to be specific and sensitive indicators of celiac disease (CD). A total of 203 subjects were examined for serum endomysial antibodies (EmA) and in 103 small bowel biopsies were obtained. EmA were detected in 43 cases including 26 CD patients evaluated during the gluten challenge phase of diagnosis by European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition criteria, 11 of 53 symptomatic patients, and 6 asymptomatic family members. All patients with detectable antibody at the time of biopsy exhibited grade III-IV villous atrophy. Disaccharidase activities performed in 19 cases revealed severe deficiencies. EmA were not detected in 160 subjects including 42 infants and children with chronic nonspecific diarrhea. Eighteen of these possessed grade II-III villous atrophy with moderate disaccharidase deficiency and 24 were found to have normal histology and enzymes. The EmA were also not detected in 3 CD patients who were well maintained on a gluten-free diet for greater than 1 year and 25 asymptomatic family members exhibiting normal histology and enzymes. An additional 90 infants and children with other gastrointestinal and liver diseases were also negative for the serum EmA. Fourteen of these patients underwent biopsies and were demonstrated to have normal histology. PMID- 3199274 TI - Concentrations of IgA, secretory IgA, IgM, secretory IgM, IgD, and IgG in the upper jejunum of children without gastrointestinal disorders. AB - Jejunal fluid was collected from 40 children aged 1-12.2 years and from 10 adults (age 20-25 years) who were without gastrointestinal disorders. They were intubated pernasally with a special tube system that made it possible to avoid contamination from the upper respiratory tract secretions. Quantitation of immunoglobulin A (IgA), secretory IgA (SIgA), IgM, SIgM, IgD, IgG, and albumin was performed by double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IgA was the dominating immunoglobulin in jejunal fluid, showing the highest concentrations, followed in order by IgM, IgG, and IgD. The IgD concentrations were about 1,000 times less than in plasma of age-matched children. The immunoglobulin concentrations did not show any age-related differences, except for IgG and for the SIgA/IgA ratio. The former declined with children's age (p less than 0.02), whereas the latter was significantly higher in adults (interquartile range: 97 100%) than in young children aged 1-less than 5.5 years (interquartile range: 55 94%) (p less than 0.001). This indicates an age-related decline in leaking from gut mucosa. The concentrations of SIgA and SIgM showed a positive correlation (p less than 0.001). The majority of IgA and IgM were estimated to be locally produced, whereas IgD and IgG were transudated from plasma. PMID- 3199275 TI - Comparison of efficacy of a glucose/glycine/glycylglycine electrolyte solution versus the standard WHO/ORS in diarrheic dehydrated children. AB - It was hypothesized that a mixture of glucose and amino acids enhances sodium and water absorption and therefore diminishes the volume of oral rehydration solution, stool output, and duration of diarrhea. To investigate this hypothesis, the efficacies of two oral rehydration solutions (ORS) were compared, one containing (mmol/L): Na+ 90, K+ 20, Cl- 80, citrate 10, glucose 67, glycine 53, and glycylglycine 30, yielding an osmolality of 350 mosmol/kg H2O, and the other, the standard ORS recommended by the World Health Organization, containing the same electrolyte concentrations and only glucose 110 mmol/L, yielding 310 mosmol/kg H2O. The study group comprised 31 infants and small children for group A (receiving solution A, the glucose/glycine/glycylglycine-based ORS) and 31 patients for group B (receiving solution B, the standard WHO/ORS). There were no significant differences between the groups in age, fluid loss, or dehydration, or between the groups with respect to clinical outcome, mean time to achieve rehydration, mean percent body weight gain, and serum electrolyte composition. The only statistically significant difference was the mean time between admission and the last diarrheic stool. The glycylglycine/glycine/glucose electrolyte solution was found to be suitable for rehydration, but not to have an advantage over the standard WHO/ORS. PMID- 3199277 TI - Development of glutaminase along the villus-crypt axis in the jejunum of rat. AB - The activity of glutaminase (E.C. 3.5.1.2), the entry enzyme for oxidation of glutamine, was measured in enterocytes isolated along the villus-crypt axis from rat jejunum. Specific activity of glutaminase was 5.05 +/- 0.24 mumol glutamate/mg protein/h in villus cells (fully differentiated cells) and 4.16 +/- 0.30 in the deep crypt (undifferentiated cells). Activity of glutaminase was significantly (p less than 0.05) increased in cells isolated from the villus crypt junction (differentiating cells) compared to the activity of the enzyme in both the villus and crypt at 6.21 +/- 0.45. A similar pattern of activity of glutaminase was observed when the cells of the villus-crypt gradient were separated by sequential horizontal sectioning with a cryostat. Oxidation of L-[U 14C]glutamine to 14CO2 was also significantly (p less than 0.01) higher in cells isolated from the villus-crypt junction compared to both villus or deep crypt cells. The quantity of glutaminase protein was determined by a dot immunobinding assay using an antibody to purified glutaminase. Immunoreactive glutaminase protein relative to total cellular protein was 6.06 +/- 0.40 cpm/microgram homogenate protein in the villus cells, 3.01 +/- 0.24 (p less than 0.05) at the villus-crypt junction, and 4.49 +/- 0.57 (p less than 0.05) in the deep crypt. Thus, the highest activity of glutaminase present in the villus-crypt junction is the result of an increase in activity of the enzyme rather than an increase in the enzyme protein. PMID- 3199276 TI - Effects of oral administration of tin and zinc protoporphyrin on neonatal and adult rat tissue heme oxygenase activity. AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate if oral metalloporphyrin treatment could suppress intestinal heme oxygenase (HO) activity and thus prevent HO mediated heme degradation in this organ. Six hours after a single 40 mumol/kg oral dose of tin protoporphyrin (TP), zinc protoporphyrin (ZP), or heme to adult rats, no significant difference in the HO activity of the intestine was observed relative to control tissues. Moreover, the activity was not inhibited by in vitro exposure to 40 microM TP or ZP. Liver and spleen HO activity was also not significantly inhibited in vivo after oral administration of metalloporphyrins; however, in vitro exposure to TP or ZP decreased the HO activity of preparations from these organs significantly. Like adults, the intestinal HO activity of neonates was not inhibited effectively by oral administration of either metalloporphyrin. The results of subsequent in vitro exposure of control neonatal tissue preparations to ZP or TP was similar to those using adult tissue preparations. Even at 100 microM, only ZP seemed to have some in vitro inhibitory effect on the intestinal HO of suckling rats. We conclude that intestinal HO is less inhibitable by TP or ZP reaching the intestine via the stomach in concentrations at least 30-fold greater than those achieved after parenteral 40 mumol/kg doses, which cause significant hepatic and splenic HO inhibition. Intestinal absorption and enterohepatic circulation of heme, TP, and ZP do not seem to occur in amounts sufficient to consistently and significantly affect HO activity in liver or spleen. PMID- 3199278 TI - Effect of diet on intestinal and pancreatic enzyme activities in the pig. AB - Intestinal and pancreatic enzyme activities are known to respond to changes in dietary composition. Studies in rats and humans suggest that adaptive mechanisms differ between species in response to altered intakes of carbohydrate and fat. Because of increased use of the pig in the study of human nutrition, we compared the responses of pancreatic enzymes and intestinal disaccharidases in groups of 7 to 10-week-old pigs fed either high-carbohydrate/low-fat (70 cal% starch, 25% protein, 5% fat) or low-carbohydrate/high-fat (5, 25, 70%, respectively) diets for 7 and 30 days. No changes were observed in the activities for lactase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin or in the tissue protein concentrations, regardless of diet duration. High-carbohydrate/low-fat intake resulted in higher specific activities of sucrase, maltase, and amylase for both periods studied. Low carbohydrate/high-fat intake resulted in higher specific activities of pancreatic lipase for both periods studied. The response of the intestinal disaccharidases differs from that observed previously in rodents but resembles the response reported in humans. Conversely, amylase and lipase responded similarly to the pattern in the rat. These data support the continued use of the pig as a suitable model in the study of adaptation to altered intakes of carbohydrate and fat. PMID- 3199279 TI - Clinical remission and disappearance of radiologic manifestations in Crohn's disease after oligopeptide diet treatment. AB - A 9.6-year-old patient was treated exclusively with an oligopeptide diet at initial diagnosis and at first relapse of Crohn's ileocolitis. The patient achieved complete remission in both episodes. Control radiologic examinations 14 months after diagnosis revealed complete disappearance of radiologic manifestations of Crohn's disease. PMID- 3199280 TI - Wilson's disease associated with pancreatitis. AB - A 12-year-old boy presented with a 2-month history of abdominal pain and distention. A diagnosis of Wilson's disease was established, and D-penicillamine therapy was initiated. An associated pancreatitis was diagnosed on presentation, based on elevated serum amylase and an enlarged pancreas ultrasonically. Subsequently, an 18-month follow-up disclosed no abdominal pain, with repeatedly normal serum amylase level and a normal pancreas on ultrasonography. Since abdominal pain is a common symptom in Wilson's disease on presentation, this possibility should be considered in untreated patients. It is concluded that pancreatitis may be associated with Wilson's disease, possibly because of copper deposition in the pancreas, and is probably responsive to copper chelation therapy. PMID- 3199281 TI - Campylobacter pylori, resistant duodenal ulcers, and antibiotic treatment. PMID- 3199283 TI - The steatocrit. PMID- 3199282 TI - Pancreatic function testing in meconium disease in cystic fibrosis. PMID- 3199284 TI - Marked basal gastric acid hypersecretion and peptic ulcer disease. PMID- 3199285 TI - Syndromic paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts: growth retardation and somatomedin C deficiency. PMID- 3199286 TI - Alcohol use and psychosocial outcome of two preventive classroom programs with seventh and tenth graders. PMID- 3199287 TI - The private sector: taking a role in the prevention of drug and alcohol abuse for young people. PMID- 3199288 TI - The dual participants: a high risk drinking driver target group. PMID- 3199289 TI - A survey of caffeine use and associated side effects in a college population. PMID- 3199290 TI - Trend analyses of four large-scale surveys of high school drug use 1977-1986. PMID- 3199291 TI - A short- and long-term evaluation of here's looking at you alcohol education program. PMID- 3199292 TI - Three-year outcomes for low birth weight infants: differential effects of early medical complications. PMID- 3199293 TI - Mother-child interactions involving a child with epilepsy: a comparison of immigrant and native-born Mexican Americans. PMID- 3199294 TI - Temperament, coping, and psychological adjustment in young children with myelomeningocele. PMID- 3199295 TI - Long-term sequelae of cold water near-drowning. PMID- 3199296 TI - The impact of stress and temperament on medical utilization by school-age children. PMID- 3199297 TI - Language screening for infants prone to otitis media. PMID- 3199298 TI - Examination of parameters determining particle size distribution: acetylsalicylic acid microcapsules. AB - A method of preparation of acetylsalicylic acid microcapsules has been elaborated. The active ingredient was made suitable for microencapsulation by recrystallization before phase separation coating. Experiments were performed on the basis of factorial design, and parameters which influence the particle size and particle size distribution of microcapsules were characterized quantitatively. PMID- 3199299 TI - Control release of prostaglandin E2 from polylactic acid microcapsules, microparticles and modified microparticles. AB - Low molecular weight polylactic acid (PLA) microparticles containing prostaglandin E2 were prepared. An average particle size of 30 micron was obtained by grinding at low temperature. These particles were further treated by heating to modify the shape and the release pattern. Microscopic studies showed that the modified particles had a smoother surface than the non-modified particles. The drug was also incorporated into PLA microcapsules using the solvent evaporation process, but the incorporation efficiency was lower. We studied the release profiles of modified particles prepared using different molecular weight PLA. The release rate depended on the molecular weight with lower molecular weights having a greater release rate. In addition, the release studies showed different matrix forms made from the same molecular weight PLA had different release patterns. For example, the microcapsules released the drug very slowly whereas the modified particles exhibited a moderate release rate. It was also noted that the matrix release model could describe the release patterns of microcapsules and modified particles very well. However, the release patterns of non-modified microparticles did not follow this model. PMID- 3199300 TI - Effect of surface active agents on drug release from polylactic acid hydrocortisone microcapsules. AB - Polylactic acid microcapsules containing randomly distributed hydrocortisone particles were prepared. The rate of release of hydrocortisone from the microcapsules in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer was found to be largely increased by the presence of polysorbate 80, cetylpyridinium chloride, or aerosol OT in the dissolution medium. The surfactant effect was attributed to the ability of the surface active agent to improve solvent penetration into the microcapsules by lowering the surface tension at the solid-liquid interface. The effect of the cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium chloride on the rate of drug release is similar in magnitude to that of the nonionic surfactant, polysorbate 80. In these systems, the rate of drug release from the microcapsules was found to be linearly related to the surface tension of the dissolution medium in the range of 40-60 dyn/cm (x 10(-3) N/m). In the same surface tension range, the effect of aerosol OT on rate increase was found to be much less than those of the cationic and nonionic surfactants. This suggests that the anionic surfactant is not well adsorbed at the interface due to the negative charge characteristics of the surface of the polylactic acid microcapsules. However, at nearly the critical micelle concentration of aerosol OT, where the corresponding surface tension is much lower than those of the cationic and nonionic surfactants, the microcapsules exhibited the highest rate of drug release. PMID- 3199301 TI - Effect of treatment of isolated mitochondrial membranes with phosphatidylinositol cholesterol liposomes on the biosynthesis and composition of polyglycerophosphatides. AB - Interaction between mitochondria isolated from rat liver and [14C]phosphatidylinositol-cholesterol (2:1 molar ratio) liposomes was studied by following the level of biosynthesis and the composition of mitochondrial [3H]polyglycerophosphatides. After treatment with liposomes, biosynthesis decreased by about 30 per cent and there was a three-fold increase in biosynthesized [3H]phosphatidylglycerolphosphate. The effect of adding proteoliposomes (consisting of mitochondrial protein and liposomes) to mitochondria that had previously been treated with liposomes was also studied in respect to the composition of [3H]polyglycerophosphatides. The results are discussed in relation to the biological membrane-liposome interaction. PMID- 3199302 TI - Papaverine hydrochloride release from ethyl cellulose-walled microcapsules. AB - The mechanism of papaverine hydrochloride release from ethyl cellulose-walled microcapsules in both simulated gastric and intestinal fluid is discussed. The microcapsules were prepared by coacervation using different core: wall ratios. The rupture of the thin-walled microcapsules after release in simulated gastric fluid was shown and attributed to the internal osmotic pressure, supporting a mechanism for drug dissolution. The internal osmotic pressure produced only a few small holes in the thin-walled microcapsules after release in simulated intestinal fluid. No rupture of the thick-walled microcapsules after release in either medium was shown. Therefore these release data fitted diffusion-type kinetics. It is suggested that the internal osmotic pressure developed after penetration of the medium is affected by the ratio between the core dissolution rate and the drug diffusion rate through the wall. PMID- 3199304 TI - Preparation and characterization of agar beads containing phenobarbitone sodium. AB - Different concentrations of agar solution have been used in the preparation of agar beads containing phenobarbitone sodium. A correlation between the particle size of the beads and the agar content was obtained. The results of dissolution study indicated that agar beads could be useful for the preparation of sustained release dosage forms. The Higuchi kinetic model for dissolution described fully the pattern of dissolution found under the preparative conditions. PMID- 3199303 TI - A method for the preparation of polylactic acid microcapsules of controlled particle size and drug loading. AB - A solvent partition technique for the microencapsulation of hydrocortisone polylactic acid has been developed for the preparation of microcapsules of controlled particle size distribution and drug loading. The method involves continuous injection of a drug-polymer solution with a syringe infusion pump into flowing mineral oil where microcapsules are formed as the solvent of the drug polymer is partitioned into the mineral oil. Using preselected syringe needle size and mechanical control of the mineral oil flow rate at the needle tip, microcapsules of consistent particle sizes and desired drug loadings were prepared. Microcapsules of different internal structures were also prepared by varying the solvent system for the drug-polymer preparation. Dissolution studies showed that at the same drug loading, the rate of the percentage drug release increased with decreasing particle size, and that at similar particle size distributions, the rate increased with increasing drug loading. These results indicate that both the particle size distribution, and the drug loading must be controlled in a microencapsulation process to produce microcapsules of controlled drug release rate. PMID- 3199305 TI - Preparation and release kinetics of hydrochlorothiazide from butyl half-ester of PVM/MA microcapsules. AB - This study describes the principle of a simple rapid method for encapsulating hydrochlorothiazide in butyl half-ester of polyvinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride copolymer to produce a controlled release dosage form. Unplasticized microcapsules and microcapsules plasticized with Tween 80 and castor oil were prepared. Particle size distribution, flow properties and drug content of microcapsules suggested the suitability of the method for encapsulating a wide variety of materials. The in-vitro release rate was studied as a function of core: coat ratio, type and concentration of plasticizer. Various release mechanisms were considered but no single mechanism can explain all the data completely. PMID- 3199306 TI - Studies on zinc sulphate microcapsules (1): Microencapsulation and in vitro dissolution kinetics. AB - Microcapsules of zinc sulphate with core: wall ratios of 1:1 and 2:1 were prepared by the coacervation method, using ethylcellulose as the coating material. The prepared microcapsules were separated into batches of 250 and 500 micron in size by sieving. The effects of particle size, the amount of zinc sulphate, and the core: wall ratio on the dissolution kinetics were studied, and evaluated kinetically by the Rosin-Rammler-Sperling-Bennet-Weillbull (RRSBW) distribution. PMID- 3199307 TI - Studies on zinc sulphate microcapsules (2): Application of factorial design. AB - In this study a 2(3) factorial design has been applied to the evaluation of dissolution characteristics of zinc sulphate microcapsules. The kinetic model according to the Rosin-Rimmler-Sperling-Bennet-Weillbull (RRSBW) distribution was applied for the parametric representation of the dissolution curves. The effect of three factors; core: wall ratio, amount of zinc sulphate and particle size of the microcapsules, on the dissolution rate of zinc sulphate were studied at two levels. The factorial design method proved to be useful for the examination of microcapsules. PMID- 3199308 TI - Imaging liposomes at electron microscopic level: encapsulated colloidal iron as an electrondense marker for liposome-cell interactions. AB - Colloidal iron was encapsulated into liposomes prepared by different methods to provide an electrondense marker for easy identification of liposomes in cell and tissue culture. Stable colloidal iron solution can be prepared at virtually any concentration. The diameters of more than 75 per cent of the iron particles measured between 1 and 5 nm. Liposomes with a distinct electrondense core were evident at a colloidal iron solution concentration of 0.6 g/l. The colloidal iron labelled liposomes were easily identified in cells after incubation by routine electron microscopic procedures. Liposomes could be found in lysosomes or endosomes of human M21 melanoma cells. Intact, as well as partially degraded liposomes were present after two hours of incubation. PMID- 3199309 TI - Preparation and characterization of indomethacin magnetic nanoparticles. AB - Nanoparticles of polymethylmethacrylate were prepared by the emulsion polymerization technique. The drug was embedded in the nanoparticles. The controlled growth of ferric hydroxide particles in the presence of non-ionic surfactant was effected to obtain nano-size particles and these were subsequently heated to obtain ferroso-ferric oxide (magnetite). The effect of various parameters, i.e. monomer concentration and magnetite concentration, as well as the stirring rate were studied to characterize the particle size and its distribution. Similarly, the factors which affect the total drug payload were assessed. The magno-responsive indomethacin nanoparticles were successfully prepared. PMID- 3199312 TI - Transdermal drug delivery systems: a regulatory hybrid. PMID- 3199311 TI - Softening of thermoplastic polyurethanes: a structure/property study. AB - Softening of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) in a simulated body environment (37 degrees C n-saline) was studied as a function of composition, structure and resultant morphology of these (AB)n type block copolymers. The structural variations were attempted by changing chemical composition and molecular weight of both hard A and soft B segments and their weight ratio in the polymer. In addition, the influence of bulk and/or surface modifiers, such as "reacted-in" polysiloxanes and fluorinated polyalkylether glycols, was also investigated. The degree of softening, expressed as a percentage decrease of the elastic modulus (5% tensile modulus) upon two hours exposure to the testing environment, is significant, reversible and depends on the ratio of hard to soft segment and the extent of microphase separation. Since these parameters can be selected during the polymer synthesis and processing into desirable shapes, the degree of softening can thus be controlled. This softening at body temperature represents one of the most notable performance advantages of these biomaterials. PMID- 3199310 TI - Ion-exchange albumin microcapsules of doxorubicin: an in vitro release kinetic evaluation. AB - Cross-linked albumin microcapsules were prepared, using a polycondensation interfacial process. Doxorubicin was incorporated in these microcapsules by simple adsorption from aqueous solution. Increasing the extent of cross-linkage of the microcapsule walls by either increasing the cross-linking agent concentration or the time of reaction significantly reduced the absorption ability of these microcapsules. Doxorubicin release kinetic evaluation revealed that the presence of a salt in the release medium was needed to enable much of the drug to be released. Furthermore, the doxorubicin displacement intensity from the microcapsules was dependent on the nature and concentration of the cations used, indicating that an ion-exchange process was involved. Analysis of the various doxorubicin release profiles, using ion-exchange kinetic equation, showed that the release kinetic process is governed by a film diffusion process at low and moderate Na+ ion concentrations in the exchanging solution, and by a particle diffusion process at high Na+ ion concentrations, sufficient to drive the doxorubicin exchange to completion. PMID- 3199313 TI - An evaluation of retrieved UHMWPE hip joint cups. AB - In this study it is demonstrated that the combined chemical and mechanical influences of the implant situation cause property changes of ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) hip joint cups. Nearly 250 loosened hip cups, retrieved 3 weeks to 14 years after implantation, were investigated. The clinical long-term behavior of various shaped polyethylene hip sockets are statistically analyzed. The main damage features were defined and described. Density measurements show a density increase with implantation time and a dependence of these changes from implant position and loading conditions. The rate of extractable constituents also increases with course of time. An increased in vivo conditioned oxidation of the UHMWPE can be demonstrated by infrared (IR) spectrometry. The density increase can be explained by post-crystallization, which is the result of oxidative chain scission. This leads to a reduction of the average molecular weight of the PE and to an increased extractability of constituents. Since these changes have been recognized as the reasons for aging and failing of UHMWPE, the methods of material characterization used in this study for retrieved implants will help to develop suitable in vitro testing and simulating methods. Characteristic damage features of hip cups allow direct relationships with construction characteristics and their improvement. PMID- 3199314 TI - In vitro release characteristics of hard shell capsule products coated with aqueous- and organic-based enteric polymers. AB - In this article, an overview of the rationale for the use of enteric coated (EC) dosage forms is presented. The benefits and disadvantages inherent in the use of aqueous dispersions and organic solutions of the various polymers to generate these products are discussed. The comparative dissolution stability of a hard shell capsule product coated with enteric polymers applied as either aqueous dispersions, or as organic solutions, were assessed under accelerated conditions of storage. Polymethacrylic acid methacrylate copolymer, cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) and polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), along with the corresponding commercially available aqueous dispersions, Eudragit L30D, Aquateric, and Coateric, were employed in these studies as enteric polymers. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) was used as the plasticizer and procainamide HCl 250 mg capsules served as the substrate. Storage of the coated capsules at 37 degrees C/80% RH and at 45 degrees C for 2 months revealed that, while the stability of Eudragit L30D coatings are comparable or superior to the corresponding organic based coatings, Coateric films are markedly unstable when compared with PVAP coatings applied through the use of organic vehicles. After storage at 37 degrees C/80% RH, Aquateric-based capsules demonstrated stability comparable to CAP organic-based coatings only when a protective seal coat was present. The performance failures of the capsules that occur upon storage primarily result in a loss of gastric resistance. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and thermomechanical analysis (TMA) of the different coatings revealed differences in the film-forming properties of the polymer films and provide an explanation for the changes that occur during storage of the coated capsules. PMID- 3199315 TI - General treatment of mean residence time, clearance, and volume parameters in linear mammillary models with elimination from any compartment. AB - A general treatment for mean residence time, clearance, and volume parameters in linear mammillary models which includes the possibility of first-order elimination from compartments other than the central compartment is presented. The interrelationship between noncompartmentally derived parameters and compartmentally derived pharmacokinetic microconstants is described. The concept of exit site dependent and exit site independent parameters is introduced in the development of these treatments. Explications of mean residence time in terms of elimination rate, amount eliminated, and amount in the body are presented together with demonstrations of their utility. PMID- 3199316 TI - Primary, secondary, and tertiary metabolite kinetics. AB - Because of the propensity of nascently formed metabolites towards sequential metabolism within formation organs, theoretical and experimental treatments that achieve mass conservation must recognize the various sources contributing to primary, secondary, and tertiary metabolite formation. A simple one-compartment open model, with first-order conditions and the liver as the only organ of drug disappearance and metabolite formation, was used to illustrate the metabolism of a drug to its primary, secondary, and tertiary metabolites, encompassing the cascading effects of sequential metabolism. The concentration-time profiles of the drug and metabolites were examined for two routes of drug administration, oral and intravenous. Formation of the primary metabolite from drug in the gut lumen, with or without further absorption, and metabolite formation arising from first-pass metabolism of the drug and the primary metabolite during oral absorption were considered. Mass balance equations, incorporating modifications of the various absorption and conversion rate constants, were integrated to provide the explicit solutions. Simulations, with and without consideration of the sources of metabolite formation other than from its immediate precursor, were used to illustrate the expected differences in circulating metabolite concentrations. However, a simple relationship between the area under the curve of any metabolite, M, or [AUC (m)], its clearance [CL(m)], and route of drug administration was found. The drug dose, route, fraction absorbed into the portal circulation, Fabs, fraction available of drug from the liver, F, availabilities of the metabolites F(m) from formation organs, and CL(m) are determinants of the AUC(m)'s. After iv drug dosing, the area of any intermediary metabolites is determined by the iv drug dose divided by the (CL(m)/F(m] of that metabolite. When a terminal metabolite is not metabolized, its area under the curve becomes the iv dose of drug divided by the clearance of the terminal metabolite since the available fraction for this metabolite is unity. Similarly, after oral drug administration, when loss of drug in the gut lumen does not contribute to the appearance of metabolites systematically, the general solution for AUC(m) is the product of Fabs and oral drug dose divided by [CL(m)/F(m)]. A comparison of the area ratios of any metabolite after po and iv drug dosing, therefore, furnishes Fabs. When this fraction is divided into the overall systemic availability or Fsys, the drug availability from the first-pass organs, F, may be found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3199319 TI - Clinical accuracy of functionally generated interocclusal registration waxes. PMID- 3199318 TI - Linear and nonlinear system approaches in pharmacokinetics: how much do they have to offer? II. The response mapping operator (RMO) approach. AB - The description of the relationship between different responses measured simultaneously in the same subject is commonly described in terms of specific pharmacokinetic models such as linear compartmental models. An alternative system approach involving response mapping operators (RMOs) is presented. The theoretical and mathematical basis of the RMO approach are derived. The assumptions, limitations, and practical significance of the RMO approach are discussed. The derivation of the RMO is illustrated with several examples. An algorithm and computer program for implementing the RMO in a routine manner is presented. The usage of the computer programs RMO and MAP presented are demonstrated using the pharmacokinetics of trimazosin and cefamandole in humans as examples. The RMO approach offers a new and powerful tool in pharmacokinetic analysis, which allows the investigator to approach certain problems in an objective, rational way without getting involved in specific pharmacokinetic modeling. PMID- 3199317 TI - Effect of a protein binding change on unbound and total plasma concentrations for drugs of intermediate hepatic extraction. AB - For substances eliminated from blood by the liver, the effect of a change in unbound fraction of drug (fu(b)) on steady state total (Cb) and unbound (Cu(b)) blood concentrations has hitherto only been considered for the two limiting cases, i.e., at the upper and lower extremes of hepatic intrinsic clearance (CL(int)). For a substance of very low CL(int), if fu(b) changes, Cb will change and Cub will remain constant, whereas if CL(int) is very high, Cub will change and Cb will remain constant. The present study defines the effects of a change in fu(b) on Cb and Cub over the whole CL(int) range. Computer simulations were undertaken which predicted that, for a given change in fu(b), absolute and relative changes in Cb would decrease nonlinearly with increasing CL(int), while the relative change in Cub would increase with CL(int). The absolute change in Cub would be independent of CL(int). Significant changes in Cb and Cub would be observed at intermediate values of CL(int) not just at the high and low extremes. These theoretical predictions were investigated experimentally in the isolated perfused rat liver by examining the effects of a change in fu(b) of sodium taurocholate a substance with intermediate CL(int) (such that at fu(b) = 0.27, hepatic extraction ratio = 0.71) induced by concurrent administration of sodium oleate. Sodium 24-14 C-taurocholate (specific activity 52 microCi/mmol) was infused into the reservoir in a recycling system at 30 mumol/hr for 105 min (n = 6). At 45 min a bolus dose of sodium oleate (50 mmol) was administered to the reservoir, followed by a constant infusion of 143 mmol/hr for 1 hr. Following the administration of oleate, taurocholate fu(b) fell promptly by 55% (0.27-0.12). There was a relative increase of taurocholate Cb of 22.7% and a relative decrease in Cub of 45.4%, in accordance with the simulations (p less than 0.05). We conclude that important changes in unbound steady-state concentration, the pharmacologically active moiety, can occur upon changes in unbound fraction with compounds of intermediate hepatic intrinsic clearance. PMID- 3199320 TI - Application of a geometric principle for locating the mandibular hinge axis through the use of a double recording stylus. AB - The hinge axis of the mandible has been determined by using double recording styli at a distance of 2 to 4 inches from the estimated axis area. Visible arcs in pairs on a plain recording surface become the basis for a geometric construction by which the true axis of rotation can be identified. The theoretical basis for this method of axis location is sound and practical as applied and the clinical results indicate that the procedure is accurate. PMID- 3199321 TI - Short-term effect of two therapeutic methods on myofascial pain and dysfunction of the masticatory system. AB - In conclusion, a short-term intervention with IS therapy was found to result in a substantial decrease in facial pain for most of the subjects treated. Generally, groups were not found to be significantly different in respect to palpation pain change from session 1 to session 2. Neither therapy significantly altered the range of mouth opening. EMG findings were variable but suggest that RI therapy may alter muscle myoelectric activity. From these findings, ice and stretch of the masticatory and neck musculature would appear to be a good short-term adjunctive therapy to control pain with little apparent risk of negative effects. PMID- 3199322 TI - Long-term treatment of disk-interference disorders of the temporomandibular joint with anterior repositioning occlusal splints. AB - Forty patients with three different types of symptomatic disk-interference disorders were treated with anterior repositioning splint therapy for 8 weeks. At the end of that period 80% of the patients were free of joint sound and pain. Each patient's splint was then gradually modified until the patient's original occlusal condition was reestablished. Each patient was then allowed to function in that position. The patients were reevaluated an average of 2 1/2 years later. Seventy-five percent of the patients had no joint pain and 66% had a return of joint sounds. Sixty-six percent of the patients did not find the need to seek additional treatment for jaw pain and dysfunction. PMID- 3199323 TI - CT assisted evaluation of variation in length and angulation of the lateral pterygoid muscle and variation in angulation of the medial pterygoid muscle: mandibular mechanics implications. PMID- 3199324 TI - The effects of a liquid dispersing agent and a microcrystalline additive on the physical properties of type IV gypsum. AB - This study evaluated the effects of a liquid dispersing agent (LDA) and a microcrystalline additive (MCA) on selected physical properties of type IV gypsum. Working consistency, setting time, setting expansion, and compressive strength (1 hour and 7 days) were determined, following ADA Specification No. 25, on a standard, LDA (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mL), MCA (21.1, 24.1, and 27.1 gm), and combination (LDA 0.75 mL + MCA 12.05 gm) mixes per 300 gm of gypsum. Results indicate that the additives affect the consistency of the mix, but consistency can be kept close to that of the standard by lowering the water/powder ratio. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that the additives significantly affected the setting time, setting expansion, and both the 1-hour and the 7-day compressive strengths. SEM examination of fractured surfaces of test mixes indicated improved crystal packing. The properties of type IV gypsum can be improved by optimizing the amount of LDA and MCA additives. PMID- 3199325 TI - Factors to be considered by dentists in selecting dental laboratories. Federation of Prosthodontic Organizations, Committee on Oral Health. PMID- 3199326 TI - Efferdent Denture Cleanser. PMID- 3199327 TI - Success. PMID- 3199328 TI - Postanesthesia care for the patient who has had a spontaneous abortion. PMID- 3199329 TI - Postanesthesia care unit hypertension in normotensive young adult males: a pilot study. PMID- 3199330 TI - Practical points in the management of hypothermia. PMID- 3199331 TI - Cholecystectomy in the ambulatory setting: a case study. PMID- 3199333 TI - Organ procurement: the problem continues. PMID- 3199332 TI - An unusual intervention for respiratory distress. PMID- 3199334 TI - Superiority of hemoglobin to hemin for cultivation of Leishmania tropica promastigotes in serum-free media. AB - Leishmania tropica promastigotes grew slowly but could be maintained for long periods in serum-free hemin-containing media formulated previously for other Leishmania species or in slightly simplified versions of these media. Replacement of hemin in the medium by hemoglobin resulted in a much longer log phase and a significant reduction in the doubling time. Cell counts in cultures started at 1 x 10(5) cells/ml increased 400-fold in less than 140 h in the hemoglobin containing media. These media also proved suitable for growing L. donovani and L. enriettii promastigotes. PMID- 3199335 TI - Eimeria saudiensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) in Saudi Arabia. AB - Oocysts of Eimeria saudiensis n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) are described from the feces of the Arabian oryx, Oryx leucoryx, from the Riyadh Zoo, Saudi Arabia. The oocysts were ellipsoidal or slightly ovoid, 31.2 x 24.5 (24.3-36.5 x 20.0 27.6) micron with a bilayered wall about 1.7 micron thick. The micropyle was covered by a dome-shaped cap. The oocyst residuum was absent, but tiny polar granules were present. The sporocysts were elongate ovoid, 14.3 x 7.2 (11.5-18.5 x 6.0-9.0) micron, had a Stieda body, but lacked a substiedal body. The sporocyst residuum was present, composed of numerous small granules. The sporozoites were elongate club-shaped, and contained two prominent refractile bodies. PMID- 3199336 TI - Freeze-fracture study of Blastocystis hominis. AB - The ultrastructure of Blastocystis hominis was investigated by the freeze fracture method. Freeze-fracture replicas of the membranes of B. hominis and its organelles were studied with special regard to the density and distribution of the intramembranous particles (IMP's). On all membrane replicas, the concentration of IMP's on the protoplasmic face (P face) invariably was greater than on the exoplasmic face (E face). On the P face, IMP's were heterogeneously distributed in dense aggregates, alternating with particle-free, smooth surface areas. Occasionally, small depressions and protrusions were observed in these areas. On the membrane of the central vacuole, invaginations into the vacuole were frequently observed within the smooth surface regions. Since most of the granules in the central vacuoles had no IMP's, it seems likely that the intervacuolar granules were formed from these invaginations of the vacuole membrane. The width of the intermembrane space between the inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope was uneven, with regions of relative narrowness interspersed with regions of expansion. Nuclear pores were localized within the narrow portions of this space. A nucleus, apparently in the process of dividing, was observed enclosed within an intact outer membrane. Division of the outer membrane would then result in the formation of two discrete nuclei. PMID- 3199337 TI - Fatal toxoplasmosis and enteroepithelial stages of Toxoplasma gondii in a Pallas cat (Felis manul). AB - Toxoplasma gondii was found in tissues of a six-year-old female Pallas cat (Felis manul) from the Milwaukee County Zoo. Toxoplasma gondii meronts (types D and E), gamonts, and oocysts were present in the epithelium of the small intestine. Numerous unsporulated oocysts were present in the intestinal lumen. The cat died of acute, overwhelming toxoplasmosis. Necrotic enteritis, multifocal necrotizing granulomatous hepatitis, and pneumonia were the prominent lesions. PMID- 3199338 TI - Demonstration of acid phosphatase in Eimeria spp.: partial characterization of the enzyme in E. vermiformis. AB - Sporozoite extracts of E. vermiformis, E. stiedai, and E. tenella are rich in acid phosphatase activity. They contain specific enzyme activities equal to or greater than those reported for other highly virulent protozoan parasites. The absolute amount of enzyme activity per oocyst dramatically increases during sporulation of E. stiedai and E. vermiformis. Partial characterization of the acid phosphatase activity of E. vermiformis indicates that sporozoites account for greater than 92% of the total activity in sporulated oocysts, that the enzyme is resistant to inhibition by tartrate, and that it can be separated into two forms by anion exchange chromatography. PMID- 3199339 TI - Two new species of Eimeria from peacocks (Pavo cristatus) in Saudi Arabia. AB - Fifteen fecal samples from peacocks (Pavo cristatus) in Saudi Arabia contained oocysts of Eimeria riyadhae n. sp. in two peacocks and oocysts of E. arabica n. sp. in one peacock. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria riyadhae are ellipsoidal, 27 30.5 x 20.5-25 (28.8 +/- 1.3 x 22.4 +/- 1.6) micron, with a two-layered wall and bilobed polar body, but without a micropyle or residuum. The sporocysts are ovoid, 11-14.5 x 6.5-8 (13.2 +/- 1.2 x 7.2 +/- 0.6) micron with a thick, knob like Stieda body and a residuum. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria arabica are spheroidal, 17.5-21.5 x 17.5-21.5 (19.2 +/- 1.6 x 19.2 +/- 1.6) micron, with a two-layered wall and two refractile polar bodies, but without a micropyle or residuum. The sporocyts are elongate ovoid, 9.5-12 x 4-6.5 (11.2 +/- 0.9 x 5.5 +/ 0.88), with a small crescent-shaped Stieda body. The host bird belongs to the order Galliformis. PMID- 3199340 TI - Isolation and characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii mutants with defects in the induction of flagellar protein synthesis after deflagellation. AB - Amputating the flagella of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii stimulates increased synthesis of many flagellar proteins within 30 min. We have isolated a series of mutants which are defective in this stimulation, taking advantage of the fact that cells which cannot stimulate flagellar protein synthesis cannot regenerate flagella. More than a dozen mutants which have flagella, but cannot regenerate them after amputation, were isolated and studied by in vivo labeling to identify those non-regenerator mutants which were specifically defective in the induction of flagellar protein synthesis. Ten such mutants have been identified, and in each of them flagellar amputation does not stimulate the synthesis of any of the major flagellar proteins. At least four of the mutants display an interesting conditional phenotype. The synthesis of flagellar proteins after deflagellation is defective only in gametic cells; vegetative cells of these mutants are capable of flagellar protein synthesis after flagellar amputation. PMID- 3199341 TI - The lost neuromotor apparatus of Chlamydomonas: rediscovered. AB - Early light microscopic studies of the biflagellate green alga Chlamydomonas revealed a fibrous system, the neuromotor apparatus, which appeared to link physically the flagellar apparatus to the cell nucleus. Following the development of the electron microscope, the existence of a neuromotor apparatus in Chlamydomonas was cast into doubt since it was not observed in studies carried out at ultrastructural resolution. Here we show, by indirect immunofluorescence, using monoclonal antibodies and electron microscopy employing refined specimen preparation and staining techniques, that the neuromotor apparatus of Chlamydomonas does indeed exist. The functional significance of this system is discussed in light of both historic proposals and recent experimental findings. PMID- 3199342 TI - Comparison of the protein kinase and acid phosphatase activities of five species of Leishmania. AB - Promastigotes from log phase and stationary phase cultures of Leishmania donovani, L. braziliensis panamensis, L. tropica, L. major, and L. mexicana amazonensis were analyzed for their content of protein kinase and acid phosphatase activities. Cell surface, histone-specific protein kinase activity was 1.3- to 2.8-fold higher in stationary phase cells of all species except for L. tropica in which the activities of stationary and log phase cells were equal; L. mexicana amazonensis had the highest histone-specific protein kinase activity and L. donovani the lowest. When viable, motile promastigotes of all five species were incubated for 10 min with [gamma-32P]ATP and Mg2+ (10 mM) in the absence of exogenous histone acceptor; about one dozen proteins were phosphorylated in each case. Both log phase and stationary phase promastigotes of all five species extensively phosphorylated a 50-kDa protein that had the mobility of tubulin. Incubation of pure calf brain tubulin with [gamma-32P]ATP and purified L. donovani protein kinase resulted in extensive phosphorylation of the former. Highly infective metacyclic forms (PNA-) of L. major, isolated from a stationary culture using the peanut agglutinin (PNA), contained eight times more histone specific protein kinase activity than noninfective log phase cells (PNA+). The PNA- and PNA+ forms of L. major both phosphorylated a 50-kDa protein when incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP and magnesium or manganese ions (10 mM); the 50-kDa protein was precipitated by anti-tubulin rabbit antibodies. Extracts of all five species contained large amounts of acid phosphatase activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199343 TI - The influence of early odour experience on the neural response of the olfactory bulb in laboratory mice. AB - In mice (strain NMRI) the influence of olfactory rearing conditions on the ontogenetic development of the bulbar electroencephalogram (EEG) was investigated. The cages of control animals were perfused continually with filtered air, whereas in the three experimental groups geraniol was added to the atmosphere at different times (group G0-13, from birth till day 13; group G0-6, from birth till day 6; group G6-12, from day 6 till day 12). At various ages the EEG of the bulbus olfactorius was studied by means of permanently implanted tungsten electrodes, and the neural response to nest odour and geraniol (10(-2) vol. %) was recorded. No differences were found between the groups regarding the overall development of the bulbar EEG, nor did the raising conditions affect the neural response to nest odour. However, in groups G0-13 and G6-12 a marked response to the odour of geraniol was recorded, while in the controls and the individuals that had experienced geraniol only during their first week of life, the bulbar response to this odourant did not differ from that obtained following stimulation with clean air. In the animals of group G0-13, which were investigated as adults (day 70), the prominent geraniol response was still recordable 2 months after the last contact with the odour. These results indicate that odours experienced during a sensitive period in the nest evoke neuronal alterations in the olfactory system of the mouse that facilitate processing of a known odourant. PMID- 3199344 TI - Morphological and physiological characterization of individual olfactory interneurons connecting the brain and eyestalk ganglia of the crayfish. AB - 1. In order to understand the functional organization of the crustacean olfactory system, we are using intracellular recording and staining techniques to correlate the structure and function of single, odorant-sensitive interneurons in the brain of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. We describe here the anatomy and physiology of interneurons that connect the brain with the medullae terminales or other eyestalk ganglia. 2. All of the interneurons in our study are at least third order olfactory neurons (second-order olfactory interneurons) because they respond to chemostimulation of the olfactory organ (the antennules) but do not branch in the olfactory lobe (the neuropil to which primary olfactory receptor cells of the antennules project). 3. Much of the central nervous system, including the three main divisions of the brain (protocerebrum, deuterocerebrum, tritocerebrum) and the medullae terminales, are involved in integrating olfactory or multimodal (including olfactory) information, since these areas contain neurites of olfactory interneurons. Previous studies have indicated that regions involved in such processing include the olfactory lobes and accessory lobes of the deuterocerebrum, and regions I, II, IV, and VII (in some species) of the medullae terminales. Our results show that also prominent among regions involved in olfactory or multimodal (including olfactory) integration are the anterior and posterior optic neuropils of the protocerebrum, the lateral and medial antennular neuropils of the deuterocerebrum, the tegumentary neuropils and the antennal neuropils of the tritocerebrum, and neuropils III, VI, XII of the medullae terminales. 4. These olfactory interneurons were sensitive to chemostimulation (unimodal), chemo- and mechanostimulation (bimodal), or chemo-, mechano-, and photostimulation (trimodal). Responses could be excitatory or inhibitory, even for a given neuron. Morphologically complex interneurons (those having bilateral branching) were more likely to have complex response characteristics (trimodal sensitivity) than were morphologically simpler interneurons (those having unilateral branching). Olfactory interneurons with a soma in the medulla terminalis showed the most complex response profiles: they were trimodal, and were exicted by odorants but were inhibited by touch and/or light. This finding suggests that these are complex, high order interneurons. 5. Our studies reveal that olfactory and other sensory information is transmitted between the brain and the medullae terminales (and possibly other eyestalk ganglia) by a coactivated, parallel array of structurally and functionally diverse neurons. PMID- 3199346 TI - [The MRI sites functioning in 1987 in France. Results of a survey]. AB - A study of the 23 MRI sites functioning in France at the end of 1987 provides an overall view of the organizational and economic aspects of these sites as well as an initial assessment of their activity in terms of the types of equipment used and the institutions, private or public, within which they have been set up. PMID- 3199345 TI - [Chemonucleolysis]. PMID- 3199347 TI - [The financing of medico-technical activities. The example of a scanner in France (1986)]. AB - To analyse the french methods for financing technical-medical activities as CT scanners, and to assess if they can face, or not, the management constraints of such activities a financial simulation has been executed. First, current expenditures are totalized (including depreciations and financial charges) with variations according to the number of examinations per year. Costs are classified especially according to fixed and variable charges: the weight of fixed charges, especially equipment charges, is the most significant. It's very high in yearly expenditures. Most, that involves a very fast decreasing cost with increasing number of procedures. Second, consequences of such accounts are analyzed: on private CT scanners, Payed with a charge per examination whatever would be the factor's cost; on public CT scanners, payed with an annual allowance; in this case charges equal receipts whatever would be the cost for a procedure. Third, a break point is defined; either the annual activity is higher: there would be an excedent; either it is lower: there would be a deficit. Then, those results are reported to CT-scanners activity's data in France (1986). After all, we discuss about financing systems themselves, and suggest a few hypothesis to explain those desadjustments between charges and their financing way. PMID- 3199348 TI - [Diagnosis of double aortic arch in the neonatal period. Contribution of magnetic resonance imaging. Apropos of a case]. AB - The authors report a case of double aortic arch in the newborn (age: 1 month) explored with magnetic resonance imaging. MRI offers a non invasive and non ionizing examination very well-tolerated by the patient if a correct methodology is used (total acquisition time 40 mn). The quality of the images is sufficient for diagnosis and presurgical evaluation: the diameter, the permeability and the relationship with the surrounding organs of the respective aortic arches were well demonstrated with this technique. The contributions of MRI with respect to 2 D echocardiography and angiography as well as the future possible totally non invasive evaluation of this cardiac anomaly is discussed. PMID- 3199349 TI - Digital replantation in the aged patient. AB - Successful digit replantations in aged patients are reported. Seven males and one female (eight patients with nine fingers in total), ranging in age from 65 to 74 years (71 years on average), were treated. Five fingers were replanted, and the take was very good. Although restored function in the replanted fingers was poor, the patients were satisfied with the results. There is some consensus that, since an immovable finger obstructs the function of the other normal fingers, it is better to sacrifice the digit, a solution often considered in male laborers in the prime of life who use their fingers extensively. However, in the case of aged patients, it is not as necessary to provide ingenious solutions, as it might be for young patients. Whether or not replantation is carried out should be determined after careful consideration of patient status and desire, and after extensive explanation about the postoperative condition of their fingers. PMID- 3199351 TI - Forehead reconstruction with a modified radial forearm flap: a case report. AB - Forehead reconstruction, using a radial forearm flap with opposing long arterial and venous pedicles, is presented. Advantages of this flap design are discussed. PMID- 3199350 TI - Microvascular reconstruction of a devascularized ileal segment during ileo-anal anastomosis. AB - Endorectal ileo-anal anastomosis has become a mainstay of continent bowel reconstruction after total colectomy. However, the procedure is often aborted because of lack of vessel length for the formation of the ileal pouch. The use of microsurgical techniques to lengthen mesenteric vessels and to allow completion of this valuable procedure is reported. PMID- 3199352 TI - Aesthetic reconstruction of long fingers with toe-to-hand transfer. AB - This paper reports experiences of 67 toe-to-hand transfers. Success was achieved in all cases. Six cases are discussed that deal with the less investigated problem of long finger reconstruction. Amputation injuries of long fingers through the metacarpus are difficult problems. A determining principle of their restoration consists of the creation of adequate toe length for transfer and correction of biomechanic hyperextension. The report also highlights the advantages of metacarpal reconstruction with the "brass-knuckle" procedure, as the best technique for this type of injury. Aesthetic and functional advantages after such long finger reconstruction and psychological recovery of the patient seem worthy of emulation. PMID- 3199353 TI - The sheep as a model for grade III human tibial trauma. AB - The sheep provides a suitable model for simulation of grade III human tibial trauma. Management in humans can easily be simulated in the sheep. But variability can be controlled, and the effect of particular methods of management can be compared more accurately than in the human situation, with more scientific assessment possible. PMID- 3199355 TI - The ninth symposium of the International Society of Reconstructive Microsurgery. April 17-22, 1988, Yamanashi, Japan. Abstracts. PMID- 3199354 TI - Neurotization of the remaining latissimus dorsi muscle following muscle flap transplant. AB - The neurotization of the remaining latissimus dorsi muscle at the donor site is a useful technique in children. It is performed during the same surgical procedure as the free vascularized flap and consists of a neurolysis of the thoracodorsal nerve into three to five fascicles, and introducing them into three to five different openings in the muscle fibers. This technique is important in young patients for avoiding functional long-term sequelae such as scoliosis and developmental muscular defects of the vertebral column. Three cases are reported, with evaluation by electromyography and biopsy. PMID- 3199356 TI - Embryonic mortality and the uterine environment in first-service lactating dairy cows. AB - Embryos were collected non-surgically from the tip of one uterine horn of 23 lactating dairy cows on Day 7 of pregnancy. Embryos were classified on the basis of morphological criteria as normal (n = 12) or abnormal (n = 13). Abnormal embryos were further classified as cleavage stage (n = 9) or morula/blastocyst (n = 4). Cows producing an abnormal embryo did not differ in days post partum at oestrus, age or parity from cows producing a normal embryo. Cows with an abnormal morula/blastocyst also did not differ with respect to days post partum at oestrus from cows with abnormal cleavage-stage embryos but cows with an abnormal morula/blastocyst were significantly older and of greater parity than cows with an abnormal cleavage-stage embryo. Hepes-saline-PVP solution (30 ml) was initially infused into the uterine tip, mixed and then withdrawn with a syringe. Analysis of this fluid revealed that the concentrations of glucose, total protein, calcium, magnesium and potassium were significantly higher in the flushings from the uterus of cows with abnormal embryos than from cows with normal embryos and zinc and phosphorus tended to be higher in the uterine flushings of cows with abnormal embryos. Phosphorus, total protein, calcium and magnesium tended to be higher in the flushings from cows with abnormal morulae/blastocysts than from cows with abnormal cleavage-stage embryos. Plasma progesterone did not differ between cows with normal or abnormal embryos or in cows with abnormal morulae/blastocysts or abnormal cleavage-stage embryos. Most embryonic mortality therefore occurred before Day 5 (during cleavage) in these cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199357 TI - Granulosa cell steroidogenesis and follicular fluid steroid concentrations after the onset of oestrus in cows. AB - Granulosa cell responsiveness at an early (1-2 h) or late (14-16 h) stage of differentiation following the onset of oestrus [and presumably the LH surge] was studied in 16 cows. Follicular fluid collected at the early stage (8 preovulatory follicles) had a higher concentration of testosterone (P less than 0.05), oestradiol (P less than 0.01) and oestrone (P less than 0.01) than did follicular fluid collected at the late stage of oestrus (8 preovulatory follicles). No difference in follicular fluid progesterone was noted between follicles collected at the early and late stages of oestrus. Granulosa cells collected at the early stage of oestrus had a higher in-vitro response (progesterone production) to LH (P less than 0.05), forskolin (P less than 0.08) and diacylglycerol (P less than 0.05) than did granulosa cells collected at the late stage of oestrus. However, later stage granulosa cells produced more (P less than 0.01) progesterone after culture with prostaglandin E-2 than did earlier stage granulosa cells. These results show that follicular fluid oestrogen decreases, which suggests a loss of aromatase activity as oestrus progresses, and that granulosa cells become refractory (low progesterone production) to in-vitro LH, forskolin, and diacylglycerol challenge, yet acquire responsiveness to prostaglandin E-2 as oestrus progresses. PMID- 3199358 TI - Relationship of scrotal surface temperature measured by infrared thermography to subcutaneous and deep testicular temperature in the ram. AB - The right testis of 9 anaesthetized rams was removed from the parietal tunica vaginalis and replaced by a surrogate testis (water-filled balloon) through which water of known temperature was circulated. Thermistors were inserted in the surrogate testis, between the scrotal skin and parietal tunica vaginalis on the right side, and deep within the intact left testis. Scrotal surface temperatures over the surrogate and intact testes were measured by infrared thermography. Scrotal surface temperature was correlated (P less than 0.01) with both subcutaneous (r = 0.95) and surrogate (r = 0.91) testicular temperature. The temperature differential between scrotal surface (30.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C) and deep testicular temperature over the intact side (34.9 +/- 0.09 degrees C) was 4.8 degrees C at an ambient temperature between 24.0 and 26.6 degrees C. Contact with the scrotal skin is not required to measure scrotal surface temperature by infrared thermography. This, coupled with the close association between scrotal surface temperature and that of underlying structures, will enhance our ability to understand better testicular temperature regulation and scrotal/testicular function. PMID- 3199359 TI - Evidence for prostaglandin involvement in early luteal regression of the superovulated nanny goat (Capra hircus). AB - Feral does of various ages were treated with intravaginal progestagen sponges for 16 days to synchronize oestrus. On Day 2 before sponge removal the goats were given 1200 i.u. PMSG to induce superovulation: 6 of the goats were also injected every 12 h with flunixin meglumine, a prostaglandin (PG) synthetase inhibitor, from Day 3 to 7 of the synchronized oestrous cycle. Jugular blood samples were collected from all females into heparinized syringes at daily intervals over the 2 days before sponge removal, twice daily for the next 2 days, then at hourly intervals from 09:00 to 17:00 h for 2 days and then twice daily for a further 2 days, for measurement of plasma progesterone and the PGF metabolite 13,14-dihydro 15-keto-PGF (PGFM) by radioimmunoassay. Intermittent surges in plasma PGFM concentrations were observed in hourly samples collected from 4/4 untreated females but in only 2/6 of the inhibitor-treated females (P less than 0.05), and the peak plasma PGFM concentrations were reduced in these 2 inhibitor-treated goats compared with the control goats. The corpora lutea (CL) of the inhibitor treated females appeared to be functional as indicated by the plasma progesterone profile and endoscopic examination of CL. In the control females, however, there was evidence of premature regression of CL. These results suggest that the premature release of PGF-2 alpha may be the cause of premature regression of CL in nanny goats induced to superovulate. PMID- 3199360 TI - An immunochemical demonstration of a pregnancy-specific protein in the horse and its use in the serological detection of early pregnancy. AB - Two-dimensional crossed immunoelectrophoresis of sera from pregnant and non pregnant horses, using antisera developed against early pregnant mare serum, revealed the presence of two immunologically related proteins one of which appeared to be specific to the pregnant state. This pregnancy-specific protein had beta 2-electrophoretic mobility and was first detectable at Day 6 after successful mating with a stallion. The second protein had gamma 2-electrophoretic mobility and was present in sera from pregnant and non-pregnant horses. The proteins were termed beta 2-horse pregnancy protein and gamma 2-horse protein respectively. The latter appeared to be immunologically related to the former in that the precipitin lines of the 2 proteins showed continuity. Samples from 16 mares mated with a stallion were investigated for the beta 2-protein during the first 3 weeks after mating. Of the 11 successful matings, confirmed by ultrasonic scanning at 90 days or by a successful outcome, 10 mares showed the presence of the protein. In all of 14 non-pregnant sera taken from mares not recently mated, the protein was not detectable. The validity of detection of beta 2-protein as an indication of pregnancy was clinically significant at the 10% level. The presence of the protein in 2 out of the 5 recently mated mares that did not become pregnant may be indicative of a biochemical pregnancy that failed at a later stage of gestation. PMID- 3199361 TI - Evidence for maternal regulation of early conceptus growth and development in beef cattle. AB - Fifty-one cyclic beef cows were mated with fertile bulls. At 36 h after the start of oestrus, cows were assigned to receive sesame oil (controls) or progesterone (100 mg) on Days 1, 2, 3 and 4 of pregnancy. Peripheral plasma concentration of progesterone was measured until slaughter on Days 5 or 14. Cows were randomly assigned to be slaughtered on Days 5 or 14 or remain intact and palpated per rectum on Day 40 to verify pregnancy. Uteri on Days 5 and 14 were flushed for recovery of luminal protein and conceptus tissue. Conceptus and endometrial tissues were cultured with [3H]leucine and submitted to two-dimensional-PAGE and fluorography. Administration of progesterone increased peripheral plasma progesterone concentration on Day 2-5. Conceptuses recovered from progesterone treated cows on Day 14 were advanced in development compared to conceptuses from control cows. Conceptuses recovered from progesterone-treated cows were viable as polypeptides associated with maintenance of pregnancy in cattle were synthesized and released at an earlier time and pregnancy was maintained beyond Day 40. Early progesterone stimulation altered the synthesis and release of polypeptides from endometrial explant cultures on Day 5. Results indicate a role of progesterone in the maternal regulation of conceptus growth and development in early pregnancy of cattle. PMID- 3199363 TI - Stimulus requirements for pregnancy initiation in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) change with age and parity. AB - Hamsters were mated repeatedly at 60, 180, 300 and 420 days of age or once during their lifetime at one of these ages. Copulatory stimulation was varied both for number of ejaculations (2 versus 14) and amount of vaginocervical stimulation (5 versus 50-60 intromissions). Two ejaculations provided sufficient spermatozoa to maximize litter size for all age and parity classes tested. Differences in fecundity depended on the amount of vaginocervical stimulation received. Higher levels of vaginocervical stimulation increased littering success at 300 and 420 days for nulliparous females and at 180, 300 and 420 days for multiparous females. Females which did not deliver litters did not show a cessation of oestrous cycles which characteristically follows the induction of a luteal phase. The decreased fecundity observed with increasing age or parity therefore resulted from a change in sensitivity to the stimulus conditions necessary to activate the neuroendocrine arc for establishment of pregnancy. PMID- 3199362 TI - Testicular migration, spermatogenesis, temperature regulation and environment of the sheath-tail bat, Taphozous georgianus. AB - The testes of the common sheath-tail bat of tropical Australia undergo a seasonal migration between the abdomen and the scrotal pouches, while each cauda epididymidis is permanently maintained in the scrotal pouch. Straps of smooth muscle attach to both the cranial and caudal poles of the testes, and these extend cranially to the diaphragm and caudally to the cauda epididymidis. The testicular arteries are not coiled. Among the environmental factors investigated, maximum temperature correlated most significantly with testicular descent, and the number of spermatogonia per bat also correlated most significantly with maximum temperature. Body temperature of a captive bat ranged from 25 to 38 degrees C and this was closely related to body weight and ambient temperature. It seems likely that the scrotal pouch provides a temperature slightly below that of the body and so facilitates sperm storage in the permanently scrotal cauda epididymidis. Migration of the testes probably serves to ameliorate the seasonal temperature fluctuations to which they are exposed while the relatively high correlation between maximum environment temperature and spermatogonial numbers suggests that temperature may be a proximate influence on reproduction in the sheath-tail bat. PMID- 3199364 TI - Influence of pregnancy on the onset of oestrus and luteal function after prostaglandin-induced luteolysis in cattle. AB - Luteolysis was induced by an injection of 500 micrograms cloprostenol (a prostaglandin (PG) analogue) in pregnant (P) Holstein heifers on Days 17 or 24 of gestation and in non-pregnant (NP) Holstein heifers on Day 17 of the oestrous cycle (oestrus = Day 0). Heifers in Groups P-17 (N = 8) and P-24 (N = 8) were inseminated twice whereas those in Group NP-17 (N = 8) were not inseminated. Immediately after PG injection, embryos were recovered by uterine flushing (400 ml) to confirm pregnancy in Groups P-17 and P-24. Uterine flushing with an equivalent volume of physiological saline was also done in Group NP-17. The interval from PG injection to oestrus and to the peak of luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as profile of increase in plasma oestradiol concentrations during that period did not differ (P greater than 0.1) among the groups. However, the proportion of heifers exhibiting abnormal luteal phases (primarily of short duration) during the oestrous cycle after PG injection was greater (P less than 0.01) in Group P-24 than in Groups NP-17 + P-17 pooled (6/8 vs 3/16). These results suggest that the previous presence of a conceptus did not have any effect on the onset of oestrus, or on plasma concentrations of oestradiol and LH after PG-induced luteolysis on Days 17 or 24 of gestation. However, luteal function during the subsequent oestrous cycle was impaired if heifers were 24 days pregnant when luteolysis was induced. PMID- 3199365 TI - Analysis of post-implantation mouse embryos after maternal heat stress during meiotic maturation. AB - The effects of heat stress during oocyte maturation were studied in post implantation mouse embryos. Virgin ICR mice were exposed to 35 +/- 1 degree C and 65 +/- 3% RH for 12.5 h beginning immediately after synchronization of ovulation with PMSG and hCG. Embryos of heat-stressed dams were developmentally heterogeneous and showed significant delays in development with as much as 48 h delayed development. Nearly 6% of these embryos were triploid, and another 2% were hyper-diploid. Development of triploid embryos was delayed more than 24 h. Nine embryos with severe developmental delay had heterogeneous chromosome constitutions. Embryo mortality before and after implantation was higher in heat stressed dams than in controls. PMID- 3199366 TI - Prostaglandin secretion by endometrium of pregnant and cyclic cattle at day 17 after oestrus in response to in-vitro heat stress. AB - Bilateral perifusion devices were utilized to measure prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGF) secretion by bovine endometrium in response to in-vitro heat stress. Tissues were collected at Day 17 after oestrus from cyclic (N = 4) and pregnant (N = 5) cows, placed into 3 perifusion devices, perifused (3 ml/10 min, Krebs Ringer-bicarbonate [KRB]) for 5 h, and fractions were collected every 10 min. Endometrial tissues within each device were subjected to a different temperature and oxytocin (1 i.u./ml KRB) treatment sequence: (1) control-oxytocin: 1 h at 39 degrees C; 2 h at 39 degrees C, 0.5 h at 39 degrees C with oxytocin, 0.5 h at 39 degrees C and 1 h at 39 degrees C; (2) heat-oxytocin: 1 h at 39 degrees C, 2 h at 42 degrees C, 0.5 h at 42 degrees C with oxytocin, 0.5 h at 42 degrees C and 1 h at 39 degrees C; (3) heat-KRB: 1 h at 39 degrees C, 2 h at 42 degrees C, 0.5 h at 42 degrees C, 0.5 h at 42 degrees C and 1 h at 39 degrees C. Regardless of reproductive status, heat stress induced a rapid increase (P less than 0.01) in PGF secretion rates. Oxytocin induced an increase (P less than 0.01) in PGF secretion for endometrium from cyclic cows regardless of temperature. Endometria from pregnant cows did not respond to oxytocin when perifused at 39 degrees C. However, PGF secretion rates from endometrium of pregnant cows increased (P less than 0.01) in response to oxytocin when perifused under heat stress conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199367 TI - Anatomy of the reproductive tract of the female African elephant (Loxodonta africana) with reference to development of techniques for artificial breeding. AB - Complete reproductive tracts of 30 female African elephants (5-53 years), obtained during a population reduction procedure, were examined. The reproductive tracts were palpated in situ via the urogenital canal. A plastic speculum (1.3 X 170 cm) was introduced into the canal and dye was injected to simulate the procedure for artificial insemination. The lengths of reproductive tracts (from the vulva to the ovary) ranged from 120 to 358 cm. The length increased with the size and age of the animal. There was a membranous constriction (hymen) with an orifice, less than 2 cm in diameter, between the urogenital canal and the vagina, in 4 primigravid and in all 13 nulliparous elephants. The vaginal orifice of 13 multiparous elephants consisted of ragged folds of mucous membrane surrounding a single opening, 5-19 cm in diameter. The ages at first conception of 4 pregnant elephants with intact hymenal membranes were 10, 12, 13 and 14 years. The hymen was not penetrated as a result of intromission and therefore the site of ejaculation would have been in the urogenital canal of the 4 primigravid elephants. PMID- 3199369 TI - Reproduction in female Hartmann's zebra, Equus zebra hartmannae. AB - Ovaries, fetuses and plasma were collected from zebra mares shot in the Etosha National Park in Namibia between 15 and 25 August 1983. Ovarian weight was affected by reproductive status and most of the non-pregnant mares were anoestrous. The number of follicles varied between individuals and only pro oestrous/oestrous mares had follicles larger than 20 mm in diameter. The largest follicle in pregnant mares was only 9 mm in diameter. Corpora lutea and corpora albicantia were found in non-pregnant as well as pregnant mares: 4 pregnant mares had only corpora albicantia. The presence of secondary corpora lutea could not be confirmed in any of the pregnant mares. Implantation was estimated to occur at around 73 days of gestation, and most mares (84%) had conceived between November and April. Peripheral concentrations of plasma progesterone during pregnancy varied from 0.5 to 2.4 ng/ml. PMID- 3199368 TI - Effect of ovine conceptus secretory proteins and purified ovine trophoblast protein-1 on interoestrous interval and plasma concentrations of prostaglandins F 2 alpha and E and of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F-2 alpha in cyclic ewes. AB - Conceptus secretory proteins (oCSP) were obtained from medium in which sheep conceptuses, collected on Day 16 of pregnancy, were cultured for 30 h. A portion of the culture medium (500 ml) was prepared for intrauterine infusion by concentrating the proteins by Amicon ultrafiltration (Mr 500 cutoff). A second portion (500 ml medium) was used to purify sheep trophoblast protein one (oTP-1). Proteins remaining after oTP-1 purification were concentrated and then passed through an anti-oTP-1 sepharose CL-4B affinity column to remove any remaining oTP 1 (oCSP-oTP-1). Serum proteins (oSP) were collected from a Day-16 pregnant ewe and diluted for infusion. Catheters were placed in the uterus of cyclic (Day 10) ewes. The following combinations of proteins were infused: 0.75 mg oCSP + 0.75 mg oSP (5 ewes), 0.75 mg oCSP - oTP-1 + 0.75 mg oSP (4 ewes), 0.05 mg oTP-1 + 1.45 mg oSP (5 ewes) and 1.5 mg oSP only (5 ewes). Infusions were twice daily on Days 12 and 13 (08:00 and 17:00 h) and once on Day 14 (08:00 h). On Day 14, ewes were injected intravenously at 08:00 h with 0.5 mg oestradiol-17 beta. Blood sampling began 30 min before oestradiol injection and continued every 30 min for 10 h. On Day 15 ewes received 10 i.u. oxytocin intravenously (08:00 h). Blood samples were collected 10 min before oxytocin and every 10 min for 1 h after oxytocin injection. Concentrations of prostaglandin (PG) F, PGE-2/PGE-1 (PGE) and 13,14 dihydro-15-keto-PGF-2 alpha (PGFM) were measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Ewes treated with oTP-1 and oCSP had longer (P less than 0.05) interoestrous intervals (27 and 25 days, respectively) compared to ewes treated with oSP and oCSP--oTP-1 (19 and 19 days, respectively) (s.e.m. = 1.56 days). These results indicate that oTP-1 alone is as potent as total conceptus secretory proteins in extending luteal maintenance. Ewes treated with oTP-1 and oCSP had no increase in PGF after oestradiol injection while production of PGF did increase 6-10 h after oestradiol in ewes treated with oSP and oCSP--oTP-1. PGFM was correlated with PGF concentrations (r = 0.57, P less than 0.01) although presence or absence of increases in production of PGFM for the treatment groups were not the same as those for PGF. No effects of treatment on PGE were detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3199370 TI - Relationship between blood flow and steroidogenesis in the rabbit corpus luteum. AB - Blood flow in the corpus luteum of the pseudopregnant rabbit was measured with tracer-labelled microspheres before and at 1 and 3 h after saline treatment (N = 8) or after inhibition of progesterone synthesis with aminoglutethimide (N = 10). Before treatment luteal blood flow (29.5 +/- 3.9 ml/min.g-1 (mean +/- s.e.m.] was much higher than blood flow to other tissues (ovarian stroma = 2.9 +/- 0.6; uterus = 0.5 +/- 0.1; adrenal gland = 2.6 +/- 0.2 ml/min.g-1). Aminoglutethimide reduced serum progesterone by 60% within 1 h but luteal blood flow was unchanged (26.2 +/- 3.5 ml/min.g-1). At 3 h after aminoglutethimide, serum progesterone remained low and luteal blood flow was slightly reduced to 22.5 +/- 3.4 ml/min.g 1. This reduction was associated with a significant decline in mean arterial blood pressure which resulted in luteal vascular resistance being unaltered by aminoglutethimide treatment. Further analysis of these data indicated that serum progesterone concentration was not significantly correlated with blood flow to the corpora lutea or with blood flow to other tissues. In contrast, mean arterial blood pressure was highly correlated with blood flow to the corpus luteum (r = 0.80; P less than 0.001) but not to the ovarian stroma (r = 0.04), or adrenal gland (r = 0.06). These results indicate that luteal blood flow is not acutely responsive to changes in luteal progesterone production and suggest that luteal blood flow changes passively with changes in arterial blood pressure. PMID- 3199371 TI - Duration of fertility of turkeys inseminated at different times after the onset of photostimulation. AB - To investigate the relationship between photostimulation, ovary and oviduct weights, and oviductal sperm-storage tubule (SST) development and functional capacity, 33-week-old turkey hens were placed in four groups of 15 hens each. Each group was inseminated three times in 30 min with 50 x 10(6) spermatozoa (a total of 150 x 10(6) spermatozoa) on the day of photostimulation, or on Days 7, 14, or 21 after the onset of photostimulation (Groups A, B, C and D, respectively). From weeks 4 to 8 after photostimulation, 5 additional hens were inseminated each week and then killed 24 h later to determine ovary and oviduct weights and SST status. Regardless of ovary and oviduct weights and insemination times in relation to photostimulation, 76 of 78 hens possessed morphologically differentiated SST, and 73 of the 76 hens had some SST which contained spermatozoa. For Groups A, B, C and D, the duration of fertility was approximately 7-8 weeks. It is concluded that morphologically differentiated SST are functional in 33-week-old hens regardless of the status of the ovary and oviduct. PMID- 3199372 TI - Changes in secreted uterine proteins associated with embryo implantation in the mouse. AB - A dual-label ratio method was used in conjunction with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to measure the relative changes in rates of production of individual secreted proteins by mouse uteri at the start of the process of decidualization. A characteristic pattern of differential changes in the rate of synthesis and secretion of the proteins was found to be associated with development of a positive Pontamine Blue reaction at the site of embryo implantation. These changes were compared with those associated with development of experimentally induced deciduomata and although the patterns were similar, presumably reflecting common processes in transformation of the endometrium, there was preferential enhancement of a subset of small (Mr 14,000-20,000) acidic proteins in the authentic implantation sites. It is suggested that this embryo dependent modification of constitutive changes associated with decidualization reflects a form of embryo-maternal signal-response mechanism that may be important for the process of implantation in mice. PMID- 3199373 TI - Nuclear maturity and morphology of human spermatozoa selected by Percoll density gradient centrifugation or swim-up procedure. AB - The selection of motile human spermatozoa, from fertile and infertile semen samples was compared by using Percoll density gradient centrifugation or the swim up procedure. Selected spermatozoa were evaluated according to their motility, % normal forms, nuclear maturity (aniline blue staining, acridine orange staining, ethidium bromide uptake and SDS nuclear decondensation). These methods showed differences between fertile and infertile men. The swim-up procedure, based on motility, resulted in greater proportions of motile spermatozoa and eliminated mainly tail abnormalities. Percoll gradient separation, based on density, selected oval-headed spermatozoa with good motility. Nuclear maturity level was improved by both methods but Percoll gradient separation generally resulted in spermatozoa with better nuclear maturity than those selected by the swim-up procedure. PMID- 3199374 TI - Changes in the concentrations of steroids and prostaglandin F in preovulatory follicles of the mare after administration of hCG. AB - Fluid was aspirated from the preovulatory follicle of Group 1 mares (N = 6) when follicles reached 32-34 mm in diameter. Group 2 mares each received an i.v. injection of hCG when the preovulatory follicle reached 35 mm. Aspiration of follicular fluid was performed 28-32 h after treatment. Follicular fluid was aspirated from Group 3 mares 28-32 h after the preovulatory follicle reached 35 mm in diameter. Concentrations of progesterone were significantly higher in follicular fluid from Group 2 mares than in that from mares in Groups 1 and 3. Testosterone was significantly higher in follicular fluid from Groups 2 and 3 than in Group 1 mares. There were no significant differences among groups in concentrations of oestradiol and prostaglandin F (PGF) in follicular fluid. PMID- 3199375 TI - Increases in ovulation rate in lupin-fed ewes are initiated by increases in protein digested post-ruminally. AB - Parous Merino ewes were maintained outdoors in feedlots during the beginning of the spontaneous breeding season and fed a maintenance ration of wheaten hay. For 14 days, ewes in each of 4 groups (N = 40/group) were given supplements of lupin grain or formaldehyde-treated casein and/or wheat starch. These were calculated to supply equivalent amounts of protein post-ruminally and/or digestible energy. Supplementation with lupin grain significantly increased ovulation rate by 37% by increasing the proportion of ewes with two ovulations. Similar increases in ovulation rate were achieved by increasing the supply of digestible protein post ruminally in the casein and casein + starch-supplement groups. Increasing the intake of digestible energy separately in the starch-supplement group did not increase ovulation rate. It is concluded that increases in ovulation rate in ewes fed a lupin supplement are the result of significant increases in the amount of protein digested post-ruminally. PMID- 3199376 TI - Effect of day of the oestrous cycle, side of the reproductive tract and heat shock on in-vitro protein secretion by bovine endometrium. AB - Endometrial explant cultures were prepared from 16 Brahman x Angus cows killed on Days 0, 2, 5 or 8 after oestrus. Cultures proceeded for 24 h at 39 degrees C (homeothermic) or 43 degrees C (heat shock) in a modified Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with 50 microCi L-[4,5(-3)H]leucine. Analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of de-novo synthesized proteins secreted into the medium indicated that the major types of secreted polypeptides did not change over Days 0-8. Nevertheless, overall endometrial secretion of protein (incorporation of [3H]leucine into non-dialysable radioactivity in culture supernatants) was greatest at Day 0 and declined thereafter. Incorporation of [3H]leucine into TCA-precipitable material in tissue homogenates was also greatest at Day 0. For tissue cultured at 39 degrees C, several individual polypeptides were secreted at greater rates by endometrium from the horn of the uterus ipsilateral to the corpus luteum, with side differences tending to be greatest at Day 0 or Day 2. Overall, secretion of de novo synthesized protein by endometrium was significantly elevated by heat shock at Day 0, but not affected thereafter. Nonetheless, heat shock reduced secretion of several individual proteins and exhibited interactions with day of the oestrous cycle and with side of the uterus. Secretion of 7 polypeptides was reduced by heat shock in tissue from the ipsilateral horn of the uterus but not in endometrium from the contralateral horn. We suggest that endometrial protein secretion changes quantitatively during the early oestrous cycle. In addition, there is a local influence of the ovary bearing the corpus luteum on endometrial function that may be disrupted by heat shock. PMID- 3199377 TI - Isolation by using albumin columns of a cohort of fast-swimming human spermatozoa. AB - Unwashed human spermatozoa enter columns of 20% albumin in cohorts and not in a continuous stream. Using normospermic ejaculates, a single cohort, representing approximately 10% of the total number of spermatozoa added, appeared within 1 h of addition. In contrast, when ejaculates from asthenozoospermic men were tested using the same incubation period (1 h), the cohorts contained less than 5% of the total. Exposure of ejaculates to 2-deoxyadenosine, a potent stimulator of sperm motility, doubled the number of spermatozoa present in the cohort, but not the average velocity of the group. We suggest that spermatozoa also enter the cervical mucus and pass through the female reproductive tract in cohesive groups. PMID- 3199378 TI - In-vitro fertilization of pig oocytes by frozen boar spermatozoa. AB - In Exp. 1 pig oocytes matured in vitro were used to evaluate the fertilizability in vitro of frozen epididymal (4 boars) and ejaculated (3 boars) spermatozoa that were preincubated in modified TCM-199 for 4 h at 37 degrees C. The percentages of penetrated oocytes with the frozen epididymal spermatozoa were 0-40%. In contrast, none of the oocytes were penetrated with the frozen ejaculated spermatozoa. In Exp. 2, oocytes matured in vivo were inseminated in vitro with the frozen epididymal spermatozoa that were known to penetrate oocytes matured in vitro. The penetration rate was 79% and the percentage of polyspermic oocytes was 57%. Culture for 30 h of oocytes matured in vivo and fertilized in vitro resulted in 51% (34/67) developing to the 2-cell stage. These embryos were transferred to 2 recipient gilts. One gilt became pregnant and a litter of 3 (1 live and 2 dead) was born. These results indicate that frozen epididymal spermatozoa can be used for in-vitro fertilization in the pig. PMID- 3199379 TI - In-vitro and in-vivo responsiveness of the corpus luteum of the mare to gonadotrophin stimulation. AB - Dispersed horse luteal cells were used to evaluate the ability of horse LH, hCG and PMSG to stimulate progesterone secretion in vitro. Morphological characterization of these cells before gonadotrophin stimulation indicated the presence of two populations of cells based on cell diameters. In luteal cells incubated as suspended cells, horse LH and hCG stimulated (P less than or equal to 0.05) progesterone production at all levels of treatment. Stimulation of progesterone secretion by hCG was greater (P less than or equal to 0.05) than by horse LH over the range of concentrations utilized. When mares (N = 7) received an intramuscular injection of 1000 i.u. hCG on Days 3, 4 and 5 after the end of oestrus, there was an increase (P less than or equal to 0.05), in peripheral progesterone concentrations beginning on Day 7 and continuing until Day 14 compared with controls (N = 7). Peripheral progesterone concentrations continued to be elevated in hCG-treated mares for Days 15-30 after oestrus in those mares that conceived. Although treatment with hCG increased progesterone concentrations, it had no influence on anterior pituitary release of LH as measured by frequency and amplitude of LH discharge. We conclude that the mare corpus luteum is responsive to gonadotrophins in vitro and that exogenous hCG can enhance serum progesterone concentrations throughout the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. PMID- 3199380 TI - LH receptor induction and ovulation rate in mice selected for litter size and body weight. AB - Female mice from lines which had undergone long-term single trait and antagonistic index selection for litter size and body weight were analysed for ovulation rate and LH receptor induction. Compared to randomly selected controls, selection for large litter size increased ovulation rate (60%; P less than 0.001) and decreased LH receptor induction per microgram ovarian DNA (87%; P less than 0.01). Selection for large body weight increased ovulation rate (18%; P less than 0.001), but did not lead to a significant correlated response in LH receptor induction. Index selection for large litter size and small body weight increased ovulation rate (14%; P less than 0.01) and decreased LH receptor induction (72%; P less than 0.01), while index selection for small litter size and large body weight did not significantly alter either ovulation rate or LH receptor induction. LH receptor quantities in testes of males from the 5 lines did not exhibit the among-line profile which was observed in ovaries of females. These results confirm the role of ovulation rate in mediation of the positive genetic correlation between litter size and body weight in mice. Increased ovulation rate in mice selected for large litter size may be due to mechanisms associated with LH receptors as well as factors related to growth. In contrast, increased ovulation rate in mice selected for large body weight may be due exclusively to factors related to growth. PMID- 3199381 TI - Influence of cell cycle stage at nuclear transplantation on the development in vitro of mouse embryos. AB - Nuclei were transplanted from embryos of mice at different stages of the 1st and 2nd cell cycle to oocytes enucleated at various times after fertilization. After transfer of pronuclei, a greater proportion of embryos developed to blastocysts if donor and recipient embryos were at the same stage of the cell cycle (synchronous transfer = 94%, asynchronous transfer = 76%). By contrast, when 2 cell blastomere nuclei were fused to the cytoplasm of enucleated zygotes, there was a significant effect of both cytoplast and karyoplast cell cycle stage on the development of the reconstituted embryos. Karyoplasts and cytoplasts derived from embryos at later stages of the cell cycle had greater potential to support development to blastocysts in vitro. It is suggested that the secretion of stage specific messengers and the timing of nuclear membrane breakdown are the main factors causing the karyoplast and cytoplast effects, respectively. PMID- 3199382 TI - Prevention of ovarian damage induced by cyclophosphamide in adult female mice by hormonal manipulations. AB - Doses of 10 or 20 mg cyclophosphamide/kg body weight were administered daily to mice for up to 20 days. This caused significant reductions in the incidence of prenatal (developing) follicles and significant increases in atretic (degenerating) follicles within the ovaries. Attempts to prevent cyclophosphamide induced damage by simultaneous treatment with oestrogen alone, oestrogen plus progesterone, or danazol (a synthetic androgen) demonstrated that danazol effectively prevented the ovarian damage. The efficacy of danazol was considered to be due to its ability to inhibit LH/FSH secretion and, indirectly, the development of new ovarian follicles. PMID- 3199384 TI - Cytogenetics of unfertilized human oocytes. AB - During an in-vitro fertilization programme 150 oocytes from 62 women with a mean age of 31 years (range 24-39) remained unfertilized. Successful chromosome analysis was carried out on 96 oocytes by Q-banding: 59 (61.5%) oocytes bore a normal haploid complement, 8 (8.3%) were diploid and 3 (3.1%) tetraploid. In 26 (27.1%) oocytes aneuploidy was observed; these included 9 (9.4%) nullisomic, 5 (5.2%) double nullisomic, 4 (4.2%) triple nullisomic and 2 (2.1%) disomic oocytes. The remaining 54 (36.0%) oocytes could not be evaluated. A nearly uniform rate of aneuploidy was found for unfertilized oocytes among different donor age groups. PMID- 3199383 TI - Variation in plasma concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta and their relationship to those of progesterone, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F-2 alpha and oxytocin across pregnancy and at parturition in pony mares. AB - Concentrations of plasma progesterone were similar to values reported in the literature except that a significant decrease in progesterone during the last day, but before parturition, was detected by systematic, high-intensity blood sampling. Mean concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta increased sharply and significantly, plateaued for 132.8 +/- 1.5 days (mean +/- s.e.m., N = 9), then declined sharply in each mare. There was obvious variation between the mares in when these increases and decreases in oestradiol-17 beta occurred, with the events being related closely to ambient photoperiod conditions rather than to the stage of pregnancy. Concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGFM) remained at low levels (less than 400 pg/ml) until Day 200 then increased to peak pregnancy levels (greater than 2000 pg/ml) by Day 300 and remained at this value until parturition. The concentrations of oxytocin remained basal (less than 15 microU/ml) throughout pregnancy and increased only at the beginning of the expulsive stage of labour. There was an increase, although not statistically significant, in the relative concentrations of oestradiol-17 beta to progesterone beginning 3 days before parturition, with the highest value of the ratio occurring at fetal delivery. Far more striking were acute changes in PGFM and oxytocin during parturition. Maximal concentrations of PGFM (approximately 30 ng/ml) and oxytocin (greater than 200 microU/ml) were measured between rupture of the chorioallantois and the completion of delivery. Closely timed samples from one animal showed that oxytocin increased (more than 10 standard deviations of the mean levels during late pregnancy for this animal) before any change in PGFM. In another dystocic mare, both oxytocin and PGFM peaked in the initial stages of delivery but only oxytocin remained elevated until the dystocia was remedied. The results suggest that an abrupt increase in oxytocin secretion precipitates the expulsive phase of parturition in mares. PMID- 3199385 TI - A structural and cytochemical study of the effects of gossypol on the epithelial cells of the guinea-pig seminal vesicle. AB - Gossypol acetic acid, given to guinea-pigs at a concentration of 10 mg/kg daily for up to 7 weeks, exerted an inhibitory effect on the secretory activity of the glandular cells of the seminal vesicles. The diminished secretory function was associated with a decrease in thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) (EC 3.6.1.6) activity in the luminal border and the Golgi cisternae. There was no increase in cytoplasmic filaments, and mitochondrial damage was not observed. The most striking effect was on the basal lamina, where the lamina densa increased significantly in thickness, while the lamina lucida decreased marginally in thickness. This was coupled with an increase in proteoglycan content on both sides of the lamina densa. It would appear that gossypol reduces the luminal secretory function on the one hand, while it increases the basal secretory activity on the other, thus modifying the structure of the basal lamina. The functional significance of these changes remains unknown. PMID- 3199386 TI - Stimulation of progesterone secretion by cultured human granulosa cells with melatonin and catecholamines. AB - Granulosa cells, aspirated from the follicles of patients undergoing treatment for in-vitro fertilization, were cultured in serum-supplemented medium. Adrenaline and noradrenaline stimulated a dose-related increase in progesterone secretion with a maximum stimulation at 10(-5) M, a response that was prevented by the beta-antagonist, propranolol. Adrenaline and hCG showed similar characteristics in their stimulation of progesterone secretion but there was no further increase in progesterone when the 2 compounds were added together. Melatonin stimulated progesterone secretion and, like adrenaline, this stimulation was prevented by propranolol. The ability of both adrenaline and melatonin to increase progesterone secretion was dependent on the degree of follicular development, as determined by peripheral oestradiol concentrations, on the day of laparoscopy. These results suggest that adrenaline and melatonin may have a physiological role in modulating luteal function and that melatonin may act by a beta-adrenergic-related mechanism. PMID- 3199387 TI - Effects of subcutaneous melatonin implants on reproductive seasonality of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama). AB - A total of 18 fallow does, including pubertal, non-pregnant and pregnant adult does (6 per class), each received a single subcutaneous implant containing 18 mg melatonin on 4 occasions at 29-30-day intervals from 10 November 1986 (approximately 120-day treatment period). A further 18 contemporary does served as herd-mate controls. Two adult fallow bucks were treated the same and were run with the does until 16 March. Thereafter, 1 of 4 control bucks was run with the does until 1 June. Of the 6 pregnant does receiving implants within the last 40 days of their gestation, 4 failed to lactate after parturition in December 1986. The remaining 2 does successfully reared their fawns, as did the 6 contemporary controls. Mean (+/- s.e.m.) dates of first oestrus in 1987 were 27.6 February (+/ 3.0 days) and 22.9 April (+/- 0.8 days) for all treated and all control does respectively (P less than 0.001). Pubertal does were generally later to exhibit first oestrus than were older does within their respective treatment groups. Return oestrus occurred only in 2 pubertal does (1 treated and 1 control) with remaining does conceiving to their first oestrus, as verified by plasma progesterone profiles. However, 5 (28%) of the treated does and 3 (17%) of the control does failed to maintain pregnancy and fawn in 1987. The mean (+/- s.e.m.) 1987 fawning date of the remaining does was 22.4 October (+/- 2.7 days) for the treated group (N = 13) and 13.1 December (+/- 0.8 days) for the control group (N = 15; P less than 0.001). Mean (+/- s.e.m.) gestation length of treated does (238.9 +/- 0.6 days) was significantly longer than that of control does (234.5 +/ 0.4 days; P less than 0.001). Of 13 fawns born to treated does, 4 (31%) died within 24 h of birth (mainly due to hypothermia) whereas all 15 fawns born to control does survived to weaning. Melatonin-treated bucks exhibited a marked advancement of neck muscle hypertrophy during the treatment period and displayed normal rutting activity (e.g. vocalization) in response to early oestrus in the treated does. PMID- 3199388 TI - Genetic differences in periovum sensitivity to hyaluronidase and protease between C57BL/6, BALB and CXB recombinant mice. AB - The cumulus oophorus surrounding eggs from C57BL/6 mice was digested by bovine or leech hyaluronidase significantly more rapidly than that surrounding eggs from BALB/c mice. The zona pellucida of C57BL/6 eggs was also more rapidly attacked by pronase. Three other sublines of C57BL showed the same characteristics. Measurements of susceptibility to hyaluronidase and pronase on eggs from the CXB recombinant inbred strains indicated that variation at a minimum of 2 loci affected each character. The lack of correlation between susceptibilities to the 2 enzymes across the recombinant strains implied that these differences separately affect the substrates of the enzymes, rather than reflecting a common difference in the process of oocyte maturation. The variation in susceptibility was unrelated to differences, controlled by the Ped and Qa-2 loci, in the rate of later embryonic cleavage. However, pronase susceptibility was significantly correlated with the early onset of the first cleavage. PMID- 3199390 TI - Reduction in uterine intra-epithelial lymphocytes during early gestation in pigs. AB - The numbers of intra-epithelial lymphocytes per 5 mm of uterine epithelium were counted in cyclic (n = 18) and pregnant (n = 18) gilts on days 10, 13, 16 and 19 postestrus. In cyclic animals these cells increased (P less than 0.01) from 26.4 +/- 1.1 per 5 mm at the mid-luteal phase (day 10) to 47.7 +/- 1.5 per 5 mm at proestrus (day 19). Intra-epithelial lymphocytes were significantly (P less than 0.01) fewer at all stages in pregnant females and were reduced from 17.7 +/- 1.5 on day 10 to 6 +/- 1.4 per 5 mm on day 19. The significant reduction in intra epithelial lymphocytes during the second and third weeks of gestation indicates that the developing pig conceptus can reduce the numbers of potentially damaging cells at the placental interface. PMID- 3199389 TI - Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by proteins secreted by cultured Sertoli cells. AB - Secreted proteins from cultured rat Sertoli cells were assessed for effects on phytolectin-stimulated rat splenic lymphocytes. Sertoli cell proteins (SCP) suppressed DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in stimulated rat splenic lymphocytes whether added at 0, 4, 24 and 48 h after culture initiation. SCP preparations were not toxic to cells. SCP suppressive activity was heat stable but was not associated with the carbohydrate component of SCP preparations. SCP also suppressed the proliferation of lymphoid and non-lymphoid cell lines from several different animal species but did not inhibit proliferation-independent lysis of YAC-1 target cells by rat natural killer cells. These results suggest that Sertoli cells synthesize inhibitory factors that might be secreted into seminal plasma. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that one mode of action of these factors is suppression of cell proliferation. PMID- 3199391 TI - Characterisation of the humoral immune response during murine pregnancy. AB - Blood samples from female C57BL/10 mice mated with CBA/Ca males were obtained before, during and after both first and second pregnancies. A cellular enzyme linked immunospecific assay (CELISA) was used to detect maternal antibodies against antigens on paternal splenocytes. Alloantibodies were detected in 48% of mice during or 9 days after a first pregnancy and in 82% of mice by the ninth day after the second pregnancy; these antibodies were first observed on day 10 of the first pregnancy. In two of four active multigravid sera tested, an increase in IgG1 concentration was detected; the level of all other isotypes remained within normal limits. Weak binding of alloantibody to an antigen of approximate molecular weight 44,000 was detected on CBA/Ca splenocytes by immunoblotting sera from multiparous animals. These sera also recognised an antigen of similar molecular weight on H-2b identical 129J splenocytes but not on splenocytes from the maternal strain. These results provide further information on the maternal humoral immune response during murine pregnancy. PMID- 3199392 TI - Immunogenicity of a 92kDa component of porcine zona pellucida isolated using a monoclonal antibody (3A4-2G1) exclusively cross-reactive with porcine and human zonae pellucidae. AB - Three monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) to solubilized porcine zona pellucida (s-PZP) were produced. They reacted exclusively to porcine and human zonae pellucidae (ZPe) and two of them blocked sperm penetration of ZP in humans by collaborating with goat anti-mouse gamma-globulin serum as a second antibody. The antigen corresponding to one of these Mabs (Mab 3A4-2G1) was fractionated from s-PZP by immunoaffinity chromatography bound Mab 3A4-2G1. The antigen corresponding to Mab 3A4-2G1 was further fractionated by SDS-PAGE and the protein band corresponding to 92kDa was found to react to Mab 3A4-2G1, as demonstrated by Western blotting. The 92kDa fraction of s-PZP was isolated and injected into mice with complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvants to obtain an antiserum. It was shown that the antiserum to the 92kDa molecule reacted in a tissue-specific manner to human ZP and exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on sperm penetration of ZP of human oocytes. PMID- 3199393 TI - T-cell suppressor factors play an integral role in preventing fetal rejection. AB - In previous studies we showed that the blocking of T-cell suppressor factors (TsF) with monoclonal antibody could completely ablate pregnancy, and demonstrated the presence of TsF in fetal and maternal tissues. In our current study we used a monoclonal antibody specific for TsF to determine the time during gestation when TsF is most integral in the maintenance of pregnancy. Significant decreases in the number of viable pregnancies when monoclonal antibody was administered on days 3, 4 and 5 were demonstrated. In addition, ELISAs were used to measure the levels of TsF in tissues from pregnant and non-pregnant mice. Increased levels of TsF in the uterus and the lymph nodes draining the uterus were observed when compared to the same tissues of non-pregnant animals. These data strengthen the hypothesis that TsF is in part responsible for the fetal specific immune supression during pregnancy in allogeneic mice and more clearly define the importance of TsF in the implantation of the embryo. PMID- 3199394 TI - Assessment of immunoregulation by cultured, pre-attachment bovine embryos. AB - The possibility that the viability of bovine embryos might be predicted by measuring their release of immunoregulatory substances during culture has been investigated. Bovine embryos between days 2 and 19 of gestation were cultured for 24-48 h, the embryo-conditioned medium was harvested and studied for suppression of PHA-stimulated bovine leukocyte cultures. Medium incubated in the absence of any conditioning tissues served as control. Artefactual immunosuppression was detected in incubated control material that could be attributed, in part, to the mixing of different tissue culture media, the type of plastic-ware employed for incubation and supplementation of media with additional L-glutamine. It was observed that day-2 to day-9 bovine embryos, cultured in medium able to support the lymphocyte proliferation assay, did not release immunosuppressive substances. Medium conditioned by day-10 to day-12 embryos produced variable immunosuppression while that conditioned by trophoblastic vesicles derived from day-14 to day-19 embryos was consistently highly suppressive. Since bovine embryo transfer is normally conducted at 6-8 days of gestation, it is unlikely that measuring the immunosuppressive products released from bovine embryos will be of value for predicting their viability. PMID- 3199395 TI - Serum phospholipase A2 correlates with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - We previously demonstrated a marked elevation of the proinflammatory enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in all synovial fluids and some sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Since PLA2 was found to induce inflammatory changes in the skin and joints of experimental animals, we tested whether the serum level of PLA2 correlates with the clinical activity of RA. In the group of 51 patients with classical or definite RA, 13 (25%) had high serum levels of PLA2 (over 2 standard deviations above the normal mean). Comparison of clinical disease activity in patients with high levels of PLA2 with those with normal PLA2 levels showed that patients with high PLA2 levels had a significantly higher joint count, more swollen joints, much higher Landsbury index, lower functional class, lower hemoglobin, lymphopenia and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). To more accurately assess the relationship between the PLA2 level and disease activity in RA, we formulated 2 indices. Clinical index consisted of the Landsbury index, number of swollen joints and duration of morning stiffness. Laboratory index consisted of hemoglobin, absolute number of peripheral blood lymphocytes, platelet count and ESR. Our results showed that both indices correlated strongly with PLA2 activity (p less than 0.0001). The results support the hypothesis that PLA2 plays a pathogenetic role in RA and suggest that serum PLA2 levels may serve as an additional measure of disease activity. PMID- 3199396 TI - Methotrexate kinetics in rheumatoid arthritis: is there an interaction with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs? AB - Pharmacokinetic drug interaction between methotrexate (MTX) and nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAID) has been implicated in several case reports of MTX related toxicity. We therefore studied the kinetics of low dose (15 mg) oral MTX with and without concomitant NSAID therapy after preliminary determination of the systemic bioavailability of commercial tablets. Fourteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis, age range 44-77 years, participated in paired kinetic studies performed 1-4 weeks apart. The Abbott TDx fluorescence polarization immunoassay was used to measure serum levels and urinary excretion of MTX over 72 h after a single dose. The mean systemic bioavailability was 73% for the 15 mg oral dose. Area under the serum concentration versus time curve for a 50 mg oral dose was 1.1-2.7 times that of the 15 mg oral dose indicating dose dependent absorption. Mean kinetic variables after oral MTX did not differ significantly with and without NSAID therapy despite apparent interactions in individual patients. Renal clearance of MTX correlated with creatinine clearance (r = 0.8, p less than 0.01). PMID- 3199397 TI - Early detection of carpal erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot study of magnetic resonance imaging. AB - A pilot study comparing standard radiography to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on the wrists of 10 patients with early (anatomic Stage I or II) rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MRI was found to be superior to standard radiographs in 2 respects: (1) synovial inflammation was impressively demonstrated on T2 weighted images, whereas plain films merely suggested soft tissue swelling; and (2) T1 and T2 weighted images clearly revealed erosions of several carpal bones which were not noted on standard radiographs. Although the expense of MRI currently precludes its routine use in clinical practice, the apparent sensitivity of this diagnostic modality for detecting early changes in RA might make it an invaluable tool for therapeutic decision making or for assessing response in interventional trials. PMID- 3199398 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the craniovertebral junction in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Conventional radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the craniovertebral junction were evaluated in 12 patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and neck pain with or without other neurologic signs or symptoms of cervical myelopathy. MRI demonstrated abnormal soft tissue masses thought to represent pannus in 9 patients. Three patients showed cord or brainstem compression due to pannus or atlantoaxial subluxation. The 3 patients with MRI evidence of cord or brainstem compression had neurologic signs or symptoms of cervical myelopathy, and appropriate therapy was instituted based on these findings. This study indicates that MRI is able to detect abnormal soft tissue masses which probably represent pannus and their relationship to the spinal cord or brainstem, and confirms the utility of the procedure in the management of craniovertebral involvement in RA. PMID- 3199399 TI - Coping strategies in rheumatoid arthritis. AB - Our purpose was to investigate the importance of the coping process for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Eighty-four patients with classic or definite RA were examined. The relationship between coping strategies and psychological status, functional status, pain, and disease activity was analyzed. Coping was measured by an adapted version of the Ways of Coping Scale, and measures of psychological status, life stress, functional status, pain, and disease activity were also obtained. Canonical correlation revealed a significant relationship between the coping process and psychological status. Coping also was significantly related to functional status, but not to pain or disease activity. Patients who coped by restructuring life goals were found to have better psychological adjustment and functional status than patients who hoped for unrealistic solutions or engaged in self-blame. PMID- 3199400 TI - Relationships between clinical features and distribution of mononuclear cells in muscle of patients with polymyositis. AB - We examined the relationships between the clinical features and outcome of 43 patients with polymyositis-dermatomyositis (PM-DM) and muscle biopsy findings, with specific reference to the pattern of distribution of inflammatory cells. Perifascicular inflammation was associated with the presence of the rash of DM. No relationships were found between the other patterns of distribution of inflammatory cells in muscle and various clinical findings in patients with PM DM, or the clinical course of the disease. Vasculitis of large vessels (greater than or equal to 20 micron) was seen in only 5 cases (11%) and was not present in childhood PM-DM. PMID- 3199401 TI - Disease expression of ankylosing spondylitis in males and females. AB - The clinical features of 35 female patients with ankylosing spondylitis were compared with 70 male controls individually matched for disease duration. Mean age of onset and presenting symptoms were similar in both groups. No differences were observed as regards spinal symptoms, chest expansion, peripheral arthritis, extraarticular features or functional outcome. However, males had significantly greater spinal radiological change that was positively associated with hip arthritis. Our findings suggest that although axial disease is more severe in males the overall pattern of clinical disease is similar in both sexes. PMID- 3199402 TI - Effect of hemiparesis on polymyalgia rheumatica. AB - Central nervous system insults with secondary hemiparesis appears to influence the symptom complex of polymyalgia rheumatica. Symptoms are reported here not to develop in established hemiparesis. PMID- 3199403 TI - Localized bone resorption in systemic sclerosis. AB - A case of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS) is described in which painful bone resorption of both upper arms occurred. Computerized tomographic examination revealed cortical thinning with periosteal new bone formation, and pathologic examination revealed only a healing, fibrotic lesion. The cause of this rare occurrence in PSS remains unknown. PMID- 3199404 TI - Blastomycosis presenting as polyarticular septic arthritis. AB - Articular infection with Blastomyces dermatitidis frequently is difficult to diagnose as it resembles bacterial arthritis in several ways. This report of an elderly man who had initially monoarticular and eventually polyarticular arthritis illustrates the clinical and laboratory findings that should suggest blastomycosis. Treatment with amphotericin B and ketoconazole in sequence led to complete resolution of the infection. PMID- 3199405 TI - Cooccurrence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 3199406 TI - Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy presenting as SLE with GI protein loss. PMID- 3199407 TI - Ladder limb: a case of pretibial tumefaction. PMID- 3199408 TI - The pattern of venous drainage of the equine ileocaecal junction. AB - The veins draining the ileocaecal junctions of horses (n = 19), donkeys (n = 3) and a plains zebra, (Equus burchelli antiquorum) were injected with latex via the ileocolic vein, and dissected. In all specimens the ileocaecal papilla was drained by 2 major papillary veins: one cranial and one caudal to the papilla. A smaller dorsal vein drained either into the cranial or into the caudal vein. The submucosal veins seemed to increase in number in the ileocaeacal junction to form a venous plexus. This plexus, together with veins from the caecum and the distal ileum immediately bordering the ileocaecal junction, drained either into the cranial or the caudal veins of the papilla. In 14 specimens both the cranial and caudal veins drained into a common vein, which opened into the V. caecalis lateralis in 10 specimens or into the R. ilei mesenterialis in 4 specimens. In 3 specimens the 2 veins opened separately into the V. caecalis lateralis. In 2 specimens the cranial vein opened into the V. caecalis lateralis, while the caudal vein drained into the R. ilei mesenterialis. PMID- 3199409 TI - Trichomoniasis and campylobacteriosis in bulls in the Republic of Transkei. AB - Trichomonas foetus was demonstrated in 23/87 (26.4%) and Campylobacter fetus in 25/87 (28.7%) of bulls tested in Transkei. A total of 16/87 (18.39%) of bulls tested were positive for both Trichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus. Bulls from 14 sites in Transkei were tested and Trichomonas foetus was isolated at 9 of these sites. Campylobacter fetus was isolated at 10 of the 14 sites. The results indicate that both Trichomonas foetus and Campylobacter fetus are widespread throughout the cattle population in the Republic of Transkei and may account for infertility problems. PMID- 3199410 TI - [Owner-dog relationships--a decade later]. AB - The first cynological study in South Africa was done in 1976. To establish possible new tendencies in dog ownership, the study was repeated a decade later. The questionnaire included questions on breed, nutrition, care, reproduction, behaviour, training and replacement, and the information was gathered by door to door visits. External factors such as the need for specific breeds for specific situations (security, economics) in the country, availability of reading matter about dogs, the convenience of commercial dog foods, the growing tendency for mothers to enter into fixed employment, campaigns against undesired breeding, improved veterinary services, reports on canine heroism in the media, could all have influenced the patterns of dog ownership. The awareness of these tendencies could be of importance to the companion animal veterinarian. PMID- 3199411 TI - Blood biochemical parameters and meat pH of feedlot cattle slaughtered on arrival or after overnight rest at an abattoir. AB - The effect of different pre-slaughter rest periods at the abattoir before slaughter on the blood biochemical parameters and meat pH of a number of cattle were studied on 2 occasions, once in summer and once in winter. In the first trial, 42 out of a consignment of 50 and in the second trial, 45 out of a consignment of 54 feedlot-finished oxen were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups each. One group was slaughtered on arrival at the abattoir, a second group 3 h after arrival and the third group was rested in the lairage prior to slaughter the following day. Carcasses were subjected to low voltage electrical stimulation at slaughter. Significant differences between the values obtained at the feedlot and those at the abattoir were found in respect of haematocrit, total plasma protein concentration, plasma glucose, plasma creatine kinase, plasma lipid and cortisol concentration in both the trials. In general, however, no great differences were found between the 3 groups in either of the trials. If any, results in respect of some of the blood parameters were in favour of the groups slaughtered as soon as possible after arrival at the abattoir. No significant differences were found in the initial (35-45 min) and ultimate (24 h) pH of the meat between the 6 groups of slaughtered animals in the 2 trials. Exsanguination appeared to be satisfactory in all groups and no differences between groups were found. It was concluded that feedlot cattle transported to an abattoir over a relatively short distance, need not necessarily be rested in the lairage overnight before slaughter. PMID- 3199412 TI - Blood lead concentrations in hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Kruger National Park. AB - Venous whole-blood samples for the determination of lead concentrations were obtained from hippopotami (Hippopotamus amphibius) (n = 26) during a population control programme on the banks of the Sabie River. A mean blood lead concentration of 26.3 micrograms l-1 was lower than the mean concentration of 34.0 micrograms l-1 cited for a group of young people living in a remote area where lead pollution was considered to be negligible. These concentrations indicate that lead pollution in this area of the Kruger National Park is at present low. PMID- 3199413 TI - Influence of bipyridylium compounds on microsomal mixed-function oxidation activities. AB - The two principal bipyridyl herbicides, paraquat and diquat, were investigated for their influence on microsomal mixed-function oxidation (MFO) activities and on NADPH oxidation rates in lung, liver, and kidney preparations. In lung microsomal preparations, benzphetamine N-demethylation was found to be inhibited by paraquat and diquat in a concentration-dependent manner, but ethylmorphine N demethylation was unaffected by these bipyridyls. In liver microsomal fractions, both benzphetamine and ethylmorphine N-demethylases were inhibited by paraquat and diquat. Neither bipyridyl affected MFO activity in kidney preparations. A kinetic investigation of the enzyme inhibition showed that only Vmax was affected by paraquat and diquat, providing the first evidence for noncompetitive inhibition by the bipyridyls. In all microsomal preparations, NADPH oxidation was stimulated significantly by paraquat and to an even greater extent by diquat in the absence or presence of benzphetamine or ethylmorphine. The influence of MFO substrates on the stimulation varied widely among the three organ systems. In lung, paraquat- or diquat-mediated stimulation of NADPH oxidation was equal in the absence of MFO substrates and in the presence of ethylmorphine, but the stimulation was increased in the presence of benzphetamine. Stimulation of NADPH oxidation by the bipyridyls, in liver as well as in kidney preparations, was equal in all situations in the absence of MFO substrates and in the presence of benzphetamine or ethylmorphine, although the quantity of this stimulation was greater in liver than in kidney fractions. It is apparent that the bipyridyls are potent stimulators of in vitro NADPH oxidation in microsomal preparations from several organs. The quantity of the NADPH oxidation stimulation seems to be a decisive factor in the inhibition of xenobiotic metabolism. Whether the stimulation of NADPH oxidation and the non-competitive inhibition of xenobiotic metabolism play a significant role in bipyridyl toxicity are under further investigation. PMID- 3199414 TI - Alteration of liver microsomal monooxygenases and substrate competition with aniline hydroxylase from rats chronically fed low-fat and high-fat-containing alcohol diets. AB - Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed ethanol (EtOH) 36% of total calories for four weeks in a liquid diet containing either 34% (HF) or 12% (LF) of calories as fat were studied with respect to induction of microsomal monooxygenases (MFO) and substrate competition with EtOH-inducible aniline hydroxylase. The specific activity and turnover of aniline hydroxylase were induced to similar extents by HF-EtOH and LF-EtOH diets. Whereas, both LF-EtOH and HF-EtOH caused a decrease in the turnover of arylhydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase (AHH) and aldrin epoxidase compared to pair-fed (PF) controls, LF-EtOH but not HF-EtOH increased the turnover of ethoxycoumarin and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (ECOD and EROD). The increase in ECOD and EROD and the decrease in AHH by EtOH is contrary to the parallel induction of these activities by 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) and Aroclor 1254 (Aroclor). Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) stimulated aniline hydroxylase in the HF EtOH and PF systems, whereas with LF diet, stimulation was seen only in the EtOH group. Ethoxycoumarin (EC) inhibited aniline hydroxylase by microsomes from EtOH- and pyrazole-treated rats, whereas it stimulated aniline hydroxylase by control microsomes, suggesting that the EC effects were associated with EtOH-inducible cytochrome P-450. Ethoxyresorufin (ER) inhibited aniline hydroxylase in EtOH and PF groups, thus the differential effects of EC were not nonspecific O-deethylase effects. The effects of EtOH feeding on ECOD, EROD, and AHH (ie, substrates for 3 MC-inducible cytochrome P-450) displayed a greater differential between the experimental and control group with the LF- than with the HF-containing diet. The findings suggest that the alteration of certain MFO activities by chronic EtOH ingestion can be modified by the content of dietary fat. Moreover, the competition dynamics of MFO substrates toward EtOH-inducible aniline hydroxylase are altered by EtOH feeding and, in turn, modified by dietary fat. PMID- 3199415 TI - Differential toxicity of cis and trans isomers of dichlorodiammineplatinum. AB - Nephrotoxicity is the dose-limiting toxic effect of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum (cis-platin) in humans. Its stereoisomer transplatin does not have any toxicity at equimolar concentrations, and it also possesses little antitumor activity. In this study, subcellular localization of both the platinum isomers was examined in the liver and kidney of the mouse 24 hours following the drug administration. Levels of the platinum isomers were measured using flameless atomic absorption. The results showed that higher concentrations of the cis isomer were localized in the liver and kidney, while the concentration of the trans isomer was higher in blood. This indicates that trans isomer is sequestered in the central compartment, whereas cis isomer is distributed in the organs. We also measured metallothionein mRNA and protein levels in both liver and kidney following cisdichlorodiammineplatinum and transdichlorodiammine-platinum treatment to distinguish if the differential toxicity of the two stereoisomers could be related to metallothionein induction. We report here that cisplatin was capable of inducing metallothionein expression in mice in vivo and that there is an inverse relationship between metallothionein expression and the pattern of tissue toxicity induced by the drug. PMID- 3199416 TI - Students' certainty during course test-taking and performance on clerkships and board exams. AB - Psychometric aspects of multiple-choice tests were investigated using a confidence-weighted scoring technique. The contributions of two indices, overconfidence and underconfidence, in the prediction of subsequent academic performance of examinees were studied. A total of 444 sophomore students (entering classes of 1982 and 1983) in one medical school were asked to indicate their confidence, on a 5-point scale (100, 75, 50, 25, and 0), in the correctness of their responses to each multiple-choice item on an Introduction to Clinical Medicine examination. Examinations were scored in two ways: in the conventional way, using the total number of correct responses, and by a confidence-weighted technique based on the level of certainty indicated for each response by the examinee. Only the conventional score determined the grade; the confidence weighted score was calculated for the purely experimental purposes of this study. Overconfidence and underconfidence indices were also calculated by using the indicated levels of certainty. Improvements in the psychometrics of the examinations were observed when confidence-weighted scoring was used. In multiple regression models, the confidence-weighted scores and indices of over- and underconfidence contributed significantly to predicting scores of the students studied on Parts I and II of the National Board of Medical Examiners examinations, whereas the conventional score did not contribute to the prediction of Part II scores. Significant differences on junior clerkship examinations and ratings were observed between those who were highly overconfident and those who were slightly overconfident. The highly overconfident students also estimated higher future incomes than did those who were slightly overconfident. PMID- 3199417 TI - A qualitative study of initial faculty tutors in a problem-based curriculum. AB - Numerous medical schools are beginning to plan single courses, separate curricular tracks, or entire curricula using problem-based, small-group methods. The use of these methods places a high demand on faculty members' time and support. In the present study, the authors examined the characteristics and beliefs of those faculty members who volunteered as tutors for problem-based teaching during the first two years of the New Pathway Project at Harvard Medical School. The results confirm several major conclusions of innovation research: that an individual's adoption of an innovation is heavily influenced by his or her perceived need for change and the benefits that might result from becoming involved in this change; that initial adopters tend to be oriented toward institutional colleagueship; and that personal contacts with colleagues play an essential role in their decision to participate. In addition, the desire to improve medical education emerged as a major motive for involvement in the problem-based curriculum. PMID- 3199418 TI - Residents' perceptions of their role as teachers. AB - Teaching by residents has long been recognized as essential to the education of interns and medical students, but how residents view their role as educators has not been examined in great detail. For this purpose a questionnaire was constructed and administered to 55 internal medicine residents at the McGaw Medical Center of Northwestern University. Responses indicate that the residents enjoyed teaching and considered it a critical component of their own experience and education. These residents' views appear unrelated to their previous teaching or academic backgrounds or to plans for an academic career. A number of variables correlated with teaching satisfaction. The teaching experience can be improved, the survey suggests, by lessening distractions and interruptions that occur during teaching sessions, freeing residents of some other obligations so that more time may be devoted to teaching, increasing faculty members' observation and guidance of teaching, and carefully structuring the content of the residents' teaching sessions. PMID- 3199419 TI - Sources of resistance to an intern support group. AB - When senior house officers were observed to be resistant to an intern support group, they were surveyed in order to identify the sources of their resistance. Sixty-nine percent of house officers in postgraduate year two (PGY-2) and PGY-3 responded to an anonymous seven-item survey. Although their attitudes toward supportive programs were generally favorable, a minority of the house officers felt that residents expressing the need for support were less competent than other residents or needed to change to a less rigorous specialty. A majority felt that it was unfair to require senior house officers to provide coverage for interns attending a support group. They felt that support should be made available to all house officers rather than interns only and that stress would be reduced by eliminating the sources of stress as well as by providing supportive programs. Training program directors need to be aware of and anticipate these attitudes before designing supportive programs. PMID- 3199420 TI - Survey of practices in evaluating teaching in U.S. medical schools, 1978 and 1986. PMID- 3199421 TI - Influence of gender on completing an internal medicine residency. PMID- 3199422 TI - Cultural literacy of fourth-year medical students. PMID- 3199423 TI - Use of interviews in the selection of pediatric house officers. PMID- 3199424 TI - Computerized medical records. PMID- 3199425 TI - Production and characterisation of monoclonal antibodies specific for staphylococcal enterotoxin B. AB - We have generated monoclonal antibodies (MABs) to staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in BALB/c mice. Five out of 20 clones which produce anti-SEB MABs have been characterised. Among them, three produce IgG1/kappa, one produces IgM/lambda, and one apparently produces both IgG1/lambda and IgM/lambda MABs. The anti-SEB titres of ascites fluids range from 3200 to greater than 819200 by ELISA. All of the MABs analysed thus far neutralise the mitogenic response of BALB/c splenocytes to a suboptimal dose of SEB. Also, the induction of suppressor cells by SEB in vitro is reversed by pre-incubating SEB with these MABs. Limited digestion with chymotrypsin, trypsin or Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease yields peptide fragments which have been tested by Western-blot analysis. MABs 1FD7 and 2GD9 are specific for the carboxy-terminal end of SEB, and have a similar, but not identical, binding epitope. MABs 2DA3 and 2HA10 bind to intact SEB but not to cleaved products, and are probably specific for antigenic determinants altered by the cleavage or by the denaturing conditions of the electrophoresis, or by both. PMID- 3199426 TI - Plasmid profiles and restriction enzyme fragmentation patterns of plasmids of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from hospital and the community. AB - The number, frequency distribution and restriction enzyme fragmentation patterns of plasmids harboured by 163 methicillin-sensitive isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 53 methicillin-resistant isolates (MRSA) were compared. Plasmids were demonstrated in less than half of the MSSA isolates; their frequency distribution did not differ from that predicted by a simple model of plasmid distributions. In contrast, all the MRSA isolates harboured plasmids, their distribution suggesting dissemination of a limited number of clones within the hospital. Among 72 MSSA isolates harbouring plasmids, 38 different restriction patterns were identified. There were fewer patterns among MRSA isolates; 11 were observed, and two predominant patterns accounted for 68% of those identified. These restriction patterns correlated with the presence or absence of aminoglycoside resistance. A multicopy plasmid of 2.6 kb was present in both MSSA and MRSA isolates that harboured more than one plasmid; it had the same restriction pattern irrespective of its source. The importance of these results in choosing a method of studying the spread of staphylococci is discussed. PMID- 3199427 TI - Lymphocyte subset alterations in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. AB - Twenty-three patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH) were entered into a study to evaluate the relationship between alcoholic hepatitis, malnutrition, and immune status. In order to quantify these variables, objective parameters of nutritional status and lymphocyte phenotype and function were used. On admission to hospital, the mean number of CD4 helper/inducer cells, CD8 suppressor/cytotoxic cells, and CD3 lymphocytes were significantly reduced compared to age matched, non hospitalized laboratory controls. In order to ascertain whether this abnormality was reversible, 12 patients, who were willing to remain in the hospital for 30 days, were treated for this entire period with oral nutritional supplementation using a commercially available preparation high in calories, protein, and branch chain amino acids. After 30 days of this therapy and abstinence, the number of CD4 cells increased from a mean (+/- SD) of 658 +/- 428 to 815 +/- 599/mm3. There was no difference in results of the lymphocyte transformation test comparing pre- and post-therapy values using either fetal calf or autologous serum. For all groups tested, cells cultured in autologous serum exhibited a significantly decreased response to mitogen compared to cells cultured in fetal calf serum. Both the total nutritional and the protein depletion (kwashiorkor) scores improved significantly during the 30 days of nutritional supplementation (p less than 0.0009 and p less than 0.0004, respectively). Therefore, we have observed an alteration in the numbers of helper lymphocytes in patients admitted with AH. This abnormality was modifiable by abstinence and nutritional supplementation over a brief period of hospitalization. PMID- 3199428 TI - Elimination kinetics of circulating antigens and immune complexes. I. A simple multicompartment model for the analysis of blood elimination of intravenously injected antigens and immune complexes. AB - A multi-compartment model designed to analyse the blood elimination kinetics of intravenously injected radiolabelled antigens in experimental animals is presented. The model was fitted to experimental data on blood radioactivity levels at different times following intravenous injection of radiolabelled antigen. Numerical values were obtained for tissue association, degradation, and urinary recovery of degradation products. The model may prove useful as a test for reticuloendothelial function. PMID- 3199429 TI - A polyclonal IgM-RF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of circulating immune complexes. AB - A microplate-adapted polyclonal IgM-rheumatoid factor enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pIgM-RF ELISA) for the detection of circulating immune complexes (cIC) is presented. The assay involves the competitive binding of cIC and horseradish peroxidase conjugated aggregated human IgG (HRP-AHG) to solid-phase bound polyclonal IgM-RF (pIgM-RF). Aggregated human IgG (AHG) inhibited the binding of HRP-AHG to pIgM-RF in a dose-dependent way. The detection limit of the assay was about 125 ng AHG/ml diluted serum. The coefficients of variation for the assay varied from 5.0 to 14.7% for intra-assay runs and from 4.5 to 13.8% for inter assay runs. The levels of cIC in sera from 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 85 untreated patients with breast cancer and 105 blood bank donors were studied by the pIgM-RF ELISA. Increased levels of cIC were demonstrated in 41.4% of the SLE group, in 8.2% of the breast cancer group, and in 1.9% of the normal control group. The difference in cIC activity between the SLE group and the normal control group was statistically significant. PMID- 3199430 TI - Markers for improvement in children with pervasive developmental disorders. AB - In a series of prevalence and follow-up studies on North Dakota's 59 children with pervasive developmental disorders, the patient characteristics of hyperlexia, Tourette disorder (TD), and the absence of seizures were found to be associated with improved outcome or higher IQ. We entered these and 17 other characteristics into a regression model using forward, step-wise inclusion to identify the smallest set of predictor variables which were significantly associated with the dependent variables of IQ, and receptive and expressive language. Of the 20 predictor variables used in the regression analysis, the same four variables met inclusion criteria for each of the dependent variables. These predictor variables were: hyperlexia, a known aetiology, TD and age. The relevance of these findings is discussed. PMID- 3199431 TI - Semantic encoding by mildly retarded and non-retarded individuals. AB - Three comparable groups of mildly retarded individuals were required to encode words according to one of the levels of processing paradigm, a distinctiveness of encoding paradigm or a control condition in which encoding was not influenced in any manner. Their performance on an immediate but unexpected recognition task was compared to that of three comparable groups of equal-MA and three comparable groups of equal-CA individuals. The equal-CA group was the only group advantaged by both the levels of processing (LOP) and the distinctiveness of encoding (DOE) manipulations. The solid performance of the equal-MA subjects in the control, the LOP and the DOE conditions was attributed to the efficient use of episodic memory. The poor performance of the mildly retarded subjects across these conditions was attributed to the lack of semantic organization in permanent memory and to an inefficiency in the use of episodic memory. PMID- 3199432 TI - Psychometric properties of the Social Training Achievement Record (the STAR profile). AB - Seven hundred and sixty-eight Social Training Achievement Records were collected independently in two settings during routine assessment of mentally handicapped people, mostly adults in hospital. All scales and total scores were highly internally consistent. Factor analysis on one sample yielded two factors named General Adaptive Behaviour and Community and Equipment Skills. This factor structure was replicated on the second sample. This factor solution is highly similar to that reported for the Adaptive Behavior Scale (Nihira, 1976). Two new scales were derived on the basis of these factor analyses which were also highly internally consistent. Parallel forms of these scales were also satisfactorily developed. Total scores and scores on the two new scales were adequate in routine clinical practice and showed good concurrent and criterion group validities. Reliabilities of individual items were less satisfactory. Suggestions for future developments of this scale are made. PMID- 3199433 TI - The development of a psychosocial behaviour scale for the assessment of mentally handicapped people. AB - The development of a new behaviour assessment scale is described. The scale focuses particularly upon disturbed behaviours which may be indicative of an 'hysterical response tendency'. Factor analysis of the scale yielded a relatively 'pure' structure and the sub-scales generated thereby provide a useful descriptive profile and help to define areas for a more detailed appraisal. Applications of the scale are discussed. PMID- 3199434 TI - The relationship of depression to social skills and intellectual functioning in mentally retarded adults. AB - Ninety-nine mild to severely mentally retarded adults were evaluated on a variety of measures. The battery included the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT), the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults, the Social Performance Survey Schedule, Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression, the Beck Depression Inventory and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Depression and social skills measures correlated significantly with each other on self-report and informant reports. Receptive vocabulary did not significantly correlate with depression or social skills measures, irrespective of self or other report format. Additionally, demographic variables such as intellectual level were not significant. The PPVT mean scores differed significantly by level of mental retardation as might be expected. The significance of these data and their implication for further study are reviewed. PMID- 3199435 TI - The role of attention in the elimination of chronic, life-threatening vomiting. AB - A 24-year-old retarded client, whose weight over 7 years had fallen from 130 pounds to 72 pounds due to vomiting, was being kept alive for 2 weeks by tube feeding. Behavioural treatment consisted of (a) 30 minutes of non-contingent staff attention, (b) 2 minutes of no attention contingent on vomiting, and (c) a resulting 2-minute delay in cleaning expelled vomitus. In 2 weeks, vomiting of 7 years history was reduced to zero. Through 2 months of follow-up, vomiting remained at zero and weight increased to 97 pounds. The results support previous studies which suggested that vomiting may be reduced and eliminated by manipulating attention. PMID- 3199436 TI - Structure and organization of Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast genome. III. Gene organization of the large single copy region from rbcL to trnI(CAU). AB - The nucleotide sequence (25,320 base-pairs) of a part of the large single-copy region of chloroplast DNA from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha was determined. This region encodes putative genes for four tRNAs, isoleucine tRNA(CAU), arginine tRNA(CCG), proline tRNA(UGG) and tryptophan tRNA(CCA); eight photosynthetic polypeptides, the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL), 51,000 Mr photosystem II chlorophyll alpha apoprotein (psbB), apocytochrome b-559 polypeptides (psbE and psbF), 10,000 Mr phosphoprotein (psbH), cytochrome f preprotein (petA), cytochrome b6 polypeptide (petB), and cytochrome b6/f complex subunit 4 polypeptide (petD); 13 ribosomal proteins (L2, L14, L16, L20, L22, L23, L33, S3, S8, S11, S12, S18 and S19); initiation factor 1 (infA); ribosome-associating polypeptide (secX); and alpha subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoA). Functionally related genes were located in several clusters in this region of the genome. There were two ribosomal protein gene clusters: rpl23-rpl2-rps19-rpl22-rps3-rpl16-+ ++rpl14-rps8-infA-secX-rps11 rpoA, with a gene arrangement similar to that of the Escherichia coli S10-spc alpha operons, and the rps12'-rpl20-rps18-rpl33 cluster. There were gene clusters encoding photosynthesis components such as the psbB-psbH-petB-petD and the psbE psbF clusters. Thirteen open reading frames, ranging in length from 31 to 434 amino acid residues, remain to be identified. PMID- 3199437 TI - Structure and organization of Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast genome. IV. Inverted repeat and small single copy regions. AB - We characterized the genes in the regions of large inverted repeats (IRA and IRB, 10,058 base-pairs each) and a small single copy (SSC 19,813 bp) of chloroplast DNA from Marchantia polymorpha. The inverted repeat (IR) regions contain genes for four ribosomal RNAs (16 S, 23 S, 4.5 S and 5 S rRNAs) and five transfer RNAs (valine tRNA(GAC), isoleucine tRNA(GAU), alanine tRNA(UGC), arginine tRNA(ACG) and asparagine tRNA(GUU)). The gene organization of the IR regions in the liverwort chloroplast genome is conserved, although the IR regions are smaller (10,058 base-pairs) than any reported in higher plant chloroplasts. The small single-copy region (19,813 base-pairs) encoded genes for 17 open reading frames, a leucine tRNA(UAG) and a proline tRNA(GGG)-like sequence. We identified 12 open reading frames by homology of their coding sequences to a 4Fe-4S-type ferredoxin protein, a bacterial nitrogenase reductase component (Fe-protein), five human mitochondrial components of NADH dehydrogenase (ND1, ND4, ND4L, ND5 and ND6), two Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins (S15 and L21), two putative proteins encoded in the kinetoplast maxicircle DNA of Leishmania tarentolae (LtORF 3 and LtORF 4), and a bacterial permease inner membrane component (encoded by malF in E. coli or hisQ in Salmonella typhimurium). PMID- 3199438 TI - vir-induced recombination in Agrobacterium. Physical characterization of precise and imprecise T-circle formation. AB - Induction of Ti plasmid virulence (vir) gene expression during the early stages of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens initiates the generation of several T-DNA-associated molecular events: (1) site-specific nicks at T-DNA border sequences (border nicks); (2) free, unipolar, linear, single stranded T-DNA copies (T-strands); and (3) double-stranded, circular T-DNA molecules (T-circles). The first two T-DNA products have been detected in A. tumefaciens, while T-circles have only been detected following Escherichia coli transformation or transduction. The relationship between the three events has not been evaluated since the genesis of T-circles in A. tumefaciens has not been clarified. Evidence is presented here that T-circles are not an artefact of E. coli transformation, but are present as free, double-stranded molecules in A. tumefaciens resulting from site-specific reciprocal recombination between the left and right 25-base-pair border sequences that flank the T-DNA. Furthermore, the frequency of T-circle formation correlates with the frequency of formation of its reciprocal product, the Ti plasmid deleted in the T-DNA region. Several types of recombinant T-DNA circles arise after activation of vir gene expression, a major class representing precise site-specific recombination between both T-DNA borders, and a minor class representing recombination events either utilizing only one T-DNA border sequence and other Ti plasmid sequences, or utilizing only Ti plasmid sequences (i.e. no T-DNA borders). Nucleotide sequence analyses show that when one (nicked) border recombines with other Ti plasmid sequences, a small stretch (16 to 17 base-pairs) of local homology suffices to allow crossing over. PMID- 3199439 TI - Co-localization of rare oligonucleotides and regulatory elements in mammalian upstream gene regions. AB - In order to identify putative control signals of gene expression, 634 mammalian DNA sequences spanning 1.8 x 10(6) base-pairs were analysed and the frequencies of 1024 oligonucleotides five bases long (5-tuples) were determined. We defined as rare those 5-tuples having an observed frequency less than 50% of that expected by chance on the basis of base composition, and which had a reduction in frequency not attributable to CpG suppression or to coding constraints. Very few rare 5-tuples were identified; in addition, three oligonucleotides, reverse complements of rare 5-tuples, were found to have a frequency ranging between 0.582 and 0.671. The frequency of most of the rare 5-tuples was higher in 5' promoter regions as compared to exonic segments, so imitating the distribution pattern of known signals. Some of the rare 5-tuples identified by this strategy belonged to a portion of the nine base-pair binding site in promoters, which is also known as the octamer motif. In addition, three of the rare oligonucleotides were found to be located within other regulatory elements, previously identified by techniques of molecular biology. Two rare 5-tuples were found within sites of interaction between DNA and proteins, one of them being a transcriptional factor. The available data about known control sequences involved in gene expression in mammals therefore provide evidence for a role in gene regulation of the rare oligonucleotide selected. PMID- 3199440 TI - On the mechanism of ribosomal frameshifting at hungry codons. AB - In a few, rather rare cases, frameshift mutant alleles are phenotypically suppressed during limitation for particular aminoacyl-tRNA species. The simplest interpretation is compensatory ribosome frameshifting at a "hungry" codon in the vicinity of the suppressed frameshift mutation. We have now tested this interpretation directly by obtaining amino acid sequence data on such a phenotypically suppressed protein. We used a plasmid-borne lacZ gene, engineered to be in the (+) reading frame. Its background leakiness is increased by two orders of magnitude during lysyl-tRNA limitation. The enzyme made under this condition has the amino acid sequence expected from the DNA sequence up to the first lysine codon, then shifts in the (-) direction to recreate the correct lacZ reading frame. The lysine is replaced by serine, presumably due to cognate reading of an overlapping AGC codon displaced by one base to the 3' side of the AAG codon. When the 3' overlapping codon is AGA or AGG, there is no ribosome frameshifting; when it is AGU (read by the same serine tRNA) there is frameshifting, although less efficiently than in the case of AGC. The mechanism of cognate overlapping reading contradicts more elaborate models that two of the authors have suggested previously. However, the possibility remains that there is more than one mechanism of ribosome frameshifting at hungry codons. PMID- 3199441 TI - Functional cDNA libraries from Drosophila embryos. AB - We have modified current methods to create a very efficient technique for cloning cDNAs in a defined orientation, into plasmid vectors bearing phage SP6 and T7 polymerase promoters. First strand synthesis is primed at the poly(A) tail with a 26-mer synthetic oligonucleotide linker/primer, the RNA is hydrolyzed and the cDNA is tailed with 10 to 15 dG residues. The cDNA is then annealed to two prepared vector fragments specific for the two ends of the cDNA (one bearing a dC10-15 tail and the other bearing a 14-nucleotide cohesive end complementary to the linker/primer). After ligation the second strand is synthesized with the large fragment of DNA polymerase I. Libraries of up to 8 x 10(6) independent transformants have been obtained from 1 microgram of Drosophila poly(A)+ RNA. The design of the method and careful optimization of first strand synthesis have permitted cloning of several large (4.3 to 6.5 kb), low abundance cDNAs. Transcription of essentially full-length clones with phage SP6 RNA polymerase produces RNAs that are efficiently translated in vitro to give complete, unfused products, thus permitting rapid characterization of the clones via the encoded polypeptides. Antisense RNAs can also be produced by transcription with phage T7 RNA polymerase. PMID- 3199442 TI - Embryonic epsilon and gamma globin genes of a prosimian primate (Galago crassicaudatus). Nucleotide and amino acid sequences, developmental regulation and phylogenetic footprints. AB - Sequence analysis of epsilon and gamma genes and encoded globins and high pressure liquid chromatography analysis of globin compositions in blood hemolysates obtained from embryos, fetuses and adults show that the prosimian primate Galago crassicaudatus expresses its epsilon and gamma genes only embryonically. Since rabbit, mouse and galago all have embryonic gamma genes but simian primates have fetal gamma genes, we conclude that gamma E evolved into gamma F in stem-simians. An elevated non-synonymous substitution rate characterizes this transition. The alignment of epsilon and gamma nucleotide sequences and the parsimoniously reconstructed evolutionary history of these sequences identify several anciently conserved cis-regulatory elements (phylogenetic footprints) important for gamma expression in primates and also cis mutations which may have been involved in the recruitment of the gamma gene to a fetal program in simian primates. PMID- 3199443 TI - Electrostatic effects of charge perturbations introduced by metal oxidation in proteins. A theoretical analysis. AB - A macroscopic dielectric model for the interactions between charges in proteins is used to calculate the changes in His residue pKa values induced in azurin by oxidation of the copper. The calculated results agree with nuclear magnetic resonance experiments to within the uncertainty associated with the measurements. It is found that a large apparent dielectric constant can describe the interaction between two protein groups, even if the shortest path between them is through the protein, which is assumed to have a low dielectric constant. PMID- 3199444 TI - Crystallization and purification of the enzyme anthranilate phosphoribosyl transferase. AB - Anthranilate phosphoribosyl transferase from the bacterium Hafnia alvei has been crystallized. This enzyme is one of a small number that constitute the biosynthetic pathway for tryptophan. Large cubic crystals were grown at 4 degrees C by dialyzing away the glycerol from a protein solution that included ammonium sulfate, polyethylene glycol and glycerol. The crystals were much more temperature stable and resistant to X-ray deterioration than a previous, similar crystal form that had included glycerol. The crystals belong to the space group I432, a = b = c = 189 A (1 A = 0.1 nm). The ratio of the monomer molecular weight, 37,000, to the volume of the unit cell suggests that there is one homodimer per asymmetric unit. The crystals diffracted to a resolution of 3.0 A at the Stanford Synchotron Radiation Laboratory X-ray source. PMID- 3199446 TI - Morphology and locomotor adaptations of the bovid femur in relation to habitat. AB - Extant bovids inhabit a wide diversity of environments that range from forest to savanna and display locomotor patterns that are habitat specific. I report here on an investigation of the linkage between these locomotor patterns and habitat based on a study of the morphology of the bovid femur. Femoral head shape, shaft dimensions, and knee structure are examined and support a statistically significant separation of the different morphological complexes present in bovids from forest, broken cover, and savanna habitats. Morphological differences are primarily related to locomotor patterns as reflected in the degree of cursoriality displayed by bovids in different habitats. Cursorial bovids from savanna environments have laterally expanded femoral heads that act to limit the degree of abduction and axial rotation at the hip, and elliptically shaped distal femora that increase the moment arm of the extensor muscles that cross the knee. Forest bovids have spherically shaped femoral heads. This morphology permits a much higher degree of abduction and axial rotation at the hip and appears to provide greater maneuverability in a vegetationally complex habitat. Bovids living in broken cover environments that fall between the extremes of closed canopy forest and savanna display an intermediate set of femoral characters. This approach to the relationship between habitat and locomotion offers a potentially powerful means with which to examine the interplay between structural form and function in bovid evolution. PMID- 3199445 TI - Crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction studies of two new antigen antibody (lysozyme-Fab) complexes. AB - The complexes between the Fab fragments of two monoclonal anti-lysozyme antibodies, Fab10.6.6 (high affinity) and D44.2 (lower affinity), and their specific antigen, hen egg-white lysozyme, have been crystallized. The antibodies recognize an antigenic determinant including Arg68, but differ significantly in their association constants for the antigen. Two crystalline forms were obtained for the complex with FabF10.6.6, the higher affinity antibody. One of them is monoclinic, space group P21, with unit cell dimensions a = 145.6 A, b = 78.1 A, c = 63.1 A, beta = 89.05 degrees, consistent with the presence of two molecules of the complex in the asymmetric unit. These crystals diffract X-rays beyond 3 A making this form suitable for high-resolution X-ray diffraction studies. The second form crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1, with unit cell dimensions a = 134.0 A, b = 144.7 A, c = 98.6 A, alpha = 90.30 degrees, beta = 97.1 degrees, gamma = 90.20 degrees, consistent with the presence of 10 to 12 molecules of the complex in the unit cell. These crystals do not diffract X-rays beyond 5 A resolution. The antigen-antibody complex between FabD44.2, the lower affinity antibody, and hen egg-white lysozyme crystallizes in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit cell dimensions a = 99.7 A, b = 167.3 A, c = 84.7 A, consistent with the presence of two molecules of the complex in the asymmetric unit. These crystals diffract X-rays beyond 2.5 A resolution. PMID- 3199447 TI - Adrenergic innervation of the large arteries and veins of the semiarboreal rat snake Elaphe obsoleta. AB - Fluorescence histochemistry was used to study the adrenergic innervation of the large arteries and veins at six points along the body of the semiarboreal rat snake Elaphe obsoleta. Apart from the vessels adjacent to the heart, there was a marked contrast in the density of adrenergic innervation of anterior and posterior systemic arteries and veins. The anterior arteries and veins have little adrenergic innervation in contrast to the extremely dense innervation of the arteries and veins posterior to the heart. The innervation pattern is consistent with known physiological adjustments to gravity and suggests a mechanism for regulating dependent blood flow via sympathetic nerves. In comparison to the posterior systemic arteries, parallel segments of pulmonary artery taken from the same body position of Elaphe contained a much sparser innervation by adrenergic nerves. The sparser innervation can be correlated with less gravitational disturbance in the pulmonary artery, which is relatively short in this and in other arboreal snakes. PMID- 3199448 TI - Aqueous drainage paths in the equine eye: scanning electron microscopy of corrosion cast. AB - The anterior vasculature of the pony eye was examined by the corrosion cast method. The anterior segment of the pony eye has a vascular pattern which is similar but distinct from that of other mammalian species. Large iridal veins collateralized directly with the anterior vortex venous system. The intrascleral plexus was present but formed a fine, radially oriented, extensive network. This contrasted to the circumferential larger-diameter intrascleral plexus noted in dogs and the canal of Schlemm present in primates. The intrascleral plexus only drained posteriorly in the pony as compared to that in other species where anterior collateralizations have been described. The pattern of aqueous outflow was found to have relevance clinically in veterinary medicine and could provide insight into the frequent occurrence and treatment of equine recurrent uveitis as well as diseases of the posterior segment. PMID- 3199449 TI - Transmission electron microscopic study of the saccule in the embryonic, larval, and adult toadfish Opsanus tau. AB - The development of the sensory epithelium of the saccular macula of Opsanus tau was studied with transmission electron microscopy. In the 10-12 somite embryo all cells of the newly formed otocyst are morphologically undefined, having an apically placed cilium with an underlying basal body and parabasal body. Junctional complexes are characterized primarily by tight junctions and a few desmosomes. In the 17-somite embryo the sensory cells begin to differentiate and are definable by the development of microvilli, which lack a cuticular plate. When the embryo has approximately 25-30 somites, ganglion cells differentiate and send their nerve processes toward the thin, disrupted basal lamina and the developing rhombencephalon. Desmosomes are more definable in the sensory regions at this age. As the myotomes begin forming (approximately 5-8 days before hatching), the nerves invade the sensory epithelium, and the developing sensory cells contain dense bodies surrounded by clear, membrane-bound vesicles. Clear synapticlike vesicles are also found throughout the infranuclear region of the sensory cells. However, afferent fibers lack a postsynaptic density. Three to 6 days prior to hatching a cuticular plate begins forming under the ciliary bundles and support and peripheral cells begin to morphologically differentiate. Two to 4 days before hatching the cuticular plate is well formed, desmosomes are numerous, afferent synapses are complete, and the sensory cells are in the upper two-thirds of the epithelium. Seven to 10 days after hatching, sensory cells have efferent synapses and ganglion cells and nerves show a myelin coat. These results suggest that sensory cells begin their development prior to VIIIth nerve innervation, although the orientation and pattern development of these cells may be related to the formation of the cuticular plate, desmosomes, afferent innervation, and basal lamina formation. PMID- 3199450 TI - Spermiogenesis in the red-ear turtle (Pseudemys scripta) and the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus): a study of cytoplasmic events including cell volume changes and cytoplasmic elimination. AB - Nuclear and cytoplasmic volume changes as well as the elimination of residual spermatid cytoplasm were investigated in the red-ear turtle (Pseudemys scripta) and the rooster (Gallus domesticus). Nuclei of newly formed spermatids which were originally centrally located became eccentrically located within the cell in both species. Shortly thereafter the nuclear pole of the spermatid was found situated within deep crypts of a Sertoli cell. The cytoplasm of elongating spermatids was displaced along the nonacrosomal region of the nucleus and the proximal flagellum. In both species sheetlike Sertoli cell processes indented spermatid cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus and appeared to segregate small packets of the cytoplasm. In the turtle, these packets of cytoplasm were separated from the spermatid. In both the turtle and rooster, a portion of the spermatid cytoplasm was displaced forward over the acrosomal region of the spermatid to resemble a hood. As spermatids were transported to the seminiferous tubular lumen, cytoplasmic lobes which projected forward of the spermatid head were formed by preferential flow of cytoplasm into one aspect of the cytoplasmic hood. In both species, at sperm release the cytoplasmic lobe was disengaged from the spermatid head to form a large residual body that was internalized and degraded within the Sertoli cell. Medium-sized cytoplasmic lobes were pinched from the head and neck region of the turtle and rooster spermatids, respectively. In the turtle, small sized mitochondrial-rich cytoplasmic fragments budded from the caudal head and midpiece of the spermatids and were phagocytosed by the Sertoli cell. Thus, cytoplasmic elimination occurred through 1) segregation of cytoplasmic packets by Sertoli penetrating processes (turtle), 2) elimination of large and medium-sized residual bodies from the head (turtle and bird), and 3) budding of small mitochondrial-rich cytoplasmic fragments from the region of the midpiece (turtle). In the turtle a 79% reduction in total cell volume occurred during spermiogenesis which was the result of an 84% cytoplasmic reduction and a 78% nuclear reduction. During spermiogenesis, the rooster lost 97% of its total cell volume due to a 97% cytoplasmic volume change and a 96% nuclear volume change. PMID- 3199451 TI - Preoperative evaluation of cataract patients. PMID- 3199452 TI - Hypopyon keratitis with subsequent evisceration. A nursing care study. PMID- 3199453 TI - Transitions--reflections on being blind in a sighted world. PMID- 3199454 TI - Cosmetic use caveats. PMID- 3199455 TI - Evaluation of exposure to isoflurane (Forane): environmental and biological measurements in operating room personnel. AB - The concentration of isoflurane (Forane) in the ambient atmosphere was determined in 11 operating theaters of 5 hospitals in Italy. The concentration of isoflurane in the ambient air exceeds the recommended time-weighted average exposure levels (median value: 113 mumol/m3). Isoflurane was detected in the urine of 45 exposed subjects (anesthetists, surgeons, and nurses). A significant correlation was found between the isoflurane concentration in urine produced during the shift (Cu' nmol/l) and isoflurane environmental concentration (Cl' mumol/m3) (Cu = 0.243 X Cl + 3.712) (r = .90). The results show that the urinary isoflurane concentration can be used as an appropriate biological exposure index. The authors suggest a biological exposure index of 18 nmol/l (3.4 micrograms/l). This is the biological value obtained after 4 h of an average environmental exposure to 81 mumol/m3 (2 ppm). PMID- 3199456 TI - Uptake, distribution, and metabolism of trivalent arsenic in the pregnant mouse. AB - To investigate the distribution of trivalent arsenic (arsenite) in the pregnant rodent, CD-1 mice were dosed with sodium arsenite by ip injection or by gavage on gestation d 18 (copulation plug day = d 1). Doses were 8 (ip) or 25 (po) mg/kg, and samples of maternal blood, liver, and kidneys, as well as fetuses and pooled placentas, were analyzed for total arsenic at intervals of up to 24 h. Fetal tissue was also analyzed for relative proportions of inorganic arsenic and methylated metabolites. Arsenic uptake was significantly greater in the injected mice and their fetuses (as a proportion of the administered dose), with levels highest at 10 min to 4 h in maternal tissues and 24 h in fetuses. Peak maternal arsenic levels (as microgram/g or microgram/ml) ranged from 2.36 (blood) to 26.15 (liver) for the ip injected and 1.25 (blood) to 17.64 (liver) for the gavaged treatment group. The rate of arsenic elimination from maternal samples was not significantly influenced by administration route, with first-order elimination rate constants (k) of 0.215 and 0.234 h-1 for the po and ip dosed mice, respectively. Fetal tissue arsenic peaks were 2.10 and 0.77 micrograms/g for the ip and po treatment groups, respectively. The proportion of methylated arsenic in fetuses increased to 79% in the ip treatment group and 88% in the po group by 24 h. Such results show that much of the arsenic reaching the mouse fetus has been methylated to less toxic metabolites. They also confirm that assumptions made regarding hazard to the fetus must reflect the likelihood that a portion of any maternal dose of inorganic arsenite reaching a fetus may have been methylated, and they support previous findings that arsenite is toxic to the conceptus at lower doses when given by injection than by gavage. PMID- 3199457 TI - Reproductive toxicity of 2,4-toluenediamine in the rat. 3. Effects on androgen binding protein levels, selected seminiferous tubule characteristics, and spermatogenesis. AB - In previous studies we demonstrated reduced fertility, arrested spermatogenesis, and diminished circulating testosterone levels in rats fed 0.03% 2,4 toluenediamine (TDA) for 10 wk. These studies were extended in three experiments by determining TDA effects on androgen-binding protein (rABP) production and on seminiferous tubule structure, and on early changes in testes morphology and spermatogenesis. In the first experiment, rats fed 0.03% TDA for 10 wk showed a 7 to 9-fold increase in rABP content in testicular cytosol or in media of cultured seminiferous tubules, a 4-fold increase in serum rABP, but a two-thirds decrease in epididymal rABP levels. Testes examination by transmission electron microscopy revealed degenerative changes in Sertoli cells with, where present, normal spermatocytes and spermatids. In the second experiment, 0.03% TDA fed for 4, 6, or 8 wk resulted in a doubling of testes/body weight ratios and a highly correlated 2.5- to 2.9-fold increase in seminiferous tubule fluid volume. An approximately 50% decrease in epididymal sperm reserves was found after 6 or 8 wk of TDA exposure. After 10 wk of exposure to 0.03% TDA, testicular weight was the same as in control-fed rats but seminiferous tubule fluid volume was still elevated. These changes in testicular characteristics indicate TDA effects on Sertoli cell function, on RABP release from the testes (and epididymides), and possibly on tubular fluid transport. In the third experiment, rats fed 0.06% TDA for 1 wk showed a 25% decrease in epididymal sperm content, reduced epididymal weight, and minor structural changes in Sertoli cells. After 3 wk of 0.06% TDA feeding, sperm counts were further reduced, and were accompanied by a dramatic increase in testes weight, intense fluid accumulation, and ultrastructural changes in Sertoli cells. No significant changes in serum testosterone levels were noted in the TDA-treated rats. The results of this third experiment demonstrate TDA toxicity on testicular spermatogenesis within 3 wk of TDA feeding. The within 3 wk of TDA feeding. The findings in this study suggest that the early inhibition of spermatogenesis by TDA is mediated through Sertoli cell damage. PMID- 3199458 TI - Effect of benzyl chloride on rat hepatocytes. AB - Benzyl chloride (BCl) is used in the manufacture of basic and acidic dyes, pharmaceutical products, resins, and synthetic tannins. BCl is known to have caused liver malfunctions in some workers exposed to 2 ppm BCl vapors. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of BCl on isolated male rat hepatocytes using several toxicity parameters. The hepatocytes were isolated by a collagenase perfusion technique and were incubated in airtight tubes with 1.8 and 3.6 mM BCl in a shaking water bath at 37 degrees C for 10, 30, 60, and 120 min. Throughout the incubation period the cell viability was determined by trypan blue exclusion and leakage of cytosolic enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT). Exposure to BCl resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability as assessed by trypan blue and significant increase in leakage of these enzymes compared to the controls. PMID- 3199459 TI - Changes in rat lung microsomal lipids after p-xylene: relationship to inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene metabolism. AB - The relationship between p-xylene's effects on microsomal membranes, cytochrome P 450, and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolism was studied. p-Xylene (1 g/kg, ip, 1 h) inhibited 3-hydroxy BaP (3-OH) formation and decreased arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity approximately 40% in rat lung microsomes. BaP dihydrodiol and quinone formation were unchanged by p-xylene administration. Cytochrome P-450 was below the limit of detection in lung microsomes from p xylene-treated rats. Total phospholipid (PL) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) in microsomal membranes were decreased 28% and 17%, respectively. Cholesterol (CL), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and sphingomyelin (SM) were unchanged. The net activity of enzymes involved in the synthesis of PC, phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase I and II (PMT I and PMT II), was slightly elevated by p-xylene. PL/CL and PC/PE ratios, indicators of membrane fluidity, were decreased 34% and 13%, respectively, in microsomes from p-xylene-treated rats. Analysis of fluidity by fluorescence polarization showed that the actual fluidity of treated microsomes was slightly decreased (5%) as compared to controls. The decrease in P-450, PL, and PC is considered to contribute to the inhibition of BaP metabolism. PMID- 3199460 TI - Rabbit serum hypertriglyceridemia after administration of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). AB - TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) caused a dose-dependent decrease of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and caused a concomitant increase in serum triglyceride concentration in the rabbit 10 d after single ip administration of either 1 or 50 micrograms/kg. Hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) binding was markedly depressed and serum cholesterol concentrations were modestly increased relative to pair-fed control animals. Serum glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the rabbit administered TCDD compared to ad libitum or pair-fed control animals, although little change was observed in serum insulin concentration. Electron microscopic examination of aortic arches 20 d after a single ip administration of 50 micrograms TCDD/kg revealed ruffling, denudation, and sloughing off of the cell surface and the appearance of macrophage-like structures in the intima and media of the endothelial cells. These alterations resemble preatherosclerotic lesions typical in animals with hyperlipidemia. It is proposed that TCDD causes hyperlipidemia in the rabbit through suppression of LPL activity and LDL receptor binding. PMID- 3199462 TI - Supracondylar fractures of the humerus--results of surgical treatment. AB - Forty-eight patients with supracondylar fractures of the humerus have been treated at St. Michael's Hospital in the past 10 years. Forty-six of the 48 were treated surgically. A comparison was made between the use of standard AO (ASIF) plates with a pre-contoured plate especially designed for the distal humerus. The results of this comparison suggested that the specifically designed plate provided superior fixation and better anatomic restoration of the distal humerus. Anatomic reduction, rigid fixation, and early surgery provide the best results. PMID- 3199461 TI - Dermal toxicity of a high-boiling (bp 250-450 degrees C) coal liquefaction product in the rat--II. AB - Coal liquefaction products have been considered as an alternate source of energy to replace conventional crude oil. The present study was designed to investigate the dermal toxicity of a heavy fraction of coal liquefaction product (CLP, bp 250 450 degrees C) in the rat. Groups of 10 male and 10 female Sprague-Dawley rats (180-200 g) were treated dermally with CLP at dose levels of 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg body weight.d for 6 wk. The controls were treated with 0.4 ml/kg of normal saline, while the positive control group received 400 mg/kg diesel fuel. Growth suppression was observed in all CLP-treated groups of males; in the females this effect occurred in the two highest dose groups. Diesel fuel at 400 mg/kg also caused growth suppression of a similar magnitude to that of CLP in male rats. Male animals treated with high doses of CLP or diesel fuel had severe skin lesions. Increased liver weights were observed in the diesel fuel-treated as well as all CLP-treated groups of females. The kidney weights of females treated with 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg CLP were also higher than control values. Decreased red cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit volume occurred in some CLP and diesel fuel groups of both sexes. There was mild bone marrow hyperplasia in rats of both sexes treated with CLP or diesel fuel. Mild histological changes were observed in the thyroid, liver, bone marrow, and skin of rats of both sexes treated with CLP and diesel fuel. Based on the data presented, dermal application of CLP produced systemic toxicity at the dose levels studied, and CLP and diesel fuel possess toxic effects of similar nature and magnitude. PMID- 3199463 TI - Methodologic issues in hospital-based injury research. AB - Studies of trauma patients at clinical facilities commonly are flawed because nothing is known about kinetic or other energy forces causing injuries, and analysis may be limited only to inpatients, with no knowledge about those not injured, those with injuries not requiring treatment, those seen only in the emergency department, or those who died at the scene. Such problems are exacerbated in studies from trauma centers, whose populations reflect additional triage. Where alcohol is involved, acute intoxication may cause erroneous AIS, ISS, and Glasgow Coma Scale ratings based on initial patient assessment. Also, selective differences in frequency of testing for alcohol among different categories of patients can alter results. PMID- 3199464 TI - The epidemiology of mild, uncomplicated brain injury. AB - Mild brain injury accounts for a substantial proportion of all persons admitted to a hospital for brain trauma, yet the amount of information on the epidemiology of this problem is quite sparse. Data on mild brain injuries for San Diego County residents injured in 1981 were analyzed for incidence, external cause, prehospital factors, diagnoses, alcohol use, and in-hospital treatment costs. More than 80% of all San Diego County residents hospitalized for an acute brain injury had a mild uncomplicated brain injury: a rate of 130.8 per 100,000 per year. Three quarters of these had an ER Glasgow Coma Scale of 15. Rates are twice as high for males compared to females, with peak occurrence for males at ages 15 19 years. More than 40% of mild brain injuries are caused by motor-vehicle related events. The most common diagnosis was concussion (80%) or other intracranial injury (14%). Median length of hospital stay was 2-3 days and depended on brain injury diagnosis or Glasgow Coma Scale. Although less than 30% of those aged 15 years and older were blood tested for alcohol, two thirds of those tested had a level of 100 mg% or higher. In-hospital treatment costs for concussion or other mild intracranial injury for San Diego County residents exceeded six million dollars in 1981. PMID- 3199465 TI - The percutaneous common femoral vein catheter for volume replacement in critically injured patients. AB - The acquisition of venous access with the potential for massive volume infusion can be a major determinant in the survival of a critically injured patient. A percutaneously placed 8.5 Fr common femoral vein catheter (CFVC) was inserted in 366 patients in whom upper extremity veins were unavailable or inadequate for volume resuscitation. Flow rates were further maximized by replacing standard intravenous tubing with genitourinary irrigating tubing (GIT). Infusion rates of up to 1,622 cc/minute (one liter in 37 seconds) of lactated Ringer's solution were achieved in this group of patients with a mean Trauma Score of 9.3 and a mean Injury Severity Score of 32.1. Although 90% of trauma patients can be managed with a peripheral vein catheter, venous access in patients with the potential need for massive volume infusion can be achieved in a rapid, safe, and efficient manner using the CFVC in conjunction with the GIT. We conclude that this system can be used effectively in trauma patients with hemodynamic instability, unavailable or inaccessible upper extremity veins, suspected cervicothoracic major vascular injury and when massive volume or blood replacement is anticipated. PMID- 3199466 TI - The effect of intravenous lidocaine on experimental brain edema and neural activities. AB - A series of experiments was conducted to clarify the effect of intravenous administration of lidocaine on brain water content, local cerebral blood flow (lCBF), and neural recovery in brain injury induced by exposure of the cat's cerebral surface to the air. The injury produced ischemia and edema in the cortex and white matter without direct damage of the cortex. Lidocaine (3.0 mg/kg) was given intravenously for 30 minutes immediately after air exposure and thereafter at the rate of 2 mg/kg/hour. Twelve hours after exposure, lidocaine significantly suppressed cortical ischemia and edema; however, it had no effects in the white matter. The electrophysiologic activities of the cortex and white matter which were assessed by the direct cortical response and somatosensory evoked response were significantly preserved by lidocaine compared with nontreated animals. The results of this experiment demonstrate that intravenous lidocaine has a significant beneficial effect on cortical ischemia and electrophysiologic activities of the cortex and white matter in injured brain. PMID- 3199467 TI - Fluid resuscitation of infants and children with massive thermal injury. AB - Age-related limitations of physiologic reserve in burned children make adequacy of intravenous fluid resuscitation critical. To quantify fluid requirements, the medical records of all children admitted to the Army Institute of Surgical Research from 1980 to 1986 whose weight was 25 kilograms or less and burn size was 25% or greater were reviewed to quantify fluid requirements. Forty-three children ranging in age from 1.5-108 months (means 26 +/- 22 m), with 25-89% total body surface burned (TBSB) (means 41.7% +/- 14.6%), met inclusion criteria. The average total volume of fluid received during the first 24 hours was 6.3 +/- 2.2 cc/kg/% TBSB. The net volume of resuscitation fluid, total volume less the calculated maintenance fluid requirements, was 3.91 +/- 2.2 cc/kg/% TBSB. Univariate analysis and linear regression of independent variables including age, weight, per cent full thickness, and inhalation injury revealed each had no significant influence on the volume of resuscitation. We recommend supplying maintenance volume and initiating burn resuscitation at 3 cc/kg/% TBSB. PMID- 3199469 TI - Selective conservatism in abdominal stab wounds: the efficacy of serial physical examination. AB - An analysis of 186 consecutive patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds in a 2-year period was carried out to assess the efficacy of serial physical examination as the determining factor for the need for laparotomy. Of 106 patients managed by clinical evaluation, the incidence of negative laparotomy was 0.9% and three patients (2.7%) had an "unnecessary" celiotomy. There were no missed injuries or delayed detection of intraperitoneal visceral trauma. The incidence of negative laparotomy among patients subjected to wound exploration +/ peritoneal lavage (n = 41) was 2.4%, and 39 patients had mandatory laparotomy for evisceration, with a negative celiotomy rate of 20.5%. Our experience supports serial physical examination as a highly effective method of "selective conservatism" of anterior abdominal stab wounds. Mandatory laparotomy for evisceration needs further clarification. PMID- 3199468 TI - The role of computed tomography in blunt abdominal trauma in children. AB - This study was performed in order to test the hypothesis that abdominal computed tomography (CT) can assist in the decision to perform laparotomy in children following blunt trauma to the abdomen. Three hundred forty children with blunt abdominal trauma underwent evaluation with CT. Abdominal injuries were detected in 84 children (25%). These included: 75 injuries to solid viscera in 60 patients (30 splenic, 29 hepatic, 13 renal, and three pancreatic); four injuries to hollow viscera (three small bowel transections, and one rupture of the urinary bladder); and 23 skeletal injuries (21 fractures of the pelvis, and two lumbar spine subluxations). Injury to solid viscera was categorized as minor in 32 (43%), moderate in 18 (24%), or severe in 25 (33%) according to an assessment of the percentage of parenchyma involved. Hemoperitoneum was detected in 42 patients, and characterized as small in 18 (43%), moderate in nine (21%), and large in 15 (36%). CT was useful in establishing the location and extent of injuries, and in detecting the presence of blood or air in the peritoneal cavity. However, the extent of injury to solid viscera detected on CT did not correlate with the need for laparotomy. Of 46 moderate to severe anatomic injuries of the liver, spleen or kidney, only five (9%) required surgical intervention because of persistent bleeding or infection. Although laparotomy occurred more frequently in the presence of a large hemoperitoneum, only 6/24 (25%) with moderate to large hemoperitoneum required surgical exploration. This analysis confirms the usefulness of CT for detection of location and extent of injury in pediatric blunt abdominal trauma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199470 TI - The role of the trauma coordinator: a position paper. PMID- 3199471 TI - Skin protection during external fixation frame pin insertion: an alternative method. AB - Local skin necrosis and pin tract infections are common sequelae following the application of external fixation skeletal frames. Drill guides are effective instruments that help to minimize these problems. Standard nasal speculums are readily available in most operating rooms and can also be used to protect skin and soft tissues during pin insertion. PMID- 3199472 TI - Sacral fracture with compression of cauda equina: surgical treatment. AB - Fractures of the sacrum are rare and generally accompany fractures of the pelvis. Isolated transverse sacral fractures are even less frequent, and extensive neurologic deficits may accompany these injuries. This report describes an unusual case of extradural hemorrhage accompanying a complex fracture of the sacrum. The reversal of a serious neurologic deficit was notably aided by sacral laminectomy. PMID- 3199473 TI - Massive subgaleal hematoma resulting in skin compromise and airway obstruction. AB - Subgaleal hematomas following minimal trauma, haircombing, and hair pulling by playground swings have been described. Recently a case was reported that progressed to otic hemorrhage and upper facial edema. We present a case (of a previously unreported nature) of a subgaleal hematoma that resulted in airway obstruction, massive edema of the entire face and neck, and limited epidermolysis of facial skin. PMID- 3199474 TI - Ligation as definitive management of injury to the superior mesenteric vein. PMID- 3199475 TI - Common fixture in American homes, aluminum-frame storm doors, especially those containing ordinary glass, are hazardous to children. PMID- 3199476 TI - Resuscitative thoracotomy: the effect of the field time on outcome. PMID- 3199477 TI - Selective application of cervical spine radiography in alert victims of blunt trauma: a prospective study. PMID- 3199478 TI - Effects of microinjection of angiotensin II into the subnucleus commissuralis of nucleus tractus solitarii on the cardiovascular system of rabbits. PMID- 3199479 TI - A comparative study of roentgenologic signs and pathological changes in experimental subacute fluorosis in rabbits. PMID- 3199480 TI - Effects of isophenphos-I on the respiratory function of rat liver mitochondria. PMID- 3199481 TI - Preliminary research on the relationship between expression of HBV antigens and liver cell necrosis in the liver tissue of patients with chronic liver diseases. PMID- 3199482 TI - Fragile sites and leukemia. PMID- 3199483 TI - [Lipomatosis cordis and sudden unexpected death]. PMID- 3199484 TI - Quantitative estimation of the density ratios of cholinesterase isoenzyme bands in human amniotic fluid in the prenatal diagnosis of malformed fetus. PMID- 3199485 TI - A newly designed high-pressure wet digester and its application to trace element analysis in human body. PMID- 3199486 TI - Impact of family planning on the health of children. PMID- 3199488 TI - The association between inadequate rations, undernutrition prevalence, and mortality in refugee camps: case studies of refugee populations in eastern Thailand, 1979-1980, and eastern Sudan, 1984-1985. PMID- 3199487 TI - Midwifery care routines and prevention of heat loss in the newborn: a study in Zambia. PMID- 3199490 TI - Health education: patients' perception. PMID- 3199489 TI - Changes in health care parameters following the introduction of a comprehensive rural development scheme in south India. PMID- 3199491 TI - A study on nutritional status of adolescent and adult pregnant and lactating women and growth of their infants. PMID- 3199492 TI - Attained weight for age decile positions and selected background factors among infants in Istanbul. PMID- 3199493 TI - Seroepidemiology of mumps, measles, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in Saudi Arabia. PMID- 3199494 TI - Nutritional anaemia in the urban poor: a community-based study of under fives in an Indian slum. PMID- 3199495 TI - Simple method to sterilize syringes and needles. PMID- 3199496 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis as a cause of pneumonia and conjunctivitis. PMID- 3199497 TI - Some factors influencing the time of lactation. PMID- 3199498 TI - Proceedings of the 52d annual scientific meeting of the Japanese Circulation Society. May 1988, Akita. Abstracts. PMID- 3199499 TI - [Awareness in general anesthesia]. PMID- 3199500 TI - [Anaphylactic shock]. PMID- 3199501 TI - [Measurement of blood levels of anesthetic agents by gas chromatography (IV)- direct analysis of the concentration of sevoflurane dissolved in blood]. PMID- 3199502 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and epidural buprenorphine analgesia]. PMID- 3199503 TI - [Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide after the intratracheal administration of lidocaine]. PMID- 3199504 TI - [Effects of cervical epidural block and stellate ganglion block on auditory brainstem responses]. PMID- 3199505 TI - [Effect of epidural capsaicin on thermal sensitivity in rats]. PMID- 3199506 TI - [Increased thromboxane A2 release after tourniquet ischemia in patients with lower limb surgery]. PMID- 3199507 TI - [Rheologic changes of the blood in rabbits after a bolus injection of endotoxin]. PMID- 3199508 TI - [Effect of the menstrual cycle on MAC]. PMID- 3199509 TI - [Abnormal hemodynamic responses in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy during anesthesia and surgery]. PMID- 3199510 TI - [Deep postoperative coma due to leptomeningeal carcinoma: a case report]. PMID- 3199511 TI - [Therapeutic gain factor of multiple fractions per day]. AB - Treatment with multiple fractions per day would be expected to offer a significant therapeutic gain. Clinical benefits from the therapeutic gain, however, depend on the steepness of dose-response curves for the tumor control. We discussed the therapeutic gain factor of hyperfractionation and accelerated fractionation in head and neck cancer and malignant glioma, and also discussed the impacts of this factor on the local control of the tumors. PMID- 3199512 TI - [Experimental studies of multiple fractions per day (MFD) at smaller doses than 2 Gy]. AB - Effects of twice daily fractionations (B.I.D.) at smaller doses per fraction than 2 Gy on mammary carcinoma of C3H/He mouse (alpha/beta ratio = 15-20 Gy) were studied. Sixty percent doses of conventional fractionations (Q.D.) were irradiated twice daily with 4 hours interval. Though B.I.D. at 120 R, 150 R were less effective than Q.D. at 200 R, 250 R, B.I.D. at 180 R were more effective than Q.D. at 300 R, equivalent to the increments of the total doses. B.I.D. at smaller doses than "flexure dose" (not equal to 0.1 x alpha/beta) seemed to be less effective for tumors. Human tumors transplanted to nude mice might be useful to study therapeutic gain ratio. PMID- 3199513 TI - [Prospective clinical study of twice-a-day fractionation radiotherapy in head and neck cancer]. AB - Twenty-one patients of laryngeal cancer (T2, T3) were treated with Twice-A-Day fractionation radiotherapy (TADF) between April, 1986 and December, 1987. Tumor control and mucosal reaction were evaluated to compare with effects between TADF and Conventional fractionation radiotherapy (CF). Methods of TADF were 1.2-1.5 Gy per fraction, two fractions per day with a minimum interval of 6 Hr., 5 days a week and 66-72 Gy for total dose. In CF, they were 1.8-2.0 Gy per fraction, one fraction per day, 5 days a week and 60-70 Gy for total dose. Complete response dose were 57 Gy in average for TADF and 47 Gy for CF. There was no significant difference. Early mucosal reaction was observed slightly severe in TADF than in CF. But, there was no significant difference among them. Split time was neened 10 days in average for TADF and 7 days for CF. There was no elongation of overall time in TADF. Follow-up time was too short to discuss about late reaction. But there were no serious complications among the patients with 2 years follow-up. These data suggested that radiotherapy of TADF was effective and should be clinically studied furthermore. PMID- 3199514 TI - [Treatment of head and neck cancer with twice-a-day fractionation]. AB - Fifty patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer were treated with twice a-day fractionation (1.0-1.5 Gy 2 times daily, 5 days per week). These patients consist of 12 cases of thyroid cancer, 23 of hypopharynx cancer, 7 of cancer of the oral cavity, 6 of oropharynx cancer and 2 of other sites. Total delivered dose was 21-73 Gy in 10-74 days. In respect of thyroid cancer, 2 cases of 3 with papillo-follicular carcinoma, 1 of 1 with small cell carcinoma and 3 of 8 with giant cell carcinoma were locally controlled. Patients of hypopharyngeal carcinoma treated with multifractionated radiotherapy combined with or without surgery revealed good prognosis (91% of T1 + T2, 100% of T3 + T4 at 2 years). Patients with cancer of the oral cavity or oropharynx, however, had poor prognosis. PMID- 3199515 TI - [Experimental study on the effectiveness of BRM in radiation therapy--OK-432 and cyclophosphamide]. AB - We have previously demonstrated that specific antitumor cell-mediated immunity in host mice was induced or enhanced by local irradiation to tumor. In this study, the immunological status of host mice with transplanted tumor were modified by using OK-432 as immunostimulator and cyclophosphamide as suppressor of suppressor T-cells before and/or after local irradiation to tumor. The results indicate that the combined use of immunomodifier and radiation is more effective in the tumor radiotherapy. Three factors as follows: the interval of drug and radiation, the times of treatments and dose of immunostimulator and immunosuppressor, are very important in these combined therapy. PMID- 3199516 TI - [Fast neutron therapy in the National Institute of Radiological Sciences; 10 years' experience and future study]. AB - A total number of 1623 patients were treated with fast neutrons produced by bombarding a thick Beryllium target with 30 MeV deuterons between November 1975 and December 1987. The results of clinical trials with fast neutrons have shown that carcinoma of the salivary gland and the prostate and Pancoast tumor of the lung were indications for fast neutron therapy, and that the patients suffering from osteosarcoma, malignant melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma had indications for fast neutrons when fast neutrons were combined with surgery. Neither carcinoma of the pancreas nor glioblastoma multiforme had indications because of complications of normal tissues. High LET radiation therapy will be evaluated by using heavy ions characterized by Bragg peak combined with biological effects. PMID- 3199517 TI - [Pion therapy at SIN--7 years' experience]. AB - At SIN (Swiss Institute for Nuclear Research) cancer treatment with negatively charged pi-mesons was initiated in 1980, and 331 patients have been treated by the end of 1987. Patients were treated in a individually-made cylindrical couch with three dimensionally optimized dynamic tumor-conforming technique (spot scanning technique). Especially for retroperitoneal and pelvic soft tissue sarcomas pions seem to be promising with 3-year local control rate 94 percent and 3-year survival rate 70 percent (15 patient, 17 manifestations). And also prostate cancers seem to be well controlled by pions without any severe complications. From these results at least for these tumors it seems worthwhile to conduct phase III prospective trials. PMID- 3199518 TI - [Mechanism of action and molecular design of hypoxic cell sensitizer]. AB - Fluorine modification of nitroazoles has been characterized as a useful method of molecular design of hypoxic cell sensitizers. In vitro sensitizing activities were correlated to the promotion efficiency of radiolytic hydroxylation of thymine to thymine glycol and to the one-electron reduction potential of a variety of fluorinated and non-fluorinated nitroazole derivatives. The absolute activity of sensitizers, which was evaluated from the enhancement ratio in vivo (SERvivo) and the tumor affinity, showed a linear relationship with the in vitro sensitizing activity. The sensitizer dose required to achieve an SERvivo of 1.5 decreased as the tumor affinity became greater. The fluorine modification of nitroazole sensitizers could enhance both the absolute activity and the tumor affinity. PMID- 3199519 TI - [Developments in the experimental methods of evaluating hypoxic cell sensitizers]. AB - Recent developments in the evaluation methods for hypoxic cell sensitizers were reported with emphasis on the following 3 points. (1) A new sensitizer-screening system consisting of the EMT 6 single cell, spheroid, and solid tumor was proposed by us and was found to be a useful, sophisticated system. (2) In the in vivo experiments, irradiation conditions for mice and the drug dose level influenced the hypoxic fraction of tumors significantly. Investigators must always take these facts into consideration when doing in vivo experiments. (3) Three new compounds recently developed in Japan proved to be superior to misonidazole. PMID- 3199520 TI - [Biological basis for combined radio-chemotherapy in radioresistant tumors]. AB - Human tumor cells such as melanoma or glioblastoma are intrinsically radioresistant on an average than cells of more common tumors in radiotherapy such as squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma. Mean inactivation dose (D) for glioblastoma A-7 cells was 3.1 Gy for cells growing exponentially, but was 4.3 Gy for cells grown in large spheroids with hypoxic cells and PLD recovery. The D for cells of squamous cell carcinoma was about 2.1 Gy. This indicates that local control of the radioresistant tumors may be achieved if a drug showing an enhancement ratio of about 2.0. Data on our experiments with others in the literature indicate that drugs which selectively sensitize hypoxic cells and inhibit PLD recovery may be useful to increase the therapeutic ratio. Experimental evidence on a nitrosourea, ACNU has been presented for such mechanisms of the action. Multivariate analysis with Cox's model on malignant gliomas of 209 patients indicated that a significant increase in the survival time was obtained in the radiotherapy combined with ACNU. PMID- 3199521 TI - [Continuous superselective intra-arterial infusion with BUdR and 5 FU in combination with radiotherapy in the treatment of head and neck tumors]. AB - Since 1984, a new method for intra-arterial administration of anti-cancer drug and radiosensitizer, named 'superselective continuous intra-arterial infusion therapy' has been used in combination with simultaneous irradiation, for the treatment of 67 patients with the head and neck tumors. Under fluoroscopy, a preshaped catheter was introduced retrogradely from the superficial temporal artery and inserted superselectively into the main feeding artery of the tumor. Through this catheter, continuous intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy was done. The primary therapeutic effects were appreciated as complete or partial response in all cases. It was considered that this method was more effective and with less adverse reactions for the treatment of the head and neck tumors compared with the conventional method. PMID- 3199522 TI - [Combination of radio-chemotherapy for curing of childhood hematologic tumors: preventive approaches and problems on CNS involvement]. AB - The CNS has often been classified as a "drug sanctuary" as most anticancer drugs do not achieve effective penetration of the blood-brain barrier. With more effective systemic chemotherapy program, the incidence of CNS involvement in leukemia has increased. The strategy for treatment of leukemia is that one achieves by destruction of all leukemia cells including CNS. Between 1972 and 1978, 153 children with ALL were treated with multiple methods of CNS-prophylaxis and were analyzed in relation to treatment regimens, age, sex and initial hematologic status. Patients received CNS-prophylaxis; Group I: three doses of intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) and hydrocortisone (HDC), Group II: same as in Group I followed by cyclic MTX and HDC, Group III: same as in Group I plus 2,400 cGy of cranial irradiation. CNS leukemia terminated complete remission in 25 of 153 patients (16.3%). The cumulative incidence of CNS leukemia at 4-year calculated by the Kaplan-Meier Method was 40.5% in Group I, 26.9% in Group II, and 14.5% in Group III. We concluded that the combination of cranial irradiation and intrathecal MTX and HDC was highly efficacious. The efficacy of high-dose MTX with CF rescue therapy for CNS-prophylaxis was evaluated in 62 children with ALL between 1978 and 1980 (protocol 787 study), and was demonstrated to be same as cranial irradiation in standard risk of ALL. In protocol 811 study (1981-1984), the dosage of cranial radiation has been reduced from 2,400 cGy to 1,800 cGy without loss of efficacy for CNS-prophylaxis. Although CNS-leukemia was no longer an unmanageable clinical problem, and the prospects for cure of ALL appeared good, there remained question as to the toxic effects of intensive treatment on the CNS. Successful prevention of these complications will depend in large part on an understanding of their causes. PMID- 3199523 TI - [The current state and future prospect of perinatal care]. PMID- 3199524 TI - [Reinforcement of the relationship between obstetrics and pediatrics]. PMID- 3199525 TI - [NICU nurses' expectation of obstetric nursing]. PMID- 3199526 TI - [Current status of perinatal nursing at the Kokutetsu Okura Hospital]. PMID- 3199527 TI - [New development in clinical training: a trial at Aiiku Hospital]. PMID- 3199528 TI - [Planning of midwifery processes and its application to clinical training--the expectant mother and her family as the subject of nursing action]. PMID- 3199529 TI - [Evaluation of midwifery planning and clinical training]. PMID- 3199530 TI - [Method of teaching the "midwifery process planning"]. PMID- 3199531 TI - [A list of self-rating by nursing students in "planning midwifery processes"]. PMID- 3199533 TI - [A survey of food habits of female nursing students--in search of improved nutritional guidance for expectant patients]. PMID- 3199532 TI - [Maternal and child health care in Thailand]. PMID- 3199535 TI - [Introduction of a personal computer. A support system in perinatology]. PMID- 3199534 TI - [Counseling by midwives. 5. Sincere approach to the patient]. PMID- 3199537 TI - [An essay by a nurse. 52. Midwifery profession as a bridge of happiness]. PMID- 3199536 TI - [For more effective professional education. 17. Teaching practice. (1)]. PMID- 3199539 TI - [Application of hysteroscopy to CVS (chorionic villi sampling)]. PMID- 3199538 TI - [Questions and answers on breast feeding. Approach in promoting breast feeding. 2. Start of self care]. PMID- 3199540 TI - [Modern problem of hospital infections--with special reference to types and transmission routes of infectious organisms]. PMID- 3199541 TI - [Prevention of hospital infections and restriction of visitors]. PMID- 3199542 TI - [Facility management and prevention of infection. A committee for the prevention of hospital infections]. PMID- 3199543 TI - [Facility management and prevention of hospital infection. Assessment of the sources of infection]. PMID- 3199544 TI - [Prevention of hospital infections in various hospital units. Prevention of hospital infections in the operating room (1)]. PMID- 3199545 TI - [Prevention of hospital infections in various hospital units. Prevention of hospital infection in the operating room (2): with special reference to hepatitis B virus]. PMID- 3199546 TI - [Prevention of hospital infections in various hospital units. Prevention of hospital infections at an emergency care center]. PMID- 3199547 TI - [Prevention of hospital infections in various hospital units. Prevention of hospital infections in the bio-clean room]. PMID- 3199548 TI - [Prevention of hospital infection in various hospital units. Prevention of hospital infections at the ward for infectious diseases (1)]. PMID- 3199549 TI - [Prevention of hospital infections in various hospital units. Prevention of hospital infections at the ward for infectious diseases (2)]. PMID- 3199550 TI - [Prevention of hospital infections in various hospital units. Prevention of hospital infections at the hospital laboratory]. PMID- 3199551 TI - [Prevention of hospital infections in various hospital units. Bedside prevention of hospital infection--consideration of external and internal environments in rooms shared by multiple patients]. PMID- 3199552 TI - [Prevention of infection associated with therapeutic modalities. Prevention of infections associated with surgery of the digestive system]. PMID- 3199553 TI - [Prevention of infections associated with therapeutic modalities. Prevention of infections during radiotherapy and chemotherapy]. PMID- 3199554 TI - [Prevention of infections associated with therapeutic modalities. Prevention of infections in carriers of pathogens]. PMID- 3199555 TI - [Re-evaluation of nursing procedures for the prevention of infections. Prevention of infections during the application of an indwelling catheter]. PMID- 3199556 TI - [Re-evaluation of nursing procedures for the prevention of infections. Prevention of infections during the use of a ventilator]. PMID- 3199557 TI - [Re-evaluation of nursing procedures for the prevention of infections. Prevention of infections in patients with enterostomy or urostomy]. PMID- 3199558 TI - [Re-evaluation of nursing procedures for the prevention of infections. Prevention of infection associated with blood accesses (shunts)]. PMID- 3199559 TI - [Re-evaluation of nursing procedures to prevent infections. Technics in handling masks and gowns in the ward]. PMID- 3199561 TI - [Infection prevention manual. Prevention of hospital infection and the legally required precautions]. PMID- 3199560 TI - [Infection prevention manual. Current technics for disinfection and sterilization -with special reference to sterilization technics and sterilization (disinfection) equipment]. PMID- 3199562 TI - [Infection prevention manual. Bacterial distribution in the environment surrounding premature and newborn infants and prevention of their infection--in an example of the incidence of pustules among newborn infants]. PMID- 3199563 TI - [Focus on modern medicine. 32. Toward comprehensive medical care. Discussion]. PMID- 3199564 TI - [Nursing of patients with myocardial infarction: self-care behavior of patients to improve health]. PMID- 3199565 TI - [Self care by patients with myocardial infarction: problems in early ambulation and rehabilitation planning for patients with acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3199566 TI - [Self care by patients with myocardial infarction. Problems with self care during the recovery stage of acute myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3199567 TI - [Self care by patients with myocardial infarction: stress caused by daily activities of patients with acute myocardial infarction and determination of excessive work load]. PMID- 3199568 TI - [Improvement in the attitude toward self care by patients with acute myocardial infarction and innovation in patient education: medication and periodic examination]. PMID- 3199569 TI - [Improvement in the attitude toward self care by patients with acute myocardial infarction and innovation in patient education: meal and food preferences]. PMID- 3199570 TI - [Improvement in the attitude toward self care by patients with acute myocardial infarction and innovation in patient education: hygiene and excretion]. PMID- 3199571 TI - [Improvement in the attitude toward self care by patients with acute myocardial infarction and innovation in patient education: effort in ambulation]. PMID- 3199572 TI - [Status of self care by patients with acute myocardial infarction--training during hospitalization and a survey following discharge]. PMID- 3199574 TI - [Guidance and nursing of a patient with acute myocardial infarction and senile dementia: a case study]. PMID- 3199573 TI - [Assistance in the establishment of self care by a patient with acute myocardial infarction and its complications]. PMID- 3199575 TI - [Nursing of a patient with acute myocardial infarction and recurrence after social rehabilitation]. PMID- 3199576 TI - [Nursing of a patient with myocardial infarction who is apprehensive of returning to the former work place]. PMID- 3199577 TI - [Nursing assistance for the family of a patient with acute myocardial infarction who has problems with continuation of self care]. PMID- 3199579 TI - [Current status and problems of cardiac rehabilitation]. PMID- 3199578 TI - [Factors responsible for recurrences and their prevention in patients with acute myocardial infarction following discharge from the hospital]. PMID- 3199580 TI - [The social system and the attitude toward life]. PMID- 3199581 TI - [Keypoints in patient care following surgery of esophageal cancer]. PMID- 3199583 TI - [Effects of nursing assistance on excretion and sleep of an aged patient at home with a movement disorder--improvement in the depression scale of a patient with parkinsonism]. PMID- 3199582 TI - [Attempt at overnight stay at home by a bedridden patient who has been hospitalized for an extended period]. PMID- 3199585 TI - [Keypoints in monitoring of arrhythmia. 7. Sick sinus syndrome]. PMID- 3199584 TI - [Hope in social rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries--activities at General Center for Patients with Spinal Injuries]. PMID- 3199586 TI - [Interpretation of clinical data. 7. Tests necessary for chronic hepatitis and pancreatitis and the significance of the test data]. PMID- 3199587 TI - [Nursing of ambulatory patients with vertigo]. PMID- 3199588 TI - [Preparation of a nursing standard to deal with problems common among patients following gastrectomy--problems of dumping syndrome]. PMID- 3199589 TI - Chronic effects of imipramine and lithium on postsynaptic 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B sites and on presynaptic 5-HT3 sites in rat brain. AB - The effects of chronic treatment with imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, or lithium, an antimanic-depressive illness drug, on postsynaptic serotonin-1A (5 HT1A) and 5-HT1B sites and on presynaptic 5-HT3 sites in the frontal cortex and hippocampus from rat brains were studied. Chronic i.p. administration (21 days) of imipramine reduced the maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) for postsynaptic 5-HT1A as monitored by the radioligands 3H-5-HT or 3H-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n propylamino)tetralin (3H-8-OH-DPAT), but did not change the Bmax for postsynaptic 5-HT1B and presynaptic 5-HT3 in either the frontal cortex or the hippocampus. Chronic i.p. administration (21 days) of lithium reduced the Bmax for postsynaptic 5-HT1A sites in the hippocampus, but not in the frontal cortex. There was a specific difference between imipramine and lithium regarding the inhibitory effect on postsynaptic 5-HT1A sites in the frontal cortex. In addition, lithium decreased the affinity of presynaptic 5-HT3 sites in the hippocampus. These findings may be also consistent with the inhibitory effect of lithium on presynaptic autoreceptors, which results in an increase of 5-HT release. It is concluded that enhanced 5-HT neurotransmission which develops during chronic treatment with imipramine or lithium seems tob e related to the down-regulation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in addition to postsynaptic 5 HT2 receptors, which may also have an important role in the antidepressant effects of these drugs. PMID- 3199590 TI - Roles of cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic and GABAergic systems in changes of the EEG power spectra and behavioral states in rabbits. AB - In the present study, the influences of cholinergic (ACh), dopaminergic (DA), noradrenergic, serotonergic and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) ergic system activation and blocking agents on the cortical (CT) and hippocampal (HC) EEG power spectra were investigated in rabbits. The AChergic agents, physostigmine and atropine, produced marked increases or decreases in peak powers, the changes of which were inversely related to each other, but similar to those of the normal behavioral states. The other agents did not always produce changes. ACh seems to play an important role in the regulation of peak powers. Apomorphine shifted the theta wave peak to higher frequencies and haloperidol shifted it to lower frequencies. The other drugs did not cause a shift. DA seems to regulate peak frequency. These findings suggest that ACh is important for the regulation of consciousness between the wakefulness and SWS states and suggest that DA is involved in the production of REM sleep. PMID- 3199592 TI - Characteristics of coping behavior of rats exposed to a long-term hardly escapable aversive stimulus: a possible depression model. AB - The purpose of the present study was to induce a state of depression including both the elements of behavioral despair and chronic stress. Therefore, this study was performed under the hypothesis that a long-term exposure of rats to the experimental situation of difficult to escape from foot-shock in a Skinner box might produce animals with a state of depression containing both the elements. Male Wistar strain rats were trained to press a lever to escape from foot-shock under a fixed ratio (FR) schedule. After the training, rats were exposed daily to a schedule consisting of 20 trials (the early 10 trials, FR 5; the later 10 trials, FR 20) once a day. The exposure resulted in reduction of the number of lever presses and successful escape in FR 20. Only the animals whose number of escapes, reduced to under 20% in FR 20 were treated with psychotropic drugs once a day for 4 days. The results showed that the reduced number of escapes was most improved by antidepressants (imipramine or mianserin), but not by haloperidol and methamphetamine. Although subchronic treatment with chlordiazepoxide partially recovered the reduced escape, the efficiency of lever pressing to escape from foot-shock was lower than that with the antidepressants. The results of the present study suggest that the behavioral suppression observed in this study might include characteristics similar to a state of depression. PMID- 3199591 TI - (R)-3-[(S)-1-carboxy-5-(4-piperidyl)pentyl]amino-4-oxo-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1,5 benzothiazepine-5-acetic acid (CV-5975): a new potent and long-lasting inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme. AB - The synthetic design and the biological activities of structurally new angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, (R)-3-amino-4-oxo-2,3,4,5 tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepine-5-acetic acid derivatives, are described. A number of compounds in this series showed potent ACE inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo. Structure-activity studies indicated that a piperidyl moiety on the amino group at the 3-position in this series conferred long-lasting ACE inhibitory activity and that the duration of activity depended on the length of the carbon chain in the 1-carboxy-omega-(4-piperidyl)alkyl group. (R)-3-[(S)-1-carboxy-5-(4 piperidyl)-pentyl]amino-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- 1,5-benzothiazepine-5-acetic acid (CV-5975) was selected as the most promising ACE inhibitor for further studies because of its marked inhibitory activity. PMID- 3199593 TI - In vitro effect of beta-lactam antibiotics and N-methyltetrazolethiol on microsomal vitamin K epoxide reductase in rats. AB - Liver microsomal vitamin K epoxide reductase activity was determined by measuring the formation of menaquinone-4 from the substrate menaquinone-4 2,3-epoxide. The enzyme was active when dithiothreitol (DTT) was used as a reducing agent, and the activity increased gradually with increasing concentrations of DTT. Glutathione and cysteine also functioned as reductants, but these physiological reductants showed less than 15% of the activity detected with 0.5 mM DTT. Addition of various beta-lactam antibiotics to the assay mixture for vitamin K epoxide reductase caused a slight inhibition of the activity. N-Methyltetrazolethiol (NMTT) and other heterocyclic thiol compounds also inhibited the enzyme activity in vitro depending on their concentrations. Most of these antibiotics and heterocyclic thiol compounds inhibited the enzyme activity only 10-25% in the in vitro assay system even when higher concentrations were added (5-10 mM). Among the compounds tested, methyl-thiadiazolethiol was the only compound that caused 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity. NMTT-induced inhibition was diminished gradually by increasing DTT concentrations. Kinetic analysis of the inhibitory action of heterocyclic thiol compounds showed competitive inhibition against the reductant DTT and non-competitive inhibition against the substrate. On the other hand, warfarin, a typical anticoagulant, showed different patterns in the inhibitory action: non-competitive inhibition against DTT and mixed-type inhibition against the substrate. PMID- 3199594 TI - A comparative study on the contraction induced by high K+/Na+ deficient solution in rat uterus or urinary bladder. AB - In the present paper, effects of high K+/Na+ deficient solution on the rat uterus were examined on the mechanical response, wet weight of the tissue or rate of oxygen consumption, and they were compared with those in rat urinary bladder. In the uterus, isosmotic substitution of K+ for Na+ in a physiological salt solution (PSS) induced a contraction followed by a small sustained contraction, while hyperosmotic addition of KCl to PSS induced a sustained contraction. The hyperosmotic KCl addition increased the rate of oxygen consumption in comparison with that in PSS, and the substituted high K+/Na+ deficient solution decreased it as compared with that in the hyperosmotic KCl addition. Similar results were shown in the urinary bladder. At 120 min after application of the substituted high K+/Na+ deficient solution, the relative wet weight increased in the uterus, but did not change in the urinary bladder. Both the decrease in the developed tension and the increase in the wet weight of the uterus were prevented by the hyperosmotic addition of sucrose. In the urinary bladder, the decreased tension was significantly prevented by the hyperosmotic addition of NaCl to the PSS or substitution of pyruvate or oxalacetate for glucose, whereas it was slightly prevented by the hyperosmotic addition of sucrose. From these results, it is suggested that the decrease of the developed tension in isosmotically substituted high K+/Na+ deficient solution in rat uterus is probably due to cell swelling and that the inhibition of contraction in urinary bladder is mainly caused by the inhibition of glucose utilization by Na+ deficiency in the medium. PMID- 3199595 TI - Improvement of pentobarbital-induced heart failure by MCI-154, a novel and potent cardiotonic agent, in the dog heart-lung preparation. AB - The efficacy of MCI-154, a new pyridazinone cardiotonic agent, in improving heart failure was assessed in dog heart-lung preparations in which cardiac function had been severely depressed by pentobarbital. MCI-154 in doses of 10-100 micrograms improved the cardiac function curve and restored it to the control level at 100 micrograms. At this dose, MCI-154 neither produced an increase in heart rate beyond the control value nor induced arrhythmias. The effects of MCI-154 were not affected by atenolol, a cardioselective beta 1-blocker. These results indicate that MCI-154 would be of potential use in the treatment of heart failure. PMID- 3199596 TI - Prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced contraction in isolated dog cerebral, coronary and mesenteric arteries soaked in excess potassium. AB - Concentration-response curve for prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in helical strips of dog cerebral, coronary and mesenteric arteries were compared in control media and in those in which all the NaCl was replaced with isomolar KCl. Contractile responses to PGF2 alpha in concentrations up to 2 x 10(-6) M in cerebral arteries, to 10(-5) M in coronary arteries and to 5 x 10(-7) M in mesenteric arteries were not attenuated by excess K+. Contractions caused by PGF2 alpha, at least at these concentrations or lower, may not be associated with membrane depolarization. PMID- 3199597 TI - Autoradiographic demonstration of the antagonism of anthramycin and diazepam against cholecystokinin in the mouse brain using the [14C]-2-deoxyglucose method. AB - Effects of diazepam (DZP), a synthetic benzodiazepine drug, and anthramycin (ATM), a benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotic produced by a certain species of streptomyces, on the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-[14C]-glucose (2-DG) in mouse brain neurons with or without cholecystokinin were examined. 2-DG uptake in neurons was evaluated by using an autoradiographic technique. The sulfated octapeptide CCK (CCK8) was injected intracisternally; DZP and ATM, intraperitoneally; and 2-DG, intravenously to mice. Autoradiograms prepared from the slices of the brain were converted to false color images. CCK8 (1 microgram/mouse) markedly stimulated the 2-DG uptake in neurons in the various regions of the brain, but the stimulative effects of CCK8 was almost completely suppressed after an intraperitoneal administration of 1.0 mg/kg of DZP or 0.5 mg/kg of ATM. Since it has been previously shown that these doses of DZP and ATM almost completely reversed the antinociception produced by 1 microgram/mouse of CCK8, the present results on the 2-DG uptake in the mouse brain are considered to further support the antagonism between CCK8 and DZP or ATM in the central nervous system. PMID- 3199598 TI - Species differences in inhibitory effect of Li+ on high K+-induced contraction in the ileal longitudinal smooth muscle. AB - The effects of Li+ substitution for external Na+ in the medium on a 60 mN KCl (60K+)-induced contraction were compared in the ileal longitudinal smooth muscles isolated from monkey, rabbit, guinea pig and rat. Li+ substitution inhibited the 60K+-induced contraction in the ileum of all the animal species. Greater inhibitory effect was observed with the increase in external Li+ concentration and the increase in incubation period with Li+. Intracellular Li+ contents of these muscles also increased with the increase in external Li+ concentration and the incubation period. Thus, a good correlation was obtained between Li+-induced inhibition of 60K+-induced contraction and the increase in Li+ content. However, close examination revealed that the contraction in monkey and rat ileum was inhibited by much lower Li+ accumulation than that in guinea pig and rabbit ileum, suggesting the existence of species difference in the sensitivity of the ileal smooth muscle to the inhibitory effect of Li+ substitution, and a mechanism for the species differences in the inhibitory action of Li+-substitution was discussed. PMID- 3199599 TI - Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of AF64A on learning behaviors in rats. AB - The effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ethylcholine aziridinium ion (AF64A) (3 nmole/2 microliter, each lateral ventricule), a putative selective cholinotoxin, on learning behaviors and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity were studied in rats. AF64A-treated rats (AF64A rat) exhibited deficient performance in a passive avoidance task and a delayed alternation task in the T-maze, but demonstrated superior avoidance response in a two-way shuttle avoidance task. These changes in learning behaviors were associated with the selective decrease of hippocampal ChAT activity. Physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly improved the retention latency of AF64A-rats in the passive avoidance task. AF64A-rats receiving physostigmine (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited a slight but not significant improvement of performance in the delayed alternation task in the T-maze. These findings suggested that ICV injection of AF64A may be useful for producing an experimental amnesia model with hippocampal cholinergic hypofunction like Senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), if appropriate learning tests are selected. PMID- 3199600 TI - 2-deoxy-D-(14C)-glucose study of the interaction of caerulein and apomorphine. AB - The interaction of ceruletide (CER) and apomorphine (APO) was studied in mice. APO and CER were injected subcutaneously. In wheelcage experiments, lower doses (50 to 100 micrograms/kg) of APO depressed dose-dependently the locomotor activity in mice, but a higher dose (1 mg/kg) of APO produced a smaller effect than 100 micrograms/kg of APO. CER (20 micrograms/kg) slightly depressed the locomotor activity in mice. The coadministration of APO and CER caused stronger inhibition in the locomotor activity than the single administration of these drugs. The effects of APO and CER on the neuronal uptake of 2-deoxy-D-(14C) glucose (2-DG) were also examined. APO (50 and 1000 micrograms/kg) inhibited the 2-DG uptake in most regions of the brain, although the inhibitory effect was larger at lower doses. CER inhibited the 2-DG uptake in some regions, but enhanced it in others. The combination of APO and CER markedly enhanced the 2-DG uptake. Thus, it was difficult to correlate the effects of the combination of APO and CER on locomotor activity with 2-DG uptake. PMID- 3199601 TI - Neural systems activated by the aversive stimulation of dorsal central gray. AB - Neural effects of aversive stimulation of dorsal central gray (DCG) were studied by [14C] 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography in rats. After training the animals to escape DCG stimulation by pressing a lever, they were injected i.p. with [14C] 2-DG and then allowed to resume the escape lever pressing for DCG stimulation. Reliable effects of the brain stimulation on the autoradiogram were found in the dorsal fasciculus of Schutz, periventricular gray and superior colliculus. Moderate effects were found in the reticular formation near the periventricular gray and in the claustrum. These data indicate that the neural signal activated by DCG stimulation is transmitted through an ascending nerve pathway over the superior colliculus via the dorsal Schutz bundle and reaches the periventricular system in the diencephalon. PMID- 3199602 TI - Changes in amine oxidase in plasma of rats treated with hepatotoxins. AB - When allyl formate (AF) was administered to rats, the marked elevation of B-form MAO activity in plasma was found with beta-PEA as a substrate. In contrast, in the case of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), A-form MAO activity elevated predominantly. The deaminations of 5-HT and beta-PEA in these plasma treated with AF or CCl4 were not inhibited completely by a high concentration of MAO inhibitor, deprenyl or clorgyline. These results indicate that there may be two or more distinct amine oxidases released from the liver and other organs in response to CCl4 or AF. PMID- 3199603 TI - The involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in hypothermia induced in mice by intracerebroventricular injection of serotonin. AB - The hypothermia elicited in mice by intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) of serotonin (5-HT) was studied. The 5-HT-induced hypothermia was attenuated by methysergide and pindolol, although ketanserin and p-chlorophenylalanine were without effect. These results suggest that 5-HT-induced hypothermia is produced by the direct activation of the 5-HT1 receptor. In addition, haloperidol, pimozide and alpha-MT inhibited 5-HT-induced hypothermia, which indicates that the dopaminergic systems are also involved in 5-HT-induced hypothermia in mice. PMID- 3199604 TI - A modified rabbit ear chamber and an example of its application for intravital microscopic study on acute effects of topical thermal stimulation. AB - A pre-existing plastic rabbit ear chamber was modified to be applicable for intravital-microscopic observations in pharmacological as well as pathophysiological studies on inflammation. The chamber consists of a base disk, a mica (or glass) cover-slip and a holder ring. The base disk has a round-table with a central protrusion in which a heat conductor of platinum wire is so implanted near the protrusion that thermal stimulation can be given to the regenerated tissue between the table and the coverslip. PMID- 3199605 TI - A new rhinitis model using chemical mediators in rats. AB - No good experimental model for studying rhinitis, has been hitherto available. In the present study, development of a new rhinitis model using chemical mediators was attempted, especially to establish an index of nasal congestion. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital-Na. Nasal cavities were ventilated between both cannulae inserted into the nasopharynx and bilateral nostrils, with an artificial respirator. Intranasal resistance was recorded with a modification of a Konzett-Rossler apparatus as a change in ventilation overflow (VO). To provoke rhinitis, some mediators were inhaled into the nasal cavities with an ultrasonic nebulizer for 5 min. To assess the capillary permeability of the nasal mucosa, exudation of Evans blue was determined by injecting the dye before inhalations of mediators. Inhalation of histamine (0.01, 0.1, 0.3%), bradykinin (0.01, 0.1%) and ACh (0.3%) markedly increased VO, while inhalation of serotonin (0.01, 0.1, 0.3%) did not increase VO. Histamine, bradykinin and high concentration of ACh significantly increased the dye exudation in the nasal cavities, although serotonin did not. From the above results, it is concluded that 1) a new rhinitis model in which symptoms of nasal blockage and increased capillary permeability in nasal mucosa are quantitatively determined, was established, and 2) histamine- and bradykinin-inhalations can cause rhinitis-like symptoms, although serotonin-inhalation can not. PMID- 3199606 TI - A study of morphine-induced urinary retention in anesthetized rats capable of micturition. AB - The nature of morphine-induced urinary retention was studied in anesthetized rats in which the bladder contraction accompanying micturition could be observed. Morphine (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) prolonged the micturition interval and increased the level of micturition threshold. Morphine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) completely inhibited bladder contraction and bladder pressure was elevated until solution leaked from the penis, but the bladder pressure after inhibition by morphine (1 and 5 mg/kg, i.v.) did not significantly rise over the peak pressure level during micturition before injection of morphine. The inhibitory effect of morphine (1 and 5 mg/kg, i.v.) was reversed by naloxone (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.). Morphine (5 mg/kg, i.v.) did not increase the pressure induced by infusion of solution from near the bladder neck to the urethra. After intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intrathecal (i.t.) administration of morphine (1 microgram), the micturition interval was prolonged and the level of micturition threshold was increased. Morphine (5 micrograms, i.c.v. and i.t.) inhibited bladder contraction and naloxone (5 micrograms, i.c.v. and i.t.) reversed the inhibitory effect of morphine injected by the same administration route. From these results, urinary retention induced by systematically injected morphine was considered to result from inhibition of bladder function mediated via opioid receptors of the micturition centers in the supraspinal and spinal regions. PMID- 3199608 TI - Effects of platelet-activating factor on rat airways. AB - Effects of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on the rat airways were investigated. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized, and PAF was inhaled into the lungs through a tracheal cannula for 5 min using an ultrasonic nebulizer. The bronchomotor response was measured with a modified Konzett-Rossler method in rats immobilized with decamethonium bromide. The inhalation of PAF caused a marked bronchoconstriction, dose-dependently, in a concentration range of 0.0001 to 0.01%. The bronchoconstrictor potency of PAF was about ten times higher than that of ACh. On the other hand, histamine inhalation gave only a slight bronchoconstriction even at the high concentration of 0.1%. The bronchomotor response to PAF was accompanied by a marked, sustained decrease in systemic blood pressure, in a dose-dependent manner. Repeated inhalations of PAF (0.001%) at an interval of 60 min resulted in a pronounced tachyphylaxis in the bronchoconstrictor response, but not in the hypotensive response. Combined inhalations of PAF with ACh or histamine did not produce a potentiation by PAF of the bronchoconstrictor responses to ACh and histamine. These findings show that PAF is a strong bronchoconstrictor agent in rats and that there is no interaction between PAF and other mediators in the acute bronchoconstrictor response. PMID- 3199607 TI - Tetranitromethane modification of the muscarinic receptors in bovine adrenal medulla. AB - Muscarinic receptor binding was examined in bovine adrenal medullary microsomes following exposure to tetranitromethane (TNM) that modifies tyrosine and cysteine residues in proteins. The TNM (10-100 microM) treatment of adrenal medullary microsomes caused a concentration-dependent and irreversible reduction in the maximum number of binding sites (Bmax) for l-(3H)quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), with a slight increase in the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD). Typically, about a 36% decrease and a 1.3-fold increase in the corresponding values were obtained at 50 microM of TNM. The alteration in the Bmax was partially prevented by atropine but not carbamylcholine, and it was not reversed by subsequent treatment with dithiothreitol, a disulfide reducing agent. The change in the KD was unaffected by these agents. The TNM (50 microM) treatment also caused a slight decrease in the affinity of atropine and pirenzepine (for both the high and low affinity sites), and it caused a slight decrease in the affinity of carbamylcholine at the high affinity site, with a large loss of the low affinity site. Thus, the results indicate that TNM causes a loss of muscarinic binding sites and a decrease in the binding affinity of muscarinic receptors in bovine adrenal medulla, probably through modifications of functional groups such as tyrosine residues. PMID- 3199609 TI - Epidemiological studies on the expectation of life for dogs computed from animal cemetery records. PMID- 3199610 TI - Calcification and fracture of costal cartilage in beagles. PMID- 3199611 TI - Therapeutic effect of isoprothiolane on bovine fat necrosis. PMID- 3199612 TI - Participation of myofibroblasts in feline mammary carcinoma. PMID- 3199613 TI - Relationship between glycosaminoglycans and pregnancy-induced sclerosis in bovine uterine arteries. PMID- 3199614 TI - Incidence and population of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk from milking to milk plant. PMID- 3199615 TI - Vascular architecture of N-methyl nitrosourea-induced rat papillary adenoma demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy of resin casts. PMID- 3199616 TI - Canine laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma: an immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. PMID- 3199617 TI - Experimental infection of Japanese Lymnaea snails with Australian Fasciola hepatica. PMID- 3199618 TI - Chemiluminescence of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) phagocytes and factors affecting their response. PMID- 3199619 TI - New selective media for the isolation of Campylobacter mucosalis and Campylobacter hyointestinalis. PMID- 3199620 TI - Evidence for stimulative effect of amniotic fluid on the development of colonic goblet cells in fetal rats. PMID- 3199621 TI - Differentiation of thermophilic Campylobacter by colony characteristics on MacConkey agar base (Difco). PMID- 3199622 TI - Serum alpha 1-acid glycoprotein levels in cows. PMID- 3199623 TI - Effects of castration and androgen on glycosuria appearance in the diabetic KK mice induced by monosodium glutamate administration. PMID- 3199624 TI - Determination of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid in bovine plasma and ruminal fluid by high performance liquid chromatography. PMID- 3199625 TI - Daily efficacy variation of diminazene diaceturate in mice infected with Babesia rodhaini. PMID- 3199626 TI - Measurement of serum glucocorticoids by high-performance liquid chromatography and circadian rhythm patterns of the cortisol value in normal dogs. PMID- 3199627 TI - Vasculature and chromosomal composition in a bovine acardius amorphus. PMID- 3199628 TI - An extended serotyping scheme for Campylobacter mucosalis isolated from proliferative enteritis in swine. PMID- 3199629 TI - Clinical application of milbemycin D as a prophylactic agent against Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs: pathological findings following administration. PMID- 3199630 TI - Effects of maternal bilateral ureteral ligation on the development of fetal kidney in rats: histometrical study. PMID- 3199631 TI - Alteration in cardiovascular function of piglets during the growth process. PMID- 3199632 TI - Externally induced vibration on massive vocal fold. PMID- 3199633 TI - A long term culture of cells from Swarm rat chondrosarcoma in suspension after alginate preculture. PMID- 3199634 TI - Spontaneous remission in hypoplastic acute leukemia. PMID- 3199635 TI - Jugular contour recognition by naming and timing descents. PMID- 3199636 TI - Metabolite transport through the blood-brain barrier. PMID- 3199637 TI - College health nursing. PMID- 3199638 TI - Nursing practice in an occupational health-setting. PMID- 3199639 TI - Federal support for nursing education--an historical overview. PMID- 3199640 TI - Infection control practitioner: another career possibility. PMID- 3199641 TI - Pay equity--what it means and how it affects nurses. PMID- 3199642 TI - [Unstable stenocardia: the incidence of intracoronary thrombosis in relation to the presence of clinical signs of coronary spasm]. PMID- 3199643 TI - [The peripheral blood circulation and the prognosis of stenocardia patients]. PMID- 3199644 TI - [A combination of early ventricular repolarization and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]. PMID- 3199645 TI - [The current approach to the surgical treatment of the Jervell-Lange-Nielsen syndrome]. PMID- 3199646 TI - [Late metastasis to the pericardium of an adenocarcinoma of the breast (echocardiographic diagnosis)]. PMID- 3199647 TI - [Individualization of hypotensive therapy under outpatient conditions]. AB - A stepwise treatment schedule was used for 4 years in 154 hypertensive patients. The adequacy of treatment and the arterial blood pressure level were assessed in the main group, in search of an optimum regimen, on the basis of the information test, with the magnitude of blood pressure fall and patient's general condition also taken into account. In two other groups, treatment efficiency was checked by the patient's general condition and arterial blood pressure fall, while the information test was not used. PMID- 3199648 TI - [The interrelation of the sodium-excretory function of the kidneys and vascular reactivity in hypertension patients]. AB - Vascular reactivity was evaluated by a modified photoplethysmographic method in 20 patients with essential hypertension before and after an acute volumetric salt load. A relationship was demonstrated between vascular reactivity and renal sodium excretion pattern under stress. Patients with "excessive" natriuresis 24 h after the test showed reduced vascular reactivity, and slow sodium and water excretion was associated with increased vascular response. A study of membrane Ca2+ transport 24 h after the test showed an increase in receptor-dependent Ca2+ uptake in response to all inductors (platelet aggregation factor, vasopressin, ADP), as compared to the baseline. PMID- 3199649 TI - [Clinical effectiveness and a change in the tolerance for physical loading in hypertension patients with a moderate limitation of table salt consumption]. AB - Salt sensitivity was measured in 38 patients with first- and second-stage essential hypertension. Patients with high salt sensitivity were identified, in whom moderately limited (to 6 or 5 g daily) dietary salt consumption produced a hypotensive effect. A combination of low-sodium diet and hypotensive drugs in salt-sensitive patients allows diminished dosage of medication. Moderately limited dietary salt uptake was shown to increase exercise tolerance in patients with essential hypertension. PMID- 3199651 TI - [The prevalence of arterial hypertension and stenocardia of effort among the rural population living in geochemically contrasted regions of the Novosibirsk Province]. AB - An epidemiologic study of rural residents in 4 districts of Novosibirsk Province demonstrated different incidence of arterial hypertension (AH) and angina of effort, related to the consumption of water of different quality. The prevalence of AH (33.2 +/- 1.7%) and angina of effort (21.2 +/- 1.5%) was the highest in the area with soft high-mineral water and the lowest (3.7 +/- 0.7% and 1.2 +/- 0.5%, respectively) in the area with hard low-mineral water. The prevalence of AH and angina of effort is inversely related to water hardness and calcium and magnesium levels, and directly related to water mineralization and sodium level, i.e. soft and high-mineral waters are associated with an adverse cardiovascular effect. PMID- 3199650 TI - [Clinical importance of determining Na-Li countertransport in patients with arterial hypertension]. AB - Erythrocyte Na-Li countertransport was assessed in 99 patients with various arterial hypertensions. Mean Na-Li countertransport rate was 476 +/- 43 mumol/l 1 cells/hour in essential hypertension, or nearly twice as high as mean rates for hypertensive chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, renovascular hypertension and nonspecific aortoarteritis, primarily affecting extracranial arteries. In 2 patients, operated on for renal arterial stenosis, Na Li countertransport was high and the operation had no hypotensive effect, suggesting that renal arterial stenosis was combined with essential hypertension. In 1 patient, the original diagnosis of chronic diffuse glomerulonephritis and aldosteronoma was not confirmed at surgery and renal biopsy, and the diagnosis of essential hypertension was made instead. PMID- 3199652 TI - [The prevalence of ECG ischemic changes and their relation to basic risk factors among the Khanty of the Ob River region]. AB - The incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was determined, on the basis of extended Minnesota code criteria, in a Siberian population of northern Khanty of both sexes, aged 19 to 69 years (a total of 721 people). CHD prevalence by age was 34 +/- 3% in males and 24 +/- 2% in females. CHD prevalence in males below 40 showed no significant relation with any of the major risk factors, while a positive correlation with hypercholesterolemia and hypo-alpha-cholesterolemia was noted in people of older age. Females of different age showed a negative correlation with arterial hypertension, and a positive correlation with hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Excessive body weight is not a CHD risk factor for the Khanty. PMID- 3199654 TI - [Programmed endocardiac stimulation of the right ventricle in patients with various forms of ventricular disorders of the heart rhythm: the results and their significance]. AB - An intracardiac electrophysiologic study of 73 patients, including those without ventricular arrhythmias, those with chronic ventricular ectopic activity of varying levels, and those with paroxysmal or nonparoxysmal ventricular tachycardia, has identified specific electrophysiologic phenomena that may be used as criteria for the diagnosis of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardias and assessment of the effect of anti-arrhythmic drugs at electrophysiologic testing. PMID- 3199655 TI - [A combination of kordaron with ritmilen: its effect on the electrophysiology of the heart and its clinical effectiveness]. AB - Combined effect of cordarone and ritmilen on myocardial electrophysiology was assessed in an acute medicated test, on the basis of electrophysiologic studies and transesophageal pacing test, in patients with resistant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. The cordarone-ritmilen combination has proved efficient in 82.4% of cases and caused a significant change of the P-Q interval and effective refractory period (ERPav, ERPrv, ERPiv). The Q-T interval increased but never resulted in ventricular arrhythmias. Good antiarrhythmic effect was seen in 70.4% after 12 months. There were side effects in 10.7% of cases. PMID- 3199653 TI - [New-onset stenocardia: the detection of clinical variants of ventricular arrhythmia]. AB - A total of 130 patients with angina of new onset (ANO), i.e. first three months after the onset of anginal attacks, were investigated by means of 24- and 48-hour Holter's electrocardiographic monitoring. All the patients underwent selective coronarography. Ventricular arrhythmias (isolated and paired extrasystoles, ventricular tachycardias) and their correlation to acute myocardial ischemia were analysed. Ventricular tachycardia was more common in unstable ANO, as compared to stable angina, and in patients with signs of coronary spasm, as compared to anginal patients showing no such signs. The combination of unstable angina with signs of coronary spasm is the least favorable ANO variant in terms of the risk of grave ventricular arrhythmias. PMID- 3199657 TI - [Hemodynamic mechanisms of the decrease in physical work capacity in hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis]. AB - A study of 21 patients with hypothyroidism, 22 patients with thyrotoxicosis and 18 normal subjects, using echocardiography and bicycle ergometry, demonstrated different mechanisms of reduced working capacity, associated with those conditions. The decrease in chronotropic and inotropic heart reserve, associated with hypothyroidism, is shown to be rooted in slowed-down relaxation of left ventricular posterior wall in the presence of diastolic arterial hypertension, while limited working capacity, associated with thyrotoxicosis, is rooted in resting myocardial hyperfunction due to hyperkinetic circulation. PMID- 3199656 TI - [Effect of obzidan on coronary blood flow in patients with the hyperkinetic type of hemodynamics in the acute period of myocardial infarct]. AB - Changes in the rate of coronary venous flow through the affected area under the effect of intravenous jet injections of propranolol, 0.1 mg per 1 kg body weight, were assessed in 18 patients of the hyperkinetic central hemodynamic type during acute myocardial infarction. In the first group of patients, whose mean flow rate through the affected wall was 106.2 +/- 5.7 ml/min, the latter parameter decreased in proportion to the drop in double product. In the second group of patients, whose coronary venous flow rate was reduced (51.4 +/- 6.9 ml/min), propranolol-induced drop in the flow rate was less marked, as compared to the drop in double product. It was correlated with dramatically depressed pumping function of the heart. PMID- 3199658 TI - [The relation of central blood circulation and the values of fatty and non-fatty body weight in men with normo- and hyperlipoproteinemia]. AB - An anthropometric and clinical-instrumental study of 64 males with normolipoproteinemia (NLP) and 106 males with atherogenic hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) demonstrated, at a rank correlations analysis, that absolute and relative fatty body weight and relative nonfatty body weight correlated, with a high significance, with cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance and arterial blood pressure, irrespective of NLP or HLP. The hemodynamic profile of males with low, moderate and high fat deposition was associated, respectively, with basic signs of hyper-, eu- and hypokinetic central hemodynamic types. Developing HLP affects central circulatory adaptation to changing fat/nonfatty body weight ratios and may be conducive to arterial hypertension. PMID- 3199659 TI - [Clinico-pathochemical substantiation of the exacerbation phenomenon in patients with ischemic heart disease during treatment with the helium-neon laser]. AB - Some pathochemical mechanisms of coronary disease aggravation in the course of laser therapy were assessed by means of the measurement of erythrocyte membrane lipids and phospholipids as well as plasma alpha-tocopherol and diene conjugate levels. The aggravation was associated with an activation of metabolic processes aiming to produce regeneration of membrane structures. The regeneration takes place in the presence of chronic deficiency of total phospholipids and inadequate antioxidant protection of biomembranes, therefore complete stabilization and normalization of their composition and activity is impossible. PMID- 3199660 TI - [Content of lysosomes and lipids in the cytoplasm of the blood monocytes in patients with ischemic heart disease]. AB - Coronary patients with unstable angina in the presence of considerably changed serum lipid spectrum showed marked changes in peripheral monocyte metabolism (accumulation of lipids and declining cytoplasmic lysosome levels). These changes were partly induced by pathologic components of blood sera, such as atherogenic lipoproteins and circulating immune complexes, as evidenced by the demonstrated capacity of coronary patients' serum to cause lipid accumulation and a drop of monocyte lysosome level in normal controls. Changes in blood monocyte metabolism of coronary patients may reflect the severity of atherosclerotic developments. PMID- 3199661 TI - [Effect of adaptation to stress exposures on the cholino- and adrenoreactivity of the atria and their content of acetylcholine in rats with myocardial infarct]. AB - The effect of left-ventricular myocardial infarction (MI) on cholino- and adrenoreactivity of an isolated right atrium and acetylcholine (AC) content of both atria was evaluated experimentally in Wistar rats, adapted or unadapted (control) to stress. In the control sample, 24-hour-long MI increased the chronotropic response to AC, while atrial endogenic AC dropped fourfold. Those changes were accompanied by no marked changes in pacemaker adrenoreactivity. Adaptation to stress reduced pacemaker choline reactivity without any significant effect on pacemaker adrenoreactivity or atrial AC. At the same time, adaptation largely prevented MI-induced increase in pacemaker choline reactivity and atrial AC drop. Increased pacemaker choline reactivity, seen in MI, enhances pacemaker sensitivity to cognition of ectopic excitation foci and, hence, cholinergic effects, that may promote the emergence of arrhythmia. Therefore, pacemaker resistance to cholinergic action, increasing in the course of adaptation, may be an important element of the protective antiarrhythmic effect of adaptation to stress in MI. PMID- 3199662 TI - [Effect of the beta-blocker propranolol (obzidan) on the content of macroergic phosphates and the development of the size of necrotic areas in the myocardium in experimental acute coronary occlusion]. AB - Coronary arterial occlusion, maintained for 7 days in rabbits was accompanied by a marked and fairly stable drop in macroergic phosphates (ATP, creatine phosphate), seen in the perinecrotic and distant left and right ventricular myocardium. The administration of 0.5 mg/kg propranolol twice daily within 30-40 min after coronary arterial ligation resulted in a significant increase in ATP and the adenine nucleotides pool at a distance from the necrotic focus in the right and left ventricular myocardium on treatment days 3 and 7 and did not affect the recovery of normal creatine phosphate in the same myocardial areas. Propranolol treatment limited progressive death of myocardial cell population, reducing by 37% myocardial infarction size by day 7 of the experimental study, as compared to the situation in the untreated animals. PMID- 3199663 TI - [Laser destruction of the atrioventricular bundle using the cardiac endoscope]. AB - The results of experiments where endoscopes of various makes were introduced into the right atrium under thoracotomy or transvenously are reported. After visual determination of the A-V node zone, laser coagulation was performed by Nd-YAG laser until complete A-V block was achieved. Various methods of laser cardiac endoscopy application are discussed. Laser destruction of the heart conduction pathways through a cardiac endoscope with a polyurethane balloon appears to be the most convenient technique. PMID- 3199664 TI - [Age-related characteristics of a change in cardiac systolic and diastolic functions under the influence of the adrenergic stimulants isadrin and mezaton (based on data from a computer analysis of the echocardiogram)]. PMID- 3199665 TI - Renal excretion of rubidium and potassium: an electron microprobe and clearance study. AB - A combination of clearance and electron microprobe studies was carried out to investigate renal rubidium excretion and rubidium distribution between plasma and individual tubule cells. Saline-infused animals were compared with potassium loaded rats and another group in which rubidium was given in such amounts that the sum of plasma rubidium plus potassium equalled the potassium concentration in the potassium-loaded rats. The renal clearance of rubidium was uniformly less than that of potassium. Nevertheless, rubidium stimulated fractional potassium excretion above the levels observed in both saline- and potassium-loaded animals. When compared with their plasma concentrations, rubidium was concentrated in all tubule cell types more than potassium, and this is most likely due to restriction of passive diffusion of rubidium from cells to extracellular fluid. In addition, heterogeneity of intercalated cell ion composition was observed: one cell group had high chloride and potassium, but low rubidium contents, whereas the other was characterized by low chloride and potassium, but high rubidium contents. PMID- 3199666 TI - Lupus nephropathy in New Zealand F1 hybrid mice treated by (-)15-deoxyspergualin. AB - The effect of (-)15-deoxyspergualin (15-dsp), a new immunosuppressant which was originally separated from the culture filtrate of a strain of Bacillus laterosporus, was evaluated in this study. Various doses of 15-dsp were subcutaneously administered to New Zealand black/white F1 hybrid mice (B/WF1) four times a week starting at 14 weeks of age, just prior to the onset of nephropathy. The life span of the treated animals, studied at 0.6 to 6.0 mg/kg body weights, compared with the control mice was significantly prolonged by 15 dsp treatment (percent survival of the treated mice at 50 to 70 weeks of age was significantly higher than that of the control mice, except that of the 0.6 mg group at 60 wks of age, P less than 0.05 by Fisher's exact test). In the 6.0 mg group of mice, complete suppression of spontaneously progressive splenomegaly with decreased total spleen cells was observed at 24 through 36 weeks of age compared with the same-aged control group of mice (P less than 0.01). Absolute numbers of L3T4+ splenocytes determined by flow cytometry, as well as L3T4+/Lyt2+ ratio, were decreased, while in vitro interleukin 2 production by splenocytes induced with staphylococcal enterotoxin A was significantly enhanced. Serum IgG anti-ds DNA antibody levels, measured by radioimmunoassay in the treated mice, were significantly lower at 24 through 36 weeks of age than those in the control mice (P less than 0.01), and the incidence of significant proteinuria (greater than or equal to 100 mg/dl) in the 15-dsp group was lower at both 32 and 36 weeks of age (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199667 TI - Sex related differences in glomerular ultrafiltration and proteinuria in Munich Wistar rats. AB - Munich-Wistar rats (MWF/Ztm), originally selected for high number of superficial glomeruli, were used to correlate abnormal urinary protein excretion with glomerular hemodynamics and glomerular morphology. Two animal groups were used, one of male and one of female rats. They were kept periodically in metabolic cages to determine urinary protein excretion. All animals were fed standard rat chow. In male animals protein excretion, evaluated at seven weeks of age, was already significantly higher than in females (17 +/- 11 vs. 8 +/- 3 mg/24 hr), and then progressively increased averaging 291 +/- 51 mg/24 hr at week 21. In females urinary protein excretion was within the normal range up to week 18 and averaged 25 +/- 13 mg/24 hr at week 21. Body and kidney weight at the end of the experimental period were significantly higher in males than in females. Whole kidney inulin clearance (CIn) and single nephron glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR) were significantly higher in male than in female rats, while mean glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (PGC) and transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference (delta P) were comparable. Single nephron glomerular plasma flow (QA) and afferent and efferent arteriolar resistance were comparable in male and female rats. The calculated glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) was significantly higher in male than in female MWF/Ztm rats. No significant differences were detected between the two groups in the total number of glomeruli, and in glomerular size. These findings indicate that male MWF/Ztm rats develop spontaneous proteinuria, which progressively increases with the age.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199668 TI - Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on renal function in sickle cell anemia. AB - Renal hemodynamics and solute and water handling were evaluated in 19 sickle cell patients and 8 matched normal subjects during water diuresis, before and after acute oral administration of a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID). Baseline GFR and RPF were higher in the patients compared to the normals. In contrast to normals, indomethacin and sulindac induced a 16% and 14% decrease in GFR, respectively. Indomethacin resulted in a slight increase in UOsm in normals, but a substantially greater rise in the patients. Following indomethacin a greater fall in FENa, fractional solute delivery to the diluting segment of the nephron [(CH2O + CNa + K)/GFR], fractional solute reabsorption in the diluting segment [CH2O/GFR] and the fraction of distally delivered solute reabsorbed [CH2O/(CH2O + CNa + K)] was observed in the sickle cell patients than in the normal subjects. A similar trend, but of significantly lesser magnitude than that induced by indomethacin, was observed following sulindac in the sickle cell patient. The data imply that the supranormal GFR observed in the sickle cell patients was prostaglandin-mediated. The effects of NSAID's on renal solute and water handling in the sickle cell patients are compatible with a prostaglandin dependent decreased salt reabsorption in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle, together with a hyperfunctioning proximal tubule. The data also imply an additional indomethacin-sensitive antinatriuretic effect in the diluting segment in these patients. Moreover, the results suggest that in sickle cell anemia sulindac may not have a "renal sparing" advantage over other NSAID's. PMID- 3199669 TI - Localization of the gene for X-linked Alport's syndrome. AB - X-chromosomal DNA probes defining various polymorphic DNA markers were used to study genetic linkage in three families with Alport's syndrome. With the DXS17 marker, only a single cross-over was observed in 26 informative meioses, and evidence for linkage was also obtained with the DXS11 marker. These data localize the gene for the X-linked form of Alport's syndrome to the middle of the long arm of the X chromosome. PMID- 3199670 TI - Prognostic factors in diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis. AB - A number of clinical laboratory and biopsy-derived parameters were assessed for their prognostic significance in the short (24 months), intermediate (60 months) and long terms in 45 patients (43 female, 2 male) with diffuse proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis (DPGN). The factors evaluated were serum creatinine (SCr) and urinary protein at time of biopsy, initial dose of prednisone and immunosuppressive after biopsy, activity index (AI), chronicity index (CI), their individual components, extent of extraglomerular (tubulo-interstitial) immune deposits (EGD) and mean number of intraglomerular monocytes per glomerulus (NSE index). Using proportional hazards analysis to evaluate the parameters, SCr (P = 0.003), AI (P = 0.005) and NSE index (P = 0.038) were shown to be significant predictors of outcome when all variables except the components of AI and CI were considered. When AI and CI were omitted but their components included, SCr (P = 0.0005), NSE index (P = 0.024), extent of karyorrhexis (P = 0.035) and glomerulosclerosis (P = 0.033) were then demonstrated to be significant prognostic factors of DPGN. The results suggest that intraglomerular monocyte infiltration has a protective effect and confirm that AI index is a relatively powerful predictor of outcome. Histologic and nonhistologic biopsy factors contribute significant additional prognostic information to that provided by SCr. PMID- 3199671 TI - A six-year comparison of patient and technique survivals in CAPD and HD. AB - Comparisons of patient and technique survival were made for 120 CAPD and 139 HD patients undergoing dialysis between January 1981 and December 1986. Cox's proportional hazard regression model was used to compare patient and technique survival, with an adjustment for pre-treatment prognostic differences. Only the patients' first treatments were considered. The CAPD patients were 10 years older, on the average, than the HD patients and had more complicated conditions (58% with 3 or more co-existing risk factors vs. 35%). Overall patient survival between CAPD and HD did not differ (P = 0.2694). However, when adjusted for patient age, sex and other comorbid complicating conditions, CAPD patients over the age of 66 had a significantly lower risk of death than their HD counterparts (P less than 0.05). There were no differences in the adjusted patient survival for patients aged 30 to 66. Four pre-treatment prognostic factors had statistically significant adverse effects on patient survival: age, diabetes, malignancy and peripheral vascular disease. Survival of the HD technique, when unadjusted, was better than survival of CAPD (P = 0.0457). Even after adjustment for sex and age, this difference was still very nearly significant (P = 0.0656). No risk factors were found to be significantly associated with technique survival. Based on patient and technique survival, CAPD would appear to be an excellent alternative to HD and may be the preferred treatment for high risk patients over the age of 66. PMID- 3199672 TI - Working capacity is increased following recombinant human erythropoietin treatment. AB - To investigate the effect of partial correction of anemia in patients maintained by chronic intermittent hemodialysis on aerobic and anaerobic working capacity, eight patients underwent a bicycle spiro-ergometry before and after treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO). the initial mean (+/- SD) hemoglobin value was 5.9 mg/dl +/- 0.61 and increased during treatment to 10.9 +/ 0.59 mg/dl, P less than 0.0001). This partial correction of anemia resulted in a significant increase of both oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold and peak peripheral oxygen uptake at subjective exhaustion (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.0002, respectively). The increase in oxygen uptake corresponded to significant increases in Watts, both at the anaerobic threshold and at maximum workload (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.0004). These data show that partial correction of renal anemia results in a significant increase of both exercise capacity and maximum work. PMID- 3199673 TI - Metabolism of complement factor D in renal failure. AB - Factor D is an essential enzyme of the alternative pathway of complement. Its plasma concentration increases approximately tenfold in end-stage renal failure (ESRF). To analyze its metabolism in humans, we injected purified radiolabelled factor D into 5 healthy individuals and 12 patients with various renal diseases or renal failure. Fractional metabolic rates (FMR) and extravascular/intravascular distributions (EV/IV) were calculated using a compartmental model. The FMR was very rapid in normal individuals (mean 59.6%/hr; range 74.1 to 50.5), significantly diminished in the five patients with ESRF (5.7%/hr; 7.0 to 2.8; P less than 0.004), and correlated well with the creatinine clearance (r = 0.89; P less than 0.001). The extrarenal catabolic rate was not modified in renal failure. Despite a significant inverse correlation between plasma levels of factor D and creatinine clearance [r = 0.68; P less than 0.002], factor D levels were not a sensitive indicator of renal function because the synthesis rate (SR) varied widely from one individual to another (mean SR: 62.9 micrograms/kg/hr; 14.9 to 136.5). Factor D synthesis was not significantly altered by renal function, and did not correlate with C-reactive protein, suggesting that factor D is not an acute phase protein. The proportion of intact factor D elimination in the urine was increased in patients with tubular dysfunction (up to 15% compared to less than 0.2% in normal individuals) confirming that under normal circumstances factor D is filtered through the glomerulus and catabolized by tubular cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199674 TI - A renal biopsy study of hepatitis B virus-associated nephropathy in Korea. AB - The pathogenic role of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection for glomerulonephritis (GN) is not clear. The frequency of HBsAg has been studied in sera of 732 consecutive patients who have glomerular diseases by using radioimmunoassay. The frequency of HBs antigenemia was 11.9%, which was not different from that in the general population of South Korea. Of the 87 HBsAg seropositive patients with GN, 29 cases with membranoproliferative GN (MPGN) and eighteen with membranous nephropathy (MN) were diagnosed as having HBV-associated nephropathy. Eighty-seven and one-half percent of the adults with MPGN and 80% of the children with MN were HBsAg carries. The morphologic findings and laboratory data in cases with HBV-associated MPGN and MN did not differ significantly from those observed in patients with MPGN and MN without circulating HBsAg. Yet mesangial deposits were more frequently noted in patients with HBV-associated MN when compared to others with idiopathic MN. Glomerular deposits of HBsAg were not detected using indirect immunofluorescence technique. Even though HBsAg was not demonstrable within the glomeruli, HBV infection seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of MPGN in Korean adults and MN in children. PMID- 3199675 TI - Dietary factors in the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of calcium nephrolithiasis. PMID- 3199676 TI - Effect of long-term, alternate day feeding on renal function in aging conscious rats. AB - To examine the renal effects of lifelong intermittent feeding, we performed clearance and pathologic studies in 86 week old, awake male Sprague-Dawley rats fed on alternate days (N = 9) or ad libitum (N = 8) since the age of four weeks. Alternate day-fed rats were studied on both feeding and fasting days, and the values averaged. In the alternate day group the clearances of inulin (Cinulin) and PAH (CPAH), factored by body wt, were higher by 23% and 27%, respectively (P less than 0.05); albumin excretion (UalbV) was two orders of magnitude lower (P less than 0.001) and the percentage of glomeruli with lesions was eightfold lower (P less than 0.02) than in the ad libitum-fed group. The fractional clearances of neutral dextrans ranging in radii from 20 A to 42 A did not differ between the two groups. Compared to a previously published study of 30 week old, alternate day-fed rats, values for Cinulin and CPAH were similar while UalbV was higher (P less than 0.025) in the 86 week old alternate day-fed rats. Cinulin, however, was lower (P less than 0.005) while UalbV was much higher (P less than 0.001) in 86 week old, ad libitum-fed rats than in 30 week old, ad libitum-fed rats. The results indicate that long-term alternate day feeding preserves glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF), while glomerular permselectivity is not completely preserved, as evidenced by an increase in microalbuminuria in aging awake male rats. Conversely, ad libitum feeding results in a significant decline in GFR and probably in RPF, in association with massive albuminuria and segmental glomerular sclerosis. PMID- 3199677 TI - Effect of heparin on the glomerular structure and function of remnant nephrons. AB - The development of glomerular structural abnormalities in remnant nephrons, after ablation of renal mass (subtotal nephrectomy), in rats is largely prevented by the daily injection of heparin. To investigate if this protective effect of heparin is due to attenuation of glomerular hyperperfusion, hypertension and hyperfiltration, which develop in remnant nephrons soon after subtotal nephrectomy, we measured various parameters of glomerular hemodynamics at two weeks (Group 1) and four weeks (Group 2) after removal of 1-3/4 of total kidney mass in heparin-treated (Groups 1A and 2A) and untreated (Groups 1B and 2B) Munich-Wistar rats. When compared to normal non-nephrectomized rats (Group 1C), the values for glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (PGC), glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) and single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) in remnant nephrons were found to be markedly and similarly elevated in both Groups 1A and 1B, averaging 71 +/- 4 and 73 +/- 4 mm Hg, 229 +/- 41 and 176 +/- 13 nl/min, 58.9 +/- 6.4 and 60.8 +/- 7.8 nl/min, respectively. Thus, glomerular hemodynamic parameters two weeks after subtotal nephrectomy did not differ between untreated and heparin-treated rats. Likewise, heparin treatment did not decrease the values of PGC and SNGFR assessed four weeks after subtotal nephrectomy, with the average values being 65 +/- 2 mm Hg and 83.8 +/- 7.1 nl/min in Group 2A versus 62 +/- 4 mm Hg and 63.7 +/- 6.5 nl/min in Group 2B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3199678 TI - Effects of succinylacetone on the uptake of sugars and amino acids by brush border vesicles. AB - Infants with hereditary tyrosinemia excrete succinylacetone (SA) in their urine, and suffer from a reversible renal Fanconi syndrome with glycosuria and hyperaminoaciduria. Thus, we have examined the effects of 4 mM SA on rat renal brush border membrane vesicle uptake of sugars and amino acids. SA, unlike sodium maleate, significantly inhibits Na+-dependent vesicular sugar and amino acid uptake. 22Na-uptake, as well as membrane fluidity of the vesicles, are also affected by SA. Inhibition of glycine uptake by SA is reversible and competitive in nature, while alpha-CH3-D-glucoside uptake is non-competitively affected. We conclude, therefore, that SA has a more complex action on the rat renal tubule than sodium maleate, and is likely a much more physiologic model for study of the human renal Fanconi syndrome. PMID- 3199679 TI - Treatment of murine lupus nephritis with cyclophosphamide or total lymphoid irradiation. AB - Untreated 9 to 11 month-old, female NZB/W F1 mice all died within six weeks (wks) after the occurrence of nephrotic range proteinuria (greater than or equal to 3 g/liter). Significant prolonged survival could be obtained in similar groups of animals either by weekly i.v. pulses of cyclophosphamide (CY, 25 mg/kg, 40% survival 20 wks after start of treatment) or by administering total lymphoid irradiation (TLI, 17 daily fractions of 2 Gy, 70% survival at 20 wks). All surviving animals in both groups showed remission of the nephrotic range proteinuria. In all treated mice, light microscopy examination of the kidneys revealed a decrease of inflammation and a stabilization of proliferation and sclerosis, yet immunofluorescence for IgM, IgG and C3 was not significantly altered. The better survival of the TLI- as compared to the CY-treated mice (P less than 0.001) was due to a lower incidence of lymphomas or viral infections. IgG anti-DNA auto-antibodies were significantly lowered by CY but not by TLI treatment. It is concluded that CY pulse therapy and TLI are both efficient treatment modalities for high grade lupus like NZB/W disease. In this model TLI is safer than CY when used in a dose regimen of 25 mg/kg/wk and interferes with the course of the disease without lowering the IgG anti-DNA antibodies. PMID- 3199680 TI - Mineralocorticoid activity and the excretion of an oral potassium load in normal man. AB - In six healthy males on a fixed sodium/potassium (Na/K) intake, we studied the relation between plasma K and urine K and Na excretion after an oral K load. Studies were repeated during fludrocortisone (0.5 mg bid) or spironolactone (50 mg qid), that is, after escape from the Na-retaining and Na-excreting effects of these drugs. A steep positive relation between plasma K (ordinate) and urine K or Na (abscissa) was found, compatible with a strong influence of changes in plasma K on K and Na excretion. Fludrocortisone reset the relation to a lower level of plasma K. Spironolactone, on the other hand, had little effect on these relations, although a tendency towards a higher plasma K could be recognized. Paradoxically, the K load was excreted less efficiently during fludrocortisone, probably due to enhanced cellular K deposition. Prolonged kaliuresis relative to the transient rise in plasma K and natriuresis was found only without medication. Only in this situation aldosterone rose and fell parallel to plasma K. We conclude that: 1) chronic mineralocorticoid increase shifts the set point of both K and Na excretion following a K load to a lower plasma K, compatible with resetting of the positive influence of plasma K on distal solute delivery towards a lower plasma K; 2) total kaliuresis is paradoxically low due to enhanced cellular K uptake; 3) blockade of endogenous aldosterone action has relatively little influence on these relations between plasma K and urine K or Na; 4) the contribution of acute aldosterone stimulation to the excretion of a single oral K load can be recognized as a delayed kaliuresis extending beyond the peak in plasma K. PMID- 3199681 TI - Morphometric analysis of pre-eclampsia in women biopsied in pregnancy and post partum. AB - The importance of endothelial cell swelling and subepithelial deposits in producing capillary wall thickening in women with pre-eclampsia is controversial. In this study renal biopsy tissue from 16 women with a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia was analyzed morphometrically. Women biopsied during pregnancy (N = 6) showed substantial, electron-dense subendothelial deposits in capillary loops, but these were rare or absent in women (N = 10) biopsied post-partum (P less than 0.01). Endothelial cell swelling was present in both groups of patients to an equal degree. Mesangial cell interposition occurred but was not the dominant feature, and was similar in both pregnancy and post-partum biopsies. The median percentage per patient occupied by basement membrane was similar for both groups. Subendothelial deposits appear to resolve early in the post-partum period. PMID- 3199683 TI - Anti-hormones and blood pressure. Villeneuve-lez-Avignon, France, November 5-6, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3199682 TI - Renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase in patients with renal disease. AB - Renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase (1-hydroxylase) activity has been measured in 20 patients with renal disease using the remaining portion of needle renal biopsy specimens taken for diagnostic purposes and in five patients using kidney tissue removed during transplantation. The 1-hydroxylase activity of 12 patients with asymptomatic proteinuria and/or hematuria (group A) measured 83.2 +/- 37.7 pg/mg tissue/20 min. Since these 12 patients did not show impaired mineral metabolism or pathological changes in the renal tubules, we have presumed that these results indicate normal activity in man. We also measured the 1 hydroxylase activity in four patients treated with prednisolone (group B). The 1 hydroxylase activity (81.1 +/- 27.1 pg/mg tissue/20 min) of group B did not differ from that of group A. However, the urinary excretion of calcium (ratio of calcium/creatinine) was increased (0.18 +/- 0.07 vs. 0.07 +/- 0.03, P less than 0.01) by prednisolone therapy. These data suggest that glucocorticoid-induced changes in urinary calcium excretion are not the result of a direct effect of glucocorticoid on renal 1-hydroxylase. In the three patients with mild renal insufficiency (group C), the 1-hydroxylase activity (75.4 +/- 22.4 pg/mg tissue/20 min) did not differ from that of group A. However, in five patients with severe renal insufficiency (group D), the 1-hydroxylase activity (8.5 +/- 3.7 pg/mg tissue/20 min) was significantly decreased (P less than 0.01). PMID- 3199684 TI - Long-term experience of spironolactone in essential hypertension. PMID- 3199686 TI - Angiotensin receptor: properties and relevance to the development of antagonists. PMID- 3199685 TI - Role of endogenous bradykinin in blood pressure control of conscious rats. PMID- 3199687 TI - [20 years' results of vagotomy]. PMID- 3199689 TI - [Indications for the use of selective proximal vagotomy]. PMID- 3199688 TI - [Gastric motor and evacuatory functions following resection and vagotomy]. PMID- 3199690 TI - [Gastric and duodenal motor functions in the late period after pylorus-preserving resection]. PMID- 3199691 TI - [Emergency surgical intervention in hemorrhaging gastric and duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 3199692 TI - [Surgical procedures in patients with acute hemorrhaging from stomach and duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3199695 TI - [Seromuscular proximal vagotomy in the treatment of pyloroduodenal ulcer]. PMID- 3199694 TI - [Morphologic assessment of chronic gastritis in peptic ulcer and stomach cancer]. PMID- 3199693 TI - [Gastroesophageal reflux in the surgical treatment of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3199696 TI - [Radical operations in perforating stomach and duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3199697 TI - [Surgical treatment of peptic ulcer in women]. PMID- 3199698 TI - [Variants of pylorus-preserving resection in gastric peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3199699 TI - [The choice of the method for drainage of the duodenal stump]. PMID- 3199700 TI - [Endoscopic laser therapy in preoperative preparation and the prevention of postoperative complications]. PMID- 3199701 TI - [Evaluation of surgical results in peptic ulcer using fiber gastroduodenoscopy and guided endoscopic pH measurement]. PMID- 3199702 TI - [Use of MK-8 glue in treating stomach and duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3199703 TI - [Principles of the dispensary care of peptic ulcer patients following organ preserving operations with vagotomy]. PMID- 3199704 TI - [An analysis of complications following operations in gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3199705 TI - [A rare complication of gastric resection]. PMID- 3199707 TI - [Reasons for nonhealing and ulcer recurrence after proximal vagotomy and pyloroplasty]. PMID- 3199706 TI - [Diagnostic difficulties in idiopathic subphrenic abscess]. PMID- 3199708 TI - [Regional blood flow and gastric and duodenal function in the late period after selective proximal vagotomy]. PMID- 3199709 TI - [Gastric motor and evacuatory functions and membrane digestion after vagotomy]. PMID- 3199711 TI - [A method for applying a gastroenteric anastomosis in perforating duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 3199710 TI - [Effect of variants of vagotomy on the acid-producing function of the stomach in duodenal ulcer in middle-aged and elderly patients]. PMID- 3199712 TI - [Mechanical suture in gastric resection]. PMID- 3199713 TI - [Use of antimetabolites in the combined preparation of patients with gastric peptic ulcer for organ-preserving operations]. PMID- 3199714 TI - [Endoscopic laser therapy of stomach and duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3199715 TI - [Use of the copper-vapor laser in the combined treatment of peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3199716 TI - [A case of a severe course of complicated duodenal peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3199717 TI - [The stress reaction to surgical trauma in peptic ulcer and stomach cancer patients depending on the nature of the preoperative preparation]. PMID- 3199718 TI - [Use of anti-inflammatory x-ray therapy in the combined treatment of anastomositis following gastric resection]. PMID- 3199719 TI - [A case of gastromalacia]. PMID- 3199720 TI - [Successful conservative treatment of an external gastric fistula]. PMID- 3199721 TI - [Late results of the surgical treatment of stomach duplication]. PMID- 3199722 TI - [Immunologic reactivity of patients with gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer]. PMID- 3199723 TI - [A method of gastric resection]. PMID- 3199724 TI - [Improved methods of laser photocoagulation in hemorrhaging stomach and duodenal ulcers]. PMID- 3199725 TI - [A mouthpiece for endoscopic pH measurement]. PMID- 3199726 TI - [Universal litters for transporting patients from the operating table]. PMID- 3199727 TI - [Regional blood flow and gastric motor function following truncal vagotomy in patients with duodenal ulcer complicated by hemorrhage]. PMID- 3199729 TI - [Postoperative peritonitis in operations on the large intestine]. PMID- 3199728 TI - [Ureterovaginal fistulae after obstetrical-gynecological operations]. PMID- 3199730 TI - [Biopsy diagnosis of infarct of the testis and epididymis]. PMID- 3199731 TI - [Diseases of the testis and epididymis based on the biopsy materials of the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Biomedical Research Institute]. PMID- 3199732 TI - [The potential for a favorable effect in certain forms of neurogenic urination disorders using the preparation dibenziran]. PMID- 3199733 TI - [Drug treatment of prostatic cancer]. PMID- 3199734 TI - [Pathological changes in the lungs of patients with chronic kidney failure treated by hemodialysis]. PMID- 3199735 TI - [Pyonephrosis in coralloid lithiasis]. PMID- 3199736 TI - [Thyroidectomy or extensive resection in differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid. A comparative study of the late results]. PMID- 3199737 TI - [Obstetrical-gynecological vesicovaginal fistulae--etiological factors, diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3199738 TI - [Preliminary results of adjuvant chemo- and chemohormonotherapy in breast cancer patients]. PMID- 3199739 TI - [Frozen adipose tissue implants in augmentation mammaplasty--an 11-year follow up]. PMID- 3199740 TI - [Diagnosis and treatment of penetrating wounds of the chest cavity in childhood]. PMID- 3199741 TI - [Carcinoid--a clinico-morphological analysis of a case]. PMID- 3199742 TI - [Electrocardiographic changes during epidural analgesia]. PMID- 3199743 TI - [Surgical treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism]. PMID- 3199744 TI - [Obstructive uropathy--comparative studies of obstruction of the upper and lower urinary tracts]. PMID- 3199745 TI - [Paraffinoma of the breasts]. PMID- 3199746 TI - [2 cases of spontaneous skin laceration in the area of an umbilical hernia in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites]. PMID- 3199747 TI - [A method for treating tumors located in the middle third of the rectum]. PMID- 3199748 TI - [Nursing personnel has a large task in neurologic rehabilitation: making aware, activating, exercising]. PMID- 3199749 TI - [A cool head in spite of a big to do. Interview by Monica Brechbuhler]. PMID- 3199750 TI - ["Talk to me--I would feel better"]. PMID- 3199751 TI - [A great demand for nurses]. PMID- 3199752 TI - ["Violence towards children"--how can we recognize it and how can we help? "Personal commitment is essential"]. PMID- 3199753 TI - [Unexpected resignation of the deputy president of the nursing school. "I don't just want to supervise nursing, I want to teach and practice it". Interview by Monika Brechbuhler]. PMID- 3199754 TI - [New orientation in health care, direction year 2000: are we over or undersupplied?]. PMID- 3199755 TI - [Philosophical-psychological considerations on the theme of continuing education. Luxury or necessity?]. PMID- 3199757 TI - [Palliative care. Establishing a health policy]. PMID- 3199756 TI - [Rive-Neuve: a pilot palliative unit. An hospice in romance-language Switzerland]. PMID- 3199758 TI - [The care giver-cared for: the dilemma of truth]. PMID- 3199759 TI - [How to help the suffering nursing personnel? (2) The role of the psychoanalyst]. PMID- 3199760 TI - [In Lausanne le Coteau suggests a new type of care for disadvantaged families. To escape from the mesh]. PMID- 3199761 TI - [Recent findings concerning Alzheimer's disease may have repercussions on the nursing level. Plaques in the brain]. PMID- 3199762 TI - [An attempt at clarification of the nurse's functions. Dependence- interdependence--autonomy]. PMID- 3199763 TI - [Kinesthetics appears to be a serviceable method for the daily practice of nursing: lifting and moving--made easy]. PMID- 3199764 TI - [Kinesthetics: a play of behavioral cybernetics]. PMID- 3199765 TI - [Nonsensical studies of the environment]. PMID- 3199766 TI - [Fight against larger-size infection-causing organisms: unpleasant guests]. PMID- 3199767 TI - [Campaign against disease]. PMID- 3199768 TI - [Oncologic nursing in China: hunger for modern technology]. PMID- 3199769 TI - [Stress in the hospital is an every-day-reality, how can each of us cope with it? Be good to the patient and good to yourself]. PMID- 3199770 TI - [What is the position of the nursing administration? The great unknown]. PMID- 3199771 TI - [Behavior: free will]. PMID- 3199772 TI - [Did you say ... autonomy?]. PMID- 3199773 TI - [Child and adolescent health]. PMID- 3199774 TI - [Facing everyday realities]. PMID- 3199775 TI - [The history of medicine reveals various attitudes toward the patient. Patient's rights: an obsolete notion?]. PMID- 3199776 TI - [From a salary claim to cultural considerations. Stress and psychiatric nursing]. PMID- 3199777 TI - [For the first time, a common course for medical students and nurses. Interview by Marie-Josee Burnier and Jacques Mader]. PMID- 3199778 TI - [The hospital: place of integration or of exclusion. A modern version of the "coconut tree"?]. PMID- 3199779 TI - [Behavior. Free will (2)]. PMID- 3199780 TI - [In the daily life of the hospital--Waste, a problem concerning everybody]. PMID- 3199781 TI - [Medical secret and research--a contested law project]. PMID- 3199782 TI - [Outpatient nursing and health care: "the new movement in health care"]. PMID- 3199783 TI - [Discussion with community nurses of a suburban community. A contested field of activity. Interview by Monika Brechbuhler and Fred Arm]. PMID- 3199784 TI - [Community nurses should also be recognized financially]. PMID- 3199787 TI - [Insufficient reimbursement of car costs. The situation demands special flat rate payments]. PMID- 3199786 TI - [Proposal of the Basel section of the Swiss Nursing Association on health care and nursing in the year 2000 in the community. We need a health policy concept]. PMID- 3199788 TI - [Work place community. Difficult patients help me to grow]. PMID- 3199785 TI - [Proposal for better tariffs in community nursing. Performance catalog of patient care]. PMID- 3199789 TI - [Palliative care. How to help the suffering nursing personnel]. PMID- 3199790 TI - [Tropical Institute of Basle: for nurses and midwives. A new possibility of education]. PMID- 3199791 TI - [The possibility of endoscopic joint surgery]. PMID- 3199793 TI - [Helpless helpers?]. PMID- 3199792 TI - [Metronidazole]. PMID- 3199794 TI - [Detensor THER-O-PEDIC. Successful in China and Russia]. PMID- 3199795 TI - Precipitable tissue proteins can cause experimental acute renal failure. AB - A previous investigation demonstrated that intravenous infusion of a saline-liver extract into rats causes acute renal failure (ARF), manifested by severe azotemia, extensive cast formation, and patchy tubular necrosis. The purpose of the present study was to explore its pathogenesis. Histologic assessments of rat kidneys made 1.5 hours after liver extract infusion demonstrated eosinophilic material within glomerular capillaries, Bowman's space, and proximal tubular lumina, distal nephron cast formation, and tubular dilation without evidence of tubular necrosis. Renal blood flow at this time was normal but the rats were anuric. Assessments made 24 hours after liver extract infusion demonstrated persisting ARF (blood urea nitrogen, 132 +/- 8; creatinine, 2.54 +/- 0.19 mg/dl), profound cast deposition almost exclusively in the inner medulla/papilla, and the appearance of patchy proximal tubular necrosis. Sephacryl S200 fractionation and 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of liver extract showed high and low molecular weight proteins (less than 30,000). Proteins in both regions demonstrated prominent acid precipitability (pH 4.5) and autoaggregation (at 37 degrees C). Trace amounts of spontaneously precipitated protein recovered from urine during liver extract infusion demonstrated a predominance of low molecular weight proteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Infusing rats with filterable low molecular weight proteins (cytochrome c, ribonuclease, myoglobin) without autoaggregation/acid precipitation characteristics or liver extract made devoid of precipitable proteins failed to induce ARF. However, infusing a kidney extract containing acid precipitating/autoaggregating proteins caused inner medullary/papillary cast formation and ARF. CONCLUSION: normal parenchymal tissues contain proteins which can undergo glomerular filtration and which can spontaneously aggregate under conditions which exist in the distal nephron. If released into the circulation, or if shed from tubular cells into lumina after nephrotoxic or ischemic renal injury, they could help to induce intratubular obstruction and ARF. PMID- 3199796 TI - Epinephrine-induced cytotoxicity of rat plasma. Its effects on isolated cardiac myocytes. AB - The plasma from rats injected with epinephrine (5 mg/kg) (epinephrine plasma) was found to be cytotoxic when incubated with isolated heart cells. This cytotoxicity was apparent 60 minutes after the start of the incubation due to the appearance at this time of membrane microblebs and microvilli as seen by scanning electron microscopy and the start of a fall in intracellular concentrations of ATP. The membrane blebs increased in size with time and the cells became contracted. Incubation of the cells for 90 minutes with epinephrine plasma, caused an increase in permeability of plasma membrane to 86Rb+. Incubation with alpha tocopherol prevent this change. After 180 minutes incubation, these cells no longer retained carboxyfluorescein indicating that extensive membrane damage had occurred. It has been suggested that the presence of membrane blebs are evidence that lipid peroxidation is occurring in the cell membrane. Accordingly, glutathione, which is used by the cell against free radical attack and membrane lipid peroxidation, was measured. Glutathione levels started to fall after 60 minutes incubation, the time when the ultrastructural cell membrane changes started to occur. Pretreatment of cells with 100 microM 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1 nitrosourea which inhibits glutathione reductase, before the addition of plasma, increased the sensitivity of these cells to the epinephrine plasma, as measured by fall in intracellular ATP. Cells treated with control plasma did not show the changes described above. The nature of the cytotoxic factor in the plasma is still unknown, although the evidence presented suggests that a free radical may be involved. PMID- 3199797 TI - Modulation of myoglobin-H2O2-mediated peroxidation reactions by sulfhydryl compounds. AB - The ability of specific low molecular weight sulfhydryl compounds to inhibit the myoglobin-H2O2 peroxidation of uric acid and arachidonic acid was investigated. alpha-Mercaptopropionyl glycine, N-acetylcysteine, and reduced glutathione inhibited both the oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin H2O2-mediated peroxidation of uric acid in a dose-dependent manner. The IC50 for each drug ranged between 20 to 100 microM and was dependent on the presence of a reduced sulfhydryl group since neither oxidized glutathione nor methionine effectively blocked uric acid peroxidation. Similar inhibition of oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin H2O2-mediated peroxidation of arachidonic acid was also observed with alpha-mercaptopropionyl glycine, reduced glutathione, and cysteine. Under conditions of this assay, the ferrous form of myoglobin and H2O2 produced approximately three times the amount of formaldehyde from dimethylsulfoxide than ferric myoglobin (metmyoglobin) and H2O2. However, metmyoglobin and H2O2 were more effective than either oxymyoglobin and deoxymyoglobin in mediating arachidonic acid peroxidation. Further, neither mannitol nor benzoic acid (known scavengers of .OH) effectively blocked myoglobin H2O2-induced peroxidation of either uric acid or arachidonic acid. Visible absorption spectra of oxymyoglobin and metmyoglobin after incubation with H2O2 indicates the formation of a relatively stable ferriperoxide derivative of myoglobin. The formation of the ferriperoxide myoglobin derivative was partially inhibited by the addition of reduced sulfhydryl compounds. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that during reperfusion injury of the ischemic myocardium, the phagocytic cell or intracellular-derived H2O2 may react with myoglobin and initiate peroxidation reactions independent of .OH formation leading to cell injury. The cardioprotective effects of alpha-mercaptopropionyl glycine and other sulfhydryl-containing compounds during reperfusion injury may be attributed, at least in part, to their ability to inhibit myoglobin-H2O2 mediated peroxidation reactions. PMID- 3199799 TI - Immunocytochemical study of progesterone receptors in the human endometrium during the menstrual cycle. AB - Specific mouse monoclonal antibody (alpha PR6) against progesterone receptor was used with an avidin biotin complex technique to localize progesterone receptors in frozen sections of 26 normal cyclic human endometria. Progesterone receptor was detected in the nuclei of epithelial and stromal cells in both the functionalis and basalis layers. In the functionalis, the receptor content increased from the early to the late proliferative phase in both cell components. It remained high in the early secretory phase and decreased in the mid- and late secretory phases, comparatively more rapidly in the epithelium than in the stroma. In the latter, the predecidual cell nuclei were receptor-positive. The menstrual phase endometrium lacked receptors. The basalis was rich in progesterone receptors during the proliferative, early and midsecretory phases in both components and receptor-free during the late secretory and menstrual phases of the cycle. Myometrial smooth muscle cell nuclei contained progesterone receptors, whereas they were absent in endometrial and myometrial vessels. Overall, the epithelial progesterone receptor content seemed to correlate with the endometrial tissue levels of estradiol, possibly reflecting its estrogen sensitivity, whereas the stromal progesterone receptor content during the secretory phase at least, in part, may be constitutively synthetized. PMID- 3199798 TI - Reversible phenotypic modulation induced by deprivation of exogenous essential fatty acids. AB - Essential fatty acid deficiency, produced by deprivation of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, is a condition characterized by renal disease, dermatitis, and infertility. Although many of the biochemical aspects of this disorder have been investigated, little is known about the ultrastructural changes induced by essential fatty acid deficiency. Using a unique fatty acid-deficient cell line (EFD-1), which demonstrates the in vivo fatty acid changes of essential fatty acid deficiency, and the prostaglandin E2-producing mouse fibrosarcoma line from which it was derived (HSDM1C1), we correlated ultrastructural and biochemical changes induced by prolonged deprivation of all exogenous lipids and subsequent repletion of selected essential fatty acids. We found that in cells deprived of all exogenous lipids, there was dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and an associated defect in protein secretion; these changes were specifically reversed by arachidonate. There was also an accumulation of secondary lysosomes containing degraded membranes in these cells with an associated increase in phospholipids relative to parent HSDM1C1 cells. Cytoplasmic lipid bodies present in parent cells disappeared, with an associated decrease in triacylglycerol. After just 2 days in lipid-free medium, all these changes were apparent, and prostaglandin E2 production was markedly impaired despite normal amounts of cellular arachidonate. Incubation of EFD-1 cells with arachidonate, the major prostaglandin precursor fatty acid, induced a reversion to the HSDM1C1 phenotype, whereas other fatty acids were totally ineffective. These results indicate changes in fatty acid metabolism in essential fatty acid deficiency are associated with marked alterations in ultrastructure and secretion of protein from cells. PMID- 3199800 TI - The perception of breathlessness. PMID- 3199801 TI - Blastomycosis: an environmental puzzle. PMID- 3199802 TI - Continuing education preferences in the Midlands. PMID- 3199803 TI - Drug screening in the workplace. PMID- 3199804 TI - Anti-steroids. Proceedings of a satellite symposium of the Seventh International Congress on Hormonal Steroids. (Marbella, Spain, September, 1986). PMID- 3199805 TI - Non-isomerisable antiestrogens related to tamoxifen. AB - Three types of non-isomerisable antiestrogens analogous to tamoxifen and 4 hydroxytamoxifen are described. Advantages of non-isomerisability are simplified synthesis, simplified metabolism profile, and that structure-activity relationships become more meaningful. The compounds described differ from tamoxifen by having an extra ring methyl group, a fused seven-membered ring system, or the central ethylene linkage saturated. These compounds retained both binding affinity to estrogen receptors and growth inhibition of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. PMID- 3199806 TI - Screening of anti-progestagens by receptor studies and bioassays. AB - A large number of potential anti-progestational compounds were screened for their ability to bind to the progesterone (MCF-7 cells) and glucocorticoid (IM-9 cells) receptors and for their activity in the pregnancy interruption test in rats. The anti-glucocorticoid activity was assessed by the effect of the compounds on body weight gain, adrenal weight and thymus weight in dexamethasone-treated rats. Of the compounds tested, two (Org 31167 and Org 31343) with the dimethylaminophenyl group at carbon atom 18 of 17 beta-hydroxy-17 alpha-(2-propenyl)-estra-4-en-3-one are equipotent with RU 38486 in the pregnancy interruption test. Both compounds possess lower anti-glucocorticoid activity than RU 38486. Since these compounds are far more active after oral than subcutaneous administration it is very likely that they become activated in the gastro-intestinal tract. PMID- 3199807 TI - Purification, monoclonal antibody production and structural analyses of human progesterone receptors. AB - Progesterone receptors (PR) from human breast cancer cells have been purified, and used as antigens to generate anti-PR monoclonal antibodies. Immunologic and in situ photoaffinity labeling methods were then used to study receptor structure, and we conclude that native human PR consist of two independent 8S receptors: one 8S subtype contains B-proteins (120,000 kDa) and the other contains A-proteins (94,000 kDa). PMID- 3199808 TI - Cyclic, nonequilibrium models of glucocorticoid antagonism: role of activation, nuclear binding and receptor recycling. AB - Quantitative models that have been proposed to date to explain mechanisms of glucocorticoid antagonism have generally been of the equilibrium type, involving hypothetical allosteric equilibria between active and inactive states of the receptor or the steroid-receptor complex. We describe here the agonist-antagonist relationships predicted by a nonequilibrium cyclic model that we have recently devised to account for the kinetic behavior of glucocorticoid-receptor complexes in intact rat thymus cells. This model simulates quantitatively most kinetic and steady state results that have been obtained so far. It postulates the existence of only well-established receptor species, and its kinetic parameters can in principle be determined by receptor measurements with intact cells. To calculate the steady state agonist-antagonist properties it is assumed that biological activity is proportional to the total amount of nuclear-bound complex, whether formed by agonist or antagonist. The agonist activity of a steroid is determined by the steady state ratio of nuclear-bound to total complexes it forms. This ratio varies from 0 for a pure antagonist to 1 for a pure agonist. It turns out to be independent of agonist and antagonist concentrations, and a function only of the rate constants for the reactions of the complexes formed by a steroid. Analysis of the dependence of the ratio on each rate constant shows quantitatively how each reaction in the cyclic model--activation of the nonactivated complex, nuclear binding of the activated complexes, and dissociation and recycling of activated and nuclear-bound complexes--affects antagonist properties. Steady state interactions of agonists with antagonists are found to be determined by equations that are identical to those for competition in simple equilibrium systems. Predicted dose-response relations agree qualitatively with experimentally observed relations. They are similar to those predicted by two-state allosteric models, although the cyclic model has no allosteric mechanisms and is based on quite different assumptions. Present limitations of the model arise particularly from lack of information about the mechanisms by which nuclear-bound complexes generate biological activity; for lack of such information the model includes no steps to account for substances that have low agonist activity despite forming nuclear-bound complexes. PMID- 3199809 TI - RU 486 stabilizes the glucocorticoid receptor in a non-transformed high molecular weight form in intact thymus cells under physiological conditions. AB - When incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h with intact rat thymocytes [3H]RU 486 underwent only partial nuclear transfer since more than 65% of the receptor bound radioactivity was still cytosolic (versus less than 10% for [3H]triamcinolone acetonide). Moreover when prepared and assayed in physiological buffers, i.e. physiological ionic strength and absence of molybdate, the cytosolic [3H]RU 486 receptor complex displayed a 7-8 nm Stokes radius after analysis by high performance size exclusion chromatography. This high size complex appeared stable for more than 24 h in the native cytosol. However its apparent sedimentation constant was 4S after sucrose gradient centrifugation for 16 h in the same buffer. These results suggested that RU 486 stabilizes a high molecular weight form of the receptor in intact cells and that this form dissociates during sucrose gradient analysis. The conditions of this in vitro dissociation were examined and compared with the results of a kinetic study of the nuclear transfer of [3H]RU 486. [3H]Triamcinolone acetonide was used as reference glucocorticoid agonist. PMID- 3199810 TI - Novel antioestrogens without partial agonist activity. AB - The oestrogenic and antioestrogenic properties of some novel 7 alpha-alkyl amide derivatives of 17 beta-oestradiol have been measured in rats and mice. The compound ICI 164384 was devoid of oestrogenic activity in the uterus and vagina of both species and on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of the rat. ICI 164384 blocked completely the uterotrophic action of exogenous and endogenous oestradiol and of the partial agonist antioestrogens typified by tamoxifen. Unlike tamoxifen ICI 164384 did not promote premature vaginal opening in neonatal rats. The affinity of ICI 164384 for the rat uterus oestrogen receptor was substantially greater than that of tamoxifen. In MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells in tissue culture ICI 164384 was a more potent inhibitor of cell growth than tamoxifen and growth inhibition was reversed by oestradiol. The properties of ICI 164384 satisfy many of the criteria which define pure antioestrogens. PMID- 3199811 TI - Growth inhibitory effect of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen on the BT-20 mammary cancer cell line. AB - The antiestrogenic activities of Tamoxifen have been well documented and this molecule has been successfully used in the treatment of hormone dependent breast cancer. In the present experiments we demonstrate that 4-hydroxy-Tamoxifen (OH TAM) is able to reduce the growth of the BT-20 cell line which is devoid of estrogen and progesterone receptors. Various parameters have been investigated in growth studies under control conditions and in the presence of OH-TAM. Cell numerations, [3H]thymidine incorporation per cell or per microgram of DNA have shown that OH-TAM reduces the growth rate in proportion to its concentration from 10(-9) M to 10(-6) M. This activity is not reversed by estradiol addition. It is unaffected by the presence or the absence of Phenol Red in the medium. Analysis by flow cytometry suggests that it takes place before the S phase of the cycle. Examination of control and treated cells by Electron Microscopy shows no sign of toxicity. The growth inhibitory activity of OH-TAM on these cell lines appears therefore unrelated to its antiestrogenic properties. PMID- 3199812 TI - Aromatase-inhibitors of the androstenedione-type activate the 17 beta hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase in the rat testis tissue suspension model. AB - In an in vitro rat testis cell suspension model, the metabolism of tritiated testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and androstenedione was investigated. In the presence of aromatase inhibitors like 1-methyl-androsta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (SH 489) and 4-hydroxy-androstenedione, the metabolism was shifted towards 17-keto forms. The same effect was observed in the presence of androstenedione, the parent compound of the two aromatase inhibitors. The consequent consideration of the whole labelled steroidal spectrum in each experiment leads to the conclusion that androstenedione and the derived aromatase inhibitors activate the 17 beta hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase in a product activating manner. Our results imply that aromatase inhibitors may regulate the intratissular levels not only of estrogens but also of other hormonally active steroids like dihydrotestosterone and 5-androstenedione. PMID- 3199813 TI - Inhibition of steroid-protein interactions by dicyclohexane derivatives. AB - Sixteen dicyclohexane derivatives including the parent compound d,1-3,4-bis (4 oxocyclohexyl)-hexane (PRDX) have been synthesized and studied for putative interference with androgen binding to transport proteins, metabolizing enzymes, and receptors from rat tissues. Several of these analogues inhibited competitively the binding of dihydrotestosterone to ABP, the epididymal androgen transport protein. One compound had an affinity for ABP as high as Kd = 70 nM. Some dicyclohexanes also inhibited the aromatase enzyme which catalyses conversion of androgens into estrogens, as well as the NADPH-dependent, particulate form of 3 alpha(beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, the enzyme that converts dihydrotestosterone into 5 alpha-androstanediol. For both enzymes the inhibition potency Ki of PRDX was about equal to the Km of the substrate. All of these interactions were specific in that they were modulated by single substitutions on the dicyclohexane molecule and they did not occur with other steroid binding proteins such as 5 alpha-reductase and the intracellular androgen receptor. A conformational study showed that dicyclohexanes can assume a 'steroidoid' conformation that differs from the crystal structure and which could account for the specific interactions with the steroid binding sites described here. PMID- 3199814 TI - Characterization of p29, an estrogen-receptor associated tumor marker. AB - Monoclonal antibody D5, raised against cytosolic human estrogen receptor (ER) reacts with p29, a receptor-associated cytoplasmic serine phosphoprotein which does not bind steroid, While p29 selectively binds GTP and to a lesser extent ATP, in vitro GTP binding does not result in p29 phosphorylation. Under ER activating conditions, p29 associates with cytosolic ER; GTP, ATP and sodium molybdate block formation of immunoprecipitable p29-ER complexes. Nucleotide binding data suggest a role for p29 in the estrogen response machinery, possibly at the level of phosphate or nucleotide metabolism. PMID- 3199815 TI - Assignment of estradiol receptor gene to mouse chromosome 10. AB - Differences in restriction fragment lengths were detected with murine estrogen receptor cDNA (clone MOR-100) between Chinese hamster and mouse. These were used to determine the chromosomal location of the estrogen receptor in the mouse by Southern blot analysis of DNAs obtained from a panel of mouse-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. The mouse estrogen receptor gene was localized on mouse chromosome 10. PMID- 3199816 TI - Role of estrogen receptors and antiestrogen binding sites in an early effect of antiestrogens, the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. AB - The effects of estradiol (E2), 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (OH-Tam), and LY117018 on cholesterogenesis were investigated in two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and BT20), and in rat hepatoma (HTC) and fibroblastic (NRK-49F) cell lines. It was found that 10(-10) M E2 stimulated and 10(-8) M OH-Tam inhibited cholesterol synthesis in the estrogen-sensitive MCF-7 cell line. The OH-Tam effect occurred in less than 15 min whereas E2 only stimulated after 8 h. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis was not reversed by E2. E2 was without effect in the HTC and estrogen-resistant BT20 cell lines whereas OH-Tam was as effective as in the MCF-7 cells. LY117018 had nearly as much effect on cholesterol synthesis as OH Tam, in both MCF-7 and BT20 cells. Neither E2 nor OH-Tam had any effect on the NRK-49F cell line, even at micromolar concentrations. The three lines (MCF-7, BT20, HTC), whose cholesterol synthesis has been shown to be OH-Tam sensitive, appeared to contain high-affinity antiestrogen binding sites (AEBS); since the OH Tam-resistant line (NRK) only contained low-affinity AEBS, there appears to be some relationship between OH-Tam sensitivity and high-affinity AEBS content. This suggests that the cholesterogenesis inhibition induced by antiestrogens is ER independent and may involve AEBS. The cholesterogenesis stimulation induced by E2 occurred via a different pathway that appears to be related to the presence of ER in the cells. PMID- 3199817 TI - Transformation of human progesterone receptor in the presence of the progestin (R5020) and the antiprogestin (RU486). AB - We have examined and compared the binding characteristics and transformation in vitro of human uterine cytosolic progesterone receptor (PR) bound to either the progestin agonist, R5020 or the antiprogestin, RU486. Incubation of cytosol with 5-20 nM [3H]R5020 and [3H]RU486 yielded macromolecular complexes that sedimented in the 4S and 8S regions in 10-35% glycerol gradients. The 8S peaks of radioactivity due to macromolecular-bound [3H]R5020 or [3H]RU486 could be eliminated by a preincubation of the uterine cytosol with 1-2 microM progesterone or RU486. The [3H]R5020 binding in the 4S peak was not competable with either steroid. In contrast, the binding of [3H]RU486 in the 4S peak could be abolished by a pretreatment of uterine cytosol with excess RU486, but not progesterone. Selective fractionation of the cytosol with ammonium sulfate, in the presence of sodium molybdate, eliminated the non-specific 4S [3H]R5020 binder. The thermal (23 degrees C) transformation of the [3H]RU486-receptor complex, as a function of the loss of the area under the 8S peak, appeared to be comparable to that achieved with [3H]R5020-receptor complex. The 8S [3H]RU486 peak was reduced by only 46% compared to the [3H]R5020 peak, which was reduced by 60%. These results demonstrate that in human uterine cytosol, R5020 and RU486 bind in a specific and saturable manner to an 8S PR, which is susceptible to thermal 8S to 4S transformation. In addition, [3H]R5020 also interacts with a nonsaturable 4S macromolecule, whereas the 4S [3H]RU486 binder is saturable and specific for RU486. The above observations indicate the heterogeneity of the steroid binding components present in the human uterine cytosol, and suggest that caution should be taken when interpreting data which shows the presence of different molecular forms of the steroid receptors. PMID- 3199818 TI - Human placental 3 beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5----4-ene isomerase: purification from microsomes, substrate kinetics, and inhibition by product steroids. AB - In human pregnancy, placental 3 beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5----4-ene-isomerase produce progesterone from pregnenolone and metabolize fetal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to androstenedione, an estrogen precursor. The enzyme complex was solubilized from human placental microsomes using the anionic detergent, sodium cholate. Purification (500-fold, 3.9% yield) was achieved by ion exchange chromatography (Fractogel-TSK DEAE 650-S) followed by hydroxylapatite chromatography (Bio-Gel HT). The purified enzyme was detected as a single protein band in sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (monomeric Mr = 19,000). Fractionation by gel filtration chromatography at constant specific enzyme activity supported enzyme homogeneity and determined the molecular mass (Mr = 76,000). The dehydrogenase and isomerase activities copurified. Kinetic constants were determined at pH 7.4, 37 degrees C for the oxidation of pregnenolone (Km = 1.9 microM, Vmax = 32.6 nmol/min/mg) and dehydroepiandrosterone (Km = 2.8 microM, Vmax = 32.0 nmol/min/mg) and for the isomerization of 5-pregnene-3,20-dione (Km = 9.7 microM, Vmax = 618.3 nmol/min/mg) and 5-androstene-3,17-dione (Km = 23.7 microM, Vmax = 625.7 nmol/min/mg). Mixed substrate analyses showed that the dehydrogenase and isomerase reactions use the appropriate pregnene and androstene steroids as alternative, competitive substrates. Dixon analyses demonstrated competitive inhibition of the oxidation of pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone by both product steroids, progesterone and androstenedione. The enzyme has a 3-fold higher affinity for androstenedione than for progesterone as an inhibitor of dehydrogenase activity. Based on these competitive patterns of substrate utilization and product inhibition, the pregnene and androstene activities of 3 beta-hydroxy-5-ene-steroid dehydrogenase and steroid 5----4-ene-isomerase may be expressed at a single catalytic site on one protein in human placenta. PMID- 3199819 TI - Inhibition of bovine adrenocortical mitochondrial cytochrome P-450(11)beta mediated reactions by imidazole derivatives and mineralocorticoid analogs. AB - The effects of several imidazole antimycotic agents, an imidazole and several mineralocorticoid analogs on the cytochrome P-450(11)beta-catalyzed 11 beta hydroxylation of 11-deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone synthesis were examined. Ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole and etomidate were found to be potent inhibitors of the reactions, causing 50% inhibition of the 11 beta-hydroxylase activity at concentrations between 10(-8) and 10(-7) M. The potency of etomidate as to the inhibition of aldosterone- and 18-hydroxycorticosterone-production was found to be almost equal to that in the case of 11 beta-hydroxylation. Spironolactone and other newly synthesized mineralocorticoid analogs were also found to inhibit the cytochrome P-450(11)beta-mediated reactions. The ID50 values of these drugs for inhibition of the 11 beta-hydroxylase activity were almost equal to those in the case of the aldosterone- and 18-hydroxycorticosterone biosynthetic activities. The results of kinetical studies indicated that one of the mineralocorticoid analogs, Compound 23-0586, acts as a competitive inhibitor for the cytochrome P-450(11)beta-mediated reactions. PMID- 3199820 TI - Characterization of the glucocorticoid receptor in fetal rat lung during development: influence of proteolytic activity. AB - Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) from fetal rat lung cytosol was characterized during development. A gradual increase in receptor concentration without an apparent change in ligand affinity was observed during ontogenesis (16-20 days of gestation). GR was present at least 2 days prior to gestational day 18, from which day maternal betamethasone administration stimulated choline chloride incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid in surfactant. Gel permeation analysis of lung cytosolic GR from fetuses of different gestational ages showed a gradual disappearance of a 3.6 nm GR seen in day 16 cytosol and to the appearance of a 5.8 nm GR in cytosol from day 19. The differences in Stokes' radii of GR were not due to transcriptional or posttranscriptional modifications of the GR transcript, since both day 16 and day 19 fetal lung contained a 7 kb GR mRNA similar to that in adult rat lung. Mixing experiments showed that the 3.6 nm GR was generated by an increased proteolytic activity in day 16 lung tissue. Preservation of a normal size 5.8 nm in day 16 fetal lung upon extraction could only be achieved by preincubating and homogenizing the lung tissue in the presence of protease inhibitors. No protease activity was found in day 16 cytosol suggesting the presence of a rapidly inactivated protease(s). The protease activity responsible for GR degradation was probably of a serine protease type, since proteolytic activity could be inactivated by diisopropylfluorophosphate alone, a potent inhibitor of serine proteases. From these results we conclude that: (i) the observed differences in Stokes' radii between GR from fetal lung of different developmental stages is attributable to proteolysis following extraction, most likely by a rapidly inactivated serine protease. This activity diminished during fetal lung development. However, in intact lung cells, GR is physicochemically identical throughout development; (ii) the lack of glucocorticoid stimulation or surfactant synthesis on day 16 and 17 in fetal rat lung despite the presence of low concentration of GR is therefore not explained by any differences in GR structure. PMID- 3199821 TI - Rapid metabolic inactivation of tipredane, a structurally novel topical steroid. AB - [3H]Tipredane ([3H]TP), [3H]triamcinolone acetonide ([ 3H]TAAC), [3H]hydrocortisone ([3H]HC), and [3H]betamethasone-17 alpha-valerate ([3H]BMV), each at a concentration of 1 microM, were separately incubated with the 10,000 g supernatant fraction of the liver and skin homogenates of humans, rats and mice (BMV was studied only in human liver). Sequential samples were taken for up to 1 h during each incubation. The radioactivity in each sample was extracted with methanol, and the methanolic extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Among the four compounds studied, [3H]TP was most rapidly biotransformed by the liver preparations of the three species. The rates of in vitro biotransformation of TP were 2.5-30 times faster than those of TAAC, HC and BMV. In the human liver preparation, the rates of biotransformation were in the order of: TP greater than TAAC greater than HC = BMV. In the mouse and rat liver preparations, the orders were: TP greater than TAAC greater than HC and TP greater than HC greater than TAAC, respectively. In the skin preparations, little, if any, biotransformation of [3H]TP and [3H]TAAC was observed in any of the species studied; however, [3H]HC underwent a slow, steady biotransformation in the skin preparations of humans and rats but not of mice. [3H]TP was biotransformed by the liver preparations of all three species to numerous metabolites, thirteen of which have been identified. The biotransformation reactions included: (1) sulfoxidation; (2) elimination of either one or both alkylthio groups; and (3) hydroxylation of the steroid nucleus. Some metabolites were synthesized and tested for glucocorticoid receptor binding and anti inflammatory activities; all were found to be much less potent than TP. The observed separation of local anti-inflammatory activity from systemic side effects of TP is most probably due to its rapid metabolic inactivation; the liver, rather than the skin, is mainly responsible for the metabolic inactivation of TP. PMID- 3199822 TI - Conformational study of the acetyl group and cyclohexenone in progesterone interacting with phosphatidyllipid by means of circular dichroism. AB - The interaction between the A-ring and the 17-acetyl groups of progesterone (PROG) and various concentrations of distearoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, dioleoyl- and diarachidoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholines, and dipalmitoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidyl DL glycerol in methanol and chloroform solutions and its preferred conformational assignments in the presence of those lipids were examined qualitatively by circular dichroism on the basis of PROG spectra in the wavelength regions of 260 400 nm. PROG did not interact with saturated distearoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholines, but did with unsaturated dioleoyl and diarachidoyl phosphatidylcholines, and saturated dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol. The interacting moieties of PROG were an alpha,beta-unsaturated cyclohexenone of the A-ring for oleoyl and glycerol lipids, and the 17-acetyl group for unsaturated and glycerol lipids. The interaction with these lipids, the rotational conformations of the 17-acetyl group, and invertible conformations of the cyclohexenone of PROG were discussed on the basis of the elliptical strength of the Cotton effect and energy estimation of the preferred conformers. Oleoylphosphatidylcholine caused an increase in slightly energetically unstable conformers of the acetyl group and stable conformers of the alpha,beta unsaturated cyclohexenone. Glycerol lipid, on the other hand, caused an increase in energetically unstable conformers of cyclohexenone, but it was similar to the effect of oleoyl lipid on the 17-acetyl group. Diarachidoyl-L-alpha phosphatidylcholine, with eight double bonds, other hand, increased the number of energetically stable conformers of the 17-acetyl group, but had no effect on the conformation of cyclohexenone. It became apparent that the double bond of hydrocarbon moiety as well as the head group of choline and glycerol in lipids were closely related to the conformational populations of both groups of the PROG molecule. The specific effect on the conformations of the acetyl and alpha,beta unsaturated cyclohexenone of PROG of various lipids with different substitutions in their heads or hydrocarbon moieties might in part explain the nongenomic action of the steroid. PMID- 3199824 TI - Analogies and differences in the modulation of progesterone receptor induction and cell proliferation by estrogens and antiestrogens in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: study with 24 triphenylacrylonitrile derivatives. AB - Structure-activity relationships in a homogeneous series of 24 triphenylacrylonitrile derivatives were examined with respect to the stimulation of progesterone receptor induction and cell proliferation in MCF-7 cells. In general, triphenylacrylonitrile derivatives were found to be full or partial agonists for both responses; the partial agonists were also able to antagonize the stimulatory action of estradiol. The agonistic activities of these molecules decreased as the size of the lateral side chain increased, but the side-chains correlated with partial agonism of progesterone receptor induction were bulkier than those correlated with partial agonism of cell proliferation. Agonistic and antagonistic effects on both responses were correlated with affinity for the estrogen receptor. Half maximal effects on the two responses occurred at different concentrations (4-fold) of the compounds. It can be concluded that in MCF-7 cells, triphenylacrylonitrile modulation of progesterone receptor induction and cell proliferation are mediated by the estrogen receptor; the two effects, which occur at different concentrations and with slightly different substituents of the compounds, are differentially modulated. PMID- 3199823 TI - Estrogen and androgen receptor binding affinity of 10 beta-chloro-estrenen derivatives. AB - 10 beta-Chloroestradien-3-one and its derivatives with chlorine substitution in ring A have been prepared. Efficient synthetic methods for 2-chloro- and 4 chloroestradiol are described. The binding affinity of these chlorinated estrogens to the uterine estrogen receptor was measured by a competitive binding assay using [3H]estradiol as ligand. 4-Chloroestradiol showed high binding affinity for the receptor (110% of that of estradiol). 2-Chloroestradiol, 10 beta chloroestradien-3-one and 4,10 beta-dichloroestradien-3-one had moderate binding affinity. The structures of 10 beta-chloroestradien-3-one and androst-1,4-dien-3 one are very similar and can almost be superimposed. However, their binding affinities to the estrogen and androgen receptor were different. Androst-1,4-dien 3-one displayed no measurable affinity for the estrogen receptor and measurable affinity for the androgen receptor whereas 10 beta-chloroestradien-3-one had very low affinity for the androgen receptor. PMID- 3199825 TI - Characterization of three hydroxylases involved in the final steps of biosynthesis of the steroid hormone ecdysone in Locusta migratoria (Insecta, Orthoptera). AB - It is most generally accepted that the last three enzymatic reactions in the biosynthetic pathway of ecdysone are, in this order, the hydroxylations at positions C-25, C-22 and C-2. Using high specific activity tritiated ecdysone precursors (2,22,25-trideoxyecdysone, 2,22-dideoxyecdysone and 2-deoxyecdysone) we have characterized the hydroxylases involved in these reactions, in the major biosynthetic tissue of ecdysone, i.e. the prothoracic glands. We show that C-2 hydroxylase is a mitochondrial oxygenase which differs from conventional cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases by its relative insensitivity to CO. In contrast, C-22 and C-25 hydroxylases appear as classical cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases; C-22 hydroxylase is a mitochondrial enzyme whereas our data point to a microsomal localization of the C-25 hydroxylase. PMID- 3199826 TI - An improved micromethod for the determination of biochemically active estrogen and progesterone receptors in parallel to comparative histological examination of a single piece of tissue. AB - An improved radioreceptor assay of unfixed cryostat sections of human target tissues has been developed. Sections collected on glass coverslips were immediately incubated with 5 nM concentrations of either tritiated estradiol-17 beta for estrogen receptor (ER) or ORG 2058 for progesterone receptor (PR) determination. For quantitation, receptor-bound and free hormone were separated by isoelectric focusing (IEF). The assay allows the determination of steroid hormone receptors and comparative histological examinations in immediately neighbouring serial sections of a single piece of tissue. Biochemically, the validity of the assay procedure was evidenced by Scatchard analysis, by ligand and tissue specificities, by the linear relations of receptor and protein concentrations and the number of sections per test tube. Diagnostically, we compared the routine (6 point DCC-Scatchard) procedure for breast cancer analysis with the section method. A good correlation for ER and a less pronounced correlation for PR was found. Statistically, the precision of the method was verified by low deviations of duplicate determinations, low day-to-day variations and low inter-assay variations. PMID- 3199828 TI - Inverse relationships between steroid concentration and volume in preovulatory follicles of the golden hamster. AB - In order to investigate variations in the microenvironment of oocytes within a cohort of maturing follicles the follicular volumes as well as the intrafollicular concentrations of oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were measured in the golden hamster. At 10 h before ovulation the follicular volumes varied from 0.009 to 0.037 mm3 (mean +/- SD: 0.0187 +/- 0.0071 mm3; n = 36). Large follicles (greater than 0.025 mm3; n = 8) contained statistically significantly lower E2 and P levels (30.1 +/- 10.4 and 517 +/- 113 mumol/l, respectively) than the medium sized group (less than 0.025 and greater than 0.015 mm3; n =20): 46.9 +/- 16.0 (P less than 0.02) and 919 +/- 264 (P less than 0.0001) mumol/l, respectively. Small follicles (less than 0.015 mm3) showed the highest steroid levels: 97.0 +/- 33.3 and 1590 +/- 517 mumol/l for E2 and P (P less than 0.001 versus the medium sized group values). Correlation coefficients for the steroid concentrations and the follicular volumes appeared to be -0.674 for E2 and -0.612 for P (P less than 0.001). At the time studied a positive correlation between E2 and P concentrations in the follicles was found: r = 0.655 (P less than 0.001). The mean ratios of intrafollicular over serum steroid concentrations appeared to be approx 36 x 10(3) in the case of E2 and about 17 x 10(3) in the case of P. These results clearly show that there is an inverse relationship between follicular volume and intrafollicular steroid concentrations. The presence of a fine regulatory mechanism for a collective maturation of follicles is hypothesized. PMID- 3199829 TI - Transformation (4S to 5S) of the nuclear estrogen receptor is reversible but not accompanied by a change in the affinity for DNA. AB - The nuclear estrogen receptor from calf uterus was used to investigate the possible relationship between receptor transformation (4S to 5S) and receptor activation (DNA binding). Receptors extracted from nuclei after exposure of uterine tissue tc [3H]estradiol sedimented at 5.2S, the characteristic value of the transformed receptor. After storage at -20 degrees C the receptor sedimented at 4.0S, indicating conversion of the 5S form into the non-transformed 4S form. Upon reincubation at 28 degrees C the 4S form transformed into the 5S form following second-order kinetics. The rate constant obtained was 4.3 x 10(7) M-1 min-1, a value identical to that reported for the cytosol receptor. These data show that receptor transformation is reversible. Molybdate (10-50 mM) was not able to prevent receptor transformation in the nuclear extract, but was inhibitory in cytosol. This suggests that molybdate does not prevent receptor transformation, but rather inhibits disaggregation of the 8S oligomer into the 4S monomer. In DNA-binding assays (DNA-cellulose or nuclei) the non-transformed (4S) and transformed (5S) states of the nuclear estrogen receptors displayed identical affinities for DNA. The present data show that 4S to 5S transformation of nuclear receptors follows a readily reversible process, but this process is not an essential step for the exposure of the receptors' DNA-binding site. Although the physiological function of the 5S form remains unclear it may be important for the recognition of specific gene regulatory sites. PMID- 3199827 TI - Structural characterization of the 9-10S estradiol receptor from calf uterus. AB - An affinity chromatography-based method has been developed for estrogen receptor isolation which requires the inclusion of sodium molybdate in purification buffers for maintaining the large 9-10S form of the receptor. The protein products obtained from affinity chromatography of calf uterine receptor extracts or from extracts presaturated with estradiol have been analyzed by gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. Major estrogen sensitive proteins were peptides with Mr approximately 90,000, 65,000 and 50,000. Two additional proteins (60,000 and 53,000) of lower abundance and with demonstrated estrogen sensitivity were also observed. Affinity labeling with [3H]tamoxifen aziridine identified the Mr 65,000 protein as the estrogen receptor and suggested that the Mr 60,000, 53,000 and 50,000 peptide components were derived proteolytically from this parent unit. The 90,000 mol. wt component was readily dissociated from heparin-sepharose immobilized estrogen receptor by elution with low salt buffers without molybdate. Peptide mapping experiments indicated that the 90,000 mol. wt component was not related to the Mr 65,000 and 50,000 estrogen receptors, but confirmed the smaller binding unit to be a proteolytic fragment of the 65,000 mol. wt receptor. The results suggest that the 90K protein associates non covalently with the Mr 65,000 estrogen binding unit as a nonhormone binding component of the 9-10S receptor. PMID- 3199830 TI - A competitive microtitre plate enzyme immunoassay for plasma aldosterone using a monoclonal antibody. AB - A competitive microtitre plate enzyme immunoassay for plasma aldosterone was developed using an immobilised aldosterone-bovine serum albumin conjugate and a monoclonal anti-aldosterone preparation, followed by the use of enzyme-labelled second antibodies to determine the degree of competition. The quantity of immobilised aldosterone-protein conjugate was adjusted to give optimum assay sensitivity with respect to the antibodies used. The lower limit of detection of aldosterone (55 fmol) was much less than that of an ELISA for aldosterone, using identical reagents but with an excess of immobilised aldosterone-protein conjugate, and up to 1400 fmol could be determined. Aldosterone levels in small amounts of male and female plasma could be assayed with good reproducibility. PMID- 3199832 TI - Effect of pretreatment of male Syrian golden hamsters with 7,8-benzoflavone and with diethylstilbestrol on P-450 isoenzyme activities and on microsomal diethylstilbestrol metabolism. AB - Combined treatment of male Syrian golden hamsters with the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) and 7,8-benzoflavone (7,8-BF) gives rise to a high incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas, whereas no such tumors are formed with DES alone nor with 7,8-BF alone. To determine whether alterations in DES metabolism may account for the observed hepatocarcinogenicity, we have studied the effect of pretreatment with 7,8-BF alone, DES alone and 7,8-BF plus DES on the levels of hepatic P-450 and cytochrome b5, on the activities of various P-450 isoenzymes and on microsomal DES metabolism. Hepatic P-450 content was significantly increased after pretreatment with 7,8-BF and decreased after DES, while combined pretreatment led to levels similar to those in untreated control animals. Hepatic cytochrome b5 was also elevated in 7,8-BF-treated hamsters; DES pretreatment had no effect, and combined pretreatment led to a slight increase. Four different substrates were used to probe P-450 isoenzyme activity. Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH), 7-ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD), 7 ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) were all elevated after 7,8-BF-pretreatment, while DES led to a decrease in these activities with the exception of AHH, where a transient increase which was observed after 8 and 20 weeks of pretreatment was back to control levels after 32 weeks. Combined pretreatment with 7,8-BF and DES led to an intermediate response (slight increase) with AHH, EROD and PROD, but not with ECOD, where a full induction comparable with that observed after 7,8-BF alone was elicited. In spite of the modulation of enzyme levels and activities observed after the various pretreatments, the metabolism of DES in microsomes from pretreated animals was virtually identical with that from controls. Therefore it is concluded that modulation of hepatic DES metabolism is not the reason for the observed hepatotumorigenicity; instead, it is speculated that 7,8-BF is the carcinogenic agent in this tumor model, and DES may act as a promotor. PMID- 3199831 TI - Corticosterone is converted to 6 beta-hydroxycorticosterone in rat: effects of the metabolite on urinary electrolyte excretion. AB - This study was performed to determine whether corticosterone (B), the major glucocorticoid of rat, is metabolized to its 6 beta-OH derivative (6 beta-OH-B) and whether this derivatives has any effects on Na+ or K+ transport in rat kidney. Normal and adrenalectomized (adx) rats were injected with [3H]B and urine was collected for 5 h and examined for metabolites of B. Metabolites were collected by solid phase extraction on mu Bondapak C18 cartridges and fractionated by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Fractions coeluting with 6 beta-OH-B were rechromatographed by normal phase thin layer chromatography. Approximately 5% of the radioactivity recovered from the urine of both intact and adx rats cochromatographed with 6 beta-OH-B on the two systems. Mass spectra of this fraction were virtually identical to those of authentic 6 beta-OH-B, demonstrating that rats do metabolize B to its 6 beta-OH derivative. To evaluate the biological activity of this metabolite, adx rats were injected with NaCl and KCl and with varying dosage of either 6 beta-OH-B or reference steroids (aldosterone, B, 6 beta-OH-F). 6 beta-OH-B produced a significant antinatriuresis at all doses. Kaliuresis occurred only at the highest dose and creatinine excretion increased, suggesting increased glomerular filtration from a glucocorticoid effect. Although 6 beta-OH-B may simply be exerting mineralo- and glucocorticoid actions there are two unexplained findings. First, 6 beta-OH-B (10 micrograms/100 g) significantly decreased urinary K excretion with associated antinatriuresis, an effect which has not been seen with Aldo administration. Second, neither a kaliuretic nor antinatriuretic effect of 6 beta-OH-B could be demonstrated in experiments using a method to enhance mineralocorticoid induced K+ excretion (K+ deprivation and NaCl loading only). Yet, the dose used was clearly antinatriuretic in the initial bioassay. It is concluded that the rat is capable of metabolizing B to its 6 beta-OH-B derivative which appears in substantial quantity in the urine. This metabolite produces antinatriuresis in the adrenalectomized rat. PMID- 3199833 TI - Urinary 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol levels in normal and hirsute women: discriminating power and relation to other urinary steroids. AB - The urinary levels of seven steroids, 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol, 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol, androsterone, etiocholanolone, tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrocortisol and allotetrahydrocortisol were measured in both normal (n = 18) and hirsute (n = 24) women. The results confirmed 5 alpha androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol as the most significant steroid with respect to discrimination between hirsute and normal subjects. Investigation of the inter steroid relationships, using multivariate techniques established that the mode of steroid metabolism was different between the two groups. Whereas in normal women the strong correlation amongst all the androgen metabolites inferred a predominant hepatic route to 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol formation, the same analogy was not applicable to the hirsute subjects. Excellent agreement was found for the predicted vs actual excretion of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol in normal women, based on a regression model involving the six other steroids as independent variables. When the same model was used for estimation of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol levels in thirteen hirsute subjects, misclassified as "normal", 50% gave values which were considerably less than actually measured. It is suggested that this discrepancy, with respect to these hirsute subjects is a reflection of extrahepatic production of 5 alpha-androstane 3 alpha,17 beta-diol due to increased 5 alpha-reductase activity. PMID- 3199834 TI - Changes in 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the developing rabbit ovary. AB - The presence of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the maturing rabbit ovary was demonstrated biochemically and histochemically. Enzyme activity was negligible to absent in ovaries from rabbits less than 44 days old. The greatest activity was located in the microsomal fraction of ovaries from mature rabbits. The enzyme characteristics were: Vmax = 33.1 +/- 9.6 nmol/min/mg protein and Km = 2.16 +/- 0.28 microM. Ovaries from pregnant hyperglycemic rabbits had enzyme which showed a Vmax of 51.4 +/- 8.2 nmol/min/mg protein and Km = 2.41 +/- 0.31 microM. These results indicate that rabbit ovarian tissue becomes steroidogenically active at a time when gonadotropin levels are elevated. PMID- 3199835 TI - Effect of prolonged administration of sublethal concentrations of aridanin isolated from Tetrapleura tetraptera and bayluscide on the glycogen and protein content of Biomphalaria glabrata. AB - The effect of chronic application of sublethal concentrations of aridanin isolated from Tetrapleura tetraptera (0.25-0.125 ppm) and of bayluscide (0.05 0.025 ppm) on the glycogen and protein content of Biomphalaria glabrata was determined. Aridanin and bayluscide produced significant reductions in the glycogen content of B. glabrata, but a significant decrease in the protein content of the snails was not apparent until after 4 weeks of continuous exposure. The results indicate that the molluscicides may exert their primary molluscicidal action on the carbohydrate metabolism of the snail. PMID- 3199836 TI - Antifertility effect in male rats of oleanolic acid, a triterpene from Eugenia jambolana flowers. AB - The antifertility activity of oleanolic acid (C30H48O3), isolated from the flowers of Eugenia jambolana, was evaluated in male albino rats. The administration of the compound for 60 days decreased the fertilizing capacity of the animals without any significant changes in body weight or reproductive organ weights. The compound produced arrest of spermatogenesis but did not cause any abnormality to spermatogenic cells, Leydig interstitial cells and Sertoli cells. Oleanolic acid may prove to be a promising antifertility agent devoid of undesirable side effects. PMID- 3199837 TI - Acute diuretic effects in conscious rats produced by some medicinal plants used in the state of Sao Paulo, Brasil. AB - Extracts of 32 medicinal plants used popularly for their presumed diuretic and/or antihypertensive properties were tested for diuretic effects in conscious unrestrained rats. Extracts were made using aqueous ethanol (50:50, v/v) at 4-10 degrees C. When given orally at a dose of 40 ml/kg, a majority of the ethanol free extracts produced a more pronounced diuresis than would be expected from the potassium concentration of the extracts. The most significant diuretic effect was observed with Hedychium coronarium sheath and leaf-blade extracts. PMID- 3199838 TI - Toxic Mexican folk remedies for the treatment of empacho: the case of azarcon, greta, and albayalde. AB - This article discusses the availability of three lead-based salts which are being used as folk remedies in Mexico. Distribution systems and geographic availability were determined, and purchased samples were found to be very high in lead content. The findings suggest the need for further research to understand the reasons why such remedies are chosen, and the development of an educational program to discourage their use. PMID- 3199839 TI - Hypoglycemic effects of Teucrium polium. AB - Teucrium polium has a folk reputation as a hypoglycemic agent. The hypoglycemic activity of an aqueous decoction of plant aerial parts was tested in normoglycemic and streptozotocin-hyperglycemic rats. Results indicate that this extract caused significant reductions in blood glucose concentration 4 h after intravenous administration and 24 h after intraperitoneal administration. This effect could be due to enhancement of peripheral metabolism of glucose rather than an increase in insulin release. PMID- 3199840 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring relapse of acute myeloid leukemia. AB - Magnetic resonance provides a non-invasive tool for monitoring normal and leukemic bone marrow. Measurements of the T1 relaxation times are elevated in acute myelogenous leukemia. However, interpatient variability diminishes the usefulness of MR measurements for diagnosing leukemia. In following the time course of individual patients, T1 relaxation time measurements appear to give an early and sensitive indication of leukemic relapse after remission and this may serve a clinical role in the management of leukemia by reducing the regularity of necessary marrow aspirates and biopsies. PMID- 3199841 TI - Bone marrow biopsy during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia identifies only 50% of patients with resistant disease. AB - A study was carried out to determine whether bone marrow biopsy performed on day 6 of induction therapy for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) can identify those patients with resistant disease who would need an intensification of the first course of induction. Bone marrow biopsies were performed on day 6 of induction chemotherapy in 44 patients with AML treated with daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine. Biopsies were assessed for blast count, trephine cellularity and leukaemic index. Discrimination between patients who went on to achieve remission and those with resistant disease was best achieved using the reduction in bone marrow cellularity from pretreatment marrow to day-6 marrow. However, this discriminator identified only 50% of the patients with resistant disease and included 13% of patients who achieved remission with the first course of chemotherapy. The other parameters of response were even less effective at discriminating between chemotherapy-resistant and chemotherapy-responsive disease. PMID- 3199842 TI - Use of the MTT assay for rapid determination of chemosensitivity of human leukemic blast cells. AB - A microcytotoxicity assay employing a tetrazolium salt has been adapted for testing the response of human leukemic blast cells to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. After exposure to various concentrations of drugs, the viability of fresh leukemic blast cells was measured using a tetrazolium salt, MTT, which is converted to blue formazan crystals by living cells. The amount of formazan produced was quantitated using a microtitre plate spectrophotometer. In the present study, optimal conditions for chemosensitivity testing of human leukemia samples were determined, and the relative chemosensitivity of five patient samples was tested. PMID- 3199843 TI - Interferon-beta induced remission in a hairy cell leukemia patient resistant to interferon-alpha. AB - Two patients with advanced hairy cell leukemia and pancytopenia responded successfully to intramuscular injections of recombinant interferon-beta, with normalisation of blood counts. One of the patients had developed resistance to interferon-alpha. The in-vivo response was predicted by in-vitro studies showing a beneficial effect of IFN-beta on erythropoiesis in cell cultures derived from these patients. PMID- 3199844 TI - Antagonistic interactions of hexamethylene bisacetamide in combination with 1 beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, adriamycin and harringtonine on the growth and differentiation of HL-60 cells in vitro. AB - Selective killing of cancer cells by cytotoxic agents and the conversion of cancerous cells to normal state by differentiation agents represent two basically different approaches in chemotherapy. In this study, we examined the combination of the cell differentiation inducer, hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA), and the cytotoxic agents, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), adriamycin (Adr) and harringtonine (HT), for cytotoxicity and induction of cell differentiation in HL 60 cells by measuring cell growth inhibition, morphological maturation and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction. To determine quantitatively whether the effects produced by these combinations were additive, synergistic or antagonistic, we used a computer program based on the median-effect principle and isobologram equations (Adv. Enz. Reg. 22, 27-55, 1984), After 5-day exposure to each drug alone we found that the ED50s for cell growth inhibition were 0.01 microM for Ara-C, 0.012 microM for Adr, 0.017 microM for HT and 2.53 mM for HMBA. ED50s for differentiation were 0.089 microM (morphology), 0.06 microM (NBT) for Ara-C; 0.12 microM (morphology), 0.09 microM (NBT) for Adr; 0.04 microM (morphology) 0.06 microM (NBT) for HT; and 2.55 mM (morphology), 2.43 mM (NBT) for HMBA, respectively. At dose levels from ED50 to ED95, the combinations of Adr/HMBA and HT/HMBA produced antagonistic cytotoxic and cell differentiation effects. The combination of Ara-C/HMBA produced antagonistic cytotoxic and cell differentiation effects. The combination of Ara-C/HMBA produced antagonistic cytotoxic effects but slight synergistic cell differentiation effects. On the basis of this study, we conclude that the equipotency combinations of the above three pairs of drugs do not synergistically enhance cytotoxicity or cell differentiation effects in vitro at effect levels high enough for the successful treatment of acute leukemia. Other combinations of cell differentiation agents with cytotoxic agents or biological response modifiers remain to be explored. PMID- 3199845 TI - Immunophenotype of blast cells in chronic myeloid leukemia. AB - The immunophenotype of peripheral blood blast cells from 14 patients in the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was studied using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (McAb) directed against megakaryocytic, granulomonocytic, erythroid and lymphoid antigenic determinants. The blast cells were enriched by a simple bovine serum albumin (BSA) density-cut separation and cooled in liquid nitrogen. The study was done using the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique on the thawed blast cells. A consistent pattern of reactivity with McAb was found in all patients, showing that blast cells were heterogeneous. A minor component of the blast cells react with platelet antibodies, most of them being labelled with anti-GPIIb-IIIa McAb. Anti-GPIb and Von Willebrand factor McAb detected 4 times fewer megakaryocytic blast cells, suggesting that these cells are located very early in the differentiation scheme. Two major blast cell compartments were labelled with early myelomonocytic (anti CD13: MY7) and early erythroid (anti-CD36: FA6-152) McAb. The CD34 (My10) and DR antigens which are expressed by immature blast cells and myeloid progenitors of human bone marrow (BM) were present on more than 50% of the CML blast cells. Thus, the blast cells of chronic phase CML patients, showed the same cellular diversity as the increased progenitor cell compartment observed in this disease, and their differentiation stages seemed to be very closely related. PMID- 3199846 TI - Quantitative immunocytochemistry using an image analyzer. I. Hardware evaluation, image processing, and data analysis. AB - In this review we describe how video-based image analysis systems are used to measure immunocytochemically labeled tissue. The general principles underlying hardware and software procedures are emphasized. First, the characteristics of image analyzers are described, including the densitometric measure, spatial resolution, gray scale resolution, dynamic range, and acquisition and processing speed. The errors produced by these instruments are described and methods for correcting or reducing the errors are discussed. Methods for evaluating image analyzers are also presented, including spatial resolution, photometric transfer function, short- and long-term temporal variability, and measurement error. The procedures used to measure immunocytochemically labeled cells and fibers are then described. Immunoreactive profiles are imaged and enhanced using an edge sharpening operator and then extracted using segmentation, a procedure which captures all labeled profiles above a threshold gray level. Binary operators, including erosion and dilation, are applied to separate objects and to remove artifacts. The software then automatically measures the geometry and optical density of the extracted profiles. The procedures are rapid and efficient methods for measuring simultaneously the position, geometry, and labeling intensity of immunocytochemically labeled tissue, including cells, fibers, and whole fields. A companion paper describes non-biological standards we have developed to estimate antigen concentration from the optical density produced by antibody labeling (Nabors et al., 1988). PMID- 3199847 TI - Determination of beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in plant (Cycas circinalis L.) and animal tissue by precolumn derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method is described for determining subpicomole concentrations of beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in plant and animal tissue. BMAA and other amino acids were reacted with 9 fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) for 10 min under alkaline conditions to form highly fluorescent and stable derivatives. All amino acids, including BMAA, eluted from the column within 22 min. BMAA (tr = 18.02 +/- 0.07 min) was detected in Cycas circinalis L. seed and in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue from BMAA-treated monkeys and rats. The primary amino acids glutamine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could also be detected since they were well resolved from BMAA. These amino acids and BMAA were linear over the concentration range of 0.15-7.5 microM with a relative standard deviation ranging from 2.1-6.7%. This method should prove useful in studies to determine the role of BMAA in the Western Pacific amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism-dementia complex for which cycad seed is the principal etiological candidate. PMID- 3199848 TI - Objective image alignment for three-dimensional reconstruction of digital autoradiograms. AB - Autoradiography can generate large quantities of information related to brain metabolism, blood flow, transport across the blood-brain barrier, neurotransmitter-receptor binding and other aspects of brain function. Three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of digitized autoradiograms provides a mechanism for efficient analysis of function, in detail, over the entire brain. 3D reconstructions of the mean and variance can be obtained by superimposing data from similar experiments, leading ultimately to 3D reconstructions of differences with statistical tests of significance. Image registration is essential for reconstruction, and this article reports two independent algorithms for coronal image alignment that have been successfully implemented in computer programs. The first algorithm superimposes the centroids and principal axes of serial images; the extent and direction of the translation and rotation required for each image is obtained from an analysis of the inertia matrix of that image. The second algorithm matches the edges of structure features in serial-adjacent images, from analyses of the cross-correlation function of each pair of adjacent images. The cross-correlation method requires a great deal more computation than the principal axes method, but it can align damaged sections not reliably treated by the principal axes method. The methods are described in detail, and a quantitative assessment of the registration of non-identical images is considered. PMID- 3199849 TI - Edge detection in images using Marr-Hildreth filtering techniques. AB - Details of the morphology of light microscope images of horseradish peroxidase labeled mammalian neurons in cell culture were investigated. A modified Marr Hildreth edge-detecting algorithm was used in an image processor to obtain a continuous border of the labeled neurons. The interior of the border was filled to obtain isolated binary silhouettes of the neurons. These silhouettes can be used for further quantitative studies. PMID- 3199850 TI - Long-term recordings and receptive field measurements from single units of the visual cortex of awake unrestrained kittens. AB - A method is described which allows simultaneous recording of the activity of several neurons in the visual cortex of awake unrestrained kittens for a period sufficiently long to follow experience-dependent changes in receptive field properties. The electrodes consisted of 25 microns thick Teflon-coated platinum iridium wires whose tips were tapered and coated with platinum black. They were implanted individually into the striate cortex and fixed with tissue glue to the pia mater. The other end of the electrodes was connected to a 21-pin plug and fixed to the skull in a way which allowed the wires to follow freely any movements of the brain. With this arrangement single and multi unit activity could be recorded from up to 10 sites over several weeks. In fortuitous cases the activity of a single cell could be followed over several days. The receptive field properties of these neurons were determined in awake animals by computing response histograms to moving gratings that covered the whole visual field and whose orientation could be changed in small steps. Comparison with receptive field properties that were determined for the same neurons after the kittens had been lightly anesthetized, revealed that this method allowed reliable determination of the eye preference of the neurons as well as of their orientation and direction selectivity. Since this method allowed repeated non invasive measurements of neuronal response properties in only lightly restrained kittens, it was possible to study, in individual units, the nature and time course of changes in receptive field properties such as result from monocular deprivation and reverse occlusion. PMID- 3199851 TI - [Physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of uterine myoma]. PMID- 3199852 TI - [Data collection and assessment of patients with uterine myoma]. PMID- 3199853 TI - [Nursing plan for a patient with uterine myoma]. PMID- 3199855 TI - [Design establishing an oral feeding system for a patient who desired normal feeding]. PMID- 3199854 TI - [Nursing of a patient following simple total hysterectomy through the abdominal route]. PMID- 3199856 TI - [Functional training of a patient following total replacement of the hip joint]. PMID- 3199857 TI - [An interview with Ms. Hiroko Minami, a leader in international nursing studies. Interview by Sakurai H]. PMID- 3199858 TI - [Mistakes in your nursing: restraint precipitating potential fear of the patient; nurses' ignorance of a patient's hearing problem]. PMID- 3199859 TI - [Nursing of a patient in the terminal stage of cancer]. PMID- 3199860 TI - [Nursing of patients in departments of orthopedics and urology]. PMID- 3199861 TI - [Physiopathology of myocardial infarction]. PMID- 3199862 TI - [A diary at a hospice: good communication as the basis of care]. PMID- 3199863 TI - Literature and bioethics. PMID- 3199864 TI - Medical ethics and the problem of role ambiguity in Mikhail Bulgakov's "The Murderer" and Pearl S. Buck's "The Enemy". PMID- 3199865 TI - The ethics of impaired physicians: Wolfe's Dr. McGuire and Williams's Dr. Rivers. PMID- 3199866 TI - The doctor as patient: bioethical dilemmas reflected in literary narratives. PMID- 3199867 TI - Medicine as business and patient welfare: Thomas Mann dissects the conflict of interest. PMID- 3199869 TI - Using literature to teach ethical principles in medicine: Of Mice and Men and the concept of duty. PMID- 3199868 TI - Bad-guys, buccaneers, and bureaucrats: images of bioethics in film. PMID- 3199871 TI - Making a case. PMID- 3199872 TI - The roots of guilt and responsibility in Shusaku Endo's The Sea and Poison. PMID- 3199874 TI - Clinical use of indirect lymphography in different forms of leg edema. AB - Indirect lymphography by subepidermal infusion of newly developed nonionic, dimeric contrast media (e.g., Iotrolan) opacifies peripheral lymphatics of the skin. Using this method we examined 159 patients with primary and secondary lymphedema, chronic venous insufficiency, and lipedema and compared the findings to normal individuals. A variety of characteristic patterns were uncovered. The technique causes little patient discomfort and takes on the average only 30 minutes. PMID- 3199873 TI - The importance of volumetry, lymphscintigraphy and computer tomography in the diagnosis of brachial edema after mastectomy. AB - Arm volumes of 360 patients with breast cancer were determined by a new optoelectronic technique. About 42% developed swelling of the arm after modified radical mastectomy which varied from mild (edema-volume 150-400 ml), moderate (400-800 ml), to severe (more than 800 ml) lymphatic edema. Lymphscintigraphy and computer tomography of the arms was also studied in different grades of lymphatic edema. Two years after operation and telecobalt-irradiation, one half of the patients without arm edema showed marked signs of a decreased capacity of lymphatic transport. In patients with severe lymphatic edema, the dynamic as well as the static evaluation of the lymphscintigrams revealed delayed transport, lack of radioisotope accumulation in the axillary region and notable congestion in the upper arm and forearm. Computerized tomography displayed a shift of fluid volume in the epifascial and subfascial tissue compartments and detected progressive structural changes in the soft tissue. Moderate edema not only increased the epifascial but also the subfascial compartments. In severe postmastectomy arm lymphedema, however, expansion of the epifascial space was paradoxically sometimes associated with a decrease in the subfascial compartment. PMID- 3199875 TI - Patent blue V encapsulation in liposomes: potential applicability to endolympatic therapy and preoperative chromolymphography. AB - The water soluble dark blue stain Patent Blue V was incorporated into liposomes to increase its depot properties. Experiments with intraperitoneal and intramuscular application in rats and with intralymphatic injections in rabbits showed a substantial difference between the pharmacokinetics of aqueous and liposomal solutions. Independent of the route of administration, the dye-stain remained much longer in the tissues using liposomes. Most notably, retroperitoneal lymph nodes in rabbits remained dark blue up to 28 days after hindlimb endolymphatic instillation of liposomal patent blue. This vastly superior depot effect may be clinically adaptable for endolymphatic therapy with cytostatic drugs to enhance nodal drug retention and concentration or for preoperative chromolymphography to facilitate nodal visualization at laparotomy. PMID- 3199876 TI - Phenotyping of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) progenitors: an approach for tracing minimal numbers of AML cells among normal bone marrow. AB - Previous studies have shown that the phenotypes of progenitors of human AML (AML CFU) are variable, reflecting arrests at different stages of maturation. We were interested to seek discrepancies between the surface properties of AML precursors and normal bone marrow colony formers in order to detect minimal numbers of AML cells among normal bone marrow cells in remission bone marrow. Therefore, we selected two surface markers, the MoAb CD34, reactive with blast cells, and Vim 2, a surface marker reactive with mature myeloid cells, and determined the antigen density of these markers (relative fluorescence intensity using fluorescence-activated cell sorting) for normal marrow and AML progenitors. While these markers defined an identical phenotype (CD34++/Vim-2-/+) for a broad spectrum of normal progenitors, i.e., CFU-GEMM, BFU-e, day 15 CFU-GM, and day 7 CFU-GM, referred to as the "normal" progenitor phenotype, AML progenitors frequently exhibited different phenotypes. In 12 of 20 cases the phenotypes of the majority of AML progenitors were discrepant from the normal surface profile, i.e., according to one marker in 8 cases (CD34-/+/Vim-2-/+ or CD34++/Vim-2++) and two markers in 4 cases (CD34-/+/Vim-2++). Since these data indicate that AML and normal progenitors were frequently distinguishable, we then determined the potential utility of these phenotypic dissimilarities for detection of minimal disease. Artificial mixtures of normal bone marrow and minimal numbers (0.1-1%) of AML cells were prepared. Based upon the phenotypic discrepancies, AML metaphases were successfully demonstrated in these mixtures following cell sorting and culture. Thus, it appears that minimal numbers of AML mitoses can be identified with an approximate 10(-2) to 10(-3) sensitivity by taking advantage of differential coexpression of surface antigens. PMID- 3199877 TI - XIIIth Symposium of the International Association for Comparative Research on Leukemia and Related Diseases. Jerusalem, Israel, November 8-13, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3199878 TI - Expression of oncogenes and cell cycle related genes in acute and chronic leukemias. AB - The authors have assayed the level of expression of several cell-cycle related genes in several populations of circulating myeloid leukemic blast cells. The genes explored included oncogenes such as c-myc, c-myb, p53, and cell-cycle related genes such as vimentin, calcyclin, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and histone H3. Particular attention was given to analysis of the relationship existing between the mRNA levels of the histone H3 gene, which is expressed specifically in the S phase of the cell cycle, and the levels of other genes that are expressed in different stages of the G1 phase. Remarkable differences were observed among the different cases indicating that a differential expression of cell-cycle-related genes characterizes many acute leukemias. This differential expression is reflected in an altered ratio among G1-related genes and the H3 histone gene. The large fraction of leukemic cells which does not express histone H3 and therefore is functionally noncycling, shows a heterogeneous pattern of G1 related gene expression. This reflects the inability of most leukemic cells to progress through the G1 phase into the S phase of the cell cycle. This inability represents an abnormality of the cell cycle. It is concluded that the study of the expression of cell-cycle genes and protooncogenes in in understanding how leukemic cells enter a state of proliferation arrest, which appears to occur in a large fraction of leukemic cells. PMID- 3199879 TI - Heterogeneity in acute myeloblastic leukemia. AB - Morphological-identified blast populations are the hallmark of the malignant clones that dominate hemopoiesis in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Marked heterogenity is characteristic of AML blasts. Patient-to-patient variation is seen in their biological properties but is particularly evident in the response to treatment. Intraclonal variation is generated during clonal expansion, particularly as blast stem cells either undergo self-renewal or enter into a series of terminal divisions. These two alternative activities can be monitored in cell culture using a clonogenic assay and a suspension assay. The balance between renewal and differentiation can be altered by exposing blast populations to various growth factors in culture. Further, certain drugs, particularly ara-C, appear to be more toxic for self-renewing divisions than cell-cycle events generally. We suggest that both drugs and growth factors should be assessed for their effects on self-renewal as part of preclinical testing. PMID- 3199880 TI - Heterogeneity in protein patterns of cells from terminal blast crisis in chronic granulocytic leukemia: discrimination between lymphatic and myeloid lineages. AB - Terminal blast crisis cells of chronic granulocytic leukemia are biochemically distinct. Triton-X-114 detergent phase lysates revealed that myeloid types express predominantly proteins of a 24 kd apparent molecular weight range, whereas lymphatic types do not express these molecules but a 55 kd protein band. These biochemical differences, observed in the poorly differentiated blast crisis cells, are also found in well differentiated hemopoietic malignancies such as chronic lymphatic leukemia, or in mature granulocytes isolated from healthy individuals. The results support the concept of the different lineages of blast crisis cells in chronic granulocytic leukemia but question the role of these proteins in cell differentiation. In addition, the presence or absence of these proteins provide a helpful tool for classifying blast crises of chronic granulocytic leukemia. PMID- 3199881 TI - Rapidly rotating combination chemotherapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: preliminary results of a randomized comparison with conventional treatment. PMID- 3199883 TI - The molecular regulators of normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells. PMID- 3199882 TI - HLA-A11 is associated with poor prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). AB - A possible association between HLA antigens, susceptibility or resistance to leukemia, and responsiveness to treatment has been studied in 144 patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and compared to other prognostic factors, i.e. white blood cell (WBC) counts, age at onset, sex, ethnic origin, and cell surface markers. All sequentially newly diagnosed children (97) comprised the group for the prospective study (PSG) and were followed for 6 years. The group included 37 patients classified as T-ALL, 41 as CALLA+, 27 as NULL, 12 as B and pre-B, and 27 unclassified patients, who were diagnosed before 1980. During the follow-up period, 45 patients of the PSG died. Forty-seven patients designated long-term survivors (LTS) have been followed 6-20 years after diagnosis, having completed a 3-5 year course of anti-leukemia therapy, and having remained disease free thereafter. High WBC counts at diagnosis and T-cell surface markers were associated with poor prognosis, as were enthnic origin and specific HLA antigens. Thus, there was one (1) a significant increase in HLA-A30 and a decrease in HLA B-14 in the PSG Jewish patients; and (2) a complete absence of HLA-ALL in LTS while, in the PSG, 8 of 9 HLA-All-positive patients died during the follow-up period. This suggests that HLA-All is associated with poor prognosis in childhood ALL. PMID- 3199884 TI - Idiopathic cyclic nausea and vomiting--a disorder of gastrointestinal motility? AB - Eight patients (five men and three women) with previously unexplained recurrent cyclic episodes of nausea and vomiting are described. In these patients, the symptoms developed a mean of once every 3.2 months and persisted a mean of 3.5 days. None of the patients had an identifiable cause of their symptoms on conventional diagnostic tests. A detailed investigation of the gastrointestinal motility during an asymptomatic period revealed abnormal findings in all eight patients. Gastric hypomotility was substantiated in five patients, small bowel dysmotility in six, delayed gastric emptying in two, and gastric dysrhythmia in two. The data demonstrate that abnormal gastrointestinal motility occurs during an asymptomatic state in patients with cyclic episodes of nausea and vomiting. Because all patients with this syndrome had abnormal gastrointestinal motility but normal results of other gastrointestinal studies, idiopathic cyclic nausea and vomiting may be related to altered gastrointestinal motility. PMID- 3199885 TI - Campylobacter pylori and Barrett's esophagus. AB - Campylobacter pylori is thought to be confined to gastric mucosa; when detected in the duodenum in association with duodenal ulceration, the organism infects only areas of gastric metaplasia. Barrett's esophagus is a metaplastic condition of the esophagus, in which areas or islands of "gastric-type" epithelium are found. To determine whether C. pylori colonized the esophagus of patients with Barrett's esophagus, we studied retrospectively 23 unselected patients who had endoscopic and biopsy evidence of Barrett's esophagus. Mucosal biopsy specimens were stained by the Warthin-Starry silver technique and reviewed by an experienced, "blinded" histopathologist. Of the 23 patients, 12 (52%) had C. pylori in the esophagus. Patients with and those without C. pylori were of similar age and gender, had similar scores for acute and chronic inflammation, and had similar lengths of tubular esophagus with metaplastic gastric mucosa. These observations suggest that C. pylori commonly infects Barrett's esophagus. The clinical importance of this finding is unknown. PMID- 3199887 TI - Tuberculosis in the world today. AB - Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem throughout the world. Although the disease was previously well controlled in the United States, several factors now present a potential for the reemergence of tuberculosis as a significant public health concern. Physicians who will be responsible for the care of these patients must be trained to respond appropriately. PMID- 3199886 TI - Successful treatment of pulmonary embolism and associated mobile right atrial thrombus with use of a central thrombolytic infusion. AB - Patients with pulmonary embolism and two-dimensional echocardiographic evidence of right atrial thrombus have a high mortality rate despite standard anticoagulation therapy. We used a direct central infusion of streptokinase in three such patients, who subsequently had rapid and complete clinical improvement. In this setting, thrombolytic therapy should be considered an effective therapeutic option. PMID- 3199888 TI - Organic basis for symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disease? PMID- 3199889 TI - Campylobacter pylori and Barrett's esophagus. AB - Occurrence of C. pylori infection of mucosa outside of the stomach might provide an ideal opportunity to examine C. pylori-mucosal interactions apart from the effects of acid and pepsin. Techniques previously used to examine Barrett's epithelium (for example, special mucin stains or scanning and transmission electron microscopy) might be particularly useful for exploration of new associations and formulation of new hypotheses. Whether C. pylori has a role in development of Barrett's ulcer or adenocarcinoma as a complication of Barrett's esophagus remains unanswered. Most of the current data about C. pylori are primarily observational; further studies are needed for clarification of important microbegut interactions. PMID- 3199890 TI - Optimal strategy for diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism due to right atrial thrombus. PMID- 3199891 TI - Simple decoder for PPM multichannel biotelemetry. PMID- 3199892 TI - Simple zero calibrator for transcutaneous oxygen electrodes. PMID- 3199893 TI - Low-technology sealing method for implantable hermetic packages. PMID- 3199894 TI - Elimination of breathing artefacts from impedance cardiograms at rest and during exercise. PMID- 3199895 TI - Minimising stimulator artefacts in electromagnetic flow signals. PMID- 3199897 TI - Stimulation and recording of dynamic pupillary reflex: the IRIS technique. Part 2. PMID- 3199896 TI - Precise recording of eye movement: the IRIS technique. Part 1. PMID- 3199898 TI - Measurement of body fluid volume change using multisite impedance measurements. PMID- 3199899 TI - Effect of femoral component section modulus on the stress distribution in the proximal human femur. PMID- 3199900 TI - Wave propagation and flow velocity profiles in compliant tubes. PMID- 3199901 TI - Numerical analysis of electromagnetic hyperthermia of the human thorax. PMID- 3199902 TI - Effectiveness of colour in displaying radionuclide images. PMID- 3199903 TI - Integer filters for image processing. PMID- 3199904 TI - Microprocessor-based system for measurement of electrical impedances during haemodialysis and in postoperative care. PMID- 3199905 TI - Numerical analysis of a theoretical one-dimensional amperometric enzyme sensor. PMID- 3199906 TI - Time-varying spline filter and its application to the left ventricular pressure measurement. PMID- 3199907 TI - Statistical analysis of osteoarthritic gait. PMID- 3199908 TI - Long-term implants of Parylene-C coated microelectrodes. PMID- 3199909 TI - Hospital diversification revisited. PMID- 3199910 TI - Language concordance as a determinant of patient compliance and emergency room use in patients with asthma. AB - To test the hypothesis that the ability of physicians to speak the same language as asthmatic patients promotes patient compliance and the use of scheduled office appointments in preference to emergency services, the charts of 96 Spanish speaking patients with asthma were reviewed. Of these patients, 65 were cared for by seven Spanish-speaking bilingual physicians and 31 were cared for by 23 non Spanish speaking physicians. Compared with patients with language concordant physicians, patients with language discordant physicians were only slightly more likely to omit medication, to miss office appointments, and to make at least one emergency room visit. Subgroup analysis showed that, with extended follow-up, patients cared for by a language discordant physician were more likely to omit medication (rate ratio: 3.24; p = 0.08), more likely to miss office appointments (rate ratio: 3.06; P = 0.01), and were slightly more likely to make an emergency room visit (rate ratio: 2.07; P = 0.12) than patients with language concordant physicians. Cox regression analyses taking account of differences in follow-up time, age, gender, pay-status, and severity of disease confirmed these findings. These data suggest that patient compliance and more cost-effective use of ambulatory care services may be associated with the ability of physicians to speak the same language as their patients. PMID- 3199911 TI - Prescribed and over-the-counter medicine use by the ambulatory elderly. AB - This article examines use of prescription and over-the-counter drugs among a linear probability sample of ambulatory elderly. As previous research has shown, health status indicators are better predictors of use of prescription than nonprescription medications. The analysis suggests that self-medication with over the-counter drugs may be a first step in illness behavior, rather than a substitute for physician consultation. These preparations are used most frequently for symptoms that the elderly person interprets as nonthreatening; persons concerned about their health are more likely to consult a physician. PMID- 3199913 TI - Health belief model intervention to increase compliance with emergency department patients. AB - The effects on compliance of clinical and telephone intervention, based on the Health Belief Model (HBM), were investigated for 842 Emergency Department (ED) patients. The influence of mediating variables on compliance was also examined. Compliance was defined operationally as follow-through on a recommended referral originating in the ED. The study design was a 2 X 2 X 11 factorial design, in which the first factor was the HBM clinical intervention, the second was the HBM telephone intervention, and the third was the type of presenting problem. Patients were randomly assigned to one of four intervention groups, with all nursing care, interventions, and follow-up telephone calls being done by the research nurse. The HBM clinical, telephone, and combination clinical/telephone interventions were strongly associated with increased compliance in the 11 presenting problems. Availability of child care, knowledge of presenting problem, nature and duration of the illness, and demographic variables (such as age of the patient) were also related to compliance. PMID- 3199912 TI - Improving the quality of nursing home outcomes. Are adequacy- or incentive oriented policies more effective? AB - Recent debates over health policy have tended to be between procompetitive solutions and proregulatory ones. This dichotomy, however, seems to be less descriptive of the policy debate over ways to improve nursing home quality. This article argues that a more useful distinction may be between adequacy- and incentive-oriented policies. The nursing home industry and others have argued that the financial and physical resources at the disposal of nursing homes have been inadequate to produce acceptable quality levels. Whether quality requires more resources is tested using the 1983 Iowa Outcome Oriented Survey, but none of the quality measures constructed from these data were significantly associated with higher average costs. On the other hand, nonprofit nursing homes, nursing homes with more professional workers (nurses), and nursing homes that cater to private patients have incentives that may motivate them to provide better quality. These factors were often significantly associated with a variety of the quality measures, suggesting that policies based on incentives may be more effective than adequacy-oriented policies. PMID- 3199914 TI - Use of mental health services and persistence of emotional distress. An exploratory analysis. AB - This article probes the relationship between use of ambulatory mental health services and the persistence of mental problems. The analysis focuses on the difficulties in obtaining empirical estimates of the relationship between usage and persistence. A two-step estimator is used to take into account unobserved determinants of both usage and mental health status. This estimator is compared with a single equation model and a two-stage least-squares estimator. The study makes use of a community survey designed to estimate the prevalence of major mental disorders over a 12-month period. The survey consisted of three waves of interviews over the study year. The results indicate a significant decrease in the likelihood of mental problems persisting when treatment is received. PMID- 3199915 TI - A reassessment of the additive scoring of health practices. AB - Over the past 20 years, investigators have been refining the connection between behavioral practices, popularly known as health habits, and health status. Repeated study has demonstrated that the number of healthful practices, regardless of which ones are adopted, provides a reliable predictor of mortality. Few studies, however, have questioned the validity of summing such diverse practices as smoking and physical activity together to form a single practice score. The purpose of this study was to raise some questions about this widely adopted scoring procedure and to reasses the problems connected with its use. Data are drawn from the Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Survey of 1982. The approach contrasts practice profiles formed from all possible combination of practices, representing full information about them, and the scores produced by collapsing practices onto a single dimension. Special attention is given to the meaningfulness of the information lost in the scoring process and to the implications this may have for the health practice-to-health status relationship. PMID- 3199916 TI - Estimating the size of family practice populations. Quadratic Odds Estimation. PMID- 3199917 TI - The Quadratic Odds Estimation (QOE) method for calculating practice denominators. PMID- 3199918 TI - Physician advertising revisited. AB - This article examines the determinants of physician advertising using a nationally representative sample of 2,573 self-employed physicians. In contrast to a previous study by Folland, this article identifies a number of physician characteristics that are strongly related to the advertising decision. In particular, female physicians and foreign medical graduates (FMGs) are significantly less likely to advertise than are males and non-FMGs, respectively. Board certified physicians are less likely to advertise than are uncertified physicians. Also in contrast to previous results, primary care physicians are not necessarily more likely to advertise than nonprimary care physicians. For example, advertising propensity is strongest among plastic surgeons, whereas the propensity to advertise in such primary care specialties as internal medicine and pediatrics are quite close to advertising propensities for general surgeons. Furthermore, the relationship between practice size and advertising propensity is shown to be much stronger than previous research in this area has indicated. Finally, the results suggest that a number of physician characteristics associated with advertising through written media (newspapers or magazines) are also associated with advertising through audiovisual media (television or radio). PMID- 3199919 TI - [Revitalization of public health--a proposal for institutional competition]. PMID- 3199920 TI - [Cooperation between public health and health care--a social service. Talk or reality?]. PMID- 3199921 TI - [Quality surveys in health care stimulate creativity in personnel]. PMID- 3199922 TI - [Fish liver oil instead of pharmaceuticals?]. PMID- 3199923 TI - [Drugs for angina pectoris are only a part of therapeutic arsenal]. PMID- 3199924 TI - [Many good reasons for Sweden to have an interest in tumor markers]. PMID- 3199925 TI - [Medical ethics in Parliament discussions. Split decisions in the defense of comprehensive health care are delaying government rulings]. PMID- 3199926 TI - [Motion therapy in dizziness improves the function of the injured balance system]. PMID- 3199927 TI - [The dentition and its innervation--a continuously changing system]. PMID- 3199929 TI - [Therapeutic recommendations in reversible myocardial ischemia-- angina pectoris]. PMID- 3199928 TI - [Tobacco and cancer--the connection is convincing]. PMID- 3199930 TI - [Literature, periodicals and video--example for selections for health care center]. PMID- 3199931 TI - [General medicine video-magazines are a complement to traditional teaching materials]. PMID- 3199932 TI - [Benzodiazepines during pregnancy: low doses for a short time do not increase risk]. PMID- 3199933 TI - [Ginseng--muscle damage?]. PMID- 3199934 TI - [Orstanorm with heparin--vasospasm]. PMID- 3199935 TI - [Strong clinical suspicion, misleading breast cytology after unnecessary surgical removal of the breast]. PMID- 3199936 TI - [Physicians in the administration--will the county council risk that?. Interview by Kristina Johnson]. PMID- 3199937 TI - [The quality of primary health care presupposes comprehensive planning. Interview by Gustav Haglund]. PMID- 3199938 TI - [Ideology and reality in primary health care]. PMID- 3199939 TI - [Let's convert the occupational health personnel into a constructive team!]. PMID- 3199940 TI - [Cephalosporins in the modern antibiotic therapy]. PMID- 3199941 TI - [Patients with deglutition disorders are a serious problem in health care services]. PMID- 3199943 TI - [A study of the bisexual's life in the shadow of AIDS. A social catastrophe]. PMID- 3199942 TI - [Health personnel in a health care district. 41 cases of contact with HIV positive blood]. PMID- 3199944 TI - [Trends in cancer epidemiology]. PMID- 3199945 TI - [Symposium. New hip joints: an explosion-like development]. PMID- 3199946 TI - [Ethical aspects of the cellular treatment of Parkinson disease]. PMID- 3199947 TI - [Spread of medical technology to health care centers--economical consequences and clinical use]. PMID- 3199948 TI - [Medical decisions--theories for practical use?]. PMID- 3199949 TI - [What is wrong with health care? 2. Insufficient knowledge and experience]. PMID- 3199950 TI - [Informed consent of the patient--a cohabitation norm but not a compensation rule]. PMID- 3199951 TI - [New criteria for rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3199952 TI - [Hormones and risk of cancer]. PMID- 3199953 TI - [Physicians feel stress, anxiety and anger more often than other employees]. PMID- 3199954 TI - [Therapeutic possibilities of a newly registered lipid suppressor]. PMID- 3199955 TI - [Cooperation between specialists necessary in urologic oncology]. PMID- 3199956 TI - [Health care with its various ethical dimensions demands training of the intellect, feelings and attitudes]. PMID- 3199958 TI - [Why is asthma worst during the night?]. PMID- 3199957 TI - [Adverse effects of drugs in children]. PMID- 3199959 TI - [Simultaneous intake of warfarin and stanozolol as cause of hemorrhage in a patient]. PMID- 3199960 TI - [Who visit the health centers in Gothenburg? A study of visits to general practitioners]. PMID- 3199961 TI - [Cytostatics are handled carelessly. Inspections in health facilities are announced]. PMID- 3199962 TI - [After the scandal in Cleveland: Don't use medical diagnosis in the first place when sexual abuse of children is investigated]. PMID- 3199963 TI - [Fear about what the acceptance of euthanasia would mean for the handicapped and the severely ill is exaggerated]. PMID- 3199964 TI - [There is more burden on the care-giver than on the dying. New ethics committee helps physicians to take a position]. PMID- 3199965 TI - [WHO and the health-for-all strategy: well-functioning primary health care is the key to good health for all]. PMID- 3199966 TI - [The work of the general practitioner--it's more than receiving patients]. PMID- 3199967 TI - [Prognosis of brain damage following cardiac arrest]. PMID- 3199969 TI - [New trends in general medicine research]. PMID- 3199968 TI - [Should acellular pertussis vaccine be introduced into Sweden?]. PMID- 3199970 TI - [Stop the sex chromatin test in sports medicine. A bad selective method causing tragedy]. PMID- 3199971 TI - [Society fails the homeless alcoholic]. PMID- 3199972 TI - [A revision of growth charts of infants is justified. The growth pattern, not weight or length, should be the basis]. PMID- 3199974 TI - [Is dioxin dangerous for human beings?]. PMID- 3199973 TI - [Acetylsalicylic acid and Reye's syndrome--is documentation relevant?]. PMID- 3199975 TI - [The emotional climate in the family influences the risk of recurrent schizophrenic episodes]. PMID- 3199976 TI - [Psychiatric care without institutionalization demands more from family members]. PMID- 3199977 TI - [Work with mouldy straw is often the cause of allergic alveolitis in farmers]. PMID- 3199978 TI - [Microbreaks preventing musculoskeletal disorders]. PMID- 3199979 TI - [Basal cell carcinoma. Clinical evaluation of the histological grading of aggressive types of cancer]. PMID- 3199980 TI - [Microscopically controlled surgery of complicated skin cancer]. PMID- 3199981 TI - [Pulse oximeter gives a new dimension to the monitoring of children during anesthesia]. PMID- 3199982 TI - [Reconstruction of nerve damage]. PMID- 3199983 TI - [Bhutan--the country of the thunder-storm dragon. A thousand-year-old isolation leaves marks on the panorama of disease]. PMID- 3199984 TI - [Fighting AIDS in Ethiopia]. PMID- 3199986 TI - [Therapeutic indications in obesity]. PMID- 3199985 TI - [Maternal health services and pediatric health services in developing countries demand more resources]. PMID- 3199987 TI - [Health care, prevention, community medicine. How much can general medicine manage?]. PMID- 3199988 TI - [Interaction between risk factors steers disposition for coronary disease]. PMID- 3199989 TI - [Imprisonment and torture are common causes of psychiatric and somatic symptoms among refugees in Sweden]. PMID- 3199990 TI - [More information is needed to prevent sexually transmitted diseases among young people]. PMID- 3199991 TI - [Decreased number of suicides in psychiatric wards as illustrated by notifications to the National Board of Health and Welfare]. PMID- 3199992 TI - [Alternative therapy is common among children with allergic diseases]. PMID- 3199993 TI - [A continent ileum reservoir, a new breakthrough in greatly enhancing quality of life]. PMID- 3199995 TI - [Highly specialized care of burns must be centralized even in Sweden]. PMID- 3199994 TI - [Drug committees, choice of drugs and drug information]. PMID- 3199996 TI - [Health centers--whom and what are they serving?]. PMID- 3199997 TI - [Better self-care of pain with ibuprofen as an over-the-counter drug?]. PMID- 3199998 TI - [WHO-statistics in Europe: cancer deaths down by nearly 15 per cent]. PMID- 3199999 TI - [Phosphodiesterase inhibitors--a new therapeutic principle in heart failure]. PMID- 3200000 TI - [High number of fatal cases among intensive care patients with AIDS complicated by severe pneumonias]. PMID- 3200001 TI - [Magnesium deficiency--clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3200002 TI - [Key questions in medical ethics. Identity and ethics--a complex relationship]. PMID- 3200003 TI - [Clinical HIV/AIDS research will have its own research foundation]. PMID- 3200004 TI - [The Swedish Medical Society debates on alternative medicine. Make registries of practitioners and demand competence. Do more research on expected effects]. PMID- 3200005 TI - [Experiences from Medelpad I: To cut down the number of beds in institutions while the number of elderly people is increasing]. PMID- 3200006 TI - [Experiences from Medelpad II: In what way can home nursing substitute for institutionalization?]. PMID- 3200007 TI - [Occupational health services are not primary health services at work places]. PMID- 3200008 TI - [The campaign against smoking must continue]. PMID- 3200009 TI - [Termination of early pregnancy with antiprogestin and prostaglandin]. PMID- 3200010 TI - [Reflections on cimetidine treatment of ulcers]. PMID- 3200011 TI - [STD epidemiology: A routine screening of genital papillomavirus infections is not justified]. PMID- 3200012 TI - [Control of the eyes in patients with diabetes (1). An annual examination of all patients with diabetes]. PMID- 3200013 TI - [The mammography project as the only possibility for predicting breast cancer mortality]. PMID- 3200014 TI - [Low sensitivity, miscalculated statistics are two of the weakest points of the Malmo study]. PMID- 3200015 TI - [Shocking view on the worth of middle-aged women]. PMID- 3200016 TI - [Mammography from the male viewpoint: " a nuisance, waste of personnel, inconclusive"?]. PMID- 3200017 TI - [Yes to a plan against fats and smoking--in prevention of cardiovascular disease]. PMID- 3200019 TI - [Has internal medicine any future as a scientific discipline?]. PMID- 3200018 TI - [More effective and standardized guidelines for travel medicine is wanted]. PMID- 3200020 TI - [Stenoses of intervertebral foramina in the cervical spine--do they have any significance?]. PMID- 3200021 TI - [Psychological preparation of children for surgery is also of postoperative importance]. PMID- 3200022 TI - [Psychosomatic consultation teams situated at pediatric departments can decrease unnecessary somatic care]. PMID- 3200024 TI - [Drug utilization in prisons]. PMID- 3200023 TI - ["Breast cancer" was tuberculosis]. PMID- 3200025 TI - [Dioxins--a threat to public health?]. PMID- 3200026 TI - [Questionnaire by post. 40 per cent of the population in the county of Gavleborg suffer from chronic pain]. PMID- 3200028 TI - [Effects of smoking on the endocrine organs--an overview]. PMID- 3200027 TI - [The number of physicians who smoke is diminishing. There are big differences between specialties]. PMID- 3200029 TI - [Efforts are concentrated on traumatology and emergency departments of the emergency medical services in the Netherlands]. PMID- 3200030 TI - [Rapid management after myocardial infarction is essential for prognosis]. PMID- 3200031 TI - [Does the decreasing perinatal mortality mean an increasing number of children with cerebral paresis?]. PMID- 3200032 TI - [Medicine can help more and more elderly people--but can we afford it?]. PMID- 3200033 TI - [Brain death diagnosis and ethics]. PMID- 3200034 TI - [Mammography screening is not a question of women's rights]. PMID- 3200035 TI - [Occupational HIV infection--a discrepancy between knowledge and measures?]. PMID- 3200036 TI - [Rupture of the small intestine is an unusual athletic injury]. PMID- 3200037 TI - [Scheduled lavage is an uncertain therapeutic method in intra-abdominal infection]. PMID- 3200038 TI - [A rapid test for tonsillitis/pharyngitis as an aid in the diagnostic arsenal]. PMID- 3200039 TI - [Fertilization in vitro is an established method in treatment of sterility]. PMID- 3200041 TI - [Telephone consultation--an extensive activity at health care centers]. PMID- 3200040 TI - [How are patients influenced by departmentalization?]. PMID- 3200042 TI - [Medical ethics. Setting limits--thoughts about a book and about a conference]. PMID- 3200043 TI - [Geriatric care in perspective. Use of health care and disease panorama at a medical clinic during 1953-1986]. PMID- 3200044 TI - [Community care for the elderly does not solve the real problem!]. PMID- 3200045 TI - [The average cost for a day of care--an uncertain basis for comparative studies of health economics]. PMID- 3200046 TI - [The long life of women--a societal problem?]. PMID- 3200047 TI - [Chlamydia conjunctivitis--can legislation make detection of the infection more effective?]. PMID- 3200048 TI - [Carotid surgery and its appropriateness]. PMID- 3200049 TI - [Increased consumption of chickens is good for the health of the population]. PMID- 3200050 TI - [Is neonatal Chlamydia conjunctivitis a consequence of the cessation of the Crede prevention?]. PMID- 3200051 TI - [Physical examination even for psychiatric patients]. PMID- 3200052 TI - [The significance of the material in syringes used for the sampling of arterial blood for gas analysis]. PMID- 3200053 TI - [The Lundby project: Do psychiatric risk factors in childhood influence mental health in adulthood?]. PMID- 3200055 TI - [Medical ethics. Key questions in medical ethics. To put limits on treatment and care--duty ethics against consequence ethics]. PMID- 3200054 TI - [Cell adhesion molecules--links in intracellular and extracellular functions]. PMID- 3200056 TI - [Refugees who had been exposed to torture--a reality in the Swedish society]. PMID- 3200057 TI - [Wound infections after surgery--hospital hygiene]. PMID- 3200058 TI - [What happened to patients treated in the Karsudden's hospital?]. PMID- 3200059 TI - [Diagnosis as an indication of prognosis in mentally disturbed offenders]. PMID- 3200061 TI - [How do we take care of HIV-infected children? Common hygienic routines can be combined with love]. PMID- 3200060 TI - [Mammography even at a younger age has a good effect]. PMID- 3200062 TI - [Consumption of antibiotics at hospitals. The variation among hospitals is large]. PMID- 3200063 TI - [The etiology of exanthema subitum on its way to being elucidated]. PMID- 3200064 TI - [Gastroscopy of HIV-infected patients is of good help in diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3200065 TI - [Cogan's syndrome--an unusual systemic disease with hearing disturbance, dizziness and keratitis]. PMID- 3200067 TI - [Home nursing or nursing homes? Both are needed]. PMID- 3200068 TI - [Medical ethics. Reform the committees on research ethics. Increase the number of experts, include more laymen. Demand qualifying ethical training]. PMID- 3200069 TI - [African scientists and scientists from the West work together on AIDS research]. PMID- 3200066 TI - [Can the occupational environment at community care facilities be accepted? Load injuries among the nursing staff caused by lifting]. PMID- 3200070 TI - Where is the health in the health care system? PMID- 3200071 TI - Herbal remedies--naturally good? PMID- 3200072 TI - Embolization: an adjunctive measure for removal of carotid body tumors. AB - Small carotid body tumors that do not encircle the internal carotid artery are excised with relative ease and minimal risk by the conventional subadventicial approach. Large carotid body tumors frequently encircle the internal and external carotid arteries, and extensive bleeding often complicates the resection, increasing the risk of carotid artery rupture and damage to major cranial nerves. Recent improvements in surgical techniques and selective embolization have lessened the risks of surgical excision, decreased the blood loss, and diminished the time required for resection. Experiences in the resection of carotid tumors with and without embolization are compared. Early resection of carotid body tumors, before involvement of the internal carotid artery and carotid bulb, is advocated. PMID- 3200073 TI - Intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring of laryngeal muscle during thyroid surgery. AB - A technique is described for intraoperative electrophysiologic monitoring of laryngeal muscles. This technique has been used to identify the laryngeal nerves during surgery for recurrent tumors of the thyroid gland, when direct visualization of the nerves is difficult or impossible. Laryngeal muscle electrical activity is monitored with endoscopically placed wire-hook electrodes inserted into the vocal folds bilaterally. Neurotonic discharges are detected when the recurrent laryngeal nerves are manipulated during surgical dissection. Precise localization of the recurrent nerves is possible using a hand-held bipolar stimulator. PMID- 3200074 TI - The Caldwell-Luc procedure: institutional review of 670 cases: 1975-1985. AB - The Caldwell-Luc procedure, which has long been fundamental in the treatment of perisinus disease, has undergone increasing scrutiny when used for inflammatory antritis. Individual morbidity rates of less than 10% to greater than 40% have been reported. To assess the data from our own institution, a retrospective study of 670 Caldwell-Luc procedures was undertaken. Patients ranged in age from 10 to 82, with a mean age of 42.9 years. There were 271 males and 325 females. Parameters studied included symptoms, physical findings, operative techniques, surgical findings, length of hospitalization, and postoperative complications. Immediate postoperative complications included facial swelling in 89% of patients, cheek discomfort in 33%, significant hemorrhage in 2.9%, and temperature elevation in 12.1%. Long-term follow-up ranged from 2 years to 10 years. Overall complication rates in 464 patients included facial asymmetry (3), facial numbness or paresthesia (42), oroantral fistulas (5), gingivolabial wound dehiscences (7), dacryocystitis (12), devitalized tooth (2), recurrent sinusitis (56), and recurrent polyposis (25). A revision antrostomy was required in 37 patients, a revision Caldwell-Luc in 22 patients, an intranasal sphenoethmoidectomy in 17, and root canal therapy in 2 patients. The most frequent complication was recurrent nasal obstruction, occurring in 28% of patients. Overall complication rates tended to increase with a longer follow-up period. PMID- 3200075 TI - Clinical effects of alpha-interferon dose variation on laryngeal papillomas. AB - Achieving optimal clinical control of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis with prolonged treatment with human leukocyte (alpha) interferon appears to be dose related and often requires individualized dosage elevation. Six of eight patients in this study needed a maximum dose of 18 x 10(6) IU/week for part of the therapy period to achieve better disease control. The strong correlation found between dosage and response suggests that it is the interferon causing the effect on disease expression, not just the unpredictable nature of the disease. An effect on papilloma growth was observed in all patients during IFN therapy. Three patients were able to be tapered off IFN with only minimal recurrence seen in one patient. No toxic side effects were observed. PMID- 3200076 TI - Trigeminal trophic syndrome. AB - Trigeminal trophic syndrome is an unusual condition also known as trigeminal neurotrophic ulceration or trigeminal neuropathy with nasal ulceration. The diagnosis is suggested when ulceration of the face, especially of the ala nasi, occurs in a dermatome of the trigeminal nerve that has been rendered anesthetic by a surgical or other process involving the trigeminal nerve or its central sensory connections. A history of paresthesias and self-induced trauma to the area further support the diagnosis. Neurological deficits causing trigeminal trophic syndrome may result from surgical trigeminal ablation, vascular disorders and infarction of the brainstem, acoustic neuroma, postencephalitic parkinsonism, and syringobulbia. The following etiologies of nasal ulceration should be excluded: postsurgical herpetic reactivation and ulceration, syphilis, leishmaniasis, leprous trigeminal neuritis, yaws, blastomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, lethal midline granuloma, pyoderma gangrenosum, Wegener's granulomatosis, and basal cell carcinoma. In the case reported here, the diagnosis of TTS was made primarily as a result of previous experience with the syndrome, underscoring the importance of physician recognition of this unusual disorder. PMID- 3200077 TI - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: results of aggressive surgical debridement and amphotericin B. AB - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis is a fulminant, devastating fungal disease. The use of amphotericin B, combined with aggressive surgical debridement, has increased survival rates from approximately 20% to 70%. Eleven patients with this rare disease have been treated over the past 6 years. Therapy with amphotericin B was begun in all patients as soon as the diagnosis of mucormycosis was suspected. Seven patients underwent aggressive surgical debridement; all seven had disease involving the sphenoethmoidal complex, requiring external ethmoidectomy with or without sphenoidotomy. Six patients had maxillary sinus disease, requiring Caldwell-Luc antrostomy or maxillectomy. Three patients required orbital exenteration. Surgery was performed within 24 hours of diagnosis on all but two of our patients. Despite prompt diagnosis, aggressive surgical debridement, therapy with amphotericin B, and correction of metabolic acidosis, our mortality rate was 82%. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis remains a rapidly progressive, frequently fatal disease. PMID- 3200078 TI - Fulminant Drechslera sinusitis in an immunocompetent host. AB - Mycotic infections of the paranasal sinuses are rare. Sinusitis caused by Drechslera spicifera, a common saprophytic dematiacious fungus, has previously been reported in only three immunocompetent patients. Aggressive growth characteristics were not described in any of these reports. The case of a young immunocompetent pregnant woman with fulminant sinusitis caused by Drechslera spicifera is presented. The tumor, which invaded both orbits and the anterior cranial fossa, was rapidly progressive during pregnancy. After delivery of the baby, a combined craniofacial approach was used to excise the sinus mass while adjacent normal tissues were preserved. The pathophysiology and mycology of this uncommon sinus pathogen are reviewed. This case emphasizes the need for prompt surgical intervention to avoid potentially life-threatening complications from a fulminant mycotic process in the paranasal sinuses. Indications for postoperative chemotherapy with amphotericin B are discussed. PMID- 3200079 TI - Selective endoscopic electrocautery for posterior epistaxis. PMID- 3200080 TI - Gax-collagen injection to correct an enlarged tracheoesophageal fistula for a vocal prosthesis. PMID- 3200081 TI - A reliable method to maintain an airway after bronchoscopy. PMID- 3200082 TI - Reconstruction of the nasofrontal duct following frontoethmoidectomy. PMID- 3200083 TI - Cricothyroidotomy vs. tracheotomy. PMID- 3200084 TI - AIDS and leprosy. PMID- 3200085 TI - Clofazimine and dapsone compliance in leprosy. PMID- 3200086 TI - Tuberculoid leprosy on hairy scalp: a case report. PMID- 3200087 TI - Case detection; are the present survey methods effective? A review of leprosy surveys in Bombay. PMID- 3200088 TI - Leprosy control in a Bombay slum--a general assessment. PMID- 3200089 TI - Involvement of students in a leprosy health education programme--an experiment. PMID- 3200090 TI - The teaching of leprosy in the university. PMID- 3200091 TI - Leprosos purgate. PMID- 3200092 TI - A lesson from the decline of tuberculosis around the world. PMID- 3200094 TI - A liquid crystal thermometer as an aid to the prevention of damage from excessive heat in anaesthetic extremities. PMID- 3200093 TI - Leprosy eradication in Paraguay. PMID- 3200095 TI - Observations on granuloma multiforme in Uganda. PMID- 3200096 TI - Relapse or reversal reaction: the case for a therapeutic trial of steroids. PMID- 3200098 TI - AIDS in the Americas. PMID- 3200097 TI - Tropical diseases and HIV infection; UNDF-World Bank-WHO, Kenya, 1987. PMID- 3200099 TI - [Yugoslav medical science in the Science Citation Index. 3. Why do we not have more journals in the international indexes?]. PMID- 3200100 TI - [The effect of smoking on the metabolic rate and heart rate]. PMID- 3200102 TI - [Evaluation of high-molecular weight alkaline phosphatase in the detection of malignant extra-hepatic obstruction]. PMID- 3200101 TI - [Evaluation of calciuria in children from the calcium/creatinine ratio in a single urine sample]. PMID- 3200103 TI - [Incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis and the immune response in patients with infections of the genital tract]. PMID- 3200104 TI - [Symptoms of Legionnaires' disease in patients from the first verified epidemic in Yugoslavia]. PMID- 3200105 TI - [Lyme-borreliosis with Bannwarth's syndrome--report on the first patients registered in Croatia]. PMID- 3200106 TI - [Adverse effects of drugs at the Firule Clinical Hospital Center in Split- analysis of reports over an 8-year period (1978-1985)]. PMID- 3200107 TI - [How does plasmapheresis work?]. PMID- 3200108 TI - Carbon monoxide effects on calcium levels in vascular smooth muscle. AB - Previously we showed that carbon monoxide (CO) relaxes vascular smooth muscle in the working heart and thoracic aorta preparations perfused with hemoglobin-free, Krebs-Henseleit (KH) solution. The CO-induced relaxation was not caused by hypoxia, nor was it mediated by adrenergic influences, adenosine, or prostaglandins. In these studies the effect of CO on calcium (Ca++) concentrations in vascular smooth muscle was determined using 45Ca as a tracer. Isolated rat thoracic aorta segments were incubated with 45Ca and gassed with O2, N2, or CO for 60 min. Verapamil was used to verify the effectiveness of the test system. Ca++ concentrations were 488 +/- 35 and 515 +/- 26 mM/g tissue (X +/- SE) in aortic rings gassed with O2 and N2, respectively. CO reduced Ca++ concentrations significantly (P less than 0.01) by 29% to 369 +/- 18 mM/g tissue. Verapamil treatment reduced Ca++ concentrations by 40% to 314 +/- 23 mM/g tissue. These results suggest that CO relaxes vascular smooth muscle and dilates blood vessels by decreasing Ca++ concentrations in vascular smooth muscle. PMID- 3200109 TI - Latrunculin A is a potent inhibitor of phagocytosis by macrophages. AB - We have found that latrunculin A, a Red Sea sponge toxin, is a potent inhibitor of immunological phagocytosis by mouse peritoneal macrophages, but does not block the binding (recognition) of the immune complexes (erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies) to the cells. The inhibition begins to be appreciable around 12 nM latrunculin A, and is complete with a toxin concentration of 60 nM. This inhibitory effect does not interfere with the cell viability, and can be reversed when the macrophages are incubated in fresh medium. Since latrunculin A is a disrupting agent of microfilament organization, these results strengthen the evidence for the active participation of microfilaments in the mechanism of phagocytosis and at the same time provide a new tool for the investigation of phagocytosis at the molecular level. PMID- 3200110 TI - Gangliosides, or sialic acid, antagonize ethanol intoxication. AB - Because ethanol elicits a dose-dependent hydrolysis of brain sialogangliosides, we tested the possibility that injected gangliosides might antagonize intoxicating doses of ethanol. Clear anti-intoxication effects were seen at 24 hr post-injection of mixed mouse-brain gangliosides at 125-130 mg/kg, but not at lower or higher doses. Sleep time was reduced on the order of 50%, and roto-rod agility was significantly enhanced. Sialic acid (SA) similarly antagonized ethanol; however, the precursor of SA, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, as well as ceramide and asialoganglioside did not. PMID- 3200111 TI - Nicotine and cotinine effects on 3 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in canine prostate. AB - We have recently observed that cigarette smoking affects plasma androgen concentrations. The effects of nicotine and cotinine, two products of cigarette smoking, on testosterone metabolism were determined. The activity of delta 4 steroid 5 alpha-reductase, which converts testosterone to 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was measured in isolated dog prostate nuclei using testosterone (0-200 nM) as substrate and NADPH as cofactor. Activity of 3 alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), which converts DHT to 3 alpha-androstanediol (3 alpha-diol) and is a reversible enzyme, was measured in isolated dog prostate microsomes with DHT (0-20 microM) as substrate and NADPH as cofactor. When microsomal fractions were incubated for 1 hour with and without nicotine (0-50 microM) and cotinine (0-100 microM), enzyme activity of HSD was significantly suppressed (p less than 0.001). The Vmax was not affected significantly (p greater than 0.60) and Km increased with increasing concentrations of nicotine and cotinine (p less than 0.05). Both nicotine and cotinine are competitive inhibitors of HSD in dog prostate microsomes with Ki's of 61 and 89 microM, respectively. The apparent 5 alpha-reductase activity was unaffected by nicotine and cotinine. The inhibitors produced a marked effect on activity of HSD when used in concentrations achieved in humans who smoke cigarettes. The results suggest that nicotine and cotinine are competitive inhibitors of the HSD, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of DHT and produce an accumulation of DHT. These products of cigarette smoking could alter androgen action in tissue such as skin and prostate. PMID- 3200112 TI - Dexamethasone treatment increases neuropeptide Y levels in rat hypothalamic neurones. AB - Immunoreactive glucocorticoid receptors (GR) have previously been demonstrated in neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurones of the rat hypothalamus. To determine whether NPY synthesis is influenced by glucocorticoids, the effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on the levels of immunoreactive NPY in rat hypothalamic neurones was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Daily injections of DEX (0.1 mg/day) for 5 days increased the NPY content of the mediobasal hypothalamus in female rats by 117% (p less than 0.002). Primary cultures of hypothalamic neurones were also sensitive to the effect of glucocorticoids. Intracellular NPY levels were significantly increased (p less than 0.001) compared to control values by 151%, 222% and 268% when cultures were maintained in a defined serum free medium containing DEX 10(-9), 10(-8) and 10(-7) M respectively. PMID- 3200113 TI - Follow-up study of lipid peroxides, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the synovial membrane, serum and liver of young and old mice with collagen-induced arthritis. AB - Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generally believed to play an important role in tissue injury in rheumatoid arthritis, we examined the levels of lipid peroxides, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the synovial membrane, serum and liver of young (8 wk) and old (12 mo) mice with collagen-induced arthritis. In the synovial membrane, serum and liver, lipid peroxide levels of both young and old mice were increased beginning on the 3rd day after the onset of arthritis. SOD activity, which scavenges O2- and inhibits lipid peroxidation, rose markedly in the synovial membrane of young mice in parallel with the increase in lipid peroxide levels, but not so markedly in old mice. Liver GSH-Px activity, which metabolizes already formed lipid peroxides, also rose in young arthritic mice to a greater degree than in old mice. This study suggests that in inflammatory synovial lesions, lipid peroxides are generated due to an increase in ROS concentration, with resultant cytotoxicity, and that younger animals or humans can prevent this unfavorable reaction more effectively than aged ones by enzyme induction. The hypothesis that lipid peroxides formed in the oxidative lesions of the primary organ are released into the serum, trapped by the liver and metabolized there is further supported by the present study. PMID- 3200114 TI - Retention of a spatial task after intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intravenous injections of equal doses of atropine. AB - The retention of a well-learned spatial task was assessed in rats after equal doses of atropine sulfate (30 mg/kg) were administered by intraperitoneal, subcutaneous or intravenous injection. Atropine sulfate disrupted first choice accuracy and escape latency measures of spatial retention. Intravenous and intraperitoneal atropine sulfate produced significant impairments in choice accuracy. However, only intravenous atropine sulfate produced a significant impairment in escape latency. Atropine sulfate administered subcutaneously never produced a significant impairment in spatial retention compared to the intravenous saline control. One would predict from the present findings that a centrally active drug might produce a highly variable effect on a specific behavior as a function of the parenteral route of administration. PMID- 3200115 TI - New analogs of physostigmine: alternative drugs for Alzheimer's disease? AB - The synthesis of a series of physostigmine analogs, in which the methylcarbamyl group has been substituted with monoalkylcarbamyl, dimethyl- and diethylcarbamyl groups, is reported. These compounds were prepared with the aim of investigating their possible therapeutic effects in the treatment of Alzheimer's type dementia. The new analogs of physostigmine are inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase from Electroforus electricus, with a value of the reactivation constant, k3 smaller than the one of physostigmine. The percentage of anticholinesterase activity in vitro and in vivo, the acute toxicity and some behavioural effects were also evaluated for selected derivatives. The reactivation constant, in vitro, supports the view that the derivatives described would be more suitable for therapeutic use than physostigmine. PMID- 3200116 TI - Different processing of chromogranin B into GAWK-immunoreactive fragments in the bovine adrenal medulla and pituitary gland. AB - Chromogranin B 420-493 (GAWK)-like immunoreactivity (chromogranin B (420-493)-LI) was determined by radioimmunoassay using two different rabbit antisera, one raised against chromogranin B (420-436) (GAWK 1-17) (Ab420-436) and the other against chromogranin B 439-457 (GAWK 20-38) (Ab439-457), in bovine and human tissues. Chromogranin B (420-493)-LI was present in the bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin granules as well as in the anterior pituitary gland and was released from the cultured bovine chromaffin cells by stimulation with high K+ or nicotine. Chromogranin B (420-493)-LI present in the bovine tissues was detected using Ab420-436 but was not detected using Ab439-457. In the human tissues, chromogranin B (420-493)-LI was detected using Ab420-436 as well as Ab439-457. This suggests that the amino acid sequence of this region (chromogranin B 439 457) is different between human and bovine. On the gel permeation chromatography, chromogranin B (420-493)-LI was eluted at the void volume in the bovine adrenal medulla and at an apparent molecular weight of 4000 in the anterior pituitary gland. On the reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, multiple peaks of chromogranin B (420-493)-LI was detected in the bovine adrenal medulla while one component of chromogranin B (420-493)-LI was found in the anterior pituitary gland. These results suggest that chromogranin B is processed into small fragments of chromogranin B (420-493)-LIs and that this processing is tissue-specific. PMID- 3200117 TI - Boreal freshwater fish diet modifies the plasma lipids and prostanoids and membrane fatty acids in man. AB - The effect of fish diet on 43 healthy male students was studied. They ate a fish containing meal for 15 weeks on an average of 3.7 times per week. Twenty-one of them voluntarily restricted their lipid intake while the rest ate normally. Controls continued their usual eating habits (19 students). The meals consisted of Finnish freshwater fish (87%) (vendace, pike, perch and rainbow trout) and brackish water fish (13%) (Baltic herring) that provided about 1 g of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids per day (0.25 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 0.55 g docosahexaenoic acid). During the diet, omega-3 fatty acids increased in erythrocyte ghosts and platelets at the expense of omega-6 fatty acids. The concentration of serum cholesterol diminished in those fish consumers who lowered their lipid intake. Apolipoprotein A1 and B were lowered in both fish-consuming groups. Triglyceride levels also showed a tendency to decrease. The formation of thromboxane B2 during incubation of whole blood decreased in both fish-consuming groups. The decrease of plasma 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was not statistically significant, if compared with the controls. The results obtained indicate that a moderate intake of fish-containing meals has some beneficial effects on the plasma lipid and prostanoid metabolism, when coronary heart disease risk factors are considered. PMID- 3200118 TI - Induction of long-lasting hypercholesterolemia in the rat fed a cystine-enriched diet. AB - The influence of dietary excess (5%) of L-cystine on rat plasma lipoproteins was examined. After only one week of cystine feeding, an increase in the plasma cholesterol level and a decrease in triglyceride levels were observed. The increase in cholesterol level became greater when the duration of cystine enriched diet increased until eight weeks (+131% after eight weeks), but no further increase occurred between 8 and 20 weeks. This change was essentially due to the progressive increase in cholesterol levels in high density lipoproteins (HDL) and in lipoproteins isolated between 1.040 and 1.063 g/ml, i.e., certain low density lipoproteins (LDL2), and containing mainly apoE-rich lipoproteins (HDL1). The decrease in plasma triglycerides resulted from that of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). The effects observed after four or eight weeks of cystine feeding were maintained for eight weeks after replacing the cystine diet by the standard diet. Ingestion of the standard diet containing either cholestyramine (2%) or probucol (0.25%) following eight weeks of cystine feeding significantly decreased plasma cholesterol levels. It is concluded that cystine-fed rats are a useful tool of investigation for understanding mechanisms leading to increased plasma cholesterol level and for hypocholesterolemic drug trials. PMID- 3200119 TI - Hydrolysis of a fluorescent substance formed from an oxidized phospholipid and an amino compound by phospholipase A2. AB - Phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide produced a fluorescent substance (FS-III) through reaction with 1-amino-pentane after preincubation with heme methyl ester as a model system. The FS-III was retained at the 2-position of the glycerol backbone of phosphatidylcholine without breakdown into low molecular weight compounds. Phosphatidylcholine oxidized by catalysis with ferrous ion and ascorbic acid also produced the same fluorescent substance (FS-III). Phospholipase A2 specifically hydrolyzed the FS-III attached to the phospholipid, making it possible to elute the same fluorescent substance (FS-II) as that obtained from oxidized methyl linoleate. The release of FS-II by hydrolysis of FS III attached to phospholipid increased with greater phospholipase A2 activity. It is suggested that, with aging, the accumulation of fluorescent lipofuscin pigments in biomembranes may be related to changes in the peroxidized phospholipid content and that phospholipase A2 may play a role in decreasing the formation and accumulation of fluorescent phospholipids in biomembranes. PMID- 3200120 TI - Interaction of rabbit lipoproteins and red blood cells with liposomes of egg yolk phospholipids. AB - After intravenous injection of liposomes prepared from egg yolk phospholipids into rabbits, the phospholipids were readily assimilated by the lipoproteins, and there were increases in the circulating levels of cholesterol and phospholipids. The increases in cholesterol level were mainly due to increases of free cholesterol. Gradient ultracentrifugation showed that the lipoproteins decreased in density, and gel filtration chromatography showed that they increased in particle size. Upon electrophoresis, they exhibited slower mobility. Liposomes recovered from rabbits 3 hr after the injection contained free cholesterol, apolipoproteins A-I, E and traces of C. The apolipoprotein may target the liposomes for uptake by hepatocytes. Incubation of the liposomes with rabbit red blood cell membranes in vitro caused a decrease in cholesterol content of the membranes. However, the cholesterol/phosphate ratio in red blood cells isolated from the rabbits after the injection of liposomes did not change significantly, suggesting rapid replenishment of red blood cell cholesterol in vivo, possibly by equilibration with lipoprotein cholesterol or tissue cholesterol. These results suggest that the injection of phospholipid liposomes may have an antiatherogenic effect by the removal of tissue cholesterol and enhancing hepatic disposal of cholesterol through the reverse cholesterol transport mechanism. PMID- 3200121 TI - Dietary linoleic acid and the fatty acid profiles in rats fed partially hydrogenated marine oils. AB - The influence of the linoleic acid levels of diets containing partially hydrogenated marine oils (HMO) rich in isomeric 16:1, 18:1, 20:1 and 22:1 fatty acids on the fatty acid profiles of lipids from rat liver, heart and adipose tissue was examined. Five groups of rats were fed diets containing 20 wt % fat- 16% HMO + 4% vegetable oils. In these diets, the linoleic acid contents varied between 1.9% and 14.5% of the dietary fatty acids, whereas the contents of trans fatty acids were 33% in all groups. A sixth group was fed a partially hydrogenated soybean oil (HSOY) diet containing 8% linoleic acid plus 32% trans fatty acids, mainly 18:1, and a seventh group, 20% palm oil (PALM), with 10% linoleic acid and no trans fatty acids. As the level of linoleic acid in the HMO diets increased from 1.9% to 8.2%, the contents of (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the phospholipids increased correspondingly. At this dietary level of linoleic acid, a plateau in (n-6) PUFA was reached that was not affected by further increase in dietary 18:2 (n-6) up to 14.5%. Compared with the HSOY- or PALM-fed rats, the plateau values of 20:4(n-6) were considerably lower and the contents of 18:2(n-6) higher in liver phosphatidylcholines (PC) and heart PC. Heart phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) on the contrary, had elevated contents of 20:4(n-6), but decreased 22:5(n-6) compared with the PALM group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3200122 TI - Increased amounts of cholesterol precursors in lipoproteins after ileal exclusion. AB - Serum cholesterol precursor sterols reflect the activity of cholesterol synthesis. In this study, squalene, methyl sterol and lathosterol contents were studied in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients without and with ileal bypass. The contents of lathosterol and all methyl sterols (lanosterol, delta 8,24-dimethylsterol, delta 8-dimethylsterol, delta 8-methostenol and methostenol), but not of squalene were increased in all lipoproteins by ileal bypass. The increase in the free methyl sterols was more marked than that in the esterified ones. The percentage esterification of the methyl sterols was highest in HDL and lowest in VLDL. Lipoprotein methyl sterol contents were positively correlated with each other and with cholesterol synthesis. The methyl sterols were slightly concentrated in LDL, and squalene strongly concentrated in VLDL. It is concluded that long-term stimulation of cholesterol synthesis increases the methyl sterols in all lipoproteins. PMID- 3200123 TI - Pathology of hepatolithiasis associated with biliary malformation in Japan. AB - A national survey of the morphologic features of hepatolithiasis in Japan disclosed that 13 (4.8%) of the 273 cases examined were associated with obvious biliary malformations: Caroli's disease with congenital hepatic fibrosis (one case), adult polycystic disease of the liver and kidneys (one case), choledochal cyst (nine cases), and anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union (four cases). The latter two malformations overlapped in two cases. Intrahepatic calculi in all of these cases were of brown pigment stones, suggesting that focal bile stasis as well as bacterial infection might have played an important role in their formation and growth. It seems likely that such phenomena occur in the congenitally dilated segments of the intrahepatic biliary tree. These data imply that biliary malformation is one of the lithogenic factors in hepatolithiasis in Japan. PMID- 3200124 TI - Hypoceruloplasminemia and ultrastructural changes resembling Wilson's disease in nonalcoholic liver steatosis. A clinical and pathological study of five cases. AB - We report five cases of asymptomatic patients with persistently abnormal liver function tests in whom copper metabolism abnormalities resulted in a misleading suspicion of Wilson's disease. Ceruloplasmin levels assessed by nephelometric immunoassay, single radial immunodiffusion and the enzymatic method averaged 53.8, 61 and 52.8% of the mean value obtained in age- and sex-matched controls (p less than 0.001). Twenty-four-hour urinary copper excretion was higher than the normal range in three instances. Four patients exhibited hypertriglyceridemia. Liver histology showed fatty change with or without sinusoidal fibrosis. Electron microscopic examination unexpectedly disclosed mitochondrial and lysosomal changes identical to those described in Wilson's disease. The present observations indicate that biochemical and ultrastructural changes suggestive for Wilson's disease may be observed in the absence of increased liver copper content. Whether such cases represent isolated cases of heterozygosity for the Wilson's disease gene remains to be elucidated. PMID- 3200125 TI - Latent hepatitis B virus infection with full-length viral genome in a patient serologically immune to hepatitis B virus infection. AB - The presence, state, physical structure and cellular localization of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA were investigated in a patient with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative chronic liver disease. HBV serology was positive for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), to hepatitis B e antigen (anti-HBe) and to HBsAg (anti-HBs); no HBV DNA was detectable in serum. Southern blot analyses of DNA extracted from the liver demonstrated free monomeric HBV DNA as two distinct species: a predominant species of fully double-stranded relaxed circular molecules and a minor species of linear molecules of 3.2 kilobase pairs (kbp) length. Restriction enzyme analyses identified the HBV genome as HBsAg subtype adw2. Cell fractionation studies further revealed that the free viral DNA species were localized exclusively in liver cell nuclei. These findings in a patient serologically immune to HBV infection demonstrate that in hepatocytes HBV can establish a latent infection, characterized by the extrachromosomal presence of a full-length viral genome without production of infectious virus or synthesis of viral antigens. PMID- 3200126 TI - A microplate reader for blood grouping. PMID- 3200127 TI - The Feulgen hydrolysis profile and breast carcinoma: a preliminary study. PMID- 3200128 TI - Steroid receptor assay from cryostat sections: practical aspects. PMID- 3200129 TI - Dermatophyte infection in Somerset 1976-1985. PMID- 3200130 TI - Effect on hormone levels of heat treatment for inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus in plasma. PMID- 3200131 TI - Endogenous alkaline phosphatase is a cause of non-specific reactions in enzyme immunoassays for rotavirus based on alkaline phosphatase conjugates. PMID- 3200133 TI - TurboMED: a medical billing package for the small office. PMID- 3200132 TI - WORM optical disk systems for medicine. PMID- 3200135 TI - Textual data versus encoded data. PMID- 3200134 TI - Small fee for shareware. PMID- 3200136 TI - Ver Heyden de Lancey lecture on a medico-legal matter. The role of the coroner with special reference to major disasters. PMID- 3200137 TI - Public attitudes to mental illness: the influence of the Hungerford massacre. PMID- 3200138 TI - R v. Alfred Arthur Rouse. PMID- 3200139 TI - Attribution of blame for criminal acts and its relationship with type of offence. PMID- 3200140 TI - Psychological aftereffects of transportation disaster. PMID- 3200142 TI - Secure units: why they are needed. PMID- 3200141 TI - Black stuff and babies. Accidental ingestion of cannabis resin. PMID- 3200143 TI - Impairment of autopsy histology by organ washing--a myth. PMID- 3200144 TI - Ethnic group and compulsory detention. PMID- 3200145 TI - A comparative perspective on forensic psychiatry in Canada and England. PMID- 3200146 TI - Provisions for mentally disordered offenders. PMID- 3200147 TI - [A method of evaluating the basic characteristics of panoramic tomographs]. AB - Methods to control the basic characteristics of scanning tomography equipment: configuration and thickness of released layer, geometric increase of an image, resolving power, symmetry of an image, patients and staff radiation exposure are proposed. Construction of an easy-in-making device for evaluation of released layer configuration is described. PMID- 3200148 TI - [The effect of silicone resin for medical use on the balance of calcium fractions in human blood serum]. AB - Influence of polymeric material upon the character of formation of ion calcium complexes in the blood serum of man was demonstrated and described by following parameters: quantity of binding sites, equilibrium constant for association and Hill's coefficient. These indexes were proposed to be used as evaluation criterion of calcinosis predisposition in articles used for artificial organs. PMID- 3200149 TI - [Orthotopic prosthesis of the heart]. AB - Stable hydrodynamic, hemocompatible and strength characteristics of the models of orthotopic heart prosthesis (OHP) from the series "Poisk" were shown during medico-biologic study on their experimental implantation. Special attention was paid to the OHP "Poisk-10M", implanted to a calf named Olimp which survived for 102 days. The OHP "Poisk-10M" is found to be ready for clinical use. PMID- 3200150 TI - [Use of low-intensity laser radiation to improve endoscopic diagnosis]. AB - A possibility to improve endoscopic diagnosis by laser illumination is considered. The fact that the image contrast of the pathologic tissue on the normal tissues background may be increased markedly compared to wideband incoherent illumination is shown. The possible increasing of the contrast by laser illumination of the blue-violet band (0.44 mkm) is evaluated. Advantages of laser light compared to incoherent sources with passive filters are discussed. The calculated results are compared to that of the model experiment. PMID- 3200151 TI - [Industrial standards for maintaining medical equipment (principles of development and application)]. PMID- 3200152 TI - [A comparison of various methods of x-ray sensitometry]. AB - Three methods of roentgen sensimetry have been compared: the wedge method based on using the stepped wedge, the Moscow Radiation and Roentgenology Research Institute method consisting in the time-modulation of the exposure by means of a lead diaphragm and revolving cassette with screens and film, and the method, according to which the dose is modulated by changing the distance from the source of irradiation to the cassette. The exposure conditions have been selected in order to achieve the best coordination of the results obtained by all the three methods. The minimal sensitivity of the combination of the medium amplification screens of ZY-B2A type with film PM-1 is about 1000P-1. For a more complete characteristic of the important properties of the roentgenographic films it is necessary in addition to determining the sensitivity, gamma and medium gradient to measure the parameters determining the graininess of the film and the transmission of the screen light by its emulsion layer. PMID- 3200153 TI - [A device for studying liminal and supraliminal indices of the state of the olfactory analyzer]. AB - An universal device (olfactoadaptometer) permitting to carry out threshold and suprathreshold olfaction assessment in suggested. Use of odorous substances of different receptor orientation increases the possibilities of differential diagnosis of olfactory analyzer diseases. The construction of the device is simple. Units, which are in industrial production can be used for its manufacture. The olfactometer is portable, simple in attendance and self reacting. PMID- 3200154 TI - [An electrode for thoracic electrocardiography]. PMID- 3200155 TI - [The Ultradent apparatus for removing dental calculus]. AB - New device for removal of dental calculus "Ultradent" is considered. Base functional units and their interaction are described. Technical specification of the device is reported. Serial production of the device was started from 1987. PMID- 3200156 TI - [A set of ophthalmoscopic lenses]. AB - A kit of lenses, which permits to carry out a laser investigation and treatment of the fundus of the eye and the angle of anterior chamber of the eye is described. Base technical characteristics are adduced and brief information about the operation of every kit lens is given. PMID- 3200157 TI - [The KG-3 gynecologic chair]. PMID- 3200158 TI - [An apparatus for preparing metallic dental crowns prior to polymerization]. PMID- 3200159 TI - [A comprehensive hospital operating table]. PMID- 3200160 TI - [A brush for cleaning the instrument channel of a flexible endoscope]. PMID- 3200161 TI - Priming and boosting of the rabbit intestinal immune system with live and killed, smooth and rough Vibrio cholerae cells. AB - Cholera disease can be induced in the rabbit by ligation of the cecum (C) followed by duodenal inoculation (DI) of virulent Vibrio cholerae organisms (DIC model). When the cecum is not ligated, DI does not induce disease. In contrast, the animals are primed which becomes apparent upon challenge with live V. cholerae in the DIC model. Such animals are vibriocidally protected. This protection is characterized by absence of disease symptoms, rapid disappearance of V. cholerae from the feces and presence of high levels of anti lipopolysaccharide Immunoglobulin A in the bile. The present study shows that primed rabbits can also be boosted by duodenal administration of killed, smooth V. cholerae cells. On the other hand, killed cells cannot prime. The minimal lethal dose of a rough derivative of a smooth strain C5, designated R5 and lacking the O antigen part of the LPS, was 100,000 times higher than that of its parent strain C5, in the DIC model. Rabbits which had been duodenally immunized with strain R5 and were subsequently challenged with the smooth strain C5, all developed diarrhea and two out of eight died. This result supports an earlier observation that the specific O antigen part of the V. cholerae LPS is an essential prerequisite for the induction of protective immunity in the rabbit. PMID- 3200163 TI - Nutritionally variant streptococci develop ultrastructural abnormalities during experimental endocarditis. AB - Nutritionally variant streptococci (NVS) are fastidious micro-organisms responsible for most of the so-called negative blood culture endocarditis. In patients, the relative resistance of these bacteria to antibiotic treatment may be relevant to bacterial alterations in infected tissues. We used here a rabbit experimental model of endocarditis in order to examine, under scanning and transmission electron microscope, the NVS ultrastructure inside cardiac vegetations and to follow alterations at the different stages of the disease. In the early phase (day 7) of endocarditis, NVS were found dispersed inside vegetations and exhibited a typical streptococcal morphology similar to that observed during an in vitro balanced growth. In contrast, on day 11 and day 18, bacteria were found gathered as large and numerous clusters, in which they exhibited abnormal ultrasturctural features similar to those previously described during in vitro unbalanced growth. At this stage, ruthenium red staining revealed a large amount of exopolysaccharide surrounding the bacteria. None of these bacterial alterations were observed inside the vegetations of rabbits treated from day 7 to day 11 with penicillin or vancomycin. These abnormalities might be mainly related to nutrient limitation inside the clusters and could contribute to the pathogenicity of these micro-organisms. PMID- 3200162 TI - Evidence of correlation between 50-kilobase plasmid of Salmonella choleraesuis and its virulence. AB - A plasmid of 50 kilobases (kb) was found in all six strains of Salmonella choleraesuis studied, originally isolated from septicemic swine or man. A derivative cured of the 50 kb plasmid was isolated after treatment with novobiocin, and its virulence compared to that of the parent by intraperitoneal injection into mice. The lethality of the parent strain was found higher than that of the cured strain. With a sublethal number of cells of the parent strain injected, the spleen, liver and lymph nodes in various sites were markedly enlarged, and the bacteria were isolated from the heart blood. In contrast to this, neither enlargement of the organs nor recovery of organisms was observed with the cured strain. The Tn1-tagged 50 kb plasmid was next introduced by transformation into the cured strain. The virulence of the plasmid-reintroduced strain was higher than that of the cured strain, and in fact identical to that of the parent. We conclude that the 50 kb plasmid of S. choleraesuis is closely related with the mouse virulence of the organism. PMID- 3200164 TI - Outer membrane proteins of Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides vulgatus in relation to iron uptake and virulence. AB - A virulent strain B. fragilis BE1 and an avirulent strain B. vulgatus BE20 were grown in a culture medium with and without the addition of a synthetic chelator (Bipyridyl) to induce iron limitation. Cells grew more slowly under iron stress, although the growth rate of the B. vulgatus strain was more affected under these conditions than the strain of B. fragilis. The outer membrane protein profile of these strains was studied in relation to the iron concentration in the growth medium by means of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four proteins, with the apparent molecular weights of 89, 49, 44 and 23.5 kDa, were consistently present in the outer membrane of B. fragilis BE1 grown under iron restricted conditions. In B. vulgatus BE20 cells a 44 and a 23.5 kDa protein were absent and only the expression of an 89 kDa protein was clearly seen under these conditions. The iron regulated proteins, particularly the 44 kDa protein, could be involved to an iron uptake mechanism in B. fragilis. So the presence of these proteins might play an important role in the virulence of this anaerobic bacterium. PMID- 3200165 TI - An experimental mouse model of Yersinia-induced reactive arthritis. AB - An experimental animal model of Yersinia-induced arthritis was successfully developed in mice using Yersinia enterocolitica WA. In order for the Yersinia to induce arthritis the strain had to be cured of plasmid. The arthritis-susceptible mouse strains were DBA/2 and BDF1. C57B1/6, Balb/c, CBA and DBA/1 were arthritis resistant. Both the dose of bacteria and the route of administration were critical. PMID- 3200166 TI - Contractile action of heat-labile toxin of Bordetella parapertussis on aortic smooth muscles of pigs. AB - Using both vascular smooth muscle strips (VSMS) and cultured cells (VSMC) from aortas of pigs, the contractile action of Bordetella heat-labile toxin (HLT) purified from B. parapertussis was studied in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of its action. HLT induced contractions in VSMC in parallel with the increase of Ca2+-influx. The HLT-induced Ca2+-influx and contraction were not influenced by verapamil or diltiazem, though a certain extension of the lag period was seen. The contractile action of HLT on VSMS and VSMC was not influenced either by diltiazem or quinacrine; that on VSMC was not influenced by prednisolone, indomethacin, aspirin, CV-3988, FPL-55712, ruthenium red, or TEAC. On VSMS, prednisolone caused the extension of lag period following HLT exposure. The action of HLT on VSMS was inhibited by TMB-8, whereas that on VSMC was not though the extension of lag period was seen. The HLT-induced contraction in both VSMS and VSMC was completely inhibited by H-7. The contraction in VSMS, but not in VSMC, was inhibited by H-8. HLT did not induce specific activation of the protein kinases in VSMC. The addition of cGMP or cAMP brought about relaxation in the HLT-exposed VSMS contracting in maximum. HLT caused a significant increase in permeability of VSMC membrane to trypan blue, accompanied with contraction. Both HLT-induced contraction and increase in permeability were inhibited by dextran of M.W. 8,000, but not of M.W. 5,000. These results suggested that HLT acted on vascular smooth muscle cells by damaging the membrane permeability, but not by disturbing the known cascades or systems for physiological contractions, resulting in the increase in Ca2+-influx and then contractions. PMID- 3200167 TI - Evidence suggesting that the life span of Mycobacterium avium complex is longer than that of other mycobacteria. AB - Mycobacterium avium complex strains often contain considerably more numbers of viable bacterial units per mg wet weight than other mycobacteria, especially other slowly growing ones. This finding suggests that the life span of M. avium complex strains is often longer than the life span of other mycobacteria. The other mycobacteria, especially slowly growing ones seem to die more rapidly after their multiplication. PMID- 3200168 TI - Maternal transmission and dental caries induction in Sprague-Dawley rats infected with Streptococcus mutans. AB - Thirty-four female rats (18 days old) were infected with Streptococcus mutans MT8148R (serotype c) or 6715 (g). Diets containing different proportions of sucrose were used to prepare the dams which harbored various levels of S. mutans in their oral cavity. Around 66 days of age, the female rats were bred and 34 dams subsequently bore 322 offspring. The dams were killed upon weaning (20 days of age) of their respective litters. There were positive correlations between the recovery of inoculated S. mutans and the caries incidence in the dams. Transmission of S. mutans from a dam to her offspring was studied in 10-, 15-, 20 , 27-, 34-, 41-, 48-, and 55-day-old rats by evaluating the recover of S. mutans from the offspring. Positive correlation between the magnitudes of recovered S. mutans MT8148R from dams and their offspring was found in all ages of young rats examined. Furthermore, caries incidence in young rats was found to be positively correlated with the recovery of both strains of S. mutans as well as with incidence of caries in their respective dams. PMID- 3200169 TI - Comparative studies of strains Ictero No. I and RGA as the type strain of Leptospira interrogans: agglutinin absorption test, protein and antigen profiles, and enzyme activities. AB - Strain Ictero No. I, the first isolate of Leptospira, isolated by Inada and Ido in 1914, was found to be sufficiently qualified to be the type strain of Leptospira interrogans rather than strain RGA. In an agglutinin absorption test, anti-Ictero No. I serum was not absorbed completely with strain RGA, and 25% of the homologous titer remained unabsorbed, while anti-RGA serum was completely absorbed with strain Ictero No. I. Thus, strain Ictero No. I was not serologically identical with strain RGA, and the two strains were considered to be different serovars. A protein band with a molecular weight of approximately 33,000 daltons was detected in strain Ictero No. I but not in strain RGA by SDS PAGE. By Western blotting, this protein band was detectable with anti-Ictero No. I serum but not with anti-RGA serum. The presence of the 33K protein in strain Ictero No. I, but not in strain RGA, was confirmed by radioimmunoprecipitation using [125I]-labeled antigens, indicating that the protein antigen was surface exposed. Only 8 of the 89 enzymes activities were different between strains Ictero No. I and RGA (line Sapporo). From the above results, we propose that strain Ictero No. I should be designated as the type strain of L. interrogans instead of strain RGA. PMID- 3200170 TI - Sex- and age-specific prevalences of HBeAg and anti-HBe among HBsAg carriers with or without liver function abnormalities in Okinawa, Japan. AB - We investigated sex- and age-specific prevalences of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to HBeAg (anti-HBe) in 1,163 carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in Okinawa, Japan, and followed them up for longer than one year in correlation with liver function abnormalities. Elevated serum transaminase levels were found in 160 (13.8%) of them. The prevalence of liver function abnormalities was significantly higher in male carriers (127/690, 18.4%) than in female carriers (33/473, 7.0%) at a P value of 0.001. In asymptomatic carriers, the prevalence of HBeAg was 13.2% and that of anti-HBe 80.0%, significantly different from 41.9% and 54.4%, respectively, in carriers with elevated transaminase levels (P less than 0.001). In asymptomatic carriers, the mean age of HBeAg-positive carriers was 16.7 years which was much lower than the 22.8 years in carriers with liver function abnormalities. The prevalence of elevated transaminase levels was significantly higher in carriers with HBeAg than in those with anti-HBe (33.8% vs. 9.7%, P less than 0.001). Based on these results, the prolonged positivity for serum HBeAg would qualify as a predictor for deteriorating liver function among HBsAg carriers. PMID- 3200171 TI - Erythrocytosis: a key to understanding the hemodynamic changes in hypertension. AB - Theories that would propose to explain the increased vascular resistance that accompanies hypertension include the presence circulating vasoconstrictor substances (angiotensin II, vasopressin, epinephrine, etc.), a centrally mediated generalized increase in sympathetic tone, increased vascular smooth muscle tone due to increased calcium ion permeability, and perhaps others. While each of these may be valid in some circumstances there exists yet another mechanism, indirect and potent, that could account for much of the change in peripheral vascular resistance that accompanies hypertension. This is the erythrocytosis mechanism that is mainly controlled by the kidneys. This treatise concerns the manner in which the kidneys supposedly react to disturbances in oxygen transport coincident with the development of hypertension and the effect that this might have in modifying peripheral resistance to blood flow. PMID- 3200172 TI - Problems in classification of epileptic seizures and syndromes. AB - The classification of epileptic seizures is based on clinical seizure types and on ictal and interictal electroencephalographic expressions. The classification of epileptic syndromes is based on the type of seizure and on the suspected aetiology. If the types of seizure of the patients are given, the classification of epileptic syndromes becomes unnecessary. If there is hard evidence on brain pathology, this should be given instead of aetiological speculations. PMID- 3200173 TI - HIV1-virus is not inactivated by buthylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in vitro. PMID- 3200174 TI - Treatment for AIDS and other retrovirus-caused diseases. AB - The role of retroviruses as causal agents in animal and human neoplasms is reviewed. Based on previous studies done on retrovirus caused mouse mammary adenocarcinoma, it is suggested that a treatment regimen with 6-propylthiouracil, chloroquine phosphate and 5-fluorouracil (which resulted in 77% and 65% complete mouse tumor remission), may be effective in treating AIDS and other retrovirus caused diseases. PMID- 3200175 TI - Cancer clonality and field theory. AB - We discuss a "genomic" mechanism capable of yielding clonal malignancies (e.g. hemopoietic leukemias) without the prerequisite of multiple or single mutations. This hypothetical mechanism is based upon the anachronistic (illegal) expression of a special gene P, where P stands for "potential". P. is a stimulus promoting renewal of stem and most immature cells of hemopoietic tissues. In normal conditions, these cells renew themselves only after receiving P from special microenvironmental cells or field "sources". When illegally expressed by a previously dependent cell, the autocatalyzed potential competes with differentiating factors and slows down terminal differentiation. This sets the cell on a temporary (or extended) "limit cycle" between competing attractors viz: renewal and extinction, whereby both progenitor and clonal progeny are locked between continuous proliferation and terminal differentiation for a time longer than their normal, absolutely source dependent counterparts. PMID- 3200176 TI - Surveys of nosocomial infections. PMID- 3200177 TI - Herbal preparations--to regulate or not to regulate? PMID- 3200178 TI - Improving the quality and economy of in-hospital prescribing: getting more for less. PMID- 3200179 TI - Rabies--it can happen here. PMID- 3200180 TI - "Bee-sting kills mother of 10". PMID- 3200181 TI - New drugs for old: an issue for debate? PMID- 3200182 TI - Predictors of surgical wound infection in Australia: a national study. AB - In July 1984, the first national Australian Nosocomial Prevalence Survey collected data on 12,742 surgical patients from 265 hospitals. This sample represented 59% of public and private hospitals with 50 or more acute-care beds in Australia. The infection control officers at each hospital provided data on patients in a random sample of beds. The over-all surgical wound infection rate was 4.6%. The surgical wound infection rate was twice (5.4%) as high in public than in private (2.8%) hospitals. The infection rates were greater in larger hospitals in both the public and private sector. However, after adjusting for the other predictor factors that are noted below the infection rate did not show any particular pattern for the size of hospital. Clean surgery had a higher (4.8%) infection rate than did clean-contaminated surgery (2.9%). The infection rate for contaminated surgery was 15.0%. Men were found to have nearly twice (6.5%) the infection rate of women (3.4%). Infection rates were lowest in the 15-to-34 years' age-group and highest in those of over 55 years of age. These trends remained even after adjusting for the other risk factors for infection. The cost of surgical wound infections for all hospitals during the year of 1984 was estimated at approximately $60 million. We suggest that a concerted effort should be made to attempt to reduce the infection rate for clean surgery to 1% or less. PMID- 3200183 TI - Changing antibiotic prescribing by educational marketing. AB - A controlled cross-over study in 12 Victorian public hospitals was performed to examine the power of marketing techniques in influencing prescribing. The targeted prescribing behaviour was the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery, and the criteria for judging the appropriateness of therapy were its duration and timing, as are detailed in the fourth edition of the booklet Antibiotic guidelines. The first intervention was mounted in 1985 in six hospitals (two metropolitan teaching hospitals, one suburban general hospital and three rural hospitals), and six matched hospitals acted as control hospitals. One year later, the intervention was mounted in the six hospitals that previously had been the control hospitals. The interventional campaign consisted of material that was similar to that which is used by the pharmaceutical industry, including an "academic" representative. Its effect was assessed by audits that were performed before and after the first interventional campaign and again, one year later, after the second interventional campaign. The proportion of antibiotic courses that were assessed as satisfactory in terms of duration increased significantly after the first campaign in the hospitals where the intervention was mounted. No significant changes in prescribing occurred in the control hospitals. In the hospitals which were control hospitals in 1985, and in which the intervention occurred in 1986, the proportion of antibiotic courses that were assessed as satisfactory also increased significantly after the interventional campaign. A fall-off in performance occurred during the 12 months after the campaign in the 1985-interventional hospitals. Calculated cost savings more than outweighed the costs of the campaign. We conclude that inappropriate prescribing behaviour in hospitals can be modified successfully by educational marketing techniques. PMID- 3200184 TI - Attitudes that predict antinuclear-war activity in medical students. AB - The possibility of nuclear war may be the most significant threat to health in the world. Medical practitioners have played, and should continue to play, a leading role in raising awareness of this danger. In the present study, the attitudes that predict a specific antinuclear-war behaviour (that is, signing a letter to the Prime Minister of Australia to request more active political effort to prevent nuclear war) were studied in a group of 143 undergraduate medical students. Attitudes towards that particular behaviour were assessed by means of a questionnaire, and the differences in attitude between students who chose to sign and those who chose not to sign the letter were analysed statistically by means of discriminant analysis. The key differences in attitude between signers and non signers of the letter was in their belief that such an action would achieve tangible positive outcomes. The results are discussed in terms of the need to target strategies of change for the specific attitudes which are likely to modify behaviour and to promote antinuclear behaviours in medical practitioners, which in turn may alter the behaviour of politicians. PMID- 3200186 TI - The use of serology to diagnose active Campylobacter pylori infection. AB - A serological test that predicts accurately active Campylobacter pylori infection in the human stomach has been developed and validated by means of serum from 189 patients who were undergoing endoscopy in Sydney. Our enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94%. An important part of the test is the inclusion of a simple absorption step with C. jejuni for those sera whose results are close to the cut-off point for positivity. This has been shown to be particularly relevant in epidemiological studies on populations that are likely to be exposed to C. jejuni continually. For example, by means of the ELISA test without an absorption step, the infection rate in Papua New Guineans was shown to be 56%, whereas use of the validated test showed the infection rate to be 25%. Compared with an age-matched normal control group of Australians, this still is higher. These studies suggest a need for the reappraisal of some of the reported epidemiological data. The development of a validated diagnostic test that is a highly-accurate predictor of active C. pylori infection will be useful for epidemiological studies, particularly for comparative studies among populations that are known to differ significantly in the incidence of stomach disease. However, routine use of this test in diagnosis in general practice awaits the definition of more precise markers of C. pylori associated symptomatology and the development of improved regimens for the treatment of C. pylori infections. PMID- 3200185 TI - Management of bee-sting anaphylaxis. AB - A retrospective case analysis of 101 adverse reactions to bee-stings and a prospective questionnaire analysis of the proposed management by local medical practitioners and resident hospital staff members of three hypothetical bee-sting reactions has revealed that understanding of the use of adrenaline in patients with reactions to bee envenomation is confused with regard to the indications for its use, dosage and route; that corticosteroid agents are used or are recommended too frequently, sometimes as the sole therapeutic agent; and that there is a lack of awareness of the need for volume replacement in hypotensive shocked patients. These conclusions highlight the urgent need for a greater understanding of the optimal forms of management for patients with acute anaphylactic reactions to bee envenomation. PMID- 3200187 TI - The risk of lung cancer from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Sydney air. AB - Air pollution often is suggested as being partly responsible for an increased incidence of lung cancer in cities. A problem with epidemiological studies is that the comparatively-small effect of air pollution is difficult to identify in the presence of larger and variable effects of cigarette smoking and other factors. This article describes an alternative approach to the estimation of cases of lung cancer that may be a result of air pollution. The concentration of a number of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been measured at two sites in Sydney and the relative contributions from various pollutant sources have been deduced. By means of a source inventory and an atmospheric dispersion model, concentrations have been derived for the whole Sydney region. Lung-cancer induction is calculated from the population that is exposed and the concentration of benzo(a)pyrene, which is used as a surrogate for the carcinogenic products of incomplete combustion. For the Sydney region, it is estimated that about 30 lung cancers a year could arise from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air. PMID- 3200188 TI - Deaths associated with skiing in Australia: a 32-year study of cases from the Snowy Mountains. AB - We present the first study of skiing-related deaths in Australia--a 32-year study of skiing-related deaths in the Snowy Mountains. We have reported 29 such cases; eight subjects died of trauma, 15 subjects died of cardiovascular causes, and six subjects died of hypothermia. The over-all incidence of death was 0.87 deaths per million skier-days; the specific incidence for trauma-related deaths was 0.24 deaths per million skier-days; for cardiac-related deaths was 0.45 deaths per million skier-days; and for hypothermia-related deaths was 0.18 deaths per million skier-days. These findings compare most-favourably with US figures. Death that is associated with skiing in the Snowy Mountains is a rare event. PMID- 3200189 TI - Trends in Australian mortality of asthma, 1979-1985. AB - Trends in Australian mortality rates that have been ascribed to asthma and to non tuberculous, non-malignant respiratory diseases were examined for the period 1979 1985. Mortality rates of asthma and respiratory diseases increased substantially from 1979 to 1985, and in the case of asthma, the crude death rate in 1985 was higher than at the peak of the "epidemic" of the 1960s. The increase in mortality of asthma was most pronounced in those of greater than 60 years of age (from 11.5 per 100,000 such population in 1979 to 22.9 per 100,000 such population in 1985). Asthma mortality rates in five- to 34-year-old persons increased, although there were marked yearly fluctuations, and deaths of asthma in this age-group comprised only a small percentage (13% in 1985) of all deaths of asthma. Reasons that are considered for the rising death rate of asthma include changes in diagnostic fashion; an increase in the incidence or a change in the natural history of asthma; and an increased case fatality rate. With the presently-available data, it is not possible to distinguish among these possible explanations. PMID- 3200190 TI - Injuries caused by pigs in Papua New Guinea. AB - Pigs are intelligent animals that can be formidable adversaries to humans because of their sharp tusks and their ability to attack swiftly. Domestic and feral pigs have an important role in the ecology of village life in Melanesia. A six-year review of all injuries that were caused by pigs that were referred from the villages in Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, to the Provincial Hospital was completed. Some of the injuries that were seen among the 20 patients who were studied included: three penetrating abdominal injuries with prolapse and strangulation of the intestine; a "sucking" chest wound; bilateral pneumothoraces; two infected open fractures of the radius and the ulna; a perforating injury of the knee with septic arthritis; a hand injury with laceration of multiple tendons; an arterial injury of the wrist; injury of a tibial nerve with foot drop; and a severe scrotal injury with exposure of the testicles. Most injuries resulted from the hunting of feral pigs. Adult male hunters who used dogs and carried only one spear were injured most frequently. Wounds from injuries by pigs are deep, often involve multiple critical structures, and are grossly contaminated. Resuscitation requires the administration of fluid and often blood. Treatment includes irrigation, debridement and closure of the wound. The principles of managing such injuries, the prevention of injuries, the ecology of pigs and humans, human infections originating from pigs, and safer methods of hunting pigs are discussed. PMID- 3200191 TI - The health of Australia's koalas: more research is needed urgently. PMID- 3200192 TI - Medical aspects of the First Fleet Re-enactment Voyage. PMID- 3200193 TI - What's the big deal? Aboriginal gambling in the Kimberley region. PMID- 3200194 TI - Harbouring a health risk. PMID- 3200195 TI - Midlife crisis: a Christmas reflection. PMID- 3200196 TI - A florid case of borderline-lepromatous leprosy. AB - A case of borderline-lepromatous leprosy is presented to highlight the detection and prevalence of florid, new cases of leprosy towards the lepromatous end of the spectrum in the northern and western regions of Australia; the recognition and early treatment of lepra reactions; and the potential use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect and to monitor immunoglobulin M levels in leprosy. PMID- 3200197 TI - A case of rabies. AB - Details of the clinical and laboratory findings of the first case of rabies to be described in Australia are presented. The veterinary, public-health, travel and diagnostic problems and implications are discussed. PMID- 3200198 TI - Effects of stings of Australian native bees. AB - Five cases of stings by native bees are reported. The reactions were various and include a fatality as a result of the sting of a presumed Lasioglossum sp. (Halictidae). The effects of stings from Lasioglossum spp., Homalictus dotatus (Cockerell) (Halictidae), and Euryglossa cf adelaidae Cockerell (Colletidae) are described. The rarity of severe allergic reactions to native bees and the rarity of stings by the same species makes a programme of immunotherapy inappropriate. PMID- 3200199 TI - Acute renal failure after envenomation by the common brown snake. AB - A non-fatal case of acute renal failure after envenomation by a common brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) is described. The renal failure required dialysis but resolved rapidly. There were no signs of neurotoxic envenomation or myoglobinuria. A mild disturbance of coagulation was noted with severe thrombocytopenia. This is the first documented case of renal failure (acute tubular necrosis) after envenomation by the common brown snake to present with this clinical picture. It is also the first clinical evidence that an Australian snake venom may contain a direct nephrotoxic component. PMID- 3200200 TI - Anaphylaxis caused by inhaled pavlova mix in egg-sensitive children. AB - Two cases of anaphylactic reactions that occurred in young children with clinical hypersensitivity to egg protein after their exposure to a pavlova mix (which contains powdered egg-white) are described. The exposure took place when a packet of pavlova mix was opened and its contents were transferred into a bowl by adults. Although the children were in the same room, no direct contact was made. This indicates that the exposure occurred by way of the inhalational route. Clinical sensitivity to eggs is common in infancy and early childhood. Parents of children who have experienced immediate hypersensitivity reactions to egg-protein should be aware of the potential hazard of pavlova mixes and other sources of egg white powder. PMID- 3200201 TI - The great Australian salt search. PMID- 3200202 TI - The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and tuberculosis. PMID- 3200203 TI - High prevalence of Giardia lamblia in children from a WA aboriginal community. PMID- 3200204 TI - Rupture (evisceration) of an umbilical hernia. PMID- 3200205 TI - The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. PMID- 3200206 TI - An unusual ocular foreign body. PMID- 3200207 TI - Australian patterns of tobacco smoking. PMID- 3200208 TI - The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in Sydney--a prospective necropsy study. PMID- 3200209 TI - Papanicolaou smear-tests. PMID- 3200210 TI - What influences prescribing--scientific articles or promotional pressure? PMID- 3200211 TI - Free radicals in imitation coffee. PMID- 3200212 TI - Chemicals or health? The public's dilemma. PMID- 3200213 TI - Parentage testing procedures under the Family Law Act. PMID- 3200215 TI - Hazards of urinary alkalizing agents. PMID- 3200214 TI - Organ donation. PMID- 3200217 TI - Who needs botulinum toxin? PMID- 3200216 TI - Rubella-related deafness. PMID- 3200219 TI - [Muscarinic receptors]. PMID- 3200218 TI - Home births. PMID- 3200221 TI - Ektachem analyzers for the office. PMID- 3200220 TI - Terconazole for Candida vaginitis. PMID- 3200223 TI - What is this thing called RCT? PMID- 3200222 TI - International Society of Pediatric Oncology. SIOP XX meeting. Trondheim, Norway, August 22-26, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3200224 TI - Pathways for progress in nurse education. PMID- 3200225 TI - Maintaining professional practice--is continuing education the cure or merely a tonic? PMID- 3200227 TI - Nurses' perceptions of their interpersonal skills: a descriptive study using Six Category Intervention Analysis. PMID- 3200226 TI - The integrated BN degree at Southampton University: the first 5 years. PMID- 3200228 TI - The assessment of interprofessional relationships in nursing within a management syllabus in a nursing degree course. PMID- 3200229 TI - Feedback methods in nursing education. PMID- 3200230 TI - Nursing research--a demystifying process. PMID- 3200231 TI - Student projects: a practical framework. PMID- 3200232 TI - Television 'soaps' in the classroom. PMID- 3200233 TI - [Reflections on the progress of heart surgery]. PMID- 3200234 TI - [The effect of triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) on canine hemorrhagic shock]. AB - The euthyroid sick ("low T3") syndrome occurs in circulatory collapse and could influence survival. To evaluate the role of T3 and rT3 in shock, 36 mongrel dogs were subjected to hemorrhagic shock. In 13 dogs 15 micrograms/kg of T3 was given after 60 min of hypotension and 15 micrograms/kg of rT3 was administered IV 30 min before hemorrhage in 10 dogs. An equal volume of saline was injected in 13 dogs for control study. These dogs were bled rapidly into a reservoir to a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg. After 60 min of hypotension the reservoir line was clamped for 30 min. The shed blood was then reinfused over 30 min. T3 administration caused significant increases during the clamped period in cardiac output, stroke volume, MAP, right and left ventricular stroke work and systemic vascular resistance, with a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). In the group receiving rT3 the only significant hemodynamic-metabolic differences were PVR and mean arterial pH. In the control group, 6 of 13 dogs died, whereas 9 of 10 dogs given rT3 died (p less than 0.03) and only one of 13 T3 dogs died (p less than 0.05). This study strongly suggests that T3 improves survival by acting on cardiovascular receptors or via the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis and that exogeneous rT3 is detrimental during the stress of shock and may play a biologically causative role in the sick euthyroid syndrome. PMID- 3200235 TI - [Pharmacodynamic study of the in vitro clonogenic assay--with reference to dose levels]. AB - To determine the optimal condition of the clonogenic assay, the antitumor activities of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in vitro and in vivo were investigated from a pharmacodynamic viewpoint using 8 human carcinoma xenografts. The clonogenic assay was performed by the continuous exposure method, and the antitumor effects were evaluated by the colony survival rates (T/Cs). The in vivo experimental chemotherapy was also performed by the nude mouse system, and the results were evaluated by the T/C ratios of the tumor weights. For pharmacokinetic analyses, the area under the concentration curves (AUCs) of 5-FU in vitro and in vivo were computed. The T/Cs of 5-FU were highly correlated to the AUCs both in vitro and in vivo. By using these AUC-T/C correlations, the concentration of 5-FU in the clonogenic assay to predict the T/C of the maximum tolerated dose in mouse was calculated to be 3 micrograms/ml mathematically. This concentration was then verified by the clonogenic assay, where T/Cs in vitro could successfully correspond to the T/Cs in vivo. (The predictable rate was 87.5%) From these results, this pharmacodynamic comparison between in vitro and in vivo chemosensitivities was thought to be a promising method for determining the conditions of the clonogenic assay. PMID- 3200236 TI - [Ultrastructural changes in the jejunal mucosa of the dog after dissection of the cranial mesenteric plexus]. AB - Ultrastructural change was investigated in the small intestinal mucosa of dogs after experimental dissection of the cranial mesenteric plexus and/or obstruction of the lymphatics. In group with a combination of dissection of the plexus and obstruction of the lymphatics (Group A): Marked mucosal edema and dilatation of intercellular spaces of epithelial cell were observed after the 6th postoperative hours (POH), and numerous pinocytotic vesicles appeared after 24th POH. After the 5th postoperative days, rough glycocalyx and irregular microvilli were recognized in epithelial cells. As a characteristic change, pinocytotic vesicles fused together and formed a complex. However, no lipid droplet were accumulated in epithelial cells. In group with obstruction of lymphatics (Group B): Epithelial cells were full in lipid droplets. Based on these evidences, it was suggested that diarrhea and nutritional disorder were mainly caused by the disturbance of absorption and water transport in epithelial cells, involving severe pathological changes in their ultrastructure. PMID- 3200237 TI - [Correlation of microangiographic findings of colorectal carcinoma with the level of various tumor markers in portal blood]. AB - In order to elucidate the factors responsible for evaluation of various tumor markers (CEA, CA-19-9, TPA, Ferritin) in colorectal cancer, correlation between portal blood values of these markers and microangiography of the tumor was examined. 1) Mean values of these markers in portal blood were higher than those in peripheral blood. 2) Microangiography of tumor coincided well with cancer infiltration. A significant extramural vascular change was found in ulcerative cancers which showed a vertical invasion for colonic wall than in those with horizontal invasion or protuberant cancers. 3) The elevated portal CEA was noted in ulcerative cancers with vertical invasion extending through muscular vessels and/or in tumors with vascular disarray and histological necrotic foci. 4) Elevated portal TPA relationship between portal TPA levels and vascular patterns of tumor. 5) Portal CA19-9 levels changed within normal value in correlation with the degree of vascular change. Portal ferritin values showed wide variations as well as peripheral ones. The present study indicates that the extra or intramural vascular change and vascular pattern of tumor may be a major contributing factor to transfer these markers from tumor into blood circulation. PMID- 3200239 TI - [Experimental studies on fistula formation after percutaneous trans-hepatic cholangiodrainage]. AB - The process of intra- and extra-hepatic fistula formation after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage (PTCD) was investigated. Furthermore, effects of such 4 materials of catheter as vinyl chloride, silicon, polyethylene and poly urethane on this formation process were compared in order to clarify factors influencing the process. Fistula formation began 2 weeks after PTCD, and nearly completed after 4 weeks. A drainage fistula most markedly formed in the use of vinyl chloride, as the fistula wall was thick and its collagen fibers were microscopically observed to be dense and regularly arranged. On the other hand, fistula walls were thin, and their connective tissues consisted of immature cells and sporadically observed, when the other materials were used. However, degeneration of the liver cells around the intrahepatic fistula was most markedly seen in the use of vinyl chloride. In addition, the fistula formation tended to be more facilitated at early stage when the extrahepatic bile duct was occluded. These results suggested that vinyl chloride is the most suitable material if the drainage is applied for the fistula formation. PMID- 3200238 TI - [Immunohistochemical studies on colorectal adenoma and carcinoma--correlation of cellular dysplasia and intracellular CEA distribution, lectin-binding sites and quantities of nuclear Feulgen DNA content]. AB - Intracellular distribution of CEA, lectin binding sites including PNA, DBA and UEA-1, and quantity of nuclear DNA content were examined in 54 adenomas and 29 carcinomas of the colorectum. CEA was found in 40% and 60% of adenomas with mild and moderate dysplasia, and all carcinomas. In particular CEA which was diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm was found in 9% and 26% of adenomas with mild and moderate dysplasia, and in 79% of carcinomas. Both PNA and DBA were shown to have different binding sites in non-tumorous mucosa, adenoma and carcinoma. However, no difference was found in the binding sites of adenomas with different grades of dysplasia. Whereas, the binding sites of UEA-1 were demonstrated to differ with the degree of dysplasia in adenomas and also carcinomas: UEA-1 binding in the brush border was found to be 29%, 63%, and 80% in adenomas with mild and moderate dysplasia, and carcinomas respectively. Nuclear Feulgen DNA content increased in parallel with the grade of cellular dysplasia. All carcinomas exhibited polyploid cell over 4C greater than 8%. Thirty percent of adenomas with moderate dysplasia also showed the same polyploid cells as carcinomas. These results suggest that the changes of CEA distribution, binding sites of lectins and of nuclear Feulgen DNA in adenoma may indicate its malignant potential in the colorectum, and that these changes may occur before any histological malignant transformation. PMID- 3200240 TI - [Studies on systemic hemodynamics and sympathetic nervous activity in portal hypertension]. AB - Hemodynamic study was carried out in 53 preoperative cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension and the postoperative prognosis was evaluated. In 16 cases of these patients, cardiovascular responsiveness to cold stress and 60 degrees head up tilt was measured using pneumoplethysmography and Swan-Ganz catheter. In comparison with the controls, cirrhotic patients were in significant hyperdynamic state. Mortality rate from hepatic failure within 2 years after operation was significantly high in the group characterized by higher cardiac index (CI) level exceeding 4.0 l/min/m2 combined with lesser K-ICG level lower than 0.08/min or lesser hepatic extraction rate of ICG (ER) level lower than 50%. Cardiovascular responsiveness to reflex autonomic stimulation was significantly impaired in cirrhotic patients. The reaction index to cold stress was inversely correlated to plasma noradrenaline (NA) concentration. There was a tendency that the higher the corrected wedged hepatic pressure (WHVP) was, the lower the reaction index was. There was also a correlation between NA and corrected WHVP and plasma tyrosine concentration and ER. In summary, impaired liver function and increase of portal pressure, which might induce deranged catecholamine metabolism, may play an important role in decrease in cardiovascular responsiveness to reflex autonomic stimulation in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension. PMID- 3200241 TI - [Size and configuration of the functional aortic root after the arterial switch operation for complete transposition of the great arteries]. AB - Twelve patients with complete transposition of the great arteries who had arterial switch operation were investigated by postoperative cineangiogram to assess the size and configuration of the functional aortic root. Three patients underwent Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation and the remaining nine received Lecompte modification of Jatene operation. Aortogram showed trivial or mild aortic regurgitation in six patients who underwent Jatene operation but no regurgitation was detected in patients after Damus-Kaye-Stansel operation, arterial switch operation without coronary relocation. The patients were divided into two groups according to the aortographic findings: AR(-); patients with competent aortic valve, AR(+); patients with incompetent aortic valve. Comparison was made between these two groups, measuring new aortic root diameter at three levels. The systolic diameter of distal aortic root was significantly enlarged in AR(+) group as compared to AR(-) group. These results suggest that the relocation of the coronary arteries and the dilatation of aortic root may contribute to aortic regurgitation after Jatene operation. PMID- 3200243 TI - [Aorto-caval fistula complicated by a DeBakey IIIb-type dissecting aortic aneurysm: report of a case]. AB - The patient, male and 70 years of age, was suspected of having a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm during the laparotomy, and referred to our department. After admission it was found that a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm complicated with dissecting aneurysm. Urgent surgical intervention should have been scheduled but an initial conservative control was necessary because of impaired hepato-renal function and hemorrhagic gastroduodenal ulcer. Meanwhile, pleural effusion, edema in lower extremities and abdominal continuous vascular murmur appeared, and cardiac failure symptoms gradually aggravated. The formation of arteriovenous fistula was suspected. Aortography revealed the DeBakey IIIb type dissecting aortic aneurysm complicating an abdominal aneurysmal rupture with the fistula formation to inferior caval vein. Neither enlargement nor progress of a thoracic aortic aneurysm were observed by CT scanning examination and the closure of fistula and Y grafting were performed successfully. So far, only one case of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm forming the aorto-caval fistula and complicating dissecting aortic aneurysm was reported in Japan, and, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case treated successfully. PMID- 3200242 TI - [Right aortic arch with isolation of the left subclavian artery. A case report]. AB - A 58 year old man was admitted to evaluate his swallowing disturbance. Preoperative aortogram demonstrated right aortic arch with isolation of left subclavian artery. Operative findings revealed the absent blood flow through the proximal portion of left subclavian artery which connected to the left pulmonary artery. Abnormal connection was divided and Kommerell's diverticulum was mobilized from the esophagus. His clinical symptom was slightly reduced postoperatively. PMID- 3200244 TI - [Lymphoscintigraphy of the breast using labeled activated carbon by 99mTc: preliminary report]. PMID- 3200245 TI - [Research on liver function before and after surgery by the relation of artery blood ketone body ratio and beta-hydroxybutyrate: preliminary report]. PMID- 3200246 TI - [Study of oncogene mRNA in carcinoma of the esophagus by in situ hybridization: preliminary report]. PMID- 3200247 TI - [Immunohistochemical study of estrogen and estrogen receptor-related antigen in human pancreatic cancer: preliminary report]. PMID- 3200248 TI - High affinity acylating antagonists for the A1 adenosine receptor: identification of binding subunit. AB - Two isomeric isothiocyanate derivatives of the A1 adenosine receptor antagonist xanthine amine cogener (XAC) have been synthesized and found to be potent affinity labels (irreversibly bound ligands) for A1 adenosine receptors. The interaction of m- and p-isomers of 1,3-dipropyl-8 isothiocyanatophenyl(aminothiocarbonyl (2-aminoethylaminocarbonyl(4 methyloxy(phenyl]])-xanthine (DITC-XAC) with rat brain A1 receptors is of high affinity (EC50 = 27 and 52 nM, respectively) as determined by radioligand competition curves. These compounds reduced the number of A1 receptors (greater than 90% at 500 nM m-DITC-XAC) in brain membranes, without any change in the affinity of the remaining receptors for [125I]N6-2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyladenosine. Prior reaction of the isothiocyanate moiety with ethylenediamine did not alter the affinity of the XAC derivative for the A1 receptor but eliminated its ability to covalently incorporate into the receptor. Incubation of brain membranes with radiolabeled p- and m-DITC-XAC results in the specific labeling of a Mr 38,000 peptide. This labeling can be blocked with both an A1 adenosine receptor-specific agonist and an antagonist. This specific protein has the same molecular weight as the protein labeled with A1-selective photoaffinity probes. The much higher efficiency of incorporation of these affinity probes compared with photoaffinity probes should make them extremely useful for structural studies of A1 adenosine receptors. PMID- 3200249 TI - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors linked to the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity in membranes from the rat striatum and myocardium can be distinguished on the basis of agonist efficacy. AB - Muscarinic agonists produce an inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity in broken cell preparations from rat striatum and myocardium. We have attempted to determine the occupancy-response relationships of three muscarinic agonists (carbachol, arecoline, and pilocarpine) by comparing their dose-response curves in these preparations with occupancy curves obtained under the same conditions. These comparisons suggest that the occupancy-response relationships for all three agonists in myocardium and for arecoline and pilocarpine in striatum are linear, response being directly proportional to occupancy. However, there appears to be a considerable receptor reserve for carbachol in the striatum, with carbachol producing a 50% maximal response at concentrations that occupy only 3% of the striatal receptors. These postulated occupancy-response relationships have been tested by blocking different proportions of the muscarinic receptors with the irreversible antagonist benzilylcholine mustard. The effects of this blockade on the dose-response curves are as predicted from the occupancy-response relationships, suggesting that these relationships are correct. The relative efficacies of these muscarinic agonists can be determined from their occupancy response relationships. The efficacies of arecoline and pilocarpine relative to carbachol are approximately 0.13 and approximately 0.03 in striatum and approximately 1.0 and approximately 0.45 in myocardium, respectively. This difference in relative efficacies in the two tissues is evidence of a real conformational difference between the muscarinic receptors linked to adenylate cyclase in these preparations. PMID- 3200250 TI - Sequential oxidation and glutathione addition to 1,4-benzoquinone: correlation of toxicity with increased glutathione substitution. AB - The chemical reaction of 1,4-benzoquinone with glutathione results in the formation of adducts that exhibit increasing degrees of glutathione substitution. Purification of these adducts and analysis by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed the products of the reaction to be 2-(glutathion S-yl)hydroquinone; 2,3-(diglutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone; 2,5-(diglutathion-S yl)hydroquinone; 2,6(diglutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone; 2,3,5-(triglutathion-S yl)hydroquinone; and 2,3,5,6-(tetraglutatathion-S-yl)hydroquinone. The initial conjugation of 1,4-benzoquinone with glutathione did not significantly affect the oxidation potential of the compound. However, subsequent oxidation and glutathione addition resulted in the formation of conjugates that, dependent upon the position of addition, become increasingly more difficult to oxidize. Increased glutathione substitutions, which resulted in an increase in oxidation potentials, paradoxically resulted in enhanced nephrotoxicity. The triglutathion S-yl conjugate was the most potent nephrotoxicant; the diglutathion-S-yl conjugates exhibited similar degrees of nephrotoxicity; the mono- and tetraglutathion-S-yl conjugates were not toxic. Thus, with the exception of the fully substituted isomer, the severity of renal necrosis correlated with the extent of glutathione substitution. The lack of toxicity of the fully substituted isomer is probably a consequence of its inability to alkylate tissue components. Thus, the conjugation of glutathione with quinones does not necessarily result in detoxification, even when the resulting conjugates are more stable to oxidation. The inhibition of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase by AT-125 protected against 2,3,5 (triglutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone-mediated nephrotoxicity. It is suggested that other extra-renal sites expressing relatively high levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase might therefore also be susceptible to hydroquinone-linked glutathione conjugate toxicity. This pathway might also contribute to the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of certain quinones. PMID- 3200251 TI - The role of a transmembrane pH gradient in uptake and release of imipramine and haloperidol in synaptosomes. AB - By using the methylamine method, the influence of a transmembrane pH gradient on the distribution of the antidepressant imipramine and the neuroleptic haloperidol was assessed in synaptosomes. Resting synaptosomes concentrated methylamine 8- to 9-fold at pH 7.4, as compared with a 400- to 600-fold concentration of the lipophilic weak bases imipramine and haloperidol. Ignoring compartmentation, the methylamine ratio is consistent with an internal pH of 6.5. Weak acid partition yielded an internal pH of 7.1. In agreement with the pH partition hypothesis, elevation of the internal pH by NH4Cl reduced whereas internal acidification enhanced imipramine and haloperidol uptake. Release of both drugs could also be elicited with excess K+ or veratridine. The underlying mechanism is a depolarization-induced rise of the internal pH by 0.12 to 0.25 units. In polarized synaptosomes, about 70% of the uptake of imipramine and haloperidol depended on the transmembrane pH gradient. A predominant localization in synaptic vesicles in situ is derived from the proportional release of methylamine, imipramine, and endogenous dopamine by nigericin. It is concluded that the acidic internal pH plays an important role for the passive concentration of lipophilic bases like imipramine and haloperidol in the brain, thereby profoundly influencing the extra- and intracellular free concentrations. Binding to cellular constituents contributes to internal accumulation. Especially high concentrations are attained in acidic vesicles. PMID- 3200252 TI - Purification of a 107 kilodalton (kDa) casein kinase G substrate from thyroid cytosol. AB - A 107 kDa (pp107) casein kinase G (ck-G) substrate has been purified from mouse and beef thyroid cytosol; ck-G was purified from beef thyroid cytosol. Ck-G and pp107 were found to co-elute on DEAE cellulose chromatography at approximately 300 mM NaCl. Ck-G and pp107 were separated by spermine-agarose affinity chromatography; pp107 is eluted with a stepped gradient at 250 mM NaCl and ck-G is eluted at 500 mM NaCl. Ck-G was subsequently purified by casein-agarose and GTP-agarose affinity chromatography. The 107 kDa protein was purified using heparin-agarose affinity chromatography. Phosphorylation of purified pp107 by ck G was stimulated by spermine (ED50 = 0.2 mM) and inhibited by low concentrations of heparin (0.1-5 micrograms/ml). The Km and Vmax for the reaction were 1.46 microM and 32.2 nmoles P transferred/20 min/mg protein, respectively; 1 mole pp107 incorporated 0.81 mole phosphorus. pp107 was found to be an acidic substrate with a pI of 3.87 and was absorbed to wheat-germ agglutinin-agarose. The specificity of pp107 phosphorylation was studied using diacylglycerol activated calcium/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C, calcium-activated calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. Phosphorylation of pp107 by the other protein kinases tested never exceeded 4% of that of ck-G. Our data show that pp107 is an acidic glycoprotein which may serve as a high-affinity and specific substrate for ck-G. PMID- 3200254 TI - Series: 'current issues in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis'.12. Improved method of preparing bone marrow micronucleus assay slides. PMID- 3200256 TI - Conversion of IQ, a dietary pyrolysis carcinogen to a direct-acting mutagen by normal intestinal bacteria of humans. AB - The dietary carcinogen, 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) is mutagenic in the Salmonella/microsomal mutagenicity assay when activated by microsomal enzymes. IQ is found in many cooked foods, notably fried beef and pork. In laboratory rodents IQ is carcinogenic. We showed that mixed and pure cultures of human intestinal anaerobes, notably Eubacterium spp., metabolized IQ to 2-amino-3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-7H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-7-one (HOIQ). Unlike IQ, both the synthetic and bacterially produced HOIQ were direct-acting mutagens, i.e. active without microsomal activation. This new direct-acting mutagen, from the bacterial metabolism of a dietary pyrolysis carcinogen, raises new concerns about the possible role of this class of genotoxins in the etiology of human cancer. PMID- 3200253 TI - On the compartmentalization of catalase, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase and urate oxidase in mammalian livers, and the influence of clofibrate treatment on this microlocalization. AB - The compartmentalization of catalase, fatty acyl-CoA oxidase and urate oxidase was examined in the livers of mice, rats and guinea pigs, using the technique of digitonin extraction in order to avoid the trauma associated with centrifugation procedures. The results are interpreted as indicating that an appreciable proportion of catalase activity occurs in the cytoplasmic compartment of these cells. Following treatment of the animals with clofibrate, the specific activity in both peroxisomal and cytoplasmic compartments was increased, with a higher proportion of cytoplasmic catalase being evident in mice. The results for catalase were compared with those for fatty acyl-CoA oxidase and urate oxidase both of which were indicated as showing a closer association with the peroxisomal compartment than was the case for catalase. These data have been discussed in relation to their significance on present understanding of peroxisomal structure and function. PMID- 3200255 TI - Induction of micronuclei in Vicia faba root tips treated with heavy metals (cadmium and chromium) in the presence of NTA. AB - Soluble metal compounds (CdCl2, K2Cr2O7) significantly increase the frequency of micronucleated cells in Vicia faba root tips with a clear dose-effect relationship. The addition of NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) does not enhance the induction of micronucleated cells. Conversely, insoluble metal compounds (CdCO3, PbCRO4) significantly enhance the frequency of micronucleated cells only in the presence of NTA. Since some genotoxic metals are diffused in the environment and are often sequestered as insoluble precipitates in water sediments and sludges, the introduction of NTA is likely to increase the risk of environmental pollution because of its ability to solubilize and make those metals reactive. PMID- 3200258 TI - Clastogenic effects of acrylamide in mouse bone marrow cells. AB - Acrylamide, known to induce dominant-lethal mutations (Shelby et al., 1986; Smith et al., 1986) and heritable translocations (Shelby et al., 1987) in rodent germ cells, was hitherto a questionable clastogen in rodent bone marrow (Shiraishi, 1978). Therefore, it was tested for chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone marrow cells, spermatogonia and by the micronucleus test. The intraperitoneally injected doses ranged from 50 to 150 mg/kg. In the chromosomal bone marrow test and the micronucleus assay positive results were obtained with acrylamide, and in the latter test the effect increased linearly with dose. Chromosomal aberrations were not induced in differentiating spermatogonia by the acute acrylamide treatment. Cisplatin was used as a positive control and gave the expected positive response in all 3 tests. The present results demonstrate that acrylamide is no exception among clastogens. It breaks chromosomes not only in mammalian germ cells but also in somatic cells. PMID- 3200257 TI - Enhancement of cytogenetic damage by chlorpromazine in human lymphocytes treated with alkylating antineoplastics and caffeine. AB - In cultured human lymphocytes chlorpromazine (CPZ) was found to induce cell division delays and to have no effect on sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) or on mitotic indices (MIs). CPZ induces cytotoxic effects in combination with caffeine (CAF) and alkylating agents. In combination with CAF it induced cell division delays and suppression of MIs. In combination with melphalan (MEL) and CAF, CPZ synergistically induced SCEs, caused cell division delay and suppressed MIs. In combination with chlorambucil (CBC) and CAF, CPZ produced synergism on induction of SCEs, enhanced cell division delays and reduced MIs. PMID- 3200260 TI - A canine case of North American blastomycosis in Alberta, Canada. PMID- 3200259 TI - Comparative analysis of the clastogenicity and cytotoxicity of airborne particulate matter generated during the fire at Schweizerhalle on November 1, 1986. AB - Methanol extracts from 4 pairs of airconditioner filters (one fire-exposed and one control) from various locations (A, B, C and D) at various distances from the site of the fire were examined for their capacity to induce structural chromosomal aberrations and/or cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Extracts from 2 additional sets of 3 filters which were exposed to urban air for 3 consecutive periods of 10 or 11 days some 4 months after the fire were also tested. Chromosomal aberrations were induced by all filter extracts from location B, as well as by an unused (non-exposed) filter, in a dose-dependent manner. Without the addition of metabolizing enzymes, aberrations were induced only at concentrations which caused more than 95% cell killing. This was not taken as an indication for clastogenic activity of the filter extracts, but was assumed to represent the chromosomal expression of metabolic changes in dying cells. Upon the addition of S9, chromosomal aberrations were induced at biologically relevant survival rates. Under metabolizing conditions, the ranking of the potential of the filter extracts from location B to induce chromosomal aberrations and to cause cell killing was identical. The remaining extracts (locations A, C and D) were therefore tested for cytotoxicity only. The toxicity data indicated that, of 3 pairs of filters, the fire-exposed one was not different from the control. Of the fourth pair (location B), the fire-exposed filter was 2.0-2.5 times more cytotoxic and clastogenic than the control. However, extracts of urban air exposed filters from this location (exposed in March and April 1987) showed a large variation in toxicity and clastogenicity as well. One was clearly more active than the control (but less than the fire-exposed filter), while the other 2 were either somewhat more or less clastogenic than the control filter. In addition, 4 out of 5 filters from this location were more polluted (as indicated by cytotoxicity) than all the filters from the other locations, irrespective of whether they were fire-exposed or not. It is concluded that the results of this V79 cytotoxicity/clastogenicity test did not confirm the hypothesis that the fire at Schweizerhalle produced clastogenic material at quantities detectable under the conditions employed. PMID- 3200261 TI - Enzyme immunoassay detection of antibodies in North American blastomycosis: comparison of three Blastomyces dermatitidis antigens. PMID- 3200262 TI - Cobalt 60 radiation and growth of Candida species. PMID- 3200263 TI - Tinea infections treated with bifonazole gel. PMID- 3200264 TI - Testosterone treatment in adolescent boys with constitutional delay in growth and development. AB - The administration of androgens to adolescent boys with constitutional delay in growth has been highly controversial because of the possibility of premature epiphyseal closure and reduced final height. We have treated 15 such boys with a mean (+/- SD) age of 14.1 +/- 1.0 years and a mean initial height of 142.2 +/- 8.6 cm (range, 127.1 to 156.2). The boys received monthly intramuscular injections of testosterone enanthate (50 mg) for 1.2 +/- 0.3 years. The mean height velocity rose from the 3rd percentile for mean skeletal age to above the 90th percentile, where it remained throughout treatment. Although skeletal maturation accelerated initially in the seven boys with a skeletal age under the pretreatment group mean of 11.3 years, it advanced normally in the others. The concomitant increase in stature was sufficient to offset the advancement in skeletal age in most boys, so that the mean predicted adult height was essentially unaffected. Sexual maturation also progressed; testicular volume increased from 5.9 +/- 2.7 to 11.3 +/- 2.7 ml. After treatment, the skeletal age advanced normally and sexual development continued. Eight of the boys are now 18.1 +/- 0.5 years of age and have stopped growing; their present mean height (167.6 +/- 4.7 cm) is very close to their pretreatment predicted height of 168.0 +/- 5.6 cm. We conclude that low-dose testosterone treatment is effective in adolescent boys with delayed growth and development and that it does not appear to compromise final adult height. PMID- 3200266 TI - Women in medical education. A status report. AB - Women now make up 37 percent of medical school applicants, 34 percent of medical students, 28 percent of residents, and 19 percent of full-time medical school faculty members. These proportions have grown from 26, 25, 19, and 15 percent, respectively, 10 years ago. A comparison of the academic performance of male and female medical students reveals few differences, particularly on standardized measures. However, women trainees experience more stress than men. Traditional differences in the choice of specialty by men and women are not diminishing. Women's accession to senior faculty positions has not kept pace with their increasing representation on the faculty--a cause of continuing concern. The percentage of female faculty members who are professors has changed from 8 to 9 percent in 10 years (as compared with 32 percent of male faculty members in 1988). I conclude that the numbers of women are increasing rapidly at the lower levels of medical education, but not at the upper levels. PMID- 3200265 TI - Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid and aspirin on the formation of lithogenic bile and gallstones during loss of weight. AB - We attempted to determine whether the administration of aspirin or ursodeoxycholic acid during loss of weight could prevent the development of lithogenic changes in bile and the formation of gallstones. Sixty-eight obese subjects without gallstones who were entered in a program (520 kcal per day) to lose weight were randomly assigned to receive ursodeoxycholic acid (1200 mg per day), aspirin (1300 mg per day), or placebo in double-blind fashion for up to 16 weeks. At entry, at four weeks of treatment, and at three weeks after the completion of treatment, the subjects underwent ultrasonography to detect gallstones and duodenal drainage of bile to detect cholesterol crystals and to determine the bile saturation index and glycoprotein concentration. No gallstones or cholesterol crystals formed in the patients treated with ursodeoxycholic acid. Among the patients given placebo, gallstones formed in five (P less than 0.05 vs. ursodeoxycholic acid) and cholesterol crystals in six (P less than 0.001 vs. ursodeoxycholic acid); among those given aspirin, gallstones formed in two and cholesterol crystals in one (no significant difference from ursodeoxycholic acid treatment). By the fourth week, the bile saturation index increased in the placebo group (from 1.07 +/- 0.26 to 1.29 +/- 0.27; P less than 0.001), decreased in the ursodeoxycholic acid group (from 1.11 +/- 0.34 to 0.91 +/- 0.24; P less than 0.001), and did not change significantly in the aspirin group. The concentration of glycoprotein in bile increased in the placebo group (27.9 +/- 14.5 percent; P less than 0.001) but did not change significantly in the groups treated with ursodeoxycholic acid or aspirin. We conclude that ursodeoxycholic acid prevents lithogenic changes in bile and the formation of gallstones in obese subjects during loss of weight. PMID- 3200267 TI - The sounds of the hospital. Paging patterns in three teaching hospitals. AB - To examine the influence of hospital paging systems on residency training, nursing services, and patient care, we asked medical interns (first-year residents) in three teaching hospitals to keep logs of pages they received during a three-day period. Thirty-one logs from 26 interns were completed; a total of 1206 pages were recorded on 91 days (1095 hours). Interns were paged an average of once an hour; on 24 occasions, interns were paged five or more times an hour. The majority of pages (65 percent) occurred when interns were engaged in patient care. Only 34 percent of the pages were judged both to require a response within one hour and to result in a change in patient care. Twenty-four percent were clinically indicated and required a response within one hour but did not result in a change in patient care. Sixteen percent of pages resulted in a change in patient care or were clinically indicated but could have been postponed for more than an hour. An additional 26 percent of pages neither resulted in a change in clinical management nor were clinically indicated. Reducing the number of unnecessary pages and postponing nonurgent ones could result in as much as a 42 percent decrease in disruptions of patient care and more rest for interns. PMID- 3200269 TI - Acetaminophen toxicity. PMID- 3200268 TI - Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 50-1988. A 72-year-old man with a history of the nephrotic syndrome and more recent marked edema, dyspnea, and orthopnea. PMID- 3200270 TI - Effects of the liability climate on the academic health center. PMID- 3200271 TI - Factitious AIDS. PMID- 3200273 TI - Blood in the mouth. PMID- 3200272 TI - Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in a patient on maintenance hemodialysis. PMID- 3200274 TI - A new variant of biopterin deficiency. PMID- 3200275 TI - Transvaginal chorionic sampling during the first trimester of pregnancy. PMID- 3200276 TI - Urinary catheters after total joint replacement surgery. PMID- 3200277 TI - Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception. AB - Whether pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of spontaneous abortion is controversial. To address this question, we enrolled 386 women with insulin-dependent diabetes and 432 women without diabetes before or within 21 days after conception and followed both groups prospectively. Sixty-two diabetic women (16.1 percent) and 70 control women (16.2 percent) had pregnancy losses (odds ratio, 0.99; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.46). After adjustment for known risk factors for spontaneous abortion, the rate was still not significantly higher in the diabetic group (odds ratio, 0.91; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.59 to 1.40). Nonetheless, among the diabetic women, most of whom had good metabolic control, those who had spontaneous abortions had higher fasting and postprandial glucose levels in the first trimester than those whose pregnancies continued to delivery (P = 0.01 for fasting glucose levels and P = 0.005 for postprandial levels). In the small subgroup of diabetic women with poor control, who had elevated values for glycosylated hemoglobin in the first trimester, each increase of 1 SD above the normal range was associated with an increase of 3.1 percent in the rate of pregnancy loss (95 percent confidence interval, 0.6 to 5.6). We conclude that diabetic women with good metabolic control are no more likely than nondiabetic women to lose a pregnancy, but that diabetic women with elevated blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in the first trimester have a significantly increased risk of having a spontaneous abortion. PMID- 3200278 TI - Assessing patients' capacities to consent to treatment. AB - The right of patients to accept or refuse recommended treatment requires careful reassessment when their decision-making capacities are called into question. Patients must be informed appropriately about treatment decisions and be given an opportunity to demonstrate their highest level of mental functioning. The legal standards for competence include the four related skills of communicating a choice, understanding relevant information, appreciating the current situation and its consequences, and manipulating information rationally. Since competence is a legal concept and can be formally determined only in court, the clinical examiner's proper role is to gather relevant information and decide whether an adjudication of incompetence is required. Treatment for impairment of mental functioning can sometimes restore patients' capacities, making it unnecessary to deprive them of their decision-making powers. PMID- 3200280 TI - Pregnancy in diabetic women. PMID- 3200279 TI - High-output cardiac failure in patients with multiple myeloma. PMID- 3200281 TI - Human immunodeficiency virus in vacuolar myelopathy of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3200283 TI - Treatment of thin melanomas. PMID- 3200282 TI - Impairment of natural-killer-cell activity in xeroderma pigmentosum. PMID- 3200284 TI - Thyroid-stimulating antibodies of Graves' disease in thyroid cancer. PMID- 3200285 TI - Interaction between dextromethorphan and monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapy with isocarboxazid. PMID- 3200286 TI - Use of hospitals by patients with AIDS in San Francisco. PMID- 3200287 TI - Barriers between patients and their medical records. PMID- 3200288 TI - Curling-iron cornea. PMID- 3200289 TI - Ultrastructural localization of 'anixiopsin': a lectin of the fungus Anixiopsis stercoraria (Hansen) Hansen. AB - In order to localize the 'anixiopsin', a lectin of the keratinolytic fungus Anixiopsis stercoraria, the authors used a monospecific antiserum prepared by immunization of rabbits with their own erythrocytes coated in vitro with 'anixiopsin'. In light and scanning electron microscopies, lectinic sites were visualized by means of latex microspheres sensitized with anti-rabbit IgG antibodies. In transmission electron microscopy using the IgG fraction of the rabbit anti-anixiopsin immune sera and protein A-gold, 'anixiopsin' seemed mainly present on the outermost cell wall layer of the ascospores, in a pseudomembraneous structure dense to electrons. Implications of these results on physical and biological properties of the lectin are discussed. PMID- 3200290 TI - Application of flow cytometry to differentiating Exophiala dermatitidis, E. moniliae and E. jeanselmei from each other. AB - We applied a flow cytometry apparatus (FCM) to differentiating Exophiala dermatitidis, E. moniliae and E. jeanselmei from each other. The wavelength of the argon laser emitted from the FCM was 488 nm and the aperture of nozzle from which the stream of fluid containing single cells was blown out was 100 micron. By irradiating the stream with laser by either the forward light scatter (FLS) or by the perpendicular light scatter (PLS), we were able to get two pieces of informations. Histograms displayed by the FLS indicate the cell size, while dot displays by the PLS reflect the cell structure. As a result, E. dermatitidis was clearly differentiated from either E. moniliae or E. jeanselmei by their histograms by FLS. In addition, dot displays by the PLS differentiated E. moniliae from E. jeanselmei. In conclusion, flow cytometry is available for differentiating E. dermatitidis, E. moniliae and E. jeanselmei from each other. PMID- 3200292 TI - No misconduct or fraud in Baltimore case. PMID- 3200293 TI - Pressure on UK for embryo bill. PMID- 3200291 TI - How better to police research. PMID- 3200294 TI - National Institutes of Health stop Harvard researchers' grants. PMID- 3200295 TI - AIDS predictions until 1992. PMID- 3200296 TI - Condoms condemned. PMID- 3200297 TI - Coordination is the key for new AIDS research programme. PMID- 3200298 TI - World AIDS Day. PMID- 3200299 TI - Wild chimpanzees upgraded to endangered species. PMID- 3200300 TI - Diagnosis of schizophrenia. PMID- 3200301 TI - Radon and smokers. PMID- 3200302 TI - Virulence opposition. PMID- 3200303 TI - When incest is not best. PMID- 3200304 TI - Are single retinal neurons both excitatory and inhibitory? PMID- 3200305 TI - Incubation periods for paediatric AIDS patients. AB - A recent seroprevalence study of newborns indicates that one in 62 children born in New York City has antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The distribution of incubation periods for paediatric patients is needed to estimate future AIDS case loads from these seroprevalence data. Current estimates of incubation periods for paediatric patients are based on limited data. We use parametric and non-parametric methods to analyse incubation periods for 215 paediatric patients with AIDS whose only known route of infection is maternal. We conclude that incubation periods are longer than previously reported; that there is a distinct knee in the incubation period distribution at seven months which suggests two risk populations; and that there is an increase in incidence which is consistent with exponential growth. PMID- 3200306 TI - Localization of an ataxia-telangiectasia gene to chromosome 11q22-23. AB - Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a human autosomal recessive disorder of childhood characterized by: (1) progressive cerebellar ataxia with degeneration of Purkinje cells; (2) hypersensitivity of fibroblasts and lymphocytes to ionizing radiation; (3) a 61-fold and 184-fold increased cancer incidence in white and black patients, respectively; (4) non-random chromosomal rearrangements in lymphocytes; (5) thymic hypoplasia with cellular and humoral (IgA and IgG2) immunodeficiencies; (6) elevated serum level of alphafetoprotein; (7) premature ageing; and (8) endocrine disorders, such as insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus. A DNA processing or repair protein is the suspected common denominator in this pathology. Heterozygotes are generally healthy; however, the sensitivity of their cultured cells to ionizing radiation is intermediate between normal individuals and that of affected homozygotes. Furthermore, heterozygous females are at an increased risk of breast cancer. These findings, when coupled with an estimated carrier frequency of 0.5-5.0%, suggest that (1) as many as one in five women with breast cancer may carry the AT gene and that (2) the increased radiation sensitivity of AT heterozygotes may be causing radiation therapists to reduce the doses of radiation used for treating cancer in all patients. To identify the genetic defect responsible for this multifaceted disorder, and to provide effective carrier detection, we performed a genetic linkage analysis of 31 families with AT-affected members. This has allowed us to localize a gene for AT to chromosomal region 11q22-23. PMID- 3200307 TI - The material mRNA Vg1 is correctly localized following injection into Xenopus oocytes. AB - The animal and vegetal ends of Xenopus oocytes have distinctly different developmental fates. At the molecular level, several maternal mRNAs have been isolated that are localized to either the animal or vegetal hemisphere. One of these mRNAs, Vg1, is distributed homogeneously throughout the cytoplasm of early stage oocytes and gets localized during oogenesis to a tight shell at the vegetal cortex of middle and late-stage oocytes. We have used an in vitro culture system to demonstrate that exogeneous Vg1 mRNA injected into middle-stage, but not late stage, oocytes gets localized in a similar fashion to the endogenous message. Furthermore, translation of Vg1 mRNA is not required for the localization of the message itself. These results show that the information necessary to interpret the animal-vegetal polarity in oocytes is present in the naked mRNA transcript. PMID- 3200308 TI - German cabinet promises gene law but problems remain. PMID- 3200310 TI - Clean bill of health for Sellafield and Dounreay reactors? PMID- 3200309 TI - Human gene therapy now on the way. PMID- 3200311 TI - Laboratory accident kills AIDS mice. PMID- 3200312 TI - McBride criticizes inquiry. PMID- 3200313 TI - Molecular genetics. Fruitful fruitflies in Crete. PMID- 3200314 TI - Molecular evolution. rDNA world falling to pieces. PMID- 3200315 TI - Whale size quandary. PMID- 3200316 TI - A genetic pathway for the development of the Caenorhabditis elegans HSN motor neurons. AB - Thirty-five genes define a pathway for the development of the hermaphrodite specific neurons (HSNs) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Some of these genes affect only one HSN trait, demonstrating that HSN migration, axonal outgrowth and serotonin expression are mutually independent events in HSN development; others, some of which are regulatory, affect multiple HSN traits. Nearly all are pleiotropic, revealing that the genes specifying HSN development also function in the development of other cell types. PMID- 3200317 TI - Enhanced protein thermostability from designed mutations that interact with alpha helix dipoles. AB - Two different genetically engineered amino-acid substitutions designed to interact with alpha-helix dipoles in T4 lysozyme are shown to increase the thermal stability of the protein. Crystallographic analyses of the mutant lysozyme structures suggest that the stabilization is due to electrostatic interaction and does not require precise hydrogen bonding between the substituted amino acid and the end of the alpha-helix. PMID- 3200318 TI - Selective localization of messenger RNA for cytoskeletal protein MAP2 in dendrites. AB - For nerve cells to develop their highly polarized form, appropriate structural molecules must be targeted to either axons or dendrites. This could be achieved by the synthesis of structural proteins in the cell body and their sorting to either axons or dendrites by specific transport mechanisms. For dendrites, an alternative possibility is that proteins could be synthesized locally in the dendritic cytoplasm. This is an attractive idea because it would allow regulation of the production of structural molecules in response to local demand during dendritic development. The feasibility of dendritic protein synthesis is suggested both by the existence of dendritic polyribosomes and by the recent demonstration that newly synthesized RNA is transported into the dendrites of neurons differentiating in culture. However, to date there has been no demonstration of the selective synthesis of an identified dendrite-specific protein in the dendritic cytoplasm. Here, we use in situ hybridization with specific complementary DNA probes to show that messenger RNA for the dendrite specific microtubule-associated protein MAP2 (refs 3-5) is present in dendrites in the developing brain. By contrast the mRNA for tubulin, a protein present in both axons and dendrites is located exclusively in neuronal cell bodies. PMID- 3200319 TI - Functional modulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by tyrosine phosphorylation. AB - Tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation has been implicated in the regulation of cell transformation and proliferation. However, recent studies have shown that the expression of protein tyrosine kinases in adult brain is very high, suggesting that tyrosine-specific protein phosphorylation may also have a role in the regulation of neuronal function. Although a number of substrate proteins are phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, the functional alteration of proteins by tyrosine phosphorylation has previously been convincingly demonstrated only for protein tyrosine kinases. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel, is phosphorylated by a protein tyrosine kinase in post-synaptic membranes in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate here that this tyrosine phosphorylation increases the rate of the rapid phase of desensitization of the nicotinic receptor, as measured by single channel recording of purified nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, when reconstituted in lipid vesicles. These data provide direct evidence for the regulation of ion channel properties by tyrosine phosphorylation. The results, which demonstrate a functional role of tyrosine phosphorylation in the nervous system, suggest a widespread role for tyrosine phosphorylation in neuronal signal transduction. PMID- 3200320 TI - Receptors bound to antiprogestin from abortive complexes with hormone responsive elements. AB - The mechanism of action of antisteroids is not understood and explanations of their antagonistic activity have been sought at all levels of hormone action. It has been proposed that antisteroids, after binding to receptor, trap it into a non-activated (non DNA-binding) form possibly through interaction with a heat shock protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 90,000 (90 K), or that the antisteroids provoke binding of receptor to nonspecific DNA sites but not to hormone responsive elements (HREs), or that the antisteroid-receptor complexes can bind to HREs but form abortive complexes that fail to regulate transcription. We have constructed a deleted cDNA encoding a mutant form of rabbit progesterone receptor which exhibits constitutive activity, that is, binds to HREs in the absence of hormone and thus bypasses the first two steps discussed above. Co transfection experiments allowed the expression of both constitutive and wild type receptors in the same recipient cells. Antiprogestin RU486-wild-type receptor complexes completely suppressed the activity of the constitutive receptor on a reporter gene, showing that the inhibition is at the level of their common responsive elements. PMID- 3200321 TI - Left arm pain isn't always angina. PMID- 3200323 TI - Discovering how lucky we really are. PMID- 3200322 TI - Objective laboratory parameters in the diagnosis of sickle cell pain crisis. PMID- 3200324 TI - Emperor's clothes are costly. PMID- 3200325 TI - Some thoughts on drug abuse. PMID- 3200326 TI - Who is to blame? PMID- 3200328 TI - The numbers racket. PMID- 3200327 TI - Roles for a small museum. The case of the Country Doctor Museum. PMID- 3200329 TI - Who will take care of the patients? PMID- 3200330 TI - Staff resource nurses: extending the influence of the nurse specialist. PMID- 3200331 TI - Where is the grass roots? PMID- 3200333 TI - Senior internship: a strategy for recruitment, retention and collaboration. PMID- 3200332 TI - Catastrophic health bill--bane or boon? PMID- 3200334 TI - Dilemmas in teaching caring: an "outsider's" perspective. PMID- 3200335 TI - You and malpractice. PMID- 3200337 TI - The Federation. PMID- 3200336 TI - Recruitment of nursing students: implications for strategies. PMID- 3200339 TI - When things fall together like they were meant. PMID- 3200338 TI - The structure and process of a successful clinical research collaboration. PMID- 3200340 TI - Nursing leaders respond to Sammons interview. PMID- 3200341 TI - Hospitals and agencies: allies or adversaries? PMID- 3200342 TI - AIDS: what are the costs? Who will pay? PMID- 3200343 TI - Analyzing caps on malpractice monetary awards. Part 1. Historical and social perspectives. PMID- 3200344 TI - Analyzing caps on malpractice monetary awards. Part 2. Economic analysis. PMID- 3200345 TI - Analyzing caps on malpractice monetary awards. Part 3. Legal analysis. PMID- 3200346 TI - Generic vs. branded carbamazepine. PMID- 3200347 TI - The use and abuse of healthcare resources. PMID- 3200348 TI - Percutaneous biliary stone extraction of retained common bile duct calculus. PMID- 3200349 TI - [Inhibitory reactions of the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus in lactating rats to subiculum stimulation]. AB - The effects of the subiculum stimulation were studied in 80 antidromically identified hypothalamic supraoptic neurons of lactating rats. Inhibition of antidromic responses evoked by stimulation of the neurohypophysial stalk after conditioning stimulation of the subiculum was detected in 26% of cells studied. Sometimes the inhibition followed each separate subicular stimulus with 5-25 ms latency and was transitory, sometimes it developed gradually as the conditioning stimulation was applied. No excitatory responses to subiculum stimulation were found. Nature of the inhibition observed is discussed as related to the morphofunctional organization of subicular synaptic inhibitory inputs to neurosecretory cells. PMID- 3200350 TI - [Reactions of the neuronal networks with various mechanisms for the termination of activity to external de- and hyperpolarization exposures]. AB - Responses of the stochastically organized uniform neuronal networks as well as responses of networks with pre- and postsynaptic inhibition to external de- and hyperpolarizing effects of different intensity and temporal structure were compared by means of the mathematical simulation model. In the networks with pre- and postsynaptic inhibition in comparison with uniform neuronal networks a region of long-term depolarizing effects with possible monitoring of the activity of neuronal networks parameters is enlarged. The effect of short-term de- and hyperpolarizing influences in neuronal networks depends on the neuronal network activity level oscillations. Depolarizing effects may shorten the activity of neuronal networks, while hyperpolarizing influences may prolong the activity. An effect of reducing the activity of neuronal networks due to depolarizing influences is more noticeable in the networks with pre- and postsynaptic inhibition. Coming from the results obtained a conclusion is made that the presence of additional negative feedback circuits in a form of presynaptic or postsynaptic inhibition networks contributes to control improvement of the mechanism, which terminates the network activity. PMID- 3200351 TI - [Electrophysiologic research on the afferent connections of embryonic neocortex allografts inserted into the projection zones of the cortex in adult rats]. AB - Grafts of the rat fetal neocortex (the 17th-18th day of gestation) were placed into the cavity made by aspiration in the primary visual or somatosensory cortex of adult rats. Electrophysiological studies performed 3-3.5 months later showed that approximately in 50% of animals the neurons of the transplants responded to sensory stimuli of modality specific for cortical regions replaced by the transplant. These responses were elicited from local receptive fields that in some animals revealed topographic organization. Neuronal responses of transplants were elicited by local electrical stimulation of thalamic nucleus projecting to the cortical site of grafting, as by stimulation of contralateral homotopic cortical areas. Latency and temporal patterns of neuronal responses were similar to normal ones. Thus it may be concluded that afferent inputs to the cortical transplants retrace normal cortical inputs. The possible mechanisms of re innervation of the grafts are discussed. PMID- 3200352 TI - [Effect of monoamine oxidase inhibitors with a broad range of action on the structure and phase ratio of the wakefulness-sleep cycle in the cat]. AB - The monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors disturb the structure of the sleep wakefulness cycle and its ultradian rhythms by prolongation of the slow-wave sleep, complete suppression of the paradoxical sleep (PS) and considerable shortage of the wakefulness phase. When synchronizing action of MAO inhibitors has stopped prolongation of wakefulness is observed both before and during partial recovery of the PS. This fact is considered as an indication of the accumulation of a need of wakefulness in the course of its partial deprivation by MAO inhibitors. MAO inhibitors exert a particularly strong effect on the PS producing long-term suppression of its tonic and phasic components. Complete inhibition of the PS is apparently due to selective deterioration of the functional state of its trigger mechanisms. PMID- 3200353 TI - [The synthesis of mathematical models of the branched axons and dendrites]. AB - A mathematical apparatus of computer modelling was elaborated reflecting more completely the real morphological and electrophysiological features of axons and dendrites without restrictions and simplifications which were typical of the existing models of these structures. Equivalent electrical circuits of branching axons and dendrites were constructed with in-series and node connections of standard four-terminal networks corresponding to elementary segments with active or passive membrane. Basing on these circuits the equations were obtained describing electrical phenomena in branching neuronal processes. They were generalized for the case of multiple binary branching with arbitrary symmetry and geometry of the branches. A difference scheme common for the whole class of models under consideration was also constructed and an algorithm was elaborated for numerical solution of the obtained system of difference equations. The suggested model allows synthetizing a variety of models of branching axons and dendrites, that promotes the possibilities of model investigation of electrotonus, propagated excitation and their interactions. PMID- 3200354 TI - [Neurons of the edible snail involved in controlling the rhythmic movements of the pneumostome]. AB - Three neurons in left parietal ganglion of Helix pomatia have been described that can have a synchronous burst activity and involve rhythmic movements of the pneumostome. It is shown that the burst activity of these cells is a result of synchronous giant IPSP in one case and of generation of the membrane potential slow waves in another one. There is no synaptic or electrical connection between three cells. Serotonin stimulates generation of the membrane potential waves and burst activity by all three neurons. Investigation on isolated cells shows that these cells are not endogenic oscillators. Isolated neurons never have the burst spike activity, but only pronounced regulated one. Study on semi-intact preparations shows that the above neurons control rhythmic movements of the pneumostome. PMID- 3200355 TI - [Impulse activity of slowly adapting pulmonary receptors during respiration]. AB - Impulse activity of 50 pulmonary slow-adapting receptors (SAR) has been investigated in anesthetized cats during eupnea under conditions of quasi-static and dynamic lung inflation. During inspiration 74% SARs were found to have nonlinear relationship between the receptor frequency (F) and pulmonary volume (V), in 16% receptors the F-V relationship was linear. Impulse activity of 10% SARs had different characteristics. During quasi-static inflation 40% SARs had the nonlinear F-V relationship, 50% SARs had the linear one. During dynamic inflation 70% SARs had the nonlinear F-V relationship, 20% SARs had the linear one. The F-V relationship of the afferent output from all investigated SARs was nonlinear during eupnea. Differences in the F-V relationships of SARs during lung inflation and eupnea as well as possible synaptic connections of SARs with bulbar respiratory neurons are discussed. PMID- 3200356 TI - [Quantitative characteristics of the electrocorticographic sleep stages in bottle nosed dolphins]. AB - Quantitative analysis of the ECoG stages in four bottle-nosed dolphins has demonstrated that unihemispheric slow-wave sleep is the dominant type of their natural sleep. All the variants of the bilateral and unilateral ECoG synchronization comprise 33.4% of the total recording time, with unilateral slow wave sleep accounting for 28.8%. A single brain hemisphere is in a state of ECoG synchronization for 19% of the total recording time. The maximal amount of sleep is registered during a night and the second half of the day. Unihemispheric sleep episodes tend to appear alternatively in both hemispheres. PMID- 3200357 TI - [Effect of the preparation baliz-2 on the growth of cultures of sympathetic ganglia from various strains of rats]. AB - The effect of the baliz-2 drug (0.01%, 0.001%, 0.0001%) on the growth and differentiation of nervous tissue was studied on organotypic cultures of the sympathetic ganglia of newborn Wistar, Wag, August rats. The growth zone of explants in living cultures and histochemical stained preparations were analyzed for catecholamine-containing neurites. It has been established that control value of growth intensity for August ganglia is 2.1 2.0 times lower than for Wistar and Wag. The baliz-2 drug at concentration 0.001% and 0.0001% is able to stimulate fibre outgrowth from the explant. Mean values of the reaction are different: they are maximal for August rats (2.3-2.6 times higher than the control), while for Wistar and Wag rats they are 1.8-2.0 times higher than the control. These results provide evidence that the baliz-2 drug is a neurotrophic agent for sympathetic ganglia in culture. The results are discussed in terms of the role of the sympathetic-adrenal system in the nervous tissue regeneration. PMID- 3200358 TI - [Spreading excitation in the upper (I-III) layers of an isolated strip of cat auditory cortex]. AB - Lower layers of the isolated slab in the auditory cortex were cut, one, two or three cortical layers under the pial surface remaining intact. Impulse reactions of neurons to the intracortical stimulation applied on the other side of this additional cut were investigated in acute experiments on unanaesthetized immobilized cats. It was shown that stimulation of layer IV generated a flow of excitation ascending to the upper cortical layers and activating mono- and polysynaptically neurons of all layers through the vertical bundles of apical dendrites of pyramidal cells. Suggestion is made about an important role a large bundle of axons of layer III plays in the horizontal spread of excitation in the cerebral cortex. PMID- 3200359 TI - [Reaction of the respiratory musculature to electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tract]. AB - Stimulation of the corticospinal tract (CST) at the mid medullary level in anaesthetized cats evoked contraction of the diaphragm (D) with a perfectly reciprocal inhibition of the abdominal oblique muscles (AOM). On the contrary, its stimulation in the pyramidal decussation caused inhibition of the D and contraction of the AOM. Possible reasons of the opposite effects of stimulation of the CST at different bulbar levels are discussed. PMID- 3200360 TI - [Furosemide depression of the dorsal root potentials and of the presynaptic inhibition of monosynaptic reflexes in the cat spinal cord]. AB - In experiments on spinal narcotized cats perfusion of the lumbosacral cord through the central canal with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing furosemide (15-48 mmol/l) led to the reversible selective depression of negative DRP and to the depression of prolonged "presynaptic" inhibition of extensor monosynaptic reflexes produced by volleys in flexor muscle afferents of group 1. PMID- 3200361 TI - [Reorganization of the synaptic inputs of the sensorimotor cortex to the red nucleus after the destruction of the cerebellar nucleus interpositus in adult cats]. AB - Responses of the red nucleus to neurons to stimulation of the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex have been studied in acute cats with preliminary lesion of the contralateral cerebellar nucleus interpositus (exposition from two weeks to a year and longer period) by intracellular recording technique. Acceleration of the monosynaptic EPSPs rise testifying to formation of the terminal dendrosomatic sprouting of axons of the corticorubral neurons on proximal segments of the somatodendritic membrane of the red nucleus neurons was observed. Various division of the sensorimotor cortex were unequally involved in the process of reorganization of synaptic inputs on the level of individual red nucleus neurons. PMID- 3200362 TI - [Microsurgical anatomy of the trigonoseptal region]. AB - Eleven anatomical specimens were dissected under optical magnification in order to define the morphology of the trigone and septum, its ventricular choroid and vascular relations. These clearly explain ventricular development of tumors of this region and the importance of identification of venous structures in terms of surgical approach. PMID- 3200363 TI - [Surgical approaches of the trigonoseptal region]. AB - Surgical approaches to the trigone and septum are described with the help of dissections of anatomical specimens under operative conditions and using a microscope: the anterior frontal approach which gives access to the anterior pillars and to the body of the trigone; the ventricular junction route which provides an approach to the body of the trigone and to the hippocampal commissure; the anterior transcallosal approach. PMID- 3200364 TI - [Tuberous sclerosis and trigonoseptal tumors]. AB - A series of 9 patients having a tuberous sclerosis associated to a midline ventricular tumour is reported. Microscopically, the presence of giant cells within the lesion is a major characteristic of the disease. The origin of these subependymal giant cells tumours is questionable since astrocytic, neuronal and ependymal features have been noted by several authors providing various denominations. In the literature and in our series as well, the intra-ventricular tumour presented as the initial manifestation of the disease in most of cases, usually with increased intra-cranial pressure symptoms. On CT, the tumour arises in the area of the foramen of Monro and enhances after contrast injection while the other intracranial anomalies of the disease do not enhance. In 8 patients, a direct transcortical transventricular approach was used. 1 patient was treated by shunt only. The results were evaluated according to the degree of the preoperative neuropsychological impairement: there were 3 deaths, 3 "excellent", 2 "fair" and 1 "poor" results. The problem of the surgical indication raises mainly in patients in whom the diagnosis of the tuberous sclerosis is ascertained prior to the diagnosis of the tumour. Since acute C.S.F. blockage or intra ventricular bleeding may occur during "conservative" treatment, direct approach seems preferable. PMID- 3200365 TI - [Injuries of the cervical spine. Review of 70 cases treated over a 5-year period at the "Fondation Jeanne Ebori" of Libreville, Gabon (Central Africa)]. AB - The authors report their experience of 70 cases of cervical spine injuries treated locally, over a 5 years period, 1981 to 1986, at the Fondation Jeanne Ebori Hospital by a multidisciplinary approach. An etiologic survey shows a predominance of male (82.85%) with a peak in incidence between 21 and 30 years (41.43%). Traffic accidents represented the principale cause (74.3%). 29.4% of the lesions involved the upper cervical spine (C1 + C2). 70.6% involved the lower cervical spine (C3 to C7). Clinically, 53% had neurological problems based on entrance examinations of which 49% were complete tetraplegics. Therapeutically, 20% were treated conservatively (traction, collar, etc); 68.57% underwent a surgical intervention; and in 11.43% of the cases abstention seemed the better alternative. Generally, we did not refuse treatment to any injury, even those who came late for care. We aimed chiefly at stabilizing the lesions to facilitate nursing care. Thus, after lengthy multidisciplinary discussions, in particular with the practitioners involved with intensive care and rehabilitation, we hesitated to operate on patients who were tetraplegic with respiratory problems that necessitated assisted ventilations, knowing its morbid outcome. All of our cases posed socio-economic problems. The gravity of this class of pathology is confirmed by its high rate of mortality (22.58%); that is, 16 death out of 70 patients of which 14 were tetraplegics. PMID- 3200366 TI - [Benign osteoblastoma of the spine. Apropos of 4 cases with a case of spontaneous recovery]. AB - In a 6 years period, the authors have seen 4 cases of benign osteoblastoma of the spine. Two were located in the cervical spine, one in the thoracic spine and the fourth in the lumbar segment. Three were operated and cured after a follow up from two to three and half years. One case spontaneously cured after a follow up of five years. The roentgenographic features of these lesions are varying according to their age, localization, biological behaviour and the pattern of their osseous host. Computed tomography is the best method to specify the site of the nidal lesion which the total removal lead to a complete cure. PMID- 3200367 TI - Pathology of the central nervous system in 40 cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AB - The central nervous system was examined in 40 AIDS patients who died between August 1982 and 1987. The cases included two children born to intravenous drug abusers and 38 male adults. The brains of eight patients who had no clinical or radiological evidence of central nervous system involvement showed non-specific changes which included microglial nodules, perivascular mononuclear cuffs, mineralization of blood vessels and granular ependymitis. In 32 brains from patients with neurological symptoms, toxoplasmosis was the most frequent finding (19 cases) manifested by multifocal, necrotic lesions or a diffuse pseudo encephalitic process. Other opportunistic infections included cytomegalovirus (eight cases), progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (two cases), cryptococcosis (one case), aspergillosis (one case), multiple bacterial microabscesses (one case) and Mycobacterium avium intracellulare (one case). Two patients had cerebral lymphoma. Subacute encephalitis with white matter lesions and multinucleated giant cells characteristic of HIV infection was present in 15 cases. Various combinations of all these infections were encountered in the same brain, sometimes in the same area and, occasionally, in the same cell. PMID- 3200368 TI - A clinico-pathological study of herpes simplex encephalitis. AB - A retrospective clinical and pathological analysis has been performed of 24 cases of herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) seen at the Institute of Neurological Sciences, Glasgow, between 1972 and 1985. All patients had been diagnosed on the basis of isolation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from, and/or the demonstration of characteristic histological changes of acute necrotizing encephalitis (ANE) in brain biopsy and/or autopsy tissue. Clinical presentation on admission included a prodromal influenza-like illness (46%), sudden onset of headache and confusion (54%), meningism (38%), deep coma (42%), aphasia (54%) and focal neurological signs (79%). Seizures occurred in 46% of cases during the course of the illness. Of the 24 cases, 14 (58%) died and 10 (42%) survived. Intravenous acyclovir treatment was associated with the best prognosis. Cerebral biopsy of one temporal lobe was performed in 22 cases and in 19 of these a positive histological diagnosis of HSE could be made. HSV was isolated from 15 of the 19 (79%) biopsied cases in whom virus isolation was attempted. Only seven out of the 15 cases (47%) in which immunofluorescence assays for HSV antigens were performed were unequivocally positive. Herpes simplex virus was isolated in culture from all cases which were negative by immunofluorescence. Immunocytochemical analysis on tissue sections of five representative brain biopsies demonstrated the presence of HSV antigens in some astrocytes, neurons and macrophages especially within areas of inflammatory infiltration. In situ hybridization experiments with a cloned HSV DNA probe demonstrated viral RNA in astrocytes, neurons and macrophages in two human biopsies and mouse brains in areas broadly corresponding to the distribution of viral antigen labelling. The combined immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization procedure showed that many but not all of the cells containing viral RNA also contained HSV antigens, indicating a productive infection in these double-labelled cells. PMID- 3200369 TI - Necrotizing vasculitis of the nervous system in a patient with AIDS-related complex. AB - A patient with AIDS-related complex (ARC) presented with a fulminant neurologic syndrome suggestive of ascending myelopathy, and died approximately 48 h after admission to hospital. At necropsy, there was evidence of a severe necrotizing vasculitis affecting the nervous system most severely, with multifocal haemorrhagic necroses of the spinal cord and cauda equina. Although a rare intranuclear inclusion suggestive of herpesvirus infection was seen in the predominantly lympho-histiocytic infiltrate in and around blood vessel walls, the precise aetiology of the angiitis was not apparent. It may represent a response to AIDS virus infection of one or more components of the blood vessel wall. PMID- 3200370 TI - Role of subtemporal decompression in severe closed head injury. AB - There is general agreement that aggressive management and monitoring of the patient with closed head injury with control of intracranial pressure (ICP) will improve patient survival and eventual outcome. Conversely, there is little agreement on the value of surgical craniectomy for increasing intracranial volume and subsequently decreasing ICP in these same patients. This study examines 115 patients with severe closed head injuries (Glasgow Coma Score 8 or less) seen at the North Carolina Baptist Hospital between July 1, 1983, and April 1, 1987. All 115 patients were started on a regimen of head elevation, fluid restriction, chemoparalysis, and hyperventilation at PCO2 25-30 torr. Fifty-seven patients failed to respond to that therapy and were given mannitol. Twenty-seven of these still failed to respond; 24 were placed in a pentobarbital coma therapy group and 3 underwent subtemporal decompression. Of the 24 patients in pentobarbital coma, 17 failed to respond, 7 of whom underwent subtemporal decompression and 10 of whom were not operated on. Of all 10 patients undergoing subtemporal decompression, 7 (70%) responded with an average reduction in ICP of 34% (+/- 19.5% SD). Of the 10, 4 died (40%), in contrast with a mortality of 82.4% among patients in pentobarbital coma without subtemporal decompression. These data strongly suggest that subtemporal decompression can be beneficial in patients with medically intractable elevations of ICP. PMID- 3200371 TI - Traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage: report of twenty-six cases and consideration of the pathogenic mechanism. AB - A series of 26 patients suffering traumatic intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) after closed head injury is reviewed, and the pathogenic mechanism of the traumatic IVH is discussed considering the site of origin of the IVH. Computed tomographic detection of the origin of the IVH was possible in 15 patients (Group 1): 6 had frontal or temporal contusional intracerebral hemorrhage spreading into the ventricle (Subgroup A), 5 had the original hemorrhage in the caudate nucleus (Subgroup B), and 4 originally bled in the thalamus (Subgroup C). The origin of the IVH was not determined in 11 patients (Group 2): 6 had concomitant hemorrhage around the brain stem (Subgroup D), and 5 had small IVH with or without small intracerebral hemorrhage (Subgroup E). The site of impact was not uniform in Subgroup A, whereas the other four subgroups usually had frontal or occipital impact. In Subgroup A, the IVH was discovered more than several hours after trauma. In the other four subgroups, however, the IVH was detected in as short a time as 0.5 to 1.5 hours after trauma. In Subgroups B and C, the impact along the long axis of the skull and the early occurrence of hemorrhage in the basal ganglia suggest that shear injury between the perforating vessels and the basal ganglia may be the responsible mechanism. The several other possible mechanisms in Subgroups D and E are reviewed and discussed in relation to diffuse brain injury. PMID- 3200372 TI - Stab wounds to the temporal fossa. AB - Stab wounds to the temporal fossa appear as a characteristic clinical entity. Patients admitted with stab wounds to the head during the period 1970 to 1986 were reviewed retrospectively. Of these, 10 met the criteria of having suffered a stab wound that penetrated the skull and dura mater of the temporal fossa. Injury to the internal carotid artery-cavernous sinus complex (3 patients) or to the basilar artery-pons region (5 patients) was frequent. Two other patients experienced injury to the trigeminal nerve and the petrous ridge. The mechanical, neurological, radiological, and prognostic features of knife wounds to this region are discussed. PMID- 3200373 TI - Prolonged therapeutic external ventricular drainage: a prospective study. AB - Over a 2 1/2-year period, 34 patients underwent therapeutic external ventricular drainage with a valve-regulated system. The mean duration of drainage was 16 days. There was no incidence of ventricular infection, nor was there blockage of the ventricular catheter requiring revision. Eventually, 13 patients required ventriculoperitoneal shunts. All survivors remained free from complications after more than 6 months of follow-up. The system proved safe and reliable in patients requiring prolonged ventricular drainage. PMID- 3200375 TI - Trends in the management of bacterial brain abscesses: a review of 102 cases over 17 years. AB - The records of 102 patients with brain abscesses treated over 17 years were analyzed. In recent years, cardiac and pulmonary causes were less frequent, the abscesses were smaller, and fewer patients were in poor neurological condition. There has been no significant change in the type or number of infective organisms or in the number of abscesses during the study period. Computed tomographic brain scanning was the most important factor in reducing the mortality rate from 41% to 4%. The patients were grouped according to the treatment received: excision (n = 46), aspiration (n = 33), or nonsurgical therapy (n = 17). Patients treated nonsurgically were more likely to have smaller abscesses and multiple lesions than were patients in the other two groups. There were no significant differences in the morbidity or mortality rates between treatment groups. Patients whose abscesses were excised had a significantly shorter course of antibiotics than the other patients. Organisms were identified in 85% of the cultures from surgical specimens. The use of preoperative antibiotics was significantly associated with sterile cultures; 30% of patients who received antibiotics preoperatively had sterile cultures, compared with only 4% of patients who did not receive such treatment. The mortality rate among all treated patients (the diagnosis of brain abscess was missed in 6 patients before computed tomographic scanning became routine) was significantly related to the initial neurological grade and the size of the lesion but not to age, sex, or the number of abscesses. Four of the 8 treated patients who died had congenital cyanotic heart disease; an aggressive surgical approach is recommended for such patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3200376 TI - Cavernous malformations of the spinal cord. AB - Six patients with intramedullary cavernous malformations of the spinal cord are presented. Four men and two women presented with acute, subacute, or episodic signs and symptoms of spinal cord dysfunction, ranging in duration from 3 days to 25 years. All patients underwent operative resection of the malformation. Complete removal was achieved in five patients. Neurological function either stabilized or improved postoperatively in all patients; follow-up ranged from 4 to 84 months. The increasing awareness of the propensity for recurrent hemorrhage, clinical features, and resectability of these malformations are discussed. PMID- 3200374 TI - Experimental intracerebral hemorrhage: progression of hemodynamic changes after production of a spontaneous mass lesion. AB - The aim of the study was to determine whether the extent of ischemia produced by an experimental space-occupying lesion changed between 5 minutes and 4 hours after the production of a lesion. In two groups of rats, a 50-microliter balloon was inflated in the right caudate nucleus. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined by 14C-iodoantipyrine quantitative autoradiography, in Group 1 (n = 6) 5 minutes after inflation and in Group 2 (n = 6) 4 hours later. After 5 minutes of inflation, the mean blood flow in the caudate nucleus was reduced to 65% of the contralateral value and 11.5% of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus had a blood flow of below 25 ml/100 g/minute. After 4 hours of inflation, there was a greater fall in the mean CBF of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus to 30% of the contralateral value, and 38.9% of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus had a CBF of less than 25 ml/100 g/minute. The differences between the two groups were significant (mean CBF, P less than 0.01; CBF less than 25 ml/100 g/minute, P less than 0.02). The results show that the initial ischemic lesion produced by a spontaneous intracerebral space-occupying lesion does not remain static, but progresses with time and is significantly greater after 4 hours than after 5 minutes. Interventions that reduce the progression of ischemia may be beneficial in reducing the ultimate amount of ischemic brain damage. PMID- 3200377 TI - Optic nerve decompression for osteopetrosis in early childhood. AB - Visual failure in osteopetrosis may result from retinal degeneration or compression of the optic nerve in the narrowed optic canals. We report the evaluation and treatment of five children with osteopetrosis whose optic nerve dysfunction seems to have been related to the latter etiology. Evaluation of visual function was carried out by means of behavioral observation and flash visual evoked responses. Of six nerves evaluated both pre- and postoperatively, the visual evoked responses seemed to improve in four. Three nerves were serially evaluated without an operation, and one showed changes consistent with maturation. One nerve was evaluated with serial postoperative evoked potentials and showed no change. We conclude that surgical decompression of the optic nerve in patients with documented optic nerve dysfunction and osteopetrosis allows improvement in visual function and is, therefore, an important consideration in the evaluation and management of patients with this disease. PMID- 3200379 TI - Unruptured cerebral arteriovenous malformations presenting with intracranial hypertension. AB - Two cases of unruptured pial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) presenting with intracranial hypertension and papilledema are reported. In the absence of previous hemorrhage or associated hydrocephalus, such a manifestation of pial AVMs is quite unusual. Both patients experienced prompt and sustained resolution of papilledema after surgical removal of the malformation. One case was complicated by the normal perfusion pressure breakthrough phenomenon postoperatively. The pathophysiology of intracranial hypertension associated with unruptured pial AVMs and the relationship to pseudotumor cerebri are discussed. PMID- 3200380 TI - Surgical excision of a cavernous hemangioma of the rostral brain stem: case report. AB - A 23-year-old pregnant woman presented with sudden diplopia, ataxia, hemiparesis, and headache secondary to a brain stem hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a hematoma associated with a probable cavernous hemangioma of the rostral brain stem. In this report, we discuss the MRI findings leading to the preoperative diagnosis, as well as the surgical techniques involved in the successful resection. PMID- 3200378 TI - Treatment of extraneural metastatic medulloblastoma with a combination of cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and vincristine. AB - Seven patients with extraneural metastases from medulloblastoma were treated with a combination of cytoxan, adriamycin, and vincristine (CAV). None of the patients had evidence of active neural axis disease. All patients with bone metastases responded with a reduction in bone pain and improvement on the radionuclide bone scan. One patient presenting with lymph node metastases showed initial reduction in the size of the palpable nodes. In this group, the median time to the development of extraneural metastasis was 18 months from the time of original diagnosis of central nervous system medulloblastoma. The median duration of response to CAV, after extraneural metastasis, was 17 months (4-65 months). Four of seven patients died of disease-related causes, one patient presumed well was lost to follow-up, and two of seven are still without evidence of active disease at 37 and 65 months. The combination of CAV is well tolerated and provides reasonably good palliation for extraneural medulloblastoma. PMID- 3200381 TI - Anterior communicating aneurysm missed at angiography: report of two cases treated surgically. AB - We report two young adults with definite clinical and computed tomographic (CT) signs of subarachnoid hemorrhage in whom initial angiography showed spasm of the anterior portion of the circle of Willis, but no aneurysm. Repeat angiography some days later, when the vascular spasm had cleared, was likewise negative. In both patients, operation revealed an anterior communicating artery aneurysm, which was successfully excluded from the circulation. Our aims in reporting this unusual experience are to stress the practical importance of CT scanning in the diagnosis and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage and to discuss the decision to operate. PMID- 3200382 TI - Aneurysm of the superficial temporal artery. AB - A young patient with the posttraumatic development of a superficial temporal artery (STA) aneurysm is described. The STA was ligated proximal and distal to the aneurysm, and the aneurysm was removed. The diagnosis and treatment of traumatic STA aneurysms are discussed. PMID- 3200383 TI - Primary intraosseous malignant meningioma of the skull: case report. AB - Primary intraosseous meningioma of the skull is rare. This report describes a 61 year-old man who was treated by craniectomy 3 times for a repeatedly recurrent primary intraosseous malignant meningioma. Transmission electron microscopy revealed interdigitation of cytoplasmic processes, microfilaments, and distinct desmosomal structures. Immunocytochemical studies of cultured cells showed strong expression of vimentin and weakly positive staining for S-100 protein. Primary intraosseous malignant meningioma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of massive solitary osteolytic lesions of the skull. PMID- 3200384 TI - Sleep apnea and the Chiari I malformation: case report. AB - The authors report the case of an ambulatory patient who presented with sleep apnea episodes of the central and obstructive types and an associated Chiari Type I malformation. The central episodes stopped and the obstructive episodes decreased markedly after decompression. The improvement in the so-called obstructive episodes was unexpected and indicates that they may have been on a central basis. PMID- 3200385 TI - Tension pneumocephalus after transsphenoidal surgery: case report. AB - The authors present a patient who underwent transsphenoidal surgery for a pituitary adenoma and afterward developed late, severe rhinorrhea and tension pneumocephalus. The patient was treated conservatively. PMID- 3200386 TI - NeuroSIG: the computer network of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. AB - A sophisticated computer network has been developed specifically for use by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons. This network provides a variety of communication and information features. These include public and private message transmission, teleconferencing, numerous data libraries, programs that may be downloaded and executed on the user's own computer, high resolution color graphics image transmission, an extensive neurosurgical database, and extensive on-line "help" features. The system can be accessed using almost any personal computer and a telephone modem. PMID- 3200387 TI - Aneurysms in the Middle East. PMID- 3200388 TI - Drez lesions for brachial plexus injury. PMID- 3200389 TI - Immunohistochemical study of intracranial cysts. AB - Immunohistochemical characterization of 14 cases of intracranial cysts was performed. Among these 14 cases, five different types of cysts were represented; Rathke's cleft cyst (4 cases), neurenteric cyst (2 cases), colloid cyst (1 case), choroidal epithelial cyst (2 cases) and arachnoid cyst (5 cases). Immunohistochemical evaluation utilized antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S-100 protein, prealbumin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). GFAP-positive cells were detected in 1 Rathke's cleft cyst and in 1 choroidal epithelial cyst. S-100-positive cells were detected in 2 Rathke's cleft cysts, in 2 neurenteric cysts, in 1 colloid cyst, and in 2 choroidal epithelial cysts. Prealbumin-positive cells were detected only in the 2 choroidal epithelial cysts. CEA-positive cells were detected in 1 Rathke's cleft cyst and in 2 neurenteric cysts. EMA-positive cells were detected in all cases. Immunohistochemical study of prealbumin and S-100 protein is useful for correct diagnosis of choroidal epithelial cyst and study of CEA is useful for diagnosis of neurenteric cyst. The arachnoid cyst is negative for immunoreactivity to GFAP, S-100, prealbumin, and CEA; this can be helpful in distinguishing this type of cyst from single epithelial cysts, a task that is sometimes difficult with only light microscopy. PMID- 3200390 TI - Presentation and management of pediatric Chiari malformations without myelodysplasia. AB - Chiari malformations without myelodysplasia are rarely diagnosed in the pediatric age group. With current neurodiagnostic techniques, however, they are being seen more frequently. Unfortunately, the prognosis is not clear because publications have included a number of different entities, used a variety of surgical approaches, and lacked long term follow-up. Sixteen patients younger than 20 years were treated for Chiari malformations (without myelodysplasia) between 1975 and 1985. The average age was 11 years, and the average duration of symptoms was 20 months. The common symptoms were isolated motor weakness (56%), pain (37.5%), and sensory loss (25%). Frequently seen signs were motor deficit (81%), sensory loss (50%), scoliosis (50%), and cranial nerve palsy (50%). The surgical procedures used were foramen magnum decompression (3 transoral clivus odontoid resections and 15 posterior fossa decompressions with dural grafting), alteration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathways at the cervicomedullary junction (plugging the foramen cecum and a 4th ventricle to subarachnoid shunt with posterior fossa decompression), and ventriculoperitoneal shunting (2 cases). In follow-up, 37.5% of the patients are asymptomatic, 50% are improved, and 12.5% are stable after an average follow-up period of 43 months. The asymptomatic group was younger (9.3 years) and had a shorter symptom duration (7.2 months) than both the improved (11.9 years, 16.4 months) and the stable groups (15 years, 20 months). Optimal outcome depends on complete evaluation of the abnormal CSF pathways and bony abnormalities at the craniovertebral junction. Operation is then directed toward correction of these abnormalities as delineated radiographically. Of our patients, 87.5% have at least shown improvement, which has been long term in all cases. PMID- 3200391 TI - Thrombosed arteriovenous malformations: a type of occult vascular malformation. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological correlations. AB - Thrombosed arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are the predominant type of occult vascular malformation and do not seem to differ significantly in clinical or radiographic presentation from other types of occult vascular malformations. Thrombosed AVMs and occult vascular malformations occasionally present with symptoms secondary to subacute or occult hemorrhage that requires operation. The histopathology of thrombosed AVMs and occult vascular malformations does not seem to have prognostic significance. Five patients with histologically verified thrombosed AVMs are reported. Two patients had previous incomplete resection of histologically proven thrombosed AVMs and presented with recurrence and bleeding. Two patients presented with seizures and headaches, and one patient presented with hemiparesis and headache. All histology specimens had evidence of hemorrhage. The pathological findings of these lesions seem variable; two specimens contained a mixture of cavernous angioma and AVM. Two previously resected lesions had been defined histologically as thrombosed AVMs. Successful excision of the lesions was accomplished in four patients, and one patient had stereotactic biopsy. The magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of lesions seem to add a degree of specificity over computed tomography and angiography. We have found that the literature poorly describes the natural history and histology of these lesions. Conservative management for seizures and headaches due to thrombosed AVMs may not be warranted because of a propensity for hemorrhage and recurrence. PMID- 3200392 TI - Early treatment with diltiazem reduces delayed cerebral vascular narrowing after subarachnoid hemorrhage. AB - Using a primate model of subarachnoid hemorrhage, we have demonstrated the ability of diltiazem to reduce delayed, experimental narrowing of cerebral vessels under clinically realistic conditions. Twelve monkeys were treated identically, except that six received oral diltiazem (20 mg/kg t.i.d.) starting 24 hours after a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and continuing for 5 days. Neurological examination showed that all untreated monkeys were hyperreflexic and hypotonic on the side contralateral to the SAH. Only two of the six of the diltiazem-treated monkeys had a similar deficit. Control angiograms taken before the SAH were compared with those taken 5 days later. The average vessel diameter at six standard sites in monkeys without diltiazem was 61% of control, whereas the average diameter at the same positions in the diltiazem-treated monkeys was 92% of control (P less than 0.01). In each group, the diameter of the most narrowed artery of each monkey was compared with values at the same site before SAH. The average diameter in the untreated group was 22% of control, significantly smaller than the corresponding value from the diltiazem-treated group, which was 68% (P less than 0.005). Delaying diltiazem treatment until 24 hours after hemorrhage still provides some protection, but less than that given by pretreatment with the drug. This suggests that the processes that eventually result in chronic cerebral vascular narrowing are initiated during the 24-hour period immediately after SAH. We propose that there is initially an acute, severe, calcium-dependent contraction of vascular smooth muscle and associated injury to the vessel wall, including its innervation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3200393 TI - Relief of lumbar canal stenosis using multilevel subarticular fenestrations as an alternative to wide laminectomy: preliminary report. AB - We describe an operative approach to lumbar canal stenosis which, unlike laminectomy, takes into account the segmental pathology of the disease. At each level involved, a bilateral subarticular fenestration is performed under high magnification. The medial third of each facet joint is first removed with an air powered drill; then the remaining two-thirds of the joint is undercut with the drill to allow a generous fenestration in the thickened ligamentum flavum and adjacent laminae. All tissue responsible for neural compression is removed, but the spinous processes, interspinous ligaments, and much of the facet joints and laminae are preserved. Spinal stability is maintained and, because tissue disruption is minimized, postoperative discomfort is usually reduced, promoting early mobility and reduced hospital stay. The operation is described in detail, and the results of operation in 32 patients are assessed. The follow-up periods now range from 17 to 58 months. Of 23 patients who presented with neurogenic claudication, 14 (61%) obtained complete relief and 7 (30%) improved significantly. The mean hospital stay was 9 days (range, 4 to 17 days). PMID- 3200394 TI - Spontaneous postoperative normalization of growth hormone levels in two patients with acromegaly not cured by transsphenoidal surgery. AB - Postoperative persistence of elevated growth hormone (GH) levels in patients with acromegaly usually suggests residual adenoma tissue secreting GH and is an indication for further treatment. In rare cases, spontaneous normalization of serum GH levels in patients with acromegaly has been reported to occur as a consequence of intratumoral hemorrhage (pituitary apoplexy). We report two patients in whom persisting acromegaly was documented 1 and 2 weeks, respectively, after transsphenoidal operation and who experienced spontaneous normalization of GH levels. In one patient, this favorable outcome was found 1.5 years after the operation and followed a pregnancy. The other patient, whose GH values normalized 3 months after operation, had received preoperative treatment with a new, long-acting somatostatin analog. PMID- 3200395 TI - Encephalomeningocele presenting with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in an elderly man: case report. AB - The case of a patient with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea from an intranasal encephalomeningocele is presented. The case is unusual in that the patient was entirely asymptomatic until the age of 65, when copious CSF rhinorrhea developed without trauma or operation as an inciting event. The pertinent literature is reviewed, and no identical case has been found. PMID- 3200397 TI - Haemophilus paraphrophilus frontal lobe abscess: case report. AB - We report a case of cerebral abscess due to Haemophilus paraphrophilus in a 51 year-old man who was otherwise healthy and had no cardiac abnormality. A source for the infection was not definitively identified; however, the patient had had dental manipulations 2 weeks before the onset of symptoms, and an oral source is probable. The patient was treated successfully with antibiotics after removal of the abscess. Bacteriological studies are discussed. PMID- 3200396 TI - Rhinocerebral mucormycosis with extension to the posterior fossa: case report. AB - A 25-year-old man with juvenile onset diabetes presented with rhinoorbital mucormycosis. He was treated aggressively with orbital extirpation and amphotericin B. Six months later, he presented with posterior fossa extension of the mucormycosis. PMID- 3200398 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid eosinophilia and sterile shunt malfunction. AB - Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) eosinophilia is a rare finding most often associated with central nervous system inflammatory processes, including parasitic, bacterial, and mycotic infections. It has also been seen as an allergic phenomenon. We present two cases of CSF eosinophilia occurring concurrently with sterile shunt malfunction. We speculate that CSF eosinophilia in our patients might have resulted from an allergic response to a foreign material such as suture, surgical glove powder, hair, cotton fibers, antibiotics, or silicone rubber. The incidence of sterile CSF eosinophilia after shunting is not known. Information concerning the role of eosinophilia in the development of shunt malfunctions is also lacking. An increased awareness of this possibility and further investigation are warranted. PMID- 3200399 TI - Carotid-anterior cerebral artery anastomosis with aneurysm: case report and review of the literature. AB - A ruptured aneurysm at the origin of the bilateral pericallosal arteries with an anomalous anterior cerebral artery was found in a 56-year-old man. The abnormal solitary anterior cerebral artery arose from the intracranial proximal internal carotid artery, passed underneath the ipsilateral optic nerve, and turned upward at the midline as a common trunk of the bilateral pericallosal arteries. Subarachnoid hemorrhage recurred 15 days postoperatively, and the patient did poorly. The 20 published cases of this rare anomaly (an infraoptic course of the anterior cerebral artery with a low bifurcation of the internal carotid artery) are reviewed. This anomaly should be referred to by the descriptive term "carotid anterior cerebral artery anastomosis." It is frequently associated with aneurysms. PMID- 3200400 TI - Transcranial stab wounds: a report of three cases and suggestions for management. AB - Transcranial stab wounds are uncommon. Three such cases are presented. The severity of the wounds may vary from innocuous to devastating. Skull films are useful in delineating the depth of penetration. The presence of the knife blade in situ may make the computed tomographic scan impossible to perform or difficult to interpret. Cerebral angiography may be indicated if injury to a major cerebral vessel is suspected or if the patient suffers a delayed subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage. Provided that the patient's clinical status indicates a positive prognosis, transcranial stab wounds should be explored surgically. The weapon should be removed in the operating room immediately before or at the time of operation. PMID- 3200401 TI - Spinal epidural compression secondary to osteoblastic metastatic vertebral expansion. AB - We present two cases in which spinal epidural compression was caused by the expansion of bony elements into the spinal canal as a result of osteoblastic metastases. The precise nature of the compression was appreciated only on computed tomography. One patient had immediate and sustained neurological improvement after laminectomy. The other benefited temporarily, but widespread involvement of his spine ultimately led to paraplegia despite two more decompressive procedures. We think that bony expansion of the spine secondary to osteoblastic metastasis is not reversible with radiation therapy alone and is, therefore, an absolute indication for surgical decompression. PMID- 3200402 TI - Spinal cord compression by a unifocal eosinophilic granuloma: a case report of an adult with unusual roentgenological features. AB - We describe an unusual case of unifocal eosinophilic granuloma of the spine in a 38-year-old woman who presented with spinal cord compression. After 2 years of back pain, x-ray films of the spine were normal, but computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a lytic lesion of the 1st lumbar vertebral body with cephalic extension in the epidural space. The lesion was later confirmed at operation to be an eosinophilic granuloma spreading into the surrounding tissues. PMID- 3200403 TI - Measurement of intracranial tissue volume using computed tomographic images and a personal computer. AB - A software package called MacMeasure was developed previously to measure the size of intracellular structures by means of photomicrographs. We have expanded the application of this program to computed tomographic (CT) images. Using three objects of irregular shape and unequal size (phantoms), we compared volumetric determinations made with a CT mainframe computer and a widely available personal computer. The phantom objects were scanned in a GE CT/T 9800 scanner with serial, nonoverlapping slices 3.0 mm in thickness. The image data were first measured directly from the magnetic archive tape with the CT control terminal. Hard copies of the CT scans were then measured with a Macintosh SE computer and a digitizing tablet with a crosshair cursor driven by the MacMeasure software package. A third method of measuring volume was by tracing individual CT images onto paper (hard copies). The tracings were then cut out, weighed, and converted to surface area by dividing the weights by a weight/surface area standard (26.37 mg = 25 cm2) calibrated to the CT image scale (5.0 cm). The total surface area value was then converted to volume by multiplying by a single CT slice thickness (0.3 cm). Finally, the phantom objects were placed in water-filled graduated cylinders to determine their volume by fluid displacement. The technique using MacMeasure and the personal computer provides an accurate means of determining surface area and volumes using hard copies of CT images. It avoids occupying costly CT computer time and is the most rapid method of volume measurement of the three techniques tested (CT mainframe = 6.0 hours, trace/weigh = 3.5 hours, and PC = 1.25 hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3200405 TI - Free peritoneal catheter. PMID- 3200404 TI - Endaneurysmal microendarterectomy in the treatment of giant cerebral aneurysms: technical note. AB - Giant cerebral aneurysms continue to present the surgeon with substantial technical challenges. Operative techniques for managing giant cerebral aneurysms are becoming increasingly sophisticated. We emphasize in this report a technique for direct obliteration of the giant aneurysm with a hard, calcified atheroma at its base that prevents direct clip application without compromise of the parent artery. Temporary trapping of the aneurysm, intramural thrombectomy, and endaneurysmal microendarterectomy allow direct obliteration of the aneurysm neck with preservation of the parent artery. PMID- 3200406 TI - Abducted arm sign. PMID- 3200407 TI - Secondary brain stem hemorrhage. PMID- 3200408 TI - Cerebrospinal fluid peptide YY immunoreactivity in eating disorders. AB - Peptide YY (PYY), a recently discovered peptide, is a potent stimulant of eating behavior in rats. We developed a radioimmunoassay for PYY and measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels in subjects with anorexia nervosa, bulimia and matched normal controls. Bulimics who had abstained from bingeing for 30 days showed a dramatic increase in CSF PYY levels compared to normal values (p less than 0.001) or their own values when actively bingeing (p less than 0.01, paired t test). No differences were seen for anorexia nervosa. These results suggest that bulimic behavior may correct a central nervous system abnormality in PYY. PMID- 3200409 TI - Effect of activation and blockade of the GABAergic system on disturbance of memory trace reproduction. PMID- 3200410 TI - Habituation of command neurons against the background of introducing an analogue of vasopressin in snails. PMID- 3200411 TI - Effect of destruction of the lateral nucleus of the septum of the morpho functional state of the reproductive system of albino male rats. PMID- 3200412 TI - Long-latency auditory evoked potentials in humans and the localization of a sound image. AB - In the article, we discuss data from an investigation concerning how boundary conditions for the creation of sound-image movement are reflected long-latency auditory evoked potentials and discuss how and important associated with the human localizing function (resistance to interference during the local localization of both a stationary and a moving sound image) appears in long latency auditory evoked potentials. We establish that a change in the parameters of a signal creating a sensation of sound-image movement results in an exhaltation of t he amplitudes of the N1 and P2 components. The effect of binaural freedom from masking is reflected in these same components of long latency auditory evoked potentials during movement of spatially shifting signals. PMID- 3200413 TI - Influence of some monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the sleep-wakefulness cycle of the cat. AB - The influence of some monoamine oxidase inhibitors (phenelzine, transamin [tranylcypromine], nialamide) on the structure of the sleep-wakefulness cycle of the cat was studied. It was shown that these monoamine oxidase inhibitors elicit and increase in slow-wave sleep in the sleep-wakefulness cycle due to complete suppression of paradoxical sleep and significant decrease in wakefulness. After the cessation of the action of the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, a selective rebound of wakefulness is observed against the background of complete or partial absence of paradoxical sleep. The gives grounds for the hypothesis that during partial deprivation of wakefulness under the influence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors an intensification occurs on the accumulation of specific need for this physiological state, the satisfaction of which is accomplished as the result of its rebound in the post-deprivational cycle, i.e., after the termination of the EEG of the synchronizing effect of the monoamine oxidase inhibitors. PMID- 3200414 TI - Some mechanisms of action of vasopressin on animal behavior. AB - The effect of arginine vasopressin on the behavior of rats after its microinjection into the caudal ventrolateral region of the brain stem and corticomedial amygdala was investigated. In the region of the brain stem vasopressin has a predominant inhibitory effect of motor activity and orienting behavior evoked by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus. In the region of the corticomedial amygdala under the effect of the peptide an alternation of motor inactivation with orienting reflexes, grooming, and genital genital grooming is observed. In this case an increase of the spontaneous frequency of neuronal impulses occurs in the investigated regions of the brain. PMID- 3200415 TI - Dynamics of local blood flow in different regions of the hypothalamus in the sleep-wakefulness cycle. AB - In chronic experiments on cats, using the recording of local blood flow in different regions of the hypothalamus in the sleep-wakefulness cycle, it was found that during paradoxical sleep, the level of local blood flow in the posterior hypothalamus increased significantly, while at the same time in the anterior hypothalamus and in the preoptic region a sharp reduction takes place in local blood flow. In deep slow wave sleep the opposite pattern is observed: the level of local blood flow increases in the anterior hypothalamus and in the preoptic region, and decreases in the posterior hypothalamus. The conclusion is drawn that in one and the same sleep phase the diverse directionality of the changes in the level of local blood flow in the different regions of the hypothalamus must be associated with functional shifts in these structures, and the functional state of each of them in different phases of the sleep-wakefulness cycle is evaluated on the basis of this. PMID- 3200416 TI - Interhemispheric asymmetry of homotopic transcallosal responses of the auditory cortex in the cat. AB - In acute experiments on 29 d-tubocurarine immobilized cats, with topographical pick-up of potentials from 150-170 symmetrical points of the auditory cortex, the interhemispheric asymmetry of homotopic transcallosal responses were studied. It was established that in the majority of the animals the potentials in the right hemisphere had a greater amplitude and shorter latent periods as compared with the responses of the left hemisphere. A dependence of the properties of the interhemispheric asymmetry on the sex of the animal was noted. In females the asymmetry was characterized by a right hemispheric tendency and by a greater magnitude as compared with males. The maximal magnitude of the asymmetry was detected in the group of pregnant females. The hypothesis is proposed to the effect that the established polarity of transcallosal influenced in the auditory cortex is associated with the dominance of the right hemisphere in the organization of spatial audition. PMID- 3200417 TI - Functional organization of the callosal connections of the cat auditory cortex. AB - In acute experiments on immobilized cats, using a method of topographical recording of homotopic and heterotopic transcallosal responses, the functional organization of the callosal connections of the auditory cortex was investigated. It was established that the homotopic potentials of the primary projection field (AI) have the greatest amplitude, minimal temporal parameters, and the maximal stability of these characteristics as compared with the associative fields of the auditory cortex (AII, AIV, Ep). The heterotropic transcallosal responses in field AI appeared during stimulation of the analogous field, while in field Ep, they were recorded both during stimulation of the analogous field, and of fields AI and AII of the opposite hemisphere. It is hypothesized that the structure of the transcallosal connections of the primary projection field s of the auditory cortex is characterizised by homotopy, whereas in the associative auditory fields the role of heterotopic transcallosal interactions increases. It is possible that such a structure of the transcallosal connections assures a significant role for interhemispheric interactins in the mechanisms of spatial audition. PMID- 3200418 TI - Influence of emotiogenic zones of the hypothalamus on evoked potentials of the sensorimotor cortex in rabbits. PMID- 3200419 TI - State of the hippocampus in patients with various forms senility. PMID- 3200420 TI - Syndrome of transient global amnesia. PMID- 3200423 TI - Monoclonal antibody immunohistochemistry of degenerative and renewal patterns in rabbit olfactory receptor neurons following unilateral olfactory bulbectomy. AB - Degeneration and regeneration of olfactory receptor neurons were studied in adult rabbits by immunohistochemical procedures following unilateral olfactory bulbectomy. Staining patterns of the olfactory receptors of the lesioned side were compared with those of the intact side in the nasal septum at various postoperative periods (12h-6 months) following lesion. Monoclonal antibodies, produced against the rabbit olfactory bulb, were used as histochemical markers. A slight decrease in the number of olfactory receptor neurons occurred at 24 h after lesion. One monoclonal antibody 112D5 stained all receptor neurons including degenerating neurons, but the other 114G12 showed a rapid decrease in immunostaining so that 114G12-positive cells disappeared within 7 days after lesion. 114G12-positive cells reappeared at 4 weeks following lesion. By 3 months, 114G12-positive cells were arranged in a plane at the apical region of the superficial compartment of the receptor cell layer, suggesting a recapitulation of development pattern of the receptor neurons. Thereafter, the number of 114G12-positive cells increased progressively and the staining pattern of the olfactory epithelium was like that of control animals by 6 months. Monoclonal antibody 114G12 is thus the first marker that is not specific to olfactory neurons and can be used to characterize certain embryonic traits during the degeneration and regeneration of the olfactory epithelium in the adult mammal. PMID- 3200422 TI - Monoclonal antibody immunohistochemistry of rabbit olfactory receptor neurons during development. AB - Staining patterns for monoclonal antibodies produced against the rabbit olfactory bulb were studied from embryonic day 14 up to 30 days after birth in the rabbit olfactory receptor neurons. One monoclonal antibody, 112D5, stained all of the receptor neurons in the olfactory epithelium and vomeronasal organ during development. The other, 114G12, showed a unique gradual expression in the olfactory receptor neurons. 114G12-Positive cells first appeared in the epithelium of the embryonic day-17 fetus. At embryonic day 25 or 26, 114G12 positive cells were situated in the superficial receptor cell layer. The arrangement in the positive and negative receptor neurons was 'superficial positive' and 'deep-negative'. Thereafter, a gradual increase in the number of 'superficial-positive' cells was accompanied by a decrease in the 'deep-negative' cells. These changes continued until postnatal day 30. The negativity of staining for monoclonal antibody 114G12 in the deep compartment was retained in the adult rabbit. The supporting cells and basal cells were monoclonal antibody 114G12 negative throughout development. This unique developmental pattern suggests that monoclonal antibody 114G12 is a useful probe for studies on neurogenesis in adult animal. In contrast to the olfactory epithelium, the vomeronasal organ was monoclonal antibody 114G12-negative throughout development. Thus monoclonal antibody 114G12 makes a molecular distinction between the olfactory receptor neurons and vomeronasal system. PMID- 3200421 TI - Psycholinguistic diagnostic methods for focal cerebellar lesions. AB - In contemporary neurological diagnostics, psycholinguistic methods are mainly used for the differentiation of speech disturbances of hemispheric origin. However, the possibilities for their use is significantly wider. The mental faculties of man, most of all for speech, are provided for not only by the cerebral hemispheres, but also by the older structures of the brain stem and cerebellum. Therefore psycholinguistic methods broaden the possibilities of localizing diagnostics. PMID- 3200424 TI - Spinal and supraspinal terminations of primary afferent fibers from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle in the cat. AB - The central distribution of the terminations of primary afferent fibers from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle in the cat was examined with the method of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. At the segmental level, the main projection areas were found to be laminae I and V-VII; in the rostrocaudal direction, the terminations extended from the third sacral segment to nucleus Z. A 40% solution of horseradish peroxidase in 2% dimethylsulfoxide was applied to the central cut ends of the muscle nerves in an open pool for several hours and subsequently was removed. A capsule of tracer solution applied during the survival period of the animals was found to result in additional labeling due to peripheral leakage. The tissue sections were processed with tetramethylbenzidine. Termination fields were consistently observed ipsilaterally in: lamina I from the L4 through S3 segments, being most dense in L6 and S1; lateral lamina V in L6 and S1-3; medial laminae VI-VII from L5 through S3; medial Clarke's column from L1 through L4; the ventral aspect of the gracile nucleus; and, nucleus Z. Little or no labeling was found in laminae II-IV in experiments in which peripheral leakage of tracer solution was prevented. The distribution of reaction product in laminae VI-VII and Clarke's column corresponds to the projections of large-diameter afferent fibers from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle. The projections to laminae I and V, which are attributed to small-diameter sensory fibers, indicate involvement of these laminae in sensory modalities mediated by slowly conducting muscle afferent fibers, e.g. deep nociception. This pattern contrasts strongly with the central projections of cutaneous fibers, which terminate heavily in laminae II-IV, but resembles the central distribution of fibers from tooth pulp and viscera. PMID- 3200425 TI - Non-cholinergic synaptic potentials mediated by lumbar colonic nerve in the guinea-pig inferior mesenteric ganglion in vitro. AB - Non-cholinergic slow synaptic potentials mediated by the lumbar colonic nerve have been investigated using an in vitro preparation of the guinea-pig inferior mesenteric ganglion attached to a distal colonic segment. Non-cholinergic potential responses to colonic nerve stimulation, colonic distension and chemical activation of sensory afferents were recorded intracellularly from neurons in the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Electrical stimulation of the lumbar colonic nerve produced either a slow excitatory postsynaptic potential, or a slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential followed by a slow excitatory postsynaptic potential. The extrapolated reversal potential of the slow excitatory postsynaptic potential was in the range of 0 to -20 mV and that of the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential was -90 to 110 mV. The slow excitatory postsynaptic potential and the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential were reversibly abolished by perfusion of the ganglion with tetrodotoxin (1 microM), or perfusion with low calcium (200 microM), high magnesium (12 mM) containing solution. Capsaicin (1 microM) evoked a reversible depolarization of inferior mesenteric ganglion cells after which desensitization occurred and the slow excitatory postsynaptic potential was abolished but the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential was enhanced in amplitude and prolonged in duration. Bath application of substance P (2 microM) evoked a prolonged depolarization of inferior mesenteric ganglion neurons, during which the slow excitatory postsynaptic potential but not the slow inhibitory postsynaptic potential was abolished. Distensions of the colon to pressures in the range of 2-25 cm of water produced a stimulus graded non-cholinergic slow depolarization which was occasionally followed by a late slow hyperpolarization. Both types of response were abolished by tetrodotoxin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3200426 TI - Morphodynamic reactive response of the pineal gland of rats chronically exposed to stable strong magnetic field. AB - Mature male Wistar rats were affected by a strong magnetic field of 0.70 T for 20 min per day for 2 weeks. A short distance between the electromagnet pole expansions allowed interposition of one restrained animal only. The results obtained showed that the immobilization stress increased the peptidergic activity of both light and dark pinealocytes. In the animals exposed to the magnetic field, a dual morphodynamic response was observed: the peptidergic activity of light pinealocytes was obviously reduced versus the unimpaired stress-stimulated functional engagement of dark pinealocytes. The probability that the retina--- pineal gland magnetoreceptor-magnetoeffector circuit is formed through the accentuation of the suppression of the noradrenaline input on light pinealocytes is discussed. It is also hypothesized that a potentially harmful bioeffect of a strong magnetic field could be manifested second to the impairment of the activity of light pinealocytes in organisms coping with stress. PMID- 3200427 TI - Electric activity in the neocortex of freely moving young and aged rats. AB - Electroencephalographic activity of the neocortex was evaluated in young (5-7 months) and aged (26-28 months) rats. All animals in the aged group showed behavioral impairment in a spatial task (water maze). A neocortical electroencephalogram was derived simultaneously from 16 different neocortical locations and was subjected to spectral analysis. The frequency of occurrence and duration of high-voltage spindles was determined in two sessions, each involving a total of 30 min alert immobility. Changes in spectral characteristics and high voltage spindles in response to scopolamine administration were also evaluated. The power of high-frequency activity (8-20 Hz) was significantly reduced in the aged subjects. This was greatest in the temporo-occipital regions, while no significant changes were seen in the mediofrontal region. Scopolamine resulted in a large power increase in all frequency bands, but the increase in the higher frequency range (8-20 Hz) was significantly less in the aged group. The incidence of high-voltage spindles was 6 times higher and their total duration was 9 times longer in aged rats, with virtually no overlap with the young group. In young rats, scopolamine increased the incidence and total duration of high-voltage spindles, while it decreased both parameters in the aged subjects. Cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis appeared shrunken in the aged animals. These findings demonstrate that reliable electroencephalographic changes are present in the neocortex of the aged rat, and that some of the physiological alterations may be due to the pathological changes in the cholinergic nucleus basalis. PMID- 3200428 TI - Protective effects of mossy fiber lesions against kainic acid-induced seizures and neuronal degeneration. AB - The effects of a hippocampal mossy fiber lesion have been determined on neuronal degeneration and limbic seizures provoked by the subsequent intracerebroventricular administration of kainic acid to unanesthetized rats. Mossy fiber lesions were made either by transecting this pathway unilaterally or by destroying the dentate granule cells unilaterally or bilaterally with colchicine. All control rats eventually developed status epilepticus and each temporally discrete seizure that preceded status epilepticus was recorded from the hippocampus ipsilateral to the kainic acid infusion before the contralateral hippocampus. A mossy fiber lesion of the ipsilateral hippocampus prevented the development of status epilepticus in 26% of subjects and in 52% of subjects seizures were recorded from the contralateral hippocampus before the ipsilateral hippocampus. Unlike electrographic records from other treatment groups, those from rats which had received a bilateral colchicine lesion exhibited no consistent pattern indicative of seizure propagation from one limbic region to another. A bilateral, but not a unilateral, mossy fiber lesion also dramatically attenuated the behavioral expression of the seizures. Regardless of its effects on kainic acid-induced electrographic and behavioral seizures, a mossy fiber lesion always substantially reduced or completely prevented the degeneration of ipsilateral hippocampal CA3-CA4 neurons. This protective effect was specific for those hippocampal neurons deprived of mossy fiber innervation. Neurons in other regions of the brain were protected from degeneration only when the mossy fiber lesion also prevented the development of electrographic status epilepticus. These results suggest that the hippocampal mossy fibers constitute an important, though probably not an obligatory, link in the circuit responsible for the spread of kainic acid seizures. Degeneration of CA3-CA4 neurons appears to depend upon (1) the duration of hippocampal seizure activity and (2) an as yet undefined influence of or interaction with the mossy fiber projection which enhances the neurodegenerative effect of the seizures. PMID- 3200430 TI - Neurotensin-containing projections from the retrosplenial cortex to the anterior ventral thalamic nucleus in the rat. AB - The neurotensin-containing projections from the retrosplenial cortex to the anterior ventral thalamus were demonstrated by electrolytic lesion studies and fluorescent retrograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry. Three-to-five day-old rats were used, because the immunoreactivity of neurotensin fibers in anterior ventral thalamus was the highest at this age. When neurotensin containing neurons located in layer VI of the retrosplenial cortex were unilaterally destroyed by applying an electrolytic current to the retrosplenial area, the neurotensin fibers in the ipsilateral anterior ventral thalamus decreased dramatically. Unilateral injection of a fluorescent retrograde tracer, Fast Blue, into the anterior ventral thalamus, labeled neurons in the ipsilateral retrosplenial cortex, and many of these cells also had neurotensin-like immunoreactivity. These results suggested that a major origin of the neurotensin fibers in the anterior ventral thalamus was in the ipsilateral retrosplenial granular cortex. PMID- 3200429 TI - Chronic imipramine diminishes the nuclear size of neurons in the locus coeruleus and cingular cortex but not in the hippocampus of the rat brain. AB - The effect of an antidepressant drug--imipramine--on the nuclear volume of the rat brain neurons was studied. Imipramine was administered per os, 10 mg/kg acutely or chronically (twice a day, for 14 days). A reduction in the nuclear volume was observed after chronic treatment in neurons of the locus coeruleus and cingular cortex, but not in the hippocampus. The diminution in the nuclear volume of the affected cells suggests a decrease in their activity. PMID- 3200431 TI - The connections between the septum-diagonal band complex and histaminergic neurons in the posterior hypothalamus of the rat. Anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin combined with immunocytochemistry of histidine decarboxylase. AB - The connections between nuclei of the septum-diagonal band complex and the clusters of histaminergic neurons in the posterior hypothalamic region were studied with a dual-labeling procedure in which anterograde neuroanatomical tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was combined with immunohistochemistry of histidine decarboxylase. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin was injected in the medial and lateral septal nuclei, and in various parts of the nuclei of the diagonal band of Broca. The fibers arising from the medial and lateral septal nuclei traverse the vertical limb of the diagonal band and, in part, join the medial forebrain bundle in the preoptic area. Other fibers descend diffusely through the lateral hypothalamus to the posterior hypothalamus, or course in a bundle of fibers ensheathing the fornix. The nuclei of the diagonal band project via the medial forebrain bundle and the diffuse pathway to the posterior hypothalamic region. All the nuclei of the septum-diagonal band complex, with the exception of the medial and lateral parts of the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, project to clusters of histaminergic neurons. These projections exhibit the following arrangement: along the axis lateral septal nucleus-medial septal nucleus-vertical limb of the diagonal band-medial part of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, the septohypothalamic fibers decrease in density and distribute to fewer clusters of histaminergic neurons. Varicosities on the labeled fibers are formed in close proximity to the cell bodies and dendrites of the histaminergic neurons. PMID- 3200432 TI - New locomotor regions of the brainstem revealed by means of electrical stimulation. AB - New sites in the brainstem eliciting treadmill locomotion have been revealed in decerebrated cats by electrical stimulation. These are the cochlear nuclei, cuneate nucleus, spinocerebellar tracts, and substantia grisea centralis at the level of red nuclei which lie outside the known locomotor regions. Participation of neurons and fibers forming ascending sensory tracts (medial and lateral lemniscus) is of special interest in initiation of locomotion. Collaterals of these tracts pass through the hypothalamic and mesencephalic locomotor regions and may contribute largely to initiation of locomotor generators. Hypotheses about the leading role of non-specific afferent activation of the brainstem reticular formation in initiation of locomotion are put forward. PMID- 3200433 TI - Afferent and efferent connections of brainstem locomotor regions: study by means of horseradish peroxidase transport technique. AB - Afferent and efferent connections of the hypothalamic and mesencephalic locomotor regions and also the bulbar locomotor strip were studied in cat using retrograde (horseradish peroxidase) transport technique. To study the sources of afferent projections, the enzyme microinjections were performed exactly into the same brain sites eliciting treadmill locomotion by means of electrical stimulation. When studying efferent projections horseradish peroxidase labeled neurons were revealed within locomotor regions after enzyme microinjections into different brain structures. Experimental data have shown that the hypothalamic and mesencephalic locomotor regions have mutual afferent and efferent projections with numerous brain areas including interconnections. Apart from the entopeduncular nucleus, the great number of different sensory nuclei are noted: among the sources of afferent projections are the nucleus tractus spinalis nervi trigemini, nucleus cuneatus, nucleus tractus solitarius and vestibular nuclei. In addition, after horseradish peroxidase injection into the mesencephalic locomotor region labeled neurons were found in the cochlear nuclei. Direct descending neuronal projections of the hypothalamic and mesencephalic locomotor regions are distributed mainly in the ipsilateral brainstem. Only a few of them reach the lumbar spinal cord. The most marked efferent projections of given regions are those to the brainstem reticular formation. After horseradish peroxidase injection into a functionally identified bulbar locomotor strip, labeled neurons were revealed in different stem regions mainly caudal to the enzyme injection site. The existence of a locomotor strip as an independent structural formation is called into question. When studying the locomotor region connections, the structural heterogeneity of these regions is revealed. Transitory fibers of ascending tracts are presumably within their limits side by side with neurons. The role of these fibers in stepping initiation by electrical stimulation of locomotor regions remains uncertain. PMID- 3200434 TI - Central serotonergic projections to the nucleus tractus solitarii: evidence from a double labeling study in the rat. AB - Projections from several brainstem serotonergic nuclei to the nucleus tractus solitarii were investigated in the rat. Experiments were performed using a double labeling method combining retrograde radioautographic tracing and serotonin immunohistochemistry. After injection of the radioactive tracer ([3H] wheat germ agglutinin) into the lateral nucleus tractus solitarii, nerve cell bodies exhibiting both radioautographic labeling and immunostaining were detected in all the serotonergic nuclei investigated, namely the nucleus raphe magnus, the ventromedial paragigantocellular nucleus, the nuclei raphe pontis, medianus and dorsalis, the medial lemniscus and the reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons. Most of the double labeled perikarya observed were in the nucleus raphe magnus, the adjacent part of the paragigantocellular nucleus and the nucleus raphe dorsalis. Nerve cell bodies retrogradely labeled but devoid of immunostaining were also observed, together with the double labeled perikarya, within serotonergic nuclei. These results provide direct evidence that brainstem serotonergic neurons contribute to the innervation of the nucleus tractus solitarii. They indicate that the nucleus raphe magnus and the nucleus raphe dorsalis constitute two major sources of central serotonergic projections to the nucleus tractus solitarii. PMID- 3200436 TI - Pentobarbital augments serotonin-mediated inhibition of cerebellar Purkinje cells. AB - The ability of pentobarbital to modify the direct effects of iontophoretically ejected serotonin on the firing rates of cerebellar Purkinje cells was examined. Serotonin elicited inhibition, excitation, or a biphasic effect on cerebellar Purkinje cells. With continuous application of iontophoretic pentobarbital at currents found to potentiate GABA-induced inhibition, serotonin-mediated inhibitions were also augmented consistently. When application of serotonin elicited excitation, including a late component of biphasic responses, iontophoretic pentobarbital converted the effect to, primarily, inhibition. Besides increasing the magnitude of serotonin-mediated inhibition, iontophoretic pentobarbital increased the duration of this effect. In another series of experiments using pentobarbital rather than urethan as the anesthetic, serotonin mediated inhibition was significantly augmented for all ejection currents tested. The GABA antagonists bicuculline, pentylenetetrazole and picrotoxin attenuated pentobarbital augmentation of serotonin-elicited inhibition. We conclude that serotonin-mediated inhibition of Purkinje cells is modifiable by pentobarbital and this effect bears a strong semblance to the actions of barbiturates on GABAergic neurotransmission. PMID- 3200435 TI - Monoclonal antibody immunohistochemistry of adult rabbit olfactory structures. AB - Immunohistochemical staining patterns of two monoclonal antibodies produced against the rabbit olfactory bulb were studied in adult rabbit olfactory structures. One monoclonal antibody 112D5 (monoclonal antibody 2D5) stained all of the olfactory receptor cells, whereas the other 114G12 (monoclonal antibody 4G12) stained the upper two-thirds to three-fourths of the receptor cell layer. The negative region in the receptor cell layer was designated the deep compartment. Neither monoclonal antibody stained the supporting cells, basal cells, or Bowman's glands. Monoclonal antibody 2D5 stained the olfactory nerve layer and glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, whereas monoclonal antibody 4G12 stained the whole of the olfactory bulb, particularly the glomeruli and the mitral cells. The piriform cortex was unstained by monoclonal antibody 2D5 whereas the highest immunoreaction to monoclonal antibody 4G12 was in layer Ia. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the molecular weight values of monoclonal antibody 4G12 antigens in the olfactory epithelium were approx. 26,000. Thus, monoclonal antibody 4G12, specific to neurons, recognized an epitope different from the olfactory marker protein specific to the olfactory receptor neurons. PMID- 3200437 TI - GABA inhibits sexual behaviour in female rats. AB - Ejaculation by male rats caused an abrupt and marked increase in the concentration of GABA in the cerebrospinal fluid and an equally abrupt and marked inhibition of sexual behaviour in female rats. The increase in the concentration of GABA in the cerebrospinal fluid and the inhibition of the behaviour was specifically mediated by the ejaculation of the male; sexual stimulation unaccompanied by ejaculation had no effect. The post-ejaculatory suppression of sexual receptivity in female rats was partially reversed by intracerebroventricular injection of the GABA antagonist bicuculline and the behaviour of receptive rats was inhibited by intracerebroventricular injection of the GABA agonist muscimol. Increasing the concentration of GABA in the cerebrospinal fluid by i.p. injection of the GABA transminase inhibitor gamma vinyl GABA caused an increase of the concentration of GABA in the cerebrospinal fluid and inhibited the display of sexual receptivity. It is suggested that GABA mediates physiologically relevant inhibition of sexual behaviour in female rats. PMID- 3200438 TI - Glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons and terminals in the periaqueductal gray of the rat. AB - The periaqueductal gray of 5 rats was processed for immunocytochemistry using an antiserum to glutamate decarboxylase. In both colchicine-pretreated (4 rats) and untreated (1 rat) animals, glutamate decarboxylase-positive cell bodies were present in all periaqueductal gray subdivisions, especially in the dorsal and ventrolateral subdivision. The perikaryal cross-sectional area of labelled neurons was smaller than that of periaqueductal gray projecting neurons retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase in separate experiments. The morphology of glutamate decarboxylase-containing neurons resembled that of small polygonal, triangular and fusiform cells described in previous Golgi studies. Glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity was also observed in a large number of terminal-like structures, most of which were distributed close to the somata and dendrites of both glutamate decarboxylate-positive and -negative neurons. At all rostrocaudal levels the highest concentration of these elements was observed around the aqueduct. These results suggest that two sub-populations of neurons are present in the periaqueductal gray of rats, one consisting of small-sized glutamate decarboxylase-positive neurons (intrinsic neurons) and the other of large-sized glutamate decarboxylase-negative neurons (projecting neurons). Intrinsic circuits could be present between glutamate decarboxylase-positive and negative neurons and between glutamate decarboxylase-positive neurons. PMID- 3200439 TI - Characterization of GABA- and glycine-induced currents of solitary rodent retinal ganglion cells in culture. AB - Ganglion cells were fluorescently labeled, dissociated from 7- to 11-day-old rodent retinas, and placed in tissue culture. Whole-cell recordings with patch electrodes were obtained from solitary cells lacking processes, which permitted a high-quality space clamp. Both GABA (1-200 microM) and glycine (10-300 microM) produced large increases in membrane conductance in virtually every ganglion cell tested, including ganglion cells from different size classes in both rats and mice. Taurine evoked responses similar to those of glycine, but considerably greater concentrations of taurine (150-300 microM) were necessary to observe any effect. Since 20 microM GABA produced approximately the same response as 100 microM glycine, the effects of these two concentrations were compared under various conditions. When recording with chloride distributed equally across the membrane, the reversal potential of the agonist-induced currents was approximately 0 mV. When the internal chloride was reduced by substitution with aspartate, the reversal potential shifted in a negative direction by about 42 mV, indicating that the current was carried mainly by chloride ions. Strychnine (1-5 microM) completely and reversibly blocked the actions of glycine (100 microM) but not those of GABA (20 microM); however, higher concentrations of strychnine (20 microM) nearly totally inhibited the current elicited by GABA (20 microM). The responses to glycine (100 microM) were not affected by bicuculline methiodide (20 microM) or picrotoxinin (20 microM). In contrast, bicuculline methiodide (10 microM) and picrotoxinin (10 microM) reversibly blocked the current evoked by GABA (20 microM); d-tubocurarine (100 microM) only slightly decreased the response to GABA (20 microM). The antagonists were effective over a wide range of holding potentials (-90 mV to +30 mV). The responses to a steady application of both GABA and glycine decayed in a few seconds when recorded under conditions of both symmetric and asymmetric chloride across the membrane. During this decay the current and conductance decreased simultaneously, reflecting receptor desensitization rather than a change in the driving force for chloride caused by agonist-induced ionic fluxes. The time-course of desensitization was usually described by a single exponential with time constants for GABA (20 microM) and glycine (100 microM) of 4.0 +/- 1.6 s and 4.4 +/- 1.9 s (mean +/- S.D.), respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3200440 TI - Axon diameter distributions across the monkey's optic nerve. AB - The distribution of axons according to diameter has been examined in the optic nerve of old world monkeys. Axon diameters were measured from electron micrographs, and histograms were constructed at regular intervals across a section through the optic nerve to reveal the local axon diameter distribution. The total axon diameter distribution was also estimated. Fine-calibre optic axons (less than 2.0 micron in diameter) are found at all locations across the optic nerve. They are most frequent centrotemporally, where very few coarse optic axons can be found, but also make up the majority at the optic nerve's periphery. Coarse optic axons (greater than 2.0 microns in diameter) are increasingly common at progressively peripheral positions in the nerve. Around the nerve's circumference, these coarse optic axons are least numerous temporally, and most common dorsonasally. The axon diameter distribution peaks around 1.25 microns at most locations across the optic nerve, but there are more, slightly larger (1.5 2.0 microns), optic axons dorsally than ventrally. The estimated total axon diameter distribution is unimodal, peaking at 1.0-1.25 microns, with an extended tail towards larger diameters. This centroperipheral gradient of increasing axon diameters across the optic nerve is not substantial enough to account for the partial segregation of axons by size in the monkey's optic tract: there, coarse optic axons form a conspicuously greater proportion of the local axon diameter distribution along the tract's superficial (sub-pial) border, and fine optic axons are the only axons present near the tract's deep border. Hence, the fibre distribution in the optic tract cannot be formed by a simple combination of the fibre distributions of the two respective half-nerves, as described in the classic neuro-ophthalmologic literature. Rather, the present results, in conjunction with previous results from the optic tract, demonstrate that there must be a reorganization of axons by size in or near the optic chiasm. PMID- 3200441 TI - The responses recorded in vitro of deep dorsal horn neurons to direct and orthodromic stimulation in the young rat spinal cord. AB - The electrophysiological properties of 87 neurons in the deep dorsal horn (laminae III-VI) of the rat spinal cord have been investigated in vitro. Two preparations have been used; the transverse spinal cord slice preparation from the third or fourth lumbar segments of 14-16-day-old rats (71 cells) and a hemisected lumbar spinal cord preparation from 10-12-day-old rats (16 cells). The input impedances (range 11-128 M omega), membrane potentials (-67 +/- 8 mV S.D.), action potential amplitude (77 +/- 11.8 mV) duration (1.4 +/- 0.5 ms) and afterpotentials, were effectively identical in the neurons recorded from the two preparations. Neurons in both preparations when activated with long-duration (1-2 s) outward current pulses showed a single steady-state firing range with little adaptation of firing frequency or action potential amplitude. This pattern of responses was unaffected by changing the membrane potential. Orthodromic synaptic activity could be elicited in the neurons by stimulating either the small dorsal root remnants in the slice or the dorsal roots in the hemisected spinal cord. The responses evoked by single stimuli of increasing intensity varied in different neurons in both preparations. The commonest response (32/62) consisted of a short latency, short-duration composite excitatory postsynaptic potential which generated one or two spikes with no further spiking activity at longer latency when the stimulus intensity was increased beyond threshold. In 20 neurons, graded stimulation produced a graded response with recruitment, at high intensities, of a discharge of action potentials lasting several hundred milliseconds. A small number of cells (4) responded to the single stimulus with a train of action potentials lasting several seconds. Stimulating adjacent dorsal roots in the hemisected cord preparation could evoke quite different responses from the neurons. The heterogeneity of the types of orthodromic responses obtained in both preparations, in spite of the almost uniform intrinsic membrane properties, is likely to reflect differences in the strength, location and type of afferent and interneuronal input to different dorsal horn cells. PMID- 3200442 TI - Development and distribution of enkephalin-immunoreactive elements in the chicken spinal cord. AB - The development and distribution of methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive elements were studied in the chicken spinal cord with the indirect immunofluorescence method. Methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity was first detected in the chick spinal cord at embryonic stages 29-30 (incubation day 6). Before stage 35 (day 9), it was mainly observed in fibres almost throughout the white matter. Subsequently, fibres containing the peptide appeared in the ventral half of the gray matter, but mostly in the lateral portion of the neck of the dorsal horn. From stage 40 (day 13 or 14), fibres were especially noticed in laminae 1 and 2, and in the area dorsal to the central canal. In particular, many enkephalin immunoreactive perikarya were observed in several spinal areas during this period. Such a distribution of both enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres and perikarya remained visible at later embryonic stages, but labelled cells gradually decreased in number and disappeared after hatching. With colchicine treatment, however, a similar distribution of the peptide was found in the spinal cord of adult chickens. As in the embryo, enkephalin-immunoreactive perikarya were mainly observed in the lateral portion of the neck of the dorsal horn, in lamina 1, and in the nucleus of the dorsolateral funiculus throughout the spinal cord. At the thoracic level, many were also located ventral to the central canal. Enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres increased notably in the gray matter of adult chickens. They mainly occurred in laminae 1 and 2, in the lateral portion of the neck of the dorsal horn, and in the area around, especially dorsal to, the central canal. In contrast, enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres decreased in the white matter and they were mainly observed in the dorsolateral funiculus, in Lissauer's tract, and in the lateral funiculus adjacent to the gray. The distribution of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibres was generally comparable at all spinal levels examined. In addition, examination of post-hatched chickens showed virtually the same results as in the adult. PMID- 3200443 TI - Maintenance tendency in co-ordinated rhythmic movements: relative fluctuations and phase. AB - Evidence from the oscillatory behavior of fish fins and the crayfish swimmeret system suggests that local rhythmic-pattern generators preserve their characteristic properties over the various locomotory co-ordinations in which they participate. This maintenance tendency, as von Holst termed it, was investigated in an experiment in which human subjects swung, through motions at the wrists, hand-held pendulums of variable mass and length. In the experiment (comprising six sessions over 21 months with the same three subjects) the context for the maintenance tendency was steady-state absolute co-ordination: two rhythmic units oscillating at a single, common period and at a bounded phase relation. The experimental methodology permitted systematic control of (a) the characteristic periods of the individual rhythmic units and (b) the deviations from these periods. Relative fluctuations in periodic timing and amplitude were least when a rhythmic unit's period in absolute co-ordination approximated its characteristic period and increased with departures from the characteristic period. Rates of increase in timing fluctuations were approximately the same for deviations on either side of the characteristic period; the rate of increase in spacing fluctuations was substantially greater for the range in which periods were less than the characteristic period. The phase relation between two co ordinated rhythmic movement units in absolute co-ordination depended on the difference between their characteristic periods. The intended phase relation of 180 degrees was attained only when the characteristic periods were identical. When the characteristic periods differed, the departure from 180 degrees increased systematically with the difference. The fluctuation results are discussed in terms of the relation between relaxation and harmonic dynamics in producing rhythmic movements, with particular emphasis on the harmonic tuning of relaxation oscillations. The phase results are discussed in terms of whether or not the very many stable phase relations in absolute co-ordination are reflective of the nervous system or of differences in response latencies in left and right muscle systems induced by different degrees of inertial compensation. PMID- 3200444 TI - Nonidentical distribution of transferrin and ferric iron in human brain. AB - Using the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase technique and a diaminobenzidine intensification of the Prussian Blue method, we have compared the distribution of transferrin to that of ferric iron in five normal autopsy brains from adult human males. The observed distribution of transferrin was considerably more widespread than: (1) that of histochemically demonstrable ferric iron; (2) that reported for transferrin in the fetal and neonatal human brain; and (3) that reported for transferrin in other species. Transferrin immunoreactivity was present in neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and choroid plexus epithelial cells, although not in all cells of any type. Ferric iron, on the other hand, was demonstrable only in oligodendrocytes, in myelin sheaths, and possibly in axons. While staining for both transferrin and iron was relatively high in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra, the pattern of staining differed, with striatal efferent fibers staining more heavily than the neuropil for iron and less heavily than the neuropil for transferrin. The choroid plexus, which in the rat has been shown to synthesize transferrin, stained heavily for transferrin and not at all for iron. The findings of low iron and high transferrin in the choroid plexus suggest that the plexus may secrete transferrin into the cerebrospinal fluid, thereby facilitating the translocation of iron within the neuraxis. Furthermore, the nonidentical distribution of ferric iron and transferrin suggests that, in the human brain, transferrin may serve other functions besides the transport of iron from extracellular fluid to cytoplasm. PMID- 3200445 TI - Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of neurons in the blowfly optic lobe reacting with antisera to RFamide and FMRFamide. AB - Different antisera to the molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide FMRFamide, and its fragment, RFamide (Arg-Phe-NH2), label a distinct population of neurons in the optic lobe of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala. Seven morphological types of RFamide/FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurons could be distinguished in the optic lobes based on the locations of their cell bodies, their axonal projections and the distribution of their processes. Of these, two types could be resolved in their entire extent, the others were labeled only in their cell bodies and terminal processes or were partly obscured by other immunoreactive processes. The RF-like immunoreactive neurons in the optic lobes are of two main classes: (1) two types of large field projection neurons and (2) five types of local neurons. One type of projection neurons (five in each lobe) connects the entire projected retinal mosaic of the medulla and lobula in the optic lobe with protocerebral centres associated with the mushroom body calyx. The other type (2-3 invading each lobe) has cell bodies in the protocerebrum and contralateral processes invading optic lobes. Of the class of local neurons there are two amacrine RF like immunoreactive neurons in each medulla. Each of these amacrines supplies the entire mosaic with fine processes. The remaining local RF-like immunoreactive neurons are present in relatively large numbers (one type in more than 2000 copies in each medulla) and-supply the medulla, lobula and lobula plate neuropils with fine varicose processes. In the medulla the RF-like immunoreactive processes are arranged in strict layers whereas in the lobula complex the distribution is diffuse. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, using both pre-embedding immuno peroxidase-antiperoxidase and post-embedding protein A-gold labeling, was employed for analysis of cytology and synaptic connections of RF-like immunoreactive neurons in the medulla. The varicosities of the processes of the large field projection neurons were not found to make chemical synapses with other neurons in the medulla. The spines of the RF-like immunoreactive processes of the large medulla amacrines, however, make pre- and postsynaptic contacts with other neural elements. Our findings indicate that an RFamide/FMRFamide-like substance may be used as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator by optic lobe neurons of different types. The local and projection RF-like immunoreactive pathways probably play different roles in visual processing. PMID- 3200446 TI - Immunostaining for peptides of the egg-laying hormone/bag cell peptide precursor protein in the head ganglia of Aplysia. AB - Egg-laying hormone and alpha-bag cell peptide are two neuropeptides derived from a common precursor protein in the marine mollusk Aplysia. Previous studies indicate that they are neurotransmitters that co-exist in individual bag cell neurons and most bag cell processes in the abdominal ganglion. In the present investigation we used double-label immunocytochemistry with highly specific antisera to describe their distribution elsewhere in the CNS. We found that a small cluster of cells and their fibers in the pleural ganglion that were previously described as being immunoreactive for egg-laying hormone were also immunoreactive for alpha-bag cell peptide(1-9). A previously described group of small cell bodies in the cerebral ganglion also stained for both peptides. However, the fiber arborizations located near them were immunoreactive for alpha bag cell peptide(1-9), but not egg-laying hormone. This suggests that there is alternative processing of the precursor protein or differential transport of the peptides from the cell bodies. The specificities of the antibodies indicate that all of the neurons that stain for egg-laying hormone-like peptides in the CNS synthesize peptides derived from the egg-laying hormone/bag cell peptide precursor, rather than peptides derived from other members of the egg-laying hormone gene family. They also suggest that peptides derived from the related A or B precursor proteins are not synthesized in the CNS, or at levels too low to detect. The results are consistent with the proposal that the behavior associated with egg-laying is initiated and controlled by peptide transmitters derived from a single gene and expressed in specific neurons of the CNS. PMID- 3200447 TI - Quantitative immunoassay of recombinant murine neuroleukin. AB - A eukaryotic, transient expression system was used to produce recombinant neuroleukin, a growth factor for neurons. Neuroleukin in media conditioned by transfected monkey COS-1 cells was purified to homogeneity in one step by high performance cation-exchange chromatography. Purified neuroleukin was used to establish a quantitative two-site enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the accuracy of the assay was confirmed by analytical high-performance liquid chromatography. The amount of recombinant neuroleukin secreted by the transfected COS-1 cells and the content of endogenous neuroleukin in various murine cell lines was determined. Neuroleukin levels were nearly undetectable in Balb/3T3 embryo cells, intermediate in several leukocytic cell lines and highest in mouse LBRM-33 T lymphoma cells. Maximal survival of sensory neurons was obtained with approximately 10(-9) M recombinant neuroleukin although tissue derived neuroleukin appeared to be significantly more active. Dialysis of the transfected COS-1 cell conditioned medium resulted in increased neuroleukin bioactivity, while binding to the cation-exchange column reduced bioactivity. The expression and purification of the recombinant protein and the detection of natural sources expressing high levels of neuroleukin will greatly facilitate studies of its biological effects. PMID- 3200448 TI - Patterns of intersection among climbing fiber receptive fields. AB - Peripheral receptive fields of climbing fiber responses from the anterior lobe of the cat display large intersections and distinct organizations. Receptive fields of the extremities and face have boundaries that follow the lines of a grid. Receptive fields of the tail and ventral trunk and some of the receptive fields on the extremities form concentric sets, which can be completely ordered by inclusion. Receptive fields along the spine form a chain, which indicates rostrocaudal position. Such regularities among the intersections, especially in the grid organization, allow the receptive fields to encode combinations and alternative combinations of skin locations as a pianist might distinguish chords rather than notes. PMID- 3200450 TI - [Cardiologic instrumental diagnosis and follow-up in the first year after myocardial infarct. Data acquired at an operative unit of general medicine]. PMID- 3200449 TI - Angina pectoris and aortic valve disease. Hemodynamic and coronarographic study. PMID- 3200451 TI - [Evaluation using the Holter dynamic electrocardiographic method of arrhythmic phenomena in a group of patients with chronic respiratory disease]. PMID- 3200452 TI - [Computerized echocardiographic study of the response of the left ventricle to exertion in a group of professional divers]. PMID- 3200453 TI - [Antibiotic prevention in vascular surgery. Analysis of the case material of 83 interventions]. PMID- 3200454 TI - [The HLA histocompatibility system in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3200456 TI - [Sudden death in underwater sports. A possible case prevented]. PMID- 3200455 TI - [The 24-hour dynamic electrocardiogram in marathon runners over 35 years of age]. PMID- 3200457 TI - [Advantages of 0.166% bupivacaine in continuous peridural analgesia during labor]. PMID- 3200458 TI - [A complication of central venous catheterization: penetration into the mediastinum]. PMID- 3200459 TI - [A subclavian perivascular technic in brachial plexus block. Results and side effects]. PMID- 3200461 TI - [Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) in anesthesia and intensive care. Physiopathological presuppositions and clinical applications]. PMID- 3200460 TI - [Treatment of brain injuries in a peripheral intensive care unit. Results of the cooperation with the specialists at the nearest regional hospital]. PMID- 3200462 TI - [Clinical applications of continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation in anesthesia and intensive care]. PMID- 3200463 TI - [Comparison of a radioisotope method and esophageal electromanometry in the study of motor disorders of the esophagus]. PMID- 3200464 TI - [Scintigraphic evaluation of esophageal transit times in patients with esophagitis]. PMID- 3200466 TI - [Raised levels of IgE and allergic diseases in patients subjected to esophagogastroduodenoscopy]. PMID- 3200465 TI - [Endoscopic control of anastomoses in patients with resection of the colon]. PMID- 3200467 TI - [Ethical and medicolegal problems in digestive endoscopy]. PMID- 3200469 TI - [Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and ulcerative colitis]. PMID- 3200468 TI - [Association of diverticulosis of the colon and cholelithiasis. A case-controlled study]. PMID- 3200471 TI - [Relations between markers and immunological status in surgical patients. Tumor markers and immunity in surgery]. AB - The correlation between the immunological status of surgical patients and cancer is examined. 52 patients with gastric and colonic cancer were studied. On the basis of the immunological results of skin tests these were subdivided into non reactive and reactive. The two groups were statistically compared in relation to cancer stage and blood concentrations of 4 markers: CEA, Ca 19-9, Ca-50, T.A.T.I. The first data show that anergic patients are older to a statistically significant degree; the second that there are no significant differences between the two groups as regards cancer stage. The third data show a difference between the two groups in relation to two of the four markers; anergic patients have a statistically significant higher blood concentration of CEA and T.A.T.I. This is rather interesting, since the literature offers no specific studies on the correlation between the patient's immunological status and tumour marker concentration. Therefore, in clinical practice, the high concentrations of these markers, could reveal, as well as the presence of cancer an endangered immunologic status. PMID- 3200470 TI - [Evaluation of the adrenergic and pressor response to the hand-grip test in young athletes]. AB - Numerous factors may influence the sympathetic and pressure response to physical exercise, age, sex, type of activity carried on and training for example. Training, in particular is considered to reduce both adrenergic and pressure response. Plasma catecholamine levels and the haemodynamic response to the hand grip test have therefore been evaluated in a group of young athletes, compared with a group of non-trained youths. The results confirmed that young athletes have a lower sympathetic and haemodynamic response to the isometric exercise and this is accompanied by improved cardiac performance. The value of the hand-grip test is underlined as a method of investigation able to evaluate the training level attained by the athlete. PMID- 3200473 TI - [Normally functioning goiter: reflections on the clinical course. A 30-year follow up]. AB - Among the 984 patients suffering from thyroid pathology observed in our Department between 1956 and 1964, we took into consideration the 184 patients who having been diagnosed as having a normally functioning goitre, were not given any treatment. We chose 88 patients living in our region, under 60 years old: 55 of these were included in our study. The long period involved--30 years--allowed us to check the natural course of this pathology, which was shown to be totally benign as well as frequent, and unconnected with other pathologies. Only in one case, at a distance of 20 years, did a neoplasia arise. The evaluation of the results justifies a decision of non-intervention, while recognising the paramount importance of a correct diagnosis, already possible with the diagnostic instruments then available. PMID- 3200472 TI - [Campylobacter pylori colonization and gastroduodenal pathology]. AB - 355 patients suffering from dyspepsia with an endoscopic pathological picture were examined. Campylobacter pylori was sought histologically and by culture. Histological and cultural results were compared. There were no bacteria on the gastric mucosa of 46 patients who had no histopathological evidence of lesions. Cultural studies were performed in 40 cases on endoscopic instruments used during the examination, before and after standard sterilization. Campylobacter pylori was found on the gastric mucosa of 224 patients (63.09%); 91.93% with duodenal ulcer; 71.87% with gastric ulcer; 54.23% with erosive duodenitis; 56.71% with erosive gastritis and 54.81% with chronic gastropathy. The agreement between the two techniques was 75.39%, with a male prevalence (p = 0.05). Campylobacter pylori was present on the gastric mucosa of 10.86% of patients without histopathological evidence of lesions. Standard sterilization with alkyl-dimethyl benzyl ammonium eliminated the campylobacter in 100% of cases. PMID- 3200474 TI - [Cost accounting in the area of management control of local health centers. Initial approach]. PMID- 3200475 TI - [Atrial myxoma in the aged. Apropos of 2 clinical cases]. AB - Cardiac myxoma are a diagnostic dilemma, simulating a variety of cardiac and non cardiac diseases. Echocardiography is a powerful technique for diagnosing primary tumors of the heart. We report two cases of elderly patients, with atrial myxomas, for which operation was safely performed on the basis of echocardiography alone without preoperative catheterization. PMID- 3200476 TI - [A new method for the evaluation of the integrity of the membranes of human spermatozoa]. PMID- 3200477 TI - [Bent sperm head as a cause of infertility]. PMID- 3200478 TI - [Modification of secondary urodynamics by endoscopic (Politef) treatment of urinary stress incontinence]. PMID- 3200479 TI - [Effects of smoking during pregnancy on fetal growth]. PMID- 3200481 TI - [Proposal of a 5-letter obstetric formula]. PMID- 3200480 TI - [Re-evaluation of the contraceptive pill in continuous use]. PMID- 3200482 TI - A morphometric study of cytoskeletal reorganization in rat sciatic nerve axons following beta,beta'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) treatment. AB - Electron microscopy and morphometry were used to study changes in the organization of cytoskeletal elements (microtubules (MTs) and neurofilaments (NFs] in myelinated rat sciatic nerve axons resulting from exposure to beta,beta' iminodipropionitrile (IDPN). Adult male rats were injected subepineurially with IDPN and sacrificed at intervals. Electron micrographs of thin sections through injected nerve segments revealed that MTs segregated from NFs in axons and formed prominent clusters. Morphometric measurements of intermicrotubular distances within these clusters showed that adjacent MTs had a fairly uniform spatial separation that appeared to be maintained by granular MT-associated cross bridges. In addition, MT clusters underwent a progressive, but reversible, compaction during the first 12 h of IDPN treatment. PMID- 3200483 TI - Preferential localization of copper zinc superoxide dismutase in the vulnerable cortical neurons in Alzheimer's disease. AB - The distribution of cells containing CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD) was determined in hippocampi and associative cortex from normal and Alzheimer's individuals by using antisera against native and denatured CuZn SOD proteins. Immunostaining was intense in large pyramidal neurons, moderate in hippocampal granule cells and very weak in other cells. In the hippocampus of an Alzheimer's patient, successive immunostaining of the same tissue section by anti CuZn SOD and anti paired helical filaments antisera show that both normal and degenerating cells are labelled by the anti CuZn SOD antiserum. Thus, large pyramidal neurons which are potentially susceptible to degenerative processes in AD have the property to contain higher amounts of CuZn SOD than other brain cells. PMID- 3200484 TI - Optical recording with single cell resolution from monolayered slice cultures of rat hippocampus. AB - Voltage-sensitive dyes were used to optically record the membrane potentials from neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. Multi-channel recordings from these monolayered but otherwise 'organotypic' slice cultures had very good spatial as well as good temporal resolution (15 x 15 micron, 0.5 ms respectively). We show that in this preparation action potentials elicited by intracellular current pulses can be recorded optically and that single spikes are readily detectable without averaging. Furthermore, a new procedure which significantly reduces photodynamic damage is described. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of optical recording with single cell resolution in an organotypic mammalian CNS preparation. PMID- 3200485 TI - Activators of protein kinase C and phenylephrine depolarize the astrocyte membrane by reducing the K+ permeability. AB - The membrane potential of astrocytes has been measured by monitoring the absorbance of a cyanine dye DiS-C2-(5). Ba2+, the phorbol ester 12 tetradecanoylphorbol myristateacetate (TPA) and the diglyceride, dioctanoylglycerol (DiC8) depolarize the membrane. Valinomycin which makes the membrane potential dependent on the K+ electrochemical potential evokes a hyperpolarization when added subsequently. The alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine was blocked by Ba2+, TPA, DiC8 and valinomycin. The results suggest that a protein kinase C-mediated reduction in the K+ permeability is responsible for the depolarizing effect of TPA, DiC8 and phenylephrine. PMID- 3200486 TI - Differential threshold for long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of rats with inborn high or low learning capacity. AB - Threshold of stimulation frequency in the perforant path to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) in dentate gyrus was determined in hippocampal slices obtained from two different lines of rats inbred for 30 generations according to their performance in an avoidance escape test in a shuttle box. High-performance (HP) rats were defined as those giving at least 70% conditioned responses (CRs) and low-performance (LP) rats as those giving less than 15% CRs. LTP was defined as a 30% or more increase in the amplitude of the evoked population spike (PS), lasting at least 20 min. Stimulation frequency threshold was determined by stimulating with a train of pulses of 0.5 ms duration during 1 s. The same slice was stimulated with trains of increasing frequency from 5 to 400 Hz, each train separated by an interval of at least 20 min. HP rats showed a lower threshold (13 +/- 4 Hz) than LP rats (92 +/- 42 Hz) for the induction of LTP; there were no differences in the magnitude of LTP. The greater learning ability of HP rats may be related to the plasticity of hippocampal synaptic transmission. PMID- 3200487 TI - Corpus callosum transection reduces binocularity of cells in the visual cortex of adult cats. AB - The possible involvement of the corpus callosum in binocular functions of the visual cortex was studied in adult cats. Unit recording was made in areas 17, 18 boundary following posterior or complete transection of the corpus callosum, acutely as well as chronically, after short (3-4 months) and long (5.5-39 months) survival periods. A considerable reduction of binocularly driven cells was found in the posteriorly callosally transected cats (acute: 41% cells; short-chronic: 65%; long-chronic: 32%). Similar results, albeit smaller in the long-survival group, were found following complete callosal transection. In comparison, the proportion of binocular cells in the normal cats was 85%. It was concluded that the corpus callosum is involved in interhemispheric integration and enhancement of binocularity in visual cortex cells. No recovery occurs as function of time following cancellation of the interhemispheric interaction by callosal transection. PMID- 3200489 TI - Central sympathetic stimulation produced by saline application into the nucleus tractus solitarii area of conscious rats. AB - Hypertonic saline 4% was microinjected into the area of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of conscious rats. The experiments were designed to explore the systemic hormonal responses and the contribution of various hormones to the hypertensive effect elicited by this procedure. A mean blood pressure rise to 155 +/- 3 mmHg (as compared to 119 +/- 2 in rats receiving the same volume of equiosmolar dextrose solution, P less than 0.05) was accompanied by significant rises in plasma norepinephrine (0.556 +/- 0.128 ng/ml) and epinephrine (0.970 +/- 0.287 ng/ml) as compared to control rats receiving dextrose or control rats having only the cannula implanted, without microinjection. There was no significant change in plasma renin activity or plasma vasopressin levels, and the blood pressure rise could not be prevented or reversed by an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the hypertensive response to this procedure is mainly due to an acute stimulation of central sympathetic neurons. PMID- 3200488 TI - Effect of long-term administration of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) on striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) content in mice. AB - Effects of long-term administration of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) on the striatal dopamine and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were investigated in mice and rats. Striatal dopamine content significantly increased and DOPAC decreased after repeated administrations of TIQ at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day s.c. for 70 days in mice. In contrast, dopamine and DOPAC content did not show any significant change in rats. The ratio DOPAC/dopamine decreased significantly in mice treated with TIQ for 70 days. The results presented suggest that TIQ reduces the turnover rate of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons after repeated administration for a long period in mice. PMID- 3200491 TI - Participative decision making in strategic management of resources. PMID- 3200490 TI - Effects of purinoceptor agonists on electrophysiological properties of rat mesencephalic trigeminal neurones in vitro. AB - Intracellular recordings were performed in a midpontine slice preparation of the rat brain containing the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN). In spite of the previous demonstration of an adenosine deaminase-containing plexus terminating on this nucleus, adenosine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP) and 2-methylthio ATP all failed to influence the membrane potential or input resistance of the MTN cells. Moreover, there was no apparent change in the shape of action potentials in the presence of these drugs, and the accomodation of the firing rate to depolarizing pulses was not affected either. PMID- 3200492 TI - New leadership: a chance to analyze resource allocation. PMID- 3200493 TI - Managing layoffs with minimum loss of productivity. PMID- 3200494 TI - An untapped resource: the political potential of nurses. PMID- 3200495 TI - The nurse shortage: coping through cooperation. PMID- 3200496 TI - Identifying nursing personnel costs in a critical care unit. PMID- 3200497 TI - Refining and testing a nursing patient classification instrument in ambulatory care. PMID- 3200498 TI - Resources for a graduate program: an exercise in cooperation. PMID- 3200499 TI - Cognitive dysfunction in children and adults. Clinical and basic science issues. Proceedings of the Fifth International Neurotoxicology Conference. September 28 October 2, 1987. Little Rock, Arkansas. PMID- 3200500 TI - Neurophysiological studies of human cognitive development in premature infants: an approach to the study of maturational brain processes. AB - In normal cerebral development, language function typically becomes lateralized in the left hemisphere in most individuals. It is theorized that disturbances in the development of this cerebral asymmetry may result in language dysfunction such as dyslexia and dysphasia. Recently, it has been reported that language disturbances occur in many children who were born prematurely and who have suffered insults such as asphyxia and hyperbilirubinemia. Premature infants have also been shown to have a high incidence of abnormalities associated with auditory reception. Thus, it is possible that perinatal insults could lead to disturbances in the development of normal central nervous system (CNS) functional organization which result in later learning disabilities. The extent to which such learning impairments are related to nervous system development and to the subsequent limitations placed by neonatal insults upon cognitive capacities, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among neurophysiological indices of CNS function, language development, and general infant competence over the first two years of life in order to provide information concerning the ontogenesis of higher cognitive functioning in both preterm and full term infants. In this report we will present an overview of the relevant issues in the area and focus on some of the neurophysiological data obtained to date. The approach discussed might prove useful in the study of any group of infants at risk for cognitive and/or developmental disorders related to a variety of perinatal insults. PMID- 3200501 TI - Prenatal lead exposure and its potential significance for developmental disabilities: a preliminary study of umbilical cord blood lead levels. AB - It has been reported that between 1976-1980 the mean blood lead level in American preschool children was 16 micrograms/dl. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recently set a blood level of 25 micrograms/dl as the highest acceptable level for children. However, current research findings have provided evidence that detrimental effects on development can occur when lead levels are below this acceptable value. In particular, recent work has shown a relationship between early (prenatal) exposure to lead and delayed cognitive development. Because the developing fetus is particularly vulnerable to insult, it is of critical importance to obtain information about the developmental effects of prenatal exposure to lead and about those factors that may influence this exposure. This report presents initial findings of an ongoing investigation pertaining to issues surrounding early lead exposure. To date umbilical cord blood samples have been measured in 802 infants born at Children's Hospital of Buffalo between November 1987 and April 1988. These infants' residence span approximately 50 townships with most residing in Buffalo proper. Approximately 60 percent of the infants had measurable cord blood lead levels in the range of 4 to 20 micrograms/dl. PMID- 3200502 TI - Postural disequilibrium quantification in children with chronic lead exposure: a pilot study. AB - Previous studies reported that some children who survive acute lead encephalopathy suffer from ataxia and have difficulties maintaining postural equilibrium. More recent studies have failed to quantify postural imbalance in association with lower levels of lead exposures, perhaps due to the insensitivity of the clinical measure. In our study, we noninvasively measured postural disequilibrium with a microprocessor-based force platform. The test provides a real time quantification of the body's center of gravity movement pattern. Measurements were made in a cohort of 33 inner city children (mean age: six years +/- 0.4 SD) with well documented blood lead histories. The average maximum blood lead of these children during their first six years of life was 23.5 micrograms/dl (range = 8.5 to 49.4). The children performed four postural tests [i.e., standing eyes open (EO) and closed (EC), on firm surface and standing on a compliant foam surface with eyes open (FO) and closed (FC)]. The results indicated that the maximum blood lead incurred during the second year of life was significantly positively related to postural sway, and the body balance was most affected in the EC test where visual cues were eliminated and proprioceptive feedback was not modified. Fetal Pb exposure levels as well as Pb exposures during the first year of life were not correlated with postural sway of six year olds. However, the maximum blood lead concentration beyond two years of life was significantly associated with the postural sway at six years of age. PMID- 3200503 TI - Neuropsychological effects of irradiation and chemotherapy treatments upon children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case study of monozygotic twins. AB - Numerous attempts have been made to determine the effects of irradiation and chemotherapy upon cognitive functioning when used for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). While many studies have demonstrated a deleterious effect, others have found no significant changes in neuropsychological functioning. The uncertainty regarding the cognitive effects of these treatments is exemplified via a presentation of monozygotic twins who were evaluated via neuropsychological tests. The children received similar induction-consolidation therapy which included intrathecal methotrexate and cranial irradiation. Neuropsychological tests yielded almost identical I.Q. patterns, however, subtle differences were noted between the children when abstract reasoning abilities, achievement tests scores, motor speed, grip strength, performance on complex tasks requiring haptic sensitivity, and fingertip sensitivity were observed. This discussion also summarizes the previous findings related to cognitive function after chemotherapy and radiation therapy and some of the confounding factors which have been noted. PMID- 3200504 TI - The incidence of cognitive dysfunction in an encopretic population in children. AB - Cognitive testing was conducted in a clinical population of encopretic patients. Testing included the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT) and the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test (BVMGT). Although Full Scale, Verbal and Performance Intelligence Quotients on the WISC-R were not statistically different from general population means, subtests in Arithmetic (p less than 0.001), Digit Span (p less than 0.001) and Coding (p less than 0.05) were. There was also a high incidence of Verbal/Performance discrepancies and statistically significant differences on the WRAT in Spelling (p less than 0.01) and Arithmetic (p less than 0.01). Visual motor integration was delayed two or more years in 43% of the patients on the BVMGT. These findings are consistent with the diagnosis of specific learning disabilities. An increased frequency of learning disabilities in an encopretic population may represent a subset of patients with a distinct syndrome in this disorder. These findings may point to the central nervous system (CNS) as the common point of pathology for the encopresis and learning disabilities, or reflect a common insult to both the CNS and gastrointestinal tract. Since histories in these patients did not reveal significant pregnancy or neonatal risk factors, this association could be related to genetic or environmental issues. Health professionals should be alert to the possibility of an increased incidence of learning disabilities in their encopretic patients. Further controlled studies are needed to determine if this finding is present in other settings, and if so, to determine the etiology. PMID- 3200505 TI - Autism in association with fragile X syndrome in females: implications for diagnosis and treatment in children. AB - Fragile X syndrome is the second most common chromosomal cause of mental retardation (MR). The calculated incidence is 1/1000, making accurate and early diagnosis important for specific preventive, pharmacologic, and cognitive treatment. The timely diagnosis in males is facilitated by the characteristic phenotype and an association with autism. In contrast, in females heterozygous for fragile X, the characteristic phenotype and infantile autism are rarely reported. We present two females with cytogenetic expression of the fragile X chromosome for whom the studies were performed because of the presence of autism or prominent autistic features and a behavioral and physical phenotype consistent with fragile X syndrome. The first female, age three years, has autism, hyperactivity, echolalia, language delay, hand stereotypies, and mild MR. The characteristic phenotype was not present nor was there a family history of X linked MR. Fragile X expression was 6% in the proband, 3% in the mother and 1% (normal) in the father. The second child, seven years old, has prominent autistic features, hyperactivity, mild MR, mild language disorder, and a family history consistent with X-linked MR. Fragile X expression was 3% in the proband and 0% in the mother. These cases support the occurrence of fragile X in autistic females and emphasize the importance of cytogenetic screening for fragile X in this high risk population. Early diagnosis of fragile X allows precise genetic counseling and more specific cognitive and pharmacologic treatment. PMID- 3200506 TI - Neuropsychiatric aspects of AIDS dementia complex: a report on a clinical series. AB - The AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC) frequently occurs in individuals with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). We report on a clinical series of 33 patients with either AIDS or AIDS-Related Complex (ARC), who were referred for neuropsychological evaluation. This clinical series supports the developing understanding that AIDS spectrum patients often demonstrate impairment on tasks involving abstract reasoning, memory, speeded mental processing and motoric slowing. This series helps to draw attention to a small subgroup of patients, with no previous psychiatric history, who after infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), present with hyperactivity, euphoria and grandiose delusions. ADC would appear to bear with it the increased possibility of the development of secondary mania. PMID- 3200507 TI - Long-term occupational exposure and the diagnosis of dementia. AB - Several experiments are reported which concern the possible role of long-term occupational exposure in the etiology of dementia. A case study of a male with memory impairment thought to be due to Alzheimer's disease is reported. Neuropsychological testing revealed impairments in short-term memory, which gradually cleared over months. Analyses uncovered extremely high serum levels of a solvent (perchlorethylene) this individual had used for decades in a dry cleaning business. A case-series is also reported in which four individuals with similar patterns of neuropsychological performance were noted to share occupational exposure to metal vapors. The results of a preliminary case-control study are also reported in which an increased incidence of long-term occupational exposure to metals and solvents was noted in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These results suggest that the role of long-term occupational exposure needs to be thoroughly investigated in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. PMID- 3200508 TI - Neuropsychology and the neurochemical lesion: evolution, applications and extensions. AB - The evolution of neuropsychology into a method for neurotoxic damage detection is reviewed. When neuropsychology is transformed into "neuropsychological toxicology", fundamental philosophical assumptions of the field are altered; the search for brain-behavior relationships must extend from structural damage into the analysis of neurochemical systems. The complementary relationship of human neuropsychology to basic toxicological and animal research is discussed. The great numbers of human "natural experiments" whose employment, medical history or substance abuse subjects them to contact with neurotoxic substances, suggest that there is a great need for expanded human investigations involving neuropsychological testing procedures in the service of research and clinical identification of neurotoxic syndromes. Further, it is argued that neurobehavioral procedures originally developed to detect industrial neurotoxic exposure will prove additionally useful assessing other brain-behavior disruptions mediated by neurochemistry or neurotoxicity rather than structural lesion. These frontiers include physical or emotional illness, substance abuse, effects of abused or prescription drugs as well as little-researched areas deserving of closer study, e.g., allergens or biotoxic exposure. PMID- 3200509 TI - Reversibility of psychological performance in subclinical lead absorption. AB - To evaluate the reversibility of the effect of lead on psychological performance, five performance scale subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale were conducted twice at two-yr intervals on 17 gun-metal foundry workers who had initial blood lead (BPb) concentrations of 30-64 (median 40) micrograms/dl. The results indicated that psychological performance was significantly affected by lead absorption in the first examination, resulting in a reduction in score on picture completion at the BPb level of 40-64 micrograms/dl. In the second examination, following a decrease in the BPb level, the reduced performance recovered. The two-year alteration in the picture completion subtest in all workers was significantly correlated with the corresponding change in mobilization yield of lead in urine by CaEDTA. It is suggested that the effect of lead on psychological performance is reversible at the BPb level below 65 micrograms/dl. PMID- 3200510 TI - Behavioral and physiological effects of trimethyltin in the rat hippocampus. AB - An injection of trimethyltin (TMT) into adult male Wistar rats produced a transient hyperirritability and aggressive behavior. When these effects of the drug subsided, the rats were still markedly impaired in performance of a spatial memory task examined in a watermaze. Activity of neurons in the hippocampus of these TMT-treated rats was studied in a slice preparation. A large (8 mg/kg) or double (7.5 and 3.5 mg/kg, two weeks apart) i.p. injection of TMT caused a loss of slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials recorded in CA1 neurons in response to stimulation of stratum radiatum. A loss of accommodating properties of the neurons in response to a prolonged depolarizing current pulse was also seen in some of these cells. Other resting properties of the neurons were within the normal range. Topical application of acetylcholine (ACh) produces in normal hippocampal neurons a depolarizing response and a blockade of after hyperpolarization. Only the latter response to ACh was seen in cells from TMT treated rats. No effect of the drug on reactivity to serotonin was detected. These effects of TMT were not seen when the drug was applied acutely while recording from cells in the slice indicating that it involves a degeneration process. These results suggest that the cognitive deficits in TMT treated rats might be associated with deficits in cholinergic functions. PMID- 3200511 TI - Dose-specific effects of trimethyltin poisoning on learning and hippocampal corticosterone binding. AB - The organometal neurotoxin trimethyltin (TMT) damages limbic forebrain, and impairs acquisition of lever-directed behaviors in an autoshaping task, in which a lever is presented according to a random time schedule, and rats learn to associate its presentation/retraction with food delivery (Cohen et al., 1987). This impairment is evident only if a sufficiently long delay of reinforcement is interposed between lever retraction (which occurs either automatically after 15 sec, or immediately upon a touch response) and food pellet delivery. Paradoxically, rats given a higher (7.5 mg/kg) dose show a smaller acquisition impairment, perhaps because they are generally more reactive to the lever than controls. These rats sustain a larger hippocampal lesion (measured by wet weight of the structure). The experiment reported here was done to investigate (1) an autoshaping deficit related to hippocampal weight loss, and (2) biochemical changes in hippocampus which might be related to behavioral impairments. Rats were treated with water vehicle or TMT four weeks before autoshaping using a 6 sec reinforcement delay. In addition to lever touching, touches of the food trough were measured. The timing of trough-touching behaviors within a trial was used as an indication of the strength of the association formed between the lever and the site of food delivery. Following autoshaping rats were adrenalectomized and killed for measurement of cytosolic [3H]corticosterone binding in hippocampus. As before, rats treated with 6.0 mg TMT/kg showed a deficit in acquisition of lever-directed behaviors. Also, as hypothesized, the proportion of total trough-directed behaviors made during the 6 sec reinforcement delay intervals (when reinforcement probability was high) diverged significantly from control values as learning progressed. These rats also showed a reduction in hippocampal weight compared with controls, but significant decreases in hippocampal steroid binding were observed only in groups given the low and median dose of TMT. Further, steroid binding was correlated with lever-directed behaviors. It thus appears that lever and trough behaviors can be used to simultaneously assess different aspects of impairment in associative learning which are accompanied by differential cell loss and biochemical deficit. PMID- 3200512 TI - Neuropathologic, neurochemical and immunocytochemical characteristics of aluminum induced neurofilamentous degeneration. AB - Inoculation of aluminum salts or metallic aluminum into the central nervous system of rabbits produces an encephalomyelopathy accompanied by widespread neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD) affecting restricted neuronal populations. Some investigators have suggested that this preparation may serve as an animal model for human neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), in which neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation is a prominent histopathologic finding. However, neurochemical, immunocytochemical and behavioral features of the model are largely unknown and its neuropathology only partially described. We have undertaken a series of experiments designed to further characterize these aspects of the model. We have used an intraventricular route of injection of aluminum chloride and found that the distribution of NFD in rabbit brain is similar to the distribution of NFT formation in AD. Immunocytochemical probes demonstrate that phosphorylated neurofilaments accumulate in neuronal perikarya containing NFD, and double labelling techniques suggest that NFD affects primarily projection type neurons. The neurochemical profile of aluminum intoxicated rabbits shows both similarities and discrepancies to that of AD. Finally, as reported in a companion article in this issue of Neurotoxicology (Solomon and Pendlebury, 1988), aluminum-exposed rabbits develop learning and memory deficits which are strongly correlated with the degree of whole brain NFD but not with motor, sensory or motivational factors. We conclude that aluminum induced NFD may have relevance for understanding NFT formation in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders in which abnormalities of the neuronal cytoskeletal architecture are present. PMID- 3200514 TI - Intradentate colchicine disrupts the acquisition and performance of a working memory task in the radial arm maze. AB - Rats were given bilateral injections of colchicine into the dorsal and ventral hippocampus to study the role of the dentate gyrus granule cells in the acquisition and performance of a spatial, working memory task in the radial arm maze. Three weeks after intradentate injections, rats were trained in a task in which all eight arms were baited prior to each daily trail. For up to 20 days of training, colchicine-treated rats were significantly impaired in the performance of the task. In another study, rats received 20 days of training and then were given intradentate colchicine. Three weeks later, the performance of the colchicine-treated rats was impaired for up to 20 days of testing. A third experiment tested the ability of colchicine-treated rats to learn a task in which the same four arms of the maze were baited, while the remaining arms were never baited. Colchicine-treated rats were significantly impaired in their ability to perform this version of the task. Histological verification indicated that colchicine resulted in a relatively select loss of granule cells, while sparing pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. These data suggest that the hippocampus plays an integral role in the performance of the place tasks used in these experiments. PMID- 3200513 TI - Behavioral impairment in the rat after colchicine lesions of the hippocampus and nucleus basalis. AB - Rats were given bilateral injections of colchicine into the nucleus basalis (NBM; 1.0 or 2.0 micrograms/site), hippocampus (HPC; 1.25 or 2.5 micrograms/site), or both areas (COM; 1.0 NBM, 1.25 HPC) and examined for changes in locomotor activity, passive avoidance behavior, and spatial navigation in a water maze task. Colchicine injected into the HPC caused a dose-related increase in locomotor activity 7 days after treatment which declined with repeated testing. Motor activity in NBM-lesioned rats was not significantly different from control. Rats with the COM lesion were more active than controls 7 days after treatment and remained hyperactive over the 3 week testing period. Retention of a step through passive avoidance task was examined 18 days after surgery. HPC lesions had no apparent effect on passive avoidance behavior. NBM lesions causes a dose dependent decrease in step-through latencies, while latencies in the combined group were comparable to the low dose NBM group. In the spatial navigation task, HPC and COM lesions impaired acquisition, with little indication of learning in the combined group. NBM lesions had no effect in the water maze. These data suggest that combined lesions of the NBM and HPC cause lasting behavioral impairments and may be useful as a model for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3200515 TI - Nitrogen dioxide exposure alters neonatal development. AB - Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the commonly encountered environmental contaminants. Experiments were carried out to test for neonatal behavioral alterations associated with prenatal NO2 exposure. Pregnant CD-1 mice were exposed in environmental chambers to 0, 22, or 45 ppm of NO2 in air from gestation day 7 to 18. The gas-air flow was set at 450 ml/min. Food and water were available at all times. The dams were allowed to deliver and neonatal behavioral development of the pups was studied. Nitrogen dioxide exposure did not affect the number of live pups born/litter; however, it significantly decreased their birth weight. Prenatal NO2 exposure at both levels significantly altered the righting reflex and aerial righting score of the pups on postnatal days 1 and 12, respectively. Prenatal NO2 exposure did not affect negative geotaxis and activity scores of pups on postnatal day 10 and 28, respectively. The data suggest that maternal NO2 exposure at low levels can affect neuromuscular coordination and thus produce deficits in the functional capability of the offspring. PMID- 3200516 TI - Behavioral evaluation of rats prenatally exposed to the adrenergic agonists clonidine and lofexidine. AB - Clonidine (CLON), is a widely used antihypertensive agent with a potential for expanded therapeutic application in combating drug withdrawal symptoms in opiate and alcohol addiction. Recently, CLON and an analogue lofexidine (LOF) have been shown to block the opiate withdrawal syndrome in a variety of species, including man. One new application of these agents may be as an alternative to methadone maintenance for pregnant opiate addicts. Any consideration along these lines will require screening for reproductive outcome and behavioral teratogenic effects. Dams were given s.c. injections of CLON (0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg) of LOF (0.64 or 2.56 mg/kg) once daily from gestational day (GD) 8-20. Neonatal body weights, at postnatal days (PNDs) 2, 15 and 30 were reduced in a dose-dependent manner, with LOF-induced reduction twice that of CLON. No significant differences were obtained on negative geotaxis, an auditory startle test, or a series of swimming immobilization tests across the periadolescent period. A series of activity measures carried out on PND 12, 14, 16 and 18 showed minor differences in the high dose LOF male animals, but not in any of the other drug-treated groups. PMID- 3200517 TI - The in vitro slice preparation for combined morphological and electrophysiological studies of rat visual cortex. AB - The morphological condition of slices of rat visual cortex, maintained in vitro in an interface-type recording chamber, was assessed. In addition, neurones in these slices were impaled with glass micropipettes for intracellular recording and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection. After fixation and embedding, slices were examined by light and electron microscopy. Slices sectioned orthogonally to the original plane of cutting showed a vertical zonation of tissue preservation. The upper zone contained dense and flattened neuronal somata, although the neuropil appeared normal. The central zone was well preserved, with the appearance of most somata, dendrites, axons and synapses comparing favourably with perfusion-fixed material. The lower zone contained many abnormal, vacuolated somata. The morphology of HRP-injected neurones was assessed by light microscopy. Dendrites could be visualised in great detail and spines were clearly visible. Local axon arbors were well represented. There was good correlation between electrophysiological and morphological criteria for the assessment of the condition of the slice. We conclude that, provided the extent of degeneration within the slice is monitored and appreciated, slices of visual cortex can provide both electrophysiological and morphological data of high quality. PMID- 3200518 TI - Topographic organization and collateralization of the projections of the anterior and laterodorsal thalamic nuclei to cingulate areas 24 and 29 in the rat. AB - Fast blue and Rhodamine microspheres were used to analyze the topography and collateralization of the limbic nuclei of the thalamus to 4 defined areas of the cingulate gyrus (anterior 24, posterior 24, anterior 29, and posterior 29). The anterodorsal nucleus and the anteroventral nucleus project to posterior area 24 and all of area 29. The anteromedial nucleus projects generally to both areas 24 and 29, but principally to anterior area 24. The laterodorsal nucleus projects only to area 29. The anterior and posterior portions of the thalamic nuclei topographically project to the anterior and posterior regions of the cingulate gyrus, respectively. Neurons in the medial region of the anterior nuclei project to the anterior area of the cingulate gyrus while neurons located in the lateral region project to posterior areas. Collaterals (9-13%) from the anteromedial nucleus project diffusely to areas 24 and 29, while collaterals from other nuclei project primarily to areas adjacent to each other. Modulation of limbic system functions probably occurs via these projection fibers. Furthermore, the idea appears to be reinforced that at least a dual and coupled function exists for these direct thalamocingulate connections. PMID- 3200519 TI - Lateral hypothalamic area and paraventricular nucleus connections with subfornical organ neurons: an electrophysiological study in the rat. AB - The neural pathways from the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) mediated by subfornical organ (SFO) neurons were examined in urethane-anesthetized male rats in order to determine the excitability of vasopressin (VP)-secreting neurons in the PVN. Microinjection of angiotensin II (AII) into the LHA excited the activity of nearly half (n = 8) of the SFO neurons (n = 18) activated antidromically by electrical stimulation of the PVN. Microinjection of AII into the LHA also caused excitation of approximately one-quarter (n = 11) of putative VP-secreting neurons (n = 45) in the PVN while the excitatory responses of the putative VP-secreting neurons were blocked or attenuated by pretreatment with the AII antagonist, saralasin (Sar), in the SFO. Electrical stimulation of the LHA, on the other hand, produced excitation (n = 17) or inhibition (n = 14) of the putative VP-secreting neurons (n = 52) in the PVN. About half of the excitatory responses to LHA stimulation were blocked or attenuated by pretreatment with Sar in the SFO, whereas the inhibitory responses were not affected. These results show some possible connections between the LHA and PVN, and suggest that AII-sensitive LHA neurons with efferent projections to the SFO may act to enhance the excitability of putative VP-secreting neurons in the PVN via an excitatory influence on the AII sensitive SFO neurons. PMID- 3200520 TI - Intraretinal axons of ganglion cells in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata): conduction velocity and diameter distribution. AB - In anesthetized and immobilized Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata), intraretinal conduction velocities of the ganglion cell axons were measured. The field potentials elicited by optic chiasm shocks consisted of fast and slow components with estimated conduction velocities of 1.19 and 0.72 m/s in recordings from the optic nerve fiber layer, and 1.65 and 1.00 m/s in recordings from the ganglion cell layer. Single cell recordings verified that the time course of the fast component corresponded to the antidromic spike latencies of Y-like cells, whereas that of the slow component covered the latency range of both X-like and W-like cells. In an electron microscopic study of the cross-sections of the intraretinal optic nerve fiber bundles, the axon diameter histograms of large samples (n = 3000-6000) all showed a unimodal distribution with a sharp peak at 0.3-0.6 micron and a long tail extending to 2-3 micron. The mean diameter was largest in the ventral and nasal bundles, smallest in the papillomacular bundle and intermediate in the dorsal, upper arcuate and lower arcuate bundles. However, diameter histograms of a small number of regional axons (n = 255-300) showed a broad tail distinct from the peak at 0.3-0.6 micron, enabling us to segregate a group of larger axons from the medium-sized to small axons. From such regional axon diameter histograms we estimated the mean relative occurrences of the larger axons (7.1-11.3%) and their mean diameters (0.9-1.3 micron). We further applied this relative frequency to the unimodal distribution of the histograms with larger samples in the upper and lower arcuate bundles and estimated the mean axon diameter of the large axons (1.1 micron) and that of the medium-sized to small axons (slightly below 0.5 micron). Finally, in studying the relation between axon diameter and conduction velocity in the two arcuate fiber bundles, we found it to be somewhat different from that previously reported for the cat retina. PMID- 3200522 TI - Giant lateral-line afferent terminals in the electroreceptive dorsal nucleus of lampreys. AB - In HRP studies of the lateral line nerve in lampreys, the dorsal nucleus of the area octavolateralis received projections mainly from the recurrent branch of the anterior lateral line nerve. Furthermore, the recurrent branch projected exclusively to the dorsal nucleus. Besides the common type (1-3 micron) of nerve terminals, a hitherto unreported type of giant (10-30 micron) nerve terminal was found aggregated at the rostral and caudal ends of the nucleus. Since the dorsal nucleus mediates electroreception in lampreys, we conclude that the giant terminals are very probably the terminals of the electroreceptive primary fibers. PMID- 3200521 TI - Selective damage of neuron perikarya in the medial septum of the rat forebrain: effects on food and water intake, urine output and body weight. AB - The intraseptal administration of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) induced a significant depletion of the neuronal population and glial proliferation in medial septal areas. The behavioral effects induced by this selective destruction of the neurons indigenous to the medial septal areas were investigated. KA produced a marked increase in urine output and a transient reduction in body weight, but failed to affect water and food intake. PMID- 3200524 TI - The role of a registered nurse in the primary health centre. PMID- 3200523 TI - The retinopetal system in the rat. AB - After horseradish peroxidase had been applied to the ends of the optic nerves of Sprague-Dawley rats that had been sectioned at their entry into the eyeball, retrogradely labelled neurons were found in the pretectal region (mostly in the contralateral medial pretectal area) and in the ventrolateral area of the contralateral central grey matter at the level of the mesencephalic-metencephalic junction. In some cases a few weakly labelled neurons were also observed in the oculomotor or trochlear nuclei. These findings confirm the existence of a retinopetal system in this mammal. PMID- 3200525 TI - Nurse's role in health care delivery: focus on P.H.C. past, present and future. PMID- 3200526 TI - Nurses are essential to primary health care. PMID- 3200528 TI - Parental role in sex education. PMID- 3200527 TI - Health care for all through primary health care: nurses lead the way. PMID- 3200529 TI - Nursing professionalism in Nigeria. PMID- 3200530 TI - Oral rehydration therapy. PMID- 3200531 TI - Student nurses unionism--a concern of Anne. PMID- 3200532 TI - Case analyses on negligence involving nurses. PMID- 3200534 TI - Health for all by the year 2,000 A.D.--roles of classroom lectures and primary health care programme compared. PMID- 3200533 TI - The moral and professional responsibilities of examiners and examinees. PMID- 3200535 TI - A time of learning. PMID- 3200537 TI - A time for decisions. PMID- 3200536 TI - A time of change. PMID- 3200538 TI - A case for single registration. PMID- 3200539 TI - Horsing around: diabetes education can be fun. PMID- 3200541 TI - Midwifery in Zimbabwe. PMID- 3200540 TI - Alcoholism in industry. PMID- 3200542 TI - The community link. PMID- 3200543 TI - Working against racism. Interview by Lyndon Keene. PMID- 3200545 TI - Nursing crisis--danger or opportunity? PMID- 3200544 TI - A cultural connection. PMID- 3200546 TI - MRSA: isolating patients and nurses. PMID- 3200547 TI - Rostering: being fair to everyone. PMID- 3200548 TI - Children having children. PMID- 3200549 TI - Supporting young mothers. PMID- 3200550 TI - A family affair. PMID- 3200551 TI - Organization--the key to success. PMID- 3200552 TI - Convention management. Details make the difference. Interview by Regina McGee. PMID- 3200553 TI - Computed tomographic evaluation of the density of the temporomandibular joint meniscus. AB - Pathologic alteration of the articular disk, including moderate calcification within the meniscus proper, has been reported to occur in many cases of TMJ dysfunction with chronic anterior meniscal displacement. The purpose of this investigation was to measure, by means of direct sagittal computed tomographic scanning technology, the density (x-ray attenuation) of the meniscus. Fifty-two joints, shown to have meniscus displacement with or without reduction (MD/MDR), and 24 symptomatic joints with normal tomograms were evaluated with the use of a GE 8800 CT scanner. Mean attenuation values were extrapolated with the use of a symmetrical (1 to 9 pixels) region-of-interest (ROI) cursor. Density gradients of the masseter muscle, lateral pterygoid fat pad, and lateral pterygoid muscle were also obtained. The results of this study showed that the mean meniscal density values were 116.7 +/- 4.2 Hounsfield units (HU) for MD subjects, 111.3 +/- 4.6 HU for MDR subjects, and 82.4 +/- 2.9 HU for subjects with symptoms. The MD and MDR density group means were significantly different (p less than 0.001) from the normal group means. A relative comparison of the meniscus density with that of the lateral pterygoid muscle, its fat pad, and the masseter muscle showed a consistent mean difference when the paired t test was used. Meniscal displacement was found to be associated with an increase in density gradient, which suggests histologic alteration. PMID- 3200555 TI - Transoral plating of mandibular angle fractures: a technique. AB - A technique has been presented for transcutaneous management of angle fractures with employment of two plates: one at the tension band, the second at the compression zone of the mandible. Our preliminary experience with this procedure has been favorable. When a comparison is made of an intraoral approach to an extraoral one, there are three advantages. First, the cutaneous scar is minimal when compared with a transcutaneous one. Second, visualization of the occlusion is maintained throughout the procedure. Third, injury to branches of the facial nerve and other anatomic structures is reduced. PMID- 3200554 TI - The effects of nasomaxillary injury on future facial growth. AB - The appearance of results of injury to the columella, the nasal septum, and the nasal bones, in particular, has been well described. Anomalies of the maxilla and global facial balance secondary to nasomaxillary injury are less well known. Three cases involving children, aged 11, 14, and 17 years, who had suffered nasomaxillary injury at least 8 years earlier as a result of physical beating, were studied with the use of photographs and architectural craniofacial lateral cephalometric radiographic analysis. The architectural craniofacial analysis of Delaire produced a graphic representation of the resultant maxillofacial deformities rather than a description of the deformities in terms of deviation from a statistical mean. Traumatic injury to the nasomaxillary complex provides an experimental model that implicates the role of the cartilaginous nasal septum and local functional conditions in the growth of the nasomaxillary complex. The importance of the functional premaxillary skeletal unit in balanced facial growth allows better understanding of the pathophysiology of malformation of this region. PMID- 3200557 TI - Pneumomediastinum after facial trauma. PMID- 3200556 TI - Double-blind comparison of nalbuphine and meperidine in combination with diazepam for intravenous conscious sedation in oral surgery outpatients. AB - Nalbuphine and meperidine were compared as analgesic components of intravenous conscious sedation in a double-blind, prospective trial of 47 patients undergoing elective oral surgery. Subjects were evaluated for pain intensity, pain relief, anxiety, sedation, recall, and vital signs at systematic observation points intraoperatively and postoperatively. At the conclusion of surgery 83% of patients who had received nalbuphine and 86% of patients treated with meperidine indicated complete pain relief. One observed adverse reaction was attributed to meperidine and another to the sedative component diazepam. No statistically significant differences were observed between nalbuphine and meperidine treatments. PMID- 3200559 TI - Natural history of frequent recurrences of herpes simplex labialis. AB - We prospectively studied all herpes simplex labialis (HSL) episodes in a group of 84 (age, 6 to 71 years) persons who previously had frequent recurrences of HSL to determine whether their recurrences of HSL were different from those of the general population. The mean +/- standard error for number of HSL outbreaks for 6 months was 2.7 +/- 0.3. Age, gender, or season did not influence the recurrence rate. The mean time to vesicle healing of 214 outbreaks was 6.4 +/- 0.2 days. Again, age or gender did not influence healing time. An episode of HSL did not elicit a refractory period to the next attack of HSL. Furthermore, the severity of the previous HSL lesion did not influence the interval to next recurrence or the location of the next lesion. In 47%, the next recurrence of HSL crossed the midline of the face, and in 45%, it moved from one lip to the other. The high recurrence frequency and multiple facial locations of HSL lesions seen in these persons differed from the general population, who report infrequent lesions of HSL at the same facial location. PMID- 3200558 TI - Salivary gland function in patients on chronic lithium treatment. AB - Salivary gland function was studied in 14 manic-depressive patients treated with lithium carbonate (Li) for 4 to 120 months. Function level was evaluated by means of sialometry, dynamic salivary scintigraphy, and sialography. Daily Li dose, serum Li concentration, duration of Li therapy, and caries activity index were correlated with the salivary function parameters studied. Hyposalivation was noted in 71% of the patients, showing good correlation with the scintigraphic (r = 0.94) and sialographic (r = 0.87) results. Duration of Li therapy was poorly correlated with the degree of salivary gland dysfunction and with the caries activity index, whereas the correlation between duration of therapy and each of the three salivary function parameters was erratic. Because four of the patients exhibited normal salivation, we suggest that there are some additional factors (e.g., genetic or thyroid function level) that might be involved in salivary dysfunction connected with Li therapy. PMID- 3200560 TI - 42nd annual meeting of the American Academy of Oral Pathology. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, May 8-12, 1988. Proceedings and abstracts. PMID- 3200561 TI - Comparison of dental findings in patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency treated with human growth hormone (hGH) and in untreated patients with Laron-type dwarfism. AB - The effect of human growth hormone (hGH) on dental structures was investigated by comparing two groups of patients with hypopituitarism. One group of 19 patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency who received hGH replacement therapy was compared with a group of 13 patients with high immunoreactive growth hormone and IGF-I deficiency, Laron-type dwarfism, who could not benefit from hGH treatment. Plaster casts of the dentitions and panoramic radiographs were obtained from all patients and analyzed for dental age, arch length, arch circumference, and width of teeth. the main findings were that (1) hGH therapy did not accelerate dental age but enhanced bone age; (2) the mandible was significantly smaller in the untreated group but no significant difference was found between the groups in the maxilla; (3) third molars were missing in more than 90% of the patients with Laron-type dwarfism whereas hypodontia of other teeth was found in 30% of all the patients; and (4) crowding was less prevalent than expected and the mesiodistal width of the teeth seemed to be smaller. PMID- 3200562 TI - Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint: a light and electron microscopic study. AB - The light and electron microscopic features of synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint of one patient are presented. The affected synovial membrane and the cartilaginous nodules, which were freely movable in the joint space as well as attached to or incorporated in the synovial membrane, were examined. Light microscopic observation revealed metaplastic formation of these nodules within the subintima of the synovial membrane. Different stages of development of the nodules were observable. Electron microscopic examination of the cartilaginous nodules revealed features of mature chondrocytes well endowed with rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The synovial intimal cells had a differentiated ultrastructural appearance. Several cytoplasmic organelles of the chondrocytes and intimal cells are described. The results of this study support the benign nature of synovial chondromatosis. PMID- 3200564 TI - [A system of extrafocal osteosynthesis using rod apparatuses]. PMID- 3200563 TI - Cutaneous sinus tracts of dental etiology. AB - Intermittently draining cutaneous sinus tracts in the area of the face and neck may be caused by chronic dental infection. Diagnosis of the cause may be challenging but is the key to successful therapy. Two cases of these uncommon lesions are presented; one involved a mandibular molar and the other a mandibular incisor. Nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed. Healing was rapid and uneventful. PMID- 3200565 TI - [Transosseous osteosynthesis in extension fractures of the distal end of the radius]. PMID- 3200566 TI - [A method for the single-step repositioning of the fragments in Ilizarov's apparatus]. PMID- 3200567 TI - [Transosseous osteosynthesis in emergency traumatology]. PMID- 3200568 TI - [Our experience with polymeric osteosynthesis in fracture treatment]. PMID- 3200569 TI - [Intraosseous osteosynthesis of the humerus]. PMID- 3200570 TI - [Endoprosthesis with a carbon implant of the tibial condyles]. PMID- 3200571 TI - [Surgical treatment of fractures using carbon constructions]. PMID- 3200572 TI - [Long-term regional infusion of drugs into the arteries of the spine and spinal cord (experimental anatomical validation)]. PMID- 3200573 TI - [A method for the restoration of the external malleolus after a gunshot wound]. PMID- 3200574 TI - [Our experience in treating post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the leg bones]. PMID- 3200575 TI - [Microflora in gunshot osteomyelitis in Ethiopia]. PMID- 3200576 TI - [Closed methods of plastic repair in inveterate injuries to the ligaments of the knee joint]. PMID- 3200577 TI - [A method for the fixation of the head of the radius in children]. PMID- 3200578 TI - [A device for the separate transverse repositioning of the forearm bones]. PMID- 3200579 TI - [A device for eliminating contracture of the ankle joint]. PMID- 3200580 TI - [Socioeconomic assessment of chronic traumatic osteomyelitis]. PMID- 3200581 TI - [Experience with the use of palmate plates in the osteosynthesis of long bones]. PMID- 3200582 TI - [A functional load-relieving bandage for treating fractures of the leg bones (its biomechanical validation and methods of use)]. PMID- 3200583 TI - [Reflexotherapy in the combined treatment of trauma]. PMID- 3200584 TI - [Use of rod apparatuses in treating fractures of the leg bones]. PMID- 3200585 TI - Landmark agreement reached at Bess Kaiser Medical Center. PMID- 3200586 TI - On strike: one nurse's perspective. Interview by Sandy Marron. PMID- 3200587 TI - [Preservation of the vena saphena magna for vascular substitution in patients with varicose veins]. PMID- 3200588 TI - [The effect of glucagon infusion on the absorption of salicylic acid and antipyrine from the gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 3200589 TI - [Incidence of major developmental anomalies of the urinary tract in neonates]. PMID- 3200590 TI - [Incidence of congenital hip dislocation in Hungary]. PMID- 3200591 TI - [Thoughts of a radiologist]. PMID- 3200592 TI - [A retrospective look at the development of the Austrian Nursing Federation]. PMID- 3200593 TI - [Health in the year 2000: analysis of goal 16: positive health behavior]. PMID- 3200594 TI - [Job sharing in nursing. Interview by P. Morwald]. PMID- 3200595 TI - The effect of experimentally induced anxiety on the experience of pressure pain. AB - Two theories about the relationship between anxiety and pain were compared: (1) the attribution theory that relevant but not irrelevant anxiety intensifies pain, and (2) the perceptual disruption theory that all anxiety influences pain. Three types of instructions were presented to randomly selected groups of male university students immediately before nociception: (1) a standard set of instructions, (2) the standard instructions plus a pain warning (relevant anxiety condition), and (3) the standard instructions plus a warning about a stressful interview (irrelevant anxiety condition). Pain and stress intensity ratings, heart rate, frontalis electromyographic activity, and facial expressions were recorded continuously, and pain threshold and pain tolerance were recorded once. The anxiety-evoking effects of the instructions were confirmed by analyses of the stress measures obtained during a waiting period. The results indicated that both relevant and irrelevant anxiety-evoking instructions increased pain ratings, stress intensity ratings, and heart rate compared to standard control instructions when painful pressure was applied to the skin. In addition, the relevant but not the irrelevant anxiety instructions increased electromyographic activity and facial grimaces during nociception. However, tolerance, threshold, and post-experimental ratings did not differ among groups. These results are interpreted as supporting the perceptual disruption theory. PMID- 3200596 TI - Patient-controlled analgesia: a randomized, prospective comparison between two commercially available PCA pumps and conventional analgesic therapy for postoperative pain. AB - Two pumps, 'PA' and 'PB,' with different drug delivery characteristics were available at the time of this study for patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). PB purportedly produces a 'placebo effect' by emitting an audible signal whenever the patient depresses the trigger button. PA emits an audible signal only when the drug is successfully administered into the patient's intravenous line. In a prospective, randomized Latin squares cross-over study, the 2 pumps and conventional therapy were compared for efficacy and cost. Patients in both pump groups used less drug and perceived less pain than those on conventional therapy. However, statistically less anxiety and greater pain relief and patient and nursing satisfaction were reported with PA only. Daily cost including drug, pharmacy and nursing time, pump rental was 33%, PA, versus 23%, PB, more than conventional therapy. Purchase and amortization of the pumps decreases the cost. We conclude that PCA provides superior pain management at minimal additional cost. PMID- 3200597 TI - Pain descriptions and surgical findings in patients with herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. AB - The diagnostic value of pain mapping in patients with lumbago sciatica and herniated intervertebral discs is evaluated, somatosensory pain descriptions being compared with surgical findings. Information has been extracted from complex data sets using a multivariate data analysis program (FCVPC-87). Superficially experienced pain may represent pronounced nerve root affliction. Pain relief in particular body positions was related to extruded discs and additional osseous stenosis, and rarely occurring relief to derangement of nerve root circulation. Neither somatosensory pain quality descriptions nor pain intensity variables were found to be of diagnostic value. Long duration of symptoms was found together with nerve root atrophy. Affliction of the L5 and S1 nerve roots showed differences with regard to pain localization and intensity and some surgical findings. Pain mapping may represent an indication of the patho anatomical substratum in patients with herniated lumbar intervertebral discs. PMID- 3200598 TI - Comparing chronic pain from spinal cord injury to chronic pain of other origins. AB - Acknowledged as a serious complaint of spinal cord injured (SCI) patients, chronic pain in this population is neither well studied nor well understood. To assess the quality and intensity of pain, a group of 49 SCI patients seeking treatment for chronic pain was compared to a general group of 95 patients from the Comprehensive Pain Clinic (CPC) on selected demographic variables, the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The SCI patients were categorized as functionally incomplete SCI (SCI-I) or complete SCI (SCI-C). Multivariate analyses revealed differences among groups on the MPQ for Number of Words Checked, Rank Sum, and the Affective dimension. In all cases the CPC group scored higher than the SCI-C group. The MMPI profiles were elevated and typical for the CPC and SCI-C groups and substantially less elevated for the SCI-I group. We suggest in cases where chronic pain is secondary to a chronic medical catastrophe, aspects of the MPQ and the MMPI assess the person's total medical disability and not just the meaning and impact of pain. PMID- 3200599 TI - Pericranial muscle tenderness and pressure-pain threshold in the temporal region during common migraine. AB - Twenty-six patients were examined during attacks of common migraine as well as during headache-free interval. Pericranial tenderness was scored blindly by a systematic manual palpation on both occasions by the same observer. Pressure-pain threshold (PPT) in a fixed location over the temporal muscle was determined by the use of a pressure algometer. A 28% increase in total tenderness score was observed during attacks (P less than 0.01). During unilateral attacks, tenderness scores were significantly higher on the ipsilateral side as compared to the contralateral (P less than 0.01). A positive correlation was observed between tenderness on the two sides (P less than 0.05) and the two occasions (P less than 0.01). PPT showed no changes during migraine attacks and there was no difference in PPT between the ipsilateral and contralateral side. A positive correlation was observed between PPT on the two sides and the two occasions (P less than 0.01). PPT was not correlated to the tenderness scores obtained by manual palpation. The absence of a decrease in PPT and the presence of several tender areas in multiple regions, particularly where pain was spontaneously reported to be located, suggest the presence of either a multi-focal peripheral pathological process or referred pain from other structures in the head and neck region. PMID- 3200600 TI - Facial expressions of pain and emotions in chronic TMD patients. AB - This research was designed to identify and validate facial expressions of pain occurring in a clinical chronic pain condition. Facial expressions of 28 patients with chronic temporomandibular disorder pain were videotaped during a painful clinical examination procedure and coded using an anatomically based system. Characteristics of the expressions occurring most frequently were compared with self-report measures of pain, anxiety, depression and somatic symptoms. The frequency, duration and intensity of the identified expressions were dependably correlated with pain report, but unrelated to self report of other somatic symptoms, depression or anxiety. A small number of facial expressions of specific negative emotions were also observed; pain report and pain facial expressions were higher for persons showing a greater number of negative affects. These findings support the promise of facial expressions as measures of clinical pain. PMID- 3200602 TI - Munchausen syndrome presenting with chronic pain: case report. AB - A factitious disorder is one that has been fabricated or simulated by the patient. Munchausen syndrome is a subtype of factitious disorder. This syndrome has not previously been described in relationship to chronic pain/chronic pain treatment units. Such a patient is presented, and the clues to the identification of this syndrome within chronic pain patients are presented. PMID- 3200601 TI - A comparison of family functioning when mothers have chronic pain. AB - Multiple aspects of family functioning were assessed when mothers experienced either chronic pain, a chronic illness (diabetes), or no illness. Mothers' and fathers' self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and family environment were collected. Children's self-report measures of depression and anxiety, as well as information about their overall adjustment, were collected. Family communication patterns were also assessed. Families with a mother who had chronic pain had poorer perceived family environments and higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to the other two groups of families. Children from chronic pain families also appeared to be adversely affected. The data suggest that level of disability appeared more salient than the type of chronic illness. Implications of the findings are discussed in light of the fact that mothers with chronic pain in the present sample reported relatively mild disability and were not actively seeking treatment for their condition. PMID- 3200603 TI - Laboratory studies with clones of Eimeria hungaryensis, a parasite of the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus. AB - Doses from 1 to 10(5) sporulated oocysts of a cloned strain of Eimeria hungaryensis were used to infect laboratory-reared, coccidia-free wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Total oocyst production, reproductive indices (output/dose) and daily patterns of oocyst production were compared. At doses of 10(2) oocysts or less, observed yields exceeded expected yields calculated using details of endogenous stages. At doses above 10(2) oocysts, the converse occurred. From infections initiated with 10(2) oocysts, total outputs were not significantly different in male and female wood mice, host age had no apparent effect and repeated infections, at 10-day intervals, of both sexes, resulted in progressive decreases in output at each successive infection, suggesting development of resistance. PMID- 3200605 TI - Host-parasite relationships between larval Sialis lutaria (Megaloptera) and Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Acanthocephala). AB - The role of the larva of the alder fly Sialis lutaria as a host for Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Acanthocephala) has been investigated. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) infected with N. rutili were found to be feeding on S. lutaria larvae which contained juvenile acanthocephalans in their haemocoels. These acanthocephalans have been identified as N. rutili. A previous report of this host-parasite relationship indicated some form of host response to the larval acanthocephalan. Stained wax sections of S. lutaria larvae infected with N. rutili did not show any evidence of either a host response or encapsulation. Samples of S. lutaria larvae revealed an interesting pattern of infection. Only larvae of a particular size range were infected. An experiment to infect commercially obtained rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) with N. rutili by feeding them with infected S. lutaria larvae was successful. Since S. lutaria larvae are known to be prey items for trout it appears that this route of infection could commonly occur in the natural environment. Larval S. lutaria is considered as an additional intermediate host to several ostracod species which have been shown to play a role in the transmission of N. rutili. PMID- 3200604 TI - Changes in the spontaneous flight activity of the mosquito Anopheles stephensi by parasitization with the rodent malaria Plasmodium yoelii. AB - An acoustic actograph was used to monitor for 17 days after infection the spontaneous flight activity of the mosquito Anopheles stephensi parasitized with the rodent malaria Plasmodium yoelii. Activity fell to approximately two-thirds of control levels at about day 10 post-infection--when oocysts were reaching maximum size and starting to rupture (mean number of oocysts = 92)--and thereafter remained at this reduced level. The circadian activity pattern was not affected by the parasitism. PMID- 3200606 TI - Evidence for post-cyclic transmission in the life-history of Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Acanthocephala). AB - Field observations at one site on brown trout (Salmo trutta) and three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) concurrently infected with mature Neoechinorhynchus rutili, together with the knowledge that large trout can be piscivorous in habit led to the proposition that the post-cyclic transmission of N. rutili may occur between these fish species. This route of transmission has been suggested for a number of acanthocephalan species. A laboratory experiment was conducted and it was demonstrated that uninfected rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) can acquire a N. rutili infection as a result of feeding on sticklebacks already carrying established worms in their intestines. This finding may help to explain how N. rutili is found in a wide range of fish definitive hosts throughout the northern holarctic region. More generally this example provides further evidence of the flexibility within acanthocephalan life-history patterns. PMID- 3200607 TI - Superoxide dismutase from Ascaris suum. AB - Three superoxide dismutases (SOD) (EC 1.15.1.1) were detected in homogenates of Ascaris suum. Each of the three forms of SOD was purified by a sequence of multiple differential centrifugations, ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and G-75 Sephadex column chromatography. The three forms of SOD were present in different cellular locations; one in the cytoplasmic fraction, sensitive to cyanide and hydrogen peroxide, and two in the mitochondrial fraction, one of which was cyanide sensitive. The SOD forms presented clear differences in their electrophoretic patterns. The sexual organs of females showed the highest SOD activities of all the tissues examined. The finding of such high levels of superoxide dismutase in A. suum reflects the importance of this enzyme in the metabolism of this helminth parasite. PMID- 3200608 TI - [Functional systems: principles of dynamic organization, postulates of general theories]. PMID- 3200609 TI - [Relationship between thermoregulation and circulation in patients with essential hypertension]. PMID- 3200611 TI - [Effect of emotional-pain stress on the level of lipids and esterification of cholesterol in the blood of rats]. PMID- 3200610 TI - [Use of adenosine in experimental ischemia of the myocardium, combined with acute arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3200612 TI - [Role of the World Health Organization in the fight for a higher level of health of the population (on the 40th anniversary of WHO)]. PMID- 3200613 TI - [Proliferation and migration of lymphoid cells of the thymus in acute hypoxia and partial hepatectomy]. PMID- 3200615 TI - [Relation between disseminated intravascular coagulation of blood and the level of plasma fibronectin in burn shock]. PMID- 3200614 TI - [Morphometric parameters of erythrocytes during hemosorption in relation to burn toxemia in an experiment]. PMID- 3200616 TI - [Regulatory systems and morphofunctional status of the myocardium in dogs after restoration of circulation in ischemic extremities]. PMID- 3200617 TI - [Biochemical criteria for the adaptation of the body to hypoxia and their use in the development of methods of training therapy]. PMID- 3200618 TI - [Formation of transferrin and ceruloplasmin in the blood of rats with acute nitrite-induced methemoglobinemia]. PMID- 3200619 TI - [Immunobiological characteristics of regeneration in the use of official protein preparations]. PMID- 3200620 TI - [Changes in the content of transferrin, ceruloplasmin, iron, and copper in blood serum and granulation tissue in wound healing in an experiment]. PMID- 3200621 TI - [Use of hyperbaric oxygenation for correction of parameters of the reactivity of the body in chronic inflammation]. PMID- 3200622 TI - [Effect of intravenous administration of prostaglandin E2 on the function of the kidneys in experimental acute renal insufficiency of hemotransfusion genesis]. PMID- 3200623 TI - [Blood circulation in the eye of a rabbit under the effect of diffuse scattered laser radiation]. PMID- 3200624 TI - [A method of measuring pO2 and the concentration of oxidizing agents in tissues]. PMID- 3200625 TI - [Use of a method of stepwise formation of mental activity during preparation for practical tasks in the department of pathophysiology]. PMID- 3200626 TI - Children at risk: current social and medical challenges. PMID- 3200627 TI - [Diagnosis of pulmonary echinococcosis by bronchoalveolar lavage]. PMID- 3200628 TI - [Surgical treatment of complicated gastroduodenal ulcers in children]. PMID- 3200629 TI - [Effects of alcoholism of the parents on the arterial pressure of children and adolescents]. PMID- 3200630 TI - [Features of blood lipid spectrum in schoolchildren with different amount of motor activity]. PMID- 3200631 TI - [Morphological characteristics of the thymus and adrenal glands of infants with thymus hyperplasia who died of acute pneumonia]. PMID- 3200633 TI - [Phagocytic activity of neutrophils in children with hereditary glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency during acute pneumonia]. PMID- 3200632 TI - [Clinical significance of fibronectin level in the assessment of severity and prognosis of acute diseases of the respiratory tract in children]. PMID- 3200635 TI - [Socio-hygienic aspects of gynecologic diseases in girls]. PMID- 3200634 TI - [Disorders of the motor function of the large intestine based on the data of electrocolonography]. PMID- 3200636 TI - [Biologically active additives and possibilities of their use in child nutrition]. PMID- 3200637 TI - [Sensitization of children to food antigens in breast feeding]. PMID- 3200638 TI - [Main trends in restructuring of maternal and child health services]. PMID- 3200639 TI - [Differential diagnosis of diseases associated with joint hypermobility]. PMID- 3200640 TI - [Plasmapheresis in the therapy of infection, destructive pneumonia and intestinal toxicosis in children]. PMID- 3200641 TI - [Experience with the use of xidifon in dermatomyositis in children]. PMID- 3200642 TI - [Organization of staged treatment of children with chemical injuries of the gastrointestinal tract]. PMID- 3200644 TI - [Experience with the organization of a regional centralized pediatric pathoanatomical service]. PMID- 3200643 TI - [Effectiveness of selective anti-measles reimmunization of risk-group children]. PMID- 3200645 TI - [Restructuring of child health care: current, defined and debatable questions]. PMID- 3200647 TI - [Endocardial fibroelastosis associated with anomalous origin of coronary arteries at the posterior semilunar aortic valve in newborn infants]. PMID- 3200646 TI - [Case of congenital toxoplasmosis]. PMID- 3200648 TI - [Nonspecific ulcerative colitis in a 4-month-old child]. PMID- 3200649 TI - [Dermatomyositis in an immunodeficient child]. PMID- 3200650 TI - [A case of congenital hypoplastic Fanconi's anemia]. PMID- 3200651 TI - [Purulent meningitis in infants and children: which antibiotherapy?]. PMID- 3200652 TI - [Metastatic neuroblastoma with secondary hypersecretion of vasoactive intestinal peptide]. AB - A 18-month-old boy with stage 4 neuroblastoma needed intensive care because of prerenal acute renal failure related to an intractable watery diarrhoea syndrome occurring 10 months after the diagnosis of the primary tumor. This diarrhoea was in relation with a late hyperproduction of vasoactive intestinal peptide by the relapsing neuroblastoma itself and stopped with intravenous somatostatin administration. PMID- 3200653 TI - [Cerebrovascular ischemic accident and congenital protein C deficiency in children: apropos of a case]. AB - The authors report the case of a 15-month-old boy with left hemiparesia related to a right sylvian ischemic incident, confirmed by CT scan and carotid angiography. Long-term evolution was favourable with anti-aggregant platelet treatment. A large constitutional protein C deficiency (40%) proved to be the etiology. Protein C is a powerful, physiological, vitamin K-dependent anti coagulant which neutralizes activated factors V and VIII. Congenital protein C deficiency is responsible for recurrent spontaneous thrombosis affecting the young, mainly in the venous areas, since arterial incidents are less frequent. Protein C assays should be included in the systematic etiologic check-up for thrombotic incidents in children. PMID- 3200654 TI - [Immature angiomas in infants]. AB - Immature hemangiomas are frequent during infancy. Strawberry or cavernous hemangiomas have a specific evolution with an extensive phase, followed with a spontaneously regressive phase. Complications (cutaneous necrosis, pain and infection) are most often benign. More severe evolutions may occur, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, which needs specific treatment. Most often, immature hemangiomas regress spontaneously and a clinical follow-up is sufficient. Systemic steroid therapy may be used in the case of important growing, vital or functional impairment (laryngeal or eyelid involvement). The dosage (more than 2 mg/kg/d prednisone) and the length of such treatment must be adequate. Surgery with or without embolization is rarely needed. PMID- 3200655 TI - [Motivations of parents taking their children to the hospital in emergencies. Results of a psychosocial survey at the Regional University Hospital Center of Grenoble]. AB - A psycho-social survey by questionnaire was conducted among parents accompanying their children to the Pediatric Emergency Ward of the Medical Center of Grenoble, in order to identify the motivations of those who do not seek a medical advice prior to their coming to the hospital. From this survey, several motivating factors were identified: an economical factor, the difficulty to rapidly call a physician, the place of residence, an insufficient knowledge of the medical services, the familiarity of parents with the hospital, the advice of relatives, the anxiety caused by the child's illness and the comforting image of the hospital. In a synthetic analysis, several types of parents are distinguished according to their behavior. PMID- 3200656 TI - [10 years' experience with intermittent catheterization in neurogenic bladder in children and adolescents: study of 165 cases]. AB - Intermittent clean catheterization has been proposed in 1975 for the treatment of neurogenic bladder in children and teen-agers. We report results in 165 patients with neurogenic bladder (111 girls, 54 boys) from 1976 to 1986; 9 patients were lost for follow-up. Myelomeningocele was the cause of the neurogenic bladder in 132 cases. The effects on continence, upper-tract and urinary infection are studied. These data show that such a method is simple, harmless and effective for the protection of the upper urinary tract and for the control of urinary incontinence. PMID- 3200657 TI - [Treatment of hypertensive attacks in children with nicardipine]. AB - A prospective study of the hypotensive effects of nicardipine has been performed during 65 administrations of the drug in 6 children with malignant hypertension. We conclude that this calcium channel blocker is useful to treat hypertensive emergency in children owing to its tolerance and its efficacy (mean arterial blood pressure was lowered by 28 to 38% after 90 min). In addition, it ensures the maintenance of cerebral, renal and myocardial blood flow. A posology of 1 mg/kg/dose, 3 or 4 times/day (oral route) seems to be sufficient, as its effects last 6 to 10 h. Nevertheless the control of acute arterial hypertension must always be associated with the introduction or adjustment of long-term antihypertensive therapy. PMID- 3200658 TI - [Epidemiological study and cost evaluation of measles in Lyons hospitals over a 5 year period]. AB - The study of 414 measles cases, admitted in several childrens' hospitals in the Lyons area, underlines the important cost of this disease. Moreover, the occurrence of complications (in 56% of children hospitalized with measles), some of which as severe as encephalitis (n = 9) and/or death (n = 4), shows that an improvement of preventive measures is indispensable. Vaccination appears to be the most effective way, but the actual immunization level remains insufficient in France. This situation could be optimized either by intensifying the sensibilization fields or by rendering vaccination compulsory before entrance to school and collectivities. PMID- 3200659 TI - [Rapid diagnosis in virology]. PMID- 3200660 TI - [Gastro-esophageal reflux in pediatrics, an ever-present problem]. PMID- 3200661 TI - [Care and treatment of uropathies detected in utero. Evaluation of an 8-year experiment]. AB - Over an 8 year period, the antenatal diagnosis of uropathy has been evoked for 125 fetuses, but confirmed only in 22%; in the other cases, it was insufficient (50%) or wrong (28%). Early surgery was useful only in few cases during the first days of life (section of urethral valves, temporary nephrostomy); in most cases, surgery was performed between 1 and 3 months of age; total or partial nephrectomy (mainly for multicystic dysplasia and ureteral duplication with ureterocele or ectopy), and generally conservative surgery (resection of pyelo-ureteral junction, vesico-ureteral reimplantation because of reflux or mega-ureter). The long-term results depend upon the degree of renal dysplasia: the prognosis is good in all the cases of operated hydronephrosis, but is often poor in uropathies characterized by early obstructive phenomena during intra-uterine life such as urethral valves. In those cases, the course of renal insufficiency cannot always be prevented by neonatal surgery. PMID- 3200662 TI - [Intrarectal clonazepam in children. Plasma and CSF levels]. AB - Eleven children with seizures were treated with clonazepam by rectal route. Thirty minutes after the administration, the plasma (8 to 28 ng/ml) and CSF (0.9 to 2.26 ng/ml) levels were satisfactory and correlated with a good clinical result. Since the tolerance of the drug was excellent, clonazepam appears to be as useful as diazepam in the management of childhood seizures. PMID- 3200663 TI - [History of hunting ... to cockroaches]. AB - A 12.5 year old Cambodian boy had a chronic rhinitis with conjunctivitis since 5 years. Skin tests and RAST were positive only for cockroach allergen. The patient used to catch cockroaches to feed his fish. After disinfection of the apartment and desensitization therapy, the boy's symptoms disappeared within 7 months. The author recommends that skin tests and RAST for cockroaches may be used in the investigation of chronic rhinitis with conjunctivitis or asthma. PMID- 3200664 TI - [The Beals-Hecht syndrome (congenital contractural arachnodactyly) revealed in a neonate]. AB - A new case of congenital contracture arachnodactyly (CCA) revealed in the neonatal period is reported. CCA is a dominantly inherited syndrome associating arachnodactyly, kyphoscoliosis, multiple congenital joint contractures and crumpled ears. This condition differs from Marfan's syndrome by the usual absence of visceral involvement, although cardiac complications are possible. The neonatal forms result from new mutations are are generally severe. PMID- 3200665 TI - [Early evaluation of the vision of infants: baby vision, a reality today]. AB - Non invasive techniques such as preferential looking, Teller acuity cards and orthoptic examination allow an early detection and treatment of visual defect. As early as 3 months of age, the pediatrician should refer to an ophthalmologist any child at risk on the ground of its personal or family history. Visual evoked potentials and retinography should be used in the case of more severe problems. PMID- 3200666 TI - [Rhythms of children and school rhythms]. AB - A number of school difficulties in children result from the disregard of their basic biological rhythms. The author emphasizes the role of the pediatrician in teaching the parents the respect of these rhythms, and in particular of the sleep requirements. The child's fatigue may result in school difficulties and its detection, on the basis of its various symptoms, is important. PMID- 3200667 TI - [Contributions of the measurement of TSH, T4 and thyroglobulin, of 99m Tc scintigraphy and of cervical ultrasonography to the early diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism]. AB - Over 10 years, extending from 1978, 200,000 newborns of the Champagne-Ardennes Region have been tested within the screening program for congenital hypothyroidism. Congenital hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 96 infants (28 boys, 68 girls): 73 thyroid dysgenesis (50 ectopic glands and 23 undetectable thyroid tissue) and 23 thyroid dyshormonogenesis (14 permanent and 9 transient defects). Our local frequency was 1/2,600, significantly higher than the French and European frequencies. There was a marked shortening of the age at diagnosis during the 10 year period (mean age: 45 days between 1978 and 1980, 18 days in 1987). The TSH measurement was found to be the most sensitive tool for the diagnosis. Scintigraphy and more recently ultrasonography were performed in order to characterize the anatomical variety. For the last year, the following protocol was used: high frequency ultrasonography at first, then 123I or 99 m Tc scintigraphy (using parallel colimator and digital acquisition) depending on whether the thyroid gland was seen on ultrasound or not. Treatment of thyroid dyshormonogenesis was withdrawn after 5 years for reassessment. PMID- 3200669 TI - Musical pitch identification by absolute pitch possessors. PMID- 3200668 TI - [Lichen planus]. PMID- 3200670 TI - Testing race models by estimating the smaller of two true mean or true median reaction times: an analysis of estimation bias. PMID- 3200671 TI - Spatial frequency and contrast effects on percepts of bistable stroboscopic motion. PMID- 3200672 TI - Experience facilitates olfactory quality discrimination. PMID- 3200673 TI - Processing feature density in preattentive perception. PMID- 3200674 TI - Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. PMID- 3200675 TI - Information measurement of distinctiveness and similarity. PMID- 3200677 TI - "PLATO" on line: biomedical communication in the computer age. PMID- 3200676 TI - On the role of figural organization in perceptual transparency. PMID- 3200678 TI - The multifactorial aetiology of coronary heart disease: a dangerous delusion. PMID- 3200679 TI - Toward a biological understanding of the ageing process. PMID- 3200680 TI - The significance of teeth in pollution detection. AB - The general population is experiencing lifelong exposure to old and new hazardous substances. By using data collected from a subject's own teeth, accuracy in determining the effects of exposure is assured since extrapolation is excluded. The establishment of a common tooth bank can provide means to integrate data from multiple sources. Comprehensive pollution information shared by the environmental, scientific and medical communities can lead to a more efficient approach to a worldwide problem. PMID- 3200681 TI - Schizophrenia in an evolutionary perspective. PMID- 3200682 TI - Lexicographer-scientists and the plasticity of lymphocytes. PMID- 3200683 TI - [On the relations between 67Ga uptake in tumor or liver and blood chemistry data in patients with malignant tumors]. PMID- 3200684 TI - [The evaluation of digital X-ray images on CRT monitor display]. PMID- 3200685 TI - [Effects of perfluorochemical emulsion on the timing of administration and irradiation in tumor bearing mice]. PMID- 3200686 TI - [New 10B-compounds enhancing thermal neutron-induced cell killing]. PMID- 3200687 TI - [CT images of lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve]. PMID- 3200688 TI - [The limitations of plain chest radiography and the role of computed tomography in diagnosis of traumatic mediastinal hematoma]. PMID- 3200689 TI - [Experimental and clinical studies of hepatic blood flow evaluation by dynamic CT]. PMID- 3200690 TI - [A study on improvement of treatment results for esophageal cancer--comparison of radiation therapy and surgery]. PMID- 3200691 TI - [MRI for early diagnosis of avascular necrosis of the femoral head]. PMID- 3200692 TI - [Hemodynamic effects of lidocaine in peripheral arterial flow in dog]. PMID- 3200693 TI - [The role of CT in myocardial infarction: comparison with echocardiography and thallium myocardial scintigraphy]. PMID- 3200694 TI - [Synthesized images with intensified relaxation time effect--clinical application to brain tumor]. PMID- 3200695 TI - [The role of computed tomography in blunt hepatic injury]. PMID- 3200696 TI - [Measurement of normal auditory ossicles by high-resolution CT with application of normal criteria to disease cases]. PMID- 3200697 TI - [Radiotherapy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma--optimization by histological type and extent of the disease]. PMID- 3200698 TI - [Endoscopic Nd-YAG laser therapy of tracheobronchial lesions]. PMID- 3200699 TI - [Results of radiotherapy in lung cancer]. PMID- 3200700 TI - [Development and clinical application of biliary endoprosthesis using expandable metallic stents]. PMID- 3200701 TI - [The usefulness of MRI in the evaluation of hormonal therapy of ovarian chocolate cysts]. PMID- 3200702 TI - [Why do we fail to treat type II diabetes?]. PMID- 3200703 TI - [Can good blood sugar regulation prevent diabetic complications?]. PMID- 3200704 TI - [Self-care is essential for diabetic patients--the physician's role is to support]. PMID- 3200705 TI - [Geriatric education for physicians-to-be in the Scandinavian countries]. PMID- 3200706 TI - [Acute pneumonia today]. PMID- 3200707 TI - [Pneumonia--etiology, diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3200708 TI - [Diagnostic methods in infectious and inflammatory lung diseases]. PMID- 3200709 TI - [Asthma--an inflammatory disease]. PMID- 3200711 TI - [Rhabdomyolysis]. PMID- 3200710 TI - [Cerebral palsy in Vestfold 1970-1984. Occurrence in a period of declining peri- and neonatal mortality]. PMID- 3200712 TI - [A Scandinavian Central Committee meeting in Kolding. No mass screening for HIV]. PMID- 3200713 TI - [Unnecessary deaths in the working class and decline of quality in the health services]. PMID- 3200714 TI - [Medical decision making and economics 3. How do we continue?]. PMID- 3200715 TI - [Research education at medical schools in Finland]. PMID- 3200716 TI - Preaching to the unconverted. PMID- 3200717 TI - Ken's regional recipe. PMID- 3200719 TI - The price is wrong. PMID- 3200718 TI - When disaster strikes. PMID- 3200721 TI - Hemodialysis. A fragile lifeline. PMID- 3200720 TI - Haemodialysis. States of mind. PMID- 3200722 TI - Recruit and retain. Welcome to nursing? PMID- 3200723 TI - My week as a nurse. PMID- 3200725 TI - Student power. PMID- 3200724 TI - Nurses in danger. Agents of repression. PMID- 3200726 TI - A pain of separation. PMID- 3200727 TI - What will I say? PMID- 3200728 TI - Distance learning. Research skills. Number 4. Writing up a research report. PMID- 3200729 TI - Health visitors supplement. PMID- 3200730 TI - Health visitors supplement. Public perceptions. PMID- 3200731 TI - Health visitors supplement. Reform--or die. PMID- 3200732 TI - Health visitors supplement. A positive response. PMID- 3200733 TI - Health visitors supplement. Defining a key role. PMID- 3200734 TI - Health visitors supplement. Interview by Sue Smith. PMID- 3200735 TI - One step forward. PMID- 3200736 TI - The Asian factor. PMID- 3200737 TI - That's the way the money goes. PMID- 3200738 TI - And now for my next trick. PMID- 3200739 TI - The "beautiful face of cancer'. PMID- 3200741 TI - Recruit and retain. Getting psyched-up to stay. PMID- 3200742 TI - An old soldier's paradise. PMID- 3200740 TI - Education. Why me? PMID- 3200743 TI - Professional accountability: the conflict. PMID- 3200744 TI - Paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. PMID- 3200745 TI - Continence. Journal of the Association of Continence Advisors. PMID- 3200747 TI - Continence. Jane's story. PMID- 3200746 TI - Continence. Motivating for continence. PMID- 3200748 TI - Distance learning. Research skills. Number 5. Critical reading of research. PMID- 3200749 TI - Nurses for sale? PMID- 3200750 TI - The grocery store syndrome. A guest editorial on the extreme effects of competition on cancer research, innovation, and quality of care. PMID- 3200751 TI - Monitoring the myelosuppressive effects of radiation therapy. PMID- 3200752 TI - Questions raised about Hickman mixing and reinfusing method. PMID- 3200753 TI - More information sought on pain management team. PMID- 3200754 TI - Assessing and intervening with dysfunctional families. PMID- 3200755 TI - Safe handling of antineoplastic drugs: translating the recommendations into practice. PMID- 3200756 TI - Nursing issues and management in chemotherapy-induced alopecia. PMID- 3200758 TI - Determining continuing education priorities in cancer management for nursing. PMID- 3200759 TI - An assessment of student nurses' knowledge about cancer. PMID- 3200757 TI - Factors affecting the practice of breast self-examination in older women. PMID- 3200760 TI - Helping you help your patients: the patient education program of the National Cancer Institute. PMID- 3200761 TI - Suggestions of vein care for patients. PMID- 3200762 TI - Helping the bereaved. PMID- 3200763 TI - Oncology nurse research issues: over-studied populations. PMID- 3200765 TI - Wiring techniques of the posterior cervical spine for the treatment of trauma. AB - Surgical stabilization of the cervical spine for maintaining reduction and facilitating fusion following trauma may be accomplished by wiring the dorsal elements together. Twenty gauge (0.8 mm) 316L stainless steel surgical wire is the most convenient size to use. Meticulous atraumatic technique is necessary to reduce and fix the unstable spine in order to prevent damage to the spinal cord. Multiple wiring techniques of the upper and lower cervical spine are described and demonstrated, noting the advantages and disadvantages of each. PMID- 3200764 TI - Tibial plateau fractures. AB - A retrospective study of 128 patients with fractures of the tibial plateau treated at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions over a 20-year period was undertaken to compare the results of operative treatment with the results of the nonoperative treatment. Outcome was evaluated with respect to healing, length of hospital stay, time to weight bearing and full activity, and functional result. The fractures were grouped into the four types of the Association for the Study of the Problems of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) system, with nondisplaced fractures considered separately. Overall, patients with displaced fractures treated operatively had a shorter average hospital stay (22 days vs 26 days), a higher percentage of satisfactory functional results (78% vs 63%), and a shorter period of immobilization (5 weeks vs 10 weeks), but took longer to return to prefracture activity level (23 weeks vs 18 weeks). The patients treated operatively had more complications with regard to infections (9 vs 2), fewer complications with regard to thromboembolism (2 vs 13), and approximately equal numbers of nonunion or malunion. Our study supports operative therapy for patients with displaced Type III or Type IV fractures and closed treatment for patients with Type I, Type II, and nondisplaced fractures. PMID- 3200766 TI - Complex shoulder trauma: three-dimensional CT imaging. AB - Volumetric three-dimensional imaging is a new technique for CT image processing which generates realistic, three-dimensional models of complex musculoskeletal anatomy from routine transaxial CT data. Volumetric three-dimensional imaging is particularly helpful in evaluating complex shoulder trauma, demonstrating significant advantages over plain film radiography. Multipartite fractures involving the shoulder girdle are displayed in a comprehensive fashion with 3D imaging. With volumetric imaging as implemented on a Pixar Imaging Computer, a 3D model of the injured shoulder can be generated with overlapping structures removed from view, and then rotated about the vertical and horizontal axis for better understanding of abnormal anatomy prior to surgical correction. PMID- 3200767 TI - Adamantinoma of the radius. A case report. AB - Adamantinoma is a rare, primary, malignant bone tumor; only one such case involving the radius has been reported. A second case is documented. This patient was treated by en bloc excision and reconstruction with microvascular fibula transfer. Although adamantinoma is not considered to be a high-grade lesion, aggressive treatment is warranted for lesions of the radius. PMID- 3200768 TI - Neuropathic sternoclavicular joint secondary to syringomyelia. A case report. AB - A 14-year-old boy is presented with syringomyelia and a neuropathic sternoclavicular joint. Recognition of neuropathic arthropathy of the upper extremity is important when a massive, destructive joint lesion exists in a patient with syringomyelia. PMID- 3200769 TI - Is Cotrel-Dubousset Instrumentation the treatment of choice for idiopathic scoliosis in the adolescent who has an operative thoracic curve? PMID- 3200770 TI - Routine radiographs in acute knee distortions. AB - The value of primary knee radiographs was examined in 144 cases with acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture to determine the ability of the films to reveal or confirm the correct diagnosis. In 15% of the patients, the radiographs were found to give significant diagnostic help by revealing typical avulsion fractures associated with injury to the ligament. Primary knee radiographs are recommended in every major knee ligament injury. PMID- 3200771 TI - Simultaneous bilateral tibial tubercle avulsion fracture. AB - Bilateral simultaneous tibial tubercle avulsion fractures are extremely rare. The present case was a 16-year-old boy who sustained bilateral simultaneous tibial tubercle avulsion fractures (Watson-Jones Type III) from jumping while playing basketball. Both fractures were treated successfully by open reduction and internal fixation with screws. Three years later, the patient had the screws removed because of knee pain and tenderness over the screws. PMID- 3200772 TI - Technique of triple arthrodesis in treatment of symptomatic pes planus. PMID- 3200773 TI - Radiologic case study. Diskovertebral erosions in ankylosing spondylitis. PMID- 3200774 TI - International conference: Polymers in Medicine '88. Warsaw, October 3-7, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3200775 TI - An adolescent fearful of AIDS: a 'new' disease presents some old clinical problems. PMID- 3200776 TI - Plasma lipids can be reliably assessed within 24 hours after acute myocardial infarction. AB - Total serum cholesterol and triglycerides were measured in 159 Indian patients (134 males) with acute myocardial infarction during their stay in hospital (days 1 and 2) and 3 months later in order to assess whether lipid levels measured soon after acute myocardial infarction represent basal values. Early and 3 month lipid levels were also compared according to the sex and glucose tolerance of the patients. The mean total cholesterol levels on admission (day 1) were comparable to the 3 month values in both men (6.09 +/- 0.10 vs 6.18 +/- 0.09 mmol/l) and women (6.75 +/- 0.30 vs 6.44 +/- 0.22 mmol/l) irrespective of glucose tolerance. In the entire group cholesterol levels on day 2 were significantly lower than the admission and 3 month values. Nevertheless there was a significant correlation between day 2 and 3 month values (P less than 0.0005). Serum triglyceride levels on day 2 were influenced by glucose tolerance and were significantly lower than the 3 month values in patients with normal glucose tolerance but not in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance. However there with a significant correlation between day 2 triglyceride values in patients with both normal and abnormal glucose tolerance. These results suggest that serum cholesterol measured on admission after acute myocardial infarction may be reliably used to represent basal values in both men and women irrespective of glucose tolerance. Although cholesterol and triglycerides measured on day 2 vary with either the gender or glucose tolerance of the patients, these values are still a useful guide to the patients' basal lipid state. PMID- 3200778 TI - Bilateral inguinal hernias: simultaneous or sequential repair? AB - Two hundred and forty four patients underwent either simultaneous bilateral inguinal hernia repair (n = 122) or unilateral inguinal hernia (n = 122) repair at a general hospital between January 1971 and December 1981. The two groups of patients were matched for age and sex. Both groups had a similar overall incidence of post-operative complications and in both groups the duration of post operative stay and duration of operating time were similar. Chest infections developed in 12 patients after bilateral repair and in 3 patients after unilateral repair (P less than 0.02). All patients were assessed prospectively from 4 to 15 years after operation, when no significant difference in the number of recurrent hernias was found. Our results suggest that simultaneous bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy is economical in terms of both operating time and duration of hospital stay, and that this economy is not bought at a cost of increased short term morbidity or long-term recurrence rate. PMID- 3200777 TI - Pharmacokinetics of flupirtine in elderly volunteers and in patients with moderate renal impairment. AB - The pharmacokinetics of flupirtine after a single oral dose of 100mg have been studied in patients with moderate renal impairment and in healthy elderly subjects aged 66-83 years. Mean elimination half-life of flupirtine was higher in elderly patients than in younger normal subjects, and this was associated with an increased maximum serum concentration and reduced clearance. The mean half-life in patients with renal impairment was higher than in normal subjects. There was no correlation between observed elimination half-life and degree of renal impairment, but the creatinine clearance of most patients fell in a narrow range between 43 and 60 ml/min. In the light of these results and until further information is available, it would be prudent to start treatment of patients who are elderly or have evidence of renal impairment with half the dose of flupirtine recommended for younger patients with normal renal function. PMID- 3200779 TI - Late complications of tuberculosis. PMID- 3200780 TI - Cerebellar disturbance in psittacosis. AB - A previously fit man developed psittacosis with marked cerebellar symptoms and signs. He was febrile but not confused, and he responded rapidly to treatment with erythromycin. Even if respiratory symptoms are minimal, psittacosis and other atypical pneumonias should be considered in any patient presenting with fever and cerebellar involvement. PMID- 3200781 TI - Rapid recovery of acute transverse myelitis treated with steroids. AB - A case of acute transverse myelitis is described in which steroid therapy was followed by a remarkably rapid clinical and electrophysiological recovery. A possible explanation is proposed. PMID- 3200782 TI - Alveolar soft-part sarcoma: a hormone-sensitive tumour? AB - Alveolar soft-part sarcoma is a rare, slow-growing, malignant tumour which metastasizes frequently to the lungs. Treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy is largely ineffective, and most patients die within 4 years of developing metastases. We report an unusual patient who survived 9 years after detection of pulmonary metastases. Initial treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy was ineffective. However, during subsequent treatment with Chinese herbs when she developed galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea (probably due to drug-induced hyperprolactinaemia), her lung metastases regressed, and it is likely that this contributed to her prolonged survival. We hypothesize that alveolar soft-part sarcoma may be a hormone-sensitive tumour, and hormonal manipulation may be an alternative form of treatment which is worth considering. PMID- 3200783 TI - Fatal Stevens-Johnson syndrome following urography with iopamidol in systemic lupus erythematosus. AB - A 46 year old white woman with active systemic lupus erythematosus developed a skin rash 8 hours after intravenous urography with the non-ionic contrast medium iopamidol. Severe Stevens-Johnson syndrome with erythema multiforme, intrahepatic cholestasis, pulmonary infiltrates and acute renal failure ensued, leading to her death. Although non-ionic contrast media are generally less toxic than traditional ionic agents, their use in patients with immunological disease may be hazardous. PMID- 3200784 TI - Glomerulonephritis preceding late relapse of Hodgkin's disease. AB - We report a case of focal sclerosing glomerulonephritis which developed 11 years after successful treatment of nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease. Hodgkin's disease relapsed 7 months later and responded completely to combination chemotherapy with simultaneous improvement in renal function. This case shows that relapse of Hodgkin's disease may occur after a 10 year interval and furthermore it may preceded by nephrotic syndrome. Renal disease in such cases may not recover until the underlying Hodgkin's disease is treated. PMID- 3200785 TI - Biliary colic after micro dieting. AB - A 33 year old man presented with biliary colic and transient obstructive jaundice. In the 4 weeks preceding admission he had been taking a very low calorie diet (the Cambridge Diet) and celebrated achieving his target weight with a fatty meal on the morning of admission. An ultrasound of the gallbladder suggested biliary sludge. We suggest that he developed the biliary sludge as a consequence of calorie restriction and that, following the fatty meal, the gall bladder contracted causing biliary colic and transient obstructive jaundice. PMID- 3200786 TI - Rifampicin-induced adrenal insufficiency in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. AB - Rifampicin, an antituberculous drug, causes increased hepatic metabolism of steroid hormones. We report the case of a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with rifampicin who had a 'normal' screening test for adrenal insufficiency, yet had clinical evidence of adrenal failure. Diagnostic testing could not be completed due to lack of clinical response to dexamethasone. Both of these findings are due to the unique effects of rifampicin on steroid metabolism. PMID- 3200787 TI - The changing face of medical education in France. PMID- 3200788 TI - A postgraduate dean's year. PMID- 3200789 TI - Scintigraphy in hypothyroid neonates. PMID- 3200790 TI - Catecholamines and hypertension. Symposium of the Danish Society of Hypertension. Copenhagen, Denmark, November 6, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3200791 TI - Psychosocial stress and catecholamines: their relationship to ageing, duodenal ulcer, hypochondriasis and hypertension. PMID- 3200792 TI - Plasma noradrenaline levels in young subjects at increased risk of developing essential hypertension. Response to a multistage exercise test. PMID- 3200793 TI - Plasma adrenaline: relations to blood pressure, blood platelet function and blood lipids in essential hypertension. PMID- 3200794 TI - Relationship between sympathetic nerve traffic and plasma concentrations of noradrenaline in man. PMID- 3200795 TI - Mutagenic activity of Mintostachys mollis in AHH1 lymphoblast cells. AB - Cultured AHH1 human lymphoblast cells were exposed to an extract of Mintostachys mollis, which is used as a medicinal plant and preservative in Peru, to detect its mutagenic activity. A three-day exposure to concentrations of 1, 10, 30 and 50 micrograms/ml resulted in induced mutant fraction of 1.02, 1.79, 2.21 and 3.80 mutations per million cells per day, expressed as 6-Thioguanine resistance. A concentration of 10 micrograms/ml induced 11.9 times the spontaneous mutant fraction of AHH1 cells. The doubling dose determined to be 838 ng/ml. A concentration of 30 micrograms/ml of this compound resembled the induced rate of 1 microM benzo (alpha) pryene. PMID- 3200796 TI - Gamma-rays and EMS induced pentaphyllous mutant in black gram (Vigna mungo). AB - Pentaphyllous mutants in black gram were isolated in M2 generation of a segregating family, irradiated at 20 kR. The genetic nature of mutants was tested by hybridizing with controls, and chi-square tests applied to the F2 population, proved it to be a monogenic recessive. The pentaphyllous mutant had a greater number of pods and leaves per plant and larger and more root nodules. It also showed improved nutritional value with increased seed protein percentage and no increase in TIA (trypsin inhibitor activity). PMID- 3200797 TI - Sugars of the unfermented sap and the wine from the oil palm, Elaeis guinensis, tree. AB - The sugar composition of the unfermented sap from oil palm (Elaeis guinensis) trees growing in the plantations of the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, Benin City, has been determined. While sucrose concentration ranges from 9.59 to 10.59% (w/v) in the pure unfermented sap, that of either glucose or fructose is much less than 1% (w/v) (0.13-0.73% w/v). Raffinose occurs in traces only (0.13 0.35 w/v). These results were derived from our improved methods which eliminate completely, or reduce to a bare minimum, fermentation of the sap during collection. The variation with time of storage of the individual sugars in the sap during fermentation to form palm wine reveals that, as sucrose steadily decreases, fructose reaches a peak at 1.51% (w/v) at the 9th hour, and thereafter declines, while glucose and raffinose remain continuously low; all sugars disappear beyond the 33rd hour. Concomittantly, pH decreases from pH 6.60 at zero time and stabilizes at pH 3.30 after 48 h, while titrable acidity increases continuously up until the 96th hour. These changes account for the variations in the quality of palm wine during storages. PMID- 3200798 TI - Nutritional evaluation of chickpea and germinated chickpea flours. AB - The ability of seed germination to increase the nutritional quality of chickpea was studied. Chickpea flours germinated for 0, 24 and 48 h were evaluated nutritionally by determination of protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), digestibility and essential amino acid availability "in vivo". A significant increase in ascorbic acid was observed during germination. PER and NPR values indicated that germinated chickpea flours compared favorably to casein. Protein digestibility decreased as germination time increased. Essential amino acid availability did not change after 24 h of germination, but a small decrease was observed after 48 h. The increase in some amino acids during germination may account for the observed increase in PER for the germinated flours. Seed germination enhanced significantly the nutritional quality of chickpea protein and substantially increased the ascorbic acid level. PMID- 3200800 TI - Serum and liver lipids of rats fed rubber seed oil. AB - Crude rubber seed oil (RSO) was incorporated at the 5% level in diets free of cholesterol or containing 1% cholesterol, respectively. These studies were initiated for the purpose of evaluating the palatability and potential toxicity of RSO. Corn oil was used as a control. A considerable amount of unsaponifiable matter was detected in RSO. In addition, RSO was found to possess a fatty acid profile which was fairly different from that of corn oil, primarily due to a much higher content of linolenic acid and a lower content of linoleic acid in RSO. No adverse effects on food intake and average daily gain were observed in rats fed RSO in both cholesterol-free and cholesterol diets. The presence of RSO in cholesterol-free diets results in lower (p less than 0.05) serum and liver total cholesterol levels than in control animals. A relative hypercholesterolemic effect compared to corn oil was observed however, when RSO was added to diets containing 1% cholesterol. In summary, the physicochemical properties of RSO as well as the presence of cholesterol in the diet are important factors in evaluating the cholesterolemic effect of RSO. PMID- 3200801 TI - Nutritional quality of some improved cultivars of cowpea. AB - The seeds of 13 improved cowpea cultivars were analysed for proximate composition, methionine, tryptophan and polyphenols. Considerable genetic variations were observed for the contents of protein, nonprotein nitrogen, limiting amino acids and polyphenols. The globulins contributed about 50% of the total seed proteins. A significant proportion of proteins of high protein cultivars was found to be insoluble. The proteins of most of the cultivars were found deficient in methionine and tryptophan. Methionine and tryptophan levels were negatively correlated with protein and positively correlated with carbohydrate contents. The cultivars with colored seed coats contained higher amounts of polyphenols. The difference in polyphenol content between various cultivars were due to seed coat polyphenols. PMID- 3200799 TI - Growth rate, muscle protein composition, intestinal absorption of D-galactose and L-leucine and nitrogen balance in rats fed the raw legume Chamaecytisus proliferus L. AB - Growth rate, nitrogen balance, skeletal muscle nitrogen fractions and in vivo intestinal absorption of D-galactose (2 mM) and L-leucine (20 mM) have been measured in male growing rats (90-100 g initial body weight) fed 12% protein diets containing either casein (control) or the raw leafy legume Chamaecytisus proliferus L. (Western Canary Islands). As compared to control casein-fed rats, those fed the raw legume diet exhibited a significant reduction (P less than 0.01) in the rate of growth, nitrogen balance parameters, sarcoplasmic nitrogenous fraction of skeletal musculature and in vivo intestinal absorption of galactose and leucine; however, the non-protein nitrogenous fraction has been found significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than that of control animals, whereas the myofibrillar nitrogenous fraction remained unchanged. The possible nature of these findings is discussed. PMID- 3200802 TI - Characterization of seed storage proteins of urdbean (Vigna mungo). AB - Dehulled and defatted flour of urdbean (Vigna mungo), Var T-9, contained 25% protein with maximum contribution by globulins (63%). Albumins and glutelins contributed 12% and 21% respectively, whereas prolamins were present only in traces (1%). Globulins were further fractionated into legumin and vicilin type proteins which were present in the ratio of 4:1. All the protein fractions were heterogenous in nature as revealed by high performance liquid chromatography. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the total protein sample to contain 21 different components with molecular weights ranging from 8.92 to 117.49 kd. Albumins, globulins, prolamins and glutelins resolved into 4, 8, 6 and 13 different sized components of molecular weights ranging from 10.23 to 25.53, 10.84 to 112.72, 10.33 to 51.52 and 8.91 to 112.72 kd, respectively. Amino acid analysis of all fractions revealed that glutamic acid was present in maximum concentration followed by aspartic acid and lysine. Just like other pulse proteins, the urdbean proteins were also deficient in sulphur containing amino acids. PMID- 3200803 TI - Variation of the amino acid scores and of the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors in barley grain as a function of nitrogen content as compared with wheat and rye. AB - Barley grains (9 samples from 7 cultivars) with nitrogen contents (N) ranging from 1.45 to 4.01% of dry matter were analysed for their amino acid (AA) composition with high accuracy from six different hydrolysates per sample. AA levels in grain increased as linear functions of N with correlation coefficients close to unity. A comparison with literature data confirmed that the AA composition of any grain sample of normal barley can be predicted from its N for all phenotypes and genotypes. AAs in grain protein changed as hyperbolic functions of N which increased for Phe, Pro and Glx but more or less strongly decreased for the other AAs. By plotting AA scores against N, barley proteins were shown to be always richer than wheat and rye in Val and Phe + Tyr; sometimes richer than both other species for N less than 2 (Lys); 2.2 (Leu and Ile); 3.4 (Thr); sometimes intermediate to wheat and rye above the latter N values. They were also intermediate in sulphur AAs for N less than 1.9 and drastically poorer for N greater than 1.9. However, they were richer than both other species in Trp for N greater than 1.6. The hyperbolic variations of non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were determined as a function of N and also compared with those of wheat and rye. PMID- 3200804 TI - Nematicides induced changes in the chemical constituents of potato tubers. AB - Changes in the chemical constitutents of potato tubers grown under different concentrations of 3 synthetic organic nematicides (carbofuran, aldicarb and phorate) and a natural plant product (sawdust) were investigated. There were no significant differences in the specific gravity, dry matter and starch content of tubers from different treatments. A significant increase in the content of non reducing and total sugars was observed in all the treatments. Nematicidal treatments had significant effects on reducing sugars, true protein, free amino acids, orthodihydroxy phenols, beta-carotene and ascorbic acid. Application of nematicides reduced the content of total phenolic compounds which is a desirable change from a processing viewpoint. Potatoes grown under different nematicidal treatments can be processed into chips and French fries as they contain permissible levels of reducing sugars required for these forms of processing. PMID- 3200805 TI - [A diagnostic program for studying mucociliary transport in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 3200806 TI - [The course of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with hyperergic reactions to tuberculin]. PMID- 3200807 TI - [X-ray morphologic analysis of spherical formations in the lungs]. PMID- 3200808 TI - [Clinical picture and diagnosis of tuberculous pericarditis]. PMID- 3200809 TI - [Cervix electrothermometry in determining the activity of genital tuberculosis in women]. PMID- 3200811 TI - [Ways to integrate phthisiology and pulmonology]. PMID- 3200810 TI - [A machine analysis of the medical documentation on patients with acute pneumonia treated at pulmonology departments]. PMID- 3200812 TI - [Anesthesiologic and resuscitation support for surgical interventions on the single lung in tuberculosis patients]. PMID- 3200813 TI - [Bronchoalveolar lavage in assessing the structural integrity of surfactant in pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3200814 TI - [The prognosis of relapses of pulmonary tuberculosis]. PMID- 3200815 TI - [Morphofunctional characteristics of the lungs in experimental mycoplasmal and pneumococcal infection]. PMID- 3200816 TI - [The content of biologically active substances in the sputum of patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis]. PMID- 3200818 TI - [Trace element content of the blood in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases]. PMID- 3200817 TI - [Circulating immune complexes in active forms of tuberculosis]. PMID- 3200819 TI - [Clinical x-ray characteristics of patients with caseous pneumonia and their treatment results]. PMID- 3200820 TI - [Tuberculosis of the thyroid]. PMID- 3200821 TI - [The clinical effectiveness of treating patients with infectious-inflammatory lung diseases using intrapulmonary drugs administered via a needle-jet injector]. PMID- 3200822 TI - [Voluntary regulation of breathing in treating bronchial asthma in children]. PMID- 3200823 TI - [A case of spontaneous recovery from pulmonary alveolar proteinosis]. PMID- 3200824 TI - [A case of pulmonary aspergillosis]. PMID- 3200825 TI - [Optimization of the work of the pediatric and adolescent departments at tuberculosis dispensaries]. PMID- 3200826 TI - The alpha and beta subunits of phosphorylase kinase are homologous: cDNA cloning and primary structure of the beta subunit. AB - We have cloned cDNA molecules encoding the beta subunit of phosphorylase kinase (ATP:phosphorylase-b phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.38) from rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle and have determined the complete primary structure of the polypeptide by a combination of peptide and DNA sequencing. In the mature beta subunit, the initial methionine is replaced by an acetyl group. The subunit is composed of 1092 amino acids and has a calculated molecular mass of 125,205 Da. Alignment of its sequence with the alpha subunit of phosphorylase kinase reveals extensive regions of homology, but each molecule also possesses unique sequences. Two of the three phosphorylation sites known for the beta subunit and all seven phosphorylation sites known for the alpha subunit are located in these unique domains. PMID- 3200827 TI - Repeated B motifs in the human immunodeficiency virus type I long terminal repeat enhancer region do not exhibit cooperative factor binding. AB - The enhancer element of the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-I) long terminal repeat (LTR) contains two copies of nearly identical sequences AGGGACTTTCC (3G sequence) and GGGGACTTTCC (4G sequence) that are important in transcriptional regulation. A single copy of the 4G sequence is found in the NF kappa B site of the immunoglobulin kappa-chain enhancer. Only the 4G motif in the HIV enhancer is bound by cellular proteins in extracts prepared from unstimulated HeLa cells, whereas the 3G and 4G motifs are bound by factors in extracts prepared from HeLa cells treated with phorbol esters [phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA)] and lymphoid cells. To determine if this change in binding to the HIV enhancer was due to phosphorylation of a cellular protein, partially purified PMA-treated HeLa nuclear extracts were digested with calf intestinal phosphatase. Phosphatase digestion of nuclear extracts from PMA-treated HeLa cells markedly decreased factor binding to the HIV enhancer. Accordingly, phosphorylation of the DNA binding protein itself, or an inhibitor protein present in the partially purified extract, must mediate binding to the recognition sequence. Binding studies confirmed that each of the enhancer sequences was capable of binding factors independent of the activity of the other site and that the HIV enhancer was occupied by only one factor at any one time. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays using mutants in either one or both HIV enhancer repeats revealed that each site was capable of functioning as a tat-inducible enhancer element in PMA-treated HeLa cells. These results suggest that the 3G and 4G motifs in the HIV enhancer function independently and that duplication in the HIV enhancer augments activity by a mechanism distinct from cooperative binding of NF kappa B. PMID- 3200828 TI - DNA sequencing with Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA. AB - The highly thermostable DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus (Taq) is ideal for both manual and automated DNA sequencing because it is fast, highly processive, has little or no 3'-exonuclease activity, and is active over a broad range of temperatures. Sequencing protocols are presented that produce readable extension products greater than 1000 bases having uniform band intensities. A combination of high reaction temperatures and the base analog 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine was used to sequence through G + C-rich DNA and to resolve gel compressions. We modified the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions for direct DNA sequencing of asymmetric PCR products without intermediate purification by using Taq DNA polymerase. The coupling of template preparation by asymmetric PCR and direct sequencing should facilitate automation for large-scale sequencing projects. PMID- 3200830 TI - Hydrogen burst associated with nitrogenase-catalyzed reactions. AB - We have used a membrane-leak mass spectrometer to follow the time courses of H2 evolution and substrate reduction by nitrogenase [reduced ferredoxin:dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolyzing), EC 1.18.6.1]. In the absence of added substrates, dinitrogenase passes all of its electrons to protons to form H2, but when a reducible substrate is added the electrons from dinitrogenase are shared between protons and the added substrate so that the steady-state rate of H2 production is decreased. If a reducible substrate is added before the nitrogenase reaction is initiated, a pre-steady-state burst of H2 is evident upon initiation of the reaction. This burst is associated with all the substrates of nitrogenase examined--i.e., N2, N2O, C2H2, NaN3, and NaCN. The H2 burst is stoichiometric with dinitrogenase, but not with dinitrogenase reductase. In the H2 burst phase, 1 H2 is evolved per dinitrogenase molybdenum. Although a change in the ratio of nitrogenase components changed the initial rate of the H2 burst, the stoichiometry was not affected. Production of H2 by the burst in the presence of a high concentration of substrate is terminated after production of 1 H2 per dinitrogenase molybdenum, and a steady-state rate of H2 production is established. This response suggests that the H2 burst is not a catalytic event but a result of a once-only activation process. PMID- 3200829 TI - T4 endonuclease VII cleaves the crossover strands of Holliday junction analogs. AB - We have formed four-arm branched DNA junctions that contain no more than a single base pair of branch migratory freedom. Recently, we have shown that these Holliday junction analogs have twofold symmetric protection patterns in solution when probed with hydroxyl radicals: two opposite strands of one junction show extensive protection near the branch point, while the other pair of opposite strands is virtually as susceptible as a double helix. In a different junction, the hydroxyl radical protection pattern is reversed. These patterns suggest that a crossover-isomer bias exists in these molecules and that the protected strands form the crossover between helices. Here, we examine the cleavage pattern of these structures when they are resolved by T4 endonuclease VII. Junctions are formed from a single shamrock-shaped molecule, which contains 5', 3', or internal labels. The enzyme shows a preference for resolving these modified junctions at sites near those protected from hydroxyl radicals. This result suggests that only crossover strands in a Holliday junction are cleaved, and thus an odd number of crossover isomerizations must occur when flanking markers are exchanged. PMID- 3200831 TI - Multiple regulatory elements and phorbol 12-O-tetradecanoate 13-acetate responsiveness of the rat placental glutathione transferase gene. AB - We have analyzed the cis-acting regulatory DNA elements of the placental rat glutathione S-alkyltransferase (GST-P) gene. Various regions of the 5' flanking sequence were fused with a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. The transcriptional activity of each construct was determined by the transient expression assay after introduction into a hepatoma cell line. Multiple regulatory elements were identified. Two enhancing elements were located 2.5 and 2.2 kilobases upstream from the transcription start site and designated GST-P enhancers I and II (GPEI and GPEII, respectively). A consensus sequence of the phorbol 12-O-tetradecanoate 13-acetate responsive elements was present in the GPEI and at position -61. GPEII contained two of the simian virus 40 and one of the polyoma enhancer core-like sequences. A silencing element was also found 400 base pairs upstream from the cap site. In accordance with the above observation, endogenous GST-P gene was found to be stimulated when the rat fibroblast line 3Y1 was treated with phorbol 12-O-tetradecanoate 13-acetate. Phorbol 12-O tetradecanoate 13-acetate enhanced the expression of the transfected GST-P gene to a much higher degree in HeLa cells than in the hepatoma cells, which constitutively expressed the endogenous GST-P. The results are discussed in terms of the specific derepression of GST-P gene during hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. PMID- 3200832 TI - Non-heme protein in the giant extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. AB - The protein/heme mass ratio for the extracellular hemoglobin of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris has been redetermined. We find a value of 19,000 g of protein per mol of heme. Four major, heme-containing chains (a, b, c, and d), present in equal proportions, have a total molecular mass, with four hemes, of 69,664 Da based on their sequences. The intact hemoglobin comprises 12 subunits that form a two-layered hexagonal structure of about 3.8 MDa. This value, together with our determination of the protein/heme ratio, requires that 4 abcd units are present in each 1/12th subunit and that 192 heme-containing chains are present in the hemoglobin molecule. Our data indicate that approximately 2200 g of non-heme protein is present for each mole of heme-containing chain, or about 35,200 g per 1/12th subunit. This conclusion is consistent with the observation that chains of 31-37 kDa are present. On this basis the intact molecule would have 12 non-heme chains and 204 chains in all to give a total molecular mass of 3.77 MDa, close to that observed. PMID- 3200833 TI - Molecular analysis of the 60-kDa human Ro ribonucleoprotein. AB - Ro, or Sjogren syndrome type A (SS-A), antigen is the most prevalent of the human systemic autoimmune specificities and exists as an inabundant ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP) composed of a 60,649-Da protein, as defined here by cDNA cloning, and the human Y RNAs. The recombinant 60-kDa Ro protein and human Y1 RNA were reconstituted in vitro, and the binding was enhanced by divalent cations. A region of the Ro amino acid sequence revealed a resemblance to the RNP consensus motif found in most RNA-binding proteins. In addition, Ro contained a potential "zinc-binding finger" motif that was distinct from the RNP consensus region and that may participate in the interaction with human Y RNAs or with other proteins. The recombinant Ro fusion protein also proved useful for the detection of autoantibodies in the sera of patients with autoimmune disorders. Possible functions of the Ro RNPs and their relationship to RNA polymerase III transcription are discussed. PMID- 3200834 TI - Purification and characterization of other distinct bone-inducing factors. AB - We purified a factor that induces bone formation greater than 300,000-fold from guanidinium chloride extracts of demineralized bone. Fifty nanograms of highly purified protein was active in an in vivo cartilage and bone-formation assay. The activity resided in a single gel band, corresponding to a molecular mass of approximately 30 kDa, which yielded proteins of 30, 18, and 16 kDa on reduction. The partial amino acid sequence obtained from these proteins confirmed our identification of specific factors that induce new bone formation in vivo. PMID- 3200835 TI - Translational repression in eukaryotes: partial purification and characterization of a repressor of ferritin mRNA translation. AB - Mouse and rabbit ferritin mRNAs translate very poorly in rabbit reticulocyte lysates relative to most other mRNAs. This translational deficiency is not seen in wheat germ lysates, suggesting the presence of an inhibitor in reticulocyte lysate that is specific for ferritin mRNA. A specific repressor of ferritin mRNA translation has been partially purified from rabbit reticulocytes by differential ultracentrifugation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and chromatography on phosphocellulose, DEAE-cellulose, and Sephacryl S-300. The elution profile from the latter suggests an aggregate molecular mass of approximately 180 kDa for the repressor. The inhibitory activity of this repressor against native ferritin mRNA can be relieved by adding in vitro transcripts of ferritin light-chain RNAs that contain the first 92 nucleotides of the 5' untranslated region. No other sequences appear to be necessary for this effect. PMID- 3200836 TI - Frequency spectrum of enthalpy fluctuations associated with macromolecular transitions. AB - A multifrequency calorimeter has been designed to measure the amplitude and time regime of the enthalpic fluctuations associated with structural or conformational transitions in biological macromolecular systems. The heat capacity function at constant pressure is directly proportional to the magnitude of the enthalpic fluctuations in a system. Biological macromolecules undergo thermally induced transitions of different kinds. Within the transition region, these systems exhibit relatively large enthalpy fluctuations that give rise to the characteristic peaks observed by conventional differential scanning calorimetry. The multifrequency calorimeter developed in this laboratory has been designed to measure the frequency spectrum of the enthalpy fluctuations, thus allowing us to estimate thermodynamic parameters as well as relaxation times. This information is obtained from the attenuation in the amplitude or phase-angle shift of the response of the system to a periodic temperature oscillation. This instrument has been used to study the gel-liquid crystalline transition of phosphatidylcholine bilayers. The frequency-temperature response surface for large dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles has been measured in the frequency range 0.04-1 Hz. The data are consistent with two enthalpic relaxation processes with time constants on the order of 3.8 s and 80 ms at the midpoint of the main gel-liquid crystalline transition. PMID- 3200837 TI - A free-energy perturbation study of the binding of methotrexate to mutants of dihydrofolate reductase. AB - The importance of hydrophobic residues to the binding of methotrexate in the active site of dihydrofolate reductase (EC 1.5.1.3) was examined by a free-energy perturbation method. The replacement of a strictly conserved residue, Phe-31, by tyrosine or valine costs 1.8 and 5.1 kcal/mol, respectively, to the binding of the drug (1 cal = 4.184 J). In the case of the Phe31----Tyr mutation, the loss of the binding energy is due to the desolvation of the phenolic group; in the case of Phe31----Val mutation, it is mainly due to the loss of the interaction with the drug. The replacement of Leu-54 by glycine decreases the binding energy by 4.0 kcal/mol. A calculation on the mutation of Phe-31 to serine shows that the alteration could reduce the binding energy of methotrexate by 9.7 kcal/mol. The calculations clearly show that the hydrophobic interactions are as important as the hydrophilic ones in the binding of methotrexate. PMID- 3200838 TI - Hypoxia induces DNA overreplication and enhances metastatic potential of murine tumor cells. AB - Cultured cells subjected to oxygen deprivation have been shown to undergo anomalous DNA synthesis, which can result in DNA overreplication and the generation of cellular variants [Rice, G. C., Hoy, C. & Schimke, R. T. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 5978-5982]. In the present study, murine tumor cells were exposed to severe hypoxia and then tested for their ability to form experimental metastases. Upon reoxygenation, cells transiently, yet dramatically, increased their metastatic potential. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that hypoxia and reoxygenation induced cell cycle perturbations and DNA overreplication in these tumor cell lines. Fibrosarcoma cells with overreplicated DNA isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting proved to be highly metastatic, although cells with 2-4 times the haploid DNA content in populations treated with hypoxia were also markedly more metastatic than oxic populations. These results support the hypothesis that hypoxic conditions existing in regions of solid tumors promote cellular heterogeneity and tumor progression. PMID- 3200839 TI - Lineage-specific regulation of the vasoactive intestinal peptide gene in neuroblastoma cells is conferred by 5.2 kilobases of 5'-flanking sequence. AB - The expression of a transfected plasmid containing 5.2 kilobases (kb) of 5' regulatory DNA sequence of the human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene attached to coding sequences of the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) was compared with endogenous VIP expression in subclones of the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH. These subclones vary widely in basal and inducible quantities of VIP and its precursor mRNA and can be interconverted under specified culture conditions. Endogenous VIP immunoreactivity, detectable in all subclones, was lowest in the neuronal subclone SH-SY-5Y, whereas 15- to 25-fold higher levels were observed in the epithelial-appearing SH-EP and intermediate SH-IN subclones. Treatment with 10 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulated VIP peptide levels approximately 5-fold in SH-SY-5Y cells but did not increase appreciably VIP levels in the other subclones. Treatment with 2.5 microM forskolin resulted in less than 50% stimulation of VIP expression in all subclones. Levels of mRNA encoding the VIP precursor generally paralleled these differences in VIP immunoreactivity. In cells transfected with the VIP/CAT fusion gene, CAT activity reflected closely these differences in basal VIP expression and the changes in response to PMA and forskolin. Deletion of 2.7 kb of the most upstream sequences resulted in an 80 90% reduction in basal CAT activity in SH-IN, but not SH-SY-5Y cells, and resulted in an 80% reduction in PMA stimulation in SH-SY-5Y cells. Deletion to within 74 nucleotides of the transcription start site resulted in CAT expression in SH-IN cells that was only 3% of that seen with the full 5.2-kb flanking sequences and further diminished the remaining PMA responsiveness in SH-SY-5Y cells. The data indicate that important cell-type-specific transcription regulatory sequences reside greater than 2.5 kb upstream from the VIP transcription start site. PMID- 3200840 TI - Terminal differentiation and calcification in rabbit chondrocyte cultures grown in centrifuge tubes: regulation by transforming growth factor beta and serum factors. AB - Rabbit chondrocyte cultures on plastic dishes are capable of depositing a cartilaginous matrix, although the matrix does not calcify unless high levels of phosphate are added to the medium. In the present study, we cultivated a pelleted mass of rabbit growth-plate chondrocytes in the presence of Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 50 micrograms of ascorbic acid per ml in a plastic centrifuge tube. These cells proliferated for several generations and then reorganized into a cartilage-like tissue that calcified without additional phosphate. The deposition of minerals was observed only after synthesis of a short-chain collagen and alkaline phosphatase. Serum factors were required for the increases in alkaline phosphatase and calcium contents. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine abolished the increases in uronic acid, alkaline phosphatase, and calcium contents. Transforming growth factor beta, at very low concentrations, suppressed the expression of the mineralization-related phenotype by chondrocytes. These results suggest that cartilage-matrix calcification can be controlled by growth factor(s) and that chondrocytes induce the mineralization of extracellular matrix when terminal differentiation is permitted in the absence of an artificial substrate. PMID- 3200841 TI - LR1: a candidate RNA virus of Leishmania. AB - Although viruses are important biological agents and useful molecular tools, little is known about the viruses of parasites. We report here the discovery of a candidate for an RNA virus in a kinetoplastid parasite. This potential virus, which we term LR1, is present in the promastigote form of the human pathogen Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis CUMC1-1A but not in 11 other stocks of Leishmania that were examined nor in Trypanosoma brucei. The candidate viral RNA has a size of approximately 6000 nucleotides, is single-stranded, and is largely, if not exclusively, located in the cytoplasm. No homologous LR1 sequences are detected in genomic DNA. The candidate viral RNA is associated with a spherical particle 32 nm in diameter that has a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 130 S. There is as yet no evident effect of this potential virus on parasite physiology or the disease caused by the parasite. PMID- 3200842 TI - Detection of two growth hormone receptor mRNAs and primary translation products in the mouse. AB - Two mouse growth hormone-receptor primary translation products of Mr 95,900 and 31,800 were identified from in vitro-translated late pregnant mouse liver mRNA. RNA isolated from mouse liver was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system containing [35S]methionine, and the growth hormone receptor primary translation products were identified by immunoprecipitation with anti-mouse growth hormone receptor antiserum followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/PAGE and fluorography. Detectable amounts of the Mr 95,900 and 31,800 proteins were not present in in vitro-translated nonpregnant mouse liver mRNA. This result is consistent with previous observations of the up-regulation of growth hormone receptors in the liver during pregnancy in the mouse. Northern (RNA) blot analysis of mouse liver and adipose tissue RNA with a rabbit growth hormone receptor cDNA probe revealed two hybridizing mRNAs of approximately 3.9 and 1.2 kilobases. These two RNAs were greatly up-regulated in liver, but not in adipose tissue, during pregnancy. The sizes of these mRNAs closely matched predictions of the sizes of the mRNAs coding for the proteins of Mr 95,900 and 31,800 made by in vitro translation of size-fractionated late-pregnant mouse liver poly(A)+RNA. These results suggest a mechanism for the generation of both the heterogeneous forms of the growth hormone receptor identified in mouse liver membrane preparations and the mouse serum growth hormone-binding protein. PMID- 3200843 TI - Sustained expression of the human protooncogene MYCN rescues rat embryo cells from senescence. AB - Amplification of the human gene MYCN may play a role in the malignant progression of human neuroblastomas. In pursuit of this possibility, previous studies have shown that the abundant expression of MYCN in cultured cells can elicit several aspects of the transformed phenotype. We now extend those findings by demonstrating that rat embryo cells transfected with MYCN can proliferate for at least 200 generations. Isolation of established cells was dependent on high expression of MYCN and on biological selection to eliminate untransfected cells. The established cells were not tumorigenic in syngeneic rats or athymic mice, failed to grow in soft agar, and required relatively high concentrations of serum for proliferation in culture. Our results show that enhanced expression of MYCN can rescue normal cells from senescence, add to the credentials of MYCN as an authentic protooncogene, and identify an additional biological activity that can be used in the characterization of MYCN. PMID- 3200844 TI - Partial cDNA sequence encoding a nuclear pore protein modified by O-linked N acetylglucosamine. AB - The nuclear pore complex contains a family of proteins ranging in molecular mass from 35 to 220 kDa that are glycosylated with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues. We sought to determine the primary sequence of a nuclear pore protein modified by O-linked GlcNAc. The major (62 kDa) nuclear pore glycoprotein (np62) was purified from rat liver nuclear envelopes by immunoaffinity chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. After CNBr fragmentation, a glycopeptide was isolated and microsequenced. An oligonucleotide probe based on this sequence information was used to screen a lambda gt11 cDNA library constructed from poly(A) mRNA of the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5. A clone (B5) was isolated and shown to hybridize to a single 2.5-kilobase species in poly(A) mRNA from rat liver and FRTL-5. This insert was sequenced and found to contain a 691-base-pair cDNA encoding a 155-amino acid open reading frame. This open reading frame contained a CNBr fragment identical to the original glycopeptide sequence and a second CNBr fragment corresponding to a nonglycosylated peptide that was also isolated from the purified pore glycoprotein. The B5 cDNA produced a beta-galactosidase fusion protein of the size predicted by the open reading frame. Analysis of the residues making up a presumptive glycosylation site suggests that the sequence is unlike any known sites for enzymatic N- or O-linked glycosylation. The partial sequence of the 62-kDa nuclear pore glycoprotein shows little similarity to other characterized proteins and elucidates structural features of a member of the family of nuclear pore glycoproteins. PMID- 3200845 TI - Replicating myoblasts express a muscle-specific phenotype. AB - During the terminal stage of skeletal myogenesis, myoblasts stop replicating, fuse to form multinucleate fibers, and express the genes that encode the proteins that convey contractile capacity. Because of this dramatic shift in proliferative state, morphology, and gene expression, it has been possible to readily identify and quantitate terminally differentiating myoblasts. In contrast, it is not clear whether the proliferating cells that give rise to postmitotic myoblasts are equally distinct in their phenotype and in fact whether distinct stages in skeletal myogenesis precede the onset of terminal differentiation. To address these questions, monoclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to determine that replicating myoblasts from newborn rats do express a muscle-specific phenotype. To identify replicating cells, incorporation of 5 bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) into DNA was assayed by using anti-BrdUrd antibody. The developmentally regulated, muscle-specific, integral membrane protein H36 and the intermediate-filament protein desmin were scored as markers of the myogenic phenotype. The percentage of BrdUrd+ (i.e., proliferative) cells among H36+ and desmin+ myoblasts was equal to the percentage of BrdUrd+ cells in the entire population, indicating that the expression of H36 and desmin is uniformly characteristic of replicating myoblasts. Inhibition of protein synthesis before and during growth in BrdUrd did not alter the frequency of desmin and H36 immunofluorescence in BrdUrd+ cells. Thus, desmin and H36 were present in the replicating myoblasts prior to the onset of growth in BrdUrd. These results were confirmed using H36+ cells selected by flow cytometry: these purified H36+ myoblasts replicate, express desmin, and differentiate. Similar results were obtained with mouse myoblasts. Desmin expression in these mammalian cells differs from that in chicken embryo myoblasts: only a small proportion of replicating chicken embryo myoblasts express desmin. That replicating mammalian myoblasts have a muscle-specific phenotype serves to define a distinct stage in myogenic development and a specific cell in the myogenic lineage. Further, it implies that there is a regulatory event activated during myogenesis that precedes terminal differentiation and that is required for expression of those genes whose products distinguish the replicating myoblast. PMID- 3200846 TI - Transgenic mice containing intestinal fatty acid-binding protein-human growth hormone fusion genes exhibit correct regional and cell-specific expression of the reporter gene in their small intestine. AB - The rat intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) gene exhibits cell specific as well as regional differences in its expression within the continuously regenerating small intestinal epithelium. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we linked portions of its 5' nontranscribed domain to the human growth hormone (hGH) gene and analyzed expression of the hGH reporter in transgenic mice by RNA blot, solution hybridization, and immunocytochemical techniques. Sequences located within 277 nucleotides of the start site of I-FABP transcription are sufficient to limit hGH expression to the intestine. Although the absolute levels of hGH mRNA in the duodenum and proximal jejunum of these transgenic mice were similar to those of I-FABP mRNA, steady-state hGH mRNA concentrations were approximately 100 times lower in their distal small intestine. Addition of nucleotides -278 to -1178 of the I-FABP gene "restored" hGH mRNA concentrations in the distal jejunum and ileum to levels comparable to murine I-FABP mRNA. Serum hGH levels were 1000 times lower in the "short promoter" transgenic mice compared to animals with the "long promoter" transgene, indicating that efficient distal small intestinal hGH expression is required to produce elevated hGH concentrations in serum. The distribution of hGH in villus associated enterocytes and goblet cells and its lack of expression in the crypts of Lieberkuhn mimicked that of the endogenous I-FABP gene product in all transgenic pedigrees. However, bands of hGH-negative cells extending from the base to the tips of villi were frequently observed in mice that were heterozygous for the short promoter transgene. This mosaic staining was not observed for I FABP. These data suggest that (i) different cis-acting sequences may be required for complete expression of proximal-distal I-FABP gradients than for recapitulation of its normal crypt-villus tip distribution; (ii) differences may exist in the export pathways of secreted proteins within enterocytes located in various regions of the small intestine; and (iii) there may be subtle genetic differences among various crypt stem cells that can be detected in vivo by observing mosaic patterns of transgene expression along the villus epithelium. PMID- 3200847 TI - Four exons encode a 93-base-pair insert in three neural cell adhesion molecule mRNAs specific for chicken heart and skeletal muscle. AB - The neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is detected in chicken brain as three polypeptides of 180 kDa, 140 kDa, and 120 kDa that arise from a single gene by alternative splicing. Heart tissue, however, contains components of 150 kDa, 140 kDa, and 130 kDa; neither the differences in molecular mass among these components nor the difference between neural and cardiac N-CAM could be accounted for by variations in glycosylation alone. A cDNA clone isolated from an embryonic chicken heart library, [lambda N101B, 1.8 kilobases (kb)] contained a 93-base pair (bp) insert not found in neural N-CAM cDNAs. In the N-CAM gene this sequence mapped within a large region between exons 12 and 13 and was derived from four exons (12A-D) of 15, 33, 42, and 3 bp. Exons 12C and 12D together coded for 15 amino acids very similar to the second half of the muscle-specific insert (MSD1) found in N-CAM cDNA from human muscle cell cultures [Dickson, G., Gower, H. J., Barton, C. H., Prentice, H. M., Elsom, V. L., Moore, S. E., Cox, R. D., Quinn, C., Putt, W. & Walsh, F. S. (1987) Cell 50, 1119-1130]; the sequences of 12A and 12B, however, were much less similar to the corresponding region of the MSD1 sequence. Two oligonucleotides, one specific to exons 12A plus 12B and one specific to exon 12C both recognized mRNA species of 6.4 kb, 4.3 kb, and 3.0 kb in chicken cardiac and skeletal muscle and no mRNA species in smooth muscle or brain. The 3' end of clone lambda N101B contained a sequence coding for a potential phosphatidylinositol linkage signal as does the smallest form of brain N-CAM. In heart cell membranes only the 130-kDa N-CAM polypeptide was released by phospholipase C, suggesting that this form of N-CAM is encoded by clone lambda N101B. The other heart N-CAM species (150 kDa and 140 kDa) may be transmembrane forms that include the 12A-D (and possibly other) inserts. Tissue-specific forms of N-CAM can thus be formed by alternative use of multiple small exons that may alter the conformation of the extracellular region of the molecule. Differential use or switching of these small exons in conjunction with the differential expression of larger exons specifying regions associated with the cell membrane and cytoplasmic domains may signal key events in embryogenesis and histogenesis. PMID- 3200848 TI - Universal rule for coding sequence construction: TA/CG deficiency-TG/CT excess. AB - Each coding sequence is a finite resource as to the number and composition of four bases. Accordingly, the excessive recurrence of one base oligomer entails the noticeable underrepresentation by the other, so that if the former is the same in most, if not all, of the coding sequences, the latter too must necessarily be the same in all. Indeed, a previous series of studies on 20-odd divergent coding sequences established CTG as one of the most frequently recurring base trimers (if not the most frequent), and this excess was compensated by the underrepresentation by CG and TA dimer-containing base trimers. In this study, I have analyzed three additional coding sequences and reanalyzed one previously studied coding sequence. These four, derived from man, a plant, and a fish, were of variously lopsided base compositions that were not at all conducive to high recurrences of either CT dimer or CT and TG. Yet, the excess of CT and TG dimers accompanied by complementary deficiency of CG and TA dimers emerged as the common rule. Thus, I propose the above as the universal rule of coding sequence construction. The underrepresentation by CG and TA dimers within coding sequences explains why regulatory signals in intergenic spacers are of two kinds: one, TA dimer rich; and the other, CG dimer rich. PMID- 3200849 TI - Genetic analysis of the dominant white-spotting (W) region on mouse chromosome 5: identification of cloned DNA markers near W. AB - We have assigned several mouse cDNA and genomic clones to the W region of mouse chromosome 5, established their position with respect to various marker loci in the region, and provided molecular verification that the W19H mutation is a deletion. Meiotic recombination analysis of an interspecific mouse backcross indicated the following gene order and distances [in centimorgans (cM)]: centromere-Emv-1-(13 cM)-D4S76-(17 cM)-D5SC25-(5 cM)-alpha-casein-(1 cM)-beta- casein-(6 cM)-alpha-fetoprotein-(18 cM)-beta-glucuronidase. D5SC25, an anonymous locus defined by a mouse brain cDNA, maps near the map position of W and within the breakpoints of the presumed genetic deletion that causes the W19H phenotype. Southern analysis of DNAs of W19H/+ interspecific F1 hybrid mice and somatic cell hybrid lines carrying the W19H deletion chromosome showed the deletion of D5SC25. In fact, analysis of other mutations at or near the W locus, which had been transferred from the strain of origin for many backcross generations, revealed the retention of donor restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the D5SC25 locus. Such evidence confirms close linkage between D5SC25 and W (within 1 cM) and indicates that the D5SC25 cDNA clone could serve as a starting point in a chromosome "walk" to W and other closely linked loci that affect development. PMID- 3200850 TI - Rapid separation and purification of oligonucleotides by high-performance capillary gel electrophoresis. AB - Picomole amounts of oligodeoxynucleotides [polydeoxyadenylic acids, (dA)40-60] were baseline resolved and analyzed in less than 8 min by high-performance capillary electrophoresis with polyacrylamide gels. In addition, fast analysis of a crude 70-mer oligodeoxynucleotide and a slab gel-purified 99-mer oligodeoxynucleotide was accomplished, demonstrating the ability of high performance capillary electrophoresis to characterize rapidly synthesized oligonucleotides. Besides analytical separations, 800 ng of a primer (20-mer) was isolated in less than 20 min. The purified species was collected in water and subsequently used as a probe in a standard dot-blot analysis. The use of high performance capillary electrophoresis for the analysis and purification of a variety of biopolymers is simple, rapid, and has the potential for automation. PMID- 3200851 TI - Alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) collagen genes are regulated by a bidirectional promoter and a shared enhancer. AB - Collagen IV is the major structural component of basement membranes and is a heterotrimer composed of two alpha 1(IV) and one alpha 2(IV) chains. Most collagen genes are dispersed in the human genome, such as the genes for collagen I, which are located on chromosomes 7 [alpha 1(I)] and 17 [alpha 2(I)]. In contrast, we have found that the murine alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) collagen chain genes exist in a head-to-head arrangement on opposite strands separated by 130 base pairs. By transfecting various portions of these genes into cells, we have found that transcription of the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) genes is regulated by a bidirectional promoter located between the two genes working in concert with an enhancer located in the first intron of the alpha 1(IV) chain gene. PMID- 3200852 TI - Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma. AB - The temporal disappearance in human blood plasma of endogenous antioxidants in relation to the appearance of various classes of lipid hydroperoxides measured by HPLC postcolumn chemiluminescence detection has been investigated under two types of oxidizing conditions. Exposure of plasma to aqueous peroxyl radicals generated at a constant rate leads immediately to oxidation of endogenous ascorbate and sulfhydryl groups, followed by sequential depletion of bilirubin, urate, and alpha-tocopherol. Stimulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes in plasma initiates very rapid oxidation of ascorbate, followed by partial depletion of urate. Once ascorbate is consumed completely, micromolar concentrations of hydroperoxides of plasma phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters appear simultaneously, even though sulfhydryl groups, bilirubin, urate, and alpha tocopherol are still present at high concentrations. Nonesterified fatty acids, the only lipid class in plasma not transported in lipoproteins but bound to albumin, are preserved from peroxidative damage even after complete oxidation of ascorbate, most likely due to site-specific antioxidant protection by albumin bound bilirubin and possibly by albumin itself. Thus, in plasma ascorbate and, in a site-specific manner, bilirubin appear to be much more effective in protecting lipids from peroxidative damage by aqueous oxidants than all the other endogenous antioxidants. Hydroperoxides of linoleic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and cholesterol added to plasma in the absence of added reducing substrates are degraded, in contrast to hydroperoxides of trilinolein and cholesterol linoleate. These findings indicate the presence of a selective peroxidase activity operative under physiological conditions. Our data suggest that in states of leukocyte activation and other types of acute or chronic oxidative stress such a simple regimen as controlled ascorbate supplementation could prove helpful in preventing formation of lipid hydroperoxides, some of which cannot be detoxified by endogenous plasma activities and thus might cause damage to critical targets. PMID- 3200853 TI - Familial defective apolipoprotein B-100: enhanced binding of monoclonal antibody MB47 to abnormal low density lipoproteins. AB - Familial defective apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 is a recently described genetic disorder that appears to result from a mutation in the apoB-100 gene. This disorder is characterized by hypercholesterolemia resulting from elevated plasma concentrations of low density lipoprotein LDL. The disorder was first detected in three members of one family. The LDL from affected subjects binds defectively (approximately 30% of normal) to LDL receptors, retarding the clearance of LDL from plasma. In the present study, two other members of the affected family were found to possess abnormal LDL. In addition, abnormal LDL with a similar binding defect were found in a second, unrelated family. In both families, the defect is transmitted over three generations as an autosomal codominant trait and all affected members are heterozygotes. Since there is only one apoB-100 molecule per LDL particle, the abnormal LDL in heterozygous subjects is made up of two populations of particles: one that has normal binding activity to receptors and one that binds defectively. To localize the mutation in apoB-100, the binding of five apoB-100-specific monoclonal antibodies to abnormal LDL was assessed in a solid-phase RIA. Only antibody MB47, whose epitope is between residues 3350 and 3506, distinguished abnormal LDL from normal LDL isolated from control subjects with normal lipid levels; MB47 bound with a higher affinity (by approximately 60%) to abnormal LDL. In every individual with abnormal LDL, the MB47 antibody bound with a higher affinity. The convenience of this assay will facilitate screening of large populations to determine the frequency of this disorder. PMID- 3200854 TI - Anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody complexes on platelets of seropositive thrombocytopenic homosexuals and narcotic addicts. AB - Patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection develop an immunologic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with markedly elevated platelet IgG, IgM, and C3C4 as well as serum immune complexes determined by the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. Analysis of their serum PEG-precipitable immune complexes as well as platelet acid eluates revealed the presence of anti-HIV-1 antibody existing as a complex that eluted in the void volume of a Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration column. The complex binds to washed normal platelets, whereas affinity-purified anti-HIV-1 (gp120) antibody does not. HIV-1 antigen or proviral DNA was not detectable in the immune complexes or platelet extracts. However, anti-antibodies directed against anti-HIV-1 antibody were detectable in the immune complexes as well as platelet eluates. Approximately 50% of eluted platelet IgG contained anti-HIV-1 antibody. Thus the markedly elevated platelet immunoglobulin is partly due to the presence of anti-HIV-1 antibody complexes. This may be responsible for the enhanced platelet clearance and thrombocytopenia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related immunologic thrombocytopenia. PMID- 3200855 TI - In vivo stability of ester- and ether-linked phospholipid-containing liposomes as measured by perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy. AB - To evaluate liposome formulations for use as intracellular sustained-release drug depots, we have compared the uptake and degradation in rat liver and spleen of liposomes of various compositions, containing as their bulk phospholipid an ether linked phospholipid or one of several ester-linked phospholipids, by perturbed angular correlation spectroscopy. Multilamellar and small unilamellar vesicles (MLVs and SUVs), composed of egg phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, distearoyl phosphatidylcholine (DSPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) or its analog dihexadecylglycerophosphorylcholine (DHPC), and cholesterol plus phosphatidylserine, and containing 111In complexed to nitrilotriacetic acid, were injected intravenously in rats. Recovery of 111In-labeled liposomes in blood, liver, and spleen was assessed at specific time points after injection and the percentage of liposomes still intact in liver and spleen was determined by measurement of the time-integrated angular perturbation factor [G22(infinity)] of the 111In label. We found that MLVs but not SUVs, having DHPC as their bulk phospholipid, showed an increased resistance against lysosomal degradation as compared to other phospholipid-containing liposomes. The use of diacyl phospholipids with a high gel/liquid-crystalline phase-transition temperature, such as DPPC and DSPC, also retarded degradation of MLV, but not of SUV in the dose range tested, while the rate of uptake of these liposomes by the liver was lower. PMID- 3200856 TI - Synthesis of phosphatidylethanol--a potential marker for adult males at risk for alcoholism. AB - Phosphatidylethanol, whose synthesis is catalyzed by a phospholipase D in a transphosphatidylation reaction, is a unique metabolite of ethanol. Phorbol 12 tetradecanoate 13-acetate, a tumor-promoting phorbol ester and stimulator of protein kinase C, activates this enzyme in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This system has been developed into an assay for measuring the potential of this pathway in human subjects. A pilot study of phosphatidylethanol synthesis in lymphocytes of adult males who have both an alcohol dependency and a family history of alcoholism has revealed that the average potential for phosphatidylethanol synthesis in this population is significantly elevated over that of control subjects. PMID- 3200857 TI - Sex change in cytochrome P-450 phenotype by growth hormone treatment of adult rat hepatocytes maintained in a culture system on matrigel. AB - Results of studies of hypophysectomized rats suggest that growth hormone serves as a final common mediator through which gonadal steroids and other modifiers of pituitary function alter the expression of gender-specific liver genes such as the sexually dimorphic pair of cytochrome P-450 isozymes, male-specific P-450h and female-specific P-450i. We tested the effects of growth hormone in a system for primary monolayer culture of adult rat hepatocytes on a laminin-rich extracellular matrix (matrigel), which permits sustained expression of both constitutive and inducible liver genes in a chemically defined medium. Cultures of freshly isolated hepatocytes prepared from untreated male rats and samples of the intact donor liver contained readily detectable quantities of immunoreactive P-450h protein (measured on immunoblots of cell microsomes) and P-450h mRNA (measured on Northern blots of cellular RNA). Neither P-450i immunoreactive protein nor P-450i mRNA were present. Addition of physiologic concentrations of human or bovine growth hormone, but not of prolactin, to culture medium lacking insulin or other hormones resulted in prompt induction of P-450i immunoreactive protein and P-450i mRNA. Induction of P-450i mRNA in male hepatocyte cultures was dependent on the concentration of growth hormone, required as little as 24 hr of exposure, and was markedly attenuated in cultures maintained on type I collagen rather than on matrigel. Growth hormone treatment also induced the level of mRNA for insulin-like growth factor I, whereas the amount of mRNA for the male specific urinary protein alpha 2 mu-globulin was unaffected. Cultures of hepatocytes derived from untreated adult female rats retained high levels of P 450i mRNA but only if the culture medium contained growth hormone. None of the tested treatments with estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, or growth hormone induced P-450h mRNA or P-450h immunoreactive protein in cultures of female hepatocytes. We conclude that the somatogenic effects of growth hormone acting alone and directly on the hepatocyte in culture are sufficient to "feminize" the cytochrome P-450 phenotype. The present culture system offers a way to explore the molecular basis for hormonal control of liver gene expression. PMID- 3200859 TI - Adaptation of antennal neurons in moths is associated with cessation of pheromone mediated upwind flight. AB - A wind-borne plume of sex pheromone from a female moth or a synthetic source has a fine, filamentous structure that creates steep and rapid fluctuations in concentration for a male moth flying up the plume's axis. The firing rates from single antennal neurons on Agrotis segetum antennae decreased to nearly zero within seconds after the antennae were placed in a pheromone plume 70 cm downwind of a high-concentration source known from previous studies to cause in-flight arrestment of upwind progress. In a separate experiment, the fluctuating output from chilled neurons on Grapholita molesta antennae became attenuated in response to repetitive, experimentally delivered pheromone pulses. The attenuation was correlated with a previously reported higher percentage of in-flight arrestment exhibited by moths flying at cooler compared to warmer temperatures. These results indicate that two peripheral processes related to excessive concentration, complete adaptation of antennal neurons, or merely the attenuation of fluctuations in burst frequency, are important determinants of when upwind progress by a moth flying in a pheromone plume stops and changes to station keeping. Also, adaptation and attenuation may affect the sensation of blend quality by preferentially affecting cells sensitive to the most abundant components in airborne pheromone blends. PMID- 3200858 TI - Hemoglobin adducts of aromatic amines: associations with smoking status and type of tobacco. AB - Hemoglobin adducts of 15 aromatic amines were determined in nonsmokers and smokers of blond- or black-tobacco cigarettes living in Turin, Italy. The subjects were all males age 55 or less and were representative of the population previously examined in a case/control study of bladder cancer. 4-Aminobiphenyl adduct levels were found to be significantly different in the three groups, and the differences were approximately proportional to the relative risk of each group. Adjustment for age and cigarette consumption did not materially influence the differences. A significant correlation of adduct levels with cigarette consumption was also observed for all smokers as well as for smokers of blond tobacco. Other amines for which significant differences between smokers and nonsmokers were observed were 3-aminobiphenyl, 2-naphthylamine, o- and p toluidine, 2,4-dimethylaniline, and 2-ethylaniline. Some of these amines are human bladder carcinogens, and their occurrence in blood as hemoglobin adducts is evidence for their metabolic activation. Thus, by a combination of traditional epidemiological methods and modern chemical analyses, we have provided evidence for a biochemical basis for the often observed association between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer. PMID- 3200860 TI - Brain-specific src oncogene mRNA mapped in rat brain by in situ hybridization. AB - Brain src protooncogene is expressed in two forms, one identical to message in other tissues, and one containing an 18-nucleotide insert specific to brain. We have mapped mRNA for the two forms of src in rat brain with selective antisense oligonucleotide probes to the brain (src+) and peripheral (src-) forms. Fetal rat src mRNA levels were much higher in the central nervous system than any peripheral organ. In adult brain, src+ mRNA level was highest in the internal granular layer of the olfactory bulb, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, granule cells of the dentate gyrus, and cerebellar granule cells. src+ and src- levels were similar in hindbrain, but src+ levels were higher than those of src- in forebrain. These distributions suggest that src+ may play roles in a number of neural processes, possibly including neuronal plasticity. PMID- 3200861 TI - Characterization and cDNA cloning of the pheromone-binding protein from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta: a tissue-specific developmentally regulated protein. AB - cDNA encoding pheromone-binding protein (PBP), the major soluble protein in olfactory sensilla of male moths, has been cloned from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. A study of the developmental time course of PBP reveals that it is first synthesized just prior to eclosion and that the percentage of antennal mRNA encoding PBP shifts from zero to about 20% at that time. PBP is also found in sensilla from female M. sexta antennae. No amino acid sequence homology is observed between PBP and the vertebrate odorant-binding protein. PMID- 3200864 TI - Neuroimmunoendocrinology. PMID- 3200863 TI - Rare male mating advantage in a natural population of Drosophila pseudoobscura. AB - The natural selection acting on chromosomal inversions was studied in a natural population of Drosophila pseudoobscura. Females from this population were allowed to produce offspring from their matings in nature. They were then remated to males from a laboratory strain and again allowed to produce offspring. Offspring were also produced from matings of males from nature to laboratory females. Diagnosis of salivary chromosomes in these several sets of larval offspring allowed us to deduce the karyotypes of adult females and males from nature as well as the karyotypes of the offspring of these females by their matings in nature. We reason that the males collected with the females are a reasonable sample of those that mated the females and deposited the sperm they carried on capture. Chromosome frequencies in the offspring of wild females by their matings in nature were decomposed into male and female parental contributions. Changes in chromosome frequency due to male mating success were calculated by comparing chromosomal frequencies in adult males with those in the chromosomes they contributed to their offspring. These changes were sizable and provide direct evidence that male sexual selection is an important component of selection on the inversions in this natural population. We proceeded further to classify karyotypes on the basis of their frequencies and to calculate the fraction of offspring fathered by rare or common males. Rare male karyotypes as a group had a selective value nearly twice that of the common male karyotypes. PMID- 3200862 TI - Use of antiserum to neurotensin reveals a physiological role for the peptide in rat prolactin release. AB - Previous studies have indicated that the brain peptide neurotensin can stimulate prolactin release by direct action on the pituitary gland, whereas its action within the hypothalamus is inhibitory. The inhibitory action is mediated by the release of dopamine into the hypophyseal portal veins, which deliver the neurotransmitter to the anterior pituitary gland to inhibit prolactin release. Our experiments were done to evaluate the physiologic significance of these neurotensin actions by injecting the globulin fraction of highly specific neurotensin antiserum either intravenously or intraventricularly. Injection into the third ventricle of either 1 or 3 microliter of neurotensin antiserum significantly increased plasma prolactin concentrations in (i) ovariectomized and (ii) ovariectomized estrogen- and progesterone-primed rats within 1 hr of injection. The response was more pronounced in the ovariectomized than in the ovariectomized estrogen- and progesterone-treated animals and was dose related. Intraventricular injection of these doses of neurotensin antiserum also evoked elevations in plasma prolactin in intact males, which were significant but smaller in magnitude than those seen in female rats. To evaluate the effect of the antiserum on the pituitary directly, the antiserum was injected intravenously at a dose of 40 microliter, which was sufficient to block the blood pressure lowering effect of neurotensin. After the intravenous injection of antiserum, a highly significant suppression of plasma prolactin occurred, detectable when first measured at 1 hr after injection in both ovariectomized and ovariectomized estrogen- and progesterone-treated animals; however, the intravenous injection of antiserum had no significant effect on the prolactin release in males. These data indicate the physiological significance of the hypothalamic inhibitory actions of neurotensin on prolactin release, which are probably mediated by its stimulation of dopamine release that in turn, inhibits prolactin secretion by the lactotropes. The direct stimulatory effect of the peptide on prolactin release after its presumed release into portal vessels also appears to be physiologically significant in female but not in male rats. PMID- 3200865 TI - Coping with other people's emotions. PMID- 3200866 TI - Is Parkinson's disease preventable? PMID- 3200867 TI - The role of the associate nurse. PMID- 3200869 TI - Balancing public concern and patients' rights in HIV testing. PMID- 3200868 TI - Incontinence can be prevented at all ages. PMID- 3200870 TI - Living with angina. PMID- 3200871 TI - Urostomy and irrigation appliances and accessories. PMID- 3200872 TI - RSCN--a rewarding career with a promising structure. PMID- 3200873 TI - What price quality of life? PMID- 3200875 TI - A degree could maximise your potential. PMID- 3200874 TI - The DC test. PMID- 3200876 TI - Your right to job satisfaction! PMID- 3200877 TI - Minimising the risks of UTI. PMID- 3200879 TI - Planning primary health care. PMID- 3200878 TI - Job sharing can take the strain out of recruitment. PMID- 3200880 TI - Professional care for people with HIV/AIDS. PMID- 3200881 TI - Why do adolescents smoke? PMID- 3200882 TI - Perspectives in radioprotection. Proceedings of the symposium. Bethesda, Maryland, 13-14 March 1987. PMID- 3200883 TI - Relationship between intracellular GSH levels and hypoxic cell radiosensitivity. AB - The present studies show the following: (a) The plating density of cells (V79 and GM3877) affects the experimentally determined OER values. (b) Fibroblasts depleted of cysteine and GSH are more sensitive to radiation under hypoxic conditions (under aerobic conditions the absence of cysteine or GSH has no detectable effect on radiation sensitivity). (c) Addition of GEE to V79 cells (previously depleted of GSH) leads to increased intracellular GSH levels and protects the cells against radiation under hypoxic conditions. PMID- 3200884 TI - Sensitive detection of single-strand breaks in DNA after in vivo exposure to ionizing radiation to evaluate the effects of protecting agents. PMID- 3200885 TI - Radioprotection of irradiated DNA and its model compounds. PMID- 3200886 TI - Radioprotective action of aminothiols in vitro and in vivo: comparison between effects on DNA damage and cell survival. PMID- 3200887 TI - Model experiments to evaluate the protective role of thiols and other reductants against oxidative damage. PMID- 3200888 TI - Survey of newer biological response modifiers for possible use in radioprotection. PMID- 3200889 TI - Radioprotection by polysaccharides. PMID- 3200890 TI - Elevation of intracellular glutathione levels following depletion and its relationship to protection against radiation and alkylating agents. PMID- 3200891 TI - Effect of superoxide dismutase on X-ray induced chromosome aberrations and cell cycle delay in muntjac lymphocytes. PMID- 3200892 TI - The effect of superoxide dismutase on the pathogenesis of radiation-induced pulmonary damage in the rat. PMID- 3200893 TI - A new perspective of radiation protection by metallothionein induction. PMID- 3200894 TI - Mechanisms of radiation-induced emesis in the dog. PMID- 3200895 TI - Studies on the role of antioxidants in radioprotection. PMID- 3200896 TI - Effects of administering tocopherol after irradiation on survival and proliferation of murine lymphocytes. PMID- 3200897 TI - Circadian susceptibility-resistance cycles to radiation and their manipulability by methylene blue. PMID- 3200898 TI - Measurement of the radiosensitivity of rat marrow by flow cytometry. PMID- 3200900 TI - Nurse theorist conference. PMID- 3200899 TI - Acute radiation injuries. PMID- 3200901 TI - Health for all--all for health. PMID- 3200902 TI - Coping with role conflicts: a study among staff nurses in two government hospitals. PMID- 3200903 TI - Effects of an education program on the health and illness profile of rural breast fed babies. PMID- 3200904 TI - The effects of forty five degree upright position on the parturient in relation to the duration of the first and second stages of labor and on the one minute Apgar score of the newborn of selected parturients at the Negros Oriental Provincial Hospital. PMID- 3200905 TI - Policy development (continuing education credit). PMID- 3200906 TI - Must women die needlessly? PMID- 3200907 TI - The health of mothers and children: key issues in developing countries. PMID- 3200908 TI - Open-field behavior is not related to treadmill performance in exercising rats. AB - We examined the association between open-field behavior and treadmill performance in 39 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Three daily, five-minute trials were conducted in an open field of 49 19 cm squares. The objectivity of the open-field test was established by intraclass correlations (R) for observer agreement on total squares traversed (R = .99) and a subjective behavioral rating scale for anxiety (R = .92). As expected, total squares were inversely correlated (r = .86) with the subjective anxiety ratings. An independent observer also rated animals on treadmill performance across six daily, five-minute trials of level running at 15 m/min. Performance ratings were objective (rs = .89) and reproducible (R = .91). A volitional endurance run at 30 m/min on level grade was also conducted on a subsequent day. Extreme groups of low anxious (N = 7) and high anxious (N = 7) animals were then identified from convergent responses on total square traversals and the subjective behavioral ratings that were reproducible (R = .72 to .78) of trials two and three of the open-field test. Repeated measures ANOVA showed no group differences (p greater than 0.10) on mean treadmill performance across trials. Endurance was also the same for each group (p greater than 0.05). Our findings indicate that the open-field test is objective and reliable, and it does not reveal a selection bias effect on treadmill performance or endurance. Thus, open-field behavior can be used as a dependent or subject-matching variable in studies of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats when motor-driven treadmill running is a behavioral intervention or outcome measure. PMID- 3200909 TI - Uncoupling sweet taste and calories: comparison of the effects of glucose and three intense sweeteners on hunger and food intake. AB - This study was carried out to disclose effects generated by the uncoupling of the sensory and energetic components of sweet solutions. A comparison was made between equi-sweet preloads of three intense sweeteners (saccharin, aspartame and acesulfame-K), a bulk sweetener (glucose) and a nonsweet water control. Measures were made of subjective ratings of motivation to eat, food preferences and energy intake in a test meal. The glucose load produced a consistent pattern of changes on all measures. The intense sweeteners tended to facilitate motivational ratings and food preference checklist responses, but marginally lowered intake in the test meal. The facilitative action is probably due to the stimulation of sensory receptors for sweetness by the high-intensity agents, while the effects on intake are most likely due to a ceiling effect imposed by methodological limitations of this particular design. The results of this study must be interpreted with reference to the prevailing experimental conditions, but they suggest that intense sweeteners can produce significant changes in appetite. Of the intense sweeteners, aspartame gave rise to the most pronounced effects. PMID- 3200910 TI - Seasonal and environmental influences upon the diurnal heart-rate pattern in wild rabbits living under seminatural conditions. AB - Diurnal patterns in the heart-rates (HR) of 16 wild European rabbits have been studied, based on more than 1200 days of radiotelemetrical HR recordings. HR shows a distinct diurnal rhythm which is closely coupled to the diurnal pattern of activity for free ranging animals. The rabbits' activity phase, accompanied by high HRs extends from late afternoon to early morning. It is followed by diurnal rest with low HRs, irrespective of burrow utilization. This diurnal resting phase is often interrupted by short excursions outside the burrow. The duration of the activity phase and the times of onset and cessation of activity are very stable across different individuals and over three years of measurement. Disturbances of this stable seasonal pattern are by predation and by weather influences. The importance of light cycle and human disturbances as synchronizers for diurnal HR pattern in wild rabbits is discussed. PMID- 3200911 TI - Longterm heartrate telemetry in small mammals: a comprehensive approach as a prerequisite for valid results. AB - This paper describes a miniature telemetry system which is capable of precise, reliable longterm registration of heartrate (HR) in animals as small as laboratory mice. The ECG-transmitters have a weight of 0.9-1.5 g and a respective lifetime of 3-6 months depending on battery size. With suitable receiving antennas, transmitting range is sufficient for continuous reception in 200 m2 enclosures. The radio signals are demodulated in a signal processor and the ECG is converted to HR on the base of single interbeat intervals. General technical problems of telemetry like miniaturization, performance control, HR acquisition and artifact distinction are discussed. The experimental approach emphasizes the necessity of continuous registration of HR as a reference for experimental responses. Longterm shifts of HR due to social and nonsocial influences as well as experimental feedback effects are demonstrated and discussed. PMID- 3200912 TI - Influence of stressor predictability and behavioral control on lymphocyte reactivity, antibody responses and neuroendocrine activation in rats. AB - The present experiments were designed to study the influence of prediction and control of electric shocks on various aspects of immune function, and the possible intermediate role of glucocorticoid hormones. After two sessions of inescapable footshocks, the reactivity of splenocytes to concanavalin A was reduced by one third. This effect was completely reversed when each shock was preceded by a warning stimulus, even though the adrenocortical response was the same in both conditions. In another experiment, rats were submitted to ten sessions of continuous avoidance in a shuttle-box and a group of yoked animals received the same footshocks without any relationship to their shuttling behavior. Although yoked rats displayed a reduced reactivity of splenocytes to lectins, animals of the avoidance group had a reduced antibody response to sheep erythrocytes. In contrast, no difference was observed in the corticosterone or prolactin response. These data further support the importance of psychological factors on stress-induced changes in immune functions. Furthermore, they demonstrate that various aspects of the immune system are differentially affected by behavioral factors and the results argue against a major role for the adrenocortical system in mediating these changes. PMID- 3200914 TI - Osmotic and hypovolemic thirst in spontaneously hypertensive rats. AB - Osmotic- and hypovolemic-induced water intake as well as urinary excretion of sodium and other solutes were compared in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar (NWR) rats. No significant differences were found between SHR and NWR in water intake and urinary excretion under conditions of euhydration and in response to 24 hr water deprivation. Administration of osmotic load (0.5 ml.100 g-1 body weight of 10% NaCl IV) elicited: (1) higher intake of water (by 1.77 +/- 0.60 ml.100 g-1 body weight), (2) lower urinary excretion of sodium and other solutes, and (3) greater retention of fluid in SHR than in NWR. Reduction of blood volume by amount equivalent to 1.8% of body weight decreased arterial blood pressure by 31.9 +/- 3.5 and 10.8 +/- 1.7 mmHg in SHR and NWR, respectively. In spite of significantly greater hypotension, bleeding elicited in SHR smaller elevation of water intake than in NWR (1.39 +/- 0.25 vs. 2.14 +/- 0.49 ml.100 g-1 body weight). The data provide evidence for existence of significant differences in the control of body fluid balance between SHR and NWR. It is suggested that hyperdipsia elicited by administration of the hyperosmotic load in SHR does not result from primary hyperresponsiveness of the thirst system to osmotic/sodium stimulation but is rather secondary to osmotic load retention. PMID- 3200913 TI - Sleep patterns in the bird Aratinga canicularis. AB - Behavioral and electrophysiological features of sleep and wakefulness were studied in chronically implanted adult parakeets, Aratinga canicularis. Four states of vigilance were observed: (1) Wakefulness. It is divided into active and passive. During this state there are generalized motor manifestations which are more frequent and intense in active wakefulness. Cerebral activity is fast and of low amplitude. (2) Drowsiness. Motor activity is notably lower. Blinkings become progressively less frequent. Electroencephalographic patterns are constituted by waves of variable amplitude and frequency. It constitutes 40.7% of the nychthemeral cycle. (3) Slow Wave Sleep (SWS). Animals remain immobile with eyes closed and eye movements are at their lowest frequency. Cerebral activity is slow and of high amplitude. It constitutes 14.7% of the nychthemeral cycle. No sleep spindles are present. (4) Paradoxical sleep (PS). The bird's head tends to drop due to additional muscular relaxation; its eyes remain closed but there are bursts of ocular movements. The EEG is similar to that of wakefulness. This state lasts 7.14 sec on average and occupies 1.98% of the nychthemeral cycle. It is always preceded by SWS. The absence of sleep spindles could be due to the differences in cerebral development compared with mammals. PMID- 3200915 TI - Suprathreshold sour taste intensity and pleasantness perception with age. AB - Magnitude estimates for perceived intensity and pleasantness of suprathreshold concentrations of citric acid in solution and drink were examined in 180 healthy, free-living subjects divided into three groups: young (20-29 years), old (70-79 years) and very old (80-99 years). Psychophysical functions showed significant age effects. For both aqueous and food systems, the old gave higher intensity estimates to high acid concentrations and lower intensity estimates to low acid levels compared to the young and very old whose estimates were comparable. Sex had a significant effect on the intensity estimates with the women giving low acid levels lower estimates and high acid levels higher estimates than the men. All subjects gave low acid levels in solution lower intensity estimates than comparable drinks while at high concentrations, higher intensity estimates were given to solutions than drinks. Trend analysis of pleasantness estimates indicated significant age group differences. For both systems, the breakpoint, the acid level assigned the highest pleasantness estimate was lower for the young than for the elderly. PMID- 3200916 TI - Isolation, tactile startle and resting blood pressure in Long-Evans rats. AB - The effect of social isolation, consisting of individual housing in the vivarium under standard conditions and imposed on male rats older than 90 days, was assessed on tactile startle reactivity, nociception, resting heart rate and arterial blood pressure, and on intercorrelations among these variables. Tactile startle was affected by stimulus intensity, repeated trials and time of testing relative to the light/dark cycle, but not by social isolation from 1 to 29 days. Hot-plate latency was not affected by individual housing from 12 to 43 days. Blood pressure and heart rate were negatively correlated with isolation from 9 to 58 days, showing a significant decline over increasing days of isolation. Although not affected directly by isolation, tactile startle was affected secondarily by differences in blood pressure produced by individual housing. Rats with lower resting pressures responded to low-intensity startle stimuli that were not effective in rats with higher pressures, indicating a threshold difference and suggesting the hypothesis that blood pressure acts to modulate sensory reactivity. PMID- 3200917 TI - Role of fatty acid oxidation in food intake and hunger motivation in Syrian hamsters. AB - We examined the metabolic control of food intake in Syrian hamsters using methyl palmoxirate (MP), an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. If fatty acid oxidation plays a role in the control of food intake in hamsters, as it does in rats, it would be expected that hamsters predisposed toward lipid metabolism would increase food intake in response to inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. To the contrary, female hamsters fed a high-fat diet for several weeks and then treated with MP (0.25-100 mg/kg) did not increase food intake relative to vehicle-treated controls. Furthermore, MP treatment did not enhance food intake in hamsters that had been previously food deprived for 12 hr. Consistent with the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, plasma levels of total ketone bodies and glucose in the MP treated hamsters were significantly lower than those of the vehicle-treated controls. Thus, treatment with doses of MP which apparently inhibited fatty acid oxidation did not enhance food intake, even after manipulations which predispose the hamsters toward utilization of fat fuels. The control of food intake in Syrian hamsters is in marked contrast to that of rats and other mammals in which the consequences of glucose and fat metabolism interact to signal changes in food intake. PMID- 3200918 TI - A microanalysis of wheel running in male and female rats. AB - The pattern of ad lib wheel running was studied in adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Wheel turns per 20 seconds were recorded for 5 days. Females ran more than males but both ran chiefly at night, with a peak at the beginning and a decline to low levels by daytime. Log-survivor plots showed running occurred in distinct episodes separated by long periods of nonrunning. Both the nightly decrease and the sex difference in running were due to changes in duration of episodes and the running speed. Initiation of running, as reflected in the length of nonrunning periods was similar in both sexes and remained constant over the night. Running was discussed in terms of independent initiation and termination factors and its parallels to eating patterns. PMID- 3200919 TI - Increase in plasma ammonia and amino acids when rats are fed a 44% casein diet. AB - Rats were trained to eat a 6% casein basal diet during a 3-hour period per day. They were then fed either the same 6% casein diet or a 44% casein diet for 3 hours. No food intake depression was observed in the rats eating 44% casein diet during the 3-hour period. Plasma ammonia and amino acids and brain amino acids were measured at 0, 4, 12 and 24 hours after presentation of the 6% or 44% casein diets. Plasma ammonia rose to 134 (p less than 0.01) and 110 micromolar (p less than 0.05) in the 44% casein fed rats at 4 and 12 hours, respectively, as compared to 67 and 53 micromolar, respectively, for the 6% casein fed rats. All plasma amino acid concentrations except methionine and glutamate were elevated (p less than 0.05) at 4 hours. In the brain, threonine, glutamine and tyrosine concentrations were elevated (p less than 0.05) at 4 hours after diet presentation. At 24 hours, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and methionine concentrations were also elevated (p less than 0.05). Because intake of the 44% casein diet decreases the second day of its presentation, as noted in an earlier experiment, the increases in plasma ammonia and its possible entry into the brain as reflected by increased brain glutamine together with changes in amino acid concentrations should be considered collectively among possible metabolic signals affecting intake of high protein diets. PMID- 3200920 TI - Relation of autogrooming to sexual behavior in male rats. AB - Grooming and penile reflexes were studied in male rats that were restrained in supine position with the penile sheath retracted or were free to copulate with sexually receptive females. In Experiment 1 there was a reliable concordance in supine males between the tendency to groom and the tendency to display penile reflexes. In Experiment 2 we analyzed the sequential organization of grooming and genital events in supine tests. It was assumed that many or most episodes of ventral grooming would have been genital grooming had access to the genitalia not been prevented by restraint. Paw grooming tended to precede clusters of penile responses, whereas ventral grooming started after the onset of erections. Experiment 3 was an exploration of grooming in the context of copulation, rather than supine restraint. Males groomed their genitalia immediately after all intromissions and after all mounts that ended mount bouts. The duration of grooming was not affected by whether or not intromission occurred. Finally, in Experiment 4 we observed genital and nongenital grooming and recorded electromyographic (EMG) activity from the striated bulbospongiosus muscle (mBS) of the penis in freely moving rats. Consistently, mBS activity led to genital grooming with a short latency, whereas nongenital grooming rarely led to genital grooming, and EMG activity was not associated with nongenital grooming nor did it tend to follow after genital grooming was initiated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3200922 TI - Circadian feeding and drinking patterns of genetically obese mice fed solid chow diet. AB - Feeding and drinking were recorded in male ob/ob mice and lean mice fed pelleted Purina Lab Chow No. 5001 with water to drink. The circadian patterns of eating and drinking of obese mice differed from those of lean mice, in both the proportional temporal distributions of feeding and of drinking behavior across the 24-hour day and in the absolute amounts consumed hourly. The pattern of increased food consumption by the obese mice was different than that underlying increased water consumption. When meal parameters were analyzed in terms of 'complete meals' of both feeding and drinking (the end of a meal defined as at least 12 consecutive minutes with no ingestion), obese and lean mice had the same number of meals and their periodicity was similar, but meal size was much greater in the obese mice. In the dark, both obese and lean mice showed strong postprandial correlations of meal size with time from the start of a meal to start of the next meal. PMID- 3200921 TI - Lesion of vagal afferent terminals impairs glucagon-induced suppression of food intake. AB - Selective hepatic branch vagotomy impairs glucagon-induced inhibition of food intake. However, the relative importance of afferent and efferent neurons in glucagon satiety has not been directly investigated. In this experiment, lesions were placed in the area postrema (AP) and immediately subjacent nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) where hepatic vagal afferents have been reported to terminate. We found that these lesions impaired glucagon-induced satiety under testing conditions similar to those that reveal a glucagon satiety deficit in rats with selective hepatic branch vagotomies. Since these lesions did not damage the underlying dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, our results suggest that our AP/NTS lesions impaired glucagon satiety by damaging terminal fields of vagal afferent neurons. Finally, our lesions did not impair satiety induced by cholecystokinin (CCK), a response mediated by gastric vagal afferent neurons. This latter result suggests that the vagal afferent terminal fields required for glucagon- and CCK-induced satiety are not coextensive. PMID- 3200923 TI - Effects of superior colliculus lesion upon a black-white discrimination learning in the albino rat with one eye removed at birth. AB - It has previously been shown that, following original training of a black-white discrimination task, rats with one eye removed at birth (OEB) relearned the task faster than rats monocularly enucleated at three months of age (OET) when relearning was conducted after extirpation of the visual cortex contralateral to the remaining eye. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of the crossed and uncrossed retina-superior colliculus-lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus-visual cortex pathway in mediation of original learning and relearning of OEBs in comparison with OETs. For this purpose the superior colliculus was destroyed bilaterally either before or after original learning. It was found that SC lesions did not affect original learning nor its retention in both OEBs and OETs, and there was no difference in the learning rate between the two. In relearning, it was also found that only when SC lesions were made before original learning, did OEBs fail to show faster relearning. Based on these findings it was suggested that enhanced functioning of the uncrossed retina-superior colliculus lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus-visual cortex pathway in original learning plays an indispensable role in enabling OEBs to relearn the discrimination task faster than OETs. PMID- 3200924 TI - The modified forced-swim test in rats: influence of rope- or straw-suspension on climbing behavior. AB - We modified Porsolt's forced-swim test by suspending ropes or straws above the water in order to investigate a possible relationship between immobility and perceived escape responses from water. In this modified test, it was demonstrated clearly that rats reduced their duration of immobility and attempted to climb up the suspended ropes or straws. Most rats which had remained immobile during a 5 min test period in the forced-swim test, exhibited such climbing responses within 5-10 min of rope-suspension. Despite the suspension of ropes, however, some rats showed immobile postures and did not respond to the rope. On the other hand, straws were used in order to produce sliding and prevent climbing when the animals attempted to climb. There were no differences in immobility during either rope- or straw-suspension. It seems that the climbing behavior displayed by forced-swimming rats is due to a "pseudo-escape" effect produced by the suspension of an object above the water. The present findings were interpreted as further evidence for the notion that immobility in forced-swimming rats does not necessarily imply "behavioral despair," but rather an emotional reaction to an inescapable stressor. PMID- 3200926 TI - The body weight loss of young rats caused by hepatic branch vagotomy is influenced by environmental temperature. AB - Changes in body weight after hepatic branch vagotomy or sham vagotomy were examined in rats of three different body weights (about 100, 200 and 280 g), and it was noted that the weight loss was evident only in 100 g rats. In a second experiment, 100 g animals were hepatic branch vagotomized or sham operated and housed at three different room temperatures (12-17, 17-22, 22-27 degrees C). Subsequently, the reduction in weight of the vagotomized animal was correlated with the lowest room temperature in the vagotomized animal, and food intake was also decreased in direct relation to the temperature. The results suggest that there might be a hepatic vagal mechanism modulating food intake in young animals, and such a mechanism may be modulated by the environmental temperature. PMID- 3200925 TI - Facilitory effects of olfactory cues emitted by estrous females on mounting behavior in the female rat. AB - Adult ovariectomized rats were implanted with testosterone propionate-filled silastic capsules and exposed to the odor of urine collected from ovariectomized rats made estrous by estrogen treatment. When caged with highly receptive females these androgenized female rats displayed more frequent mounting behavior with pelvic thrusting than their nonexposed counterparts (25/31 vs. 20/39). Olfactory environment may then be considered as a modulatory factor of heterotypic sexual behavior in the female rat. PMID- 3200927 TI - New apparatus for training the avoidance reaction. AB - A new apparatus for active avoidance training in rats consists of a short, wide runway which can be tilted from a horizontal to vertical position. One half of the electrifiable grid floor is covered by a nonconducting sheet. For brightness (black-white) discrimination training a white walled goal box can be inserted into the runway and shifted from left to right during training. Avoidance training of 24 rats (female Wistar SPF) required 14.1 +/- 2.6 (mean +/- SEM) to criterion trials (9/10) and was completed in less than 4 min. Brightness discrimination training required 21.3 +/- 2.1 to-criterion trials and the time of training did not exceed 12 min. The retention of the acquired responses was very good in both cases. The main advantage of the apparatus is very rapid acquisition of the one-way and discriminated avoidance without the necessity of manual manipulation of the animal. PMID- 3200928 TI - An inexpensive sleep-wake state analyzer for the rat. AB - Manual classification of sleep stages is a tedious and time consuming task. We describe an inexpensive system for sleep-wake state classification for as many as eight rats at a time. It is based on determining threshold values for each parameter of each rat, then finding the natural transitions from one sleep state to another and finally classifying these states utilizing the cortical EEG and EMG signals. PMID- 3200929 TI - Bromelain induces the differentiation of leukemic cells in vitro: an explanation for its cytostatic effects? PMID- 3200930 TI - Inhibition of the behaviour of human polynuclear leukocytes by an extract of Chrysanthemum parthenium. PMID- 3200931 TI - Pharmacological activity of essential oils on Oddi's sphincter. PMID- 3200932 TI - Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of quasi-dimeric and related alkaloids. PMID- 3200933 TI - Effects of anthraquinones of Polygonum cuspidatum on HL-60 cells. PMID- 3200934 TI - Cytotoxic and antitumor activities of Rabdosia diterpenoids. PMID- 3200935 TI - Antihepatotoxic principles of Liquidambar formosana fruits. PMID- 3200936 TI - On the Ca++-antagonistic principles of the flower buds of Magnolia fargesii. PMID- 3200937 TI - Spermicidal activity and chemical analysis of Pentapanax leschenaultii. PMID- 3200938 TI - Methyl ester of para-coumaric acid: antifungal principle of the rhizome of Costus speciosus. PMID- 3200939 TI - High-voltage electrical injury: chronic wound evolution. AB - A chronic electrical burn model employing documentary and diagnostic techniques was designed in the primate for investigating wound evolution up to 10 days after injury. A standardized 40-kJ, 3500-V, 4.2-A, 2.5-s bilateral, symmetrical upper extremity electrical injury was performed. Gross observation studies documented tissue injury extending more proximally on the deep surfaces of individual muscles and between muscle layers. Specific regions, or "choke" points, in the forearm exist in which decreased cross-sectional areas and highly resistant tissue composition resulted in increased heat production and more severe tissue damage. Muscle injury was analyzed using light microscopy, revealing patchy cellular necrosis intermixed with viable cells. Digital subtraction angiography demonstrated segmental narrowing and "pruning" of large vascular trunks with a significant decrease in nutrient vessels in affected areas. Ulnar nerve conduction studies showed loss of conduction proximal to the cubital fossa with no recovery. Although characteristic patterns of injury were documented in skin, muscle, vessels, and nerves, no experimental evidence was found for progressive necrosis. PMID- 3200940 TI - Decreased thrombogenicity of vascular prostheses following gas denucleation by hydrostatic pressure. AB - The high rate of thrombosis of 1.0-mm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts has limited their use in microvascular surgery. One possible reason for this is the blood-gas interface due to entrapped air in the interstices. The present study examines the effect on patency rates of elimination of this blood-gas interface by high pressurization. Comparing pressurized and nonpressurized grafts in the same animals showed a patency rate of 100 percent at 7 days for treated grafts, while the control (nonpressurized) grafts had all clotted by 1 hour. The implications for microvascular surgery as well as vascular surgery in general are discussed. PMID- 3200941 TI - Salvage of chronically exposed Gore-Tex vascular access grafts in the hemodialysis patient. AB - Exposure and infection of a Gore-Tex vascular access graft often results in removal of the graft. Salvage of the graft is possible, however, with the use of well-vascularized muscle flaps. In 1982, Hodgkinson was the first to use a sublimis muscle flap to cover an exposed vascular access graft. We used the flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum superficialis to cover exposed Gore-Tex grafts in nine patients. The sublimis was used to cover distal graft exposures, and the longer flexor carpi ulnaris muscle was used to cover more proximal sites. Multiple exposures required both flaps or combinations of muscle flaps and local rotation flaps. Eight of nine chronically exposed grafts were salvaged using these techniques; a graft was removed from one patient because of diffuse unrecognized graft bed infection. Disability is minimized by using only part of the sublimis, and loss of the flexor carpi ulnaris is compensated by local muscles with similar actions. Vascular puncture can be continued during healing. PMID- 3200942 TI - Preliminary results: facts or excuses? PMID- 3200943 TI - Recertification. PMID- 3200944 TI - Expanded tubed flap in scalp reconstruction: a modern option in an old technique. AB - Reconstruction of extensive scalp defects represents a difficult problem for the plastic surgeon. In this case report, a successful result was obtained by stretching a dorsal tubed flap with an inflatable balloon placed between the tube and the underlying donor site. This modified tissue expansion has permitted us to transfer an adequate amount of tissue and resurface an extensive area hardly reached by other reparative methods. PMID- 3200945 TI - The ear model: an aid for total ear reconstruction. AB - An ear model can be useful in portraying the three-dimensional relationships of the components of the external ear. The role of such a model available as an aid during the carving of a cartilaginous framework in total ear reconstruction is discussed, and a simple method of making an ear model is presented. PMID- 3200946 TI - Trapdoor pulley repair for chronic subluxation of the digital extensor tendon. AB - A case of chronic subluxation of the digital extensor tendon is reported, and a new surgical technique for repair is described. A partial-thickness trapdoor three-sided flap is made out of the dorsal joint capsule, brought through an incision in the ulnar sagittal band, and sutured back down. This centers the tendon and creates a new, stable tunnel through which it may glide. PMID- 3200948 TI - A new maneuver in deepithelialization of skin in reduction mammaplasty. PMID- 3200947 TI - Sterilization of the bone pencil. PMID- 3200949 TI - On reconstructing the ptotic breast with an expander. PMID- 3200950 TI - Repair of the orbicularis oris in horn players. PMID- 3200951 TI - Resection of the inferior turbinate. PMID- 3200952 TI - Histology of the cleft lip nose. PMID- 3200953 TI - Proper intravenous administration of diazepam. PMID- 3200954 TI - Silicon-rubber vaginal stent. PMID- 3200955 TI - Forceps in repairing torn earlobes. PMID- 3200956 TI - Some thoughts on hypertrophic scars. PMID- 3200957 TI - Extensive and complex defects of the scalp, middle third of the face, and palate: the role of microsurgical reconstruction. AB - Twenty-one patients with gigantic defects of the scalp and middle third of the face and palate following excision of neglected or recurrent tumors, burns, and infections have undergone microsurgical reconstruction. Wide resection of the middle third of the face, orbit, and palate requires "complex" three-dimensional volume reconstruction, whereas extensive defects of the scalp and skull (exceeding 80 cm2) require coverage of the larger surface area soft-tissue defect and the exposed brain and dura. The latissimus dorsi free-muscle flap and split thickness skin graft have become our methods of choice for extensive scalp and skull defects. The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous free flap is preferable for reconstruction of complex palatal and external skin and orbital defects of the middle third of the face. Microsurgical free-tissue transfer reliably frees the oncologic surgeon from the constraints imposed by conventional reconstructive techniques and may therefore allow improved curative or at least palliative resection of these extensive tumors. PMID- 3200958 TI - Craniofacial dermoids. AB - Thirty-two patients with nasal dermal sinuses and cysts were treated during the 10-year period from 1978 to 1987. These patients presented with midline cysts (N = 18) or sinus ostia (N = 14). Only 6 of the 32 patients manifested intracranial extension (19 percent). All the patients with intracranial extension exhibited an intracranial mass on preoperative CT scans. Ten patients with no CT evidence of intracranial mass were noted to have only a fibrous cord extending to the base of the foramen cecum. In 4 of these 10 patients, craniotomy confirmed that there was no intracranial extension of the dermoid. Four other patients presented with sinus ostia at the base of the columella. None of these 4 patients had intracranial extension. Clinical examination and preoperative CT scans provide most of the information needed to determine the nature, course, and extent of these lesions. PMID- 3200959 TI - Ocular dermoids. AB - The following types of ocular dermoids were seen in a retrospective study of 50 children with these lesions: 34 epibulbar dermoids, 12 lipodermoids, and 4 dermoid cysts. Forty-six percent had hemifacial microsomia, and one-half of these had additional stigmata of the Goldenhar variant of the syndrome. Ninety-seven percent of the dermoids were found in the temporal half of the globe; of these, 76 percent were in the inferolateral quadrant, straddling the corneoscleral limbus. The majority of children had an oblique astigmatism in the involved eye. Epibulbar dermoids may be removed by careful superficial keratectomy, but caution should be exerted in excising lipodermoids because of the risks of affecting ocular motility and tear secretion. PMID- 3200960 TI - A fresh look at the open rhinoplasty technique. AB - Use of the open rhinoplasty technique (ORT) in certain nasal and septal deformities has proven to be an invaluable asset in the rhinoplasty armamentarium of the authors. Primarily owing to the markedly increased exposure with this technique, more accurate assessment of the deformities is possible and additional or improved surgical maneuvers become available, particularly in the tip. Sculpting the entire cartilaginous and/or bony vault, as well as correcting difficult septal malalignments, can be carried out under better direct vision with greater precision, accuracy, and predictability. This has led to improved and more consistent final results. Previous criticisms of unsightly columellar scars have been virtually eliminated through the use of improved surgical techniques and simple magnification. Overall, open rhinoplasty technique can provide many distinct advantages in certain nasal deformities with no real disadvantages over conventional closed techniques. PMID- 3200961 TI - Chest-wall reconstruction by contralateral latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. AB - Reconstruction of chest wall and axilla are performed in 11 patients using a contralateral latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. The entire lattisimus dorsi muscle, including the fascial portion, safely carried an island of skin from the area of the lumbodorsal fascia to the contralateral axilla. The flap was transposed to the defect through a tunnel between the pectoralis major and minor muscles. Most patients who needed reconstruction of the chest wall and axilla had compromised ipsilateral vasculature that prohibited its use in a pedicled flap but had an intact contralateral chest wall, axilla, and thoracodorsal vessels. Therefore, this procedure was performed easily in comparison with a free flap or pedicled omental flap. This is a new, valuable application for the versatile latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap. PMID- 3200962 TI - The late sequelae of poliomyelitis. AB - Progressive functional deterioration following poliomyelitis has been reported after a prolonged period of stability. We present follow up data on 209 patients; the period from the original illness to December 1985 or death was between two and 73 years (mean 33.9). One hundred and sixty-three (78 per cent) patients developed late functional deterioration. This was due to purely respiratory factors in 99 cases, new neurological signs in 20 cases, and orthopaedic problems in 17 cases; 31 patients deteriorated due to a combination of factors. The commonest cause of respiratory deterioration was the development of nocturnal alveolar hypoventilation, sometimes associated with late progressive scoliosis. Eighty-six patients needed respiratory support beginning between one year and 66 years (mean 28.5) after the acute illness. New neurological signs had a clearly defined cause in each of 20 patients. No cases of motor neurone disease or post poliomyelitis muscular atrophy (PPMA) were identified. This series shows that late sequelae following poliomyelitis are common. There were no patients with functional deterioration after poliomyelitis in whom a clear underlying cause could not be shown. The major causes of deterioration may be treatable or avoidable, and in particular, those who develop chest infections or new respiratory symptoms should be treated with caution as respiratory failure may rapidly supervene. PMID- 3200964 TI - Reconstructive surgery for renovascular hypertension. II. Influence of patient selection and anatomical result on the blood pressure response after operation. AB - The results of renovascular surgery for renovascular hypertension are influenced markedly by patient selection. Our method of patient selection was based primarily on clinical characteristics rather than functional tests. To determine its effect on the results obtained by surgery, we studied all 115 patients in whom angiography showed that surgery had eliminated the renal artery stenosis. Six to 12 months after the operation, hypertension was cured or improved in 83 per cent of the patients and 17 per cent were classified as treatment failures. The results obtained for patients with stenosis caused by arteriosclerosis were similar to those found for patients with fibrodysplasia. Clinical characteristics (sex, blood pressure, duration of hypertension, creatinine level and extrarenal arteriosclerosis or target organ damage before surgery) were analysed separately. The characteristics of patients with a beneficial blood pressure response were not significantly different from those of patients who failed to respond, except for the blood pressure level itself. On the basis of our findings and the results of functional tests reported in the literature, we conclude that the decision to operate should be based on all of the clinical data available. Functional tests can be used to support the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension in selected patients. The presence of extrarenal arteriosclerosis before surgery is not associated with a poorer chance of a beneficial blood pressure response. PMID- 3200963 TI - Von Hippel-Lindau disease in a large British family: clinicopathological features and recommendations for screening and follow-up. AB - We describe the clinical and pathological features in nine members of a large British family with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Twenty living family members underwent detailed assessment for features of the disease, including retinal examination and computed tomography of the head and abdomen. The hospital records of three deceased family members were reviewed and detailed information about a fourth was obtained from members of the family. As a result of this study, three asymptomatic family members were found to have features of the disease and all three living affected family members were found to have additional features. Lesions discovered included retinal angiomas requiring treatment in four family members, one asymptomatic renal cell carcinoma and one asymptomatic pancreatic endocrine tumour. We also report the occurrence of a spermatic cord mesenchymal hamartoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease. PMID- 3200965 TI - [Rehabilitation of the edentulous mandible with tissue-borne fixed denture. Six year longitudinal study]. PMID- 3200966 TI - [Extraoral parallelometer]. PMID- 3200968 TI - [Interpretation of radiographs]. PMID- 3200967 TI - [Treatment of oral mucosal lesions with Solcoseryl-comp. adhesive paste--report after seven years]. PMID- 3200969 TI - [Saliva analysis in orthodontic patients to prove content of dissolved metals]. PMID- 3200970 TI - [Prosthetic concerns and care of older patients (II)]. PMID- 3200971 TI - [Are amalgam fillings safe?]. PMID- 3200972 TI - [Self-injury in HIV-patients]. PMID- 3200973 TI - [Dental assistant aids in pain alleviation]. PMID- 3200974 TI - [Oral hygiene in small children and orthodontic patients]. PMID- 3200975 TI - [Concerns and environmental questions (II)]. PMID- 3200976 TI - [Purchase and storage of dental materials (I)]. PMID- 3200978 TI - [Development of human occlusion and physical growth]. PMID- 3200977 TI - [Material teeth are made of--teeth and artificial teeth scrutinized carefully (II)]. PMID- 3200979 TI - [Preparation for operation (II)]. PMID- 3200980 TI - [On the use of tables (III). New periodontal nomenclature]. PMID- 3200982 TI - [Mouth and tooth care with toothpastes (I)]. PMID- 3200981 TI - [Periodontal status]. PMID- 3200983 TI - [Co-operation of the assistant in diagnosing and preventing posture problems in the dentist]. PMID- 3200984 TI - [Skin and hand disinfection - a must for the whole office team]. PMID- 3200985 TI - [Purchasing and storing dental materials (II)]. PMID- 3200986 TI - [Skin care]. PMID- 3200987 TI - [Principles of dentofacial harmony (I)]. PMID- 3200988 TI - [Friction attachment fit. Alternative to telescopic and conical crowns]. PMID- 3200989 TI - [Margins in two metalloceramic-crown-systems (II)]. PMID- 3200990 TI - [Preparation of dental models]. PMID- 3200991 TI - [The cut dental model (II)]. PMID- 3200992 TI - [Precision and corrosion occurrence: special inlay alloy]. PMID- 3200993 TI - Suicidal patient jumps: contributory negligence. PMID- 3200994 TI - Patient wanders off: killed by daughter. Case in point: Fields v. Senior Citizens Center, Inc. (528 So. 2d 573--LA (1988). PMID- 3200995 TI - Legal case briefs for nurses. PA: "on-premises-on-call": compensation issue; CO.: intoxicated patient: contributory negligence. PMID- 3200996 TI - E.R. nurse fails to alert Dr.: lupus patient dies. Case in point: Major v. North Valley Hospital (759 P. 2d 153--MT (1988)). PMID- 3200997 TI - Esophageal fistula: demonstration by CT. AB - While barium esophagography is useful in revealing fistulas between the esophagus and trachea or bronchus, it is not adequate to show those between esophagus and lung or mediastinum. In this study, a patient with esophago-pulmonary and esophago-mediastinal fistulas was evaluated by CT, which proved to be more effective in showing fistulas between the esophagus and lung or mediastinum. PMID- 3200998 TI - MR imaging of blood flows in the cavernous sinus. AB - To evaluate blood flows in the cavernous sinus (CS), seven normal CSs and a postmortem CS were evaluated using T1-weighted spin echo sequences. After the noncontrast study, contrast study with Gd-DTPA was performed in all cases except the postmortem one. In the normal CSs, arterial flows of the intracavernous carotid artery (ICA) were disclosed as no-signal areas in the noncontrast study and were not enhanced with Gd-DTPA. Most venous flows in the CS were seen as low intensity areas in the noncontrast study and were markedly enhanced with Gd-DTPA. However, these low-intensity areas were heterogeneous in intensity and several were higher and lower in intensity compared with most venous spaces. In the postmortem case, the CS showed homogeneous low intensity due to the stasis of blood flow. It was thought that the heterogeneous appearance of venous spaces in the normal CSs was due to flow-related phenomena. This heterogeneous pattern of signal intensity suggested the distribution of flow velocities. MR demonstrated both arterial and venous flows, and this was facilitated by Gd-DTPA. MR is a promising modality for the demonstration of blood flows in the CS. PMID- 3200999 TI - Atypical cavernous hemangioma of the liver. AB - Among 123 cases of hepatic cavernous hemangioma examined by CT, MRI, and/or angiography, four were considered atypical from the viewpoint of differential diagnosis on individual modalities: two cases of nonenhanced tumor, one of diffuse, homogeneous staining and rapid disappearance associated with arterioportal shunt on dynamic CT and/or angiography, and one with a large, internal, high-intensity area on MRI. Although hepatic cavernous hemangiomas are usually accurately diagnosed by the various imaging modalities, some show atypical features. PMID- 3201000 TI - An application of film dosimetry for helium ion radiotherapy. AB - Clinical dosimetry of complex dose distribution associated with charged particle radiotherapy requires a rapid and convenient technique with a spatial resolution of 3 mm or better. Radiographic film stacks have been evaluated for three dimensional dosimetry of charged particle beams. Sheets of Cronex 4 film are placed between lucite spacers in a light-tight box and the beam is directed perpendicularly to the film surface. Optical densities on each sheet are digitized with a video digitizer and corrected for density-dose nonlinearity and LET effects. A three-dimensional matrix of the measured dose is constructed and compared with calculated values. Both transverse and depth dose data recorded by film have been compared with diode measurements and generally shown agreement within 5%. The present technique appears to be an effective method to generate experimentally measured dose distributions. PMID- 3201001 TI - Uniform analysis of dose distribution in interstitial brachytherapy dosimetry systems. AB - In brachytherapy, articles are published with dose and homogeneity specifications using different systems which are hard to compare. For the same "stated dose", the dose delivered, volume treated and activity chosen are not the same in different systems, due to the fact that the source placement rules are different. In this article, the authors have circumvented this problem by the use of an approach not applied hitherto, viz. by determining the value of the Uniformity index (UI) of an implant using different systems. This value takes into account the integral dose within the treatment volume and is compared with an idealized implant, where the dose is uniform and the target and treatment volumes are the same. This method of evaluation has been applied for single plane, multiple plane and cylindrical volume implants using the Manchester, Quimby and Paris systems. Although the results obtained are different, the degree of closeness of these values are striking, with some minor exceptions. Thus, it is possible to combine all the brachytherapy parameters, such as: dose, homogeneity, treatment volume within a single value to determine the quality of an implant. PMID- 3201002 TI - Can we compare systems for interstitial therapy? AB - Three main dosimetry systems are used for interstitial brachytherapy: Manchester, Quimby and Paris Systems. A comparison is made of the rules of source distributions recommended by the three systems stating the advantages and disadvantages of each system. The comparison shows up the differences in the size of the treated volumes for similar implanted volumes. The next sections emphasize the differences in dose specification which make very difficult any comparison of clinical results obtained with different systems. Furthermore, the recent development of computers has lead some radiotherapists to specify the dose individually for each patient without reference to any published system. Very large variations in the dose delivered to a patient for a given implant and for the same prescribed dose, may results from this subjective procedure. In the last section one considers the various quality criteria proposed in the literature. PMID- 3201003 TI - Collagen synthesis in CBA mouse heart after total thoracic irradiation. AB - CBA mice were irradiated to the whole thorax with single doses of 240 kVp X-rays in the dose range 8-16 Gy. Collagen and total protein synthesis rates in the heart were measured at 2-monthly intervals using a radio-isotope incorporation technique. Doses of 10 Gy or greater caused a slight increase in collagen synthesis, followed by significantly reduced collagen synthesis by 16 weeks or longer after treatment. The depression in synthesis appeared correspondingly earlier with increasing dose. Total protein synthesis in heart followed similar patterns although changes were not statistically significant, indicating that the changes reflected alterations to collagen synthesis specifically, and not protein synthesis in general. Total hydroxyproline measurements showed no significant changes in heart collagen at any time as a result of X-irradiation. PMID- 3201004 TI - Effect of combined 5-fluorouracil and radiation on murine hematopoietic tissue. AB - The interaction of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and radiation in hematopoietic tissue was assessed as the survival of hematopoietic stem cells (CFUs) by means of the spleen colony assay. 5-FU was given intraperitoneally in the dose range 50-500 mg/kg body weight. In this dose range, stem cell survival decreased exponentially as a function of 5-FU dose. After 150 mg/kg of 5-FU alone (i.e. the maximum tolerated dose, MTD), the stem cell survival rapidly decreased, reaching a minimum after 1-2 days. The decrease was followed by a regeneration phase with a doubling time of about 28 h, with return to pretreatment values on day 7, and with an overshoot of survival on day 10-28. A similar regeneration was observed after 0.75 Gy radiation alone, but there was no evidence of an overshoot of stem cell number. 5-FU given 15 min before whole-body irradiation resulted in a pronounced reduction in stem cell survival due to an increase in the slope of the radiation survival curve by a factor of 2.1. After combined 5-FU and radiation, the survival rapidly decreased to a minimum at day 1, and it showed only a slight increase within the next 7 days. After this delay, the stem cells regenerated with a doubling time of about 30 h, reaching pretreatment values on day 15. The delayed stem cell regeneration was not seen following 3.5 Gy radiation alone or 225 mg/kg 5-FU alone, which resulted in the same nadir of CFUs survival as found after the combined treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3201006 TI - [Management of personnel exposure data with a personal computer]. AB - This paper describes a software package that manages dosimeter inventory and exposure data with a personal computer. The computer, connected with the access control system, deals with both records of the film badge (FB) supply to workers and the ordering of new FB for a company, processes exposure data and produces reports. The software not only ensures accurate reports but also significantly reduces the tedious labour involved in managing the control system. PMID- 3201005 TI - [An evaluation of predicting postoperative residual liver function using 99mTc tin colloid]. AB - The rate of clearance (K value) of 99mTc tin colloid in the liver differentiates normal subjects from liver cirrhosis patients; so 99mTc tin colloid is as useful as 198Au colloid as a marker of liver function. There are several reports concerning volume estimation using liver scintigraphy. Our original method was devised to measure the effective liver volume by scintigraphy. By combining the K value with effective liver volume, a predictive index was obtained in order to predict the residual liver function before hepatic resection. The index in 24 patients with liver diseases was investigated before hepatic resection. Three of them died due to hepatic failure after hepatic resection. The indices were between 0.40 and 0.45 in two of these three patients and 0.338 in one. Among the patients without hepatic failure, the indices showed more than 0.45 in 19 patients and between 0.40 and 0.45 in two. These results indicate that the limitation of hepatic resection is between 0.40 and 0.45 of the predictive index. PMID- 3201008 TI - Radioimmunoassays and 2-site immunoradiometric "sandwich" assays: basic principles. AB - The "sandwich" or noncompetitive reagent-excess, 2-site immunoradiometric assay (2-site IRMA), ELISA, USERIA, and related techniques, have several advantages compared with the traditional or competitive radioimmunoassays. IRMAs can provide improved sensitivity and specificity. However, IRMAs present some practical problems with nonspecific binding, increased consumption of antibody, biphasic dose response curve, (high dose hook effect), and may require special techniques for dose response curve analysis. We anticipate considerable growth in the popularity and importance of 2-site IRMA. PMID- 3201007 TI - [Practical doses for radiation control]. PMID- 3201009 TI - United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water Health Advisories. PMID- 3201010 TI - How citizens think about risks to health. PMID- 3201011 TI - Dioxin in the agricultural food chain. AB - Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin's (PCDD) behavior in the agricultural food chain was modeled in this study. The source of PCDD was a municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator. Of the farm livestock investigated only the beef cow and the milk cow were shown to contribute significant amounts of PCDD to humans. Milk was the single highest dietary source of PCDD. Comparison of the calculated human dose of PCDD from the agricultural food chain with an estimate human PCDD dose from inhalation of contaminated air revealed that the agricultural food chain could be responsible for a vast majority of the dose to an individual impacted by these facilities. Thus, these data suggest that operating MSW facilities in agricultural areas may result in enhanced PCDD exposure to individuals via the agricultural food chain. The data also suggest that milk and beef may be good sentinels to evaluate environmental impacts of these facilities. PMID- 3201013 TI - A suggested approach to overcome California's inability to permit urban resource recovery facilities. AB - The premature political termination of the permit reviews of five urban resource recovery projects in California may indicate a deficiency in the process under which project health risk assessments are performed and policy biases of the public agencies that control the contents of the assessments. This article examines the permitting process that separates project health risk assessments from environmental impact reports and the anti-resource-recovery goals and policies of the state and local agencies that guide the preparation of project health risk assessments. Also examined are two independent studies made of the informational adequacy of the LANCER project documents. The article concludes that it is only by merging the risk assessment process with the environmental review process that control of the agencies can be loosened and project proponents be able to prepare project risk assessments for urban California resource recovery projects that will offer the projects any likelihood of being able to complete the permitting process. PMID- 3201012 TI - Risks of municipal solid waste incineration: an environmental perspective. AB - The central focus of the debate over incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) has shifted from its apparent management advantages to unresolved risk issues. This shift is a result of the lack of comprehensive consideration of risks associated with incineration. We discuss the need to expand incinerator risk assessment beyond the limited view of incinerators as stationary air pollution sources to encompass the following: other products of incineration, ash in particular, and pollutants other than dioxins, metals in particular; routes of exposure in addition to direct inhalation; health effects in addition to cancer; and the cumulative nature of exposure and health effects induced by many incinerator-associated pollutants. Rational MSW management planning requires that the limitations as well as advantages of incineration be recognized. Incineration is a waste-processing--not a waste disposal--technology, and its products pose substantial management and disposal problems of their own. Consideration of the nature of these products suggests that incineration is ill-suited to manage the municipal wastestream in its entirety. In particular, incineration greatly enhances the mobility and bioavailability of toxic metals present in MSW. These factors suggest that incineration must be viewed as only one component in an integrated MSW management system. The potential for source reduction, separation, and recycling to increase the safety and efficiency of incineration should be counted among their many benefits. Risk considerations dictate that alternatives to the use of toxic metals at the production stage also be examined in designing an effective, long-term MSW management strategy. PMID- 3201014 TI - Risk communication in the real world. AB - Rigorous health risk assessments of site-specific projects are generally little understood by nontechnical decision makers and the public and often appear to them to obfuscate a straightforward answer to their fundamental question: "Is the project safe?" The focus on risk, usually out of context of benefits, deprives the reader of the opportunity to make a fully informed decision on the proposal. While the risk assessment tools may need to be refashioned, confidence in the analytical process can be improved, partly through more citizen involvement, as well as through more effective communication of the conservatism of the assumptions, the thoroughness of the process, and the significance of the results in comparison to other commonly accepted involuntary exposures and risks. PMID- 3201015 TI - On the regulation of municipal solid waste resource recovery incinerators. PMID- 3201016 TI - A stochastic two-stage model for cancer risk assessment. I. The hazard function and the probability of tumor. AB - We present a mathematical treatment of a two-mutation model for carcinogenesis with time-dependent parameters. This model has previously been shown to be consistent with epidemiologic and experimental data. An approximate hazard function used in previous papers is critically evaluated. PMID- 3201017 TI - Risk estimators for radiation-induced bone marrow syndrome lethality in humans. AB - This manuscript provides risk estimators for acute lethality from radiation induced injury to the bone marrow of humans after uniform total-body exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. The risk estimators are needed for nuclear disaster risk assessment. The approach used is based on the dose X, in units of D50 (i.e., the dose required for 50% lethality). Using animal data, it is demonstrated that the use of dose in units of D50 eliminates most of the variability associated with mammalian species, type of low-LET radiation, and low LET dose rate. Animal data are used to determine the shape of the dose-effect curve for marrow-syndrome lethality in man and to develop a functional relationship for the dependence of the D50 on dose rate. The functional relationship is used, along with the Weibull model, to develop acute lethality risk estimators for complex temporal patterns of continuous exposure to low-LET radiation. Animal data are used to test model predictions. PMID- 3201018 TI - Dioxin: are we safer now than before. PMID- 3201019 TI - [Production and trials of inactivated vaccines in oil excipient against Newcastle disease in Ethiopia]. PMID- 3201020 TI - [African horse sickness in Senegal: the state of natural and/or acquired immunity in horses in a recent foci]. PMID- 3201021 TI - [Epidemiology of trematodosis in livestock in the Kolda region, Casamance (Senegal)]. PMID- 3201022 TI - Clinical parameters of donkeys before and after Trypanosoma vivax infection. PMID- 3201023 TI - A survey of trypanosomiasis in Gamu Gofa region (Ethiopia). PMID- 3201024 TI - Assessing hepatic dysfunction in rabbits experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei. PMID- 3201026 TI - [Resistance to drought of Bulinus mollucs, vectors of human and animal trematodosis in Senegal. I. Laboratory trials]. PMID- 3201025 TI - The effect of levamisole (L. tetramisole) treatment on the susceptibility to Fasciola gigantica infection in goats. PMID- 3201027 TI - [Abstracts of the 21st National Congress of Cardiology. (10-12 October 1988), Bilbao]. PMID- 3201028 TI - [Lupus vasculitis]. PMID- 3201029 TI - [Thrombocytosis and solid tumors]. PMID- 3201030 TI - [Evaluation of cell-mediated immunity in hematological pathology]. PMID- 3201031 TI - [Is the use of anticoagulants really correct in carotid atheromatous pathology?]. PMID- 3201032 TI - [Spontaneous association of a chronic lympho- and myeloproliferative disease in the same patient. Description of 2 cases]. PMID- 3201033 TI - [Occurrence of polyps after polypectomy of the colon: preliminary results in 100 patients]. PMID- 3201034 TI - [Alveolar proteinosis. Report of 2 cases and diagnostic-therapeutic considerations]. PMID- 3201036 TI - Diuretics I: physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology. PMID- 3201035 TI - [Transitory deficiency of factor VII in a case of kala-azar]. PMID- 3201037 TI - International Society for Clinical Biostatistics, eighth international meeting. 7 11 September 1987, Gothenburg, Sweden. Proceedings. PMID- 3201038 TI - Heterogeneity in survival analysis. AB - I discuss the impact of individual heterogeneity in survival analysis. It is well known that this phenomenon may distort what is observed. A general class of mixing (or frailty) distributions is applied, extending a model of Hougaard. The extension allows part of the population to be non-susceptible, and contains the traditional gamma distribution as a special case. I consider the mixing of both a constant and a Weibull individual rate, and also discuss the comparison of rates from two populations. A number of practical examples are mentioned. Finally, I analyse two data sets, the main one containing data from the Norwegian Cancer Registry on the survival of breast cancer patients. The statistical analysis is of necessity speculative, but may still provide some insight. PMID- 3201039 TI - Remission duration: an example of interval-censored observations. AB - Remission duration data from two observational studies, the German ALL/AUL study on acute lymphoblastic and acute undifferentiated leukaemia and the Kiel Lymphoma Study, are used to demonstrate the adequacy of an interval-censoring approach. The Turnbull estimator is contrasted with the conventionally used Kaplan-Meier estimator. In addition, a parametric model is used for estimation or simulation of the delay times of complete remission diagnosis and relapse diagnosis. Two possible consequences of the conventional approach are discussed: biased estimation (for example, overestimation of remission duration), and underestimation of the true error variance, which may lead to false positive results. On the other hand, the applicability of the interval-censoring approach is doubtful when the censoring mechanism (examination pattern, patient's behaviour) is confounded with the endpoints. PMID- 3201040 TI - Modelling the 1985 influenza epidemic in France. AB - The Rvachev-Baroyan-Longini model is a space-time predictive model of the spread of influenza epidemics. It has been applied to 128 cities of the USSR, and more recently, to forecasting the spread of the pandemic of 1968-1969 throughout 52 large cities. It is a deterministic, mass-action, space and time continuous model. The model has been applied to the simulation of the influenza epidemic of 1984-1985 in the 22 French Metropolitan districts and results are presented. Estimates of the parameters of the model were made using the French Communicable Diseases Network data. These parameters are the contact rate, a, (estimate = 0.55) which is the number of people with whom an infectious individual will make contact daily sufficient to pass infection and the infectious period, 1/b, estimated as 2.49 days. The mean annual railroad passenger traffic from district i to district j varies from 0 to 1,991,000 persons depending on the districts. The computer spread of the epidemic is presented on weekly maps. Results are also presented on district charts, giving the size of district epidemics and the time of peak of the epidemic. The precision of the computer fittings was judged satisfactory by the calculated size of peak differing from the real one by less than 100 per cent, in 17 out of 18 districts, and by the calculated time of peak differing from the observed by less than two weeks in 14 out of 18 districts. Although precision could be improved with more detailed information about passenger traffic, the French use of the model has been satisfactory. PMID- 3201041 TI - A test to detect clustering applied to muscle fibres. AB - The random arrangement of a chosen uncommon element type within a mosaic has been assessed by the new statistics, 'Number of Clusters' and 'Mean Cluster Size'. Their distributions were obtained by simulation assuming the mosaic has a hexagonal arrangement. When this assumption was relaxed to allow mosaics nearer to those observed in nature, the results were little changed. This method was then applied to a set of muscle fibre data to test hypotheses about the likely targets in inflammatory muscle disorders. PMID- 3201042 TI - Improving the quality of data in randomized clinical trials: the COMPACT computer package. COMPACT Steering Committee. AB - One crucial component for a successful clinical trial is that the data gathered have a high level of reliability and completeness. This paper reviews some problems of data management and describes the computer package COMPACT which has been developed to deal with such problems. The package allows range and consistency checks and can monitor complex follow-up schedules. A unique feature of the package is a PROBLEMS file which has use both for identification of queries about the data and of patients with particular characteristics of interest. The ability to monitor drug dosages and to signal deviations from the protocol is of particular value. COMPACT has the syntax necessary to create a 'flat' file for transfer to statistical packages for analysis, and the variable description files for SAS, SPSS and MINITAB. The package is written in standard FORTRAN which enables transfer to different types of mini and micro computer systems. PMID- 3201043 TI - Prescription sequence analysis: a new and fast method for assessing certain adverse reactions of prescription drugs in large populations. AB - Prescription sequence analysis (PSA) uses pharmacy-based prescription drug histories to detect a subset of drug effects: those that are themselves indications for changes in the prescribing of another drug. Dutch pharmacy practice ensures virtually complete drug histories. With a database of 25,000 patients, we used PSA to test an alleged link between the use of the anti-vertigo drug flunarizine and mental depression. The temporal sequence of anti-depressant use among flunarizine users shows no clustering that would suggest a causal link. PSA can be run within a few days, which may make it helpful in resolving certain of the periodic controversies about adverse drug reactions. PMID- 3201044 TI - Explanatory and pragmatic estimates of the treatment effect when deviations from allocated treatment occur. AB - In a randomized clinical trial comparing two treatments it can happen that certain patients receive the treatment other than that determined by random allocation. Significance testing is usually performed by 'intention to treat', that is, comparison of groups as determined by random allocation. The difference between the mean values of the outcome variable for these two groups estimates the difference in practical use between two treatment policies, corresponding to a pragmatic approach. An attenuation factor can then be used to obtain an estimate of the underlying difference in effectiveness between the two treatments, corresponding to an explanatory paradigm. Thus two distinct estimates are obtained; in many instances both are valid, but have distinct interpretations. Correspondingly, in planning sample size requirements when deviations from allocated treatment can be anticipated, the target treatment difference may be understood in either an explanatory or a pragmatic sense; for the sample size assessment method it is necessary to take this distinction into account. PMID- 3201045 TI - Sample size formulae for intervention studies with the cluster as unit of randomization. AB - This paper presents sample size formulae for both continuous and dichotomous endpoints obtained from intervention studies that use the cluster as the unit of randomization. The formulae provide the required number of clusters or the required number of individuals per cluster when the other number is given. The proposed formulae derive from Student's t-test with use of cluster summary measures and a variance that consists of within and between cluster components. Power contours are provided to help in the design of intervention studies that use cluster randomization. Sample size formulae for designs with and without stratification of clusters appear separately. PMID- 3201046 TI - How much of the placebo 'effect' is really statistical regression? PMID- 3201047 TI - [Vth Seminar on Gynecology of the Nice Institute for the Study of Reproduction. Nice, June 12-14, 1987. Infertility. Proceedings]. PMID- 3201048 TI - [The collection of sperm in men unable to ejaculate]. AB - Electro-ejaculation and surgical collection of sperm by vasotomy enable to obtain sperm in men unable to ejaculate because of a neurological spinal disorder. A multicenter study of electro-ejaculation is currently in process in the USA, but as these are limited experiments, the preliminary results do not permit to draw any conclusion. PMID- 3201050 TI - [Chromosome analysis of ovocytes and human embryos collected after fertilization in vitro. A model of natural selection against aneuploidy]. AB - Fertilization in-vitro offers the possibility of studying the karyotype of ovocytes obtained after superovulation, when they are not fertilized. Among 120 ovocytes, 30 p. cent presented a chromosomal anomaly. The same study was carried out on morphologically normal or abnormal embryos - and the percentage of chromosomal anomalies approximates here 27 p. cent. These studies offer a model of natural selection against chromosomal anomalies and confirm the limiting role of these anomalies in the success of FIV. PMID- 3201049 TI - [Evaluation criteria of the condition of the endometrium in relation to the presence of ovocytes]. AB - 18 patients with ovarian failure received cyclic steroid replacement therapy including estrogens and progesterone for embryo transfer. Hormonal results and endometrial histology are reported. The temporal window of endometrial receptivity 13 discussed, shedding some light on the respective role of embryo and endometrium in the implantation process. PMID- 3201051 TI - [Solutions provided by the freezing of embryos and questions posed by the freezing of human ovocytes]. AB - The major questions raised by frozen embryos are reviewed: how to freeze? which embryos to freeze? how to replace the frozen embryos? What is he contribution of frozen embryos in a program of fertilization in-vitro. The cryopreservation of human ovocytes is also discussed. PMID- 3201052 TI - [Intraperitoneal insemination. A new method of treatment of various types of sterility. Technic and results]. AB - The results of direct intraperitoneal insemination (DIPI) with treated sperm after ovarian stimulation have been reported in this study. 21 pregnancies have been obtained during 171 cycles in 105 patients. DIPI was used for couples with long standing primary infertility not improved with classics treatments. PMID- 3201053 TI - [GIFT (gamete intra-fallopian transfer). An alternative among the treatments of infertility?]. AB - 52 taps have been carried out for a "gamete intra fallopian transfer" or GIFT. 15 pregnancies (29 p. cent) were obtained, including 2 twin pregnancies, with 3 early miscarriages and no ectopic pregnancy. These results are similar to those published in large international series. The indications of GIFT are reported, as well as its place among other methods of medically assisted procreation. The future of GIFT is discussed. PMID- 3201054 TI - [Non-surgical transfer of fertilized ova]. AB - Non surgical ovum transfer which was provided before implantation is the human application of a technique used in veterinary medicine. The procedure is reported, the results given and the technique discussed. PMID- 3201055 TI - [Intravaginal culture and embryo transfer]. AB - The intra-vaginal culture and embryo transfer is based on the principle of fertilization of hyman ovocytes in the absence of CO2-enriched air. Ovocytes and spermatozoa are placed in a water-tight tube filled with B2 medium and placed in the vagina during the culture. Once the culture is done, the embryos are replaced in the uterus. The various studies done with intra-vaginal culture and embryo transfer, their results as well as future prospects are reviewed in detail. PMID- 3201056 TI - [Hypertension in pregnant women and beta-blockers. Follow-up of 31 pregnancies]. AB - The authors have conducted a study of 24 women (mean age: 28 years) whose 31 pregnancies were treated with a beta-blocker (propranolol, in most cases). The overall results were compared with data from the literature. The return to normal of the blood pressure (BP) was excellent (23 cases or 74.2%). The BP was poorly controlled in 8 out of 31 cases among which were found the 4 fetal deaths of the study. There was no toxemia, no maternal complications, no theoretical neonatal effect of the beta-blockers (nor bradycardia nor hypoglycaemia). As for fetal hypotrophy, it was more frequent when the ABP did not return to normal (57% hypotrophy vs 39%) and the beta-blocker, by causing a return to normal of the BP, decreases its incidence. In addition, the mean length of treatment exceeded 2.35 weeks in normotrophic newborns in comparison with the hypotrophic newborns. Concomitantly, the return to normal of the blood pressure is improved in normotrophic newborns. The risk of fetal hypotrophy attributed to the beta blockers is therefore confirmed and these drugs even have a favorable effect on the birth weight. PMID- 3201057 TI - [Mammography in screening in breast studies. Retrospective analysis of a personal series]. AB - The authors point out the value of mammography in the screening as the examination of choice, based on a personal series of more than 12,000 patients examined between 1980 and 1986, and distributed according to a personal classification. PMID- 3201058 TI - [Maturation of the cervix before the induction of labor after 36 weeks' amenorrhea. Apropos of our experience with a method of intra-cervical perfusion of PGE2]. AB - This study evaluates the possibility of cervix maturation before inducing labor in women with premature rupture of the membranes after 36 weeks of amenorrhea, which was not followed by spontaneous labor and in whom cervical evaluation did not allow immediate induction by intravenous ocytocics or prostaglandin. The intracervical perfusion of PGE2 seems effective and perfectly tolerated in this indication, enabling to prevent infectious complications, the risk of which is increasing as time goes by. PMID- 3201059 TI - [Pain following the treatment of vulvo-vaginal condylomatous lesions. Efficacy of benzydamine]. AB - A clinical study with Opalgyne was undertaken in order to relieve the pain due to the treatment of vulvo-vaginal condylomas. This study was performed on 16 women, 8 treated with laser, and 8 with 5 fluoro-uracil ointment. The efficacy of Opalgyne is both remarkable and regular. Therefore the experimental protocols seem to be quite heavy. The laser vaporization is definitely the best solution. But it is necessary to keep this indication only for more or less atypical viral lesions. PMID- 3201060 TI - [Exploratory assessment of the biennial action of the Integrated Program of Endemic Diseases of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development]. PMID- 3201061 TI - Multiresistant malaria in Brazil cured with low dose clindamycin. PMID- 3201062 TI - [Cysticercus bovis. I. Evagination assays]. PMID- 3201064 TI - Strain variation in the infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni for Biomphalaria glabrata. PMID- 3201063 TI - [Natural infection of Equus caballus by Leishmania sp--Sao Paulo, Brazil. (Brief scientific communication)]. PMID- 3201065 TI - Use of saprophytic Leptospira strains in the serodiagnosis of experimental leptospirosis in guinea-pigs (Cavia sp). PMID- 3201067 TI - Ontogenesis and self-organization theory. PMID- 3201068 TI - A concept of neocerebellar function. PMID- 3201066 TI - [Immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) in detecting circulating antibodies of the IgM class in human leptospirosis]. PMID- 3201069 TI - The prefrontosensorial polarity principle. Toward a neurophenomenological theory of intentionality. PMID- 3201071 TI - INA report on RCTs. PMID- 3201070 TI - Philosophy and evolution. Comments on Michael Ruse: Karl Popper's philosophy of biology. PMID- 3201072 TI - How to give criticism that gets results. PMID- 3201073 TI - What smart hospitals do to retain nurses. PMID- 3201074 TI - When couples ask about infertility (continuing education credit). PMID- 3201075 TI - Making babies through in vitro fertilization. PMID- 3201076 TI - Monitoring digoxin therapy in the elderly. PMID- 3201077 TI - The ally too many nurses ignore. PMID- 3201078 TI - Teaching for discharge: gastrostomy tubes. PMID- 3201079 TI - Are you ready for this bedside emergency? Sudden loss of consciousness. PMID- 3201080 TI - Coping with infections that AIDS patients develop (continuing education credit). PMID- 3201081 TI - This lawsuit reduced your margin for error. PMID- 3201082 TI - Drugs and food: when the dangers increase. PMID- 3201083 TI - [Chronic pancreatitis: an invalidating disease but rarely lethal]. PMID- 3201084 TI - [How does the endothelium participate in the control of vascular tonus?]. PMID- 3201085 TI - [Synthesis of precursors of the pigment eumelanin. I. Isomeric indole acids]. PMID- 3201086 TI - [Experimental verification of the reliability of biochemical diagnostic methods during tumor growth. I. Changes in proteins and glycoproteins in the blood of rats]. PMID- 3201088 TI - [The effect of fungal glycoprotein A on tumor growth and survival of C3H strain mice with methylcholanthrene-induced tumors]. PMID- 3201087 TI - [Experimental verification of the reliability of biochemical diagnostic methods during tumor growth. II. Changes in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and nonspecific esterase in the blood of rats]. PMID- 3201089 TI - [Esterases in the diagnosis of monocytic and myelomonocytic leukemias and the so called atypical monocytes in myelodysplastic syndromes]. PMID- 3201090 TI - [Metabolism of vitamin D in patients with malignant melanoma of the skin]. PMID- 3201091 TI - [Personal experience with the surgical treatment of post-infarction perforation of the interventricular heart septum]. PMID- 3201092 TI - [Lung involvement in Crohn's disease]. PMID- 3201093 TI - [Manifestations of breast carcinoma in pregnancy]. PMID- 3201094 TI - Evidence for potentiation of lipid peroxidation in the rat liver after chronic ethanol feeding. AB - Hepatic steatosis was induced in rats by feeding nutritionally adequate liquid diet containing ethanol as 36% of energy for 4-5 weeks. After 24 h fasting and withdrawal from ethanol, liver ischaemia for 30 min followed by 2 h reperfusion resulted in a significant increase in microsomal lipid peroxide content and a decrease in reduced glutathione content as well as in protein synthesis with a rapid accumulation of triglyceride in the liver. In rats fed a non-ethanol diet or those fed a high-cholesterol diet with hepatic steatosis, however, similar phenomena were not found. These findings suggest that chronic ethanol feeding potentiates hepatic lipid peroxidation. PMID- 3201095 TI - Mucins obtained from patients with enterocutaneous urinary diversions. AB - The ureteroenterocutaneostomy is a surgical procedure for urinary diversion by which an intestinal segment is used as a conduit or a reservoir for urine. Histological studies on colonic segments have shown a well preserved mucosal surface with numerous goblet cells and urine from these patients contains a mucus like sediment. The present study demonstrates that such gels are composed of mucins occurring predominantly as a glycoprotein complex which is 'insoluble' in 6 M guanidinium chloride. The complex was brought into solution by reduction of disulphide bonds and the fragments (subunits) obtained behaved as typical mucins when subjected to density-gradient centrifugation in CsCl/4 M guanidinium chloride. High-Mr glycopeptides obtained after trypsin digestion of subunits expressed the ABH and Lewis antigens, in accordance with the patients' blood group phenotype and with the regional distribution known from previous immunohistochemical studies on normal colonic mucosa. A heterogeneous population of mucin glycopeptides was revealed by using high-performance ion-exchange chromatography and the major carbohydrate-containing peak did not coincide with that expressing the blood-group activity. PMID- 3201096 TI - Effect of nicotinic acid administration on serum levels of bilirubin and iron in patients with porphyria cutanea tarda. AB - Nicotinic acid (NA) administration in Gilbert's syndrome (GS) patients promotes an increment of bilirubin and of total iron serum levels, dependent on a defective hepatic bilitranslocase function and on a haemolytic effect of NA. In porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT): (1) the effect of nicotinic acid on bilirubinaemia is superimposable to that in controls; (2) a well documented disturbance of iron metabolism occurs; (3) but relationship between bilirubin and iron under NA load has never been investigated. The administration of 5.9 mumol/kg body weight of NA to 12 PCT patients, 10 GS subjects and nine healthy volunteers of comparable age resulted in: (1) normal behaviour of bilirubin parameters in PCT but higher bilirubinaemic values in GS subjects; (2) normal values of serum iron in GS subjects, but higher baseline values and lower sideraemic effect of nicotinic acid in PCT patients; (3) a normal NA half-life in PCT and enhanced in GS subjects. These findings confirm a defective bilirubin uptake and excretion by the liver of GS subjects with a normal iron metabolism. On the contrary, in our PCT patients a normal clearance of bilirubin occurs, but a complex disturbance of iron metabolism is well evident in baseline conditions as well as after NA administration. The latter being probably the consequence of an enhanced excretion of iron extraproduced by the haemolytic effect of NA. PMID- 3201097 TI - Cancer-associated antigen CA 15-3 in the diagnostics of breast tumours. AB - The serum concentration of the new marker CA 15-3 was determined by a kit method, which is based on the use of two different monoclonal antibodies 115D8 and DF3, in a coated tube immunoradiometric technique. The mean CA 15-3 values in breast cancer patients (n = 40) were significantly higher than in patients with benign breast disease (n = 52, p less than 0.001) and in control subjects (n = 32, p less than 0.001). When we used the cut-off level 35 kU/l for CA 15-3, 0/32 of control subjects, 1/52 (2%) of patients with benign breast disease, 8/40 (20%) of all breast cancer patients, 6/19 (32%) of breast cancer patients with axillary nodal involvement and 1/1 of breast cancer patients with distant metastases were above this level. Among the same patients the CEA serum test was positive at a cut-off level of 5 micrograms/l in 7/40 (18%) cancer cases, and in 6/19 (32%) of cancer patients with nodal involvement. When we used the cut-off level 35 kU/l for CA 15-3 and 5 micrograms/l for CEA 1/52 (2%) of patients with benign breast disease, 10/40 (25%) of all breast cancer patients, 7/19 (37%) patients with axillary nodal involvement and 1/1 of breast cancer patients with distant metastases were positive in one or both of the tests. The serum CA 15-3 and CEA values were higher in patients with tumour size above 2 cm in diameter than in patients with smaller tumours (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3201098 TI - Effects of dietary fish oil on malondialdehyde production and glutathione peroxidase activity in hyperlipidaemic patients. AB - In 20 adult patients suffering from hyperlipidaemia we measured the lipid composition of erythrocyte membrane, the glutathione peroxidase activity in both erythrocytes and platelets, the production of malondialdehyde by platelets stimulated with thrombin, as well as the level of plasma selenium, retinol and alpha-tocopherol, before and after 8 weeks of fish oil supplementation (20 ml daily). We noted a remarkable reduction in plasma triglycerides which was associated with a significant decrease in blood pressure; moreover, we noted a reduction in the amount of arachidonic acid compensated by an increment of omega 3-fatty acid (particularly eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids). The dietary supplementation with fish oil was associated with a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase activity in both erythrocytes and platelets. On the contrary, the production of malondialdehyde, which was originally higher than normal in hyperlipidaemics, was inhibited significantly after fish oil (p less than 0.001). Whereas no changes were observed in the concentration of plasma selenium and alpha-tocopherol, an increment of plasma retinol occurred. These data indicate that in hyperlipidaemics there is a proaggregant status; this situation may be normalized by using a dietary supplementation of fish oil; the increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the cell membrane, with a possible increment of the formation of lipoperoxides, induced by fish oil, is compensated by an increased activity of the scavenger enzyme glutathione peroxidase. PMID- 3201099 TI - Short chain fatty acids in inflammatory bowel disease. The effect of bacterial fermentation of blood. AB - An in vitro faecal incubation system was used to investigate how blood added to faeces influences short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. The result was a change in SCFA pattern from one largely dominated by acetate and propionate to a pattern less dominated by these two acids but with greater amounts of longer and branched SCFA (butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate and isovalerate). Patients with active ulcerative colitis revealed variable concentrations of SCFA in their individual stool specimens, 66% of the samples being outside the 95% confidence interval set by a control group and without any specific trend. The SCFA concentrations were normal in patients with Crohn's disease of the colon. The study concludes that the changes in SCFA pattern seen elsewhere in studies on ulcerative colitis could be due to bacterial fermentation of blood either in the colon or in the stools after passing. It cautions against using faecal concentrations in this disease without due regard to the phenomenon of dilution or pollution of the colonic chymus by colonic effusion of blood. PMID- 3201100 TI - Intravenous 133Xe clearance in preterm neonates with respiratory distress. Internal validation of CBF infinity as a measure of global cerebral blood flow. AB - An intravenous 133Xe clearance technique is described, giving very low values of global cerebral blood flow (CBF infinity) in mechanically ventilated, preterm infants. External monitoring of the chest is used to estimate the arterial input function to the brain, with a modified correction to allow for increased recirculation due to right-to-left shunting. The results compared well in 10 studies in seven infants, where CBF infinity could also be calculated from direct simultaneous blood sampling from the right radial artery (7.9 ml/100 g/min +/- 2.5 SD vs. 8.4 +/- 3.6, p less than 0.05). In 25 studies in 12 infants the results compared well with those calculated from simultaneous 133Xe concentrations in expired air. Fifteen-minute clearance data gave better precision than 8-min data. The modified chest curve correction was partly effective in a case of extreme right-to-left shunting. PMID- 3201102 TI - Human hepatocytes in culture synthesize and secrete fibronectin. AB - Hepatocytes were isolated by application of the two-step collagenase perfusion technique to pieces of human liver. Hepatocytes were cultivated in serum-free medium or 10% fetal calf serum medium supplemented with insulin, glucagon and dexamethasone. The cells were kept in culture for up to 16 days and 75% of the medium was regularly changed. Fibronectin in culture medium was detected by means of an ELISA with an assay range of 2.2-560 micrograms/l. The interassay imprecision was 6.3% at 500 micrograms/l and 14.3% at 10 micrograms/l. Significant amounts of fibronectin were detected in all cultures. During culture, fibronectin accumulated in the medium and the quantity secreted by hepatocytes by far exceeded the amounts of fibronectin associated with hepatocytes prior to cultivation. Maximum secretion rate by 10(6) hepatocytes was 167.5 +/- 73.3 ng fibronectin (mean +/- SEM, n = 3) in 24 h. When analysed by means of SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting the fibronectin isolated from hepatocyte culture medium and cell lysate co-migrated with fibronectin obtained from plasma. Our data show, for the first time, that human hepatocytes synthesize and secrete fibronectin, and it is suggested that the human liver is an important source of plasma fibronectin. PMID- 3201101 TI - Low-dose dopamine infusion, renal haemodynamics and urinary albumin excretion rate in insulin-dependent diabetics and in normal man. AB - The effect of experimental renal vasodilatation by means of low-dose (2.0 micrograms/kg/min) intravenous dopamine infusion was investigated in 28 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients with normal basal urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE) (less than 15 micrograms/min), 9 IDDM patients with UAE between 15-200 micrograms/min (microalbuminuria), and 7 normal subjects. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (thalamate clearance) showed a small increase with dopamine infusion, in the normoalbuminuric IDDM patients from 140 +/- 20 to 146 +/- 20 ml/min (2p less than 0.01), in the microalbuminuric IDDM patients from 146 to 151 ml/min (NS), and in normal subjects from 115 +/- 16 to 122 +/- 15 (2p less than 0.05). A marked increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) (hippuran clearance) was seen in all three groups--533 +/- 82 to 724 +/- 120 ml/min (2p less than 0.01), 574 +/- 69 to 777 +/- 140 ml/min (2p less than 0.01) and 523 +/- 87 to 749 +/- 145 ml/min (2p less than 0.05), respectively. Urinary albumin excretion rate (radioimmunoassay) increased from 5.3 x/divide 1.5 (tolerance factor) to 6.5 x/divide 1.8 micrograms/min (2p less than 0.05) in the normoalbuminuric IDDM patients and from 6.1 x/divide 2.1 to 7.8 x/divide 2.3 micrograms/min (2p less than 0.05) in the normal subjects, while no significant change was seen in the microalbuminuric group of diabetics. Kidney volume (ultrasonic scanning) was significantly enhanced in IDDM patients (294 +/- 73 ml vs. 196 +/- 49 ml). There was no significant correlation between kidney volume and the renal haemodynamic response to dopamine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3201103 TI - Cerebral electrical impedance: do indices derived from it provide information on cerebral blood flow in the neonate? AB - Cerebral electrical impedance was compared with simultaneous estimations of cerebral blood flow (CBF infinity) using the 133Xe clearance technique on 28 occasions in 9 neonates who had changes in PaCO2 and hence presumably cerebral blood flow between measurements. Various indices derived from the impedance waveform which have been reported in the adult to correlate with blood flow were analysed for their relationship with CBF infinity. Percentage change of the two variables was calculated and three indices showed a significant correlation using linear regression. They were peak amplitude (delta Zp), delta Zp times heart rate (delta Zp x HR), and backslope projection. The regression equation for the index with the closest correlation was delta Zp x HR = 0.57CBF infinity + 3.4 with r = 0.68 (p = 0.003) and standard error of the estimate = 29%. Some cerebral electrical impedance indices did correlate with cerebral blood flow changes under the conditions of this study and provide accurate information on the direction of changes but because of the wide confidence limits cannot be used for quantification of cerebral blood flow changes. PMID- 3201104 TI - Screening for thalassaemia using the width of the Technicon H6000/H601 erythrocyte size histograms. AB - The red cell distribution width (RDW) calculated from the data of an erythrocyte size distribution (ESD) histogram generated by a Technicon H6000/H601 blood cell analyser was shown to be not suitable for distinguishing iron deficiency from thalassaemia trait and other microcytic conditions. The absolute distribution width at half maximum (ADW0.5) of these ESD histograms can be used efficiently for screening on thalassaemia trait. The ADW0.5 values appeared to be more powerful for detecting alpha thalassaemia and beta thalassaemia trait than the decision algorithms described earlier. A decreased MCV combined with a small ADW0.5 offers an indication of thalassaemia trait, the diagnosis being later confirmed by more definitive methods. By utilizing the ADW0.5, the number of subjects with thalassaemia trait, particularly those with alpha thalassaemia, detected in the south of The Netherlands was highly increased. PMID- 3201105 TI - Reduced angiotensin II induced vascular reactivity in chronic renal failure. AB - Eight patients with chronic renal failure before the stage of dialysis (Group 1), 11 patients on regular dialysis treatment (Group 2) and 14 healthy control subjects (Group 3) were studied before, during and after angiotensin II (AII) infusion. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), plasma levels of AII, aldosterone (Aldo), arginine vasopressin (AVP), noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (A), and serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium and magnesium were determined. AII induced vascular reactivity was reduced both in Group 1 and 2 compared with Group 3. Basal AII was the same in the three groups, and only in dialysis patients was AII induced vascular reactivity negatively correlated to basal AII. Aldo and NA were higher in Group 2 than in Group 3, and AVP was higher in both groups of patients compared with controls. HR declined during AII induced elevation of BP in the control subjects but not in the patients. Neither PTH, serum calcium nor serum magnesium was correlated to BP or vascular reactivity. It can be concluded that AII induced vascular reactivity is reduced both in patients with renal failure before dialysis and in patients on regular dialysis treatment. Basal blood levels of Aldo and NA are increased in dialysis patients and AVP is increased in both groups of patients, but neither these abnormalities nor blood levels of PTH, calcium or magnesium seem to be the background upon which the abnormal vascular reactivity develops. PMID- 3201106 TI - Regulation of plasma plant sterol levels in patients with gut resections. AB - The role of cholesterol and bile acid malabsorption in the regulation of plasma plant sterol levels was studied in 30 patients with an ileal resection (seven without any malabsorption, eight with bile acid malabsorption alone and 15 with bile acid, fat and cholesterol malabsorption) and nine with jejunoileal bypass (modest bile acid, and severe cholesterol and fat malabsorption). In contrast to cholesterol, plant sterols are not synthesized by the body, and so the plasma levels are regulated by their intestinal absorption and biliary secretion. In fact, the plant sterol, especially campesterol, levels were low in patients with cholesterol and fat malabsorption. Cholesterol absorption efficiency was a significant determinant of the plant sterol levels, suggesting that it reflects overall sterol absorption efficiency and that the plasma plant sterol levels, in turn, reflect cholesterol absorption. Bile acid malabsorption, though it appeared to promote biliary plant sterol secretion, had little direct effect on the plasma plant sterol contents. The results indicate that plasma campesterol levels can be used to evaluate cholesterol absorption efficiency in general and may reveal clinically significant steatorrhoea in patients with gut exclusion. PMID- 3201107 TI - A comparison between haematological parameters in 'capillary' and venous blood from healthy adults. AB - In 40 healthy adult volunteers of both sexes blood samples were taken simultaneously from an antecubital vein in EDTA-Vacutainers and from a fingertip in EDTA-Microtainers. Haematological measurements were subsequently performed in an Ortho-ELT 800 WS analyzer. Significant differences were obtained between the two sets of samples. In accordance with current literature, the 'capillary' thrombocyte count was either identical to, or more frequently substantially lower than the corresponding venous count. On the contrary, the 'capillary' erythrocyte count and the haematocrit and haemoglobin values significantly exceeded those of venous blood, while the red cell indices MCV, MCH and MCHC were identical. The total leucocyte count was substantially elevated in 'capillary' blood compared with the corresponding venous samples. Moreover, the 'capillary' differential leucocyte counts showed elevations which directly reflected the various particles' size. Possible explanations of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3201108 TI - Caries experience in urban Tanzanian children 1973-84. AB - In 1973 and 1984 the caries status of 624 and 394 children, respectively, was recorded in an urban area of northern Tanzania where the water fluoride content was 2.0-3.5 ppm. Although slightly different scoring criteria were used, the data showed very low levels of caries, and little evidence of increases in caries experience over the 10-yr period. The distribution of caries lesions was markedly skewed, such that a minority of individuals account for most of the caries. The levels of caries were low by international standards and equivalent to those found in children from low fluoride areas of Tanzania. PMID- 3201110 TI - Dental age and asymmetry in the formation of mandibular teeth in twins concordant or discordant for oral clefts. AB - The aims of this investigation were: 1) to study the effects of zygosity and the type of cleft on dental age in pairs of twins concordant or discordant for oral clefts, 2) to compare dental age in the twins with that in a population of normal Finnish children, and 3) to study asymmetry in the formation of mandibular teeth with regard to zygosity and the type of cleft. Twenty-two pairs of twins (8 mono- and 14 dizygotic) and one set of monozygotic triplets concordant or discordant for cleft lip (CL), cleft palate (CP), or both (CLP) were investigated. Four of eight mono- and 12 of 14 dizygotic pairs were discordant for clefts. An orthopantomogram of both twins was taken on the same day. In 7 of the 8 monozygotic (88%) and in 4 of the 14 dizygotic (29%) pairs, the dental age was the same in both twins. Of the 12 pairs discordant for clefts, the dental age of the twin with cleft was delayed in 5, advanced in 3, and the same in 4 compared with that of the twin without a cleft. The means of chronologic age and dental age were counted separately for the cleft subgroups and the non-cleft (NONC) group. The dental age was advanced in the CL twins and in the NONC twins, and was the same as chronologic age in the CP twins, but it was delayed in the CLP twins. Asymmetric formation of the 14 mandibular teeth (mostly the second premolars) was encountered in 3 of 8 CLP, in 3 of 18 CP, in 1 of 16 NONC, and in none of 5 CL children. The great similarity in tooth formation among the monozygotic twins indicates strong genetic control of dental maturation in twins concordant and also discordant for cleft. PMID- 3201109 TI - Effect of copper fluoride and copper sulfate on dental plaque, Streptococcus mutans and caries in hamsters. AB - Topical applications of 10 mM CuF2, 10 mM CuSO4, or 20 mM NaF solutions were performed twice a day in hamsters infected with S. mutans and maintained on a high sucrose diet. Animals receiving the copper compounds exhibited lower plaque scores than control animals or animals treated with the NaF solution. The group receiving the CuF2 solution showed a lower number of S. mutans and a higher caries reduction than the groups treated with NaF or the non-fluoride compound CuSO4. PMID- 3201111 TI - Effect of fluoride addition on ionized calcium in salivary sediment and in saliva. AB - Fluoride was added in increments to pooled whole saliva. The ionized calcium concentration was determined in the saliva and the salivary sediment after centrifugation. The maxima of the ion product with respect to calcium fluoride were for salivary sediment and saliva found at 15 mmol/l and 25 mmol/l of fluoride, respectively. The study indicated that calcium fluoride may precipitate in the plaque matrix during and after topical application of fluoride. PMID- 3201112 TI - Cervical abrasion in relation to toothbrushing and periodontal health. AB - Cervical abrasion and some factors related to oral hygiene habits and periodontal health were investigated in 250 subjects aged 21-60 yr. The subjects were considered dentally aware since they had visited their dentist on a regular basis over the past several years. A high occurrence rate of cervical abrasion was noted with 85% of subjects exhibiting at least one superficial lesion. Manifest or deep lesions, although less common, were present in 22% of subjects. Both prevalence and severity increased with age. The severity expressed as the mean number of lesions was 7.3 for the total sample. It increased significantly with calculus index, frequency of periodontal pockets, and reduction of the alveolar bone height. No significant associations were observed between abrasion and oral hygiene factors. It is concluded that cervical abrasion, although most likely related to toothbrushing, may not be synonymous with periodontal health. Ineffective toothbrushing may not only fail to prevent disease but may also cause cervical abrasion. PMID- 3201114 TI - Peripheral PMN cell activity in relation to treatment of juvenile periodontitis. AB - Ten patients with untreated juvenile periodontitis (JP) showing an increased generation rate of free oxygen radicals from their peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as measured by luminol enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) were rechecked after treatment. The PMN cells from eight patients still reacted with higher CL after stimulation with Staph. aureus opsonized with autologous serum when related to pair-matched controls. The increased CL was not caused by adsorption of serum factors from untreated JP patients when assayed with healthy PMN cells. The increased CL found in peripheral PMN cells from patients with JP thus depends very little on the disease activity. PMID- 3201113 TI - Buffering effect of antacids in the mouth--a new treatment of dental erosion? AB - Antacids are drugs of choice in the treatment of reflux esophagitis and peptic ulcer disease, where acid regurgitation may cause dental erosion. Since there are no specific preventive measures or effective treatment for erosions, the present study was made to assess whether the keeping of antacids in the mouth before swallowing would be beneficial with regard to their effect on mouth pH, after acidic challenge. Five healthy subjects formed the test panel. After measuring the acid binding capacity of all the antacid preparations in the Finnish market, the two most effective were selected for testing, one in emulsion form (Novaluzid), the other a tablet (Link). Acid regurgitation was mimicked by consuming a low-pH (3.2) drink immediately before the antacid. Control series were made with the acidic drink only. Both the antacids were found to counteract totally the pH fall caused by the drink, when measured as changes in the tongue surface pH. The Novaluzid preparation was more effective than the Link preparation but the difference was not significant. It may be anticipated that patients suffering from acid regurgitations would benefit if they are counseled to keep their antacids in the mouth for a while before swallowing. PMID- 3201115 TI - Chemotactic response of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes in juvenile periodontitis measured by the Leading Front method. AB - Previous studies have implied that chemotaxis defects of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) can be found in approximately 75% of patients with juvenile periodontitis (JP). In the present study, the Leading Front (LF) method was used to study whether the chemotactic response of PMNs from JP patients differed from that of adult periodontitis (AP) patients and periodontally healthy control individuals (C). Sixteen JP-patients, 21 AP patients, and 13 C-individuals were studied. PMNs from each individual, and from a daily reference person were tested against three chemoattractants (N-f-Met-Leu Phe (FMLP), casein (CA), bacterial chemotactic factor (BCF] and a neutral buffer (Gey's solution (GEY]. Regardless of the test solution a greater difference among individuals could be observed in the JP-group than in the other groups. Apart from this, there were no differences among the groups as regards CA, BCF, and GEY. However, with FMLP, the PMNs of the JP-group had a significantly greater migration distance as compared to the other groups. This finding can probably be ascribed to the fact that the LF method detects other aspects of the PMN response than do the methods used for earlier studies of JP. The finding, in this study, of an enhanced PMN response in JP as regards FMLP may be a reflection of the presence of a non-uniform PMN population whose composition in JP differs from that of the other groups. PMID- 3201117 TI - Tissue distribution of epimucosally applied 3H DNFB: an autoradiographic study. AB - The distribution of 3H-labeled 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) has been autoradiographically investigated in buccal mucosa after topical application to sensitized or nonsensitized rats. The rats were killed between 3 min and 24 h after challenge. No significant labeling pattern differences were found between plastic embedded and frozen sections. Surface epithelium was heavily labeled and labeled cells were observed in the lamina propria shortly (3-6 min) after application. These cells were clearly dendritic. Specific accumulation of hapten in epithelial Langerhans cells (LC) could not be clearly demonstrated. The connective tissue labeling gradually diminished and at 24 h post-elicitation, remaining label could be detected only in the epithelial surface layers. PMID- 3201116 TI - Chemically induced inflammation in rat oral mucosa. AB - The toxic, irritative, and sensitizing effects of topically applied sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), dithranol triacetate (DTA), nonanoic acid in methyl- or propyl ester (NAM, NAP) in the buccal mucosa were investigated in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. Semi-quantitative evaluations of cellular infiltrates were performed in routine histologic preparations. The toxic potential was tested with 2% and 0.2% solutions. All substances, except 0.2% SLS, caused an increased cellularity, mainly of a mononuclear cell type. The low dose of NAM induced stronger inflammatory reactions than the high dose. Repeated applications of 2% solutions decreased the response compared to one application, except for NAM, where a clear irritative potential was observed. Pre-exposure of dorsal skin prior to buccal painting resulted in an enhanced reaction to NAM and NAP, whereas no sensitizing capacity was noted in SLS or DTA in this model. PMID- 3201118 TI - HIV and hepatitis B infection in an international cohort of dental hygienists. AB - The risk for dental hygienists to contract HIV and hepatitis B infection at work was studied in an international cohort of 167 dental hygienists from 13 countries. A significant proportion of the hygienists had taken care of HIV positive patients or patients known to be at risk for contracting HIV infection. None of the hygienists had antibodies to HIV. Five hygienists who came from or worked in high-endemic areas for hepatitis B infection had antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen, consistent with previous infection with hepatitis B virus. The study is in agreement with previous reports on blood-borne infections among health care workers, concluding that the risk for dental hygienists of contracting HIV and hepatitis B infection is minimal. PMID- 3201119 TI - Surface EMG frequency dependence on force in the masseter and the anterior temporal muscles. AB - Myoelectric power spectrum analysis was used to study isometric contractions, 10 15 s long, of the masseter muscles and the anterior temporal muscles. Surface EMG activity was recorded from these muscles for nine females while biting on a bite force transducer up to maximal effort (100% maximal voluntary contraction; MVC). The mean frequency (MF) was calculated as a single estimate of the myoelectric power spectrum. Regression analyses were made of MF versus bite force (0-100% MVC). The mean MF values of all females' masseter muscles increased up to 55-60% MVC. For the anterior temporal muscles no increase in mean MF was found above 20 25% MVC. The increase in MF was possibly dependent on recruitment of type I fibers and low-pass tissue filtering effects. The slope of regression for the force level 0-60% MVC was intraindividually steeper for the masseter muscles than for the anterior temporal muscles. A similar decrease in mean MF was found for the masseter muscles and the anterior temporal muscles for the force level 60 100% MVC. The possibility of muscular fatigue was discussed. PMID- 3201121 TI - Corrosion current and pH rise around titanium coupled to dental alloys. AB - Corrosion reactions around titanium, usually considered biologically inert, might be provoked by coupling it galvanically with more corrodible dental alloys. Experiments in vitro simulating the conditions of a titanium dental implant or root canal post coupled to an amalgam filling, demonstrated corrosion current densities up to 31 microA/cm2, anodic pH values around the amalgam down to 2, and cathodic pH values around the titanium up to 10. The amounts of tin released by the enhanced corrosion of amalgam might contribute measurably to the daily intake of this element; the corrosion current generated reached values known to cause taste sensations. If the buffer systems of adjacent tissues in vivo are not able to cope with the high pH generated around the titanium, local tissue damage may ensue; this relationship is liable to be overlooked, as it leaves no evidence in the form of corrosion products. PMID- 3201120 TI - Prediction of behavior management problems in children. AB - The aim of the present investigation was to study non-dental and dental background variables with a view to estimating their influence on behavior management problems by means of a structured interview and analyzing their separate and combined predictive power. The material consisted of a case group, 101 children aged 3-16 yr, referred for management problems to clinics of specialized pedodontics, and a control group, individually matched with the cases as regards age, sex, residential area, number of tooth surfaces restored, and dentist. The children or their parents were interviewed concerning background variables. Logistic regression was used for the analyses. Three non-dental variables turned out to be statistically significant as predictors (P less than 0.05): problems on visiting a medical doctor, dental fear in the mother or father, and anxiety when meeting unfamiliar people. Management problems might be expected if one of these attributes is found. Four dental variables had significant predictive power: earlier problems on seeing a dentist, dislike of the dentist, not enough time to adjust to the dental situation, and fear of injection. However, none of these dental variables was found to have predictive power in 3-6-yr-olds, and none of them improved the predictive power of the three main non-dental variables. PMID- 3201122 TI - Corrosion of dental amalgam and mercury vapor emission in vitro. AB - Amalgam specimens were immersed for 30 days in 1) water, 2) 0.9% NaCl in water, 3) 0.9% NaCl and 10 mM phosphate buffer in water, and 4) 0.9% NaCl, 7.7 mM phosphate, and 6.1 mM citric acid in water. The solutions were stored in stoppered glass tubes. Hg-drops were immersed in solutions 1, 2, and 3. The concentration of mercury vapor in the air above the solutions was measured once a day. After 30 days the amounts of Cu, Zn, Hg, and Ag in the solutions were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that 0.9% NaCl alone or in combination with the additives increased the amounts of elements released into the solutions. The concentration of Hg0 in the glass tubes increased with the amount of Hg in the solutions, with the exception of solution No. 3, from which significantly less Hg0 evaporated. The results indicate that the composition of the saliva, oral hygiene and dietary factors may be determinants of Hg0 emission from amalgams in the oral cavity. PMID- 3201123 TI - Adult coeliac disease within a defined geographic area in Sweden. A study of prevalence and associated diseases. AB - An epidemiologic study of coeliac disease in a geographically defined area of Sweden showed that the prevalence was 95.5/10(5) inhabitants aged 15 years or more. The highest prevalence, 178/10(5) inhabitants, was found in the age group 65-74 years. The lowest prevalence, 39/10(5) inhabitants, was found in patients aged 15-24 years. Among the associated diseases an especially high incidence of associated thyroid disease was observed: thyrotoxicosis occurred in 5.0% and hypothyroidism in 5.8% of the patients. PMID- 3201124 TI - The partial ileal bypass operation does not cause essential fatty acid deficiency. AB - Recent studies have indicated that ileal resection may lead to essential fatty acid deficiency, as demonstrated by plasma fatty acid composition. In the present study the serum cholesterol ester fatty acid composition was determined in patients who had undergone a partial ileal bypass operation several years earlier. The mean length of ileal exclusion was 2.0 m (range, 1.4-2.5 m). The patients with ileal bypass had severe bile acid malabsorption and slight fat malabsorption (fecal fat, 16 g/day). The fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters in the patients with ileal exclusion was identical with that of matched controls; for example, linoleic acid comprised 58% of the C14-18 fatty acids in the control patients and 61% in the patients with ileal bypass. It is concluded that exclusion of the distal third of a healthy small bowel does not cause essential fatty acid deficiency. PMID- 3201125 TI - Gastric acid antisecretory effect of two different dosage forms of omeprazole during prolonged oral treatment in the gastric fistula dog. AB - Two series of experiments have been performed in gastric fistula dogs to test the antisecretory effect of two different oral dosage forms of omeprazole: 2 mumol x kg-1 x day-1 as a methylcellulose suspension for 8 weeks and 0.5 mumol x kg-1 x day-1 in enteric-coated granules (ECG) for 3 weeks. There was an increasing inhibitory effect during the first days of repeated administration of omeprazole, which is in accordance with its long duration of action. The steady-state inhibitory level was reached after five doses. During the 8-week treatment with the omeprazole suspension (2 mumol x kg-1) the mean maximal inhibitory level (3 h after dose) was 82%, and the mean minimal inhibitory level (24 h after dose) was 35%. With omeprazole in ECG (0.5 mumol x kg-1) the steady-state maximal inhibition (4th h) was 60%, whereas 40% inhibition remained after 24 h. Thus, a more even inhibitory level over day and night seems to be obtained with the ECG formulation than with the suspension. Basal and food-stimulated plasma gastrin levels were not significantly affected by the treatment with 0.5 mumol x kg-1, whereas food-stimulated gastrin levels were slightly increased during treatment with 2 mumol x kg-1. Control levels of acid secretion were reached within 4 days of stopping treatment. In the present studies, in which the inhibition of acid secretion varied over 24 h between approximately 80% and 35% (maximum and minimum), no rebound effects could be detected as measured up to 1 month after cessation of treatment. PMID- 3201126 TI - Effect of furazolidone on gut catecholamine in cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer in the rat. AB - The effect of furazolidone, a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, on cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer and gut catecholamines was studied in rats, since previous reports have suggested protective effects of MAO inhibitors against other forms of experimental mucosal injury. Furazolidone (100 mg kg-1, orally) pretreatment significantly reduced the frequency and severity of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer. By means of a spectrofluorometric technique, gastric and duodenal norepinephrine concentrations and duodenal dopamine concentrations were measured and found to be increased in animals treated with the MAO inhibitor. It is concluded that the protective effect of furazolidone against cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer may in part be related to modulation of gut norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations. PMID- 3201127 TI - The use of complex carbohydrates in barley groats for determination of the mouth to-caecum transit time. AB - Lactulose is often used as a substrate to estimate the mouth-to-caecum transit time (MCTT), but because of osmotic effects the outcome depends on the dose consumed. In this study, barley groats, a complex carbohydrate (CH) that produces a clear breath hydrogen response after consumption, were used. Eight volunteers consumed the same dose of softened barley groats (1.0 g CH/kg body weight) three times. Ten volunteers ate three different doses (0.75, 1.0, and 1.5 g CH/kg body weight). Breath samples were collected every 30 or 60 min for at least 12.5 h and analysed for hydrogen. To study the effect of the particle size of the barley groats or the addition of fat on the MCTT, 11 volunteers consumed barley groats (1.0 g CH/kg body weight) with cream cheese (0.25 g fat/kg body weight) and 5 volunteers ate crushed barley groats (particles of +/- 1 mm, 1.0 g CH/kg body weight). After consumption of 1.0 g CH/kg body weight a mean MCTT of 8.4 +/- 0.4 h was found. After consumption of the high dose, a mean MCTT of 9.0 +/- 0.5 h was found, and after the low dose, 8.5 +/- 0.6 h. Addition of fat resulted in a significantly increased MCTT, presumably caused by retarded stomach emptying (9.2 +/- 0.6 h versus 8.1 +/- 0.5 h in controls). Particle size did not significantly affect the MCTT (7.2 +/- 0.5 h at 1 mm versus 7.8 +/- 0.6 h at normal particle size).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3201128 TI - An investigation into the floating behaviour of a pectin-containing anti-reflux formulation (FF5005) by means of gamma scintigraphy. AB - The gastric distribution and residence time of a new pectin-containing formulation, FF5005 (Farma Food A/S, Denmark), was investigated by using the technique of gamma scintigraphy in six healthy volunteers after administration with a radiolabelled meal. The formulation and test meal were radiolabelled with indium-113m and technetium-99m, respectively, and the formulation was administered to the subjects 30 min after the labelled meal. FF5005 was shown to float and form a discrete phase on top of the stomach contents and emptied from the stomach more slowly than the food (p less than 0.05, Wilcoxon signed rank test). The times taken for the formulation and test meal to half-empty from the stomach (T50) were 4.13 +/- 0.69 h (mean +/- SD) and 2.17 +/- 0.15 h (mean +/- SD), respectively. Greater than 50% of the formulation remained in the fundal region of the stomach for 3 h. FF5005 produced in vivo behaviour similar to that of established alginate-containing anti-reflux agents, and the pectin content of the formulation was shown to decrease the rate of emptying of the meal. PMID- 3201129 TI - Relationship among beta-adrenergic blockade, propranolol concentration, and liver function in patients with cirrhosis. AB - In 20 patients with cirrhosis we studied the relationship among the efficiency of beta-adrenergic blockade induced by oral administration of 40 mg propranolol, the plasma level of propranolol, and the liver function. The beta-adrenergic blockade was studied 2 h and 8 h after propranolol administration and assessed by the cardiac chronotropic response to isoprenaline. Liver function was evaluated by a standard liver function test and the Child-Turcotte or Pugh score. The beta adrenergic blockade and propranolol plasma concentration were higher 2 h than 8 h after propranolol administration. The beta-adrenergic blockade and the propranolol plasma concentration varied widely among patients. No significant correlation was found between the efficiency of beta-blockade and propranolol concentration. The beta-adrenergic response before propranolol administration was correlated with bilirubin level and Child scores, but no significant correlation was found between the beta-blockade and the severity of liver disease. These results suggest that in patients with cirrhosis, differences in response to propranolol are not related to differences in the severity of the liver disease or to differences in propranolol concentration. PMID- 3201130 TI - Effect of a single dose of antacid on gastric and duodenal bulb pH in duodenal ulcer patients. AB - Gastric and duodenal bulb pH was measured simultaneously with a multiple pH electrode system in 15 duodenal ulcer patients. A single dose of 10 ml antacid was given 120 min after a liquid standard meal, and the pH was measured for another 90 min. The effect of antacid on duodenal pH, expressed as the time pH is kept above 3.0, was on an average 60 min--shorter in patients with a high gastric acid secretion and longer in normosecretors (p less than 0.01). Regression analysis of simultaneously measured gastric and duodenal bulb pH after antacid showed a highly significant linear correlation with a slope of 1.43, which is significantly greater than 1.0 (p less than 0.01), indicating that antacid has a more pronounced effect on duodenal pH than on gastric pH. PMID- 3201131 TI - (2'-5')Oligoadenylate synthetase activity in intestinal mononuclear and epithelial cells of inflammatory bowel disease patients. AB - The activity of (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase, an enzyme induced by and mediating the antiviral action of interferon, was measured in extracts of intestinal mononuclear and epithelial cells isolated from patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and a control group. No significant differences were detected among (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase activities of lamina propria mononuclear cells derived from inflammatory bowel disease-involved and histologically normal control mucosa. Similarly, epithelial cells from inflammatory bowel disease and control patients expressed comparable levels of the enzyme, but these were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) than those found in autologous mononuclear cells. These results indicate that interferon is locally produced along the human intestinal mucosa under normal and inflammatory conditions. While this study supports the contention that induction of an antiviral state does not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, it does not exclude the activation of the interferon system for other immunologic functions. PMID- 3201132 TI - Cholesterol and pigment gallstone disease: comparison of the reliability of three bile tests for differentiation between the two stone types. AB - Gallbladder biles and stones were obtained at 116 cholecystectomies for symptomatic gallstone disease. All 33 patients younger than 50 years had cholesterol stones, whereas 40% of the older patients had pigment stones. We compared the reliability of three different bile tests for the differentiation between cholesterol and pigment stone patients. Whereas both the presence of cholesterol monohydrate crystals in fresh gallbladder bile and a nucleation time less than or equal to 20 days in ultrafiltered gallbladder bile had a specificity of 100% for cholesterol gallstone disease, biliary supersaturation with cholesterol (cholesterol saturation index greater than 1.0) had a low specificity. The sensitivity of nucleation time less than or equal to 20 days for cholesterol gallstone disease was 78% in concentrated gallbladder biles (biliary total lipid concentration greater than or equal to 5 g/dl) but only 21% in dilute biles (biliary total lipid concentration less than 5 g/dl). In contrast, examination for the presence of cholesterol crystals in fresh bile was reasonably sensitive both in concentrated and dilute gallbladder biles (sensitivity, 84% and 72%, respectively). In addition, duodenal bile obtained from 16 patients (10 cholesterol, 6 pigment) before cholecystectomy showed cholesterol crystals in 7 of the cholesterol but in none of the pigment stone patients. We conclude that examination of fresh bile for cholesterol crystals is a specific and reasonably sensitive test for cholesterol gallstone disease. PMID- 3201133 TI - Reliability of scintigraphic diagnosis of liver metastases. AB - Three experienced specialists in nuclear medicine independently read 52 liver scans for the presence or absence of metastases. The accuracy of the assessments was, for each of the observers and for the observers' agreed-upon assessments, determined against findings at laparotomy or autopsy. Overall accuracy, predictive values of a positive and negative test result, sensitivity, and specificity were 0.71-0.79, 0.80-0.90, 0.63-0.72, 0.63-0.77, and 0.77-0.91. The accuracy was not higher for the agreed-upon assessment than for each of the observers' assessments. The interobserver variation was calculated as overall agreement between pairs of observers and ranged from 0.85 to 0.94. After adjustment of overall agreement for chance agreement, kappa values from 0.70 to 0.88 were obtained. In the determination of intraobserver variation overall agreement rates and kappa values ranged from 0.90 to 0.94 and 0.84 to 0.88. The scintigraphic diagnosis of hepatic metastases is reliable but, to increase the reliability further, it should be examined whether observer error reflects error in the primary detection of findings in the scans or error in the overall interpretation. PMID- 3201134 TI - Hemostasis in Crohn's disease: low factor XIII levels in active disease. AB - Massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage sometimes occurs in Crohn's disease. To examine the possible role of acquired disorders of hemostasis contributing to such events, several laboratory indicators of hemostasis (APT time, Normotest, platelet count, bleeding time, fibrinogen, factor VIII activity, vWF:Ag, factor X, factor XIII, antithrombin III, fibrinopeptide A, and B beta(15-42] were studied in 10 patients with active Crohn's disease (Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) greater than 150) and 10 patients with quiescent disease (CDAI less than 150). Marked thrombocytosis was seen in three patients with active disease. Factor VIII activity and fibrinogen levels were significantly elevated in patients with Crohn's disease (p less than 0.001), and the factor VIII activity levels were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in the patients with active disease than in those with quiescent disease. Factor XIII levels were significantly lower (p less than 0.02) in patients with active disease. Three of the patients with active disease had factor XIII levels below the lower reference limit. The two patients with the lowest levels had hemorrhagic diarrhea and spontaneous bleeding from the rectal mucosa. Fibrinopeptide A and B beta(15-42) levels were significantly elevated in both groups. The other coagulation analyses were essentially normal in both patient groups. The results suggest that factor XIII deficiency acquired through gastrointestinal leakage may contribute to gastrointestinal hemorrhage in some patients with active Crohn's disease. PMID- 3201135 TI - Serum cholesterol precursors, cholestanol, and plant sterols in primary biliary cirrhosis. AB - We measured serum cholesterol precursors (squalene, delta 8-cholestenol, desmosterol, lathosterol, cholestanol) and plant sterols (campesterol, sitosterol, and avenasterol) from 11 patients (one man) with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and 13 healthy women matched for age and weight. In PBC serum total cholesterol was increased (9.4 versus 5.9 mmol/l; p less than 0.05), whereas serum cholestanol in terms of mmol/mol of cholesterol was elevated fourfold. In similar terms, serum plant sterols, especially sitosterol and avenasterol, were modestly increased, whereas most of serum cholesterol precursors were decreased. The serum contents of cholestanol were negatively associated with those of serum cholesterol precursors and positively with those of sitosterol and avenasterol with the serum cholesterol concentration. The liver function tests were positively related to serum cholestanol contents (r value ranged from 0.588 to 0.839 for alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino-transferase, and bilirubin). The findings suggest that in cholestatic liver disease reduced serum cholesterol precursor contents reflect reduced cholesterol synthesis, whereas increased serum plant sterol and cholestanol contents are determined mainly by impaired biliary elimination. PMID- 3201136 TI - Dissociation between the functional activity and immunoreactive concentration of C1 esterase inhibitor in active and quiescent Crohn's disease. AB - The plasma immunoreactive concentration and the functional activity of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH) were measured in 17 samples from 15 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 10 samples from healthy volunteers. C1INH activity was measured by the chromogen substrate method and the immunoreactive concentration by the single radial immunodiffusion method. The functional activity was 95.7 +/- 4.6% in the controls. In CD it was 60.8 +/- 7.5% in the active stage (CDAI greater than 100) and 113.4 +/- 4.9% in the quiescent stage (CDAI less than or equal to 100). There were significant differences between the controls and both the active and quiescent stages (p less than 0.05). The activity was significantly lower in the active than in the quiescent stages (p less than 0.01). However, the difference in the immunoreactive concentration of C1INH in the active and quiescent stages was not significant; it was 27.8 +/- 3.5 mg/dl in the active stage and 33.7 +/- 2.0 mg/dl in the quiescent stage. This difference in the pattern of change between the immunoreactive concentration and the functional activity of C1INH might arise from the mode of C1INH action, with stoichiometric binding to substrates, giving rise to irreversible complexes. These results showed the functional consumption of C1INH in active CD, which may be an aggravating factor in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory process in the patient. PMID- 3201137 TI - Urinary excretion of enteral iohexol in rats with intestinal ischaemia. The influence of size of ischaemic area and duration of exposure to contrast medium. AB - The urinary excretion of iohexol instilled via orogastric tube was evaluated in rats with ischaemic intestinal segments, simple bowel ligature, and normal bowel. The rats were observed for periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 h, respectively, after the instillation of 3 ml of contrast medium. Radiographs and blood and urine tests were taken at the end of each observation period. Distinct radiographic opacification of the urinary bladder of the rats with intestinal ischaemia was demonstrated already 2 h after the administration of contrast medium and onwards. Concurrently high iodine concentrations in the urine and serum were measured by an X-ray fluorescence technique. The bladder opacity and iodine levels in the urine varied in close proportion to the length of ischaemic bowel irrespective of the duration of enteric exposure to contrast medium. Overall mean urinary iodine levels were approximately 11 and 32 times that of normal controls in animals with ischaemic bowel segments of 15 and 45 cm, respectively. In comparison, the overall mean serum level in rats with 45-cm ischaemic segments was 16 times that of normals. The clinical implications are discussed. PMID- 3201139 TI - Single case studies. Proceedings from a symposium. Oslo, March 14-15, 1987. PMID- 3201140 TI - An N of 1 service: applying the scientific method in clinical practice. AB - The N of 1 service at our institution acts as a full referral service for clinicians who want a definitive answer to a difficult management question, and an instructional environment for clinicians who have more time and want to learn to run their own N of 1 RCT. The trial design is a double blind, randomized pair, multiple crossover. A number of methodologic issues are discussed, such as appropriateness of the patients problem to N of 1 trials, feasibility, types of measurement, such as clinical objective measurement and quality of life measurement, as well as timing of these measurements. The analysis issues include developing a reporting method which is statistically powerful and understandable to clinicians with little research background. Some of these issues have been well investigated and some have not. PMID- 3201138 TI - The effects of water-soluble contrast media on luminal distension and blood flow in closed loops of small bowel in minipigs. AB - The effects of iohexol, sodium diatrizoate, and physiologic saline on intestinal distension and circulation were observed for 8 h in nine minipigs with closed loop obstruction of the small bowel. The two contrast media led to an elevation of intraluminal pressures when initially instilled at pressures above 35 mm Hg. These elevated pressures were not high enough to cause rupture of the bowel wall. Both contrast media caused severe mucosal ischaemia as judged from histologic sections, loops containing sodium diatrizoate more so than iohexol. The blood circulation of the bowel wall, examined by laser Doppler flowmetry, was after 6 to 8 h reduced to about 10% of the values of non-obstructed bowel at intraluminal pressures of about 70 mm Hg in the loops with iohexol and sodium diatrizoate. The correlation to osmolality was obvious when compared with concurrent observations in the loops with physiologic saline. In the bowel loops filled with physiologic saline the pressure fell to 5 mm Hg after 8 h, regaining approximately one-third of pre-instillation levels of blood flow. On microscopy these bowel loops had a nearly normal mucosa. PMID- 3201141 TI - Single case studies in clinical trials. AB - The single case design offers an interesting alternative to standard methods of performing clinical trials. The opinion of the workshop members was that single case trials would be particularly useful in studies of rare diseases and in studies aimed at generation of hypothesis rather than testing of hypotheses. The single case design was considered to require smaller patient materials than ordinary methods in order to arrive at a valid conclusion about therapeutic effect. Dose ranging (Phase II) studies and studies of heterogenous patient populations were also discussed as possible areas of application for the single case design. PMID- 3201142 TI - Experience with a multi crossover model in dyspepsia. AB - A multi cross over model (MCOM) has been designed for single case studies. The model which is only partly randomized, implies regular interchanges between treatment periods with active drug and placebo. The individual evaluation is based on the number of times the active drug is associated with less symptoms than the preceding or following placebo period (X-score), while the effect in a group is evaluated according to the X-score distribution and a paired t-test. The advantages of the single case approach and the impact of the MCOM is illustrated by the results from a study of the effect of cimetidine in non ulcer dyspepsia. Although there are several statistical objections to the model, the results from the study are reasonable and demonstrate a small degree of violence of preassumptions. PMID- 3201143 TI - Single case studies from a statistician's point of view. AB - In a clinical single case study the object is to decide whether a certain treatment has an intended effect on a certain patient. It is pointed out that the design should only be used in clinical situations where several rather strong assumptions are fulfilled. However, in these situations the design may be of significant value. PMID- 3201144 TI - Statistical issues in studies of individual response. AB - We consider intensive studies of individual response to therapy in a controlled experiment. It is helpful to distinguish between strict 'N = 1' studies, which are pragmatic trials intended to draw conclusions concerning only the patient under consideration, and 'N much greater than 1' studies, which are explanatory trials intended to make more general statements about a treatment with highly variable response, for which aggregate measures of effect on groups are inappropriate. Issues of design, measurement, and statistical significance are discussed, and the rule of permutation tests emphasised. Three published examples are used as illustrations. PMID- 3201145 TI - Single case studies. An introduction. AB - The limitations of conventional group comparative therapeutic trials are discussed. They include: the heterogeneity problem (due to biological variations within the sample) and the extrapolation problem (i.e. the problem of external validity). These problems may to some extent be overcome by multiple cross-over studies in a single patients. Such studies may be useful in selected cases in daily clinical work, but could also be used for detecting treatment effects in rare diseases. Usually, it is necessary to measure the clinical effect by means of clinical scores, for which reason ranking methods must be used. The statistical significance may be judged by means of a permutation test. The risk of committing a type II error in single patient studies is usually high. PMID- 3201146 TI - Advances in colorectal cancer. Proceedings from an international workshop. Bergen, Norway, September 26-27, 1986. PMID- 3201148 TI - Treatment of colorectal cancer--techniques for local excision. AB - Local excision of rectal carcinomas may be performed in selected cases with well differentiated, small "early" carcinomas or as a compromise operation in patients too frail for a major surgical procedure. PMID- 3201147 TI - Endoscopic treatment of colorectal carcinoma. AB - All malignant pedunculated polyps of the colon can be removed totally by colonoscopy alone. Resection of the colon is only necessary in those few instances where the cancer portion is poorly differentiated and where there are cancer cells in lymphatic or vascular channels. Malignant well differentiated sessile polyps are adequately managed by the endoscopic technique as well if the polypectomy is believed to have been complete and this can be confirmed by follow up biopsies after 4-8 weeks. In these patients Laser therapy may also be of value. Endoscopic Laser therapy may be of value as a symptomatic treatment in patients with advanced malignant disease with obstruction or bleeding. PMID- 3201149 TI - Surgical procedures in colorectal cancer emergencies. AB - About one third of the patients with colorectal cancer presents with large bowel obstruction, perforation or life threatening bleeding. In large bowel obstruction there is a trend towards primary resection and immediate anastomosis, also in cancer of the left colon. Among the techniques used are orthograde irrigation and primary resection with colo-colonic anastomosis, and in selected cases subtotal colectomy with ileosigmoid or ileorectal anastomosis. For sigmoid neoplasms causing obstruction immediate resection and end colostomy is recommended. In perforation at the tumour site, primary resection and immediate anastomosis may be justifiable if the peritonitis is localized. If diffuse peritonitis is present, primary resection with end colostomy seems to be the best choice. Although primary resection with or without immediate anastomosis has its merits, staged resection still remains a good and safe alternative in many cases. PMID- 3201150 TI - Enterostomies--technical aspects. AB - Loop ileostomy is superior to transverse loop colostomy in defunctioning the colorectum. It is easier to manage and is associated with less problems both in the early and late postoperative period. PMID- 3201151 TI - Colonic reservoirs. AB - During the last decades several types of surgical techniques have been utilized in order to provide the patient with a continent colostomy using the colon as a reservoir. None of the methods have gained wide acceptance and continence is usually dependent upon successful irrigation. By constructing a cecal reservoir with an intussuscepted nipple valve, using the same principle as for the continent ileostomy, a colostomy with perfect continence for both gas and feces can be created. Although improving life quality significantly when successful, the method is hampered by a high rate of complications and malfunction. So far none of the methods introduced offer any great advantage to conventional sigmoidostomy with irrigation. There is, however, evidence that the functional results after coloanal anastomosis may be improved by constructing a pouch-anal anastomosis. The clinical significance of this technical modification is not yet fully evaluated. PMID- 3201152 TI - The management of patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer. AB - Patients who have colorectal tumours which involve neighbouring organs or tissues either by direct invasion or by an inflammatory response, in the absence of obvious dissemination at the time of operation, may be suitable for radical en bloc resection, producing good survival rates. PMID- 3201154 TI - The role of occult hepatic metastases in staging colorectal carcinoma. PMID- 3201155 TI - Detection and treatment of local recurrence. AB - The chance of a curative reoperation is better in patients with an asymptomatic recurrence than in those with a symptomatic one. Pelvic recurrences are often detected by thorough physical examination. In general, however, the sensitivity of the clinical examination is low, so that about 75% of the patients have symptomatic recurrence when it is detected clinically. Serial examinations of CEA, however, seem at present time to be the best indication of recurrence. Thus, elevated serum CEA concentration seems to predict cancer recurrence correctly in 80-90%. PMID- 3201153 TI - Surgery for synchronous hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer. AB - Over the last 10 years 32 patients have had synchronous hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer treated surgically in this unit. As a general policy the metastases were resected 3-4 months after resection of the primary tumour. At the end of this interval a thorough assessment was made for recurrent local, regional or extrahepatic metastatic disease before making a decision to perform liver resection. Eighteen patients had a conventional liver resection (13 major liver resections, 5 limited liver resections) and 14 patients had an atypical liver resection (metastasectomy). Patients were followed at 4 monthly intervals after operation using ultrasonography and CEA determination. The operative mortality (within 60 days) was zero. Twenty-six patients (81%) had a totally uncomplicated postoperative course. The period of hospitalization was 14 +/- 2 days. Two patients had a second liver resection at a later date on account of tumour recurrence. The survival rates at 1, 2 and 3 years were 84%, 58% and 33% respectively. These results confirm that synchronous hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer can be resected with minimal morbidity and mortality and that worthwhile improvements in life expectancy result. PMID- 3201156 TI - CEA, tumour differentiation and DNA ploidy pattern. AB - The histological growth pattern of large bowel carcinomas is probably of importance for CEA secretion, since it is demonstrated that moderately differentiated carcinomas have the highest plasma CEA levels. Moderately differentiated carcinomas might thus, because of their glandular architecture, secrete a larger proportion of CEA into the gut lumen than poorly differentiated ones. Nevertheless, of the biological variables investigated in relation to plasma CEA, determination of tumour DNA ploidy has turned out to be of the greatest significance in our laboratory. We suggest therefore, that combined evaluation of the preoperative plasma CEA level and tumour DNA ploidy may aid in the selection of patients who should be followed up with repeated plasma CEA measurements after potentially curative large bowel resection. PMID- 3201157 TI - The pathological grading and staging of rectal cancer. AB - New techniques for the pathological grading and staging of large bowel cancer are being advocated, but the traditional methods have rarely been subjected to detailed scrutiny by modern statistical methods. A comprehensive set of discrete histopathological parameters was submitted for survival analysis, and subsequently to multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Parameters were selected that yielded the best-fitting model and awarded integer scores proportional to their regression coefficients. A superior grading system was derived. These variables were then allowed to compete in a model that included stage-related parameters. Only lymphocytic infiltration was selected along with the number of involved lymph nodes and extent of tumour spread. The clinical pathological prognostic classification was compared to Dukes, Astler-Coller and the TNM classification. Finally, the contribution made by DNA content was independent but very small indeed. Ploidy may be ignored if grading and staging are performed with meticulous care. PMID- 3201158 TI - Diagnosis of colorectal cancer screening--risk groups. PMID- 3201159 TI - Tumour markers in colorectal cancer. AB - Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is still the best marker both for primary diagnosis and post-treatment monitoring of patients with colorectal cancer. Monoclonal antibodies, especially CA 19-9 and CA 50 may give additional information whereas CA 125 seems to be of no value in patients with colorectal cancer. The sensitivity of CEA determination for Dukes' A carcinomas is as low as 30%, but increases to 85% for Dukes' D carcinomas. The best clinical benefit of CEA is in postoperative monitoring of surgically treated patients with colorectal cancer. The sensitivity and specificity for distant metastases are 85%. The sensitivity in the detection of local recurrence is low (40%) but the specificity is still high (80%). A high CEA level postoperatively strongly suggests either local recurrence or disseminated disease, but a negative value does not exclude their presence. If CEA is negative both preoperatively and one month postoperatively, CA 19-9 or CA 50 may be used in the monitoring of these patients. PMID- 3201160 TI - Prediction of postoperative complications. PMID- 3201161 TI - Preoperative nutrition. AB - There are studies indicating a positive effect of preoperative nutritional support in patients with gastrointestinal malignancy, and that this nutritional support must be given for at least 7-10 days to achieve this effect. Intensive preoperative nutritional support should be used only in malnourished patients undergoing major surgical procedures and in patients receiving preoperative radio and/or chemotherapy, irrespective of nutritional status. PMID- 3201162 TI - Mechanisms of reduced effects of loop diuretics in healthy volunteers and in patients with renal disease. AB - Although most patients respond well to loop diuretics, poor response is sometimes a problem and some underlying mechanisms were addressed in this study. The renal response to continuous infusion of furosemide was investigated in eight healthy volunteers during controlled isotonic dehydration and after full restoration of volume losses. A rapidly reversible acute tolerance developed in parallel with dehydration and activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Dehydration also reduced the renal clearance of furosemide substantially, but only decreased the urinary delivery rate of the drug (the principal determinant of the diuretic effect) to a minimal extent. Delayed tolerance to an i.v. bolus dose of furosemide was found in 12 healthy volunteers after 1 week of oral furosemide treatment with and without angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. No pharmacokinetic changes were seen. This type of tolerance was not related to dehydration or activation of RAAS. Thus, the induced decrease in renal sensitivity to furosemide was probably due to an intrarenal (structural?) adaptation. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piretanide were studied in six healthy volunteers and 22 patients with chronic renal failure (glomerular filtration rate 1-28 ml/min). Poor response to the diuretic action of the drug was found in the patients. This was entirely due to a decrease in the fraction of piretanide excreted unchanged in the urine, and the renal sensitivity to the drug was normal. Multiple daily doses of piretanide of maximally 24 mg are recommended for optimal efficiency in renal failure. Substantial changes in pharmacokinetics of furosemide were found after manipulation of plasma albumin in five patients with nephrosis, while the urinary delivery of the drug scarcely changed. Neither the induced alterations in proteinuria nor those in plasma volume influenced the renal sensitivity to furosemide significantly. Some methodological observations proved to be of significance. Creatinine was found to be an unreliable marker of GFR because of its substantial tubular secretion and reabsorption, both of which were related to the degree of hydration. Likewise, lithium was considered an unreliable marker of proximal tubular reabsorption, since there were reasons to suspect furosemide sensitive distal lithium reabsorption. PMID- 3201163 TI - On the investigation of men from infertile relations. A clinical study with special regard to anamnesis, physical examination, semen-, hormone- and chromosome analyses, from men with non-"normal" semen. AB - When investigating men from infertile conjugal relations it is of value early to find variables that give information about the prospects of fertilization, and to know in which patients one needs to analyse serum hormone concentrations and/or chromosomes. A standardized interview and a physical examination were performed prospectively in each case. The findings were compared with the results of a follow-up investigation, with regard to conception rate, performed 3-5 years after the initial investigation. Serum concentrations of FSH, LH, testosterone and prolactin were compared with the results of semen analyses and testicular volume measurements. Mitotic chromosome analyses were performed and the results were compared with the findings in semen. In a selected group of men, extended chromosome analyses--with special regard to the occurrence of induced chromosomal lesions--were performed. The man's age at investigation, sperm density, sperm motility and the duration of the couple's infertility, all gave information about the prospects of conception. A useful score was based on the 'break points' of these four variables, for the estimation of prognosis. Prognostic information was also obtained from total testicular volume and the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (MNS). Men with a long duration of infertility had more frequently azoospermia than the other men. Men with abnormal epididymis(des) had a lower conception rate (CR) than men found normal at physical examination. Otherwise, CR was influenced neither by a positive history of genital disease(s), nor by signs of genital disease(s) at the physical examination. In infertile men with a sperm density of greater than or equal to 20 million spermatozoa/ml and/or a total testicular volume greater than or equal to 30 ml, measurements of FSH, LH and testosterone seem to be of no value. A 'profile' of these hormones, however, does seem to be valuable in men with a sperm density less than 20 million/ml. Prolactin concentration gave no clinically valuable information. Chromosomal aberrations were found in 9.4%. Abnormal karyotypes were absent among men with a sperm density of greater than or equal to 20 million/ml and greater than or equal to 60% MNS. In men with less than 60% MNS there was a significantly increased number of leukocytes with chromosomal lesions. PMID- 3201164 TI - Urodynamics in normal infants and children. AB - Urodynamic examination yields invaluable information about lower urinary tract function in infants and children in the following clinical situations: Daytime urinary incontinence, suspected infravesical obstruction, overt or suspected neurogenic bladder dysfunction, vesico-ureteral reflux with upper tract dilatation and chronic or recurrent bacteriuria. A normal development of lower urinary tract function during the first 5 years of life means that detrusor contractility will be successively more inhibited; furthermore, the child will become aware of bladder filling and will be able to postpone or initiate micturition. A disturbed or delayed development may well be the most important cause of dysfunctional states in the lower urinary tract later in life. Most urodynamic variables are age-dependent. Normal bladder capacity can be fairly well assessed by: Bladder capacity in ml = 30 + (age in years x 30). Normal maximum urinary flow during micturition (in ml/s) should approximately equal the square root of voided volume (in ml). The normal range (+/- 2SD) is given by the value thus obtained +/- 7 ml/s. Intravesical pressure is lower in girls than in boys, and lower in infants than in older children, but otherwise it does not vary with age. A tense and apprehensive child will not produce reliable urodynamic data. This is, no doubt, the most important source of error when examining children. It is strongly emphasized, therefore, that the examination has to be performed in a kind, understanding and relaxed atmosphere. PMID- 3201165 TI - Urodynamic investigations in healthy fertile females during the menstrual cycle. AB - Ten healthy, fertile women were investigated three times during the menstrual cycle in order to study a possible hormonal influence on the urodynamic parameters. On each occasion three urethral pressure profiles were recorded, and cystometry was carried out both in the supine and sitting position followed by pressure-flow studies. No significant changes attributive to menstrual cycle hormonal changes were observed in the profilometry data, the cystometric parameters or in the pressure-flow parameters. Both the short and long term reproducibility of the three times repeated urodynamic parameters were good. Measurements performed regardless of time in the menstrual cycle are thus representative in normal women. PMID- 3201166 TI - Long term reproducibility of urodynamic investigations in healthy fertile females. AB - The long term reproducibility of uroflowmetry, urethral pressure profilometry, cystometry and pressure-flow studies was evaluated in 10 healthy fertile female volunteers over a two year period. All parameters were unchanged, except for an increase in the detrusor pressure. The volume at first sensation, the maximal cystometric capacity and the maximum flow rate, had a coefficience of variation (CV) of 24%, 15% and 21% respectively. The compliance and the opening time however showed a considerably higher CV. Several parameters showed a larger intra individual standard variation (SD) than the interindividual SD, indicating that these parameters should be interpreted with great care. Repetition of the investigations showed in this small material a reduction in the standard error of the mean (SEM). Repeating the investigation reduces the number of patients needed in a clinical trial to obtain a statistically significant change. The study showed that urodynamic investigation is a reliable tool in evaluation of patients over a period of years. PMID- 3201167 TI - Urodynamic investigations and their reproducibility in healthy postmenopausal females. AB - Twelve healthy postmenopausal volunteers underwent urodynamic investigation twice within two months. The two investigations were highly reproducible. The maximum urethral closure pressure and the functional profile length were on average 51.8 cm H2O, and 2.8 cm, respectively and were significantly lower than the values previously found in healthy fertile women. The maximum flow rate was 24.7 ml/sec. The flow rates, the cystometric and pressure-flow parameters were compared to previously obtained values in healthy fertile women and showed no differences except for a significantly higher premicturition detrusor and intravesical pressure in the postmenopausal group. PMID- 3201168 TI - Urethral pressure variations in females with and without neurourological symptoms. AB - Simultaneous urethrocystometry was performed in 93 females without and 174 patients with neurourological symptoms. Both populations were divided into 3 age groups. The urethral pressure variation (delta MUP) was calculated as the difference between the highest (MUPH) and the lowest maximum urethral pressure (MUPL) observed during one minute. In all age groups, both the highest and the lowest maximum urethral pressure, were significantly higher in the normal females than in the patients during retrograde bladder filling. There was, however, no significant difference in the degree of the urethral pressure variation (delta MUP) between normal females and patients in the different age groups. Typical urethral pressure variation was also observed during physiological bladder filling. Thus, urethral pressure variation in itself is a physiological phenomenon. With less difference between the lowest maximum urethral pressure and the bladder pressure the possibility of leaking urine is increased. A urethral pressure decrease may therefore cause leakage in a patient, but not in a normal female. More than 50% of the normal females had a urethral pressure variation of more than 20 cm H2O. The previous definitions of urethral pressure variations (unstable urethral pressure, urethral instability) which describe the condition as pathologic when the pressure varies more than 10, 15 or 20 cm H2O can therefore not longer be considered useful. PMID- 3201169 TI - The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. The International Continence Society Committee on Standardisation of Terminology. PMID- 3201170 TI - Micturition patterns in a healthy female population, studied with a frequency/volume chart. AB - A 48-hour frequency/volume chart was completed by 151 women without micturition complaints. The distribution of the parameters of the chart are presented. The chart was found to be a valuable and reliable instrument for assessment of micturition patterns. The mean voided volume, which takes into account both frequency of micturition and total voided volume, showed the best reproducibility of the parameters and is suggested as the parameter of primary importance. Attention should be paid to the circumstances under which the chart is applied, as normal micturition behaviour seems to be highly dependent on social factors. PMID- 3201171 TI - Home-monitoring of uroflow in normal male adolescents. Relation between flow curve, voided volume and time of day. AB - Thirteen males, age 25-40 years, without history of voiding dysfunction were investigated with repeated uroflowmetry at their own lavatories to rule out psychological influence of unfamiliar surroundings. The relationship between maximum flow rate (Qmax) and voided volume (VV) was highly reproducible. The best fitting curve was in all instances parabolic, Qmax = a.VVb, but there was a large interindividual variation in the relationship with the index, b, ranging from 0.06 to 0.52. Most of the micturitions showed VV between 125 and 525 ml, and in this interval a linear regression gave the same result concerning the degree of correlation as a parabolic, thus simplifying the calculations. There was no correlation between the maximum rate of increase in flow rate and VV, while time to maximum flow rate and VV were significantly correlated, but none of these parameters offered any advantages compared to Qmax. VV was significantly greater in the morning, while Qmax was greatest in the evening, and a possible explanation is discussed. No difference was found in the normal range for the Qmax/VV relationship compared to traditional investigations carried out in hospital or outpatient clinic. However, bearing in mind the possible influence of psychological factors on micturition in certain groups of patients it is concluded that home-monitoring of uroflowmetry is easily carried out and provides valuable clinical information in selected groups. PMID- 3201172 TI - Sensory thresholds in the male urethra measured by electrical stimulation. AB - The sensory pathways innervating the male urethra were investigated by recording the sensory thresholds with electrical stimulation. Twenty-six male subjects (age 16 to 73 years) were included in the study. Ring-electrodes mounted on a Foley catheter were used for stimulation in proximal and distal urethra. Square wave pulses (duration 0.5 ms) were delivered with a constant current stimulator at different frequencies and the lowest intensity felt by the subject was defined as the threshold. The sensory thresholds were in the order of 0.5 to 5 mA and decreased with increasing stimulation frequency. All patients described a qualitative difference in the experienced sensation when comparing proximal and distal urethral stimulation. The reason for this is discussed. The possible use of this method as an adjunct to the urodynamic investigation in diagnosing neurogenic lesions is proposed. PMID- 3201173 TI - NIMH intramural schizophrenia research. PMID- 3201174 TI - The "stress analogy" in the context of psychoneuroimmunology. AB - The "stress analogy" is examined from the perspective of psychoneuroimmunology. Arguments are presented that do not support a linear and mathematical conception of psychosocial stress, as defended by the "stress analogy" concept. Implications for the study of schizophrenia are discussed. PMID- 3201175 TI - Schizophrenia research in the Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health: editor's introduction. AB - One of the major reasons for the existence of National Institute of Mental Health's Intramural Research Program is the study of schizophrenia. The program provides relatively stable funding for the long-term examination of the basic and clinical sciences as they relate to this major public-health problem. This article and those that follow review some of the past and current contributions to our understanding of schizophrenia that have emanated from the Intramural Research Program. PMID- 3201176 TI - Perinatal complications and reduced size of brain limbic structures in familial schizophrenia. AB - Both genetic and nongenetic risk factors for schizophrenia have been described. Specifically, perinatal complications have been suggested as a factor in the later development of schizophrenia. These appear to be increased among schizophrenic patients with a clear genetic vulnerability for illness. While reduced brain tissue localized to the temporal lobe is also present in these individuals, it is unknown whether brain structural differences are a consequence of perinatal insults to the developing brain. Initial analyses on magnetic resonance imaging scans from siblings with schizophrenia are presented in an attempt to examine this issue. PMID- 3201177 TI - Computerized EEG in schizophrenia. AB - Despite advances in the processing and display of electroencephalographic (EEG) data, the utility of this inexpensive and noninvasive technique in the investigation of schizophrenia has not been well established. We studied the resting EEG in 19 medication-free patients with chronic schizophrenia and 21 normal controls. Patients with schizophrenia had increased delta activity which was not specific to the frontal regions. Schizophrenic patients also had increased fast activity, and this increase was left sided for the fast beta frequency. Alpha frequency was reduced (less than 10.2 Hz) in 7 of 16 schizophrenic patients. Moreover, those patients with an alpha frequency reduction had a significantly larger mean cerebral ventricular size. These results indicate that the EEG does detect neurophysiological changes in schizophrenia. Our understanding of these changes may be enhanced by other neuroimaging techniques such as computed tomography. PMID- 3201178 TI - Studies of autonomic psychophysiology and attention in schizophrenia. AB - Research from this laboratory over the years has found a rather consistent pattern of high baseline levels of many (but not all) indices of autonomic activity, slow adaptation, and attenuated autonomic reactivity to significant stimuli and situations in schizophrenia and that this pattern may be related to prognosis. Our studies have also shown that qualitatively similar changes occur in healthy subjects after a dose of dextroamphetamine and that certain aspects of the pattern are exaggerated in schizophrenic patients with cortical atrophy. It is hypothesized that there are specific autonomic markers for the two syndromes of schizophrenia defined by positive and negative symptoms which reflect distinct biological mechanisms. Current research seeks to determine the biological and symptomatic correlates of autonomic activity, to establish the specificity of certain autonomic markers to schizophrenia versus other major diagnoses, and to study the mechanisms and improve the assessment of attentional deficits in schizophrenia. PMID- 3201179 TI - Schizophrenic illness in the families of schizophrenic adoptees: findings from the Danish national sample. AB - The prevalence of schizophrenic illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees has been examined in a total sample of adoptees in Denmark. The sample was studied in two stages, beginning with the Copenhagen sample of adoptions granted by the courts in the city and county of Copenhagen, and the results have been reported previously. The adoptions granted by the courts in the remainder of Denmark made up the Provincial sample, the preliminary results of which appear to confirm those obtained earlier. Chronic schizophrenia and milder syndromes described as latent, borderline, or uncertain schizophrenia, and in DSM-III as schizotypal personality disorder, were found in both samples to concentrate significantly in the biological relatives of schizophrenic adoptees as compared to their controls, but not in their adoptive relatives. These milder and marginal syndromes resembling schizophrenia occurring in the families of schizophrenic patients confirm the observations of Bleuler and others who succeeded him. Their presence in the biological families of schizophrenic adoptees indicates not only their familial, but also their genetic relationship to schizophrenia, although the specificity of that relationship has not been established. PMID- 3201181 TI - Serum haloperidol concentration and clinical response in schizophrenia. AB - Previous studies have reported a therapeutic window (i.e., a curvilinear relationship between clinical response and drug level) for haloperidol concentrations in serum or plasma. The authors treated 30 acutely decompensated schizophrenic inpatients with a fixed dose of haloperidol (.4 mg/kg/day). After 6 weeks there was no statistically significant correlation between clinical improvement and serum haloperidol concentration. Fifteen subjects with serum concentrations of 5-15 ng/ml did not differ in clinical improvement compared with 15 subjects who had concentrations above 15 ng/ml. These data are consistent with a therapeutic plateau, rather than a window, and suggest that in most cases there is no clinical advantage to the use of haloperidol doses greater than approximately 30 mg/day in schizophrenic patients. PMID- 3201180 TI - Violent crime arrests and paranoid schizophrenia: the White House case studies. AB - We have previously reported on typically paranoid schizophrenic patients who attempted to see the President or other prominent American political figures based on hallucinations or delusional beliefs. By obtaining arrest records on these White House Cases (WHCs), we were able to determine which individuals had murder or assault arrests before and/or after their WHC hospitalizations. During the 9-12 years following discharge, 31 of the 217 male WHCs (for whom adequate clinical records were available) had murder or assault arrests. Demographic characteristics such as prior violent crime arrest and male gender proved to be much better predictors of future violence than clinical symptom, history, or behavior items. Hospital incidents requiring seclusion and a history of weapons possession were both associated with later violence in WHCs with prior violent crime arrests, while certain clinical symptoms (e.g., persecutory delusions and command hallucinations) may be linked to future violence in WHCs without prior violent crime arrests. These data need replication in other patient samples. PMID- 3201182 TI - The Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC). AB - The Rust Inventory of Schizotypal Cognitions (RISC) is a new, psychometrically constructed, short questionnaire for assessing the schizotypal cognitions associated with the positive symptoms of acute schizophrenia. It differs from previous scales in having been developed and standardized with special attention to normal distribution in the general population, and in emphasizing cognitive content rather than cognitive deficit. The scale has good reliability and validity, and it can clearly discriminate acute schizophrenic subjects from normal subjects. Although containing no obviously extreme items, the scale, in its cumulative effect, may be used to identify bizarre and eccentric thought patterns, and as an estimate of risk in the general population for schizotypal symptoms phenomenologically related to acute schizophrenia. PMID- 3201184 TI - First person account: on being daughter and mother. PMID- 3201183 TI - Inconsistencies in paranoid functioning, premorbid adjustment, and chronicity: question of diagnostic criteria. AB - Despite the widely held belief that paranoid behavior is associated with good premorbid adjustment, low chronicity, and high current functioning in psychiatric inpatients, inconsistencies in the literature suggest that supportive evidence may be an artifact of the measurement model commonly used to index paranoid status. In a sample of 497 nonorganic inpatients selected from 19 treatment units, paranoid behavior, when measured by a dimensional/cumulative model, was not found to indicate higher functioning and associated relationships, but simply to reflect a narrower class of problem behavior. Only when paranoid status was defined using a traditional model based on the predominance of the defining class of behavior did paranoid subjects demonstrate better premorbid adjustment, lower chronicity, and higher levels of functioning than nonparanoid subjects. Serious problems exist in the use of information obtained from traditional predominance/class models for either theoretical or practical purposes. PMID- 3201185 TI - Strategy for the primary and secondary prevention of occupational diseases in the German Democratic Republic. AB - This review explains the German Democratic Republic's strategy for preventing occupational diseases, which is considered one of the primary purposes of public health. It is a complex challenge that is being tackled through close cooperation between enterprise-linked occupational health services, the inspectorates of industrial hygiene, public health centers, and trade unions. In primary prevention, planning is based on results obtained in thorough analyses of all the relevant parameters, such as work conditions, industrial accidents, occupational diseases, morbidity records, and the quality of social services, and a complex work analysis has been developed to provide comprehensive and measurable information on health hazards due to harmful physical and chemical factors, dust, and job-related physical and neuropsychic stresses. Primary prevention is realized mainly through the elimination of health hazards and the improvement of work conditions, both based on a comprehensive framework of legislation. At the level of secondary prevention, company-linked occupational health services are a part of the national health services. A nationwide information system consists of compatible components for primary and secondary prevention, thus enabling control of exposure-effect relationships and the optimization of health policy. PMID- 3201186 TI - Mortality among pyrite miners with low-level exposure to radon daughters. AB - Mortality among pyrite miners with low-level exposure to radon daughters. Scand J Work Environ Health 14 (1988) 280-285. A cohort mortality study was conducted with regard to a pyrite mine located in central Italy. Exposure to radon ranged from 0.12 to 0.36 working levels (WL) in the work areas; most measurements were around 0.2 WL. The concentration of free silica in the dust was less than 2%. The cohort was determined from company files and included 1,899 subjects. Mortality was studied for the years 1965-1983. The loss to follow-up was less than 2%. The standardized mortality ratio for all causes and all neoplasms was 97 and 107, respectively. That for lung cancer and for nonmalignant respiratory diseases was 131 (95% confidence interval 97-175) and 173 (95% confidence interval 135-231), respectively. It was estimated that the extra cases of lung cancer attributable to radon daughters numbered 13 per 10(6) person-years and working level month in the whole cohort and 21.3 per 10(6) person-years in the subcohort with 10-25 years of exposure. PMID- 3201188 TI - Office employment, work with video display terminals, and course of pregnancy. Reference mothers' experience from a Finnish case-referent study of birth defects. AB - In an examination of the possible harmful effects of work in an office environment and the use of a video display terminal (VDT) on the course of pregnancy, the experience of 1,475 reference mothers from a Finnish case-referent study of birth defects was analyzed. The study was based on the national Register of Congenital Malformations, whose data were supplemented with special interviews on mothers' work conditions. The group which worked in an office environment consisted of 239 women, of whom 60 had worked with video display terminals; 805 mothers had not worked in an office. Only mothers who had worked during most of their pregnancy and who had a singleton birth were included; hence 431 women were excluded from the analysis. The information on threatened abortion, length of gestation, birthweight, placental weight, and maternal blood pressure was analyzed. Office work involved no elevated risk of threatened abortion when compared with nonoffice work, and among the VDT users the proportion with symptoms related to an impending early termination of pregnancy was similar to that of other office workers. No unfavorable effects on the length of gestation were observed between the compared groups, and there were no differences in the birthweight of the babies when adjustment was made for gestational age or the other aspects under consideration. Thus the results did not suggest that office employment or work with video display terminals would be harmful for pregnancy. PMID- 3201187 TI - Indoor radon exposure and active and passive smoking in relation to the occurrence of lung cancer. AB - Exposure to indoor radon and radon daughters is currently attracting great interest as a possible cause of lung cancer. This concern is supported by several studies, most of them relatively small in numbers or weak in the assessment of exposure. This study encompasses 177 persons with lung cancer and 677 noncancer referents, all deceased and with 30 years or more of residency in the same house in an area with radon-leaking alum shale deposits in the central part of southern Sweden. Exposure categories based on building material, type of house, and ground conditions were created, but measurements of the indoor radon daughter concentration were also made for 142 cases and 264 referents. Active and passive smoking was ascertained through questionnaires sent to the next-of-kin. Overall, the lung cancer risk was approximately twofold with regard to the categories of assumed radon daughter exposure for the rural sector of the population but not for the same categories of the urban sector, possibly because of less precise exposure assessment and influence from other factors. Occasional and passive smokers, as well as passive smokers alone, had a particularly increased risk of lung cancer in association with the increased exposure categories. PMID- 3201189 TI - Neck and shoulder symptoms among men in machine operating, dynamic physical work and sedentary work. AB - Data on the occurrence of neck and shoulder symptoms and some qualities of work and leisure-time activities were gathered with a postal questionnaire sent to 1,174 machine operators, 1,045 carpenters, and 1,013 office workers. They were all men in the age range of 25-49 years. The response rate was 67-76%. The lifetime cumulative incidence of neck and shoulder symptoms was 81% for the machine operators, 73% for the carpenters, and 57% for the office workers. About half of the two groups of manual workers and 24% of the office workers had had symptoms during the last 7 d. Pain in the arms was indicated by 14-17% of the manual workers and 4% of the office workers. Symptoms during more than 30 d within the last 12 months were also more common among the manual workers than among the office workers. Within the manual worker groups, the machine operators had more symptoms than the carpenters. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis occupation, working in twisted or bent postures, age, draft, and job satisfaction proved to be significant risk indicators for neck and shoulder symptoms. PMID- 3201191 TI - Effects of low- and high-frequency local vibration on the occurrence of intimal thickening of the peripheral arteries of rats. AB - Rats were exposed to local vibration in a study of the differences in the effects between low and high frequencies of vibration on the vessel wall of peripheral arteries. The vibration was delivered at frequencies of 30 and 480 Hz under a constant acceleration of 5g. The duration of the vibration exposure was 30 d. The changes in the arteries were studied pathohistologically and hematologically. Three of the five rats exposed to 30 Hz and three of the five rats exposed to 480 Hz showed disruption of the internal elastic lamina. The disruption was followed by focal cell proliferation with regenerative formation of collagen and elastic fibers. The vascular changes observed after vibration exposure could not be explained by changes in plasma lipid concentrations. These results suggest that not only low frequencies of vibration, but also high frequencies have harmful effects on the intima of small arteries. PMID- 3201190 TI - Respiratory symptoms and pathophysiological effects of occupational exposure to formaldehyde and wood dust. AB - The hazards of exposure to formaldehyde have been widely discussed in recent years on account of the health complaints of exposed persons. Both domestic and occupational exposure to formaldehyde is common. In the present study the effects of formaldehyde alone and in combination with wood dust, another nasal irritant, on the upper and lower respiratory tract have been investigated. The effects were correlated with the duration and degree of exposure. Discomfort from both the upper and lower airways was more frequent in the exposed group than in the unexposed group. Nasal obstruction among the exposed subjects in general could not be detected by rhinomanometric measurements, but, for the group exposed to formaldehyde alone and with a history of nasal blocking, there was significant nasal mucosal swelling. The nasal mucociliary clearance was significantly delayed, and the sense of smell was significantly reduced in the exposed groups when they were compared with the referents. Spirometry showed a significantly decreased forced vital capacity in the exposed groups. There were no signs in this investigation that duration of exposure or level of exposure to formaldehyde would have any influence on the severity of symptoms or the impairment of physiological conditions. PMID- 3201192 TI - Prevalence of risk factors for coronary artery disease among day and shift workers. AB - Several recent studies have indicated that shift work is associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease. In this cross-sectional study 361 shift workers were examined with respect to some major risk factors for coronary artery disease; 240 day workers constituted the reference group. A higher proportion of shift workers smoked (54 versus 39%). Shift workers also had significantly higher levels of serum triglycerides (1.61 versus 1.43 mmol/l). Body mass index and the blood pressure and total cholesterol levels did not differ between the groups. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that shift work was significantly related to serum triglyceride levels also when age, smoking, body mass index, and other variables were controlled for. It was concluded that shift work is associated with several risk factors for coronary artery disease. PMID- 3201193 TI - Coexposure of man to m-xylene and methyl ethyl ketone. Kinetics and metabolism. AB - In a study of the kinetics and metabolic interaction of xylene and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) eight male volunteers were exposed to m-xylene (100 ppm) and MEK (200 ppm). The exposures to the two compounds were carried out both separately and in combination. Respiratory uptake and blood concentration, as well as urinary metabolites (methyl hippuric acid and 2,3-butanediol), were monitored. Coexposure to xylene and MEK resulted in inhibited xylene metabolism. The xylene concentration in blood increased significantly, and the urinary excretion of methyl hippuric acid decreased. The combined exposure did not cause any change in the concentration of MEK in the blood or the excretion of 2,3-butanediol in the urine. Exposure to MEK 20 h before the m-xylene exposure had no detectable effect on the kinetics of m-xylene. PMID- 3201194 TI - Oral conditions among workers in the Danish granite industry. AB - The purpose of the study was to evaluate the oral health situation of workers in the Danish granite industry, in particular, to describe the prevalence and severity of dental abrasion. Measurements of the work environment showed that the workers were exposed to abrasive quartz dust. A total of 39 workers (72%) completed a questionnaire on their dental health, work environment, and symptoms from the masticatory system. Only 10% had been treated by school dental services, and only 51% made regular visits to the dentist. Consequently, the clinical examinations revealed a high prevalence of dental caries (mean number of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces 87.2). The workers' periodontal conditions were poor; the mean percentage of teeth with gingivitis, calculus and pockets deeper than 5 mm was 13.4. The prevalence of dental abrasion was 100%; in particular, abrasion was observed on the front teeth. The severity of abrasion and the affection ratio increased by duration of exposure to dust. In conclusion, dental abrasion induced by work-related dust should be considered an occupational disease. PMID- 3201195 TI - Zinc deficiency: specific scalp hair defects seen by scanning electron microscopy may provide a valuable new test. AB - Zinc deficiency in man results in multisystem disease. It may be acquired or hereditary; the latter can be fatal if left untreated. Premature babies are particularly susceptible to zinc deficiency. Unfortunately no simple, reliable test for zinc status exists at present. Short, newly-emerging scalp hair samples from 3 classical cases of zinc deficiency all showed the same characteristic abnormalities when examined by scanning electron microscopy, i.e. straight, blunt tips bearing scales, unusually thick cuticular scales with jagged free-edges, and very fine longitudinal corrugations in individual scales. These abnormal features occurring together appear to be specific for zinc deficiency; they also varied in severity with marked variations in zinc status during follow-up studies. Due to the relative rarity of classic cases of zinc deficiency, it is not possible for one centre of our catchment size to conduct a preplanned study. However, if the present findings can be confirmed elsewhere, it is concluded that scanning electron microscopy of appropriately-selected hairs may provide a valuable new test for the diagnosis of zinc deficiency and for monitoring the response to zinc therapy. PMID- 3201196 TI - Enamel of Yalkaparidon coheni: representative of a distinctive order of tertiary zalambdodont marsupials. AB - The enamel of an incisor and a premolar of Yalkaparidon coheni was examined by scanning electron microscopy in fractured and in sectioned, polished surfaces. The enamel of both teeth demonstrated: complete, ovoid and horse-shoe shaped prisms in a Pattern 2 arrangement; a simple parallel prism course; and, enamel tubules in abundance in the premolar but restricted to the innermost enamel in the incisor. Overall, the enamel ultrastructure supports the marsupial affiliation proposed for Yalkaparidon coheni but does not unambiguously ally it with any other order of marsupials. The observation of a significant ultrastructural difference between the anterior and posterior teeth of a marsupial emphasizes the need to sample both if available. In pursuing this, we report here also the lack of tubules in the anterior teeth of the extant Tarsipes rostratus. This together with a similar absence of typical marsupial tubules from the incisor of the extinct Yalkaparidon coheni, would suggest that the wombat is not the only surviving marsupial to have experimented so extensively with this particular structural feature. It is likely that further study will demonstrate an unexpected and relative lack of tubules in the incisor enamel of other fossil Australian marsupials. PMID- 3201197 TI - Effect of fluoride and cobalt on forming enamel: scanning electron microscope and X-ray microanalysis study. AB - The forming surfaces of enamel of rat incisors were examined by scanning electron microscope one hour after injection of either 5 mg/100 g body weight of sodium fluoride or 12 mg/100 g body weight of cobalt chloride. The cell debris from the surfaces of the separated incisors was either gently wiped off with soft facial tissues or chemically removed by treating with NaOH, NaOCl or trypsin. Best results to remove cell debris were obtained from 0.25% trypsin treatment. SEM studies revealed that the surface of the normal secretory enamel was characteristic in appearance with well-developed smooth prism outlines. In fluoride specimens the prism outlines were feathery in appearance, laced with protruding spine-shaped clusters of mineral crystals. In the case of cobalt treatment, prism outlines were less uniform and in some areas they were incomplete. The calcium concentration of surface enamel was significantly lower in the cobalt-treated specimens than those from control and fluoride-treated animals. The Ca:Mg ratio was also lower in cobalt-treated specimens as compared to control and fluoride-treated ones. PMID- 3201198 TI - Microscopic effects of predator digestion on the surfaces of bones and teeth. AB - Concentrations of small fossil mammals are frequently encountered in Cenozoic deposits, but the causes for such accumulations have seldom been determined. In many cases the tooth, jaw, and limb fragments appear to be well-preserved under light microscopy, and it is difficult to differentiate damage due to predator digestion from breakage and abrasion due to physical agents. In order to find more specific evidence of predator digestion, we used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine the surface microstructure of bones and teeth consumed by Bubo virginianus (great horned owl) and Canis latrans (coyote), which prey upon similar species. Effects of digestion were found on all the digested bones and teeth examined. The effects on bone include distinctive sets of pits and fissures, dissolution, and physical polishing. The pits and fissures are apparently caused by solution that commences in canals beneath the surface of the bone. The most conspicuous effects on teeth are island-like pillars of dentin surrounded by deep solution fissures. The effects of digestion by coyote and owl are fundamentally the same but differ in degree of development. Bone digested by the owl shows a greater degree of polishing and rounding of edges but has less extensive fissuring. Wide variation in the degree of surface damage occurs in bones digested by the coyote, even within a single fecal pellet. PMID- 3201199 TI - A new method for finishing minicavities. AB - Minicavities were prepared in 26 caries-free teeth. Cavity preparation and the finishing of the occlusal area and the gingival floor was done with diamond burs (diameter 1 mm, grain sizes 90 micron and 15 micron, respectively). For the finishing of the axial box margin and the proximo-cervical curved border, a new set was developed: It is composed of an EVA-system with the total amplitude reduced to 0.34 mm, and a highly flexible file (Cavishape, grain 15 micron). The shape of this file had to be modified in order to follow the proximo-cervical curvature. The efficiency of the new device was compared with the axial margin trimmer by means of scanning electron microscopy and a score system. The new device allowed a significantly better finishing of the proximo-cervical curvature and of the axial box margin. PMID- 3201200 TI - An electron microscopic study of hemopoietic tissues in the course of Lewis lung carcinoma. AB - Lewis lung carcinoma of C57Bl/6 mice causes a progressive anemia with reticulocytosis and splenomegaly, metastasizes to lungs, liver, and kidneys but does not invade hemopoietic tissues. The cause of this anemia is uncertain. We studied the structure of spleen and bone marrow in these tumor hosts by light and electron microscopy. Splenic congestion of the red pulp with numerous erythropoietic islands and marrow hyperplasia characterized the hemopoietic tissues of these mice, which, when coupled with other hematological parameters suggested a hemolytic condition. However, the erythropoietic response appeared to be in part ineffective as evidenced by phagocytosis of immature as well as mature red blood cells within the spleen and marrow. Thus, the condition of anemia in Lewis lung carcinoma may result from a multifactorial response of hemolysis and ineffective erythropoiesis and hemolysis. PMID- 3201201 TI - Developmental and radiobiologic characteristics of canine multinucleated, osteoclast-like cells generated in vitro from canine bone marrow. AB - We report here our initial observations on the growth and morphology, and developmental radiosensitivity of giant, multinucleated, osteoclast-like cells (MN-OS) generated through in vitro cultivation of hematopoietic progenitor enriched canine bone marrow samples. Maximum cell densities of 5.5 x 10(3) to 6.5 x 10(3) MN-OS per cm2 of growth area were achieved following 10 to 14 days of culture at 37 degrees C. Acute gamma irradiation of the initial marrow inocula resulted in significant, dose-dependent perturbations of MN-OS formation, growth, and development. Attempts to estimate radiosensitivity of MN-OS progenitors from canine marrow yielded a range of Do values from a low of 212 cGy measured at six days of culture to higher values of 405 to 542 cGy following 10 to 22 days of culture. At the intermediate times of culture (10 to 14 days), the radiation induced responses were clearly biphasic, reflecting either (a) the presence of multiple subpopulations of MN-OS progenitors with varying degrees of radiosensitivity or (b) the inherent biphasic nature of MN-OS development involving early progenitor cell proliferation followed by maturation and subsequent fusion. Morphologically, MN-OS generated from irradiated marrow inocula appeared only marginally altered, with alterations expressed largely in a biphasic, dose-dependent fashion in terms of smaller cell size, reduced number of nuclei, increased expression of both surface microprojections, and a unique set of crystalloid cytoplasmic inclusions. Functionally, MN-OS appeared to be impaired by irradiation of marrow progenitors, as evidenced by failure to initiate resorptive attachments to devitalized bone spicules in vitro. PMID- 3201202 TI - Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. XI--The immunopathology of cell-mediated reactions in gluten sensitivity and other enteropathies. AB - Computerised image-analysis was used to quantitate small intestinal mucosae from celiac sprue and dermatitis herpetiformis patients, Gambian children with tropical-sprue-like malabsorption, first-degree celiac sprue relatives, and treated celiac sprue patients during challenge with a peptic-tryptic digest of gluten. A wide range of mucosal appearances was observed. Typically, 'flat' lesions (Type 2) revealed a reduced number of epithelial lymphocytes that were large and mitotically active. At the other extreme, mucosal architecture was relatively well preserved (Type 1) but surface epithelium contained an expanded population of small, non-mitotic lymphocytes, with or without crypt hyperplasia. Similar changes were observed in one-third of celiac relatives and following small dose gluten challenge. Larger dose challenges revealed a transition from Type 1 to Type 2 lesions over a 5-day period. Studies in a few patients over 2-4 years showed a similar type of progression. A major feature of this sequence was early appearance of crypt hypertrophy while villi persisted, indicating a role for factors other than increased loss of enterocytes from surface epithelium. These changes parallel the T lymphocyte-mediated events in graft-versus-host reactions in animals. It is thus concluded that the spectrum of immunopathologic changes observed in gluten sensitivity is fundamentally a cell-mediated effect, the degree of change being controlled by host genetic factors. In becoming flat, it appears obligatory for the mucosa to evolve through the earlier Type 1 lesion in which crypt hypertrophy is a prominent response. PMID- 3201203 TI - Proton microprobe and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis for studies of pathological brain tissue. AB - Particle Induced X-ray Emission and proton microprobe analyses have been applied for the investigation of regional elemental distributions in connection with various pathological states in the brain. Malignant brain tumours and adjacent histologically intact tissue removed during surgery were analysed with PIXE. Systematic elemental variations, e.g., for calcium and selenium, were observed in the tumour front. The proton microprobe was applied to study the Ca and K concentrations in various cell strata in hippocampus following transient ischaemia in rat brain. Significant increases in the Ca level occurred in selectively vulnerable cells within 48 h after the ischaemia. PMID- 3201205 TI - Preparation of cultured and isolated cells for X-ray microanalysis. AB - Various electron microscopical preparation techniques are compared with regard to the preservation of the intracellular element distribution as determined by X-ray microanalysis in scanning and scanning transmission electron microscopy. By use of chemical agents for fixation and dehydration ions are redistributed and washed out. This is also true for freeze-substitution. Whole cells are prepared by cryofixation followed by freeze-drying. Interference of intracellular measurements by extracellular elements can be avoided by appropriate washing the cells before cryofixation. The washing medium has to be carefully selected in order to avoid distortions of the original intracellular element content. These problems are circumvented by the preparation of freeze-dried cryosections from cryofixed cells. This is demonstrated by data of the intracellular elemental composition in cultured cells (fibroblasts, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria) and in cells isolated from rat tissue (kidney papillary collecting duct and liver). Cryofixation of a single cell in a defined functional state is illustrated by results obtained from streaming Amoeba proteus cells, cryofixed under light microscopical control. The main conclusion is that X-ray microanalysis of cells in functional states requires cryofixation and cryopreparation techniques which have to be adapted to the particular cell biological problem to be investigated. PMID- 3201204 TI - Location and identification of colloidal gold particles on the cell surface with a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive analyzer. AB - The use of colloidal gold particles for locating cell surface components by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been restricted due to difficulties in the identification of these gold particles under SEM. It is shown here how the gold particles bound to cell surfaces can be located and identified under SEM using the secondary electron imaging (SEI) mode with an energy dispersive X-ray microanalyzer (EDS). This enables reliable identification of gold particles and good quality micrographs of the cells to be achieved at the same time. The distribution of receptors for two lectins, concanavalin A (ConA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), on the surface of cultured Raji cells and human erythrocytes is presented as an example. Raji cells and erythrocytes were fixed with glutaraldehyde, post-fixed with a glutaraldehyde-tannic acid mixture and then incubated with ConA- or WGA-coated gold particles. After dehydration and critical point drying, the specimen filters were mounted on copper stubs and coated with carbon. The cells were examined on a JEOL TEMSCAN 100CX II electron microscope. The gold particles could be identified with the EDS analyzer, which was able to detect the Au spectrum when the electron beam was focused on single gold particles using a magnification of 100,000 or more. High-resolution photographs of the same cells were obtained up to the same magnification of 100,000. PMID- 3201206 TI - Intracellular water distribution and aging as examined by X-ray microanalysis. AB - The results reviewed here demonstrate that 1. the distribution of dry mass as observed in frozen-dried cryosections might be used as an unbiased measure of intracellular dry mass resp. water distributions in the tissue in vivo and 2. the well-known loss of water from cells during aging is solely due to a water loss from mitochondria without changes in the water content of all other components of the cell in the case of rat liver and heart muscle. The reason for the water loss might be increased counter ion binding by membrane-bound enzymes due to decreased fluidity of the inner mitochondrial membrane with aging rather than changes of the permeability of the membrane or chemical modifications of mitochondrial proteins or DNA. It is assumed that the observed changes lead to decreased intramitochondrial diffusion of substrates and to conformational changes of enzymes. This would decrease both the velocity and the binding constants of certain energy-supplying reactions and could therefore play an important role in the aging process. PMID- 3201207 TI - [Annual meeting of the Swiss Society of Hematology. Basel, 5-6 May 1988. Proceedings]. PMID- 3201209 TI - [HIV-positive blood donors: an epidemiological survey]. AB - 14 of 18 HIV-positive blood donors clearly belonged to high-risk groups. Disturbingly, 12 of these 18 persons donated during the 2-month period following the announcement of systematic testing in blood banks and two nationwide AIDS educational programmes. Such programmes may prompt exposed subjects to donate in order to obtain a free HIV test. PMID- 3201208 TI - [Screening for alpha-thalassemia using DNA analysis]. AB - alpha-thalassemia was sought by gene mapping in 258 subjects selected on the basis of origin (25%), microcytosis (7%), or origin and microcytosis combined (64%). Abnormal fragments (Xba I/probe alpha) were found in 58 cases (22.5%). Using other restriction enzymes it was possible to determine the genotype alpha /aa in 39 patients and the genotype alpha-/alpha- in 13 patients; 2 patients also exhibited hemoglobin H (alpha-/--) disease. alpha triplication anti-3.7 kb was found in 2 subjects and zeta-thalassemia in 2 other samples. 57 out of 58 patients originated from the thalassemia belt or from Africa. alpha-thalassemia is the most frequent hemoglobinopathy (21% of patients at risk) and hematologically is characterized by microcytosis. The Hb A2 level is decreased only in the alpha-/-- form of the disease. The main advantage of diagnosing zeta thalassemias and alpha triplications lies in the possible clinical implications in the event of association with other hemoglobinopathies or beta-thalassemia. PMID- 3201210 TI - [The patient at risk]. PMID- 3201211 TI - [Symptoms of functional disorders--epidemiologic research on the masticatory system of recruits (1974 and 1985)]. PMID- 3201212 TI - The relationship between condylar rotation and anterior translation in healthy and clicking temporomandibular joints. PMID- 3201213 TI - [The patient with heart disease in dental practice]. PMID- 3201214 TI - [Allergic reactions. Acute allergic and pseudoallergic reactions in dental practice]. PMID- 3201215 TI - [Drug interactions. A selection for dental practice]. PMID- 3201216 TI - [The pregnant patient in dental practice]. PMID- 3201217 TI - [Rapid diagnosis of functional disorders. A symptomatic triad for the rapid diagnosis of functional disorders of the masticatory system requiring treatment]. PMID- 3201218 TI - [Interest in practical exercises in resuscitation is slacking off. Interview by K. Venner]. PMID- 3201219 TI - [Results of several blood studies in sows with acute urinary tract inflammation]. PMID- 3201220 TI - [Atrial aneurysm of the bovine heart]. PMID- 3201221 TI - [Short original report. Osteochondromatosis in the cat]. PMID- 3201222 TI - [Short original report. Microfilaria in a cat]. PMID- 3201223 TI - Transformation of cultured human fetal gastric fibroblasts with physico-chemical agents. AB - Treatment of early passage human fetal gastric fibroblasts with ultraviolet (UV) light and the chemical carcinogen ethyl nitrosourea (ENU) in succession resulted in an immortally growing cell line, named GTS 8502. The cells of this line display typical transformation characteristics, such as irregularly shaped nuclei, heteroploidization of karyotype and frequent appearance of heteromorphic chromosomes, the enhanced volume ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm, multinucleoli, appearance of microvilli on the surface of the cells and agglutination reaction to lectin concanavalin A. The transformants have high growing and mitotic indices and the ability of focus-formation on monolayers and anchorage independent growth in soft agar medium. Moreover, these cells induced tumours in nude mice or in immunosuppressed new-born rats through heterotransplantation. The results of various methods including electromicroscopy and histochemical analyses indicate that GTS 8502 cells are of fibroblast origin. Our results thus indicate that synergism of two carcinogens may raise the transformation ratio of normal human cells, which is otherwise extremely low. The transformation of human cells may be utilized to detect environmental carcinogens. PMID- 3201224 TI - Cat research at Cornell. PMID- 3201225 TI - Research and the "flexible freeze". PMID- 3201226 TI - Patent backlog: solution pending. PMID- 3201227 TI - Germany drafting biotechnology law. PMID- 3201228 TI - Jim Watson on the budget. PMID- 3201229 TI - jun Is bustin' out all over. PMID- 3201230 TI - Many transcription factors interact synergistically with steroid receptors. AB - Progesterone (PRE) or glucocorticoid receptor (GRE) DNA binding sites are often found clustered with binding sites for other transcription factors. Individual protein binding sites were tested without the influence of adjacent factors by analyzing isolated combinations of several transcription factor binding sites with PREs or GREs. All show strong synergistic effects on steroid induction. The degree of synergism is inversely related to the strength of the GRE. Thus, a steroid responsive unit can be composed of several modules that, if positioned correctly, act synergistically. PMID- 3201231 TI - Mitochondrial DNA mutation associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. AB - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is a maternally inherited disease resulting in optic nerve degeneration and cardiac dysrhythmia. A mitochondrial DNA replacement mutation was identified that correlated with this disease in multiple families. This mutation converted a highly conserved arginine to a histidine at codon 340 in the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 gene and eliminated an Sfa NI site, thus providing a simple diagnostic test. This finding demonstrated that a nucleotide change in a mitochondrial DNA energy production gene can result in a neurological disease. PMID- 3201232 TI - Astrocytes synthesize angiotensinogen in brain. AB - Cell types associated with angiotensinogen mRNA in rat brain were identified in individual brain sections by in situ hybridization with tritiated RNA probes or with a sulfur-35--labeled oligonucleotide combined with immunocytochemical detection of either glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for astrocytes or microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2) for neurons. Autoradiography revealed silver grains clustered primarily over GFAP-reactive soma and processes; most grain clusters were not associated with MAP-2--reactive cells. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to other known neuropeptide precursors, angiotensinogen is synthesized by glia. PMID- 3201233 TI - Conflict of interest eyed at Harvard. PMID- 3201234 TI - NIH panel finds no fraud in Cell paper but cites errors. PMID- 3201235 TI - AIDS mice die in NIH accident. PMID- 3201237 TI - Marine mammals join the Navy. PMID- 3201238 TI - Sex hormones linked to task performance. PMID- 3201239 TI - Cells without growth factors commit suicide. PMID- 3201240 TI - The global impact of the Chernobyl reactor accident. AB - Radioactive material was deposited throughout the Northern Hemisphere as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station on 26 April 1986. On the basis of a large amount of environmental data and new integrated dose assessment and risk models, the collective dose commitment to the approximately 3 billion inhabitants is calculated to be 930,000 person-gray, with 97% in the western Soviet Union and Europe. The best estimates for the lifetime expectation of fatal radiogenic cancer would increase the risk from 0 to 0.02% in Europe and 0 to 0.003% in the Northern Hemisphere. By means of an integration of the environmental data, it is estimated that approximately 100 petabecquerels of cesium-137 (1 PBq = 10(15) Bq) were released during and subsequent to the accident. PMID- 3201241 TI - Novel regulators of bone formation: molecular clones and activities. AB - Protein extracts derived from bone can initiate the process that begins with cartilage formation and ends in de novo bone formation. The critical components of this extract, termed bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), that direct cartilage and bone formation as well as the constitutive elements supplied by the animal during this process have long remained unclear. Amino acid sequence has been derived from a highly purified preparation of BMP from bovine bone. Now, human complementary DNA clones corresponding to three polypeptides present in this BMP preparation have been isolated, and expression of the recombinant human proteins have been obtained. Each of the three (BMP-1, BMP-2A, and BMP-3) appears to be independently capable of inducing the formation of cartilage in vivo. Two of the encoded proteins (BMP-2A and BMP-3) are new members of the TGF-beta supergene family, while the third, BMP-1, appears to be a novel regulatory molecule. PMID- 3201242 TI - A specific, highly active malate dehydrogenase by redesign of a lactate dehydrogenase framework. AB - Three variations to the structure of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus were made to try to change the substrate specificity from lactate to malate: Asp197----Asn, Thr246----Gly, and Gln102----Arg). Each modification shifts the specificity from lactate to malate, although only the last (Gln102----Arg) provides an effective and highly specific catalyst for the new substrate. This synthetic enzyme has a ratio of catalytic rate (kcat) to Michaelis constant (Km) for oxaloacetate of 4.2 x 10(6)M-1 s-1, equal to that of native lactate dehydrogenase for its natural substrate, pyruvate, and a maximum velocity (250 s-1), which is double that reported for a natural malate dehydrogenase from B. stearothermophilus. PMID- 3201243 TI - Translation of unspliced transcripts after heat shock. AB - Severe heat shocks block the splicing of intervening sequences from messenger RNA precursors. The RNA's that accumulate after a severe heat shock have normal transcription start sites and are uncut at both their 5' and 3' splice junctions. Some of these unspliced transcripts leave the nucleus and enter the pool of cytoplasmic messenger RNA. Translation of these RNA's proceeds into their intervening sequences, resulting in the production of abnormal proteins. Thus, the repression of normal transcription, which usually accompanies the heat shock response, may protect the cell from the large-scale synthesis of abnormal RNA's and aberrant proteins. PMID- 3201244 TI - Competitive inhibition of hsp70 gene expression causes thermosensitivity. AB - A novel method has been developed for modulating the expression of an endogenous chromosomal gene in a higher eukaryote, by competitive inhibition at the level of gene transcription. The gene studied was the hsp70 gene, which encodes a 72 kilodalton (kD) heat shock protein that is synthesized after thermal stress. The 5' control region of the hsp70 gene was inserted on a plasmid containing the eukaryotic gene for dihydrofolate reductase. The hybrid plasmid was then introduced into a Chinese hamster ovary cell line and elevated in copy number approximately 20,000-fold by selection of cells with methotrexate. Heat-inducible expression from the intact hsp70 gene was reduced by at least 90% in the modified cells when compared with the induction in control cells, and the modified cells also displayed elevated thermosensitivity. The change in heat shock protein synthesis is presumably caused by competition among the increased number of binding sites for the heat-shock transcription factor, leading to altered expression from the native heat shock gene. These results support a role for heat shock protein in the recovery of mammalian cells from acute thermal stress. PMID- 3201245 TI - Unexpectedly high levels of HIV-1 RNA and protein synthesis in a cytocidal infection. AB - The expression of a laboratory strain of HIV-1 (HTLV-IIIB) has been studied in mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and in two lymphoid cell lines (CEM cells and C8166 cells). HIV-expressing cells contained from 300,000 to 2,500,000 copies of viral RNA per cell. Near-synchronous expression of an active infection could be achieved in C8166 cells. In these cells, the high copy numbers of viral RNA used as much as 40% of total protein synthesis for the production of viral gag protein, with high levels of viral RNA and protein synthesis preceding cell death by 2 to 4 days. PMID- 3201246 TI - Human T cell leukemia viruses use a receptor determined by human chromosome 17. AB - Human T cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II) can infect many cell types in vitro. HTLV-I and HTLV-II use the same cell surface receptor, as shown by interference with syncytium formation and with infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotypes bearing the HTLV envelope glycoproteins. Human-mouse somatic cell hybrids were used to determine which human chromosome was required to confer susceptibility to VSV(HTLV) infection. The only human chromosome common to all susceptible cell hybrids was chromosome 17, and the receptor gene was localized to 17cen-qter. Antibodies to surface antigens known to be determined by genes on 17q did not block the HTLV receptor. PMID- 3201249 TI - Collaboration and responsibility. PMID- 3201247 TI - Suppression of the neoplastic phenotype by replacement of the RB gene in human cancer cells. AB - Mutational inactivation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility (RB) gene has been proposed as a crucial step in the formation of retinoblastoma and other types of human cancer. This hypothesis was tested by introducing, via retroviral-mediated gene transfer, a cloned RB gene into retinoblastoma or osteosarcoma cells that had inactivated endogenous RB genes. Expression of the exogenous RB gene affected cell morphology, growth rate, soft agar colony formation, and tumorigenicity in nude mice. This demonstration of suppression of the neoplastic phenotype by a single gene provides direct evidence for an essential role of the RB gene in tumorigenesis. PMID- 3201250 TI - Conflict over the molecular clock. AB - Figure 3 (p. 1310) in the report "A 115-kD polypeptide immunologically related to erythrocyte band 3 is present in Golgi membranes" by S. Kellokumpu et al. (2 Dec., p. 1308) was incorrectly printed. The correct figure is reproduced below. PMID- 3201248 TI - Grafting genetically modified cells to the damaged brain: restorative effects of NGF expression. AB - Fibroblasts were genetically modified to secrete nerve growth factor (NGF) by infection with a retroviral vector and then implanted into the brains of rats that had surgical lesions of the fimbria-fornix. The grafted cells survived and produced sufficient NGF to prevent the degeneration of cholinergic neurons that would die without treatment. In addition, the protected cholinergic cells sprouted axons that projected in the direction of the cellular source of NGF. These results indicate that a combination of gene transfer and intracerebral grafting may provide an effective treatment for some disorders of the central nervous system. PMID- 3201251 TI - Panel backs fetal tissue research. PMID- 3201252 TI - Hughes, GM battle over stock value. PMID- 3201253 TI - Stopping the brain drain at NIH. PMID- 3201254 TI - Life history patterns emerge in primate study. PMID- 3201255 TI - Development of disease and virus recovery in transgenic mice containing HIV proviral DNA. AB - Transgenic mice containing intact copies of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proviral DNA were constructed. Founder animals were not viremic for HIV and remained healthy during a 9-month observation period. After being mated with nontransgenic animals, one founder mouse (No. 13) gave rise to F1 progeny that developed a disease syndrome characterized by marked epidermal hyperplasia, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, pulmonary lymphoid infiltrates, growth retardation, and death by day 25 of life. Infectious HIV, indistinguishable from parental virus by immunoblot analysis, was recovered from the spleen, lymph nodes, and skin of five of five affected animals. PMID- 3201257 TI - Movement of the X chromosome in epilepsy. AB - The position of selected chromosomes was assessed in samples of normal and epileptic human cortex with biotinylated probes specific for individual chromosome domains. Optical sectioning provided a rapid method for three dimensional resolution of in situ hybridization signals in interphase cells, and solid models were reconstructed from digitized images for detailed rotational studies. There was a dramatic repositioning of the X chromosome in neurons of both males and females in electrophysiologically defined seizure foci. Other chromosomes (1, 9, and Y) showed more subtle positional changes. Specifically altered nuclear patterns involving the X chromosome may become established and create the genetic memory for intractable seizure activity. PMID- 3201256 TI - Infection of the SCID-hu mouse by HIV-1. AB - SCID-hu mice with human fetal thymic or lymph node implants were inoculated with the cloned human immunodeficiency virus-1 isolate, HIV-1JR-CSF. In a time- and dose-dependent fashion, viral replication spread within the human lymphoid organs. Combination immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization revealed only viral RNA transcripts in most infected cells, but some cells had both detectable viral transcripts and viral protein. Infected cells were always more apparent in the medulla than in the cortex of the thymus. These studies demonstrate that an acute infection of human lymphoid organs with HIV-1 can be followed in the SCID hu mouse. PMID- 3201258 TI - Complementary hemispheric specialization in monkeys. AB - Twenty-five split-brain monkeys were taught to discriminate two types of visual stimuli that engage lateralized cerebral processing in human subjects. Differential lateralization for the two kinds of discriminations was found; the left hemisphere was better at distinguishing between tilted lines and the right hemisphere was better at discriminating faces. These results indicate that lateralization of cognitive processing appeared in primates independently of language or handedness. In addition, cerebral lateralization in monkeys may provide an appropriate model for studying the biological basis of hemispheric specialization. PMID- 3201259 TI - Molecular cloning of two types of GAP complementary DNA from human placenta. AB - The ras p21 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) was purified from human placental tissue. Internal amino acid sequence was obtained from this 120,000-dalton protein and, by means of this sequence, two types of complementary DNA clones were isolated and characterized. One type encoded GAP with a predicted molecular mass of 116,000 daltons and 96% identity with bovine GAP. The messenger RNA of this GAP was detected in human lung, brain, liver, leukocytes, and placenta. The second type appeared to be generated by a differential splicing mechanism and encoded a novel form of GAP with a predicted molecular mass of 100,400 daltons. This protein lacks the hydrophobic amino terminus characteristic of the larger species, but retains GAP activity. The messenger RNA of this type was abundantly expressed in placenta and in several human cell lines, but not in adult tissues. PMID- 3201260 TI - [Convergence of somatic and visceral afferent impulses in the parafascicular nucleus of the rat]. PMID- 3201261 TI - [Effects of noxious heat stimulation in the central nervous system studied by [3H] 2-deoxyglucose method]. PMID- 3201262 TI - [Retinal distribution properties of preferred orientation of cortical cell responses to gratings in the cat]. PMID- 3201263 TI - [Role of the adrenal medulla in hemorheologic changes during myocardial ischemia in dogs]. PMID- 3201264 TI - [Action potentials, membrane responsiveness and rapid electric activities in rat ventricular muscle cells]. PMID- 3201265 TI - [Discharge changes of various medullary respiratory neurons during reflexive apnea]. PMID- 3201266 TI - [Alterations of pulmonary arterial pressure following intraventricular injection of acetylcholine in the rabbit]. PMID- 3201267 TI - [Relation between the burst activity of oviductal isthmic smooth muscle and ovarian hormones in the rabbit]. PMID- 3201268 TI - [Effect of electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve on paraventricular neurons of the hypothalamus]. PMID- 3201269 TI - [Mechanism of pressor effects of angiotensin II injected into the fourth ventrical of rabbits]. PMID- 3201270 TI - [Effect of glycoconjugates in blastocyst implantation: anti-implantation activity of concanavalin A in mice]. PMID- 3201271 TI - [A grating pattern stimulator]. PMID- 3201272 TI - Magnetic resonance in cartilaginous lesions of the knee joint with three dimensional gradient-echo imaging. AB - Diagnosis of chondromalacia of the patellofemoral joint using three-dimensional gradient-echo sequences was investigated in 41 patients, with arthroscopic verification in 25 patients. In vitro examinations in human cadaveric patellae were performed in order to determine optimal imaging parameters. FLASH (TR = 40 ms, TE = 10 ms, flip angle = 30 degrees) and FISP (TR = 40 ms, TE = 10 ms, flip angle = 40 degrees) were used in clinical studies. Advanced stages of chrondromalacia could be visualized with high sensitivity. In less advanced disease, overstaging was observed. The therapeutically relevant differentiation of major and minor degrees of chondromalacia seems to be possible. 30 degrees FLASH-images in the axial plane proved to be the most efficacious technique for the diagnosis of chondromalacia. PMID- 3201273 TI - Imaging of atypical lipomas of the extremities: report of three cases. AB - Atypical lipomas are soft tissue neoplasms which differ from simple lipomas in that they consist of mature fat cells interspersed with occasional areas containing a variable admixture of multinucleated cells, collagen bundles, and adipocytes with large, hyperchromic nuclei. Although these histopathologic features resemble those of liposarcoma, atypical lipomas occurring in the extremities differ from liposarcoma because they have no tendency for distant metastases. Three patients with atypical lipomas involving the posterior compartment of the thigh are presented. The lipomas were imaged with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using a 0.15-T whole body imager. Although all lesions appeared largely lipomatous, the three lesions simulated liposarcoma on both CT and MRI. On CT, each lesion demonstrated small areas of confluent soft tissue density; these areas were hyperintense with adipose tissue on strongly T2-weighted MRI. We conclude that atypical lipoma of the extremities may not be distinguishable from liposarcoma on imaging and that biopsy is necessary for differentiation. PMID- 3201274 TI - Osteofibrous dysplasia. A report of two cases. AB - Two cases of osteofibrous dysplasia of long bones are reported, one in a neonate with ipsilateral tibial and fibular involvement and the other in a 6-year-old patient with bilateral tibial lesions. The radiological features of the younger patient were remarkably different from those of the older one. These two different and age-related radiological patterns have also been found in most cases previously reported. All the lesions tended to regress spontaneously. PMID- 3201275 TI - Patellofemoral joint motion: evaluation by ultrafast computed tomography. AB - Patellofemoral maltracking is a recognized cause of peripatellar pain. Measurements of the patellofemoral relationships during active motion are not available, and clinicians currently rely on observation, palpation, and static radiographic images to evaluate the symptomatic patient. Ultrafast computed tomography (ultrafast CT) offers objective observations of the dynamic influences of muscle contraction on the patellofemoral joint as the knee is actively moved through a range of motion from 90 degrees flexion to full extension. This study reports our initial observations and establishes a range of normal values so that patients with a clinical suspicion of patellar maltracking may be evaluated. PMID- 3201276 TI - The incidence and prognostic significance of radiological abnormalities in soft tissue injuries to the cervical spine. AB - The radiographs and initial clinical findings of 73 patients who had sustained trauma to the cervical spine without bony injury in vehicle collisions were reviewed. The patients were also re-examined clinically two years after the injury. Forty eight (65.8%) had abnormal radiographs at presentation- prevertebral soft tissue swelling in 15 (20.6%), degenerative changes in 15 (20.6%), and an angular deformity between two adjacent vertebral bodies in 27 (37.0%). Prevertebral soft tissue swelling was found to have no significance with respect to clinical outcome and showed no association with the presence of an angular deformity. Degenerative changes are associated with a poor prognosis. The presence of an angular deformity was found to carry a good prognosis in this group of patients. The exact mode of injury is not associated with any specific radiographic appearance except that "roll overs" and side collisions are more likely to cause angulation in the cervical spine. PMID- 3201277 TI - Solitary lucent epiphyseal lesions in children. AB - We evaluated retrospectively the varying radiographic appearances of 15 solitary lucent epiphyseal lesions occurring in children. Imaging modalities used included plain films, conventional tomography, nuclear scintigraphy, and computed tomography. Forty percent of the lesions (6) were due to osteomyelitis. The remaining lesions included tuberculosis (1), foreign body granuloma (1), chondroblastoma (2), chondromyxoid fibroma (1), enchondroma (1), osteoid osteoma (2), and eosinophilic granuloma (1). Although the radiographic appearances of such lesions may be particularly characteristic, pathologic correlation is frequently necessary. The high incidence of osteomyelitis in our cases emphasizes its importance as a cause for a lucent epiphyseal lesion. PMID- 3201278 TI - The radiological features of Goltz syndrome: focal dermal hypoplasia. A report of two cases. AB - Two female infants with Goltz syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia) were recently investigated in the Department of Radiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street for severe feeding problems and failure to thrive. Both demonstrated severe skeletal malformations and marked gastrooesophageal reflux with laxity of the hiatus. One child (case 1) exhibited nasal regurgitation during feeding. Interestingly, both children had undergone surgery; Case 1 or a right parasagittal abdominal hernia associated with focal dermal hypoplasia of the abdominal wall and Case 2 for an exomphalos also associated with dermal hypoplasia. This observation suggests a more widespread mesodermal abnormality. PMID- 3201279 TI - Case report 504: Unusual bilateral calcified giant cysts (geodes) in rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3201280 TI - Case report 506: Adamantinoma of the soft tissues of leg. PMID- 3201281 TI - Case report 507: Osteosarcoma of the distal femoral epiphysis. PMID- 3201282 TI - Case report 509: Proteus syndrome. PMID- 3201284 TI - Social policy for pollution-related diseases. PMID- 3201285 TI - Social policy for pollution-related diseases. PMID- 3201283 TI - Case report 510: Melorheostosis of ilium, femur, and adjacent soft tissues. PMID- 3201286 TI - Otitis media and language performance in learning disabilities. PMID- 3201287 TI - [The prevalence and nature of hearing problems and middle ear dysfunctions in a group of black urban children in grade 1]. PMID- 3201289 TI - [The nature and prevalence of middle ear dysfunctions in lower school children with normal hearing]. PMID- 3201288 TI - A comparative study of inferential comprehension strategies between a language learning disabled and non language-learning disabled child. PMID- 3201290 TI - The manifestation of middle ear pathology in an elderly group. PMID- 3201291 TI - [Auditory perception errors in verbal apraxia: indications of the nature of the disorder]. PMID- 3201292 TI - Word-finding strategies in closed head injured adults. PMID- 3201293 TI - Dementia and communication pathology: two case examples. PMID- 3201294 TI - Pediatric prehospital care in a southern regional emergency medical service system. AB - A retrospective review of 2,302 ambulance run reports from the Birmingham Regional Emergency Medical Service System indicated that 6% of all runs are for patients in the pediatric age group (less than 18 years of age). Injuries related to emergencies were responsible for more than 65% of pediatric runs, and 30% were related to motor vehicle accidents. Surprisingly, 8% of calls were for seizure disorders, a figure much higher than in the adult population. Approximately 38% of the runs involved children between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Significantly more male than female patients were involved. This descriptive epidemiologic study is antecedent to effective planning and implementation of pediatric prehospital care programs. Training of emergency personnel should be targeted toward treating motor vehicle injuries, seizures, poisoning, and upper airway obstruction in children. PMID- 3201295 TI - Pediatric appendicitis: efficacy of laboratory and radiologic evaluation. AB - We retrospectively reviewed 54 consecutive children (mean age, 12 years) evaluated for possible appendicitis to determine the efficacy of laboratory and radiologic procedures in establishing the diagnosis. The final diagnosis was appendicitis in 24 and abdominal pain not necessitating operation in the remaining 30. Two hundred two laboratory tests were obtained (average 3.7 tests per patient). The mean white blood cell count on initial CBC was 13,930/cu mm overall with a higher mean in the appendicitis group (16,704 vs 11,057/cu mm). Of the 148 tests besides CBC, only 12 (8%) yielded abnormal results; all of these were present on urinalysis and were nondiagnostic. A total of 117 roentgenograms were obtained on initial evaluation (average 2.2 x-ray films per patient). Films were considered abnormal by the ordering physician in 12 cases (24%). When reviewed by the radiologist, 17 abnormalities (33%) were detected. In only seven instances was there agreement in interpretation of abnormality between the ordering physician and the radiologist. This review indicates little usefulness of nonspecific laboratory and radiologic evaluation of possible appendicitis in children. Appendicitis remains a diagnosis of physical examination, and early referral with thorough evaluation by an experienced examiner may result not only in improved accuracy, but in less delay in appropriate therapy, with greater cost effectiveness. PMID- 3201296 TI - Infections caused by central venous catheters in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - We assessed infectious complications of long-term percutaneous central venous catheterization in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We evaluated 98 consecutive patients, accounting for 6,298 catheter days. Catheter associated bacteremia occurred in 3% of patients, a rate of 0.128%/patient catheter day. Only bacterial pathogens--Pseudomonas, Serratia, and Staphylococcus species--were isolated. Five patients had infection at the catheter exit site. The length of time catheters were indwelling was not significantly different in patients with and those without infections. Percutaneous, multiple-use central venous catheters are safe and well accepted by patients with AIDS. PMID- 3201297 TI - Immunohistochemistry: a useful adjunct in the evaluation of malignant cutaneous spindle cell tumors. AB - We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate four cytologically malignant cutaneous neoplasms on the face or neck of elderly individuals. All four lesions were composed of a dermal proliferation of spindle and pleomorphic giant cells. Differential diagnosis included spindle cell carcinoma, atypical fibroxanthoma, malignant melanoma, leiomyosarcoma, and angiosarcoma. All four neoplasms were strongly immunoreactive for vimentin and negative for cytokeratin, S100 protein, desmin, and factor-VIII-related antigen. Focal immunoreactivity for lysozyme and/or a1-antichymotrypsin was seen in the giant cells of each lesion. These results supported the diagnosis of atypical fibroxanthoma in each instance. Immunohistochemical staining can provide useful information for distinguishing among malignant cutaneous spindle cell tumors. PMID- 3201298 TI - Gestational breast cancer: a ten-year experience. AB - During the period 1973 to 1983, eight pregnant women were treated for breast cancer at Richland Memorial Hospital. These patients were compared with 36 nonpregnant premenopausal women with breast cancer treated at the same institution. Pregnant patients averaged two years older than the nonpregnant patients. Five of eight pregnant patients had stage I breast cancer, which compared favorably with the nonpregnant group. Seven patients carried their pregnancy to term. Seven of eight patients in the gestational group are alive after four to 14 years, an 87.5% survival, with an average follow-up of 90 months. These data indicate no major differences in survival between pregnant and nonpregnant women with similar stages of breast cancer. PMID- 3201299 TI - Secondary inflammatory breast cancer: treatment options. AB - Patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) have either a short history of a tender, swollen, red breast (primary IBC) or skin changes that develop in the breast after a long history of carcinoma (secondary IBC). Between 1954 and 1981, 96 patients with secondary IBC were given radiotherapy (n = 66), chemotherapy and radiotherapy (n = 16), or surgery and chemotherapy (n = 14) at M. D. Anderson Hospital. The overall survival rate was 36% at five years and 18% at ten years. Patients with clinically negative axillary nodes fared better than patients with involved axillary nodes (median survival 90 and 25 months respectively; chi 2 = 11.71, P less than .001). Local/regional control was achieved in 63% of the radiotherapy group, 75% of the chemotherapy and radiotherapy group, and 93% of the surgery and chemotherapy group (chi 2 = 7.12, P greater than .03). No survival advantage could be found between the three treatment groups (median survival rate was 32, 28, and 36 months respectively; chi 2 = .789, P greater than .673). When we compared these patients with a group of patients who had primary IBC treated at this institution, we found no major differences in clinical course or survival rate. The distinction between primary and secondary IBC appears to be of little prognostic value. PMID- 3201300 TI - Cytogenetic studies in couples with recurrent pregnancy loss. AB - We reviewed the results of lymphocyte karyotypes from 232 couples who had had two or more pregnancy losses (spontaneous abortions or stillbirths). Despite the use of strict criteria to correct for possible bias of ascertainment, 8% of these couples (19 of 232) had a chromosome abnormality. Six of these abnormalities were low-percentage mosaicism for aneuploidy or a translocation. If these couples were excluded, 13 (6%) of the study couples had a chromosome abnormality. There was no significant difference in the incidence of chromosome abnormalities in those couples having two losses as compared with those having three or more losses. The study couples were referred from a wide range of sources, and most women had not had extensive gynecologic evaluation. These results confirm the importance of cytogenetic analysis of couples with recurrent pregnancy loss, and suggest that such studies be considered after two losses. PMID- 3201301 TI - Field evaluation of polycarbonate versus conventional safety glasses. AB - Of all the causes of eye injury, gunshot has recently been cited as resulting in the highest rate of blindness and the lowest rate of visual recovery. Many of these cases are hunting accidents in which safety glasses could have prevented or lessened ocular damage. To evaluate the effectiveness of various types of safety glasses, we fired a Remington automatic shotgun at mannequin heads fitted with one of four types of safety lenses. From a distance of 10 yards, only polycarbonate lenses provided even partial protection. At 30 yards, polycarbonate and heat-treated lenses provided the best protection, whereas chemically treated and CR39 lenses provided significantly less protection. We recommend that hunters using shotguns in areas of poor visibility wear widely available polycarbonate safety glasses as well as "hunter's orange" to minimize their risk of devastating ocular gunshot injury. PMID- 3201302 TI - Improving compliance with preventive medicine procedures in a house staff training program. AB - Performance of health maintenance procedures by internal medicine house staff is inadequate, yet little has been published outlining means to improve performance rates. We prospectively studied the effectiveness of a reminder system to improve screening by Pap smear, rectal examination with stool guaiac test, breast examination, and pneumococcal vaccine administration in two resident outpatient clinics. Performance of these preventive health measures was determined during a six-week baseline period and again after five months of chart reminders to residents in one clinic, and after six months without reminders. For the intervention, a physician's assistant screened each chart and attached a reminder to the front indicating which procedures were overdue based on published recommendations. Health screening behavior was not significantly different between the two resident clinics during baseline. After the five-month reminder intervention, residents in both groups moderately increased their preventive health activities over baseline; however, only the reminded group showed significant improvement (chi 2 = 11.60, P less than .001). Six months after remainders were discontinued there was no difference in overall performance between the two clinics (chi 2 = 2.79, NS). The reminded group did preserve its significant improvement over the baseline phase (chi 2 = 6.12, P less than .01). This simple reminder system had a modest but statistically significant positive impact on health screening behavior. Despite this improvement, absolute rates of screening remained below 50% in both clinics. PMID- 3201303 TI - Multiple malignancies in immunocompetent patients. AB - We have reported two patients with multiple primary cancers in the presence of normal tests of cellular immune function, including normal natural killer cell activity. Immunodeficiency has been associated with an increased incidence of neoplastic disorders, but the resulting malignancies are unique, consisting of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and a limited number of carcinomas. Immunosuppressive therapy and AIDS have been associated with aggressive sarcomas. Immunocompetence is of major importance against certain tumors. On the other hand, in spite of the limitations of the clinical evaluation of immunologic function, immunocompetence is insufficient to protect against neoplasia. PMID- 3201304 TI - Diffuse juvenile polyposis: management by ileoendorectal pull-through. AB - Two children with diffuse juvenile polyposis were managed by ileoendorectal pull through. The procedure was more difficult and time-consuming because each stalk in the rectum had a well established blood supply, thus causing bleeding, and because it was difficult to manipulate the mucosal sleeve, as the polyps obstructed the lumen. Both children had satisfactory long-term results after reconstruction with an isoperistaltic pouch. I believe that in cases of diffuse juvenile polyposis, proctoscopic removal of all of the rectal polyps two to three weeks before the definitive procedure may greatly facilitate it. PMID- 3201305 TI - Vertebral hemangioma associated with spinal cord compression. AB - We have described a case in which a vertebral hemangioma caused spinal cord compression in a 14-year-old girl. The diagnosis was originally missed for several reasons, one of which was the failure to obtain a plain film of the spine before ordering both CT and MR studies. This case illustrates the importance of basic diagnostic procedures. PMID- 3201306 TI - Sextuplibacterial endocarditis: a new world's record? PMID- 3201307 TI - Haemophilus aphrophilus sternal osteomyelitis. AB - We have described a unique case of Haemophilus aphrophilus sternal osteomyelitis, with two separate infections seven years apart. Historical data suggest dental abscesses and trauma, with hematogenous seeding, as the cause. The patient responded well to surgical debridement and penicillin therapy after dental extractions. PMID- 3201309 TI - Religion and medicine. PMID- 3201308 TI - Transcription medication error with transdermal clonidine. PMID- 3201310 TI - "I swear by Apollo the physician...". PMID- 3201311 TI - [Calcium antagonists in penicillin hypersensitivity]. PMID- 3201312 TI - [Complications of surgical treatment of breast cancer]. PMID- 3201314 TI - [Function of the kidneys and upper urinary tract in chronic prostatitis]. PMID- 3201313 TI - [Treatment of breast cancer with regional lymph node involvement]. PMID- 3201315 TI - [Treatment of the sclerocystic ovary syndrome]. PMID- 3201316 TI - [Prevention and treatment of urinary infection in neurogenic disorders of urination]. PMID- 3201317 TI - [Neurologic disorders in the postural compression syndrome]. PMID- 3201318 TI - [Esophagoplasty using a gastric tube]. PMID- 3201319 TI - [New possibilities of using laboratory research in oncology]. PMID- 3201320 TI - [The pathophysiology of bullous pulmonary emphysema]. PMID- 3201321 TI - [Electrophysiologic characteristics of diabetic polyneuropathy]. PMID- 3201322 TI - [Observation of patients with mucoviscidosis at a polyclinic]. PMID- 3201323 TI - [The economic effect of operations of inguinal hernia with shortened stays in the hospital]. PMID- 3201324 TI - [Detection of hypodynamia and psychoemotional stress during the mass prophylactic examination of students]. PMID- 3201326 TI - [Surgical treatment of a defect in the aortopulmonary septum]. PMID- 3201325 TI - [Echocardiographic examination in assessing the efficacy of valve-preserving operations]. PMID- 3201327 TI - [Treatment of pulmonary heart failure with calcium antagonists]. PMID- 3201328 TI - [Effect of the alpha-adrenergic blockader prazosin on physical effort-induced bronchospasm in bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3201329 TI - [Treatment of the exacerbation of chronic suppurative bronchitis with gentamycin]. PMID- 3201331 TI - [Therapeutic and prophylactic use of metabolic and adaptogenic preparations in chronic pyelonephritis in pregnant women]. PMID- 3201330 TI - [Dynamic perfusion scintigraphy of the lungs in closed chest injury]. PMID- 3201332 TI - [Prevention of recurrence of varicose veins of the lower extremities]. PMID- 3201333 TI - [The blood kallikrein-kinin system in puerperae at an increased risk for the development of suppurative-septic infections]. PMID- 3201335 TI - [Facial paraspasm]. PMID- 3201334 TI - [Thromboses following surgery of "complex" forms of abdominal hernias in geriatric patients]. PMID- 3201336 TI - [Diagnosis and therapy of encephalopathies in carbon monoxide poisoning]. PMID- 3201337 TI - [Dehydration therapy in metastatic lesions of the brain]. PMID- 3201338 TI - [The clinical picture and immunologic parameters in children with benign thymus hyperplasia]. PMID- 3201339 TI - [Data processing using the Feroda computer program in a study of ferrokinetics in patients with various hematologic diseases]. PMID- 3201340 TI - [Risk factors for the onset of Parkinson's disease]. PMID- 3201341 TI - [The effect of respiratory physical therapy on parameters of pulmonary ventilation]. PMID- 3201342 TI - [Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity as determined by a battery of antigens in healthy children]. PMID- 3201343 TI - [Felty's syndrome]. PMID- 3201344 TI - [Anemia as an emergency condition]. PMID- 3201345 TI - [Granulocytopenia as an emergency condition]. PMID- 3201346 TI - [Hemorrhagic syndromes as emergency conditions]. PMID- 3201347 TI - [Methodologic and organizational aspects of international scientific collaboration between medical institutes]. PMID- 3201348 TI - [The basic results of research into the health status of physicians of the USSR and Polish People's Republic (based on survey data)]. PMID- 3201349 TI - [The effect of noise on arterial hypertension in textile workers]. PMID- 3201350 TI - Reproductive behaviour of two groups of young women (Arroyo Naranjo municipality, city of Havana, Cuba, 1981). PMID- 3201351 TI - [Accessibility of medical services and possibilities for obtaining sick leave (patients' opinions)]. PMID- 3201352 TI - Systemic approach to the detection, identification and assessment of the influence of risk factors on the occurrence of borderline neuropsychic disorders. PMID- 3201353 TI - Quality assurance and control of radiation medicine procedures--an important factor in medical care improvement. PMID- 3201354 TI - Spectrum analysis programme applicable to environmental factors. PMID- 3201356 TI - [Current diagnosis and therapy in angiology 1988. 18th annual meeting of the Austrian Society of Angiology. Feldkirch, 24-28 November 1988. Proceedings]. PMID- 3201355 TI - [Correlation of the level of exposure to silicotic dusts and the health status of a group of workers in the manufacture of refractory products in the metallurgy industry]. PMID- 3201358 TI - [Long-term study of the viscoelasticity of whole blood in parenteral administration of Ginkgo-biloba extract]. PMID- 3201357 TI - [Modification of vascular resistance and O2 utilization by prostaglandin E1]. PMID- 3201359 TI - [Acute leg-pelvic vein thrombosis: surgical therapy and long-term results]. PMID- 3201361 TI - [Reconstruction of the carotid artery without angiography]. PMID- 3201360 TI - [Current surgical therapy of stenoses of arteries supplying the brain]. PMID- 3201362 TI - [Stenosing processes of the carotid artery and ischemic ophthalmopathy]. PMID- 3201363 TI - [Kink stenosis of the internal carotid artery--surgical or conservative therapy?]. PMID- 3201364 TI - [Proximal lesions of the subclavian artery and common carotid artery on the left side--experiences with direct anastomosis (transposition)]. PMID- 3201365 TI - [Effect of aggregation inhibitors on patient survival following thrombendarterectomy of the internal carotid artery]. PMID- 3201366 TI - [Negative effect of cardiac pacemakers on cerebral perfusion? A transcranial Doppler ultrasound study]. PMID- 3201367 TI - [Spontaneous recanalization of basilar artery occlusions]. PMID- 3201368 TI - [Bilateral internal carotid artery occlusions: a clinical and computerized tomography follow-up study]. PMID- 3201369 TI - [Magnetic resonance angiography of the supra-aortic arteries supplying the brain]. PMID- 3201370 TI - [Anesthesia in carotid endarterectomy (CEA)--isoflurane versus fentanyl]. PMID- 3201371 TI - [Arterial obstructions following therapeutic radiation therapy]. PMID- 3201372 TI - [HLA antigen markers in patients with atherosclerosis]. PMID- 3201373 TI - [A treatment possibility of arterial occlusive diseases with calcitonin. Retrospect of 16 years experience in over 200 patients between 20 and 99 years of age]. PMID- 3201374 TI - [Clinical and nuclear magnetic resonance tomography findings in adults following surgical correction of aortic isthmus stenoses (CoA)]. PMID- 3201375 TI - [Morphometric results with indirect lymphography]. PMID- 3201376 TI - [Small parietal thromboses in artificial bypass grafts: a rare complication?]. PMID- 3201377 TI - [Inverse autologous femoro-popliteal venous bypass 1973-1977 and 1980-1984]. PMID- 3201378 TI - [Complex reconstruction versus simple anastomosis in the crural vascular area]. PMID- 3201379 TI - [Technic and results of the "in situ" bypass]. PMID- 3201380 TI - [Long-term tissue changes in biological vascular implants]. PMID- 3201381 TI - [Children of parents irradiated prior to conception--a longitudinal study (results, 1986)]. AB - The results of a longterm study on 55 children are presented whose parents were treated by radiotherapy. Five or ten years after a first examination, these children were submitted to a check-up investigation of their physical and intellectual development. The group of twenty irradiated fathers received an average dose to the gonads of 0.55 Gy (0.01 to 6.4 Gy), the group of twenty irradiated mothers 0.72 Gy (0.01 to 8.0 Gy). In all parents the most frequent finding was Hodgkin's disease, which was diagnosed as a neoplasm in 23 cases. Chemotherapy was applied in two out of 40 patients. The proof of paternity was made with a 86% accuracy for ten out of twenty fathers by determination of HLA types. A conception was demonstrated beyond all doubt after a dose to the testicles of 1.2 Gy in the irradiated fathers and after a dose to the ovaries of 3.0 Gy in the irradiated mothers. The offspring of the F1 generation showed no modification in the sex ratio. In the primary examination, a rate of 5.5% of severe malformations was found (trisomy E, bradyacousia of the inner ear, cleft hands and feet). 24% of the children had malformations which needed a treatment (hernias, torticollis, hip dysplasia). 18 out of 55 children (33%) presented abnormalities in the widest sense of the word. Three children (5.5%) were premature infants, and there is a general tendency towards shortened pregnancy ( 3.6 days). Hernias (7/55) are a frequent finding. In children of both sexes, carporadiography shows a delayed development which is not compensated in the check-up examinations at five or ten years, but does not cause an underdevelopment in body height as compared to great normal collectives. The results suggest a slightly increased malformation rate among children whose parents were treated by radiotherapy. Above all the connective and supporting tissue seems involved. Some proposals are made how to give a radiogenetic advice to tumor patients who want to have children. PMID- 3201382 TI - A simple computational approach to irregular field dosimetry. AB - Treatment of certain malignant tumors requires very large and irregular fields. The dose computations in such field configurations are quite complicated and tedious and hence accessible to computer methods only. This paper describes an easy method for estimating dose to any point in such irregular fields except those which are in the shielded region. For radiotherapy centres which do not have access to a computer, this paper presents an algorithm that can be used with a desk calculator for dose computation at any point. The dose values calculated using this algorithm at different points and at different depths in the mantle and inverted Y-fields agree within +/- 3% with the values computed using detailed sector integration method of Clarkson. PMID- 3201383 TI - [Histochemical and ultrastructural studies on anti-edematous and radiation protective action of 0-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides on the rat brain after single irradiation. 2. Histochemical study on carbohydrate metabolism and acid phosphatase activation]. AB - The disturbances of the carbohydrate metabolism and the activation of acid phosphatases with and without protection by O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutoside (HR) were studied in irradiated rat brains by means of the light microscope. The histochemically demonstrable deposition of glycogen and acid mucopolysaccharides serves as a criterion for a reversible lesion of the irradiated cerebral tissue. The extent of local activation of repair processes following to irradiation can be determined by the quantity of acid phosphatases in the lysosomes. For the dose range of 1 to 5 Gy, HR seems to exert a protective effect on the cellular metabolism of the irradiated cerebral tissue shown by a slight decrease of glycogen and mucopolysaccharide deposits compared to the untreated animals. However, when exceeding a threshold dose of 10 Gy, the deposition of carbohydrates in the HR group is strongly increased. A slightly increased activity of acid phosphatases induced by HR can be supposed at best for the dose range of 5 to 7.5 Gy. If the dose is even more increased, the reverse effect found in the carbohydrate metabolism, too, and an increased activation of acid phosphatases in the control group will be observed. This unexpected reversion of the protective effect could be related to the assumed inhibitory effect of HR on the ATPases and thus on the anaerobic part of glycolysis or to a breakdown of the cell interaction system of endothelial cells, glia cells, and neurons. PMID- 3201384 TI - [Endoscopic control of the course and its histological correlation in chronic radiation injury of the rat rectum]. AB - On the basis of endoscopic investigations, the reaction to X-radiation of the hindgut of the rat could be divided into four phases. Their courses after different radiation doses as well as after dietary influence are described. This enabled us-besides the acute (diarrhoea) and chronic (diarrhoea followed by intestinal occlusion) phases shown by clinical examination - to demonstrate the early vascular reaction (first week after irradiation) as well as the asymptomatic interval between the acute and chronic phases. The interval phase was found to be of importance for prognosis and therapy, because all animals who died later on of intestinal occlusion developed already during this phase circular ulcerations which could be demonstrated by endoscopy. PMID- 3201386 TI - Dentoalveolar ankylosis and associated root resorption in replanted teeth. Experimental and clinical studies in monkeys and man. AB - Periodontal pathology is an unavoidable complication following replantation of avulsed teeth. The present thesis focuses on the etiology, diagnosis, progression and prevention of dentoalveolar ankylosis. The experimental studies were carried out both in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies were also performed on the progression of ankylosis. Initially, it was determined that the histomorphometrical method used in the animal studies was sufficiently accurate for the estimation of an area of a root surface showing a defined condition. In vivo studies revealed that the periodontal membrane (PDM) of a tooth prevented from drying for one hour before replantation heals without root resorption and ankylosis in a similar manner to an immediately replanted tooth. However, replantation of a tooth with a necrotic PDM results in a rapid destruction of the root by inflammatory resorption. These observations were predicted from the results of the in vitro studies, indicating that data gained from in vitro work may contribute to our understanding of periodontal healing in replanted teeth. Prevention or elimination of inflammatory resorption results in increased dentoalveolar ankylosis. Masticatory stimulation during the healing period will maximize the area of functional PDM and minimize dentoalveolar ankylosis. Antibiotics should be administered as early as possible and endodontic treatment should be performed within the first weeks after replantation to prevent inflammatory resorption. Accurate diagnosis of dentoalveolar ankylosis by assessment of percussion sound and mobility is only possible when more than 20 percent of the root surface is ankylotic. Radiographic diagnosis of ankylosis is of limited value in the early stages of replacement resorption. The rate of replacement resorption was shown to be age related. Even though replacement resorption is present, a tooth in an older individual can remain functional for a long period, possibly throughout life. Furthermore, residual infection and associated periodontal inflammation may be moderating factors in the progression of replacement resorption. PMID- 3201385 TI - Lack of radiosensitization in Lewis lung carcinoma and a murine plasmacytoma by MTDQ and MTDQ-DA. AB - MTDQ, and its watersoluble derivative MTDQ-DA, have been tested in combination with radiation using the murine plasmacytoma X5563 and the Lewis lung carcinoma. Neither of the two compounds showed any effect on the single dose radiation response as measured by tumour growth delay. In addition no effect of MTDQ-DA on the response of the X5563 plasmacytoma to fractionated radiation was observed. As a control, studies with the established hypoxic cell sensitizer Misonidazole showed that both tumours could be sensitized to radiation by that drug, in the case of Lewis lung carcinoma the use of the excision cell survival assay showed that this was due to hypoxic cell sensitization. PMID- 3201387 TI - Study on the effect of 150-mg Mydocalm coated tablets in peripheral vascular diseases and in myotonias of various origin. PMID- 3201388 TI - Action of Viskaldix on serum lipids and lipoproteins. PMID- 3201389 TI - Use of biphasic cyclic hormone therapy in functional bleeding disorders of adolescents (Anteovin). PMID- 3201390 TI - Calypsol anaesthesia in oral surgical practice. PMID- 3201391 TI - Examination of Tardyferon depot coated tablet in patients treated by general practitioners. PMID- 3201392 TI - Use of tolnaftate powder in the treatment and prophylaxis of foot mycoses. PMID- 3201393 TI - Use of Motilium in the perioperative period from the aspect of the anaesthesiologist. PMID- 3201395 TI - The prolongation of the thrombotest clotting time in newborns. AB - As judged from thrombotest dilution curves clotting inhibiting material was present in 67% of human umbilical cord plasma samples of healthy full term infants (n = 40). The correlation coefficient (r-value) between the thrombotest clotting times and the prothrombin levels was -0.46. Using sensitive enzyme immuno assays for fibrin degradation products (FbDP) and fibrinogen degradation products (FgDP), we found that no degradation products could be demonstrated in the non-inhibited group whereas small amounts of these products were present in the inhibited group. These small amounts were undetectable using conventional assays. The most striking finding was the presence of fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products. The prolongation of the thrombotest clotting time could be imitated by adding fibrinogen fragment X to umbilical cord plasma in which no clotting inhibiting material was present in the thrombotest dilution curve. We conclude that the thrombotest clotting is of limited value in the assessment of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors in umbilical cord plasma. As utmost care was taken to avoid proteolytic breakdown in vitro, our findings most likely reflect an enhanced fibrino(geno)lytic activity in umbilical cord plasma in vivo. PMID- 3201394 TI - Immunoblotting studies of the molecular forms of protein C in plasma. AB - Anti-plasma protein C monoclonal antibodies were prepared and characterized, and quantitative immunoblotting techniques were developed to determine the molecular forms of protein C in whole plasma. Two antibodies reacted with the heavy chain of protein C, four reacted with the light chain, and two reacted only with nonreduced protein C. A doublet of protein C (MW = 63-66K) was seen on nonreduced immunoblots of normal plasma and 30 heterozygous protein C deficient plasmas (2 77% protein C antigen). In reduced plasma, approximately 75% of protein C presented as doublet heavy chains (MW = 39-42K) and doublet light chains (MW = 22 25K), and approximately 25% was single chain (MW = 64K). The immunoblotting technique was quantitative, specific, sensitive, and correlated with electroimmunoassay results. It also provided visual qualitative information not obtainable with other methods of quantitation. PMID- 3201397 TI - Inhibitory effects of soluble elastin on intraplatelet free calcium concentration. PMID- 3201396 TI - Calcium enhances factor Xa activity independent of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues. AB - We investigated the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) independent effect of calcium on the activity of human factor Xa. The effect of calcium on the reaction rate of factor Xa was compared using native and Gla-modified forms of human factor Xa [chemically decarboxylated (Gla-modified, 10 Gla residues modified/mol) and Gla-domainless (chymotrypsin-treated)]. Factor Xa activity was assessed by hydrolysis of a synthetic tripeptide nitroanilide substrate, by p aminobenzamidine binding to the active site and by inhibition with antithrombin III. Calcium (1 mM) increased, by 25-35%, the amidolytic hydrolysis rates of all three factor Xa derivatives. Calcium had an apparent Kd of approximately 200 uM with both native and modified forms of factor Xa. However, there was no change in binding of p-aminobenzamidine, a small fluorescent probe, to factor Xa in the presence of calcium. Calcium (1 mM) increased the inhibition reaction rates of native and modified forms of factor Xa with antithrombin III by 20-30%. Magnesium (1 mM) showed greatly reduced effects on factor Xa activity relative to activities with calcium. We conclude that Gla-independent calcium interactions with factor Xa are important for some catalytic activities of this blood coagulation protease. PMID- 3201398 TI - The role of platelets and ADP in experimental thrombosis induced by venous stasis in the rat. PMID- 3201399 TI - Influence of alpha-NAPAP on thrombin-induced release of plasminogen activator. PMID- 3201400 TI - DDAVP in Bernard-Soulier syndrome. PMID- 3201401 TI - Anti-fibrin monoclonal antibodies for radioimmunodetection: preliminary assessment in a rat model system. AB - The D Dimer (DD) site formed by linkage of D domains from adjacent fibrin (FN) molecules is unique to cross-linked FN and its degradation products and is not found in FN monomer or fibrinogen (FB). Thus monoclonal antibodies (MAb) reactive to DD should have a very suitable specificity for in vivo thrombus detection. Two anti-DD MAbs have been labelled with 131-I and assessed as scintigraphic agents in a normal rat model system. Each rat received 3 sc implants of antigen covalently coupled to Sepharose beads: 1) Human DD 2) Human FB 3) Glycine (GL) (control). Scintigraphic images taken 7 days after injection of 131-I anti DD MAb showed clear localisation of both anti-DD MAbs to the DD implant rather than to the FB or GL implants with no localisation in normal tissues. This was confirmed in biodistribution studies. Injection of anti-DD MAbs DD-3B6/22 and DD-IC3/108 resulted in DD: blood ratios of 10.4 +/- 0.6 and 4.9 +/- 0.3 respectively. These results suggest that anti-DD MAbs will have potential for thrombus radioimmunodetection. PMID- 3201402 TI - Antiplatelet activity of dipyridamole in non anticoagulated whole blood. AB - Dipyridamole has been reported to inhibit platelet aggregation in citrate anticoagulated whole blood (WB). However, citrate may alter the response of platelets and/or the effect of antiplatelet drugs. The present study evaluates the "ex vivo" effect of dipyridamole, two hours after a single dose (3 mg/Kg) in 25 normal subjects in non-anticoagulated (native) WB and in WB anticoagulated with citrate or hirudin. We have used the BASIC anticoagulated with citrate or hirudin. We have used the BASIC wave as analytical method, which can evaluate the early steps of platelet activation with collagen in less than 1 min after venoclysis, thus allowing the study in native WB. The results show that dipyridamole significantly inhibits (p less than 0.001) platelet activation to collagen in citrated WB (66%) while the drug's effect is much lower (21%) and non significant if evaluated in native or hirudine anticoagulated WB. These results suggest that citrate or low calcium concentration amplify the drug's platelet inhibitory action in WB and, therefore, the laboratory results may overestimate the drug's effect "in vivo". PMID- 3201403 TI - No acute effect of cigarette smoking on bleeding time of habitual smokers. AB - To study the influence of cigarette smoking on blood platelet function, bleeding time was measured in two groups of 14 habitual smokers before and after a 20 minute period during which the subjects either smoked two cigarettes (experimental group) or rested (control group). The second bleeding time appeared to be slightly shortened upon cigarette-smoking (-0.1 min) and was found to be prolonged in the control group (+0.4 min). These changes did not differ significantly from each other (P = 0.38). Consequently, bleeding time of habitual smokers is not affected by smoking two cigarettes. PMID- 3201404 TI - Immunological and functional determination of the protease inhibitors, protein C and antithrombin III, in liver cirrhosis and in neoplasia. AB - Using a new rapid coagulant method, protein C activity (PC act) was determined in liver cirrhosis and malignancies and compared with PC antigen and AT III values. PC was decreased in a more pronounced manner than AT III in liver cirrhosis, mainly due to impaired synthesis. This is of special clinical interest because PC proved to be a high sensible indicator of liver cell dysfunction. Decreased levels of PC act (PC ratio act/ag less than 1) in decompensated liver cirrhosis may be caused by the synthesis of dysfunctional PC and/or vitamin K deficiency with production of undercarboxylated PC most sensitively registered by this coagulant assay. An increased clearance of in vivo activated PC induced by DIC may play an insignificant role. In patients with liver metastases, PC act (but not AT III and immunological parameters) was significantly reduced, supporting the conclusion that in these patients liver dysfunction concomitant with synthesis of dysfunctional PC must be discussed as the main cause of this alteration. PMID- 3201405 TI - Sulphinpyrazone inhibits platelet function and enhances blood fibrinolytic activity in the rat. PMID- 3201406 TI - [Acute epiglottitis in children and adults]. PMID- 3201407 TI - [Perinatal mortality for single births and twins in 1967-1984]. PMID- 3201409 TI - [Recording of anal pressure profile. Theory and possible applications]. PMID- 3201408 TI - [Craniofacial prostheses. Clinical application of titanium implants for retention of facial prostheses and bone-anchored hearing aids]. PMID- 3201410 TI - [Primary heart tumors]. PMID- 3201411 TI - [Examination and treatment of breast cancer. Where are we today?]. PMID- 3201412 TI - [Indoor radon exposure and risk of lung cancer]. PMID- 3201413 TI - [Radon and risk of cancer]. PMID- 3201414 TI - [Immunological aspects of normal pregnancy and recurrent abortions]. PMID- 3201415 TI - [Reconstruction of oral mucosa with vascularized jejunum graft]. PMID- 3201416 TI - [Drug therapy in arterial thromboembolic disease]. PMID- 3201417 TI - [Changes in health habits and occurrence of cardiovascular diseases]. PMID- 3201418 TI - [Cytological mass screenings for the cancer of the cervix uteri. Resources, organization and costs]. PMID- 3201419 TI - [The depressive statistics of the HIV epidemic]. PMID- 3201420 TI - [Physicians' continuing and postgraduate education 1989]. PMID- 3201421 TI - [General medicine as a profession. From philological impossibility to specialty in its own right]. PMID- 3201422 TI - [Research in general practice. A great challenge]. PMID- 3201423 TI - [General medicine as a university subject. From the Marseillaise to songs about closer things]. PMID- 3201425 TI - [General practice in the public domain]. PMID- 3201424 TI - [Private practice--a philosophy and a way of life. A plea for social support]. PMID- 3201426 TI - [Form of practice--special group practice. Advantages and shortcomings--how can we influence them?]. PMID- 3201427 TI - [Oslo model: 37.5 hours/week-physicians]. PMID- 3201428 TI - [General practice in the computer age. Old and proven methods--new technology]. PMID- 3201429 TI - [Consultation as a work form]. PMID- 3201430 TI - [House calls as a work form]. PMID- 3201431 TI - [Free choice of physician--geographic association--system of lists]. PMID- 3201432 TI - [Community health legislation--for good and bad]. PMID- 3201433 TI - [Preventive ventures, social medicine or general medicine]. PMID- 3201434 TI - [Some everyday philosophy about general medicine]. PMID- 3201435 TI - [General practice as occupational physician]. PMID- 3201436 TI - [Treatment programs--straightjacket or firm foundation?]. PMID- 3201437 TI - [Self care and self help--a meeting place for patients and general practitioners]. PMID- 3201438 TI - [Health education]. PMID- 3201439 TI - [Women as patients]. PMID- 3201440 TI - [By a stroke of luck...]. PMID- 3201441 TI - [Arthroscopy in the polyclinic. Whose task is it?]. PMID- 3201442 TI - [Specialist training in general practice]. PMID- 3201443 TI - [Specialist training in general medicine: an evaluation of the 2-year training program]. PMID- 3201444 TI - [Qualifying tutors for specialist training in general medicine]. PMID- 3201445 TI - [Educational groups in general medicine. Their internal and external life]. PMID- 3201447 TI - [Etiology of chronic pancreatitis]. PMID- 3201446 TI - [Ambulatory arthroscopy. Experiences from a knee clinic]. PMID- 3201448 TI - [Ozone depletion, ultraviolet rays and skin cancer]. PMID- 3201449 TI - [Treatment of acromegaly with SMS 201-995]. PMID- 3201451 TI - [Splenic cyst. Treated with resection]. PMID- 3201450 TI - [Fluorosis in a postmenopausal woman]. PMID- 3201452 TI - [Active versus passive drainage in laparotomies]. PMID- 3201453 TI - [Idea-generating sessions as an aid in improving patient services in hospitals]. PMID- 3201454 TI - [HIV testing in occupational health physicians]. PMID- 3201455 TI - [The influence of the moon on deliveries]. PMID- 3201456 TI - [Changes in the quality of life. Has it any importance in our therapeutic tradition of mild/moderate hypertension?]. PMID- 3201458 TI - [My life as a dog. The existence of a rotating intern in a hospital]. PMID- 3201457 TI - [Assessing reliability and validity in qualitative data]. PMID- 3201459 TI - [Examinations--merely a necessary evil?]. PMID- 3201460 TI - [Interpretation of terms indicating uncertainty in pathologic diagnoses]. PMID- 3201461 TI - [Nightmares after incest--an important correlation]. PMID- 3201462 TI - [Labor in ecstasy--an illegal desire? Labor in agony--a law of nature? Women's thoughts and experiences during pregnancy, labor and the post-partum period]. PMID- 3201463 TI - [Sleep disorders--treatment]. PMID- 3201464 TI - [Health care consumption in the last year of life. Part of total health care consumption]. PMID- 3201466 TI - Financially driven strategic planning. PMID- 3201465 TI - [A concealed strategy? Active and passive euthanasia from an ethical point of view]. PMID- 3201467 TI - Developing investment criteria: there is more to it than financial criteria alone. PMID- 3201468 TI - Diversification: myths versus realities. PMID- 3201470 TI - The dynamic nature of financial capability. PMID- 3201469 TI - Affiliation: when is it the right decision? PMID- 3201471 TI - Generation of hypophosphatemia in rats by continuous oral administration of cadmium. AB - To obtain further information on the negative calcium balance caused by cadmium (Cd), the factors associated with serum calcium and phosphorus homeostasis other than inhibition of intestinal calcium absorption were studied by using parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1 alpha-OH-D3). In rats exposed to Cd for 30 or 90 days, the concentrations of serum calcium after treatment with PTH, parathyroidectomy (PTX) or 1 alpha-OH-D3 showed almost the same patterns as those of control animals. It was considered that the mechanism of regulation of calcium in Cd-exposed rats was normal. The continuous oral administration of Cd generated hypophosphatemia in rats. On the other hand, in 30 and 90-day-treated rats, the low concentration of serum phosphorus caused by Cd was further decreased by administration of PTH, whereas it was increased by PTX. The hypophosphatemia found in rats exposed to Cd for 30 days, but not for 90 days, was reversed by treatment with 1 alpha-OH-D3. From these results, it was concluded that the hypophosphatemia caused by long term oral administration of Cd resulted from secondary hyperparathyroidism, due to inhibited calcium absorption from the intestine, as was demonstrated previously. PMID- 3201472 TI - Induction of lipid peroxidation in tissues of thallous malonate-treated hamster. AB - Thallous malonate was administered orally to hamsters in a single dose of 10 mg Tl/kg or 50 mg Tl/kg body weight. After 1 day and 3 days the levels of lipid peroxidation and non-protein sulfhydryls (NPSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activity in tissues were measured. At a thallium dose of 10 mg/kg, increases in lipid peroxidation were already apparent in the kidney after 1 day. On the other hand, a marked increase in lipid peroxidation with decrease in NPSH content and GSH-Px activity in the kidney and liver were found 3 days after administration of the 50 mg Tl/kg dose, and renal and liver damage also developed. These results suggested that thallous malonate-induced tissue damage may be associated with the development of peroxidative processes caused by depression of GSH and inhibition of the GSH-Px activity-linked defensive system. PMID- 3201473 TI - Dependence on chelating agent properties of nephrotoxicity and testicular damage in male mice during cadmium decorporation. AB - An examination of the histopathological appearance of the kidneys of mice treated with cadmium chloride (s.c.) and simultaneously given 1 of 3 chelating agents (i.p.) reveals that the extent of nephrotoxicity is greatest when L-cysteine is the chelating agent. When either of 2 dithiocarbamates capable of mobilizing cadmium from its intracellular deposits, i.e. sodium N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (NaG) or sodium N-benzyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate (NaB) is used as the chelating agent, no morphological renal damage was evident. Under these same conditions the testes of the mice were protected to the extent of 95% by both of the dithiocarbamates, whereas the protection afforded by the L cysteine was only about 50%. One factor governing the extent of nephrotoxicity appears to be the stability of the cadmium complexes which are formed and the manner in which this affects their behavior in vivo. Complexes which are preferentially excreted in the bile, cause little or no renal damage. PMID- 3201474 TI - Elevated plasma corticosterone levels and histopathology of the adrenals and thymuses in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-treated rats. AB - The relationship between thymic atrophy and plasma corticosterone levels was examined in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-treated, pair-fed and ad libitum-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats given a usually lethal (125 micrograms/kg) or non-lethal (25 micrograms/kg) dose of TCDD. At both dosages, corticosterone levels in TCDD-treated animals begun to rise as early as day 4 after treatment. At later time points corticosterone levels were 5-7 times higher in rats given the non-lethal dose, and 6-10 times higher in rats administered the lethal dose than the levels observed in ad libitum-fed controls. Corticosterone levels in control rats pair-fed to the lethal dose group (as a result of the severe reduction in feed intake) were similarly elevated as in TCDD-treated rats but this was not the case in pair-fed rats of the non-lethal TCDD dosage (due to an essentially unchanged feed intake). At both dosages, relative thymus weights of TCDD-treated rats started decreasing by day 4 and continued to decline for the most part of the study. Relative thymus weights of rats pair-fed to the non lethal TCDD dosage were not different from ad libitum-fed rats. However, the decrease in relative thymus weights of rats pair-fed to the lethal TCDD dosage paralleled that of TCDD-treated rats with an apparent 8-day lag period. Morphologically, the thymus as well as the adrenal revealed differential changes in TCDD-treated rats from those observable in pair-fed rats. These results suggest that either TCDD exerts a direct effect on the thymus and the adrenals or it causes an additional stress (e.g., a metabolic stress) over and above the starvation stress, which may be responsible for the differential morphological changes in these glands. PMID- 3201475 TI - Metabolism of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole in the rat (III): Metabolites in the urine and feces. AB - The urinary and fecal metabolites of orally administered 2-tert-butyl-4 hydroxyanisole (2-BHA) and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (3-BHA) in rats were identified. Samples of 2-day pooled urine and feces of rats given a single intragastric dose of 1 g/kg body wt of tert[butyl-14C]3-BHA (*Bu-3-BHA). tert[butyl-14C]2-BHA (*Bu-2-BHA), [methyl-14C]3-BHA (*Me-3-BHA) or [methyl-14C]-2 BHA (*Me-2-BHA) were analyzed by comparing thin-layer chromatography (TLC) retentions with authentic standards. Conjugated metabolites were identified after enzymatic hydrolysis. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron impact mass spectrometry were used for confirmation of the authentic standards. In rats given 3-BHA, a major metabolite in the urine was 3-BHA-glucuronide with a smaller amount of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)-sulfate, while unchanged 3-BHA and 3-BHA glucuronide were detected in the feces. In rats given 2-BHA, the main metabolites were the sulfate conjugates of 2-BHA, 4-tert-butyl-5-methoxy-1,2-benzoquinone (2 TBOQ) and the glucuronide of 2-BHA in the urine, while unchanged 2-BHA was found in the feces. PMID- 3201477 TI - Multiple estrogenic action of O,P'-DDT: initiation and maintenance of pregnancy in the rat. AB - The estrogenic action of O,P'-DDT has been known for many years. The majority of studies have used immature or ovariectomized adult rats to demonstrate estrogenic responses that require interaction with an intranuclear receptor and genic expression. However, evidence is accumulating that not all estrogenic effects are mediated by such a receptor; initiation of implantation being one such effect. The present study examined the ability of O,P'-DDT to initiate embryo implantation in the progesterone-primed uterus of a hypophysectomized adult rat. Not only did O,P'-DDT initiate implantation, it also maintained pregnancy for at least 3 days. However, when administered at the time of mating or early after fertilization, the same dosage caused loss of pre-implantation embryos. The results are consistent with the interpretation that O,P'-DDT has multiple estrogenic actions that may involve more than 1 kind of receptor. PMID- 3201476 TI - Metal-induced alteration of the cell membrane/cytoplasm complex studied by flow cytometry and detergent lysis. AB - Flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle is most effectively accomplished with membrane-/cytoplasm-free ("clean") nuclei. Non-ionic detergents (e.g. NP40 or Triton X-100) commonly are employed to solubilize cell membranes/cytoplasm to produce "clean" nuclei. Treatment of murine erythroleukemic cells (MELC) with tri n-butyltin methoxide, cadmium acetate, zinc sulfate, or lead acetate alters the properties of the cell membrane/cytoplasm complex making it resistant to NP40 dissolution. On a molar basis, the organotin compound was more effective in inducing resistance to detergent-mediated dissolution than the inorganic metal compounds. Resistance to NP40-mediated dissolution was manifested as an increase in the flow cytometric parameters 90 degrees scatter and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorescence and was confirmed by light microscopy. PMID- 3201479 TI - Purification of a kininogenase from the venom of Agkistrodon caliginosus (Kankoku Mamushi). AB - During the isolation of a capillary permeability-increasing enzyme from the venom of A. caliginosus, a kininogenase was also purified from the venom by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100, ion-exchange chromatographies on CM-Sephadex C-50 and DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. By this procedure, 11 mg of the purified enzyme were obtained from 4 g of the venom. The purified enzyme was homogeneous by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis at pH 8.3 and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and did not show any caseinolytic or clotting activity. The purified enzyme released bradykinin from purified bovine high mol.wt kininogen. The capillary permeability was increased by injection of the purified enzyme into the depilated skin of the back of a rabbit. It is supposed that the capillary permeability-increasing activity exerted by the enzyme is due to the release of bradykinin. PMID- 3201478 TI - Comparison of the toxicity of orally administered L-triiodothyronine (T3) in rat and cynomolgus monkey. AB - Oral administration of L-triiodothyronine (L-T3) (0.015-1 mg/kg) for 30 days to mature rats or cynomolgus monkeys resulted in both species in a high mortality at 1 mg/kg (after 2 weeks of treatment) and a progressive loss in body weight. Dose related elevations in plasma marker enzymes occurred, mainly after 1-2 weeks of treatment. The approximate no-effect dose for these changes was around 0.015 0.020 mg/kg for both rat and primate. The large elevations of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) at 1 mg/kg L-T3 in monkey indicated hepatocellular toxicity although in the rat such large increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) were not seen. L-T3 also showed little toxicity to rat hepatocytes in vitro. High concentrations of L-T3 (7 x 10(-9) to 7 x 10(-7) M) had minimal effects on parameters of cell viability such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, chromium-51 release and [3H]leucine incorporation. Urinary enzymes in the rat showed a similar profile to those in plasma. Large rises in alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and N-acetyl glucosaminidase (NAG) at 1 mg/kg indicated possible proximal tubular damage although this was not supported histologically. Clinically, in both species L-T3 appeared more toxic to males than females but this was not supported histologically. The histological lesions observed were different in the 2 species. In the monkeys there was extensive lipid vacuolation of hepatocytes and changes in thyroid and adrenal cortex. In the rat there was fine, non-lipid vacuolation of hepatocytes and thyroid changes. In the rat, 2 previously unreported lesions were also noted. There were multinucleated cells in the renal distal tubular epithelium, and focal fibroplasia of serosal surfaces of abdominal viscera. PMID- 3201480 TI - Some properties of a kininogenase from the venom of Agkistrodon caliginosus (Kankoku-Mamushi). AB - A kininogenase (bradykinin-releasing enzyme) from the venom of A. caliginosus, is a single polypeptide-chain glycoprotein with a mol.wt of about 33,500, which contains 10.1% carbohydrate. The isoelectric point of the enzyme is 3.5 and the enzyme has 274 amino acid residues based on the mol.wt of 33,500. The enzyme hydrolyzed arginine esters more readily than lysine esters, but did not hydrolyze tyrosine ester. The activity of the enzyme on hydrolysis of arginine ester or on liberation of kinin from purified bovine high mol.wt kininogen was inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate, indicating that the serine hydroxyl group is involved in enzymatic activity. Moreover, the enzyme split N-alpha-carbobenzoxy-Gly-Pro Arg-p-nitroanilide (PNA), H.D.Val-Leu-Arg-PNA, H.D.Pro-Phe-Arg-PNA, H.D.Phe pipecolyl-Arg-PNA and Pro-Phe-Arg-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide more readily than the other chromogenic or fluorogenic substrates. This result indicates that the substrate specificity of the enzyme is broader than that of mammalian serine proteinases. PMID- 3201481 TI - Cerebral toxicity of the trichothecene toxin T-2, of the products of its hydrolysis and of some related toxins. AB - T-2 toxin and its metabolites (resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis by rat brain homogenate) were applied to the midbrain of albino rats, either in solid form or dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Solid implants of HT-2 toxin and of T-2 triol were lethal in the range of 10-20 micrograms per rat, i.e. similar to the effect of T-2 toxin itself. For four further trichothecenes, the following decreasing order of toxicities was found: T-2 tetraol = iso-T-2 toxin greater than T-2 tetraol tetraacetate greater than T-2 toxin acetate. Implants of the last compound were the least toxic in the present series of trichothecenes; its LD50 value was nearly ten times higher than that of T-2 toxin. A similar gradation of toxicity was observed upon intracerebral injection of the compounds dissolved in DMSO. Here the only exception was the markedly reduced toxicity of T 2 toxin itself. From these data, the role of free 3 alpha- and 4 beta-hydroxyl groups has been evaluated. For subcutaneous applications, the largest ratio of LD50 values was 5, i.e. for the pair T-2 triol-T-2 tetraol tetraacetate. Among the signs of central intoxication, convulsions, adipsia and aphagia were marked. Pathological changes in the brain tissue, mainly involving necrotic, hemorrhagic and inflammatory lesions at the sites of application, were similar for all trichothecenes tested in this study. PMID- 3201482 TI - Respiratory failure in children following envenomation by the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus: hemodynamic and neurological aspects. AB - Nine children, hospitalized for severe respiratory failure following scorpion envenomation, were a part of a group of 61 youngsters and infants admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva during the years 1983-87 because of scorpion venom intoxication. Four out of the nine had cardiogenic shock, three had severe systemic hypertension and one had severe airway obstruction. All nine patients had central nervous system manifestations, including lethargy, confusion and agitation (three cases), and markedly reduced level of consciousness (six cases). Hemodynamic studies performed in two patients showed 'high pressure' (cardiogenic) pulmonary edema. Seven patients recovered completely, one died and another one was left severely handicapped. Hydralazine i.v. showed a remarkable effect on the systemic blood pressure and central nervous system disturbances in addition to mechanical ventilation. Based on our own experience and previous clinical and experimental studies, the possible pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the respiratory and central nervous system dysfunction following scorpion sting are discussed. PMID- 3201483 TI - Variations in major toxin composition for six clones of Ptychodiscus brevis. AB - Extracts from six clones of Ptychodiscus brevis (formerly known as Gymnodinium breve) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for the presence of brevetoxins PbTx-1, PbTx-2, and PbTx-3. Analyses indicated a wide clonal variability of the three toxin fractions in logarithmic phase cultures when normalized on a per cell basis. It appears that a much wider variability exists in toxin content for different P. brevis clones than exists in replicate extraction of multiple cultures of the diploid clone originally isolated by Wilson. PMID- 3201484 TI - Isolation of several toxins from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides limpidus tecomanus Hoffmann. AB - The soluble venom of the scorpion of Colima, Mexico, was fractionated by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration followed by separation of the toxic fraction (number II) with carboxymethyl-cellulose columns in 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.7. Of 24 fractions five were toxic to mice and were further separated in 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0 using the same ion exchange resin. Final separation included chromatography of the toxic subfractions in the same resin, but in 75 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. By this procedure at least five distinct toxins were obtained in pure form according to gel electrophoresis analysis. Amino acid composition of toxin 1 (component II.20.3.4) and toxic component II.22.5 is included. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of component II.22.5 was shown to be: Lys-Glu-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Val-Asn-Tyr-His-Thr-Gly-Cys-Lys-Tyr-Thr-Cys-Ala-Lys- Leu Gly - Asp-Asn-Asp-Tyr-Cys-Leu-Arg-Glu-Cys-Lys-. PMID- 3201485 TI - Seasonal frequency of ciguatoxic barracuda in southwest Puerto Rico. AB - Ciguatoxicity of barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) head, viscera and flesh tissues has been determined in 219 specimens caught along the southwest coast of Puerto Rico from March 1985 through May 1987. Twenty-nine percent of these specimens were toxic. Monthly frequencies of ciguatoxic barracuda showed an apparent seasonal variability, with peak values (60-70% toxic fish) in the late winter early spring (January-May) and fall (August-November). Minimal frequencies (0-10% toxic fish) were observed during June-July and December. The most frequently toxic tissues in poisonous animals were the viscera and head. Viscera tissue was the only toxic tissue found in 31% of the poisonous fish assayed, and this tissue was poisonous in all toxic fish. In no case was a poisonous specimen found to have toxic flesh alone. Marked temporal variation in frequency of ciguatoxicity suggests that ciguatera toxins, at least in their active form, are not accumulated in barracuda tissues for extended periods of time. Variability in barracuda ciguatoxicity may reflect fluctuations in the toxicity of smaller reef fish prey, seasonal fluctuations in toxic benthic dinoflagellates and/or changes in the ability of the barracuda to detoxify ingested poisons or their precursors. PMID- 3201486 TI - Evidence that subunits of type A botulinum toxin need not be linked by disulfide. AB - Type A neurotoxin of Clostridium botulinum strain 62A was purified by a modification of the procedure of TSE et al. (1982). Electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gels (SDS - PAGE) indicated the mol. wt of the intact dichain molecule is 140,000 and that of its L subunit is 52,000, both expected from published values. However the mol. wt of 83,000 for the H subunit was lower than the mol. wt of 97,000 in the literature. The purified toxin separated in SDS-PAGE into H and L subunits when pretreated with 2 mercaptoethanol but it unexpectedly behaved similarly without the pretreatment. Specific toxicity (approximately 3 x 10(8) mouse LD50/mg protein) was not affected by the spontaneous molecular change that made dissociation into subunits possible. The subunits of dichain botulinum toxins are believed to be covalently joined by intersubunit disulfide(s) since they have been demonstrated only when samples are treated with 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. Since it is not always needed, the pretreatment is apparently not reducing a disulfide that connects the subunits. The strong chelating activity also possessed by the pretreating agents suggest that the subunits may be joined by a metallic divalent cation. PMID- 3201487 TI - Shark repellent lipophilic constituents in the defense secretion of the Moses sole (Pardachirus marmoratus). AB - The defense secretion of Moses sole (Pardachirus marmoratus), the fish known to repel sharks, contains lipophilic ichthyotoxins in addition to pardaxin, a peptidic ichthyotoxin. Pardaxin has previously been regarded as the only factor responsible for the shark repellency of the secretion. On the basis of the shark repellent activity observed with the lipophile, it is considered to participate in the repellency of the secretion. Further separation of the toxic lipophile yielded five steroid monoglycosides, named mosesins. Their structures have been elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and corroborated by correlating them spectroscopically or chemically to cholic acid or to pavoninins, the related glycosides isolated from the secretion of the congeneric peacock sole, P. pavoninus. PMID- 3201488 TI - Preparation of a crotoxin neutralizing monoclonal antibody. AB - Crotoxin is a heterodimeric protein composed of an acidic and basic subunit from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus and is representative of a number of presynaptically acting neurotoxins found in the venom of rattlesnakes. Four different monoclonal antibodies, typed as IgG1 subclass, were raised against the basic subunit of this toxin. One was a potent neutralizing antibody of intact crotoxin, which could neutralize approximately 1.6 moles of purified crotoxin per mole of antibody. The monoclonal antibody enhanced the neutralizing ability of commercial polyvalent crotalid antivenom against the lethality of crude C. d. terrificus venom four-fold. Paradoxically, this monoclonal antibody by itself was ineffective against the lethality of crude C. d. terrificus venom. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we tested various proteins for competitive inhibition of binding of biotinylated-crotoxin to plates coated with the four individual monoclonal antibodies. Concolor toxin, vegrandis toxin, intact crotoxin, Mojave toxin, and the basic subunit of crotoxin showed increasing effectiveness as displacers of crotoxin from the neutralizing monoclonal antibody. None of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with purified phospholipase A2 enzymes from Crotalus atrox or Crotalus adamanteus, nor any of the components present in the crude venoms from four different elapids known to contain presynaptically acting neurotoxins, which show some sequence identity to crotoxin. PMID- 3201489 TI - Tetrodotoxin in two species of ribbon worm (Nemertini), Lineus fuscoviridis and Tubulanus punctatus. AB - Extracts of two species of ribbon worm, Lineus fuscoviridis and Tubulanus punctatus, had lethal potencies in mice from 15-503 MU/g of worm and from less than 10-540 MU/g, respectively. The toxins were partially purified by ultrafiltration and column chromatography using Bio-Gel P-2 and Bio-Rex 70 (H+ form). Thin-layer chromatographic, high performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analyses revealed the presence of tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin plus some unidentified compounds. PMID- 3201491 TI - [Results of clinical and histological investigations on the amputation of deciduous pulp with several methods and wound-dressings]. PMID- 3201492 TI - [Importance of case history details and clinical findings for statement of oral para-functions in children]. PMID- 3201490 TI - Antigenic relationships and relative immunogenicities of venom proteins from six poisonous snakes of Thailand. AB - Venoms from Naja naja siamensis, Ophiophagus hannah, Bungarus fasciatus, Vipera russelli, Calloselasma rhodostoma and Trimeresurus albolabris have been studied by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The immunoblots were stained with rabbit homologous and heterologous antibodies. In general, the higher the mol. wt the protein the higher the immunogenicity although two proteins with mol. wts of 23,000 and 25,000 from O. hannah venom are extraordinarily immunogenic. Cross reacting and species specific venom proteins were readily identified by the immunoblot techniques. Only a small number of venom proteins were cross-reactive among the snake species tested while the remaining appeared to be species specific. PMID- 3201494 TI - [Ultrastructural analyses of periapical granuloma]. PMID- 3201493 TI - [Clinically supervised 5-year study of the composite material. Evicrol]. PMID- 3201496 TI - [Prevention of local functional disturbances]. PMID- 3201495 TI - [Sensitivity test of the pulp by means of the cryo-agent F 12]. PMID- 3201497 TI - [Disorders of the temporomandibular joint--a diagnostic challenge]. PMID- 3201498 TI - [Myxoma of the jaw bones--a casuistic report]. PMID- 3201499 TI - [Stomatologic care for working people of two industrial managements and its effect on dental morbidity]. PMID- 3201500 TI - [Occupation-ethical education and training as a contribution to the quality of stomatological care]. PMID- 3201501 TI - [Antimicrobial effect of calcium hydroxide]. PMID- 3201502 TI - Neurology, neurosurgery, controlled trials and academic accountability. PMID- 3201503 TI - Local anticoagulation without systemic effect using a polymer heparin delivery system. AB - Polymeric drug delivery systems that allow the application of substances to a localized region for specified periods of time have been developed. A model for intravascular thrombosis in the rat common carotid artery was established using a combination of balloon catheter endothelial injury with 1-hour occlusion of the vessel. After endothelial injury in 11 Sprague-Dawley rats, the adventitial surface of the carotid artery was exposed to the polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) containing heparin and was compared with exposure to PVA alone in the contralateral (control) vessel. Subsequent determinations of the coagulation parameters systemic prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times showed no systemic effect of heparin. All 11 control vessels demonstrated complete or partial thrombosis, whereas only one of 11 heparin/PVA-treated vessels showed a small thrombus. Morphometric analysis of the cross-sectional thrombus: lumen ratio in 10 rats showed a significant reduction (p less than 0.005) in thrombus size for treated vessels (4.1 +/- 9.6%) compared with control vessels (60.2 +/- 25.8%). Scanning electron microscopy verified the absence of thrombus in the treated vessels despite complete endothelial desquamation. In a second group of eight rats, endothelial injury without occlusion did not cause thrombosis in treated or control arteries. The coagulation parameters for this group of eight unoccluded rats were similarly unaffected by heparin/PVA treatment. Our observations suggest that a localized antithrombotic effect of heparin can be achieved without systemic anticoagulation using a polymeric drug delivery system. This technique may be applied to a variety of surgical and nonsurgical clinical conditions. PMID- 3201504 TI - Postinfarction seizures. A clinical study. AB - We retrospectively studied 90 patients with postinfarction seizures to determine the clinical features (onset, number, type), prognosis, and electroencephalographic and computed tomographic findings; we included infarctions of all etiologies. Thirty-three percent of the 90 seizures appeared early (within 2 weeks after the infarction), and 90% of the 30 early seizures appeared within 24 hours after the infarction. Seventy-three percent of the 90 seizures occurred within the first year, and only 2% occurred greater than 2 years after the infarction. Fifty-six percent of the 90 seizures were single, and status epilepticus was seen in only 8%. Early-onset seizures were more likely to be partial (57% of 30); late-onset seizures were more likely to be generalized (65% of 60). Thirty-nine percent of the 90 initial seizures recurred, and there was no significant difference in recurrence rate between early- or late-onset initial seizures. Twenty-two percent of the 90 initial seizures became multiple recurrent seizures, and we could identify a precipitating factor in 86% of the 35 recurrent seizures. The most common electroencephalographic abnormality in the 61 patients so examined was focal slowing (61%), but recurrent seizures occurred in 100% of the four patients with periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges and in 75% of the eight patients with diffuse slowing. Computed tomography in 61 patients showed that large infarctions were associated with early (p less than 0.021) and multiple (p less than 0.05) seizures. Deep infarctions on computed tomograms (cortical infarctions extending to subcortical structures) tended to cause recurrent seizures (p less than 0.057). Seizures in 88% of the 90 patients could be managed with monotherapy. PMID- 3201505 TI - Timing of autopsy-confirmed hemorrhagic infarction with reference to cardioembolic stroke. AB - We studied the temporal profile of hemorrhagic transformation in 34 cases with autopsy-confirmed hemorrhagic infarction who died within 15 days following a supratentorial brain infarct, provided they had undergone computed tomography. It appeared that within 4 days, at least 76% (95% confidence interval 39-100%) of 21 cardioembolic strokes had become hemorrhagic. We conclude that if anticoagulation is considered in cardioembolic stroke, such treatment should not be started sooner than at least 4 days after the onset of stroke, provided that computed tomography at that time shows no hemorrhagic infarction. PMID- 3201506 TI - Carotid endarterectomy: to shunt or not to shunt. AB - Because of controversies in the cerebrovascular literature regarding the use of an intraluminal shunt in carotid endarterectomy, we report a randomized prospective study of 118 consecutive symptomatic patients receiving surgery within a single neurosurgical practice. Over 4 years, 138 carotid endarterectomies were performed in the 118 patients, 63 operations with intraluminal shunting and 75 without. Standard rationale for surgery included ipsilateral cerebral infarction in 38% of the operations and ipsilateral transient ischemic attacks in 36%. Unilateral angiographic stenosis of greater than 90% was seen in 58% of the operations; there were no ipsilateral occlusions. Surgery was performed under general anesthesia with barbiturate induction and mild blood pressure elevation. The 30-day complication rate included a mortality rate of 0.7% with a 5.1% incidence of postoperative neurologic deficit and a 1.4% rate of myocardial infarction. In the 24 hours after surgery there were no cerebral infarctions in the shunted group and six in the unshunted group. This 8% rate in the unshunted group compared with 0% in the shunted group was significant at p = 0.023 with a power of 0.95 by Fisher's exact test and chi 2 analysis. This suggests that in our neurosurgical practice (resident training program) the use of an intraluminal shunt during carotid endarterectomy significantly reduces the risk of intraoperative neurologic deficit without increasing the incidence of other complications. PMID- 3201507 TI - Comparison of spontaneously recovered versus nonrecovered patients with poststroke depression. AB - We followed 16 patients who developed depression immediately after a stroke for 6 months. By that time, six patients showed no depression (recovered group), while 10 patients were still depressed (nonrecovered group). There were no significant differences in demographic variables and social functioning between the groups, but the nonrecovered group showed less improvement in cognitive function and more physical impairments. Patients in the nonrecovered group had mainly cortical lesions, while those in the recovered group had mainly subcortical and posterior circulation strokes. PMID- 3201508 TI - Recovery of motor function after stroke. AB - The natural history of recovery of motor function after stroke is described using data from a 1-year community-based study in Auckland, New Zealand. Of 680 patients, 88% presented with a hemiparesis; the proportion of survivors with a persisting deficit declined to 71% at 1 month and 62% at 6 months after the onset of the stroke. At onset, there were equal proportions of people with mild, moderate, and severe motor deficits, but the majority (76%) of those who survived 6 months had either no or only a mild deficit. Recovery of motor function was associated with the stroke severity but not with age or sex; patients with a mild motor deficit at onset were 10 times more likely to recover their motor function than those with a severe stroke. Our results confirm the reasonably optimistic outcome for survivors of stroke and further suggest that recovery of motor function is confined to patients whose motor deficit at onset is either mild or moderate. PMID- 3201509 TI - Incidence and outcome of cerebrovascular disease in Perth, Western Australia. AB - We estimated the event rates for stroke and transient cerebral ischemic attacks in a prospective community-based epidemiologic study in a representative segment of the city of Perth, Western Australia, during a 10-month period in 1986. Of 349 persons with an initial diagnosis of stroke or transient ischemic attack, 154 had suffered a first stroke, 75 a recurrent stroke, and 47 a transient ischemic attack; the remaining 73 persons were thought not to have had an episode of acute cerebrovascular disease. Annual event rates for first stroke (age-standardized to the "world" population) were 120 per 100,000 for males and 56 per 100,000 for females. The crude case-fatality ratio at 28 days after the index event for first stroke was 23% and varied from 0% for lacunar infarction to 57% for subarachnoid hemorrhage. PMID- 3201510 TI - Stroke mortality maps. United States whites aged 35-74 years, 1962-1982. AB - We mapped average age-adjusted stroke mortality rates for white men and white women aged 35-74 years for state economic areas (counties or groups of counties) in the continental United States for three 7-year periods between 1962 and 1982. Despite the decline of national stroke mortality rates, rates in some areas failed to decline between 1962-1968 and 1969-1975. All areas experienced declines in 1976-1982, by which time some rates in the highest decile of the rate distribution were comparable to rates that had been in the lowest decile in 1962 1968. An east-west gradient of high-to-low stroke mortality rates was evident for both white men and white women in all three periods. Within the eastern part of the United States, high rates appeared more commonly in the South, and more so for white men than for white women. The "stroke belt" (area of very high stroke mortality rates in the coastal plain of the South) became less concentrated over the 2 decades, while a clustering of state economic areas with high rates along the Mississippi River and in the Ohio River valley became more pronounced. PMID- 3201511 TI - Effect of mild hyperthermia on recovery of metabolic function after global cerebral ischemia in cats. AB - We investigated the effect of mild whole-body hyperthermia before and after 16 minutes of global cerebral ischemia on metabolic recovery during recirculation in cats using in vivo phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Hyperthermia (temperature 40.6 +/- 0.2 degrees C) was induced greater than or equal to 1 hour before ischemia and was maintained during 1.5-2 hours of recirculation in nine cats; four cats were subjected to hyperthermia without cerebral ischemia, six to hyperthermia during recirculation (after return of intracellular pH to preischemic values), and 14 to normothermic ischemia and recirculation. Our data indicate that preischemic hyperthermia results in an intracellular cerebral pH during recirculation significantly lower than that in normothermic cats. In hyperthermic cats beta-ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations and the ratio of PCr to inorganic phosphate failed to return to preischemic levels during recirculation in contrast to normothermic cats. Hyperthermia without ischemia and hyperthermia during recirculation had no significant effect on intracellular pH. Thus, preischemic hyperthermia has a detrimental effect on metabolic recovery after transient global cerebral ischemia. PMID- 3201512 TI - Immunohistochemical investigation of ischemic and postischemic damage after bilateral carotid occlusion in gerbils. AB - We investigated progression and recovery of neuronal damage during and after global cerebral ischemia in gerbils after bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries, using the immunohistochemical method (reaction for tubulin and creatine kinase BB-isoenzyme). The earliest, but reversible, ischemic lesions occurred after 3 minutes' ischemia in the subiculum-CA1 and CA2 regions of the hippocampus. The lesions became irreversible after 4 minutes' ischemia. The ischemic and postischemic lesions in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and caudoputamen were partially or completely reversible if the ischemic period was 5 minutes, whereas delayed degeneration occurred in the pyramidal cells of the medial CA1 region after reperfusion for 48 hours (delayed neuronal death). After 10 minutes' ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, delayed neuronal death extended from the medial to the lateral CA1 region; the ischemic and postischemic lesions in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and caudoputamen also expanded during reperfusion. Our investigation demonstrates that selective vulnerability existed in global cerebral ischemia as in incomplete or regional ischemia and suggests that neurons in many areas of the brain possessed the potential for recovery, progressive deterioration, and even delayed neuronal death depending on the severity and duration of cerebral ischemia. PMID- 3201513 TI - Protection against ischemic brain damage using propentofylline in gerbils. AB - We studied the xanthine derivative propentofylline (HWA 285) to determine its protection against ischemic brain damage when administered before and after ischemia. Transient forebrain ischemia was produced in 81 Mongolian gerbils by occluding both carotid arteries. The necessary surgery was performed under anesthesia with intraperitoneal pentobarbital/chloral hydrate 2 days before occlusion. We tested the parameters delayed selective hippocampal nerve cell damage, generation of seizures, and survival. Determination of the dose-response relation revealed the optimal dose of HWA 285 to be 10 mg/kg i.p. The effect of the drug on delayed selective nerve cell damage in the hippocampus was assessed by measuring the intensity of Nissl staining in the CA1 area by means of densitometry 4 days after a 10-minute occlusion. Gerbils treated with HWA 285 revealed significant protection of the CA1 neurons even when the drug was applied 1 hour after the end of the occlusion. In contrast to HWA 285, pentobarbital provided no detectable protection of the CA1 neurons in our experimental model when administered 1 hour after occlusion, suggesting different mechanisms of action. After a 15-minute occlusion, all six untreated gerbils developed convulsions and died within 2 days. Chronic (daily) treatment of nine gerbils with HWA 285 prevented the generation of convulsions in eight and allowed seven to survive for greater than 12 days. PMID- 3201514 TI - Light and electron microscopic study of lipid accumulation along margins of experimental cerebral infarcts in rats. AB - Using light and electron microscopy, we studied the interaction between lipids and host tissue for up to 15 days after experimentally produced cerebral infarcts in 16 rats. A lipid-dense zone was formed along the periphery of the infarcts before a glial response started; a glycogen-rich zone appeared peripheral to the lipid zone. Macrophages and astrocytes then started to proliferate in the lipid and glycogen-rich zones. The cerebral tissue within the lipid zone underwent complete necrosis. Ultrastructurally, lipids were observed in the edematous areas as well as in various types of hematogenous and resident cells. Glycogen granules were present mainly in the astrocytic processes. Macrophages rapidly evolved into foamy macrophages in the central necrotic areas, whereas foamy transformation was not striking in the peripheral, less injured areas. Reactive fibrous astrocytes also contained varying amounts of lipids. The exact biologic significance of the lipid zone in the premacrophagic stage remains unclear; however, since lipids are hydrophobic, they may function as a barrier against edema fluid extension into the adjacent tissue. PMID- 3201515 TI - Cerebral lactate detected by regional proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a patient with cerebral infarction. AB - Water-suppressed image-guided localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed in a 59-year-old woman with two major brain infarcts. Spectra were measured in the infarcts, in an area between the infarcts, and in the healthy hemisphere. The volumes of interest were selected on the basis of a fast T2 weighted image. A 1331-2662 Hahn spin-echo sequence was used to suppress the water in the 8-cm3 volume that was selected by means of spatially resolved spectroscopy or stimulated echoes. The spectra were obtained in 5 minutes' accumulation time. Spectral editing was applied to separate the resonance of lactate from that of other substances. Our results show no increase of lactate concentration within the infarcts after 6 months; however, a resonance was observed at 1.6 ppm, which is assigned to fatty acids. Peak intensities of brain specific compounds were decreased. Six months after the onset of clinical symptoms (at the time of bypass surgery), a fivefold increase in lactate concentration compared with normal values was observed in the area between the two infarcts. Four months after bypass surgery, the lactate concentration in this area had decreased to only twice normal. We speculate that lactate is a marker of reversible or impending brain damage. PMID- 3201516 TI - Lower cranial nerve palsies due to internal carotid dissection. AB - A 41-year-old man experienced intense headache and neck pain, bruits, and a complete unilateral cranial nerve palsy IX-XII (Collet-Sicard syndrome) after a trivial back trauma. Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography demonstrated features of bilateral internal carotid artery dissection with aneurysm formation at the base of the skull compressing the nerves at the level of the jugular foramen. Severe dysphagia persisted for 1 month but rapidly improved after occlusion of the carotid aneurysm with a detachable balloon. PMID- 3201518 TI - Multiple strokes due to atrial myxoma with a negative echocardiogram. AB - We report a patient with three cerebrovascular events involving the posterior circulation, one of which occurred in conjunction with central retinal artery occlusion. The patient had constitutional findings but had a normal cardiac examination, negative echocardiogram, and negative blood cultures. Angiography on two separate occasions revealed left vertebral artery occlusion. Repeat echocardiography 10 months later, at the time of the third stroke, revealed a left atrial mass consistent with myxoma. In patients with repetitive unexplained embolic events in different vascular distributions and constitutional findings suggestive of atrial myxoma, repeat noninvasive studies are indicated even if the initial workup is negative. PMID- 3201517 TI - Alcoholic intracerebral hemorrhage. AB - Six alcoholic patients developed extensive cerebral hemispheric hemorrhages with both intraventricular and subarachnoid blood. All patients had evidence of liver damage, low platelet counts, and abnormal prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times. Four patients presented with seizures; in two of the four, these seizures were initially diagnosed as alcohol withdrawal seizures. Four patients were comatose with lateralizing neurologic deficit; two patients were comatose without lateralizing neurologic deficit, suggesting a metabolic encephalopathy. In one patient there was delayed neurologic deterioration. In all six patients, computed tomography showed large diffuse cerebral hemispheric hemorrhages, prominent intraventricular blood, and breakthrough into the subarachnoid spaces, which was confirmed by necropsy findings. There was marked mass effect but minimal surrounding edema. All six patients died. In three, autopsy showed no evidence of aneurysm, vascular malformation, neoplasm, or amyloid angiopathy and no arteriolar hypertensive changes. PMID- 3201519 TI - Cerebrovascular disease in the postpartum period. PMID- 3201520 TI - Decline in the incidence of stroke. PMID- 3201521 TI - Superiority of disease-specific over conventional formula in predicting creatinine clearance from serum creatinine in patients with liver cirrhosis. AB - To determine if liver cirrhosis may influence the accuracy of formulas estimating creatinine clearance (Clcr) from serum creatinine, we compared the measured and estimated Clcr in 95 male (group A) and 47 female cirrhotic patients (group B). The Clcr values of group A and B patients were estimated with the equations obtained from 93 male (group C) and 86 female patients (group D) who were free of liver disease: the mean estimation errors (+/- SD) for the group C and D patients with the equations obtained from their own population data were 5 +/- 24% and 4 +/- 22%, respectively. However, these equations significantly (p less than 0.01) overestimated the Clcr of cirrhotic patients: the mean estimation errors for the group A and B patients were 35 +/- 43% and 14 +/- 27%, respectively. In contrast, the mean estimation errors for the group A and B patients using cirrhotic patient specific equations obtained from their own population data were 5 +/- 33% and 3 +/- 25%, respectively. The accuracy of these disease-specific formulas was also confirmed in a prospective manner in 43 male (group E) and 21 female cirrhotic patients (group F): the mean estimation errors for the group E and F patients were 2 +/- 32% and -7 +/- 29%, respectively. We conclude that the Clcr values of cirrhotic patients, particularly male patients, may not be accurately estimated with equations of formulas deriving from liver disease-free patients, but should be estimated using their own population data. PMID- 3201522 TI - Temperature dependence of phenytoin-protein binding in serum: effects of uremia and hypoalbuminemia. AB - Phenytoin-protein binding was determined as a function of temperature in uremic patients with normal albumin and in uremic patients with hypoalbuminemia. Free phenytoin levels were determined in ultrafiltrates (MPS-1; Amicon, Lexington, MA, U.S.A.) from serum equilibrated at either 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 degrees C. Scatchard analyses showed significant differences in phenytoin-protein binding affinity as a function of temperature. Linear regression plots of free phenytoin versus temperature showed the slopes of the uremic and uremic with hypoalbuminemia patients (0.546 and 0.535, respectively) to be 3 times that of patients with normal renal function (0.174). Free phenytoin was analyzed in 150 patients with normal renal function in whom the total phenytoin was in the range of 38.0-80.8 mumol/L. The ultrafiltrate, prepared at 22 +/- 0.5 degrees C, resulted in free phenytoin levels in the range of 3.2-8.3 mumol/L. We have established this as the therapeutic range for the patient population seen at this medical center. PMID- 3201523 TI - Single-dose kinetics of an enteric-coated formulation of carbamazepine-10,11 epoxide, an active metabolite of carbamazepine. AB - The kinetics of an enteric-coated formulation of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ E) were studied in healthy subjects. A single oral dose of 100 mg of CBZ-E was given to eight subjects. Four of them were also given a single oral dose of 200 mg of CBZ-E. Plasma concentrations of CBZ-E and urinary excretion of the end metabolite trans-10,11-dihydroxy-10,11-dihydro-carbamazepine (trans-CBZ-diol) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Plasma kinetics of CBZ E fitted an open one-compartment model with plasma elimination half-life of 7.4 +/- 1.8 h (mean +/- SD). The clearance was 105 +/- 17 ml/kg/h and the apparent volume of distribution 1.1 +/- 0.2 L/kg assuming complete bioavailability. There was no indication of dose-dependent elimination of CBZ-E. The recovery of trans CBZ-diol in urine collected for 3 days was 67 +/- 9% of the given dose. This enteric-coated formulation may thus in the future be used for the evaluation of the clinical effects of CBZ-E in patients. PMID- 3201524 TI - Physiological disposition of intravenously administered 14C-labeled diltiazem in healthy volunteers. AB - We have investigated the pharmacokinetics of 14C-labeled diltiazem, 20 mg, given as an i.v. infusion over 20 min in 10 healthy volunteers. This disposition of the drug could be described using a two-compartment model with half-lives of 0.40 +/- 0.48 h (mean +/- SD) in the alpha phase and 2.77 +/- 0.82 h in the beta phase. Systemic clearance was 992 +/- 159 ml/min; the volume of the central compartment was 119 +/- 77 L, and the volume of distribution at steady state was 209 +/- 56 L. The concentrations of metabolites (deacetyldiltiazem, N-demethyldiltiazem, and N-demethyl-deacetyldiltiazem) were low, and no pharmacokinetic parameters for these could be calculated. The median cumulative excretion of radioactivity during 120 h was 87.3%. The drug was mainly excreted in urine (71.1 +/- 7.8%), and the remaining amounts was excreted in feces. There were slight but significant decreases in supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate. The PQ interval was significantly prolonged for 5 h, and in multiple regression analyses there were good correlations (p less than 0.01) between PQ intervals and logarithms of plasma concentrations of diltiazem. PMID- 3201526 TI - Gentamicin monitoring in neonates. AB - The elimination of gentamicin (G) was studied in 103 neonates (30 premature) during the first month of life after 2.5 mg/kg i.v. (as infusion) over 20-30 min. G plasma levels, measured by EMIT assay, were obtained before and at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h after infusion. We derived individual first-order kinetic parameters and designed optimal dose regimens. G plasma clearance, half-life, and recommended dose (mg/kg/h) changed exponentially with postnatal age during the first 14 days of life. No significant changes in kinetic values were noted during the first 3 days of life; however, they varied linearly with gestational age when they were measured during this period. Apgar score at 10 min and blood urea nitrogen significantly influenced the same parameters. The predictive value of a designed dose regimen was evaluated at steady-state, after dosage adjustment using two plasma concentration values: the minimum plasma concentration was below 2 mg/L in 93% of the patients; the plasma concentration observed within 1 h after completion of the infusion was (mean +/- SD) 5.33 +/- 0.97 mg/L. Our data suggest that 2.5 mg/kg every 12 h is appropriate in most neonates except for 0-2-day-old premature infants who require 2.5 mg/kg every 18 h. Monitoring of G plasma levels is advisable in infants with low Apgar score and/or renal failure. PMID- 3201527 TI - Simultaneous determination of metoprolol and alpha-hydroxymetoprolol in human plasma and urine by liquid chromatography with a preliminary observation on metoprolol oxidation in Japanese subjects. AB - A simple, sensitive, and highly reliable liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection is described for the simultaneous determination of metoprolol and alpha-hydroxymetoprolol in plasma and urine. This method involves a single extraction of the compounds with the internal standard pindolol from alkalinized plasma or urine into dichloromethane. A reconstituted aliquot with a mobile phase is injected onto a reversed-phase, Zorbax ODS column, and the detection is achieved by the excitation and emission wavelengths at 230 and 300 nm, respectively. The assay is reproducible and precise for metoprolol and alpha hydroxymetoprolol in both plasma and urine samples, as judged by a coefficient of variation of less than 9.2% at all concentrations examined. The standard curves for metoprolol and alpha-hydroxymetoprolol are linear over 10-200 ng/ml in plasma and over 0.5-10 micrograms/ml in urine. The lower detection limit is 2 ng/ml for each of the compounds in plasma using a 0.5-ml sample. Preliminary data on the oxidation polymorphism of metoprolol in Japanese subjects are reported using the current assay method. In 183 Japanese subjects no poor metabolizer of metoprolol has been identified so far. PMID- 3201525 TI - An approach to forecast aminoglycoside-related nephrotoxicity from routinely collected clinical data. AB - Routinely collected clinical data on 104 critically ill patients who had received an aminoglycoside (gentamicin or tobramycin) were evaluated using a proposed approach to forecast aminoglycoside-related nephrotoxicity. Observed steady-state peak and trough concentrations were greater than the respective predicted values when one-compartment model was assumed. This difference was particularly eminent for trough concentrations. The bias (difference between predicted and observed values) for trough concentrations was analyzed assuming tissue accumulation by an extended least-squares method to estimate population pharmacokinetics. The mean values for terminal half-life of gentamicin and tobramycin in patients who did not develop nephrotoxicity were estimated to be approximately 50 and 116 h, respectively. By using these values, the bias of trough concentration was found to be greater in patients who developed nephrotoxicity during or within 60 days after the therapy than in those who did not. Our results suggest that assessing the bias of steady-state trough concentrations of aminoglycosides can provide a useful index to forecast an aminoglycoside-induced nephrotoxicity. PMID- 3201529 TI - Evaluation of chromatographic and kit immunoassay techniques for the measurement of theophylline in serum: a study based on external quality assurance measurements. AB - The accuracy and precision of assay techniques used to measure theophylline concentrations in human serum were compared using data from 96 samples from the Heathcontrol external quality assurance scheme. Abbott TDX had the highest precision, with a mean coefficient of variation (CV) of measurements of 6.4%, and Ames Fluorostat was most accurate, with a mean bias of +0.1%. Differences between the better techniques, however, were not significant. The Beckman ICS assay gave the lowest precision (CV 9.3%) and, in addition, produced the highest proportion (7.5%) of rejected observations greater than 3 standard deviations from the sample mean. The least accurate method was radioimmunoassay, with a -9.9% bias. Measurements from two samples spiked with paraxanthine demonstrated that 76% of laboratories using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) were unable to distinguish between paraxanthine and theophylline. The +4% bias observed at low concentrations and the high variability (CV 8.3%) of measurements made by HPLC were thus attributed to interference by paraxanthine present in the sample matrix. Discriminant analysis of a range of HPLC column and mobile phase parameters indicated that separation of theophylline and paraxanthine was achieved by the use of lower flow rates with mobile phases of solvent mixtures with lower proton donator selectivity. PMID- 3201528 TI - A nonradioactive iothalamate method for measuring glomerular filtration rate and its use to study the renal handling of cibenzoline. AB - A high-pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed to measure nonradioactive iothalamate in serum and urine for use in estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This method was used to study the renal handling of cibenzoline, an experimental antiarrhythmic drug. The mean cibenzoline clearance was 3.5 +/- 2.5 (SD) times the glomerular filtration rate. The clearance of non protein-bound cibenzoline was seven times GFR, indicating excretion by the renal tubular secretory pathway for organic bases. This drug, at the doses used, did not lower creatinine clearance, indicating that the effect of basic drugs competing with creatinine for the base secretory pathway appears to be dose and drug dependent. PMID- 3201530 TI - Use of a monoclonal antibody for the therapeutic monitoring of cyclosporine in plasma and whole blood. AB - The evaluation of a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the monitoring of cyclosporine (CSA) that utilizes a monoclonal antibody specific for the parent compound is described. The assay exhibited good analytical recovery (greater than 95%), precision (coefficient of variation less than 10%), and linearity in plasma and whole blood specimens. The percentage cross reactivity of the major CSA metabolites M-17, M-1, and M-21 was less than 2%. The RIA gave values that were on average indistinguishable from those obtained by high-pressure liquid chromatography in plasma and whole blood specimens obtained from 49 renal transplant recipients. PMID- 3201531 TI - Evaluation of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay procedure for quantitation of isepamicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic. AB - A fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) procedure for measuring isepamicin, a new aminoglycoside antibiotic, was evaluated. The range of the assay studied was from 0.3-50 micrograms/ml and the calibration curve can be stored for at least 32 days. There was no interference from hemoglobin (up to 400 mg/dl) and bilirubin (up to 20 mg/dl). Within-run precision on each 20 replicates at 5, 15, and 25 micrograms/ml yielded a coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.44 2.52%; between-run precision on analyses at 5, 15, and 25 micrograms/ml over five periods yielded a CV of 1.26-1.59%. Cross-reactivities of the assay system with tobramycin and amikacin were null, but that with gentamicin, of which isepamicin is a derivative, was approximately 14-29%. Data obtained by microbiological assay and FPIA and by high-performance liquid chromatography and FPIA correlated significantly, with coefficients of correlation being 0.980 (n = 70) and 0.965 (n = 39), respectively. The FPIA offers a rapid, efficient, and accurate system for therapeutic monitoring of isepamicin plasma levels. PMID- 3201532 TI - Sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for determination of amiloride in biologic fluids using an ion-pair extraction method. AB - The paucity of data on disposition of the potassium-retaining diuretic amiloride is mainly owing to the lack of sensitive and specific analytic methods for measuring the drug in biologic fluids. Poor lipophilicity and extremely low plasma concentrations impose severe constraints. A method is described for analysing plasma and urine concentrations of amiloride using an ion-pair extraction method and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Amiloride and internal standard triamterene form an ion pair with bromothymol blue at pH 7.6. The ion-pairs are extracted into diethyl ether: dichloromethane (2:1), and back-extraction into 0.1% tetrabutylammonium hydroxide liberates the drugs from their ion pairs. Analyses are performed using HPLC with a reverse-phase C18 column and a mobile phase of 11% acetonitrile and 0.5% triethylamine adjusted to pH 3. Amiloride is quantified using fluorescence detection (366-nm excitation, 418-nm emission cutoff). Retention times are 2.2 and 6.0 min for amiloride and triamterene, respectively. The sensitivity limit is 0.2 ng/ml, and recovery is 82% for amiloride and 71% for triamterene. Calibration curves are linear (range 0.25-25 ng/ml for plasma and 0.05-2.0 micrograms/ml for urine). Inter- and intraday assay variability is less than 8% and precision is within 5%. The assay is of sufficient sensitivity and specificity for the study of the pharmacokinetics of amiloride in humans. PMID- 3201533 TI - Phenytoin and phenobarbital assayed by the ACCULEVEL method compared with EMIT in an outpatient clinic setting. AB - The ACCULEVEL (Syntex) therapeutic drug assay technique was evaluated for phenytoin and phenobarbital in 30 patients with epilepsy who attended a neurology outpatient clinic. This finger-prick whole blood method is calibrated by the manufacturer to give assay results equivalent to plasma drug concentration. The results were compared with EMIT (Syva) technique measurements on the plasma from venous blood drawn simultaneously. The results presented show regression lines of y = 0.91x + 10.8, (r2 = 0.92) and y = 0.97x + 5.01, (r2 = 0.77) for phenytoin and phenobarbital (microM), respectively, when the ACCULEVEL finger-prick blood assay was compared with the EMIT venous plasma assay. Acceptable precision and accuracy data are presented for replicated ACCULEVEL assays. The ACCULEVEL method was found to be reliable when performed by a laboratory technician and provides a very convenient quantitative drug assay that could easily be performed by a variety of individuals at a site remote from laboratory facilities. PMID- 3201534 TI - Liquid chromatographic assay for serum clonazepam. AB - An improved reversed-phase liquid chromatographic assay for the anticonvulsant clonazepam in human serum is presented. The drug and two internal standards are extracted from serum with n-butyl chloride at pH 9.2, back-extracted into 2 N HCl, and then extracted at pH 11 into a solvent mixture of chloroform/isopropanol (9:1 by volume). The final extract is evaporated to dryness, reconstituted, and injected into a cyanopropylsilane liquid chromatography column with a mobile phase of 0.5 N acetic acid, acetonitrile, and n-butylamine (59:41:0.005 by volume, respectively). Linearity to 400 micrograms/L was demonstrated, and the detection limit was found to be approximately 5 micrograms/L. Relative recovery from serum as compared to water was approximately 100% for clonazepam and the two internal standards, flunitrazepam and desmethyldiazepam. Within-run precision at 40 micrograms/L was demonstrated by a coefficient of variation (CV) of 2.60% (flunitrazepam internal standard) and 2.53% (desmethyldiazepam internal standard). Between-day multiple analyst precision was demonstrated by a CV of 8.98% (mean 10.09 micrograms/L, n = 77) and 6.51% (mean 28.14 micrograms/L, n = 81) using either internal standard. Capacity factor diagrams reveal at least a dual mechanism separation. Chromatograms of the analysis of clonazepam and other benzodiazepines are presented. The extraction has been optimized for selectivity, thereby minimizing interference from drugs and other extraneous compounds. The chromatographic system has been optimized for speed, efficiency, resolution, and stability and avoids the problem of carbamazepine interference that is commonly encountered with other reversed-phase procedures using octylsilane or octadecylsilane columns. PMID- 3201535 TI - Serum amphotericin-B assay by scanning spectrophotometer. AB - We describe a simple, specific, 3-min assay for amphotericin-B in serum based on the absorbance at 408 nm and spectral scanning between 450 and 350 nm of the drug in acetonitrile extracts. The method correlated well with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. PMID- 3201536 TI - Simplified phenotyping with dextromethorphan by thin-layer chromatography: application to clinical laboratory screening for deficiencies in oxidative drug metabolism. AB - Identifying individuals with a deficient capacity for oxidative drug metabolism is of increasing clinical importance. Dextromethorphan (DM) is gaining wide acceptance as a probe drug to characterize individual expression of a specific cytochrome P-450 isozyme. The thin-layer chromatography (TLC) technique described in the present study is a rapid and inexpensive alternative to the methods currently available for assessing the urinary metabolic profile of DM. Sixty-five healthy volunteers participated in the study by ingesting 213 mmol DM and collecting all urine for the ensuing 8 h. Urine samples were analyzed by TLC and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after treatment with beta glucuronidase. Based on the relative color intensities of DM and its O demethylated metabolite, dextrorphan, the TLC analysis provided an accurate phenotype assessment. A greater intensity of the parent drug relative to the metabolite indicates a poor metabolizer phenotype whereas a reversed relative intensity indicates the extensive metabolizer phenotype. The phenotype assignments made by TLC were verified by comparison with the quantitative results (based on metabolic ratios) obtained from HPLC analysis. Complete agreement was found between the two methods. The routine implementation of phenotype determination into clinical protocols can be realized with this facile TLC technique. PMID- 3201537 TI - Clinical response and total and unbound plasma concentrations after lidocaine overdose. AB - Plasma and unbound concentrations and hemodynamic and CNS effects were monitored in a patient after overdose of 2 g of lidocaine HCl infused during 1 h. Hypotension, decreased heart rate, tremors, and nonresponsiveness to stimuli were observed at plasma and unbound concentrations of 17.7 and 12.0 micrograms/ml. The half-lives of decline of plasma and unbound concentrations were 3.8 and 2.7 h; the difference in half-lives was due to nonlinear plasma protein binding. PMID- 3201538 TI - Comparison of different methods for lysing whole blood to measure cyclosporin A by radioimmunoassay. PMID- 3201539 TI - Intra- and interindividual relationship between serum levels and dose in epileptic patients treated with carbamazepine monotherapy. PMID- 3201540 TI - Traumatic injury to the thorax. PMID- 3201541 TI - Effective communication with sales representatives. PMID- 3201542 TI - Nursing time for patient education. PMID- 3201544 TI - Supervision. PMID- 3201545 TI - Project 2000: phantom or phoenix? PMID- 3201546 TI - The ten commandments and how to get out of them. PMID- 3201543 TI - Room with a view. PMID- 3201547 TI - At your service--managing your finances. PMID- 3201549 TI - A place to call my own. PMID- 3201550 TI - First among equals. PMID- 3201551 TI - Biology of transfusion-induced immunosuppression. Proceedings of a symposium. Snowbird, Utah, January 20-23, 1988. PMID- 3201552 TI - Comparison of the transfusion effect in North America and Europe. PMID- 3201548 TI - Parkinson Peter. PMID- 3201553 TI - Peroperative transfusions. PMID- 3201554 TI - DR phenotype matching and transfusion in patients treated with cyclosporine. PMID- 3201555 TI - Risk factors for rejection in a donor-specific transfusion plus azathioprine protocol. PMID- 3201556 TI - Factors in transfusion-related enhanced tumor growth. PMID- 3201557 TI - Perioperative blood transfusions and colorectal cancer outcome. PMID- 3201558 TI - Current strategy for donor-specific blood transfusions including a pre- and post transplant role for azathioprine. AB - The optimal use of the DST protocol has been defined with a preference for the protocol in patients undergoing a first transplant with a low pre-DST PRA. Azathioprine coverage during DST administration in this group assures a low sensitization rate. In addition, a posttransplant immunosuppressive protocol is introduced that includes very low-dosage P and Cs therapy along with limited-dose Aza. Preliminary results appear to indicate that this may possibly further improve graft survival; but, most importantly, it will reduce problems and complications associated with steroid and Cs therapy. PMID- 3201559 TI - [Epidemiology and medical statistics: elements of methodology (I)]. PMID- 3201560 TI - [Epidemiology of hydatid cyst in Tunisia (apropos of 4124 cases of surgically treated patients 1977-1982)]. PMID- 3201561 TI - [Don't forget favus]. PMID- 3201562 TI - [Severe infectious purpura in children. Apropos of 60 cases]. PMID- 3201563 TI - [The computer in independent psychiatric practice]. PMID- 3201564 TI - [Idiopathic primary hyperaldosteronism: a study apropos of a case]. PMID- 3201565 TI - [Epidemiologic studies of attempted suicides hospitalized at the university hospital center in Monastir]. PMID- 3201566 TI - [Use of disc-vertebral puncture in the diagnosis of spondylodiscitis--apropos of 17 cases]. PMID- 3201568 TI - [Candida esophagitis. Apropos of 9 cases]. PMID- 3201567 TI - [Ender's bone nailing: special indications and results]. PMID- 3201569 TI - [Clinical and anatomic aspects of oxalosis. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3201570 TI - [Acute renal insufficiency secondary to gentamicin]. PMID- 3201571 TI - [Epidemiology of AIDS]. PMID- 3201572 TI - [Epidemiology and medical statistics: protocol and preparation of an etiologic study (II)]. PMID- 3201573 TI - [Systematic research on latent genital herpes in primipara referrals]. PMID- 3201574 TI - [Gastric ulcers. 17th Maghrebin Medical Congress. Tunis, 30-31 May & 1 June 1988]. PMID- 3201575 TI - [Anatomo-physiologic review of the stomach]. PMID- 3201576 TI - [The gastric ulcer: the main etiopathogenetic trends]. PMID- 3201577 TI - [The circumstances of discovery and the complications of gastric ulcers. Results of a retrospective study of 575 gastric ulcers]. PMID- 3201578 TI - [The gastric ulcer: endoscopy]. PMID- 3201579 TI - [Type III ulcers (pre-pyloric ulcers and ulcers of the distal portion of the antrum). Apropos of 62 cases]. PMID- 3201581 TI - [An anatomopathologic study of gastric ulcer in Tunisia]. PMID- 3201580 TI - [Complicated gastric ulcers. Therapeutic measures]. PMID- 3201582 TI - [A study of early surgical outcomes]. PMID- 3201583 TI - [Sequelae of surgery of gastric ulcers]. PMID- 3201584 TI - [17th Maghrebin Medical Congress. Tunis, 30-31 May and 1 June 1988. Abstracts]. PMID- 3201585 TI - [Contribution of statistical methodology in medical writing]. PMID- 3201586 TI - [Juvenile chronic arthritis: a longitudinal study of a Tunisian series of 46 cases]. PMID- 3201587 TI - [Multiple myeloma. Clinical hematological manifestations and anomalies of the hemogram. A retrospective study of 113 cases]. PMID- 3201588 TI - [Importance of searching for LAV antibodies in multitransfused persons]. PMID- 3201589 TI - [Epidemiological aspects of hepatitis B in military environment]. PMID- 3201590 TI - [Rectal prolapse in adults. Apropos of 9 cases treated by the Orr-Loygue technic]. PMID- 3201591 TI - [Treatment of pyonephrosis. A comparative study apropos of 36 cases]. PMID- 3201592 TI - [Perinephric phlegmon. Current aspects of diagnosis and treatment (apropos of 20 cases)]. PMID- 3201594 TI - [Disaster medicine in Denmark]. PMID- 3201595 TI - [Development of epilepsy after the first seizure]. PMID- 3201593 TI - [Glanzmann thrombasthenia type II associated with visceral anomalies. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3201596 TI - [Hyperammonemia in children]. PMID- 3201597 TI - [Prenatal diagnosis of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency using a DNA marker analysis]. PMID- 3201598 TI - [Women applying for abortion and their knowledge about abortion]. PMID- 3201599 TI - [Information for women applying for abortion]. PMID- 3201600 TI - [Insulin-induced hypoglycemia. A retrospective study of 54 episodes]. PMID- 3201601 TI - [Chromosome analysis of infertile men]. PMID- 3201602 TI - [Frequency of hypomagnesemia in patients with acute medical conditions]. PMID- 3201603 TI - [Computer tomography of parotid gland tumors]. PMID- 3201604 TI - [Traumatic luxation of the distal radio-ulnar joint]. PMID- 3201605 TI - [Waiting lists for surgical interventions]. PMID- 3201606 TI - [Penicillin allergy. Diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3201607 TI - [EEG useless in tumor diagnosis]. PMID- 3201608 TI - [Dermatologic aspects of HIV infection]. PMID- 3201609 TI - [What determines the normal life span of erythrocytes?]. PMID- 3201610 TI - [Tarsal coalition]. PMID- 3201611 TI - [The frequency of injuries in running in races]. PMID- 3201612 TI - [Suicide among children and young people under 30]. PMID- 3201614 TI - [Peripartum hysterectomy in Denmark in 1978-1984]. PMID- 3201613 TI - [Regional distribution and possibilities for psychiatric treatment. A review of the psychiatric activity at the Copenhagen County Hospital in Gentofte in 1985]. PMID- 3201615 TI - [Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in syringomyelia]. PMID- 3201616 TI - [Patello-femoral instability and malalignment surgically treated by the Trillat method]. PMID- 3201618 TI - [Serum parathyroid hormone (1-84) assessed by immunoradiometric methods can differentiate malignant hypercalcemia and primary hyperparathyroidism]. PMID- 3201617 TI - [Patients with apoplexy treated with silicone bandaging of the toes]. PMID- 3201619 TI - [Postoperative urinary retention]. PMID- 3201620 TI - [Ofloxacin (Tarivid)]. PMID- 3201621 TI - [Relief of pain during labor with bupivacaine administered epidurally and morphine. Intrathecal administration of morphine]. PMID- 3201622 TI - [The use of naloxone (Narcantil) in newborns after maternal analgesia with meperidine]. PMID- 3201623 TI - [The standardized prothrombin time determination, International Normalized Ratio (INR) and the therapeutic intervals]. PMID- 3201624 TI - [Somatopsychological and psychosocial consequences of rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3201625 TI - [The effect of multidisciplinary group advice for patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3201626 TI - [Prostatic abscess. The differential diagnosis and treatment]. PMID- 3201627 TI - [Resistance to antibiotics in gram-positive bacteria from blood cultures]. PMID- 3201628 TI - [Female-to-female transmission of HIV]. PMID- 3201629 TI - [Social-medical cooperation]. PMID- 3201630 TI - Effect of benzazole-related centrally acting muscle relaxants on HPNS. AB - A series of benzazole-related, centrally acting muscle relaxants, comprising benzimidazole, chlorzoxazone, and zoxazolamine, were found to give substantial protection against the tremors and convulsions associated with the high pressure neurologic syndrome (HPNS) in the mouse. In this respect they represent a new class of nonanesthetic, anti-HPNS agents. Their anti-HPNS properties, like those previously established for the mephenesin group of centrally acting muscle relaxants, seem to be related to their ability to antagonize the convulsive action of strychnine. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that one of the principal effects of pressure, expressed as HPNS, arises from a perturbation of strychnine-sensitive mechanisms. PMID- 3201631 TI - Central nervous system oxygen toxicity in the resting rat: postponement by intermittent oxygen exposure. AB - Intermittent O2 breathing is a proven means of delaying pulmonary O2 toxicity during exposure to hyperbaric oxygen. The effect of an intermittent exposure in the pressure range toxic to the CNS was studied. Conscious, unrestrained rats, implanted with cortical EEG electrodes were subjected at 5 and 6 ATA to alternating periods of 7 min O2 and 7 or 10 min of either air, normoxic nitrox, or N2O-air (the latter mixture being equinarcotic to pure O2). Altogether, nearly half of the animals survived 90 min of intermittent breathing, with no grossly abnormal EEG patterns. At that time, labored breathing (associated with mild lung pathology) supervened. In the remaining animals, seizure patterns in the EEG appeared after a mean cumulative O2 breathing time of 20 min (compared to 9 min during a continuous exposure). Forty percent were affected while breathing the alternating mixture (low-PO2 seizures), mostly soon after switching of the gas. The nature of the alternating mixture did not affect the outcome of the high-PO2 seizures nor did the length of the interim periods. Normoxic nitrox increased and N2O-air reduced the incidence of low-PO2 seizures. At 5 ATA only 10% of the animals experienced high-PO2 seizures. While swift reversibility of the toxic process is indicated, the low-PO2 seizures with as yet an undetermined mechanism pose a serious obstacle for intermittent exposures at this pressure range. PMID- 3201632 TI - Effects of high pressure and vanadium on cell growth. AB - We have investigated the effects on cultured cells of high pressure separately and combined with vanadate. Growth of Chinese hamster ovary cells was reduced at pressure above 75 bar; the reduction was 31.6% at 185 bar. Vanadate inhibited cell growth at 5 microM and abolished growth at 100 microM. Combined exposure to vanadate and high pressure changed the toxicity of vanadate: at 5 microM, the toxicity decreased for pressure up to 100 bar; above 100 bar, 5 microM vanadate was more toxic to the cells than at normobaric pressure. PMID- 3201633 TI - Breath-hold duration in man and the diving response induced by face immersion. AB - The objective of this study in 5 selected volunteer subjects was to see whether the circulatory diving response which is elicited by breath holding and by cold water on the face would affect the duration of maximal-effort breath holds. Compared to control measurements (breath holding during resting, breathing with 35 degrees C water on the face) breath holding with the face cooled by 20 degrees C water caused a 12% reduction of heart rate, 6% reduction of cardiac output, 33% reduction in [corrected] forearm blood flow, and 9% rise in mean arterial blood pressure, but there was no difference in breath-hold duration (control and experimental both 94 s). There were also no differences in time of appearance of the first involuntary respiratory efforts during breath holding, in alveolar gas exchange, or in breaking-point alveolar O2 and CO2 tensions. When the diving response was magnified by a brief bout of exercise so that there was a 19% [corrected] reduction in heart rate, 23% reduction in cardiac output, and 48% reduction in forearm blood flow, breath-hold duration was still unaffected by face cooling. Compared to intermittent immersions, continuous exposure of the face to cold water abolished the diving response, probably by a cold adaptation of facial thermal receptors. These results with cooling of the face only are consistent with our earlier finding that there was a negative correlation between the duration of a maximal-effort breath hold and the diving response during whole body submersion in cold water. PMID- 3201634 TI - Manifestations and treatment of 793 cases of decompression sickness in a compressed air tunneling project in Hong Kong. AB - In the largest compressed air tunneling contract for the construction of the Island Line of the Mass Transit Railway system in Hong Kong, 154,390 man decompressions occurred, of which 142,140 were after exposures to 1 bar (1.97 ATA, 14.7 psig) or above. The maximum working pressure (MWP) was 3.30 bar (4.26 ATA, 47.9 psig). There were 792 cases of type I and 1 case of type II decompression sickness. The manifestations of the cases were generally similar to those reported elsewhere. Oxygen treatment was given to 9 cases and all were successfully treated with no recurrence of symptoms. Minimum effective pressure treatment on 783 type I cases was successful, with 9.6% requiring two or more recompressions. The pressure required to relieve symptoms was more closely related to the interval between completion of decompression after work and commencement of treatment than to the delay between onset of symptoms and treatment. For every 1-h interval or every 1-h delay, an additional pressure of 0.04 bar (0.04 ATA, 0.58 psi) above MWP was required for pain relief. Step-wise multiple regression analysis showed that the four predictors for pressure of relief and the highest pressure used in recompression, respectively, were, in order of descending importance, maximum working pressure, interval before treatment, bends sequence (the nth attack of bends experienced in the present contract, i.e., the sum of previous attacks and the present attack), and duration of exposure. PMID- 3201635 TI - Dysbaric osteonecrosis and its radiographic classification in China. AB - Dysbaric osteonecrosis was found in 259 cases among 2260 examined hyperbaric workers from several occupations. No positive cases were found in the divers in shipyards and diving experiments. Naval divers showed the lowest incidence (2.1%) and fishery divers the highest (19.8%). Distribution of long bone lesions was 46.0% in upper humerus, 37.7% in upper femur, 8.3% in lower femur, and 8.0% in upper tibia. We classify long bone lesions into three radiographic stages, the first two on the basis of size of the bone lesions as projected on the radiographs, and the third stage on the basis of extension of the lesion toward articular destruction. The three-stage classification system correlates with the clinical symptoms, and the working capacity of the individual patients tends to correlate with the severity of dysbaric osteonecrosis and can be understood by the general public. PMID- 3201636 TI - Radical prostatectomy in cases of prostatic carcinoma: the problem of postoperative urinary incontinence. PMID- 3201637 TI - A new microsurgical model for the study of carcinogenesis in colonic urinary diversion in rats. AB - A new rat model is presented to study the carcinogenesis in colonic urinary diversion. Surgical techniques performed on humans are simulated by microsurgery. The altered metabolism--hyperchloraemic acidosis--is taken into consideration. It seems to be an important co-factor for the carcinogenesis. PMID- 3201638 TI - Methods and prognosis of the extirpation of pulmonary metastases following tumor nephrectomy. AB - Nephrectomy was performed in 938 patients with renal carcinoma between the years 1960 and 1986. The cumulative survival rate was 78.7 +/- 2.7% after 1 year; 62.9 +/- 3.2% after 3 years; 52.4 +/- 3.5% after 5 years, and 38.0 +/- 4.1% after 10 years. Of this group, 39 patients with lung metastases underwent surgery of their metastases following radical surgical removal of their primary tumor. Using the so-called actuarial method of analysis, the cumulative survival rate of this group was 66.7 +/- 15.1% 1 year after the lung surgery; 47.6 +/- 16.3% after 3 years and 32.7 +/- 15.7% after 5 years. The survival rates were correlated with the number of metastases, the operative techniques employed, and with the time interval between primary tumor removal and the appearance of secondary lung metastases. A comparison was made between those patients who underwent curative lung surgery (R0 group) and those with residual tumor (R+ group). Follow-up of the tumor status at the end of the study of the 39 patients is presented. PMID- 3201639 TI - Mechanism of fragmentation of urinary stones by underwater shock wave. AB - The focusing of an underwater shock wave, generated by an underwater microexplosion, has been studied by several methods, such as holography, pressure measurement and pressure print. It has been shown that the shock wave could be focused within the range of a few millimeters and with an amplitude of 1 kbar. The acoustic impedances of various kinds of urinary stones were measured by the original graphical method using holographic interferrometry. The process of breaking a stone by a focused underwater shock wave was observed with high-speed cinematography. It was supposed that the main mechanism of breaking the stone is the tensile stress at the solid-water acoustic interface. PMID- 3201640 TI - Discrepancies between clinical and urodynamical findings: which are true? AB - Of 211 incontinent women the answer to each item of a questionnaire is correlated with the urodynamical data and the discriminative value for the type of incontinence is calculated. The relevant questions are discussed. PMID- 3201641 TI - Evaluation of intravesical alum irrigation for massive bladder hemorrhage. AB - The efficacy of intravesical alum irrigation was analyzed after application to 9 patients with continuous and severe bladder hemorrhage. Causes of bleeding were radiation cystitis in 4 patients, vesical invasion by cervical cancer in 3, bladder cancer in 1 and cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in 1. Though alum treatment was initially effective for control of massive bladder hemorrhage in all patients, it eventually failed to suppress a subsequent hemorrhage in 2 patients (78% success rate). No significant side effects directly related to this therapy were observed. In conclusion, alum irrigation is effective for controlling massive bladder hemorrhage for a rather short time. Therefore, additional treatment modalities should also be considered for primary diseases. PMID- 3201642 TI - Laser-assisted vasovasostomy in the rat. Comparison of CO2 and neodymium:YAG laser techniques. AB - A comparative study was undertaken to investigate the Nd:YAG and CO2 laser systems for laser-assisted vasovasostomies (LAVs). In 32 rats 64 vasovasostomies were performed, either conventionally sutured (CSV) or laser-welded (LAV-CO2 and LAV-Nd:YAG). Postoperative investigations included patency tests, gross examination, light and electron microscopy. The highest rate of sperm granulomas (50%) and the lowest patency rate (50%) was seen in the LAV-Nd:YAG group. LAV-CO2 showed the lowest rate of sperm granulomas (12.5%) and had a patency rate (82%) which was comparable to that of CSV (88%). Laser-assisted vas anastomosis is time saving and technically easy to perform. Contrary to microvascular anastomoses, where both laser types offer the same results, vas anastomosis is better done using a CO2 laser system. PMID- 3201643 TI - Biological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of a case of renal cell carcinoma occurring with bladder and contralateral adrenal metastasis. AB - We report a case of renal cell carcinoma occurring with bladder and contralateral adrenal metastasis discovered preoperatively with computerized tomography. Surgical treatment consisted of radical nephrectomy, with preservation of the ipsilateral adrenal gland, contralateral adrenalectomy, and transvesical resection of the bladder neoplasm. The hypothesis for the mechanism(s) of spread and treatment modalities are discussed. PMID- 3201644 TI - Association of renal cell carcinoma and angiomyolipoma in the same kidney. AB - We report a case of renal cell carcinoma associated with angiomyolipoma in the same kidney without tuberous sclerosis. This rare situation indicates the need for careful diagnosis and management of renal tumors. PMID- 3201646 TI - Inverted papilloma of renal pelvis associated with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. AB - A case of an inverted papilloma of the renal pelvis and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder diagnosed at the same time is reported. Because of malignant potential remaining, careful long-term follow-up is advisable. PMID- 3201647 TI - Granulocytic sarcoma of testis preceding acute myelocytic leukemia. AB - A unique case of granulocytic sarcoma of the testis as a first manifestation of acute myelocytic leukemia preceding hematologic pathology is reported. The testicular specimen was identified by immunoperoxidase staining to be composed of immature granulocytes. Acute myelocytic leukemia of which the first manifestation is a primary testicular tumor is extremely rare, and the related literature is reviewed. PMID- 3201645 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis. Report of two cases, one with simultaneous transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. AB - Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis is a very rare condition and represents less than 1% of renal pelvic tumors. Hydronephrosis of long duration, stones and inflammation are frequently associated with these tumors. We report 2 cases. In 1 of them, adenocarcinoma of the renal pelvis, pyelolithiasis and transitional carcinoma of the bladder were present simultaneously. The other patient had a history of abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer 10 years prior to the renal tumor. PMID- 3201648 TI - Emphysematous pyelonephritis with pneumocystitis. AB - Emphysematous pyelonephritis is an acute infectious process mostly associated with diabetes and obstruction. It is a life-threatening illness and treatment generally involves antibiotic therapy, surgical drainage and nephrectomy. The prognosis is poor regardless of therapy. Herein, we present a case with pneumocystitis. To our knowledge, there have been 54 cases previously reported. There is no doubt that emphysematous pyelonephritis with pneumocystitis as in our case is less frequent. PMID- 3201649 TI - Phosphohexose isomerase in hypernephroma. Significance as serum tumor marker, comparison to other glycolytic enzymes and isozyme patterns in normal and tumor tissue. AB - In hypernephroma an overall diagnostic sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 87% was found for the serum tumor marker phosphohexose isomerase (PHI). Both in early stage disease and in well differentiated tumors a sensitivity of about 60% was reached. In contrast the sensitivity of three other glycolytic enzymes tested was found to be less than 20%. Since the cancer induced elevation of PHI activity in the tumor was found to be comparable to those of the other test enzymes, elevated PHI serum activities cannot be attributed to overproportional PHI synthesis and unspecific cell-lysis. In 6 of 10 cases studied differences in the PHI isozyme pattern between the tumor and the normal tissue were found suggesting the occurrence of cancer associated structural alterations of PHI. PMID- 3201650 TI - Growth inhibiting effect of estramustine on two prostatic carcinoma cell lines, LNCaP and LNCaP-r. AB - The effect of estramustine (EM), estradiol-17 beta (E2) or 5 alpha dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on the growth of two human prostatic carcinoma cell lines, LNCaP and LNCaP-r was investigated. The hormone resistant subline LNCaP-r was derived in our laboratory, from the hormone sensitive LNCaP cell line. E2, 10(-8) or 10(-5) M inhibited the growth of the LNCaP cells, but did not affect the LNCaP-r. DHT, 10(-8) M, had a stabilizing effect at the stationary phase on the growth of the LNCaP cells whereas at higher concentrations, 10(-5) M, the growth rate was decreased. The LNCaP-r cell line was previously reported to be unaffected by DHT. EM inhibited the growth of both cell lines but LNCaP was more sensitive than LNCaP-r. E2 and DHT modulated the effect of EM. When treated with 10(-7) M EM, addition of E2 or DHT (10(-7)-10(-5) M) further inhibited the growth. When EM was used at a higher concentration (10(-5) M), the enhanced effect of growth inhibition by hormone addition was lost. Based on these results it is suggested that the presence of endogenous hormones, or estrogens released from EM on hydrolysis, may play a contributory role in the cytotoxicity of estramustine. PMID- 3201651 TI - Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in prostate and testis of wild animals and some histological remarks. AB - The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme pattern of prostate and of testis of 27 wild animals showed that in several species more than 5 isoenzymes are detected, with electrophoretic mobilities different to those found in humans. The LDH-X band, found in testis from mature humans is also observed in the testis of wild animals. However, in several species more than one LDH-X is found. The results obtained demonstrate their usefulness in phylogeny. The prostate gland and testis of the chimpanzee show the greatest resemblance to man. Histological examination of the prostate glands seems to correlate with the phylogenetical classification of the mammals studied. PMID- 3201653 TI - Cortical blood-flow in the porcine kidney. A radioactive microsphere study. AB - Renal cortical blood-flow distribution was measured by means of radiolabeled microscopheres in eight kidneys from 4 pigs of mixed Yorkshire and Danisk landrace. We found a pronounced intracortical variation in the perfusion pattern of 28 sections of outer cortex. Three consequetive flow determinations with an interval of 45 minutes showed that the heterologous perfusion pattern was plastic, changing between the flow-determinations. In addition, we found a significantly reduced perfusion in the renal poles, compared to the rest of the outer cortex. It is speculated that the reduced polar perfusion is a contributing aetiological factor to the increased incidence of polar scar formation secondary to reflux nephropathy. PMID- 3201652 TI - Tamm-Horsfall protein determination in Balkan endemic nephropathy. AB - Data on the excretion of Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) in subjects living in an area of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) are reported. The study subjects were divided into groups as follows: diseased, suspect, "at risk" and others, according to previously adopted criteria. The THP excretion in "at risk" subjects was found to be significantly higher as compared to control subjects. The difference between these two groups could not be registered by any other clinical or laboratory diagnostic methods. No difference in the excretion of THP was observed between the groups of others and control subjects. According to the results obtained, the excretion of THP may be considered a possibly useful additional diagnostic test for the detection of subjects with the latent, early subclinical phase of BEN. On the other hand, the data obtained shed some more light on the still obscure pathogenesis and natural history of BEN. PMID- 3201654 TI - Contemporary cystectomy versus preoperative radiation plus cystectomy for bladder cancer. AB - The role of preoperative radiation therapy (RT) as an adjunct to radical cystectomy (C) was studied by reviewing 58 consecutive patients requiring bladder removal during 1980-1982 for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Thirty-six patients underwent RT + C; 22 had C alone. The sole reason for choosing between RT + C versus C was physician prejudice favoring one form of therapy over another. Pretreatment clinical staging was similar in both groups, slightly favoring the RT + C group with only 25 percent versus 36 percent of C patients with clinical stage exceeding B1. Pathologic stage distribution similarly favored the RT + C group slightly with only 56 percent versus 68 percent of C patients having lesions with P-stage greater than B1. Thirty-three percent of patients in the RT + C group had papillary lesions in contrast to only 27 percent in the C alone group. There was only one postoperative death in each group. Three-year minimal follow-up was available in all surviving patients. One-, two-, and three year survival free of disease was 94 percent, 80 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, in the group treated by C alone. Similar figures for the RT + C group were 86 percent, 76 percent, and 60 percent, respectively. Projected five year survival rates for both groups regardless of preoperative RT was over 60 percent. All but one failure in the RT + C group had 4,000 rad or more preoperative radiation. This contemporary study shows no advantage of preoperative radiation in patients requiring cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. PMID- 3201655 TI - Bladder replacement after radical cystectomy using detubularized right colonic segment. AB - Bladder replacement after radical cystectomy offers the cancer patient the possibility of restoration to a functional level not possible with the standard means of urinary diversion. Herein we present our experience using a detubularized right colonic segment to create functional reservoirs in 2 male patients and a continent reservoir in a female patient. Cystometric analysis reveals capacious reservoirs, low basal pressures, and a tendency toward pressure spikes at higher filling volumes. All 3 patients are continent at volumes up to 400 cc with preservation of the upper urinary tracts and the absence of reflux. We believe the simplicity of this technique and the encouraging results will contribute to more widespread application of continent and functional reservoirs. PMID- 3201656 TI - Experience with potency preservation during radical prostatectomy. Significance of learning curve. AB - Potency preservation after radical prostatectomy is relatively new. The efficacy of this procedure has not been widely documented. Twenty-four patients with full potency underwent nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. A total of 12 patients retained potency after surgery. Analysis of data reveals there is a learning curve in doing this procedure, and once the initial learning phase is over good results can be obtained in a select group of patients. PMID- 3201657 TI - Stress prostatitis. AB - A group of 218 men complaining of symptoms of chronic prostatitis were identified. Symptoms included pelvic and genital pain with or without voiding or ejaculation, urinary frequency and/or urgency, and often a thin watery urethral discharge. Of the group 134 (60%) were followed carefully. With nothing but stress management therapy 110 patients (86%) reported that they were "better," "much better," or "cured." Physiologically, the therapy makes sound medical sense. It is suggested that the term "stress prostatitis" is an appropriate label for this condition. PMID- 3201658 TI - Sexual potency: a pioneer's thirty-five-year overview. AB - Thirty-five years of interest in human sexual potency are summarized, citing my clinical research and periodic publications during those decades. Emergence of scientific study of human sexuality has been rapid in recent years, leading to improved diagnostic and therapeutic techniques to benefit the impotent male. Although my approach pertained primarily to psychogenic etiology, the interdigitation of emotional and organic factors is emphasized. Currently utilized surgical and pharmacodynamic treatments are noted, as are probable future methodologies. PMID- 3201659 TI - K.T.P. 532 laser in treatment of urethral strictures. AB - We have had experience in the treatment of 20 patients with 22 strictures with this new laser that has a unique ability to cut and coagulate with minimal forward scatter to help prevent the formation of new scar tissue. All of the patients have had attempts of treatment of the strictures unsuccessfully in the past. The laser was effective in 68.2% of the patients to keep the urethra open and patent although the follow-up periods have been short at the time of this report ranging from six months to fourteen months. This new laser may have some promise in the treatment of urethral stricture disease. PMID- 3201660 TI - Periumbilical pain secondary to persistent urachal band. AB - An eight-year-old boy had periumbilical pain associated with micturition; the disorder was secondary to a persistent urachal band. Surgical excision of the urachus resulted in resolution of the symptoms. Although urachal anomalies are unusual, they should be considered in the differential diagnosis of periumbilical pain with micturition. PMID- 3201661 TI - Reverse lithotomy: modified prone position for simultaneous nephroscopic and ureteroscopic procedures in women. AB - Occasionally there is need for nephroscopic and ureteroscopic access during the same surgical procedure. Patient positioning is problematic and usually the patient must be turned from supine to prone position or vice versa. Simultaneous access is possible by placing the patient in a prone position with the thighs and knees cradled laterally in a "boot" type stirrup. Thus access is afforded to a percutaneous nephrostomy tract and to the urethra for nephroscopic and ureteroscopic procedures, and at the same time adequate operator comfort is maintained. This approach has been used four times in 3 patients and has been a valuable factor in the endoscopic removal of massive renal and ureteral calculi. PMID- 3201662 TI - Design and use of externally-draining ureteral stent. AB - Externally-draining ureteral stents have a 70 percent larger drainage area than those drained by a central lumen of the same size. It is believed that they are less likely to be obstructed by encrustations during long-term use. The development, testing, and other uses for these stents are discussed. PMID- 3201663 TI - Adenomatous polyp in defunctionalized colonic segment used as a urinary bladder. AB - For transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, an eighty-two-year-old man underwent cystoprostatectomy. His urine was diverted to a defunctionalized right colonic segment used to replace his bladder. Four months after the surgery, gross hematuria appeared; endoscopy disclosed an adenomatous polyp in the substitute bladder. We review the incidence and origin of neoplasia in colonic segments used for urinary diversion. PMID- 3201664 TI - Technique for renal irrigation using IVAC variable pressure infusion pump. PMID- 3201665 TI - Method of temporary leg restraint to prevent catheter manipulation following transurethral prostatectomy. PMID- 3201666 TI - Spontaneous versus intubated flow in male patients. AB - The spontaneous flow rate was compared with the flow rate obtained during a pressure-flow study with two 5F catheters in the urethra, in 57 male patients with various lower urinary tract disorders. Intubation caused a median decrease in maximum flow rate of 1 mL/sec (95% confidence limits 0-2 mL/sec). In patients with infravesical obstruction a significant decrease in maximum and mean flow rates was found whereas the flow rate was unchanged in the group of patients without obstruction. It seems that changes in flow rate due to intubation of the urethra is of minor importance compared with other factors and intubation may actually provide diagnostic information in diagnosing mechanical obstruction. It is concluded that the transurethral technique for pressure-flow studies offers a simple and reliable method for obtaining simultaneous pressure-flow values. It can be performed without further invasion in conjunction with cystometry. Therefore this technique is recommended in the urodynamic testing of male patients with lower urinary tract disorders. PMID- 3201667 TI - Primary renal carcinoid tumor. AB - A case of primary renal carcinoid tumor in a sixty-seven-year-old man is presented. Radical nephrectomy removed the primary disease, but hepatic metastases developed and the patient subsequently died. Review of the literature disclosed 8 other cases of primary renal carcinoid. Three of these had metastatic spread. PMID- 3201668 TI - Clinical observations on seasonal infertility in sows in Cornwall. AB - A summer infertility syndrome affected three commercial pig herds in Cornwall and was associated with reduced conception rates. The affected sows were housed in kennel and yard accommodation for all or part of gestation. The provision of more shelter accommodation for the dry sows in all three herds resulted in improved fertility. It is concluded that weather conditions between May and September may have adversely affected the fertility of these semi-extensive pig herds. PMID- 3201669 TI - Control of salmonella infections in broiler chickens by the acid treatment of their feed. AB - In three experiments a solution of formic acid (Bioadd) was added to feed 'naturally' contaminated with salmonellas. In two of them no salmonella infections were demonstrated in broiler chickens given feed containing 0.6 per cent (w/w) of the formic acid solution for seven weeks and in the third the infection rate was reduced considerably. In four other experiments the feed was contaminated artificially with between 1 and 47 Salmonella kedougou/g and a second product (BPO12), consisting of a mixture of formic acid and propionic acid, was evaluated. When it was added at 0.5 to 0.68 per cent (w/w) only one of 30 groups of 10 to 12 birds became infected with S kedougou by two weeks of age, compared with 22 of 27 control groups. The treatment of the feed with BPO12 one week before the addition of the salmonellas prevented the establishment of infection in chicks given the treated feed, indicating that acid treatment will provide protection against subsequent recontamination of the feed with the organisms. The isolation rate of S kedougou from artificially contaminated feed treated with BPO12 was reduced only slightly but the feed was apparently 'safe' for the birds which consumed it. PMID- 3201670 TI - Effect of magnesium content of the diet on the susceptibility of ewes to hypocalcaemia in pregnancy. PMID- 3201671 TI - Alternative approaches to eliminating endemic diseases and improving performance of pigs. PMID- 3201672 TI - Congenital hypomyelinogenesis of Hereford calves. PMID- 3201673 TI - Seal virus. PMID- 3201674 TI - Veterinarians and seals. PMID- 3201675 TI - Blowpipes and dart guns. PMID- 3201676 TI - Fatal clostridial myositis in a cow. PMID- 3201677 TI - For whom the bell tolls. PMID- 3201678 TI - LVI remuneration. PMID- 3201679 TI - Probiotics. PMID- 3201680 TI - A backward look at Chernobyl. PMID- 3201681 TI - Wooldridge memorial lecture. The welfare of animals: a shared responsibility. PMID- 3201682 TI - The milk progesterone test as an aid to the diagnosis of cystic ovaries in dairy cows. AB - Two field trials were carried out by five experienced veterinary surgeons to evaluate the milk progesterone test as an aid to the differential diagnosis of cystic ovaries in dairy cows. Of 200 cystic cows, 71 per cent were diagnosed clinically as follicular and 29 per cent as luteal cases; 80 per cent of the cases occurred in the six winter months November to April. The progesterone assay indicated that the diagnosis was correct in 84 per cent of the follicular cases but only 54 per cent of the luteal cases. Seventy-four per cent of the confirmed cystic cases responded to treatment within two weeks according to milk progesterone tests and there were no significant treatment differences. Overall, 80 per cent of the cows became pregnant on average 38 days after treatment having received an average of 1.70 inseminations each. Milk yield data in the first trial indicated that the cystic cows were not significantly higher yielders than their herd-mates. PMID- 3201683 TI - Avulsion of the patellar ligament in osteopenic laying fowl. AB - Metabolic bone disease in laying fowl has been associated with mortality and decreases in egg production. Recently there appears to have been an increasing incidence of the disease and the affected flocks have shown a variable response to dietary treatments. In 14 birds from eight recent submissions, avulsion of the patellar ligament together with part of its bony insertion was observed. Because the skeletons of the affected birds were judged from radiographs to be osteopenic, the lesions were probably pathological fractures. Histopathological studies of four birds revealed osteoporosis affecting cancellous bone trabeculae; in one bird, however, the medullary bone trabeculae were largely composed of unmineralized or poorly mineralised matrix, a finding which can be interpreted as osteomalacia. PMID- 3201684 TI - Influenza A isolations from exotic caged birds. PMID- 3201685 TI - Low incidence of fertilisation in superovulated cows: a physiological explanation. PMID- 3201686 TI - Metaphylactic use of long-acting oxytetracycline in pasteurellosis in lambs. PMID- 3201687 TI - 'Swollen head syndrome' in broiler breeders in Israel. PMID- 3201689 TI - Sow welfare. PMID- 3201688 TI - Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infection in dogs in Edinburgh. PMID- 3201690 TI - Veterinarians and seals. PMID- 3201691 TI - Feline dysautonomia around the world. PMID- 3201692 TI - Anal furunculosis. PMID- 3201693 TI - First field trial of fox vaccination against rabies using a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus. AB - A field trial of fox vaccination against rabies using a vaccinia-rabies recombinant virus was carried out in Belgium on October 24, 1987. Each vaccine capsule contained a suspension of 10(8) TCID50 of the recombinant virus and was introduced into a chicken head. Each chicken head contained 150 mg of tetracycline as a marker of uptake. Two hundred and fifty heads were distributed in an area of 6 km2 situated within a military zone. The bait uptake was monitored for 15 days after the distribution. Sixty-three per cent of the chicken heads were taken by wild animals within that period. The trial was controlled according to the rules defined by the World Health Organisation. PMID- 3201694 TI - Changes in haematology and plasma biochemistry during maximal exercise in greyhounds. AB - The haematological and biochemical changes associated with racing over 235 and 420 metres were studied in 23 greyhounds. Blood samples were collected while the dogs were resting and immediately after and 30 minutes after racing. Significant increases in red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit occurred. The increase in haematocrit was accompanied by increases in total plasma protein and creatinine concentrations. Blood lactate increased to 11.4 and 13.2 mmol/litre over 235 and 420 metres, respectively, and plasma glucose increased to 7.9 and 8.2 mmol/litre. After the 420 metres, the mean plasma ammonia concentration was 256 mumol/litre. Plasma free fatty acid concentrations also increased after dogs had run both distances. The highest concentrations of glycerol and uric acid were found 30 minutes after exercise. PMID- 3201695 TI - Effects on the fecundity of sheep of immunisation against androstenedione. AB - Fecundin, which actively immunises sheep against androstenedione, has now been commercially available to British farmers for three seasons. By its use an average increase of 20 to 25 per cent in the number of lambs reared can be expected, although the results on individual farms have been variable. During 1984-85 and 1985-86 ADAS carried out trials involving over 2000 ewes on 13 commercial farms. The responses to the treatment were statistically significant in both years (+23 per cent in 1984-85 and +27 per cent in 1985-86). However, the ranges in response were from -2 per cent to +49 per cent and +9 per cent to +42 per cent in 1984-85 and 1985-86, respectively. Similar results have been reported by other workers and commercial farmers using the technique. From these data it is clear that there are interactions between the treatment and animal factors including breed, body condition, nutrition, season and management. These factors are discussed with regard to the implications for the use of the product in commercial flocks. PMID- 3201697 TI - Cutaneous protothecosis in the dog: first confirmed case in Britain. PMID- 3201696 TI - Haematological findings in budgerigars with megabacterium and Trichomonas infections associated with 'going light'. AB - Eighteen budgerigars with clinical signs of 'going light' were euthanased and examined post mortem; ingluvitis caused by Trichomonas gallinae infection was present in seven birds, proventriculitis associated with the presence of megabacteria in eight birds and in three birds both conditions were present. Haematological examinations of blood taken from the living birds showed that those with T gallinae infection had normal white cell counts whereas those in which megabacteria were present had significant leucocytosis and heterophilia. Some birds in both groups were anaemic. The findings suggest that infection with megabacteria may be responsible for a proportion of cases of 'going light' in budgerigars and that haematological examination can establish this diagnosis in living birds. PMID- 3201698 TI - An outbreak of paramyxovirus encephalomyelitis in racing pigeons in India. PMID- 3201699 TI - Building a practice (14). Bookkeeping. AB - While many aspects of bookkeeping may seem tiresome and time consuming it is the essential key to running an efficient business through proper financial management. The secret to good bookkeeping is to keep it up to date on a daily basis. A further article will look at how these figures can be used to monitor the financial performance of your practice. PMID- 3201700 TI - Veterinary nurses. PMID- 3201701 TI - Anal furunculosis. PMID- 3201702 TI - Export certification. PMID- 3201703 TI - The host-parasite interface in molluscan schistosomiasis: biotin as a probe for sporocyst and hemocyte surface peptides. AB - Hemocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata mediate the internal defensive response which, in resistant snail strains, kills sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni. Lacking a gut, the sporocyst has only its tegument to interact with the host milieu (hemolymph). We have, therefore, focused our study on the surface-exposed proteins of hemocytes and sporocyst tegument. Using gentle biotinylation of living systems, labelled proteins were studied after SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and transfer to nitrocellulose. Results validate the utility of surface biotinylation in studies of host and parasite interfaces. A low diversity characterizes hemocyte surfaces and strain-specific differences are not in evidence. Hemocyte surfaces differ distinctly from the plasma in which these cells reside. In contrast, sporocyst surfaces expose a wide variety of peptides. These are remarkably stable even when sporocysts procured in snail plasma-free media are exposed to plasma. Thus, antigenic differences seen previously when Western immunoblotting was used to study sporocyst surfaces appear to be manifestations of minor changes in the exposed peptides or changes not detectable with this methodology. Hemoglobin, acquired by sporocysts from snail plasma, is processed and disappears from the surface during an overnight chase in culture medium. PMID- 3201704 TI - Immunological control of hematophagous arthropod vectors: utilization of novel antigens. AB - Immunological control of ixodid ticks requires development of a vaccine that stimulates an effective anti-tick response. However, it is important to avoid induction of intense host skin reactivity to tick feeding. Salivary-gland-derived molecules are introduced into the host during ixodid engorgement; therefore, use of these moieties might not be an optimal immunization strategy. Antigens not normally involved in acquired resistance can be used to induce anti-tick immunity. These "novel" antigens, obtained from tick gut absorptive surface, are not introduced into the host during tick feeding, but are exposed to host-immune effector elements in the blood meal, resulting in ixodid rejection, prevention of ova production and death. Anti-tick immunity is induced with microgram quantities of this ixodid gut antigen preparation. Sera obtained from immunized animals were used to identify antibody-reactive components of the resistance-inducing extract. Tick gut absorptive surface antigen glycoconjugates were identified by lectin blotting, using a series of probes with different carbohydrate specificities. The lectins, peanut and wheat germ agglutinin, and immunized host antibodies bound extract components with similar molecular weights. Solubilization and fractionization of tick gut proteins with the non-ionic detergent Triton X-114 is described. PMID- 3201705 TI - Proceedings of the 4th International Immunoparasitology Symposium. Lincoln, NE, U.S.A., 29-31 July 1987. PMID- 3201706 TI - Standardized nomenclature of animal parasitic diseases (SNOAPAD). AB - An expert committee, appointed by the Executive Committee of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.), presents its proposal for uniform and proper terminology to denominate animal parasitic diseases or infections. In principle, the disease name is constructed solely by the suffix -osis, which is added to the stem of the name of the parasite taxon, formed from the nominative of the taxa. Standardized nomenclature of animal parasitic diseases (SNOAPAD) is meant as a guideline for general use, to improve the clarity of scientific communication. It should be especially useful in promoting effective usage of computerized data retrieval services. PMID- 3201708 TI - Prevalence of stephanofilariasis in young Bos indicus cattle in northern Australia. AB - Four consecutive annual calf crops of known genotype from a single property in northern Australia were examined for the presence of stephanofilarial lesions. The animals ranged in age from 60 to 348 days at the time of examination. Initial lesions of stephanofilariasis developed adjacent to the medial canthi of the eyes; animals as young as 69 days of age were found infected. In all years, prevalence of lesions increased with age for all genotypes, and was significantly lower in genotypes with higher Bos indicus content (P less than 0.01). Males had a higher prevalence of lesions than females in only one year, and in two of the years, dark-coloured animals had a higher prevalence of lesions than light coloured ones. PMID- 3201707 TI - Evolution of coccidial infection in commercial and domestic rabbits between 1982 and 1986. AB - Caecal samples were collected from 751 domestic rabbits of various origin and from 1229 diarrhoeic rabbits issued from 61 commercial rabbitries. They were screened for coccidiosis. In 1982, the year of introduction of the anticoccidial robenidine in commercial rabbit feeds, a dramatic decrease of coccidial infection ratio was detected in commercial rabbitries: only 6% of samples contained greater than 100 oocysts per gram against 85% in 1979, when sulphaquinoxaline/pyrimethamine was used. Only Eimeria magna, E. media and E. perforans were detected, whereas the highly pathogenic species E. flavescens and E. intestinalis had disappeared from commercial units. After 4 years of continuous use of robenidine, infection ratio rose progressively, although still far below the 1979 levels. Most of the other species reappeared, but only in very low proportions (1-4% of samples). The percentage occurrence of E. magna, E. media and E. perforans on the contrary rose progressively to 25, 26 and 34%, respectively, suggesting drug resistance. In domestic rabbitries, the incidence of coccidial infection was markedly higher and all nine species of Eimeria were detected. Eimeria magna, E. media and E. perforans were very common, E. flavescens, E. intestinalis, E. piriformis and E. stiedai were less common, whereas E. irresidua and E. coecicola were relatively rare. Notwithstanding the lower activity of robenidine against E. stiedai, no rise of hepatic coccidiosis became evident. PMID- 3201709 TI - Efficacy of topically applied ivermectin against Boophilus microplus (Canestrini, 1887) in cattle. AB - Systemic efficacy of ivermectin applied topically was evaluated against the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. Twenty cattle with induced infestations were randomly allocated to five groups of equal size based on the numbers of engorged female ticks which fell through the slatted floor of individual pens during the 3 days prior to treatments. Control cattle were non-medicated. Cattle in three groups were given ivermectin at 200, 500 or 1000 mcg kg-1 in a topical formulation applied along the backline from the withers to the rump; cattle in the fifth group were given ivermectin in an injectable formulation subcutaneously at 200 mcg kg-1. Individual 24-h tick collections were made three times weekly for 5 weeks after treatment. Engorged female B. microplus were incubated to determine effects on reproduction. Based on the numbers of engorged female B. microplus collected following treatments, overall efficacy of ivermectin applied topically at 200, 500 and 1000 mcg kg-1 was 50, 85 and 91%, respectively, whereas ivermectin given at 200 mcg kg-1 subcutaneously was 80% effective. The index of reproduction for ivermectin given topically was reduced by 84, 94 and 95%, respectively, and that for ivermectin subcutaneously was 94%. No significant differences (P greater than 0.05) were found for these variables between ivermectin given topically at 500 or 1000 mcg kg-1 versus 200 mcg kg-1 given subcutaneously. PMID- 3201710 TI - Ability of adults of Amblyomma hebraeum (Acarina: Ixodidae) to feed repeatedly on sheep and cattle. AB - Adult Amblyomma hebraeum ticks were exposed at 14-day intervals on five sheep on 46 occasions and on three cattle on 15 occasions to determine the effects of repeated feeding. The engorged weight and percentage of ticks which fed successfully on sheep declined significantly at first but subsequently they increased. On cattle there was no progressive decline in engorged weight, although the percentage which fed successfully declined significantly and was lower than that for sheep. This decline was attributed to increased grooming by cattle and was the only apparent mechanism by which resistance was expressed. PMID- 3201711 TI - [Clinical x-ray study of the blood circulation system in patients with an artificial pacemaker]. PMID- 3201712 TI - [Videomagnetic recording during phleboscopy of the lower extremities (videophlebography) and its diagnostic value in varicose disease]. PMID- 3201713 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of complicated urethral strictures]. PMID- 3201714 TI - [Expert evaluation of the informativeness of the UAR-1 device for analyzing radiographs]. PMID- 3201715 TI - [Potentialities and methodology of using the UAR-2 device in the diagnosis of paranasal sinus diseases]. PMID- 3201716 TI - [X-ray anatomy of patent ductus arteriosus]. PMID- 3201717 TI - [Charts for control testing of knowledge of x-ray diagnosis]. PMID- 3201718 TI - [Elevation of the dome of the diaphragm]. PMID- 3201719 TI - [Supplemental criteria of the differential x-ray diagnosis of peripheral cancer and tuberculoma of the lungs]. PMID- 3201720 TI - [X-ray study of traumatic injuries of the facial bones]. PMID- 3201721 TI - [X-ray imaging of the male nipple]. PMID- 3201723 TI - [A workplace for electroradiography in an x-ray diagnostic room]. PMID- 3201722 TI - [A space-occupying process in the 3d ventricle with a clinical picture of an insipid syndrome and transitory arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3201724 TI - [The efficient use of the print table at the RUM-2 x-ray diagnostic complex]. PMID- 3201725 TI - [Experience in the operation of the Roentgen-40 x-ray diagnostic complex]. PMID- 3201726 TI - [Problems of automatic exposure in the x-ray diagnosis of very young children]. PMID- 3201727 TI - [A method of quantitative evaluation of disorders of local contractility of the left ventricle based on contrast ventriculography data]. PMID- 3201728 TI - [Potentialities of x-ray computed tomography in the evaluation of the spread of esophageal tumors]. PMID- 3201730 TI - [Potentialities of colonic fluorography in the diagnosis of small neoplasms of the colon]. PMID- 3201729 TI - [X-ray diagnosis of diseases of the stomach based on fine-relief data]. PMID- 3201732 TI - [Cholepneumoduodenography in the diagnosis of diseases of the organs of the hepatoduodenopancreatic region]. PMID- 3201731 TI - [The role of the x-ray method in the complex x-ray endoscopic diagnosis of tumors of the colon]. PMID- 3201733 TI - [Optimization of the method of peroral cholecystography in children as a means of increasing its diagnostic informativeness]. PMID- 3201734 TI - [Angiographic diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like diseases of the abdomen in children]. PMID- 3201735 TI - [Changes in the heart in congenital fistula of the coronary arteries based on x ray findings]. PMID- 3201736 TI - [Clinico-roentgenologic aspects of sideropenic dysphagia]. PMID- 3201737 TI - [A method of retrograde cholangiography]. PMID- 3201739 TI - [Initial experience in the use of the Elektronika-100D portable x-ray diagnostic apparatus]. PMID- 3201738 TI - [A method of peroral relaxation ileocecography]. PMID- 3201741 TI - [A case of complicated duplication of the duodenum]. PMID- 3201742 TI - [Lipoma of the colon]. PMID- 3201740 TI - [X-ray characteristics of the colon before and after extensive surgery of Hirschsprung's disease in children]. PMID- 3201743 TI - [A measuring gauge for intraoperative cholangiography]. PMID- 3201744 TI - [A case of remote metastasis of myxoid rhabdomyosarcoma of the ovary in the gastric wall]. PMID- 3201745 TI - Identification and comparison of Campoletis sonorensis virus transcripts expressed from four genomic segments in the insect hosts Campoletis sonorensis and Heliothis virescens. AB - The Campoletis sonorensis virus (CsV; Polydnaviridae) genome consists of at least 28 closed circular superhelical (SH) DNAs. In this study we used complete clones of four SH DNAs to analyze viral transcription both in the adult parasitic wasp host Campoletis sonorensis (Ichneumonidae) and in the lepidopteran host, Heliothis virescens (Noctuidae). CsV genes are expressed in parasitized H. virescens, but no viral transcripts had been characterized from C. sonorensis until this study. The clones of the SH DNAs B, H, M, and O1 were used to probe Northern blots of poly(A)+ RNA isolated from C. sonorensis reproductive tissue and from parasitized H. virescens larvae. All four SH DNAs hybridized to viral transcripts. SH-H,-M, and -O1 hybridized to messages expressed in both hosts. SH B and -M hybridized to transcripts that were detected only in either C. sonorensis reproductive tissue or parasitized H. virescens larvae. These results suggest that some CsV genes are expressed in a host-specific manner. In a previous study we identified a family of imperfectly conserved tandemly repeated 540-bp repeat elements on SH-B,-H and -O1 (D. A. Theilmann and M. D. Summers, 1987 J. Virol. 61; 2589-2598). Hybridization of the 540-bp repeat regions to Northern blots showed that they were all homologous to viral transcripts. A cDNA clone of a mRNA that is transcribed from the 540-bp repeat region of SH-B was isolated from a lambda gt 10 library and completely sequenced. The sequence data revealed that the 540-bp repeat element was contained within the open reading frame of this gene. These results indicate that transcribed sequences homologous to the 540-bp repeat elements represent a second gene family to be identified within the CsV genome. PMID- 3201746 TI - High-affinity SV40 T-antigen binding sites in the human genome. AB - We describe two different approaches to isolate human genomic sequences possessing high-affinity binding sites for the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. First, SV40 T antigen was added to Sau3A-restricted human DNA; the resulting T-antigen-DNA complexes were collected after repeated passages through nitrocellulose filters. The second approach involves the specific immunoprecipitation of chromatin fragments, generated by Sau3A treatment of nuclear chromatin from SV40-transformed human cells. The DNA fragments obtained were cloned in plasmid vectors for further investigation. Using the filter binding approach we isolated four different fragments with high-affinity binding sites. The binding site in one fragment was related to the strong T-antigen binding site I in the SV40 genome. The other three fragments contained multiple recognition pentamers, GA(G)GGC. Only one fragment with a high-affinity binding site was identified among the immunoprecipitable chromatin fragments. This DNA fragment belongs to the L1 family of human repetitive DNA. We present evidence suggesting that a significant fraction of human L1 elements possesses T-antigen binding sites. L1-related sequences appear as extrachromosomal elements in an SV40-transformed human cell line, and the amount of extrachromosomal L1 DNA was found to increase after fusion of transformed cells to permissive monkey cells. PMID- 3201747 TI - Sequence analysis of the 3'-end of the feline coronavirus FIPV 79-1146 genome: comparison with the genome of porcine coronavirus TGEV reveals large insertions. AB - The genetic information, carried on mRNA 6 of feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) strain 79-1146, was determined by sequence analysis of cDNA clones derived from the 3' end of the FIPV genome. Two ORFs were found, encoding polypeptides of 11K (ORF-1) and 22K (ORF-2). The FIPV sequence was compared to the 3' end sequence of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). ORF-1 has a homologous counterpart (ORF-X3) in the TGEV genome; both ORFs are located at the same position relative to the nucleocapsid gene. However, as a result of an in-frame insertion or deletion, ORF-1 is 69 nucleotides larger than ORF-X3. A similar event has occurred immediately downstream of ORF1: a 624-nucleotide segment, containing the complete ORF-2, is absent in the TGEV sequence. Most sequence similarity (98.5%) was found in the 3' noncoding sequences. ORF-X3 and ORF-1 are preceded by the sequence AACTAAAC, which is assumed to be the transcription initiation signal in FIPV and TGEV (P.A. Kapke and D.A. Brian (1986) Virology 151, 41-49). By S1 nuclease analysis, the 5' end of FIPV RNA 6 was mapped immediately upstream of this sequence. A 700-nucleotide TGEV-specific RNA was found by cross-hybridization with an FIPV 3' end probe, suggesting that TGEV ORF X3 is also carried on a separate mRNA. The differences at the 3' ends of the FIPV and TGEV genomes may be the result of RNA recombination events. PMID- 3201748 TI - Propagation of woodchuck hepatitis delta virus in primary woodchuck hepatocytes. AB - Monolayer cell cultures of primary woodchuck hepatocytes, prepared by perfusing the liver in situ with collagenase type I, yielded hepatocytes with a viability of greater than 90% which could be held in culture for up to 3 months. Cultures of primary woodchuck hepatocytes were infected one day after plating with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) which had been passaged five times in woodchucks and was therefore identified as woodchuck hepatitis delta virus (WHDV). Replication of WHDV was demonstrated by the appearance of genomic WHDV RNA of ca. 1.7 kb beginning 7 days after infection, with an increase of copy numbers up to 2 weeks after inoculation. Synthesis of hepatitis delta virus-associated antigen (HDAg) in hepatocytes was detected by immunofluorescence staining of hepatocytes. Preincubation of the inoculum with rabbit sera containing antibodies against woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen (anti-WHs) reduced the infectivity of WHDV to an undetectable level compared with inocula which were treated with anti WHs negative sera. PMID- 3201749 TI - Molecular cloning, complete nucleotide sequence, and gene structure of the provirus genome of a retrovirus produced in a human lymphoblastoid cell line. AB - We found and characterized a type D retrovirus produced in a human lymphoblastoid cell line of B-cell lineage. The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal region of the purified major structural protein (PVTRSQGQVSSNTTGRASPHPDTHTIPE) revealed no high homology with any of the known retroviral amino acid sequences. We have cloned cDNA and the proviral genome integrated in the retrovirus-producing cells, and determined the complete nucleotide sequence and gene structures of the genome. The provirus genome is 8785 bp long and has the structure of LTR-gag-prt pol-eny-LTR. The nucleotide sequences of the long terminal repeat (LTR) region and a part of the pol gene were closely related to the available sequences of squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV), and we designated this virus SMRVHLB' abbreviated as SMRV-H. The primer (tRNA(Lys)1,2)-binding sequence of SMRV-H (TGGCGCCCAGGACGTGGGGCTCGA) has a GG insertion, which is different from that of SMRV. The transmembrane protein of the 3' terminal region of env gene contains an amino acid sequence of an immunosuppressive peptide (EVVLQNRRGLDLLTAEQGGICLALQERCCFYANKS), in which R is unique in SMRV-H. The core sequence of the glucocorticoid regulatory element is found upstream of the two 42 bp imperfect repeats in the LTR. Sequences partially homologous to those of the rat IgE-binding protein gene are in gag and pol genes. PMID- 3201750 TI - Identification and characterization of the repetitive DNA element in the genome of insect iridescent virus type 6. AB - The genome of the Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) was analyzed for existence of repetitive DNA sequences by DNA-DNA hybridization using a defined and complete gene library of the viral genome (209 kbp) and by heteroduplex mapping. These experiments revealed the presence of repetitive DNA elements in the CIV genome, which are located in the EcoRI fragment H and in the EcoRI DNA fragment C at the coordinates 0.535 to 0.548 (EcoRI/Pstl DNA fragment, 2.7 kbp) and 0.920 to 0.944 (PvuII CIV DNA fragment L, 5.1 kbp), respectively. The DNA nucleotide sequence (2708 bp) of the EcoRI/Pstl subfragment was determined. The comparative analysis of the DNA sequences of this particular region of the viral genome with the DNA sequences of the PvuII DNA fragment L (5064 bp) revealed the presence of several DNA sequences within the EcoRI/Pstl subfragment of the EcoRI CIV DNA fragment H which show homology to DNA sequences of the PvuII DNA fragment L. For example, a DNA element (box A, 91 bp) is located at nucleotide positions 1981 to 2072 of the EcoRI CIV DNA fragment H which are complementary (greater than 90%) to the nine regions of the PvuII DNA fragment L (L-boxes 1 to 9). Furthermore heteroduplex mapping revealed the existence of a stem-loop structure (stem, 65 +/- 10 bp and loop, 652 +/- 80 bp) at the genome coordinates 0.571 to 0.582 (2.5 kbp, HindIII/EcoRI subfragment of the EcoRI CIV DNA fragment H). This indicates that an inverted repeat sequence is located at this region of the viral genome. The DNA nucleotide sequence of this subfragment was determined (2555 bp) which confirmed the data obtained from electron microscopy. An inverted repeat DNA sequence located at nucleotide positions 304 and 1011 is able to form this type of stem-loop structure. PMID- 3201751 TI - DNA nucleotide sequence analysis of the PvuII DNA fragment L of the genome of insect iridescent virus type 6 reveals a complex cluster of multiple tandem, overlapping, and interdigitated repetitive DNA elements. AB - The DNA nucleotide sequence of the PvuII DNA fragment L (0.920 to 0.944 map units (m.u.] of the genome (209 kbp) of insect iridescent virus type 6 was determined. The size of this DNA fragment was 5064 bp with a base composition of 39.79% G + C and 60.21% A + T. The DNA sequence contained many perfect direct repeats of sizes up to 145 bp. In addition to these repetitions, a cluster of four imperfect repetitive DNA elements (R1 to R4) with a complex structural arrangement was detected. R1, R2, and R3 existed in duplicate (two boxes (B] between nucleotide positions 271 and 3466) and their size were as follows: R1-B1/B2 (567/568 bp), R2 B1/B2 (917/931 bp), and R3-B1/B2 (92/88 bp). The R4 repetitive element was found in 12 boxes (between bases 1301 and 4417), which were interrupted at nucleotide positions 1883 to 2236 and 3341 to 3587. These interruptions define three segments (S) harboring boxes B1 to B3 (S1), B4 to B8 (S2), and B9 to B12 (S3). The size of the individual boxes was found to be 239, 233, 107, 244, 222, 242, 242, 148, 240, 242, 242, and 102 bp for R4-B1 to B12, respectively. Five open reading frames (ORFs of 118 to 333 amino acid (AA) residues) were detected. The analysis of the amino acid sequences of the largest ORF revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the putative gene product contained two repetitions TR1 (three domains of 50 AA) and TR2 (two domains of 74 AA). Sequences of 43 amino acid residues of ORF 5 (160 to 202 AA) were homologous within the majority of ORFs. A consensus sequence-MANL(X)6 IGSSST(X)6 L(X)1 LGS(X)1 LQISG(X)2 L(X)1 VN- was found in all five ORFs. Although classical canonical and noncanonical transcriptional start signals were detectable, polyadenylation signals were not observed. PMID- 3201752 TI - Purification and characterization of vaccinia virus structural protein VP8. AB - A major vaccinia virus core protein, designated VP8, has been purified from virions to homogeneity through DEAE-cellulose, CM-cellulose, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. VP8 migrates as a 25-kDa band in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sediments as a monomeric species in neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation. This protein is a significant constitutent of the virion, comprising about 6.5% of the total viral polypeptides by mass. Analysis by filter binding and by sucrose gradient centrifugation shows that VP8 binds to double stranded as well as to single-stranded DNA at low salt concentrations (25 mM NaCl). At higher salt concentrations (100 mM NaCl), the protein binds with a relatively greater affinity to single-stranded DNA. The results from sucrose gradient centrifugation indicate that VP8 probably binds noncooperatively to all structural forms of DNA. The protein is likely to be a component of the viral nucleoprotein complex. PMID- 3201753 TI - Biosynthesis and post-translational cleavage of vaccinia virus structural protein VP8. AB - We have obtained antiserum against highly purified vaccinia virus structural protein VP8, a major DNA binding protein present in the viral core particle. The antiserum has been used to monitor the course of the biosynthesis of this protein. The protein can first be detected in extracts of infected cells at 4 hr postinfection (p.i.). Its synthesis increases significantly at 5 hr p.i. and is maintained at about the same level up to 11 hr. The requirement of viral DNA replication for VP8 synthesis indicates that it is a viral late protein. This protein is synthesized in the form of a 28-kDa precursor, which is then processed to a 25-kDa product. The half-life of the precursor is about 2 hr. Comparing the N-terminal amino acid sequence of this purified protein with those derived from the published DNA sequence of the vaccinia viral genome [J.P. Weir and B. Moss (1984) J. Virol. 51, 662-669], it is found that VP8 maps to the HindIII L fragment of the viral genome. The cleavage site at which processing takes place lies between amino acids 32 (Gly) and 33 (Ala) from the N-terminal end of the precursor. PMID- 3201754 TI - High-level synthesis of biologically active reovirus protein sigma 1 in a mammalian expression vector system. AB - The reovirus cell-attachment protein, which modulates tissue tropism and the nature of the antiviral immune response, is protein sigma 1. This protein is present in reovirus particles in the form of 12 tetramers anchored in the projections or spikes. It is formed in infected cells in very small amounts only. In order to produce larger amounts of it that are necessary for studying its properties in detail, we have cloned it into a mammalian expression vector system that consists of the very strong cowpox virus A-type inclusion body protein gene promoter inserted into the vaccinia virus genome. In cells infected with the resultant recombinant vaccina virus, protein sigma 1 is formed in large amounts (2-3 mg/10(9) cells). We have isolated the native protein and shown that it exists as tetramers that possess cell-binding activity, hemagglutinating activity, and functional epitopes recognized by both polyvalent antisera and monoclonal antibodies. PMID- 3201755 TI - Nucleotide sequences involved in the neolysogenic insertion of filamentous phage Cf16-v1 into the Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri chromosome. AB - Following a protracted carrier state in the infected cell, filamentous bacteriophage Cf16-v1 neolysogenizes Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri by inserting the phage genome into the host chromosome. The integration region in the phage and the host chromosome, respectively, and the two junctions in the lysogen chromosome were isolated and their nucleotide sequence was determined. The phage and host attachment sites shared an identical 15-bp "core," 5' TATACATTATGCGAA-3'. Located on either side of each core were two unique arm sequences. Each of the two phage-host junctions contained an intact core flanked by a hybrid combination of phage and host arm sequences. A 10-bp symmetrical sequence arranged as inverted repeats with 1-bp spacing straddled the core sequence. A 10-bp repeated sequence, 5'-GCGCTATGGC-3', was found distal to the core in opposite orientation at the phage attachment site, while an abbreviated form of this sequence was present in the host attachment site. These sequence characteristics indicate that neolysogenic insertion of Cf16-v1 was accomplished by a site-specific recombination mechanism similar to lambda integration. However, in contrast to lambda, the phage and the host attachment sites in the Cf16-v1 system contained a high G + C nucleotide bias (except for the core sequence itself). PMID- 3201756 TI - Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of type B influenza virus neuraminidase complexed with antibody Fab fragments. AB - Fab fragments from four different monoclonal antibodies have been complexed with influenza B virus neuraminidase (B/Lee/40) and the complexes have been crystallized. Three of the complex crystals are, so far, not suitable for X-ray diffraction studies, but the fourth (B/Lee/40 NA-B1Fab) forms large crystals which diffract X-rays to 3.0 A resolution. The crystals have a space group of F432, a = 441.21 A. Vm calculations show that the asymmetric unit contains two monomeric complexes. PMID- 3201757 TI - The glucocorticoid receptor recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence in hepatitis B virus DNA causing increased activity of the HBV enhancer. AB - The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome contains a specific DNA binding site for the glucocorticoid receptor. Using DNase I footprinting, this binding site was localized at HBV map positions 341-370 clockwise from the EcoRI site. The DNA sequence protected in the footprint contains two tandem copies of the GRE core hexanucleotide 5'-TGTTCCT-3'. Deletion analysis and reconstruction experiments in plasmid expression vectors demonstrated that this glucocorticoid receptor binding sequence serves as a signal for augmenting glucocorticoid-dependent activity of the HBV enhancer, which is located approximately 730 nucleotides downstream in the HBV genome. Even though it does not serve as an independent enhancer element, the HBV glucocorticoid receptor domain can therefore be categorized as a functional GRE. PMID- 3201758 TI - The nucleocapsid gene of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fish rhabdovirus. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) nucleocapsid gene has been determined using cDNA clones of genomic and messenger RNAs. Genomic clones were generated by using random DNA oligomers to prime cDNA synthesis and were mapped to their respective locations on the genome by the use of cDNA probes derived from viral mRNAs. Interesting features of the IHNV nucleocapsid gene sequence elucidated by the sequencing of these clones include short homologies with N genes of other rhabdoviruses at the 5' and 3' nontranslated termini of the mRNA, as well as an exceptionally long 5' noncoding region of the mRNA, suggesting a leader RNA may be coupled to the N mRNA. A comparison of the IHNV N protein coding sequence with other rhabdoviral N genes shows some homologies at the amino acid level which indicates the possible evolutionary relationship of these N proteins. The determination of the nucleotide sequences of IHNV genes and intergenic regions will be useful for studying the mechanisms of rhabdoviral transcription and replication. PMID- 3201759 TI - Transgenic tobacco plants accumulating tobacco rattle virus coat protein resist infection with tobacco rattle virus and pea early browning virus. AB - Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the coat protein (CP) gene of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) strain TCM were found to be resistant to infection with the homologous virus but not to infection with the PLB strain of TRV. The amino acid sequence identity between the CP of TRV strains TCM and PLB is 39% and the two CP genes do not cross-hybridize. On the other hand, there is extensive cross hybridization between the CP genes of TRV-TCM and a Dutch isolate of pea early browning virus (PEBV). The transgenic plants accumulating TRV-TCM CP showed a considerable resistance to infection with PEBV. PMID- 3201761 TI - Proceedings of the Workshop on Needs and Resources for Occupational Mortality Data. January 21-22, 1987. PMID- 3201760 TI - Interviral homologies of the 30K proteins of tobamoviruses. AB - The 30K protein of tobacco mosaic virus was recently confirmed to be involved in cell-to-cell movement of the virus. To characterize common structural features of the 30K protein, the nucleotide sequence of the 30K protein gene of cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV, a member of the tobamoviruses) RNA has been determined. The CGMMV 30K protein is composed of 264 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 28,800. Comparisons among the 30K proteins of tobamoviruses show that the 30K proteins are composed of a rather conserved N terminal two-thirds and a less-conserved C-terminal one-third. The N-terminal two thirds contain two particularly well-conserved sequences, one of which contains amino acid substitutions that result in temperature-sensitive cell-to-cell movement. The C-terminal region is further divided into three subregions by distribution of charged amino acid residues. PMID- 3201763 TI - [The Achilles tendon reflex in patients with atrial fibrillation]. PMID- 3201762 TI - [Assessment of associated electrocardiographic changes in the Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome. II. Detection of focal disorders]. PMID- 3201764 TI - [Early diagnosis of kidney failure in patients with severe catabolism]. PMID- 3201765 TI - [Changes in the composition of fatty acids in the blood during increased sucrose intake]. PMID- 3201766 TI - [New approaches in the treatment of heart failure. I. Epidemiologic and pathophysiologic introduction; diuretic treatment]. PMID- 3201767 TI - [A forme fruste of Marfan's syndrome in congenital aortic stenosis?]. PMID- 3201768 TI - [Congenital hypofibrinogenemia]. PMID- 3201769 TI - [Hemostasis in patients with chronic kidney failure treated with long-term hemodialysis]. PMID- 3201770 TI - [Morbidity of the population of the USSR due to malignant neoplasms (1981-1985)]. PMID- 3201771 TI - [Selection of the extent of surgical intervention in tumors of the adrenal glands in patients with Itsenko-Cushing syndrome]. AB - The functional significance of tumor of the adrenal cortex should be considered in determining the extent of surgery on the gland for Cushing's syndrome. The histologic patterns of tumor identified by the authors as well as response in Liddle's large test may serve differential diagnosis. PMID- 3201772 TI - [Prognostic value of the histological grading of cancer of the kidney]. AB - The data of morphologic examination of 83 cases of renal carcinoma were used for grading tumor malignancy (grades I--III). The classification is based on such quantitative parameters as nucleus-cytoplasm and nucleolus-nucleus ratios, percentage of nucleolus-containing nuclei, and size and DNA content of the nucleus. The grading system proved to be of prognostic value and easy to reproduce. PMID- 3201773 TI - [The antineoplastic activity of testiphenon]. AB - The paper describes the antitumor activity of a newly-developed hormonocytostatic drug testiphenon--a complex ether of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and chlorphenacyl (17 beta-[n-di/2-chloroethyl/aminophenylacetate]-5 alpha-androstan 17 beta-ol-3-on). Its antitumor properties were studied in 15 models of transplantable solid tumors and systemic neoplasms of mice and rats such as sarcoma 298, sarcoma 37, sarcoma-180, Lewis lung epidermoid carcinoma, carcinoma of the forestomach-5, large bowel adenocarcinoma, Harding-Passey's melanoma, cervical cancer-5, mammary adenocarcinoma Ca-755, hemoblastosis La, plasmacytoma MOPC-406, Rauscher's erythroblastosis, Walker's carcinosarcoma 256, sarcoma 45, alveolar carcinoma of the mammary gland and DMBA-induced mammary tumors of mice. The spectrum of antitumor activity of testiphenon proved wider than those of its components or other estrogeno-cytostatic drugs--phenestrol and estracyt. The drug is specifically intended for selective action upon target tissues for androgens and tumors developing from the said tissues. PMID- 3201774 TI - [Prevention using ascorbic acid, hexamethylenetetramine and sodium metabisulfite of the blastomogenic effect caused by the combined administration into the stomach of mice of sodium nitrite with methylurea or with aminopyrine]. AB - It was shown in experiments on 186 mice that formation of tumors of the lung and fore-stomach induced by injection of sodium nitrite in combination with aminopyrine or methylurea is inhibited following treatment with ascorbic acid, hexamethylenetetramine or sodium metabisulfite. PMID- 3201775 TI - [Direct angioscintigraphy of soft tissue sarcomas in outpatient diagnosis]. AB - Direct angioscintigraphy was carried out in 80 patients suspected for soft-tissue tumors in the extremities. Relevant procedure, predictive value of the diagnostic test, relationship between scintigraphic patterns and those of tumor histology as well as factors adversely affecting examination results are discussed. The method was shown to be sufficiently accurate (0.79) and may find effective application in examination of outpatients. PMID- 3201776 TI - [Repeat surgery of intrapulmonary metastases]. AB - The results of repeat surgery for pulmonary metastases in 17 cases are discussed. The study was based on the data of 38 repeated interventions for metastases following lung resection for cancer, bilateral metastases and recurrent pulmonary metastases. All surgery was carried out as a component of combined treatment including chemotherapy and radiation. It was intended to increase the effect of chemotherapy by cutting down the size of tumor. Surgery was not performed unless lesions were limited in number (solitary metastases) and when there were local recurrences of primary tumor or distant metastases to other organs. The extent of resection should be as limited as possible to preserve lung tissue. It is increased of necessity in cases of repeat removal of metastases from the same lung; lobectomy or pulmonectomy is indicated in such cases. Both short- and long term results show good tolerance of surgery by patients, low incidence of complications and longer survival when patients are supported by chemo- or chemoradiation treatment. PMID- 3201777 TI - [Studies on microbial polynucleotide phosphorylase]. PMID- 3201778 TI - [An auxotrophic (Glu-) mutant, qionglei strain, of genus Salmonella]. PMID- 3201779 TI - [Two new serovars belonging to Leptospira hebdomadis serogroup]. PMID- 3201780 TI - [Identification of four new strains Leptospira]. PMID- 3201781 TI - [AIDS]. PMID- 3201782 TI - [The AIDS pandemic]. AB - An analysis of the distribution of HIV-infections in different countries permits to distinguish 3 different patterns. Type 1 occurs in North America, Western Europe, parts of South America, Australia and New Zealand. Type 2 is found in Africa, in sub-Saharan regions and in the Caribbean sea. Type 3 prevails in Eastern Europe, in North Africa, in the Middle East, in Asia, in most of the Pacific and in many parts of Latin America. 138 countries have reported 100.410 AIDS-cases until June 30, 1988. Actually, it can be assumed, that by now approximately 5 million people are infected with HIV, of these about 1.5 million are women. As of mid 1988 over 200.000 persons have clinically manifested AIDS, in addition, 150.000 more cases are expected to occur in the remainder of 1988 and this figure will grow to over a million cases by the early 1990ies. The impact of the AIDS-pandemic on the social and economic structures will grow to very large dimensions in some countries. PMID- 3201783 TI - [Imipenem/cilastatin as monotherapy in neutropenic patients with fever]. AB - We treated 20 febrile episodes in 14 patients with granulocytopenia under 1.0 x 10(9)/L. 6 episodes were pretreated, in 14 Imipenem/Cilastatin was the initial therapy. The age was between 36 and 78 years, mean 57 years. Predominant underlying disease was acute leukemia. 8 out of 20 episodes became afebrile. Counting only proven bacterial infections the response rate was 6 out of 12. There was a statistical difference between not pretreated and pretreated patients. The treatment had no success in the latter. There was also a significant difference between febrile episodes of patients with granulocytes increasing under treatment to those remaining unchanged. 5 of 6 of the first group but none of the 9 episodes of the second group resolved. 7 patients died while on treatment between the 9th and 32nd day after therapy had started. There was no connection between the Imipenem treatment and the deaths. Tolerance of therapy was good. The most common side effect was nausea, which was reversible with reduction of the infusion rate. Most important advantage of imipenem is the easy handling and the low inconvenience to the patient. We had only moderate efficacy in our series. PMID- 3201784 TI - Ligament of the head of the femur in the orangutan and Indian elephant. AB - A literature search revealed that for over 100 years there has been a consensus that the ligament of the head of the femur (LHF) is absent in the orangutan and elephant. A dissection of the hip joints of an adult orangutan and an adult Indian elephant exposed, in each joint, a robust LHF that is functionally important. These LHFs are easily overlooked during a cursory examination of the hip joints because of the way they differ from the human LHF. PMID- 3201785 TI - The relationship between passive smoking and child health: methodologic criteria applied to prior studies. AB - Most studies investigating the relationship between passive smoking and child health have found a significant effect on respiratory illness and lung function. The wide range of findings is based on diverse types of studies which use multiple criteria for respiratory illness, smoke exposure, and outcome variables. The aim of this review is to examine these studies in an attempt to focus attention on methodological criteria which relate to the strength of the association and likelihood of a causal relationship between passive smoking and child health. We examined 30 studies and judged their strength by examining (1) data collection, (2) surveillance bias, (3) definition of amount of smoking, (4) definition of illness, (5) detection bias, (6) outcome variables, and (7) control for confounding variables. Poor scores were noted in the use of "blinded" data collectors (37 percent of possible score), use of multiple specific outcome variables (51 percent), and definition of the quantity of smoking (56 percent). Good scores were noted in the detection of illnesses (98 percent), recall by study subjects of symptoms of illness (71 percent), control for confounding variables (81 percent), and definition of illnesses (86 percent). The range of scores for the studies was from 44 percent to 89 percent (of the total possible score). While a few well-designed studies demonstrate a significant effect of passive smoking on child health, most studies had significant design problems that prevent reliance on their conclusions. Thus, many questions remain, and future studies should consider important methodological standards to determine more accurately the effect of passive smoking on child health. PMID- 3201786 TI - Diet, tobacco, alcohol, and stress as causes of coronary artery heart disease: an ecological trend analysis of national data. AB - The present investigation examined the temporal relationships between changes in coronary artery heart disease (CAHD) mortality rates from whites (1938-1980) and changes in national measures of dietary elements, tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, and unemployment. The magnitude and latency of the causal relationships were estimated with the use of cross-lagged correlation functions (CCFs) and Granger causality tests. Preliminary CCFs showed consistent correlational patterns between CAHD and tobacco, ethanol, and dietary fats. There was little association between CAHD and dietary cholesterol. Ethanol, tobacco, and the ratio of saturated to polyunsaturated fats (S:P) were analyzed for directional causality using Granger causality tests. The S:P ratio demonstrated a unidirectional Granger causal relationship with CAHD mortality in all sex and age groups. The estimated latency of this relationship was 23 to 30 years. This finding supports a causal relationship between diet, specifically fats, and the risk of CAHD two or three decades later. PMID- 3201787 TI - Olfactory functioning and callosotomy: a report of two cases. AB - Two callosotomy patients with presumably intact anterior commissures were evaluated on a battery of olfactory tasks including sensitivity, discrimination, memory, identification, cross-modality matching, bilateral summation (dirhinic vs. monorhinic thresholds), and localization of odorants. One case was evaluated both pre- and post-surgery. He showed marked decrements after surgery in odor memory and in matching across modalities. After surgery, both patients were better able to name odorants presented to the left nostril than the right nostril. The patient who was asked to remember odorants that could be readily labeled was better able to remember those odorants presented to the left nostril. The findings that both cases performed equally well whether olfactory and tactile information was projected to the same hemisphere or a different one, that some bilateral summation was evident, and that the cases were unable to localize odorants suggests that the remaining neuronal pathways allow for some communication between hemispheres. PMID- 3201788 TI - Sudden death six weeks after a myocardial infarct. AB - A 56-year-old man died suddenly at Yale-New Haven Hospital six weeks after experiencing a myocardial infarct and subsequent left ventricle aneurysm formation. Clinical course, treatment, radiologic data, and pathologic findings are examined. Differential diagnosis for this patient's sudden demise include cardiac rupture with cardiac tamponade, extension of the myocardial infarct, and massive pulmonary embolus, among others. PMID- 3201790 TI - [The use of electronic data processing in public health]. PMID- 3201791 TI - [Organizational concept of a register of medical personnel in the People's Republic of Poland]. PMID- 3201789 TI - [Perspectives in the use of electronic data processing in public health in the People's Republic of Poland]. PMID- 3201792 TI - [Organization and use of a project for university-trained personnel in the area of health and social services]. PMID- 3201793 TI - [A microcomputer project for medical documentation at polyclinics of the People's Republic of Poland]. PMID- 3201794 TI - [The main features of an electronic data processing polyclinic information system in East Germany]. PMID- 3201795 TI - [Management information requirements in public health and social services in the People's Republic of Poland]. PMID- 3201796 TI - [Rationalization and improvements in reporting systems in East Germany]. PMID- 3201797 TI - [20 years' experience with dermatologic assessment of herbicides and pesticides]. PMID- 3201798 TI - [Tar, bitumen, benzopyrene--an assessment of health risk at the work site]. PMID- 3201799 TI - [Extending mortality statistics in the 1st year of life using birth weight related mortality and standard growth curves]. PMID- 3201800 TI - [Assessment of the reasons for disability in workers using a model of work potential]. PMID- 3201801 TI - [The reproducibility of psychophysiologic reaction patterns in laboratory studies of healthy probands]. PMID- 3201802 TI - [A hydrogen sulfide analyzer for continuous measurement of emissions]. PMID- 3201803 TI - [Rubella screening in school girls using the radial hemolysis test and their vaccination with attenuated live vaccine of the RA23/3 strain]. PMID- 3201804 TI - [Registration of patients excreting enteritis salmonella as chronic carriers in relation to antibiotic therapy]. PMID- 3201805 TI - [Reflections on sexuality at a large psychiatric hospital]. PMID- 3201806 TI - [Temporal arteritis--diagnosis and therapeutic control]. AB - 33 patients suffering from temporal arteriitis (Morbus Horton) were investigated noninvasively by Oculo-Oscillo-Dynamography (OODG), Orbita-Dynamography (ODG) and Temporalis-Dynamography (TDG). The ocular, orbital and temporal oscillograms and oscillodynamograms revealed characteristic and unmistakable alterations; i.e., striking reduction of the pulse volumes and a decrease of the blood pressures in the respective circulatory regions as a result of a stenosing and occluding vascular process. The 3 methods yielded typical patterns of the occluding process, which led to the conclusion that in untreated persons the stenosing process of the arteritis cranialis tends to start in the vascular branches of the external carotid artery and subsequently includes branches of the internal carotid system, such as the ophthalmic artery. High doses of prednisolone resulted in reopening of the vessels that had been stenosed and occluded by arteritis, and in most cases restored normal circulation in the regions examined within several weeks or months. From the investigations made on 66 eyes of the 33 patients, the authors conclude that combined use of OODG, ODG, and TDG makes it possible to diagnose temporal arteritis with a high degree of certainty. In all 33 cases the disease was diagnosed with OODG, ODG and TDG and confirmed histologically. Since the OODG, ODG, TDG examinations are well tolerated by the patient and can be repeated at any time, it is suggested to employ them for the supervision of therapy as well to detect any possible relapse of the inflammatory occluding vascular process. PMID- 3201807 TI - [The correlation of psychosocial stress and disease activity in patients with Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis]. AB - The following study examines the correlation of psychosocial stress and disease activity in patients suffering from chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. 70 patients with Crohn's disease and 44 patients with ulcerative colitis took part in this study. Using an inventory for the registration of life-changing events, psychosocial life-events of the last 24 months were inquired. The disease activity was registered by an activity index created for this particular purpose. Due to the formulation of the question, pure subjective data were not considered. With regard to the social data, the two samples can very well be compared with other epidemiological studies. For the group of Crohn-patients, a significant correlation between psychosocial stress and a subsequent increased disease activity was demonstrated. Surprisingly, the group of patients with ulcerative colitis did not show this correlation. PMID- 3201809 TI - Hepatitis A transmitted to five persons by a cook. AB - A cook prepared and distributed meals for the nursing and cleaning staff of a hospital until he fell ill with hepatitis A. After a mean interval of 26.5 days five staff members contracted hepatitis A. All recovered within three months except a cleaning woman in whom the hepatitis A recurred 4 months later. In view of the decreasing prevalence of protective antibodies against hepatitis A in adults of central and northern Europe, an increasing incidence of small or even large epidemics of hepatitis A can be expected. PMID- 3201808 TI - Association of Crohn's disease with HLA phenotype B44, Cw5. AB - Genetic influence on the development of Crohn's disease (CD) is commonly accepted. However, proof of definite genetic markers is still pending. Most investigations have focused on HLA antigens, and associations with HLA B12 and HLA A2 have been reported, but the design of these retrospective studies is open to criticism. We have undertaken a consecutive study of 96 patients with CD under well-defined conditions in order to test the hypothesis that CD is associated with particular HLA antigens. Our results identify a significant association of CD with the phenotype HLA B44,Cw5. But since a major proportion of the CD patients do not bear this phenotype, other predisposing genetic factors, which have not yet been defined, may exist in addition to environmental factors. PMID- 3201810 TI - [Anorectal motility in systemic scleroderma]. AB - We prospectively compared esophageal and rectal motility data from 7 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (4 females, 3 males) to esophageal recordings in 22 and anorectal recordings in 9 healthy controls. All patients with sclerosis exhibited motility disturbances in the lower esophageal sphincter (LES): LES resting pressure, LES relaxation amplitude and duration, and the number of incomplete LES relaxations were significantly different compared to the controls. All patients had alterations of anorectal motility: resting pressure, maximal squeeze pressure, and sphincter relaxation amplitude following balloon distension of the rectum were significantly decreased as compared to the control subjects. We conclude that esophageal and anorectal manometry are comparable in their sensitivity to differentiate between patients with systemic sclerosis and normal subjects. PMID- 3201811 TI - [Spontaneous and iatrogenic choledochoduodenal fistula--endoscopic diagnosis and therapy]. AB - A series of 17 cases of choledochoduodenal fistulas encountered in a 9.5-year period (1978-1987) with 1140 endoscopic papillotomy (EPT) is presented (1.6%). The indications for duodenoscopy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) are cholestasis (78%), cholangitis (33%), upper abdominal pain (28%), jaundice (24%) and pancreatitis (17%). The choledochoduodenal fistulas are located on the longitudinal fold of the papilla (12 cases) and in the duodenal bulb (5 cases). Choledochoduodenal fistulas can easily be diagnosed by duodenoscopy with a side up view endoscope. As a method of direct cholangiography the ERC shows the relation of the fistula to the bile duct system. The preferred therapy of the choledochoduodenal fistula is the EPT combined with bile duct stone extraction. PMID- 3201812 TI - [Light protective agents]. PMID- 3201813 TI - [The elderly patient. Problems of replacing intraoperative blood loss]. PMID- 3201814 TI - [Computer monitoring of the bioelectric activity of the brain during artificial circulation]. PMID- 3201815 TI - [Current approaches to the evaluation of respiratory function in an emergency service setting]. PMID- 3201816 TI - [The external respiration system and associated hemodynamic function of the human body in minor mechanical trauma]. PMID- 3201817 TI - [Clinico-physiologic evaluation of the oscillatory modulation of breathing and vacuum massage as methods of respiratory physiotherapy in chronic obstructive diseases of the lungs]. PMID- 3201818 TI - [Current treatment of pyoseptic complications of acute hepatorenal insufficiency]. PMID- 3201819 TI - [Presymptomatic detection of autonomic stress during general anesthesia in heart surgery]. PMID- 3201820 TI - [State of the reaction of peroxidation of lipids and alpha-tocopherol in children in the early postoperative period]. PMID- 3201821 TI - [Use of taktivin in postoperative intensive therapy in oncology]. PMID- 3201822 TI - [The risk of reaching an incorrect decision as a criterion of the value of diagnostic information]. PMID- 3201823 TI - [Evaluation of trends in the development of the basic directions of present-day medicine from a sample of major scientific achievements]. PMID- 3201824 TI - [Efficacy of international scientific and technical cooperation (experience in the work of the Institute of Medical Genetics of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences)]. PMID- 3201825 TI - Association of African swine fever virus with the cytoskeleton. AB - The association of African swine fever virus (ASFV) with the cytoskeleton was investigated. Immunofluorescent studies of ASFV infected cells with anti-ASFV serum showed a temporal and spatial development of viral inclusions which moved from a peripheral to a perinuclear location and fused to give a single large perinuclear factory. The migration and fusion of viral inclusions was inhibited by colchicine suggesting a function for microtubules in assembly site organization not previously described. Accumulation of virions outside the inclusions and inhibition of viral release was also observed in colchicine treated cells. Viral antigens and structural elements were retained on the cytoskeleton fraction of Triton X-100 extracted cells. Reorganization of cytoskeletal elements around the assembly sites was demonstrated by transmission electronmicroscopy and by immunofluorescent studies using monoclonal antibodies against actin, tubulin and vimentin. Intermediate filaments accumulated around the viral factories, microtubules were greatly decreased in number and microfilaments were reorganized in association with the plasma membrane. Bundles of 15 nm tubules of unknown origin were also observed around the assembly sites. The distribution of viral proteins in soluble, cytoskeleton and detergent insoluble nuclear fractions was studied by pulse-chase experiments with [35S]methionine. SDS-PAGE analysis showed the presence in the cytoskeletal and nuclear fractions of 150, 72, 38, 28, 19 and 15 kDa virus structural proteins which increased after a 5 h chase. Our results indicate a close association of ASFV replication with the cytoskeleton similar to events described during FV3 replication but which differ from those occurring in poxvirus-infected cells. PMID- 3201826 TI - A protein of molar mass 12 kDa incorporates into the membrane of ASF virus infected cells. AB - An African swine fever virus-induced protein of molar mass 12 kDa (p12) was studied in virus-infected Vero cells using the monoclonal antibody 18B.B11. Protein p12 is incorporated into the membrane of infected cells about 7 h post infection and is not present in purified African swine fever virus particles. The synthesis of protein p12 is sensitive to cytosine arabinoside. PMID- 3201828 TI - Possible gene interchange between plasmid and chromosome in yeast. AB - Genomic DNAs isolated from 420 yeast strains stocked in the Department of Fermentation Technology, Hiroshima University (HUT) were screened for the presence of a plasmid sequence both as plasmid or in the chromosome. Five DNA samples gave rise to a positive hybridization signal when 32P-labelled Zygosaccharomyces plasmid pSR1 was used as a probe. Two among these contain hybridizing sequences as plasmids while the other three apparently were chromosomal. Two chromosomal DNA segments of HUT 7195 (Zygosaccharomyces spp.) which hybridized with pSR1 probe were cloned and sequenced. Both DNAs hybridized with a plasmid sequence covering the P gene of pSR1. One of the two segments contains a large open reading frame which can encode 410 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence is closely related with that of the P gene of pSR1. The present finding suggests that there was an interchange(s) of a gene between yeast plasmid(s) and chromosomes. PMID- 3201827 TI - Changes in ribosomal properties during adenylate deprivation in the cells of Kluyveromyces lactis. AB - In an adenine-requiring mutant strain of the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis, the intracellular content of ATP is one-third to one-fifth that in a prototrophic wild strain under growing conditions. The quantitative differences becomes rather small in resting stationary-phase cells. Temporary changes in the two-dimensional protein patterns of mutant ribosomes occur when the ATP content is lowest during the transition phase of growth. The transfer of exponentially growing cells to a synthetic complete medium void of adenine induces the same changes in mutant ribosomes within several hours. Identification of ribosomal proteins by two dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated all changeable proteins (at least five proteins) to belong to 40S ribosomal subunits. The mutant ribosomes prepared from the transition-phase cells have much lower activity (below 60%) for poly(U) directed polyphenylalanine synthesis than those in exponentially growing or resting stationary-phase cells. Thus, changes in ribosomal components associated with the differences in ribosome activity in a cell-free system were noted in the adenylate-deprived cells of K. lactis. PMID- 3201830 TI - [The morphological diagnosis of soft tissue tumors]. PMID- 3201829 TI - Karyotyping of yeast strains of several genera by field inversion gel electrophoresis. AB - Field inversion gel electrophoresis has been used to improve the resolution of the large chromosomes (greater than 1000 kb) present in Saccharomyces kluyveri and in several genera of yeasts other than Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and thus establish more accurately the electrophoretic karyotype of these yeasts. Field inversion gel electrophoresis has also been used to demonstrate the presence of chromosome length polymorphisms in several of the yeasts studied. By Southern blotting techniques the greater degree of relatedness of S. kluyveri and Kluyveromyces lactis to S. cerevisiae, as compared to that of the other genera of yeasts studied, has been established. PMID- 3201831 TI - [Angiomyoma. A pathologo-anatomic analysis of 229 cases]. AB - An analysis was made of 229 cases of angiomyoma retrieved from the authors' own files. Studies were aimed at histological features, morphological variability, tumour localisation as well as at distribution by sexes and age groups. The angiomyoma cases were subdivided by histological features into solid forms (18 per cent), venous forms (38 per cent), combinations (43 per cent), and cavernous variants (two cases only). That subdivision was based on variable relationships between smooth muscles, on the one hand, and vascular cavities of different shapes, on the other. Angiomyoma was found to occur in high incidence in the fourth to sixth decennium of age, with clearly recordable predilection for females, and localized in 40 per cent of all cases in the region of the lower leg. Noteworthy peculiarities included predominance of male patients with combined or mixed angiomyoma with cavernous components or with solely cavernous forms and preference of the venous subtype for the head-neck region. The morphological structure of angiomyoma is discussed in some detail and is interpreted as a correlate of an organoid mixed tumour with muscular and vascular components. It is against this background that the term of "angiomyoma" is definitely preferred to "vascular leiomyoma". PMID- 3201833 TI - [Ultrastructural organization of cell characteristics relevant to diagnosis in rhabdomyosarcomas]. AB - Rhabdomyosarcomas may be easily diagnosed by light microscopy when tumor cells exhibit cross striations typical of skeletal muscle cells. But in many cases the histological diagnosis is difficult because the tumors are predominantly composed of undifferentiated elements and only single cells can be seen which show an eosinophilic cytoplasm suggesting different steps of a possible rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Using the electron microscope seven embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, one alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma including one lymph node metastasis and one pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma were analysed in order to study the submicroscopical organization of diagnostic cellular features, resp. the distribution and arrangement of cytoplasmic filaments. The following lines of cellular differentiation could be distinguished: 1. Development of differentiated myoblasts and satellite cells: -- primitive, undifferentiated tumor cells: small round cells with scanty cytoplasm containing few thin filaments (4 to 6 nm) and intermediate-type filaments (10 nm), -- round or slightly spindle-shaped myoblast like tumor cells: cells with moderate cytoplasm exhibiting irregularly arranged thin and intermediate-type filaments and only some thick filaments (15 nm), -- myotube-like cells: long extended cells (strap shaped cells) revealing thin and thick filaments, Z-line material and different stages of myofibrillar organization, -- well-differentiated myoblasts: long extended cells showing typical cross-striations which correspond to well-formed sarcomeres with I-bands (Z-lines with extending thin filaments) and A-bands, which are subdivided into H- and M-bands, -- satellite cells of typical ultrastructure associated with differentiated myoblasts by a common basement membrane present in one case. 2. Development of aberrant myoblasts and giant cells: -- round myoblasts: cells with increased cytoplasm containing thin and thick filaments, primitive Z-lines, which were not organized into sarcomeres as well as unaligned sarcomeres, -- large round myoblasts and giant cells: cells with abundant cytoplasm containing irregularly distributed thin and thick filaments, primitive Z-lines and haphazardly arranged sarcomeres, which did not appear as cross-striations by light microscopy. The ultrastructure of tumor cells is discussed with regard to the degree of differentiation and their light microscopic appearance. The scale of cellular features in rhabdomyosarcomas could be also correlated with normal fetal myogenesis. Furthermore this confirms the important role of electron microscopy in the differential diagnosis of other small, primitive and dark-cell tumors. PMID- 3201832 TI - [Morphological pathology of classic Kaposi's sarcoma. Ultrastructural studies and reflections on histogenesis]. AB - Histological and electron-microscopic studies were conducted into biopsy material from cases of what is called the classical type of idiopathic Kaposi's sarcoma without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ultrastructural analysis was conducted, with the view to characterizing a possible progenitor cell from which the angioblastic and fibroblastic elements were likely to originate. The biopsy material had been obtained from two males, aged 86 or 83 years, who had been afflicted with the disease for 18 or 8 years. The nodular lesions were typical of Kaposi's sarcoma and were, histologically, made up of variable mixtures of vascular and spindle cell elements. The angiomatous structures were a capillary meshwork or sinusoidal patterns lined by atypical endothelial cells. The spindle cell areas contained large numbers of slit-like spaces which were without endothelial lining but were stuffed with erythrocytes. Flattened endothelioid cells were recordable from semi-thin-sections of some clefts. Haemosiderin was, typically, deposited in places. Electron microscopically, the endothelial cells of vascular channels exhibited varying amounts of characteristic organelles, such as Weibel-Palade bodies, microfilaments and pinocytotic vesicles as well as basal membranes. Cells with typical endothelial markers, too, were detectable in solid sprouts or in capillary-like differentiations with narrow or small lumina. The spindle cell tumour areas consisted of fibroblastic cells with plenty of rough endoplasmic reticulum and surrounded by material of basal membrane nature. Also visible were solid, sprout-type multilayer cell complexes surrounded by basal membranes which exhibited undifferentiated or primitive cellular forms, endothelioid and pericytic. Transitional forms from these complexes to the above vascular tumours or the spindle-cell formations were detectable. These ultrastructural findings might be interpreted to the effect that an angioblastically determined mesenchymal cell, a so-called endothelioblast, was thinkable and was discussed as the precursor cell of atypical vascular and spindle cell proliferation in Kaposi's sarcoma. PMID- 3201834 TI - [Histologic diagnosis and ultrastructural cytology of epithelioid sarcoma]. AB - Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare but distinctive soft tissue tumor showing characteristic histologic features associated with a typical course, but there is still some debate as to its histogenesis. Two cases of this unique tumor were analyzed using the electron microscope. Light microscopically the diagnostically relevant cell type is oval to polyhedral exhibiting a dense eosinophilic cytoplasm. In such epithelioid cells the cytoplasm may sometimes be completely filled with an inclusion-body like hyaline eosinophilic material. Ultrastructurally the most striking feature are abundant intermediate-type filaments in these eosinophilic cells. While none of the electron microscopic findings is specific, the accumulation of the intermediate-type filaments in conjunction with the other cellular features described in sufficiently consistent and distinctive and can thus be used for confirming the diagnosis. In formalin fixed specimens the electron microscopical investigation may be helpful in everyday diagnosis. The suggestion from the literature that epithelioid sarcoma is related to the synovial sarcoma can not be supported by our ultrastructural findings. PMID- 3201835 TI - Eosinophilic globules in fibroadipose tissue adjacent to Kaposi's sarcoma. AB - Eosinophilic globules have been reported in the sarcomatous tissue of the cutaneous type of Kaposi's sarcoma. This report presents a case in which similar eosinophilic globules were found in uninvolved area of fibroadipose tissue adjacent to the sarcomatous tissue in a 30-year old African woman. The histochemical characteristics of these globules were identical to those found within the sarcomatous tissue. The origin of these globules is not known, but a possible explanation is offered. PMID- 3201836 TI - Cytological findings in nodular fasciitis. AB - Nodular fasciitis, proliferative fasciitis, and proliferative myositis are tumorous proliferative soft tissue changes which on histological examination are quite often erroneously diagnosed as malignant neoplasms. Reported are cytological and histological findings recorded from nodular fasciitis in a man aged 34 years. The cytomorphology of nodular fasciitis is sufficiently characteristic, so that the lesion can be differentiated with certainty from malignant processes, since the cells have no features of malignancy, and the admixture of granulocytes and histiocytes in smears suggests a proliferative inflammatory process. PMID- 3201837 TI - [Endometrial stromal sarcoma of vaginal and para-vaginal localization. Morphology, diagnosis and differential diagnosis]. AB - Endometrial stromal sarcomas constitute a subgroup of malignant mesenchymal uterine neoplasms and comprise biologically somewhat different variants. Their occurrence in extrauterine tissues is possible but extremely rare and therefore they are quite often mistaken for other tumours. Reported in this paper is a stromal sarcoma in vaginal and paravaginal localization (64-years old woman). It was the purpose of our study to present the histological structure in comparison to uterine neoplasms and to discuss differential diagnosis. It could be demonstrated that histological features of the actual case corresponded precisely to the respective uterine tumours originating within the myometrium. In extrauterine position, haemangiopericytomas, leiomyosarcoma, malignant schwannomas, fibrosarcomas and synovial sarcomas as well as Mullerian adenosarcomas and carcinosarcomas should be taken into account. Important histological features facilitating distinction of endometrial stromal sarcomas from the aforementioned malignant tumours are discussed, and some comments are added with regard to histogenetical interpretation. PMID- 3201838 TI - [Degenerative shoulder diseases--their differentiation and surgical therapy]. AB - Degenerative shoulder diseases can be clearly differentiated from each other and from different ailments by careful recording of the case history, through clinical examination, and arthrography. Considerable therapeutic achievements have been recordable from operations on patients who had suffered for years. Eighty anterior acromion repairs had been performed with encouraging results by Juli 1987. Postoperative physiotherapy should be carried out with persistency and may last several months. PMID- 3201839 TI - [Is there a renaissance of the Sauerbruch kineplasty?]. AB - Kineplasty had been inaugurated by Sauerbruch in 1916. It has provided for direct coupling of stump muscles to the prosthetic joint and has yielded good functional results in numerous cases. The authors permanently look for three patients who had received kineplasty for injuries in the second world war which necessitated amputations on their upper extremities. They are one patient with one forearm amputation, one with an upper arm amputation, and one with upper arm amputation left and exarticulation of the right shoulder joint. - The authors' own experience and observations made by other authors appear to suggest the method to be recommended for handless patients and for those with one upper arm amputation. PMID- 3201840 TI - [Ligament injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb]. AB - When it comes to injuries of the collateral ligament in the metacarpal-phalangeal joint of the thumb, the best results have proved to be obtainable from primary surgery. Secondary ligament surgery according to Strandel, in its modification by Bauerle and Reill, has its clear-cut indication and ensures restoration of thumb functionality. Arthrodesis is an alternative that should be chosen with generosity. PMID- 3201841 TI - [Experiences with the use of cerium nitrate silver sulfadiazine in the local treatment of thermal injuries in childhood]. AB - Ointment containing cerium nitrate and silver sulphadiazine (Flammacerium) was applied to 47 children with second-degree to third-degree thermal injuries, with something between five and 60 per cent of the body surface being affected, as had been reported in a one-year prospective study. This ointment proved to be superior to several alternative approaches with regard to local properties, antimicrobial effectiveness, and applicability to several degree of burns. The process of treatment can be optimised due to unproblematic applicability in open and closed variants under both hospitalised and outpatient conditions. This assessment has been underlined by good to very good therapeutic results. PMID- 3201842 TI - [The epidural hematoma--diagnostic peculiarities, clinical courses and therapeutic results in a 12-year-study]. AB - Over the past twelve years, diagnoses were applied to and operations performed on 71 patients exclusively for epidural haematoma. A retrospective classification and assessment was made of clinical courses, preoperative angiography as well as of findings recorded from computed tomography and direct clinical examination. The pattern of epidural haematoma was found to be characterised by different clinical courses. Highly useful findings were obtained from direct clinical examination, including fracture in 89 per cent of the above cases and injuries to soft tissue in 85 per cent. A correlation was found to exist between development of haematoma (degree of compression) and postoperative neurological condition. Six operations had to be repeated for postoperative haemorrhage or residual haematoma. The lethality amounted to 15.4 per cent. PMID- 3201843 TI - [Isolation and enrichment of CFU-E from mouse fetal liver by affinity chromatography on a column of sepharose-transferrin]. PMID- 3201845 TI - [Determination of the threshold value of residual hemopoietic stem cells in mice after large-dose 60Co irradiation]. PMID- 3201846 TI - [The proliferation and differentiation capacity of hemopoietic stem cells after large-dose 60Co irradiation]. PMID- 3201844 TI - [The autophagic activity of Leydig cells in normal rat testes]. PMID- 3201848 TI - [Study on the nuclear microtubule organizing center (MTOC)]. PMID- 3201847 TI - [DNA single-strand breakage and its rejoining in HeLa cells caused by hypocrellin A photosensitization]. PMID- 3201849 TI - [Changes in the expression and structure of some proto-oncogenes in TPA-induced HL-60 and Raji cells]. PMID- 3201850 TI - [O6-mdGuo demethylation in cells and tissues]. PMID- 3201851 TI - Management of gastrointestinal cutaneous fistula. PMID- 3201852 TI - [Results of thrombendarterectomy and bypass in comparison to the preoperative and postoperative clinical state]. PMID- 3201853 TI - [The incidence and complications of duodenal ulcer]. PMID- 3201854 TI - [Pulmonary echinococcosis in childhood]. PMID- 3201855 TI - [Appendicitis in elderly people]. PMID- 3201856 TI - [What is new in goiter surgery?]. PMID- 3201857 TI - [Personal experience in the placing of venous grafts in femoro-popliteal bypass]. PMID- 3201858 TI - [Self-mutilation of the penis as an emergency surgical condition]. PMID- 3201859 TI - [Personal experience and dilemmas in the treatment of multiple injuries due to traffic accidents]. PMID- 3201860 TI - Gunshot and blast injuries to the extremities. Management of soft tissue wounds by a modified technique of delayed wound closure. AB - Thirty-three soft tissue wounds to the extremities from high-energy missiles were treated in 26 patients by using a modified technique of delayed wound closure. The modifications included planned re-examination and, if indicated, re debridement of the wound every 48 hours after the initial treatment, and temporary wound coverage with synthetic skin substitutes. With this approach we observed only one wound infection postoperatively. This finding demonstrates that these modifications may be helpful in the management of this type of injury, that is otherwise associated with a high complication rate, including wound infection. PMID- 3201861 TI - Nuclear DNA content and prognosis in Hurthle cell tumours of the thyroid gland. AB - The prognostic value of nuclear DNA content in Hurthle cell tumours of the thyroid was studied in 23 patients with more than 10 years follow up. Eleven of these neoplasms were classified as Hurthle cell carcinoma and 12 as adenoma. DNA measurements in morphologically identified single tumour cells were performed either on fine needle aspiration biopsy material or on histological sections from the primary tumours. The nuclear DNA content identifies those patients with a good versus a bad prognosis. These results correlate well with the findings in earlier studies about papillary, follicular and medullary thyroid tumours. PMID- 3201862 TI - Elastic compression stockings--an evaluation with foot volumetry, strain-gauge plethysmography and photoplethysmography. AB - Foot volumetry, strain-gauge plethysmography and photoplethysmography were performed on 15 patients testing three different elastic stockings. Improvement of venous function and enhancement of the musculovenous pump effect was shown at foot volumetry and photoplethysmography. No effect on refilling times was found. PMID- 3201863 TI - Management of obstructive small-bowel lesions. AB - By means of a 350 cm long intestinal tube with a balloon at its distal tip, surgically significant stenoses of the small intestine can be selectively identified and differentiated from changes not requiring surgical intervention. The balloon is inflated with 40 ml of air at the site of the obstruction, thereby serving as a marker for the surgeon in order to limit the intervention and avoid complications due to unnecessary manipulations. The tube offers a significant improvement in the management of chronic intestinal obstructive disease. Details of the technique and results from successful use in 24 patients are presented. PMID- 3201864 TI - Regional injection of 5-fluorouracil and starch microspheres in colorectal cancer. AB - Experiments were undertaken to examine the effect of degradable starch microspheres (DSM) on the local distribution of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) given by mesenteric arterial injection. Tritiated 5-FU (200 microCi) was injected into the inferior mesenteric artery of 8 perfused specimens of human large bowel containing adenocarcinoma and the concentration of 5-FU in local tissues and venous effluent was measured by scintillation counting. Metabolites of 5-FU were detected by radiochromatography. DSM (6 X 10(7)/mean diameter 40 micron) were injected in suspension with 5-FU (n = 7) and separately: before (n = 7) and after 5-FU (n = 7). Specimens given DSM retained 20% more cytotoxic than specimens given 5-FU alone (p less than 0.05). The concentration of 5-FU in tissues next to the primary tumour was increased when DSM were given in suspension with 5-FU, but higher concentrations were obtained when DSM were given last (p less than 0.05). Low concentrations were produced when DSM were given first. Concentrations in tumour tissue were not significantly increased by DSM. PMID- 3201865 TI - Enterostomy complications in infants. AB - A retrospective review of 48 infants, less than one year of age, with enterostomies was carried out to analyse the complications. Early complications were encountered in 3 patients (5%). Stoma complications occurred in 7 patients (14.6%) and revision was required in 2 cases. Total or near total parenteral nutrition was needed in 23 patients (48%). Of the 25 who tolerated oral feeding, 16 (64%) required extra sodium in their diet. Stoma-closure in 37 patients had a leakage rate of 8% and no mortality. Careful attention to technical details, diligent postoperative stoma care and early closure of the enterostomy if possible, seems to be the best way of avoiding complications. PMID- 3201866 TI - Recurrent primary hydatidosis of sartorius muscle. Case report. AB - A case of recurrent primary hydatidosis of sartorius muscle is reported. Initially an intact cyst was enucleated and the cavity irrigated with hypertonic saline, but 41 months later the cyst had recurred. Cysto-pericystectomy and saline irrigation were now performed, followed by mebendazole for 21 days. The patient is recurrence-free after 19 months. PMID- 3201867 TI - Internal Richter's hernia due to congenital peritoneal defect. Case report. AB - A case of internal Richter's hernia due to a congenital defect of the peritoneum in a 17-year-old girl is described. PMID- 3201868 TI - Torsion of intra-abdominal lipoma--a rare cause of recurrent or acute abdominal pain. Case report. AB - Torsion of an intra-abdominal lipoma is a rare cause of abdominal pain. Two cases are presented--a 21-year-old woman with episodic abdominal pain for 3 years, and a 28-year-old woman with abdominal pain for 4 days before admission to hospital for mechanical small-bowel obstruction. PMID- 3201869 TI - Mediastinal and subcutaneous cervical emphysema caused by perforating sigmoid cancer. Case report. AB - A case of mediastinal and subcutaneous cervical emphysema due to perforation of a sigmoid cancer is presented. Sudden deterioration and development of subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema in a chronically ill patient with equivocal abdominal signs should alert the examiner to the possibility of retroperitoneal gastrointestinal perforation. PMID- 3201870 TI - Rupture of the stomach complicating bleeding peptic ulcer. Case report. AB - Three cases of overdistension and rupture of the stomach complicating bleeding ulcer are reported. Despite early surgery two of the patients died of multiorgan failure and rebleeding. The pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment of this rare condition are discussed. The literature is reviewed. PMID- 3201871 TI - Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in young patients. Case report. AB - A 19-year-old student with non-symptomatic pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis in the right colon is presented. He had no history of any pulmonary or other disease. According to a review of the literature there is no rational for any treatment or specific follow-up in patients with a non-symptomatic pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. PMID- 3201872 TI - Recurrent hyperparathyroidism due to peroperative seeding of neoplastic or hyperplastic parathyroid tissue. Case report. AB - The clinical course and histologic characteristics of recurrent hyperparathyroidism due possibly to peroperative seeding of parathyroid cells are described in four cases--two of parathyroid adenoma, one of parathyroid hyperplasia associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and one of parathyroid carcinoma. The observations underline the necessity for careful handling of parathyroid lesions during extirpation, and that the multiple nodules of implanted parathyroid tissue can be curatively excised in some cases. PMID- 3201873 TI - Intraobserver and interobserver variability in the diagnosis of epithelial abnormalities in cervical smears. AB - In a study of variability in the diagnosis of epithelial abnormalities, cervical smears with abnormalities of different severity were rescreened twice by 19 observers with an interval of six months. The observers focused on grading atypicality of squamous, squamous metaplastic and endocervical columnar epithelial cells; their results were compared (1) for the two screenings to assess intraobserver variability and (2) to "review" (final) diagnoses to assess interobserver variability. When the same observer rescreened a smear, 83.3% of the diagnoses did not differ more than one grade between two screenings; however, average intraobserver variability differed considerably for individual observers. The intraobserver variability was only slightly (not significantly) influenced by the years of experience in cytopathology of the observers. Intraobserver variability proved to be an important factor in incorrect diagnoses: 49.1% of the smears with false-negative and 52.9% with false-positive diagnoses at the first rescreening were correctly assessed at the second rescreening. Of all diagnoses made at rescreening, 80.9% were in agreement with the review diagnosis. The interobserver variability also showed considerable differences between observers; however, there was a strong influence of the experience of the observer on the interobserver variability. Atypicality grading of endocervical columnar epithelium by the observers showed a low correlation with the review diagnoses. The relatively low accuracy in the evaluation of this kind of epithelial abnormality is likely to be attributable to the low incidence of abnormal changes of endocervical columnar epithelium. The results of this study point to intraobserver variability as the main cause of false diagnoses. When wrongly diagnosed, severe epithelial abnormalities are more often underestimated than completely overlooked. Apart from training in cytopathology, the establishment of laboratory protocols for multiple screening of even minor abnormalities seem to be the most effective means of reducing the number of false diagnoses. PMID- 3201874 TI - What can be expected from the cytologic examination of cervicovaginal smears for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infections? AB - The value of Papanicolaou-stained smears for the diagnosis of chlamydial infections is still disputed. A comparative examination of smears from infected and uninfected women has allowed the proposal of a new scheme for the interpretation of the cytologic abnormalities associated with chlamydial infection. In particular, the appearances of metaplastic cells were classified, and two smear types were found to have the highest sensitivities and positive predictive values: smears in which the metaplastic cells had (1) intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes or (2) numerous small intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing a central eosinophilic granule. The sensitivity of this method is low, however; cytology cannot replace bacteriologic identification for the diagnosis of chlamydial infections. Nevertheless, the examination of Papanicolaou-stained smears could be considered as a screening tool in low-risk populations; provided that all of the cytologic features were considered, presumptive diagnoses of chlamydial infections could be obtained. PMID- 3201875 TI - Extramedullary hematopoiesis in breast aspirates. AB - Hematopoietic elements were found in breast aspirates from nine women. A complete hematologic work-up did not disclose any hematologic disorder. It was concluded that these findings represent microfoci of extramedullary hematopoiesis without any pathologic significance. PMID- 3201876 TI - Differentiation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis from thyroid neoplasms in fine needle aspirates. AB - In order to refine the cytodiagnostic criteria for distinguishing Hashimoto's thyroiditis from thyroid neoplasms, aspirates from six cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, five Hurthle cell neoplasms and one papillary carcinoma associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis were reevaluated. Distinguishing characteristics were cell arrangements, nuclear chromatin pattern and nucleolar appearance. Hashimoto's thyroiditis was characterized by flat sheets and clusters of epithelial cells with oncocytic changes or occasionally by cohesive tissue fragments with cells well oriented one to the other. Thyroid neoplasms were characterized by loosely cohesive, syncytial-type tissue fragments with crowded overlapping cells poorly oriented one to the other and/or numerous isolated single cells. The nuclear chromatin of Askanazy cells in Hashimoto's thyroiditis was bland and even while that of neoplastic cells was finely granular, coarsely granular or irregularly clumped. Macronucleoli were present in Hurthle cell tumors but not in the Askanazy cells of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Epithelial cellularity, lymphoid cellularity, cellular polymorphism and nuclear pleomorphism were not useful criteria for making the differential diagnosis between the two conditions. An admixture of epithelial cells and lymphoid cells indicated Hashimoto's thyroiditis but was not helpful in ruling out an associated neoplasm. PMID- 3201877 TI - Fine needle aspiration of the hot thyroid nodule. AB - The use of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology in the evaluation of solitary hot thyroid nodules was examined in 24 patients. Satisfactory FNA specimens were obtained from 22 patients. None of the cytologic samples was considered malignant or suspicious for malignancy. The cytologic findings were indeterminate in one instance--a smear with follicular features. The smears from the other 21 patients were judged to be benign. If FNA had been used as the initial diagnostic step, the need for a thyroid scan would thus perhaps have been avoided in 21 of the 24 patients. These results support the idea that FNA is the most effective procedure in the evaluation of the solitary thyroid nodule, whether functional or not. PMID- 3201878 TI - Multiseptate bodies in systemic phaeohyphomycosis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology. AB - Fine needle aspiration of a lung nodule in an immunosuppressed adult man revealed numerous dematiaceous (pigmented) fungi with both hyphal and spherical forms. Multiseptate bodies ("muriform" cells) were also present in small numbers. Fonsecaea pedrosoi was cultured from the aspirate. The cytomorphologic features of the fungus in tissue are described, and the significance of finding fungal cells that divide both by budding and fission is discussed. PMID- 3201879 TI - Cytologic features of well-differentiated sclerosing liposarcoma in aspirated samples. AB - The histologic, cytologic and ultrastructural features of two cases of a rare variant of liposarcoma, the well-differentiated sclerosing type, are presented. These tumors are characterized by lipoblasts (in different stages of development), atypical fibroblasts, multinucleated floret cells, lipocytes and delicate, dispersed collagen. The differential diagnosis includes other types of liposarcoma and three benign lipomatous lesions: the pleomorphic lipoma, the atypical lipoma and the spindle cell lipoma. The latter three neoplasms are composed of fibroblasts, lipocytes and coarse collagen and may have typical lipoblastlike or fibroblastic cells. Given the difficulty in distinguishing these lesions, both cytologically and histologically, the clinical presentation and the tumor location become essential in rendering the diagnosis of sclerosing liposarcoma. PMID- 3201881 TI - Cytoendocrinological findings in the pituitary glands of patients with psoriasis. AB - Twelve pituitary glands from patients suffering from psoriasis obtained at postmortem showed in all cases hyperplasia of human growth hormone-producing cells. These results support the postulated pathomechanism that psoriasis lesions may arise as a result of an increased production of human growth hormone. PMID- 3201880 TI - Effects of a four-day nocturnal melatonin treatment on the 24 h plasma melatonin, cortisol and prolactin profiles in humans. AB - An oral preparation of melatonin was administered daily at 22.00 h to 6 healthy volunteers during summer on 4 consecutive days (days 1-4). The daily dose was 8 mg of melatonin as a single. Three 24-h melatonin, cortisol and prolactin profiles were determined in plasma by radioimmunological methods: 1) before treatment (day 0); 2) the first day after the 4-day treatment had been stopped (day 5), 3) the third day after withdrawal of this treatment (day 7). For the melatonin rhythm, an advanced phase was observed at day 7 vs day 0, whereas the amplitude and the mesor were not modified, whatever the day. For the prolactin profile, a significant increase as compared with the control day (day 0) was detected only at day 7 between 19.00 and 21.00 h. No modification was recorded for the plasma cortisol secretion. These results suggest that melatonin, when administered at a high dose over a short period, can influence the endocrine rhythms, and especially its own endogenous secretion. This effect must be investigated over several days after the treatment has ended. PMID- 3201882 TI - A rapid and simple assay for growth hormone-binding protein activity in human plasma. AB - The newly discovered circulating growth hormone binding proteins dictate a re evaluation of the state of GH in plasma in health and disease as the binding proteins are known to affect GH metabolism and action. We describe a rapid and simple GH-binding assay that allows determination of free and complexed plasma GH, as well as GH-binding protein activity as an index of GH-binding protein levels, with relative ease. The method is based on incubation of plasma with 125I GH and separation of bound from free GH on small DEAE-cellulose columns; it can be used on a large scale for routine determinations. The results obtained by this method are comparable to those obtained with the previously used slow and more cumbersome gel filtration technique. Initial data obtained in normal subjects and certain disease states show that the bound fraction of plasma GH is similar in men, women and children, is unaffected by pregnancy or acute infection, but is marginally decreased in liver cirrhosis. In acromegaly, binding protein activity also appears normal when allowance is made for partial saturation of the binding proteins by the high prevailing GH levels. The technique we describe should facilitate investigations of normal and abnormal regulation of the GH binding proteins. PMID- 3201883 TI - Immunocytochemical and biochemical localization of insulin-like growth factor I in the kidney of rats before and after uninephrectomy. AB - The localization of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I, somatomedin C) was investigated in the kidney of adult rats during normal conditions and after nephrectomy, using immunocytochemical and biochemical methods. In the normal kidney, IGF-I immunoreactivity could be demonstrated mainly in cells in the medullary collecting ducts and in those parts of the thin limb of Henle's loop located in the outer medulla. During compensatory growth all parts of the collecting ducts, including those in the cortex, showed IGF-I immunoreactivity, as did cells in the entire thin limb of Henle's loop. No IGF-I immunoreactivity could be demonstrated in the proximal or distal tubules, either in the control kidney or during compensatory growth. Biochemical measurements showed a significantly higher content of IGF-I in the inner medulla than in the cortex in the normal kidney. Uninephrectomy resulted in significantly increased IGF-I content in the cortex. It is suggested that IGF-I is produced mainly in the collecting ducts and in the thin limb of Henle's loop and exerts its effect on other parts of the nephron by paracrine mechanisms. PMID- 3201884 TI - Intranuclear hemoglobin in human erythroblasts: an immunoelectron microscopy study. PMID- 3201885 TI - Congenital hypoplastic (Diamond-Blackfan) anemia: a possible role of natural killer cells in erythropoietic suppression. PMID- 3201886 TI - A new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant (G6PD Iwate) associated with congenital non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia. PMID- 3201887 TI - Defective in vitro colony growth in myelodysplastic syndromes. PMID- 3201888 TI - Age-related change in the number of mast cells in human bone marrow and spleen. PMID- 3201889 TI - A human cell line of chronic myelogenous leukemia releasing a novel virus-like particle. PMID- 3201890 TI - Suppressive substance for the function of phagocytes in the serum of leukemic patients. PMID- 3201891 TI - A case of spongy lymphoid myelofibrosis: a variant of hairy cell leukemia? PMID- 3201892 TI - Platelet phagocytosis by macrophages in the bone marrow of patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura as a predictive factor in the effectiveness of splenectomy. PMID- 3201893 TI - Pathophysiology of shock and DIC complicating endoscopic embolization with thrombin for esophageal varices. PMID- 3201894 TI - Differentiation of human erythroleukemia K562 cells without chemical inducer and the role of iron-saturated transferrin. PMID- 3201895 TI - A new Ph1-positive cell line (NCU-CML-1) from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic crisis. PMID- 3201896 TI - Successful treatment of a patient with acute myeloid leukemia with 1 alpha(OH)D3. PMID- 3201897 TI - An autopsy case of hypereosinophilic syndrome without cardiac lesion after a two year course. PMID- 3201898 TI - Cell growth kinetics of cultured human myeloma cell lines, KMM-1 and KMS-5. PMID- 3201899 TI - Ph1+malignant histiocytosis--a case report. PMID- 3201900 TI - Ten cases of pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency found in Japan: enzymatic characterization of the patients' PK. PMID- 3201901 TI - Intracranial hemorrhage in utero due to fetomaternal Bak(a) incompatibility. PMID- 3201902 TI - Erythropoietic changes in chronic hemodialysis patients undergoing recombinant human erythropoietin therapy. PMID- 3201904 TI - [19th annual meeting of the Austrian Society of Internal Medicine jointly with the Austrian Society of Clinical Chemistry, the Austrian Society of Laboratory Medicine, the Austrian Society of Nuclear Medicine, and the Austrian Society of Nephrology. Salzburg, 22-24 September 1988. Abstracts]. PMID- 3201903 TI - Suppression of erythropoiesis by factor(s) released from bone marrow cells or pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cells of Syrian hamster. PMID- 3201905 TI - Dr. Anne J. Davis: an interview. PMID- 3201906 TI - Clinic nursing--the latest specialty? PMID- 3201907 TI - Group reminiscence therapy as a nursing intervention: an experimental study. Part two. PMID- 3201908 TI - Community health nursing and health promotion: what is the connection? PMID- 3201909 TI - Unit-based quality assurance projects Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital. PMID- 3201910 TI - Failure to condition evaluative and electrodermal responses to neutral stimuli by means of prepared cues. AB - To test Gray's proposal (1979, 1982) that prepared cues (snakes, spiders) are unconditioned, innate fear stimuli, a classical conditioning procedure was carried out in which a neutral, conditioned stimulus (CS; slides of flowers, mushrooms or apples) was repeatedly followed by a prepared, unconditioned stimulus (US; slides of snakes or spiders). Dependent variables were subjective evaluation of, and skin conductance responses to the CS slides, while respiration was used as a control variable. In one group of subjects (n = 12), skin conductance was recorded from the left hand, whereas in a second group (n = 11) it was recorded from the right hand. No evidence of skin conductance response - or of evaluative conditioning to the neutral CS as a result of its being paired with the prepared US was found. Thus, the results lend no support to Gray's proposal. No differences in skin conductance responses as a function of left versus right hand recording were found. PMID- 3201911 TI - Physiological and psychological response to a three-month mental strain period in students. AB - Biochemical and immunological parameters, physical and mental performance, subjective complaints and behavioural characteristics were compared before and after 14 final examinations undertaken by 64 students during a three-month examination period. A decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, physical performance and an increase in LDL/HDL cholesterol quotient, lactate level, mental performance were accompanied by a lower frequency of mental complaints and higher frequency of physical complaints. From the multidimensional variance and discriminant analysis 17 of the 44 variables discriminated between the state prior to and after the examination period. The results are interpreted in terms of the psychophysiological adaptation to adequate mental stress. PMID- 3201912 TI - 2nd European CIANS Conference. Magdeburg, East Germany, August 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3201913 TI - Rhythmic light therapy for depression and data processing analysis of its effects by directed coherence. PMID- 3201914 TI - Differences in latencies and amplitudes of auditory brain stem responses in symmetrical areas of the scalp in healthy subjects. PMID- 3201915 TI - The use of sedation in outpatients. Based on a symposium on sedation in dentistry and oral surgery. Jonkoping, Sweden, January 28-30, 1987. PMID- 3201916 TI - Risk evaluation and patient assessment in sedation. AB - Risk assessment gives a good clinical guide to the understanding of our patients' medical problems. The dentist can cope with problems related to patients belonging to risks group 1 and 2, but not to groups 3 or 4. The results of studies on risks, morbidity, and mortality in anaesthesia teach us that the human factor and technical error provoke complications, morbidity and mortality, seemingly unnecessarily. Case history and a simple physical examination, primarily concentrated on respiration and circulation, are of greatest importance. Main risks during conscious sedation are regurgitation and aspiration of fluid and smaller objects, such as a broken dentist's drill or a cardiac complication. Most feared is the risk of a reinfarcation. The aim of sedation is to reduce anxiety and restlessness. Of greatest importance is thorough patient information and a good doctor-patient contact. PMID- 3201917 TI - Intravenous or rectal administration of sedatives in outpatient oral surgery. AB - A number of cross-over studies on sedation in outpatient oral surgery investigated the quality of sedation produced by intravenous or rectal administration of diazepam. The sedation methods were equally efficient with a mean dose of 0.24 mg/kg (range 0.1-0.4) for i.v. administration and 0.53 mg/kg (range 0.5-0.6) for rectal administration. Eighty-five per cent of the patients preferred surgery under sedation and local anaesthesia to local anaesthesia alone. The patients preferred the session in which they experienced stronger sedation, regardless of the route of administration. PMID- 3201918 TI - The use of sedatives in dental care: legal aspects in Sweden. AB - The patient's rights and the dentist's obligations within Swedish dental care are governed by the Dental Care Act. The general dentist Instruction enjoins on every dentist, in accordance with science and tested experience, to advise and, as far as possible, to inform the patient about the treatment the patient's condition requires. Dentists have the right to prescribe sedative drugs. Intravenous injection of sedative agents may not at present be used by dentists. Dentists have the right to use nitrous oxide analgesia after undergoing training approved by the National Board of Health and Welfare. With regard to the nitrous oxide apparatus, it is stipulated that the concentration of oxygen must never fall below 40% volume. There are special directions for ventilation in the treatment room, portable exsuction, and other measures when nitrous oxide analgesia is used. It is specially directed how dentists shall keep case records in general. Stipulations also exist for the keeping of case records on nitrous oxide analgesia. Dentists are bound to report secondary effects of drugs to the National Board of Health and Welfare. PMID- 3201919 TI - Significance of lymphocytes and blood vessel changes for edema formation in polyradiculoneuritis. AB - Human sural nerve biopsies of eight cases with acute, subacute and chronic polyradiculoneuritis were studied by means of immunohistochemistry to characterize the inflammatory infiltrates. In addition, the structural changes of the endoneurial blood vessels were examined by electron microscopy, since both factors are likely to contribute to disturbances of the blood-nerve barrier. By use of six monoclonal antibodies, it was shown that the inflammatory infiltrates in cases with more acute polyradiculoneuritis are predominantly recruited by Leu 3a- and Leu 4-positive T lymphocytes. In more chronic polyradiculoneuritis beside of few Leu 3a-positive and Leu 4-positive T lymphocytes also B cells occurred. Leu M3-positive macrophages were detected in all cases with fluoride myelin degeneration. Since immunoreactivity for antigens of the HLA-D-locus (Leu-HLA-DR and Leu 10) were present on the infiltrating mononuclear cells, it can be postulated that they represent active and immunocompetent cells. Ultrastructurally, the amount of pinocytotic vesicles in the endothelial cells of the endoneurial blood vessels was increased. Moreover, a prominent folding of the luminal and abluminal surface of vascular endothelial cells and diminution of the intercellular tight junctions were observed. These findings appear suitable to explain the increased leakage of serum proteins across the blood-nerve barrier in polyradiculoneuritis sharing general features of cell-mediated immunity. PMID- 3201920 TI - Electron microscopic study on brain of macular mutant mouse after copper therapy. AB - The hemizygote of the macular mutant mice, which is clinically and neuropathologically considered to be a model of Menkes kinky hair disease (MKHD), were injected intraperitoneally four times with 10, 20, 20 and 30 micrograms of cupric chloride on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 after birth, respectively. Their cerebral and cerebellar cortices were chronologically examined by electron microscopy. In the cerebral cortex, only a few abnormal mitochondria with electron-lucent matrix and short peripherally located cristae were scattered in the neurons on day 14, and these had almost entirely vanished after day 21. In the cerebellar cortex, abnormal mitochondria were frequently found on day 14 in the dendrites of the Purkinje cells, whereas they were only occasionally observed in their cytoplasm. Those in the dendrites had decreased in number on day 30, and only a few of them were seen in the cerebellum after day 45. These results show that the copper therapy reduced ultrastructural abnormalities in the hemizygote of this mutant mouse. PMID- 3201921 TI - Observations on demyelinating lesions induced by Theiler's virus in CBA mice. AB - We examined demyelinating lesions in the spinal cord of CBA mice infected with the BeAn strain of Theiler's virus to see if it was possible to document the sequence of changes which result in demyelination. It was found that the lesions which develop in the late stages of the disease were progressive. Therefore, by examining the different zones of a single lesion, it was possible to follow a sequence of changes which lead to demyelination. There was a clear progression from normal myelin, to vacuolated myelin, to myelin phagocytosis, to demyelinated axons, to remyelinated axons. Virus was detected in degenerating oligodendrocytes in the area showing myelin vacuolation by both electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry, a finding which indicated that virus infection precedes demyelination. The area of normal myelin which surrounded the zone of vacuolated myelin was infiltrated by lymphocytes, indicating that lymphocytic infiltration preceded viral replication and oligodendrocyte degeneration. Our observations indicate that cells of the immune system may play a role in the initiation of virus replication which appears to be a prerequisite for demyelination. PMID- 3201922 TI - Neuropathology in glutaric acidaemia type 1. AB - The neuropathology in three cases of glutaric acidaemia type 1 is presented. All three showed extensive neuronal loss in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, with only small numbers of large neurons surviving. The globus pallidus showed moderate shrinkage and gliosis but no conspicuous decreases in neurons. Severe spongiform change was seen in many regions, involving predominantly white matter. These features are very similar to some cases described previously in familial striatal degeneration in childhood, but are different from other cases. If found in a brain at autopsy, they should lead to studies to diagnose glutaric acidaemia type 1 retrospectively, so that accurate genetic counselling and prenatal diagnosis in future pregnancies can be offered. PMID- 3201923 TI - Vascularization of syngenic intracerebral RG2 and F98 rat transplantation tumors. A histochemical and morphometric study by use of ricinus communis agglutinin I. AB - The vascularization of intracerebral transplantation tumors of the two rat glioma clones RG2 and F98 was studied in various stages of progressive tumor growth by use of biotinylated Ricinus communis agglutinin I (B-RCA I) in avidin-biotin peroxidase complex (ABC)-histochemistry. The tumors were induced by stereotactic implantation of 1000 glioma cells into the right caudate nucleus of 26 adult CDF rats and examined after 10, 14, 18, and 21 days following controlled intracardial perfusion of the host animals. Our histochemical results on paraffin sections demonstrate that B-RCA I selectively stains vascular endothelial cells of arteries, veins, and capillaries not only in the normal rat brain but also in the transplantation tumors. Subsequently morphometric measurements of the B-RCA I stained sections were performed to define the tumor vascularization in quantitative terms. There was an increase in the mean tumor vessel diameters during tumor growth in both transplantation tumor types leading to values about two times above those of the normal rat striatum. On the contrary, the mean vessel density and the mean vessel surface per tumor area were markedly reduced in the late stages of both tumor types when compared to the normal striatum. The RG2 and F98 transplantation tumors differed with regard to the intercapillary distance, which was two times higher in the F98 transplantation tumors than in the RG2 tumors on day 21. In conclusion, B-RCA I is a very sensitive histochemical marker for rat vascular endothelia on paraffin sections. Moreover, this method appears to provide the possibility for qualitative and quantitative study of the development of vasculature in intracerebral transplantation systems including tumors. PMID- 3201926 TI - High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord in experimental demyelinating disease. AB - Chronic recurrent experimental allergic encephalomyelitis was induced in a strain 13 guinea pig by inoculation of isologous spinal cord homogenate. The spinal cord was obtained after perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde and examined with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. Proton NMR spin echo images (repetition time: 3 s; echo times: 20 and 60 ms) were obtained from intact, isolated spinal cord in a 4.7 Tesla, 50 mm bore magnet. The slice thickness of the images was 380 microns and the inplane resolution was 40 X 40 microns. The images showed superficial areas of low signal intensity in the lateroventral regions of the white matter, in some instances with a seam of higher signal intensity. Neuropathologically, these abnormalities corresponded exactly to areas of demyelination. Control images did not show these abnormalities. The present high resolution imaging allowed a correlation between demyelination and abnormal NMR signals in a small laboratory animal with an inflammatory demyelinating disease. PMID- 3201924 TI - Ultrastructural heterogeneity in cerebral amyloid of Alzheimer's disease. AB - Cerebral amyloid deposits from five patients with presenile or senile cerebral disease of the Alzheimer type were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate or with periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate, and examined with traditional high-resolution electron microscopy and with a goniometer tilting stage. In addition to a carbohydrate-rich matrix, we also consistently found local cell-derived vesicles within plaque and dyshoric amyloid. The most likely source for these vesicles appeared to be degenerate neurites. Amyloid fibrils were intimately associated with plasmalemmata, particularly those of degenerate neurites, which supported a neuronal origin for the amyloid fibril of Alzheimer's disease. PMID- 3201925 TI - Proliferation of rat intraspinal Schwann cells following tellurium intoxication. AB - A stable population of intraspinal Schwann cells, which developed following early postnatal irradiation of the spinal cord, was challenged by the addition of tellurium (Te) to the diet beginning at 30 days of age. Schwann cells incorporating [3H]thymidine were identified by 1 micron autoradiographs and by conventional electron microscopy of adjacent thin sections. Autoradiographs of areas with Schwann cell myelination showed extensive labelling of cells in the Te fed animals. In contrast, control animals which were not fed Te showed little evidence of labelled Schwann cells. These data indicate that Schwann cells in the intraspinal environment show a proliferative response to the presence of Te in the rat's diet, as do Schwann cells in their normal extraspinal milieu. PMID- 3201927 TI - Mixed ependymoma-astrocytoma (subependymoma?) of the cerebral cortex. AB - Tumors of mixed glial origin may present as low-grade neoplasms with distinct cell populations or as polymorphic malignant gliomas. Such cell populations are usually appropriate to the location of the tumor. A mixed tumor, with a cell population inappropriate to tumor location, is presented to discuss theories of glial differentiation and cellular heterogeneity. This mixed ependymoma astrocytoma of the parietal cortex, ultrastructurally similar to subependymoma but anatomically separate from the subependymal cell matrix or ventricular surface, gives evidence for neoplastic differentiation into ependymal and astrocytic cell lines. This supports the idea of a common progenitor cell, the ependymoglia or tanycyte, in human cerebral cortex. PMID- 3201928 TI - Abnormal amianthoid collagen fibers in meningioma. AB - Electron microscopic examination of a spinal meningioma demonstrated broad zones with large amianthoid collagen fibers in the tumor. Normal native collagen fibrils were found in small scattered clumps particularly around the blood vessels in the tumor. Such abnormal large collagen fibrils have not been seen previously in meningiomas. The significance of the amianthoid fibers is unknown. The only other unusual feature of the tumor was that it had many pale-staining cells by light microscopy and was classified as a clear cell variant of meningioma. PMID- 3201929 TI - Treatment of severe subglottic stenosis in children with the CO2 laser. A preliminary report on a few successful cases. AB - Subglottic stenosis in children is difficult to resect even with the CO2 laser. The smallest laser bronchoscope is usually too large to pass through the glottis. In cases where it is possible, the precision may not suffice. A micromanipulator used together with a laryngoscope will permit a far better control of the laser beam. The commercially available instruments are not sufficiently small for use in a small stenotic larynx. As only small parts of the stenosis should be removed at one time, there has been a need for delicate instruments to protect parts of the laryngeal interior and at the same time permit access to the nether area of the subglottic region. Instruments designed by the author is described and the preliminary results of hitherto five consecutive cases are reported. Ages at the beginning of the treatment varies from 2 months to 4 years and 4 months. The most severe case has been treated six times. Three children are living without breathing problems. One child is about to be decannulated, and the treatment has just begun in the most recent case. The observation time after treatment is 2 years at most. PMID- 3201930 TI - Congenital laryngo-tracheo-oesophageal cleft. Report of a case with difficulties of diagnosis and treatment. PMID- 3201931 TI - Morphology of the subepithelial mucous glands in the adult human larynx. AB - From 10 macroscopically normal larynges from adult persons the mucosa was removed in toto, stained with PAS-alcian blue, and the morphology of the subepithelial glands were studied. The glands presented as simple, tubular, usually purely mucous, or as larger, branched, sero-mucous tubular-alveolar. Their orifices were in areas lined with squamous or columnar epithelium. Three different types of main excretory ducts were observed, the commonest of equal caliber throughout, the other two with ampullar or funnel-shaped distensions. PMID- 3201932 TI - Ultrasonic treatment of Meniere's disease. PMID- 3201933 TI - Treatment of spasmodic dysphonia by means of resection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. AB - Over the last twelve years 44 patients suffering from spasmodic dysphonia have been seen at Huddinge hospital. There were 34 women and 10 men. 22 of these patients were for various reasons not regarded as candidates for surgery. The opposite applied to the remaining 22 patients. The outcome of a temporary nerve block guided us (the surgeons and the patients) whether to operate or not. 12 patients were thus operated upon by means of resection of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. The immediate post-operative result was excellent in 11 of 12 patients but the voice deteriorated in 4 patients. They had revision surgery with a successful result in 3 of them. Also the other 7 patients deteriorated to some extent but not to the degree that revision surgery was necessary. It is our hypothesis that recurrencies are caused by reinnervation of the sectioned nerve. PMID- 3201934 TI - Speech rehabilitation in laryngectomees with tracheo-oesophageal fistulas and prostheses. AB - The Staffieri technique was used in 24 patients, but abandoned due to aspiration. The Blom-Singer or other prostheses were used in 40 cases, 50% achieved fluent speech, 15% spoke partially and 35% were not able to use the prostheses at all. Some complications are always met with in these cases: Dysphagia, leakage around the prostheses and difficulties with the function of the prostheses. The selection of suitable cases is important. Their cooperation and motivation must be ensured preoperatively, and in many cases like those living under poor social conditions or in older patients, this procedure should not be tried. PMID- 3201935 TI - Pathogenesis of idiopathic contact granuloma of the larynx. Results of a prospective clinical study. AB - The pathogenesis of idiopathic contact granuloma is still not clear. The present results of a prospective study on possible etiological factors indicate that oesophageal disturbances are common in patients with contact granuloma but some other pathogenetic factors must also be considered. PMID- 3201937 TI - Endolymphatic sac surgery. PMID- 3201936 TI - Tubal function and surgery in chronic otitis media. A study on the predictive value of testing tubal function, Valsalva's manoeuvre and volume of ear spaces. AB - In 141 ears with central tympanic membrane (TM) perforation preoperative tubal studies as well as volume determination of the air-filled ear spaces was performed. Tubal patency was checked with Valsalva's manoeuvre and pressure equilibration function with Toynbee's test and aspiration-deflation tests respectively. At postoperative control 74.5% of the ears had intact movable TM (healed), 5.7% had intact but immovable or retracted TM and 19.8% had perforation (defect). There was no difference between the healed and defect ears regarding results in aspiration-deflation tests. A positive Valsalva's manoeuvre was significantly more frequent in the healed ears. Ears with a small air-filled volume and negative Valsalva's manoeuvre showed significantly lower healing rate than ears with positive Valsalva's manoeuvre and a large air-filled volume. PMID- 3201938 TI - Carcinoma in situ of the larynx. Results with different methods of treatment. AB - A series of 81 cases of severe dysplasia or carcinoma in situ of the larynx was retrospectively analysed to evaluate the results of radiation therapy and repetitive stripping/biopsies. An average of almost five years elapsed between the diagnosis of severe dysplasia/carcinoma in situ and carcinoma. Of patients primarily treated with irradiation 19% developed invasive carcinoma compared to 15% in the group primarily treated with repetitive stripping/biopsies, and radiation therapy for failures. The mean age at diagnosis for patients in whom the epithelium normalized was 66.1 years, compared to 59.3 years for those in whom the process progressed to carcinoma (p less than 0.05). It thus appears that carcinoma in situ may comprise at least two different lesions with different biological behaviour. PMID- 3201939 TI - Carbon dioxide laser as primary treatment of glottic T1S and T1A tumours. AB - A series of 31 glottic T1 tumours, 18 T1A and 13 T1S, treated endoscopically by carbon dioxide laser surgery is presented. There were 3 recurrences in each group which were successfully treated by repeated laser surgery or radiotherapy. A comparison of the quality of the voice with T1A tumours primarily treated by radiotherapy using a GRBAS score is made. The quality changed for the worse permanently after laser excision. PMID- 3201940 TI - Treatment of T3 laryngeal carcinoma. Clinical evaluation after 50 Gy, is it of any value? AB - 29 patients with T3 carcinoma of the larynx were evaluated after irradiation with 50 Gy with special emphasis on the mobility of the vocal cord. 10 of the patients with fixation of the vocal cord were assumed to have unsatisfactory response to treatment and were therefore advised laryngectomy. In 4 of the patients the fixation was due to fibrosis. One patient also had a fixed vocal cord, but was discarded from the investigation because of inoperable regional metastases. 18 patients with improved mobility of the vocal cord continued the irradiation to 70 Gy. 6 of these patients later developed local recurrences. It is concluded that the mobility of the vocal cord after 50 Gy is of dubious prognostic value. PMID- 3201941 TI - Evaluation of factors affecting sensory neural hearing loss. AB - A detailed analysis of risk factors in the development of sensory-neural hearing loss (SNHL) was carried out in 199 forest workers. The mean hearing threshold of both ears at 4000 Hz was measured and the effect of age, exposure, blood pressure, presence of vibration induced white finger (VWF), tobacco smoking and plasma lipid concentrations on SNHL were evaluated by multiple linear regression analysis. A part of aging the major risk factors were presence of VWF, elevation of LDL-cholesterol level and usage of antihypertensive agents. Additional factors in the analysis, e.g. smoking and diastolic and systolic blood pressure did not significantly contribute to the genesis of SNHL. PMID- 3201942 TI - High-frequency audiometry: air- and electric bone-conduction. AB - Normative values have been obtained for high-frequency air- and electric bone conduction thresholds in different age groups. Reproducibility with both methods is of the same order of magnitude as with conventional audiometry. The two thresholds can be compared and the air-conduction/electric bone-conduction gap obtained by transforming the electric bone-conduction values to a dB notation by means of a formula containing a frequency-dependent constant. PMID- 3201943 TI - High frequency audiometry in facial paralysis. AB - High frequency (10-21 kHz) hearing thresholds were measured in 54 patients with Bell's palsy. In 25 (46%) of the patients the high frequency hearing was worse in the affected side, and in 16 (30%) better. The differences in the mean threshold between the two ears varied from 17.1 to 3.8 dB, being statistically significant at half of the frequencies measured. The findings support the idea that facial palsy is one manifestation of a lesion which extends beyond the VIIth cranial nerve. PMID- 3201944 TI - Normal ABR's in dyslexic children. AB - Auditory Brain stem Responses (ABR) were recorded in 24 severely constitutional dyslexic--and 21 normal children. The response latencies of the two groups were almost identical. We conclude that dysfunction of the brain stem auditory pathways should not be expected in dyslexic children. PMID- 3201945 TI - Three-dimensional laser Doppler interferometric display of human tympanic membrane vibrations at two different frequencies and sound pressure levels. AB - The vibrational movements of the tympanic membrane of human in vitro specimens were studied by computerized laser Doppler interferometry. The entire surface of the vibrating tympanic membrane was scanned with the laser beam and all information was stored digitally making it possible to recreate the movements as in slow motion on the oscilloscope. Single phases of interest from the vibrational cycle were plotted as shown. The resonance patterns at 0.58 kHz and 3.11 kHz are compared and the effect of different sound pressure levels on the vibrational movement of the tympanic membrane demonstrated. PMID- 3201946 TI - Vestibular neurectomy. PMID- 3201947 TI - Middle fossa operation and suboccipital operation for removal of acoustic neuromas. PMID- 3201948 TI - Ten years' experience with translabyrinthine acoustic neuroma surgery in Denmark. PMID- 3201949 TI - Nasal allergy--immunotherapy. PMID- 3201950 TI - How to handle vocal cord granuloma. PMID- 3201951 TI - Sulcus glottidis--phonosurgical aspects. PMID- 3201952 TI - Video documentation at laryngoscopy. PMID- 3201953 TI - Sequelae following secretory otitis and their progression. PMID- 3201954 TI - Do we treat "the right" children with secretory otitis media at the ENT clinic? PMID- 3201956 TI - Lasersurgery and photodynamic therapy. PMID- 3201957 TI - Symposium "cochlear implantation". PMID- 3201955 TI - Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of amoxycillin/clavulanate (Spektramox) and cefaclor (Kefolor) in children with recurrent AOM or therapy failure. PMID- 3201958 TI - Cochlear implant. Treatment of deaf people with cochlear implant--results of an 8 channel extracochlear implant. PMID- 3201959 TI - Results from extracochlear 3M/Vienna implants on 10 patients. PMID- 3201960 TI - Early results with two types of multiple electrode intracochlear implants in postlingually totally deaf persons. PMID- 3201961 TI - Otopathological aspects of cochlear implants. PMID- 3201962 TI - Results of cochlear implantation project in Finland. PMID- 3201963 TI - Implantation of intracochlear electrodes in Denmark. PMID- 3201964 TI - Computerized posturography, a development of the measuring system. AB - A computerized posturography system is composed of a custom made strain gauge force platform and it utilizes commercially available amplifiers. The body sway response signals are digitized for the calculation of the following parameters by a computer: average velocity of body sway, mean value for fore-aft and lateral body sway, and maximal amplitude of body sway. Calf muscles were exposed to vibration to disturb the postural control. The program contains appropriate filters to remove transient and quantification noise. PMID- 3201965 TI - Otoneurological and ultra low field MRI findings in multiple sclerosis patients. AB - Otoneurological and ultra low field MRI findings in multiple sclerosis patients: 22 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) underwent thorough neurological and otological examination, extensive ENG testing and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination of the central nervous system. All patients fulfilled the Schumacher criteria for a diagnosis of definitive MS. 20 of the patients had been included in previous otoneurological studies three to five years ago. The general disability assessed according to Hyllested's scale was: Class 1-7, Class 2-4, Class 3-6, Class 4-3, Class 5-2 patients. Thus 11 patients had none or only slight disability. Nevertheless, all patients showed abnormal findings when classified according to the Kurtzke disability scale, which reflects the involvement of separate neuronal entities. The ENG examination revealed abnormal findings in all patients. The most common abnormalities found were as follows: abnormal pendular test 19, ocular fixation index 18, optokinetic nystagmus 14, saccadic eye movements 14 and spontaneous nystagmus 12. 14 patients had uni- or bilateral abnormally slow adduction movements in the saccadic test consistent with internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), which is caused by a lesion of the brain stem. MRI examination of the 21 patients studied revealed abnormal findings consistent with MS in sixteen cases. The lesions were unilateral in 5 and bilateral in 11 patients. The most common location for these abnormal findings consistent with MS plaques were in the white matter around the lateral ventricles. Plaques in the brain stem and/or cerebellum were found in only two cases despite numerous clinical and otoneurological findings that indicated the presence of functional lesions in these areas. PMID- 3201966 TI - Caldwell-Luc operation: long-term results and sequelaes. AB - Out of 65 patients with sinusitis, treated with Caldwell-Luc operation 58 (43%) had more or less pronounced postoperative complaints at the follow-up 4-7 years postoperatively. The patients could be divided into group A 47/65 where all were satisfied with the result of the operation and group B 18/65 with more pronounced complaints, such as facial and dental par/hyperesthesia or neuralgia of nervus infraorbitalis. Persisting antrostomy was found in 82% in group A and in 37% in group B indicating that an open antrostomy is of importance for the long time result. PMID- 3201968 TI - Compensatory increase of CBF in preterm infants during hypoglycaemia. AB - Cerebral blood flow (CBF00) was investigated in 24 preterm infants (mean 30.8 weeks of gestational age) by use of intravenous 133-Xe clearance technique while screening simultaneously for low blood glucose after birth (mean 3 hours). CBF was significantly increased in 10 infants with blood glucose lower than 1.7 mmol/l compared to normoglycaemic infants and tended to decrease rapidly after treatment. Nine of the 10 hypoglycaemic infants were monitored for cerebral function. Well defined visual evoked cortical potentials were elicitable in all and the aEEG was not less active during the hypoglycaemic episode. Therefore, it is suggested that compensatory increase of CBF may have supported the cerebral metabolism during uncomplicated hypoglycaemia. PMID- 3201967 TI - Serial measurements of cerebral blood flow velocity in preterm infants during the first 72 hours of life. AB - Serial measurements of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) were made in 29 preterm infants, using continuous wave Doppler ultrasound. CBFV was measured in both anterior cerebral arteries and quantitative measurements of CBFV were determined using the area under the velocity curve. In all ventilated infants, CBFV increased significantly during the first 6 hours of life and continued to increase until 16 hours of age. Thereafter, CBFV remained relatively constant. This increase in CBFV was primarily the result of increased diastolic flow. Three infants who had evidence of intraventricular haemorrhage on cranial ultrasound, had similar CBFV compared with the infants with no evidence of haemorrhage. Two infants died and both demonstrated areas of periventricular leukomalacia at autopsy. These infants had a prolonged period of low CBFV. These measurements provide normal data for ventilated, preterm infants. As previously suggested in term infants, the initial rise in CBFV may be secondary to closure of the ductus although a generalized decrease in peripheral vascular resistance could also be a contributing factor. Fluctuations in CBFV rather than individual readings are probably more important in the genesis of IVH. An episode of significantly reduced CBFV is a poor prognostic sign. PMID- 3201969 TI - Vaginally born low-risk preterm infants: fetal acidosis and outcome at 6 years of age. AB - In a population of vaginally born low-risk preterm infants fetal acidosis (scalp pH less than 7.20) was found in 50% (6 out of 12) of infants of 29-33 weeks' gestational age (Group I) and in 9% (2 of 22) infants of 34-36 weeks' gestational age (Group II). At 6-7 years of age the children underwent a neurodevelopmental examination including a Griffith test. Five out of 6 Group I infants with fetal acidosis and 10 out of 20 Group II infants without fetal acidosis had minor or moderate neurodevelopmental problems. On the Griffith test Group II infants scored below Group I with more coordination and fine motor problems on the tested subscales. Fetal acidosis was more common in very preterm infants but cannot be used per se as a reliable indicator of long-term outcome. PMID- 3201970 TI - Metabolic differences between AGA- and SGA-infants of very low birthweight. II. Relationship to protein intake. AB - The metabolic response to different levels of human milk protein intake was studied in 23 appropriate (AGA) and 19 small for gestational age (SGA) infants of very low birthweight (VLBW) on the eighth day of life. The infants received from birth, either fresh preterm human milk or human milk fortified with lyophilized human milk (6 g per 100 ml). Thus, the protein intake ranged from 1.98 to 3.28 g/kg/d in the AGA- and from 1.94 to 3.34 g/kg/d in the SGA-infants. Alpha-amino nitrogen and bile acid concentrations in serum and total- as well as alpha-amino nitrogen excretion in the urine were measured. When the protein intake was less than 2.5 g/kg/d no differences between the groups could be found in any of the parameters directly related to nitrogen metabolism, but a significantly higher concentration of bile acids in serum was found in the SGA-infants. On protein intakes of more than 2.5 g/kg/d the SGA-infants responded with higher alpha-amino nitrogen as well as total bile acids concentrations in the serum and also with higher excretions of total- as well as alpha-amino-nitrogen in the urine when compared to the AGA-infants. The differences between the groups became more pronounced with an increasing protein intake. The data suggest that on the eighth day of life SGA-infants are more sensitive to an excessive protein intake than AGA-infants. Hepatocellular dysfunctions as a result of intrauterine growth retardation seems to be an important factor in this special metabolic situation. Bile acid concentration in the serum can be used as a good marker to detect this. The observed differences in the metabolic capacity to handle protein between AGA- and SGA-infants on the eighth day of life have to be considered in the nutritional management of VLBW-infants. PMID- 3201971 TI - Neurological condition of large-for-gestational-age infants during the newborn period. AB - Thirty-two large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants and 46 appropriate-for gestational-age (AGA) infants used as controls, were investigated. LGA and AGA infants did not differ regarding instrumental deliveries or asphyxia. The infants were examined on the 1st and 5th days after birth with a standardized neurological assessment. The LGA infants showed a significantly delayed neurological adaptation with fewer optimal responses on day one as compared to the AGA infants. These differences were not observed on day five. There were no neurological differences between prenatally and postnatally detected LGA infants. No significant differences were observed regarding parity on maternal complications, neonatal course, and neurological scores of the LGA infants. PMID- 3201972 TI - A prospective study of cow's milk allergy in exclusively breast-fed infants. Incidence, pathogenetic role of early inadvertent exposure to cow's milk formula, and characterization of bovine milk protein in human milk. AB - A cohort of 1,749 newborns in the municipality of Odense were followed prospectively for the development of cow's milk allergy (CMA) during their first year of life. Altogether 39 fulfilled the criteria for CMA (2.2%). Out of the 39 infants, 17 developed symptoms of CMA during breast-feeding, in all cases before the age of 3 months. Nine of these were solely breast-fed at the time of diagnosis, giving a one year incidence of CMA in exclusively breast-fed infants of 0.5% (9/1,749) in a study population with a frequency of exclusive breast feeding of 52% at 3 months of age. None of the infants had signs of CMA in the neonatal period. Review of records from the newborn nursery revealed that all 9 infants had been exposed to cow's milk formula in amounts corresponding to approximately 0.4-3.0 g of beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) during the first three days of life. Human milk samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the content of bovine BLG. Detectable amounts (0.5-45 ng/ml) were found in 3/9 samples of human milk against which the infants reacted clinically. Analysis of the size distribution by high pressure liquid gel permeation chromatography in combination with ELISA indicated a molecular weight of BLG corresponding to that of monomeric BLG (18 kD). Possibly early inadvertent and occasional exposure to cow's milk proteins may initiate sensitization in predisposed neonates. Subsequent exposure to minute amounts of bovine milk proteins in human milk may act as booster doses eliciting allergic reactions. PMID- 3201973 TI - Immunological and endocrinological response to growth hormone therapy in short children. AB - We investigated the influence of human growth hormone (hGH) on mitogen-stimulated lymphoproliferation, in vitro IgM production, serum levels of immunoglobulins, somatomedin-C (Sm-C) values and serum growth-promoting activity (Thymidine Activity, TA) in 18 short children, aged between 6.6-14.5 years, undergoing a 3 month course of hGH therapy. Blood was collected the day before treatment (Group A), on the 5th day after patients were administered hGH daily (0.1 U/kg) i.m. for 4 days (Group B), after a 3-month course of hGH injected three times weekly, and finally before (Group C) and 24 h after an extra injection (Group D). In vitro IgM production from the patients' unstimulated lymphocytes decreased from 277 +/- 41 (Group A) to 168 +/- 38 (Group B), to 119 +/- 43 (Group C) and then to 119 +/- 28 ng/ml (Group D) (p less than 0.05). Using PWM-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro IgM production decreased from 2,015 +/- 464 (Group A) to 1,116 +/- 316 (Group B), then to 511 +/- 170 (Group C) and 968 +/- 295 ng/ml (Group D) (p less than 0.02). The variation of this decrease could be correlated with the variation of growth velocity during treatment (r = 0.619, p less than 0.05). In contrast, no significant changes were found following therapy either in serum levels of IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, Sm-C and TA, or in phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen-stimulated lymphoproliferation. Our data suggest that there is some relationship between growth hormone, growth and immunity. PMID- 3201974 TI - Growth in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with and without prophylactic cranial irradiation. AB - Growth and weight gain were studied longitudinally over a period of four years in thirty-nine children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The children were divided into two groups according to treatment. Twenty-eight children were given prophylactic cranial irradiation and eleven children were treated without such irradiation. The duration of cytostatic treatment was three years in all cases. Average growth during the first two years was similar in the two groups, and the standard deviation scores (SDS) were below average. The rate of growth (in height) during the fourth year was significantly higher among those children who had not received cranial irradiation (p less than 0.01). After four years the average attained height had declined 0.5 SD for children treated with cranial irradiation and 0.2 SD for children without such treatment. Weight velocity was significantly greater than the expected mean in the non-irradiated group during the first year and in the irradiated group during the fourth year of the study. Attained weight after four years had increased 0.4 SD more among those children who had not received irradiation. The results suggest that prophylactic cranial irradiation is responsible for the greater part of the prepubertal growth inhibition in these children. PMID- 3201975 TI - Growth in rabbits during alternate-day cortisone injections: near normal growth on days without cortisone. AB - Longitudinal bone growth in rabbits during treatment with hydrocortisone was measured by means of Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric Analysis, RSA. This method allows accurate measurement of the distance between metallic markers inserted into long bones. Hydrocortisone was given in i.m. injections as single doses and as repeated doses, daily or every other day. Single injections of hydrocortisone resulted in three types of growth effect, depending on dosage. Low dosage (less than 4 mg/kg b.w.) produced no blunting of growth. Intermediate dosage (4-32 mg/kg b.w.) retarded growth during the first but not the second day after the injection. The effect of high dosage (64-128 mg/kg b.w.) lasted for two days. During daily treatment (4 and 16 mg/kg b.w.), growth decreased to a constant level. During alternate-day steroid injections with a double dose every other day, growth almost normalized during the steroid-free days. Average growth was significantly greater during alternate-day injections than during daily injections. It is concluded that alternate-day treatment has no unfavorable effect on growth so long as the interval between injections exceeds the duration of the growth effect of each single dose. PMID- 3201976 TI - Turner syndrome: effect of hormone therapies on height velocity and adult height. AB - 76 patients with Turner syndrome received estrogen alone, androgen and estrogen started simultaneously or, after preceding androgen therapy, estrogen with or without androgen. Six patients had spontaneous pubertal development and received no estrogen. Two patients received human growth hormone with androgen during greater than 2.0 years. Height velocity increased during all therapies to mean SD scores of 7.6 during androgen-estrogen started simultaneously, 4.6 during androgen alone, 4.2 during androgen-estrogen after preceding androgen, 2.7 during estrogen alone, and 0.6 during estrogen after preceding androgen. Adult height was measured in all cases, it was 145.5 +/- 5.7 (mean +/- SD) for the whole series without significant differences between the groups. It correlated strongly with midparent height, and was greater for patients with the 45,X karyotype than for the others combined. PMID- 3201977 TI - Risk factors for occasional and recurrent wheezing after RSV infection in infancy. AB - Sixty-seven children who were hospitalized with a verified RSV infection were reexamined after 4 years at the age of 4 to 7 years. Twenty-four children had had no subsequent respiratory symptoms, 22 had wheezed 1-3 times and 21 had recurrent wheezing. A family history of atopy and a personal history of neonatal respiratory problems were more common in the group with recurrent wheezing, whereas paternal smoking was more frequent in the group with occasional wheezing. RSV infection in early infancy was more related to occasional wheezing than recurrent episodes. The spirometric data obtained from the force expirograms were normal, compared to the predicted normal values. In the children with recurrent wheezing, however, the values for PEF and the MEF25 were significantly lower in comparison with all the other children showing a mild obstruction. PMID- 3201978 TI - Sensitization of children in the Stockholm area to house dust mites. AB - Atopic sensitization of children in the Stockholm area to house dust mites (HDM) was investigated in a case-control study. Sixty children with and 60 without positive skin prick tests for HDM were matched for age and sex. HDM-sensitized children had previously more often lived in other areas known to be mite infested than the control children. Sensitization to mites was related to dampness in the homes, but no significant relationship was found to the type of residence, frequent visits to a summer house in the archipelago or parental smoking. Dust samples from mattresses of the children with the strongest positive reactions to mites in skin prick tests and the respective controls were subjected to an enzyme immunoassay, to measure the content of the major allergens of the Dermatophagoides (D.) species D. pterinyssinus, D. farinae and D. microceras. Mattress dust samples from the beds of HDM-sensitized children contained significantly higher HDM antigen concentrations than those from the beds of controls. Private houses contained significantly more HDM antigens than flats and 10 of 11 homes in which a dampness problem was recognized contained mite antigens. It is postulated that mite infestation is increasing in the area, energy-saving measures creating improved conditions for HDM survival. PMID- 3201980 TI - Neonatal cyanosis, methaemoglobinaemia and haemolytic anaemia. PMID- 3201979 TI - Fibronectin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma from children with chronic inflammation of lungs. AB - Fibronectin/albumin ratios in plasma and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were evaluated in patients (1-6 years of age) with recurrent obstructive bronchitis and different interstitial lung diseases. These inflammatory reactions were characterized by increased influx of macrophages on the bronchoalveolar surface, but an increase in the proportion of lymphocytes or neutrophils was also detected in the group of patients with lymphocyte-macrophage or neutrophil-macrophage alveolitis. There was no considerable difference in plasma fibronectin concentrations obtained from healthy children and patients with moderate obstructive bronchitis and slight inflammation of the bronchial mucosa observed bronchoscopically. Levels of plasma fibronectin were elevated in patients with serious bronchial inflammation and different alveolitis, but they were within the normal range. A comparison of lavage fibronectin/albumin ratios with plasma fibronectin/albumin ratios with plasma fibronectin/albumin ratios indicated significant local production of fibronectin in subjects with serious bronchial inflammation and interstitial lung disorders. Fibronectin detected on the bronchoalveolar surface seems to be an important factor in mediating cell-to-cell interactions in the repair of the bronchoalveolar structures, and in tracing the activity of the inflammatory reactions not only in patients with interstitial lung diseases, but also in patients with serious chronic bronchial inflammation. PMID- 3201981 TI - Urinary sodium excretion in diabetic children. PMID- 3201982 TI - Iatrogenic intraspinal epidermoid tumour. PMID- 3201983 TI - Low plasma levels of vitamin A and E during weight reduction. PMID- 3201984 TI - Oral biotin treatment is effective for atopic dermatitis in children with low biotinidase activity. PMID- 3201985 TI - Thrombocytopenic purpura and coeliac disease. AB - In a child with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) the findings of circulating reticulin antibodies and IgA and IgG gliadin antibodies suggested the diagnosis of coeliac disease. This was verified by small intestinal biopsy. In spite of a gluten-free diet the thrombocytopenia persisted. The association of ITP and coeliac disease was previously described in adults but to our knowledge this is the first report of the coexistence of ITP and coeliac disease in a child. PMID- 3201986 TI - A syndrome of progressive pancytopenia with microcephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia and growth failure. AB - A male infant with congenital thrombocytopenia, progressing to pancytopenia in the second year of life is presented. Other findings included microcephaly with cerebellar hypoplasia, growth failure of prenatal onset and severe psychomotor retardation. He died at 23 months of age from candida albicans septicemia. Laboratory studies and a postmortem examination failed to reveal any known etiology for his disorder, but parental consanguinity suggests a genetic basis with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Hoyeraal et al. have previously reported two brothers with similar clinical and laboratory findings. It is proposed that the condition of these three patients should be considered as a separate syndrome of congenital pancytopenia, distinguished from other congenital myeloid dysplasias by the extramedullary findings. PMID- 3201987 TI - Brain atrophy with intracranial calcification following congenital HIV infection. AB - An 18-month-old girl with AIDS related complex following congenital HIV infection suffered since the first days of life from severe neurological disturbances. The extensive congenital brain atrophy and the diffuse intracranial calcification which were found were strongly reminiscent of intrauterine infection. Since the agents usually responsible for congenital infections were excluded an HIV embryopathy appears likely. PMID- 3201988 TI - Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita with terminal transverse limb defects. AB - We describe a girl with clinical and histopathological manifestations characteristic of Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congenita (CMTC) associated with Terminal Transverse Limb Defects (TTLD). In contrast to previous reports on this rare syndrome, no cutaneous atrophy or aplasia was evident in our patient. PMID- 3201989 TI - Hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Aetiology and outcome. AB - Hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) was studied in a retrospective population-based series of 169 cases from the South-western Swedish health care region covering the birth years 1969-78. The purpose was to analyse the prevalence, aetiology and neuro-developmental outcome in children born preterm and at term, and to correlate pathogenetic periods, aetiological factors and clinical parameters to neuroradiology. The prevalence at the ages 6-15 years was 0.66 per 1000. Postnatally acquired hemiplegia, mainly postinfectious, iatrogenic or posttraumatic, constituted 11%. Among term children with congenital hemiplegia (pre and perinatally derived) the aetiology was considered prenatal, mainly circulatory brain lesions and maldevelopments, in 42%, combined pre and perinatal in 9%, perinatal (cerebral haemorrhage, hypoxia) in 16% and untraceable in 34%. The corresponding distribution among preterm children was 29%, 47%, 25% and 6%, respectively. The rate of preterm birth among congenital cases was 24%. Birth asphyxia was shown to be a poor indicator of pathogenetic period, whereas a cascade of postpartum complications suggested perinatal brain damage. Clinical follow-up of 152 children revealed that 50% had mild, 31% moderate and 19% severe motor dysfunction. Stereognostic sense was impaired in 44% of the children (astereognosia in 20%). Additional impairments (mental retardation, epilepsy, impaired vision, hearing and speech, severe behavioural/perceptual problems) were present in 42%. Term children with congenital hemiplegia tended to be more severely affected than preterm children. The resulting total handicap was considered mild in 40%, moderate in 44% and severe in 16%. The prevalence of severe total handicap was highest among postnatal cases. Computerised tomography (CT), performed in 109 congenital cases, was normal in 26%, showed unilateral ventricular enlargement in 36% and revealed cortical/subcortical cavities in 20%. In the remaining 18% CT findings were classified as "other". With the classification so far used, correlations between CT findings and aetiologies were unsatisfactory and disappointing. In contrast, CT findings showed a strong correlation with clinical degree of severity and magnitude of associated handicap. As a rule, normal CT implied mild disability and unilateral ventricular enlargement moderate, whereas cortical/subcortical cavities were frequently associated with severe handicap, including mental retardation and epilepsy. PMID- 3201990 TI - Luteinizing hormone release induced by noradrenaline after administration of drugs that increase hypothalamic GABA levels. AB - Recent evidence shows that GABA exhibits inhibitory actions on LH release in rats. Its mechanism of action remains unknown. In this study, the LH discharge evoked by noradrenaline (NA), one of the neuroactive substances that regulate LHRH neurons, in rats pretreated with drugs that augment brain GABA levels, was examined. Gamma-acetylenic- and gamma-vinyl-GABA were injected into the 3rd ventricle of ovariectomized-estrogen-progesterone-treated rats. Under these conditions, animals exhibited a marked LH discharge after NA administration as seen in the controls receiving saline solution as pretreatment. It is concluded that LHRH neurons retain their ability to respond to NA when hypothalamic GABA levels are increased. PMID- 3201992 TI - [Neuron-neuroglia functional relation in the squid giant nerve fiber]. AB - The present work reviews the results of a series of physiological studies carried out in the giant nerve fiber of the tropical squid Sepioteuthis sepioidea, aimed at exploring the possible involvement of different second mediators and receptor systems, in the modulation of the long-lasting hyperpolarizing response of the Schwann cell membrane potential to axonal excitation. These studies provide experimental evidence on the existence of distinct receptors for ACh, octopamine, and a VIP-like endogenous peptide in the Schwann cell plasma membrane. They also indicate that the cyclic nucleotide adenosine 3',5' monophosphate may be playing a role as second messenger for the actions of the Schwann cell nicotinic cholinergic and the octopaminergic receptors, whereas the VIP receptor may be acting through the hydrolysis of polyphosphatidylinositols. These experimental findings are discussed as evidence for the existence of a complex multistep interaction between the giant axon and its satellite glial cells, the Schwann cell. PMID- 3201991 TI - [Electron microscopy of giant nerve fibers]. AB - The present paper is a brief review on the ultrastructural details of giant nerve fibers and their possible correlation to some physiological findings which have been reported in the squid giant axon. In both, thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas, the most striking feature is the exceeding amount of paired membranes populating the Schwann cell layer. These membranes represent permeable intercellular clefts connecting the axon surface to the endoneurial extracellular space, thus leaving the axolemma as the only continuous barrier between the axoplasm and the neuron exterior. Close apposition of the axon and Schwann cell at the level of structural complexes involving both cells plasma membranes are observed in sections and replicas. These zones could represent the morphologic expression of the functional coupling reported in the same preparation. Besides, the Schwann cell appears to be very active according to the amount of exo endocytotic profiles seen in all its fracture faces. Finally, the endoneurial cells are different in the various giant fibers studied: in the squid they appear as spongy cells, whereas in the lobster they exhibit an extraordinary amount of exo-endocytosis mixed with some gap and a few incomplete tight junctions, and in the crayfish they present the same features as the adaxonal glia. PMID- 3201993 TI - Lipid binding properties of fatty acid binding protein isolated from mouse liver. AB - The present studies were designed (1) to examine the lipid composition of two protein fractions from mouse liver cytosol, and (2) to correlate this composition with the previously observed transfer and lipid binding properties of a protein named fatty acid binding protein. In the first part of this study, the ability of the cytosolic protein fractions to bind fatty acids was studied by gel filtration chromatography of cytosol in the presence of [1-14C] oleic acid. Two fractions with affinity for oleic acid were identified. The amount of phospholipids, cholesterol and cholesterol esters found in the low molecular weight protein fraction was significantly higher than that present in the protein fraction with high molecular weight. When mouse liver microsomes prelabeled with [1-14C] stearate were incubated with the protein fraction enriched in fatty acid binding protein, the protein removed radioactivity from the neutral rather than from the polar lipid fraction. Such an effect was drastically reduced when the protein was presaturated with oleic acid. The results suggest that fatty acid binding protein may bind cholesterol and its esters in addition to free fatty acids. PMID- 3201994 TI - [Registration with piezoelectric sensors of the in vivo activity of right ventricular contractile elements in acute experimental pulmonary stenosis]. AB - Recordings with piezoelectric sensors of the variations of the contractile state due to severe acute pulmonary hypertension, provoked in intact canine hearts, are described. During the stenosis, a proportional increment of the isometric tension of the right ventricular wall and of the right atrial kick, due to the increasing difficulties for the respective blood contents evacuation of both cavities, were appreciated. Furthermore, lost of the right wall compliance, becoming more rigid, limited the systolic and diastolic pressure development of the right ventricle. Meanwhile, the piezoelectric sensor sutured on the left ventricular wall describes the consequent variations of the left ventricular contraction. PMID- 3201995 TI - Contribution of carotid body chemoreceptors and carotid sinus baroreceptors to the ventilatory and circulatory reflexes produced by common carotid occlusion. AB - The effects evoked by 1 min occlusions of the common carotids were studied in 16 spontaneously breathing pentobarbitone anesthetized cats. Unilateral occlusions induced increases in systemic arterial pressure (to 111.5% of basal), but no changes in ventilation. Bilateral occlusions provoked larger increases in systemic arterial pressure (to 137.5% of basal) and mild tachycardia, associated with pulmonary and alveolar hyperventilation. Breath-by-breath minute volume augmented (to an averaged maximum of 144.7% of basal), the increase in tidal volume being more important than that of respiratory frequency. The maximal changes occurred shortly after occlusion and they were inversely but not linearly related to the minimal levels of intrasinusal pressure attained. Changes were subsequently attenuated during each occlusion, depending on the partial restoration of intrasinusal pressure. After barosensory denervation of the carotid sinuses, the cardiovascular responses to bilateral occlusions were reduced, but the respiratory ones were not affected. During 100% O2 breathing in cats with intact innervation or carotid barodenervation, the respiratory responses to bilateral occlusions were much reduced and delayed, or even absent. That the above circulatory and respiratory effects of carotid occlusions were of reflex nature was demonstrated by their elimination after bilateral section of the carotid (sinus) nerves. Results indicate that while barosensory withdrawal during carotid occlusion is mostly responsible for reflex hypertension and bradycardia, chemosensory excitation induced by this maneuver is the major cause of reflex hyperventilation. PMID- 3201996 TI - Effect of high carbohydrate and high protein diets on microsomal fatty acid composition, "fluidity" and delta 6 desaturation activity in kidney and lung. AB - High carbohydrate and high protein diets administered to rats for only three days decreased and increased, respectively, the arachidonate/linoleate ratio (20:4 n6/18:2 n6) in total lipids of lung, kidney, and liver microsomes. In liver and kidney this correlated with a significant decrease in the first dietary condition, and with an increase in the second, of delta 6 desaturase activity, measured by the rate of conversion of 1-14C linoleate n6 to 1-14C linolenate n6. Such an enzymatic activity was not detectable in lung microsomes, probably because of the low capacity of this tissue to produce the coenzyme A ester of the substrate used, since in lung the effects of dietary manipulation on the 20:4/18:2 ratios were as large as in liver. Significant differences were observed in microsomes of the three tissues examined in the steady state fluorescence anisotropy (rs) of diphenylhexatriene, which correlated with their cholesterol/phospholipid ratios. Both were lower in microsomes from liver than from the other two tissues, and both remained unchanged in each tissue under the dietary regimens studied. The results indicate that the observed effects of high carbohydrate and high protein diets on fatty acid delta 6 desaturation activity do not lead to apparent alterations in the physical properties of microsomal membranes. PMID- 3201997 TI - Effects of sodium nitroprusside on potassium induced contracture in isolated vascular smooth muscle. AB - The present study investigates the effects of Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) on isometric developed tension (IDT) and tonic component of K+ induced contracture of rat portal vein. The availability of activator calcium for the contraction was modified by changing the ionic composition of the Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium (KRB) or by using pharmacological agents such as nifedipine or KCl. In control conditions (KRB media) magnitude of IDT was 10.61 +/- 0.56 mN (n = 13). Addition of increasing concentrations of SNP (non cumulative) diminished IDT in a dose related manner. Tonic component of 60 mM KCl evoked contracture decayed 27.04 +/- 10.9% (n = 6) after 10(-4)M SNP incubation. Relaxant effect of SNP was more pronounced in the presence of nifedipine 10(-10)M (72.35 +/- 7.5% of inhibition, n = 6). The sensitivity of the preparation to SNP was strongly reduced in conditions of diminished Ca+2 efflux (slow sodium media = KRB sucrose). Experiments here presented support the hypothesis that the vasodilator effect of SNP could be attributed to an enhanced Ca+2 efflux from the vessel. PMID- 3201998 TI - [Combined effect of intracerebroventricular injections of angiotensin II, met enkephalin and acetylcholine on mean arterial pressure in albino rats]. AB - Single and combined effects of intracerebroventricular bolus injection of Ang. II (200 ng), ACh (6 micrograms) and met-enkephalin (50 micrograms) on mean arterial pressure (MAP), was tested in Sprague-Dawley albino rats. A metallic cannula was implanted in the third ventricle according to standard stereotaxic procedures under pentobarbital anesthesia (35 mg/kg). On the third day, the animal was anesthetized again, a carotid artery was cannulated and connected to a pressure transducer for recording of MAP. Ang. II increased MAP; ACh produced a significant increase in the initial 5 minutes after injection and met-enkephalin did not induce any significant changes in MAP. The combined effect showed interesting results. Instead of a potentiation of the rise in MAP, Ang. II and ACh, when given together, did not show any significant changes. Also, met enkephalin blocked the hypertensive response due to Ang. II, if given combined. This is compatible with an inhibitory action of met-enkephalin on an angiotensinergic neuronal system. A simplified hypothetical model that explains the findings described above is proposed as a working hypothesis. PMID- 3201999 TI - Mechanical behavior of rest contractions in cardiac muscle. AB - The effects of increasing rest periods on rest contractions and rest potentiation were analysed on isometric contractions of guinea pig papillary muscles at room temperature. Rest contraction amplitude is dependent on pause duration and potentiated for short pauses, which decreases as the rest period increases. their inotropic state is also dependent on the inotropic state of steady state control contractions. This statement is validated by the interdependence between control contractions and rest contractions amplitude and also because positive (5.0 mM CaCl2) and negative (0.5 mM NiCl2)inotropic interventions do not change the time course of dF/dt pause duration curves. They also show a slow activation characterized by a prolonged TTP that depends on pause duration being observed even in contractions occurring after short pauses. Rest contractions can be elicited under depolarized conditions produced by TKBa (Tyrode with high potassium and barium) and TKAdr (Tyrode with high potassium and adrenaline), showing that they are dependent on calcium influx occurring during the slow response of the cardiac action potential. The present study, carried out under depolarized conditions and in low extracellular Na+, shows that Na+ entry during the Na-dependent fast component of the action potential is necessary for the occurrence of rest potentiation. These findings suggest that the intracellular Na+, that can be exchanged by external calcium with the Na/Ca exchange mechanism, is necessary for the occurrence of the rest potentiation and to avoid the accelerated depression of the rest contractions with increasing pause duration. PMID- 3202000 TI - Neuron transplantation reverses phenobarbital-induced behavioral birth defects in mice. AB - Mice were exposed to phenobarbital prenatally on gestation days 9-18 (B mice), and were tested at adulthood for behavioral changes. B mice showed deficits in the eight-arm maze, a behavior related to the septohippocampal pathways. Consequently, transplantation of septal (mostly cholinergic) and locus coeruleus (mostly noradrenergic) neurons was applied to reverse the behavioral deficits. Most (75%) of the controls but none of the B mice reached a specific criterion in the eight-arm maze. However, transplantation of fetal septal tissue into the hippocampus of B mice enabled 55% of them to reach criterion. Transplantation of locus coeruleus tissue did not improve the performance of B mice. The viability of the transplants was confirmed in cytochemical studies. The results suggest that transplantation of neurons can be applied to reverse phenobarbital-induced behavioral birth defects. PMID- 3202001 TI - Taurine effect on neuritic growth from goldfish retinal explants. AB - Explants from retinas from which the optic nerve was previously crushed exhibited neuritic outgrowth after 4-5 days in culture, and up to 10 days in the presence of the same nutrient medium. Intact retinas did not exhibit vigorous outgrowth. Taurine added in the medium to post-crush explants accelerated the emission of neurites in 1-2 days, and increased the nerve growth index in a concentration dependent manner up to 4 mM. Greater concentration did not produce any effect on the nerve growth index. The effect of taurine was produced between 0 and 5 days in culture; from day 5 to day 10 explants did not exhibit further growth in the presence of the amino acid. However, post-crush control explants exhibited growth between 5 and 10 days. Taurine effect is blocked in the absence of fetal calf serum, and is reduced in the presence of dialysed serum. Providing new medium on days 1 and 2, but not later, elevated the nerve growth index with respect to explants regenerating in the same medium since day 0. In addition, taurine supplied at various days after plating produced the same pattern of growth as that observed by adding fresh medium, but the nerve growth index was statistically greater in the presence of the amino acid. The mechanisms for these observations remain to be elucidated. PMID- 3202002 TI - Ontogenetic and pharmacological dissociation of various components of locomotor activity and habituation in the rat. AB - Sprague-Dawley-derived male rats were used to investigate locomotor activity and habituation in an open field as a joint function of developmental age (2-6 weeks), pattern of test exposure (single 30-min test vs three 5-min tests at 24 hr intervals), and treatment conditions (i.p. saline, d-amphetamine sulfate 1 mg/kg, or scopolamine hydrocloride 0.5 mg/kg). No-drug animals showed low activity levels in both tests at the end of the second week, intermediate response rates at the end of the third week, and a typical adult-like pattern at later ages (high initial activity followed by marked within-session or between session habituation). Amphetamine effects varied considerably depending jointly on age and type of test. At the end of the second week, the drug hyperactivity was much more marked in successive brief tests than in the single extended test. One week later, the response increase was rather uniform in both tests. At the end of the fourth week, the sensitivity profile was reversed, consisting of a large drug effect in the extended test but not in successive brief tests. Scopolamine was still without effects at this age, while a typical hyperactivity was produced by the drug in 6-week-old animals. These data show that, at least in the rat strain used, the functional maturation of muscarinic regulatory systems is not a necessary condition either for the appearance of an adult-like response pattern, or for the occurrence of the age- and test-related changes of the amphetamine profile.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202003 TI - The effects of intrauterine growth retardation on synaptogenesis and mitochondrial formation in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of fetal sheep. AB - In an experimental model of growth retardation which involves the reduction of placental mass in sheep, we have investigated the effects of intrauterine deprivation on synaptogenesis, synaptic ultrastructure and mitochondrial formation in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices of fetal sheep (140 days gestation). In the growth-retarded fetus, the numerical density of synapses in layer I of the visual cortex was reduced by 17% (P less than 0.05) compared with controls but there was no detectable difference between the two groups in the density of parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. The length and curvature of the postsynaptic density at synapses in both regions were not affected in growth retardation but the synaptic cleft was 13% wider in the cerebellum (P less than 0.05) in growth retardation compared with controls. The number of mitochondrial profiles per unit area of neuropil in the visual cortex was increased by 20% (P less than 0.01) in growth retardation and the electron density of the inner matrix increased but the average profile area was not affected. These findings show that intrauterine growth retardation affects some aspects of synaptic development in the cerebellum and the visual cortex. The increase in the number of mitochondrial profiles in the visual cortex of growth-retarded fetuses might be an attempt by the cortical neurons to compensate for the reduced efficiency of aerobic metabolism in individual mitochondria. PMID- 3202004 TI - Binding properties, regional ontogeny and localization of adrenergic receptors in chick brain. AB - The pharmacological properties of [3H]-WB4101, [3H]-clonidine and [3H] dihydroalprenolol binding in chick brain membranes display the characteristics known for alpha 1-, alpha 2- and beta-adrenergic binding sites, respectively. Kinetic studies performed at different embryonic and post-hatching ages have shown one binding component for each one of the above radioactive ligands. The ontogeny of alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta binding sites was studied in cerebral hemispheres, optic lobes, brain stem and cerebellum. In all brain regions studied, the development of alpha 2 binding sites precedes that of alpha 1 and beta, and a very significant decrease of alpha 2 number was observed in the cerebellum, brain stem and optic lobes afterwards. The autoradiographic localization of adrenergic receptors was studied in the optic lobes and cerebellum. In the optic lobes the superficial layers of stratum griseum and fibrosum showed a strong selective labelling of alpha 1, alpha 2 and beta binding sites and the strong selective labelling of alpha 2 binding sites extended to the layer of stratum opticum. Among the nuclei located in the optic lobe only the nucleus mesencephalis lateralis pars dorsalis (MLD) exhibited a strong selective labelling for alpha 1 binding sites while, for beta binding sites, not only the MLD, but also the nucleus isthmic pars parvocellularis (Ipc) and the nucleus isthmic pars magnocellularisa (Imc) exhibited strong labelling. In the cerebellum strong selective labelling for alpha 1 and beta receptors was seen in the molecular layer. Labelling of the granule cell layer was almost equally strong for alpha 1 but significantly less for beta binding sites. No significant labelling could be detected for alpha 2 binding sites. PMID- 3202005 TI - Plasminogen activator secretion in relation to Schwann cell activities. AB - The molecular characterization of neural secretory plasminogen activators and their possible association with two well-defined Schwann cell activities (mitosis and migration) were investigated. Schwann cells from peripheral sensory ganglion roots were established as primary cultures of high purity. Conditioned culture medium was fractionated by gel electrophoresis and assayed for plasminogen dependent in situ caseinolytic activity. Both tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators were detected early in culture. The amount of the tissue type form decreased with increasing time in culture. Proliferative ability measured as [3H]thymidine incorporation into the nucleus varied under several culture conditions and was lowest in defined serum-free medium; however, these serum-free cultures expressed the highest level of plasminogen activator secreting cells. Combined autoradiography/fibrin overlay assays allowed for a direct analysis at the single cell level; interestingly the findings did not support the idea of an obligatory expression of the enzyme in replicating cells. Cell motility was assayed in combined gold particle clearing/fibrin overlay assays and likewise no obligatory association of protease secretion and cell movement could be demonstrated. The results are discussed in relation to previous studies in this field. PMID- 3202006 TI - [Hemostatic and vascular parameters in psoriasis. Preliminary study]. PMID- 3202007 TI - [Influence of the transfusion protocol on parameters of immunologic reactivity in patients subjected to periodic hemodialysis]. PMID- 3202008 TI - [The clinical laboratory in primary health care. Impact of laboratory results on clinical decisions in terms of diagnosis and therapy]. PMID- 3202009 TI - [Urinary alterations induced by physical effort]. PMID- 3202010 TI - [Congenital heart diseases and syndromes]. PMID- 3202012 TI - How important are randomized clinical trials for clinical practice? PMID- 3202011 TI - [Budd-Chiari syndrome in Behcet's disease]. PMID- 3202013 TI - Significance of ventricular ectopic activity in the early recovery phase of acute myocardial infarction. AB - Holter monitoring of 51 patients on the 4th to 6th day after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) disclosed complex ventricular ectopic beats in 17 (35%), nine of whom (53%) died in the following 26 months. Of the remaining patients with no or only non-complex ectopic beats, five (15%) died. The difference was significant using Gehan's test of censored data (p less than 0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant increase of death risk associated with complex ventricular ectopic beats as well as with heart failure (relative risk 3.6 and 5.9, respectively). Age, gender, number of ventricular ectopic beats, cardiac enlargement on X-ray and angina pectoris had no significant effect on mortality. The prevalence of ventricular ectopy was 84% (n = 43) irrespective of age and sex and equal to the finding in the late hospital phase reported by other investigators, and in healthy subjects. Complex ventricular ectopic beats appeared in 35% (n = 17). The prevalence increased significantly with age and was significantly higher in post-infarction patients (38%) than in healthy individuals (8%). The present results indicate that a subgroup containing most of the high-risk patients may be identified early after AMI by detecting complex premature ventricular beats in continuous electrocardiographic recordings. PMID- 3202014 TI - Predictors of stroke in the elderly. AB - Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease and cigarette smoking have repeatedly been identified as risk factors for stroke in young and middle aged individuals. In order to find predicting factors for stroke in the elderly we assessed health characteristics in 55 stroke victims in the age range 65-75 years (mean 70.7 +/- 2.7) allocated to our stroke unit at Ostra University Hospital in Gothenburg. For comparison we used data from 2,009 individuals participating in the ongoing longitudinal population study "70-year-old people in Gothenburg, Sweden". Among the stroke victims we found a higher prevalence of hypertension (63.5% vs. 27.8%, p less than 0.001), diabetes mellitus (21.8% vs. 6.2%, p less than 0.001) and a history of previous myocardial infarction (12.7% vs. 4.8%, p less than 0.01), thus confirming previous findings. There was no difference with regard to smoking habits (32.7% vs. 27.5%, NS), which is at variance with findings in the young and middle-aged. PMID- 3202015 TI - Magnesium, potassium and zinc deficiency in subjects with type II diabetes mellitus. AB - The concentrations of magnesium, potassium and zinc were determined in plasma, erythrocytes, muscle biopsies, and in urine collected during 24 hours, in 18 subjects with type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Magnesium was also determined in mononuclear cells. The results were compared with those in 35 (magnesium and potassium analyses) or 26 (zinc analyses) healthy controls. Subjects with type II DM had lower concentrations of magnesium (3.79 +/- 0.32 vs. 4.29 +/- 0.22 mmol/100 g FFDS), potassium (40.5 +/- 5.17 vs. 46.1 +/- 3.81 mmol/100 g FFDS) and zinc (231 +/- 29 vs. 247 +/- 23 ng/mg FFDS) in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the urinary excretions of magnesium and zinc were higher, as compared with those in healthy controls (5.00 +/- 2.68 vs. 3.62 +/- 1.47 mmol/24 hours, and 683 +/- 285 vs. 326 +/- 205 micrograms/24 hours, respectively). The contents of magnesium, potassium and zinc plasma did not correlate with the corresponding concentrations in skeletal muscle or circulating blood cells, as investigated in healthy controls, diabetics and in all subjects together, implying that the plasma concentrations are not useful in the assessment of electrolyte status. Hence, deficiency of electrolytes frequently occurs, and should be looked for, in subjects with type II DM. PMID- 3202016 TI - Pneumococcal vaccination in splenectomized patients with hematological disorders. AB - Seventy splenectomized patients were vaccinated with Pneumovax, a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Twenty-four of the patients had a malignant and 30 a nonmalignant hematological disorder. The remaining 16 were patients with no known hematological disorder, seven with intra-abdominal carcinomas and nine with non malignant reasons for splenectomy. About 90% of the patients with non-malignant hematological disorders responded to vaccination with a rise in antibody titres, which was significantly higher than in the other two groups studied. Malignant hematological disorders lowered the response rate to 61-67%. Patients with no known hematological disorder but with intra-abdominal carcinomas also responded less frequently, while those in this group with other surgical reasons for splenectomy had a response rate comparable to healthy individuals. No serious side-effects were reported and we therefore conclude that all splenectomized patients should be vaccinated with a pneumococcal vaccine. However, it must always be born in mind that one third of the patients with malignant disease did not respond to vaccination. PMID- 3202018 TI - Proceedings of the 2nd International MONICA Congress. Helsinki, Finland, August 14-15, 1987. PMID- 3202017 TI - Pseudoaneurysm--a treatable form of cardiac rupture. AB - Pseudoaneurysm is an unusual complication of myocardial infarction. Although its pathogenesis is known, the course of the condition is obscure. The diagnosis is usually made post-mortally. We present a case of a pseudoaneurysm following a myocardial infarction, diagnosed at a routine polyclinical echocardiographic examination in a patient who at the time of diagnosis was free of symptoms. The patient was successfully operated upon. PMID- 3202019 TI - Pol-MONICA Cracow on-going study: initial findings. AB - The findings after the first year of the study are presented. The study population is 282,052 men and women aged 25-64 years, current residents of rural Tarnobrzeg Voivodeship. The population is characterized by a declining linear trend in ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in men aged 35-44 years. The myocardial infarction (MI) incidence (per 100,000 residents) is 233 in men and 68 in women. The MI death rates (per 100,000 residents) are 128 for men and 29 for women. The MI 28-day case fatality is 44% for men and 41% for women. The most frequent risk factors are: smoking in men (58%) and obesity in women (40%). Around one-quarter of the men and of the women are hypertensive. The rates for hypercholesterolemia are 9% in men and 13% in women. PMID- 3202020 TI - Cardiovascular risk factor profile and mortality in two Scottish cities. AB - Edinburgh and Glasgow are the two largest cities in Scotland, which has one of the highest coronary heart disease mortality rates in the world. Within Scotland, there is a geographical variation in these rates and Glasgow has a higher mortality rate than Edinburgh. However, the cities also differ socially and economically. Population surveys have been conducted in centres in both Edinburgh and North Glasgow using the MONICA project methods. These surveys were performed simultaneously in 1986 in men and women aged 25-64 years. Preliminary analysis shows that the differences in cigarette smoking, blood pressure and body mass index in men and women between the two centres are consistent with the difference in cardiovascular mortality. However there is no difference between the centres in reported exercise levels, and the difference in mean serum total cholesterol between the centres is in the opposite direction to that expected. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed. PMID- 3202021 TI - Cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of a rural Belgian population: the Bellux MONICA Study. AB - A sample of 1949 subjects of the population of the Belgian province of Luxembourg was screened for levels of cardiovascular risk factors. Cigarette smoking was more prevalent among males (51%) than among females (17%). The relationship between smoking and socio-economic status was inverse in males (M) and direct in females (F). Blood pressure (BP) measurements showed definite high BP in 10% of this sample, and 60% of those with definite high BP were not taking any hypertensive drugs. The average total cholesterol value was 6.49 mmol/L in M and 6.45 mmol/L in F. F had lower values than M at a younger age, but higher values than M at an older age. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in F (1.57 mmol/L) than in M (1.27 mmol/L). Diabetes was present in 4.2% of this sample. In nearly half of these participants, the disease had been discovered during the screening. Obesity was especially frequently among F in all three age groups. In conclusion, the main cardiovascular risk factors were found to be at a fairly high level in this population sample. PMID- 3202022 TI - Comparison of cardiovascular risk factor levels in two French populations: Haute Garonne (Toulouse) and Bas-Rhin (Strasbourg). AB - Cardiovascular risk factors were studied from 1985 to 1987 in population samples in two French regions with different ischaemic heart disease mortality rates in Bas-Rhin (Strasbourg MONICA centre) and in Haute-Garonne (Toulouse MONICA centre). These rates were, among men, 109/100,000 in Bas-Rhin, and 72/100,000 in Haute-Garonne. 1,253 and 1,319 men and women aged 35-64 participated in the survey. In each region, identical investigation methodology was used, according to MONICA protocol. The average weight in both sexes was higher in Bas-Rhin than in Haute-Garonne (5 Kg more for men and 6 Kg more for women). After adjustment for age, body mass index and tobacco consumption, arterial systolic blood pressure was higher for men in Bas-Rhin (145 mm Hg) than in Haute-Garonne (133 mm Hg). Similar differences were observed in women. Higher proportions of hypertensive participants of both sexes and in all age groups were registered in Bas-Rhin than in Haute-Garonne. The number of smokers and the amount of tobacco consumption did not differ between the two centres. Mean serum cholesterol was higher in Haute Garonne (5.95 mmol/L for men and 5.88 mmol/L for women) than in Bas-Rhin (5.57 mmol/L for men and 5.51 mmol/L for women). Also high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol values were higher in Haute-Garonne, and can partly explain the regional difference in total cholesterol. PMID- 3202023 TI - Risk factors in the population of the GDR-MONICA Study (1983/84). AB - The GDR-MONICA project comprises 25 administratively defined areas with a population of nearly two million people aged 25-64. Data from the first random sample survey are reported here. The survey gathered information regarding risk factors, dietary behaviour, physical activity and psychosocial factors from 11,281 persons aged 25-64. The average risk factor levels were high in the population: The mean casual blood pressure was 140/88 mmHg and 138/86 mmHg for men and women respectively. In both sexes the mean total cholesterol level exceeded 6.1 mmol/L, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was just over 26.0. The study population consumed, on average, excessive amounts of energy, fat, alcohol, and sodium, and too few carbohydrates. Preliminary conclusions regarding unfavourable trends in risk factor levels have been drawn by comparing the present data with other recent reliable epidemiological studies. PMID- 3202025 TI - Lipo- and apolipoproteins in a population survey subset in MONICA-Israel. AB - Lipo- and apolipoproteins in a population survey subset in MONICA-Israel. A group of 169 healthy men and women selected at random from the population survey of the MONICA-Israel Project were screened for baseline values of serum lipoproteins and apolipoprotein A-I and B concentrations. The apolipoprotein measurements were obtained using a recently developed immunoturbidimetric assay. The study population was subdivided into age groups of 25-44 years and 45-64 years. It was found that women aged 45-64 years had significantly higher levels of apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-c) and a lower ratio of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-c) to TC (HDL-c%) than did their younger counterparts. These parameters did not differ significantly between younger and older men. The results suggest that the HDL of women over the age of 45 years contains relatively less cholesterol and more protein than the HDL of younger women. Further studies will show to what degree apolipoprotein concentrations, and their relation to lipoproteins will sharpen the assessment of coronary risk. PMID- 3202024 TI - Factors influencing total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in a population at high coronary risk. AB - Serum total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were measured in 1122 men and 1147 women aged between 25 and 64 years during the first Belfast MONICA survey, and the results subjected to multiple regression analysis. In both men and women, total cholesterol increased with age. Although HDL-cholesterol showed little variation with age, the values were considerably higher in women than men. Total cholesterol increased with body mass index while HDL-cholesterol decreased, and these findings persisted after adjustment for age. Regular exercise was associated with higher HDL-cholesterol values, even after adjustment for age and body mass index. Among men and women who abstained from alcohol, lower values of HDL-cholesterol were observed. In both sexes, cigarette smoking was associated with significant increases in total cholesterol values and decreases in HDL-cholesterol values, though some of these findings became apparent only after adjustment for other relevant factors. Perhaps surprisingly, a measure of health knowledge showed no association with blood lipid concentrations. PMID- 3202026 TI - Combining repeated blood pressure measurements to obtain prevalences of high blood pressure. AB - Blood pressure (BP) levels may be classified as normal, borderline, or high with respect to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, but most studies like the MONICA project require at least two BP measurements and must tackle the problem of combining the results of the different readings into a single value for classification. The Swiss MONICA project measured the blood pressure of 1872 individuals in the areas of Vaud and Fribourg. Second BP readings were, on average, lower than the first by 3.2 mmHg for systolic and 1.1 mmHg for diastolic BP. These differences, while trivial at the individual level, nevertheless generate significant effects on prevalences of high BP. The first reading, the second, the mean, and the lowest yield prevalences of 14%, 10%, 11% and 9% respectively. Therefore, any published prevalence of high blood pressure should specify the method of measurement, the number of readings taken, and the way results were combined. PMID- 3202027 TI - Dietary survey of the FINMONICA project in 1982. AB - A dietary survey concerning 1348 persons aged 25-64 was carried out in connection with the first FINMONICA risk factor survey in the three monitoring areas, North Karelia and Kuopio in the east, and Turku-Loimaa in the south-west in 1982. Three day food records were used in the dietary assessment. The fat content of the diet in men was 38-39% of energy in all areas, whereas in women it was about 36% in the east compared to 38% in the south-west. The ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat of the diet was lower in the east than in the south-west in both sexes (0.25 vs. 0.31). This seemed to be the result of higher milk and butter consumption in the east. The regional differences in the quality of dietary fats seemed to be the result of both different occupational structures and different dietary habits within each occupational group, especially among women. PMID- 3202028 TI - Problems with criteria and quality control in the registration of coronary events in the MONICA study. AB - This paper discusses the practical difficulties experienced in registering and coding coronary events. The populations being monitored for fatal and non-fatal coronary events in the World Health Organization MONICA study are too large for surveillance of individuals. Routine medical and medico-legal sources have to be used to indentify potential events, which are then coded and categorized according to standard criteria. Methods are dependent on, and have to be adapted to the local system of medical care. Non-fatal cases in hospital are identified and registered either through their admission, "hot pursuit", or through their discharge, "cold pursuit". Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Local legal and ethical constraints are also responsible for differences between MONICA Collaborating Centres. Adequacy of investigation of events, and the availability and completeness of medical records are major determinants of the ease and quality of registration. Changes in medical care could cause spurious changes in event rates, and so potential biases need to be monitored and allowed for. PMID- 3202029 TI - Diagnostic criteria and quality control of the registration of stroke events in the MONICA project. AB - Stroke events are being registered in 27 of the MONICA collaborating centres. Coding of test cases has shown the greatest discrepancies in coding of the type of stroke (different pathoanatomical diagnoses) and of the diagnostic category (whether a definite stroke has occurred or not), 23% and 14% discrepancies respectively. A check for completeness of stroke registration at the Northern Sweden MONICA Center showed that more than 91% of the events were retrieved by routine registration procedures. Measures to reduce the discrepancies in coding between centres and to check for completeness of data are suggested. In many centres, the number of stroke events below 65 years of age is too small to permit meaningful analyses. By including also stroke events in the 65-74 year age range, the number of fatal events in the Northern Sweden MONICA area increased by 195% and non-fatal events by 149%. Many other MONICA centres have also extended their upper age limit for the registration of stroke events, thus improving the preconditions for statistical evaluations of the long-term changes in stroke incidence. PMID- 3202030 TI - Measuring the incidence of acute myocardial infarction: the problem of possible acute myocardial infarction. AB - Variations in the ratio of "definite" to "possible" myocardial infarction for non fatal cases were examined in studies that used World Health Organization criteria. There were large variations in this ratio, variations which appeared to be due to differences in the ascertainment of non-fatal cases of "possible" myocardial infarction, which, in turn, contributed to reported differences in the incidence of myocardial infarction. A significant proportion of cases of "possible" myocardial infarction probably do not have ischemic heart disease at all, since, in our data, cases of "possible" myocardial infarction (non-fatal) with a hospital discharge diagnosis of chest pain (undiagnosed) had a risk of death that was no worse than that in the general population. Thus the most reproducible, and possibly most accurate estimates of the incidence of myocardial infarction may come from including only fatal cases of "possible" myocardial infarction with both fatal and non-fatal cases of "definite" myocardial infarction. PMID- 3202031 TI - The consequences of reviewing serial changes in the Minnesota code for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. AB - We investigated the effect of reviewing serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) for significance of changes in the Minnesota code, and the influence of this effect on the MONICA diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). We used the data from 1340 consecutive admissions to the coronary care units of our MONICA centre and we developed ECG classifications and MONICA diagnoses that were based once on the unreviewed Minnesota code and once on the reviewed code. A comparison of the two ECG classifications showed that codes for evolution of Q-waves and injury currents were much more likely to change as a result of a review (46.8%) than codes for evolution of repolarization changes (12.8%). The review of serial Minnesota codes caused a change of the MONICA diagnosis primarily in the category definite MI (10%). In a blinded clinical assessment, the cases that changed diagnosis were judged to be different from those that remained constant. It is concluded that the use of ECG classification based on unreviewed Minnesota code changes introduces heterogeneity. The significance of this effect depends on the use of the results. PMID- 3202032 TI - Comparison of event rates among three MONICA centres. AB - Data from three MONICA centres in Auckland (New Zealand) and Newcastle and Perth (Australia) are used to explore some of the issues involved in comparing event rates and case fatality among MONICA centres. Auckland and Newcastle follow the "hot pursuit" method of identifying and interviewing patients while they are still in hospital. Perth follows the "cold pursuit" method, in which patients are identified by search of computerized hospital records after discharge and all data are abstracted retrospectively from case notes. Fatal cases are identified by the same method in the three centres. The distribution of events by MONICA diagnostic classification varied among centres, with Perth having the highest proportion of definite myocardial infarction events and the lowest proportion of possible myocardial infarction events. These differences appear to be due to the different methods of event ascertainment and data collection, and to variations in post mortem rates between centres. For comparisons among these three centres, the categories of non-fatal definite myocardial infarction and of all coronary heart disease deaths (that is those in the MONICA categories fatal definite myocardial infarction, fatal possible myocardial infarction, and fatal cases with insufficient data) appear to be the most useful. PMID- 3202033 TI - The Sino-MONICA-Beijing Study: report on results between 1984 and 1986. AB - The Beijing Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Medical Center has participated in the World Health Organisation MONICA project since 1981. Our study, named Sino-MONICA Beijing, has been carried out in Beijing and covers a population approximately of 700,000. After a 2-year pilot study, the project started formally January 1, 1984. This paper presents the organization and methodology of the study, with emphasis on the monitoring system and on how events were found. The main results of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) event monitoring are as follows: average annual mortality from all causes, for the 3-year period of 1984-86 was 319/100,000 for men and 238/100,000 for women aged 25-64; from CVD 119/100,000 for men and 101/100,000 for women; from ischemic heart disease 29/100,000 for men and 14/100,000 for women; and from cerebrovascular disease 59/100,000 for men and 52/100,000 for women. Preliminary experience has shown that Sino-MONICA-Beijing is a well-standardized project of long-term surveillance of CVD in the communities of Beijing. PMID- 3202034 TI - Mortality and coronary events in two Italian MONICA areas: area Latina and area Brianza. AB - In Italy three areas have been enrolled in the MONICA Project, two being located in Northern Italy (Area Brianza and Area Friuli) and one in Central Italy (Area Latina). This report concerns the comparison of the first year mortality and registration data of two areas, Area Latina (1983) and Area Brianza (1985), for men and women aged 25-64. In Area Latina, the age-standardized mortality rates for all causes, for all coronary heart disease, and for stroke are respectively 483, 83 and 42 per 100,000 for males, and 252, 14 and 32 per 100,000 for females. In Area Brianza, the age-standardized mortality rates for all causes, for all coronary heart disease, and for stroke are respectively 541, 94 and 38 per 100,000 for males, and 249, 19 and 24 per 100,000 for females. For males the attack rate for coronary events is similar in Area Latina and Area Brianza but the distribution of events in the several diagnostic categories is different. For females the coronary attack rate is higher in Area Latina than in Area Brianza. The implications of these data are discussed mainly from the methodological point of view. PMID- 3202035 TI - Myocardial Infarction Register in MONICA-Czechoslovakia Centre. AB - In 1984, 802 coronary events (age 25-64) were registered in six MONICA areas in Czechoslovakia. According to the MONICA study criteria, 63% of these coronary events in males and 51% in females were confirmed as definite myocardial infarction (MI), 26% of events in both males and females as possible MI, 5% of events in males and females were fetal cases with insufficient data, and 6% of events in males and 18% in females were not confirmed as MI (MONICA diagnostic category = 4). Age-standardized annual attack rates of MI per 100,000 population (age 35-64) were 510.4 for males and 99.3 for females. Age-standardized annual incidence rates (first ever MI) per 100,000 population (age 35-64) were 387.4 for males and 89.7 for females. 28-day case fatality was 33.3% in males and 31.5% in females. Of all deaths occurring within 28 days, 75.8% in males and 69.2% in females occurred during the first 24 hours. Of all coronary deaths, 38.5% of males and 64.1% of females died in hospital or other institution. PMID- 3202036 TI - Coronary events in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia: 1984-1986. AB - The results of coronary event registration using the protocol of the World Health Organization MONICA Project are reported for two years for the Hunter Region, the area in and around Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia. The Newcastle MONICA Project monitors all suspected cases of heart attack by identifying patients from hospital admissions and obtaining information while they are still in hospital. For people who die out of hospital, the initial source of information is usually the death certificate. Rates for the most robust MONICA diagnostic categories, non-fatal definite myocardial infarction and all coronary deaths, differed for the two years reported here. Monthly rates suggested possible seasonal effects, and the possible influence of lower respiratory infections including an epidemic of influenza A. The results demonstrate that consistent monitoring over several years will be necessary to establish clear trends in coronary heart disease. PMID- 3202037 TI - Comparison of the attack rates of acute myocardial infarction in two Belgian towns. AB - Comparison of the attack rates for acute myocardial infarction in two Belgian towns AMI attack rates in two Belgian towns. Belgium is divided in two main regions: Flanders in the North with a Dutch-speaking population, and Wallonia in the South with a French-speaking community. From 1982 onwards, a register of acute myocardial infarction has been in operation in Ghent, a Flemish town, and in Charleroi in Wallonia, following the procedures of the MONICA (Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Diseases) study. Annual attack rates of myocardial infarction are presented for a 5-year period. During this period, the annual attack rates for men are 10-20% higher in Charleroi than Ghent. In women, the ratio between the two cities is less clear. The results of this community registers confirms the regional differences observed previously in Belgium using other epidemiological techniques. PMID- 3202038 TI - Mortality, morbidity and case fatality from myocardial infarction and the cardiovascular risk profile in the Warsaw population. AB - The present study, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) MONICA Project design, covers two Warsaw districts inhabited by 274442 people, aged 25-64. In the studied population over the years 1976-1985, no significant time-trends were found of cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial infarction (MI) and cerebrovascular mortality, whereas the hypertension mortality trends increased significantly. The MI attack rate in 1984/85 in men aged 25-64 was 466/100,000 and that of women 173/100,000. Within the last 14-15 years the age-standardized MI attack rates increased by 35% in men aged 35-64 and by 65% in women. The 28-day case fatality was 40% in men and 35% in women. Fatality was highest the first day after the onset of symptoms, and only 66% of men and 72% of women survived the first 3 days after onset. No significant differences in age standardized mean values of plasma total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure (BP) were found between men and women. Mean values of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL) and of the Quatelet index were higher in the female population, whereas the triglyceride level, diastolic BP, and the number of cigarettes smoked daily were higher in the male population. In men, the plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL cholesterol values did not change with age, but the tryglyceride values decreased; in women, the plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride values increased with age. Mean values of systolic and diastolic BP increased with age in both sexes, whereas the number of cigarettes smoked daily decreased. PMID- 3202039 TI - Lymphokine-induced macrophage resistance to infection with Leishmania major. AB - Resistance to infection is an effector activity of macrophages that is induced by the cooperation of several molecularly distinct factors in LK: IFN and another nonIFN macrophage activation factor. Unlike many other effector activities of activated macrophages, signal sequence is not critical for induction of resistance to infection. Nor is the activation of macrophages for resistance to infection dependent upon the presence of T lymphocytes in the culture vessel: T cell-depleted peritoneal cell cultures and bone marrow-derived macrophages both develop resistance to infection with L. major in the presence of LK that contains IFN. Further characterization of this activity of activated macrophages will include the identification of LK that cooperate with IFN for induction of resistance to infection, and characterization of the LK-induced changes in macrophage function that mediate this resistant state. PMID- 3202040 TI - Effect of tumor necrosis factor on growth of Trypanosoma musculi in vivo and in vitro. AB - The effect of r-TNF on T. musculi is complex. When trypanosomes are incubated in culture with this monokine, TNF exerts a direct anti-trypanosomal effect (Table 3). Similarly, if mice are treated with TNF during the later stages of infection, after the parasitaemia has stabilized, it hastens the elimination of the trypanosomes (Table 2). When TNF is given to mice from the early stage of infection onwards, it enhances the growth of the parasites (Table 1). (This enhanced early growth probably masks any subsequent anti-trypanosomal effect of TNF exerted later in infection). The ability of TNF to promote parasite multiplication is observed even more clearly in in vitro experiments, when peritoneal exudate cells are added to the T. musculi cultures (Table 4). It is conceivable, therefore, that the enhancing effect of TNF in vivo is mediated via a cell present in thioglycollate-induced peritoneal exudate, which mostly comprises macrophages. In summary, the results of these experiments suggest that r-TNF exerts a direct anti-trypanosomal effect while simultaneously promoting the growth of the parasite through an indirect effect mediated via the host's cells, possibly the macrophages. PMID- 3202041 TI - Immunomodulation of murine leishmaniasis with cyclosporin A. PMID- 3202042 TI - Flow cytometric analysis of oxidase activity of neutrophils from chronic granulomatous disease patients. PMID- 3202043 TI - Metallothionein contents in selected tissues of cattle from copper-deficient areas in north-east Poland. PMID- 3202044 TI - Narasin poisoning in turkeys. PMID- 3202045 TI - Scanning electron microscopic examination of cartilage in chicken embryos treated with the insecticide Wofatox 50 EC. PMID- 3202046 TI - A complex method for evaluation of skin-sensitizing tests. PMID- 3202047 TI - Influence of oxytocin and prostaglandin on semen characteristics and process of ejaculation in buffalo bulls. PMID- 3202048 TI - Chlamydia-induced abortion in a horse. PMID- 3202049 TI - Effect of trichothecene mycotoxins (satratoxin H and T-2 toxin) on the lymphoid organs of mice. PMID- 3202050 TI - Milk production and certain parameters of energy metabolism in dairy cows fed rations of varying energy and crude protein contents and fat. PMID- 3202051 TI - Physiological effects of halothane anaesthesia under spontaneous breathing in calves. PMID- 3202052 TI - Studies on glutamic-oxaloacetic and glutamic-pyruvic transaminases from mixed rumen bacterial flora of buffaloes and cattle. PMID- 3202053 TI - Improvement of the local tolerance of a potassium penicillin G formulation for injection. PMID- 3202054 TI - Clinical chemical comparative examination of ruminal samples collected by means of a naso-ruminal sampler. PMID- 3202055 TI - Technical evaluation of a naso-ruminal instrument for collection of ruminal samples in non-fistulated cows. PMID- 3202056 TI - The effect of the pH of meat on the boiling test. PMID- 3202057 TI - Effects of thiopentone halothane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia compared to ketamine xylazine anaesthesia on the DC recorded dog electroretinogram. PMID- 3202058 TI - Effect of a glucocorticoid on the post-operative course following experimental orthopaedic surgery in dogs. PMID- 3202059 TI - Histochemical demonstration of the inhibitory effect of Nuvan and Neguvon on cholinesterase activity in Pseudodactylogyrus anguillae (Monogenea). PMID- 3202060 TI - The effect of different food types and rations on the liver and muscle of cod (Gadus morhua L.). PMID- 3202061 TI - Radioimmunoassay for luteinizing hormone in bovine species based on commercially available reagents. PMID- 3202062 TI - Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5, subtypes a and b: cross protection experiments. PMID- 3202063 TI - A study on the effects of tactical drenchings with a benzimidazole against ostertagiasis in calves. PMID- 3202064 TI - Streptococcus suis isolated from pigs in Finland. PMID- 3202065 TI - Hypophosphatemia induced by dietary aluminium hydroxide supplementation in pigs: effects on growth, blood variables, organ weights and renal morphology. PMID- 3202067 TI - Seasonal variation in seminal characteristics of West African dwarf sheep in the humid tropics. PMID- 3202066 TI - The use of a testosterone intravaginal device to detect oestrus in goats. PMID- 3202069 TI - Study on boar infertilities: epididymal dysfunction. PMID- 3202068 TI - Clinical, morphological and endocrinological studies in post-weaning anoestrous sows. PMID- 3202070 TI - Removal of the ovaries or ablation of the corpus luteum and its effect on the maintenance of gestation in the alpaca and llama. PMID- 3202071 TI - How to apply the knowledge gained from SIDA International Postgraduate Course on Animal Reproduction. PMID- 3202072 TI - A gross morphological abattoir study of genital organs from female zebu cattle. PMID- 3202073 TI - Studies on the reproductive efficiency of the Nganda cattle under small scale management. PMID- 3202074 TI - Effects of intrauterine dilute iodine solution infusion on the incidence of retained placenta and endometritis in dairy cows. PMID- 3202075 TI - Seasonal trend of calving and subsequent service-period in rural buffaloes in Punjab (India). PMID- 3202076 TI - The trials of embryo transfer in the Thai swamp buffalo. PMID- 3202077 TI - Effects of some managerial factors on postpartum reproduction in buffaloes and goats. PMID- 3202078 TI - The Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study: prevalence of hyperlipidemia in persons with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus and the relationship to coronary heart disease. AB - The ongoing Prospective Cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study was initiated in 1979. The objectives of this trial were to determine the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in the German population, improve the prediction and early detection of CHD, and derive recommendations for the primary prevention of vascular disease from the trial results. Of male PROCAM trial participants, ages 40 to 65 years, who had been free of myocardial infarction or stroke at the time of entry and had been followed up for 4 years, longitudinal data analysis shows that hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia are independent risk factors for CHD. The concomitant occurrence of these factors leads to a cumulative increase in CHD risk. Hyperlipidemia is a more significant risk factor for CHD than hypertension or diabetes mellitus. Ongoing data from 4043 men and 1333 women, ages 50 to 65 years, show that more than 50% of all diabetics are hypertensive. Cholesterol is slightly increased in male hypertensives and diabetics of either sex, whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is slightly raised in male hypertensives and female diabetics only. The serum triglyceride concentrations are higher for hypertensives and markedly higher for diabetics of both sexes. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations are decreased in hypertensives, especially in hypertensive women, and even more so in diabetics. The European Consensus Conference for primary prevention of CHD has classified hyperlipidemia into five groups (A to E). For hypertensives, the proportion of patients in group D (cholesterol between 200 and 300 mg/dl and triglyceride levels between 200 and 500 mg/dl) is 20.4% for men and 6.2% for women, about twice as high as those in the control groups. The occurrence of combined (group D) or massive hyperlipidemia (group E: cholesterol greater than 300 mg/dl and/or triglycerides greater than 500 mg/dl) is prevalent in more than 30% of all diabetics: two to three times more frequently than in nondiabetic patients. When concomitant hypertension is included, this prevalence increases to more than 40% for diabetic men. Among those patients endangered by three risk factors, approximately 40% of all men and 60% of all women have the particularly atherogenic combination that includes lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. PMID- 3202079 TI - Mechanism of the interaction of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in atherogenesis: the effects of antihypertensive agents. AB - Any alteration in the balance between serum lipids, platelets, hemodynamic factors, and the blood vessel wall may lead to the development of atherosclerosis. Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are two major risk factors that accelerate the development of coronary heart disease. The mechanisms of the interactions of these two risk factors are examined in this paper. First, hypertension may be associated with focal or generalized endothelial injury or dysfunction. The altered endothelial functional integrity may predispose to platelet aggregation and altered vessel wall interaction, which may stimulate proliferation and growth of vascular cells. Second, elevated serum cholesterol levels may accelerate lipid deposition and formation of atherosclerotic plaques. In hypertension the rate of clearance of lipoprotein from the vessel wall may be reduced. Third, the sympathetic nervous system may be involved in both the development of hypertension and the alterations of lipid metabolism. Adrenergic activation, which increases blood pressure may also adversely affect lipid metabolism. This is in part alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediated. Selective alpha 1 inhibitors have been found to prevent or reduce atherosclerosis in experimental animals. Selective alpha 1-inhibitors may act at a number of sites on lipoprotein metabolic pathways to favorably influence serum lipids. Taken together, the relationship between hypertension and atherosclerosis involves complex mechanisms. A complete understanding of the mechanisms is of obvious importance. PMID- 3202080 TI - Teratogenic antibody internalization by rat visceral yolk-sac endoderm in vitro: an ultrastructural colloidal gold tracer study. AB - Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated that specific rabbit immunoglobulins G (IgG) against a glycoprotein antigen of rat kidney proximal tubule or a cross-reacting visceral yolk-sac endodermal cell antigen will induce abnormal embryonic development when they are injected into pregnant rats during the period of organogenesis. It has been proposed that these antibodies may induce embryopathy by interfering with functions of the visceral yolk-sac placenta, an important organ providing nutrients to the embryo at this stage of development. In order to gain some insight into the underlying pathogenic mechanism(s) in which specific teratogenic IgG may interfere with visceral yolk sac functions, we examined the uptake of these teratogenic IgG by the visceral yolk-sac endodermal cells at the electron microscopic level. The results demonstrated that teratogenic rabbit IgG specifically localized on the fuzzy coat of the external apical cell membrane of the visceral yolk-sac endoderm at the intermicrovillous region. Within 5 min, the IgG were rapidly internalized via coated pits and micropinocytic vesicles. Within 30 min, an increasing proportion of gold particles appeared within uncoated vesicles or vacuoles of various sizes; most of the gold particles were in close proximity to the inner membranous lining of the vesicles. Similar findings were observed after 1- or 2-hr incubation. After 24- to 48-hr culture, however, the gold particles appeared to have dissociated from the inner surface of the vesicle membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202081 TI - Renal blood vascular system in the elasmobranch, Raja erinacea Mitchill, in relation to kidney zones. AB - The arrangement and structure of renal blood vessels were studied in a marine skate with injection of silicone rubber and methacrylate resin after intravenous administration of epinephrine and perfusion fixation. The methacrylate casts were investigated with the scanning electron microscope. Histology was performed by light and transmission electron microscopy of serial sections. The course of the blood vessels is described in relation to the renal zones of lateral bundles and mesial tissue. Each nephron performs two loops in the lateral bundles and two coilings in the mesial tissue before it joins the collecting duct system. The lateral bundles contain an elaborate countercurrent arrangement of neck segment, proximal tubule segment PIa, early distal tubule segment, and collecting tubule. Within the bundles, the nephron portions are associated with a blind-ended central vessel, which is connected with the venous sinuses of the mesial tissue. The microcirculatory bed around the bundles is supplied with arterial blood via small bundle arteries that originate from the intrarenal arteries in parallel to the afferent arterioles of the glomeruli. The efferent arterioles of the glomeruli convey their blood to the peritubular sinuses of the mesial tissue, which is largely irrigated with venous blood of the renal portal system. The mesial tissue, containing the proximal tubule segments PIb and PII, intermediate segment, and late distal tubule segment LDTb, receives venous blood from the caudal vein and the lateral musculature via afferent renal and intrarenal veins and from the efferent arterioles of the glomeruli and venules of the microcirculation of the bundles. The sinuses are drained by efferent renal veins via efferent intrarenal veins. By comparing the renal structures of the skate with those of dogfish, a unique type of circulation--as related to nephron segments, renal zones, and fine structure of the wall of the vessels--is revealed in marine elasmobranchs of different evolutionary levels. PMID- 3202082 TI - Skeletal biology in the toothless (osteopetrotic) rat. AB - The toothless (tl) rat is a nonlethal osteopetrotic mutation characterized by the presence of few osteoclasts and the failure to be cured by bone-marrow transplantation. We examined the skeletal biology of tl rats and normal littermates up to 6 weeks after birth. Osteoclasts in tl rats were small, reduced 25-fold in number, and had greatly reduced concentrations of acid hydrolases. Bone shape internally and externally reflected reduced bone resorption, and tl rats were hypophosphatemic and mildly hypocalcemic at 2 weeks. These data indicate that the basic defect in tl rats is one of differentiation of osteoclasts and, coupled with the observation that normal bone-marrow cells cannot develop into osteoclasts in the tl skeleton, suggest that the defect lies in the skeletal micro-environment. PMID- 3202083 TI - Neurogenesis in the vomeronasal epithelium of adult garter snakes: 3. Use of H3 thymidine autoradiography to trace the genesis and migration of bipolar neurons. AB - Use of H3-thymidine autoradiography and unilateral vomeronasal (VN) axotomy has permitted us to demonstrate directly the existence of VN stem cells in the adult garter snake and to trace continuous bipolar neuron development and migration in the normal VN and deafferentated VN epithelium in the same animal. The vomeronasal epithelium and olfactory epithelium of adult garter snakes are both capable of incorporating H3-thymidine. In the sensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ, H3-thymidine-labeled cells were initially restricted to the base of the undifferentiated cell layer in animals surviving 1 day following H3 thymidine injection. With increasing survival time, labeled cells progressively migrated vertically within the receptor cell column toward the apex of the bipolar neuron layer. In both the normal and denervated VN epithelium, labeled cells were observed through the 56 days of postoperative survival. In the normal epithelium, labeled cells were always located within the matrix of the intact receptor cell columns. However, labeled cells of the denervated epithelium were always located at the apical front of the newly formed cell mass following depletion of the original neuronal cell population. In addition, at postoperative days 28 and 56, labeled cells of the denervated VN epithelium achieved neuronal differentiation and maturation by migrating much farther away from the base of the receptor cell column than the labeled cells on the normal, unoperated contralateral side. This study directly demonstrates that basal cells initially incorporating H3-thymidine are indeed stem cells of the VN epithelium in adult garter snakes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202085 TI - Body fat assessed from body density and estimated from skinfold thickness in normal children and children with cystic fibrosis. AB - Body density and skinfold thickness at four sites were measured in 140 normal boys, 168 normal girls, and 6 boys and 7 girls with cystic fibrosis, all aged 8 14 y. Prediction equations for the normal boys and girls for the estimation of body-fat content from skinfold measurements were derived from linear regression of body density vs the log of the sum of the skinfold thickness. The relationship between body density and the log of the sum of the skinfold measurements differed from normal for the boys and girls with cystic fibrosis because of their high body density even though their large residual volume was corrected for. However the sum of skinfold measurements in the children with cystic fibrosis did not differ from normal. Thus body fat percent of these children with cystic fibrosis was underestimated when calculated from body density and invalid when calculated from skinfold thickness. PMID- 3202084 TI - Total and visceral adipose-tissue volumes derived from measurements with computed tomography in adult men and women: predictive equations. AB - Total and visceral adipose-tissue (AT) volumes were determined by computed tomography (CT) by a multiscan technique in 17 men and 10 women with a wide range of body weights. In these primary materials, weight, height, and various diameters, circumferences, and subcutaneous AT thicknesses of the trunk were examined for their relationships to CT-determined total and visceral AT volumes. Predictive AT equations from the primary materials were then tested on two cross validation groups consisting of another 7 men and 9 women. For the prediction of the total AT volume, weight/height was the superior single predictor, with errors less than 11% in primary and cross-validation materials. For the prediction of visceral AT volume, simple equations based entirely on the sagittal diameter of the trunk at the L3-L5 level resulted in errors less than 21% in both sexes. PMID- 3202086 TI - A low-budget and easy-to-operate room respirometer for measuring daily energy expenditure in man. AB - Accurate assessment of energy requirements of humans under various physiological, pathological, and environmental conditions is hampered by the high cost of techniques for measuring daily energy expenditure. A room respirometer novel in its novel in its low cost of construction and simplicity of operation is described, together with an appreciation of errors and assumptions. It is suitable for measurements of daily energy expenditure in humans with an accuracy of +/- 1.5% and can be reproduced without difficulty in both developed and developing countries. PMID- 3202087 TI - Studies in human lactation: milk volumes in lactating women during the onset of lactation and full lactation. AB - After validation of test-weighing procedures milk volumes produced by 13 multiparous Caucasian women were followed longitudinally through the first year of lactation. All practiced exclusive breast-feeding for at least 5 mo. Milk transfer to the infant was low on days 1 and 2 and increased rapidly to 498 +/- 129 g/d (means +/- SD) on day 5 and then more slowly to 753 +/- 89 g/d during months 3-5. There was a characteristic milk volume for each mother-infant pair that was significantly related neither to milk yield on days 4-6 nor to birth weight. It was, however, strongly related to infant weight at 1 mo, suggesting that infant and/or maternal factors coming into play during the first month of life are strong determinants of subsequent milk transfer to the infant. PMID- 3202088 TI - Multiple sclerosis: the lipid relationship. AB - Between 1949 and 1984, 150 multiple sclerosis patients consumed low-fat diets. Fats, oils, and protein intakes; disability; and deaths were determined. On daily fat consumption of less than 20.1 g (average 17 g), 31% died and deterioration was slight. Daily intakes of greater than 20 g (average of either 25 or 41 g) were attended by serious disability and deaths of 79% and 81%, respectively. Oil intakes bore an indirect relationship to fat consumption. Treatment early and before severe disability developed improved prognosis, and females tended to do better than males. High sensitivity to fats suggests they are involved in the genesis of multiple sclerosis. PMID- 3202089 TI - Protein requirements of infants: a reexamination of concepts and approaches. AB - Estimates of protein requirements of infants aged 3-4 mo by FAO/WHO/UNU (1.47 +/- 0.26 g.kg-1.d-1 as crude protein, N X 6.25) are judged to be overestimates. From simulation analyses we suggest that 1.1 +/- 0.1 - 0.2 g.kg-1.d-1 is a more reasonable estimate. This is consistent with statements that 1) breast milk that provides an average of 16 g protein/1000 kcal or a fixed-composition formula that contains 17 g protein/1000 kcal is adequate for essentially all such infants and 2) average protein intakes from that milk or formula would be approximately 1.65 or 1.75 g.kg-1.d-1, close to current average requirements estimates. It appears that there has been a difference in the concepts of requirement usually applied to infants and to adults and a systematic misinterpretation of breast-milk data in estimating requirements. A plea is issued for the application of epidemiologic approaches as a part of requirement estimation. PMID- 3202090 TI - Incomplete absorption of pure fructose in healthy subjects and the facilitating effect of glucose. AB - Small-intestinal absorption of fructose was investigated in healthy human subjects by sequential breath-hydrogen measurements. Fifty-eight percent of 103 subjects produced greater than 20 microL H2/L after consuming 50 g pure fructose in water. About half of those who absorbed fructose incompletely (incomplete absorbers) had abdominal symptoms. Malabsorption of medium doses of pure fructose may therefore be common in man. When 25 g pure fructose was consumed, only 19% of 21 poor absorbers (of 50 g fructose) still produced excess breath H2. When glucose was taken with fructose, the frequency and amount of excessive breath H2 was substantially reduced. This facilitating phenomenon is not generally known but is important because in natural foods fructose occurs in association or in combination (as sucrose) with glucose. Plasma fructose responses were not lower in poor absorbers presumably because these responses depend more on how much fructose passes through the liver than on how much is absorbed. PMID- 3202091 TI - Vitamin A treatment of sexual dysfunction in male alcoholics. AB - Thirty abstinent male alcoholics with sexual dysfunction were randomized to treatment with 3 mg RE (10,000 IU) vitamin A or placebo daily for 4 mo. Age, drinking history, period of abstinence before enrollment, and base-line laboratory indices were comparable in both groups at entry. Of the 15 subjects given placebo, 13 had a partial or full recovery of sexual functioning. By contrast, of those given vitamin A, 10 had a partial response. There were no complete responders. Six subjects (1 placebo, 5 vitamin A) who developed liver abnormalities during treatment underwent liver biopsies; five had fibrosis or cirrhosis. A significant decrease in luteinizing hormone was noted in the group given vitamin A compared with the placebo-treated group. Thus vitamin A therapy did not improve sexual functioning in male alcoholics and may have been associated with toxicity. PMID- 3202093 TI - Treatment of severe pernicious anemia: no association with sudden death. AB - An increased risk of early, sudden death after treatment of megaloblastic anemia has been reported. This was particularly true for severe anemia, with a mortality rate of 14%. Because no other investigations of this phenomenon have been done since these alarming findings, the experience at our medical center was reviewed. Of 219 patients with pernicious anemia, 101 had severe anemia (hemoglobin less than or equal to 80 g/L). None of the severely anemic patients died during hospitalization. Only one death occurred among all 219 patients and this death was not unexpected but attributable to coexisting diseases. Pernicious anemia, even when severe, is not associated with increased mortality after therapy. PMID- 3202092 TI - Vitamin C status and nutrient interactions in a healthy elderly population. AB - Vitamin C status and interactions with other nutrients were studied in 677 healthy, noninstitutionalized elderly people aged 60-98 y. Although 6% of the males and 3% of the females showed marginal vitamin C status (plasma ascorbic acid 11 to less than 23 mumol/L), only one person had a plasma ascorbic acid (AA) level less than 11 mumol/L. At all levels of total vitamin C intake, mean plasma AA levels were higher in females than males. Vitamin C supplement use was associated with generally higher blood levels of vitamins B-6, B-12, and E and folate in both sexes and with higher levels of retinol in females. However, after both age and the total dietary intake of the specific nutrient being examined were controlled for, plasma AA levels were significantly correlated only with plasma levels of vitamin E and folate in females. PMID- 3202094 TI - Red blood cell uptake of supplemental folate in patients on anticonvulsant drug therapy. AB - A group of epileptics (n = 18) and a control group (n = 10) of subjects aged 21 42 y were given 1-mg supplements of folate daily for 1 mo. Anticonvulsant therapy involved phenytoin alone or in combination with phenobarbital. Serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate levels were determined on days 1, 14, and 28. Mean serum and RBC folate levels were greater (p less than 0.05) for the control subjects compared with the epileptic subjects throughout the study. The percent increase in either serum or RBC folate was not different (p greater than 0.05) between the groups. The percent increase in serum folate when expressed as a percent of RBC folate was greater (p less than 0.05) for those epileptics who initially had deficient blood folate levels (serum folate less than 7 nmol/L; RBC folate less than 317 nmol/L) than those who did not. Deficient epileptics may have had an impaired RBC incorporation of circulating (serum) folate compared with nondeficient epileptics. PMID- 3202095 TI - Thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins B-6 and C: impact of combined restricted intake on functional performance in man. AB - A double-blind study of combined restriction of thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins B-6 and C was carried out with 23 healthy males. During 8 wk of low vitamin intake, 12 deficient subjects consumed daily a diet of normal food products, providing maximally 32.5% of the Dutch Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for thiamin, riboflavin, vitamins B-6 and C. Other vitamins were supplemented at twice the RDA. Eleven control subjects consumed the same diet but with a supplementation of twice the RDA of all vitamins. In deficient subjects blood vitamin levels, urinary vitamin excretion, and erythrocytic enzyme activities decreased; in vitro enzyme stimulation increased. Vitamin depletion had no ill effects on health, physical activity, and mental performance. A significant decrease was observed in aerobic power (VO2max) and onset of blood lactate accumulation (p less than 0.001) of 9.8 and 19.6%, respectively. A combined restricted intake of thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins B-6 and C causes a decrease in physical performance within a few weeks. PMID- 3202096 TI - Calcium intake and the relationship of dietary sodium and potassium to blood pressure. AB - Using First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I) data, we studied the relationships of dietary sodium, potassium, and alcohol to blood pressure in relation to levels of dietary calcium intake. At low Ca intakes (less than 400 mg/d for men and less than 800 mg/d for women) the ratio of Na to K (Na:K) was significantly related to blood pressure (p less than 0.01) after controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), race, and gender. At higher Ca intakes neither Na:K nor any other nutrient (with the exception of alcohol) was related to either systolic or diastolic blood pressures. Na:K was more strongly related to blood pressure than either nutrient alone and low Ca intakes were necessary for the Na:K-blood pressure relationship to be evident. Interaction of these three dietary factors in relation to blood pressure was evident in all race and gender groups. Associations of age, BMI, gender, and alcohol with blood pressure were not affected by Ca levels. PMID- 3202097 TI - Response of fractional calcium absorption in women to various coadministered oral glucose doses. AB - Previous studies found an enhancing effect of glucose on fractional calcium absorption in humans but little information is available on the effect of different amounts of carbohydrate on Ca absorption. Thus, we studied the response of fractional Ca absorption to various loads of oral glucose coadministration with Ca in ten female subjects. After an overnight fast, 47Ca was administered orally on four occasions in solutions that contained varying doses of glucose (0 control, 56, 222, and 444 mmol). Seven of the ten subjects showed a positive response to glucose. In this group of responders there was a linear response to glucose between 0 and 222 mmol. No further increase was achieved at the higher dose of glucose. The response to 222 mmol glucose represented a 49% increase in Ca absorption compared with absorption without carbohydrate. PMID- 3202098 TI - The profile of long-chain fatty acids in serum phospholipids: a possible indicator of copper status in humans. AB - In previous reports of experimental copper depletion in humans, it was difficult to reliably demonstrate biochemically that there was Cu depletion. In view of the changes in serum phospholipid fatty acid profiles in Cu-deficient rats, it was considered worthwhile to determine the effect of Cu depletion in humans on serum fatty acid profiles. Serum samples from the Cu-depletion study of Reiser et al were analyzed for phospholipid fatty acid composition. After the participants had been on the low copper diet for 11 wk, serum phospholipids contained 27% less oleic acid, 38% more arachidonic acid, and 94% more docosahexaenoic acid (all p less than 0.01) than samples taken from the same subjects before Cu depletion. These fatty acid changes were of a similar direction and magnitude to those in moderately Cu-depleted rats and may be useful as an index of moderate Cu depletion in humans. PMID- 3202099 TI - Wrist, spine, and hip bone density in women with variable histories of lactation. AB - This study investigated the relationship between long-term lactation (greater than or equal to 10 m/child) and bone density in women aged 26-37. The subjects either experienced long-term lactation for 1-2 children (n = 10), long-term lactation for 3-4 children (n = 8), or were nulliparous (n = 10). The three groups did not differ significantly in height, weight, percent of ideal weight, usual caffeine and calcium intake, or duration of oral contraceptive use. Bone density measurements were obtained by single- or dual-photon absorptiometry from the ultradistal radius, lumbar spine (L2-L3), and three hip sites: femoral neck, Ward's triangle, and trochanteric. Lactation history was not associated with significant differences in bone density in any bone site. With respect to height, weight, Ca intake, and duration of lactation, only height was correlated to bone density and only for L2-L3 (r = 0.48, p less than 0.02). Thus, a history of long term lactation may not be associated with low peak adult bone density. PMID- 3202100 TI - Serum retinol levels of persons aged 4-74 years from three Hispanic groups. AB - Previous research suggests that Hispanics in this country may have poor vitamin A status. Using serum retinol data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, we examined the vitamin A status of Mexican Americans (MA), Cubans, and Puerto Ricans (PR) aged 4-74 y. MA had lower mean serum retinol levels and higher prevalences of serum retinol in the range of 0.70-1.01 mumol/L than did Cubans in several age-sex groups. The prevalence (or percentage) of serum retinol in a range indicating possible risk of functional impairment was not elevated in any of the Hispanic groups except the females aged 18-44 y. However, a high percentage of children and adolescents in the three Hispanic groups had serum retinol values in ranges that might indicate less-than-optimal vitamin A status. Determination of vitamin A status requires a more definitive assessment than by serum vitamin A alone. PMID- 3202102 TI - Calcium absorbability. PMID- 3202101 TI - Fish consumption, heart disease, and iron. PMID- 3202104 TI - Plasma cholesterol responsiveness to saturated fatty acids. PMID- 3202103 TI - Reproducibility of individual serum cholesterol response to diet. PMID- 3202105 TI - Diet and cancer. PMID- 3202106 TI - Methodologic considerations in investigating the diet-cancer link. PMID- 3202107 TI - Complement deficiency. Predisposing factor to autoimmune syndromes. AB - The recognition of the association between complete and partial complement (C) deficiencies and immune complex-mediated diseases is of clinical and etiopathologic interest. From studies of sera deficient in C1, C4, C2, or C3, the crucial role of these complement components in promoting the solubility and clearance of immune complexes has been elucidated. Moreover, partial C4 deficiency appears to be a common risk factor for the development of systemic lupus erythematosus, with complete C4A deficiency (C4A null) being present in 10 to 15 percent and heterozygous C4A deficiency present in 50 to 80 percent of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Most importantly, there is an obvious pathophysiologic relationship between the function of complement relative to immune complex processing and the disease that results from their deficiency. Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by excessive quantities of inappropriately deposited immune complexes. More subtle complement component and receptor deficiencies are likely to be predisposing factors for autoimmune disease. The complement deficiencies provide us with a unique opportunity to investigate the origin and development of immune complex excess syndromes. PMID- 3202108 TI - The educational preparation and professional activities of occupational therapists. AB - The professional activities of five groups of occupational therapists with different educational backgrounds were compared to examine the influence of education on career characteristics. Analysis of covariance, using length of professional experience as the covariate, revealed statistically significant differences in the areas of education, administration and supervision, leadership, oral presentations, publications, and research but not in clinical practice, public relations, products development, or professional recognition. The greatest differences emerged between the bachelor's, postbaccalaureate certificate, and basic master's groups and the advanced master's and other master's groups, thus supporting the association between increased education and increased professional involvement. No differences were detected between the bachelor's, certificate, and basic master's groups or between the advanced and other master's groups. The least involvement in professional activities occurred in the certificate group although the participation level for all groups was low. Although the findings highlight the important role of education in increasing therapists' involvement in professional activities, educational interventions more subtle than manipulating the entry level for practice or proliferating occupational therapy graduate programs may be needed to create a cadre of occupational therapists committed to advancing the stature of occupational therapy. PMID- 3202109 TI - A description of grip strength in preschool children. AB - The purpose of this research project was to provide occupational therapists with preliminary descriptive data on the spherical grip strength of 3- to 5 1/2-year old children using the Martin Vigorimeter. Three hundred and eighty boys and girls were tested. Standardized positioning and instructions were followed. The mean of three trials was used as the grip strength score for each hand. The right and left hands were alternated during testing to allow a 20-second rest between trials. A repeated measures design multiple analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that the mean grip strength scores increased linearly with an increase in age (p less than .001) and that the right grip strength score was greater than the left (p less than .001). The descriptive data were reported separately for the right and left hands by age increments of 6 months. Two tables of mean grip strength scores and their standard deviations were generated for clinical use. PMID- 3202110 TI - The use of behavioral techniques in functional skills training after severe brain injury. AB - This paper discusses the application of behavioral methods to functional skills training in the adult with severe brain damage. Four cases are described demonstrating the effectiveness of this type of intervention in teaching washing and dressing skills. Three patients had deficits arising from traumatic brain injury and one had continuing problems following herpes simplex encephalitis. Theoretical issues in adapting behavioral methods to the needs of such patients who have severe disorders of memory, attention, and motivation are discussed. PMID- 3202111 TI - Functional skill regression in late-stage dementias. AB - One hundred fifty-two institutionalized persons with late-stage dementia were rated with a geriatric developmental screening scale that notes cognitive, language, sensorimotor, and self-care abilities. The results showed that the loss of functional abilities in late-stage dementias seems to occur in reverse order of their development in childhood. Developmental congruence was noted within these persons regardless of diagnosis. In addition, the average functional age rating correlated well with scores from the Folstein Mini Mental State examination (MMS) (Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975): The close correlation between scores indicates that the MMS is a fast and simple tool for predicting not only cognitive impairment but also the approximate stage of functional development. PMID- 3202112 TI - An assistive device for toddlers ambulating with an intravenous pole. PMID- 3202113 TI - Therapeutic intervention with an adapted toy. PMID- 3202114 TI - Others' research can affect our practice. PMID- 3202115 TI - A rapid method for the detection of early stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation. AB - A simple, rapid technique for detecting early changes in the arterial vessels of rats and rabbits fed an atherogenic diet is described. After perfusion fixation, the descending thoracic aorta was cytochemically stained with oil red O to detect intracellular lipid and with Hoechst 33342 dye to detect nuclear DNA. The vessels were whole mounted and the luminal surface examined en face using both transmitted light and epifluorescence microscopy. With this technique it is possible to identify and quantitate mononuclear cells adhering to the vessel wall, determine the distribution and number of intimal foam cells within the intima, and determine the mitotic index of the endothelium. Tissue samples can be quickly prepared using this technique, thus allowing rapid analysis of the influence of various substances on the early stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation in animals fed an atherogenic diet. PMID- 3202116 TI - Composition and mechanics of cerebral arterioles in hypertensive rats. AB - It was demonstrated recently that, in contrast to large cerebral arteries, distensibility of cerebral arterioles is increased in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The goals of this study were to examine composition of normal cerebral arterioles, and to determine whether chronic hypertension alters relative composition of the arteriolar wall. Pial arterioles in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats contain large amounts of smooth muscle, small amounts of elastin and basement membrane, and very little collagen. Hypertrophy of pial arterioles in SHRSP is characterized by increases in the elastic components, smooth muscle and elastin. The stiffer components, collagen and basement membrane either did not change or decreased. It is concluded that cerebral arterioles contain proportionately more smooth muscle and less collagen than large arteries, and that hypertrophy of cerebral arterioles in SHRSP is accompanied by a relative increase in the more elastic components of the arteriolar wall, which probably contributes to the increase in arteriolar distensibility. PMID- 3202117 TI - Expression of HIV in lymph node cells of LAS patients. Immunohistology, in situ hybridization, and identification of target cells. AB - Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) anti-HIV core and envelope proteins and in situ hybridization, using cDNA HIV probe, were employed to determine which lymph node cells in LAS patients express viral antigens and viral nucleic acids. The results have been correlated with the histologic phases of LAS and with the germinal center lysis detected using DRC-1 MAb directed against follicular dendritic reticulum cells (FDRC). Viral antigens occasionally were detected on high endothelial cells of paracortical venules and frequently on germinal center FDR accessory cells; this last finding correlates well with the extent of FDRC lysis and of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration in germinal centers. HIV replication, detected by in situ hybridization, was observed in mononucleated cells present in T and B areas and, in one case, in flat endothelium. PMID- 3202118 TI - Immunohistochemical demonstration of cytoplasmic and membrane-associated tumor necrosis factor in murine macrophages. AB - Using a highly specific rabbit antisera directed against murine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), immunohistochemical localization of this monokine was performed in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages. Resident macrophages did not express TNF even after stimulus with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, 12% of macrophages elicited with Freund's adjuvant stained positively and up to 60% were positive after LPS stimulation. Analysis of the kinetics of expression revealed that maximal staining occurred from 1-3 hours after stimulus with disappearance of staining by 12 hours. Both a membrane and cytoplasmic pattern of staining could be demonstrated. The presence of plasma membrane TNF was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Northern blot analysis and bioassay revealed that the kinetics of TNF mRNA synthesis corresponded to the appearance of the protein while its disappearance corresponded to the appearance of TNF in the supernate. Thus, TNF synthesis and secretion could be histochemically demonstrated. These findings support the notion that TNF production is a characteristic of activated macrophages and that such cells display membrane-associated TNF at least transiently after stimulation. PMID- 3202119 TI - Modulation of mesangial cell migration by extracellular matrix components. Inhibition by heparinlike glycosaminoglycans. AB - Extension of mesangial cells (MC) into the pericapillary space is a pathologic response seen in several forms of glomerulonephritis. This process may involve both cytoplasmic extension by MC and actual cellular migration. For investigation of whether extracellular matrix factors could modulate this process, the migratory responses of rat MC were quantitatively examined using a cell culture model. Denuding ("wounding") a portion of a confluent culture of MC was followed by migration of mesangial cells into the denuded area. The expected proliferative response to this treatment was blocked by irradiation. The migratory response began within 8 hours of wounding and continued for at least 80 hours. The MC migratory response was specifically inhibited in a dose-dependent and reversible manner by heparin and heparinlike glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Chondroitin sulfates and hyaluronic acid did not significantly inhibit MC migration. Glomerular basement membrane heparinlike GAGs may normally prevent MC extension into the pericapillary space. Changes in the density or composition of these substances during glomerular inflammatory processes could permit the development of MC pericapillary extensions and thereby lead to further alterations in basement membrane integrity. PMID- 3202121 TI - Smoke inhalation injury in sheep. PMID- 3202120 TI - Degree of malignancy of thymic epithelial tumors in terms of nuclear DNA content and nuclear area. An analysis of 39 cases. AB - For determination of the degree of malignancy among thymic epithelial tumors, the DNA content and area of nuclei in 13 cases each of noninvasive thymoma, invasive thymoma, and thymic carcinoma were investigated by cytofluorometry and morphometry. The nuclear DNA content was determined in terms of the mean nuclear DNA content, DNA histogram pattern, and the occurrence of the aneuploid stem cell line. The mean nuclear DNA content of the thymic carcinoma was significantly higher than that of both subgroups of thymoma (P less than 0.01), but there was no significant difference between noninvasive and invasive thymomas. The aneuploid stem cell line appeared in 92.3% of thymic carcinomas, one case (7.7%) of invasive thymomas, and none of noninvasive thymomas. Abnormal DNA histogram patterns were seen in 53.8% of thymic carcinomas and none of the thymomas. The mean nuclear area increased significantly in the increasing order of noninvasive thymoma, invasive thymoma, and thymic carcinoma (P less than 0.01). The cytofluorometric and morphometric results demonstrated a significant difference in degree of malignancy between thymic carcinoma and thymoma; however, there was a trend toward an increasing degree of malignancy from noninvasive to invasive thymomas, yet there was a sizeable overlap in results between the two groups. Therefore, these two methods are not satisfactory for predicting the behavior of an individual case of noninvasive or invasive thymoma. PMID- 3202122 TI - Standardization in reporting results of acoustic tumor surgery. AB - The number of surgical reports from acoustic tumor removal has increased as the competency level of surgeons has increased. Proposed for acceptance as standards in reporting are 1) maximum diameter of the tumor as judged by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in millimeters or centimeters, 2) presence or absence of IV ventricle displacement, indentation, or deformation, 3) preoperative and postoperative speech audiometry, 4) specific nomenclature as to the anatomic surgical approach with total or partial removals, 5) specific description of anatomic preservation of the facial nerve, specifying immediate postoperative function, and 6) use of the John House facial nerve function grading system. These guidelines were adopted by the authors for standardizing reporting results in 110 consecutive operations for acoustic tumors performed between 1976 and 1986. PMID- 3202123 TI - Flexible endoscopy and radiologic evaluation of the eustachian tube in adults with eustachian tube dysfunction. AB - This study was conducted on 20 adult patients presenting with eustachian tube dysfunction of about 6 months' duration. It included endoscopy of the pharyngeal end of the eustachian tube and contrast radiologic study. Both methods are now available because of technical progress and practical improvements. By these methods, physiologic movements of the soft palate, tubal torus, and tubal orifice can be observed and studied and anatomic variations and pathologic abnormalities can be detected. This study shows that eustachian tube dysfunction may be caused by salpingitis (acute or chronic) or adenoid or nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Scleroma affecting the lumen of the eustachian tube was reported in one case. PMID- 3202124 TI - Eustachian tube function in ears with cholesteatoma. AB - Eustachian tube (ET) function was measured before and after surgery in patients with acquired cholesteatoma. The cholesteatoma group and a group of patients without cholesteatoma but with dry tympanic membrane perforations (TM-Perf) were compared in this respect. ET function was measured by the air pressure equalization technique; if necessary, a transmyringeal tube was inserted to establish direct communication between the external ear canal and the middle ear cleft. No difference in ET function was found before and after surgery in the cholesteatoma group. The ET testing results in the cholesteatoma group were inferior to those in the group with TM-Perf. These findings are discussed in relation to proper surgical procedure in ears with cholesteatoma. PMID- 3202126 TI - Senile deafness and metabolic bone disease. AB - In 56 patients with senile deafness, the degree of bone atrophy was quantitatively assessed by microdensitometry (MD). Biochemical examinations were also made. The following results were obtained: 1. Abnormal bone metabolism is suspected in many patients with senile deafness. 2. Serum calcium level is significantly lower and BUN significantly higher in patients with senile deafness than in normal subjects. 3. A significant positive correlation is noted between hearing levels and serum alkaline phosphatase levels in patients with senile deafness. After treatment of 12 patients suspected of having abnormal bone metabolism (as judged by MD) with an active vitamin D preparation (1 alpha [OH]D3) at 1 microgram/day for 6 to 10 months, hearing improvement was noted for six ears (four patients). However, long-term observation is necessary to be able to assess the efficacy of active vitamin D on senile deafness, which is a result of chronic aggravation of hearing impairment. PMID- 3202125 TI - Long-term histologic study of a new carbon-carbon ossicular replacement prosthesis. AB - In a variety of structural forms, carbon possesses certain properties that render it suitable for implantation in the human body. This report analyzes biocompatibility of a new carbon-carbon prosthesis following long-term middle ear implantation in a prospective, controlled animal study. The prosthesis was placed in the left ear of 20 healthy guinea pigs and in the dorsal subcutaneous tissues for control. The right ear also served as control. Preoperative and postoperative auditory evoked potentials were recorded and compared. Samples of tissue from all three sites were evaluated at 3 and 6 months by light microscopy. The implants also were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Samples of lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and lungs also were examined. Fourteen animals (70%) demonstrated no change in auditory evoked potentials postoperatively. One animal developed unilateral dysfunction and three others developed bilateral dysfunction for unexplained reasons. No significant tissue destruction or inflammation of the tissues and no digestion or erosion of the implants were observed. No passage of carbon particles into the reticuloendothelial system was identified. These preliminary results suggest that this new carbon-carbon prosthesis may be biocompatible at 6 months follow-up in the guinea pig and encourage further investigation. PMID- 3202127 TI - Vestibular and audiologic functions in gentamicin-treated Meniere's disease. AB - Fifteen patients with disabling Meniere's disease were treated with local intratympanic administration of gentamicin once daily. They had suffered from frequent attacks of vertigo and vomiting, the hearing in the affected ears was decreased permanently, and spontaneous nystagmus was observed. The number of treatment days ranged between 3 and 11. Follow-up time was 1 to 6 years. For evaluation of the treatment, audiologic and vestibular examinations were used, including the broad frequency-band rotatory test (0.4-4.5 Hz). Fourteen patients were free from vertigo after treatment. In 5 patients, there was an increased hearing loss, and in 10 it remained unchanged. Tinnitus and fullness sensations were diminished. After treatment, all ears were unresponsive to caloric stimulation. The clinical examination and rotatory testing in light with sinusoidal stimulation revealed good central compensation of the vestibular loss. However, with pseudorandomized oscillations in darkness, the broad frequency-band rotatory test quantified the loss of peripheral vestibular function and was able to detect the side of the lesion in eight of nine patients. PMID- 3202128 TI - Chronic cough due to cholesteatoma. A case report. PMID- 3202129 TI - Skin tolerance and adaptation following implantation of the Xomed Audiant bone conductor. AB - Placement of the Xomed Audiant implantable bone conduction hearing prosthesis was initially restricted to a limited number of investigators. It was introduced to other otolaryngologists in a workshop on August 15-16, 1986. There have since been several workshops offered by Xomed and Dr. Hough, who developed the device, to train otolaryngologists how to implant this device. The literature thus far is limited to the experience of Hough and others involved with his initial trials. He has not reported any significant complications associated with this device. The purpose of this paper is to communicate a complication resulting from the use of this device. Skin ulceration over the implant resulted from excessive use of the hearing prosthesis within 2 weeks of the initial fitting. Other contributing factors in the breakdown of skin will be discussed along with suggestions regarding prevention. PMID- 3202130 TI - Hearing loss and ischemic heart disease. AB - One hundred three patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were compared with 29 patients with organic heart disease and normal coronary arteries (OHD) and with a control group of 101 patients free of heart disease and matched for age and sex. Twelve patients in the control group, 4 in the OHD group, and 34 patients in the IHD group were found to have hearing loss (HL) of different degrees, cause, and duration (P = 0.0003). Of the HL-IHD group, 19 of the 34 patients had no underlying etiologic factor compared with 4 of the 12 patients in the control group (P = 0.0005); age was not an important factor. Multiple logistic regression analysis suggests that the probability of a patient with HL of unknown etiology to have IHD is eight times greater than in individuals with normal hearing. In the HL groups (12 controls and 34 with IHD), there were no significant differences in sex, hypertension, obesity, or smoking, but there was a lower incidence of diabetes and a higher incidence of family history in the HL IHD group than in the HL-control group. Two patients in the HL-IHD group had families with many members affected by both deafness and IHD, suggesting a heredofamilial disease. HL always preceded the clinical manifestation of IHD and appears to be an important "early marker" of a vascular or generalized arteriosclerotic process. PMID- 3202131 TI - Evoked otoacoustic emissions in patients with acoustic neuromas. AB - Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions were recorded in 28 patients with surgically proven acoustic neuromas and 22 patients with brain stem pathologic disorders. Data collected in acoustic tumor ears were compared with those obtained in 30 nontumor ears demonstrating sensorineural hearing losses. Acoustic emissions were altered (increased detection-threshold or no detectable emissions) in all ears with eighth nerve tumors and were not affected in those with brain stem pathologic conditions that do not involve cochlear function. The properties of acoustic emissions were similar in both tumor and nontumor ears with hearing loss, which suggests that acoustic tumors usually produce a cochlear hearing loss. PMID- 3202133 TI - Embryology of the facial nerve. PMID- 3202132 TI - Clinical evaluation of medical treatment for Meniere's disease, using a double blind controlled study. AB - There are great variations in the clinical evaluations of the effectiveness of antivertiginous drugs for Meniere's disease. In our clinical evaluation, subjective and objective signs and symptoms of 128 patients with Meniere's disease and of 98 with other peripheral vestibular disorders were analyzed in a double-blind controlled study comparing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (300 mg) and betahistine (36 mg) each given daily for 4 weeks. The method of administration was the matched-pair-group-method for this double-blind controlled trial. The attending physicians concluded that ATP was significantly more effective than betahistine in the treatment of Meniere's disease and other peripheral vestibular disorders. PMID- 3202134 TI - Insights of patient following bilateral acoustic tumor surgery with bilateral deficits in hearing, balance, and facial function. PMID- 3202135 TI - Iatrogenic facial nerve injury. PMID- 3202136 TI - Local anesthetics. PMID- 3202137 TI - Assistive listening devices and systems (ALDS) enhance the lifestyles of hearing impaired persons. AB - Assistive listening devices and systems (ALDS) help hearing impaired listeners overcome noise, reverberation, and distance. ALDS deliver speech from the lips of the talkers to the ears of the listeners. Thus, hearing impaired persons can function in the mainstream of society. ALDS include hardwire, infrared, FM, loops, and signaling and alerting devices. They help hearing impaired persons develop and maintain listening and talking skills. As a result, they can function at optimal levels of personal, social, educational, vocational, spiritual, and recreational activities. The use of "self-wiring," windscreens, and remote microphone technology make it possible for hearing impaired persons to enjoy communication in one-to-one situations; small and large groups; large listening areas; and settings such as television listening, communicating in an automobile, and counseling with medical, educational, vocational, and spiritual advisers. ALDS, combined with hearing aids, offer state-of-the-art listening and talking opportunities. PMID- 3202138 TI - Auditory evoked responses in the management of acutely brain-injured children and adults. AB - In recent years, the role of auditory evoked responses (AERs) in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting has expanded dramatically for both pediatric and adult brain-injured patient populations. AERs have unique value in early identification and evaluation of peripheral auditory dysfunction that can result directly from head trauma or as a consequence of intensive medical therapy (such as prolonged intubation and ototoxic drugs). AERs can also be applied in evaluating and monitoring neurologic status during the acute period following a severe brain injury, similar to their common intraoperative use as a neurophysiologic monitor. This paper reviews factors influencing measurement of AERs in the ICU, including the effect of (1) intensive medical therapy (e.g., neuromuscular blockers, sedatives, barbiturates, aminoglycosides, and loop diuretics); (2) coma; and (3) computed tomography confirmed temporal bone fracture. The rationale for monitoring neurologic status with AERs in this setting is presented and supported with original group data. Important points are illustrated with selected case reports. PMID- 3202139 TI - A comparison of commercial auditory evoked potential units: the economy units. AB - As the first in a series, the present study was designed to compare and provide a consumer-oriented overview of commercially available auditory evoked potential (AEP) units with a basic price of less than $10,000 (i.e., the "economy" units). The following AEP units fell under this category: Algo-1/Algo-1PLUS, Amplaid MK 10, Nicolet Audit V, Bio-logic PASS, GSI-55, and Modular M-100. Descriptive information and the names and addresses of at least 10 users were solicited from the manufacturers for each of these units. Questionnaires were sent to the users, which asked them to provide information on how their unit was used and to rate some of its features. Results indicate that the economy units generally meet the needs and expectations of the users. They offer the advantages of being easy to use, portable, and reliable. Primary disadvantages relate to lack of flexibility, a problem that could generally be accommodated by upgrading to more sophisticated (and expensive) units. PMID- 3202140 TI - Pediatric central auditory dysfunction. Comparison of children with confirmed lesions versus suspected processing disorders. AB - This study compared and contrasted results on pure tone audiometry, acoustic reflexes, and the Pediatric Speech Intelligibility Test in children with either documented or suspected central auditory dysfunction. Ages ranged from 3 years, 2 months, to 8 years, 4 months. In children with confirmed CNS lesions, results were consistently normal for children with lesions in nonauditory areas of the brain and consistently abnormal for children with lesions in areas of the brain important for auditory perceptual function. The patterns of abnormality were consistent with previous findings in adults. In children with suspected central auditory processing disorders (CAPDs), audiometric findings typically showed normal hearing sensitivity, abnormal (rising) audiometric contours, normal acoustic reflexes, normal degraded monotic speech perception, and abnormal dichotic speech perception. This pattern of results was similar to findings in children with confirmed temporal lobe lesions. Overall, results supported an auditory perceptual, rather than a linguistic, basis for CAPDs. PMID- 3202141 TI - Topographic mapping of brain electrical activity in the assessment of central auditory nervous system pathology. AB - Topographic mapping of brain electrical activity is a method of converting electrical measurements of brain activity (evoked potential and EEG) into quantitative data that then can be displayed as colored visual maps. In this article, we review the basic principles underlying the procedures involved and then discuss their use in the assessment of central auditory nervous system (CANS) pathology. Finally, we highlight some of the limitations of the procedures as presently used. PMID- 3202142 TI - Cochlear implants in children: benefits and concerns. AB - Cochlear implants have been used in investigational studies with profoundly deaf children aged 2 to 18 years. Results with the 3M/House implant indicate that this device is safe and effective. The implant provides auditory detection of much of the acoustic speech signal, significant improvement in auditory discrimination compared with preimplant with hearing aids, and improved speech production skills. A longitudinal control-group study of auditory discrimination and a cross sectional study of speech using age-matched controls support the interpretation that these improvements are due to the cochlear implant. In addition, 26 of 50 children (52%) tested for open-set word recognition and 17 of 41 (41.5%) tested for open-set sentence comprehension demonstrated such abilities using the cochlear implant. Adverse effects have been minimal. Early results from three children with the Nucleus multichannel cochlear implant clearly indicate the efficacy of that device. PMID- 3202143 TI - An implantable bone conduction hearing device. AB - A new implantable hearing device that transmits an acoustical signal from an external electromagnetic coil to a small magnet implanted in the temporal bone has been developed and implanted in more than 350 patients. Animal research indicates that the device serves as a high-fidelity sound source throughout the audio range. Especially notable is its high-frequency performance. Human experiments using a body processor indicate that the device compares favorably with conventional bone conduction hearing aids, and patients report excellent sound quality as well as improved ability to understand conversational speech. Further development has resulted in an at-the-ear (ATE) processor. Extensive testing of the ATE unit has revealed that current models provide approximately 10 dB less output than the body processors. Further research and development are continuing to address the need for increased power output from the ATE processor and to eliminate other minor problems. PMID- 3202144 TI - Potassium transport by pancreatic and parotid zymogen granule membranes. AB - Zymogen granules that were stable at physiological conditions of pH, ionic strength, and temperature were isolated from the rat pancreas and parotid. The cation permeability of these granules was evaluated to characterize the mechanism of secretagogue-stimulated fluid secretion by acinar cells. Granule swelling and lysis provide a measure of the rate of cation transport, since the use of ionophore combinations such as tripropyltin and carbonyl cyanide 3 chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) will render cation conductance the rate-limiting step for salt influx. This technique supplies evidence for the existence of K+ conductance in the granule membrane. The pancreatic and parotid granules have a K+-selective conductance that is not inhibited by the K+ channel blockers barium, tetraethylammonium, quinidine, cesium, or 4-aminopyridine. Furthermore, the intragranular pH of pancreatic zymogen granules was measured to be approximately 6.5 and was identified as a factor that modulates the K+ conductance. Although the pancreatic and parotid granules were qualitatively identical, quantitatively the relative K+ transport rate constant was over twofold higher for the parotid than for the pancreatic granules. The zymogen granule K+ conductance may have an important role in active K+ secretion by exocrine glands, which is prominent in the parotid after stimulation with beta-adrenergic agents. PMID- 3202145 TI - Uracil ribonucleotide metabolism in rat and human glomerular epithelial and mesangial cells. AB - Uridine diphosphosugars (UDP-sugars: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, UDP-glucose, and UDP-glucuronic acid) are essential coenzymes for the synthesis of glomerular basement membrane and mesangial matrix (GBM-MM). This study has characterized UDP sugar metabolism in rat and human glomerular cells in tissue culture. Culture of rat mesangial cells in medium containing dialyzed fetal calf serum resulted in UTP loss (28 +/- 4 nmol.mg DNA-1.h-1); the addition of 2 microM orotate to this medium resulted in net UTP accretion (5.42 +/- 0.06 nmol.mg DNA-1.h-1). Rat mesangial cells demonstrated 16- and 29- to 46-fold greater UTP and UDP-sugar pools, respectively, than whole glomeruli. In human mesangial cells, 6-azauridine (500 microM) decreased UDP-sugar pools by 48% (P less than 0.05), whereas uridine (50 microM) produced a 2.5-fold increase. Human and rat mesangial cells had greater (1.8- to 6.1-fold) UDP-sugar pools than epithelial cells and 1.7-3.4 times greater labeled precursor incorporation into UDP-sugars. In conclusion, glomerular cells utilize both exogenous orotate and uridine for ribonucleotide synthesis, and the extracellular concentration of these precursors markedly influence the formation and cellular content of UDP-sugars. Prominent differences exist between separate glomerular cell populations in their metabolism of UDP sugars. This may represent diverse activity of glycosylating reactions. PMID- 3202146 TI - [Ca2+]-dependent myosin phosphorylation in phorbol diester stimulated smooth muscle contraction. AB - Phorbol diesters, potent activators of protein kinase C, can produce a slow contraction in arterial smooth muscle. Such observations have prompted proposals that protein kinase C may have direct regulatory functions in contraction. In this paper, we present evidence that [Ca2+]-dependent myosin light chain phosphorylation is responsible for the contraction induced by low-dose phorbol diester and during force development in response to high-dose phorbol diester stimulation. The relationships between myoplasmic [Ca2+], myosin phosphorylation, and steady-state stress induced by low-dose phorbol dibutyrate were similar to those observed with contractile agonists. However, prolonged exposure to high dose phorbol dibutyrate induced high stress with elevated phosphorylation that was not associated with elevations in aequorin-estimated [Ca2+]. Our results suggest that phorbol diesters can increase myoplasmic [Ca2+], and the resulting increase in myosin phosphorylation quantitatively explains the contraction. PMID- 3202147 TI - Na+-sugar cotransport system as a polarization marker during organization of epithelial membrane. AB - The present study analyzed the changes in Na+-dependent sugar transport and transepithelial electrical resistance as LLC-PK1 cells reorganize into epithelial membranes. Sugar influx increased to reach a maximum 9 h after plating. The increase in the transepithelial electrical resistance, however, showed a significant delay, reaching steady state 15 h after plating. No changes in the electrochemical Na+ gradient were observed during the reorganization of the epithelial membranes. Kinetic analysis and [3H]phlorizin-binding studies showed that the increase in sugar influx resulted from an increase in the number of carriers. Unidirectional sugar influx measurements indicated that the sugar transporters were primarily located at the apical surface of the epithelial cells. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the sorting of native proteins occurs intracellularly before their insertion in the apical membrane, or as an alternative that they are randomly inserted, but then immediately sorted such as any carrier could be detected in the basolateral side during the reorganization process. In addition, the results suggest that the functional development of the apical membrane may occur before the complete sealing of the intercellular space during the development of the occluding junctions. Furthermore, development of the sugar transport system and occluding junctions was inhibited by cycloheximide and puromycin but not by actinomycin D, suggesting that the expression of epithelial cell polarization is probably a posttranslational event in the protein synthesis. PMID- 3202148 TI - Chloride transport across placental microvillous membranes measured by fluorescence. AB - Chloride transport across human placental microvillous vesicle membrane was investigated using the fluorescent probe SPQ (6-methoxy-N[3 sulfopropyl]quinolinium). Chloride influx (JCl) was calculated from the initial rate of quenching of intravesicular SPQ fluorescence by chloride. JCl measured by SPQ fluorescence was not significantly different from JCl measured by uptake of 36Cl; SPQ did not affect measurements of JCl.JCl was increased 51% by a 58-mV membrane potential (internal positive). Voltage-stimulated JCl showed a saturable dependence on chloride concentration with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 18 +/- 5 mM and was inhibited by diphenylamine-2-carboxylate with an apparent inhibitory constant of 0.13 +/- 0.03 mM. The activation energy calculated for voltage stimulated JCl was 4.6 +/- 0.6 kcal/mol. JCl was also stimulated by a reduction in the external pH from 7.0 to 5.5 (internal pH = 7.0). pH-stimulated chloride influx was increased by trans-HCO3 (25 mM) and was inhibited by dihydro-4,4' diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene. Uptake of 36Cl into microvillous vesicles was stimulated by trans-Cl. pH-stimulated JCl showed a saturable dependence on chloride with a Kd of 38 +/- 6 mM but was not affected by membrane potential. No evidence was found for Na- or K-coupled chloride cotransport. These findings demonstrate the presence of a saturable chloride conductance and an electroneutral chloride-bicarbonate exchanger in the placental microvillous membrane. PMID- 3202149 TI - Role of aiNa in positive force-frequency staircase in guinea pig papillary muscle. AB - In the ventricular papillary muscle of guinea pig heart, membrane potential, intracellular sodium activity (aiNa), and twitch force were measured simultaneously and continuously for many hours at stimulation rates of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 Hz to investigate the relation of aiNa to twitch force and membrane potential both in the steady state and during the changes in these variables. After an increase in stimulation rate, both aiNa and twitch force increased progressively, reaching steady-state levels. The relation between twitch force and aiNa in the steady state was generally sigmoidal over the range of 0.5-5 Hz and steep in the 1- to 4-Hz range. After either increase or decrease in stimulation rate, the time course of change in aiNa was exponential and similar to that of change in twitch force. Moreover, the force-aiNa relation observed after increase in stimulation rate from 0.5 to 3 Hz resembled that observed after decrease in the rate from 3 to 0.5 Hz, indicating an absence of hysteresis in the relation. The results suggest that an increase in aiNa is an important factor involved in the force staircase. As stimulation rate was increased from 0.5 to higher rates (5 or 6 Hz) and then decreased back to 0.5 Hz, a hysteresis phenomenon was observed in the relation between twitch force and aiNa. This suggests that some secondary factor may alter the relation between twitch force and aiNa. As stimulation rate increased and aiNa rose, the steady state diastolic membrane potential hyperpolarized. This result is consistent with the view that an increase in aiNa enhances the electrogenic Na+-K+ pump and hyperpolarizes the cell membrane. PMID- 3202150 TI - Apical membrane potassium conductance in guinea pig gallbladder epithelial cells. AB - The fractional resistance of the apical membrane (fRa) of guinea pig gallbladder epithelial cells was observed to vary with changes in apical membrane potential (Va). Depolarizing Va from a base-line potential of -60 to -30 mV decreased fRa from 0.79 +/- 0.03 to 0.59 +/- 0.05. A comparable hyperpolarization had no effect on fRa. The potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA) inhibited the changes in fRa induced by voltage when added to the mucosal but not when added to the serosal solution. Mucosal addition of Ba2+ and decreased pH also inhibited changes in fRa, whereas quinidine and 4-amino-pyridine did not. These results indicate that an increase in the K+ conductance of the apical membrane is responsible for changes in fRa with membrane depolarization. The current-voltage relation of this TEA-sensitive pathway was determined from differences in transepithelial current in the presence and absence of maximally effective concentrations of TEA and analyzed with respect to the Goldman constant-field equation. Computer-generated, best-fit analysis to the data indicated that they cannot be easily reconciled with K+ movement through a voltage-independent pathway or channel. Taken together, the results suggest that activation of a voltage-dependent K+ conductance in the apical membrane is responsible for changes in fRa with Va. This conductance also appears to be Ca2+-sensitive as ionomycin caused a shift in the relation between Va and fRa. PMID- 3202151 TI - Carrier-mediated transport of pyroglutamyl-histidine in renal brush border membrane vesicles. AB - These studies were performed to determine if a transmembrane carrier for pyroglutamyl-histidine (pGlu-His) is present in the luminal membrane of renal proximal tubular cells. Previous studies have suggested the intact transepithelial transport of pGlu-His, a dipeptide formed by the hydrolysis of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone by enzymes associated with the brush border in the proximal nephron. With the use of a renal brush border membrane vesicle preparation, pGlu-His showed H+-stimulated, Na-independent, saturable transport into an osmotically active space. High-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of both the intravesicular and extravesicular fluids indicated intact uptake of the dipeptide. The transport constant (Kt) and Vmax for pGlu-His transport were 9.3 X 10(-8) M and 6.1 X 10(-12) mol.mg-1.min-1, respectively. Transport of pGlu His was not inhibited by the dipeptides glycyl-proline, glycyl-sarcosine, and N beta-alanyl-L-histidine, which have been previously shown to be transported into renal brush border vesicles via a single, low-affinity, high-capacity, Na independent, and H+-stimulated peptide carrier. In addition, the gamma-glutamyl containing peptides gamma-glutamyl-histidine and N(N-L-gamma-glutamyl-L cysteinyl)glycine and the tripeptide pyroglutamyl-histidyl-prolinamide were without an inhibitory effect. In contrast, transport of pGlu-His was inhibited by the dipeptide pyroglutamyl-alanine. This study demonstrates the existence of a high-affinity, low-capacity H+ cotransport system for pGlu-His in the proximal tubular luminal plasmalemma, which appears to be specific for pyroglutamyl containing dipeptides. The data indicate that multiple dipeptide carriers are present in the proximal nephron. PMID- 3202152 TI - Effects of membrane potential on electrical slow waves of canine proximal colon. AB - The effects of membrane potential on the waveforms and propagation of slow waves were tested using circular muscles of the canine colon. Studies were conducted with intracellular recording techniques on cross-sectional strips of canine proximal colon. Circular muscle cells near the submucosa generated slow waves that decayed in amplitude as they spread through the circular layer. The membrane potentials of cells were less negative as a function of distance from the submucosal border. Cells near the submucosa were depolarized with elevated external K+ and electrical pulses using the partitioned chamber technique. The waveforms of depolarized submucosal cells were compared with events recorded from cells in the bulk of the circular layer. The waveform changes caused by experimental depolarization were different from the changes in waveform that occur during propagation, suggesting the latter are due to a different mechanism than depolarization. The effects of the membrane potential on syncytial input resistance and length constant were also evaluated. The results of these studies are consistent with the hypothesis that slow-wave propagation across the circular layer in canine proximal colon occurs passively. PMID- 3202153 TI - Antibodies against purified epithelial sodium channel protein from bovine renal papilla. AB - Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against amiloride-sensitive sodium channel protein purified from bovine renal papilla have been produced. These antibodies show considerable specificity in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and dot-blot assays and can immunoprecipitate radiolabeled channel protein. The polyclonal antibodies bind two sodium channel subunits on Western blots, namely, the 300- and 110-kDa polypeptides, and cross react with channel protein isolated from the amphibian A6 renal epithelial cell line. They can be used to immunoaffinity purify the channel in relatively high yield from a crude, detergent-solubilized bovine kidney homogenate. These antibodies should be useful in isolating the sodium channel gene, in studying the channel protein structure, in studying immunocytochemical localization, and in allowing purification of the channel from other tissue sources. PMID- 3202154 TI - pH regulation in single glomerular mesangial cells. II. Na+-dependent and independent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchangers. AB - We used the pH-sensitive dye 2,7-biscarboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) to further characterize the mechanisms of intracellular pH (pHi) regulation in renal mesangial cells. In the accompanying paper [Am. J. Physiol. 255 (Cell Physiol. 24): C844-C856, 1988], we showed that acid extrusion from mesangial cells is mediated by both an ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA)-sensitive Na+-H+ exchanger and a 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) sensitive-HCO3(-)-dependent mechanism. In this study, we examined the ionic dependencies of pHi-regulatory mechanisms in the presence of CO2-HCO3-. We found that in CO2-HCO3-, approximately 90% of the net acid extrusion occurring during recovery from an acid load is blocked by removing external Na+. Short-term (less than 15 min) removal of external Cl- has little effect on the rate of recovery in CO2-HCO3-. In contrast longer periods of external Cl- removal (1-2 h) blocks 40 60% of the rate of recovery, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a large fraction of the SITS-sensitive-HCO3(-)-dependent recovery mechanism described in the preceding paper is also Na+- and Cl(-)-dependent. Therefore, this Cl(-) dependent component is probably mediated by a Na+-dependent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger. As much as 16% of total acid extrusion is insensitive to EIPA and long term Cl- removal but is blocked by SITS. Thus either 1-2 h of Cl- removal is insufficient to wash out all internal Cl-, or a small component of acid extrusion is mediated by a Cl(-)-independent mechanism, such as the electrogenic Na+/HCO3- cotransporter. We also studied the effect on pHi of the removal and readdition of external Cl-, observing pHi changes consistent with the existence of a Na+ independent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger, which would presumably function as an acid loader. In contrast to the Na+-H+ exchanger and Na+-dependent Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger, which are stimulated at low pHi, the Cl(-)-HCO3- exchanger is stimulated at high pHi. Thus the acid-extruding and acid-loading mechanisms have opposite pHi dependencies. PMID- 3202155 TI - MDA content increases in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle with intensity of exercise in a rat. AB - Previous work has shown that high-intensity (HI) exercise results in total body increased production of lipid peroxidation. These results suggest that exercise induces a higher level of oxidative stress in muscles leading to the production of various peroxides and aldehydes that are potentially toxic to cells. However, these past studies were carried out only with subjects that were exercised to exhaustion or at a very high intensity. In this paper, we report how a moderate intensity (MI) exercise, which is more normally experienced, as well as a HI acute bout of exercise influenced oxidative stress-related reactions by measuring malonaldehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxides (LH) in red vastus, white vastus, and soleus muscle. The muscles from untrained male Sprague-Dawley rats were removed immediately after either a HI 1-min run at 45 m/min (n = 8) or a 20-min MI run at 20 m/min (n = 8) and compared with a control group that did not run. MI exercise resulted in a 90% increase in MDA in white vastus and a 62% increase in red vastus muscle (P less than 0.05). HI exercise resulted in a 157, 167, and 83% increase in MDA in white vastus, red vastus, and soleus muscle, respectively. LH values in red and white vastus after HI exercise increased an average of 33%, but this proved not to be statistically significant. These results confirm earlier studies that HI exercise does increase MDA in skeletal muscle, and when intensity of exercise is considerably lowered, elevated MDA is still found but at a relatively lesser amount. PMID- 3202156 TI - A novel general biophysical model for simulating episodic endocrine gland signaling. AB - A multiple-parameter convolution integral is used to define and generate waveforms that quantitatively and qualitatively resemble the experimentally observed behavior of episodic endocrine signals. Our formulation of the convolution integral in terms of multiple distinct parameters with statistically bounded values allows investigators to quantitatively model variations in the duration, amplitude, frequency, and/or contour of the hormone secretory pulse, as well as alterations in rates of endogenous hormone clearance. Here we demonstrate the applicability of this new concept of endocrine gland signaling to experimentally observed (physiological) endocrine data, parameter sensitivity analysis, the evaluation of statistical errors in hormone peak detection, and the estimation of random-pulse coincidence rates between two independent endocrine series. PMID- 3202157 TI - Evaluation of pulse-detection algorithms by computer simulation of hormone secretion. AB - A versatile method is presented for generating synthetic hormonal time series, containing peaks at known locations, to be used to objectively evaluate both the false-negative (F-) and false-positive (F+) statistical error rates of computerized pulse-detection algorithms. Synthetic data are generated by assuming hormone secretion to occur as a succession of instantaneous release pulses, distributed as Poisson events, separated by quiescent intervals. The pulses are convolved to simulate cumulation of consecutive events and clearance of the hormone. Randomly generated errors, corresponding in magnitude to typical experimental measurement error, are then added to the convolved series. The choice of different values for simulation parameters (e.g., frequency and amplitude of pulses) allows one to emulate some typical physiological patterns of hormone secretion for luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, and thyrotropin or other hormones. Various subsets can be extracted from a simulated time series to study the effect of sampling frequency on the detection of pulses. We show that in sampled series the "observable frequency" of pulses is less than the true nominal frequency. Methods for evaluating pulse-detection algorithms and expressing the results are presented. Simulations of LH secretion were analyzed with the program DETECT. We show that minimizing F+ error rates only might lead to excessively high F- rates. A proper choice of sampling frequency and program probability levels can be made to provide acceptable F+ and F- error rates for various patterns of hormone secretion. PMID- 3202158 TI - Alpha-adrenergic modulation of glutathione metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. AB - Glutathione metabolism was studied in isolated hepatocytes from 48-h starved rats. Phenylephrine (10 microM, final concentration) was incubated in the presence of a mixture of L-glutamine, glycine, L-serine, and L-methionine (at 10 times their normal plasma concentration). Alpha-adrenergic stimulation provoked a decrease in glutathione (GSH) synthesis. This effect was accompanied by an enhanced efflux of glutathione from the cells. Phenylephrine stimulated the rate of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) formation; however, this effect was clearly insufficient to explain the disappearance of GSH. Our results suggest that the decrease in cellular GSH levels observed under conditions of shock, stress, or peripheral inflammation can be explained by a dual effect, i.e., an increase in glutathione efflux and an inhibition of its synthesis. PMID- 3202159 TI - Exercise regulation of triiodothyronine metabolism. AB - Negative caloric balance reduces triiodothyronine (T3) production in both humans and rodents. The effects of chronic voluntary exercise and various levels of caloric intake and balance on T3 metabolism were studied in adult male C57/BL6 mice to determine if exercise had any direct effects on T3 production in vivo and in vitro. Chronic voluntary exercise was induced by the addition of running wheels to cages for 28 days. Ad libitum-fed exercising mice ingested 20% greater calories (P less than 0.02), maintained body weight, and increased T3 production (53.1 +/- 5.3 vs. 42.3 +/- 3.4 ng.h-1.100 mg body wt-1; P less than 0.01). Exercising animals pair fed to sedentary ad libitum-fed controls decreased their body mass to an equivalent degree as underfed sedentary animals (caloric intake 75% of ad libitum-fed controls) but had increased T3 clearance compared with weight-matched underfed sedentary control (P less than 0.05). Animals that were underfed and exercised decreased their body weight to a greater extent (P less than 0.01) compared with the sedentary underfed group, but T3 production rates were equal. Activity of liver 5'-deiodinase activity was decreased almost 50% (P less than 0.01) during both exercise plus pair feeding and exercise plus caloric restriction but decreased only 28% during caloric restriction alone (P less than 0.01). T3 metabolic clearance and production rates in vivo were correlated to caloric intake (r = 0.73, P less than 0.01), but an interaction between exercise and caloric balance was observed. Chronic voluntary exercise modulates T3 metabolism via several mechanisms. Exercise has an apparent stimulatory effect independent of caloric intake, but also there are regulatory effects dependent on the absolute level of caloric intake and relative caloric balance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202160 TI - Adrenalectomy eliminates both fiber-type differences and starvation effects on denervated muscle. AB - This report describes changes in muscle mass of innervated and denervated pairs of muscles taken from intact and adrenalectomized 250-g male Sprague-Dawley rats provided with different diets. Diets ranged from a nutritionally complete liquid diet to starvation (water only). In the intact animals, muscles with a more tonic character (soleus) are less sensitive to starvation than are muscles with a more phasic character (extensor digitorum longus), whereas the opposite is true of denervation. In the intact animals, starvation greatly increased the amount of atrophy following denervation. In the adrenalectomized animals, starvation had no effect on the amounts of atrophy following denervation. Furthermore, adrenalectomy virtually eliminated the fiber-type differences in the amount of atrophy following denervation. In addition, a comparison between denervated muscles from intact animals and adrenalectomized animals subjected to starvation demonstrates that all denervated muscles from the adrenalectomized animals atrophy less. Finally, it was observed that although an adrenalectomized animal can tolerate 6 days of starvation, an adrenalectomized-castrated animal cannot tolerate even short periods of starvation. The difference appears to be due to low amounts of corticosterone of testicular origin. PMID- 3202161 TI - Androgenic influences on body size and composition of adult rhesus monkeys. AB - The effects of daily treatment with testosterone propionate (TP, 2 mg/kg) and dihydrotestosterone propionate (DHTP, 2 mg/kg) were examined in rhesus monkeys in three experiments. In experiments 1 and 2, males and females gonadectomized in infancy, and female pseudohermaphrodites produced by prenatal exposure to TP or DHTP and gonadectomized postpubertally, were studied in conjunction with intact males (IM). The IM group was heavier in adulthood than the three gonadectomized groups, which did not differ in body weight from each other. Genetic males had greater crown-rump length than genetic females. Treatment of the gonadectomized groups with TP produced large increases in body mass (averaging approximately 50%) that were attributable to accretion of lean tissue. This effect did not differ significantly between males and females. In experiment 3, additional groups of males that had been castrated as infants were given daily injections with DHTP or oil. The DHTP treatment resulted in increases in body size that were not different from those seen following TP treatment. When TP and DHPT treatments were discontinued, body weights and dimensions reverted to base-line values. Increased body size induced by TP and DHTP was accomplished without reliable increases in food intake. Because testosterone (T) is metabolized to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), while DHT cannot be converted to T, these results show that both T and DHT are effective anabolic hormones in rhesus. PMID- 3202163 TI - Glucocorticoids and inhibition of bone formation induced by skeletal unloading. AB - Skeletal unloading or loss of normal weight bearing in the growing animal inhibits bone formation and reduces bone calcium. To determine whether the inhibition of bone formation induced by skeletal unloading is a consequence of an increase in plasma glucocorticoids and/or an increase in bone sensitivity to glucocorticoids, we measured plasma corticosterone throughout the day in unloaded and normally loaded rats (hindlimb elevation model) and examined the effect of adrenalectomy on the response of bone to skeletal unloading. Plasma corticosterone levels were similar in normally loaded and unloaded rats at all times. Skeletal unloading in sham-adrenalectomized animals reduced tibial and vertebral calcium by 11.5 and 11.1%, respectively, and in adrenalectomized animals by 15.3 and 20.3%, respectively. Uptake of 45Ca and [3H]proline in the tibia was reduced by 8 and 14%, respectively, in the sham-adrenalectomized animals and by 13 and 19% in the adrenalectomized animals. Bone formation and apposition rates were reduced to the same level in sham- and adrenalectomized animals. These results suggest that the inhibition of bone formation induced by skeletal unloading is not a consequence of increased plasma glucocorticoids or an increase in bone sensitivity to the glucocorticoids but, rather, point to a local mediator in bone that senses mechanical load and transmits that information to the bone-forming cells directly. PMID- 3202162 TI - Changes in GDP binding to brown adipose tissue mitochondria and the uncoupling protein. AB - Incubation in vitro of brown adipose tissue (BAT) mitochondria with divalent cations, spermine, or alkaline phosphatase led to a marked increase in the binding of [3H]GDP. The effect of Mg2+ appeared to be the most specific and led to the largest increase in GDP binding. A simplified method was developed for measuring GDP binding to purified uncoupling protein from rat BAT mitochondria. Application of this method indicates that uncoupling protein from cold-acclimated rats binds twice as much GDP as uncoupling protein from cold-acclimated rats that were briefly returned to thermoneutrality, paralleling changes in GDP binding to the mitochondria. Incubation of BAT mitochondria with Mg2+ led to a smaller increase in GDP binding to the subsequently purified uncoupling protein, suggesting that divalent cations may somehow participate in the regulation of the activity of the uncoupling protein. PMID- 3202164 TI - Neuropeptide Y mobilizes Ca2+ and inhibits adenylate cyclase in human erythroleukemia cells. AB - Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide often coreleased with catecholamines, appears to be an important component of the sympathetic nervous system, but little is known about the molecular basis of its action. We introduce here human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells as a new model system for studies of NPY action. NPY inhibited adenosine 3,5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation in HEL cells with a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 3 nM. Additionally NPY increased intracellular Ca2+, as assessed by fura-2 fluorescence, with a similar EC50. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin blocked both responses, suggesting the involvement of one or more G proteins. Chelating extracellular Ca2+ with EGTA did not reduce the Ca2+ signal, demonstrating mobilization from intracellular stores rather than influx. Experiments with various agents demonstrated that the Ca2+ mobilization was not secondary to lowering of cAMP levels, formation of arachidonic acid products, or Na+-H+ exchange. Ca2+ mobilization also did not appear to be associated with inositol phosphate generation. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that NPY, in addition to inhibiting adenylate cyclase, also can elevate intracellular Ca2+. HEL cells should prove useful in further studies of the molecular basis of NPY action. PMID- 3202165 TI - Peripheral metabolism of PTH: fate of biologically active amino terminus in vivo. AB - Clearance of intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) from blood is associated with rapid uptake by liver and kidney, limited proteolysis by tissue endopeptidases and, within minutes, appearance of circulating carboxyl-(COOH)-terminal PTH fragments. The fate of the corresponding amino(NH2)-terminal portion of the hormone during this peripheral metabolism is still unknown, however. To determine this, we have employed [35S]bovine PTH (bPTH) labeled to high specific activity at NH2-terminal methionines, which permits direct monitoring of the fate of the PTH NH2-terminus during metabolism in vivo. The [35S]PTH was administered by bolus or continuous intravenous infusion to anesthetized normal rats, to rats subjected to acute ablation of the liver, the kidneys, or both, and to rats receiving co-infusions of excess synthetic bPTH(1-34) NH2-terminal fragments. Analysis by high resolution chromatographic techniques sensitive to 10(-13) M [35S]PTH peptides in plasma yields no evidence that peripheral metabolism of PTH generates circulating NH2-terminal fragments, even when special measures are taken to block clearance of such putative fragments from blood. We find that the NH2-terminus of PTH is rapidly degraded in situ by the liver but that both liver and especially kidney nevertheless contain low levels of NH2-terminal PTH fragments that, although not released into the blood, are large enough to be potentially active. Thus, the peripheral metabolism of PTH in normal animals does not normally lead to the formation of circulating amino terminal fragments of the hormone that might act independently of intact PTH on peripheral target tissues. PMID- 3202166 TI - Regulation of plasma lipid transfer by the high-density lipoproteins. AB - Mechanisms that regulate the activity of the plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (lipid protein transfer-I) are poorly understood. We have examined the role of endogenous regulators of the lipid transfer process, in particular the plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), in both humans and two species previously reported to be devoid of cholesteryl ester transfer activity, the rat and the pig. Chromatography of d greater than 1.21 g/ml plasma on phenyl Sepharose either enhanced (human) lipid transfer activity or unmasked (rat and pig) a nearly completely suppressed lipid transfer activity. The HDLs (either native or delipidated) were shown to be a rich source of a plasma lipid transfer inhibitor protein. Partial purification of the HDL-derived lipid transfer inhibitor protein was achieved by sequential chromatography on phenyl- and DEAE Sepharose. Additional analysis of plasma from patients with very low (Tangier disease), normal, or very high levels of HDL cholesterol (hyperalphalipoproteinemia) revealed a significant inverse correlation between plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity and the subjects HDL cholesterol level. These results suggest that circulating levels of the plasma high density lipoproteins may be an important determinant of plasma cholesteryl ester transfer activity, through the function of the HDL-derived lipid transfer inhibitor protein. PMID- 3202167 TI - Antigen-induced contraction of jejunal smooth muscle in the sensitized rat. AB - We examined contractility of longitudinal muscle strips of jejunum from control rats and rats infected 34-85 days previously with Trichinella spiralis. Antigen prepared from T. spiralis larvae contracted muscle from previously infected but not control rats. Contraction was specific for the sensitizing agent because antigen from Nippostrongylus brasiliensis did not induce contraction. Contraction was resistant to atropine or tetrodotoxin but was inhibited by the 5 hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) antagonist cyproheptadine and by 5-HT desensitization. Neither histamine antagonists, diphenhydramine (H1-receptor antagonist) or ranitidine (H2-receptor antagonist), nor indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthase inhibitor, influenced the antigen response. In Trichinella-infected rats there was a significant increase in mast cell number in the muscle layers, and the contraction induced by T. spiralis antigen was inhibited by the mast cell stabilizer doxantrazole. In addition, anti-rat immunoglobulin E serum, compound 48/80, and concanavalin A each contracted muscles from rats previously infected with T. spiralis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that T. spiralis infection leads to mast cell proliferation in the muscle layers and that subsequent exposure to antigen results in mast cell degranulation, 5-HT release, and contraction of smooth muscle. PMID- 3202168 TI - Effect of immunization with prostaglandin metabolites on gastrointestinal ulceration. AB - Active immunization of rabbits with a 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha-thyroglobulin conjugate induced gastrointestinal ulceration, whereas active immunization of rabbits with 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin E2-thyroglobulin conjugate or with thyroglobulin alone did not result in ulceration. Passive immunization of a separate group of rabbits with 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha-hyperimmune plasma, obtained from actively 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha-immunized donor rabbits that had ulcers, induced gastric ulceration within 9 days, whereas passive immunization of rabbits with control plasma, obtained from donor rabbits actively immunized with thyroglobulin alone, did not induce ulceration. Ulcerogenic donor plasma containing antibody to 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha neutralized the inhibitory actions of prostacyclin on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, indicating that this antibody cross-reacted with prostacyclin. In contrast, plasma containing antibodies to 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin E2 cross-reacted only slightly with prostaglandin E2. Thus antibodies to inactive metabolites of prostaglandins induce ulceration only if these antibodies cross react with an endogenous, "cytoprotective" prostaglandin. PMID- 3202169 TI - Internalization and cellular processing of cholecystokinin in rat pancreatic acinar cells. AB - To evaluate the internalization of cholecystokinin, monoiodinated imidoester of cholecystokinin octapeptide [125I-(IE)-CCK-8] was bound to dispersed pancreatic acinar cells, and surface-bound and internalized radioligand were differentiated by treating with an acidified glycine buffer. The amount of internalized radioligand was four- and sevenfold greater at 24 and 37 degrees C than at 4 degrees C between 5 and 60 min of association. Specific binding of radioligand to cell surface receptors was not significantly different at these temperatures. Chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent that blocks intracellular proteolysis, significantly increased the amount of CCK-8 internalized by 18 and 16% at 30 and 60 min of binding, respectively, compared with control. Dithiothreitol (DTT), a sulfhydryl reducing agent, also augmented the amount of CCK-8 radioligand internalized by 25 and 29% at 30 and 60 min, respectively. The effect of chloroquine and DTT on the processing of internalized radioligand was also considered after an initial 60 min of binding of radioligand to acinar cells. After 180 min of processing, the amount of radioligand internalized was significantly greater in the presence of chloroquine compared with controls, whereas the amount of radioligand declined in acinar cells treated with DTT. Internalized and released radioactivity from acinar cells was rebound to pancreatic membrane homogenates to determine the amount of intact radioligand during intracellular processing. Chloroquine significantly increased the amount of intact 125I-(IE)-CCK-8 radioligand in released and internalized radioactivity while DTT increased the amount of intact radioligand only in internalized samples. This study shows that pancreatic acinar cells rapidly internalize large amounts of CCK-8 and that chloroquine and DTT inhibit intracellular degradation. PMID- 3202170 TI - Biliary secretion of organic anions in the dog: association with defined lipid particles. AB - Organic anions have recently been found to partition in vitro into various biliary lipid particulate species according to their relative hydrophobicities. To establish the physiological relevance of these observations, we intravenously injected various radiolabeled organic anions and assessed the distributions of parent compounds and their metabolites to lipid particles in canine bile. Partitioning into various biliary lipid particles was determined by gel permeation chromatography. Relative hydrophobicities of the various organic anions and their radiolabeled conjugates were determined by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. A strong positive correlation (P less than 0.001) was found between percent vesicular association and degree of hydrophobicity for a given organic anion and/or its more polar conjugate. We conclude that 1) the hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of organic anions is a key factor governing their partitioning to lipid particles secreted in bile; 2) the present study agrees well with our previously published in vitro observations; and 3) other chemical constituents, e.g., proteins, mucin, etc., appear to have little or no effect on organic anion transport in bile. PMID- 3202171 TI - Physiological, morphological, and histochemical properties of cat external anal sphincter. AB - The contractile properties, morphology, and the distribution of striated muscle fiber types of the external and sphincter (EAS) were determined using axial force measurements, fiber size cross-sectional area measurements, and histochemistry. Electrical stimulation of motor axons in pudendal nerve at supramaximal intensities (10 V, 0.05 ms duration) elicited twitch contractions of EAS. The time to peak force after a single pulse ranged from 37 to 42 ms. The time for relaxation to half-maximal twitch force ranged from 20 to 29 ms. Repetitive stimulation of motor axons (0.1-3.0 Hz) produced potentiation and fatigue of single twitch contractile force, suggesting that the EAS of the cat is comprised predominantly of fast-twitch muscle fibers. Confirmation of skeletal muscle fiber types was determined by histochemistry. Frozen serial cross sections of EAS were incubated to demonstrate succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and myosin adenosine triphosphatase after alkaline preincubation (pH 10.4). Based on these reactions, muscle fibers were classified as fast glycolytic (FG) (high ATPase, low SDH), fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) (high ATPase, high SDH), and slow oxidative (SO) (low ATPase, high SDH). The mean percentage +/- SE of each histochemical type was the following: FG, 73.5 +/- 3.9; FOG, 22.8 +/- 3.7; and SO, 3.7 +/- 0.6. These results indicate that the predominant fiber type for the EAS is FG. The EAS of the cat is considered a nominally fast-twitch muscle. PMID- 3202172 TI - On-line computer analysis of human lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. AB - Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation is usually interpreted by a subjective, mostly qualitative analysis. We studied sphincter relaxation in humans using a computer program for on-line analysis that provides objective measures of gastric pressure, resting LES pressure, percent of relaxation, residual pressure during relaxation, duration of relaxation, and area of relaxation. The program was validated by comparing computer-analyzed values to mean values obtained from manual readings by five individuals. Excellent correlation was obtained for all standard parameters. The parameters of LES relaxation for both wet and dry swallows were similar using either a carefully placed single recording orifice or a Dent sleeve. The one exception was the duration of LES relaxation, which was significantly shorter with the sleeve. All relaxation parameters and peristaltic velocity were then studied in 10 volunteers during 5 dry and 5 wet swallows under base-line conditions and after both atropine (10 micrograms/kg iv) and bethanechol (40 micrograms/kg sc). These studies showed that LES relaxation is affected by type of swallow (dry vs. wet). Percent of relaxation may not be the best measure of relaxation because it is too dependent on resting pressure. Residual pressure is not dependent on base-line pressure and may better define relaxation. Duration of the relaxation is dependent on the velocity of the peristaltic wave. PMID- 3202173 TI - Effect of ileal infusion of lipid on jejunal motor patterns after a nutrient and nonnutrient meal. AB - To investigate how ileal lipid delays small bowel transit, pressure activity was recorded at multiple sites in the human small intestine during ileal infusion of either lipid or saline. Initial studies showed that ileal lipid reduced the contraction rate in the jejunum but not in the duodenum or ileum. The effect of ileal lipid was further investigated by recording pressures at seven sites in the jejunum after ingestion of either a nutrient or a nonnutrient meal. The nutrient meal induced an irregular motility pattern; ileal lipid significantly reduced the contraction rate, the percentage of contractions involved in propagated events, the mean length of propagation, and the propagation index. The nonnutrient meal induced a pattern containing discrete clusters of contractions. Ileal lipid significantly reduced the occurrence of contraction clusters and the mean length of propagation. Thus, although the delay in small bowel transit observed during ileal infusion of lipid can be explained by reductions in the rate and the degree of propagation of jejunal contractions, the mechanism varies according to the type of meal. PMID- 3202174 TI - Neurotensin stimulates growth of small intestine in rats. AB - Neurotensin has many actions on digestive tract motility and secretion and stimulates pancreatic growth. We examined effects of chronic administration of neurotensin on growth of small intestine and colon. Four groups of 10 rats were injected with saline or neurotensin (33, 100, or 300 micrograms/kg) every 8 h for 5 days. The small intestine was divided into four segments of equal length, weighed, and assayed for DNA, protein, and brush-border digestive enzymes. The colon was weighed and assayed for DNA and protein. Neurotensin caused dose related increases in growth of small intestine; at the highest dose, similar increases in weight (12-20%), DNA (23-35%), and protein content (33-39%) occurred in each segment of small intestine. Maltase, sucrase, and leucine aminopeptidase (but not lactase) contents were also significantly increased after neurotensin, but the largest effects were seen in the proximal small intestine. Neurotensin had no effect on weight, DNA, or protein content of the colon. These results suggest a role for neurotensin in regulating growth of small intestine. PMID- 3202175 TI - Effects of cholecystokinin on pancreatic ornithine decarboxylase gene expression. AB - The effects of cholecystokinin (CCK) on pancreatic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression were studied in the rat. Plasma CCK concentrations were raised to levels comparable to postprandial values either by intravenous infusion of CCK octapeptide (CCK-8) or by intraduodenal perfusion of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). ODC mRNA levels were quantified using a cloned cDNA probe. ODC mRNA increased to 166 +/- 34% (n = 4) of control after 1 h, peaked at 254 +/- 39% (n = 4) of control after 24 h, and remained significantly elevated for up to 48 h of SBTI infusion. Intravenous infusion of CCK-8 for 24 h increased ODC mRNA levels to the same extent observed with SBTI infusion. The CCK receptor antagonist L364,718 by itself had no effect on ODC mRNA levels but totally abolished the induction of ODC mRNA by both intravenous CCK infusion and intraduodenal infusion of SBTI. These data therefore indicate that CCK plasma concentrations comparable to postprandial values regulate pancreatic ODC at a pretranslational level and that SBTI exerts its effects on pancreatic ODC via an increase in plasma CCK. PMID- 3202176 TI - Sex differences in membrane potential in the intact perfused rat liver. AB - The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane was compared in paired livers from male and female rats perfused single-pass with Krebs bicarbonate buffer. Variability in the membrane potential measured for different cells within the same liver was small (SD = 1.3 mV). The mean membrane potential was 5.1 mV more negative for male livers than for female livers (-30.3 +/- 0.6 vs. -25.2 +/- 1.0 mV, P less than 0.001), and the male liver had a more negative membrane potential than the female liver in all nine pairs studied. No correlation between membrane potential and perfusion rate was seen. Variability among female livers was more than twice as great (range -19.6 to -30.0 mV) as for male livers (range -26.7 to -31.9 mV). These results suggest that hepatic membrane potential may be modulated by sex hormone levels, which are more variable in female animals. Because the hepatic uptake of bile acids such as taurocholate and organic anions such as bilirubin may involve net movement of electrical charge across the plasma membrane, the current results may explain previously reported sex differences in the uptake of these and other electrogenically transported molecules. PMID- 3202177 TI - Phospholipase C activation by prostaglandins and thromboxane A2 in cultured mesangial cells. AB - Phospholipase C activation by prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) was studied in cultured rat and human glomerular mesangial cells, measuring accumulation of radiolabeled inositol phosphates and cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) with the fluorescent intracellular probe fura-2. Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and TxA2 were found to be the major eicosanoids active on this signaling pathway in rat and human cells, respectively, whereas other PG had lesser or no effects. PGF2 alpha and TxA2 rapidly induced accumulation of inositol trisphosphate accompanied by a simultaneous transient rise of [Ca2+]i, followed by sustained elevation or, in human cells, by a distinct second increase of [Ca2+]i within 45 s. A minor initial accumulation of inositol monophosphate was followed by marked elevation greater than 5 min after the early responses. Responses to different eicosanoids were mediated by separate receptors, functionally characterized using receptor antagonists or heterologous desensitization during sequential applications. Protein kinase C activation by serum and phorbol esters potently inhibited inositol phosphate accumulation and/or [Ca2+]i transients, indicating a pathway for a negative feedback on PG evoked intracellular signals. We conclude that receptor-mediated phospholipase C activation underlies the biological effects of certain eicosanoids on the glomerular mesangium. PMID- 3202178 TI - Contribution of purine nucleotide cycle to intranephron ammoniagenesis in rats. AB - To evaluate the contribution of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC) in renal ammoniagenesis, ammonia production (AP) in cortical tubular suspensions and microdissected nephron segments of control and acidotic rats was determined using various amino acids, including glutamine (Gln) and aspartate (Asp). In the cortical tubular suspensions, the best substrate for ammoniagenesis was Gln (153.1 +/- 19.4 nmol.mg protein-1.15 min-1) followed by Asp (70.9 +/- 11.4). Metabolic acidosis resulted in a significant increase of AP only from Gln (316.5 +/- 36.1 nmol.mg protein-1.15 min-1, P less than 0.01 vs. control). Intranephron distribution of AP (pmol/mm or a glomerulus/15 min) from Gln showed that the first segment of the proximal tubule (S1) was highest in control (95.7 +/- 9.0), and its AP markedly increased in acidosis (221.6 +/- 8.3, P less than 0.001 vs. control). The most interesting and striking finding was that with Asp as a substrate, AP was maximal in S1 (165.0 +/- 32.8), with a value exceeding that from Gln. An adenylosuccinase inhibitor, 6-mercaptopurine (0.1 mM), significantly inhibited AP from Asp in S1 and S3, and from Gln in S1. On the contrary, a specific inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, 3-mercaptopicolinate (0.1 mM), caused a significant decrease of AP from Gln, but not from Asp, in S1. From these results it could be concluded that AP via PNC can occur at high rates, especially in S1, only when Asp is present at high concentrations. PMID- 3202179 TI - Diluting power of thick limbs of Henle. III. Modulation of in vitro diluting power. AB - This paper considers the quantitative interplay of various factors in modulating diluting power of in vitro medullary and cortical thick ascending limbs of Henle (MTAL and CTAL, respectively) segments from mouse and rabbit. Experimentally, the measured diluting power of the in vitro rabbit CTAL is greater than that of the rabbit MTAL, although the inherent rate of net Cl- absorption at high perfusion rates is considerably greater in the rabbit MTAL than in the rabbit CTAL. Similar results apply when comparing the rabbit CTAL to the mouse MTAL exposed to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Our calculations show that, in the rabbit CTAL, the measured static head luminal salt concentration can be accounted for quantitatively by the measured rate of net salt absorption at a high perfusion rate together with the passive permeability coefficients for Na+ and Cl-. Moreover, with perfusion rates of 10% of single-nephron glomerular filtration rate, the transport properties of the CTAL predict that, at the end of the CTAL, the static head luminal Cl- concentration occurs if the initial perfusate contains either 50 or 150 mM Cl-. Thus one can argue that, in vivo the CTAL may be the cardinal determinant of the TAL contribution to diluting power and to external salt balance. The relatively blunted diluting power of in vitro MTAL segments can be accounted for quantitatively by assuming that luminal dilution, and the attendant osmotic gradient from lumen to cell, suppresses the inherent rate of transcellular Cl- transport. Our calculations also show that prostaglandin E2 and peritubular osmolality increases blunt tubular diluting power. Thus in vivo, the MTAL segment may be the cardinal determinant of TAL contribution to concentrating power and to intrarenal salt balance. PMID- 3202180 TI - Succinate alters respiration, membrane potential, and intracellular K+ in proximal tubule. AB - Succinate, a dicarboxylic acid, is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle that is transported and metabolized by the renal proximal tubule. It is also known to increase proximal tubule transport of phosphate and glucose but not fluid by unknown mechanisms. In the present study, succinate increased proximal tubule respiration in a dose-dependent manner, and a kinetic evaluation indicated that two separate processes were activated. A lower-affinity (Km = 0.9 mM), higher capacity stimulation (Vmax increase of 49%) was attributed to a decrease in the mitochondrial coupling efficiency. A higher-affinity process (Km = 0.012 mM) was related to an apparent increase in ATP synthesis. The apparent increase in ATP synthesis was not associated with a change in Na+-K+-ATPase activity, however, but rather indicated a 49% increase in ion transport-independent ATP utilization. Basolateral membrane potential hyperpolarized by -7 mV in the presence of succinate, and this was related to an increase in the K+ transference number. Finally, 1 and 5 mM succinate promoted a net cellular uptake of K+, leading to an 11% increase in intracellular K+, which was not the result of an increase in Na+ K+-ATPase activity. Thus the cellular entry and metabolism of succinate promotes multiple changes in ion transport without altering Na+-K+-ATPase activity. PMID- 3202181 TI - Effect of intrarenal volume expansion on proximal sodium reabsorption. AB - The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of direct expansion of the renal interstitial volume on sodium reabsorption by proximal tubules of superficial and deep nephrons in the absence of systemic extracellular volume expansion. Renal interstitial volume expansion was achieved by injection of 50 microliter of 2.5% albumin in 0.9% saline into the renal interstitium via a polyethylene matrix that was chronically implanted in the interstitium of the rat kidney. Renal interstitial volume expansion increased renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure from 3.8 +/- 0.5 to 6.8 +/- 1.1 mmHg, P less than 0.05 (n = 5 rats). Fractional reabsorption of sodium by the superficial late proximal tubule decreased from 45.7 +/- 5.6 to 34.2 +/- 5.4%, P less than 0.05, and by the proximal tubule and descending limb of Henle's loop of deep nephrons it decreased from 73.9 +/- 2.9 to 57.2 +/- 6.3%, P less than 0.05 (n = 8 rats). Thus expansion of the renal interstitial volume increased renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure and decreased sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubules of superficial and deep nephrons. PMID- 3202182 TI - Renal adaptation to metabolic acidosis in senescent rats. AB - In this study, we compared results obtained in senescent rats with young rats given an equivalent acid load. We examined the renal changes by giving equivalent acid loads for 48 h to both 6- and 24-mo-old rats. The basal excretion of ammonium was the same in both groups, whereas titratable acids, phosphate, and Ca2+ excretions were increased in the senescent animal. After administration of the acid load, ammonium, phosphate, Ca2+, and titratable acid excretions increased in both age groups, but there were greater absolute increases in ammonium and titratable acid excretions in the young rats. The total acid excreted by the 24-mo rats was reduced 50 (day 1) and 25% (day 2) compared with the young rats, which was reflected by the more severe acidosis in those animals. The portion of total acid excreted as titratable acids in senescent animals was also increased during acidosis when compared with the young animals. In isolated proximal tubule brush-border membrane vesicles, acidosis increased Na+-H+ exchange and decreased Na+-dependent phosphate transport in both age groups. We also found that the basal activity of the Na+-H+ exchanger was not changed with age but the Na+-dependent phosphate transporter was less in the 24-mo rat. The results suggest that physiological regulation of these renal processes remains intact in the aged rat but the responses may be reduced or delayed in the senescent animal. PMID- 3202183 TI - Crystal adsorption and growth slowing by nephrocalcin, albumin, and Tamm-Horsfall protein. AB - Urine inhibition of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystal growth (CG) seems due to a glycoprotein that contains gamma-carboxyglutamic acid and has been named nephrocalcin (NC); however, Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) and albumin resemble NC and make its measurement and role uncertain. NC in urine is aggregated to molecular mass 64 kDa and higher, similar to albumin (64 kDa) and THP (87 kDa). Albumin and THP are calcium binding, albumin adsorbs to COM crystals, and THP has been described as an inhibitor of COM growth. Antisera to NC have cross-reacted with THP even though the NC was isolated from cultured renal cells. Here we have compared highly purified NC, THP, and albumin adsorption with COM crystals and CG inhibition; also we compared their patterns of cross-reactivities with a new antiserum against NC and a monoclonal antibody to THP. NC adsorbs to COM crystals, THP does not. Albumin and THP do not inhibit CG. Cross-reactivity of albumin and THP to the antiserum is slight by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and nonexistent by competitive ELISA; reaction of NC to the anti-THP monoclonal antibody is absent. PMID- 3202184 TI - Effect of ureteral excision on inner medullary solute concentration in rats. AB - To elucidate the role of the ureter in urinary concentration we studied the effect of partial and complete ureteral excision on urinary osmolality and papillary interstitial osmolality and on sodium, potassium, and urea concentrations in the antidiuretic rat. Urine and descending vasa recta (DVR) plasma samples were obtained by micropuncture of the left renal papilla before (period 1) and 45 min after (period 2) complete (group 1, n = 10 rats) or partial (group 2, n = 10 rats) ureteral excision. Urine osmolality fell from 2,063 +/- 156 (mean +/- SE) to 736 +/- 116 mosmol/kgH2O after complete ureteral excision (P less than 0.01). After partial ureteral excision, the fall was less than half as great, from 2,038 +/- 167 to 1,551 +/- 162 mosmol/kgH2O (P less than 0.01). Vasa recta plasma osmolality decreased from 1,742 +/- 133 to 860 +/- 119 mosmol/kgH2O after complete excision (P less than 0.01) but only from 1,830 +/- 146 to 1,504 +/- 154 mosmol/kgH2O after partial excision (P less than 0.05). Mean DVR plasma sodium concentration declined from 339 +/- 25 to 211 +/- 25 meq/l (P less than 0.01) in group 1 but did not change in group 2 (348 +/- 21 to 347 +/- 28 meq/l). The fraction of DVR plasma osmolality accounted for by urea decreased significantly from 0.59 +/- 0.01 to 0.46 +/- 0.02 mM/(mosmol/kgH2O) in group 1 and from 0.59 +/- 0.02 to 0.49 +/- 0.03 mM/(mosmol/kgH2O) for group 2 (P less than 0.01, both groups). We interpret these findings to show that the remnant ureter moderates the fall in interstitial osmolality at least in part through preservation of the corticomedullary sodium chloride gradient. PMID- 3202185 TI - Effects of intrarenal adenosine on renal function and medullary blood flow in the rat. AB - Adenosine is a potent vasodilator of the systemic circulation. Infusion of adenosine into the aorta causes water and sodium retention and a fall in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. The effect of adenosine on medullary blood flow is unknown. Because systemic vasodilatory effects may confound its renal actions, adenosine was infused into the renal artery of anesthetized Munich-Wistar rats at doses of 2, 6, and 15 micrograms/min. A marked dose-dependent increase in urinary flow and sodium excretion was observed. Inulin and p-aminohippuric acid clearance did not change significantly. Blood flow in vasa recta in the exposed renal papilla, as determined by fluorescence videomicroscopy, increased significantly only with the highest dose of adenosine. In control animals infused with the vehicle only, there was no change in any of the above variables. These results indicate that direct intrarenal infusion of adenosine in the rat increases urinary flow and sodium excretion and at higher doses also increases vasa recta blood flow. The effects on urinary flow and sodium excretion were therefore mediated by a mechanism other than an increase in vasa recta blood flow. PMID- 3202186 TI - Effect of spironolactone on glucocorticoid-induced colonic cation transport. AB - Glucocorticoids stimulate colonic sodium absorption. Whether this stimulation is mediated by crossover binding to the aldosterone receptor has not been established. The effect of the aldosterone receptor antagonist, spironolactone, on dexamethasone-mediated transport was investigated in proximal and distal colon of adrenalectomized rats. In adrenal-intact control rats spironolactone minimally affected sodium absorption but markedly decreased the transmural potential difference (PD). In adrenalectomized, aldosterone-replaced rats spironolactone clearly decreased sodium absorption and transmural PD in both proximal and distal colon. In adrenalectomized rats treated with 5 micrograms/100 g body wt of dexamethasone twice daily spironolactone did not decrease sodium absorption or transmural PD. However, when adrenalectomized rats were treated with 25 micrograms/100 g body wt of dexamethasone, a dose estimated from plasma levels to occupy 80% of colonic aldosterone receptors, spironolactone inhibited 20% of proximal colon and 47% of distal colon sodium absorption. Thus lower doses of glucocorticoid which predominantly occupy glucocorticoid receptors stimulate sodium absorption by a spironolactone independent mechanism. When the levels of glucocorticoid are high enough to also occupy the majority of aldosterone receptors, sodium absorption is stimulated by an aldosterone receptor mediated mechanism. PMID- 3202187 TI - Increased single-nephron protein excretion after renal ablation in nephrotic rats. AB - The effects of reducing nephron number in rats with established nephrosis were investigated. Rats received an injection of adriamycin and were divided into three groups with similar values for proteinuria after 4 wk. Group 1 rats were then subjected to sham operation. Group 2 rats were subjected to four-fifths renal ablation, and group 3 rats were subjected to four-fifths renal ablation and then maintained on enalapril. Micropuncture and morphological studies were performed 3 wk later. During this 3-wk period, proteinuria increased slightly in each group. Increased proteinuria in groups 2 and 3 reflected a dramatic increase in remnant nephron proteinuria after renal ablation in nephrotic rats. Increased remnant nephron proteinuria in groups 2 and 3 was associated with increased single-nephron glomerular filtration rate (group 1, 30 +/- 2 nl/min; group 2, 54 +/- 3 nl/min; group 3, 41 +/- 4 nl/min) and increased glomerular volume (group 1, 0.93 +/- 0.05 x 10(6) micron 3; group 2, 1.30 +/- 0.09 x 10(6) micron 3; group 3, 1.27 +/- 0.05 x 10(6) micron 3). The increase in single-nephron glomerular filtration rate after renal ablation in both group 2 and 3 rats was attributable to an increase in glomerular plasma flow (group 1, 119 +/- 14 nl/min; group 2, 217 +/- 18 nl/min; group 3, 183 +/- 13 nl/min) without a significant increase in glomerular transcapillary hydraulic pressure (group 1, 45 +/- 1 mmHg; group 2, 48 +/- 3 mmHg; group 3, 44 +/- 2 mmHg). Group 2 exhibited an increase in systemic blood pressure that was prevented by enalapril treatment in group 3. These studies show that an increase in remnant nephron proteinuria accompanies glomerular hypertrophy and hyperfiltration when nephron number is reduced in nephrotic rats. This increase in remnant nephron proteinuria is not attributable to elevation of systemic or glomerular capillary pressure. PMID- 3202188 TI - LLC-PK1 cells express Na+-lactate cotransport in apical membranes after confluency. AB - L-[3H]lactate uptake was characterized in LLC-PK1 cell apical membrane vesicles obtained by intensive culture on microcarrier beads. The apical membrane preparation technique involved MgCl2 precipitation. Na+-dependent L-[3H]lactate uptake was present only after confluency; its appearance paralleled the subcellular localization of aminopeptidase in apical membranes. L-[3H]lactate uptake was Na+-dependent and electrogenic. Only the Na+-dependent component of L [3H]lactate uptake was saturable with one family of independent carriers. The apparent affinity constant was 1.1 +/- 0.25 mM and the apparent maximal velocity was 29 +/- 3 nmol.mg-1.min-1. The Na+-lactate cotransport stoichiometry was 2 Na+ for 1 lactate. The specificity of the L-lactate transport system was compatible with that of the monocarboxylic acid pathway described previously in brush-border membranes of kidney cortex and discrete from the tricarboxylic acid carrier, the D-glucose transporter, and the general pathway for anions. The LLC-PK1 cell line appears to be a useful tool for study of the regulation of L-lactate uptake and biosynthesis of the renal monocarboxylic acid transporter. PMID- 3202189 TI - Adaptation of distal tubule and collecting duct to increased sodium delivery. I. Ultrastructure. AB - We examined the effects of a chronic increase in tubular sodium delivery on the structure of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), connecting tubule (CNT), and cortical collecting duct of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Furosemide (12 mg/day) was administered by osmotic minipump for 6 days to increase the rate of sodium delivery to these segments and thereby stimulate sodium uptake. To prevent volume depletion, the furosemide-treated animals were given a drinking solution containing 0.8% NaCl and 0.1% KCl. Control animals were given vehicle (0.9% NaCl) by osmotic minipump and they drank tap water. Furosemide dramatically increased urinary fluid and sodium excretion and decreased urine osmolality threefold vs. control. Furosemide treatment was associated with an increase in epithelial volume of DCT cells, CNT cells, and principal cells and an increase in the basolateral membrane area and mitochondrial volume of each cell type. These alterations in cell structure were not related to changes in plasma aldosterone, glucocorticoid, or arginine vasopressin levels. We conclude that an increase in cell sodium uptake regulates the ultrastructure of the distal tubule. PMID- 3202190 TI - Adaptation of distal tubule and collecting duct to increased Na delivery. II. Na+ and K+ transport. AB - This study was conducted to determine whether a chronic increase in sodium delivery to, and sodium uptake by, the distal tubule stimulates the transport capacity of this tubular segment. To increase the rate of sodium delivery to the distal tubule, furosemide (12 mg/day) was administered continuously to rats by osmotic minipump for 6 days. Volume depletion was prevented by giving the animals a drinking solution containing 0.8% NaCl and 0.1% KCl. Control animals were given vehicle (0.9% NaCl) by osmotic minipump and tap water to drink. All animals were adrenalectomized and given replacement doses of aldosterone (0.5 microgram.100 g 1.day-1) and dexamethasone (1.2 microgram.100 g-1.day-1) to eliminate changes in adrenal corticosteroid levels. Furosemide was withdrawn 12 h before sodium and potassium transport rates were measured in distal tubules by in vivo microperfusion. We found that increased sodium uptake dramatically enhanced the transport capacity of the distal tubule. Sodium absorption rose from 71.7 to 316.7 pmol.min-1.mm-1, and potassium secretion increased from 30.7 to 73.7 pmol.min-1.mm-1. This response was accompanied by an increase in cell and mitochondrial volume and by proliferation of the basolateral membrane of distal convoluted cells, connecting tubule cells, and principal cells in the distal tubule. We conclude that a chronic increase in sodium uptake by the distal tubule, independent of alterations in extracellular fluid volume and aldosterone levels, stimulates the transport capacity of this nephron segment in part by inducing specific alterations in cell ultrastructure. PMID- 3202191 TI - Epinephrine potentiates human platelet activation but is not an aggregating agent. AB - Epinephrine can in certain in vitro conditions induce the aggregation of human platelets and could play an important role in vivo in the appearance of thrombotic disorders when catecholamine levels are increased. This study examines some functional and biochemical responses to epinephrine. Epinephrine induces the aggregation and serotonin secretion of human platelets in citrated plasma. This is not due to a direct effect of citrate itself, such as the lowering of plasma free Ca2+ but more likely to the generation of traces of thrombin during blood collection, as suggested by abrogation of these platelet responses when hirudin was added before citrate. When washed human platelets suspended in Tyrode buffer containing 2 mM Ca2+, 0.35% albumin and apyrase, and 0.1-100 microM epinephrine were used, no shape change, aggregation, or secretion of serotonin was observed, nor was the platelet ultrastructure modified. Epinephrine does not modify platelet membrane fluidity, as studied with the lipophilic fluorescent probe trimethylammonium-diphenylhexatriene. It has no direct effect on fibrinogen binding to intact platelets, intracellular Ca2+ levels measured by quin2, or protein phosphorylation. Epinephrine potentiates the action of all types of aggregating agents on aggregation, secretion, intracellular Ca2+ levels, membrane fluidity, fibrinogen binding, or protein phosphorylation. These effects are mediated by alpha 2-adrenergic agonists and inhibited by alpha 2-adrenergic antagonists. This study shows that epinephrine alone does not induce modifications of morphology, metabolism, or function of intact and functional washed human platelets and that it cannot be considered per se as an aggregating agent. However, epinephrine interacts with alpha 2-adrenergic receptors on human platelets and potentiates biochemical and aggregatory responses induced by other platelet agonists. PMID- 3202192 TI - Decreased vascular contraction and elastic stiffening after intramural lymphostasis. AB - Lymphatic obstruction leads to leakage of protein into the vessel wall that is coupled with edema formation and smooth muscle degeneration. To clarify the mechanical effect of these changes, lymphatic trunks, draining the femoral artery, were stained with Evans blue and then ligated in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (n = 11). Sham ligation was performed on these lymphatic trunks in the opposite hindlimb (n = 11). Three days later, 7- to 30-mm segments of both femoral arteries were studied in vitro. Intraluminal pressure was cycled between 5 and 250 mmHg at 5 mmHg/s, and external diameter was recorded in both relaxed and activated (norepinephrine, 3 x 10(-5) mol/l) state of smooth muscle. Mechanical parameters were computed for 10-mmHg pressure increments. After lymphatic obstruction, strain energy density and distensibility of the passive wall components as well as isobaric active tangential strain were decreased by a maximum of 27, 59, and 54%, respectively; active tangential stress and elastic modulus, as a function of tangential stretch, was decreased by a maximum of 62%, and increased by 61%, respectively. These results indicate that short-term intramural lymphostasis reduces smooth muscle reactivity and induces vascular stiffening. PMID- 3202193 TI - Myocardial metabolism and coronary flow: effects of endotoxemia. AB - The effects of sublethal endotoxemia on the regulation of coronary flow by myocardial metabolism were examined in the isolated perfused heart preparation. Fasted Sprague-Dawley rats were injected (ip) with either endotoxin (0.5 mg/kg of body wt) or 5% dextrose 12 h before heart perfusion. The efficacy of endotoxin treatment was determined by measurement of plasma [NH3] and [urea] and colonic temperature. During perfusion with buffer containing glucose-pyruvate, oxygen consumption and coronary flow were increased by 17 and 42%, respectively, in hearts from endotoxin-treated rats as compared with those from controls. In the hearts from endotoxemic animals, the mitochondrial [NAD+]/[NADH] was decreased by approximately 25%, and the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase was increased by 36% as compared with control hearts. [ATP]f/[ADP]f[Pi] was unaltered. The enhanced metabolic rate was associated with comparable changes in peak systolic pressure development, maximal positive and negative dP/dt, and the tension-time index when measured in the isovolumetric preparation. In these hearts, stimulation of respiration by perfusion with an alternate source of fuel or inhibition by infusion of amytal elicited large, transient increases in the level of coronary flow that returned rapidly to prestimulus values. By contrast, in hearts from controls, the transient increase in flow was coupled to sustained vasodilation, i.e., approximately 30% rise in flow for either metabolic condition. In both groups, [ATP]f/[ADP]f[Pi] either increased or decreased with stimulation or inhibition of respiration, respectively. Adenosine (1.2 microM) produced a 35% increase in flow in the hearts from the control animals, whereas it was without significant effect in those from the endotoxin-treated animals. It is concluded that sublethal endotoxemia causes 1) an increased metabolic rate and enhanced mechanical activity in the heart and 2) an uncoupling of flow from regulation by cardiac metabolism. PMID- 3202194 TI - Carotid sinus baroreceptor control of splanchnic resistance and capacity. AB - The contribution of the splanchnic vascular bed in the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex control of vascular resistance and capacity was studied in nine pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. The splanchnic circulation was vascularly isolated in an unopened abdomen and perfused at constant flow and venous pressure. Decreasing carotid sinus pressure from 200 to 50 mmHg resulted in a 72% increase in splanchnic vascular resistance and a decrease in splanchnic blood volume of 4.7 ml/kg. Changes in splanchnic inflow from 0 to 70 ml.min-1.kg-1 resulted in linear changes in splanchnic arterial pressure. Increasing carotid sinus pressure significantly decreased the slope (P less than 0.005) and intercept (P less than 0.025) of the splanchnic pressure-flow relationship. It is concluded that in the dog, the splanchnic vascular bed contributes a major portion of blood volume mobilized by the carotid sinus reflex. PMID- 3202195 TI - Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on maximum rate of early left ventricular filling. AB - Left ventricular early filling during hypoxia and reoxygenation was examined in isolated working rat hearts that contracted 300 times/min when perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution at 37 degrees C. Left ventricular short-axial diameter (LVD = D) was measured with a pair of ultrasonic crystals. The maximum lengthening velocity of LVD [(dD/dt)max] decreased with hypoxia and recovered after reoxygenation (from a control of 20.3 +/- 6.7 to 7.3 +/- 1.7 mm/s after 15 min of hypoxia and to 16.3 +/- 8.1 mm/s after 15 min of reoxygenation; n = 7). However, (dD/dt)max/delta D (where delta D is systolic shortening) showed no significant change with either hypoxia or reoxygenation (from a control of 21.0 +/- 2.9 l/s to 22.2 +/- 2.7 l/s after 15 min of hypoxia and to 22.5 +/- 3.7 l/s after 15 min of reoxygenation; n = 7). Therefore, we concluded that the changes of (dD/dt)max with hypoxia and reoxygenation were caused by the changed systolic shortening and that left ventricular myocardial recoil, expressed by (dD/dt)max/delta D, showed no change with either hypoxia or reoxygenation. PMID- 3202196 TI - Coronary dilation with carotid chemoreceptor stimulation in cardiac-denervated dogs. AB - The coronary vasodilation that is secondary to carotid chemoreceptor stimulation (CCS) was compared in normal (N) and in cardiac-denervated (CD) conscious dogs. Under base-line conditions, CD only differed from N dogs by greater (P less than 0.01) increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) with CCS. Coronary blood flow (CBF) increased similarly in N (146 +/- 18%) and CD (126 +/- 15%) dogs, and coronary resistance (CR) fell to a similar extent in N (53 +/- 3%) and CD (43 +/- 5%) dogs. After muscarinic and beta-adrenergic blockade, CCS resulted in similar increases in MAP in N and CD dogs; increases in CBF averaged 122 +/- 15 and 115 +/- 12% in N and CD dogs, respectively. Decreases in CR with CCS averaged 46 +/- 3 and 40 +/- 5% in N and CD dogs, respectively. alpha 1-Adrenergic blockade prevented the increases in MAP with CCS and resulted in smaller (P less than 0.01) increases in CBF, similar in N (77 +/- 13%) and in CD (69 +/- 10%) dogs. CR fell to the same extent in N (40 +/- 4%) and CD (37 +/- 5%) dogs. Additional blockade of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors further limited the increases in CBF with CCS in N (20 +/- 5%) and CD (28 +/- 7%) dogs; decreases in CR were attenuated similarly in N (13 +/- 5%) and CD (21 +/- 5%) dogs. Thus, in conscious dogs, cardiac nerves contribute little to the coronary dilation after carotid chemoreceptor stimulation. PMID- 3202197 TI - Effect of pulmonary perfusion on lung fluid filtration in young lambs. AB - To study the effect of pulmonary perfusion on fluid filtration in the newborn lung, we measured pulmonary vascular pressures, cardiac output, lung lymph flow, and concentrations of protein in lymph and plasma of nine healthy, awake lambs, 2 3 wk old, before and during sustained alterations in pulmonary blood flow. A 12% reduction in cardiac output (from partial occlusion of the inferior vena cava) led to a corresponding decrease in lymph flow, consistent with a reduction in net lung fluid filtration. A 20% increase in pulmonary blood flow (from opening an external shunt between the carotid artery and jugular vein) increased lymph flow by approximately 40%, without a significant change in lymph protein concentration. These findings suggest that lung microvascular surface area expanded in response to increased perfusion, with little or no change in filtration pressure. In five lambs, lung microvascular pressure was increased by inflating a balloon catheter in the left atrium to establish full patency of the pulmonary microcirculation. In the presence of left atrial pressure elevation, increased perfusion through the arteriovenous shunt had no significant effect on pulmonary vascular pressures or lymph flow. Thus, in young lambs, modest changes in pulmonary blood flow may affect lung fluid filtration by altering perfused microvascular surface area; this response is inhibited in the presence of left atrial hypertension. PMID- 3202198 TI - Demonstration of hysteresis in refractoriness of canine ventricular myocardium. AB - The properties and determinants of hysteresis during ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) measurements by an extrastimulus technique were determined in 15 anesthetized open-chest dogs as well as in isolated ventricular muscle (n = 6). VERP was determined both by decreasing the S1-S2 interval and also by increasing S1S2. Hysteresis was then calculated by subtracting the VERP obtained with the decreasing S1S2 from the VERP obtained with the increasing S1S2. The effects of basic cycle length, pulse width, stimulation intensity, and the number of basic drives on VERP and hysteresis were evaluated. VERP was shorter for long pulse width, high stimulation intensities, and shorter basic cycle lengths. These modifications were not associated with significant changes of hysteresis. VERP was shorter during decreasing S1S2 than during increasing S1S2. Hysteresis was greater with 6 basic drive cycles than with 12 (P less than 0.001) in both in vivo and in vitro preparations. The data suggest that 1) hysteresis occurs during VERP measurements; 2) hysteresis is independent of stimulation modality; and 3) hysteresis decreases with the number of basic drive cycles. PMID- 3202199 TI - Stimulation of parabrachial neurons elicits a sympathetically mediated pressor response in cats. AB - We examined the role of the parabrachial neuronal mass in mediating the pressor response to electrical stimulation of parabrachial nucleus (PBN). In anesthetized cats, 100 mM L-glutamate (L-glu) was microinjected into PBN at sites from which low-intensity (25 microA) electrical stimulation evoked a pressor response. Arterial pressure, heart rate, and, in some animals, renal or phrenic nerve activity were monitored. Microinjection of L-glu caused an increase in arterial pressure that was comparable with that elicited by low-intensity electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation, and to a lesser extent L-glu microinjection, caused an increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity but no significant change in heart rate. No consistent change in central respiratory drive accompanied the pressor response. These responses were preserved after baroreceptor denervation but were blocked by intravenous administration of the alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine. Microinjection into PBN of 2 mM kainic acid, which selectively depolarizes neurons but spares axons, reversibly blocked the arterial pressure and renal nerve responses to the 25-microA electrical stimulus. We conclude that the pressor response elicited by electrical stimulation of PBN in the anesthetized cat is mediated by cellular elements in PBN, not by fibers of passage. Because phentolamine completely blocked the pressor response, we suggest that it is subserved peripherally by sympathetic alpha-adrenergic rather than humoral (e.g., angiotensin, vasopressin) vasoconstrictor mechanisms. Finally, our data indirectly suggest that PBN stimulation may differentially engage efferent components of the sympathetic nervous system to elicit the pressor response. PMID- 3202201 TI - Regional variation in pericardial contact pressure in the canine ventricle. AB - We studied eight open-chest dogs to determine whether there is regional variation in pericardial contact pressure (PCP). Flat, air-filled balloons were used to measure PCP simultaneously over the lateral walls of the right and left ventricles while cardiac volume was varied by dextran infusion. End-diastolic and mean PCP were significantly higher over the left than right ventricle at high (20.3 +/- 1.0 mmHg) and middle levels (13.7 +/- 0.9 mmHg) of left atrial pressure. At high left atrial pressures, the end-diastolic PCP over the lateral left ventricle was 9.1 +/- 2.4 mmHg compared with 4.3 +/- 2.3 mmHg over the lateral right ventricle (P less than 0.05). At middle levels of left atrial pressures, end-diastolic PCP was 6.2 +/- 3.5 mmHg over the left ventricle and 1.5 +/- 2.4 mmHg over the right ventricle (P less than 0.05). These variations in PCP persisted after severing the pericardial diaphragmatic attachments and after turning the dogs such that one or the other balloon was dependent. Regional distribution of PCP was studied by positioning a single balloon sequentially at multiple ventricular sites. PCP was consistently higher over the lateral wall of the left ventricle than either the anterior or posterior walls of the right or left ventricle. After aortic occlusion, end-diastolic PCP increased more over the left than right ventricle. In contrast, with pulmonary artery occlusion, end diastolic PCP increased more over the right than left ventricle. Pericardial pressure varies regionally, and a single pericardial pressure may be an oversimplification when used to describe pericardial restraint on the cardiac volume. PMID- 3202200 TI - Reentrant and focal arrhythmias in low potassium in isolated rabbit atrium. AB - In isolated superfused left atria of the rabbit, tachyarrhythmias became highly inducible with a decrease of the extracellular potassium concentration to 2.0 mM. The nature of the arrhythmias was determined with a high-resolution mapping system. In several cases, abnormal impulse formation was found, but the majority of arrhythmias (75%) was caused by a circus movement of the impulse. Furthermore, circus-movement tachyarrhythmias often degenerated into fibrillatory activity, and activation maps revealed the presence of multiple wavelets during this chaotic rhythm. The occurrence of reentrant arrhythmias may be caused either by an increase in inhomogeneity in conduction or by a shortening of the wavelength in low potassium. Inhomogeneity in conduction was determined by calculating the difference in activation times between neighboring electrodes. In low potassium, premature activation significantly increased the inhomogeneity index compared with slow rhythm (from 2.2 to 3.9; P less than 0.001) but was not significantly different from the inhomogeneity measured at normal potassium concentrations. Low potassium, however, did shorten significantly the wavelength of the impulse by approximately 40%. The increased inducibility of reentry in low potassium is therefore caused by a reduction of the length of the excitation wave and not by an increase in inhomogeneity in conduction. PMID- 3202202 TI - Stretch-induced contraction in pulmonary arteries. AB - Stretch stimulates contraction of systemic blood vessels, but the response has not been described in pulmonary vessels. To determine whether pulmonary arteries contract when stretched, isolated cylindrical segments of pulmonary arteries were suspended between two parallel wires, stretched, and the active force was generated in response to stretch measured. Eighty-nine percent of segments from small (in situ diameter less than 1,000 microns) feline pulmonary arteries contracted when stretched, and in 65% of these the magnitude of stretch was related to the magnitude of contraction. Large (in situ diameter greater than or equal to 1,000 microns) feline pulmonary arteries did not contract with stretch. Multiple, rapidly repeated stretches resulted in a diminution of active force development. Stretch-induced contraction required external Ca2+ and was abolished by diltiazem (10 microns), but it was not affected by phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine, diethylcarbamazine, or mechanical removal of endothelium. Indomethacin blunted but did not abolish stretch-induced contraction, an effect that may have been nonspecific. This study suggests that stretch can act, probably directly, on smooth muscle in small feline pulmonary arteries to elicit contraction and that it may be a determinant of pulmonary vascular tone. In addition, feline pulmonary arteries are suitable for the in vitro study of stretch-induced contraction. PMID- 3202204 TI - Area of the aortic pressure-flow loop measures energy storage by the proximal arteries. AB - We show that power measured by the area of the pressure-flow loop (APQ) is directly proportional to reactive power [Im(W)], which measures pulsatile energy storage in the proximal arteries. Analytically, Im(W) differs from APQ by K.2 pi, where K is a postulated constant of proportionality. To determine the value of K, 338 heartbeats obtained from 8 dogs under a wide range of hemodynamic conditions were analyzed. The relationship between APQ and Im(W) remained highly linear (r = 0.98), and the pooled value of K was -1.19 +/- 0.01. For the individual dogs, values of K differed at most by +/- 9% from its average value. There was also a small offset in the relationship between APQ and Im(W), probably caused by truncating the calculation of Im(W) at the 10th harmonic. Ignoring the small differences in the values of K and the offset, we found that APQ still proved to be an excellent predictor of Im(W). We also found that APQ was sensitive to changes in heart rate, left ventricular stroke output, and peripheral resistance. This reflects the dependence of pulsatile energy storage on these variables and indicates that APQ cannot serve as an index for changes in just the reactive properties of the proximal arteries. PMID- 3202203 TI - In vivo estimation of left ventricular wall volume in volume-overloaded canine hearts. AB - Several geometric algorithms have been applied to estimate left ventricular wall volume (Vwall) from two-dimensional echocardiograms but have not been validated in eccentrically hypertrophied hearts. These algorithms can be fitted to the general formula: Vwall = k.Ao.Lo = k.Ai.Li, where Ao and Ai are the outer (epicardial) and inner (endocardial) short-axis areas, Lo and Li are the corresponding long-axis lengths, and k is a constant. The simplifying assumption that Lo and Li are equal yields Vwall = k.Awall.Lo, where Awall = Ao - Ai. In 20 unsedated dogs (10-30 kg), including 10 with aortic regurgitation of 1-18 wk duration, the relationship between actual Vwall (determined postmortem) and Awall.Lo was not significantly different from the line of identity (Vwall = 1.01 Awall.Lo + 0.5 ml, r = 0.98, SEE = 3.5 ml), indicating k was not significantly different from 1. There was no significant difference between predicted and actual Vwall over a range of 31-105 ml, and interobserver variability was 4.1%. The simple area-length product, Awall.Lo, accurately predicts Vwall of both normal and volume-overloaded hypertrophied canine left ventricles and is thus suitable for serial observations of hypertrophic adaptation to volume overload. PMID- 3202206 TI - Cardiovascular and sympathoadrenal responses to mental stress: influence of beta blockade. AB - Cardiovascular, sympathoadrenal, and subjective responses to mental stress induced by a color-word conflict test (CWT) were studied in 30 healthy males before and after intravenous administration of either placebo, beta 1-blockade by metoprolol (0.15 mg/kg), or nonselective beta-blockade by propranolol (0.15 mg/kg). CWT responses were reproducible. Mean arterial pressure increased by 20%. A mainly heart rate-dependent 65% increase in cardiac output (thermodilution) was associated with 25% decreases of both systemic (SVR) and calf vascular (CVR) resistances. Arterial plasma epinephrine (Epi) was doubled, and norepinephrine (NE) increased by 50%. Self-evaluated stress score correlated positively with changes in cardiac output and inversely with changes in SVR during CWT. Both metoprolol and propranolol halved heart rate responses; whereas increases in mean arterial pressure, Epi, and NE were uninfluenced. Metoprolol reduced the increase in stroke volume, and propranolol abolished it. SVR and CVR responses were attenuated by metoprolol and abolished by propranolol. The results suggest that mental stress accelerates the heart through neurogenic mechanisms and that peripheral vasodilatation is achieved through the concerted actions of reduced vasoconstrictor activity and elevated circulating Epi. PMID- 3202205 TI - Pulmonary and peripheral lymph protein clearance during bacteremia after surgery. AB - An increase in pulmonary transvascular protein clearance is seen in sheep following postoperative bacteremia. We evaluated whether this increased protein clearance is specific for the lung by comparing in sheep the effect of postoperative bacteremia on both pulmonary and prefemoral lymph protein clearance. Fibronectin, implicated as a factor influencing vascular permeability, was also measured. After intravenous infusion of a sublethal dose of 5 x 10(8) live Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 10), pulmonary lymph flow (QL) increased 146% (P less than 0.01), and the lung lymph-to-plasma (L/P) total protein concentration ratio increased 21% (P less than 0.05). This resulted in a 208% elevation (P less than 0.01) in lung protein clearance (LPC = QL x L/P). In contrast, peripheral lymph flow and peripheral protein clearance were not altered. After intravenous infusion of a lethal dose of 5 x 10(9) live Pseudomonas (n = 7), QL rose 243-348% (P less than 0.025), whereas the lung L/P remained at base line, resulting in a 240-358% increase in LPC (P less than 0.025). Again, peripheral lymph flow and protein clearance did not increase. Plasma fibronectin declined slightly after low-dose bacterial challenge but decreased (P less than 0.001) 40% by 4-5 h after high-dose bacterial challenge. After both low- and high-dose bacterial challenge, fibronectin in pulmonary lymph increased (P less than 0.05) relative to total protein. In contrast, no change in peripheral lymph fibronectin was seen. Thus, while postoperative bacteremia increased lung protein clearance, it did not increase peripheral protein clearance, suggesting specificity with regard to the microvascular response to bacteremia. PMID- 3202208 TI - Separation of rate of left ventricular relaxation from chamber stiffness in rats. AB - To test the hypothesis that the rate of left ventricular relaxation can be dissociated from left ventricular stiffness, indexes of stiffness and relaxation were evaluated during mild hypoxia and hypoxia with isoproterenol or caffeine in isovolumically beating, isolated rat heart preparations. In group 1, the hearts were perfused with mild hypoxic buffer for 30 min. In group 2, 10 min of mild hypoxic perfusion was followed by 20 min of mild hypoxia plus isoproterenol (10( 6) M). In group 3, the hearts were perfused with mild hypoxic buffer for 10 min followed by 20 min of hypoxia plus caffeine (10(-3) M) perfusion. In group 1, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was elevated only slightly, and time constant of left ventricular relaxation T was also prolonged slightly. In group 2, LVEDP was higher, but T was much shorter than the corresponding values in group 1 (LVEDP, 18 +/- 4 mmHg; T, 31.4 +/- 3.4 ms). In group 3, T was more markedly prolonged, and LVEDP tended to be higher than in group 1. These results indicate that the determinants of left ventricular relaxation and stiffness are not identical and that in certain conditions relaxation can be separated from left ventricular stiffness. PMID- 3202207 TI - Metabolic hyperemia is reduced in adult vs. immature guinea pig hearts. AB - We have previously shown that maturation is associated with decreased maximum coronary flow (CF) elicited pharmacologically or by transient coronary occlusion (Toma, B.S., R.D. Wangler, D.F. DeWitt, and H.V. Sparks. Circ Res. 57: 538-544, 1985). The present study examines the influence of maturation on CF and adenosine release (RADO) during increased myocardial metabolism. Langendorff-perfused hearts from 1- (immature) and 18- (adult) mo-old guinea pigs were given norepinephrine to increase myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2). CF, oxygen delivery, and venous oxygen tension were significantly lower in the 18-mo-old group for a given MVO2, before and during norepinephrine infusion. Administration of the selective beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, or infusion of norepinephrine during alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine did not significantly increase CF more than norepinephrine at an equivalent MVO2. RADO, relative to MVO2, was greater in 18-mo-old hearts (vs. 1-mo) during norepinephrine infusion. We conclude that in isolated perfused nonworking hearts 1) myocardial metabolic hyperemia decreases during maturation; 2) the observed flow decrement is not the result of increasing alpha-adrenergic activity during maturation; and 3) the flow decrement results in a reduced oxygen supply-to demand ratio and an increased RADO. PMID- 3202209 TI - Effect of adenosine and its analogues on calcium influx in coronary artery. AB - In the present study, we have investigated the changes in calcium influx during the relaxing responses to adenosine and its analogues. Calcium-45 influx was measured in bovine coronary artery rings in the presence of prostaglandin F2 alpha (10(-5) M) and KCl (50 and 100 mM). Prostaglandin F2 alpha and KCl caused increases in calcium influx. Prostaglandin F2 alpha produced a further contraction when added to rings maximally contracted with KCl (100 mM or higher), suggesting two different mechanisms for prostaglandin F2 alpha- and KCl-induced contractions. Similarly, a greater calcium influx was observed when prostaglandin F2 alpha was mixed with KCl (50 or 100 mM). At all the concentrations tested, adenosine and its analogues [5'-(N-ethyl-carboxamidoadenosine, NECA; N6-(L-2 phenylisopropyl)adenosine, L-PIA] significantly inhibited prostaglandin F2 alpha induced increases in calcium influx. However, only higher concentrations of adenosine, NECA, and L-PIA inhibited 100 mM KCl-induced calcium influx. Previous treatment with 8-phenyltheophylline blocked the inhibitory actions of adenosine, NECA, and L-PIA on calcium influx. The inhibition of calcium influx by adenosine, NECA, and L-PIA correlated well with their relaxing ability in the presence of prostaglandin F2 alpha. The data suggest that prostaglandin F2 alpha-induced calcium influx was more sensitive to the action of adenosine and its analogues than the calcium influx induced by high K+ depolarization. PMID- 3202210 TI - Blood flow in normal and denervated muscle during exercise in conscious rats. AB - The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that extrinsic mechanical factors, i.e., the dynamic shortening and lengthening imposed on a muscle during limb movements and the rhythmic compressions as surrounding muscles contract and relax, contribute to the initial muscle hyperemia during locomotion in conscious male Sprague-Dawley rats. Soleus and lateral head of gastrocnemius muscles were surgically denervated in one hindlimb several hours before exercise to remove 1) local metabolic vasodilator effects, 2) vasoconstrictor or vasodilatory influences mediated through sympathetic postganglionic fibers, and 3) intrinsic mechanical pumping. Blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres during preexercise and at 30 s and 5 min of exercise in rats walking at 15 m/min or a motor-driven treadmill. Glycogen concentrations were also measured as an indicator of muscular activity to verify the denervation. Blood flows to control muscles in the normal limb were similar to previously reported values during preexercise and exercise. Denervation, however, decreased preexercise blood flow (69-88%) to muscle composed predominantly of oxidative fibers and increased flow (53%) to muscle composed predominantly of glycolytic fibers. During exercise, blood flow to denervated muscles either remained unchanged or decreased. These data suggest that extrinsic mechanical factors do not significantly contribute to the initial hyperemic response at the onset of low-intensity exercise in normal muscle. PMID- 3202212 TI - Intrarenal blood flow distribution in dog kidney determined by 99mTc microaggregates and 201Tl. AB - Intrarenal distribution of blood flow was assessed with radioactive albumin microaggregates (MA) in three cortical zones of the dog kidney. The experimentally obtained zonal fractions of total renal blood flow were compared with predicted zonal blood flow fractions obtained in a mathematical model. The maximal degree of skimming that could possibly occur in a single experiment was estimated. The analysis showed that local blood flow in the inner cortical zone was maximally underestimated by 17% because of skimming of MA, and in the outer cortical zone the blood flow was maximally overestimated by 13% with the method of radioactive MA uptake. Renal uptake of 201Tl was measured simultaneously in exactly the same locations. Paired measurements of intrarenal blood flow distribution by MA and Tl uptake methodologies showed that local blood flow assessed with MA in the inner cortical zone was significantly lower than that obtained with 201Tl and that a higher blood flow rate was obtained in the outer cortical zone with MA compared with 201Tl. This disparity could be accounted for by the effect of skimming of MA as predicted by the model. PMID- 3202211 TI - Sympathetic augmentation of cardiac function in developing hypertension in conscious dogs. AB - To determine the alterations in left ventricular (LV) function and the mechanisms involved that occur during the development of perinephritic hypertension, dogs were instrumented with a miniature LV pressure transducer, aortic and left atrial catheters, and ultrasonic crystals to measure LV diameter in the short and long axes and wall thickness. At 2 wk after initiation of perinephritic hypertension, increases (P less than 0.05) were observed in LV systolic pressure, LV end diastolic pressure, both short- and long-axis end-diastolic diameters, calculated LV end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, global average LV systolic wall stress, first derivative of LV pressure (LV dP/dt), and ejection fraction, whereas mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) and rate of change of LV short axis diameter (LV dD/dt) rose but not significantly. At three levels of matched preload and afterload induced by the administration of graded doses of phenylephrine, Vcf, LV dD/dt, and LV dP/dt increased in hypertension compared with the same levels of preload and afterload before hypertension. When the loading conditions in the normotensive and hypertensive dogs were matched, either after ganglionic blockade or beta-adrenergic blockade, both isovolumic and ejection-phase indexes of LV function remained similar before and after hypertension. Thus we conclude that 1) LV function in intact, conscious dogs with early hypertension is enhanced, and 2) the major mechanism for the increase in LV function involves the sympathetic nervous system. PMID- 3202213 TI - Antiserum to angiotensin-binding protein inhibits vascular responses to angiotensin II. AB - This study characterizes inhibitory properties of an antiserum to an angiotensin binding protein on vascular responses to angiotensin II. The antiserum was collected from guinea pigs that had been immunized with an angiotensin-binding protein that was isolated from a particulate fraction of rabbit liver. The bioassay system consisted of helically cut strips of rabbit renal artery suspended in organ chambers for measurement of isometric force development. After treatment with the antiserum (1:1,000-1:50 dilution), contractile responses to angiotensin II (10(-8) M) were reduced compared with those measured after treatment with nonimmune serum. At a dilution of 1:50, the magnitude of contractile responses to angiotensin II were approximately 40% of control values. This inhibitory action of the antiserum was similar to that induced by the angiotensin II antagonist, saralasin. Contractile responses to norepinephrine (5.9 x 10(-8) M) were not altered after incubation with the antiserum. These results indicate that the binding protein in hepatic cells may be similar in some respects to the membrane receptor mediating contractions to angiotensin II in rabbit renal arteries. PMID- 3202214 TI - ACh-induced calcium transients in primary cultures of rabbit aortic endothelial cells. AB - Acetylcholine (ACh) causes vascular smooth muscle relaxation by releasing endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) from endothelial cells (EC). Although a pivotal role for cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) has been implicated in the generation and/or release of EDRF by various agonists, there is no conclusive evidence showing that ACh increases [Ca2+]i in EC. In the present study, using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent indicator fura-2, we show for the first time that ACh (10(-5) M) increases [Ca2+]i six- to sevenfold above prestimulus levels in primary cultures of rabbit aortic EC (RbAEC). ACh effects are dose dependent [effective concentration producing 50% of the maximum response (EC50) approximately 9 X 10(-7) M] and are blocked by atropine, a selective muscarinic receptor antagonist. The [Ca2+]i increase is due both to the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and to the influx of extracellular Ca2+. A 5-min incubation of RbAEC with 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10(-7) M) inhibits ACh-induced [Ca2+]i transients, suggesting that the signaling pathway involved in ACh receptor signal transduction may be modulated via protein kinase C. These cultured EC provide a unique in vitro model system for studying mechanisms involved in ACh-induced EDRF release. PMID- 3202215 TI - An analysis of residual NaCl taste response after amiloride. AB - The identity of the residual taste response to NaCl after lingual application of the sodium transport blocker, amiloride, was studied by electrophysiological recordings from the rat chorda tympani nerve. Stimulation of the anterior tongue with salt solutions resulted in responses to halogenated sodium salts that were not eliminated by amiloride; approximately 30% of the halogenated sodium salt response remained after amiloride. In contrast, responses to nonhalogenated sodium salts were reduced to less than 4% of the original response after amiloride. To further learn of characteristics relating to the residual NaCl response, binary mixture and cross-adaptation experiments were accomplished. Responses to mixtures of sodium acetate or sodium bicarbonate with choline chloride were similar to responses elicited by equimolar concentrations of NaCl before and after amiloride. Moreover, NaCl and NaBr cross-adapted with choline chloride after, but not before, lingual application of amiloride. These experiments indicate that the residual response to halogenated sodium salts (e.g., NaCl) is related to the halogen itself, and from findings presented here, we propose one pathway for sodium taste transduction. PMID- 3202216 TI - Neuronal activity during sleep and complete bouts of hibernation. AB - Changes in arousal state in a euthermic mammal exert powerful influences on major neural regulatory systems. Changes in behavioral state occur at body temperature (Tb) greater than 25 degrees C during hibernation. However, no information exists regarding alterations in arousal states during deep torpor. In this study we used a combination of electroencephalographic, electromyographic, and posterior thalamic neuronal activity in ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) to evaluate arousal states during deep hibernation. No state homologous to rapid-eye movement sleep was observed below Tb = 21 degrees C during hibernation. However, the animals did continue to cycle through states homologous to electrophysiologically defined wakefulness (AW) and non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep at all temperatures examined (Tb = 14-36 degrees C). These results extend previous observations that hibernation is not a homogeneous state. Instead, deep torpor consists primarily of a state similar to NREM sleep, interrupted periodically by short intervals of a form of AW. These periodic alterations in state should be accompanied by changes in the properties of many regulatory systems and must be accounted for in any theory of the neural control of hibernation. PMID- 3202217 TI - Influence of pregnancy and lactation on Na appetite of BALB/c mice. AB - The effect of pregnancy and lactation on sodium appetite, water, and food intake of young adult BALB/c mice was studied. Voluntary sodium intake increased fourfold during the last 3 days of gestation. Water and food intake and body weight also increased significantly. During the last 14 days of lactation, sodium intake was increased significantly three- to fivefold, relative to base-line period and a control group. Large significant increase of water and food intake occurred also during lactation. After weaning, intake returned to base line. Calculation of sodium sequestered in young in utero and provided to pups during lactation showed increased voluntary intake in great excess of metabolic need, suggestive of hormonal determination of sodium appetite during reproduction as in wild rabbits. PMID- 3202218 TI - Na deficiency and other physiological influences on voluntary Na intake of BALB/c mice. AB - BALB/c mice exhibited a small hedonic intake of 0.3 M NaCl, which was not influenced by change from high to low salt diet or by withholding access to NaCl solution for 1 day. Sodium deficiency produced by furosemide injection consistently caused a highly significant increase in sodium intake. Sodium deficiency was corrected rapidly over 10 min. The appetite was specific for sodium in a cafeteria experiment and was exhibited by naive animals on the first experience of sodium deficiency and subsequent access to salt. The appetite was significantly related to the extent of body deficit, but overdrinking proportionate to initial deficit was characteristic. No increase in sodium intake occurred with repeated experience of sodium deficit. Water deprivation caused a subsequent increase of sodium intake. Total deprivation of food for 48 h caused a large sustained increase of sodium intake, but reduction of food intake by 40% did not influence sodium appetite. PMID- 3202219 TI - Pressor responsiveness to and secretion of vasopressin during the estrous cycle. AB - Previously, we observed a sexual dimorphism of the pressor responsiveness to vasopressin in the rat. We have now determined that the pressor action of vasopressin is influenced by the phase of the estrous cycle. Conscious unrestrained male and female rats were given graded intravenous 30-min infusions of vasopressin. The pressor responses of male and estrous female rats were similar, whereas the pressor responses of diestrous, proestrous, and metestrous females were substantially (P less than 0.01) attenuated. This effect could not be attributed to differences in baroreflex sensitivity, which was unaffected by the sex of the rat or phase of the estrous cycle. Baroreflex sensitivity was assessed by the slope of the relationship between changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure in response to graded injections of phenylephrine and nitroprusside. The basal plasma vasopressin concentration was higher (P less than 0.05) in male than in female rats in each phase of the estrous cycle. This was due to a difference in vasopressin release, since there were no sex-related differences in the metabolic clearance rate of vasopressin. These findings suggest that the gonadal hormones influence the cardiovascular actions of vasopressin and its secretion. PMID- 3202220 TI - Inhibitor of protein synthesis phase shifts a circadian pacemaker in mammalian SCN. AB - The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus contains a circadian pacemaker that regulates many circadian rhythms in mammals. Experimental work in microorganisms and invertebrates suggests that protein synthesis is required for the function of the circadian oscillator, and recent experiments in golden hamsters suggest an acute inhibition of protein synthesis can induce phase shifts in a mammalian circadian pacemaker. To determine whether protein synthesis in the SCN region is involved in the generation of circadian rhythms in mammals, a protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, was microinjected into the SCN region, and the effect on the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity of hamsters was measured. A single injection of anisomycin into the SCN region induced phase shifts in the circadian activity rhythm that varied systematically as a function of the phase of injection within the circadian cycle. These results suggest that protein synthesis may be involved in the generation of circadian rhythms in mammals and that the anatomic site of action of anisomycin is within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic region. PMID- 3202221 TI - Pylorectomy reduces the satiety action of cholecystokinin. AB - Rat gastric cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors are localized to the circular muscle layer of the pyloric sphincter, and a role for these receptors in the mediation of CCK satiety has been proposed. To directly assess the contribution of this receptor population in CCK satiety, the area of the pyloric sphincter containing these receptors was surgically removed, and the behavioral responses to CCK were compared pre- and postpylorectomy. The presence of CCK receptors in the gastroduodenal junction was assessed by either in vitro CCK receptor autoradiography or in vitro contractile response to CCK. The results depended on the time after pylorectomy during which testing occurred. Two to 3 wk after pylorectomy rats demonstrated a significant attenuation of CCK satiety such that while the response to 1 and 2 micrograms/kg was intact, any additional inhibition by 4 and 8 micrograms/kg was eliminated. At this time, no evidence of CCK receptors around the gastroduodenal junction was found. In contrast, 2-3 mo after pylorectomy, the normal dose-response inhibition to CCK was intact. Evidence for the presence of CCK binding sites at the gastroduodenal junction was found by both autoradiography and physiological assessment. These results indicate a role for pyloric CCK receptors in the mediation of CCK satiety. PMID- 3202222 TI - Neural influences on trophic changes in brown adipose tissue during cold acclimation. AB - We studied the role of the sympathetic innervation in development and maintenance of increased levels of uncoupling protein (UCP) and of thyroxine 5'-deiodinase (TD) during cold-induced growth of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Interscapular BAT was unilaterally (and in some experiments, bilaterally) denervated either before acclimation to cold (4 degrees C) for 12 days or after 14 days of a total 28-day period of acclimation to cold. BAT norepinephrine was reduced to 3-7% of the normal level in denervated BAT for up to 26 days. Denervation slowed, but did not prevent, cold-induced increases in total protein, in mitochondrial GDP binding, and in mitochondrial UCP concentration, which all reached 50% or more of the elevated level in intact tissue. In contrast, TD activity did not exceed 10% of the elevated level in intact tissue at any time. Denervation after cold acclimation resulted in a very rapid loss of TD activity, a slower and selective loss (after a lag of 1 day) of UCP, and a much slower loss of tissue protein. We conclude that the sympathetic innervation is required for an optimal trophic response of BAT to cold acclimation and for maintenance in the hypertrophied state but that other factors are also involved. Induction and maintenance of TD in BAT does need the sympathetic innervation. PMID- 3202223 TI - Effect of paraventricular nucleus lesions on drinking and pressor responses to ANG II. AB - Experiments were done to investigate the contribution of cells of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) to the drinking and pressor responses elicited by microinjection of angiotensin II (ANG II) into the subfornical organ (SFO) in the awake unrestrained rat. Microinjection of ANG II (5 eta g in 0.2 microliter) elicited drinking (7.1 +/- 0.7 ml in 15 min, n = 18) and pressor (19 +/- 1 mmHg, n = 17) responses. Bilateral lesions of the PVH by the administration of kainic acid (KA; 0.2 microgram in 0.2 microliter of phosphate buffer) resulted in the abolition of the drinking response (before, 7.8 +/- 1.8 ml in 15 min; after, 0 ml in 15 min, n = 6) and significant (P less than 0.05) attenuation of the pressor response (before, 15 +/- 1 mmHg; after, 5 +/- 2 mmHg, n = 5). Administration of 0.2 microliter of the phosphate buffer vehicle bilaterally into the PVH and KA into regions adjacent to the PVH had no significant effect on the drinking or pressor responses. KA injections into the PVH resulted in the loss of 70-80% of parvocellular cells in the posterodorsal component of the PVH compared with animals with KA injections into adjacent non PVH tissue (n = 7) or vehicle injection into the PVH (n = 5). These results suggest that parvocellular cells of the PVH are an important component of the neural circuitry that mediates the drinking and pressor response to ANG II acting at the SFO. PMID- 3202225 TI - Acylation of lysophosphatidylcholine in liver microsomes of thermally acclimated trout. AB - The specificity of acyl-coenzyme A (CoA): lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT; EC 2.3.1.23) was determined for a range for acyl-CoA substrates differing with respect to chain length and degree of unsaturation in liver microsomes of thermally acclimated (5 and 20 degrees C) rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Absolute levels of oleate incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (PC) were determined at substrate concentrations in the physiological range (12 microM) and higher (64 microM). The specificity of LPCAT was determined by the extent to which competing substrates decreased the incorporation of oleate. LPCAT specificity was significantly influenced by both assay and acclimation temperature at total substrate concentrations of both 72 and 256 microM. A clear preference for 14- and 16-carbon monoenes was exhibited by LPCAT from 20 but not 5 degrees C-acclimated trout. Furthermore, LPCAT from 5 degrees C-acclimated trout preferentially incorporated long chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosadienoyl, arachidonoyl, erucoyl) and excluded 18-carbon unsaturates at an assay temperature of 5 degrees C compared with 20 degrees C; at 20 degrees C, 18 carbon unsaturates were incorporated more readily than 20-carbon species. Linolenic acid (18:3N3) was generally excluded from incorporation, reflecting a possible mechanism by which this precursor of docasahexaenoic acid (22:6N3, n - 3) remains available for modification. These results indicate that trout liver LPCAT preferentially incorporates fatty acids into PC on the basis of both chain length and degree of unsaturation in a manner consistent with the temperature induced restructuring of membrane phospholipids. PMID- 3202224 TI - Behavioral evidence for cholecystokinin-opiate interactions in neonatal rats. AB - In adult mammals, cholecystokinin (CCK)-opiate interactions are complex and task dependent. Specifically, CCK antagonizes opiate effects in some cases, yet acts similarly to opiate agonists in others. The present study used behavioral measures to determine how CCK interacts with opiates in neonatal rats. CCK, at doses of 1 microgram/kg and higher, markedly reduced isolation-induced distress vocalization in rat pups. Moreover, CCK selectively prevented naltrexone antagonism of opiate-mediated reduction in distress vocalization in 3- and 11-day old rats. Yet CCK did not affect opiate-induced analgesia, as measured by the hot plate paw-lift response. Thus CCK either did not interact with opiates or did so agonistically, with the same (low) dose range, and within subjects. These findings suggest independence of stress and pain systems in neonatal rats and demonstrate a functional interaction between CCK and opioid systems. PMID- 3202226 TI - Glomerular filtration changes during vasotocin-induced antidiuresis in kelp gulls. AB - In conscious kelp gulls, intravenous infusion of arginine vasotocin (AVT) at rates of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 ng.kg-1.min-1 resulted in a linear relationship between the log values of the AVT plasma concentrations (measured by radioimmunoassay) and the infusion rates, which indicated a plasma clearance rate for AVT of 15.4 ml.min-1.kg-1 when endogenous AVT formation is considered. Evaluation of the renal actions of AVT at each dose level showed that antidiuresis was consistently associated with reductions in glomerular filtration rate as well as changes in tubule water permeability. Thus the water-conserving action of plasma AVT on the kelp gull kidney involves contributions from both glomerular and tubular mechanisms over the entire physiological range found in these birds. PMID- 3202227 TI - Effects of subpicomolar changes in vasopressin on urinary concentration. AB - The possibility that small amounts of vasopressin (AVP) reduce water excretion without affecting solute excretion was investigated in conscious dogs. AVP was infused intravenously for 120 min at rates of 2 and 5 pg.min-1.kg body wt-1 during water diuresis elicited by a sustained water load of 2% body wt. During control experiments urine osmolality was constantly approximately 60 mosmol/kgH2O; during AVP infusions it increased by factors of 1.36 (P less than 0.01) and 2.12 (P less than 0.01), respectively, concomitant with 39 +/- 6 and 61 +/- 7% reductions in urine flow. Osmolar and free water clearances decreased significantly. Sodium excretion did not change; changes in potassium excretion during AVP were similar to those of the control series, i.e., a gradual decline. During AVP, 5 pg.min-1. kg-1, creatinine and urea clearances decreased (25 +/- 2 and 31 +/- 7%, respectively, both P less than 0.01). With the assumption of metabolic clearance rates of AVP of 15-40 ml.min-1.kg body wt-1, the increase in plasma AVP during the infusion of 2 pg.min-1.kg body wt-1 was 5-13 X 10(-14) M. It is concluded that small increments in plasma AVP may reduce glomerular filtration rate and that with increasing levels of AVP in plasma 1) reduction of free water clearance, 2) reduction in urea clearance, and 3) natriuresis kaliuresis occur in that order. Apparently AVP cannot reduce water excretion without changing the rate of excretion of solutes. PMID- 3202228 TI - Inhibition of paraventricular neurons by subfornical organ and AV3V in cats. AB - The study was designed to examine, by electrophysiological techniques, influences of rostral periventricular structures on neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in a large animal (the cat) in which stimulating and recording sites could be precisely identified. Extracellular single action potentials were recorded from the PVN in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized and hemispherectomized cats. Of 246 neurons tested, 24-47% were inhibited and 9-21% were excited by electrical stimulation of the subfornical organ (SFO), the nucleus preopticus medianus (POMn), and the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT). The onset latencies of inhibition (19-26 ms) were shorter than those of excitation (28-80 ms). Responses of both neurosecretory and nonneurosecretory neurons were similar to the stimulation of all sites tested. Among these sites, the POMn had the strongest influence on the PVN in view of the proportion of the responsive neurons. Moreover, antidromically evoked action potentials in the PVN neurons (n = 10) were only observed after stimulation of the POMn. Chemical stimulation of POMn and SFO by microinjection of sodium glutamate (50-100 nl, 0.5 M) also inhibited 16 of 38 PVN cells; the remaining neurons were unaffected. These results suggest that activation of the POMn, OVLT, and the SFO neurons mainly inhibits the PVN neurons in the cat. PMID- 3202229 TI - Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on vascular conductance are unaffected by anesthesia. AB - In rats anesthetized with ketamine and pentobarbital (KET/PB), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) increases vascular conductance (VC) in the salivary gland, pancreas, and thyroid gland, whereas no changes in VC are observed in a number of other organs. Because anesthesia may alter the responsiveness of physiological systems, we compared the effects of VIP on organ VC in conscious or anesthetized rats. Chronically catheterized rats were studied in the conscious state or 30 min after induction of anesthesia with KET/PB, isoflurane, or Inactin. Blood flows were measured by the reference sample version of the radioactive microsphere (MS) technique using two MS injections (141Ce-MS/85Sr MS). Mean arterial blood pressure was monitored and used in the calculation of VC. Organ VCs were similar under basal conditions in conscious and anesthetized rats. VIP infusion caused systemic hypotension and increased VCs in the salivary gland, pancreas, and thyroid gland, and these responses were largely unaffected by anesthesia. These results indicate that the anesthetics used do not alter basal VC or the responsiveness of the vasculature to exogenous VIP. PMID- 3202230 TI - Intracellular signals and volume regulatory response in skate erythrocytes. AB - The volume regulatory response of erythrocytes (RBCs) of the little skate Raja erinacea subjected to 30% dilution of their medium is mimicked by the application of phorbol ester or calcium ionophore, implicating protein kinase C and phosphoinositide metabolism in that response. To investigate the signaling link between dilution of the medium and cell response, we measured levels of inositol phosphates (associated with intracellular calcium release) and of diacylglycerol (the physiological activator of protein kinase C) in control and hyposmotically treated RBCs. Labeled inositol monophosphate (IP1) was significantly higher in osmotically shocked than in control cells. Inositol bis- and trisphosphate levels (IP2 and IP3) were low and did not alter with dilution treatment. Separation of the isomers in the IP1 fraction indicated that the dilution effect was likely to result from the breakdown of phosphatidylinositol directly, without the involvement of the IP3 and related messenger molecules. Hyposmotic treatment also elevated the diacylglycerol content of the skate RBCs, providing evidence for the activation of protein kinase C as part of the volume regulatory response. The results are interpreted as indicating that the response to hypotonic media in skate erythrocytes is mediated primarily by protein kinase C and any involvement of calcium is associated with that pathway rather than with the production and metabolism of IP3. PMID- 3202231 TI - Low-dose fourth ventricular bombesin selectively suppresses food intake. AB - Bombesin (BBS) administered into the lateral cerebral ventricles suppresses food intake. Suppression of food intake, however, is accompanied by arousal of competing behaviors such as grooming and increased locomotion, which are atypical of normal satiety. We have found that BBS infused into the fourth cerebral ventricle in rats reduces food intake at doses one-tenth to one-hundredth of those required via the lateral ventricle. In addition, the lowest fourth ventricular dose that significantly reduced food intake did not increase locomotor activity. These data suggest that the hindbrain may be a more sensitive site for BBS-induced suppression of feeding than forebrain sites and that feeding and locomotor effects of BBS may involve dissociable neural substrates. PMID- 3202232 TI - Spinoreticular cell responses to intrarenal injections of bradykinin. AB - Thirty cats were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated. Extracellular unit activity was recorded from 63 spinoreticular tract (SRT) neurons in the T12-L2 segments. All cells were excited by renal nerve stimulation and had somatic receptive fields. Intrarenal injection of bradykinin (4 micrograms/kg) increased activity of 36 cells from 7 +/- 1 to 23 +/- 5 spikes/s. Latency to onset of responses averaged 11 +/- 2 s and latencies to peak were 26 +/- 5 s. Intrarenal injection of isotonic saline vehicle or intravenous injection of the same dose of bradykinin failed to alter activity. Responses increased as dosage increased from 2 to 12 micrograms/kg. Seventeen cells exhibited tachyphylaxis to repeated injections. Cells most likely to respond to bradykinin received both A delta- and C-fiber renal inputs and/or were located in lamina V of the spinal gray matter. Mechanical pressure applied to the renal capsule excited eight of the cells that responded to bradykinin. These results show that activation of renal afferent fibers with bradykinin leads to activation of T12-L2 SRT neurons. These cells may participate in the ascending limb of supraspinal reflexes initiated by renal receptors. PMID- 3202233 TI - Trophoblast antigens in human seminal plasma. AB - Secondary recurrent spontaneous (2 degrees) aborters manifest persistent IgG, which show differential cytotoxicity patterns with lymphocytes from many donors. These are non-HLA-directed antibodies, which react allotypically with both trophoblast and lymphocytes. The antigens they recognize are designated trophoblast-lymphocyte crossreactive (TLX) antigens. Xenogeneic anti-TLX sera were studied with the use of enzyme-linked-immunosorbent (ELISA) and immunochemical assays to determine the TLX status of seminal plasma. The results showed 1) allotypic TLX antigens are present in seminal plasma; 2) seminal plasma TLX antigens may be membrane associated; 3) by immunoblotting, the molecular weights of antigens reactive with TLX antisera are 15, 22, 28, 33 kD and a smear between 180 and 340 kd; 4) by isoelectric focusing, TLX antigens show pI 4.0, 5.35, 5.9, 6.5, 6.8, and 7.2. Allotypic seminal plasma TLX antigens may provide the antigenic stimuli for persistent maternal humoral immunity. PMID- 3202235 TI - Research issues for developmental immunology. PMID- 3202234 TI - Amniotic fluid thymosin alpha 1 levels increase during gestation. AB - Thymosin alpha 1 is one of several cytokines produced by the thymus that modulates immune function. The presence of elevated serum levels of thymosin alpha 1 in pregnant women and their newborns has suggested that this peptide may play a role in perinatal immunology. In this investigation, we used a microenzyme linked immunosorbent assay to assay amniotic fluid for immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and found levels that were remarkably higher than newborn serum levels (P less than 10(-4]. The increase of thymosin alpha 1 in amniotic fluid with fetal age was natural logarithmic (r = 0.838, P less than 10(-6]. Thymosin alpha 1 in amniotic fluid may account for some of the immunologic properties of this medium. PMID- 3202236 TI - Identification and characterization of a human sperm antigen corresponding to sperm-immobilizing antibodies. AB - A sperm antigen has been isolated from radiolabeled human sperm cell membrane by detergent solubilization, lectin affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and indirect immune precipitation using sperm-immobilizing antisera from patients with unexplained infertility. Isolated material was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Among 20 infertile women's sera with sperm-immobilizing antibodies, two were found to react predominantly with a sperm membrane polypeptide having the approximate molecular weight of 15,000 daltons. No significant binding to this molecule was observed in any sera from pregnant women, unmarried women, and normal men. By the absorption with spermatozoa, the antisera lost their binding activity to the molecule, while the sera absorbed with seminal plasma did not lose the activity. The results indicated that the molecule is a genuine sperm antigen and not a sperm-coating seminal plasma antigen. By the indirect immunofluorescence of washed ejaculated spermatozoa with the antisera, strong fluorescence was localized only in an equatorial segment of the acrosome, while no specific staining was observed in the controls. The antigen is relatively unstable against acid, alkali, and heat treatment. Treatment with proteolytic enzymes such as pronase and trypsin inactivated the antigen activity, indicating that the antigen epitope could be a peptide portion of the glycoprotein. PMID- 3202237 TI - Heterogeneity of proteins in commercial preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) demonstrated by Western blotting. AB - Immunoblotting has been utilized to detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), its alpha and beta subunits, the Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin), immunoglobulins G (IgG) and M (IgM), kappa (K) and lambda (L) chains, and serum albumin in commercially available preparations of hCG intended for human use. Concentrated pregnancy, postpartum, and normal urines were studied as a comparison. Those hCG batches prepared from pooled first-trimester pregnancy urine contained all of the hCG and non-hCG proteins listed above or their fragments, with the single exception of the IgM mu chain. The conflicting literature regarding the immunomodulatory properties of hCG requires reevaluation, since many previous reports of immunologic activity utilized these preparations, containing intact and degraded IgG, K, and L chains, and the Tamm Horsfall protein, all of which may contribute to an altered immune response. Since hCG can be prepared in high yields, free of these contaminants, these data suggest that patients are being unnecessarily exposed to contaminating substances when receiving parenteral injections of hCG. PMID- 3202239 TI - Lack of evidence for complement-dependent cytotoxic antibodies to fetal paternally derived antigens in the marsupial Macropus eugenii (tammar wallaby). AB - A total of 241 serum samples from 145 parous tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) were screened for presence of antibodies to paternally derived antigens of the fetus. These samples were taken at different stages in late pregnancy after placental contact was intimate and after birth. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity tests were unable to detect any specific antibodies. It is concluded that the yolk sac placenta of M. eugenii does not allow intimate enough contact between fetal tissues and the maternal circulation to induce formation of cytotoxic antibodies by its mother. This is in contrast to eutherian mammals, in which such production of cytotoxic antibodies occurs frequently as a result of pregnancy. Together with other data it is suggested that the short implantation period in M. eugenii, which is common to all marsupials, has probably not evolved to prevent maternal immune attack upon the conceptus. PMID- 3202238 TI - Pathological and immunological effects of surgically induced varicocele in juvenile and adult rats. AB - The presence of a varicocele in adult men has been correlated with infertility. This study documents the effect of an experimentally induced unilateral varicocele in 21-day-old juvenile prepubertal and 51-day-old adult rats (n = 10 per group) on subsequent adult testicular function. Varicoceles were induced by partial occlusion of the spermatic vein. There were ten sham-operated and five nonoperated control rats in each age group. The rats were sacrificed 1 month after surgery. Intrascrotal temperatures were elevated in both groups with varicoceles. Histologically, the ipsilateral testes of rats in both age groups demonstrated a decrease in the numbers of functioning seminiferous tubules and germ cells, but the decrease was significantly greater in the juveniles than in the adult rats. No changes were seen in the contralateral testes. Significant titers of cytotoxic sperm antibodies were present in all animals with varicoceles, which is in contrast to controls. The juveniles had significantly lower antibody titers (mean log2 +/- SEM; 3.2 +/- 0.09 vs. 8.5 +/- 1.1, P less than 0.001) than the adults. The induction of a unilateral varicocele damaged spermatogenesis and testicular function to a greater extent in juveniles than in adult rats. This damage may be immune complex-mediated. PMID- 3202240 TI - Treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion. PMID- 3202241 TI - Production of immunosuppressor factor(s) by preimplantation human embryos. PMID- 3202243 TI - Histocompatibility antigens and habitual abortion. AB - Eighty-five couples with habitual abortion were studied: 43 were primary aborters (i.e., had no advanced pregnancy beyond 20 weeks gestation), and 42 were secondary aborters. The only significant finding in primary female aborters was a reduction in the incidence of B35. In contrast, in secondary female aborters there was a reduction in the incidence of DR3 and A1/B8/DR3 and an increase in the degree of homozygosity of HLA B. In the male partners of primary aborters, there was a reduced incidence of DR3 and A1/B8/DR3. In addition, in male partners of both primary and secondary aborters, there was increased HLA-B homozygosity and increased frequency of DR4-5 phenotype. Increased sharing of HLA antigens between partners was not found to be significantly different from the control population. These findings emphasize that primary and secondary female aborters form distinct populations, which could explain differences in immunological responses to various antigens, including fetal-related antigens. The closely related findings in female secondary aborters and male partners of primary aborters are intriguing but cannot be explained. Whether or not these genetic markers bear any relationship to reproductive success remains to be determined. PMID- 3202242 TI - Simple radioimmunobinding assay for quantitation of sperm antibodies of IgG immunoglobulin class. AB - The immunobead test (IBT) is an excellent test for initial sperm antibody screening and evaluation but is impractical when used to quantitate antibody levels using a twofold dilution series. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop a relatively simple radioimmunobinding assay that would allow quantitation of sperm antibodies of IgG immunoglobulin class, which predominate in male sera. [125I]-Protein G was chosen as the radioligand because it binds to all IgG subclasses, but not to IgA or IgM. The results of the investigation indicate that the [125I]-protein G assay (PGA) allows efficient quantitation of sperm antibodies, as evidenced by a highly significant (P less than .0001) correlation (Spearman's, Rs = 0.94) between the PGA results and IgG-IBT titres. PMID- 3202244 TI - Pediatric gonorrhea: is it receiving adequate attention? AB - During a 1-year period, 28 cases of gonococcal infections were confirmed in children whose ages were below 13 years. Of 22 gonococcal isolates from these children, 18 (81.8%) were beta-lactamase positive. It is remarkable that sexual exposure was established as the mode of transmission of gonorrhea in nine cases. Health education, sex education in schools, and satisfactory microbiology investigations are essential to effective contact tracing and control of gonorrhea. PMID- 3202245 TI - Documentation of IgA1 and IgA2 antisperm antibodies within seminal fluid. AB - Antisperm antibodies of the IgA class, when bound to sperm, impair the sperm's ability to penetrate cervical mucus. IgA proteases offer a potential treatment of autoimmunity to spermatozoa in infertile men by enzymatically degrading immunoglobulins on the sperm surface. As IgA1 but not IgA2 is cleaved by IgA proteases, we determined through use of IgA subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies the presence and relative proportions of antisperm IgA1 and IgA2 in seminal fluid. This ratio varies substantially between men, perhaps reflecting differences in the etiology of autoimmunity to sperm. PMID- 3202246 TI - Zonal distribution of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Correlation with histologic pattern and direction of spread. AB - For 104 prostate glands obtained at radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma, we mapped the tumor outline and determined the tumor volume, grade, and location relative to the transition zone boundary and location of the central zone. Among the 88 cancers whose probable zone of origin could be identified, 68% arose in the peripheral zone, 24% arose in the transition zone, and 8% arose in the central zone. Transition zone carcinomas had usually been diagnosed by transurethral resection (TUR) and often appeared to arise within BPH nodules; only two of 67 non-transition zone carcinomas had been diagnosed at TUR. Two thirds of 21 transition zone cancers showed a distinctive histologic appearance; they were made up of columnar clear cells lining glands of widely variable size and contour. The transition zone boundary appeared to act as a barrier to the spread of non-transition zone carcinomas. We conclude that carcinoma typically arises in the region of the prostate that is susceptible to benign prostatic hyperplasia and that the great majority of Stage A (TUR) cancers are transition zone cancers. Non-transition zone cancers detectable at TUR are predominantly large tumors that are poorly differentiated and lack the clear cell histologic pattern. PMID- 3202247 TI - Intravenous leiomyomatosis of the uterus. A clinicopathological analysis of 16 cases with unusual histologic features. AB - We describe 16 cases of intravenous leiomyomatosis of the uterus with unusual histologic features. Most of the patients, who ranged in age from 28 to 76 years (median, 42 years), presented with abnormal uterine bleeding or pelvic pain. On pelvic examination, they had an enlarged uterus. Extension of tumor into the broad ligament was noted at operation in six patients; it was documented on pathologic examination in an additional three cases. Gross examination disclosed enlargement of the uterus by solitary or multiple masses; wormlike plugs of tumor within myometrial veins were noted on initial examination in only five cases. Histologic examination in each case revealed proliferations of benign-appearing smooth muscle within myometrial vessels, at least some of which were large veins. The tumors differed from typical intravenous leiomyomatosis (IVL). They were classified as cellular IVL (six cases), epithelioid IVL (four cases), IVL with bizarre nuclei (two cases), intravenous lipoleiomyomatosis (two cases), myxoid IVL (one case), and IVL with an endometrial component (one case). Of 13 patients with follow-up information, 11 are alive with no evidence of disease or have died of unrelated causes at postoperative intervals of 0.5 to 19 years. One patient underwent resection of pelvic recurrent tumor 2 years postoperatively and was alive with no evidence of disease 2 years later. Another patient had pulmonary metastases 9 years postoperatively, but was alive with stable disease after an additional 6 years. This analysis indicates that most of the histologic variants of benign uterine leiomyoma can exhibit the intravascular growth pattern of IVL. These variants of IVL, except for their cellular composition, resemble typical IVL in both their clinical and pathological features. They should be distinguished from other tumors, particularly endometrial stromal sarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, which differ in their behavior and management. PMID- 3202248 TI - Smooth muscle tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Flow cytometric quantitation of DNA and nuclear antigen content and correlation with histologic grade. AB - Simultaneous flow cytometric quantitation of DNA content and the proliferation associated nuclear antigen p105 was performed on 41 gastrointestinal smooth muscle neoplasms and the results were correlated with histologic features. Aneuploid DNA stemlines were found in 17 cases (41%), including four of 15 (21%) tumors of unknown malignant potential, eight of 17 (47%) low-grade leiomyosarcomas, and five of seven (71%) high-grade leiomyosarcomas. In 10 of the 17 aneuploid tumors, an aneuploid peak was clearly identified on the single parameter DNA histogram, with a mean DNA index of 1.36. In the other seven aneuploid cases, a near-diploid, aneuploid population (mean DNA index, 1.08) was identified only by simultaneous immunofluorescence for p105. Clinical follow-up information was available for 14 patients. Mean survival of 10 patients with aneuploid tumors was 32 months, whereas mean survival of four patients with diploid tumors was 51 months. Of the seven patients who died within 1 year of diagnosis, six had aneuploid leiomyosarcomas. These findings demonstrate that DNA aneuploidy is common in high-grade gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas and may be associated with shortened survival. PMID- 3202249 TI - Go to the operating room. PMID- 3202250 TI - Myxoglobulosis of the appendix. AB - Myxoglobulosis is a rare morphologic variant of appendiceal mucocele characterized by intraluminal mucinous globules of the appendix. Most reported cases have presented clinically as an acute abdomen or as an incidental laparotomy or autopsy finding. We report a case of myxoglobulosis in a 32-year old man who presented with an extra-appendiceal mass following a 10-year symptomatic course. Laparotomy disclosed a pericecal collection of opaque, white globules originating from a perforated appendix walled off by fibrous adhesions. The globules exhibited some histologic and staining properties at variance with those described in previous reports. These findings suggest that myxoglobulosis may be more heterogeneous pathogenetically than the distinctive gross appearance of the lesion would indicate. PMID- 3202251 TI - Rete testis adenocarcinoma. PMID- 3202253 TI - Papers of the Southwestern Surgical Congress, 40th annual meeting. Phoenix, Arizona, April 10-13, 1988. PMID- 3202252 TI - Muscle tumor mitoses. PMID- 3202254 TI - Influence of mastectomy technique on sex steroid receptor analysis. AB - Accurate analysis of hormone receptors in breast carcinoma is critical from prognostic and therapeutic standpoints. Controversy exists over whether there is receptor decay when specimens are obtained upon completion of, rather than prior to, mastectomy. In addition, the effect of mastectomy technique on receptor concentration has not been addressed. Twenty patients with breast carcinoma had biopsy specimens taken prior to and upon completion of modified radical mastectomy. Ten had axillary dissection followed by mastectomy (Group A). The others had mobilization of the breast before axillary dissection (Group B). The estrogen receptor concentration was higher in 14 of 20 premastectomy specimens. All 10 patients in Group B had positive receptors before mastectomy; 5 were negative after mastectomy. All seven patients in Group A with positive premastectomy receptors remained so postmastectomy. We concluded that if a tumor specimen for receptor analysis is not obtained prior to modified radical mastectomy, axillary dissection should precede breast mobilization. PMID- 3202255 TI - Biopsy of nonpalpable breast lesions. AB - One hundred-three needle-direct breast biopsies were performed in 99 patients. Nine cancers were detected. All of the patients but one had in situ tumor or stage I disease. After analysis, the mammograms were submitted to radiologists for restudy in a blinded fashion. On restudy, 50 percent of the malignancies were read as low suspicion or benign whereas the other 50 percent were read as malignant. Variation between interpretations was significant, with complete agreement among the radiologists in 16 percent of cases. We concluded that needle directed biopsy for occult breast lesions is very effective in bringing patients with a more favorable prognosis to early surgery. The false-positive rate will be high and the interpretation of a given mammogram will vary, depending on the radiologist. Mammography for subtle lesions is sensitive but nonspecific; therefore, it is wise to biopsy all lesions that are even slightly suspicious, particularly in patients with a previous history of breast cancer or other risk factors. PMID- 3202256 TI - Hemoccult screening for colorectal cancer. AB - A community hemoccult screening project for colorectal cancer resulted in the processing of 18,198 specimens. Positive test results were reported in 3 percent of the total, which ultimately resulted in the identification of 20 colorectal malignancies (0.1 percent) and 53 benign polyps (0.3 percent). The number of malignancies and polyps identified was disappointingly low. Our findings would challenge the concept of unsupervised mass screening from the viewpoint of cost effectiveness; however, because of the numerous voluntary services and supplies, this particular project was useful in educating the public about early colon cancer detection. PMID- 3202257 TI - Adenocarcinoma of the colon in adolescents. AB - A retrospective study was carried out in nine children between the ages of 10 and 20 years with adenocarcinoma of the colon. No family history, significant medical history, or predisposing factors were identified, except for Turcot's syndrome in one child. Common presenting signs and symptoms were vague abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, change in bowel habits, and guaiac-positive stools. Five of the patients' diagnoses were delayed for an average of 11.6 months, the majority of whom had Dukes' D disease. Their median survival was 4 months compared with 24 months in the four patients diagnosed early. As with adults, the mainstay of therapy is operation. Our data indicate that an increased awareness and consideration of colon cancer in children will result in earlier diagnosis, a more favorable disease stage, and prolonged survival. PMID- 3202258 TI - Identification of abdominal aortic aneurysm patients with different clinical features and clinical outcomes. AB - To determine the clinical characteristics and factors influencing outcome in patients with atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), 526 patients who underwent aneurysmal resection were retrospectively reviewed: Group I had clinical evidence of atherosclerotic occlusive disease; Group II had no evidence of atherosclerotic occlusive disease. The incidence of ruptured AAA, multiple aneurysms, and a family history of AAA was higher in Group II patients. We concluded that patients with AAA and without atherosclerotic occlusive disease in other areas represent a subgroup with peculiar clinical characteristics. In planning operative treatment and during the follow-up period, it should be kept in mind that Group II patients have a higher incidence of aneurysm rupture; the incidence of late pseudoaneurysm is higher; and there is a greater possibility of aneurysm in other arterial segments. It remains to be seen if the pathogenetic mechanism of AAA formation in Group II patients is different from that in Group I patients. PMID- 3202259 TI - Emergency operation in patients with symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms. AB - To assess the need for routine preoperative computerized tomography scanning to discern patients with rupture among those presenting with acutely symptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms, a retrospective review was performed. During a 5-year period, all patients presenting with symptomatic aneurysm underwent emergency operation without preoperative computerized tomography. The mortality rate was not significantly different among patients with symptomatic, intact aneurysms undergoing emergency operation (3 percent) and those without symptoms having elective operation (5 percent). The mortality rate of patients with ruptured aneurysms was 68 percent. We concluded that the addition of preoperative computerized tomography to the clinical evaluation would not have improved these results. Furthermore, since it is expensive and delays emergency operation in patients with ruptured aneurysms, computerized tomography seems rarely indicated in symptomatic patients with obvious aneurysms. PMID- 3202260 TI - A comparison of diabetics and nondiabetics with threatened limb loss. AB - One hundred seventeen patients with threatened limb loss were evaluated. Seventy three of these patients underwent vascular reconstruction. Diabetics had a significantly higher incidence of ischemic ulceration and gangrene when compared with nondiabetics. Nondiabetics typically presented with rest pain. The outcome of foot salvage surgery was evaluated by postoperative ankle-branchial indices as well as limb salvage rates. Ankle-brachial indices increased significantly in both groups. Fifty-five percent of the diabetics and 67 percent of the nondiabetics had a postoperative ankle-brachial index of 0.8 or greater. Overall foot salvage at 1 year was 84 percent. Foot salvage in patients with diabetes was 78 percent compared with 86 percent in nondiabetics. In this subset of patients with threatened limb loss confirmed by hemodynamic measurements, the results of vascular reconstruction were comparable in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. PMID- 3202261 TI - Thrombolytic therapy in acute arterial thrombosis. AB - The courses of 17 patients who underwent 20 separate attempts at thrombolysis for acute arterial thrombosis are reviewed to clarify the safety and efficacy of this therapy. Seventeen of 20 thrombolyses were angiographically successful. Patients who had correctable lesions identified and reconstructive procedures performed tended to do better than those who did not, and patients who had successful thrombolysis tended to have fewer and less radical amputations. Complications can be reduced by careful, close monitoring of patients undergoing therapy. PMID- 3202262 TI - Comparison of multiple-parameter prognostic systems in acute pancreatitis. AB - A database of laboratory and clinical values was collected from 200 patients with acute pancreatitis. This database was analyzed using several multiple-parameter indicator systems. All systems tested demonstrated a similar ability to predict accurately both mortality and severity in these patients. The predictive power was maintained whether the scores were grouped or presented individually. The superiority of one system over another could not be demonstrated. It is probable that systems could be devised that would be just as effective as those analyzed; on the other hand, a trend toward unification is very desirable. PMID- 3202263 TI - Cholecystectomy in the elderly. AB - A 4-year retrospective review of 212 patients over 70 years of age who underwent elective and emergency cholecystectomies was undertaken. Elective procedures were performed in 119 patients (76 women, 43 men) whereas 93 patients (43 women, 50 men) underwent emergency surgery. Complications developed in 25 and 34 patients, respectively. In the elective group, the most common complication involved the cardiovascular system, whereas sepsis with multiple organ failure accounted for all of the deaths in the emergency group. Among the 212 patients studied, there was a 3 percent mortality rate in the elective group and a 10 percent mortality rate in the emergency group, with an overall mortality rate of 6 percent. The results indicated that since the risks of elective cholecystectomy are relatively low in the elderly and the risks of cholecystectomy performed as an emergency are considerably higher (10 percent), symptomatic elderly patients with gallstones should be considered good candidates for early elective cholecystectomy. PMID- 3202264 TI - Radioiodine therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. AB - Radioiodine (iodine 131) is an effective form of adjuvant therapy that is frequently underutilized. A review of our recent experience was undertaken to assess the role of this treatment modality in the routine management of thyroid carcinoma. Over a 2-year period, 29 patients received adjuvant iodine 131 therapy. Ten of these patients (35 percent) were found to have local or distant metastasis by iodine-131 scan, and 7 (24 percent) had a metastatic lesion not suspected by operative findings or chest radiography. A complete response was obtained in 70 percent of the patients with metastatic disease. This study supports more frequent use of adjuvant radioiodine therapy in the management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. PMID- 3202265 TI - Atypical surgical infections. AB - The management of infections requiring surgical drainage or debridement is a significant component of surgical education and practice. Standard Gram's stain and culture techniques usually allow ready identification and adjunctive therapy of the offending organism; however, the surgical patient population is changing. More patients who require surgery are elderly, critically ill, have been exposed to broad-spectrum antibiotics, or are otherwise immunosuppressed. We identified 33 infections in this group of 32 patients. The majority of the etiologic agents were not identified using traditional microbiologic techniques, often leading to a delay in diagnosis. In this high-risk group of patients, we recommend histologic study of tissue with special stains such as methenamine silver. When the patient's condition warrants, frozen sections can be used. Optimal outcome requires early recognition of the specific etiologic agent. PMID- 3202266 TI - Morbidity and mortality of an endemic pathogen: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. AB - Over an 8-year period, two epidemics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) occurred in a burn unit. Sources of sepsis were the burn wound and lung. Fourteen percent of the patients colonized with MRSA became bacteremic. The mean postburn day of bacteremia was 19 and the mortality rate was 5 percent. MRSA was introduced to the burn unit when a patient was transferred from another unit, on readmission of a previously infected patient, or heavy burn census when MRSA was epidemic in the hospital. Although the morbidity rate associated with MRSA infections was high, the mortality rate was low. Gram-negative sepsis has continued to be more lethal. PMID- 3202267 TI - Management of refractory empyema with early decortication. AB - One hundred consecutive patients underwent surgical procedures for empyema. Sixty six patient acquired empyema from pneumonia, 16 from trauma, 11 from abdominal sepsis, and 7 from other causes. If tube thoracostomy failed, computerized tomography and ultrasonography were used to demonstrate a loculated empyema. After a median observation period of 11 days, 91 patients underwent thoracotomy and decortication and 9 patients underwent either rib resection, an Eloesser flap procedure, or both. The mortality rate was 6 percent 30 days postoperatively, the in-hospital mortality rate was 9 percent, and the overall morbidity rate was 17 percent. An excellent result was achieved in 85 percent of the patients with a recurrence rate of 4 percent. Gram-positive aerobes were the most common organisms cultured, but several opportunistic infections were encountered. We have concluded that early thoracotomy and decortication of empyema results in eradication of difficult pleural infections with hospital stays of an acceptable length and reasonably low morbidity and mortality rates. PMID- 3202268 TI - Fasciotomy after trauma to the extremities. AB - Over a 9-year period, fasciotomy for presumed compartmental syndromes after trauma was performed in 25 upper extremities and 100 lower extremities in 122 patients. This procedure was most commonly indicated after vascular injuries in the lower extremities. Twenty percent of patients underwent fasciotomy before vascular repair. Nineteen percent of patients with vascular injuries in the lower extremities had fasciotomies performed at reoperation. Seventy-five percent of amputations in the lower extremities were related to a delay in performing fasciotomy or an incomplete fasciotomy. Upper-extremity fasciotomies most commonly did not decompress the deep component of the volar compartment, whereas lower extremity fasciotomies without fibulectomy most commonly decompressed all four below-knee compartments. Fasciotomy sites were closed by direct suture in more than half of the patients. PMID- 3202269 TI - Trauma in the elderly. AB - One hundred geriatric patients who suffered injury severe enough to necessitate hospitalization were compared retrospectively to a random group of 100 younger patients. The elderly suffered different types of injury and died six times as often as their younger peers, even when controlled for injury severity. The PRE method was employed to examine outcome in both groups and was found to be strongly predictive of death in young patients. Age stratification aided significantly in predicting mortality in elderly patients. Regression analysis was employed to examine the data set to determine the relative importance of several variables in the prediction of ultimate mortality. By incorporating all the data from the entire data set, curves describing the contribution of age and shock to mortality corrected for all factors is possible. Increasing age after 65 increases mortality and this effect is dramatically increased by the presence of shock. This information may be useful in counselling the injured elderly and their families. PMID- 3202270 TI - Complications of negative laparotomy for trauma. AB - Controversy continues about how often a negative laparotomy should be accepted in the management of patients with blunt and penetrating trauma. A key issue is the complications, especially small bowel obstruction. To define these complications, the charts of 248 patients who underwent negative laparotomy for trauma were examined. There were 185 patients with penetrating injuries and 63 with blunt injuries. Associated injuries were present in 119 patients. Acute perioperative morbidity occurred in 53 percent of the patients with associated injuries and 22 percent of patients with no associated injuries. On long-term follow-up, five patients developed small bowel obstructions. The incidence of small bowel obstruction was related to operative exposure. We have concluded that early morbidity after a negative laparotomy is more common when associated injuries are present. The risk of postoperative small bowel obstruction is small, especially when extensive operative dissection is not necessary. Abdominal exploration should not be discarded as a viable diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in patients with equivocal findings. PMID- 3202271 TI - Injuries of the inferior vena cava. AB - Beginning in 1946, 577 patients with inferior vena cava injuries were managed at a single institution. After decreasing from 37 to 30 percent, the mortality rate showed a distinct increase in the last 7 years studied. This increase was related to an increasing percentage of patients who arrived in the emergency center in severe shock and required resuscitative thoracotomy. In-hospital care advances have not kept pace with improvements in prehospital care. Although venous complications have not been infrequent, morbidity has not been a significant long term problem. Fatal pulmonary embolism occurred and was a special problem for patients over the age of 50. More basic research is needed to expedite diagnosis and vascular control in addition to understanding and treating the severe metabolic problems of patients dying from shock and hemorrhage. PMID- 3202272 TI - Traumatic injuries of the brachial artery. AB - Sixty-four patients with traumatic brachial artery injuries were treated. Fifty had penetrating and 14 had blunt injuries. Associated extremity and torso injuries were common. Despite an excellent vascular patency rate of 97 percent, limb loss resulted from severe soft-tissue injury and functional disability occurred due to nerve injury. PMID- 3202273 TI - Surgical complications of thermal injury. AB - Aggressive control of intragastric pH in the burn patient has essentially eliminated upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The recent spectrum of complications in the thermally injured patient has shifted. Vascular occlusion and missed associated injury were the most frequent early complications in this review. Those complications occurring late in the course were attributed to sepsis originating in the burn wound. The common diagnostic error was to blame the burn injury for the patient's signs and symptoms. A high index of suspicion of an occult process must be exercised when caring for the burn patient who has burn shock with a decreasing hematocrit value or a compartment syndrome that does not respond to escharotomy or fasciotomy or the septic patient with a clean burn wound. PMID- 3202274 TI - Major injury as a unique opportunity to initiate treatment in the alcoholic. AB - A prospective study was performed on the use of a standard outpatient intervention technique to induce inpatient alcoholic trauma patients into accepting alcoholism treatment. Interventions were performed on 17 trauma patients. All patients who underwent intervention accepted treatment and were immediately transferred to a 28-day inpatient treatment facility. Alcoholic trauma patients are highly susceptible to intervention for their disease. We found that intervention performed upon discharge from the trauma service successfully initiates alcoholism treatment. PMID- 3202275 TI - State of the art lectures in allergology. EAACI annual meeting. Copenhagen, June 18-22, 1988. Proceedings. PMID- 3202276 TI - The increased prevalence of allergic airway disease. PMID- 3202278 TI - Environmental allergy. PMID- 3202277 TI - Specific immunotherapy. PMID- 3202279 TI - Food allergy. PMID- 3202281 TI - Epidemiology and prevention of allergy. PMID- 3202280 TI - Efficacy and safety of anti-asthma treatment. PMID- 3202283 TI - Molecular studies of human immune recognition of allergens. PMID- 3202282 TI - Hay fever: in the laboratory and at natural allergen exposure. PMID- 3202284 TI - [Injection of teflon paste in the treatment of dysphonia caused by unilateral vocal cord paralysis]. PMID- 3202285 TI - [ORL manifestations of tuberculous spondylitis in a colored immigrant]. PMID- 3202286 TI - [Use of closed-circuit anesthesia in otorhinolaryngologic surgery with a laser]. PMID- 3202287 TI - [Middle latency potentials in normal subjects and in patients with auditory disorders and central nervous system disorders]. PMID- 3202288 TI - [Study of nasal ciliary mechanics in allergic and vasomotor rhinopathies]. PMID- 3202289 TI - [Neoplastic infiltration of the resection border in supraglottic surgery. Its prognostic importance]. PMID- 3202290 TI - [Comparative electrooculographic study of normal subjects and patients with demyelinating disease]. PMID- 3202291 TI - [Immunologic study of mucus in patients with allergic rhinopathy and bronchial asthma]. PMID- 3202292 TI - [Rhinomanometric study in children]. PMID- 3202293 TI - Anaesthetists and the need to implement change. PMID- 3202295 TI - Identification of autonomic dysfunction with a pulse oximeter. AB - Chart recordings of the pulse oximeter waveform were taken during the performance of a standard Valsalva manoeuvre, in one subject with and another without autonomic dysfunction. They demonstrate that certain types of pulse oximeter may be used for the rapid pre-operative identification of patients who have an autonomic neuropathy in which the cardiovascular responses to stress are impaired. PMID- 3202294 TI - Postoperative recovery rooms. Staffing and facilities in three regions in the United Kingdom. AB - Postoperative recovery rooms have been used in the United Kingdom for just over 30 years. Anaesthetic and surgical practices have improved during this time but the clinical problems encountered are unchanged essentially. Several surveys have reviewed complications that occur; the most common causes of postoperative morbidity and mortality are still cardiovascular and respiratory problems, the latter particularly of the upper airway. In contrast there are no data available on the standard of staff and equipment in recovery rooms. The results of a survey of this aspect of postoperative recovery rooms in hospitals in Wessex, North West Thames and Yorkshire Regional Health Authorities are reported. Particular effort was made to define the facilities available. The results indicate that 70% of hospitals do not provide staffing levels and facilities which meet recommendations of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. The implications of these findings with regard to anaesthetic morbidity and mortality are discussed. PMID- 3202296 TI - Technical advantages of the paramedian approach for lumbar epidural puncture and catheter introduction. A study using epiduroscopy in autopsy subjects. AB - The lumbar epidural space of 14 autopsy subjects was examined by epiduroscopy. The aim was to compare the midline and paramedian approaches of locating the space, the estimated risk of accidental dural puncture, the course taken by the epidural catheter after introduction and with special attention to the influence of the dorsomedian connective tissue band. The paramedian needle passed a greater distance within the epidural space before contact with the dura mater and demonstrated a low risk of accidental dural puncture. The catheter passed by the paramedian approach did not cause any tenting of the dura and took a straight cephalad direction in all 14 cases. The midline catheter caused tenting of the dura in all 14 cases and the direction of travel was variable. Differences were statistically significant. Influence of the dorsomedian connective tissue band was greatest on the behaviour of the midline needle and catheter. PMID- 3202297 TI - The effect of tracheal intubation and surgical stimulation on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials during anaesthesia. AB - This study was designed to determine whether alterations in the median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials occur during the stimuli of tracheal intubation and skin incision. Twenty-two patients scheduled for elective surgery and who required tracheal intubation were studied. Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded, analysed and stored approximately every 40 seconds. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and vecuronium used for neuromuscular blockade; the trachea was intubated 2 minutes after induction. Fentanyl 1.5 micrograms/kg was administered subsequently. Evoked potential monitoring was continued until at least 2 minutes after surgical incision. Induction of anaesthesia was associated with an increase in evoked potential latency of 0.8 msec and reduction in amplitude of 1.7 microV. Small, statistically insignificant changes occurred between induction of anaesthesia and tracheal intubation. Surgical incision was accompanied by a statistically significant mean decrease in evoked potential latency of 0.5 msec and a statistically significant increase in evoked potential amplitude of 0.6 microV. The fact that surgical stimulation produced an activating effect on evoked potentials suggests that they may be used as a measure of the neurophysiological effects of anaesthesia. PMID- 3202298 TI - An unusual case of stridor. AB - A case is reported in which stridor was the presenting symptom of acute superior vena cava obstruction, after attempted insertion of a Hickman catheter. PMID- 3202299 TI - Systemic air embolism during laser bronchoscopy. AB - We report a case of massive, fatal, systemic gas embolism which occurred during the course of laser bronchoscopic resection of a bronchial carcinoma. The clinical features of systemic air embolism are discussed. PMID- 3202300 TI - Differential flow from multihole epidural catheters. AB - The pressures used in vivo to administer epidural doses of local anaesthetic were recorded for 16- and 18-gauge multihole catheters. Observations were made on 10 patients in labour for each catheter gauge. The pressure range for the 16-gauge catheters was 39.9-266 kPa, with a mean of 167.2 kPa, and for 18-gauge, a range of 53.2-266 kPa, mean, 159 kPa. Similar pressures were then applied in vitro to 10 catheters of each gauge, and the flow of fluid observed from the three holes. For each size of catheter, with increasing pressure, flow appeared at the proximal, then the middle, and finally the distal hole. This emphasises that the effect of epidural doses can vary depending on the pressure of injection, especially if the catheter had been passed partially through the dura. PMID- 3202301 TI - An analysis of critical incidents in a teaching department for quality assurance. A survey of mishaps during anaesthesia. AB - A prospective survey was conducted from April 1984-January 1985 and April 1985 January 1986 to study the frequency of critical incidents and factors associated with them. Eighty-six mishaps were reported in the first period, the majority of which were because of human error (80.3%); the most common were the transmission of gases and vapours and errors in drug administration. Factors frequently associated with these mishaps were failure to perform a normal check and lack of familiarity with equipment or technique. An anaesthesia equipment checklist was incorporated in the survey during the second period and 43 mishaps were reported. This decrease in incidence may have resulted from the anaesthesia apparatus checklist, awareness of mishaps since they were discussed regularly at departmental meetings, and new anaesthesia machines (eight older machines were replaced during the first period and 11 at the beginning of the second). PMID- 3202302 TI - Costs of replacement of anaesthetic equipment. Projected expenditure for clinical anaesthetic equipment in a teaching health district. AB - A study was made of all the anaesthetic equipment in clinical use to substantiate estimates of the cost of its replacement on four hospital sites. The years during which replacement was likely to become necessary were estimated from the list compiled and an existing full inventory, together with costs at 1986 prices. The predicted costs for each year until 2000 AD were derived. To these were added sums required to make good existing shortfalls and to introduce a moderate amount of equipment incorporating newer technology. The totals showed that the capital currently available in the health district is sufficient only for anaesthetic equipment and requires a substantial increase to replace medical apparatus belonging to all specialties already in routine clinical use. Health authorities must be given detailed projections of these costs. PMID- 3202304 TI - Headache after general anaesthesia. PMID- 3202303 TI - Otic barotrauma due to nitrous oxide. PMID- 3202306 TI - Another problem with an expiratory valve. PMID- 3202305 TI - Hyperkalaemia and cardiac arrest after the use of suxamethonium in intensive care. PMID- 3202307 TI - Use your Brain! PMID- 3202308 TI - Paradoxical thrombo-embolism. PMID- 3202309 TI - External transthoracic pacemaking. PMID- 3202311 TI - Disadvantages of air-oxygen mixtures replacing nitrous oxide. PMID- 3202310 TI - Hypotension and neurological sequelae following intramuscular midazolam. PMID- 3202312 TI - Peroperative nerve injuries. PMID- 3202313 TI - Continuous intravenous infusion of atracurium in idiopathic obesity. PMID- 3202314 TI - Minitracheostomy and laryngectomy. PMID- 3202315 TI - Benzydamine cream in post-herpetic neuralgia. PMID- 3202316 TI - Hazard of piggy-backing intravenous infusions. PMID- 3202317 TI - Identification of cerebrospinal fluid. PMID- 3202318 TI - Recurrent opisthotonus associated with anaesthesia. PMID- 3202319 TI - Isoflurane for conscious sedation. PMID- 3202320 TI - Effects of the infraorbital nerve-transection on the formation of Ia fibers in muscle spindles of the masseter muscle in developing mice. AB - The effect of the transection of the infraorbital nerve on d 20 after birth on the formation of the annulospiral ending of Ia fibers of muscle spindles in the masseter muscle was investigated in developing mice. On the 20th d after the operation, there were significant differences between control and treated animals in the ratio of muscle spindles with non-coiled endings to all muscle spindles, and the ratios of muscle spindles with non-coiled endings in the masseter muscle on the operated and sham-operated sides were about equal to each other. On the 30th d after the operation, the ratio for the masseter muscle on the operated side was approximately twice that for the one on the sham-operated side. The ratio for the operated side was about equal to that for 15-d-old control mice, and about twice that for 20-d-old control animals. Thus, the present results indicate that disorder of sensory inputs following the transection of the infraorbital nerve leads to degeneration and/or inhibition of the formation of annulospiral endings in muscle spindles of the masseter muscle, and suggest that disorder of the masticatory mechanism may be caused by the degeneration and/or inhibition of the formation of the endings in many muscle spindles of the masseter muscle. PMID- 3202321 TI - The mode of secretion in the anterior pituitary gland of the cow and the ewe. AB - In the present study of the bovine and ovine pars distalis adenohypophysis another secretion mechanism besides the well established exocytosis is described. Within cellular accumulations surrounded by a sparse connective tissue the process of secretion seems to be induced by fusion of the glandular cells. The direct passage of glandular cell material out of these syncytia into the adjacent sinusoidal capillaries is demonstrated in light and electron microscopic photographs. This secretion mechanism must be considered to be holocrine in nature, because the nuclei of the glandular cells are also found to pass directly into the blood vessels. The question concerning the replacement of the glandular cells, however, could not be finally clarified. The significance of the holocrine secretion in the adenohypophysis might be seen in the maintenance of a certain base-line secretion, while the fine hormonal regulation presumably is controlled by exocytosis, with the release of individual hormones being receptor mediated. PMID- 3202322 TI - [The tongue as a factor in craniofacial growth. 3. The influence of the height and angle of the lower jaw]. AB - In the miniature pig MINI-LEWE partial glossectomy had no significant effects on vertical growth of the lower jaw, growth of the upper jaw or overall skull growth. No relationship was found between age at glossectomy or post-surgical interval and the size of the gonion angle. The tongue, peri-oral muscles and the muscles of the floor of the mouth are in a state of functional equilibrium which changes in the course of development, the influence of either the tongue or the peri-oral muscles increasing as a result. Partial disruption of this state of equilibrium leads to dysgnathia. PMID- 3202323 TI - [Sex dimorphism in the skull of the cat]. AB - There are differences in the skull of male and female cats. The temporal line of each parietal bone which lies close up to the median in the male cat, is a laterally curved line in female cats and castrated males. The temporal line continues to the external crista of frontal bone and forms in this way with the other side a small parietal plane in the male, and a arched one in female and castrated males. This is possibly caused by a sex hormone dependent formation of temporal muscle. PMID- 3202324 TI - Immunohistochemical identification of prolactin-producing cells in pituitary isografts in CBA mice. AB - Prolactin producing cells were investigated in pituitary isografts placed from female donor to female host CBA mice and also in the in situ pituitary gland of the graft-bearing host mice. Prolactin-producing cells were identified immunohistochemically using anti-mouse prolactin serum. Light microscopically, the cells with immunoreactive prolactin granules are present throughout the entire area of pituitary isografts, but less frequently in the in situ pituitary gland of the host mice. Electron microscopically, prolactin-producing cells may be classified into 3 types mainly based upon immunoreactive prolactin granules. Prolactin-producing cells in the pituitary grafts are classified as modified type III cells containing numerous immunoreactive prolactin granules resembling those found in the type III cells well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and enlarged Golgi apparatus. In contrast, following 5 d of the treatment with 2-bromo-alpha ergocriptine, both type III and modified type III cells were decreased in number and type II cells were increased, and the cytoplasmic organella in these prolactin-producing cells appeared to be poorly developed. PMID- 3202325 TI - [The end of the deep palmar arch on its ulnar face]. AB - In 95.5% the radial artery unites in the depth of the palma manus with an artery, which finds its origin in the ulnar artery or one of her branches. In 20.9% this artery originates from the ulnar artery proximally to the Hamulus ossis hamati and joins the Ramus profundus nervi ulnaris to reach the depth of the palma manus. In 74.6% the artery originates distally to the Hamulus ossis hamati and passes the Hypothenar muscles on their radial side to reach the radial artery. This second, rarely mentioned, artery is the branch of the Arteria digitalis palmaris propria for the ulnar margin of the fifth finger, an Arteria digitalis palmaris communis or the Arteria ulnaris. PMID- 3202326 TI - Correlations between posterior gastric artery and superior polar artery in human anatomy. AB - We investigated the correlations in incidence and anatomy of 2 splenic artery branches, the Posterior Gastric Artery (PGA) and the Superior Polar Artery (SPA). In the literature these 2 branches were never described on one and the same splenic artery. We studied the splenic arteries of 126 corpses and found a cranio sinistrally directed branch of the splenic artery in 76.2%. It appeared as a PGA (only stomachial supply) in 27.7% and as a SPA (only splenic supply) in 3.27%. In the most cases we detected an intermediate-type--we called it "gastrosplenic artery = GSA"--having a posterior gastric and a superior polar branch simultaneously. Such a "gastrosplenic artery" leaves the main trunk of the splenic artery in its middle segment in cranio--sinistral direction and falls apart into a posterior gastric and a superior splenic branch both with various differences in caliber. All these variations are described, nomenclature and the functional and surgical importance of these findings are discussed. PMID- 3202327 TI - Occurrence of three supernumerary muscles in adult human hand supporting recent developmental concept of muscle layers in the autopodium. AB - The authors report on the simultaneous occurrence of short supernumerary muscles on the palmar and dorsal sides of an adult human hand. The supernumerary muscle on the palmar side of the hand took its origin from the tendon of the m. flexor digitorum superficialis in the distal third of the forearm, sharing its insertion with that of the m. lumbricalis primus, and taking its innervation from the n. medianus. With regard to its origin, the muscle may be a supernumerary belly of the m. flexor digitorum superficalis which failed to make its way to the forearm during development. With regard to its insertion, though, it can just as well represent a detached part of the m. lumbricalis primus whose tendon became attached to the m. flexor digitorum superficialis at the time of simultaneous development of those muscles of the hand. By their origin, insertion, innervation and position, the muscles on the dorsal side of the hand were identified, in part, as mm. interossei dorsales accessorii in the 2nd and 3rd intermetacarpal spaces which are constantly found in man as a developmental feature to become rudimentary in some cases later on, in part, as an anomalous m. extensor digitorum brevis of the 2nd and 3rd fingers. PMID- 3202328 TI - Histochemical fiber type composition in 12 skeletal muscles of miniature pigs. AB - In 12 skeletal muscles of adult miniature pigs histochemical fiber type analysis was performed. Longissimus dorsi, psoas major, diaphragm and fore- and hind-limb muscles were composed from SO, FOG and FG fiber types showing characteristic clump distribution. The muscles differed in the first place by the frequencies of SO and FG types (7-70% and 19-79% respectively); the proportion of FOG type varied considerably less (10-32%). On the other hand in the masseter muscle only SO and FOG types with a mosaic distribution were demonstrated (28% and 72% respectively). In the majority of muscles the prevailing fiber type has also the largest diameter, but the differences between individual types were mostly insignificant. The largest diameter was found in the masseter muscle fibers- around 70 microns, which is 20-30 microns more than in the other muscles. PMID- 3202329 TI - [Coincidental appearance of PKD and Sphaerospora sp. (Myxosporidia) in stock of Salmo gairdneri (Osteichthyes)]. AB - For the first time in Europe simultaneous occurrence of PKX and Sphaerospora sp. is recorded in Salmo gairdneri. Myxosporidian (?) forms hitherto not described have been observed in the kidney interstitium and the epithelium of the renal tubules, sporadically also in the swimbladder wall and the intestinal wall, besides the typical PKX organism in the kidney interstitium. Sporogonic stages and spores of a Sphaerospora species have been found in the lumen of the renal tubules. Neither the exact identification of the Sphaerospora species has been possible, nor the final proof, whether the luminal form, the hitherto undescribed extraluminal forms and PKX belong to one another. PMID- 3202330 TI - Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum: isoenzyme patterns of malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme. AB - The MDH isoenzymes and ME isoenzymes (EC.1.1.1.39) in two helminth parasites, F. hepatica and D. dendriticum, obtained from two host species (Capra hircus and Ovis aries), were studied by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. F. hepatica MDH showed three isoenzymatic bands; D. dendriticum MDH, only two. No difference was noted between the enzyme profiles, or the densitometric scans in samples from specimens from different host species. F. hepatica ME presented three bands, that of D. dendriticum, only two. Only in F. hepatica were differences observed between the enzyme profiles of specimens obtained from the different host species. PMID- 3202331 TI - Environmental stress and parasitic infections: I. The effects of Gramoxone and Hexadrin on embryo and hatching of Fasciola gigantica miracidia. AB - The effect of two chemical compounds commonly used in agriculture, Gramoxone (a herbicide) and Hexadrin (an insecticide) on embryonic development and hatching of Fasciola gigantica miracidia were experimentally assessed. These two pesticides were introduced in varying quantities into petri dishes containing unembryonated eggs of the trematode for a period of 30 days. LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% hatching) values were determined for them. For gramoxone it was 2 ppm and for Hexadrin it was 2.5 ppm. Results also show that at 4 ppm and 5.5 ppm the pesticides achieve 99.0% mortality of eggs. At sublethal concentrations they cause prolongation of embryonic processes and inhibition of hatching of miracidia. PMID- 3202332 TI - A pulmonary infiltrate in a child with ataxia telangiectasia. PMID- 3202333 TI - The art and science of allergy skin testing. AB - Demographic information, symptoms, and allergy skin test data from 809 patients from four allergy practices (A, B, C, and D) were statistically evaluated. A panel of 42 allergens were used for a total of 24,293 tests. Allergen positivity ranged from 51% for house dust to 9% for cat/dog. The patient population had primarily respiratory tract spring symptoms. Significant differences between the practices were found for (1) the number of skin tests done per patient, (2) the number of positive tests per patient, and (3) the grading of a positive test. A patient had a 3-fold to 6-fold greater chance of being found atopic by practice C or D than by practice A with practice B being intermediate. These differences highlight the need for less variation and better diagnostic standardization in the practice of allergy. PMID- 3202334 TI - Serum and urinary aluminum levels in patients receiving alum-precipitated allergenic extracts. AB - Indications of aluminum (Al) loading and possible toxicity were sought on three occasions in each of six otherwise healthy patients on maintenance therapy with alum-precipitated allergenic extracts. As compared with age-matched controls receiving conventional aqueous immunotherapy, alum-treated patients had slightly higher levels of serum and urinary Al, suggesting slightly increased body burdens. Neither serum Al levels nor calculated urinary aluminum:creatinine ratios fell outside the broad normal ranges currently accepted for these determinations. Furthermore, no patient showed laboratory or clinical evidence of aluminum toxicity. PMID- 3202335 TI - Exercise-induced anaphylaxis related to food intake. AB - On one occasion, a healthy, male college athlete ate shrimp three and one-half hours before his usual, strenuous exercise. Several minutes after exercise, generalized anaphylaxis occurred which required emergency medical management. Physicians who work at sites where individuals exercise should be prepared for immediate treatment of this rare but important syndrome in order to avoid possible morbidity and mortality. PMID- 3202336 TI - Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity: multitest CMI reliability assessment in groups of volunteers. AB - Inter-reader and intra-reader reliability was assessed in two groups of adult volunteers tested for delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) by the Multitest CMI system. The first group had tests applied on both forearms and three readers measured each reaction site twice. The second group had tests applied on one forearm and each of two readers measured the reactions independently. Intra reader and inter-reader reliability coefficients were moderately high and similar for the sums and the number of positive skin reactions for both study groups. These results indicate that the Multitest CMI system is a reliable method to assess and quantify DCH. PMID- 3202337 TI - [Peranesthetic malignant hyperthermia]. PMID- 3202338 TI - Train-of-four fade of non depolarizing muscle relaxants: an insight into the mechanism of precurarization. AB - This study was carried out to assess the prejunctional effect of non depolarizing muscle relaxants during the onset of neuromuscular blockade using the train-of four ratio (TR). The prejunctional effect was compared with previous results concerning the ability of the relaxants to prevent suxamethonium-induced fasciculations. Fifty-three adult patients were relaxed with small incremental doses of either alcuronium (0.03 mg.kg-1), atracurium (0.04 mg.kg-1), pancuronium (0.01 mg.kg-1), d-tubocurarine (0.05 mg.kg-1) or vecuronium (0.01 mg.kg-1) during anaesthesia with thiopentone, fentanyl and nitrous oxide in oxygen. The muscle relaxant was given after recovery from an initial suxamethonium blockade needed for tracheal intubation. The evoked integrated EMG response to supramaximal train of-four (2 Hz) stimulation was recorded every 20 s. TR % was calculated at different first twitch (T1) levels during the onset of neuromuscular blockade. Significant changes occurred at the 100% and 90% T1 levels, alcuronium having the lowest mean TR values. Atracurium, pancuronium and vecuronium gave similar TR values. Results with d-tubocurarine placed it between alcuronium and the others. These train-of-four ratio results were compared with the ability of non depolarizing muscle relaxants to prevent fasciculations. In conclusion, the stronger the train-of-four fade, the greater was the ability of the relaxant to prevent suxamethonium-induced fasciculations. This supports the theory that the blockade of prejunctional cholinergic receptors is the mechanism of action of precurarization. PMID- 3202339 TI - [Comparative repercussions of general and spinal anesthesia on the psychological functions of the aged subject]. AB - Although worsening cerebral function in the elderly is often said to be due to anaesthesia, it still remains to be proved that anesthesia acts on an elderly patient's psychological make-up. This study aimed to compare the psychological effects of general or spinal anaesthesia on 35 patients more than 70-yr old under repair of a subcapital femoral fracture, after having excluded 63 patients. They were randomly divided into two groups, the first receiving a spinal anaesthetic with 1.5 mg.kg-1 prilocaine (RA; n = 19), and the others a general anaesthetic with 5 mg.kg-1 thiopentone, dextromoramide, nitrous oxide and enflurane (GA; n = 16). None of the patients wer given a premedication. They underwent a battery of six psychological tests before and 36 h after surgery, all carried out by the same physician. Six patients in GA group and three in RA group developed a transient fall in mean blood pressure just after anaesthetic induction (not significant). There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, sex distribution, ASA class and performance in the tests, both before and after surgery. Individual psychological scores did not differ either. In the RA group, the postoperative tests were even better carried out than before surgery (p less than 0.05). It could therefore be concluded that anaesthesia alone has little impact on the psychological status of elderly patients. PMID- 3202340 TI - [Multiple laryngotracheal block for the biopsy of the base of the tongue and of the piriform sinuses during laryngoscopy]. AB - Most laryngoscopies with diagnostic biopsies are usually carried out under general anaesthesia. Multiple laryngotracheal blocks were used in the patient reported; this 55 year old man presented with cachexia and a history of severe angina, myocardial infarction, arterial hypertension and chronic bronchitis. The different nerve blocks were carried out with a total of 2 mg.kg-1 lignocaine: the superior laryngeal nerve trunk, the internal laryngeal nerve, the trachea (by an intratracheal injection) and the tongue (using a lignocaine gel). The whole procedure was well tolerated by the patient. The advantages and disadvantages of this technique are discussed. PMID- 3202342 TI - [Central pontine myelinolysis and hyponatremia]. AB - Central pontine myelinolysis is a rare, but probably underreported, complication of the treatment of severe hyponatraemia. The typical presentation, with pseudobulbar palsy, quadriplegia and locked-in syndrome, made the diagnosis clinically possible in the two new cases reported. It was confirmed by computed tomography (CT). Serial CT scans in one case showed the chronological dissociation, as there was complete resolution of the pontine lucency several months after complete clinical recovery. Osmotic demyelination is suspected, but it remains unproven. Although recent evidence has suggested that too rapid a correction of severe hyponatraemia may be a possible factor, the two cases described occurred after slow correction. It would seem that rapid correction to a level of mild hyponatraemia (128-132 mmol.l-1) may be safe, reducing the morbidity of severe hyponatraemia without having central pontine myelinolysis. PMID- 3202341 TI - [Changes in intracranial pressure in severe head injured patients in hemodialysis]. AB - Two cases of acute post-traumatic renal failure in severely head injured patients are reported. An increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) was shown up by continuous monitoring during haemodialysis: it was more important during conventional haemodialysis than during continuous arteriovenous haemofiltration. Although this effect is well known experimentally, few cases of continuous ICP pressure monitoring have been reported in head injury patients undergoing haemodialysis. The increase in ICP is explained in the dog as a result of blood brain differences in urea concentration and osmolality leading to an increase in cerebral spinal fluid volume and cerebral tissue swelling. If dialysis is necessary in these patients, it should be carried out early and progressively, the patient's ICP being monitored continuously. PMID- 3202344 TI - [Pulse oximetry and thoracopulmonary surgery]. AB - Arterial blood gases are invasive and they provide intermittent information only. On the other hand, pulse oximetry is non invasive, providing continuous monitoring of SaO2 (SpO2). A study was therefore carried out in twelve patients undergoing lung and intrathoracic surgery to determine whether pulse oximetry was a reliable method of monitoring. The SpO2 values obtained using a Physiocontrol Oximeter (Lifestat 1600) were compared with those given by blood gas measurements (SaO2). When ventilation was switched to one-lung ventilation, PaO2 fell in all cases, whatever the method of monitoring, with PaCO2 remaining constant. 46 paired values of SaO2 were compared using linear regression analysis. Correlation between the two methods was good (r = 0.95; p less than 0.001). Pulse oximetry would therefore seem to provide a reliable method of continuous noninvasive and accurate monitoring of oxygenation during lung surgery. PMID- 3202343 TI - [Block of the cervical plexus for the unipolar exclusion of a gastroplasty after bronchial fistula]. AB - A 46 year old man was operated on for an oesophageal carcinoma. Total oesophagectomy and gastroplasty were carried out. Postoperatively, a fistula developed between the gastroplasty and the right main bronchus. This led to respiratory impairment, with pulmonary infection, pleural effusion and hypoxia; the patient could not remain supine. A cervical oesophagostomy was decided on; to carry it out, a cervical plexus block was preferred to a cervical epidural anaesthesia because of the lesser respiratory and haemodynamic effects of the former technique. The procedure was well supported by the patient, and no significant hypoxia was detected by continuous pulse oximetry. Artificial ventilation of this patient was therefore successfully avoided. PMID- 3202345 TI - [Circulatory arrest and adrenaline]. PMID- 3202346 TI - [Cephalalgia and hemophilia A]. PMID- 3202347 TI - [Deprogrammation of an artificial pacemaker with the electric scalpel]. PMID- 3202348 TI - Directions. PMID- 3202349 TI - Directions. Tips to make your job search a winner. PMID- 3202351 TI - Directions. Compensation is more than a paycheck. PMID- 3202350 TI - Directions. Nurses in business create new options. PMID- 3202352 TI - Directions. Nurses say 'This is where I want to be.'. PMID- 3202353 TI - Directions. RCT plan threatens nursing's future. PMID- 3202355 TI - Retirement program adopted, provides portability options. PMID- 3202354 TI - Directions. Your future may depend on liability insurance. PMID- 3202356 TI - Nurses find ways to ease shortage: recruit, retain. PMID- 3202357 TI - 'Day at ANA' reminds her of membership benefits. PMID- 3202358 TI - How do I sell nursing? Listen to this. PMID- 3202360 TI - President's perspective. United we stand. PMID- 3202359 TI - COAR: commission seeks best option for strong ANA. PMID- 3202361 TI - Study of liability claims releases first findings. PMID- 3202362 TI - Fund raising is a way to ease RN shortage. Interview by Patricia McCarty. PMID- 3202363 TI - Opposition grows: AMA plan appears to have few friends. PMID- 3202365 TI - This wonderful career demands your best. PMID- 3202364 TI - Nursing commission hears AMA defend RCT proposal. PMID- 3202366 TI - Welcome to a credible profession. PMID- 3202367 TI - As I see it--students deserve our encouragement, support. PMID- 3202368 TI - Studies on the epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteriosis in Japan. AB - The epidemiology of mycobacterial disease in Japan changed considerably over the period 1971 to 1984. During this time, the incidence of pulmonary disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis has steadily declined; disease caused by M. avium complex has remained stable; disease caused by M. kansasii has increased considerably; and, for the first time, substantial numbers of cases caused by M. szulgai, M. fortuitum, M. chelonae, and M. nonchromogenicum have been reported. From 1981 to 1984 the incidence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterioses (NTM) was estimated at 1.73 +/- 0.25 cases per 100,000 population per year; of these, M. avium complex constituted 1.29 +/- 0.24 and M. kansasii 0.34 +/- 0.11 per 100,000 per year. The prevalence of the NTM was relatively high in southwestern Japan (industrialized, warm climate) and low in northern Japan (rural, cold). PMID- 3202369 TI - The effects of controlled oxygen therapy on ventricular function in patients with stable and decompensated cor pulmonale. AB - We made simultaneous measurements of pulmonary hemodynamics, cardiac output, and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) to assess the right ventricular function in 14 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension as a result of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). From these measurements, the right ventricular end-systolic pressure/volume relationship could be calculated and used to assess right ventricular contractility. Eight of the patients were clinically stable, without edema, and 6 presented acutely with gross edema, indicating decompensated cor pulmonale. Measurements were made at rest, while breathing air and oxygen. Although mean pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa) was similar in those with (Ppa = 33 +/- 6 mm Hg) and without edema (Ppa = 30 +/- 8 mm Hg, p greater than 0.05), RVEF was lower in edematous (RVEF = 0.23 +/- 0.11) compared with non-edematous patients (RVEF = 0.47 +/- 0.04, p less than 0.01). Cardiac output was normal in both groups. The mean right ventricular end-systolic pressure/volume ratio (P/V) was lower in those patients with edema (P/V = 0.41 +/ 0.27), as compared with those without edema (P/V = 1.69 +/- 0.35, p less than 0.05), as a result of an increase in right ventricular end-systolic volume index. Similarly, left ventricular end-systolic volumes were higher in edematous than in non-edematous patients. Breathing 1 to 3 L/min of oxygen for 30 min decreased total pulmonary vascular resistance (p less than 0.05) in those patients without edema, but not in patients with edema. Oxygen did not change RVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), or the ventricular end-systolic P/V relationships.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202371 TI - Histamine bronchoconstriction reduces airway responsiveness in asthmatic subjects. AB - Tachyphylaxis occurs to repeated challenges with inhaled histamine but not with inhaled acetylcholine in asthmatic subjects. This study was undertaken to determine whether prior histamine bronchoconstriction reduces airway responsiveness to inhaled acetylcholine in mild asthmatic subjects demonstrating histamine tachyphylaxis. All subjects developed histamine tachyphylaxis with repeated histamine challenge. The mean histamine PC20 increased from 3.74 to 5.92 mg/ml (p less than 0.005) when the histamine challenges were separated by 1 h. Prior acetylcholine bronchoconstriction did not reduce airway responsiveness to subsequent inhalation of either acetylcholine or histamine in these subjects. However, histamine inhalation did reduce airway responsiveness to acetylcholine in all subjects. The mean acetylcholine PC20 following acetylcholine inhalation was 3.37 mg/ml (%SD 2.17) and this increased to 7.76 mg/ml (%SD 1.80) after histamine inhalation (p less than 0.0005). Thus, this study demonstrates that prior histamine, but not acetylcholine, bronchoconstriction can partially protect against bronchoconstriction caused by both histamine and acetylcholine. Therefore, reduced airway responsiveness caused by histamine bronchoconstriction is specific for histamine and is not due to bronchoconstriction per se. However, the reduced airway responsiveness following histamine bronchoconstriction, is nonspecific. PMID- 3202370 TI - Theophylline minimally inhibits bronchoconstriction induced by dry cold air inhalation in asthmatic subjects. AB - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a sustained-release theophylline preparation on bronchial responsiveness to cold dry air inhalation in asthmatic subjects. Sixteen adult subjects with asthma in a clinical steady state underwent 3 isocapnic cold air challenges on 3 consecutive days at a time when they had not received oral theophylline medication over the past 3 days. The dose of cold air causing a 20% (PD20) fall in FEV1 was obtained from each subject's dose-response curve. Subjects were then administered active or placebo sustained-release theophylline preparations according to a double-blind, randomized, two-treatment crossover design. Medication was given for a minimum of 3 consecutive days. PD20 was reassessed on 4 different days, 3 to 4 h after receiving active or placebo medication (two visits for each medication). We found a significant bronchodilator effect of theophylline as compared to the placebo (mean +/- SD differences in changes of FEV1 of 8.8 +/- 1.9%). We also documented a significant blocking effect of the active medication as opposed to the placebo on PD20 (p = 0.01). This difference (mean = 0.18 on the loge scale) was statistically beyond the intraindividual between-day variability observed on the 3 control days (p less than 0.001) but was physiologically minimal. This blocking effect was also partially related to changes in airway caliber. We conclude that theophylline showed a blocking effect on bronchial responsiveness to dry cold air, which was physiologically minimal and was partially related to changes in airway caliber. PMID- 3202372 TI - High levels of transforming growth factor-beta are present in the epithelial lining fluid of the normal human lower respiratory tract. AB - Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), a mediator capable of modulating a broad range of effects on the behavior of many normal cells, was found in high concentrations in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the normal human lower respiratory tract. Although plasma contained small amounts of TGF-beta, the concentrations of TGF-beta in normal ELF were in the 200 to 300 pM range, more than 15-fold higher. This ELF TGF-beta had similar physical characteristics to purified human platelet TGF-beta, competed with platelet TGF-beta for its receptor on A549 carcinoma cells, and stimulated the anchorage-independent growth of NRK cells in soft agar in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Furthermore, ELF TGF-beta suppressed diploid lung fibroblast proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion similar to platelet TGF-beta. In the context of these observations and with the known biologic properties of this molecule, TGF-beta in ELF has the potential to play a role in a variety of cellular processes in the lower respiratory tract. PMID- 3202373 TI - Assessment of lung water distribution by nuclear magnetic resonance. A new method for quantifying and monitoring experimental lung injury. AB - We have developed a new analytical method that uses nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging data to quantify lung water content and distribution. This new method generates a distribution of lung water density in which the fraction of voxels corresponding to a given water density is plotted on the vertical axis as a function of water density on the horizontal axis, thereby complementing the spatial information provided by the NMR image. We obtained reproducible lung water distribution data at comparable lung volumes in normal excised lungs and in intact living rats. In normal excised unperfused rat lungs, the distribution varied with the degree of inflation, but the changes were small compared with those associated with lung edema. The lung water density distribution changed markedly after induction of lung edema by intrabronchial saline instillation, intravenous oleic acid injection, and rapid intravenous saline infusion. Lung water density distribution data were well correlated (correlation coefficient = 0.948 for the excised lungs and 0.823 for the intact living rats) with gravimetric lung water measurements. The new analytical method is noninvasive, provides easily repeatable measurements, and is as sensitive as the gravimetric technique to lung water changes. PMID- 3202374 TI - Effects of cigarette smoke on tissue uptake and retention of iron oxide in the guinea pig. AB - We have previously shown that cigarette smoke increases retention and tissue penetration of asbestos, a pathogenic dust. To determine whether these same phenomena occur with an inert dust, we administered iron oxide particles to guinea pigs by intratracheal instillation. Half of the animals were exposed to cigarette smoke. Animals were killed at 1 day, 1 wk, and 1 month. Numbers of particles in airway epithelia and walls were counted in histologic sections of one lung, and the other lung was analyzed chemically for iron content. In both smoke-exposed and nonexposed groups, the chemically determined concentration of iron in the lung tissue decreased between 1 day and 1 month; however, the concentration of iron was significantly greater in the smoke-exposed group at 1 day and 1 wk. By 1 month, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. The number of particles in the epithelia of respiratory bronchioles also decreased in both smoke-exposed and nonexposed groups between 1 day and 1 month, but the smoke-exposed group had significantly more intraepithelial particles at 1 day and 1 wk than did the nonexposed group. The number of particles in the walls of respiratory bronchioles increased between 1 day and 1 month in both smoke exposed and nonexposed groups; the difference between these groups was significant only at 1 wk, when airway walls of the smoke-exposed animals contained more particles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202376 TI - Mechanisms of expiratory valves resistance. AB - Expiratory valves are the major source of resistance in ventilator circuits. Some valves, particularly under certain conditions, cause high resistances. To establish the mechanisms of expiratory valve resistance (R), we measured R of 4 commercial valves under several experimental conditions. The pressure above the diaphragm of one of the valves was also measured. The results reveal that all valves produce significant resistance to air outflow. This resistance is the result of the physical and functional interplay of several valve components. (1) In most valves, the dimensions of the air pathway through the valve contribute minimally to resistance in spite of its tortuosity. (2) The diaphragm adds a major contribution to valve resistance particularly at low flows. The diaphragm effect has 2 components: its weight--a gravity-dependent, fixed effect most predominant at very low flows and evident in all the valves--and a spring-like effect--a component related to the resistance of the diaphragm to deformation and of variable magnitude in different valves. Because of diaphragm-related components at low flows, valves behave as variable threshold resistors. (3) There is limitation to air egress from above the diaphragm at higher exhaled flows, which further contributes to valve resistance. The first and last components cause the valves to function also as flow resistors. Constant flows effectively counteract the diaphragm spring-like effect. Measuring valve resistance during constant flow underestimates the resistance that occurs under dynamic flow conditions characteristic of clinical situations. PMID- 3202375 TI - Effects of unilateral pleural symphysis on respiratory system mechanics and gas exchange in anesthetized dogs. AB - Lateral thoracotomy with pleural abrasion and application of talc was performed on 8 adult beagle dogs. The dogs had no effusion detectable on roentgenogram at the time of study, and obliteration of the pleural space was later confirmed by autopsy. With the dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia, lung mechanics and gas exchange were studied before and 5 wk after surgery. Total lung capacity decreased to 78% of control value (p less than 0.05). After the operation, pressure-volume curves of the respiratory system were shifted down, along with significantly decreased compliance. Maximal flow at constant lung volume was not significantly increased. Arterial O2 and CO2 tensions were not significantly different. Rebreathing DLCO normalized for lung volume was unchanged. The slope of phase III of a single-breath nitrogen test was increased (p less than 0.05) after surgery. Unilateral surgical obliteration of the pleural space results in a pure restrictive pattern. It does not affect the gas exchange surface. The increase in the slope of phase III is suggestive of a nonhomogeneous distribution of ventilation. PMID- 3202377 TI - Effect of transdiaphragmatic pressure partitioning on activation and fatigue of the diaphragm. AB - Fatiguing contractions of the diaphragm during inspiratory resistive loading are accompanied by a predictable rate of decay in the high/low (H/L) frequency ratio of the diaphragmatic EMG (EMG-DI) when the esophageal and gastric pressure (Pes and Pga) components of transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) are equal. However, Pes and Pga do not contribute equally to Pdi under a number of clinical and physiologic conditions. We therefore tested the effect of varying the Pes and Pga contribution to Pdi on the EMG-DI using an esophageal electrode in 5 normal men during fatiguing contractions. Falls in the H/L occurred in all subjects regardless of the relative contribution of Pes and Pga to Pdi at a tension-time index of 0.29 +/- 0.1 (mean +/- SE). However, the time constant of decay of the H/L varied widely among subjects when Pes predominated (173.9 +/- 45.7 s; coefficient of variation, 58.7%) or Pga predominated (78.4 +/- 19.4 s; coefficient of variation, 55.2%), whereas it was consistent among subjects when Pes and Pga were equal (72.3 +/- 3.8 s; coefficient of variation, 11.6%). In addition, a significant relationship was found between the mean integrated activity of the EMG-DI compared with maximum and the time constant of decay of the H/L (r = 0.57, p less than 0.03). We conclude that the differences in the rate of decay of the H/L was at least partly a result of differences in the relative activation of the crural diaphragm at the same Pdi. PMID- 3202378 TI - Respiratory pressure partitioning during quiet inspiration in unilateral and bilateral diaphragmatic weakness. AB - To compensate for diaphragmatic weakness, intercostal/accessory muscles may be recruited in inspiration and/or abdominal muscles in expiration with relaxation during subsequent inspiration. As a consequence, for a given decrease in pleural pressure (Ppl) during quiet inspiration (qi), abdominal pressure (Pab) should either undergo a smaller increase than normal or, in severe cases, decrease. If so, the ratio of change in Pab to Ppl during qi (delta Pab/delta Ppl(qi], which is normally less than -1 when upright, should increase, approaching +1 in profound diaphragmatic weakness. To examine the relationship between degree of diaphragmatic weakness and delta Pab/delta Ppl(qi), we measured (erect and supine) anteroposterior rib cage and abdominal motion, Pab, Ppl, and transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) during qi, maximal inspiration (Pdi(max)mi) and maximal inspiratory effort at FRC (Pdi(max)FRC) in 10 patients with bilateral and 8 with unilateral diaphragmatic weakness. Pdi(max)mi and Pdi(max)FRC were low in all patients. delta Pab/delta Ppl(qi) (erect) was increased in all patients (0.28 +/- 0.7; mean +/- SD) and correlated closely with both Pdi(max)mi (r = -0.89, p less than 0.001) and Pdi(max)FRC (r = -0.76, p less than 0.001). There was extensive overlap in the data between unilateral and bilateral diaphragmatic weakness. The ratio of delta Pdi during qi to Pdi(max)FRC was less than 0.31 in all patients. The results suggest that delta Pab/delta Ppl(qi) is a useful index of the degree of diaphragmatic weakness and that the functional consequences of unilateral and bilateral weakness are not rigidly separable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202379 TI - Ethanol-induced depression of hypoxic drive and reversal by naloxone--a sex difference. AB - The effects of ethanol ingestion and subsequent intravenously administered naloxone on the ventilatory response to hypercapnic hypoxia in 8 normal males and 8 normal females were examined. The responses of controls were lower in the females (-0.63 +/- 0.07 L/min/% SaO2) than the males (-1.11 +/- 0.18 L/min/% SaO2). Alcohol depressed the male response to a mean of -0.50 +/- 0.08 L/min/%SaO2 (p less than 0.01) but increased the mean female response to -0.87 +/ 0.11 L/min/%SaO2 (p less than 0.01). Naloxone reversed the ethanol-induced depression of the hypercapnic hypoxic response in males, but had no effect on the female response. In males there was a direct correlation between the magnitude of the initial hypoxic response and the extent of depression by ethanol; the higher the response the greater the depression. Females showed a significant direct correlation between the blood alcohol and the increase in hypercapnic hypoxic slope, whereas males showed a weaker inverse correlation to blood alcohol level. These results demonstrate that ethanol depresses male but not female hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness and suggest that this is mediated by opioid-like mechanisms. Because the alcohol-induced depression was seen in subjects with a high control hypoxic response, the male-female difference might simply reflect initially lower control responses in females. This suggests a qualitative difference in hypoxic ventilatory control mechanisms between sexes. PMID- 3202380 TI - Regulation of the procoagulant activity within the bronchoalveolar compartment of normal human lung. AB - The nature of the procoagulant activity of normal bronchoalveolar fluid was examined both qualitatively and quantitatively. Unconcentrated, cell-free lavage freshly obtained from normal volunteers clotted normal plasma in a mean of 84 +/- 20 s. The procoagulant activity was initiated by Factor VII-tissue factor complexes as judged by differential activity in various plasmas genetically deficient in single clotting factors, by neutralization of the procoagulant activity with antibodies to either Factor VII or tissue factor, and by a Factor X activation assay. Preincubation of the lavage with calcium was required to demonstrate Factor VII activity in unconcentrated samples. The cell-free fluid contained about 8,500 thromboplastin units/mg protein, equivalent to a third of the thromboplastin standard and indicating high amounts of cofactor. Quantitation of Factor VII was estimated by functional analysis in coagulation and amidolytic assays with reference to dilutions of normal plasma of known Factor VII concentration. When lavage and diluted plasma were adjusted to yield equivalent amidolytic activities, the average ratio of the Factor VII-clotting activity of the alveolar fluid relative to plasma Factor VII was 19 +/- 7, suggesting the presence of Factor VIIa in lavage. In contrast to previous reports with serum or activated plasma, immunoblots of concentrated lavage revealed only single-chain Factor VII, and 125I-Factor VII added to the fluid was not converted to 125I Factor VIIa, suggesting a unique control mechanism in the lung compartment which differs from plasma. When equivalent Factor VII amidolytic activities in diluted plasma and cell-free lavage were compared, the rates of Factor Xa formation were very similar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202381 TI - Isolation and partial characterization of human low molecular weight protein associated with pulmonary surfactant. AB - A low molecular weight (MW) protein was isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a patient with alveolar proteinosis. The protein was isolated on DEAE cellulose and CM-cellulose columns by a cross-reaction with the monoclonal antibody against pig low MW protein (15 kDa) used as a marker. Acidic ethanol soluble proteins obtained from the fractions eluted by 0.09 to 0.16 M NaCl concentration from the CM-cellulose column migrated mainly as a 15-kDa band in the SDS-PAGE system without urea but mainly as a 5-kDa band in a system with 8 M urea. The isoelectric point of the protein was pH 10 to 11, and it contained a large proportion of hydrophobic amino acids (72%), especially leucine (17%). The arginine content was also high (9%). Two monoclonal antibodies were raised against this low MW protein, and immunohistochemical studies revealed that the antigen was located in the inclusions of alveolar wall cells in normal lungs and in lungs from a patient with alveolar proteinosis. These results indicate that the low MW protein originates from lamellar inclusions of alveolar wall cells (possibly type II epithelial cells) and is secreted into alveolar spaces. PMID- 3202383 TI - Evaluation of intrathoracic extent of lung cancer by plain chest radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. AB - A comparison was made of the ability of plain chest radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect and assess the intrathoracic extent of lung cancer in 46 patients. The chest radiographs (CXR) were obtained with a high kilovoltage phototimed technique. The CT scans were obtained with a GE 9800 machine and the MRI studies with a 0.3 Tesla permanent magnet imaging system. The primary tumor was well demonstrated by all 3 imaging techniques; however, the configuration of lesions was best demonstrated by CT. MRI was superior to CXR and CT for demonstrating hilar involvement in 4 cases. CT and MRI were generally comparable for demonstrating mediastinal involvement but were superior to CXR. In 2 cases, small normal size nodes seen on CT were considered to be a single large abnormal node on MRI. Because of the paucity of signal from flowing blood, compression and displacement of vessels were easier to identify with MRI. In 1 case, a small pleural effusion was better seen with CT than with CXR or with MRI. Direct chest wall involvement in 1 case was not seen by CXR. Vertebral body abnormality in another case was seen only by MRI and not by CXR or CT. At present, MRI, with its long scanning time, motion degradation of the image, and poor spatial resolution, is inferior to CT for imaging lung cancer. For evaluation of intrathoracic extent of lung cancer, CT remains the procedure of choice after performing plain chest radiography. PMID- 3202382 TI - Blast cells transfer experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis in guinea pigs. AB - We previously demonstrated that experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) can be transferred by lymph node cells (LNC) cultured in vitro with antigen. The purpose of this study was to identify the cells responsible for transfer and to determine if pulmonary cells can transfer HP. We cultured LNC from sensitized Strain 2 guinea pigs with a soluble extract of Micropolyspora faeni for 72 h, separated lymphoblasts from small lymphocytes, and transferred both subpopulations intravenously to syngeneic recipients. We also transferred irradiated lymphoblasts (1,500 rads), macrophage-depleted, lymphoblast-enriched populations, and pulmonary cells either without culture or after culture with M. faeni. Control animals received an equal volume of medium. All recipient animals were challenged intratracheally (i.t.) with M. faeni 48 h after the cell transfer, and they were killed 4 days after i.t. challenge. Randomly selected microscopic fields of the lung (250/animal) were judged to be normal or abnormal without knowledge of treatment. This measurement was reproducible (r = 0.95 for duplicate measurements, n = 55). All guinea pigs were maintained in HEPA-filtered air. There was a low level of pulmonary response to an i.t. challenge of M. faeni in animals that received medium. Animals that received pulmonary cells, either cultured or noncultured, did not differ from those in the control group. There was a substantial increase (p less than 0.01) in the extent of pulmonary abnormalities in the recipients of the lymphoblast population, with significant correlation (r = 0.87, p less than 0.01) between the number of lymphoblasts transferred and the extent of pulmonary abnormalities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202384 TI - NHLBI workshop summary. Scientific issues in the assessment of respiratory impairment. PMID- 3202385 TI - Lung function in Polynesians. PMID- 3202386 TI - What does exercise have to do with "exercise-induced" asthma? PMID- 3202388 TI - Histoplasmoma, pleural fibrosis, and slowly enlarging pleural effusion in an asymptomatic patient. PMID- 3202387 TI - Leukotrienes and airway responses. PMID- 3202389 TI - Isoniazid for the tuberculin reactor: take it or leave. PMID- 3202390 TI - Bracing arms increases the capacity for sustained hyperpnea. AB - Patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) frequently lean forward, bracing their arms. We wondered whether the resulting shoulder girdle support improves the function of the ventilatory pump. We tested this possibility in 4 normal men by measuring the maximal ventilation that they could voluntarily sustain for 4 min while seated with their elbows braced firmly on a table and while seated with their elbows held just above the table. Bracing the arms increased ventilatory capacity significantly in all subjects, but the magnitude of the change was small (8%). We attribute the change to improved function of the accessory muscles that expand the rib cage. We speculate that this effect assumes greater importance in patients with COPD, whose diaphragms are flattened and ineffective, because such patients depend more on the inspiratory muscles of the rib cage. PMID- 3202391 TI - Diagnostic value of telescoping plugged catheters in mechanically ventilated patients with bacterial pneumonia using the Metras catheter. AB - A new guiding technique, Metras catheter (MC), for blindly introducing a telescoping plugged catheter (TPC) was applied to 25 mechanically ventilated patients with suspected bacterial pneumonia (BPN). Results obtained with TPC-MC were compared with those obtained with TPC using a conventional fiberoptic bronchoscope (FB) in random order. The diagnosis of BPN was definitely confirmed in 18 patients. In 7 patients, all TPC samples (MC and FB) were sterile, and a diagnosis other than BPN was proved. In the former group, colony-forming units equal to or greater than 10(3)/ml of one or more microorganisms were obtained in 61% of TPC-MC and in 66% of TPC-FB samples. These percentages increased to 64 and 71%, respectively, when 4 patients with previous antibiotic treatment were excluded from the study group. Agreement was observed between microorganisms cultured from both TPC samples in 11 of 18 patients with proved BPN (61%). Complete disparity was seen only in 2 patients (11%). Two patients developed a self-limiting hemoptysis after the TPC procedure (MC and FB, respectively). We conclude that TPC-MC is both a sensitive and specific technique for the diagnosis of BPN in mechanically ventilated patients. Because the diagnostic value of TPC MC is similar to that of TPC-FB, we propose that the MC be used in patients receiving mechanical ventilation when the FB is not available. The simplicity and lower cost of this new system are important advantages to be considered over the fiberoptic bronchoscope. PMID- 3202392 TI - The use of the internal perimeter to compare airway size and to calculate smooth muscle shortening. AB - Previous studies from our laboratory suggest that the internal airway perimeter (Pi) defined by the folded epithelial surface remains constant as the airways narrow. To test this hypothesis, we treated adjacent slices of resected lung lobes with either theophylline or carbachol and determined the dimensions of the airways in these lung slices. Transverse sections of contracted (n = 58) and relaxed (n = 55) airways were used to measure the Pi defined by the epithelial surface, lumen area (Ai), external perimeter (Pe) defined by the outer edge of the smooth muscle layer, and the external area (Ae). Wall area (WA = Ae - Ai) was calculated. The frequency distribution of internal perimeters was not significantly different for the contracted and relaxed airways, and when the square root of wall area was plotted against Pi, the regression lines for the contracted and relaxed airways were almost identical. The "relaxed" external perimeter was calculated Per = square root Pi2 + (4 pi WA), and the percentage of muscle shortening (PMS) was determined: PMS = [(Per - Pe)/Per] x 100. We conclude that Pi and WA are constant in airways whether the smooth muscle is relaxed or contracted and that Pi can be used as a marker of airway size and, under controlled conditions, can be used to calculate the smooth muscle shortening present in a given airway. PMID- 3202393 TI - Ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the rat is not accompanied by neutrophil influx or increased vascular permeability in the trachea. AB - We determined whether ozone-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the rat is accompanied by neutrophil influx or increased vascular permeability in the trachea. Three groups of female Long-Evans rats were studied. One group was exposed to 4 ppm ozone for 2 h and studied immediately thereafter, another group was similarly exposed but was not studied until 24 h after the ozone exposure, and a third group consisted of control rats that breathed room air. Increases in total pulmonary resistance caused by acetylcholine aerosol were measured to assess bronchial responsiveness in these 3 groups. In parallel studies, neutrophil influx into the tracheal mucosa was quantified by counting cells within whole mounts of tracheas that were treated histochemically to stain the myeloperoxidase in neutrophils, and tracheal vascular permeability was quantified by measuring the amount of Evans blue dye extravasated into the trachea. In the rats studied immediately after the ozone exposure, the concentration of acetylcholine required to increase total pulmonary resistance to three-fold the baseline value was only 6% of that required in the controls. In the rats studied 24 h after the ozone exposure, this provocative acetylcholine concentration was not significantly different from that of the controls. Neither the number of neutrophils in the tracheal mucosa nor the amount of Evans blue dye extravasated into the trachea was significantly different from the corresponding control values at either time. We conclude that rats exposed to ozone develop bronchial hyperresponsiveness without detectable neutrophil influx or increased vascular permeability in the trachea. PMID- 3202395 TI - Simultaneous quantification of chest wall distortion by multiple methods in preterm infants. AB - Three methods for volume partitioning were simultaneously used to study 8 preterm infants: (1) miniature magnetometers, which measured the anteroposterior diameter of the chest wall and abdomen, (2) mercury-in-rubber strain gauges, which measured circumference changes, and (3) an inductance plethysmograph (Respitrace), which reportedly measures volume changes of a coil of fine wire placed around the chest and abdomen. Volume changes of the chest wall and abdomen were calibrated against lung volume changes measured with a pneumotachograph using a multiple linear regression (MLR) method, and the partitioning was checked by airway occlusion. The abdominal signals of the 3 systems were similar. The chest wall signals from the strain gauges and inductance plethysmograph were also similar but differed from those of the magnetometers (in 2 of the infants) primarily due to differences in the phase relationship of the signals. The 95% confidence limits for estimates of changes in lung volume by the MLR method in most infants was +/- 5% using all 3 systems. The airway occlusion check, however, could not corroborate the accuracy of volume partitioning by the magnetometers in half the infants. The minute volume displacement of the diaphragm was the same for the strain gauges and the inductance plethysmograph, ranging from 48 to 127% of the pulmonary minute ventilation, and was significantly underestimated by the magnetometers (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that distortion of the sternal portion of the chest wall, as detected by the magnetometers, represents less volumetric loss than the volume lost for the entire chest wall due to paradoxical breathing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202396 TI - Tuberculosis screening in alcoholics and drug addicts. PMID- 3202394 TI - Release of soluble fibronectin containing an extra type III domain (ED1) during acute pulmonary injury mediated by oxidants or leukocytes in vivo. AB - This study was undertaken to determine if fibronectin containing an extra type III domain (ED1) is released during inflammatory injury of pulmonary tissue in vivo. ED1 fibronectin, measured by quantitative immunoassay, was markedly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (2 and 4 h posttreatment) from rabbits with lung injury resulting from intrabronchial treatment with glucose oxidase and glucose to generate H2O2. This protein comprised a greater portion of total fibronectin in BAL fluid than in plasma, suggesting local release. Leukocyte-mediated lung injury after intrabronchial or intravenous treatment with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) also affected ED1 fibronectin, triggering specific accumulation of this fibronectin variant in both BAL fluid and plasma. ED1 fibronectin in tissue fluids was largely intact and dimeric during injury, as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Compartmental release of soluble ED1 fibronectin reflects acute pulmonary injury induced by oxidants or leukocytes in vivo. PMID- 3202397 TI - Annual tuberculosis screening of hospital employees: an idea lacking supporting data. PMID- 3202398 TI - Nonadrenergic bronchodilation in normal subjects. AB - To investigate whether bronchial C-fiber stimulation induced by capsaicin inhalation evokes nonadrenergic inhibitory (NAI) system bronchodilation, we studied partial and maximal expiratory flow-volume (PEFV and MEFV) curves in 5 normal subjects after inhalation of oxitropium bromide and propranolol. PGF2 alpha (1 mg/ml inhaled for 5 min) was administered to induce bronchoconstriction. Then aerosolized capsaicin was inhaled (2.4 x 10(-9) mol) to stimulate bronchial C-fibers. PGF2 alpha produced significant bronchoconstriction; FEV1 and flow during a PEFV curve at 30% forced vital capacity (V30p) decreased over a 15-min period. Capsaicin induced significant bronchodilation; V30p increased for 2 to 6 min (0.001 less than p less than 0.02), and FEV1 increased for 2 to 4 min (p less than 0.05) when compared with saline-ethanol (vehicle of capsaicin) inhalation. After treatment with the ganglionic blocking agent hexamethonium, the significant bronchodilator response disappeared. These results suggest that the NAI system has a distinct bronchodilator action in human subjects in vivo, and that the bronchial C-fiber receptors may be involved in the reflex pathway for NAI system bronchodilation in humans. PMID- 3202399 TI - Respiratory muscle weakness during upper respiratory tract infections. AB - Global respiratory muscle strength was studied in 22 normal healthy volunteers during a 4-month winter period. Twelve subjects developed naturally acquired upper respiratory tract infections. Maximal static expiratory and inspiratory mouth pressures fell significantly during these infections. The greatest falls were documented between the third and seventh days of clinical illness. Full recovery occurred by the fourteenth day. We conclude that significant abnormalities of respiratory muscle function can occur during upper respiratory tract infections in otherwise healthy young adults. PMID- 3202400 TI - Felodipine, a new calcium antagonist, modifies exercise-induced asthma. AB - Recently, calcium antagonists have been reported to have a clinically beneficial effect in patients with asthma. Felodipine is a new calcium antagonist of the dihydropyridine group with a high selectivity for arteriolar smooth muscle; it is under clinical investigation for the treatment of hypertension. In this double blind, randomized crossover trial in 9 patients, the effect of 10 mg felodipine in oral solution on exercise-induced asthma was compared with a placebo on separate days. The FEV1 was at least 80% of the predicted normal value, with variation between study days of less than 10%. Heart rate, blood pressure, and FEV1 were measured before and at 15 and 30 min after each treatment. The exercise test consisted of steady state running at submaximal work loads for 6 to 8 min and started at 30 min after treatments. FEV1 was measured at 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min after the end of exercise. The predrug baseline FEV1 values were comparable on the 2 days of the study, and felodipine had no effect on the resting lung function. The mean percentage fall in FEV1 (SEM) after exercise with placebo was 27.0 (4.5)%, and with felodipine it was 13.5 (3.7)%. The difference between felodipine and placebo was statistically significant. While receiving felodipine, the resting heart rate was increased by 15%, with a tendency to lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The heart rate after exercise was higher during felodipine treatment than during placebo treatment. One patient receiving placebo and 7 receiving felodipine noted a transient headache. Two patients receiving felodipine also noticed lightheadedness after exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202401 TI - Effect of high-dose inhaled budesonide on calcium and phosphate metabolism and the risk of osteoporosis. AB - We investigated the effects of the antiasthmatic inhaled steroid budesonide at low and high dosage (0.6 and 2.4 mg/day) on calcium and phosphate metabolism (Ca, P) in 10 normal adults. Their endogenous production of cortisol dropped with budesonide treatment (p less than or equal to 0.0005), as did androgen production (p less than or equal to 0.003). This was associated with an increase in the renal tubular maximal reabsorption of Ca (p = 0.003) and P (p = 0.03), a decrease in the urinary output of Ca in the fasting morning state (p = 0.03), and an increase in serum P (p = 0.02). However, there was no change in the 24-h urinary excretion of Ca (p = 0.76) or P (p = 0.08) or the serum Ca level (p = 0.19). Similarly, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and urinary cAMP levels were not affected, indicating that absorption of Ca from the gut was not compromised. Thus, in contrast to the expected effects of oral steroid treatment, inhaled budesonide had no discernible short-term adverse effect on Ca or P metabolism under the conditions of this study, despite purposely using a dosage high enough to partially inhibit adrenocortical function. These data tend to support a broadening of the therapeutic role of budesonide, and possibly other inhaled steroid drugs, to include higher doses and more severe asthmatics. However, additional clinical and metabolic studies are needed to fully clarify the effects of high-dose inhaled steroid therapy on bone. PMID- 3202402 TI - Ineffectiveness of high-dose methylprednisolone in preventing parenchymal lung injury and improving mortality in patients with septic shock. AB - We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind study to determine whether high-dose methylprednisolone could prevent parenchymal lung injury, including the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or improve mortality when administered early in septic shock. All patients already hospitalized in or newly admitted to the medical and surgical intensive care units at San Francisco General Hospital between September 1, 1983 and August 29, 1986 were eligible for admission to the study if they had either (1) an increase in temperature of 1.5 degrees C and a decrease in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or more from baseline values (in already hospitalized patients), or (2) a temperature greater than 38.5 degrees C or less than 35.5 degrees C and a systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg (in newly admitted patients). Patients meeting these criteria were excluded if they (1) had severe immunodeficiency, (2) were less than 18 or greater than 76 yr of age, (3) had multilobar roentgenographic infiltrates, or (4) were already receiving corticosteroids. Eighty-seven patients enrolled in the study received either methylprednisolone, 30 mg/kg per dose, or mannitol placebo for a total of 4 doses every 6 h, following the presumptive diagnosis of septic shock. Of these patients, 75 ultimately were determined on the basis of culture results to have actually had septic shock at the time of entry. Thirteen of the patients who received methylprednisolone developed ARDS, compared to 14 patients who received placebo. Lesser degrees of parenchymal lung injury did not differ between the 2 groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202403 TI - Relationship between oxygen uptake and oxygen delivery in patients with pulmonary hypertension. AB - Dependency of oxygen consumption (VO2) on oxygen delivery (DO2) in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome and with congestive heart failure has been reported previously. We evaluated this relationship in 11 patients with pulmonary hypertension, 8 with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), and 3 with pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic obstructive lung disease (SPH) at baseline and during treatment with vasodilating calcium channel antagonists. The mean baseline DO2 and VO2 were 11.0 +/- 4.2 and 3.9 +/- 1.1 ml/min/kg, respectively. After increasing cardiac output via vasodilators, we obtained an average of 3 additional data points per patient. We found a significant relationship between changes in VO2 and changes in DO2 (delta VO2 = -0.19 +/- 0.27 x delta DO2; r = 0.88, n = 37). In 4 patients, VO2 was determined both by respired gas analysis and by calculation from thermodilution cardiac output and measured arteriovenous oxygen gradient; results by the 2 methods were virtually identical. There was no significant relationship between cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen content or mixed venous oxygen tension (r = 0.20 and 0.47, respectively). Mean baseline oxygen extraction ratio was 36.7 +/- 6.4% and did not increase significantly after vasodilator therapy. We conclude that in patients with pulmonary hypertension, changes in oxygen consumption appear to be dependent on changes in oxygen delivery. This may represent evidence of tissue hypoxemia, which is otherwise not apparent. This dependency may support the use of vasodilators in these patients. PMID- 3202404 TI - Radiographic abnormalities in relation to total dust exposure at a bauxite refinery and alumina-based chemical products plant. AB - A cross-sectional study of 788 male employees of an aluminum production company examined the relationship of radiographic abnormalities to smoking and dust exposure from the mining and refining of bauxite to alumina. Among the aluminas produced were low temperature range transitional forms. The present analyses were limited to nonsmokers and current smokers. Two National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-certified "B" readers interpreted the radiographs. The predominant radiographic abnormalities noted were scanty, small, irregular opacities in the lower zones of profusion 0/1 to 1/1. Rounded opacities were rare. Among nonsmokers with low dust exposures, the prevalence of opacities greater than or equal to 1/0 showed no trend with increasing age and duration of exposure, suggesting no relationship between age and prevalence of opacities of Category 1 or more in this cohort (p greater than 0.10). Nonsmokers who had accumulated higher dust exposures showed a trend of increasing prevalence of opacities with increasing duration, suggesting an effect of occupational exposure at higher cumulative exposure levels (p less than 0.05). In most exposure categories, smokers exceeded nonsmokers in their prevalence of opacities greater than or equal to 1/0; the overall prevalence among smokers being 12 and 11% according to Readers A and B, respectively, compared with 4% in nonsmokers (p less than 0.01). In conclusion, 7 to 8% of aluminum workers in this cohort had radiographic findings of scanty, small, irregular opacities, the prevalence of which was increased among smokers (p less than 0.01). There was a moderate increase in the prevalence of opacities with increasing tenure in nonsmokers with high cumulative exposures (p less than 0.05). PMID- 3202405 TI - Pneumonia and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: don't pour water on the fire. PMID- 3202406 TI - Parental smoking enhances bronchial responsiveness in nine-year-old children. AB - We studied the relationship between parental smoking habits and atopy and bronchial responsiveness (BR) in 9-year-old, non-selected schoolchildren. A questionnaire on respiratory disease and maternal and paternal smoking habits was administered to one parent. Skin prick tests using the most common allergens present in central Italy, a flow-volume spirometric test, and a bronchial provocation test using carbachol in increasing doses were performed. Male children with smoking parents had significantly increased BR when compared to those whose parents did not smoke (Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.3, p = 0.009). No such significant increase in BR was found in female children of smoking parents (OR = 1.5, p = 0.4). The relationship between BR in children and smoking in parents was stronger in asthmatics (p = 0.02), but was still significant after controlling for asthma and atopy. Bronchial responsiveness was significantly correlated with atopy (p = 0.001). This was also true for nonasthmatic children and for both males and females separately. Male children of smoking parents had increased reactivity to allergens as assessed by the skin prick test index (p = 0.001). It is hypothesized that passive smoking, by increasing the frequency of BR and of atopy, may increase the risk of asthma in childhood and particularly in boys. PMID- 3202407 TI - International comparison of the prevalence of asthma symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. AB - Potential explanations for the higher rates of asthma mortality and hospital admissions in New Zealand (NZ) include greater prevalence of asthma. To evaluate this further, a large community survey has been undertaken. Rates of respiratory symptoms and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) for children in Auckland, NZ have been compared to those for children in two locations in New South Wales (NSW), Australia: Wagga Wagga (inland) and Belmont (coastal). The methodology used was the same in both studies: parent-completed questionnaire and BHR measured by response to an abbreviated histamine challenge. In Auckland, 1,084 children participated (84% of those selected) and were compared to 769 inland NSW and 718 coastal NSW children. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms, BHR, severity of BHR, and BHR combined with symptoms was similar among Auckland and inland NSW children but lower among coastal NSW children than those from the other two sites. It is concluded that other unidentified factors must be invoked to explain mortality and admission differences between these regions. PMID- 3202408 TI - The relation between change in airway reactivity and change in respiratory symptoms and medication in a community study. AB - Airway reactivity is known to increase in relation to the severity of asthma, and, in the community, hyperreactivity has been shown to be associated with respiratory symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath. However, the relation between change in airway reactivity and change in the severity of respiratory symptoms and change in the use of asthma medications within subjects has not been studied. We have investigated this relationship in a community population. In September 1984 and March 1985, the provocative dose of histamine producing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PD20) was measured, and respiratory symptoms and medication use assessed by questionnaire in 78 subjects taking part in a study of seasonal changes in airway reactivity. On both occasions, PD20 was negatively correlated with current frequency of wheezing, with the amount of asthma medication in regular use, and with the current general assessment of breathing problems. In the 45 subjects who had a PD20 value of 8 mumol or less on at least one of the two occasions tested, PD20 increased between September and March by 0.46 (SEM, 0.32) doubling doses of histamine (p = 0.16). Within subjects, change in PD20 was negatively correlated with change in the frequency of wheezing in the past month (p less than 0.005) and with change in medication use (p less than 0.05). This study demonstrates that PD20 is related to the severity of respiratory symptoms and medication use, and that change in airway reactivity within subjects in a community population is associated with changes in the frequency of wheezing and in the use of asthma medication. PMID- 3202409 TI - Clinical features and outcome in patients with acute asthma presenting with hypercapnia. AB - To determine the clinical features and outcome of patients with hypercapnia from acute asthma, we examined 229 (62 men, 167 women) consecutive episodes of acute asthma over a 6-yr period. Sixty-one episodes were associated with hypercapnia at presentation (PaCO2 greater than 38 mm Hg). Men more commonly presented with hypercapnia: 31 of 62 (50%) men with acute asthma had hypercapnia compared with only 30 of 167 (18%) women (p less than 0.001). Patients with hypercapnia had a longer duration of chronic asthma and were more likely to be steroid-dependent. Hypercapnic patients had greater airway obstruction, respiratory rate, and pulsus paradoxus than did nonhypercapnic patients. Findings of a quiet chest on auscultation, inability to talk, and cyanosis also suggested the presence of hypercapnia. Five hypercapnic patients required mechanical ventilation, but hypercapnia did not prolong hospitalization. In nonventilated patients, hypercapnia resolved in a mean time of 5.9 h; 50% of hypercapnic episodes resolved by 4 h, and all resolved by 16 h. No patient presenting with normocapnia progressed to hypercapnia with therapy, and there were no deaths in either the hypercapnic group or the nonhypercapnic group. In patients with more than one admission, the PaCO2 of one episode correlated with the PaCO2 on a subsequent admission, suggesting a role for individual variation in ventilatory control. With appropriate medical therapy, most patients with hypercapnia from acute asthma have rapid reversibility, and mechanical ventilation usually can be avoided. However, these patients require close inhospital observation until it is certain that the acute asthmatic episode has resolved. PMID- 3202410 TI - Dissociation of temperature-gradient and evaporative heat loss during cold gas hyperventilation in cold-induced asthma. AB - We examined temperature-gradient and evaporative energy losses during cold gas inhalation challenges in patients with exercise-induced asthma by using gases with similar water-carrying capacities but significantly different volume heat capacities. Seven subjects were asked to hyperventilate mixtures of 80% helium/20% oxygen (HeO2) or 80% sulfur hexafluoride/20% oxygen (SF6O2) for 5 min at a fixed target minute ventilation of 20 x FEV1 and an inspired gas temperature of 0 degrees C. Each subject equilibrated his or her lungs with the appropriate gas mixture prior to testing: PETCO2 and FIO2 were monitored and maintained at constant values (CO2 = 0.05; O2 = 0.20) by CO2 scrubbing and addition of compressed gas to the system. Gas composition, inspired and expired flow rates, and gas temperatures at the airway opening were recorded in real time using a computer-based data collection system that calculated respiratory heat loss on a per breath basis. Bronchoconstriction was quantitated using specific airway conductance measured before and serially after each challenge. The degree of bronchoconstriction correlated closely with evaporative respiratory heat loss (r = 0.658 p less than 0.05), but poorly with both temperature-gradient (r = 0.114, p greater than 0.20) and total (r = 0.268, p greater than 0.15) heat loss. These findings suggest that total respiratory heat loss is not the primary stimulus in exercise-induced asthma, and further suggest that total water loss, or focal heat/water loss, may be important in inducing bronchospasm in this subset of asthmatics. PMID- 3202411 TI - Localized immune memory in the lung. AB - Antibody-forming cells (AFC) produced in the lung-associated lymph nodes after lung immunization enter the blood and accumulate mainly in the immunized lung. In lung interstitial tissues and alveoli, AFC mature into plasma cells and produce specific antibody. In addition to AFC, published data suggest that memory cells are also recruited to and/or are produced in immunized lung lobes, and that these memory cells can respond in the alveoli to secondary antigen challenges. The purpose of this study was to determine if memory cells induced in the lung by multiple antigen exposures could respond in vivo to challenges with low doses of antigen. The degree of inflammation produced by antigen doses that would allow the accumulation of AFC from the blood was evaluated. Beagle dogs were anesthetized, and a fiberoptic bronchoscope used to instill 10(6), 10(7), 10(8), 10(9), or 10(10) sheep red blood cells (SRBC) into individual lung lobes. Of these doses, only 10(9) and 10(10) SRBC significantly increased inflammation (increased number of neutrophils) or vascular permeability (increased total protein). The number of specific IgM AFC and concentration of anti-SRBC IgG antibody were significantly elevated only in lavage fluid from the lung lobes immunized with 10(9) and 10(10) SRBC. Four lung lobes were then given two additional challenges with 10(10) SRBC. In third and fourth challenges, these lung lobes received doses of SRBC of 10(4), 10(5), 10(6), 10(7), 10(8), and 10(9) SRBC. The results showed that significantly increased numbers of specific IgM AFC and concentrations of IgG antibody were found even at the lowest dose of antigen (10(4) SRBC) in the absence of increased inflammation or vascular permeability.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202412 TI - The role of natural killer cells in histoplasmosis. AB - The natural killer (NK) cell has been suggested as an early defense mechanism against Histoplasma capsulatum. Homozygous bg/bg mice, heterozygous bg/+ mice, and bg/+ mice treated with anti-asialo GM1 (ASGM1) were used to assess this postulated role. NK cell assays demonstrated that ASGM1 was effective in reduction of NK cell activity in bg/+ mice to levels comparable to bg/bg mice. To test for possible cross reaction with other immune cells and ASGM1, we evaluated lymphocyte and macrophage function. These studies included lymphocyte transformation, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and macrophage candidacidal activity. We found no evidence of any effects from ASGM1. Mice were evaluated for survival and colony counts after intravenous (i.v.) H. capsulatum challenge. We again confirmed increased susceptibility of bg/bg mice to H. capsulatum, but found no significant differences between bg/+ mice and bg/+ mice treated with ASGM1. Therefore, we conclude that NK cells play no major role in nonspecific early host defenses against H. capsulatum. PMID- 3202413 TI - Shape of forced expiratory flow-volume curves in infants. AB - An inflatable cuff was used to generate partial forced expiratory flow-volume (FEFV) curves in 36 infants with and without obstructive airway disease. Curves were recorded in each infant over a range of compression pressures as high as and exceeding the pressure required for the maximal partial FEFV curve. The maximal curves were quantitated and compared with passive compliance and conductance of the respiratory system and absolute lung volume measured by whole-body plethysmography. In some infants, the transmission of pressure between cuff and pleural space was determined. Partial FEFV curve shapes generated with a standardized compression pressure calculated from the transmission of pressure data to give an increase in pleural pressure at FRC of 10 cm H2O were compared between infants. For these standardized compressions, infants with convex curves tended to have better respiratory function than did those with concave curves. The combination of a concave curve and flow limitation during tidal expiration was associated with the worst function. Two parameters, the ratio of forced maximal expiratory flow (measured from the maximal partial FEFV curve) to tidal expiratory flow (measured from the expiratory flow-volume curve of tidal breathing) at midtidal volume (Vm1d(forced/tidal] and the minimal compression pressure required to generate maximal expiratory flow at FRC (Pmin), satisfactorily quantified respiratory function without the need for size correction with absolute lung volume. In addition, Vm1d(forced/tidal) provides an index of expiratory flow reserve. We conclude that useful information can be provided from the shape of a partial FEFV curve in an infant, provided that curves are generated by a standardized compression pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202414 TI - The value of sniff esophageal pressures in the assessment of global inspiratory muscle strength. AB - Esophageal pressure generated during a maximal sniff (sniff Pes) was compared with mouth pressure generated during a maximal inspiration against a closed airway (Pimax) as a measure of global inspiratory muscle strength in 61 patients referred for investigation of respiratory muscle function. Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) was also measured during both maneuvers to compare maximal diaphragmatic strength. Sniff Pes (males, 68 +/- 27 cm H2O; normal greater than 53; females, 66 +/- 21; normal greater than 48) was greater than Pimax (males, 45 +/- 24 cm H2O; normal greater than 42; females, 42 +/- 24; normal greater than 17) in 55 of the 61 patients, both in absolute values and as a percentage of normal. In 36 patients Pimax and sniff Pes were both normal (mean +/- 2 SD), whereas in 13 patients they were both low. In 11 patients, Pimax was low, but sniff Pes was normal. One patient had a reduced sniff Pes but a Pimax at the lower limit of normal. In the 36 patients in whom both Pimax and sniff Pes were normal, Pdi was also normal or only moderately reduced, and in the 13 patients in whom both Pimax and sniff Pes were reduced, Pdi was very low. However, in the group of 11 patients with a low Pimax but a normal sniff Pes, Pdi was normal or only moderately reduced, suggesting that Pimax was falsely low, perhaps because of difficulties with the technique. Conversely, in the single patient with a low sniff Pes but a Pimax just within the normal range, Pdi was very low. We conclude that measurement of esophageal pressure during a maximal sniff is a useful test of inspiratory muscle strength and overcomes the difficulty some patients have in carrying out the Pimax maneuver. PMID- 3202415 TI - Genioglossal and diaphragmatic EMG responses to hypoxia during sleep. AB - Activation of pharyngeal dilator muscles, such as the genioglossus, during hypoxia must be sufficient to overcome the increased subatmospheric pressure generated by the diaphragm. This is particularly important during sleep, when upper airway resistance is greater. We measured ventilatory, genioglossal (EMGgg) and diaphragmatic (EMGdi) electromyogram responses to isocapnic hypoxia during wakefulness (W), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in seven chronically instrumented adult goats. We also compared the EMG responses to hypoxia to response to CO2 during W. delta EMGdi/delta SaO2 decreased progressively from W to SWS (p less than 0.05) to REM sleep (p less than 0.05 versus SWS), paralleling the corresponding ventilatory responses. EMGgg was activated only below an SaO2 threshold, similar during W (69.8 +/- 6.3%) and SWS (67.2 +/- 4.3%), beyond which there was a brisk linear increase. During REM sleep, arousal preceded activation of EMGgg in each animal, although SaO2 at arousal (61.3 +/- 4.4%) was less than the SaO2 threshold for EMGgg activation during W or SWS (p less than 0.05). Despite state-related differences in the individual muscle responses, simultaneous EMGgg and EMGdi during hypoxia or hypercapnia in W, and during hypoxia in SWS and REM sleep, were linked in a constant manner. This suggests common integration of central and peripheral chemoreceptor inputs. Furthermore, these relationships are unaffected by either SWS or REM sleep. PMID- 3202416 TI - Effect of inhaled metaproterenol on exercise performance in patients with stable "fixed" airway obstruction. AB - We studied the effect of inhaled metaproterenol on exercise performance in ten patients with moderate to severe nonreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), defined as a FEV1/FVC ratio below 60%, and less than 15% improvement in FEV1 and FVC after both one-time administration of inhaled metaproterenol and a 10-day therapeutic trial with oral theophylline, inhaled metaproterenol, and oral prednisone. After baseline evaluation, on two separate days all selected patients had spirometry and a self-paced 12-min treadmill walking test performed (in double-blind crossover fashion) before and after random administration of five puffs of inhaled metaproterenol or placebo. A few weeks later, testing was repeated single-blind before and after inhaled metaproterenol, but this time the 12-min walk was done in an enclosed hall. Pretreatment spirometry values were similar on all study days, and none of the subjects had a significant change (greater than 15% from baseline) in FEV1 or FVC after the administration of placebo or metaproterenol. The postmetaproterenol treadmill and hall walking distances improved by a mean (+/- SD) of 112 +/- 56 m (p less than 0.001) and 82 +/- 46 m (p less than 0.01), respectively. Individual improvements in exercise performance did not correlate with the corresponding changes in FEV1 or FVC, or with the baseline DLCO measurement. We conclude that an objective improvement in physical performance after administration of a relatively high dose of inhaled metaproterenol can be seen in some patients with moderate to severe "fixed" airway obstruction, despite a lack of significant response as judged by conventional spirometry criteria. PMID- 3202417 TI - Constant oxygen insufflation (COI) in a ventilatory failure model. AB - We examined the use of a constant insufflation of oxygen into the lungs to assist ventilation in a ventilatory failure model. The model consisted of 12 anesthetized dogs (17 to 32 kg) that were partially paralyzed using intermittent low doses of muscle relaxant; this produced a steady-state mean PaCO2 of 90 +/- 15.8 mm Hg (+/- SD). A catheter (1.5 mm ID) was inserted into each lung to the most distal position possible and withdrawn 1 to 2 cm. The effects of a constant insufflation of oxygen at rates of 5, 10, or 20 L/min were studied at this position (mean distance from the carina = 9 +/- 2 cm); at the carina; and using a single catheter located 2 cm above the carina. The changes in PaCO2 and minute ventilation (VE) due to the insufflation were calculated from the mean steady state control values. Using the data for all catheter positions and flow rates, the insufflation was associated with a mean decrease in PaCO2 of 31 (+/- 7.6) mm Hg associated with a mean decrease in VE of 48 (+/- 12.9)%. The flow of 20 L/min caused a significantly greater drop in PaCO2 than the flow of 5 L/min (p = 0.02). This technique may prove beneficial for patients with various forms of ventilatory failure that are difficult to treat by conventional means. PMID- 3202418 TI - Differential expression of the tumor necrosis factor/cachectin gene by blood and lung mononuclear phagocytes. AB - Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), also called cachectin, is a mononuclear phagocyte derived mediator with a broad range of biologic activities contributing to antineoplastic and antiviral defenses as well as mediating a variety of processes associated with acute and chronic inflammatory states, including endotoxin induced shock. To evaluate the relative capacity of human tissue macrophages to produce this mediator, alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes from the same normal individuals were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and evaluated for TNF release and TNF mRNA transcript levels. Resting alveolar macrophages did not express TNF mRNA transcripts or release TNF. However, when activated, alveolar macrophages expressed TNF transcripts and synthesized and released TNF as evidenced by the presence of a 28 kDa mediator in LPS-activated alveolar macrophage supernatants that had cytotoxic activity for L-929 cells that was abrogated by anti-TNF antibodies and that coeluted with a pure TNF standard on a molecular sieve column. Interestingly, activated alveolar macrophages released severalfold more TNF than did autologous blood monocytes stimulated in a similar fashion and, in parallel, the alveolar macrophages expressed more TNF mRNA transcripts than activated blood monocytes. Thus, the ability to express the TNF gene and to release TNF apparently increases during maturation of blood monocytes into alveolar macrophages, suggesting that the release of TNF in the local milieu by activated tissue macrophages may be much more significant than the release of this mediator by circulating blood monocytes. PMID- 3202419 TI - Development, organization, and function of tight junctional complexes in the tracheal epithelium of infant ferrets. AB - The surface epithelium of newborn ferret airways matures rapidly in the first month of life. Prominent developmental features include a transition from predominantly non-ciliated to ciliated cells, quantitative and qualitative changes in secretion of macromolecules, and a transition from secretory to absorptive patterns of ion transport. Freeze-fracture replicas of ferret tracheal epithelium from 0 to 28 days of age exhibited progressive developmental patterns in tight junctional structure from beaded, unclosed patterns in newborns to more closed patterns at 28 days. Strand number increased while the depth of tight junctional structures and the proportion of strands exhibiting discontinuity decreased postnatally. Total transepithelial conductance, paracellular conductance, and cell size decreased over the first month. Our data suggest that changes in physiological parameters that reflect epithelial tight junction permeability can be attributed, at least in part, to maturation of this intercellular junction during the postnatal period. PMID- 3202420 TI - Pressure flow characteristics of commonly used heat-moisture exchangers. AB - Heat-moisture exchangers or "artificial noses" are commonly used to humidify the inspired air in intubated or tracheostomized patients. These devices add resistance to breathing that may be significant in critically ill and weak patients, especially when the devices are humidified. Three of each six commonly used types (Portex, SH 150, SH 151, NCC, Engstrom, and PaII) were tested to define the pressure flow characteristics. Known flows were passed through these devices, and the pressure drops across them were measured. The devices were tested when they were dry and when they were humidified with 100% saturated water vapor for 8, 16, and 24 h. The amount of water added to the devices was measured. The pressure flow characteristics of the devices could be described by a power function: P = aVb, where P is pressure, V is flow, and a and b are constants determined by the characteristics of the devices. In addition, the resistance increased with the increasing weight of the devices from added moisture clogging the pores of the felt pads contained inside. PMID- 3202421 TI - Human eosinophil major basic protein causes hyperreactivity of respiratory smooth muscle. Role of the epithelium. AB - Major basic protein (MBP), one of several cationic proteins associated with the eosinophil granule, is cytotoxic to respiratory epithelium and is present in the sputum of asthmatics and on damaged bronchial epithelium from patients dying of asthma. The present experiments were performed in order to determine the effects of MBP on the responsiveness of airway smooth muscle. Rings of guinea pig trachea, in some of which the epithelium had been gently removed by rubbing, were incubated for 5 h in modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution containing buffer or human MBP (100 micrograms/ml). The tracheal rings were then suspended for isometric tension recording in organ chambers filled with Krebs-Ringer solution containing indomethacin. MBP did not affect the reactivity of rings in which the epithelium had been removed, but significantly augmented that of unrubbed rings to acetylcholine and histamine. The results suggest that MBP, by inhibiting the function of epithelial but not smooth muscle cells, causes hyperreactivity of respiratory smooth muscle, which may contribute to the hyperreactivity observed in chronic respiratory disease. PMID- 3202422 TI - Inspiratory muscle training with a pressure threshold breathing device in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - The inspiratory pressure load is an important variable in inspiratory muscle training (IMT), but previous studies with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients have not controlled for this variable. We compared the effects of two months of IMT with a pressure threshold breathing device at inspiratory pressure loads equal to either 15 or 30% of each patient's maximal inspiratory pressure (Plmax). This study was double blind and patients were randomly assigned to the treatment groups, 12 in the 15% group and ten in the 30% group. Dependent variables were measured at baseline, and after one and two months of IMT. Patients who exercised with the 30% load improved the following: Plmax by a mean of -12 +/- 9 cm H2O (p less than 0.01), endurance time while breathing against an inspiratory pressure load equal to 66% of Plmax by 5 +/- 9 min (p less than 0.01), and 12-min distance walk (12MD) by 199 +/- 90 feet (p less than 0.01). Patients who exercised with the 15% load demonstrated no improvements in Plmax, endurance time, and 12MD. There were no changes in patients' report of functional impairment (Sickness Impact Profile), mood (Profile of Mood States), health status (Health Perceptions Questionnaire), and pulmonary symptoms (respiratory symptom log). We conclude that the 30% load was more effective than the 15% load in this sample. PMID- 3202424 TI - An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. PMID- 3202425 TI - ARDS: refinement of concept and redefinition. PMID- 3202423 TI - Differential proliferation of fibroblasts cultured from normal and fibrotic human lungs. AB - We studied the behavior of the cell cycle of cultured, early-passage human diploid pulmonary fibroblastlike cells (HDPFC) when grown in the presence of several growth factors. The rates of growth and growth fractions were studied in cultures from different origins. As much as 85 +/- 5% (SE) of HDPFC cultured from specimens with early fibrosis were cycling when the cells were grown in basal media supplemented with 10% serum or growth factors. In contrast, 55% +/- 8% (SE) of HDPFC from normal lung and only 31% +/- 5% (SE) of HDPFC cultured from specimens with dense fibrosis were cycling in those culture conditions. Results obtained by removal of any of the five growth factors from the defined medium indicated that the altered growth patterns were not related to any single growth factor tested. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that HDPFC cultured from specimens with early fibrosis have a greater proliferative potential than HDPFC from late fibrosis. PMID- 3202426 TI - Re-examination of the late asthmatic response to exercise. PMID- 3202427 TI - Effect of effort versus volume on forced expiratory flow measurement. AB - Recently, the validity of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) standards for selection of spirometric test results has been questioned based on the finding of inverse dependence of FEV1 on effort. I carried out a study to determine how the test results of FEV1 and FEF25-75 are affected by use of effort-based criteria (highest PEFR) as compared with the volume-based criteria (largest FVC, largest sum of FVC and FEV1-ATS criteria). Randomly sampled routine pulmonary function test results obtained from 10 normal subjects and 12 patients with COPD were analyzed. Although selection based on the largest FVC yielded test results identical to that obtained by the ATS criteria, selection based on the highest PEFR resulted in a decline of mean FEV1. The latter, however, was accompanied by an even more significant decrease of FVC, suggesting bias of this criterion toward selecting the maneuvers with lower FVC. Furthermore, the individual values of FEV1 were often found to decrease with effort only when the accompanying FVC were also lower. In contrast, FEF25-75 were more prominently affected by the negative effect of effort regardless of the values of accompanying FVC. It appears that fully inflated lungs (the largest FVC) favorably shift the balance of two opposing influences of effort, one of which positively acts on the effort dependent portion of the flow-volume curve. FEV1 thus is little affected by effort once the lungs are fully inflated. Accordingly, the volume-based selection criteria remain valid. This argument does not apply to FEF25-75, which is prominently affected by the negative effect of effort. PMID- 3202428 TI - Evaluation of clinical competence in pulmonary disease. AB - The American Board of Internal Medicine has called upon directors of pulmonary disease training programs to establish systems to evaluate, document, and substantiate those components of overall clinical competence considered essential for certification in the subspecialty. Many of these can be assessed only by repeated direct observations. In particular, proficiency is now required in endotracheal intubation, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, mechanical ventilatory support, thoracentesis and percutaneous pleural biopsy, percutaneous arterial puncture, vascular monitoring, calibration and operation of hemodynamic recording systems, and supervision of the technical aspects of pulmonary function testing. The goal of this expanded evaluation program is to ensure that the public and the profession can identify through certification, physicians with demonstrated excellence in the practice of pulmonology. PMID- 3202429 TI - Dyspnea: mechanisms, evaluation and treatment. PMID- 3202431 TI - Recent advances in diagnosis of pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis. PMID- 3202432 TI - Current issues in occupational lung disease. PMID- 3202430 TI - Weaning from mechanical ventilation. PMID- 3202434 TI - Common problems and state of the art in nursing care of the mechanically ventilated patient. PMID- 3202433 TI - Neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation. PMID- 3202436 TI - Smoke inhalation. PMID- 3202437 TI - Air conditioning and exercise-induced asthma. PMID- 3202435 TI - The lung matrix and inflammation: Part II. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis: implications for environmental lung disease. PMID- 3202438 TI - Air pollution and health. PMID- 3202439 TI - Controversies in pediatric pulmonary medicine: infant pulmonary function tests. PMID- 3202440 TI - Controversies in pulmonary medicine. Aminophylline should be administered for all acute exacerbations of COPD. PMID- 3202441 TI - Controversies in pulmonary medicine. Invasive measurements are required for assessing hemodynamic status in critically ill patients. PMID- 3202442 TI - Controversies in pulmonary medicine. Respiratory muscle training should be instituted in all COPD patients. PMID- 3202443 TI - Controversies in pulmonary medicine. All patients should receive directly observed therapy in tuberculosis. PMID- 3202444 TI - Chemotherapy of the pulmonary mycoses. This Official Statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, November 1987. PMID- 3202445 TI - Clinical usefulness of skin testing in histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and blastomycosis. This Official Statement of the American Thoracic Society was adopted by the ATS Board of Directors, November 1987. PMID- 3202446 TI - Medical Director of Respiratory Care. Accepted as an Official Position Paper by the ATS Board of Directors, November 1987. PMID- 3202448 TI - A short tour around the muscarinic receptor. PMID- 3202447 TI - Single breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (transfer factor) PMID- 3202449 TI - Synergism: the Rosetta stone for Mycobacterium avium complex chemotherapy? PMID- 3202450 TI - The effect of inhaled histamine on human tracheal mucus velocity and bronchial mucociliary clearance. AB - The effect of inhaled histamine on human tracheal mucus velocity (TMV) and bronchial mucociliary clearance (CB) was investigated in six healthy subjects using radioaerosol techniques in a randomized double-blind crossover study. Subjects inhaled repeated doses of either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or histamine, immediately after the inhalation of a radioaerosol and during the subsequent 2.5-h clearance measurements. Histamine was administered in concentrations previously demonstrated to induce a 20% fall in FEV1 at intervals permitting 90% recovery (mean recovery time = 25 min). Both TMV and CB were significantly increased by inhaled histamine (p less than 0.001). Average TMV throughout the 2.5-h studies increased from 4.9 +/- 1.3 to 8.4 +/- 1.6 mm/min. The increase in TMV above control values became apparent from 5 to 20 min after the first histamine administration. The percentage of aerosol clearance in 60 min increased 33%. The enhancement of CB became statistically significant at 21 min and persisted throughout the 2.5-h measurements (p less than 0.05). The increase in CB could not be attributed to differences in aerosol deposition because measurements of aerosol penetration were not significantly different between PBS and histamine studies. These data indicate that the bronchoconstriction caused by histamine is accompanied by an increase in tracheal and bronchial mucus transport. Release of histamine, as part of an inflammatory response, may alter mucociliary clearance in humans. PMID- 3202451 TI - The effects of epithelial cell supernatant on contractions of isolated canine tracheal smooth muscle. AB - Airway epithelial cells produce mediators that play a role in regulating airway smooth muscle function. This study was designed to examine the effects of epithelial-derived products on contraction of airway smooth muscle. To avoid biochemical and physical changes that may be produced by stripping epithelium from tracheal smooth muscle, we examined the effect of products from pure cultured tracheal epithelial cells on intact dog tracheal smooth muscle. When bradykinin (10(-5) M) was added to dog epithelial cells in culture and the supernatant was added to strips of isolated tracheal smooth muscle, contractile responses to electrical field stimulation were significantly inhibited. Pretreatment of the epithelial cells with indomethacin (5.6 x 10(-6) M) inhibited this effect. Bradykinin placed directly on the canine smooth muscle had no effect on resting tension or on the response to electrical field stimulation. Contractions of the smooth muscle to exogenous acetylcholine were unaffected by supernatants from either indomethacin-treated or untreated cells stimulated with bradykinin (10(-5) M) compared to time controls. We conclude that bradykinin stimulates the release of a cyclooxygenase-dependent inhibitory factor from airway epithelial cells. This factor is likely to be prostaglandin E2, which is generated by the epithelial cells in response to bradykinin stimulation and inhibits smooth muscle contraction induced by electrical field stimulation. Although the mechanism of this inhibition is unknown, the normal response to exogenous acetylcholine is consistent with the hypothesis that prostaglandin E2 acts by inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmitter release at a prejunctional site. PMID- 3202452 TI - A new role for histamine H2-receptors in asthmatic airways. AB - Histamine tachyphylaxis develops with repeated inhalation of histamine in asthmatic subjects, and this appears to be due to the release of inhibitory prostaglandins. The purpose of this study was to determine whether histamine H2 receptors are also involved in the development of this protective effect in the airways. Seven subjects with mild asthma were studied on 2 days separated by at least 1 wk. On both days, three histamine inhalation tests were performed, separated by 1 h. The response was expressed as the provocative concentration of histamine causing a 20% decrease in FEV1 (histamine PC20). Before each study day subjects were pretreated with placebo or cimetidine (300 mg twice a day) for 3 days in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Cimetidine pretreatment had no effect on either baseline FEV1 or on baseline histamine PC20 (p = 0.461). After pretreatment with placebo, histamine tachyphylaxis occurred in all subjects; the mean PC20 increased from 3.01 mg/ml (%SD, 1.44) to 4.88 mg/ml (%SD, 1.68) and to 6.84 mg/ml (%SD, 1.68). Cimetidine pretreatment prevented histamine tachyphylaxis; the mean PC20 was 2.72 mg/ml (%SD, 1.77), 3.03 mg/ml (%SD, 1.73), and 3.56 mg/ml (%SD, 1.59) with repeated tests. These values differed significantly from placebo for both the second (p = 0.014) and third (p = 0.001) tests. This study demonstrated that cimetidine pretreatment prevents histamine tachyphylaxis and suggests that histamine tachyphylaxis occurs through stimulation of histamine H2-receptors in the airway. PMID- 3202453 TI - Exercise refractoriness after histamine inhalation in asthmatic subjects. AB - Both exercise and histamine inhalation cause bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Repeated challenges with both stimuli cause less bronchoconstriction. Exercise refractoriness and histamine tachyphylaxis may occur through release of inhibitory mediators in the airways. The purpose of this study was to determine whether prior challenge with exercise or histamine reduced the subsequent bronchoconstriction to the opposite challenge. Eight asthmatic subjects with exercise bronchoconstriction were studied on 4 study days. On each study day, two consecutive tests were separated by 1 h as follows: on Day 1, two exercise challenges; on Day 2, two histamine inhalation tests; on Days 3 and 4, a histamine test was followed by an exercise challenge or an exercise challenge was followed by a histamine test. On Day 1, the mean fall in the FEV1 after the initial exercise challenge was 22.13% (SD, 7.12%); after the second exercise challenge, 1 h later, it was 11.13% (SD, 10.69%) (p less than 0.005). On Day 2, the provocative concentration of histamine causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) was 1.68 mg/ml (%SD, 2.02) for the first test and 2.68 mg/ml (%SD, 1.99) for the second test 1 h later (p less than 0.005). However, after exercise bronchoconstriction, the histamine PC20 was 1.88 mg/ml (%SD, 2.03), not different from the control value (p less than 0.5). In contrast, the fall in FEV1 after exercise after prior inhalation of histamine was 15.63% (SD, 10.0%) compared with 23.13% (SD, 8.6%) on the control day (p less than 0.005). Therefore, inhibitory mediators released during histamine inhalation can cause exercise refractoriness; however, the converse is not true. PMID- 3202454 TI - Patterns of improvement in spirometry, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and specific IgE antibody levels after cessation of exposure in occupational asthma caused by snow-crab processing. AB - Thirty-one workers with occupational asthma caused by snow-crab processing were assessed by a long-term follow-up on three occasions at mean +/- SD intervals of 12.8 +/- 5.4, 31.4 +/- 6.3, and 64.4 +/- 6.3 months after leaving work. The diagnosis of work-related asthma was initially confirmed in all of them by specific inhalation challenges at the workplace or by laboratory inhalation of snow-crab boiling water (n = 24) or by serial monitoring of airway caliber and bronchial responsiveness to histamine at work and off work (n = 7). Total duration of work-related exposure was 12.8 +/- 5.6 months (range, 3 to 21 months), and the duration of symptoms after onset was 6.8 +/- 4.2 months (range, 1 to 18 months). At the time of diagnosis, all 31 subjects required medication for asthma, 11 had a FEV1 less than or equal to 85% predicted, and all subjects had a PC20 less than or equal to 16 mg/ml. Twelve of 25 serum samples assessed showed high levels of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies to crab meat and/or boiling water. At the time of the first follow-up, there was a reduction in the number of subjects still requiring medication, with a significant reduction in FEV1, and a PC20 less than or equal to 16 mg/ml. However, no further change was observed afterwards. Similarly, the mean FEV1 and FEV1/FVC improved significantly from the time of diagnosis to the first follow-up (p less than 0.01), with a plateau thereafter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202455 TI - The effects of kaolin on the lung. AB - We studied the prevalence of ventilatory impairment, chest symptoms, and radiographic abnormality in a selected sample of more than 2,000 kaolin workers from east central Georgia. The presence of ventilatory impairment was related to the presence of complicated pneumoconiosis, employment in clay calcining, and cigarette smoking. In those working with calcined clay, there was an increased prevalence of abnormality of the FEV1, but not the FVC, when compared to both wet and dry processors and which could not be explained by either cigarette smoking or the presence of pneumoconiosis. The magnitude of abnormality in the calcined clay workers was, however, unlikely to lead to disabling impairment. In workers with more than 3-yr tenure, there were 90 subjects with simple pneumoconiosis and 18 with complicated pneumoconiosis, yielding an adjusted prevalence of 3.2% and 0.63%, respectively, in the sample examined. Dry processing was associated with a greater risk of developing pneumoconiosis than wet processing. PMID- 3202456 TI - Effects of ambient ozone on respiratory function in healthy adults exercising outdoors. AB - The effect of exposure to ozone (O3) in ambient air on respiratory function was studied in 30 healthy adult nonsmokers engaged in a regular daily program of outdoor exercise in Tuxedo, NY during the summer of 1985. Each subject did the same exercise each day, but exercise intensity and duration varied widely between subjects, with minute ventilation ranging from 20 to 153 L and duration ranging from 15 to 55 min. Spirometry was performed immediately before and after each exercise period. O3 concentrations during exercise ranged from 21 to 124 parts per billion (ppb). All measured functional indexes showed significant (p less than 0.01) O3-associated mean decrements with FVC at -2.1 ml/ppb, FEV1 at -1.4 ml/ppb, PEFR at -9.2 ml/s/ppb, FEF25-75 at -6.0 ml/s/ppb, and FEV1/FVC at 0.038%/ppb. Mean decrements were smaller for 10 subjects with minute ventilations greater than 100 L than for 10 other subjects with minute ventilations between 60 and 100 L or for the 10 subjects with minute ventilations below 60 L. Overall, the functional decrements were similar in magnitude to those we have seen in children engaged in supervised recreational programs in summer camps. For 10 subjects with minute ventilations comparable to those used in controlled 1- and 2 h exposures to O3 in purified air in chambers (50 to 80 L), the effects were about twice as large as those reported for the chamber studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202458 TI - The natural history of forced expiratory volumes. Effect of cigarette smoking and respiratory symptoms. AB - Epidemiologic investigations into the natural history of airway obstructive disease have focused on both the growth and decline of lung function measurements. Although a general picture has emerged as to overall patterns of growth/decline, uncertainty remains with regard to important details of these patterns. Pulmonary function data from subjects aged 5 yr and and older who participated in any or all of the first 10 annual surveys of the East Boston population-based study have been used to investigate patterns of growth and decline of lung function derived from maximal forced expiratory maneuvers. At each annual survey, subjects completed a standardized respiratory illness and smoking questionnaire and provided forced expiratory volume-time curves from which forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were derived. A nonparametric curve smoothing method was used to provide an overall summary of growth and decline of each measure of function. Asymptomatic, nonsmoking males demonstrated a pattern of growth of FEV1 that included a prolonged plateau phase or period of slow, continued growth from ages 23 to 35 yr. Decline in lung function began after this period and occurred in two phases that averaged about -20 and -30 ml/yr. In contrast, no plateau phase was observed for male current smokers. In these smokers, decline in FEV1 began in the early part of the third decade at a rate only slightly greater than that observed for nonsmokers (-25 to -30 ml/yr). Similar patterns and rates of decline were observed for females, although the presence of a plateau phase was less clearly discernible. These data suggest that a major effect of cigarette smoking on lung function decline involves the premature onset of a "normal" rate of decline in function and, to a lesser extent, more rapid rates of decline later in life and that the pattern and magnitude of decline is similar in males and females. PMID- 3202457 TI - A reexamination of risk factors for ventilatory impairment. AB - Previous cross-sectional analyses of data from the Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airways Obstructive Diseases have shown significant relationships of ventilatory impairment to a variety of risk factors, including smoking, chronic productive cough, a history of childhood respiratory illnesses, atopy, blood eosinophilia, and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). In the present report, we reexamine these relationships in subjects 40 to 74 yr of age to determine the effect of excluding known asthmatics who, as a group, have markedly impaired lung function. After exclusion of asthmatics, atopy, eosinophilia, and IgE no longer appear to be significant risk factors for ventilatory impairment, and nonasthmatic nonsmokers show almost no remaining ventilatory impairment. In current smokers, quantitative relationships of FEV1 to pack-years of cigarette consumption and to chronic productive cough are changed little by excluding asthmatics. In nonasthmatic ex-smokers, however, age at quitting smoking adds significantly to prediction of FEV1 after accounting for pack-years. Young ex smokers closely resemble nonsmokers, but they become increasingly similar to current smokers as their age at quitting increases. A history of respiratory trouble before 16 yr of age continues to appear to increase susceptibility to smoking effects, even after exclusion of asthmatics. But, as in previous studies, the possible bias of preferential recall of childhood illnesses by impaired subjects limits interpretations of this observation. On the other hand, present findings suggest that such factors as atopy, eosinophilia, and elevated serum IgE may well be risk factors for persistent asthma, but they have no relationship to nonasthmatic forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202459 TI - Effect of unsupported arm exercise on ventilatory muscle recruitment in patients with severe chronic airflow obstruction. AB - We have proposed that unsupported arm exercise alters ventilatory muscle recruitment and precipitates dyspnea in patients with severe chronic airflow obstruction (CAO). To test this hypothesis, we studied 11 patients with CAO during symptom-limited, unsupported arm exercise (UAE) and compared it with supported arm cycling (SAE). During each exercise period, we recorded endoesophageal (PpI), gastric (Pg), and transdiaphragmatic (Pdi) pressures along with heart rate, respiratory rate, and endurance time. Expired gas was collected to determine oxygen uptake (VO2) and minute ventilation (VE). Exercise endurance was shorter for UAE than for SAE (210 +/- 114 versus 270 +/- 120 s, p less than 0.05), even though peak exercise heart rate (113 +/- 5 versus 122 +/- 7 beats/min, p less than 0.05), VO2 (5.9 +/- 0.5 versus 7.1 +/- 0.8 ml/kg/min, p less than 0.05) and VE (16.5 +/- 1.2 versus 19.8 +/- 1.3 L/min, p less than 0.05) were lower for UAE. Mean (+/- SD) values for changes in pleural (delta PpI) and gastric (delta Pg) pressures during either type of arm exercise were significantly greater than at rest (p less than 0.02). In eight of 11 patients during UAE, the changes between end-inspiratory and end-expiratory transdiaphragmatic pressure (delta Pdi) were observed to develop in a similar pattern. In these patients, end-inspiratory Pg was more positive and end inspiratory PpI was less negative during UAE than during SAE (p less than 0.02). In addition, PpI at end expiration was markedly positive when performing UAE (p less than 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202460 TI - Clinical significance of severe isolated diaphragm weakness. AB - We studied six patients with isolated bilateral paralysis or severe weakness of the diaphragm, present for 2 to 60 months (mean = 25), to document the clinical and respiratory sequelae of the condition. Severe diaphragm dysfunction was confirmed by the demonstration of the very low maximal transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) generated by either a sniff (13 +/- 6 cm H2O, normal 148 +/- 24) or a static inspiration (11 +/- 8, normal 108 +/- 30) and during bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation (0.8 +/- 2.0, normal 22 +/- 4). Resting arterial blood gases were normal (SaO2 = 95 to 97%) and no oxygen desaturation occurred during maximal exercise on a treadmill. Maximum voluntary ventilation was low and related to PImax (r = 0.89). Overnight sleep monitoring showed that time spent in rapid eye movement sleep was normal (mean 55 +/- 36 min, range 26 to 117 min). Mean maximum increment in transcutaneous CO2 was within normal limits (6 +/- 2 mm Hg, range 3 to 9 mm Hg). Three patients had occasional brief episodes of oxygen desaturation (mean maximal decrease 13 +/- 10%, range 2 to 27%); however, only two of these spent a measurable proportion of total sleep time (TST) with an SaO2 of less than 80% (1% and 3% TST, respectively). No patient has developed any symptoms of nocturnal hypoventilation or chronic respiratory failure during periods of observation of up to five yr. We conclude that bilateral paralysis or very severe weakness of the diaphragm does not of itself lead to respiratory failure unless weakness of other respiratory muscles is present. PMID- 3202461 TI - Respiratory muscle function in myasthenia gravis. AB - Global respiratory muscle function and diaphragmatic strength were assessed and compared with quadriceps femoris muscle strength in 17 patients with generalized mild-to-moderate myasthenia gravis and breathlessness. Initial measurements, made 10 h after the last dose of oral anticholinesterase therapy, demonstrated reduced maximal static expiratory (52.4 +/- 26.8% predicted) and inspiratory (54.0 +/- 23.5% predicted) mouth pressures in 16 patients, and reduced quadriceps femoris muscle strength in all cases. Vital capacity (VC) (70.9 +/- 19.0% predicted) was abnormal in 12 patients. Transdiaphragmatic pressure recorded during maximal sniffs (sniff Pdl) was reduced in eight patients, whereas pressure recorded during bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation at 1 Hz (twitch Pdi) was reduced in only three. There was no relationship between the grade of myasthenia or the severity of dyspnea and any of the measurements of respiratory muscle strength. After the administration of edrophonium hydrochloride (Tensilon), there was a significant increase in maximal static expiratory and inspiratory mouth pressures in quadriceps muscle strength and in sniff Pdi. The small increase in VC was not significant, and twitch Pdi increased in only one patient. Phrenic nerve conduction time was normal before and after Tensilon. Two patients with severe long-standing myasthenia showed no improvement in any measurement after Tensilon. We conclude that expiratory and inspiratory muscle weakness was not uncommon in patients with myasthenia gravis. Respiratory muscle strength improved after Tensilon. Vital capacity was a less sensitive measure of respiratory muscle strength than were respiratory mouth pressures and sniff Pdi. Diaphragmatic involvement was not detected by twitch Pdi unless the weakness was severe.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202462 TI - Breathing pattern and eye movement density during REM sleep in humans. AB - Changes in the density of eye movement during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are associated with changes in ventilation and ventilatory response in animals. Recent data in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease suggest that periods of frequent eye movements may be associated with hypoxemia during REM sleep. We have therefore investigated the association between eye movements and ventilation and ventilatory pattern in 10 normal men. Expired ventilation was measured using a pneumotachograph attached to a valved face mask with a dead space of 50 ml and incorporating a peripheral CO2 leak detector. Ventilation was reduced (p less than 0.02) in all stages of sleep compared with that during wakefulness, with no difference between the level of ventilation in each sleep stage (awake, 7.18 +/- 0.43 SEM; Stage 2, 6.47 +/- 0.43; Stage 3/4, 6.45 +/- 0.52; REM sleep, 6.55 +/- 0.47 L/min). During REM sleep, eye movements (EMs) were associated with rapid shallow breathing. Dividing REM into 20-s epochs with or without EMs, EMs were associated with a raised breathing frequency (no EMs, 14.4 +/- 0.4 breaths/min; EMs, 15.8 +/- 0.5 breaths/min; p = 0.01), reduced tidal volume (0.49 +/- 0.03 L; 0.41 +/- 0.03 L; p less than 0.01), and reduced minute ventilation (6.87 +/- 0.45 L; 6.27 +/- 0.51 L; p = 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202463 TI - Susceptibility of Mycobacterium avium complex to various two-drug combinations of antituberculosis agents. AB - The drug susceptibility of two untypable strains of Mycobacterium avium complex were studied in 7H10 agar plates containing ethambutol (EMB), isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), ethionamide (ETH), and streptomycin (SM) alone and in two-drug combinations. The effective dose inhibiting 75% of the mycobacterial population (ED 75) was estimated by a regression analysis on the probit transformed inhibition percentages and plotted on an isobologram for each combination. No major discrepancies were found between strains. Five combinations (RMP plus INH, RMP plus EMB, EMB plus SM, INH plus EMB, and ETH plus INH) showed synergistic effect, whereas five other combinations (ETH plus EMB, ETH plus RMP, ETH plus SM, SM plus RMP, and SM plus INH) showed antagonistic effect. These in vitro results are not in combination with the known results of treatment of the M. avium diseases. We conclude that the effect of drug combinations against M. avium may be strain dependent and that it is important to determine this effect in vitro before setting up a treatment protocol. PMID- 3202464 TI - Comparative bioavailability of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide administered in free combination and in a fixed triple formulation designed for daily use in antituberculosis chemotherapy. I. Single-dose study. AB - A comparative bioavailability study of the antituberculosis drugs isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide was carried out in a group of 10 healthy volunteers after administration of the three compounds, once in individual association and once in a combined, fixed preparation. The investigation was designed as an open, crossover study where each subject received five tablets of a preparation containing 50 mg isoniazid, 120 mg rifampin, and 300 mg pyrazinamide (corresponding to a total dose of 250 mg isoniazid, 600 mg rifampin, and 1,500 mg pyrazinamide). The same doses were administered in the session where the drugs were combined using the individual formulations. For each subject and experimental session, 15 blood samples were collected over a period of 24 h, and the plasma concentrations of the three drugs were assessed. The results indicated the absence of negative pharmacokinetic interactions between the drugs when administered in both free and this new, fixed combination. PMID- 3202466 TI - Nosocomial Mycobacterium fortuitum colonization from a contaminated ice machine. AB - Between October 15 and November 18, 1985, 5 patients on a medical ward of the Albany VA Medical Center (Ward 8A) became colonized with Mycobacterium fortuitum. Because other patients in Ward 8A were at risk of developing disease with M. fortuitum, microbiologic surveillance to identify colonization in sputum was begun. By February 15, 1986, 30 colonized patients had been identified in this ward but none in another ward with a comparable patient population, which suggests a source unique to Ward 8A. Because water has been recognized as a source of opportunistic mycobacterial pathogens, we conducted a retrospective case-control study using a telephone survey questionnaire to examine a number of water exposures in 10 patients and 20 control subjects. Exposure to ice from the Ward 8A ice machine, but not to potable water, was associated with colonization with M. fortuitum. Large-volume water samples from a variety of sources were cultured for acid-fast bacilli. M. fortuitum was isolated only from the ice machine in Ward 8A. The ice machine was disconnected, and no additional patients became colonized. Although ice machines are infrequently implicated in nosocomial outbreaks, they represent a potential source for pathogens that survive or replicate in water. PMID- 3202465 TI - Comparative bioavailability of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide administered in free combination and in a fixed triple formulation designed for daily use in antituberculosis chemotherapy. II. Two-month, daily administration study. AB - The time course of the plasma concentrations of isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide was assessed in a group of 13 patients with lung tuberculosis treated over a period of 2 months on a continuous daily basis with a fixed triple combination of the same drugs. The blood kinetics of the three antituberculosis drugs were determined on Days 1, 15, 30, and 60 of treatment. The triple combination employed in this study contained 50 mg isoniazid, 120 mg rifampin, and 300 mg pyrazinamide per tablet, the number of tablets ranging from four to seven per day according to the body weight of the patients. Almost superimposable plasma concentration curves for isoniazid were observed during the 4 days of the study. For rifampin, a fall in the plasma concentrations at the time intervals after the peak was observed comparing the data on Day 1 with those on Days 15, 30, and 60, which did not differ from each other. This finding is thought to be due to the well-known phenomenon of self-induction, which leads to an increased rate of disposal of the antibiotic from the blood compartment within the first and second weeks of continuous treatment. For pyrazinamide, an equilibrium in the opposite sense as that of rifampin seemed to take place within the 2 months of the study. Because of the relatively high plasma levels observed 24 h after each administration, an increase in plasma concentrations with respect to those observed on Day 1 was found on Days 15, 30, and 60, the levels on these days no differing from each other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202467 TI - Isolation and antigenic identification of hamster lung interstitial macrophages. AB - Lung interstitial macrophages (IMs) are a large, distinctive population of cells with important proliferative capacities. Characterization of their role in health and disease has been hampered by inadequate methods to separate interstitial from residual alveolar macrophages (AMs) in preparations of individual mononuclear cells from lung tissue. In this study, a specific cell-surface antigen (HAM1) present on more than 90% of hamster AMs, but not expressed by hamster IMs, was used to distinguish these populations. After collagenase digestion of lung tissue slices from exhaustively lavaged and perfused hamster lungs, mononuclear phagocytes were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. The mean yield of lung digest macrophages (3.9 +/- 1.9 (SD) x 10(6] was comparable to the yield of lavaged AMs (4.2 +/- 1.9 x 10(6]. The proliferative capacity of lavaged AMs, blood monocytes, and lung digest macrophages was compared using a soft-agar colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. Both lung digest macrophages and blood monocytes had significantly more CFUs (68.7 +/- 2.6 and 53.5 +/- 8.4 CFU/10(3) cells [mean +/- SEM], respectively) than did AMs (16.5 +/- 1.7) (p less than 0.01). To further define the composition of the lung digest macrophage population, flow cytometric analysis of fixed cells from six experiments was performed using a mouse monoclonal antibody specific for the HAM1 antigen found only on AMs. The lung digest macrophage population consisted of both antigen-negative IMs (78.2% +/- 3.7% [SEM]; n = 6) and antigen-positive, residual AMs (21.8% +/- 3.7%). Morphometric counts confirmed that substantial numbers of AMs are left behind after lavage and contribute to macrophages obtained from lung tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202468 TI - PGE1 inhibits neutrophil adherence and neutrophil-mediated injury to cultured endothelial cells. AB - Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) has been shown to inhibit acute inflammatory reactions involving vascular permeability changes and subsequent tissue damage caused by immune complex deposition and other inflammatory mediators. These effects have been postulated to be due to functional changes induced in circulating neutrophils by PGE1. We evaluated the ability of PGE1 (1 to 100 microM) to protect endothelial cells (EC) from neutrophil injury induced by C5a or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). The injury to endothelial monolayers was quantitated by 51Cr loss after an 18-h incubation. In the presence of PGE1, there was a concentration-dependent inhibition of C5a- or PMA-stimulated human neutrophil injury to EC. The protective effect was more effective by pretreatment of neutrophils than EC. Since neutrophil adherence to endothelial cells is thought to be an early event in the sequence resulting in injury to vascular endothelium, we next evaluated the effect of PGE1 on neutrophil adherence to plastic surfaces and EC. In a similar fashion, there was a concentration-dependent inhibition of neutrophil adherence to plastic and EC following stimulation with PMA (10 ng/ml), human C5a (5 micrograms/ml) or formyl-met-leu-phe (FMLP, 2 x 10(-7) M). To investigate a possible mechanism of inhibition of neutrophil adherence to plastic surfaces or EC, expression of the neutrophil surface protein Mo1, previously shown to be associated with increased granulocyte adherence, was measured by fluorescence flow cytometry. Although basal levels of Mo1 expression by unstimulated neutrophils were diminished by PGE1 treatment, there was no significant inhibition of PMA- or FMLP-stimulated Mo1 expression in PGE1-treated neutrophils compared with neutrophils stimulated in the absence of PGE1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202469 TI - Pharmacologic properties of isolated proximal pulmonary arteries after seven-day exposure to in vivo hyperoxia. AB - Marked damage to the endothelium is associated with the pulmonary hypertension that develops during in vivo exposure to hyperoxia at normobaric pressures. We hypothesized that endothelial cell damage may contribute to initial increases in vascular tone during the development of hypertension by altering the metabolism of vasoactive compounds and/or modulating vessel responses to those agents that require an intact endothelium for their actions. This study reports the effects of in vivo hyperoxic damage to the lung on the pharmacologic properties of isolated pulmonary vessels. Proximal pulmonary arteries isolated from adult and weanling rats that breathed 85% O2 for 7 days were studied using myograph techniques. Isometric tension development was recorded in response to the cumulative addition of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and the ability of acetylcholine (ACh) to relax precontracted vessels was subsequently assessed. Sensitivities to PGF2 alpha were increased in both adult and weanling hyperoxic vessels relative to control. Conversely, relaxation to acetylcholine was reduced following hyperoxic injury. Control vessels relaxed completely to acetylcholine addition, while only a 30% relaxation was recorded in adult hyperoxic arteries and a 50% relaxation was measured in weanling hyperoxic tissues. This effect on vasodilation was specific for the endothelium-dependent dilator ACh. By contrast, relaxation responses to sodium nitroprusside and papaverine, endothelium independent agonists, were unaffected following hyperoxic injury. These results demonstrate that in vivo exposure to high O2 concentrations increases the sensitivity of isolated pulmonary arteries to the vasoconstrictor PGF2 alpha and markedly diminishes the ability of ACh to relax precontracted pulmonary vessels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202470 TI - Heterogeneity of pathologic lesions in familial primary pulmonary hypertension. AB - We analyzed lung specimens from 23 affected members of 13 families with known familial primary pulmonary hypertension. In this heritable disease, the pathogenetic basis of disease should be distinct within families, and the pathologic lesions should reflect the underlying biologic mechanisms. Two pathologic types of primary pulmonary hypertension have been proposed to exist, "plexogenic" and "thromboembolic." The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and variety of pathologic lesions in families with familial primary pulmonary hypertension and to discover whether the pattern of pathologic lesions found supported the existence of two types of disease. We found marked heterogeneity of pathologic lesions within and among families, including frequent coexistence of thrombotic and plexiform lesions. We conclude that the lesions found in primary pulmonary hypertension are not specific but represent different manifestations of the same pathologic process. Thus, plexiform and thrombotic lesions of the pulmonary arterioles may not arise from distinctly different biologic processes but may simply be different manifestations of the same process. Further insights in primary pulmonary hypertension must come from study of the biologic aspects of the intimal lesion. PMID- 3202471 TI - Asbestos-induced endothelial cell activation and injury. Demonstration of fiber phagocytosis and oxidant-dependent toxicity. AB - Vascular endothelial cell injury is important in the development of a variety of chronic interstitial lung disorders. However, the involvement of such injury in the inflammatory response associated with the inhalation of asbestos fibers is unclear and the mechanism of asbestos fiber cytotoxicity remains unknown. In the present study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells were challenged with amosite asbestos and several parameters of cellular function were examined. Electron microscopic examination revealed that endothelial cell exposure to asbestos resulted in active phagocytosis of these particulates. Biochemical evidence of dose-dependent asbestos-mediated endothelial cell activation was indicated by increased metabolism of arachidonic acid. For example, amosite asbestos (500 micrograms/ml) produced a ninefold increase in prostacyclin (PGI2) levels over those levels in non-exposed cells. Incubation of human endothelial cells with asbestos fibers induced specific 51Cr release in both a dose- and time dependent fashion indicative of cellular injury. Injury induced by amosite asbestos was not significantly attenuated by treatment of the endothelial cell monolayer with either the iron chelator deferoxamine, which prevents hydroxyl radical (.OH) formation, or by the superoxide anion (O2-) scavenger, superoxide dismutase. However, significant dose-dependent protection was observed with the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenger, catalase. Chelation of elemental iron present within amosite asbestos fibers by deferoxamine produced a 33% reduction in asbestos cytotoxicity, suggesting a potential role for hydroxyl radical-mediated injury via the iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202473 TI - Vitamin D metabolism in tuberculosis. Production of 1,25(OH)2D3 by cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage and the role of this metabolite in calcium homeostasis. AB - To investigate the extrarenal production of 1,25(OH)2D3 in tuberculosis, we extensively evaluated a patient with tuberculosis, hypercalcemia, and an elevated plasma concentration of 1,25(OH)2D3. Fresh total cells and cultured alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage were demonstrated to synthesize 1,25(OH)2D3 prior to and after nine months of successful antituberculous therapy. The continued capacity to produce 1,25(OH)2D3 was associated with a persistent lymphocytic alveolitis in this patient. This extrarenal production of 1,25(OH)2D3 probably contributed to the increased levels of plasma 1,25(OH)2D observed in our patient. Nevertheless, a close correlation between plasma 1,25(OH)2D and serum calcium was not observed. These findings suggest that although extrarenal production of 1,25(OH)2D3 occurs in tuberculosis, it need not be a predominant factor producing the abnormalities in calcium homeostasis observed in such patients. PMID- 3202472 TI - Endobronchial Richter's syndrome. A rare manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. AB - Endobronchial involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is rare. This report describes a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Richter's syndrome in whom bronchial obstruction occurred due to massive peribronchial lymphadenopathy and endobronchial leukemic infiltrates. Endobronchial Richter's transformation has not been previously reported. PMID- 3202474 TI - The impact of AIDS on pulmonary health care manpower. PMID- 3202475 TI - Pulmonary antigen challenge in rats passively sensitized with a monoclonal IgE antibody induces immediate but not late changes in airway mechanics. AB - Pulmonary antigen challenge in sensitized individuals results in isolated immediate, isolated late, or dual reactions consisting of both an immediate and late change in airway function. The immediate response appears to be dependent on the presence of IgE antibody and mast cell mediator release. Although the late phase of dual responses is considered to be related to or a continuum of the immediate hypersensitivity response, its precise pathogenesis remains to be determined. To increase both the sensitivity and specificity of analyzing the pathogenesis of IgE-dependent pulmonary responses, we have used a Sprague-Dawley rat model system in which rats are passively sensitized with a murine monoclonal IgE anti-dinitrophenol (DNP) antibody prior to challenge with DNP-bovine serum albumin (DNP-BSA). Pathogen-free rats were injected with IgE or saline in a randomized blinded protocol, and in 24 to 48 h were anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg intraperitoneally) and instrumented to measure lung resistance (RL) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn). Rats were then challenged with aerosolized DNP-BSA (10 mg/ml), and RL and Cdyn monitored through 7 h after challenge. Both RL (0.30 +/- 0.10 versus 0.13 +/- 0.02 cm H2O/ml.sec-1) and Cdyn (0.41 +/- 0.10 versus 0.25 +/ 0.08 ml/cm H2O) were significantly different (p less than 0.05) in sensitized rats compared to control rats immediately after challenge. No late changes were observed in either the treated or control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202476 TI - Dichotomous airway response to exercise in asthmatic patients. AB - The extent and location of airway narrowing in asthmatic subjects are usually inferred from measurements of maximal expiratory flow rates and airway resistance. In the present study, we used the acoustic reflection technique to measure the airway cross-sectional area in 14 asthmatic subjects and 8 normal controls before and following treadmill exercise tests. In normal subjects, exercise caused no significant change in FEV1 and bronchial area, but did cause a significant increase in the intrathoracic tracheal area from 2.0 +/- 0.7 cm2 to 3.1 +/- 0.7 cm2 (p less than 0.002). In the asthmatics, exercise was followed by a 37 +/- 15% reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 s(FEV1), and a 36% decrease in bronchial area from 8.5 +/- 2.8 cm2 to 5.4 +/- 1.1 cm2 (p less than 0.001); however, extra- and intrathoracic tracheal areas increased significantly. These findings provide direct and quantitative evidence that the bronchi are the main site of airway narrowing in exercise-induced asthma, and draw attention to the phenomenon of tracheal dilatation that occurs concomitant with bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. PMID- 3202477 TI - External work output and force generation during synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation. Effect of machine assistance on breathing effort. AB - We measured the mechanical work performed by 12 acutely ill patients during synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation to determine the influence of volume-cycled machine assistance on inspiratory timing, respiratory muscle force development, and external work output. The frequency and tidal volume of spontaneous breaths increased at lower levels of mechanical ventilation, but inspiratory time fraction did not vary across the spectrum of machine support. As machine support was withdrawn, inspiratory work and pressure-time product increased progressively for both spontaneous and assisted breathing cycles. On a per cycle basis, work output was greater for assisted than for spontaneous breaths at all levels of comparison. Although the mean pressure developed by the patient during assisted cycles averaged approximately equal to 20% less than during adjacent unassisted cycles, contraction time averaged approximately equal to 20% longer, so that the pressure-time products were nearly equivalent for both types of cycle. Two indices of force reserve indicated that our patients taxed their maximal ventilatory capability at all but the highest levels of support. We conclude that under the conditions of this study the ventilatory pump continued to be active at all levels of machine assistance. Although work per liter related linearly to the proportion of minute ventilation borne by the patient, force generation differed little for spontaneous and machine-aided breaths at any specified level of support. Whether judged on the basis of mean developed pressure (work per liter of ventilation) or pressure-time product, little effort adaptation to volume-cycled machine assistance appears to occur on a breath-by breath basis. PMID- 3202478 TI - The effect of digoxin on contractility and fatigue of isolated guinea pig and rat hemidiaphragms. AB - Digoxin could improve diaphragm contractility and fatigability if inhibition of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase enhances calcium influx from extracellular sources, or it could impair contractility and worsen fatigue if it impairs maintenance of the membrane potential. We studied the effects of digoxin on isometric force production, fatigue, and recovery in isolated, directly stimulated, guinea pig and rat diaphragms. Digoxin had no effect on maximal twitch or tetanic tensions compared with control diaphragms in either rat (2 ng/ml to 20 micrograms/ml) or guinea pig (2 ng/ml to 2 micrograms/ml) hemidiaphragms. Digoxin worsened high frequency fatigue and impaired recovery from fatigue in guinea pigs (200 ng/ml to 2 micrograms/ml) but not in rat (2 micrograms/ml) hemidiaphragms. We conclude that digoxin has no effect on diaphragm contractility. Hypopolarization of the membrane potential is the likely cause for the increased fatigability. The difference in responsiveness between species is likely due to insensitivity of rat sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase to digoxin. PMID- 3202479 TI - Improvement in upper airway function after weight loss in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. AB - Overweight patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are improved by weight reduction, although the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We tested the hypothesis that improvement in OSA after weight loss is associated with improvement in pharyngeal function. Consequently, we measured pharyngeal area at functional residual capacity (AFRC) and at residual volume (ARV), the percent change in pharyngeal area between FRC and RV (delta Aph%) defined as (AFRC - ARV)/AFRC x 100, and lung volume dependence of pharyngeal area (LVD) defined as the difference between AFRC and ARV normalized for the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)--in 12 overweight apneic patients before and after weight loss. We found that after a 26 +/- 18 kg weight loss, there was a significant reduction in the apnea/hypopnea index from 57 +/- 29 to 14 +/- 10 (p less than 0.0005) and increase in the lowest nocturnal oxygen saturation from 54 +/- 20% to 80 +/- 8% (p less than 0.001). This improvement was associated with a significant reduction in delta Aph% from 25 +/- 15% to 9 +/- 18% (p less than 0.05) and a significant decrease in LVD from 1.98 +/- 1.52 cm2/L to 0.16 +/- 0.88 cm2/L (p less than 0.005). There were four patients in whom baseline LVD was low and relatively unchanged after weight loss. Three of these patients exhibited paradoxical inspiratory narrowing of the glottis, which reversed after weight loss; these glottic abnormalities were not present in the rest of the patients with OSA. We conclude that improvement in obstructive sleep apnea after weight loss may be related to improvement in pharyngeal and glottic function. PMID- 3202480 TI - Augmentation of elastase-induced emphysema by cigarette smoke. Effects of reduced nicotine content. AB - To examine the role of nicotine in the augmentation of elastase-induced emphysema by cigarette smoke, animals that had been pretreated with porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) were exposed to cigarette smokes that had a five-fold difference in their nicotine concentrations. Young adult female Long-Evans rats were divided into seven groups: (1) untreated controls; (2) low nicotine cigarette smoke exposure (Kentucky 2A1 reference cigarettes; 35.0 mg total particulate matter, 0.42 mg nicotine, and 0.38 mg nitrogen oxides per cigarette); (3) high nicotine cigarette smoke exposure (Kentucky 2R1 reference cigarettes; 38.8 mg total particulate matter, 2.2 mg nicotine, and 0.34 mg nitrogen oxides per cigarette; (4) PPE alone; (5) PPE + sham smoke exposure; (6) PPE + 2A1 smoke exposure; and (7) PPE + 2R1 smoke exposure. Three days after intratracheal administration of PPE (400 IU/kg), animals in the smoke-treated groups were exposed to 10 puffs of cigarette smoke daily, 7 days/wk for 14 wk. Sham-treated animals received room air in place of cigarette smoke. After the exposures, pulmonary function tests were performed under general anesthesia. Whole lungs were examined for gross pathologic changes, and samples of lung tissue were harvested for quantitative morphometry. Cigarette smoke exposure alone did not produce significant changes in pulmonary function or structure. On the other hand, treatment with elastase alone produced a constellation of pulmonary functional and structural changes that were pathognomonic of emphysema. Exposure to 2R1 but not 2A1 cigarette smoke significantly augmented the emphysematous changes produced by PPE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202481 TI - Effect of tobacco smoking on the presence of asbestosis at postmortem and on the reading of irregular opacities on roentgenograms in asbestos-exposed workers. AB - A statistically significant association between cigarette smoking and radiologic readings of irregular opacities was observed in a case-control study of 430 South African asbestos miners (OR = 3.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.50; 6.11). In another case-control study of 487 dead South African asbestos miners, no positive association between smoking and autopsy findings for asbestosis was observed (OR = 0.50; 95% confidence interval, 0.20; 1.29). The association between greater than slight asbestosis (moderate and marked) and smoking (yes/no) was not significant (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.44), and the adjusted odds ratio was 1.25 with 95% confidence interval (0.20; 7.78). In addition, the certification in life for asbestosis, based on chest roentgenogram readings for irregular opacities, was also found to have a tendency to be related to smoking. Thus, the findings of these studies do not support the hypothesis that smoking is associated with the presence of asbestosis at autopsy or that smoking and asbestos dust act synergistically in producing asbestosis at autopsy. But the findings of this and other studies suggest that smoking does produce some change in the lung structure that can be visible on the roentgenogram and can be wrongly interpreted as irregular opacities caused by asbestosis. PMID- 3202482 TI - Corticosteroids prevent acute lung dysfunction caused by thoracic irradiation in unanesthetized sheep. AB - We sought to determine the effect of corticosteroid therapy in a new acute model of oxidant lung injury, thoracic irradiation in awake sheep. Sheep were irradiated with 1,500 rads to the whole chest except for blocking the heart and adjacent ventral lung. Seven experimental sheep were given methylprednisolone (1 g intravenously every 6 h for four doses) and thoracic irradiation; control sheep received only irradiation. In irradiated control sheep, lung lymph flow increased from baseline (7.6 ml/h) to peak at 3 h (13.2), and lung lymph protein clearance increased from 5.1 to 9.7 ml/h. Mean pulmonary artery pressure increased in the irradiated control sheep from 19 to 32.4 cm H2O, whereas the lung lymph thromboxane concentration increased from 0.09 to 6.51 ng/ml at 3 h. Arterial oxygen tension in irradiated control sheep fell gradually from 86 mm Hg at baseline to 65 mm Hg at 8 h. Methylprednisolone administration significantly prevented the increase in lung lymph protein clearance, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and lung lymph thromboxane concentration. Methylprednisolone also prevented the fall in arterial oxygen tension after thoracic irradiation, but did not prevent a further decrease in lymphocytes in blood or lung lymph after radiation. We conclude that corticosteroid therapy prevents most of the acute physiologic changes caused by thoracic irradiation in awake sheep. PMID- 3202483 TI - Pulmonary lysozyme--a secretory protein of type II pneumocytes in the rat. AB - A 14 kDa basic protein isolated from rat lung lavage was demonstrated to be lysozyme by its amino acid sequence analysis. An antiserum to rat lysozyme stained type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. In rat lungs, no staining of the airway cells was noted. Lysozyme was detectable in type II pneumocytes by immunocytochemistry and by a quantitative immunoassay of lung homogenates of fetal lungs at Day 20 of gestation. An increase in the lysozyme content of the lung with increasing gestational and postnatal age of the rat was noted. In adult animals, lysozyme accounts for about 169.0 micrograms/g of wet lung weight and 0.3% of the soluble proteins in lung homogenate. Lysozyme constitutes about 6.6% of the total soluble proteins in rat lung lavage. Metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation were used to demonstrate that rat type II pneumocytes synthesize and secrete lysozyme in vitro. However, in human lungs, lysozyme was identified in serous submucosal glands but not in alveolar type II pneumocytes. The results demonstrate differential distribution of a secretory protein in rodent and human lungs and indicate that in the rat lysozyme could be used as an immunohistologic marker for type II pneumocytes and as an indicator of secretory activity and maturation of type II pneumocytes. PMID- 3202484 TI - Local abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis and alveolar fibrin deposition in sheep with oleic acid-induced lung injury. AB - Extravascular, primarily intra-alveolar, fibrin deposition is a histologic hallmark of acute lung injury in humans and experimental animals, but the mechanisms leading to this finding are poorly understood. To determine whether local abnormalities in the fibrinolytic-procoagulant balance contribute to alveolar fibrin deposition in acute lung injury, we studied bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of anesthetized sheep that received intravenous oleic acid. Prominent alveolar fibrin deposition was observed within 2 h after oleic acid induced lung injury. Procoagulant and fibrinolytic activities were determined in BAL samples of anesthetized, mechanically ventilated sheep before and 2 h after intravenous oleic acid or saline. BAL procoagulant activity was found to be due mainly to tissue factor associated with Factor VII. In baseline BAL samples, we found relatively low levels of procoagulant activity and relatively high levels of fibrinolytic activity. After induction of oleic acid-induced lung injury, the procoagulant activity of BAL was markedly increased, whereas fibrinolytic activity was either depressed or undetectable. Antiplasmin activity was detectable in BAL of sheep after oleic acid-induced lung injury, which contributed at least in part to the depressed fibrinolytic activity observed. These perturbations occurred with the appearance of extensive alveolar fibrin deposition. In control sheep, BAL fibrinolytic activity was decreased, and antiplasmin activity increased modestly after 2 h of mechanical ventilation, but procoagulant activity was unchanged and alveolar fibrin was not observed. Procoagulant activity in lung lymph and plasma after lung injury did not differ from baseline values, and fibrinolytic activity was undetectable in lymph or plasma samples. These data indicate that increased procoagulant activity and concurrent disruption of the balance of coagulation and fibrinolysis establish local conditions that promote acute fibrin deposition in the alveoli of mechanically ventilated, oleic acid-injured sheep. PMID- 3202485 TI - Passive sensitization and antigen challenge increase vascular permeability in rat airways. AB - Activation of mast cells in all organs in which this phenomenon has been studied leads to increased vascular permeability. Mucosal edema is thought to be an important component of the airflow obstruction of asthma. In order to develop a model to study IgE-mediated vascular permeability in lung, rats were passively sensitized with a murine monoclonal IgE-anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP). Forty-eight hours later, the animals were challenged intravenously with mouse serum albumin conjugated to DNP (1 to 25 micrograms) and received 125I-labeled bovine albumin at the same time to permit assessment of leakage of vascular proteins into the lungs. The animals became cyanotic, but they did not die. Control animals were challenged with mouse serum albumin alone and experienced no systemic reactions. The trachea, the hilum, and peripheral lung were removed and the radioactivity determined. Compared to control animals, vascular permeability was increased most impressively in the trachea and to a lesser extent in the hilum. No increased vascular permeability was found in the peripheral lung. In dose-response experiments (1 to 25 micrograms MSA-DNP injected), the peak effect in the trachea occurred at 25 micrograms MSA-DNP (+450 +/- 119% above control values, p less than or equal to 0.05), while the response in the bronchus was less dose dependent; maximal increase above control was at 12.5 micrograms DNP-MSA (+50 +/- 8%, p less than or equal to 0.05). The increased plasma exudation in the trachea and bronchi peaked within 5 min of antigen challenge and remained significantly increased for at least 2 h. After 8 h, no increased radioactivity could be observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202488 TI - Effect of alcohol consumption on emphysema or pulmonary function. PMID- 3202487 TI - Training programs in adult respiratory disease and training programs in pediatric respiratory disease. 1988 editions. PMID- 3202486 TI - Reperfusion pulmonary edema after thrombolytic therapy of massive pulmonary embolism. AB - We report here the occurrence of acute focal pulmonary edema after thrombolytic therapy for massive pulmonary embolism. Symptomatic pulmonary edema developed in a 75-yr-old man after streptokinase infusion for a massive pulmonary embolism. Repeat radiographic studies demonstrated that the edema occurred in an area of early reperfusion. Right heart catheterization showed pulmonary hypertension, and there was no clinical evidence of left ventricular failure. The edema spontaneously resolved during a second course of thrombolytic therapy that successfully lysed the remaining thrombus. We conclude that reperfusion pulmonary edema is a potential, albeit rare, complication of thrombolytic therapy for pulmonary embolism. PMID- 3202489 TI - Tumor necrosis factor causes increased pulmonary permeability and edema. PMID- 3202490 TI - The flow-volume loop and main-stem bronchial obstruction. PMID- 3202491 TI - Off and running: a progress report from the AJRCMB. PMID- 3202492 TI - Spirometric prediction equations for Hispanic children and adults in New Mexico. AB - We conducted a population-based survey of respiratory diseases and lung function in a New Mexico Hispanic community, and developed spirometric prediction equations based on data from 576 children and adults. Spirometric test procedures were followed as recommended by the American Thoracic Society. For children 6 through 18 yr of age, we used a logarithmic model to predict spirometric parameters. We used simple linear regression for adults 25 through 80 yr of age. On the basis of exploratory analyses, we excluded adult subjects who were obese, defined as a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or greater. This report describes these regressions. We did not perform regression analysis for those subjects between 19 and 24 yr of age because of small numbers and the inappropriateness of grouping these subjects with older adults for regression analysis. As an alternative to a regression equation for this age group specifically, we propose linear interpolation between values obtained using prediction equations developed for children and for adults. Finally, we compared the percent predicted values obtained from our internal prediction equations with equations from other populations of white children and adults. In general, the comparison equations underestimated the percent predicted values in our population. PMID- 3202493 TI - Reference values for FEV1 in Japanese-American men from 45 to 68 years of age. AB - Pulmonary function is known to vary by racial group, yet no standards have been published for Asian-Americans. The Honolulu Heart Program, a prospective epidemiologic study of cardiovascular disease, provided an opportunity to examine pulmonary function, specifically, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), in Japanese-American men 45 to 68 yr of age. Of a cohort of 6,346 men, 1,490 were identified as healthy asymptomatic nonsmokers. Prediction equations and reference values were derived from this subgroup. When the prediction equation was compared with those derived from Caucasian and black populations, mean predicted FEV1 for Japanese-Americans was intermediate to higher values for Caucasians and lower values for blacks. In addition to age and height, skinfolds, dynamometry, and biacromial diameter were found to be independent predictors of FEV1. In summary, standards derived from Japanese-American populations should be used when measuring pulmonary function in this group and additional physical measurements make a small contribution to the accuracy of prediction equations. PMID- 3202494 TI - Correlates of FEV1 and prevalence of pulmonary conditions in Japanese-American men. AB - Correlates of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the prevalence of pulmonary disease and symptoms were examined in 6,346 Japanese-American men 45 to 68 yr of age. There was a significant inverse dose-response relationship between FEV1 and cigarette smoking measured as pack-years, number of cigarettes, or number of years smoked. Ex-smokers had FEV1 values that were intermediate to the higher values for nonsmokers and the lower values for current smokers. Among current smokers, inhaling and starting to smoke at a younger age were associated with lower values of FEV1, independent of pack-years. FEV1 was also correlated with a variety of other biologic and sociobehavioral variables, even after removing the effects of smoking. These variables included skinfold thickness, dynamometry, hematocrit, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure. When compared with Caucasian populations, these Japanese-American men had low prevalence rates of airflow obstruction and pulmonary disease symptoms. PMID- 3202495 TI - Analysis of spirometric data from a national sample of healthy 6- to 24-year-olds (NHANES II). AB - The second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) incorporated spirometric examinations for a nationwide sample of individuals 6 to 24 yr of age. We analyzed spirometric data on 1,963 healthy, nonsmoking black and white subjects to derive prediction equations for FVC, FEV1, FEV3, PEF, Vmax50, Vmax75, and MMEF. The population was divided into three groups: children (6 to 11 yr of age); teens (males 12 to 20, females 12 to 17 yr of age); and young adults (males 21 to 24, females 18 to 24 yr of age). Using regression analysis, standing height appeared to be the most important predictor of pulmonary function across the entire age group, with the importance of the age variable decreasing in older ages. Controlling for other variables, blacks exhibited consistently lower respiratory function for most measures. This difference increased with age. Male FVC exceeded female FVC after 8 to 9 yr of age; however, female MMEF and Vmax50 performance equaled or exceeded males until approximately 13 yr of age. Males tended to outperform females with the same anthropometric characteristics in all age groups, except in the height range of 130 to 160 cm, where female flows and volumes were superior. Percentile growth curves were also developed to track lung development in clinical practice. PMID- 3202496 TI - Sex and race differences in the development of lung function. AB - The second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976 to 1980) provided spirometric examinations for a nationwide sample of individuals 6 to 24 yr of age. We analyzed spirometric data on 1,963 healthy, nonsmoking blacks and whites to examine sex and race differences in FVC, FEV1, FEV3, PEF, Vmax50, Vmax75, and mid-maximal expiratory flow (MMEF). The population was divided into three age groups: children (6 to 11), teens (males 12 to 20, females 12 to 17), and young adults (males 21 to 24, females 18 to 24). Controlling for sex, age, standing height, and body mass index, blacks had consistently lower levels of lung function for most measures. The inclusion of sitting height explained part of this reduction. Controlling for lung size using FVC as a surrogate, the performance of blacks on other spirometry measures was equal to whites in all age groups. Males tended to outperform females with the same anthropometric characteristics before the inclusion of FVC as a predictor variable. However, after controlling for lung size (FVC), female performance exceeded that of males. The higher female performance is particularly noticeable in the later flow measures. Both anatomic and physiologic factors may account for these findings. PMID- 3202497 TI - Association between alveolar macrophage plasminogen activator activity and indices of lung function in young cigarette smokers. AB - Recent evidence suggests that connective tissue breakdown in the human lung leading to airway obstruction and emphysema involves proteinases expressed by neutrophils and macrophages that traffic to the lungs in response to cigarette smoke. It remains unclear why only a small fraction of all cigarette smokers develop symptomatic airway obstruction. In this study, we examined indexes of inflammation and proteolytic activity in samples of bronchoalveolar lavage from young cigarette smokers and questioned whether there was any correlation between the extent of inflammation or enzymatic activity and lung function. A total of 125 apparently healthy community volunteers who currently smoked at least one pack per day were evaluated by spirometry. Seven subjects with a relatively low FEV1/FVC (% predicted) were identified and further studied by bronchoalveolar lavage. These were compared with a group of 10 smokers of similar age (mean age, 33 yr) and pack-years and higher FEV1/FVC (% predicted). Both groups showed increased accumulation of lung macrophages and neutrophils as compared to nonsmokers, but there were no differences in total cells or cellular differentials between the groups. Similarly, there were no differences in either alveolar fluid phase elastase, antielastase, and plasminogen activator (PA) activities or macrophage elastolytic activity between the groups. In contrast, there was a clear difference in macrophage plasminogen activator activity between the groups, cells from the group with a lower FEV1/FVC (% predicted) having a higher PA activity than that of macrophages from the group with higher FEV1/FVC (% predicted), i.e., 0.50 +/- 0.16 international urokinase units/10(6) cells versus 0.30 +/- 0.10 units/10(6) cells (p less than 0.0007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202498 TI - Pulmonary retention of iodobenzyl-propanediamine in humans. Effect of cigarette smoking. AB - N,N,N'-trimethyl-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-iodobenzyl)-1,3-propanediamine (HIPDM), a synthetic basic compound with high affinity for lung tissue of various animal species, was labeled with 123I and injected into normal smokers (n = 9) and into asymptomatic smokers (n = 9). Time/activity curves were recorded for 90 min by gamma camera. HIPDM lung clearance was described by two exponential components. In smokers, the mean time of the first component, 10 +/- 1.4 min (mean +/- SEM), did not significantly differ from that of nonsmokers (9.7 +/- 0.9 min), whereas the mean time of the second component (12.9 +/- 0.6 h) was longer than that of nonsmokers (6.7 +/- 0.2 h). The intercept to the ordinate of the second exponential component was significantly higher in smokers (90.3 +/- 1.5%) than in nonsmokers (80.7 +/- 1.9%). Control studies in rabbits showed that, 2 min after intravenous injection, 95% of HIPDM is taken up by the lung; time/activity curves were similar to those obtained in humans. The longer pulmonary persistence of HIPDM in smokers may reflect an increased number of cellular binding sites or may be the expression of hindered HIPDM biotransformation. The rabbit can be used as a model to further investigate HIPDM kinetics in relation to lung dysfunction. PMID- 3202499 TI - Lung injury and neutrophil density during air embolization in sheep after leukocyte depletion with nitrogen mustard. AB - The hypothesis that neutrophils are a major mediator of acute lung injury is based in part on the results from leukocyte depletion studies in which peripheral leukopenia is induced by administration of chemotherapeutic agents or antileukocyte serum. Because of valid concerns about the specificity and multiplicity of effects these regimens have in vivo, we designed a correlative structure-function study of the impact of one depletion regimen on the intrapulmonary density of neutrophils in two groups of sheep. We gave one group of four awake sheep repeated injections of nitrogen mustard (0.4 mg/kg body weight on the ninth, sixth, and third day before the experiment) to lower circulating leukocyte counts to less than 1% of their normopenic value. The other group of four awake sheep was not treated before the experiment (normopenic sheep). On the day of the experiment, the sheep were anesthetized to measure hemodynamics and lung lymph dynamics, and to take lung tissue for morphologic examination before and during 4 h of continuous venous air embolization. Reduction of circulating leukocytes by greater than 99% of normopenic values only lowered pulmonary intravascular neutrophil density by about 80%. In baseline lung biopsies, neutrophil density in small pulmonary arteries (1 to 0.1 mm in diameter) in the nitrogen-mustard-treated sheep averaged 51 +/- 23 (+/- 1 SD) cells/mm2 of blood area versus 291 +/- 40 in the normopenic sheep. During venous air embolization, neutrophils sequestered in the pulmonary arterial microvessels of both groups (210 +/- 27 cells/mm2 of blood area in the nitrogen-mustard treated sheep versus 1,217 +/- 49 in the normopenic sheep). Parallel increases in neutrophil density occurred in alveolar capillaries and small pulmonary veins. Neutrophils attached to the intravascular air emboli and to microvascular endothelial cells. Endothelial cell gaps were seen in about 30% (13 gaps in 48 microvessels) of the small arteries in the nitrogen mustard-treated sheep versus about 80% (38 gaps in 48 microvessels) in the normopenic sheep. Lung lymph protein clearance nearly doubled in the nitrogen mustard-treated sheep and tripled in the normopenic sheep during venous air embolization compared with the respective baseline clearance values. We suggest that methods used to deplete circulating leukocytes do not assure removal of neutrophils from the lungs; the remaining neutrophils appear capable of responding to intravascular inflammatory stimuli. PMID- 3202500 TI - Oxygen distribution and utilization after phorbol myristate acetate-induced lung injury. AB - There is considerable evidence suggesting that substrate (e.g., oxygen) distribution and utilization are abnormal in the setting of acute respiratory failure from the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The mechanisms that may explain this anomalous relationship include: redistribution of cardiac output resulting in the nonuniform delivery of substrate to regional vascular beds; increases in flow through anatomic precapillary arteriovenous channels; increased organ metabolic demand; and direct injury to the regional microvasculature. To test these hypotheses, we used radiolabeled 15-mu microspheres to measure cardiac output, regional blood flow, total systemic shunt flow, oxygen uptake (VO2), and oxygen delivery (QO2) in dogs after phorbol myristate acetate (PMA: 30 micrograms/kg; n = 5)-induced neutrophil activation and acute lung injury. These studies demonstrated that neutrophil activation and acute lung injury was accompanied by an increase in the level of QO2 (e.g., 19.1 ml/min.kg) necessary to maintain a constant level of VO2. Although PMA-induced acute lung injury did not result in an increase in the fraction of cardiac output comprising total systemic shunt flow or in an increase in whole body metabolic demand compared to control animals (e.g., PMA = 0 micrograms/kg; n = 10), it did result in a significant decrease in cardiac output. In addition, there were significant reductions in blood flow to most organs after PMA-induced acute lung injury that were not reversible with intravascular volume expansion (80 ml isotonic saline/kg; n = 5). The exclusion of reversible volume depletion, anatomic shunts, and increased metabolic demand suggest a role for microvascular injury in the development of the regional blood flow abnormalities and the supply dependence of oxygen uptake observed in this study. In the context of the mechanisms of lung injury known to be operative in this model, these microcirculatory abnormalities may be mediated through the intravascular activation of circulating neutrophils. PMID- 3202501 TI - The pulmonary effects of buthionine sulfoximine treatment and glutathione depletion in rats. AB - Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of de novo synthesis of glutathione (GSH), was used to deplete rats of GSH and determine the effect of treatment on antioxidant enzyme responses, lung injury, and the susceptibility to concurrent sublethal or lethal hyperoxia. In a preliminary experiment, total lung nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) and GSH levels were measured at various times after single doses of BSO. The lowest concentrations were observed at 12 to 18 h. These experiments were used to establish a repeated dosing protocol for more prolonged GSH depletion. The lungs of rats treated with BSO for 4 days demonstrated markedly decreased GSH and NPSH levels (10 to 40% of control values) and glutathione peroxidase activity (45 to 60% of control values). Superoxide dismutase activities were elevated, glutathione reductase activity was slightly elevated, and catalase activity was unchanged. These changes were dose responsive. The lungs of treated rats were grossly and microscopically normal. BSO treatment of additional rats did not increase susceptibility to lethal hyperoxia (greater than 98% oxygen). Combined treatment of rats with both BSO and sublethal hyperoxia (80% oxygen) for 4 days did not alter the biochemical responses demonstrated by rats treated solely with BSO. The marked increase in catalase activity obtained after hyperoxia alone was not observed in rats treated with both hyperoxia and BSO. The lungs of saline- and BSO-treated rats exposed to sublethal hyperoxia demonstrated a patchy distribution of slight perivascular and peribronchiolar edema.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202502 TI - Interactive effects of systemically administered salbutamol and aminophylline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AB - It has been previously shown that inhaled salbutamol (S) and intravenous aminophylline (A) have an additive effect as bronchodilators in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This additive effect could be due to different modes of action or different distributions of drug. In order to investigate the additive effect of S and A when administered by the same route, we studied eight patients 63.4 +/- 1.84 yr of age (mean +/- SEM), with long standing COPD (FEV1, 0.96 +/- 0.12 L) by giving them intravenous A and S. A double-blind, cross-over study was performed on two separate days by administering either A followed by S or vice versa. Each drug when given alone increased the FEV1 significantly (p less than 0.01). The mean increase was 0.17 +/- 0.06 L (18% of baseline) for S and 0.15 +/- 0.05 L (17% of baseline) for A. The FEV1 increased 0.07 +/- 0.02 L when S was added to A (95% confidence interval, 0.02 to 0.12, 7% of baseline), and when A was added to S 0.05 +/- 0.03 L (95% confidence interval, -0.02 to 0.12, 6% of baseline). Neither change was significant. Heart rate (HR) was increased significantly (p less than 0.01) by S (22 +/- 3.4%), but not by A when it was given first. However, addition of the second drug increased HR significantly (p less than 0.01) from HR with one drug alone; the mean increase was 31 +/- 8.5% of baseline with the addition of S, and 19 +/- 4.06% of baseline with the addition of A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202503 TI - Effect of hypoxia on diaphragm blood flow, oxygen uptake, and contractility. AB - Recent studies examining the effects of hypoxia on diaphragm function have reached conflicting conclusions, with some reports suggesting an adverse effect of even mild hypoxemia while others indicate that the diaphragm may be extremely resistant to hypoxic stress. Diaphragm tension was not, however, directly measured nor was diaphragm length controlled in these previous reports, and it seems possible that methodologic limitations may have been responsible for these discrepant results. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of graded, steady-state hypoxia on diaphragm blood flow, oxygen extraction, oxygen consumption, and contractility using an in situ canine diaphragm strip preparation that permitted direct and continuous measurement of diaphragm length, tension, and blood flow. Measurements were made with the diaphragm at rest, during normoxia (PaO2, 90 to 160 mm Hg), mild hypoxia (PaO2, 45 to 60 mm Hg), and severe hypoxia (PaO2, 25 to 35 mm Hg); measurements were made with the diaphragm at rest, during rhythmic contractions at a tension time index (TTI) of 0.05, and with contractions at a TTI of 0.15. Decreases in arterial oxygenation resulted in progressive increases in blood flow and in the fractional extraction of oxygen in both resting and contracting diaphragm strips. At all levels of activity tested, blood flow and fractional extraction increased sufficiently to keep diaphragm oxygen consumption constant despite reductions in arterial oxygen content. Diaphragm contractility, as assessed from the tension generated in response to a range of electrical stimuli (1 to 80 Hz), was unaffected by hypoxia for trials performed with the diaphragm at rest and contracting at a TTI of 0.05.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202504 TI - Palate and hypopharynx--sites of inspiratory narrowing of the upper airway during sleep. AB - In order to determine the specific site of inspiratory narrowing within the upper airway during sleep, we measured supralaryngeal, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal pressures and inspiratory flow in 11 healthy nonsnoring male subjects awake and in NREM sleep. Resistance was calculated at 0.01 L/s, a point along the linear portion of the pressure-flow relationship, and at peak inspiratory pressure, a point within the curvilinear section of the pressure-flow relationship. During sleep, nasal resistance increased minimally. At peak inspiratory pressure, both transpalatal and hypopharyngeal resistances increased more than 700% in NREM sleep. At 0.01 L/s inspiratory flow, transpalatal and hypopharyngeal resistances increased 200 and 400%, respectively. Six subjects had a greater increase in transpalatal than hypopharyngeal resistance, and five subjects had a greater increase in hypopharyngeal than transpalatal resistance. Three subjects in each of these two subgroups had an increase in resistance exclusively across the palate or the hypopharynx. The site of increased resistance during sleep was not predictable from awake resistance measurements. From these data, we conclude that the site of inspiratory narrowing within the upper airway during sleep occurs primarily at either the level of the palate or hypopharynx and is variable among subjects. The pattern of palatal or hypopharyngeal narrowing is the same as that observed in obstructive sleep apnea patients, but quantitatively different. PMID- 3202505 TI - Reflex decrease of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction after laryngeal stimulation in asthmatic patients. AB - The aim of this work was to determine if the nonadrenergic noncholinergic nervous system can be reflexly activated in asthmatic patients by stimulating the vocal cords. The stimulation was produced by a cytology brush passed through a bronchoscope previously introduced transnasally and positioned just above the epiglottis. The subjects were premedicated with cholinergic blockers, and bronchoconstriction was induced by inhalation of histamine. In 11 experiments performed on six patients, vocal cords stimulation resulted in a decreased RL from 8.4 +/- 1.0 to 6.3 +/- 0.8 cm H2O.L-1.s (mean +/- SE) (p less than 0.01). To assess the possible contribution of circulating catecholamines to this decrease, plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels were measured in six experiments, before and 30 s, 1, 3, and 5 min after the stimulation. Pulmonary resistance fell from 10.0 +/- 1.3 to 7.6 +/- 0.9 cm H2O.L-1.s (mean +/- SE) (p less than 0.05) 30 s and to 7.9 +/- 0.9 cm H2O.L-1.s (p less than 0.05) 60 s after stimulation. Epinephrine and norepinephrine levels increased slightly but not significantly throughout the experiment. We conclude that in asthmatic patients, as in normal subjects, stimulation of the vocal cords produces a reflex decrease in histamine induced bronchoconstriction which is modulated by the nonadrenergic noncholinergic nervous system. PMID- 3202506 TI - Comparison of intraairway temperatures in normal and asthmatic subjects after hyperpnea with hot, cold, and ambient air. AB - To determine how the inhalation of hot dry, frigid, and room temperature air influences airway heat transfers, we obtained single-breath temperature washout curves in eight asthmatic and eight normal subjects before and during periods of hyperpnea. The order of study was randomly determined, and the thermal events with each inspirate were correlated with their effects on lung function. Each inspired air condition produced significant airway cooling in both groups. Cold air evoked the greatest response, followed thereafter by hot dry and then room air. Only the asthmatic subjects developed airway obstruction. These data demonstrate that hot dry gases facilitate evaporative cooling and do not keep the airways warm as has been previously suggested. It appears the airway cooling is a normal part of respiration and develops whenever air is inhaled that requires the transfer of heat and/or water to bring the inspirate to body conditions. PMID- 3202508 TI - Cellular markers of inflammation in the airways of allergic sheep with and without allergen-induced late responses. AB - Allergic sheep respond to inhaled Ascaris suum antigen either with an acute bronchoconstriction alone (acute responders, AR) or both an acute and late bronchoconstriction (dual responders, DR). In this study, we determined if: (1) inflammatory cell composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained during the late response differs between DR and AR; (2) the difference in inflammatory cells is dependent on the prechallenge BAL cell composition; and (3) drugs that block late airway responses also modify this airway inflammation. Antigen challenge caused significant immediate mean increases in specific lung resistance (SRL) both in DR (n = 28) and in AR (n = 14), but only DR had a late increase in SRL. There were no differences between the two groups in total cell returns or in the percentage of neutrophils in BAL 7.5 to 8 h after challenge, but DR had a 3.5 fold increase (p less than 0.05) in the percentage of eosinophils. Methylprednisolone succinate (15 mg/kg intravenously) given to DR (n = 7) 3 h after antigen challenge blocked the late airway response and the eosinophil response. When BAL was performed both before and after (i.e., 7.5 to 8 h) antigen challenge, similar results were observed: AR (n = 7) and DR (n = 14) exhibited characteristic airway responses. No significant differences in prechallenge BAL cell composition were observed between AR and DR; after challenge both groups showed increases in neutrophils, but only the DR showed an increase (p less than 0.05) in eosinophils. Pretreatment of DR with the antiallergic agents (cromolyn sodium or nedocromil sodium aerosol, 20 mg) blocked the immediate and late responses and the late increase in BAL eosinophils.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202507 TI - Sulfur dioxide does not acutely increase nasal symptoms or nasal resistance in subjects with rhinitis or in subjects with bronchial responsiveness to sulfur dioxide. AB - We examined whether brief exposures to moderately high concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) causes acute increases in nasal symptoms and nasal resistance in subjects with chronic rhinitis. We studied 19 subjects with allergic rhinitis and 3 subjects with chronic intermittent rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and sneezing without any other manifestation of allergy. We found that the change in nasal resistance and symptoms caused by nasal inhalation of 4 ppm of SO2 for 10 min was no greater than the changes caused by nasal inhalation of conditioned room air. In a second set of experiments, we examined whether allergic subjects with demonstrable bronchomotor responsiveness to SO2 also had nasal responsiveness to the gas. We studied 8 subjects with a history of both asthma and allergic rhinitis. Each subject developed symptoms of dyspnea or wheezing and an increase in specific airway resistance of at least 8 L x cm H2O/L/s after breathing 1 or 2 ppm of SO2 by mouthpiece at 20 L/min, and did not develop these changes after breathing room air under the same conditions. No subject, however, developed more nasal symptoms or a greater increase in nasal airway resistance after tidally breathing SO2 through the nose than after breathing room air, even when the concentration of SO2 delivered to the nose was double the concentration delivered through the mouthpiece to the lower airways. We conclude that brief exposure to SO2 at a concentration of 4 ppm or less is unlikely to cause significant nasal dysfunction in most subjects with chronic rhinitis, and that in subjects with both allergic rhinitis and asthma, responsiveness to SO2 is not uniform throughout the respiratory tract. PMID- 3202510 TI - Airway size and the rate of pulmonary function decline in grain handlers. AB - Tracheal diameter and chest dimensions were measured from postero-anterior chest radiographs in grain handlers to prospectively identify airway size and chest size-related predictors of the rate of pulmonary function decline. A total of 634 grain workers were studied at the initial survey, of whom 239 satisfied the following inclusion criteria: (1) had a satisfactory chest radiograph taken at the initial survey in 1975, (2) performed spirometry at the 1975, 1978, and 1981 surveys, and (3) had no change in smoking status from 1975 to 1981. Radiographic measurements consisted of height of the right lung, transverse diameter of the chest at the level of the right diaphragm and at a level two-thirds up the right lung, and tracheal diameter (Tr). Areas of both lungs were measured by planimetry. Tr was only weakly related to height (r = 0.24). Increasing age was strongly associated with faster rates of FEV1 decline. After adjusting for the effects of age and cigarette smoking, Tr was the only radiographic measurement associated with FEV1 decline. Workers with Tr of 16 mm or less lost an average of 0.2% of their FEV1 per year compared to 0.9% per year for those with larger tracheas. This association was not modified by dust exposure estimates based on measurements of total dust. However, the strength of the association did depend upon smoking status, being strongest in current cigarette smokers (Tr less than or equal to 16 mm lost 0.2% annually and Tr greater than or equal to 21 mm lost 1.4% annually).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202509 TI - Active immunization induces lung hyperresponsiveness in the guinea pig. Pharmacologic modulation and triggering role of the booster injection. AB - In order to investigate whether bronchopulmonary hyperresponsiveness represents a unique property of sensitized lungs, we examined the responses of lungs from either actively sensitized, passively sensitized, or nonsensitized (control) guinea pigs to in vitro bronchoconstriction (BC) and release of thromboxane (TX) B2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and histamine induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF acether) or leukotriene (LT) D4. Guinea pigs were actively sensitized with 10 micrograms of either ovalbumin or Dermatophagoides farinae extract in AI(OH)3 injected intraperitoneally twice at a 2-wk interval. Seven days after the second injection (booster injection), the lungs were removed, ventilated, and perfused via the pulmonary artery with Krebs solution containing 2.5 g/L bovine serum albumin. In lungs from actively sensitized animals, BC was induced by significantly lower doses of PAF-acether and LTD4 than those required to elicit the same response in control preparations. In addition, sensitized lungs released more TxB2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, and histamine in response to PAF-acether and LTD4 than did control lungs. Increased mediator release was also observed upon challenge of lungs from actively sensitized animals with arachidonic acid and histamine. Lungs from guinea pigs passively sensitized with serum from actively sensitized animals did not exhibit increased responsiveness to PAF-acether as compared to control lungs. The hyperresponsiveness induced after booster injection of the antigen occurred concomitantly with an increase in the homocytotropic antibody titer (as measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis) and persisted for 3 months after sensitization, when the levels of circulating antibodies and lung response to antigen challenge returned to control values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202511 TI - Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid histamine levels in interstitial lung diseases. AB - We measured bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid histamine in 36 normal subjects, 32 patients with sarcoidosis, and 28 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Patients with sarcoidosis and IPF had significantly greater BAL histamine (59 +/- 21 and 203 +/- 42 pg/ml, respectively) than did normal subjects (18 +/- 8 pg/ml). Sarcoidosis patients with Stage 3 chest radiographs had significantly greater BAL histamine than did sarcoidosis patients with radiographic Stages 0, 1, or 2. Sarcoidosis patients with higher BAL lymphocytes also had higher levels of BAL histamine. Furthermore, among the sarcoidosis patients, we found a marked interactive effect between higher BAL lymphocytes and Stage 3 radiographs on BAL histamine. In IPF, subjects with increased BAL lymphocytes had significantly less BAL histamine than subjects with normal levels of lymphocytes. These studies suggest that BAL histamine may be a useful marker (of more active disease and/or poorer prognosis) to be evaluated in prospective studies in patients with sarcoidosis and IPF. PMID- 3202512 TI - Phenotypical and functional analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes in patients with HIV infection. AB - The lungs of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are frequently affected by opportunistic and nonopportunistic infections and pulmonary localizations of Kaposi's sarcoma. The aim of this study was to verify whether, in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, immunologic pulmonary abnormalities set the stage for the lung complications. For this purpose, a phenotypic and functional characterization of lymphocytes recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of 24 patients with clinical symptoms and signs of HIV infections was performed (six patients with constitutional disease, five patients with neurologic manifestations, and 13 patients with full-blown AIDS). Our data showed that (1) in patients with HIV, the percentage and absolute number of pulmonary CD8 cells were significantly increased over those in control subjects (in 25% of these patients, mostly with full-blown AIDS, CD8 cells sustained an alveolitis); (2) lung CD4 cells were reduced in percentage but not in absolute number, with the exception of patients with AIDS in whom a significant decrease of the absolute number of BAL CD4 cells has been found (further phenotypic analysis of CD4 lymphocytes showed a reduction of the expression of T4A, B, and E with respect to the T4, T4C, T4D, and T4F epitopes); (3) although the number of BAL cells bearing NK-related determinants was increased, we were unable to demonstrate any in vitro natural killer cell activity. We suggest that the impairment of a proper NK activity in the lungs of these patients might be central to the mechanisms leading to the in situ immunodeficiency state and to the pulmonary complications characterizing AIDS. PMID- 3202513 TI - HLA typing in the Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical Research Council study of factors associated with the breakdown to active tuberculosis of inactive pulmonary lesions. AB - As part of a multifactorial study of the causes of breakdown to active tuberculosis of inactive pulmonary lesions, HLA-A, -B, and -DR typing was performed on 256 Hong Kong Chinese patients and 100 healthy control subjects. Patients were classified into those with smear-positive, active pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 103), those with inactive disease (n = 113), and those with breakdown to active disease after 6 months or more of inactivity (n = 40). Separately, 21 multiple-case families comprising 38 available parents and 93 offspring were examined for HLA haplotype segregation in relation to infection. Results of both studies indicate that among Hong Kong Chinese there is no statistically significant association between HLA and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis. PMID- 3202514 TI - Clinically important respiratory effects of dust exposure and smoking in British coal miners. PMID- 3202515 TI - Should we continue using questionnaires on breathlessness in epidemiologic surveys? PMID- 3202516 TI - Sputum albumin in obstructive airways. PMID- 3202518 TI - Epithelial tight junctions. AB - Epithelial cells differentiate by polarizing into an apical and a basolateral domain and by forming tight junctions (TJ) that control permeation through the paracellular route. The molecular nature of this structure, as well as the processes of assembly, sealing, and regulation, are not yet fully understood. However, the use of epithelial cell lines cultured as monolayers is helping to elucidate the structure and function of this important cellular feature. Furthermore, the development of specific antibodies that interact directly with junctional components may help to solve the molecular structure of the TJ. PMID- 3202517 TI - Membrane domains and macromolecular transport in intestinal epithelial cells. AB - Epithelial cell plasma membranes are organized as biochemically and functionally distinct domains and subdomains. We have explored the composition and maintenance of specific membrane regions during endocytosis and transepithelial vesicular transport in specialized cells of the intestinal epithelium. A unique membrane glycoprotein has been identified in apical endocytic subdomains and endosomal tubules of absorptive cells in suckling rat ileum. This endocytic system is involved in sorting and transepithelial transport of peptide growth factors as well as delivery of milk macromolecules to lysosomes. In M cells of follicle associated epithelium, we have shown that membrane-bound proteins are efficiently transported to a specialized subdomain of basolateral membrane. The apical membranes of these cells bear immunoglobulin binding sites and transport monoclonal IgA antibodies to the basolateral side, where they may interact with cells of the mucosal immune system. PMID- 3202519 TI - Epithelium-derived relaxing factor(s) and bronchial reactivity. AB - Damage to or dysfunction of respiratory epithelial cells may contribute to the etiology of bronchial hyperreactivity in asthma and airway infection. This brief overview summarizes the data, which suggest that release of relaxing factor(s) from epithelial cells may contribute to the regulation of bronchomotor tone. Reduced release of this epithelium-derived relaxing factor(s) may help to explain in part bronchial hyperreactivity secondary to epithelial damage. PMID- 3202521 TI - 3. Epithelial injury. Mechanisms and cell biology of airway epithelial injury. AB - Injury of airway epithelia involves selective interactions of toxins with the cellular and paracellular components of the epithelial barrier. Repair of epithelial injury appears to involve mitogenic and differentiating factors that function in autocrine and paracrine modes. Fruitful techniques for future study of airway epithelial injury and repair will include combinations of cell culture and modulation of gene expression. PMID- 3202520 TI - Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase and airway epithelium. Biologic effects and enzyme purification. AB - Pulmonary epithelial cells may be primarily responsible for initiating or regulating inflammatory responses in the airways, in part by releasing chemical mediators. Among the most potent mediators of inflammation are the lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid, including the leukotrienes and the other mono- and dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). The human airway epithelium contains significant 15-lipoxygenase activity. Although some biologic functions of 15 lipoxygenase metabolites are known, further understanding of the role of this enzyme in the airway requires localization in tissue and studies of expression, regulation, and biologic activity. Towards these aims, we purified and characterized 15-lipoxygenase from eosinophil-enriched leukocytes. First, we studied cofactors that may be involved in regulating enzymatic activity. We discovered that calcium and phosphatidylcholine both enhanced, but ATP inhibited, the 15-lipoxygenase activity of highly enriched enzyme. Second, we isolated to homeogeneity, for the first time, human 15-lipoxygenase. This led to the determination of the N-terminal amino acid sequence and the discovery of homology among various mammalian lipoxygenases. Further research using purified lipoxygenase is expected to increase our understanding of the biologic roles and biochemical features of 15-lipoxygenation of arachidonic acid. PMID- 3202522 TI - The effect of bacterial products on ciliary function. AB - Mucociliary clearance protects the respiratory epithelium against inhaled particles. There is in vitro evidence that some bacteria produce factors that cause ciliary slowing, dyskinesia, and stasis. These changes may predominantly affect ciliary function alone or be associated with epithelial disruption and cell death. Some factors act immediately, while others can take up to a number of days to achieve effect. It is postulated that rapidly acting factors may be involved during bacterial colonization, allowing the bacterium time (by slowing clearance) to penetrate the mucociliary barrier and reach putative receptors on the epithelial surface. The compounds might similarly facilitate contiguous spread through the bronchial tree and augment the tissue damage caused by the host inflammatory response during chronic bronchial sepsis. Future work should define more clearly the in vivo significance of the largely in vitro observations made to date. PMID- 3202523 TI - Epithelial injury by human eosinophils. AB - The human eosinophil is armed with a number of very potent cytotoxic granule proteins that upon extracellular release may produce considerable damage. The toxic effect of the proteins seems to be quite unselective, involving most mammalian and nonmammalian cells including the epithelial cells. The demonstration of a close relation between the deposition of eosinophil granule proteins and areas of epithelial cell destruction in a variety of diseases including asthma and the fact that cytotoxic concentrations of the proteins have been measured in the fluid phase suggest that the eosinophil participates actively in the pathogenesis of airway diseases. The protection towards the adverse actions of the eosinophil, particularly towards their proteins, therefore seems vital. The discovery of alpha-2-macroglobulin as a specific binder of eosinophil cationic protein may be relevant in this regard. PMID- 3202525 TI - [Neurological manifestations in relation to vitamin E deficiency, caused by a defect of biliary acid synthesis]. AB - A progressive neurological syndrome with cerebellar signs, abnormal proprioception, areflexia and Babinski response was observed in a child with chronic intestinal malabsorption. There was no ophtalmoplegia or retinitis pigmentosa. Electromyography and biopsy showed no axonopathy or myopathy. Two other members of the family were also affected. The serum Vitamin E corrected the serum Vitamin E levels within a few months and led to secondary neurological improvement. The authors underline the importance of searching for Vitamin E deficiency and its cause in patients, especially children, with signs of spino cerebellar degeneration. Substitative therapy may have a favorable influence on the neurological condition even when administered late. PMID- 3202526 TI - [The role of cerebral aging in epidemiological data]. PMID- 3202524 TI - [Treatment of AL amyloidosis without myeloma]. AB - AL amyloidosis is a serious complication of monoclonal gammopathy. The therapeutic strategy in amyloidosis associated with myeloma is to decrease the amyloidogenic precursor synthetised by the monoclonal plasmocytic proliferation. However, when systemic amyloidosis complicates a so called "benign" monoclonal gammopathy, this therapeutic approach is debatable. We report 10 cases of AL amyloidosis without myeloma treated by chemotherapy. Eight patients were initially given alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide or melphalan) which had no effect on the clinical progression of their systemic amyloidosis or on the plasma concentrations of the precursor. A limited open clinical trial including 4 patients was then undertaken based on the Vincristine, Adriamycine, Dexamethasone combination recently proposed for cases of resistant myeloma. A 50% reduction in the serum monoclonal protein was observed in 2 patients with this treatment. However, the mean survival of the 10 patients (25 months) was not longer than that previously reported for patients receiving more conventional treatment. The results of this limited trial indicate the need for further controlled therapeutic trials with larger numbers of patients in order to assess the effect of polychemotherapy in patients with AL amyloidosis. PMID- 3202527 TI - [Horton's disease and Gougerot-Sjogren syndrome: fortuitous or rare association?]. PMID- 3202528 TI - [Chronic eosinophilic infiltrating pneumonia followed by angiitis of Churg Strauss type]. PMID- 3202529 TI - [Scleroderma and circulating anticoagulant of the antiprothrombinase type]. PMID- 3202530 TI - [Broncho-alveolar lavage and connective tissue diseases]. PMID- 3202531 TI - [Broncho-alveolar lavage in pulmonary involvement in rheumatoid arthritis]. AB - This study was designed to investigate by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) the characteristics of lung involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Twenty six patients with RA were included; ten were active smokers. Chest X Ray, pulmonary function tests and BAL were performed in all patients. Bronchiolitis was found in 7% of cases, pleurisy in 30% of cases. 83% of patients were found to have diffuse alveolar and/or interstitial disease, 17% rheumatoid nodules. Functional evaluation showed a restrictive pattern and a significant reduction in the carbon monoxyde diffusing capacity. Smokers had elevated BAL macrophages and decreased lymphocytes compared with non-smokers: respectively 89% vs 62.9% and 7.3% vs 18.9%. Patients with bronchiolitis had lower FVC than others: 38 +/- 14% vs 61 +/ 3%, and their BAL neutrophils were increased: 71 +/- 23% vs 7.5 +/- 2%. There was an inverse correlation between neutrophil counts and FVC in non-smokers, and diffusing capacity. We conclude that BAL inflammatory cells profiles are abnormal in RA and modified by a smoking history and the existence of a bronchiolitis. PMID- 3202532 TI - [Failure of chemonucleolysis and its surgical treatment. Apropos of 268 cases]. AB - The authors have reviewed 268 cases of herniated lumbar discs treated by chemonucleolysis between 1980 and 1984. 52 patients had a laminectomy (19,40 p. 100) and 18 of theses failures were due to a large disc herniation (34,61 p. 100). The result of the surgical treatment after chemonucleolysis failure was good in 67,30 p. 100 of cases. A chymopapain injection is not indicated in patients with a large disc herniation. PMID- 3202533 TI - [Heterogeneity of large granular lymphocyte leukemia. 2 cases]. AB - Large cell granulocytic leukemia (LCGL) or proliferative lymphocyte T gamma disease, characterized cytologically by the presence of lymphocytes with intracytoplasmic azurophil granules, raises the problem of whether or not it is monoclonal in character. However, although it may resemble a chronic lymphoid T leukemia or Felty's syndrome, it differs by the constant finding of infiltration of the splenic red pulp by large granular lymphocytes. Studies of their immunologic phenotype and functional activity produce heterogeneous results. The disease course varies considerably: the serious nature of the infections, knowledge of the physiopathologic mechanism of the neutropenia and the importance of the tumoral syndrome could represent therapeutic indications the modalities of which have still to be defined. PMID- 3202534 TI - [Neurotoxic risk of metronidazole in severe renal insufficiency]. PMID- 3202535 TI - [Still's disease in adults: efficacy of corticosteroid pulses (a case)]. PMID- 3202536 TI - [Severe hypoglycemia induced by disopyramide]. PMID- 3202537 TI - [The place of the patient or the misfortune of the institution]. AB - Changes in psychiatric practices derive from noticeable revision of conceptual framework and from the presence of different resources available to treat mental health problems. After an absolute priority given to the psychiatric hospital which in hand of an able doctor like Esquirol was certainly a splendid instrument of care, has followed the "Sector concept" (catchment area) which ideally insists on preventive and therapeutic measures directed toward the sick or presumably sick individual. But such evolutions are seldom linear and vicious genius tends to slow if not to reverse the process. The author retraces here the evolution of a psychiatric care system managed by himself for 25 years. Originally created by Sivadon in the context of relative freedom due to appurtenance to the private sector, this experience has been developed through addition of a variety of therapeutic structures to end up with a comprehensive System of social psychiatric deserving a catchment area. The author gives us his insights on the slowly made modifications to the functioning of this structure. He confirms the value of the catchment area framework but in the same time underlines his risks. PMID- 3202538 TI - [Can one construct a clinic without theoretical references?]. PMID- 3202539 TI - [Psychogenic malnutrition occurring in Gayet-Wernicke encephalopathy with retrobulbar optic neuritis in a deficient schizophrenic patient]. PMID- 3202540 TI - [The aged between inertia and creation]. PMID- 3202541 TI - [Defense and illustration of chronic hallucinatory psychoses]. PMID- 3202542 TI - The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. PMID- 3202543 TI - Stress-related activation of cerebral dopaminergic systems. AB - The changes in dopamine catabolites in various regions of mouse brain have been studied following a variety of behavioral treatments. In confirmation of the results of many others, we find that treatments such as footshock or restraint result in a pronounced activation of dopaminergic systems in the prefrontal cortex, as determined by increases in the content of DOPAC (3,4 dihydroxyphenylacetic acid). However, we also find small but statistically significant increases of DOPAC in the hypothalamus and brain stem even with mild treatments. With restraint and more intense footshock we observe increases of DOPAC in all regions studied, including nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, amygdala, and the striatum. Thus in contrast to previous reports, we find that the DA response in stress is global like that of norepinephrine [as determined by increases of 3-methoxy,4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol, (MHPG)], and not specific to the prefrontal cortex. The activation of prefrontal cortex DA metabolism is associated with an activation of the synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. The response pattern of catecholamine metabolites is similar following a variety of stressors, including conditioned footshock, training with one footshock in passive avoidance behavior, performance of passive avoidance behavior, and even following exposure to an apparatus in which mice have been shocked previously. Injection of mice with Newcastle disease virus increases plasma corticosterone, and DOPAC and MHPG in the hypothalamus and brain stem, but not the prefrontal cortex. Thus a virus infection can be considered a stressor. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) produces stresslike increases in DOPAC and MHPG concentrations, suggesting that the release of CRF in the brain during stress may mediate the changes in catecholamine metabolism. PMID- 3202545 TI - Occupational hygiene aspects of the use of oil-based drilling fluids. PMID- 3202544 TI - Radon hazard from caisson and tunnel construction in Hong Kong. PMID- 3202546 TI - Performance of thick-sorbent diffusive samplers. PMID- 3202547 TI - Causes of in-facepiece sampling bias--I. Half-facepiece respirators. PMID- 3202548 TI - Causes of in-facepiece sampling bias--II. Full-facepiece respirators. PMID- 3202549 TI - Determination of hydrides of arsenic, antimony and tin in workplace air. PMID- 3202550 TI - Analysis of airborne ammonia: comparison of field methods. PMID- 3202551 TI - Education and training in occupational hygiene in Europe: an example of Anglo Hellenic co-operation. PMID- 3202552 TI - Personal exposure to asbestos dust during clearance certification. PMID- 3202554 TI - [Coral: a new procedure for cranio-facial reconstruction]. AB - Twenty two cranio-facial reconstructions were performed utilizing madreporic coral graft, genera porites. Long-term tolerance was excellent. Surgical technique is described and coral properties are analyzed. Coral grafts used for anterior skull base reconstruction were partly reossified without any infectious complication. PMID- 3202553 TI - [Continuous ambulatory chemotherapy in cancer of the upper respiratory and digestive tract]. AB - Chemotherapy of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts is currently based on Cis-platinum-5 FU administered by continuous infusions which, up until 1985, were performed in hospital during a 4 days admission. These infusions can now be administered on an outpatient basis over a period of 6 days. More than 600 patients have been treated in this way. The improvement in the results observed on a population of 86 operable patients confirms the value of prolonged continuous infusions. The clinical and psychological acceptability of this method, which allows the patient to maintain his autonomy and sometimes his occupation, is an important advance which could promote extension of this approach, particularly in view of its economic advantages. PMID- 3202555 TI - [Mobility of the vocal cord and the arytenoid in cancer of the larynx and the hypopharynx. Anatomo-clinical study]. AB - Fourty one squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx, laryngeal margin and larynx were studied in order to compare the vocal cord and arytenoid mobilities with the tumoral extension to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Several whole organ sections were performed on the surgical specimen for studying specifically the lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles, thyroarytenoid muscles and crico-arytenoid joint. The weight of the tumor located at the top of the arytenoid cartilage without any tumoral extension of the crico-arytenoid muscles can fix the arytenoid, preserving the vocal cord mobility. On the other hand, the simultaneous immobility of vocal cord and arytenoid was associated respectively with 66% of tumoral extension to the crico-arytenoid muscles in hypopharynx and lateral margin carcinomas, and 33% in endolaryngeal tumors. The authors emphasize that a separate clinical evaluation of vocal cord and arytenoid mobilities would give more precise informations concerning surgical indications of laryngeal conservative surgery. PMID- 3202556 TI - [Hemipharyngolaryngectomies. Functional and carcinologic results]. AB - A retrospective study of 260 hemilaryngopharyngectomies performed between 1964 and 1986 defines the functional and oncological results of these operations and the improvement in the oncological results and survival when neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used. PMID- 3202557 TI - [Vocal rehabilitation after total laryngectomy by musculomucous tracheo esophageal fistula. Results apropos of 27 cases]. AB - Twenty seven cases of Myomucosal Tracheoesophageal shunt following total laryngectomy performed at Laennec Hospital are presented. The surgical technique which was initially reported by M. Strome is summarized. The advantages of this procedure as compared to other tracheoesophageal fistulas are discussed. The first sixteen cases of this series failed: 12 stenoses occurred and 4 flaps necrosed. The eleven last Myomucosal shunts of this series are functioning. Aspiration was only problematic in one case. Six of the eleven functioning shunts have excellent voicing; three other patients are able to voice before completion of speech therapy and one patient has a too short follow-up for voice evaluation. The authors emphasize the contra-indications for the procedure. Medical conditions that can potentially lead to flap necrosis include: arteritis, diabetes mellitus, and gastrointestinal reflux. PMID- 3202558 TI - [Buccopharyngeal Kaposi's sarcoma in AIDS. Apropos of 51 cases]. AB - The authors present a series of 51 cases of buccopharyngeal Kaposi's sarcoma observed in patients with AIDS. The diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma is generally obvious due to its appearance, its constantly violaceous colour and its site, especially palatine and velar. When Kaposi's sarcoma is the first manifestation of the disease, it appears to be associated with a relatively favourable pejorative connotation when the nevertheless extremely modest median survival of these patients is compared with that of patients who initially presented with an opportunistic infection not associated with Kaposi's sarcoma. Buccopharyngeal Kaposi's sarcoma is usually only an epiphenomenon. It is rare that the local course requires any tumour reduction treatment. When such treatment is required, radiotherapy with 35 Gys is currently considered to be the best solution. PMID- 3202559 TI - Papers presented at the meeting of the American Otological Society, Inc. PMID- 3202560 TI - Osteogenesis imperfecta of the temporal bone and its relation to otosclerosis. AB - Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) designates a heterogeneous group of heritable disorders of connective tissue that in addition to bone may affect tendons, ligaments, fascia, skin, sclerae, blood vessels, teeth, and hearing. The current classification identifies at least four major syndrome groups or types. It also recognizes a considerable number of additional syndromes that may represent supplementary types or subgroups. Loss of hearing is the least constant of the prominent features of OI. Its incidence varies between 26% and 60%. In OI, formation and remodelling of bone are variously affected. In the temporal bone the development of the inner ear capsule may be involved severely. In the stapes the disturbance in lamellar bone formation can lead to extreme thinness, dehiscence, and nonunion of the stapedial superstructure with the footplate. Osteogenesis imperfecta can be associated with otosclerosis, another bone dysplasia with a different morphology. Otosclerosis, in turn, may interfere with sound conduction and perception. Thus, the hearing loss encountered in OI may be the result of OI, otosclerosis, or a combination of both. PMID- 3202561 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of the posterior cranial fossa. AB - Magnetic resonance imaging has acquired a leading role in the assessment of the posterior cranial fossa, base of the skull, and neck. Several technical improvements, such as further refinement of surface coils, fast scanning, and paramagnetic agents, have enhanced the diagnostic capability of this imaging technique. It is extremely useful in the differentiation of pathologic processes arising from or involving the petrous pyramids, such as congenital cholesteatomas, cholesterol granulomas, and glomus tumors. It is the study of choice for both extra- and intra-axial lesions in the posterior cranial fossa. The magnetic characteristics of the most common lesions are reviewed in this paper. PMID- 3202562 TI - Differential clinical and radiographic features of cholesterol granulomas and cholesteatomas of the petrous apex. AB - Cholesterol granulomas and cholesteatomas are expansile, destructive lesions of the petrous apex that occur more frequently than we previously realized. Having obscure causes, they grow silently, often reaching impressive proportions, until they encroach on adjacent cranial nerves or the otic capsule. The lesions have distinguishing histopathologies, early clinical manifestations, and neuroradiographic features that, when integrated, allow for a critical preoperative differentiation. cholesterol granulomas are treated effectively through internal marsupialization into the mastoid or middle ear cavity. Cholesteatomas, however, are managed usually by a much more aggressive and complicated exteriorization or exenteration. Selected case reports are used to emphasize salient clinical and radiographic features and perioperative management. PMID- 3202563 TI - Anatomic considerations in the posterior approach to the internal auditory canal. AB - We dissected 30 human temporal bones in order to establish a reliable method for avoidance of the membranous labyrinth in acoustic neuroma surgery. We believe that the variability of the surgical landmarks is sufficient to make complete reliance on anatomic measurements quite treacherous. Fine-cut computed tomograms were evaluated, and it was determined that measurements taken from such scans can define the anatomy of individual temporal bones. We conclude that hearing conservation surgery for acoustic neuroma is a relatively difficult surgical exercise and that complete familiarity with the anatomy and use of all available landmarks is required for successful tumor removal and hearing conservation. Success can be improved further by using measurements taken from the individual patient's preoperative CT scan. PMID- 3202565 TI - Otologic disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - A 5-year retrospective study evaluating otologic disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was conducted at the New York University Medical Center-Bellevue Hospital Center. Twenty-six patients with documented otologic disease who met the Centers for Disease Control criteria for AIDS were identified and their charts were analyzed according to presenting complaints, physical examination, diagnostic modalities, pathologic condition, management, and outcome. A marked diversity of otologic diseases of varying severity was noted. The majority of patients complained of hearing loss and otalgia during their hospitalization for treatment of AIDS-related opportunistic infections. The most frequent diagnoses were otitis externa, acute otitis media, and otitis media with effusion. Sensorineural hearing loss frequently appeared to be related to ototoxic medications and neurologic infections. PMID- 3202564 TI - Preservation of hearing in acoustic tumor surgery: audiologic indicators. AB - Preservation of hearing in patients with acoustic nerve tumors can be a goal when tumor size is small and residual hearing is intact. Overall success rates for preservation have been reported to be 20% to 40%. The overall success rate in this series is 30.7%. However, indicators of intact auditory brain stem response (waves I-III-V), good speech discrimination score, and intact acoustic (stapedial) reflex were associated with a 68.2% rate of success. Thus, a comprehensive audiologic evaluation is a guideline for selecting and counselling patients with acoustic tumors before hearing preservation procedures. PMID- 3202567 TI - Middle ear implantable hearing device: ongoing animal and human evaluation. AB - The first five patients have been permanently implanted with an electromagnetic middle ear implantable hearing device. Hearing tests were performed at the time of operation and at 8 weeks postoperatively with a coil held at the isthmus of the ear canal. All patients reported clear, high fidelity sound, as proven by speech discrimination scores. Improvements were seen in all frequencies, including 4,000 Hz. Improvement in pure tones as tested with an audiometer monitoring sounds amplified by a 3-V sound processor was as high as 50 dB sound pressure level. That which remains to be done is the final design of a compact, wearable sound processor with filtering and signal-processing capabilities to meet the needs of the sensorineural hearing-impaired population. PMID- 3202566 TI - Major congenital ear malformations: surgical management and results. AB - Fifteen patients with major congenital aural atresia underwent operations using an anterior (trans-atretic bone) approach. Facial nerve monitoring was used in all cases and there were no instances of facial nerve injury. Postoperatively, two thirds of the patients had speech reception thresholds of 30 dB or better; the air conduction threshold (averaged for 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz) improved at least 25 dB in 80% of the patients and at least 30 dB in 60% of the patients (follow-up, 10 to 29 months). Minor revision surgery was necessary in three patients. On the basis of this series, several conclusions were made. First, one of the most important factors in proper patient selection is the degree of middle ear development on computed tomography, both in terms of size and ossicular formation. Second, every attempt should be made to keep the ossicular chain intact (versus use of a prosthesis), as this appears to optimize hearing results. Third, embryologic considerations and surgical experience predict a mobile stapes in the majority of major atresias. Lastly, facial nerve abnormalities are to be expected, especially in patients with significant microtia, but facial nerve monitoring will help minimize the risk of facial nerve injury. PMID- 3202568 TI - Incidence of cholesteatoma with cleft palate. AB - The overall incidence of cholesteatoma in Iowa has been estimated to be 6.01/100,000 population, or less than 0.01%. However, in patients with cleft palate seen at the University of Iowa Cleft Palate Clinic between 1947 and 1968 and followed for at least 10 years, the risk of developing cholesteatoma was 9.2%. In order to determine whether this high risk of cholesteatoma is still valid, a comparable retrospective study was undertaken of 153 patients with cleft palate who were born between 1969 and 1977, were enrolled in the University of Iowa Cleft Palate Clinic within 1 year of birth, and were followed by the interdisciplinary team for a minimum of 10 consecutive years. Cholesteatoma occurred in four patients (2.6%), a substantial decrease in the risk of developing cholesteatoma in a well-defined and longitudinally followed population. PMID- 3202569 TI - Osteoclasts in chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, and otosclerosis. AB - Bone resorption and remodeling are characteristic of chronic otitis media with and without cholesteatoma and otosclerosis. The consequences of this remodeling process may be hearing loss, repeated infection, vestibular disturbance, or intracranial complications. Evidence of osteoclastic bone resorption was found in surgical specimens of 11 of 24 cases of cholesteatoma, two of three cases of chronic otitis media, and three of ten cases of otosclerotic stapes; all three spongiotic lesions had osteoclasts. With careful serial sectioning these cells are almost always multinucleate and have the typical appearance of osteoclasts with ruffled borders. Some specimens had evidence of bone erosion in the absence of osteoclasts; this finding represents an inactive phase of the remodeling process. Since the osteoclast plays an important role in the resorption and remodeling of bone in these middle ear diseases, the source, physiology, and local control of these cells are of prime importance in investigating the pathophysiology of these diseases. At the present time, the local control of activation and recruitment of osteoclasts, as well as their chemotactic responses, is poorly understood. PMID- 3202570 TI - Surgical treatment of cholesteatoma: the role of staging in closed operations. AB - It has been proposed that closed operations on cholesteatomatous ears should be performed on a two-stage basis in order to detect disease left behind at the first operation and to correct developing retraction pockets. Two groups of patients who had closed operations performed in two stages, 100 combined approach tympanoplasties and 100 mastoid obliterations with tympanoplasty, were observed for 10 years after the second stage. A much greater than expected incidence of eventual cholesteatoma recurrence suggests that even with staging, closed techniques may provide a less than reliable outcome in surgical control of the disease, and long-term observation of ears thus treated is desirable. PMID- 3202571 TI - Reconstructive techniques for tympanosclerosis. AB - Tympanosclerosis is found in more than 30% of patients with chronic ear disease. Clinically significant tympanosclerosis is defined as that affecting the surgical procedure by requiring removal to effect a hearing improvement. This type is seen in less than half of all patients with tympanosclerosis. The incidence and patterns of involvement are documented for 352 of the author's surgical patients subdivided into two groups: one operated on in the early 1960s and another observed more than 15 years later. The surgical techniques employed for hearing restoration are described, as are the hearing results obtained. The findings would indicate that tympanosclerosis is amenable to surgical correction, with a success rate approximately that of nontympanosclerotic ears. The special techniques needed to avoid complications when the disease invades the oval window are emphasized. PMID- 3202572 TI - Otologic complications following temporomandibular joint arthroscopy. AB - The recent application of arthroscopic surgical techniques to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has facilitated the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ disorders. However, as TMJ arthroscopy is performed more frequently, new complications are being recognized. We report three patients who developed severe otologic complications following TMJ arthroscopy. Two sustained complete or severe sensorineural hearing loss and severe vertigo from trauma to the ipsilateral ear. The third patient had complete facial paralysis from trauma to the facial nerve in the middle ear and a conductive hearing loss from incus dislocation. Complete hearing loss and facial paralysis from trauma to the main trunk of the facial nerve have not been reported previously as complications of TMJ arthroscopy. PMID- 3202574 TI - Malignant rhabdoid tumor. AB - Immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy have allowed more precise identification and classification of neoplasms formerly considered as representatives of other groups. The malignant rhabdoid tumor is one example. Principally neoplasms of the kidney, rhabdoid tumors present uncommonly in the head and neck, where because of the age of the patients and the neoplasms' resemblance to rhabdomyosarcoma, misdiagnosis is possible and likely. Wherever it arises, the lesion is usually fatal. PMID- 3202573 TI - Somatosensory evoked potentials in degenerative cervical spine disease. PMID- 3202575 TI - [Basal cell epithelioma of the eyelids]. AB - The purpose of this study of 36 patients was to assess the oncological, functional and cosmetic results of surgery in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid and to compare them with those obtained with other possible therapeutic methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We report a series of 36 cases of histologically proven basal cell carcinoma principally located on the lower eyelid and the inner canthus. 27 p. 100 of the patients had previously been treated and presented with a recurrent tumour. Mean age was 61 years. Minimum follow-up was 5 years. Reinforced and potentiated local anaesthesia was given in most cases. Tumoral excision was complete in 31 patients, insufficient or borderline in 5 patients. Intraoperative extemporaneous biopsy was performed in 8 p. 100 of the cases. Repair was carried out by direct suture or by grafting, the flap being simple or combined with a mucosal or chondromucosal graft. The lacrymal passages were destroyed in 5 cases and were not reconstructed in 4 of them. There was no postsurgical therapy. RESULTS: As regards the malignancy itself, the recurrence rate was 6 p. 100 and affected patients who had previously been treated. The cure rate was 100 p. 100 in patients for whom surgery was the first treatment, and 94 p. 100 in the totality of patients. Functionally, there was one case of ectropion, and epiphora developed in 7.4 p. 100 of the cases. In this series epiphora was associated with destruction of the lacrymal passages in only one patient. Satisfactory cosmetic results were obtained in 85 p. 100 of the cases, bearing in mind that the assessment was necessarily subjective. DISCUSSION: Treatments of basal cell carcinoma are numerous. We shall analyze their results, advantages and drawbacks compared with those of surgery. Cryotherapy raises technical problems of execution which are responsible for an excessively high recurrence rate. Chemotherapy has recently been enriched with the introduction of Solcoderm, but the follow-up is still too short. Electrocoagulation gives good oncological results, but it can only be used for small lesions. Radiotherapy (contact, penetrating or semi-penetrating X-ray therapy, electron therapy) has a cure rate of 95 p. 100 and gives acceptable cosmetic results. However, it requires numerous sessions, cannot be repeated if it fails and complicates surgical treatment; in the long term, it carries a risk of radiodystrophy. Its functional and ocular complications have been estimated at 9 p. 100. Epiphora is present in 2 to 19 p. 100 of the cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3202576 TI - [Giant nevus spilus with blue nevus. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3202577 TI - [Relapsing polychondritis beginning like Cogan's syndrome]. PMID- 3202578 TI - [A case for diagnosis: disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis]. PMID- 3202579 TI - [Case for diagnosis: livedo racemosa]. PMID- 3202580 TI - [Green hair: clinical, chemical and epidemiologic study. Apropos of a case]. AB - A 36-year-old blond woman suddenly developed green tinted hair following exposure to swimming pool water. This was the first green discoloration she noticed, although she had been an active swimmer for several years. Clinical examination showed green tinting toward the distal ends of the most superficial strands of hair. The copper content of plucked green hair measured by atomic absorption was elevated to 3,900 ppm and the copper concentration in water from the swimming pool implicated was 9.94 ppm. Following renewal, the latter value decreased to 107 ppb. Hair examination under polarizing light was normal, and a scanning electronmicroscopic study of hair samples showed a total loss of cuticle with micropits scattered over the hair shaft surface mimicking a "dead tree trunk". Epidemiological investigations showed that the increased copper content of swimming pool water was due to added algaecides without adequate replacement of the water. Hair damage resulting from repeated waving and/or bleaching of the hair turns out to be an important factor in the deposition of copper by inducing an increase in keratin content of cysteic acid and related anionic sulfonate groups which participate in copper adsorption. On the ocassion of this case report, epidemiological data published by others, together with the chemical and therapeutic aspects of green hair are reviewed. PMID- 3202582 TI - [Cutaneous Alternaria tenuissima alternariosis]. PMID- 3202581 TI - [Biermer disease disclosed by mouth and genital manifestations]. PMID- 3202583 TI - [Case for diagnosis: meningoencephalocele]. PMID- 3202584 TI - [Congenital cysts and fistulae of the face and the neck]. PMID- 3202585 TI - [Trypanosomes of Estrildidae birds. II. Biological studies]. AB - Studies on the biology of 4 Trypanosomes of Estrildidae birds described in a previous paper (Chandenier et al., 1988) are related. In Culicoides nubeculosus, the complete development is achieved in 7 days. After a phase of intense multiplication of amastigotes in the gut, infective trypomastigotes appear. In cultures, infective stages are obtained in 13 days. Transmission to clean birds was attempted: in two out of 8 attempts, a satisfactory level of parasitaemia is obtained. Surprisingly Trypanosomes infecting the new birds are unable to develop further in cultures or in Culicoides. The most likely hypothesis is the lack of a factor allowing the Trypanosomes to mature. PMID- 3202586 TI - [Skrjabinelazia galliardi (Nematoda, Seuratoidea): morphologic complements and biological cycle]. AB - Skrjabinelazia galliardi was previously known only from a description of the morphological characteristics of the female. Additional material being available, we were able to complete the morphological description and understand better the biology of the species. The male, the third stage larva and the fourth stage larva are described. Young females lay a very small number of third stage larvae, leading in a small scale to a reproduction of the atractide-type, that is a multiplication of the parasite directly inside the host. The old females are oviparous, but eggs contain a third stage infective larva. These eggs, after being ingested by field-crickets, hatch and without further development remain as larvae in the insect. The definitive entomophagous lizard host, which, in the field, has no opportunity to ingest the eggs, is infested by eating insects. So, the life history is intermediary between the cosmocercid like cycle (with three larval stages) and the spirurid-like cycle (with development of larval stages in an invertebrate). PMID- 3202587 TI - [Redescription of Dictyocaulus noerneri Ralliet et Henry, 1907, parasite of Capreolus capreolus in Europe. Comparison with D. viviparus (Bloch, 1782), a parasite of cattle]. AB - Both species are easily distinguished by the shape and the thickness of the buccal ring. In D. noerneri, the buccal ring is 12-14 microns high, kidney like shape in optical section and thick in en face view. In D. viviparus, the buccal ring is 22-25 microns high, triangular shape in optical section and thin in en face view. The taxon Dictyocaulus eckerti Skrjabin, 1931, described from Rangifer larandus in Western Siberia, has been misused to call the Dictyocaulids of european Cervidae. If those are identical to the species of the reindeer, D. eckerti must be synonymysed with D. noerneri, if the two species are different, in any case the Dictyocaulids of european Cervidae must be called D. noerneri. PMID- 3202588 TI - [The filaria Cercopithifilaria roussilhoni in the tick vector]. AB - Histological and ultrastructural analysis of the development of C. roussilhoni--a filarial parasite of A. africanus with skin-dwelling microfilariae--in the hexapod, larva of R. sanguineus. The development takes place in the epidermis. The intra-epidermal development, which is rare in the Spirurida, is known in a close filaria, also transmitted by Ixodids, Monanema martini. The slow development of C. roussilhoni and the pronounced changes of the parasitized epidermal syncytium (very large nuclei; expanding nuclear envelop and cellular membrane which form complicated expansions; many dilatations of the endoplasmic reticulum) demonstrate the more primitive state of this filaria. PMID- 3202589 TI - [The phlebotomus (Diptera, Psychodidae) from the Cuvette (People's Republic of Congo)]. AB - Several prospections have been made in the "Cuvette", a northern country of People's Republic of the Congo. 2,266 Phlebotomine sandflies belonging to 19 species have been gathered in 22 sites divided in two kinds of biotopes: forest on the hand, villages and habitations on the other hand. PMID- 3202590 TI - [Local treatment of chronic juvenile arthritis]. PMID- 3202591 TI - [Epidemiology, over an 8 year period, of attempted suicides in children, seen in emergency service]. PMID- 3202592 TI - [Listeria meningitis in a 16-month-old infant without known immune deficiency]. PMID- 3202594 TI - [Diagnostic scintigraphy of a spiral fracture of the tibia in young children]. PMID- 3202593 TI - [Zellweger syndrome: apropos of prenatal diagnosis using trophoblast biopsy]. PMID- 3202595 TI - [Value and limitations of MRI in hemangioblastoma. Apropos of 2 cases]. PMID- 3202596 TI - [Sarcoma of soft tissues in adults. X-ray computed tomographic aspects and evaluation of the response to induction chemotherapy]. PMID- 3202597 TI - [Pulmonary arteriovenous fistulae. Value of x-ray computed tomography study. Apropos of a case]. PMID- 3202598 TI - [Intraductal biliary metastasis of a colonic cancer]. PMID- 3202600 TI - [7th French Congress of Endocrinology. Lyons, 6-8 October 1987.] Proceedings]. PMID- 3202599 TI - [Asymptomatic simple solitary ulcer of the left angle of the colon]. PMID- 3202601 TI - [Localization of primary hyperaldosteronism]. AB - After diagnosis of primary aldosteronism on the basis of biochemical evidence, the detection of the tumour is of crucial importance in the management of the disease. We reviewed the efficacy of CT-Scan, Iodo-Cholesterol Scintigraphy, digitalized phlebography, adrenal vein sampling for steroid measurements (AVS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in 160 hypertensive patients with primary aldosteronism. Diagnosis of Conn's adenoma (n = 96) or Adrenal Hyperplasia (n = 40) was confirmed by surgery or at least two concordant tumour localization tests. Scintigraphy gave a correct diagnosis in 53% of the 51 exams, CT-Scan in 82% of the 85 exams, and phlebography in 79% of 61 exams. Plasma Aldosterone/Cortisol ratio was 5 times higher on the side of adenoma in 55% of the 47 cases but this ratio was also present in 23% of 22 patients with adrenal hyperplasia. Each procedure exhibited few false positive and false negative cases. NMR performed in 15 patients with Conn's adenoma identified all the cases. But tumours displayed a signal close to the liver signal and identical to the normal adrenal. These results and the risk of invasive procedure (failure of catheterization of the right adrenal vein (n = 6) and adrenal haematoma (n = 2) lead us to propose a schema of exploration of patients with primary aldosteronism. The CT-Scan could be performed at the first step once the biological diagnosis confirmed. Phlebography and AVS will be performed only if tumour was less than 1 cm at the CT-Scan despite important biological abnormalities. This schema requires to be validated by a prospective evaluation. PMID- 3202603 TI - [Adrenomegaly and other masses of the adrenal area. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches]. AB - During the 1982-1987 period 104 patients were surgically explored for a mass of the supra renal area. An adrenal tumor was found in 67%, an adrenal pseudo-tumor in 12.5%, a non adrenal pathology in 12.5%, and a tumoral involvement of the adrenal in 8%. Revealing circumstances were variable: 41% of the patients presented with endocrine symptoms (adrenal hypersecretion 83% or deficiency - 17%). In 30% abdominal pain was the chief complaint. In 24% the finding of the adrenal mass was totally fortuitous. In this latter circumstance the diagnostic difficulty is maximal and the strategy remains debated. Our approach would tend to be primarily surgical for fear of letting a malignant tumor evolve further. PMID- 3202602 TI - [Treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma by 131-I-metaiodobenzylguanidine]. AB - Twelve patients (2 with only bone metastases, 3 with only soft tissues metastases and 7 with bone and soft tissues metastases) were treated with 131-I-MIBG (specific activity: 20 mCi/mg), 100 to 200 mCi every 3-6 months. A dosimetric study was carried out before each administration. The follow-up ranged from 6 to 24 months and the number of doses ranged from 1 to 8, with 1.85-9 GBq per administration and a cumulative activity of 1.85-62. 2 GBq according to patients. The cumulative absorbed activity ranged from 850 to 9700 cGy. The following side effects were observed: a bone marrow hypoplasia (1 patient) and a transient increase in catecholamines (3 patients). The treatment was successful in 7 patients (3 with soft tissue metastases, 3 with bone and soft tissue metastases and one with bone metastases). This success consisted in clinical improvement and a decrease greater than 50% of hormonal values in the 7 patients and a decrease greater than 50% of tumoral masses in only 3 patients. No complete remission was obtained at this stage of the study. The disease recurred in 1 patient after a year of partial remission. There was no clear-cut relation between the number of doses and the results. This study shows that 131-I-MIBG can give encouraging though limited results. PMID- 3202604 TI - [Several techniques proposed for the differential diagnosis of diabetic impotence]. AB - The measurements of changes in penile circumference during nocturnal erection is commonly used to differentiate between organic and psychogenic impotence. Unfortunately, this measuring technique do not record variations in penile rigidity which may be insufficient to achieve coitus despite a normal circumference. We carried out a study with a penile cuff to measure penile rigidity. The validation of this penile cuff as a measurement device of penile rigidity permits us to determine the criteria of normality of penile rigidity and, subsequently, to differentiate more accurately between organic and psychogenic dysfunctions. Measurement of the bulbocavernous reflex (BCR) is widely used to diagnose underlying neurologic disorders in erectile dysfunctions. A prolonged BCR latency, more than 45 ms, or absence of a reflex response of the BC muscles during electrical stimulation of the glans penis, is considered like a sign of neurologic disease. We recorded the BCR in 90 subjects. Nineteen had abnormal BCR latencies. Furthermore, eight of these 19 subjects had normal nocturnal erections, thus confirming the diagnosis of psychogenic impotence. These results cast doubt on the validity of BCR measurements of the diagnosis of organic erectile dysfunction due to a neurologic disease. We recorded the BCR in 90 subjects. Nineteen had abnormal BCR latencies. Furthermore, eight of these 19 subjects had normal nocturnal erections, thus confirming the diagnosis of psychogenic impotence. These results cast doubt on the validity of BCR measurements for the diagnosis of organic erectile dysfunction due to a neurologic disease. PMID- 3202605 TI - [Endometrium and diabetes]. AB - Endometrium play a fundamental role during the 12 days following conception: its metabolic activity is responsible for the nutrition of the embryo. This nutritive function can be reduced in the presence of maternal diabetes mellitus, with a clinical incidence: unexplained sterility, spontaneous abortion and fetal malformations are more frequent in the presence of poorly controlled maternal diabetes mellitus. These abnormalities are directly correlated to the degree of hyperglycemia and reflect changes in the metabolic activity of the endometrium. Our biochemical study demonstrate that enzymatic activities are responsible, in human endometrium, for glucogene storage in the perovulatory period and energy production during the post ovulatory period; diabetes mellitus is responsible, at least in animal endometriums, for a reduced ability of glucogen storage and a reduced activity of glycolysis enzymes and of glucose 6 phosphate deshydrogenase. PMID- 3202606 TI - [An exceptional cause of renal colic. Castleman's tumor. Lymphonodular angiofollicular hyperplasia]. AB - The case of a 38-year-old man with renal colic due to compression by an abdominopelvic mass is reported. Histologic examination of the mass led to the diagnosis of giant lymph node hyperplasia or Castleman disease. Surgical removal of the lesion ensured complete recovery with no recurrence after 32 months follow up. Giant lymph node hyperplasia usually develops in the mediastinum, but superficial and abdominopelvic forms are seen occasionally. Pathogenic hypotheses are discussed. Outcome is usually favorable following surgical excision but rare multifocal forms with a potentially poor prognosis have been reported. PMID- 3202607 TI - [Changes in intrinsic autonomic innervation in congenital or primary megabladder]. AB - In eleven non-diabetic women suffering from high compliance bladder, the authors correlate urodynamic findings with the modifications of the autonomic vesical innervation. Endoscopic biopsies show a dramatic reduction in acetylcholinesterase-positive innervation in the detrusor but less visible in the trigone. The adrenergic network density is also reduced in both areas, according to age. Congenital conditions, high pressure mechanisms, vascular hypoxia explain these autonomic alterations inducing iatrogenic problems associated with different drug treatments. In some cases, urethral hypertonic instability acts in the same way as mechanical obstruction. PMID- 3202608 TI - [Our experiences using ureteral stripping in nephro-ureterectomy]. AB - The authors report their experience concerning 25 cases of ureterectomy by stripping, introduced by Dell'Ami. The technique carried out in the department is described. Cases of failures and possible complications are also discussed. PMID- 3202610 TI - [Is the Gil-Vernet advancement procedure for reflux legitimate? Considerations apropos of 22 cases in adults and children]. AB - We discuss 22 patients who have undergone surgical antireflux plasty with Gil Vernet's technique. In 19 patients, success was obtained with an average follow ip of 12 months. In 3 cases, a persistent reflux remains and the children have not been reoperated. This technique is very simple and has a number of advantages, such as bilateral simultaneous correction of reflux, without any lower ureteral dissection. Subsequent ureteral catheterisation is easy which is important for any further ureteroscopy. Nevertheless, a longer follow-up has to be studied to be sure of the reliability, of the technique in comparison with older but safe techniques such as Cohen's advancement. PMID- 3202609 TI - [Advantages of multifactorial analysis of correlations (Benzekri's method) in practice and in clinical research. A simplified example of its application to bladder tumors]. AB - New methodology for the study of treatments of bladder tumors: Multifactorial correlation study according to Benzekri's method. Bladder tumors are characterized by a varying potential for progression which cannot be predicted and which is not taken into consideration in the traditional classification and in the studies concerning efficacy of treatments. The authors propose the attribution of a malignancy coefficient to each bladder tumor. This coefficient is calculated by means of a mathematical method based on statistical correlations (Benzekri method) between 10 prognostic factors, defined prior to any treatment. This coefficient is invariable for each tumor and its correlation with the survival curves has demonstrated its reliability. On the basis of this method, the authors have classified 539 bladder tumors (superficial or invasive) into groups according to their malignancy coefficient. In this way, the ideal treatment for each group can be proposed. PMID- 3202611 TI - [Technic and results of lymph node excision using pelvic lymphadenoscopy]. AB - The authors report their experience of a surgical approach to pelvic lymph nodes based on a series of 24 patients with prostatic cancer (20 patients) or bladder cancer (4 patients). After making a short iliac incision, this technique consists of detaching the peritoneum with a finger and introducing a retractor (modified Cusko speculum) allowing removal of the lymph nodes. The authors discuss the indications for this technique in comparison with other methods of investigation of lymph nodes and present their results. PMID- 3202612 TI - Organization, fine structure, and viability of the human adrenal medulla: considerations for neural transplantation. AB - Recent reports of adrenal medullary autografts in patients with Parkinson's disease raise several important questions with respect to the cell types actually being transplanted as well as the potential for chromaffin cell banking prior to neural transplantation. In this study, we determined the general morphological characteristics of the human adrenal medulla and assessed factors important for the maintenance of cultured chromaffin cells for later use as transplants. The human adrenal medulla contained islands of cortical cells scattered throughout the gland as well as Schwann cells, nerve endings, endothelial cells, pericytes, isolated ganglionic neurons, and connective tissue elements such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Because many of these cell types are mitotically active, transplantation of medullary fragments that contain these cells could have far reaching consequences. One approach that could circumvent the problems arising from multiple cell types in the medulla is differential plating of chromaffin cells prior to transplantation. Differential plating yielded relatively pure populations of chromaffin cells that demonstrated excellent viability if processed within 2 hours after cessation of the gland's circulation. Chromaffin cells cultured in the presence of nerve growth factor exhibited a neuronal phenotype, possessed catecholamine histofluorescence, and displayed tyrosine hydroxylase- and dopamine beta-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity. The sex and age of the donor did not affect cell viability or morphological characteristics. PMID- 3202613 TI - The go-no-go paradigm in attention deficit disorder. AB - We administered the go-no-go paradigm to 44 boys with attention deficit disorder (ADD) and 32 control subjects who did not have ADD. This task requires a subject to emit a simple motor response to one cue while inhibiting the response in the presence of another cue. Commission errors suggest impulsivity, and omission errors suggest inattention. ADD subjects made more total errors than did control subjects (p less than 0.03), and more ADD subjects made multiple errors (p less than 0.001). Within the ADD group, the nonhyperactive (ADDnoH) subjects were characterized by a high number of commission errors early, and significant improvement with practice (p less than 0.01). In contrast, the hyperactive ADD subjects (ADD/H) did not differ from control subjects in number of early commission errors, but differed from both control subjects and ADDnoH subjects in their failure to improve with practice. In addition, the incidence of omission errors was highest in the ADD/H group. This paradigm can be easily incorporated into the assessment of children with suspected ADD and provides an objective measure of inattention and impulsivity. Our data provide cognitive support for the empirical distinction between hyperactive and nonhyperactive children with ADD. PMID- 3202614 TI - Hypertrophic brachial plexus neuritis: a pathological study of two cases. AB - Two patients with brachial plexus neuropathy had recurrent symptoms for years that culminated in the development of a painful lower cervical mass. On macroscopic examination the affected nerves had a fusiform segmental enlargement, suggestive of a nerve sheath tumor, that was excised. Histologically, marked endoneurial edema, florid focal chronic inflammation, extensive onion bulb formation, and perineurial sparing were seen. Electron microscopic studies on one patient revealed microvasculitis; frequent tubuloreticular inclusions in endothelial cells, histiocytes, and lymphocytes; and cylindrical confronting cisternae in lymphocytes. We conclude that some cases of recurrent brachial plexus neuropathy are due to a localized chronic inflammation that may be related to autoimmunity or to a viral infection. PMID- 3202615 TI - Neurofibrillary tangles in cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons in Alzheimer's disease. AB - The cholinergic neurons located within the pedunculopontine nucleus (Ch5) of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 15), Parkinson's disease (PD; n = 2), and neurologically normal (n = 6) subjects were visualized immunohistochemically using choline acetyltransferase, pharmacohistochemically using acetylcholinesterase, or by reduced histochemical methods using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d). Each histochemical procedure localized a well-delineated, compact lateral group and a more diffuse medial group of neurons within the pedunculopontine nucleus. Co-localization experiments revealed that all three enzymes marked the same population of cholinergic neurons. The extent of pathological alterations associated with the cholinergic neurons within the compact lateral sector of the pedunculopontine nucleus was examined in sections that reacted for NADPH-d, counterstained with thioflavin-S. The average number of neurofibrillary tangles within this portion of the pedunculopontine nucleus was 25.4 (range 0-70) in patients with AD, 1.5 (range 1 2) in those with PD, and 1.2 (range 0-4) in aged control subjects. Of the total number of neurofibrillary tangles counted in AD cases, 72.7% were end-stage ghosts and 27.3% were tangle-bearing neurons. The pathological alteration of cholinergic neurons of the compact lateral aspect of the pedunculopontine nucleus may play a role in some of the behavioral features characteristic of AD. PMID- 3202616 TI - Posture in Parkinson's disease: impairment of reflexes and programming. AB - The leg muscle electromyographic responses induced during stance by impulsive displacements of a treadmill belt (directed forward or backward and at different rates) were studied in a group of patients with Parkinson's disease and a group of age-matched healthy subjects. Young normal subjects were also studied both before and after intake of a dopamine antagonist (haloperidol). Compensatory gastrocnemius electromyographic responses resulting from backward-directed displacements were significantly smaller in both the patients and the young normal subjects following intake of haloperidol. The reduced sensitivity of the gastrocnemius muscle to stretch correlated with an inability to compensate for the perturbations. In the patients, the gastrocnemius response was followed by enhanced activation of the tibialis anterior muscle. This was not the case in the normal subjects after intake of dopamine antagonist and is probably not, therefore, the consequence of acute dopamine deficiency. In the patients the angular rotation at the ankle joint induced during faster backward-directed displacements was slower than that in normal subjects, despite identical amounts of gastrocnemius electromyographic activity. This supports earlier findings of changes in intrinsic muscle stiffness in Parkinson's disease. None of these differences were seen when the tibialis anterior muscle was stretched. This differential behavior of the antagonist leg muscles can best be explained by the different function fulfilled by these muscles in regulation of stance and gait. PMID- 3202618 TI - Motor conduction studies in Guillain-Barre syndrome. PMID- 3202617 TI - Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging correlations. AB - Two women with a presumptive diagnosis of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome had a combination of dystonia and parkinsonism. One had retinitis pigmentosa. Neuropsychological testing revealed decreased verbal fluency and visuoconstructional and motor deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging performed with a high-field-strength unit (1.5 Tesla) showed striking abnormalities in the globus pallidus bilaterally ("eye-of-the-tiger" sign). Magnetic resonance imaging may prove useful in the diagnosis of Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. PMID- 3202619 TI - San Antonio conference on diabetic neuropathy. PMID- 3202620 TI - Levodopa therapy and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. PMID- 3202621 TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome and hepatitis A: lack of association during a major epidemic. PMID- 3202623 TI - Molecular biology of virulence factors of bacteria. 20th Lunteren Lecture on Molecular Biology. September 27-30, 1968. Abstracts. PMID- 3202622 TI - Evaluation of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)- and 5-vinyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (BrVaraU, VaraU) in the treatment of experimental herpes simplex virus type 1 keratitis in rabbits: comparison with (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BrVUdR). AB - The 5-substituted 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl (araU) analogues, (E)-5-(2 bromovinyl)-araU (BrVaraU) and 5-vinyl-araU (VaraU), which can be considered as structural analogues of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BrVUdR), are potent and selective inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication in vitro. BrVaraU and VaraU have been compared with BrVUdR for their therapeutic effect on acute HSV-1 keratitis in rabbits. Both araU derivatives applied as 0.1% eyedrops suppressed the development of keratitis as monitored by the reduced number of herpes efflorescences. The healing effect of BrVaraU and VaraU was less pronounced than that of 0.1% BrVUdR eyedrops, the difference between BrVUdR and VaraU being statistically significant at the 10th day of treatment. As a further indication of the healing effect the number of cornea with opacities seen after cessation of drug treatment were 3.3, 7.4, 27.6 and 46.9% for the BrVUdR-BrVaraU , VaraU- and placebo-treated eyes, respectively. PMID- 3202624 TI - IMP synthesis using immobilized adenosine (phosphate) deaminase. AB - Inosinic acid (IMP) has been prepared by the deamination of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) with an immobilized adenosine (phosphate) deaminase extracted from the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. The enzyme has been immobilized in polyacrylamide beads. The preparation and characterization of this system are described. PMID- 3202625 TI - Legionella spp. in Puerto Rico cooling towers. AB - Water samples from air conditioning cooling towers receiving different treatment protocols on five large municipal buildings in San Juan, P.R., were assayed for various Legionella spp. and serogroups by using direct immunofluorescence. Several water quality parameters were also measured for each sample. Guinea pigs were inoculated with water samples to confirm pathogenicity and recover viable organisms. Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6, L. bozemanii, L. micdadei, L. dumoffii, and L. gormanii were observed in at least one of the cooling towers. L. pneumophila was the most abundant species; its density reached 10(5) cells per ml, which is within the range that is considered potentially pathogenic to humans. A significantly higher density of L. pneumophila was observed in the cooling tower water that was not being treated with biocides. Percent respiration (INT) and total cell activity (acridine orange direct count) were inversely correlated with bacterial density. This study demonstrates that Legionella spp. are present in tropical air-conditioning cooling systems and that, without continuous biocide treatment, they may reach densities that present a health risk. PMID- 3202626 TI - Effect of anaerobic digestion on oocysts of the protozoan Eimeria tenella. AB - The effect of anaerobic digestion of poultry waste on oocysts of the protozoan Eimeria tenella, a common enteric pathogen that causes coccidiosis in poultry, was investigated in this study. Thermophilic (50 degrees C) and mesophilic (35 degrees C) anaerobic digestors, with poultry manure as the substrate, were inoculated with the oocysts. The oocysts were damaged during anaerobic digestion, as determined by morphological change and loss of their ability to sporulate. The recovered oocysts were tested for their infectivity in young chicks, as measured by body weight gain, mortality, and cecal lesions. Oocysts lost all their infectivity during thermophilic digestion, while oocysts subjected to mesophilic digestion remained moderately infective in comparison with untreated oocysts, which produced severe coccidiosis, high mortality, and low body weight gain in chicks. Oocysts were inactivated at 50 degrees C when they were suspended in digestor fluid or saline. Inactivation at 35 degrees C was significantly stronger in the digestor fluid than in the saline, which implied that factors other than temperature were involved in the lethal effect of anaerobic digestion on protozoan oocysts. In this study we demonstrated that the treatment of animal waste by anaerobic digestion, especially at a thermophilic temperature, has the benefits of pathogen control and protection of human and animal health in a farm environment. PMID- 3202627 TI - Rapid latex agglutination test for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A to E that uses high-density latex particles. AB - A rapid reversed passive latex agglutination method that uses high-density latex particles for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) A to E was developed. It took 3 h for incubation, much less than the 16 h needed with a customary latex agglutination test for SE detection such as a commercial test kit (SET-RPLA; Denka Seiken Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The rapid test was shown to be highly specific and sensitive for SE detection (detection limit, about 0.5 ng of SE per ml), comparable to the SET-RPLA test. The rapid test was also efficient in SE detection in foods and culture supernatants of staphylococcal strains, similar to the SET-RPLA test. This showed that a rapid test with high-density latex particles is fully reliable for use. PMID- 3202628 TI - Influence of readily metabolizable carbon on pentachlorophenol metabolism by a pentachlorophenol-degrading Flavobacterium sp. AB - The influence of high concentrations of pentachlorophenol (PCP) and readily metabolizable carbon on the activity and viability of a PCP-degrading Flavobacterium sp. was examined in a mineral salts medium. Lags preceding PCP removal by glutamate-grown Flavobacterium cells were greatly attenuated by the addition of glutamate, aspartate, succinate, acetate, glucose, or cellobiose. The effect of these supplementary carbon sources on the apparent lag was not mediated entirely through the stimulation of growth since PCP metabolism accompanied the onset of growth. The specific activity of PCP-degrading cells in the absence of supplementary carbon was 1.51 x 10(-13) +/- 0.08 x 10(-13) g of PCP per cell per h and in the presence of supplementary carbon was 0.92 x 10(-13) +/- 0.09 x 10( 13) g of PCP per cell per h. Glutamate in combination with glucose or cellobiose partially repressed PCP metabolism. PCP removal by PCP-induced, glutamate-grown cells suspended in the presence of 4 g of sodium glutamate per liter was sensitive to shock loads of PCP, with a Ki of about 86.8 micrograms/ml. Subsequent removal rates, however, were more resistant to PCP. Optimal stimulation of PCP removal by sodium glutamate required 3.0 g/liter, about the same concentration as that which saturated growth in the absence of PCP. PCP removal rates decayed within minutes following the transfer of PCP-induced, glutamate-grown cells to media containing PCP without supplementary carbon, and increasing PCP concentrations accelerated the decay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202629 TI - New naphthalene-degrading marine Pseudomonas strains. AB - Over 100 strains that utilized naphthalene as the only carbon and energy source were isolated from samples of marine sediments taken from a heavily polluted area. The isolates were characterized taxonomically and physiologically. Most of these strains belonged to the genus Pseudomonas, and seven of them did not fit any previous taxonomic description. They differed from type strains in a few biochemical characteristics and in the utilization of aromatic compounds. None had catechol 1,2-dioxygenase activity, and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase was responsible for the aromatic ring cleavage. DNA hybridization demonstrated a close relationship between two isolates and the Pseudomonas stutzeri type strain, and between five isolates and the Pseudomonas testosteroni type strain. On the basis of nutritional and enzymatic characteristics, it was assumed that the seven isolates represent new biovars belonging to the species P. testosteroni and P. stutzeri that are able to degrade aromatic hydrocarbons. PMID- 3202630 TI - Outermost-cell-surface changes in an encapsulated strain of Staphylococcus aureus after preservation by freeze-drying. AB - The effects of drying time during freeze-drying on the outermost cell surface of an encapsulated strain of Staphylococcus aureus S-7 (Smith, diffuse) were investigated, with special attention paid to capsule and slime production. To quantify capsule and slime production, capsule antigen production and cellular characteristics such as growth type in serum-soft agar, cell volume index, and clumping factor reaction were examined. After freeze-drying the colonial morphology of strain S-7 was altered from a diffuse to a compact type in serum soft agar. In accordance with these changes, the titer of the clumping factor reaction increased while the cell volume index, capsule and slime production, and capsule antigen production were markedly decreased in parallel with the period of freeze-drying. The ability of the strain to adhere to collagen, fibrinogen, and soybean lectin was also compared before and after freeze-drying. Fibrinogen levels slightly increased when 10% skim milk and 2% honey were used as cryoprotective agents and showed a remarkable increase when 0.05 M phosphate buffer was used as a control. Also, the ability of strain S-7 to adhere to soybean lectin declined, whereas no changes were observed for collagen under any conditions. Strain S-7 was phage nontypable before freeze-drying but the number of typable cells increased after freeze-drying; phage-typable cells reacted to phage 52 alone after 5 h of freeze-drying, but additional cells also proved to be phage typable to phage 42E after 10 h. Electron micrographs indicated that strain S-7, an encapsulated strain, was converted to an unencapsulated state after freeze-drying.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202631 TI - Heat shock affects permeability and resistance of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores. AB - Heat shock of dormant spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 7953 at 100 or 80 degrees C for short times, the so-called activation or breaking of dormancy, was investigated by separating the resulting spores by buoyant density centrifugation into a band at 1.240 g/ml that was distinct from another band at 1.340 g/ml, the same density as the original spores. The proportion of spores at 1.240 g/ml became larger when the original dormant spores were heated for a longer period of time, but integument-stripped dormant spores were quickly and completely converted to spores with a band at 1.240 g/ml. The spores with bands at both 1.240 and 1.340 g/ml were germinable faster than the original dormant spores and thus were considered to be activated. The spores with a band at 1.240 g/ml, which were considered to be fully activated, were apparently permeabilized, with a resulting complete depletion of dipicolinic acid, partial depletion of minerals, susceptibility to lysozyme action, permeation of the gradient medium, changed structural appearance in electron micrographs of thin-sectioned spores, and partly decreased heat resistance (D100 = 453 min) compared with the original dormant spores (D100 = 760 min). However, the fully activated spores with a band at 1.240 g/ml, although devoid of dipicolinic acid, still were much more resistant than germinated spores or vegetative cells (D100 = 0.1 min). The spores with a band at 1.340 g/ml, which were considered to be partly activated, showed no evidence of permeabilization and were much more heat resistant (D100 = 1,960 min) than the original dormant spores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202632 TI - Antibacterial activity of soluble pyridinium-type polymers. AB - Cross-linked poly(N-benzyl-4-vinylpyridinium halide) (designated insoluble BVP) was previously reported to capture bacterial cells alive by contact with them. The corresponding linear polymer poly(N-benzyl-4-vinylpyridinium salt) (designated soluble BVP) was found to exhibit antibacterial activity. This soluble pyridinium-type polymer showed strong antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria, whereas it was less active against gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial activity of this cationic, polymeric disinfectant was considerably greater than that of the corresponding monomeric compound and was approximately equal to that of conventional disinfectants such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorohexidine. PMID- 3202633 TI - Microbial metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: isolation and characterization of a pyrene-degrading bacterium. AB - Microbiological analyses of sediments located near a point source for petrogenic chemicals resulted in the isolation of a pyrene-mineralizing bacterium. This isolate was identified as a Mycobacterium sp. on the basis of its cellular and colony morphology, gram-positive and strong acid-fast reactions, diagnostic biochemical tests, 66.6% G + C content of the DNA, and high-molecular-weight mycolic acids (C58 to C64). The mycobacterium mineralized pyrene when grown in a mineral salts medium supplemented with nutrients but was unable to utilize pyrene as a sole source of carbon and energy. The mycobacterium grew well at 24 and 30 degrees C and minimally at 35 degrees C. No growth was observed at 5 or 42 degrees C. The mycobacterium grew well at salt concentrations up to 4%. Pyrene induced Mycobacterium cultures mineralized 5% of the pyrene after 6 h and reached a maximum of 48% mineralization within 72 h. Treatment of induced and noninduced cultures with chloramphenicol showed that pyrene-degrading enzymes were inducible in this Mycobacterium sp. This bacterium could also mineralize other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkyl- and nitro-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, 3 methylcholanthrene, 1-nitropyrene, and 6-nitrochrysene. This is the first report of a bacterium able to extensively mineralize pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons containing four aromatic rings. PMID- 3202634 TI - Pyrene degradation by a Mycobacterium sp.: identification of ring oxidation and ring fission products. AB - The degradation of pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon containing four aromatic rings, by pure cultures of a Mycobacterium sp. was studied. Over 60% of [14C]pyrene was mineralized to CO2 after 96 h of incubation at 24 degrees C. High pressure liquid chromatography analyses showed the presence of one major and at least six other metabolites that accounted for 95% of the total organic extractable 14C-labeled residues. Analyses by UV, infrared, mass, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and gas chromatography identified both pyrene cis and trans-4,5-dihydrodiols and pyrenol as initial microbial ring-oxidation products of pyrene. The major metabolite, 4-phenanthroic acid, and 4 hydroxyperinaphthenone and cinnamic and phthalic acids were identified as ring fission products. 18O2 studies showed that the formation of cis- and trans-4,5 dihydrodiols were catalyzed by dioxygenase and monooxygenase enzymes, respectively. This is the first report of the chemical pathway for the microbial catabolism of pyrene. PMID- 3202636 TI - Is free halogen necessary for disinfection? AB - The principle of Le Chatelier was used in demonstrating that 3-chloro-4,4 dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone (compound 1) itself kills Staphylococcus aureus rather than the very small amount of free chlorine in hydrolysis equilibrium with compound 1. On the other hand, when the N-bromo analog of compound 1 (compound 1B) was used as the disinfectant, the mixture of combined compound 1B and free bromine formed in the hydrolysis equilibrium provided disinfection. When the hydrolysis equilibrium for 1B was suppressed to the level at which a negligible amount of free bromine remained in solution, combined compound 1B was much more efficacious than combined compound 1 at killing S. aureus. PMID- 3202635 TI - Inactivation of Giardia lamblia and Giardia canis cysts by combined and free chlorine. AB - Free chlorine and a combined organic N-chloramine (3-chloro-4,4-dimethyl-2 oxazolidinone, compound 1) were compared for efficacy as disinfectants against an admixture of cysts of Giardia lamblia and Giardia canis in water solution under a variety of test conditions; variables were pH, temperature, and water quality. In general, compound 1 was found to reduce the giardial excystation in the solutions at lower concentration or shorter contact time at a given total chlorine concentration than did free chlorine. PMID- 3202637 TI - Dissimilar plasmids isolated from Pseudomonas diminuta MG and a Flavobacterium sp. (ATCC 27551) contain identical opd genes. AB - The opd (organophosphate-degrading) gene derived from a 43-kilobase-pair plasmid (pSM55) of a Flavobacterium sp. (ATCC 27551) has a sequence identical to that of the plasmid-borne gene of Pseudomonas diminuta. Hybridization studies with DNA fragments obtained by restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid DNAs demonstrated that the identical opd sequences were encoded on dissimilar plasmids from the two sources. PMID- 3202638 TI - Selenate reduction by bacteria from a selenium-rich environment. AB - Samples collected from Kesterson Reservoir were screened for bacterial presence and selenate reduction capability. Selenate concentrations of 100 mg/liter were not toxic to indigenous bacteria. Of the 44 samples collected, 20 possessed microbial populations capable of reducing selenate. Reduction was observed in 4% of the water samples, 92% of the sediment samples, and 100% of the soil samples. Microbial reduction of 100 mg of selenate per liter was complete within 1 week of incubation. Up to 75 mg of selenate per liter was reduced beyond selenite to an insoluble red precipitate. Data collected indicate that indigenous bacteria have a significant role in the biogeochemical cycling of selenium. PMID- 3202639 TI - BamHI restriction endonuclease analysis of Yersinia ruckeri plasmids and their relatedness to the genus Yersinia 42- to 47-megadalton plasmid. AB - The plasmid profile and BamHI restriction pattern of 17 sorbitol-negative and 1 sorbitol-positive French Yersinia ruckeri strain of the American type strain were studied. The 17 sorbitol-negative strains and the American strain harbored a 62 megadalton (MDa) plasmid with an identical BamHI restriction pattern. Southern hybridization indicated that this 62-MDa plasmid is common among these various strains. The sorbitol-positive strain had four plasmid bands (70, 62, 32, and 25 MDa), and there was no comigration of the DNA fragments of these cleaved plasmids with the fragments of the 62-MDa plasmid. Hybridization of these restricted plasmids with the common 62-MDa plasmid showed a weak DNA homology. The Y. ruckeri plasmid (62 MDa) had a different molecular weight than the virulence plasmid (42 to 47 MDa) of the genus Yersinia, and they had different BamHI restriction patterns. Furthermore, no sequence of the Y. ruckeri plasmid DNA was recognized after Southern hybridization when the 47-MDa plasmid of Y. enterocolitica was used as a probe. PMID- 3202640 TI - Motor disorders of the oesophagus in gastro-oesophageal reflux. AB - Mechanisms of gastro-oesophageal reflux were studied by oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring in 33 children: nine controls, 15 with gastro-oesophageal reflux alone, and nine with reflux oesophagitis. A total of 122 episodes of reflux were analysed in detail: 82 (67%) were synchronous with swallowing and 40 (33%) asynchronous. Infants with trivial symptoms had gastro-oesophageal reflux synchronous with swallowing, whereas those with serious symptoms had slower acid clearance and asynchronous reflux. There were significant differences in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and amplitude of oesophageal contractions between controls and patients with both gastro-oesophageal reflux and reflux oesophagitis. In reflux oesophagitis there was a decrease in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and the contractions had a bizarre waveform suggesting a neuropathic process. PMID- 3202641 TI - Maturation of corticospinal tracts assessed by electromagnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. AB - The motor cortex can be excited in adults using electromagnetic stimulation, and the latency to the evoked muscle action potential allows an assessment of the integrity of corticospinal tracts. We applied this technique in children to describe the maturation of corticospinal tracts. The latency from cortical stimulation to the onset of the evoked muscle action potentials and the subject's height were recorded. The subject's height was divided by the latency to the onset of the evoked muscle action potential to provide an index of the conduction velocity within descending motor pathways (VI). It is possible to evoke muscle action potentials after electromagnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in children including preterm babies and there is a stepwise increase in the sensitivity to stimulation between 8 and 11 years of age. In addition there is a progressive increase in VI with age; adult values are attained at about 11 years. The successful application of this technique in children suggests that electromagnetic stimulation of the motor cortex has the potential to allow detection of abnormality in motor pathways in newborn babies and young children. PMID- 3202642 TI - Neural dysfunction during hypoglycaemia. AB - There is controversy over the definition of hypoglycaemia in neonates and children and over its significance when 'asymptomatic'. We measured sensory evoked potentials in relation to blood glucose concentration in 17 children: 13 were fasted or given insulin to investigate endocrine or metabolic abnormalities and four had spontaneous episodes of hypoglycaemia. Abnormal evoked potentials were recorded in 10 of the 11 children whose blood glucose concentration fell below 2.6 mmol/l; five of these 10 children were 'asymptomatic'. No change in evoked potentials was recorded in the six children whose blood glucose concentration remained above 2.6 mmol/l. Our findings suggest that the blood glucose concentration should be maintained above 2.6 mmol/l to ensure normal neural function in children irrespective of the presence or absence of abnormal clinical signs. PMID- 3202643 TI - Effect of kwashiorkor on the cardiovascular system. AB - In kwashiorkor the heart is clinically and radiologically small. This study utilises echocardiography, a tool not previously used in this disease, to show that this is due to decreased muscle mass. PMID- 3202644 TI - Late onset ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency in males. AB - Six boys with ornithine carbamoyl transferase deficiency presenting in infancy or later childhood are described. There was wide variation in both the time of presentation and the symptoms, which may initially suggest a neurological, behavioural, or gastroenterological problem. Two patients died, as did two male siblings who were probably affected, but with early recognition of the hyperammonaemia the outlook is good. PMID- 3202646 TI - Treatment of renal failure in neonates. AB - Thirty neonates with acute renal failure were studied, 27 of whom died (90%) including nine of 12 treated by peritoneal dialysis. Three main aetiological groups were identified. Septicaemia was a principal cause of late onset acute renal failure, with an incidence equal to that of serious perinatal disorders. It is recommended that tolazoline should be used with caution in the treatment of hyperkalaemia as it may have a role in the aetiology of acute renal failure, the incidence of which is increasing. PMID- 3202645 TI - Serum thyroxine and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations after treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. AB - Serum thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroxine concentrations were monitored in 42 infants who had been treated for congenital hypothyroidism. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations were raised in 22 of the infants (52%) at 2 to 4 months, in 16 (38%) at 5 to 11 months, in 14 (33%) at 12 to 18 months, and in eight (19%) at 2 to 4 years. Serum thyroxine and the dose of L-thyroxine/kg/body weight were significantly lower in those infants with raised thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations. Thyroid stimulating hormone was appropriately suppressed when the dose of L-thyroxine was increased, and only one child had delayed maturation of the hypothalamic/pituitary/thyroid axis. We believe it is the infant's rapid gain in weight in the first two years of life that necessitates this decrease in the dose of L-thyroxine/kg body weight and recommend that the treatment of this age group is reviewed every two to three months. PMID- 3202647 TI - Mother's choice to provide breast milk and developmental outcome. AB - The association between a mother's choice to provide breast milk and her baby's developmental status at 18 months post term was investigated in 771 low birthweight infants from five centres. Babies whose mothers chose to provide milk had an 8 point advantage in mean Bayley mental developmental index over infants of mothers choosing not to do so. A 4.3 point advantage remained after adjusting for demographic and perinatal factors. A similar finding was derived using a fundamentally different and questionnaire based test (academic scale of Developmental Profile II). Whether this significant residual developmental advantage relates to parental factors or to a beneficial effect of human milk itself on brain development has important implications for the nutritional management of premature babies. PMID- 3202648 TI - Neonatal hypoglycaemia--the controversy regarding definition. AB - Major paediatric textbooks and the views of neonatologists in the United Kingdom were surveyed to establish a definition of neonatal hypoglycaemia. The definition ranged from a glucose concentration of less than 1 mmol/l to less than 4 mmol/l. Hypoglycaemia is recognised to cause neurological sequelae and yet there is no accepted definition of the lower limit of normality for circulating blood glucose concentrations. PMID- 3202649 TI - Transient neonatal galactosaemia. AB - A 4 week old infant who failed to thrive was found to have galactose in his urine. Plasma galactose concentration was grossly raised (4.48 mmol/l; reference range less than 0.24 mmol/l) but red cell transferase and epimerase activities were normal. He improved when dietary lactose was excluded. Clinical and biochemical tolerance to galactose was evident by 7 months of age. PMID- 3202650 TI - Oral vancomycin in prevention of necrotising enterocolitis. AB - Eighty four very low birthweight babies (considered high risk for developing necrotising enterocolitis) were given vancomycin orally for 48 hours before introduction of oral feeds; one developed necrotising enterocolitis. One hundred and twenty very low birthweight babies (not considered such high risk) were fed without first receiving vancomycin; 17 developed necrotising enterocolitis. Although this was not a randomised control trial, results indicate a role for vancomycin in prophylaxis of necrotising enterocolitis. PMID- 3202651 TI - Congenital syphilis in the newborn. AB - We studied 53 newborn babies with congenital syphilis. The common clinical features seen were low birth weight, hepatosplenomegaly, anaemia, jaundice, and symmetrical superficial desquamation of the skin affecting palms and soles. The presence of these clinical signs is highly suggestive of early congenital syphilis. Hydrops fetalis without rhesus or ABO isoimmunisation should always arouse the suspicion of congenital syphilis. PMID- 3202652 TI - Monitoring for central apnoea in infancy--limitations of single channel recordings. PMID- 3202653 TI - Mercury as a health hazard. PMID- 3202654 TI - Protective effect of BCG vaccination in infant Asians. PMID- 3202655 TI - [Carcinoma in situ of the cervix uteri extending to the endometrium. Apropos of 1 case]. PMID- 3202657 TI - Fibroblastic lesion of the breast exhibiting features of nodular fasciitis. PMID- 3202656 TI - Primary ovarian pregnancy. A clinicopathologic study. PMID- 3202659 TI - [Intravascular sclerosing broncho-alveolar tumor (IVSBAT). Case of an aggressive form with pseudo-hemopathic clinical manifestation]. PMID- 3202658 TI - [Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. Apropos of 1 case with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study]. PMID- 3202660 TI - Games: a motivational educational strategy. PMID- 3202661 TI - Successful pregnancy with CAPD. PMID- 3202663 TI - Reaching beyond the expected. PMID- 3202662 TI - Patients' perceptions of CAPD and hemodialysis stressors. PMID- 3202664 TI - Competencies required to furnish professional nursing care. PMID- 3202665 TI - Nephrology nursing consult: a valuable lesson learned. PMID- 3202666 TI - [1st National Symposium on Public Health. Research on public health in Belgium. Recent studies and perspectives. Brussels, 25 Nov. 1988. Abstracts]. PMID- 3202667 TI - Anaerobic metabolism of cyclohexanol by denitrifying bacteria. AB - Three strains of denitrifying bacteria were anaerobically enriched and isolated from oxic or anoxic habitats with cyclohexanol or cyclohexanone as sole electron donor and carbon source and with nitrate as electron acceptor. The bacteria were facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative and metabolism was strictly oxidative with molecular oxygen, nitrate, or nitrite as terminal electron acceptor. Cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone were degraded both anaerobically and aerobically. Aromatic compounds were oxidized in the presence of molecular oxygen only. One of the bacterial strains was further characterized. During anaerobic cyclohexanol degradation approximately 40% of the substrate was oxidized to phenol, which accumulated as dead-endproduct in the growth medium; 60% of cyclohexanol was completely oxidized to CO2 and assimilated, respectively. In addition to phenol formation, transient accumulation of cyclohexanone, 2-cyclohexenone and 1,3 cyclohexanedione was observed. Based on these findings we propose a pathway for anaerobic cyclohexanol degradation involving these intermediates. PMID- 3202668 TI - [Ethics and neonatal intensive care: must we write the principles for our actions?]. PMID- 3202669 TI - [Malaria, impasses and hopes]. PMID- 3202670 TI - [Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine in asphyxiated newborn infants]. AB - The hemodynamic effects of dobutamine were studied by non invasive techniques in 6 full term neonates with severe perinatal asphyxia. At 10 micrograms/kg/min, dobutamine significantly increased the cardiac output, the heart rate and the aortic blood flow velocity. The mean arterial pressure increased but not significantly and the stroke volume remained unchanged. These changes seem to be dose dependent. The increase of cardiac output may be due to a chronotropic and inotropic effect of dobutamine. Dobutamine seems to be an effective agent for the treatment of low cardiac output in asphyxiated neonates. PMID- 3202671 TI - [Bacteriologic study of acute otitis media in hospitals and private practice]. AB - The authors report the results of the study of 435 bacteriological samples taken in children presenting with acute otitis media, in the out-patient department of ENT at the hospital Bretonneau (Paris) and in Valognes (Manche) from October 1981 to September 1987. Three bacterial organisms prevailed: Haemophilus (37 and 22% respectively), S. pneumoniae (25 and 7%) and Staphylococcus (16 and 17%). Pseudomonas was fairly frequent in cases with otorrhea, even when recent. Comparison with other studies shows the clear progression of the incidence of Haemophilus in acute otitis media. The percentage of the strains secreting a beta lactamase was 17% whether the children live in the country or in town. The frequency of S. pneumoniae was independent of age but was clearly lower in cases with prolonged or relapsing otitis. According to these results, the authors discuss the therapeutic strategy for acute otitis media. Amoxicillin still remains the antibiotic of choice. In case of persisting or relapsing otitis, the bacteriological examination will allow choosing the best adapted antibiotic: first generation cephalosporin, clavulanic acid and amoxicillin or trimethoprime and sulfamethoxazole. PMID- 3202673 TI - [Acute pericarditis in meningococcal infection]. AB - A case of acute pericarditis in a 2 1/2 year-old girl is reported. It appeared 3 days after the onset of a meningococcal meningitis which was favourably influenced by antibiotherapy. This pericarditis was immunologic in origin and disappeared within a few days with corticosteroid therapy. Differential diagnosis between purulent versus non suppurative acute pericarditis in patients with meningococcal bacteriemia is discussed. PMID- 3202672 TI - [Hydranencephaly and ingestion of estrogens during pregnancy. Fetal cerebral vascular complication?]. AB - The authors report a case of hydranencephaly which could result from a massive intake of oestrogens in a 18 week-gravid mother. After a brief clinical summary, the role of oestrogens in the triggering of a fetal circulatory disorder is discussed. PMID- 3202675 TI - [A cooperative program for the prevention of domestic accidents in children at the department of the Doubs. II. Educative aspects and evaluation]. AB - Effective prevention of domestic accidents in children includes regimental and/or legislative action, information for parents and education of the children. The latter two strategies have been applied in the deparment of the Doubs in a cooperative health promotion program. Preschool and kindergarten structures were chosen and the pedagogical project involved acquainting the children with the idea of danger by use of a kit prepared by the "Comite Francais d'Education pour la Sante" (French Committee for health education). This study was set up in two stages: "experimental" in 2 schools (1983-1984) and "operational" in 40 schools (1984-1985). In order to evaluate it, the population was divided into a control group and an experimental group. A total of 5,720 tests were carried out among 520 children. 494 parents and 82 teachers answered the questionnaires sent to them. The teachers were generally very positive about the effectiveness of education about dangers and the teaching activities which could be employed: discovery of environment, awareness of body, a.s.o. The changes in attitude were real and enduring among children. The parents changed their behavior significantly concerning the storing of poisonous products (medicines and household cleaning products), which allows to feel that this program can be effective in terms of risk reduction. PMID- 3202674 TI - [The nephrotic syndrome in kala-azar]. AB - Glomerular nephropathy is unusually known in kala-azar. We present 3 cases and we report a review on the clinical, biological and immunohistological aspects of this glomerulonephritis. The immunologic mechanisms of this parasitic nephropathy and its reversibility after specific treatment are characteristic. PMID- 3202676 TI - [Dietary milk for infants supplemented with vitamin D: is it for the near future? Comite de Nutrition et Groupe d'etude du Metabolisme du Calcium en Pediatrie, Societe Francaise de Pediatrie]. PMID- 3202677 TI - [Caffeine poisoning and a syndrome of salt loss in premature infants]. PMID- 3202678 TI - [Cerebellar infarction in pneumococcal meningitis]. PMID- 3202679 TI - [AIDS and related syndromes in infants in Brazzaville]. PMID- 3202680 TI - Enhancement by vagotomy of experimental induction of intestinal metaplasia and atypical glandular hyperplasia in Wistar rats. AB - The effect of truncal vagotomy on the induction of intestinal metaplasia and atypical glandular hyperplasia by intragastric instillation of 5% NaOH solution was investigated in Wistar rats. Truncal vagotomy resulted in significant increases in the incidences and numbers of intestinal metaplasia and atypical glandular hyperplasias in experimental week 52. Histological examinations show that unlike goblet cell metaplasia and mild atypical glandular hyperplasia in the sham-operated rats, intestinal metaplasia without Paneth cells and moderate atypical glandular hyperplasia were more frequent in rats treated with NaOH solution and vagotomy. These findings indicate that the promoting effect of truncal vagotomy on gastric carcinogenesis may be related to its enhanced effect on induction of intestinal metaplasia and atypical glandular hyperplasia. PMID- 3202681 TI - Effects of potassium ethylxanthogenate on nitrosodiethylamine-induced DNA damage and on liver carcinogenesis. AB - BD-6 rats were injected with 80 mg/kg N-nitroso-diethylamine weekly for 10 weeks. Addition of 270 mg/kg potassium ethylxanthogenate weekly reduced significantly the number of rats developing NDEA-induced malignant liver tumors. Ethylxanthogenate decreased the total number of liver tumors induced by the carcinogen to 6 as compared to a total of 29 neoplasms in animals treated only with NDEA. In acute experiments potassium ethylxanthogenate markedly decreased the exhalation of 14CO2 derived from 14C-NDEA. The amount of the nonmetabolized carcinogen increased in the urine of ethylxanthogenate protected rats only 4% of the given dose. Initial DNA damage, single strand breaks and alkali-labile sites, was determined by alkaline sucrose gradients and in protected animals was minimal for at least 24 hours after NDEA administration. It appears that the production of less initial DNA damage may be important for the further course of liver carcinogenesis induced by relatively large doses of nitrosodiethylamine. PMID- 3202682 TI - [Long-term survival following acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in childhood]. AB - 48 patients with ALL (3%) treated according to two different protocols survived 5 years or longer. The mean survival time was 13.0 +/- 5.0 years, but 29 patients lived 16.5 +/- 3.0 years. Only 18 patients (38%) were 16.9 +/- 3.0 years in them 1. CCR, the longest remission time amounted to more than 25 years. Of the patients relapsed 9 are 8.4 +/- 2.8 years in 2. CR. Late relapses after 5 years were observed in seven cases the last in the 9th year of disease. After 5 years the survival rate in both protocols was not different. As a late sequelae, there was one patient with intrahepatic block and portal hypertension and one with encephalopathy and imbecility. All patients were able to leave their professional examination, 5 patients married and 6 healthy children were born. PMID- 3202684 TI - [Annual rhythm of the excretion of indole melanogen in human urine]. AB - Comparing the monthly indole melanogen mean values (4,100 single values within 5 years) in patients with malignant melanomas showing a normal urinary indole melanogen concentration we have found a seasonal effect with a maximum melanogen excretion in spring (March) and summer (July) and a minimum in autumn (September). These results are statistically significant. The possible importance of these seasonal influences for the prognosis in individual cases of malignant melanoma is discussed. PMID- 3202683 TI - [Significance of the stromal reaction in bladder cancer]. AB - The stromal reaction (SR) is to be regarded as a cellular immunological defense reaction of the host organism against the tumor. Based on an analysis of inflammatory infiltrates in 60 bladder cancers the significance of SR was examined. An increase of the cellular reaction up to 1.0 cm tumor diameter and of the lymphocytes at the beginning of the cancer infiltration could be observed, but there exists no statistically evaluable correlation between SR and size, grading or infiltration of the cancer. From these findings it is suggested that stromal reaction in bladder cancer is unimportant for prognosis. PMID- 3202686 TI - Leptospirosis cases in man determined by the Patoc 1 saprophytic strain. PMID- 3202685 TI - Lyme borreliosis in Romania. PMID- 3202687 TI - Natural inhibitors of complement. IV. Systemic toxicity of the complement inhibitor from pokeweed fruits and the effect of antioxidizing enzymes, glutathione and phenobarbital. PMID- 3202688 TI - Data on the biology of an autochthonous population of Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of cockroach oothecae. PMID- 3202689 TI - Prevalence of disease conditions and pregnancy in sheep and goats seen over a three year period in Enugu abattoir, Nigeria. PMID- 3202690 TI - [Seasonal effects on gastrointestinal parasites in chickens raised in Kisangani (Zaire)]. PMID- 3202691 TI - [The apparent prececal and fecal crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption of coarse animal feed in fattening pigs]. AB - Digestibility experiments were made with nearly full-grown female fattening pigs supplied with large-scale T-cannulae implanted in the distal ileum to collect the digesta in order to test 11, mainly dried and pelleted, kinds of forage plants (9 samples of lucerne cut at different times as well as green rye and whole plants of maize) as supplements to a basic diet. All samples were analysed to their content of HCl-insoluble ash as marker and their content of amino acids (AA). The calculation of the apparent precaecal and faecal crude protein (CP) digestibility and of the absorption values of the essential AA lysine, methionine, cystine, isoleucine, threonine and tryptophan as well as of glutamic acid was carried out according to the difference method. CP digestibility of the experimental diets was precaecally reduced by 5 to 20 and faecally by 3 to 13 units by supplements of at least 25% of the dry matter; for some of the AA the reduction was even bigger and dispersion between the values of the individual animals was essentially increased in comparison with the basic ration. Faecally, the precaecal differences of CP digestibility and AA absorption caused by the various alfalfa samples, are largely blurred. The CP and AA digestibility of the forage plants partly showed very big individual differences between the animals. Precaecally, a CP digestibility of more than 48% could not be ascertained. Similarly to the lysine content, precaecal lysine absorption from the kinds of roughage showed big differences. Whereas the absorption values for methionine of between 60 and 87% were relatively high, those for cystine were mostly very low, often in the negative range. This underlines that normal digestion processes are strongly influenced by high supplements of forage plants so that the constancy of the digestibility of the basic ration must be doubted under these conditions. The bacterial processes in the large intestine greatly level out the differences found precaecally between the various kinds of feedstuffs. The faecal digestibility and absorption values were considerably above those measured precaecally; methionine digestibility only was mostly considerably diminished in comparison with precaecal values due to synthesis in the large intestine. A significant positive correlation could be calculated between the lysine content of the 9 alfalfa samples (4.0 to 6.6 g/16 g N) and the apparent precaecal values of lysine absorption (2.2 to 67.6%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3202692 TI - [The energy metabolism of swine at a feed level of "live weight equilibrium"]. AB - 10 castrated pigs each of a live weight (LW) of 35 kg and 115 kg were fed over 28 and 40 days resp. in a way that a live weight equilibrium was achieved. The pigs were kept individually and at a low mobility on perforated floors of zinc-plated sheet iron at an air temperature of 19 degrees C. The weighing 35 kg received 668 kJ ME/kg LW 0.75 per day and one half of the animals weighing 115 kg 635 kJ ME/kg LW 0.75 in a diet consisting of barley and bran. The other half of the animals weighing 115 kg received 514 kJ ME/kg LW 0.75 per day in a ration consisting barley, bran and dried skim milk. The crude protein content of the rations was 12.6 and 17.1% resp. of the DM, the crude fibre content amounted to 8-10% of the DM. Energy excretion in faeces and urine was calorimetrically measured. Up to the end of the experiment LW and the weight of the empty body (without ingesta) remained unchanged. For the measuring of energy retention, 4-5 zero animals each were analysed before the experiments. The pigs weighing 35 kg showed a daily loss of 39 g fat in the course of the 40-day experiment. The calculation of the energy balance showed that an intake of 790 kJ ME/kg LW 0.75 was necessary. This maintenance requirement, rather high in comparison with values from literature, can be explained with the emission of body heat on sheet iron floors and a crude fibre content of 9% in the rations. The pigs of the two groups of 115 kg LW were at an energy equilibrium at both nutrition levels. The lower maintenance requirement of the group fed with dried skim milk cannot exclusively be explained by the higher energetic utilization of the milk protein in the ration. The reason should be the more advanced age of the animals of the milk group. Although they had nearly the same live weight, their empty bodies contained 41% fat, the pigs of the barley/bran group, however, only 34%, both before and after the experiment. PMID- 3202693 TI - [Growth course of young warm-blooded stallions as the basis for the derivation of energy and protein requirement standards]. AB - The live weight development of young warm-blooded stallions at the age of 0 to 30 months of life was investigated in order to derive their energy and protein requirement. The aim of the studies was the derivation of a standard curve for the course of growth. Choice of the best suited model and the corresponding calculations were one of the main investigation objects. The mathematical function developed by Janoschek provided a relatively good description of the material. PMID- 3202694 TI - Feeding strategies for dairy cattle. Comparison of flat rate feeding and standard feeding during early lactation. AB - In a 14-week experiment beginning at week 4 postpartum, with 40 individually housed autumn calving cows a system of flat rate feeding (F) was compared with standard feeding (N). The basal ration consisted of a restricted amount of maize silage and ad libitum grass silage. Average daily concentrate DM consumed was 6.3 and 6.5 kg for treatment F and N respectively. Treatment F resulted in a non significant higher forage DM intake. Covariant adjusted yields of milk (27.8 and 27.9 kg/d) and 4% fat corrected milk (28.3 and 28.3 kg/d) were not decreased by treatment F. The system of concentrate allocation had no effect on either milk composition or body weight changes. The results are discussed in relation to other data. PMID- 3202695 TI - Coat protein of potyviruses. 5. Symptomatology, serology, and coat protein sequences of three strains of passionfruit woodiness virus. AB - Three strains of passionfruit woodiness virus, Tip Blight (PWV-TB), Severe (PWV S) and Mild (PWV-M), were compared on the basis of their biological, serological and coat protein structural properties. Each of the strains could be distinguished on the basis of their reactions on selected test plant species but no differences were observed in the serological properties of the three PWV strains. Molecular weight estimates on SDS-PAGE suggest the PWV coat protein contains 275 amino acid residues and sequence data for 269 of these residues is presented. The amino terminal peptide is blocked and has not been sequenced. The coat proteins of PWV-TB and PWV-S, which cause severe symptoms in infected plants, showed only three sequence differences compared to the eleven or twelve sequence changes between their coat proteins and that of the mild strain. The high sequence homology (96-99%) between the three PWV strains is similar to that previously reported for two strains of tobacco etch virus and three strains of sugarcane mosaic virus. Sequence homology between the three strains of PWV and published sequences for the coat proteins of eight distinct potyviruses ranged from 43-71% (average 57%). PMID- 3202697 TI - [Pathomorphology of the intestine and regional lymphatic system in pseudotuberculosis]. AB - Available are data obtained at light and electron microscopy of operative specimens from patients with abdominal pseudotuberculosis and animals challenged orally with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The authors are the first to outline detailed characteristics of the intestinal and regional lymph node lesion arising in response to the infection and reflecting growing resistance to it. These features of pathological process involve marked tissue eosinophilia, necrosis due to phagocytes rexis, and granulomatosis suggesting a pronounced role in the pathogenesis of the body allergization in the course of infection. It is proposed to consider pseudotuberculosis-related changes in lymph nodes as lymphoblastic (early affection) and granulomatous-necrotic (advanced infection) lymphadenitis. The evidence obtained can promote differential diagnosis of pseudotuberculosis. PMID- 3202696 TI - Immunization of foxes against rabies with a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein. AB - Foxes were vaccinated orally (by bait), gastrically (by stomach tube) and by scarification with a vaccinia recombinant virus expressing the rabies glycoprotein. Neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus were detected at two weeks postvaccination in 8/8 foxes in the bait-fed group, in 3/6 foxes inoculated by stomach tube and in 2/2 of the scarified foxes. After challenge at three months postvaccination with street rabies virus, all foxes that had developed antibodies were protected. The high rate of seroconversion, high levels of antibodies, and resistance to challenge suggest that this recombinant virus might be a suitable vaccine for oral immunization of foxes against rabies. PMID- 3202698 TI - [Dynamics of healing of purulent wounds under the influence of immunoregulatory drugs]. AB - Immunoregulatory drugs (T-activin,prodigiosan, levamisole) used in animals and humans to test the effect on purulent wound healing proved to enhance it with most prominent response to T-activin and prodiosan. PMID- 3202700 TI - [Aspects of the morphogenesis of cancer of the endometrium]. AB - The paper covers a number of morphogenetic problems of endometrial cancer with reference to multidirectional differentiation of the uterine epithelium affected by tumor. Metaplastic changes of the endometrium observable in three basic variants (tubal, endocervical, squamous cell) can entail dysplasia with resultant malignant transformation. Endometrial cancer shows complex structure of the tumor with sings of multidirectional epithelial differentiation: endometrial, tubal, endocervical, squamous). Morphological features of the tumor and adjacent mucosa, assessed comparatively, suggest a close relationship between the direction of endometrial epithelium differentiation and the new growth histological structure. PMID- 3202699 TI - [State of adrenergic innervation of intact sections of the myocardium and adrenal medulla in experimental myocardial infarction]. AB - A quantitative histofluorescence method has been employed in rabbits to evaluate adrenergic heart innervation and the adrenal glands after experimental myocardial infarction reproduced by ligation of the coronary artery (group 1). Group 2 rabbits were not subjected to interruption of the coronary blood flow. The adrenergic response was evaluated on postinfarctional days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30. Intact animals comprised a control group 3. It was found out that the heart adrenergic plexuses of the left ventricular posterior wall demonstrated elevated luminescence intensity without changing their density in groups 1 and 2. Local accumulation of catecholamines in sympathetic axon conductive parts of the neural trunks along the coronary vessels was registered in groups 1 and 2. The luminescence intensity of catecholamines in the adrenal glands increased on day 1, 3 and 14 in group 1 and day 1 in group 2 rabbits. These findings suggest the method to be unsuitable for assessing the response of the cardiac adrenergic nerve plexuses during 30 postinfarctional days being adequate for the study of the adrenal gland response 3 days after the operation. The authors hold that relevant disadvantages can be adjusted for by introduction of mercury into the coronary channel. PMID- 3202701 TI - [Comparative ultrastructural characteristics of epithelial cells of the parenchyma of the thymus gland and thymoma]. AB - Comparative ultrastructural investigation of the parenchyma was performed for human thymus (7 specimens) and thymoma (34 specimens). For thymic parenchyma eight types of epithelial cells were identified. These may be represented by three different histogenetic lines: 1) spindle-shaped appendiceal cortical cells (type 1-4) 2) medullary cells showing signs of squamous-epithelium differentiation (type 5-6) 3) medullary cells with signs of glandular differentiation (type 7-8). Thymomas demonstrated cells ultrastructurally similar to thymic parenchyma and exhibiting features of either cortical or medullary epithelial cells. These findings served the basis for dividing thymomas into 3 major groups: 1) with cortical cell differentiation 2) with cortical and medullary cell differentiation 3) with medullary cell differentiation. PMID- 3202702 TI - [Histological and cytological characteristics of structural changes of the endometrium of guinea pigs in health and in experimental glandular hyperplasia]. AB - An experiment on 203 guinea-pigs involved morphometric and cytological evaluation of morphofunctional profile of the endometrium and vaginal epithelium at various stages of the estrous cycle and endometrial glandular hyperplasia development. The results permitted the authors to establish morphometric and cytological criteria of estrogenic saturation of the organism, to reveal features of hyperplasia in paired and unpaired uterine parts in experimental exogenic hyperestrogenism. There appeared a correlation between variations in the cytological indices of the vaginal smear and the severity of endometrial hyperplastic process. The tendencies observed for quantitative indices warrant intravital evaluation of the formation of the experimental glandular endometrial hyperplasia and objective assessment of the test treatments. PMID- 3202703 TI - [Morphology of Chediak-Higashi syndrome]. AB - The authors observed two boys born to cousin sib parents. The boys presented with a variant of primary immunodeficiency--Chediak-Higashi syndrome. The diagnosis was based mainly on the presence of giant azurophil granulations in proband phagocytes. The disease studied morphologically ran a specific course with development of reactive generalized histiocytosis and erythrophagia. The latter are thought to arise in response to defective phagocytosis. The patients suffered recurrent infections from which they died. PMID- 3202704 TI - [Primary cardiomyopathies in children]. AB - Available are two cases of primary cardiomyopathy (congestive and oncocytic, respectively) in 8.5-year-old and 18-day-old girls. Analysis of section material indicates that hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is not a rare finding in newborns with interventricular septal affections. The authors review the discussion opinions on the disease etiology and pathogenesis. PMID- 3202705 TI - [Congenital cystic adenomatous defect of development of the lung]. AB - Clinicomorphological characterization is given for congenital cystic adenomatous lung maldevelopment in a boy of 1.5 months. It is suggested that relevant teratogenic factor may be furnished by an acute respiratory infection which the child's mother had in the third trimester of pregnancy. PMID- 3202707 TI - Embolization to reverse severe recurrent hepatic encephalopathy. AB - Five patients with porto-systemic shunts, four spontaneous and one surgically created, presenting severe recurrent hepatic encephalopathy rebel to clinical treatment were angiographically examined. A spontaneous splenic-renal veins shunt was observed in four cases and a mesocaval shunt was identified in the remaining patient. Two thirds embolization of the spleen was able to control hepatic encephalopathy in two patients. Percutaneous transhepatic portography and selective embolization of the shunt was performed in two other patients with good results. Percutaneous transcaval embolization of the mesocaval shunt succeeded to control hepatic encephalopathy in the remaining patient. Splenic embolization is able to control hepatic encephalopathy in patients with splenomegaly and spontaneous porto-systemic shunt. Direct embolization of the shunt is also able to control hepatic encephalopathy as should be expected. PMID- 3202706 TI - [Leiomyosarcoma of the small intestine]. AB - In addition to the literature data the authors describe their own observation of small intestinal leiomyosarcoma. The case was interesting for an uncommon metastatic course and atypical histological appearance presenting difficulties for clinical diagnosis and morphological interpretation. The final diagnosis rested with electron microscopy. PMID- 3202708 TI - [Medical education in Brazil: critical analysis]. AB - The progress of medical education in this century can be divided in two periods: the first until 1960 based in the Flexner Report, aiming the reinforcement of the scientific education, the second, from then onwards, marked by important changes occurred as a result of the expansion of the number of medical schools and the number of students, of changes in the health system and of actions developed within the schools themselves. The importance of training human resources for a changing health system is pinpointed, with emphasis in the social compromise of the medical school. The influence on the quality of medical education, of the labour market, of the organization of health services and of the financial support are taken into account. The responsibility of the medical school on the definition of his goals, on the pedagogic training of teachers and on the strategies for the teaching-learning process is analyzed. PMID- 3202709 TI - Surgical treatment of multiple intracranial aneurysms. AB - A retrospective study was conducted on 42 patients with multiple aneurysms surgically treated from 1975 to 1986. Thirty one of them had 2 aneurysms 6 had 3, 3 had 4 and 2 had 5 (62 in the internal carotid, 27 in the middle cerebral artery, 11 in the anterior cerebral and 3 in the basilar artery). All patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage and were classified as follows upon admission: 11, grade I; 12, grade II; 15, grade III, and 4, grade IV, and most of them improved before surgery (29, grade I, 7, grade II, and 6, grade III). In most cases, surgery was delayed and the 42 patients needed 57 craniotomies for clipping the aneurysms. Of the 24 patients with bilateral aneurysms, 15 were operated on both sides (11 are asymptomatic, 1 has hemiparesis, and 3 died later). Of the 9 patients submitted to unilateral craniotomy, 4 died and 5 are alive and well. Of the 18 patients with unilateral aneurysms, 11 are asymptomatic, 2 have hemiparesis, 1 has diplegia and behavioral disorders, and 4 died. Overall mortality was 26.1%, intraoperative mortality was 11.9%, and no mortality occurred among the patients operated over the last 5 years. The management of these patients is discussed. PMID- 3202710 TI - [Evoked parietal spikes in the electroencephalogram and febrile convulsions]. AB - In a population of 2307 children, 69 (2.99%) showed in the EEG high-voltage evoked potentials (evoked spikes) elicited by tapping on the feet or hands. Febrile convulsions were mentioned in 226 cases, and 13 of them showed the evoked spikes in the EEG and were otherwise neurologically and psychologically normal. Association between febrile convulsions and evoked spikes was observed, mainly when EEG showed also epileptiform activity of parietal localization. These EEG features are probably of functional rather than organic nature, and with possible genetic mechanisms involved. Longitudinal studies of children with febrile convulsions and evoked spikes in the EEG are necessary to verify a possible high risk of developing epilepsy not predicted on clinical data. PMID- 3202711 TI - Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. I. A quantitative histochemical study of skeletal muscles. AB - This study quantitates the major morphological and cytochemical changes in limb muscle biopsies from 37 patients with the syndrome of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). The aim was to assess the value of limb muscle biopsy in the diagnosis of this syndrome; to define the myopathological changes and to determine whether there were any specific clinico-pathological correlations. Patients were divided into three clinical groups--11 patients with CPEO with facial and/or limb muscle weakness; 10 with CPEO with facial and/or limb muscle weakness and a positive family history; 16 with CPEO with one or more of the following: pigmentary retinopathy, cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs and peripheral neuropathy. The following parameters were measured: the proportions of histochemical fibre types, the muscle fibre areas and the percentage of muscle fibres showing increased oxidative enzyme activity. Pooled results for each of the clinical categories were compared. Statistical analysis of fibre areas and the percentage of fibres with increased oxidative enzyme activity, showed that group 2 differed from the others (p less than 0.05). Patients in group 2 showed the highest incidence of type 1 fibre hypertrophy, type 2A atrophy and the lowest incidence of fibres with increased oxidative activity. Fibre type disproportions occurred in all three groups but the differences were not significant. PMID- 3202712 TI - Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. II. A qualitative and quantitative electronmicroscopy study of skeletal muscles. AB - This study quantifies the major electron microscopic changes in limb muscle biopsies from 31 out of 34 patients with the syndrome of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Patients were divided into three clinical groups -- A) 10 sporadic cases with muscle weakness only; B) 9 familial cases with muscle weakness only; C) 15 cases with muscle weakness and one or more of the following features: pigmentary retinopathy, cerebellar ataxia, pyramidal signs and peripheral neuropathy. Electron microscopic mitochondrial abnormalities were found in all groups (8 patients from group A, 3 from group B, 14 from group C). Quantitative measurements of certain muscle fibre constituents, using a point counting technique, revealed decreased myofibril volume-fractions and increased volume-fractions of mitochondria, glycogen and lipid in some biopsies from each group. Mitochondrial volume-fractions correlated positively with lipid content, the proportion of type 1 fibres, and the percentage of fibres with increased oxidative enzyme activity. The three groups defined clinically showed no significant differences in terms of the relative proportions of these measured constituents. PMID- 3202713 TI - Muscle biopsy correlated with electromyography. Study of 100 cases. AB - To find what the correlation is and verify if it is possible to avoid extensive electromyographic examination, studying only one muscle, 100 patients with neuromuscular disorders (58 primary myopathies, 32 neurogenic disorders and 10 myotonic dystrophies) were submitted to quantified electromyography (EMG) and muscle biopsy (MB) with fresh-frozen section plus histochemistry in the same muscle, but on the opposite side. The EMG was abnormal in 98% and MB in 93% of the cases. EMG and MB had a concordance of 84.3% in the neurogenic disorders and 84.77% in the primary myopathies. A correlation of 80% was obtained between all MB and EMG (including the cases of myotonic dystrophies), regarding the origin of the pathogenic process (p less than 0.01). The EMG had 5% inconsistencies and the MB 11%, with respect to the pathogenic process. When the myotonic dystrophy was separated from the primary myopathies and from the denervation disorders, a complete concordance was found in all MB and had only 3.4% inconsistencies in the denervation disorders and 3.1% in the primary myopathies. PMID- 3202715 TI - [Multiple cerebral tuberculomas: report of an autopsy case with 37 lesions]. AB - An autopsied case of multiple cerebral tuberculomas with 37 lesions, the one with the greatest number of lesions described in the literature, is reported. The patient was a chronic alcoholic and had generalized tuberculosis. The literature on multiple cerebral tuberculomas is reviewed and the neurological clinical picture presented by the patient and the association between generalized tuberculosis and chronic alcoholism are commented upon. PMID- 3202714 TI - Cerebromeningeal hemorrhage. Analysis of autopsies performed over a 10-year period. AB - A study was conducted on the medical records of 353 patients who died of a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and who were submitted to autopsy over the last 10 years. SAH was associated with arterial hypertension in 180 (51%) cases, with ruptured aneurysms in 102 (28.9%), and with other pathologies in 71 (20.1%). The patients with hemorrhage associated with arterial hypertension were mostly males, and those with hemorrhage due to aneurysms were mostly females. Of the patients with aneurysms, 36 (35.3%) had aneurysms in the anterior communicating artery, 30 (29.4%) in the internal carotid artery, and 23 (22.6%) in the middle cerebral artery. Among the patients with aneurysms who suffered rebleeding and vasospasm, 59.1% and 61.5%, respectively, were classified as grade I and II upon admission, and all evolved toward grade IV after these complications. Vasospasm predominated from the 3rd to the 10th day after hemorrhage, and rebleeding from the 9 to 16th day and both were most frequent among patients with aneurysms of the anterior communicant artery. Sixty eight percent of the patients with aneurysms died during the first 9 days after hemorrhage. Because of our conduct was to operate systematically late, a considerable number of patients lost the opportunity to be treated surgically with possible favorable evolution due to vasospasm or rebleeding. PMID- 3202716 TI - [Isaacs syndrome: report of a case]. AB - The authors report a case of Isaacs syndrome observed in a 40 years old woman. The clinical picture included progressive muscular weakness, dysphagia, dysphonia, dyspnea and increased perspiration. Fasciculations, facial myokymia and pseudomyotonia were observed on physical examination. Electromyographic study at rest revealed continuous electrical muscle activity. Muscle histochemistry showed type II fibers atrophy and an ultrastructural study of the gastrocnemius muscle disclosed marked cysternal dilatation of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum. An excellent clinical response was observed with the use of carbamazepine. Some recent aspects of this rare syndrome are reviewed and discussed. PMID- 3202717 TI - [Xanthogranuloma of the choroid plexus: a case report]. AB - We report an unusual case of a 30-year-old man who presented blindness and raised intracranial pressure secondary to a huge lateral ventricle xanthogranuloma. Computed tomographic scanning showed a highly calcified hyperdense mass that did not enhance after contrast administration. The mass was subtotally resected via transcallosal approach. The pathogenesis of the choroid plexus xanthogranuloma is discussed. PMID- 3202718 TI - Multiple sclerosis with early childhood onset. A case report. AB - A 2 year old boy was admitted owing to a subacute episode of ataxic gait and hearing deficit. Computerized tomography (CT) was normal and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed gamma globulins level of 15.4% (normal 7 to 14%). There was spontaneous remission after 7 months. At 5 years of age the boy incurred a second episode with predominantly right appendicular ataxia and tonic gaze deviation to the right side. CT showed a low-density lesion in the white matter adjacent to the right frontal horn. Visual and auditory evoked potentials were abnormal. CSF revealed a mild increase in gamma globulins level of 14.5% with an abnormal T lymphocyte subsets study. The combination of visual, cerebellar, brain stem and paraventricular lesions with clear remissions and exacerbations, supported by CT, CSF and evoked potentials findings suggests the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis even at this early age. PMID- 3202719 TI - A hypothetical immunemediated unifying mechanism for the Holmes-Adie syndrome. AB - The Holmes-Adie syndrome consists of pupillotonia, arreflexia and autonomic dysfunction. Some explanations for these different symptoms have been attempted, centred upon neuropathological and electrophysiological findings. A hypothetical immunemediated mechanism, as in the Guillain Barre syndrome, is presented in this paper for explaining the three chief symptoms of the syndrome. PMID- 3202721 TI - Research hazards. PMID- 3202720 TI - Worlds apart: Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK to Docker River, NT. PMID- 3202722 TI - Nurse and the law. Issues of public importance. PMID- 3202723 TI - The third age. PMID- 3202724 TI - Cyclosporin. PMID- 3202725 TI - An open letter to RANF members from the Federal Minister for Housing and Aged Care. PMID- 3202726 TI - Self-improvement at court. PMID- 3202727 TI - Advanced surgical training in Australia and New Zealand and the Part II FRACS examination. PMID- 3202728 TI - Fine needle aspiration biopsy of tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy. AB - Fine needle aspiration biopsies of 42 histologically confirmed tuberculous cervical lesions were studied. Thirty-four patients had subsequent excision of cervical lymph nodes and eight had incision and drainage of cervical abscesses. All aspirates except two (which were inadequate) were satisfactory for diagnosis and contained inflammatory cells. Twenty-seven smears revealed cells typical of granulomatous lymphadenopathy, that is, epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells. Of all aspirates, 17 smears had bacteriological staining by Ziehl-Nielsen technique, nine of which (53%) were positive for acid-fast bacilli. An aspiration biopsy diagnosis of granulomatous or tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy was made in 30 patients (71%). In regions where mycobacterial infection is common, the presence of granulomatous changes in lymph node aspirates is highly suggestive of tuberculosis. When the aspirates contain purulent material or when tuberculosis is suspected, staining and culture for mycobacteria should be performed. FNA biopsy is a sensitive, specific and cost-effective way to diagnose tuberculous cervical lymphadenopathy and is recommended. PMID- 3202729 TI - Surgical options in acute diverticulitis: value of sigmoid resection in dealing with the septic focus. AB - The outcome of 78 patients hospitalized with acute diverticulitis was analysed to determine the indications for emergency operation and to examine the safety of sigmoid resection. Forty patients improved on medical therapy, but four relapsed soon after discharge. Forty-two (55%) patients had emergency operations for non resolution of clinical sepsis (25), persistent symptoms or mass (14) and fistula (three). Operations performed were: sigmoid resection and primary anastomosis (23) with covering colostomy (six). Hartmann's operation (10), drainage with/without colostomy (seven) and right hemicolectomy (two). Findings at operation were: abscess (19), phlegmon (14), generalized peritonitis (six), colovesical fistula (three) and chronic diverticulitis (three). Complications included wound infections (six), respiratory complications (five) and one death. Six patients having drainage of the sigmoid inflammation alone as the first operation required subsequent resection, with prolonged and often complicated hospitalization. Minimal morbidity and shorter hospitalization were achieved when sigmoid resection was performed at the initial procedure. PMID- 3202730 TI - Primary anastomosis in emergency distal colonic surgery after on-table colonic lavage. AB - The traditional operative management of emergency distal colon pathology has involved staged procedures, but recently Hartmann's operation has gained popularity. The indications for primary anastomosis without covering colostomy have remained controversial, but the technique of on-table lavage has extended the use of this approach in the acute setting. A series of seven patients having this procedure for diverticular abscess (three), obstructing colonic carcinoma (one), perforating colonic carcinoma (one) and sigmoid volvulus (two) is presented. The saline irrigation is introduced by a Foley catheter inserted via the appendix stump and the effluent is diverted from the proximal colon by anaesthetic scavenger tubing. The lavage is continued until the effluent is clear and anastomosis performed with one-layer interrupted absorbable sutures. There were no deaths in the series; one patient developed a wound infection and average hospitalization was 16 days (range: 6-31 days). Immediate anastomosis in selected cases of emergency distal colonic pathology is thus feasible and safe following on-table colonic lavage. PMID- 3202731 TI - Management of Merkel cell tumour. AB - The records of 13 patients suffering from Merkel cell tumour of the skin have been reviewed and the treatment analysed. Pending further experience of this uncommon tumour, a recommendation is made for wide excision of the primary site with elective postoperative radiation to both the primary site, the in-transit zone where practicable, and regional nodes. If malignant nodes occur, block dissection with postoperative radiotherapy is indicated. If widespread metastases develop, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone chemotherapy may give a response. The prognosis is poor. PMID- 3202732 TI - End-to-end oesophageal anastomosis: an experimental study in the rat. AB - To study the effects of suture material, calibre and tension on the end-to-end oesophageal anastomosis, the cervical oesophagus of the rat was resected for 2.5 mm, 7.5 mm and 12.5 mm respectively in three groups of 60 rats each. End-to-end anastomosis was performed with either 6/0 silk, 6/0 polypropylene or 9/0 polypropylene sutures. There was no postoperative leakage. Mortality was mainly due to hair bolus obstruction at the site of anastomosis. There was no difference in mortality and anastomotic stenosis between groups with different resection lengths. Within each group, however, mortality and anastomotic stenosis were significantly higher in the subgroup of rats with 6/0 silk suture than that in the subgroup with 6/0 polypropylene sutures, which also had significantly higher mortality and anastomotic stenosis than the subgroup with 9/0 polypropylene sutures. Histological examination of the stenosed anastomosis showed disruption of muscle layers and submucosal thickening. It is concluded that the use of fine calibre sutures of biologically inert material would be preferred for the end-to end anastomosis of the oesophagus. PMID- 3202734 TI - Muscular dystrophy and related diseases. Proceedings of the Second Australian Rotary Health Research Fund Conference. Sydney, 26-28 November 1986. PMID- 3202733 TI - A theoretical mechanism for massive supraglottic swelling following carotid endarterectomy. AB - Potentially life-threatening massive supraglottic swelling is occasionally seen in patients presenting with neck swelling following carotid endarterectomy. This is considered to be a distinct clinical entity, and a theoretical mechanism based on a review of the relevant anatomy and physiology is postulated. PMID- 3202735 TI - Becker and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a comparative morphological study. AB - It is important to be able to clearly differentiate between Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD) muscular dystrophies in early childhood in order to offer more accurate prognostic information to parents. In response to this need, biopsies from BMD and DMD patients were compared to see which features, if any, allowed a differentiation to be made. Fifteen biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle from boys with the mild (BMD) X-linked muscular dystrophy were compared with 19 biopsies from patients with the severe (DMD) form using a variety of histochemical and morphometric parameters. Both forms showed many similarities including increases in fibre variation, percentages of Type 1 fibres, internal nuclei counts, split and fragmented fibres and groups of fibres attempting regeneration. Hypercontracted and necrotic fibres, interstitial inflammatory cells and endomysial connective tissue were more commonly increased in DMD. Fibre hypertrophy was initially prominent, particularly in DMD boys until 5 years of age and in BMD patients until approximately 10 years, thereafter the mean fibre sizes became smaller than normal. Type 2B deficiency was again common in DMD as well as occurring in some BMD cases. Nuclear aggregates and small group atrophy were more likely to be found in BMD. In the absence of morphological criteria to accurately discriminate between DMD and BMD, classification of young affected males with muscular dystrophy into one or other groups, remains a difficulty in the first decade of life. PMID- 3202736 TI - A pilot trial of plasma infusions in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. AB - It has been proposed that a defect in tocopherol transport may lead to a chronic vitamin deficiency in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). To test this hypothesis, a pilot clinical trial which involved the infusion of tocopherol-laden plasma was carried out. An increased uptake of tocopherol into erythrocyte membranes during infusions failed to produce a significant reduction in plasma enzyme levels or to arrest the dystrophic process in the two children examined. Further studies to investigate treatments with increased amounts of tocopherol, in conjunction with other antioxidants, may prove a more fruitful avenue of research. PMID- 3202737 TI - Neonatal myotonic dystrophy. AB - Six cases of congenital myotonic dystrophy are described. Only two survived the neonatal period. There were seven neonatal deaths in the immediate families and six reported miscarriages. Of the two survivors one is moderately retarded and the other at 9 months is at the developmental level of 5-6 months. Facial diplegia and depressed deep tendon reflexes are clues to the presence of neonatal myotonic dystrophy and the diagnosis is confirmed by examining the mother who will show some of the features of the disorder. Infants may also present with non specific respiratory problems, hypotonia and poor sucking. PMID- 3202738 TI - Congenital myopathies. AB - A retrospective review of 55 children with the clinical (pre-biopsy) suspicion of a congenital or metabolic myopathy was undertaken. After investigations, 45% remained unclassified. The only statistically significant differences between this unclassified group and the others were that males with a history of progressive disease were more likely to have a definable myopathy, while 'neuropathic' features were more common in the unclassified group. PMID- 3202739 TI - DNA probes in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy. AB - Results of Duffy (Fy) linkage confirm genetic heterogeneity in Charcot-Marie Tooth disease type 1 (CMT1). Of 11 families informative for Fy, four showed probable linkage with CMT1, seven showed-probable non-linkage and two showed definite non-linkage. These results suggest that Fy linked CMT1 may be less common than previously thought. These results combined with those of another DNA probe for the antithrombin III gene confirm that there are at least two gene loci for CMT1, termed 1A and 1B. PMID- 3202740 TI - Application of DNA probes to carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne (and Becker) muscular dystrophy. AB - Thirty-four Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy families were initially ascertained from South Australia. These have been tested systematically with the DNA probes XJ1.1 and pERT87-15. DNA results from 21 informative families have been combined with results of CK testing. Pedigree analysis was carried out using the computer program LINKAGE to provide risk figures to potential female carriers. This simple approach separated potential carriers into low or high risk classes (familial cases) or low or moderate risk classes (isolated cases). No prenatal diagnoses were carried out. The detection of deletions in two probands out of 34 makes possible definitive prenatal diagnosis in those families. For the remaining families, prenatal diagnosis could only be offered in terms of a probability statement after linkage analysis. Risk figures presented from hypothetical pedigrees demonstrated that prenatal diagnosis by linkage usually provided reasonable reliability only where informative flanking markers are used. PMID- 3202743 TI - Audit as a basis for informed consent with cerebral angiography. PMID- 3202742 TI - A new look at intravenous urography. PMID- 3202741 TI - Experience with DNA analysis in Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy families in NSW. AB - Results of the use of recombinant DNA techniques for the diagnosis of both forms of X-linked muscular dystrophy, Duchenne (DMD) and Becker (BMD), over an 18 month period, are reviewed. In all, 97 families with DMD were investigated and four with BMD. In 90 families the propositi were examined for deletions, in 21 families the maximum number of meioses was examined (in order to generate recombination fraction data) and in 45 families the study was undertaken to provide carrier and prenatal diagnosis. PMID- 3202744 TI - Measurement of hip joint width in acromegaly. PMID- 3202745 TI - Metatropic dysplasia and its variants (analysis of 14 cases). PMID- 3202746 TI - Lumbar posterior vertebral spur. PMID- 3202747 TI - Aberrant hepatic ducts. PMID- 3202748 TI - C.T. demonstration of thrombosis of the portal venous system. PMID- 3202749 TI - Radiology of abdominal tuberculosis. PMID- 3202750 TI - Airgun pellet appendicitis. PMID- 3202751 TI - Radiotherapy planning accuracy in terms of C.T. numbers and inhomogeneity correction techniques. PMID- 3202752 TI - The assessment of inflammatory aortic aneurysms with computed tomography. PMID- 3202753 TI - Left coronary to pulmonary artery fistula. PMID- 3202754 TI - Left aortic arch with right descending aorta. PMID- 3202755 TI - Unilateral pulmonary edema associated with pulmonary arterial compression. PMID- 3202756 TI - Disseminated tuberculosis causing acute adrenal failure, C.T. findings with post mortem correlation. PMID- 3202757 TI - Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. PMID- 3202758 TI - Urethral hemangioma--a case report. PMID- 3202759 TI - Thymic carcinoid in a case of Zollinger Ellison syndrome. A case report. PMID- 3202760 TI - Re: Danger in the use of hypofractionation. PMID- 3202761 TI - Re: What use are physicists. PMID- 3202762 TI - Reduced in vivo nonspecific resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection during avian retrovirus-induced immunosuppression. AB - Ten-day-old chickens infected with an avian osteopetrosis virus [MAV-2(O)] were more susceptible to challenge with Listeria monocytogenes than virus-free chickens, as demonstrated by reduced bacterial clearance from their spleens. Reduced clearance of L. monocytogenes was observed throughout a 26-day period after MAV-2(O) infection. PMID- 3202763 TI - Use of a live oral vaccine to immunize turkeys against erysipelas. AB - Turkeys were vaccinated via the drinking water with a commercial live erysipelas vaccine licensed for use in swine. The vaccine provided partial protection against challenge with a virulent isolate of the same serotype. Efficacy was determined by comparing the mortality rates of vaccinates with nonvaccinates. Two vaccine treatments (2 weeks apart) with the live vaccine, each treatment consisting of two doses (4 x 10(9) organisms/dose), were effective in inducing protection. Turkeys vaccinated similarly with live vaccine doses containing 10(5) or 10(7) organisms/dose were not protected against challenge. A bacterin production strain of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (EW-2) was not effective as a live vaccine. Turkeys vaccinated subcutaneously with a commercial bacterin, the current immunoprophylactic agent for erysipelas control, were protected against challenge. These results indicate the potential usefulness of an orally administered live vaccine for erysipelas control in turkeys. PMID- 3202764 TI - Additional details of the life history of the chicken coccidium Eimeria mitis Tyzzer, 1929. AB - Four asexual generations of Eimeria mitis were identified. The first three developed above the epithelial cell nuclei, but the fourth developed above and below. Meronts measured 13.8 x 16.4 microns, 16.1 x 16.4 microns, 12.1 x 14.6 microns, and 9.5 x 12.4 microns, respectively, of generations 1, 2, 3, and 4. They matured at 36, 67, 72, and 88 hr postinoculation (PI) and contain 20-24, 16 20, 10-14, and 7-10 merozoites, respectively. Merozonts measured 7.2 x 1.9 microns, 8.5 x 2.5 microns, 9.6 x 2.0 microns, and 6.75 x 2.75 microns, respectively. The first two types of meronts were deep in the crypts and epithelial cells. The third and fourth types of meronts were along the side and tip of the villi. Gametocytes developed from third and fourth generation. Gamonts were usually below the nuclei of the epithelial cells. Parasitism was primarily in the ileum, ceca, and rectum and also in the yolk-sac diverticulum. PMID- 3202765 TI - Serologic comparison of avian reovirus isolates using virus neutralization and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AB - The serologic relatedness of six avian reovirus isolates (CO8, S1133, 81-5, 2408, 1733, and UMI 203) were determined using a virus-neutralization (VN) test and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Six groups of 20 specific-pathogen free broilers each were twice infected with one of the six isolates per group. Serum was reacted against each isolate in a beta VN test in chicken embryo kidney cells and against the S1133 virus in ELISA. Relatedness (R) values, determined by cross VN, revealed that all belonged to a single serotype. However, the CO8 isolate represented a major subtype difference compared with the other isolates. R values among the five other isolates indicated minor or no subtype differences. ELISA also showed major differences between the CO8 and the other isolates. PMID- 3202766 TI - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for coccidiosis in chickens: correlation of antibody levels with prior exposure to coccidia in the laboratory and in the field. AB - An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for detecting antibody to coccidia to facilitate the survey of laboratory and field infections. Serum antibody levels in chickens were measured against soluble Eimeria tenella oocyst antigen. Sera from breeders aged 10, 23, 37, and 43 weeks were positive with uniformly high antibody titers. Broiler chick sera showed high maternal antibody titer at hatch, decreasing to an almost negligible response at 3 weeks of age. Two-week-old broiler chicks had variable responses to a single infection of E. tenella: titers were elevated at 8 to 10 days postinfection and generally increased through day 24. Weekly reinfection of 2-week-old broiler chickens produced an antibody titer in proportion to the number of oocysts per dose and stimulated protection against challenge with 2 x 10(5) E. tenella. Inbred birds raised in a pathogen-free environment for 6 weeks had no detectable antibody titers. PMID- 3202767 TI - Highly pathogenic virus recovered from chickens infected with mildly pathogenic 1986 isolates of H5N2 avian influenza virus. AB - A combination of in vitro and in vivo selection procedures was used to examine the possibility that certain mildly pathogenic field isolates of avian influenza (AI) virus may contain minority subpopulations of highly pathogenic virus. Two mildly pathogenic H5N2 isolates, A/chicken/New Jersey/12508/86 (NJ12508) and A/chicken/Florida/27716/86 (FL27716), recovered from chickens epidemiologically associated with urban live-bird markets, were cloned in trypsin-free chicken embryo fibroblast cultures. Selected clones were inoculated intranasally and intratracheally (IN/IT) into specific-pathogen-free laying hens, and virus reisolated from the hens that died was serially passed in hens by IN/IT inoculation. Several highly pathogenic reisolates were recovered from hens infected with the cloned NJ12508 or FL27716 virus. A highly pathogenic NJ12508 reisolate killed 19 of 24 IN/IT-inoculated hens, and a FL27716 reisolate killed all 24 inoculated hens; signs and lesions were typical of fowl plague. In contrast, uncloned NJ12508 stock virus killed 1 of 24 hens and FL27716 stock virus killed 4 of 24 hens, and neither produced the complete spectrum of lesions associated with fowl plague. Recovery of highly pathogenic viruses from these isolates demonstrates the coexistence of pathogenically distinct subpopulations of virus. Competition for dominance among such subpopulations could explain the variable pathogenicity of some AI viruses. PMID- 3202768 TI - Histomorphometry and vitamin D metabolism of valgus-varus deformity in broiler chickens. AB - Vitamin D metabolite levels and tibiotarsal histomorphometric characteristics were determined in 49-day-old male broilers. Valgus-varus bone deformity was present in 5.2% and tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in 3% of these broilers, which were raised on floor litter under seemingly normal nutritional, space, and lighting conditions. No significant weight differences were observed between normal and lame broilers. The plasma levels of 25-OH-D were the same in lame and normal broilers. However, 1,25-(OH)2D plasma levels were reduced 28% in broilers with valgus-varus deformities but normal in broilers with TD. Anatomically, there were three different patterns of bone development in the undecalcified mid diaphyseal sections. The pattern with the least periosteal growth, lowest tetracycline labeling, and smallest marrow cavity was most often seen in valgus varus deformities. Patterns with greatest periosteal growth, high tetracycline labeling, and larger marrow cavities were more representative of normal broilers. It was hypothesized that defective prostaglandin metabolism reduced 1,25-(OH)2D levels, contributing to the overall reduction in bone formation and bone resorption observed in broilers with valgus-varus bone deformity. PMID- 3202770 TI - Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986. AB - Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015. PMID- 3202769 TI - Isolation of avian paramyxovirus-2 from domestic and wild birds in Costa Rica. AB - A survey for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in wild birds of Costa Rica was conducted by swabbing wild-caught pet birds, backyard chickens, and wild birds captured in Japanese mist nets in tropical rain forests and agricultural areas. Cloacal swabs were collected from 876 birds of approximately 132 species representing 24 taxonomic families. Hemagglutinating agents were isolated from 18.7% of the birds. Paramyxovirus type 2(PMV-2) (Yucaipa-like), unreported in free-flying passerines in the Americas, was recovered from a finch, wren, and chicken, each from a different location. Pathogenicity trials with infected turkey poults and newly hatched chicks did not result in growth impairment or significant clinical signs of disease. Attempts to isolate NDV were negative. PMID- 3202771 TI - Antimicrobial drug resistance and the occurrence of plasmids in Haemophilus paragallinarum. AB - A broth microdilution method was used to examine the sensitivity of 75 Haemophilus paragallinarum isolates to six antimicrobial drugs (ampicillin, erythromycin, neomycin, penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline). A total of 55 of the isolates (73%) were sensitive to all six drugs. The remaining 20 isolates were resistant to streptomycin, with one of these isolates also being resistant to tetracycline and another also resistant to neomycin. No isolate showing antimicrobial drug resistance belonged to agglutinin serovar C, despite this being the single largest serovar (27 out of 75) in the study. No plasmids were detected among the 75 isolates, despite the use of five different plasmid screening techniques. PMID- 3202772 TI - Leukocyte changes associated with acute inflammation in chickens. AB - Leukocyte changes in chickens with turpentine-induced inflammation were investigated sequentially at 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours and at 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days. During acute inflammation, significant leukocytosis and heterophilia developed by 6 hours and persisted through 7 days. The peak mean heterophil and leukocyte counts occurred at 12 hours and 3 days, respectively. Left shifts were present at 12 and 24 hours as detected by 100-cell leukocyte differential counts. Heterophil mean nuclear scores documented nuclear hyposegmentation (left shift) during early inflammation and nuclear hypersegmentation (right shift) during convalescence. Mean monocyte and lymphocyte counts peaked at 2 and 3 days, respectively. Basophil and eosinophil counts were erratic. Toxic changes of heterophils were most apparent during intense left shifts and consisted of cell swelling, degranulation, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and cytoplasmic basophilia. Cytoplasmic basophilia was the last aspect of toxic change to resolve. Ultrastructurally, toxic heterophils had intracellular edema, dissolution of granules, retention of ribosomes, nuclear membrane blebs, and decreased heterochromatin density. All inflammation-associated alterations in cell counts and morphology returned to baseline values and appearance by 14 days after turpentine administration. PMID- 3202773 TI - An egg drop associated with splenomegaly in broiler breeders. AB - A new disease in broiler breeders known in Australia as Big Liver and Spleen Disease (BLS) is described from field observations, retrospective record analysis, and detailed study of a selected flock. BLS has a predilection for adult birds. It is characterized clinically by a sudden drop in egg production, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and increased mortality and histologically by a period of lymphoproliferation followed by a period of lymphoid destruction that coincides with the clinical signs. Epidemiology suggests an infectious cause, though initial attempts at isolation of a causative agent have been unsuccessful, and it is serologically distinct from the common avian viral and mycoplasma diseases. PMID- 3202774 TI - Eimeria adenoeides and E. meleagrimitis: effect of poult age on susceptibility to infection and development of immunity. AB - Beltsville small white and Nicholas turkey poults, 1, 7, and 14 days old, were inoculated with mixed cultures of Eimeria adenoeides and E. meleagrimitis. Weight gain and feed conversion of 1-day-old poults were affected as severely as those of the older poults, and mortality was heaviest in this group, ranging from 25 to 45%. One dose of oocysts (2 x 10(4)-1.5 x 10(5], given at 1, 7, or 14 days of age, protected even the 1-day-old poults against challenge with 3 x 10(5) oocysts. Protection was comparable to that afforded by multiple immunizing doses given over 3 weeks. After challenge, little weight reduction or mortality was observed in immunized poults. Average feed conversions of the immunized challenged poults were 1.52 to 1.69 as compared with 2.98 to 5.14 for unimmunized challenged poults. PMID- 3202775 TI - Effect of cyclophosphamide on selected hematologic parameters of the turkey. AB - The effect of three daily cyclophosphamide (CY) injections (doses of 0-100 mg/kg.day) on selected hematologic parameters in 7-to-8-week-old female Nicholas turkeys was examined. CY induced significant leukopenia, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and heteropenia 24 to 72 hours after the initial injection; time depended on cell type and dose of CY. Significant linear correlation between increasing CY dose and increasing severity of circulating cell depression occurred. CY had no significant effect on circulating numbers of monocytes, packed cell volume, or plasma protein. Changes in basophils and eosinophils could not be identified because of their low numbers. PMID- 3202777 TI - Cecal and hepatic granulomas in chickens associated with Heterakis gallinarum infection. AB - Heterakis gallinarum infection was detected in the ceca of chickens with cecal and hepatic granulomas found at slaughter. The chickens were diagnostic submissions from four small backyard flocks in Saskatchewan. Detailed dissection of some cecal granulomas in one flock and pepsin digestion of cecal granulomas in the three other flocks demonstrated the presence of the parasite within granulomas in three of the flocks. A possible causal relationship between Heterakis gallinarum and the cecal and hepatic granulomas is discussed. PMID- 3202776 TI - Further comparison of adjuvants for an inactivated infectious coryza vaccine. AB - Inactivated infectious coryza vaccines containing different adjuvants were administered to 6-week-old chickens as a single dose containing 10(8) colony forming units of Haemophilus paragallinarum HP31. After 3 weeks, all chickens were challenged by intrasinus inoculation of HP31. Two vaccines, one containing an aluminum-hydroxide adjuvant and the other a combined aluminum-hydroxide + avridine (a lipoidal amine) adjuvant, were effective. The three remaining vaccines--containing mineral-oil double-emulsion, avridine, or a combination of mineral-oil double-emulsion + avridine--gave much lower levels of protection. No adverse reactions were seen with any vaccine. PMID- 3202778 TI - Avian paramyxovirus type 1 infection in pigeons: recent changes in clinical observations. AB - Since its first appearance in 1984, avian paramyxovirus type 1 has remained an enzootic disease in racing pigeons on Long Island, New York. The clinical presentation of the disease in the autumn of 1987 suggests a decrease in the severity and incidence of neurological signs, with the chief complaint being watery droppings accompanied by poor racing performance. Diagnosis is based upon serology, using hemagglutination-inhibition tests with Newcastle disease or paramyxovirus type 1 virus. PMID- 3202779 TI - Cryptosporidial infection in broiler chickens in Greece. AB - Trachea, bursa of Fabricius, and small intestine of broilers 5 to 50 days of age from 10 flocks with varying levels of morbidity and mortality were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidial oocysts were found in 24.2% of the examined birds. PMID- 3202780 TI - Small-intestinal cryptosporidiosis in a chicken. AB - Severe small-intestinal cryptosporidiosis was diagnosed in a chicken that had diarrhea, was weak, and had failed to thrive. Intestine segments also were parasitized by Eimeria sp. and bacteria. Disseminated foci of malignant lymphocytes were present in several organs. Spontaneously occurring intestinal cryptosporidiosis has not been reported in chickens. PMID- 3202782 TI - The West Point Study: occurrence of coronary artery disease after 34 years. AB - This report reviews the current status of the West Point Study and addresses the prediction of risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) based on cholesterol levels measured at various times during the study. Subjects were grouped into quintiles by their risk index score calculated from the Framingham risk equation. The number of cases of CAD among the subjects in each of the quintiles was tabulated. The cases of CAD in these quintiles increased from the lowest to the highest quintiles and produced a significant correlation between the risk score and the percent of subjects in the quintiles having CAD, even when the data used for calculating the risk scores had been collected up to 26 years earlier. The numbers of CAD cases are small; they are only approximately 50% of the expected numbers computed for U.S. males of comparable ages, despite the increases in serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels recorded during the first 6 years of the study. The authors speculate about possible explanations of these findings. PMID- 3202781 TI - A fatal case of oak poisoning in a double-wattled cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). AB - A double-wattled cassowary died following a clinical course of severe diarrhea, anorexia, and polydypsia. At necropsy, prolapse of the penis, severe enteritis, and swelling of the kidneys with subcapsular heavy deposits of urates were noted. Histologic lesions comprised nephrosis, interstitial edemia of the muscle, and sloughing of the intestinal villi. Leaves collected from the gizzard were identified as coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). Diagnosis of oak poisoning was made based on the renal lesions and the finding of a high content of tannins in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Oak poisoning has not been reported previously in avian species. PMID- 3202783 TI - Age, alcohol, and simulated altitude: effects on performance and breathalyzer scores. AB - Trained men in two age groups, 30-39 (n = 12) and 60-69 (n = 13), each performed at the Multiple Task Performance Battery in four separate full-day sessions with and without alcohol (2.2 ml of 100-proof vodka per kilogram of body weight) at ground level and at a simulated altitude of 12,500 ft (3,810 m). Subjects breathed appropriate gas mixtures through oxygen masks at both ground level and altitude. Mean breathalyzer readings peaked near 88 mg% and did not differ between age groups or altitude conditions. Younger subjects performed better than older subjects; performance of both age groups was significantly impaired by alcohol but these adverse effects were greater for the older subjects. No significant effects on performance were obtained due to altitude or to the interaction of altitude with alcohol. These results and those from several other studies suggest that prevalent views regarding the nature of the combined effects of alcohol and altitude on blood alcohol levels and on performance need to be redefined. PMID- 3202784 TI - Circulating lactate and FFA during exercise: effect of reduction in plasma volume following exposure to simulated microgravity. AB - We examined the relationship between changes in plasma volume (PV) following simulated weightlessness and the response of blood lactate (BL) and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) during exercise. Ten healthy men (35-49 yr) performed 15 min of submaximal upright cycle ergoemetry at a workrate of 57% of pre-bed rest (BR) maximal oxygen uptake before and after 10 d of continuous 6 degrees head-down BR. During exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured to assure equivalent energy expenditure for pre-BR and post-BR workrate. Antecubital venous blood samples were collected at rest and during the last 30 s of exercise and analyzed for concentrations of BL and FFA, and hematocrit. Resting PV was measured pre-BR and post-BR with Evans blue dye and total circulating BL and FFA were calculated as the product of PV and concentrations of BL and FFA, respectively. VO2 and FFA concentration during submaximal exercise were unchanged post-BR. During exercise, post-BR BL concentration of 2.9 mmol . L-1 was slightly greater (p less than 0.05) than pre-BR BL concentration of 2.5 mmol . L-1. However, as a result of a 17% reduction (p less than 0.05) in resting PV, total circulating BL during exercise was unchanged while total circulating FFA was reduced (p less than 0.05) post-BR. We conclude that the concentrations of BL and FFA during exercise following simulated weightlessness can be significantly altered by the reduction in PV. PMID- 3202785 TI - The hemodynamic effects of repeated bed rest exposure. AB - Hemodynamic changes were measured during stepwise exposure to lower-body negative pressure (LBNP) (5 min, -20, -30, and -40 mm Hg) in a group of seven physically active subjects before and after consecutive exposure to three 2-week bed rest periods. Bed rest exposures were separated by 3-week periods of ambulatory recovery. Dynamic exercise (68% max O2, 30 min each day) and isometric exercise (21% max leg extension, 30 min each day) performed during bed rest and reambulation failed to prevent deconditioning or accelerate the recovery process between bed rest exposures. Heart rate (HR) and end-diastolic volume index (EDVI) proved to be parameters showing greatest changes during LBNP. Heart rate increases at -40 mm Hg LBNP (compared to respective pre-LBNP levels) were 13.3%, 35.1%, and 51.0% for each of the pre-bed rest exposures, while respective changes after bed rest were 57.8%, 57.2%, and 75.5%. The significantly elevated HR responses during subsequent pre-bed rest (control) periods indicated incomplete recovery despite mild exercise and ambulation. Comparison of EDVI and HR revealed a similar linear regression relationship during LBNP before and after bed rest so that EDVI = 112.5-0.85 x HR, r = -0.97. We conclude from these findings that cardiovascular deconditioning for physically active individuals involves factors other than simple loss of plasma volume, requires at least 3 weeks or longer to return to the pre-bed rest state, and is not counteracted by the levels of aerobic and/or isometric exercise used in the present study. PMID- 3202786 TI - Local fluid losses enhance heart rate drives in light to moderate exercise. AB - Dynamic calf muscle exercise of different intensities was performed at 90 degrees knee-joint flexion. To obtain different hydrostatic pressures and calf volumes, all exercise tests were conducted both in prone and supine position after 10 min of rest in the respective positions. Severe prone exercise was associated with increased anaerobic metabolism, reduced exercise tolerance time, and pain sensation. Despite these differences, maximal heart rates were nearly identical in both positions. During light to moderate exercise, heart rate was significantly increased in the prone position. In a steady-state exercise test this difference developed gradually during the first 10 min of exercise. Neither changes in muscle metabolism nor baroreceptor influence or pain sensation could account for this effect. DISCUSSION: 1) At high exercise intensities in the prone position, the decreased hydrostatic pressure reduces maximal exercise duration by virtue of reduced maximal muscle perfusion. 2) In steady-state prone exercise, the local fluid loss appears to increase peripheral heart rate drives. PMID- 3202787 TI - The influence of active versus passive head oscillation, and mental set on the human vestibulo-ocular reflex. AB - We compared passive (manual) whole body, and active head oscillation in normal human subjects attempting mentally to influence the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). Our objective was to establish simple procedural guidelines for vestibular test procedures in clinical settings. Using a head-fixed target, both methods of oscillation yielded virtually zero gain. Using an Earth-fixed target, active oscillation gain was unity, while passive gain was slightly less than 1. Using an imagined Earth-fixed target in the dark, both active and passive gains were reduced considerably, but passive gain was reduced more. Using an imagined head fixed target in the dark, VOR gain was near zero at low frequencies but increased as frequency increased. Again, passive gain was less than active gain. At frequencies above 1 Hz, VOR gain in all conditions approached a value between 0.7 and 0.9. We conclude that active and manual passive rotation are simple and effective methods to test the VOR, but emphasize that visual and mental influences must be carefully controlled. PMID- 3202788 TI - State-of-the-art management of renal stone disease in aviators and military special duty personnel. AB - New developments in the management and evaluation of military aviators, divers, submariners, or other special duty personnel with renal stone disease have simplified surgical management of this difficult problem and markedly reduced recuperation time. Aggressive treatment with newly developed modalities such as ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, and careful metabolic evaluation and medical management will often allow the return to full duty of these valuable individuals and allow many who would previously have been permanently disqualified to continue in special duty status. PMID- 3202789 TI - A retrospective analysis of air-evacuated hypothermia patients. AB - This study reviews the outcome of 17 hypothermic patients air evacuated by a civilian helicopter transport service. Age (33 +/- 23), type and duration of exposure, and rewarm methods were examined for each patient. Temperature (T), heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), Glasgow coma score (GCS), trauma score (TS), CRAMS score (CS), and cardiac rhythm in the pre hospital setting and in the emergency department (ED) were compared to outcome. Eight of the patients had extensive exposure to a cold environment ranging from 4 h to 10 d. The remaining 9 patients were exposed to cold water ranging from 15 min to 4.5 h. By severity of hypothermia as measured in the ED, 6 patients who were hypothermic at the scene were normothermic (t greater than 35 degrees C), 5 patients were classified as mild (t = 35-31.5 degrees C), 3 as moderate (T less than 31.5-25.5 degrees C), and 3 patients were severely hypothermic (T less than 25.5 degrees C). The GCS, TS, and CS were not indicative of outcome. During rewarming, 3 patients had paradoxical temperature drops, and 5 patients had atrial fibrillation. Three patients required cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the field. Two were discharged with resolving disabilities, and 1 expired. No ventricular fibrillation or J waves occurred. All patients were effectively rewarmed without incident. All patient disabilities and the single fatality were not directly related to hypothermia. There were no long-term adverse consequences of helicopter transport in these hypothermic patients. PMID- 3202790 TI - A case of high altitude pulmonary edema followed by brain computerized tomography and electroencephalogram. AB - A case of high altitude pulmonary edema with high altitude cerebral edema was reported. A young Japanese male complained of severe palpitation and shortness of breath on the third day of climbing at 3,000 m above sea level. During the next 2 d at altitude, the following symptoms occurred: cough with foamy sputum, cyanosis, and loss of consciousness. Soon after evacuation, he showed severe hypoxemia and deep coma with decerebrate rigidity; electroencephalogram showed diffuse alpha waves, indicating "alpha wave coma." Brain computerized tomography revealed brain edema, showing small compressed ventricles and diffuse low density of the cerebrum. Pulmonary edema on chest roentgenogram disappeared by the fifth hospital day, and his consciousness recovered gradually during the next 2 weeks after the admission. He was examined serially by electroencephalography and brain computerized tomography. He recovered fully, but there were transient psychological abnormalities soon after discharge and mild brain atrophy was observed by brain computerized tomography 6 years later. PMID- 3202791 TI - Decompression sickness and the role of exercise during decompression. AB - The risk of decompression sickness (DCS) is greatly increased with exercise at altitude. Bends is the commonest symptom in altitude DCS. Though the adverse effect of exercise at altitude is well known, the role of exercise during decompression is not clear. In this paper, a case of bends occurring with exercise during accidental decompression is presented. The event occurred while exercising on a treadmill at an altitude of approximately 4,572 m (15,000 ft) in the hypobaric chamber. No oxygen pre-breathe was done and ambient air was breathed throughout. The role of hypoxia and exercise during decompression, as well as individual susceptibility, are discussed. Even moderately severe exercise at low altitude may predispose healthy individuals breathing ambient air to DCS, especially when exercise is undertaken during decompression. PMID- 3202792 TI - Neuropsychiatric observations of proprioceptive sensitivity in motion sickness susceptibility. AB - The assessment of motion sickness susceptibility is still an unsolved problem, due in part to its unclear etiology. We studied 16 referred patients suffering from "idiopathic motion sickness" and 4 pilots suffering from motion airsickness. All clinical and neurological tests proved negative, including electroencephalograms, electronystagmograms, Doppler studies, and computerized tomography of the brain. Cervical spine X-rays and personality characteristics were assessed. Simultaneously, 35 asymptomatic pilots and pilot applicants were studied as controls. Both groups were exposed to cross-coupled accelerations on a Barany chair at 15 rpm along with 0.5 Hz head flexions. The pathological group showed a straightened cervical curvature as well as a significantly higher degree of malaise (scale of Graybiel and Lackner). Their personalities were highly alexithymic or obsessive compared to the control group (Kruskal-Wallis Test). Alexithymic and obsessive personalities may express their stress reactions and psychic conflicts through somatic signs, such as cervical muscle contractures; consequently, straightening the cervical spine with the subsequent alteration of proprioceptive inputs to the vestibular nuclei may increase motion sickness susceptibility. PMID- 3202793 TI - Spontaneous pneumothorax: an analysis of pleurectomy vs. conservative therapy in United States Air Force fliers. AB - Spontaneous pneumothorax is infrequently diagnosed in aircrew personnel, but the aeromedical disposition of such cases provokes spirited controversy. Using the technique of decision analysis, epidemiological information is analyzed so that consequences of conservative vs. operative management can be appreciated. Data do not support a dogmatic approach to spontaneous pneumothorax. Flight surgeons will need to continue to make their recommendations on aeromedical disposition considering the patient, flight duties, and operational environment. PMID- 3202794 TI - Analysis of sleep on Shuttle missions. AB - Many aspects of Shuttle missions may have significant impact on the normal sleeping patterns of crewmembers. Using a standard debriefing form, 58 crewmembers from 9 Shuttle flights (6 single-shift flights, and 3 dual-shift flights) were debriefed within 3 d postflight. Specific questions on the form relating to sleep quality and quantity, fatigue, and sleep medication usage during all flight phases were analyzed. Of crewmembers on dual-shift missions 50% (11 of 22) used sleep medications at least once inflight compared to 19.4% (7 of 36) of single-shift. The biggest impact on normal sleep patterns occurred during the first and last days of a mission, with averages of 5.7 h and 5.6 h, respectively. These results suggest that sleep disruption is a common occurrence on Shuttle missions. Further studies are suggested to develop strategies for coping with this potential problem. PMID- 3202795 TI - A system to measure lower body volume changes during rapid onset high-G acceleration. AB - A specialized four-channel impedance plethysmograph is described that can be used to measure calf, thigh, and abdominal volume changes during rapid onset rate centrifuge acceleration. Typical results are presented to demonstrate its application to research and the design and assessment of countermeasures to enhance man's performance in the high-G environment. PMID- 3202796 TI - Determination of the "time of useful consciousness" (TUC) in repeated exposures to simulated altitude of 25,000 ft (7,620 m). AB - Time of useful consciousness (TUC) was determined in 17 subjects exposed twice to 25,000 ft (7,620 m) in an altitude chamber. The criterion for TUC determination was inability to add two-digit numbers correctly. Median values of TUC were 267.5 seconds (s) in the first exposure and 240 s in the second. The intraindividual variability between the two exposures was 40.6 s. The probability of remaining in "useful" consciousness as a function of time at 25,000 ft (7,620 m) was similar in both exposures. The need for a more scientific approach towards the determination of time of useful consciousness in simulated high altitudes is raised. PMID- 3202797 TI - Something new under the sun. PMID- 3202798 TI - Lectures in aerospace, medicine, and life sciences. 25th anniversary of the Aerospace Medical Division. Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 1981-1986. PMID- 3202799 TI - Toxicity assessment of hydrazine fuels. AB - The major health aspects of exposure to hydrazine propellants are reviewed. Toxic effects of hydrazine fuels on humans and animals as well as in vitro studies are discussed with emphasis on recent findings and USAF studies. Propellant hydrazines have been found to be genotoxic in in vitro studies and oncogenic in animal studies. Embryotoxicity has been demonstrated at very high exposures but not at occupationally encountered levels for hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine. Epidemiologic evidence to support these findings is lacking; however, the results of animal and in vitro studies have resulted in lowering both the time-weighted average-threshold limit values and short-term exposure limits for these propellants. PMID- 3202800 TI - To predict the body's strength. AB - Although the active and passive strength of the human body has been of interest for many medical and ergonomic problems, it was the emergence of aerospace medicine which required the fundamental and practical studies that provide today's body of data in this field. After the early pioneering years of the 1930's, 1940's and 1950's, the last 25 years brought a maturing of the field of biodynamics, its methods, tools, and theoretical foundations. This overview discusses some of these advances, their contributions to aerospace safety, as well as their applications to the broader areas of traffic safety, orthopedic biodynamics, medicine and ergonomics. To meet future aviation as well as societal challenges, steady efforts by a few centers of excellence are required to integrate operational, experimental, and theoretical advances into sophisticated prediction capabilities. PMID- 3202801 TI - Visual perception in high-speed low-altitude flight. AB - An ongoing exploratory development program on visual perception and control in high-speed low-altitude flight is being conducted by the Human Engineering Division of the Armstrong Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory. This paper begins with a discussion of the necessity of vision for low-altitude flight; proceeds to an analysis of objectives, strategies, and issues in designing a comprehensive research program; presents an overview of several experiments in support of the effort; and ends with a discussion of perceptual information. One of the simulator experiments involves the use of a non-mimetic task, flying at a zero altitude in the presence of strong gusts, in an effort to maximize adaptation to the low-altitude environment. Implications for simulator use are discussed. PMID- 3202802 TI - Toxicokinetics: an analytical tool for assessing chemical hazards to man. AB - The Toxic Hazards Division has pioneered the development of toxicokinetic analysis for the study of the toxicity of various chemicals of importance to the U.S. Air Force. Toxicokinetic analysis permits calculation of tissue exposure based on biochemical, physiological, and physical chemical properties of the animal-chemical system. This paper describes the application of toxicokinetic analysis in the study and control of chemical hazards. Physiological models for both carbon tetrachloride and methylene chloride are discussed in relation to their ability to predict human kinetics and their use in estimating the risk of these chemicals to exposed humans. The emerging use of the toxicokinetic approach to analyze the mechanistic basis of chemical carcinogenesis is also discussed. PMID- 3202803 TI - Aircrew selection systems. AB - Research was conducted to develop and validate a computerized battery of psychomotor and cognitive tests to identify candidates who would not either complete pilot training or be recommended for a fighter assignment after training. All or part of the battery of 15 tests was given to 1,622 Air Force pilot candidates prior to training and their test scores were regressed against various flying performance measures. Two psychomotor tests and tests of perceptual speed, decision making speed, and memory function were found to be significant predictors of flying performance. An experimental pilot selection system using these results was found to have substantial practical value in reducing attrition from pilot training. Future research on computerized test development is discussed. PMID- 3202804 TI - Programs and prospects in aircrew performance measurement. AB - This article provides a historical perspective on research in the area of aircrew performance measurement within AFHRL. The development efforts within the Division are traced, beginning with some of the early work using the T-37 Advanced Simulator for Undergraduate Pilot Training and its later transition to the A-10 and F-16. The attempt to develop a C-5 performance measurement capability for use in operational training is also presented. Current efforts include the development of a measurement test bed facility for the Simulator for Air-to-Air Combat and the Air Combat Maneuvering instrumentation and the extension of such work into the low-level surface attack domain. Future development of the Air Combat Assessment and the Debriefing System is presented. PMID- 3202805 TI - Technical intuition in system diagnosis, or accessing the libraries of the mind. AB - Expert diagnosticians draw upon rich, integrated structures of knowledge and associated action rules to achieve their prodigious performances. Studies in both medical diagnosis and electronic troubleshooting have revealed that it is particularized knowledge that plays a vital role for experts in both domains, not inexplicable powers of intuition. Advanced knowledge engineering methods have been developed and applied in a number of Air Force technical domains so that experts' mental databases and procedural libraries can be made explicit enough to serve as targets of instruction. Instructional principles have been derived from this knowledge engineering work and are guiding the development of a new generation of Air Force technical training systems. The training dictum is to teach from realistic cases so that theory of system operation and specialized solution methods are taught in tandem. The learning environments will further foster the welding of factual knowledge to action rules by providing "assisted laboratory" experiences via intelligent tutoring systems. In these environments, trainees can practice carrying out diagnoses on increasingly complex problems with the help of an articulate expert coach. PMID- 3202806 TI - Intelligent systems for human resources. AB - An intelligent system contains knowledge about some domain; it has sophisticated decision-making processes and the ability to explain its actions. The most important aspect of an intelligent system is its ability to effectively interact with humans to teach or assist complex information processing. Two intelligent systems are Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITs) and Expert Systems. The ITSs provide instruction to a student similar to a human tutor. The ITSs capture individual performance and tutor deficiencies. These systems consist of an expert module, which contains the knowledge or material to be taught; the student module, which contains a representation of the knowledge the student knows and does not know about the domain; and the instructional or teaching module, which selects specific knowledge to teach, the instructional strategy, and provides assistance to the student to tutor deficiencies. Expert systems contain an expert's knowledge about some domain and perform specialized tasks or aid a novice in the performance of certain tasks. The most important part of an expert system is the knowledge base. This knowledge base contains all the specialized and technical knowledge an expert possesses. For an expert system to interact effectively with humans, it must have the ability to explain its actions. Use of intelligent systems can have a profound effect on human resources. The ITSs can provide better training by tutoring on an individual basis, and the expert systems can make better use of human resources through job aiding and performing complex tasks. With increasing training requirements and "doing more with less," intelligent systems can have a positive effect on human resources. PMID- 3202808 TI - High-frequency ventilation: its various techniques and clinical applications. AB - High-frequency ventilation can be considered to be ventilation with a tidal volume close to or less than the anatomical dead space. The various techniques of high-frequency ventilation will be discussed including high-frequency positive pressure ventilation, high-frequency jet ventilation or high-frequency flow interruption, and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. The clinical application of the various types of high-frequency ventilation will be discussed including their use during surgical procedures, their use for various kinds of barotrauma, their usefulness in respiratory failure, their use in newborns with hyaline membrane disease, and their usefulness for respiratory support in emergency situations involving cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The potential use for high-frequency ventilation in the management of battlefield casualties and air evacuation of critically ill patients will also be discussed. PMID- 3202807 TI - Transplantation of cryogenically preserved mandibular condyles in the adult and juvenile goat. AB - Loss of a functional temporomandibular joint (TMJ), due to various causes including tumor resection, joint disease such as osteonecrosis, and injury or trauma, has long been a clinical challenge in both children and adults. It may be a significant problem facing physicians during another war. While reconstruction to date has been performed with various prosthetic devices or autogenous costochondral grafts, these procedures have a potential for complications and morbidity. This procedure could adversely delay the return of military members to a combat unit, or affect their ability to serve as functional members of society. Our studies were performed to determine the feasibility of TMJ reconstruction techniques, healing, and long-term function and growth using cryogenically preserved mandibular allografts in the goat. This species was chosen because the surgical anatomy and biomechanics of the goat TMJ are very similar to that of the human. The positive results of the studies and their relevance to future military medical readiness and civilian medicine will be described. PMID- 3202809 TI - Estimation of chemical hazards in breast milk. AB - The presence in the workplace of women who desire to breast feed has complicated the interpretation of what constitutes a safe work environment. There is concern that levels of chemicals found safe for occupational exposure may result in unacceptably high levels of those same chemicals in breast milk. To date, there is no evidence of harm to breast-feeding infants whose mothers are not exposed above a permissible exposure limit (PEL). While we may take some comfort in this, "no evidence of harm" is not the same as "evidence of no harm." Unfortunately, the latter, being a negative, can never be proven. It is with this in mind that this paper is written. We present basic data for a systems approach to determining the hazard presented by a substance in breast milk. PMID- 3202810 TI - Characterization and control of radon-222 and its progeny in buildings. AB - Indoor exposure to the naturally occurring, short-lived decay products of radon (Rn-222) inside buildings and homes may pose a significant public health problem. Estimates are that as many as 8 million residential buildings may have indoor radon concentrations that exceed the action level recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (4 pCi.L-1). This paper examines the sources of radon in buildings and provides an overview of the methods currently available to reduce indoor concentrations of radon and its decay products. PMID- 3202811 TI - Scopolamine amnesia of passive avoidance: a deficit of information acquisition. AB - Despite its increasing use as an animal model of memory deficit in human dementia, relatively few studies have attempted to assess the memory processes involved in the anticholinergic-induced impairment of passive avoidance retention. In the present experiments, the influence of scopolamine administered prior to or immediately following training on 24-h retention of step-through passive avoidance was studied in NMRI mice. In low doses (0.3-3.0 mg/kg ip) pretraining administration (-5 min) of scopolamine induced a very strong amnesia. Post-training scopolamine induced a significant effect only at the highest dose tested (30 mg/kg). In a retention test of longer than normal duration (600 vs 180 s), which resulted in a more favorable comparison value in the control group, an intermediate post-training dose (10 mg/kg) induced a small effect which approached significance; a finding which may account for conflicting reports in the literature concerning the ability of scopolamine to induce a post-training deficit. The pretraining effect does not appear to have been solely the result of state-dependent learning; scopolamine (3 mg/kg) administered before both the training and test sessions induced a deficit of approximately the same magnitude as that found when administered before training or before testing only. The results indicate that scopolamine can induce a small post-trial effect, presumably through an influence on consolidation processes. The much larger effect of pretrial scopolamine, however, indicates a primary influence on processes related to information acquisition. Together with findings from the literature, the present experiments suggest that scopolamine-induced amnesia partially, but not completely, models the memory deficits of human dementia. PMID- 3202812 TI - Conditioned taste aversion induced by motion is prevented by selective vagotomy in the rat. AB - The role of the vagus nerve in motion-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) was studied in hooded rats. Animals with complete, selective gastric vagotomy failed to form conditioned taste aversion after multiple conditioning sessions in which the conditioned stimulus (a cider vinegar solution) was drunk immediately before a 30-min exposure to vertical axis rotation at 150 degrees/s. Results are discussed with reference to the use of CTA as a measure of motion-induced "sickness" or gastrointestinal disturbance, and, because motion-induced CTA requires that both the vagus nerve and the vestibular apparatus be intact, in light of the possible convergence of vagal and vestibular functions. PMID- 3202813 TI - Strength of scopolamine-induced amnesia as a function of time between training and testing. AB - Variations in the strength of scopolamine-induced amnesia as a function of age of the habit were studied in Swiss Webster mice. Animals were trained in an active avoidance task to a criterion of 9/10 avoidances and immediately following training injected with scopolamine hydrochloride (1.0 mg/kg) or saline. Retention of the avoidance learning was evaluated by testing different groups of animals 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, and 28 days following training. The retention test consisted of five trials in which the CS but not the UCS was presented. Results indicated that saline-treated mice exhibited near-perfect retention up to 14 days post-training with forgetting beginning to be apparent at 28 days. Scopolamine treatment produced strong amnesia in animals tested 1 and 3 days post-training but normal retention in animals tested 7 and 10 days after learning. The amnesia abruptly reappeared at 14 days after which time it remained stable. The marked similarity of the scopolamine retention curve to changes in the strength of memory of discrimination learning in undertrained rats reported by Deutsch suggested that scopolamine resulted in the storage of a weak memory of the avoidance response. To explore this idea further we trained mice to a criterion (4/5) which would result in a weak avoidance response and tested different groups 1, 3, 10, 14, and 28 days following learning. Results showed that strength of the memory of avoidance learning increased up to 10 days and then decreased abruptly at 14 days thus replicating the general shape of the retention curve produced by injecting scopolamine following strong training. These data suggest that scopolamine disrupts processes essential for the formation of durable memories. PMID- 3202814 TI - Discriminative conditioning alters food preferences in the leech, Haemopis marmorata. AB - The feeding behavior of the carnivorous leech, Haemopis marmorata, was aversively trained in a discriminative classical conditioning task. Two conditioned stimuli were used: One consisted of a food (chicken or liver) paired with an unconditioned stimulus of quinidine (bitter chemical); the other consisted of the alternate food presented in an unpaired relationship with the quinidine. Training consisted of alternating exposures to the two conditioned stimuli. Testing consisted of the simultaneous presentation of a conditioned stimulus food and a neutral food, beef. The percentages of responding to the conditioned stimuli were tabulated. Haemopis could discriminate between the conditioned stimuli. As a result of pairing a food with quinidine, the leeches selectively reduced their preference for that paired food, while they did not alter their preference for the unpaired food. PMID- 3202816 TI - Social factors influence haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rat. AB - This study employed manipulations which presumably influence social interactions in rats: (1) paired housing with a heavier conspecific and (2) exposure to the odors of other rats. The dependent variable was the akinetic state induced by haloperidol, a neuroleptic and dopamine antagonist. In Experiment 1, adult male Long-Evans hooded rats were matched by weight and caged alone or in pairs with one rat 30 g heavier than its cagemate. All rats received haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg) and catalepsy testing. Heavy rats showed more catalepsy than the lighter member of pairs or weight-matched, singly housed controls. In Experiment 2, adult male rats were left unrecaged or were recaged into cages with bedding recently soiled by females or other adult males. After haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg), the rats exposed to bedding soiled by other adult males showed more catalepsy than did the control groups. Thus, the results of both experiments indicated that social factors can influence the akinesia induced by dopamine antagonists. PMID- 3202817 TI - Strain differences in the inhibition of infanticide in male mice (Mus musculus). AB - The mediating mechanisms for the inhibition of infanticide in male mice were examined in two strains of mice. Both copulation and postcopulatory cohabitation inhibited infanticide in CS1 males whereas only postcopulatory cohabitation inhibited infanticide in CBA males. These data illustrate the difficulties of making conclusions concerning infanticide from single studies using single strains or species. PMID- 3202815 TI - Blood glucose and brain function: interactions with CNS cholinergic systems. AB - We recently found that glucose injections attenuate amnesia and hyperactivity produced by scopolamine, a muscarinic antagonist. The present study examined whether glucose would augment behavioral effects produced by a muscarinic agonist, physostigmine. In experiment I, doses were first determined for which neither glucose (10 mg/kg) nor physostigmine (0.05 mg/kg) altered scopolamine induced hyperactivity. However, combined glucose-physostigmine injections significantly reduced scopolamine hyperactivity. Experiment II evaluated the effects of glucose on physostigmine-induced tremors. Glucose (10, 100, and 250 mg/kg) or saline injections were given 20 min before physostigmine injections (0.4 or 0.05 mg/kg). Observations of glucose effects on the severity of physostigmine-induced tremors were then obtained at 5-min intervals for 25 min after physostigmine injections. Glucose (100 mg/kg) significantly facilitated the onset of tremors when injected before either dose of physostigmine, and augmented (at 100 and 250 mg/kg) tremor severity when injected before the lower dose of physostigmine. These findings indicate that glucose can facilitate the actions of a cholinergic agonist on two behaviors, locomotor activity and tremors, adding support to the view that circulating glucose levels can modulate central cholinergic function. More generally, the results provide additional evidence that circulating glucose levels can influence brain function. PMID- 3202818 TI - Naltrexone-reversible pain suppression in the isolated attacking mouse. AB - Fighting pairs of isolated DBA/2 mice showed a significant increase in tail-flick response latencies independent of whether opponents were losing or winning the combat. The effect lasted less than 10 min in both animals. Elevated pain thresholds were also found in isolates that attacked a nonaggressive conspecific, and were prevented by naltrexone (0.2 mg/kg), while a larger dose (1.0 mg/kg) inhibited the attack behavior. A small increase in pain threshold was observed after exposure of isolates to the test box alone, while isolation per se had no effect on baseline tail-flick latencies. The data demonstrate that endogenous pain suppressing systems are activated during attack and suggest that this opioid mediated antinociception is a correlate of the isolation syndrome, reflecting enhanced arousal of the attacking animal. PMID- 3202819 TI - Effects of home nest odors on black-white preference in the developing rat: implications for developmental learning research. AB - Developing animals 17 and 30 days of age were tested for black-white preference in the presence of either clean shavings or soiled bedding material from the home cage. Home nest shavings markedly reduced dark preference in 17-day-old rats but had no effect on dark preference in 30-day-old rats. Because many developmental studies have used two-compartment, black and white chambers to study the effects of familiar home nest shavings on learning and memory, it may be that differential preference for black influenced the results obtained. The apparent alleviation of learning and memory deficits produced by the presence of home nest shavings may have been the result of changes in black-white preference rather than differences in learning and memory per se. Similar influences may underlie the effects of home nest stimuli on other learning tasks such as spatial alternation. PMID- 3202820 TI - Plant protein in milk replacers for rearing buffalo calves. II. Effect of replacing 75% of the milk proteins by plant proteins on the preweaning performance of buffalo calves. AB - In an experiment, 9 female and 6 male buffalo calves at the age of 3 to 4 weeks were divided into 3 groups. The animals were given milk replacers in which 75% of the dried skim milk protein had been replaced by American soybean flour (ASP), Egyptian soya meal (ESP), or corn glutine (GP). Scouring occurred in all groups during the first 3 weeks of the experiment, continuing up to the fourth week in groups ESP and GP. In groups ESP and GP one calf each died. During the first 3 weeks of the experiment, the calves consumed on average 747, 631, 787 g dry matter (DM) as liquids. They achieved live weight gains of 314, 83, -286 g/d, with significant differences between the groups. The digestibility of the crude protein was 73, 74, 70%. During the second period--up to 70 or 62.5 kg live body weight--only groups ASP and ESP were investigated. The calves consumed 1.64 or 1.66 kg DM/d as liquid and dry feedstuff. The average daily weight gain was 3.87 or 3.50 TDN/kg ADG. During this period, the crude protein was digested by 76 or 73%. PMID- 3202821 TI - Estimating the mature body weight of indigenous Nigerian pigs using body weight and tissue composition changes with age. AB - The body weight changes with age were studied for 64 female, male, and castrated male indigenous Nigerian pigs each between birth and 672 days. The results showed non-significant (P greater than 0.05) sex differences and highly significant (P less than 0.01) sex-age interactions. The average percentage changes in body weight between 336 and 392 days were four times higher than those between 392 and 504 days, during which the body weight changes stabilized, associated with non significant changes in the percentages of bone, lean, and fat. The average mature body weight of the pigs was about 65 kg (62.58 kg +/- 3.54 for female, 67.50 kg +/- 1.59) for castrated male, and 65.51 kg +/- 2.00 for intact male pigs. PMID- 3202822 TI - Effects of sex, age, and body weight on the growth of selected organs and body parts of indigenous Nigerian pigs. AB - The absolute and relative growth of the head, spleen, kidney fat, stomach, and intestine were studied for 64 intact male, castrated male, and female indigenous Nigerian pigs each. Highly significant (P less than 0.001) sex, age, and sex X age interactions were obtained for the absolute and relative weights of some of the organs and body parts. The results indicate that the organ and part growth was particularly rapid between birth and 280 days of age, but stabilized beyond that time. The average growth coefficient 'b' obtained from the linearized form Y = axb of the growth equation varied between 0.819 for the head and 1.677 for the kidney fat and agreed with relevant values reported in the literature. They confirmed the sequential anterior-posterior growth pattern of organs and body parts in different anatomical regions of the body. A comparison of the allometric and quadratic models used indicated that the organ/body part growth was better described by body weight than by age. PMID- 3202823 TI - Malnutrition--a problem of industrial societies? Stresa, October 15 and 16, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3202824 TI - Progastrin maturation during ontogenesis. Accumulation of glycine-extended gastrins in rat antrum at weaning. AB - The post-translational maturation of antral progastrin was studied in the developing rat. While N-terminal proteolysis remained unchanged and tyrosine O sulphation varied only slightly during ontogenesis, major changes were observed in the degree of alpha-carboxyamidation. In the third week of life the immediate precursor of amidated gastrin, glycine-extended gastrin, accumulated, and at weaning (day 21) the concentrations exceeded those of amidated gastrin. Our results confirm that weaning is accompanied by an increased synthesis of gastrin and imply that alpha-carboxyamidation is the rate-limiting step during the biosynthetic maturation of gastrin. PMID- 3202825 TI - Two mutant low-density-lipoprotein receptors in Afrikaners slowly processed to surface forms exhibiting rapid degradation or functional heterogeneity. AB - Two distinct mutant low-density-lipoprotein receptors in South African Afrikaners exhibit retarded posttranslational processing to mature forms. One mutation gives rise to cell-surface receptors that are subject to abnormally rapid degradation, whereas the other is associated with a functionally heterogeneous surface population degraded at a normal rate. PMID- 3202826 TI - Ca2+-independent binding of [3H]phorbol dibutyrate to protein kinase C is supported by protamine and other polycations. AB - The activity of the Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C (PKC), can be modulated by diacylglycerols and phorbol esters. The association of these agents with PKC is, in turn, generally understood to be dependent on Ca2+ and phospholipids. Certain substrates, e.g. protamine sulphate, are known to undergo cofactor-independent phosphorylation by PKC. We report here that, in the presence of such substrates, PKC bound 1,2-dihexanoylglycerol and phorbol dibutyrate in a Ca2+-independent manner. Histone IIIs, which is phosphorylated by PKC only in the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipid, also supported Ca2+-independent binding of 1,2-dihexanoylglycerol and phorbol dibutyrate to PKC, but to a lesser extent than did protamine. Support for Ca2+ independent binding was also exhibited by non-peptide polycations (e.g. DEAE cellulose DE52), indicating that recognition of the catalytic site is not a prerequisite for this effect. The natural polyamines spermine and putrescine did not have this property, however. The affinity of PKC for phorbol dibutyrate and 1,2-dihexanoylglycerol was found to be unchanged by the presence of substrates or DE52. It is proposed that, in the absence of Ca2+, certain polycations favour expression of the diacylglycerol/phorbol ester binding site by stabilizing the active conformation of PKC. PMID- 3202827 TI - Purification and characterization of protein kinase C from rabbit iris smooth muscle. Myosin light-chain phosphorylation in vitro and in intact muscle. AB - Protein kinase C of rabbit iris smooth muscle was purified by the sequential use of three chromatographic steps, i.e. anion-exchange (DEAE-cellulose), gel filtration (Sephadex G-150) and substrate affinity (protamine-agarose), and its properties were investigated by using as substrate myosin light-chain protein (MLC) isolated from the same tissue. The enzyme appeared as a single band on SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, with a molecular mass of approx. 80 kDa. Histone H-1 and iris muscle MLC, but not rabbit skeletal-muscle MLC, were effective substrates for the enzyme, with apparent Km values of 3.0 and 16.6 microM respectively. The enzyme, with MLC as substrate, had the following characteristics. (a) Its activity was dependent on Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine (PS). In the presence of Ca2+ and PS, diolein and phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) increased its activity by 61 and 65% respectively. Half-maximal activation of the enzyme (Ka) occurred at 10 microM free Ca2+, and in the presence of diolein and PDBu the apparent Ka for Ca2+ was decreased to 3 microM and 2 microM respectively. (b) Studies on the relative potency of various cofactors in activating the enzyme revealed that PS, phorbol myristate acetate and 1-stearoyl 2-arachidonylglycerol were the most potent of the phospholipids, phorbol esters and diacylglycerols respectively. (c) H-7, a protein kinase C inhibitor, inhibited MLC phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner, with 50% inhibition at 10 microM. (d) Addition of carbamoylcholine (for 1 min) or PDBu (for 25 min) to iris sphincter muscle prelabelled with [32P]Pi specifically increased MLC phosphorylation, and only the stimulatory effect of the muscarinic agonist was blocked by atropine. The data provide additional support for a role for protein kinase C in the contractile response of the iris smooth muscle. PMID- 3202828 TI - Kinetic lability of zinc bound to metallothionein in Ehrlich cells. AB - Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells normally contain a large concentration of Zn metallothionein. When cells are placed in culture media, containing or pretreated with the metal-ion-chelating resin Chelex-100, they stop growing, remain viable and lose zinc specifically from the metallothionein (MT) pool. The kinetics of loss of zinc are first-order and are very rapid, having a rate constant of greater than or equal to 0.6 h-1. MT protein labelled with 35S is biodegraded with a rate constant of 0.07-0.014 h-1 in control cells, 0.08 h-1 in cells exposed to the zinc-deficient medium and 0.12-0.18 h-1 in cells treated directly with Chelex. Over the 6 h period in which zinc is totally lost from Zn-MT there is relatively little decrease in MT-like protein as measured by cadmium-binding to the 10,000-Mr protein fraction. Other pools of zinc and 35S-labelled protein turn over more slowly. There is no loss of zinc from rat liver Zn-MT that is dialysed against Chelex to model the possible reaction of the resin with Ehrlich cell Zn-MT. However, Chelex does compete slowly for MT-bound zinc when resin and MT are directly mixed. Analysis of the known and possible pathways of zinc metabolism in cells in relationship to these rate constants shows that biodegradation of MT protein cannot account for the rate of loss of zinc from Zn MT. PMID- 3202829 TI - Differences in glycosylation pattern of human secretory ribonucleases. AB - The major secretory ribonuclease (RNase) of human urine (RNase HUA) was isolated and sequenced by automatic Edman degradation and analysis of peptides and glycopeptides. The isolated enzyme was shown to be free of other urine RNase activities by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and activity staining. It is a glycoprotein 128 amino acids long, differing from human pancreatic RNase in the presence of an additional threonine residue at the C-terminus. It differs from the pancreatic enzyme in its glycosylation pattern as well, and contains about 45 sugar residues. Each of the three Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr sequences (Asn-34, Asn-76, Asn 88) is glycosylated with a complex-type oligosaccharide chain. Glycosylation at Asn-88 has not been observed previously in mammalian secretory RNases. Preliminary sequence data on the major RNase of human seminal plasma have revealed no difference between it and the major urinary enzyme; their similarities include the presence of threonine at the C-terminus. The glycosylation pattern of human seminal RNase is very similar to that of the pancreatic enzyme. The structural differences between the secretory RNases from human pancreas, urine and seminal plasma must originate from organ-specific post translational modifications of the one primary gene product. Detailed characterization of peptides and the results of gel filtration of tryptic and tryptic/chymotryptic digests of performic acid-oxidized RNase have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50146 (4 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1988) 249, 5. PMID- 3202830 TI - Kinetic analysis of the cerebral creatine kinase reaction under hypoxic and hypoglycaemic conditions in vitro. A 31P-n.m.r. study. AB - 1. The tissue concentration of phosphocreatine (PCr) and the pseudo-first-order rate constant of creatine kinase (kf) were monitored in superfused guinea-pig brain slices in vitro by using 31P-n.m.r. techniques. 2. Superfusion of slices in low oxygen partial pressure (pO2 approx. 16 kPa) decreased tissue PCr concentrations by 48% but ATP concentrations were unchanged. Regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between the PCr concentration in hypoxic tissue and the increase in the rate constant, kf. Nevertheless the forward flux through the enzyme (Jf = kf.[PCr]) declined under these conditions. 3. Lowering the glucose concentration to 0.2 or 0.1 mM decreased PCr concentrations by 29% and 48% respectively; here ATP concentrations as well as PCr concentrations also decreased. Only in the presence of the lower glucose concentration (0.1 mM) was kf increased. However, unlike the situation in hypoxic tissue, Jf was maintained at control rates. 4. In spectra obtained in the presence of low oxygen or low glucose concentrations, a resonance attributable to tissue inorganic phosphate became dectectable. This observation is discussed in terms of known changes in tissue phosphate concentrations and possible alterations in cytoplasmic pH. PMID- 3202831 TI - Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages. AB - The lipoprotein-mediated regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-(HMG-) CoA reductase in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages has been investigated. In contrast to what has been reported for other cells, HMG-CoA reductase activity is not suppressed by normal serum or by normal low density lipoproteins (LDL) from humans or dogs. Suppression of reductase activity occurred when cells were cultured in the presence of beta-migrating very low density lipoproteins (beta VLDL) or LDL from hypercholesterolaemic dogs, or LDL modified by acetoacetylation. Human beta-VLDL from an atypical type III hyperlipoproteinaemic patient was also effective, as was apolipoprotein (apo) E-containing high density lipoproteins (HDL) from cholesterol-fed dogs (apo-E HDLc). The results indicate that cholesterol biosynthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages is regulated by lipoprotein cholesterol entering via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Normal LDL were not effective because of the poor binding and uptake of these lipoproteins by the apo-B, E (LDL) receptor. Only beta-VLDL, apo-E HDLc, and hypercholesterolaemic LDL were avidly taken up by this receptor and were able to suppress HMG-CoA reductase. Acetoacetylated LDL were internalized via the acetyl LDL (scavenger) receptor. Thus, mouse macrophages differ from human fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in their physiological regulation of cholesterogenesis. PMID- 3202832 TI - N-terminal amino acid sequence of the deep-sea tube worm haemoglobin remarkably resembles that of annelid haemoglobin. AB - The deep-sea giant tube worm Lamellibrachia, belonging to the phylum Vestimentifera, contains two extracellular haemoglobins, an Mr 3,000,000 haemoglobin and an Mr 440,000 haemoglobin. The former has a hexagonal bilayer structure and consists of six polypeptide chains (AI-VI); a study of its haem content shows that not all of the chains contain haem. The Mr 440,000 haemoglobin consists of four haem-containing chains (BI-IV). We isolated most of the chains by reverse-phase chromatography and determined the amino acid sequences of the 21 45 N-terminal residues. Eight chains (AI-IV and BI-IV) showed significant homology with haem-containing chains of annelid giant haemoglobin. The highest homology was found between Lamellibrachia chain AI and Tylorrhynchus chain I; surprisingly, 18 out of the 20 N-terminal residues are identical. On the other hand, chain AV, with an unusual Mr of 32,000, showed a rather different sequence and is likely to be a non-haem chain which might act as a linker protein in the assembly of the haem-containing chains. From these results, we conclude that the tube worm Mr 3,000,000 haemoglobin is highly homologous with annelid haemoglobin. PMID- 3202833 TI - The temperature-dependence of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity is not affected by membrane cholesterol enrichment. AB - The temperature-dependence of both the lipid order parameter (SDPH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity from native and cholesterol-enriched human erythrocyte membranes was investigated. Cholesterol enrichment abolishes an inflection observed around 30 degrees C in the temperature-dependence of native membrane lipid order parameter, whereas the Arrhenius plot of the enzymic activity is substantially unaffected. These results support the view that the breaks in the Arrhenius plot of the enzyme activity are not related to sudden changes of bulk membrane physical state, but arise from a direct effect of temperature on enzyme conformation. PMID- 3202834 TI - Solubilization and hydrodynamic properties of pig atrial muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in dodecyl beta-D-maltoside. AB - The pig atrial muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAcChR) has been solubilized from the membrane-bound state in high yield and in stable conformation by the non ionic detergent dodecyl beta-D-maltoside (DBM). The yield and selectivity for receptor solubilization is dependent on the detergent/protein ratio during extraction. Extraction at 2 mg of DBM/mg of protein gave a 75% yield of solubilized receptor with a 1.5-fold enrichment. A double-extraction procedure, in which non-receptor protein was first extracted at 0.4 mg of DBM/mg of protein and mAcChR was selectively solubilized by a second extraction at 0.35 mg of DBM/mg of protein, gave a 50% overall yield and a 2.8-fold enrichment. Both preparations had a half-life of about 20 days on ice without addition of muscarinic ligands. Receptor stability was decreased by the presence of cations, particularly bivalent cations, and enhanced by the agonist carbachol. Dissociation constants for the interaction of the DBM-solubilized receptor with the antagonist L-quinuclidinyl benzilate (Kd = 223 pM) and the agonist carbachol (Kd = 100 microM) were similar to those for the digitonin/cholate-solubilized receptor. Pig atrial mAcChR purified in digitonin/cholate and exchanged into DBM displayed reliable hydrodynamic behaviour during sucrose density sedimentation in gradients of 2H2O and H2O and during gel filtration in Sephacryl S-300. DBM is thus the first detergent which will solubilize a stable form of the ligand-free mAcChR in yields similar to those with digitonin, and is the only stabilizing detergent thus far suitable for hydrodynamic studies. DBM is also likely to be similarly useful in studying other membrane proteins for which digitonin has been the solubilizing detergent of choice. PMID- 3202835 TI - Molecular-dynamics simulations of [Met5]- and [D-Ala2,Met5]-enkephalins. Biological implication of monomeric folded and dimeric unfolded conformations. AB - To investigate the biologically active conformation of enkephalin, molecular dynamics simulations were applied to [Met5]- and [D-Ala2,Met5]-enkephalins. The dynamic trajectory of monomeric extended [Met5]-enkephalin was analysed in terms of relative mobility between respective torsions of backbone chain. After 10 ps of the dynamics simulation, the conformational transition was converged into a stationary state among the beta-bend folded forms, where they are stabilized by several intramolecular hydrogen-bond formations. Similar conformational transition was also observed in the dynamics simulation of [D Ala2,Met5]enkephalin, which is a more mu-receptor-specific peptide than [Met5]enkephalin. The geometrical correspondence between the monomeric enkephalin conformation in the stationary state and morphine molecule (a mu-specific rigid opiate) was surveyed by virtue of the triangular substructures generated by choosing three functional atoms in each molecule, and good resemblances were observed. On the other hand, the dynamics simulation of the antiparallel extended [Met5]enkephalin dimer showed a trajectory different from that of the monomeric one. Two intermolecular hydrogen bonds at Tyr1 (NH3+)...Met5(CO2-) end residues were held throughout the 100 ps simulation, the dimeric structure being consequently kept. The conformational transition of the backbone chains from the antiparallel extended form to the twisted one took place via an intermediate state. Many conformations revealed during the dynamics simulation showed that the relative orientations of each two Tyr1, Gly3, Phe4 and Met5 residues in the dimer are nearly related by a pseudo-C2-symmetry respectively, and both halves of the dimer structure could be further fitted to the monomeric folded enkephalin conformation. The monomeric and dimeric conformations of enkephalin at their stationary states are discussed in relation to the substrate-specificity for mu- and delta-opioid receptors. PMID- 3202836 TI - The role of hydrophobic interactions in the phospholipid-dependent activation of protein kinase C. AB - The effects of hydrophobic interaction on the activation of Ca2+-stimulated phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C), isolated from mouse brain, by phosphatidylserine (PS) and diacylglycerol (DAG) or phorbol 12 myristate 13-acetate were studied. To maintain bilayer structure during assay conditions, phosphatidylcholine was added to the PS vesicles. The vesicular structure of all types of PS was confirmed by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. The PS-dependent activation of purified protein kinase C from mouse brain is affected by the fatty acid composition of PS: an inverse relationship between the unsaturation index of PS (isolated from bovine heart, bovine spinal cord or bovine brain) and the ability to activate protein kinase C was demonstrated. In highly saturated PS lipid dispersions, only slight additional activation of protein kinase C by DAG was found, in contrast with highly unsaturated PS lipid dispersion, where DAG increased protein kinase C activity by 2-3-fold at optimal PS concentrations. We quantified the formation of the protein kinase C-Ca2+-PS-phorbol ester complex by using [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate [( 3H]PDBu). The efficiency of complex-formation, determined as the amount of [3H]PDBu bound, is not affected by variations in the hydrophobic part of PS. These results indicate a role of the hydrophobic part of the activating phospholipid in the activation mechanism of protein kinase C and in the action of cofactors. PMID- 3202837 TI - Effect of low-density lipoproteins on the synthesis and secretion of proteoglycans by human endothelial cells in culture. AB - We studied the effect of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) on the synthesis and secretion of proteoglycans by cultured human umbilical-vein endothelial cells. Confluent cultures were incubated with [35S]sulphate or [3H]glucosamine in lipoprotein-deficient serum in the presence and in the absence (control) of LDL (100-400 micrograms/ml), and metabolically labelled proteoglycans in culture medium and cell layer were analysed. LDL increased accumulation of labelled proteoglycans in medium and cell fractions up to a concentration of 200 micrograms/ml. At this concentration of LDL the accumulations of proteoglycans in medium and cell layer were 65% and 32% respectively above control for 35S labelled proteoglycans, and 55% and 28% respectively above control for 3H labelled proteoglycans. At concentrations above this LDL was found to depress the accumulation of proteoglycans in medium and cell layer. Gel filtration on Sepharose CL-4B showed that in both control and LDL-treated cultures the cell layer contained a large (Kav. = 0) and a small (Kav. = 0.35) heparan sulphate proteoglycan, whereas the culture medium contained a large heparan sulphate proteoglycan (Kav. = 0) and a smaller isomeric chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (control, Kav. = 0.35; LDL-treated, Kav. = 0.17). The relative increase in hydrodynamic size of the isomeric chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (Mr 150,000 compared with 90,000) in the medium of cultures exposed to LDL was partly attributable to the larger size of the glycosaminoglycan side chains (Mr 39,000 compared with 21,000). The isomeric chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan in LDL treated culture was relatively enriched in chondroitin 6-sulphate compared with that in control cultures (39% compared with 29%). Pulse-chase studies showed that LDL treatment did not alter the turnover rate of proteoglycans as compared with controls, implying that the elevation in proteoglycan accumulation in LDL-treated cultures was due to enhanced synthesis. These results demonstrate that LDL can modulate proteoglycan synthesis by cultured vascular endothelial cells, resulting in the secretion of a larger isomeric chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan enriched in chondroitin 6-sulphate. PMID- 3202838 TI - The primary structure of the major isoform (H1.1) of histone H1 from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. AB - The complete primary structure of the major isoform (H1.1) of histone H1 from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was determined. The amino acid chain consists of 207 amino acids and has a blocked N-terminus. The nematode histone shows rather little sequence identity when compared with proteins of the H1 family derived from other organisms. However, the main characteristic features of H1 molecules have been well conserved: a tripartite domain structure consisting of a central hydrophobic core of about 80 residues, flanked by an N-terminal domain which is somewhat acidic at the very N-terminus, but very basic further on, and a long C terminal domain very rich in lysine, alanine and proline. Several repeat structures, including a twice (with modification)-repeated and well-conserved phosphorylation site, can be recognized in this region. The presence of O phosphoserine at these sites could not be demonstrated, however. PMID- 3202839 TI - Topology of the erythrocyte Ca2+ pump. A monoclonal antibody against the almost inaccessible extracellular face. AB - Previous studies have shown that the erythrocyte membrane Ca2+ pump is exposed primarily to the cytoplasm: proteases, substrates and polyclonal antibodies all interact with the enzyme from the cytoplasmic side. In this study, the pump's accessibility from outside the cell was investigated with monoclonal antibodies. When cultures of hybridoma cells producing antibodies against the Ca2+ pump were screened for binding of the antibodies to intact red cells, only 7% of the cultures gave a positive reaction (a total of eight cultures). The small number of positives confirms the relative inaccessibility of the Ca2+ pump from outside the red cell. From the eight positive cultures we isolated one stable clone which produced an antibody (1B10) that reacted both with purified Ca2+ pump and with the outside of intact red cells. Immunoprecipitation experiments and binding assays with inside-out vesicles showed that 1B10 reacted only against the erythrocyte Ca2+ pump from the extracellular face of the red cell. 1B10 had no observable effect on the Ca2+ efflux from resealed red cells. Digestion of intact red cells with glycosidases, trypsin or papain had minimal effect on the binding of the antibody to intact red cells. However, digestion with pronase, subtilisin or alpha-chymotrypsin nearly eliminated the binding, indicating that 1B10 was directed against a protein determinant of the ATPase which is exposed on the outside of the red cell. PMID- 3202840 TI - The magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (oxidative) cyclase system. Studies on the mechanism and specificity of the reaction sequence. AB - Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase activity was assayed in isolated developing cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. Beit Alpha) chloroplasts [Chereskin, Wong & Castelfranco (1982) Plant Physiol. 70, 987-993]. The presence of both 6- and 7-methyl esterase activities was detected, which permitted the use of diester porphyrins in a substrate-specificity study. It was found that: (1) the 6-methyl acrylate derivative of Mg-protoporphyrin monomethyl ester was inactive as a substrate for cyclization; (2) only one of the two enantiomers of 6-beta-hydroxy Mg-protoporphyrin dimethyl ester had detectable activity as a substrate for the cyclase; (3) the 2-vinyl-4-ethyl-6-beta-oxopropionate derivatives of Mg protoporphyrin mono- or di-methyl ester were approx. 4 times more active as substrates for cyclization than the corresponding divinyl forms; (4) at the level of Mg-protoporphyrin there was no difference in cyclase activity between the 4 vinyl and 4-ethyl substrates; (5) reduction of the side chain of Mg protoporphyrin in the 2-position from a vinyl to an ethyl resulted in a partial loss of cyclase activity. This work suggests that the original scheme for cyclization proposed by Granick [(1950) Harvey Lect. 44, 220-245] should now be modified by the omission of the 6-methyl acrylate derivative of Mg-protoporphyrin monomethyl ester and the introduction of stereo-specificity at the level of the hydroxylated intermediate. PMID- 3202841 TI - A DNA-modification methylase from Bacillus stearothermophilus V. AB - A type II modification methylase (M BstVI) was partially purified from the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus stearothermophilus V. The methylase catalyses the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to unmodified double stranded DNA. The product of methylation was identified by paper chromatography as N6-methyladenine. Since M BstVI protects DNA against cleavage by BstVI and XhoI restriction endonucleases, it follows that it methylates the adenine residue in the sequence 5'-C-T-C-G-A-G-3'. PMID- 3202843 TI - On inhibition of peroxisomal beta-oxidation by antimycin A. PMID- 3202842 TI - Characteristics of ether-linked glycerophospholipids in Friend erythroleukaemia cells differentiated by dimethyl sulphoxide or hexamethylenebisacetamide and in non-inducible clones treated with the inducers. AB - The present study deals with changes in ether-linked glycerophospholids which accompany differentiation of Friend erythroleukaemia (FEL) cells by dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA). We also tested clones of FEL cells non-inducible by DMSO or HMBA for ether-linked lipid changes not related to the differentiation process. FEL cells contained appreciable proportions of alkenylacyl and alkylacyl subfractions in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Compared with FEL cells, clones non-inducible by DMSO or HMBA had a greater amount of alkenylacyl PE associated with a lack of alkenylacyl PC. The differentiation of FEL cells by DMSO or HMBA was accompanied by a reduction of alkylacyl PE and PC. DMSO- and HMBA-differentiated FEL cells showed changes in alkenyl- and alkyl-chain profiles, some of which were also observed in non-inducible FEL cells treated with DMSO or HMBA. PMID- 3202844 TI - The multicatalytic proteinase: a high-Mr endopeptidase. PMID- 3202846 TI - Growth related changes in protein synthesis and in a 25 kDa protein of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. AB - The decrease of the in vivo growth rate of the Ehrlich ascites tumor after intraperitoneal injection of carcinoma cells into mice is correlated with (1) a decline in the overall rate of cellular protein synthesis, (2) a corresponding decrease of the activity of the cytosolic fraction to stimulate in vitro polysomal protein synthesis, (3) the abundance and phosphorylation of a 25 kDa protein. The results are discussed with respect to correlations between the regulation of protein synthesis and cell proliferation. PMID- 3202845 TI - Isoenzyme patterns of pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase in isolated fat-storing cells of rat liver. AB - Fat-storing cells and other non-parenchymal cells (endothelial and Kupffer cells) were isolated from rat liver by a combined pronase-collagenase procedure and subsequent Visotrast-370 density gradient centrifugation. The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern of fat-storing cells was found different from that of other non-parenchymal liver cells. Fat-storing cells contain LDH-4 as the main isoenzyme and do not contain LDH-1, whereas the other non-parenchymal cells have all five lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes, among which LDH-5 is dominating. All non-parenchymal liver cell populations contain the M-type pyruvate kinase. The alkaline phosphatase of fat-storing cells has the same electrophoretic mobility as that of the other non-parenchymal cells. PMID- 3202847 TI - Comparative studies on the accessibility and functional importance of tyrosine residues in cytochrome P-450 isozymes. AB - Cytochromes P-450 LM2 and P-450 LM4 from rabbit liver microsomes were chemically modified with tetranitromethane. Nitration of two tyrosine residues of both isozymes inhibits the benzphetamine N-demethylase activity of P-450 LM2 as well as the p-nitrophenetole O-deethylase activity of P-450 LM4 by about 80%. For identification of the modified tyrosine residues the inactivated enzymes were digested with trypsin, and the labeled peptides were separated by HPLC. Sequencing of the 3-nitrotyrosine-containing peptides from cytochrome P-450 LM2 showed that the tyrosine residues at positions 235 and 380 were nearly fully nitrated, while Tyr-348, Tyr-484 and Tyr-111 were only partially labeled (about 40-50%). In the presence of the heme-binding inhibitor metyrapone, Tyr-380 is partially protected against modification, and the extent of inactivation is diminished as well. These results suggest that Tyr-380 of cytochrome P-450 LM2 presents a catalytically essential amino acid residue at its active center. Sequence analyses of the 3-nitrotyrosine-containing peptides from cytochrome P 450 LM4 revealed that mainly Tyr-243 and Tyr-271 were labeled, whereas Tyr-71, Tyr-188 and Tyr-365 are modified to a lower extent (about 30-45%). Tyr-243 and Tyr-271 of cytochrome P-450 LM4 are suggested to be functionally involved in the interaction with NADPH-cytochrome P-450-reductase. PMID- 3202848 TI - Preparation and properties of large octylglucoside dialysis/adsorption liposomes. AB - The suitability and capacity of the polystyrene resin Wofatit EP 60 for the adsorption of octylglucoside, Triton X-100, Cholate, and CHAPS was studied. Optimal detergent/bead ratios and the maximum capacity of Wofatit EP 60 for the four detergents were determined as prerequisites for optimal application of the beads in liposome preparations. It is shown that large unilamellar liposomes can be prepared easily, quickly and cost-effectively using a combined dialysis/adsorption method with octylglucoside as detergent and Wofatit EP 60 and adsorbing polystyrene beads. Structure, composition, size, homogeneity, lamellarity, stability, internal volume, and residual octylglucoside concentration were studied by gel chromatography, radioactive assay, dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Vesicle size and homogeneity depend on lipid concentration, lipid composition, cholesterol content, and the rate of octylglucoside removal, but not on the detergent/lipid ratio. The reliability of the method and the properties of the vesicles are compared with those of other methods and researchers. PMID- 3202849 TI - Studies on thrombin-induced endothelium-dependent vascular effects. AB - The clotting enzyme thrombin induces not only blood coagulation but it also receptor-mediated cellular events. In our studies, thrombin at nanomolar concentrations caused irreversible aggregation of washed human platelets which was inhibited by the naturally occurring tight-binding inhibitor hirudin. Thrombin within the same concentration range caused concentration-dependent transient relaxation of PGF2 alpha-precontracted pig coronary artery ring segments with intact endothelium. The relaxant response was neither affected by indomethacin nor by verapamil and was only slightly inhibited by exposure to calcium-free medium. Methylene blue enhanced the PGF2 alpha-induced contraction and diminished the thrombin-induced relaxation. Hirudin inhibited the relaxant effect of thrombin in a concentration-dependent manner. After removal of the endothelium by mechanical rubbing the thrombin-induced relaxation was absent. The present studies suggest that thrombin generated during coagulation is able to modify the vascular smooth muscle tone. PMID- 3202850 TI - [Oxygen consumption and RQ-values in rats anesthesized with urethane and pentobarbital during continuous infusion of noradrenaline with and without glucose load]. AB - For demonstration of the calorigenic effects of catecholamines on narcotized rats, ethylurethane and pentobarbital proved to be equally suitable as narcotics. Under urethane, narcotized rats showed no disorders of either glucose resorption or glucose utilization. With excessive oral supply, glucose becomes the preferential substrate in the energy metabolism of these animals. PMID- 3202851 TI - Different effects of 2-deoxy-sugars on memory formation. AB - When rats were trained on a brightness discrimination task, intrahippocampal injections of 2-deoxy-galactose interfered with long-term memory formation while galactose and 2-deoxy-glucose were ineffective altogether. No differences were found in the morphology of hippocampal CA1 neurons investigated light microscopically after application of the sugars. The amnestic action of 2-deoxy galactose is discussed in the light of a rather specific interference with fucosylation of proteoglycans involved in mechanisms underlying the formation of a memory trace. PMID- 3202852 TI - [Changes in the pharmacokinetics of gentamycin during nephrotoxic therapy]. AB - Nephrotoxicity secondary to aminoglycoside antibiotic therapy is a well-known complication in clinical medicine. We have analysed the influence of a 10-day gentamicin treatment with 3.40 mg/d on pharmacokinetic parameters and renal excretion of electrolyses and beta-NAG in 10 patients (9 female, 1 males) with UTJ. Using compartment-independent methods the following kinetic parameters at the first and 10th day of treatment were estimated: total body clearance from 100 to 80 ml/min (-20%), mean residence time from 2.7 to 3.5 h (+28%) and AUC from 6.7 to 9.4 mg/l.h (+41%). Similar results could be obtained using a linear two compartment model: k13 is changed from 0.74 to 0.54 h-1 (-27%). Vdss approximately 16 1, k12 and k21 are not significantly influenced. There was no significant difference between the first and 10th day for renal excretion electrolyses, urine volume and osmolality with the exception of beta-NAG, which increased from 7.2 to 11.7 U/l (p less than 0.05). From the results it can be concluded that even a ten day gentamicin treatment with normal doses and serum concentrations in the therapeutic range less than 5 mg/l induce nephrotoxic effects at the glomerular and tubular side of the nephron. For quantification of the nephrotoxic effects we propose a nonlinear two-compartment model with a new pharmacokinetic parameter for renal damage. This new model allows to predict and to compare the nephrotoxic effects for different aminoglycoside antibiotics and different modes of treatment. PMID- 3202853 TI - Use of alternative dose schedules for the determination of sublethal doses of potential antiviral drugs in mice. AB - In mice the ratio between maximally tolerated sublethal doses (MTD) after single and repeated administration of benzoxazolyl-2-formyl-S-ethyl-isothiosemicarbazone (ZIMET 111/74) was found to be different after s.c., p.o. or i.p. administration. Comparing the treatment schedules with relatively high or low initial doses, no differences of the total MTD were found. Using MTD after single drug administration (MTDs) as initial doses for repeated administration, the subsequent doses had to be reduced in a different manner for s.c. and p.o. administration to avoid lethality. As a result of these investigations a rule is proposed for compounds with similar mode of action and comparable pharmacokinetics to ZIMET 111/74 to calculate dose schedules for antiviral in vivo screening related to acute as well as to subacute toxicity data. PMID- 3202854 TI - Immunoblotting of monoclonal anti-cytoskeletal antibodies with cytoskeletal extracts of HeLa and MCF-7 cells. AB - Cytoskeletal extracts of HeLa and MCF-7 cells were separated by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electrotransferred to nitrocellulose paper and exposed to five of our monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against structures of the cytoplasm as demonstrated in indirect immunofluorescence. Three of them reacted with cytokeratins according to histological evidence. All mabs tested in this study were reactive in immunoblotting. The broad-range anti-cytokeratin antibody A45-B/B3 was shown to react with cytokeratin polypeptides 8 and 18 and possibly 7, but not with cytokeratin 17.A53-B/A2 bound only to cytokeratin 19.Mab A 51 B/H4 showed a reaction with cytokeratin 18. Two mabs not yet described in detail (A45-C/H1 and A45-C/H9) reacted with a single band of 25 kD and may detect a cytoskeleton-associated protein. PMID- 3202855 TI - [Interaction of liposomes with vascular endothelial cells]. AB - Confluent monolayers (3 days old) of cultured calf aortic endothelial cells (line BKEz-7) were incubated for 30, 60 or 120 min with liposomes (reverse-phase evaporation vesicles) in order to investigate by electron microscopy whether and how they interact. This study demonstrates such interactions on a large scale. Electron micrographs show different ways by which liposomes interact with vascular endothelial cells. The observed mechanisms are adsorption, fusion, endocytosis and a transcellular passage of intact liposomes. PMID- 3202856 TI - Degradation of aspartate aminotransferase in rat liver lysosomes. AB - Highly purified lysosomes from the normal and leupeptin-treated rat livers were subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies against cytosolic and mitochondrial isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (cAspAT and mAspAT). In the case of cAspAT (subunit M.W. = 46K), the leupeptin-treated lysosomes showed a major band of 46K and a minor band of 36K while normal lysosomes showed a major band of 36K and a minor band of 41K. In the case of mAspAT (subunit M.W. = 44K), the leupeptin-treated lysosomes showed a 44K band and the normal lysosomes showed a 40K band. These observations suggest that both cAspAT and mAspAT are sequestered into lysosomes with the original subunit molecular weights and are degraded in the lysosomes by way of sequential formation of relatively stable intermediates with distinct molecular weights. PMID- 3202857 TI - Molecular cloning and primary structure of human 15-lipoxygenase. AB - A full-length cDNA encoding 15-lipoxygenase has been isolated from a human reticulocyte cDNA library. The predicted primary structure of the enzyme exhibits a sequence similarity of 61% and 45% with human 5-lipoxygenase and the soybean lipoxygenase isoenzyme I, respectively. When all three lipoxygenases are aligned, there are two distinct regions of significant sequence identity including a cluster of five histidine residues conserved in all three lipoxygenases. Because histidines can serve as ligands for the enzymatically active iron, this region may be critical to enzymatic function. These results provide a basis for exploring functional domains of lipoxygenases. PMID- 3202858 TI - Properties of human kidney heme oxygenase: inhibition by synthetic heme analogues and metalloporphyrins. AB - Heme oxygenase activities in human kidney microsomes were found to be from 0.238 to 0.620 nmol of bilirubin/mg/hr (mean 0.375, SD 0.134), which represent approximately 30% of activities determined for human adult liver. There was interindividual variation in heme oxygenase activity of a 2-5-fold difference. Rabbits were immunized with purified human liver heme oxygenase and the resulting antibody preparation was used to examine the species specificity of the enzyme. Microsomal protein with a molecular weight of 32,000 from human kidney was identified on Western blots by its reaction with the anti-heme oxygenase liver antibody similar to the purified enzyme protein. Thus, a homology exists between human hepatic and kidney heme oxygenase. The enzyme activity was sensitive to inhibition by metalloporphyrins, such as tin-protoporphyrin IX and, to a lesser degree, by zinc and cobalt protoporphyrin IX. In a study of different synthetic heme analogues for in vitro inhibition of heme oxygenase, we found that replacement of iron by zinc in deuteroporphyrin IX 2,4 bis glycol dramatically potentiated the inhibition of heme oxygenase activity. This finding demonstrated that zinc deuteroporphyrin IX 2,4 bis glycol is a most potent inhibitor of heme oxygenase activity. PMID- 3202859 TI - Phospholipase A2 from human synovial fluid: purification and structural homology to the placental enzyme. AB - Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) has been purified to homogeneity from synovial fluid of arthritis patients. The 3-step purification procedure included: a) dialysis against 5mM NH4-acetate, pH 5.5, in which PLA2 precipitated with euglobulins, followed by extraction with 0.4 M NaCl/0.05 M NH4-acetate, pH 5, b) chromatography on CM-cellulose, c) preparative gel electrophoresis in the presence of 0.1% Na-dodecyl sulfate and electroelution of the band containing the enzyme. Automated sequence analysis has indicated that the protein is pure, with the following NH2-terminal sequence: Asn-Leu-Val-Asn-Phe-His-Arg-Met-Ile-Lys-Leu Thr-Thr-. A computer search revealed that all proteins with greater than 75% analogies in NH2-terminal sequences were PLA2's from various snake venoms. When PLA2 was purified from human placental membranes and analyzed, it was found to contain an identical sequence of 13 residues from the NH2-terminus. This and other characteristics suggest that the two human enzymes are closely related, if not identical. PMID- 3202860 TI - Location and methylation pattern of a nuclear matrix associated region in the human pro alpha 2(I) collagen gene. AB - Using both a 25 mM Lithium di-iodosalicylic acid (LIS) and a 2M NaCl extraction procedure to extract nuclear matrices from white cells we have identified a 0.9 kb nuclear matrix associated region (MAR) in the human pro alpha 2(I) collagen gene. The MAR is located towards the 3' coding end of the gene, it is completely associated with the matrix in transcriptionally inactive white cells but is incompletely associated with the matrix in transcriptionally active fibroblasts. Furthermore the methylation state of the fibroblast gene in the region coinciding with the MAR showed unique differences when compared to adjacent sites in the fibroblast gene and corresponding sites of the white cell gene. PMID- 3202861 TI - Heart protein kinase C activity increases during progression of disease in the cardiomyopathic hamster. AB - Protein kinase C activity in the particulate fraction of the heart increases two fold during mid-stage of disease in the cardiomyopathic hamster. No change in the corresponding enzyme activity occurs with aging in healthy control hamsters. In the solubilized particulate fraction of hearts from both myopathic and control animals, Ca++/phospholipid-dependent endogenous phosphorylation of proteins of Mr 26, 31, 45, 53, 69, 98, 105 and 126 kDa are observed. All of these proteins are more highly phosphorylated in the protein kinase C-enriched preparation from the myopathic heart compared to the control. No significant differences between myopathic and control hamsters are observed in the activities of protein kinase C or phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C from heart cytosol. PMID- 3202862 TI - Enhancement of 2- and 16 alpha-estradiol hydroxylation in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin. AB - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exhibits antiestrogenic activity and induces cytochromes P-450 in estrogen-dependent MCF-7 human breast-cancer cells. To determine whether induction of 2- or 16 alpha-hydroxylation of 17 beta-estradiol has a role in this antiestrogenic activity, MCF-7 cells which were exposed to this xenobiotic for 72 hrs were incubated with either [2-3H] or [16 alpha-3H] 17 beta-estradiol and the extent of tritiated H2O formation, indicative of site specific hydroxylation, was determined. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin treated MCF-7 cultures showed an 8-fold increase in 2-hydroxylation and a 2-fold increase in 16 alpha-hydroxylation. These results support the suggestion that increased hydroxylation of 17 beta-estradiol may have a role in the antiestrogenic activity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in MCF-7 cells. PMID- 3202863 TI - Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate inhibition of leukotriene D4-induced signal transduction was rapidly reversed by staurosporine. AB - Activation of leukotriene D4 receptors results in phospholipase C-mediated breakdown of phosphatidylinositol and increases in intracellular Ca2+ in U-937 cells. Treatment (10 min) with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate blocked leukotriene D4-induced phosphatidylinositol metabolism and Ca2+ mobilization (IC50 = 0.2 nM). Treatment with 10 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate produced blockade which was complete within 1 min and no recovery was observed over 7 days. Addition of the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine (100 nM) to U-937 cells pretreated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for 5 min or 24 hr resulted in a rapid reappearance of leukotriene D4-induced Ca2+ mobilization. Half of the response recovered within 2 min, with complete recovery in 20 min. Staurosporine produced a concentration-related recovery of signal transduction, with an EC50 of 30 nM. These data describe cells which have a novel response to phorbol 12 myristate 13-acetate in that the inhibition of leukotriene D4 signal transduction is persistent and yet rapidly reversed by staurosporine. PMID- 3202864 TI - Lovastatin is hypertriglyceridemic in Syrian golden hamsters. AB - The effects of a potent HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, lovastatin, was studied in male Syrian Golden hamsters. Lovastatin (0.1% in food for 6 days) increased hamster serum triglycerides by 12-fold with 2.4-fold increase in serum cholesterol. On continuous treatment serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels gradually decreased to below control values by 12-18 days. When hamsters were fed a mixture of lovastatin and Na-mevalonate no increase in serum triglyceride was observed. [14C]Cholesterol synthesis was increased by 266-fold in livers of hamsters fed lovastatin for 6 days. The increased synthesis of endogenous mevalonate metabolites may be a reason for the decrease in triglyceride levels after 6 days in our studies. The present study suggests that a mevalonate metabolite(s) is necessary for normal triglyceride metabolism in hamsters. PMID- 3202865 TI - DNA-stimulated protein phosphorylation in HeLa whole cell and nuclear extracts. AB - Incorporation of 32P from gamma-labeled ATP into a number of polypeptides in HeLa whole cell and nuclear extracts was dependent on added double-stranded DNA or poly(dI-dC), but not denatured or supercoiled DNA. DNA-dependent phosphorylation of a high Mr endogenous substrate could be reconstituted from the precipitate formed after incubation of whole cell extracts with DNA. Fractionation of extracts by phosphocellulose or DEAE-Sephacel chromatography yielded preparations that phosphorylated casein as well as endogenous polypeptides in a DNA-dependent manner. These results are consistent with the existence of a novel protein kinase in HeLa cells that is highly dependent upon the presence of double-stranded DNA for efficient phosphorylation of a variety of substrates. PMID- 3202866 TI - Preparation and structural characterization of nucleosomal core particles lacking one H2A.H2B dimer. AB - Nucleosomal core particles lacking one H2A.H2B dimer, (H2A.H2B)1 (H3.H4)2/DNA (146 bp), have been prepared by treatment of nucleosomal cores with dimethylmaleic anhydride, a reversible reagent for protein amino groups. The preparative procedure is simple, produces quantitative conversion of nucleosomal cores into dimer-deficient cores without formation of other subnucleosomal particles, and can be applied to the preparation of different H2A.H2B-deficient mono and oligonucleosomal particles. The structural properties of the dimer deficient cores and complete nucleosomal cores reconstituted from the deficient particles and H2A.H2B dimers have been studied by DNase I digestion, thermal denaturation and circular dichroism. PMID- 3202867 TI - Messenger RNA expressed in mouse teratocarcinoma stem cells and down-regulated by a tumor-promoting phorbol ester codes for a novel transmembrane protein. AB - Cloning and sequence analysis of a DNA complementary to the mRNA expressed in undifferentiated mouse F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells but disappearing rapidly after treatment with a tumor-promoting phorbol ester revealed it to be a 1.9 kilobase pairs-long cDNA encoding a protein of 323 amino acid residues. Computer assisted analyses of the deduced amino acid sequence indicated that this protein contains a typical hydrophobic signal peptide consisting of 33 amino acid residues and six putative membrane-spanning segments. The deduced amino acid sequence, as a whole, bears no significant sequence homology to any previously described protein. PMID- 3202868 TI - Gene for parathyroid hormone-like peptide is on rat chromosome 2. AB - Parathyroid hormone-like peptide (PLP) is thought to be a mediator of hypercalcemia in both human and rodent malignancies. A rat PLP cDNA was used as a hybridization probe in Southern blot analysis of DNAs isolated from a panel of rat-mouse somatic cell hybrids. The single-copy gene for PLP was assigned to rat chromosome 2, whereas the rat parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene has previously been assigned to rat chromosome 1. Consequently, despite significant amino-terminal homology between PLP and PTH the genes encoding these peptides in the rat as well as human species have discrete chromosomal localizations. PMID- 3202869 TI - Augmentation of DNA synthesis in guinea pig bone marrow cells by platelet activating factor (PAF). AB - When guinea pig bone marrow cells were incubated in the presence of 10(-7) to 10( 5) M platelet-activating factor (PAF) for 24 to 72 hours, [3H]thymidine incorporation of cells was time-dependently augmented. The enantiomer of PAF and lysoPAF, a major metabolite of PAF, did not show significant enhancement. A non metabolizable potent PAF agonist, 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)-sn glycero-3-phospholine, enhanced the [3H]thymidine incorporation at 10(-10) to 10( 8) M. This augmentation of DNA synthesis in bone marrow cells was abolished by specific PAF antagonists, CV-6209 or FR-900452. When the conditioned medium of PAF-stimulated bone marrow cells was added to another culture of bone marrow cells, the augmentation of DNA synthesis was also observed. These results suggest that PAF may affect the proliferation of one or some classes of guinea pig bone marrow cells through release of soluble factor(s). PMID- 3202870 TI - A computergraphic determination of the chemotactic peptide preferred conformation. AB - Replacement of leucine in the chemotactic peptide For-Met-Leu-Phe by the sterically constrained amino acids alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid affords compounds of equal or greater activity than the parent. NMR studies indicate that the parent compound is present as a beta-sheet in solution, whereas the analogues prefer a beta-turn. Application of molecular modelling would indicate that the beta-turn conformer is energetically preferable and thus suggests that it is the orientation adopted by the peptides. PMID- 3202871 TI - Age-related changes of heat shock protein gene transcription in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. AB - In this study, we show the age-related retardation of heat shock 70 kD protein (hsp 70) gene transcription in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The amount of maximum transcription of the hsp 70 gene is decreased in PBMC from aged subjects, compared with PBMC from young control subjects. It might mean that the ability for homeostasis against heat shock stress decreases in PBMC from aged subjects. Our observation might be at least correlative and consistent with the age-related change of a possible essential function in PBMC. PMID- 3202873 TI - Fe2+ oxidation of alpha-crystallin produces a 43,000 Da aggregate composed of A and B chains cross-linked by non-reducible covalent bonds. AB - The structure of a 43,000 Da aggregate generated from bovine lens alpha crystallin polypeptides of 20,000 Da using Fe2+ catalyzed oxidation, was studied by sequence analysis of a 30,000 Da proteolytic fragment. Three polypeptide components were simultaneously sequenced in the electroblotted 30,000 Da fragment, corresponding to Phe114-Ser130... of the alpha A chain, and His 111 Ser135... and Ser 35-Leu49... of the alpha B chain. The relative proportions of the components suggests that the three polypeptides are present in equimolar amounts. It is concluded that the 30,000 Da fragment and, therefore, the 43,000 Da aggregate is constructed of both the A and B polypeptide chains covalently cross-linked with non-reducible bonds. At least one of these cross-links is present towards the carboxy-terminus of the A and B chains after Phe114 and His111, respectively. PMID- 3202872 TI - Protection from heat-induced protein migration and DNA repair inhibition by cycloheximide. AB - The mechanism by which Cycloheximide (CHM) protects cells from heat induced killing has been investigated. Cycloheximide (10 micrograms/ml) added for 2 hr before and during a 3 hour heating at 43 degrees C prevented a 40% increase of heat-induced protein accumulation in the nucleus and protected cells (0.0001 vs. 0.15 surviving fraction) from heat-induced killing. Heat-induced DNA repair inhibition was also suppressed when cells were treated with CHM in the above manner. This combination of results suggests that protein accumulation in the nucleus and inhibition of DNA repair are related and these events are associated with CHM protection from heat induced cell killing. PMID- 3202874 TI - Expression of H-2K and H-2D genes by PYS-2 teratocarcinoma cells. AB - The parietal yolk-sac carcinoma cell line PYS-2, which has been described to synthesize a trace amount of H-2 antigens, was shown to express low levels of Kb- and/or Db-specific antigens by flow cytometric analysis. Further studies of H-2 cDNA clones from PYS-2 cDNA library revealed 8 out of 10 clones were identified as classical H-2Kb and 2 were H-2Db, which confirmed the result from the immunofluorescent analysis. However, we have not isolated Qa, Tla or other embryonic class I cDNAs from our PYS-2 library. PMID- 3202875 TI - Isolation and primary structure of human peptide YY. AB - The isolation, primary structure and chemical synthesis of human peptide YY (PYY) are described. The peptide was purified from human colonic extracts using a chemical method which detected the C-terminal tyrosine amide structure of PYY. Human PYY consists of 36 amino acid residues and the complete amino acid sequence is: Tyr-Pro-Ile-Lys-Pro-Glu-Ala-Pro-Gly-Glu- Asp-Ala-Ser-Pro-Glu-Glu-Leu-Asn-Arg Tyr-Tyr-Ala-Ser-Leu-Arg-His-Tyr-Leu- Asn-Leu-Val-Thr-Arg-Gln-Arg-Tyr-NH2. The differences between the structures of porcine and human PYY are at positions 3 (Ala/Ile replacement) and 18 (Ser/Asn). Synthetic human PYY prepared using a solid-phase synthetic technique was found to be structurally identical to the natural peptide. PMID- 3202876 TI - Thapsigargin, a novel promoter, phosphorylates the epidermal growth factor receptor at threonine 669. AB - Thapsigargin, a protein kinase C-independent tumor promoter, can negatively regulate the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor through inhibition of high affinity EGF binding and EGF-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity. In contrast to activators of protein kinase C, thapsigargin does not induce significant phosphorylation of threonine 654. However, thapsigargin does stimulate phosphorylation of the EGF receptor at other serine and threonine residues. We now identify threonine 669 as the major site of phosphorylation on the EGF receptor resulting from thapsigargin treatment. These results raise the possibility that phosphorylation of threonine 669 may mediate changes in the binding and kinase state of the EGF receptor. PMID- 3202877 TI - Autocrine differentiation-inhibiting factor (ADIF) from chicken erythroleukemia cells acts on human and mouse early BFU-E erythroid progenitors. AB - tsAEV-LSCC HD3 chicken erythroid cells transformed by the avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) secrete an autocrine differentiation-inhibiting factor, ADIF, which blocks differentiation without affecting proliferation of the chicken erythroid cells that synthesize and secrete it into the culture medium. The chicken erythroleukemia cell ADIF activity is not restricted to avians. It prevents dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) from stimulating murine Friend erythroleukemia cells to synthesize hemoglobin. ADIF also blocks erythroid differentiation in normal human and murine bone marrow where it selectively targets the early BFU-E (burst forming) erythroid precursor cells without affecting the more advanced CFU-E erythroid precursor cells or cells of the different granulocyte-macrophage lineage. PMID- 3202878 TI - The gene for rat uncoupling protein: complete sequence, structure of primary transcript and evolutionary relationship between exons. AB - The complete nucleotide sequence of rat Uncoupling Protein gene has been determined. 4.5 Kb of the 5'-flanking region have also been sequenced. The site of transcription start as well as 3'-end extremities were identified. Transcription unit spans 8.4 Kb and contains 6 exons and 5 introns. Uncoupling protein as well as related mitochondrial carriers such as ADP/ATP carrier and phosphate carrier has a triplicated structure and each repeat of Uncoupling Protein corresponds to 2 exons. Two gene duplications could explain the triplicated structure of UCP and the more recent event of duplication concerned exons III and V. Evidence for homology between Uncoupling Protein and Neurospora crassa ADP/ATP carrier at the gene level was also noticed. PMID- 3202879 TI - Characterization of activin A binding sites on the human leukemia cell line K562. AB - Recombinant activin A was radioiodinated to a high specific activity with maintenance of bioactivity using the Bolton-Hunter method. The human leukemia cell line K562, known to differentiate in response to activin A, was found to possess high affinity [125I]BH-activin A receptors (Kd approximately 0.13 nM) with a low number of receptors per cell (approximately 600 per cell). This receptor was found to be specific as FSH, LH, GnRH, and TGF-beta 1 do not compete for binding. This is the first description of binding sites for this protein hormone on K562 cells. PMID- 3202880 TI - The comparison of lysosomal enzymes activities in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages of rat. AB - Studies were carried out on macrophages isolated from control and thioglycollate injected rats. Intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate had no effect on the number of harvested alveolar macrophages but caused a marked increase in the number of peritoneal macrophages. The specific activities of all the investigated enzymes were significantly lower in peritoneal macrophages from control rats in comparison to alveolar macrophages. Thioglycollate stimulation of peritoneal macrophages caused increase in activities of all lysosomal hydrolases studied. Cathepsin B, N-acetylglucosaminidase and esterase showed the highest level of stimulation. PMID- 3202881 TI - Correlation between changes in membrane lipid composition induced by dietary lipid and membrane-bound enzyme activity in chick liver. AB - The activity of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase in the liver-microsomal fraction was considerably reduced in chicks fed on diet containing unsaturated fat, whereas the activity of HMG-CoA reductase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase was not affected. The fatty acid composition of the microsomes was modified appreciably by this dietary condition and there was no change in the phospholipid or cholesterol levels. The addition of cholesterol to the fat supplemented diet resulted in a considerable increase in the microsomal cholesterol content. A decrease in HMG-CoA reductase and an increase ACAT activity was observed compared with the corresponding values from both the groups fed on a standard diet and a fat supplemented diet with no cholesterol. These results suggest that acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase is modulated by alteration in the fatty acid composition of the microsomal membrane, while the cholesterol content of the microsomes shows a close relationship with the HMG-CoA reductase activity. PMID- 3202882 TI - Bass liver 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase: inhibition by nucleoside phosphates and by fructose 1,6 bisphosphate. AB - Nucleoside 5'-triphosphates, 5'-diphosphates and 5'-monophosphates are inhibitors of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase enzyme from bass liver. The 2'- and 3' monophosphates of adenosine and guanosine are also inhibitory, the 2'-isomers being especially potent inhibitors. The catalytic activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase has been found to be markedly inhibited by fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate. As the Km for 6-phosphogluconate, the Ki for fructose 1,6 bisphosphate and the concentration of both compounds in bass liver are all comparable, it appears that the inhibition of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase by fructose 1,6 bisphosphate may be of significance in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in bass liver. PMID- 3202883 TI - NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase from bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) liver. AB - The isocitrate dehydrogenase from bass liver was purified to homogeneity by gel filtration, affinity and ion exchange chromatographies. The molecular weight was estimated by gel filtration chromatography to about 120,000. Analysis of the enzyme on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed it to be a dimeric protein. The enzyme showed maximum activity in the pH range between 7.0 and 8.0 while its maximum activity was at pH 7.5. DL-Isocitrate and Mn2+ stabilized the enzyme, while NADP had the opposite effect. The Km for isocitrate was 0.31 mM and the Km for NADP was 36 microM. PMID- 3202884 TI - Association between tumour status and serum lipoprotein cholesterol in hemopoietic malignancy. AB - Total and lipoprotein cholesterol in serum have been determined in patients with leukemia and lymphoma. Untreated patients were hypocholesterolemic with reduced lipoprotein cholesterol content. On successful chemotherapy most of the patients showed near normal total cholesterol levels with a subsequent increase in LDL cholesterol content. A rapid, sensitive and inexpensive method is reported using agarose electrophoresis and quantitation of cholesterol by Liebermann-Burchard reaction. PMID- 3202885 TI - Pulmonary and hepatic glutathione levels, glutathione shuttle enzymes and lipid peroxidation in rats exposed intratracheally to coal fly ash. AB - Fly ash and fly ash residue increased the formation of conjugated dienes and the levels of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and reduced the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in lung and liver whereas fly ash extract administration had no effect on the formation of conjugated dienes and glutathione levels in lung and liver. Fly ash and fly ash residue reduced the activity of glutathione reductase both in lung and liver but did not alter the activity of glutathione peroxidase. Fly ash and fly ash extract significantly increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in lung whereas in liver, fly ash and fly ash residue reduced the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Fly ash residue did not alter the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in lung whereas fly ash extract was not effective in liver. PMID- 3202886 TI - Chromosomal assignment of human VIP/PHM-27 gene to 6q26----q27 region by spot blot hybridization and in situ hybridization. AB - We determined the chromosomal location of the human VIP/PHM-27 gene in two different ways. First, we performed chromosome sorting with a cell sorter. Sufficient numbers of chromosomes for sorting were obtained by cultivating peripheral blood lymphocytes with interleukin-2. Spot blot hybridization of a molecularly cloned fragment of the gene to the sorted chromosomes revealed that this gene is located on chromosome 6. To define the location more precisely, in situ hybridization of the same fragment to the metaphase spreads was then performed, and human VIP/PHM-27 gene was assigned to a region near the terminus of the long arm of chromosome 6 (q26----q27). PMID- 3202887 TI - Presence of AMP binding sequence in subunit B of Corynebacterium sarcosine oxidase. AB - Corynebacterium sarcosine oxidase is composed of A, B, C, and D subunits. To characterize these subunits, we analyzed their N-terminal sequences by automated Edman degradation. We identified 20 residues of subunit A, 58 of B, 31 of C, and 33 of D. There was no homology among these sequences according to secondary structure predictions and hydrophilicity profiles. But we found that subunit B contained a sequence homologous to that of the AMP-binding site of other flavoproteins. PMID- 3202889 TI - Lipid peroxidation as a possible cause of ochratoxin A toxicity. AB - Addition of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OA), a nephrotoxic carcinogen, to rat liver microsomes greatly enhanced the rate of NADPH or ascorbate-dependent lipid peroxidation as measured by malondialdehyde formation. NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation in kidney microsomes was similarly enhanced by OA. The process required the presence of trace amounts of iron but cytochrome P-450 and free active oxygen species appeared not to be involved. The efficiency of several ochratoxins (ochratoxins A, B, C, alpha and O-methyl-ochratoxin C) to enhance lipid peroxidation was related to the presence and reactivity of the phenolic hydroxyl group. Furthermore, the ability of these ochratoxins to enhance lipid peroxidation in microsomes correlated precisely with their known toxicities in chicks. Administration of ochratoxin A to rats also resulted in enhanced lipid peroxidation in vivo as evidenced by a seven-fold increase in the rate of ethane exhalation. These results suggest that lipid peroxidation may play a role in the observed toxicity of ochratoxin A in animals; a mechanism is proposed. (Formula: see text). Ochratoxin A: X = Cl; R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = H Ochratoxin B: X = H; R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = H Ochratoxin C: X = Cl; R1 = R2 = R3 = H; = R4 = CH3 O-Methyl ochratoxin C: X = Cl; R2 = R3 = H; R1 = R4 = CH3 (4R)-4-hydroxyochratoxin A: X = Cl; R1 = R3 = R4 = H; R2 = OH (4S)-4-hydroxyochratoxin A: X = Cl; R1 = R2 = R4 = H; R3 = OH Fig. 1. Chemical structures of the various ochratoxins. PMID- 3202888 TI - Intracellular doxorubicin concentrations and drug-induced DNA damage in a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line and in a drug-resistant subline. AB - The mechanisms of resistance to doxorubicin (DX) were investigated using a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (LoVo) and a subline approximately 30 times less sensitive to doxorubicin. LoVo and LoVo/DX were similar in terms of DNA and protein content, cell volume, duration of S phase and the generation time, and proportion of cycling cells. LoVo/DX showed cross-resistance to other anthracyclines, to vinca alkaloids, epipodophyllotoxin derivatives, 4'-(9 acridinylamino-methanesulfon-m-aniside) and actinomycin D. LoVo/DX was equally sensitive to melphalan and showed collateral sensitivity to cis-platinum and 1 beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. On exposing LoVo and LoVo/DX to 1.25 and 40 micrograms/ml DX respectively, for 4 hr, similar DX intracellular concentrations were reached in the two cell lines. In these treatment conditions protein associated DNA-single strand breaks or DNA-double strand breaks, assessed by alkaline elution methods were only slightly less in LoVo/DX than in LoVo cells. In LoVo/DX cells, however, DNA breaks disappeared very quickly after drug removal whereas they persisted longer in LoVo cells. This persistance is probably related to the much slower DX efflux from LoVo than LoVo/DX. When verapamil was combined with DX it inhibited the rapid DX efflux from LoVo/DX and reversed the resistance in this cell line, but it had no significant activity on LoVo cells. Verapamil also increased DX-induced DNA-single strand breaks and DNA-double strand breaks in LoVo/DX cells, but not in LoVo cells. PMID- 3202890 TI - Nephrotoxicity of mercapturic acids of three structurally related 2,2 difluoroethylenes in the rat. Indications for different bioactivation mechanisms. AB - The biotransformation and the hepato- and nephrotoxicity of the mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-1-cysteine S-conjugates) of three structurally related 2,2 difluoroethylenes were investigated in vivo in the rat. All mercapturic acids appeared to cause nephrotoxicity, without any measureable effect on the liver. The mercapturic acid of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE-NAC) appeared to be the most potent nephrotoxin, causing toxicity upon an i.p. dose of 50 mumol/kg. The mercapturic acids of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene (DCDFE-NAC) and 1,1 dibromo-2,2-difluoroethylene (DBDFE-NAC) were nephrotoxic at slightly higher doses, i.e. at 75 and 100 mumol/kg, respectively. In the urine of TFE-NAC-treated rats significant amounts of difluoroacetic acid (DFAA) could be detected. With increasing doses, the relative amount of DFAA in urine increased progressively (5 18% of dose). In urine of rats treated with DCDFE-NAC and DBDFE-NAC, however, the corresponding dihaloacetic acids, dichloroacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid, could not be detected. Formation of DFAA and pyruvate could also be observed during in vitro metabolism of the cysteine conjugate of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE CYS) by rat renal cytosol. Inhibition by aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) pointed to a beta-lyase dependency for the DFAA-formation. Next to DFAA and pyruvate, also formation of hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate could be detected. These results suggest that TFE-CYS is bioactivated to a significant extent to difluorothionacyl fluoride, which most likely is subsequently hydrolysed to difluorothio(no)acetic acid and difluoroacetic acid. According to formation of pyruvate, the cysteine conjugates derived from DCDFE-NAC and DBDFE-NAC also were efficiently metabolized by rat renal beta-lyase. However, the formation of corresponding dihaloacetic acids, dichloroacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid, could not be detected in vitro at all. Only very small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate were detected. These results suggest that bioactivation of the latter two conjugates to a dichloro- or dibromothionoacyl fluoride represents only a minor route. Because of better leaving group abilities of chloride and bromide compared to fluoride, rearrangement of the initially formed ethanethiol to a thiirane might be favoured. Based on the present in vivo and in vitro data, it is concluded that the nephrotoxicity of the structurally related mercapturic acids of 2,2 difluoroethylenes is dependent on halogen substitution and presumably the result of at least two different mechanisms of bioactivation. PMID- 3202891 TI - Hydroxylation of aniline mediated by heme-bound oxy-radicals in a heme peptide model system. PMID- 3202893 TI - Studies on calcium transport during carbon tetrachloride mediated hepatotoxicity in mice. PMID- 3202892 TI - Attenuation by N-ethylmaleimide treatment of the cholinergically induced shortening of action potential duration in guinea pig right atrium. PMID- 3202894 TI - Differential expression of glutathione transferases by native and cultured human lymphocytes. PMID- 3202895 TI - Failure of oral gossypol to inhibit hepatic microsomal and cytosolic drug metabolising enzymes. PMID- 3202896 TI - The effect of hyperthermia on conversion of rat hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase. PMID- 3202897 TI - Non-metabolic covalent binding of nicotine-delta 1'(5')-iminium ion to liver microsomes and sulfhydryl-containing polyamino acids. PMID- 3202898 TI - Susceptibility of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient red cells to primaquine enantiomers and two putative metabolites--I. Effect on reduced glutathione, methemoglobin content and release of hemoglobin. AB - The effects of the primaquine (PQ) enantiomers, (+)PQ and (-)PQ, and two putative metabolites [5-hydroxyprimaquine (5HPQ) and 6-desmethyl-5-hydroxyprimaquine (6D5HPQ)] on methemoglobin (Met Hb) and glutathione content and release of hemoglobin into plasma from glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficient red cells were studied in vitro. The results show that a 1.5 mM concentration of (-)PQ produced a significantly greater increase in Met Hb content and decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) level than did (+)PQ. However, the release of plasma hemoglobin was greater with (+)PQ than with (-)PQ. The hydroxy derivatives of primaquine, 5HPQ and 6D5HPQ, were significantly more active than PQ. Their individual effects differed; whereas 5HPQ produced significantly greater reduction in GSH compared to 6D5HPQ, the effect of 6D5HPQ on Met Hb content and release of plasma hemoglobin was greater than that of 5HPQ. The qualitative effects of these compounds on normal, heterozygous and hemizygous G-6-PD deficient red cells were similar, but quantitatively the effects were greatest on hemizygous G-6-PD deficient cells and intermediate on heterozygous cells. PMID- 3202899 TI - Stereoselective protein binding of verapamil enantiomers. AB - The binding of the (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of verapamil (V) to purified albumin (40 g/L), alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (0.55 g/L) and fresh serum has been studied over a wide range of verapamil concentrations (0.055 to 22 microM). The free fraction of the pharmacologically more potent (-)-V was always greater than that of (+)-V. Similar free fractions were observed in solutions of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein ((+)-V 0.079 +/- 0.016; (-)-V 0.142 +/- 0.020) and fresh serum ((+) V 0.096 +/- 0.009; (-)-V 0.136 +/- 0.006), however the free fraction was higher in a solution of albumin ((+)-V 0.400 +/- 0.030; (-)-V 0.572 +/- 0.029). Saturation of verapamil binding sites was observed for alpha 1-acid glycoprotein only. Enantioselective verapamil serum binding was also noted in samples collected from five healthy volunteers following oral and intravenous verapamil administration. The free fraction of the individual isomers in vitro when added to predose serum as the pseudoracemic drug ((+)-V 0.06 +/- 0.01, (-)-V 0.12 +/- 0.02) was similar to that observed for the enantiomers when studied separately in vitro, indicating that the binding of each enantiomer is independent of the other optical isomer. The free fraction ex vivo after intravenous therapy ((+)-V 0.06 +/- 0.01, (-)-V 0.12 +/- 0.02) was similar to that observed in vitro in that subjects pre-dose serum. The free fraction of both enantiomers, however, was higher after oral drug therapy ((+)-V 0.13 +/- 0.02, (-)-V 0.23 +/- 0.03). The lower binding noted may be a result of competition for serum binding sites by verapamil metabolites, which attain higher concentrations following oral dosing. PMID- 3202900 TI - Kinetics of sulphate conjugation in extracts of human foetal liver cells in culture. AB - Sulphate conjugation was investigated using extracts of human foetal liver cells in culture. The three reactions which are involved in sulphate conjugation were measured singly or in combination: they are (i) the PAPS generation catalyzed by ATP-sulphurylase and adenosine 5'-phosphosulphate (APS)-kinase, (ii) the phenolsulphotransferase (PST) reaction, and (iii) the overall sulphate conjugation which comprises the above three reactions. All were radiometric assays employing PAP35S or sodium 35sulphate. N-acetyldopamine (NADA) was the substrate of choice although the reactions were also demonstrated with dopamine and 1-naphthol. Kinetic studies with NADA showed two pH optima of 6.7 and 8.6 for the overall sulphate conjugation and the PST reaction while the PAPS generation occurred maximally at pH 8.0. The apparent Km value for NADA measured by both the PST and the overall sulphate conjugation reactions was the same, being 38 microM, while that for inorganic sulphate, of 107 microM and 240 microM (measured by the overall sulphate conjugation reactions and by PAPS generation, respectively) was two orders of magnitude higher than that of PAPS, which was 2.57 microM. It was possible to maintain a relatively constant level of the three activities of sulphate conjugation in confluent, quiescent cultures. The importance of sulphate conjugation for detoxification in foetal cells is discussed. PMID- 3202901 TI - A comparative study of 1-substituted imidazole and 1,2,4-triazole antifungal compounds as inhibitors of testosterone hydroxylations catalysed by mouse hepatic microsomal cytochromes P-450. AB - Three imidazole antifungal agents, ketoconazole, miconazole and tioconazole, and a group of structurally related 1-substituted imidazole and 1,2,4-triazole compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of the oxidative metabolism of testosterone catalysed by mouse hepatic microsomal cytochromes P-450. Spectroscopic studies showed that both imidazoles and triazoles interacted with ferric cytochrome P-450 in hepatic microsomes to produce type II difference spectra which could be distinguished by their different absorbance maxima; 429 430 nm and 425-426 nm respectively. Compound 4, which possesses both types of functional group, produced a spectrum which resembled that of imidazole compounds, indicating that the imidazole moiety had a higher affinity than the triazole for the haem of cytochromes P-450 present in microsomes. The test compounds differentially inhibited regio- and stereo-specific testosterone metabolism and the pattern of inhibition varied with the 1-substituent on the azole ring. Ketoconazole was a potent inhibitor of testosterone 6 beta hydroxylation (IC50 0.08 microM) but was considerably less active against other hydroxylations and 17 beta-oxidation to androstenedione (IC50 range 13 to greater than 100 microM). In contrast, tioconazole (IC50 range 0.18 to 3.3 microM) and miconazole (IC50 range 0.15 to 10 microM) were relatively non-selective. Compounds 1 and 2, which differed from each other only in the type of azole ring, were most active against 16 beta-hydroxylation. The triazole analogue (compound 2) was a significantly more potent inhibitor of 16 beta-hydroxylation than the imidazole (compound 1), equipotent against androstenedione formation and less active against the other hydroxylations. Two relatively polar bis-azole analogues (compounds 3 and 4) were most active against androstenedione formation; however, in general they were less inhibitory than the lipophilic azoles. We conclude that azole antifungal agents of differing structure show different patterns of selective interaction with cytochromes P-450, a phenomenon primarily dependent on the 1-substituent on the azole ring, but also modulated to a lesser extent by the type of azole ring (imidazole or triazole). PMID- 3202902 TI - A new cytotoxic, DNA interstrand crosslinking agent, 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-4 hydroxylamino-2-nitrobenzamide, is formed from 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4 dinitrobenzamide (CB 1954) by a nitroreductase enzyme in Walker carcinoma cells. AB - Walker tumour cells in vivo or in vitro are exceptionally sensitive to the monofunctional alkylating agent 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (CB 1954) (Cobb LM et al., Biochem Pharmacol 18: 1519-1527, 1969). CB 1954 forms DNA interstrand crosslinks in a time-dependent manner in Walker tumour cells but not in non-toxically affected Chinese hamster V79 cells [(Roberts JJ et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun 140: 1073-1078, 1986)]. However, co-culturing Chinese hamster V79 cells with Walker cells in the presence of CB 1954 renders the hamster cells sensitive to CB 1954 and leads to the formation of interstrand crosslinks in their DNA, findings indicative of the formation by Walker cells of a diffusible toxic metabolite of CB 1954. A flavoprotein, of molecular weight 33.5 kDa as estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, has been isolated from Walker cells and identified as a form of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone) (DT diaphorase, EC 1.6.99.2). This enzyme, in the presence of NADH or NADPH, catalyses the aerobic reduction of CB 1954 to 5-(aziridin-1-yl)-4-hydroxylamino-2 nitrobenzamide. This new compound can form interstrand crosslinks in the DNA of Chinese hamster V79 cells to which it is also highly toxic. PMID- 3202903 TI - On the mechanism of muscarinic hydrolysis of choline phospholipids in the heart. AB - In the heart, choline phospholipids were by far the largest fraction (about 50%) of phospholipids, much larger than that of inositol phospholipids (less than 6%) and phosphatidic acid (0.3%). The choline phospholipids (11 mumol/g) maintained a constant efflux of choline of about 1.5 nmol g-1 min-1 into the perfusate. Carbachol (10 microM) rapidly enhanced the choline efflux by a muscarinic mechanism, that was independent of mepacrine, an inhibitor of phospholipase A2, as well as of extracellular Ca2+; the maximum acceleration was reached within 2 min. In contrast, the accumulation of inositol phosphates by carbachol was blocked in the presence of a Ca2+-free perfusion medium. Similar to the carbachol evoked choline efflux, the increase in tissue content of phosphatidic acid by carbachol was unaffected by infusion of a Ca2+-free, EGTA-containing solution. Sodium oleate (20 microM), an activator of phospholipase D, imitated the effects of carbachol on choline and phosphatidic acid, whereas NaF (5 mM), which has been reported to inhibit phospholipase D, blocked carbachol-evoked efflux of choline. In conclusion, muscarinic receptor stimulation enhanced the hydrolysis of choline phospholipids presumably via activation of phospholipase D. The immediate formation of choline, phosphatidic acid and presumably diacylglycerol is discussed including its possible physiological importance. PMID- 3202904 TI - Actions of the brain-penetrating H2-antagonist zolantidine on histamine dynamics and metabolism in rat brain. AB - The effects of zolantidine, the first brain-penetrating H2-receptor antagonist, on the brain levels of histamine (HA) and the HA metabolite tele-methylhistamine (t-MH), the activity of histamine methyltransferase (HMT) and the brain HA turnover rates were investigated in rats. Zolantidine dimaleate (0.1 to 100 mg/kg, s.c.) had no effect on whole brain levels of HA or t-MH and no effect on brain HMT activity, when measured 30 min after administration. Furthermore, brain t-MH levels in pargyline-treated animals were unaffected by zolantidine (0.1 to 25 mg/kg), indicating the absence of an effect on brain HA turnover. In vitro, zolantidine was a potent competitive inhibitor of both brain and kidney HMT, with Ki values of 2.3 and 2.7 microM respectively. These results show that, despite the ability of zolantidine to inhibit HMT in vitro, large doses of this drug did not alter brain HA methylation or turnover in vivo, and they imply that blockade of post-synaptic H2-receptors does not change brain HA dynamics. PMID- 3202905 TI - Formation of similar species to carbon monoxide during hepatic microsomal metabolism of cannabidiol on the basis of spectral interaction with cytochrome P 450. AB - Cannabidiol induced a carbon monoxide-like complex with mouse hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 during NADPH-dependent metabolism in vitro on a spectral basis. The reduction by dithionite was required for the maximal development of a spectrum. The complex showed a peak at 450 nm which shifted to 419 or 423 nm, respectively, by further addition of hemoglobin or myoglobin. Cannabidiol-induced complex formation required molecular oxygen, and was decreased by the addition of inhibitors of cytochrome P-450-dependent monoxygenase. Pretreatment of mice with phenobarbital (80 or 100 mg/kg, i.p. for 3 days) but not 3-methylcholanthrene (80 mg/kg, i.p.) increased the complex formation. In contrast, pretreatment with cobaltous chloride (40 mg/kg, i.p. for 3 days) decreased the complex formation. 8,9-Dihydro- and 1,2,8,9-tetrahydrocannabidiols also induced the same spectrum as that of above complex, whereas cannabidiol monomethyl- and dimethylethers reduced this ability. In addition, both cannabidivarin and cannabigerol induced the complex formation, although delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabielsoin did not. Olivetol but not d-limonene induced the spectrum of the complex to some extent. These results indicate that cannabidiol induces a carbon monoxide-like complex with cytochrome P-450 during hepatic microsomal metabolism, and suggest that phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450s mediate at least one of the metabolic steps of CBD to form the complex, as well as the importance of the resorcinol moiety of CBD for the complex formation. PMID- 3202906 TI - Moderate anticoagulation by salicylate prevents thrombosis without bleeding complications. An experimental study in rats. AB - It has previously been shown that salicylate (S) acts as a vitamin K (vit K) antagonist inducing a decrease in plasma levels of vit K-dependent clotting factors and inhibiting the vit K-dependent carboxylation reaction in the liver. In this study we evaluated whether this biochemical effect had a possible functional role. Indeed, we tested in rats the antithrombotic potency of S (175 mg/kg/i.p. twice a day for 3 days) on experimentally induced venous thrombosis. Its possible haemorrhagic effect was evaluated by measuring the bleeding time. Low-dose warfarin (W) (0.2, 0.1, 0.1 mg/kg/i.v. for 3 days) was utilized as control drug. To check for a possible potentiation between S and W, we tested the effects of their combination (S + W). Thrombotest was used to monitor the anticoagulant effect of each treatment. The incidence of thrombus formation, after venous stasis, was not significantly affected by any of the treatments used, but a significant reduction in thrombus weight was observed after either S or W treatment. Both drugs partially prolonged the Thrombotest without affecting either the bleeding time or the peri-operative mortality (mainly due to internal bleeding). When the combination S + W was used, no significant benefit was observed on the prevention of thrombus incidence or weight, although a marked Thrombotest prolongation was recorded. On the other hand this combination resulted in a pronounced bleeding tendency, as expressed in a significant prolongation of bleeding time and increased total mortality. Thus S, at doses inducing moderate anticoagulation may prevent venous thrombosis without relevant bleeding complications. PMID- 3202907 TI - Mechanism of the microsomal N-hydroxylation of para-substituted benzamidines. AB - With the aid of HPLC analyses and simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the maximum rates of the microsomal N-oxygenation of various para-substituted benzamidines 1 to benzamidoximes 2 were determined. The presence of electron-donating substituents increased the rates whereas the presence of electron-accepting substituents decreased them. A significant correlation between the logarithm of the maximum rates with the Hammett sigma p constants was found for a reaction constant of rho = -0.88. These results support the postulated radical mechanism for the N-oxygenation by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. PMID- 3202908 TI - Circadian rhythm of rat liver dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Possible relevance to fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy. AB - The activity of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), the initial, rate-limiting enzyme in pyrimidine catabolism, was measured at various times over a 24-hr period in the livers of rats housed under standardized conditions of light and dark. Under "normal" conditions, i.e. lights on from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. and off from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m., a circadian rhythm of DPD activity was observed (P less than 0.0001, Cosinor analysis) with the peak of activity at 4:00 p.m. (2.96 nmol catabolites/min/mg) and the trough at 4:00 a.m. (0.40 nmol catabolites/min/mg). Maximum enzyme activity exceeded minimum activity by more than 7-fold. Reversing the light-dark cycle (i.e. lights on from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. and off from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) resulted in a corresponding shift in enzyme activity. Under these "reverse" conditions, a circadian rhythm was observed (P less than 0.0001, Cosinor analysis) with the peak of activity at 6:00 a.m. (2.87 nmol catabolites/min/mg) and the trough at 6:00 p.m. (0.92 nmol catabolites/min/mg). These studies demonstrated that DPD activity in rat liver varies over a 24-hr period in association with the light-dark cycle. PMID- 3202910 TI - Substrate specificities of cytochrome P-450, C-P-450(16)alpha and P-450(15)alpha, and contribution to steroid hydroxylase activities in mouse liver microsomes. PMID- 3202909 TI - Analogs of tetrahydrofolate directed at folate-dependent purine biosynthetic enzymes. Characteristics of mediated entry and transport-related resistance in L1210 cells for 5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolate and two 10-alkyl derivatives. PMID- 3202911 TI - Inhibition of bovine serum amine oxidase activity by aminoalkylaminoanthraquinones. PMID- 3202913 TI - Premature demise of body worn hearing aids. PMID- 3202912 TI - delta-Aminolaevulinate synthase: mechanism of its response to malathion. PMID- 3202914 TI - Are audiologists guilty of malpractice if they do not recommend binaural amplification? PMID- 3202915 TI - Telephone hearing screening. PMID- 3202916 TI - Calcium binding to tubulin. AB - Using flow dialysis, we found two classes of calcium-binding sites on tubulin: high-affinity binding sites (1.56 +/- 0.38 per tubulin dimer) with a dissociation constant of (4.86 +/- 0.12).10(-6) M and low-affinity binding sites (5.82 +/- 0.50 per tubulin dimer) with a dissociation constant of (6.4 +/- 0.4).10(-5) M. In the presence of 6.10(-5) M MgSO4, we found 0.64 +/- 0.18 calcium-binding sites per tubulin dimer with a dissociation constant of (4.7 +/- 0.5).10(-6) M and 1.2 +/- 0.2 sites per dimer with a dissociation constant of (3.5 +/- 0.4).10(-5) M. Under controlled conditions, trypsin and chymotrypsin selectively cleaved alpha- and beta-subunits, respectively, forming major fragments of 35 kDa and 20 kDa from the alpha-subunit, and major fragments of 31 kDa and 22 kDa from the beta subunit. The high-affinity calcium-binding sites were detected in the carboxyl terminal region of each tubulin subunit. Computer analysis of the subunit amino acid sequences suggested possible locations of the putative calcium-binding sites. PMID- 3202917 TI - The dermatologist as cosmetic surgeon: recommendations for a high quality practice. AB - The skills of a good cosmetic surgeon evolve over a period of time, through training, experience, and confidence. They are seldom acquired from residency alone, and this is why four or more specialties successfully do cosmetic surgery. A number of guidelines are of assistance in learning it. The dermatologic surgeon has a unique and unsurpassed background for becoming a skilled, competent, and sought-after cosmetic surgeon. PMID- 3202918 TI - Temporomandibular disorders. Part I: Functional status, dentomorphologic features, and sex differences in a nonpatient population. AB - Freshman dental and dental hygiene students, 120 men and 102 women (mean age 23.9 years), were assessed for the presence of masticatory pain or dysfunction by questionnaire, clinical examination, and evaluation of dental casts according to strict criteria. The purpose was to identify and analyze the level of signs and symptoms in a nonpatient population and describe occlusal variation. The prevalence of TMJ signs and symptoms was notable even though two thirds reported only mild or early symptoms, with only 3% reporting severe symptoms. This population was noted for the absence of locking, the low frequency of severe pain or severe TMJ dysfunction, and the low prevalence of restricted ranges of mandibular movement and TMJ crepitation. Women showed significantly more headache, TMJ clicking and tenderness, and muscle tenderness than men. Men were noted for the absence of severe and widespread muscle tenderness and severe TMJ tenderness. TMJ clicking was not always clinically confirmable in subjects with widespread muscle tenderness. This group was considered compatible with previous epidemiologic findings, and also matches the age range of most subjects seeking treatment for TMJ disorders. Therefore, the subjects in the study were considered a representative group of young adults and suitable for study of the possible associations between early signs of TMJ disorders and variables of morphologic malocclusion, which are discussed in Parts II and III of this article. PMID- 3202919 TI - Diet-induced asymmetry of the phosphatidylcholine fatty acyl composition in rat erythrocyte membranes. AB - The effect of dietary fat on the distribution of fatty acids within the bilayer of red cell membrane phosphatidylcholine was determined after feeding young female rats semipurified diets containing 10% of either hydrogenated cottonseed oil, menhaden oil, or corn oil for 4 days. Changes in fatty acyl composition of both plasma and erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine were noted. The composition of the fatty acids in phosphatidylcholine in the outer leaflet of the bilayer was determined after hydrolysis of outer leaflet phospholipids, first with phospholipase A2 and subsequently with sphingomyelinase. The distributions of acyl constituents of phosphatidylcholine in the inner and the outer monolayers of the membrane were found to be distinctively different, regardless of the dietary fat intake. For example, palmitic acid and oleic acid were predominantly present in the phosphatidylcholine of the inner monolayer, and arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were present in that of the outer monolayer. Despite such diet-induced changes in phosphatidylcholine fatty acid composition, no alteration in erythrocyte integrity was observed when monitored by either morphology or ektacytometry. PMID- 3202920 TI - [Drugs in urination disorders]. PMID- 3202922 TI - Fourth congress of the International Society for Biomedical Research on Alcoholism. Kyoto, Japan, 26 June-2 July, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3202921 TI - HPLC in nucleic acids research. PMID- 3202923 TI - Alcohol education: the rocky road ahead. PMID- 3202924 TI - Effects of ethanol on testicular steroidogenesis in the rat. AB - The effects of ethanol and NAD+ on the pregnenolone-to-testosterone pathway of testicular steroidogenesis in lysed Leydig cell preparations were investigated. Testosterone and four precursor steroids were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after incubation of the cell preparations with 100 microM of pregnenolone and appropriate concentrations of ethanol (1-100 mM). Concentrations of all 4-ene-steroids measured were significantly decreased even at the lowest concentration of ethanol. When NAD+ (0.1 mM) was added to the incubation medium, the levels of progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone returned to control values, whereas those of androstenedione and testosterone remained decreased. These results suggest that ethanol may inhibit testicular steroidogenesis by suppressing at least two steps in the pregnenolone-to testosterone pathway, the pregnenolone-to-progesterone step catalysed by NAD+ dependent 5-ene-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase and the 17-hydroxy progesterone-to-androstenedione step catalysed by the NAD+-independent C17-20 lyase. PMID- 3202925 TI - Central and peripheral haemodynamic changes after alcohol ingestion. AB - Central and peripheral haemodynamic changes 1 and 8 hours after alcohol ingestion were studied in seven healthy men, aged 21-30 years, by radionuclide cardiography and strain gauge plethysmography. Heart rate (HR) increased by 12% and cardiac output (CO) by 24% 1 hour after alcohol ingestion (mean serum ethanol 35 mmol/l). Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) decreased by 5% because of endsystolic dilation and the forearm blood flow increased by 140%. Eight hours after alcohol ingestion (serum ethanol 21 mmol/l.) hangover symptoms were present in all subjects. HR and CO remained increased by 19% and 23%, respectively. A 4% increase was recorded in LVEF. The total peripheral resistance was reduced by 25%, while the forearm blood flow had returned to baseline values. No significant changes in plasma catecholamines were recorded. Apart from a slight increase in CO at 1 hour no haemodynamic changes were recorded after ingestion of an isovolumic, isocaloric drink. The present findings suggest that acute alcohol intoxication causes impairment of LV contractility, but that tachycardia results in an increase in cardiac output accompanied by an increased blood flow in the forearm. In the early hangover phase, when the serum ethanol is still elevated, cardiac output remains enhanced because of tachycardia, although the sympathetic nervous activity as measured by the plasma norepinephrine level is not influenced. A reduced total peripheral resistance may contribute to the increase in LV contractility in spite of sustained alcohol intoxication. PMID- 3202926 TI - Concepts of alcohol dependence: the two worlds of research and treatment. AB - Recent changes in DSM-III-R concept of alcohol dependence have brought to light a split in the understanding of this concept between researchers and treatment providers. This has widened the gulf between research and treatment, further hampering communications and the effective application of research findings to treatment. The growth of a literature based on treatment lore which supports an outdated model of dependence adds to the problem. Effective ways to bridge the gap between these two worlds need to be sought. Only then will research advances find application in treatment. PMID- 3202927 TI - Maternal use of alcohol and other drugs during pregnancy and birth abnormalities: further results from a prospective study. AB - This paper presents an extended analysis of data produced during a prospective study of the possible association between maternal alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal harm. This new analysis examines the possible links between not only maternal alcohol consumption, but also the use of tobacco, prescribed and illicit drugs and birth abnormalities. There was no general association between birth abnormalities and maternal psychoactive drug use and misuse. Even so, women who neither smoked nor consumed alcohol during the first trimester produced offspring with significantly fewer birth abnormalities than did those who drank heavily and smoked cigarettes. PMID- 3202929 TI - Writing for publication: suggestions for the novice. PMID- 3202928 TI - Studies on blood alcohol in the workers of a Zambian copper mine. AB - The results of alcohol studies in workers of a Zambian copper mine showed that 30% of accident cases had measurable blood alcohol levels. A selected group of employees subject to random breath tests before starting work showed that one third had measurable blood alcohol and that this was over 17.6 mmol/l. in 9% of cases. These two groups were not comparable. The results were considered significant enough to justify further study. Two thirds of a group of workers referred to hospital for alcohol tests on suspicion of being under the influence of alcohol had alcohol levels exceeding 35.2 mmol/l. It is concluded that there is a range of significant blood alcohol levels where employees are at increased risk of accidents but have a limited chance of detection by their supervisor and that this circumstance justifies the use of random testing particularly of employees responsible for the safety of others. PMID- 3202930 TI - Empowerment in occupational health nursing: wielding power through expertise. PMID- 3202932 TI - Worksite health promotion: some important questions. PMID- 3202931 TI - Educational resources for health services. PMID- 3202933 TI - Nurse executive skills and strategies. PMID- 3202934 TI - Oxytocin: the need to distinguish between induction and augmentation and between multiparas and primiparas. PMID- 3202935 TI - Yes, Virginia, you can combine active management of labor with high cesarean rates. . . . PMID- 3202936 TI - Unexplained differences in first stage labor duration in primiparas at North American and European hospitals. PMID- 3202937 TI - Different rates of prolonged first-stage labor in primiparas at two hospitals. PMID- 3202938 TI - How can aspiration of vomitus in obstetrics best be prevented? PMID- 3202939 TI - How can aspiration of vomitus in obstetrics best be prevented? Commentary: setting the record straight. PMID- 3202940 TI - Lead and pregnancy. PMID- 3202941 TI - Perinatal loss: providing emotional support for bereaved parents. PMID- 3202942 TI - Differentiation of the substrates for analgesia and vocalizations elicited by midbrain stimulation in rats: refractory period estimates. AB - Stimulation of periaqueductal gray sites resulted in both increased latencies to escape heated water with a tail-flick and audible vocalizations. To determine whether these two responses were the result of stimulation of the same substrates, refractory periods were estimated by delivering paired-pulse trains of stimulation. Stimulation consisted of 10 or 20 s trains of single pulses or pulse pairs. The pulse pair frequency threshold for both behaviors was determined for intra-pulse (C-T) intervals of 0.4-10 ms. The ratio of single to double pulse frequency thresholds provided an indication of relative effectiveness of the paired-pulse stimulation. For analgesia, the paired-pulse effectiveness gradually increased between C-T intervals of 2.0 and 5.0 ms, after which asymptotic effectiveness values were obtained. Thus, the estimated refractory period for analgesia was 2.0-5.0 ms. The refractory period estimate for vocalizations was shorter. Effectiveness values increased with a C-T interval of 1.2 ms and reached asymptote with a C-T interval of 2.0 ms. These results suggest that different fibers with overlapping spatial distributions contribute to analgesia and vocalizations produced by midbrain stimulation. PMID- 3202943 TI - Spontaneous alternation and exploration in weaver mutant mice. AB - Weaver mutant mice engaged less in motor activity and hole poking. Weaver mice alternated spontaneously in a 4-trial but not a 2-trial test. These results are similar to those of a previous study with staggerer mutants, in that both are less active. However, weaver mutants are less affected in the spontaneous alternation measure. PMID- 3202944 TI - Optokinetic eye and head movements in the unrestrained cat. AB - Eye and head movements of the unrestrained and alert cat were measured with the search coil technique. Optokinetic responses were elicited by a moving random dot pattern. With the head free, slow phase gaze velocity (SPGV) during optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) was not faster than slow phase eye velocity (SPEV) with the head fixed neither with binocular nor with monocular stimulation. Cats with the head free also showed a directional asymmetry of SPGV during monocular stimulation with higher gain values for slow phases from temporal to nasal as compared to slow phases from nasal to temporal. Eye, head and body movements contributed to SPGV to a varying degree. Although SPGV remained rather constant (comparable to the head-fixed condition), the relative contributions of head velocity and eye velocity could fluctuate strongly. During the resetting saccades, the head ended its fast phase later than the eye (102 +/- 46 ms). During this period, the eye compensated the remaining part of the fast phase of the head and simultaneously executed an already new slow phase of gaze. It is discussed whether the cerebellar flocculus might provide a system to achieve constant gaze during OKN. PMID- 3202945 TI - Disturbances of spatial perception in children. AB - Spatial perception was tested in 12 children with a localized brain lesion by means of the rod orientation test, line orientation test and facial recognition test. Only children with a lesion of the right hemisphere showed a disturbance of spatial perception. PMID- 3202946 TI - Inferotemporal-frontal disconnection and fornix transection in visuomotor conditional learning by monkeys. AB - The first 2 experiments examined the ability of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) to learn a series of visuomotor conditional discrimination problems for food reward. In each discrimination problem there were 2 visual stimuli, which were different from those in any previous discrimination problem. Each trial within a problem presented either one visual stimulus or the other, and the stimulus indicated which of 2 motor responses, tap or hold, was correct; the motor responses were defined in such a way as to be mutually exclusive. Successive problems were each trained to a criterion of correct performance. In the first experiment, it was found that fornix transection did not impair monkey's learning rate in this task. This result contrasts with previous results showing an impairment of learning rate following fornix transection in visuo-motor conditional discriminations in which the 2 motor responses were differentiated from each other by their spatial position or direction. The present result shows that the earlier demonstrated impairments are specific to spatial responses. In the second experiment, learning rate in the present task was found to be impaired by the combination of a unilateral inferotemporal ablation, contralateral to the hand used in the task by the animal, with a transection of the anterior corpus callosum. This result suggests that cortico-cortical interaction between the inferotemporal area and the frontal lobe contralateral to the hand in use is necessary for efficient learning in this task. The third experiment examined simultaneous 2-choice visual discrimination learning in the animals which had participated in experiment 2. In contrast to the results of Expt. 2, learning rate in this task was unimpaired. Experiment 3 shows that the impairment observed in Expt. 2 is not a general impairment of visual learning. PMID- 3202947 TI - Susceptibility to pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats increases with age. AB - Systemic administration of high doses of the cholinergic agonist pilocarpine induces motor limbic seizures in rats. Susceptibility to the convulsant effects of pilocarpine increases during adult life: the threshold dose for generalized seizures is essentially constant from age 30 to 70 days, but decreases thereafter, particularly beyond age 100 days. The increase in seizure susceptibility continues up to at least age 200 days, (the oldest age studied). PMID- 3202948 TI - Tonic pain and social behavior in male rabbits. AB - The 4 subjects each of 6 all-male colonies of rabbits studied in a seminatural setting rapidly established a dominance hierarchy. A combination of behavioral parameters obtained in two experimental situations was used to assign each individual a quantitative score of dominance. The situations were: 'intermale' activity between the residents and 'intruder test', i.e. the reactivity to the introduction of a male conspecific. Fifteen days later, tonic pain (formalin injection) was inflicted on the dominant, and the short-term effects on the treated animal and the social behavior of the group were studied. Licking of the injected foot was used to measure the intensity of pain; this reached a peak 4-8 h after injection and persisted with decreasing intensity into the second day. The painful condition resulted in a general dramatic decrease in motor and social activity including aggressive elements during the intruder test. A positive correlation was found between reduction in motor activity and pain intensity. However, the treated animals did not develop submissive behavior, while the untreated subordinates persisted in their prevalence of submissive over aggressive elements. This contributed to maintain in most cases the behavioral asymmetry of the agonistic activity of the different ranking animals. The possible mechanisms of the observed behavioral modifications are discussed. PMID- 3202949 TI - Patterns of lateralization and performance levels for verbal and spatial tasks in congenital androgen deficiency. AB - The effects of congenital deficiency of gonadal hormones on verbal and spatial performance and on the establishment of hemispheric asymmetries were investigated in a group of patients with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The patients showed a left hemispheric advantage for verbal material and were mildly impaired, mainly on tasks involving a short-term memory load, in comparison with a matched control group. These results do not indicate a specific role of gonadal hormones on the establishment of hemispheric asymmetries. Lack of exposure during brain development results in a decrease in memory functions which is not specific for verbal or spatial material. PMID- 3202950 TI - Improvement of memory for an operant response by post-training glucose in mice. AB - Previous experiments have shown that a post-training glucose injection can retroactively and non-contingently improve the retention of a previously learned association. To date, the memory-improving action of glucose has only been demonstrated in rats for negatively-motivated tasks. The present experiment sought to generalize these previous results by examining the effects in mice of post-training glucose injections on the retention of an operant bar-pressing response. The results show that post-training glucose can retroactively and non contingently improve the retention of an appetitively motivated task in mice. There was a U-shaped relationship between the dose of glucose and the effect on memory similar to the ones already observed in rats using negatively motivated training. The implications of these results for an endogenous memory modulation mechanism are discussed. PMID- 3202951 TI - Molecular cloning of bovine beta-lactoglobulin cDNA. AB - A cDNA library from bovine mammary gland mRNA was constructed in pBR322 and screened by hybrid-selected translation and immunoscreening. Several beta lactoglobulin clones were identified and sequenced. All clones contained cDNA fragments corresponding to the 3' region of beta-lactoglobulin mRNA. The 3' non translated region of beta-lactoglobulin mRNA consists of 187 nucleotides; the polyadenylation signal AATAAA occurs 17 nucleotides before the poly(A) tail. The amino-acid sequence predicted from the 3' coding region corresponds completely to the previously determined amino-acid sequence of beta-lactoglobulin. PMID- 3202952 TI - Low temperature blocks transport and sorting of cathepsin D in fibroblasts. AB - The transport of newly synthesized cathepsin D in fibroblasts at 16-28 degrees C was compared to that at 37 degrees C. At 37 degrees C newly synthesized cathepsin D passes the trans Golgi within 30-60 min, becomes segregated from the secretory route into prelysosomal organelles within 1-2 h and processed to mature forms in dense lysosomes within 1.5-3 h after synthesis. The small fraction of cathepsin D that escapes transport into lysosomes is secreted within less than 2 h. At 16-28 degrees C the transport of cathepsin D to lysosomes is inhibited in a temperature dependent manner. At 16-28 degrees C cathepsin D precursors are slowly transported to the trans Golgi. The cathepsin D precursors accumulate at a site that is in continuity with the secretory pathway and located within or distal of the trans Golgi and proximal to the site where cathepsin D precursors leave the secretory pathway as complexes with mannose 6-phosphate receptors. The arrest at this site is not complete. The receptor-dependent segregation of the cathepsin D precursors released from the block is impaired at less than or equal to 26 degrees C. The inhibition of segregation results in an increased, albeit retarded secretion of cathepsin D. The fraction of cathepsin D precursors that is segregated from the secretory pathway encounters a further low temperature block in prelysosomal organelles. There cathepsin D precursors are proteolytically processed to an intermediate form, which accumulates transiently.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3202953 TI - Reductions of 2-enals, dehydrogenation of saturated aldehydes and their racemisation. AB - Enoate reductase or clostridia containing this enzyme (Clostridium tyrobutyricum or C. kluyveri) catalyse the reduction of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes (enals). The enantiomeric purity of the saturated aldehydes obtained from alpha substituted enals is usually rather low and depends heavily on the reaction conditions. The reduction of the corresponding allyl alcohols to the saturated alcohols leads to much higher enantiomeric purities, though the reduction of the enal corresponding to the allyl alcohol to the saturated aldehyde is an intermediary step in the reaction sequence allyl alcohol----saturated alcohol. The explanation seems to be the racemisation of saturated aldehydes caused by enoate reductase. This is illustrated by the reduction of (E)-2-methylcinnamyl aldehyde to (R)-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanal or (R)-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanol under different conditions and measuring the racemisation of the aldehyde as well as the hydrogen-deuterium exchange of 3-phenylpropanal. In contrast to saturated carboxylates saturated aldehydes can be dehydrogenated to alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes (enals) by enoate reductase in the presence of electron acceptors such as oxygen or dichlorophenol indophenol. Under these conditions enoate reductase shows in the presence of oxygen a surprisingly high half life (greater than 20 h) as compared to that which is observed when the enzyme was used as a reductase with NADH in the presence of oxygen. In this case the enzyme is inactivated within a few minutes. PMID- 3202954 TI - The biosynthesis of N-glycoloylneuraminic acid occurs by hydroxylation of the CMP glycoside of N-acetylneuraminic acid. AB - The biosynthesis of N-glycoloylneuraminic acid in fractionated porcine submandibular glands was investigated. The following substrates: [3H]N acetylmannosamine, free [14C]N-acetylneuraminic acid, CMP-[14C]N-acetylneuraminic acid, [14C]N-acetylneuraminic acid linked alpha(2----3) to galactose residues, or alpha(2----6) to Gal-beta(1----4)-GlcNAc residues of porcine submandibular mucin and [14C]N-acetylneuraminic acid linked alpha(2----6) to GalNAc residues of ovine submandibular gland mucin were incubated, in the presence of cofactors, with the soluble protein, heavy membrane and microsomal fractions of porcine submandibular glands. Radio thin-layer chromatographic analysis revealed that only one substrate, CMP-[14C]N-acetylneuraminic acid, was hydroxylated. The product was identified as CMP-[14C]N-glycoloylneuraminic acid by (i) co-chromatography with non-radioactive CMP-N-glycoloylneuraminic acid standard, (ii) acid hydrolysis to free [14C]N-glycoloylneuraminic acid, (iii) alkaline hydrolysis to yield N glycoloylneuraminic acid and 2-deoxy-2,3-didehydro-N-glycoloylneuraminic acid and (iv) transfer of [14C]N-glycoloylneuraminic acid to asialo-fetuin by sialyltransferase. 85% of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase activity was present in the soluble protein fraction, with small amounts of activity in the two particulate fractions. The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase in the soluble protein fraction had an absolute requirement for Fe2+ ions and a reducing cofactor. NADPH and NADH were by far the most effective cofactors, smaller amounts of hydroxylation could, however, be supported by ascorbic acid and 6,7 dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin. PMID- 3202955 TI - Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody to the trichothecene mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol. AB - A monoclonal antibody was obtained by the fusion of mouse myeloma cells with splenocytes isolated from Balb/c mice, which had been immunized with diacetoxyscirpenol-hemiglutarate (DAS-hemiglutarate) and verrucarol hemiglutarates covalently bound to ethylenediamine-modified bovine serum albumin. The anti-DAS-antibody that could be induced was of the IgM type with kappa chains. The titer of the monoclonal anti-DAS-antibody in ascites fluid obtained from mice injected the selected cell line was much higher than those of conventional antisera. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the competitive binding principle in which the antibody was applied had a sensitivity of 1 ng DAS per assay. The relative cross-reactivity of the monoclonal antibody in the CI-ELISA with the related trichothecenes such as triacetoxyscirpenol, 15 monoacetoxyscirpenol, diacetylverrucarol, 4-monoacetoxyscirpenol and scirpentriol were found to be 1.8, 0.8, 0.15, 0.02 and less than 0.001, respectively. The trichothecenes verrucarol, T-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol, deoxynivalenol, 3 acetyldeoxynivalenol and trichothecin showed no cross-reactivity. PMID- 3202956 TI - The complete amino-acid sequence of the bilin-binding protein from Pieris brassicae and its similarity to a family of serum transport proteins like the retinol-binding proteins. AB - The amino-acid sequence from the bilin binding protein (BBP) of the butterfly Pieris brassicae has been determined. The apoprotein with a length of 173 amino acid residues has a molecular mass of 19,676 Da. The sequence analysis was performed by automated Edman degradation of the intact apoprotein and of fragments as large as possible generated from different digestions. The 3 dimensional structure of BBP, determined by Huber et al. (Huber, R., Schneider, M., Epp, O., Mayr, I., Messerschmidt, A., Pflugrath, J. & Kayser, H. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 195, 423-434 and Huber, R., Schneider, M., Mayr, I., Muller, R., Deutzmann, R., Suter, F., Zuber, H., Falk, H. & Kayser, H. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 198, 499-513) down to 2-A resolution, exhibits a similar conformation to the human retinol binding protein. Sawyer (Sawyer, L. (1987) Nature (London) 327, 659) demonstrated that proteins from a wide variety of sources can be gathered into a "superfamily". Computer searches of data banks yielded in a new member of this superfamily, namely human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. One of the functions of the listed proteins is to bind and transport small hydrophobic molecules in serum. PMID- 3202957 TI - The primary structure of the hemoglobin of the Brazilian manatee (Trichechus inunguis, Sirenia). AB - The hemoglobin of the Brazilian Manatee (Trichechus inunguis, Sirenia) consists of one component. We present the primary structures of the alpha- and beta-chains which have been separated by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose CM-52. The sequences have been determined by automatic Edman degradation with the film technique, using the native chains, tryptic peptides and the C-terminal prolyl peptide obtained by acid hydrolysis of the Asp-Pro bond of the alpha-chains. Compared to the corresponding human chains we found 27 substitutions in the alpha as well as in the beta-chains. Three heme contacts and four alpha 1/beta 1 contacts between the subunits are affected by exchanges. The hemoglobin of Trichechus inunguis is compared with those of Elephas maximus, Loxodonta africana, and Procavia habessinica and the monophyletic origin of the superorder Paenungulata is discussed. PMID- 3202958 TI - The primary structure of the hemoglobin of the Rock-Hopper penguin (Eudyptes crestatus, Sphenisciformes). AB - The blood of the Rock-Hopper Penguin contains only one hemoglobin component, corresponding to the Hb A of other birds. The primary structures of the alpha- and beta-chains are presented. The chains were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and cleaved either enzymatically (alpha) or both enzymatically and chemically (beta). Both the native chains and their peptides were sequenced using liquid and gas phase sequenators. The peptides were aligned using their homology to the sequence of human hemoglobin and other bird hemoglobins. As compared to human hemoglobin, 44 amino-acid replacements are found in the alpha-chains (68% homology) and 47 in the beta-chains (67.8% homology). These exchanges involve seven alpha 1/beta 1 and one alpha 1/beta 2 contact in the alpha-chains, whereas in the beta-chains eight alpha 1/beta 1, one alpha 1/beta 2 and one hem contact are substituted. The influence of these replacements on the structure-function relationships in hemoglobin, as well as their importance for the diving ability of penguins, are discussed. PMID- 3202959 TI - Amino-acid sequence of the minor neurotoxin from Acalyptophis peronii venom. AB - Sea snakes, Acalyptophis peronii, were captured in the Gulf of Thailand and their venom was isolated. A. peronii venom contains two neurotoxins called major and minor toxin. The complete amino-acid sequence of the minor toxin was identified and compared to that of the major toxin. The only difference between the major and the minor toxins is in the 43rd residue. The major toxin at this position contains glutamine, while the minor toxin contains glutamic acid. The LD50 of the minor toxin is 0.170 microgram/g in mice when injected intravenously. The toxicity is slightly lower than that of the major toxins, which has an LD50 of 0.125 microgram/g. PMID- 3202960 TI - Proteinase inhibitors and biological control. The FEBS satellite meeting. Ljubljana/Brdo, Jugoslavia, July 4-7, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3202961 TI - Inhibitors of guanidinobenzoatase and their possible role in cell migration. AB - Guanidinobenzoatase is a cell surface protease associated with cells capable of migration, this enzyme is trypsin-like and cleaves the link peptide Gly-Arg-Gly Asp of fibronectin. A fluorescent probe, 9-aminoacridine, has been used to locate cells possessing guanidinobenzoatase by fluorescent microscopy. 9-aminoacridine is a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme and does not react with the cell-bound enzyme when the latter is already inhibited by a tissue-specific protein inhibitor of guanidino-benzoatase. We have employed sections of normal and tumour bearing tissues as a test system to demonstrate the presence of tissue-specific inhibitors of guanidinobenzoatase and to exchange inhibitors on the cell-bound guanidinobenzoatase. The activity of the enzyme in vivo is suppressed by the presence of inhibitors; the latter may be displaced by oxidative disulphide exchange reactions resulting in regain of enzymic activity on the cell surface. We believe these inhibitors may control cell migration in vivo and therefore believe their study is important in gaining an understanding of the regulation of metastasis. PMID- 3202962 TI - Influence of leupeptin on protein and amino-acid metabolism in septic rats. AB - We investigated the influence of leupeptin (LP) intraperitoneal injection (40 mumol/2 days) on protein and amino-acid metabolism of septic rats (cecal ligation). All septic rats lost weight (-17 +/- 4 g), which was not prevented by LP administration (-24 +/- 1.8 g, n.s.). LP injection evoked weight loss even in normal rats (p less than 0.05 vs controls). Weight loss was accompanied by enhanced urinary nitrogen losses in all three groups. LP reduced food intake for 47% in control rats. Cecal ligation, and also the administration of LP, led to alterations of amino-acid metabolism. The most important changes were found in muscle free amino-acid concentrations with highly decreased levels of free glutamine. A glutamine deficiency is known to be related to a decreased rate of protein synthesis. The proteolytic rate in incubated soleus muscle was increased for 11.5% and even higher in LP-treated septic rats (+22%). It is concluded that the administration of LP cannot reverse protein catabolism in sepsis--possibly because LP does not influence those enzymes or proteases involved in tissue loss, or LP is inactivated by enzymes in rat tissues. PMID- 3202963 TI - A new purification procedure of human kidney cathepsin H, its properties and kinetic data. AB - A purification procedure of cathepsin H from human kidney is presented. It includes gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and covalent chromatography on thiol Sepharose as an essential step. Purified cathepsin H emerges in an isoelectric focusing gel at pH 6.1 and 6.3. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate shows a molecular mass of about 28 kDa. Less than 20% of the enzyme preparation can be separated into a heavy (24 kDa) and a light chain (4 kDa) after reduction and gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200. The partial amino-acid sequence of human cathepsin H shows its close similarity to rat cathepsin H. Inhibition constants (Ki) of cathepsins H and B with chicken cystatin, two forms of human stefin A, human stefin B, and two forms of human cystatin C are in the range of 10(-9) to 10(-11)M. PMID- 3202965 TI - Purification and partial characterization of a thiol proteinase inhibitor from Enterolobium contortisiliquum beans. AB - A thiol proteinase inhibitor was purified from Enterolobium contortisiliquum beans by affinity chromatography on carboxy-methylated-papain-Sepharose. The inhibitor represents a single polypeptide chain with a molecular mass of 60 kDa and inactivates papain (Ki = 0.58 x 10(-9) M) and bromelain. The inhibitor shows activity in the pH range 2 to 10 and at temperatures up to 60 degrees C. PMID- 3202964 TI - Cystatin superfamily. Evidence that family II cystatin genes are evolutionarily related to family III cystatin genes. AB - Human saliva contains at least three molecular species of cystatin S-type cysteine proteinase inhibitor (cystatin S, cystatin SN and cystatin SA), which have similar but distinct amino-acid sequences. The nucleotide sequences of the CST 1 gene for cystatin SN and the CST 2 gene for cystatin SA are highly homologous to each other and to the corresponding regions of the cDNA for cystatin C and the EcoRI-PstI fragment from the cystatin C gene. Three cystatin like domains in the kininogen gene and the salivary cystatin genes share the same gene organizations. These data demonstrate that family II cystatin genes are evolutionarily related to family III cystatin genes. PMID- 3202966 TI - Enzymatically active cathepsin B dissociating from its inhibitor complexes is elevated in blood plasma of patients with septic shock and some malignant tumors. AB - Using fluorogenic substrates and the specific inhibitor E-64, cysteine proteinase (CP) activity was measured in blood plasma of healthy controls (mean = 35.0 mU/l) and patients with cancer and severe septic shock. Whereas moderately elevated activity was observed in some kinds of cancer (mean = 63.9 mU/l), 10-fold increased CP activity was found in septic shock. The plasma CP activity of sepsis patients paralleled the immunologically determined concentration of elastase alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor complex. On the basis of its substrate specificity and its Michaelis constant for Z-Phe-Arg-NMec the plasma CP was identified as cathepsin B or a cathepsin B-like proteinase (CBP). Kinetic studies revealed that dilution and competition with substrate effects reversible dissociation of CBP from complexes with plasma inhibitors that are most probably the kininogens. The dissociation of CBP was confirmed by gel chromatographic fractionation of the plasma proteins. The results suggest that active CBP can easily dissociate from its plasma inhibitor complexes in vivo and may be involved in pathogenetic extracellular proteolysis. PMID- 3202967 TI - Cysteine and metalloproteinase activities in serum of Duchenne muscular dystrophic genotypes. AB - Lysosomal cysteine proteinase (cathepsin B, H, and L) and MMP-7ase muscle metalloproteinase activities were measured in serum from Duchenne muscular dystrophic male patients and their mothers as gene-carriers. The activity of cathepsin H significantly increased in the Duchenne muscular dystrophic (DMD) hemizygotes group and in the group of DMD heterozygotes. Significant positive correlation was found between the activity of serum creatine kinase (which previously has been proven to be a marker of muscular dystrophy) and of cathepsin L in the DMD-hemizygotes group. Furthermore, correlations were found between the activity of creatine kinase and MMP-7ase or between activity of creatine kinase and cathepsin H in the DMD heterozygotes. The changes in activity of proteolytic enzymes in serum of dystrophic patients can be explained by the elevated proteolytic enzyme activity in dystrophic muscle observed previously. PMID- 3202968 TI - Proteolytic cleavage of human fibrinogen by cathepsin B. AB - Human fibrinogen was cleaved by human liver cathepsin B in vitro. The time course of the degradation was followed by SDS-PAGE. Using activated cathepsin B in a weight ratio of enzyme to fibrinogen of 1:100 a pH optimum of 6.0 was found at 37 degrees C. For the separation of the fibrinogen degradation products a reversed phase HPLC system was used. Fibrinogen was cleaved by cathepsin B at the C terminal side of the A alpha-chain, partially also on its N-terminal side and at the N-terminal end of the B beta-chain. PMID- 3202969 TI - Possible lysosomal activation of pancreatic zymogens. Activation of both human trypsinogens by cathepsin B and spontaneous acid. Activation of human trypsinogen 1. AB - Human trypsinogens 1 and 2 were activated at the same rate by pure human cathepsin B at pH 3.8. Human trypsinogen 1 was also spontaneously activated during incubation at acidic pH, activation being most rapid at pH 5.0. In contrast, trypsinogen 2 showed little or no activation under these conditions. The presence of calcium salts (20mM) delayed the onset of activation under all conditions tested. These findings support the proposal that premature activation of the pancreatic zymogens may result from their entry into the lysosomal system in pancreatitis. PMID- 3202971 TI - An acrosin inhibitor from boar seminal vesicle fluid immunologically related to the trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz). AB - A new acrosin inhibitor was isolated to apparent homogeneity from the fluid of boar seminal vesicles. The inhibitor is immunologically related to the polyvalent trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor from bovine lung known as aprotinin. A crude preparation of the acrosin inhibitor was prepared by immunoaffinity chromatography on anti-aprotinin antibodies bound to Sepharose 4B column. The inhibitor was further purified by affinity chromatography on trypsin immobilized on a Sepharose 4B column, by ion-exchange chromatography on CM-Sephadex C-25, and by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column. The relative molecular mass (Mr) of the inhibitor is about 7,000 as estimated from dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Its amino-acid composition was determined, the sequence of the first 8 amino-acid residues from the N terminus is Thr-Arg-Asp-Phe-Pro-Pro-Asp-Gly-... PMID- 3202970 TI - Purification and properties of cathepsin D from rat Yoshida ascites hepatoma AH 130. AB - Cathepsin D was affinity-purified on pepstatin-Sepharose from control rat liver, from Yoshida ascites hepatoma (AH-130) cells, and from the liver of AH-130 tumour bearing rats. Apparent molecular mass and immunological reactivity, as determined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting, were identical for the three enzyme preparations. The active enzyme concentrations were determined by active-site titration. Catalytic parameters were measured for the three enzymes using two synthetic chromogenic peptides as substrates, and inhibition constants were determined for the proteinases with a number of naturally-occurring as well as synthetic inhibitors. All three enzymes were clearly distinguished from cathepsin E, since none of them was affected by the protein inhibitor from Ascaris lumbricoides. The cathepsin D isolated from AH-130 cells was indistinguishable in its kinetic properties from rat liver cathepsin D, except in its susceptibility to inhibition by isovaleryl-pepstatin. On isoelectrofocusing, the isoenzyme pattern of the tumour enzyme was shifted somewhat towards more basic pI values by comparison with rat liver cathepsin D. These findings are considered with respect to the possibility of an alteration in the S4 subsite of the enzyme active site cleft. PMID- 3202972 TI - On the genomic organization of the human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. AB - Oligonucleotide probes were synthesized according to the published cDNA sequence of human pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor (PSTI) and used for the screening of a cosmid library of human genomic DNA. One positive clone was isolated, and a subclone obtained after cleavage with a restriction endonucleae (BamHI) was sequenced. The subcloned fragment contained two exons separated by one intron and parts of the two other introns flanking the exons. The exons are encoding five amino acids of the signal peptide and the subsequent 42 N-terminal amino acids of the human PSTI. The available data allow the conclusion that the arrangement of exons and introns in the human PSTI gene is completely identical to that of the chicken ovomucoid and chicken ovoinhibitor genes. PMID- 3202973 TI - Purification, characterization and amino-acid sequencing of two pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors in rat pancreatic juice. AB - We purified two pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitors (PSTI-I and PSTI-II) from rat pancreatic juice. PSTI-I consisted of 61 and PSTI-II of 56 amino-acid residues. Their amino-acid sequences were similar (40 out of 56 amino acid residues of PSTI-II being identical with those of PSTI-I), but PSTI-I and PSTI-II appeared to be translation products of different genes. There was no difference in inhibitory properties between PSTI-I and PSTI-II. PMID- 3202974 TI - Conductimetry: a new tool for studying inhibition of elastolysis. AB - The conductimetric method was applied to the measurement of human leukocyte elastase activity, using insoluble elastin as a substrate. From conductance changes, initial rates of elastolysis were derived. A linear relationship of enzyme activity with enzyme concentration was demonstrated up to 400nM of enzyme, for three different substrates. In this concentration range, inhibition of elastolysis by eglin c was studied for different concentrations of eglin c. A 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.13-0.15 microM of eglin c was derived from our results, corresponding to an inhibitor/enzyme ratio of about 0.5, indicating a strong inhibition, as previously demonstrated by authors using synthetic substrates. PMID- 3202975 TI - Antileukoprotease, its role in the human lung. AB - The number of antileukoprotease-containing epithelial cells in the bronchioles of 27 surgically removed lungs shows a close positive correlation with inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) and an inverse correlation with the number of undamaged alveolar walls surrounding the bronchioles. So, more antileukoprotease producing cells are present when bronchioles and adjacent alveoli are more diseased. These results suggest that antileukoprotease-producing cells constitute part of the inflammatory response in and around bronchioles, serving to minimize local tissue destruction. The increased production of this potent elastase inhibitor, however, seems insufficient to prevent tissue damage. We investigated in vitro whether antileukoprotease might be inactivated by stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's). The antitryptic and antielastolytic capacities of antileukoprotease were rapidly destroyed by myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants from stimulated PMN's. It was observed that elastase, released by stimulated PMN's, retains full activity when cell stimulation was performed in the presence of a molar excess of antileukoprotease. These results indicate that inactivation of antileukoprotease by stimulated PMN's might be a factor which plays a role in elastase-mediated destruction of lung tissue. PMID- 3202976 TI - Characterization of a tumor-associated serine protease. AB - We have earlier identified and characterized a tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) in the urine of patients with gynecological cancer. Elevated levels of TATI occur in urine and serum of cancer patients (Stenman, U. H., Huhtala, M. L., Koistinen, R. & Seppala, M. (1982) Int. J. Cancer 30, 53-57). To explain the elevation of TATI in cancer, we have postulated the existence of a tumor associated protease reacting with TATI. Such a protease, tentatively called protease T, was found in cyst fluid from mucinous ovarian tumors. The protease occurs in complex with TATI, and its protease activity can be measured only after dissociation of the complex. This is achieved by reversed phase chromatography at low pH and elution with an isopropyl alcohol gradient. Protease T is inhibited by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride indicating that it is a serine protease. Its optimum activity at pH 9.1 and molecular mass of 24 kDa in gel chromatography are similar to those of trypsin but the substrate specificity is not identical and its isoelectric point (pI) is about 4.0, which is lower than the corresponding values of both cationic (pI 9) and anionic trypsin (pI 5). Protease T could be associated with the elevation of TATI seen in certain tumor patients. PMID- 3202978 TI - Melinda House. PMID- 3202977 TI - Documenting hospice care: critical factor for future acceptance. PMID- 3202979 TI - Bereavement issues for survivors of persons with AIDS: coping with society's pressures. PMID- 3202981 TI - Medical oncology and hospice: compatible or not? PMID- 3202980 TI - How to continue to attract the kind of volunteers we need in hospice: what the future holds. PMID- 3202982 TI - Mucosal membranes as alternative routes for morphine sulfate administration. PMID- 3202983 TI - A "Catch 22" dilemma--establishing and funding small rural hospices. PMID- 3202984 TI - Team approach: an effective solution. PMID- 3202985 TI - Hospice care and a family practice residency. PMID- 3202986 TI - Long-term effects of participation in the bereavement support group at the Hospice of Petaluma. PMID- 3202987 TI - Hospice volunteer turnover: a measure of quality assurance in the utilization of volunteers. PMID- 3202988 TI - Contribution of occupational therapy to pain management in cancer patient with metastatic breast disease. PMID- 3202990 TI - The first decade: a hospice case study. PMID- 3202989 TI - DNR policies in healthcare organizations with emphasis on hospice. PMID- 3202991 TI - Prognostic significance of lymph node status in stage III breast cancer. AB - Case histories of 103 patients with locally advanced (stage III) breast cancer have been reviewed. Ninety of the patients were judged operable. The median follow-up time was 52 months. The 5-year survival rate for the whole group was 54%. The 5-year relapse-free survival rates for the pN0, pN1 and pN2-3 were 91, 50 and 19% respectively and the 5-year survival rates for the groups were 86, 53 and 30% respectively. These results underline the heterogeneity and the very different prognoses for the different subgroups in stage III breast cancer patients. A reevaluation of the staging system is therefore suggested. PMID- 3202992 TI - Diet, tobacco and urothelial cancer. A 14-year follow-up of 16,477 subjects. AB - Urothelial cancer has been linked with tobacco, phenacetin-containing analgesics and some industrially-related carcinogens. Carotene has been suggested as reducing the risk of urothelial cancer but there is not much information on the relation between diet and the incidence of human urothelial cancer. Furthermore, the magnitude of the risk of urothelial cancer for pipe smokers remains unclear. In a 14-year follow-up of 16,477 Swedish twins the rate ratio of urothelial cancer (with 95% confidence interval) for subjects with a moderate/high intake of pork and beef respectively was 1.6 (1.0-2.7) and 1.6 (1.0-2.6). Meat consumption is widespread in Western populations. If the finding is supported by further data, a possible etiologic factor associated with the consumption of beef and pork would account for a substantial proportion of the cases of urothelial cancer. The rate ratio for men smoking a pipe/cigars, but not cigarettes, was 3.3 (95% confidence interval 1.5-7.4). PMID- 3202993 TI - Cellular DNA pattern, S-phase frequency and survival in papillary thyroid cancer. AB - A series of 150 patients with papillary thyroid cancer diagnosed in Iceland during the 30-year period from 1955 through 1984 was retrospectively analyzed. Flow cytometric analysis of archival paraffin-embedded material was used to study the prognostic significance of cellular DNA content and s-phase frequency. DNA aneuploidy was found in 12% of the tumors. It was significantly more common in the elderly, in moderately and poorly differentiated carcinomas, in males and in tumors with a high proportion of s-phase cells. Multivariate analysis using stepwise Cox's model showed aneuploidy, age at diagnosis, lymph node metastasis and tumor extension beyond the thyroid capsule as independent prognostic factors. The frequency of cells in s-phase was generally low (mean 2.7%). Patients with high s-phase frequency (greater than 2.5%) had less favorable prognosis than patients with low values (less than or equal to 2.5%). PMID- 3202994 TI - Postoperative management of primary spinal cord ependymomas. AB - Treatment and final outcome of 11 patients with primary spinal cord ependymomas admitted between 1967 and 1983 have been reviewed. All patients had undergone surgery once or twice before radiation treatment. Six of them are alive and disease-free 78 months to more than 180 months after radiation therapy. A short analysis of the recent literature is presented with special emphasis on the most frequent treatment techniques, extension of radiation fields and doses. The value of postoperative radiation therapy and the complications of both surgery and radiotherapy are analyzed. Some guidelines for treatment are finally discussed and proposed. PMID- 3202995 TI - Treatment of probable subclinical liver metastases and gross pancreatic carcinoma with hepatic artery 5-fluorouracil infusion and radiation therapy. AB - Since subclinical hepatic metastases are frequently present at time of diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma, any meaningful effort to improve survival must include 'prophylactic' liver therapy in addition to treatment of the pancreatic primary. We report the results of a prospective, unrandomized clinical trial of a 2-week liver and pancreas infusion (by hepatic artery) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and pancreatic irradiation to 50-60 Gy, combined with prophylactic irradiation of the liver with approximately 20 Gy. Of 21 evaluable patients, 17 completed therapy without excessive toxicity and had a median survival of 50 weeks. Contrary to historical controls, the liver in our series was rarely the first site of failure (6%), suggesting that the combination of hepatic artery 5-fluorouracil and 20 Gy liver radiation may suppress subclinical (microscopic) liver metastases without significant hepato-toxicity. When radiation doses to the pancreas were increased above 50 Gy there was improvement in primary tumor control, although failure in the pancreatic bed remained the most common site of failure. Future clinical investigation of this form of combined therapy for eradication of micro metastasis in the liver, combined with more aggressive local pancreatic therapy, would seem appropriate. PMID- 3202996 TI - Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) toxicity in human melanoma cells and lymphocytes as related to cellular platinum accumulation, DNA cross-linking and inhibition of DNA synthesis. AB - The cytotoxic effect of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP), as measured by a dye exclusion assay was much more pronounced in bone marrow cells and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated lymphocytes than in a human melanoma cell line. DNA synthesis measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine was much more sensitive to cis-DDP in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes than in melanoma cells. These differences were not caused by a difference in drug accumulation since measurements of cellular platinum content gave similar results in both cell types. The total amount of DNA cross-links and DNA interstrand cross-links induced by cis-DDP was measured with alkaline elution of DNA. In both PHA stimulated lymphocytes and melanoma cells low total levels of DNA cross-links and DNA interstrand cross-links were found immediately after drug exposure, followed by a protracted increase in DNA cross-linking for 6-12 hours during further incubation after removal of cis-DDP. The relationship between the concentration of cis-DDP and peak levels of total DNA cross-links as well as DNA interstrand cross-links was linear in both cell types. Cis-DDP was found to induce 5.6 times higher total levels of DNA cross-links 6.1 times higher levels of DNA interstrand cross-links in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes than in melanoma cells. The incorporation of 3H-thymidine was much more reduced in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes than in melanoma cells at similar levels of DNA cross-linking. Thus, both reduced DNA cross-linking and lower effect of DNA cross-links on the DNA synthesis may contribute to the greater resistance of melanoma cells to cis-DDP. PMID- 3202997 TI - Potentiating and inhibiting effects of steroid hormones on the incidence of 90Sr induced osteosarcoma. AB - Eight hundred and twenty male CBA-mice, 75 +/- 3 days of age were divided into four main series. Three of these; A, B and C were further divided into three subgroups. To these 90Sr was given at three different dose levels alone (A) or in combination with either oestrogen (B) or prednisolone (C). In one series (D) all animals were given only oestrogen. The development of intramedullary oestrogen induced bone formation and the early events of bone tumour induction are reported. The 90Sr activities were selected in such a way that the lowest one would be below, the intermediate beyond and the highest well above the limit of bone tumour induction. Comparing the 90Sr injected animals with those given also oestrogen revealed that oestrogen had no promoting effect at the lowest and intermediate dose levels but increased the tumour incidence with a factor 4 at the highest dose level whereas prednisolone had an inhibitory effect. From the results obtained it was proposed that oestrogen may act only as a preparatory promoter and not assist in the initiating events. As has been reported elsewhere, the frequency of osteoblastic and osteoclastic osteosarcomas was higher in animals given oestrogen and 90Sr than 90Sr only. Mice given only oestrogen did not develop bone tumours. PMID- 3202998 TI - The age dependence of radiation sensitivity of the gonads of female mice. AB - Female CBA-mice were continuously gamma-irradiated with 0.9 or 2.4 Gy. The dose was given during a 4-day period with start at 50, 90, 135 or 190 days of age respectively. Fifty-six days after the irradiation the females were killed and the number of germ cells in their ovaries were compared with that from unirradiated control females of corresponding age. The total number of germ cells was, compared with the controls, reduced by about 70% in all age groups after the dose of 0.9 Gy and to between 3 and 8% after 2.4 Gy. Seven stages of oocyte development were observed as well as 2 stages in degeneration. The observations suggest a changing radiation sensitivity by age during an initial period of about 90 days followed by a period of fatal radiation effects. PMID- 3202999 TI - State from the 1987 Como meeting of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. PMID- 3203000 TI - Multiple myeloma--transformation to high-grade malignant lymphoma. PMID- 3203001 TI - What is the role of the poststyloid space in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma? PMID- 3203002 TI - An EC/EORTC effort to achieve common European guidelines for the teaching of oncology. PMID- 3203003 TI - European undergraduate education in oncology. A report of the EORTC Education Branch. PMID- 3203004 TI - Papers presented at ECCO-4. 4th European Conference on Clinical Oncology and Cancer Nursing. Madrid, Nover 1-4, 1987. PMID- 3203005 TI - Chromosomal aberrations in progressive and indolent chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia. A longitudinal study. AB - Chromosome analyses of B-cell mitogen-activated cells from 95 patients with chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia revealed clonal chromosomal aberrations in 50 patients (53%), of which 24 had an extra chromosome 12 with or without other aberrations. Patients with clonal aberrations, especially those with +12, had poorer survival than other patients. Longitudinal studies, with a mean of 3.5 samplings during a median interval of 3.5 years, were performed in 41 patients, of which 24 (59%) had progressive disease. Twenty-nine of the patients in the longitudinal study (71%), 16 with and 13 without clonal aberrations, retained their karyotype unaltered. In 6 patients a clonal aberration was found only once. Six patients showed minor changes of the karyotype. The karyotype seems to be established at diagnosis, and marks the disease of the individual CLL-patient. PMID- 3203006 TI - Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of plasma lipoproteins in malignancy. AB - A recent study (N. Eng. J. Med. 315 (1986), 1369), described a method of detecting malignant tumors by water-suppressed proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) study of plasma. We performed a similar study of the W 1/2, a mean of the full width at half height of the resonances of the methyl and methylene groups of the lipids of plasma lipoproteins which is inversely related to the spin-spin apparent relaxation time (T 2*). W 1/2 values were measured at a fixed baseline width of 310 Hz. The study was prospective and blinded and comprised 182 subjects consisting of 40 controls, 68 patients with untreated malignancies, 45 with malignant tumors undergoing therapy and 29 benign tumor patients. No differences were seen between any groups that could serve as a basis for a useful clinical test. The major difficulty in the determination of W 1/2 was due to interference of metabolite protons (particularly lactate) within the lipoprotein resonance signal. Triglyceride level was seen to correlate inversely with W 1/2 within malignant patient groups. These discrepant results may be related to differing triglyceride-rich very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels in the patient populations of each study. We conclude that the water-suppressed 1H NMR of plasma lipoproteins is not a valid measurement for assessing malignancy. PMID- 3203007 TI - A clinico-pathological and prognostic analysis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A study of 203 patients. AB - In a retrospective analysis of 203 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) treated between 1975 and 1985, the relationship between pathology, clinical presentation and course, was studied, using the Kiel classification. This classification was a much better predictor of prognosis than clinical stage and within the different pathology groups there was no significant difference between the stages concerning the survival rate. In the group with low grade malignancy this latter was positively associated with nodular architecture, bone marrow involvement and complete or partial response to therapy. In the high grade group, the survival was positively correlated to complete remission, but no plateau was seen in the survival curve. All extranodal sites had poor survival. For both grades, age (greater than 60 years), systemic symptoms and biologic signs (Ann Arbor 'B' and 'b') were unfavorable prognostic factors. PMID- 3203009 TI - Phase I study of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin by oral route in patients with advanced cancer. AB - In a phase I trial 4-demethoxydaunorubicin (4-dm DNR) was administered as oral capsules once a week to 51 adults with advanced mainly gastrointestinal solid tumors. No fatal toxicity was observed at doses up to 25.0 mg/m2. Dose-limiting granulocytopenia and non-hematologic toxicity developed at dosages greater than or equal to 22.5 mg/m2. No response to the therapy was observed. The plasma concentrations of 4-dm DNR were measured in 4 of the patients. PMID- 3203008 TI - Antitumour imidazotetrazines and gene expression. AB - The effect of 3-alkyl substituted imidazotetrazinones on methylation of DNA has been studied in drug sensitive and resistant cell lines. The 3-methyl analogue (Temozolomide) has been shown to cause a decrease in the level of 5 methylcytosine in newly synthesized DNA in both cell lines, although the effect occurred at lower drug concentrations in the drug sensitive cell line. In order to investigate the mechanism of hypomethylation of DNA, calf thymus DNA was alkylated in vitro by both Temozolomide and the 3-ethyl analogue, CCRG 82019, and the alkylated DNA was shown to inhibit the transfer of methyl groups from S adenosyl-L-methionine to M. lysodeikticus DNA by purified eukaryotic DNA methylase. Neither free drug alone or unmodified DNA affected the methylase reaction. Calf thymus DNA modified with CCRG 82019 was more effective as a methylase inhibitor than DNA modified with Temozolomide, which was a reverse of the order of potencies of the free drugs against tumour cells in culture. CCRG 82019 modified DNA also formed a more stable complex with nuclear proteins. Alterations in the level of 5-methylcytosine in DNA may be important in the alteration of gene expression by these agents. PMID- 3203010 TI - Treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia with early intensive induction therapy. AB - Patients with primary acute myeloid leukaemia were treated with induction therapy consisting of daunorubicin 50 mg/m2 (days 1 and 2) and continuous cytosine arabinoside 400 mg/m2 (days 1-5) with a 7-10-day gap between courses. Consolidation therapy consisted of one further similar course and a final course of cytosine 1 g/m2 infusion (days 1-5). Patients were randomised to receive no further treatment or monthly maintenance therapy consisting of thioguanine 100 mg/m2 twice daily and etoposide 100 mg/m2 twice daily (days 1-5) alternating with CCNU 50 mg/m2 once to a total of 6 courses. 64 patients entered the study; median age was 54 years (range 18-74 years) and 51 patients entered complete remission (79.7%). Thirty-two patients completed consolidation and were randomised between maintenance therapy (n = 16) and no treatment (n = 16). 21 patients have relapsed with neither remission duration nor relapse rate being affected by maintenance therapy. PMID- 3203011 TI - Treatment of diffuse histiocytic and diffuse mixed non-Hodgkin lymphomas with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). AB - During 1977 to 1985 90 patients with large-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (diffuse histiocytic or diffuse mixed according to Rapport classification) were treated by the CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) with a mean follow-up of 41 months. Thirty-four patients were treated with radiation therapy as well. The mean number of CHOP cycles to achieve complete response was 4.0 and the mean total number of cycles was 6.6. For 78 patients it was possible to calculate relative dose intensity (RDI) for each drug and the average RDI. Sixty-four patients (71%) achieved CR. The actuarial 5-year survival rate of all patients was 52%. The median RDI for cyclophosphamide was 0.72, for doxorubicin 0.70, for vincristine 0.69 and the median average RDI was 0.69. The following favorable prognostic factors were found to be of statistical significance: female sex and stages I-III as compared to stage IV. The 5-year survival rate for stage I & II patients treated by CHOP plus radiotherapy was 70% as compared to 55% for those treated by CHOP only; this difference was not statistically significant. PMID- 3203012 TI - Selection of patients for re-irradiation with local implants in carcinomas of oropharynx and tongue. AB - Between 1972 and 1984, 123 patients with recurrent or new primary carcinomas in previously irradiated areas of soft palate, tonsil, base of tongue or mobile tongue were re-irradiated with iridium-192 afterloading techniques. The average re-irradiation dose was 62 Gy (31-84 Gy) and the total dose 131 Gy (92-162 Gy); only 28 cases of mucosal necrosis were observed (23%). Two and 5 years actuarial local control rates were 67% and 59% and survival rates 48% and 24% respectively. Death was related to local tumor in 48 cases, metastases in 8 cases and intercurrent disease in 39 cases. We analyzed the effect on survival and local control of age, initial tumor site and volume, previous surgery, time between first irradiation and re-irradiation, doses, dose rate, and techniques of brachytherapy. With this analysis as background, we recommend the use of salvage brachytherapy for patients with a) small tumors of soft palate, tonsil or mobile tongue without synchronic lymph node metastases, b) long time interval between first irradiation and re-irradiation, c) new primary tumors (rather than recurrence of first tumor), and d) no previous local surgery. A high re irradiation dose given with low dose rate is recommended. PMID- 3203013 TI - Total resection of glans penis surface by CO2 laser microsurgery. AB - Fifteen patients underwent resection of the whole glans surface with laser microsurgical technique from May 1983 to September 1987. The operations were performed in one stage in 11 cases and in two stages in 4. In 3 cases the resected lesions represented multiple dysplasia grade III or carcinoma in situ, in 1 case hyper/parakeratosis and penile horn, and in 11 cases superficial squamous cell carcinoma. In 8 cases primary superficial and flat tumors occupied more than half the circumference of the organ, and in the remaining 7 cases there were flat, superficial residues after systemic chemotherapy for exophytic, non infiltrating carcinomas. The CO2 laser beam was used under constant microscopic visual control at a mean output power of 20W, CW or pulsed for the tissue excision from the meatus to the sulcus level. Maximum depth of resection was 2.6 mm. Postoperative external radiotherapy (60 Gy) was given in the first case of the series (microscopically invasive cancer). Satisfactory cosmetic and functional results were observed in all cases. During the follow-up period, ranging from 2 to 48 months, persistent cancer was found at the perimeatal area in 1 case 4 months after laser resection. The procedure can be considered for conservative treatment of wide or multiple superficial lesions of the glans penis. PMID- 3203014 TI - Analgesic effect and bioavailability of oral ketogan given as tablets or mixture to patients with chronic pain of malignant origin. AB - Thirteen cancer patients with moderate to severe chronic pain of malignant origin on treatment with Ketogan tablets were included in an open non-randomized cross over study comparing the analgesic effect, side effects and serum concentrations of Ketogan tablets and mixture. The patients were six days in hospital and were dosed two days with tablets, two days with mixture and finally another two days with tablets. Recordings of pain and side effects and collection of blood samples prior to dosing and hourly thereafter until remedication were performed on the second day of each dosing period in a morning dose interval. The analgesic effect judged by visual analog score (VAS) and pain intensity differences (PID), the areas under the serum concentration time curves, and the average serum concentrations for the three groups were compared. It was not possible do detect any differences among the three groups concerning the analgesic effect, duration of analgesic effect, the serum concentrations and the side effects. The mean plasma half-life of ketobemidone was 2.74 h +/- 0.90 (SD) and the mean relative bioavailability of the mixture was slightly above 100%. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between ketobemidone serum concentrations and analgesic effect, VAS, for tablet one and for the mixture but not for tablet two, possibly due to the fixed dosing schedule and to the positive effect of hospitalization on the pain. PMID- 3203015 TI - Forearm mineral content in normal men: relationship to weight, height and plasma testosterone concentrations. AB - We measured forearm bone mineral content by single photon absorptiometry together with height, weight and the plasma concentrations of testosterone, free testosterone and sex steroid binding globulin in 66 normal Caucasian males aged 29-46 years. Multiple regression analysis suggests that bone mineral content in either the dominant or the nondominant arm is correlated with weight and sex steroid binding globulin (p less than 0.05 for both parameters). The partial negative correlation of bone mineral content (corrected for weight and sex steroid binding globulin) with plasma testosterone failed to reach statistical significance (p = 0.07). The parsimonious regression equation which best explained the bone mineral content measurements in the nondominant forearm in these men was bone mineral content = 29.1-0.374 (plasma testosterone) + 0.383 (weight) + 0.220 (sex steroid binding globulin) with an R2 value of 29.7%. A similar equation was generated for the dominant arm. PMID- 3203016 TI - Lack of seasonal variation in bone mass and biochemical estimates of bone turnover. AB - Three previous studies have indicated a seasonal variation in bone mineral content, with values during the summer being 1.7% to 7.5% higher than during the winter. We have examined the seasonal influence on both bone mass, biochemical estimates of bone turnover and vitamin D metabolites in 86 healthy women, aged 29 53 years. All participants were followed up for 2 years with examinations every 6 weeks or 3 months. Bone mineral content in the proximal and distal part of the forearm (single photon absorptiometry) did not reveal any significant seasonal variation, whereas bone mineral density of the lumbar spine (dual photon absorptiometry) indicated that the highest values occurred in winter. None of the biochemical parameters showed any statistically significant cyclical changes. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 showed a highly significant seasonal variation, whereas the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration was virtually unchanged. We conclude that seasonal variation in bone mineral content and bone turnover should not be taken into account when interpreting data from longitudinal studies of healthy pre- and postmenopausal women on a sufficient vitamin D nutriture. PMID- 3203017 TI - A bone marrow fraction enriched for granulocyte-macrophage progenitors gives rise to osteoclasts in vitro. AB - Studies involving bone marrow transplantation of osteopetrotic rodents have provided evidence for the lineage of the osteoclast. Recent investigations have demonstrated that isolates of bone marrow containing an enriched population of granulocyte-colony-forming cells (G-CFC) or granulocyte macrophage-colony-forming cells (GM-CFC) from normal animals cure the skeletal sclerosis and result in the formation of normal osteoclasts when transplanted into ia osteopetrotic rats. Macrophage-colony-forming cell isolates were ineffective in this transplant system. A criticism of these findings is that the microenvironment of the osteopetrotic bone and the bone marrow compartment may be unique in their ability to induce the differentiation of these stem cells into osteoclasts. To test this hypothesis, G-CFC, GM-CFC, and M-CFC were co-cultured with fetal metatarsal bones form normal animals. The CFC were isolated from normal bone marrow using FITC labeled monoclonal antibodies directed against rat Thy 1.1 and fluorescence activated cell sorting. The isolates were evaluated in soft agar culture; granulocyte isolates generated 74% G-CFC of all colonies formed and were enhanced 30 times over unfractionated cells. Mixed isolates generated 60% GM-CFC of the colonies formed and were 12 times enhanced, while macrophage isolates were 77% M CFC with an enhancement factor of 28. The various CFC isolates or whole mononuclear bone marrow were co-cultured with 20-day fetal rat metatarsal rudiments for 7 days and then prepared for light and electron microscopy. The number of osteoclasts generated in vitro by each isolate was determined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203018 TI - The effect of short-term treatment with vitamin D metabolites on bone lipid and mineral composition in healing vitamin D-deficient rats. AB - Vitamin D deficiency is known to cause alterations in the lipid and mineral components of bone and cartilage. In this study, second generation, normal phosphatemic, vitamin D-deficient rats, treated with low and high doses of three different vitamin D metabolites were sacrificed 24 h after treatment and their bones analyzed in order to determine which metabolites were most effective in altering the lipid composition. In the untreated vitamin D-deficient rats, tissues undergoing endochondral ossification (epimetaphyses), periosteal and endosteal bone formation (diaphyseal bone), and intramembranous bone formation (calvaria) all contained lower amounts of complexed acidic phospholipids, as well as decreased amounts of mineral. Twenty-four hours following treatment, the complexed acidic phospholipid content was significantly increased relative to both untreated and normal (vitamin D-replete) animals, the greatest increases occurring in animals treated with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. All metabolites tested altered histomorphometric and/or mineral parameters, but only 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, in low and high doses, significantly increased the content of the complexed acidic phospholipids in all tissues studied. High doses of other metabolites increased complexed acidic phospholipid content in some tissues, perhaps due to their conversion to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Linear relationships between serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and tissue complexed acidic phospholipid content are reported. It is suggested that one way in which this metabolite may directly contribute to calcification is by facilitating formation of lipids involved in this process. PMID- 3203019 TI - Window on world dentistry. PMID- 3203021 TI - Phantoms in Wrexham. PMID- 3203020 TI - The hospital service today. PMID- 3203022 TI - Oral cancer. PMID- 3203023 TI - Slow setting of light cured composites. PMID- 3203025 TI - Dentinogenesis imperfecta: an interdisciplinary approach. PMID- 3203024 TI - Kawasaki syndrome. PMID- 3203026 TI - An unusual dental problem associated with wind instrument playing. PMID- 3203027 TI - Dentistry: caring for the world. PMID- 3203028 TI - The contribution of women to dentistry in the 1980s. PMID- 3203029 TI - Practice staff: terms of the contract of employment. PMID- 3203030 TI - AIDS update. PMID- 3203031 TI - 'A Christian moral view of AIDS'. PMID- 3203032 TI - Relative power of clinical, exercise test, and angiographic variables in predicting clinical outcome after myocardial infarction: the Newham and Tower Hamlets study. AB - The interrelations of clinical, exercise test, and angiographic variables and their relative values in predicting specific clinical outcomes after myocardial infarction have not been fully established. Of 302 consecutive stable survivors of infarction, 262 performed a predischarge submaximal exercise test. In the first year after infarction patients with a "positive" exercise test were 13 times more likely to die, 2.8 times more likely to have an ischaemic event, and 2.3 times more likely to develop left ventricular failure than patients with negative tests. Patients with positive exercise tests underwent cardiac catheterization. Features of the history, 12 lead electrocardiogram, in-hospital clinical course, exercise test, and left ventricular and coronary angiograms that predicted these clinical end points were identified by univariate analysis. Then multivariable analysis was used to assess the relative powers of all variables in predicting end points. Certain features of the exercise test remained independent predictors of future ischaemic events and the development of overt left ventricular failure, but clinical and angiographic variables were more powerful predictors of mortality. Because the exercise test is also used to select patients for angiography, however, the results of this study strongly support the use of early submaximal exercise testing after infarction. PMID- 3203033 TI - High prevalence of hypertriglyceridaemia and apolipoprotein abnormalities in coronary artery disease. AB - Serum lipids and apolipoproteins A-I and B were measured in 174 men aged less than 60 with angiographically confirmed coronary artery disease and in 572 healthy control men. Two thirds of the patients had raised age-corrected values of fasting serum cholesterol and/or triglyceride and/or a low high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol compared with the controls. Eighteen (30%) of the 61 normolipidaemic patients had a concentration of serum apolipoprotein A-I below the 5th percentile of 233 controls. In normolipidaemic patients on beta blockers the relative prevalence of serum low density lipoprotein (LDL)-apolipoprotein B values above the 95th percentile of 339 controls was significantly increased. Discriminant function analysis showed that a raised concentration of serum triglyceride was the best discriminant between patients and controls, with raised LDL-apolipoprotein B and reduced apolipoprotein A-I coming second only to triglyceride in analyses where each was separately compared with all the lipid variables. These associations were highly significant and were independent of other influences, including beta blockade. These findings re-emphasise the importance of hypertriglyceridaemia as a risk factor and confirm that apolipoprotein abnormalities occur frequently in coronary disease, even in normolipidaemic patients. PMID- 3203035 TI - Differential sensitivity of radionuclide ventriculography for the detection of anterior and inferior infarction. AB - Attenuation of counts from the more distant inferior portion of the left ventricular blood pool in equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography may mean that inferior infarction is less likely to be detected than anterior infarction. Fourier amplitude and phase images can be used to map the extent and timing of regional ventricular wall motion and this study assesses their use for the detection of anterior and inferior infarction. Normal regional values of amplitude and phase were established in 38 individuals without evidence of cardiac abnormality. In 20 patients with anterior infarcts, though the sensitivity of the combined left anterior oblique amplitude and phase images was high (95%) it was lower (77%) in 39 with inferior infarcts, principally because the sensitivity of the phase image for the detection of inferior infarcts was only 39%. Right anterior oblique images generated from a first pass study detected all 13 patients with inferior infarcts. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was significantly lower in the patients with anterior infarcts (37%) than in those with inferior infarcts (48%). Although the mean wall motion score on x ray contrast ventriculography was slightly lower in the patients with anterior infarction, the high sensitivity of the right anterior oblique amplitude and phase images in inferior infarction suggests that attenuation of counts is an important cause of reduced sensitivity of the left anterior oblique images. This may also partly explain the lower ejection fractions in inferior infarction. It follows that both a right anterior oblique first pass study and a left anterior oblique equilibrium study are necessary for an accurate description of regional wall motion. PMID- 3203034 TI - The role of risk factors in heart attacks occurring in men with pre-existing ischaemic heart disease. AB - The importance of three risk factors--serum total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and cigarette smoking--on the risk of new major ischaemic heart disease events in men who already have evidence of ischaemic heart disease was assessed. Data from the initial examination in a large prospective study of cardiovascular disease in middle aged men (the British Regional Heart Study) were used to separate 7710 men into three groups on the basis of a resting electrocardiogram, a standardised chest pain questionnaire, and recall of a doctor's diagnosis of angina or of a previous heart attack: (group 1) no evidence of ischaemic heart disease (75%), (group 2) evidence of ischaemic heart disease short of a definite myocardial infarction (20%), (group 3) definite myocardial infarction (6%). In the average follow up period of 7.5 years, 443 men suffered a new major event caused by ischaemic heart disease (fatal or non-fatal myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death). Age standardised event rates were determined for each of the three groups for varying levels of the established risk factors. Cigarette smoking is strongly associated with the event rate in group 1 but in men with existing heart disease, especially group 3, differences in risk between the smoking categories were smaller. The strong relation between systolic blood pressure and event rate persisted in groups 1 and 2 but not in group 3. The positive association between serum concentration of total cholesterol and the event rate was strongest in group 1 and weaker in groups 2 and 3, though it remained highly significant. These observations, taken together with the results of previous prospective studies and intervention trials, suggest that the important association between serum total cholesterol and the risk of heart attack persists in men with pre-existing ischaemic heart disease, including myocardial infarction. Therefore, in these men the reduction of serum total cholesterol concentration may be at least as important as it is in men without evidence of ischaemic heart disease. PMID- 3203037 TI - Sequence of epicardial repolarisation and configuration of the T wave. AB - Epicardial activation and repolarisation sequences were investigated in patients with upright or inverted T waves in left ventricular leads of the surface electrocardiogram. Fifteen patients were studied: 10 were undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (upright T waves) and five aortic valve replacement (four patients with T inversion). Monophasic action potentials were recorded intraoperatively from eight to 10 left ventricular sites in each patient. In patients with upright T waves there was an inverse relation between the duration of the monophasic action potential and the activation time (mean slope -1.44). As a consequence, activation and repolarisation proceeded in opposite directions. Dispersion of repolarisation time (14 ms) was less than dispersion of activation time (23 ms). In patients with T wave inversion caused by aortic stenosis there was no relation between the duration of action potential and activation time; the repolarisation sequence resembled the activation sequence, and the dispersion of repolarisation time was greater than the dispersion of activation time (31 and 26 ms respectively). These results show that there are epicardial repolarisation gradients in man and that these are related to the configuration of the T wave. In patients with upright T waves an inverse relation between the duration of the action potential and the activation time reduces the dispersion of the repolarisation time. When the T wave was inverted this relation was no longer found and the dispersion of repolarisation increased. PMID- 3203036 TI - Silent myocardial ischaemia in chronic stable angina: a study of its frequency and characteristics in 150 patients. AB - One hundred and fifty unselected patients with documented coronary artery disease were studied to establish the frequency and characteristics of silent myocardial ischaemia. Patients underwent ambulatory ST segment monitoring off all routine antianginal treatment (total 6264 hours) and exercise testing (n = 146). Ninety one patients (61%) had a total of 598 episodes of significant ST segment change, of which 446 (75%) were asymptomatic. Twenty seven patients (18%) had only painless episodes; 14 (9%) patients only painful episodes; 50 patients (33%) had both painless and painful episodes. The mean number of ST segment changes per day was 2.58 (1.95 silent); however, 11 patients (7%) had 50% of all silent episodes, and 48 patients (32%) had 91% of all silent episodes. Fifty nine patients (39%) had no ST segment changes on ambulatory monitoring, and 73 patients (49%) had no evidence of silent ischaemia. Episodes of silent ischaemia occurred with a similar circadian distribution to that of painful ischaemia, predominantly between 0730 and 1930. There was a similar mean rise in heart rate at the onset of both silent and painful episodes of ischaemia. Silent ischaemia was significantly more frequent in patients with three vessel disease than in those with single vessel disease, and was also significantly related to both time to 1 mm ST depression and maximal exercise duration on exercise testing. There was a highly significant relation between the mean number and duration of episodes of silent ischaemia in patients with positive exercise tests when compared with those with negative tests. No episode of ventricular tachycardia was recorded in association with silent ischaemic change. PMID- 3203038 TI - Effect of propranolol on the QT intervals of normal individuals during exercise: a new method for studying interventions. AB - A new method was used to study the effect of a single dose of propranolol on the QT intervals during exercise in 11 normal volunteers. They exercised maximally on a bicycle ergometer and repeated the test after taking propranolol (40 mg) by mouth two hours before. Electrocardiograms were continuously recorded on magnetic tape and the cardiac cycle length (RR interval) and the QT interval were measured every five seconds by a computer aided method. The RR-QT data from each test during the exercise phase were analysed by an exponential formula, QT = A - B x exp (-k x RR) and by Bazett's formula, QT = K x square root of (RR). Three reference QT intervals, QTc1, QTc2, and QTc3, estimated at RR = 400, 700, and 1000 ms respectively from the regression curves of both formulas were compared. The exponential formula, which consistently gave a better fit with the data, showed that propranolol had a biphasic action on the QT intervals during exercise. It significantly prolonged the mean (SD) interval at longer cycle lengths (from 287 (27) to 305 (18) ms at RR = 1000 ms and shortened it at shorter cycle lengths (from 198 (14) to 179 (16) ms at RR = 400 ms). In contrast, Bazett's formula did not show any significant effect when the same raw data were used. The exponential formula can be adapted to study other interventions or conditions that affect QT intervals. PMID- 3203039 TI - Assessment of the thickness of the right ventricular free wall by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. AB - Electrocardiogram gated magnetic resonance imaging was performed in nine healthy volunteers, in four patients with pulmonary hypertension, and in 16 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Fifty two short axis images in diastole were examined to assess the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging for the measurement of the thickness of the free wall of the right ventricle and the degree of hypertrophy of the right ventricular free wall in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension. Magnetic resonance imaging gave a clear image of 68% of the length of the right ventricular free wall, showing both the endocardial and epicardial margins. The mean (1 SD) thickness of the right ventricular free wall measured at a total of 512 points was 0.44 (0.12) cm in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 0.29 (0.08) cm in healthy individuals, and 0.73 (0.27) cm in patients with pulmonary hypertension. PMID- 3203040 TI - Sustained haemodynamic effects of felodipine in patients with chronic cardiac failure. AB - 1. The efficacy of felodipine a new calcium channel blocker with selective vasodilator activity in the management of severe low output cardiac failure, secondary to coronary heart disease, was determined in 10 patients. 2. Haemodynamic measurements were made at rest and during dynamic exercise and left ventricular function was assessed by radionuclide ventriculography. 3. Significant increases in cardiac index, stroke volume index and ejection fraction were found particularly during exercise, both acutely and following 4 weeks administration of felodipine therapy. 4. Felodipine could well have a significant role in the long term management of the patient with chronic cardiac failure. PMID- 3203041 TI - Simplified approaches to the determination of antipyrine pharmacokinetic parameters. AB - 1. The pharmacokinetics of single intravenous doses of antipyrine were determined in 96 volunteers using multiple (12 or more) plasma antipyrine concentrations measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography during 24-48 h after dosage. These kinetic estimates were compared with those based on: A, the 4 h and 12 h points only; B, the 4 h through 12 h points; C, the 8 h and 24 h points only. 2. Mean clearance values for the complete study (48.0 ml min-1) were nearly identical to abbreviated approaches A, B, and C (49.1, 49.3, and 46.4 ml min-1), and were highly correlated (r = 0.99). 3. Coefficients of variation (CV) between individual clearance values for complete vs abbreviated studies averaged 5.5%, 5.8% and 2.9%, and CVs were less than 15% in 95.8%, 93.7% and 98.9% of subjects, respectively, for methods A, B, and C. 4. Overall mean values of elimination half life (11.9, 12.1, 12.0 and 12.5 h) and volume of distribution (43.7, 45.1, 45.2, and 44.71) were likewise very similar for complete A, B and C analyses respectively. 5. The best correlation with the complete study was observed for the 8 and 24 h sampling scheme, for which clearance values were within 5% of the reference method in 84% of subjects, and within 10% in 97% of subjects. 6. Antipyrine pharmacokinetic parameters can be estimated with reasonable precision using a simplified two-point blood sampling procedure following a single intravenous dose. Estimates of elimination half-life, volume of distribution and clearance based on 8 h and 24 h data points correlated best with complete pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 3203042 TI - The pharmacokinetics of oral nifedipine--a population study. AB - 1. The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of nifedipine have been studied in a population of 59 young male volunteers following administration of a 10 mg capsule. 2. The area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) for nifedipine demonstrated a skewed but not a bimodal distribution (mean 154 ng ml-1 h; range 54-306 ng ml-1h). 3. Calculation of the ratio of the AUC of nifedipine to the AUC of its nitropyridine metabolite did not separate those individuals with high AUC values of nifedipine from the remainder of the population. 4. Similarly there was no evidence for bimodality in the excretion of the major urinary metabolite. Those subjects with high plasma AUC values for nifedipine excreted similar amounts to the remainder of the population. 5. In contrast to a previous study using a 20 mg oral dose, there was no evidence of polymorphism in the pharmacokinetics or metabolism of nifedipine following a single 10 mg oral dose. PMID- 3203044 TI - Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein concentration and molecular heterogeneity: relationship to oxprenolol binding in serum from healthy volunteers and patients with lung carcinoma or cirrhosis. AB - 1. alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentration and molecular heterogeneity, and oxprenolol protein binding were studied in serum of 15 healthy volunteers, 14 patients with lung carcinoma and 17 patients with liver cirrhosis. 2. The AAG serum concentration was increased to 180.7% in patients with lung cancer and decreased to 73.4% in cirrhotic patients as compared with controls (P less than 0.05). 3. The concanavalin A (conA) dependent heterogeneity of serum AAG was very similar in controls and patients with lung cancer: a ratio of 9/9/2 was obtained for the conA nonreactive, the conA weakly reactive and the conA strongly reactive subfraction respectively; in cirrhotic patients, the ratio shifted to 11/7/1. 4. The heterogeneity in electric charge, demonstrated by isoelectric focusing, was similar in the three groups of subjects: 70-80% of the focussed bands were found in the main three bands. 5. The binding of oxprenolol to serum proteins was increased in lung tumour patients and decreased in liver cirrhotic patients as compared with controls (P less than 0.05). There was no change in binding affinity and oxprenolol binding was significantly correlated to total AAG serum concentration and to the concentration of each of the conA dependent subtypes, in controls as well as in both patients groups. PMID- 3203043 TI - The influence of infusion rate on the pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of nisoldipine in man. AB - 1. The pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of nisoldipine on long term i.v. infusion of 2.40 mg and 9.59 mg in 25 h were studied in six healthy subjects. Liver blood flow at 0.8 and 24 h was assessed by measuring indocyanine green (ICG) clearance. 2. After high-dose nisoldipine, systemic clearance was 0.99 +/- 0.16 1 min-1, volume of distribution was 5.8 +/- 1.5 1 kg-1 and elimination half life was 10.7 +/- 2.4 h. The pharmacokinetic parameters were similar after low dose nisoldipine. 3. No significant changes in apparent liver blood flow were observed after either high-dose or low-dose nisoldipine. 4. Systolic blood pressure did not change, whereas diastolic blood pressure decreased by approximately 10% during both treatments. Maximal increase in heart rate was approximately 37% at high-dose infusion, whereas this was one half lower during the low-dose regimen. 5. Increased infusion rate results in an unfavourable shift in the haemodynamic effect profile of nisoldipine. PMID- 3203046 TI - The effect of allopurinol on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of indomethacin. AB - The effect of 5 days treatment with allopurinol (300 mg) on the pharmacokinetics of indomethacin at steady-state was investigated in eight patients. Allopurinol produced no significant effect on the indomethacin serum concentration-time curve. Allopurinol did not alter significantly the amounts of indomethacin excreted in the urine within 8 h. However, the urinary ratio of N deschlorobenzoylindomethacin to indomethacin was reduced significantly by allopurinol administration (P less than 0.05). PMID- 3203045 TI - The effect of nisoldipine on whole blood platelet aggregation in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. AB - 1. Whole blood platelet aggregation was measured by electrical impedance in 28 controls and 28 patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon. 2. The patients were entered into a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial of the calcium antagonist nisoldipine, in which they received, in random order, three, 4 week treatments with placebo and nisoldipine (5 and 10 mg day-1). 3. Platelet aggregation responses to two concentrations (5.0 and 0.5 micrograms ml-1) of collagen were determined before treatment and at the end of each treatment phase. 4. There were no differences in aggregation response to either collagen concentration between controls and patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon, or between placebo and active treatment phases. 5. These data do not support the suggestion that nisoldipine has a significant anti-platelet effect. PMID- 3203047 TI - The effect of inhaled ouabain on bronchial reactivity to histamine in man. AB - To determine the role of Na/K ATPase in determining bronchial reactivity in man, we studied the effect of 1 mg inhaled ouabain on histamine reactivity in six normal and 10 asthmatic subjects in a placebo controlled, crossover study. sGaw was measured before and up to 2 h after drug, followed by a histamine challenge test to estimate the dose of histamine causing a 35% reduction in sGAW (PD35). sGAW values after ouabain and placebo did not differ significantly. Ouabain did not affect bronchial reactivity, geometric mean (95% CI) PD35 histamine values following ouabain and placebo were 8.98 (3.8-21.2) and 7.75 (3.2-18.7) mumol respectively in normal subjects and 0.46 (0.18-1.21) and 0.69 (0.22-2.13) in asthmatic subjects. We were thus unable to demonstrate a role for Na/K ATPase in determining bronchial reactivity to histamine in man. PMID- 3203048 TI - Stabilization of endothelial lining and decrease in circulating endothelial cells -one mechanism underlying the clinical action of PGE1? PMID- 3203049 TI - The effect of atropine on heart-rate: a comparison between two ethnic groups. PMID- 3203050 TI - Is posture clinically important when monitoring theophylline therapy? PMID- 3203051 TI - The effect of antacids and metoclopramide on omeprazole absorption and disposition. PMID- 3203052 TI - Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions. I: the data. PMID- 3203053 TI - Nonlinear accumulation of propranolol enantiomers. AB - The accumulation of (+)- and (-)-propranolol was investigated in nine subjects who received 160 mg of racemic propranolol as a single dose and then once daily for 7 days. The serum concentrations of propranolol enantiomers were measured by h.p.l.c. using a novel chiral stationary phase allowing direct resolution of underivatized propranolol. The (+)-propranolol AUC increased from 412 +/- 223 ng ml-1 h after single doses (0-infinity) to 584 +/- 279 ng ml-1 h at steady-state (0-24 h) (P less than 0.05). Similarly, (-)-propranolol AUC increased from 609 +/ 304 to 777 +/- 370 ng ml-1 h (P less than 0.05). The AUC ratio (-)/(+) was 1.52 +/- 0.36 and 1.32 +/- 0.17 after single doses and steady-state, respectively (P greater than 0.05). Therefore, nonlinear accumulation occurs with both enantiomers although there is a trend for the (-)/(+) ratio to decrease at steady state. PMID- 3203054 TI - The binding of drugs to major human milk whey proteins. AB - The binding of nine drugs of diverse physicochemical characteristics to major human milk whey proteins is reported. This group included acids, bases and neutral drugs. No drug bound to alpha-lactalbumin, which is the protein present in greatest concentrations in mature milk. Four drugs, diclofenac, phenytoin, prednisolone and warfarin, bound to albumin but to a much lesser extent than in plasma, consistent with quantitatively less albumin in milk. None of the basic drugs studied bound to albumin. Five drugs, atenolol, diclofenac, prednisolone, propranolol and warfarin, bound to lactoferrin though the extent was minimal except for diclofenac. This group included acids, bases and neutral drugs. PMID- 3203055 TI - The influence of diazepam on the plasma concentrations of bupivacaine and lignocaine after caudal injection of a mixture of the local anaesthetics in children. AB - Twenty-one children undergoing surgery received a caudal block using 1 ml kg-1 of a mixture of 50% lignocaine (1%) and 50% bupivacaine (0.25%). They were randomized into two groups, one of which received diazepam 10 mg rectally as premedication. Diazepam administration resulted in significantly higher Cmax and AUC values for bupivacaine but did not influence the plasma concentrations of lignocaine. PMID- 3203056 TI - Topical indomethacin and psoriasis. PMID- 3203057 TI - In vitro inhibition studies of tolbutamide hydroxylase activity of human liver microsomes by azoles, sulphonamides and quinolines. AB - 1. A number of compounds have been examined for their ability to inhibit tolbutamide hydroxylase activity in human liver microsomes (control value at a substrate concentration of 150 microM being 0.27 +/- 0.12 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein; mean +/- s.d.; n = 7). 2. IC50 (concentration of inhibitor producing 50% inhibition) values were determined for a range of sulphonamides, imidazoles and aminoquinoline compounds. The most potent inhibition was evident with the 1 substituted imidazole antimycotic drugs ketoconazole, clotrimazole and miconazole and the sulphonamide sulphaphenazole (IC50 values of 16.5, 2.5, 0.85 and 0.5 microM respectively). A number of compounds showed little or no inhibition of tolbutamide hydroxylase as judged by an IC50 of greater than or equal to 500 microM. 3. The Km value for tolbutamide hydroxylase was 125 microM and Vmax, 0.44 nmol min-1 mg-1 protein. All the substituted imidazoles examined in kinetic studies 1v vs 1s, Line-weaver-Burk plots) produced either non-competitive or mixed inhibition. The sulphonamides exhibited competitive inhibition, the Ki for sulphaphenazole being 0.22 microM. Primaquine showed mixed inhibition. Dixon plots confirmed the type of inhibition produced. 4. Although the competitive inhibition between some sulphonamides and tolbutamide is consistent with metabolism by the same isozyme of cytochrome P-450 it does not prove it and further studies with purified enzymes will be necessary to confirm this. PMID- 3203059 TI - Naproxen kinetics in synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. AB - 1. The kinetics of naproxen in synovial fluid were studied in 407 osteoarthritic outpatients with knee effusion requiring aspiration, following a single 1100 mg oral dose of naproxen sodium. 2. The drug concentration-time profiles were described by a biexponential function. Naproxen entered synovial fluid rapidly, reaching a maximum concentration of 36 mg l-1 (Cmax) at 7.5 h. The first order input rate constant (kOs) was 0.41 +/- 0.15 h-1 with a lag time (tlag) of 0.24 +/ 0.36 h. 3. Elimination from the fluid was slow (t1/2 = 31 +/- 12 h) and appreciable drug concentrations were still measurable (27 mg l-1) after 24 h. 4. During once daily dosing of naproxen sodium, naproxen should accumulate in synovial fluid, a steady-state being achieved within a week of treatment. The predicted accumulation ratio based on trough concentration was 2.4. PMID- 3203058 TI - Effect of dose on the glucuronidation and sulphation kinetics of diflunisal in man: single dose studies. AB - 1. The effect of dose (100 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg and 1000 mg) on the glucuronidation and sulphation of diflunisal was studied in six healthy volunteers. 2. Total urinary recovery ranged from 78.9 +/- 11.9% to 91.5 +/- 18.7% of the administered dose. Urinary recovery (normalized for total urinary recovery) of diflunisal sulphate (DS) significantly increased with dose from 9.3 +/- 3.7% to 18.1 +/- 4.8%. 3. Normalized urinary recovery for diflunisal phenolic glucuronide (DPG) was unaffected by dose (range: 30.6 +/- 3.8% to 40.6 +/- 6.6%). Normalized urinary recovery for the acyl glucuronide (DAG) significantly decreased from 52.3 +/- 4.6% to 40.2 +/- 3.4% as the dose increased. 4. Total plasma clearance of diflunisal significantly decreased from 14.4 +/- 1.4 ml min-1 to 8.7 +/- 1.4 ml min-1 as the dose increased from 100 mg to 750 mg. A further increase in dose to 1000 mg resulted in an unexplained increase in total plasma clearance to 10.3 +/- 1.8 ml min-1. 5. Dose-dependent plasma clearance of diflunisal was caused mainly by saturation of the formation of DAG, whereas the formation of DS and DPG were relatively unaffected by dose. PMID- 3203060 TI - Metronidazole excretion in human milk and its effect on the suckling neonate. AB - 1. Milk and plasma metronidazole and hydroxymetronidazole concentrations were measured in 12 breast-feeding patients following multiple doses of metronidazole (400 mg three times daily). All patients received metronidazole in combination with other broad spectrum antibiotics. 2. Plasma concentrations of both parent drug and metabolite were measured in seven suckling infants. Thirty-five infants were monitored for adverse reactions to maternal metronidazole therapy and two further groups of suckling infants, those whose mothers received either ampicillin alone or no drug therapy, were recruited as controls. 3. The mean milk to plasma ratio (M/P) was 0.9 for metronidazole and 0.76 for hydroxymetronidazole while the mean milk metronidazole concentrations (around Cmax) were 15.5 micrograms ml-1. The mean milk hydroxymetronidazole concentration was 5.7 micrograms ml-1. 4. Infant plasma metronidazole concentrations ranged from 1.27 micrograms ml-1 to 2.41 micrograms ml-1, and the corresponding hydroxymetronidazole concentrations from 1.1 to 2.4 micrograms ml-1. 5. There were no significant increases in adverse effects in infants which could be attributable to maternal metronidazole therapy. 6. Metronidazole was excreted in milk at concentrations which caused no serious reactions in the infants studied. The drug may therefore be administered at doses of 400 mg three times daily to mothers wishing to breast-feed their infants. PMID- 3203061 TI - Ketanserin concentration-effect relationships in individual hypertensive patients. AB - 1. This study further investigates the relationship between ketanserin concentration and the fall in BP in individual hypertensive patients. 2. An integrated kinetic-dynamic model was used to characterise the response to ketanserin for each individual in terms of BP reduction per unit drug concentration and to describe the temporal discrepancy for the plasma concentration-effect relationship (keq). 3. Using the linear effect model ketanserin concentrations were well correlated with the fall in BP in individual patients. There was a significant reduction in the responsiveness to ketanserin (m) after 1 month: -0.25 mm Hg ng-1 ml-1, compared with -0.47 following the 1st dose. 4. There was a significant increase in keq from 0.49 (1st dose) to 1.86 h-1 (1 month). 5. There was no relationship between the responsiveness to ketanserin and patient age, starting BP or peripheral alpha-adrenoceptor blockade. PMID- 3203063 TI - Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions. II: Uses. PMID- 3203062 TI - Effect of a PAF antagonist, BN52063, on PAF-induced bronchoconstriction in normal subjects. AB - 1. The effects of an oral platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, BN52063, or matched placebo on inhaled PAF challenge were assessed in a double-blind study in eight normal subjects. 2. PAF (24 micrograms) induced an immediate bronchoconstriction, with a maximum fall in flow at 30% of vital capacity from a partial flow volume manoeuvre (Vp30) of 47.1 +/- 7% (mean +/- s.e. mean) 5 min after inhalation following placebo treatment. Repeated PAF challenges at 15 min intervals resulted in tachyphylaxis of the bronchoconstrictor response. 3. Two hours after the ingestion of BN52063 (120 mg) the maximum bronchoconstriction induced by inhaled PAF was attenuated (35.9 +/- 9% fall at 5 min) with a significant reduction (P less than 0.05) in response after the first and second inhalations. 4. Inhaled PAF induced an immediate neutropenia (73.2 +/- 9% fall 5 min after inhalation) followed by a rebound neutrophilia, which were unaffected by pretreatment with BN52063. 5. Oral ingestion of a dose of BN52063 which is effective in reducing skin responses to PAF gave partial protection against the bronchoconstrictor effect of inhaled PAF in normal subjects. PMID- 3203064 TI - Circadian variation in theophylline absorption during chronic dosing with a slow release theophylline preparation and the effect of clock time of dosing. AB - 1. Eight volunteers were given seven doses of 200 mg of slow release theophylline at either 11.00 h and 23.00 h (regimen 1) or 17.00 h and 05.00 h (regimen 2). At the time of the sixth dose (60 h) hourly blood sampling was started and continued for 24 h. After at least 1 week volunteers crossed over to the other regimen. 2. Volunteers retired to bed at 23.00 h and arose after the 07.00 h sample during both regimens. 3. During regimen 1 there was a marked rise in mean tmax from 3.3 h after dosing at 11.00 h to 9.3 h after dosing at 23.00 h (P less than 0.001). There was also a fall in AUC(0,12) from 89.9 mg l-1 h after dosing at 11.00 h to 79.0 mg l-1 h after dosing at 23.00 h. There was no difference in mean Cmax values. 4. During regimen 2 these circadian changes were abolished with mean values after both dosing times lying between those observed during regimen 1. 5. A marked delay in absorption occurs at night and cannot be explained by food intake. PMID- 3203065 TI - Penetration of nadolol into aqueous humour after a single oral dose. AB - Nadolol 20 mg was administered orally as a single-blind, single dose to nine patients about to undergo cataract extraction. Intraocular pressures fell by a mean of 24% 3 h after administration. During the operation, aqueous humour and serum samples were taken for measurement of nadolol concentrations. Aqueous nadolol concentrations ranged from 3.8 to 13.4 ng ml-1, and correlated with the serum drug concentrations (r = 0.84). The fall in intraocular pressure did not correlate with either the aqueous humour or plasma concentrations of nadolol. PMID- 3203066 TI - 311 nm UVB phototherapy--an effective treatment for psoriasis. AB - Fifty two psoriatic patients were treated with a new experimental fluorescent lamp (Philips TL-01) emitting a narrow band at 311 +/- 2 nm (UVB) which had the advantage of a reduction in burning and carcinogenic wavelengths when compared with conventional broad band UVB therapy. Results of the '311' treated group when compared with broad band UVB therapy revealed a similar percentage of patients achieving a satisfactory response with fewer burning episodes and an increase in duration of remission. PMID- 3203067 TI - UVB phototherapy of atopic dermatitis. AB - UVB phototherapy of atopic dermatitis was investigated in two paired-comparison studies. In study I, 17 patients were treated for 8 weeks with ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) on one half of the body and with visible light (placebo) on the other. A severity score based on eight clinical variables was determined before, during and after treatment. The total score, pruritus score and overall evaluation score were significantly better on the UVB treated sides than on the placebo treated sides (P less than 0.001). In 13 patients the UVB treated side healed or improved considerably, while the placebo treated side improved considerably in one patient only. In study II, 25 patients were treated for 8 weeks with 0.8 of the minimal erythema dose (MED) of UVB on one half of the body and with 0.4 MED UVB on the other. No statistically significant differences between these dosage regimens were found. PMID- 3203068 TI - No detectable increase in sister chromatid exchanges in lymphocytes from mycosis fungoides patients after topical treatment with nitrogen mustard. AB - We measured sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in lymphocytes of eight MF patients before, and 2 h, and 24 h after treatment with topical nitrogen mustard. The mean number of SCEs/cell (+/- SEM) were 8.15 (+/- 0.62), 8.34 (+0.55) and 8.26 (+/- 0.56), respectively. The 2 h and 24 h results do not differ significantly from pretreatment levels. Our results show that concentrations of nitrogen mustard used to control MF do not induce SCEs in peripheral blood lymphocytes. PMID- 3203070 TI - The effect of topical cyclosporin on the immediate shedding of human scalp hair grafted onto nude mice. AB - Considerable evidence now exists that cyclosporin (CyA) has a stimulatory effect on hair growth. Previously, we demonstrated the systemic effect of CyA on hair growth using an experimental model of human scalp skin graft transplanted onto nude mice and rats. In the present study we used this model to investigate the effect of topical CyA on human hair growth. One group of 15 mice was treated with topical CyA in olive oil, and a second group of 10 mice with olive oil only. The numbers of grafts with hair and the number of hairs per graft in the different groups were compared. A statistically significant delay in hair shedding appeared from day 24 onwards in the CyA treated group. This pilot study supports the possibility that CyA may be effective in the treatment of alopecia. PMID- 3203069 TI - The use of antipyrine clearance to measure liver damage in psoriatic patients receiving methotrexate. AB - Salivary antipyrine clearance was measured in 15 patients with psoriasis receiving methotrexate and related to liver biopsy changes and routine liver function tests, to determine whether antipyrine clearance could be used as a non invasive method for monitoring liver function. Comparison of the salivary antipyrine clearance in the methotrexate group (mean 0.51 ml/min/kg, range 0.26 0.81) with 15 matched psoriatic controls (mean 0.54 ml/min/kg, range 0.34-0.99) showed no significant difference. Liver biopsy changes were scored for fatty change, fibrosis, liver cell necrosis and portal tract infiltrate. Total liver biopsy scores correlated significantly with antipyrine clearance/kg body weight (r = -0.72, P less than 0.05). There was no significant correlation of total liver biopsy scores with the other liver function tests. Correlation of the individual liver biopsy changes and antipyrine clearance showed a significant correlation with fatty change (r = -0.75, P less than 0.01), but not with fibrosis (r = -0.53), liver cell necrosis (r = -0.54) or infiltrate (r = -0.41). PMID- 3203071 TI - The effects of topically applied hexyl nicotinate lotion on the cutaneous blood flow in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. AB - The effect of the epicutaneous application of 0.1% and 1.0% hexyl nicotinate lotion on upper limb skin blood flow was investigated in 25 patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and five healthy volunteers. Assessments were made using laser Doppler velocimetry. The 0.1% lotion induced an increase in cutaneous blood flow in both controls and patients when applied at different sites on the upper limb. Increased cutaneous blood flow occurred more often when the lotion was applied to the forearm than to the fingers. A greater increase in blood flow and an increased percentage of positive responses was elicited with the 1.0% hexyl nicotinate lotion. Hexyl nicotinate lotion may be of value in the topical treatment of RP. PMID- 3203072 TI - X-linked ichthyosis and ichthyosis vulgaris: comparison of their clinical features based on biochemical analysis. AB - Thirty cases of X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) and 32 cases of ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) were diagnosed by measuring the steroid sulphatase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes or the electrophoretic mobility of serum LDL or both. The clinical features of the two conditions were then compared. In both diseases 60 66% of patients had a family history of the condition. Ichthyosis was noted at birth or immediately afterwards in 59% of the patients with XLI while it appeared in infancy in 68% of those with IV. Scales were mostly large and brown or dark brown in patients with XLI, while the majority of patients with IV had small brown or light brown scales. The distribution of the ichthyotic lesions differed in the two types of ichthyosis. On the trunk, the abdomen was more severely involved than the back in 63% of the cases with the XLI, whereas the back was more scaly than the abdomen in 44% of those with IV. On the extremities, the extensor surface was more severely affected than the flexor surface in both types. X-linked ichthyosis was characterized by the presence of lesions in the pre-auricular area, which were found in 93% of the cases with XLI, while only 17% of the IV patients had ichthyotic lesions at this site. Involvement of the preauricular area could be an important clinical feature for distinguishing XLI from IV. PMID- 3203073 TI - Epidermal antigens in pemphigus vegetans. Report of a case. AB - A patient is described who had typical pemphigus vegetans, according to clinical, histopathological and immunofluorescence criteria. To determine the specific molecules bound by antibodies in the serum of this patient, an immunoprecipitation analysis was performed with extracts of [14C]-amino acid labelled cultured normal human keratinocytes. The patient's serum precipitated the 130 kd and 85 kd polypeptides of the pemphigus vulgaris antigen, but also precipitated other polypeptides, the significance of which is not clear. PMID- 3203074 TI - Brain death: legal, religious and moral issues. PMID- 3203075 TI - Assessing the spinal cord injured patient. PMID- 3203076 TI - Care of the ventilator dependent spinal cord injured patient and their families in the acute rehabilitation stage. PMID- 3203077 TI - Mobilisation of neurosurgical lumbar discectomy patients: a study of two methods of transfer. PMID- 3203078 TI - Evaluation of right and left ventricular function in hard metal workers. AB - Ingested cobalt has previously been associated with the development of a congestive cardiomyopathy. Despite occasional reports of cardiomyopathy after industrial exposure to cobalt, this association remains controversial. In a study of 30 cemented tungsten carbide workers with a mean duration of exposure to cobalt of 9.9 +/- 5.3 years radionuclide ventriculography was performed to study right and left ventricular ejection fractions at rest and exercise. For the entire group, rest and exercise biventricular function was normal. There was, however, a weak but significant inverse correlation between duration of exposure and resting left ventricular function (r = -0.40, p less than 0.03). Workers with abnormal chest x ray findings (9/30) had relatively lower exercise right ventricular ejection fractions (45% +/- 6 v 52% +/- 7, p less than 0.02). An inverse relation was also found between rest and exercise right ventricular ejection fraction and severity of parenchymal abnormalities on x ray examination (r = -0.44, p less than 0.01 and r = -0.41, p less than 0.02). Diminished right ventricular reserve was probably due to fibrotic lung disease and early cor pulmonale. Although overt left ventricular dysfunction was not present, prolonged exposure to industrial cobalt may be a weak cardiomyopathic agent with unknown long term significance. PMID- 3203079 TI - Occupational exposures and changes in pulmonary function over 13 years among residents of Cracow. AB - In a 13 year follow up study conducted among residents of Cracow the relation of annual rate of decline in FEV1 to occupational exposures was analysed. The study group consisted of 696 men and 983 women aged 19-60 at the start of the study in 1968. They were interviewed three times, in 1968, 1973, and 1981, and decline in FEV1 was estimated for each subject from spirometric measurements in 1968 and 1981. The interviews provided data on exposure at the workplace to dusts, variable temperature, and chemicals or irritating gases, which established duration and time of the exposure. The FEV1 mean level, height, and smoking habits were considered as confounders in the analysis. The study indicated that the most pronounced influence on decline in FEV1 was prolonged and continuing exposure to variable temperature. The effects of dusts, independent of exposure to variable temperature, were much smaller but analysis in occupational subgroups suggest that dust may be important in some, such as workers in the building materials and pottery industry. Relatively immediate effects of exposure to chemicals were detected independently of effects of other exposures. The estimated effects of occupational exposures were of a similar magnitude as those of tobacco smoking though related to much smaller groups. Both effects were additive in accelerating decline in lung function. These results, obtained in the general population and less biased by selection than studies performed in industrial settings, show the importance of occupational factors in the natural history of limitation of airflow. PMID- 3203080 TI - Assessment of the reproductive toxicology of bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF, halon 1211) in the rat. AB - The effect of bromochlorodifluoromethane (BCF) on reproduction in the rat has been investigated in two studies. Pregnant female rats were exposed by inhalation to 1000, 10,000, or 50,000 ppm BCF for six hours a day on days six to 15 of gestation (day of mating = day 0). Exposure to 50,000 ppm BCF caused a reduction in maternal weight gain over the exposure period but there was no evidence of either teratogenicity or embryo/fetotoxicity at any concentration. In a study designed to assess the potential effect of BCF during a complete reproductive cycle male and female rats were exposed to 5000 ppm or 25,000 ppm BCF for six hours a day for five days a week for 10 weeks (males) or three weeks (females) before mating. Exposure to BCF continued during mating and up to day 20 of gestation for half the females which were subsequently allowed to litter and the development of their offspring monitored. The remaining females were removed from exposure to BCF after mating and killed on day 20 of gestation for examination of their uterine contents. There were no effects on adult fertility, pup numbers, survival, or pup development. It was concluded that BCF had no reproductive toxicity potential in the rat. PMID- 3203081 TI - Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and histopathological changes in the nasal mucosa. AB - To study the cytotoxic effect of formaldehyde on the human nasal mucosa 75 men with occupational exposure to formaldehyde or to formaldehyde and wood dust, were examined, looking particularly at early signs of irritative effects and histopathological changes in the nasal mucosa. All men underwent a medical examination and a nasal biopsy specimen was examined by a pathologist and graded from 0-8 according to the morphological changes. A high frequency of nasal symptoms, mostly a running nose and crusting, was related to exposure to formaldehyde. Only three men had a normal mucosa; the remainder had loss of cilia and goblet cell hyperplasia (11%) and squamous metaplasia (78%); in six cases (8%) there was a mild dysplasia. The histological grading showed a significantly higher score when compared with unexposed contents (2.9 v 1.8). There was no dose response relation, no malignancies, and no difference in the histological score between those exposed to formaldehyde or to formaldehyde and wood dust. PMID- 3203082 TI - Incidence of laryngeal cancer and exposure to acid mists. AB - To determine the relation between exposure to acid mist and laryngeal cancer, the smoking habits, drinking habits, and incidence of laryngeal cancer of 879 male steelworkers exposed to acid mists during pickling operations was ascertained. Sulphuric acid mist was the primary exposure for most men in this cohort. These men had all worked in a pickling operation for a minimum of six months before 1965, with an average duration of exposure of 9.5 years. Exposures to sulphuric acid in the 1970s averaged about 0.2 mg/m3, and earlier exposures were probably similar. Interviews were conducted with all cohort members or their next of kin in 1986 and medical records of decedents were reviewed. Nine workers were identified who had been diagnosed as having laryngeal cancer, using a conservative case definition that required medical record confirmation for any case among decedents and confirmation by a physician for any case among live individuals. Using data from national surveys of cancer incidence as referent rates, 3.44 laryngeal cancers would have been expected. Excess smoking by the exposed cohort compared with the United States population resulted in an upward adjustment of the expected number of cases of laryngeal cancer to 3.92. The standardised incidence rate ratio for laryngeal cancer was 2.30 (9/3.92), with a one sided p value of 0.01 (assuming a Poisson distribution). The finding of excess laryngeal cancer in this cohort is consistent with four other studies published since 1981. PMID- 3203083 TI - Recent trends in the prevalence of byssinotic symptoms in the Lancashire textile industry. AB - A respiratory symptoms questionnaire was completed for 4656 volunteers employed in 31 textile factories engaged in spinning or weaving manmade fibre or cotton of various qualities. Sets of airborne dust and bacteria samples were collected in workzones and personal breathing zones in the workrooms where the volunteers were employed. A total of 182 people indicated experiencing byssinotic symptoms, mainly in opening and carding rooms or in spinning and winding rooms where medium to coarse cotton was being processed. This represents a significant decline in the prevalence of byssinotic symptoms over the years, due possibly to lower concentrations of airborne contaminants, especially of bacteria, as cleaner raw materials are being used. According to a multiple, logistic regression model, the prevalence of byssinotic symptoms was found to be statistically significantly related to years worked in the cotton industry, exposure to dust, quality of cotton used, workroom of employment, ethnic origin, and smoking habits. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis were found to be significantly related to smoking habit and to factors connected with occupation, such as exposure to dust, workroom, and the quality of fibre processed. PMID- 3203084 TI - Occupation, smoking, and lung cancer. PMID- 3203085 TI - Careers of dentists undertaking a medical qualification. AB - The careers of doubly-qualified dentists have been re-examined, 12 years after the report by Henderson, Liversedge and James (1977). Three groups of medically qualified dentists were analysed. (a) those qualifying before 1960; (b) those qualifying between 1960 and 1975; (c) those qualifying since 1975. An increased proportion of those embarking on a medical qualification fail to return to a dental career, despite a stated intention to do so. There appears to be a 'wastage' to dentistry of approximately 40% of those dentists who subsequently obtain a medical qualification. Of those who do return, most practice hospital specialties at consultant level. PMID- 3203086 TI - The microbiology and management of acute dentoalveolar abscess: views of British oral and maxillofacial surgeons. AB - Improvements in microbiological technology have established a major role for anaerobes including Gram-positive anaerobes such as peptococci and peptostreptococci and Gram-negative anaerobes such as bacteroides and fusobacteria species in acute dentoalveolar abscesses. Organisms isolated increasingly may be, or may become, resistant to penicillin or erythromycin but metronidazole appears effective against many. These facts have implications for treatment when antimicrobials are indicated. This study presents the current views of British oral and maxillofacial surgeons responding to a questionnaire as to the causative microorganisms, selection of antimicrobial and route of administration and relates these to the current scientific basis for therapy. PMID- 3203088 TI - The intramandibular sliding myo-osseous graft for delayed reconstruction of selected mandibular defects. A preliminary report. AB - A technique for re-establishing continuity of the mandibular bone using an intramandibular sliding myo-osseous graft is presented. The usefulness and the simplicity of this modified pedicled bone graft is shown and additional experience with the technique is now justified to give a full assessment of the procedure. PMID- 3203087 TI - Tongue resection with the CO2 laser: the effects of past radiotherapy on postoperative complications. AB - A clinical study was undertaken in 21 patients to assess the effects of past radiotherapy on complications after tongue resection with the CO2 laser. Ten of the 11 irradiated patients experienced postoperative problems such as pain, haemorrhage, oedema, infection, delayed healing and poor function, while only one of the 10 non-irradiated patients had a problem due to minor bleeding after laser surgery. It is concluded that the CO2 laser is useful for primary excision of accessible tumours in the anterior tongue, but may be associated with more postoperative complications if the tongue has previously been irradiated. Where the tongue resection is part of a more radical excision, the CO2 laser is less advantageous. PMID- 3203089 TI - The pectoralis major muscle flap without skin in intra-oral reconstruction. AB - There are many methods of reconstructing intra-oral defects following surgical treatment of cancer. A very reliable flap is the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap which has the added advantage of carotid artery protection when a radical neck dissection has also been necessary. However this flap is very bulky, may cause distortion of the female breast and there is also the problem of continued hair growth in male patients. A description of the use of the pectoralis major muscle-only flap without any overlying skin, fascia or breast tissue is given. The advantages of rapid epithelialisation within the mouth of the muscle flap together with the minimal changes to the breasts are emphasised. PMID- 3203090 TI - Rhinolith: an unusual cause of palatal perforation. AB - An unusual case of a large rhinolith, which initially presented as an oronasal fistula, is reported. The surgical removal of the rhinolith through a maxillary osteotomy at the Le Fort I level with immediate direct fixation using 'Champy' plates is described. This approach provided excellent access for removal of the mass and repair of the oronasal fistula. PMID- 3203091 TI - Acquired angioedema. AB - An unusual case of angioedema is presented. The initial presentation occurred at 84 years-of-age without a family history of this condition. Further investigation revealed an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder which was associated with an acquired deficiency of the complement component C1 esterase inhibitor. It is important to distinguish this condition from the hereditary form. PMID- 3203093 TI - Inhalation of a denture fragment complicating facial trauma. AB - A case of facial trauma is presented, which was complicated by a denture fragment lodged in the larynx. This potentially life threatening event caused minor symptoms only. Its diagnosis and management are reported. PMID- 3203092 TI - A case of ameloblastic carcinoma with pulmonary metastases. AB - A case initially thought to be ameloblastoma of the mandible which showed rapid local destruction and was demonstrated to have three pulmonary metastases post mortem 18 months after the first symptoms in the mandible. The diagnosis is now considered to be ameloblastic carcinoma. The difficulties in histological diagnosis and varying classifications of malignant odontogenic tumours is noted. PMID- 3203094 TI - Tuberculosis of the parotid salivary gland--case report. AB - Although pulmonary tuberculosis is not uncommon in Iran, involvement of salivary glands, especially the parotid is rare. A case is reported which was treated by surgery and chemotherapy. PMID- 3203096 TI - Age changes of the inferior alveolar artery. PMID- 3203095 TI - Developmental bone defects. PMID- 3203097 TI - Prospect in retrospect. PMID- 3203098 TI - Natural head position, posture, and prognathism: the Chapman Prize Essay, 1986. AB - Natural head position and natural head posture are terms which have been used synonymously to describe the spatial relationships of the head with reference to the true vertical, the cervical column, or both. This is confusing, and it would seem logical to ascribe one term to one reference and consider the phenomena separately. For the purposes of this prospective cephalometric survey, natural head position will describe the relationship of the head to the true vertical, while natural head posture will describe the relationship of the head to the cervical column. In order to investigate these two relationships of the head, five groups were formed, three representing horizontal discrepancies selected on ANB differences (class I, II and III dental base relationships) and two representing vertical discrepancies selected on Bjork's posterior angles ('high angle' and 'low angle' groups). Despite the marked differences in 'skeletal' pattern shown between the five groups, the values obtained for the saddle angles (N-S-Ar) showed no significant difference. However, the natural head positions and natural head postures were significantly different (P less than 0.01). Natural head position affected cranial base orientation and this alone produced class II or III effects. Natural head position was also associated with maxillary prognathism whilst natural head posture appeared more closely related to mandibular prognathism. These phenomena may help to explain an apparent class II or III tendency in cases where the saddle angle is normal. PMID- 3203099 TI - Mandibular position in class III malocclusion. AB - Lateral skull radiographs of 66 subjects with Class III malocclusion, characterized by lingual occlusion of the upper incisors and a degree of overbite, taken before and after treatment were compared with a Control Group of similar mean age and interval between films. Vertical, Horizontal and Oblique measurements were made to establish the part played by overclosure and anterior displacement of the mandible in the aetiology of Class III malocclusion. The results suggest that both may play a part but that the former is of more general significance than the latter. PMID- 3203100 TI - Forces exerted by orthodontic aligning archwires. AB - The forces produced by 10 orthodontic archwires were measured in a simulated clinical situation and also with the wires in simple three point loading. All tests were made to a maximum deflection of 3 mm. At 1.5 mm deflection the forces exerted when each wire formed part of a fixed appliance ranged from 1.5 to 8.3 N. When the same wires were used as simple beams the forces exerted ranged from 0.3 to 3.0 N. The findings indicate that the forces generated by orthodontic mechanisms cannot be calculated from straightforward physical principles. PMID- 3203101 TI - External resorption of a maxillary lateral incisor by a labially placed canine: pathology and management. AB - A case is presented showing external resorption of a maxillary lateral incisor associated with a labially placed canine. The histological appearance and differential diagnosis is discussed, and the treatment described. PMID- 3203102 TI - The Four Thames project: development of training in orthodontics for dental practice. AB - The Four Thames Project to develop training in orthodontics for dental practice, offered 26 clinical attachments with Consultants, over a 2-year period (October 1984-1986). A course of tuition was provided centrally in four modules. The programme was evaluated using a postal questionnaire and personal interview of the course participants, and with a postal questionnaire of the participating Consultants. The results of the evaluation are discussed and effects on the orthodontics in the participants' practices and consultants' units are outlined. Those on the first 2-year programme changed the range of their orthodontic practice to include more use of fixed appliances and a reduction in the use of removable appliances and of treatment by extraction and observation alone. PMID- 3203103 TI - Expanded function orthodontic auxiliaries; a proposal for their introduction in the UK. AB - The role of dental and orthodontic auxiliaries in Europe and the United States is reviewed, and the advantages of their employment in the United Kingdom are discussed in terms of increasing the cost-effectiveness of orthodontic treatment provision. A three-stage programme for the evaluation of Orthodontic Auxiliaries in the UK is proposed. PMID- 3203104 TI - Whither the removable appliance? PMID- 3203106 TI - [Mechanism of formation of malonic dialdehyde during liposome interaction with cells]. AB - In the presence of intact Ehrlich ascite carcinoma cells and the supernatant obtained by preincubation and subsequent precipitation of cells, egg phosphatidylcholine is oxidized in liposomes to form malonic dialdehyde (MDA). Catalase and carbon dioxide markedly reduce, whereas sodium azide increases MDA accumulation during liposome incubation with the cells. EDTA, diethylthiocarbonate and alpha-tocopherol effectively inhibit, whereas ascorbate and cysteine strongly activate MDA synthesis in both cases. Superoxide dismutase has no appreciable effect on these processes. It is concluded that metal containing catalysts and the H2O2 released by intact cells into the incubation medium induce lipid peroxidation in liposomes. PMID- 3203105 TI - [The effect of microenvironment and formation of intra-molecular links on the tertiary structure of cytochrome P-450 LM2]. AB - The effect of intramolecular cross-links formation in isolated cytochrome P-450 LM2 on its reactivation after incorporation into the liposome lipid bilayer was studied. Treatment with bifunctional reagents results in the inactivation of the solubilized haemoprotein. The degree of the enzyme immobilization determines the degree of inhibition of p-nitroanisol demethylation and aniline hydroxylation. Whereas the complete inhibition of oxidation of type II substrate turnover needs two intramolecular cross-links, that of type I substrates necessitates at least seven cross-links. The incorporation of modified and native enzymes into the membrane lipid bilayer at temperatures above the phase transition point results in the enzyme activation. However, in case of the preimmobilized enzyme the activation does not reach the maximal values. Both stabilized and liposome incorporated cytochrome P-450 can fully be reactivated via the cross-link disulfide bond reduction. No such effect is observed at temperatures below the phase transition point. PMID- 3203108 TI - [Composition of DNA-bound lipids in the regenerating rat liver]. AB - Using thin-layer chromatography, the qualitative and quantitative composition of specific DNA-bound neutral lipids (NL) and phospholipids (PL) of regenerating rat liver 22 hours (S-phase) and 28 hours (G2-phase) after hepatectomy was studied. These lipids are represented by light and tightly bound components. The intact liver DNA contains minor amounts of NL and PL (15.02 micrograms and 5.82 micrograms per mg of DNA, respectively). The composition of DNA-bound lipids in rat liver differs markedly from that of nuclear membrane and chromatin total lipids. The former are strongly deficient in free cholesterol (FC), but are rich in cholesterol esters (CE), very rich in cardiolipin (CL) and deficient in phosphatidylcholine. The basic parameters of DNA-bound lipids of rat liver (NL/PL, CE/FC and cholesterol/PL) are more than unity and depend on the cell cycle. It was shown that in the S-phase the content of DNA-bound NL and PL increases 1.5-fold, in the G2-phase the NL content shows a still greater increase -2.3-fold, while that of DNA-bound PL decreases to normal values. The basic changes of the DNA-bound lipids in regenerating rat liver are due to FC, CE and CL, which determine the tissue specificity of these lipids. PMID- 3203107 TI - [The role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in the malonic dialdehyde metabolism in the rat liver]. AB - The enzymes catalyzing the NAD-dependent oxidation of malonic dialdehyde (MDA) were isolated from rat liver extracts. Upon 5'-AMP-Sepharose chromatography MDA dehydrogenase was separated into two isoforms, I and II. Isoform I was eluted from the affinity carrier with a 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 8.0. This isoform had a broad substrate specificity towards aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes. Kinetic studies showed that short- and medium-chain aliphatic aldehydes (C2-C6) were characterized by the lowest Km values and the highest Vmax values. The Km' values for MDA and acetaldehyde were 2.8 microM and 0.69 microM, respectively. Isoform II was eluted with a 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 8.0 containing 0.5 mM NAD, was the most active with medium- and long-chain aliphatic aldehydes (C6-C11) and had Km values for MDA and acetaldehyde equal to 37 microM and 52 microM, respectively. Isoform I was much more sensitive towards disulfiram inhibition than isoform II. Both isoforms had an identical molecular mass (93 kD) upon gel filtration. It is concluded that MDA dehydrogenase isoform I is identical to mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase having a low Km for acetaldehyde, whereas isoform II may be localized in liver cytosol. The role of aldehyde dehydrogenases in the metabolism of aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation is discussed. PMID- 3203109 TI - [Interaction of ovomucoid from duck egg white with serine proteinases]. AB - The interaction of highly purified duck egg white ovomucoid with trypsin and chymotrypsin was studied. It was found that the ovomucoid molecule contains two equally effective trypsin-binding sites which, in their turn, comprise lysine residues and one independent chymotrypsin-binding site. The values of inhibition constants were determined and the changes in free energy, enthalpy and entropy during the ovomucoid interaction with trypsin and chymotrypsin were established. It was shown that the inhibitor affinity for the enzymes does not change at low degrees of free amino groups modification. PMID- 3203110 TI - [Inhibition of kallikrein from human plasma by salivary gland secretion and extracts of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis]. AB - It has been shown for the first time that the salivary gland secretion of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) contains a human blood plasma kallikrein inhibitor which is capable of blocking the amidolytic activity of the enzyme in an irreversible manner (with D-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA as substrate) and which also suppresses the kininogenase activity of kallikrein. The inhibition of the amidolytic activity of highly purified kallikrein preparations from human blood plasma obeys the pseudo-first order kinetics. The experimental results suggest that in the salivary-gland secretion of H. medicinalis the inhibitor concentration exceeds by one order of magnitude that in whole leech homogenate extracts, which indicates that the inhibitor biosynthesis may be localized in leech salivary glands. PMID- 3203111 TI - [Changes in the physico-chemical characteristics of mouse liver lipids after administration of a mixture of unsaturated fatty acids]. AB - The effects of a mixture of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) on changes in the lipid oxidation substrate, a system of natural antioxidants and the functioning of a system controlling lipid peroxidation were studied. It was shown that arachidonate induces the incorporation of fatty acids into individual lipid fractions and the dilution of lipids by UFA esters, as a result of which the relative amount of natural antioxidants diminishes. Under these conditions, the oxidative capacity of lipids decreases, which manifests itself in a reduction of the rate of natural antioxidants utilization and an increase in their number. It was shown that purposeful modification of the lipid substrate does not interfere with the interaction between individual parameters of the system controlling lipid peroxidation. PMID- 3203112 TI - [Effect of pH on conformation and kinetic properties of phosphorylase from bovine skeletal muscles]. AB - Interaction of phosphorylase with 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS) results in the formation of an ANS-protein complex. The microenvironment of the protein bound dye changes depending on pH. Using fluorimetric titration, the dissociation constants for the complex (Kd = 23 and 57 microM for pH 6.2 and 6.8, respectively) were determined. The mode of the enzyme inhibition by ANS also changes depending on pH. At pH 6.8, ANS competitively inhibits the enzyme with respect to AMP, but does not compete with the nucleotide at pH 6.2; the corresponding Ki values are equal to 160 and 26 microM. The protective effect of ligands from the inhibiting effect of ANS was studied. It was shown that at pH 6.2, the enzyme is protected from the inhibition only by the substrate, glucose-1 phosphate, whereas at pH 6.8--by the allosteric inhibitor, glucose-6-phosphate. These findings suggest that at pH 6.2 the conformation of the enzyme molecule is induced by the substrate, while at pH 6.8--by the allosteric inhibitor. ANS binding in the vicinity of the active or allosteric centers is due to the pH dependent conformational transition. The data obtained suggest that the pH changes within the range of 6.2-6.8 are essential for the regulation of enzyme activity. PMID- 3203113 TI - [Regulation of glucosamine synthetase activity by cholesterol and hydrocortisone]. AB - The effects of cholesterol and hydrocortisone (cortisol) on the activity of purified glucosamine synthetase from rat liver was studied in vitro. It was found that the enzyme activity is increased by cholesterol and inhibited by hydrocortisone. These steroids block the allosteric effect of vitamin K1 on the enzyme. There is evidence testifying to the allosteric type of cholesterol and hydrocortisone effects on glucosamine synthetase. PMID- 3203114 TI - [A study of various properties of beta-galactocerebrosidase from human chorion using synthetic fluorescent substrates]. AB - The properties of beta-galactocerebrosidase from human chorionic villi, cultured chorionic villi and cultured skin fibroblasts were compared, using 6 hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (HMGaL) as substrate. The effects of bile salt and Triton X-100 on beta-galactocerebrosidase were examined. It was shown that optimization of the HMGaL assay system requires the presence of pure sodium taurocholate and Triton X-100 at concentrations of 4.5 mM and 0.28 mM, respectively. The optimal pH value was found to be equal to 4.5-5.0; Km for the substrate was 0.03 mM. A comparison of beta galactocerebrosidase from chorionic villi and cultured chorionic villi with the enzyme from skin fibroblasts revealed the similarity of some properties of these enzymes. The experimental results suggest that HMGaL can be used as a substrate for the identification of chorionic villi beta-galactocerebrosidase in an early prenatal diagnosis of Krabbe's disease. PMID- 3203115 TI - [Structural research on the membranes and adjacent layers of erythrocytes during the production of erythrocyte ghosts]. AB - Using the polarization microscopy and X-ray crystal analysis it has been shown that the ordered structure is destroyed in membranes and adjacent layers of erythrocytes in the course of erythrocyte ghost preparation. These changes are accompanied by quenching of the birefringence which completely disappears in erythrocytes ghosts. The intensities of reflections in X-ray patterns are essentially decreased and the interlayer distances are changed. PMID- 3203116 TI - [Integrative properties of the microsystem of cortical neurons during repeated local stimulation]. AB - Small groups of neighbouring neurons in neocortex are able to form separate microsystem in model situation of habituation during the local repetitive action of acetylcholine. This new functional unit exhibits a number of main properties which are characteristic of systemic processes of habituation. Only some of the properties don't reproduce in microsystem of cortical neurons. There is no effect of full extinction of responses and no direct relationship between the decrease of speed quantity of responses and stimulus action frequency. The data obtained are considered as significant argument for identification of special intermediate level of integrative processes--microsystem level. PMID- 3203117 TI - [Effect of cold exposure on energy processes in the tissues and on the growth of rats in the early postnatal period]. AB - The effect of different temperature conditions on postnatal development of rats has been investigated. Considerable deviations in growth rate, vitality of rats and tissue energetic processes during the intensive cold action (5-6 degrees C) have been revealed. Under such conditions the local increase of nest temperature up to 30 degrees C causes the growth stimulation, increase of vitality and optimization of energetic processes in liver and heart. The dependence of the studied indices on the degree of the thermoregulatory system formation is under discussion. PMID- 3203118 TI - Alterations of serum high-density lipoproteins and hepatic lipase activity in congenital hypothyroidism. AB - Fourteen term newborns and infants with congenital hypothyroidism were studied before (T0) and after (T1) 1 month of replacement therapy. From T0 to T1 serum total cholesterol and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol remained constant and at normal levels whereas low-density-lipoprotein apolipoprotein B and triacyglycerol concentrations increased slightly. The proportion of large-size high-density-lipoprotein subfraction was high at T0 and decreased very significantly at T1. Conversely, postheparin serum hepatic lipase activity was low before treatment and increased after thyroxine therapy. Lipoprotein lipase activity remained low throughout the study. These results suggest that, in contrast to adult hypothyroidism, low-density-lipoprotein catabolism is not altered in congenital hypothyroidism. However, as in adults, a defect of lipolytic enzyme activities is present and can induce an impairment of the elimination of cholesterol via the high-density-lipoprotein route and, potentially, of the catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Beyond the scope of congenital hypothyroidism, one should keep in mind these results when attending infants with transient low thyroid hormone levels and lipid intolerance. PMID- 3203119 TI - Effect of indomethacin on cerebral blood flow velocity of premature newborns. AB - Using the Doppler technique, the effect of therapeutic doses of indomethacin on the cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) of anterior cerebral arteries was studied in 13 preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus. The first intravenous injection of indomethacin (0.2 mg/kg, group 1, n = 10) induced a significant decrease in the area under the velocity curve at 15 min (-22%), which was sustained until 120 min (-28%, p less than 0.005). In contrast, no significant change in CBFV occurred after the third dose (group 2, n = 7). In both groups, capillary blood gases, mean arterial blood pressure, and heart rate remained stable throughout the study. In 5 mechanically ventilated infants, the increase in CBFV secondary to suctioning was significantly attenuated after the first dose of indomethacin (p less than 0.02) but not after the third (p = 0.56). Thus, an initial dose of indomethacin may attenuate CBFV increases secondary to clinical manipulations in the preterm newborn. PMID- 3203120 TI - Maternal-fetal transfer of fluoride in pregnant women. AB - Gas chromatography was used to measure the maternal and fetal plasma inorganic fluoride values at term in 91 women. They were assigned to one of four groups: group A were untreated controls; group B received a single daily dose of 1.5 mg of fluoride (as calcium fluoride) during the final trimester of pregnancy; group C was given a single dose of 1.5 mg of fluoride (as sodium fluoride) and group D was given 2 daily doses of fluoride (as sodium fluoride) totaling 1.5 mg. There was a significant difference between the cord plasma fluoride levels of the newborns in the untreated group (mean: 27.8 micrograms/l) and that of the combined supplemented groups B, C and D (mean: 58.3 micrograms/l). There was no difference between the average fluoride levels in the three supplemented groups. There was no significant effect of maternal age, infant birth weight, gestation or diet during pregnancy on the cord plasma fluoride level. These results indicate that fluoride supplementation during the final trimester of pregnancy will significantly elevate cord plasma fluoride concentrations. PMID- 3203121 TI - Sialic acid content and sialyltransferase activity in lymphocytes from neonates. AB - Venous blood from 24 healthy volunteers, 20-40 years old, and umbilical cord blood from 28 healthy full-term neonates, immediately after delivery, was used for the determination of lymphocyte sialic acid content and sialyltransferase activity. A significantly increased content of lymphocyte sialic acid and an increased sialyltransferase activity were observed in neonates as compared to adults. It is suggested that the increased sialic acid content of fetal lymphocytes may contribute to a possible masking effect of antigenic sites on fetal immunocompetent cells. PMID- 3203122 TI - Phenylalanine uptake in neonatal and infant rat brain. AB - At the same severe elevations in blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels maintained for 4 h, much higher cerebral Phe concentrations were found in 4-day-old than in 16- or 70-day-old rats. In order to compare this developmental change with 14C-Phe influx mediated by the L transport system, the rapid intracarotid injection method was adapted for use in neonatal rats. The brain uptake index (BUI) thus determined for the first time through the suckling period was significantly higher on the 4th day of age than on the 7th or 24th day, while no significant change occurred during subsequent life. This early period of change in influx across the blood-brain barrier overlapped with the age period of decrease of the hyperphenylalaninemia-associated accumulation of Phe in the brain. The results indicate that by the time when intermittent feeding begins, the brain has developed a considerable ability (a) to protect itself against physiological (e.g. postprandial) fluctuations in circulating Phe levels, and (b) to restrict the cerebral accumulation of Phe from pathologically elevated blood concentrations such as those in phenylketonuria. PMID- 3203123 TI - Effect of premature delivery on rat lung retinol (vitamin A) and retinyl ester stores. AB - Low plasma retinol (vitamin A) in premature infants has been associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Also, retinol (vitamin A) deficiency is characterized by loss of cilia and squamous metaplasia of the respiratory tract, similar to the histological lesions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia of the premature infant. Recent work showed that the fetal rat lung retinyl palmitate stores were high preterm, but fell abruptly between 21 days of gestation and postpartum. This report extends this observation by showing that lung retinyl palmitate also decreases after cesarean section delivery preterm. Lung retinol and retinyl palmitate in the lungs of 21-day gestation fetuses delivered by cesarean section and stimulated to breath were compared to their in utero littermates. In utero lungs contained 2.2 +/- 0.14 micrograms/g dry weight retinol and 14.9 +/- 0.8 micrograms/g dry weight retinyl palmitate. Lungs from littermates that had been removed from the uterus and breathed on their own for 4 h had lower retinol (1.6 +/- 0.08 micrograms/g) and retinyl palmitate (11.3 +/- 0.4 micrograms/g; p less than 0.01). Fetal lung contains retinyl palmitate stores that are readily mobilized with delivery at term or preterm. PMID- 3203124 TI - Neonatal and adult copper-64 metabolism in the pig and the possible relationship between the ontogeny of copper metabolism and Wilson's disease. AB - The copper profiles of neonatal mammals differ from those of the adult; in man they are similar to those found in people with Wilson's disease (WD). WD patients handle an intravenous bolus of radioactive copper in a characteristic manner which aids diagnosis. In view of the similarity between neonatal mammals and WD patients, we have studied the fate of an intravenous bolus of 64Cu injected into neonatal and adult pigs. In adult pigs, plasma 64Cu activity fell for 10 h and then slowly increased over the next 14 h as newly synthesised caeruloplasmin was secreted. In the neonate a secondary rise in 64Cu activity was not observed. Gel filtration of the soluble supernatant revealed significant differences in the association of 64Cu with hepatic copper proteins. In adults 64Cu associated predominantly with superoxide dismutase whilst in the neonate the 64Cu associated with metallothionein and a protein of high molecular weight. This study indicates that 64Cu export from the neonatal pig liver is in many ways similar to that found in WD. Additionally, there are similarities in the profile of hepatic 64Cu binding proteins. PMID- 3203125 TI - An optimal design problem in rhythmometry. AB - A trigonometric regression model is assumed for a problem involving circadian rhythm exhibited by peak expiratory flow. Experimental designs are sought with a view to estimating a particular nonlinear function of the parameters. Both optimal and nonoptimal, but more practicable, designs are derived and their relative efficiencies are established. PMID- 3203126 TI - Hyperparameter estimation using stochastic approximation with application to population pharmacokinetics. AB - A stochastic approximation algorithm is proposed for recursive estimation of the hyperparameters characterizing, in a population, the probability density function of the parameters of a statistical model. For a given population model defined by a parametric model of a biological process, an error model, and a class of densities on the set of the individual parameters, this algorithm provides a sequence of estimates from a sequence of individuals' observation vectors. Convergence conditions are verified for a class of population models including usual pharmacokinetic applications. This method is implemented for estimation of pharmacokinetic population parameters from drug multiple-dosing data. Its estimation capabilities are evaluated and compared to a classical method in population pharmacokinetics, the first-order method (NONMEM), on simulated data. PMID- 3203127 TI - On the properties of maximum likelihood estimators of familial correlations under variable sibship size. AB - Selected distributional properties of the maximum likelihood estimator and its z transformation of three familial correlations (parental, parent-offspring, filial) were investigated numerically for the case of nuclear families with variable sibship size. This investigation was based on six different sets of the three correlations, and four different sample sizes, defining 24 sampling conditions, which were replicated 1,000 times each. It was found that the distributional properties of the correlation estimator are affected by the magnitude of the correlations even in large samples although approximate normality is achieved locally. Fisher's z-transformation, here used only in its interclass form, achieves reduction of skewness, stabilization of variance, and approach to normality already in small samples, except for the filial correlation (where it may be deemed inappropriate) in smaller samples. For both the correlation estimator and its z-transformation, the (estimated) relative efficiency was shown to be high (better than 90% in most sampling conditions), suggesting that the estimated minimum variance bound is a satisfactory estimator of the sampling variance. It is concluded that the maximum likelihood estimation of familial correlations under variable sibship size is feasible and, when prudently applied, especially in the form of their z-transformations, provides an appropriate method in analyses of family studies. PMID- 3203128 TI - Confidence bands for logistic regression with restricted predictor variables. AB - Confidence bands are constructed for the logistic response function when there is an interval restriction on each of the predictor variables. The construction involves application of a general fitting procedure using Scheffe's S-method, described by Casella and Strawderman (1980, Journal of the American Statistical Association 75, 862-868). Specific details are given for the case of one predictor variable, along with details for a fixed-width alternative to the S method bands. In the one-predictor case, Monte Carlo results suggest that both bands are conservative for small sample sizes, such as N = 25. By N = 200 the S method's coverage probabilities are seen to attain their nominal levels while the fixed-width bands remain conservative. The procedures are exemplified with data from a genetic toxicology experiment. PMID- 3203129 TI - Exact inference for matched case-control studies. AB - In an epidemiological study with a small sample size or a sparse data structure, the use of an asymptotic method of analysis may not be appropriate. In this paper we present an alternative method of analyzing data for case-control studies with a matched design that does not rely on large-sample assumptions. A recursive algorithm to compute the exact distribution of the conditional sufficient statistics of the parameters of the logistic model for such a design is given. This distribution can be used to perform exact inference on model parameters, the methodology of which is outlined. To illustrate the exact method, and compare it with the conventional asymptotic method, analyses of data from two case-control studies are also presented. PMID- 3203130 TI - Efficiency of balanced treatment allocation for survival analysis. AB - We assess the efficiency of balanced treatment allocation methods in clinical trials for comparing treatments with respect to survival. We compare optimal designs for each of three standard survival analysis techniques (maximum partial likelihood estimation, log-rank test, exponential regression) with balanced designs, over a range of hypothetical trials. Although balanced designs are not optimal, we find them to be very efficient. In view of the high efficiency demonstrated in this and in a previous paper (Begg and Kalish, 1984, Biometrics 40, 409-420), and practical difficulties in implementing an optimal design, we recommend the use of balanced allocation methods in practice. PMID- 3203131 TI - A bayesian approach to the design of phase II clinical trials. AB - A new strategy for the design of Phase II clinical trials is presented which utilizes the information provided by the prior distribution of the response rate, the costs of treating a patient, and the losses or gains resulting from the decisions taken at the completion of the study. A risk function is derived from which one may determine the optimal Bayes sampling plan. The decision theoretic/Bayesian approach is shown to provide a formal justification for the sample sizes often used in practice and shows the conditions under which such sample sizes are clearly inappropriate. PMID- 3203132 TI - Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. AB - Methods of evaluating and comparing the performance of diagnostic tests are of increasing importance as new tests are developed and marketed. When a test is based on an observed variable that lies on a continuous or graded scale, an assessment of the overall value of the test can be made through the use of a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. The curve is constructed by varying the cutpoint used to determine which values of the observed variable will be considered abnormal and then plotting the resulting sensitivities against the corresponding false positive rates. When two or more empirical curves are constructed based on tests performed on the same individuals, statistical analysis on differences between curves must take into account the correlated nature of the data. This paper presents a nonparametric approach to the analysis of areas under correlated ROC curves, by using the theory on generalized U statistics to generate an estimated covariance matrix. PMID- 3203134 TI - The equivalence of two tests and models for HLA data with no observed double blanks. AB - Gart and Nam (1984, Biometrics 40, 887-894) consider the analysis of an ABO-like model based on the Hardy-Weinberg law in the commonly occurring case of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) data where there are no double blanks, that is, no recessive homozygotes. They derive a score test, based on the truncated likelihood, of the hypothesis that the true recessive gene (or allele) frequency is zero. Yasuda (1968, Biometrics 24, 915-935) considers a similar codominant system wherein the true recessive gene frequency is assumed zero, but the Hardy Weinberg law does not hold. In particular, he considers the possibility of a nonzero inbreeding coefficient. We show that the two models are equivalent; each likelihood can be shown to be a reparameterization of the other. Furthermore, the score test of the zero gene frequency in Gart and Nam is identical to the score test for a zero inbreeding coefficient given by Yasuda. The results are applied to an example wherein it appears that the Hardy-Weinberg model is appropriate. Thus, it is not possible in this population to identify homozygous individuals without error from phenotypic data alone. PMID- 3203133 TI - Estimating the power of the two-sample Wilcoxon test for location shift. AB - Traditional methods for calculating the power of a statistical test for location shift require knowledge of the shape of the underlying probability distribution. The distribution shape, however, may be unknown. This paper describes a bootstrap method for using observed data (or pilot data) to approximate the power. No assumptions need be made about the shape of the underlying continuous probability distribution. Simulation evidence shows that, when applied to the Wilcoxon two sample test for location shift, the suggested method is reliable. The evidence also shows that it is more accurate than a benchmark traditional approach. The bootstrap method is applied to a real-data example. The analysis demonstrates how the method can be used to determine sample sizes and how to choose the more powerful of two alternative tests for location shift. PMID- 3203135 TI - Logistic regression for stratified case-control studies. PMID- 3203136 TI - Optimal phase II trials. PMID- 3203137 TI - Some thoughts on one-tailed tests. PMID- 3203139 TI - Distinctive characteristics of the splenic vein in the dog. Its morphological and pharmacological discontinuities with the portal vein and splenic capsule. AB - Vascular characteristics of the splenic vein are entirely different from the portal vein in the dog. We compared the responsiveness of the splenic capsule, which contains abundant smooth muscle with the portal and splenic veins. With respect to potentiation of acetylcholine-induced contraction by neostigmine, the relaxation response to isoproterenol and the contractile response to 5 hydroxytryptamine, the splenic capsule differed from the splenic vein, but was rather similar to the portal vein. A site of morphological and pharmacological discontinuity between the portal vein and the splenic vein occurred at the junction of the splenic vein and the left gastric vein to form the gastrosplenic vein. This junction may coincide with the site of connection of the embryonic splenic vein, a newly formed efferent vein of the spleen, with the portal vein, which was reported by Miki [cf. Bevan et al.: 4th Int. Symp. on Vascular Neuroeffector Mechanisms; Raven Press, New York 1983]. On the splenic side, histological examination revealed that smooth muscle of the splenic capsule and trabeculae are interconnected, but did not extend to the splenic vein. At openings of the trabecular veins into the 'intrasplenic' portion of the splenic vein the trabecular smooth muscle continued to the extended capsule. The site of change in pharmacological responses was also found to be located between the trabeculae and the intrasplenic portion of the splenic vein. Thus the splenic vein can be regarded as a distinct segment of vessel inserted between the portal vein and the spleen. This may reflect differences in embryogenesis of their smooth muscle. PMID- 3203138 TI - Differences in norepinephrine dynamics in large and small pulmonary arteries of dog. AB - These studies address the apparent dissociation between the amounts of norepinephrine (NE) released from small and large pulmonary arteries of dogs by a standard electrical stimulus and the contractile tensions that developed in these tissues. Segments of vessels were studied in organ baths or in a superfusion apparatus during electrical stimulation. Endogenous NE was quantitated using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. 'Release' of NE was studied under conditions in which uptakes of NE from the synaptic cleft were impaired, and overflow of NE was studied when these uptakes were operative. 'Release' of NE was predictably greater than overflow in all arteries. In the large pulmonary artery, greater contractile tensions were measured when greater amounts of NE were present in superfusate. In the small pulmonary artery, contractile tensions did not directly correlate with the amounts of NE measured in the superfusate. These studies indicate that NE dynamics are different at neuroeffector junctions in large and small pulmonary arteries. Several explanations to account for these differences are discussed. PMID- 3203140 TI - Active and passive mechanical properties of ring and spiral segments of isolated dog basilar artery assessed by electrical and pharmacological stimulations. AB - Contractile responses of dog basilar artery in forms of ring and spiral segments to electrical stimulation and vasoactive substances were studied. Ring segments always produced a larger contraction compared with spiral segments in response to various stimuli, while spiral segments produced contraction whose degree depended upon the angle of cut. The dose-response curves for electrical and pharmacological stimulations were almost identical for both ring and spiral segments when the contractile responses were expressed in relative terms, e.g. percent maximum and median effective dose (ED50). Functional and histological studies indicate that the difference in tension developed between ring and spiral segments is primarily attributable to the orientation of the smooth muscle cells. The results suggest that it depends on the purpose of the experiments and type of blood vessels whether ring or spiral segments should be chosen as the isolated vascular tissue. PMID- 3203141 TI - Sympathetic innervation of the cardiovascular system in the giraffe. AB - The extreme blood pressure gradients in the giraffe, produced by gravity and behaviour, present a special challenge to blood flow and vascular capacity regulation, e.g. via sympathetic nerves. We report the distribution of nerves in vascular tissue from giraffe extremities and neck based on immunofluorescence against specific antisera to dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, neuropeptide Y, neurofilament, and synapsin I. Sympathetic innervation of gravitation-dependent arteries in the limbs was restricted to the adventitia-media border, while in carotid arteries fibers penetrated deep into the media. Surprisingly, limb veins appeared to be devoid of sympathetic innervation, while jugular veins had a sparse innervation. The morphological response, medial hypertrophy, that parallels the hydrostatic pressure gradients in the circulation combines with the thick skin and tight underlying fascia, the 'g-suit', and an exquisitely distributed sympathetic innervation pattern to provide an effective array of mechanisms for cardiovascular regulation in the adult giraffe. PMID- 3203142 TI - Inhibition of norepinephrine-induced contractile responses of canine mesenteric artery by plant total saponins. PMID- 3203143 TI - Identification of the phyto-oestrogen 3',7-dihydroxyisoflavan, an isomer of equol, in human urine and cow's milk. AB - The isoflavonoid diphenol 3',7-dihydroxyisoflavan, an isomer of the known compound equol (4',7-dihydroxyisoflavan), has been identified in human urine and in cow's milk. The compound was isolated as the glucuronide, purified by column chromatography and identified after hydrolysis to the aglycon. The trimethylsilyl ether derivative was characterized by comparison of its mass spectrum and chromatographic properties with those of synthesized silylated isomers of equol. PMID- 3203144 TI - Practical hints for peptide sequencing by soft ionization methods. AB - Practical hints are summarized for the investigation of peptides by soft ionization methods based on liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry. The method aims: to purify the sample; to force a peptide to the surface by ion pair formation; to recover the sample used for mass spectral analysis; to distinguish between Lys and Gln by derivatization; to spot amino acids in the low mass region; and to improve sequence information by use of peptide fragments, not described previously. PMID- 3203145 TI - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of some anthracycline and bisanthracycline derivatives. AB - Fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectra of daunomycin, four of its derivatives, seven bisanthracyclines and three mixed-functional daunomycin-acridine derivatives are reported. These anthracyclines all exhibited their expected [MH]+ ions and peaks corresponding to the fragmentations which are characteristic of the anthracycline moiety, and in addition the spectra showed enhanced [MH + n]+ (n = 1-4) ions which were attributed to reductive processes occurring in the liquid matrix under FAB conditions. Daunomycin was also observed to form a dimeric cluster ion [M2H]+ together with associated reduced ions under FAB conditions. We have found that FAB mass spectrometry is an ideal method for the qualitative analysis of large, non-volatile derivatives of anthracyclines. PMID- 3203146 TI - Evaluation of a high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry method for the determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in soil and water. AB - An analytical protocol for the determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and total TCDDs in soil, sediment, and aqueous samples using high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was evaluated through replicate analyses of fortified and unspiked soil and aqueous samples. The results of these analyses demonstrated that the method is useful for the determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and total TCDDs at concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 pg/g (ppt) in soil samples and from 100 to 2000 pg/l (ppq) in aqueous samples. Absolute recoveries of the method internal standard, (13C12-2,3,7,8-TCDD, ranged from 24 to 88%. Lower levels of detection can be achieved through a slight modification of the method with respect to initial sample size and/or final extract volume. Instrumental parameters that affect data quality, specifically HRGC column performance, mass resolution and mass measurement accuracy are presented. PMID- 3203147 TI - Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analysis of anthracyclines and anthracyclinones. AB - A mass spectral characterization of a set of anthracyclines and anthracyclinones comprised of daunorubicin, adriamycin and their modified analogs was carried out by using negative and positive fast atom bombardment (FAB) ionization techniques. Addition of more than one hydrogen to the molecular ions of the anthracyclines was observed. The choice of the FAB matrix played an important role in the characterization of these compounds. The dominant ions in the molecular ion region were M-. (or M+.) and MH- (or MH+.2) when sulfolane and glycerol, respectively, were employed as the FAB solvents. The major fragmentation was cleavage of the glycosidic bond with the charge retention mainly on the aglycone moiety. Aromatization of the tetracyclic ring promoted further fragmentation of the aglycone moiety. The anthracyclinones could be characterized only by negative FAB ionization using sulfolane as the FAB matrix. The assigned fragmentation pathways were confirmed by acquiring metastable ion spectra using B/E linked field scans. PMID- 3203148 TI - Separation and identification of trifluralin metabolites by open-tubular liquid chromatography/negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. AB - The utility of combined open-tubular liquid chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization (NCI) mass spectrometry for the separation and analysis of trifluralin, a commonly used pre-emergence herbicide, and seven of its metabolites has been demonstrated. The NCI mass spectra for these compounds are reported. Some of the NCI mass spectra were obtained from as little as 50 pg of analyte. PMID- 3203149 TI - The electron impact mass spectra of di- and trinitrofluoranthenes. AB - The fragmentation pathways of a series of 18 dinitrofluoranthenes (DNF) and four trinitrofluoranthenes have been studied under electron impact conditions. In general, multiple losses of NO2, NO and CO from the molecular ion were observed. Quinonoid ions were observed in the spectra of DNF containing conjugated nitro groups. In addition, some unique fragmentation pathways were detected in the ortho-substituted 1,2- and 2,3-DNF and in the peri-substituted 3,4-DNF. PMID- 3203151 TI - Ciliary and flagellar apparatuses and their associated structures. PMID- 3203152 TI - Ciliary and flagellar apparatus. Presented during the joint meeting of the 27th Congress of the French Speaking Protistologists and the 3d Congress of the West African Parasitology Society. Dakar, Senegal, Mach 29-30, 1988. PMID- 3203150 TI - Relationship of molecular radical anion abundance and calculated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies for polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins in electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry: evidence for negative metastable ions. AB - Relationships were found between experimentally measured molecular radical anion abundances and calculated lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies (epsilon LUMO) for polychlorodibenzofurans and polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. Anion abundances were measured using standard mass spectrometric techniques, while epsilon LUMO were calculated by the 'Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap' method. Polychlorodibenzofurans with calculated epsilon LUMO greater than or equal to 1.6 eV show 0% molecular radical anion and those with epsilon LUMO less than or equal to 1.4 eV show greater than or equal to 80% molecular radical anion abundance. Similarly, the molecular radical anion is absent for polychlorodibenzo p-dioxins with calculated epsilon LUMO greater than or equal to 2.0 eV. A trend towards greater molecular radical ion relative abundance appears for 2.0 eV greater than or equal to epsilon LUMO greater than or equal to 1.0 eV and a maximum is reached around 1 eV, whereupon the molecular ion abundance diminishes with lower epsilon LUMO. B/E linked scan analysis indicates that chlorodioxins with epsilon LUMO less than 1 eV give increasing amounts of metastable anions. PMID- 3203153 TI - Swimming behaviour of the unicellular biflagellate Oxyrrhis marina: in vivo and in vitro movement of the two flagella. AB - The movement of the 2 flagella of Oxyrrhis marina was examined with respect to their individual waveforms and the swimming behavior of the organism. The longitudinal flagella propagated helicoidal waves whose amplitude decreased toward the tip of th flagellum. Their beat frequencies were 50-60 Hz. The transverse flagella beat helicoidally within a furrow. Sudden changes in the direction of the cell trajectories were generated by transient arrests of the longitudinal flagellum beat, which were accompanied by a switch from the backward orientation to a forward one. This sweeping motion generated the rotation of the cell body. Ca2+ ions highly stimulated the frequencies of this arrest response, which compared to the "walking-stick" behavior of sea urchin spermatozoa. Isolated flagella were ATA-reactivated after detergent treatment. They exhibited 2 types of motion within the same experimental conditions. A progressive helicoidal motion was generated upon longitudinal flagellum reactivation, whereas a rolling motion with little progression characterized transverse flagellum reactivation. The differences in motile behavior reflect regulations of flagellar movement which were not destroyed by the isolation procedure and may be indicative of regulation by accessory structures. PMID- 3203154 TI - Flagellar wave reversal in the kinetoplastid flagellate Crithidia oncopelti. AB - Living Crithidia oncopelti cells swim through their environment by means of tip to-base waves on their single flagellum. The cells are able to re-orient themselves by using a short burst of asymmetrical base-to-tip waves. All points on a flagellum are capable of initiating waves. Placing a population of cells in a medium of high viscosity initially produces a large number of organisms beating in the reverse mode. An individual cell has a random "switching" behavior. Viscosity affects the frequency of forward and reverse waves in different ways. The concentration of free Ca++ ions determines the direction of wave propagation in reactivated axonemes. Calmodulin may play a role in mediating the Ca++ dependence of wave direction. PMID- 3203155 TI - The flagellar apparatus of spermatozoa in fish. Ultrastructure and evolution. AB - Chondrichthyes possess an evolved type of spermatozoa. Their flagellar apparatus is characterized by the presence of flagellar roots which form the axis of the midpiece, and the existence of one or two lateral elements associated with the axoneme. Osteichthyes, mainly teleosteans, show a great diversity of spermatic forms. The primitive spermatozoon with a 9 + 2 pattern flagellum is common. The primitive spermatozoon has evolved along different lines. The spermatic diversity which results from this is mainly evident in the structure of the flagellar apparatus. In the animal kingdom the primitive spermatozoon with a 9 + 2 pattern flagellum, present in primitive metazoa, is retained in phyla where external fertilization is maintained. The main evolutionary tendencies--elongation, aflagellarity or biflagellarity--are generally connected with the acquisition of internal fertilization. These evolutionary tendencies are found in teleosteans. It is not possible to link aflagellarity or biflagellarity of the gamete in certain fishes to this method of fertilization. Only the elongation of the spermatozoon is connected, in certain cases, with internal fertilization, but this cannot be taken as general. PMID- 3203156 TI - Bovine pituitary heparin-binding fibroblast growth factors: acidic and basic forms. AB - 1. Bovine pituitaries contain both acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Both forms can be prepared by heparin-affinity chromatography. The complete separation of acidic FGF from basic contaminants requires an additional isoelectric focusing step. In contrast, heparin-affinity chromatography provides basic FGF free of acidic FGF. 2. Acidic FGF was characterized by its isoelectric point (4.5-6.4) molecular weight (15-18 kDa), chromatographic behavior and reaction with antisera specific for brain acidic FGF. The results suggest that there is a close relationship between pituitary and brain acidic FGF. They also confirm our previous results obtained by preparing acidic FGF through several isoelectric focusing steps and establish that bovine pituitary indeed contains acidic FGF. 3. Basic FGF was characterized by its molecular weight (15-17 kDa), pI (9.0-10), chromatographic behavior, electrophoretic mobility and reaction with specific antiserum. It seems to be similar to the material already described by other groups. PMID- 3203157 TI - A novel 190 kDa calmodulin-binding protein associated with brain actomyosin. AB - We present evidence for a novel calmodulin-binding protein associated with Ca2+ sensitive, non-muscle actomyosin from rabbit brain. Gel filtration chromatography of brain actomyosin and SDS-PAGE analysis of resulting fractions revealed the presence of a stable complex of a 190 kDa polypeptide and calmodulin. Furthermore, brain actomyosin was retained on a column of conjugated calmodulin Sepharose 4B and eluted by 6 M urea in the presence of Ca2+. Further elution with 6M urea plus EGTA released the 190 kDa polypeptide from the column. These results show that the 190 kDa polypeptide forms a tight complex with calmodulin and that this complex associates with brain actomyosin in a Ca2+-independent manner. PMID- 3203158 TI - Hemagglutinating activity of Dolichos lablab seed protein. AB - The hemagglutinating activity of a crude extract and partially purified protein fractions from seeds of Dolichos lablab grown in the state of Bahia, Brazil, has been examined. The crude extract agglutinates rabbit erythrocytes non specifically with respect to blood groups. The hemagglutination of rabbit erythrocytes induced by the crude extract of D. lablab was inhibited most effectively by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (3 mM) and alpha-methyl-D-mannoside (3 mM) followed by D-glucosamine (6 mM), D-mannose (6 mM) and D-glucose (12 mM). The spectrum of sugar inhibition of the hemagglutinating activity of the Brazilian seeds combines the characteristics of seeds coming from Turkey and India as indicated by the preferential inhibitory effect exerted by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and the inhibition by D-mannose and D-glucose. These data suggest that the Brazilian seeds may belong to a different variety of Dolichos lablab. PMID- 3203159 TI - Prolonged inhibition of angiotensin II attenuates glycerol-induced acute renal failure. AB - 1. A lipophilic competitive angiotensin II antagonist (octanoyl-[8-leucine] angiotensin II, OCTLEU A-II) was used to partially block the renin-angiotensin system in rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure. The rats, which were maintained either on a normal or on a low-sodium diet, were dehydrated for 24 h before injection of glycerol. Daily intramuscular injections of OCTLEU A-II in peanut oil were started 48 h before glycerol administration to assure an angiotensin II blockade up to 48 h after glycerol administration. 2. In the low sodium group (N = 23), acute renal failure was significantly attenuated in OCTLEU A-II-treated rats (N = 9) when compared with the controls (N = 14). The following values (means +/- 1 SD) for renal function parameters were obtained for the treated and control groups: urine volume, 15.2 +/- 11.7 vs 1.4 +/- 2.0 ml/24 h (P less than 0.01); plasma creatinine 5.5 +/- 1.3 vs 8.6 +/- 1.3 mg/dl (P less than 0.01); creatinine clearance 0.23 +/- 0.16 vs 0.03 +/- 0.03 ml min-1 kg-1 (P less than 0.01); plasma potassium 6.6 +/- 1.5 vs 10.1 +/- 1.9 mEq/1 (P less than 0.01); and sodium excretion fraction 3.0 +/- 4.0 vs 21.6 +/- 17.4% (P less than 0.02). Mean arterial blood pressure was 107 +/- 23 mmHg for the OCTLEU A-II treated animals and 102 +/- 18 mmHg for the controls. 3. The rats on a normal sodium diet (N = 16) developed moderate non-oliguric renal insufficiency. The OCTLEU A-II-treated (N = 8) and control (N = 8) groups did not differ in any of the parameters measured. 4. The present results show that sodium restriction aggravates glycerol-induced acute renal failure and that the renin-angiotensin system participates, since its inhibition at the level of the angiotensin II receptor attenuates the extreme loss of renal function and prevents anuria. PMID- 3203160 TI - Effect of copper on the secretion of human growth hormone. AB - The response of human growth hormone to the oral administration of 5.0 mg copper was studied in plasma from 12 normal adults. Blood samples were collected at 30 min intervals over a period of 240 min after two basal measurements taken at time = -30 and time = 0 min. Six subjects responded to the stimulus with increased growth hormone secretion, revealing a positive correlation with plasma copper levels. The other six subjects presented a similar rise in plasma copper levels but no increase in plasma growth hormone levels. These results suggest that acute, high blood copper levels can increase basal growth hormone secretion in normal individuals, presumably by acting on the hypothalamic center. PMID- 3203161 TI - Early and late influences of testosterone on acetylcholinesterase activity of skeletal muscles from developing rats. AB - 1. The influence of perinatal and pubertal gonadal androgens on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was studied in the hormone-sensitive levator ani (LA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of adult male rats (105 days). 2. The hormone was withdrawn by gonadectomy at various ages and the effects on AChE and weight were compared with those induced by chronic denervation of both muscles from adult rats. 3. Gonadectomy of infantile (2-30 days) rats prevented LA muscle growth, and reduced total AChE activity to values similar to those found in denervated muscles (15% of control). The EDL muscles were slightly affected and only in rats castrated on the 2nd postnatal day. 4. When the rats were castrated at puberty (45 days), LA muscle weight and total AChE activity were reduced to 20% and 18% of control values, respectively. 5. Gonadectomy of adult (60 and 75 days) rats led to atrophy of the LA muscle (to 29% of control) and reduced the total AChE activity (to 40% of control). 6. AChE activity per unit weight was reduced by 30% in rats castrated from 5 to 20 days of age, and increased by 30% in both LA and EDL muscles from rats castrated in adulthood. Gonadectomy before puberty prevented total AChE in the LA from increasing above the levels detected in chronically denervated muscles. 7. Gonadectomy after puberty reduced total AChE of the LA but never to the extent caused by muscle denervation. 8. It is concluded that testosterone regulates AChE in the LA by early priming of the motoneuron and by pubertal stimulation of enzyme synthesis, the synthesis being dependent on intact innervation. PMID- 3203162 TI - A new model for studying bacterial adherence to the respiratory epithelium. AB - The frog palate mucosa was used as a new model for studying bacterial adherence to the respiratory epithelium. The main advantage of this model is that the mucus blanket, normally present on airway mucosa, can be preserved during the assays. The adherence of radiolabeled pneumococci to mucus-coated mucosa was five times higher (P less than 0.001) than the adherence to mucus-depleted mucosa. In the latter case, bacteria were never seen attached to ciliated cells but could be detected on small remaining patches of mucus. These results demonstrate that respiratory mucus plays a major role in bacteria-mucosa interactions. PMID- 3203163 TI - Could the increase in natural killer activity induced by the tumor-promoting agent TPA depend on the TPA-adherent, nonphagocytic mononuclear cells? AB - The tumor-promoting agent phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) has been studied for its effects upon Natural Killer (NK) activity. The removal of phagocytic cells prior to incubation of the effectors with TPA resulted in a dose-dependent increase in NK activity in accordance with the results of other workers. When total mononuclear cells were exposed to TPA and used as effector cells, no clear cut results were obtained, in contrast to the suppression of NK activity already described in this situation. This lack of suppression could be due to the way effector cells are recovered after TPA incubation, since it was found that there was an enrichment of NK activity among cells which adhered after TPA treatment. PMID- 3203164 TI - A study of the adjuvant effect of nigrosin on antibody synthesis and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages of inbred mice. AB - The dye nigrosin has an adjuvant effect on the synthesis of specific IgE and hemagglutinating antibodies in B6D2F1 mice. Phagocytosis of opsonized sheep red blood cells by peritoneal macrophages was enhanced by treatment with the dye, indicating a possible increase in the expression of Fc and C3b receptors of macrophages. PMID- 3203165 TI - Effects of ovariectomy and of estrogen administration on some dopamine-related behaviors in the rat. AB - 1. The effects of ovariectomy and of estrogen administration were determined on some dopamine-related behaviors. 2. Haloperidol withdrawal induced a progressive increase in locomotion and rearing frequencies of female rats observed in an open field. This increase started earlier and was greater in ovariectomized than in sham-operated animals. 3. Repeated administration of increasing doses of 17-beta estradiol (from 0.05 to 0.3 mg/kg once daily, for 28 days) significantly decreased apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in ovariectomized rats, 30 min after the last hormone injection. 4. Withdrawal from long-term 17-beta-estradiol administration increased the sensitivity of the animals to apomorphine. 5. These results suggest not only an antidopaminergic effect for estrogen but also a possible summation of estrogen and haloperidol withdrawal effects. PMID- 3203166 TI - Inhibition of platelet aggregation by manoalide: preliminary results. AB - Manoalide (MND), a sesterterpenoid first isolated from the marine sponge Luffariela variabilis and later synthesized by Japanese chemists, exhibits anti inflammatory activity and directly inactivates bee and snake venom phospholipase A2. We investigated the effects of MND on platelet aggregation induced by PAF acether, arachidonic acid (AA), ADP and thrombin. Rabbit platelet aggregation was inhibited by MND in a dose-dependent manner. MND also inhibited the aggregation induced by AA and ADP but not that induced by thrombin. Since this marine natural product is also a potent inhibitor of lipoxygenase in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils, MND appears to be a useful tool for determining the role of phospholipase A2 in biological processes. PMID- 3203167 TI - Participation of the sympathetic system in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. AB - We investigated the participation of a sympathetic component in the abdominal contortions induced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.6% acetic acid in the mouse. The beta blocker propranolol (4 mg/kg, sc) caused a small significant (19%) blockade of the contortions but strongly potentiated (greater than 80%) the effect of indomethacin (30% at 5 mg/kg, sc). Significant inhibition of writhing was also observed with sympatholytics such as guanethidine (27% at 30 mg/kg, sc) and by a specific dopamine-I antagonist, SCH 23390 (62% at 400 micrograms/kg, sc). Tyramine, which releases sympathomimetic amines, and cocaine, which partially blocks the uptake of amines, potentiated acetic acid writhing. Intraperitoneal administration of noradrenaline (187 micrograms/kg)potentiated acetic acid-induced writhing. These results are consistent with the suggestion of Nakamura and Ferreira (1) that inflammatory nociception has a dual component: one mediated by cyclooxygenase metabolites and another by sympathetic amines, possibly acting through a DA-1 type receptor. PMID- 3203168 TI - Central histaminergic effect on basal and opioid-induced prolactin secretion. AB - 1. The participation of the central histaminergic system in basal and opioid induced prolactin secretion in male rats was investigated. 2. Central injections of cimetidine, an H2 antihistaminic, reduced basal plasma prolactin levels from 5.08 +/- 0.76 to 3.11 +/- 0.50 ng/ml (N = 10) while diphenhydramine, an H1 antihistaminic, had no effect. 3. Intracerebroventricular injections of FK 33824, a synthetic opioid peptide, produced a dose-dependent increase of prolactin secretion. This effect was partially blocked (-50%) by pretreatment with 20 ng diphenhydramine 15 min before administration of the opioid peptide. Cimetidine pretreatment failed to modify the prolactin rise in this case. 4. We conclude that brain histaminergic pathways exert a stimulatory tone on basal prolactin secretion which is mediated by H2 receptors and that the opioid-induced prolactin rise depends at least in part on activation of H1-histamine receptors. PMID- 3203169 TI - Ascending aorta input impedance during hemorrhagic shock and after hyperosmotic solution infusion. AB - Aortic input impedance was determined in four dogs anesthetized with chloralose urethane. Flow and pressure were recorded in the ascending aorta during random heart pacing. Signals were processed on a HP 3882A spectrum analyzer utilizing the Fast Fourier Transform. Measurements were made under control conditions, during hemorrhagic shock, and after infusion of a hyperosmotic solution (HS). Results show that HS decreases peripheral resistance, input impedance, frequency of minimal input impedance, and frequency of zero degree phase crossing. The last two indicate a slower pressure wave velocity. These data, together with a reduction in characteristic impedance, strongly suggest a decrease in arterial vascular tonus. PMID- 3203170 TI - Identification of the two cell groups in the longitudinal muscle layer of the earthworm Amynthas hawayanus by a single microelectrode with lucifer yellow-CH. AB - Previous electrophysiological studies have suggested the presence of two types of muscular cells in the longitudinal muscle of A. hawayanus. However, a definite classification of such cells as muscles has been hindered by lack of morphological evidence. This study identified these cells electrophysiologically and morphologically by using the same intracellular microelectrode to record cell activity and inject Lucifer Yellow-CH. Electrophysiological measurements clearly differentiated the two groups of cells. One group did not respond to nerve stimulation but was spontaneously active, whereas the other responded to nerve stimulation with endplate potentials and did not discharge spontaneously. Morphological examination revealed two very similar types of longitudinal muscle cells. These results clearly show that, although morphologically similar, there are two distinct groups of muscle cells in the longitudinal muscle layer of the earthworm. PMID- 3203172 TI - A rhythmically discharging neuron in the earthworm ventral cord nerve as identified by lucifer yellow-CH injection. AB - In the process of mapping the ganglionic neurons in the earthworm ventral nerve cord by simultaneous recording and Lucifer Yellow-CH injection or by backfilling, a rhythmically discharging neuron with a continuous train of 100 cps over the entire recording period was encountered at the dorsal side of the cord near the base of the 2nd-3rd nerves, with its axon extending toward the 2nd-3rd contralateral nerves. It could not be determined whether branches of this axon entered these contralateral nerves. The rhythmic discharge could not be recorded extracellularly from the nerves or from the cord by suction or hook electrodes, nor did the cell respond to either intra- or extracellular stimulation through the recording and injection microelectrode. Although contralateral neurons have been described in histological works, this neuron may not be identifiable one of them until its relationship with other neurons becomes clear. PMID- 3203173 TI - Responses to electrical and mechanical stimuli of the epithelium in earthworm giant axons identified by lucifer yellow-CH dye. AB - The present study shows a correlation between the evoked response and the cell where the response was recorded. The cells in question are the three giant axons, one median giant fiber (MGF) and two lateral giant fibers (LGF), and the responses were evoked by electrical and mechanical stimuli applied to the epithelial surface of an isolated neuromuscular preparation from the earthworm, Amynthas hawayanus. Extra- and intracellular responses were recorded from the ventral nerve cord and from the three giant axons. Lucifer Yellow-CH was injected into the axon simultaneously while recording intracellularly with a Dagan 8,500 high impedance bridge system. The action potentials thus evoked were conducted antero-posteriorly and postero-anteriorly in both types of giant axons. Different latencies were found between the electrically and the mechanically evoked responses and between the responses recorded from the MGF and from the LGF. These differences may be attributed to different neuronal circuits conveying these responses to both giant axons. PMID- 3203174 TI - Incidence, CT findings and rehabilitation outcome of patients with communicative hydrocephalus following severe head injury. AB - Communicative hydrocephalus (CH) is considered as one of the late sequelae of severe craniocerebral injury. However, as most of the series of patients with CH described in the literature deal with the results of various shunting procedures, the incidence of post-traumatic communicative hydrocephalus is not documented. We have found that almost 3.9% of 335 severe craniocerebral-injured patients develop communicative hydrocephalus. These patients were unconscious for various periods of time, therefore the triad described by Hakim and Adams cannot by itself lead the clinician to suspect possible development of communicative hydrocephalus. It is suggested that in prolonged coma, or in the presence of arrest in clinical progress in conscious craniocerebral-injured patients, communicative hydrocephalus should be suspected. PMID- 3203171 TI - Lucifer yellow-CH identification of a primary neuron connecting the first segmental nerve to the three giant axons in the nerve cord of the earthworm Amynthas hawayanus. AB - This is the first step in the identification of a primary or first-order neuron connecting terminal organs, such as receptors or muscle, to interneurons, such as giant axons. The preparation employed here was a single segment of the ventral nerve cord between the 30th and the 40th segment, with a single first segmental nerve connected. A small drop of 7% Lucifer Yellow-CH was placed at the cut end of the first nerve in the absence of detergent or electric current. A structured complex could be seen in the cord anterior to the first nerve after one or two min backfilling. Several long processes extend from this structure to the contralateral side of the nerve cord and terminate in button-like structures near the medial giant axon and the contralateral lateral giant axon. The afferent or efferent function of this neural complex remains to be determined. PMID- 3203175 TI - Simultaneous, quantitative measurement of local blood flow and glucose utilization in tissue samples in normal and injured feline brain. AB - Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) were measured using radioactive microspheres and [14C]2-deoxyglucose, respectively, in 26 brain regions in control animals (n = 8) and in animals (n = 4) sustaining low level experimental brain injury. Examination of the initial (resting) CBF measurement in the uninjured cats revealed two subgroups with significantly (p less than 0.01) different CBF levels. In uninjured cats with normal CBF levels (33.4 +/- 1.8 ml/100 g/min) there was a close linear relationship between CBF and LCGU (n = 0.71, p less than 0.01). In contrast, the remainder of the uninjured cats exhibited abnormally high levels of CBF (72.6 +/- 9.9 ml/100 g/min) and the absence of a close relationship between CBF and LCGU (r = 0.27). One hour following low-level (2.0 atm) fluid percussion brain injury, CBF was increased and LCGU was decreased, though not significantly. The relationship between CBF and LCGU remained intact (r = 0.66, p less than 0.01) in most brain regions. However, the relationship between CBF and LCGU in the hippocampus differed significantly from the relationship between the two parameters in the rest of the brain. Thus, the use of the radioactive microsphere method for CBF measurements allows multiple measurements of CBF and permits the assessment of the status of the cerebral vasculature prior to experimental manipulations such as traumatic brain injury. In view of our current findings of an abnormal relationship between CBF and LCGU in cats with high resting CBF levels, this is an important advantage. In addition, the combination of the microsphere and 2-DG techniques within the same tissue samples allows for the investigation of the effects of traumatic injury on the important relationship between CBF and LCGU. PMID- 3203176 TI - Amantadine for the agitated head-injury patient. AB - Traumatic brain injury may be associated with agitated aggressive behaviour and the potential for injury to the patient and staff. We report two cases of recovering brain injury patients with difficult-to-treat destructive behaviour, whose agitation and aggression responded to amantadine. Direct-acting dopamine agonists such as amantadine may be the preferred treatment for patients with behaviour problems in the acute stages of recovery from coma. PMID- 3203177 TI - Comprehensive head injury rehabilitation: an outcome evaluation. AB - Outcome data from 44 brain-injured clients discharged from a rehabilitation centre during 1 year were analysed. The outcome measures were employed or unemployed, and the independent living status of the client. The predictor variables were demographic, behavioural, psychological, and neuropsychological data for each client. Results revealed that nearly 70% of the adult clients were placed in a less restrictive setting, and over two-thirds were placed in productive employment. Follow-up reports, 3-12 months post-discharge, found that 59% of the adult clients continued to live in a less restrictive setting, and 50% maintained successful employment. Data on adolescents reveal that four out of five returned home to live with parents, and four out of five returned to public schools. Reasons for successful rehabilitation of brain-injured clients are discussed. PMID- 3203178 TI - The brain injury rehabilitation scale (BIRS): a measure of change during post acute rehabilitation. AB - This article describes the development of the Brain Injury Rehabilitation Scale (BIRS), a 20-item scale rating attention, memory, cognition, goal-directed behaviour, social interaction, and adjustment to injury. The BIRS was designed to provide ratings of clinical progress during post-acute rehabilitation from the perspective of the patient, the family and the treating staff. The BIRS was administered to two groups. Group one included five patients in a post-acute rehabilitation programme who were administered the BIRS each week for the 24 weeks of the programme. Group two was a control group composed of 21 college students. The BIRS was administered to each control subject for three consecutive weeks. The BIRS was found to be a sensitive and reliable measure of rehabilitation progress. Inter-rater reliability was high. Further evaluation of the BIRS is warranted. PMID- 3203180 TI - Psychiatric aspects of rehabilitating patients with organic brain disorders, a personal view; or, the psychiatrist as the neuropsychologist's helper. PMID- 3203179 TI - Application of a token economy with a non-compliant closed head-injured male. AB - This study examined the application of several principles and procedures of operant conditioning in the rehabilitation of a closed head-injured 18-year-old male. The patient exhibited frequent and extreme verbal outbursts during therapy sessions, and he did not comply with rehabilitation exercises. After a goal setting plus extinction procedure failed to improve compliance or to decrease disruptive vocalizations a contingent token reinforcement intervention was implemented to increase compliance with therapeutic activities. Frequency of disruptive vocalizations was measured as a covarying behaviour. The intervention was evaluated using a single-case experimental design. Results showed that both compliance with therapeutic activities and frequency of disruptive vocalizations changed as a function of contingent token reinforcement. The effect was replicated across three settings. This study demonstrates the generality of behavioural principles and procedures with closed head-injured populations in an acute rehabilitation setting. The functional equivalence of topographically dissimilar behaviours and the situation-specific control of behaviour is discussed. PMID- 3203181 TI - Dreams in head-injured patients. AB - It is commonly believed that patients following severe head injury tend to dream less than before the injury. In order to evaluate this assumption 51 married head injury patients were interviewed about the frequency and content of their dreams before and after injury. Dreams with threatening content and dreams with manifest sexual content were especially analysed. The results indicate that the overall incidence of dreams in the late post-traumatic phase was similar to the pre injury era. Threatening dreams were almost significantly more frequent after injury, and the reported incidence of dream with sexual manifest content decreased significantly post-injury. It is suggested that the dynamic mechanism for this phenomenon in head-injured patients is different from that found in the post-traumatic neurosis syndrome. PMID- 3203182 TI - The financial trauma of head injury. AB - One hundred parents and 50 spouses of head-injured persons responded to a survey on adjustment issues after head injury. The information they provided on financial matters is presented. Medical costs, legal fees, and other expenses are reported, both in total costs since the insult and in current yearly costs. Percentages of parents and spouses having to find employment, borrow money, lose possessions, and declare bankruptcy are also presented. Financial benefits such as Worker's Compensation and legal settlements are considered. Finally, mean reduction of income for the head-injured person and for the family is examined. The financial impact of head injury is varied in both source and in amount, though for many the cost is overwhelming. PMID- 3203183 TI - An interdisciplinary programme for cognitive rehabilitation. PMID- 3203184 TI - Relapsing polychondritis. PMID- 3203185 TI - Decreased oesophageal blood flow in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. AB - Cold-induced vasospasm seen in systemic sclerosis (SS) and Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) has previously been thought to be limited to peripheral skin sites. However, the oesophageal problems seen in SS cannot be sufficiently explained by connective tissue damage/abnormal motility alone. We wondered if temperature dependent ischaemia could occur in the oesophageal microcirculation. We have measured oesophageal temperature variation following oesophageal cold challenge: 50 ml of water at 7 degrees C and 17 degrees C, with 37 degrees C used as control, were introduced into the mid-oesophagus at a rate of 2 ml/s. Temperature was recorded using a thermocouple probe 5 cm above the gastro-oesophageal junction. The test was performed on 14 SS patients, eight patients with Raynaud's disease and 21 controls. The control's rewarming pattern followed a simple exponential curve. This did not vary with temperature or after repeated challenge. In the SS patients the time constant was significantly longer after cold challenge. PMID- 3203186 TI - Does modification of sleep patterns cure fibrositis? PMID- 3203187 TI - A review of the diagnoses of hip pain presentation in the adolescent. AB - This paper describes 26 adolescents presenting with hip pain. Monarticular hip arthritis can be the onset of juvenile spondylitis or even juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, whilst occasionally it persists as localized disease which becomes destructive; however, in this small series, the two commonest diagnoses were idiopathic protrusio acetabuli and idiopathic chondrolysis. Initial diagnosis may be difficult despite adequate investigation and exclusion of infection. In such cases long-term follow-up with appropriate orthopaedic advice is essential. PMID- 3203188 TI - The pattern of rheumatoid arthritis in the Indian population: a prospective study. AB - Evaluation of polyarthritis in 110 patients in civilian and armed force life revealed 89 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the Indian population, RA seems milder and confined to the joints. A substantial number of male patients appeared to share features with spondylarthritis, often in HLA-B27 positive individuals. PMID- 3203189 TI - Detection of suspected inflammatory joint disease with a new simple self administered hand test. AB - A self-administered hand test was used to screen 5262 persons aged 40-70 living in a rural district in southern Sweden. It revealed evidence of hand impairment in 13%. The prevalence of RA was 1.1%. At the screening procedure a subgroup of 48 previously unrecognized individuals with inflammatory joint disease was identified. They were assessed by a rheumatologist, who established the following diagnoses: four definite RA, eight probable RA, three psoriatic arthritis, one unclassifiable arthritis, 10 osteoarthritis and 22 non-specific arthralgia. No advanced RA was detected. Two were seropositive and another was erosive. One with RA, one with psoriatic arthritis and three with arthralgic symptoms were unable to work. Most had only a minor need for further medical aid. The test was thus able to identify persons with hand impairment. Follow-up studies will address the practical implications of the screening procedure. PMID- 3203190 TI - Increased urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with limited joint mobility. AB - Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was measured in 24-h specimens collected from 27 insulin-dependent male diabetic patients and 22 healthy males of similar ages. Excretion relative to creatinine was increased by 35% in the diabetic group as a whole (p less than 0.02). Twelve patients with limited joint mobility (cheiroarthropathy) formed a subgroup with high excretion (69% above controls), those without limited joint mobility being similar to controls. There was no correlation of retinopathy with GAG excretion. PMID- 3203191 TI - AIDS and arthritis. PMID- 3203192 TI - Relapsing polychondritis: an unusual cause of PUO in an Asian lady. AB - A case of pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) in a 54-year-old Asian lady is described. She subsequently developed ocular and aural inflammation suggestive of relapsing polychondritis (RP) with immediate clinical improvement following steroid therapy. PUO is an unusual presenting feature of RP. The literature is reviewed and the clinical features of RP are discussed. PMID- 3203193 TI - Relapsing polychondritis and Weber-Christian disease. AB - A patient with classical relapsing polychondritis in whom abdominal pain was a prominent symptom is described. Histological examination of skin and mesenteric biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of Weber-Christian disease (systemic panniculitis) suggested by clinical features. The prognostic and therapeutic implications of this unusual disease association are discussed. PMID- 3203194 TI - Recurrent calcific periarthritis leading to erosive osteoarthritis. AB - Over a period of 31 years the patient described had recurrent attacks of acute calcific periarthritis at multiple sites. In the latter years of her follow-up she has developed an erosive polyarticular osteoarthritis at sites previously affected by calcific periarthritis and we speculate that there may be a pathogenetic link between these two conditions in some patients. PMID- 3203195 TI - Chemonucleolysis of calcified prolapsed intervertebral discs. PMID- 3203196 TI - Dermatomyositis in HIV infection. PMID- 3203197 TI - A viral aetiology for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis? PMID- 3203199 TI - Reiter's syndrome precipitated by a typhoid vaccination. PMID- 3203200 TI - Avascular necrosis and pulsed methylprednisolone in RA. PMID- 3203201 TI - An unusual presentation of Baker's cyst in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. PMID- 3203198 TI - Serum procollagen type III aminoterminal peptide in primary fibromyalgia (fibrositis syndrome) PMID- 3203202 TI - Economically significant enteric infections in domestic animals in Australia. PMID- 3203203 TI - The role of the milking machine in mastitis. PMID- 3203204 TI - The effects of supplementation of the diet of young steers with Mo and S on the intracellular distribution of copper in liver and on copper fractions in blood. PMID- 3203206 TI - Sheep slaughtering procedures. V. Responsiveness to potentially painful stimuli following electrical stunning. PMID- 3203205 TI - The possible use of metoclopramide to prevent watery mouth in lambs in commercial flocks. PMID- 3203207 TI - Effect of tick-borne fever on liver and kidney function in dwarf-cross goats. PMID- 3203208 TI - Evaluation of three strategic prophylactic programmes against helminthiasis of traditionally managed West African dwarf sheep and goats in Nigeria. PMID- 3203209 TI - Ventriculus worm infection in the pigeon (Columba livia domestica). PMID- 3203211 TI - [Experience with the digital automatic MAC 12 electrocardiograph]. PMID- 3203210 TI - [Metabolism of the ischemic heart muscle and the effect of reperfusion and verapamil]. PMID- 3203212 TI - [Secretory IgA in the saliva of infants and toddlers]. PMID- 3203213 TI - [Estrogenic effect of phosmet on the uterus of neonatal rats]. PMID- 3203214 TI - [Diagnosis of left fascicular block in clinical practice]. PMID- 3203215 TI - Cardiac output by MR imaging: an experimental study comparing right ventricle and left ventricle with thermodilution. AB - Cardiac output was measured by gated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and by thermodilution in four mongrel dogs. The entire heart was examined in contiguous slices at end-diastole and end-systole in a plane parallel to the interventricular septum. Each set of images was analyzed for chamber volume using a custom computer program to evaluate each pixel. No geometric assumptions were made. Cardiac output was calculated for right and left ventricles and compared with the thermodilution data. We found that the cardiac output of the right ventricle compared well with that of the left ventricle and that both fell within the range measured by thermodilution. Cardiac-gated MRI has the potential to assess the cardiac output of both the right and left ventricles. Comparison between right ventricular and left ventricular function will permit quantification of left to right shunting or unilateral ventricular volume overload. PMID- 3203216 TI - Assessment of left ventricular function using digital angiography. AB - We have demonstrated that selective digital left ventricular angiography using small amounts of contrast material minimized both symptoms and hemodynamic alterations and provided good images for assessment of regional ventricular function. However, comparisons of ejection fraction (EF), end-systolic volume (ESV), and end-diastolic volume (EDV) from digital angiography, at 10 frames per second, with measurements derived from conventional angiography, showed only a fair correlation between the two methods. Using a new generation of digital equipment and an acquisition time of 30 frames per second, we studied the correlation between digital and conventional angiography in 29 patients with coronary artery disease for a wide spectrum of left ventricular functions. Ventricular volumes and EF were calculated by computer using the area-length method. The correlation coefficient (r) between both the methods was 0.93 for EF, 0.95 for ESV and 0.89 for EDV. Thus digital left ventricular angiography provides an accurate evaluation of left ventricular function and can with advantage replace conventional angiography for this purpose. PMID- 3203217 TI - Plain film radiographic diagnosis of acute appendicitis: an evaluation of the signs. AB - The preoperative plain abdominal radiographs of 34 patients who had had appendectomies were evaluated to determine the frequency of well-known radiographic signs in acute appendicitis. Scoliosis occurred in 17 patients (50%), right lower quadrant (RLQ) fluid levels in 21 (62%), ileus in 24 (70%), and combined RLQ fluid levels and ileus in 27 (80%). Bowel wall edema was seen in eight patients (23%) and calcified coproliths in six (17%). The presence of RLQ fluid levels or localized ileus or both proved to be the most reliable of the signs. PMID- 3203218 TI - Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: a review of 12 cases. AB - We retrospectively studied 12 patients with lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG), a form of angiitis and granulomatosis first described in 1972, with emphasis on radiographic findings and clinical presentation. Ten patients had bilateral disease, with middle and lower lung predominance of ill-defined nodular densities being the commonest radiographic presentation. In two patients, chest radiography showed mixed alveolar and interstitial disease. Symptoms of cough, dyspnea, and cutaneous disorders with or without neurologic complications, in a patient with an abnormal chest radiograph, are suggestive of the diagnosis of LYG. PMID- 3203220 TI - Postmediastinoscopy changes in the chest radiograph. AB - A series of 50 postmediastinoscopy erect portable films was reviewed and compared with 100 normal control films to determine how often changes might develop after mediastinoscopy that could simulate mediastinal adenopathy. Such findings were found in 54% of postmediastinoscopy patients; they consisted of a thickened right paratracheal stripe (RPS) in 30%, a right paratracheal mass in 22%, and a left superior mediastinal mass in 4%. These changes usually resolve in a few days, but they may cause an initial erroneous impression of mediastinal adenopathy if recent previous films are not available for comparison. An indistinct RPS without a right paratracheal mass was found in 47% of control erect portable radiographs and was not considered a relevant finding. PMID- 3203219 TI - Pulmonary function testing in predicting complications from percutaneous lung biopsy. AB - Percutaneous needle biopsy is an accepted method of obtaining tissue for diagnosis of lung tumors. The depth of the lesion, size of the needle, operator experience, and the presence of emphysema have been identified as factors influencing the risk of postbiopsy pneumothorax, the most common complication. In this retrospective study of 308 patients, we enquired whether pulmonary function tests (available in 138 patients) and arterial PO2 (available in 103 patients) might predict the risk of pneumothorax following percutaneous needle biopsy. We found that as airway obstruction increases (FEV1.0/FVC less than 59% of predicted) or as arterial oxygenation decreases (PO2 less than 59 mm Hg), not only does the incidence of pneumothorax increase, but symptoms are more severe in that the number of pneumothoraces requiring chest tube drainage increases as well. We suggest that airway obstruction and arterial oxygenation are factors indicative of increased risk identifying patients who need close scrutiny after the procedure. PMID- 3203221 TI - Renal cirsoid arteriovenous malformation masquerading as neoplasia. AB - A woman with renal colic and microscopic hematuria had filling defects in the left renal collecting system detected on excretory urography. A nephrectomy, performed because of suspected malignancy, might have been averted by renal angiography. PMID- 3203222 TI - Gastric intramural pseudocyst of the pancreas. AB - We describe a patient in whom a pseudocyst of the pancreatic tail ruptured into the wall of the stomach. Because of the intramural location of this lesion, its sonographic and computed tomographic features were those of a gastric tumor. The correct diagnosis was made only by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, which showed extravasation of contrast material from the pancreatic duct into a nonhomogeneous cystic cavity. PMID- 3203223 TI - CT demonstration of irrigant extravasation following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. AB - Two patients with extensive irrigant solution extravasation following percutaneous nephrolithotomy documented by computed tomography (CT) are described. This complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy often can be avoided by careful attention to technique. CT can accurately confirm the diagnosis. PMID- 3203224 TI - Preoperative localization of low-density foreign bodies under CT guidance. AB - A simple technique for the localization of foreign bodies using a spring hook wire under computed tomographic (CT) guidance is described. The advantages of CT in detecting foreign bodies of near water density and in planning a surgical approach which avoids important anatomical structures are emphasized. PMID- 3203225 TI - Calcified intralobar pulmonary sequestration. AB - The radiologic features of intralobar pulmonary sequestration (ILPS) have been described and include the identification of a feeding systemic artery on computerized tomography. Radiographically demonstrated calcification is rare and has been described only three times. We describe a patient with an ILPS whose radiographic findings were unusual for two reasons. First, while computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a tubular structure, it did not enhance with contrast material and thus was not considered to be a feeding vessel. Pathological examination revealed that this vessel had undergone thrombosis with subsequent organization and calcification. This finding also explains the second unusual feature, calcification, seen both on a plain chest radiograph and CT. PMID- 3203226 TI - Magnetic resonance imaging of ruptured Baker's cyst. AB - The clinical presentation of a ruptured Baker's cyst and of thrombophlebitis can be identical. Venography, arthrography, and more recently ultrasonography have been used to differentiate these two entities. We report a patient with a ruptured Baker's cyst who was also evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The soft-tissue abnormalities were better demonstrated by MRI than by the other imaging methods. PMID- 3203227 TI - What the doctor says--blood tests. PMID- 3203229 TI - What is it like to be old and alone in Ireland? PMID- 3203228 TI - Under age and under the table. PMID- 3203230 TI - Moving into a second century of caring. PMID- 3203231 TI - CNA action on RCT proposal. PMID- 3203232 TI - A nursing perspective on health care economics: basic health care is a fundamental right. PMID- 3203233 TI - Spinal narcotics and the implications for nursing. PMID- 3203234 TI - Incident reports and the law. PMID- 3203235 TI - Cardioauditory syndrome. PMID- 3203236 TI - Classic hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and current treatment modalities. PMID- 3203237 TI - Ranking clinical problems and ocular diseases in ophthalmology: an innovative approach to curriculum design. AB - The MD program of the Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., has used a problem-based, self-directed, small-group learning approach to medical education since 1969. Substantial curriculum revision was begun in 1983 as part of a process of institutional renewal. A faculty survey of all academic clinicians in the Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, was carried out in 1984 to determine which problems and diseases the teaching faculty thought had the highest priority for student learning. The results have been used by educational planners in revising the curriculum. They have also served to clarify faculty members' expectations of students within an ophthalmology rotation. PMID- 3203239 TI - Histopathological findings in blepharopigmentation (eyelid tattoo). AB - We treated three patients with implantation of iron oxide pigment into the margin of the lateral eyelid followed by excision of that region 1 hour later in one patient, 5 days later in the second and 18 months later in the third. Histopathological examination of the specimens obtained 1 hour and 5 days after tattooing revealed persistence of the pigment implant as free granules in the epidermis and dermis. In the specimen resected 18 months after tattooing most of the residual pigment was found within macrophages in the dermis and focally in the endomysial connective tissue of the superficial orbicularis oculi muscle. There were no substantial deleterious effects on the treated tissues. PMID- 3203240 TI - Rotatory nystagmus in infantile esotropia. AB - We reviewed the charts of 119 children with infantile esotropia followed for 27 months to 16 years (average 82.5 months). Of the 119, 14 (12%) had fine (high frequency, low amplitude) rotatory nystagmus. The presence of the nystagmus may account for a decline in visual acuity of up to two lines under binocular viewing conditions. PMID- 3203238 TI - Argon green and krypton red laser treatment of diabetic macular edema. AB - We treated 69 eyes of 44 patients who had clinically significant macular edema with argon or krypton laser photocoagulation or both. The mean initial visual acuity was 20/40. Patients were followed for 6 to 63 (mean 19.7 +/- 11.0) months. There was a mean loss of three letters in acuity, but the difference between initial and final acuity was not statistically significant. In 43 eyes the acuity remained within two lines of the initial acuity, in 17 there was a loss of two lines or more, and in 9 the acuity improved by two lines or more. The initial acuity correlated highly to the final acuity (p less than 0.0001). Multiple linear regression showed that pretreatment existence of macular ischemia or diffuse macular edema or both, when adjusted for initial acuity, age, insulin dependence and duration of diabetes mellitus, was predictive of poorer final acuity than in patients without ischemia or diffuse edema. The results support a consensus that macular edema should be treated early. In view of the conflicting experimental and clinical studies of grid techniques of photocoagulation and the role of the krypton laser, further clinical studies of the treatment of diabetic macular edema are warranted. PMID- 3203241 TI - Epidemiologic approach to open-angle glaucoma: 1. Control of intraocular pressure. Report of the Canadian Ocular Adverse Drug Reaction Registry Program. AB - In a multicentre study eight glaucoma consultants prospectively followed 71 unselected cases (130 eyes) of newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma at five visits over a mean interval of 12.1 months. A standard flow chart was used to record the medical treatment, intraocular pressure (IOP) and indications for any changes in therapy. No limitations were imposed on the choice of drugs. The mean IOP before treatment was 28 mm Hg. There was a significant reduction in mean IOP of 7.64 mm Hg in response to the first drug prescribed (p less than 0.0001) but none thereafter, despite changes in treatment in 25% to 32% of eyes at each visit. The mean standard deviation of IOP for all eyes was 2.62 mm Hg. Of 99 changes in therapy in 67 eyes, 40% were made when the IOP was within 3 mm Hg of the mean satisfactory pressure for a particular case. The findings indicate the need to make corrections for variation and fluctuation in IOP when evaluating pressure response. The pharmacologic effect of the drugs appeared less important than the patient's ability to tolerate the drugs without severe adverse reactions. PMID- 3203242 TI - Abnormal dark-adapted electroretinogram in Best's vitelliform macular degeneration. AB - It is generally well accepted that in Best's vitelliform macular degeneration (BVMD) the electroretinogram (ERG) is normal whereas the electro-oculogram (EOG) is markedly abnormal. We describe a patient in whom BVMD was suspected on the basis of the clinical findings, EOG and family history (one of her daughters had the typical vitelliform lesion). However, her dark-adapted ERG was markedly abnormal. Similar anomalies were found in the dark-adapted ERG of the daughter. While the temporal features of the various ERG waves were well preserved, a substantial decrease in the amplitude of specific segments of the ERG signal was observed. A similar decrease in the amplitude of the oscillatory potentials was also found. We believe that this unusual combination of BVMD and abnormal dark adapted ERG may be due to the reported reduced penetrance and variable expressivity of the BVMD gene(s). PMID- 3203243 TI - Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency. AB - Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency is a rare familial disease inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. It is characterized by a combination of plasma lipoprotein, corneal, erythrocyte and, in most patients, renal changes. The corneal changes consist of scattered stromal dots that are lipid deposits. Their composition is unique and suggests an intrinsic corneal metabolic defect. The corneal clouding is usually asymptomatic. Patients with the condition must be followed closely because renal failure may develop. We describe a patient with LCAT deficiency. PMID- 3203244 TI - A model for psychiatric nurses in working with clients who have multiple personality disorder (MPD). PMID- 3203245 TI - Counselling survivors of sexual abuse. PMID- 3203246 TI - Specialization and certification in specialty practice. PMID- 3203247 TI - The nursing shortage crisis: report on two provincial studies. PMID- 3203248 TI - Innovative surgical techniques: the legal aspects. PMID- 3203249 TI - The challenge to build--to meet the needs. PMID- 3203250 TI - Dismissing an employee without the legal hassles. PMID- 3203251 TI - Computers in the O.R. An assessment of trends, potential and expectations. PMID- 3203252 TI - Importance of pre-operative dialogue in pelvic surgery. PMID- 3203253 TI - Rigid ureteroscopy. PMID- 3203254 TI - Gene duplication in haloaromatic degradative plasmids pJP4 and pJP2. AB - pJP2 and pJP4 are 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid catabolic plasmids, and they show DNA sequence homology. Most of the pJP2 molecules (80% or more) isolated from 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid grown cells of Alcaligenes eutrophus harbor a tandem duplication of a 25-kilobase (kb) segment encoding the catabolic functions. Unlike plasmid pJP4, pJP2 in A. eutrophus gives rise to a 3 chlorobenzoate phenotype without further genetic rearrangement. pJP4 under 3 chlorobenzoate selection contains an inverted duplication of 24.5 kb. Absence of selective pressure results in the prompt loss of one copy of the duplication in pJP4, but not of the tandem duplication in pJP2. In both pJP4 and pJP2, mutation of the duplicated copy, rather than gene dosage, is likely to be the basis of phenotypic change of catabolic functions. Experiments using the cloned DNA suggest that a tandem duplication is more stable than an inverted duplication. PMID- 3203255 TI - Locomotory characteristics of Treponema denticola. AB - Locomotion of pathogenic spirochetes has been suggested as a virulence factor in their pathogenesis. Little is known of the locomotory characteristics of oral anaerobic spirochetes. We have determined the optimal conditions for motility of seven strains of Treponema denticola in menstrua of different viscosities. The viscosity for optimum motility for all strains was found to be 9.57 centipoises at 25 degrees C. Under these conditions the average speeds for each strain was computed from the motility tracks as recorded by timed exposures under dark-field microscopy. Differences in speeds were found between the various strains. In addition, we have determined the "persistence" (direct distance/actual pathlength travelled) of cell movement of each strain. Interstrain differences were also noted. These locomotory characteristics contribute to the locomotory phenotypes of the various strains and therefore may aid in their characterization and provide an insight into locomotion as a virulence factor in periodontitis. PMID- 3203256 TI - Survival of Yersinia enterocolitica in the environment. AB - When Yersinia enterocolitica was introduced into soils (or physiological saline), very little decrease in the population was observed throughout the test period. If the soil was allowed to air dry slowly, only 0.1% (2.8 x 10(3) colony forming units/g of soil) of the original population added still remained viable by day 10. On the other hand, the introduced organisms disappeared rapidly in river water but their longevities could be extended significantly if a eucaryote inhibitor was added to the river water or the river water was passed through a 0.8-micron membrane filter to remove eucaryotic predators. Furthermore, the rapid decrease of the Yersinia population coincided with an increase in numbers of protozoans. However, when Yersinia was added to filter-sterilized river water or when small numbers of the organism, below the threshold level believed necessary for active predation to occur, were added to the river water, no response in predators was observed; nevertheless, the population of Yersinia still showed a continued decline. When the organism was introduced into sephadex-treated river water or groundwater, its survival improved significantly compared with its survival in nontreated water samples. Low ambient temperature dramatically increased its ability to survive in the aquatic environment. It is concluded that, in addition to the temperature factor, the longevity of Y. enterocolitica in river water is chiefly regulated by predators and toxin producers. PMID- 3203258 TI - Proceedings of the Canadian Association of Sport Sciences, 21st annual meeting. Sudbury, Ontario, October 21-24, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3203259 TI - AMA's RCT proposal: a giant step backward. PMID- 3203257 TI - Ultrastructure of the in situ adherence of Mobiluncus to vaginal epithelial cells. AB - From patients with bacterial vaginosis motile, anaerobic, comma-shaped bacteria can be isolated, which have recently been placed into the new genus Mobiluncus. In this study, electron microscopy was used to examine the in situ adherence of these motile curved rods to detached epithelial cells (comma cells) in vaginal fluid from two patients with bacterial vaginosis. Thin sections showed that the curved rods attached both directly to the epithelial cell surface and at various distances from it. It is concluded that after initial attachment these motile bacteria can grow at the epithelial cell surface in sessile microcolonies. Ruthenium red staining demonstrated a coating of precipitated glycocalyx material both on the surface of the curved rods and on their flagella. This may indicate that in situ the adherent curved rods were enclosed in a very hydrated matrix of exopolysaccharides. Conspicuous was the ability of the curved rods to attach to the epithelial cell surface via their cell tips. However, in situ no specialized bacteria cell surface structures were seen that might explain this polar attachment. Electron microscopy of pure cultures demonstrated that both Mobiluncus curtisii subsp. curtisii and Mobiluncus mulieris can produce a glycocalyx in vitro. PMID- 3203260 TI - Executive practice. PMID- 3203261 TI - Role advancement for the experienced clinical nurse specialist. PMID- 3203262 TI - Compassion, empathy, and caring. PMID- 3203263 TI - Inductive reasoning: critical thinking skills for clinical competence. PMID- 3203265 TI - Changing traditions in psychotherapy: a study of therapists' attitudes. PMID- 3203264 TI - Utilizing research findings in nursing. PMID- 3203267 TI - Psychiatry: the philosophical link between medical sciences and the sociopolitical human condition. PMID- 3203266 TI - Linking nurses and legislators to improve health care. PMID- 3203268 TI - Reflections on the epistemology of psychiatry. AB - A re-examination of the theoretical basis of our practice of psychiatry (that is, its epistemology) reveals the insufficiency of the empirical, inductive approach which we have come to regard, too myopically, as the sine qua non of our science. Traditionally in psychiatry, the discipline of philosophy, of which epistemology is one of its major fields of endeavour, has generally come to be regarded as irrelevant or unreliable as a source of true knowledge. But an objective look at our variegated practice of psychiatry--roughly divided into two groups--the biological on the one side and the psychosocial on the other--reveals a glaring lack of integration, cohesion, or synthesis in basic theory. While analysis is the prime modus operandi of science, synthesis is the main objective of philosophy. While we subscribe to various operational theories to explain how our various procedures work, we lack an overarching, unified, general theory to subsume them. Hence we lack a truly holistic concept of the person who is our patient. In this we are much in need of the discipline of philosophy, which promotes clarity of thought, breadth of comprehension, and systematic (logical) reasoning. Psychiatrists acquire more of this philosophic expertise through collaboration with professional philosophers (epistemologists in particular) and through the introduction into our graduate psychiatric training programs of some specific course content from the literature of philosophy. As a preliminary suggestion for this, an "Annotated Reading List" is appended. PMID- 3203269 TI - Forensic psychiatrists' and psychologists' understanding of insanity: misguided expertise? AB - The ability of mental health experts to consult on insanity cases is highly dependent on their accurate understanding of the current Canadian standard. The study surveyed experienced forensic psychiatrists and psychologists and found the majority (88%) had erroneous beliefs regarding the insanity standard. Results of a discriminant analysis suggest that experience with insanity evaluations and courtroom testimony may improve experts' understanding. Implications of these results are discussed with respect to professional training and public policy. PMID- 3203270 TI - Characteristics of patients who receive electroconvulsive therapy. AB - Case records of all non-forensic psychiatric admissions (n = 5,729), over a three year period, to all the inpatient psychiatric facilities, within one geographic area were studied on a number of demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics. Patients who had received E.C.T. were compared with those who did not receive tis treatment. The results showed that a high proportion (21%) had received E.C.T. In comparison with patients not receiving E.C.T., E.C.T. recipients were significantly older, more often female, had greater number of previous admissions, greater incidence of violent behaviour, and longer stays in hospital. E.C.T. patients did not differ from others on social class, education, and marital status, nor was E.C.T. prescribed more often to patients who had demonstrated suicidal behaviour, even if they had a diagnosis of depression. E.C.T. and non E.C.T. patients received an equal number of psychotropic drugs. PMID- 3203271 TI - Toward mastery of psychotic symptoms: a group phenomenon. AB - This paper describes a long-term, weekly, outpatient group for the management of recurrent psychotic manifestations. Emphasis is on the development of individual strategies that attenuate symptom distress and reinforce the sense of mastery. Illustrations are drawn from events occurring over the course of the life of the group. PMID- 3203272 TI - Month of birth and schizophrenia in Alberta. AB - Numerous studies have demonstrated that a greater than expected number of schizophrenics are born during the winter months. The present investigation examined this phenomenon in Alberta. The study population consisted of 1,101 schizophrenic patients admitted to either of the two provincial mental hospitals during 1976-1983 and who were born in Canada. After controlling for year of birth, no seasonality effect was found. PMID- 3203273 TI - The psychiatric acute observation unit in a general hospital. AB - A general hospital based psychiatric acute observation and treatment unit is described, and its operation over a one year period is reviewed. This seven-bed unit is designed to provide constant nursing observation and management, as well as intensive psychiatric treatment, in a secure, safe, and quiet environment for the most acutely psychiatrically ill patients. During the year under review, the unit had 330 admissions. Demographic, clinical, and treatment data are presented, and management of disturbed behavior, staff selection, and acceptance of the unit are discussed. PMID- 3203274 TI - A clinical study of violence in patients referred on a Form I to a general hospital psychiatric unit. AB - A retrospective examination of all patients referred by the emergency department of a medium sized general hospital for a mandated Form I psychiatric assessment during a 12 month period was conducted. The principal aim was an analysis of the clinical phenomena and especially the antecedents and course of violent behaviour (following admission and throughout the hospital stay) which in the majority of cases was the reason for the referral. Thirty percent had behaved violently prior to admission but within 24 hours all had settled and during the remainder of their hospital stay were indistinguishable from the generality of the ward population (for example, non-violent). Two-thirds of the patients were non psychotic; that is, not suffering from a major mental illness; nevertheless, they required a disproportionate amount of time and effort in initial management. A high proportion had several prior admissions to the psychiatric ward, particularly for alcohol misuse and/or a personality disorder. PMID- 3203275 TI - [The young homeless of Montreal: a longitudinal study]. AB - A transverse survey conducted in 142 young homeless (age: 18-30) shows that they mainly come from broken families where alcoholism, violence and mental illness hold an important place. Regarding work, the majority of the surveyed homeless have not worked more than 24 months in all their life and have nearly continuously been on welfare; those who had jobs lost them much more because of their alcohol or drug use and their problems of interpersonal relationships than because of unemployment. On a personal level, these young adults are particularly battling against two major problems: alcoholism and drug addiction, and mental illness. Although 23% of the surveyed subjects have already been hospitalized in psychiatry, the majority of these young homeless have never received any psychiatric care. Nevertheless, they show mental health problems which are often mistakenly dismissed as the effects of alcoholism or chronic drug abuse. The authors believe that means of detection and adequate treatment must be developed for this growing population instead of thinking of social measures which would only give the young homeless a meal and protection from the elements. PMID- 3203276 TI - Schizophrenia and major affective disorder: forensic psychiatric issues. AB - A group of schizophrenic (S) and major affective disorder (MAD) patients assessed in a Forensic Psychiatric Department was studied in depth to test the hypothesis that these patients commit crimes during periods of serious psychiatric disturbance, even if other sociodemographic factors might be contributing to their criminal behavior. The demographic, psychiatric, psychological and legal data were analyzed. The schizophrenic group was overrepresented in this sample compared with the hospitalization pattern for S and MAD patients as a whole. Both groups showed demographic characteristics such as mean age, marital and family status and education and employment, consistent with the diagnoses. S offenders tended to be either chronically ill or paranoid type and MAD offenders the early onset, bipolar type. Both groups showed evidence of serious psychiatric disturbance at the time of assessment and at the time of the alleged offense. S offenders were considered more dangerous based on clinical criteria and showed an increased tendency to assault. About two-thirds of the total group were considered unfit to stand trial at the time of assessment and about three quarters were considered not fully responsible for the alleged offense from psychiatric viewpoint. These findings confirm the hypothesis that criminal behavior in these seriously ill patients is at least partly due to the psychiatric disturbance itself. The need for psychiatric assessment and treatment of these mentally ill offenders is thus clearly shown. PMID- 3203277 TI - Diagnosis and treatment of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis in chronic renal failure. AB - The authors describe a case of a patient who presents with a delusional interpretation of a somatic symptom, uremic pruritus. The literature on the diagnosis and treatment of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis (MHP) is reviewed and discussed. There is an effective treatment available for this disabling condition--a neuroleptic agent called pimozide, which appears to have a selective ability to block central dopaminergic receptors. PMID- 3203278 TI - The unseen tears of children: a Chinese boy who vomited for 14 months. AB - A Chinese boy in Hong Kong who vomited for 14 months after his father had gone abroad to work is reported. Despite the very obvious predicament and sadness, more than 30 doctors had failed to understand the patient. In their search for a disease to explain the symptom, they trapped both themselves and the patient in the symptom of vomiting. It is argued that this patient should have been understood not from the angle of the traditional medical model. Neither was the psychoanalytical model useful. Rather the communication model of hysteria is much more practical; the vomiting can be construed as the unseen tears of a boy entrenched helplessly in his predicament. These unseen and unrecognized tears had cost the patient 14 months of precious life. PMID- 3203279 TI - Kluver Bucy syndrome with severe amnesia secondary to herpes encephalitis. AB - The authors present a case of Kluver Bucy syndrome with severe amnesia secondary to herpes encephalitis. The clinical features, neuropsychological test results and magnetic resonance images in this case also elucidate important aspects of limbic system pathology that are discussed in light of the literature. PMID- 3203280 TI - Issues in social psychiatry. PMID- 3203281 TI - Propranolol treatment of episodic dyscontrol and aggressive behavior in children. PMID- 3203282 TI - A paradoxical outcome of a regional review board decision: a case report. PMID- 3203283 TI - Mentally disordered offenders and the insanity verdict. PMID- 3203284 TI - Financing research. PMID- 3203285 TI - Taking Leonie home. PMID- 3203286 TI - Something missing. PMID- 3203287 TI - Nursing in China. PMID- 3203289 TI - The value of nursing models. PMID- 3203288 TI - Surviving in closure. PMID- 3203290 TI - [The value of speech]. PMID- 3203291 TI - Ins(10;19) in an endometrial stromal sarcoma. AB - A 37-year-old woman with a history of bilateral mesenchymal cystic hamartomata of the lung was subsequently found to have low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. Cytogenetic analysis of the uterine tumor revealed, in all metaphases, an unusual derivative chromosome generated by the insertion of chromosome 19 into chromosome 10 at the level of its centromere [ins(10;19)(p11;p13q13)]. PMID- 3203292 TI - Translocations t(15;17) and t(9;14)(q34;q22) in a case of acute promyelocytic leukemia with increased number of basophils. AB - A patient with a variant form of acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3 variant) associated with an increased number of basophils was found to present a reciprocal translocation, t(9;14)(q34;q22) in addition to t(15;17)(q22;q12). Although several cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with increased bone marrow and peripheral blood basophils have been reported, this is the first case in which both the t(9;14) and basophilia were observed in a patient with M3. Our findings support the hypothesis that 9q34 may be associated with the chromosomal location of genes regulating the production and maturation of basophils. PMID- 3203293 TI - Breakpoint zone of bcr in chronic myelogenous leukemia does not correlate with disease phase or prognosis. AB - The presence of a zone 4 rearrangement in the bcr of two chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cell lines and 25 CML patients was investigated by hybridization of HindIII-EcoRI double-digested DNA with the homologous HindIII-BglII breakpoint cluster region (bcr) probe. A rearrangement in zone 4 was found in the EM2 cell line and in 11 of the 25 patients. The presence of a zone 4 rearrangement was not associated with phase of disease, clinical evidence of acceleration, or pathologic evidence of acceleration. The difference between the actuarial duration of chronic phase for patients without (33 months) and with (22 months) a zone 4 rearrangement was not significant. A breakpoint in zone 4 of the bcr in patients with CML does not appear to be a determinant of prognosis. PMID- 3203294 TI - Breakpoints in benign lipoma may be at 12q13 or 12q14. AB - Chromosomal investigations in two unrelated lipoma samples are reported. The breakpoint involving 12q in chromosomal rearrangements could be assigned to band 12q13 in one case and 12q14 in the other case. Evidence is provided that cytogenetically distinct breakpoints on 12q may be found in lipoma cells, resolving previous disagreements based on interpretational difficulties. PMID- 3203295 TI - Another case of acute myelomonocytic leukemia with t(8;16)(p11;p13). PMID- 3203296 TI - Multiple chromosome rearrangements in a childhood ependymoma. AB - Multiple karyotypically abnormal cell lines were observed in long-term cultures of an ependymoma of the fourth ventricle of a child. A previous report of a G banded ependymoma karyotype described monosomy 8, trisomy 9, t(1;7)(p12;p13), and t(X;10)(q22-23;q24). This case also shows involvement of Xq22 and 10q24. PMID- 3203297 TI - Trisomy 5 as sole anomaly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. AB - We present a case of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in whose leukemic cells trisomy 5 (+5) was the only cytogenetic anomaly observed. This is the first report of +5 as the sole cytogenetic abnormality in ALL; two cases (one questionable) of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with such a change have been reported. The findings are presented in relation to other cases with +5 as part of a more complicated cytogenetic picture in hematologic disorders. PMID- 3203298 TI - Sister chromatid exchange and chromosome abnormalities in uremic patients. AB - Chronic renal failure heightens the risk of malignancy. We therefore examined lymphocytes from 44 uremic patients and 24 normal controls for chromosome abnormalities and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rate. This is the first report of SCE in uremia. Uremia was found to increase structurally abnormal chromosomes and elevate the rate of SCE. These cytogenetic changes in uremia may play a role in the heightened risk of cancer. PMID- 3203299 TI - The effects of four drug regimens on sister chromatid exchange frequency in patients with lymphomas. AB - Patients undergoing first-line chemotherapy after diagnosis of lymphoma have considerable DNA damage in their peripheral blood lymphocytes, using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency as a sensitive indicator. Different drug regimens produce different patterns of changes in SCE frequency. These may be related to their potential to induce second malignancies. PMID- 3203300 TI - Inversion (4)(p13q28) in two cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - An identical inversion, inv(4)(p13q28), was found to occur as the sole karyotypic anomaly in two patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. The breakpoints are different from any previously described structural rearrangements of chromosome 4. PMID- 3203301 TI - Multiple unrelated clonal chromosome abnormalities in an in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. AB - We have cytogenetically analyzed short-term cultures from an in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (Bowen's disease). The following mosaic tumor karyotype was found: 46,XX, -1, +der(1)(pter----p22::q11----cen----p22:), -9, +der(9)t(1;9)(q11; p24)/46,XX,t(3;6) (q21;p21)/46,XX,t(5;14)(q13;q24),t(7;18)(q32;q11)/46,XX,t(8;11)(p22;q13) /46, XX,t(8;11) (p22;q13),t(15;17) (q13;q24)/46,XX,t(12;15)(q12;p11). None of the rearrangements correspond to previously known cancer-associated abnormalities. Two of the clones are obviously related, and it is reasonable to assume that the t(15;17) developed as an evolutionary change in a cell that already contained t(8;11)(p22;q13). Since five clones without cytogenetic similarities were found in this in situ skin carcinoma, we suggest that the tumor was of polyclonal origin. It is impossible to decide whether all, or indeed any, of the visible abnormalities constitute pathogenetically essential primary changes, or merely represent chromosomal markers of secondary importance in tumorigenesis. PMID- 3203303 TI - Translocation (4;11) in a case of malignant lymphoma. AB - The translocation t(4;11)(q21;q23) is considered a chromosomal marker of acute lymphoid leukemia. We report here a case of a well-differentiated B-cell type non Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting the same (4;11) translocation. PMID- 3203302 TI - Trisomy 4 in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. AB - Trisomy 4 has recently been identified as a nonrandom chromosomal abnormality associated with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with myelomonocytic morphology (AML M4). It has been suggested that it may be related to a new type of environmental toxin exposure. During the 1975-1987 period we have detected only one case of simple trisomy 4 in over 1200 patients successfully investigated for hematologic malignancy; this patient was diagnosed as having AML M2 and did not have a history of toxic chemical or drug exposure. PMID- 3203304 TI - The karyotype in secondary hematologic disorders after treatment for Hodgkin's disease. A study of 19 patients. AB - In 19 cases of secondary hematologic disorders in patients previously treated for Hodgkin's disease, chromosome aberrations were analyzed in relation to the type of previous chemo- and/or radiotherapy, age of the patients, histopathologic features of the Hodgkin's disease at diagnosis, time interval between the treatment and the occurrence of the secondary disorder, and survival. The karyotype was of significant prognostic value when three cytogenetic groups were considered: patients with normal karyotypes; patients with aberrations of chromosome 7 as the sole anomaly; and patients with complex rearrangements and translocations. The last group showed the lowest rate of survival. Bone marrow transplantation was successful in two patients with a normal karyotype. PMID- 3203305 TI - Trisomy 5 and t(5;14)(q11;q32) as the sole abnormalities in two different clones from a centroblastic non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. AB - A 62-year-old previously healthy woman presented with a centroblastic non Hodgkin's lymphoma in the thyroid. Chromosome analysis revealed two unrelated clones, 47,XX,+5 and 46,XX,-14,+der(14)t(5;14)(q11;q32). The two clones may reflect a polyclonal origin, or they may be the descendants of the same neoplastically rearranged cell. In the latter case, the clonal aberrations are either secondary to an event detectable only at the molecular level, or one of them is a primary cytogenetic event while the other arose through clonal evolution with loss of the primary aberration. The best candidate for the primary change would be trisomy 5. Trisomy 5 has previously been associated with lymphomas with diffuse, large, noncleaved morphology, a group within the Working Formulation largely equivalent to centroblastic lymphomas in the Kiel classification. Our findings thus support the notion that trisomy 5 may be associated with centroblastic/diffuse, large, noncleaved lymphomas. PMID- 3203306 TI - Sister chromatid exchanges in the lymphocytes of patients with oral leukoplakia. AB - The incidence of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) was investigated in lymphocyte chromosomes of 59 patients with oral leukoplakia and 65 age- and sex-matched nonsmoking controls. The frequency of SCE was found to be 8.61 +/- 1.89 in patients with oral leukoplakia, which was significantly higher than the mean SCE value of 5.58 +/- 1.26 observed in normal controls. The frequency of SCE in patients with oral leukoplakia addicted to the single habit of betel with tobacco chewing, bidi/cigarette smoking, and combined habits of chewing and smoking of tobacco were found to be 7.95 +/- 1.63, 8.17 +/- 1.66, and 9.23 +/- 2.14, respectively. These values were also significantly higher as compared to the SCE values observed in normal controls. PMID- 3203307 TI - Ring formation and structural rearrangements of chromosome 1 as secondary changes in uterine leiomyomas with t(12;14)(q14-15;q23-24). AB - Cytogenetic analysis of short-term cultures from two uterine leiomyomas revealed, in addition to the primary abnormality, the reciprocal translocation t(12;14)(q14 15;q23-24), secondary structural changes that in both cases included ring chromosomes and rearrangements of chromosome 1. One tumor had the karyotype 46,XX,r(1)(p34q32),ins(8;9)(q13;q13q22),t(12;14)(q14-15;q23- 24). Massive numerical rearrangements were found in the second leiomyoma, with chromosome numbers ranging from 47 to 92. In spite of this variability, two main cell populations could be discerned, one near-diploid, the other hypotetraploid, with most mitoses having chromosome numbers between 80 and 88. These findings were corroborated by flow cytometry, which revealed two peaks corresponding to DNA indexes of 0.97 and 1.77. The structural abnormalities t(1;1)(p31;q44) and t(12;14)(q14-15;q23-24) were present in all karyotypically abnormal cells, and one or more unidentified ring chromosomes were observed in most of the hypotetraploid mitoses. In no cells were double copies of the t(1;1) and t(12;14) rearrangements detected. The similarity between the secondary changes in the cases reported here suggests that clonal evolution in uterine leiomyoma is nonrandom. PMID- 3203308 TI - A method for the preparation of metaphase chromosomes from rat small intestine. AB - A major obstacle to successful cytogenetic analysis of small intestinal crypt cells is the acquisition of a sufficient number of high-quality metaphases. A squash procedure has been developed for analysis of metaphase chromosomes from rat small intestine that largely circumvents this difficulty. The method involves a schedule of hypotonic treatment, fixation in ethanol: acetic acid, followed by maceration of the intestinal tissue in 3.5 N HCl. The procedure resulted in large numbers of well-spread, cytoplasm-free metaphases. PMID- 3203310 TI - The origin of trisomy 12 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. PMID- 3203309 TI - Do human renal cell carcinomas arise by a double-loss mechanism? AB - Combined consideration of a constitutional t(3;8) that was regularly associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) within a large family and cytogenetic and restriction fragment length polymorphism studies on sporadic RCC has led to the tentative conclusion that RCC may arise by a similar double-loss mechanism as retinoblastoma and Wilms' tumor. This hypothesis predicts single-hit kinetics for the age distribution of hereditary RCC and two-hit kinetics for sporadic tumors, in analogy with Knudson's original prediction for retinoblastoma and Wilms' tumor. We have compared the age distribution of 51 hereditary and 56 sporadic cases of RCC sampled from the literature. The age-incidence curve of the hereditary RCC is compatible with a single event, whereas the sporadic tumors arise as predicted from a two-hit curve. We therefore suggest that RCC arises by the loss of a recessive cancer gene, probably localized to the short arm of chromosome 3 (in band 3p14.2). PMID- 3203311 TI - Breast cancer diagnosis in a putative obligate gene carrier. A family study. AB - Hereditary breast cancer is common and accounts for about 8% of all breast cancer. It has a distinctive natural history characterized by early age of onset, excess bilaterality, and vertical transmission consonant with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. We describe an informative kindred wherein this knowledge was effectively applied, with resultant high yield: early breast cancer diagnosis in a mother who was a putative obligate gene carrier, and a contralateral breast cancer diagnosis in her daughter. A more intensive stance on breast cancer diagnosis must be employed in members of hereditary breast cancer kindreds who are judged to be at inordinately increased risk. Breast cancer control through application of genetic knowledge is readily achievable in the clinical practice setting. PMID- 3203312 TI - A unique chromosome translocation, t(7;15), in a pediatric patient with pre-B cell lymphoma presenting as a primary tumor of bone. AB - We report here the clinical and cytogenetic findings in a 3-year-old girl with pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting as a primary tumor of bone. A unique translocation t(7;15)(q22;q14-15) is described. PMID- 3203313 TI - Double i(9p) in hematology. PMID- 3203314 TI - Translocation t(16;21) in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils. PMID- 3203315 TI - Translocation t(11;11)(p15;p15) in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PMID- 3203316 TI - Juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia: no rearrangement of the breakpoint cluster region. PMID- 3203317 TI - Variant t(8;18;21) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia. PMID- 3203318 TI - Inversion inv(4)(p15q26) in a squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx. PMID- 3203319 TI - Sensitivity of normal and neoplastic human renal tubular epithelium to hyperthermia. AB - Comparison of the intrinsic thermosensitivity of malignant and normal homologous cells are important in evaluating the therapeutic role of hyperthermia in cancer. However, such comparisons had problems with establishing the origin of cells grown in culture. Using monoclonal antibodies we have shown that human kidney cancer lines, Caki-1 and Caki-2, and a normal human renal epithelium line, NHK-4, originated from proximal convoluted tubular epithelium. The observed order of thermosensitivity was Caki-2 greater than Caki-1 greater than NHK-4. PMID- 3203320 TI - Effects of trisodium nitrilotriacetate monohydrate, nitrilotriacetic acid and ammonium chloride on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in rats pretreated with N bis(2-hydroxypropyl) nitrosamine. AB - The effects of trisodium nitrilotriacetate monohydrate (Na3 NTA.H2O) nitrilotriacetic acid (H3NTA) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on two-stage urinary bladder carcinogenesis were examined. Carcinogenesis was initiated by administration of 0.2% N-bis (2-hydroxypropyl)-nitrosamine (DHPN) to male Wistar rats in the drinking water for 2 weeks, and then the animals were treated with basal diet containing Na3NTA.H2O, Na3NTA.H2O plus NH4Cl, H3NTA, H3NTA plus NH4Cl, or without these chemicals for 28 weeks. Na3NTA.H2O increased significantly the resultant incidence of neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of the urinary bladder. Moreover, treatment with Na3NTA.H2O, without the initiation, itself induced papillary or nodular (PN)-hyperplasia. H3NTA produced only a slight increase in the incidence of preneoplastic urinary bladder lesions (PN hyperplasia) in rats initiated by DHPN, and this was not statistically significant. Elevation of both pH and sodium ion concentration in the urine were correlated with promotion of tumor development. These data showed that Na3NTA.H2O was more effective than H3NTA with regard to promoting potential, and that changes in both urinary pH and concentration of sodium played important roles in enhancement of urinary bladder tumorigenesis by these chemicals. PMID- 3203321 TI - Inhibition of growth and linoleate-enhanced metastasis of a transplantable mouse mammary tumor by indomethacin. AB - The influence of the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin (IM), on the metastasis, development and prostaglandin E (PGE) levels of line 4526 mammary tumors grown in mice fed high fat (HF, 20%, w/w) diets containing various levels of linoleic acid (18:2) was investigated. Control mice that grew primary tumors and were fed HF diets containing 12% 18:2 (w/w) had 2-3 times the number of lung metastases than mice fed 1%, 4%, or 8% 18:2. Chronic treatment of mice with 10 micrograms/ml IM in drinking water reduced metastasis in 1% and 4% 18:2-fed mice compared to controls and completely inhibited the increased metastasis of mice fed the 12% 18:2 diet. Treatment with IM also increased the latency and decreased the growth rates of primary 4526 tumors of all dietary groups. Treatment of mice with a higher dosage of IM (20 micrograms/ml), decreased tumor metastasis even further compared to controls, but did not decrease tumor growth rate compared to the lower dosage of IM (10 micrograms/ml). Tumor PGE levels, measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA), were decreased by IM treatment. These data provide evidence that arachidonic acid metabolites such as PGE may be involved in the metastasis of 4526 mammary tumors. PMID- 3203322 TI - Hepatic DNA adduct formation in rats treated with benzo[f]quinoline. AB - The formation of hepatic DNA adducts in male Sprague-Dawley rats following i.p. administration of benzo[f]quinoline (BfQ) was examined using a 32P-post-labeling assay. BfQ exhibited a low binding (11-27 amol adducts/microgram DNA) to liver DNA. Two BfQ-nucleoside adducts (one major and one minor) were detected. The BfQ DNA adducts formed in vivo were chromatographically distinct from the adducts formed by the reaction of calf thymus DNA in vitro with BfQ-5,6-oxide, syn-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroBfQ, anti-9 alpha,10 beta-dihydroxy-7 alpha,8 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroBfQ, or anti-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroBfQ-N- oxide. These results suggest that the bay-region diol epoxide of BfQ, unlike the bay region diol epoxide derivatives of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, is not involved in the covalent binding of BfQ to DNA. PMID- 3203323 TI - Promoting effect of peroxisome proliferators in two-stage rat renal tumorigenesis. AB - A two-stage rat renal tumorigenesis model was employed to examine the promoting effects of peroxisome proliferators in the kidney. Groups of 20 male F344 rats were given 0.05% N-ethyl-N-hydroxyethylnitrosamine (EHEN) orally for the first 2 weeks as the initiator. Subsequently they were treated with clofibrate, simfibrate or di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), respectively, at dietary concentrations of 0.35%, 0.35% and 1.2% for 24 weeks and killed for microscopical examination of the kidney. The incidences of renal cell tumors (RCT) and the numbers of RCT/kidney in rats given DEHP after initiation were significantly increased as compared to the controls. On the other hand, renal promoting effects were not evident in groups given clofibrate or simfibrate. Under the condition of this study, DEHP was found to act as a renal promoter. PMID- 3203324 TI - Modulation of methylcholanthrene-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of mouse by indomethacin. AB - The present paper reports the chemopreventive action of indomethacin on methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of virgin young adult Swiss albino mice. Placement of a sterile cotton thread impregnated with beeswax containing approx. 600 micrograms of MCA produces cervical tumors in 91% mice in 16 weeks. When such carcinogen-containing threads are inserted into the uterine cervix of mice fed diets containing indomethacin at the dose levels of 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg diet for two pre-insertion weeks plus 16 post insertion weeks, the cervical tumor incidences were 83%, 65% and 26% (P less than 0.01), respectively. It is concluded that indomethacin, when given in the diet at sufficiently high concentration, significantly inhibits MCA-induced cervical carcinogenesis. PMID- 3203325 TI - Active production and membrane anchoring of carcinoembryonic antigen observed in normal colon mucosa. AB - Normal colon mucosa was found to produce carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) quite actively as cancerous tissues do when maintained in an organ culture, although the fresh normal mucosae contained a very small quantity of CEA unlike cancerous tissues. This is consistent with an active expression of CEA mRNA in normal mucosa comparable to that in cancerous tissues actively producing CEA, and suggests that the normal cell product was rapidly released into the lumen of digestive tract and turned into normal fecal antigens (NFAs) previously found in feces. 3H-Labeled precursors of glycophospholipid such as ethanolamine and stearic acid were incorporated into CEA produced by both normal and cancerous tissues, suggesting that CEA in normal mucosa is anchored to the cell membrane through a glycophospholipid as in cancerous tissues. PMID- 3203326 TI - Radiosensitizing effect of camphor on transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma in mice. AB - The comparative radiosensitizing effects of camphor and metronidazole on murine transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma are reported. Male C3H/Jax mice bearing transplanted mammary tumours were treated with camphor (0.5 microM/body wt) or metronidazole (0.5 microM/g body wt) 45 min before subjecting to local X irradiation at the dose levels of 30, 80, 100 or 120 Gy. Sequential in situ measurement of the tumour volumes during the follow-up period of 45 days revealed that the maximum enhancement ratios of tumour growth delay for camphor and metronidazole were 4.8 and 2.5, respectively. This suggests that camphor can be a potential radiosensitizing agent in cancer radiotherapy. PMID- 3203327 TI - Subcellular localization of sialic acid in human brain tumors. AB - The subcellular localization of sialic acid has been investigated in various types of human brain tumors, such as astrocytoma, meningioma and primary malignant lymphoma. High levels of sialic acid were observed in the microsomal fraction of all types of tumors. However, there was no significant difference between values obtained in meningioma, primary malignant lymphoma, and normal tissue, in the fractions examining nucleus, mitochondria and supernatant. PMID- 3203328 TI - Influence of mouse uterus on the metastatic patterns of tumour cells. AB - Metastatic patterns of fibrosarcoma (FS) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells transplanted into mouse uteri of various reproductive stages, were investigated. Tumour cells were infused non-surgically into the lumen of 3-day post coitum pregnant uterus or into non-pregnant uterus of known estrus stage. The fate of these tumour cells was studied histologically on days 2, 5 and 10 post treatment. No significant difference in the metastatic patterns of the FS or the LLC cells was seen between the non-pregnant uteri of various estrus stages. FS cells in few cases of non-pregnant uteri displayed the tendency to migrate and grow outside the myometrium without colonizing in the endometrium, but in pregnant uteri they colonized within the endometrium. LLC cells in the non-pregnant uteri promptly metastasized to distant organs like liver and lung; but those in the pregnant uteri rarely metastasized to other organs. These observations imply that the metastatic patterns of uterine tumour might depend on both the physiological state of the uterus and the tumour cell type. PMID- 3203329 TI - The heme biosynthetic pathway in lymphocytes of patients with malignant lymphoproliferative disorders. AB - The metabolism of heme is impaired in lymphocytes of patients with malignant lymphoproliferative disorders (MLPO). Two of the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD) (EC 4.2.1.24) and ferrochelatase (FC) (EC 4.99.1.1) are markedly reduced. The activity of porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) (EC 4.3.1.8) is increased. The rate-limiting enzyme of heme biosynthesis in the liver, aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS) (EC 2.3.1.37) remains unchanged although the concentration of total heme in the lymphocytes is markedly reduced. This might reflect a lack of negative feedback inhibition by heme on ALAS activity in this system. PMID- 3203331 TI - Study on the long-term toxic efficacy of cytosine-arabinoside in Sprague-Dawley rats. AB - This study describes the development of neoplasms and the suppression of bone marrow stem cells following chronic administration of cytosine-arabinoside (ara C) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Ara-C was administered i.p. either at daily dosages of 5 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg or at pulse doses of three times 500 mg/kg within 1 week followed by a time interval of 11 weeks. The total doses of the higher daily dose and of the pulse dose were chosen to be equally high. No significant carcinogenic activity of ara-C could be assessed following either of these dose schedules. With regard to general toxicity, as expressed by body weight gain and long-term bone marrow toxicity, high pulse doses of ara-C were better or at least equally tolerated as were the equivalent daily low doses. PMID- 3203330 TI - Decreased cytosolic levels of the heme binding Z protein in rat hepatocyte nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas. AB - Hepatocyte nodules and hepatocellular carcinomas were induced in male Fischer rats using the resistant hepatocyte model. The immunoreactive cytosolic levels of the heme-binding Z protein (HBP) were reduced by 56% (P less than 0.001; 2-tailed t-test) in early hepatocyte nodules (25 weeks) and hepatocellular carcinomas (10 12 months). This finding is in accordance with the previously reported reduced heme content of hepatocyte nodules and is consistent with the postulated role for HBP in intracellular heme transport and distribution. The immunoreactive levels of the glutathione S-transferase isozymes (GST) which like HBP bind heme, were elevated 2-fold (P less than 0.01) in early and late hepatocyte nodules and were unchanged in hepatocellular carcinomas. PMID- 3203332 TI - Inhibition of mouse hepatocyte intercellular communication by phthalate monoesters. AB - A series of straight and branched chain phthalate monoesters were examined for their effects on hepatocyte intercellular communication in male B6C3F1 mouse hepatocytes. Intercellular communication was determined autoradiographically following the passage and incorporation of [5-3H]uridine nucleotides from pre labelled hepatocytes into non-labelled hepatocytes. Intercellular communication was evaluated in hepatocytes after 8 h treatment of straight and branched chain phthalate esters at sublethal concentrations. Straight chain phthalate monoesters (mono(ethyl)phthalate, mono(n-butyl) phthalate, mono(n-hexyl)phthalate, mono(n octyl)phthalate, mono(n-nonyl)phthalate and mono(isononyl)phthalate) had no effect on hepatocyte intercellular communication. Branched chain phthalate monoesters that contained an ethylalkyl moiety (i.e. mono(2-ethylpropyl) phthalate, mono(2-ethylbutyl)phthalate, mono(2-ethylpentyl)-phthalate and mono(2 ethylhexyl)phthalate) inhibited intercellular communication. These results show a structure-activity relationship in the ability of phthalate monoesters to inhibit intercellular communication in mouse hepatocytes. Based upon previous correlations between inhibition of intercellular communication in hepatocytes and hepatocarcinogenicity, these data suggest that branched chain phthalate esters may be liver carcinogens in male B6C3F1 mice. PMID- 3203333 TI - Modulatory influences of exogenous estrogen on MCA-induced carcinogenesis in the uterine cervix of mouse. AB - Placement of cotton-thread impregnated with beeswax containing methylcholanthrene (approx. 600 micrograms) inside the canal of uterine cervix of virgin adult mice results in the emergence of precancerous and cancerous lesions in the cervical epithelium. Employing this experimental cervical carcinogenesis model system, the present study evaluates the modulatory influence of exogenous 17 beta-estradiol on the incidences of precancerous and cancerous lesions in the cervical epithelium. When 17 beta-estradiol was administered weekly at the dose levels of 0.01 microgram, 0.1 microgram, 5 micrograms and 50 micrograms for 16 weeks following carcinogen-thread insertion, the cervical carcinoma incidences, as compared to that in positive control mice (76.1%), were 66.6%, 61.5%, 55.5% and 42.1%, respectively. The decline in the incidence of carcinomas at 50 micrograms/week dose level was significant (P less than 0.05). Hyperplastic and dysplastic changes did not show any definite correlation with the various treatments. PMID- 3203334 TI - Chlorobenzilate-induced effects on enzyme-altered foci in rat liver and intercellular communication in rat liver WB-F344 epithelial cells. AB - The mouse liver carcinogen chlorobenzilate (CB), a DDT-related pesticide, was investigated for enhancement of enzyme altered foci incidence in partially hepatectomized, diethyl-nitrosamine-initiated rats. In this in vivo experiment, CB administered per os (25 or 100 mg/kg per day for 10 weeks) enhanced foci incidence at the high dose level. In order to study potential mechanisms involved, CB was investigated for inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication in rat liver epithelial WB-F344 cells and Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro. CB abolished dye transfer in WB-F344 cells and inhibited metabolic cooperation in V79 cells. Two CB metabolites were unable to induce such tumor promotion related effects. The results of this investigation provide support for the involvement of an epigenetic, tumor promoting mechanism in CB-induced liver tumors in laboratory animals. PMID- 3203335 TI - Modifying effects of concomitant treatment with butylated hydroxyanisole or butylated hydroxytoluene on N,N-dibutylnitrosamine-induced liver, forestomach and urinary bladder carcinogenesis in F344 male rats. AB - The modifying effects of concomitant antioxidant treatment on N,N dibutylnitrosamine (DBN)-induced carcinogenesis were investigated. Male F344 rats were given 0.05% DBN in their drinking water for 16 weeks, and simultaneously administered powder diet containing 2.0% butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) or 0.7% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) for 16 weeks. Control animals received drinking water containing 0.05% DBN without antioxidant treatment. The final incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas were 100, 100 and 40% in the DBN plus BHA, DBN plus BHT and DBN treated groups, respectively, the difference being significant (P less than 0.001). Lung metastases were only observed in the DBN plus BHT group and DBN plus BHA group (50%, P less than 0.001; 7%, respectively). The incidence of papillary or nodular hyperplasia of the urinary bladder in the DBN plus BHA group was significantly higher than that of the control (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, esophageal carcinomas and papillomas were observed in all DBN treated groups, with no inter-group significant variation in yield. On the other hand, combination of DBN treatment with BHA or BHT significantly reduced the resultant incidences of forestomach hyperplasia. The results clearly demonstrated that concomitant administration of antioxidants, and in particular BHT, can modify DBN carcinogenesis. PMID- 3203336 TI - Contribution of polycyclic aromatic compounds to the carcinogenicity of sidestream smoke of cigarettes evaluated by implantation into the lungs of rats. AB - Particles and semivolatiles from sidestream smoke of cigarettes smoked on a smoking machine were collected by a filter combination consisting of a glass fibre filter and silanized polystyrene beads. The extract of the glass fibre filter was separated by a Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography into a fraction containing non-aromatic material plus polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) with 2 and 3 rings and a fraction consisting of PAC with 4 and more rings. To evaluate the carcinogenicity, both fractions as well as the semivolatiles were implanted into the lungs of Osborne-Mendel rats at a dose level of one cigarette per animal and compared with three dose levels of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The most pronounced carcinogenic effect of the sidestream smoke (100 ng BaP per cigarette) was caused by the fraction containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with 4 and more rings (5 carcinomas of the lungs/35 rats). This fraction represents only 3.5% by weight of the total sidestream smoke condensate. By contrast, the semivolatile material did not provoke any tumors. Only a small contribution to the total carcinogenicity (1 carcinoma of the lungs/35 rats) was observed for the fraction containing non-aromatic material and 2- and 3-ring PAHs. PMID- 3203338 TI - Vaginal abnormalities in ovariectomized BALB/cCrgl mice after neonatal exposure to different doses of diethylstilbestrol. AB - Newborn BALB/cCrgl female mice received five daily injections of various doses of diethylstilbestrol (DES), 0.0001-10 micrograms. Mice were killed at 6 days of age or at 4 months after ovariectomy at 40-42 days. Subepithelial nodules of polygonal cells in the upper (Mullerian) vagina during early postnatal life were associated with the later occurrence of ovary-independent persistent stratification with or without cornification in mice treated neonatally with 0.1 10 micrograms DES and thus are a possible predictor of this phenomenon. The thresholds for the induction of ovary-independent epithelial pegs, downgrowths and adenosis (glandular formations) were 0.1 microgram and 0.5 microgram DES/day, respectively. PMID- 3203337 TI - Comparative metabolism of phenanthrene and benzo[f]quinoline by rat liver microsomes. AB - The metabolism of benzo[f]quinoline (BfQ) and its carbon analog phenanthrene has been compared in incubations with liver microsomes from control, 3 methylcholanthrene (3-MC)- and phenobarbital (PB)-pretreated rats. The rates of phenanthrene metabolism by the three types of microsomes were 0.7, 4.1 and 1.5 nmol/mg protein per min, respectively; the values for BfQ were 0.5, 3.7 and 2.5, respectively. Besides N-oxidation, the metabolism of BfQ by all the above microsomes was almost exclusively at the benzo-ring (49-69%) while that of phenanthrene was predominantly at the K-region (50-71%). Phenanthrene-1,2 dihydrodiol, a precursor of the bay-region diol epoxide of phenanthrene, was produced many times more than phenanthrene-3,4-dihydrodiol by both 3-MC- and PB induced microsomes. While BfQ-7,8-dihydrodiol, the precursor of the bay-region diol epoxide of BfQ, was the predominant metabolite with 3-MC-induced microsomes, it was a minor metabolite with PB-induced microsomes. The benzo-ring oxidation of BfQ, but not of phenanthrene, was position-specific, i.e. predominantly 7,8 oxidation by 3-MC-induced microsomes and 9,10-oxidation by PB-induced microsomes, and implies that aza-substitution results in a site-specific attack by different cytochromes P-450. PMID- 3203339 TI - Progesterone receptor heterogeneity and endometrial tumour differentiation. AB - Progesterone binding components were isolated using fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) with a recovery efficiency of between 60-70%. In normal uterine cytosol, the two components were in about equal proportions. In endometrial cancer, the ratio of peak size between peaks 1 and 2 was 1.5 for Grade I, 3.7 for Grade II and 2.5 for Grade III. Whether estimation of the levels of the two progesterone components separately would enhance predictability of response to hormone therapy in endometrial cancer remains to be established. PMID- 3203340 TI - Alphoid DNA nucleotide sequences from two human cell lines and the corresponding cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)-resistant sublines. AB - In order to study the interaction between cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) and representative human DNA in a highly defined manner, alphoid sequence DNA was isolated from two human parental cancer lines (one of head and neck squamous cell origin, SCC-25, and one of breast carcinoma origin, MCF-7) as well as from three CDDP-resistant cell lines derived from the parental lines. The alphoid DNAs were then cloned and tested for homology with published consensus sequence results. Percent homology with the consensus sequence varied between 84.4% and 91.7% for all of the cloned alphoid DNA tested and there was no significant difference for parentally derived versus resistant subline derived alphoid DNA. These results suggest, as expected, that resistance to the mutagenic chemotherapeutic drug CDDP is not the result of a general alteration in DNA base sequence from guanine and adenine to cytosine and thymidine, which are less favorable binding sites. The highly defined, abundant alphoid sequence DNA should provide an excellent model for investigating the interaction between various DNA active drugs and human DNA. PMID- 3203341 TI - Selenite distribution in log and confluent growth phase murine mammary epithelial cells. AB - Two highly selenite sensitive cell lines with different growth rates were used to evaluate the effect of cell growth phase on selenite retention, selenite distribution, selenite inhibition of DNA synthesis and presence of selenoproteins. Autoradiography of log and confluent phase MOD cells revealed a uniform retention of selenite in log phase cells and a marked lack of uniformity of selenite retention in confluent phase cells. A higher total percentage of selenite was retained and covalently incorporated into proteins by confluent phase cells. Levels of the 58K selenoprotein, but not the 26K and 23K selenoproteins, were higher in confluent versus log phase cells. The results suggest that the 58K selenoprotein accumulated in cell populations where DNA synthesis was inhibited in contrast to cells actively undergoing cell proliferation. In addition, the 58K selenoprotein was the only major selenoprotein present in both log and confluent phase cells during and before inhibition of DNA synthesis. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of potential combination chemoprevention protocols in animal tumor experiments. PMID- 3203342 TI - A revised potential-energy surface for molecular mechanics studies of carbohydrates. AB - A revised CHARMM-type molecular mechanics potential-energy function has been developed for use in the dynamical simulation of simple carbohydrates in aqueous solution. Atomic charges used in this parameterization were taken to be those previously determined to be appropriate for hydrogen-bonded systems, and the various force-constants were selected by the nonlinear least-squares matching of the calculated normal-mode frequencies and minimum-energy structure to experiment as a function of the parameter set. The new function was found to represent the vibrational spectrum and ring pucker of alpha-D-glucopyranose as well as previously studied potentials, while incorporating the charges necessary for the simulation of condensed phases. Molecular dynamics simulations of the motions of alpha-D-glucopyranose in vacuo in both the 1C4 and 4C1 conformation were conducted, and compared to the results of previous simulations using another potential-energy function. The revised potential function was found to produce a D-glucose molecule less flexible in vacuo than had been previously observed. PMID- 3203343 TI - Stereoselective synthesis of (1-alkoxyalkyl) alpha- and beta-D glucopyranosiduronates (acetal-glucopyranosiduronates): a new approach to specific cytostatics for the treatment of cancer. AB - The reaction of methyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-O-trimethylsilyl-beta- and -alpha D-glucopyranuronate severally with the dimethyl or diethyl acetals of formaldehyde, bromoacetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, 3-benzyloxypropionaldehyde, 5 carboxypentanal, and 2-bromohexanal in the presence of catalytic amounts of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate at -78 degrees gave the corresponding (1 alkoxyalkyl) alpha- and beta-glycosides (acetal-glucopyranosiduronates) with retention of configuration at C-1 in yields of 41-91%. Instead of the dialkyl acetals, the corresponding aldehydes and alkyl trimethylsilyl ether can be used. Deacetylation gave the corresponding methyl (acetal-beta- and -alpha-D glucopyranosid)uronates in good yield. De-esterification of methyl [(1R)-1 methoxybutyl beta-D-glucopyranosid]uronate with esterase gave the acetal-beta-D glucopyranosiduronic acid which was an excellent substrate for beta-D glucuronidase. PMID- 3203344 TI - The accumulation of oligosaccharides in tissues and body fluids of cats with alpha-mannosidosis. AB - Oligosaccharides were extracted from tissues and body fluids of five kittens with alpha-mannosidosis, three being from the same litter. The kittens were all of different ages at death and were compared to normal and heterozygote cats. The oligosaccharides were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography after perbenzoylation and were identified by comparison with compounds of known structure. This provided a detailed picture of the distribution of oligosaccharides in each tissue, and a method for quantitation of the total oligosaccharides. With the exception of the youngest animal (death at day 2), the oligosaccharide elution profiles were broadly similar for all tissues and fluids, and were typical of feline alpha-mannosidosis. In contrast, concentrations of total oligosaccharides diverged widely from one source to another, from a high of 17.3 mumol/g to a low of 0.04 mumol/g. The results are interpreted in the context of glycoprotein catabolism. PMID- 3203345 TI - [Circadian variation in ventricular tachycardia]. PMID- 3203346 TI - Significance of electrocardiographic abnormalities in the "lateral" leads in patients with acute inferior myocardial infarction. PMID- 3203347 TI - [Diastolic function and anatomical lesion of the myocardium in primary dilated cardiomyopathy]. PMID- 3203348 TI - [Reversible cardiomyopathy caused by chronic tachyarrhythmia]. PMID- 3203349 TI - Nursing research in cardiovascular risk reduction. PMID- 3203350 TI - Self-efficacy theory: overview and measurement of key components. PMID- 3203351 TI - Self-efficacy in health behavior research and practice. PMID- 3203352 TI - Fishbein model of reasoned action applied to cardiovascular health behaviors. PMID- 3203353 TI - The Health Belief Model in understanding cardiovascular risk factor reduction behaviors. PMID- 3203354 TI - Development and testing of the Health Promotion Model. PMID- 3203355 TI - Neuman's systems model in risk factor reduction. PMID- 3203356 TI - Diet, cholesterol, and coronary heart disease. PMID- 3203357 TI - Exercise to reduce cardiovascular risk. PMID- 3203358 TI - Smoking cessation strategies in prevention of coronary heart disease. PMID- 3203359 TI - Evaluating quality of measuring tools: reliability and validity. PMID- 3203360 TI - Understanding and reducing measurement error. PMID- 3203362 TI - Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in cardiovascular risk factor reduction. PMID- 3203361 TI - Measuring lipids, blood pressure, and smoking. PMID- 3203363 TI - Behavioral outcomes. PMID- 3203364 TI - Measuring the unmeasurable: quality of life. PMID- 3203365 TI - Research programs and strategies for funding. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. PMID- 3203366 TI - Research programs and strategies for funding. National Center for Nursing Research. PMID- 3203367 TI - American Heart Association. PMID- 3203368 TI - Perspectives from a visiting scholar at the NIH. PMID- 3203370 TI - [Are there any truly serious indications for restriction of activity during growth and development?]. PMID- 3203369 TI - [The present state and perspectives in continuing education of pediatricians]. PMID- 3203371 TI - [Developmental anatomy of the locomotor system and its clinical application]. PMID- 3203372 TI - [Unscheduled DNA synthesis and lipid peroxidation in the aged population]. PMID- 3203373 TI - The cell cycle of spermatogonial colony forming stem cells in the CBA mouse after neutron irradiation. AB - In the CBA mouse testis about 10% of the stem cell population is highly resistant to neutron irradiation (D0, 0.75 Gy). Following a dose of 1.50 Gy these cells rapidly increase their sensitivity towards a second neutron dose and progress fairly synchronously through their first post-irradiation cell cycle. From experiments in which neutron irradiation was combined with hydroxyurea it appeared that in this cycle the S-phase is less radiosensitive (D0, 0.43 Gy) than the other phases of the cell cycle (D0, 0.25 Gy). From experiments in which hydroxyurea was injected twice after irradiation the speed of inflow of cells in S and the duration of S and the cell cycle could be calculated. Between 32 and 36 hr after irradiation cells start to enter the S-phase at a speed of 30% of the population every 12 hr. At 60 hr 50% of the population has already passed the S phase while 30% is still in S. The data point to a cell cycle time of about 36 hr, while the S-phase lasts 12 hr at the most. PMID- 3203375 TI - The spleen colony technique. I. Correction for the overlap effect and sources of error in CFU-s determination. AB - A linear model for the errors of the 'spleen colony' assay for haemopoietic stem cells has been derived. The components emerging from the model are interpreted and practical recommendations given for interpreting measurements made with this assay. The model permits correction for the effect of overlapping colonies and gives average errors for single measurements of the number of CFU-s. More reliable and more precise information can be obtained using this model. The spleen colony technique detects a population of immature precursor cells designated as CFU-s (Till & McCulloch, 1961). The relative error of measurement is often large when compared with the changes in the phenomena studied. Consequently a better knowledge of the errors of this technique is highly desirable. This paper should be regarded as an extension of the previous analysis of Till (1972). The theory for the errors of the spleen colony technique was applied to 905 determinations of the CFU-s numbers performed on random-bred mice. Data from random-bred mice rather than those from inbred mice have been used because the error components can be expected to be larger and, consequently, more easily detectable. The model of errors has also been validated using data published by Till (1972) and has subsequently been applied to data from several inbred mice strains (Znojil & Necas, 1988). PMID- 3203374 TI - The short-term effects of a single injection of isoproterenol on proliferation in the submandibular gland, parotid gland and oesophagus in vivo. AB - Mitotic and labelling indices were studied in the submandibular, parotid and oesophageal cells of male mice within the first 6 hr (but particularly within the 1st hr) of a single injection of isoproterenol or saline, using the metaphase arrest agent (vincristine) which was previously tested for efficacy in submandibular gland. There was a significant increase in the metaphase index of the salivary glands over control values 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after isoproterenol. In contrast, there were no significant changes in the metaphase index of basal cells of the oesophagus. There was no significant change in the labelling index in isoproterenol-treated mice in comparison with saline-injected control animals. Possible explanations for the rapid mitotic response in murine salivary glands are considered; a rapid efflux from G2 into mitosis is thought to be the most likely. PMID- 3203376 TI - Non-circadian rhythm in proliferation of haematopoietic stem cells. AB - The proportion of haematopoietic stem cells (CFU-s) engaged in DNA synthesis was determined by means of the [3H]-thymidine [( 3H]TdR) suicide technique during recovery of bone marrow from the damage caused by a sublethal total body irradiation. In contrast with previous reports the [3H]TdR suicide rate was not permanently increased. It was observed that CFU-s passed through S phase in synchronous waves, following a dose of irradiation of 1.5 Gy. After a dose of 2.6 Gy, there was only one initial wave of increased CFU-s sensitivity to the action of [3H]TdR. Following the depression occurring 26 hr after the irradiation with 2.6 Gy, the proportion of CFU-s killed by the [3H]TdR was permanently increased until 5-6 days after irradiation. Thereafter large differences in the [3H]TdR suicide data were observed among individual mice. Evidence was obtained that individual mice, which had been irradiated by a dose of 2.6 Gy 8-9 days before, had identical values of the CFU-s [3H]TdR suicide rate in the bone marrow from different bones of the lower extremities. The recurrence of the synchronous waves in CFU-s passage through the cell cycle was recorded when the CFU-s population regenerated to only about 10% of its normal value. These waves were obviously not related to a particular time of the day and, consequently, they did not represent the circadian rhythm. It is concluded that the synchronous waves in which CFU-s proliferation occurred reflected the action of the control mechanism on CFU-s proliferation. This mechanism should be endowed with an important systemic component besides locally operating factors. PMID- 3203377 TI - Simulation of CFU-s kinetics after irradiation. AB - A simulation model of the CFU-s population is used to interpret data from experimental studies of bone marrow recovery after irradiation. The model includes an original hypothesis that the proliferation rate in the CFU-s population depends on the number of DNA-synthesizing CFU-s. It is assumed that the DNA-synthesizing CFU-s produce a factor in the presence of which CFU-s enter the resting state G0 after mitosis and remain there for prolonged periods of time. The model can adequately reproduce complex CFU-s kinetics observed after severe damage caused by irradiation with a unique set of parameters. PMID- 3203378 TI - A kinetic method to determine the cell cycle times of chick skin fibroblast subpopulations. AB - We have inferred, from computer simulations of clonal growth data, mean cell cycle time (Tc) for putative subpopulations of fibroblastic cells having unique replicative potentials. The growth kinetics of chick embryo fibroblast clones can be accounted for if it is assumed that: (1) there is a transient, and rather substantial, decline in mean Tc (from 34 to 12 hr) immediately following the commitment of a 'stem' cell daughter to a limited replicative lifespan; (2) the mean Tc increases progressively (from 12 to 48 hr) as 'committed' cells exhaust their remaining replicative potential; and (3) the daughters of committed cells may occasionally become abruptly post-mitotic. PMID- 3203379 TI - Nuclear transport of adenovirus DNA polymerase is facilitated by interaction with preterminal protein. AB - The mRNAs for the 80 kd adenovirus preterminal protein (pTP) and the 140 kd DNA polymerase (AdPol) contain several exons spliced to the main open reading frames (m-ORFs) located in the early transcription unit E2B. These proteins were transiently expressed in monkey kidney cells (CV1) utilizing the first ATG (pTP1 and AdPol1) or the ATG of a linker inserted at the beginning of the m-ORFs (pTP2 and AdPol2). Only pTP2 and AdPol2 were functionally active in an in vitro replication initiation assay. Both pTP1 and pTP2 were transported to the nucleus. The sequence RLPV(R)6VP, which is present in both pTPs, is identified as their nuclear localization signal. In contrast, AdPol1 was cytoplasmically localized, whereas AdPol2 was distributed in both compartments, suggesting that the nuclear localization signal for AdPol is within the first 139 amino acids. Interestingly, when AdPol1 and pTP1 or AdPol2 and pTP2 were coexpressed in the transfected cells, the nuclear distribution of AdPol1 or AdPol2 was significantly increased. We demonstrate that the nuclear transport of AdPol is facilitated, irrespective of the presence of its nuclear localization signal, by interaction with pTP. PMID- 3203380 TI - daughterless, a Drosophila gene essential for both neurogenesis and sex determination, has sequence similarities to myc and the achaete-scute complex. AB - daughterless (da) has multiple functions in Drosophila embryonic development: maternal da activity is necessary for proper sex determination, and zygotic da activity is necessary for formation of the peripheral nervous system. We have cloned the region containing da and have found that five recessive lethal da mutations map to a single transcription unit. A predicted protein product of this transcription unit has sequence similarities with the oncogene myc, with the gene MyoD1, which is involved in myoblast determination, and with the Drosophila achaete-scute complex, which is involved in neuronal precursor determination. The role of da as a gene controlling cell determination in multiple developmental pathways is discussed. PMID- 3203381 TI - An unwinding activity that covalently modifies its double-stranded RNA substrate. AB - An activity that unwinds double-stranded RNA has been reported to exist in several organisms. We have analyzed the RNA intermediates and final products of the unwinding reaction. Although the RNA becomes sensitive to single strand specific ribonucleases during the reaction, the duplex is never completely unwound. Furthermore, the base pairing properties of the RNA are permanently altered; the reacted RNA cannot rehybridize to form the original duplex. We demonstrate that during the reaction many, but not all, of the adenosine residues are converted to inosine residues, and we propose that the covalent modification is responsible for the irreversible change in base pairing properties. Possible biological roles for the unwinding/modifying activity, as well as its relevance to antisense RNA experiments, are discussed. PMID- 3203382 TI - The human X-linked steroid sulfatase gene and a Y-encoded pseudogene: evidence for an inversion of the Y chromosome during primate evolution. AB - The mammalian X and Y chromosomes are thought to have evolved from a common, nearly homologous chromosome pair. Although there is little sequence similarity between the mouse or the human X and Y, there are several regions in which moderate to extensive sequence homologies have been found, including, but not limited to, the so-called pseudoautosomal segment, in which X-Y pairing and recombination take place. The steroid sulfatase gene is in the pseudoautosomal region of the mouse, but not in man. We have cloned and characterized the human STS X-encoded locus and a pseudogene that is present on the long arm of the Y chromosome. Our data in humans and other primates suggest that there has been a pericentric inversion of the Y chromosome during primate evolution that has disrupted the former pseudoautosomal arrangement of these genes. These results provide additional insight into the evolution of the sex chromosomes and into the nature of this interesting portion of the human genome. PMID- 3203383 TI - A single point mutation in the v-ets oncogene affects both erythroid and myelomonocytic cell differentiation. AB - The v-myb, ets-containing avian leukemia virus E26 is unique in its capacity to transform both erythroblasts and myeloblasts. Previous studies showing that v-myb is sufficient for the transformation of myeloid cells failed to definitively establish the role of the v-ets gene. We have now isolated a mutant of E26, ts1.1, that is temperature-sensitive for erythroid cell transformation and that we found to contain a single mutation in the v-ets gene. Surprisingly, myeloid cells transformed by this mutant showed an altered phenotype relative to wild type-transformed cells, in that they resemble promyelocytes. In addition, infection of mature macrophages with ts1.1 led to their transformation and conversion into promyelocyte-like cells. We conclude that the v-ets domain of the p135gag-myb-ets protein of E26 has an effect on both erythroid and myeloid cell differentiation, suggesting a possible role for the c-ets/c-myb genes in the commitment of hematopoietic cells towards specific lineages. PMID- 3203384 TI - trans-activation of RNA polymerase II and III promoters by SV40 small t antigen. AB - A biochemical role for SV40 small t antigen (t) in the viral infectious cycle that would explain the strong conservation of t structure among papovaviruses and its role as a helper of SV40 large T antigen function in the viral transforming process is not understood. Here, we report an intracellular biochemical function of the protein--the capacity to trans-activate selected RNA polymerase II and III requiring promoters. Since t has failed in the past to bind to DNA and did not stimulate all polymerase II-requiring promoters tested, it likely trans activates, at least in part, by modifying the activity of selected transcription factors. PMID- 3203385 TI - Alternative splicing generates a secreted form of N-CAM in muscle and brain. AB - A number of different membrane associated isoforms of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) have previously been identified. Here the structure of a novel secreted isoform of N-CAM is established by analysis of a cDNA corresponding to an N-CAM mRNA from human skeletal muscle. The mRNA incorporates a novel sequence block into the extracellular domain, which introduces an in-frame stop codon and thus prematurely terminates the coding sequence, generating a truncated N-CAM polypeptide. Analysis of genomic clones indicates that the inserted sequence is present as a discrete exon within the human N-CAM gene, and Northern analysis shows it to be associated specifically with a 5.2 kb mRNA species from skeletal muscle and brain. Stable transfectants expressing the secreted isoform accumulate it in the cytoplasm and release it to the culture medium. In contrast, cells transfected with cDNA encoding lipid-tailed N-CAM express it predominantly at the cell surface. The existence of a secreted isoform may further expand the spectrum of N-CAM function beyond its known involvement in intercellular adhesion to extracellular matrix interactions. PMID- 3203386 TI - Isolation and properties of cDNA clones encoding SRF, a transcription factor that binds to the c-fos serum response element. AB - The serum response element (SRE) is a sequence required for transient transcriptional activation of genes in response to growth factors. We have isolated cDNA clones encoding serum response factor (SRF), a ubiquitous nuclear protein that binds to the SRE. The SRF gene is highly conserved through evolution, and in cultured cells its transcription is itself transiently increased following serum stimulation. A cDNA clone of SRF expressed in vitro generates protein that forms complexes indistinguishable from those formed with HeLa cell SRF, as judged by DNA binding specificity and the ability to promote SRE-dependent in vitro transcription. SRF binds DNA as a dimer, and the DNA binding/dimerization domain of the protein exhibits striking homology to two yeast regulatory proteins. PMID- 3203388 TI - [The economic importance of influenza and other acute respiratory diseases]. PMID- 3203387 TI - [The IP 85 identification program for G-intestinal rods]. PMID- 3203389 TI - [Automation of scientific research in Czechoslovakia]. PMID- 3203391 TI - [Metabolic response in laboratory rats after 3 days and 14 days of the physical stress of swimming]. PMID- 3203390 TI - [Cervical phrenicotomy in rats]. PMID- 3203392 TI - [Imaging of the larynx using computer tomography]. PMID- 3203393 TI - [Treatment of carcinoma of the larynx in the aged]. PMID- 3203394 TI - [Does rehabilitation of misarticulation in patients with jaw anomalies and defects in tooth position meet modern demands?]. PMID- 3203395 TI - [Primary tumors of the orbit]. PMID- 3203396 TI - [Variation in normal brainstem electric response audiometry]. PMID- 3203397 TI - [Methodological approach for prospective studies of the health status of children]. PMID- 3203399 TI - [Pharmacy services in Czechoslovakia--the results of February 1948]. PMID- 3203398 TI - [Possibilities of modelling of an undesirable phenomenon-- non-alcoholic substance abuse in society]. PMID- 3203400 TI - [International cooperation in the continuing education of physician administrators]. PMID- 3203401 TI - Features of microsomal and cytosolic glutathione conjugation of hexachlorobutadiene in rat liver. AB - Hepatic GSH conjugation is the initial step in the mammalian biotransformation of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene (HCBD) and analogous haloalkenes. The present paper reports an in vitro investigation of the glutathione-dependent conversion of HCBD to water-soluble products, i.e. the enzyme-catalyzed conjugation of HCBD with GSH. The method employed avoids artifacts due to the volatility, low solubility and hydrophobic nature of the chloro-carbon substrate. In order to assess the relative importance of membrane-bound and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase in the conjugation process, microsomal and cytosolic fractions from adult rat liver were tested separately for their ability to promote water solubilisation of the substrate. In addition, microsomal purified and liposomally reconstituted glutathione S-transferase, were tested. The reaction exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and conjugation rates were linear for at least 20 min. The hepatic microsomal fraction metabolized HCBD 116 times faster than the cytosolic fraction when substrate saturated. Both mono- and bis-substituted conjugates were formed by microsomal as well as by the cytosolic fraction. Treatment of animals with inducers and the use of specific inhibitors indicated absence of cytochrome P-450 involvement in the formation of water soluble HCBD metabolites and supported the view that microsomal glutathione S-transferase is more important in catalyzing GSH conjugation of this haloalkene than the cytosolic forms of transferases. PMID- 3203402 TI - Depurination and imidazole ring-opening in nucleosides and DNA alkylated by styrene oxide. AB - Styrene-7,8-oxide was reacted with guanosine and deoxyguanosine and four isomeric 7-alkylguanosines were isolated, two of each being substitutions through the alpha and beta carbon of styrene oxide. The diastereomeric adducts imidazole ring opened at an identical rate but the alpha- and beta-adducts differed (half-lives 90 and 56 min, respectively, pH 10, 24 degrees C). The 7-beta alkyl deoxyguanosine derivatives ring-opened at a six times slower rate, which was similar to 7-methyldeoxyguanosine. The diastereomeric guanosine products also depurinated at the same rate but the beta-derivatives depurinated faster than the alpha-derivatives (t1/2 35 vs. 79 min, respectively, pH 1, 70 degrees C). The differences in the ring-opening and depurination of the alpha- and beta-isomers corresponded to their respective pK alpha values (7.31-7.32 vs. 7.16-7.19). The 7 alkyldeoxyguanosine derivatives of styrene oxide depurinated equally fast as 7 methyldeoxyguanosine. By contrast, the depurination of 7-alkylguanine was 15 times slower in the single-stranded DNA and 55 times slower in the double stranded DNA. PMID- 3203403 TI - The influence of fluoranthene on the metabolism and DNA binding of benzo[a]pyrene in vivo in mouse skin. AB - The effect of the cocarcinogen fluoranthene on the DNA binding and metabolism of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in vivo in mouse skin has been investigated. In the presence of fluoranthene the level of B[a]]P-DNA binding was increased at each of the time intervals examined (4, 8, 24 and 48 h) with enhancements ranging from 76% at 4 h to 36% at 48 h. The ratio of anti-7,8,-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10 tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (anti-BPDE)-DNA adducts/syn-BPDE-DNA adducts was also increased in the presence of fluoranthene. This increase was greatest at 8 h (44%) but by 48 h the ratio was identical in the presence and absence of fluoranthene. The observed increase in anti-BPDE-DNA adducts/syn-BPDE-DNA adducts did not parallel increases in B[a]P-DNA binding suggesting that alteration of the anti-BPDE/syn-BPDE ratio is not a major contributing factor to the cocarcinogenic activity of fluoranthene. The influence of fluoranthene on the metabolism of B[a]P in vivo in mouse skin was also investigated. Fluoranthene was found to have little or no effect on the formation of ethyl acetate extractable metabolites of B[a]P in mouse skin. Specifically, there was no increase in the amount of B[a]P 7,8-diol in the presence of fluoranthene. Fluoranthene also had little or no effect on the levels of beta-glucuronide or sulfate conjugates of B[a]P metabolites formed in vivo in mouse skin. These studies suggest that the effect of fluoranthene is being expressed at some point after B[a]P has been activated to an ultimate carcinogen. PMID- 3203404 TI - Trypsin hydrolysis of X-phenyl hippurates. AB - The kinetics of hydrolysis of eight substituted phenyl hippurates by trypsin at pH values 6, 7 and 8 were investigated and the kinetic constants Km, kcat (kcatalysis) and kcat/Km were shown to fit the Hammett equation. The rho (rho) value obtained from the correlation of trypsin binding with this class of esters was compared with that obtained with other serine and cysteine proteases. The rho value for trypsin was similar to that obtained for alpha-chymotrypsin in that both enzymes reveal a pronounced dependence on through resonance (sigma-) in the formation of the Michaelis complex and the acyl-enzyme. It is apparent that through resonance facilitates the leaving of the phenoxy moiety during catalysis in the serine proteases but not in the case of the cysteine or bacterial serine proteases. PMID- 3203405 TI - Four sulfhydryl-modifying compounds cause different structural damage but similar functional damage in murine lymphocytes. AB - Four thiol-modifying compounds were used to inhibit murine lymphocyte mitogenesis. The compounds were a copper sulfate/O-phenanthroline complex (CuP) to oxidize surface thiols, N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) to alkylate surface and intracellular thiols, D,L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BSO) to prevent synthesis of glutathione, and hydrogen peroxide, which reacts with various cellular constituents, including sulfhydryls. Splenic lymphocytes were incubated with one of the four compounds, washed, and then stimulated with the B cell mitogen, LPS, or the T cell mitogen, Con A. In spite of their differing chemical reactivities and differing effects on cell viability, lipids, and total, protein, and non protein thiols, the four sulfhydryl-modifying compounds had very similar effects on the kinetics and inhibition of lymphocyte growth. All compounds had complex effects on mitogenesis, causing enhanced, delayed, or inhibited tritiated thymidine incorporation. Although the total thiol contents of untreated T cells and B cells were found to be equivalent, the LPS response consistently was inhibited by lower concentrations than the Con A response, suggesting that B cells were more sensitive than T cells to thiol modification. To compare compounds the efficiency of inhibition was determined by functionally relating reductions in mitogenesis with reductions in thiol content of the cells. The compounds differed in inhibitory efficiency; thus, damage to some thiols must be more important than damage to others. CuP ablated mitogenesis with the least change in thiol content. Therefore, surface sulfhydryls appear critical in lymphocyte mitogenesis. With all compounds inhibition of mitogenesis occurred over a very narrow range of thiol content, suggesting that the thiols important in inhibition were few in number relative to the total thiol content of the cell. PMID- 3203407 TI - Porphinatoiron-mediated oxidation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. AB - Although porphinatoiron complexes have been used extensively as biomimetic catalysts for oxidation of aliphatic and olefinic hydrocarbons, few oxidations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been reported. In all cases, heterogeneous iodosobenzene/tetraphenylporphinatoiron(III) systems were employed, oxidations were inefficient and control experiments demonstrating the requirement for catalyst were not described. The current study investigates the oxidation of pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzanthracene in a homogeneous m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid/bifacially hindered porphinatoiron system in which the peroxyacid was shown to be unreactive in the absence of catalyst. Pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene were oxidized efficiently, with pyrene yielding mixtures of 1.6- and 1.8-quinones and benzo[a]pyrene yielding mixtures of phenols and quinones. Benzanthracene was oxidized less efficiently, primarily at the meso positions, to give 7.12-quinone. Initial oxidation of meso carbons of benzo[a]pyrene (confirmed by the presence of the 6-hydroxy derivative as a product) and benzanthracene indicates that PAH-to catalyst charge transfer may be an important oxidation pathway. Oxidation of pyrene was performed by addition of pyrene to observable oxo iron(V) species as well as in a catalytic reaction where excess peroxyacid was added to a solution of pyrene and catalyst and oxo iron(V) is not generated as an observable intermediate. Yields (based on oxidant consumed), were identical under both conditions, strongly supporting oxo iron(V) as a common intermediate. PMID- 3203406 TI - Covalent binding of 4-nitrobenzyl mercaptan S-sulfate to the sulfhydryl groups of hepatic cytosolic proteins and bovine serum albumin with mixed disulfide bond formation. AB - 4-Nitrobenzyl [35S]mercaptan S-sulfonic acid ([35S]NBM S-sulfate), a new type of reactive metabolite of the thiol [35S]NBM in rat liver cytosol fortified with 3' phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, bound rapidly and covalently at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C to the sulfhydryl groups of rat liver cytosolic proteins with formation of disulfide bonds. From the radioactive proteins was isolated and identified the sole amino acid adduct, S-([35S]NBM)cysteine, after their acid hydrolysis under the anaerobic conditions. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), a model protein with a single SH group, also reacted readily with radioactive NBM S-sulfate to form a disulfide bond in stoichiometric manner. S-([35S]NBM)-cysteine was also isolated and identified as the sole amino acid adduct from the well-washed, radioactive BSA after the same anaerobic acid hydrolysis. A normal hepatic level of GSH not only retarded the BSA-NBM adduct formation completely, but also detached the radioactivity from BSA by the reduction of the disulfide bond with formation of [35S]NBM and its disulfide. Of twenty-one amino acids examined at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C, only cysteine reacted with NBM S-sulfate and afforded S-(NBM)cysteine with concomitant formations of S-sulfocysteine, cystine, NBM, and its disulfide. PMID- 3203408 TI - Non-enzymatic glutathione conjugation of 2-nitroso-6-methyldipyrido [1,2-a: 3',2' d] imidazole (NO-Glu-P-1) in vitro: N-hydroxy-sulfonamide, a new binding form of arylnitroso compounds and thiols. AB - In order to study the possible detoxification mechanisms of the carcinogenic arylamine, 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a: 3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1), the in vitro non-enzymatic reaction of 2-nitroso-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a: 3',2' d]imidazole (NO-Glu-P-1) with reduced glutathione (GSH) was examined at pH 7.4 under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Two GSH-arylamine adducts were isolated and found to contain the Glu-P-1 and GSH moieties in a 1:1 molar ratio via an N-S linkage. Their structures were assigned as sulfinamide (-NH-SO-) and N hydroxy-sulfonamide (-N(OH)-SO2-) by their behaviour under acidic and basic conditions and by UV-VIS, 1H-NMR, infrared and mass spectrometries. Also, a N hydroxy-sulfonamide adduct was produced when NO-Glu-P-1 and cysteine were reacted at pH 7.4. The N-hydroxy-sulfonamide structure is a new binding form between arylnitroso compounds and thiols. The formation of these adducts may also take place in vivo as a detoxification of toxic arylamines since GSH is abundant in organs such as liver or kidney. PMID- 3203409 TI - Quantitation of interaction between cytochrome P-450scc and adrenodoxin--analysis in the median UV-region by second derivative spectroscopy. AB - Interaction between the essential protein components of the bovine adrenal mitochondrial enzyme system (cytochrome P-450scc, adrenodoxin and adrenodoxin reductase) were studied in the median UV-region utilizing second derivative difference spectroscopy. Complex formation of cytochrome P-450scc with adrenodoxin induces a signal in the second derivative difference spectrum which can be attributed to tyrosine due to its minimum at 283 nm. Based on this signal cytochrome P-450scc was titrated with adrenodoxin in dependence on different effectors (reductase, phospholipid, cholesterol). The dissociation constants (Kd) of the P-450scc/adrenodoxin complexes derived therefrom revealed an increasing affinity between both components starting from titrations in buffer solution without additional components up to the completely reconstituted system. A high affinity between P-450scc and adrenodoxin corresponds to a high turnover rate of cholesterol. Dissociation constants of the P-450scc/adrenodoxin complex were also derived from spectral changes in the Soret region. But these data do not correlate with the substrate turnover. PMID- 3203410 TI - Identification of S-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-cysteine and S-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-N acetyl-cysteine as urinary metabolites of acetaminophen in the mouse. Evidence for p-benzoquinone as a reactive intermediate in acetaminophen metabolism. AB - S-(2,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-cysteine and S-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-cysteine [the cysteine- and N-acetyl-cysteine adducts, respectively, of hydroquinone (HQ)] were identified and quantified in the urine of mice administered [ring-U 14C]acetaminophen [14C]APAP, 200 mg kg-1, i.p.). Urine was collected for 24 h and fractionated by HPLC to isolate the above adducts. These conjugates were then converted to a common derivative, viz. O,O',S-tris-acetyl-3-thio-hydroquinone, which was characterized by GC/MS. Neither of the HQ adducts was detected in the urine of control mice which had not received APAP. Quantification of urinary HQ cysteine and HQ-N-acetyl-cysteine was performed by HPLC techniques, which indicated that these conjugates accounted for approx. 1.5% of the administered dose of APAP after 24 h, a figure which is equivalent to 6.3% of the corresponding APAP-thiol conjugates in the urine. These findings provide strong indirect evidence that p-benzoquinone is formed as a reactive, but apparently non hepatotoxic, metabolite of APAP in vivo. PMID- 3203412 TI - Photochemical oxidation of 4-ethoxy-2-methyl-5-morpholino-3(2H)-pyridazinone (Emorfazone) by pyrimido[5,4-g]pteridine 5-oxide. An attempt to apply a functional chemical model for biological oxidations to drug-metabolism studies. PMID- 3203411 TI - Covalent binding of acetaminophen to mouse hemoglobin. Identification of major and minor adducts formed in vivo and implications for the nature of the arylating metabolites. AB - When hepatotoxic doses of [ring-U-14C]acetaminophen ([ring-U-14C]APAP) were administered to mice, radioactivity became bound irreversibly to hemoglobin as well as to proteins in the liver and kidney. The covalent binding to hemoglobin was dose-dependent, and in phenobarbital-pretreated mice occurred to the extent of approximately 8% of the corresponding binding to liver proteins. Degradation of the modified globin by acid hydrolysis yielded 3-cystein-S-yl-4 hydroxyacetanilide as the major radioactive product, accounting for approximately 70% of protein-bound drug residues. This finding is consistent with the view that the majority of covalent binding of APAP to proteins is mediated by N-acetyl-p benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), a reactive metabolite which preferentially arylates cysteinyl thiol residues. However, after administration of [acetyl-3H]APAP to mice, it was found that approximately 20% of the drug bound to hemoglobin had lost the N-acetyl side-chain, indicating the existence of a second type of APAP protein adduct. One minor component of the globin hydrolysate was identified as S (2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-cysteine, which most likely arises from binding to hemoglobin of p-benzoquinone, a hydrolysis product of NAPQI. The two adducts reported represent the first identified examples of arylating drugs binding to hemoglobin. Experiments on the influence of different cytochrome P-450 inducing agents on the ratio of drug bound to hemoglobin versus hepatic proteins suggested that the reactive metabolites of APAP are formed in the liver and migrate to the erythrocyte, rather than being produced by hemoglobin-catalyzed oxidation of APAP. These findings imply that the reactive metabolites of APAP escape from hepatocytes in some latent forms, which then participate in the arylation of protein thiols in red blood cells and, possibly, at other remote sites. PMID- 3203413 TI - Thermolysis of O-allyl S-alkyl dithiocarbonates of codeine and isocodeine. PMID- 3203415 TI - Amino acids and peptides. IX. Synthetic studies on leu-enkephalin analogues containing a ureylene bond. PMID- 3203414 TI - Synthesis and antiulcer activity of (isochroman-1-yl)alkylamines. I. PMID- 3203416 TI - Neuraminic acid and related compounds. I. Syntheses of biologically active 4',7',8',9'-tetra-O-acetyl-sialyl- and sialyl-(alpha 2-6)-D-glucosamine-4 phosphate analogues of lipid A. PMID- 3203417 TI - Studies on the constitution of edible and medicinal plants. I. Isolation and identification of 4-O-methylpyridoxine, toxic principle from the seed of Ginkgo biloba L. PMID- 3203419 TI - Assay of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes by a convenient precipitation and inhibition methodology. PMID- 3203418 TI - Studies on crude drugs effective on visceral larva migrans. III. The bursting activity of tannins on dog roundworm larva. PMID- 3203420 TI - Antitumor activity exhibited by orally administered extract from fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake). PMID- 3203421 TI - The kinetics of the racemization of oxazepam in aqueous solution. PMID- 3203422 TI - Application of synthetic alkyl glycoside vesicles as drug carriers. III. Plasma components affecting stability of the vesicles. PMID- 3203423 TI - Intestinal absorption of drugs in rats with glycerol-induced acute renal failure. PMID- 3203424 TI - Defect of urinary concentration capacity in cephaloridine-administered rats. PMID- 3203425 TI - Synthesis and antitumor activity of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide Pt(II) complexes. PMID- 3203427 TI - Bayesian prediction of serum phenytoin concentration in a simulation study. PMID- 3203426 TI - Platelet aggregation inhibitors from jyu-yaku (houttuyniae herb). PMID- 3203428 TI - Interconversion model analysis and estimation of available fractions for 4 acetaminobenzaldehyde and its reversible metabolite, 4-acetaminobenzylalcohol, in the rat using the multi-lines fitting technique. PMID- 3203429 TI - Oxygenation of methyl cyclohexylphenylglycolate, a constitutional unit of drugs, catalysed by iron(II) acetonitrile solvate. PMID- 3203430 TI - Analysis of warfarin-albumin binding by HPLC with internal-surface reversed-phase silica column. PMID- 3203431 TI - [Quality evaluation of cultivated Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. in Chongming, a suburb of Shanghai]. PMID- 3203432 TI - [Polyethylene glycol as a promotor of germination of some medicinal plant seeds]. PMID- 3203433 TI - [Quantitative determination of geniposide in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and its processed products]. PMID- 3203434 TI - [Isolation of ginseng total saponins for homogenous ginseng injections]. PMID- 3203435 TI - [Original botanical study and identification of Flos Magnoliae]. PMID- 3203436 TI - [Chemical constituents of the Chinese traditional drug fingered citron]. PMID- 3203437 TI - [Identification of the chemical components of two Alpinia species]. PMID- 3203438 TI - [Amygdalin contents in the seeds of 11 kinds of plants of the genus Prunus]. PMID- 3203439 TI - [Determination of rutin contents in the Chinese drug flos Sophorae Immaturus by signal multiplier spectrophotometry]. PMID- 3203440 TI - [Morphological studies on the Chinese drug sharen and it's adulterants in Amomum]. PMID- 3203441 TI - [Pharmacological actions of lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.) on the smooth muscle of intestines]. PMID- 3203442 TI - [Effect of a water-soluble fraction of radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata on experimental arrhythmia]. PMID- 3203443 TI - [Identification studies of cortex Ailanthi Altissimae and cortex Toonae Sinensis]. PMID- 3203444 TI - Privatisation of South African health care: in whose interest? PMID- 3203445 TI - The impact of advanced cancer on the functional status of patients attending oncology clinics in selected urban areas. PMID- 3203447 TI - Traditional birth attendants in Bophuthatswana (Bo-Mmaabotsetse). PMID- 3203446 TI - [The work history of former students at the Department of Nursing of the University of the Orange Free State]. PMID- 3203448 TI - [Specific learning opportunities in health education]. PMID- 3203449 TI - [The influence of the registered nurse as role model on the student nurse]. PMID- 3203450 TI - [The role of the community health nurse in the prevention and handling of mental illness]. PMID- 3203452 TI - A microbiological study of the contamination of the syringes used in anaesthesia practice. AB - In many operating theatres, it is common practice to reuse disposable plastic syringes with the same needles for several injections to different patients during the same day. This practice could lead to bacterial contamination of these syringes, making them an infection hazard to patients. We did a microbiologic survey of 100 of the most frequently reused syringes in our operating rooms and a control group of 100 single-use syringes. Only three of the syringes were contaminated in each group. None of the patients exposed to the syringes having a positive culture showed any sign of sepsis. Our data suggest that reusing plastic syringes is not associated with an increase in the incidence of bacterial contamination. However, contamination of the syringes by patients' blood, with the risk of cross-infections, remains a possibility and further studies are needed to evaluate this potential hazard. PMID- 3203453 TI - Washin and washout of isoflurane during cardiopulmonary bypass. AB - To help decide when an inhalational agent should be discontinued during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), its rate of washin and washout must be known. Isoflurane one per cent was administered to 14 patients undergoing CPB and isoflurane blood concentrations were measured to determine the time course of washin and washout of this agent. Bubble oxygenators were used for seven patients and membrane oxygenators for the remaining seven. During the administration of isoflurane, isoflurane blood concentrations rose slowly and did not reach a steady state during the time available for washin. Isoflurane blood concentrations decreased by at least 50 per cent within two minutes of turning off the vaporizer, and by 15 minutes the concentration had dropped by 75 per cent. There was a tendency for more rapid elimination of isoflurane in patients undergoing rewarming during this period. There did not appear to be an important difference between bubble and membrane oxygenators in the rate of washin and washout of isoflurane. Within 15 minutes of turning off the vaporizer only 25 per cent of the original blood concentration of isoflurane will remain. The anaesthetist must decide what concentration of isoflurane is acceptable during separation from CPB. Knowledge of the time course of isoflurane washout will allow more accurate determination of when to discontinue its administration in order to reach an acceptable concentration by the time separation from CPB occurs. PMID- 3203451 TI - Detection of interruptions in the breathing gas of ventilated anaesthetized patients. AB - Interruption of the breathing gas to a ventilated anaesthetized patient due to accidental disconnection or anaesthesia system malfunction may have serious consequences if not detected quickly. A series of tests which covers the range of foreseeable mechanical problems was developed and used to test the performance of three breathing gas interruption monitors, two commercially available and one developed at Vancouver General Hospital. The tests were designed to evaluate the performance of monitors as installed on anaesthesia systems under a variety of failure conditions, including endotracheal tube disconnection with and without occlusion of the opening, kinks in the inspiratory and fresh gas hoses, disconnection of the fresh gas hose, leaks in the breathing circuit, excessive high or low pressure in the scavenging circuit, continuing high breathing circuit pressure, and kinks in the circuit pressure sensing hose. Ability to detect both significant changes in ventilation variables and faults existing at initiation of ventilation were also tested over a representative range of ventilator and patient variables using circle, coaxial and paediatric circuits. Only complete endotracheal tube disconnections with no obstruction of the opening were reliably detected by all three monitors. A commercial monitor with a single fixed threshold alarm level also detected fresh gas interruptions in circle and adult coaxial circuits, but failed to alarm in response to any other fault condition. A monitor with selectable pressure thresholds and high, low, and continuing pressure limits detected just under half of the fault conditions. A microprocessor-based monitor developed at Vancouver General Hospital detected and correctly identified roughly 80 per cent of the faults. The series of tests forms the basis for a Canadian Standards Association Preliminary Standard (Z168.10) and will allow hospitals to test the performance of breathing gas interruption monitors in use in their institutions. Comments on the test series are solicited. PMID- 3203454 TI - Anaesthetic management of an obstetrical patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. PMID- 3203456 TI - Bilateral extensive skin necrosis of the lower limbs following prolonged epidural blockade. AB - Skin necrosis has not been described as a complication following epidural sympathetic blockade. We report a case of bilateral extensive skin necrosis of the lower limbs after a 48-hour lumbar epidural blockade in a 71-year-old patient with right hemiplegia and mitral valve regurgitation, without any preoperative clinical evidence of peripheral vascular disease or diabetes, who underwent transurethral prostatectomy. PMID- 3203455 TI - Regional anaesthesia for 12,000 cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation procedures. AB - Twelve thousand regional anaesthetics for cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation surgery were administered by one anaesthetist over a period of 52 months in a free-standing outpatient surgical facility. The ophthalmologist, who did all the operations, assessed the quality of the blocks using an objective scoring system which is described. The first 3,595 patients had retrobulbar and seventh nerve blocks. The following 1,640 patients had higher volume retrobulbar blocking alone. The next 3,478 had peribulbar blocks, followed by 2,226 who had a modified form of peribulbar blocking. A final group of 1,061 had a combination of peribulbar and periorbital blocks with added retrobulbar injection if indicated. As the method of blocking evolved, the more closely was the goal of safe, painless and effective regional anaesthesia approached. The requirements for effective anaesthesia of this type are presented, the complications described and the importance of familiarity with the anatomy of the orbit and its contents stressed. PMID- 3203457 TI - Anaesthetic management for surgical cryoablation of accessory conducting pathways: a review and report of 181 cases. AB - Pre-excitation disorders have an estimated prevalence of 0.15 per cent. Advances in electrophysiological mapping and the increasing sophistication of surgical techniques have resulted in an increasing role for definitive surgical treatment. A retrospective chart review of 181 patients undergoing 197 procedures for surgical ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways between June 1981 to June 1986 was performed. Mean age of the patients was 30 years (range 6-66) with a preponderance of males (59 per cent). Associated cardiac disease was found in 18 (9.9 per cent) patients. Induction of anaesthesia employed either a barbiturate-relaxant (83 per cent) or a narcotic-benzodiazepine-relaxant (17 per cent) and was uneventful in all cases. In 14 per cent of cases a pure narcotic relaxant technique was employed for maintenance of anaesthesia, whereas a balanced technique with isoflurane (29 per cent), enflurane (34 per cent), or halothane (22 per cent) was utilized for the remainder. Muscle relaxation was provided by d-tubocurarine in 35 (18 per cent) procedures and pancuronium in the remaining 162 (82 per cent) procedures. There was no significant correlation between intraoperative arrhythmias and type of anaesthetic used. Although recognizing the potential for malignant arrhythmias, our experience (within the confines of a retrospective analysis) suggests that the majority of these patients can be managed successfully using standard anaesthetic techniques. PMID- 3203458 TI - Topical nasopharyngeal anaesthesia with vasoconstriction in preeclampsia eclampsia. AB - We report the case of a 38-year-old eclamptic patient undergoing emergency Caesarean section who required awake nasotracheal intubation because of her massively swollen and lacerated tongue. Vasoconstriction, in addition to topical anaesthesia, was required due to thrombocytopaenia. The use of three per cent lidocaine with 0.125 per cent phenylephrine for anaesthesia and vasoconstriction is described with successful maternal and neonatal outcome. PMID- 3203461 TI - Safe vaporizers. PMID- 3203459 TI - Infectious diseases and the anaesthetist. AB - The methods of dealing with various items of anaesthetic equipment in order to assure a fresh supply for each patient have been discussed. These consist of using disposable items, steam sterilization, disinfection by both chemical methods and pasteurization and the use of ethylene oxide sterilization. The use of disposable bacterial and viral filtres to protect ventilators and soda lime cannisters is discussed. These can then be sterilized by ethylene oxide at less frequent intervals, i.e., weekly. Protection of the anaesthetists' skin from contact with body fluids by the use of barrier methods are stressed. Methods to avoid penetration of the skin by needlestick and sharp objects are discussed. The increasing number of persons being treated for opportunistic infections makes it likely that anaesthetists will encounter increasing numbers of patients infected with HIV. The more common infections encountered in the operating room in North America have been included, with methods of avoiding possible infection from them. Constant vigilance and the use of universal precautions when caring for all patients is therefore required by the anaesthetist in the operating room in order to avoid contacting infection from patients. PMID- 3203460 TI - Factitious readings from anaesthetic agent monitors. PMID- 3203462 TI - Mechanical airway maintenance. PMID- 3203463 TI - Shivering following retrobulbar block. PMID- 3203464 TI - Perceptions of appearance and speech by adolescent patients with cleft lip and palate and by their parents. AB - This study surveyed 102 patients with cleft lip, cleft palate, or cleft lip and cleft palate (ages 13 to 19) and their parents to assess satisfaction with appearance, speech ability, and intelligibility. The data were based upon standardized interviews conducted at a cleft palate treatment center, using simple questions with high face validity. Surgical experience was high among this sample, as reflected by the finding that the majority of patients (55.7%) had had three or more operations on the face or mouth. Patient ratings of facial appearance showed that most patients were very pleased (59.3%) or moderately pleased (13.2%); others were somewhat (18.7%) or very (8.8%) disappointed. Many parents indicated that their children expressed occasional (22.0%) or frequent (27.5%) concerns about appearance. Nearly all patients (91.9%) felt that their operations had accomplished what they expected, though some of the cleft lip patients (35.7%) and their parents (43.9%) were less than very pleased with the appearance of the lip. When asked how pleased they were with the way they presently talked, most patients (69.1%) were very pleased, though some disappointment was expressed. Although often pleased with their current speech status, many patients rated themselves as only moderately understandable (19.1%) or as not understandable (8.5%). No significant gender effects were found in satisfaction, appearance, or speech ratings. There were no significant differences found between parent and child ratings. The findings indicate that at a center delivering team-based cleft palate care, both adolescent patients and their parents have considerable concerns about appearance and speech results. PMID- 3203465 TI - Tooth maturation in cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. AB - The relation between chronologic age and the development of permanent teeth in patients with cleft lip, cleft palate, or both was investigated according to the method described by Demirjian et al (1973). The patients were divided into three groups: (1) those with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), (2) those with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), and (3) those with cleft palate only (CP). Panoramic radiographs of 107 Caucasian children (66 boys and 41 girls) aged 4 to 12 years were evaluated. The degree of maturation of each of the permanent teeth on the left side of the mandible was determined, and a dental maturation score was computed for each child. The scores were compared with those obtained in a previous study of dental maturation in Caucasian children without cleft from the Chicago area (Loevy, 1983). Evaluation of the data demonstrated that there was no significant difference in dental maturity between girls with cleft lip, cleft palate, or both and with the sample of those free from cleft. There was a significant difference in dental maturity in boys when all cleft groups were evaluated together. There was no significant difference from the normal sample in boys with bilateral cleft lip and cleft palate or with cleft palate alone, but there was a highly significant difference from the normal sample in the group of boys with unilateral cleft lip and palate. PMID- 3203467 TI - Assessment of velopharyngeal competence: a long-term process. AB - This study compared longitudinally perceptual ratings of articulation defectiveness, nasality, and velopharyngeal competency in 13 subjects who required secondary palatal management after age 10 with a second group. Perceptual data when examined longitudinally did not adequately discriminate between subjects who at one time achieved velopharyngeal closure but who ultimately required secondary management and those patients who needed no further treatment. A decrease in articulation scores and an increase in severity of nasality and articulation defectiveness over time indicate that patients are at risk for secondary management. Evaluation of lateral x-rays indicated that those in the group that required secondary operations demonstrated more variability in velopharyngeal closure than those in the comparison group, who required no secondary operations and that adenoidal involution did not appear to be a significant factor. PMID- 3203466 TI - An electromyographic study of the musculus uvulae. AB - The musculus uvulae and the levator veli palatini muscle were studied with electromyography (EMG) in three normal young adult subjects. Patterns of EMG activity for the musculus uvulae were similar to those of the levator veli palatini for all three subjects. When differences in EMG activity between the two muscles were found, the tasks did not involve speech. The presence of the musculus uvulae along the nasal aspect of the velum may be important in filling the space between the elevated velum and the posterior pharyngeal wall. In addition, the musculus uvulae may function to modify stiffness of the tissue adjacent to the insertion of the levator veli palatini and to produce extension of the velum. PMID- 3203469 TI - The San Venero Roselli pharyngoplasty: an electromyographic study of the palatopharyngeus muscle. AB - Electromyography of the palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus muscles was performed in three groups: normal subjects, subjects with cleft palate before surgical treatment, and subjects with repaired palatal clefts incorporating the San Venero Roselli pharyngoplasty. Results suggested that the salpingopharyngeus muscle is inconsistently present in man. The palatopharyngeus is primarily concerned with swallowing and is not active during velopharyngeal closure. Its activity is not affected by the San Venero Roselli procedure. The surgical approximation of this muscle may be advantageous because of its antagonistic action to the levator veli palatini. PMID- 3203468 TI - Craniofacial characteristics in patients with obstructive sleep apneas syndrome. AB - Obstructive sleep apneas syndrome (OSAS) has been associated with a clinical reduction of the pharyngeal spaces. To define whether predisposing skeletal craniofacial conditions exist in OSAS patients, 32 OSAS adult patients were compared in a cephalometric investigation with a control sample of 40 adults with ideal dentofacial traits. A t-test assessed the statistical significance of the differences in the two groups; correlation matrix tabulation and discriminant function analysis helped in the identification of the influence of different variables in segregation of the two populations. The following observations were made: There were no differences in maxillary or mandibular prognathism between the two groups. The sagittal dimension of the cranial base was significantly reduced in the OSAS sample, as was the bony pharyngeal opening and maxillary length. This posterior facial compression was associated with increased lower face height (p less than 0.01 in all cases). There were significant correlations in both groups between cranial base length or angulation and pharyngeal opening (p less than 0.01). Eighty percent of the population was correctly sorted out using the discriminant function analysis, with only eight controls and five OSAS patients misclassified. However, this analysis suggested that factors other than the cephalometric may be involved in OSAS. PMID- 3203470 TI - The effect of intravelar veloplasty on velopharyngeal competence following pharyngeal flap surgery. AB - Clinical experience from primary palatoplasty and studies of velopharyngeal valving suggest that intravelar veloplasty (IVVP) could increase the achievement of velopharyngeal competence in patients undergoing pharyngeal flap surgery. In order to test this hypothesis, a group of 91 patients undergoing superiorly based, high-attached, lined pharyngeal flaps along with intravelar veloplasty were compared retrospectively with 39 patients who underwent the same procedure without intravelar veloplasty. Comparison of speech evaluation and pressure-flow data demonstrated no difference in attainment of velopharyngeal competence between the two groups. Though theoretically sound, intravelar veloplasty did not appear to improve the results of pharyngeal flap surgery. The high incidence of postoperative hyponasality in both the study and control groups suggests a possible need for increased lateral port size in performing the procedure. PMID- 3203471 TI - A discussion of presurgical orthodontics in patients with clefts. PMID- 3203473 TI - Predictive value of the electroencephalogram in acute hemispheric lesions. AB - We studied the electroencephalogram and computed tomography in twenty cases with ischemic strokes with unilateral electroencephalographic slowing associated with abnormality of background activity on the contralateral side, compared with twenty other cases who had primarily unilateral electroencephalographic abnormality and no contralateral slowing. Electrographic parameters evaluated included field, amplitude, frequency, persistence and reactivity of focal or lateralized slowing. Computed tomographic findings studied included lesion size, density, mass effect and location. Clinical findings studied included level of consciousness and outcome. Contralateral abnormality of background rhythm correlated with impairment of consciousness and poor outcome. PMID- 3203472 TI - The anterior temporal electrode in the EEG of the adult. AB - The anterior temporal cerebral region is not well covered, electroencephalographically, by the usual EEG electrodes. Numerous attempts have been made to add anterior temporal electrodes. There has been discussion regarding the amount of additional information actually attributable to those electrodes. We systematically evaluated the abnormalities revealed by one such noninvasive set of anterior temporal electrodes, D. Silverman's T1 and T2. A total of 624 consecutive EEGs were reviewed. We conclude that, in the adult, anterior temporal electrodes can add significantly to the information contained in the routine interictal EEG. PMID- 3203474 TI - Eye movements on brain maps. AB - This report shows that eye movement artifact, either in the form of up-down or side to side movements, can be clearly demonstrated on brain maps by carefully adjusting the gain in order to delineate the distribution of activity on the anterior regions. Clearly circumscribed activity then appears above (up-down) or to the side (side-side) of each eye. PMID- 3203475 TI - Far field correlates of thalamic activity in cortical and cervical somatosensory evoked potentials. AB - Median nerve cortical and cervical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were recorded from a group of normal adults in order to study far field reflections of thalamic activity. In the cortical SEP, the primary response (N20) was preceded by two inflections (N16 and N18). It is shown that these two potentials bear a close temporal relationship to a positive trough on the downward slope of the principal negativity (N13) in the cervical SEP. This potential, which is often bifurcated into two subcomponents, is labeled P17 and it has previously been suggested that it originates in or near the thalamus. The coincidence between the P17 complex and N16 and N18 inflections is consistent with the hypothesis that all three responses are generated in either the thalamic relay nucleus or the thalamo-cortical radiations. Possible clinical applications of recording far field thalamic potentials are discussed. PMID- 3203476 TI - Recording eye movements and vestibular tests utilizing EEG equipment. AB - Abnormalities of spontaneous eye movements occur frequently in patients with neurological diseases, and abnormalities of eye movements induced by vestibular and optokinetic stimulations have great diagnostic value. Their amplitude, frequency, duration, direction, and rhythmicity can be graphically recorded utilizing EEG equipment, and their speed can be easily calculated. The author emphasizes that eye movements can and should be studied in EEG laboratories, since neurologists are well prepared for the interpretation of the electrooculographic (and electronystagmography) data. PMID- 3203477 TI - Ear-to-ear derivation in short latency brainstem auditory evoked responses. AB - We utilized an ipsilateral to contralateral earlobe (Ai-Ac) derivation in addition to the scalp to ipsilateral ear (Cz-Ai) and scalp to contralateral ear (Cz-Ac) derivations, in 12 normal hearing community volunteers and 36 patients with a variety of referrals and varying degrees of hearing loss. In normal subjects, the latency of wave I in the Ai-Ac derivation was identical to that in Cz-Ai, but amplitude was consistently smaller (0.21 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.13 microV, p less than 0.005). The wave III behaved in a reverse manner. These data can be easily explained based on traditional principles of near- and far-field potentials. The amplitude differences of the wave I in Cz-Ai and Ai-Ac derivations were, however, small and the phase-reversals of that wave between the 2 derivations were striking and consistent in all subjects and patients. This observation indicates that the addition of Ai-Ac derivation to the conventional 1 or 2 channel montage may aid in the identification of wave I. PMID- 3203478 TI - Changes in protein synthetic activity in early Drosophila embryos mutant for the segmentation gene Kruppel. AB - We have identified early embryo proteins related to the segmentation gene Kruppel by [35S]methionine pulse labelling and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Protein synthesis differences shared by homozygous embryos of two Kruppel alleles when compared to heterozygous and wild-type embryos are reported. The study was extended to syncytial blastoderm stages by pulse labelling and gel analysis of single embryos, using Kruppel-specific proteins from gastrula stages as molecular markers for identifying homozygous Kruppel embryos. Localized expression of interesting proteins was examined in embryo fragments. The earliest differences detected at nuclear migration stages showed unregulated synthesis in mutant embryos of two proteins that have stage specific synthesis in normal embryos. At the cellular blastoderm stage one protein was not synthesized and two proteins showed apparent shifts in isoelectric point in mutant embryos. Differences observed in older embryos included additional proteins with shifted isoelectric points and a number of qualitative and quantitative changes in protein synthesis. Five of the proteins with altered rates of synthesis in mutant embryos showed localized synthesis in normal embryos. The early effects observed are consistent with the hypothesis that the Kruppel product can be a negative or positive regulator of expression of other loci, while blastoderm and gastrula stage shifts in isoelectric point indicate that a secondary effect of Kruppel function may involve post-translational modification of proteins. PMID- 3203479 TI - Glycogenosis with amylopectinoid deposits in a 13-year-old girl. AB - We present a clinical study and muscle biopsy of a 13-year-old female who suffered hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and myopathy of prolonged evolution. The muscle biopsy showed a glycogenosis with deposits of amylopectin-like material. Differential diagnosis was made with basophilic degeneration of the myocardium, and with "polyglucosan bodies disease." In the existing literature we found only one case of juvenile amylopectinosis, and another four adult cases. PMID- 3203480 TI - Aberrant dendritic development in the human agyric cortex: a quantitative and qualitative Golgi study of two cases. AB - A quantitative and qualitative Golgi comparison of the visual cortex from two agyric brains and of two age-matched controls is reported. In the camera lucida drawings, most pyramidal cells were oriented vertically to the pial surface in the external cellular layer, frequently with their apical dendrites directed toward the deep layers (inverted pyramidal neurons). The deep cellular layer contained pyramidal and polymorphic neurons normally found in the second to fourth cortical layers. In quantitative analysis of the agyric cortex of a ten month-old patient, relative immaturity of basal dendritic arborization was apparent together with a bipolar configuration of dendritic development of the pyramidal neurons. The 3-year-old patient had a significant delay in apical dendritic arborization (shorter branch length, decreased number of dendritic intersections) compared with his age-matched normal control. The pathogenesis of the abnormal dendritic development in agyria is discussed. PMID- 3203481 TI - Sural nerve biopsy findings in leprosy: a qualitative and quantitative light and electron microscope study in 4 treated cases of the lepromatous spectrum. AB - Reports on biopsy findings in multifascicular nerves in lepromatous leprosy (LL) are rare and detailed morphometrical data are not available. In a case of early LL with normal electrodiagnostic findings in sural nerve, the present study revealed marked segmental de- and remyelination concomitant with the sequelae of considerable Wallerian degeneration of preferentially small myelinated fibers (MF) in spite of a normal number/nerve and density/mm2. Segmental de- and remyelination of several consecutive internodes in teased fibers suggests continuous bacterial spread via Schwann cells. In 2 more advanced LL-cases, nervous parenchyme was severely reduced, in a borderline lepromatous (BL) case obviously in part caused by cell infiltrates and granulomata. Distinct fascicle differences in MF-involvement were demonstrated by coefficients of variation of MF/mm2 and teased fiber preparations in LL, consistent with the hypothesis of initial focal spread of bacteria. Numbers and densities of endoneurial vessels were increased only in the later stages of LL. Enlargement of endoneurial area, due to different factors, was encountered except for the most severe LL-case with extensive endoneurial collagenization. Morphometric results were compared with those of other neuropathies. Intact and degenerating bacteria mostly in phagosomes of Schwann cells associated with unmyelinated axons and in macrophages were seen only in the early LL- and the BL-case. Sparse mononuclear cell infiltrates and small focal necrosis, present even in LL-cases, underline the complex pathogenesis of nerve fiber involvement. PMID- 3203482 TI - Extraneural metastasis of a brainstem astrocytoma in a child: clinicopathological report. AB - Extraneural metastases of brainstem gliomas are exceedingly rare. Only four such cases are reported in the literature. We report on a case of a 3-year-old girl with an anaplastic astrocytoma of the brainstem which metastasized to the cervical lymph nodes. PMID- 3203483 TI - Late nervous system disorders in cured malignant lymphoma: a clinical and neuropathological study. AB - A 53-year-old woman was treated for and cured of low grade malignant lymphoma, localized to the neck, by irradiation and chemotherapy. One year later she developed signs of damage to the spinal cord with slight paraparesis of the lower extremities, which remained stationary for seven years. Then, new and rapidly progressive central and peripheral neurological symptoms developed. About one year later the patient died. At autopsy a malignant glioma of the right temporal lobe and radiation damage to the spinal cord were found. Lymphocytic infiltrations in the peripheral nerves and muscles of the lower extremities were also seen. A severe neurogenic atrophy was present but no relapse of malignant lymphoma was found. Depressed immune defense is suggested to be the cause of the pathological changes of the nervous system in this case. The inflammation of the peripheral nerves might be due to activation of a latent virus infection. PMID- 3203486 TI - The biochemistry of hypertension. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry, 11th annual meeting. San Francisco, Calif. July 17-18, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3203485 TI - No evidence of a genetic polymorphism in the oxidative metabolism of midazolam. AB - The benzodiazepine midazolam is rapidly eliminated by oxidative metabolism. In young healthy volunteers elimination half-life (t1/2) is about 2.4 hours. A recent study showed a prolonged t1/2 from 8 to 22 hours in 6.5% of surgical patients, and a genetic polymorphism of midazolam's metabolism has been suggested. Therefore, we measured in 168 surgical patients the elimination of midazolam and its major hydroxylated metabolite (alpha-OH-midazolam) in blood and urine. Co-medication, disease status, smoking habits and alcohol intake were recorded; normal liver and kidney functions were assessed by routine laboratory tests. Midazolam was administered intravenously (0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg) for the induction of anaesthesia. Blood was drawn 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 hours after application and urine was collected for 6 hours. Plasma protein binding of midazolam was determined by equilibrium dialysis. Midazolam and alpha-OH midazolam were measured in plasma by specific gas-liquid chromatography and in urine by high performance liquid chromatography. Data for the dose-corrected area under plasma-level curve of midazolam (AUC-midazolam/dose: 1.23 +/- 961 x 10(5) h/ml; mean +/- SD) and for the metabolic plasma ratio (AUC of alpha-OH midazolam/AUC-midazolam: 0.52 +/- 0.28) demonstrated a log-normal distribution. Likewise, the percentage of the unbound fraction of midazolam in plasma (5.0 +/- 2.4%), urinary excretion of alpha-OH-midazolam (55.9 +/- 22.7% of dose) and the values for t1/2 (2.9 +/- 1.1 hours) did indicate a unimodal distribution. Age, comedication and smoking habits did not affect the disposition of midazolam. However, patients with regular intake of alcohol had a higher (p less than 0.05) metabolic ratio. Only in 3 patients could a prolonged t1/2 of midazolam from 7.5 to 10.2 hours be detected, but plasma levels and urinary excretion of alpha-OH midazolam in those individuals were found to be normal. Therefore it is very unlikely that the oxidative metabolism of midazolam exhibits a genetic polymorphism. PMID- 3203484 TI - Age-related changes in liver size and hepatic blood flow. The influence on drug metabolism in the elderly. AB - The propensity of elderly people to suffer from dose-dependent adverse drug reactions is well known. This may be largely related to reduced drug clearance. Changes in liver size and liver blood flow are probably the main reason for this decline in drug elimination with age. This review focuses on methods of measuring liver size and blood flow, on changes which have been reported in the elderly and on the clinical implications of these changes. PMID- 3203488 TI - Treatment of depression in the hospitalized medically ill patient. PMID- 3203487 TI - Selective 19-hydroxylase inhibition by an aromatase inhibitor, 4 hydroxyandrostenedione. AB - 19-Nor-deoxycorticosterone is a newly recognized mineralocorticoid which has been associated with some forms of genetic, experimental, and human hypertension. To further examine this relationship, specific inhibitors of 19-nor deoxycorticosterone biosynthesis must be developed. Since 19-hydroxylation is the pivotal step in both 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone biosynthesis and aromatization of androgens to estrogens, we evaluated an aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxyandrost-4 ene-3,17-dione on the inhibition of 19-hydroxylation in both rat and human adrenal mitochondria in vitro and 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone production and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats in vivo. Adrenal mitochondria from 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats and 1 patient with an aldosterone-producing adenoma were incubated in the presence of deoxycorticosterone substrate both with and without 4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione. 4-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione produced significant inhibition of 19-hydroxy-deoxycorticosterone production in both rat and human adrenal mitochondria, with a smaller and not significant inhibition of corticosterone and 18-hydroxy-corticosterone. 4-Hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione given subcutaneously to spontaneously hypertensive rats lowered 19-nor deoxycorticosterone by 69% and completely abolished hypertension compared to Wistar-Kyoto controls. These data demonstrate that 4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17 dione is a specific inhibitor of 19-hydroxylase, that it lowers 19-nor deoxycorticosterone production and prevents hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. These studies reinforce the possible pathogenic significance of 19-nor-deoxycorticosterone in hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. PMID- 3203489 TI - Importance of variables affecting pit and fissure sealant use in the United Kingdom. AB - A mail survey of 1000 dentists representing the general population of practising dentists in Great Britain and Northern Ireland was conducted to identify those factors most predictive of sealant use. The response rate obtained was 73.7%. The mean percentage of patients aged 18 and under receiving sealants was 13.4 (SD 20.7). For both respondents who had received sealant training in dental school and those who had not, the three variable groupings having the strongest correlation with levels of sealant use were preventive orientation, opinion about sealants, and patient influence. Multiple regression analyses reflected these simple correlations. For both sealant educated respondents (R2 = 39%) and respondents without sealant education (R2 = 49%), the best combination of variables predicting sealant use were preventive orientation, opinion about sealants, and patient influence. PMID- 3203490 TI - Compliance following referral in the early detection of oral cancer and precancer in Sri Lanka. AB - An innovative approach for the early detection of oral cancer and precancer within the context of the primary health care system has been field tested in Sri Lanka. The overall compliance in accepting this particular PHC approach for cancer screening, as estimated by arrival at a referral centre manned by consultant staff, was 54.1%. Nearly 80% of those who turned up without needing an additional reminder, did so within the first 2 weeks of case finding. There was a variation in the degree of compliance depending on the primary health care worker who did the screening and referral. Compliance was greater when the screening area was nearer to the referral centre and in subjects who were diagnosed as having a more advanced stage of the disease. Certain practical considerations that contributed to noncompliance were identified. Postal reminders were seen to increase overall compliance by 10.9%. PMID- 3203491 TI - Utilization of alternative delivery programs in youth dental care in Denmark. AB - Three groups of young adults were offered three different dental programs from ages 16 to 19: one group of 386 persons continued preventive and curative dental care in the Public Child Dental Health Service (Public group), one group of 161 persons was offered dental care with private dental practitioners of own choice with care paid by the municipality and the health insurance (Mixed group), and one group of 261 persons entered the general young adult dental program under the National Health Insurance with free choice of private dental practitioner with reimbursement of about 75% from the insurance (Private group). Almost 100% of the Public group used the dental services continuously. Less than half of the Mixed group and about two thirds of the Private group went regularly to a dentist, women more than men. Discrepancies were found between the expected utilization and actual utilization, and a tendency was noted to overrate self-reported utilization in relation to actual utilization. It is concluded that continuity of dental care and unambiguous organizational affiliation is a prerequisite for a high utilization rate, but it also seems that the outreaching work done by the child dental health service is effective with regard to utilization. PMID- 3203492 TI - Shifts between use and non-use of dental services among young Danish adults over a 3-year period. AB - Utilization of dental services among three groups of young adults was studied longitudinally. Each year from age 16 to age 19, participants were defined as users or non-users of alternative dental programs. Dental programs were taking place with public dental health service clinics (n = 386), with private dental practitioners, free of charge (n = 161), and with private dental practitioners, partially reimbursed by health insurance (n = 261). The paper analyzes whether the pattern of utilization of the last two groups might be described by a Markovian model defining use or non-use of dental care each of 3 years as two mutually exclusive Markovian states. Contingency table analysis of the relationships of the utilization status and sex, social group, and delivery program showed that the utilization pattern could not be described by a Markovian model. Conversely, strong relationships between 1-yr user status and 3-yr user status was found. Implications in relation to the prevailing dental health care policy emphasizing regular dental care and continuity between child dental health care and young adult dental programs are discussed. PMID- 3203493 TI - Effect of systematized "behavior shaping" on acceptance of dental treatment in children. AB - The aim of this study was to compare the acceptance level of children treated by dentists who had participated in a training program of psychologic care and systematized "behavior shaping", with the acceptance level of children treated to a large extent by the same dentists before their training program. The material consisted of 2400 children treated by 149 dentists, to be compared with the material of 2773 children treated by 161 dentists in the "before training" study; 127 dentists took part in both studies. The training program included a video film, a manual, and a case form. Of the children treated before the dentists underwent the training program, 79% showed positive acceptance of all treatment steps encountered during dental visits, 13% reluctant acceptance, and 8% negative or no acceptance. The corresponding figures for children treated after the training program were 92, 6, and 2%. The distributions of overall positive acceptance in the two studies were compared by means of a logistic regression model. The level of overall positive acceptance was significantly increased after the dentists had participated in the training program. The improvement was most pronounced among the youngest children and children in need of restorative treatment or extraction. Of all the background variables studied, age, present need of treatment, and the before/after training variable had the greatest influence. The study shows that dentists can be trained to obtain significantly increased positive acceptance of dental treatment in children, and that the method does not require extra time in the dental chair. PMID- 3203494 TI - Longitudinal study of dental health behaviors and other caries predictors in early childhood. AB - This longitudinal study of 231 preschoolchildren from a medium sized Norwegian town had three aims: firstly, to examine the children's early dental behavior, secondly to study the variation of dental health behavior according to mother's education, mother's dental health, and her dental attendance pattern, and thirdly to identify any behavioral or social predictors of dental caries in 36-month-old children. Data were collected at health centers, using precoded questionnaires and examinations, when the children were 6, 18, and 36 months old. Data about the mothers were collected at the maternity ward. At 36 months of age, 80% of the children were caries free. Favorable dental behaviors were related to toothbrushing and use of fluorides. These behaviors were so well established and consistent at all ages that they can be regarded as norms for this community. The most unfavorable and inconsistent behavior was related to sugar consumption. Dental health education could be most usefully applied to this area, where the greatest potential for improvement in behavior exists. A relationship was found between the children's caries experience and the number of missing teeth of the mother, her dental attendance pattern and her level of education. None of the social or behavioral variables tested had a strong enough association with caries experience to justify their use as caries predictors in this age group. PMID- 3203495 TI - Significance of dental problems to the public and their comparability with general health problems. AB - A group of 109 subjects received a short questionnaire concerning their general health status. The subjects were invited to recall all the (health) problems experienced in the foregoing 6 months. Every participant in this study had visited the dentist, in the 6 months preceding the investigation, because of a dental problem. If these dental problems were important for the respondents they would recall them spontaneously, when a general question regarding health problems was posed. Only eight subjects mentioned dental problems spontaneously, of which seven concerned "pain-complaints". Only in two cases had the dental complaints been experienced more than 3 months ago. Eighteen respondents said that they could not remember the dental visit or their specific dental problem. Thirteen of these 18 persons visited their dentist because of an aesthetic problem. The results indicate that the impact of (some) dental problems on a person's feeling of being healthy was small. On the other hand, this study shows that the comparability of (most) dental problems and general health problems is limited. A typology of the significance of dental problems for the public and comparability with the concept of general health is presented and discussed in this study. PMID- 3203496 TI - Dutch dentists' decisions to take bitewing radiographs. AB - A postal questionnaire was sent to a 10% (n = 444) national random sample of Dutch dental practitioners. The response was 77% (n = 344). The practitioners prescribed bitewings on average for 57% of "new" 25-yr-old patients. Five significant (P less than 0.05) variables explained 24% of the variation in bitewing prescribing for these "new" patients. These were, in declining level of importance: the initial dental condition of the patient, the proportion of restorative treatment decisions based solely on radiographs, the level of urbanization of the practice location, the technical level of the practice equipment and the importance attached by dentists to the diagnostic use of dental floss for interproximal caries diagnosis. The low power of the regression model in explaining variation in the decision to take bitewings indicates an idiosyncratic use of bitewing radiographs for caries diagnosis. A weak tendency to adopt different diagnostic sets of procedures was demonstrated. PMID- 3203497 TI - Caries predicting factors in adult patients participating in a dental health program. AB - The main purpose was to study various factors with respect to predicting dental caries. From a population of 442 employees at a shipyard, 68 patients with an average age of 56 yr were selected for the present investigation. They were examined once a year during a 2-yr period with respect to: 1) number of new caries lesions, and 2) a series of caries related factors, i.e., DMFS, oral hygiene status, dietary habits, numbers of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli in saliva, and secretion rate and buffer effect of saliva. The median values of all studied variables as found at the baseline examination were more favorable in the caries inactive (n = 30) than in the caries active group (n = 38), but only DMFS (P less than 0.001), dietary score (P less than 0.05), and number of S. mutans in saliva (P less than 0.05) differed significantly between the two groups. Number of S. mutans showed the highest sensitivity value, followed by dietary score. The main conclusion from this study is, however, that in spite of a relationship between caries activity and unfavorable values, especially for DMFS, dietary score, and number of S. mutans in saliva, it would have been difficult to predict the caries active patients on an individual level. PMID- 3203498 TI - Dental and oral symptoms of diabetes mellitus. AB - Dental and oral examinations of 1360 patients with diabetes mellitus showed higher DMFT mean values with fewer carious teeth and more filled and extracted teeth than the controls. PI mean values were higher in diabetics than in the controls, the difference being statistically significant, and showed a positive correlation with age, but no correlation with the length of time since the disease was established. No correlation was found between the severity of gingivitis and changes in blood glucose levels. The sucrose-free diet of diabetics does not seem to reduce caries prevalence. The increased DMFT index is explained by the fact that, due to periodontitis, diabetics lose more teeth sooner than do healthy people. PMID- 3203500 TI - 2nd European Meeting on Complement in Human Disease. September 19-22, 1988, Bari, Italy. Abstracts. PMID- 3203499 TI - Interaction between C3 nephritic factor and erythrocyte membranes. Presence of nephritic factor in patients' erythrocytes. AB - The presence of IgG has been observed by fluorescence microscopy in the erythrocytes of 5 patients with NEF antibody. IgG subclass distribution of the IgG bound was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter. NEF activity was also determined in the eluted antibodies from the erythrocyte membrane. Three of five patients had NEF antibody bound to the erythrocyte membrane. IgG subclass distribution of NEF antibody sera was also investigated by means of protein A Sepharose and using monoclonal antibodies against human IgG subclasses. NEF activity was mediated by IgG3 alone in 3 patients and by a combination of IgG1 and IgG3 in 2 patients. PMID- 3203501 TI - Study and performance evaluation of statistical methods in image processing. AB - Two statistical image processing formalisms involving the entropy concept and Bayesian analysis are studied. Iterative imaging algorithms of the formalisms are formulated by employing, for the purpose of performance evaluation and easy implementation, the steepest descent method for the solution of entropy concept and the expectation maximization technique for the solution of Bayesian analysis. Quantitative evaluation and comparison of the convergence performance of the iterative algorithms on computer generated ideal and experimental radioisotope phantom imaging noisy data are given. The study concludes that the entropy algorithm can converge relatively fast, but it is very sensitive to noise in measured data due to the ill-posed nature of inverse problems and its lack of ability to consider the statistics of data fluctuation; while the Bayesian algorithm converges monotonically even with noisy data and has the advantage of considering both the a priori source distribution information and the statistical fluctuation of measured data. PMID- 3203503 TI - Progress toward a new injury severity characterization: severity profiles. AB - Presented is a new seven-dimensional injury severity profile. The profile includes three physiologic assessments and four variables which express the number, location, and severity of a patient's injuries in terms of 'Abbreviated injury scale' values. The physiologic assessments are coded values for the 'Glasgow coma scale', systolic blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Also presented are survival-death predictive values of a cluster model based on survival rates of clusters of profiles of 2569 blunt-injured and penetrating injured patients. The cluster model has a relative information gain (R) of 0.90. R is a measure of predictive value relative to an infallible predictor. It varies from 0 to 1, the higher the value the better the predictive value. The model had 26 false negatives (deaths predicted to survive) and 35 false positives (survivors predicted to die) giving rise to a false negative rate of 9.3%, a false positive rate of 1.4% and a misclassification rate of 2.4%. The R value and false negative rate are particularly noteworthy, the R value being higher than, and the false negative rate much lower than typical values of 30-40% achieved by TRISS (a combination index based on trauma score, injury severity score and patient age). Also noteworthy is that the clustering was independent of survival/death outcome information and that the good results were achieved even though patient age has not yet been incorporated into the model. PMID- 3203502 TI - A knowledge-based system for cassette mutagenesis experimental design. AB - A knowledge-based system for the design and planning of cassette mutagenesis experiments has been developed for scientists working in the field of structural biology and protein engineering. The system applies domain-specific knowledge to manage the menial details and automate most of the decision-making steps involved in the design process. This allows scientists to work at a high abstraction level, and results in significant time savings and increased productivity. The system also includes an automated documentation facility to improve the efficiency and accuracy of record keeping. PMID- 3203504 TI - Physiological amino acid data management: quantitation, assessment, reporting and storage. AB - A series of routines, written in BASIC, have been developed to aid in the analysis, reporting and storage of physiological amino acid data used in the diagnosis and management of inherited metabolic disorders. The concentrations of 44 compounds are determined for three types of physiological samples: plasma, urine or cerebral spinal fluid. The programs facilitate the editing of numerical data, the creation of a patient and sample information file to be merged with the results, the flagging of abnormal results, the addition of diagnostic or interpretive comments and the generation of hard copy reports. Files containing the foregoing information provide records which may be manipulated using data base programs for further analysis. PMID- 3203505 TI - Computerized substrate utilization determinations from respiratory functions alone. AB - Non-invasive substrate utilization using expiratory gases is a cost effective and informative procedure in the nutritional management of the critically ill patient. In addition, the effect of feeding on the respiratory system depends on the substrates utilized and therefore provides information for an optimal regimen in nutritional support. However, metabolic systems to assess substrate utilization are often expensive. Hence, the program described here, in combination with the necessary instrumentation (ventilation meter, O2 and CO2 analyzer), will allow a rapid and quantitatively reliable assessment of substrate utilization. PMID- 3203506 TI - Breastfeeding: for those who won't. PMID- 3203507 TI - Christmas feasting--danger or delight? PMID- 3203508 TI - Two's company. PMID- 3203509 TI - Infant care. Baby's first Christmas. PMID- 3203510 TI - Political awareness. PMID- 3203511 TI - Uniforms: from frills to freedom. PMID- 3203512 TI - Nursing practice. A private problem. PMID- 3203514 TI - Christmas sadness. PMID- 3203513 TI - Infant care: a maze for mothers. PMID- 3203515 TI - AIDS in the community. PMID- 3203516 TI - Synthesis of type III collagen by cultured kidney epithelial cells. AB - Studies have been performed to evaluate both the relative amounts and molecular forms of the collagens synthesized by an established line of cultured rat kidney epithelial (clone NRK52E) cells. The collagens secreted into the culture medium and extracted from the cell layers of cultured NRK52E cells were isolated after limited pepsin digestion and differential salt fractionation. Greater than 95% of the collagenous proteins synthesized by NRK52E cells were found to be associated with the cells and not secreted. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions of the NRK52E cell collagens indicated the presence of components exhibiting properties corresponding to those of the chains present in types I, III, IV and V collagen. Analysis of each fraction by carboxymethyl trisacryl chromatography revealed that approximately two-thirds of the total collagen synthesized by NRK52E cells was type III. Of the remaining collagen types I, IV and V molecules represented 20%, 4% and 10% respectively, of the total produced. Essentially all of the type I collagen produced by NRK52E cells was recovered as the type I-trimer, whereas the type V molecules synthesized by NRK52E cells had the molecular compositions of [alpha 1(V)]2 alpha 2(V) and alpha 1(V)alpha 2(V)alpha 3(V). These data establish the relative proportions and molecular forms of the collagens synthesized by cultured NRK52E cells. Furthermore, these findings suggest that NRK52E cells may be a useful in vitro model for investigating the regulation of changes in collagen biosynthesis occurring under situations of renal epithelial cell injury. PMID- 3203517 TI - The locations of collagens with different thermal stabilities in fibrils of bovine reticular dermis. AB - The techniques of differential scanning calorimetry and electron microscopy were combined to locate collagens with different thermal stabilities in bovine dermis. When calfskin was heated at 1.25 degrees C/min, denatured cores developed in the fibrils at 65 degrees C, leaving native-banded sheaths. Coincident with the initiation of shrinkage and loss of molecular orientation at 68 degrees C, the sheaths of the fibrils began to be denatured at distributed sites along the fibrils. At 80 degrees C the collagen lost its organized fibrillar structure. When thermally labile crosslinks had been stabilized by reduction with borohydride, an endotherm lying above 66 degrees C was suppressed, with proportional lowering of the total enthalpy change, and a fibrous texture revealing a helical subfibrillar structure remained. The three populations of collagen are located in the same fibrils. One, located in the cores of the fibrils, is half denatured at 68 degrees C. Another, established by crosslinks, is competent to sustain the regular appearance of fibrils even after 56% of the collagen in them has been denatured. This population is located as sheaths at the peripheries of the collagen fibrils. A third, denaturing below 59 degrees C, is codistributed with one or both of the two others. PMID- 3203518 TI - Separation and characterization of the subunits of the laminin of EHS sarcoma. AB - A rapid and sensitive method was developed for the preparative separation of laminin subunits. Laminin was extracted and purified from mouse EHS sarcoma. On SDS-PAGE, the reduced and carboxymethylated molecule separated into two components corresponding to molecular weights of about 400 KDa (subunit A) and 200 KDa (subunit B). These two subunits were preparatively separated using heparin-agarose affinity chromatography. The larger subunit quantitatively adhered to the affinity column while the smaller one did not adhere. Amino acid analyses of the separated subunits showed distinct differences. Subunit B was further resolved into two distinct polypeptides of 200 KDa, B1 and B2, by means of reverse-phase HPLC. Although the amino acid compositions of B1 and B2 were very similar, the peptide maps generated by digestion of the B1 and B2 chains with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease or by cyanogen bromide showed B1 and B2 to differ from each other. Thus, at least three different polypeptide subunits are present in this laminin and probably arise from separate gene origins. These studies provide a basis for the subsequent localization and analysis of the specialized structural and functional domains of laminin. PMID- 3203519 TI - Changes in type V collagen in the kidneys of DOCA-NaCl treated rats. AB - Type V collagen was extracted and quantitated in the kidneys of unilaterally nephrectomized rats exposed to desoxycorticosteron acetate (DOCA-NaCl) treatment. A highly elevated content of collagen type V was found in these kidneys compared with controls. A higher content of collagen type V was present both in the pepsin digest of the total kidney and in the isolated glomerular basement membranes. It was previously reported that one of the factors involved in the growth of the remaining kidney in unilaterally nephrectomized DOCA-NaCl treated rats is the increase of collagen type IV, the effect being more prominent in rats nephrectomized at a younger age. The present study documents that the increase of type V collagen follows the same pattern. PMID- 3203521 TI - The uptake of ions and neutral solutes by the artery and by artery wall preparations. AB - Radiotracer methods have been used to measure the distributions of inorganic ions in the aorta. Data on fresh tissue were generally consistent with previous measurements and showed UCa greater than UI greater than UNa. In order to relate these measurements to the macromolecular composition of the arterial wall, the effects of various interventions--cell lysis, autoclaving, and NaOH digestion- were investigated. Elastin was found to be the major determinant of ionic distribution coefficients, to possess a slight positive charge under physiological conditions, and to display a high affinity for Ca++. The distribution coefficients did not conform to the predictions of the Donnan theory of ionic equilibrium and the degree of nonideality, as measured by the fixed charge density and the ion selectivity coefficients, varied with ionic strength. Data are also presented on the distribution of neutral solutes of different molecular weights in the various arterial preparation, in order to provide a basis for comparison of the behaviour of charged solutes. PMID- 3203520 TI - Increased elastin mRNA levels associated with surgically induced intimal injury. AB - Quantitative levels of mRNAs coding for elastin, types I and III procollagen and gamma-actin were measured in porcine vascular material following balloon catheterization. A balloon catheter was introduced into the thoracic aorta and jugular vein of 3-6 week old pigs; following distention and six days of postoperative recovery, tissue samples were obtained for histopathology, electron microscopy, RNA extraction and mRNA quantitation. Using a series of mammalian cDNA clones and the procedure of slot blot hybridization, we have shown that elastin and types I and III procollagen mRNA levels rose significantly during the postoperative period following vascular distention. The increase correlated with an increase in the cell mass present in both the venous and arterial intimal layers. Changes in gamma-actin mRNA levels were also associated with this rapid proliferative response but in arterial tissue only. PMID- 3203522 TI - Analysis of the effects of pH and tensile deformation on the small-deformation modulus of calf skin. AB - A dynamic technique was used to measure the elastic modulus of the reticular dermis of calf skin at a small (0.1%), non-perturbing oscillating deformation. The elastic modulus increases by over an order of magnitude when the tissue is stretched by only 10% before the measurement is made. The results are interpreted by a stochastic model of fiber orientation that includes the orientation of fibers and their straightening out from slack configurations into the load bearing structure. An equation is derived that accurately describes the course of the modulus-extension curve over a range of pH from 3 to 11, and allows the calculations of the properties and configurations of the slack fibers. One of these is the Young's modulus of a fiber, which agrees well with the previous determinations in neutral medium. PMID- 3203523 TI - Properties of simple randomization in clinical trials. AB - This article presents the properties of complete randomization (e.g., coin toss) and of the random allocation rule (random permutation of n/2 of n elements). The latter is principally used in cases where the total sample size n is known exactly a priori. The likelihood of treatment imbalances is readily computed and is shown to be negligible for large trials (n greater than 200), regardless of whether a stratified randomization is used. It is shown that substantial treatment imbalances are extremely unlikely in large trials, and therefore there is likely to be no substantial effect on power. The large-sample permutational distribution of the family of linear rank tests is presented for complete randomization unconditionally and conditionally, and for the random allocation rule. Asymptotically the three are equivalent to the distribution of these tests under a sampling-based population model. Permutation tests are also presented for a stratified analysis within one or more subgroups of patients defined post hoc on the basis of a covariate. This provides a basis for analysis when some patients' responses are assumed to be missing-at-random. Using the Blackwell Hodges model, it is shown that complete randomization eliminates the potential for selection bias, but that the random allocation rule yields a substantial potential for selection bias in an unmasked trial. Finally, the Efron model for accidental bias is used to assess the potential for bias in the estimate of treatment effect due to covariate imbalance. Asymptotically, this probability approaches zero for complete randomization and for the random allocation rule. However, for finite n, complete randomization minimizes the probability of accidental bias, whereas this probability is slightly higher with a random allocation rule. It is concluded that complete randomization has merit in large clinical trials. PMID- 3203524 TI - Properties of permuted-block randomization in clinical trials. AB - This article describes some of the important statistical properties of the commonly used permuted-block design, also known simply as blocked-randomization. Under a permutation model for statistical tests, proper analyses should employ tests that incorporate the blocking used in the randomization. These include the block-stratified Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for binary data, the blocked analysis of variance F test, and the blocked nonparametric linear rank test. It is common, however, to ignore the blocking in the analysis. For these tests, it is shown that the size of a test obtained from an analysis incorporating the blocking (say T), versus an analysis ignoring the blocking (say TI), is related to the intrablock correlation coefficient (R) as TI = T(1-R). For blocks of common length 2m, the range of R is from -1/(2m-1) to 1. Thus, if there is a positive intrablock correlation, which is more likely than not for m greater than 1, an analysis ignoring blocking will be unduly conservative. Permutation tests are also presented for the case of stratified analyses within one or more subgroups of patients defined post hoc on the basis of a covariate. This provides a basis for the analysis when responses from some patients are assumed to be missing-at-random. An alternative strategy that requires no assumptions is to perform the analysis using only the subset of complete blocks in which no observations are missing. The Blackwell-Hodges model is used to assess the potential for selection bias induced by investigator attempts to guess which treatment is more likely to be assigned to each incoming patient. In an unmasked trial, the permuted-block design provides substantial potential for selection bias in the comparison of treatments due to the predictability of the assignments that is induced by the requirement of balance within blocks. Further, this bias is not eliminated by the use of random block sizes. We also modify the Blackwell Hodges model to allow for selection bias only when the investigator is able to discern the next assignment with certainty. This type of bias is reduced by the use of random block sizes and is eliminated only if the possible block sizes are unknown to the investigators. Finally, the Efron model for accidental bias is used to assess the potential for bias in the estimation of treatment effects due to covariate imbalances. For the permuted-block design, the variance of this bias approaches that of complete randomization as the half-block length m--- infinity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3203525 TI - Properties of the urn randomization in clinical trials. AB - In this article we review the important statistical properties of the urn randomization (design) for assigning patients to treatment groups in a clinical trial. The urn design is the most widely studied member of the family of adaptive biased-coin designs. Such designs are a compromise between designs that yield perfect balance in treatment assignments and complete randomization which eliminates experimental bias. The urn design forces a small-sized trial to be balanced but approaches complete randomization as the size of the trial (n) increases. Thus, the urn design is not as vulnerable to experimental bias as are other restricted randomization procedures. In a clinical trial it may be difficult to postulate that the study subjects constitute a random sample from a well-defined homogeneous population. In this case, a randomization model provides a preferred basis for statistical inference. We describe the large-sample permutational null distributions of linear rank statistics for testing the equality of treatment groups based on the urn design. In general, these permutation tests may be different from those based on the population model, which is equivalent to assuming complete randomization. Poststratified subgroup analyses can also be performed on the basis of the urn design permutational distribution. This provides a basis for analyzing the subset of patients with observed responses when some patients' responses can be assumed to be missing-at random. For multiple mutually exclusive strata, these tests are correlated. For this case, a combined covariate-adjusted test of treatment effect is described. Finally, we show how to generalize the urn design to a prospectively stratified trial with a fairly large number of strata. PMID- 3203527 TI - Imbalance in treatment assignments in stratified blocked randomization. AB - Blocking and stratification are used in preparing randomization assignments to ensure that there will be nearly equal numbers of patients in each treatment group and that the groups will be similar with respect to important covariates. Stratified blocked randomization will create near balance within strata, but imbalance for the total trial may still occur. The variance for the total trial imbalance D is derived and examples from clinical trials are given. Under reasonable assumptions, if the blocking factor is size B in each of K strata, then max D = KB/2 and var D = K(B + 1)/6. These results may be used in planning a trial to estimate the overall imbalance expected for various choices of B and K. A conditional variance is given that allows the probability of an observed imbalance at the completion of a trial to be evaluated. Overall imbalance is about as likely with stratified blocked randomization as with simple randomization unless the total sample size N is appreciably larger than K X B. So long as the blinding is maintained, the block sizes should be chosen to be as small as possible. PMID- 3203526 TI - Randomization in clinical trials: conclusions and recommendations. AB - The statistical properties of simple (complete) randomization, permuted-block (or simply blocked) randomization, and the urn adaptive biased-coin randomization are summarized. These procedures are contrasted to covariate adaptive procedures such as minimization and to response adaptive procedures such as the play-the-winner rule. General recommendations are offered regarding the use of complete, permuted block, or urn randomization. In a large double-masked trial, any of these procedures may be acceptable. For a given trial, the relative merits of each procedure should be carefully weighed in relation to the characteristics of the trial. Important considerations are the size of the trial, overall as well as within the smallest subgroup to be employed in a subgroup-specific analysis, whether or not the trial is to be masked, and the resources needed to perform the proper randomization-based permutational analysis. PMID- 3203528 TI - Some thoughts on one-tailed tests. PMID- 3203529 TI - Some thoughts on two-tailed tests (and two-sided designs) PMID- 3203530 TI - One-sided or two-sided p values? PMID- 3203531 TI - Tetracycline treatment for sarcoid-like ochronosis due to hydroquinone. PMID- 3203532 TI - Mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient with cryptosporidiosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AB - We report a case of aquarium-borne Mycobacterium marinum infection in a patient who presented simultaneously with cryptosporidiosis and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. PMID- 3203533 TI - Tunga penetrans. AB - We describe a patient who acquired tungiasis while traveling in an area where the condition is endemic. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of this tropical disease are presented. PMID- 3203534 TI - Lichen planus following procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus. AB - A case of procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus with prominent cutaneous features is presented. The patient subsequently showed typical lesions of lichen planus, which has been associated with spontaneously occurring lupus erythematosus, but not previously reported with drug-induced lupus or as a result of procainamide therapy. A review of the immunologic alterations induced by procainamide raises questions about possible mechanisms causing the lupus and lichen planus. PMID- 3203536 TI - Human gene mapping 9.5. Update to the Ninth International Workshop on Human Gene Mapping. New Haven Conference, August 1988. PMID- 3203535 TI - Warfarin-induced alopecia. AB - Earlier reports of the association between oral anticoagulation and alopecia describe a high incidence of this complication (42 to 78 percent). However, judged by its extreme rarity in a survey of eight experienced, busy academic dermatologists in Boston, this association is not common, nor is the assumption that the alopecia tends to occur soon after the administration of warfarin necessarily true. Nevertheless, alopecia persists in the face of continued warfarin administration; the time required for hair to regrow after discontinuation of the drug may be too long to be practical if continued anticoagulation is necessary; the effect of oral substitutes for warfarin is unknown; and alopecia may recur if the patient is rechallenged with warfarin. PMID- 3203537 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosomes 20 and 21. PMID- 3203538 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 22. PMID- 3203539 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of the Y chromosome. PMID- 3203541 TI - Report of the committee on cytogenetic markers. PMID- 3203540 TI - Report of the informatics committee. PMID- 3203542 TI - Report of the committee on linkage and gene order. PMID- 3203543 TI - Report of the committee on comparative mapping. PMID- 3203544 TI - Report of the committee on structural chromosome changes in neoplasia. PMID- 3203546 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 1. PMID- 3203545 TI - Report of the committee on clinical disorders and chromosomal deletion syndromes. PMID- 3203547 TI - The 1988 catalog of mapped genes and report of the nomenclature committee. PMID- 3203548 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 2. PMID- 3203549 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 3. PMID- 3203550 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 4. PMID- 3203551 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 5. PMID- 3203552 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution on chromosome 6. PMID- 3203553 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosomes 7 and 8. PMID- 3203555 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 11. PMID- 3203554 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosomes 9 and 10. PMID- 3203556 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosomes 12 and 13. PMID- 3203557 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosomes 14 and 15. PMID- 3203558 TI - Report on the genetic constitution of chromosome 16. PMID- 3203559 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosome 17. PMID- 3203560 TI - Report of the committee on the genetic constitution of chromosomes 18 and 19. PMID- 3203561 TI - [Thoracic vascular injuries]. PMID- 3203562 TI - [Results of resection of the esophagus in cancer]. AB - Since 1964 245 resections of the esophagus because of cancer were performed at the University Hospital of Cologne. Hospital mortality was 27%. It was reduced to 12.1% during the last 5 years. Surgeon's experience turned out to be of major influence upon hospital mortality whereas tumor and organ related risk factors or kind of the operating procedure didn't influence hospital mortality at all. Five year survival rates that included hospital mortality were 15.5% and were 23.2% without. Patient's late outcome was influenced significantly by tumor staging and histological grading. Radical operating procedure--blunt dissection or transthoracal esophagectomy--were of no prognostic value. PMID- 3203563 TI - [Liver resection in patients with metastases of colorectal cancers. Results and prognostic factors]. AB - From October 1981 until July 1987 82 patients underwent hepatic resection for liver metastases of colorectal primary tumors. Operative mortality was 4.8%. This included, the median survival time was 25 months in a group of patients followed up for at least one year postoperatively. Factors showing statistically significant influence on survival are: node-negative primary tumor, less than four metastases resected, only one liver lobe involved and decrease of CEA below 5 micrograms/ml if preoperatively elevated. Factors showing only a tendency to result in improved survival rates are the grading of the primary tumor and the percentage of liver involvement by tumor. The survival time after liver resection is similar in patients with synchronous and metachronous metastases. Thus, the time interval between the removal of the primary tumor and the detection of liver metastases seems to be gained lifetime. PMID- 3203565 TI - [Acute chyloperitoneum]. PMID- 3203564 TI - [Relevance of histopathologic grading in colonic cancer]. AB - The histopathological grading exerted a significant influence on prognosis in patients with colonic carcinoma. More than half of the well differentiated tumors were found in early stage pT1-3 N0 M0 compared to 25% of the G2- and 10% of the G3-tumors. The percentage of incurable cases in G2-tumors was twice as high and in G3-tumors three times as high as in patients with well differentiated carcinomas. The recurrence rate increased significantly with decreasing tumor differentiation from 21% to 51%. Despite the correlation with tumor stage the histopathological grading could be established as an independent prognostic variable and had an influence on the recurrence rate especially within tumor stage pT1-3 N0 M0. PMID- 3203566 TI - Extracellular pH and stimulated neurons. AB - The use of ion-sensitive microelectrodes enabled us to follow the dynamic changes in extracellular pH (pHe) together with those in the extracellular concentration of some biologically important ions, particularly K+ and Ca2+. Activity-related changes in pHe were studied in isolated spinal cords of frogs and in spinal cords of rats in vivo. Repetitive electrical stimulation of an afferent input led either to triphasic alkaline-acid-acid changes (90% of frogs) or to triphasic alkaline-acid-alkaline changes (10% of frogs and rats) with the greatest changes in the lower dorsal horns. The transient acid shift by as much as 0.15-0.25 pH units is dominant and builds up during the stimulation. The changes in pHe were also found in response to various adequate stimuli applied to the skin on the hind limb. Using specific inhibitors of Na+/H+ exchange, K+-Cl- co-transport, Cl /HCO3- exchange, the Na+/K+ pump and carbonic anhydrase, we found pHe homeostasis to be impaired and stimulation-induced changes in pHe decreased. We conclude that the pHe changes evoked by electrical or adequate stimulation of an afferent input are not determined by changes in extracellular strong ion concentration differences due to accumulation of lactate, since we found no effect of NaF, a metabolic blocker of lactate production. However, lactate accumulation has been demonstrated during seizures, spreading depression and anoxia. Recently, it has been recognized that the observed pHe changes can affect permeability of membrane ionic channels, neuronal excitability and glial cell function. PMID- 3203567 TI - Community diabetes care in the 1980s. AB - This is a study of diabetes care and care outcomes for patients under the active care of private physicians. Randomly selected communities, physicians, and patients in Michigan were the subjects of this study. Data on the care practices of physicians and patients and care outcomes were collected from 1980 to 1981 and again in 1985 from eight communities, 61 physicians, and 261 patients. We found that the use of multiple injections of insulin and self-monitoring of blood glucose increased significantly, whereas hospitalizations for diabetes control decreased. The mean glycosylated hemoglobin values for this cohort of patients remained unchanged. The study results suggest that, for patients under the active care of community physicians, modern methods of diabetes care are being implemented, but the results of improved care do not show an impact on blood glucose control as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin values. The study was not designed to establish causation for the decrease in hospitalizations for these patients, but the data suggest that decreases may be more a function of changes in health-care policies rather than changes in patient health. PMID- 3203568 TI - Increased plasma fibronectin concentration in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. AB - Raised levels of plasma fibronectin (PF), an alpha 2-glycoprotein produced by vascular endothelia, have been previously described in diabetic patients with retinopathy and overt nephropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the presence of microalbuminuria is associated with increased PF concentrations. Twenty Albustix-negative diabetic outpatients with microalbuminuria [median albumin excretion rate (AER): 30.2 micrograms/min; range 12.1-194 micrograms/min] were compared with 58 sex- and age-matched patients without microalbuminuria (median AER 3.1 micrograms/min; range 0.8-12 micrograms/min) and 34 control subjects (median AER 2.8 micrograms/min; range 0.8 12.1 micrograms/min). Mean PF was significantly higher in the group with microalbuminuria (406.7 +/- 85.5 micrograms/ml) than in the group without it (325.3 +/- 76.5 micrograms/ml or in control subjects (334.5 +/- 76 micrograms/ml; P less than .05). PF increase associated with microalbuminuria was independent of the presence of retinopathy. Furthermore, in the whole group of diabetic patients, PF was significantly correlated with AER (r = .33; P = .003). Such correlation also remained significant (P = .0002) after covariance analysis by a stepwise discriminant procedure taking into account age, duration of disease, sex, blood pressure, body weight, therapy, and HbA1. In conclusion, PF increase is associated with microalbuminuria independent of the other considered variables; its role as a possible marker for early diabetic nephropathy remains to be fully clarified. PMID- 3203569 TI - Classification of newly diagnosed diabetic patients as insulin-requiring or non insulin-requiring based on clinical and biochemical variables. AB - In a prospective study of 41 consecutively referred newly diagnosed diabetic patients, we evaluated the predictive value of fasting and glucagon-stimulated C peptide values, ketonuria, age, and body weight in the classification of subjects as insulin-requiring (IR) or non-insulin-requiring (NIR). The patients were followed up for greater than or equal to 12 mo and classified as NIR if adequate glycemic control could be achieved without insulin (i.e., fasting plasma glucose less than 8 mM and no glycosuria). Patients who needed insulin to obtain this status were classified as IR. We found that all subjects with plasma C-peptide values greater than 0.60 nM 6 min after intravenous glucagon were NIR, whereas all IR subjects together with 3 NIR subjects had C-peptide values below this limit. All NIR subjects but 1 had fasting C-peptide values greater than 0.30 nM, and all IR subjects but 1 had C-peptide values below this limit. Seventy-five percent of the subjects could be correctly classified by use of age and percent desirable body weight. Thus, all subjects greater than 40 yr old and greater than 100% ideal body weight were NIR, and all subjects below both these limits were IR. Ketonuria was found in 10 of 12 IR subjects and in 10 of 29 NIR subjects. We conclude that 1) 75% of the subjects could be correctly classified by use of age and percent desirable body weight only and 2) C-peptide measurements are useful in the classification of newly diagnosed diabetes, whereas presence of ketonuria is of limited value. PMID- 3203570 TI - Psychosocial correlates of survival in diabetes. AB - The goal of this research was to quantify the relationships between patient survival and a set of explanatory variables in a randomly selected sample of community-based patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The sample included 343 patients with NIDDM initially entered into the study in 1981-1982 and reexamined in 1985-1986. Mortality data were collected on reexamination in 1985 and updated from death-certificate data through 1 January 1986. The data collected from the patients included demographic and clinical variables, psychosocial variables related to diabetes, measures of physiologic control, hospitalization, and mortality. The Cox proportional-hazards model was used to compute a hazard rate for each individual and to determine risk covariates. The results indicated that the variables most associated with the risk of mortality were patient age, social impact of diabetes, renal function, complexity of diet regimen, and history of smoking. Two of these variables (social impact and complexity of diet regimen) were obtained from the Diabetes Educational Profile completed by all patients on entry to the study. The five predictor variables were more closely related to mortality than diabetes control as measured by HbA1, previous hospital admissions, previous heart attacks, and other physiologic measures frequently used as outcome measures. The only physiologic predictor was renal function. PMID- 3203571 TI - Lack of detectable deleterious effects on metabolic control of daily fructose ingestion for 2 mo in NIDDM patients. AB - The effects of a daily intake of 30 g fructose on blood glucose regulation, erythrocyte insulin receptors, and lipid metabolism have been studied in type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects. Eight well-controlled patients received, in a randomly assigned crossover design over two 2-mo study periods, 30 g of fructose in exchange for an isocaloric amount of starch. Fructose could be taken at any time during the day as part of the 1400-1600 kcal allowed diet (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 20% protein). No significant difference was observed concerning body weight, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, fasting plasma insulin, uric acid, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides, nor was there any change in insulin binding to erythrocytes between the fructose and the control starch period. However, the mean plasma triglyceride levels after the fructose period, although still in the normal range, were significantly higher than baseline values (P less than .05). We conclude that moderate amounts of fructose incorporated into the diet of well controlled type II diabetic subjects have no significant deleterious effect on glycemic control, insulin receptors of erythrocytes, or lipid metabolism. PMID- 3203572 TI - Psychosocial profiles in patients with visual impairment due to diabetic retinopathy. AB - The psychological impact of vision loss due to diabetic retinopathy is compounded by the loss of diabetes self-management skills. The appropriate role and timing for rehabilitative intervention has not been determined. Twenty-nine individuals with diabetes mellitus, 16 with stable visual impairment and 13 with fluctuating and transitional visual impairment, underwent psychological assessment before and after entering into a specially designed rehabilitation program. Low levels of performance were rehabilitation program. Low levels of performance were demonstrated by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Diabetes Self-Reliance Test in both groups. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Rand Mental Health Index suggested that subjects with stable vision impairment were moderately compensated relative to the transitional group, although the former group may have been totally blind. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in psychological profiles after the program. It is suggested that a rehabilitation program may be of clinical benefit early in the course of vision loss associated with diabetic retinopathy. PMID- 3203573 TI - Flocculation and loss of potency of human NPH insulin. AB - In late 1986, several vials of Humulin N (NPH human insulin, recombinant DNA origin) came to our attention because of a clumped, white coating on the inside of the vials. To determine the frequency of this phenomenon, we surveyed 100 consecutive patients who used Humulin N. Ten patients had encountered 21 vials of flocculated insulin in the previous 12 mo, reflecting an incidence of 1 per 72 vials. Insulin drawn from affected vials was markedly reduced in potency: 20.9 +/ 3.4 U/ml vs. the labeled potency of 100 U/ml. Several patients reporting flocculated insulin, including one hospitalized with ketoacidosis, experienced unusual and unexplained elevation in blood glucose concentration for several days before flocculation was observed. Patients who use NPH human insulin should be aware of this phenomenon and carefully inspect their vials for evidence of insulin precipitation before each injection. PMID- 3203574 TI - Frequency of early-morning rise in blood glucose in children with diabetes at camp. AB - To estimate the frequency of an early-morning glucose rise (EMR) in relatively unselected children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), we assessed capillary blood glucose (CBG) at midsleep (0200-0430) and prebreakfast (0700 0800) in 97 children with diabetes at camp. The EMR (prebreakfast CBG-midsleep CGB) was inversely related to the midsleep CBG level (r = -.45, P less than .001). Of the 49 children with midsleep CBG less than 200 mg/dl, the mean EMR was 34 +/- 60 mg/dl, and 18 of these children had rises of greater than 40 mg/dl. In conclusion, when midsleep glycemia is less than 200 mg/dl, a rise in blood glucose from midsleep to prebreakfast, often greater than 40 mg/dl, is a common element of glycemic control among children with IDDM. The relative importance of the Somogyi phenomenon, the dawn phenomenon, and mere insulin insufficiency in the early-morning hours cannot be determined from these data. PMID- 3203575 TI - Self-measurement of blood glucose. Accuracy of self-reported data and adherence to recommended regimen. AB - Reflectance meters containing memory chips were used in a study that addressed several questions concerning routine use of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), including accuracy of patient blood glucose (BG) diaries, reliability of self-reported frequency of SMBG, and adherence to recommended SMBG regimen. Thirty adults with insulin-dependent diabetes used memory meters and recorded test results in diaries for 2 wk while performing their normal SMBG regimen. Analysis of glucose diaries showed that only 23% of the subjects had no diary errors and 47% had clinically accurate diaries (less than 10% error rate). The most common types of errors were omissions of values contained in meter memory and additions of values not contained in meter memory, with significantly more omissions than additions. Alterations of test values (e.g., changing a 300-mg/dl reading to 200 mg/dl) were extremely rare. There was no difference in the rate of errors that resulted in a more positive clinical profile (omitting unacceptable values and adding acceptable values) or a more negative clinical profile (omitting acceptable values and adding unacceptable values). Examination of the actual frequency of SMBG showed that most subjects (56.6%) measured their BG an average of two to three times each day. Self-report of SMBG frequency correlated with both actual frequency and HbA1. Although actual frequency of SMBG was not related to physicians' recommendations, the majority (64%) of subjects were self testing as often or more often than they had been instructed. PMID- 3203576 TI - The stressful family: implications for diabetes control. PMID- 3203577 TI - Potential error in assessing accuracy of blood glucose monitoring systems. PMID- 3203578 TI - Cardiogenic shock: decreased coronary artery tissue perfusion (continuing education credit). PMID- 3203579 TI - Preventing tissue trauma. PMID- 3203581 TI - Developing complex care plans: the nursing guide. PMID- 3203580 TI - High frequency oscillatory ventilator: neonatal application. PMID- 3203582 TI - Moonlighting: a sign of the times. PMID- 3203583 TI - Nursing diagnoses for rate-responsive pacemaker patients. PMID- 3203584 TI - Botulism: a challenging diagnosis. PMID- 3203585 TI - The radical vulvectomy patient: preventing complications. PMID- 3203586 TI - Position elimination: strategies for managers. PMID- 3203587 TI - Position elimination: strategies for managers. Legal commentary. PMID- 3203589 TI - Legal commentary: organ donation. PMID- 3203588 TI - Organ donation: developing education programs. PMID- 3203590 TI - Critical care voices: required request organ donation. PMID- 3203591 TI - Preceptorship program for the small hospital. PMID- 3203593 TI - Managing the myocardial infarction patient experiencing nausea and vomiting. PMID- 3203592 TI - Reducing tracheal injury and aspiration (continuing education credit). PMID- 3203594 TI - Assessment of the pregnant trauma patient. PMID- 3203595 TI - Developing unit-specific standards. PMID- 3203596 TI - Changing visiting policy. PMID- 3203597 TI - Implementing changes in critical care shift report. PMID- 3203598 TI - Legal commentary: shift reports. PMID- 3203600 TI - A programmable system to perform the polymerase chain reaction. AB - An automated system is described that performs the cyclic temperature changes required for enzymatic amplification of specific DNA segments in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). During pcr, oligonucleotide primer molecules are bound at low temperature to templates of heat-denatured DNA and extended on their 3' end using a thermostable DNA polymerase. The DNA denaturation, primer annealing, and extension is repeated several times under program control to accumulate a large number of identical copies of the DNA sequence between the primers. A microcomputer system controls the flow of 96 degrees C and 37 degrees C water through a 24-well sample holder so that the temperature in the samples in the holder varies as required for DNA denaturation, primer annealing, and DNA polymerization. The microcomputer automatically performs multiple thermal cycles and is sufficiently flexible that the temperature profile can be varied from cycle to cycle. PMID- 3203599 TI - Trout P450IA1: cDNA and deduced protein sequence, expression in liver, and evolutionary significance. AB - The cytochrome P1(450) (P450IA1) cDNA has been isolated and sequenced from liver of 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The cDNA hybridizes to a 2.8-kb mRNA that is induced at least 10-fold by 3 methylcholanthrene. Southern blot analysis suggests the presence of a single gene or a very small number of genes. An open reading frame of the 2573-bp cDNA encodes a 522-residue protein (Mr = 59,241) that is more similar to the mammalian P450IA1 than the mammalian P450IA2 proteins. The aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor, responsible for mammalian P450IA1 and IA2 inducibility, was detected in trout liver cytosol by specific binding to [1,6-3H]2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin (TCDD) in vitro. Comparison of the fish P450IA1 protein with human, mouse, rat and rabbit P450IA1 and P450IA2 proteins reveals the presence of a remarkably large number of single amino acids and stretches of 2-6 residues in a row that are invariant among these nine P450 proteins. These conserved regions may participate in the binding of the NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase flavoprotein, substrate, or heme. PMID- 3203601 TI - Nontoxic concentration of kanamycin and gentamicin for intravitreal use- evaluated by in vitro ERG. AB - The effects of kanamycin (KM) and gentamicin (GM) on the in-vitro electroretinogram of the albino rabbit were studied. The b-wave and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were unchanged by 0.1 mM KM. The photopic b-wave and OPs were slightly suppressed by 0.4 mM. The b-wave and OPs were not deteriorated by 23 micrograms/ml (approximately 0.05 mM) GM. The photopic b-wave and OPs were slightly suppressed by 46 micrograms/ml (approximately 0.1 mM) GM. The minimum concentration affecting the ERG was tentatively defined as the mean of the minimum concentration needed to change the ERG and the maximum concentration which induced no discernible changes in the ERG. The minimum concentration of KM and GM affecting the ERG were 0.25 mM (approximately 150 micrograms/ml) and 35 micrograms/ml (approximately 0.075 mM) respectively. The minimum concentration of KM affecting the ERG was higher than its minimum inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The minimum concentration of GM affecting the ERG was higher than its minimum inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PMID- 3203602 TI - Fibronectin quantification in plasma and vitreous by a noncompetitive ELISA technique. AB - Fibronectin, a high-molecular glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix and plasma, has provoked increasing interest in ophthalmology because of its possibly important role in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). A quantitative determination of fibronectin in vitreous aspirates is necessary for the evaluation of this glycoprotein in PVR. A noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the quantification of immunoreactive fibronectin in human plasma samples and vitreous aspirates. Here, procedures to establish an ELISA for the clinical laboratory routine are discussed and possible pitfalls during the assay standardization are described. PMID- 3203603 TI - The accommodative response, refractive error and mental effort: 1. The sympathetic nervous system. AB - The accommodative response of 12 emmetropic subjects was measured for an array of numbers located at -1, -3 and -5 dioptres using an objective infra-red optometer. Responses were compared for passive (reading numbers) and active (adding numbers) conditions. The imposition of mental effort induced a significant increase in mean response for the -1 D stimulus, a response equivalent to the passive condition at -3 D and a reduction in response at -5 D. Mental effort induced similar responses for the -1 D and -3 D locations when sympathetic innervation to the ciliary muscle was blocked with the beta-receptor antagonist timolol maleate. Responses for the -5 D location were, however, significantly increased. It is proposed that sympathetic inhibition can modify the effect of mental effort on near accommodative responses. PMID- 3203606 TI - Vaccination recommendations for persons with diabetes. PMID- 3203605 TI - FDA antiquackery campaign. PMID- 3203604 TI - VCTS chart evaluation as a screening test. AB - Contrast sensitivity curves of 211 randomly selected patients were drawn using the VCTS chart. Depending on the type of curve obtained, patients were grouped in different diagnostic categories following the instructions supplied with the chart. Clinical examination revealed that the VCTS chart curves indicated a false diagnosis of cataract in 65.5% patients and in 54.2% patients a false diagnosis of glaucoma. In a number of additional patients, VCTS chart testing had failed to indicate the presence of cataract or glaucoma. Contrary to the claims of the manufacturer our results demonstrate that the VCTS chart has no value as a screening device in a clinical practice. PMID- 3203607 TI - Diabetes care in USSR and People's Republic of China. A physician's perspective. PMID- 3203608 TI - Diabetes care in USSR and People's republic of China. A nurse's perspective. PMID- 3203610 TI - Understanding the management process and financial and managerial accounting. Part I. The business management process. PMID- 3203609 TI - Responsibility, visibility, and vulnerability. PMID- 3203612 TI - "Speaking of complications": talking with patients about diabetic complications. PMID- 3203611 TI - Implementation of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: an overview. PMID- 3203613 TI - Position statement. Prevention of transmission of blood-borne infectious agents during blood glucose monitoring. PMID- 3203614 TI - Nutrition and diabetes: a review of current recommendations (continuing education credit). PMID- 3203616 TI - Screening and management for gestational diabetes. PMID- 3203615 TI - Money talks: a teaching tool for meal planning. PMID- 3203617 TI - Grants/Research: choosing the appropriate study design. PMID- 3203618 TI - [5-year follow-up after endarterectomy of carotid artery thrombosis]. AB - The long-term results of carotid endarterectomy were analysed in 119 patients, operated on between January 1979 and December 1980 (135 endarterectomies; preoperative data analysed retrospectively). 43 patients had been in stage I, 39 in stage IIa, 13 in stage IIb, 4 in stage III, and 20 in stage IV. Perioperative mortality was 0.8%, while hospital mortality was 2.5%. Transitory perioperative neurological deficits occurred in 4.2% of all patients, but no permanent ones. Five years postoperatively 44.5% had died, nearly half (43.4%) of cardiovascular disease. Cerebrovascular disease and tumour each caused 15% of deaths. During the five-year follow-up period 12% of all patients had had transitory ischaemic attacks; 16% had suffered a stroke (in 63% on the operated side). With a high prevalence of risk factors, only the quality of diabetic control (mortality rate of well controlled diabetes 38%, of poorly controlled 70%) and the risk factors heart failure and vascular occlusive disease had a significant influence on the mortality rate. But the mortality rate was significantly lowered with the use of platelet aggregation inhibitors (41.6% vs 72.7%). PMID- 3203619 TI - [Achalasia as a mask of cardial carcinoma]. AB - Increasing dysphagia and weight loss between 3 and 30 kg developed in eight patients aged 27-70 years (mean age 53 years) within a period of 1.5 to 12 months. In five patients X-ray film showed the typical pattern of achalasia with dilatation of the tubular oesophagus and a smooth taper of the terminal part. Although in all patients the cardia became patent only after the endoscope had been advanced by pushing it forward to overcome stenosis or after bougienage, and although the malignoma had always been included in differential diagnostic considerations, a malignoma was identified only three times in 30 histological examinations. Oesophageal manometry demonstrated findings characteristic of achalasia in five patients, in three patients the examination could be performed only incompletely. In six patients computed tomography revealed pathological hypertrophy of the cardiac wall. Intraoperatively all cardiac tumours were in an advanced stage. PMID- 3203620 TI - [A fatal course of alcohol-induced ketoacidosis]. AB - Several days after not eating anything while drinking heavily a 45-year-old alcoholic developed severe ketoacidosis. He was admitted to hospital in a stable cardiovascular condition, but already in a comatose state with Kussmaul breathing. There was a marked metabolic acidosis (pH 6.8; base deficit -30 mmol/l), the urine was positive for ketone bodies, and serum lactate was 24 mmol/l. There was a marked hypoglycaemia (40 mg/dl). Despite intensive treatment it was not possible to prevent multiple organ failure, of which the patient soon died. PMID- 3203621 TI - [The legal obligation of drug guidelines in the prescribing of shampoos and skin creams. The verdict of the Mainz Social Welfare Court of 21 September 1988]. PMID- 3203622 TI - [The season, melatonin and reproduction]. PMID- 3203623 TI - [Intradermal epidermoid cysts as a cause of refractory back pain in children]. PMID- 3203624 TI - [The public health status of occupational cancer in Finland]. PMID- 3203625 TI - [Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis in an adult]. PMID- 3203626 TI - [A form of "non-disease"]. PMID- 3203627 TI - [Hepatomegaly and secondary amyloidosis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis]. PMID- 3203628 TI - [Is urinalysis necessary in physical examinations?]. PMID- 3203629 TI - Increase in the blood pressure of rats chronically fed low levels of lead. AB - Groups of 15 to 18 female weanling Long-Evans rats fed a rye-based diet low in lead (0.25 ppm) were exposed to 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 ppm lead in drinking water. No suggestion of clinical lead toxicity was recognized. Systolic pressures were measured at 3-month intervals after weaning. The groups of lead-exposed animals had consistently and significantly higher average pressures than control animals, the increase approximating 15 mm Hg. With the lowest lead exposure (0.1 ppm), the increase in average pressure was gradual, being half minimal at 3 months and requiring 1 year to become maximal. After 1 year, half of these rats had pressures from 0 to 10 mm Hg above the control average; 40, 20, and 10% had pressures that were 20, 30, and 40 mm Hg, respectively, above the control average. Thus, rats exposed to lead in amounts comparable to the environmental exposure of many Americans had an average elevation in systolic pressure comparable to that of human beings with essential hypertension. PMID- 3203630 TI - Two Welsh surveys of blood lead and blood pressure. AB - The relationship between blood pressure and blood lead was examined in two population samples. One of these consisted of 1137 men aged 49 to 65 years, the other of 865 men and 856 women aged 18 to 64 years. Neither population had any known important exposure to lead, and the 95% ranges of blood lead levels were 6 to 26 micrograms/100 mL and 6 to 23 micrograms/mL in the men and 5 to 18 micrograms/100 mL in the women. No significant relationship between blood pressure and blood lead was detected in either of the population samples, and the regression coefficients suggest that if there were a real effect, then the mean difference in blood pressure per 10 micrograms difference in blood lead is likely to be 0.7 mm Hg in both systolic and diastolic pressures. In the survey of 1137 men, the rise in blood pressure was measured during the cold pressor test. This test is likely to be affected if lead were to affect neurogenic mediators of blood pressure. The mean change in systolic pressure was 24 mm Hg and the 95% range was -6 to 60 mm Hg, but there was no evidence of any association with blood lead level. PMID- 3203631 TI - The relationship between blood pressure and environmental exposure to lead and cadmium in Belgium. AB - The question whether in the general population environmental exposure to lead and cadmium influences blood pressure after controlling for confounding factors remains debated. The environmental exposure of the Belgian population to both lead and cadmium is high as compared with other countries. The Cadmibel Cooperative Study was therefore designed to elucidate whether environmental exposure to lead and cadmium has any effect on blood pressure and renal function in the population at large. Before embarking on the large Cadmibel project, a small study was conducted. Blood pressure and the 24-hr urinary excretion of cadmium (CdU) and lead (PbU) were determined in a random 4% sample of the population of a small Belgian town. CdU averaged 0.27 micrograms/24 hr in 46 youths (mean age 14 +/- 3 years, +/- SD), increased with age, and was higher in 57 adult men (age 41 +/- 14 years), as compared with 59 adult women (age 39 +/- 14 years) (1.05 vs. 0.81 micrograms/24 hr; p less than 0.01). PbU averaged 5.8 micrograms/24 hr in youths and similarly increased with age; adult men excreted more lead than women (13.3 vs. 8.3 micrograms/24 hr; p less than 0.001). Among men, manual workers excreted more cadmium (1.4 vs. 0.8 micrograms/24 hr; p less than 0.05) but a similar amount of lead (7.0 vs. 6.9 micrograms/24 hr) as compared with office workers. In simple regression analysis, CdU was positively correlated with both systolic (r = 0.30; p less than 0.05) and diastolic (r = 0.38; p less than 0.01) blood pressure in women.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203633 TI - Summary of discussion sessions: symposium on lead-blood pressure relationships. PMID- 3203632 TI - Blood pressure and blood lead concentration in bus drivers. AB - San Francisco bus drivers have an increased prevalence of hypertension. This study examined relationships between blood lead concentration and blood pressure in 342 drivers. The analysis reported in this study was limited to subjects not on treatment for hypertension (n = 288). Systolic and diastolic pressures varied from 102 to 173 mm Hg and from 61 to 105 mm Hg, respectively. The blood lead concentration varied from 2 to 15 micrograms/dL. The relationship between blood pressure and the logarithm of blood lead concentration was examined using multiple regression analysis. Covariates included age, body mass index, sex, race, and caffeine intake. The largest regression coefficient relating systolic blood pressure and blood lead concentration was 1.8 mm Hg/ln (micrograms/dL) [90% C. I., -1.6, 5.3]. The coefficient for diastolic blood pressure was 2.5 mm Hg/ln (micrograms/dL) [90% C. I., 0.1, 4.9]. These findings suggest effects of lead exposure at lower blood lead concentrations than those concentrations that have previously been linked with increases in blood pressure. PMID- 3203634 TI - The relationship between blood lead and blood pressure in the NHANES II survey. AB - A large body of experimental data has shown that lead raises blood pressure and increases responsiveness to alpha-adrenergic agonists in rats and pigeons. These studies suggest the need to look for a similar relationship in humans. This paper examines the robustness of the previously reported association between blood lead and blood pressure in adult males. The association remains strong and is essentially unchanged in tests that include nutritional factors and demographic factors, alone or together, or in tests that include insignificant terms. The relationship was not confounded by age; it held for all adult men in the 20-45 age group, the 40-59 age group, and the 46-74 age group. Interaction terms for 25 30-year age groups (20-49, 21-50,. . . , 45-74) were all insignificant, indicating no difference in the relationship by age. The relationship is also robust to the inclusion of a time trend to account possible omitted time-varying factors, and it held in a model that controlled for possible site effects. Given the strong experimental evidence, the relationship is likely causal. PMID- 3203635 TI - Phytochemical mimicry of reproductive hormones and modulation of herbivore fertility by phytoestrogens. AB - Plants have physical and chemical mechanisms for defense from attack by animals. Phytochemical defenses that protect plants from attack by insects include antifeedants, insecticides, and insect growth regulators. Phytochemical options exist by which plants can modulate the fertility of the other major group of plant predators, vertebrate herbivores, and thereby reduce cumulative attacks by those herbivores. The success of such a defense depends upon phytochemical mimicry of vertebrate reproductive hormones. Phytoestrogens do mimic reproductive hormones and are proposed to be defensive substances produced by plants to modulate the fertility of herbivores. PMID- 3203636 TI - Oncogene activation in spontaneous and chemically induced rodent tumors: implications for risk analysis. AB - The validity of rodent tumor end points in assessing the potential hazards of chemical exposure to humans is a somewhat controversial but very important issue since most chemicals are classified as potentially hazardous to humans on the basis of long-term carcinogenesis studies in rodents. The ability to distinguish between genotoxic, cytotoxic, or receptor-mediated promotion effects of chemical treatment would aid in the interpretation of rodent carcinogenesis data. Activated oncogenes in spontaneously occurring and chemically induced rodent tumors were examined and compared as one approach to determine the mechanism by which chemical treatment caused an increased incidence of rodent tumors. Different patterns of activated oncogenes were found not only in spontaneous versus chemically induced mouse liver tumors but also in a variety of spontaneous rat tumors versus chemically induced rat lung tumors. In the absence of cytotoxic effects, it could be argued that the chemicals in question activated protooncogenes by a direct genotoxic mechanism. These results provided a basis for the analysis of activated oncogenes in spontaneous and chemically induced rodent tumors to provide information at a molecular level to aid in the extrapolation of rodent carcinogenesis data to human risk assessment. PMID- 3203637 TI - Inhibition of human platelet phospholipase A2 by mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. AB - There is evidence that the carcinogenic and teratogenic effects attributed to the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) are due to its major metabolite mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP). MEHP is also formed ex vivo by a plasma enzyme in blood products stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) DEHP plastic containers. People who receive large amounts of blood products, such as hemophiliacs or patients undergoing hemodialysis, cardiopulmonary bypass, or massive transfusion, are exposed to significant levels of plasticizer. In this study, the platelet was used to show that MEHP inhibits phospholipase A2 (PLA2), one of enzymes important in the release of arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids. Arachidonate is the parent molecule for the synthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins that are made by a wide variety of cells. PLA2 was measured by the liberation of 14C-arachidonic acid from 1-stearoyl-2-[1-14C]arachidonyl-L-3-phosphatidylcholine. MEHP inhibits PLA2 activity noncompetitively in intact human platelets and lysates with a Ki of 3.7 x 10(-4) M. DEHP does not inhibit PLA2 in whole platelets. Inhibition of PLA2 by MEHP occurs at only three times the circulating level of MEHP measured in neonates undergoing exchange transfusion and 20-fold the levels experienced by patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. Therefore, infants and adult patients with multisystem failure who accumulate MEHP in their blood may be at risk for decreased platelet function. PMID- 3203638 TI - Chromatographic modeling of the release of particle-adsorbed molecules into synthetic alveolar surfactant. AB - Pseudophase liquid chromatography was used to measure the thermodynamic parameters governing adsorption of organic molecules from the surfaces of carbonaceous particles into liposomal zwitterionic mobile phases. These mobile phases contain many of the important physicochemical parameters of alveolar surfactant. Results show that physical desorption into model surfactant will be dependent upon the heat of solution and the heat of adsorption. Dominance of either thermodynamic parameter is dependent upon the relative polarity of the adsorbent surface and the adsorbate molecule. It is postulated from data obtained from simple molecules containing relevant organic functional groups that physical desorption of environmental agents from the surfaces of particulate complexes into alveolar surfactant may be predicted both by quantification of the polarity of the system and of the extent of surface coverage under investigation. PMID- 3203639 TI - Modeling estimates of the effect of acid rain on background radiation dose. AB - Acid rain causes accelerated mobilization of many materials in soils. Natural and anthropogenic radionuclides, especially 226Ra and 137Cs, are among these materials. Okamoto is apparently the only researcher to date who has attempted to quantify the effect of acid rain on the "background" radiation dose to man. He estimated an increase in dose by a factor of 1.3 following a decrease in soil pH of 1 unit. We reviewed literature that described the effects of changes in pH on mobility and plant uptake of Ra and Cs. Generally, a decrease in soil pH by 1 unit will increase mobility and plant uptake by factors of 2 to 7. Thus, Okamoto's dose estimate may be too low. We applied several simulation models to confirm Okamoto's ideas, with most emphasis on an atmospherically driven soil model that predicts water and nuclide flow through a soil profile. We modeled a typical, acid-rain sensitive soil using meteorological data from Geraldton, Ontario. The results, within the range of effects on the soil expected from acidification, showed essentially direct proportionality between the mobility of the nuclides and dose. This supports some of the assumptions invoked by Okamoto. We conclude that a decrease in pH of 1 unit may increase the mobility of Ra and Cs by a factor of 2 or more. Our models predict that this will lead to similar increases in plant uptake and radiological dose to man. Although health effects following such a small increase in dose have not been statistically demonstrated, any increase in dose is probably undesirable. PMID- 3203640 TI - The relationship between blood lead, blood pressure, stroke, and heart attacks in middle-aged British men. AB - The relationship between blood lead concentration and blood pressure is examined in a survey of 7371 men aged 40 to 59 from 24 British towns. After allowance for relevant confounding variables, including town of residence and alcohol consumption, there exists a very weak but statistically significant positive association between blood lead and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. These cross-sectional data indicate that an estimated mean increase of 1.45 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure occurs for every doubling of blood lead concentration with a 95% confidence interval of 0.47 to 2.43 mm Hg. After 6 years of follow-up, 316 of these men had major ischemic heart disease, and 66 had a stroke. After allowance for the confounding effects of cigarette smoking and town of residence there is no evidence that blood lead is a risk factor for these cardiovascular events. However, as the blood lead-blood pressure association is so weak, it is unlikely that any consequent association between lead and cardiovascular disease could be demonstrated from prospective epidemiological studies. An overview of data from this and other large epidemiological surveys provides reasonably consistent evidence on lead and blood pressure. While NHANES II data on 2254 U.S. men indicate a slightly stronger association between blood lead and systolic blood pressure, data from two Welsh studies on over 2000 men did not show a statistically significant association. However, the overlapping confidence limits for all these studies suggest that there may be a weak positive statistical association whereby systolic blood pressure is increased by about 1 mm Hg for every doubling of blood lead concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203641 TI - Epidemiology of hypertension as a public health problem: an overview as background for evaluation of blood lead-blood pressure relationship. AB - An overview of the epidemiology of blood pressure is presented as background for the International Symposium of Blood Lead-Blood Pressure Relationships. The correlates of blood pressure distributions in populations are varied and numerous. They have to be considered as either potential confounders or modifiers of any blood pressure-blood lead relationship detected. The relation of blood pressure to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality emphasizes the importance of detecting and elucidating any possible causal association of blood lead with blood pressure at low levels. The task of this symposium is of public health importance, as relatively minor changes in the distribution and mean levels of blood pressure in populations are associated with major morbidity and mortality consequences. PMID- 3203642 TI - The relationship of blood lead levels and blood pressure in NHANES II: additional calculations. AB - In performing research for associations and relationships among the data thus far published from the NHANES II survey, only the data for the 64 communities involved may be used. The simple omission of a few essential data makes impossible any valid analysis from the data for the 20,325 individual respondents. In this research for associations between blood lead levels and blood pressure in NHANES II, the method of forward stepwise regression was used. This avoids the problem of inflated error rates for blood lead, maximizes the number of data analyzed, and minimizes the number of independent variables entered into the regression model, thus avoiding the pitfalls that previous NHANES II research of blood lead and blood pressure has fallen into when using backward stepwise regression. The results of this research for white male adults, white female adults, and black adults were contradictory and lacked consistency and reliability. In addition, the overall average association between blood lead level and blood pressure was so minute that the only rational conclusion is that there is no evidence for this association to be found in the NHANES II data. PMID- 3203643 TI - A generalized Mantel-Haenszel analysis of the regression of blood pressure on blood lead using NHANES II data. AB - This paper proposes an alternative analysis of the statistically significant blood pressure/blood lead relationship reported for males, ages 12 to 74, based on data from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Because of the substantial decline, both for blood lead levels and blood pressures, during the 4-year survey period, there is considerable interest in the extent to which this association can be attributed to concurrent secular trends. The statistical methods illustrate the use of a randomization model-based approach to testing the statistical significance of the partial correlation between blood lead level and diastolic blood pressure, adjusting for age, body mass index, and the 64 sampling sites. The resulting analyses confirm that the significant linear association between blood lead levels and diastolic blood pressures cannot be dismissed as a spurious association due to concurrent secular trends in the two variables across the 4-year survey period. In a conservative approach to this investigation, a randomization model-based test statistic, using the actual level of the natural log of blood lead and diastolic blood pressure, remained statistically significant at the 5% level, even when averaging the association across 478 subgroups formed by the cross-classification of age, body mass index, and the 64 sampling sites. PMID- 3203644 TI - Blood lead and coronary heart disease risk among elderly men in Zutphen, The Netherlands. AB - Information about blood lead and other coronary heart disease risk factors was collected in 1977 among 152 men aged 57 to 76 years in the town of Zutphen, the Netherlands. Blood lead was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The blood lead distribution was skewed to the right. The median blood lead concentration was 167 micrograms/L, and the mean was 183 micrograms/L. Blood lead levels above 300 micrograms/L were present among 8.6% and levels above 400 micrograms/L among 1.3% of the Zutphen men. Blood lead was of borderline significance to cigarette smoking. After both univariate and multivariate analyses, a significant association was found between blood lead and blood pressure. This relation was stronger for systolic than for diastolic blood pressure. Of the 141 elderly men free of coronary heart disease in 1977, 26 developed coronary heart disease between 1977 and 1985. Blood lead was not associated with coronary heart disease incidence in both univariate and multivariate analyses. PMID- 3203646 TI - The relationship of blood lead to systolic blood pressure in a longitudinal study of policemen. AB - We examined the relationship of blood lead level to systolic and diastolic blood pressure in a longitudinal study of 89 Boston, MA, policemen. At the second examination blood lead level and blood pressure were measured in triplicate. Blood pressure measurements were taken in a similar fashion in years 3, 4, and 5. Multivariate analysis using a first-order autoregressive model revealed that after adjusting for previous systolic blood pressure, body mass index, age, and cigarette smoking, an elevated blood lead level was a significant predictor of subsequent systolic blood pressure. Bootstrap simulations of these models provided supporting evidence for the observed association. These data suggest that blood lead level can influence systolic blood pressure even within the normal range. PMID- 3203645 TI - Influence of membrane sodium transport upon the relation between blood lead and blood pressure in a general male population. AB - Five red blood cell cation transport systems (RBCTS), together with blood lead level and blood pressure, were measured in 129 male adult subjects who were not occupationally exposed to lead or subsequent to a course of treatment for hypertension. Blood lead was positively related with systolic blood pressure, and to a lesser degree with diastolic blood pressure. Blood lead was found significantly negatively related to one of the RBCTS, Na+,K+ cotransport, and in addition, Na+,K+ cotransport appeared negatively related to blood pressure. Final results showed that blood lead no longer accounts for an increase in systolic blood pressure when Na+,K+ cotransport was taken into account; the same trend was observed with diastolic blood pressure. These findings suggest that a blood lead related Na+,K+ cotransport impairment could explain the blood pressure increase observed to parallel the blood lead increase. PMID- 3203647 TI - Bone lead, hypertension, and lead nephropathy. AB - There is considerable clinical evidence that excessive lead absorption causes renal failure with hypertension and predisposes individuals to hypertension even in the absence of detectable renal failure. Recent analyses of transiliac bone biopsies indicate that unsuspected elevated bone leads may reflect the cause (or contributing cause) of end-stage renal disease in 5% of the European dialysis population. In these patients, bone lead levels were four times higher than in unexposed cadavers (6 micrograms/g wet weight) and approximated levels found in lead workers (30 micrograms/g). At present, the most reliable index of the body lead burden is the CaNa2 EDTA lead mobilization test. In vivo tibial X-ray induced X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a more practical noninvasive technique for assessing bone lead, which should find widespread application as a diagnostic tool and for epidemiologic studies. PMID- 3203648 TI - Deaths from chronic renal disease in U.S. battery and lead production workers. AB - This report is based on an analysis of deaths in 4519 battery plant workers and 2300 lead production or smelter workers during the years 1947 to 1980. Causes were coded to the seventh (1955) revision of the International Classification of Diseases. There were significant excess deaths for "other hypertensive disease" (444-447) and "chronic nephritis" (592-594) in both cohorts, the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) being 320 and 475, respectively, for the former causes and 222 and 265 for the latter. Proportionate mortality analysis, which adjusted for race, also showed elevated ratios, 241 and 388 for the former causes and 296 and 186 for the latter. Deaths from other hypertension-related diseases did not show comparable excesses. Renal cancer deaths were fewer than expected, SMRs being 41 and 74, respectively. PMID- 3203649 TI - Lead and hypertension in a mortality study of lead smelter workers. PMID- 3203650 TI - Blood lead and blood pressure: some implications for the situation in The Netherlands. AB - Studies performed earlier have shown a positive relation between blood lead (a parameter for lead body burden) and blood pressure, whereas such a relation between urine cadmium (a parameter for cadmium body burden) and blood pressure could not be shown. Median (i.e., 50th percentile, P50) blood levels in the general population in the Netherlands are in the range of 80 to 150 micrograms/L. Persons occupationally exposed to lead show median blood lead levels that may exceed 400 micrograms/L. To study causality, a prospective study among lead workers is desired. PMID- 3203651 TI - The relationship of blood lead levels to blood pressure in the U.S. population. AB - Numerous observations have indicated a relationship between moderate or heavy lead exposure and high blood pressure. To determine whether low-level lead exposure is related to blood pressure in the U.S. population, we analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II for persons 12 to 74 years of age. Significant correlations were found between blood lead and blood pressure for each race-gender group, and blood lead levels were significantly higher in groups with high diastolic blood pressure (greater than 90 mm Hg). Multiple stepwise regression models were developed to predict blood pressure. After adjusting for age, race, and body mass index, blood lead levels were significantly related to systolic and diastolic pressures in males but not in females. These findings and those from other studies confirm the relationship of blood lead and blood pressure at relatively low levels commonly observed in the general population. The strength and importance of this relationship require further study through epidemiologic and metabolic investigations. PMID- 3203652 TI - Mechanical measures during maximal velocity knee extension exercise and their relation to fibre composition of the human vastus lateralis muscle. AB - A method for measuring the maximal velocity of knee extension exercise is described using a very light lever arm. Instrumentation of the lever arm with a potentiometer and accelerometer also allows for the measurement of peak acceleration, time to peak acceleration, the average rate of development of acceleration (jerk) and peak torque. With this apparatus and surface electromyography, electromechanical delay (EMD) was also determined. This apparatus was tested using 17 female and 10 male subjects, and the measures obtained were related to the percentage of fast twitch fibres (% FT) and the relative area of fast twitch fibres (% FTA) in the vastus lateralis determined from duplicate muscle biopsy samples. Peak velocity of unloaded knee extension averaged 12.1 +/- 1.2 and 12.2 +/- 1.7 rad.s-1 for females and males, respectively, and were not significantly different. As well, peak acceleration, time to peak acceleration jerk and EMD values were not significantly different between the female and male subjects, but the mean peak torque for the female subjects (73.5 +/- 14.7 N.m) was significantly lower than that for the males (98.4 +/- 31.5 N.m). Peak acceleration was significantly correlated with %FT (r = 0.40, P = 0.04) for the total subject population. None of the other measures was significantly related to either %FT or %FTA for the male and female subjects or the combined population of subjects. PMID- 3203653 TI - Eccentric and concentric torque-velocity characteristics of the quadriceps femoris in man. AB - The primary purpose of this investigation was to study the eccentric and concentric torque-velocity characteristics of the quadriceps femoris in man using a recently developed combined isometric, concentric and eccentric controlled velocity dynamometer (the SPARK System). A secondary purpose was to compare the method error associated with maximal voluntary concentric and eccentric torque output over a range of testing velocities. 21 males (21-32 years) performed on two separate days maximal voluntary isometric, concentric and eccentric contractions of the quadriceps femoris at 4 isokinetic lever arm velocities of 0 degree.s-1 (isometric), 30 degrees.s-1, 120 degrees.s-1 and 270 degrees.s-1. Eccentric peak torque and angle-specific torques (measured every 10 degrees from 30 degrees to 70 degrees) did not significantly change from 0 degrees.s-1 to 270 degrees.s-1 (p greater than 0.005) with the exception of angle-specific 40 degrees torque, which significantly increased; p less than 0.05). The mean method error was significantly higher for the eccentric tests (10.6% +/- 1.6%) than for the concentric tests (8.1% +/- 1.7%) (p less than 0.05). The mean method error decreased slightly with increasing concentric velocity (p greater than 0.05), and increased slightly with increasing eccentric velocity (p greater than 0.05). A tension restricting neural mechanism, if active during maximal eccentric contractions, could possibly account for the large difference seen between the present eccentric torque-velocity results and the classic results obtained from isolated animal muscle. PMID- 3203654 TI - Respiratory and cardiac responses to exercise-simulating peripheral perfusion in endurance trained and untrained rats. I. Reflex responses and changes in perfusion outflow. AB - Ventilatory and circulatory drives elicited by exercise-simulating perfusion of the circulatory isolated hindleg were examined in 10 trained (TR) and untrained (UTR) rats. TR were submitted to endurance training on a motordriven treadmill (30.min-1 at a grade of 10%, 5 days a week for 30 min). Exercise was simulated by perfusion with modified tyrode solutions: I.) hypoxic, enriched with lactic acid (15 mmol.l-1), II.) normoxic, enriched with lactic acid. III.) hypoxic without lactic acid. Perfusion was performed in anaesthetized animals through cannulae in the femoral artery and vein; the hindled was connected to the rest of the body only by nerve and bone. 10 min of control perfusion (normoxic tyrode solution) was followed by a 20 min test period and another 10 min control perfusion. Apart from heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and several outflow parameters were measured ([K+], [Na+], [lactate], pH, PO2, PCO2). During control period HR was slightly higher in UTR than in TR (375.5 +/- 3.9 (SE) vs. 364.1 +/- 5.5 beats/min 1, p less than 0.6 n.s.), and RR in UTR was significantly higher than those in TR (61.5 +/- 0.4 bpm vs. 55.5 +/- 3.9 breaths.min-1, p less than 0.001). During the test periods both HR and RR in UTR increased significantly while in TR they did not (e.g. in series I mean HR and RR in UTR increased by 8.9 +/- 1.2 beats.min-1 and 1.4 +/- 0.1 breaths.min-1 respectively, whereas in TR the changes were - 2.9 +/- 1.5 beats/min-1 and -0.8 +/- 0.2 breaths.min-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203655 TI - Respiratory and cardiac responses to exercise-simulating peripheral perfusion in endurance trained and untrained rats. II. Temporal relationships between outflow parameters and cardiac and respiratory responses. AB - In endurance trained (TR) and untrained (UTR) rats heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were recorded during perfusion of the circulatorily isolated hind leg of the rat with exercise simulating modified tyrode solutions (TR:n = 10, UTR:n = 10; compare part I). During the 20 min test period and the preceding and succeeding periods of control perfusions with an unmodified tyrode solution, [lactate], pH, [K+], [Na+], PO2 and PCO2 were measured in the outflow of the femoral vein. In 3 experimental series: (1) hypoxic tyrode solution enriched with lactic acid (15 mmol.l-1), (2) normoxic solution with lactic acid, (3) hypoxic solution without lactic acid, were applied. The outflow parameters were cross correlated with both HR and RR. The analysis revealed a significant temporal relationship between [lactate], pH, PO2, PCO2 and [K+] and both HR and RR. In the trained rats no temporal correlation between either of the outflow and reflex parameters could be determined. This result was not due to low [lactate], but was also found during perfusion with lactic acid. In all 3 test conditions [lactate] in untrained individuals was best correlated with both HR and RR. Although the correlation peaks of the respiratory response, but not of the HR response were definitely lower in normoxic lactic and perfusion than in the two other experimental conditions, both inter- and intraindividual correlation analyses revealed a high degree of interdependence between respiratory and cardiac responses. PMID- 3203657 TI - Effects of musculoskeletal work load and muscle strength on strain at work in women and men aged 44 to 58 years. AB - The effects of musculoskeletal work load and muscle strength on strain at work were analysed among 60 women and 69 men (mean age 52 +/- 3.4) in municipal jobs in Finland. The musculoskeletal work load was determined by analysing the jobs by a job description method. The maximal isometric hand grip strength was assessed with a manometer, trunk flexion and trunk extension strength with a dynamometer, and dynamic trunk flexion endurance strength with a sit-up test. Heart rate was registered continuously and ratings of perceived exertion were determined 4 times during the work shift. The results revealed that high musculoskeletal work load was systematically and significantly related to high strain at work in both sexes. A high mean heart rate related to an individual's range in women was an interaction effect of high work load and low hand grip strength or low trunk flexion strength. Among men, both high mean and maximal heart rates in relation to the heart rate range was due to the interaction effects of high work load and low trunk extension strength. The interaction of work load and strength was not systematically related to the ratings of perceived exertion during work. It was concluded that the musculoskeletal work load exerted the main effects on the cardiorespiratory and perceived strains at work. The interaction effects of work load and strength on strain depended on the sex and the muscle group in the studied work load level of elderly municipal employees. PMID- 3203656 TI - Reversibility of the haemodynamic effects of anabolic steroids in rats. AB - The haemodynamic effects of 6 weeks nandrolone decanoate treatment (total dose 30 mg.kg-1) (SG I, n = 12) and their reversibility were studied in anaesthetised, open-chest male rats exposed to 5 min isoproterenol (2.5 micrograms.kg-1) and CaCl2 (25.0 mg.kg-1) loads. In SG I, the heart weight and its ratio to body weight were greater than in the untreated rats (CG I, n = 13) (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 respectively). The initial heart rate and the inotropic and chronotropic responses to isoproterenol were lower in SG I than in CG I (p less than 0.05 in all cases). Peripheral resistance decreased during both infusions in SG I but remained unaltered in CG I (p less than 0.05). 6 weeks after finishing anabolic steroid treatment (SG II, n = 11), in the CaCl2-test the ejection fraction (p less than 0.05) and stroke index were smaller than in control rats of the same age (CG II, n = 12). Mean aortic pressure was lower in SG II than in CG II. In the CaCl2-test peripheral resistance was initially higher, but decreased during the infusion in SG II while it increased in CG II (p less than 0.05 in both cases). In conclusion, anabolic steroid treatment reversibly reduces the left ventricular response to isoproterenol. It decreases peripheral vascular tone during inotropic loads. Six weeks after the cessation of treatment, the pumping efficiency of the heart is reduced. PMID- 3203658 TI - The electromyographical basis of inaccurate motor performance. AB - The aim of this study was to investigate the electromyographical basis of inaccurate movement by identifying the variate and invariate characteristics of a ballistic, isometric precision-grip skill. Our results have shown that in most subjects investigated, IEMG, discharge rate and the patterns of muscle synergy were variate movement parameters while the sequence of muscle activation, the relative duration of muscle activity and the time to peak force (rise-time) remained essentially invariate. Based on these results, we can conclude that inaccurate performance of this skill, in most of the subjects investigated, was more dependent upon changes in muscle IEMG than in alterations in the temporal sequencing of muscle activity. It was apparent that from trial to trial, subjects had more difficulty in reproducing the appropriate levels of muscle contraction and synergy than in reproducing the required periods of action. PMID- 3203659 TI - Effects of high pressure on nervous conduction velocity in man. AB - The velocities of motor and sensory nervous conduction and of neuro-muscular transmission were measured in four subjects during a simulated dive at 4.6 MPa (46 bars). The results show an increase in motor distal latency in the ulnar nerve, especially during decompression, with reversibility of the effect on return to ambient conditions. The hypothesis of an interaction of dissolved gases with the membranes of ischaemic cells is proposed. PMID- 3203660 TI - Body temperature and plasma prolactin and norepinephrine relationships during exercise in a warm environment: effect of dehydration. AB - The effects of euhydration (Eh) and light (Dh1) and moderate (Dh2) dehydrations on plasma prolactin (PRL) levels were studied in 5 young male volunteers at rest and during exercise to exhaustion (50% of VO2max) in a warm environment (Tdb = 35 degrees C, rh = 20-30%). Light and moderate dehydrations (loss of 1.1 and 1.8% body respectively) were obtained before exercise by controlled hyperthermia. Compared to Eh, time for exhaustion was reduced in Dh1 and Dh2 (p less than 0.01) and rectal temperature (Tre) rose faster in Dh2 (p less than 0.05). Both venous plasma PRL and norepinephrine (NE) increased during exercise at any hydration level (p less than 0.05). Plasma PRL reached higher values after 40 and 60 min in Dh2 and Dh1 (p less than 0.05). Plasma NE values were higher in Dh2 at rest and at the 40th min during exercise (p less than 0.05). Plasma PRL was linearly correlated to Tre and plasma NE (p less than 0.001) but unrelated to plasma volume variation and osmolality. Our results provide further evidence for the major effect of body temperature in exercise-induced PRL changes. Moreover, the plasma PRL-NE relationship suggests that these changes may result from central noradrenergic activation. PMID- 3203661 TI - Cardiovascular effects of static and dynamic exercise. AB - The cardiovascular response to static exercise has often been quantified on the basis of a comparison between static handgrip and dynamic cycling exercise. It is then difficult to make precise comparisons because the physical units of work are not compatible. If the data from dynamic exercise can be used to predict the cardiovascular response to zero movement (static exercise) this would suggest that static exercise is not fundamentally different from dynamic exercise. Using leg extension exercise which lasted for 1 min, a set of weights was lifted repeatedly 50 times/min, through three different distances. On each occasion, the heart rate, systolic time intervals (STI) and systemic arterial blood pressure were monitored non-invasively. Regression analysis of heart rate (HR) or blood pressure (BP) against the distance moved by the weights was used to predict the heart rate or blood pressure that would be expected for static exercise. In addition the same responses were measured following 1 min of static exercise during which the weights were held up but not moved. Five subjects, trained in leg extension exercise, completed the four exercise sessions in a random order. A constant force was produced in each variant of the protocol and in the static exercise it amounted to 50% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The forces developed and the distance the weights were lifted were monitored. During this sustained static exercise at relatively low intensity the cardiovascular changes could be predicted from the responses induced by dynamic exercise. It is suggested that other factors are important in determining the cardiovascular response to exercise, not simply the mode. PMID- 3203662 TI - The effect of one-legged sprint training on intramuscular pH and nonbicarbonate buffering capacity. AB - To determine the effect of one-legged sprint training on muscle pH and nonbicarbonate buffering capacity (BC), 9 subjects completed 15 to 20 intervals at 90 RPM, 4 days a week for 7 weeks on a bicycle ergometer adapted for one legged pedaling. Needle biopsies from the vastus lateralis and blood samples from an antecubital vein were taken at rest and twice during recovery (1 and 4 minutes) from a 60 s one-legged maximal power test on a cycle ergometer. pH one minute after exercise in both the trained and untrained legs following the training period was not different but both were higher than before training. BC increased from 49.9 to 57.8 mumol HCl x g-1 x pH-1 after training (p less than 0.05). Blood lactate levels after exercise were significantly higher for the trained leg when compared to the untrained leg after spring training. Peak and average power output on the 60 s power test increased significantly after training. One-legged aerobic power (VO2max) was significantly increased in the untrained and trained legs. Two-legged VO2max also improved significantly after training. These data suggest that nonbicarbonate buffering capacity and power output can be enhanced with one-legged sprint training. Also, small but significant improvements in VO2max were also observed. PMID- 3203663 TI - Comparison of the histochemical and contractile properties of human triceps surae. AB - Contractile and histochemical properties of the triceps surae were compared in 16 males and 4 females aged 20 to 49 years. Surface electrical stimulation was used to determine twitch, tetanic and fatigue parameters. From these tests, twitch tension (Pt), time to peak tension (TPT), half relaxation time (1/2 RT), tetanic tensions at 10, 20 and 50 Hz and an index of fatigue (FI) were calculated. A maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was also performed. Muscle samples from the belly of the lateral gastrocnemius were obtained using the needle biopsy technique. The samples were treated histochemically for myosin ATPase and NADH tetrazolium reductase in order to classify the fibres as either Type I, slow twitch (ST) or Type II, fast twitch (FT) and to determine fibre areas. Correlations were performed between the grouped male and female contractile and histochemical variables. The results demonstrated significant positive relationships demonstrated significant positive relationships between percentage of ST fibres (%ST) and TPT (r = 0.49), and %ST and the ratio of tetanic forces at 10 Hz to 50 Hz (Po10/Po50) (r = 0.55). No significant relationships were obtained for Pt, 1/2 RT, MVC or FI with any histochemical parameter. The results suggest that fibre type distribution determined using myosin ATPase is related to electrically stimulated isometric contractile speeds and not to voluntary force generation (MVC) or electrically induced fatigue. PMID- 3203665 TI - The aerobic demand of backstroke swimming, and its relation to body size, stroke technique, and performance. AB - Few studies have examined the aerobic demand of backstroke swimming, and its relation to body morphology, technique, or performance. The aims of this study were thus to: i) describe the aerobic demand of backstroke swimming in proficient swimmers at high velocities; ii) assess the effects of body size and stroke technique on submaximal and maximal O2 costs, and; iii) test for a relationship between submaximal O2 costs and maximal performance. Sixteen male competitive swimmers were tested during backstroke swimming at velocities from 1.0 to 1.4 m.s 1. Results showed that VO2 increased linearly with velocity (m.s-1) following the equation VO2 = 6.28v - 3.81 (r = 0.77, SEE/Y = 14.9%). VO2 was also related to the subjects' body mass, height, and armspan. Longer distances per stroke were associated with lower O2 costs, and better maximal performances. A significant relation was found between VO2 at 1.1 m.s-1, adjusted for body mass, and 400 m performance (r = -0.78). Submaximal VO2 was also related to reported times for 100 m and 200 m races. Multiple correlation analyses indicated that VO2 at 1.1 m.s-1 and VO2max accounted for up to 78% of the variance in maximal performances. These results suggest that the assessment of submaximal and maximal VO2 during backstroke swimming may be of value in the training and testing programs of competitive swimmers. PMID- 3203664 TI - Respiratory alkalosis: no effect on blood lactate decline or exercise performance. AB - It was the purpose of this study to determine the effects of respiratory alkalosis before and after high intensity exercise on recovery blood lactate concentration. Five subjects were studied under three different acid-base conditions before and after 45 s of maximal effort exercise: 1) hyperventilating room air before exercise (Respiratory Alkalosis Before = RALB, 2) hyperventilating room air during recovery (Respiratory Alkalosis After = RALA), and 3) breathing room air normally throughout rest and recovery (Control = C). RALB increased blood pH during rest to 7.65 +/- 0.03 while RALA increased blood pH to 7.57 +/- 0.03 by 40 min of recovery. Neither alkalosis treatment had a significant effect on blood lactate concentration during recovery. The peak lactate values of 12.3 +/- 1.2 mmol.L-1 for C, 11.8 +/- 1.2 mmol.L-1 for RALB, and 10.2 +/- 0.9 mmol.L-1 for RALA were not significantly different, nor were the half-times (t 1/2) for the decline in blood lactate concentration; C = 18.2 min, RALB = 19.3 min, and RALA = 18.2 min. In C, RALB and RALA, the change in base excess from rest to postexercise was greater than the concomitant increase in blood lactate concentration, suggesting the presence of a significant amount of acid in the blood in addition to lactic acid. There was no significant difference in either the total number of cycle revolutions (C = 77 +/- 2, RALB = 77 +/- 1) or power output at 5 s intervals between RALB and C during the 45 s.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203666 TI - Heat balance during exercise in the sun. AB - 10 male subjects, dressed only in white shorts, exercised for 120 min at 92 W on a bicycle ergometer suspended in a balance. For the first 60 min they were exposed to the sun, from 60.-90. min they were shaded, and from 90.-120. min again exposed to the sun. In 10 experiments they faced the sun, in 10 others their backs were exposed. The values (in W) in the heat balance equation M - W +/ C +/- R +/- E +/- L +/- S = 0 were measured by partitional calorimetry: M metabolic rate, W external work rate, C convective heat loss, R short and long wave radiation exchange, E evaporative sweat loss, L pulmonary evaporative loss, and S rate of heat storage. Means of the measured values (W) are shown below. R in the heat balance equation equals the radiative short wave (Rgs) and long wave (Rgl) heat gains minus the radiative long wave heat loss (Rll). (table; see text) The direct gain from solar radiation is approximately 100 W. In the shade period the reduction in radiant heat gain is compensated for by the decreased evaporation of sweat. PMID- 3203667 TI - Slow upward drift of VO2 during constant-load cycling in untrained subjects. AB - The oxygen uptake kinetics during constant-load exercise when sitting on a bicycle ergometer were determined in 7 untrained subjects by measuring breath-by breath VO2 during continuous exercise to volitional exhaustion (mean endurance time = 1160 +/- 172 s) at a pedal frequency of 70 revolutions.min-1. The power output, averaging 189.5 W, was set at 82.5% of that eliciting the individual VO2max during a 5 min incremental exercise test. Throughout the exercise period, the VO2 kinetics could be appropriately described by a two-component exponential equation of the form: VO2(t) = Ya[1 - exp(-kat)] + Yb[1 - exp(-kbt)] where VO2 is net oxygen consumption and t the time from work onset. VO2 measured at the end of exercise was close to VO2max (98% VO2max) and the mean values of Ya, ka, Yb and kb amounted to 1195 ml O2.min-1, 0.034 s-1, 1562 ml O2.min-1, and 0.005 s-1 respectively. The initial rate of increase in VO2 predicted from the above equation is slower than that calculated, for the same work intensity, on the basis of the data obtained by Morton (1985) in trained subjects. For t greater than 480 s, however, the two models yield substantially equal results. PMID- 3203668 TI - Muscle fibre conduction velocity, mean power frequency, mean EMG voltage and force during submaximal fatiguing contractions of human quadriceps. AB - In 5 healthy male subjects the changes in muscle fibre conduction velocity, mean power frequency, mean EMG voltage, and force in the quadriceps were measured during submaximal fatiguing contractions, ranging from 60 to 100% of maximum force. Surface EMG was recorded from vastus lateralis. The analysis was divided into 2 parts - before and after force had begun to decline (endurance point). The conduction velocity and mean power frequency declined less before the endurance point than after this point. For all forces, the mean EMG voltage increased up to the endurance point. After the endurance point, the effect of fatigue had a decreasing influence on mean EMG voltage. PMID- 3203669 TI - Does a torn anterior cruciate ligament lead to change in the central nervous drive of the knee extensors? AB - Integrated surface electromyograms of the three superficial parts of the quadriceps and isokinetic knee extensor maximum torque and power production were recorded simultaneously and at different angular velocities in both legs in 11 male subjects with unilateral tear of the anterior cruciate ligament. The cross sectional area (CSA) of the thigh and its muscular components were measured by computerized tomography. The principal findings were a small but significant decrease in quadriceps CSA on the affected side; a decreased active, but not passive, range of movement; decreased mechanical output, whether or not corrected for differences in CSA; and decreased electromyographic activity--particularly in rectus femoris. These findings suggest that the reason for the decreased maximum and total knee extensor performance seen in these patients is a change in knee joint receptor afferent inflow. PMID- 3203670 TI - Transpulmonary pressure and phrenic activity in early inspiration. AB - The direct impact of changes in end-tidal transpulmonary pressure (P'L) on phrenic (Phr) activity has been investigated in 6 cats anaesthetized with pentobarbital or ketamine. Rapid changes in P'L were accomplished by step-like changes in tracheal pressure (Ptr), i.e., from Ptr = -12, -6, +6 and +9 cmH2O to Ptr = 0, and reversely. Phr activity was determined 0.2 and 0.4 s after the onset of Phr activity. This analysis was carried out for a few breaths immediately preceding and following the Ptr change, and the results for Ptr = 0 were used as a reference. Oppositely directed steps in Ptr, e.g., from Ptr = 0 to Ptr = +6 and, reversely, from Ptr = +6 to Ptr = 0, caused equal but opposite changes in Phr activity. Phr activity decreased with increasing P'L, and this decrease amounted to 15% and 12% for each cmH2O increase in P'L at 0.2 and 0.4 s respectively. These results imply that changes in P'L especially affect Phr activity early in inspiration. The results also show that Phr activity in the initial phase of inspiration strongly depends on P'L. Inhibition of inspiration facilitatory neurons by slowly adapting stretch receptors may be the kernel of the underlying mechanism of our findings. PMID- 3203671 TI - Physiological and metabolic responses to work in heat with graded hypohydration in tropical subjects. AB - Studies were conducted on 25 healthy male volunteers aged 20-25 years drawn randomly from the tropical regions of India. The subjects initially underwent an 8 day heat acclimatization schedule with 2 hours moderate work in a climatic chamber at 45 degrees C DB and 30% RH. These heat acclimatized subjects were then hypohydrated to varying levels of body weight deficits, i.e. 1.3 +/- 0.03, 2.3 +/ 0.04 and 3.3 +/- 0.04%, by a combination of water restriction and moderate exercise inside the hot chamber. After 2 hours rest in a thermoneutral room (25 +/- 1 degree C) the hypohydrated subjects were tested on a bicycle ergometer at a fixed submaximal work rate (40 W, 40 min) in a hot dry condition (45 degrees C DB, 30% RH, 34 degrees C WBGT). Significant increases in exercise heart rate and oral temperature were observed in hypohydrated subjects as compared to euhydration. Sweat rate increased with 1% and 2% hypohydration as compared to euhydration, but a significant decrease was observed with 3% hypohydration. Na+ & K+ concentrations in arm sweat increased with increase in the level of hypohydration. Oxygen consumption increased significantly only when hypohydration was about 2% or more. It appears that the increased physiological strain observed in tropical subjects working in heat with graded hypohydration is not solely due to reduced sweat rates. PMID- 3203672 TI - Cardiovascular adjustments to rhythmic handgrip exercise: relationship to electromyographic activity and post-exercise hyperemia. AB - The purpose of this study was to examine the association among electromyographic (EMG) activity, recovery blood flow, and the magnitude of the autonomic adjustments to rhythmic exercise in humans. To accomplish this, 10 healthy subjects (aged 23-37 y) performed rhythmic handgrip exercise for 2 min at 5, 15, 25, 40, and 60% of maximal voluntary force. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were measured at rest (control), during each level of exercise, and for 2 min following exercise (recovery). The rectified, filtered EMG activity of the exercising forearm was measured continuously during each level of exercise and was used as an index of the level of central command. Post-exercise hyperemia was calculated as the difference between the control and the average recovery (2 min) forearm blood flows (venous occlusion plethysmography) and was examined as a possible index of the stimulus for muscle chemoreflex activation. Heart rate, arterial pressure, forearm EMG activity, and post-exercise hyperemia all increased progressively with increasing exercise intensity. The magnitudes of the increases in heart rate and arterial pressure from control to exercise were directly related to both the level of EMG activity and the degree of post exercise hyperemia across the five exercise intensities (delta heart rate vs EMG activity: r = 0.99; delta arterial pressure vs EMG activity: r = 0.99; delta heart rate vs hyperemia: r = 0.99; and delta arterial pressure vs hyperemia: r = 0.98; all p less than 0.01). Furthermore, the level of EMG activity was directly related (r = 0.99) to the corresponding degree of hyperemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203673 TI - Beards, baldness, and sweat secretion. AB - The hypothesis according to which male common baldness has developed in the human species as a compensation for the growth of a beard in order to achieve heat loss has been tested. In 100 clean-shaven men direct measurement of the area of glabrous skin on the forehead and calvaria was found to be proportional to that of the hairy skin on the lips, cheeks, chin and neck. During light hyperthermia the evaporation rate on the bald scalp was 2 to 3 times higher than on the hairy scalp. Conversely the evaporation rate was practically equal on the foreheads and chins of women and unbearded young men, while in adult clean-shaven bearded men it was 40% less on the chin than the forehead. These results support the hypothesis that male baldness is a thermoregulatory compensation for the growth of a beard in adults. PMID- 3203675 TI - Prolonged submaximal exercise and L-carnitine in humans. AB - Changes in the main physiological parameters and circulating indicators of carbohydrate, protein, lipid (and ketone body) metabolism were measured in ten exercising subjects before L-carnitine (L-carn) loading, after 4 weeks of daily loading with 2 g L-carn, and 6-8 weeks after terminating L-carn administration. Measurements were made on venous blood samples collected during each experiment at fixed time intervals over an initial rest of 45 min, 60 min bicycle exercise performed near 50% VO2max and 120 min recovery. Free and total plasma carnitine levels reached a plateau corresponding to an average rise of 25% for both fractions, 9-10 days after the beginning of the L-carn diet. These levels returned to their initial values 6-8 weeks after cessation of the supply. Generally L-carn supplementation did not significantly modify the physiological parameters and circulating metabolites. No distinct increase of the relative participation of endogenous lipids in the fuel supply of prolonged submaximal exercise was observed. In normal human subjects the increased demand for fatty acid oxidation resulting from exercise seems to be adequately supported by endogenous levels of carnitine. PMID- 3203674 TI - Muscle stretching and motoneuron excitability. AB - Change of motoneuron excitability has been studied during the three basic modalities of slow or static stretching of the human soleus muscle. Tendon (T) and Hoffmann (H) reflexes were analyzed during static stretching (SS). The H response was compared in SS, in SS preceded by a maximal isometric contraction of the muscle or contraction-relaxation (CR) and during stretching of the muscle by contracting the antagonistic muscles (AC). During progressive dorsiflexion of the foot there is a significant difference (p less than 0.05) between T and H reflexes during SS, although the amplitude of direct motor (M) response, evoked by a maximal stimulation of the motor nerve, is not changed. The maximal joint mobilization during SS, CR and AC modalities appears to be closely related to the decrease in the H response during stretching. This decrease is significantly (p less than 0.05) smaller in SS than in AC or CR. In this last method, the duration of the maximal isometric contraction does not affect the results. In these three basic stretching procedures, the H reflex quickly recovers as soon as the manoeuvre is interrupted. It is suggested that changes in muscle motoneuron pool excitability closely control joint mobilization during slow or static stretching. The inhibition of the motoneurons observed during SS, CR and AC modalities is limited to the duration of the stretching manoeuvre. PMID- 3203676 TI - Blood pressure during exercise in healthy children. AB - During maximal dynamic exercise the blood pressure (BP) was measured in 497 healthy 9- to 18-year-old children. Systolic BP increased more in the postpubertal groups than in the prepubertal ones. It was also higher in the boys than in the girls of the same age. This was due to a higher work load in boys than girls. Twenty-two subjects had a systolic BP of 200 mmHg or more during the exercise. Only 2 had a resting systolic BP exceeding the mean by 2 standard deviations or more. Three postpubertal boys reached a systolic BP of 240 mmHg at heart rate 170. None had an elevated resting BP. It may be concluded that it cannot be predicted on the basis of the resting BP whether or not an individual is going to have an excessive increase in systolic BP during exercise. The increase in systolic BP to dangerous levels, e.g. 240 mmHg or more, during exercise can only be excluded by means of an individual exercise test. PMID- 3203677 TI - Is exhaustive training adequate preparation for endurance performance? AB - Our purpose was to test the significance of exhaustive training in aerobic or endurance capacity. The extent of adaptations to endurance training was evaluated by assessing the increase in physical performance capability and oxidative markers in the organs of rats trained by various exercise programs. Rats were trained by treadmill running 5 days.week-1 at 30 m.min-1 for 8 weeks by one of three protocols: T1-60 min.day-1; T2-120 min.day-1; and T3-120 min.day-1 (3 days.week-1) and to exhaustion (2 days.week-1). Groups T2 and T3 ran for longer than T1 in an endurance exercise test (P less than 0.05), in which the animals ran at 30 m.min-1 to exhaustion; no difference was observed between groups T2 and T3. All 3 trained groups showed a similar increase (20-27%) in the fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers with a concomitant decrease in the fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fiber population in gastrocnemius (p less than 0.05). The capillary supply in gastrocnemius increased with the duration of exercise (p less than 0.05): no difference was found between groups T2 and T3. Likewise, no distinction was seen between groups T2 and T3 in the increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity in gastrocnemius and the heart. These results suggest that the maximal adaptive response to endurance training does not require daily exhaustive exercise. PMID- 3203678 TI - Effects of dietary copper on human autonomic cardiovascular function. AB - Heart rate and blood pressure responses during supine rest, orthostasis, and sustained handgrip exercise at 30% maximal voluntary contraction were determined in eight healthy women aged 18-36 years who consumed diets varying in copper and ascorbic acid content. Copper retention and plasma copper concentration were not affected by diet. Enzymatic, but not immunoreactive, ceruloplasmin was lower (p less than 0.05) after the low copper and high ascorbic acid diet periods. Diet had no effect on resting supine heart rates, orthostatic responses in heart rate and blood pressure, or standing resting blood pressure. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were increased significantly (p less than 0.05) during the handgrip test at the end of the low copper and ascorbic acid supplementation periods. Also, the ratio of enzymatic to immunoreactive ceruloplasmin decreased significantly during these dietary treatments. The mean arterial blood pressure at the end of the handgrip test was negatively (p less than 0.0004) correlated with the ceruloplasmin ratios. These findings indicate a functional alteration in human blood pressure regulation during mild copper depletion. PMID- 3203679 TI - Relationship between work and electromyographic activity during repeated leg muscle contractions in orienteers. AB - Contraction work (CW) was recorded for each of 200 repetitive isokinetic plantar flexions (1.05 rad.s-1) and knee extensions (1.57 rad.s-1) in 14 elite male orienteers. Simultaneous recordings of integrated electromyograms (iEMG) were obtained from the 3 parts of triceps surae and from 3 superficial portions of quadriceps femoris. CW in both muscle groups decreased significantly during the first 30 contractions (the fatigue phase), followed by a steady state level. The relative steady state level was higher for the plantar flexors (70 +/- 17%) than for the knee extensors (56 +/- 12%). For quadriceps a significant increase in iEMG occurred during the first 10 contractions followed by a decrease, whereas the iEMG of the plantar flexors showed a gradual decrease to the steady state level, which was similar for the two muscle groups (71-72%). The chosen expression of output/input balance (CW/iEMG) was constant throughout the plantarflexion test but decreased during the initial 20 knee extensions down to 82%. Thus, the fatigue phase of the knee extensions appeared to be divided into two; the first part had decreases in both CW and CW/iEMG and the second part with a decrease in CW alone. In contrast the plantar flexors only showed the characteristics of the second part. PMID- 3203680 TI - Skeletal muscle fiber type composition and performance during repeated bouts of maximal, concentric contractions. AB - Force output and fatigue and recovery patterns were studied during intermittent short-term exercise. 27 men performed three bouts of 30 maximal unilateral knee extensions on 2 different occasions. Blood flow was maintained or occluded during recovery periods (60 s). Blood flow was restricted by inflating a pneumatic cuff placed around the proximal thigh. Muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis were analyzed for identification of fast twitch (FT) and slow twitch (ST) fibers and relative FT area. Peak torque decreased during each bout of exercise and more when blood flow was restricted during recovery. Initial peak torque (IPT) and average peak torque (APT) decreased over the three exercise bouts. This response was 3 fold greater without than with blood flow during recovery. IPT and APT decreased more in individuals with mainly FT fibers than in those with mainly ST fibers. It is suggested that performance during repeated bouts of maximal concentric contractions differs between individuals with different fiber type composition. Specifically, in high intensity, intermittent exercise with emphasis on anaerobic energy release a high FT composition may not necessarily be advantageous for performance. PMID- 3203681 TI - Local thermal sensation and finger vasoconstriction in the locally heated hand. AB - The effects of local heating on finger blood flow (BF) and local thermal sensation (Sensw) were studied. Finger BFs in both hands were measured simultaneously; one hand was immersed in water the temperature (Tw) of which was raised from 35 degrees C to 43 degrees C by steps of 2 degrees C every 10 min, while the other hand was kept at Tw 35 degrees C. Finger BF in the locally heated hand decreased at Tw 37 to 41 degrees C, while finger BF in the control hand did not alter. Sensw in the heated hand showed a dynamic response, initially increasing concomitantly with an increase in Tw, then gradually returning and adapting to a new level of Sensw. The dynamic response of Sensw was not perceived during mental calculation even when Tw was raised to 40 degrees C, and the reduction in finger blood flow was not observed. These results suggest that finger vasoconstriction caused by local heating closely relates to the dynamic response characteristic of local thermal sensation at Tw above core temperature, and that the perception of local thermal sensation in the central nervous system is involved in the mechanism of this vasoconstrictor response. PMID- 3203682 TI - Alterations in the d(CpGpT) structure in solution as a result of [PtCl(diethylenetriamine)]+ binding. AB - The trinucleotide d(CpGpT) reacts with [PtCl(dien)]Cl (dien = diethylenetriamine) to yield as a single adduct Pt(dien)[d(CpGpT)-N7(2)]. The structure of this adduct in solution has been analysed with the aid of NMR spectroscopy and compared with that of the unmodified trinucleotide. A change in the population of the S conformer of the guanosine deoxyribose ring and a syn preference of the guanine residue are the most important changes occurring upon platination. As a result the dC-dG stack disappears, whereas the dG-dT stack is hardly affected. The CD spectra of both platinated and free d(CpGpT) confirm the different nature of the two molecules. PMID- 3203683 TI - Tritium thermal activation study of bacteriorhodopsin topography. AB - The action of thermally activated tritium on the purple membrane and delipidated bacteriorhodopsin fragments has been studied, tritium incorporation into specified amino acid residues being quantified by Edman degradation. The membrane environment was found to affect the accessibility of amino acid residues for tritium. Bacteriorhodopsin fragments 14-31, 45-63, 81-89, 171-179, and 210-225 were localized to the membrane interior while fragments 4-12, 32-44, 64-65, 73 80, and 156-170 should lie outside or close to membrane surface. It was demonstrated that the peptide fragments joining transmembrane rods are not fully exposed to the solution. PMID- 3203684 TI - Secondary structure of the Arg-Gly-Asp recognition site in proteins involved in cell-surface adhesion. Evidence for the occurrence of nested beta-bends in the model hexapeptide GRGDSP. AB - The primary sequence Arg-Gly-Asp has been found in a number of proteins which bind to cell surface receptors. Studies with synthetic peptides have shown that the presence of charged side chains alone is not sufficient to confer binding activity. Application of folding algorithms to proteins and peptides having similar sequences indicates that binding activity is strongly correlated with the presence of two or more closely spaced residues that each have a high probability of initiating a beta-bend. Circular dichroic studies on the hexapeptide GRGDSP, whose sequence is contained in fibronectin and which also shows binding activity, demonstrate that it adopts an unusual conformation in aqueous solution. 1H-NMR spectra of the peptide in aqueous solution show that the two amide hydrogens of Asp4 and Ser5 exchange very slowly. Computer-assisted modeling using restrained molecular dynamics and energy minimization results in conformations that include two beta-bends of type III-III or III-I (hydrogen bonds 4----1 and 5----2), fully consistent with constraints imposed by 1H- and 13C-NMR data. It is suggested that this unusual secondary structure provides an additional specificity determinant. PMID- 3203685 TI - Three-dimensional structure of proteinase K at 0.15-nm resolution. AB - The crystal and molecular structure of proteinase K was determined by X-ray diffraction data to 0.15-nm resolution. The enzyme belongs to the subtilisin family with an active-site catalytic triad Asp39--His69--Ser224 but is a representative of a subgroup with a free Cys73 close to and 'below' the active His69. Besides this Cys72, proteinase K has two disulfide bonds, Cys34--Cys123 and Cys178--Cys249, which contribute to the stability of the tertiary structure consisting of an extended central parallel beta-sheet decorated by six alpha helices, three short antiparallel beta-sheets, 18 beta-turns and involving several internal, structurally important water molecules. Proteinase K exhibits two Ca2+-binding sites, one very strong and the other weak, which were the sites of the heavy atoms (Pb2+, Sm3+) used to solve the crystal structure. The weak binding site is liganded to the N and C termini, Thr16 and Asp260, and is only incompletely coordinated by oxygen ligands. The strong binding site is coordinated in the form of a pentagonal bipyramid with the side chain carboxylate of Asp200 and the C = O of Pro175 as apex, and C = O of Val177 and four water molecules in the equatorial plane. Upon removal of this Ca2+, proteinase K loses activity which is interpreted in terms of a local structural deformation involving the substrate-recognition site (Ser132--Gly136), probably associated with a cis----trans isomerization of cis Pro171. Several water molecules are located in the active site. One, W335, is positioned in the 'oxyanion hole' and is displaced by the C = O of the scissile peptide bond of the substrate, as indicated by crystallographic studies with peptide chloromethane inhibitors. Based on these experiments, a reaction mechanism is proposed where the peptide substrate forms a three-stranded antiparallel pleated sheet with the recognition site of proteinase K consisting of Ser132--Leu133--Gly134 on one side and Gly100- Ser101 on the other, followed by expulsion of the oxyanion hole water W335 and hydrolytic cleavage by the Asp39--His69--Serr224 triad. These latter residues display low thermal motion corresponding to well-defined geometry and are hardly accessible to solvent molecules, whereas the recognition-site amino acids are more flexible and partially exposed to solvent. PMID- 3203686 TI - Inhibition of uridine phosphorylase by pyrimidine nucleoside analogs and consideration of substrate binding to the enzyme based on solution conformation as seen by NMR spectroscopy. AB - Some 3'- and/or 5'-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides, as well as anhydropyrimidine nucleosides, which have no flexibility about the N-glycosidic bond were studied as inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase and uridine phosphorylase. The conformation of some analogs was also investigated in order to obtain information on substrate binding to the enzyme. The above compounds, including the potential anti-(human immunodeficiency virus) agent, 3'-azido-2',3' dideoxy-5-methyluridine were not substrates for either thymidine phosphorylase or uridine phosphorylase. (The only exception was arabinofuranosyl-5-ethyluracil, which proved to be a poor substrate for uridine phosphorylase). The phosphorolysis of thymidine by thymidine phosphorylase was slightly or not at all altered by these pyrimidine nucloside analogs. The lowest Ki was obtained in the case of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxy-5-methyluridine and the highest in the case of 2' deoxylyxofuranosyl-5-ethyluracil, when studying the analogs with flexible structure as inhibitors of uridine phosphorylase. The Ki for 2,3'- and 2,5' anhydro-2'-deoxy-5-ethyluridine was 5-6 orders of magnitude higher than that for 2,2'-anhydro-5-ethyluridine. Competitive inhibition was observed in all cases. For these three molecules computer-aided molecular modelling predicts the following glycosidic torsion angles chi (O4,-C1,-N1-C2): 109 degrees for 2,2' anhydro-5-ethyluridine, and 78 degrees and 71 degrees for 2,3'- and 2,5'-anhydro 2'-deoxy-5-ethyluridine respectively. These values are corroborated by high resolution 13C- and 1H-NMR studies. 2'-Deoxy-5-ethyluridine is predicted to have a syn conformation with chi = 46 degrees and delta E about 2.5 kJ/mol over the minimum energy (in anti position, chi = -147 degrees). 1H and 13C data including homonuclear Overhauser enhancements complete the information about the solution conformation. Considering the Ki values obtained, it is likely that substrates of uridine phosphorylase will bind to the enzyme in the same conformation as 2,2' anhydro-5-ethyluridine. The greater than 30 degrees deviation from the N glycosidic torsion angle of 2,2'-anhydro-5-ethyluridine results in much higher Ki values. PMID- 3203687 TI - Comparison of the metabolism of dodecanedioic acid in vivo in control, riboflavin deficient and clofibrate-treated rats. AB - Intravenous administration of dodecanedioate (or hexadecanedioate) to anaesthetized rats resulted in the urinary excretion of medium-chain dicarboxylic acids (adipic, suberic and sebacic acids). In control animals, the recovery of infused dodecanedioate in the form of urinary medium-chain dicarboxylic acids corresponded to 30% of the infused dose (22 mumol/100 g body mass). This excretion was markedly increased in riboflavin-deficient rats (75% of the infused dose) while it was severely decreased in clofibrate-treated animals (less than 5%). The initial velocity of this process was similar in both control and riboflavin-deficient rats. In control animals, halving the infused dose of dodecanedioate to 11 mumol/100 g body mass resulted in a halving of the initial rate of the urinary appearance of medium-chain dicarboxylates, while doubling the amount of dicarboxylate administered to 44 mumol/100 g body mass did not further modify this velocity, but rather prolonged the duration of the excretion of the resulting products. In riboflavin-deficient and clofibrate-treated rats, the hepatic peroxisomal dicarboxylyl-CoA beta-oxidation activity measured as dicarboxylyl-CoA H2O2-generating oxidase and cyanide-insensitive dicarboxylyl-CoA dependent NAD+ reduction was increased about threefold and tenfold, respectively. Dicarboxylyl-CoA synthetase activity was normal in the clofibrate-treated rat livers but was increased more than tenfold in the livers from the riboflavin deficient animals. This work provides evidence that in the rat both mitochondria and peroxisomes are involved in the catabolism of dicarboxylates. PMID- 3203688 TI - Accumulation of carbamoylphosphate-synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA in embryonic rat hepatocytes. Evidence for translational control during the initial phases of hepatocyte-specific gene expression in vitro. AB - The aim of this study was to establish whether the initial accumulation of hepatocyte-specific proteins after hormone induction is regulated at the pretranslational and/or the translational level. To this end, mRNA molar concentrations were determined and compared with rates of protein synthesis from previous studies [van Roon, M.A., Charles, R. & Lamers, W.H. (1987) Eur. J. Biochem. 165, 229-234]. In vivo, carbamoylphosphate-synthetase mRNA starts to accumulate at day 17 of pregnancy. Phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase mRNA starts to accumulate only just prior to birth. Embryonic day 14 (i.e. 8 days before the expected day of birth), livers were chosen to study the regulation of the initiation of hepatocyte-specific mRNA accumulation in vitro. Accumulation of carbamoylphosphate-synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase mRNA is regulated by the same hormones as accumulation of the respective proteins. The rate at which carbamoylphosphate-synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase mRNA molecules accumulate in cultured embryonic hepatocytes is relatively low, compared to that of postnatal hepatocytes. However, the increase of the rate of synthesis of carbamoylphosphate-synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate-carboxykinase protein is even 3-6-fold slower than that of mRNA. This shows that initially mRNAs accumulate intracellularly to a relatively high concentration without being efficiently translated or translatable. Only after the mRNA concentration reaches a plateau of 72 h and 48 h respectively, the cellular capacity to synthesize the respective proteins increases. Therefore, the translational efficiency is certainly one of the major rate-limiting factors of the initial phases of expression of the hepatocyte-specific genes for carbamoylphosphate synthetase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. PMID- 3203690 TI - Differences in the binding of H1 variants to DNA. Cooperativity and linker-length related distribution. AB - A study of the complexes formed between short linear DNA and three H1 variants, a typical somatic H1, and the extreme variants H5, from chicken erythrocytes, and spH1 from sea urchin sperm, has revealed differences between H1, H5 and spH1 that have implications for chromatin structure and folding. 1. All three histones bind cooperatively to DNA in 35 mM NaCl forming similar, but not identical, rod-like complexes. With sufficiently long DNA the complexes may be circular, circles forming more easily with H5 and spH1 than with H1. 2. The binding of H5 and spH1 to DNA is cooperative even in 5 mM NaCl, resulting in well-defined thin filaments that appear to contain two DNA molecules bridged by histone molecules. In contrast, H1 binds distributively over all the DNA molecules in 5 mM NaCl, but forms short stretches similar in appearance to the thin filaments formed with H5 and spH1. Rods appear to arise from the intertwining of regular thin filaments containing cooperatively bound histone molecules on raising the NaCl concentration to 35 mM. 3. The compositions of the rods correspond to one histone molecule for about every 47 bp (H1), 81 bp (H5) and 112 bp (spH1), suggesting average spacings of 24 bp (H1), 41 bp (H5) and 56 bp (spH1) in the component thin (double) filaments. Strikingly, these values are proportional to the linker lengths of the chromatins in which the particular H1 variant is the main or sole H1. PMID- 3203689 TI - Large-scale preparation and reconstitution of apo-flavoproteins with special reference to butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography. AB - A new method is described for the large-scale reversible dissociation of flavoproteins into apoprotein and prosthetic group using hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. Lipoamide dehydrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii and butyryl CoA dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii are selected to demonstrate the usefulness of the method. In contrast to conventional methods, homogeneous preparations of apoproteins in high yields are obtained. The apoproteins show high reconstitutability. The holoenzymes are bound to phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B at neutral pH in the presence of ammonium sulfate. FAD is subsequently removed at pH 3.5-4.0 by addition of high concentrations of KBr. Large amounts of apoenzymes (200-500 mg), showing negligible residual activity, are eluted at neutral pH in the presence of 50% ethylene glycol. The holoenzyme of lipoamide dehydrogenase can be reconstituted while the apoprotein is still bound to the column or the apoenzyme can be isolated in the free state. In both cases the yield and degree of reconstitution of holoenzyme is more than 90% of starting material. Apo lipoamide-dehydrogenase exists mainly as a monomer in solution and reassociates to the native dimeric structure in the presence of FAD. The apoenzyme is stable for a long period of time when kept in 50% ethylene glycol at -18 degrees C. Steady-state fluorescence-polarization measurements of protein-bound FAD indicate that reconstituted lipoamide dehydrogenase possesses a high stability which is governed by the low dissociation rate constant of the apoenzyme-FAD complex. The holoenzyme of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase cannot be reconstituted when the apoenzyme is bound to the column. However, stable apoprotein can be isolated in the free state yielding 50-80% of starting material, depending on the immobilization conditions. The coenzyme A ligand present in native holoenzyme is removed during apoprotein preparation. The apoenzyme is relatively stable when kept in 50% ethylene glycol at -18 degrees C. From kinetic and gel filtration experiments it is concluded that the reconstitution reaction of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase is governed by both the pH-dependent hydrodynamic properties of apoenzyme and the pH-dependent stability of reconstituted enzyme. At pH 7, the apoenzyme is in equilibrium between dimeric and tetrameric forms and reassociates to a native-like tetrameric structure in the presence of FAD. The stability of reconstituted enzyme is strongly influenced by the presence of CoA ligands as shown by fluorescence-polarization measurements. The degree of reconstitution of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase is more than 80% of the original specific activity under certain conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) PMID- 3203691 TI - Purification, characterization and induction of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in Phaseolus vulgaris. AB - The enzyme L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was purified from leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration and Sepharose-4-B--succinyl-aminoethyl L-phenylalanine affinity chromatography. L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was specifically eluted from the affinity matrix with its substrate L-phenylalanine at 20-25 degrees C. The purified enzyme was shown to be homogeneous by gel electrophoresis both in presence and absence of SDS. Its Mr, determined by gel filtration and non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, was 320,000 +/- 9000 and 330,000 +/- 4000 respectively. After SDS electrophoresis only one band of Mr 83,000 +/- 4000 was detected, indicating that the enzyme is an oligomer containing four subunits. The pH optimum of enzyme activity was 8.8-9.2. Ampholyte isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide demonstrated the presence of a single charged species at pH 4.2. The homogeneous enzyme catalyzed the deamination of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamate but did not catalyze the transamination of L-phenylalanine to L-phenylpyruvate. The enzyme showed Km 1.25 mM for L-phenylalanine. Antibodies to homogeneous L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase recognised specific epitopes on L-phenylalanine aminotransferase as demonstrated by immunoaffinity purification and immunoblotting. The induction of L phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity during phaseollin biosynthesis in the Phaseolus vulgaris--Colletotrichum lindemuthianum interaction was regulated by an increase in enzyme concentration resulting from an increase in de novo synthesis of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase protein. PMID- 3203692 TI - Involvement of a serine protease in tumour-necrosis-factor-mediated cytotoxicity. AB - We investigated the effect of various protease inhibitors on the anti proliferative and cytotoxic action of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) on mouse L929 fibrosarcoma cells. 1. The following serine-type protease inhibitors led to inhibition of TNF action: phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, N alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethane, N alpha-p-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethane, N alpha-p-tosyl-L arginine methyl ester, L-leucine methyl ester, DL-phenylalanine methyl ester, N acetyl-DL-phenylalanine-beta-naphthyl ester, p-nitrophenyl p'-guanidino-benzoate and antipain. We could not detect an effect of inhibitors specific for thiol protease on TNF. 2. Inhibition of TNF-mediated cytotoxicity was evident in both the presence and absence of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. 3. TNF itself was not found to be a protease, as it had no proteolytic activity in a sensitive colorimetric assay. [1,3-3H]Diisopropyl fluorophosphate, an effective irreversible inhibitor of serine proteases, did not bind to TNF. Pretreatment of TNF with N alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethane did not influence its biological activity. 4. The addition of protease inhibitor to the cells at various times after TNF administration led to a gradual loss of protection, suggesting that the protease acts at a rather late stage. 5. Protease inhibitors did not influence TNF binding, internalization or metabolization. 6. No increase in supernatant protease activity or in cell-associated protease activity could be detected after treatment of L929 cells with TNF. Our results document the involvement of protease activity, acting quite late during the cytolytic and growth inhibiting processes induced by TNF. PMID- 3203693 TI - Quantification and characterization of regulin, a Mr-230,000 highly elongated protein of rabbit reticulocytes. AB - Procedures are described by which regulin in rabbit reticulocytes was quantified and isolated in relatively large amounts. In these cells the protein occurs at a ratio of about 1.1-1.6 regulin monomers/spectrin tetramer, corresponding to 80,000-100,000 molecules of Mr-230,000 regulin/cell. Erythrocytes contain less than 12% of the amount of regulin in reticulocytes and the protein has not been detected in non-erythroid cells. Regulin was found primarily in the cytosolic fraction of lysed reticulocytes. It appears to be unusually sensitive to proteolysis by Ca2+-activated thiol proteases. Isolation of Mr-230,000 undegraded regulin was accomplished by the use of protease inhibitors including N ethylmaleimide. A striking characteristic of regulin is its tendency to aggregate in neutral solution of low ionic strength. Physical studies of the isolated protein indicate that it has a highly elongated form in solution. The protein has no known enzymatic activity but was shown previously to interact with and increase the enzymatic activity of a protein phosphatase. The properties of regulin suggest that it may have a structural function but it appears to be physically and immunologically distinct from known proteins. It is suggested that regulin may contribute to a gel matrix within the cytoplasm of reticulocytes. PMID- 3203695 TI - Oxidation of glycolipids in liposomes by galactose oxidase. AB - Small unilamellar phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing globo-series glycolipids were labeled by the galactose oxidase/NaB[3H]4 procedure. The major glycolipid of human red cells, globoside, was the best substrate for galactose oxidase both in vesicles and in tetrahydrofuran-containing buffer. The oxidation rates of membrane-bound ceramide trihexoside and Forssman glycolipid were one fourth and one-tenth, respectively, of the oxidation rate of globoside. Membrane bound ceramide dihexoside was not a substrate for galactose oxidase, although it was readily oxidized in tetrahydrofuran-containing buffer. Soluble sialoglycoproteins and membrane-incorporated glycophorin A stimulated the oxidation of globoside-containing vesicles, whereas membrane-bound GD1a ganglioside had no effect on globoside oxidation. PMID- 3203694 TI - Tubulin oligomers and microtubule oscillations. Antagonistic role of microtubule stabilizers and destabilizers. AB - Several types of non-equilibrium phenomena have been observed in microtubule polymerization, including dynamic instability, assembly overshoot and oscillations. They can be interpreted in terms of interactions between tubulin subunits (= alpha, beta heterodimers), microtubules, and a third state, oligomers, which represent intermediates between microtubule disassembly and the regeneration of assembly-competent subunits by GTP. Here we examine the role of oligomers by varying conditions that stabilize or destabilize microtubules and/or oligomers. By varying their ratio one can drive tubulin assembly either into steady-state microtubules or oligomers. These regimens of assembly conditions are separated by a region where microtubules oscillate. The oscillations can be simulated by computer modelling, based on a reaction scheme involving the three states of tubulin and nucleotide exchange on tubulin subunits, but not on microtubules or oligomers. PMID- 3203696 TI - Alternative mechanisms for gene activation induced by poly(rI).poly(rC) and Newcastle disease virus. AB - After poly(rI).poly(rC) induction of FS-4 fibroblasts, both human interferon-beta (IFN-beta) mRNA and an additional induced RNA class (12S RNA) hybridize to a genomic cosmid clone containing the human IFN-beta gene as well as 35 kbp of flanking sequences. However, this coinduced 12S RNA does not originate from regions in the neighborhood of the IFN-beta gene, but hybridizes to the genomic cosmid clone via repetitive Alu-family sequences. While IFN-beta mRNA rapidly decays after reaching a maximum 2-4 h after induction, this 12S RNA is stably maintained in the fibroblast cell for more than 16 h. Contrary to IFN-beta mRNA, the level of the 12S RNA is not further elevated by superinduction conditions (cycloheximide treatment) during poly(rI).poly(rC) induction. However, subsequent to treatment with the weaker viral inducer Newcastle disease virus (NDV) both IFN beta and the 12S RNA transcripts are induced to a higher level in the presence of cycloheximide. Cell-free translation of hybrid-selected 12S RNA leads to detection of an induced protein of 14 kDa. cDNA cloning reveals that the 12S RNA contains part of an Alu-family sequence in the 5'-untranslated region. The 12S RNA is probably not an RNA polymerase III transcript and codes for a protein of 9 kDa (as monitored by in vitro cell-free translation). This discrepancy in molecular mass can be attributed to a retarded migration of the protein in SDS/PAGE. PMID- 3203697 TI - Effects of 4 weeks treatment with chlorpromazine and/or trihexyphenidyl on the pituitary-gonadal axis in male paranoid schizophrenics. AB - Serum prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) levels were estimated in a group of 30 male paranoid schizophrenics before and after 4 weeks treatment with chlorpromazine and/or trihexyphenidyl, and in a group of 14 healthy male individuals. After treatment with chlorpromazine (100 mg t.i.d., p.o.), 10 patients presented a significant increase in serum PRL values and a significant decrease in serum T values. A significant increase in serum PRL values was also found in 10 patients who were treated with chlorpromazine (100 mg t.i.d., p.o.) plus trihexyphenidyl (5 mg t.i.d., p.o.). No significant difference in any of the investigated endocrine parameters was detected in 10 patients after 4 weeks administration of trihexyphenidyl (5 mg t.i.d., p.o.). Following chlorpromazine treatment with or without concomitant administration of trihexyphenidyl, 20 patients showed a significant increase in serum PRL levels and a significant decrease in serum LH and T levels. PMID- 3203698 TI - Incidence of post-lumbar puncture headache is independent of daily fluid intake. AB - The clinical practice of advising patients to increase their daily fluid intake after lumbar puncture in order to increase CSF production by re-hydration and thus try to prevent post-lumbar puncture headache (PLPH) has not yet been shown to be effective. In 100 patients the different effects of re-hydration on the incidence of PLPH (1.51 compared with 3.01 oral fluid per day over a period of 5 days) were tested prospectively. The incidence of PLPH was independent of the amount of fluid intake in both groups (18, 36%), as was the duration of PLPH. The physiology of CSF production and resorption suggests that PLPH is not a problem of CSF dynamics but a simple mechanical problem of how to close the dural rent and thereby stop the continuous leakage. It is no longer justifiable to advise patients to drink more than usual since there is no physiological or empirical basis for this and it does not seem to have even a placebo effect. PMID- 3203699 TI - Baseline neuroendocrine function and diagnostic stability among patients with a nonmanic psychosis. AB - Psychotic patients underwent a dexamethasone suppression test (DST), careful diagnostic assessments at baseline and diagnostic reevaluations after 1 year. The predicted associations between baseline DST results and diagnosis were much clearer after prospective observation. PMID- 3203700 TI - Anorexia nervosa in Greek and Turkish adolescents. AB - Five samples of adolescents were assessed in three countries: (1) 867 Greek pupils in Munich (Germany), (2) 2,700 Greek pupils in Veria (Greece), (3) 567 girls in Ioannina (Greece), (4) 2,783 adolescents in Istanbul (Turkey), and (5) 157 adolescents in Upper Bavaria (Germany). A two-stage procedure was used for samples one, two and four using the Anorexia Nervosa Inventory for Self-rating (ANIS) for screening and a standardized interview (Structured Interview for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia) for personal exploration of possible cases and final case identification. Results of all samples were compared. Greek girls in Germany scored higher than Greek boys in Germany and Greek boys and girls in Germany scored lower than Greek girls in Veria in the ANIS factors figure consciousness, insufficiency, anancasm, negative effect of meals and bulimia in practically all age groups. The frequency distribution of the ANIS main factor figure consciousness was the same for both Greek samples in Greece, while the Turkish sample and the Greek sample in Munich had significantly lower scores. In the second stage the prevalence rates for anorexia nervosa according to Feighner criteria (modified for the purpose of a field study) were: 1.10% for Greek girls in Munich, 0.41% for Greek girls in Veria and 0.35% for Greeks in Ioannina. Thus, while Greek girls in Germany had lower scores in ANIS factors and other self ratings (General Health Questionnaire) the actual rate of anorexic syndromes was highest among Greek girls in Munich. Socio-cultural influences and selection factors are discussed. PMID- 3203701 TI - Autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss syndrome: evidence of a neurogenic variant of the disease. AB - The first German family with autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss syndrome (EDS) is described, with electrophysiologic and myopathologic results providing evidence of a primary neurogenic disease. According to classification of the scapulo peroneal syndrome without cardiomyopathy, we conclude that there are two variants of EDS: one myopathic, the other neurogenic in origin. Therefore, the term Emery Dreifuss muscular dystrophy should be avoided. Instead, each case of EDS should be classified as myopathic or neurogenic with X chromosome recessive or autosomal dominant inheritance. PMID- 3203702 TI - The within-pair EEG similarity of twins reared apart. AB - Within the broader context of our investigations into the heredity of the human EEG, we analysed the EEGs of 28 pairs of monozygotic and 21 pairs of dizygotic twins who were separated as infants and reared apart. The principal goal of this study was to determine the degree to which environmental factors possibly influence the development of a person's EEG. Monozygotic twins reared apart were, with respect to their EEGs, only slightly less similar to each other (if there is any difference at all) than the same person is to himself over time. For dizygotic twins reared apart, we verified the findings of our previous study, namely, that the average within-pair similarity of EEGs estimated from a sufficiently representative sample of fraternal twins was significantly higher than the average inter-individual similarity of EEGs obtained from unrelated persons. The results on both monozygotic and dizygotic twins, yielded conclusive proof that the individual EEG pattern is predominantly determined by hereditary factors. PMID- 3203703 TI - Clinical pharmacokinetics of clozapine in chronic schizophrenic patients. AB - The clinical pharmacokinetics of clozapine, an atypical neuroleptic, was evaluated in 10 chronic schizophrenic male patients after intravenous and oral administration. The mean equilibrium-state concentration ratio between blood and plasma was experimentally determined to be 0.87. The average values for blood clearance, hepatic extraction ratio and oral bioavailability were 250 ml/min, 0.2 and 0.27, respectively. Plasma concentration peaked on average at 3 h. The mean volume of distribution at steady-state and the terminal half-life was 1.6 l/kg and 10.3 h, respectively. A large fraction of the dose is most probably metabolized by some extrahepatic presystemic routes. The large inter-individual variability in the bioavailability and clearance is probably the main reason for large variation in the steady-state plasma level in patients receiving the same oral dosage regimen. PMID- 3203704 TI - Cyclosporin: pharmacokinetics and detailed studies of plasma and erythrocyte binding during intravenous and oral administration. AB - On the basis that unbound concentration better correlates with response than total plasma or blood concentration, the inter- and intra-subject variability in the distribution of cyclosporin within blood and to plasma components was studied in renal transplant patients. Pharmacokinetic aspects were also studied. Blood samples were analysed from patients who received the drug both by a 72-h i.v. infusion and orally (7 mg.kg-1 twice daily). Steady-state was reached within 18 h of starting the i.v. infusion; the plasma data were best fitted by a biexponential equation with half-times of 0.13-1.02 h and 4.3-13.9 h, associated with the two phases. The mean plasma clearance was 700 ml/min. Concentrations during the infusions measured by RIA and HPLC were comparable. Oral profiles showed rapid and extensive absorption. The peak plasma concentrations were 1460 1880 micrograms.l-1 and occurred 2-4 h after dosing, with bioavailability estimates of 41-113%. Concentrations measured by RIA were higher than by HPLC. Blood-to-plasma concentration ratio measurements of cyclosporin at 37 degrees C decreased with increasing plasma concentration and increased with haematocrit. Fraction unbound, measured by ultra-centrifugation, was in the range 0.042-0.122 with an average of 0.068, and varied little in some patients but showed systematic changes with time in others. Cyclosporin binding was found to be related not only to the triglyceride but, more particularly, to the cholesterol related lipoproteins in plasma. Monitoring cholesterol may be helpful in identifying patients with extremes in binding or with widely varying binding. PMID- 3203705 TI - Intraindividual variability in the relative systemic availability of cyclosporin after oral dosing. AB - We have measured total and unbound plasma concentrations of cyclosporin A in seven healthy men after single oral doses (12 mg per kg body weight) on two occasions at least two weeks apart. There was an up to two-fold intraindividual and a more than three-fold interindividual variation in the AUCs of both total and unbound drug. The intraindividual variability in the AUC of cyclosporin is similar to that of many other drugs and needs to be taken into account in the planning of pharmacokinetic studies. PMID- 3203706 TI - Interaction between furosemide and the converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril in healthy volunteers. AB - Single oral doses of 10 mg converting enzyme inhibitor benazepril (CGS 14824A) and 40 mg furosemide were administered to 12 healthy male volunteers either separately or concomitantly. The pharmacokinetic parameters of benazepril were not influenced by coadministration of furosemide. Urinary excretion of total furosemide was significantly reduced by 10 to 20% in the presence of benazepril. This effect was considered clinically insignificant. Erect blood pressure decreased and pulse rate increased only during concomitant treatment. PMID- 3203707 TI - Kinetics and disposition of fluorescein-labelled liposomes in healthy human subjects. AB - The in vivo kinetics and organ uptake of multilamellar liposomes have been studied in healthy volunteers. Sodium fluorescein-containing liposomes composed of equimolar amounts of egg phosphatidylocholine and cholesterol were injected into a peripheral vein in 4 healthy subjects. Blood samples collected from the femoral artery, hepatic vein and pulmonary artery, were analysed for liposomal dye content. The results, showing involvement of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) in the removal of liposomes, confirmed those previously obtained with radiolabelled preparations. Use of an innocuous liposomal marker (sodium fluorescein) and conventional vascular catheterization techniques, as employed here, may provide a reliable and clinically acceptable approach to establishing disease-induced changes in the kinetics of uptake of drug-containing liposomes by the RES, and thus help in the design of protocols for effective treatment. PMID- 3203708 TI - The pharmacokinetics of olsalazine sodium in healthy volunteers after a single i.v. dose and after oral doses with and without food. AB - Olsalazine sodium (5,5'-azodisalicylic acid (OLZ] was given to eight healthy volunteers as a 10 mg i.v. bolus dose and as a 1 g oral dose with and without food. To five fasting participants single oral doses of 2 g and 4 g were given. Blood and urine were collected during three weeks after each dose and were assayed for OLZ, a conjugate identified as a sulphate of OLZ (OLZs), 5 aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), and N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid (ac-5-ASA). The study showed that: 1. OLZ had a very short elimination half-life, mean 56 min. 2. OLZ was absorbed from the intestinal tract to a very small extent, as seen from the low systemic availability and low urinary excretion, 2.3% and 0.31% respectively, for a 1 g dose taken fasting. 3. OLZ was present in the serum partly as a conjugate, which was identified as an O-sulphate. Following the i.v. dose the serum half-life of the O-sulphate was estimated to be 7 days. 4. Food intake did not influence the systemic availability of OLZ and ac-5-ASA. 5. There was no dose-dependent increase of OLZ absorption with single doses up to 2 g, but a 4-g dose showed a more than two-fold increase in the individual peak serum concentration and in the systemic availability of OLZ. However, there was no significant increase in the mean residence time (MRT) for OLZ or in the serum concentration of either 5-ASA or ac-5-ASA at a dose of 4 g. PMID- 3203709 TI - Pharmacokinetics of fluoride absorbed from dried seafoods by healthy adults. AB - Dried seafoods are a rich source of fluoride (F). The systemic availability of F from seafoods was studied in 3 healthy adults. The plasma concentration and urinary excretion of F for 24 h following the ingestion of 3.87 +/- 0.32 mg F (mean +/- SD) in seafoods were compared with plasma and urine data following oral administration of 3 mg F in aqueous solution. There was a marked reduction and delay in the absorption of F from seafoods. The relative bioavailability of F from seafoods was 40.8 +/- 5.1%. These findings should be taken into consideration when determining the optimum level of daily F intake. PMID- 3203710 TI - Drug utilization by children in Tenerife Island. AB - Drug utilization was studied in children below 14 years of age in Tenerife, Canary Islands, who were seen as outpatients by 15 paediatricians and 10 general practitioners. Data on diagnosis, previous drug exposure and prescriptions were collected from a random sample of 1327 children. Nose and throat infections (40.1%), respiratory diseases (10.2%) and miscellaneous symptoms, namely common cold, influenza or nasal congestion (10.5%), were the most frequent reasons for visiting a physician. Antibiotics represented 28.5% of the prescriptions. The youngest group (0-2 years) received more drugs than the other two groups (2-6 and 6-14 years), and 8.4% of the children did not receive any drug. Only 358 (5.1%) of the 7,000 pharmaceutical specialities available were used, and the 10 most frequently prescribed drug products constituted more than 30% of all prescriptions. Combination drugs accounted for 42.4% of the prescribed items. Healthy children presenting only for check up were frequently treated with drugs. PMID- 3203711 TI - Long-term effect of nadolol on quantitative liver function tests in patients with cirrhosis. AB - Nadolol, a non-cardioselective beta adrenoreceptor blocking agent, has been reported to decrease portal pressure without affecting liver function in cirrhotic patients treated for 1 month. There were no data about the long-term effects of nadolol on liver function. In 11 patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension galactose eliminating capacity, aminopyrine metabolic capacity, ICG clearance and IGC intrinsic hepatic clearance according to the "parallel tube" model were measured before and after 6 months of treatment with nadolol at a dose reducing resting heart rate by approximately 25%. No significant variation in any of these parameters was found. Thus 6 months of continuous oral administration of nadolol did not further impair liver function in cirrhotics. PMID- 3203712 TI - The effect of pneumococcal vaccine on the disposition of theophylline. AB - Pneumococcal vaccine is frequently given to chronic obstructive airway disease patients who are maintained on theophylline therapy. Several studies demonstrating the effect of viral and bacterial vaccines on drug metabolism prompted our evaluation of the effect of pneumococcal vaccine on theophylline pharmacokinetics. Six healthy volunteers, acting as their own controls, received 250 mg of theophylline every 8 h for 12 days. Plasma area under the concentration time curves (AUC) were measured on Days 4, 6, and 12. On Day 5 pneumococcal vaccine (0.5 ml) was given intramuscularly. No significant difference in elimination rate constant, AUC, or apparent oral clearance of theophylline was found at one or seven days after vaccine administration. These results indicate that intramuscular pneumococcal vaccine does not alter the pharmacokinetics of theophylline during chronic oral administration. PMID- 3203715 TI - The effect of a diet rich in brussels sprouts on warfarin pharmacokinetics. AB - Ten healthy subjects were given 20 mg of warfarin orally before, and after a daily intake of 400 g of brussels sprouts for 2 weeks. The brussels sprouts diet stimulated warfarin disposal as evidenced by a 29% increase in mean elimination rate constant, accompanied by a 27% increase in metabolic clearance rate and a 16% decrease in plasma AUC. It is concluded that a high intake of brussels sprouts, a cruciferous vegetable, accelerates warfarin disposal, and thereby might contribute to less anticoagulation. PMID- 3203713 TI - Effect of methyldopa on prolactin serum concentration. Comparison between normal and sustained-release formulations. AB - In a group of ten hypertensive patients, the effects of methyldopa administration in two different formulations on serum prolactin (PRL) were studied. A single oral dose of normal release methyldopa significantly increased serum prolactin levels, peak concentrations occurring 3 to 6 h after drug administration. On the contrary, administration of sustained release methyldopa at the same dose was only followed by slight and not significant fluctuations in prolactin plasma levels. Both formulations produced a significant decrease of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, without significant differences between sustained and normal release methyldopa effects. PMID- 3203714 TI - Relative bioavailability of oral low dose methotrexate. A comparison of 2 different formulations. AB - In 39 patients the bioavailability of methotrexate from the two tablets Emthexat 2.5 mg and Methotrexate 2.5 mg was assessed in a double-blind study after a single oral dose of 30 mg/m2 Methotrexate. There was a considerable inter individual variation of the serum pharmacokinetics in regard to Cmax and tmax, independent on the MTX formulation. Emthexat 2.5 mg tablets and Methotrexate 2.5 mg tablets were bioequivalent according to the definition (AUCE greater than or equal to AUCM X 80%). PMID- 3203716 TI - The pharmacokinetics of cefixime in the fasted and fed state. AB - Twenty healthy adult volunteers received single 400 mg oral doses of cefixime in an open, randomized, crossover study, administered twice in the fasted state and twice with a standard breakfast. The study design allowed both an evaluation of a potential food effect and also an analysis of both intrasubject and intersubject variability in the fasted and fed state. There was a small but significantly longer (approximately 1 h) time to peak concentration when the drug was given with food. Peak serum concentrations, area under the curve, and 24 h urinary recovery values were unchanged in the fed and fasted states. The terminal elimination half-life of the drug given after a meal (3.6 h) was slightly longer than that observed after dosing in the fasting condition (3.5 h). The intrasubject and intersubject variabilities were less than 12% and 33% respectively, for both area under the curve and 24 h urinary recovery, and were virtually the same for the fasted and fed occasions. Therefore, the drug may be administered with or without food. PMID- 3203717 TI - The design of SPALA (safety profile of antirheumatics in long-term administration). An intensive monitoring system for NSAIDs. A report from the SPALA project. PMID- 3203718 TI - Purinergic modulation of cortical acetylcholine release is decreased in aging rats. AB - The effect of adenosine, N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA), and caffeine on acetylcholine (ACh) release was investigated in cortical slices prepared from 3 and 22-24-month-old rats. The slices were perfused with Krebs solution and electrically stimulated at 0.2, 1, and 5 Hz stimulation frequency. In old rats, ACh released by stimulation at 1 and 5 Hz was about half as large as in adult rats. In 22-24-month-old rats, the potency of adenosine was strongly reduced, and a similar significant inhibition of ACh release was obtained with concentrations of 1 microM adenosine in adult and 300 microM in old rats. Conversely, NECA, which has no effect on ACh release in adult rats, brought about a 40% decrease in old rats. Caffeine at 50 microM concentration enhanced, and at 500 microM inhibited, the evoked ACh release in adult rats, but was inactive in old rats. The possibility is envisaged that aging may modify purinergic modulation of ACh release by inducing conformational changes in purinergic receptors or changing adenosine metabolism. PMID- 3203719 TI - Preservation of skeletal muscle hyperemic response to contraction with aging in female rats. AB - In a previous investigation (Irion et al., 1987), a significant age-related decline in skeletal muscle blood flow during intermittent tetanic contractions was observed in male Fischer 344 rats. This decline in the hyperemic response to muscle contraction was accompanied by an increased fatigability of skeletal muscle of senescent male rats. In the present investigation, anesthetized female adult and senescent Fischer 344 rats were instrumented for stimulation of the plantar flexor muscles in situ, and blood flow measurement by the tracer microsphere technique. After determination of optimum length and maximum tetanic force, muscles were stimulated to contract at the rate of 120 tetani/min. No significant differences could be observed between adult and senescent females in skeletal muscle fatigability or blood flow. The only significant differences observed between senescent and younger females were a decrease in splenic blood flow and an increase in body weight. In contrast to male rats of the same age, no impairment of skeletal muscle blood flow or change in fatigability could be detected in senescent female rats. PMID- 3203720 TI - A light and electron microscope study of aging parotid and submandibular salivary glands of Swiss-Webster mice. AB - Light and electron microscope comparisons were made of parotid and submandibular glands from male Swiss-Webster white mice 3, 13, and 18 months old. The glands from the 13- and 18-month-old mice were less organized and the parenchyma was not as dense. Fibrous connective tissue, intracellular lipofuscin granules, and residual body formation increased with age. In the cells of the parotid glands of 18-month-old mice, the nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio was greater than in the specimens from the younger two ages. The granular convoluted tubules in submandibular glands of 18-month-old mice were the smallest of all age groups. The age changes appear comparable to those of rat and human salivary glands, yet this is an inexpensive animal model that achieves old age in less time than other animal models. PMID- 3203721 TI - Killer systems and pathogenic fungi. AB - Our own studies on the yeast killer phenomenon have been concentrated on its application for the differentiation of opportunistic pathogenic yeast isolates within the same species and its use as an epidemiological marker in nosocomial infections caused by yeasts. Our most recent investigations have led us to reevaluate the potential uses of this phenomenon, since it is now apparent that other microorganisms, unrelated to yeasts, are susceptible to the effects of these toxins. The yeast killer phenomenon can theoretically be used to study epidemiological aspects of any pathogenic microorganism, especially when other systems are not available. Monoclonal antibodies produced against a crude toxic extract of a killer yeast (Pichia anomala UCSC 25F) active against a large number of microorganisms were used to carry out a serological study on metabolic products of various yeasts with known and unknown genetic determinants of their killer characteristics. The extract itself had demonstrated a therapeutic effect in vivo when applied topically. Anti-idiotypic antibodies against these monoclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits. In vitro, these anti-Ids mimicked the action of the killer toxin used as immunogen in the production of monoclonal antibodies. The perspectives of investigations on yeast killer phenomenon are discussed. PMID- 3203722 TI - Attitudes towards HIV-antibody testing among general practitioners and their patients. AB - A study was conducted by the French Communicable Diseases Network to evaluate the use of HIV-antibody testing by general practitioners. The study was aimed at determining the type of patient being tested and why. Data from two periods, Nov Dec 86 and March-April 87, were compared. The percentages of subjects spontaneously asking for the test were about 50% in both studied periods. During the first period, tested patients were mainly male subjects (82%) and belonged to high risk groups (66%), whereas during the second period male subjects represented 47% and subjects belonging to high risk groups 27% of those tested. During the four months between the 2 study periods, an information campaign on AIDS was begun. During the second study period, in fact, the number of women being tested had increased, the number of patients with clinical symptoms had decreased and more patients were tested because of past or present STDs. In addition, fewer seropositive subjects were found during the second period. Only one subject with no known risk factor was found to be seropositive but she did have clinical symptoms of HIV infection. PMID- 3203723 TI - ELISA IgG as screening test for the research of true prevalence of human hydatidosis in Badajoz, Spain. AB - IgG antibodies against E. granulosus were investigated in order to determine the true prevalence of human echinococcosis in Badajoz, Spain. The seroepidemiological survey was carried out on 1540 subjects not suspected of suffering from hydatidosis, in order to add this morbidity rate to that already declared. Because of its high sensitivity and specificity, a standardized immunoenzymatic technique, ELISA was used, and the results subsequently compared using a classical technique for seroepidemiological surveys, namely indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). According to ELISA, 2.2% of the tested subjects were positive. This indicates a higher morbidity in our province than that declared. This test was found to be ideal for seroepidemiological surveys since it is reproducible, easily and rapidly conducted and safe. It requires economical reagents, a large number of samples can be processed simultaneously and it offers a totally objective reading. PMID- 3203724 TI - Surveillance of influenza A and B viruses in Italy between 1984 and 1987. AB - Antigenically heterogeneous strains and new variants of influenza A viruses, both A (H3N2) and (H1N1) subtypes, as well as influenza B strains were detected in Italy in a period, between 1984-1987, characterized by a moderate degree of influenza activity. Each year the evaluation, by SRH technique, of antibodies, in the population, to currently circulating viruses, has confirmed the extent of infection and often the prevalent virus. PMID- 3203726 TI - Phagocytosis of bacterial aggregates by granulocytes. AB - A study was conducted on the granulocytic phagocytosis of bacterial aggregates obtained under ideal environmental conditions. For the strains studied, aggregation was favored by low salt concentrations, low pH and temperatures between 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C. Our results show that the phagocytic capacity of granulocytes depends on the type and size of these aggregates. Those formed by a smaller number of cells are more easily phagocytized than the larger ones. PMID- 3203725 TI - Diarrhoeal disease: knowledge, attitudes and practices in an aboriginal community. AB - This study was carried out in an Australian Aboriginal community in South Australia on the knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to diarrhoeal disease. Suggestions were sought on appropriate interventions. Dietary causes (including alcohol), factors relating to drinking water, poor environmental hygiene, infective agents and teething were considered by community member to be important in the causation of diarrhoea. Poor personal and domestic hygiene, and the lack of adequate bathing, toilet and laundry facilities were not considered to be important contributory factors. This may reflect the Aboriginal view of hygiene derived from many years of desert living as nomadic hunter-gatherers. The study provides valuable information to enable the selection of appropriate interventions for the control of diarrhoeal disease in this community. PMID- 3203727 TI - Lung cancer in Israel, 1962-1982. I. Jews and Arabs. AB - The magnitude and dynamics of lung cancer incidence in Jews and Arabs in Israel between the years 1962 and 1982 were studied. In general, age-standardized incidence rates increased consistently between the years 1962 and 1976 among Jewish (24% increase) and Arab (39%) males, and to a lesser degree among Jewish females (15%). Arab females had the highest (77%) increase. From 1977 to 1982 a general decrease in incidence rates, which was largest among Arab males (19%) and females (15%), was noted. Rates among Jewish males are currently 26% higher than among Arab males, and are 162% higher among Jewish females than in Arab females. Lung cancer rates in both males and females in Israel (Jews and Arabs) are lower than in most developed countries in the world. Among the possible reasons are differences in the population risk factors profile, availability of health care and the level of diagnosis and ascertainment of cases. PMID- 3203728 TI - A village outbreak of hepatitis A: acquaintance network and inapparent pre-school transmission compared. AB - A village outbreak of 38 cases of serologically confirmed hepatitis A is described. The epidemic curve was a propagative one and all of the cases occurred in primary school-age or pre-school children. In 1984 the incidence in this age group was 5,000 per 100,000, about 50 times the corresponding national rate. Although 21 of the cases attended the single primary school, these cases were not clustered within school years or classes and examination of onset dates showed only four cases could have resulted from case transmission within classes. A matched triplet case-control study was undertaken to measure the risk associated with prior contact with a case within the acquaintance network and the risk of household contact with either of the two pre-school nurseries where inapparent transmission may have been occurring. Whereas a similar proportion of cases and controls had direct or indirect contact with the nurseries, 48% of cases, compared with 9% of controls, reported a previous case of jaundice within 6 weeks amongst their acquaintance network (matched triplet analysis P less than .0001). PMID- 3203729 TI - Persistence of human leishmanial antibodies in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in El Agamy, Egypt. AB - In an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), individuals with leishmanial antibodies that reacted in the radioimmunoassay (RIA) were retested to determine duration of leishmanial antibody retention. One fourth of adults retained antibodies for at least 10 months. At least 2/3 of asymptomatic children retained leishmanial antibodies for 5 to 7 months after detection. 2/3 of children treated for VL retained leishmanial antibodies for 5 to 7 months after treatment, while 1/3 retained antibodies for over a year. These data modify conclusions that can be drawn from a single serosurvey. Since leishmanial RIA antibodies can persist in humans for at least two transmission seasons, incidence estimates require serial serosurveys. PMID- 3203730 TI - Alcohol consumption and blood pressure. An Italian study. AB - We studied the relationship between alcohol consumption and arterial pressure in 1,190 subjects of both sexes aged between 18 and 63 years who were examined during the course of a program of preventive medicine organized by Centro Diagnostico Italiano. In 711 subjects who were not requested to alter their usual alcohol consumption we found a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and systolic arterial pressure, b + SE(b), 4.6 +/- 2.1 mmHg/100 g ethanol/day. In particular, males who were heavy drinkers (greater than or equal to 50 g ethanol/day) presented significantly higher systolic pressure levels than the other men, d +/- SE(d), 3.7 +/- 1.6 mmHg, whereas no significant differences were observed among the various classes of women subdivided according to alcohol intake (only 4.6% of the women consumed greater than 50 g ethanol/day). On the other hand, in 479 subjects who were requested to abstain from alcohol consumption during the three days preceding the examination, no significant relation was found between alcohol intake and arterial pressure. The difference between the systolic pressure levels of the male heavy drinkers and those of the male moderate and non-drinkers was only 0.1 mmHg. Excessive alcohol consumption, in this case, mainly in the form of wine, was therefore associated with higher systolic pressure levels. However, it seems that abstaining from alcohol for even a brief period may modify this relation considerably. PMID- 3203731 TI - Hepatitis B and Delta virus infection among heterosexuals, homosexuals and bisexual men. AB - The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) infection rates were estimated in patients attending a venereal disease outpatient clinic: 759 heterosexuals and 154 homosexual-bisexual men. The anti-HBc prevalence was higher in homo-bisexual men (68.8 per 100) than in heterosexuals (41.8 per 100), whereas HBsAg was roughly the same in the two groups (about 6 per 100). The anti-HBc prevalence rate among heterosexuals was higher than that estimated in hospital personnel from the same geographical area. A positive association between anti HBc prevalence and present or past sexually transmitted diseases (STD) was found among homo-bisexual men. Anti-HBc was also positively associated with herpes simplex type 2 antibodies in both heterosexuals and homo-bisexual men. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that sexual behavior also plays a role in the spread of infection among heterosexuals. Ten of the 46 HBsAg-positive subjects were anti-HDV positive: 6 of the 36 heterosexuals and 4 of the 10 homosexuals. All HDV-positive subjects had present or past STDs. These findings suggest sexual transmission of HDV infection. PMID- 3203733 TI - Sport activity and cigarette smoking among young and adult athletes from the northeastern part of Italy. AB - Between November 1985 and October 1986, attitudes and habits towards smoking were investigated among young and adult amateur athletes of the province of Pordenone, in the northeastern part of Italy. Seventy-five percent of the athletes had never smoked and 21% were current smokers. Compared with the general population, smokers were 1/3 fewer among males and 1/5 more among females; a higher number of ex-smokers was found in both sexes. The major determinants of smoking were the kind of sport in which the athletes were engaged (percentages of current smokers among athletes of endurance sports, football and other, less exhaustive, sports were respectively 3%, 23% and 20%) and having both parents who were themselves smokers. The detrimental effects of smoking on health were underestimated by the great majority of interviewed subjects. The present study supports the view that regular physical activity not only prevents youths from starting to smoke but also provides an incentive for stopping. PMID- 3203734 TI - Ten years of brucellosis in Italy (1977-1986). AB - In the decade 1977-1986 the total number of cases of brucellosis recorded in Italy was 25,165. The reported cases probably reflect only a minority of the total number of the effective cases due to lack of reporting. The epidemiological and clinical features of 62 cases of brucellosis, observed by the authors are reported as a sample of the total number of cases. PMID- 3203732 TI - Immune response to anti-HBV vaccination: study of conditioning factors. AB - The Authors studied the immune responses of 691 health care workers who were given HEVAC B vaccine (455 subjects) and HB Vax vaccine (216 subjects). The immune responses were correlated with data obtained by questionnaires: age, sex, B.M.I., drinking habits, smoking. The results showed correlation between these variables and immune response to vaccine. PMID- 3203735 TI - Lyme disease in Italy: isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from a patient. AB - A strain of Borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from a 48-year-old female patient suffering from a chronic form of polyarthritis. Significant titers of specific anti-Borrelia antibodies were not found. This is the first report of isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi from a patient in Italy. PMID- 3203736 TI - Preparation and physicochemical properties of uracil derivatives with potential biological activity. AB - The characterization of mono- and dimethylated 5-substituted uracils was re examined. Analysis of their physicochemical properties (pKa, U.V., delta 1H N.M.R.) affords insight into the structural characteristics of 5-substituted uracil alkylated at the ring nitrogens. PMID- 3203738 TI - Narcotic alkylating agents: synthesis, structure and biological activities. AB - The synthesis, structure and biological activities of a series of derivatives of normorphine, noracetylmethadol (IV a), 6-amino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanol acetate (V a), and norpropoxyphene (VI a), in which the corresponding nitrogen supports an alkylating group (chloroethyl or fumaroyl) are reported. Structural identification was achieved spectroscopically. 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance proved the most useful tool in this task. N-Chloroethylnoracetylmethadol (IV c), acted as a potent long-lasting analgesic. Although some compounds (IV c), (V c) and (V d) showed substantial cytostatic activity, no antineoplastic activity in mice with P388 leukaemia was detected in the series. PMID- 3203737 TI - Khellin, a naturally occurring furochromone, used for the photochemotherapy of skin diseases: mechanism of action. AB - Khellin, a naturally occurring furochromone, used in the past as a coronary vasodilator, has recently been used in the photochemotherapeutic treatment of vitiligo and psoriasis. With the aim of elucidating its mechanism of action, the interactions both in ground and excited states between the drug and DNA were studied in vitro. Khellin forms in the dark a molecular complex with DNA. By subsequent irradiation (365 nm) the drug photoconjugates covalently with the macromolecule, although the rate of photobinding is rather low. The in vivo photobinding of khellin to the DNA of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is also low. In photoaddition with the macromolecule the drug forms inter-strand cross-links, although again in small amounts. The furan side monoadduct between khellin and thymine, formed in the photoreaction between the drug and DNA, was isolated and characterized, and shows a cis-syn configuration. PMID- 3203739 TI - Acute experimental allergic encephalitis. Treatment with fungal polysaccharides. AB - This report describes the effects of a fungal polysaccharide mixture on the Experimental Allergic Encephalitis (EAE) in guinea pigs. The clinical, histopathological and IgG intrathecal synthesis related studies in the EAE sensitized group was compared with that observed in EAE sensitized groups treated with fungal polysaccharides. The results indicate that the fungal polysaccharide mixture is capable of inducing a more localized and milder inflammatory reaction in the guinea pig with EAE. We hypothesize that the fungal polysaccharides can activate complement by the alternative pathway, subtracting it to the specific immune response to EAE. PMID- 3203740 TI - Expression of the vasopressin and oxytocin genes in rats occurs in mutually exclusive sets of hypothalamic neurons. AB - The genes for the hypothalamic hormones vasopressin and oxytocin are located in close proximity to each other within the rat genome. They are separated by only approx. 11 kbp of DNA sequence and oriented in such a way that their transcription occurs on opposite DNA strands. Although the two genes are structurally very similar including common potential regulatory elements in their putative promotor regions, they are expressed in discrete populations of magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus. In rats placed under osmotic stress, the vasopressin gene is upregulated; concomitantly transcription of the oxytocin gene is also stimulated. To address the question of whether this coordinated rise in oxytocin-encoding mRNA is the result of switching on oxytocin gene transcription in vasopressinergic neurons, in situ hybridization with double labelled cRNA probes was carried out. Biotinylated and [alpha-35S]CTP labelled antisense cRNA probes specific for either vasopressin or oxytocin mRNA were constructed and hybridized to hypothalamic sections from salt-loaded rats. The results demonstrate that upregulation of oxytocin gene transcription is restricted solely to oxytocinergic cells; no oxytocin gene transcripts can be detected in vasopressinergic neurons. PMID- 3203741 TI - Isolation and characterisation of GLP-1 7-36 amide from rat intestine. Elevated levels in diabetic rats. AB - Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was purified to homogeneity by HPLC and anion exchange chromatography. A molecular mass of 3297.4 Da was obtained by FAB mass spectrometry which corresponded exactly to GLP-1 7-36 NH2, providing evidence that amidation occurs at an arginine residue during the post-translational processing of GLP-1. The distribution of GLP-1 7-36 NH2-like immunoreactivity (GLP-1 7-36 NH2 IR) was determined in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Highest concentrations were found in terminal ileum and colon. Streptozocin-induced diabetic rats, who showed a significant increase in food intake, had a significant increase of GLP-1 7-36 NH2 IR in the colon. PMID- 3203742 TI - The terminal protein of minute virus of mice is an 83 kilodalton polypeptide linked to specific forms of double-stranded and single-stranded viral DNA. AB - A new assay (label transfer from DNA to protein) enabled the identification of a terminal protein (TP) in nucleoprotein complexes extracted from cells infected with the parvovirus, minute virus of mice, MVM. In SDS-PAGE, TP migrates as a major band at 83 kDa, with a minor 65 kDa component, each of which exactly co migrates with the cellular forms of the virally coded polypeptide NS-1. In parallel, the analysis of nucleoproteins by SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis allowed us to observe that the major species of viral DNA molecules (mRF, dRF and ssDNA) are all present in the form of DNA-protein complexes. Three forms of mRF DNA were identified, two of which are protein-associated and one which appears to be protein-free. PMID- 3203743 TI - Effect of hydrocortisone on sialyltransferase activity in the rat small intestine during maturation. Changes along the villus-crypt axis and in fetal organ culture. AB - Sialyltransferase activity was assayed in rat intestinal cells isolated as fractions reflecting the villus-crypt axis of differentiation. In 13-day-old rats both endo- and exogenous sialyltransferase activity reached their maximum in undifferentiated crypt cells and their peaks overlapped. In contrast, sialyltransferase of the adult intestine was 4-fold lower than that of sucklings in the crypts, with slight tendency to be transferred to the villus cells. Hydrocortisone applied to 10-day-old rats caused three days later a precocious drop of sialyltransferase activity in the crypt cells. Unlike in vivo, glucocorticoid responsiveness was accompanied by increased sialyltransferase activity in fetal small intestine cultivated for 17 days. PMID- 3203744 TI - CCK and gastrin inhibit adenylate cyclase activity through a pertussis toxin sensitive mechanism in the tumoral rat pancreatic acinar cell line AR 4-2J. AB - (Thr28,Nle31)CCK(23-33) (CCK-9) and gastrin(1-17)I (gastrin) inhibited adenylate cyclase activity in membranes from the tumoral rat pancreatic acinar cell line AR 4-2J through a Bordetella pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. This contrasted with the stimulatory effect exerted by CCK-9 on adenylate cyclase activity in membranes from normal rat pancreas. The relative potency of CCK-9, gastrin, and related peptides in inhibiting adenylate cyclase, when confronted with previous evidence, suggests that 'non-selective CCK-gastrin CCK-B receptors' predominating over 'selective CCK-A receptors' in the AR 4-2J cell line, favored the coupling of the first receptors to adenylate cyclase through Gi, while CCK-A receptors capable of stimulating the enzyme through Gs were detected only after Bordetella pertussis toxin pretreatment. PMID- 3203747 TI - Early human pregnancy in vitro. PMID- 3203745 TI - Activation enthalpies and pH dependence of phenol hydroxylase from Trichosporon cutaneum, in vitro and in situ. AB - The effect of pH and temperature on phenol hydroxylase in vitro was compared to the corresponding effect on the enzyme in situ, in permeabilized cells. Activation enthalpies in situ were about 75-80% of those in vitro, in both cases decreasing with increasing pH (6.0-8.5). The order of addition of phenol and NADPH affected the Km values for phenol at 25 degrees C, but not at 10 degrees C. The results support the idea that the enzyme in situ is in a more favourable position for catalysis than the purified enzyme and that slow conformational changes, triggered by binding of phenol, become rate limiting above 10 degrees C. PMID- 3203746 TI - Phosvitin kinase activity in Acholeplasma axanthum. AB - Incubating the soluble fraction derived from A. axanthum with phosvitin and [gamma-32P]ATP results in the phosphorylation of phosvitin. Casein, histone and kemptide were practically ineffective substrates, whereas a 55 kDa protein of M. gallisepticum was efficiently phosphorylated. The enzymatic activity has an optimal pH in the pH range 6.0-6.2 and requires divalent cations. The activity was inhibited by ammonium sulfate, heparin and sulphydryl blocking reagents, but was not affected by calmodulin with or without Ca2+ or by cyclic AMP. PMID- 3203748 TI - Pitfalls of the zona-free hamster egg penetration test: protein source as a major variable. PMID- 3203749 TI - Primary microsurgery for postinflammatory tubal infertility. AB - Pelvic inflammatory disease is a common cause of tubal infertility. The pregnancy outcomes in 161 patients who underwent primary microsurgical tuboplasty for postinflammatory tubal disease at the Mayo Clinic from 1977 through 1981 were evaluated. The outcome (3-year rate) was evaluated for each category of microsurgical procedures. The proximal anastomosis group had a conception rate of 71% (50% live births, 30% spontaneous abortions, 6% ectopic pregnancies). The terminal salpingoneostomy group, which accounted for the largest number of procedures, had a conception rate of 47% (32% live births, 12% spontaneous abortions, 11% ectopic pregnancies). Even after microsurgical tubal reconstruction, most women do not achieve a live birth. Pregnancy outcome is probably related to several factors reflecting the severity of pre-existing intrinsic damage. Prognostic factors that may better predict pregnancy outcome are discussed. PMID- 3203750 TI - Endometrial antigens involved in the autoimmunity of endometriosis. AB - Serum and peritoneal fluid from five fertile women without endometriosis and serum (n = 23) and peritoneal fluid (n = 12) from infertile women with endometriosis were tested for the presence of antibodies against endometrial tissue antigens by a Western blot analysis. Antigens with molecular weights (MW) of 19, 31, 38, and 42 kd reacted with antibodies in the serum and peritoneal fluid from both fertile and infertile women. Antibodies in 20 of 23 (87%) sera and all 12 (100%) peritoneal fluid samples from endometriosis patients reacted against endometrial antigens with molecular weights (MW) of 26 kd and/or 34 kd. Serum from 10 patients (43%) and peritoneal fluid from 6 patients (50%) also had antibodies to an endometrial antigen with MW of 21.5 kd. Reactivity to other endometrial antigens with MW 16, 24, 48, and 75 kd was also noted in patients with endometriosis. Antibodies in the serum and peritoneal fluid from fertile women failed to react against these antigens. It is concluded that the humoral and local endometrial autoimmunity detected in patients with endometriosis is primarily directed against antigens with MW of 26 and 34 kd. PMID- 3203751 TI - The effect of interobserver variation in dating endometrial histology on the diagnosis of luteal phase defects. AB - Endometrial biopsy specimens (n = 62) were evaluated by five pathologists to assess the effect of interobserver variation on histologic dating of the endometrium. The potential effect of this variation on the diagnosis of luteal phase defects (LPDs) and resulting clinical management was also determined. Mean (+/- standard error) interobserver variation was 0.96 +/- 0.08 days, comparable to results reported by other investigators. The magnitude of the variation was not affected by whether the biopsy specimen was obtained in the mid or late luteal phase, the degree of lag between the dating and subsequent menses, or the presence of an LPD. Redating of a specimen by another pathologist would have resulted in a change in the determination of "in" or "out" of phase in 22% of cases. The subsequent probability of changing patient management altered ranged from 22% to 39% depending on the clinical setting. PMID- 3203753 TI - The performance of primary and secondary unexplained infertility in an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program. AB - The term "unexplained infertility" is applied to a couple in whom after an elaborate workup no apparent reason for infertility is found. Between August 1985 and May 1987, 435 patients underwent 720 treatment cycles in an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) unit. Eighty-three of the patients had unexplained infertility as their indication for IVF-ET. Fifty-two (group A) had primary unexplained infertility and 31 (group B) had secondary unexplained infertility. Group A underwent 87 and group B underwent 50 treatment cycles. Forty-six ET were performed in group A and 34 in group B. Clinical pregnancies were achieved in 20 patients of group A (11.5% per treatment cycle) and 13 of group B (26.0%), for a combined rate of 16.8% per cycle. Patients with tubal infertility treated in the program had a pregnancy rate of 18.8% per treatment cycle. The performance of the secondary unexplained infertility group is significantly better than that of the primary unexplained infertility group. However, the overall results with patients with unexplained infertility are similar to those patients treated for tubal infertility. PMID- 3203752 TI - Epostane in nonpregnant females: effects on progesterone, 17 alpha hydroxyprogesterone, and 17 beta-estradiol of two dose levels given for one month. AB - So far, the use of epostane, a relatively new inhibitor of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5-delta 4 isomerase enzyme system (3 beta-HSD), has been confined to short-term interference with luteal and placental function. This study explored whether epostane treatment from the beginning of the cycle for approximately 1 month would also inhibit ovarian follicular function. Twenty females with regular cycles received epostane 150 mg/day (ten healthy volunteers) or 600 mg/day (ten patients with endometriosis). Blood samples were drawn three times per week during control and treatment cycles. At 150 mg/day the mean total area under the serum concentration curve (AUC) of estradiol (E2) was somewhat higher than during the control cycles, despite apparently lower preovulatory E2 surges. During medication the highest value of E2 was found during the luteal phase. The mean AUC of progesterone (P) and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) during the luteal surge was decreased by approximately 45% each. At 600 mg/day all evaluable patients had lower AUC of E2 than during the control cycle. The mean decrease in AUC of P and 17-OHP was much more pronounced than in the lower dose group. Six of the ten patients showed no hormonal signs of follicular development and, consequently, anovulation. The capacity of epostane to modulate or inhibit, depending on the dose, ovarian follicular steroidogenesis and ovulation may prove valuable in a variety of clinical conditions. PMID- 3203754 TI - Implantation potential of each pre-embryo in multiple pregnancies obtained by in vitro fertilization seems to be different. AB - Endometrial receptivity and pre-embryo quality are the main factors determining embryo implantation in in vitro fertilization. If one embryo implants normally and goes to term, the endometrium can be assumed to be normal. Eighty-one patients (March 1981 to 1987) had transfers of multiple pre-embryos, resulting in multiple pregnancies with at least one reaching term. The number of gestational sacs at 8 to 12 weeks of pregnancy, at 20 weeks, and the number of term pregnancies were studied longitudinally. Twelve patients (14.8%) had 2 pre embryos transferred, 19 (23.5%) had 3, 21 (25.9%) had 4, 17 (21.0%) had 5, 9 (11.1%) had 6, and 3 (3.7%) had 7. At 20 weeks 18 patients (22.2%) had a single viable fetus, 56 (69.1%) had twins, 6 (7.4%) had triplets, and 1 (1.2%) had quadruplets. A total of 325 pre-embryos were transferred; 178 gestational sacs were observed at 8 to 12 weeks, but only 153 showed fetal heartbeat. Total embryo loss at 8 to 12 weeks was 53.0%; when the "index" embryo was excluded, it reached 61%. Regardless of the number of pre-embryos transferred, only 2.2 embryos on average were able to establish a normal pregnancy. (A)synchronism of the pre embryos did not affect outcome. Results suggest that with normal endometrial receptivity, the implantation potential of each pre-embryo is different. PMID- 3203755 TI - Success rate in gamete intrafallopian transfer using low and high concentrations of washed spermatozoa. AB - The effect of a reduced number of spermatozoa on pregnancies and miscarriages was studied retrospectively in 307 consecutive gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) cycles. The number of spermatozoa introduced per GIFT in each group was as follows: 100,000 (group I), 50,000 (group II), 10,000 (group III), 5,000 (group IV), and 2,500 (group V), which gave a pregnancy rate of 20%, 38%, 37%, 30%, and 24%, respectively (differences were not significant). With respect to the pregnancies, no correlation was found between the number of spermatozoa transferred and the cause of infertility. In the male factor group also no significant difference was observed in the pregnancy rate when the sperms were reduced from 100,000 to 2,500. Lowering the number of sperms in GIFT did not reduce the abortion rate, which remained around 33%. It was the patients with unexplained infertility who benefited most from the GIFT procedure. Their pregnancy rate was significantly higher than the pregnancy rate of those who had endometriosis, or andrologic or immunologic disorders. PMID- 3203756 TI - Transdermal estrogen replacement in ovarian failure for ovum donation. AB - This study examined the efficacy of transdermal estradiol (TE2) replacement versus oral estradiol (OE2) through evaluation of peripheral steroid levels, endometrial morphology, and clinical outcome in six patients with ovarian failure. Patients were begun on sequential E2 and progesterone replacement with transdermal E2 patches. Endometrial biopsies were done on day 21 of the first replacement cycle and day 26 of the second cycle. Controls were 28 cycles on a regular 28-day micronized OE2 protocol. No significant difference was found between E2 levels throughout the cycle of the two respective stimulation protocols, except for days 12 to 14, when the OE2 protocol produced significantly lower E2 than did the TE2 protocol (P less than 0.01). A positive, highly significant correlation was found between estrone (E1) and E2 values in the OE2 group (r = 0.92) (P less than 0.003). During OE2 administration, E1 was significantly higher than E2 (P less than 0.01). E1 was not found to be higher than E2 in the TE2 group, resulting in a significant difference in the E2/E1 ratio of 1.59 +/- 1.6 for TE2 compared with 0.13 +/- .04 for OE2 (P less than 0.05). Early biopsies in patients on TE2 revealed glandular components that were dated as day 18.2 +/- 1.7, while the stroma was dated as day 21.8 +/- 0.8, a statistically significant disparity (P less than 0.01). In patients on OE2, the same significant 3-day glandular/stromal disparity was observed (P less than 0.05). Morphologic evaluation of late biopsy specimens revealed day 25.0 +/- 0.8 and 24.5 +/- 1.5 for TE2 and OE2 groups, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203757 TI - Effects of progesterone on luteinizing hormone release and estradiol/progesterone ratio in the luteal phase of women superovulated for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. AB - The present study extends the information on the effects of progesterone (P) on the luteinizing hormone (LH) release, and estradiol (E2)/P ratio in the luteal phase in women superovulated for in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF ET). Two groups of 34 patients were induced for ovulation with clomiphene citrate and human menopausal gonadotropins. One group was given 25 mg P (Gesterol, Steris Laboratory Inc., Phoenix, AZ) at the time of, or 4 to 6 hours before human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration and another group served as control (no Gesterol). Of the 34 patients in the Gesterol group, 10 had Gesterol 4 to 6 hours before the administration of hCG, 13 at the time of hCG, and 11 after the spontaneous LH surge. Administration of Gesterol 4 to 6 hours before hCG significantly increased the LH values (19.0 +/- 10.3) compared with those who had Gesterol at the time of hCG (6.8 +/- 2.8, P = 0.0006). A single dose of Gesterol (25 mg P) significantly reduced the E2/P ratio during the luteal phase (P = 0.0005). However, the outcome of IVF-ET was the same in the Gesterol and no Gesterol groups. It is concluded that a significant increase in P triggers an LH surge and a single dose of Gesterol decreases E2/P ratio in the luteal phase of women after ovarian stimulation. The biochemical mechanisms are unclear. PMID- 3203758 TI - Potential risk of light and room temperature exposure to preimplantation embryos. AB - Adverse effects of simultaneous exposure to visible light and room temperature were investigated in rabbit early cleavage stages and morulae. Routine laboratory conditions were mimicked as close as possible. Embryonic development was assessed by cell proliferation via incorporation of tritiated thymidine, by gross morphology, and by electron microscopy. Damage was detectable in both stages at 1 hour exposure by statistically significant impaired cell proliferation. Compared with single exposure to each individual stressor, combined exposure to light and room temperature amplified detrimental effects. Ultrastructural analysis of light exposed cleavage stages revealed no indication of cell injury at 4-hour exposure. Gross morphology proved to be too inaccurate to evaluate damage imposed by exposure toward both physical factors investigated. PMID- 3203759 TI - Identification of andrologic patient groups by cluster analysis. AB - To test the validity of the current andrologic classification system, we performed cluster analysis in 317 andrologic patients involuntarily barren for more than 1 year. For cluster analysis, the spermatologic parameters sperm density, motility, and morphologic features were used since only these parameters contributed significantly to group identification, as revealed by stepwise discriminant function analysis. The optimal number clusters determined by calculation of the variance criterion was five. The resulting five groups partly correspond to the prevailing descriptive classification system as far as the extreme groups of "high-grade oligoteratoasthenozoospermia" and "polyzoospermia" are concerned. Surprisingly, cluster analysis distinguished between two groups of normozoospermia that differed in their mean sperm density. Cluster analysis may prove to become a powerful tool for andrologic classification. PMID- 3203760 TI - Induction of the human sperm acrosome reaction by human oocytes. AB - The acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa incubated in the presence or absence of vested human oocytes was investigated. All gametes were obtained from human in vitro fertilization (IVF) cases. Spermatozoa were collected after incubation in insemination medium only and following removal of the oocytes from insemination medium during the IVF procedure. After 16 hours of incubation 18.5% of the spermatozoa in insemination medium alone were acrosome-reacted compared to 31.5% for spermatozoa incubated in medium containing oocytes. The acrosome reaction of spermatozoa incubated with fertilized or unfertilized oocytes was also investigated. The percentage of acrosome reaction did not differ (P greater than 0.05) between the two groups (29.7% in the fertilized cases versus 30.7% in the unfertilized cases). Completion of oocyte nuclear maturation did not affect the proportion of acrosome-reacted spermatozoa observed with unfertilized eggs. A similar (P greater than 0.05) percentage of acrosome reacted spermatozoa were observed regardless of whether the unfertilized oocytes had (29%) or had not (35%) reached metaphase II. These findings indicate the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa is enhanced in the presence of vested human oocytes. Furthermore, there is no apparent correlation between the percentage of the population of spermatozoa that acrosome react in the medium and the potential of an oocyte for fertilization. PMID- 3203762 TI - Evaluation of the CellSoft automated semen analysis system in a routine laboratory setting. AB - The sperm concentration and percentage motility values generated by version 3.2 of the CellSoft (Cryo Resources Ltd., New York, NY) automated semen analyzer on 200 ejaculates were compared with those obtained by standardized traditional methods. Overall, CellSoft gave mean concentrations that were 20.9 x 10(6)/ml lower (95% range of differences = -112.6 to +154.4 x 10(6)/ml). However, the difference between methods was not systematic. Below 50 x 10(6)/ml, CellSoft more often gave higher values, and above 100 x 10(6)/ml, it usually gave lower values. In the middle range, differences were randomly distributed. For motility, the CellSoft values were usually higher than those obtained by visual counting (mean difference = -17.5%, 95% range = -56.0% to +21.0%). Multiple regression analyses revealed a strong concentration dependency such that reliable values will probably be obtained only if all samples are diluted (with homologous seminal plasma) before CellSoft analysis. This upper concentration limit is of the order of 30 to 50 x 10(6)/ml. Without such dilution, this version of CellSoft will not provide sufficiently accurate values for basic semen characteristics and cannot be accepted as a routine diagnostic method. PMID- 3203761 TI - Acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa in zona-free hamster egg penetration test. AB - The acrosomal status of human sperm during preparation for the process of zona free hamster egg penetration test (ZFHEPT) was determined. The incidence of acrosome reaction (AR), as assessed by triple-stain technique, was significantly increased after 24 hours of incubation at 4 degrees C in TES-Tris (TEST)-yolk buffer, but the absolute values were relatively low (20% or less). Sperm from fertile donors and infertile patients with normal or abnormal semen analysis displayed similar capacity to undergo the AR in vitro. Although a positive correlation was found between the incidence of AR and the score of ZFHEPT, a remarkable individual variation was noted. The incidence of AR in freely swimming human sperm does not accurately reflect the fertilizing ability of the sperm. PMID- 3203763 TI - Stimulation of uterine prolactin secretion by human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone in the cynomolgus monkey. AB - The ovulating cynomolgus monkey secretes immunoreactive prolactin (PRL) into the uterine cavity. Consistent with human endometrial explant data, uterine PRL is undetectable in the early secretory phase, then increases from the mid to late secretory phase, peaking premenstrually. The anovulatory monkey does not produce detectable uterine PRL. Human chorionic gonadotropin given repeatedly fails to induce PRL secretion in anovulatory monkeys but prolongs the luteal phase and thereby PRL secretion in ovulatory monkeys. Progesterone (P) induces PRL secretion in anovulatory monkeys after estrogen priming with a time delay of several days, indicating probable de novo synthesis. P appears to be an important stimulating factor in the control of uterine PRL secretion. PMID- 3203764 TI - Microsurgical transposition of the human fallopian tube: report of a successful case of pregnancy. PMID- 3203765 TI - Successful treatment of persistent ectopic pregnancy with oral methotrexate therapy. PMID- 3203766 TI - Incidence rate of implantation in "nonpregnant" patients. PMID- 3203767 TI - Antisperm antibodies. PMID- 3203768 TI - Galactosemia and in vitro fertilization. PMID- 3203769 TI - [Adrenergic ligand-receptor interactions as an important link in the mechanism of ischemic damage to the myocardium]. PMID- 3203770 TI - [Significance of the initial functional state in responses to mental load and physical exercise]. PMID- 3203771 TI - [Synaptic density in the associative area (field 5b) of the cerebral cortex of the cat]. PMID- 3203772 TI - [Features of binaural interactions in brainstem structures of the acoustic pathway]. PMID- 3203773 TI - [Responses of neurons of the medial geniculate body of the cat to cortical and peripheral stimulations]. PMID- 3203774 TI - [Effect of various neuropeptides on the electrical activity of brain structures of the rabbit]. PMID- 3203775 TI - [Nonadrenergic inhibition in smooth muscles of the large intestines of patients with Hirschsprung disease]. PMID- 3203776 TI - [Features of the excitatory action of histamine on the smooth muscle of the cecum of the guinea pig]. PMID- 3203777 TI - [Possible mechanisms of Na+-induced release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibers of vertebrates]. PMID- 3203778 TI - [Electrophysiological analysis of the excitatory action of serotonin on the coronary artery]. PMID- 3203779 TI - [Sources of calcium ions participating in the activation of the contraction of smooth muscles of the basilar artery under the action of serotonin]. PMID- 3203780 TI - [Ca-activated potassium conductance in the membrane of peptone-induced peritoneal macrophages in the mouse]. PMID- 3203781 TI - [Effect of concanavalin A on the intracellular concentration of calcium ions and transmembrane potential of lymphocytes of the rabbit]. PMID- 3203782 TI - [Effect of various concentrations of calcium ions and the frequency of stimulation of papillary muscles of the heart of mature and old rats on its contractile capability]. PMID- 3203784 TI - CCRN: a validation of competence. PMID- 3203785 TI - Competence-based assessment of critical care nurses. PMID- 3203783 TI - [Inhibition of the evoked potentials of the somatosensory cortex by stimulation of the central gray matter of the midbrain in cats]. PMID- 3203786 TI - Going into business: a new alternative for nurses. PMID- 3203787 TI - Intravenous amrinone therapy at home for the patient with chronic congestive heart failure. PMID- 3203788 TI - Peripartum cardiomyopathy. PMID- 3203789 TI - Critical care unit visiting policies: a survey. PMID- 3203790 TI - Home health care: implications for critical care nursing. PMID- 3203791 TI - Ethylene glycol poisoning. PMID- 3203792 TI - Privacy, confidentiality, and privilege. PMID- 3203793 TI - Informational group. PMID- 3203794 TI - Pain management. PMID- 3203795 TI - Spiritual care resource. PMID- 3203796 TI - Computerizing the office and home. PMID- 3203797 TI - What on earth is brown fat? PMID- 3203798 TI - The orthodontic clinical experience of recent University of Florida graduates. PMID- 3203799 TI - Cleft palate teams and the craniofacial centers in Florida: a state network. PMID- 3203800 TI - Criteria for placement and replacement of dental restorations. PMID- 3203801 TI - How to become judgment proof--it's the only hope you've got! PMID- 3203802 TI - Tonsilar crypt abscess. PMID- 3203803 TI - Safeguarding the public and profession. PMID- 3203804 TI - Sclerotic area exhibited. PMID- 3203805 TI - Executive benefits: securing the promise. PMID- 3203806 TI - Parrot talks tooth care. PMID- 3203807 TI - Child health nurses play unique role in child advocacy. PMID- 3203808 TI - FMA/FNA Joint Task Force meets on the nursing shortage. PMID- 3203809 TI - FNA provides testimony at various governmental public hearings on HIV. PMID- 3203810 TI - Child health nurses--caring for our nations youth. Organ procurement. PMID- 3203811 TI - Child health nurses--caring for our nation's youth. What RNs can do to prevent lice. PMID- 3203812 TI - Reflections of a hospice nurse. PMID- 3203814 TI - Nursing shortage and RCT update. PMID- 3203813 TI - Desciplinary action: seek council is best advice. PMID- 3203815 TI - Payoff time: successful coalition building. PMID- 3203816 TI - The battle against AIDS in children. PMID- 3203817 TI - The Breakfast Club. PMID- 3203818 TI - Stimulation of sea star Asterias rubens axial organ B-like cells by Nocardia delipidated cell mitogen and derived fractions. AB - The axial organ (AO-cells) of the starfish Asterias rubens is a primitive immune organ. The total population was fractionated into two populations: adherent (B like) and non-adherent (T-like) to nylon wool. Nocardia-delipidated cell mitogen (NDCM), Nocardia water soluble mitogen (NWSM), NWSM-pellet (NWSMP) and purified cell walls (CW) from Nocardia opaca induce the proliferation of B-like cells from the axial organ. The Nocardia immunomodulators studied are inactive on the total and T-like population. The mitogenic activity of B-like cells requires the presence of phagocytic cells. PMID- 3203819 TI - The effect of biopreparation cACPL on the proliferative activity of haemopoietic and tumour cells. AB - The haemotoxicity and antitumour activity of crude anticancer phospholipid (cACPL) was evaluated. Results of our experiments gave evidence that the cACPL has no ill effects on haemopoietic stem cells but it markedly stimulates their proliferation. There was little if any anticancer activity of cACPL proved in experiments with murine lymphosarcoma LS/BL and carcinoma EAT cells. PMID- 3203820 TI - Cytologic presentation of malignant mesothelioma in pleural effusions. AB - 1,601 pleural effusions were found to be malignant between 1976 and 1987. Among these were 26 (1.6% of the malignant effusions) mesothelioma. Only 2 cases showed pronounced cytologic features that made a definite diagnosis possible on cytologic criteria alone. In 20 cases diagnosis of mesothelioma was strongly suggested by the patient's history and cytology of the effusion was compatible with mesothelioma. In the other 4 cases special examinations (histo- and immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy) led to the final diagnosis. The cytologic features of mesothelioma and other examination techniques, needed to resolve the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma versus other neoplasm in pleural effusions, are discussed. PMID- 3203821 TI - The vertebral column of diabetic sand rats (Psammomys obesus). AB - Intervertebral discs and vertebral spongiosa of diabetic and nondiabetic sand rats were investigated histologically and morphometrically. In diabetic animals, degeneration of the intervertebral discs was accelerated. Morphometrically, there was a consistent trend in the diabetics toward an attenuated bone turnover, which was, however, statistically significant only in regard to the length of the trabecular surface covered by osteoblasts. In the vertebral column of the sand rat, the tendency to osteoporosis - age-linked or diabetes-related - is reduced apparently due to the influence of local forces which promote osteogenesis. PMID- 3203822 TI - Growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in the footpad of mice. AB - When Lewis lung carcinoma cells were transplanted into the footpad of mice, exponential growth of tumour was seen from the 4th day. Intravasation of tumour cells was first seen at this time, then increased steadily up to the 10th day. Tumour cells entered the circulation by destructive degeneration of the vascular endothelium and also by transcellular passage, mainly through capillaries, venules and thin-walled tumour vascular channels. Multiple sites of entry of tumour cells into the circulation were frequently found. The rate of intravasation of tumour cells into the circulation was the same at the proximal, middle and distal portions of the tumour. PMID- 3203823 TI - Gastric mucosal resistance and prostanoid levels after cimetidine treatment in rats. AB - We studied the effects of cimetidine administered intraperitoneally to rats at a dose of 20 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days on gastric mucosal integrity and endogenous prostaglandins. Cimetidine significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced the mucosal concentration of prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha both 30 min and 24 h after the last injection of this drug, and the level had returned to normal 5 days later. Cimetidine significantly (p less than 0.01) enhanced gastric mucosal lesions induced with 0.6 N HCl 24 h after the last injection; this increased vulnerability had disappeared 5 days later. Cimetidine did not affect the synthesis of these prostanoids in isolated gastric mucosa in vitro. Gastric secretion, which was significantly (p less than 0.05) inhibited 30 min after the last injection of cimetidine, returned to control level 24 h after the last injection. The increase in gastric mucosal vulnerability observed 24 h after the last cimetidine injection might be related to a decrease in the prostanoid content and recovery of acid secretion. PMID- 3203824 TI - Protection against alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury by geranylgeranylacetone: effect of indomethacin. AB - The mechanism of gastric mucosal protection by an antiulcer agent, geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), against ethanol-induced injury was investigated. The experiments were conducted with groups of rats with and without intraperitoneal indomethacin pretreatment. Animals received intragastrically either a dose of GGA (200 mg/kg) or a vehicle, followed 30 min later by 1 ml of absolute ethanol. The rats were sacrificed after 30 min and the gastric mucosa was subjected to macroscopic and histologic assessment and the measurements of adherent mucus, its dimension and chemical composition. In the absence of GGA, ethanol produced advanced macroscopic necrosis (greater than 38%) and the extensive necrotic lesions were visible upon histologic examination. Pretreatment with GGA significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) the extent and depth of mucosal necrotic lesions caused by ethanol, and this protection was not thwarted by indomethacin. Evaluation of the adherent mucus and its dimension by Alcian blue uptake and inverted microscope technique revealed that GGA was also capable of preventing the untoward effect of indomethacin on the adherent gastric mucus gel and its thickness. Results of chemical analyses established that in the absence of GGA indomethacin caused an increase in mucus protein (15%) and a decrease in its covalently bound fatty acids (67%) and lipids (36%). The decrease in lipids was particularly reflected in the content of phospholipids. Indomethacin, however, had no apparent effect on the composition of gastric mucus elaborated in the presence of GGA. The results suggest that gastric mucosal protective action of GGA is not mediated by endogenous prostaglandins but rather appears to involve the metabolism of mucosal lipids. PMID- 3203825 TI - Effect of bicarbonate or base precursor on water and solute absorption from a glucose-electrolyte solution in the human jejunum. AB - A modified perfusion technique was used to examine the effect on water and solute absorption in the healthy human jejunum of replacing bicarbonate (18 mmol/l) by equivalent amounts of different base precursors in a glucose-electrolyte solution. Acetate, citrate and lactate were absorbed from the perfusion solutions. Absorption of these base precursors appeared to have no effect on water uptake, but greater sodium (p less than 0.05) absorption occurred from solutions containing either acetate or lactate compared with the bicarbonate containing solution. These data suggest that oral rehydration solutions with base precursors other than bicarbonate are as effective as bicarbonate-containing solutions in promoting absorption of water and electrolytes. PMID- 3203826 TI - The integration of Western and Oriental medicine. PMID- 3203828 TI - Helping people understand, a challenge of our time. PMID- 3203827 TI - Community of scholars, family medicine, and the academic imperative. PMID- 3203829 TI - Congratulations to the two of you: keep in touch. PMID- 3203830 TI - The migraine. PMID- 3203831 TI - Family practice resident attrition: reasons and rates by sex. AB - A survey of all family practice residency programs in the country was done to determine resident attrition reasons and rate by sex. Of 383 programs mailed surveys, four returns were from programs too new to have data, and 238 returns were usable, for an effective response rate of 62.7%. The overall attrition rate was 12.4% (699/5,656), and varied by the type of residency program. The most frequent reason for attrition as identified by the survey respondent was switching specialties (41.0%), followed by private practice 16.4% and involuntarily released 11.9%. The remainder left for a variety of other reasons. There was a slightly higher attrition rate for women (14.2%) than men (11.9%). The odds ratio for this was 1.22 (95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.41). Women were more likely to leave for childbearing or rearing, or spouse relocation, although overall these numbers were small, and men also left for these same reasons. PMID- 3203832 TI - Preliminary study of rhinolaryngoscopy by family physicians. AB - Flexible fiberoptic rhinolaryngoscopy is an examination technique which has been widely accepted by otolaryngologists. Usefulness and acceptability of the technique was assessed in symptomatic patients in a family practice population. Collaborating family physicians performed 66 examinations, which required 4.6 +/- 0.60 minutes (mean +/- SD) to complete. The median patient discomfort score was 2 on a 0-10 scale ranging from "no discomfort" to "severe discomfort." Change in diagnosis by the primary physician was made in 13 of 18 patients, and change in management plan in 10 of 12 patients, after the examination. Important findings included primary diagnosis of a laryngeal carcinoma, unsuspected nasal polyps, and normal examinations of high quality. These preliminary findings suggest that flexible fiberoptic rhinolaryngoscopy by family physicians is a useful examination, requires little time, and is acceptable to patients. Further study is suggested before general use is advocated. PMID- 3203833 TI - The association of psychosocial factors with the resolution of abdominal pain. AB - Although abdominal pain is a common presenting complaint in the family practice setting, its natural history and psychosocial associations have not been clearly described. A prospective study was conducted of 92 patients who presented with abdominal pain to the University of Iowa and Cedar Rapids Family Practice Centers between September 1982 and March 1983. Patients were given a self-administered questionnaire for measuring stress, family functioning, and psychological symptoms. All patients were followed for at least six weeks. Resolution of the pain was documented by chart audit, telephone, or mail follow-up. Two-thirds of the patients experienced resolution of their pain within six to eight weeks. The scores on the Hopkins Psychological Symptom Checklist, Family APGAR, and the Daily Hassles Stress Scale did not predict resolution of pain. Age, sex, education, occupation, and final diagnosis also did not predict resolution of pain. Marital status was not associated with pain resolution, though widowed and separated individuals more often had pain at follow-up. PMID- 3203834 TI - The reliability and validity of the maternal social support index. AB - The Maternal Social Support Index (MSSI) is a 21-item questionnaire designed to quickly assess qualitative and quantitative aspects of a mother's social support. Previous studies have found an association between scores on the MSSI and home stimulation of preschool children, child maltreatment, and low birthweight. This report examines the test-retest reliability, internal consistency and concurrent and predictive validity of the MSSI in three samples of mothers (N = 488) from a prenatal clinic, pediatric clinic, and psychology clinic. The MSSI was found to have a test-retest correlation of .72 (P less than 0.001) over six to eight weeks. Coefficient alphas ranged from .60 to .63 across the three samples, denoting moderate internal consistency. In the psychology clinic sample, the MSSI was found to be positively correlated with the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (r = .393, P less than 0.001) and inversely correlated with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (r = .296, P less than 0.001). The MSSI is a brief, reliable instrument with acceptable internal consistency and concurrent and predictive validity. It may be employed in the primary care arenas of clinical research and patient care to provide an organized assessment of maternal social support. PMID- 3203835 TI - Medical students view family practice. AB - All students at the University of Minnesota, Duluth, School of Medicine responded to a 65-item questionnaire about their perceptions of changes facing medicine, the future of family practice, and career choices. Three different orientations toward family practice were identified--"stayers," "defectors," and "potential defectors." Students who had abandoned their original preference for family medicine (defectors) were compared with students who had maintained an interest in family medicine (stayers). Defectors anticipated a diminishing clinical role for future family practitioners, expressed doubt about the financial viability of smaller community based family practices, and explicitly linked concerns about their anticipated debt load to their changes in career preferences. This study also identified a subgroup of "potential defector" students (within the stayer cohort) who maintained an interest in family practice but evidenced concerns similar to the defector students. Implications of these findings for the future supply of primary care physicians for rural and traditionally underserved communities are discussed. PMID- 3203836 TI - Characteristics of effective family medicine faculty development programs. AB - Five federally funded family medicine faculty development programs were site visited from December 1985 to June 1986 to collect from experienced project directors, staff, and faculty their thoughts on training practices and future funding. The sites selected were the Faculty Development Center of Texas in Waco (McLennan County Medical Education and Research Foundation), the National Center for Faculty Development at the University of Miami, and programs at Michigan State University, the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, and Duke University. Since the late 1970s these programs have trained 259 fellows and 3,284 other participants. In total, $7,515,350 in federal dollars were spent. A variety of program formats and strategies were used to recruit faculty, and to prepare them in teaching, research, and other skill areas. Interviews (as well as phone conversations and letters) with key personnel at each site resulted in a summary of 30 critical elements identified for effective faculty development. Additionally, respondents made 11 specific recommendations to the Federal Faculty Development Grant Program that concern funding and future programs. PMID- 3203837 TI - Elderly widowers in a family practice setting. AB - Twenty-one elderly widowers were surveyed in a pilot study in a family practice setting to determine their psycho-emotional, social, and medical needs pre- and post-bereavement. Compared to the low psycho-emotional distress group, the widowers in the high distress group (1) were seeing their family doctors more often, (2) were less likely to belong to a community organization, (3) were more recently bereaved, (4) had more people supporting them, and (5) were more likely to indicate that they would participate in a self-help program for elderly widowers. PMID- 3203838 TI - [Neuronal organization of the stages of making a decision. Part II. A case of making a decision caused by two sequential stimuli]. PMID- 3203839 TI - [Oscillatory structure of the psychophysiological parameters as a source of information on the productivity of mental activity]. PMID- 3203840 TI - [Personality aspect of intragroup relations under conditions of partial social isolation]. PMID- 3203841 TI - [Structure of the personality in persons with different levels of plasticity of neurodynamic processes]. PMID- 3203842 TI - [Effect of emotion on the activation of the left and right hemispheres o the brain]. PMID- 3203843 TI - [Infrastructure of the generalized rhythmic discharge "peak--slow wave"]. PMID- 3203844 TI - [Effect of the duration and intensity of load in the process of activity on the dynamics of differential sensitivity of the sensory systems]. PMID- 3203845 TI - [Lateralization of the visual-spatial function in health and in chronic alcoholic intoxication]. PMID- 3203846 TI - [Features of recognition of blurred and "noisy" images]. PMID- 3203847 TI - [Reaction time and respiration. IV. Mechanism of effect of a warning signal]. PMID- 3203848 TI - [Supply of nonesterified fatty acids and their use by the myocardium in patients with paroxysmal tachycardia]. PMID- 3203849 TI - [Control of vertical posture during emotional stress]. PMID- 3203850 TI - [Evaluation of the resistance of the human body to physical and heat load and its thermoadaptivity ]. PMID- 3203851 TI - [Relation between static and dynamic components during exact motor activity]. PMID- 3203852 TI - [Problems of aircraft personnel fatigue (concept, causes, symptoms, classification)]. PMID- 3203853 TI - [Effect of emotional stress on the aggregation of platelets, content of zinc, copper, manganese, calcium and magnesium in plasma, erythrocytes and hair of healthy persons with different types of behavior]. PMID- 3203854 TI - [Rate of movement of lymph in the upper and lower extremities]. PMID- 3203855 TI - [Features of the spatial organization of the bioelectric activity of the brain in children with varying amounts of short-term memory]. PMID- 3203856 TI - [Serum myoglobin in man under extreme conditions]. PMID- 3203857 TI - [Occupational bronchopneumopathies]. PMID- 3203859 TI - [Role of general hemodynamic changes in the genesis of focal cerebral ischemic circulatory insufficiency]. PMID- 3203858 TI - [Hemorheological components of blood viscosity in subjects with essential arterial hypertension]. PMID- 3203860 TI - [Arneth's formula and mean erythrocyte volume in chronic alcoholism]. PMID- 3203861 TI - [Mitral valve prolapse and sports activity]. PMID- 3203862 TI - [Clinical case: Bartter's syndrome]. PMID- 3203863 TI - [Mammography]. PMID- 3203864 TI - [Uric acid]. PMID- 3203865 TI - Support programs respond to the emotional and psychological impact of AIDS. PMID- 3203866 TI - Children's health: a concern for all nurses. PMID- 3203867 TI - Child and adolescent psychiatric/mental health nursing in Georgia. PMID- 3203868 TI - The annual testicular cycle in the turtle, Chrysemys picta: a histochemical and electron microscopic study. AB - This work is a study of testicular function in Chrysemys picta using changes in ultrastructure and steroid histochemistry as indices of Leydig and Sertoli cell activity. The cytological features of these cells are described in reference to four periods of tubular development. Leydig and Sertoli cells show distinct changes in morphological appearance during the seasonal cycle. Leydig cells are hypertrophic with an active 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in early spring when androgen levels are high and animals mate and atropic in mid-summer when spermatogenesis is proceeding. Leydig cell atrophy is associated with a reduction in the volume of cytoplasm and SER. Leydig cells become active again in the fall showing a return toward the spring condition, with an increase in 3 beta-HSD activity. In contrast, although Sertoli cells show variations in abundance of organelles and inclusions during the annual cycle, no obvious degenerative changes could be seen and SER is always present. 3 beta-HSD enzyme activity in Sertoli cells is weak or absent in spring but intense during summer. Taken together, these observations suggest that Sertoli and Leydig cell functions are asynchronous. PMID- 3203869 TI - Hormonal regulation of fat body glycogen phosphorylase activity in larval Manduca sexta during starvation. AB - The hormonal regulation of fat body glycogen phosphorylase activity in Manduca sexta larvae was studied. During the first 3 hr of starvation the corpora cardiaca (CC) release a glycogen phosphorylase-activating hormone (GPAH). The haemolymph of 24-hr-starved larvae seems to contain increased levels of GPAH, but after 48 hr the titre can be assumed to be as low as prior to starvation. Abdominal stretch receptors do not appear to be involved in the regulation of GPAH release from the CC. Phosphorylase activation can be prevented by the injection of glucose or by feeding the animals with agar containing various carbohydrates. These treatments seem to prevent the release of GPAH from the CC rather than the action of GPAH on the fat body. The physiological signal which initiates peptide release remains unclear. PMID- 3203870 TI - Histological and immunocytochemical study of the endocrine pancreas of the lizard Podarcis hispanica Steindachner, 1870 (Lacertidae). AB - The endocrine pancreas of the lizard Podarcis hispanica is described using light and electron microscopy. The endocrine pancreas of this reptile is located throughout the spleen side of the organ and consists of islet-like structures, small groups of two to five cells, and single scattered endocrine cells. The endocrine cells, including the islet-like structures, are not discrete units; on the contrary, they are intermingled with the endocrine component, both forming the glandular units. The endocrine islet-like structure shows a peculiar pseudoacinar pattern. The tridimensional reconstruction allows us to recognize the true structure of the glandular units. They are made up of two or three tubules closely arranged around a blood vessel, the endocrine component being disposed in the facing aspects of the tubules, around the vessel. Silver methods, Giemsa, and peroxidase-antiperoxidase techniques for light microscopy, immunogold, and routine methods for electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the regulatory peptide-producing cells present in the endocrine pancreas. Four major pancreatic endocrine cells, immunolocalized with the light and electron microscope, have been described: glucagon-containing cells (granules of 440 nm in diameter), insulin cells (400 nm), somatostatin cells (610 nm), and pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells (460 nm). PMID- 3203871 TI - Localisation and identification of melanocyte-stimulating hormones in the fish brain. AB - The existence of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) in fish brains was investigated by a range of techniques: radioimmunoassay, HPLC, bioassay, and immunocytochemistry. Immunoreactive alpha MSH (ir alpha MSH) was detected by radioimmunoassay in all regions of carp and trout brains, with the highest concentration in the basal hypothalamus. In trout, ir alpha MSH cell bodies were located by immunocytochemistry only periventricularly, in the medial basal hypothalamus near the third ventricle, whereas in the carp ir alpha MSH staining was seen both in periventricular cells and also in some of the magnocellular neurones in the lateral hypothalamus. When white-adapted fish were transferred to a black tank for 6 days, the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) content of the basal hypothalamus of both carp and trout increased 2- and 4.6-fold, respectively, but the alpha MSH content did not change in either species. Analysis by HPLC of pituitary gland, hypothalamic, and optic tectal extracts revealed that the pituitary contains desacetyl, monoacetyl, and diacetyl alpha MSH, although the ratio of these forms differed in the two species. The hypothalamus and optic tectum, however, contained predominantly the desacetyl form of alpha MSH. Bioassays for MSH in the HPLC fractions revealed the existence of presumptive beta MSH in both the pituitary and hypothalamus. An argument is advanced that the periventricular ir alpha MSH neurones are homologous with the proopiomelanocortin cells of the arcuate nucleus in mammals, and that the immunocytochemical alpha MSH-like activity in the MCH neurones may not be authentic alpha MSH. PMID- 3203872 TI - Fluorescence-histochemical and ultrastructural research on the monoaminergic neurosecretory cells of the earthworm Octolasium complanatum (Annelida: Oligochaeta). AB - A study of the yellow fluorescent neurons (M-NSC) of the subesophageal ganglion of the earthworm Octolasium complanatum has been made by using alternate semithin and thin sections in a correlate fluorescence and electron microscopy technique and it results that elementary neurosecretory granules are present where the yellow fluorescent substance is. These granules are similar in size and morphology to the granules of monoamine type. The intimate contact of the capillaries with the granular cytoplasmic area of the M-NSC provides evidence of a probable release of the secretion from the cell body. These results support the hypothesis of the endocrine role of the M-NSC. PMID- 3203873 TI - Flight-induced inhibition of the cerebral median peptidergic neurosecretory system in Locusta migratoria. AB - This study discusses the effects of a 1-hr period of flight on the peptidergic pars intercerebralis (PI)-corpus cardiacum storage part (CCS) system in male Locusta migratoria, particularly the effect on material in this system stained by a histochemical method for peptidergic neurosecretory material (NSM) or labeled by in vivo incorporation of radioactive amino acid molecules. By use of an automatic image analysis system a number of parameters of the stained or radioactively labeled substances were measured to quantify the flight-induced effects and to get information on the manner in which the neurosecretory cell bodies in the PI and their axonal endings in the CCS accommodate changing amounts of NSM. The CCS of flown locusts contained distinctly more stained and radioactively labeled substances than the CCS of unflown locusts. A tendency to similar differences was observed in the cluster of neurosecretory cell bodies in the PI. The results indicate that 1 hr flight inhibited the release of NSM by the PI-CCS system. After the onset of reduced release activity by flight, some NSM continued to be synthesized and transported from the PI to the CCS, gradually filling up and expanding the entire PI-CCS system, the NSM at the same time becoming more and more densely packed. It is concluded that the peptidergic PI CCS system is not actively involved in the control of flight metabolism or flight behavior. PMID- 3203874 TI - Sensitive periods during embryogeny for hormonally induced sex determination in turtles. AB - Administration of exogenous estradiol between embryonic stages 10 and 19 inclusive caused embryos of snapping turtles (a species which exhibits temperature-dependent sex determination) to develop ovaries rather than testes, while administration of hormone either prior to stage 10 or after stage 22 did not affect the predicted sex ratio of offspring. Thus the sensitive period for hormonal effects on gonadal development apparently coincides with the period of normal gonadal differentiation. In light of these and prior results use of the term "sex reversal" when discussing the effects of hormones on gonadal differentiation may be a misnomer. We suggest the alternative phrase "hormonally induced gonadal differentiation" (HGD) as a substitute. Results also indicate that variations in the timing of injections among studies may account for at least some of the interspecific differences previously reported for effects of exogenous hormones on gonad differentiation. PMID- 3203875 TI - Effect of pattern of administration on the response to exogenous pituitary derived chicken growth hormone by broiler-strain pullets. AB - The effect of pulsatile versus continuous intravenous administration of exogenous, pituitary-derived chicken growth hormone (cGH) on growth performance and endocrine/metabolite status of broiler-strain pullets was determined. In a first study, 8-week-old pullets, surgically prepared with intravenous catheters and maintained via a fluid swivel/spring tether/harness system, were administered cGH or vehicle (control) over a 10-min period every 90 min (i.e., 90-min pulse pattern) for 21 consecutive days. Feed intake, body weight gain, and carcass yield and composition were determined in conjunction with plasma concentrations of several hormones and metabolites. In a second study, 8-week-old pullets were intravenously administered cGH or vehicle continuously for 21 consecutive days under the same conditions as for Study I. Pulsatile cGH administration improved feed efficiency (P less than 0.02), increased longitudinal bone growth (P less than 0.02) and mass (P less than 0.01), and reduced abdominal fat pad size (P less than 0.05) and total carcass lipid (P less than 0.09) over the 21-day treatment period in comparison to vehicle infusion. Pulsatile cGH administration also resulted in hepatomegaly, a marked elevation in plasma IGF-I (P less than 0.003) and T3 (P less than 0.005) concentrations, and a reduction in plasma T4 levels (P less than 0.04). In contrast to the above responses to pulsatile cGH, continuous intravenous cGH administration significantly impaired feed efficiency (P less than 0.01) and had no significant effect on abdominal fat pad or liver size or on total carcass lipid, but did result in widening of the epiphyseal growth plate (P less than 0.06) and increased bone mass (P less than 0.01) in comparison to vehicle infused controls. These studies demonstrate that in the broiler chicken, for which endogenous plasma GH concentrations are pulsatile at early ages in conjunction with rapid growth, the pattern of exogenous GH administration is clearly a factor influencing the nature of response to the hormone. PMID- 3203876 TI - Isolation and characterization of two distinct gonadotropins from chum salmon pituitary glands. AB - Two distinct gonadotropins, GTH I and GTH II, were extracted with 35% ethanol-10% ammonium acetate, pH 6.1, from female chum salmon pituitary glands, and purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DE-52 and CM-Sephadex C-25 by stepwise elution, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. Gonadotropic activities of these preparations were demonstrated in vivo by stimulation of gonad growth in juvenile rainbow trout, and in vitro by enhancement of estradiol-17 beta production by amago salmon ovarian follicles. Molecular weights were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 50,000 and 36,000 for GTH I and GTH II, respectively. Both gonadotropins are glycoproteins composed of two distinct subunits with N-terminal amino acid residues of Tyr/Gly for GTH I, and Tyr/Ser for GTH II. These results suggest the presence in teleost fish of two chemically distinct gonadotropic glycoproteins. PMID- 3203877 TI - Isolation and characterization of subunits from two distinct salmon gonadotropins. AB - Two distinct gonadotropins, GTH I and GTH II, isolated from female chum salmon pituitary glands, were separated into subunits by acid treatment and subsequent fractionation on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. GTH II was completely dissociated in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, while GTH I was partially dissociated. The acid-stable form of GTH I exhibited a potency identical to that of GTH I in stimulating estradiol-17 beta production in vitro. Both GTH I and GTH II consist of two dissimilar subunits. One subunit (alpha) is common to both GTHs, has Tyr as its N-terminal residue, and a molecular weight (Mr) of 22K by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction. The other subunit (beta) has a Mr of 17K and an N-terminal residue of Gly for GTH I, whereas GTH II beta is 18K and has an N-terminal residue of Ser, after reduction. PMID- 3203878 TI - Structure-activity relationships of steroids in inducing germinal vesicle breakdown of Atlantic croaker oocytes in vitro. AB - The effect of alterations of the steroid nucleus on its potency to induce germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of Atlantic croaker oocytes in vitro was investigated. The addition of 17 alpha-, 20 beta-, or 21-hydroxyl groups to the progesterone steroid nucleus enhanced steroid potency to induce GVBD. Whereas the 20 beta-hydroxyl group on the side chain was the most potent single alteration of the progesterone nucleus, the 17 alpha-hydroxyl group seemed to be vital for establishing the proper steric orientation of the side chain. The most potent steroids to induce GVBD contained either the 17 alpha,20 beta-dihydroxy or the 17 alpha,20 beta,21-trihydroxy configuration. Steroids of the 3-keto-delta 4 and the 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5 configuration had similar potency. In addition, the 3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor, cyanoketone, did not affect human chorionic gonadotropin-induced GVBD. However, other alterations of the A and B rings of the steroid nucleus resulted in diminished potency (3 alpha-hydroxy, 5 alpha, and 5 beta configurations). Addition of hydroxyl groups at the 11 beta, 16 alpha, or 20 alpha positions resulted in steroids with reduced potency. The low potency of steroids lacking the side chain (estrogens and androgens) and steroids with the side chain in the 17 alpha position (progestin analogs) is further evidence that the side chain configuration is important for biological activity. Human chorionic gonadotropin and other gonadotropin preparations induced GVBD of croaker oocytes in vitro which indicates that the maturational steroid is of ovarian origin. The finding that 17 alpha,20 beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20 beta-S), a major steroid product of croaker oocytes during final oocyte maturation, is a potent inducer of GVBD suggests that it may function as a maturation-inducing steroid in this species. PMID- 3203879 TI - Structure-activity relationships of C21 steroids in an in vitro oocyte maturation bioassay in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. AB - Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, oocytes were used in an in vitro bioassay to test for the potency of C21 steroids in inducing final maturation. A wide range of steroids was used and most of the assays were replicated at least 3 times and up to 10 times with the most effective steroids. 17 alpha,20 beta-Dihydroxy-4 pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta-P), which has been identified as the natural maturation inducing steroid in Salmoniformes, was used as the reference steroid. Four steroids, 17 alpha,20 beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one; 3 alpha,17 alpha,20 beta-trihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane; 3 beta,17 alpha,20 beta-trihydroxy-5 alpha pregnane; and 3 alpha,17 alpha,20 beta,21-tetrahydroxy-5 alpha-pregnane were found to be equipotent with 17,20 beta-P. Analysis of the structure-activity relationships indicated that, for maximum biological activity, steroids must have a planar nucleus (as in delta 4 and 5 alpha-reduced steroids), a hydroxyl or keto group at position 3, and hydroxyl groups at positions 17 and 20 beta. Steroids with delta 5 or 5 beta-reduced conformations and/or hydroxyl or keto groups at position 11 had a much reduced biological activity. PMID- 3203880 TI - Dementia, mental retardation, and competency to make decisions. AB - The psychiatric literature on competency indicates that a diagnosable psychiatric condition alone does not imply incompetency to make treatment decisions. Nonetheless, it is frequently assumed that individuals who are either mentally retarded or demented are incompetent to make decisions. The authors, focusing on the clinical assessment of judgment and decision making, describe two cases. In both, the patients' judgments were intact. The authors conclude: (1) Diagnosis is not the critical factor in determining competency. (2) The process of judgment and decision making has to be assessed on a case by case basis. (3) Further research is needed to develop clinical instruments to assess judgment. PMID- 3203881 TI - Utility of the CAT scan in a first psychotic episode. AB - The authors CAT-scanned 45 people admitted to the psychiatric ward of a large general hospital with a first episode of psychosis. Forty-two scans showed no evidence of intracranial pathology, and three scans showed positive findings that correlated with neuropsychiatric symptomatology. Ordering a head CAT scan in a first episode psychotic illness remains an option based on clinical judgment as opposed to routine protocol. PMID- 3203882 TI - The effects of a suspected case of Munchausen's syndrome by proxy on a pediatric nursing staff. AB - Munchausen's syndrome by proxy is a relatively new diagnosis for a unique form of child abuse that involves a parent who creates or feigns illness in his or her child, and presents a "sick child" to the medical profession for assessment and treatment. Typically, while creating or feigning the child's illness, the parent usually appears to be "ideal" (i.e., especially attentive, caring, supportive, and close to the medical staff). The present study assessed the effects of a suspected case of Munchausen's syndrome by proxy on 20 pediatric nurses in a large midwestern children's hospital. After the child had left the hospital, the staff was given a ten-item open-ended questionnaire covering how they felt about the case, how the case affected their interactions with other parents, and how they professionally and personally coped with the physician's presumptive diagnosis. Only 10% of the staff had had previous experience with such a case, and 55% had not even heard of such a diagnosis. More than 70% of the staff felt they were professionally and personally unprepared for the case. Their initial reaction to the suspected diagnosis ranged from shock and disbelief to nausea and anger. The majority of the staff had perceived the parent as supportive, loving, and concerned. Yet, now they were confronted with information that suggested that the parent had nearly killed the child while on the unit, in order to keep that child in the hospital. Although almost every nurse eventually accepted the diagnosis, they felt their relationships with parents in general had changed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203884 TI - Psychiatric consultation in the family physician's office. Advantages and hidden benefits. AB - Family physicians spend up to 40% of their time dealing with emotional and psychiatric problems and may be the only caretaker for 60% of all episodes of psychiatric illness. One way of strengthening the role of the family physician in managing psychiatric problems in their practices is by involving them in an initial psychiatric assessment, which may entail the patient being seen in the primary care setting. This intervention, offered by a community mental health center (CMHC) in Ontario, Canada, was evaluated by examining all cases referred by family physicians over a 3-year period and comparing those seen in consultation in family physicians offices with those seen in consultation in the CMHC. While the office consultation appears to be a cost-effective intervention, the main factor that determined whether it took place appeared to be the attitude of the referring physician rather than the nature of presenting problem. Other benefits arising from such a liaison-consultation relationship are also discussed. PMID- 3203883 TI - Suicide attempts and resuscitation dilemmas. AB - The conventional psychiatric opinion that suicide is a manifestation of psychiatric illness may not apply to circumstances in which suicide or the refusal of life-sustaining medical treatment results from the rational decisions of autonomous individuals. As medical technology advances, questions about the prolongation of life and the discontinuation of medical treatment have become commonplace in the medical setting. In this context, contradictions may exist between the principle of patient autonomy and that of physician responsibility. Dilemmas about treatment decisions that emerge from these conflicting perspectives are highlighted in this article. We report two cases of attempted suicide in the context, respectively, of (1) terminal illness and (2) advanced age. Some of the complex psychiatric, ethical, and legal issues related to the case reports are addressed. PMID- 3203885 TI - Behavioral disinhibition with clonazepam. PMID- 3203886 TI - [The genetics of breast cancer. A genetic dispersion analysis and the genetic heterogeneity of breast cancer]. AB - The multifactorial nature of breast cancer was established based on population and family study, the contribution of genetic factors being 52% (premenopausal- 62 and postmenopausal--39%). Genetic heterogeneity of different coefficients of inheritance of breast cancer with the portion of common genes was shown to be 53%. The analysis of breast cancer interaction with other malignant neoplasms revealed that the development of other malignant neoplasms was the result of the influence of partially common genes. On the basis of data obtained in this study, the tables of repeated risk for the relatives have been worked out which may be used for medico-genetic consultations. PMID- 3203887 TI - [Complex medico-genetic study of the populations of western Siberia. IV. A multivariate statistical analysis of the interrelation of quantitative and polymorphic monogenic traits]. AB - Multidimensional statistical analysis for a set of morpho- and physiological traits (anthropological, hemodynamic and biochemical) was done by the principal components method with interpretation of the latter. Special features of phenotype relationships were established for some traits of pathogenetic values for human chronic pathology. Heterogeneity of distributions of genotype frequencies for polymorphic traits and chromosome Q segments in histogramms of principal components was shown. The distributions are considered to be of nonrandom patterns and reflect common population genetics processes affecting both classes of traits under study. PMID- 3203888 TI - [An analysis of heterozygote fitness by the genes for autosomal-dominant diseases taking into account the parameters of penetrance and expressivity]. AB - The general methodology of analysis of the fitness of different genotypes is given. It is based on the consideration of the total group of the heterozygotes' heterogeneity in the differential fertility, due to incomplete penetrance and age specific expressivity of the gene. The approach makes it possible to determine specific contribution of the different subgroups to the general amount of the heterozygotes by means of differential functions of morbidity and mortality. The computation on the fitness is performed using the birth rate within these subgroups, in relation to the general population. The model is represented in two variants, continuous and discrete, each of them describing the general case and a number of particular cases. PMID- 3203889 TI - Complex organization of the length heterogeneous 5' external spacer of mung bean (Vigna radiata) ribosomal DNA. AB - Restriction enzyme analysis and cloning of the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) of the mung bean (Vigna radiata = Phaseolus aureus) reveal length heterogeneity in the repeating units (10-11 kbp) localized within two different regions in the ribosomal spacer. The 1.5-2.0 kbp region flanking the 3' end of the 25S rRNA contains various numbers (8-10) of tandemly arranged 180 bp subrepeats. After DNA sequencing a complex organized length heterogeneous 5' external spacer built up of different numbers of 340 bp subrepeats, each flanked by 52 bp direct repeats, is detected and described for the first time for plant ribosomal DNA repeating units. Sequences occurring in front of and within this repeated structure (elements II-IV) can be combined with the motifs P1, P2, and P3. These exhibit a strong similarity to transcription initiation sites specific for RNA polymerase I described for other plant and animal rDNA investigated to date. Transcription products complementary to the complex repeated structures are detected by hybridization to total nuclear RNA. The 9 bp element V located in fron of the first 340 bp region appears in duplicated form as a direct repeat with sequence similarity to SV40 (or RNA polymerase II) enhancer sequences. PMID- 3203890 TI - Hypothermia: winter's tale. PMID- 3203891 TI - Partnership in care. Supporting role. PMID- 3203892 TI - Still cosmic after all these years. Interview by Paul Mangan. PMID- 3203893 TI - Help the Aged: side by side. PMID- 3203894 TI - Now hear this. PMID- 3203895 TI - Messing about on the river. PMID- 3203896 TI - Patient dependency study: measure for measure. PMID- 3203897 TI - With a little help from your Friends. PMID- 3203898 TI - Dial-a-ride: missing the bus. PMID- 3203899 TI - Learning to care. PMID- 3203900 TI - Faecal incontinence--preserving dignity. PMID- 3203901 TI - Graduate nursing--qualified success. PMID- 3203902 TI - Discharge planning--home truths. PMID- 3203904 TI - As old as you feel. PMID- 3203903 TI - Partnership in care--lifting the burden. PMID- 3203906 TI - Presence of the Caenorhabditis elegans spliced leader on different mRNAs and in different genera of nematodes. AB - Several different mRNAs from Caenorhabditis elegans contain the same 22 nucleotide leader sequence at their 5' ends that is acquired in a trans-splicing reaction. About 10 to 15% of the major proteins are translated from mRNAs that contain the spliced leader, among them two ribosomal proteins, ubiquitin, GAPDH, a heat shock protein (hsp70a), and three actins. The same spliced leader sequence is present in mRNAs isolated from nematodes from several different genera; but it is not present in mRNAs from other organisms. The spliced leader is encoded as a spliced leader (SL) RNA about 100 nucleotides long. The gene for the SL RNA is located in the 5S rDNA repeat in C. elegans; however, this association with the 5S repeat is not preserved in other genera. The 22-nucleotide spliced leader sequence is conserved in three genera of nematodes. PMID- 3203905 TI - A regulatory domain that directs lineage-specific expression of a skeletal matrix protein gene in the sea urchin embryo. AB - DNA sequences derived from the 5' region of a gene coding for the 50-kD skeletal matrix protein (SM50) of sea urchin embryo spicules were linked to the CAT reporter gene and injected into unfertilized eggs. CAT mRNA and enzyme were synthesized from these fusion constructs in embryos derived from these eggs, and in situ hybridization with a CAT antisense RNA probe demonstrated that expression is confined to skeletogenic mesenchyme cells. A mean of 5.5 of the 32-blastula stage skeletogenic mesenchyme cells displayed CAT mRNA (range 1-15), a result consistent with earlier measurements indicating that incorporation of the exogenous injected DNA probably occurs in a single blastomere during early cleavage. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion experiments showed that CAT enzyme activity in the transgenic embryos is enhanced 34-fold by decreasing the number of SM50 amino acids at the amino-terminus of the fusion protein from 43 to 4. cis regulatory sequences that are sufficient to promote lineage-specific spatial expression in the embryo are located between -440 and +120 with respect to the transcriptional initiation site. PMID- 3203907 TI - Destruction of a translationally controlled mRNA in Xenopus oocytes delays progesterone-induced maturation. AB - The maternal mRNA D7 is a moderately abundant transcript in Xenopus laevis whose expression is highest in, and perhaps restricted to, oogenesis and early embryogenesis. The nucleotide sequence of cloned D7 cDNA was determined and shown to have the capacity to code for a 31-kD protein. This amino acid sequence was searched against a protein data base, and no homologous proteins were found. Antibodies directed against D7 recognize in Xenopus embryos a soluble, cytoplasmic protein with an apparent molecular weight on SDS gels of 36,000. The D7 protein is absent from oocytes and first begins to accumulate during oocyte maturation. Its levels are highest during the first day of embryonic development and then decrease; D7 protein was not detected in adult tissues. D7 mRNA was selectively destroyed by injection into oocytes of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Analysis of injected oocytes by Northern and Western blotting showed site-specific cleavage and subsequent degradation of the D7 mRNA and the failure of the D7 protein to accumulate during progesterone-induced maturation. The loss of D7 protein affects the maturation process itself, significantly delaying the time course of germinal vesicle breakdown. Thus, D7 is a newly described protein involved in oocyte maturation. PMID- 3203908 TI - Myosin heavy-chain mutations that disrupt Caenorhabditis elegans thick filament assembly. AB - We have investigated Caenorhabditis elegans mutants in which altered unc-54 myosin heavy-chain protein interferes with assembly of thick myofilaments. These mutants have a dominant, muscle-defective phenotype, because altered myosin heavy chain B (MHC B), the product of the unc-54 gene, disrupts assembly of wild-type MHC B. The mutant MHC B also interferes with assembly of wild-type myosin heavy chain A (MHC A), the product of another MHC gene expressed in body-wall muscle cells. Because of disrupted MHC A assembly, dominant unc-54 mutants also exhibit a recessive-lethal phenotype. Dominant unc-54 mutations are missense alleles, and the defects in thick filament assembly result from mutant protein that is of normal molecular weight. Accumulation of mutant MHC B in amounts as little as 2% of wild-type levels is sufficient to disrupt assembly of both wild-type MHC A and MHC B. Dominant unc-54 mutations occur at remarkably high frequency following ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis; their frequency is approximately equal to that of recessive, loss-of-function mutations. This unusually high gain-of function frequency implies that many different amino acid substitutions in the myosin heavy-chain B protein can disrupt thick filament assembly. PMID- 3203910 TI - [Indicators of the neurological processes in schoolchildren in relation to age and sex]. PMID- 3203911 TI - [Sanitary-hygienic characteristics and means of improving working conditions at meat-processing plants]. PMID- 3203909 TI - The developmental fate of androgenetic, parthenogenetic, and gynogenetic cells in chimeric gastrulating mouse embryos. AB - Both a maternal and a paternal genomic contribution are necessary for completion of embryonic development in the mouse. Parthenogenetic embryos, with only a maternally inherited genome, and androgenetic embryos, with only a paternally inherited genome, fail to develop to term, and these two types of isoparental embryos fail in development in characteristic ways. In this paper we describe the construction of chimeras between single androgenetic, parthenogenetic, and gynogenetic blastomeres and normal eight-cell embryos. We allow the development of the chimeras to reach the late-gastrulating-stage embryo and then analyze the tissue distributions of the isoparental component. The isoparental embryos are derived from a transgenic mouse line carrying plasmid and mouse beta-globin sequences. The isoparental cells are detected in histological sections of chimeras by DNA-DNA in situ hybridization to the transgene, using a biotinylated DNA probe with an enzymatic detection system. We found strong tissue preferences for the androgenetic, parthenogenetic, and gynogenetic cells in chimeras. Androgenetic cells contributed strongly to all trophectoderm-derived tissue, with only a rare contribution to any tissues of the embryo proper, extraembryonic mesoderm, or extraembryonic endoderm. Parthenogenetic cells shared a developmental fate similar to gynogenetic cells, contributing to all tissues of the embryo proper and to the extraembryonic mesoderm, but only rarely to the extraembryonic endoderm or to any trophectoderm-derived tissues. PMID- 3203912 TI - [Problems of the effect of individual protective factors on the functional state and work capacity of an operator]. PMID- 3203913 TI - [Registration of congenital malformations in a genetic monitoring system]. PMID- 3203914 TI - [Main trends in the joint activities of medical school departments and sanitary and epidemiological stations regarding the training of specialists in a sanitary hygienic profile]. PMID- 3203915 TI - [Elaboration of the classification of atmospheric pollution based on the degree of its harmfulness using basic toxicometric parameters]. PMID- 3203916 TI - [Plotting the dose (factor level)-time-effect relations using exponential functions]. PMID- 3203917 TI - [Calculation of maximum permissible level of beryllium in the air based on the criterion of its carcinogenic effect]. PMID- 3203918 TI - [Evaluating and predicting interrelations in a air-human health system based on natural toxicological experiments]. PMID- 3203919 TI - [Hygienic evaluation of secondary pollution of the air after its purification from chlorine]. PMID- 3203920 TI - [Hygienic substantiation of the maximum permissible level of tetramethylthiuram disulfide in atmospheric air]. PMID- 3203921 TI - [Experimental substantiation of maximum permissible levels of DPF-1 and DPF-1N in reservoir water]. PMID- 3203922 TI - [Experimental substantiation of the maximum permissible level of methylene chloride in sanitary and household water reservoirs]. PMID- 3203923 TI - [Evaluation of soil fumigants from the standpoint of nutrition hygiene]. PMID- 3203924 TI - [Late effects of croneton as a criterion of hygienic standardization]. PMID- 3203925 TI - [Effect of carbon monoxide on the biotransformation of xenobiotics]. PMID- 3203926 TI - Aspartate aminotransferase of Lactobacillus murinus. AB - Aspartate aminotransferase from Lactobacillus murinus is thermostable, its activity being not changed for two months at temperatures between 4 and -70 degrees C. Maximum activity was observed at 40 degrees C and pH 7.3 in phosphate buffer (30 mmol/L). delta G* Value of 26.3 kJ/mol was calculated from the Arrhenius plot. The Km values for L-aspartate and 2-oxoglutarate at pH 7.3 were 25 and 100 mmol/L, respectively. Sodium maleate and glutamate acted as inhibitors of the enzyme activity. The Ki values for sodium maleate with L-aspartate of 2 oxoglutarate as variable substrates were 1.1 and 0.5 mmol/L, respectively. The Ki values for glutamate with L-aspartate or 2-oxoglutarate were 8.0 and 4.0 mmol/L, respectively. An inhibitory effect was observed with 1 mM Hg2+ ions (1 mmol/L). The activity of the enzyme was diminished by only 12% in the absence of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. PMID- 3203927 TI - Enzymic degradation of bromoxynil by cell-free extracts of Streptomyces felleus. AB - A method is described for spectrophotometric monitoring the degradation of the herbicide bromoxynil by cell-free extracts of Streptomyces felleus. The method involves a decrease in absorbance at 286 nm (absorption maximum of bromoxynil) that can be ascribed most probably to the cleavage of the aromatic ring of the bromoxynil molecule. Conditions necessary for measuring this degradation together with physico-chemical features of the degradation indicate that the reaction(s) is seemingly catalyzed by an Fe2+-dependent dioxygenase whose activity was not, however, detected in cell-free extracts of a bromoxynil-sensitive mutant of S. felleus as well as other bromoxynil-sensitive streptomycete strains. PMID- 3203928 TI - Formation of conidia in a saprophytic strain Claviceps paspali producing simple lysergic acid derivatives. AB - A non-mutant saprophytic strain C. paspali which forms conidia both on a solid medium and during submerged fermentation is described. Conidiation proceeded in parallel with culture growth and production of alkaloids. The effect of composition of culture media on the intensity of conidiation is described. PMID- 3203930 TI - Congenital syphilis in The Netherlands: cause and parental characteristics. AB - During 1982-5 the 19S (IgM) fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (19S (IgM) FTA-ABS) test gave positive results in 19 children. The parental histories were analysed. As five of the children were adopted, 14 pregnancies were evaluated. Mothers of foreign origin and extramarital pregnancies were found to be over represented. Of 13 women who attended for pregnancy checkup, three were not serologically screened for syphilis. In four the infection had developed late in the course of pregnancy. In at least four treatment had not been given or had been inadequate or too late. At least two had positive 19S (IgM) FTA-ABS test results that did not indicate congenital syphilis. The possibility of false positive 19S (IgM) FTA-ABS test results is pointed out. As the male sexual partners of four of the 14 mothers had presented elsewhere with early syphilis at the time of their partner's pregnancy, adequate contact tracing appears to be important to prevent congenital syphilis in future. PMID- 3203929 TI - Influence of antenatal screening on perinatal mortality caused by syphilis in Swaziland. AB - In a survey of 283 deliveries in Swaziland, active syphilis (positive results in the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) and the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test) was found in 37 (13.1%) and possibly active infection (positive TPHA but negative RPR test results) in a further 87 (30.7%). The perinatal mortality of untreated mothers with active disease was 21.9% (7/32). The RPR test carried out antenatally by nurses had a sensitivity of 36% (13/36) and predictive accuracy of 48% (13/27). Awareness of this incidence of syphilis led to improved antenatal clinic measures and the prophylactic treatment of all newborn infants. More comprehensive serology is discussed and the prophylactic treatment of mothers considered. The need for health education aiming at safer sexual practices is of paramount importance in a society facing the arrival of the human immunodeficiency virus. PMID- 3203931 TI - Measuring treatment compliance of men with non-gonococcal urethritis receiving oxytetracycline combined with low dose phenobarbitone. AB - Of 62 men with non-gonococcal urethritis who entered a study to assess compliance with treatment with oxytetracycline, only 33 could be evaluated. Traditional methods (interview and the absence of oxytetracycline in the urine) showed incomplete compliance in nine. Use of low dose phenobarbitone as a pharmacological marker showed incomplete compliance in a further five patients. In addition, phenobarbitone concentrations gave information on the extent to which individual patients had omitted treatment and provided direct, as opposed to circumstantial, evidence of good compliance by most (18) of those studied. Only three of the 33 patients whose compliance was assessed had evidence of continuing infection at follow up, and there was evidence of incomplete compliance in only one of these patients. PMID- 3203933 TI - Psychosocial implications of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection. AB - Fifty seven patients experiencing first attacks of genital herpes simplex virus infection (HSVI) were compared with 50 patients who were concerned about frequently recurring attacks despite routine counselling and reassurance. Using the general health questionnaire this latter group was found to be more psychologically distressed and more socially naive than the first attack group, as measured by socioeconomic class and the lie score of the Eysenck personality questionnaire; otherwise the two groups were similar. Patients presenting to clinics with frequently recurring genital HSVI may therefore be especially psychologically distressed, socially naive, and disadvantaged. Managing these patients needs to include understanding these problems as well as giving advice and using antiviral agents. PMID- 3203932 TI - Risk factors in the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women with vulval warts. AB - Of 59 women referred with vulval warts whose cervices were assessed colposcopically for the presence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) before local treatment of the wart lesions, 17 had histologically proved CIN, 12 had histologically proved cervical wart virus infection, and 30 had abnormality on colposcopy or cytology. Seven of the 17 with CIN had no abnormality on cervical cytology. No differences in sexual behaviour, smoking habit, or oral contraceptive use were seen between women with CIN and those with no cervical abnormality. Viral DNA typing of the vulval lesions was carried out, but there were no differences in the distribution of viral types between the three different histological groups. Of the 30 women with no abnormality at the initial visit, 23 were followed up colposcopically and cytologically for one to two years. Three of them developed CIN after adequate treatment of the vulval lesions despite the absence of cervical abnormalities on colposcopy at the time of treatment. Studying the known factors linked with CIN failed to show why some women with vulval warts develop CIN, even after treatment of the warts, and others do not. The large number of false negative results on cervical cytology in our patients suggests that women presenting with vulval warts should be screened colposcopically in the first instance. Close follow up of women whose warts are treated and who are thought to have no cervical abnormality at that assessment is essential. PMID- 3203934 TI - Failure rate of condoms during anogenital intercourse in homosexual men. AB - Two hundred and seventy seven homosexual men participating in an AIDS study in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, were interviewed in July to December 1986 regarding their experiences with the use of condoms during anogenital intercourse. It appeared that in many cases the condoms used could not be described as reliable, or were not used safely. In 8% (117/1468) of cases the condom tore or slipped off. When different condoms were compared, it was seen that "qualified" anal condoms functioned best. Other anal condoms functioned worse, and in many cases even worse than classic vaginal condoms. Whether these differences exclusively depended on differences in quality cannot be assessed. Men who buy a qualified anal condom are possibly more motivated and thus also less likely to have failures. Regarding the apparent unreliability of the condoms used, homosexual men are advised to refrain from anogenital intercourse. When this is not feasible, a qualified anal condom should be used. PMID- 3203936 TI - Symptomless gonorrhoea in women in Maiduguri (north eastern Nigeria) PMID- 3203935 TI - Chlamydia trachomatis infection in dizygotic twins delivered by caesarean section. AB - Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the conjunctiva, pharynx, and rectum of one 10 day old twin delivered by caesarean section without prior rupture of the chorioamnion and from the pharynx of her brother. The means by which C trachomatis causes such infection is not known. PMID- 3203937 TI - Genital herpes. PMID- 3203938 TI - Nursing comes of age. PMID- 3203939 TI - Identifying depression in medical patients. PMID- 3203940 TI - Rationale for clinician self-disclosure and research agenda. PMID- 3203941 TI - Neonatal behavior of prenatally stressed Lebanese infants. PMID- 3203942 TI - Variables related to nurse performance. PMID- 3203943 TI - The promise and the reality of certification. PMID- 3203944 TI - An analysis of entry into practice arguments. PMID- 3203945 TI - Nursing epistemology: traditions, insights, questions. PMID- 3203946 TI - Comment. The progression of knowledge in nursing: a search for meaning. PMID- 3203947 TI - Uncertainty in illness. PMID- 3203948 TI - Origins of nursing knowledge. PMID- 3203949 TI - Nurses and various areas of philosophy. PMID- 3203950 TI - Nursing theories: a critical review. PMID- 3203951 TI - Factors related to obesity in Mexican-American preschool children. PMID- 3203952 TI - Determining job satisfaction: a guide for the undergraduate. PMID- 3203954 TI - How to prepare for the licensure examination. PMID- 3203953 TI - Career mobility: planning to continue in school. PMID- 3203955 TI - Building a credit reputation. PMID- 3203956 TI - Are you prepared to move? Facts on relocation. PMID- 3203958 TI - Joint annual conference of CSI & ATCVSI. New Delhi, India, Nov. 27-30, 1988. Abstracts. PMID- 3203957 TI - Career pathing or (the ABC's of job hunting). PMID- 3203959 TI - Effect of chronic hypertension on acute hypertensive disruption of the blood brain barrier in rats. AB - The effect of chronic hypertension on acute hypertensive disruption of the blood brain barrier has been studied in only two models of hypertension, with inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to reinvestigate whether chronic hypertension has a consistent effect on acute hypertensive disruption of the blood-brain barrier and to determine whether one of the previously studied models has an unusual response to chronic hypertension. We studied four rat models of chronic hypertension: spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), two kidney, 1 clip Goldblatt rats (2K1C), rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and NaCl, Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a high salt diet, and two groups of normotensive controls: Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a low salt diet. We caused acute hypertension in some rats with the use of bicuculline (1.2 mg/kg) and aortic occlusion. Rats without acute hypertension served as controls. Blood-brain barrier disruption was quantitated using the brain/blood ratio of 125I-labeled albumin. Acute hypertensive disruption was less in SHR, rats treated with DOCA-NaCl, and Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a high salt diet, but not in 2K1C rats, as compared with normotensive controls. Acute hypertensive disruption was greater in Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed a low salt diet than in WKY. A series of control WKY, SHR, rats treated with DOCA-NaCl, 2K1C rats, and Dahl salt-sensitive rats fed low or high salt diets, but not subjected to acute hypertension, were also studied. Brain/blood 125I-albumin ratios were significantly less in these control rats not subjected to acute hypertension than in rats subjected to acute hypertension.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203960 TI - Responses of cerebral arterioles to adenosine 5'-diphosphate, serotonin, and the thromboxane analogue U-46619 during chronic hypertension. AB - The goal of this study was to determine whether responses of cerebral arterioles to products released by platelets are impaired in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). The diameter of pial arterioles was measured during suffusion with adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), serotonin, and the thromboxane analogue U-46619, using intravital microscopy in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHRSP (7-10 months old). Responses of cerebral arterioles to ADP and serotonin were profoundly impaired in SHRSP. ADP (10(-5) M) increased pial arteriolar diameter 17 +/- 3% (mean +/- SE) in WKY and only 4 +/- 1% in SHRSP. Serotonin (10(-5) M) increased pial arteriolar diameter 15 +/- 2% in WKY and, in contrast, reduced the diameter 13 +/- 1% in SHRSP. Nitroglycerin produced a similar dilatation of cerebral arterioles in WKY and SHRSP, suggesting that impairment of dilatation in SHRSP in response to ADP and serotonin was not related to nonspecific impairment of vasodilatation in SHRSP. The thromboxane analogue U-46619 produced a similar constriction of arterioles in WKY and SHRSP. We also examined the possibility that impaired dilator responses of cerebral arterioles in SHRSP in response to ADP and serotonin may be related to production of a cyclooxygenase vasoconstrictor substance. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg i.v.) partially restored dilator responses to ADP and serotonin in SHRSP, without altering responses in WKY. Thus, we speculate that vasoactive substances released by platelets may release a prostanoid constrictor substance from cerebral vessels of SHRSP and thereby predispose SHRSP to cerebral ischemia and, perhaps, stroke. PMID- 3203961 TI - Failure of salt loading to inhibit tissue norepinephrine turnover in prehypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats. AB - To determine if alterations of electrolyte balance or sympathetic nervous system activity are present in Dahl salt-sensitive rats (DS) before the onset of hypertension, we compared electrolyte balances, extracellular fluid volume (inulin space), plasma volume (radiolabeled albumin), and norepinephrine turnover in peripheral tissues (heart and interscapular brown fat) in prehypertensive DS and Dahl salt-resistant rats (DR). Animals were maintained for 5 to 7 days on either a "normal" or high NaCl diet. Tissue norepinephrine turnover was evaluated by measuring the rate at which norepinephrine content decreased following tyrosine hydroxylase inhibition with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. Blood pressure was higher (p less than 0.05) in DS (135 +/- 2 [SE] mm Hg) than in DR (129 +/- 2 mm Hg) and was not affected by the diets. Extracellular fluid volume and net Na+ and Cl- balances did not differ between DS and DR. However, plasma volume was greater in DS than in DR (p less than 0.05). In both fat and heart, norepinephrine turnover was decreased by dietary NaCl loading in DR (p less than 0.01), but not in DS. Thus, the tendency of the DS to become hypertensive with high NaCl intake may be related to the combined effects of an increased plasma volume and the failure of high dietary NaCl to inhibit peripheral sympathetic nervous system activity. PMID- 3203962 TI - Relationship of serum sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus with blood pressure. Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health. AB - During an epidemiological survey on the relationship between diet and cardiovascular risk factors, serum sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and total protein were measured in 4167 men and 3891 women with a mean age of 49 years. Several consistent and highly significant correlations were found between serum cation and phosphorus levels and blood pressure. The analysis was performed separately in the total group and in the group not receiving treatment for hypertension. A highly significant negative correlation existed between serum sodium and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Serum potassium correlated negatively with blood pressure only in men. Serum phosphorus correlated negatively in men and women with systolic blood pressure. Serum calcium correlated positively with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in men, but only with diastolic blood pressure in women. All these correlations were independent of serum total protein. A significant negative correlation between serum phosphorus and heart rate and a significant positive correlation between the serum calcium/phosphorus ratio and heart rate were demonstrated. PMID- 3203963 TI - Relationship of dietary sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium with blood pressure. Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health. AB - From 1979 through 1984, a randomized epidemiological survey in Belgium assessed the dietary intake of sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium using 24-hour food records checked by trained dietitians. Dietary cation intake levels were correlated with blood pressure both in the total group (4167 men and 3891 women) and in the group not taking antihypertensive medication (3814 men and 3329 women). Serum sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus were also measured. Multiple regression analysis adjusting for age, body mass index, heart rate, alcohol intake, and total caloric intake revealed a significant positive correlation between sodium intake and blood pressure in the group not treated for hypertension except for diastolic blood pressure in women. A significant negative correlation was found between dietary calcium intake and diastolic blood pressure in men and between dietary magnesium intake and systolic blood pressure in women. No independent effect of dietary potassium intake on blood pressure could be established. Significant but weak correlations were found between the dietary intake of sodium, potassium and calcium and their serum values. The study confirms the hypothesis that at the population level dietary cations are related to the regulation of blood pressure. PMID- 3203964 TI - Changes in autonomic regulation induced by physical training in mild hypertension. AB - The adaptive effects of physical training on cardiovascular control mechanisms were studied in 11 subjects with mild hypertension. In these subjects we assessed the gain of the heart period-systolic arterial pressure relationship in the unfit and the fit state by using 1) an open loop approach, whereby the gain is expressed by the slope of the regression of heart period as a function of systolic arterial pressure, during a phenylephrine-induced pressure rise and 2) a closed loop approach with proper simplification, whereby the gain is expressed by the index alpha, obtained through simultaneous spectral analysis of the spontaneous variabilities of heart period and systolic arterial pressure. Both methods indicated that training significantly increased the gain of the relationship between heart period and systolic arterial pressure at rest and reduced arterial pressure and increased heart period significantly. This gain was drastically reduced during bicycle exercise both in the unfit and fit state. In a second group of normotensive (n = 7; systolic pressure, 133 +/- 3 mm Hg) and hypertensive (n = 7; systolic pressure, 180 +/- 10 mm Hg) subjects undergoing 24 hour diagnostic continuous electrocardiographic and high fidelity arterial pressure monitoring, the index alpha was significantly reduced in the hypertensive group at rest. Furthermore, when analyzed continuously over the entire 24-hour period, this index underwent minute-to-minute changes with lower values during the day and higher values during the night. We propose the index alpha as a quantitative indicator of the changes in the gain of baroreceptor mechanisms occurring with physical training in mild hypertension and during a 24 hour period in ambulatory subjects. PMID- 3203965 TI - Inhibition of vascular permeability increase in mice. An additional anti-allergic mechanism of glucocorticoids. AB - Effects of glucocorticoids on IgE antibody-mediated 48-hour homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and skin reactions caused by mediator releasers and vascular permeability increasing factors were investigated comparatively. Both PCA and skin reactions were evoked in the mouse ear and these reactions were quantitatively evaluated by measuring the amount of dye extravasated into the ear. The glucocorticoids hydrocortisone, prednisolone and dexamethasone inhibited the PCA significantly. The maximum inhibitory effects of these glucocorticoids were obtained when administered 8 h prior to the antigenic challenge. Dexamethasone significantly inhibited the skin reactions caused by compound 48/80, Ca ionophore A 23187 and hypotonic salt solution. Dexamethasone also significantly inhibited the skin reactions caused by histamine, serotonin, platelet-activating factor, leukotrienes C4 and D4, and bradykinin. The maximum inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on these skin reactions were observed when administered 12-6 h before. These results support the previous observations that glucocorticoids inhibit the increase of vascular permeability caused by various stimuli, and indicate that the inhibition of vascular permeability increase contributes at least in part to the inhibitory effects on the PCA and the mediator releaser-induced skin reactions. Furthermore, the inhibition of vascular permeability increase by glucocorticoids might play an important role in their anti-allergic actions. PMID- 3203966 TI - Isolation and characterization of Poa p I allergens of Kentucky bluegrass pollen with a murine monoclonal anti-Lol p I antibody. AB - The Poa p I allergens were isolated from the retentate fraction of a dialyzed preparation of an aqueous extract of Kentucky bluegrass pollen by means of a reverse immunosorbent prepared with a murine anti-Lol p I monoclonal antibody, Mab 290-A-167. By sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and preparative isoelectrofocusing, Poa p I was found to consist of a 35.8-kD component with an isoelectric point of 6.4 and a 33-kD component with one of 9.1 and designated as Poa p Ia (acidic) and Poa p Ib (basic), respectively. The relative protein content of these components was estimated from the intensity of the stained bands following sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Thus, Poa p Ia appeared to be the major protein constituent, and on Western immunoblot it also bound the monoclonal antibody to a greater extent than Poa p Ib. On the other hand, Poa p Ib was shown by Western immunoblot and autoradiographic analysis, to bind to a greater extent the IgE antibodies present in a pool of sera from grass-allergic individuals. Therefore, Poa p Ib was considered as the major allergenic component of Poa p I. By competitive inhibition of the radioallergosorbent test, it was demonstrated that the Mab inhibited the binding of Poa p I allergens to human IgE antibodies to the extent of 70%. Hence, it is suggested that Mab and human IgE antibodies recognize identical or closely related determinants of Poa p I allergens. PMID- 3203967 TI - The effect of thyroxine on spontaneous thyroiditis in BB/W rats. AB - The effect of T4 on the incidence of lymphocytic thyroiditis and on titers of antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid microsomal antigen was studied in BB/W rats that are prone to develop spontaneously autoimmune thyroiditis and diabetes. Thirty-three animals were separated in two groups. Rats in one group had 1 mg T4 per liter of drinking water, and the other group was given no T4. After 3-4 months of therapy the T4-treated group had a reduced production of antibody to thyroglobulin (p less than 0.05) and to microsomal antigen (p less than 0.005) and a significantly lower frequency of lymphocytic thyroiditis (p less than 0.05). Our data are consistent with previous findings in experimentally induced thyroiditis in rats and suggest that T4 has an immunosuppressive effect. PMID- 3203968 TI - Allergic response to birch and alder pollen allergens influenced by geographical location of allergic subjects. AB - A detailed analysis was made of the reactivity patterns of birch pollen-allergic subjects from Norway and Australia to the various IgE-binding components of pollens from several different birch and alder species. Typically, with each of the pollens examined, the Norwegian subjects exhibited a specific limited response pattern in which only a few of the 18 possible allergenic bands were recognized. A single, major IgE-binding band of approximate molecular weight 16 17 kD was recognized in each pollen by all the Norwegian patients used in the study. In contrast to this situation, there was no 'typical' recognition pattern amongst the Australian patients. Although recognition of the 16- to 17-kD components occurred in some cases, it was not dramatically superior to any other single component. Recognition of higher molecular weight components occurred more frequently than with the Norwegian group. Reasons for the differences in the response patterns of the Australian and Norwegian groups are discussed with reference to the exposure of the populations to different allergenic sources and genetic variation. PMID- 3203969 TI - Enhanced murine respiratory tract IgA antibody response to oral influenza vaccine when combined with a lipoidal amine (avridine). AB - The adjuvant activity of avridine, a synthetic lipoidal amine, incorporated in liposomes, was studied in mice immunized orally with killed influenza virus vaccine (A/PR/8/34, H1N1). Coadministration of avridine-containing liposomes and viral antigen enhanced the remote-site IgA antibody response in the respiratory tract without a concomitant serum antibody response or side effects. The results support the possible use of mucosal adjuvants for oral immunization against respiratory pathogens. PMID- 3203970 TI - Biostability of polyurethanes. PMID- 3203971 TI - The fate of leached di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) in patients on chronic haemodialysis. AB - The fate of the plasticiser di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate and/or its metabolites, phthalic acid esters (PAE), in 12 patients on chronic haemodialysis was studied. The total amount of PAE retained by the patients was estimated by monitoring the plasma concentrations from the inflow and outflow tubes of the dialyzer during 4 h dialysis sessions. There was an estimated uptake of 46 mg of PAE during a single dialysis session. The values for a volumetric factor (Vf) related to the increment in plasma PAE concentrations were found to increase during the first hour of treatment (72 litres at steady-state), and then to progressively decrease. The changes in the kinetic parameters during the dialysis session were grouped into three phases according to the fate of the plasticiser in the patient. We also monitored the plasma concentrations of PAE in the same patients for 40 days during dialysis with another kind of plasticised (tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate [TOTM]) tubes. The PAE concentrations were similar to those found in healthy humans after about 5 weeks. PMID- 3203972 TI - Patterns of metabolic acidosis in patients with chronic renal failure: impact of hemodialysis. AB - The type of metabolic acidosis in patients with chronic renal failure was studied prospectively over a three-month period in 32 stable patients on chronic hemodialysis using acetate. All patients had pre-dialysis metabolic acidosis (mean TCO2 = 16.6 +/- 0.4 mEq/l, range 10 to 23 mEq/l). The patterns of metabolic acidosis were defined using the ratio: delta AG/delta TCO2 where delta AG is the increment in plasma anion gap above normal and delta TCO2 the decrement in plasma bicarbonate below normal. The group as a whole showed a mixed hyperchloremic and high anion gap pattern with a mean delta AG/delta TCO2 ratio of 53.3 +/- 7.1%. The individual distribution of patterns ranged from a pure hyperchloremic acidosis (24%) to a pure high anion gap acidosis (30%) with the mixed pattern being the most frequent (46%). An inverse correlation between the TCO2 change (y) during the dialysis procedure and the TCO2 (x) prevailing at the start of dialysis was found by linear regression analysis: y = -0.51x + 11, r = -0.54, p less than 0.01. Thus, before acetate conversion to bicarbonate was fully completed, patients gained bicarbonate during dialysis if TCO2 was less than 21 mEq/l and lost it when the pre-dialysis TCO2 was above this level. On average, the delta AG was reduced to a greater extent than the delta TCO2 so that the delta AG/delta TCO2 ratio fell significantly (from 53 +/- 7.1 to 11 +/- 8.8%, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203973 TI - Left heart assistance with the spindle pump. AB - The spindle pump--a new attempt at assisted circulation--was developed to prevent the main problems of nonpulsatile blood pumps, i.e. traumatic hemolysis, thrombus formation and sealing. It was essential to achieve adequate output with the lowest possible speed in order to minimize traumatic hemolysis. The result was a spindle pump with three windings in a U-shaped housing driven by an electric motor. Many tests were necessary to establish a prototype. The spindle was completely redesigned several times to reach an acceptable volume output and corresponding pressure output. In animal experiments this final prototype working as a LVAD, with a speed of 5400 RPM circulates 4 liters/min against BP of 110 mmHg. The hemolysis rate has been low in acute and survival experiments (27 hours up to now), and is between 25 and 30 mg/100 ml of free hemoglobin, thus within the normal range. PMID- 3203974 TI - Dynamic cardiomyoplasty: a surgical approach for ventricular assistance. AB - Dynamic cardiomyoplasty involves the use of an electrically stimulated skeletal muscle wrapped around part of the heart to restore or augment myocardial contractility. In our approach, a Latissimus Dorsi muscle flap (LDMF) is transferred to the heart via a partial resection of the second rib, and sutured around the ventricles. The muscle flap is stimulated in synchrony with the heart contractions with bursts of impulses delivered by a "Cardio-Myostimulator" implantable pulse generator via intramuscular electrodes. The object of this study was to identify features of muscle stimulation and to measure the efficacy of L.D. cardiomyoplasty in increasing cardiac output, using an ultrasonic Doppler technique. This report shows the results obtained for goats in which such procedures were performed. Ultrasonic measurements were recorded at the time of cardiomyoplasty and 3-6 months later, during which period the muscle was put progressively into use by slowly increasing the burst frequency content, number of pulses as well as the heart-muscle contraction ratio (3:1, 2:1, 1:1). This postoperative muscle stimulation protocol takes into account the delay of gradual conversion of fast-twitch glycolytic muscular fibers into slow-twitch oxidative, fatigue-resistant fibers, as well as the healing time after cardiomyoplasty required for the muscle flap to recover collateral blood circulation and to adhere to the heart. Results show that synchronous burst stimulation of the muscle flap increases the blood peak velocity in the descending aorta (+36 +/- 8%) and increases the left ventricular stroke volume (+70 +/- 14%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3203976 TI - Fail-safe systems for the wearable artificial endocrine pancreas. AB - For the long-term clinical use of the wearable artificial endocrine pancreas, a fail-safe system is an essential mechanism. Several hardware alarm systems have been incorporated for battery-down, and short-run of the pumps. Software alarm systems for overflow or underflow of the AD converter, empty bags, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, abnormal values of parameters, and excessive insulin infusion have also been built into the system. The software noise filter was effective in eliminating superimposed artificial noises and the noises induced by muscle exercise. Sudden changes in sensor output during glycemic control of diabetics due to short circuit, or disconnection of the sensor lead, were detected as overflow or underflow of the AD converter. A gradual change in the sensor output was heralded by the hyper- or hypoglycemia alarm sound. These data indicated that the fail-safe system built into the wearable artificial endocrine pancreas is useful for the long-term glycemic control of diabetics. PMID- 3203975 TI - Serum aldosterone studies in 10 calves living for 2-5 months with a total artificial heart (TAH). AB - A group of 10 experimental calves that lived for 61-147 days with a TAH was used to study serum aldosterone levels by RIA with ALDOCTK-125 CEA Kit (Sorin Biomedica, Italy). The aldosterone levels were plotted against the serum sodium and potassium, body weight, CVP, urinary sodium and potassium and with hematocrit levels. In these experiments, three types of TAH (TNS-BRNO II, VII, and Rostock) were used. The levels of aldosterone were already high before the surgery and during the entire pumping period, which indicates the development of secondary aldosteronism. The study deals with the mechanisms that participate in the development of aldosteronism in each phase of the experiment with the TAH. PMID- 3203977 TI - Biological performance of TiNi shape memory alloy vascular ring prostheses: a two year study. AB - A method was developed for the noninvasive insertion of a vascular ring prostheses aimed at preserving arterial patency and preventing restenosis following angioplasty. Using a specially designed 7F catheter 22 nitinol (TiNi) wire prostheses (I.D. 5 mm; 0.25 mm thickness) were torsion reduced in diameter and inserted under fluoroscopy into both carotid (n = 2) and iliac-femoral arteries (n = 20) of dogs. Aspirin (650 mg BID) and Persantin (200 mg BID) were given for only 30 days postoperatively. Angiography of all rings at 1, 6, 12 months exhibited excellent biocompatibility and long term patency 91% (20/22) as reported in Trans ASAIO 32:30, 1986. Four rings inserted in the right and left common iliac arteries and femoral artery were followed for up to 2 years and exhibited 100% patency. Angiography demonstrated that the anchorage of the prostheses was stable and the lumen was uniformly covered by a thin neointimal layer of endothelial like cells. The prostheses were patent with no evidence of thrombosis or inflammation. In view of the problem of recurrent stenosis occurring during the healing period after balloon angioplasty (PTA or PTCA), this approach may lead to a new means of clinical intervention in atherosclerosis. PMID- 3203978 TI - Measurement of growth rates: the effect of sampling time on weight in a seabird. AB - In most field studies on growth rates of birds, chicks are weighed in the "morning" or whenever it is convenient. I found that weight of laboratory-reared young herring gulls (Larus argentatus) varied significantly depending on the time of day it was measured. Chicks were always lighter at daybreak before they had eaten. However, mean weight at other times of the day was less variable. These results suggest that it is important to always weigh chicks at the same time each day, and to appreciate that daily or treatment differences may reflect sampling time differences unless the timing and amount of chick feeding is considered. Further weight gain during the day was directly correlated with the amount of food eaten first thing in the morning, and was directly correlated with weight loss overnight. PMID- 3203980 TI - Growth patterns of the offspring of alcohol-fed rats. AB - The role of altered glucose metabolism in the growth retardation associated with the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome has been difficult to assess because previously used experimental procedures have frequently substituted ethanol for dietary carbohydrate. Consequently, there is a severe reduction of the carbohydrate content of the diet. This study examined brain and liver development at 7, 15, 21, and 42 days of age in the male offspring of ethanol-fed rats which received a liquid diet in which carbohydrate and protein content were equal to that of the control diet. Ethanol provided 30% of the daily calories and was substituted isocalorically for fats. Body and liver weights of the offspring of these ethanol fed rats were significantly lower than controls at all ages studied, and the mean brain weight was decreased at 7 and 15 days of age but not subsequently. Brain protein content was significantly lower in the experimental group at 7 and 15 days of age, and liver protein content was reduced at 15, 21, and 42 days of age. The DNA content was not affected in either organ by exposure to ethanol in utero. Increasingly carbohydrate and total caloric intake moderates, but does not eliminate, the effects of maternal ethanol ingestion on offspring growth. PMID- 3203981 TI - The guinea pig as a model for the study of the effects of milk on growth and development. AB - Study of the effects of enteral nutrition on neonatal growth and development has been hindered by the lack of a suitable model. A model has been developed to measure the effects of an artificial milk formula on the growth of the newborn guinea pig. The composition of milk expressed from lactating guinea pigs 2 to 13 days postpartum was analysed for its protein, lactose, fat and metabolizable energy contents. Changes in osmolality, water and electrolyte contents were determined. An isotope (3H2O) dilution method was used to measure daily milk intakes of naturally suckled animals. An artificial formula, based on cow's milk (CMF), isocaloric with natural guinea pig milk was designed and synthesized. Neonatal guinea pigs were reared either naturally or on CMF from birth to 8 days. Comparable growth and milk intakes were achieved by the two feeding groups. No adverse effects of CMF were noted. The study represents the development of an effective means of raising a laboratory animal during the suckling period on an artificial milk formula. The model may be used to measure the impact of enteral nutrition on the ontogeny of the gut, and on neonatal growth and development, in a precocial species which more closely resembles man than the altricial species, such as rat and mouse, generally used for this purpose. PMID- 3203979 TI - Glucocorticoid hormone adversely affects the growth and regeneration of cartilage in vitro. AB - Apical portion of condylar cartilage of neonatal mice served as an experimental model to study the in vitro effects of elevated concentration of triamcinolone, a fluorinated synthetic analogue of cortisol on cartilage cell growth and development. Triamcinolone acetonide (10(-6) M) led to a significant decrease in the proliferative rate of chondroprogenitor cells along with an inhibition of the chondrogenic differentiation pathway. By 5 days in culture, control explants exhibited a pronounced increase in size and succeeded to reconstitute their native form. In hormone-treated cultures, the explants also elongated yet the increase was due to an accelerated cellular hypertrophy rather than increase in cell number. The findings of the present study which were based upon quantitative 3H-thymidine autoradiography as well as upon determination of 3H-thymidine incorporation suggest that in vitro corticosteroid hormone depresses pre chondroblasts proliferation along with an interference in the normal differentiative pathway of the above cells. PMID- 3203982 TI - Placental and fetal development in straightbred and reciprocal crosses of Yorkshire and Ossabaw swine. AB - Placental and fetal development were compared in 7 Yorkshire (Y) and 12 feral, Ossabaw (F) gilts mated to Y and F boars to produce straightbred and reciprocal cross litters (YY, YF, FY and FF, sire listed first). Gilts were slaughtered at d 75 +/- 2 of gestation. Ovulatory rate and litter size were higher in Y than in F gilts; however, rates of embyonal survival were similar in all groups. Groups differed in fetal body weight, metabolic body weight, crown-to-rump length, placental weight, metabolic placental weight and placental surface area, respectively. The YY group had highest values and the FF group smallest values for all variables except placental surface area. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients of placental development with fetal length and weight across breeding groups were significant (e.g., placental surface area: fetal length, r = .67; placental surface area: fetal metabolic body weight, r = .76). It is concluded that the relationship between placental and fetal development observed in domestic swine is present in feral swine and crosses between domestic and feral swine at this gestational stage. These developmental measures are significantly influenced by fetal genotype and uterine environment but also by the breed of sire. PMID- 3203983 TI - Usher's syndrome, temporal bone pathology. AB - The histological findings in the right temporal bone of a 65-year-old deaf and blind man are presented. The subject suffered from the autosomal recessive Usher's syndrome, as did 2 of his 5 siblings. They are the offspring of a consanguineous marriage. This man died from an intra-abdominal hemorrhage. Within 3 h after death the temporal bones were donated for study and were processed for histopathological examination. PMID- 3203984 TI - The anterior cricoid split: the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia experience. AB - The anterior cricoid split procedure (ACS) is an alternative to tracheotomy in selected infants with subglottic stenosis. From February 1983 to October 1987, 26 children underwent ACS at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. All children had subglottic stenosis. Six children had previously undergone tracheotomy. A successful outcome, allowing extubation or decannulation, correlated only with decreased pre-operative intubation time and was achieved in 73% of these patients. A failed ACS had little adverse affect on the subsequent management of these children. PMID- 3203985 TI - Obstructive sleep apnea in young infants. AB - Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was diagnosed in 14 infants less than 18 months of age. Snoring, apnea, failure to thrive, developmental delay and recurrent respiratory infections were the main presenting symptoms. The diagnosis was made by polysomnographic studies or overnight monitoring. Adenotonsillectomy resulted in the relief of symptoms and signs in 13 children. In one infant prolonged nasopharyngeal intubation was needed. An increased awareness of OSA in young infants may prevent the delay in diagnosis, will allow early treatment and thus prevent the development of sequela or complications associated with this syndrome. PMID- 3203986 TI - Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita: otolaryngologic diagnosis and management. AB - Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is an uncommon congenital disorder characterized by multiple fixed joint deformities and non-progressive neuromuscular dysfunction. A small fraction of these infants will present with otolaryngologic problems resulting from cranial nerve weakness, muscle dysplasia, or structural dysharmony of the head and neck. The charts of 50 patients with AMC were reviewed to determine the incidence of these findings. A summary of the literature is presented discussing the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of this interesting clinical problem. PMID- 3203987 TI - A prospective study of titanium ventilation tubes. AB - A prospective controlled study was undertaken in which in 100 children a titanium ventilation tube was inserted in one ear, and a Paparella silicone tube was inserted in the contralateral ear as a control. The tubes were evaluated with respect to length of time of intubation, episodes of otorrhea, and early occlusion. Sixty-five patients were followed for at least one year, or until both tubes had extruded. Long-term follow-up of these patients has revealed little difference in the incidence of tube occlusion, early extrusion, or infection with otorrhea. Since the titanium tube is more than twice as expensive and has no proven advantages over a silicone tube of similar design, we have no reason to recommend its use over the less costly, standard silicon ventilation tube. PMID- 3203988 TI - Auditory brainstem evoked response inter-peak latencies in very low birthweight infants. AB - A population of very low birthweight (VLBW) infants consisting of 41 infants (24 female) less than 1000 g birthweight and 108 infants (63 female) 1000-1499 g together with a normative group of 36 full-term infants (18 female) 2400-4500 g birthweight were used to acquire auditory brainstem evoked response data. Inter peak latency intervals were derived from the response and the data acquired were analysed across a range of related variables. The Wave V-III peak to peak latency interval was found to have significant age-related attributes together with an interactive birthweight effect, however no significant difference was established between the VLBW and normative groups when an age correction factor was applied. PMID- 3203989 TI - Lingual thyroid in a young infant presenting as airway obstruction: report of a case. AB - A case of lingual thyroid causing airway obstruction in a 3-month-old infant is reported. Endoscopic examination for stridor disclosed an obstructing 4 X 3 cm base of tongue lesion. Nuclear isotope scanning confirmed this to be the only thyroid tissue present in this patient. A transoral excision using the CO2 laser was performed without complication. Only one other case of airway obstruction in the young infant secondary to lingual thyroid has been reported, that being the original case description in 1869. A review of the embryology and discussion of the suggested therapies is presented. The rationale for use of the CO2 laser for this lesion is discussed. PMID- 3203990 TI - Microcomputer-based technique for 3-D reconstruction and volume measurement of computer tomographic images. Part 1: Phantom studies. AB - This paper presents a microcomputer-based technique that accurately quantifies volumes from computed tomographic (CT) scans of irregularly shaped objects as well as displaying 3-D reconstructions. The method uses standard CT film, allowing analysis of previous or outside CT studies. The planimetry method showed less than 5% error in measuring irregular 2-D areas larger than 6 mm2. The method is demonstrated to be significantly more accurate than spherical, ellipsoid, or rectangular geometric models in quantifying object volume by CT (P less than .001). With a single gantry angle, planimetry showed a two standard deviation error under 10% in measuring the volume of irregular objects compared with an error over 30% for ellipsoid models. The inaccuracy of the spherical model (80% error) and the rectangular prism model (192% error) renders them impractical to provide quantitative object volume. Microcomputer planimetry provides an accurate and versatile means to measure the volume and produce 3-D reconstructions of objects scanned with CT, and it has potential application in quantifying tumor response with CT and magnetic resonance imaging. PMID- 3203991 TI - Videodensitometric analysis of coronary stenoses. In vivo geometric and physiologic validation in humans. AB - Assessment of the severity of coronary stenoses on arteriograms conventionally is based on subjective estimates of percent luminal diameter narrowing. However, in studies in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease, we have found a poor correlation between percent stenosis and the physiologic significance of an individual coronary obstruction. The purpose of this study was to determine whether computerized videodensitometry would allow estimation of coronary luminal area and therefore prediction of the physiologic significance of individual coronary stenoses in humans. Videodensitometry was used to define the minimal luminal area of 15 left anterior descending, 15 circumflex, and 15 right coronary artery segments in 43 patients. Computer-assisted quantitative coronary arteriography (method of Brown et al) was used to determine the minimal luminal cross-sectional area of these same segments. In each arterial segment, coronary vasodilator reserve was assessed using intraoperative (n = 18 segments) or intracoronary (n = 27 segments) Doppler measurements of coronary vasodilator reserve. Videodensitometric estimates of coronary luminal area correlated well with minimal luminal area defined using the independent geometric technique of quantitative coronary arteriography (r = 0.82, y = 0.97 X + 0.71, SEE = 1.83 mm2, n = 45) and with lesion physiologic significance as defined by studies of the peak-to-resting velocity ratio (r = 0.71, 0.92, and 0.74 for the left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary arteries, respectively). Thus, videodensitometry is a promising method that may supplement geometric approaches to quantitative analysis of coronary arteriograms in humans. PMID- 3203992 TI - Comparison of ionic and nonionic low-osmolar contrast media in coronary arteriography. A crossover study in children. AB - Twenty-six patients with Kawasaki disease were observed in a prospective crossover study to compare coronary arteriography with a nonionic low-osmolar contrast medium, iopamidol 370 mgI/mL, and with an ionic low-osmolar contrast medium, ioxaglate 320 mgI/mL. A slight heart rate change and no severe arrhythmia during coronary arteriography were observed with both agents. Electrocardiographically, QTc elongation and ST-T changes were marked in ioxaglate and minimal in iopamidol. No ventricular fibrillation occurred with either agent. Both contrast media provided adequate visualization for the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease, but the contrast of the images and the visualization of details were better with iopamidol than with ioxaglate. Iopamidol seems to be superior to ioxaglate in pediatric coronary arteriography. PMID- 3203993 TI - Comparison of contrast media injection rates and volumes for hepatic dynamic incremented computed tomography. AB - Contrast injection techniques now in use for hepatic dynamic incremented computed tomography (DICT) were designed for scanners using slower scan acquisition rates than the currently available 6 to 12 scans/minute. Of 53 patients examined, (1) 19 received a conventional 2-minute injection of 150 or 120 mL of 60% contrast material selected by patient weight; (2) 19 received the same doses within 1 minute; and (3) 15 received 20% lower doses within 1 minute. The faster injection groups 2 and 3 reached peak enhancement sooner (57 and 60 seconds vs. 97 seconds) with similar or higher peak hepatic enhancement (73 and 64 HU vs. 58 HU) and equivalent hepatic enhancement (52 and 48 HU vs. 54 HU) after 150 seconds. Because detecting neoplastic liver lesions often depends on enhancement, 1-minute injections of high doses of contrast material with rapid scan rates may be superior to 2-minute injections. When cost or dose-related toxicity are important, 1-minute injections of 20% lower contrast doses may be considered. PMID- 3203994 TI - A technique for estimating the probability of clots in blood/contrast agent mixtures. AB - Blood that contaminates the contrast agent syringe during angiography may clot and is thus a potential source of emboli. The older, high-osmolality agents prevent clotting. Newer, low-osmolality agents, while possessing other advantages, are less effective in this regard. The time over which such mixtures do not contain clot can be determined by allowing gross clotting to take place, modeling the process mathematically and determining the clot-free time from the model. Blood-contaminated Omnipaque-300 (Winthrop-Breon, New York, NY) (iohexol), Isovue-300 (E.R. Squibb and Sons, New Brunswick, NJ) (iopamidol), Hexabrix (Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, MO) (ioxaglate sodium meglumine), Renografin-76 (E.R. Squibb and Sons, New Brunswick, NJ) (diatrizoate sodium meglumine), and saline were studied in glass and plastic syringes (80 samples of each agent). After deliberate blood contamination, Renografin and Hexabrix showed no clots during the 90-minute study period. There was, however, a 1.3% chance of clotting in Omnipaque (range 0.4%-4.0%) and a 1.9% chance of clotting in Isovue (range 0.6% 5.5%) at 5 minutes after contamination of these contrast agents in plastic syringes. The chance of clotting in glass containers was significantly greater. We conclude that Hexabrix is a substantially stronger anticoagulant than Omnipaque and Isovue. Furthermore, it appears that this method will allow determination of clotting risks for other combinations of contrast agent and container. PMID- 3203995 TI - Gadolinium-DTPA liposomes as a potential MRI contrast agent. Work in progress. AB - To evaluate the use of liposomes containing Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA) as potential intravascular contrast agents, we synthesized and tested Gd-DTPA liposomes. A freeze-thaw extrusion process was used to synthesize neutral unilamellar vesicles. Using this technique, we prepared 0.4 micron vesicles with encapsulation efficiency as high as 39% for Gd-DTPA. In vitro dialysis showed that essentially 100% of the Gd-DTPA was retained with the liposomes after 72 hours of dialysis. MR imaging of in vitro samples showed concentration-dependent increase in signal intensity with Gd-DTPA liposomes. Imaging of rats after intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA liposomes showed sustained intravascular contrast enhancement of vascular structures and liver greater than free Gd-DTPA. There was no evidence of acute toxicity in rats during the imaging experiments or on follow-up of two months. Paramagnetic liposomes may be useful to enhance the vasculature, liver, and spleen. PMID- 3203996 TI - Hardcopy recordings of analog and digital images. AB - The increase in the use of various imaging modalities demands higher quality and more efficacious analog image recordings. Laser electronic recordings with digital array prints of 4K X 5K X 12 bits using laser-sensitive film or paper are being evaluated. Dry silver paper recordings are being improved and evaluated. High resolution paper dot printers are being studied to determine their gray scale capabilities. The authors have conducted a study to evaluate the image quality, costs, clinical use, and acceptability of CT, MRI, DSA, digital radiography, and radionuclide images recorded by the seven different printers (three laser, three silver paper, and one dot) in comparison with conventional film recording. This paper describes the technical developments and instrumentation of digital laser film and analog paper recorders and presents the results of our study. PMID- 3203997 TI - A declaration of interdependence. PMID- 3203998 TI - Computed tomographic diagnosis of an endobronchial hamartoma. PMID- 3203999 TI - Diagnostic radiology. One week prelude to the clinical continuum. AB - A one-week comprehensive program of diagnostic radiology was presented to 205 junior medical students just entering the clinical phase of their education. Course objectives were to familiarize the students with the various imaging modalities and their application to common clinical situations and to introduce an organized approach to interpretation of conventional radiographs. This course's one-week time frame was unique. Various educational activities were employed to allow the large number of students to participate actively in the educational process and to enable them to cope with the intensive presentation of unfamiliar vocabulary, materials, and modalities. Through this course, the students achieved an understanding of the impact of radiologic findings on clinical situations and of the necessity of designing an orderly radiologic workup tailored to patient needs and clinical presentation. Most importantly, they gained a functional knowledge of the decision-making process involved in radiology as well as in clinical medicine. PMID- 3204001 TI - Albumin labeled with Gd-DTPA: an intravascular contrast-enhancing agent for magnetic resonance blood pool imaging: preparation and characterization. PMID- 3204000 TI - Communication from the A3CR2. Resident perception of problem issues. PMID- 3204002 TI - AIDS and the future. PMID- 3204003 TI - The impact of sanctioned assisted suicide on adolescents. PMID- 3204004 TI - Improving the use of anticancer drugs: clinical pharmacokinetic approaches. AB - There are many areas in which clinical oncologists and pharmacologists can work together to improve the chemotherapy of cancer. In new drug development, the conduct of Phase I clinical trials is greatly facilitated by cooperative selection of appropriate schedules and dose escalation procedures. For established anticancer agents, continual surveillance is necessary to assure that new insights regarding a drug's mechanism of action can be translated into rational clinical trends, which are intended to improve response rates and/or reduce toxicity. Specific areas of optimization include alternate schedules or routes of drug delivery and selection of agents that penetrate the CNS. Adjustment of drug dosage for an individual patient and assessment of drug interactions can also be facilitated by collaboration between clinicians and pharmacologists. PMID- 3204005 TI - Investigations on the antitumor efficacy of liposome-associated doxorubicin in murine tumor models. AB - In this report we review our preclinical studies on the antitumor efficacy of L DXR, using negatively charged sonicated vesicles. Animal studies indicate that various L-DXR formulations are more active than F-DXR on tumors infiltrating the liver and spleen, organs where liposomes are accumulated, and are equally effective on bone marrow-residing leukemic cells. In contrast, F-DXR was more effective than L-DXR when i.v.-administered, mg-equivalent doses were tested against ascitic and subcutaneously implanted tumors. Intraperitoneal administration of L-DXR was significantly more effective and approximately twofold less toxic than F-DXR in the treatment of an ascitic tumor. The antitumor effect correlated well with differences in drug levels in the relevant anatomic areas. These observations stress the site-specific activity of L-DXR and its dependence on biodistribution factor. PMID- 3204007 TI - Testicular seminoma: the Hadassah University Hospital experience. AB - A retrospective study of all cases of pure testicular seminoma treated at the Hadassah University Hospital in Jerusalem from 1978 through 1986 was conducted. Of the 22 patients, 15 (70%) presented in Stage I, 4 (18%) in Stage II, 2 (9%) in Stage III and 1 (4%) in Stage IV. The results of treatment were evaluable for 20 of these patients. After a median follow-up of 4 years, only the patient with Stage IV disease died of disseminated seminoma. The remaining 19 patients are all alive and disease free, including 3 after radiotherapy for recurrent disease. Elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels before treatment did not predict an unfavorable outcome. Our excellent results are similar to those obtained at larger treatment centers. PMID- 3204006 TI - Effects of retinoic acid and phorbol ester on lymphocytes and monocytes in B lymphocytic leukemia. AB - PBMC concentrated from 12 patients with CLL were incubated for up to 6 days with various doses of TPA or RA in an attempt to induce differentiation. The results show a great heterogeneity in the cellular response to both inducers. TPA produced two major changes in B-CLL cells, namely the development of some hairy cell leukemia features with an increase in Ig secretion and the expression of Leu M5 and TAC receptors. In contrast to TPA, RA induced only modest or no changes in surface, but increased numbers of large macrophages were seen as assessed by latex-bead ingestion, expression of Fc receptors and cytochemistry. These changes were more obvious after exposure to RA than to TPA. Thus, while TPA induces mostly differentiation and hairy-cell features in B-lymphocytes, RA induces activation of the monocyte pool with no obvious changes in the lymphocytic compartment. PMID- 3204008 TI - Cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, DTIC and vincristine with methotrexate in the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcomas. AB - Twenty-eight consecutive adult patients with locally advanced (inoperable) or metastatic soft tissue sarcomas were treated with a chemotherapy regimen (CADOM) including cyclophosphamide, ADR, and DTIC on Day 1 of each course, and vincristine with intermediate-dose methotrexate (200 mg/m2) on Day 15 followed by leucovorin rescue. Twenty-four of the patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Three (13%) achieved a CR after chemotherapy and 6 (25%) a PR. Two of the PRs were converted to CR after surgical removal of residual tumor. All five patients achieving a CR are alive 12 to 30 months after beginning chemotherapy. Median survival of patients achieving a PR was 18 months and of patients achieving an MR was 7 months. Three of five patients with sarcomas arising from the female genitalia achieved a CR. No treatment-related deaths occurred. There were five instances of leukopenia and fever. Nausea and vomiting, and alopecia were common. Stomatitis, muscle cramps, paralytic ileus, and peripheral neuropathy were occasionally observed. The addition of methotrexate did not improve the response rate when compared with our previous CYV ADIC protocol. PMID- 3204009 TI - Combination chemotherapy in metastatic tumors of unknown origin. 5-Fluorouracil, adriamycin and mitomycin C for adenocarcinomas and adriamycin, vinblastine and mitomycin C for anaplastic carcinomas. AB - Twenty-nine evaluable patients with metastatic carcinomatosis in whom initial workup failed to reveal the primary site were entered into this trial. Patients with histological evidence of adenocarcinoma (n = 15) received FAM, while patients with anaplastic carcinomas (n = 14) were given AVM. Pretreatment characteristics were similar for the FAM- and AVM-treated patients with regard to age and sex, but 47% of patients on FAM had liver metastases as compared with 36% for the AVM group. Of the 14 patients on AVM, 1 (7%) achieved a complete response lasting 16 months, and 3 patients (22%) achieved a partial response for 10, 12 and 20 months, respectively. No patient on FAM reached a complete response, and only two patients (13%) showed a partial remission for 7+ and 24 months, respectively. The median survival for the AVM patients was 8.5 months, not significantly different from a median of 5 months for the FAM-treated group. AVM caused substantial myelotoxicity, resulting in five hospitalizations for leukopenia and fever; the FAM regimen was better tolerated with no episodes of leukopenic fever. AVM appears to be more effective than FAM in the treatment of carcinomas of unknown origin. A higher response rate was achieved with AVM, despite the fact that patients on this combination had undifferentiated carcinomas and a larger proportion of three or more metastatic sites (36 vs. 13% on FAM), and received a lower percent of the planned dose than did the FAM patients. Further clinical trials to fully establish the role of vinblastine in the treatment of metastatic carcinomatosis of unknown origin seem warranted. PMID- 3204010 TI - CA15-3 serum levels in breast cancer and other malignancies--correlation with clinical course. AB - Serum levels of the breast cancer-associated tumor marker CA15-3 were evaluated in three patient groups: breast, colorectal and ovarian cancer and in healthy subjects. Of 51 blood samples obtained from 31 patients with metastatic breast cancer (Stage IV disease), 98% had marker levels greater than 30 u/ml and 86% had levels greater than 50 u/ml. In contrast, of 49 samples from 42 patients with Stage I-II disease, 45% had levels greater than 30 u/ml but only 6% had levels greater than 50 u/ml (mean 29.5 +/- 18 u/ml). The mean level of the CA15-3 antigen in patients with Stage IV breast cancer and responding to therapy was 79.8 +/- 27 u/ml, while the mean level in patients not responding to therapy was 134 +/- 66 u/ml (P less than 0.02). The mean serial changes in CA15-3 levels for those responding to therapy was -28.4% while the mean change for those not responding to therapy was +44%. The mean marker level for 26 patients with colorectal carcinoma was 29.8 +/- 29 u/ml; 23% of these patients had levels greater than 30 u/ml and 7% had levels greater than 50 u/ml. No substantial difference was seen in those with active compared with nonactive colorectal carcinoma. The mean marker level for 14 patients with active ovarian carcinoma was 83 +/- 62 u/ml. Of these patients, 78% had CA15-3 levels greater than 30 u/ml and 50% had levels greater than 50 u/ml. All healthy subjects (n = 22) had marker levels less than 30 u/ml. We compared CA15-3 and CEA blood levels in the same patient population; 86% of patients with metastatic breast cancer (Stage IV disease) had CA15-3 levels greater than 50 u/ml while only 72% of these patients had CEA levels greater than 5 ng/ml. These findings suggest that the CA15-3 assay reflects the clinical course of patients with advanced breast cancer and may be superior to CEA as a monitor of therapeutic efficacy. PMID- 3204011 TI - Management and supportive care of ambulatory cancer patients. AB - Ambulatory cancer care rather than prolonged hospital care is becoming increasingly more common. The total care of patients requires both psychological and medical support to meet the varied problems of cancer. A coordinated home care program is presented utilizing a team of health care professionals who, using video instructions, teach family, friends and patients ways to improve their health through nutrition, exercise and body care. Psychological aspects of cancer are reviewed, and suggestions on how to improve coping skills are presented. Through planning, understanding, a caring medical team and a supportive family, successful ambulatory care can be provided to the cancer patient thereby helping him/her to live with cancer. PMID- 3204013 TI - Effects of verrucarin A and roridin A, macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins, on the murine immune system. AB - Verrucarin A (Ver A) and roridin A (Ror A), macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins, were examined for their immunomodulatory effects. Both mycotoxins were administered intraperitoneally at 0.35 mg/kg (1/2 the LD50) in CD-1 mice. Lymphocyte proliferation was studied on days 2, 4 and 7 after animals were dosed with Ver A. After day 2, no significant differences in [3H]thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation were observed using concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On day 4 DNA synthesis induced by Con A, PHA and PWM was increased significantly. On day 7, PHA stimulation increased (p less than 0.001) above controls while Con A, PWM and LPS responses were not significantly different. The data indicated that Con A, PHA and PWM responses were time-dependent. Antibody production was evaluated by the hemolytic plaque assay; sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Ver A were administered simultaneously, and Ver A was given 2 days after SRBC challenge. While spleen weights increased when Ver A was administered with SRBC or when the toxin was given 2 days after antigen, the antibody responses were not altered. In contrast, roridin A decreased PHA stimulation only on day 7 (p less than 0.05). There were no significant effects associated with the other mitogens. Antibody production did not differ significantly following administration of Ror A. Although Ver A and Ror A are equitoxic and structurally similar, their immunomodulatory properties for the given dose differ considerably. These different immunologic responses may be independent of other systemic toxic effects. PMID- 3204012 TI - Adjustment to cancer: who is the patient--the husband or the wife? AB - The adjustment of 117 cancer patients and their spouses was studied from self reports. The patients were all in remission and at the time of assessment were not receiving any treatment. The adjustment of the patients was generally good, with no great differences between the types of cancer (breast, colon and testicular). The spouses reported as many adjustment problems as the patients, with high intracouple agreement. The findings of the present study suggest that adjustment is influenced by the gender of the patient, especially of the spouse. PMID- 3204014 TI - Morphological and biochemical alterations of macrophages produced by a glycan, PSK. AB - A glycan extracted from Coriolus versicolor (PSK, Krestin) which has antitumor and immunomodulator properties produced marked morphological and biochemical changes when added to cultures of mouse peritoneal macrophages. The cells were more spread and elongated than in control cultures, and these changes were accompanied by alterations in the rate of protein and DNA synthesis. In PSK treated murine peritoneal macrophages the rate of protein synthesis increased above the level seen in control cultures after two days and reached a level twenty-fold higher than control on day four; this elevated rate of protein synthesis was maintained throughout the seven-day observation period. DNA synthesis was induced after four days in the presence of PSK, and reached a level ten-fold higher than control baseline on day five. This induction of DNA synthesis, however, could not be attributed to a mitogenic activity on lymphocytes. The alterations caused by PSK in macrophage metabolism may be related to the immunomodulating and antitumor activities of PSK in vivo. PMID- 3204015 TI - The availability of physician services: a geographic analysis. AB - This article describes a new technique for estimating the availability of physician services in small geographic areas. Given counts or estimates of the number of physicians practicing in small geographic areas (e.g., zip codes), the technique allocates a portion of the services of each physician in an area to his home area and to nearby areas in proportion to both the propensity of patients to travel for medical care and the availability of potential patients. The longer the time required for a patient to travel to the physician, the smaller the proportion of the physician's services allocated to the patient's area, with the precise relationship determined by a special analysis. The final estimate of the availability of physician services in each small area is the sum of the service proportions of every physician in all of the small areas. The total supply of physician services is the same as the original total, but the distribution is adjusted to reflect the time that patients are willing to spend traveling to obtain medical care. Although this technique requires considerable data processing, it permits more accurate estimation of the supply of physician services in small geographic areas than is possible with traditional methods. It better represents the probabilistic and interpenetrating nature of physician service areas than alternative techniques and appears to be particularly applicable in estimating the supply of primary care physician services. Actual data for pediatricians and children in northeastern New York using zip codes as the geographic units illustrate the technique. Limitations, applications, and possible extensions are discussed. PMID- 3204016 TI - Predicting cost for new HMO subscribers. AB - The purpose of the project was to develop a model for predicting costs for potential new HMO subscribers, using available cost data from fiscal year 1985 for current enrollees of a large HMO. Regression analysis of aggregated clinic, referral, and hospital cost data using a log transformation of cost indicated that 20 percent of the variation in cost could be explained by sex and coverage type of the subscriber, compared with 7 percent explainable by a simple comparison of costs for single versus family subscribers. Subscriber age, while by itself a significant and nonlinear predictor of cost, was not significant when controlled for coverage type. Application of the model to 28 large companies yielded predicted costs well correlated with observed costs (r = .75, p less than .01). Prediction was significantly better for companies with low observed mean costs than for companies with high observed mean costs. PMID- 3204018 TI - Older people--do we 'care' too much? PMID- 3204017 TI - Satisfactions of health visiting. PMID- 3204019 TI - Health visitors and the priority of the elderly. PMID- 3204020 TI - Not getting the message. PMID- 3204021 TI - Towards some principles of school nursing. PMID- 3204022 TI - School refusal. PMID- 3204023 TI - Childhood cancer and the role of the school nurse: Part 2. Coping with death and dying. PMID- 3204024 TI - Coping with stress in health visiting. PMID- 3204025 TI - Yes, we have no bananas, but plenty of health care today. PMID- 3204026 TI - Discussing spiritual issues with clients. PMID- 3204027 TI - Improving communications with non-English speaking families. PMID- 3204029 TI - Whither health visiting? PMID- 3204028 TI - Running an anxiety management group. PMID- 3204030 TI - Outcome criteria for the patient using intravenous antibiotic therapy at home. PMID- 3204031 TI - In-home management of urinary incontinence. PMID- 3204032 TI - Elder abuse. PMID- 3204033 TI - Home care hospice bowel regimen. PMID- 3204034 TI - Quality assurance and the home health care nurse: taking an active role. PMID- 3204035 TI - Medicare and the nurse: the value of the clinical record review. PMID- 3204036 TI - The family as a unit in the management of diabetes. PMID- 3204037 TI - In-home medication checks with diabetics. PMID- 3204038 TI - Here's to life. PMID- 3204040 TI - Holistic approach to healing: Part I. PMID- 3204039 TI - Exercise and diabetes. PMID- 3204041 TI - Legal issues in health education: focus on diabetes. PMID- 3204042 TI - Cardiovascular drugs. PMID- 3204043 TI - Enhancing home health aide training. PMID- 3204044 TI - Where have all the nurses gone? PMID- 3204045 TI - Cat owners and their use of veterinary services. PMID- 3204046 TI - Coping with stress. PMID- 3204047 TI - Veterinary clinical nutrition: a new veterinary medical specialty. PMID- 3204048 TI - Cost containment of veterinary education. PMID- 3204049 TI - Effect of aspirin, furosemide, and commercial low-salt diet on digoxin pharmacokinetic properties in clinically normal cats. AB - Steady-state serum digoxin concentration ([digoxin]) was measured for 48 hours in 6 healthy cats after they were treated with digoxin tablets (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, q 48 h) for 10 days and again after concurrent treatment of identical duration with orally administered digoxin, aspirin (80 mg, q 48 h), furosemide (2 mg/kg, q 12 h), and a commercial low-salt diet. The concurrent treatment substantially altered digoxin pharmacokinetic properties, with a resultant increase in peak (mean +/- SEM; from 2.1 +/- 0.35 to 3.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml), 8-hour (from 1.4 +/- 0.35 to 2.5 +/- 0.64 ng/ml), and 48-hour mean (from 1.1 +/- 0.22 to 2.2 +/- 0.57 ng/ml) serum [digoxin]; an increase in the number of hours during which serum [digoxin] was in the toxic range (from 3 +/- 1.7 to 24.7 +/- 9.8 h); and a decrease in oral clearance (from 0.15 +/- 0.04 to 0.08 +/- 0.02 L/h.kg). Of these differences, all but the 8-hour serum [digoxin] were significant at P less than 0.05. Similar sampling procedures were performed in 3 cats after administration of digoxin alone (0.01 mg/kg, q 48 h) until steady-state conditions were reached (10 days) and again after an additional 10 days of treatment. Differences were not noticed in digoxin pharmacokinetic properties. Eight-hour serum [digoxin] was shown to correlate closely with the mean serum [digoxin] at steady-state conditions when digoxin was administered every 48 hours. Variation in digoxin pharmacokinetic properties was noticed between cats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) PMID- 3204050 TI - Inheritance of associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador retrievers. AB - A breeding colony was established to investigate the inheritance of associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers; 124 pups were produced. These pups were evaluated for the presence of ocular lesions, including cataracts, vitreous strands, persistent hyaloid remnants, retinal folds, retinal dysplasia, peripapillary hyperreflectivity, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, and skeletal abnormality, which was recognized by shorter than normal forelimbs and an abnormal morphologic appearance of the radius and ulna. Analysis of the distribution of lesions in pups indicated that the syndrome is caused by one abnormal gene, which has recessive effects on the skeleton and incompletely dominant effects on the eye. This would suggest that suspect carrier dogs could be identified by test matings with a known homozygote. PMID- 3204051 TI - Omphalophlebitis and osteomyelitis associated with Klebsiella septicemia in a premature foal. AB - Gram-negative neonatal septicemia was diagnosed in a premature Standardbred colt. Clinical signs included lethargy, weakness, loss of suckle reflex, tachypnea, and injected mucous membranes. Sequelae included pneumonia, omphalophlebitis, septic arthritis, and osteomyelitis. Prepartum maternal uterine infection, premature delivery, abnormal parturition with premature fetal membrane separation, and failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins increased the foal's risk for developing sepsis. Treatment included administration of moxalactam disodium and cefadroxil. The clinical efficacy of cephalosporin antibiotics in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis is discussed. PMID- 3204052 TI - Hematochezia attributable to cranial mesenteric arterial aneurysm with connecting tracts to cecum and ileum in a horse. AB - A cranial mesenteric arterial aneurysm with fistulous tracts to the cecum and ileum was discovered in a Missouri Fox Trotter stallion. The principal clinical sign was hematochezia, observed at 7- and 10-day intervals. The lesion may have been attributable to arteritis caused by fourth-stage larvae of Strongylus vulgaris. PMID- 3204053 TI - Lymphocytic enteritis in a filly. AB - A yearling Hanoverian filly had intermittent colic for 6 weeks, chylous peritoneal effusion, and a firm mass palpable per rectum. Exploratory laparotomy revealed mesenteric lymphadenopathy, adhesion of the mesenteric root to the duodenum and jejunum, distention of the mesenteric veins and lymphatic vessels, and increased jejunal venous pressure. Lesions in the duodenum, jejunum, and colon included infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina propria. PMID- 3204054 TI - Osteochondritis dissecans of the lateral ridge of the talus in a dog. AB - Osteochondral fragments, which originated from the proximolateral ridge of the talus, were discovered in an 8-month-old Rottweiler. A large fragment was reattached, using a lag screw and wire. Microscopic examination of a small fragment suggested the lesion resulted from osteochondritis dissecans. Stabilization of the major fragment resulted in acceptable joint function. PMID- 3204055 TI - Filaroides hirthi infection in two related dogs. AB - Filaroides hirthi infection was diagnosed in 2 related Yorkshire Terriers. Dog 1 had a chronic nonproductive cough, but results of fecal flotation examination were negative. Dog 2 was a 1-year-old female progeny of dog 1. Both dogs came from the same kennel and were raised together for 8 weeks. Dog 2 had generalized demodicosis accompanied by secondary bacterial infection and had been treated with corticosteroids. Dog 2 also was given 68 micrograms of ivermectin, PO, and then 50 mg of fenbendazole/kg, PO, q 24 h for 14 days. After the 14-day treatment, results of 3 fecal examinations were negative for Filaroides sp and other parasites, and the dog improved without complications. Fecal examination of the other dogs in the kennel were negative for F hirthi. PMID- 3204056 TI - Medical and surgical management of multiple organ infarctions secondary to bacterial endocarditis in a dog. AB - A 6-year-old male Doberman Pinscher developed multiple organ infarctions secondary to vegetative endocarditis. Clinical signs included fever, nystagmus, head-tilt, inappetence, dehydration, hematuria, and dysuria. The dog was azotemic and anemic and had a high WBC count and high liver enzyme activities. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was diagnosed on the basis of thrombocytopenia and prolonged activated clotting times. Vegetative mitral valvular lesions were evident on M-mode echocardiography. The dog underwent diuresis with physiologic saline solution and was treated parenterally with antibacterial and anticoagulant agents. Surgery was performed to remove an infarcted kidney and an infarcted spleen and to relieve urethral obstruction caused by a large blood clot. Gram-positive cocci were noticed in the biopsy specimens. Mortality associated with organ infarctions secondary to bacterial endocarditis is high, and combined medical and surgical therapy is rarely reported. This dog survived and was alive 38 months after surgery. PMID- 3204057 TI - Psittacine beak and feather disease syndrome in a cockatoo. AB - Psittacine beak and feather disease syndrome was diagnosed in an adult sulfur crested cockatoo with a history of chronic, progressive feather loss and beak necrosis. A definitive diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical signs and the observation of intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in involved feather follicular epithelium. Psittacine beak and feather disease syndrome develops in a variety of psittacine species and usually has a progressive and irreversible clinical course. Symmetric feather loss with replacement by severely dystrophic plumage is the salient clinical finding. Beak elongation and breakage also may be found. Treatment of diseased birds remains palliative and consists of a controlled environment, balanced nutrition, antibiotics, and autogenous vaccines. Avian practitioners should include psittacine beak and feather disease syndrome as a potential cause for pathologic feather loss in caged birds. PMID- 3204058 TI - Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy in horses: 17 cases (1984-1985). AB - Review of medical records of 78 horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals with dorsal displacement of the soft palate revealed 94% of these horses to have evidence of an intermittent abnormal "gurgling" respiratory noise at the time of exercise. Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy was used as a primary treatment for 17 of these horses, with a success rate of 58%. Anatomic dissection of 30 horses indicated that the midcervical region is the optimal site for sternothyrohyoideus myectomy to alleviate dorsal displacement of the soft palate. PMID- 3204059 TI - Necrosis of the collateral cartilage of the distal phalanx in horses: 16 cases (1970-1985). AB - The medical records of 16 horses with necrosis of the collateral cartilage of the distal phalanx were reviewed. Typical history included a laceration or puncture wound over the affected cartilage, resulting in persistent drainage proximal to the coronary band. All horses had signs of lameness. The duration of drainage prior to admission to the hospital ranged from 5 days to 5 months. The involved cartilages were left front lateral (n = 4), right front lateral (n = 5), left rear lateral (n = 1), right rear lateral (n = 4), left front medial (n = 1), and left rear medial (n = 1). The affected cartilage was curetted or resected in 13 horses, and conservative treatment was used in 3 horses. Follow-up information on 15 horses (2 to 72 months after discharge) revealed that 66% were sound and able to perform at their previous level. One horse was euthanatized 2 months after discharge from the hospital because it had septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint. The outcome of treatment for each horse was evaluated with respect to the duration of drainage and the method of treatment. Horses with drainage of less than 1 month's duration had a better prognosis for eventual soundness, compared with horses with drainage of greater than or equal to 1 month's duration prior to initiation of treatment. Nine of the 13 horses managed surgically and 1 of the 3 horses managed conservatively were sound at follow-up evaluation. PMID- 3204060 TI - Employment, starting salaries, and educational indebtedness of 1988 graduates of US veterinary medical colleges. PMID- 3204062 TI - Older women who are caregivers. PMID- 3204061 TI - Quality of life for women with arthritis. PMID- 3204064 TI - Nurses rate their health care. PMID- 3204063 TI - Sensory and physical alterations after mastectomy. PMID- 3204065 TI - Rural-urban differences in women's psychological well-being. PMID- 3204066 TI - Perceived threat of hypothetical loss of body part in nurses and nursing students. PMID- 3204067 TI - The stereotype of single women revisited: sexual practices and sexual satisfaction among professional women. PMID- 3204068 TI - Self-examination in the early detection of breast cancer: issues and implications for nursing practice and research. PMID- 3204069 TI - Occurrence of sulphate-reducing bacteria in human faeces and the relationship of dissimilatory sulphate reduction to methanogenesis in the large gut. AB - Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were enumerated in 40 faecal samples obtained from two different human populations in the United Kingdom and rural South Africa. Species able to metabolize acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, H2/CO2, succinate, pyruvate, valerate, ethanol and a glutamate/serine/alanine mixture were found in faeces from both populations. Although a variety of nutritionally and morphologically distinct species of SRB belonging to the genera Desulfotomaculum, Desulfobacter, Desulfomonas and Desulfobulbus were identified, Desulfovibrio types always predominated. Significant numbers of SRB were present only in faecal samples from subjects whose breath methane excretion was low or undetectable. Reduced or absent methanogenesis in the presence of SRB was confirmed in fermentation studies with faecal slurries. Fourteen of 20 (70%) British faecal samples contained SRB and the remainder produced methane. The reverse was the case with 20 rural black South Africans, where only three (15%) of the samples had significant levels of SRB; the remaining 85% produced methane. These results suggest that to a large extent, dissimilatory sulphate reduction and methanogenesis are mutually exclusive in the human large gut. PMID- 3204070 TI - Differences in aerosol survival between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. AB - A strain of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 known to be virulent for guinea pigs was found to be least stable at a relative humidity (r.h.) of 60% when stored as a small particle aerosol. Three L. pneumophila serogroup 1 strains of different virulence for guinea-pigs were then tested at a r.h. of 60% at 20 degrees C. The most virulent strain was found to have the best survival and the avirulent strain was least stable. The strain of intermediate virulence did not survive as well as the virulent strain but was more stable than the avirulent strain. Strains of L. pneumophila serogroup epidemiologically associated with legionnaires' disease had better survival in small particle aerosols than strains which were not associated with disease. Subtyping with monoclonal antibodies also showed that the type more commonly associated with disease survived longer in aerosols than the other subtypes. PMID- 3204072 TI - The occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in raw cows' milk. AB - Faeces and raw milk from individual cows were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni. After drawing milk, the lactoperoxidase system was inactivated by raising the pH to 7.5. The organism was isolated from 22% of 904 faecal samples and from 4.5% of 904 milk samples. From laboratory experiments it could be concluded that inactivation of the lactoperoxidase system resulted in a better isolation of C. jejuni from raw cows' milk. PMID- 3204071 TI - Fermentation products, amino acid utilization, maintenance energies and growth yields for the fibrillar Streptococcus salivarius HB and a non-fibrillar mutant HB-B grown in continuous culture under glucose limitation. AB - The fibrillar strain Streptococcus salivarius HB and a non-fibrillar mutant, strain HB-B, were grown in a defined medium under glucose limitation in a chemostat. Fermentation balances were produced for both strains in batch culture and at growth rates between 0.1/h and 1.1/h. In batch culture both strains fermented glucose to lactate, but in continuous culture glucose was fermented to formate, acetate and ethanol with increasing amounts of lactate as the growth rate was increased. Lactate never became the major fermentation product even at the highest growth rate. Amino acid analysis showed that only lysine was more than 50% utilized, while proline and tyrosine showed net production. The non fibrillar strain HB-B showed, in general, a reduced utilization of amino acids compared with the fibrillar strain HB. Calculated growth yields and maintenance energies for the two strains showed that there was a reduction in the true growth yield and the maintenance energy coefficient of the non-fibrillar strain HB-B when compared with the fibrillar strain HB. The increase in the maintenance energy of the fibrillar strain HB (1.382 mmol/g/h) when compared with the non fibrillar strain HB-B (0.546 mmol/g/h) of 153% is proposed to be the energy required for the maintenance of the fibrillar surface of the cell. PMID- 3204073 TI - Inhibitory activity of antibiotic-producing marine bacteria against fish pathogens. AB - The activity of antibiotic-producing marine bacteria was assayed against bacterial fish pathogens belonging to the genera Vibrio, Aeromonas, Pasteurella, Edwardsiella, Yersinia and Pseudomonas with the aim of evaluating the possible use of these marine strains for controlling epizootics in aquaculture. Inhibition tests on solid medium showed that, in general, the majority of fish bacteria were strongly sensitive to the marine bacteria. Only two strains (Edwardsiella tarda and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), were resistant to all the antibiotic-producing strains. The results of antagonism assays in sea water, however, varied according to the fish pathogens examined. Experiments conducted using cell-free supernatant fluids of marine bacteria demonstrated the involvement of antibiotic substances in the inhibition of fish pathogens. PMID- 3204074 TI - Control of antibiotic use in the United Kingdom. PMID- 3204075 TI - Sensitivity and resistance of Legionella pneumophila to some antibiotics and combinations of antibiotics. AB - For the treatment of Legionella pneumophila infections erythromycin and rifampicin are the antibiotics of choice. In view of reported therapy failures other antibiotics, e.g. the quinolones, are currently under investigation. The sensitivity of L. pneumophila to four antibiotics and to combinations of antibiotics was investigated and the rate of mutations was calculated. For 20 L. pneumophila strains we determined the MIC of rifampicin (0.002-0.004 mg/l), erythromycin (0.063-0.125 mg/l), norfloxacin (0.125 mg/l) and ciprofloxacin (0.016-0.032 mg/l). Mutation rates ranged from 1 x 10(-8) for ciprofloxacin to greater than 1 x 10(-7) for erythromycin, resulting in high-level resistance to rifampicin in most strains and erythromycin resistance in one strain, but not in resistance to the quinolones. The combination of erythromycin and rifampicin was synergistic (FIC index less than 0.5) against four of the L. pneumophila strains and showed indifference (FIC index 0.5-2.0) for the remainder (mean FIC index 0.79). Combinations of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin and of rifampicin and ciprofloxacin showed only indifference (mean FIC index respectively 1.05 and 1.21). Combining rifampicin with ciprofloxacin was not effective in reducing the number of mutants for either of these antibiotics, whereas the other combinations did prevent this. PMID- 3204076 TI - Penetration of ciprofloxacin in bronchial secretions after intravenous administration. AB - Ciprofloxacin concentrations in serum and in bronchial secretions were studied after single and multiple intravenous administrations for two days in ten patients. The dose given was either 0.75 or 1.5 mg/kg. With the lower dose, the peak concentrations in the bronchial secretions were (mean +/- S.D.) 0.40 +/- 0.29 mg/l after the first injection and 0.35 +/- 0.25 mg/l after the fourth injection. With the higher dose, the corresponding mean peak bronchial concentrations were 0.84 +/- 0.58 and 1.16 +/- 0.86 mg/l respectively. The half lives of the drug in bronchial secretions ranged from 2.13 to 3.72 h. The penetration of ciprofloxacin into bronchial secretions was excellent as demonstrated by the high ratios of the areas under the concentration curves obtained in the serum and in bronchial secretions which ranged from 0.79 to 1.11. PMID- 3204077 TI - Tobramycin dosing in mechanically ventilated patients. Inaccuracy of a 'rule of thumb'. AB - The ability of a simple rule of thumb, based on creatinine clearance, to predict tobramycin serum concentrations was evaluated in mechanically ventilated patients. They were given tobramycin intravenously over 30 min at 8 h intervals. Creatinine clearance was estimated from the formula developed by Cockcroft & Gault (1976, Nephron 16, 31-41) or was calculated after urine collection for 24 h. The loading dose was 1.5 mg/kg and then dose adjustments were performed on a daily basis. Patients were studied on day 1 and day 3. Mean values of peak and trough levels were within the therapeutic range, but individual values were outside the therapeutic range in 30% to 70% of patients on both day 1 and day 3, most of the patients having subtherapeutic serum concentrations. This was mainly related to the high volume of distribution of tobramycin calculated in these patients. These results further emphasize the need to monitor serum concentrations and to use an individual pharmacokinetic method to make dose adjustment. PMID- 3204078 TI - Comparative efficacy of five antibiotics on experimental airborne legionellosis in guinea-pigs. AB - The efficacy of preventive and curative treatment of experimental airborne legionellosis in guinea-pigs was studied for erythromycin, rifampicin, minocycline, doxycycline and pefloxacin. The aerosol was produced from a strain of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 and dispersed in a chamber maintained below atmospheric pressure. Guinea-pigs were exposed for 30 min to 1 or 10 LD50 (10(3) or 10(4) viable inhaled organisms). Treatment was preventive or curative. Antibiotic concentrations in lungs and serum were evaluated during treatment. The action of the antibiotics on guinea-pigs infected by 1 LD50 resulted in 100% survival. For the 10 LD50 infection, pefloxacin, minocycline and erythromycin were more active (with 87.5% survivors) than doxycycline (75%) and rifampicin (62.5%). Preventive treatment with pefloxacin or doxycycline gave 100% protection, compared with 87.5% for rifampicin, 50% for erythromycin and 37.5% for minocycline. In this study, treatment of experimental legionellosis was improved, compared with previous publications, by early administration of antibiotics and increased dosage and duration. PMID- 3204080 TI - The continuing problem of pneumococcal infection. PMID- 3204079 TI - Efficacy and safety of cefpirome (HR810). AB - Sixty adult patients with suspected systemic bacterial infections were treated with cefpirome 1 g or 2 g twice daily for 5-22 days. Forty-seven patients were evaluable for clinical efficacy. Diagnoses in evaluable patients were urinary tract infections (20), pneumonia (10), soft tissue infections (17), and bone and joint infections (4); four patients had two infections each. Nine patients were bacteraemic and all were cured; the responsible bacteria were Escherichia coli (6), Streptococcus pneumoniae (1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1), and Haemophilus influenzae (1). One patient with a soft tissue infection failed to respond clinically to cefpirome. Bacteriologically, 41 of 48 isolated pathogens (85%) were eradicated. In wound cultures, three strains of Staphylococcus aureus and one each of Ps. aeruginosa and Str. faecalis persisted. One Enterobacter sp. relapsed in urine. Of isolated strains, only Str. faecalis and methicillin resistant Staph, epidermidis were resistant to cefpirome. Staph, aureus strains were inhibited in vitro by 0.25 to 2 mg/l of cefpirome in agar dilution. Adverse effects, probably or possibly related to cefpirome, were skin reactions (3), fever (1), Clostridium difficile diarrhoea (2), and disturbed taste sensation (1). Tolerance was good. Cefpirome is suitable for large-scale comparative trials. PMID- 3204081 TI - Treatment of travellers' diarrhoea with pivmecillinam. PMID- 3204083 TI - Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma--a diagnostic challenge. PMID- 3204082 TI - A survey of faecal cytotoxin in cefoperazone induced diarrhoea. PMID- 3204084 TI - Role of cadmium in essential hypertension. PMID- 3204085 TI - Wilson's disease in south India and experience with zinc therapy. PMID- 3204086 TI - Mediastinal tumours/cysts--a clinico radiological study. PMID- 3204087 TI - A study of plasma C4 concentration and its possible association with microvascular complications in type I (insulin dependent) and type II (non insulin dependent) diabetes. PMID- 3204088 TI - Role of computed tomography in stroke in the Indian context. PMID- 3204090 TI - Typhoid nephritis. PMID- 3204089 TI - Clinical profile of primary gastrointestinal lymphomas. PMID- 3204091 TI - Intestinal myiasis. PMID- 3204092 TI - A rare case of poisoning by Gloriosa superba. PMID- 3204093 TI - Acute pancreatitis with ischaemic heart disease--an abnormal electrocardiography. PMID- 3204094 TI - Metastatic choriocarcinoma with respiratory distress and haemoperitoneum. PMID- 3204095 TI - Non Hodgkin's lymphoma of stomach in a case of Hodgkin's disease. PMID- 3204096 TI - Are phenobarbital and phenytoin obsolete in the treatment of epilepsy? PMID- 3204097 TI - Oliguria as the presenting manifestation of myxoedema. PMID- 3204098 TI - Doctors' strike: non-availability of drugs: activation of seizures. PMID- 3204099 TI - Acute leukemia in a diabetic. PMID- 3204100 TI - Desferrioxamine and ascorbic acid supplement in E-B thalassaemia. PMID- 3204101 TI - Growth requirements, growth factor responsiveness, and growth factor secretion of three human embryonal carcinoma cell lines. AB - The in vitro growth requirements of three human embryonal carcinoma cell lines (H 12.7, 2102 EP, 1428 A) were investigated. The basal medium DME/F12 supplemented with insulin, transferrin, and low-density and high-density lipoproteins was sufficient to support substantial multiplication of all three lines. The most efficient attachment factor was either fibronectin (for 2102 EP and 1428 A) or collagen type I (H 12.7). In a serum-free system the influence of epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor I, multiplication stimulating activity (MSA), a platelet extract, and the glucocorticoids dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, as determined by the DNA synthesis rate of the cells, was generally minimal. However, the DNA synthesis rate of cell lines H 12.7 and 2102 EP was increased by MSA, and the line with the highest potential to differentiate (H 12.7) was stimulated by EGF. All three cell lines secreted growth factors in a heterologous stimulation assay. Insulin-like growth factors I and II were not part of the growth promoting activity. The inhibitory effect of a monoclonal anti EGF antibody on the 3H-thymidine incorporation of cell line 2102 EP might indicate autocrine secretion of EGF or an EGF-like factor by this cell line. PMID- 3204102 TI - Flow cytometric DNA histograms and type of growth. AB - DNA histograms of human tumors should be interpreted together with the type of growth. In order to prove this connection the Ehrlich ascites tumors of 144 mice were investigated by absolute cell counting and flow cytometry. The exponential, transition and steady-state phases of tumor development were defined as types of growth based on the logistic function (Verhulst-Pearl). Flow-cytometric histograms (ethidium-bromide, olivomycin) were evaluated by two methods presupposing lognormal distribution and resulting in the same trend of changes concerning the percentage of cells in the three cell-cycle phases. In exponential growth the histograms show a high S-phase compartment and a decrease of the G2M peak. The increased percentage of S-phase cells is caused by a recruitment from G0-1 and G0-2 after transplantation. The decrease of the G2M peak is due to the exponential growth, a recruitment from G0-2 and a relative shortening of G2M duration. A high G2M peak and a low S-phase portion occur in steady state. Besides a decrease of DNA-synthesizing cells the S compartment decreases as a result of a relative S-phase shortening. For the increase of the G2M peak, transition into steady state, prolongation of G2M duration, recruitment of G0-1 and the occurrence of G0-2 cells are responsible. The same histogram may reflect different biological behavior patterns depending on the type of growth. PMID- 3204104 TI - Aqueous extract of betel-nut of north-east India induces DNA-strand breaks and enhances rate of cell proliferation in vitro. Effects of betel-nut extract in vitro. AB - An aqueous extract of betel-nut has been found to be able to induce strand breaks in DNA of mouse kidney cells in vitro. It has been also found to be able to enhance the rate of cell division at a dose of 100 micrograms/ml while a higher dose of 250 micrograms/ml was extremely toxic to the cells. Compared with arecoline (10 micrograms/ml), the aqueous extract of betel-nut seems to be a more potent carcinogen to mouse kidney cells in vitro. PMID- 3204103 TI - Cytogenetic effects of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) and NDELA-monoacetate in human lymphocytes. AB - The mutagenicity of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) and NDELA monoacetate was tested in vitro on lymphocytes of two healthy probands by determining the frequencies of chromosome aberrations, micronuclei and sister chromatid exchanges (SCE). A dose-dependent increase was found in all three test systems for NDELA as well as its monoacetate. The SCE test proved to be most sensitive for the genotoxic effect of NDELA because the differences to the control cultures had already become significant at 250-625 mumol/culture (26.6-65.4 mM). However, NDELA monoacetate showed a higher reactivity in the micronuclei and chromosome aberration test: significantly increased values were found even at 12.5 mumol (1.3 mM), whereas in the SCE test the differences became significant at the 25 mumol (2.7 mM) level. NDELA caused significantly increased rates of micronuclei and chromosome aberrations only at the highest test levels (625-1250 mumol; 65.4 127.6 mM). The results indicate important differences in the genotoxic effects of the two compounds, which might be explained by different lipophilicity and/or special activation processes. PMID- 3204105 TI - Chlorocarbamate-mustard-linked 1,1,2-triphenylbut-1-enes with a selective antitumor activity on mammary tumors containing estrogen receptors. AB - A 1,1,2-triphenylbut-1-ene with a 4-OH group at one C-1 phenyl ring and a chlorocarbamate mustard moiety at the second C-1 ring (compound 3) was synthesized in order to obtain a "cytotoxic estrogen" with a specific antitumor effect on estrogen-receptor-containing tumors. This compound was tested in comparison to the carrier (compound 1) and a compound (2) having a carbamate mustard group on both C-1 phenyl rings. The estrogen receptor affinity of compound 3 was only about one-quarter lower than that of compound 1, but much higher than that of compound 2. Compounds 2 and 3 showed only partially irreversible binding to the receptor owing to their relatively low alkylating properties. The growth inhibition of the receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cell line by compound 3, but not by compound 1 or 2, was more pronounced than the inhibition of the receptor-negative line MDA. In vivo the hormone-dependent, transplantable mammary tumor MXT M3.2 of the mouse was much better inhibited by compound 3 than its hormone-resistent line MXT OVEX. Compounds 1-3 had no antiestrogenic properties in the mouse, but estrogenic activity was in the order 1 greater than 3 greater than 2. From these results and because the antitumor activity of compound 3 was superior to that of compounds 1 and 2 in the hormone dependent tumor models, a selective, receptor-mediated cytotoxic effect of compound 3 on estrogen-receptor-positive tumors in obvious. PMID- 3204106 TI - Blood histamine and solid malignant tumors. AB - A clinical study was performed to determine whether patients with a newly diagnosed solid malignant tumor manifest an alteration in whole-blood histamine levels. Our results indicate that such patients have blood histamine nearly three times greater than either normal, healthy individuals or noncancerous disease controls. Following surgical removal of the tumor, blood histamine levels remained high for 2 months and then dropped close to the normal range 3 months after surgery. Basophil counts did not change significantly in the presence of a malignant tumor. Patients receiving either chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and terminal cancer patients who were no longer receiving any therapy except for pain control had blood histamine within or below the normal range. By analogy with animals studies, we suggest that nascent histamine synthesis is increased in the presence of a developing tumor. The clinical usefullness of this observation remains to be determined. PMID- 3204108 TI - Measuring progress against cancer. AB - The trends in age-specific cancer incidence and mortality rates in Denmark were evaluated over the period 1951-1980. The total incidence of cancer increased in all age-groups in both sexes, i.e. the life-time risk for any person of getting a malignancy has been increasing. The mortality from cancer shows a different pattern, especially in the younger age-groups where cancer mortality has been decreasing. The decrease in incidence of gastric cancer, when measured in terms of incidence or mortality rates, has been an important source of success. Screening for precancerous lesions of the cervix has been responsible for a large decrease incidence among younger women. Had it not been for the large increase in the incidence of lung cancer, the total cancer mortality in both sexes would, in nearly all age-groups, have been lower in 1976-1980 than in 1951-1955. PMID- 3204107 TI - Metastatic patterns of renal carcinoma: an analysis of 687 necropsies. AB - The metastatic behaviour of renal cell carcinoma has been studied in a series of 687 necropsies. The observations were consistent with the concept of "metastatic inefficiency", in that in 295 cases, including 25 with renal vein invasion, there were no detectable metastases. In the present series, renal vein involvement was not an important prognostic factor in stage 1 or 2 disease. In 73% of cases without lung metastases there were none in other sites, and in 84% of those with lung metastases there were others elsewhere, consistent with a metastatic "cascade" in which metastases first developed in the lungs and were later detected in other organs. However, the observations did not permit discrimination between anatomic cascades, in which other organs were seeded from metastasizing pulmonary metastases, and temporal cascades, in which the other were seeded at the same time as the lungs, but with fewer cancer cells. The patterns of arterial metastasis were consistent with the "seed-and-soil" hypothesis, and a novel index was developed to quantify differential organ "soils". The contralateral kidney was not the best soil for metastases from renal carcinoma. Given the presence of lymph node metastasis, the probability of heamatogenous metastasis is 90%. However, in the absence of nodal metastasis, approximately half the cases had haematogenous metastasis. PMID- 3204109 TI - Absence of relation between nutritional parameters and renal function in non seminomatous testicular cancer patients. AB - Earlier studies revealed that renal function is reduced in non-cancer patients with a malnutritional status. We have studied the effect of nutritional status on renal function in 46 patients with disseminated non-seminomatous testicular cancer treated with combination chemotherapy including cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (cDDP) according to the Einhorn regimen. The renal function was expressed as glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and filtration fraction (FF) measured by radioisotope infusion methods. Nutritional assessment of the patients was performed by means of three nutritional parameters: weight-for-height index (WHI), creatinine height index (CHI), and serum albumin concentration (Salb). The patients were also divided into two groups: group 1, patients with a sufficient nutritional status, defined as patients with only one abnormal nutritional parameter or none at all (n = 30); group 2, patients with an insufficient nutritional status, defined as patients with two or three abnormal nutritional parameters (n = 16). Median values of WHI, CHI and Salb in group 2 patients were significantly lower than the median values in group 1. Before treatment no correlation was found between the individual nutritional parameters and GFR, ERPF and FF respectively. The median GFR, ERPF and FF of both group 1 and group 2 did not differ significantly. Although the renal function of the total group of patients was reduced as a result of cDDP, this reduction was not influenced by the individual parameters and not higher in the group with an initially insufficient nutritional status. In this study no relation was found between nutritional status and renal function of patients with disseminated non-seminomatous testicular cancer. PMID- 3204111 TI - N-myc amplification at chromosome band 1p32 in neuroblastoma cells as investigated by in situ hybridization. AB - Chromosome deletion at the short arm of one chromosome 1 (1p32)--the most common aberration in neuroblastoma cells--was found to be combined with the generation of a homogeneously staining region at this specific site in a newly established neuroblastoma cell line (GI-LI-N) from a stage IV neuroblastoma. By in situ hybridization this homogeneously staining region was shown to contain multiple copies of the proto-oncogene N-myc. This 30-fold oncogene amplification was confirmed by Southern-blot and DNA-dot-blot analyses. In two additional cell lines from children with stage IV neuroblastoma (GI-ME-N and GI-CA-N) N-myc amplification was not detected. Chromosome 1, however, was involved in a structural rearrangement in one cell line (GI-ME-N). PMID- 3204110 TI - Effect of age on dose-response relationship in carcinogenesis induced by single administration of N-nitrosomethylurea in female rats. AB - Female rats aged 3 months and 15 months each received a single i.v. administration of N-nitrosomethylurea (NMU) at one of three doses: 10, 20, and 50 mg/kg. The rats exposed to NMU at the age of 3 months developed neoplasms of all sites examined, including mammary carcinomas and tumors of the kidney, ovaries and colon, the incidence varying with the carcinogen dose. The incidence of malignant neoplasms in old animals did not depend on NMU dose. In contrast to young animals, the old ones showed a higher frequency of tumors of the corpus and cervix uteri following exposure to NMU, and a lower frequency of mammary and intestinal adenocarcinomas and tumors of the ovary and kidney. Comparison of the present experimental results with the data on DNA alkylation, synthesis and O6 methylguanine repair obtained previously on the same model suggests a leading role of age-related proliferative activity changes occurring in the target tissues in the mechanism of age in modifying the effect on carcinogenesis. The analysis of data on the dose dependance of the carcinogenic effect of NMU within the framework of a multistage model suggests age-related accumulation, in different tissues, of cells occasionally lesioned and in the "late" stages of becoming malignant. PMID- 3204113 TI - Limitations of tumor therapy and possibilities of function preservation in gynecology. PMID- 3204112 TI - Carcinogenicity of Indian bidi and cigarette smoke condensate in Swiss albino mice. AB - The carcinogenicity of Indian bidi and cigarette smoke condensate given by gavage was studied in Swiss mice. Bidi smoke condensate induced liver haemangiomas in four animals, forestomach papilloma in one animal and carcinomas in two animals, in one of them was in the oesophagus and in the other in the forestomach. At the same dose level cigarette smoke condensate failed to produce any tumour. Similarly, none of the untreated and solvent-treated control mice developed tumour. Chemical analysis of the smoke concensate of bidis and cigarettes showed that condensate from bidis had a higher benzo[a]pyrene level than was observed in cigarette smoke condensate, when compared on the basis of the mass (mg) burnt. PMID- 3204114 TI - Immunotherapy: basic research and clinical outlook. PMID- 3204115 TI - Ether lipids and analogues. PMID- 3204117 TI - Differential arrest of secretory protein transport in cultured rat hepatocytes by azide treatment. AB - The effect of reduced cellular ATP content on intracellular transport of two secretory proteins, albumin and haptoglobin, in isolated rat hepatocytes was studied. The cells were labeled with [35S]methionine and the cellular ATP content was then rapidly reduced to different stable levels by incubation with azide at different concentrations (2.0-10 mM). The amount of the radioactively labeled secretory proteins in the cells and in the medium after 150 min of incubation was determined by immunoprecipitation followed by gel electrophoresis, fluorography, and densitometry. At progressively lower ATP levels, down to 50% of normal, the protein secretion was unaffected, whereas at even lower levels an increasing portion of the proteins remained in the cells; at 30 and 10% of normal ATP level, 25 and 75% of albumin, respectively, was arrested intracellularly. Analysis of the carbohydrate structure of intracellularly arrested haptoglobin showed that in cells with an ATP level of approximately 30% of normal, the majority of haptoglobin molecules (55%) were fully or partially resistant to endoglycosidase H. This result indicates that exit from the medial and/or the trans part of the Golgi complex (GC) was inhibited under these conditions. It also shows that the protein had accumulated in the GC, since under normal conditions the fraction of the intracellular haptoglobin that is endoglycosidase H resistant is approximately 10%. By similar criteria it was found that at ATP levels below 10% of normal transport of haptoglobin from the endoplasmic reticulum to the medial GC (and possibly also to the cis GC) as well as from the trans GC to the medium were blocked. PMID- 3204118 TI - Fusion of liposomes with the plasma membrane of epithelial cells: fate of incorporated lipids as followed by freeze fracture and autoradiography of plastic sections. AB - The fusion of liposomes with the plasma membrane of influenza virus-infected monolayers of an epithelial cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (van Meer et al., 1985. Biochemistry. 24:3593-3602), has been analyzed by morphological techniques. The distribution of liposomal lipids over the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains after fusion was assessed by autoradiography of liposomal [3H]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine after rapid freezing or chemical fixation and further processing by freeze substitution and low temperature embedding. Before fusion, radioactivity was solely detected on the apical cell surface, indicating the absence of redistribution artifacts and demonstrating the reliability of lipid autoradiography on both a light and electron microscopical level. After induction of fusion by a low pH treatment, the basolateral plasma membrane domain became progressively labeled, indicative of rapid lateral diffusion of [3H]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in the plasma membrane. Analysis of individual fusion events by freeze fracture after rapid freezing confirmed the rapid diffusion of the liposomal lipids into the plasma membrane, as intramembrane particle-free lipid patches were never observed. After the induction of liposome cell fusion, well-defined intramembrane particles were present on the otherwise smooth liposomal fracture faces and on the fracture faces of the plasma membrane. Morphological evidence thus was obtained in favor of a local point fusion mechanism with an intramembrane particle as a specific structural fusion intermediate. PMID- 3204116 TI - Characterization of phosphorylation sites in histone H1 in the amitotic macronucleus of Tetrahymena during different physiological states. AB - Histone H1 is highly phosphorylated in transcriptionally active, amitotic macronuclei of Tetrahymena during vegetative growth. However, the level of H1 phosphorylation changes dramatically in response to different physiological conditions. H1 is hyperphosphorylated in response to heat shock and during prezygotic stages of conjugation. Conversely, H1 is largely dephosphorylated during prolonged starvation and during elimination of parental macronuclei during conjugation. Mapping of phosphorylation sites within H1 indicates that phosphorylation occurs at multiple sites in the amino-terminal portion of the molecule, predominantly at threonine residues. Two of these sites have been identified by compositional analyses and microsequencing of tryptic peptides. Interestingly, two major sites contain the sequence Thr-Pro-Val-Lys similar to that contained in the sites recognized by growth-associated histone kinase in other organisms. No new sites are detected during the hyperphosphorylation of H1 which occurs during heat shock or in early stages of conjugation, and no sites are preferentially dephosphorylated during starvation or later stages of conjugation. Therefore, changes in the overall level of H1 phosphorylation, as opposed to phosphorylation or dephosphorylation at particular sites, appear to be important in the regulation of chromatin structure under these physiological conditions. Further, since no cell division or DNA replication occurs under these conditions, changes in the level of H1 phosphorylation are best correlated to changes in gene expression during heat shock, starvation, and conjugation. We suggest that, at least in Tetrahymena, H1 hyperphosphorylation is used as a rapid and transient mechanism for the cessation of transcription under conditions of cellular stress. PMID- 3204119 TI - Intracellular elevations of free calcium induced by activation of histamine H1 receptors in interphase and mitotic HeLa cells: hormone signal transduction is altered during mitosis. AB - A broad range of membrane functions, including endocytosis and exocytosis, are strongly inhibited during mitosis. The underlying mechanisms are unclear, however, but will probably be important in relation to the mitotic cycle and the regulation of surface phenomena generally. A major unanswered question is whether membrane signal transduction is altered during mitosis; suppression of an intracellular calcium [( Ca2+]i) transient could inhibit exocytosis; [Ca2+]i elevation could disassemble the mitotic spindle. Activation of the histamine H1 receptor interphase in HeLa cells is shown here by Indo-1 fluorescence to produce a transient elevation of [Ca2+]i. The [Ca2+]i transient consists of an initial sharp rise that is at least partially dependent on intracellular calcium followed by an elevated plateau that is absolutely dependent on extracellular calcium. The [Ca2+]i transient is completely suppressed by preincubation with the tumor promoter, phorbol myristate acetate, but is unaffected by preincubation with pertussis toxin (islet-activating protein). In mitotic (metaphase-arrested) HeLa cells, the [Ca2+]i transient is largely limited to the initial peak. Measurement of 45Ca2+ uptake shows that it is stimulated by histamine in interphase cells, but not in mitotics. We conclude that the histamine-stimulated generation of the second messenger, [Ca2+]i, in mitotic cells is limited by failure to activate a sustained calcium influx. The initial phase of calcium mobilization from intracellular stores is comparable to that in interphase cells. Hormone signal transduction thus appears to be altered during mitosis. PMID- 3204120 TI - The actin filament content of hair cells of the bird cochlea is nearly constant even though the length, width, and number of stereocilia vary depending on the hair cell location. AB - By direct counts off scanning electron micrographs, we determined the number of stereocilia per hair cell of the chicken cochlea as a function of the position of the hair cell on the cochlea. Micrographs of thin cross sections of stereociliary bundles located at known positions on the cochlea were enlarged and the total number of actin filaments per stereocilium was counted and recorded. By comparing the counts of filament number with measurements of actin filament bundle width of the same stereocilium, we were able to relate actin filament bundle width to filament number with an error margin (r2) of 16%. Combining this data with data already published or in the process of publication from our laboratory on the length and width of stereocilia, we were able to calculate the total length of actin filaments present in stereociliary bundles of hair cells located at a variety of positions on the cochlea. We found that stereociliary bundles of hair cells contain 80,000-98,000 micron of actin filament, i.e., the concentration of actin is constant in all hair cells with a range of values that is less than our error in measurement and/or biological variation, the greatest variation being in relating the diameters of the stereocilia to filament number. We also calculated the membrane surface needed to cover the stereocilia of hair cells located throughout the cochlea. The values (172-192 micron 2) are also constant. The implications of our observation that the total amount of actin is constant even though the length, width, and number of stereocilia per hair cell vary are discussed. PMID- 3204121 TI - Sequential activation of alpha-actin genes during avian cardiogenesis: vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin gene transcripts mark the onset of cardiomyocyte differentiation. AB - The expression of cytoplasmic beta-actin and cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle alpha-actins during early avian cardiogenesis was analyzed by in situ hybridization with mRNA-specific single-stranded DNA probes. The cytoplasmic beta actin gene was ubiquitously expressed in the early chicken embryo. In contrast, the alpha-actin genes were sequentially activated in avian cardiac tissue during the early stages of heart tube formation. The accumulation of large quantities of smooth muscle alpha-actin transcripts in epimyocardial cells preceded the expression of the sarcomeric alpha-actin genes. The accumulation of skeletal alpha-actin mRNAs in the developing heart lagged behind that of cardiac alpha actin by several embryonic stages. At Hamburger-Hamilton stage 12, the smooth muscle alpha-actin gene was selectively down-regulated in the heart such that only the conus, which subsequently participates in the formation of the vascular trunks, continued to express this gene. This modulation in smooth muscle alpha actin gene expression correlated with the beginning of coexpression of sarcomeric alpha-actin transcripts in the epimyocardium and the onset of circulation in the embryo. The specific expression of the vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin gene marks the onset of differentiation of cardiac cells and represents the first demonstration of coexpression of both smooth muscle and striated alpha-actin genes within myogenic cells. PMID- 3204123 TI - Unique distribution of the extracellular matrix component thrombospondin in the developing mouse embryo. AB - Immunocytochemical localization of thrombospondin (TSP), a trimeric glycoprotein constituent of extracellular matrices, produced striking regional and temporal patterns of distribution in the developing mouse embryo. TSP was present in many basement membranes, surrounded epithelial cells, and was associated with peripheral nerve outgrowth. During organogenesis, TSP was also found on the surface of myoblasts and chondroblasts, and TSP was differentially deposited in cortical layers. With differentiation of chondrocytes and myotubes immunoreactivity was decreased, and differential cortical staining was lost. Presence of TSP was associated with morphogenetic processes of proliferation, migration, and intercellular adhesion. PMID- 3204124 TI - Seventh International Symposium on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Proteins, Peptides and Polynucleotides. II. Washington, DC, November 2-4, 1987. Proceedings. PMID- 3204122 TI - The dynamic distribution of fluorescent analogues of actin and myosin in protrusions at the leading edge of migrating Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. AB - The formation of protrusions at the leading edge of the cell is an essential step in fibroblast locomotion. Using fluorescent analogue cytochemistry, ratio imaging, multiple parameter analysis, and fluorescence photobleaching recovery, the distribution of actin and myosin was examined in the same protrusions at the leading edge of live, locomoting cells during wound-healing in vitro. We have previously defined two temporal stages of the formation of protrusions: (a) initial protrusion and (b) established protrusion (Fisher et al., 1988). Actin was slightly concentrated in initial protrusions, while myosin was either totally absent or present at extremely low levels at the base of the initial protrusions. In contrast, established protrusions contained diffuse actin and actin microspikes, as well as myosin in both diffuse and structured forms. Actin and myosin were also localized along concave transverse fibers near the base of initial and established protrusions. The dynamics of myosin penetration into a relatively stable, established protrusion was demonstrated by recording sequential images over time. Myosin was shown to be absent from an initial protrusion, but diffuse and punctate myosin was detected in the same protrusion within 1-2 min. Fluorescence photobleaching recovery indicated that myosin was 100% immobile in the region behind the leading edge containing transverse fibers, in comparison to the 21% immobile fraction detected in the perinuclear region. Possible explanations of the delayed penetration of myosin into established protrusions and the implications on the mechanism of protrusion are discussed. PMID- 3204125 TI - Separation of human factor X from factor Xa by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. AB - Human factor X is the vitamin K-dependent proenzyme of a plasma serine protease that participates in the cascade of events leading to blood coagulation. It is converted to its active form, factor Xa, after specific cleavage by other plasma proteases or the protease from Russel's Viper venom. We have separated Factor X from factor Xa by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using an increasing gradient of acetonitrile in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The factor X and factor Xa activities were well separated from each other on a wide-pore diphenyl column (Whatman Protesil 300) in less than 30 min. Both factor X and factor Xa activities were found to be essentially unaffected by the solvent system. This system was used to evaluate the purity of several factor X and factor Xa preparations. The kinetics of the Russel's Viper venom catalyzed conversion of factor X to factor Xa was also studied by using this chromatography system. A time-dependent decrease in the protein peak corresponding to factor X and a corresponding increase in the factor Xa protein peak was observed upon incubation with Russel's Viper venom. PMID- 3204126 TI - Application of Marfey's reagent in racemization studies of amino acids and peptides. AB - Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and pre-column derivatization with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-L-alanine amide (Marfey's reagent) were used for monitoring racemization in peptides, amino acids and their derivatives by separation of optical isomers of amino acids. The technique was applied to the analysis of biologically active peptides, amino acids, their N- and C-protected derivatives, branched polypeptides based on polylysine, and endothiopeptides, and to the detection of stereochemical consequences of side reactions and hydrolysis. The chromatographic samples were mixtures of L- and D amino acids obtained by hydrolysis of different peptides and derivatives. Baseline separations could be achieved on an ODS-Hypersil column with methanol acetonitrile-acetate buffer (pH 4) mixtures as the eluents. The rates of racemization were calculated. PMID- 3204127 TI - High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of arginine-containing peptides in biological fluids by means of a selective post-column reaction with fluorescence detection. AB - Highly sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatographic methodology for the fluorescence detection of arginine-containing peptides in biological matrices is described. Following HPLC separation, a post-column reaction of the guanidino group of the arginine moiety with ninhydrin under basic conditions is utilized to generate a fluorescent peptide product which can be measured at high sensitivity. Careful optimization of the post-column reaction conditions, and the use of HPLC columns of reduced internal diameter, resulted in on-column detection limits as low as 50 fmol. Application to the determination of synthetic arginine containing vasopressin antagonists in human plasma resulted in a quantitative response which is linear over the range 0.5-100 pmol/ml. The assay method is sufficiently sensitive, accurate, and precise for use in pharmacokinetic studies of these synthetic peptides. The methodology also has general applicability in the detection of naturally occurring arginine-containing peptides.